bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Syn‐ to post‐rift alluvial basin fill: Seismic stratigraphic analysis of Permian‐Triassic deposition in the Horda Platform, Norway
Authors: Würtzen Camilla L. , Osmond Johnathon L. , Faleide Jan Inge , Nystuen Johan Petter , Anell Ingrid M. , Midtkandal Ivar
Published: December 2021

The Permian‐Triassic alluvial rift succession in the Horda Platform area is analysed to construct a refined depositional model. The study demonstrates how subsurface continental rift successions may be stratigraphically subdivided and correlated by integrating seismic and well‐log data in concert with conceptual models. Regional unconformities mark the top and base of the Permian‐Triassic succession, which is sub‐divided into six seismic stratigraphic sequences, delineated by erosional‐ and non‐depositional surfaces. The definition of seismic stratigraphic sequences is based on seismic facies trends and Gamma Ray log signatures. Time‐thickness maps combined with geometries in cross‐section display the depocentre development. During the Permian‐Triassic, the Horda Platform experienced faulting, shaping the Caledonian pre‐rift landscape into a series of N–S trending half‐graben basins, contemporaneous to a gradual climate change from arid in the Permian to humid in the latest Triassic. The basin underwent three phases of rifting during the Late Permian‐Middle Triassic: (1) disconnected heterogeneous depocentres with strain concentrated in the west; (2) depocentres expanded northward; and (3) mature half graben development with widely distributed strain. Vertical lithological changes in mudstone/sandstone dominance reflect varying rates of accommodation and sediment supply (A/S). Systematic A/S variation reflects strong climatic fluctuations, which controlled facies patterns during both tectonic quiescence in the Middle‐Late Triassic, and during syn‐rift sedimentation. The Permian‐Triassic tectono‐sedimentary development in the Horda Platform area provides valuable lessons on the influence of faulting on depocentre development, how the interplay between tectonic and climatic forcing is expressed in subsurface continental deposits, and aid the characterisation of reservoirs.
Mobile applications to reduce food waste within Canada: A review
Authors: Hanson Victoria , Ahmadi Latifeh
Published: December 2021

Food waste has a devastating effect on the environment, economy, and society. Within Canada, food waste is alarmingly high and on the rise. Technology and mobile applications have been theorized as a potential solution to redistribute food before it becomes waste, raise awareness of food waste, and support behaviours that reduce food waste. This paper critically reviews the literature on mobile applications’ effectiveness in reducing food waste within Canadian society. This review found that mobile applications may assist households and individuals with adequate technology, time, and financial resources to reduce their food waste. However, emphasizing mobile applications alone can place the burden of food waste and inequitable food systems on individuals at the end of the food supply system. Food waste reduction needs to be part of an integrated, multifaced portfolio of interventions at governmental, industry, and individual levels. Mobile applications can serve a role in such a portfolio. Mobile applications alone do not eradicate food waste within Canada and households without adequate awareness, resources, or infrastructure.
Counterclaims: Examining and contesting white entitlement to the space of the university through the labour of anti‐racist student organizers
Authors: Gagliardi Meghan
Published: December 2021

This paper examines competing spatial claims to one urban Canadian university through a case study conducted with 11 anti‐racist student organizers. Situated in literatures which critically examine whiteness in the university, this study illustrates how active producers of whiteness claim space in the university and how in turn, student organizers counter these claims through their anti‐racist labour. This case study explores the psychic geographies of the university by focusing on the affects which justify and motivate these spatial claims. First, I consider how distorted fears of racial justice both reproduce and justify whiteness and are then articulated through stereotyping, surveillance, and stalling. I then illustrate how anti‐racist student organizers stake counterclaims to the space of the university through their labour, motivated by hope and routed through the “underground” or “undercommons” of the university. Ultimately, this case study seeks to demystify and challenge the distorted and racist fears and subsequent actions of white actors specifically, in order to undo the affects through which whiteness is spatially reproduced in the university.
Young people's engagement with climate change issues through digital media – a content analysis
Authors: Parry Sarah , McCarthy Sofi Rose , Clark Jennie
Published: December 2021

Background

The reporting of climate change issues through social media can influence young people’s mental health and engagement. However, there has been little research undertaken directly with young people in relation to social and digital media’s reporting of climate change, and how this is experienced by young people.

Method

This study aimed to explore the interface between climate change and social media reporting for young people. A two‐stage iterative approach to recruitment and data collection included an initial qualitative stage (N = 28), consisting of open‐ended questions about social media’s reporting of climate change issues. The second stage (N = 23) included further open‐ended questions and 10 Likert‐Scale questions. Overall, 51 young people 16–25‐years‐old opted to take part (M = 11; F = 40). Descriptive statistics and an inductive data‐driven content analysis are reported.

Results

Overall, 95% of the participants reported that they had the personal skills to cope with climate change reporting on social media. Most participants stated that coverage on the climate increased ‘climate change anxiety’ but not their overall mental health difficulties. A four‐stage experiential process of observing social media’s reporting of climate change, feeling emotionally affected by the reporting, critically apprising the content and feeling motivated to engage in climate change activism emerged from the content analysis. The participants discussed experiences of digital media, rather than solely social media, in their accounts.

Conclusions

The participants recommended changes to climate change reporting and increasing access to education about climate change issues to reduce anxiety and enhance motivation for positive personal engagement. Involving young people in conversations and education about climate change were seen as protective factors for mental health and enablers for motivation. Motivation, agency and pathways for positive change were associated with hopefulness.
Skills of the future for a high‐performing workforce: Implications of recent evidence for the public sector
Authors: Delisle Marc , Lajoie Denis
Published: December 2021

Advances in technology spur speculation as to the challenges inherent to the future of work and the skills and abilities that will be necessary to meet these challenges. We challenge this speculation by reviewing scientific evidence regarding 20 so‐called skills and abilities of the future that are identified in five influential reports in the popular literature (i.e., research‐oriented but non‐academic publications intended for government or business audiences), while focusing on empirical evidence of relationships with performance on the job. We find that many of the skills identified in the popular literature surveyed have not been empirically tested, that when they were tested the quality of data is often very limited, and that there is much conceptual confusion regarding skills and abilities in the popular literature. Now, and for the foreseeable future, general mental ability appears to be the best validated factor upon which performance can be built.
Supportive relations in a feminized occupation: How male and female veterinarians compare
Authors: Wallace Jean E. , Kay Fiona M.
Published: December 2021

Several traditionally male‐dominated professions, including law and medicine, have experienced an influx of women over the last 30 years. We extend research on gender equality in the professions, which has often examined segmentation and stratification, by examining the integration of men and women into a traditionally male‐dominated profession in terms of the emotional and instrumental support they receive from colleagues. We examine veterinary medicine as a case study because interestingly this profession has seen the most dramatic growth in the representation of women over the last 30 years – more than law or medicine. We also explore whether traditional masculine control tasks (clinic ownership and autonomy) and traditional female care tasks (animal care and client interactions) are related to integration. We analyze survey data from 384 Canadian veterinarians. Findings show that practice ownership and challenging client interactions are associated with reduced support for women, but not for men. In contrast, directly caring for animals is associated with more support for men, but this is not the case for women. We discuss the implications of differential levels of social support for the integration of women into traditionally male‐dominated professions.
Paradoxical psoriatic arthritis in a patient with psoriasis treated with guselkumab
Authors: Carriero Antonio , Lubrano Ennio , Picerno Valentina , Padula Angela Anna , D’Angelo Salvatore
Published: December 2021

Paradoxical psoriatic arthritis (PPsA) may be associated with guselkumab treatment. We describe a patient in whom PPsA required a change from guselkumab to ixekizumab. The pathophysiology of this paradoxical reaction is most likely a cytokine imbalance.
Support to Iberian lynx reintroduction and perceived impacts: Assessments before and after reintroduction
Authors: Delibes‐Mateos Miguel , Glikman Jenny Anne , Lafuente Regina , Villafuerte Rafael , Garrido Fernando E.
Published: December 2021

The assessment of the human dimensions of wildlife reintroduction projects is essential for their success. To date, few longitudinal studies (if any) have compared attitudes and perceived impacts before and after human‐assisted large predator reintroduction. In this study, we evaluated public (n = 1582) and hunters' (n = 773) support and perceived benefits and concerns before and after the reintroduction of the Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) (2007–2008 and 2015–2016, respectively) in southern Spain through a telephone survey. Most respondents supported lynx reintroduction, although support was slightly lower among hunters. Furthermore, support remained very high some years after lynx release. Our findings also revealed that perceptions toward the majority of benefits and concerns did not change after lynx reintroduction, and that those supporting reintroduction perceived more benefits, while opponents were more concerned. This suggests that efforts should focus on those opponents to reintroduction to ensure recognition of the benefits associated with predator restoration, including new tourism opportunists and predator's ecological values. Our research also points at the need of studying more in depth the views of those who oppose to predator reintroduction and of decision‐makers (e.g., landowners or game managers) when poaching is still a risk for restored populations even if the social context is favorable, as in our case‐study.
Discriminating Thieves: Exhibiting Nazi‐Era Provenance
Authors: Mallon MacKenzie
Published: December 2021

In‐house exhibitions focusing on the results of Nazi‐era provenance research are uncommon in American museums, but they can be an excellent opportunity for an institution to increase the transparency of their collection’s provenance, while simultaneously engaging visitors through the interesting stories behind the collection’s history. Discriminating Thieves: Nazi‐Looted Art and Restitution, exhibited at The Nelson‐Atkins Museum of Art in 2019–2020, utilized the results of archival provenance research to describe the histories of four objects from the Museum’s permanent collection that were appropriated during the Nazi era. The exhibition traced each object’s provenance from its prewar owner, through its confiscation, recovery and restitution, and ultimate acquisition by the Nelson‐Atkins.
Endoscopic ultrasound‐guided covered metal stent deployment through endoscopic tapered sheath preventing bile leakage
Authors: Kato Akihisa , Yoshida Michihiro , Hayashi Kazuki
Published: December 2021

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Intrusive luxation of permanent upper central incisor into the nasal cavity: A case report
Authors: Noleto José Wilson , de Abreu Nathalie Murielly Rolim , dos Santos Vicente Karola Mayra , da Silva Ana Verônica Navarro Almeida , Seixas Déborah Rocha , de Figueiredo Ludmila Silva
Published: December 2021

This case report outlines a rare complete intrusion of a permanent, maxillary central incisor (tooth 11) into the nasal cavity, with a late diagnosis and treatment. An eight‐year‐old boy was referred to an oral and maxillofacial surgery service with absence of tooth 11 after an episode of a fall from his own height. Approximately 50 days after the trauma, the patient presented with a complaint of obstruction of the right nostril. The clinical examination and tomographic evaluation showed that the tooth had been intruded into the nasal cavity on the right side. The tooth in question was removed under general anesthesia by direct approach through the right nostril. The patient was followed up for approximately one year without complications. This case demonstrates the importance of a detailed evaluation during the first examination after intrusive luxation, so the correct diagnosis is made and the correct treatment is performed to avoid greater morbidity and complications for the patient.
Objective assessment of intra‐oral suturing for certification of competency
Authors: Shah Neha P. , Lalli Anand , Palmer Julia , Jones Judith
Published: December 2021

Introduction

Suturing is an essential skill for dental surgeons, yet there is limited evidence for objective measures of competence in this field, which can be applied to licensing or certification processes for dental surgeons to ensure patient safety.

Methods

In an objective structured clinical examination (OSCE), participants placed two simple interrupted sutures across a lower molar socket in different suturing environments: [A] commercial simulator, [B] suturing sponge mounted in a 3D printed model, [C] suturing sponge and [D] pig's jaw. Simulators [A] and [B] were mounted into phantom heads in dental chairs, and [C] and [D] were placed on bench tops. Performance indicators, overall task success, quality of sutures placed, length of suture remaining and time taken, were analysed against participants' characteristics such as previous suturing experience.

Results

Participants (n = 38) took significantly longer to successfully complete the sutures on models mounted in a phantom head. Time points at which each model differentiated between competent (n = 11) and novice (n = 27) participants were as follows: model A (3:26 min), B (2:41), C (2:05) and D (2:06). Model A showed a significant association between task completion and previous suturing experience (p = .006).

Conclusion

Suturing simulators can be used to objectively differentiate between novice and competent dental surgeons. Model A demonstrated construct validity, as it reliably identified competence using time and task completion as objectively measurable parameters. Utilising model A, the candidate of unknown ability could be identified as appropriately skilled at intra‐oral suturing. To ensure patient safety, further research is needed to identify other objective measures of competence in simulation environments.
Therapeutic effects of carvacrol on beta‐amyloid‐induced impairments in in vitro and in vivo models of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Celik Topkara Kubra , Kilinc Erkan , Cetinkaya Ayhan , Saylan Aslıhan , Demir Serif
Published: December 2021

Due to the complex nature of Alzheimer's disease (AD), it is important to investigate agents with multiple effects in the treatment of AD. Carvacrol possesses anti‐acetylcholinesterase, anti‐oxidant, and neuroprotective properties. We therefore investigated therapeutic effects of carvacrol on cell viability, oxidative stress, and cognitive impairment in Aβ1–42‐induced in vitro and in vivo models of AD. SH‐SY5Y cells differentiated into neurons by retinoic acid were pretreated with carvacrol or galantamine before Aβ1–42 administration. For in vivo experiments, a rat model of AD was established by bilateral intrahippocampal injection of Aβ1–42. The groups received 1% DMSO, carvacrol, or galantamine intraperitoneally twice a day (morning and afternoon) for 6 days. Cell viability was determined using MTT and LDH tests. Learning and memory functions were assessed using a passive‐avoidance test. Oxidant–antioxidant parameters (MDA, H2O2, SOD, and CAT) and Tau, Aβ1–40, and Aβ1–42 peptide levels in in vitro supernatant or in vivo serum and hippocampal samples were measured using ELISA. Carvacrol increased cell viability and exhibited a protective effect against oxidative stress by preventing Aβ1–42‐induced cytotoxicity, LDH release, and increments in MDA and H2O2 levels in vitro. Additionally, it improved memory impairment by reversing Aβ1–42‐induced changes on passive‐avoidance test. Carvacrol ameliorated Aβ1–42‐induced increments in MDA and H2O2 levels in in vitro supernatant and in vivo hippocampal samples. However, none of the treatments changed in vitro SOD and Tau‐peptide levels, or in vivo serum levels of MDA, H2O2, SOD, CAT, Tau peptide, Aβ1–40, or Aβ1–42. Our results suggest that multi‐target pharmacological agent carvacrol may be promising in treatment of AD by preventing beta‐amyloid‐induced neurotoxicity, oxidative stress, and memory deficits.
Activation of spinal ephrin‐B3/EphBs signaling induces hyperalgesia through a PLP‐mediated mechanism
Authors: Zhang Pei , Qiao Zhen , Pan Shu , Yang Ping , Zha Zhengxia , Sun Suya , Xu Qiongming , Liu Xingjun , Xu Nanjie , Liu Yanli
Published: December 2021

Ephrin B/EphB signaling pathway is involved in the regulation of pain caused by spinal cord injury. However, the role of ephrin‐B3/EphBs signaling in regulation of nociceptive information is poorly understood. In the present study, formalin‐induced inflammatory pain, mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia, was measured using Efnb3 mutant mice (Efnb3−/−) and wild‐type (Efnb3+/+) mice. The spinal cord (L4–6) was selected for molecular and cellular identification by western blotting and immunofluorescence. Efnb3 mutant mice showed a significant increased the thermal and mechanical threshold, followed by aberrant thin myelin sheath. Furthermore, expression of proteolipid protein (PLP) was significantly lower in L4–6 spinal cord of Efnb3−/− mice. These morphological and behavioral abnormalities in mutant mice were rescued by conditional knock‐in of wild‐type ephrin‐B3. Intrathecal administration of specific PLP siRNA significantly increased the thermal and mechanical threshold hyperalgesia in wild‐type mice. However, overexpressing PLP protein by AAV9‐PLP could decrease the sensitivity of mice to thermal and mechanical stimuli in Efnb3−/− mice, compared with scrabble Efnb3−/− mice. Further, Efnb3lacz mice, which have activities to initiate forward signaling, but transduce reverse signals by ephrin‐B3, shows normal acute pain behavior, compared with wild type mice. These findings indicate that a key molecule Efnb3 act as a prominent contributor to hyperalgesia and essential roles of ephrin‐B3/EphBs in nociception through a myelin‐mediated mechanism.
The influence of aboveground and belowground species composition on spatial turnover in nutrient pools in alpine grasslands
Authors: Jing Xin , Prager Case M. , Chen Litong , Chu Haiyan , Gotelli Nicholas J. , He Jin‐Sheng , Shi Yu , Yang Teng , Zhu Biao , Classen Aimée T. , Sanders Nathan J.
Published: December 2021

Aim

An important research question in ecology is how climate and the biodiversity of aboveground plants and belowground microbiomes affect ecosystem functions such as nutrient pools. However, little is studied on the concurrent role of above‐ and belowground species composition in shaping the spatial distribution patterns of ecosystem functions across environmental gradients. Here, we investigated the relationships between the taxonomic composition of plants, soil bacteria and soil fungi and spatial turnover in nutrient pools, and assessed how species composition–nutrient pool relationships were mediated by contemporary climatic conditions.

Location

Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau.

Time period

Current.

Major taxa studied

Plants, soil bacteria and soil fungi.

Methods

We surveyed plant assemblages, sampled the taxonomic composition of soil bacteria and soil fungi, and measured plant‐ and soil‐mediated nutrient pools at 60 alpine grasslands on the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau. Using Mantel tests, structural equation models and general linear models, we investigated the relative importance of the taxonomic composition of plant, soil bacterial, and soil fungal communities on the spatial turnover of alpine grassland nutrient pools.

Results

We found that the taxonomic composition of plant, soil bacterial, and soil fungal communities was associated with local climate. However, the effects of local climate on the spatial turnover of plant‐ and soil‐mediated nutrient pools were mainly indirect and mediated through plant and soil bacterial species composition, but not through soil fungal species composition. We further found that the replacement component of soil bacterial β‐diversity and the richness difference of plant β‐diversity were the direct predictors of nutrient pools in the alpine grasslands.

Main conclusions

These results highlight that belowground bacterial composition together with aboveground plant species composition are related to spatial turnover in nutrient pools, perhaps even driving it. Conserving above‐ and belowground biodiversity may therefore safeguard against the impacts of local climate on the functions of climate‐sensitive alpine grasslands.
Qualitative investigation of factors impacting pre‐exposure prophylaxis initiation and adherence in sexual minority men
Authors: Alt Marcus , Rotert Paul , Conover Kate , Dashwood Sarah , Schramm Andrew T.
Published: December 2021

Introduction

Men who have sex with men continue to account for the majority of new HIV infections in the United States. Many of those with new infections are unaware that they have HIV. Preventative measures continue to be essential in reducing new infections, with pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) being widely recommended.

Objectives

The overall aim of this qualitative study is to explore the impact of stigma, patient–provider dynamics and patient perception of PrEP on men's engagement with PrEP in a primary care setting.

Methods

The Consensual Qualitative Research Methodology (Hill, 2012) was used to explore the experiences of 14 men receiving care for PrEP at a Family Medicine clinic in the Midwest. Semistructured interviews were conducted to allow for depth of understanding of individuals' experience.

Results

Four major domains were identified: motivation to pursue PrEP, barriers and adherence to care, beliefs about how PrEP is perceived by others and experiences discussing sexual health and PrEP with providers.

Conclusion

It is important to better understand factors contributing to the pursuit of and adherence to HIV prevention measures and HIV care. Further, health systems and providers are encouraged to consider opportunities in terms of how their practice can destigmatize PrEP use and offer a welcoming environment for those pursuing HIV prevention.

Patient or Public Contribution

Patients were involved in the study through their participation in semistructured interviews, which provided the data analysed for this study. There was no additional participation beyond the one‐time interview or follow‐up poststudy. Their interviews helped contribute to our better understanding of the needs and experiences of those receiving PrEP‐related care.
Experiences, perceptions and expectations of health services amongst marginalized populations in urban Australia: A meta‐ethnographic review of the literature
Authors: Baker Kirsten , Adams Jon , Steel Amie
Published: December 2021

Background

Poor health outcomes amongst marginalized groups result in part from health inequities related to social and structural determinants of health. Marginalized people report higher incidences of comorbidities, chronic disease and adverse health behaviours than their nondisadvantaged peers. The objective of this review is to examine marginalized Australians' experiences of and access to community‐based primary health services in urban locations.

Methods

A systematic search incorporating related MeSH terms and synonyms pertaining to marginalized Australian populations and their health‐seeking was conducted across seven databases. We included qualitative studies that reported experiences of health‐seeking within community‐based primary health care in metropolitan Australia. Participant populations experiencing marginalization due to social stigma and isolation, early‐life disadvantage, poor health and/or financial hardship were included. A meta‐ethnographic framework was used to synthesize themes across selected studies and researcher triangulation was employed to develop higher‐order themes.

Results

Search results revealed 26 studies included for critical appraisal and synthesis. Seven higher‐order themes were developed describing experiences of health service engagement amongst marginalized groups: (1) Understanding the patient within the context of family and community, (2) Health and cultural beliefs influence health‐seeking, (3) Lack of information and poor cultural competence limit utilization of services, (4) Motivation for treatment influences health service engagement, (5) Accessing services, a spectrum of experience—from discrimination to validation, (6) Navigating a complex system in a complex society, (7) Preferences for health care and expectations for systemic change.

Conclusion

Marginalized Australians experience health disadvantage across micro, meso and macro levels of health system navigation and commonalities in health‐seeking were identified across each of the distinct marginalized groups in our analysis. This review outlines important areas of consideration for health care provision and policy development essential to helping address health inequities for a diversity of marginalized populations.

Patient or Public Contribution

Whilst patient voices were reported across all studies included within this review, no further patient or public contribution applies to this study.
The languages of Indian Ocean studies: Models, methods and sources
Authors: Green Nile
Published: December 2021

This introductory survey offers a critical reflection on the development of Indian Ocean studies over the past three decades. It pays particular attention to the gaps in our understanding left by adopting foundational paradigms from elsewhere (particularly the Mediterranean) rather than developing “tailor‐made” models based on primary sources in the languages of the Indian Ocean itself. Looking back over previous scholarship, the critical part of the essay focuses on the influential model of a holistic, environmentally determined maritime “world” of enduring and persistent interactions, and the longstanding focus on trade as a sufficient enabling mechanism for “cosmopolitan” cultural interactions. Looking forward to future avenues of research, the constructive part of the essay then turns to the importance of written source materials in Indian Ocean languages, and the new methods and insights suggested by this evidentiary corpus.
Using machine learning to model trace behavioral data from a game‐based assessment
Authors: Auer Elena M. , Mersy Gabriel , Marin Sebastian , Blaik Jason , Landers Richard N.
Published: December 2021

In the context of game‐based assessments (GBAs), we examined the potential of trace data modeling to supplement or replace an existing GBA's scoring approach. We used data science tools and “big data” practices, such as feature engineering and a series of machine learning algorithms, to predict traditionally measured cognitive ability and conscientiousness scores from the copious trace data generated by a theory‐driven GBA designed to measure cognitive ability. Several types of predictors were developed from the raw trace data from 621 participants, including counts of game objects that the player interacted with, the amount of time spent doing so, and mouse movement data across a variety of meaningful intervals. Broadly, we found promising evidence for trace data modeling of cognitive ability, including incremental contribution to the prediction of a criterion grade point average (GPA), but less promising evidence for trace data modeling of conscientiousness, suggesting that trace data modeling like this may be more valuable for assessing traits in games that were developed to target those traits.
Impacts of saline stress on the physiology of Saccharum complex genotypes
Authors: Simões Welson Lima , Oliveira Anderson Ramos de , Tardin Flávio Dessaune , Oliveira Cíntia Patrícia Martins de , Morais Lizz Kezzy de , Teodoro Larissa Pereira Ribeiro , Teodoro Paulo Eduardo
Published: December 2021

Knowledge of the physiological mechanisms in saline environment may boost sugarcane breeding programmes targeting abiotic stresses. Our hypothesis is that the physiology of Saccharum genotypes responds differently under salt stress. Thus, the objective of the study was to evaluate the physiological performance of Saccharum complex genotypes grown under presence and absence of saline stress. The experimental design used was randomized blocks arranged in a 32 × 2 factorial scheme (32 genotypes × 2 salinity levels). The presence of salinity provided higher mean values for photosynthetic rate in genotypes G4, G18, G22, G25 and G29 compared with the environment without salinity, with mean values (17.26, 21.49, 24.22 and 26.19 µmol CO2m−2s−1), respectively, for internal CO2 concentration in G2, G6, G9, G14, G17, G19, G23 and G29, with mean values (323.45, 399.64, 386.88, 412.14, 366.31, 250.48, 379.10 and 380.75 µmol CO2 mol air−1), respectively, for transpiration in G18, G24, G25 and G29, with mean values (5.05, 3.30, 4.39 and 4.01 mmol H2O m−2s−1), respectively, and for chlorophyll content in G3, G5, G6, G8, G10, G13, G20, G22, G23, G25, G31 and G32, with mean values (34.18, 43.01, 38.08, 32.38, 37.09, 37.18, 32.47, 38.38, 38.04, 36.95 and 33.32 SPAD units) respectively. Genotypes that under salt stress increase their physiological performance demonstrate superiority over others and should be considered in breeding programmes. Photosynthesis and transpiration is the most adequate combination for screening, but the spad index is the most viable tool because of its ease of determination and cost.
Effectiveness of automated writing evaluation systems in school settings: A systematic review of studies from 2000 to 2020
Authors: Nunes Andreia , Cordeiro Carolina , Limpo Teresa , Castro São Luís
Published: December 2021

Background

Automated Writing Evaluation (AWE) systems to aid writing learning and instruction in primary and secondary education are growing increasingly popular. However, their effectiveness is hardly known. We conducted a systematic review focusing on the effects of these systems providing writing feedback to students in school settings.

Objectives

Our goal was to identify and characterize AWE systems tested in the last 20 years for Grades 1–12 and examine their impact on text quality and other writing‐related outcomes.

Methods

The review followed PRISMA guidelines. We identified eight studies reporting the effects on writing of six AWE systems on 1659 students 11–17 years of age.

Results and conclusions

Our review supported the usefulness of AWE systems for writing learning and instruction. Except for one, all studies showed a positive effect of automated feedback in at least one writing‐related measure. The integration of AWE systems into more extensive instructional programs, the amount of writing practice provided to students, the type of the control groups, and the role of teachers are factors influencing their impact on students' writing outcomes.

Relevance

Our review generally supported the value of AWE systems in the teaching/learning process of writing. A closer look into the conditions in which AWE systems are put to practice suggested that they are particularly effective when embedded into comprehensive instructional programs providing ample writing opportunities. Findings from this review expand knowledge on AWE systems as valuable tools to enhance writing in school settings.
Does the Bar Exam Protect the Public?
Authors: Rozema Kyle
Published: December 2021

I study the effects of requiring lawyers to pass the bar exam on whether they are later publicly disciplined for misconduct. In the 1980s, by abolishing what is known as a diploma privilege, four states began to require graduates from all law schools to pass the bar exam. My research design exploits these events to estimate the effect of the bar passage requirement on the share of lawyers publicly sanctioned by state discipline bodies. I find that during the first decade of their careers lawyers licensed without a bar passage requirement are publicly sanctioned at similar rates to lawyers licensed after passing a bar exam. Small differences do begin to emerge after a decade, however, and larger though still modest differences form after two decades.
Nutritional assessment and management in acute pancreatitis: Ongoing lessons of the NCEPOD report
Authors: Phillips Mary E. , Smith Neil , McPherson Simon , O'Reilly Derek A.
Published: December 2021

Introduction

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a medical emergency that is common, poorly understood and carries a significant risk of death. The National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death (NCEPOD) undertook a comprehensive report into the current management of AP in the UK. The study aimed to provide a more detailed analysis of the findings related to nutritional assessment and support.

Methods

The data presented here were analysed from the core dataset used in the NCEPOD study. Adult patients admitted between January and June 2014 with a coded diagnosis of AP were included. A clinical and organisational questionnaire was used to collect data and submitted case notes subjected to peer review. Nutritional data, including assessment and provision of support, were analysed.

Results

One hundred and forty‐seven out of 168 (87.5%) hospitals had a nutrition team in place. A screening nutritional assessment was performed in only 67.4% (368/546) of patients. Subsequent referral to a dietitian and nutrition team input occurred in 39% (201/521) and 25% (143/572) of patients, respectively. Supplemental nutrition was considered and used in 240/555 (43.2%) patients. Overall management of the patients' nutrition was considered adequate by the case reviewers in only 281/332 (85%) of cases and by the clinicians in 77% (421/555) of cases.

Conclusions

Many patients do not receive adequate nutritional assessment and, in up to 23% of cases, nutritional intervention is not adequate. Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency is likely under recognised and undertreated. Nutritional strategies to support early intervention and to support clinicians outside of tertiary pancreatic centres are warranted.
Introduction to the special issue on the efficacy and effectiveness of couple and family interventions: Evidence base update 2010–2019
Authors: Wittenborn Andrea K. , Holtrop Kendal
Published: December 2021

This is the fourth Journal of Marital and Family Therapy (JMFT) special issue on the efficacy and effectiveness of couple and family therapy. Articles in this issue review studies published from 2010 to 2019 on couple and family interventions for prevalent mental and behavioral disorders and health conditions. The final article on mental health disparities tracks progress in the field and emphasizes the need for additional attention. In the current article, we provide a description of our methodological approach for the special issue and an overview of the state of the evidence for couple and family interventions across the conditions reviewed. We also offer recommendations to inspire researchers to further expand the empirical support for couple and family interventions to address pressing public health needs.
Inhibitors of ectonucleotidases have paradoxical effects on synaptic transmission in the mouse cortex
Authors: Gleizes Marie , Fonta Caroline , Nowak Lionel G.
Published: December 2021

Extracellular adenosine plays prominent roles in the brain in both physiological and pathological conditions. Adenosine can be generated following the degradation of extracellular nucleotides by various types of ectonucleotidases. Several ectonucleotidases are present in the brain parenchyma: ecto‐nucleotide triphosphate diphosphohydrolases 1 and 3 (NTPDase 1 and 3), ecto‐nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (NPP 1), ecto‐5’‐nucleotidase (eN), and tissue non‐specific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP, whose function in the brain has received little attention). Here we examined, in a living brain preparation, the role of these ectonucleotidases in generating extracellular adenosine. We recorded local field potentials evoked by electrical stimulation of the lateral olfactory tract in the mouse piriform cortex in vitro. Variations in adenosine level were evaluated by measuring changes in presynaptic inhibition generated by adenosine A1 receptors (A1Rs) activation. A1R‐mediated presynaptic inhibition was present endogenously and was enhanced by bath‐applied AMP and ATP. We hypothesized that inhibiting ectonucleotidases would reduce extracellular adenosine concentration, which would result in a weakening of presynaptic inhibition. However, inhibiting TNAP had no effect in controlling endogenous adenosine action and no effect on presynaptic inhibition induced by bath‐applied AMP. Furthermore, contrary to our expectation, inhibiting TNAP reinforced, rather than reduced, presynaptic inhibition induced by bath‐applied ATP. Similarly, inhibition of NTPDase 1 and 3, NPP1, and eN induced stronger, rather than weaker, presynaptic inhibition, both in endogenous condition and with bath‐applied ATP and AMP. Consequently, attempts to suppress the functions of extracellular adenosine by blocking its extracellular synthesis in living brain tissue could have functional impacts opposite to those anticipated.

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Assessing the viability of three Lactobacillus bacterial species protected in the cryoprotectants containing whey and maltodextrin during freeze-drying process
Authors: Majidzadeh Heravi R. , Ghiasvand M. , Rezaei E. , Kargar F.
Published: December 2021

Freeze-drying of bacteria associates with different stresses such as osmotic pressure, temperature and oxidation, and decreases bacterial viability, which seem to reduce by applying cryoprotectants. The present study evaluated the effect of four cryoprotectants on decreasing the stress caused by freeze-drying process among three Lactobacillus species. Additionally, it highlighted the use of whey and maltodextrin as a substitute for peptone and sucrose in cryoprotectants respectively. The viability of lactobacilli was measured after freeze-drying, 1 month of storage at 25 and 4°C. Based on the results, the viability rate of bacteria in protectants during freeze-drying stage was dependent on their strains. The best viability of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG and Ligilactobacillus salivarius 20687 was, respectively, observed in the protectants containing sucrose and whey, while Lactiplantibacillus plantarum NRRL B-14768 viability was equal in all protectants. The number of live bacteria reduced significantly by storing bacteria for 1 month at 25°C compared to the 4°C storage. During the storage period, the viability of L. salivarius improved by adding sucrose in protectant. Due to the positive effect of whey and sucrose in the drying and storage stage, on bacterial viability, the protectant consisting of whey and sucrose is suggested for all of the species under study.
A nation‐wide study on the common reasons for infant formula supplementation among healthy, term, breastfed infants in US hospitals
Authors: Bookhart Larelle H. , Anstey Erica H. , Kramer Michael R. , Perrine Cria G. , Reis‐Reilly Harumi , Ramakrishnan Usha , Young Melissa F.
Published: December 2021

In‐hospital infant formula supplementation of breastfed infants reduces breastfeeding duration, yet little is known about common reasons for infant formula supplementation. We examined the three most common reasons for in‐hospital infant formula supplementation of healthy, term, breastfed infants in the US reported by hospital staff. Hospital data were obtained from the 2018 Maternity Practices in Infant Nutrition and Care survey (n = 2045), which is completed by hospital staff. An open‐ended question on the top three reasons for in‐hospital infant formula supplementation was analyzed using thematic qualitative analysis and the frequencies for each reason were reported. The top three most common reasons for in‐hospital infant formula supplementation reported by hospital staff included medical indications (70.0%); maternal request/preference/feelings (55.9%); lactation management‐related issues (51.3%); physical but non‐medically indicated reasons (36.1%); social influences (18.8%); perceived cultural/societal/demographic factors (8.2%) and medical staff/institutional practices (4.7%). These findings suggest that a variety of factors should be considered to address unnecessary infant formula supplementation. Lactation management support delivered in a timely and culturally sensitive manner and targeted to mother‐infant dyads with potential medical and physical indications may reduce unnecessary in‐hospital infant formula supplementation.
Occipitocervical Revision Surgery Using the Bicortical Screw and Plate System for Failed Craniovertebral Junction Stabilization
Authors: Sun Yan , Yang Feng , Ma Hao‐ning , Gong Long , Wang Yan‐lei , Song Ji‐peng , Hao Qing‐ying , Tan Ming‐sheng
Published: December 2021

Background

To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of the modified technique utilizing the occipital bicortical screws and plate system in occipitocervical revision surgery.

Methods

Between October 2010 and May 2018, 12 consecutive patients were retrospectively evaluated. All patients had posterior occipitocervical resurgery utilizing modified technique of bicortical screws and occipital plate. The measurements of extracranial occiput on midline were conducted on computed tomography (CT) scans. The thickness of the occipital bone at the location of external occipital protuberance and below 15 mm were evaluated, respectively. For the procedure, the trajectory was drilled perpendicular to the external occipital protuberance for the specified depth with a depth‐limited drilling, 2 mm away from the internal bone plate, then the trajectory was deepened at intervals of 1 mm each time until reaching the internal bone plate. Meanwhile, a probe was used to explore all the walls of the trajectory. Bicortical screws were inserted to the occipital plate and the depth of penetration was less than 2 mm from the internal bone plate. Clinical efficacy and radiographic evaluation were followed up.

Results

The thickest point was the external occipital protuberance, which was 15.49 ± 1.47 mm and decreased gradually on the midline to 13.41 ± 1.60 mm at below 15 mm. Twelve cases (mean age 41.17 years; range, 24–62 years), including five males and seven females, were followed up for 24.08 months (14–32 months). The interval time was 40.42 months (3–156 months) after the initial operation. At the final follow‐up, JOA score increased from 8.58 ± 2.53 before surgery to 12.67 ± 1.84 (P < 0.05) and VAS score improved from 6.17 ± 1.21 to 2.08 ± 1.32 (P < 0.05). Besides, clinical symptoms were relieved in all patients after revision surgery. All patients had rigid internal fixations with bone fusion and no major complications occurred.

Conclusions

Posterior occipitocervical plate‐screw system with bicortical screws had the advantages of safety, simple and promising efficacy without excessive tissue release or intraspinal manipulation, proving that it's valuable as a modified technique for occipitocervical revision surgery.
Quantitative trait loci analysis for flower‐related traits in almond (Prunus dulcis)
Authors: Paizila Aibibula , Karcı Harun , Ziya Motalebipour Elmira , Güney Murat , Kafkas Salih
Published: December 2021

Almond is one of the most important nut crops in Turkey. Simple sequence repeat (SSR)‐based linkage maps are very reliable in constructing linkage maps due to the co‐dominant and highly reproducible nature of the SSR markers. The objective of this study was to construct well‐saturated, SSR‐based genetic linkage maps using ‘Gulcan‐2 × Lauranne’ and ‘Guara × Nurlu’ F1 populations and to identify QTLs related to the flower colour, stigma–anther position and full blooming date in almond. A total of 275 SSR primer pairs selected from the previous studies of various Prunus species were tested in both populations. A total of 175 SSR loci segregated in ‘Gulcan‐2 × Lauranne’ population and 162 SSR loci were mapped into eight linkage groups. The total map length was 514.6 cM, with an average marker density of 3.2 cM. In ‘Guara × Nurlu’ population, 159 markers segregated, and 153 SSR loci were mapped. The total map length was 493.9 cM with an average marker distance of 3.2 cM. Five and four major QTLs were detected in ‘Gulcan‐2 × Lauranne’ and ‘Guara × Nurlu’ populations, respectively. The linkage maps constructed in this study can be used in QTL analysis of important phenotypic traits in almond, whereas identified QTL regions and closely related markers can be used for marker assisted selection in future almond breeding programmes.
Effects of post‐response arousal on cognitive control: Adaptive or maladaptive?
Authors: Compton Rebecca J. , Jaskir Marc , Mu Jianing
Published: December 2021

This study investigated whether detection of a performance mistake is followed by adaptive or detrimental effects on subsequent attention and performance. Using a Stroop task with spatial cueing, along with simultaneous EEG and pupillary measurements, we examined evidence bearing on two alternative hypotheses: maladaptive arousal and adaptive control. Error detection, indexed by the error‐related negativity ERP component, was followed by pupil dilation and suppression of EEG oscillations in the alpha band, two indices of arousal that were associated with one another on a trial‐by‐trial basis. On the trials following errors, there was neural evidence of enhanced spatial cueing, manifested in greater hemispheric activation contralateral to the cued visual field. However, this post‐error enhancement was not followed by changes in Stroop or spatial cueing effects in performance, nor by increased attentional cueing effects in ERP responses to targets. Rather, performance tended to be slower and less accurate following errors compared to correct trials, and higher post‐response arousal, indexed by larger pupils, predicted next‐trial slowing and decreased P2 amplitude to targets. Results favor the maladaptive arousal account of post‐error cognitive control and offer only limited support for adaptive control.