bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Detectando el odio ideológico en Twitter. Desarrollo y evaluación de un detector de discurso de odio por ideología política en tuits en español
Authors:   Universidad de Salamanca (España), Amores Javier J , Blanco-Herrero David ,   Universidad de Salamanca (España), Sánchez-Holgado Patricia ,   Universidad de Salamanca (España), Frías-Vázquez Maximiliano ,   Universidad de Salamanca (España)
Published: May 2021

El discurso de odio propagado a través de redes sociales como Twitter merece atención especial, ya que su incremento puede relacionarse con el aumento de crímenes de odio. De las 11 categorías de discriminación que contempla el Ministerio de Interior de España, la segunda en la que más delitos de odio se registran al año es la ideología. Sin embargo, esta categoría queda fuera de la mayor parte de los planes de acción para estudiar y combatir los delitos de odio. Lo mismo ocurre con los trabajos académicos, que se centran mayoritariamente en el odio en inglés y a nivel general. Los que estudian un único tipo de odio se han enfocado en el racismo, la xenofobia o la discriminación de género, pero nunca en la ideología política. Asimismo, los prototipos de detección desarrollados hasta ahora no usan bases de datos generadas manualmente por varios codificadores. Esta investigación busca superar estas limitaciones, desarrollando y evaluando un detector automático de discurso de odio por motivos ideológicos en Twitter en español a partir de técnicas de aprendizaje automático supervisado. Para ello, se ha desarrollado un total de ocho modelos predictivos a partir de un corpus de entrenamiento generado ad-hoc, y haciendo uso de modelado superficial y de aprendizaje profundo, lo que permite mejorar el rendimiento final del prototipo. El desarrollo del corpus permitió observar, además, que un 16,2% de la muestra, recogida en el otoño de 2019, incluyó algún tipo de odio ideológico.
Passive Propagation of Electrical Signals
Authors: Elmslie Keith S
Published: May 2021

Electrical potentials can be propagated along biological membranes in either an active or passive manner. Passively propagated potentials include synaptic and receptor potentials, which are potentials that can be summed in a time and spatially dependent manner to alter their amplitude. The time course, speed and distance travelled of passively propagated potentials depend on three properties: membrane resistance, membrane capacitance and axial resistance. Of these properties, membrane resistance and axial resistance can vary among neurons to affect conduction of electrical signals. Any change in axonal properties that increase the distance travelled by passively propagated electrical signals will increase the speed by which the action potential travels along the axon (i.e. conduction velocity). To increase conduction velocity, vertebrate axons can be wrapped with myelin to increase the membrane resistance and decrease membrane capacitance, and they can have increased axonal diameter to decrease axial resistance. The passive electrical properties have wide ranging effects on neuronal electrical signalling.

Key Concepts

Electrical signals can be propagated along membranes by passive and active processes.

The neuronal properties that govern passive propagation impact the integration of synaptic signals and the speed of action potential propagation.

These properties are the membrane resistance (
R
M
), membrane capacitance (
C
M
) and resistance of the cytoplasm (also called axoplasm when in the axon).

R
M
and
C
M
combine to determine the change in membrane voltage with time in response to an injection of current (e.g. synaptic current due to activation of postsynaptic neurotransmitter receptors).

These properties, including the resistance of the axoplasm (also called axial resistance,
R
A
) determine the passive change in membrane voltage with distance from the current injection.

Myelination increases axonal
R
M
and decreases axonal
C
M
, both of which increase the speed by which action potentials are propagated along the axon (axonal conduction velocity).

R
A
is decreased in axons with larger diameters, and the axonal conduction velocity increases with decreased
R
A
.

Demyelination of axons by diseases such as multiple sclerosis disrupts action potential propagation along axons by decreasing
R
M
, which shortens the distance by which electrical signals are propagated. This results in action potential propagation failure, which leads to the functional deficits associated with this disease.
Protozoa
Authors: Pánek Tomáš
Published: May 2021

Protozoa may be considered as (mostly) microscopic, essentially single‐celled, eukaryotes that ingest other organisms or their products (i.e. as heterotrophic protists). Protozoa are no longer recognised as a taxonomic group because they do not constitute a monophylum and can be found in all main eukaryotic lineages, informally called supergroups. They play important roles in the ecology of aquatic habitats and soils, for example, by controlling bacterial populations and releasing nutrients for use by other organisms. As parasites, protozoa have very profound effects on humans, both directly and through their effects on domesticated animals. Some protozoa have shells or skeletal structures that can fossilise and certain groups, particularly the foraminifera, are used in biostratigraphy and in locating oil deposits.

Key Concepts

Protozoa are single‐celled eukaryotes (protists) that obtain their food by eating other organisms or their products.

Protozoa are not a taxonomic group but rather a diverse assemblage of heterotrophic, distantly related lineages, with representatives in all eukaryote supergroups.

Protozoa help to understand evolution of multicellularity since animals and fungi evolved from them.

Study of protozoa provides an inside into the biology of the last eukaryotic common ancestor and the evolution of eukaryotic cell.

Algae (photosynthetic protists) evolved from protozoa several times independently by acquiring plastid from cyanobacteria (primary plastid) or other plastid‐bearing protists (secondary and tertiary plastids).

Protozoa diversified to a tremendous number of morphological forms; two elementary body plans are flagellate and amoeba. The amoeboid body plan was invented several times during the evolution of eukaryotes.

Protozoa are found in almost every habitat where there is a sufficient amount of water and may survive adverse environmental conditions by the production of cysts or spores.

Protozoa play key roles in nutrient cycling and soil fertility and are the main predators of bacteria in many environments.

A wide range of human and animal diseases are caused by protozoa.

Fossil protozoa are used to help locate oil deposits and to reconstruct past climate changes.
Reproduction in Monotremes and Marsupials
Authors: Renfree Marilyn , Shaw Geoffrey
Published: May 2021

The three subclasses of mammals – the monotremes, the marsupials and the eutherians – are most clearly distinguished from one another by their mode of reproduction and the anatomy of their reproductive tracts. The monotremes are all oviparous, delivering an egg from which hatches an immature young that depends on milk. The echidna has a transient pouch. Similarly, the living species of marsupials all give birth to small, altricial young that in most species are retained in the mother's pouch during the extended lactational period. Marsupials can also have a period of embryonic diapause in which development of the early embryo in the uterus ceases until it receives a signal to reactivate such as a seasonal or lactational one. New molecular studies and genome analyses are highlighting similarities and differences in these mammals that inform us about their evolution.

Key Concepts

Monotremes and marsupials are mammals having fur and can lactate.

Reproductive anatomy differs between all three mammalian groups.

Monotremes are the only egg‐laying mammals and also have a short‐lived yolk sac placenta.

Pregnancy is short in marsupials and always less than one month.

Marsupials have a fully functional yolk sac placenta.

Lactation is relatively long, and the milk changes its composition throughout the growth and development of the young.

Sexual differentiation occurs after birth in marsupials.

Marsupial and monotreme genomics is advancing our understanding of mammalian evolution.
Arboreal Locomotion: Moving in the Trees
Authors: Polet Delyle T , Bertram John EA
Published: May 2021

Diverse groups of animals have adapted to exploiting the unique environment of the forest canopy. The arboreal environment is complex and these animals encounter many unique physical challenges as they move up to and through tree branches. Solving these challenges involves dealing with the physical implications of moving on surfaces of various sizes and surface textures. Understanding how these organisms contend with the environment depends on understanding the fundamental factors involved in moving vertically and horizontally while maintaining stability. In most cases, highly specialised anatomy is required to support adhesion, claw penetration and friction contact through gripping, either with digits, a prehensile tail or the body wall. Body size provides hard limits on the ability to exploit the arboreal environment. In the remarkably agile brachiating apes, their specialised locomotion involves subtle dynamics to exploit the energy‐saving benefits of swinging below their supports – an advantage not available in overground locomotion.

Key Concepts

To climb, an animal must resist gravity, whether horizontal or vertical to the surface.

On a vertical trunk, limbed animals must resist a weight‐induced tipping moment.

On a horizontal branch, an animal must stabilise itself to avoid falling, unless it hangs from the branch.

Small animals have more supports available to them in climbing and are relatively strong compared to their weight.

Animals have evolved various specialisations to attach to surfaces, whether through sticking, clinging or gripping.

Brachiation is an economical and adaptable locomotor mode unique to the arboreal environment.
Hybrid Zones
Authors: Stankowski Sean , Shipilina Daria , Westram Anja M
Published: May 2021

Hybrid zones are narrow geographic regions where different populations, races or interbreeding species meet and mate, producing mixed ‘hybrid’ offspring. They are relatively common and can be found in a diverse range of organisms and environments. The study of hybrid zones has played an important role in our understanding of the origin of species, with hybrid zones having been described as ‘natural laboratories’. This is because they allow us to study,in situ, the conditions and evolutionary forces that enable divergent taxa to remain distinct despite some ongoing gene exchange between them.

Key Concepts

Hybrid zones are narrow geographic regions where different populations, races or interbreeding species meet and mate, producing mixed ‘hybrid’ offspring.

They are relevant to understanding local adaptation and speciation as they show us how taxa can remain distinct despite gene flow.

Hybrid zones can occur at environmental boundaries between taxa adapted to different habitats or separate taxa with genetic incompatibilities.

Many hybrid zones are maintained by a balance between selection and gene flow, creating sharp spatial gradients (clines) in traits and allele frequencies.

Extensive theory has been developed that quantitatively relates cline shapes to evolutionary processes in hybrid zones.

The strength of selection can vary across the genome and phenome, which causes some loci or phenotypes to show sharper clines than others.

Hybrid zones can form in a continuous population (primary origin) or when two populations diverge in isolation and come into secondary contact (secondary origin).

The long‐term outcomes of hybridisation can vary: Hybrid zones can collapse, move in space or be maintained as stable phenomena.

An array of methods can be applied to empirical data collected from hybrid zones, in particular to identify loci under selection.

Emerging methods will ensure that hybrid zones will continue to advance our understanding of speciation in the future.
Interfractional robustness of scanning carbon ion radiotherapy for prostate cancer: An analysis based on dose distribution from daily in‐room CT images
Authors: Tsuchida Keisuke , Minohara Shinichi , Kusano Yohsuke , Kano Kio , Anno Wataru , Takakusagi Yosuke , Mizoguchi Nobutaka , Serizawa Itsuko , Yoshida Daisaku , Imura Koh , Takayama Yoshiki , Kamada Tadashi , Katoh Hiroyuki , Ohno Tatsuya
Published: May 2021

Purpose

We analyzed interfractional robustness of scanning carbon ion radiotherapy (CIRT) for prostate cancer based on the dose distribution using daily in‐room computed tomography (CT) images.

Materials and Methods

We analyzed 11 consecutive patients treated with scanning CIRT for localized prostate cancer in our hospital between December 2015 and January 2016. In‐room CT images were taken under treatment conditions in every treatment session. The dose distribution on each in‐room CT image was recalculated, while retaining the pencil beam arrangement of the initial treatment plan. Then, the dose–volume histogram (DVH) parameters including the percentage of the clinical target volume (CTV) with 95% and 90% of the prescribed dose area (V95% of CTV, V90% of CTV) and V80% of rectum were calculated. The acceptance criteria for the CTV and rectum were set at V95% of CTV ≥95%, V90% of CTV ≥98%, and V80% of rectum < 10 ml.

Results

V95% of CTV, V90% of CTV, and V80% of rectum for the reproduced plans were 98.8 ± 3.49%, 99.5 ± 2.15%, and 4.39 ± 3.96 ml, respectively. Acceptance of V95% of CTV, V90% of CTV, and V80% of rectum was obtained in 123 (94%), 125 (95%) and 117 sessions (89%), respectively. Acceptance of the mean dose of V95% of CTV, V90% of CTV, and V80% of rectum for each patient was obtained in 10 (91%), 10 (91%), and 11 patients (100%), respectively.

Conclusions

We demonstrated acceptable interfractional robustness based on the dose distribution in scanning CIRT for prostate cancer.
Delta power robustly predicts cognitive function in Angelman syndrome
Authors: Ostrowski Lauren M. , Spencer Elizabeth R. , Bird Lynne M. , Thibert Ronald , Komorowski Robert W. , Kramer Mark A. , Chu Catherine J.
Published: May 2021

Objective

Angelman syndrome (AS) is a severe neurodevelopmental disorder caused by loss of function of the maternally inherited UBE3A gene in neurons. Promising disease‐modifying treatments to reinstate UBE3A expression are under development and an early measure of treatment response is critical to their deployment in clinical trials. Increased delta power in EEG recordings, reflecting abnormal neuronal synchrony, occurs in AS across species and correlates with genotype. Whether delta power provides a reliable biomarker for clinical symptoms remains unknown.

Methods

We analyzed combined EEG recordings and developmental assessments in a large cohort of individuals with AS (N = 82 subjects, 133 combined EEG and cognitive assessments, 1.08–28.16 years; 32F) and evaluated delta power as a biomarker for cognitive function, as measured by the Bayley Cognitive Score. We examined the robustness of this biomarker to varying states of consciousness, recording techniques and analysis procedures.

Results

Delta power predicted the Bayley Scale cognitive score (P < 10−5, R2 = 0.9374) after controlling for age (P < 10−24), genotype:age (P < 10−11), and repeat assessments (P < 10−8), with the excellent fit on cross validation (R2 = 0.95). There were no differences in model performance across states of consciousness or bipolar versus average montages (ΔAIC < 2). Models using raw data excluding frontal channels outperformed other models (ΔAIC > 4) and predicted performance in expressive (P = 0.0209) and receptive communication (P < 10−3) and fine motor skills (P < 10−4).

Interpretation

Delta power is a simple, direct measure of neuronal activity that reliably correlates with cognitive function in AS. This electrophysiological biomarker offers an objective, clinically relevant endpoint for treatment response in emerging clinical trials.
Lawsuit: Salvation Army rehab programs subject participants to illegal conditions
Authors: Enos Gary
Published: May 2021

The California operations of The Salvation Army violate the state's Labor Code by subjecting adults in its substance use rehabilitation programs to rigorous full‐time “work therapy” and paying them tokens worth as little as a few dollars a week, alleges a lawsuit filed this month in California Superior Court.
Preparation of Laser‐Induced Graphene Fabric from Silk and Its Application Examples for Flexible Sensor
Authors: Li Zehong , Lu Longsheng , Xie Yingxi , Wang Wentao , Lin Zhiran , Tang Biao , Lin Na
Published: May 2021

Laser‐induced graphene (LIG) with original macroscopic fabric structure, flexible characteristic, and minimum 40 Ω sq−1 sheet resistance is prepared by a two‐step method of heat treatment and laser direct writing (LDW) from a low‐cost and environmentally friendly silk fabric. The method can quickly control the electrical conductivity and mechanical properties of the product during processing. Laser parameters are adjusted by experiment to obtain an optimal about 40 Ω sq−1 sheet resistance. Finite element analysis (FEA) coupled with an experimental method is used to explain the relationship between processing, structure, and performance. Graphene can be detected on the upper and lower surface fibers of the thinner precursors under proper processing condition. The electrical conductivity of the product is influenced by material conversion and structural integrity caused by input laser energy, so it can be easily changed by adjusting laser processing parameters. The good performance of the product is related to uniform and sufficient but not excessive temperature field distribution. Moreover, the LIG fabric is also used in flexible sensors, for example, which have enough static and dynamic properties to be a wearable device.
Therapeutic siCCR2 Loaded by Tetrahedral Framework DNA Nanorobotics in Therapy for Intracranial Hemorrhage
Authors: Fu Wei , Ma Lu , Ju Yan , Xu Jianguo , Li Hao , Shi Sirong , Zhang Tao , Zhou Ronghui , Zhu Jianwei , Xu Ruxiang , You Chao , Lin Yunfeng
Published: May 2021

Modulating microglial polarization is a potential strategy to assuage secondary brain injury caused by intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). However, despite decades of effort, effective therapies targeting microglia for ICH are still lacking. Here, a nanorobotic, tetrahedral framework nucleic acid (tFNA), is successfully synthesized and designed to carry C‐C chemokine receptor 2 (siCCR2) for use in in vitro hemin‐induced and in vivo collagenase‐induced ICH models. This nanoscale complex (tFNA‐siCCR2), which possesses biocompatibility, editability, and structural stability, exhibits a favorable effect in inhibiting the expression of CCR2. After treatment with tFNA‐siCCR2, hematoma absorption is accelerated, and neurological inflammation is mitigated by decreasing levels of proinflammatory cytokines, while increasing the release of anti‐inflammatory factors. Consequently, the neurological deficits of mice with ICH improve. These results indicate that inhibiting CCR2 expression during the acute phase of ICH polarizes microglia towards a therapeutic subtype, and restores neurological function, which demonstrates that tFNA has a promising ability to transfer siCCR2 for treating ICH.
Bioinspired Underwater Adhesion to Rough Substrates by Cavity Collapse of Cupped Microstructures
Authors: Wang Yue , Hensel René
Published: May 2021

Underwater or wet adhesion is highly desirable for numerous applications but is counteracted by the liquids in the contact which weaken intermolecular attraction. The problem is exacerbated in conjunction with surface roughness when liquids partially remain in grooves or dimples of the substrate. In the present study, a cupped microstructure with a cavity inspired by suction organs of aquatic animals is proposed. The microstructures (cup radius of 100 µm) are made from polyurethane using two‐photon lithography followed by replica molding. Adhesion to rough substrates is emulated experimentally by a micropatterned model substrate with varying channel widths. Pull‐off stresses are found to be about 200 kPa, i.e., twice atmospheric pressure. Evaluation of force–displacement curves together with in situ observations reveal the adhesion mechanism, which involves adaptation to surface roughness and an elastic force induced by the collapse of the cavity that holds sealed contact with the substrate during retraction. This new microarchitecture may pave the way for next generation microstructures applicable to real, rough surfaces under wet conditions.
Phosphorus and Oxygen Dual‐Doped Porous Carbon Spheres with Enhanced Reaction Kinetics as Anode Materials for High‐Performance Potassium‐Ion Hybrid Capacitors
Authors: Zhao Shuoqing , Yan Kang , Liang Jiayu , Yuan Qinghong , Zhang Jinqiang , Sun Bing , Munroe Paul , Wang Guoxiu
Published: May 2021

Hard carbons with low cost and high specific capacity hold great potential as anode materials for potassium‐based energy storage. However, their sluggish reaction kinetics and inevitable volume expansion degrade their electrochemical performance. Through rational nanostructure design and a heteroatom doping strategy, herein, the synthesis of phosphorus/oxygen dual‐doped porous carbon spheres is reported, which possess expanded interlayer distances, abundant redox active sites, and oxygen‐rich defects. The as‐developed battery‐type anode material shows high discharge capacity (401 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1), outstanding rate capability, and ultralong cycling stability (89.8% after 10 000 cycles). In situ Raman spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations further confirm that the formation of PC and PO/POH bonds not only improves structural stability, but also contributes to a rapid surface‐controlled potassium adsorption process. As a proof of concept, a potassium‐ion hybrid capacitor is assembled by a dual‐doped porous carbon sphere anode and an activated carbon cathode. It shows superior electrochemical performance, which opens a new avenue to innovative potassium‐based energy storage technology.
Photomultiplication‐Type Organic Photodetectors with Fast Response Enabled by the Controlled Charge Trapping Dynamics of Quantum Dot Interlayer
Authors: Han Se Gyo , Lee Hansol , Choi Wookjin , Lee Dongki , Kim Seunghyun , Sung Yunmo , Kim Sungjee , Cho Kilwon
Published: May 2021

A novel photomultiplication (PM)‐type organic photodiode (OPD) that responds much faster (109 kHz bandwidth) than conventional PM‐type OPDs is demonstrated. This fast response is achieved by introducing quantum dots (QDs) as a PM‐inducing interlayer at the interface between the electrode and the photoactive layer. When the device is illuminated, the photogenerated electrons within the photoactive layer are rapidly transferred and trapped in the trap states of the QD interlayer. The electron trapping subsequently leads to charging of the QD and a consequent shift of the QD energy levels, thereby inducing hole injection from the electrode. This PM mechanism is distinct from that of conventional PM‐type OPDs, whose PM usually requires a long time to induce hole (or electron) injection because of the slow transport and accumulation of electrons (or holes) within the photoactive layer. Because of its PM mechanism, the proposed QD‐interlayer PM‐type OPD achieves high bandwidth and high specific detectivity. In addition, it is demonstrated that the response speed of the proposed device is closely related to the charge trapping/detrapping dynamics of the QDs. This work not only offers a new concept in the design of fast‐responding PM‐type OPDs but also provides comprehensive understanding of the underlying device physics.
In Situ Defect‐Free Vertically Aligned Layered Double Hydroxide Composite Membrane for High Areal Capacity and Long‐Cycle Zinc‐Based Flow Battery
Authors: Hu Jing , Yuan Chenguang , Zhi Liping , Zhang Huamin , Yuan Zhizhang , Li Xianfeng
Published: May 2021

Rechargeable aqueous zinc‐based flow batteries (ZFBs) are promising candidates for large scale energy storage devices. However, the challenges from zinc dendrites and limited areal capacity considerably impede their wide application. Here, an in situ vertical growth of layered double hydroxide membrane (LDH‐G) is constructed to enable long‐life ZFBs. Owing to the high hydroxide ion conductivity and ion selectivity nature of LDH nanosheets, specifically, the precise control of directional ion transport in vertical arrangement LDHs, a superior battery performance can be realized. Moreover, the defect‐free LDHs layer serves as a buffer layer to enable a uniform Zn deposition, which effectively enhances the areal capacity of the battery. As a result, the designed membrane endows an alkaline zinc‐iron flow battery with excellent rate performance and cycling stability, maintaining an energy efficiency of 80% at 260 mA cm−2 for 800 cycles, which is the highest performance ever reported. Most importantly, the LDHs layer enables the battery for 1200 h long‐cycle stability with a uniform Zn deposition and high areal capacity of 240 mAh cm−2. This work realizes an in situ growth of 3D LDHs arrays on the polymer substrate, which provides a strategy toward high areal capacity and dendrite‐free Zn deposition for ZFBs.
From Design to Clinic: Engineered Nanobiomaterials for Immune Normalization Therapy of Cancer
Authors: Saeed Madiha , Chen Fangming , Ye Jiayi , Shi Yang , Lammers Twan , De Geest Bruno G. , Xu Zhi Ping , Yu Haijun
Published: May 2021

The tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) is comprised of a complex milieu that contributes to stunting antitumor immune responses by restricting T cells to accumulate in the vicinity of the tumor. Nanomedicine‐based strategies are being proposed as a salvage effort to reinvigorate antitumor immunity. Various strategies, however, often fail to unleash the antitumor immune response because of the paucity of appropriate therapeutic targets in the complex TIME, invigorating a fervor of investigation into mechanisms underlying the TIME to resist nanomedicines. In this review article, effective nano/biomaterial‐based delivery and TIME normalization approaches that promote T cell‐mediated antitumor immune response will be discussed, with a focus on emerging preclinical and clinical strategies for immune normalization. Based on currently available evidence, it seems as if the ultimate success of cancer immunotherapy and nanomedicine hinges on the capacity to normalize the TIME. Here, how nanomedicines target immunosuppressive cells and signaling pathways to broaden the impact of cancer immunotherapy are explored. Acquisition of the urgently needed knowledge of nanomedicine‐mediated immune normalization will guide researchers and scientists towards clinical applications of cancer immunotherapy.
A Roadmap to Cardiac Tissue‐Engineered Construct Preservation: Insights from Cells, Tissues, and Organs
Authors: Sampaio‐Pinto Vasco , Janssen Jasmijn , Chirico Nino , Serra Margarida , Alves Paula M. , Doevendans Pieter A. , Voets Ilja K. , Sluijter Joost P. G. , van Laake Linda W. , van Mil Alain
Published: May 2021

Worldwide, over 26 million patients suffer from heart failure (HF). One strategy aspiring to prevent or even to reverse HF is based on the transplantation of cardiac tissue‐engineered (cTE) constructs. These patient‐specific constructs aim to closely resemble the native myocardium and, upon implantation on the diseased tissue, support and restore cardiac function, thereby preventing the development of HF. However, cTE constructs off‐the‐shelf availability in the clinical arena critically depends on the development of efficient preservation methodologies. Short‐ and long‐term preservation of cTE constructs would enable transportation and direct availability. Herein, currently available methods, from normothermic‐ to hypothermic‐ to cryopreservation, for the preservation of cardiomyocytes, whole‐heart, and regenerative materials are reviewed. A theoretical foundation and recommendations for future research on developing cTE construct specific preservation methods are provided. Current research suggests that vitrification can be a promising procedure to ensure long‐term cryopreservation of cTE constructs, despite the need of high doses of cytotoxic cryoprotective agents. Instead, short‐term cTE construct preservation can be achieved at normothermic or hypothermic temperatures by administration of protective additives. With further tuning of these promising methods, it is anticipated that cTE construct therapy can be brought one step closer to the patient.
Self‐Powered MXene/GaN van der Waals Heterojunction Ultraviolet Photodiodes with Superhigh Efficiency and Stable Current Outputs
Authors: Song Weidong , Chen Jiaxin , Li Ziliang , Fang Xiaosheng
Published: May 2021

A self‐powered, high‐performance Ti3C2Tx MXene/GaN van der Waals heterojunction (vdWH)‐based ultraviolet (UV) photodiode is reported. Such integration creates a Schottky junction depth that is larger than the UV absorption depth to sufficiently separate the photoinduced electron/hole pairs, boosting the peak internal quantum efficiency over the unity and the external quantum efficiency over 99% under weak UV light without bias. The proposed Ti3C2Tx/GaN vdWH UV photodiode demonstrates pronounced photoelectric performances working in self‐powered mode, including a large responsivity (284 mA W−1), a high specific detectivity (7.06 × 1013 Jones), and fast response speed (rise/decay time of 7.55 µs/1.67 ms). Furthermore, the remarkable photovoltaic behavior leads to an impressive power conversion efficiency of 7.33% under 355 nm UV light illumination. Additionally, this work presents an easy‐processing spray‐deposition route for the fabrication of large‐area UV photodiode arrays that exhibit highly uniform cell‐to‐cell performance. The MXene/GaN photodiode arrays with high‐efficiency and self‐powered ability show high potential for many applications, such as energy‐saving communication, imaging, and sensing networks.
Traceable Nano‐Biohybrid Complexes by One‐Step Synthesis as CRISPR‐Chem Vectors for Neurodegenerative Diseases Synergistic Treatment
Authors: Shen Jie , Lu Zhiguo , Wang Jianze , Hao Qiulian , Ji Weihong , Wu Yanyue , Peng Huan , Zhao Ruichen , Yang Jun , Li Yan , Shi Zhuyan , Zhang Xin
Published: May 2021

Abnormal protein aggregations are essential pathological features of neurodegenerative diseases. Eliminating while inhibiting the regeneration of these protein aggregates is considered an effective treatment strategy. Herein, the CRISPR/Cas9 gene‐editing tool is employed to inhibit the regeneration of disease‐related proteins, while chemical drugs are applied to eliminate the proteins that are produced. To efficiently deliver CRISPR‐chem drugs into brain lesions, traceable nano‐biohybrid complexes (F‐TBIO) are constructed by one‐step synthesis and CRISPR/Cas9 plasmids (CF‐TBIO) are loaded in a controllable manner. CF‐TBIO can knock out the BACE1 gene and reduce the burden of amyloid‐β, and thereby significantly improve the cognitive abilities of 2xTg‐AD mice. In particular, by prolonging the dosing interval, the pathological damage and behavioral abilities of 2xTg‐AD mice are still significantly improved. During the therapeutic process, CF‐TBIO with a high relaxation rate provides accurate imaging signals in the complex brain physiological environment. The finding shows that CF‐TBIO has great potential to serve as a CRISPR‐chem drug‐delivery platform for neurodegenerative diseases therapy.
Incorporation of Sulfate Anions and Sulfur Vacancies in ZnIn2S4 Photoanode for Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting
Authors: Xu Weiwei , Gao Wenchao , Meng Linxing , Tian Wei , Li Liang
Published: May 2021

Severe charge recombination and slow surface water oxidation kinetics seriously limit the practical application of ZnIn2S4 photoanodes for photoelectrochemical water splitting. Herein, an in situ strategy to introduce sulfate (SO42−) anions and controlled bulk sulfur vacancies (Sv) into a ZnIn2S4 photoanode is developed, and its PEC performance is remarkably enhanced, achieving a photocurrent density of 3.52 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (VRHE) and negatively shifted onset potential of 0.01 VRHE in phosphate buffer without a sacrificial agent under AM 1.5G illumination. The experimental characterizations and density functional theory calculations reveal that the SO42− groups enhance the oxygen evolution reaction kinetics, while bulk Sv improves the bulk carrier separation. The remarkable bulk carrier separation efficiency of 75.01% and surface carrier injection efficiency of 79.69% are achieved at 1.23 VRHE. This work provides a new route to design efficient photoanodes by the simultaneous manipulation of metal‐free anions and sulfur vacancies.
3D Optical Vortex Lattices
Authors: Ikonnikov Denis A. , Myslivets Sergey A. , Arkhipkin Vasily G. , Vyunishev Andrey M.
Published: May 2021

Fresnel diffraction of light beams with a topological charge on a 2D regular amplitude transparency mask is studied. Numerical predictions show that the 3D optical lattices of optical vortices can be formed using the Talbot effect, with these predictions confirmed by the experimental reconstruction of all 3D optical vortex lattices. The periodicity of the 3D optical vortex lattices is determined by the light wavelength and periodicity of a transparency mask. Furthermore, it is shown that the optical vortices are created and annihilated during light propagation behind the mask with the preservation of the total topological charge. The 3D optical vortex lattices are considered to be tolerant to the perturbations induced by trapped particles caused by the features of the Talbot effect. The 3D optical vortex lattices open new possibilities for light–matter interactions and the related applications.
Perioperative Nursing Care of the Patient Undergoing a Cochlear Implant Procedure
Authors: Peker Sevgi , Demir Korkmaz Fatma , Cukurova Ibrahim
Published: May 2021

A cochlear implant (CI) is used in the auditory rehabilitation of adult and pediatric patients with sensorineural hearing loss who do not benefit from conventional hearing aids. Perioperative nursing care of the patient with sensorineural hearing loss undergoing cochlear implantation is not extensively discussed in the literature. Preoperative care involves managing the patient and family’s expectations for the procedure and determining the most effective communication techniques for each patient. Postoperative care involves monitoring patients closely and identifying the signs and symptoms of a number of possible postoperative complications, as well as knowing how to prevent these complications and respond to them. Thorough patient and family discharge instructions are vital to a successful cochlear implantation result. This article provides perioperative nurses caring for patients receiving a CI with detailed information to help ensure that they provide these patients with the most appropriate and effective care.
SARS‐CoV‐2′s claimed natural origin is undermined by issues with genome sequences of its relative strains
Authors: Deigin Yuri , Segreto Rossana
Published: May 2021

RaTG13, MP789, and RmYN02 are the strains closest to SARS‐CoV‐2, and their existence came to light only after the start of the pandemic. Their genomes have been used to support a natural origin of SARS‐CoV‐2 but after a close examination all of them exhibit several issues. We specifically address the presence in RmYN02 and closely related RacCSxxx strains of a claimed natural PAA/PVA amino acid insertion at the S1/S2 junction of their spike protein at the same position where the PRRA insertion in SARS‐CoV‐2 has created a polybasic furin cleavage site. We show that RmYN02/RacCSxxx instead of the claimed insertion carry a 6‐nucleotide deletion in the region and that the 12‐nucleotide insertion in SARS‐CoV‐2 remains unique among Sarbecoviruses. Also, our analysis of RaTG13 and RmYN02's metagenomic datasets found unexpected reads which could indicate possible contamination. Because of their importance to inferring SARS‐CoV‐2′s origin, we call for a careful reevaluation of RaTG13, MP789 and RmYN02 sequencing records and assembly methods.
Supplementation of critical amino acids improves glycerol and lactose uptake and enhances recombinant protein production in Escherichia coli
Authors: Kumar Jashwant , Chauhan Ashish S. , Gupta Jaya A. , Rathore Anurag S.
Published: May 2021

Background

Lactose‐based induction strategy in E. coli cultivation has several advantages over IPTG as it is cheap, does not impart metabolic stress to cells, and is non‐toxic to cells. However, complexity of lactose as an inducer limits its application in fed‐batch cultivation. A mixed glycerol‐lactose based induction strategy is generally opted during fed‐batch cultivation of E. coli. However, slow growth of E. coli in glycerol and lactose results in slower induction of heterologous protein.

Main Methods and Major Results

In this study, initially we have demonstrated supplementation of critical amino acids (AAs) improves uptake rate of glycerol and lactose in wildtype E. coli BL21(DE3) in defined medium. A feeding strategy of mixed glycerol‐lactose feed along with supplement of critical AAs enhances recombinant production of pramlintide multimer (rPramlintide). High cell density cultivation of E. coli using mixed glycerol‐lactose feed and critical AAs supplement resulted in final cell density of 52.2 ± 0.90 g L−1 and rPramlintide titer of 7.8 g L−1. RT‐qPCR analysis of genes involved in glycerol and lactose metabolism of recombinant culture showed upregulation with AAs supplementation.

Conclusions and Implications

We hypothesize that supplementation of critical AAs serves dual purpose: (i) faster assimilation of carbon sources, and (ii) combating metabolic stress arises due to AAs starvation. The substrate uptake and gene expression profiles demonstrate that AAs addition enhances glycerol and lactose assimilation due to overall improvement in their metabolism governed by global regulators of carbon metabolism.
Indium Tribromide‐Catalysed Transfer‐Hydrogenation: Expanding the Scope of the Hydrogenation and of the Regiodivergent DH or HD Addition to Alkenes
Authors: Li Luomo , Hilt Gerhard
Published: May 2021

The transfer‐hydrogenation as well as the regioselective and regiodivergent addition of H−D from regiospecific deuterated dihydroaromatic compounds to a variety of 1,1‐di‐ and trisubstituted alkenes was realised with InBr3 in dichloro(m)ethane. In comparison with the previously reported BF3⋅Et2O‐catalysed process, electron‐deficient aryl‐substituents can be applied reliably and thereby several restrictions could be lifted, and new types of substrates could be transformed successfully in hydrodeuterogenation as well as deuterohydrogenation transfer‐hydrogenation reactions.
FeII Metallohelices Stabilize DNA G‐Quadruplexes and Downregulate the Expression of G‐Quadruplex‐Regulated Oncogenes
Authors: Malina Jaroslav , Kostrhunova Hana , Scott Peter , Brabec Viktor
Published: May 2021

DNA G‐quadruplexes (G4s) have been identified within the promoter regions of many proto‐oncogenes. Thus, G4s represent attractive targets for cancer therapy, and the design and development of new drugs as G4 binders is a very active field of medicinal chemistry. Here, molecular biophysics and biology methods were employed to investigate the interaction of chiral metallohelices with a series of four DNA G4s (hTelo, c‐myc, c‐kit1, c‐kit2) that are formed by the human telomeric sequence (hTelo) and in the promoter regions of c‐MYC and c‐KIT proto‐oncogenes. We show that the investigated water‐compatible, optically pure metallohelices, which are made by self‐assembly of simple nonpeptidic organic components around FeII ions and exhibit bioactivity emulating the natural systems, bind with high affinity to G4 DNA and much lower affinity to duplex DNA. Notably, both enantiomers of a metallohelix containing a m‐xylenyl bridge (5 b) were found to effectively inhibit primer elongation catalyzed by Taq DNA polymerase by stabilizing G4 structures formed in the template strands containing c‐myc and c‐kit2 G4‐forming sequences. Moreover, both enantiomers of 5 b downregulated the expression of c‐MYC and c‐KIT oncogenes in human embryonic kidney cells at mRNA and protein levels. As metallohelices also bind alternative nucleic acid structures, they hold promise as potential multitargeted drugs.
Combining reflections on education for sustainability and digitalization – learning with and about the sustainable use of tablets along an augmented reality learning environment
Authors: Huwer Johannes , Barth Catherine , Siol Antje , Eilks Ingo
Published: May 2021

Vorgestellt wird ein Projekt, das Tablets zum Lerngegenstand im Chemieunterricht macht. Aufbauend auf einer Augmented‐Reality‐Lernumgebung lernen die Schülerinnen und Schüler über die verschiedenen Komponenten eines Tablets und die hierfür wichtigen chemischen Rohstoffe und Technologien. Die Lernumgebung kann im Schulunterricht oder Distanzlernen, aber auch in Verbindung mit einem Besuch im Schülerlabor genutzt werden.
Augmented Reality in chemistry education – an overview
Authors: Tschiersch Anja , Krug Manuel , Huwer Johannes , Banerji Amitabh
Published: May 2021

Eine mit digitalen Informationen angereicherte Realität spielt eine zunehmend wichtigere Rolle in unserem Alltag, aber auch im Chemieunterricht. So werden Lehr‐Lernszenarien mit Augmented Reality (AR) positive Effekte auf den Wissenserwerb, Motivation und andere Faktoren des Lernens zugeschrieben. Dieser Beitrag gibt einerseits einen Überblick über medienfachdidaktische Gestaltungsparameter und andererseits werden Werkzeuge vorgestellt, um diese Technologie AR‐gestütztes Unterrichtsmaterial zu erstellen.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Dantrolene‐Like Hydrazide and Hydrazone Analogues as Multitarget Agents for Neurodegenerative Diseases
Authors: Bolognino Isabella , Giangregorio Nicola , Tonazzi Annamaria , Martínez Antón L. , Altomare Cosimo D. , Loza María I. , Sablone Sara , Cellamare Saverio , Catto Marco
Published: May 2021

Dantrolene, a drug used for the management of malignant hyperthermia, had been recently evaluated for prospective repurposing as multitarget agent for neurodegenerative syndromes, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Herein, twenty‐one dantrolene‐like hydrazide and hydrazone analogues were synthesized with the aim of exploring structure‐activity relationships (SARs) for the inhibition of human monoamine oxidases (MAOs) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), two well‐established target enzymes for anti‐AD drugs. With few exceptions, the newly synthesized compounds exhibited selectivity toward MAO B over either MAO A or AChE, with the secondary aldimine 9 and phenylhydrazone 20 attaining IC50 values of 0.68 and 0.81 μM, respectively. While no general SAR trend was observed with lipophilicity descriptors, a molecular simplification strategy allowed the main pharmacophore features to be identified, which are responsible for the inhibitory activity toward MAO B. Finally, further in vitro investigations revealed cell protection from oxidative insult and activation of carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier as concomitant biological activities responsible for neuroprotection by hits 9 and 20 and other promising compounds in the examined series.
Synthesis, Characterization and Energetic Performance of Oxalyl Diazide, Carbamoyl Azide, and N,N’‐Bis(azidocarbonyl)hydrazine
Authors: Harter Alexander G. , Klapötke Thomas M. , Stierstorfer Jörg , Voggenreiter Michael , Zeng Xiaoqing
Published: May 2021

As pure compounds, small carbonyl azides enjoy a bad reputation, due to the high explosive sensitivity and instability they demonstrate. Consequently, most reported examples have only been poorly characterized. The compounds oxalyl diazide (1), carbamoyl azide (2), as well as N,N’‐bis(azidocarbonyl)hydrazine (3) were obtained by performing a diazotation reaction on the corresponding hydrazo precursor. Carbamoyl azide (2) could also be obtained from oxalyl diazide via Curtius rearrangement to the reactive isocyanate, followed by reaction with water. Further, different trapping reactions of the isocyanate with hydroxyl (methanol, oxetan‐3‐ol) and amino (2‐amino‐5H‐tetrazole) functions are described. All products were extensively analyzed using IR, EA, DTA and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, and the crystal structures elucidated using single crystal X‐ray diffraction. In addition, the sensitivities toward friction and impact were determined and the energetic performances of the carbonyl azides were calculated using the EXPLO5 code.
Following up internet‐delivered cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT): A longitudinal qualitative investigation of clients' usage of CBT skills
Authors: Eilert Nora , Timulak Ladislav , Duffy Daniel , Earley Caroline , Enrique Angel , Kennedy Polly , McCormack Clare , Palacios Jorge , Wogan Rebecca , Richards Derek
Published: May 2021

Background

While the acquisition and application of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) skills is a core component and likely mechanism of effect maintenance in all CBT‐based treatments, the extent of post‐therapeutic CBT skills usage among internet‐delivered CBT (iCBT) clients remains under‐researched.

Method

Nested within a pragmatic randomized controlled trial, 241 participants received an 8‐week supported iCBT intervention for anxiety and/or depression and answered open‐ended questions about their use and experience of CBT skills at 3‐, 6‐, 9‐, and 12‐month follow‐up. Recurrent, cross‐sectional qualitative analysis following the descriptive and interpretive approach was used to create a taxonomy, through which all qualitative data was coded.

Results

In total, 479 qualitative responses across 181 participants were analysed. Participants reported using a wide range of CBT skills and associated helpful and hindering experiences and impacts. The reasons for discontinued CBT skills usage were diverse, ranging from rare adverse effects to healthy adaptation.

Conclusion

The study shows how clients receiving iCBT in routine care learn CBT skills during treatment and utilize them in productive ways post‐treatment. Findings coincide with similar research in face‐to‐face CBT and may inform future research to drive innovation and iCBT intervention development.
Interaction Between SNP Genotype and Efficacy of Anastrozole and Exemestane in Early‐Stage Breast Cancer
Authors: Cairns Junmei , Kalari Krishna R. , Ingle James N. , Shepherd Lois E. , Ellis Matthew J. , Goss Paul E. , Barman Poulami , Carlson Erin E. , Goodnature Barbara , Goetz Matthew P. , Weinshilboum Richard M. , Gao Huanyao , Wang Liewei
Published: May 2021

Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) are the treatment of choice for hormone receptor–positive early breast cancer in postmenopausal women. None of the third‐generation AIs are superior to the others in terms of efficacy. We attempted to identify genetic factors that could differentiate between the effectiveness of adjuvant anastrozole and exemestane by examining single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)‐treatment interaction in 4,465 patients. A group of SNPs were found to be differentially associated between anastrozole and exemestane regarding outcomes. However, they showed no association with outcome in the combined analysis. We followed up common SNPs near LY75 and GPR160 that could differentiate anastrozole from exemestane efficacy. LY75 and GPR160 participate in epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition and growth pathways, in both cases with SNP‐dependent variation in regulation. Collectively, these studies identified SNPs that differentiate the efficacy of anastrozole and exemestane and they suggest additional genetic biomarkers for possible use in selecting an AI for a given patient.