bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Combining magnetoencephalography with magnetic resonance imaging enhances learning of surrogate-biomarkers
Authors: Engemann Denis A , Kozynets Oleh , Sabbagh David , Lemaître Guillaume , Varoquaux Gael , Liem Franziskus , Gramfort Alexandre
Published: May 2020

Electrophysiological methods, that is M/EEG, provide unique views into brain health. Yet, when building predictive models from brain data, it is often unclear how electrophysiology should be combined with other neuroimaging methods. Information can be redundant, useful common representations of multimodal data may not be obvious and multimodal data collection can be medically contraindicated, which reduces applicability. Here, we propose a multimodal model to robustly combine MEG, MRI and fMRI for prediction. We focus on age prediction as a surrogate biomarker in 674 subjects from the Cam-CAN dataset. Strikingly, MEG, fMRI and MRI showed additive effects supporting distinct brain-behavior associations. Moreover, the contribution of MEG was best explained by cortical power spectra between 8 and 30 Hz. Finally, we demonstrate that the model preserves benefits of stacking when some data is missing. The proposed framework, hence, enables multimodal learning for a wide range of biomarkers from diverse types of brain signals.
SpikeForest, reproducible web-facing ground-truth validation of automated neural spike sorters
Authors: Magland Jeremy , Jun James J , Lovero Elizabeth , Morley Alexander J , Hurwitz Cole Lincoln , Buccino Alessio Paolo , Garcia Samuel , Barnett Alex H
Published: May 2020

Spike sorting is a crucial step in electrophysiological studies of neuronal activity. While many spike sorting packages are available, there is little consensus about which are most accurate under different experimental conditions. SpikeForest is an open-source and reproducible software suite that benchmarks the performance of automated spike sorting algorithms across an extensive, curated database of ground-truth electrophysiological recordings, displaying results interactively on a continuously-updating website. With contributions from eleven laboratories, our database currently comprises 650 recordings (1.3 TB total size) with around 35,000 ground-truth units. These data include paired intracellular/extracellular recordings and state-of-the-art simulated recordings. Ten of the most popular spike sorting codes are wrapped in a Python package and evaluated on a compute cluster using an automated pipeline. SpikeForest documents community progress in automated spike sorting, and guides neuroscientists to an optimal choice of sorter and parameters for a wide range of probes and brain regions.
Exploration of Propensity for Using Acrolect in Code-switching among the Youths of Bangladesh: A Psychological Study of Bilingualism
Authors: Hasan Neloy Md. Nahid , Sarkar Dipak Kumar
Published: May 2020

This paper aims to uncover the phenomenon of Code-switching and the motivation behind the propensity of using acrolect in code-switching among the youths of Bangladesh. In comparison to the past, switching code has become an ecumenical term of Bilingualism in this world. Countries like Bangladesh where English has been taught or used as a foreign language, people often switch the code from Bengali to English or English to Bengali. The tendency of switching code is seen mostly in the youths and young professionals in Bangladesh. Moreover, it is seen the inclination of preferring acrolect while switching the code. The paper analyzes how the youths and young professionals can safely adapt code-switching and make a positive impression on it. The study consists of both qualitative and quantitative approaches. To analyze the nature and factors of code-switching, the paper takes help from different sources and some surveys and questionnaires are completed for empirical data collection. To answer the questions, it is compared to the answers of some students and teachers from Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science & Technology University, Dinajpur and other reputed universities in Bangladesh as well. The paper will trace the role of switching code and its consequences on Bangladeshi youngsters. And the findings can be used in Sociolinguistic ground to expand the nature and scope of code-switching. The result shows an unleashing effect of code-switching and the positive and negative attitude towards code-switching. The results answer how acrolect dominates over a speaker while switching the code and it also answers regarding the correlation between proximity to code-switching and psychology of the youths.
The ability of oriental magpies (Pica serica) to solve baited multiple-string problems
Authors: Wang Lin , Guo Jinxin , Tian Heng jiu , Sui Jinling
Published: May 2020

Background

Baited multiple-string problems are commonly used in avian laboratory studies to evaluate complex cognition. Several bird species possess the ability to use a string pull for obtaining food.

Methods

We initially tested and trained 11 magpies to determine whether the oriental magpie (Pica sericia) possesses the ability to solve baited multiple-string problems. Eight of the birds obtained the bait by pulling, and were selected for formal multiple-string tasks in the second stage. Second stage tests were divided into seven tasks based on string configurations.

Results

Only two magpies were able to solve two tasks: one solved the task of parallel strings, and the other solved the task of slanted strings with the bait farther from the middle point between the two strings and selected the short string in the task of long-short strings. When faced with more difficult tasks (i.e., the task of slanted strings with the bait closer to the middle point between the two strings, the task with two crossing strings, and the task of continuity and discontinuity), the birds initially observed the tasks and chose instead to adopt simpler strategies based on the proximity principle, side bias strategies and trial-and-error learning. Our results indicate that the oriental magpie had a partial understanding of the principle of multiple-string problems but adopted simpler strategies.
Antibacterial Effects of Newbouldia laevis {P. BEAUV} on the Bacteria Isolated from the Blood of Hepatitis C Virus Positive Individuals
Authors: Akande E. B. , Oladejo B. O. , Oladunmoye M. K. , Abodunrin T. F.
Published: May 2020

The methanol, chloroform and aqueous leaf extracts of Newbouldia laevis Were obtained using cold extraction method. Phytochemical screening {qualitative} of the extracts was investigated and the inhibitory activity of extracts against the isolates were assayed by agar well diffusion technique. The concentrations were varied from 100 mg/ml to 400 mg/ml and zones of inhibition at every concentration were recorded. The bacterial isolates including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Streptococcus pnuemoniae and Salmonella sp. The extracts revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, terpenes, alkanoids, phenolics, saponins and cardiac glycosides with exception of chloroform extract that revealed the presence of alkanoids, saponins and tannins only. Antibacterial activity revealed that methanol extract had the highest potency with 23.03±0.33e mm, followed by aqueous extract with 21.75±0.22d mm zones of inhibition against S. aureus, and the chloroform extract had the highest activity of 16.0±0.59d mm zone of inhibition against Salmonella sp. while aqueous extract had the least zone of inhibition against P. mirabilis with 10.07±0.67a mm on isolates. All the extracts, irrespective of the extracting solvents had a minimum inhibitory concentrations {MIC} range of 6.25 – 50 mg/ml and minimum bactericidal concentrations {MBC} range of 12.5 – 100 mg/ml. Findings from this research shows that N. laevis has high antibacterial potency against pathogens in blood even in comparison with some conventional antibiotics used.
Clinico-histopathological Assessment of Patients Undergoing Thyroidectomy
Authors: Behan Rasool Bux , Mohammed Agha Taj , Rasool Bilal , Laghari Mujeeb-Ur-Rehman
Published: May 2020

Objective: To determine the clinical presentation and histopathological evaluation of patients undergoing thyroidectomies at tertiary care Hospital.

Methodology: This cross-sectional study was done at department of general surgery of LUMHS/Jamshoro. Duration of the study was 1 year from October 2017 to September 2018. All the cases with a diagnosis of thyroid disorder and underwent thyroidectomy were selected and above 25 years of the age were included. All the surgeries were carried out by senior surgeons along with the cooperation of the ENT surgeons. After surgeries specimens of all the cases were sent to the diagnostic laboratory for the histological assessment. Data was collected via self-made proforma.

Results: Of 58 patients majority i.e. 43.10% were found with age group of 35-44 years. Females found in the majority 63.80%. The swelling was noted among all of the cases, followed by pain, difficulty in swallowing, difficulty in breathing and

others 8.62%, 10.34%, 20.68% and 25.68% respectively. Adenomatous goiter was the most common histopathological finding in 82.75% cases, papillary carcinoma was found 8.62%, follicular carcinoma was only in one case and anaplastic carcinoma was also in 1 case.

Conclusion: Swelling, difficulty in swallowing and difficulty in breathing were the most common clinical features. Adenomatous goiter was the most common histological finding and papillary carcinoma was the commonest malignancy.
Phase Stability, Magnetic Properties, and Martensitic Transformations in Co‐Based Heusler Alloys
Authors: Umetsu Rie Y. , Xu Xiao , Kainuma Ryosuke
Published: May 2020

The phase stability, magnetic properties, electronic state, and martensitic transformation appearing in the
L
2
1
‐type ordered phase of Co‐based Heusler alloys are reviewed. Critical temperatures of the
L
2
1
/
B
2 order–disorder transition in stoichiometric Co
2
YZ
(
Y
 = Ti, V, Cr, Mn, and Fe) alloys were experimentally estimated, and the degrees of order of the
L
2
1
structure in stoichiometric Co
2
Y
Ga alloys quenched from an elevated temperature were evaluated by powder neutron diffraction. All the experimental data are fundamentally consistent with the theoretical results based on the Bragg–Williams–Gorsky (BWG) approximation. The magnetic properties and electronic state for the stoichiometric Co
2
Y
Ga alloys are briefly reviewed, and the concept of high‐field magnetic susceptibility, which is correlated to the characteristic feature of the density of states in the half‐metallic ferromagnets, is introduced. Martensitic transformations appearing in the nonstoichiometric Co‐based Heusler alloys are also presented and the phase stability is reviewed. In particular, the reentrant martensitic transformation in Co
2
Cr (Ga, Si) alloys is introduced together with some unique properties, such as cooling‐induced shape memory effect and inverse temperature dependence of the critical stress in the stress‐induced transformation.
Jury simulation studies: To exclude or not to exclude participants based on a lack of comprehension of the case?
Authors: Cullen Hayley J. , Monds Lauren A.
Published: May 2020

Jury simulation research has been the subject of longstanding criticism in regards to ecological validity. One additional factor that has received little attention that may also impact the generalizability of this research relates to excluding participants based on their memory of, or their attention paid to, the case. In order to determine how common this exclusion is, the authors conducted a scoping review of jury simulation studies within the last 10 years across three major legal psychology journals. The review revealed variability in if and how studies excluded on the basis of poor attention or for failing manipulation or general memory checks. In addition, studies that did exclude on this basis varied greatly in the proportion of the sample that was excluded. Recommendations are provided in order to assist jury researchers in future with how best to manage exclusions on the basis of juror memory and attention.
Basal Plane Hydrogen Evolution Activity from Mixed Metal Nitride MXenes Measured by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy
Authors: Djire Abdoulaye , Wang Xiang , Xiao Chuanxiao , Nwamba O. Charles , Mirkin Michael V. , Neale Nathan R.
Published: May 2020

2D early transition metal carbide and nitride MXenes have intriguing properties for electrochemical energy storage and electrocatalysis. These properties can be manipulated by modifying the basal plane chemistry. Here, mixed transition metal nitride MXenes, M‐Ti4N3Tx (M = V, Cr, Mo, or Mn; Tx = O and/or OH), are developed by modifying pristine exfoliated Ti4N3Tx MXene with V, Cr, Mo, and Mn salts using a simple solution‐based method. The resulting mixed transition metal nitride MXenes contain 6–51% metal loading (cf. Ti) that exhibit rich electrochemistry including highly tunable hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalytic activity in a 0.5 m H2SO4 electrolyte as follows: V‐Ti4N3Tx > Cr‐Ti4N3Tx > Mo‐Ti4N3Tx > Mn‐Ti4N3Tx > pristine Ti4N3Tx with overpotentials as low as 330 mV at −10 mA cm−2 with a charge‐transfer resistance of 70 Ω. Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) reveals the electrochemical activity of individual MXene flakes. The SECM data corroborate the bulk HER activity trend for M‐Ti4N3Tx as well as provide the first experimental evidence that HER results from catalysis on the MXene basal plane. These electrocatalytic results demonstrate a new pathway to tune the electrochemical properties of MXenes for water splitting and related electrochemical applications.
Biodegradable Polymers as the Pivotal Player in the Design of Tissue Engineering Scaffolds
Authors: Zhang Fan , King Martin W.
Published: May 2020

Biodegradable polymers play a pivotal role in in situ tissue engineering. Utilizing various technologies, researchers have been able to fabricate 3D tissue engineering scaffolds using biodegradable polymers. They serve as temporary templates, providing physical and biochemical signals to the cells and determining the successful outcome of tissue remodeling. Furthermore, a biodegradable scaffold also presents the fourth dimension for tissue engineering, namely time. The properties of the biodegradable polymer change over time, presenting continuously changing features during the degradation process. These changes become more complicated when different materials are combined together to fabricate a composite or heterogeneous scaffold. This review undertakes a systematic analysis of the basic characteristics of biodegradable polymers and describe recent advances in making composite biodegradable scaffolds for in situ tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. The interaction between implanted biodegradable biomaterials and the in vivo environment are also discussed, including the properties and functional changes of the degradable scaffold, the local effect of degradation on the contiguous tissue and their evaluation using both in vitro and in vivo models.
Modulating the Selectivity and Stealth Properties of Ellipsoidal Polymersomes through a Multivalent Peptide Ligand Display
Authors: Tjandra Kristel C. , Forest Chelsea R. , Wong Chin Ken , Alcantara Sheilajen , Kelly Hannah G. , Ju Yi , Stenzel Martina H. , McCarroll Joshua A. , Kavallaris Maria , Caruso Frank , Kent Stephen J. , Thordarson Pall
Published: May 2020

There is a need for improved nanomaterials to simultaneously target cancer cells and avoid non‐specific clearance by phagocytes. An ellipsoidal polymersome system is developed with a unique tunable size and shape property. These particles are functionalized with in‐house phage‐display cell‐targeting peptide to target a medulloblastoma cell line in vitro. Particle association with medulloblastoma cells is modulated by tuning the peptide ligand density on the particles. These polymersomes has low levels of association with primary human blood phagocytes. The stealth properties of the polymersomes are further improved by including the peptide targeting moiety, an effect that is likely driven by the peptide protecting the particles from binding blood plasma proteins. Overall, this ellipsoidal polymersome system provides a promising platform to explore tumor cell targeting in vivo.
Atomic Engineering Catalyzed MnO2 Electrolysis Kinetics for a Hybrid Aqueous Battery with High Power and Energy Density
Authors: Chao Dongliang , Ye Chao , Xie Fangxi , Zhou Wanhai , Zhang Qinghua , Gu Qinfen , Davey Kenneth , Gu Lin , Qiao Shi‐Zhang
Published: May 2020

Research interest and achievements in zinc aqueous batteries, such as alkaline Zn//Mn, Zn//Ni/Co, Zn–air batteries, and near‐neutral Zn‐ion and hybrid ion batteries, have surged throughout the world due to their features of low‐cost and high‐safety. However, practical application of Zn‐based secondary batteries is plagued by restrictive energy and power densities in which an inadequate output plateau voltage and sluggish kinetics are mutually accountable. Here, a novel paradigm high‐rate and high‐voltage Zn–Mn hybrid aqueous battery (HAB) is constructed with an expanded electrochemical stability window over 3.4 V that is affordable. As a proof of concept, catalyzed MnO2/Mn2+ electrolysis kinetics is demonstrated in the HAB via facile introduction of Ni2+ into the electrolyte. Various techniques are employed, including in situ synchrotron X‐ray powder diffraction, ex situ X‐ray absorption fine structure, and electron energy loss spectroscopy, to reveal the reversible charge‐storage mechanism and the origin of the boosted rate‐capability. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal enhanced active electron states and charge delocalization after introducing strongly electronegative Ni. Simulations of the reaction pathways confirm the enhanced catalyzed electrolysis kinetics by the facilitated charge transfer at the active O sites around Ni dopants. These findings significantly advance aqueous batteries a step closer toward practical low‐cost application.
Optical Nanoscale Thermometry: From Fundamental Mechanisms to Emerging Practical Applications
Authors: Bradac Carlo , Lim Shuang Fang , Chang Huan‐Cheng , Aharonovich Igor
Published: May 2020

Knowledge of temperature and temperature gradients with nanoscale resolution is critical for a variety of applications in medicine, nanoelectronics, biology, and solid‐state‐based devices. The number of existing nanothermometry techniques is remarkably large, varying for materials, mechanisms, sensitivity, and operating ranges. In this work, a selected group of prominent nanoscale thermosensors is reviewed, which are all‐optical and nanoparticle‐based. Specifically, the focus is on the analysis of their fundamental mechanism to identify absolute, intrinsic capabilities and limitations of each nanothermometry platform. Prominent applications as well as future challenges and opportunities in the field are discussed.
Stabilized Co3+/Co4+ Redox Pair in In Situ Produced CoSe2−x‐Derived Cobalt Oxides for Alkaline Zn Batteries with 10 000‐Cycle Lifespan and 1.9‐V Voltage Plateau
Authors: Tang Yongchao , Li Xuejin , Lv Haiming , Xie Dong , Wang Wenlong , Zhi Chunyi , Li Hongfei
Published: May 2020

In aqueous alkaline Zn batteries (AZBs), the Co3+/Co4+ redox pair offers a higher voltage plateau than its Co2+/Co3+ counterpart. However, related studies are scarce, due to two challenges: the Co3+/Co4+ redox pair is more difficult to activate than Co2+/Co3+; once activated, the Co3+/Co4+ redox pair is unstable, owing to the rapid reduction of surplus Co3+ to Co2+. Herein, CoSe2−x is employed as a cathode material in AZBs. Electrochemical analysis recognizes the principal contributions of the Co3+/Co4+ redox pair to the capacity and voltage plateau. Mechanistic studies reveal that CoSe2−x initially undergoes a phase transformation to derived CoxOySez, which has not been observed in other Zn//cobalt oxide batteries. The Se doping effect is conducive to sustaining abundant and stable Co3+ species in CoxOySez. As a result, the battery achieves a 10 000‐cycle ultralong lifespan with 0.02% cycle−1 capacity decay, a 1.9‐V voltage plateau, and an immense areal specific capacity compared to its low‐valence oxide counterparts. When used in a quasi‐solid‐state electrolyte, as‐assembled AZB delivers 4200 cycles and excellent tailorability, a promising result for wearable applications. The presented effective strategy for obtaining long‐cyclability cathodes via a phase transformation‐induced heteroatom doping effect may promote high‐valence metal species mediation toward highly stable electrodes.
A multi‐isotope, multi‐tissue study of colonial origins and diet in New Zealand
Authors: King Charlotte L. , Buckley Hallie R. , Petchey Peter , Kinaston Rebecca , Millard Andrew , Zech Jana , Roberts Patrick , Matisoo‐Smith Elizabeth , Nowell Geoff , Gröcke Darren R.
Published: May 2020

Objectives

Colonial period New Zealand was lauded as a land of plenty, where colonists could improve their station in life and secure a future for their families. Our understanding of colonial experience, however, is often shaped by historical records which communicate a state‐sponsored version of history. This study aims to reconstruct the lives of settlers using isotopic evidence from the colonial skeletons themselves.

Materials and methods

We use skeletal remains from recently excavated colonial sites in Otago (South Island, New Zealand) to illustrate the information that can be gleaned from the isotopic analysis of individuals. We use 87Sr/86Sr to identify European settlers, and δ13C and δ15N from collagen and hair keratin, as well as dental enamel carbonate δ13C to trace dietary change over their life‐courses.

Results

Strontium isotope analysis shows that all adults in our sample are non‐local. Dietary isotopes show that while most individuals had relatively consistent childhood diet, one individual with more rural origins likely had seasonal use of resources during childhood. While some members of the population seem to have increased their meat intake in the new colony most do not have clear evidence for this.

Discussion

We show the diversity of human experience in first‐generation New Zealanders both prior to emigration and in the new colony. Despite colonial propaganda claiming that circumstances in New Zealand were improved for all settlers, we have little evidence for this, aside from among individuals of potentially high status.
Effective one‐pot synthesis of tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyran derivatives using nickel Schiff‐base complex immobilized on iron oxide nanoparticles
Authors: Maleki Hossein , Rakhtshah Jamshid , Shaabani Behrouz
Published: May 2020

Nickel Schiff‐base complex immobilized on silica‐coated Fe3O4 as a heterogeneous catalyst was designed and characterized by different techniques, such as Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR), X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM), energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX), inductively coupled plasma (ICP) and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET). The synthesized nanocatalyst has been explored as a new and efficient recyclable heterogeneous catalyst for the one‐pot three‐component synthesis of tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyran derivatives. The reaction proceeds smoothly to supply the respective products in excellent yields and low reaction times. The catalyst can be easily recovered by a magnetic field and reused for eight consecutive reaction cycles without significant loss of activity.
An unexpected fluorescent probe for G‐quadruplex DNA based on a nitro‐substituted ruthenium (II) complex
Authors: Liu Xue‐Wen , Liu Ning‐Yi , Deng Yuan‐Qing , Wang Shan , Liu Ting , Tang Yu‐Cai , Chen Yuan‐Dao , Lu Ji‐Lin
Published: May 2020

The detection of G‐quadruplex is of major interest. Nitro‐substituted ruthenium (II) complexes have attracted much attention due to fluorescent sensitivity to environment change. We report here a new nitro‐substituted ruthenium (II) complex, [Ru (phen)2(hnoip)]2+ (1) (hnoip = 2‐(2‐hydroxyl‐5‐nitrophenyl)imidazo[4,5‐f][1,10‐phenanthroline]), which displays distinct fluorescent properties in aqueous solution and non‐aqueous solvents. This complex exhibits large fluorescence enhancement after binding with G‐quadruplex DNA, and displays good fluorescent selectivity over other DNAs. The limit of detection is 6 nm for 22AG in Na+ and 43 nm for 22AG in K+, respectively. The results demonstrated that nitro‐substituted ruthenium (II) complexes can be utilized to design as G‐quadruplex fluorescent probes by protection of the nitro group on the complex from water.
Construction and visible‐light photocatalytic performance of carboxyethyltin/transition metal–functionalized wheel‐like tungstophosphates
Authors: Yu Xiao‐Shu , Cui Hong‐Juan , Wang Qi‐Zhi , Li Jian‐Sheng , Su Fang , Zhang Lan‐Cui , Sang Xiao‐Jing , Zhu Zai‐Ming
Published: May 2020

The wheel‐like tungstophosphate ([P8W48O184]40−, abbreviated as P8W48) reacted with estertin trichloride (Cl3SnRCH3, R = CH2CH2COO) in aqueous solution, resulting in a new wheel‐like polyoxometalate (POM) containing six SnR fragments, formulated as K6Na24[{(SnR(H2O))2(μ‐OH)(μ‐SnR(H2O))}2(P8W48O184)]·59H2O (abbreviated as Sn6‐P8W48). Based on this, the transition metal (TM) was further introduced into the Sn6‐P8W48 system, self‐assembling three other wheel‐like POMs with the general formula KxNayH26 − x − y[{TM(H2O)3(SnR(H2O))2(μ‐OH)(μ‐SnR(H2O))}2(P8W48O184)]·nH2O (abbreviated as TM2‐Sn6‐P8W48, TM = Mn, Co, Ni; x = 0, 1, 2; y = 19, 22, 15; n = 72, 85, 75, respectively). The structures of these new organometal and TM co‐modified compounds were characterized using infrared, UV–Vis. spectroscopy, 119Sn NMR, and powder‐ and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. The estertin precursor hydrolyzed into carboxyethyltin (SnR) fragment in these crystalline POM materials, which can improve their adhesion to titanium dioxide (TiO2). The photocatalytic performance of Sn6‐P8W48, TM2‐Sn6‐P8W48, and their TiO2 composites was examined by studying the degradation of a model dye pollutant Rhodamine B (RhB) under visible‐light irradiation without adding hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and the photocatalytic mechanism was also discussed. The experimental results show that the title compounds exhibit a quicker and better photocatalytic degradation effect on RhB compared with their parent compound, indicating that the introduced organotin groups play a significant role. Moreover, it was found that H2O2 was produced after illumination pretreatment for POM solution, promoting the photocatalytic reaction.
Efficient and green synthesis of dihydropyrimido[4,5‐b]quinolinetriones using MWCNTs@TEPA/Co (II) as a novel and eco‐friendly catalyst
Authors: Saeidiroshan Hakimeh , Moradi Leila
Published: May 2020

A new heterogeneous nanocatalyst [MWCNTs@TEPA/Co (II)] was successfully prepared using multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as a suitable and efficient support for covalent anchoring of tetraethylene pentaamine (TEPA)/Co (II). The new heterogeneous catalyst was prepared through an easy and applicable method, and characterized by various techniques such as Fourier transform‐infrared, thermogravimetric analysis, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, mapping, field emission‐scanning electron microscopy, inductively coupled plasma‐optical emission spectrometry and Brunauer−Emmett−Teller. Synthesized catalyst was used efficiently for the preparation of dihydropyrimido [4,5‐b]quinolinetrione derivatives via the four‐components reaction of barbituric acid, dimedone, aryl aldehyde and amines under thermal conditions. The nanostructure catalyst was easily recovered by filtration and reused several times without noticeable loss of its catalytic activity. Low amounts of catalyst (0.005 g), short reaction times and green conditions are some merits of the presented method.
Liquid biopsy for cancer diagnosis using vibrational spectroscopy: systematic review
Authors: Anderson D J , Anderson R G , Moug S J , Baker M J
Published: May 2020

Background

Vibrational spectroscopy (VS) is a minimally invasive tool for analysing biological material to detect disease. This study aimed to review its application to human blood for cancer diagnosis.

Methods

A systematic review was undertaken using a keyword electronic database search (MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, TRIP and Cochrane Library), with all original English-language manuscripts examining the use of vibrational spectral analysis of human blood for cancer detection. Studies involving fewer than 75 patients in the cancer or control group, animal studies, or where the primary analyte was not blood were excluded.

Results

From 1446 results, six studies (published in 2010–2018) examining brain, bladder, oral, breast, oesophageal and hepatic cancer met the criteria for inclusion, with a total population of 2392 (1316 cancer, 1076 control; 1476 men, 916 women). For cancer detection, reported mean sensitivities in each included study ranged from 79·3 to 98 per cent, with specificities of 82·8–95 per cent and accuracies between 81·1 and 97·1 per cent. Heterogeneity in reporting strategies, methods and outcome measures made meta-analysis inappropriate.

Conclusion

VS shows high potential for cancer diagnosis, but until there is agreement on uniform standard reporting methods and studies with adequate sample size for valid classification models have been performed, its value in clinical practice will remain uncertain.
Flipped jigsaw activity as a small group peer‐assisted teaching learning tool in Biochemistry Department among Indian Medical Graduate: An experimental study
Authors: Uppal Vibha , Uppal Neha
Published: May 2020

Medical council of India has made remarkable modifications in the curriculum of medical students after a long period of more than 20 years with regulations on Graduate Medical Education 1997. Innovative and interactive teaching methods have taken center place in the implementation of the new curriculum nationwide. Small group teaching and problem‐assisted learning have brought a paradigm shift in biochemistry teaching, which was earlier teacher cantered and was taught by only didactic lectures due to which biochemistry was considered a boring and dry subject. The present interventional study was conducted in the Department of Biochemistry, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, Delhi. All the students of MBBS first professional Batch 2018–2019 were enrolled in the present study. After sensitizing the faculty and students regarding jigsaw method of learning, it was undertaken in two different batches on 4 different days, with faculty and senior residents acting as facilitators. The groups were named according to rainbow colors. The topics were taught by power point presentation before the conduction of jigsaw activity that was discussed in form of seven clinical cases. Post jigsaw, a prevalidated feedback questionnaire was filled by the students. The faculty and senior residents gave a constructive feedback via focused group discussion. In our study 100% students opined that teaching and being taught by peers was beneficial in enhancing the in depth knowledge of the topic. Ninety‐two percent students opined jigsaw learning helpful in promoting self‐directed learning in the student, whereas 88.5% students felt that this teaching learning tool to be made a the regular part of the curriculum. Jigsaw groups create many opportunities for creative interchange of ideas and lively and meaningful participations. But due to limitation of time and logistics, it can be used in conjunction with routine methods of learning.
Development and validation of a specific and sensitive liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for determination of tetrodotoxin in human urine and its pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Chen Weizhu , Zhang Yiping , Fang Hua , Chen Hui , He Jianlin , Yi Ruizao , Hong Zhuan
Published: May 2020

Tetrodotoxin (TTX) exhibits the therapeutic potential in blocking pain and in low doses can safely relieve severe pain. The urinary excretion profiles of TTX in humans have not been reported due to the extremely low lethal dose. In this study, a rapid and specific method based on protein precipitation coupled to liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry was developed to determine the level of TTX in human urine samples. 11‐Deoxytetrodotoxin was used as an internal standard (IS). Multiple reaction monitoring mode was used for quantification using target fragment ions m/z 320.0 → 162.1 for TTX and m/z 304.0 → 176.0 for 11‐deoxyTTX. The separation of analytes was achieved on a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5.0 μm). The mobile phase consisted of 5 mM ammonium formate in water (pH = 4.50) and 5 mM ammonium formate in acetonitrile (pH = 4.50). The flow rate was set at 0.80 mL/min in a gradient condition. Calibration plots were linear throughout the range 0.986–98.6 ng/mL of TTX in human urine. The intra‐assay accuracies and precisions were within the acceptable range. The method was successfully applied to a urinary excretion study after intravenous administration of TTX to healthy volunteers. The developed method will be helpful for future pharmacological studies of TTX.
When Coercive Control Continues to Harm Children: Post‐Separation Fathering, Stalking and Domestic Violence
Authors: Katz Emma , Nikupeteri Anna , Laitinen Merja
Published: May 2020

This article shows how domestic violence perpetrators can use coercive control against their children after their ex‐partner has separated from them. Coercive control can include violence, threats, intimidation, stalking, monitoring, emotional abuse and manipulation, interwoven with periods of seemingly ‘caring’ and ‘indulgent’ behaviour as part of the overall abuse. Crucially, what this article provides is knowledge, hitherto largely missing, about how children and young people can experience coercive control post‐separation. The article draws on two separate data sets, one from the UK and one from Finland, which together comprise qualitative interviews with 29 children who had coercive control perpetrating fathers/father‐figures. The data sets were separately thematically analysed, then combined using a qualitative interpretative meta‐synthesis. This produced three themes regarding children's experiences: (1) dangerous fathering that frightened children and made them feel unsafe; (2) ‘admirable’ fathering, where fathers/father‐figures appeared as ‘caring’, ‘concerned’, ‘indulgent’ and/or ‘vulnerable‐victims’; and (3) omnipresent fathering that continually constrained children's lives. Dangerous and ‘admirable’ fathering describe the behaviours of coercive control‐perpetrating fathers/father‐figures, while omnipresent fathering occurred in children as a fearful mental and emotional state. Perpetrators could also direct performances of ‘admirable’ fathering at professionals and communities in ways that obscured their coercive control. Implications for policy and practice are discussed.

‘What this article provides is knowledge, hitherto largely missing, about how children and young people can experience coercive control post‐separation’

Key Practitioner Messages

Children and young people can be direct victims/survivors of coercive control and they can experience it in much the same ways as adults do – feeling confused and afraid, living constrained lives, and being entrapped and harmed by the perpetrator.

Coercive control can harm children and young people emotionally/psychologically, physically, socially and educationally.

Robust measures are required to deal with coercive control perpetrating fathers/father‐figures, in order to prevent them from using father–child relationships to continue imposing coercive control on children and ex‐partners.
Molecular Recognition in C‐Type Lectins: The Cases of DC‐SIGN, Langerin, MGL, and L‐Sectin
Authors: Valverde Pablo , Martínez J. Daniel , Cañada F. Javier , Ardá Ana , Jiménez‐Barbero Jesús
Published: May 2020

Carbohydrates play a pivotal role in intercellular communication processes. In particular, glycan antigens are key for sustaining homeostasis, helping leukocytes to distinguish damaged tissues and invading pathogens from healthy tissues. From a structural perspective, this cross‐talk is fairly complex, and multiple membrane proteins guide these recognition processes, including lectins and Toll‐like receptors. Since the beginning of this century, lectins have become potential targets for therapeutics for controlling and/or avoiding the progression of pathologies derived from an incorrect immune outcome, including infectious processes, cancer, or autoimmune diseases. Therefore, a detailed knowledge of these receptors is mandatory for the development of specific treatments. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about four key C‐type lectins whose importance has been steadily growing in recent years, focusing in particular on how glycan recognition takes place at the molecular level, but also looking at recent progresses in the quest for therapeutics.
Prenatal diagnosis and long‐term follow‐up of a Chinese patient with mosaic variegated aneuploidy and its molecular analysis
Authors: Lin Sheng Mou , Luk Ho Ming , Lo Ivan Fai Man , Tam Wai‐Keung , Chan Kelvin Yuen Kwong , Tse Hei‐Yee , Leung Wing Cheong , Tang Mary Hoi Yin , Kan Anita Sik Yau
Published: May 2020

Mosaic variegated aneuploidy (MVA) is a rare genetic disorder caused by mutations in BUB1B, CEP57, or TRIP13. We describe the prenatal diagnosis, molecular characterization, and clinical management of a long‐lived patient with BUB1B‐related MVA.
Designing Sodium Manganese Oxide with 4 d‐Cation Zr Doping as a High‐Rate‐Performance Cathode for Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Shi Wen‐Jing , Zheng Ya‐Min , Meng Xiao‐Meng , Liu Shi‐Bin , Xu Shou‐Dong , Chen Liang , Wang Xiao‐Min , Zhang Ding
Published: May 2020

Invited for this month's cover picture is the group of Shi‐Bin Liu and Ding Zhang from Taiyuan University of Technology (China). The cover picture shows that the 4d‐cation Zr‐substitution shows high promotion on the electrochemical performance of tunnel‐type transition metal oxides as promising cathodes for sodium‐ion batteries. Read the full text of the Article at 10.1002/celc.202000205.
Structural Characterization and Lifetimes of Triple‐Stranded Helical Coinage Metal Complexes: Synthesis, Spectroscopy and Quantum Chemical Calculations
Authors: Wagner Hanna E. , Di Martino‐Fumo Patrick , Boden Pit , Zimmer Manuel , Klopper Willem , Breher Frank , Gerhards Markus
Published: May 2020

This work reports on a series of polynuclear complexes containing a trinuclear Cu, Ag, or Au core in combination with the fac‐isomer of the metalloligand [Ru(pypzH)3](PF6)2 (pypzH=3‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)pyrazole). These (in case of the Ag and Au containing species) newly synthesized compounds of the general formula [{Ru(pypz)3}2M3](PF6) (2: M=Cu; 3: M=Ag; 4: M=Au) contain triple‐stranded helical structures in which two ruthenium moieties are connected by three N‐M‐N (M=Cu, Ag, Au) bridges. In order to obtain a detailed description of the structure both in the electronic ground and excited states, extensive spectroscopic and quantum chemical calculations are applied. The equilateral coinage metal core triangle in the electronic ground state of 2–4 is distorted in the triplet state. Furthermore, the analyses offer a detailed description of electronic excitations. By using time‐resolved IR spectroscopy from the microsecond down to the nanosecond regime, both the vibrational spectra and the lifetime of the lowest lying electronically excited triplet state can be determined. The lifetimes of these almost only non‐radiative triplet states of 2–4 show an unusual effect in a way that the Au‐containing complex 4 has a lifetime which is by more than a factor of five longer than in case of the Cu complex 2. Thus, the coinage metals have a significant effect on the electronically excited state, which is localized on a pypz ligand coordinated to the Ru atom indicating an unusual cooperative effect between two moieties of the complex.
Near‐InfraredFluorescent Nanoprobe for Detecting Hydrogen Peroxide in Inflammation and Ischemic Kidney Injury
Authors: Xu Lingfeng , Sun Lihe , Zeng Fang , Wu Shuizhu
Published: May 2020

Summary of main observation and conclusion

In‐situoverexpressed hydrogen peroxide could serve as a biomarker for inflammation and ischemic kidney injury. Herein, a nanoprobe was developed for assay of hydrogen peroxide. The nanoprobe (TA‐TPABQ) was formedviathe boronate ester groups between the hydrophilic tannic acid and the boric‐acid‐containing compound (TPABQ) as well as the hydrophobic interactions. The probe with good photostability shows good sensitivity and selectivity towards H2O2. The probe was adopted for identifying endogenous and exogenous H2O2in living cells. Moreover, the probe was utilized forin vivoimaging experiments in acute abdomina and ankle inflammation mouse models as well as acute renal ischemia mouse model.
Construction of Alkenyl‐Functionalized Spirocarbocyclic Scaffolds from Alkyne‐Containing Phenol‐Based Biaryls via Sequential Iodine‐Induced Cyclization/Dearomatization and Pd‐Catalyzed Coupling of N‐Tosylhydrazones
Authors: Liu Anjia , Han Kaiming , Wu Xin‐Xing , Chen Shufeng , Wang Jianbo
Published: May 2020

Summary of main observation and conclusion

An efficient strategy for the formation of alkenyl‐functionalized spirocarbocyclic scaffolds from alkyne‐containing phenol‐based biaryls via sequential iodine‐induced cyclization/dearomatization and Pd‐catalyzed coupling of N‐tosylhydrazones is developed. The approach provides various spirocarbocyclic compounds in moderate to excellent yields with good functional tolerance. The results also demonstrate the feasibility for the direct cross‐couplings of N‐tosylhydrazones with sterically congested tetrasubstituted alkenyl halides.
A novel ablation strategy of premature ventricular contractions originating from summit guided by CartoUNIVU module
Authors: Li Xuexun , Li Jianping , Chu Hongxia , Liu Xingpeng
Published: May 2020

Background

Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) from left ventricular (LV) summit remain challenging for the risk of coronary artery injury. Computed tomographic or intracardiac echocardiography may be helpful, but both still have many limitations. CartoUNIVU module has rarely been used in PVC ablation.

Methods

A total of 22 patients (14 men: mean age 56.4 ± 13.3 years) with an electrocardiogram indication of summit PVCs were included in the two centers study. A novel strategy ablation with the Image Integration Module CartoUNIVUTM module was performed for all the patients with PVCs originating from LV summit area, especially to prevent the coronary artery injury.

Results

The procedure time was 78.6 ± 22.7 minutes, and the fluoroscopy time was 12.5 ± 3.1 minutes. The distance between the target and nearest coronary artery was 8.0 ± 3.1 mm. Three patients with the distance to the nearest coronary artery <5 mm. During a mean follow‐up of 11.0 ± 1.7 months, 21/22 (95.5%) patients were free from clinical PVC. No coronary artery injury was detected in the all the ablation procedures.

Conclusion

The novel strategy ablation with the Image Integration Module CartoUNIVU module is safe and effective for PVCs originating from LV summit area, especially to prevent the coronary artery injury.
Pigment epithelium‐derived factor (PEDF) and PEDF‐receptor in the adult mouse brain: Differential spatial/temporal localization pattern
Authors: de Diego‐Otero Yolanda , Giráldez‐Pérez Rosa María , Lima‐Cabello Elena , Heredia‐Farfan Raúl , Calvo Medina Rocío , Sanchez‐Salido Lourdes , Pérez Costillas Lucía
Published: May 2020

Pigment epithelium‐derived factor (PEDF) is a multifunctional protein which was initially described in the retina, although it is also present in other tissues. It functions as an antioxidant agent promoting neuronal survival. Recently, a PEDF receptor has shown an elevated binding affinity for PEDF. There are no relevant data regarding the distribution of both proteins in the brain, therefore the main goal of this work was to investigate the spatiotemporal presence of PEDF and PEDFR in the adult mouse brain, and to determine the PEDF blood level in mouse and human. The localization of both proteins was analyzed by different experimental methods such as immunohistochemistry, western‐blotting, and also by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Differential expression was found in some telencephalic structures and positive signals for both proteins were detected in the cerebellum. The magnitude of the PEDFR labeling pattern was higher than PEDF and included some cortical and subventricular areas. Age‐dependent changes in intensity of both protein immunoreactions were found in the cortical and hippocampal areas with greater reactivity between 4 and 8 months of age, whilst others, like the subventricular zones, these differences were more evident for PEDFR. Although ubiquitous presence was not found in the brain for these two proteins, their relevant functions must not be underestimated. It has been described that PEDF plays an important role in neuroprotection and data provided in the present work represents the first extensive study to understand the relevance of these two proteins in specific brain areas.
Fractionating and Purifying Softwood Kraft Lignin with Aqueous Renewable Solvents: Liquid–Liquid Equilibrium for the Lignin–Ethanol–Water System
Authors: Tindall Graham W. , Chong Josh , Miyasato Evan , Thies Mark C.
Published: May 2020

Hot ethanol–water solutions can be used to simultaneously fractionate and purify softwood Kraft lignin through the Aqueous Lignin Purification with Hot Agents (ALPHA) process, using the regions of liquid–liquid equilibrium (LLE) that form at selected temperatures and solvent‐to‐lignin feed (S/F) ratios. Lignin, ethanol, and water compositions are measured for the solvent‐rich (SR) and lignin‐rich (LR) liquid phases in mutual equilibrium, as well as the lignin and metals mass distributions between the two phases. As depicted in quasi‐ternary diagrams for clarity, both temperature and S/F ratio can be used to grow, merge, and even split the regions of LLE, giving significant control over both molecular weight (MW) and lignin purity. For example, a solvent comprising 45:55 EtOH/H2O at 75 °C and an S/F ratio of 6:1 enables recovery of an ultrapure (95 % of Na removed), higher MW (Mn=8400 Da) lignin fraction in the LR phase. On the other hand, 95:5 EtOH/H2O at 45 °C and S/F=3:1 enables recovery of an ultrapure, low MW (1500 Da) lignin in the SR phase.
Recent Progress in Engineering Metal Halide Perovskites for Efficient Visible‐Light‐Driven Photocatalysis
Authors: Han Chuang , Zhu Xiaolin , Martin Jovan San , Lin Yixiong , Spears Sydney , Yan Yong
Published: May 2020

Artificial photosynthesis has attracted increasing attention due to recent environmental and energy concerns. Metal halide perovskites (MHPs) demonstrating excellent optoelectronic properties have currently emerged as novel and efficient photocatalytic materials. Herein, the structural features of MHPs that are responsible for the photoinduced charge separation and charge migration properties are briefly introduced, and then important and necessary photophysical and photochemical aspects of MHPs related to photoredox catalysis are summarized. Subsequently, the applications of MHPs for solar energy harvesting and photocatalytic conversion, including H2 evolution, CO2 reduction, degradation of organic pollutants, and photoredox organic synthesis, are extensively demonstrated, with a focus on strategies for improving the performance (e.g., selectivity, activity, stability, recyclability, and environmental compatibility) of these MHP‐based photocatalytic systems. To conclude, existing challenges and prospects on the future development of MHP‐based materials towards photoredox catalysis applications are detailed.
Attend conferences for professional and personal development
Authors: Hodges Dawn Z.
Published: May 2020

One of my favorite parts of my career was attending state, regional, and national conferences. I set out to gain at least one benefit from every conference I attended, and I always learned something or met someone that added value to my job.