bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ETUDE DUN PANNEAU PLAN A BASE DE TYPHA ET DARGILE EN REGIME TRANSITOIRE
Authors:   University Institute of Technology, University of Thies, Senegal., Babacar Ndiaye Mamadou , Diop Ahmadou ,   University Institute of Technology, University of Thies, Senegal., Faye Seydou ,   Laboratory of Semiconductors and Solar Energy, Physics Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal., Traore Youssou ,   Laboratory of Semiconductors and Solar Energy, Physics Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal., Sissoko Gregoire ,   Laboratory of Semiconductors and Solar Energy, Physics Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal.
Published: January 2021

Une etude du comportement thermique en regime transitoire du typha associe a de largile comme liant est realisee. Les valeurs propres qui influencent la constante de temps de decroissance de la temperature sont determinees a partir de lequation transcendante, qui relie les coefficients dechange thermique sur les deux surfaces ainsi que la densite volumique du typha. Limpact du coefficient dechange thermique sur la temperature et de la densite de flux de chaleur en fonction de la profondeur dans le materiau est analyse.
Measuring the competition and banking efficiency level: a study at four commercial banks in Indonesia
Authors: Tri Wahyudi Setyo , Sofie Nabella Rihana , Sari Kartika
Published: January 2021

The banking sector plays a vital role in the economy of each country. Banks are required to operate in a sound, efficient, and reliable manner in order to stimulate economic growth. To achieve that, a basic framework for the Indonesian banking system has been developed, known as the Indonesian Banking Architecture (IBA) aimed at strengthening the structure and enhancing the competitiveness of the banking industry. This study aimed to analyze the level of competition, the ability, and influence of the competition on banks efficiency, so banks can maintain the performance level and provide economic growth. This study used a quantitative approach with a panel regression analysis model. The results have shown that the banking industry in Indonesia tends to be monopolistic. The character of many sellers, differentiated products, sellers freely entering and leaving the market, as well as the presence of advertisement and product quality competitions were examined. Bank competition that leads to a monopolistic market structure stimulated banks to achieve higher profits and put bank projects and financing at high risk. Competition had a negative correlation with bank efficiency because competition encourages banks to focus on profit rather than efficiency, engage in risky financing/projects, and undertake high lending activities. Moreover, four big banks in Indonesia are in the “too big to fail” position. Banking regulators in Indonesia must maintain and produce reliable and stable banks to compete globally.
AcknowledgementThe authors would like to thank all those who have contributed to the completion of this article, especially the leadership of the Department of Economics and the Faculty of Economics and Business, Brawijaya University, who provided facilitation for publication in reputable international journals.
Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğu Olan Çocuk Anneleri Çocuklarının Hangi Davranışlarını Nasıl Yanıtlıyor?
Authors: ALAK Gamze
Published: January 2021

Bu araştırmada, okul öncesi dönemde sözel olmayan OSB çocuk annelerinin çocuklarının nesne/eylem katılımını veya iletişim eylemlerini hangi sıklıkta ve nasıl yanıtladıkları gözleme dayalı boylamsal olarak incelenmiştir. Araştırmaya ölçüt örnekleme ile seçilen okul öncesi dönemde sözel olmayan 31 anne-çocuk çifti katılmıştır. Verilerin betimsel istatistikler ile analiz edildiği araştırma sonucunda, her iki ölçüm zamanında da çocukların kendiliğinden başlattığı nesne/eylem katılımının amaçlı iletişim eylemlerinden oldukça yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir. Anneler, her iki ölçüm zamanında da çocuklarının ilgisini izleyen sözel yanıtlayıcılık türlerinden en çok yorumlamayı sonra da sırasıyla davranışsal istek ve dilsel istek bildirmeyi kullanmışlardır. Ayrıca sözel olmayan yanıtlamaları yorumlama dışında çocuklarının ilgisini izleyen diğer sözel yanıtlardan daha çok tercih etmişlerdir. Diğer taraftan dikkati yeniden yönlendiren ifadeleri, davranışı yeniden yönlendiren ifadelere oranla daha fazla kullandıkları ancak çocuklarının ilgisini çoğunlukla sözel olarak yanıtlamadıkları belirlenmiştir. Son olarak annelerin çocuklarının iletişim eylemlerini çoğunlukla yanıtlamadıkları ancak yanıtladıkları amaçlı iletişim eylemlerinde ise en çok dilbilimsel haritalamayı, sonra da sırasıyla tekrar ve genişletmeyi kullandıkları tespit edilmiştir.
Intelligent optimization for bending moment in uniaxial fatigue loading test of wind turbine blades
Authors: Sui Wentao , Guo Yanzhen , Zhang Leian , Huang Xuemei
Published: January 2021

Wind turbine mainly relies on blades to capture wind energy and complete energy conversion. Wind turbine blade is one of the key components of wind turbine. In the full scale load test of wind turbine blade, the moment matching is the key part of the test and the premise of wind turbine blade certification. In order to solve the matching problem of the bending moment and the arrangement of counterweight in the fatigue loading test, an improved intelligent optimization algorithm was proposed to achieve the purpose of moment matching. The relationship between the excitation frequency of the rotating mass and the natural frequency of the blade was determined through the identification of the modal test parameters, and the calculation model of the section bending moment was constructed. Based on the optimization algorithm, the joint optimization of moment distribution and amplitude control was carried out with the mean square error as the fitness function. The correctness and feasibility of the balance weight optimization scheme for moment matching in uniaxial fatigue test were verified through the blade test.
Friction pendulum test and parameter optimization for the vibration reduction of a 100 kv isolating switch
Authors: Wang Hao , Wang Hongrun , Xu Yang
Published: January 2021

An earthquake is a natural disaster with a high destructive force. According to previous history, a great many power grid facilities are damaged during the earthquake, and the damage to electrical equipment in substations are often very serious. This article takes the isolating switch in the substation as an experimental object. Firstly, the friction pendulum for vibration isolation is designed and manufactured according to the numerical simulation, and then the seismic test and vibration isolation test of the high voltage isolating switch are designed. The input waveforms and input acceleration intensities of the seismic test were designed experimentally. The test data of the isolating switch under the seismic condition and the vibration isolation condition with the friction pendulum vibration isolation system installed are mainly investigated. The measured acceleration of the top of the isolating switch bracket is used to compare and analyze the vibration isolation performance of the friction pendulum. Then, it can be seen that the friction pendulum system has the vibration isolation effects on the isolating switch. Especially, the isolation effects of friction pendulum are better when the acceleration intensity become higher. In order to obtain a better curvature radius and friction coefficient of the friction pendulum, based on the results of this test, the systematically numerical simulation tests for optimization on the friction pendulum vibration isolation system are conducted. The simulated top displacement of the isolating switch and the stress change of the root of the porcelain bottle were obtained. By comparing the vibration isolating performance of the friction pendulum under different parameters, numerical simulations show that the vibration isolation performance of the friction pendulum is better when the radius of curvature is 1200 mm and the friction coefficient is 0.04. The numerical results demonstrate that reasonable design of friction pendulum parameters can play a significant role in isolating vibration for power equipment.
Исследование ловушек носителей заряда в объемном оксиде галлия beta-Ga-=SUB=-2-=/SUB=-O-=SUB=-3-=/SUB=-
Authors: Иванова Е.В. , Дементьев П.А. , Заморянская М.В. , Закгейм Д.А. , Панов Д.Ю. , Спиридонов В.А. , Кремлева А.В. , Одноблюдов М.А. , Бауман Д.А. , Романов А.Е. , Бугров В.Е.
Published: January 2021

Исследованы объемные образцы beta-Ga2O3, выращенные методом Чохральского. На основании исследований динамики поглощенного тока и катодолюминесценции было показано, что в образце наблюдается локализация заряда обоих знаков. Продемонстрировано, что локализация электронов приводит к существенному уменьшению интенсивности катодолюминесценции. Ключевые слова: объемный оксид галлия, люминесценция, ловушки носителей заряда.
Станнид Mg-=SUB=-2-=/SUB=-Sn под давлением: результаты эволюционного поиска из первых принципов
Authors: Луняков Ю.В.
Published: January 2021

First-principles Density Functional Theory (DFT) evolutionary searches were carried out for magnesium stannide Mg2Sn structures. The well-known hexagonal structure of P63/mmc symmetry is shown to transform to orthorhombic Pmmm structure under pressure Р~5.1 GPa. The last one is stable up to pressures Р ~ 250 GPa. It can exist together with orthorhombic Cmmm structure.
Распределение ионов марганца Mn-=SUP=-2+-=/SUP=- в монокристалле литий-галлиевой шпинели Li-=SUB=-0.5-=/SUB=-Ga-=SUB=-2.5-=/SUB=-O-=SUB=-4-=/SUB=-
Authors: Shapovalov V.V. , Шаповалов В.А. , Шавров В.Г. , Коледов В.В. , Вальков В.И. , Каманцев А.П.
Published: January 2021

Self-organization of eight structurally and magnetically non-equivalent positions of manganese ions Mn2+ in a unit cell of single-crystal lithium-gallium spinel Li0,5Ga2,5O4 is demonstrated. The ions are self-distributed over these positions and the minima of the crystal field potential. Self-distribution of manganese ions becomes apparent in the spectra of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR).
Синтез, структурные, магнитные и теплофизические свойства Pb-=SUB=-3-=/SUB=-Mn-=SUB=-7-=/SUB=-O-=SUB=-15-=/SUB=-, допированного ионами титана
Authors: Софронова С.Н. , Еремин Е.В. , Молокеев М.С. , Михашенок Н.В. , Карташев А.В.
Published: January 2021

Crystals of Pb3Mn7O15 doped with titanium ions have been synthesized. The study of the structural properties showed that titanium ions occupy positions in the “columns” between the planes, which leads to a weakening of the exchange interaction between the planes. The temperature dependences of magnetization and heat capacity revealed two anomalies at 62 K and 35 K. At 62 K, a long-range magnetic order presumably appears, and at 35 K a spin-reorientation transition occurs, as in Pb3Mn7O15.
Электрофизические свойства вдоль границы	раздела двух полимерных пленок полиметилметакрилата
Authors: Лачинов А.Н. , Алтыншина Г.Р. , Байбулова Г.Ш. , Киан М.Ф. , Юсупов А.Р.
Published: January 2021

Проведены исследования проводимости вдоль границы раздела двух диэлектрических пленок субмикронной толщины. Представлены результаты сравнительного исследования электрофизических свойств отдельных пленок. В качестве диэлектрического материала был использован коммерческий полимер --- полиметилметакрилат. Исследования проводились по двухзондовой схеме методом вольт-амперных характеристик. Обнаружено аномальное по отношению к объемной увеличение проводимости. Установлено, что увеличение проводимости связано с возрастанием подвижности носителей заряда вдоль границы раздела до 140 cm2/V·s. Проведено сравнение с известными из литературы аналогами, подчеркивается необходимость дополнительного анализа свойств контакта трехмерная/двумерная область. Ключевые слова: полиметилметакрилат, диэлектрические пленки, граница раздела, подвижность.
Эффект резистивного переключения и памяти в композитных пленках на основе оксида графена в матрице металлорганических перовскитов
Authors: Архипов А.В. , Ненашев Г.В. , Алешин А.Н.
Published: January 2021

The effect of resistive switching in composite films based on organometallic perovskites CH3NH3PbI3 and CH3NH3PbBr3 with graphene oxide (GO) particles with a concentration of 1-3 wt% and a layer of fullerene derivative [60]PCBM is studied. It was found that the effect of resistive switching in Ag/[60]PCBM/ CH3NH3PbI3(Br3):GO/PEDOT:PSS/ITO/glass films manifests itself in a sharp change in the electrical resistance from a low-conductive to a high-conductive state when both positive and negative bias is applied on Ag and ITO electrodes (0.1-1.0 V) both in the dark and when illuminated by a simulated sunlight. It is assumed that the mechanism of resistive switching is associated with the capture and accumulation of charge carriers in GO particles due to the reduction/oxidation processes. The investigated composite films are promising for the creation of non-volatile memory cells.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Magnetic Behavior of Cobalt-Ferrite Nanoparticles under Variant Temperature Conditions
Authors: Alotaibi M.A. , Ud Din I. , Alharthi A.I. , Ahmad P. , Naeem A. , ElSayed I.A. , Centi G.
Published: January 2021

Wet chemical method was applied for the synthesis of cobalt-ferrite nanoparticles. The physicochemical properties were investigated by number of analytical techniques. TGA revealed the thermal stability of synthesized cobalt-ferrite nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction studies displayed the nanoparticles crystalline nature. Structure of cobalt-ferrite nanoparticles was confirmed via infrared spectroscopy by manifesting Co and Fe ions absorption peaks. Morphological studies showed synthesis of nanoparticles of cobalt-ferrite by employing field emissions scanning electron microscopy. The magnetic properties of cobalt-ferrite nanoparticles were investigated by vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies confirmed the synthesis of cobalt-ferrite by displaying the oxidation of Co as Co2+ and Fe as Fe3+, respectively. The VSM results revealed that the magnetic characteristics of cobalt-ferrite nanoparticles were completely changed by the variation of temperature. Keywords: ferrite nanoparticles, VSM, temperature effect, magneton number, anisotropy constant.
Evaluating the Effectiveness of a Web-Based Program (POP4Teens) to Prevent Prescription Opioid Misuse Among Adolescents: Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Marsch Lisa A , Moore Sarah K , Grabinski Michael , Bessen Sarah Y , Borodovsky Jacob , Scherer Emily
Published: January 2021

Background

Prescription opioid (PO) use is common among adolescents in the United States. Despite recent declines from unprecedented peaks in adolescent PO use (eg, in 2012-2013), there is seemingly paradoxical evidence that PO-related consequences (eg, opioid use disorder and overdoses) are increasing. These trends and their possible consequences emphasize the importance of prevention efforts targeting PO misuse. To our knowledge, we have developed the first interactive web-based program (POP4Teens [P4T]) focused specifically on the prevention of PO misuse among adolescents.

Objective

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of P4T, a web-based program designed to prevent adolescent PO misuse, in comparison with JustThinkTwice (JTT), an active control website, on PO-related attitudes, knowledge, risk perception, and intentions to use.

Methods

We conducted a web-based randomized controlled trial in 2018. A total of 406 adolescents (aged 12-17 years) were randomly assigned to either P4T or JTT. The outcome variables were attitudes, knowledge, and risk perceptions associated with PO misuse, intentions to use POs, and program feedback. Data were collected at baseline and at 1, 3, and 6 months.

Results

Both programs resulted in significant and sustained improvements in intention to use POs, increased perceived risk, impacted expectancies consistent with prevention, and improved PO refusal skills. P4T produced significantly greater increases in PO-related knowledge than JTT did, and it was reportedly easier to use and more liked. Baseline scores for youth reporting past-year medical use of POs, friends who engage in nonmedical use of POs, and/or poor mental health underscored their at-risk status compared with youth from the other groups.

Conclusions

P4T positively impacted all study variables that are known to prevent PO misuse among teens. Moreover, its web-based nature simplifies the dissemination and implementation of this novel tool designed to help meet the challenges of the evolving national opioid crisis.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02737696; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02737696
Efficacy of Smart Speaker–Based Metamemory Training in Older Adults: Case-Control Cohort Study
Authors: Kim Jeongsim , Shin EunJi , Han KyungHwa , Park Soowon , Youn Jung Hae , Jin Guixiang , Lee Jun-Young
Published: January 2021

Background

Metamemory training (MMT) is a useful training strategy for improving cognitive functioning in the older adult population. Despite the advantages, there are limitations imposed by location and time constraints.

Objective

This study aimed to develop a smart speaker–based MMT program and evaluate the efficacy of the program in older adults without cognitive impairment.

Methods

This study used a case-control cohort design. The smart speaker–based MMT program comprised 3 training sessions per day, 5 days a week, for 8 weeks. Each training session took approximately 15 minutes. This program was implemented using smart speakers, not human trainers. All participants completed the Mini-Mental State Examination, Subjective Memory Complaints Questionnaire, Verbal Learning Test, Digit Span Test, fluency tests, and a short-form version of the Geriatric Depression Scale before and after training.

Results

A total of 60 subjects (29 in the MMT group and 31 in the control group) participated in the study. The training group showed significant increases in the delayed free recall, digit span forward, digit span backward, and fluency test scores compared with the control group.

Conclusions

This study confirmed the efficacy of smart speaker–based MMT in older adults. Home-based smart speaker–based MMT is not limited with respect to location or constrained by space and may help older adults with subjective cognitive decline without requiring intervention by human professionals.
Conducting Virtual, Synchronous Focus Groups Among Black Sexual Minority Men: Qualitative Study
Authors: Dangerfield II Derek T , Wylie Charleen , Anderson Janeane N
Published: January 2021

Background

Focus groups are useful to support HIV prevention research among US subpopulations, such as Black gay, Black bisexual, and other Black sexual minority men (BSMM). Virtual synchronous focus groups provide an electronic means to obtain qualitative data and are convenient to implement; however, the protocols and acceptability for conducting virtual synchronous focus groups in HIV prevention research among BSMM are lacking.

Objective

This paper describes the protocols and acceptability of conducting virtual synchronous focus groups in HIV prevention research among BSMM

Methods

Data for this study came from 8 virtual synchronous focus groups examined in 2 studies of HIV-negative BSMM in US cities, stratified by age (N=39): 2 groups of BSMM ages 18-24 years, 5 groups of BSMM ages 25-34 years, and 1 group of BSMM 35 years and older. Virtual synchronous focus groups were conducted via Zoom, and participants were asked to complete an electronic satisfaction survey distributed to their email via Qualtrics.

Results

The age of participants ranged from 18 to 44 years (mean 28.3, SD 6.0). All participants “strongly agreed” or “agreed” that they were satisfied participating in an online focus group. Only 17% (5/30) preferred providing written informed consent versus oral consent. Regarding privacy, most (30/30,100%) reported “strongly agree” or “agree” that their information was safe to share with other participants in the group. Additionally, 97% (29/30) reported being satisfied with the incentive.

Conclusions

Conducting virtual synchronous focus groups in HIV prevention research among BSMM is feasible. However, thorough oral informed consent with multiple opportunities for questions, culturally relevant facilitation procedures, and appropriate incentives are needed for optimal focus group participation.
Early Perceptions of COVID-19 Contact Tracing Apps in German-Speaking Countries: Comparative Mixed Methods Study
Authors: Zimmermann Bettina Maria , Fiske Amelia , Prainsack Barbara , Hangel Nora , McLennan Stuart , Buyx Alena
Published: January 2021

Background

The main German-speaking countries (Germany, Austria, and Switzerland) have implemented digital contact tracing apps to assist the authorities with COVID-19 containment strategies. Low user rates for these apps can affect contact tracing and, thus, its usefulness in controlling the spread of the novel coronavirus.

Objective

This study aimed to assess the early perceptions of people living in the German-speaking countries and compare them with the frames portrayed in the newspapers during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods

We conducted qualitative interviews with 159 participants of the SolPan project. Of those, 110 participants discussed contact tracing apps and were included in this study. We analyzed articles regarding contact tracing apps from 12 newspapers in the German-speaking countries.

Results

Study participants perceived and newspaper coverage in all German-speaking countries framed contact tracing apps as governmental surveillance tools and embedded them in a broader context of technological surveillance. Participants identified trust in authorities, respect of individual privacy, voluntariness, and temporary use of contact tracing apps as prerequisites for democratic compatibility. Newspapers commonly referenced the use of such apps in Asian countries, emphasizing the differences in privacy regulation among these countries.

Conclusions

The uptake of digital contact tracing apps in German-speaking countries may be undermined due to privacy risks that are not compensated by potential benefits and are rooted in a deeper skepticism towards digital tools. When authorities plan to implement new digital tools and practices in the future, they should be very transparent and proactive in communicating their objectives and the role of the technology—and how it differs from other, possibly similar, tools. It is also important to publicly address ethical, legal, and social issues related to such technologies prior to their launch.
Expanding Telemonitoring in a Virtual World: A Case Study of the Expansion of a Heart Failure Telemonitoring Program During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Wali Sahr , Guessi Margarido Milena , Shah Amika , Ware Patrick , McDonald Michael , O'Sullivan Mary , Duero Posada Juan , Ross Heather , Seto Emily
Published: January 2021

Background

To minimize the spread and risk of a COVID-19 outbreak, societal norms have been challenged with respect to how essential services are delivered. With pressures to reduce the number of in-person ambulatory visits, innovative models of telemonitoring have been used during the pandemic as a necessary alternative to support access to care for patients with chronic conditions. The pandemic has led health care organizations to consider the adoption of telemonitoring interventions for the first time, while others have seen existing programs rapidly expand.

Objective

At the Toronto General Hospital in Ontario, Canada, the rapid expansion of a telemonitoring program began on March 9, 2020, in response to COVID-19. The objective of this study was to understand the experiences related to the expanded role of a telemonitoring program under the changing conditions of the pandemic.

Methods

A single-case qualitative study was conducted with 3 embedded units of analysis. Semistructured interviews probed the experiences of patients, clinicians, and program staff from the Medly telemonitoring program at a heart function clinic in Toronto, Canada. Data were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis as well as Eakin and Gladstone’s value-adding approach to enhance the analytic interpretation of the study findings.

Results

A total of 29 participants were interviewed, including patients (n=16), clinicians (n=9), and operational staff (n=4). Four themes were identified: (1) providing care continuity through telemonitoring; (2) adapting telemonitoring operations for a more virtual health care system; (3) confronting virtual workflow challenges; and (4) fostering a meaningful patient-provider relationship. Beyond supporting virtual visits, the program’s ability to provide a more comprehensive picture of the patient’s health was valued. However, issues relating to the lack of system integration and alert-driven interactions jeopardized the perceived sustainability of the program.

Conclusions

With the reduction of in-person visits during the pandemic, virtual services such as telemonitoring have demonstrated significant value. Based on our study findings, we offer recommendations to proactively adapt and scale telemonitoring programs under the changing conditions of an increasingly virtual health care system. These include revisiting the scope and expectations of telemedicine interventions, streamlining virtual patient onboarding processes, and personalizing the collection of patient information to build a stronger virtual relationship and a more holistic assessment of patient well-being.
New Direction of Indonesian Migrant Workers Protection through the Law Number 18 of 2017 and its Implementation Challenges
Authors: Izzati Nabiyla
Published: January 2021

Problems of legal protection for migrant workers are not a new issue in Indonesia. As one of the states that send migrant workers massively, Indonesia seeks to increase protection efforts for its citizens who work abroad through the Law Number 18 of 2017 on the Protection of Indonesian Migrant Workers (UUPPMI). The UUPPMI replaces the Law Number 39 of 2004 on the Placement and the Protection of Indonesian Migrant Workers, which was criticized since it only focused on the issue of placement without paying attention on the protection. This study used normative method by showing some articles of the UUPPMI and analyzing the suitability of the arrangements to the theories of worker protection. The results indicate that one of the most prominent changes in the UUPPMI is the emergence of a larger role of the government, which means that it automatically reduces the role of private sector in the mechanism of placement and protection of migrant workers. The UUPPMI delegates the responsibility to protect migrant workers to both central and regional governments, starting from before, during, and after worker’s work period.
Legal Protection for The Indigenous Law Communities and Their Traditional Rights Based on the Verdict of the Constitutional Court
Authors: Astomo Putera , Asrullah Asrullah
Published: January 2021

This study covers the problems related to the regulation of Adat (Indigenous) law communities. First, the Law Number 41 of 1999 on Forestry categorizes indigenous forests as State Forest. Therefore, the state has the authority to stipulate indigenous forests as long as the relevant Indigenous Law Communities are still existed and recognized. Second, the Law Number 27 of 2007 on Management of Coastal Areas and Small Islands provides opportunities for owners of large capital through Coastal Water Concession Rights (HP-3), but the substance does not provide space for coastal communities especially fishermen carrying out economic activities in coastal areas. Due to limited capital and technology, coastal communities are not able to compete with large capital owners hence the poverty level of fishermen keeps increasing. Finally, the Law Number 41 of 1999 on Forestry and the Law Number 27 of 2007 on Management of Small Coastal Areas and Islands tested materially to the Constitutional Court. The research method used in this study is normative legal research. The results of the research are forms of legal protection against the existence of indigenous law communities and their traditional rights, which include protection of their indigenous rights over the status and management of indigenous forests and their protection over the management of coastal areas and small islands.
Repurchase Agreement (REPO) Buyers’ Protection after the Issuance of the Regulation of the Financial Services Authority Number 09/POJK.04/2015
Authors: Hardyanto Benedictus
Published: January 2021

This paper aims to find out the Repurchase Agreement (REPO) buyers’ protection in the capital market, after the issuance of the Regulation of the Financial Services Authority Number 09/POJK.04/2015 on the Guidelines for Financial Services Institutions Repurchase Agreement Transactions (POJK REPO). REPO transaction is initially considered as loan transaction and lending securities instrument between two parties based on an agreement. Then, on a predetermined date, the same return on securities will be given at the agreed price. However, after the issuance of the POJK REPO, the REPO transaction qualifies as a sale and purchase transaction with a repurchase agreement. As a result, the initial understanding that REPO is a loan and lending transaction is no longer valid. In the Global Master Indonesia Repurchase Agreement (GMRA Indonesia), the REPO seller’s responsibility is unclear when the value of the securities held by the REPO Buyer Party cannot fulfill the value that must be paid by the Seller on the repurchase date. Therefore, despite the fact that Indonesia has had REPO transaction guidelines, the GMRA Indonesia as mandated by the Financial Services Authority Number 9/POJK.04/2015, the responsibility of the REPO Seller has not been regulated explicitly.
ICC and ASEAN: Weakening or Strengthening National Criminal Justice System?
Authors: Dewi Chloryne
Published: January 2021

The objective of the establishment of the International Criminal Court by the Rome Statute 1998 is to achieve global justice. The spirit to end impunity established the ICC to respond to four previous criminal tribunals that have been criticized as victor’s justice and selective justice. The ICC has material jurisdiction on the four most serious crimes: crimes against humanity, genocide, war crimes, and crimes of aggression. These crimes can be committed in any part of the world, including Southeast Asia. The latest case was crimes against humanity that lead to genocide of the Rohingya people in Myanmar, not to mention extra judicial killings as a policy of drugs war and towards journalist in the Philippines. However, none of the case has been brought to justice. In view of that, this study examined challenges and opportunities toward the implementation of Rome Statute 1998 in Southeast Asia. Furthermore, it also observed possible impacts in implementing Rome Statute 1998 in Southeast Asia. The existing national legal instruments related to ICC can support the implementation of Rome Statute 1998 in Southeast Asia and achieve the objective of ICC to end impunity and to reach global justice. Nevertheless, challenges come from the governments of Southeast Asian states. They are reluctant to bring justice and fear that ICC can violate national sovereignty. Interestingly, the Philippines just withdrew itself as a state party to ICC since 2018. Based on the basic principle of complementarity, the ICC is proposed to strengthening national criminal justice of a state. Therefore, the ICC should not be considered as a threat to national sovereignty of a state.
The Urgency of Non-Precluded Measures Clause in Indonesian Bilateral Investment Treaty
Authors: Sefriani Sefriani
Published: January 2021

The legitimacy crisis of the Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) within the international community was caused by the increasing regulatory disputes before the Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) forum. It encourages Indonesia to discontinue several BITs, to review and to make new BIT models for Indonesia. This article aims to analyze the urgency of the non-precluding measures (NPM) clause in the new BIT Model of Indonesia to balance the interests of investors and the interests of Indonesia as the host state, considering that to date the existing BIT content is not balanced. The BIT provides so much protection to investors and, vice versa, weighty obligations to the host country. This study employed descriptive analytical method. The study concludes that the NPM Clause is very important in the new Indonesian BIT Model. At least, can be based on five arguments. First, the NPM clause will transfer risk from the country to foreign investors in situations of extraordinary threats. Second, the NPM clause will limit investor protection in certain situations. Third, the NPM clause will provide greater flexibility to Indonesia as the host to regulate its investment policy to achieve sustainable development to realize the people’s welfare, labor rights, public health, safety environment, public morals, and order. Fourth, the NPM clause is important for self-recovery during international financial crisis. Fifth, lastly, the NPM clause will balance the protection of both investors and Indonesia as the host state.
Terrorism as Socially Constructed Crime in Indonesia
Authors: Sesetyo Heru
Published: January 2021

In the aftermath of Bali Bombing 2002, which is considered the biggest terrorist attack in Indonesia, the Indonesian government launched the so-called ‘war against terrorism’. Subsequently, the government established and applied laws on terrorism and formed a special counter-terrorism police squad: The Detachment 88. A state body that coordinates counter-terrorism measures is quickly established, the National Anti-Terrorism Agency (BNPT –Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Terorisme). Therefore, terrorism in Indonesia has been considered a ‘big and serious business’ since 2002. It also raises a serious question in defining and judging terror crime. Indeed, Indonesia has the law of terrorism since 2002, yet the definition is not very clear. Even in international forum, there is no single and approved definition of terrorism. For instance, an armed group who attacked civilians in Central Sulawesi was named terrorists by the state. On the other hand, a group of militias who attacked and held hostages in Timika, Papua was labelled as an armed criminal group. In Jakarta, there were some bomb threats during 2015 and 2017. Nevertheless, the law enforcement agencies have never named them as ‘terrorists’, although their actions deserve to be called as ‘lone-wolf terrorism’. This paper aims to identify the social construction of terrorism. Terrorism is a term that is used regularly by news media and politicians. Whether its application is impartial or biased is fundamental to a debate. In a society where, international terrorism monopolizes news media and political discussion, there is no greater need than to analyze the boundaries of the term ‘terrorism’ construction within social processes. One of the serious problems involving terrorism in Indonesia is to define an offense as terrorism. The laws of terrorism are existed. The judgment and conviction to terrorism suspects also have been made in various jurisdictions. Yet, the types of offenses constituted as terrorism are still unclear. Ordinary people, media, opinion makers, and law enforcement officers have socially constructed terrorism and have their own perceptions of terrorism. This condition leads to law uncertainty and, to some extent, it leads to victimization and stigmatization of innocent people because their appearances and social environments have been associated to terrorism. This study employed two approaches: Social construction and guilt by association theories.
The Characters of Special Region According to The 1945 Constitution of Republic of Indonesia
Authors: Hermanto Asep , Suwahju Anggara
Published: January 2021

The Republic of Indonesia, based on the 1945 Constitution, the second Amendment, recognizes the existence of a Special Region and its distinctive governance. Article 18B, Paragraph (1), of the 1945 Constitution reads, “The State shall recognize and respect entities of regional administration that possess a specificity or a distinctiveness that are to be regulated by law”. Previously, the governance of special region was also regulated in the first version of the 1945 Constitution that was stipulated on August 18, 1945. In addition, it is contained in other constitutions that were formerly effective in Indonesia: the 1949 Constitution of the Republic of the United States of Indonesia, and the 1950 UUDS. The clearest arrangements regarding the status of special region were covered by the 1950 UUDS, whereas the 1945 and the 1949 Constitutions do not provide detailed description of special regional government units. This triggers some fundamental questions related to the substance of special region. This study reveals several facts related to the existence and administration of government in special regions. Among other things, the current arrangement does not open up the possibility of forming new special regions and the administration of special region only exists at the provincial level.
The Implication of the Globalization on the Pancasila-Based Principles of Local Democracy in Indonesia
Authors: Gumbira Seno , Wiwoho Jamal
Published: January 2021

The liberalism principles have influenced the whole life aspects of the nation and the state of Indonesia. On the political aspect, the principles influence the elections in Indonesia from the lowest (village head election) to the highest (presidential election) levels. The liberal principles are not in accordance with the principles of Pancasila as the national philosophy and the source of law (staatsfundamental norm) of Indonesia. The liberal democratic principles cause high cost democracy. They create the conditions of ‘free fight’ and ‘homo homini lupus’, as well as many potential corruption practices in villages. In addition, it can lead to the most worrying issue –the damage of values of Pancasila.
Direct International Responsibility of Non-Governmental Entities in The Utilization of Outer Space
Authors: Ruhaeni Neni
Published: January 2021

Article VI of the Space Treaty of 1967 defines non-governmental entities as legal concept. However, their responsibility in space activities is not defined comprehensively. The Treaty provides that the activity of non-governmental entities shall require authorization and continuing supervision from the appropriate state party to the Treaty. It suggests that non-governmental entities essentially are not the parties with direct international responsibility for their space activities. In other words, they have indirect international responsibility. On the other hand, commercialization and privatization of outer space have taken place intensively in the last two decades. It designs non-governmental entities as main actors in the exploration of outer space. The fact that non-governmental entities only have indirect international responsibility may lead to create difficult and complicated mechanisms, especially if the non-governmental entities are Multinational Corporations (MNCs). This study uses normative legal research, which is based primarily on the secondary data from library research relate to the responsibility of non-governmental entities for their activities in outer space. This study concluded that non-governmental entities should bear direct international responsibility following the current development in international law, of which, non-state legal subjects such as individual have a direct international responsibility for violations of international law they have committed.
The Binding Force of the Nuclear Disarmament Obligation upon North Korea and Its Legal Implication under International Law
Authors: Christianti Diajeng , Rizkullah Jaka
Published: January 2021

Article VI of the 1968 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) requires all state parties to disarm nuclear weapon. Following its official withdrawal from NPT in 2003, North Korea maintains to develop its nuclear weapon and conducts several nuclear tests. Moreover, it even proudly declared as a nuclear state in its Constitution's preamble. It also argues that the nuclear weapon developments and tests were conducted within their territory and, currently, North Korea is not bound by any treaty prohibiting such developments and tests. The statement is strongly opposed by the international community, particularly their neighboring states: Japan and South Korea. This article argues that the obligation to disarm nuclear weapon deriving from the NPT still binds North Korea since such obligation has reached the status of customary international law and consequently binds every state unless such state persistently objects the rule from the beginning of its formation. In this case, North Korea has failed to prove itself as a persistent objector due to the fact it used to be a party to the NPT. This article also argues that, according to 2001 ILC Articles, Japan and South Korea still have a proper legal basis to claim for reparation against North Korea despite the fact that they are not specifically affected by North Korea’s conducts.
The Paradigm of the General Principles of Good Governance as Examination Method of Indonesian Presidential Impeachment based on the Perspective of Ethical Control
Authors: Nadir Nadir
Published: January 2021

This study aims to reveal the paradigm of General Principles of Good Governance as a method of examination for Indonesian presidential impeachment based on the perspective of ethical control. This study employed the method of legal research. It was carried out to reveal principles and basis of (dogmatic or doctrinal) philosophy of positive law. In addition, the study is legal discovery in-concreto that is feasible to be applied to resolve a certain legal case. This study exposes that one of the legal reasons for the termination of the President of Indonesia is despicable deeds. It is determined as an act of President that degrade human characters. Hermeneutically, the meaning of “despicable deeds” may cover criminal acts and ethical actions. Therefore, the meaning of “despicable deeds” in this study is limited into acts of ethics infringement related to the General Principles of The Good Governance. The President can be terminated from the office when there is a violation to the General Principles of the Good Governance since the principles are the ethical principles of government. The principles contain honesty, accuracy, purity, balance, and legal certainty. These principles are the items that bring solution and reference for the House of Representatives (DPR) and the People’s Consultative Assembly (MPR) and the Constitutional Court. Theoretically, there is no norm, either of the 1945 Constitution or of other regulations, which limit the interpretation of “despicable acts” as a reflection of the acts of the President to be classified into ethical conducts. Therefore, the application of the General Principles of Good Governance as method of examination for the presidential impeachment is a new paradigm from the perspective of ethical control in Indonesia.
The Implementation of the Strict-Liability Principle to the Perpetrators of Forest and Land Burning
Authors: Hafrida Hafrida , Helmi Helmi , Permatasari Bunga
Published: January 2021

The massive forest and land fires in Indonesia have been raging and caused haze disaster. The haze disaster is not suffered only in Indonesian territory, but it has become a transnational disaster resulting in extensive economic and health quality losses. In addition, the disaster has led damage to agricultural land and disruption of diplomatic relations among affected states. The number of perpetrators of forest and land fires that increase annually shows that the enforcement of criminal law is relatively ineffective. This article covers the problem whether the principle of strict liability can be applied to the perpetrators of forest burning. In 2019, forest fires in the Jambi Province had took placed in estimated 165.86.58 hectares. The forest fire is the main source of transnational haze disaster. Law enforcement on forest fires in Jambi has not provided a deterrent effect yet. There are forty-six companies acquiring fires in their concession land areas. Unfortunately, only four of them reached court proceedings and only two companies were declared guilty by the court. Therefore, as a deterrent effort, the principle of strict liability can be applied as the main principle to handle perpetrators of forest burning.
The Perspective of Indonesian Law on E-Commerce: Validity, Liability and Dispute Settlement
Authors: Yudhantaka Lintang , Anand Ghansham , Katulistiwi Manik
Published: January 2021

In the era of globalization, the fast development of technology enables people to complete almost all activities with technological assistance. One of the activities is commerce. Commercial activity by means of electronic media is called e-commerce. Like ordinary commerce, e-commerce requires contract to order rights and obligations of parties involving in transaction. This study aims to discuss and to elaborate legal construction of e-commerce in addition to the liability of merchant for any loss resulted. In practice, only few consumers fully understand contents of contract. Many of them experience losses either because of their negligence in understanding contract or the fraudulent actions of business actors. This study employed legal research method with conceptual and statute approach. The study reveals that e-commerce is a form of e-contract. In addition, e-commerce is constructed as sales and purchase agreement since it arranges subjects, objects, and primary obligations of the pertinent parties. On the subject of liability of merchants, they must be liable if they were revealed violating contract and taking their consumers into loss.
Summer birds in Arkhangai province, Mongolia, July-August 2002.
Authors:   139 Hurst Street, Oxford OX4 1HE, UK, S. Cheke Anthony ,   anthony@innerbookshop.com
Published: January 2021

A list of breeding birds for Tsetserleg and its surroundings is given for the first time, and additions arenoted for the Khorgo-Terkhiin Tsagaan Nuur National Park The presence of Eurasian Griffons andLammergeiers in the Khangai mountains is confirmed, and Black-headed Gulls suspected of breedingnear Tsagaan Nuur, a new locality. An apparent marked increase in breeding/summering numbers ofTufted Duck and Velvet Scoter and a possible range expansion of Daurian Redstarts was noted. Massmortality was observed in House Sparrows from eating moths
Biotechnological activity of Spondias purpurea L.: Screening for antimicrobial activity and toxicity
Authors: Marisco Gabriele , Xavier Regineide , Assunção Renata , Amorim Mariana , Souza Roberta , Pungartnik Cristina
Published: January 2021

In Brazil, Spondias purpurea L. is commonly used in the system of medicine for treatment of gastric problems, diabetes, high cholesterol and high blood pressure. This study evaluated S. purpurea for its antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities. The ethanol crude extract (CE) from the leaves of S. purpurea and its four fractions (FA, FB, FC and FC) were assayed for antifungal activities and bactericidal activities using minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant related oxidative stress (cttΔ, ctaΔ, sod1Δ, sod2Δ) was treated with CE. The lethality and toxicity, Artemia salina and Allium cepa were used. The results showed that the fungal strains tested were susceptible to at least one of the fractions tested. However, CE and FA were the best antifungal fractions. The bacteria showed no sensitivity against the crude extract and fractions. The mutants sod1Δ, sod2Δ and cttΔ showed sensitivity when submitted to the CE. The CE and fractions indicated moderate toxicity against A. salina and A. cepa. These results indicated the use of S. purpurea to treat fungal infections caused by Candida and possible antitumor activity; however, in vivo studies should be performed in order to assess its exploitation as therapeutic agent toxicity.