bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
VII.—The Ophite of Biarritz
Authors: Stuart-Menteath P. W.
Published: May 2009

Four articles in the Biarritz Association Bulletin, and a series in the last publications of the Soc. Géol. de Fiance, discuss the problem of Pyrenean ophite by conjectures regarding the obscure points of greenstone in the shifting sands of the Biarritz coast. When first seeking new facts at Biarritz, I discovered the red marls and gypsum that accompany the ophite to be recurrent in the undisputed Upper Cretaceous of Croix d'Ahetze, and I followed the Biarritz rocks to Zumaya and Loyola in the attempt to trace their relations. Having subsequently proved that the other red clays mapped as Trias are brick clay of post-Glacial origin, contemporary with a tooth of Elephas primigenius and anterior to flint implements described as Pliocene, and having vainly demonstrated the continuity of the rocks of the Spanish coast by both maps and fossils, I would invite geologists to profit by the light railways and other advantages which to-day enable the fundamental section of Pyrenean geology to be easily studied in its unmistakable continuation.
VIII.—The Toarcian or Bredon Hill: A Reply to Prof. Hull
Authors: Buckman S. S.
Published: May 2009

In criticising my paper Professor Hull “regrets very much to have found it necessary to make these remarks.” I regret it too, because he only raises issues whioh have been discussed, and, I hoped, settled years ago. But I fear that Professor Hull has not given attention to modern Jurassic literature. He says that Midford Sands is “a name unknown to geologists in general.” Whereas, as the Editor points out, Professor Phillips was the author who amused himself with inventing this fanciful name, to adopt my critic's language. And in the 1879 edition of Sheet 44, at the foot of which appears the name E. Hull, there is on the margin this legend, “G 4, Midford Sand.”
IX.—Note on Pericyclus Fasciculatus, F. M'Coy, sp
Authors: Crick G. C.
Published: May 2009

In 1844, in his “Synopsis of the Carboniferous Fossils of Ireland,” F. M'Coy described and figured the species Goniatites fasciculatus (p. 13, pl. ii, fig. 8), a Goniatite referable to the genus Pericyclus, Mojsisovics. The type-specimen is preserved in the “Griffith Collection” in the Museum of Science and Art, Dublin, and has been re-figured (as Pericyclus fasciculatus) by Dr. A. H. Foord in his “Monograph on the Carboniferous Cephalopoda of Ireland” (pt. iv, 1901, pl. xxxvii, figs. 5a, b); where its locality is given as Millicent, Clane, county of Kildare.
II.—On the Relations of the ‘Writing Chalk’ or Tullstorp (Sweden) to the Drift Deposits, with Reference to the ‘Interglacial’ Question
Authors: Holst Nils Olof
Published: May 2009

In the district of Tullstorp in Scania (Southern Sweden) the white ‘Writing Chalk’ is dug rather extensively, and in exploring the ground numerous borings have lately been made which have shown that this Chalk is not actually in place as supposed by Angelin, B. Lundgren, J. Jönsson, J. C. Moberg, W. Dames, and others, but occurs only in extraordinarily large transported masses or boulders (Schollen), up to 850 metres long, 300 metres broad, and 15 metres thick, which are embedded in the glacial deposits.
III.—The Fingers of Pterodactyls
Authors: Williston S. W.
Published: May 2009

As is well known, all pterodactyls have three small, unguiculate fingers on the radial side of the patagial finger, evidently used in the support of the body, possibly also in prehension and ambulation. In the older forms these fingers were relatively much better developed than in the later ones, the metacarpals of the former, of considerable strength, all articulating with the carpus, whereas in the more specialized forms of later geological age the proximal ends of these bones had become either greatly attenuated or entirely lost. In Nyctosaurus, for instance, the very small anterior metacarpals were not more than one-eighth of the length of the wing-metacarpal, and were in life loosely attached by the soft parts only to the distal part of that bone.
I.—A Retrospect of Palaeontology in the Last Forty Years
Authors: H. W.
Published: May 2009

Reptilia et Aves.—Our two greatest Anatomists of the past century, Owen and Huxley, both contributed to this section of our palaelig;ozoological record. Owen (in 1865) described some remains of a small air-breathing vertebrate, Anthrakerpeton crassosteum, from the Coal-shales of Glamorganshire, corresponding with those described by Dawson from the Coal-measures of Nova Scotia; and in 1870 he noticed some remains of Plesiosaurus Hoodii (Owen) from New Zealand, possibly of Triaasic age.
IV.—Further Notes on the Trias of Devonshire, with Special Reference to the Divisional Line between the Bunter and the Keuper in that Region
Authors: Ievixg Alexander
Published: May 2009

Mr. Alexander Somervail has been so good as to send me lately a paper read by him before Section C of the British Association at Southport, September, 1903, and printed in the Geological Magazine, Dec. IV, Vol. X, No. 472, October, 1903. The paper contains certain criticisms on the published work of Professor Hull, F.R.S., and myself among the Bed Rocks of the South Devon coast, with especial reference to “ the Base of the Keuper iu South Devon.” I desire to reply here to Mr. Somervail, and in so doing shall have to refer frequently to the three papers of my own published in the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society in the years 1888, 1892, 1893, and to the paper by Professor Hull in the same Journal in the year 1892. For the sake of convenience and brevity I will refer to these papers by certain letters, as below.
VI.—The Jurassic forms of the ‘Genera’Stomatopora. andProboscina
Authors: Lang W. D.
Published: May 2009

After many months’ work at the Polyzoa in the British Museum, the author has been driven to the conclusion that the relationships of the Jurassic forms of the ‘genera’StomatoporaandProboscinahave been misunderstood, and that consequently their present arrangement, as put forward in the British Museum Catalogue, is unsatisfactory.
I.—Eminent Living Geologists
Authors: Whitaker William
Published: May 2009

Among the many distinguished geologists and men of science whom one has been accustomed to meet, year after year, at the gatherings of the Geological Society, the British Association, and the Geologists’ Association during the past forty years, none has, by good camaraderie and hard work both in the field and study, established a better claim to our warm personal regard and esteem than Mr. Whitaker, whose portrait we present to our readers this month.
VIII.—Note on the Ballycastle Coalfield, Co. Antrim
Authors: Cole Grenville A. J.
Published: May 2009

The recent development of mining in the central area of the Ballycastle Coalfield in Co. Antrim has given rise to several articles in the daily Press, and it seems worth while to point out that the occurrence of coal-seams in the interior of the field was long ago proved by borings (see Geological Survey Memoir to Sheets 7 and 8, Ireland, published in 1888); while Mr. Symes's longitudinal section, Sheet 30, published by the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom in 1890, indicated faithfully the geological conditions. The possibility of farther development is also mentioned in “Ireland, Industrial and Agricultural,” published by the Department of Agriculture for Ireland in 1901.
I.—Secular Earth-Creep
Authors: Schwarz E. H. L.
Published: May 2009

Dr. J. R. Sutton has recently read a most important paper to the Royal Society of South Africa on the diurnal variation of level at Kimberley. The paper gave the preliminary results of observations made during the course of three years upon the variation of the level of the ground as recorded by a large horizontal pendulum of a special design made for the author by the Cambridge Instrument Company. It appeared from the results that the movements in the surface of the ground, which set up corresponding movements in the pendulum, were very great. The maximum westerly elongation of the extremity of the pendulum occurred about 5.30 a.m., the maximum easterly about 4.15 p.m., the medium positions a little before 11 a.m. and 9.30 p.m. Geometrically these movements may be represented on the hypothesis that the hemisphere facing the sun bulges out, forming a sort of meniscus to the geosphere. The rise and fall of the surface of the ground which such a supposition would postulate is enormous, and the very magnitude has led Dr. Sutton to hesitate in giving the figures. There can, however, be very little doubt that some rise and fall in the earth's surface is occasioned by the sun's gravitational pull, although the present figures may have to be lessened by taking into consideration other causes which contribute to the disturbance of the pendulum.
I.—Notes on the Trilobite Fauna of Devon and Cornwall
Authors: Thomas Ivor
Published: May 2009

The material upon which the following descriptions are based was obtained chiefly by Mr. Ussher, who collected the Whiteway and Hestow Farm specimens. The Daymer Bay form was collected by Mr. John Pringle. For the new species of Proetus I am indebted to Mr. Claude H. Peter, Town Clerk, Launceston, who, through Mr. Clement Reid, kindly lent it for description. It is evident from the examination of this limited quantity of material that the British Devonian fauna is not yet fully known. We may expect the discovery of many species hitherto unrecorded in this country, which will be of interest from the possible comparative relationship with the fauna of foreign deposits. The accompanying illustrations were drawn by my colleague, Mr. H. H. Thomas, to whom I tender my best thanks.
II.—Some Remarks on the Mechanics of Overthrusts
Authors: Smoluchowski M. S.
Published: May 2009

Mr. T. Mellard Reade evidently wished to clicit, by his note on the mechanics of overthrusts in the Geological Magazine, 1908, p. 518, a discussion on these phenomena, as he also tells us in the February Number, 1909, p. 75. May I be allowed, therefore, to contribute some remarks on his paper?
III.—A Crinoid (Tetracrinus [?] felix, n.sp.) from the Red Crag
Authors: Bather F. A.
Published: May 2009

Mr. P. G. H. Boswell, F.G.S., has kindly submitted to me a crinoid fragment found by him on August 20, 1908, in the Red Crag of Felixstowe cliffs, Suffolk. Although the specimen is somewhat obscure, it is of sufficient interest to warrant a brief note.
IV.—Extinct Marsupials of Western Australia
Authors: Woodward Bernard H.
Published: May 2009

Before the beginning of this year the only records of the occurrence of fossil marsupials in Western Australia consisted of the account of the discovery of Diprotodon bones in the Kimberley district by Mr. E. T. Hardman, the Government Geologist, in 1882, and the finding of a lower jaw of this animal in 1895 in a gully near Lake Darlot in the Eastern Goldfields by Mr. Arthur, who presented it to this Institution. This jaw was so much weathered that it was valueless except for the fact of its establishing the existence of that marsupial so far inland. The Museum Committee sent an expedition to Lake Darlot in 1898, and in 1908 the Hon. Dr. Hackett sent out at his own cost Mr. Young, who was with Mr. Arthur when he found the jaw in 1895. Both these parties were unsuccessful.
IV.—On the Occurrence of Phoca Rugosidens, Owen, in Maltese Strata
Authors: Cooke John H.
Published: May 2009

In a memoir which was read before the Geological Society of London in 1870, and which was published in the Proceedings of that Society and in the Malta papers, Dr. A. A. Caruana makes mention of a portion of a rib and of a lower jaw of a mammal which were obtained from the Globigerina Limestone at El Kbajer, near Kolla el Baida, in the island of Gozo; and after referring to the fact that no Carnivora had, up to that date, been found in the Maltese Islands, he described the El Kbajer fossils as being “a portion of the lower jaw of a Hyæna with several teeth in situ.”
VI.—Can a Diorite become an Acidic Gneiss?
Authors: Callaway C.
Published: May 2009

I Have already answered this question in the affirmative in my papers on “Metamorphism in the Malvern Hills,” though I am aware that the assertion has been contested. Nevertheless, the possibility that diorite and quartzite may have a common origin was suggested by Prof. Zirkel as far back as 1876; and in 1892 Mr. W. S. Bayley, of the Geological Survey of Minnesota, distinctly affirmed that a certain quartzite was nothing more or less than “a completely altered gabbro.” My conclusion, therefore, is not without support, and, though it has been strongly attacked, it refuses to succumb. I trust I shall be allowed in the present paper to reply to one or two of the objections to it. My remarks refer only to the Malvern area.
VII.—Peculiar Occurrence of Land and Fresh-Water Shells in the Lincolnshire Oolite
Authors: Thompson Beery
Published: May 2009

In the latter part of 1893 Mr. Albert Wallis, of Brigstock, in Northamptonshire, incidentally told me that he had found some well-known land shells in the Lincolnshire Oolite at Brigstock. The section from which these shells came I knew quite well, and Mr. Wallis was well acquainted with recent shells, so it seemed important to ascertain in what manner they found their way into the Oolitic Beds. Having talked the matter over with my friend Mr. Lionel E. Adams (Treasurer of the Conchological Society of Great Britain), we decided to go over to Brigstock, and examine the section and the shells, and arrive, if possible, at some explanation of their peculiar position. Accordingly, on June 16 of last year, we met Mr. Wallis there for the purpose indicated.
X.—On the Genus Plutonides (non Plutonia) from the Cambrian Rocks of St. David's
Authors: Hicks Henry
Published: May 2009

Quite recently, Mr. B. B. Woodward, F.G.S., of the British Museum (Natural History), called my attention, for the first time, to the fact that the name Plutonia, which I adopted for a genus of Trilobites in 1868, had previously been used by Stabile (Atti. Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. vii, p. 121, 1864) for a genus of Mollusca. As Stabile's generic term has therefore a priority of four years it is necessary that I should rename the Trilobite, and it has been suggested to me by Mr. Belinfante, B.Sc., Assist. Sec. Geol. Soc., that Plutonides would be the most suitable term and the one least likely to lead to confusion. In the Report of the British Association for 1868, p. 69, where the genus is first mentioned, after describing the beds in which it occurs I refer to it as follows: “The new genus, for which the author proposes the name Plutonia, is only known to occur in these beds. This remarkable fossil is of very large size, equalling, indeed, in this respect Paradoxides Davidis. It is, perhaps, also more nearly allied to the genus Paradoxides than to any other known, but its peculiar character of being covered all over with very strong tubercles, associated with an unusual position for the eye suture, and straight, very long thoracic pleuræ, is sufficient to stamp it a new and distinct genus.”.
III.—Supplementary Notes on the Drygill Shales
Authors: Elles G. L. , Wood E. M. R.
Published: May 2009

In the Geological Magazine, 1887, Professor Nicholson and Mr. Marr drew attention to a group of fossiliferous shales detected in connection with the Borrowdale Volcanic Series.
V.—Note on Pseudo-Spherulites
Authors: McMahon C. A. , Hutchings W. Maynard
Published: May 2009

The January number of this Magazine contains an interesting paper on a soda-bearing rock from Dinas Head, Cornwall, read by Mr. Howard Fox, F.G.S., at the Oxford meeting of the British Association. Mr. J. J. Harris Teall, F.R.S., supplied notes on the microscopic structure of some of the specimens; and four chemical analyses by Mr. J. Hort Player and Mr. Arthur F. Hosking are given in the paper, from which it appears that the specimens analysed are composed of from 64 to 66 per cent of silica; from 19 to 20 per cent. of alumina; 9.8 of soda; and small amounts (generally under 1 per cent.) of potash, titanic acid, ferric and ferrous oxides, magnesia and lime.
VII.—On the Age of the Trachytic Rocks of Antrim
Authors: McHenry Alex.
Published: May 2009

Since the publication of the Geological Survey Maps and Memoirs of Antrim, some additional evidence has been obtained bearing on the age of the trachyte of that district. In the year 1888, when engaged in traversing a line of section running from Belfast in a northerly direction across county Antrim to the Giant's Causeway, I was fortunate enough to notice in a large chalk quarry at Templepatrick railway station evidence which seemed to show that the trachyte was later than the Tertiary basalt sheets of the lower division; and, on further investigation into this interesting subject, additional evidence was procured that the trachytic eruption was older than the sheets of the upper series, and was, so to speak, of mid-basaltic age. Subsequently I accompanied the Director-General, Sir Archibald Geikie, on his visit of inspection to this locality, and he approved of my views. Professor Gilbert, of the United States Geological Survey, who was with us at the time, also agreed with the conclusions arrived at.
VIII—On a Recently Discovered Keuper Outlier near Kidderminster
Authors: Cantrill T. Crosbee
Published: May 2009

About two and a half miles east of Kidderminster, in North Worcestershire, is a wooded hill, marked and named Bissell Gorse on the original one-inch Ordnance Map [1831], Sheet 54, N.W. It is now on the six-inch Map [1882], Sheets Worcestershire VIII, S.E. and IX, S.W., named Bissell Wood. The hill lies just half-way between the villages of Stone and Churchill.
II.—The Hill of Beath, a Volcanic Neck in Fife
Authors: Wilson J. S. Grant , Muff H. Brantwood
Published: May 2009

The Hill of Beath, which lies 3 miles to the north-east of Dunfermline, Fife, is an isolated hill with steep, but rounded, contours, and rises fully 250 feet above the surrounding plateau. Whilst the hill itself consists of dark grey tuff, the rocks forming the plateau belong to the Coal-measures of the Carboniferous Limestone series. The latter are thrown into gentle anticlines and synclines, the dip on the limbs of the folds usually lying between 10 and 15 degrees. The outcrop of the tuff has the form of an ellipse, the long axis of which trends east and west and measures nearly 1,000 yards, whilst the breadth of the ellipse is rather more than 500 yards. The distribution of the outcrops of the Carboniferous rocks around the hill and the evidence from the coal workings show that the tuff is not interbedded with the sediments, but that it breaks through them somewhat like an intrusive rock. Sir Archibald Geikie recognized that the Hill of Beath was a volcanic neck, and this view has been confirmed by recent mining operations in a conclusive manner.
I.—On some New Zealand Graptolites
Authors: Shakespear Ethel M. R.
Published: May 2009

The New Zealand graptolites which are dealt with in this paper were collected by Mr. E. Douglas Isaacson, mining engineer, New Zealand, for the British Museum (Natural History), South Kensington. Dr. A. Smith Woodward, F.R.S., very kindly gave me the opportunity of examining this interesting collection, which was sent to me in the Autumn of 1907. Shortly after its receipt Dr. Woodward forwarded me a copy of the New Zealand Geological Survey publication entitled “The Geology of the Parapara Subdivision, Karamea, Nelson,” by James Mackintosh Bell, Director, 1907, which contains brief descriptions and figures of graptolites collected from the same locality as that from which Mr. Isaacson collected his specimens. Since, however, the records of graptolites from New Zealand are very limited in number, and since Mr. Isaacson's collection contains a greater variety of forms than that of any previous observer, it seems advisable to publish the identifications that I have found it possible to make from an examination of his collection.
III.—The New Red (Permian) Gravels of the Tiverton District
Authors: Martin Edgar C.
Published: May 2009

The New Red gravels of the Tiverton type extend from Warbrightsleigh and Chimney Down on the north to Thorverton and White Down Copse on the south. Further south they are replaced by breccias and sandstones or covered by the higher beds of the New Red series. Throughout the whole of this area of nearly 100 square miles the gravels contain fragments of sandstone and grit with Upper Devonian fossils. These Devonian fragments are most common in the north-east of the district, and are comparatively rare further south. They are found at the entrance of the Crediton valley, but do not appear to be present further west.

All the fossils that have been identified are known to occur in the Pilton and Marwood Beds of North Devon. The only Trilobite found (Phacops latifrons, Bronn) is practically the only Trilobite occurring in the Pilton Beds, where it is very common. Spirifer Verneuili, Murch., Spirifer Urii, Flem., Rhynchonella (Camarotæchia) Partridgiæ, Whidb., and Productus prælongus, Sowerby, are the commonest Brachiopods both in the gravels and in the Pilton Beds. The little Gasteropod Euomphalus vermis, Whidb., is also common in the gravels and Pilton Beds. Bellerophon subglobatus, M'Coy, is a characteristic fossil in the Marwood Beds of the Barnstaple district; it is also common in the grits that occur further east near Wiveliscombe, and in the grit fragments found in the gravels.

At Chimney Down, in the north-east of the district, fossiliferous fragments of Upper Devonian sandstone and grit are extremely common, whilst trap fragments appear to be absent. This fact, as well as the wide distribution of the fossiliferous fragments, completely disposes of the Rev. W. Downes' theory of volcanic ejection. The facts tend, rather, to prove a drift from the north-east during the period of deposition of the gravels. The grit and sandstone matrices suggest a derivation from the Wiveliscombe end of the Pilton Beds rather than from the more slaty beds found further west. The Devonian fragments in the gravels may even have been derived from a still more easterly extension of the Pilton Beds, now buried under Triassic deposits.
I.—Henry Clifton Sorby, and the Birth of Microscopical Petrology
Authors: Judd John W.
Published: May 2009

Just half a century ago, the Geological Society was engaged in passing through the press a very remarkable memoir—a memoir that was destined to revolutionize one of the branches of the science which the Society had been founded to promote. Yet on its appearance this memoir, “On the Microscopical Structure of Crystals,” was met with ridicule on the part of some, with scepticism by others, and by a neglect that was almost universal. Nevertheless, its author, Mr. Sorby, lived to find Microscopical Petrography recognised all the world over as one of the most important branches of geological science, to see appearing year by year an enormous mass of literature devoted to this branch of science, and to be himself hailed by the geologists of all lands as the pioneer in this new and fruitful field of scientific research.
II.—The Old Red Sandstone of Forfarshire, Upper and Lower
Authors: Hickling George
Published: May 2009

The Lower Old Red Sandstone of Forfar and Kincardine is upwards of 14,000 feet in thickness. No indication of a base or natural top is seen in the district. The characteristic fossils of this series have all been obtained from its middle beds within a vertical range of less than 4,000 feet. There is no palæontological evidence of the age of the beds above or below that zone. It is concluded, on physical and palæontological grounds, that the fossiliferous beds of the Orcadian area are really younger than those of Forfarshire, but there is no proof that the higher part of the Forfarshire series was not contemporaneous with the Orcadian deposits.

The folding of the Lower Old Red strata into the syncline and anticline parallel to the Highland boundary fault took place subsequently to the deposition of the whole of those strata. This folding, and denudation to the extent of 8,000 feet over the anticlinal axis, were accomplished after the deposition of the Lower and before the beginning of the Upper Old Red. The surface on which the Upper Old Red rests, in Forfarshire, is broadly horizontal, but very uneven—evidently an old land-surface.
I.—Sedgwick Museum Notes: New Fossils from the Haverford-west District. VIII
Authors: Reed F. R. Cowper
Published: May 2009

Head-shield broadly semicircular, gently convex; posterior margin nearly straight; middle shield projecting slightly in front of cheeks, and rather bent down. Glabella subquadrate, length slightly greater than width, front truncate, nearly parallel-sided, widening a little anteriorly to maximum across first lateral lobes, moderately convex from side to side, rising gradually in height from back to front, where it is somewhat swollen and slightly overhangs anterior margin of headshield; sides marked with three pairs of regular, subparallel, subequal, and nearly equidistant, strong lateral furrows; anterior pair nearly straight, directed a little obliquely backwards, and extending inwards for about one-third the width of the glabella, situated far forward at about one-fourth the length of the glabella, and a little in front of the point of junction of the axial and marginal furrows; frontal lobe short, broad; second pair of lateral furrows nearly straight, arising a little in front of middle of glabella, running in wards parallel to first pair, but a little longer; first lateral lobes with parallel sides; third or basal pair of furrows with inner portion curved back, but not reaching occipital furrow; second lateral lobes of same length along axial furrow as first pair; basal lobes subrhomboidal, rather less than one-third the width of the glabella. Occipital furrow strong, arched forward slightly in middle and at sides. Occipital ring rounded, rather narrow, a little wider in middle. Surface of glabella and occipital ring ornamented with rather coarse tubercles, with smaller ones interspersed. Axial furrows strong, straight, meeting marginal furrows at right angles a little behind first lateral furrows of glabella.
II.—On two new Gasteropods (Hipponyx blackmorei and H. dibleyi) from the White Chalk
Authors: Sherborn C. Davies
Published: May 2009

Some years ago Dr. H. P. Blackmore called my attention to some fragmentary remains of shell on Echinoids which he had found in the Salisbury district. These he regarded as belonging to Hipponyx. The true relationship of these fragments could not, however, be considered certain until Mr. Dibley found the almost perfect example seen in Fig. 1. Dr. Blackmore's finds are recorded in the list of fossils in the “Cretaceous Rocks of England” (Mem. Geol. Survey), iii, p. 473, as “Salisbury,” but I have not discovered what form is there referred to under the localities of “East Kent” and “Margate.”
VI.—On the Low-Water Channels in Rivers and Estuaries
Authors: Ellis T. S.
Published: May 2009

A Critic of my paper on “The Winding of Rivers” writes to me that I and others “do not take into account the nature of the soil traversed by a stream,” which “must materially affect its course.” Let me call attention to the two figures (117 and 118) on p. 499, vol. i, of Sir A. Geikie's Text Book of Geology, ed. 1903. The one is entitled “ Meandering course of a Brook,” and resembles that which is often seen in meadows. The other represents the “Winding of the Gorge of the Mozelle above Cochem.” There is no essential difference between them. Without knowledge of the scale I could not say that either had been formed in alluvium and not in hard rock. Both are based on the same principle; each is an adaptation, evolved from a more extended network of streams, formed to meet the requirements of the area to be drained. Lateral streams, even though they do not now exist—the growth of turf or of timber may have rendered them unnecessary—have united with that line in the network best adapted both for the longitudinal and the lateral drainage. In detail this may differ; in principle it is always the same.
I.—Mastodon in the Pleistocene of South Africa
Authors: Beck Richard
Published: May 2009

Last Summer, when I travelled in South Africa with the British Association, I examined the diamantiferous gravels on the Vaal River near Kimberley. During this visit Mr. Krumbelt, apothecary in Barkly West, had the kindness to give me three fossil teeth which he had found in the local gravels. Nos. 1 and 2 were obtained from the so-called breakwater workings of the river-side, while No. 3 was found in the Waldeck Plant in the higher terrace of gravels at an elevation of 60 to 80 feet. The state of preservation of all these teeth is that of real fossil remains.
VI.—Further Notes on the Stratigraphy and Fauna of the Trimmingham Chalk
Authors: Brydone R. M.
Published: May 2009

Downwashed sand and mud much obscured the section, but the clay appeared to be definitely continuous, while the chalk might be continuous under the mask of mud, but did not seem likely to be so. The section suggested very strongly a flat sheet of clay pushed at a level some way below the beach against a backward sloping and then overarching surface (e.g. the side of a cave), which it had followed until doubled back upon itself.
IV.—Wells of the North-Eastern Sudan
Authors: Grabham G. W.
Published: May 2009

The necessity of providing a water supply for the town and harbour of Port Sudan has led to an investigation of the district, and some interesting water analyses, relating both to the Valley Fill and to the Maritime Plain, have been made. Through the kindness of Capt. Kennedy, R.E., Director of Public Works, and of Dr. Balfour, Director of the Wellcome Research Laboratories, I am able to quote some of them. The analyses are given on p. 318 and have been made, as indicated, either at the Chemical Research Laboratory, Khartoum, in charge of Dr. Beam (W.R.L., Khartoum), or by Mr. Lucas, Superintendent of the Egyptian Survey Department Laboratory, Cairo (S.D.L., Cairo). A rough map of the district (Fig. 2) shows the positions of the localities from which the samples were obtained.
II.—Two Occurrences of Radiolarians in English Cretaceous Rocks
Authors: Grimes George E.
Published: May 2009

The opinion that fossil Radiolarians were entirely limited to Tertiary strata prevailed until a comparatively late period. Prof. Ernst Haeckel, in his monograph on the Radiolaria, published in 1862, says “that the Radiolarians made their appearance for the first time during the Tertiary period”; and Ehrenberg, as late as 1875, defined all the Polycystina-bearing rocks as Tertiary.
III.—Notes on “The Great Ice Age” in Relation to the Question of Submergence
Authors: Bell Dugald
Published: May 2009

“Even if marine life had been prolific, and the old sea-bottom more or less well covered with sedimentary deposits, it does not follow,” says Dr. Geikie, “that the Boulder-clay of the succeeding mer de glace should now contain any shells” (p. 141).
IV.—On the Effect of the Glacial Period in Changing the Underground Temperature Gradient
Authors: Davison Charles
Published: May 2009

In his recent work on “Controverted Questions of Geology” (p. 159), Professor Prestwich remarks that the intense cold of the Glacial period may still be perceptible in the underground temperature gradient; that “to a certain depth the rate of cooling is now abnormally slow, owing to the excessive refrigeration the crust then underwent.” The suggestion is a valuable one, and I propose to test it in the present paper by estimating roughly the change which the temperature gradient may have experienced since the close of the Glacial period.
I.—Observations on Some of the Foraminifera of the Oceanic Rocks of Trinidad
Authors: Lechmere Guppy R. J.
Published: May 2009

The Oceanic beds of Naparima, in Trinidad, contain numerous forms of Foraminifera of great interest, and I propose to make some observations on a few of them These rocks and their contents were described by me in the Journal of the Geological Society of London, 1892 (vol. Xlvii, p. 519). Messrs. Jukes-Browne and Harrison treated of the same subject in the same journal in 1899 (vol. lv, p. 177), and I have given further particulars in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society, 1894 (p. 647), in the Proceedings of the Trinidad Field-Naturalists Club, 1893, and in the GEOLOGICAL MAGAZINE, 1900, p. 322. A few further observations are published in the Proceedings of the Victoria Institue.
VII.—The Zoning, of the Culm in South Germany
Authors: Parkinson J. H.
Published: May 2009

It has been suggested to me that a brief résumé of an illustrated article published last year in the Zeitschrift der deutschen geologischen Gesellschaft might be of general interest. The article in question embodies a piece of research work undertaken at the instance and under the direction of Professor Kayser, of Marburg, who during the Summer of 1900 observed in the neighbourhood of Königsberg, not far from Giessen, a bed of rock differing palæontologically and petrographically from the surrounding Culm slate. The rock, a slaty breccia with a considerable limestone content, furnished even on cursory examination a fauna deviating considerably from that generally associated with the Culm. Type-fossils of the Posidonia Slates (the “Culm of Herborn”), such as Posidonia Becheri, Orthoceras striolatum, and Goniatites crenistria, were not met with, but on the other hand Crinoid stems together with fragments of large Producti and of Trilobites of the genua Phillipsia appeared plentiful.
III.—On The Homotaxial Equivalents of the Lower Culm of North Devonshire
Authors: Hind Wheelton
Published: May 2009

In the paper on the Pendleside group at Pendle Hill, Q.J.G.S., vol. lvii, p. 377, I said, “The further facts of the distribution of Glyphioceras spirale and Posidonomya Becheri set forth in the fore-going pages open up the wide question of the age of the Culm beds of Devon and Germany.” Since then I have had the great advantage of examining suites of fossils from the Lower Culm of Devonshire, collected by Mr. Hamling, of Barnstaple, and Mr. Coom´rasw´my, from the Coddon Hill Beds and other localities in North Devon. I was so interested in the fossils that I found it necessary to go down and examine the beds in which they occurred, and Mr. Hamling gave me the inestimable advantage of his guidance. In this way we examined the Lower Culm and the underlying Pilton Beds in detail from West Leigh to Fremington, and the so-called Middle Culm of Bideford and other places. I was able to see the Hall collection of fossils at Barnstaple, and again to renew my acquaintance with Mr. Hamling's collection. This visit to Devonshire, it seems to me, was fortunately planned after a visit last Summer to the Devono-Carbonif'erous succession in the south-west of Ireland, and a study of the fauna in the collection of the Geological Survey at Dublin and in the Museum of Queen's College, Cork.
I.—Eminent Living Geologists:
Authors: Hudleston Wilfrid Hudleston
Published: May 2009

Geology is a science which owes, not only its inception, but its continued existence largely to its non-professional disciples and lovers. In fact, of the two classes existing at the present time, the ‘amateur’ and the ‘professional,’ it would by no means be difficult to show that the former gave birth to. the latter, and that some of the best living professional geologists have been recruited from the ranks of the amateur class. To a small band of early amateurs we are indebted for the foundation alike of the Geological Society and the Geological Survey in this country.
II.—Note on a Palæozoic Cypridina from Canada
Authors: Joxes T. Rupert
Published: May 2009

In the Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. VII, vol. i (1898), pp. 333–334, pi. xxvii, a numerous series of fossil Ostracoda, with bivalved carapaces, having more or less resemblance to those of Cypridina, were described and figured. The specimens selected had been collected by various observers in different regions; and comprised two from the Tertiary of France, two from the Cretaceous of Belgium, one from the Permian of Durham, seven from the Carboniferous of Britain, three from the Devonian of Devon, three from the Upper Silurian and two from the Lower Silurian (Ordovician) of distant regions. References were made to several allied Palæozoic forms; and one other species from the Carboniferous of North America (Ulrich) and two from the Upper Silurian of Scania (Moberg) ought to have been mentioned.
III.—Note on a Small Anticline in the Geeat Oolite Series at Clapham, North of Bedford
Authors: Woodward Horace B.
Published: May 2009

In the broad Alluvial tract which borders the Ouse between Oakley and Clapham, north of Bedford, there is a gravel-pit in which a small anticline of the Great Oolite was abruptly encountered amidst the regularly stratified river-deposits. The pit is situated immediately north of the Oakley road and east of the Midland Railway.
VI.—Note on a Pillow-Lava Apparently Forming a Continuous Horizon From Mullion Island to Gorran Haven in Cornwall
Authors: Prior G. T.
Published: May 2009

The basalt of Mullion Island, with the intercalated radiolarian chert, is well known from the descriptions of Teall and Howard Fox.1 It is a fine-grained minutely vesicular basalt, consisting mainly of radiating felspar laths and interstitial pale purplish-brown augite, and occurring in peculiar pillowy or bale-like masses. Owing to this curious structure and its intercalation with the chert the basalt is considered to be a submarine lava.
V.—Note on two Cephalopods Obtained by Lieut.-Col. Skinner, R.A.M.C., from the Valley of the Tochi River on the North-West Frontier of India
Authors: Crick G. C.
Published: May 2009

The valley of the Tochi River is an outlying corner of the British Empire in India forming a portion of Waziristan, the boundary of which was delineated in 1894–5 by an Anglo-Afghan Commission from the Afghan provinces of Khost on the north and Birmul on the west. Mr. F. H. Smith, of the Geological Survey of India, accompanied this Commission as geologist, and his observations “On the Geology of the Tochi Valley” were published in 1895 in the “Records of the Geological Survey of India” (vol. xxxviii, pt. 3, pp. 106–110, pl. iii). On p. 109 he says:—“The range of hills between Idak and Mirán Shah is formed by an anticlinal ridge which approximately strikes north and south, and which is composed of these lower eocene beds. In the core of the anticlinal a considerable thickness of massive dark grey limestone is exposed, in which I could find no fossil remains; the age of this limestone is therefore doubtful, and there is no evidence of any kind to show whether it belongs to the lowest tertiary or upper mesozoic age.”
VI.—The Dolomites of Eastern Iowa
Authors: Knight Nicholas
Published: May 2009

The experimental work of this investigation was done by Grace D. Bradshaw in the chemical laboratory of Cornell College. The purpose was to determine whether the silica exists in a free condition or is in the form of a silicate; also to ascertain whether the iron is in the ferrous condition as carbonate or is in the form of ferric oxide. The rocks abound in many parts of Iowa, and belong to the Niagara formation. The stratified character even in a small section is apparent, and the layers differ somewhat in composition, as shown by the varying amounts of iron visible in different portions. The rocks are used as building stone to manufacture quicklime and in MacAdam paving.
VIII.—The High-Level Plateau Gravels on the North Side of the Tamisian Area, and their Connexion with the Tertiary History of Central England
Authors: Irving Alexander
Published: May 2009

The author refers to his work in former years among the High-level Plateau Gravels south of the Thames, chiefly in Berks and Surrey, the results of which were given in various papers from ten to twenty years ago.6 The present note may serve as a supplement to those papers, in which the conclusion was arrived at that the gravels in question were to be regarded as distinctly of riverine origin and, upon the whole, of Pliocene age.
I.—Note on the Gigantic Land Tortoise (Testudo Ammon, Andrews), from the Upper Eocene of Egypt
Authors: Andrews C. W.
Published: May 2009

In the course of his excavations in the Upper Eocene beds of the Fayûm during the early part of 1902, Mr. H. J. L. Beadnell unearthed a remarkably fine shell of a very large species of Testudo. A brief description of this specimen was afterwards published in Cairo by the present writer, and it was made the type of a new species, Testudo Ammon. At the same time Mr. Beadnell gave a short account of the beds in which it was found, and of the methods employed by him for its preservation and transport to the Museum in Cairo.
I.—The Kishon and Jordan Valleys
Authors: Bonney T. G.
Published: May 2009

That broad trench through the Palestine Highlands, an ancient highway and battlefield of nations—the plain of Esdraelon or the valley of Megiddo, together with the plain of Acre—has for long presented to me a difficult problem in Physical Geology, for it seemed inexplicable by subaerial denudation under existing conditions. Its floor varies roughly from five to eight miles in breadth; running approximately from south-east to north-west, it is bounded on the more western side by the limestone mountains of Samaria and on the more eastern by those of Galilee. The former descend from the ridge of Carmel (1,742 feet at highest) with a fairly steep escarpment, which becomes a little less regular as we follow it to the bastion-mass of Mount Gilboa; the latter correspond in their general outlines with those of the eastern portion of Samaria, but the advance of a lower spur towards the south-west divides the plain of Esdraelon from that of Acre, by a kind of strait in which, so far as I could see, there is but little level ground on either side of the Kishon. This spur, however, of the northern hills, hardly does more than interrupt the floor of the Kishon valley, for above it the great trench is continued between two hill masses, much of these ranging from thirteen to sixteen hundred feet above sea-level. Beyond the strait the upper basin (plain of Esdraelon) quickly broadens out, extending towards the south-east for about fifteen or sixteen miles, where it is divided into two arms by Jebel Duhy (Little Hermon) (1,690 feet), which is thus isolated from Tabor (1,846 feet) on the north, and from Gilboa (1,698 feet) on the south; a broad, rather shallow, grassy valley descending from the last-named mass to lose itself in the plain.
VI.—On the Occurrence of Lower Miocene Beds between Cairo and Suez
Authors: Barron T.
Published: May 2009

It is remarkable that in this district so accessible to geologists and visited by so many observers, the presence of these beds has not hitherto been noted. When it is understood that the point where the main area occurs is only between 8 and 9 kilometres from Cairo, and lies immediately to the north of the Petrified Forest—a place visited by nearly all the travellers who come to Cairo—one is apt to doubt whether geologists have ever seriously examined this district.
II.—Notes on the Structure and Physiography of the Tarntal Mass
Authors: Young Alfred P.
Published: May 2009

The mountain mass known as the Tarntaler Köpfe, situated about 20 kilometres south-east of Innsbruck, is distinctly isolated from other high ground in the vicinity. The peaks rise to heights approaching 2900 metres above sea-level. The geologic features above the level of 2000 metres are of special interest. The adjacent country is occupied by crystalline phyllites, chiefly displayed on the north, and highly foliated calcareous schists developed mostly on the south of the mountain.
V.—On some Fossils from the Nubian Sandstone Series of Egypt
Authors: Newton R. Bullen
Published: May 2009

Dr. W. F. Hume, Superinendent of the Geological Survey of Egypt has recently sent to the Geological Department of the British Museum, for determination and report, a few Pelecypod shells of fluviatile origin, directly associated with the marine genus Galeolaria, which he, in company with his colleagues Messrs. Crosthwaite and Murray, lately discovered in the ferruginous beds of the Nubian Sandstone Series of Southern Egypt.
III.—Spirorbis - Limestones in the ‘Permian’ of the South Staffordshire and Warwickshire Coal-fields
Authors: Cantrill T. C.
Published: May 2009

A period of nearly forty years has now elapsed since several bands of Spirorbis-limestone were met with in the so-called Lower Permian rocks of the South Staffordshire Coal-field during the sinking of the Sandwell Park and Hamstead pits in the neighbourhood of West Bromwich. From the published accounts of those sinkings, in the first case by Mr. Henry Johnson, and in the second by Messrs. Meachem and Insley and Dr. Robert Kidston, Spirorbis-limestones appear to have been found at 206 feet above the base of the ‘Permian’ at Sandwell, and at 329 and 795 feet respectively at Hamstead.
V.—The Recent Geological History of the Baltic. Part I: the Litorina Sea
Authors: Howorth Sir H. H.
Published: May 2009

The recent history of the Baltic involves problems of great interest and importance, and promises to afford considerable help in solving the mysteries of the later geological changes in Western Europe. It is therefore worth a closer study than has been extended to it in this country. Perhaps I may be permitted to condense in the Geological Magazine what has been written about it in late years by the Scandinavian geologists, and to add some inferences of my own. I am especially indebted to De Geers and Munthe, the latter of whom has written quite an ideal monograph on one section of the story in the Bulletin of the Geological Institution of the University of Upsala, vol. ii.
VI.—Some Examples of Jointing in Chalk
Authors: Epps Claude H. B.
Published: May 2009

The structures described in this note occur in a large chalk-pit close to Hensting Farm, by Owlesbury, near Winchester. The east face is vertical, about forty feet high; near the bottom, along a well-marked bed of the Chalk, some deposits of gravel and clay are exposed at varying distances from each other; three of these are small, two rather larger. On the south face there is a similar deposit near the top of the pit, but this is inaccessible, and no special structure can be seen in the surrounding Chalk owing to its conversion into subsoil.
VIII.—On the Relation of the Sands and Clays of Dorset and Hants to Those of Bovey Tracey
Authors: Fisher O.
Published: May 2009

I Have read with interest Mr. Lowe's articlel on Devonshire geology, in which he discusses the question whether the Bovey beds are Miocene or Eocene, and what may be their relation to the Hampshire and Dorsetshire Lower Bagshots.

In former years I have had some acquaintance with the Hants and Dorset beds, and I have seen the Bovey deposit and was struck with their similarity. I am much impressed with the weight of Mr. Lowe's objection that the enormous amount of detritus represented by the sands and clays extending from Bournemouth—or we may even say from Whitecliff Bay, I.W.—to Bovey can hardly have been derived from so small an area as Dartmoor.
II.—Notes on Fossil Plants from the Witteberg Series of Cape Colony
Authors: Seward A. C.
Published: May 2009

The specimens described below were sent to me for examination by Professor Schwarz from the Albany Museum, Grahamstown; they were collected from a thin seam of shale in the Grahamstown district in the Witteberg Series. This series, so named from the Wittebergen in the south of the Karroo, consists of a group of shales, sandstones, and quartzites, which are placed at the summit of the Cape Series below the plant-bearing and glacial beds of the Lower Karroo system. The Witteberg Series have afforded a very few fossils; these include imperfectly preserved fragments of Lepidodendroid plants and an abundance of the fossil known as Spirophyton, referred by some authors to the vegetable kingdom and by others regarded as probably inorganic.