bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Macropinocytosis: searching for an endocytic identity and role in the uptake of cell penetrating peptides
Authors: Jones Arwyn Tomos
Published: August 2007

Introduction

Membrane ruffling and the formation of the macropinosome

Rabs and macropinocytosis

The fate of the macropinosome on the endocytic pathway

A role for nexins in macropinosome sorting

Cell penetrating peptides as vectors for drug delivery

The case for and against macropinocytosis

Conclusions

Macropinocytosis defines a series of events initiated by extensive plasma membrane reorganization or ruffling to form an external macropinocytic structure that is then enclosed and internalized. The process is constitutive in some organisms and cell types but in others it is only pronounced after growth factor stimulation. Internalized macropinosomes share many features with phagosomes and both are distinguished from other forms of pinocytic vesicles by their large size, morphological heterogeneity and lack of coat structures. A paucity of information is available on other distinguishing features for macropinocytosis such as specific marker proteins and drugs that interfere with its mechanism over other endocytic processes. This has hampered efforts to characterize the dynamics of this pathway and to identify regulatory proteins that are expressed in order to allow it to proceed. Upon internalization, macropinosomes acquire regulatory proteins common to other endocytic pathways, suggesting that their identities as unique structures are short‐lived. There is however less consensus regarding the overall fate of the macropinosome cargo or its limiting membrane and processes such as fusion, tubulation, recycling and regulated exocytosis have all been implicated in shaping the macropinosome and directing cargo traffic. Macropinocytosis has also been implicated in the internalization of cell penetrating peptides that are of significant interest to researchers aiming to utilize their translocation abilities to deliver therapeutic entities such as genes and proteins into cells. This review focuses on recent findings on the regulation of macropinocytosis, the intracellular fate of the macropinosome and discusses evidence for the role of this pathway as a mechanism of entry for cell penetrating peptides.
Physiological polyamines: simple primordial stress molecules
Authors: Rhee H. J. , Kim Eui‐Jin , Lee J. K.
Published: August 2007

Introduction

Metabolism and transport of physiological polyamines

Are physiological polyamines stress molecules?

Roles of physiological polyamines in oxidative stress response

Physiological polyamine‐mediated acid stress response

Physiological polyamines in osmotic stress response

Physiological polyamines in neuronal stress response

Physiological polyamines in other stress responses

Divergent roles of physiological polyamines in adapting to pathogen‐host interaction

Conclusions

Physiological polyamines are ubiquitous polycations with pleiotropic biochemical activities, including regulation of gene expression, cell proliferation and modulation of cell signalling. Reports that the polyamines with cytoprotective activities were induced by diverse stresses raised the hypothesis that physiological polyamines may play a role in inducing stress response. In a wide range of organisms, physiological polyamines were not only induced by diverse stresses, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), heat, ultraviolet (UV) and psychiatric stress but were able to confer beneficial effects for survival. Recent biochemical and genetic evidences show that polyamines can function as an ROS scavenger, acid tolerance factor and chemical chaperone, and positive regulators for expression of stress response genes which may explain their protective functions against diverse stresses. Taken together, these data suggest that physiological polyamines can function as primordial stress molecules in bacteria, plants and mammals, and may play an essential role in regulation of pathogen‐host interactions.
Regulation of raft‐dependent endocytosis
Authors: Lajoie P. , Nabi I.R.
Published: August 2007

Introduction

Raft‐dependent endocytosis encompasses various pathways

Cav1 and the regulation of raft‐dependent endocytosis

Signaling and raft‐dependent endocytosis

Conclusion

Raft‐dependent endocytosis is in large part defined as the cholesterol‐sensitive, clathrin‐independent internalization of ligands and receptors from the plasma membrane. It encompasses the endocytosis of caveo‐lae, smooth plasmalemmal vesicles that form a subdomain of cholesterol and sphingolipid‐rich lipid rafts and that are enriched for caveolin‐1. While sharing common mechanisms, like cholesterol sensitivity, raft endocytic routes show differential regulation by various cellular components including caveolin‐1, dynamin‐2 and regulators of the actin cytoskeleton. Dynamin‐dependent raft pathways, mediated by caveolae and morphologically equivalent non‐caveolin vesicular intermediates, are referred to as caveolae/raft‐dependent endocytosis. In contrast, dynamin‐independent raft pathways are mediated by non‐caveolar intermediates. Raft‐dependent endocytosis is regulated by tyrosine kinase inhibitors and, through the regulation of the internalization of various ligands, receptors and effectors, is also a determinant of cellular signaling. In this review, we characterize and discuss the regulation of raft‐dependent endocytic pathways and the role of key regulators such as caveolin‐1.
BEITRAG ZUR KLINIK DER BEWUSSTSEINSSTÖRUNGEN Eine klinische Studie über eine Barbitursäureabstinenzpsychose mit strukturanalytischen, dynamischen, erbbiologischen, elektrenke‐phalographischen und gerichtspsychiatrischen Aspekten.
Authors: Arentsen Kaj
Published: August 2007

Eine klinische Studie uber eine Barbitursiiureabsfinenzpsychose mit strukturanalytischen, dynamischen, erbbiologischen, elektrenke‐phalographischen und gerichtspsgchiafrischen Aspekten.
ON THE BIOLOGICAL EQUILIBRIUM IN MAN
Authors: Frey Torsten S:son
Published: August 2007

“The marvels of the shp that guides itself into harbour, or of the machine that, without possessing any understanding, is able to accomplish human functions, are not dtficult to comprehend, if we consider that all things are either destined or tend to accomplish the things they have to do. “–” The soul, which is an expression of what we term the body, is, in the present, pregnant with the future. “–”For everything is so regulated and interrelated… that these, nature's machines, (liuing beings), should not be regarded as being more wondrous than a flame running along a wire or waterflowing through a tube.”
HANDWRITING CHANGES AND RESPONSE TO DRUGS—A CONTROLLED STUDY
Authors: ANGUS J. W. S. , SIMPSON G. M.
Published: August 2007

A controlled study of the relationship between the therapeutic response to a neuroleptic drug and the handwriting changes which it produces is described. Patients whose handwriting had changed as described by Haase improved to a greater extent than those whose handwriting had not changed, but received much larger doses of the drug. Patients treated according to the psychiatrist's judgment received larger doses than those which produced handwriting changes, but in retrospect the optimum dose corresponded closely to the dose producing handwriting changes. These findings are discussed.
CONTROLLED STUDIES OF ANTIPARKINSONISM AGENTS IN THE TREATMENT OF DRUG‐INDUCED EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYMPTOMS
Authors: SIMPSON G. M.
Published: August 2007

A series of four experiments designed to assess the effect of antiparkin‐sonism drugs on phenothiazine produced parkinsonism are described. It was difficult to distinguish the effects of the active drug from placebo when intravenous injections were employed, but using handwriting as an indication it was possible to distinguish the oral administration of Benztropine Mesylate from a placebo. The results are discussed and it is concluded that trials of intravenous preparations in the treatment of parkinsonism are likely to be invalid.
BOOKS
Authors: Forssman Hans , Wallin Leif , Svendsen B. Borup , Tolstrup Kai
Published: August 2007

Theilgaard, A., J. Nielsen, A. Sørensen, A. Frøland & G. Johnsen: A Psychological‐Psychiatric Study of Patients with Klinefelter's Syndrome

Russell, G. F. M., & H. J. Wallon (eds.): The Training of Psychiatrists. Brit. J. Psychiat.

Annell, Anna‐Lisa: Elementär Barnpsykiatri. 3rd revised edition.
BOOKS
Authors: Lukianowicz Narcyr , Nystrup Jsrgen , Wergeland Hi. , Smith Donald F.
Published: August 2007

Hartrnann, K.: Theoretische und empirische Beitrage zur Venvahrlosungsforschung.

Mathis, 7. L., C. M. Pierce & V. Pishkin: Basic psychiatry, a primer of concepts and terminology in programmed form.

Kanner, L.: Child psychiatry, Fourth edition. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield

Molitz, S.:].‐dopa and behaviour. North‐Holland Publishing Company
PERINATAL COMPLICATIONS IN CHILDREN OF SCHIZOPHRENIC MOTHERS
Authors: Mizrahi Mirdal G. K. , Mednick S. A. , Schulsinger F. , Fuchs F.
Published: August 2007

Rates of pregnancy and birth complications (PBC's) were studied in 166 children born to 112 schizophrenic women (high risk) and 90 children born to 84 normal controls (low risk). No significant differences were found between the two groups taken as a whole, either in the number or in the severity of PBC's. However, significantly higher rates of PBC's were found to accompany the first pregnancies and deliveries of schizophrenic women as compared to the first reproductions of normal women. Furthermore, whereas normal women tended to have higher rates of PBC's with increasing age and parity, neither age nor delivery number seemed to affect the rate of PBC's among schizophrenic women.
A COMPARISON BETWEEN DIAZEPAM AND HALOPERIDOL IN ANXIETY STATES
Authors: Fyrö B. , Beck‐Friis J. , Sjöstrand I.‐G.
Published: August 2007

A double‐blind cross‐over comparison of diazepam, haloperidol and placebo was carried out in 51 out‐patients with neurotic anxiety‐tension states. Each drug was given for 1 week: diazepam 15 mg and haloperidol 1 mg per day. Both drugs were significantly better than placebo.

Thirty‐three of the patients had anxiety without obvious precipitating factors. In this group, diazepam was significantly better than haloperidol in eight of 15 items, but there was no difference with regard to subjective side effects. Eighteen patients had anxiety resulting from recognizable factors. In this group, no significant difference in therapeutic effect was seen, although haloperidol gave fewer side effects.
CAN SELF‐RATING REPLACE DOCTOR'S RATING IN EVALUATING ANTI‐DEPRESSIVE TREATMENT?
Authors: Arfwidsson L. , D'Elia G. , Laurell B. , Ottosson J.‐O. , Perris C. , Persson G.
Published: August 2007

Sixteen depressive out‐patients with endogenous or mixed endogenous‐psychogenic depression were rated before and during antidepressive drug treatment using the Zung self‐rating scale, the Cronholm‐Ottosson depression scale and a global rating. The scores displayed a parallel course, but the correlations between them were only moderate, and between the score differences were still lower. When levels of significance of score differences and global ratings were used as measures of treatment effects, the self‐ratings were least sensitive. The study gives no support for a replacement of the doctor's rating scale with self‐rating according to Zung.

Even when the correlations are higher, they should not without reservation be taken as evidence of validity of the self‐rating, since they may be spuriously inflated. Estimation of reliability of selfrating presents difficulties, and psychotic symptoms cannot be properly evaluated. Seeing depressive illness as a hypothetical construct, self‐rating may be used as an additional indicator, but it cannot replace doctor's ratings.
A 5‐YEAR FOLLOW‐UP STUDY OF MALE SCHIZOPHRENICS: EVALUATION OF FACTORS INFLUENCING SUCCESS AND FAILURE IN THE COMMUNITY
Authors: Christensen J. K.
Published: August 2007

A 5‐year follow‐up of 119 discharged schizophrenic men is reported. Fifty‐three patients were not readmitted (arbitrarily defined as successes). Out of 66 failures, 47 were readmitted and discharged and 19 were readmitted and not discharged. Successes were older at discharge, had a longer duration of illness and a longer stay in hospital, lived to a greater extent under sheltered conditions and had a better employment record. There were fewer chronic successes, and also before the 5‐year follow‐up period, the failures had had more readmissions. More successes than failures had neither attended out‐patient control before nor after the last admission. More failures left the hospital against medical advice. The successes were more socially isolated, and at the time of follow‐up, they were less accepted by their relatives and had less of an awareness of being mentally ill. Aggravation of psychotic symptoms because of the patients' omission to take prescribed drugs was the most important cause of readmissions. At the time of follow‐up, more successes were severely disturbed. All the patients showed increasing social and familial problems during the follow‐up period.

Attention is drawn to what appears to be important in preventing readmissions and making life easier for the patients and their family in the community. A need of more extensive after‐care facilities and a closer contact with relatives is emphasized.
A MULTINATIONAL, DOUBLE‐BLIND TRIAL WITH A NEW ANTIDEPRESSANT MAPROTILINE (LUDIOMIL®) AND AMITRIPTYLINE
Authors: Lauritsen B. J. , Madsen H.
Published: August 2007

An account is given of a multinational double‐blind trial, in which the tetracyclic antidepressant maprotiline (Ludiomil®) was compared with amitriptyline. Two hundred and eleven patients participated; of these 191 completed the trial. In 68% of the cases, endogenous depression was diagnosed; the remaining cases were diagnosed as reactive or other depressions. Hamilton's Rating Scale for Depression was used, and unwanted effects were registered on standardized scales.

No statistically significant difference in antidepressive effect assessed by Total Hamilton Score (THS) and global evaluation was found between maprotiline and amitriptyline. However, a significant difference in favour of maprotiline was shown in the global evaluation of unwanted effects and as regards the individual symptoms “blurred vision” and “sweating”. The laboratory tests disclosed no positive difference between the two preparations.

Advantages and disadvantages of multicentre trials are discussed and the value of standardized scales is pointed out. Factor analysis carried out on the same material is mentioned.
THE THERAPEUTIC EFFECT OF SHORT‐TERM ORAL DIAZEPAM TREATMENT ON ACUTE CLINICAL ANXIETY IN A CRISIS CENTRE
Authors: Dasberg H. , Van Praag H. M.
Published: August 2007

The assumption that oral diazepam treatment (20 mg daily) during 5 days in combination with active in‐patient crisis intervention has a favourable effect on acute clinical anxiety states was examined. A simple double‐blind random placebo‐diazepam design was applied on 30 crisis‐patients. The clinical improvement is defined as a difference‐score in ratings based on psychiatric interviews and ward observation.

The evidence derived from totals of Hamilton scales, nurse scales, and visual analogue scales does not support the assumption that diazepam is therapeutically better than placebo if one compares the two medication groups as units. But for the sub‐group of patients with the highest levels of pre‐treatment anxiety, a short‐term administration of oral diazepam seems to be a valuable adjunct to a crisis intervention program. Moreover, diazepam has a selective action for the improvement of insomnia, respiratory and gastro‐intestinal complaints. Finally, diazepam or some factor connected with it has an adverse influence on some autonomous complaints.

The need for the study of the relationship between clinical effect and pharmacokinetic values, especially plasma concentrations of the drug and its active metabolite is suggested for emphasis.
SOCIAL DYSFUNCTION IN DEPRESSIVES AND ATTEMPTED SUICIDES
Authors: El‐Gaaly A. A.
Published: August 2007

In this study, a group of depressed patients who did not attempt suicide was compared with a group of depressed patients who attemptd suicide. All were English females. The two groups were comparable with regards to social class, and marital status. The suicidal group was younger.

The results show no significant difference between the two groups in the degree of severity of depression, which was assessed using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. However, there was a significant difference in the degree of social dysfunction between the two groups. This was assessed using the Social Dysfunction Rating Scale described by Linn and co‐authors.
THE AUTOMATED ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECT OF FLURAZEPAM AND NITRAZEPAM ON MOOD STATE
Authors: Sambrooks J. E. , MacCulloch M. J. , Rooney J. F. F.
Published: August 2007

Some further results on the effects of the two hypnotic drugs, nitrazepam and flurazepam monohydrochloride, on mood state are described. An automated assessment and scoring system, Computer Assisted Psychometric System (C.A.P.S.), was used to assess mood state and showed that both hypnotics had a mild euphoriant effect even when administered to healthy volunteers during the daytime. This was most marked in the case of nitrazepam. It is argued that such euphoriant side effects should be further investigated as they can occur when hypnotics are administered on a long‐term nightly basis, and there may therefore be a dependency aspect for those patients who habitually take such hypnotic drugs.

The broad scope of the C.A.P.S. system is also discussed.
PREVALENCE OF MENTAL ILLNESS AMONG 70‐YEAR‐OLDS DOMICILED IN NINE COPENHAGEN SUBURBS
Authors: Bollerup T. Rinder
Published: August 2007

The results of a study on the prevalence of mental diseases and abnormalities among a geographically well‐defined group of 70‐year‐olds, all living in nine suburbs of Copenhagen, are submitted and discussed.

The total psychiatric morbidity was found to be 15.5 %; 6.4 % suffered from psychoses, males preponderating, and 7.4 % were classified as “neuroses + personality disorders”, females preponderating. Only 15 % of the psychotic group were institutionalised.

Of the entire material, 5 % were demented, and this included 1.6 % patients who were severely demented. There was a definite preponderance of males. Of the population, 2.6 % were living in their homes with senile or arteriosclerotic dementia. About 1 % of the population were looked after in their homes despite severe dementia of varying geneses.

Hidden morbidity, meaning that the proband had neither been institutionalised nor had consulted a doctor for mental illness within the past 5 years, made up 15 % of the psychotic group and 19.2 % of the group “neuroses + personality disorders + alcoholism”. The total hidden morbidity constituted 2.6 % of the population or 16.5 % of the demonstrated psychiatric morbidity.

The prevalence findings are on the whole on a level with those reported from other studies, most of which have been concerned with population groups over 65 years of age.
ANXIETY AND EEG ALPHA ACTIVITY IN NEUROTIC PATIENTS
Authors: Siciliani O. , Schiavon M. , Tansella M.
Published: August 2007

The literature is reviewed on EEG alpha activity in different psychological states, i.e., morbid anxiety, attention and mental relaxation. In the present study, 20 male neurotic inpatients suffering from chronic moderate anxiety were assessed with respect to anxiety level and EEG alpha activity (frequency and per cent time) and fast activity. No significant EEG asymmetry was found. The average alpha per cent time was very low, most of the patients being low‐alpha subjects. Anxiety and alpha index were significantly correlated.

The patients were then treated with either 80 mg per day of temazepam or placebo for 2 weeks (double‐blind). Significant effects were detected in the anxiety state, the drug group showing more improvement, but not in the EEG profile. The measures were expressed at this stage as change scores from the pre‐treatment values and correlations between them were computed. The only correlation of significance was a negative correlation between anxiety level and alpha index found after 1 week in the drug group.
PERORAL AND PARENTERAL ADMINISTRATION OF LONG‐ACTING NEUROLEPTICS: A DOUBLE‐BLIND STUDY OF PENFLURIDOL COMPARED TO FLUPENTHIXOL DECANOATE IN THE TREATMENT OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
Authors: Gerlach J. , Kramp P. , Kristjansen P. , Lauritsen B. , Lühdorf K. , Munkvad I.
Published: August 2007

Fifty‐six out of 60 schizophrenic patients completed a double‐blind study of two long‐acting neuroleptics, penfluridol (peroral) and flupenthixol decanoate (parenteral). Half of the patients were on maintenance. therapy of flupenthixol prior to the study, the other half on penfluridol. The actual double‐blind study (12 weeks) was commenced after a preliminary period of 4 weeks, the patients in the two main groups being randomly divided into two further groups, one continuing the medication unchanged, the other changing to the alternative drug.

It was found possible to make a sudden switch from penfluridol to flupenthixol decanoate and vice versa without any significant change in the condition of the patient. The same dosage (in 70% of the patients from 40 to 80 mg) of penfluridol was used per week as was employed for flupenthixol decanoate per fortnight. Changes in the intensity of the symptoms (total Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) score) were more pronounced in the preliminary period (during unchanged treatment) than on changed medication in the blind period. Both drugs induced approximately the same degree of akathisia, Parkinsonism and autonomic side effects. The practical consequences of equipotent therapeutical effect of a peroral and parenteral long‐acting neuroleptic are briefly discussed.
THE LONGITUDINAL COURSE OF PARA‐NATAL EMOTIONAL DISTURBANCE
Authors: Uddenberg N. , Nilsson L.
Published: August 2007

Ninety‐five nulliparous women were interviewed during pregnancy and 4 months post partum. The possibility of predicting mental disturbance post partum from that during pregnancy was studied. When the woman was mentally disturbed during pregnancy, the prognosis was better in the case of a poor social situation at the time of the pregnancy than in the case of a good social situation. Negative attitude towards further pregnancies and repudiation of the own mother, however, implied unfavourable prognosis. In the case of a woman without mental symptoms during pregnancy, denial of the pregnancy and sensations connected with it suggested poor adaptation postpartum.
A STUDY OF GENETIC FACTORS, CHILDHOOD BEREAVEMENT, AND PREMORBID PERSONALITY TRAITS IN PATIENTS WITH ANANCASTIC ENDOGENOUS DEPRESSION
Authors: Videbech Th.
Published: August 2007

From a sample of 1,005 patients admitted to the State Hospital in Aarhus for the first time during the period 1950–1959 and who had been diagnosed as suffering from manic‐depressive psychosis or endogenous depression (affective psychoses), a subsample of 104 manic‐depressive patients with anancastic symptoms in the history were selected. The 104 probands were individually matched with 104 non‐anancastic probands with affective psychoses. The anancastic probands and the controls who were still living were seen personally at the follow‐up. Information concerning the psychiatric history of 945 first degree relatives of the anancastic probands and 1,000 first degree relatives of the controls were obtained.

During the search for factors which could be used to distinguish affective psychoses with anancastic symptoms from affective psychoses without these traits, a positive correlation was found between the presence of anancasms and the following factors: (a) premorbid obsessive personality traits; (b) traumatic environmental factors in childhood; (c) a tendency to monopolarity; (d) a preponderance of monopolar depressions in the family; (e) the presence of secondary cases of anancastic endogenous depression. The findings are compatible with a theory which attributes a pathoplastic effect to the obsessive personality giving rise to anancastic symptomatology in the form of affective psychoses which tend to a unipolar course.
CLONIDINE IN ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL
Authors: Björkqvist S. E.
Published: August 2007

In a double‐blind study, patients receiving a rapidly falling dosage of clonidine recovered about 1 day faster from the symptoms of moderately severe alcohol withdrawal than patients receiving placebo. The effects of clonidine were especially noticeable with respect to tremor, sweating, elevated systolic blood pressure, tension, anxiety, depression, and general condition. Clonidine had no effect on the sleep disturbances. No significant side effects were seen. It is suggested that clonidine is a useful aid in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal, especially when it is desirable to minimise the use of tranquillisers.
A STUDY OF ATTEMPTED SUICIDES IN URBAN VERSUS RURAL AREAS, WITH A FOLLOW‐UP
Authors: Niskanen P. , Koskinen T. , Lepola U. , Venäläinen E.
Published: August 2007

The group of subjects consisted of 44 patients (attempters) who were admitted to hospital for treatment because of attempted suicide during a 3‐month period in Northern Savo (in Eastern Finland), another 44 patients (non‐attempters) admitted to hospital in the same period for other reasons serving as controls. The number of women was the same in both groups, and so was, in consequence, the number of men. The study compared the attempters with the non‐attempters and, in addition, the patients coming from urban areas with those coming from rural areas, the ratio of the urban to the rural patients being the same in both groups. The study was based on personal psychiatric interviews with the patients, which took place in each case both immediately following the patients, which took place in each case both immediately following the patient's admission and precisely 3 months afterwards.

The results showed that schizophrenia was significantly more frequent in the rural than in the urban attempter group. By contrast, alcoholism and alcohol abuse were more frequent in the urban than in the rural attempter group. Compared with the urban patients, the rural patients tended to be psychically more seriously desordered. Poisoning by drugs was a significantly more frequent means of attempted suicide in the urban than in the rural group. The patients in the latter group, again, had resorted oftener to the so‐called “active” methods of attempted suicide.

Of the attempters, 25 % attempted suicide anew during the 3‐ month follow‐up period, the corresponding figure for the nonattempter group being only 6%. During the follow‐up period, a greater number of suicidal attempts was made by the patients in the rural group than by those in the urban group, and, as regards the intent to succeed, the attempts of the former were more serious than those of the latter. The so‐called “active” methods were used more often by rural than by urban patients also during the follow‐up period. All in all, the self‐destructive behaviour exhibited during the follow‐up period was graver in the rural than in the urban group.
MARITAL STATUS AND SCHIZOPHRENIA
Authors: Eaton W. W.
Published: August 2007

The finding that married persons are more likely to be hospitalized schizophrenics is reviewed. Three interpretations of the finding are discussed: causation, selection, and differential utilization. A strategy to separate the three hypotheses is presented which uses data on rates of admission and duration of hospitalization and which concentrates on the widowed category. Data from the Maryland Psychiatric Case Register are used to test the hypotheses. Evidence of selection and differential utilization is found, but none in favor of the causation hypothesis. It is shown that selection operates less powerfully in rural areas.
PREDISPOSITION FOR MENTAL SYNDROMES: A STUDY COMPARING PREDISPOSITION FOR DEPRESSION, NEURASTHENIA AND ANXIETY STATE
Authors: Nyström S. , Lindegård B.
Published: August 2007

A hypothesis of selective predisposition for depression, neurasthenic syndrome and anxiety states has been tested in a prospective study. The primary material for the investigation consisted of 4,000 city inhabitants who had registered a private car. Almost all of these could be invited to a group investigation by questionnaire in the autumn of 1959. Out of those invited, 83% participated, and out of these, 3,019 were males (the secondary material).

Six years later, the registers of public psychiatric out‐ and in‐patient units in the city were examined as to the appearance in 1960 or later of the men in the secondary material. One hundred and fourteen of these men were found in the registers. For each of these men ten controls, matched for age, were chosen from the rest of the secondary material.

Thirty‐seven of the patients had had a depression and 17 a neurasthenic syndrome as the main diagnosis, and 17 had an anxiety state as the main or secondary diagnosis. As independent factors were chosen the Sjöbring personality factors sub‐validity (psychasthenic traits), sub‐stability (syntonia) and sub‐solidity (hysteroid habitual attitude), as well as subclinical phenomena related to the neurasthenic, depressive and anxiety syndromes.

It was not possible to show a specific predisposing power of the background factors investigated. Psychasthenic premorbid personality, however, was significantly related to depression, and also showed a strong tendency to an association with neurasthenic syndrome and anxiety, states.
SEX CHROMATIN ANOMALY AMONG CHINESE PSYCHIATRIC INPATIENTS COMPARED TO SCHOOLCHILDREN
Authors: Tsuang M. T.
Published: August 2007

In a study of sex chromatin abnormality among Chinese psychiatric inpatients, buccal smears were examined from a total of 1,253 psychiatric inpatients (639 males and 614 females). One male psychiatric inpatient (1.6/1000) was chromatin positive (+ve); two female psychiatric inpatients (3.3/1000) were found to have two sex chromatin bodies (++ve).

The lower rate for male inpatients in comparison to Chinese schoolboys (2.3/1000) is thought to reflect a higher rate of mental subnormality in the primary schoolchildren. This is considered attributable to the special nature of the school system and psychiatric patient facilities in Taiwan. The higher rate for female inpatients in comparison with the schoolgirls (0.5/1000) tends to indicate a predisposition to mental disorder in favor of psychosis associated with double sex chromatin abnormality in the female.
PROGNOSIS OF PARANOID STATES IN RELATION TO THE CLINICAL FEATURES
Authors: Leonhard K.
Published: August 2007

Scandinavian psychiatrists acknowledge endogenous psychoses which are neither schizophrenic nor manic‐depressive, i.e., above all the “reactive psychoses” and the “schizophreniform psychoses”, both of which differ from schizophrenia in their features as well as in their good prognoses. These Scandinavian diagnoses bear relationships to psychoses, which I separate from schizophrenia. In the present paper, paranoid states are discussed with regard to their clinical pictures and their good prognoses. Among these are the “cycloid psychoses”. Patients suffering from these diseases recover from every phase, though most of the German psychiatrists consider them schizophrenic. Among the cycloid psychoses, the “anxiety happiness psychosis” shows ideas of reference on the one hand and ecstatic ideas on the other. In “inhibited confusion psychosis”, the patients are suffering from ideas of reference and ideas of significance; in “excited confusion psychosis”, from misidentifications of persons. The other symptoms which occur ‐ anxiety, happiness, stupor, incoherent pressure of speech ‐ confirm the cycloid psychoses and disprove schizophrenias. Besides the already mentioned psychoses, there is a monopolar psychosis, “suspicious depression”, in which ideas of reference and ideas of guilt mix. It is extremely important, not only for theoretical but also practical reasons, to separate from schizophrenia paranoid states which terminate in complete recovery from every phase.
MALE TRANSSEXUALS
Authors: Sturüp G. K.
Published: August 2007

Since 1953 the Danish law permitting castration has been applied to transsexuals. Case histories are here reported on ten cases, operated up to 19 years before the follow‐up. Six of these presented typical syndromes. In some of the early cases the reluctance on the part of therapists to adopt an active therapy has ben too great. Two subjects had died before the follow‐up investigation, but both had formerly reported satisfaction with the treatment to their therapists. One case ‐ happily married ‐ had emigrated with the husband. At the interviews the three others confirmed happiness and satisfaction with their female way of life. They are living in rasonably good social circumstances.

Three cases were not typical. A promiscuous massive sexual activity exhibited by these patients ha made it very difficult to endorse a surgical solution to their strongly presented with to obtain sex reassignment. At the follow‐up all three were very satisfied with their female role. After several years in their new sex role, two of these were still promiscuous.

The last case presents unusually complicated sex role problems. He continues o live as a male, but he still insists 19 years after castration, that the operation saved his life. In spite of his handicap, he claims to be satisfied that he obtained the permit.

None of the operated cases committed sucide, but one cae ‐ not operated but living as a female ‐ dveloped a paranoid reaction resulting in sucide.
WITHDRAWAL PSYCHOSIS: A STUDY OF 30 CONSECUTIVE CASES
Authors: Fruensgaard K.
Published: August 2007

A study was carried out of 30 consecutive patients with withdrawal psychosis who in the period 1972 to 1975 were admitted to a psychiatric department or were attended by the department while hospitalized in a somatic department. There was a clear majority of women among cases of psychosis following drug withdrawal (15 as against four) and a clear majority of men among cases of psychosis following alcohol withdrawal (nine as against two). Competing pathogenetic factors could be considered present in most cases in the last mentioned group.

In most cases the abrupt cessation took place in conjunction with admission to hospital, most frequently surgical cases or cases of acute drug toxication. In other cases abrupt cessation was decided upon by the patient himself. Frequently predelirium treatment was either omitted or was given in the form of neuroleptics. Approximately a quarter of the patients initially denied their abuse.

The study indicates that withdrawal psychosis can make its debut or become manifest at so late a stage as about the 14th day of the withdrawal phase following use of benzodiazepines and d‐propoxiphene. It is further indicated that abrupt cessation of benzodiazepines taken in “therapeutic” doses for several years in some instances can give rise to a withdrawal psychosis.
LITHIUM TREATMENT AND WEIGHT GAIN
Authors: Vendsborg P. B. , Bech P. , Rafaelsen O. J.
Published: August 2007

The problem of lithium maintenance treatment and weight gain was examined in 70 manic‐melancholic patients who had been in treatment for 2 to 10 years. Their case records were reviewed and they answered a questionnaire.

Out of 70 patients, 45 increased in weight with a mean weight gain of about 10 kg. The patients who increased in weight during the treatment were overweight already before the start and reached a weight about 20% higher than their ideal weight. They nearly all found themselves overweight and took measures to slim.

No connection between a history of infant obesity and weight gain was found. Increase in appetite was only found in one third of the patients and had only a weak influence on the degree of weight gain. Nearly all the patients felt an increased thirst, and a very clear correlation between liquid intake and weight gain was found.

It is recommended that all patients are repeatedly warned of the risks involved in satisfying their increased thirst on lithium by fluids rich in calories.
THE EFFECT OF SLEEP DEPRIVATION ON DEPRESSED PATIENTS
Authors: Pflug B.
Published: August 2007

In this paper an account is given of the effect of single‐night sleep deprivation (SD) therapy in 124 depressive patients of different diagnostic groups. Phasic depressives showed a marked improvement after treatment by sleep deprivation. Because these improvements were often of short duration, we repeated the treatments and combined them with thymoleptic drugs. In the group of neurotic depressives the therapeutic effect of sleep deprivation varied; on the whole, however, the improvement was less marked. It is pointed out that the vital symptoms and “critical time” are of importance. Sleep deprivation can be explained as a resynchronization of disturbed circadian rhythms brought about by interrupting these rhythms.
A HOSPITAL POPULATION OF SCHIZOPHRENIC PATINETS UNDERGOING CHANGE
Authors: Nystrup J.
Published: August 2007

From a cnesus investigation in 1953 at the Aarhus Psychiatric Hospital, 393 schizophrenic patients were selected (Population 53, P53) and compared with 282 schizopharenics from the 1962 census at the hospital (Population 62, P62). Through hospital records and the central psychiatric register in Denmark, the population from 1953 was follwoed for 18 years, the 1962 population for 9 yerars.

At adminssion it appeared that few of the patients had ever married. This was particularly so for the males. The males were also found to belong to lwoer soical group thatn would have been the case in a sample from the general Danish populatin. In 1962 more patients had obtained State Disability Pension befroe admission than the 1953 population. More than two‐thirds of all admission than the 1953 population. More than two‐thirds of all admitted schizophrenic patients were in; psychiatric hospital withinh 3 months after onset of illness. Around two‐thirds were admitted upon the request of relatives. In the investigated period the expenses for medicine per patient had increased eightfold, whereas expenses for food had less than doubled.

Only 15 % of the schizophrenic patients in the investigated populations were discharged to their homes. Four per cent were discharged to a nursing home; 22% had died. Of the 15% discharged to their homes, about 50% were readmitted for some time at a later period. In 1962, however, many more patients were discharged after less than 2 years of hospital stay than was the case for the 1953 population. The readmission rates increased from 38% in the 1953 population to 62% in the 1962 populatin.
A study of 49 sterilized females
Authors: Ansari J. M. A. , Francis H. H.
Published: August 2007

Forty‐nine women sterilized for eugenic, medical or socioeconomic reasons were studied in the Outpatients Department of a Women's Hospital. Results indicate that in a considerable proportion of cases, physical as well as mental condition was negatively affected. The most significant factors which influenced the outcome of the operation were the personality of the subjects and the reasons for which they were sterilized. It is emphasized that before this operation is undertaken, a full psychiatric assessment should be performed and a social report obtained.
Abnormalities in the orienting response in senile dementia
Authors: Jonsson C.‐O. , Mälhammar G. , Waldton S.
Published: August 2007

Forty‐five female patients with the diagnosis of senile dementia and subdivided according to degree of mental deterioration were paged over a loudspeaker placed directly to the right or to the left of the patient. In the most demented subgroup, motor and/or verbal orienting responses often failed to appear. A turn towards the loudspeaker used was more often evoked in the least deteriorated subgroups. Turing in inadequate directions is tentatively explained in terms of dysfunctions within the auditory system and with reference to the disorientation of the patients.

Twenty of the senile dementia patients were also compared with 20 healthy aged persons concerning habituation of orienting responses when exposed to 15 stimulations with intermittent light. The demented patients did not habituate significantly whereas control subjects did. The defective habituation of the patients is tentatively explained in terms of their memory disturbances and low capacity to interpret sensory data.
Lithium therapy in Israel
Authors: Hes J. P.
Published: August 2007

Lithium therapy for manic‐depressive patients started in Israel in 1967. A questionnaire survey in 1975 had a response frequency of 50 %. Of the 314 patients diagnosed as manic‐depressives, 239, or 76 %, received lithium carbonate treatment.
A method for testing differences in morbidity risk for affective psychoses
Authors: Breborowicz G. , Trzebiatowska‐Trzeciak O.
Published: August 2007

A modified method for testing differences between two proportions is described and its use for testing differences in the morbidity risk for affective psychoses is discussed. The method is based upon the u test for comparison of two proportions.

An example of the application of the method to study sex differences in morbidity risk for affective psychoses in parents of probands with unipolar depression and manic‐depressive psychosis is presented.
Levodopa treatment of presenile dementia
Authors: Kristensen V. , Olsen M. , Theilgaard A.
Published: August 2007

In Parkinson's disease as well as presenile dementia there is a dopamine deficit in the basal ganglia. Extrapyramidal symptoms are common in presenile dementia, and dementia is a common trait in Parkinsonism. It is reasonable to suggest a partial common etiology and pathophysiology, and the logical consequence is an investigation of levodopa substitution in presenile dementia. Unitil now very few reports of such studies have been published. The investigations have been uncontrolled or carried out on small or inhomogeneous materials. This investigation is triple‐blind, clinically controlled, and the material is very homogeneous. After 6 months' levodopa treatment no significant effect is shown either on a broad spectrum of psychiatric items or in cognitive functioning. This negative result is discussed. The probability of a specific Parkinson dementia is mentioned and the significance of the modifying effect of an imbalance in other transmitter systems is emphasized.
Homicidal aggession in schizophrenic men
Authors: Planansky K. , Johnston R.
Published: August 2007

In a sample of 205 hospitalized schizophrenics, 59 men were found who made verbal threats to kill or physical attacks sometime during their illness. All homicidal aggression occurred during active phases of psychosis, typically in a setting of acute excitement and in recurrent illnesses. Paranoid diagnoses were overrepresented. Closely related females were the prime targets, suggesting a resentment of dependence on a woman. An impersonal, compulsive urge appears to be the motviating force leading to physical attacks.
Thyrotropin‐Releasing Hormone (TRH) in chronic schizophrenia: A CONTROLLED STUDY
Authors: Lindström L. H. , Gunne L.‐M. , ÖSt L.‐G. , Persson E.
Published: August 2007

A controlled study on the effect of synthetic Thyrotropin‐Releasing Hormone (TRH) versus placebo in 10 drug‐free chronic schizophrenics is presented TRH 600 μg or placebo was administered intravenously on 4 consecutive days in a double‐blind cross‐over design and the schizophrenic symptoms were scored daily by use of two rating scales (CPRS and NOSIE). Blood samples were taken before and 30 and 45 minutes after the first and the fourth injection an analyzed for TSH. No changes in symptom intensity were found during the TRH or placebo treatment period and no difference was obtained between the two treatments. The dose of TRH used caused a significant increase in the plasma level of TSh which indicated a normal pituitary responsiveness to TRH. The data do not support the notion that TRH has a beneficial effect in chronic schizophrenic patients.
Reflex elicitation thresholds in senile dementia
Authors: Jonsson C.‐O. , Mälhammar G. , Waldton S.
Published: August 2007

Forty‐eight female patients with the diagnosis of senile dementia and 20 elderly healthy women were studied concerning thresholds for orienting responses to intermittent light, the eyelid reflex, and hand withdrawal on electrical pain stimulation.

A U‐shaped relationship between degree of mental deterioration and reflex thresholds was predicted from two assumptions: (1) that reflex thresholds are progressively increased following the general blunting of cognitive processes, and (2) that active inhibition of certain overt behaviour takes place in patients with little deterioration (as well as in healthy people). The U‐shaped relationship was only obtained for the eyelid reflex, and support was only obtained in connection with the orienting response for the assumption that some active inhibition of overt behaviour normally takes place.

A further hypothesis was that thresholds for protective‐defensive reflexes would not be substantially increased in the most deteriorated cases. This expectation was confirmed only for the hand withdrawal reflex.

It is concluded that for the orienting response and for the eyelid reflex there is some relation, although the form is unclear and a rationale is lacking, between the thresholds and degree of mental deterioration. It is further concluded that the threshold for the hand withdrawal reflex is unrelated to the degree of mental deterioration.

The inertia of the senile demented patients is stressed as well as their undifferentiated reactions. It is suggested that cognitive defects may partly explain these deficiencies.
Possible linkage between Group‐Specific Component (Gc protein) and pure depressive disease
Authors: Tanna V. L. , Go R. C. P. , Winokur G. , Elston R. C.
Published: August 2007

Genetic linkage was studied in pure depressive disease, a subgroup of unipolar depression defined by absence of familial alcoholism and/or antisocial personality. Rigorous research criteria were used for diagnosis and the diagnoses were made blind, i.e. without the knowledge of the genetic marker results. Under the assumptions of full penetrance and of all examined individuals' having passed the risk period, two out of eight families investigated showed a possibility of linkage, using the lod score method, with the Group‐ Specific Component (Gc protein) locus, one of the 17 polymorphic markers tested. The results, being based on a small amount of data, are presented as a hypothesis only; important possible implications for Psychiatry, however, indicate the desirability of testing the hypothesis.
Sleep disorders in patients with severe mental depression: Double‐blind placebo‐controlled evaluation of the value of pipamperone (Dipiperon®)
Authors: Ansoms C. , Backer‐Dierick G. De , Vereecken J. L. T. M.
Published: August 2007

Pipamperone was compared double‐blindly with placebo to evaluate its capacity to relieve sleep disorders in 40 depressive inpatients. At the end of the 1‐week trial, most of the items relating to sleep disturbances had improved significantly in the 24 patients of the pipamperone group whereas only a few items showed such a change in the control group. On the Hamilton depression scale, improvement in the pipamperone patients was also superior to that in the placebo group as regards the items “depressed mood” and “insight”. The adequate median daily dose of pipamperone appeared to be 80 mg (2 tablets).
Clozapine treatment of schizophrenic patients ‐ PLASMA CONCENTRATION AND COAGULATION FACTORS
Authors: Thorup M. , Fog R.
Published: August 2007

Eleven male, chronic schizophrenic, hospitalized patients, treated with a constant dose of clozapine (range 200–600 mg daily) as their only neuroleptic medication were studied for a long period of time (minimum 12 weeks). Wide variations in the plasma concentration of clozapine were found in different patients who received the same oral dose, as well as great changes from week to week in the individual patient given a constant dose. The plasma levels of clozapine appeared to have no correlation with either the clinical effect or the side effects. No differences with regard to coagulation factors were found between the patients and the controls.