bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perceptions of the Effectiveness of the Criminal Justice System
Authors: Ashworth Clark D. , Feldman-Summers Shirley
Published: July 2007

Female rape victims, assault victims, and appropriately matched non-victimized controls completed a questionnaire at several time periods during a one-year interval. The questionnaires assessed the participants' perceptions of the effectiveness of the police, judiciary, and penal system in handling several types of crimes. The findings of this study indicate that (a) rape victims' perceptions of the effectiveness of the criminal justice system decline with time, (b) the system was seen as least effective in handling rape cases, and (c) assault victims, when compared to the other study participants, perceived the criminal justice system as less effective in dealing with the crime of assault. The implications of these results with regard to low victim reporting rates are discussed.
Self-Concept Changes Associated With Incarceration in Female Prisoners
Authors: Hannum Thomas E. , Borgen Fred H. , Anderson R'Delle M.
Published: July 2007

Changes in the self-concept associated with a period of incarceration were investigated. Female prisoners in the Iowa Women's Reformatory were administered the usual admissions test battery plus a 24-item Self-Concept Scale consisting of bipolar adjectives. When the same scale was readministered following a six-month period of incarceration, general improvement in the level of self-concept was evident. Moreover, some of the changes were related to personality characteristics, as measured by the MMPI, and educational level. The admission scores on seven of the MMPI clinical scales were significantly correlated negatively to the admissions self-concept scores; however, only three clinical scales were significantly related to self-concept scores obtained after a six-month period of incarceration.
A Computerized Screening System for Correctional Classification
Authors: Baker Robert A. , Stewart Gary , Kaiser Stephen , Brown Robert , Barclay James R.
Published: July 2007

A new multi-method, computerized screening system for classifying and assigning all felons entering Kentucky's correctional institutions was developed and implemented. This system—consisting of psychological tests, self-report inventories, rating scales, and detailed observations—requires approximately two hours for administration. A detailed, case-history summary covering nine major classification categories and supplying information about the felon's background, interests, abilities, strengths, and weaknesses in 27 criminological, demographical, sociological, and psychological areas of correctional concern is provided. This new system appears both reliable and valid and should prove useful both for initial classification and assignment, and for reclassification and parole review.
Architectural Reform and Corrections
Authors: Smith Dale E. , Swanson Richard M.
Published: July 2007

The present study is an investigation of the impact of moving to a new institution upon inmate and staff attributions of causality. Consistent with the attribution literature, instruments were designed to measure the degree to which attributions were made to the environment, others, and oneself. These instruments were in turn administered to samples of inmates and members of the correctional staff during three phases of the facility's construction and occupation. As indicated by the results, with the move to the new institution, attributions to the environment became more positive while attributions to others became more negative. Such an effect was exhibited by both inmates and staff.
Hardiness and Compliance in Elderly Patients With Diabetes
Authors: Trail Ross Mary Ellen
Published: July 2007

The purpose of this study was to determine if the presence of the hardiness personality characteristic influences compliance. The sample (N=50) for this study was obtained from a hospital in a large metropolitan area of the United States. The majority of subjects were white, male, married, and diagnosed with type II diabetes. Instruments used to collect data were the Health-Related Hardiness Scale and the Self-Management Compliance Questionnaire. Results indicated that a significant correlation existed between the hardiness and compliance variables. Thirty-six percent of the variance in the compliance score was explained by the total health-related hardiness scores. Findings suggest that the degree of hardiness in individuals with diabetes may predict compliance to a prescribed diabetic regimen.
Participation in Outpatient Diabetes Education Programs: How Many- Patients Take Part and How Representative Are They?
Authors: Glasgow Russell E. , Toobert Deborah J. , Hampson Sarah E.
Published: July 2007

Little research has been conducted on the role of participation in programs that teach diabetes self-management skills. This paper reviews recent studies on diabetes educational programs to determine what is known about participation, and then reports our experience in recruiting patients for a program that teaches diabetes self-care skills to persons age 60 and older. Few studies have reported data on participation rates in such programs, and only one study provided information on characteristics of patients who participated versus those who did not. In our study, patients over age 70, and those with whom we initiated contact by means of a letter from their health care provider, were less likely to participate than were younger patients and those who initiated contact with us. It is recommended that future research include information on the percentage and representativeness of patients who participate in diabetes education programs. Studies should also describe their target population, procedures used to recruit participants, and program characteristics that might affect participation.
Nonparametric Estimation of the Plausibility Functions of the Distractors of Vocabulary Test ltems
Authors: Samejima Fumiko
Published: July 2007

The Level 11 Vocabulary Subtest of the Iowa Tests of Basic Skills was analyzed using a two-stage latent trait approach and an empirical dataset of 2,356 examinees. First, each of the 43 multiple-choice test items was scored dichotomously; then, assuming the (two-parameter) normal ogive model the item parameters were estimated. The operating characteristics of the correct answer and of the three distractors were estimated using a nonparametric approach called the simple sum procedure of the conditional probability density function approach combined with the normal approach method. Differential information was provided by the distractors, and these operating characteristics were named the plausibility functions of the distractors. The operating characteristic of the correct answer of each item estimated by assuming the normal ogive model was compared with the nonparagnetrically estimated operating characteristic for model validation. It was concluded that the nonparametric approach leads to efficient estimation of the latent trait. Index terms: distractors, item response theory, latent trait models, multiple-choice test items, nonparametric estimation, plausibility functions of distractors.
In quest of excellence: resources for reference service in England
Authors: Baird Patricia , Jones Graham
Published: July 2007

Using published data, this paper reviews (a) the develop ment of public library reference collections in authorities of different sizes in relation to contemporary professional think ing ; (b) the distribution and level of resources for reference service inherited by post-reorganisation authorities. Evidence suggests that despite the size of present authorities, improve ment in the level of traditional reference provision is open to question.
Towards a new theory of information
Authors: Stonier Tom
Published: July 2007

Information science is badly in need of an informa tion theory. The paper discusses both the need, and the possi bility of developing such a theory based on the assumption that information is a basic property of the universe. That is, like matter and energy, information has physical reality. Any system which exhibns organisation contains information. Changes in entropy represent changes in the organisational states of systems and, as such, quantify changes in the informa tion content of such systems. Information, like energy, exists in many forms. These are interconvertible. Likewise, energy and information are readily mterconverted: A change of 1 J/°K equals apprommately 10 23 bits. The paper also considers re lated phenomena such as "meaning" and "mtelligence", and argues that the emergence of machine intelligence in the milieu of human society presages an evolutionary discontinuity.
Indexing and compressing full-text databases for CD-ROM
Authors: Witten Ian H. , Bell Timothy C. , Nevill Craig G.
Published: July 2007

CD-ROM is an attractive delivery velucle for full-text databases. Because of large storage capacity and low access speed, carefully designed indexing structures—including a con cordance—are necessary to enable the text to be retneved efficiently. However, the indexes are sufficiently large that they tax the ability of main store to hold them when processing quenes. The use of compression techniques can substantially mcrease the volume of text that a disk can accommodate, and substantially decrease the amount of pnmary storage needed to hold the indexes.

This paper describes a suitable indexing mechanism, and its compression potential using modem compression methods. It is possible to double the amount of text that can be stored on a CD-ROM disk and include a full concordance and indexes as well. A single disk can accommodate around 180 million words of text—equivalent to a library of 1000-1500 books—and provide rapid response to a vanety of quenes involving multi ple search terms and word fragments.
The shape of the distribution curve: an indication of changes in the journal productivity distribution pattern
Authors: Oluić-Vuković Vesna
Published: July 2007

Discussed is the effect of changes in the internal structure of data on the shape of the journal productivity distribution curve. The presupposed sensitivity of the curve shape to the concentration/dispersal disparity is investigated by dividing a data set into a few subsets. Distinct relationship between the S-shaped curve and the higher concentration effect is recognised.
The use and value of MSc Information Studies dissertations
Authors: Sayers M.K. , Wood F.E.
Published: July 2007

This study of the use and value of 158 MSC in Information Studies dissertations produced in the ten years 1978-79 to 1987-88 at the Unversity of Sheffield, Department of Information Studies, is based mainly on questionnaire surveys of the former taught course students who wrote the dissertations, the academic staff who supervised them and the staff of external organisations who suggested topics and/or participated in other ways. Searches of SCISEARCH® and Social Scisearch® were undertaken for references which cited publica tions based on the dissertations

All except one of the 82 former students surveyed by questionnaire (68% response rate) had found the research pro cess useful, whilst 52% had made use of their dissertations in ,ome way since graduating The dissertation supervisors had made use of 80%, others in the Department of 38% and the staff in external organisations of 72% of the dissertations. Thirty-seven percent of the dissertations had resulted in pub lications in the professional literature. A search of SCISEARCH® and Social Scrsearch® showed that of 30 such publications, 20 had been cited. producing a total of 143 citations. Authors from over 54 other organisations, including those in us, USSR. Canada. Switzerland, Italy and Belgium, had cited these papers Thirteen of the publications were cited in reviews.
Organizational Learning: Philippine Agrarian Reform Under Martial Law
Authors: Godkin Lynn , Montano Carl B.
Published: July 2007

Using data from personal interviews, non-participant observations, and alterna tive sources, the Philippine Agrarian Reform Program (ARP) is characterized. An organizational learning model is used to describe and analyze the policy- making and implementation processes as the program progressed under condi tions of martial law. As a result of martial law, decision-making was fragmented. The President unilaterally made decisions with input from close advisors who largely acted on the basis of intuition.. Comprehensive analysis of the Philippine ARP revealed that the program was the victim of incomplete learning. Govern mental decision-making was characterized by Audience Learning, Superstitious Learning, Learning Under Ambiguity and Role-Constrained Learning.
Corporate Culture and Economic Performance: A French Study
Authors: Calori Roland , Sarnin Philippe
Published: July 2007

This paper is based on an exploratory field study of the relations between corpor ate culture and economic performance. The method of assessing a company's culture is presented, then hypotheses on relations between values, management practices and economic performance are proposed and discussed.

The study was limited to five French single business companies operating in mature industries with a differentiation strategy. Cultural intensity and homogen eity and some cultural attributes appeared to be related to the firms' growth. On the other hand, the relations between profitability and the company's cultural attributes were less significant. Some hypotheses are generated for further validation.
Differences Between American and Greek Managers in Giving Up Control
Authors: Veiga John F. , Yanouzas John N.
Published: July 2007

This study seeks to explain under what conditions managers tend to give up control in decision-making groups and to what extent the impact of these condi tions differs between U.S. and Greek managers. Contrary to expectations, the results show that Greek managers give up control in decision-making groups less frequently than U.S. managers. The results also suggest that U.S. managers have a somewhat greater tendency to give up control under the following conditions: (1) When they have no personal commitment to the task; (2) When their task mastery expectations are low; (3) When they believe another member of the group has greater expertise; (4) When they believe another member of the group has a stronger argument; and (5) When they feel group pressure to conform. In addition, it was found that lower-level managers perceive themselves as giving up control more frequently than senior-level managers, irrespective of their country of origin.
Leaders, Managers, Entrepreneurs on and off the Organizational Stage
Authors: Czarniawska-Joerges Barbara , Wolff Rolf
Published: July 2007

This paper explores three crucial roles of the organizational theatre: managers, leaders and entrepreneurs. Changing fashion in the organizational theory debate as well as in organizational practice puts different roles in focus at different times. Organization theory should, accordingly, shift its attention toward studying the contexts in which a given role acquires dominance, in place of an unreflective discussion of the relative functional advantages of each of them. This paper argues that none of the three will ever go out of fashion, as they can be seen as enactments of archetypes, embodying the different fears and hopes of those who create organizations by their daily performance. Leadership is seen as symbolic performance, expressing the hope of control over destiny; management as the activity of introducing order by coordinating flows of things and people towards collective action, and entrepreneurship as the making of entire new worlds. The sociohistorical context needs to be considered as the stage-set wherein these roles gain prominence.
Voicing Seduction to Silence Leadership
Authors: Calás Marta B. , Smircich Linda
Published: July 2007

Using feminist deconstructive strategies, this paper exposes some of the rhetorical and cultural conditions that have sustained the organizational leadership literature as a seductive game. The juxtaposition of 'leadership' and 'seduction' functions as the focus of analysis for understanding the cultural limits of know ledge at times when innovations in theory and research are expected, but do not seem to be happening. Through various analytical approaches, the paper creates 'reading effects' that may be unsettling for the community of organizational scholars. This opens different spaces for reflecting upon and arguing against the closure imposed by organizational research and theory on what can be said to be organizational knowledge.
Modernism, Postmodernism and Organizational Analysis 4: The Contribution of Jürgen Habermas
Authors: Burrell Gibson
Published: July 2007

This article is the fourth in a series published by this journal on the relevance to organization studies of the postmodernism-modernism debate. It begins with a brief preface in which some recent developments in the field are placed in context and then goes on to analyze the work of Jürgen Habermas. As a 'critical modern ist' his ideas have a saliency for all those interested in defending organization theory from the charge that our discipline offers no means of preventing our involvement in the next Holocaust. If Habermas is the 'last modernist' then it may be that he represents one last chance for the discipline ... as we currently understand it.
The Honour Principle in the 'Bureaucratic Phenomenon'
Authors: d'Iribarne Philippe
Published: July 2007

The aim of the paper is to confront two models of the French pattern of action: the well-known 'bureaucratic' model, depicted by Michel Crozier, and a model which emphasizes the persistence within modern French organizations of what Montesquieu called the honour principle. This model is tested successfully against the ethnographical material presented in The Bureaucratic Phenomenon. In addi tion, the paper explains, using a semiotic approach to culture, how a mode of functioning said to be archaic can persist in the long run.
Gender Considerations of Technological Interventions in Agriculture, Sustainable Management and Development in Indian Central Himalaya
Authors: Samal Prasanna K. , Dhyani Pitamber P.
Published: July 2007

Agriculture in the Indian Central Himalaya as an integrated resource system, being mainly dependent on forests and livestock, is also absolutely dependent on the input of women. The article shows that women have greater access to the major primary productive resources in the region and shoulder the responsibility of rationally managing and conserving these resources. Food production, cattle care and other routine household activities demand that women often work more than 15 hours per day. This onerous shouldering of various responsibilities by women, to some extent an outcome of geo-cultural specificities that impact on gender division of labour, creates much drudgery. The article discusses the critical role of women in the use and conservation of forests, livestock and agriculture generally, identifying technologies and strategies to be adopted to conserve and improve these resources and their productivity, while simultaneously ameliorating the quality of life for women in this mountainous ecosystem.
The Development of Specialties in Science: the Case of X-ray Protein Crystallography
Authors: Law John
Published: July 2007

I would like to thank the following for advice, assistance, and material help: Mr S. B. Barnes, Dr A. P. M. Coxon, Dr D. O. Edge, and Dr T. R. Elsdale of the University of Edinburgh; Mr D. French, of Lanchester Polytechnic; Dr M. J. Mulkay of the University of Cambridge; Dr N. C. Mullins, of Indiana University.

I would also like to thank those crystallographers and molecular biologists who consented to be interviewed, and those who read early drafts of this paper.

The research was supported by a grant from the SSRC, and was carried out at the Science Studies Unit, University of Edinburgh, and the Department of Sociology, University of Manchester.
Adolescent Criminal Behavior — Is TV Violence One of the Culprits?
Authors: Palermo George B.
Published: July 2007

Recent debate in the media have reawakened society's concern regarding the possible dangerous and/or negative effects of television violence on children. The author presents an investigation into the effects, positive and negative, of television programming on young viewers in today's violent social climate. He agrees with other authors that it is not the programming per se that creates violence, but that the violent programs may influence negatively those individuals who are already violence-prone, or children during vulnerable periods of their development. He stresses that it is the responsibility of parents or parent substitutes to supervise their children's TV viewing habits.
A Cross-National Analysis on the Effect of Moral Individualism on Murder Rates
Authors: Huang W. S. Wilson
Published: July 2007

The modernization and inequality explanations of crime were the two main theses describing the variations of murder rates across nations. Both theses assumed that adverse economic and demographic changes such as unequal distribution of income, urbanization, industrialization, maternal absence and population density correlated positively with national murder rates. However, these two theses failed to explain what forces restrain most people from killing each other. Durkheim believed that moral individualism, characterized by respect for personal dignity and individual rights, was a barrier to committing murder. A multivariate analysis of 29 countries for the years 1975 through 1980 was conducted to test Durkheim's hypothesis that the greater a society's moral individualism the lower its murder rate. Results of the analysis supported Durkheim's prediction concerning the inverse relationship between moral individualism and murder.
Serial Murder: A More Accurate and Inclusive Definition
Authors: Heide Kathleen M. , Keeney Belea
Published: July 2007

A review of research on serial murder revealed that the 10 definitions frequently cited failed to adequately represent the totality of serial murder. This article reviews the evolution of these definitions in the professional literature. A more complete definition is proposed that encompasses all types of serial murder, not only those committed by roaming males who act out of lust. By being more inclusive, this definition is broad enough to include acts of multiple destructiveness committed by men and women for both instrumental and expressive purposes.
The Development of a Clozapine Treatment Program for Offenders in a Correctional Mental Health Prison
Authors: Foley Thomas R. , Goldenberg Edward E. , Barley Fran , Gayda Edward
Published: July 2007

Clozapine treatment for schizophrenic offenders incarcerated in a correctional mental health setting is a relatively new approach in forensic psychiatry. The authors describe the selection process for candidates, safeguards, follow-up, and a support group. The majority of the group experienced symptom relief within weeks of beginning Clozapine.
The Declining Gender Difference in Crime: The Taiwanese Case
Authors: Wu Bohsiu
Published: July 2007

Industrialized Taiwan is facing increasing crime rates. Despite concern from the government as well as the general public, crime has hardly been researched. Research regarding gender difference in crime is nonexistent in Taiwan. This article examines the extent and nature of gender difference in crime from 1979 to 1993 in Taiwan. Data are from official arrest records in Crime Statistics. Results of a longitudinal analysis reveal that both male and female total crime rates have increased. However, the male-to-female crime ratio has declined in total arrests, as well as in four types of crimes: violent, property, drug, and gambling. The sharpest decline in gender ratio has occurred in the category of drug offenses.
Should Physician-Assisted Suicide be Legalized? A Challenge for the 21 st Century
Authors: Palermo George B.
Published: July 2007

The author discusses the sociological, psychological and medical factors at the basis of physician-assisted suicide (PAS). The patient's intolerable pain and suffering are viewed as motives for PAS, together with the physician's possible loss of a sense of professional omnipotence. Both the patient and the assisting doctor are thought to be essentially victims of a technological era. A utilitarian approach to human despair is seen as a short-sighted solution to a tragic problem. The author suggests a more humane approach to the dying patient, and warns against the possibility of falling onto the so-called slippery slope of active euthanasia in the eventuality of the legalization of the practice of physician assisted suicide.
Properties of Asphaltic Paving Mixes Containing Hydrated Lime Waste
Authors: Al-Sayed Mohammed H. , Madany Ismail M. , Al-Khaja Waheeb , Darwish Abdulhannan
Published: July 2007

This investigation presents the results of the study conducted to utilize carbide lime waste as a filler in asphaltic paving mixes, and to study the effect of the incorporation of the waste on the properties of asphaltic paving mixes. The waste, which consists mainly of calcium hydroxide, is generated from two acetylene plants in Bahrain, and the amount is estimated to be 5000 tonnes annually. Physical and chemical properties of the waste were studied. A total of 450 asphaltic concrete mixes were prepared at five different percentages by weight of the waste and the limestone (control). The percentages employed in the mixes were 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 by weight of the aggregate. Marshall test methods were used to evaluate the compacted mix density, percent air voids, voids in mineral aggregate, stability, and flow. The Marshall stability was carried out at 40°C, 60°C, and 70°C. The results revealed that the minimum 8 KN criteria adopted by the Bahrain specifications was met by all the waste mixes. Also, the waste mixes had much better resistance to high temperatures compared with mixes using conventional limestone filler. The results of the investigation suggest that the incorporation of the waste in asphaltic concrete mixes improves some of its properties, and that it is especially advantageous for use in arid environments, such as Bahrain.
Work Safety in Collection and Transport of Hazardous Wastes
Authors: Rahkonen Päivi , Malmén Yngve , Ettala Matti
Published: July 2007

Accident risks in collection and transport of hazardous wastes in Finland were studied using statistical data, safety analysis and compatibility charts. The study material comprised stationary collection sites for hazardous waste, campaigns for collection of hazardous waste and hazardous waste treatment and transport contractors. Systematic investigations were made of different working situations and methods and the equipment for hazardous waste collection and transport. Several deficiencies in work safety were found. The largest number of accidents occurred in handling drums and barrels. The parts of the body injured were mostly the eyes, back and feet. Besides the normal loading and unloading hazards, there were others connected with the characteristics of hazardous waste itself, which are most pronounced during waste sorting. Two kinds of hazardous waste compatibility charts were prepared: one for stationary collection sites and the other for special collecting campaigns of hazardous waste. The promotion of the strict use of protective equipment and clothing was recommended.
Occupational Health Problems Due To Garbage Sorting
Authors: Malmros P. , Sigsgaard T. , Bach B.
Published: July 2007

Medical examinations and dust analysis showed that illness of workers, predominently asthma, in an enclosed waste sorting plant in Denmark, was probably related to high particulate levels containing bacteria and endotoxins derived from decaying waste. Modification of the plant to enclose conveyors and install vacuum cleaning systems to reduce dust levels led to significant reductions in airborne bacteria and the nearly complete elimination of endotoxins. However, fungi concentrations were not reduced.
Waste Streams in a Crewed Space Habitat Ii
Authors: Golub Morton A. , Wydeven Theodore
Published: July 2007

A compilation of generation rates and chemical compositions of potential waste streams in a typical crewed space habitat, reported in a prior NASA Technical Memorandum and a related journal article, has been updated. This paper augments that compilation by the inclusion of the following new data: those uncovered since completion of the prior report; those obtained from Soviet literature relevant to life support issues; and those for various minor human body wastes not presented previously (saliva, flatus, hair, finger- and toenails, dried skin and skin secretions, tears and semen), but included here for purposes of completeness. These waste streams complement those discussed previously: toilet waste (urine, feces, etc.), hygiene water (laundry, shower/handwash, dishwash water and cleansing agents), trash, humidity condensate, perspiration and respiration water, trace contaminants and dust generation. This paper also reproduces the latest information on the environmental control and life support system design parameters for Space Station Freedom.
Chemical and Physical Changes in the Subsoil of Three Waste Landfills
Authors: Peters Tjerk
Published: July 2007

Drilling through two industrial and one mainly domestic waste landfill offered the opportunity to study the changes and migration of leachates in clayey bedrocks. The mineralogical composition and spectrum of clay minerals of the bedrocks varied considerably between the three sites, but, with one exception, no mineralogical changes caused by the leachate were observed. In this one case the clay minerals were destroyed in the uppermost 5 cm by the effects of the highly concentrated leachate of the industrial waste during 25 years. Below this depth the scanning electron microscope investigations showed no disturbances of the microtexture of the bedrock that might have caused higher permeabilities. Heavy metals like copper and zinc are immobilized in the uppermost strata. Water soluble chloride diffusively migrates through the clayey bedrocks. The diffusion constants calculated from the measured profiles indicate retardation mechanisms that hamper the migration of soluble compounds by factors of 20 to 60. The permeability of natural clayey bedrocks does not seem to be affected by the leachates.
Tradeoffs Evaluation of a Hazardous Waste Trade Program: Towards an Informed Decision-Making
Authors: Kofi Asante-Duah D. , Saccomanno F. Frank , Shortreed John H.
Published: July 2007

Increasing waste quantities, coupled with limited disposal options and tightening environmental regulations, have created a difficult situation for waste generators and handlers. In particular, as environmental laws in most industrialized nations become increasingly stringent and the costs of waste disposal rises, some waste handlers are turning to cash-poor and easily accessible territories in the developing world. Such practices are expected to continue and, possibly, even increase in the future. However, any existing waste trade is based more on uninformed decisions, since the recipient countries in particular tend to be unaware of risks involved and furthermore such countries may not be adequately compensated. As a reaction to what is essentially an unknown and unregulated situation, the weight of political opinion has shifted to an outright ban on the waste trade practices. On the other hand, it is possible to control and regulate the risks involved in such activities so as to make the waste trade more efficient and cost-effective. In a regulated and informed atmosphere, the waste trade could be mutually beneficial to both exporting and importing countries. This paper adopts the position that an outright ban of the waste trade is an unworkable option and may be an over-reaction to a poorly understood problem. The evaluation attempted in this paper considers the fact that a hazardous waste trade program can be carefully planned so that informed decisions are made for the benefit of all concerned. Under such circumstances, risks are minimized and net economic benefits are realized in a fair and socially responsible manner. The paper looks at the pertinent variables that should be closely reviewed by potential trading partners involved in a waste trade activity. A strategy is developed that will allow negotiators to act constructively despite the potential uncertainties inherent in the process.
Effects of pH Control On Composting of Garbage
Authors: Nakasaki Kiyohiko , Yaguchi Hideki , Sasaki Yasushi , Kubota Hiroshi
Published: July 2007

Composting experiments of garbage were conducted by using a laboratory scale reactor under well controlled experimental conditions and the effects of pH control were quantitatively analysed. In the pH controlled experiment, lime was added to prevent pH decreasing below 7, especially at the early stage of composting. The degradation rate of organic matter in the pH controlled experiment was faster than that without. Nitrogen loss was enhanced by the control of pH value, but the amount of promotion was relatively small. The pH dependency on the activity of microorganisms, which contribute to the composting rate, was investigated by using a liquid medium containing glucose and proteins as nutrients. The optimum pH for the growth rate and the degradation activity of proteins of the microorganisms was in the range of 7-8, while the decomposition of glucose proceeded rapidly at an early stage of composting in a pH range from 6 to 9.
Hydraulic and Mechanical Characteristics of a Compacted Municipal Solid Waste Compost
Authors: Benson Craig H. , Othman Majdi A.
Published: July 2007

Results of a laboratory study are presented that describe hydraulic and mechanical properties of a compacted compost derived from a mixture of municipal solid waste and treatment plant sludge. The objective of the study was to determine if compacted compost has properties desirable of a hydraulic barrier used in liners and final covers of landfills. Ordinarily, the hydraulic barrier is constructed with compacted clay and/ or a geomembrane. Laboratory tests were performed to determine the particle size distribution, compaction characteristics, hydraulic conductivity and shear strength of the compacted compost. Tests have also been conducted to evaluate: (1) the resistance of compost to changes caused by desiccation and freeze-thaw, (2) the effects of extended permeation and (3) the concentration of contaminants leached during permeation. The results of the study show that compost can be compacted into a dense mass with low hydraulic conductivity (2 x 10-10 m s-1). It is also more resistant to increases in hydraulic conductivity caused by desiccation and freeze-thaw than compacted clay. Compacted compost also has greater shear strength than compacted clay and therefore is likely to remain stable on typical landfill slopes. However, contaminants considered hazardous, such as heavy metals, were leached from the compost at levels exceeding United States drinking water standards. The results suggest that the compost used in this study has hydraulic and mechanical properties desirable of a hydraulic barrier and further detailed study of its use is warranted.
Fate of an Absorbent Gelling Material for Hygiene Paper Products in Landfill and Composting
Authors: Stegmann R. , Lotter S. , King L. , Hopping W.D.
Published: July 2007

A cross-linked polyacrylate polymer, referred to as absorbent gelling material (AGM), has been developed for use in hygiene paper products, such as infant diapers (nappies). The fate and effects of this polymer were studied in laboratory models of landfill and aerobic composting. Radiolabelled (14C) AGM was used to facilitate determination of fate and mass balance. Tests were conducted in 1201 reactors containing a mixture of solid waste and compost or solid waste only, and panty diaper pads. Controlled temperature and leachate recycle were used to accelerate the biological processes. AGM caused no adverse effects and most of the material remained associated with the diaper pad and surrounding waste. Very little AGM (less than 1 %) biodegraded to CO2/CH 4 under landfill conditions, while 2-4% appeared in leachate. The leachate was highly biodegradable aerobically. More of the AGM (6.4%) biodegraded to CO2 under aerobic composting conditions, while less than 1% appeared in leachate.
Testing Stability of Chlorophenols and Lindane (γ-Hch) in Different Leachates Originating From Anaerobic Municipal Waste Decomposition
Authors: Fischer Ulrich , Pecher Klaus
Published: July 2007

The degradation potential of landfill leachates for several chlorinated phenols and a pesticide (lindane) was investigated. Acidogenic and methanogenic model leachates from a laboratory waste lysimeter, as well as methanogenic leachate from a disposal site, were examined. In the assays with acidogenic leachates only lindane was metabolized completely within 60 days. In the methanogenic leachates, lindane and chlorophenols were metabolized immediately. No lindane metabolites could be detected. Detected chlorophenol metabolites pointed at reductive dehalogenation as the dominant degradation process, whereby ortho-dechlorination was strictly preferred. Transformation reactions were confined to samples which were biologically active.
Fate of Organic Solvents in Landfill Leachates Under Simulated Field Conditions and in Anaerobic Microcosms
Authors: Lesage S. , McBride R.A. , Cureton P.M. , Brown S.
Published: July 2007

Municipal solid waste landfill leachates were stored in holding tanks to simulate an impoundment stabilization stage as part of a wastewater recirculation experiment. The field study was conducted over 2 consecutive years, followed by a laboratory microcosm experiment aimed at differentiating between anaerobic degradation and other processes that might be responsible for the field experiment observations. The compound CFC-113 was added to the field holding tanks and the laboratory microcosms as an indicator of anaerobic activity. The results showed that an anaerobic solution environment promotes rapid dechlorination of chlorinated solvents, but that most aromatic hydrocarbons are not degraded to the same extent. The chlorinated organic solvents contained in the leachate were found to undergo reductive dechlorination typical of anaerobic biological processes.
Improving the Efficiency of the Solid Waste Collection System in Izmir, Turkey, Through Mathematical Programming
Authors: Or Ilhan , Curi Kriton
Published: July 2007

In the present paper, an operations research study on the planning and design of an improved solid waste collection and transportation system in the city of izmir, Turkey, is discussed. This study is based on a mixed integer programming model, focusing on the optimization of "total solid waste collection and transportation costs" and considering various transfer site, disposal site, fleet size and transportation options. A shadow price analysis on the early solutions of this model suggested some new scenarios. All solutions obtained are discussed. This paper discusses a desk-based study, the results of which have not been verified in field implementation.
The Origins of Municipal Solid Waste: Ii. Policy Options for Plastics Waste Management
Authors: Alter Harvey
Published: July 2007

Plastic items in some portions of municipal solid waste (MSW), particularly from households and restaurants, have long been viewed as a disposal problem and a symbol of a "throwaway society". There is no question that the amount of plastics in solid waste is growing. However, this observation alone should not cause an hysteria of public policies for the separate management of the plastics or any other portion of the waste. The amount of plastics, and the contribution of the items discarded, must be viewed holistically in setting a solid waste management policy. This paper questions the basis for some U.S. plastics waste policy proposals by reviewing recent U.S. data on the effect of plastics on waste reduction, and the fate of discarded plastics products. Some alternative future policy directions are also discussed.
Data Analysis of Daily Collection Tonnage of Residential Solid Waste in Japan
Authors: Matsuto Toshihiko , Tanaka Nobutoshi
Published: July 2007

A method for data handling and analysis of daily waste collection amount is presented which improves the understanding of the mechanism of waste generation in Japan. Waste amounts were normalized, and moving averages (MAs) were calculated by taking specific daily change caused by residents' behaviour into consideration. The MA curve shows seasonal variation very clearly, and it enables various discussions concerning waste generation. It is argued that the method of data analysis derived could be applied to any municipality regardless of collection frequency.
Energy Recovery From Mixed Waste Paper
Authors: Ucuncu Erdincler Aysen , Vesilind P. Aarne
Published: July 2007

The chief characteristic that determines the quantity of energy recoverable from the combustion of mixed waste paper (MWP) is the thermal energy of the material as measured by a bomb calorimeter. Mixed waste paper can be divided into 11 groups, according to the qualities of the paper, such as newspaper, boxboard, white office paper, coloured office paper, envelopes, treated paper (NCR), beverage and milk boxes, glossy paper, kraft, cardboard, and tissue. Individual thermal energies per weight of these groups (components of mixed waste paper) and mixed waste paper itself are determined separately and ranges established for their thermal energies. Using individual thermal energies of mixed waste paper components, the thermal energy of a typical sample of mixed waste paper is estimated. Based on this work it is concluded that it is possible to estimate the quantity of energy recoverable from a known amount and composition of mixed waste paper by separating the sample into its components and using the weight fraction and individual thermal energies of each component.
Accelerated Composting of Grass Clippings By Controlling Moisture Level
Authors: Nakasaki Kiyohiko , Aoki Nobuto , Kubota Hiroshi
Published: July 2007

Grass clippings were composted with an autothermal packed bed type laboratory-scale reactor in which a desired temperature (60°C) is maintained by controlling air flow rate. Effects of controlling moisture level on composting of grass clippings were examined by measuring changes in CO2 evolution rate, conversion of carbon, HPLC pattern of water soluble organic matter and concentrations of organic matter constituents in the composting solid, during the composting process. Time courses of CO2 evolution rate and conversion of carbon, corresponding to total amount of organic matter decomposed, differed substantially among the experimental runs with controlled different moisture levels. The moisture level yielding the most rapid decomposition of organic matter in the grass clippings was around 50% (W/W). Analyses of HPLC pattern of water soluble organic matter and concentrations of organic matter constituents in the composting solid also indicated that the composting rate could be accelerated by keeping the adequate moisture level. Approximately 75% of cellulosic materials such as cellulose and hemi-cellulose were decomposed during a 194 h composting period under 50% moisture conditions. Rather rapid decomposition of cellulosic materials, which is characteristic of the composting of grass clippings, was observed.
Waste Recycling Policy in Hong Kong
Authors: Chung S.A. , Poon C.S.
Published: July 2007

The positive non-intervention policy adopted by the Hong Kong Government has successfully led Hong Kong to an economically prosperous stage. Nevertheless, the extension of this policy to the area of waste management and waste recycling is a major reason for the sluggish waste recovery rate in Hong Kong even given the fact that Hong Kong is experiencing perhaps the greatest pressure from waste disposal in the world. The official approach to waste recycling is one of bottom-up promotion and encouragement of recycling through environmental education. While environmental education is indispensable in the course of promoting waste recycling, the use of top-down measures, such as legislation and fiscal policies, may be needed for a sustainable waste management. Waste management in Hong Kong has meant "coping with" the continuous growth in waste volume. However, in other areas of environmental management, such as air, water and noise, economic and regulatory instruments like tax differentiation and legislative control have been employed thus showing that a deviation from the minimal regulation requirement is sometimes considered justifiable. The low priority given to waste management and waste recycling for top-down measures leads to the loss of a lot of precious and non-renewable resources, and detriment to the welfare of future generations.
The Significance of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons Applied To Agricultural Soils in Sewage Sludges in the U.K
Authors: Wild Simon R. , Jones Kevin C.
Published: July 2007

The ubiquity of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sewage sludges is now well documented. Since PAHs exhibit carcinogenic/mutagenic behaviour concern has been expressed over their fate following sludge application to agricultural soils. This paper presents a resume of the behaviour of sludge applied PAHs in soils and their propensity to transfer from the soil into plant tissues. This information is used to assess the environmental significance of PAHs in sludge amended soils. Sludge PAH inputs to the U.K. environment are compared with other known sources, such as waste disposal and atmospheric deposition and the possible impact of sludge application on human exposure is considered. It is concluded that at present there is no necessity to specifically regulate PAH inputs to agricultural soils in sewage sludge.
Short-Term/Long-Term Solutions in Waste Management: Economics and the Transition Process
Authors: Ugelow Judith
Published: July 2007

Cleaner technology and recycling, as the preferred solution to waste management, is increasing in implementation but not at the rate expected given the successes and paybacks associated with those strategies. The reasons for the delay in implementation lie in the conflict between short-term and long-term solutions. The factors that contribute to hindrance or facilitation of the transition are found in: a) the distinction between the short-term and the long-term at a technical level; b) the distinction between the short-term and the long-term at a political level; c) the investment decision at the firm level; and d) related investments in infrastructure, organization, and institutions. This article identifies which constraints will disappear with time, which constraints are institutional and will require deliberate modification, and which constraints are permanent and must be considered part of the costs of the long-term solution. The goal is not to argue against short-term solutions, but for the need to acknowledge unavoidable costs associated with the transition from the short-term to the long-term solution.
Policy Barriers To 50% Diversion of Municipal Solid Waste
Authors: Macdonald D. , Vopni P.
Published: July 2007

A number of policy barriers must be addressed by the governments in Europe and North America which have adopted objectives of diverting from disposal something like 50% of the solid waste stream by means of reduction, re-use and recycling. These include: the need for clarification of responsibilities of all levels of government and of private sector product manufacturers and waste disposers; putting in place incentives for source separation; ensuring markets for recyclables; and allocating the increased cost of waste management. This paper reports on findings of a research project undertaken in 1991-92 on steps being taken by different jurisdictions to overcome such barriers.