bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The
STM4195
Gene Product (PanS) Transports Coenzyme A Precursors in Salmonella enterica
Authors: Ernst Dustin C. , Downs Diana M.
Published: February 2015

Coenzyme A (CoA) is a ubiquitous coenzyme involved in fundamental metabolic processes. CoA is synthesized from pantothenic acid by a pathway that is largely conserved among bacteria and eukaryotes and consists of five enzymatic steps. While higher organisms, including humans, must scavenge pantothenate from the environment, most bacteria and plants are capable of
de novo
pantothenate biosynthesis. In
Salmonella enterica
, precursors to pantothenate can be salvaged, but subsequent intermediates are not transported due to their phosphorylated state, and thus the pathway from pantothenate to CoA is considered essential. Genetic analyses identified the
STM4195
gene product of
Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhimurium as a transporter of pantothenate precursors, ketopantoate and pantoate and, to a lesser extent, pantothenate. Further results indicated that STM4195 transports a product of CoA degradation that serves as a precursor to CoA and enters the biosynthetic pathway between PanC and CoaBC (
dfp
). The relevant CoA derivative is distinguishable from pantothenate, pantetheine, and pantethine and has spectral properties indicating the adenine moiety of CoA is intact. Taken together, the results presented here provide evidence of a transport mechanism for the uptake of ketopantoate, pantoate, and pantothenate and demonstrate a role for STM4195 in the salvage of a CoA derivative of unknown structure. The
STM4195
gene is renamed
panS
to reflect participation in
pan
tothenate
s
alvage that was uncovered herein.

IMPORTANCE
This manuscript describes a transporter for two pantothenate precursors in addition to the existence and transport of a salvageable coenzyme A (CoA) derivative. Specifically, these studies defined a function for an STM protein in
S. enterica
that was distinct from the annotated role and led to its designation as PanS (
pan
tothenate
s
alvage). The presence of a salvageable CoA derivative and a transporter for it suggests the possibility that this compound is present in the environment and may serve a role in CoA synthesis for some organisms. As such, this work raises important question about CoA salvage that can be pursued with future studies in bacteria and other organisms.
Role of Branched-Chain Amino Acid Transport in Bacillus subtilis CodY Activity
Authors: Belitsky Boris R.
Published: February 2015

CodY is a branched-chain amino acid-responsive transcriptional regulator that controls the expression of several dozen transcription units in
Bacillus subtilis
. The presence of isoleucine, valine, and leucine in the growth medium is essential for achieving high activity of CodY and for efficient regulation of the target genes. We identified three permeases—BcaP, BraB, and BrnQ—that are responsible for the bulk of isoleucine and valine uptake and are also involved in leucine uptake. At least one more permease is capable of efficient leucine uptake, as well as low-affinity transport of isoleucine and valine. The lack of the first three permeases strongly reduced activity of CodY in an amino acid-containing growth medium. BcaP appears to be the most efficient isoleucine and valine permease responsible for their utilization as nitrogen sources. The previously described strong CodY-mediated repression of BcaP provides a mechanism for fine-tuning CodY activity by reducing the availability of amino acids and for delaying the utilization of isoleucine and valine as nitrogen and carbon sources under conditions of nutrient excess.

IMPORTANCE
Bacillus subtilis
CodY is a global transcriptional regulator that is activated by branched-chain amino acids (BCAA). Since the level of BCAA achieved by intracellular synthesis is insufficient to fully activate CodY, transport of BCAA from the environment is critical for CodY activation, but the permeases needed for such activation have not been previously identified. This study identifies three such permeases, reports their amino acid transport specificity, and reveals their impact on CodY activation.
Pleuritic chest pain and fluid levels on imaging in a heavy cannabis smoker
Authors: Cary Rachel Margaret , Bragg Craig , Mukherjee Jayanta
Published: February 2015

We present the case of a 48-year-old man with an extensive cannabis smoking history who presented with pleuritic chest pain. A chest X-ray revealed multiple large, apical lung bullae with fluid levels, an appearance consistent with infection. Lung function tests showed moderate airflow obstruction and decreased gas transfer. The infection was treated with a prolonged course of antimicrobials, and the patient followed up by respiratory physicians.
Incidence of renal replacement therapy for diabetic nephropathy in the Netherlands: Dutch diabetes estimates (DUDE)-3
Authors: van Dijk Peter R , Kramer Anneke , Logtenberg Susan J J , Hoitsma Andries J , Kleefstra Nanne , Jager Kitty J , Bilo Henk J G
Published: January 2015

Objectives

Describe the incidence, prevalence and survival of patients needing renal replacement therapy (RRT) for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) due to diabetes mellitus (DM)-related glomerulosclerosis or nephropathy (diabetic nephropathy, DN) in the Netherlands.

Design

Using the national registry for RRT (RENINE-registry), data of all Dutch individuals initiating RRT for ESRD and having DN as primary diagnosis in the period 2000–2012 were obtained.

Setting

Observational study in the Netherlands.

Patients

Patients with ESRD needing RRT for DN.

Outcome measurements

Age and gender adjusted incidence and prevalence of RRT for DN in the period 2000–2012. In addition, trends in time and patient's survival were examined.

Results

The prevalence of DM in the general population increased from approximately 466 000 in 2000 to 815 000 in 2011. The number of individuals who started RRT with DN as primary diagnosis was 17.4 per million population (pmp) in 2000 and 19.1 pmp in 2012, with an annual percentage change (APC) of 0.8% (95% CI −0.4 to 2.0). For RRT due to type 1 DN, the incidence decreased from 7.3 to 3.5 pmp (APC −4.8%, 95% CI −6.5 to −3.1) while it increased for type 2 DN from 10.1 to 15.6 pmp (APC 3.1%, 95% CI 1.3 to 4.8). After 2009, the prevalence of RRT for DN remained stable (APC 1.0%, 95% CI −0.4 to 2.5). Compared to the period 2000–2004, patients initiating RRT and dialysis in 2005–2009 had better survival, HRs 0.8 (95% CI 0.7 to 0.8) and 0.8 (95% CI 0.7 to 0.9), respectively, while survival after kidney transplantation remained stable, HR 0.8, 95% CI 0.5 to 1.1).

Conclusions

Over the last decade, the incidence of RRT for DN was stable, with a decrease in RRT due to type 1 DN and an increase due to type 2 DN, while survival increased.
A comparison of immunohistochemistry and mass spectrometry for determining the amyloid fibril protein from formalin-fixed biopsy tissue
Authors: Gilbertson Janet A , Theis Jason D , Vrana Julie A , Lachmann Helen , Wechalekar Ashutosh , Whelan Carol , Hawkins Philip N , Dogan Ahmet , Gillmore Julian D
Published: January 2015

Amyloidosis is caused by deposition in tissues of abnormal protein in a characteristic fibrillar form. There are many types of amyloidosis, classified according to the soluble protein precursor from which the amyloid fibrils are derived. Accurate identification of amyloid type is critical in every case since therapy for systemic amyloidosis is type specific. In ∼20–25% cases, however, immunohistochemistry (IHC) fails to prove the amyloid type and further tests are required. Laser microdissection and mass spectrometry (LDMS) is a powerful tool for identifying proteins from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues. We undertook a blinded comparison of IHC, performed at the UK National Amyloidosis Centre, and LDMS, performed at the Mayo Clinic, in 142 consecutive biopsy specimens from 38 different tissue types. There was 100% concordance between positive IHC and LDMS, and the latter increased diagnostic accuracy from 76% to 94%. LDMS in expert hands is a valuable tool for amyloid diagnosis.
Conflicts of interest matter and awareness is needed
Authors: Vineis Paolo , Saracci Rodolfo
Published: January 2015

A conflict of interest arises by having two conflicting goals in one's research. The primary goal of research relevant to public health is to produce impartial evidence on health hazards for humans. Several entities – including industry - may have public health as a goal among others, but this is not their primary goal. Primary goals are in those cases profit or career, that conflict with the goal of health. It is a role of the State to foster research whose primary goal is impartial evidence on factors affecting population health. Disclosure of conflicts of interest is not enough: the view that disclosure solves all problems amounts to say that a declaration of having produced unbiased evidence is a self-fulfilling guarantee that the evidence will not be affected by conflicts of interest. This concept is seriously misleading. A conflict of interest arises from the circumstances in which research occurs and does not exist only in the opinion of some people or groups (or the authors of a paper).
The Dotter method revisited: early experience with a novel method of rapid internal carotid artery revascularization in the setting of acute ischemic stroke
Authors: Woodward Keith , Wegryn Scott , Staruk Carla , Nyberg Eric M
Published: January 2015

Background

Tandem occlusive disease in the setting of acute ischemic stroke involving cervical and cerebral arteries has been associated with poor neurological outcome and poses significant challenges to neurointerventionists. Previously described endovascular methods typically involve carotid revascularization with stent placement prior to or following intracranial thrombectomy. Stent-based approaches, however, require the use of antiplatelet therapy which may increase the risk of hemorrhagic transformation. We describe a novel modified Dotter technique which may be used for carotid revascularization in lieu of stenting. This technique can eliminate the need for antiplatelet therapy, reduce procedure times, and possibly reduce hemorrhagic conversion rates.

Methods

Seven patients presenting between April 2013 and January 2014 were treated with this technique. All patients had carotid stenosis of 65–100% and tandem middle cerebral artery occlusions. National Institutes of Health (NIH) Stroke Scale scores as well as clinical and procedural times were recorded. Pre- and post-Dotter stenosis was measured using the NASCET criteria. Follow-up imaging and clinical data were reviewed.

Results

The mean age was 64 years and mean initial NIH Stroke Scale score was 11.7. Mean groin to recanalization time was 26 min. Thrombolysis In Cerebral Infarction grade 2b–3 was achieved in all patients. The mean stenosis was 88% preoperatively and 61% postoperatively. There were no intracranial hemorrhages. The modified Rankin Scale score was 0 in six patients (86%) and 6 in one patient (14%).

Conclusions

The Dotter stroke technique is a feasible and safe alternative to carotid stenting in the setting of acute ischemic stroke and may reduce the risk of hemorrhagic conversion. No re-occlusion occurred during follow-up in patients with post-Dotter stenosis ≤65%.
Rates of local procedural-related structural injury following clipping or coiling of anterior communicating artery aneurysms
Authors: Mortimer Alex M , Steinfort Brendan , Faulder Ken , Erho Tian , Scherman Daniel B , Rao Prashanth J , Harrington Timothy
Published: February 2015

Background

Surgical clipping and endovascular coiling yield similar functional outcomes for the treatment of saccular aneurysms of the anterior communicating (ACOM) artery. However, surgical treatment may be associated with greater rates of cognitive impairment due to injury of adjacent structures. We aimed to quantify the rates of injury (infarction/hemorrhage) for both clipping and coiling of ACOM aneurysms.

Methods

This was a retrospective dual-center radiological investigation of a consecutive series of patients with ruptured and unruptured ACOM aneurysms treated between January 2011 and October 2014. Post-treatment CT or MRI was assessed for new ischemic or hemorrhagic injury. Injury relating to the primary hemorrhage or vasospasm was differentiated. Univariate analysis using χ2tests and multivariate analysis using binary logistic regression was used.

Results

66 patients treated with clipping were compared with 93 patients treated with coiling. 32/66 (48.5%) patients in the clipping group suffered treatment-related injury (31 ischemic, 1 hemorrhagic) compared with 4/93 (4.4%) patients in the coiling group (3 ischemic, 1 hemorrhagic) (p<0.0001). For patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage, the multivariate OR for infarction for clipping over coiling was 24.42 (95% CI 5.84 to 102.14), p<0.0001. The most common site of infarction was the basal forebrain (28/66 patients, 42.4%), with bilateral infarction in 4. There was injury of the septal/subcallosal region in 12/66 patients (18%).

Conclusions

Clipping of ACOM aneurysms is associated with significantly higher rates of structural injury than coiling, and this may be a reason for superior cognitive outcomes in patients treated with coiling in previously published studies.
Resolution of Budd‐Chiari syndrome secondary to needle foreign body migration in a dog: treatment with surgery and intravascular stenting
Authors: Massie Anna , Phillips Heidi , Solomon Jeffrey
Published: January 2015

A 6.5‐year‐old, female spayed German short‐haired pointer dog was presented with a two‐week history of ascites. The dog was depressed with a severely distended abdomen. Peritoneal fluid analysis revealed a modified transudate. A metallic linear foreign body was identified cranial to the pyloric antrum by advanced imaging. A fibrous tract of tissue extending from the pyloric antrum to the hilar region of the right medial liver lobe was dissected surgically. The foreign body was removed by dissection of the fibrous tract, which relieved visible compression of the caudal vena cava and all hepatic veins. By three days postoperatively, ascites had not resolved and a caudal cavagram confirmed narrowing of the thoracic caudal vena cava at the diaphragm. Eight days postoperatively, a caudal vena caval stent was placed, relieving the pressure gradient across the narrowing and resulting in complete resolution of clinical signs.
A novel strategy for the detection of tert-butylhydroquinone based on graphene quantum dots and silver nanoparticle modified glass carbon electrode
Authors: Niu Xiuli , Yang Wu , Guo Hao , Ren Jie , Liu Jing , Gao Jinzhang
Published: February 2015

Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) were synthesized by a facile one-step wet chemically derived from carbon fibers. A novel, sensitive, simple, and convenient method for the detection of tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) was established based on GQDs and silver nanoparticle (AgNP) modified electrode. The modified electrode exhibited excellent electrocatalytic performance toward the electrochemical detection of TBHQ. Meanwhile, a possible reaction mechanism related to the oxidation of TBHQ was proposed. The electron transfer number and electron transfer coefficient were found to be 3.05 and 0.40. The surface concentration of TBHQ on GQD/AgNP-modified electrode was calculated as 2.62 × 10−10 mol cm−2. Under the optimum conditions, a good linear relationship between peak current and the concentration of TBHQ was obtained in the range of 0.15–300 μmol L–1 with a detection limit of 0.07 μmol L–1 (S/N = 3). The proposed method was successfully applied for the detection of TBHQ in edible vegetable oil.
The effects of salinity on plankton and benthic communities in the Great Salt Lake, Utah, USA: a microcosm experiment
Authors: Barnes Brian D. , Wurtsbaugh Wayne A.
Published: February 2015

Saline lakes change in size and salinity because of natural climate variability and especially from inflow diversions, which threaten life in these waters. We conducted a microcosm experiment in 12 L containers using organisms from the Great Salt Lake to determine how salinities ranging from 10 to 275 g·L−1influenced the ecosystem. After 30 days, brine shrimp (Artemia franciscana) were nearly absent in salinities of 10 g·L−1(where fish survived) and >225 g·L−1. As salinities increased from 75 to 225 g·L−1, final masses decreased 60% and their total biomass decreased fourfold. Copepod and rotifer biomasses were negligible at salinities >50 g·L−1. Brine fly (Ephydra gracilis) final biomass decreased 45% as salinity increased from 50 to 250 g·L−1. When Artemia and other grazers were abundant, phytoplankton chlorophyll levels were near 4.0 μg·L−1, but when grazing rates declined at higher salinities, phytoplankton chlorophyll increased to 130 μg·L−1. Mean periphyton chlorophyll levels showed the reverse pattern. Denitrification decreased total N concentrations during the experiment, resulting in final N:P ratios indicative of algal nitrogen limitation. The microcosm experiment demonstrated the strong influence of salinity on the entire ecosystem and highlighted the need for careful management of salt lakes to maintain appropriate salinities.
Effects of intrinsic degrees of freedom in enhancement of sub-barrier fusion excitation function data
Authors: Gautam Manjeet Singh
Published: February 2015

This paper is mainly focused on the limitations of energy independent Woods–Saxon potential and the applicability of energy dependent Woods–Saxon potential (EDWSP) model in conjunction with one-dimensional Wong formula for description of the heavy-ion fusion reactions. The effects of neutron transfer channels and inelastic surface vibrations of colliding nuclei in the enhancement of sub-barrier fusion excitation function data, in the various heavy-ion fusion reactions, have been investigated within the framework of energy independent one-dimensional barrier penetration model, the EDWSP model and the coupled channel code CCFULL. In certain projectile-target combinations, the influences of multi-neutrons transfer between reactants are found to be dominating over the coupling to low lying surface vibrational states. Furthermore, the effects of these dominant degrees of freedom can be simulated by introducing the energy dependence in real part of nucleus–nucleus potential.
Finite-time consensus for a stochastic multi-species system
Authors: Wang Li , Zhang Qimin , Zhao Yu
Published: February 2015

This paper considers the finite-time consensus problem for a stochastic multi-species system. First, we give out a nonlinear consensus protocol for the multi-species system with Brownian motion, and propose the definition of finite-time consensus in probability. Second, we prove that the multi-species system can achieve finite-time consensus in probability with different proper protocols by use of graph theory, stochastic Lyapunov function method and probability theory. Finally, some simulations are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the theoretical results.
Mathematical modeling of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Cuba
Authors: Mastroberardino Antonio , Cheng Yuanji , Abdelrazec Ahmed , Liu Hao
Published: February 2015

In this paper, a nonlinear mathematical model is presented for the transmission dynamics of HIV/AIDS in Cuba. Due to Cuba's highly successful national prevention program, we assume that the only mode of transmission is through contact with those yet to be diagnosed with HIV. We find the equilibria of the governing nonlinear system, perform a linear stability analysis, and then provide results on global stability.
In defense of soundiness
Authors: Livshits Benjamin , Sridharan Manu , Smaragdakis Yannis , Lhoták Ondřej , Amaral J. Nelson , Chang Bor-Yuh Evan , Guyer Samuel Z. , Khedker Uday P. , Møller Anders , Vardoulakis Dimitrios
Published: February 2015

Soundy is the new sound.
Securing network time protocol
Authors: Stenn Harlan
Published: February 2015

Crackers discover how to use NTP as a weapon for abuse.
Putting the computer science in computing education research
Authors: Franklin Diana
Published: February 2015

Investing in computing education research to transform computer science education.
Hacking nondeterminism with induction and coinduction
Authors: Bonchi Filippo , Pous Damien
Published: February 2015

We introduce
bisimulation up to congruence
as a technique for proving language equivalence of nondeterministic finite automata. Exploiting this technique, we devise an optimization of the classic algorithm by Hopcroft and Karp. We compare our approach to the recently introduced antichain algorithms and we give concrete examples where we exponentially improve over antichains. Experimental results show significant improvements.
Berry College
Authors: Hamid Nadeem Abdul
Published: February 2015

On December 8th 2014, students in Berry College's informal Casual Coding group hosted an Hour of Code event for the campus community. This coincided with a worldwide campaign to promote computer science awareness and show that everyone is able to, and should, learn to code. For many people, coding seems scary and intimidating, when in reality it is something that anyone can do. All it takes is some practice and dedication. Numerous students and faculty members attended the event, many of whom were coding for the first time. They were surprised at how it did not live up to their expectations---in a good way! Jacob Lammie, a junior Finance major, stated, "I had never thought of coding before. It was never something that I thought I could do. I actually really enjoyed it!"
Florida International University
Authors: Charters Maria
Published: February 2015

Florida International University, School of Computing and Information Sciences, hosted an Hour of Code event on Sunday, December 14, 2014, at one of the school's computer labs, for children ages 7 to 17. The event was called "CodeFest Miami," and was a festival-themed celebration of Computer Science, aimed to stimulate interest in the field and broaden awareness of all its applications. Balloons, decorations, and party food were part of this fun and inviting atmosphere for participants. Children from Miami-Dade County Public Schools were invited to participate as the grand finale to Computer Science Education Week. At the event, students formed teams of 3 and solved a mystery challenge by developing an animation or computer game using MIT's Scratch programming language. This year's theme was Robots, and FIU's very own TeleBot Robot made an appearance at the event. Even the Mayor of Miami-Dade County, along with the Board of County Commissioners, proclaimed Sunday, December 14, 2014, as CodeFest Miami Day.
ICER2015 preview
Authors: Dorn Brian , Sheard Judy , Cutts Quintin
Published: February 2015

We are pleased to welcome ICER to the University of Nebraska at Omaha as the conference starts its second decade! ICER2015 will take place August 10-12, 2015 with co-located events occurring both before and after.
Mitochondrial N-formyl peptides induce cardiovascular collapse and sepsis-like syndrome
Authors: Wenceslau Camilla Ferreira , McCarthy Cameron G. , Szasz Theodora , Goulopoulou Styliani , Webb R. Clinton
Published: January 2015

Fifty percent of trauma patients who present sepsis-like syndrome do not have bacterial infections. This condition is known as systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). A unifying factor of SIRS and sepsis is cardiovascular collapse. Trauma and severe blood loss cause the release of endogenous molecules known as damage-associated molecular patterns. Mitochondrial N-formyl peptides (F-MIT) are damage-associated molecular patterns that share similarities with bacterial N-formylated peptides and are potent immune system activators. The goal of this study was to investigate whether F-MIT trigger SIRS, including hypotension and vascular collapse via formyl peptide receptor (FPR) activation. We evaluated cardiovascular parameters in Wistar rats treated with FPR or histamine receptor antagonists and inhibitors of the nitric oxide pathway before and after F-MIT infusion. F-MIT, but not nonformylated peptides or mitochondrial DNA, induced severe hypotension via FPR activation and nitric oxide and histamine release. Moreover, F-MIT infusion induced hyperthermia, blood clotting, and increased vascular permeability. To evaluate the role of leukocytes in F-MIT-induced hypotension, neutrophil, basophil, or mast cells were depleted. Depletion of basophils, but not neutrophils or mast cells, abolished F-MIT-induced hypotension. Rats that underwent hemorrhagic shock increased plasma levels of mitochondrial formylated proteins associated with lung damage and antagonism of FPR ameliorated hemorrhagic shock-induced lung injury. Finally, F-MIT induced vasodilatation in isolated resistance arteries via FPR activation; however, F-MIT impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation in the presence of blood. These data suggest that F-MIT may be the link among trauma, SIRS, and cardiovascular collapse.
Altered ventricular mechanics after 60 min of high-intensity endurance exercise: insights from exercise speckle-tracking echocardiography
Authors: Stewart Glenn M. , Yamada Akira , Haseler Luke J. , Kavanagh Justin J. , Koerbin Gus , Chan Jonathan , Sabapathy Surendran
Published: January 2015

Transient reductions in myocardial strain coupled with cardiac-specific biomarker release have been reported after prolonged exercise (>180 min). However, it is unknown if 1) shorter-duration exercise (60 min) can perturb cardiac function or 2) if exercise-induced reductions in strain are masked by hemodynamic changes that are associated with passive recovery from exercise. Left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular global longitudinal strain (GLS), LV torsion, and high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T were measured in 15 competitive cyclists (age: 28 ± 3 yr, peak O2 uptake: 4.8 ± 0.6 l/min) before and after a 60-min high-intensity cycling race intervention (CRIT60). At both time points (pre- and post-CRIT60), strain and torsion were assessed at rest and during a standardized low-intensity exercise challenge (power output: 96 ± 8 W) in a semirecumbent position using echocardiography. During rest, hemodynamic conditions were different from pre- to post-CRIT60 (mean arterial pressure: 96 ± 1 vs. 86 ± 2 mmHg, P < 0.001), and there were no changes in strain or torsion. In contrast, during the standardized low-intensity exercise challenge, hemodynamic conditions were unchanged from pre- to post-CRIT60 (mean arterial pressure: 98 ± 1 vs. 97 ± 1 mmHg, not significant), but strain decreased (left ventricular GLS: −20.3 ± 0.5% vs. −18.5 ± 0.4%, P < 0.01; right ventricular GLS: −26.4 ± 1.6% vs. −22.4 ± 1.5%, P < 0.05), whereas LV torsion remained unchanged. Serum high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T increased by 345% after the CRIT60 (6.0 ± 0.6 vs. 20.7 ± 6.9 ng/l, P < 0.05). This study demonstrates that exercise-induced functional and biochemical cardiac perturbations are not confined to ultraendurance sporting events and transpire during exercise that is typical of day-to-day training undertaken by endurance athletes. The clinical significance of cumulative exposure to endurance exercise warrants further study.
Genetic variation associates with susceptibility for cigarette smoke-induced neutrophilia in mice
Authors: Pouwels Simon D. , Heijink Irene H. , Brouwer Uilke , Gras Renee , den Boef Lisette E. , Boezen H. Marike , Korstanje Ron , van Oosterhout Antoon J. M. , Nawijn Martijn C.
Published: January 2015

Neutrophilic airway inflammation is one of the major hallmarks of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and is also seen in steroid resistant asthma. Neutrophilic airway inflammation can be induced by different stimuli including cigarette smoke (CS). Short-term exposure to CS induces neutrophilic airway inflammation in both mice and humans. Since not all individuals develop extensive neutrophilic airway inflammation upon smoking, we hypothesized that this CS-induced innate inflammation has a genetic component. This hypothesis was addressed by exposing 30 different inbred mouse strains to CS or control air for 5 consecutive days, followed by analysis of neutrophilic lung inflammation. By genomewide haplotype association mapping, we identified four susceptibility genes with a significant association to lung tissue levels of the neutrophil marker myeloperoxidase under basal conditions and an additional five genes specifically associated with CS-induced tissue MPO levels. Analysis of the expression levels of the susceptibility genes by quantitative RT-PCR revealed that three of the four genes associated with CS-induced tissue MPO levels had CS-induced changes in gene expression levels that correlate with CS-induced airway inflammation. Most notably, CS exposure induces an increased expression of the coiled-coil domain containing gene, Ccdc93, in mouse strains susceptible for CS-induced airway inflammation whereas Ccdc93 expression was decreased upon CS exposure in nonsusceptible mouse strains. In conclusion, this study shows that CS-induced neutrophilic airway inflammation has a genetic component and that several genes contribute to the susceptibility for this response.
Chemokine receptors and their therapeutic opportunities in diseased lung: Far beyond leukocyte trafficking
Authors: Tomankova Tereza , Kriegova Eva , Liu Mingyao
Published: January 2015

Chemokine receptors and their chemokine ligands, key mediators of inflammatory and immune cell trafficking, are involved in the regulation of both physiological and pathological processes in the lung. The discovery that chemokine receptors/chemokines, typically expressed by inflammatory and immune cells, are also expressed in structural lung tissue cells suggests their role in mediating the restoration of lung tissue structure and functions. Thus, chemokine receptors/chemokines contribute not only to inflammatory and immune responses in the lung but also play a critical role in the regulation of lung tissue repair, regeneration, and remodeling. This review aims to summarize current state-of-the-art on chemokine receptors and their ligands in lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma/allergy, pulmonary fibrosis, acute lung injury, and lung infection. Furthermore, the therapeutic opportunities of chemokine receptors in aforementioned lung diseases are discussed. The review also aims to delineate the potential contribution of chemokine receptors to the processes leading to repair/regeneration of the lung tissue.
Pericytes contribute to airway remodeling in a mouse model of chronic allergic asthma
Authors: Johnson Jill R. , Folestad Erika , Rowley Jessica E. , Noll Elisa M. , Walker Simone A. , Lloyd Clare M. , Rankin Sara M. , Pietras Kristian , Eriksson Ulf , Fuxe Jonas
Published: January 2015

Myofibroblast accumulation, subepithelial fibrosis, and vascular remodeling are complicating features of chronic asthma, but the mechanisms are not clear. Platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) regulate the fate and function of various mesenchymal cells and have been implicated as mediators of lung fibrosis. However, it is not known whether PDGF-BB signaling via PDGFRβ, which is critical for the recruitment of pericytes to blood vessels, plays a role in airway remodeling in chronic asthma. In the present study, we used a selective PDGFRβ inhibitor (CP-673451) to investigate the role of PDGFRβ signaling in the development of airway remodeling and lung dysfunction in an established mouse model of house dust mite-induced chronic allergic asthma. Unexpectedly, we found that pharmacological inhibition of PDGFRβ signaling in the context of chronic aeroallergen exposure led to exacerbated lung dysfunction and airway smooth muscle thickening. Further studies revealed that the inflammatory response to aeroallergen challenge in mice was associated with decreased PDGF-BB expression and the loss of pericytes from the airway microvasculature. In parallel, cells positive for pericyte markers accumulated in the subepithelial region of chronically inflamed airways. This process was exacerbated in animals treated with CP-673451. The results indicate that perturbed PDGF-BB/PDGFRβ signaling and pericyte accumulation in the airway wall may contribute to airway remodeling in chronic allergic asthma.
Delivered dose estimate to standardize airway hyperresponsiveness assessment in mice
Authors: Robichaud Annette , Fereydoonzad Liah , Schuessler Thomas F.
Published: January 2015

Airway hyperresponsiveness often constitutes a primary outcome in respiratory studies in mice. The procedure commonly employs aerosolized challenges, and results are typically reported in terms of bronchoconstrictor concentrations loaded into the nebulizer. Yet, because protocols frequently differ across studies, especially in terms of aerosol generation and delivery, direct study comparisons are difficult. We hypothesized that protocol variations could lead to differences in aerosol delivery efficiency and, consequently, in the dose delivered to the subject, as well as in the response. Thirteen nebulization patterns containing common protocol variations (nebulization time, duty cycle, particle size spectrum, air humidity, and/or ventilation profile) and using increasing concentrations of methacholine and broadband forced oscillations ( flexiVent, SCIREQ, Montreal, Qc, Canada) were created, characterized, and studied in anesthetized naïve A/J mice. A delivered dose estimate calculated from nebulizer-, ventilator-, and subject-specific characteristics was introduced and used to account for protocol variations. Results showed that nebulization protocol variations significantly affected the fraction of aerosol reaching the subject site and the delivered dose, as well as methacholine reactivity and sensitivity in mice. From the protocol variants studied, addition of a slow deep ventilation profile during nebulization was identified as a key factor for optimization of the technique. The study also highlighted sensitivity differences within the lung, as well as the possibility that airway responses could be selectively enhanced by adequate control of nebulizer and ventilator settings. Reporting results in terms of delivered doses represents an important standardizing element for assessment of airway hyperresponsiveness in mice.
Fast Measurement of Methanol Concentration in Ionic Liquids by Potential Step Method
Authors: Hainstock Michael L. , Tang Yijun
Published: January 2015

The development of direct methanol fuel cells required the attention to the electrolyte. A good electrolyte should not only be ionic conductive but also be crossover resistant. Ionic liquids could be a promising electrolyte for fuel cells. Monitoring methanol was critical in several locations in a direct methanol fuel cell. Conductivity could be used to monitor the methanol content in ionic liquids. The conductivity of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate had a linear relationship with the methanol concentration. However, the conductivity was significantly affected by the moisture or water content in the ionic liquid. On the contrary, potential step could be used in sensing methanol in ionic liquids. This method was not affected by the water content. The sampling current at a properly selected sampling time was proportional to the concentration of methanol in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate. The linearity still stood even when there was 2.4 M water present in the ionic liquid.
A Novel Solar Tracker Based on Omnidirectional Computer Vision
Authors: El Kadmiri Zakaria , El Kadmiri Omar , Masmoudi Lhoussaine , Bargach Mohammed Najib
Published: January 2015

This paper presents a novel solar tracker system based on omnidirectional vision technology. The analysis of acquired images with a catadioptric camera allows extracting accurate information about the sun position toward both elevation and azimuth. The main advantages of this system are its wide field of tracking of 360° horizontally and 200° vertically. The system has the ability to track the sun in real time independently of the spatiotemporal coordinates of the site. The extracted information is used to control the two DC motors of the dual-axis mechanism to achieve the optimal orientation of the photovoltaic panels with the aim of increasing the power generation. Several experimental studies have been conducted and the obtained results confirm the power generation efficiency of the proposed solar tracker.
New Reproducing Kernel Functions
Authors: Akgül Ali
Published: February 2015

Some new reproducing kernel functions on time scales are presented. Reproducing kernel functions have not been found on time scales till now. These functions are very important on time scales and they will be very useful for researchers. We need these functions to solve dynamic equations on time scales with the reproducing kernel method.
Korovkin-Type Theorems for ModularΨ-A-Statistical Convergence
Authors: Bardaro Carlo , Boccuto Antonio , Demirci Kamil , Mantellini Ilaria , Orhan Sevda
Published: January 2015

We deal with a new type of statistical convergence for double sequences, calledΨ-A-statistical convergence, and we prove a Korovkin-type approximation theorem with respect to this type of convergence in modular spaces. Finally, we give some application to moment-type operators in Orlicz spaces.
Minimization of Surface Roughness and Tool Vibration in CNC Milling Operation
Authors: Bhogal Sukhdev S. , Sindhu Charanjeet , Dhami Sukhdeep S. , Pabla B. S.
Published: January 2015

Tool vibration and surface roughness are two important parameters which affect the quality of the component and tool life which indirectly affect the component cost. In this paper, the effect of cutting parameters on tool vibration, and surface roughness has been investigated during end milling of EN-31 tool steel. Response surface methodology (RSM) has been used to develop mathematical model for predicting surface finish, tool vibration and tool wear with different combinations of cutting parameters. The experimental results show that feed rate is the most dominating parameter affecting surface finish, whereas cutting speed is the major factor effecting tool vibration. The results of mathematical model are in agreement with experimental investigations done to validate the mathematical model.
Audiogram Comparison of Workers from Five Professional Categories
Authors: Mathias Duarte Alexandre Scalli , Guimarães Alexandre Caixeta , de Carvalho Guilherme Machado , Pinheiro Laíza Araújo Mohana , Yen Ng Ronny Tah , Sampaio Marcelo Hamilton , Costa Everardo Andrade da , Gusmão Reinaldo Jordão
Published: February 2015

Introduction. Noise is a major cause of health disorders in workers and has unique importance in the auditory analysis of people exposed to it. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the arithmetic mean of the auditory thresholds at frequencies of 3, 4, and 6 kHz of workers from five professional categories exposed to occupational noise.Methods. We propose a retrospective cross-sectional cohort study to analyze 2.140 audiograms from seven companies having five sectors of activity: one footwear company, one beverage company, two ceramics companies, two metallurgical companies, and two transport companies.Results. When we compared two categories, we noticed a significant difference only for cargo carriers in comparison to the remaining categories. In all activity sectors, the left ear presented the worst values, except for the footwear professionals(P>0.05). We observed an association between the noise exposure time and the reduction of audiometric values for both ears. Significant differences existed for cargo carriers in relation to other groups. This evidence may be attributed to different forms of exposure. A slow and progressive deterioration appeared as the exposure time increased.
Modulatory Role of Simvastatin against Aluminium Chloride-Induced Behavioural and Biochemical Changes in Rats
Authors: Nampoothiri Madhavan , John Jessy , Kumar Nitesh , Mudgal Jayesh , Nampurath Gopalan Kutty , Chamallamudi Mallikarjuna Rao
Published: January 2015

Objectives. Aluminium, a neurotoxic agent in humans, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. In this study, we examined the behavioral and biochemical effects of aluminium in rats with special emphasis on memory centres, namely, hippocampus and frontal cortex. Further, the effect of simvastatin treatment on aluminium intoxication was evaluated.Methods. Rats were exposed to aluminium chloride (AlCl3) for 60 days. Simvastatin (10 mg/kg/p.o.) and rivastigmine (1 mg/kg/p.o.) were administered daily prior to AlCl3. Behavioral parameters were assessed using Morris water maze test and actophotometer followed by biochemical investigations, namely, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, TNF-αlevel, antioxidant enzymes (GSH, catalase), lipid peroxidation, and nitrite level in hippocampus and frontal cortex. Triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL, and HDL levels in serum were also determined.Key Findings. Simvastatin treatment improved cognitive function and locomotor activity in rats. Simvastatin reversed hyperlipidemia and significantly rectified the deleterious effect of AlCl3on AChE activity. Further, in hippocampus and frontal cortex, aluminium-induced elevation in nitrite and TNF-αand reduction in antioxidant enzymes were inhibited by simvastatin.Conclusion. To conclude, the present study suggests that simvastatinper seprotects the neurons in hippocampus and frontal cortex from AlCl3, an environmental toxin.
Effect of Moderate UVC Irradiation on Bovine Serum Albumin and Complex with Antimetabolite 5-Fluorouracil: Fluorescence Spectroscopic and Molecular Modelling Studies
Authors: Chinnathambi Shanmugavel , Karthikeyan Subramani , Velmurugan Devadasan , Hanagata Nobutaka , Aruna Prakasarao , Ganesan Singaravelu
Published: January 2015

The interaction of antimetabolite 5-fluorouracil (5FU) with bovine serum albumin (BSA) under UVC (253.7 nm) irradiation was investigated in the present study using UV-Vis spectroscopy, steady state/time resolved fluorescence spectroscopic techniques. The stability of protein was found to be very strong when BSA gets bind to 5FU and moreover it is compared with the free BSA under UVC irradiation. From the fluorescence spectroscopic study, the stability of the complex was found to acquire 2-fold stronger than free protein. From the molecular modelling studies, we came to know the hydrogen bonds between BSA and antimetabolite 5FU are strong, up to 70.4 J/m2under UVC irradiation.
Müllerian Cyst of the Vagina Masquerading as a Cystocele
Authors: Töz Emrah , Sancı Muzaffer , Cumurcu Süheyla , Özcan Aykut
Published: January 2015

Müllerian cysts are usually small, ranging from 0.1 to 2 cm in diameter. Rarely, they may be enlarged and mistaken for other structures, such as a cystocele or urethral diverticulum. We report on a female with symptomatic vaginal wall prolapse, diagnosed as a vaginal Müllerian cyst, which was originally misdiagnosed as a cystocele. The mass was soft and could be compressed manually without difficulty. Perineal ultrasonography and cystoscopy revealed no relationship between the cyst and the lower urinary tract, suggesting independence of the lesion. We performed surgical treatment with complete excision of the mass via a vaginal approach under spinal anaesthesia. The pathology result confirmed a benign Müllerian cyst lined with mucinous and squamous epithelium. When evaluating an anterior vaginal cyst, assessment of the lesion via history taking and pelvic examination is important to confirm both lesion size and location. Perineal ultrasonography performed with an empty bladder is useful to differentiate such vaginal cysts and to define their communication, if any, with adjacent organs.
Risk Factors for Reduced Salivary Flow Rate in a Japanese Population: The Hisayama Study
Authors: Takeuchi Kenji , Furuta Michiko , Takeshita Toru , Shibata Yukie , Shimazaki Yoshihiro , Akifusa Sumio , Ninomiya Toshiharu , Kiyohara Yutaka , Yamashita Yoshihisa
Published: February 2015

The purpose of this study was to determine distinct risk factors causing reduced salivary flow rate in a community-dwelling population using a prospective cohort study design. This was a 5-year follow-up survey of 1,377 community-dwelling Japanese individuals aged ≥40 years. The salivary flow rate was evaluated at baseline and follow-up by collecting stimulated saliva. Data on demographic characteristics, use of medication, and general and oral health status were obtained at baseline. The relationship between reduced salivary flow rate during the follow-up period and its predictors was evaluated after adjustment for confounding factors. In a multivariate logistic regression model, higher age and plaque score and lower serum albumin levels were significantly associated with greater odds of an obvious reduction in salivary flow rate (age per decade, odds ratio [OR] = 1.25, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.03–1.51; serum albumin levels <4 g/dL, OR = 1.60, 95% CI = 1.04–2.46; plaque score ≥1, OR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.04–2.24). In a multivariate linear regression model, age and plaque score remained independently associated with the increased rate of reduced salivary flow. These results suggest that aging and plaque score are important predictors of reduced salivary flow rate in Japanese adults.
Semianalytical Solution of the Nonlinear Dual-Porosity Flow Model with the Quadratic Pressure Gradient Term
Authors: Li Jiang-Tao , Nie Ren-Shi , Jia Yong-Lu , Wang Dan-Ling
Published: January 2015

The nonlinear dual-porosity flow model, specifically considering the quadratic pressure gradient term, wellbore storage coefficient, well skin factor, and interporosity flow of matrix to natural fractures, was established for well production in a naturally fractured formation and then solved using a semianalytical method, including Laplace transform and a transformation of the pressure function. Analytical solution of the model in Laplace space was converted to numerical solution in real space using Stehfest numerical inversion. Nonlinear flow process for well production in a naturally fractured formation with different external boundaries was simulated and analyzed using standard pressure curves. Influence of the quadratic pressure gradient coefficient on pressure curves was studied qualitatively and quantitatively in conditions of a group of fixed model parameters. The research results show that the semianalytical modelling method is applicable in simulating the nonlinear dual-porosity flow behavior.
A Novel Fixation System for Acetabular Quadrilateral Plate Fracture: A Comparative Biomechanical Study
Authors: Zha Guo-Chun , Sun Jun-Ying , Dong Sheng-Jie , Zhang Wen , Luo Zong-Ping
Published: January 2015

This study aims to assess the biomechanical properties of a novel fixation system (named AFRIF) and to compare it with other five different fixation techniques for quadrilateral plate fractures. This in vitro biomechanical experiment has shown that the multidirectional titanium fixation (MTF) and pelvic brim long screws fixation (PBSF) provided the strongest fixation for quadrilateral plate fracture; the better biomechanical performance of the AFRIF compared with the T-shaped plate fixation (TPF), L-shaped plate fixation (LPF), and H-shaped plate fixation (HPF); AFRIF gives reasonable stability of treatment for quadrilateral plate fracture and may offer a better solution for comminuted quadrilateral plate fractures or free floating medial wall fracture and be reliable in preventing protrusion of femoral head.