bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An evaluation of hospital‐based specialized staffed housing for people with seriously challenging behaviours
Authors: EMERSON E. , BEASLEY F. , OFFORD G. , MANSELL J.
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT.Resident and staff activity was observed in two hospital‐based staffed houses for adults with severe or profound mental handicap, and seriously challenging behaviours. The results indicated that: (1) staffing resources were inefficiently deployed, leading to low levels of support being provided to service users; (2) staff attention was inequitably distributed across users, individuals showing the highest levels of seriously challenging behaviours received disproportionately more staff attention; (3) users spent little of the time they were observed engaged in constructive activities. Comparisons with data collected previously on four of the users in institutional settings indicated that: (4) no overall changes occurred in either user panicipation in constructive activities or (5) duration of challenging behaviours; and (6) overall, more staff contact was provided in the specialized housing projects compared to previous institutional settings. The results are discussed in terms of the determinants of quality in residential provision for people with seriously challenging behaviour.
A fatal case of ischaemic colitis following long‐term use of neuroleptic medication
Authors: DE SILVA P. , DEB S. , DRUMMOND R. D. , RANKIN R.
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT. A fatal case of ischaemic colitis in a mentally handicapped man is presented, the possible aetiological role of long‐term neuroleptic use is discussed and the previous literature on this subject is reviewed.
A preliminary analysis of environmental variables affecting the observed biobehavioural states of individuals with profound handicaps
Authors: RICHARDS S. B. , STERNBERG L.
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT. Recently, various researchers have recommended investigation of biobehavioural states as a worthwhile endeavour toward providing a more valid assessment of students with profound handicaps. To date, the research conducted in this area has largely focused on the biobehavioural state variable in isolation. This pilot study was conducted to examine the relationships between environmental variables and biobehavioural state variables. Six students with profound handicaps were selected as subjects and observed during normal daily school routines. The investigators discovered significant relationships between the students' prior state, position, grouping, type of staff cue given, the proximity of the staff and type of activity stimulus provided, and the students' biobehavioural states. A discussion of the results and recommendations for future research are provided.
Dexamethasone suppression test and response to antidepressants in depressed mentally handicapped subjects
Authors: SONI S. , KEANE V. , SONI S. D.
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT. Nineteen mentally handicapped subjects who were referred to the service with clinically significant depression were assessed with a view to determining the value of the dexamethasone suppression test (DST) in clinical diagnosis and in predicting response to antidepressant treatment. They were assessed initially and then 3 months after they had been treated with a tricyclic antidepressant. It was found that a significant proportion had an abnormal DST response which reversed after recovery in some but not in others. Non‐reversal was more likely to occur in the more severely handicapped patients. It was concluded that DST was of little value as a diagnostic tool for the detection of depression in mentally handicapped subjects.
Chromosome fragility in the Lennox‐Gastaut epilepsy syndrome
Authors: SMITH A. , BERAN R. G.
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT. Chromosome fragility was sought in a weil‐defined cohort of patients with Lennox‐Gastaut epilepsy syndrome. Twenty‐five patients plus 25 age‐ and sex‐matched normal controls had cytogenetic studies performed. All patients were taking sodium valproate, and four were also on hydantoin. Blood cultures from both patients and controls were set up simultaneously in an appropriate medium designed to elicite fragile‐sites. Harvesting took place after 96 h by standard techniques. In addition to routine banded analysis, at least 50 cells were scored for chromosome breaks and gaps from each patient and control. Results showed no difference between the patients and the control group in the overall occurrence of fragility or the type of aberration detected. No fragile‐X syndrome was detected. This study found no effect due to sodium valproate on the occurrence of chomosome aberrations.
Behavioural continence training in mental handicap: a 10‐year follow‐up study
Authors: HYAMS G. , McCOULL K. , SMITH P. S. , TYRER S. P.
Published: July 2010

Ten years after continence training, 14 severely and profoundly mentally handicapped individuals were found to have substantially maintained their improvements in bladder control. Completely independent self‐initiated toileting had not been maintained, but the level of prompting to toilet was considerably less than before training. Those who had received intensive individual training fared much better than those who had received less intensive group training. Intensive individual training was found to be cost effective and resulted in very substantial savings in carer time.
Building choice opportunities within occupational programmes for persons with profound developmental disabilities
Authors: LANCIONI G. E. , OLIVA D. , MEAZZINI P. , MARCONI N.
Published: July 2010

Choice opportunities were arranged within the occupational programmes of two subjects with profound developmental disabilities. The subject participating in Experiment 1 was already familiar with a computeraided programme aimed at promoting independent occupation. That programme was now extended to allow him to choose activities and reinforcers. He was also exposed to a control programme involving the use of folders with drawings. The subject participating in Experiment 2 had no previous experience with special programmes. For this subject, two versions of a computer‐aided programme were used: one to teach occupational engagement without choice; and the other occupational engagement with choice. The results have shown that the first subjectwas very successful in combining choice behaviour and constructive activity with the computer‐aided programme, but not with the control programme. The second subject learned very rapidly independent activity engagement, but required relatively long time to develop ‘meaningful’ choice behaviour. General implications of the findings are discussed.
The development of learning difliculties in children with Down's syndrome
Authors: WISHART J. G.
Published: July 2010

This paper examines individual developmental profiles drawn from a series of longitudinal studies of cognitive development and problem‐solving in children with Down's syndrome (DS) from birth to 11 years of age. These highlight the difficulties in explaining DS development in terms of a slowed‐down version of normal development and illustrate how, from a very early age, developmental progress in DS is undermined by the children's failure to exercise and maintain existing skills and by their counter‐productive approach to learning new skills. Developmental instability and inefficient learning were found to characterize performance on contingency detection tasks, on tests of obiect concept development, and on standardized intelligence tests. Implications of the findings for assessment, educational practice and developmental theory are discussed.
Children's attitudes toward peers with intellectual disability
Authors: TOWNSEND M. A. R. , WILTON K. M. , VAKILIRAD T.
Published: July 2010

The policy of inclusion (mainstreaming) of children with an intellectual disability in regular schools has raised questions about the extent to which ‘true’ integration is possible. One important aspect of integration is social acceptance by the regular class children. The purpose of this study was to determine the attitudes of children in primary and intermediate classrooms towards children with an intellectual disability housed in satellite classrooms at public schools. Teachers in the satellite classrooms completed a school integration questionnaire. Attitudes towards and the social distance afforded children in satellite classrooms were relatively positive across all children, especially girls. In particular, attitudes were more positive in schools which had more vigorous administrative policies concerning academic and social integration. The results are discussed in terms of current mainstreaming policies for children with intellectual disabilities.
Psychiatry and mental retardation: towards a behavioural pharmacological concept
Authors: TUINIER S. , Verhoeven W. M. A.
Published: July 2010

The rediscovery of psychiatric disorders in mentally retarded subjects has revealed the inadequacy of existing diagnostic and classification systems. The major reason for the limitations of the latter is that such systems have not been developed for application in subjects with substantial intellectual handicaps or other brain dysfunctions. Furthermore, the impact of the different aetiological brain factors is more or less neglected, and so are the specific interrelations between brain dysfunctions and psychiatric symptoms. For a better understanding of the behavioural disorders in mentally retarded subjects, the data from primate studies should be taken into consideration, especially where these suggest a relationship between developmental factors and brain dysfunction. Finally, a functional approach is advocated, linking biological and psychological dysfunctions, that could eventually lead to a socalled functional psychopharmacology.
The fragile‐X syndrome: a growing gene causing familial intellectual disability
Authors: DE VRIES L. B. A. , HAULEY D. J. J. , OOSTRA B. A. , NIERMEIJER M. F.
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT. The fragile‐X syndrome is the most common cause of familial intellectual disability. Recently, the gene related to the fragile‐X syndrome [the ‘fragile‐X mental retardation’‐1 (FMR‐1) gene] has been isolated. In this review, clinical and molecular aspects of the fragile‐X syndrome, current benefits and future prospects are discussed.
A controlled community study of movement disorder in people with learning difficulties on anti‐psychotic medication
Authors: GINGELL K. , NADARAJAH J.
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT. The results of a community‐based study measuring the occurrence of movement disorders in a population of people with learning difficulties treated with antipsychotic medication are presented. This group was compared with an age‐ and sex‐matched group with a similar degree of handicap, who were not treated with antipsychotic medication. When medication was given within British National Formulary Guidelines, no significant increase in movement disorders in the treated group was found. The relevance of this to psychiatric practice is discussed.
A stimulus control procedure to increase requesting with individuals who are severely/profoundly intellectually disabled*
Authors: DUKER P. , KRAAYKAMP M. , VISSER E.
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT. Various procedures have been used to establish and increase manual signed and spoken requesting with individuals who are intellectually disabled. A few studies have used the so‐called blockable response conditioned establishing operation CBR‐CEO) as a stimulus control procedure to increase requesting. A variation on the BR‐CEO is the interrupted chain procedure, in which requesting for the activity that had been interrupted is reinforced by continuation of the activity. Rather than interrupting an ongoing activity, six individuals who are severely/profoundly intellectually disabled were studied with respect to the differential effectiveness of presenting them incomplete versus complete referents (i.e. activity and objects) as a consequence of their requesting on their rate of requesting. Data were collected within a reversal design. The results show that five out of six individuals more than doubled their rate of requesting. Incomplete presentation of referents may be a practical procedure to increase requesting.
Ageing in learning difficulties: the development of health care outcome indicators
Authors: JENKINS R. , BROOKSBANK D. , MILLER E.
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT. A system of outcome indicators for the health and social care of ageing people with learning disabilities is required to ensure that clinicians, planners, purchasers and policy makers can monitor and evaluate the impact of health and social care. As longevity is increasing in people widi learning disabilities, special problems are found in the physical health, psychological health and social wellbeing of the elderly. This paper reviews theoretical aspects of outcome indicators, and uses the various classes of outcome measures available to draw up a system of indicators for clinicians, researchers and planners. This paper represents the personal view of the authors, prepared for a conference in August 1992.
Methodological difficulties encountered in determining the service needs of a ‘hidden population’
Authors: GOW L. , BALLA J.
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT. This report describes some of the methodological difficulties encountered in carrying out a 4‐year project designed to locate and determine the service needs of adults in Hong Kong with an intellectual disability over the age of 45 years. The project located 263 adults with an intellectual disability across a wide spectrum of Hong Kong society. The methodological difficulties encountered in attempting to locate these individuals and conducting the survey to determine the service needs of this ‘hidden population’ included: an interviewing process that was extremely tedious and which took much longer than originally anticipated; problems encountered in trying to convince potential subjects to be interviewed; contending with different dialects and speech comprehension; conceptions of options and choices that were often very limited because of the highly restrictive lifestyle of the individuals surveyed; and discrepancies between the views of carers and adults with intellectual handicaps. Data analyses were also hampered by problems in constructing a reliable registry, computerization because of translations of names and responses, and respondent refusals as a result of concerns over stigmatization. The authors offer a discussion of these problems as learning aids for future research.
‘Alarming but very necessary’: working with staff groups around the sexual abuse of adults with learning disabilities
Authors: BROWN H. , HUNT N. , STEIN J.
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT. This study focused on the knowledge of front line staff, as individuals and in groups, in relation to the sexual abuse of adults with learning disabilities and was designed to inform staff training and policy initiatives and to explore gender dynamics. It showed that front line staff were alert to the possibility of sexual abuse but unclear about their roles and responsibilities making this an area of great concern to them. One third knew of people who had been abused but these had been dealt with haphazardly, leaving front line staff holding disproportionate anxiety on behalf of the service as a whole.
Comparison of community and institutional prescription of antiepileptic drugs for individuals with learning disabilities
Authors: BRANFORD D. , COLLACOTT R. A.
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT. The use of antiepileptic agents for individuals with learning disabilities (mental handicap) resident both within National Health Service facilities and the community was surveyed in the UK. There was no difference in rates of polypharmacy, but there were significant differences in choice of antiepileptic agent. In particular, individuals resident in the community were more likely to be in receipt of phenytoin, primidone and phenobarbitone, which are particularly recognized as producing adverse effects on cognition and behaviour
A move from hospital to community‐based homes for people with learning disabilities: activities outside the home
Authors: DAGNAN D. , HOWARD B. , DREWETT R. F.
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT. Eighteen people with learning disabilities who moved from hospital to community‐based homes were compared with a matched group of 18 who did not. A week‐long time budget diary was used to record each occasion that the person left their home, the people accompanying them on each trip, their mode of transport and their destination. The diary was completed before they left the hospital and was repeated at least 1 year later. There was a strong correlation between the number of trips made from hospital wards at baseline and the number made at follow‐up in both groups. Moving from the hospital had no significant effect on the number of trips made, but it did change their nature. Movers made more trips to unsegregated facilities; they made fewer trips alone and more in groups which included both staff and residents.
Towards the development of a multi‐axial classification of people with learning difficulties
Authors: FARMER R. , ROHDE J. , BONSALL C. , EMAMI J.
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT. The complexity of need experienced by people with learning disabilities might best be described by a multi‐axial classification. The data routinely collected for a register of people with learning disabilities were analysed to see whether factors that might discriminate between individuals could be identified. Three factors were identified. The factor scores were used in a cluster analysis. A ten‐cluster model formed from these factors made empirical sense. The present investigation indicates that a multi‐axial classification is feasible and may be useful. However, the results cannot be applied beyond the data set used for its development at the present time. Ultimately, it will be necessary to collect additional information in order to calibrate the factor scores.
Automatic processing in mildly retarded and nonretarded persons
Authors: MOSLEY J. L. , ELLS J. G.
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT. Mildly retarded adults, equal mental age nonretarded children, high mental age nonretarded children, equal chronological age nonretarded adults and young nonretarded adults were required to perform a priming task (letters/digits) in which some primes were masked (visual noise mask) at just below detection levels to assess automatic processing. The critical (just below detection level) prime‐mask stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs) were established individually for each subject using the method of limits and reassessed after the experimental trials. The mean critical SOA for each of the five groups was comparable and the critical SOAs remained stable across the 120 experimental trials for all groups. The nonretarded adult subjects demonstrated semantic, categorical and orthographic priming. The mildly retarded, the equal‐MA and the high‐MA groups failed to demonstrate priming, and in fact, demonstrated superior performance for prime‐target conditions which should have been poorest. This finding was discussed in terms of the level of specificity engendered in the priming task. Under the mask procedure, the nonretarded adult groups demonstrated semantic (letter) priming and orthographic priming, suggesting that letters (not digits) function as an analog to words which were employed in earlier masked prime lexical decision tasks. The mentally retarded, the equal‐MA and the high‐MA groups again failed to demonstrate priming under the mask procedure
Fragile‐X and Down's syndrome: are there syndrome‐specific cognitive profiles at low IQ levels?
Authors: Simon E. W. , Rappaport D. A. , Papka Michelle , Woodruff‐Pak D. S.
Published: July 2010

Individuals with either fragile‐X syndrome or Down's syndrome with IQ scores less than 40 were assessed on the Down Syndrome Mental Status Exam. The results of the testing were examined for syndrome‐specific cognitive profiles. No evidence for syndrome‐specific cognitive profiles were found. These same individuals were then classified as high or low IQ, and each group was examined for IQ‐level‐specific profiles. Unique IQ level cognitive profiles were found. Classifying the individuals with regard to aetiology obscured IQ‐level‐specific strengths and weaknesses. Researchers and developers of curricula are cautioned against generalizing cognitive profiles to all IQ levels of a specific genetic syndrome.
Follow‐up studies of a representative sample of children with severe mental handicap in Poland*
Authors: Wald I. , Firkowska‐Mankiewicz A. , Zdzienicka E. , Kalinska A.
Published: July 2010

A representative sample of 260 Polish children, aged 5–14 years, Identified between 1964 and 1965 in an epidemiological study as severely mentally handicapped (IQs ranging from 0 to 51) were followed up twice: (I) after 10years(in 1975–1976); and (II) after 23 years (in 1987–1988). At both follow‐ups, all surviving subjects were contacted, and psychological and sociological data were gathered; the findings presented here pertain mostly to follow‐up II. The great majority of subjects (85%) lived with their families, and the remainder resided in an institution. Only 10% of subjects (living with one exception in families) currently had a higher level of intellectual functioning than that of severe mental handicap. Among this group were individuals of relatively better health, without speech disorders, who had attended schools, had some vocational training, had been or were employed, and had families of their own, i.e. were self‐dependent with a life‐style similar to that of other people of their age and social background. Of the remainder, about 40% retained the same relative level of intellectual and social functioning, and about 50% deteriorated, particularly those in institutions. This latter group has remained in the role of permanent children, depending on others for care and maintenance.
The effects of deinstitutionalization on adults with learning disabilities
Authors: Cullen C. , Whoriskey M. , Mackenzie K. , Mitchell W. , Ralston K. , Shreeve S. , Stanley A.
Published: July 2010

We compared a group of people with learning disabilities who have been deinstitutionalized with a control group remaining in an institution on measures of adaptive and maladaptive behaviour, community living skills, social skills, and quality of life. In general, there was no change over 30 months for the control group. Changes for the experimental group were either not seen or were generally modest in scale, and tended to occur within 6 months of moving, the measures staying relatively stable thereafter. Implications for detailed examination of the effects of deinstitutionalization were discussed.
Offending by adults with learning disabilities and the attitudes of staff to offending behaviour: implications for service development
Authors: Lyall I. , Holland A. J. , Collins S.
Published: July 2010

The aims of this study were: (I) to identify all adults with learning disabilities living in residential homes or attending day services in the Cambridge Health District in contact with the criminal justice system during 1992; (2) to evaluate the responses of services involved; and (3) to investigate the attitudes of staff and the policies of the services to ‘offending behaviour'. Details of offences committed and the response of the police, health and social services, and other agencies were obtained by direct interview with the senior staff and through examination of case records. The attitudes of staff to offending behaviour was investigated by the use of a semi‐structured questionnaire. Seven (2%) out of 358 adults with learning disabilities were reported to have had contact with the police during 1992. The eight offences allegedly committed by the seven people were two acquisitive offences, two sexual offences, one assault, one wasting of police time, one offence against the Public Order Act and one traffic offence. One offender was cautioned after the Crown Prosecution Service discontinued the case because of lack of evidence, while the other alleged offenders received informal warnings. None of the seven alleged offenders were prosecuted. Three alleged offenders lived in hostel accommodation, yet hostel accommodation only accounts for 7.8% of adults with learning disabilities living in the Cambridge Health District. Because of a lack of operational policies on offending behaviour, there were no existing referral structures for people who might need specialist health service support. Referrals tended to be inconsistent, with a considerable time‐lag between offence and referral. Tolerance levels towards offending behaviour were extremely high in the two hostels, 20 group homes and day centres which were included in this study. Theft and criminal damage was hardly ever reported. Thirty establishments were visited during the course of this study. Of these establishments, staff in 12 said they would ahvays report a major assault. In only three would a sexual assault or indecent exposure always be reported if it was to occur. Staff at one residential establishment said they would hesitate to report rape and the staff in another two would consider the circumstances before reporting it to the police.
Staffing and staff performance in services for people with severe or profound learning disability and serious challenging behaviour
Authors: Mansell J.
Published: July 2010

Eighteen people with severe or profound learning disability and very serious challenging behaviour were tracked for four and a half years. Thirteen subjects moved to staffed houses in the community. A multiple time‐series design and direct observation were used to evaluate whether there was any change in staffing and staffcontact. The houses had higher staff ratios and proportionately even higher levels of assistance and other contact with clients, who showed significant improvement in engagement in meaningilil activity without overall increase in major problem behaviour.
Cerebral dominance and schizophrenia‐spectrum disorders in adults with intellectual disability
Authors: Rowe D. , Rudkin A. , Crawford L.
Published: July 2010

Studies of the general population without intellectual disability have suggested an association between atypical handedness and schizophrenia‐spectrum disorders (SSDs). Mixed handedness is taken as an index of diminished cerebral dominance or laterality. The present study addressed the question of whether such findings extend to the neurodevelopmentally ‘at risk’ population of adults with intellectual disability and SSDs compared with appropriate controls. Fourteen patients with a dual diagnosis of intellectual disability and SSD were compared with 14 controls with intellectual disability alone. Assessments of self‐reported hand preference and relative hand skill were completed. Self‐report of hand preference revealed highly significantly greater mixed‐handedness in the SSD group. Furthermore, relative hand skill performance was significantly diminished for the dominant hand. The discrepancy between dominant and non‐dominant hand functioning was lower in the SSD group and this association was highly significant. The results of the present study support the usefulness of such detailed laterality assessment in this population. Mixed laterality, over and above that of the population with general intellectual disability and developmental disorder, was associated with SSD. These results are consistent with the neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia and its cognitive neuropsychiatric/neuropsychological sequelae.
Treating food refusal in a child with Williams syndrome using the parent as therapist in the home setting
Authors: O'Reilly M. F. , Lancioni G. E.
Published: July 2010

The present authors examined the effectiveness of a behavioural intervention which included escape extinction and differential reinforcement of each bite eaten to treat non‐organic food refusal in a child with Williams syndrome. The intervention was implemented by the child's mother in the home during normal meal schedules. The child was not allowed to leave the meal situation for a predetermined time period and was praised by the mother for each bite consumed. The intervention was evaluated using a multiple baseline design across meals (i.e. breakfast and lunch). The results demonstrate an increase in food consumed and decreases in other inappropriate behaviours. The mother continued to implement the treatment successfully during follow‐up assessments up to 3 months after the intervention. This is a minimally intrusive intervention in comparison to typical treatments for non‐organic food refusal in children with intellectual disabilities.
Comparison of the 1969 and 1993 standardizations of the Bayley Mental Scales of Infant Development for infants with Down syndrome
Authors: Glenn S. M. , Cunningham C. C. , Dayus B.
Published: July 2010

The Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID) were re‐standardized in 1993 (BSID‐II). The present study reports a comparison of the two versions with infants with Down's syndrome (DS). The BSID‐II was used for 93 assessments of 54 children with DS (age range = 7–43 months). Comparisons were made with the 1969 standardization for 42 of these assessments, and for 45 assessments of 20 typically developing children aged between 6 and 24 months. The 1993 standardization produced significantly lower mean differences of 1.0 months mental age and 8.4 points mental development index for infants with DS, and 1.5 months mental age and 9.2 points mental development index for the typically developing group. Nineteen per cent more infants with DS had scores below two standard deviations and there was a larger decrement for lower functioning children. Both groups of children have to perform at a higher level to achieve the same relative score on BSID‐II compared to BSID. This indicates that caution should be used in comparing cohorts of children tested on different versions of the Bayley scales. In addition, concerns are highlighted regarding the rules for establishing basal and ceiling levels for BSID‐II for children with developmental delays.
Alzheimer dementia in Down's syndrome: the relevance of cognitive ability
Authors: Temple V. , Jozsvai E. , Konstantareas M. M. , Hewitt T.‐A.
Published: July 2010

More years of education have been found to be associated with a lower rate of Alzheimer disease (AD) in individuals without intellectual disability. It has been proposed that education reflects greater ‘synaptic reserve’ and that greater synaptic reserve may defer the development of AD. The present study compared individuals with Down's syndrome (DS) who were found to have symptoms of dementia with those who remained symptom‐free to determine if the two groups differed in their level of education, employment, recreational activities, years in an institution or overall level of cognitive functioning. Thirty‐five adults with DS aged between 29 and 67 years were assessed. The participants were recruited from a community health facility and included individuals with a wide range of ability levels. Neuropsychological testing, caregiver report and the Dementia Scale for Down Syndrome (Gedye 1995) were used to identify decline in participants over periods of 6 months to 3 years. After the effect of age was statistically removed, multiple regression analyses revealed that level of cognitive functioning was significantly associated with decline such that a higher level of cognitive functioning predicted less decline. None of the environmental variables (i.e. educational level, years in an institution and employment) were directly associated with decline; however, a post hoc regression using level of cognitive functioning as the outcome variable revealed that level of cognitive functioning itself was associated with these environmental variables. A higher level of cognitive functioning was associated with fewer cases of dementia in individuals with DS, and level of cognitive functioning appears to be associated with environmental factors such as level of education, years in an institution and employment. The present findings suggest that environmental interventions aimed at improving level of cognitive functioning may also be useful in deferring the onset of dementia.
Annotation: Early intervention and prevention of self‐injurious behaviour exhibited by young children with developmental disabilities
Authors: Richman D. M.
Published: July 2010

The ontogeny of self‐injurious behaviour exhibited by young children with developmental delays or disabilities is due to a complex interaction between neurobiological and environmental variables. In this manuscript, the literature on emerging self‐injury in the developmental disability population is reviewed with a focus on an operant conceptual model of how topographies of self‐injurious behaviour can change structurally and become sensitive to various environmental consequences. Results of previous studies are reviewed in terms of extending our research focus from a reactive model of assessment and treatment of well‐established cases of self‐injury to an early intervention and prevention model.
Oxytocin Polyuria and Polydipsia is Blocked by NaCl Administration in Food‐Deprived Male Rats
Authors: Bernal A. , Mahía J. , García del Rio C. , Puerto A.
Published: July 2010

We examined the effects of NaCl injections on the polydipsia and polyuria induced by subcutaneous oxytocin (OT) administration in food‐deprived male rats. During the first 12 h of the treatment day, both food deprivation and OT administration increased urine excretion but reduced water intake, water balance (fluid intake minus urine volume) and body weight. OT treatment enhanced urine excretion and the reduction in water balance and body weight without reducing the water intake of food‐deprived animals. Analysis of the physiological effects of OT administration showed increases in urinary sodium concentration, sodium excretion and a reduced plasma sodium concentration. During the second 12 h, OT increased both urine excretion and water intake in food‐deprived but not in ad lib.‐fed rats. However, hypertonic NaCl administration at the start of this second 12‐h period blocked the polyuric and polydipsic responses observed in the OT/deprived group but increased the water intake of the ad lib. groups. After the whole 24‐h period, animals treated with OT showed a water balance and body weight change matching those observed in Control animals. Although the recording time period is a critical factor to demonstrate the effect of peripheral OT administration on water intake, the results obtained suggest that the polyuric and polydipsic responses observed in food‐deprived animals depend on the negative sodium and water balance induced by the natriuretic effect of OT and the unavailability of sodium. These OT‐induced deficits can be counteracted by the administration of hypertonic NaCl solutions or simply by the intake of standard food.
Effects of latex avoidance on latex sensitization, atopy and allergic diseases in patients with spina bifida
Authors: Blumchen K. , Bayer P. , Buck D. , Michael T. , Cremer R. , Fricke C. , Henne T. , Peters H. , Hofmann U. , Keil T. , Schlaud M. , Wahn U. , Niggemann B.
Published: July 2010

To cite this article: Blumchen K, Bayer P, Buck D, Michael T, Cremer R, Fricke C, Henne T, Peters H, Hofmann U, Keil T, Schlaud M, Wahn U, Niggemann B. Effects of latex avoidance on latex sensitization, atopy and allergic diseases in patients with spina bifida. Allergy 2010; 65: 1585–1593.

Background:  Ten years ago, avoidance measures such as the performance of latex‐free operations were implemented in children with spina bifida. Since then, latex sensitization and latex allergy have decreased in this high‐risk group.

Objective:  To study the effect of primary latex‐free prophylaxis on the prevalence of allergic diseases and atopy as a marker for sensitization spreading in children with spina bifida.

Methods:  One hundred and twenty children with spina bifida born after the introduction of latex‐free prophylaxis and operated on under latex‐free conditions (‘current group’) were examined for latex sensitization, latex allergy, sensitization to aero‐ and food allergens and allergic diseases. Results were compared to a ‘historic’ (not latex‐free operated) group of children with spina bifida and comparable age (n = 87) and to a recent sample of children from the general population (n = 12 403).

Results:  In comparison with the ‘historic group’, latex sensitization (55%vs 5%, P < 0.001) and latex allergy (37%vs 0.8%, P < 0.001) were significantly reduced in the ‘current group’. Furthermore, a significant reduction could be demonstrated for sensitization to aeroallergens (41.4%vs 20.8%, P = 0.001) and for allergic diseases (35%vs 15%, P = 0.001). The prevalence for atopy, sensitization to aero‐/foodallergens and for allergic diseases in children of the ‘current group’ was similar to those in children of the weighted population sample.

Conclusions:  Latex avoidance in children with spina bifida prevents latex sensitization and latex allergy. Additionally, it also seems to prevent sensitization to other allergens and allergic diseases which might be explained by the prevention of sensitization spreading.
Leukocyte Antigens in a New Guinea Population
Authors: MORRIS P. J. , TING A. , ALPERS M. P. , SIMONS M.
Published: July 2010

HL—A typing in 100 unrelated individuals belonging to 3 language groups in New Guinea has shown a striking difference in the frequencies of some HL—A antigens as compared with Australian Caucasians. The most striking finding are absence of HL—A1 and a very high frequency of HL—A9 belonging to the first segregant series, and an increased frequency of the LND and BB antigens in the second series.
The Ultrastructure of Isoantibody‐Induced Decay of Human Lymphocytes in Vitro
Authors: CLAESSON M. H. , AHRONS S. , JØRGENSEN O.
Published: July 2010

The ultrastructure of human lymphocytes incubated with isoantibody + complement was studied. The changes observed were correlated to the results of the lymphocytotoxic dye‐exclusion test performed at various intervals during the incubation period. Parallels could be drawn between the degree of decay as assessed by electron‐microscopic studies and the dye‐exclusion test. Increase in cytoplasmic ribosomes, shortening of microvilli, mitochondrial lesions, and condensation of chromatin were early signs of cellular decay. Pyknosis and hydropic swelling of the nucleus as well as degenerative changes in the different organelles indicate severe cell injury. Furthermore, 100 to 300 A cell‐membrane perforations and enormous widening of the nuclear pores were found in damaged cells. Dark bodies, probably originating from degenerating mitochondria, appeared in the cytoplasm, especially in the vicinity of the plasma membrane. All the degeneration phenomena observed were also found in the control groups. Thus, the changes cannot be considered specific for antibody‐induced damage. Similar changes may occur during the normal process of aging, and it is possible that exposure to antibody + complement accelerates this process.
Further Studies on the Effect of Neuraminidase on Tumor Cell Transplantability
Authors: SANFORD BARBARA H. , CODINGTON JOHN F.
Published: July 2010

Neuraminidase‐induced alteration of transplantability was studied using a relatively nonspecific subline of strain A mouse mammary adenocarcinoma TA3. Reduction of lethal takes in allogeneic C3H hosts occurred after in vitro removal of sialic acid from the tumor cells. This was shown by a variety of criteria to be due to cellular alteration rather than to decreased cellular viability. Absorption studies with monospecific H‐2 antisera directed against subcomponents 3, 4, 11, or 28 showed essentially the same absorption capacity for neuraminidase‐treated or untreated TA3 cells, with both absorbing approximately as well as positive control strain A spleen cells.

On the other hand, neuraminidase‐treated TA3 cells were destroyed by normal guinea pig serum or by allogeneic C3H serum while control TA3 cells were unaffected. Carbohydrate specificity was suggested by the fact that such toxicity could be removed by absorption with either agarose or neuraminidase‐treated TA3 cells without destroying complement activity. It is proposed that altered transplantability of neuraminidase‐treated TA3 cells reflects an antigenic change, either through direct exposure of new antigenic sites by cleavage of neuraminosyl groups at the cell surface or because of altered molecular conformation resulting from decreased negative charge.
Autolymphocytotoxins Following Immunization by Pregnancy, Transplantation, and Disease
Authors: NAITO SETSUYA , MICKEY MAX R. , HIRATA ARTHUR , TERASAKI PAUL I.
Published: July 2010

Antibodies which were cytotoxic to lymphocytes were found in patients with kidney transplants, Graves' disease, Hashimoto's disease, rheumatic heart disease, and in multiparous women. These cytotoxins were 19S, optimally reactive at 15° C, were autocytotoxic to lymphocytes, and were inactive against granulocytes. The specificity of their reactivity to allogeneic lymphocytes was unrelated to HL‐A specificities. In fact, though the sera varied from 1% to 99% in reactivity against a panel of random donors, much of the variation seems to be of a quantitative nature with relatively little specificity. Out of 6,105 x2 comparisons between 110 sera of the diseases mentioned above, 83% were positive and none of the negative x2 values were statistically significant. It is concluded that diverse stimuli elicit the formation of these low avidity 198 antibodies which are directed against a non‐HL‐A antigen richly represented on lymphocytes. Although their biologic significance may be difficult to show, as with cold hemagglutinins, they could possibly act as a “natural” antilymphocytic serum.
The Production of Anti HL‐A Cytotoxic Antisera Through Planned Immunization by Intravenous Injection of Small Aliquots of Whole Blood
Authors: FERRARA G. B. , TOSI R. M. , AZZOLINA G. , CARMINATI G. , KISSMEYER‐NIELSEN F.
Published: July 2010

Planned immunizations were performed in 20 pairs of unrelated individuals.

The immunization procedure, employing weekly injections of small aliquots of whole blood, was shown to be safe and adequate to elicit an anti‐HL‐A response in the great majority of cases.

The antibody responses showed two sharply distinguishable patterns: “Restricted”, with the production of monospecific, non cross‐reacting antibody; and “Broad → Restricted”, with the production of an antibody reacting against specificities other than those possessed by the donor, and becoming more and more restricted with time. Both patterns are constantly reproduced upon subsequent stimulations.

The pattern of response appears to be determined primarily by some peculiarity of the donor's specificity(ies) or by some characteristic relationship between donor and recipient antigenic constitution, rather than by a special reactivity of the recipient per se.
Cross‐Reactions of HL‐A Antibodies. V. Relationship between the Human HL‐A11 and Chimpanzee ChW‐11 Specificities
Authors: DORF MARTIN E. , TOTH ESTHER K. , BALNER HANS
Published: July 2010

In direct cross‐species typing, the chimpanzee ChW‐11 and human HL‐A11 leukocyte groups seem identical since ChW‐11 antisera detect HL‐A11 on human cells and human HL‐A11 sera recognize the ChW‐11 specificity on chimpanzee cells. However, when using quantitative platelet absorption and pH gradient elution it was possible to distinguish these specificities serologically; homologous antigen‐antibody binding avidities were greater than those between species.

The use of quantitative absorption followed by cross‐species typing is discussed also as a means of identifying heterogeneity among certain leukocyte specificities. These techniques were used to characterize cross‐reacting chimpanzee leukocyte specificities, ChW‐11 and ChW‐111, which appear to form part of the chimpanzee “LA‐like segregant series” and to compare these specificities with the human HL‐A11 determinant(s).
Rejection of an HL—A Identical Renal Transplant
Authors: LUNDGREN GÖRAN , MAGNUSSON GÖSTA , MÖLLER ERNA , NORDENSTAM HANS , WERNER BENGT , WESTBERG GUNNAR
Published: July 2010

A 38‐year‐old man suffering from chronic glomerulonephritis received a kidney from his HL—A identical sister. The HL—A identity was fully established by tissue typing with well‐specified antisera and by mixed lymphocyte culture tests. One year after transplantation kidney function deteriorated, and repeated biopsies of the transplant, I131‐Hippuran renography, and arteriography showed that the kidney was undergoing a chronic rejection. It is suggested that incompatibilities with regard to weak histocompatibility systems might have been responsible for the rejection of a human kidney.
HL‐A Typing of Cultured Peripheral Lymphoblastoid Cells
Authors: DICK HEATHER M. , STEEL C. M. , CRICHTON W. B.
Published: July 2010

The HL‐A antigens of a number of cultured cell lines established from peripheral blood leucocytes have been determined over a period of months, and changes in the expression of these antigens noted. The HL‐A profile of some of the original donors of the cells could be studied and compared to those of the cultured cells: HL‐A antigens appeared and disappeared in culture. An additional property of the lymphoblastoid cells was noted in the cytotoxic effect of a number of HL‐A typing sera on such cells, irrespective of their HL‐A phenotype.
Elimination of Non‐Viable cells by DNase Treatment Prior to Lymphocytotoxicity Test
Authors: DUPONT BO , JERSILD CASPER , JAKOBSEN BODIL
Published: July 2010

An enzymatic method for removal of non‐viable cells from lymphocyte suspensions prior to HL‐A typing is described. It involves treatment of the suspensions with the enzyme Deoxyribonuclease (DNase), which does not seem to alter the HL‐A antigens on the viable cells. The method is easy to perform, and the conventional microlymphocytotoxicity test can be applied for the HL‐A typing.
Definition of Specificity and the Analysis of HL‐A Reagents by a Computerised Numerical Method HL‐A Analysis
Authors: SELWOOD N. H.
Published: July 2010

Attention is drawn to some pitfalls which can arise in the routine examination of leucocyte isoantisera. A procedure involving an established method is used to illustrate these pitfalls and is described as providing a means of exercising greater control and generating more, and better defined, information useful for describing the HL—A antigenic system. Emphasis is laid on the especial suitability of computers in comprehensive analytical procedures.
HL‐A Antisera and Their Identification
Authors: KISSMEYER‐NIELSEN F. , KJERBYE K. E.
Published: July 2010

Screening for HL—A antibodies and identification of their specificity is a major problem in HL—A typing. A rather simple approach using a small (10–20) but highly selected panel of lymphocyte donors can cover the majority of the known HL—A antigens, but leave unsolved the problem of detecting antisera active against still undetectable hypothetical HL—A antigens. The screening procedure used is compared with the computer analyses which are used in many laboratories screening for HL—A antisera.
On the Orientation of the HL‐A Region and the PGM3 Locus in the Chromosome
Authors: LAMM L. U. , KISSMEYER‐NIELSEN F. , SVEJGAARD A. , PETERSEN G. BRUUN , THORSBY E. , MAYR W. , HÖGMAN G.
Published: July 2010

A study of four families with a cross‐over within the HL—A region and in which the crossover parent is heterozygous at PGM3 indicates with a probability of about 95% that the chromosomal orientation of the three linked loci is LA · FOUR · PGM3.