bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New phenotype of accessory scrotum with perineal lipoblastoma: Coexistence of midperineal and lateral accessory scrotums
Authors: ITO MITSUHIRO , HASHIZUME KOHEI , KANAMORI YUTAKA
Published: December 2004

Abstract  We present the extremely rare phenotype of an accessory scrotum with an associated lipoblastoma. There was a coexistence of midperineal and lateral types. To our knowledge, this phenotype has never been reported. The lipoblastoma, which arose in the perineum, divided the moving labioscrotal swelling into three parts during early fetal life. This resulted in the specific anomaly in this patient.
Non‐heart beating organ donation
Authors: Snell G. I. , Levvey B. J. , Williams T. J.
Published: December 2004

Increasing the levels of non‐heart beating organ donation (NHBOD) is a potential means of improving the supply of transplantable organs. NHBOD may provide a mechanism to enable a patient's prior wishes to be realised and to provide comfort to a family in grief. There is an overriding ethical principle to strictly divide the responsibility for the care of the dying patient and the potential transplant recipient. Medical protocols need to be written, and institutional ethics committees and our national organ procurement system need to be involved if we are to protect public confidence and see NHBOD realise its full potential. (Internal Med J 2004; 34: 501−503)
Risk factors for invasive meningococcal disease in southern Queensland, 2000−2001
Authors: McCall B. J. , Neill A. S. , Young M. M.
Published: December 2004

Aim:  The aim of this paper is to describe the risk factors for invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) in southern Queensland.

Methods:  A case control study during the calendar years 2000−2001 was undertaken.

Results:  Eighty‐four laboratory‐confirmed cases of IMD were notified. Four patients died and were excluded from the present study. Sixty‐two (78%) eligible cases and 79 controls selected from the same age group and medical practice as cases, were interviewed. Univariate analysis found that IMD was associated with sharing bedrooms with two or more people (odds ratio (OR) 4.3; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2−17.0, P = 0.01), any exposure to tobacco smoke (smoker or passive exposure; OR 2.3; 95% CI 1.1−4.8, P = 0.02), passive exposure to tobacco smoke (OR 2.4; 95% CI 1.0−5.6, P = 0.03) and recent upper respiratory tract infection (OR 1.9, 95% CI 0.9−4.1, P = 0.06). Children who were breast‐fed were less likely to develop IMD (OR 0.3; 95% CI 0.1−1.1, P = 0.04). Attendance at a childcare centre was not associated with an increased risk of IMD. In multivariate analysis, IMD was associated with children under 6 years of age who shared a bedroom with two or more people (OR 7.4; 95% CI 1.5−36.1, P = 0.01) or who had a primary carer who smoked (OR 9.1; 95% CI 2.1−39.9, P = 0.003).

Discussion:  This is the second Australian study that identifies links between risk of IMD and exposure to cigarette smoke. The risk of IMD in young children could be further reduced if primary caregivers did not smoke. This information may contribute a new perspective to antismoking campaigns. (Intern Med J 2004; 34: 464−468)
Thyroid‐associated ophthalmopathy: a practical guide to classification, natural history and management
Authors: El‐Kaissi S. , Frauman A. G. , Wall J. R.
Published: December 2004

Thyroid−associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is an autoimmune disorder that can be divided into three clinical subtypes: congestive, myopathic and mixed ophthalmopathy. It is probably caused by immune cross‐reactivity between orbital and thyroid antigens. The best candidate antigens are the thyrotropin receptor and the novel protein, G2s, which is now identified as a fragment of the winged helix transcription factor, FOXP1. The relationship between radioiodine therapy and TAO is controversial, with two randomised controlled trials showing a transient worsening of the eye disease after treatment. The diagnosis of TAO is a clinical one, based on the presence of specific symptoms and signs. Orbital imaging, preferably magnetic resonance imaging, is useful when the diagnosis is in doubt and in patients with suspected optic neuropathy who may benefit from early intervention. Despite their lack of specificity, orbital antibodies may add weight to the diagnosis and may potentially be a useful tool in classifying the different subtypes of TAO and in monitoring disease activity. While antibodies against G2s and the thyrotropin receptor are seen in all subtypes, those against Fp and collagen XIII may be associated with the myopathic and congestive subtypes, respectively, where Fp is the flavoprotein subunit of the mitochondrial enzyme, succinate dehydrogenase. In most patients, TAO is self‐limiting and no specific treatment is required. When treatment is indicated, glucocorticoids are the mainstay of therapy. Orbital radiotherapy improves the efficacy of glucocorticoids, but is probably less beneficial as monotherapy. Orbital surgery is best reserved for patients with ‘burnt out’ inactive disease, but urgent orbital decompression may be required for optic neuropathy. The severity and clinical activity of TAO are important in determining the need for specific treatment and the likelihood of success with medical therapy, respectively. (Intern Med J 2004; 34: 482−491)
Perceptions of beauty in Renaissance art
Authors: Haughton Neil
Published: December 2004

The Renaissance was a cultural revolution that spread from Florence, in 1400, throughout Italy and into the rest of Europe. Its impetus was the philosophy of Humanism, which strove to resurrect and emulate the literature and art of the ancient Greeks and Romans. Artists had previously been limited to formulaic religious iconography. They now began to reproduce descriptions of classical paintings and copy the antique statues that were being newly rediscovered.

 The Renaissance artist's perception of beauty was therefore determined by his philosophical environment, his visual experience (the ‘period eye’), the demands of his patrons and by attempts to enhance his professional status in society to equal that of poets and architects. The image of Venus portrayed by Botticelli as the idealization of beauty in Renaissance Florence is significantly different from the Venus portrayed by the German artist, Lucas Cranach. The northern European Venus is much less voluptuous than her Italian counterpart but is still inspired by humanist principals and retains considerable sexuality. Raphael's paintings epitomise the idealization of female beauty of this period but, by his own admission they were rarely based on real models. Often the same facial type was repeated in many different paintings. Indeed Renaissance portrait artists tended to avoid realistic interpretation, emphasizing instead the positive attributes of their subjects, both physical and political. Thus, Bronzino's Portrait of a Young Man not only depicts his subject's idealized appearance but also his scholarship, background and potential.

 The depiction of beauty in Renaissance art is shown to be more complex than a mere photograph‐like representation of sexuality or of a person's physical appearance. Instead, Renaissance art created physically perfect images resulting from scholarly expectation, the artist's ambitions and his developing skills.
Spectral and X‐ray studies on 1,6‐disubstituted triptycenes
Authors: Al‐Jabar N A A , Jones J Bowen , Brown D S , Colligan A H , Massey A G , Miller J M , Nye J W
Published: December 2004

Mass and NMR spectral data are presented for a number of dodecafluoro‐1,6‐disubstituted triptycenes. The epoxide OAs2(C6F4)2 can be made by heating together arsenic (As), arsenic(III) oxide (As2O3) and 1,2‐di‐iodotetrafluorobenzene (1,2‐I2C6F4) in a sealed tube. The molecular structure of As2(C6F4)3 has been confirmed by X‐ray crystallography.
Preparation and properties of surface‐active organocobalt complexes having long‐chain alkyl groups
Authors: Sakai Shizuyoshi , Takayanagi Hitoshi , Sumimoto Norifumi , Fukuzawa Shin‐Ichi , Fujinami Tatsuo , Saeki Hiroshi
Published: December 2004

New types of surface‐active organocobaltocenium(I) complexes, η‐CnH2n+1X‐C5H4(ηC5H5)2Co+Y− and(η‐CnH2n+1X‐C5H4)Co+Y− (n = 6–16; X not present, NHCO or OCO; Y = Cl or PF6) were prepared and their surface character studied. (1) The critical micelle concentrations of the cobaltocenium chlorides were much lower than those of corresponding trimethylammonium‐type cationic surfactants. (2) The surface‐active character of the cobaltocenium chlorides in aqueous solution (and the redox potentials of the hexafluorophosphates in acetonitrile) were affected by the substituents (X) in the cyclopentadienyl groups. (3) The surface activities of the cobaltocenium salts were lost on reduction with NaBH4 to afford (alkyl‐substituted cyclopentadiene) cyclopentadienylcobalt (0) complexes which were surface‐inactive but could be re‐oxidized to afford the surface‐active cobaltoceium(I) salts. The cobalt complexes mentioned above may be the first examples of redoxresponsive surfactants.
Aerobic and anaerobic degradation of several arsenicals by sedimentary micro‐organisms
Authors: Hanaoka Ken'ichi , Hasegawa Shigeo , Kawabe Naoki , Tagawa Shoji , Kaise Toshikazu
Published: December 2004

Two media (1/5 ZoBell 2216E and inorganic salt media) were used for degradation experiments. Each arsenical [arsenobetaine, trimethylarsine oxide (TMAO), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), sodium methanearsonate, sodium arsenate and sodium arsenite] was added to 20cm3 of each medium (0.084% as As) in a 30‐cm3 Erlenmever flask. The mixtures were kept at 25°C in the dark for 91 days for aerobic cultivation. For anaerobic cultivation, about 5 cm3 of liquid paraffin was placed on the surface of each mixture. Under aerobic conditions, arsenobetaine was the only methylarsenical which was rapidly degraded, being converted to several metabolites. In contrast, under aerobic conditions, little or no arsenobetaine (ZoBell or inorganic salt‐media respectively) was converted to its metabolites, while all the methylarsenicals other than arsenobetaine were converted to less methylated compounds. The conversion of inorganic arsenic was observed only in the aerobically incubated ZoBell/arsenite mixture; arsenate was derived from it. A peculiar conversion pattern was observed in the aerobically incubated ZoBell/TMAO mixture; DMA derived from TMAO began to convert to TMAO after 14 days of incubation, and TMAO was the only arsenical in the mixture after 35 days.
Transformation of arsenic compounds in a freshwater food chain
Authors: Maeda Shigeru , Ohki Akira , Tokuda Takako , Ohmine Mieko
Published: December 2004

The transport and transformation of arsenic were investigated in the food chain Chlorella and Phormidium sp. (autotrophic freshwater algae)–Moina sp. (zooplanktonic grazer)–Poecilia sp. (carnivorous guppy). The algae were grown for seven days in a modified Detmer medium containing 100 mg dm−3 arsenic as Na2HAsO4. The algae (Chlorella 0.64 mg g−1 dry mass; Phormidium 2.9 mg g−1 dry mass) were fed to Moina for seven days. Moina acquired arsenic concentrations of 76 μg g−1 (from Chlorella) and 111 μg g−1 (from Phormidium). The guppy feeding on Moina (with arsenic from Chlorella) had the lowest arsenic concentrations (5.6 μg g−1) among these organisms.

Whereas the arsenic in the algae was almost all in inorganic form, 85% of the arsenic in the guppy was in di‐ and tri‐methylated form. The higher Percentages of methylated arsenic at the higher trophic levels could be the result of preferential uptake or retention of methylarsenic compounds or of methylation of arsenic compounds by the higher organisms.
[Bis(aminomethyl)dimethylsilane]platinum(II) dichloride: A potential antitumor agent
Authors: Haugwitz R D , Anderson W K , Plowman J , Kaslinal R , Houston D M , Narayanan V L
Published: December 2004

[Bis(aminomethyl)dimethylsilane]platinum(II) dichloride (1) was synthesized by a three‐step procedure. The antitumor activity of 1 was evaluated in the i.p. implanted mouse L1210 leukemia model. A 10 mg kg−1 dose administered every fourth day for a total of three injections extended the median life span of the dying mice by at least 100% and resulted in 40–50% survivors (day 30) in two experiments corresponding to an approximate 6 log10 reduction in tumor burden at the end of treatment. Compound 1 appeared at least as active as cisplatin under the testing protocols utilized. The closely related bis[aminomethyltrimethylsilane]platinum(II) dichloride complex was inactive in this mouse model.
The quantitation of butyltin and cyclohexyltin compounds in the marine environment of British Columbia
Authors: Cullen William R , Eigendorf Guenter K , Nwata Basil U , Takatsu Akiko
Published: December 2004

A HPLC/GF AA procedure based on the use of C‐18 columns is described for the quantitation of butyltin species in marine samples. When a mass spectrometer was used as detector (HPLC MS), evidence was obtained for the presence of other tin compounds in the samples. Extracts of samples were treated with CH3MgBr and examined by using GC MS; the presence of BunSnMe4−n (n = 3–1, Bu = butyl) and CynSnMe4−n (n = 3,2, Cy = cyclohexyl) was confirmed in the derivatized seawater, bivalve flesh, and bivalve shell samples. Quantitative data are given for butyl‐ and cyclohexyl‐tin species in seawater and the surface microlayer, and oyster flesh.
Total surface areas of Group IVA organometallic compounds: Predictors of toxicity to algae and bacteria
Authors: Eng G , Brinckman F E , Olson G J , Tierney E J , Bellama J M
Published: December 2004

There is a high correlation between molecular surface area (TSA) of triorganotin and triorganolead compounds and their toxicity towards a bacterium (Escherichia coli) and an alga (Selenastrum capricornutum). Parallel attempts to correlate other Group IVA organometals incorporating silicon or germanium were unsuccessful. It was further demonstrated, however, that a high correlation was obtainable between certain series of compounds with the same organic substituent but different metal centers involving all Group IVA elements. In both instances, the inability to obtain a quantitative structure‐activity relationship (QSAR) for all systems studied appears to be a function of the solubility of the compounds. While organotin TSA values have been found to correlate well with their toxicities toward various organisms, this study clearly suggests that this type of QSAR can be readily extended to include other organometal systems, provided that there is no solubility problem and the toxicity is a function of the hydrophobicity of the organometal compounds.
The structure‐activity relationships of some cyclopentadienyltitanium (IV) complexes of 1, 3‐dihydro‐1, 3‐dioxo‐α‐(substituted)‐2H‐isoindole‐2‐acetates
Authors: Saxena Prabhu N , Saxena A K , Saxena S , Rai A K
Published: December 2004

The newly synthesized η‐cyclopentadienyltitanium complexes of 1,3‐dihydro‐1, 3‐dioxo‐α‐(substituted)‐2H‐isoindole‐2‐acetates have been screened for their toxicity against Columba livia (Gmelin) (the blue rock pigeon) and exhibit moderate toxicity towards this non‐target bird. The bis‐ derivatives have been observed to be generally more active than the mono‐ ones, indicating the dominant contribution of ligands towards toxicity compared with cyclopentadienyl rings and chlorine atoms.
Production of methyltin compounds related to possible conditions in the environment
Authors: Hamasaki Tetsuo , Nagase Hisamitsu , Sato Takahiko , Kito Hideaki , Ose Youki
Published: December 2004

The methylation of heavy‐metal compounds (e.g. mercury, lead, tin) in the environment has great significance owing to the much higher toxicity of their methyl derivatives in comparison with inorganic metal species.

In this paper abiological methylation of inorganic tin is described. Ethanol, acetic acid and propionic acid abiologically methylated inorganic tin, and the highest yield of methyltin was observed in the reaction between inorganic tin(II) and ethanol. Furthermore, environmental factors for the methylation, such as pH, temperature, added ethanol, concentration of sodium chloride and photoirradiation, were investigated in this reaction. Methyltin production increased at low pH, and decreased at higher concentrations of sodium chloride. Photoirradiation accelerated the reaction rate, and a shorter wavelength showed a higher rate. Inorganic tin(II) was converted rapidly into monomethyltin, and gradually transformed into dimethyltin and trimethyltin with the course time.
Tributyltin analysis in seawater by GC FPD after direct aqueous‐phase ethylation using sodium tetrathylborate
Authors: Michel Pierre , Averty Bernard
Published: December 2004

Using sodium tetraethylborate as an alkylation reagent, one‐step ethylation and extraction of organotin compounds in seawater was performed directly in the aqueous phase to obtain optimal rection conditions. No further purification or concentration of the extract was required before GC FPD analysis. The detection limit for monobutyl‐dibutyl‐and tributyl‐tin was approximately 0.4 ng dm−3, which is adequate for any currently know toxicity effect. The linearity range (0–200 ng dm−3) was solely dependent on the detector response curve. Compared with the Grignard reaction after extraction in an organic solvent, this new ethylation procedure reduces the number of analytical steps, thus saving time and improving reliability.
Evaluation of the genotoxic potential of six triorganotin compounds by the mouse micronucleus and spermhead abnormality tests
Authors: Kook Sam Choon , Kwong Ng Meng , Das V G Kumar
Published: December 2004

Six triorganotin compounds—Ph3SnOH, BuPh2SnOH, (p‐CIC6H4)Ph2SnOH, (cyclo‐C5H9)Ph2SnOH, Ph3SnO2CCH2CS2NMe2 and Bu3SnOSO2Et—were tested for their mutagenic potential in somatic and germinal cells in ICR mice by using the micronucleus and spermhead abnormality assays, respectively. In somatic cells, the compunds significantly induced chromosomal disorders at half their respective estimated LD50 (i.p.) values (5.00–6.25 mg kg−1 body wt), and one compound, Ph3SnOH, even at 1/20 of its estimated LD50 value. In germinal cells, five compounds significantly induced chromosomal disorders at 1/64 of their respective estimated LD50 (i.p.) values, whereas one, (p‐CIC6H4)Ph2SnOH, caused such disorders only at 1/8 of its estimated LD50 value.
Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization and in vitro antitumour activity of di‐n‐butyltin and diethyltin trimethoxybenzoates: X‐ray structure analysis of bis[di‐n‐butyl(3,4,5‐trimethoxybenzoato)tin] oxide
Authors: Gielen Marcel , Meunier‐Piret Jacqueline , Biesemans Monique , Willem Rudolph , El Khloufi Abdelaziz
Published: December 2004

Di‐n‐butyltin(IV) and diethyltin(IV) 2,3,4‐, 2,4,5‐ and 3,4,5‐trimethoxybenzoates [(CH3O)3C6H2COO]2SnR [Type a] and {[(CH3O)3C6H2COO]R2Sn}2O [Type b] have been synthesized and characterized spectroscopically.

The crystal structure of bis[di‐n‐butyl(3,4,5‐ trimethoxybenzoato)tin] oxide has been determined. The triclinic unit cell contains one centrosymmetric dimer; a = 15.919(2) Å, b = 11.711(3) Å, c = 13.475(1) Å, and α = 63.63(2)°, β = 67.49(1)°, γ = 76.61(2)°. The geometry of the dimer is very similar to that of bis[di‐n‐butyl(5‐methoxysalicylatotin] oxide), with two different types of five‐coordinate tin atoms and one central planar Sn2O2 ring.
Chemically induced chromosome damage in early‐developing embryos of Anilocra physodes L. (Crustacea, Isopoda) following exposure to bis[Dimethyltin(IV)Chloro]protoporphyrin IX
Authors: Vitturi R , Catalano E , Conte M R Lo , Pellerito L
Published: December 2004

In order to obtain chromosome preparations from early‐developing embryos of Anilocra physodes, a squash technique has been successfully employed.

Results gathered after exposure of this material to bis[dimethyltin(IV)chloro]protoporphyrin IX {[(CH3)2SnCl]2 ‐ Protoporphyrin IX} solutions at different exposure times suggest that this chemical complex is capable of producing abnormal metaphase and anaphase figures in proportion to its concentration and not to exposure length.

Essentially, all of the chromosome abnormalities are classifiable as chromosome fragments mainly observed at the metaphase stage; chromosome bridges; and large decondensed chromosome regions.
Erzeugung dünner Schichten: neue Herausforderungen für die Metallorganische Chemie
Authors: Fischer Roland A.
Published: December 2004

Die Metallorganische Chemie der Precursor für dünne Schichten und Schichtstrukturen ist ein junges Forschungsgebiet, in dem es, wie in vielen anderen Bereichen der modernen Chemie, weniger um die Verwirklichung völlig neuer Molekülstrukturen und Bindungsverhältnisse geht als vielmehr um ein vertieftes Verständnis und eine strategischökonomische Ausnützung chemischer Reaktivitäten. Nur ein fundamentales Verständnis aller vom molekularen Precursor bis zum endgültigen Material zu durchlaufenden Teilschritte kann hier langfristig erfolgsversprechend sein. Die Konstitutions‐ und Strukturvielfalt metallorganischer Komplexverbindungen bietet einen reichen Schatz an Möglichkeiten für die Synthese neuer Materialien. Die Erzeugung dünner Schichten durch Chemische Dampfabscheidung aus maßgeschneiderten flüchtigen Organometallverbindungen als Precursor, denen dieser Beitrag gewidmet war, stellt daraus nur einen kleinen Ausschnitt dar.
Molekulare Evolution funktionaler Nukleinsäuren
Authors: Schwienhorst Andreas
Published: December 2004

In recent years biologists succeeded in applying strategies of natural evolution to the design of novel compounds. On the basis of large and highly diverse libraries molecules with desired properties are selected. In particular nucleic acids proved to be well suited to adopt a whole variety of functions, including high affinity target binding, specific inhibition of pharmaceutically relevant enzymes, substrate function and various catalytic activities. Altogether, the results brought considerable progress in the field of pharmaceutical drug design as much as they stimulated research on the origin of life. In particular, the theory of an early „RNA world”︁ preceeding our present DNA‐protein‐world has since gained a lot of plausibility.
Die Rolle des Aerosols im Klimasystem
Authors: Heintzenberg Jost
Published: December 2004

Der Stand unseres Wissens zum Kreislauf des Atmosphärischen Aerosols und von seiner Rolle im Klimasystem läßt sich wie folgt zusammenfassen:

Unser Verständnis des globalen Aerosolkreislaufs und vor allem des menschlichen Eingriffs in denselben ist noch sehr unvollständig. Dies gilt in hohem Maße auch für die mit diesem Kreislauf verbundenen chemischen Mehrphasenprozesse.

Ein negativer direkter Klimaantrieb anthropogener Aerosole existiert über die Streuung und Absorption, hat aber noch große Unsicherheiten und kann über hoch mit Rußpartikeln belasteten Gebieten auch positive Werte annehmen.

Ein indirekter Klimaantrieb anthropogener Aerosole existiert wahrscheinlich und hat ebenfalls ein negatives Vorzeichen. Seine Größenordnung und Unsicherheiten lassen sich noch nicht quantifizieren.
Nanostrukturierung von Festkörpern mit amphiphilen Polymeren
Authors: Göltner Christine , Cölfen Helmut , Antonietti Markus
Published: December 2004

Amphiphilic block copolymers are versatile structure‐directing agents for the synthesis of organic nanostructured materials. Chemically well characterized and easily accessible, they can be utilized for a rich variety of applications. While the prefabrication of an ABC “nanoreactor” or a mesoscopic casting mold occur via spontaneous self‐assembly (exo‐and endo‐templating), during biomimetic mineralization the structure of the resulting inorganic‐ABC hybrid material is induced upon combining thc components. The underlying methodologies are illustrated using recently published, representative examples.
Quantitative morphological changes in visual centers in rats after unilateral deprivation
Authors: Fifková E. , Hassler R.
Published: December 2004

The effect of visual deprivation on the morphology of the primary and secondary visual centers was studied. The deprivation was achieved by unilateral lidsuture in 14 or 15 day old white rats before eye opening. The animals were kept for 8‐9 weeks in larger cages where they were exposed to different kinds of visual stimulation and had greater movement opportunity. The asymmetry was revealed by means of volume measurement and cell counting. No changes could be found in the optic tract and superior colliculus. The volume differences on the side supplied by the deprived eye were found in the dorsal part of the lateral geniculate body −5.07%, and in the primary visual area −16.0%. Cell counting revealed asymmetry in the dorsal part of the lateral geniculate body −13.5%, as well as in the pulvinar −7.0%. No consistent difference in cell density could be found in cortical Iayer V of area 17, whereas in layer IV there were relatively more cells +11.5% on the side connected with the deprived eye. The changes in different centers related to the visual pathway were of different intensity according to the proposed role in transmitting different kinds of visual information.
Efferent tectal pathways of the opossum (Didelphis virginiana)
Authors: Martin George F.
Published: December 2004

Efferent tectal pathways have been determined for the opossum, Didelphis virginiana, by employing the Nauta‐Gygax technique ('54) on animals with tectal lesions of varying sizes. The superior colliculus projected tectothalamic fascicles to the suprageniculate nucleus, the central nucleus of the medial geniculate body, the lateral posterior thalamus, the pretectal nucleus, the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus, the fields of Forel and zona incerta, the parafascicular complex, the paracentral thalamic nucleus and in some cases to restricted areas of the anterior thalamus. Degenerating fibers from superior collicular lesions showed profuse distribution to the deeper layers of the superior colliculus on both sides and to the midbrain tegmentum, but only minimally to the red nucleus and substantia nigra. Fibers of tectal origin did not distribute to the motor nuclei of the oculomotor or trochlear nerves. At pontine levels, efferent fascicles from the superior colliculus were present as an ipsilateral tectopontine and tectobulbar tract and as a crossed predorsal bundle. The tectopontine tract ended mostly within the lateral and ventral basal pontine nuclei, whereas the ipsilateral tectobulbar tract distributed to certain specific areas of the reticular formation throughout the pons and medulla, minimally to the most medial portion of the motor nucleus of the facial nerve and to the nucleus of the inferior olive. The predorsal tract contributed fascicles to certain nuclei of the pontine raphe, extensively to the medial reticular formation of the pons, to the central and ventral motor tegmental nuclei of the reticular formation within the pons and medulla, to the paraabducens region, minimally to cells within restricted portions of the motor nucleus of the facial nerve, to certail specific regions of the caudal medulla and to the cervical cord as far caudally as the fourth segment. The tectospinal fascicles were few but some ended related to the spinal accessory nucleus and the ventral medial nucleus of the ventral horn.

Lesions of the inferior colliculus resulted in degenerating fibers which distributed rostrally to the rostral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus and parabrachial region, to the suprageniculate nucleus, the parabigeminal nucleus and to the central nucleus of the medial geniculate body. The inferior colliculus also contributed fibers to the ipsilateral tectopontine and tectobulbar tracts. The latter bundle was traced as far caudally as the medulla and may arise from cells of the superior colliculus which are situated dorsal to the nucleus of the inferior colliculus.
Two and three dimensional ultrastructure of boutons and glial cells on the motoneuronal surface in the cat spinal cord
Authors: Poritsky Raphael
Published: December 2004

A method is presented for individually mounting serial sections on one‐hole specimen holders. Also a technique for constructing stereograms based upon serial sections is described including a method for obtaining perspective foreshortening. Ultrastructural findings revealed the surface of the motoneuron to be covered with synaptic boutons which frequently pressed against each other. Surface area not contacted by boutons was covered with astroglial processes. The latter processes wedged around and sometimes between the boutons. On occasion finger‐like astrocytic processes (spines) were found to invaginate the terminal boutons. No synaptic thickenings were found between adjacent boutons (axo‐axonal contacts) on the perikaryal surface. However, in view of the enormous size of the motoneuron contrasted to the small volume of tissue thus far investigated, this observation is regarded as inconclusive. Three‐dimensional studies revealed an astrocytic process with disproportionately large amounts of surface membrane in the form of many interconnected pockets. The initial unmyelinated segment of a large anterior horn cell was encountered and found to have synaptic boutons on its proximal half. Its distal half was surrounded by an extracellular space containing electron dense material similar to that found in the goldfish by Robertson, Bodenheimer, and Stage ('63).
The visual pathways of the lorisid lemurs (Nycticebus coucang and Galago crassicaudatus)
Authors: Laemle Lois Kalus , Noback Charles R.
Published: December 2004

The primary projections of the optic nerve were investigated in two species of lorisid lemurs (Nycticebus coucang and Galago crassicaudatus) following unilateral enucleation of an eye. In addition, the cytoarchitecture of the lateral geniculate body and of the pretectum is described. The lateral geniculate nucleus is composed of six cellular laminae – four magnocellular and two parvocellular. Optic nerve fibers from the retina of an eye terminate in laminae 1, 5 and 6 of the lateral geniculate body on the side opposite to the enucleated eye and laminae 2, 3 and 4 of the lateral geniculate body on the same side as the enucleated eye. Retinofugal fibers were also observed to project to the pregeniculate nucleus, nucleus of the optic tract, pretectal nucleus and superior colliculus on both the same side as and on the side opposite to the enucleated eye. A completely crossed accessory optic tract was noted. The lateral geniculate bodies of a Galago “borgne” (one blind atrophic eye) are also described.
The retinofugal fibers and their terminal nuclei in Galago crassicaudatus (primates)
Authors: Tigges Margarete , Tigges Johannes
Published: December 2004

Control and experimental brains of Galago were used to study the subcortical optic nuclei and their retinal input. Weil, Nissl and Fink‐Heimer methods were employed.

The pregeniculate nucleus receives predominantly contralateral retinal input. Terminal degeneration is found only in its pars grisea, but not in its pars fibrosa. The lateral geniculate nucleus exhibits seven demonstrable laminae. Laminae 0, 2, 3 and 4 receive ipsilateral retinal input, whereas laminae 1, 5 and 6 receive contralateral input without overlap. In Fink‐Heimer preparations only the ipsilateral lamina 4 and the contralateral lamina 5 show clusters of argyrophilic spherules which probably indicate axo‐dendritic termination of retinofugal fibers. The nucleus praetectalis posterior and nucleus tractus optici receive predominantly contralateral retinal input. In all likelihood, only the stratum griseum superficiale of the superior colliculus receives retionfugal fibers. On the basis of the very remarkable pattern of terminal degeneration, we divide this stratum into substrata A, B and C. The ipsilateral superior colliculus receives retinal input to its substratum B and the contralateral superior colliculus receives retinal input to its substratum A only. Substratum C receives probably no retinal input.
The pathway from the medial geniculate body to the ectosylvian auditory cortex in the dog
Authors: Tunturi Archie R.
Published: December 2004

Lesions of the medial geniculate body showed Marchi degeneration to the dorsal pörtion of the anterior ectosylvian gyrus and the entire middle ectosylvian gyrus in the dog. The fibers passed under the arcuate fibers terminating under the entire dorso‐ventral width of the gyrus. Few fibers were found to enter the cortex itself.

No degeneration was found in the third auditory cortex, in the lower portion of the anterior ectosylvian gyrus, or in the PES area located on the posterior ectosylvian gyrus. Degeneration was greatest at the anterior portion of the MES area and diminished toward the caudal end.

No degeneration was found in the sylvian or the suprasylvian gyri (late association in the cat).
The vascular anatomy of the rat's hypothalamus in stereotaxic coordinates
Authors: Scremin Oscar U.
Published: December 2004

The vascular antomy of the rat's hypothalamus was studied using the method of the India ink injections. A constant vascular pattern was found and a serial description of it is given, correlated with the nuclear and fibrilar anatomy in a system of stereotaxic coordinates.

It was found that the vessels supplying certain areas follow a relatively long course and the hypothesis is advanced that their lesion could produce vascular disturbances in areas distant to that in which the electrode had been placed.

Some previous results by other authors are discussed on these grounds.
Corticocortical fiber connections in the cat cerebrum: The frontal region
Authors: Kawamura Koki , Otani Katsumi
Published: December 2004

The Nauta silver degeneration technique was used to study the interconnections of the frontal cortex of the cat. The sensorimotor area is found to be highly organized through intrinsic short association fibers. However, less specific connections are‐revealed with other areas; for example, no direct fibers are recognized as passing from the sensorimotor cortex to the visual area. In the sensorimotor area, the association fibers from the first (SI) to the second somatic sensory area (SII) are generally denser than those passing in the reverse direction, particularly in regard to the leg subdivisions. Such a difference in density is less striking in regard to the arm subdivisions and much less in the face subdivisions.

Long association fibers arise only from the first face area to the middle suprasylvian sulcus, a connection which may correspond to the superior longitudinal fasciculus in man. The number of callosal fibers connecting the homotopical regions between both hemispheres differs for each portion of the cortex. Callosal interconnections are doubtful for the gyrus proreus and the medial portion of both the anterior and posterior sigmoid gyri, While they appear sparse in the lateral portion of the latter gyri. Dense interconnections, by contrast, are seen in the coronal and anterior ectosylvian gyri.

The degenerating fibers seen in layers V and VI mainly appear to represent fibers of passage, and those in layers III and IV seem to be Preterminal fibers.
Stereotaxic atlas of the hypothalamus of the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus)
Authors: Thiessen D. D. , Goar S.
Published: December 2004

A stereotaxic atlas of the hypothalamic area of the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) is presented along with medical coordinates for all primary nuclei and the third ventricle.
The cerebellar nuclei of Macaca mulatta: A morphological study
Authors: Courville J. , Cooper C. W.
Published: December 2004

The cerebellar nuclei of the macaque have been studied morphologically and illustrated in three planes: transverse, horizontal and sagittal. It was fourn that the nucleus interpositus consists of two distinct cell groups. These nuclei are named nucleus interpositus anterior (NIA) and posterior (NIP) since many of their features resemble those of NIA and NIP of the cat. Both nuclei are also distinct from the lateralis (NL) and the medialis (NM). The characteristics of the cell populations forming the various nuclei have been described and measurements of cell diameters of large samples have been made. Numerous small neurons scattered evenly throughout all four nuclei were also observed.
Medullary cells of origin of vagal cardioinhibitory fibers in the pigeon. I. Anatomical studies of peripheral vagus nerve and the dorsal motor nucleus
Authors: Cohen David H. , Schnall Adrian M. , Macdonald Robert L. , Pitts Lawrence H.
Published: December 2004

The organization to the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus in the pigeon was studied in an attempt to localize the cells of origin of vagal cardioinhibitory fibers. The course of the peripheral vagus nerve is described form the intracranial rootlets to abdominal levels. Using combined microdissection and electrical stimulation techniques, the branches which mediate cardiodeceleration are found to arise from a localized segment of the vagal trunk below the thoracic ganglion, and above the level where the left and right vagi join.

The dorsal motor nucleus, its cytoarchitectonic divisions, and other structures connected with vagal rootlets are described on the basis of normal material.

Utilizing the above findings a series of retrograde degeneration experiments was undertaken. The distribution of chromatolytic neurons following cervical vagotomy was described to indicate the extent of the dorsal motor nucleus. Selective nerve sections (abdominal vagotomy, cardiac vagotomy, recurrent laryngeal neurotomy, or pneumonectomy) then indicated that there is an incompletely inverted topographic representation of the vagus nerve in the dorsal motor nucleus, including a representation of the recurrent laryngeal nerve; no evidence was found for the existence of a nucleus ambiguus. The vagal cardioinhibitory fibers appear to be represented throughout the rostral half of the nucleus, but they are most concentrated in the ventral portion of the nucleus, approximately three‐quarters of a millimeter rostral to the obex.
External morphology of pouch young opossum brains: A profile of opossum neurogenesis
Authors: Ulinski Philip S.
Published: December 2004

An outline of opossum brain development was prepared by studying the external morphology of 27 pouch young opossum brains which were from one to 81 postnatal days old. Opossum brain development goes through three morphologically defined periods. (1) An embryonic period extends from conception to the third postnatal day. The brain is not much more than a neural tube at birth, but by the third day it has undergone a longitudinal compression which gives it the shape of an adult brain. (2) A period of regional differentiation extends from the fourth day to about the sixtieth day. All of the grossly visible adult brain structures sequentially appear within each brain region during this period. For example, the rhinal and orbital fissures appear on the dorsolateral cerebral hemispheres at about day 30; the di‐telencephalic fissures appear on the ventral brain surface at about the fifth day; the olfactory tubercles begin to appear by the eighth day; the hypothalamus attains its adult proportions by about the fifth day, but does not differentiate into its adult components until after the thirtieth day; the cerebellum has all of its adult components by the fortieth day. (3) A period of maturation extends from about the sixtieth day to weaning. Minor finishing changes take place in some brain structures during this period. For example, the trapezoid body is more clearly demarcated and the parafloccular lobes of the cerebellum become more prominent.
Terminal arborizations of retinotectal axons in the bullfrog
Authors: Potter H. D.
Published: December 2004

In the optic tectum of Rana catesbeiana four laminae of myelinated fibers in the superficial zone of the optic tectum (laminae B, D, F, and G: Potter, ′69) are identified as retinal axons on evidence from patterns of degeneration following contralateral eye removal. After survival times of 5 to 22 days Cajal's block method II shows either fragmentation or abnormal beading of the axons in the four laminae and the paraffin‐Nauta method shows coarse granules, representing axonal debris, in these laminae.

Golgi impregnations of terminal arborizations arising from fibers in laminae B, D, F, and G show three major types of branching patterns. The arbors are horizontally flattened and are elongated in the same direction as the parent fibers. Densely branched (DB) arbors have stem fibers in laminae B and D and are distributed within the same and adjacent laminae. Widely branched (WB) and thin, straight (TB) arbors have stem fibers in laminae F and G and are distributed mainly in the two laminae of origin with some overlap into adjacent layers of cells and fibers. The horizontal dimensions of DB arbors are 30 μ–70 μ by 100 μ–200 μ, whereas the WB arbors are more variable in overall dimensions. The TB arbors consist of long thin stem axons that give off infrequent terminal specializations in the form of forked or spiny appendages. Numerous terminal forks are present on the WB arbors but are rare on the DB arbors. Swellings and varicosities, that probably represent synaptic specializations, are particularly numerous on the long tertiary branches of DB arbors.
The fine structure of neurons and synapses in the motor nuclei of the cat spinal cord
Authors: McLaughlin Barbara J.
Published: December 2004

The normal synaptic organization of the motor nuclei in the cat lumbosacral spinal cord was examined by light and electron microscopy. Neurons could be classified into three categories on the basis of their size in Nissl stained sections. In neurofibrillar stained sections, seven neurofibrillar rings were observed, on the average, to lie upon large neurons and proximal dendrites in the motor nuclei. Electron microscopic examination revealed no apparent differences in the fine structure of the three neuronal cell types. In contrast the synaptic covering, as determined by the actual number of synaptic contacts or “active” zones, varied greatly. Less than half of the perikaryal surface of large neurons was covered by “active” zones and very few or no “active” zones covered the perikaryal surface of smaller neurons.

The synaptic knobs contacting neuronal cell bodies and dendritic processes were classified into seven morphological types on the basis of vesicle shape, the presence of neurofilaments, and the nature of the subsynaptic specializations. Synaptic contacts occurred more frequently on proximal dendrites and less frequently on perikarya and distal dendrites. Rounded vesicle knobs outnumbered flattened vesicle knobs on distal dendrites, while the reverse was true on cell bodies and proximal dendrites. Two quite large synaptic knobs were characteristically observed. One knob, occurring predominantly on cell bodies and proximal dendrites, exhibited an apposed subsynaptic cistern and elaborate subsynaptic granular endoplasmic reticulum. The other synaptic knob, the least commonly found of all synaptic types, appeared primarily on proximal dendrites and exhibited multiple synaptic contacts with specialized subsynaptic densities. No axo‐axonal synaptic contacts were observed in the motor nuclei.
Visual cortex of the grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis): Architectonic subdivisions and connections from the visual thalamus
Authors: Kaas J. H. , Hall W. C. , Diamond I. T.
Published: December 2004

Thalamic projections to the visual cortex of the grey squirrel were studied by retrograde degeneration in the lateral geniculate and the pulvinar nuclei. The lateral geniculate was found to project to architectonic area 17 which also corresponds to visual area I as defined by its retinotopic organization. The projection is spatially organized in a precise way, and for every cortical point there is a corresponding column in the lateral geniculate which extends from border to border. For the binocular sector of area 17 the lateral geniculate column lies in the trilaminar part of the lateral geniculate, while for the uniocular sector the column lies in the bilaminar sector of the lateral geniculate. The pulvinar projects to several architectonic areas, areas 18 and 19 and to two or more temporal areas below area 19. This projection is roughly topographic but follows the sustaining pattern. When the squirrel is compared to the tree shrew and hedgehog what emerges is a conception of those changes in the visual system which arose as a result of adaptation to an arboreal habitat.
Early neuron differentiation in the mouse olfactory bulb. I. Light microscopy
Authors: Hinds James W.
Published: December 2004

Olfactory bulb development in mouse embryos from day 10 of gestation (E10) to E15 was studied with 1 μ plastic sections and Golgi impregnations. Olfactory nerve axons reach the presumptive olfactory bulb region of the cerebral vesicle at E12, the same time that the first young neurons (postmitotic neuroblasts) are seen in the newly‐formed intermediate (mantle) layer. By E14 many of the presumptive mitral cells are oriented tangential to the surface and have grown a long axon that enters the lateral olfactory tract on the surface of the presumptive piriform cortex.

The following probable sequence of differentiation of mitral cells was determined from Golgi impregnations of E14 and E15 animals: (1) After regrowth of an internal and external process following rounding up at mitosis, the nucleus and perikaryon of certain ventricular cells migrate into the deepest portion of the intermediate layer and start to re‐orient into a tangential orientation. This stage is called the primitive radial stage.(2) The growth of tangential processes combined with withdrawal or atrophy of external and internal primitive radial processes follows to produce cells in the pre‐axonic tangential stage. (3) The tangential cells then acquire a long, thin, unbranched process (axon) oriented towards the lateral olfactory tract and a larger, branching process (dendrite) running in the opposite direction. This stage is called the tangential mitral cell stage. (4) Radial re‐orientation of the perikaryon and dendrites of these cells and external migration of the perikaryon results in cells in the radial mitral cell stage.
The subependymal layer and neighboring region in the brain of the young rat
Authors: Privat A. , Leblond C. P.
Published: December 2004

The subependymal layer found below the ependyma of the lateral ventricle, as well as the border area separating the layer from corpus callosum and caudate nucleus, were investigated in the brain of 40‐ and 80‐gm rats with the help of the electron microscope.

The subependymal layer is composed of cells packed under the ependymal epithelium. These cells undergo division frequently. They are characterized by an irregular nucleus with patches of ill defined chromatin and a scanty cytoplasm rich in free ribosomes. These features are suggestive of immaturity, although the presence of processes indicates some degree of differentiation.

The border area is characterized by the presence of cells scattered among neuronal and glial processes. The cells in 40‐gm rats include a few neuroblasts and, in both 40‐ and 80‐gm rats, neurons and neuroglia, as well as numerous cells which resemble the cells of the subependymal layer or appear intermediate between them and oligodendrocytes or astrocytes. Such transitional cells are also found in corpus callosum and caudate nucleus.

It is suggested that cells may leave the subependymal layer, cross the border area and enter white and gray matter while undergoing differentiation. Perhaps neuroblasts arise from these cells in the younger group studied (40‐gm rats). In both groups, most of these cells seem to differentiate into astrocytes and oligodendrocytes.