bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recent Research Progress in and Future Perspective on Treatment of Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Mizuno Yoshikuni
Published: July 2014

Background: Clinical features, pathogenesis, and treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) are reviewed as there has been progress in these areas. Summary: PD is a systemic disease of the nervous system as the initial symptom is related to disturbance of the autonomic nervous system, such as constipation or nocturia. Then, the disease progresses to the brain stem involving the nuclei in the pons and the substantia nigra, and inducing sleep and wakefulness disturbances, affect problems such as anxiety and depression, and motor problems when the disease process has reached the substantia nigra. Furthermore, the disease has an effect on the nucleus basalis of Meynert, the amygdaloid complex and the cerebrum manifesting cognitive impairment. The olfactory pathway is also frequently involved. Key Messages: For the treatment of PD, younger patients without dementia should be treated with a nonergot dopamine agonist first and then with levodopa if necessary. Elderly patients or those with dementia should be treated with levodopa. However, after 5 years of levodopa treatment, many patients with PD develop wearing off. Drugs for the treatment of wearing-off symptoms are reviewed. Many of the patients with wearing-off symptoms develop dyskinesia, and amantadine is so far the only drug that can ameliorate dyskinesia. Because of this situation, a new method of treatment is warranted, such as RNA interaction, according to the author's opinion. Recent progress in this field is also reviewed. i 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel
Treatment of Malignant Ascites with a Second Cycle of Catumaxomab in Gastric Signet Cell Carcinoma - a Report of 2 Cases
Authors: Thomaidis Thomas , Wörns Marcus A. , Galle Peter R. , Möhler Markus , Schattenberg Jörn M.
Published: July 2014

SummaryBackground: Malignant ascites is a frequent complication in gastrointestinal malignancy and is unresponsive to systemic therapies. Therapeutic options are limited, and repeated paracentesis is associated with increased loss of fluids and proteins, and impaired quality of life. The bi-specific trifunctional antibody catumaxomab has been approved for the treatment of refractory ascites. It has been proposed that repeated application leads to formation of human anti-mouse antibodies with a decrease in effectiveness and potentially hypersensitivity reactions. Case Report: Here we report on the repeated application of catumaxomab in 2 patients with advanced signet cell gastric cancer. Repeated application was safe and effective in decreasing the frequency of paracentesis in 1 patient. No hypersensitivity reactions beyond the immune-mediated side effects were observed with the application of catumaxomab. 1 patient experienced an inflammatory response with acute deterioration of kidney function during the first cycle but recovered quickly. Re-challenge with catumaxomab did not produce an inflammatory reaction in the 2 cases. Conclusion: Overall, the repeated treatment was associated with a beneficial effect on puncture-free survival in 1 patient, and appears to be a treatment option in selected patients with gastrointestinal malignancy.
Psychosocial Status and Mental Health in Adolescents before and after Bariatric Surgery: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Herget Sabine , Rudolph Almut , Hilbert Anja , Blüher Susann
Published: July 2014

Objective: As long-term results of conservative treatment for obesity are discouraging, bariatric surgery is becoming a treatment option for extremely obese adolescents. However, mental and behavioral problems need to be respected when treating this vulnerable target group. Methods: A detailed systematic literature review on pre- and post-operative depressive, anxiety and eating disorder symptoms of adolescent patients was performed in PsychINFO, PubMed and Medline electronic databases. Results: Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria. Although strength of evidence was limited, results suggested that pre-operatively a third of adolescents suffered from moderate to severe depressive disorder symptoms and a quarter from anxiety disorder symptoms, while a substantial number showed eating disorder symptoms. Post-operatively, levels of depressive disorder symptoms significantly improved. Original articles on outcomes of eating and anxiety disorder symptoms after weight loss surgery were not found. Conclusions: Further attention is needed on consistent clinical assessment of mental health disturbances and their consecutive treatment in adolescents. Future research should also focus on psychological and psychosocial predictors of weight loss after bariatric surgery.
Induction of Lysosomal Biogenesis in Atherosclerotic Macrophages Can Rescue Lipid-Induced Lysosomal Dysfunction and Downstream Sequelae
Authors: Emanuel Roy , Sergin Ismail , Bhattacharya Somashubhra , Turner Jaleisa N. , Epelman Slava , Settembre Carmine , Diwan Abhinav , Ballabio Andrea , Razani Babak
Published: July 2014

Objective—

Recent reports of a proatherogenic phenotype in mice with macrophage-specific autophagy deficiency have renewed interest in the role of the autophagy-lysosomal system in atherosclerosis. Lysosomes have the unique ability to process both exogenous material, including lipids and autophagy-derived cargo such as dysfunctional proteins/organelles. We aimed to understand the effects of an atherogenic lipid environment on macrophage lysosomes and to evaluate novel ways to modulate this system.

Approach and Results—

Using a variety of complementary techniques, we show that oxidized low-density lipoproteins and cholesterol crystals, commonly encountered lipid species in atherosclerosis, lead to profound lysosomal dysfunction in cultured macrophages. Disruptions in lysosomal pH, proteolytic capacity, membrane integrity, and morphology are readily seen. Using flow cytometry, we find that macrophages isolated from atherosclerotic plaques also display features of lysosome dysfunction. We then investigated whether enhancing lysosomal function can be beneficial. Transcription factor EB (TFEB) is the only known transcription factor that is a master regulator of lysosomal biogenesis although its role in macrophages has not been studied. Lysosomal stress induced by chloroquine or atherogenic lipids leads to TFEB nuclear translocation and activation of lysosomal and autophagy genes. TFEB overexpression in macrophages further augments this prodegradative response and rescues several deleterious effects seen with atherogenic lipid loading as evidenced by blunted lysosomal dysfunction, reduced secretion of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β, enhanced cholesterol efflux, and decreased polyubiquitinated protein aggregation.

Conclusions—

Taken together, these data demonstrate that lysosomal function is markedly impaired in atherosclerosis and suggest that induction of a lysosomal biogenesis program in macrophages has antiatherogenic effects.
Lower Apo A-I and Lower HDL-C Levels Are Associated With Higher Intermediate CD14
++
CD16
+
Monocyte Counts That Predict Cardiovascular Events in Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Rogacev Kyrill S. , Zawada Adam M. , Emrich Insa , Seiler Sarah , Böhm Michael , Fliser Danilo , Woollard Kevin J. , Heine Gunnar H.
Published: July 2014

Objective—

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) display impaired cholesterol efflux capacity and elevated CD14
++
CD16
+
monocyte counts. In mice, dysfunctional cholesterol efflux causes monocytosis. It is unknown whether cholesterol efflux capacity and monocyte subsets are associated in CKD.

Approach and Results—

In 438 patients with CKD, mediators of cholesterol efflux capacity (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol/apolipoprotein A-I) and monocyte subsets were analyzed as predictors of cardiovascular events. Monocyte subset-specific intracellular lipid content, CD36, CD68, and ABCA1 were measured in a subgroup. Experimentally, we analyzed subset-specific cholesterol efflux capacity and response to oxidized low-density lipoprotein cholesterol stimulation in CKD. Epidemiologically, both low Apo-I and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were associated with high CD14
++
CD16
+
monocyte counts in linear regression analyses (apolipoprotein A-I: β=−0.171;
P
<0.001; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol: β=−0.138;
P
=0.005), but not with counts of other monocyte subsets. In contrast to apolipoprotein A-I or high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, higher CD14
++
CD16
+
monocyte counts independently predicted cardiovascular events (hazard ratio per increase of 1 cell/μL: 1.011 [1.003–1.020];
P
=0.007). Experimentally, CD14
++
CD16
+
monocytes demonstrated preferential lipid accumulation, high CD36, CD68, and low ABCA1 expression and, consequently, displayed low cholesterol efflux capacity, avid oxidized low-density lipoprotein cholesterol uptake, and potent intracellular interleukin-6, interleukin-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α production.

Conclusions—

Taken together, mediators of cholesterol efflux are associated with CD14
++
CD16
+
monocyte counts, which independently predict adverse outcome in CKD.
Multisensory Integration: The Case of a Time Window of Gesture–Speech Integration
Authors: Obermeier Christian , Gunter Thomas C.
Published: July 2014

This experiment investigates the integration of gesture and speech from a multisensory perspective. In a disambiguation paradigm, participants were presented with short videos of an actress uttering sentences like “She was impressed by the BALL, because the GAME/DANCE….” The ambiguous noun (BALL) was accompanied by an iconic gesture fragment containing information to disambiguate the noun toward its dominant or subordinate meaning. We used four different temporal alignments between noun and gesture fragment: the identification point (IP) of the noun was either prior to (+120 msec), synchronous with (0 msec), or lagging behind the end of the gesture fragment (−200 and −600 msec). ERPs triggered to the IP of the noun showed significant differences for the integration of dominant and subordinate gesture fragments in the −200, 0, and +120 msec conditions. The outcome of this integration was revealed at the target words. These data suggest a time window for direct semantic gesture–speech integration ranging from at least −200 up to +120 msec. Although the −600 msec condition did not show any signs of direct integration at the homonym, significant disambiguation was found at the target word. An explorative analysis suggested that gesture information was directly integrated at the verb, indicating that there are multiple positions in a sentence where direct gesture–speech integration takes place. Ultimately, this would implicate that in natural communication, where a gesture lasts for some time, several aspects of that gesture will have their specific and possibly distinct impact on different positions in an utterance.
Predicting the Semantic Category of Internally Generated Words from Neuromagnetic Recordings
Authors: Simanova Irina , van Gerven Marcel A. J. , Oostenveld Robert , Hagoort Peter
Published: July 2014

In this study, we explore the possibility to predict the semantic category of words from brain signals in a free word generation task. Participants produced single words from different semantic categories in a modified semantic fluency task. A Bayesian logistic regression classifier was trained to predict the semantic category of words from single-trial MEG data. Significant classification accuracies were achieved using sensor-level MEG time series at the time interval of conceptual preparation. Semantic category prediction was also possible using source-reconstructed time series, based on minimum norm estimates of cortical activity. Brain regions that contributed most to classification on the source level were identified. These were the left inferior frontal gyrus, left middle frontal gyrus, and left posterior middle temporal gyrus. Additionally, the temporal dynamics of brain activity underlying the semantic preparation during word generation was explored. These results provide important insights about central aspects of language production.
Dynamics of Self-monitoring and Error Detection in Speech Production: Evidence from Mental Imagery and MEG
Authors: Tian Xing , Poeppel David
Published: July 2014

A critical subroutine of self-monitoring during speech production is to detect any deviance between expected and actual auditory feedback. Here we investigated the associated neural dynamics using MEG recording in mental-imagery-of-speech paradigms. Participants covertly articulated the vowel /a/; their own (individually recorded) speech was played back, with parametric manipulation using four levels of pitch shift, crossed with four levels of onset delay. A nonmonotonic function was observed in early auditory responses when the onset delay was shorter than 100 msec: Suppression was observed for normal playback, but enhancement for pitch-shifted playback; however, the magnitude of enhancement decreased at the largest level of pitch shift that was out of pitch range for normal conversion, as suggested in two behavioral experiments. No difference was observed among different types of playback when the onset delay was longer than 100 msec. These results suggest that the prediction suppresses the response to normal feedback, which mediates source monitoring. When auditory feedback does not match the prediction, an “error term” is generated, which underlies deviance detection. We argue that, based on the observed nonmonotonic function, a frequency window (addressing spectral difference) and a time window (constraining temporal difference) jointly regulate the comparison between prediction and feedback in speech.
Ḏū l-Nūn al-Miṣrī and Early Islamic Mysticism
Authors: Ebstein Michael
Published: July 2014

The article analyzes some of the main teachings that are attributed to Ḏū l-Nūn al-Miṣrī (died ca 245/859-860), a prominent figure in the formative period of the Sufi tradition. These teachings are reflected in the many sayings that are ascribed to Ḏū l-Nūn in Sufi literature, in non-Sufi biographical dictionaries, and in several other medieval Islamic sources, all dating from the 4th/10th century onwards. The article demonstrates the historical problems related to the figure of Ḏū l-Nūn al-Miṣrī, and, in this context, particular attention is given to the occult tendencies that are attributed to him in various writings.
Haemolaelaps Berlese removed from synonomy with Androlaelaps Berlese (Acari: Laelapidae)
Authors: SHAW MATTHEW D.
Published: July 2014

Comparison of species of Androlaelaps with all members of the Haemolaelaps marsupialis group show these to be two consistently distinct groups. Haemolaelaps is removed from synonomy with Androlaelaps and rediagnosed. A close relationship between Peramelaelaps Womersley and Haemolaelaps is proposed.
Characterizing the Radar Backscatter-Cross-Section Sensitivities of Ice-Phase Hydrometeor Size Distributions via a Simple Scaling of the Clausius–Mossotti Factor
Authors: Hammonds Kevin D. , Mace Gerald G. , Matrosov Sergey Y.
Published: July 2014

One of the challenges that limit the amount of information that can be inferred from radar measurements of ice and mixed-phase precipitating clouds is the variability in ice mass within hydrometeors. The variable amount of ice mass within particles of a given size drives further variability in single-scattering properties that results in uncertainties of forward-modeled remote sensing quantities. Nonspherical ice-phase hydrometeors are often approximated as spheroids to simplify the calculation of single-scattering properties, yet offline calculations remain necessary to quantify these radiative properties as a function of size in discrete increments. In this paper, a simple scaling of the Clausius–Mossotti factor is used that allows for an approximation of the scattering and extinction cross sections for an arbitrary mass–dimensional power-law relationship of a nonspherical particle given a single T-matrix calculation. Using data collected by the University of Wyoming King Air in snow clouds over the Colorado Park Range, the uncertainty in forward-modeled radar reflectivity to assumptions regarding mass–dimensional relationships is examined. This is accomplished by taking advantage of independently measured condensed mass and particle size distributions to estimate the variability of the prefactor in the mass–dimensional power law. Then, calculating the partial derivative of the radar backscatter cross sections using the scaling relationships, an estimate is made of the statistical uncertainty in forward-modeled radar reflectivity. Uncertainties on the order of 4 dB are found in this term for the dataset considered.
The Downward Influence of Stratospheric Sudden Warmings*
Authors: Hitchcock Peter , Simpson Isla R.
Published: July 2014

The coupling between the stratosphere and the troposphere following two major stratospheric sudden warmings is studied in the Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model using a nudging technique by which the zonal-mean evolution of the reference sudden warmings are artificially induced in an ~100-member ensemble spun off from a control simulation. Both reference warmings are taken from a freely running integration of the model. One event is a displacement, the other is a split, and both are followed by extended recoveries in the lower stratosphere. The methodology permits a statistically robust study of their influence on the troposphere below.

The nudged ensembles exhibit a tropospheric annular mode response closely analogous to that seen in observations, confirming the downward influence of sudden warmings on the troposphere in a comprehensive model. This tropospheric response coincides more closely with the lower-stratospheric annular mode anomalies than with the midstratospheric wind reversal. In addition to the expected synoptic-scale eddy feedback, the planetary-scale eddies also reinforce the tropospheric wind changes, apparently responding directly to the stratospheric anomalies.

Furthermore, despite the zonal symmetry of the stratospheric perturbation, a highly zonally asymmetric near-surface response is produced, corresponding to a strongly negative phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation with a much weaker response over the Pacific basin that matches composites of sudden warmings from the Interim ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim). Phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project models exhibit a similar response, though in most models the response’s magnitude is underrepresented.
Robust Forced Response in South Asian Summer Monsoon in a Future Climate
Authors: Srivastava Abhishekh K. , DelSole Timothy
Published: July 2014

A robust response of South Asian summer monsoon precipitation to increasing greenhouse gas concentration during the twenty-first century is identified in 23 models from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project. The pattern of this response is dominated by two dipole structures, one oriented east–west across the Maritime Continent and another oriented north–south across the equatorial Indian Ocean, and is characterized by enhanced rainfall in South Asia and diminished rainfall over the Maritime Continent. The response is robust in the sense that the same pattern has a trend that is within one standard deviation of the trend of other models. Another robust feature is that the variability of precipitation about this trend decreases in all models, and hence becomes more detectable with time. The response is negligible compared to internal variability during the twentieth century but emerges clearly by the middle of the twenty-first century. Although the pattern as a whole is robust, the response over small land areas such as India has more uncertainty, with some models disagreeing even with the sign of the response.
Edith Wharton’s Threshold Phobia and Two Worlds
Authors: Holtzman Deanna , Kulish Nancy
Published: July 2014

The American novelist Edith Wharton suffered an unusual childhood neurotic symptom, a fear of crossing thresholds, a condition that might be called a “threshold phobia.” This symptom is identified and examined in autobiographical material, letters, diaries, and selected literary fiction and nonfiction left by Wharton to arrive at a formulation not previously drawn together. A fascinating theme—living or being trapped between “two worlds”—runs through much of the writer’s life and work. The phobia is related to this theme, and both can be linked more broadly to certain sexual conflicts in women. This understanding of Wharton’s phobia, it is argued, throws new light on the developmental issues and conflicts related to the female “oedipal” or triadic phase, characterized by the need to negotiate the two worlds of mother and of father.
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor-Related Angioedema
Authors: Chan Norman J. , Soliman Ahmed M.S.
Published: July 2014

Objective:

This study aimed to determine the duration of use, presentation, and management of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor-related angioedema patients at an urban academic medical center.

Methods:

Retrospective chart review.

Results:

Eighty-eight patients who presented with ACE inhibitor-related angioedema between January 1, 2012, and December 31, 2012, were identified. They presented anywhere from 1 day to 20 years after starting an ACE inhibitor. About half the patients (50.7%) presented after taking an ACE inhibitor for at least 1 year. Fifty-five patients were female (62.5%). Twenty-eight patients (31.8%) had an airway intervention with 27 intubated and 1 requiring cricothyroidotomy. Six patients were intubated after more than 1 flexible laryngoscopy. The percentage of patients with involvement of the face, lips, tongue, floor of mouth, soft palate/uvula, and larynx were 12.5%, 60.2%, 39.7%, 6.8%, 17.0%, and 29.5%, respectively. Sixty-eight percent of patients with laryngeal edema were intubated. The majority of patients were treated with a corticosteroid and H1 and H2 receptor antagonists.

Conclusion:

Angioedema can occur at any time after starting ACE inhibitor use, with nearly half occurring after 1 year of use. Laryngeal involvement occurred in a minority of patients, but most of these patients were felt to require airway protection.
The Boy Who Lost His Smile
Authors: Kopelovich Jonathan C. , Owen Scott , Mathews Katherine D. , Henstrom Douglas K.
Published: July 2014

Background:

Facioscapulohumeral dystrophy is the third most common muscular dystrophy and the one most likely to present primarily in the head and neck.

Methods:

In this report, we present a case of a young child with subtle progressive bilateral facial weakness whose workup ultimately led to this diagnosis. Paralysis in this disorder is secondary to worsening muscle atrophy, which typically progresses in a cephalad to caudad direction. Despite facial paralysis being a key and early component of this illness, no prior descriptions in the otolaryngology literature exist.

Discussion:

The case described is unusual in that the patient initially presented to a community otolaryngologist. In addition to workup, the disease characteristics, head and neck manifestations, and prognosis are discussed.
Structured assessment of suicide risk in a psychiatric emergency service: Psychometric evaluation of the Nurses’ Global Assessment of Suicide Risk scale (NGASR)
Authors: van Veen Mark , van Weeghel Inge , Koekkoek Bauke , Braam Arjan W
Published: July 2014

Background:

Risk of suicide is notoriously difficult to assess, and no gold standard is available, in terms of an instrument of first choice. Many different instruments are in use, among which are some that are not properly psychometrically investigated.

Aim:

The aim of this study is to establish the psychometric properties of the Dutch version of the Nurses’ Global Assessment of Suicide Risk scale (NGASR), and the feasibility of its use in assessing suicide risk. Therefore, our research questions are as follows: what is the reliability, validity, interpretability and feasibility of the NGASR?

Methods:

A psychometric study of acceptability, reliability and predictive validity among 252 patients making use of a concurrent instrument, the Suicide Intention Scale (SIS), concurrent assessment by a physician and 6-month follow-up.

Results:

Factor analysis identified five factors. Cronbach’s alpha was .45. Intraclass correlation was .92 (95% confidence interval (CI) = .85–.95). Association between total NGASR and SIS was substantial and significant ( B = 0.66, standard error of mean (SE) = 0.19, ß = .66, p = .003). NGASR total score had a significant and moderately strong association with judgement by a physician on ‘suicidal thoughts’ (odds ratio (OR) = 1.24, p = < .001) or ‘suicidal thoughts or plans’ (OR = 1.35, p = .001). No significant association of NGASR scores and 6-month follow-up of suicidality was found.

Conclusions:

Internal consistency of the NGASR and most of the subscales identified was low. Other indicators of reliability of the NGASR were sufficient, although predictive validity was poor. The NGASR did not outperform other instruments but is easy to use, and may contribute to identification of risk factors, as well as to a more integral assessment of suicide risk.
Continuum beliefs and attitudes towards people with mental illness: Results from a national survey in France
Authors: Angermeyer Matthias C , Millier Aurélie , Rémuzat Cécile , Refaï Tarek , Schomerus Georg , Toumi Mondher
Published: July 2014

Background:

Whether mental disorders should be considered as categorical or dimensional has found increasing attention among mental health professionals. Only little is known about what the public thinks about this issue.

Aims:

First, to assess how prevalent the belief in a continuum of symptoms from mental health to mental illness is among the general public. Second, to examine how continuum beliefs are associated with attitudes towards people with mental disorder.

Methods:

In 2012, an on-line survey was conducted in France ( N = 1,600). After the presentation of a case-vignette depicting a person with either schizophrenia or depression, belief in a continuum of symptoms, emotional reactions and desire for social distance related to the person in the vignette were assessed.

Results:

While 58.2% of respondents agreed in a symptom continuum for depression, this percentage was only 28.5% for schizophrenia. In both disorders, continuum beliefs were associated with more pro-social reactions and less desire for social distance. Only in schizophrenia, there was an inverse relationship with the expression of anger.

Conclusions:

There is increasing evidence of an association between continuum beliefs and positive attitudes towards people with mental illness. Information on the continuous nature of psychopathological phenomena may usefully be included in anti-stigma messages.
Characteristics of children transitioned to intercountry adoption, domestic adoption, foster care, and biological families from institutions in St Petersburg, Russian Federation
Authors: McCall Robert B , Groark Christina J , Fish Larry , Muhamedrahimov Rifkat J , Palmov Oleg I , Nikiforova Natalia V
Published: July 2014

Young children ( N = 381) from three institutions in St Petersburg (Russian Federation) who were transitioned to intercountry (USA) adoption or to various domestic families in Russia did not differ in birth weight, length, head circumference, and rated condition at birth, nor did they differ upon departure from the institutions with respect to physical growth and behavioral development. These results provide little support to the occasional allegation for the possibility that intercountry adopted children are selected to be developmentally more (or less) advanced, or that outcomes for children in alternative family placements simply may be associated with pre-placement developmental differences. The generality of these results to other institutions and countries is unknown.
Reflections on a process model for international research collaboration in social work
Authors: Engelbrecht Lambert , Spolander Gary , Martin Linda , Strydom Marianne , Adaikalam Francis , Marjanen Päivi , Pervova Irina , Sicora Alessandro , Tani Petri
Published: July 2014

This article seeks to reflect on knowledge and experiences gained from an International Research Staff Exchange Scheme (IRSES). Challenges and opportunities inherent in the development and management of a large-scale international research project in social work are explored. Through a synthesis of conceptual frameworks a process model for international research collaboration is constructed based chiefly on the stages of group development, a conceptual framework for cross-national research, an interdisciplinary teamwork process and collaborative knowledge building. The five stages of the process model, namely forming, norming, storming, performing and adjourning and associated steps are connected by a practice of reflexivity.
The Orientations of the Giza Pyramids and Associated Structures
Authors: Nell Erin , Ruggles Clive
Published: July 2014

This paper presents the results of a week-long Total Station survey undertaken by the authors during December 2006 whose principal aim was to clarify the basic data concerning the orientation of each side of the three large Giza pyramids and to determine, as accurately as possible, the orientations of as many as possible of the associated structures. The survey focused upon measurements of sequences of points along multiple straight and relatively well-preserved structural segments, with best-fit techniques being used to provide the best estimate of their orientation, as opposed to simple triangulation between directly identified or extrapolated corners.
Lateral track control of UAVs using the sliding mode approach: from design to flight testing
Authors: Shah M Zamurad , Samar Raza , Bhatti Aamer I
Published: July 2014

This paper develops sliding-mode-based nonlinear logic for guidance of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for curved and straight path following. UAV trajectories generally consist of straight path segments, curved arcs, circular loiters and other manoeuvres; tight ground track control is desired throughout the trajectory. This is achieved by controlling the lateral (cross-track) deviation of the vehicle in flight. The main objective of the guidance algorithm is to keep the lateral track error of the vehicle as small as possible while performing graceful and stable manoeuvres despite the presence of uncertainties and disturbing winds. Lateral track control is usually achieved by banking the vehicle, that is, by executing roll manoeuvres. The scheme must perform well without saturating the roll angle of the vehicle, which serves as the control input for the guidance algorithm. The algorithm proposed here is shown to perform well for both straight and circular path tracking while ensuring control boundedness, and hence no saturation. Crosswinds are a major source of disturbance for the guidance problem. This is incorporated into the design formulation and guidance gains are selected to provide the desired performance despite the presence of disturbing winds. A sliding-mode-based scheme is developed which includes a feedforward component related to the rate of change of the desired path heading. Stability of the algorithm is proved using an appropriate Lyapunov function. The algorithm is implemented in the flight control computer of a scaled YAK-54 research aircraft; flight test results are presented and compared with those from other guidance algorithms. Flight results demonstrate the effectiveness and performance of the proposed guidance scheme. The algorithm considers guidance in the 2D lateral plane only and minimizes deviations from the desired ground track of the vehicle.
Local Equating of Cognitively Diagnostic Modeled Observed Scores
Authors: Xin Tao , Zhang Jiahui
Published: July 2014

A local equating method of cognitively diagnostic modeled observed score was introduced to address the problem of equating without anchor test as well as the satisfaction of equating criteria. The criterion of test construct was redefined on attribute level. Then, a true family of equating transformations given attribute mastery pattern was derived from the criterion of equity, which is the main concern of local equating. The results of simulation studies showed a substantial bias for the traditional equipercentile equating under the equivalent groups design but much smaller bias for the local method. The proposed method also showed satisfactory performances under the nonequivalent groups design even without anchor test. The local method appeared to be quite robust with respect to changes in the sample size, but its biases became larger with increasing model misfit.
Single-operator knot-tying by knot-pusher for minimally invasive cardiac surgery
Authors: Nakamura Yoshitsugu , Nakajima Hiroyuki , Niinami Hiroshi
Published: July 2014

We describe a single-operator knot-tying technique using a knot-pusher for minimally invasive cardiac surgery. With this technique, the surgeon is able to control the tension on both suture ends in tightening knots without the aid of an assistant.
The transition from public to private in probation
Authors: Deering John , Feilzer Martina , Holmes Tim
Published: July 2014

This article reports the values and attitudes of a small sample of managers working for the private sector in criminal justice roles. All had previously had careers within the probation service. Their reasons for moving are discussed, along with their views of the relative merits of public and private criminal justice provision. In the main, their views appear underpinned by a clear acceptance of the legitimacy of a role for the private (and third sectors) in the criminal justice system that echo recent pronouncements by the Coalition government. However, their values in other regards reflect what might be seen to be more ‘traditional probation values’.
Christian Views of Muhammad since the Publication of Kenneth Cragg’s Muhammad and the Christian, A Question of Response in 1984
Authors: Beaumont Mark
Published: July 2014

Christian views of the Prophet Muhammad have in the past 30 years covered a wide spectrum from rejection of Muhammad’s prophetic status as a bringer of revelation from God to a warm embrace of the Qur’an as a third testament to revelation after the Old and New Testaments. The significance of the late Anglican Bishop Kenneth Cragg’s assessment of Muhammad, published in 1984, is addressed in this article by surveying the range of responses to the founder of Islam which followed. Twenty-first century Christian–Muslim relations are likely to be deeply concerned with dialogue about Christian attitudes to the Prophet Muhammad.
Self-assessment of Japanese as a second language: The role of experiences in the naturalistic acquisition
Authors: Suzuki Yuichi
Published: July 2014

Self-assessment has been used to assess second language proficiency; however, as sources of measurement errors vary, they may threaten the validity and reliability of the tools. The present paper investigated the role of experiences in using Japanese as a second language in the naturalistic acquisition context on the accuracy of the self-assessment. Results revealed that experiential factors played a significant role in the measurement errors introduced by the self-assessment. The asymmetry pattern emerged, whereby less experienced second language speakers appeared to overestimate their ability, whereas those with more experience underestimated their language skills. The Rasch analysis identified poor-fit items in the self-assessment survey, and the subsequent qualitative analysis of the items indicated that the greater misalignment was related to items including more difficult tasks, with which participants had relatively little experience. Implications for development and use of self-assessment are thus discussed in relation to experiential factors in self-assessment.
Embedded models of rural entrepreneurship: The case of pubs in Cumbria, North West of England
Authors: Cabras Ignazio , Bosworth Gary
Published: July 2014

There has been a significant decline in the number of pubs in rural areas of the UK in the past decade. The disappearance of these places has a dramatic impact on rural communities, as village and rural pubs work as a network tier for the entire area by providing opportunities in terms of community engagement, business connections and employment. The study presented in this paper investigates issues related to the decline of pubs in Cumbria, North West of England. The authors examine data gathered from secondary sources and primary research, including interviews with pub owners, managers and customers. This enables detailed analysis of factors of success and failure including initiatives taken by communities to conserve their pubs. Combining a community focus with economic and entrepreneurial approaches presents the value of village pubs in a new light, offering suggestions for alternative means of supporting them. Results indicate that more active involvement from local communities and public sector bodies is required to ensure the future of pubs and other rural assets that provide value to their communities.
Prognostic Value of Histologic Grading for Feline Mammary Carcinoma
Authors: Mills S. W. , Musil K. M. , Davies J. L. , Hendrick S. , Duncan C. , Jackson M. L. , Kidney B. , Philibert H. , Wobeser B. K. , Simko E.
Published: July 2014

Feline mammary carcinoma is highly malignant and generally associated with a poor prognosis, although studies suggest the range of survival times in affected cats is broad. Histologic grading of these tumors is achieved using the Elston and Ellis system, originally developed for human breast cancer. In cats, however, classification using this method has variable prognostic value. Therefore, objectives of this study were (1) to evaluate the Elston and Ellis grading system for feline mammary carcinoma in a predominantly spayed population and (2) to determine whether modification of this system or development of a novel system improved the prognostic value of histologic grading. Survey data and histologic features for 108 carcinomas from 97 cats were analyzed with respect to overall survival. Elston and Ellis grading failed to correlate significantly with overall survival. Using multivariable analysis, lymphovascular invasion, nuclear form, and mitotic count each demonstrated independent prognostic significance ( P = .008, <.001, and .004, respectively). Modifications of the Elston and Ellis system and a novel grading system were proposed based on these results; all showed significant correlation with overall survival ( P < .001). Median survival times were 27, 29, or 31 months for grade I; 14, 12, or 14 months for grade II; and 13, 5, or 8 months for grade III carcinomas using the mitotic-modified Elston and Ellis, the revised Elston and Ellis, or the novel grading system, respectively. Based on this retrospective study, adoption of the species-specific systems as proposed here may improve the prognostic value of histologic grading for feline mammary carcinoma.
Integrating the Theory of Work Adjustment and Attachment Theory to Predict Job Turnover Intentions
Authors: Dahling Jason J. , Librizzi Ursula A.
Published: July 2014

In this study, we integrated research on the Minnesota Theory of Work Adjustment (TWA) and Attachment Theory to test a model predicting turnover intentions among 131 working adults in a variety of industries. Consistent with TWA, the results revealed that needs–supplies (N-S) fit was positively related to job satisfaction and that job satisfaction partially mediated the relationship between N-S fit and turnover intentions from the current job. Anxious and avoidant attachment did not have direct effects on TWA constructs, but the relationship between fit perceptions and job satisfaction was moderated by avoidant attachment such that the relationship was weaker for highly avoidant employees. We discuss the implications of these results for future vocational research on work adjustment and the effects of attachment dynamics in the workplace.
Elastodynamic and finite element vibration analysis of a drillstring with a downhole vibration generator tool and a shock sub
Authors: Ghasemloonia Ahmad , Rideout D Geoff , Butt Stephen D , Hajnayeb Ali
Published: July 2014

Applying high-frequency axial oscillation into an oilwell drillstring in the “bottom-hole assembly” (BHA) has the potential to enhance drilling efficiency in extended reach wells. Downhole vibration generator tools such as agitators reduce the drillstring–wellbore friction and enhance the rate of penetration. However, introducing controlled vibrations into the drillstring can result in undesired vibration waves propagating along the drillstring, leading to inefficient drilling and catastrophic fatigue failure of the BHA components, “measurement-while-drilling” tools, and mud motors. A dynamic model of the entire drillstring, including vibration generators and shock subs, is required to study the effect of vibration generators on the complex nonlinear coupled axial-lateral dynamics of a drillstring inside a wellbore, to study the effect of vibration tools on the developed cutting force at the bit, and to facilitate simulation-based design of shock subs. A dynamic finite element model (FEM) and an analytical elastodynamic model, both including the vibration generator tool and a shock sub, have been developed. The “Bypassing PDEs” method was implemented on the Lagrangian of the system to develop the analytical equations. A multi-mode expanded Galerkin’s approximation, in conjunction with a multi-span BHA and Hertzian contact assumption, allowed analysis of multiple BHA contact points and, thus, more realistic estimates of drilling rotary speeds that can cause excessive vibration. The models also include torque, mud damping, spatially varying axial force, geometric nonlinearity, and axial stiffening. While the analytical model has fast running time and symbolic solution, the FEM model enables easy reconfiguration and future extensions of model geometry, interactions, and modified BHA configurations. There is agreement between the analytical and FEM simulation results for the vibration suppression ability of the shock sub, dynamic amplification of the vibrating tool force, critical rotary speeds, axial force along the drillstring, axial and lateral displacements, and the contact locations and severity.
Determination of the optimal span length to minimize resonance effects in bridges on high-speed lines
Authors: Cho Jeong-Rae , Jung Kilje , Cho Keunhee , Kwark Jong-Won , Kim Young Jin , Kim Byung-Suk
Published: July 2014

This paper revisits the creation and cancellation of the dynamic resonance phenomenon that occurs in bridge structures on high-speed lines when crossed by wheel loads. The resonance and its cancellation are mathematically formulated for a Bernoulli-type beam with general boundary conditions and subjected to loads moving at a regular spacing. The resonance of the bridge caused by the travelling loads occurs, regardless of the mode shape, when the natural frequency of the structure coincides with the loading frequency produced by the loads moving at a constant speed. In this study, the dependency of the cancellation phenomenon on the mode shape is determined based on the boundary conditions of the structure. In addition, the optimal span length that suppresses the response at resonance is proposed using the cancellation phenomenon for a simple beam with pinned-pinned, clamped-clamped and clamped-pinned boundary conditions; and a simply supported continuous beam.
Against obedience: Hannah Arendt’s overlooked challenge to social-psychological explanations of mass atrocity
Authors: Lang Johannes
Published: July 2014

This article explores the theoretical underpinnings and implications of a situationist social psychology of mass atrocity through a re-examination of Hannah Arendt’s work. The perception of a convergence between the views of Arendt, Stanley Milgram, and certain Holocaust historians inspired the situationist argument that ordinary people become mass murderers because they find themselves in circumstances that subvert their ability to make or act upon individual moral judgments. This explanation originated in a selective reading of Arendt that distorted her account. In fact, Arendt’s writings serve to question the situationists’ claim to explain historical instances of collective violence. The article uses Arendt’s thought to develop both an ontological and a normative critique of situationism, suggesting an alternative meta-theoretical foundation for a social psychology of mass atrocity. At stake is the concept of personal responsibility for mass killing, as well as social psychology’s ability to say something meaningful about collective violence.
Carotid subclinical atherosclerosis is associated with disease activity but not vitamin D in Korean systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Jung J-Y , Koh B-R , Bae C-B , Kim H-A , Suh C-H
Published: July 2014

Atherosclerosis develops early in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients and is an important cause of mortality. Vitamin D deficiency is found to be associated with cardiovascular disease and autoimmunity. We evaluated the extent of carotid subclinical atherosclerosis and analyzed its correlation with vitamin D in SLE. One hundred and two female patients with SLE and 52 normal controls (NCs) were recruited. The mean carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) of SLE patients was 0.41 ± 0.08 mm, which was higher than that of NCs (0.32 ± 0.08 mm, p = 0.012). In addition, carotid plaques were more frequent and the plaque index was higher in SLE patients than in NCs (0.68 ± 1.39 vs. 0.26 ± 0.87, p = 0.026). Carotid IMT was correlated with age, body mass index, SLE disease activity index, and aspirin use in SLE patients. The plaque index was correlated with renal involvement. Vitamin 25(OH)D3 level was not correlated with carotid IMT, plaque index or disease activity markers. In SLE, the risk of cardiovascular disease is higher than that in NCs, which may be derived from systemic inflammation. It may be not suitable to assess vitamin D as a marker of disease activity or subclinical atherosclerosis in SLE patients.
Life Experiences of People Affected by Crohn’s Disease and Their Support Networks
Authors: García-Sanjuán Sofía , Lillo-Crespo Manuel , Sanjuán-Quiles Ángela , Gil-González Diana , Richart-Martínez Miguel
Published: July 2014

This scoping review identifies and describes relevant studies related to the evidence published on life experiences and perceived social support of people affected by Crohn’s disease. Twenty-three studies were definitely selected and analyzed for the topics explored. The overall findings show patients’ needs and perceptions. There is a lack of evidence about patients’ perceived needs as well as the understanding of social support that has contributed to improve their life experiences with that chronic illness. Lack of energy, loss of body control, body image damaged due to different treatments and surgeries, symptoms related to fear of disease, feeling burdened loss related to independence, and so on are some of the concerns with having to live with those affected by the Crohn. To underline those experiences through this scoping review provides valuable data for health care teams, especially for the nursing profession, considered by those affected as one of the main roles along the whole pathological process. This review provides the basis for developing broader research on the relatively underexplored topics and consequently improves specific programs that could address patients’ needs.
Government Responsiveness
Authors: Grimes Marcia , Esaiasson Peter
Published: July 2014

Political equality and responsiveness to citizens are both central values in democracy. Citizens strong in political resources may, however, impress their preferences upon decision makers more effectively than others, meaning that government responsiveness may possibly exacerbate inequality in policy outcomes, especially if participatory democratic arrangements are prevalent. The article studies these processes empirically, drawing on a dataset of the siting of unwanted facilities in two Swedish cities. Indicative of the tension between equality and responsiveness, we find that residents’ political resources affect facility siting in the local district.