bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘Does class count?’ Social class and counselling
Authors: Ballinger Liz , Wright Jeannie
Published: August 2007

This article explores the importance attached to social class by experienced practitioners taking part in a co‐operative inquiry group. A review of the literature from the last thirty years indicates that there is very little research on class in relation to counselling and psychotherapy reported in the UK. Both authors position themselves as coming from working class origins. Nine co‐researchers from both middle and working class origins joined the group. Eight meetings took place over a period of nine months. Extracts from the group's discussions are represented and integrated with ‘presentational knowing’ drawn from contemporary culture, including poetry and popular music. This study suggests that social class is a neglected aspect of diversity in the counselling field. Implications of the study have relevance for the language of counselling and psychotherapy and class based values; social class and its impact on initial education; and ongoing counselling practice and access to therapy for working class people.
2b ORFs encoded by subgroup IB strains of cucumber mosaic virus induce differential virulence on Nicotiana species
Authors: Du Zhi-You , Chen Fei-Fei , Liao Qian-Sheng , Zhang Hua-Rong , Chen Yan-Fei , Chen Ji-Shuang
Published: August 2007

Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV)-encoded 2b protein from subgroup IA or subgroup II was shown to be a determinant of virulence in many solanaceous hosts. In this study, the virulence of 2b proteins from subgroup IB strains was analysed using four intraspecies hybrid viruses, which were generated by precise replacement of the 2b open reading frame (ORF) in subgroup IA strain Fny-CMV with the 2b ORFs of four subgroup IB strains, Cb7-CMV, PGs-CMV, Rad35-CMV and Na-CMV, generating FCb72b-CMV, FPGs2b-CMV, FRad352b-CMV and FNa2b-CMV, respectively. FCb72b-CMV was more virulent than Fny-CMV, and was similar in phenotype to its parental virus Cb7-CMV on the three Nicotiana species tested. FNa2b-CMV also was virulent on these host species, equivalent to Fny-CMV or Na-CMV. However, FRad352b-CMV only caused mild mosaic or undetectable symptoms on all the host species tested, and was less virulent than Fny-CMV or Rad35-CMV. FPGs2b-CMV infected all the host species systemically, and induced either mosaic or barely visible symptoms, demonstrating that the inability of PGs-CMV to infect these three Nicotiana species was not due to its 2b protein. The diverse virulence was shown to be mediated by the 2b proteins rather than the C-terminal overlapping parts of the 2a proteins, and was associated with the level of viral progeny RNA accumulation in systemically infected leaves, but not with the rate of long-distance viral movement in host plants. Through analysis of encapsidation of viral RNAs, there was an apparent correlation between the virulence and the high level of encapsidated RNA 2 in virions of Fny-CMV, FCb72b-CMV and FNa2b-CMV.
Increasing genetic diversity of hepatitis C virus in haemophiliacs with human immunodeficiency virus coinfection
Authors: Tanaka Yasuhito , Hanada Kousuke , Hanabusa Hideji , Kurbanov Fuat , Gojobori Takashi , Mizokami Masashi
Published: August 2007

Patients with inherited bleeding disorders who received clotting factor concentrates before 1987 have high rates of hepatitis C virus (HCV) or HCV/human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. To determine whether the persistent nature of HIV affects the genetic diversity of HCV by less selective pressure through the immunosuppression of HIV/HCV-coinfected patients, both the change of genetic diversity and selective pressure were examined in the HCV envelope genes (E1 and E2) of 325 genotype 1a subclones from eight HIV-positive and five HIV-negative patients with two time points (more than 6 years apart). To infer the genetic diversity of HCV in each patient, we used two approaches. One method was to estimate the difference of total evolutionary distances in the phylogenetic tree between the two time points, and another was to estimate the changes of genetic diversity along the time based on the coalescence theory. The two results indicate that the HIV-positive group has significantly more diverse population structure than the HIV-negative group. A comparative analysis of the synonymous and non-synonymous substitutions found that the HIV-positive group was subject to less selective pressure than the HIV-negative group. In conclusion, HIV-positive patients would have a more diversified HCV population than HIV-negative patients due to less selective pressure from the immune system.
Combinations of two amino acids (Ala40 and Phe75 or Ser40 and Tyr75) in the coat protein of apple chlorotic leaf spot virus are crucial for infectivity
Authors: Yaegashi Hajime , Isogai Masamichi , Tajima Hiroko , Sano Teruo , Yoshikawa Nobuyuki
Published: August 2007

Amino acid sequences of apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV) coat protein (CP) were compared between 12 isolates from apple, plum and cherry, and 109 cDNA clones that were amplified directly from infected apple tissues. Phylogenetic analysis based on the amino acid sequences of CP showed that the isolates and cDNA clones were separated into two major clusters in which the combinations of the five amino acids at positions 40, 59, 75, 130 and 184 (Ala40-Val59-Phe75-Ser130-Met184or Ser40-Leu59-Tyr75-Thr130-Leu184) were highly conserved within each cluster. Site-directed mutagenesis using an infectious cDNA clone of ACLSV indicated that the combinations of two amino acids (Ala40and Phe75or Ser40and Tyr75) are necessary for infectivity toChenopodium quinoaplants by mechanical inoculation. Moreover, an agroinoculation assay indicated that the substitution of a single amino acid (Ala40to Ser40or Phe75to Tyr75) resulted in extreme reduction in the accumulation of viral genomic RNA, double-stranded RNAs and viral proteins (movement protein and CP) in infiltrated tissues, suggesting that the combinations of the two amino acids at positions 40 and 75 are important for effective replication in host plant cells.
Attachment and internalization of feline infectious peritonitis virus in feline blood monocytes and Crandell feline kidney cells
Authors: Van Hamme Evelien , Dewerchin Hannah L. , Cornelissen Els , Nauwynck Hans J.
Published: August 2007

In this study, kinetics of attachment and internalization of feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) serotype I strain Black and serotype II strain 79-1146 were determined in feline monocytes from two cats and in Crandell feline kidney (CrFK) cells. Attached FIPV I (Black) particles were observed on almost all monocytes. Within 1 h, 17 particles were bound per cell and, within 1 min, 89 % of the bound particles were internalized. For FIPV II (79-1146), attachment was observed on 66 and 95 % of all monocytes from the two cats. After 1 h, respectively five and 20 particles were bound per cell (all cells considered). Within 1 min, 60 % of the bound particles were internalized. Internalization in monocytes was efficient and proceeded via endocytosis. In CrFK cells, attachment and internalization were less efficient, especially for FIPV I (Black), so this cell line is not suitable for studying FIPV entry.
Virus-associated host CD62L increases attachment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 to endothelial cells and enhances trans infection of CD4+ T lymphocytes
Authors: Thibault Sandra , Tardif Mélanie R. , Gilbert Caroline , Tremblay Michel J.
Published: August 2007

Previous studies have identified several host-derived cell-surface proteins incorporated within emerging human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) particles. Some of these molecules play a role in different steps of the virus life cycle and are often advantageous for the virus. We report here that the leukocyte L-selectin (also called CD62L) remains functional when inserted within the envelope of HIV-1. Indeed, we demonstrate that adsorption of virions to endothelial cells is enhanced upon acquisition of host-derived CD62L. The more important binding of CD62L-bearing HIV-1 particles resulted in a more efficient virus transmission to CD4+ T lymphocytes. Capture and eventual transfer of such CD62L-bearing virions by the endothelium could play a role in the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection.
A novel virus isolated from the aphid Brevicoryne brassicae with similarity to Hymenoptera picorna-like viruses
Authors: Ryabov Eugene V.
Published: August 2007

A novel virus, Brevicoryne brassicae virus (BrBV), has been identified in the cabbage aphid using a method based on the random amplification of encapsidated RNA. The complete sequence of the RNA genome of BrBV has been determined. The positive-strand genomic RNA is 10 161 nt, excluding the 3′ poly(A) tail, and contains a single open reading frame (positions 793–9744) encoding a putative polyprotein of 2983 aa. The N-terminal part of the polyprotein shows similarity with the structural proteins of iflaviruses. The C-terminal part possesses consensus sequences of the helicase, cysteine protease and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase similar to those of iflaviruses and other picorna-like viruses. The highest sequence similarity observed was with iflaviruses from honeybee and an endoparasitic wasp. Replication and transmission of BrBV was not dependent on endoparasitic wasp infestation of the aphids.
ABO Blood Group. Related Investigations and Their Association with Defined Pathologies
Authors: Jesch Ursula , Endler P. Christian , Wulkersdorfer Beatrix , Spranger Heinz
Published: August 2007

The ABO blood group system was discovered by Karl Landsteiner in 1901. Since then, scientists have speculated on an association between different pathologies and the ABO blood group system. The aim of this pilot study was to determine the significance between different blood types of the ABO blood group system and certain pathologies. We included 237 patients with known diagnosis, blood group, sex, and age in the study. As a statistical method, the Chi-square test was chosen. In some cases, a significant association between the blood groups and defined diseases could be determined. Carriers of blood group O suffered from ulcus ventriculi and gastritis (X21 = 78.629, p <0.001), colitis ulcerosa and duodenitis (X21 = 5.846, p < 0.016), whereas male patients carrying blood group A tended to contract different types of tumours. In patients with intestinal tumours, females with blood group A were more likely to develop the pathology, whereas in males, the blood group O dominated. The development of cholelithiasis was found, above all, in patients with blood group O, which differed from other research where a correlation between this pathology and blood group A was found.
Role of Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes in the Pathophysiology of Typical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
Authors: Exeni Ramón A. , Fernández Gabriela C. , Palermo Marina S.
Published: August 2007

Thrombotic microangiopathy and acute renal failure are cardinal features of post-diarrheal hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). These conditions are related to endothelial and epithelial cell damage induced by Shiga toxin (Stx), through an interaction with its globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) receptor. Although, Stx is the main pathogenic factor and necessary for HUS development, clinical and experimental evidence suggest that the inflammatory response is able to potentiate Stx toxicity. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and neutrophils (PMN) represent two central components of inflammation during a Gram-negative infection. In this regard, patients with high peripheral PMN counts at presentation have a poor prognosis. In the present review, we discuss the contribution of experimental models and patient's studies in an attempt to elucidate the pathogenic mechanisms of HUS.
A multidimensional analysis of genes mutated in breast and colorectal cancers
Authors: Lin Jimmy , Gan Christine M. , Zhang Xiaosong , Jones Siân , Sjöblom Tobias , Wood Laura D. , Parsons D. Williams , Papadopoulos Nickolas , Kinzler Kenneth W. , Vogelstein Bert , Parmigiani Giovanni , Velculescu Victor E.
Published: August 2007

A recent study of a large number of genes in a panel of breast and colorectal cancers identified somatic mutations in 1149 genes. To identify potential biological processes affected by these genes, we examined their putative roles based on sequence similarity, membership in known functional groups and pathways, and predicted interactions with other proteins. These analyses identified functional groups and pathways that were enriched for mutated genes in both tumor types. Additionally, the results pointed to differences in molecular mechanisms that underlie breast and colorectal cancers, including various intracellular signaling and metabolic pathways. These studies provide a multidimensional framework to guide further research and help identify cellular processes critical for malignant progression and therapeutic intervention.
Direct linkage of mitochondrial genome variation to risk factors for type 2 diabetes in conplastic strains
Authors: Pravenec Michal , Hyakukoku Masaya , Houstek Josef , Zidek Vaclav , Landa Vladimir , Mlejnek Petr , Miksik Ivan , Dudová-Mothejzikova Kristyna , Pecina Petr , Vrbacký Marek , Drahota Zdenek , Vojtiskova Alena , Mracek Tomas , Kazdova Ludmila , Oliyarnyk Olena , Wang Jiaming , Ho Christopher , Qi Nathan , Sugimoto Ken , Kurtz Theodore
Published: August 2007

Recently, the relationship of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variants to metabolic risk factors for diabetes and other common diseases has begun to attract increasing attention. However, progress in this area has been limited because (1) the phenotypic effects of variation in the mitochondrial genome are difficult to isolate owing to confounding variation in the nuclear genome, imprinting phenomena, and environmental factors; and (2) few animal models have been available for directly investigating the effects of mtDNA variants on complex metabolic phenotypes in vivo. Substitution of different mitochondrial genomes on the same nuclear genetic background in conplastic strains provides a way to unambiguously isolate effects of the mitochondrial genome on complex traits. Here we show that conplastic strains of rats with identical nuclear genomes but divergent mitochondrial genomes that encode amino acid differences in proteins of oxidative phosphorylation exhibit differences in major metabolic risk factors for type 2 diabetes. These results (1) provide the first direct evidence linking naturally occurring variation in the mitochondrial genome, independent of variation in the nuclear genome and other confounding factors, to inherited variation in known risk factors for type 2 diabetes; and (2) establish that spontaneous variation in the mitochondrial genome per se can promote systemic metabolic disturbances relevant to the pathogenesis of common diseases.
Generation of Single-Copy T-DNA Transformants in Arabidopsis by the CRE/loxP Recombination-Mediated Resolution System
Authors: De Buck Sylvie , Peck Ingrid , De Wilde Chris , Marjanac Gordana , Nolf Jonah , De Paepe Annelies , Depicker Ann
Published: August 2007

We investigated whether complex T-DNA loci, often resulting in low transgene expression, can be resolved efficiently into single copies by CRE/loxP-mediated recombination. An SB-loxP T-DNA, containing two invertedly oriented loxP sequences located inside and immediately adjacent to the T-DNA border ends, was constructed. Regardless of the orientation and number of SB-loxP-derived T-DNAs integrated at one locus, recombination between the outermost loxP sequences in direct orientation should resolve multiple copies into a single T-DNA copy. Seven transformants with a complex SB-loxP locus were crossed with a CRE-expressing plant. In three hybrids, the complex T-DNA locus was reduced efficiently to a single-copy locus. Upon segregation of the CRE recombinase gene, only the simplified T-DNA locus was found in the progeny, demonstrating DNA had been excised efficiently in the progenitor cells of the gametes. In the two transformants with an inverted T-DNA repeat, the T-DNA resolution was accompanied by at least a 10-fold enhanced transgene expression. Therefore, the resolution of complex loci to a single-copy T-DNA insert by the CRE/loxP recombination system can become a valuable method for the production of elite transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants that are less prone to gene silencing.
Genetic and Molecular Interactions between BELL1 and MADS Box Factors Support Ovule Development inArabidopsis
Authors: Brambilla Vittoria , Battaglia Raffaella , Colombo Monica , Masiero Simona , Bencivenga Stefano , Kater Martin M. , Colombo Lucia
Published: August 2007

In Arabidopsis thaliana and many other plant species, ovules arise from carpel tissue as new meristematic formations. Cell fate in proliferating ovule primordia is specified by particular ovule identity factors, such as the homeodomain factor BELL1 (BEL1) and MADS box family members SEEDSTICK (STK), SHATTERPROOF1 (SHP1), SHP2, and AGAMOUS. Both in the bel1 mutant and the stk shp1 shp2 triple mutant, integuments are transformed into carpelloid structures. Combining these mutants in a bel1 stk shp1 shp2 quadruple mutant, we showed that the bel1 phenotype is significantly enhanced. We also demonstrate that ovule differentiation requires the regulation of the stem cell maintenance gene WUSCHEL, repression of which is predominantly maintained by BEL1 during ovule development. Based on yeast three-hybrid assays and genetic data, we show that BEL1 interacts with the ovule identity MADS box factors when they dimerize with SEPALLATA proteins. We propose a model for ovule development that explains how the balance between carpel identity activity and ovule identity activity is established by a MADS box homeodomain protein complex.
MYB98 Positively Regulates a Battery of Synergid-Expressed Genes Encoding Filiform Apparatus–Localized Proteins
Authors: Punwani Jayson A. , Rabiger David S. , Drews Gary N.
Published: August 2007

The synergid cells within the female gametophyte are essential for reproduction in angiosperms. MYB98 encodes an R2R3-MYB protein required for pollen tube guidance and filiform apparatus formation by the synergid cells. To test the predicted function of MYB98 as a transcriptional regulator, we determined its subcellular localization and examined its DNA binding properties. We show that MYB98 binds to a specific DNA sequence (TAAC) and that a MYB98–green fluorescent protein fusion protein localizes to the nucleus, consistent with a role in transcriptional regulation. To identify genes regulated by MYB98, we tested previously identified synergid-expressed genes for reduced expression in myb98 female gametophytes and identified 16 such genes. We dissected the promoter of one of the downstream genes, DD11, and show that it contains a MYB98 binding site required for synergid expression, suggesting that DD11 is regulated directly by MYB98. To gain insight into the functions of the downstream genes, we chose five genes and determined the subcellular localization of the encoded proteins. We show that these five proteins are secreted into the filiform apparatus, suggesting that they play a role in either the formation or the function of this unique structure. Together, these data suggest that MYB98 functions as a transcriptional regulator in the synergid cells and activates the expression of genes required for pollen tube guidance and filiform apparatus formation.
The Organization of High-Affinity Ammonium Uptake in Arabidopsis Roots Depends on the Spatial Arrangement and Biochemical Properties of AMT1-Type Transporters
Authors: Yuan Lixing , Loqué Dominique , Kojima Soichi , Rauch Sabine , Ishiyama Keiki , Inoue Eri , Takahashi Hideki , von Wirén Nicolaus
Published: August 2007

The AMMONIUM TRANSPORTER (AMT) family comprises six isoforms in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, we describe the complete functional organization of root-expressed AMTs for high-affinity ammonium uptake. High-affinity influx of 15N-labeled ammonium in two transposon-tagged amt1;2 lines was reduced by 18 to 26% compared with wild-type plants. Enrichment of the AMT1;2 protein in the plasma membrane and localization of AMT1;2 promoter activity in the endodermis and root cortex indicated that AMT1;2 mediates the uptake of ammonium entering the root via the apoplasmic transport route. An amt1;1 amt1;2 amt1;3 amt2;1 quadruple mutant (qko) showed severe growth depression under ammonium supply and maintained only 5 to 10% of wild-type high-affinity ammonium uptake capacity. Transcriptional upregulation of AMT1;5 in nitrogen-deficient rhizodermal and root hair cells and the ability of AMT1;5 to transport ammonium in yeast suggested that AMT1;5 accounts for the remaining uptake capacity in qko. Triple and quadruple amt insertion lines revealed in vivo ammonium substrate affinities of 50, 234, 61, and 4.5 μM for AMT1;1, AMT1;2, AMT1;3, and AMT1;5, respectively, but no ammonium influx activity for AMT2;1. These data suggest that two principle means of achieving effective ammonium uptake in Arabidopsis roots are the spatial arrangement of AMT1-type ammonium transporters and the distribution of their transport capacities at different substrate affinities.
A Ribonuclease III Domain Protein Functions in Group II Intron Splicing in Maize Chloroplasts
Authors: Watkins Kenneth P. , Kroeger Tiffany S. , Cooke Amy M. , Williams-Carrier Rosalind E. , Friso Giulia , Belcher Susan E. , van Wijk Klaas J. , Barkan Alice
Published: August 2007

Chloroplast genomes in land plants harbor ∼20 group II introns. Genetic approaches have identified proteins involved in the splicing of many of these introns, but the proteins identified to date cannot account for the large size of intron ribonucleoprotein complexes and are not sufficient to reconstitute splicing in vitro. Here, we describe an additional protein that promotes chloroplast group II intron splicing in vivo. This protein, RNC1, was identified by mass spectrometry analysis of maize (Zea mays) proteins that coimmunoprecipitate with two previously identified chloroplast splicing factors, CAF1 and CAF2. RNC1 is a plant-specific protein that contains two ribonuclease III (RNase III) domains, the domain that harbors the active site of RNase III and Dicer enzymes. However, several amino acids that are essential for catalysis by RNase III and Dicer are missing from the RNase III domains in RNC1. RNC1 is found in complexes with a subset of chloroplast group II introns that includes but is not limited to CAF1- and CAF2-dependent introns. The splicing of many of the introns with which it associates is disrupted in maize rnc1 insertion mutants, indicating that RNC1 facilitates splicing in vivo. Recombinant RNC1 binds both single-stranded and double-stranded RNA with no discernible sequence specificity and lacks endonuclease activity. These results suggest that RNC1 is recruited to specific introns via protein–protein interactions and that its role in splicing involves RNA binding but not RNA cleavage activity.
Applying general risk management principles to library administration
Authors: Joint Nicholas
Published: August 2007

Purpose

Recent areas of digital library innovation, such as digital rights management, have led librarians to apply risk management (RM) principles to certain circumscribed areas of library management. This paper will attempt to argue that RM principles can in fact be applied much more generally in modern library administration.

Design/methodology/approach

A conceptual paper based on abstract principles of RM.

Findings

That different approaches to RM apply in digital librarianship, as opposed to traditional, print‐based library work. Also, that different models of “RM” can be used at the level of the employee in contrast to the global perspective of the organisation as a whole.

Research limitations/implications

Because this is a conceptual piece, there is ample room for further experimental testing of these hypotheses.

Practical implications

This paper rejects some of the principles of RM that are less relevant to the “people management” problems of hybrid (print‐electronic) library administration. It offers an abstract statement of RM principles that should be of genuine practical usefulness to middle managers helping staff cope with the problems of “mixed media”, hybrid library environments.

Originality/value

This paper relates ideas from general business RM to practitioner librarianship in ways that have not been attempted previously.
Libraries and local history collections in Sierra Leone
Authors: Abdul Kargbo John
Published: August 2007

Purpose

Discusses the development of local history collections within libraries in Sierra Leone.

Design/methodology/approach

The article is a reflective viewpoint.

Findings

That there is a growing interest in local history collections in libraries in Sierra Leone, and that more formal structures should be put in place to safeguard these materials for the future.

Practical implications

Proposes some ways forward for ensuring the long term viability of local collections in Sierra Leone.

Originality/value

The article is the first on the topic of local history collections in Sierra Leone's libraries, and should be of interest to librarians around the world who have an interest in local history librarianship.
Balancing individuals’ expectations and organisational requirements for continuing professional development
Authors: Cossham Amanda , Fields Alison
Published: August 2007

Purpose

This paper aims to analyse the differing views on and needs of librarians and their managers for continuing professional development (CPD).

Design/methodology/approach

This article draws on the findings of a survey conducted by the authors in 2005. The survey was an assessment of the CPD needs of New Zealand's librarians and library assistants.

Findings

There is a significant gap between the CPD that individuals want, and that which their managers think they should have. Organisations overall need a greater strategic focus on CPD to ensure that budgets are spent well, staff are appropriately skilled, and the impact of CPD on both individuals and the organisation is tangible. Individuals need to take more responsibility for ensuring their needs are met.

Originality/value

Highlights a dual focus on CPD across the profession, in the light of the decision by the Library and Information Association of New Zealand Aotearoa to adopt professional registration.
Support for alternative publishing by public libraries in Scotland
Authors: Brookens Angela , Poulter Alan
Published: August 2007

Purpose

It is proposed that public libraries have a duty to collect material from alternative publishers (in both fiction and non‐fiction and in all media) to better reflect the diversity of their communities. This paper aims to investigate the links between alternative publishing and public libraries in Scotland.

Design/methodology/approach

Two surveys (based on the 1979 Alternative Acquisitions Project) were carried out of alternative publishers and public libraries in Scotland. Questions were based on those in the 1979 survey, except where updated to accommodate new technologies. A literature review was also carried out to contextualise survey findings.

Findings

While alternative publishers and public libraries were aware of each other, alternative publishers faced many hurdles in getting their material in public libraries. For their part, public libraries were constrained by budgets but wanted to extend support for alternative publishing.

Originality/value

This paper re‐uses a previously tried and tested methodology to create a comparable and up to date study of an area of publishing often overlooked. Alternative publishing is revealed as a flourishing area, despite trends towards fewer and larger publishing outlets. Public libraries are seen as having a vital role to play in giving an outlet to alternative publishing.
Non‐hydrogenated cottonseed oil as a deep‐fat frying medium
Authors: Daniel‐O'Dwyer Darla , Thompson Leslie , Shriver Brent , Wu Chih‐kang , Hoover Linda
Published: August 2007

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to compare the oxidative stability of non‐hydrogenated cottonseed oil with that of the partially hydrogenated oils commonly used as a deep‐fat frying medium by the restaurant industry when used to prepare French fries in order to reduce trans‐fatty acids.

Design/methodology/approach

Stability characteristics of non‐hydrogenated cottonseed oil and two hydrogenated oils, canola and soybean, were evaluated in deep‐fat frying applications. French fries were analyzed for total polar compounds, and the oils were analyzed for iodine, peroxide, p‐anisidine and totox values, and free fatty acids.

Findings

Canola and soybean oil had significantly lower iodine values than cottonseed oil. Free fatty acid values were not significantly different among the oils (0.256 per cent oleic acid). Initially cottonseed oil had higher peroxide, p‐anisidine, and totox values compared with canola and soybean oil. However, as days of frying increased, values trended closer together. Total polar compounds were similar. All oil types were comparable in terms of their stability characteristics under the conditions used in this study.

Research limitations/implications

Research with additional food product and under more stressful conditions would be beneficial.

Practical implications

Hydrogenation increases trans‐fatty acid content. Consumption of trans‐fatty acids has been associated with increased risk of heart disease. Non‐hydrogenated cottonseed oil may be a viable alternative to popular hydrogenated oils currently used in the restaurant setting.

Originality/value

Restaurants are being pressured by health officials to choose healthier oil. This research article can help restaurants make an informed choice.
Exploring food and eating patterns using food‐maps
Authors: Albon Deborah
Published: August 2007

Purpose

Improvement in dietary intake is seen as a key way to make a positive impact on children's current and future health. Yet food and eating are more complex than purely imbibing one's nutritional requirements. In order to gain a fuller picture of an individual's food and eating patterns, it is also important to consider the social dimension within which food and eating takes place. This paper aim to address this issue.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper outlines the development of a tool – “food‐mapping”, which is used to explore two children's current food and eating patterns.

Findings

Results show that the food‐mapping tool may offer a useful visual representation of an individual's food and eating patterns. This can help, at a glance, to pin‐point areas to develop, such as high levels of sweet‐eating, as well as highlighting key individuals and organizations in providing food for the child.

Research limitations/implications

The paper outlines two cases, from which generalizations cannot be made. In addition, the food‐mapping tool may be limited in that it provides a snap‐shot in time as food and eating patterns do change. This said, it could be used to track changes over time – something not detailed in this paper.

Practical implications

Food‐mapping may be a useful tool for all professionals involved in making a positive impact on people's diet.

Originality/value

The paper focuses on a new tool and its possible application, which takes into account the social dimension to food and eating as well as what is eaten.
Quantification and identification of polysaccharide contents in Hericium erinaceus
Authors: Yew Keong Choong , Amini Abdul Rashid Badrul , Swee Ing Young , Ismail Zakiah
Published: August 2007

Purpose

The aim of this study is to identify and quantify sugar and polysaccharide contents in locally grown Hericium erinaceus.

Desig/methodolog/approach

The experiment is presented of chromatography methods to determine sugars in Malaysian–grown H. erinaceus. After the extraction, the crude polysaccharide solution was followed by hydrolysis with acid as well as enzymes reaction, respectively.

Findings

In thin–layer chromatography, two sample spots turned blue after treatment with sugar visualizing reagent. The HPLC analysis of the H. erinaceus hot water crude extract showed arabinose as the major component. All H. erinaceus water crude extract showed the components of arabinose, glucose and rhamnose when reacting with different enzymes. The ratio of arabinose and glucose was 2.3:1 after enzymatic reaction compared with 2.7:1 before the enzymatic reaction.

Research limitation/implications

The H. erinaceus polysaccharides from the fruiting body can be further isolated and purified by means of GCMS. In this way, the contents of the polysaccharides isolated and types of the linkage can be determined thoroughly in a more detailed way. The purified polysaccharides also should be screened for the bioassay guide fractionation.

Practical implications

The H. erinaceus can also be analyzed for its various nutritional values. In this way, it is hoped that Malaysia can produce Hericium products locally for the benefit of the local consumers with a more competitive price.

Originalit/value

This paper fulfils an identified information of sugar and polysaccharide content in Malaysian–grown H. erinaceus.
Potential of thermal sprayed TinO2n‐1‐coatings for substituting molybdenum‐based ring coatings
Authors: Landa J. , Illarramendi I. , Kelling N. , Woydt M. , Skopp A. , Hartelt M.
Published: August 2007

Purpose

This paper aims to focus on the potential for substituting molybdenum‐based piston ring coatings, which are recognized as “allrounder” by other candidate metallurgies. Another purpose is the tribological interaction of molybdenum‐based and new triboactive/reactive piston ring coatings with low SAP, polymer‐ and metal‐free as well as bionotox engine oils with high‐viscosity indices.

Design/methodology/approach

Substoichiometric titanium dioxide composed of the Magnéli‐types phases Ti4O7(∼17 per cent), Ti5O9(∼66 per cent), Ti6O11(∼17 per cent) deposited by plasma spraying, a vacuum sprayed TiO1,93and a plasma‐sprayed titanium‐molybdenum carbo‐nitride coated piston rings were compared to a state‐of‐the‐art molybdenum‐based piston ring. They were tribologically characterized by means of BAM and SRV tests lubed under mixed/boundary lubrication by factory fill engine oils, engine oils as blends of hydro‐carbons with esters as well as prototype engine oils based on esters and polyglycols.

Findings

Overall, the molybdenum‐ and titanium‐based ring coatings wore in the same order of magnitude. The ranking depends on the test used. The BAM test favours MKP81A (PL72) more, whereas the SRV methods favour the TinO2n−1more. The different bionotox and low‐ash prototype engine oils with reduced additive contents displayed isoperformance regarding the tribological behaviour of common and triboreactive materials. They presented no visible weakness in wear resistance, coefficient of friction and extreme pressure properties.

Research limitations/implications

The next steps have to confirm functional properties by different engine and endurance tests.

Practical implications

Titanium‐based piston ring coatings are overall more attractive, as they are primarily refined from titania, which is cheap and not rated at stock exchanges, and they present at least an isoperformance when compared with molybdenum‐based ring coatings.

Originality/value

This supplier report displays the complete methodology in order to substitute molybdenum‐ by titanium‐based piston ring coatings as well as illuminating the beneficial interaction with alternative engine oils in existing engine architectures.
An investigation into reutilizing of waste materials using friction welding and upset manufacturing methods
Authors: Erol Akata H. , Sahin Mumin , Turan Ipekci M.
Published: August 2007

Purpose

The present study seeks to examine the possibilities of combined usage of friction welding and plastic forming in recycling of bar‐shaped waste materials.

Design/methodology/approach

If the waste materials can be reproduced using various manufacturing methods without melting, their economic values could be increased economically. For this reason, using a combination of friction welding and plastic forming was chosen as an alternative recycling method. Upsetting was chosen as the plastic forming method due to its ease of application.

Findings

In the present study, dimensional changes, hardness variations in heat affected zone (HAZ), variations of torsion and tensile strengths with upsetting ratio of specimens were examined. Hardness values of test material are raised to higher levels within the HAZ by the local hardening. The maximum shear stress in torsion and the tensile strengths of specimens are closely harmonious with hardness values of test material.

Research limitations/implications

Although it was observed in general that the increasing upsetting ratio increased the torsion and tensile strengths, experimental study must be improved and extended in order to obtain more precise results.

Practical implications

It can be concluded that combined usage of just welded and additional cold deformation can be considered as an alternative recycling method owing to obtained positive results.

Originality/value

This paper helps individuals reutilize waste materials because of the small lengths of the bars. Furthermore, it can be observed that the combination of friction welding and plastic forming produces savings in the material and the cost in this study.
Hydrophobicizing mould release agent for press moulding
Authors: Seyidov F.T. , Mansoori Y. , Taghi Nezhad J.
Published: August 2007

Purpose

This paper seeks to address the preparation of new compositions of hydrophobicizing liquids as release agent for press moulds in the production of plastic articles of all kinds of polymers.

Design/methodology/approach

Mixtures of thermo‐stable polyethers (copolymer of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide) and polyols esters/mixed esters in the presence of phenothiazine as antioxidant were prepared and tested.

Findings

All compositions were tested and compared with silicone oil polymethylsiloxane‐100 (PMS‐100). The lubricant was manually applied on a hot surface (160‐190°C) of tray of press mould, without any change in the operating cycle. The finished products were easily removed from press mould, and showed higher durability. The release agent was also checked for production of polyethylene lids by automatic moulding at 170‐200°C, and 17 lids have been obtained on one application. This is quite a good result compared with silicone oil PMS‐100, which produced only four to five lids.

Research limitations/implications

Because of complexity of obtained mixture, it was impossible to study the structure and composition of the obtained products by modern spectroscopy techniques.

Practical implications

In order to obtain compositions of optimum properties a lot of mixtures were prepared and tested. Only compositions which showed suitable properties were reported.

Originality/value

This paper provides detailed information on the experimental preparation of 37 compositions for hydrophobicizing mould release agents. Testing of different obtained hydrophobicizing liquids showed positive results, in production of plastic household articles, over silicone oil PMS‐100. The finished products were easily removed from press mould and prepared hydrophobicizing liquids showed higher durability than silicone oil PMS‐100. The obtained compositions are also favored from the point of view of commercial availability and ecology and can be considered as replacements for PMS‐100 release agent.
Is RFID right for your organization or application?
Authors: Reyes Pedro M. , Jaska Patrick
Published: August 2007

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to help managers determine whether RFID is appropriate for their particular organizational needs and to give them some guidelines for implementing an RFID solution.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper is a general review of RFID and offers instructions to managers who are in a dilemma as to whether RFID is right for their organization or application.

Findings

The results of this study provide managers with procedures to follow that will enable them to minimize RFID implementation problems.

Practical implications

For practicing managers, these implementation procedures have important implications. As with any technological implementation, the needs of the organization, its personnel, and customers must be at the forefront of the process.

Originality/value

This paper offers managers a valuable perspective on the RFID implementation process for their organization.
Materialistic attitude as an antecedent of organizational citizenship behavior
Authors: Torlak Omer , Koc Umut
Published: August 2007

Purpose

Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) has continuously been an important issue for almost three decades. In contrast with the high interest in OCB, the effects of materialism on OCB have not attracted sufficient attention in the literature. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between the materialistic attitudes of salespeople working in pharmaceutical and household white goods and furniture (HWGF) sectors and their OCB.

Design/methodology/approach

It is hypothesized that materialistic attitude is one of the dispositional variables which is an antecedent of OCB. A total of 199 salespeople who work for pharmaceutical and HWGF sectors in Eskisehir, Turkey were surveyed. The questionnaire consisted of two scales to measure materialistic tendencies and OCB, respectively.

Findings

The results of the study early indicate that materialistic attitude is one of the antecedents that have negative impacts on OCB. There are negative correlations between all dimensions of OCB and materialistic attitude.

Research limitations/implications

Self‐reporting for both materialistic attitudes and OCB may inflate correlations. Since the differences in cultural context between Turkey and Western countries and between the sectors can make it difficult to generalize the results universally, there is need for further research in different cultural contexts and sectors.

Practical implications

According to the literature and previous research, managers’ evaluations of performance, organizational effectiveness, and customer perceptions of service quality are positively related with OCB. Sales managers must pay more attention to decreasing salespeople's materialistic tendencies and increasing the OCB.

Originality/value

This is the first study that shows a relationship between materialistic attitude, as a dispositional variable and an individual characteristic, and OCB.
Knowledge management in different types of strategic SME networks
Authors: Valkokari Katri , Helander Nina
Published: August 2007

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to bridge the knowledge management (KM) and strategic business network literatures from the viewpoint of SMEs.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper presents a typology of KM and strategic business networks; thus the paper is based on a literature review and analysis.

Findings

The paper provides a typology of the strategic SME network types and their key KM challenges based on a synthesis of existing literature.

Research limitations/implications

It is suggested that longitudinal case studies of KM practices in strategic SME networks should be conducted. An empirical multi‐case study has already been started.

Originality/value

The presented SME network typology can benefit SME managers facing networking and KM challenges. Besides, it is suggested that a common strategy should be developed for all types of networks to enable the creation of knowledge‐based competencies and capabilities.
Business strategies and manufacturing decisions
Authors: Ward Peter T. , McCreery John K. , Anand Gopesh
Published: August 2007

Purpose

This paper seeks to investigate whether linkages, proposed by previous researchers, among business strategies and structural and infrastructural investment decisions of manufacturing are empirically supported.

Design/methodology/approach

A sample of 101 US manufacturing firms is classified into three groups based on their predominant business strategies. The classification is validated using analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests on the taxons and on the environment in which the firms operate. ANOVA tests on manufacturing investment decisions are then used to address the central question of the paper – whether the three business strategy groups differ in their emphasis on structural and infrastructural areas of manufacturing.

Findings

The three business strategy‐based groups of firms, labeled broad‐based competitors, differentiators, and price leaders, differ in their emphasis on several of the structural and infrastructural areas of manufacturing, thus supporting the contention of linkages among business strategy and manufacturing investment decisions.

Originality/value

The popular notion of linkages among business strategies and investments in structural and infrastructural areas of manufacturing is empirically tested.
Operational implications of manufacturing outsourcing for subcontractor plants
Authors: Sousa Rui , Voss Christopher A.
Published: August 2007

Purpose

The objectives of this paper are: to identify the key defining elements of a subcontractor plant from an operations management perspective and examine whether there are differences between the operational contexts of such plants and original equipment manufacturer (OEM) plants; and to examine whether these differences should translate into different operational practices, addressing the specific case of process quality management practices.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper uses a multiple case study involving five plants in the electronics industry representative of the OEM and different subcontractor contexts.

Findings

Results suggest that the operational contexts of subcontractor and OEM plants are different and that, as a result, these types of plants should emphasize different sets of process quality management practices.

Research limitations/implications

Results are considered to be generalizable to most discrete goods industries. However, future research should ascertain whether these results replicate in industries other than electronics.

Practical implications

OEMs, who have a critical role in disseminating best practice within the supply chain, must recognize the differences between OEM and subcontractor environments and avoid pushing one‐size‐fits‐all best practice programs along the chain.

Originality/value

Research in outsourcing to date has focused on the outsourcing decision per se and has mainly taken the perspective of the outsourcer firm. This study contributes to a better understanding of the operational implications of outsourcing decisions for subcontractor plants. It also responds to calls for more research linking quality management and supply chain management.
Customer satisfaction and service quality in UK financial services
Authors: Maddern Harry , Maull Roger , Smart Andi , Baker Paul
Published: August 2007

Purpose

The paper seeks to evaluate the drivers of customer satisfaction (CS), specifically exploring the impact of business process management (BPM) on service quality and CS.

Design/methodology/approach

A longitudinal case study uses quantitative and qualitative data to test six propositions derived from current literature.

Findings

Analysis confirms the role of staff satisfaction and service quality as key drivers of CS, suggested in the service profit chain, but proposes a more complex set of relationships. Technical service quality (TSQ) is found to play a critical role in determining CS and a strong causal link is found between TSQ and BPM.

Research limitations/implications

Findings are based on a single case, in a fast‐changing sector.

Practical implications

Findings suggest that managers should focus on TSQ as a priority. End‐to‐end BPM is identified as a key enabler of TSQ.

Originality/value

The research challenges the adequacy of the service profit chain and the emphasis on soft factors evident in much of the existing marketing and service operations literature. In examining the drivers of CS, this research offers an alternative perspective which places BPM at the centre of the debate.