bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phase II Study of Pentostatin in Patients With Corticosteroid-Refractory Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease
Authors: Jacobsohn David A. , Chen Allen R. , Zahurak Marianna , Piantadosi Steven , Anders Viki , Bolaños-Meade Javier , Higman Meghan , Margolis Jeffrey , Kaup Michele , Vogelsang Georgia B.
Published: September 2007

Purpose

Therapy for patients with chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) is based on prolonged immunosuppression with corticosteroids. There is no standard therapy for patients whose cGVHD does not resolve with corticosteroid treatment. Pentostatin, a potent inhibitor of adenosine deaminase, has activity in acute GVHD. We examined the toxicity and efficacy of pentostatin in a prospective phase II trial in corticosteroid-refractory cGVHD.

Patients and Methods

Patients of any age were eligible. Patients received pentostatin 4 mg/m2 intravenously every 2 weeks for 12 doses, and continued therapy as long as benefit was documented. Corticosteroid taper was begun after three doses of pentostatin. Responses were graded in real time in the skin, mouth, and liver using objective response criteria.

Results

Fifty-eight heavily pretreated (median, four prior regimens) patients (median age, 33 years) were enrolled. Results are shown as an intent-to-treat analysis. Of the 58 patients, a total of 32 (55%; 95% CI, 42% to 68%) had an objective response, as evaluated by use of a new grading scale. Infection was the most significant toxicity, with 11 grade 3 to 4 infectious events. The survival at 1 and 2 years was 78% (95% CI, 64% to 86%) and 70% (95% CI, 57% to 80%), with cGVHD with/without infection accounting for the majority of deaths.

Conclusion

Pentostatin has immunosuppressive effects that are currently being explored further for treatment of cGVHD.
Randomized Phase II Trial of Cetuximab, Bevacizumab, and Irinotecan Compared With Cetuximab and Bevacizumab Alone in Irinotecan-Refractory Colorectal Cancer: The BOND-2 Study
Authors: Saltz Leonard B. , Lenz Heinz-Josef , Kindler Hedy L. , Hochster Howard S. , Wadler Scott , Hoff Paulo M. , Kemeny Nancy E. , Hollywood Ellen M. , Gonen Mithat , Quinones Marcus , Morse Meroe , Chen Helen X.
Published: September 2007

Purpose

We evaluated the safety and efficacy of concurrent administration of two monoclonal antibodies, cetuximab and bevacizumab, in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer.

Patients and Methods

This was a randomized phase II study in patients with irinotecan-refractory colorectal cancer. All patients were naïve to both bevacizumab and cetuximab. Patients in arm A received irinotecan at the same dose and schedule as last received before study entry, plus cetuximab 400 mg/m2 loading dose, then weekly cetuximab 250 mg/m2, plus bevacizumab 5 mg/kg administered every other week. Patients in arm B received the same cetuximab and bevacizumab as those in arm A but without irinotecan.

Results

Forty-three patients received cetuximab, bevacizumab, and irinotecan (CBI) and 40 patients received cetuximab and bevacizumab alone (CB). Toxicities were as would have been expected from the single agents. For the CBI arm, time to tumor progression (TTP) was 7.3 months and the response rate was 37%; for the CB arm, TTP was 4.9 months and the response rate was 20%. The overall survival for the CBI arm was 14.5 months and the overall survival for the CB-alone arm was 11.4 months.

Conclusion

Cetuximab and bevacizumab can be administered concurrently, with a toxicity pattern that seems to be similar to that which would be expected from the two agents alone. This combination plus irinotecan also seems to be feasible. The activity seen with the addition of bevacizumab to cetuximab, or to cetuximab plus irinotecan, seems to be favorable when compared with historical controls of cetuximab or cetuximab/irinotecan in patients who are naïve to bevacizumab.
Hip Hop as Pedagogy: A Look into "Heaven" and "Soul" in São Paulo, Brazil
Authors: Pardue Derek
Published: September 2007

This article investigates the blurry intersection between the state and civil society in the fields of popular education and citizenship. In Brazil most performers of hip hop (rappers, DJs, graffiti artists, and street dancers) make their living as educators remunerated by state agencies and NGOs. The significance of such labor can be understood in terms of a historical relationship between agents of popular culture and the state regarding the parameters of citizenship. From the pragmatic perspective of most hip hoppers, their employment status is part of a long-standing objective to make hip hop more visible and "take over" more public space. To this end, the following text examines events in the CEU (United Educational Centers) and the Hip Hop House as differentiated examples of hip hop pedagogy.
Community Epidemiology of Human Metapneumovirus, Human Coronavirus NL63, and Other Respiratory Viruses in Healthy Preschool-Aged Children Using Parent-Collected Specimens
Authors: Lambert Stephen B. , Allen Kelly M. , Druce Julian D. , Birch Chris J. , Mackay Ian M. , Carlin John B. , Carapetis Jonathan R. , Sloots Theo P. , Nissen Michael D. , Nolan Terence M.
Published: September 2007

OBJECTIVES. The purpose of this work was to assess the impact of recently described human metapneumovirus and human coronavirus NL63 compared with other respiratory viruses by using sensitive molecular techniques in a cohort of healthy preschool-aged children. We also aimed to assess the use of parent collection to obtain an adequate respiratory specimen from acutely unwell children in the community.

PATIENTS AND METHODS. The community epidemiology and burden of human metapneumovirus and other respiratory viruses (influenza A, influenza B, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza viruses, adenoviruses, and picornaviruses) were examined in a cohort of 234 preschool-aged children from Melbourne, Australia, over a 12-month period by using polymerase chain reaction testing. Parents collected a daily symptom diary for the duration of the study and were taught to collect a combined nose-throat swab and complete an impact diary when the study child had an acute respiratory illness.

RESULTS. The average incidence of acute respiratory illness was 0.48 per child-month for the duration of the study, with a winter peak. Of 543 illnesses with ≥1 specimen returned, 33 were positive for human metapneumovirus (6.1%) and 18 for human coronavirus NL63 (3.3%). Of all of the viruses for which we tested, human metapneumovirus and human coronavirus NL63 were most strongly linked to child care attendance, occurring in 82% and 78% of infected children, respectively. Picornaviruses were the most commonly identified virus group (269 [49.5%]). Influenza virus and adenovirus illnesses had the greatest impact, with fever in more than three quarters and requiring, on average, >1 local doctor visit per illness.

CONCLUSIONS. Recently identified human metapneumovirus and human coronavirus NL63 are important pathogens in community-based illness in children, particularly in those who attend child care. Picornaviruses were detected in half of the nose-throat swabs collected during acute respiratory illness in children but resulted in milder illnesses; influenza and adenovirus caused the highest-impact illnesses. The use of parent-collected specimens should be considered for additional community-based epidemiologic studies and vaccine trials.
An integrated assessment of options for rural wastewater management in Austria
Authors: Starkl M. , Ornetzeder M. , Binner E. , Holubar P. , Pollak M. , Dorninger M. , Mascher F. , Fuerhacker M. , Haberl R.
Published: September 2007

This paper reports a recently finished, interdisciplinary project on rural wastewater management in Austria. The objective of the project was to study alternative wastewater management options based on separation of the wastewater into its constituent parts, and to compare them with conventional ones. Thereby, a feasibility study of both conventional and alternative options for wastewater management in six model regions was carried out. Life cycle costs and social acceptance were analysed by using a case study-based assessment approach. However, hygienic and environmental risks were evaluated on a more general level. In order to complement the findings, a survey on urine separation system users in the Solar City of Linz was conducted. Based on these assessments and empirical findings, the paper concludes that options using a full separation of all wastewater fractions should be considered with care. Options based on a separation of only grey water and black water or in the liquid/solid phase can offer ecological and financial advantages over conventional options. Further, options combining wastewater management and regional biogas plants were identified as an interesting solution. However, legal constraints restrict this option currently.
Wastewater treatment with anaerobic membrane bioreactor and reverse osmosis
Authors: Grundestam J. , Hellström D.
Published: September 2007

Domestic wastewater from a new city district in Stockholm has been treated by an anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AMBR) followed by reverse osmosis (RO). The main objectives were to study the gas production, the reduction of organic matter and nutrient recovery. The AMBR was operated at 22 °C (equal to the average temperature in the influent) and a hydraulic retention time of 0.6 d. The results show that the reduction of organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus over the AMBR was approximately 92, 9 and 9%, respectively. A stable gas production was registered throughout the evaluation period. The overall removal efficiency, i.e. including the RO, was >99% for TOC, >91% for Kj-N and about 99% for P. Adding a reverse osmosis (RO) unit to the AMBR makes it possible to produce a concentrated, nutrient rich product well suited for agricultural use. The quality of the concentrate is, in terms of nutrient concentration and heavy metal content, similar to source separated human urine, i.e. nitrogen content about 3 g N/L and <2 mg Cd/kg P. However, addition of acid is required to prevent precipitation/fouling of the RO. The total electricity use for operation for the system, including the RO-unit, is estimated to be 3–6 kWh/m3.
Cover Picture:Transparent Zeolite–Polymer Hybrid Materials with Adaptable Properties (Adv. Funct. Mater. 14/2007)
Authors: Suárez S. , Devaux A. , Bañuelos J. , Bossart O. , Kunzmann A. , Calzaferri G.
Published: September 2007

On p. 2298, Gion Calzaferri and co‐workers of the University of Bern, Switzerland report on a new, simple preparation procedure for highly transparent zeolite‐polymer hybrid materials and polymer covered zeolite L monolayers. The thus‐obtained new transparent host–guest inorganic–organic hybrid materials offer fascinating novel possibilities for the development of optical devices such as lenses, special mirrors, filters, polarizer, grids, optical storage devices, and windows.

We report here on a simple preparation procedure for highly transparent zeolite‐polymer hybrid materials and polymer covered zeolite L monolayers. Wrapping up zeolites containing, e.g., dye molecules as guest species with alkoxysilane derivatives results in an efficient dispersion of the nano particles into the organic liquid monomer. The following copolymerisation process leads to a hard, insoluble and transparent material containing zeolites. Optical properties such as colour, luminescence, refractive index or photochromism can be adapted by simply changing the type and amount of the guest in the zeolite crystals, while transparency is maintained.
Molecular profiling of proteolytic and lectin transcripts in Homalodisca vitripennis (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae) feeding on sunflower and cowpea
Authors: Coudron Thomas A. , Brandt Sandra L. , Hunter Wayne B.
Published: September 2007

Homalodisca vitripennis Germar 1821 (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) [Takiya et al. (2006) Ann Entomol Soc Am 99:648–655; syn. H. coagulata (Say)] salivary gland and gut EST libraries were used to isolate cDNA fragments of the gene transcripts encoding for cathepsin L, asparaginyl endopeptidase, cathepsin B, metalloendopeptidase, cathepsin D, multicatalytic endopeptidase, and a sugar‐binding C‐type lectin. Transcript levels were evaluated in immature and adult H. vitripennis feeding on sunflower (Helianthus annuus) or cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). Northern blot hybridization results showed that expression of most of the transcripts were similar for all developmental stages and feeding on the two diets examined. However, the expression of the transcript for asparaginyl endopeptidase was less expressed in sunflower‐fed adult females compared to sunflower‐fed immatures. Also, the expression of the C‐type lectin transcript was up‐regulated in adults compared to immatures when fed on either diet. Documenting both the presence and variation of transcript expression involved in putative digestive proteolysis in this xylem‐feeding leafhopper is noteworthy and aids efforts to design specific diet formulations for mass production of hosts and parasitoids to be used as effective biological control measures. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 66:76–88, 2007. Published 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Determination of phosphorylated amino acid residues of Rab8 from Bombyx mori
Authors: Uno Tomohide , Nakada Takuya , Okamaoto Sota , Nakamura Masahiko , Matsubara Mamoru , Imaishi Hiromasa , Yamagata Hiroshi , Kanamaru Kengo , Takagi Michihiro
Published: September 2007

The Rab family of small GTPases are key regulators of membrane trafficking. Partially purified Rab8 from Bombyx mori (BRab8) was phosphorylated by protein kinase C in mammalian cells in vitro. To determine which of the seven serines and four threonines are phosphorylated, we generated deletion and site‐directed mutants of BRab8, inserted them in Escherichia coli, partially purified the encoded fusion proteins by affinity chromatography, and examined their phosphorylation by protein kinase C in vitro. We found that Ser‐132 of BRab8 was specifically phosphorylated by protein kinase C. In addition, Western blotting using an antiserum against BRab8 and in‐gel staining for phosphorylated proteins revealed that BRab8 is phosphorylated in vivo. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 66:89–97, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
FMRFamide‐like peptides encoded on the flp‐18 precursor gene activate two isoforms of the orphan Caenorhabditis elegans G‐protein‐coupled receptor Y58G8A.4 heterologously expressed in mammalian cells
Authors: Kubiak Teresa M. , Larsen Martha J. , Bowman Jerry W. , Geary Timothy G. , Lowery David E.
Published: September 2007

Two alternatively spliced variants of an orphan Caenorhabditis elegans G‐protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs; Y58G8A.4a and Y58G8A.4b) were cloned and functionally expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. The Y58G8A.4a and Y58G8A.4b proteins (397 and 433 amino acid residues, respectively) differ both in amino acid sequence and length of the C‐terminal tail of the receptor. A calcium mobilization assay was used as a read‐out for receptor function. Both receptors were activated, with nanomolar potencies, by putative peptides encoded by the flp‐18 precursor gene, leading to their designation as FLP‐18R1a (Y58G8A.4a) and FLP‐18R1b (Y58G8A.4b). Three Ascaris suum neuropeptides AF3, AF4, and AF20 all sharing the same FLP‐18 C‐terminal signature, ‐PGVLRF‐NH2, were also potent agonists. In contrast to other previously reported C. elegans GPCRs expressed in mammalian cells, both FLP‐18R1 variants were fully functional at 37°C. However, a 37 to 28°C temperature shift improved their activity, an effect that was more pronounced for FLP‐18R1a. Despite differences in the C‐terminus, the region implicated in distinct G‐protein recognition for many other GPCRs, the same signaling pathways were observed for both Y58G8A.4 isoforms expressed in CHO cells. Gq protein coupling seems to be the main but not the exclusive signaling pathway, because pretreatment of cells with U‐73122, a phospholipase inhibitor, attenuated but did not completely abolish the Ca2+ signal. A weak Gs‐mediated receptor activation was also detected as reflected in an agonist‐triggered concentration‐dependent cAMP increase. The matching of the FLP‐18 peptides with their receptor(s) allows for the evaluation of the pharmacology of this system in the worm in vivo. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 90: 339–348, 2008.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Construction, crystal structure and application of a recombinant protein that lacks the collagen‐like region of BclA from Bacillus anthracis spores
Authors: Liu Chun‐Qiang , Nuttall Stewart D. , Tran Hung , Wilkins Michelle , Streltsov Victor A. , Alderton Malcolm R.
Published: September 2007

Spores of Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, are enclosed by an exosporium, which consists of a basal layer surrounded by a nap of hair‐like filaments. The major structural component of the filaments is called BclA, which comprises a central collagen‐like region (CLR) and a globular C‐terminal domain. Here, the entire CLR coding sequence of BclA was removed, and the resulting protein (tBclA) produced in Escherichia coli. The crystallographic structure of tBclA was determined to 1.35 Å resolution, and consists of an all‐β structure with a TNF‐like jelly fold topology (12 β‐strands which form 2 β‐sheets of five strands each) consistent with previous studies on wild‐type BclA. These globular domains are tightly packed into trimeric structures (surface shape complementarity; S
c = 0.83), demonstrating that formation of the core structure of BclA is independent of the anchoring collagen‐like region. A polyclonal antibody raised against tBclA recognized B. anthracis spores directly, and showed little cross‐reactivity (<10%) with the spores of the closely related species Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis, when compared to two other polyclonal antibodies raised against B. anthracis spore extracts and inactivated spores. The tBclA protein was used to purify a pool of specific antibodies from bovine colostrum whey samples from cows inoculated with the Sterne strain anthrax vaccine, which also showed reactivity with B. anthracis spores. Together, these results demonstrate that tBclA provides a safer and more effective way to the production and purification of antibodies with high binding affinity for B. anthracis spores. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;99: 774–782. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Commentary on a theory of hypnosis based on principles of conditioning and inhibition Part I: contrasts with other perspectives and supporting evidence
Authors: Barrios Alfred A.
Published: September 2007

This article places in the contemporary context ‘A theory of hypnosis based on principles of conditioning and inhibition’, published earlier in Contemporary Hypnosis (Barrios, 2001). The commentary is in two parts. Here in Part I, following a succinct summary of the theory, there are two sections: (1) contrasting the theory with three other major perspectives in the field, the Sociocognitive, the Dissociation/Neo‐Dissociation, and the Response‐Expectancy perspectives as well as with Erickson's strategic approach to therapy; and (2) some of the supporting research subsequent to the theory's first evolution (1969) is provided. Part II will present some of the benefits of the theory. Copyright © 2007 British Society of Experimental & Clinical Hypnosis. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Polyoxyethylene‐Substituted Bimetallic Europium Helicate for Luminescent Staining of Living Cells
Authors: Chauvin Anne‐Sophie , Comby Steve , Song Bo , Vandevyver Caroline D. B. , Thomas Frédéric , Bünzli Jean‐Claude G.
Published: September 2007

The homoditopic ligand H2LC3 has been designed to form neutral triple‐stranded bimetallic helicates of overall composition [Ln2(LC3)3]. The grafting of the polyoxyethylene fragments ensures water solubility and also favors cell penetration while being amenable to further derivatization. The ligand pKa values have been determined by spectrophotometric titration and range from 3.5 (sum of the first two) to 10.3. The thermodynamic stability of the helicates is large at physiological pH (logβ23 in the range 22–23). The ligand triplet state has an adequate energy (0–phonon transition at ≈20 800 cm−1) for sensitizing the luminescence of EuIII (Q=11 %). Analysis of the EuIII emission spectrum points to an overall pseudo D3 symmetry for the metal environment. No significant effect of [Eu2(LC3)3] is observed on the viability of several cancerous cell lines (MCF‐7, HeLa, Jurkat, and 5D10). The cell imaging properties of the EuIII helicate are demonstrated for the HeLa cell line by luminescence microscopy. Bright EuIII emission is seen for helicate concentration >50 μM and after 20–30 min loading time. The helicate stains the cytoplasm and the permeation mechanism is likely to be endocytosis.
Serotonin‐immunoreactive axon terminals innervate pyramidal cells and interneurons in the rat basolateral amygdala
Authors: Muller Jay F. , Mascagni Franco , McDonald Alexander J.
Published: September 2007

The basolateral nuclear complex of the amygdala (BLC) receives a dense serotonergic innervation that appears to play a critical role in the regulation of mood and anxiety. However, little is known about how serotonergic inputs interface with different neuronal subpopulations in this region. To address this question, dual‐labeling immunohistochemical techniques were used at the light and electron microscopic levels to examine inputs from serotonin‐immunoreactive (5‐HT+) terminals to different neuronal subpopulations in the rat BLC. Pyramidal cells were labeled by using antibodies to calcium/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II, whereas different interneuronal subpopulations were labeled by using antibodies to a variety of interneuronal markers including parvalbumin (PV), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), calretinin, calbindin, cholecystokinin, and somatostatin. The BLC exhibited a dense innervation by thin 5‐HT+ axons. Electron microscopic examination of the anterior basolateral nucleus (BLa) revealed that 5‐HT+ axon terminals contained clusters of small synaptic vesicles and a smaller number of larger dense‐core vesicles. Serial section reconstruction of 5‐HT+ terminals demonstrated that 76% of these terminals formed synaptic junctions. The great majority of these synapses were symmetrical. The main targets of 5‐HT+ terminals were spines and distal dendrites of pyramidal cells. However, in light microscopic preparations it was common to observe apparent contacts between 5‐HT+ terminals and all subpopulations of BLC interneurons. Electron microscopic analysis of the BLa in sections dual‐labeled for 5‐HT/PV and 5‐HT/VIP revealed that many of these contacts were synapses. These findings suggest that serotonergic axon terminals differentially innervate several neuronal subpopulations in the BLC. J. Comp. Neurol. 505:314–335, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A new allele uncovers the role of echinus in the control of ommatidial rotation in the Drosophila eye
Authors: Montrasio Silvia , Mlodzik Marek , Fanto Manolis
Published: September 2007

The precise orientation of the ommatidia in the Drosophila eye is achieved through a specialized process of cell migration taking place in the third‐instar eye imaginal disc when ommatidial clusters rotate by 90 degrees. This process is strictly coordinated with the establishment of planar cell polarity (PCP), but it relies on a specific set of genes that control its mechanism independently from PCP signaling. Recently, the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway has been implicated in determining ommatidial rotation. We have isolated a new allele of echinus, a gene known to control the patterning and number of interommatidial cells. We show that echinus displays defects in the rotation of ommatidia that are not evident until mid‐pupal stages, and we propose that echinus action is that of opposing EGFR by an unknown mechanism and that this can explain both its influence in ommatidial rotation and lattice programmed cell death (PCD). Developmental Dynamics 236:2936–2942, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Electrochemically Induced Iron Release of Adsorbed Horse Spleen Ferritin: Quantitation of Iron Using Long Optical Path Length Thin‐Layer Spectroelectrochemistry
Authors: Kreutzian Todd B. , Seraj Khalid S. A. , Anderson Larry G. , Zapien Donald C.
Published: September 2007

In this work, long optical path length thin‐layer electrochemical cell was constructed using indium‐tin oxide on glass as the electrode material. Iron release from ferritin adsorbed on the electrode was induced by applying a negative potential sweep in the presence of 1,10‐phenanthroline. The usefulness of spectroelectrochemistry as a means of determining the quantity of iron released from an adsorbed layer of ferritin is demonstrated.
Disposable Screen‐Printed Carbon Electrodes for Dual Electrochemiluminescence/Amperometric Detection: Sequential Injection Analysis of Oxalate
Authors: Chiu Mei‐Hsin , Wu Han , Chen Jyh‐Cheng , Muthuraman Govindan , Zen Jyh‐Myng
Published: September 2007

This work describes the development and application of an electrochemical cell specifically designed for disposable screen printed carbon electrodes (SPCE) suitable for simultaneous electrochemiluminescence (ECL) and amperometric detection in sequential injection analysis. The flow system with facility for photomultiplier tube via a fiber optic facing the SPCE is user‐friendly and makes the detection process very easy to operate. Instead of the need to constant deliver the chemiluminescence (CL) reagents to the reaction zone, sequential injection analysis allows a considerable reduction in the consumption of the sample and expensive CL reagents (such as Ru(bpy)$\rm{ _3^{2 + } }$ salts). The utility of the analyzer was demonstrated for the detection of oxalate based on the ECL reaction with Ru(bpy)$\rm{ _3^{2 + } }$. Under optimized conditions, in the presence of 100 μM Ru(bpy)$\rm{ _3^{2 + } }$, the linear ranges of peak current and ECL light intensity for oxalate distinctly varied from 10 μM to 5 mM and 0.1 μM to 100 μM, respectively. In other words, the linear detection can be covered over a four‐order range with the combination of these two signals.
Dissipative analogies between a schematic macro‐roughness arrangement and step–pool morphology
Authors: Canovaro Francesco , Solari Luca
Published: September 2007

We investigate flow resistance developed by macro‐roughness represented by pebbles positioned on a granular layer according to a regularly spaced stripe pattern on steep bed slopes. Flume experiments under various geometrical and hydraulic conditions are carried out and interpreted by means of a theoretical model. Results show that flow resistance reaches a maximum and is due mainly to form drag when the spacing between macro‐roughness stripes is about 10 times the average macro‐roughness height. A statistical analysis based on various field observations of step–pool geometry underlines that this spacing appears to be one of the most frequent occurring in step–pool bed morphology sequences. Comparison between the present results and flow resistance evaluated for step–pools reproduced in the laboratory and observed in the field suggests that step–pool streams are characterized by a bed geometry able to develop the maximum flow resistance. Finally, a criterion is obtained to estimate flow resistance developed by natural step–pool streams when a formative flow discharge occurs based on geometric quantities only. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of the Halide Counterion in the ROMP of exo‐Benzyl‐[2‐(3,5‐dioxo‐10‐oxa‐4‐aza‐tricyclo[5.2.1.02,6]dec‐8‐en‐4‐yl)ethyl]dimethyl ammonium Bromide/Chloride
Authors: Rankin David A. , Schanz Hans‐Jörg , Lowe Andrew B.
Published: September 2007

We describe results relating to the effect of halide counterion in the ROMP of a permanently cationic exo‐7‐oxanorbornene derivative. Statistical copolymerizations of exo‐benzyl‐[2‐(3,5‐dioxo‐10‐oxa‐4‐aza‐tricyclo[5.2.1.02,6]dec‐8‐en‐4‐yl)ethyl]dimethyl ammonium bromide/chloride were conducted at different molar ratios and the polymerizations evaluated with respect to their kinetic features, as well as their molecular mass profiles, as a function of conversion, and the ability to produce materials with narrow molecular mass distributions. The polymerization characteristics are rationalized in terms of the in situ formation of the mixed Grubbs' derivative RuClBr(PCy3)2CHPh and/or the dibromo analog RuBr2(PCy3)2CHPh.

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Discontinuous deformation in an elastic material. Part 2. Energy dissipative and storage applications
Authors: Raman Arun , Farris Richard J.
Published: September 2007

Large amounts of energy dissipation are possible from a perfectly elastic material, cyclically deformed reel to reel, due to thermodynamic free expansions and contractions of the elastic material, (much like the throttling of a gas), rather than from internal or external friction. The objective of this work is to demonstrate that when the above principle is utilized, numerous applications are possible for elastomers as energy dissipative and storage devices including the following: torque control devices such as tension or torque controllers, and torque converters which can be used in automobile drive systems instead of friction clutches or differential gear assemblies. Using many steps in the stretching and contraction process can significantly minimize dissipation and create elastic energy storage devices. Such devices are employed as regenerative brake devices and mechanical energy batteries that are used in applications where modest amounts of energy are required. Current work also involves the design of thermomechanical heat engines, a simple device that utilizes heat input and obtains mechanical work output. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 47:1521–1529, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers
Hydrazine‐based polyimides from isomeric bis(chlorophthalimide)s
Authors: Yan Jingling , Li Taihang , Wang Zhen , Gao Lianxun , Ding Mengxian
Published: September 2007

3,3′‐Dichloro‐N,N′‐biphthalimide (3,3′‐DCBPI), 3,4′‐dichloro‐N,N′‐biphthalimide (3,4′‐DCBPI), and 4,4′‐dichloro‐N,N′‐biphthalimide (4,4′‐DCBPI) were synthesized from 3‐ or 4‐chlorophthalic anhydrides and hydrazine in glacial acetic acid. The yield of 3,3′‐DCBPI (90%) was much higher than that of 4,4′‐DCBPI (33%) because of the better stability of the intermediate, 3‐chloro‐N‐aminophthalimide, and 3,3′‐DCBPI. A series of hydrazine‐based polyimides were prepared from isomeric DCBPIs and 4,4′‐thiobisbenzenethiol (TBBT) in N,N‐dimethylacetamide in the presence of tributylamine. Inherent viscosity of these polymers was in the range of 0.51–0.69 dL/g in 1‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone (NMP) at 30 °C. These polyimides were soluble in 1,1,2,2‐terachloroethane, NMP, and phenols. The 5% weight‐loss temperatures (T5%s) of the polymers were near 450 °C in N2. Their glass‐transition temperatures (Tgs) determined by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis and differential scanning calorimetry increased according to the order of polyimides based on 4,4′‐DCBPI, 3,4′‐DCBPI, and 3,3′‐DCBPI. The hydrolytic stability of these polymers was measured under acid, basic, and neutral conditions and the results indicated that the order was 3,3′‐DCBPI/TBBT > 3,4′‐DCBPI/TBBT > 4,4′‐DCBPI/TBBT. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 4933–4940, 2007
Preparation and properties of well‐defined waterborne polyurethaneurea with fluorinated siloxane units in hard or soft segments
Authors: Su Teng , Wang Gui You , Hu Chun Pu
Published: September 2007

Two series of well‐defined polyurethaneurea (PUU) aqueous dispersions consisting of fluorinated siloxane units in the hard and the soft segments, respectively, were prepared from polyester polyol, α,ω‐dihydroxypoly[(3,3,3‐trifluoropropyl) methylsiloxane] (PTFPMS), dimethylolpropionic acid, isophorone diisocyanate, and ethylenediamine. These anionic aqueous dispersions were stable at the ambient temperature for more than 6 months. The experimental results showed that the water‐resistance performance of the PUU films prepared with the insertion of PTFPMS units into the hard segments (HFS series) were better than those prepared with the insertion of PTFPMS units into the soft segments (SFS series). The film prepared from the PUU aqueous dispersion incorporating 5 wt % PTFPMS in the hard segments exhibited the lowest water absorption amount (2.3 wt %) with the contact angle of water on the film surface greater than 90°. In comparison with the PUU film without adding PTFPMS, the waterproof performance and the mechanical properties of both HFS and SFS series were enhanced markedly. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 5005–5016, 2007
Thermodynamic Aspects of Equilibrium Ozone Generation
Authors: Ozonek Janusz , Fijalkowski Stefan , Czerwiński Jacek
Published: September 2007

Ozone generation is a power‐consuming process. However, the energy required thermodynamically for ozone synthesis is typically less than 20% of the actual energy consumption, and the remainder of the energy is transformed into heat and emitted to the environment. A model of the phenomena occurring during ozone electrosynthesis at equilibrium is presented. The main processes of ozone electrosynthesis and concurrent thermodynamical flow were investigated. The coupling between them and the influence of thermal states of the industrial ozonizers on the process efficiency are analyzed. An equation describing the temperature distribution in the ozonizer gap is derived.

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Chronic phencyclidine treatment increases dendritic spine density in prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens neurons
Authors: Flores Cecilia , Wen Xianglan , Labelle‐Dumais Cassandre , Kolb Bryan
Published: September 2007

We examined whether repeated exposure to the noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist phencyclidine (PCP) produces enduring changes in dendritic structure in a manner similar to the stimulants cocaine and amphetamine. Adult rats were treated with i.p. injections of PCP (5 mg/kg) or saline, twice a day, for 5 consecutive days, for a total of 4 weeks. One month after the last injection, their brains were removed and processed for Golgi‐Cox staining. Prior exposure to PCP increased dendritic spine density in the mPFC and NAcc core, but not in the parietal cortex. These findings, which are similar to those observed after chronic treatment with cocaine and amphetamine, raise the possibility that, despite differences in their mechanisms of action, PCP and stimulant drugs may induce some of their enduring effects via common processes. Synapse 61:978–984, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lightning protection of overhead power distribution lines
Authors: Yokoyama Shigeru
Published: September 2007

There are two major protective methods against lightning outages on overhead distribution lines. One is by use of surge arresters and the other is by an overhead ground wire. Surge arresters have rather constant effect regardless of the type of lightning outage causes. On the other hand, the effect of an overhead ground wire is quite different against the two major causes: direct lightning hit and induced overvoltages. This paper shows how to design lightning protection for overhead power distribution lines taking these characteristics into account. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Origin, Birth, and Adolescence of the Review of Black Political Economy and the Black Economic Research Center
Authors: Browne Robert S.
Published: September 2007

The Review of Black Political Economy (RBPE) and the Black Economic Research Center (BERC) arose from the atmosphere of the late sixties, when black nationalism was at its apex and vigorous efforts were under way to give meaning to the concepts of “black economic development” and “black capitalism.” They were created as vehicles to assist black economists and economic activists to analyze and disseminate relevant data on black economic affairs and to explore and facilitate new approaches to black economic problems. RBPE offered black economists a place where they could publish their work and share it with their colleagues. The flavor of RBPE has changed somewhat over its twenty-three year life, becoming less polemical and more scholarly.
Community Economic Development: Some Critical Issues
Authors: Handy John W.
Published: September 2007

Community development is an issue of continuing interest not only because of the need for more successful economic development within our cities, but because the survival of a significant portion of African-American poor is at stake. Community development planning seeks to improve all aspects of community life, including health, education, crime prevention, employment and training, business development, family stability, and housing. Community economic development must arise from our black churches, historically black colleges and universities, African-American officials, business leaders, teachers, and health and welfare professionals. In the real world, where group welfare functions are interdependent, only two possible long-term outcomes are both just and stable: win-win or lose-lose. Consequently, there is a need for significant Pareto improvements in all social programs. There are roles for both race-specific and race-neutral policies because long-term Pareto improvements can result both from programs such as targeted minority employment and training as well as color-blind policies that encourage legislators to forgo the coffers of the gun lobby and control the sale and use of guns. The paper will focus on the historical logic of public policy as reflected in housing policy, financing mechanisms under community development corporations, and the issue of an urban underclass. By reestablishing its commitment to the inner cities, the government can redress the onerous impact of two and a half decades of social and economic neglect and private investment retrenchment.
Characteristics and utilization of dry roasted air‐classified navy bean protein fraction
Authors: Zabik M. E. , Uebersax M. A. , Lee J. P. , Aguilera J. M. , Lusas E. W.
Published: September 2007

Navy beans,Phaseolus vulgaris, were dry roasted in a particle‐to‐particle heat exchanger, dehulled by air aspiration, pin‐milled and air‐classified to yield a high protein fraction. Proximate analyses, nitrogen solubility indices and oligosaccharide contents of this high protein fraction as influenced by processing parameters which affected final product temperature were determined. Farinograms of wheat/bean protein fraction composite flours were run. A high‐protein bean flour fraction was selected from these dry and roasted treatments and used in product development. Quality characteristics and consumer acceptability of high‐protein prototype products were evaluated. Results of this research indicate that the dry roasting process influences the characteristics of the air‐classified protein fraction. Flour color, nitrogen solubility and dough mixing properties were most greatly influenced by roasting time and temperature. Increased roasting resulted in increased browning and decreased nitrogen solubility and dough mixing stability. Wheat flour bread products, substituted with low levels of high‐protein bean flour, were of high quality.
Investigation and modeling of mass transfer in soybean oil hydrogenators
Authors: Chen A. H. , Mcintire D. D. , Gibson P. , Covey J. E.
Published: September 2007

The volumetric mass transfer coefficient (kLa) for soybean oil hydrogenation was determined from various sizes of hydrogenators, 0.2 kg, 45.5 kg, 455 kg, 15454 kg and 29100 kg. The 0.2 kg bench hydrogenator was shown to simulate and to approximate the gas/ liquid mass transfer resistance of the production hydrogenator. The activation energy for the production simulation of 7.2 kcal/mole, indicating the hydrogenation is strongly influenced by mass transfer. A mathematic model was constructed for the prediction of kLa when the calculated power per unit volume of oil (P/V), the ratio of the oil height vs hydrogenator diameter (H/T) and the Raynold's number of the agitator (Nre) are known. Production data obtained from the literature were used for testing the validity of the model; the maximum deviation was found to be 12%. Practical applications by using this model are also discussed.
Economic cost outlook for surfactant intermediates
Authors: Vogel W. J. B.
Published: September 2007

Synthetic alcohol, natural alcohol and linear alkylbenzene (LAB) surfactant feedstocks will all be needed to meet market requirements in the coming decade. Of the synthetic alcohol processes, the Alfol® alcohol process, due to its strong byproduct credit, will be the most cost efficient. Moreover, LAB and natural alcohols will have the lowest production costs of all surfactant intermediates throughout the decade.
Peripheral neuropathy and inborn errors of metabolism in adults
Authors: Sedel F. , Barnerias C. , Dubourg O. , Desguerres I. , Lyon‐Caen O. , Saudubray Jean‐Marie
Published: September 2007

Although they are classically viewed as paediatric diseases, it is now recognized that inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) can present at any age from childhood to adulthood. IEMs can involve the peripheral nervous system, mostly as part of a more diffuse neurological or systemic clinical picture. However, in some cases, the neuropathy can be the unique initial sign. Here, based on our personal experience and on a comprehensive literature analysis, we review IEMs causing neuropathies in adults. Diseases were classified according to the predominant type of neuropathies into (1) acute neuropathies, (2) mononeuropathy multiplex, (3) chronic axonal polyneuropathies, (4) chronic demyelinating polyneuropathies, (5) small‐fibre neuropathies, and (6) lower motor neuron disease.
Spacer Effects in Novel Cationic Surfactants as a Primordial Parameter for an Optimal Inhibition of SRB
Authors: Ali Hanan El‐Sharkawy
Published: September 2007

Four bisquaternary ammonium surfactants, low toxic compounds capable of inhibiting sulfate‐reducing bacteria (SRB), were synthesized and characterized by spectral studies IR,1H‐NMR and elemental analyses. The growth of the reference SRB (Desulfomonas pigra) was shown to be completely inhibited by bisquaternary ammonium surfactants. Structure–activity relationships are discussed, as well as the critical micelle concentration (cmc), the saturated adsorption amount (Г∞) and the minimum average area per surfactant molecule (Amin). The influence of the hydrophobic chain length, the number of methylene groups, and the influence of that spacer group on the surfactant properties of synthesized bisquaternary ammonium compounds are discussed. The presence of a long hydrophobic alkyl chain was a primordial parameter for optimal biological activity. The number of SRB and their inhibition efficiency were subject to considerable parameters, maximum values being noted in presence of all paper biocides. A direct relationship has found between the number of SRB and Amin.
Public Discussion in the Deliberative System: Does It Make Better Citizens?
Authors: SEARING DONALD D. , SOLT FREDERICK , CONOVER PAMELA JOHNSTON , CREWE IVOR
Published: September 2007

In democratic theory, the practice of discussing public affairs has been associated with desirable consequences for citizenship and democracy. We use Anglo-American survey data to examine twelve hypotheses about psychological foundations for four general conditions that such discussions might promote: autonomous citizens, political legitimacy, good representation and democratic communities. Our data combine detailed measures of public discussion with measures of more of its hypothesized civic consequences than have heretofore been available. They also enable us to probe, using specialized samples, causal inferences suggested by our analyses of random samples in our British and American communities. Six of the hypotheses are supported, including at least one regarding each of the four general liberal democratic conditions we investigate.
A comparative evaluation of functions for partitioning nitrogen and amino acid intake between maintenance and growth in broilers
Authors: KEBREAB E. , FRANCE J. , KUHI H. DARMANI , LOPEZ S.
Published: September 2007

The results from three types of study with broilers, namely nitrogen (N) balance, bioassays and growth experiments, provided the data used herein. Sets of data on N balance and protein accretion (bioassay studies) were used to assess the ability of the monomolecular equation to describe the relationship between (i) N balance and amino acid (AA) intake and (ii) protein accretion and AA intake. The model estimated the levels of isoleucine, lysine, valine, threonine, methionine, total sulphur AAs and tryptophan resulting in zero balance to be 58, 59, 80, 96, 23, 85 and 32 mg/kg live weight (LW)/day, respectively. These estimates show good agreement with those obtained in previous studies. For the growth experiments, four models, specifically re-parameterized for analysing energy balance data, were evaluated for their ability to determine crude protein (CP) intake at maintenance and efficiency of utilization of CP intake for producing gain. They were: a straight line, two equations representing diminishing returns behaviour (monomolecular and rectangular hyperbola) and one equation describing smooth sigmoidal behaviour with a fixed point of inflexion (Gompertz). The estimates of CP requirement for maintenance and efficiency of utilization of CP intake for producing gain varied from 5·4 to 5·9 g/kg LW/day and 0·60 to 0·76, respectively, depending on the models.
Language and the Languages of Personality
Authors: CERVONE DANIEL , LOTT DYLAN T.
Published: September 2007

Although inquiry in philosophy and some social sciences has attended closely to the question of how investigators use language to describe and explain phenomena of interest, less attention has been devoted to questions of language use in psychological science. This essay explores language use in a major subfield of psychology, the psychology of personality. We identify three descriptive and explanatory languages in the field and critique them from the perspective of scholarship outside of psychology that has explored language use. We conclude with a call for greater exchange between investigators who embrace discursive accounts of persons and social action, and those who posit social-cognitive accounts of the knowledge that individuals use when they create discourse in their efforts to understand the world and to direct their experiences and actions.
Go Forth and Wikify!
Authors: Farley Martin
Published: September 2007

This Conference paper by Martin Farley gives an outline of four wikis in the legal sector and examines why they were established, how they operate and how successful they have been at achieving their objectives. It also includes a brief introduction to wikis, a list of examples of other possible uses within the legal sector and a broad overview of advantages, disadvantages and probable future developments. It aims to provide an idea of what is practically possible at the moment and where the potential of law wikis lies.