bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of lifestyle, personality, symptoms of anxiety and depression, and genetic predisposition on subjective sleep disturbance and sleep pattern
Authors: Heath Andrew C , Eaves Lindon J , Kirk Katherine M , Martin Nicholas G
Published: March 2007

The effects on sleep pattern (‘short-sleep’ versus ‘long-sleep’) and subjective sleep disturbance of genotype, personality, symptoms of anxiety and depression, and lifestyle, were examined using survey data on a clinically unselected sample of adult Australian twin pairs, aged 17–88 years. When the effects of genotype, personality and symptoms were ignored, lifestyle variables appeared to account for roughly 4% of the variance in sleep disturbance, and 9% of the variance in sleep pattern. Significant genetic effects on sleep disturbance and sleep pattern were found, which were only partly explained by the effects of personality and symptoms of anxiety and depression. Much of the association between sleep disturbance and lifestyle appeared to be explained by separate effects of personality and symptoms of anxiety and depression on sleep and lifestyle (‘genotype – risk-factor correlation’). There was little evidence for genetically determined differences in sensitivity to the lifestyle variables (‘genotype × risk-factor interaction’).
Book Reviews
Authors: Gott Suzanne
Published: March 2007

Beads of Life: Eastern and Southern African Beadwork from Canadian Collections by Marie‐Louise Labelle. Canadian Museum of Civilization Mercury Series, Cultural Studies Paper 78. Gatineau, Quebec: Canadian Museum of Civilization, 2005. 208 pp.

Suzanne Gott is Assistant Professor of Aboriginal and Visual Arts at Brandon University in Manitoba, Canada. Trained in art history, folklore, and African studies, her ethnographic research focuses on women's visual culture in Ghana's Ashanti region, particularly on the significance of dress, fashion, and urban performative display.
Book Reviews
Authors: Paine Shelley Reisman
Published: March 2007

Old Poisons, New Problems:. Museum Resource for Managing Contaminated Cultural Materials by Nancy Odegaard, Alyce Sadongei and Associates. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press, 2005. 160 pp.

Shelley Reisman Paine is an objects conservator and museum consultant in private practice. She was trained in the University of Delaware/Winterthur Museum conservation graduate program and has consulted with museums throughout the United States. She lives in Nashville, Tennessee.
Book Reviews
Authors: Szabo Joyce M.
Published: March 2007

Native Modernism: The Art of George Morrison and Allan Houser by Truman Lowe, ed. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Native Museum of the American Indian and Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2005. 128 pp.

Joyce M. Szabo is Professor of Art in the Department of Art and Art History at the University of New Mexico. A specialist in the study of Native North American art, she is the author of Howling Wolf and the History of Ledger Art (University of New Mexico Press, 1994) and the editor of Painters, Patrons, and Identity: Essays in Native American Art to Honor J. J. Brody (University of New Mexico Press, 2001).
Book Reviews
Authors: Graburn Nelson H. H.
Published: March 2007

Cape Dorset Sculpture by Derek Norton and Nigel Reading. Vancouver: Douglas and McIntyre, 2005. 136 pp. (Co‐published with University of Washington Press.)

Nelson H. H. Graburn is Curator of North American Ethnology at the P. A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology and a Professor of Anthropology at the University of California, Berkeley. His recent research has focused on the study of art, tourism, museums, and the expression and representation of identity. He is working with
Potato Yield Stability under Contrasting Soil Management Strategies
Authors: Mallory Ellen B. , Porter Gregory A.
Published: March 2007

Managing soil quality is recognized as a cornerstone of maintaining crop production potential. Here we show that soil management that improves soil quality characteristics can also reduce year‐to‐year variation in yields. Thirteen years of data from the Maine Potato Ecosystem Project were used to investigate the long‐term effects of soil management, pest management, cultivar, and rotation in a factorial design on the yield and yield stability of potatoes grown in 2‐yr rotations. Potato (Solanum tuberosumL.) yields in the amended soil system (manure, compost, green manure, and supplemental fertilizer) were up to 55% higher than yields in the contrasting nonamended soil system (synthetic fertilizer) in all but 1 yr. Yield stability was also enhanced in the amended system compared with the nonamended system, as demonstrated by lower CVs of total and U.S. no. 1 potato tuber yield. Stability analysis indicated that yields in the amended system were less influenced by adverse growing conditions, particularly low rainfall. Total and U.S. no. 1 treatment yields in the poorest‐yielding year were 63 and 59% of maximum yields, respectively, in the amended system, compared with 45 and 46% in the nonamended system. Yields and yield stability were also influenced by pest management system and cultivar but not by rotation. These results indicate that management practices that improve soil quality can enhance potato yield stability by reducing the impact of adverse growing conditions.
Explicit and Recursive Calculation of Potential and Actual Evapotranspiration
Authors: Lascano Robert J. , van Bavel Cornelius H. M.
Published: March 2007

The explicit combination method (ECM; Penman, 1948) to calculate potential evapotranspiration (ETp) is a physically based model using standard climatological data. It is based on an assumption regarding the temperature and humidity at the evaporating surface that is not made in a recursive combination method (RCM; Budyko, 1958). Our objective was to compare the two methods by calculating values of ETp and of actual evapotranspiration (ETa) using hourly weather data collected on 45 d during the warm season in Lubbock, TX. Results show that on hot summer days ECM underestimated the daily value of ETp and of ETa by as much as 25% compared with RCM. The proposed RCM procedure is based on the same physical principles as ECM, but uses iteration to find an accurate answer. It can easily be used with commercially available mathematical software that has proven to be stable. The RCM needs experimental verification before implementation for crop irrigation.
Cotton Seedling Abrasion and Recovery from Wind Blown Sand
Authors: Baker Jeffrey T.
Published: March 2007

Millions of hectares of crops are exposed to wind blown sand abrasion each year, and in many instances the damage is thought to be severe enough to require replanting. The goal of this study was to determine the effects of wind blown sand abrasion duration on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) seedlings. Seedlings of three cotton cultivars were exposed to wind velocities of 13.4 m s−1 with sand abrasive flux density of 0.42 g cm−1 width s−1 for six treatment durations ranging from 0 to 40 min. Plants were destructively sampled at the time of the sand abrasion treatment and also at ≈2 and 4 wk after exposure. These three sampling dates provided two time intervals for assessing the amount of plant damage and regrowth using classical growth analysis. With increasing sand abrasion treatment time, leaf area and leaf, stem, and total shoot biomass were all reduced while final number of mainstem nodes increased (P ≤ 0.05). Cultivar differences in leaf mass were significant only at the second destructive sampling date (P ≤ 0.05). For the first harvest interval, between the first and second destructive sampling, shoot relative growth rate (RGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR) decreased with increasing sand abrasion treatment time. Regrowth during the second harvest interval revealed the opposite pattern, with RGR and NAR both increasing with increasing sand abrasion treatment time. In both harvest intervals, variation in RGR depended mainly on NAR rather than leaf area ratio (LAR). These results indicate that, despite near‐complete defoliation at the longest treatment duration of 40 min, cotton plants receiving this level of damage in the field may not require replanting.
Estimates of induced abortion in urban North Carolina
Authors: Abernathy James R. , Greenberg Bernard G. , Horvitz Daniel G.
Published: March 2007

In 1965, Warner developed an interviewing procedure designed to eliminate evasive answer bias when questions of a sensitive nature are asked. He called the procedure ‘randomized response.’ The authors have been studying the technique for several years and, in this paper, are reporting some of the estimates of induced abortion in urban North Carolina using randomized response. Estimates of the proportion of women having an abortion during the past year among women 18–44 years of age are reported. For the study population indices were developed relating induced abortion to total conceptions for whites and nonwhites. The illegal abortion rate per 100 conceptions was estimated to be 14.9 for whites and 32.9 for nonwhites. Estimates of the proportion of women having an abortion during their lifetime among women 18 years old or over are also shown. Among ever married women, the proportion having an abortion during their lifetime declined as education increased. Estimates were high for women with 5 or more pregnancies. Most of the respondents stated that they were satisfied that the randomized response approach would not reveal their personal situation. Furthermore, they did not think their friends would truthfully respond to adirect question regarding abortion.
The formation and stability of ideal family size among young people
Authors: Gustavus Susan O. , Nam Charles B.
Published: March 2007

A sample of 1,123 sixth, ninth, and twelfth graders in two Southern counties was questioned to ascertain how many children they think is ideal. More than three-fourths of the students in each grade had given thought to an ideal number of children for themselves; fewer had thought about the ideal number for the average American couple. Two and three children were the modal responses; mean ideal sizes were 3.02 for self and 3.16 for the average couple. The range of acceptable fertility behavior, “too few” or “too many” children, is defined by medians of 1.56 and 5.96. Ideal and acceptable family sizes increase slightly in the higher grades. A sex difference in ideals appeared only at grade 12; girls wanted more children. Negroes wanted fewer children than did whites at grade 6, more at grade 12. Size of family of orientation was directly related to ideals at grades 6 and 9, but the relation was curvilinear at grade 12. The direct relation between ideals and socioeconomic status became more pronounced at grade 12. Ideal sizes were larger for Catholics than for other religious groups. The study lends at least minimal support to the notion that early socialization affects ideas about family size.
The use of fourier analysis to express the relation between time variations in fertility and the time sequence of births in a closed human population
Authors: Coale Ansley J.
Published: March 2007

A fundamental theorem of mathematical demography states that two closed populations sharing the same extended history of net fertility, no matter how variable, have the same age composition. In consequence, when in any population net fertility has long followed a purely repetitive cycle, age composition must also be repetitive with the same cycle length. Under these conditions annual births follow a path that is an exponential multiplied by a periodic time-function. If the time variation of fertility is a small amplitude sinusoidal oscillation, the periodic component of the birth sequence is also sinusoidal. The relative amplitude and timing of fertility oscillations and the consequent birth fluctuations are functions of the duration (or frequency) of the fertility cycle; the nature of the functions is determined by the age structure of net fertility.Any time sequence of fertility variation over an extended period of time can be treated as if part of a repetitious cycle of very long duration. By Fourier analysis the fertility sequence can be expressed as the sum of a series of sinusoidal terms; and finally the sinusoidal components of the resultant birth sequence can be derived. The calculated birth sequence closely approximates the actual.
Occupational mobility as a probability process
Authors: Hodge Robert W.
Published: March 2007

Cierto numéro de pasadas investigaciones han asumido que la movilidad ocupacional entre generaciones puede ser descrita como un proceso Markov, pero esta asumsión no ha sido nunca sujeta a pruebas empiricas. Usando datos pertinentes a la ocupación de abuelos, padres e hijos, nosotros podemos demostrar que la hipótesis markoviana no es valida. Otras investigaciones han tratado la movilidad intrageneraeional como variadas clases de procesos de probabilidad, pero no han mirado el movimiento entre ocupaciones en si mismo, como un proceso Markov. Usando el estudio de Movilidad Ocupacional en Seis Ciudades, nosotros también podemos demostrar para cada una de las tres cohortes de edades que la movilidad ocupacional intrageneraeional no puede ser totalmente descrita como un proceso Markov de primer orden.

Aunque, relativamente hay más herencia ocupacional intergeneracional y más estabilidad ocupacional intrageneraeional que la requerida por las teorias markovianas, hay sinembargo una impresionante similaridad entre las actuales corrientes entre ocupaciones y aquellas requeridas para un proceso markoviano de primer orden. Por lo que se refiere a este caso, los individuos escapan a al influencia de la ocupación de sus abuelos y a la influencia de otras ocupaciones, eligiendo tempranamente su propia carrera. Así, mientras la movilidad ocupacional no puede ser totalmente descrita por una cadena markoviana de primer orden, su similaridad a dicho proceso testifica la gran fluides de la sociedad norteamericana. Los conceptos de “carrera” y la discución de una persistente “cultura de la pobreza” requieren modification a la luz de estos descubrimientos.
Marriage Patterns and Cumulative Fertility in West Malaysia: 1966–1967
Authors: Palmore James A. , Marzuki Ariffin bin
Published: March 2007

Differentials in age at first marriage and being married more than once are discussed for a probability sample of West Malaysian currently married women 15–44 years of age. Both marriage ages and the incidence of multiple marriages vary greatly by race, place of current residence, wife’s education, and husband’s occupation; and the marriage variables are shown to have significant effects on the cumulative fertility of West Malaysian women. Early marriage leads to higher cumulative fertility and multiple marriages lead to lower cumulative fertility. Since the social groups with the highest proportions of early marriages are also those with the highest incidence of multiple marriages, the marriage variables explain some but not all of the variance in cumulative fertility for West Malaysian social groups. After adjustment for the effects of the marriage variables, rural Indian or Pakistani women still have the highest cumulative fertility and urban Chinese women with more than five years of schooling still have the lowest cumulative fertility.
Comparison of Information on Death Certificates and Matching 1960 Census Records: Age, Marital Status, Race, Nativity and Country of Origin
Authors: Hambright Thea Zelman
Published: March 2007

A sample of death certificates matched with 1960 Census records permitted comparison of response data for items asked on both records. Estimates of bias in death rates which are based on information from the two records are derived from the comparison data. Most of the comparisons yielded small discrepancies of inconsequential effect on the mortality rates. Some large inconsistencies, however, of potentially serious impact on the death rates were observed. The comparisons are examined and the implications of the results for the relevant mortality rates are discussed. In addition, age-specific death rates “corrected” for the disparities found in the age information on the two records are presented.
Registration Completeness and International Comparisons of Infant Mortality
Authors: Chase Helen C.
Published: March 2007

The physical development of the live born infant is the single most important variable governing its survival: infant mortality among those weighing 2,500 grams (5 1/2 pounds) or less at birth is 17 times the mortality among those weighing more than 2,500 grams at birth. The variation in mortality according to birth weight (or gestation) is greater than for subclasses of color, sex, maternal age, or birth order. Infant mortality in the United States is significantly higher than in a number of other countries e.g., Sweden, Netherlands, Norway. The difference is thought, by some, to be due to underregistration of low birth weight infants in other countries. In this paper, distributions of live births by birth weight for Denmark, England and Wales, New Zealand, and the United States, and infant mortality data for Denmark and the United States are examined. The data do not support a hypothesis of gross underregistration of live born infants in other countries. The results indicate that some index of physical development (birth weight, gestation, or a combination of both) should be included in any appraisal of infant mortality.
Cohort disaggregation analysis of fertility data from a sample survey
Authors: Myers George C. , Gibson Jeffry R.
Published: March 2007

Social differentials in cumulative fertility revealed by field surveys in a number of countries typically have been interpreted with the implicit assumption that the timing of childbearing within the reproductive period remains constant. However, the reproductive histories that have been collected in such surveys provide a largely unexploited source of data for the analysis of trends in timing. An analysis by birth cohort of the fertility experience of 592 ever-married women surveyed in San Juan, Puerto Rico, in 1966 shows that significant changes in timing have occurred. Women in the more recent birth cohorts are distinguished by earlier childbearing and sustained higher fertility in consecutive age periods. The inter-cohort differences remain when adjustments are made for duration of time in legal and consensual unions.
Social components of metropolitan population densities
Authors: Treadway Roy C.
Published: March 2007

The decline of population density from the center of metropolitan areas can be expressed mathematically as: dr = doegr where dr is the population density of a subarea at distance r from the center, do is the hypothetical density at the center, and g is the population-density gradient, empirically always negative. Expanding this exponential model permits examining systematically the relationship between distance from center and various components of population density—housing-unit density, vacant units, household size, and group-quarters population–and the change over time in these components. For the metropolitan areas of Columbus, Dayton, Hartford, Miami, and Syracuse in 1950 and 1960, housing-unit density decreased from the center more sharply than population density. Vacancies, which increased slightly at the center, were proportionately low in the stable middle zones but somewhat higher in the rapidly growing outer zones. While household size decreased around the center between 1950 and 1960, on the periphery it remained constant or increased slightly because of increased family size. During the same decade, the group-quarters population, relative to total population, shifted outward from the center to the periphery to a small extent.
Socio-economic correlates of fecundability in a sample of taiwanese women
Authors: Jain Anrudh K.
Published: March 2007

Estimates of fecundability (monthly probability of conception) in the absence of contraception are derived from the frequency distribution of conceptive delays immediately following marriage, reported by 2,443 married women aged 20 to 39 included in the Taichung (Taiwan) Intensive Fertility Survey of 1962. Average fecundability of women is positively associated with their socio-economic status. These differentials are not accounted for by differences among socio-economic groups with respect to memory and truncation biases (associated with the marriage duration), wife’s age at marriage, or unreported premarital conceptions. A Multiple Classification Analysis suggests that among the socio-economic characteristics, husband’s education, rural background, and modern family type are the more important predictors of fecundability. The importance of genetic factors as opposed to cultural factors in producing these socio-economic differences in fecundability can not be evaluated systematically. Moreover, the relation of a couple’s privacy, their attitude toward family building, and patterns of mate selection to their socioeconomic status would have to be taken into account before the differences in fecundability could be attributed to factors such as nutrition, health, or infections which might directly influence their physiological ability to conceive.
Summary of the social sciences and population policy: A survey
Authors: Driver Edwin D.
Published: March 2007

This survey makes quite explicit the willingness of the social sciences and demography to initiate or expand teaching, research, and training on population policy. The disciplines now differ greatly in these activities. Of the 117 suggestions for research on policy, 41 are related to policy content; 16 to policy initiative and implementation; 47 to policy evaluation; and 13 to policy philosophy. The social scientists identified thirteen barriers which obstruct them from undertaking the needed research. Nine of the same barriers were named by the demographers. Barriers associated with the academic profession itself include expertise or technical competence, data limitations, ideology, professional identification, intellectual priorities, and role strains. The remaining barriers are associated with the organization of the university or the larger society rather than the academic profession.
Application of life table techniques to measurement of contraceptive effectiveness
Authors: Potter Robert G.
Published: March 2007

Two problems are associated with the analysis of use-effectiveness of contraception. First, couples belonging to a sample of contraceptors typically vary in their monthly chances of contraceptive failure. Second, one does not observe for many, and perhaps a majority of the couples, how long they can remain protected with the contraceptive, because either they are stopping contraception to plan a pregnancy or else observation of them is being interrrupted by lost contact, by discontinuation of contraception for other reasons, or by the end of the study. It is argued that because of these two problems—namely, sample heterogeneity and incomplete histories-the Pearl pregnancy rate, which has been traditionally used to measure contraceptive effectiveness, is inadequate.

A life table method is described that permits one to combine incomplete histories with complete ones for purposes of estimating the proportions of the sample that might have remained protected for specified periods if all members had remained under observation for these periods. The versatility of the techniques is illustrated in relation toa retrospective survey. A detailed account of procedure is given. Finally, it is shown that only under specialized conditions that are rarely met in practice is it possible to estimate the results of the new technique from knowledge of Pearl pregnancy rates alone.
Family growth and family planning: Responses to a family-planning action program in a rural district of Thailand
Authors: Hawley Amos H. , Prachuabmoh Visid
Published: March 2007

A resurvey of a rural district in Thailand, of about 70,000 population, was conducted after a family-planning program had been in operation for eight months in order to ascertain indications of effectiveness of the program. Both the “before” and “after” surveys employed a 25 percent simple random, though non-overlapping, sample of married women 20–44 years of age whose husbands were living. The only difference in design and execution was the inclusion in the resurvey of questions about the action program. Barring one or two exceptions, the characteristics of the two population samples were so similar that differences in knowledge, attitudes, and practices could be regarded as effects of the program.

The action program not only made itself widely known in the district, it also evoked a highly favorable appraisal, to such an extent that nine of every ten women thought the program should be extended over the entire kingdom. Motivation to engage in family planning increased perceptibly. A substantial proportion (23 percent) of the women who formerly disapproved of the practice changed their attitudes to approval, mainly because they had become convinced of the harmlessness and the utility of fertility control. Less than 3 percent of the former approvers had become negative.

The proportion of women who claimed some kind of knowledge about contraceptive methods more than doubled during the eight months of the program's operation. More impressive, however, was the change in actual use of methods, which rose from 1 to 21 percent of the eligible women (women who were not pregnant, subfecund, or sterilized). Another 16 percent, in the resurvey, planned to begin use of contraceptives in the near future, in most instances after a current pregnancy. The frequency of acceptance of family planning practice exceeded the expected frequency among women who were approaching or had attained the “ideal” number of children (4.0 children). High-parity women 40 or more years of age seldom accepted clinical assistance.
Use of the intra-uterine contraceptive device in rural West Pakistan
Authors: Rider R. V. , White P. E. , Ghazi A. Rasheed , Harper P. A.
Published: March 2007

This paper presents selected aspects of experience with the intra-uterine contraceptive device (IUD) in rural West Pakistan. There were 1,162 IUD cases analyzed with respect to retention or non-retention. Retention rates were estimated, using life table methods, to be between 55 and 75 percent at one year; the smaller figure was obtained when theIUD was considered to be in situ only until the last examination, when it was observed to be in place. The latter or larger figure was obtained when the IUD was considered to be in situ unless known to be out.

The extent of follow-up greatly affects estimates of the length of time the IUD remains in situ. Retention also varies with the type of I UD employed; exclusive use of Loop 3, which has the best retention record of those used,may be expected to yield higher retention rates by as much as 5 to 10 percent for one year. A number of other factors were examined that might explain non-retention. The objective variables that were examined in this experience, such as age, previous contraception, and husband's illiteracy, were on the whole rather poor predictors of IUD retention. Expulsion and other medical complications appear to account for most discontinuance of use of the IUD.
Bombay migration study: A pilot analysis of migration to an Asian metropolis
Authors: Zachariah K. C.
Published: March 2007

This paper reports on a pilot study of migration to Greater Bombay, initiated on the recommendation of the Population Commission of United Nations, and utilizes both published tables from the 1961 Census of India and a set of specially prepared tables from the same census. Migrants were defined by birthplace and cross-classified by age and duration of residence in Bombay.

Data (1901–61) on net migration (obtained from successive age-sex distributions) are analyzed in terms of underlying trends to give historical perspective to the analysis of recent data with special emphasis on changes in industrial and occupotiona structure.

For the 1951–61 decade, the extensiveness of out-migration of former in-migrants, its age-sex selectivity, and its high incidence among recent migrants are demonstrated. As is true elsewhere, migration to Bombay is shown to be highly selective for ages of maximum economic activity. Migration streams to Bombay were preponderantly male, and, among males, the married segment predominated. The propensity to migrate was unusually high among minority religious groups. As to educational level, migrants were superior to the general population at origin but inferior to nonmigrants residing in Bombay. The work participation rates of migrants were higher for every age group than for resident nonmigrants; the proportion of employees was higher; and there was evidence of migrant concentration in industries and occupations requiring less skill, less education, and less capital than was true of nonmigrants. There were significant tendencies toward “division of labor” among various migration streams on the basis of skills and abilities acquired not only by formal education but also through tradition and precept. From the standpoint of the promotion of social change, the large volume (and selectivity) of reverse or return migration is especially note-worthy.

The paper concludes with a methodological evaluation of the reliability and validity of duration-of-residence data and indicates that the relatively simple techniques of enumeration and tabulation utilized in this pilot study may have wide applicability in other developing countries.
Cohort migration
Authors: Taeuber Karl E.
Published: March 2007

Most migration analyses focus on net migration and are concerned with areal redistributions of population. Migration may also be studied as an event in the life-cycle of an individual, and migration rates may be defined as properties of cohorts. A number of efforts to examine migration as a cohort process has been hampered by the character of available data [or the United States. Rather than await the development of a registration system—either directly or via social security and tax records—the collection of residence histories is suggested as the most feasible approach to obtaining suitable data. A schematic representation of residence histories clarifies their relation to other types of migration data and illustrates the need to design such surveys with specific research purposes in mind. Exploratory work with the 1958 Residence History Supplement to the Current Population Survey (by Beale, Shryock, myself, and various colleagues) demonstrates the utility of this approach.

Local studies have made fruitful use of residence histories but typically are unable to delineate birth cohorts or other appropriate base populations exposed to risk. Development of cohort migration techniques analogous to the life table approach to mortality or cohort Jertility analysis requires national data. But migration, unlike Jertility and mortality, involves events that are reversible and repeatable. Hence the demographer's stock of analytic tools requires expansion. To the sociologist-demographer, experimentation with cohort migration models seems to be getting at one of the crucial methodological problems of sociology, the analysis of social mobility. A mutually profitable interchange with students of social mobility is envisaged.
A further look at catholic fertility
Authors: Zimmer Basil G. , Goldscheider Calvin
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this paper is to determine the extent to which suburbanization has influenced the traditional fertility differences observed between Catholics and Protestants. It is hypothesized that suburbanization has served to decrease religious differences in fertility, since in the more advanced stages of urbanism, that is, suburbanization, the Catholic population is likely to adopt the fertility patterns of the larger and more secularized society. Attention is focused on two objectives: (1) to examine selected aspects of fertility for Catholic8 and Protestants living in metropolitan areas and (2) to analyze religious differentials in fertility among residents in different parts of the metropolitan community.

The data, consisting of a sample of households in six metropolitan areas in three population size classes, supported the general findings pertaining to religious differences in fertility that have been reported in the literature. Catholics had larger families, shorter average spacing between children, and longer fertility spans when compared to Protestants, even when a number of control variables were employed. Examining fertility differences between Catholics and Protestants in central city and suburban segments of large and small metropolitan areas, we found that the data indicated that marked Catholic-Protestant differences are still found in central cities. However, fertility differences between the two religious groups tended largely to disappear among suburban residents. The convergence in the fertility patterns of suburbanites is due to combined effects of higher fertility among Protestant suburban residents when compared to central city Protestants and the tendency of suburban Catholics to have fewer children than those who live in the city. The net result is convergence in suburban fertility.
A unified approach to interpolation and graduation
Authors: Keyfitz Nathan
Published: March 2007

The subject of interpolation and graduation is customarily treated by finite difference formulas of great variety and complexity, these having been developed with the convenience of hand calculation in mind. The cheapening of computation which has occurred in the past few years permits a simplification and unification of the subject. This is accomplished by linear equations which express conditions it is desired to impose on the interpolating curve and the elimination of the constants resulting in a determinantal equation. A computer program which evaluates a determinant then suffices for nearly any problem of graduation, interpolation, numerical differentiation and integration, as well as for the calculation of the remainder term or error of any of these.
The multiregional matrix growth operator and the stable interregional age structure
Authors: Rogers Andrei
Published: March 2007

Current population-forecasting efforts generally adopt minor variants of the cohort-survival projection method. This technique focuses on a population disaggregated into cohorts, a group of people having one or more common characteristics at a point in time and, by subjecting each cohort to class-specific rates of fertility, mortality, and net migration, generates a distribution of survivors and descendants of the original population, at successive intervals of time.

Although cohort-survival methods take on a large number of variations, they all are essentially trend-based, dynamic, aspatial models of growth. The temporal element is introduced by a recursive structure which operates over a sequence of unit time intervals. The spatial dimension, when it is included at all, typically is accommodated by replicating the analysis over as many areal units as comprise the study area. Realistically, however, time and space need to be considered jointly in population-forecasting models. The need for interregional models which systematically introduce place-to-place movements and simultaneously consider the spatial as well as the temporal character of interrelated population processes is becoming increasingly apparent.

Recently several demographers have taken advantage of the conceptual elegance and computational simplicity of matrix methods of population analysis. Their models, however, assume a “closed” population which is subject only to the processes of fertility and mortality. These, therefore, are not directly applicable to interregional “open” systems in which migration is frequently a much more variable and important contributor to population change than births or deaths. However, a natural extension of the demographer's matrix model allows one to incorporate place-to-place migration and provides an integrated interregional population-forecasting model which easily may be programmed for any of the current generation of digital computers. Such a model is outlined in this paper.
White-nonwhite differentials: Overview and implications
Authors: Huyck Earl E.
Published: March 2007

This paper reviews the arguments for maintaining a separate series of statistics for the white and nonwhite populations of the United States; only by maintaining factual data will it be possible to document inequality and discrimination. It then summarizes some white-nonwhite differentials: fertility, life expectancy, health, school attendance, educational attainment, and income. The human, social, and political implications are then reviewed.
Demographic implications of the New United States certificates
Authors: Lunde Anders S. , Grove Robert D.
Published: March 2007

To assist in developing uniform reporting of vital events among the fifty states, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands, the United States government prepares standard certificates of birth, fetal death, death, marriage, and divorce. These model forms are revised, with the assistance of the states, approximately every ten years. Revisions are now being prepared by the National Center for Health Statistics which will become effective beginning January 1, 1968. Important new source material for demography will be introduced.

Most changes will appear in the Standard Certificate of Live Birth and in the Standard Certificate of Fetal Death. An item on education of father and mother will provide detailed national data on education and fertility. The date of the last live birth to the mother and the date of the last fetal death will provide information on previous pregnancy outcome and on child-spacing. The recording of state file numbers for mates born alive and dead in the same delivery will make it easier to match live birth and fetal death certificates for the preparation of detailed tabulations on multiple births. Several new items related to maternal and child health have also been added.

No significent changes were planned for the Standard Certificate of Death.

The Standard Certificate of Marriage will include as new items the education of the bride and groom, the date on which the last marriage, if any, ended, and specification of the officiant as a religious or civil official. The Standard Certificate of Divorce or Annulment will obtain information on the education of husband and wife, the approximate date on which the couple separated, the mode of dissolution of the previous marriage, and the total number of living children. It is anticipated that most of the new items will be included in the certificates of all the states. The National Center for Health Statistics will provide detailed tabulations related to these items, beginning with data year 1968.

Demographers are making an increased use of vital records and at the same time are extending their contacts with state health departments; in some states collaborative projects have been undertaken. Because of the importance of the source documents, which in some cases have not been exploited fully, demographers should increase their contact with the state vital statistics offices which develop, collect, and process the records. By indicating an interest in vital registration and by making their research needs known, demographers can encourage the acceptance of new concepts and collaborate in the improvement of vital records for demographic research purposes.
Findings and implications of a correlation analysis of the closed and the open birth intervals
Authors: Srinivasan K.
Published: March 2007

A correlation analysis of data on four fertility variables viz. closed birth interval, open birth interval, age and parity, collected in a survey of about 2,000 married women in the reproductive ages in rural India, is carried out in order to study the interrelationships among these variables. Two hypotheses are formulated governing the relationship of the closed and open birth intervals with the fecundability distribution of fertile women, and Parity Progression Ratios which are largely influenced by the proportion of women becoming sterile after each parity. The data lend support to the hypothesis that while the closed intervals are influenced mainly by the distribution of fecundability of women of non-zero fecundability, the open birth intervals are influenced mainly by Parity Progression Ratios or the proportion of women becoming secondarily sterile after each parity. The analysis suggests that we can use the mean open intervals of women classified by parity as indices of fertility, and such an index is comparable to the index of average age of women of given parity. In areas where it is difficult to ascertain the correct age of women this might be of practical value.
Estimating Interregional Population And Migration Operators From Interregional Population Distributions
Authors: Rogers Andrei
Published: March 2007

Una limitación común en el análisis de los sistemas interregionales de población, es la ausencia de datos confiables quedescriban el comportamiento de los componenies fundamentales de los cambios de población. Como resultado, frecuentemente, los demógrafos tienen que recurrir a medidas imperfectamente construídas del incremento natural y de la migración neta.

Recientes intentosde expresar el crecimiento de la población interregional en forma de una matriz sugieren, sinembargo, un método para estimar el régimen de crecimiento de un sistema multirregional sólo en base a datos historicos sobre distribuciones interregionales de población,Este artículo describe e ilustra tal métoda. Desde quelos resultados son bastante insatisfactorios, gran parte de este trabajo está dedicada a analizar las condiciones que determinan un bajo rendimiento del méiodo, evaluando, en particular, índices de estimacion alternativos y considerando la posibilidad de “suavizar los datos.”
Communication and diffusion of the IUCD: a case study in Urban India
Authors: Dubey Dinesh Chandra , Choldin Harvey M.
Published: March 2007

En este estudio se utiliza el esquema de la difusión y adopción para investigar una innovación en planeamiento familiar. El estudio indica la utilidad de este marco de referencia, tanto para que el investigador comprenda el proceso porel cualse llega a adoptar el planeamiento familiar, cuanto para que el administrador entienda como functionan los elementos de la comunicaci6n de su programa.

Los datos indican que diferentes medios de comunicación, asi como redes informales de comunicación, sonusados en diferentes etapas del proceso de adopción. En la etapadela tomade conciencia, los mensaes que emanan de la administraci6n de planeamienta familiar hacen su mayor impacto. En las etapas posteriores de interes y evaluación, las fuentes locales de información se hacen mas importantes, y La interacción con el personal dela clinica ocurre con mayorfrecuencia.

El proceso dela comunicación envuelve tantoa esposos cuantoa esposas, pero ambos tienendistintos patrones de comunicación. Ambos participan en el proceso final de la toma de decisiones para una adopción.
Modernization and Tradition in the Recent History of Italian Fertility
Authors: Bacci Massimo Livi
Published: March 2007

El continuo decaimiento de la fecundidad Italiana, se inició en la ultima década del siglo discinueve, terminó en los primeros años de 1950 Y se ha recuperado ligeramente en los últimos quince anos. La experiencia ltaliana parece seguir, con un atraso de veinte años, la experiencia de pobla-ciones más avanzadas de la Europa occidental. En la actualidad, con un promedio de 2.5 hijos por matrimonio, la fecundidad Italiana está muy cerca de la Francesa y del nivel promedio de Europa.

A nivel regional, se puede descubrir dos patrones quecontrastan. Deun lado se tiene la fecundidad muy bajaen el Norte y en el Centro, en su mayorparte por debajo delniveldereemplazo en los últimos treinta años; de otro lado, la fecundidad aún elevada del Sur.

En el Norte yen el Centro, donde la declinacion. empezó antes, lafecundidad disminiyó muy por debajo del nivel de reemplazo en los últimos treinta años. En el Sur, donde la declinación. empezo al final de los anos 1920 y los primeros de 1930, todavia prevalece un sistemade grandes familias, y la d1jusión del control voluntario enfrenta barreras debidas a una larga historiade aislamientocultural, fidelidadalas normastradictionales y religiosas. Sinembargo, en los11ltimos quinzeanos,al diferencia se ha reducido lentamente, mas debido a un ligero aumento de la fecundidad en el Norte y en el Centro, que a una disminución. en el Sur.

Otro hecho interesante de la fecundidad Italiana son las bajas diferenciales entre clases: La fecundidad del seqmento más prolijico (Agricultores, trabajadores agricolas) es sólo 20 porciento más alta que la fecundidad de los grupos profesionales menos prolificos. La experiencia Italiana proporciona, finalmente, un ejemplointeresante de las cambiantes relaciones queunen el nivel economico de la poblacóm. con los cambios de fecundidad; en 1931–1951 existía una correlacmó. negativa entre los cambios defecundidad y el nivel economico de la región, mientras queen 1951-1961 y entre1961-1966 se puede observar una correlación positiva y muy elevada.

En cuantoa lasfuturas tendencias de la fecundidad, dosfactores puedenjugar un rol importante; en primer lugar, de un ladola políticaeconomica del gobierno, dirigida a reducirlas diferencias que existen entreel Sur y el resto del pais, puede acelerar la nivelacion de las diferenciales de fecundidad regional. De otro lado, el mismo efecto puede ser alcanzado por una legislación más liberal, actualmente en marcha, para hacer propaganda sobre control de la natalidad y planeamiento familiar.
Seasonality of coitus and seasonality of birth
Authors: Udry J. Richard , Morris Naomi M.
Published: March 2007

En todas las poblaciones estudiadas se ha observado quehay una variación estacional en la tasade natalidad. Se han adelantado muchas hipótesis para explicaresiavariación, incluyendo una variación estacional en lafrecuenciadel coiio, Se sabe que ésta relación es eierta para otros primates, peroen el hombre, no se ha documentado anteriormente una variación estacional en la tasa de coiios.

Este trabajo presenia datos equivalentes a más deciem años-mujer sobre tasasde coito, correspondientes a cincuenta mujeres voluntarias, de rasa blanca, en su mayor parte bien educadas, en edad pre-menopáusica, casadas y conesposo presente. Se encontró que había fluctuaciones estocionales en las tasas de coito, más 0 menos de la misma magnitudque las variaciones estacionales en las tasasde nacimientos de blancos, que se han informado para la ciudad de New York 1962–1964; para los Estados Unidos 1963; y para el quintillo socioeconómico más alto de las divisiones zensalee, Baltimore, 1952–1956. Sinembargo al desplazar las tasae de nacimientos euarienta semanas para aproximarlas a las fechas de la conzepci6n, no se pudo demostrar alguna asociación con las tasas de coiio observadas.

Si el esquema presentado tiene posibilidades de generalización, las variaciones estacionales en los nacimientos no pueden ser explicadas por variaciones esiacionales en el coito,
Asymptotic properties of a human age distribution under a continuous net maternity function
Authors: Lopez Alvaro
Published: March 2007

Una proposición útil e intuitivamente atractiva en Demografía teórica asevera que la distribución por edades de una población humana cerrada es asintóticamente independiente de estaforma en un pasado lejano, y por 10 tanto esta exclusivamente determinada por la historia de la fecundidad y mortalidad queha prevalecido durante un período razonablemente largo de tiempo. En estetrabajo se sientan losfundamentos matemdticos de esie principio y se elaboran los detalles de su prueba después de enfatizaruna comprensión intuitiva del proceso a traves del cualuna distribución de edades tiende a “olvidar” su pasado. La tendencia de una tabla inalterable de tasas vitales apra producir una estructura de edadfija en una poblacion cerrada, es presentada como un corolario de la proposición principal tratada en este artículo.