bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Combining functional and structural reasoning for safety analysis of electrical designs
Authors: PRICE C. J. , SNOOKE N. , PUGH D. R. , HUNT J. E. , WILSON M. S.
Published: July 2002

Increasing complexity of design in automotive electrical systems has been paralleled by increased demands for analysis of the safety and reliability aspects of those designs. Such demands can place a great burden on the engineers charged with carrying
out the analysis. This paper describes how the intended functions of a circuit design can be combined with a qualitative model of the electrical circuit that fulfils the functions, and used to analyse the safety of the design. FLAME, an automated failure
mode and effects analysis system based on these techniques, is described in detail. FLAME has been developed over several years, and is capable of composing an FMEA report for many different electrical subsystems. The paper also addresses the issue of how
the use of functional and structural reasoning can be extended to sneak circuit analysis and fault tree analysis.
WITH LITERACY AND JUSTICE FOR ALL: RETHINKING THE SOCIAL IN
LANGUAGE AND EDUCATION. (2nd ed.).Carole Edelsky. London: Taylor
& Francis, 1996. Pp. xxv + 242. £39.00 cloth, £13.95 paper.
Authors: Halmari Helena
Published: July 2002

Edelsky's With Literacy and Justice for All (2nd ed., original work
published 1991) is a strong argument for a holistic approach to language and literacy teaching.
Although this “theory-in-practice” is primarily intended for L1 literacy teaching,
Edelsky makes clear connections to its applicability in L2 classrooms as well. Writing and
second languages are language; therefore, they can and should be acquired as children
acquire their L1s: in meaningful situations of use. The premise, however, is that the teacher
genuinely believes in the Whole Language ideology, which entails equality and empowerment of
all students.
On simplifying shapes by subjecting them to collinearity constraints
Authors: LE HUILING , BHAVNAGRI BURZIN
Published: July 2002

We measure the distance of a general shape from the set of
shapes having a certain
sequence of their vertices collinear and also describe the behaviour
of shapes as they
move along a geodesic towards this set. This models problems which arise
in
computer vision and other applications of shape theory.
Legendrian circular helix links
Authors: TRAYNOR LISA
Published: July 2002

Examples are given of legendrian links in the manifold of cooriented
contact
elements of the plane, or equivalently, in the 1-jet space
of the circle which are not
equivalent via an isotopy of contact diffeomorphisms. These examples have
generalizations to linked legendrian spheres in contact manifolds diffeomorphic
to
ℝn×Sn−1.
These links are distinguished by applying the theory of generating
functions to contact manifolds.
Protected areas and property rights in Thailand
Authors: DEARDEN PHILIP , CHETTAMART SURACHET , EMPHANDU DACHANEE
Published: July 2002

Vandergeest (1996) suggested that the protected area (PA) system in Thailand is too large. He proposed that the state should recognize claims to private property rights within the PA system and subject remaining lands to collective property rights where villagers would be allowed to burn, cut and graze for commercial purposes. We disagree and summarize some of our concerns below.
Remediation methods for white phosphorus contamination in a coastal salt marsh
Authors: WALSH MICHAEL R. , WALSH MARIANNE E. , COLLINS CHARLES M.
Published: July 2002

With the closure of many military bases worldwide and a closer scrutiny of practices on remaining bases, the environmental impact of the military is now an important consideration in the operation of bases. Many previously-unknown environmental problems related to chemicals are surfacing. White phosphorus, a chemical commonly used as an obscurant, is a chemical previously thought to be innocuous after use. In 1990, however, it was linked to the deaths of thousands of waterfowl at the Eagle River Flats impact area on Ft Richardson near Anchorage, Alaska, USA, and shortly after, a series of remedial investigations was initiated. This paper describes three of the remedial methods currently under investigation, namely enhanced in-situ remediation, pond draining through ditching or pumping, and dredging. These three approaches are best applied in different environments, but they can be used together or in conjunction with other strategies. Their impacts on the environment will vary as well.

Experience with these remediation strategies has proven very useful in determining the direction that the clean-up effort at Eagle River Flats (ERF) should take. Dredging, an effective means of removing contaminated sediments for off-site remediation, has been shown to be too slow and expensive at the ERF because unexploded ordnance is present. Enhanced natural remediation is effective under favourable climatological conditions in areas that experience intermittent flooding, but desaturation of the sediments is critical to its effectiveness. Pond draining by blasting a ditch effectively removes waterfowl feeding habitat, but attenuation of the contaminant is inhibited because the ditch increases flooding frequency, and the habitat alteration is permanent. Pond pumping, where feasible, has shown great potential for the desaturating of wide areas of ERF, enabling the natural attenuation mechanism to progress. Further investigation will be necessary to confirm these initial conclusions and determine the overall effectiveness of all three methodologies. Methods developed over the course of this work may be applied to other remediation projects where in-situ volatilization can occur and limited disturbance of wetlands is critical.
Racing car design using knowledge aided engineering
Authors: SUSCA LORENZO , MANDORLI FERRUCCIO , RIZZI CATERINA , CUGINI UMBERTO
Published: July 2002

The evolution of computer aided design (CAD) systems
and related technologies has promoted the development of
software for the automatic configuration of mechanical
systems. This occurred with the introduction of knowledge
aided engineering (KAE) systems that enable computers to
support the designer during the decision-making process.
This paper presents a knowledge-based application that
allows the designer to automatically compute and evaluate
mass properties of racing cars. The system is constituted
by two main components: the computing core, which determines
the car model, and the graphic user interface, because
of which the system may be used also by nonprogrammers.
The computing core creates the model of the car based on
a tree structure, which contains all car subsystems (e.g.,
suspension and chassis). Different part–subpart relationships
define the tree model and link an object (e.g., suspension)
to its components (e.g., wishbones and wheel). The definition
of independent parameters (including design variables)
and relationships definition allows the model to configure
itself by evaluating all properties related to dimension,
position, mass, etc. The graphic user interface allows
the end user to interact with the car model by editing
independent design parameters. It visualizes the main outputs
of the model, which consist in numeric data (mass, center
of mass of both the car and its subsystems) and graphic
elements (car and subsystems 3D representation).
Guiding component form design using decision consequence
knowledge support
Authors: BORG JONATHAN C. , YAN XIU-TIAN , JUSTER NEAL P.
Published: July 2002

This paper describes a generic approach to guiding
designers when making decisions during the early stages
of design. The objective of the research is to enable designers
to foresee unintended life-cycle consequences during mechanical
component design. Engineering design is a process of evolving
solutions to a design problem through the commitment of
decisions. As a designer commits a new design decision,
a more concrete design solution is generated. Decisions
made can have intended and unintended consequences on the
performance of the life phase activities that follow, such
as manufacturing, assembly, and disposal. Many existing
tools only consider the impact of the design solution on
later life-cycle phases when the solution is almost complete.
This makes changes expensive and difficult. This paper
presents a novel approach to how consequences encountered
in down stream life-cycle phases can be brought to the
designer's attention early in generation of component
form. For this purpose, a knowledge model has been derived
from a phenomena model. The phenomena model describes how
life-cycle consequences are generated during component
synthesis. An insight into the representation of the resultant
knowledge model is discussed through examples. The implementation
of a prototype Knowledge Intensive CAD tool, entitled FORESEE,
aimed at supporting life-oriented, feature-based component
synthesis and exploration, is also described. The results
of the evaluation of FORESEE with a range of designers
show that by using the system designers are motivated to
explore alternative design solutions and are able to make
more informed design decisions. This highlights that the
knowledge structure provides a base for extending feature-based
component design to a ‘Design Synthesis for Multi-X’
approach.
Strengths and limitations of molecular subtyping in a community outbreak of Legionnaires' disease
Authors: KOOL J. L. , BUCHHOLZ U. , PETERSON C. , BROWN E. W. , BENSON R. F. , PRUCKLER J. M. , FIELDS B. S. , STURGEON J. , LEHNKERING E. , CORDOVA R. , MASCOLA L. M. , BUTLER J. C.
Published: July 2002

An epidemiological and microbiological investigation of a cluster of eight cases of
Legionnaires' disease in Los Angeles County in November 1997 yielded conflicting results. The
epidemiological part of the investigation implicated one of several mobile cooling towers used
by a film studio in the centre of the outbreak area. However, water sampled from these cooling
towers contained L. pneumophila serogroup 1 of another subtype than the strain that was
recovered from case-patients in the outbreak. Samples from two cooling towers located
downwind from all of the case-patients contained a Legionella strain that was indistinguishable
from the outbreak strain by four subtyping techniques (AP-PCR, PFGE, MAb, and MLEE). It
is unlikely that these cooling towers were the source of infection for all the case-patients, and
they were not associated with risk of disease in the case-control study. The outbreak strain also
was not distinguishable, by three subtyping techniques (AP-PCR, PFGE, and MAb), from a
L. pneumophila strain that had caused an outbreak in Providence, RI, in 1993. Laboratory
cross-contamination was unlikely because the initial subtyping was done in different
laboratories.

In this investigation, microbiology was helpful for distinguishing the outbreak cluster from
unrelated cases of Legionnaires' disease occurring elsewhere. However, multiple subtyping
techniques failed to distinguish environmental sources that were probably not associated with
the outbreak. Persons investigating Legionnaires' disease outbreaks should be aware that
microbiological subtyping does not always identify a source with absolute certainty.
A statewide outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in New South Wales associated with swimming at public pools
Authors: PUECH M. C. , McANULTY J. M. , LESJAK M. , SHAW N. , HERON L. , WATSON J. M.
Published: July 2002

From December 1997 to April 1998, 1060 laboratory-confirmed cryptosporidiosis cases were reported in New South Wales, Australia. In a case-control study, compared with 200 controls, the 100 cases were younger (mean age 4·2 versus 7·1 years; P < 0·0001), more likely to report swimming at a public pool (59% versus 38%; adjusted OR and 95% CI = 2·7; 1·4–5·1) and swimming in a dam, river or lake (OR = 4·8; 1·1–20·3) but less likely to report drinking bottled water (OR = 0·4; 0·2–0·9). In subgroup analyses, in rural areas illness was associated mainly with contact with another person with diarrhoea, and in urban areas illness was associated with swimming in a public pool. Cryptosporidium oocysts were more commonly detected in pools to which at least two notified cases had swum (P = 0·04). Outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis can be prolonged, involve multiple pools and be difficult to control.
Fine-structure molecular epidemiological analysis of

Staphylococcus aureus recovered from cows
Authors: FITZGERALD J. R. , MEANEY W. J. , HARTIGAN P. J. , SMYTH C. J. , KAPUR V.
Published: July 2002

Sixty-three Staphylococcus aureus isolates recovered

from bovine sources in the USA and the

Republic of Ireland were characterized by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis
(MLEE),

ribotyping, and random amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction

(RAPD–PCR)

typing at two separate laboratories. The S. aureus isolates were

assigned by MLEE to 10

electrophoretic types (ETs) (Index of Discrimination, D=0·779).

In contrast, the same isolates

were assigned to 13 ribotypes (D=0·888), and to 12 RAPD
types

(D=0·898). A common

clone, ET3, of worldwide distribution, was represented by six distinct

combinations of

ribotypes and RAPD types. S. aureus clones recovered from cows
in

Ireland were also associated with mastitis in dairy cows in the USA. These

findings are consistent with the

hypothesis that only a few specialized clones of S. aureus are

responsible for the majority of

cases of bovine mastitis, and that these clones have a broad geographic
distribution.
National outbreak of Salmonella senftenberg associated with
infant food
Authors: RUSHDY A. A. , STUART J. M. , WARD L. R. , BRUCE J. , THRELFALL E. J. , PUNIA P. , BAILEY J. R.
Published: July 2002

Eight cases of Salmonella senftenberg infection
in infants were identified in the first half of 1995
in England, five were indistinguishable S. senftenberg
strains. A case-control study showed an
association between illness and consumption of one brand of baby cereal

(P=0·03). The cereal
manufacturer reported isolating S. senftenberg in June 1994
from an undistributed cereal batch.
Outbreak strains and the cereal strain were all plasmid-free in contrast

to other human isolates
of S. senftenberg in the same period. Changes in the production
process
were implemented to prevent further contamination.

Surveillance centres should strengthen the detection and investigation
of outbreaks of
gastrointestinal infection in susceptible groups, especially young
children. In this outbreak, the
study of only five cases led to identification of the vehicle of infection.
Even when few cases
are reported, epidemiological investigation in conjunction with molecular
typing may lead to
public health action which prevents continuing or future outbreaks.
Removal of airborne bacteria by filtration using a composite
microporous membrane made of a pyridinium-type polymer
showing strong affinity with microbial cells
Authors: KAWABATA N. , KAWATO S.
Published: July 2002

A composite microporous membrane made of
poly(N-benzyl-4-vinylpyridinium chloride) that
showed strong affinity with bacterial cells was prepared as a filter material
for removing
airborne bacteria. Thickness, pore diameter and porosity of the membrane
were 0·72 mm,
14·5 μm and 63%, respectively. Electron micrographic
analysis revealed that the membrane
consisted of a very large number of connected beads of 1·4 μm
in diameter made of the
pyridinium-type polymer. Filtration using the membrane was performed easily
at low flow rates
with insignificant pressure drop across the membrane. Filtration
at 63·7 cm/sec gave 99·98%
and 99·996% removal (3·7 and 4·4 log10-unit

reduction in concentration) of Escherichia coli and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively. Staphylococcus
aureus was not detected in filtrates. Since
pores of the membrane were much larger than these bacteria, the efficient
removal was best
explained in terms of the affinity of the polymer with bacterial cells.
Molecular variation of meningococcal serotype 4 antigen genes
Authors: URWIN R. , FEAVERS I. M. , JONES D. M. , MAIDEN M. C. J. , FOX A. J.
Published: July 2002

Changes in the frequency of serogroup B non serotypable
(B[ratio ]NT) meningococci isolated in
England and Wales were investigated by T-track fingerprint analysis, DNA
nucleotide sequence
determination, and serotyping by whole cell ELISA and dot blot assay. Seventy-three
per cent
of the isolates designated as B[ratio ]NT by the Meningococcal Reference
Unit (MRU) dot blot
assay during 1993–4, expressed variants of the serotyping antigen,
PorB, that were serotype 4
by whole cell ELISA. T-track fingerprint patterns of these and other ‘serotype
4’ isolates
revealed five distinct porB alleles which were shown by nucleotide
sequence determination to
encode different peptide sequences. Differential binding of the ‘serotype
4’ mAbs MN14G21
and 5DC4C8G8 in whole cell ELISA and dot blot assays was the result, (i)
of differences in
the peptide sequence of predicted surface loop I and (ii) an amino acid
deletion in predicted
loop VI of the PorB protein.
PCR–RFLP of outer membrane proteins gene of
Dichelobacter nodosus: a new tool in the epidemiology of
footrot
Authors: GHIMIRE S. C. , EGERTON J. R.
Published: July 2002

Currently only phenotypic epidemiological markers, serogrouping and virulence testing of
Dichelobacter nodosus, are available for investigating footrot outbreaks in small ruminants.
These methods have limitations in tracing the source of infection. In this study, a genotypic
marker, PCR–RFLP of outer membrane protein gene, was used to characterize D. nodosus. The
technique was evaluated in a controlled experiment involving two strains of bacteria.
PCR–RFLP was found to be highly specific in differentiating isolates obtained from recipient animals
infected with different strains. Subsequently, this technique was used to characterize isolates
obtained from field cases of footrot in Nepal. A total of 11 patterns was recognized among 66
Nepalese D. nodosus isolates representing four different serogroups. PCR–RFLP also
discriminated isolates with similar phenotypic characteristics. However, all isolates which,
phenotypically, were virulent were represented by only two patterns irrespective of their
serogroups. It is suggested that PCR–RFLP described here could be a useful epidemiological
marker in the study of footrot.
Discrimination between endemic and feedborne Salmonella
Infantis infection in cattle by molecular typing
Authors: LINDQVIST N. , HEINIKAINEN S. , TOIVONEN A.-M. , PELKONEN S.
Published: July 2002

Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis is endemic in Finnish cattle. Feed contaminated with
S. Infantis was distributed to cattle farms in May 1995. Following increased sampling, S. Infantis
was detected on 242 farms in 1995. Molecular typing was used to differentiate the farms that
were infected by the feed-related Infantis from those infected by other endemic strains. Twenty-three isolates from feed in 1995 and 413 from cattle (72 from 1992–4, 324 from 1995, 17 from
1996–7) were analysed. The feed-related Infantis was clonally related to the endemic infection
by the ribotype, IS200-type and XbaI-profile. The feed isolates had a distinctive plasmid that
appeared in pulsed-field gel electrophoresis as a 60 kb band when cleaved with XbaI or
linearized by S1-nuclease. This plasmid appeared in cattle only since the outbreak and seemed
stable on the follow-up farms. In addition to contact farms, the feedborne strain was found
on 19% of the farms infected with S. Infantis in 1995 but not having bought suspected
feedstuffs, possibly as secondary infections.
Induction of immunological memory in UK infants by a meningococcal A/C conjugate vaccine
Authors: BORROW R. , FOX A. J. , RICHMOND P. C. , CLARK S. , SADLER F. , FINDLOW J. , MORRIS R. , BEGG N. T. , CARTWRIGHT K. A. V.
Published: July 2002

The induction of immunological memory to serogroup A and C polysaccharides in UK infants
immunized with three doses of a meningococcal A/C oligosaccharide CRM197 conjugate
vaccine was investigated. Forty UK infants vaccinated previously with three doses of a
meningococcal A/C oligosaccharide-CRM197 conjugate vaccine at 2, 3 and 4 months of age,
were revaccinated at a mean age of 145·6 weeks with either a 10 or 50 μg dose of licensed
meningococcal A/C polysaccharide vaccine. Serogroup-specific antibody and serum bactericidal
antibody (SBA) responses were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and serum
bactericidal assays, respectively. Following challenge, anti-serogroup A and C polysaccharide
antibody levels rose from pre-booster geometric mean concentrations (GMC) of 3·1 and 2·1
μg/ml respectively to 19·6 and 21·0 μg/ml 1 month post-booster. Serum bactericidal antibody
geometric mean titres (GMTs) for serogroups A and C increased 156- and 113-fold from 2·1
and 7·1 pre-booster respectively to 327·4 and 800·7 post-booster. A serogroup A control group
of 45 children received a 10 μg dose of licensed meningococcal A/C polysaccharide vaccine
(with no prior history of serogroup A vaccination) had serogroup A SBA GMTs of 2·3 pre-
vaccination rising to 8 post-vaccination with corresponding GMCs of 0·8 and 10·8 μg/ml.
These rises in SBA following serogroup A/C conjugate vaccination are indicative of
immunological priming.
Surveillance of dengue fever in French Guiana by monitoring the results of negative malaria diagnoses
Authors: TALARMIN A. , PENEAU C. , DUSSART P. , PFAFF F. , COURCIER M. , DE ROCCA-SERRA B. , SARTHOU J. L.
Published: July 2002

Surveillance of dengue fever is mainly based on specific laboratory tests. However non-specific
systems, such as clinical surveillance, are also required. In French Guiana, we have tested a
non-specific laboratory surveillance system where different biological examinations performed
for other reasons than the diagnosis of dengue fever were analysed as methods for dengue
fever surveillance. The number of negative malaria diagnoses in Cayenne and Kourou was
found to be the best indicator of dengue fever infections in these towns. This surveillance
system appears to be very simple and reliable, and a test which could serve as an indicator that
is likely to be found everywhere.
Infraspecific morphometric variation in Aethomys namaquensis (Rodentia: Muridae) from southern Africa
Authors: Chimimba C. T.
Published: July 2002

The Namaqua rock mouse, Aethomys namaquensis (A. Smith, 1834), is a widely distributed species in southern Africa. Analysis of geographic variation among samples of A. namaquensis from southern Africa across a more comprehensive geographical coverage than has hitherto been considered for the species suggests the recognition of four subspecies: A. n. namaquensis (A. Smith, 1834); A. n. lehocla A. Smith, 1836; A. n. alborarius Peters, 1852; and A. n. monticularis Jameson, 1909, which differ both in cranial size and shape. The geographical limits of the proposed subspecies broadly coincide with major phytogeographical zones of southern Africa. This infraspecific taxonomic treatment of southern African A. namaquensis reduces the number of previously recognized subspecies or referred taxa from 16 to four. While the subspecies designations in this study are probably valid in terms of their constitution, their boundaries, however, require further refinement involving other systematic techniques, such as DNA analysis.
Parasite diversity of Norwegian lemmings (Lemmus lemmus)
Authors: Laakkonen Juha , Haukisalmi Voitto , Niemimaa Jukka , Henttonen Heikki
Published: July 2002

The parasite diversity of Norwegian lemmings Lemmus lemmus was studied in northern Fennoscandia during a moderate population peak in 1997–98. Our aim was to study the parasites of lemmings in their normal mountainous habitats in anticipation of the next great lemming migration in northern Fennoscandia into the coniferous taiga. The blood parasites (Hepatozoon, Trypanosoma and Bartonella) found, Frenkelia sp., which invades the brain tissue of the host, and the pulmonary fungus Chrysosporium (Emmonsia) sp., have been detected previously in the Norwegian lemming, but an unknown fungus, and oocysts of Eimeria spp. have not been reported from L. lemmus before. The Norwegian lemming was found to have an exceptionally species‐poor helminth fauna. Only one species of cestode (Andrya sp.) occurring in lemmings at the adult stage was found, and the cestodes of carnivores that commonly parasitize voles at the larval stage were totally absent. The distribution and abundance of vectors, and sympatric definitive hosts of parasites are predicted to have a major role in determining the parasites that lemmings will encounter during their mass movements in new habitats. However, it is predicted that parasitism by adult and larval helminths is not markedly affected by the habitat change associated with the mass migration.
Linguistic change in endangered dialects: The case of alternation
between avoir and être in Vermont French
Authors: Russo Marijke , Roberts Julie
Published: July 2002

The present study examines the pattern of the variation
of the auxiliary avoir and être
in the passé composé tense in Vermont French
in 22 adult speakers who migrated from Québec or
are first-generation Franco-Americans. The purpose of the
study is to determine if the process of replacement of
être by avoir in progress in Canadian
French is also taking place in Vermont and which linguistic
and social constraints influence this linguistic change.
Results of the study reveal that the process of replacement
of être by avoir is also taking
place in Vermont, and that it is significantly favored
by the presence of a main verb that has a transitive homonym
and by the presence of a low-frequency main verb. The fact
that social factors do not significantly influence this
replacement indicates a later stage of linguistic change,
supporting patterns found in the literature of language
death.
Developmental themes in women's emotional experiences of motherhood
Authors: LUTHAR SUNIYA S. , DOYLE KIMBERLY , SUCHMAN NANCY E. , MAYES LINDA
Published: July 2002

In this study, women's levels of ego development and their psychological difficulties
were examined in relation to feelings in the maternal role. The sample consisted of 91 mothers
from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds. Ego development was assessed by the Washington
University Sentence Completion Test, and psychological difficulties were operationalized by
self-reported global symptomatology, maternal substance abuse, and expressed anger. Outcome
variables included feelings of satisfaction, distress, and support in the maternal role, as well as the
degree to which negative and positive emotions were integrated in response to hypothetical
vignettes of challenging everyday child-rearing experiences. Hypotheses were that women at high
levels of ego development would show greater deterioration in the presence versus absence of
self-reported adjustment problems than would those at lower levels. A series of interaction effects
each indicated trends consistent with the hypotheses. These results add to accumulating evidence
that tendencies toward self-examination, characteristic of high developmental levels, do not
inevitably serve protective functions but may be linked with heightened reactivity to negative
intrapsychic forces.
Artificial boundary conditions of absolute
transparency for two- and three-dimensional
external time-dependent scattering problems
Authors: SOFRONOV IVAN L.
Published: July 2002

For an external problem in IRd
(d=2, 3) such that the unknown function satisfies the wave
equation outside a finite domain, we generate artificial boundary conditions
transparent to
outgoing waves. These conditions permit an equivalent replacement of the
original external
problem by the problem inside the artificial boundary which is a circle
(d=2) or a sphere
(d=3): The questions of numerical implementation of the artificial
conditions (that are
non-local in both space and time) are considered. Special attention is
paid to the reduction of
necessary computational resources; in particular, a way of incorporating
these conditions into
numerical methods which makes the computational formulae local in time
is suggested. The
aspects of treating artificial boundaries of a non-spherical shape are
discussed. Numerical
examples of two- and three-dimensional scattering problems demonstrate
the accuracy of
proposed artificial boundary conditions.
Classical logic, continuation semantics and abstract machines
Authors: STREICHER Th. , REUS B.
Published: July 2002

One of the goals of this paper is to demonstrate that denotational semantics is useful
for operational issues like implementation of functional languages by abstract machines.
This is exemplified in a tutorial way by studying the case of extensional untyped call-by-name
λ-calculus with Felleisen's control operator [Cscr ].
We derive the transition rules for an
abstract machine from a continuation semantics which appears as a generalization of the
¬¬-translation known from logic. The resulting abstract machine
appears as an extension of Krivine's machine implementing head reduction. Though
the result, namely Krivine's machine,
is well known our method of deriving it from continuation semantics is new and applicable to
other languages (as e.g. call-by-value variants). Further new results
are that Scott's D∞-models
are all instances of continuation models. Moreover, we extend our continuation semantics to
Parigot's λμ-calculus from which we derive an extension of Krivine's
machine for λμ-calculus. The relation between continuation semantics
and the abstract machines is made precise by
proving computational adequacy results employing an elegant method introduced by Pitts.
Word Manager and CALL: structured access to the lexicon as a
tool for enriching learners’ vocabulary
Authors: TEN HACKEN PIUS , TSCHICHOLD CORNELIA
Published: July 2002

Morphology consists of inflection and word formation. In foreign
language teaching it occurs mainly in the form of inflectional paradigms. While this is
certainly an important part of mastering a foreign language, an adequate use of
morphology, both inflection and word formation, can facilitate the acquisition of
foreign language vocabulary. By applying word formation rules as a way to structure
their knowledge, advanced learners can multiply their active vocabulary. A practical
problem in using inflectional classes and word formation processes in vocabulary
teaching is that the information required to devise exercises is not readily available.
In a dictionary, it is not possible to get an overview of word formation relationships
or classes of words belonging to the same inflectional class. The nature of word
formation processes even makes it impossible in principle to fully cover them in a
printed dictionary without creating a lot of redundancy. An electronic dictionary does
not automatically solve the problems involved, unless it is structured appropriately.
In the Word Manager (WM) project morphological relationships have been taken as a
starting point in the design of the lexicon. As a consequence, the lexicon is
structured in terms of word formation and inflection rules, in such a way that complete
and flexible access to the morphological processes and classes of a language is
guaranteed. The full flexibility of WM lexicons requires that the entire system be
installed locally. For a dedicated operational component, however, no such installation
is necessary. It can be installed as an independently running program or be made
available through the Internet. Two such applications (which are freely available) and
their possible uses for teaching purposes are described.
Falls
Authors: Colledge Nicki
Published: July 2002

Falls and funny turns are very common in old people, and many
clinicians feel at a loss as to how to deal with them. Over the past
few years, there have been important advances in our understanding of
the causes of falls and how best to manage these in the vulnerable
elderly population. Given the magnitude of the problem, it is important
that such research finds its way into clinical practice.
Cholesterol and stroke
Authors: Evans SN , Fotherby MD
Published: July 2002

Stroke and coronary heart disease (CHD) share many risk factors, suggesting at least some similarities in pathogenesis. It is therefore surprising that the role of one of the major risks for CHD, dyslipidaemia, remains so contentious as a risk factor for stroke. Because of a lack of good clinical trials, conflicting views have been expressed on the association of lipids, primarily serum cholesterol and its subfractions, with stroke disease and the merits of preventing stroke by lowering cholesterol. Many of the issues involved are intimately related to those of managing dyslipidaemia in the elderly. If stroke occurred as commonly below the age of 65 as above this age it is likely that the necessary epidemiological and intervention studies would already have been undertaken.
Population status, breeding biology and conservation of the Tristan Albatross Diomedea [exulans] dabbenena
Authors: RYAN PETER G. , COOPER JOHN , GLASS JAMES P.
Published: July 2002

Tristan Albatross Diomedea [exulans] dabbenena is the most genetically distinct of the five taxa that form the Wan
dering Albatross superspecies, and has been listed as Endangered. It breeds only on Gough and Inaccessible Islands
in the Tristan da Cunha group, central South Atlantic Ocean. The entire breeding population was surveyed during
1999-2000. A mid-September survey at Gough Island recorded 1,129 chicks, equivalent to an annual breeding effort
by approximately 1,500 pairs. Only one chick was present at Inaccessible Island in 1999, and another pair laid an
egg in 2000. The annual breeding effort at this island has not exceeded three pairs since the 1950s. None were found
during an incomplete survey at Tristan, where the species bred in the past, but birds were seen flying over the island.
A complete survey and attempts to promote recolonization of Tristan are warranted. Breeding success at Gough Island
averaged 63%, and no birds that bred successfully attempted to breed the following year. Breeding success was
greater and less variable in a large colony at Gonydale than at a peripheral colony at Tafelkop. Young birds returned
to the island after 3-4 years (4-5 years old), and the modal age of first breeding was 8 years, with some individuals
breeding as young as 6 years. Most chicks (81%) recruited to their natal colony, but some recruited to colonies up to
3 km from their natal site. Among adults, fidelity to partners and breeding colony was high. Of nine birds recovered
away from the island, at least four were killed by longline fishing. Despite its known mortality on longlines, the Gough
Island census exceeded demipopulation estimates from the 1970s and early 1980s, possibly due to incomplete coverage
by previous surveys and a poor breeding season in 1998. Given the lack of evidence for a population decrease, Tristan
Albatross should be listed as Vulnerable. It is the third rarest albatross species, however, and its population size
warrants monitoring. We provide guidelines for repeatable censuses at Gough Island.
Concurrent programming as proof net construction
Authors: PERRIER G.
Published: July 2002

We propose a concurrent process calculus, called Calcul
Parallèle Logique (CPL), based on
the paradigm of computation as proof net construction in linear logic.
CPL uses a fragment
of first-order intuitionistic linear logic where formulas represent processes
and proof nets
represent successful computations. In these computations, communication
is expressed in an
asynchronous way by means of axiom links. We define testing equivalences
for processes,
which are based on a concept of interface, and use the power of proof theory
in linear logic.
SEXUAL SYSTEMS OF NEW CALEDONIAN ARALIACEAE: A PRELIMINARY PHYLOGENETIC REAPPRAISAL
Authors: SCHLESSMAN M. A. , PLUNKETT G. M. , LOWRY II P. P. , LLOYD D. G.
Published: July 2002

A preliminary analysis of New Caledonian Araliaceae has shown varying degrees of support for previous hypotheses on sexual system evolution in the family. Andromonoecy, rather than hermaphroditism, is strongly supported as the ancestral sexual system for the Araliaceae. Derivation of hermaphroditism from andromonoecy in Delarbrea harmsii R. Vig. and Polyscias bracteata (R. Vig.) Lowry, ined. is also strongly supported. Support for the derivation of dioecy from andromonoecy in several New Caledonian species of Polyscias J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. depends in part on an assumption that andromonoecy cannot be secondarily derived from dioecy. The derivation of hermaphroditism from andromonoecy in Schefflera candelabra Baill. and S. pseudocandelabra R. Vig. is equivocal. The hypothesis that the immediate ancestors of Arthrophyllum Blume were andromonoecious is not supported.
Lazy, Apathetic and Dangerous: the Social Construction of Unemployed Workers in Germany during the Late Weimar Republic
Authors: Zukas Alex
Published: July 2002

At the end of the Weimar Republic, German business people, socialists, and communists used images of unemployed workers to define the boundaries of what they each considered acceptable and unacceptable in German Society. While concerns over Jews, homosexuals, and so on stayed within narrow discursive boundaries in the Weimar Republic, the public discourse on the unemployed ranged across a number of discursive boundaries and became a nodal point of social critique and commentary. Despite the marginal social status of unemployed workers, discussions about them became central to the self-understanding of different social groups in Weimar's political economy. In defining the unemployed, these communities also defined themselves and laid bare their existential concerns.
Challenging French Leadership in Europe: Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and the Outbreak of the Empty Chair Crisis of 1965–1966
Authors: LUDLOW N. PIERS
Published: July 2002

The Empty Chair Crisis of 1965–66 has traditionally been seen as a constitutional crisis, caused by the different European visions of General de Gaulle and the Commission president, Hallstein. This article will argue, however, that the root cause of the crisis was a clash over the programme of the EEC and, at a deeper level, about the leadership of the Community. Germany, Italy and the Netherlands, it will suggest, used the 1965 common agricultural policy negotiations to challenge the traditionally prominent position of the French. In response, de Gaulle had little choice other than to escalate the crisis and launch a six-month boycott of Community institutions.
‘Sumer is icumen in’ – a perpetual puzzle-canon?
Authors: Wulstan David
Published: July 2002

When I was an undergraduate attempting to write canons, it would have been convenient to have known that composers cheated. By the time I was a don, in turn trying to teach undergraduates to write canons, I now had this knowledge, though I would doubtless have called it ‘composers' expertise’; but, unfortunately, I was still not aware of the precise way in which this expertise was employed. Later, I found out that many canons (such as those of Bach's ‘Goldberg Variations’) were written on the scaffolding of a ground bass; although Bach's use of this bass is here obvious, as it is in Pachelbel's more mundane canon on the same ground, composers would often cover their tracks by removing the scaffolding from the finished work.
The causes and management of endometrial breakthrough bleeding
Authors: Hickey M , Fraser IS
Published: July 2002

The term breakthrough bleeding (BTB) is rather poorly defined, but essentially describes the symptom of vaginal bleeding occurring with scheduled periods of withdrawal bleeding, in the absence of pelvic pathology in women taking exogenous sex steroids, usually contraceptives or hormone-replacement therapy (HRT). It may also describe occasional bleeding in those who are predominantly experiencing amenorrhoea due to these preparations. Rather confusingly, the term is sometimes used to describe intermenstrual bleeding in women who are not taking sex steroids, when structural or other pathological causes are more likely. In the absence of such pathology intermenstrual bleeding in the normal menstrual cycle is relatively uncommon, suggesting that exogenous sex steroids can profoundly disrupt the tight regulation of endometrial vascular development, function and breakdown. Intermenstrual bleeding also occurs spontaneously in some women and it is possible that this phenomenon has similar mechanisms to that seen in sex-steroid-related breakthrough bleeding.
Changing Economics and Clinical Ethical Decisionmaking:
A View from the Trenches
Authors: YOUNG ERNLÉ W. D.
Published: July 2002

There is good news, and there is bad news. The good
news is that in my experience, younger physicians
generally are much more concerned about the cost of clinical
tests and treatments, and about justly distributing finite
medical resources, than were those who practiced medicine
in the fee-for-service era. The bad news has at least three
components. First, with respect to medically nonbeneficial
treatment in the ICU, managed care has not yet given evidence
of wanting to put the brakes on unrealistic family demands
for aggressive medical interventions. Second, managed care
is frustrating many healthcare professionals as well as
patients. And third, managed care has no apparent interest
in addressing, and may even have contributed to, the problem
of medical indigence. Let me develop these propositions
more fully.
English small towns and the emergence of capitalist relations, c. 1450–1550
Authors: Dimmock Spencer
Published: July 2002

This paper seeks to extend the knowledge of small-town structures and of conflict in late medieval urban society by utilizing the unusual survival of a variety of sources for the English small town of Lydd in Kent. The main focus is an analysis of conflicts over capitalizing enclosure in Lydd in the mid-fifteenth century from which it then seeks to generalize, and to implicate towns in the feudalism to capitalism debate previously overwhelmingly confined to rural society.
Prelabour rupture of membranes at term: the role of induction of labour
Authors: Hannah Mary E , Seaward Gareth R
Published: July 2002

Prelabour rupture of the membranes(PROM) is generally defined as rupture of the membranes prior to the onset of labour. When this occurs at term (greather than/equal 37 weeks of pregnancy) it is referred to as term PROM (to distinguish it from preterm PROM). The time interval between membrane rupture and the onset of labour is termed the latent period. The duration of this period is known to vary inversely with the gestational age at membrane rupture.
Phosphorylation of p90rsk during meiotic maturation and parthenogenetic activation of rat oocytes: correlation with MAP kinases
Authors: Tan Xin , Chen Da-Yuan , Yang Zhe , Wang Yong-Chao , Li Manyu , Schatten Heide , Sun Qing-Yuan
Published: July 2002

This paper reports on the activation of p90rsk during meiotic maturation and the inactivation of p90rsk after electrical parthenogenetic activation of rat oocytes. In addition, the correlation between p90rsk and MAP kinases after different treatments was studied. We assessed p90rsk activity by examining its electrophoretic mobility shift on SDS-PAGE and evaluated ERK1+2 activity by both mobility shift and a specific antibody against phospho-MAP kinase. The phosphorylation of p90rsk during rat oocyte maturation was a sequential process that may be divided into two stages: the first stage was partial phosphorylation, which was irrelevant with MAP kinases because p90rsk phosphorylation took place prior to activation of MAP kinases. The second stage inferred full activation occurred at the time when MAP kinases began to be activated (3 h after germinal visicle breakdown). Evidence for the involvement of MAP kinases in the p90rsk phosphorylation was further obtained by the following approaches: (1) okadaic acid (OA) accelerated the phosphorylation of both MAP kinases and p90rsk; (2) OA induced phosphorylation of both MAP kinases and p90rsk in the presence of IBMX; (3) when activation of MAP kinases was inhibited by cycloheximide, p90rsk phosphorylation was also abolished; (4) dephosphorylation of p90rsk began to take place at 3 h post-activation, temporally correlated with the completion of MAP kinase inactivation; (5) phosphorylation of both kinases was maintained in oocytes that failed to form pronuclei after stimulation; (6) OA abolished the dephosphorylation of both kinases after parthenogenetic activation. Our data suggest that MAP kinases are not required for early partial activation of p90rsk but are required for full activation of p90rsk during rat oocyte maturation, and that p90rsk dephosphorylation occurs following MAP kinase inactivation after parthenogenetic activation of rat oocytes.
Changes in intracellular content of glutathione and thiols associated with γ-glutamyl cycle during sperm penetration and pronuclear formation in rat oocytes
Authors: Funahashi Hiroaki , Bandoh Naoya , Nakahira Shinobu , Oh She-Hoon , Tsuboi Seiji
Published: July 2002

The content of glutathione and other thiols in rat eggs was examined during sperm penetration and pronuclear formation by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Reduced glutathione (GSH) content was higher in unfertilised oocytes (8.50 ± 0.29 pmol/egg) and penetrated eggs with a decondensed sperm nucleus (DSH eggs; 7.72 ± 0.56 pmol/egg) than eggs at the pronuclear stage (PN eggs; 5.93 ± 0.10 pmol/egg). The content of oxidised glutathione (GSSG) was not different among experimental groups (152.6 ± 74.1 nmol/egg in unfertilised eggs, 146.0 ± 50.0 nmol/egg in DSH eggs and 39.7 ± 17.3 nmol/egg in PN eggs). The GSSG/GSH ratio did not change during fertilisation. Although the reduced cysteinylglycine content of eggs did not change among experimental groups, the oxidised form of cysteinylglycine increased (p < 0.025) between sperm decondensation (6.9 ± 1.5 nmol/egg in unfertilised oocytes and 10.1 ± 2.1 nmol/egg in DSH eggs) and pronuclear formation (40.5 ± 11.5 nmol/egg in PN eggs). Low contents of cystine were detected during fertilisation but cysteine and γ-glutamylcysteine were not detected in any treatment groups. These results demonstrate that GSH content in rat eggs decreases between sperm decondensation and pronuclear formation, probably due to the increased activity of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase.
LYRICAL STUDIES
Authors: Jackson Virginia , Prins Yopie
Published: July 2002

THE VICTORIAN POETESS has become as important a figure in the late twentieth century as she was in the late nineteenth — perhaps because she seems now, as then, to have lapsed into the obscurity of literary history. In recent years feminist critics have been interested in reclaiming a tradition of nineteenth-century popular poetesses whose verse circulated broadly on both sides of the Atlantic. A spate of new anthologies, annotated editions, and critical collections (as well as texts now available on-line) has reintroduced supposedly lost women poets into the canon of Victorian poetry. Indeed, this recovery is often predicated on a rhetoric of loss, as if only by losing women poets we can rediscover and read them anew. Thus in recent advertisements for such anthologies, we read that Victorian Women Poets (edited by Angela Leighton and Margaret Reynolds in 1995) “aims to recover the lost map of Victorian women’s poetry,” and British Women Poets of the 19th Century (edited by Margaret Higonnet in 1996) “restores the voices and reputations of these ‘lost’ artists”; likewise, the compendious Nineteenth-Century Women Poets (edited by Isobel Armstrong and Joseph Bristow with Cath Sharrock in 1996) “rediscovers rich and diverse female traditions.”
Poorly forecast trough disruption shown in water vapour images
Authors: Carroll E B
Published: July 2002

A poor forecast of an ex‐tropical depression over the UK is examined. The water vapour imagery presented strongly implied an evolution diverging from the operational NWP forecast; it is suggested that such image sequences can be used to monitor upper level flow evolution for early warning of trough disruption. Copyright © 1997 Royal Meteorological Society