bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An assessment of the basis of mercury tolerance inDunaliella tertiolecta
Authors: Davies Anthony G.
Published: May 2009

The specific growth rate ofDunaliella tertiolectawas unaffected by mercury II concentrations of at least 2.03 μg at/1. At 10 μg at/1, it was eventually reduced by 84% but growth continued, giving a final level of cell material only 13% below that in a mercuryfree control. At this concentration, however, growth was largely uncoupled from division and giant cells were produced, probably due to the effect of mercury upon the production of methionine which is known to be implicated in the process of cell division.

The basis of the mercury tolerance was investigated in terms of (1) mercury detoxication in the culture medium by complex or compound formation between the metal and metabolites produced by the cells, (2) the concentration of sulphydryl groups both within the cells as possible sequestration sites and in the cell membrane where any molecular disruption and permeability changes produced by the metal first occur, (3) the absence of cellular potassium leakage and (4) the resistance of the cell membrane to the uptake of mercury II ions. Where possible, the results were compared with those from determinations of the same properties of the mercury-sensitive speciesIsochrysis galbana. The experiments indicated that the mercury tolerance ofD. tertiolectais partly related to the slower rate of mercury accumulation by this species, but is largely due to the detoxication of the mercury within the cell possibly by the precipitation of a highly insoluble mercury compound
Defensive behaviour of sea anemones in response to predation by the opisthobranch molluscAeolidia papillosa(L.)
Authors: Edmunds M. , Potts G. W. , Swinfen R. C. , Waters V. L.
Published: May 2009

The defensive behaviour of 11 species of sea anemone when attacked by the nudibranchAeolidia papillosais described. An attempt is made to correlate their defensive responses with the habitat, and with the food preferences ofAeolidia. Actinia equinaresponds first by tentacle and column retraction, and then by inflation of the column, pedal locomotion, and detachment from the substrate.Anthopleura elegantissimaresponds in similar ways, butAnemonia sulcata, which has much longer tentacles, uses these in active defence against the eolid.Anemoniaalso crawls away but it does not detach.

Actinia, AnthopleuraandAnemoniaare the preferred foods ofAeolidia. They commonly live in dense colonies where locomotion and detachment are likely to result in escape.Tealia felinais less preferred and is much less responsive when attacked byAeolidia.

Anemones which possess acontia normally eject these when they are attacked byAeolidia. AlthoughAeolidiadoes occasionally eat acontian anemones, evidence is presented which suggests that acontia have some deterrent effect on this predator. Although most acontian anemones are probably able to move by pedal locomotion and to detach from the substrate, these responses are much less frequently given than byActinia equina.
Salinity preference in gammarid amphipods with special reference toMarinogammarus marinus(Leach)
Authors: Bettison Jane C. , Davenport John
Published: May 2009

The salinity preferences of the amphipods studied were found to correlate with distribution.Marinogammarus marinus, a marine species, showed a strong preference for higher salinity levels, the estuarineGammarus duebenishowed little avoidance of any particular sea water concentration, and the freshwaterGammarus pulexdisplayed strong preference for dilute media

Tolerance experiments showed that the preference behaviour ofM. marinuswas not caused by lethal effects of salinity.

Observations onM. marinussuggested that the behaviour involved components of both preference and avoidance.

InM. marinusthe choice is made on the basis of total osmolarity of the medium, not on its organic or ionic content alone.

Ablation of the upper and/or lower antennae had no effect on salinity choice inM. marinus, and acclimation to 50% sea water did not alter the preference for full sea water.

It is suggested that behavioural responses which confine animals to areas well within their physiological salinity limits promote survival in aquatic environments which may undergo fluctuations in salt concentration.
An improved stereocamera and control system for close-up photography of the fauna of the continental slope and outer shelf
Authors: Southward A. J. , Robinson S. G. , Nicholson D. , Perry T. J.
Published: May 2009

A stereocamera system is described, built-up mostly from commercially obtainable items. Special features include use of standard 55 mm focal length lenses down to 0.5 m focus, adjustable flash duration to improve image resolution, and a visual and audible pinger control for noisy ship conditions. Resolution in tank tests is better than 70 lines/mm, allowing photographs taken in the field to be enlarged to 3 times the natural size of the animals.
Sir James Gray, 1891–1975
Authors: Hardy Alister
Published: May 2009

By the death on 14 December of Professor Sir James Gray, K.T., C.B.E., M.C., Criox de Guerre, M.A., Sc.D., LL.D., F.R.S., at the age of 84, both zoology and marine biology have lost one of their great figures. His connexion with the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom stretches from his first visit as a research worker to the Plymouth Laboratory in 1912, when he became a member of the Association, through his long service on the Council (first in 1920 and then continuously from 1928 to 1969), to his Presidency (1945–55) and his election as Vice-President in 1955 and Honorary Member in 1965. He was also a member of the Scottish M.B.A. since 1921 and served on its Council for six years (1960–66) and was elected a Vice-President in 1965.
Notes on the flagellar apparatus and taxonomy of Pavlova mesolychnon Van der Veer, and on the status of Pavlova Butcher and related genera within the Haptophyceae
Authors: Green J. C.
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTION

Pavlova gyrans Butcher, the type species of the genus, was described at the light microscope level in 1952 (Butcher, 1952). Since then this species has been re-investigated with the electron microscope (Green & Manton, 1970), a number of other species described from marine, brackish and freshwater habitats (for literature, see p. 600) and at least two new genera erected which appear to be closely related to Pavlova (Corcontochrysis Kalina, 1970;Exanthemachrysis Lepailleur, 1970).
Feeding, growth and reproduction of the marine planktonic copepod Temora longicornis Müller
Authors: Harris R.P. , Paffenhöfer G.-A.
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTION

The copepod Temora longicornis Miiller is one of the common zooplankton species in the North Sea and adjacent waters. All developmental stages have been recorded throughout the year off the west coast of Sweden, Temora being considered more common in offshore than inshore waters (Eriksson, 1973). In Loch Striven on the west coast of Scotland it was abundant only in summer, living mainly near the surface (Marshall, 1949). Similarly in the English Channel off Plymouth Temora is present mainly during the summer months (Digby, 1950). T. longicornis was found throughout the year in the Northfrisian Waddensea with temperatures ranging from ca. 1–20 °C (K¨nne, 1952).
On the structure of corpuscular proprioceptive endings in sharks
Authors: Bone Q. , Chubb A. D.
Published: May 2009

Proprioceptive endings associated with the locomotor musculature are apparently extremely uncommon in fishes. Muscle spindles are absent, and only in elasmobranchs have sensory endings of two types been recognized as proprioceptive. One of these, found in sharks, is the coiled corpuscular ending first observed by Wunderer (1908) at the bases of the fins in various species. This type of ending also occurs sub-cutaneously along the body, superficial to the myocommata (Bone, 1964). Lowenstein (1956) examined the responses of the endings associated with the fin bases, and showed that they were slowly adapting mechanoreceptors, functioning as second order proprioceptors since as the fin was bent, so the connective tissue amongst which the endings lie was stretched or compressed, and the receptor discharged.
First results of shark tagging in the north-east Atlantic, 1972–1975
Authors: Stevens J. D.
Published: May 2009

Since the early 1950s a sport fishery for sharks has existed off south-west England. On average some 5000 sharks are taken annually on rod and line between May and October. The catch consists almost entirely of blue sharks, the majority of which are immature or adolescent females, limited numbers of the porbeagle, Lamna nasus Bonnaterre, mako, Isurus oxyrinchus Rafinesque and very occasionally the thresher, Alopias vulpinus Bonnaterre.
On seahorse locomotion
Authors: Blake R. W.
Published: May 2009

There are few teleosts which depart from the ‘classical’ ichthyan body form to such an extent as the seahorse,Hippocampus. In this genus the caudal fin is absent and the tail has become prehensile, the usual function of the caudal fin is taken over by the dorsal and pectoral fins. The dorsal and pectoral fins both have a sculling action, the small anal fin moves ‘bodily’ through the water from side to side.

In the past, interest has generally centred on fast moving fish, which have evolved a limited number of body forms, as few variations are possible without a sacrifice of speed. The evolution of the swimming mechanisms of these fish has favoured an increase in the maximum speed and acceleration. In relinquishing the demands of speed the seahorse has released itself from restrictions which would limit its possible range of form.
The effects of low metal levels on a clonal hydroid
Authors: Stebbing A. R. D.
Published: May 2009

We frequently require sensitive bioassay techniques with which to study the effects of marine contaminants at environmentally realistic concentrations. Unfortunately, it is difficult to achieve sensitivity and precision in an organism amenable to indefinite periods of laboratory culture. Results from different laboratories are often extremely variable: LC50 values for the same substance, using the same organism, may differ by two or even three orders of magnitude (Wilson, Cowell & Beynon, 1975). Moreover, some of the most sensitive bioassay organisms require nutrient media, which may alter the availability and toxicity of metals by complexing them (Jones, 1964; Kamp-Nielsen, 1971; Hannan & Patouillet, 1972) and often contain metal impurities at significant levels (Albert, 1968; Steeman Nielsen & Wium Anderson, 1970). The object of the work reported here has been to develop a technique by which these problems might be minimized or avoided. Hydroids were chosen as bioassay organisms for a variety of reasons. They are tolerant but sensitive to small variations in their chemical environment. Techniques for growing hydroids are simple and they can be cultured under conditions of near optimal temperature, salinity and food supply, thus minimizing the errors frequent in bioassay work arising from variations in the history of the test organisms, their size, sex or physiological state. An important source of variability in all work with organisms is that inherent in the genetic material, but with hydroids this can be avoided by the use of a single clone.
The quantitative cytochemical effects of three metal ions on a lysosomal hydrolase of a hydroid
Authors: Moore M. N. , Stebbing A. R. D.
Published: May 2009

It is known that vertebrate lysosomes can sequester and concentrate metal ions including copper, mercury (and organic mercurials), lead, zinc, tellurium, iron, nickel, silver and plutonium (Koenig, 1963; Rahman & Lindenbaum, 1964; Scheuer, Thorpe & Marriott, 1967; Vaughan, Bleaney & Williamson, 1967; Verity & Reith, 1967; Barrett & Dingle, 1967; Abraham, Morris & Smith 1967; Slater, 1969; Brun & Brunk, 1970). Allison (1969) states that the accumulation of certain metal ions within lysosomes may labilize the membranes under certain conditions. Furthermore, Goldfischer (1965) suggests that the toxicity of copper may not be fully manifested while it is contained within the lysosomes, but overloading of the storage capacity, or damage to the lysosomal membrane, resulting in liberation of copper into the cytoplasm could lead to cell injury. The haemocytes of Ascidia pygmaea have also been shown to accumulate pentavalent vanadium in a process involving sequestration by lysosomes (Kalk, 1963). It follows that quantitative cytochemical measurements of certain aspects of lysosomal function might permit the detection of responses to toxic materials at concentrations below those to which the whole organism would respond.
On the taxonomic status and distribution ofChthamalus stellatus(Cirripedia) in the north-east Atlantic region: with a key to the common intertidal barnacles of Britain
Authors: Southward A. J.
Published: May 2009

During his studies on the Cirripedia Darwin (1854) gave much attention to the Chthamalidae, and his views of the species remained unchallenged for many years. Darwin's attitude to speciation appears to have been coloured by his concurrently developing theories of natural selection, and he was especially interested in the existence of wide variationwithinspecies. ThusChthamalus stellatusas described by Darwin consisted of a number of races or varieties, and was of almost worldwide distribution (‘southern England, Ireland, Isle of Man, Mediterranean, Madeira, Cape Verde Is., southern United States, West Indies, Brazil, Rio Plata, Red Sea, Philippines, China, Gulf of Korea, Oregon or N. California’). This distribution has been considerably narrowed in the last 60 years, and recent investigators have raised varieties to specific rank, or described new species and subspecies. In North California and Oregon we now have the full speciesC. dalli(Pilsbry, 1916); along the eastern coast of U.S.A. we now haveC.fragilis(Pilsbry, 1916); in the Caribbean and along the east coast of South America we haveC. angustitergumandC. bisinuatus(Pilsbry, 1916; Ross, 1969; Southward, 1975); for the Indopacific region there are now the speciesC. challengeriandC. malayensis(Hoek, 1883; Pilsbry, 1916); and in the Mediterranean,C. depressus(Poli), which was reduced by Darwin to a variety ofC. stellatus, has been raised again to specific rank (Barnes, 1956; Utinomi, 1959; Southward, 1964; Klepal & Barnes, 1975) and is now assigned to the genusEuraphia(Newman & Ross, 1976). Thus except for a few dubious records what remains of Darwin'sC. stellatusis confined to Europe, N. Africa and W. Africa (Southward, 1964; Stubbings, 1967). Nevertheless, even such a reduced distribution encompasses several distinct climatic zones, and seems more extensive than the individual ranges of the three species (C. dalli, C. fissusandC. panamensis) found in comparable climatic regions of the N.E. Pacific.
Bioluminescence in decapod Crustacea
Authors: Herring Peter J.
Published: May 2009

Luminescence in decapod crustaceans may be of two kinds. Either a secretion is ejected into the surrounding water as a luminous cloud, or specific light organs, which may be internal or superficial, glow steadily (Balss, 1944). There may be more than 150 photophores in some species of decapod, and the number, position and development of these organs inSystellaspis debilisand species ofSergiahave been described by Coutière (1906), Kemp (1910a), Terao (1917) and Gordon (1935). The production of luminous clouds has been observed in the Oplophoridae, Pandalidae and Thalassocarididae of the Caridea, and in the Penaeidae of the Penaeidea (Table 1). Observations of the luminescence of specific light organs or tissues are much less numerous. Luminescence has been observed among the Oplophoridae from the photophores of species ofSystellaspisandOplophorusand from the liver ofHymenodora. The hepatic organs ofParapandalusof the Pandalidae have been seen to luminesce, and among the Penaeidea both the hepatic organs of Pesta ofSergestesand the superficial organs ofSergiahave been seen to emit light (for references see Table 1). Undoubted hepatic light organs also occur inChlorotocoidesandThalassocarisof the Thalassocarididae, and superficial organs inHymenopenaeus debilisof the Penaeidae. Additional organs of doubtful function which have been described as possible photophores occur on the chelae of the homolid crabHypsophrys, in the branchial chamber ofSergestes, the pleopods ofParapandalusand the uropods ofAcetes(Table 2). There are unconfirmed reports of luminescence in the eye ofPasiphaea etarda(Kiernik, 1908) and inPolycheles(Alcock, 1902) andLeptochela(Chace, 1940), neither of the latter two cases being ascribed to a particular organ, though ‘a greasy glandular patch’ near the oviduct was implicated inPolycheles.
The aquarium at the Dunstaffnage Marine Research Laboratory
Authors: Currie R. I. , Blaxter J. H. S. , Joyce J.
Published: May 2009

Much valuable information on aquarium systems was assembled in the published papers of the 1960 1st International Congress of Aquarology held in Monaco. To date no further congress has been held but Clark & Clark (1964) have collected together a number of papers on sea-water systems and a number of institutes have published details of their aquarium designs, e.g. for the Marine Biological Association at Plymouth (Wilson, 1960), Biologische Anstalt on Helgoland (Anon, 1959), Fishery-Oceanography Center at La Jolla (Lasker & Vlymen, 1969), Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen (Hawkins, 1971) and Sea Research Institute on Texel (de Blok, 1975). A very ambitious aquarium at Dalhousie University, Halifax - the Aquatron Laboratory - has not been fully described although a pamphlet giving some information is available from the curator, Dr Carl Boyd.
The life-history and population structure of the polychaetes Nephtys caeca and Nephtys hombergii with special reference to the growth rings in the teeth
Authors: Olive P. J. W.
Published: May 2009

A population of the two species, Nephtys hombergii Savigny and N. caeca Fabricius, has been studied for a period of 3 years. Three separate but related aspects of the biology of these species have been investigated; gametogenesis (Olive, 1976a, and in preparation), reproductive endocrinology (Olive, 1976 a, b) and the life-history and population structure which is the subject of the present report. Nephtys species are particularly interesting for studies of this kind since Kirkegaard (1970) described rings in the teeth of N. hombergii which were thought to represent annual growth rings. Estcourt (1975) has found that these rings can be used to age the nephtyid species Aglaophamus verrilli in New Zealand which is a slow growing species living to at least 5 years of age. The degree of overlap between the successive generations, as indicated by the rings in the teeth, emphasizes how difficult age analysis of populations with this type of growth is without additional information of this kind. This problem is particularly acute in long lived polytelic (= iteroparous, Gadgil & Bossert, 1970) species. Olive (1975) has discussed the problem with reference to Eulalia viridis and other recently investigated polychaetes but it is not peculiar to Polychaeta as, for instance, Lewis & Bowman (1975) have shown in a particularly detailed study of populations of Patella vulgata.
Runcina ferruginean.sp. (Cephalaspidea: Opisthobranchia: Gastropoda), a new runcinid from Great Britain
Authors: Kress Annetrudi
Published: May 2009

Members of the small suborder Runcinacea have recently been reviewed and efforts have been made to group new findings (Burn, 1963; Baba, 1967; Miller & Rudman, 1968). The following structures served for the classification: gills alone (Baba, 1967), gills, radula, gizzard-plates and shell (Burn, 1963). According to this classification a more detailed subdivision became necessary. Two proposals brought forward by Burn (1963) and Baba (1967) are in discussion (see below). Two new generaRunnicaandPseudoilbia(Miller & Rudman, 1968) have not as yet been definitely placed in a family. As a consequence of this grouping some of the former members of the genusRuncinahave been moved to another genus, e.g.Runcina elioti(Baba, 1937) toRuncinida(Burn, 1963) by reason of four or five gills surrounding the anus in a semi-circle, andRuncina setoensis(Baba, 1954; Ghiselin, 1963) toMetaruncina setoensis(Baba, 1967) because of its single gill and a greatly reduced radula (compare Table 1).
A description of the spermatheca ofSpirorbis spirorbis(L.) (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) and evidence for a novel mode of sperm transmission
Authors: Daly John M. , Golding David W.
Published: May 2009

Brood protection is characteristic of the Spirorbinae although the mode of protection differs widely between species (Bailey, 1969; Knight-Jones, Knight-Jones & Vine, 1972). The way in which these protected eggs are successfully fertilized has been a subject of speculation (Gee & Williams, 1965; Franzen, 1956; Potswald, 1968). Individuals of the Spirorbinae are simultaneous hermaphrodites and the possible role of self-fertilization in their reproduction has been considered (Gee & Williams, 1965; Potswald, 1968). In the past, these problems have been discussed with the tacit assumption that no spermatheca is present in the Spirorbinae.
Studies on Atlantic halocyprid ostracods: vertical distributions of the species in the top 1000 m in the vicinity of 44°N, 13°W
Authors: Angel M. V.
Published: May 2009

‘During the month of July 1900 the Lord Commissioners of the Admiralty consented, at the request of the Council of the Royal Society, to place H.M.S. “Research” at my disposal for an investigation of the plankton of the Bay of Biscay’ (Fowler, 1904). The area of study was 78 x 20 nautical miles and bounded by the latitudes 46° 43' N and 47° 29' N and longitudes 7° 15' W and 8° 18' W. Fowler (1909) subsequently worked up the halocyprid Ostracoda from tow-net samples taken either with a 20 in (45 cm) diameter net with either 45 or 60 mesh (i.e. pore apertures of about 0.50 or 0.35 mm), or a mesoplankton-net that could be opened and closed. The nets were lowered to depth and left dangling while the ship drifted. This was the first attempt to study the vertical distribution of halocyprid ostracods, and the only study considering this planktonic group in the Bay of Biscay for another 74 years, apart from Colman (1962), who identified the contents of his plankton samples only to Order. Fowler's results were dogged by his taxonomic misconceptions (Skogsberg, 1920). He believed that many of the larger species were later moult stages of smaller ones, e.g. he synonymized C. macrocheira Müller with C. magna Claus. Fortunately he illustrated most of the forms he was dealing with and it has been possible to re-ascribe them with reasonable confidence.
A Diver-Monitored Dredge for Sampling Motile Epibenthos
Authors: Kritzler Henry , Eidemiller Anne
Published: May 2009

A dredge equipped with a gate which may be opened by a diver-monitor when it is passing over bottom selected for study and closed elsewhere is described. A meter wheel which activates an electric switch, connected with a battery and counter in the boat, is in contact with the bottom when the gate is open and raised from the bottom when it is closed. This permits the taking of sampling units of uniform predetermined size. Field trials demonstrated that the dredge efficiently captured all categories of animals large enough to be retained by its meshes.

The difficulty of obtaining unbiased, representative samples of single populations is compounded by the complexities of aggregates of populations, such as biotic communities, and even more by discontinuities in the dispersion of the constituent species and the habitats in which they live. The probability of taking such unbiased, representative samples of marine communities decreases with the depth of water from which they are obtained. Sampling confidence at a level which may be taken for granted in terrestrial habitats is possible only in the littoral and shallow sublittoral. And this is true only if the investigator is able to assure himself that each sampling unit is excised only from the kind of habitat whose biota he wishes to study. He may achieve this specificity in sampling benthos, for example, by using grabs and discarding material brought up from bottom types not under investigation. Another approach is to engage in a comprehensive, preliminary, systematic exploration so that when he samples for parametric estimates he can place his grab exactly where he knows that the desired habitat exists.
The Significance of Squid, Whale and Other Remains From the Stomachs of Bottom-Living Deep-Sea Fish
Authors: Clarke Malcolm R. , Merrett Nigel
Published: May 2009

Twenty-four out of 240 fishes caught by bottom lines at 366–3333 m had something in their stomachs. Stomach contents included parts of cephalopods, fish, cetaceans and bottom-living invertebrates, thin rubber sheet and terrestrial mammal bones. The material provides evidence that four species of cephalopod are at least partially demersal and suggests a means by which the tapeworm Phyllobothrium could pass from its secondary to its primary host.

During the five biological cruises of R.R.S. ‘Discovery’ between 1967 and 1971 a total of 31 bottom lines with 1483 hooks were fished in depths of water between 366 and 3333 m. The stomachs of the 240 fish caught were examined and 216 (90%) proved to be empty. The high incidence of empty stomachs is thought to be due to frequent loss of food during the ascent from great depths and accounts for our poor knowledge of the feeding habits of demersal fish living at depths exceeding 400 m.

The present collection of food from 25 stomachs (24 from ‘Discovery’ collections and one from a fish caught by Mr G. R. Forster from R. V. ‘Sarsia’) of fish belonging to 11 species (Table 1) probably gives little indication of the usual diet of the fish concerned, but its nature prompts some useful speculation and the rarity of such observations justifies placing them on record (Bigelow & Schroeder, 1948; Marshall, 1954).

All the fish were caught on lines which lay on the bottom for several hours and it is our firm belief that they were hooked while on or very near the bottom.
The Changes in Blood Glucose inPleuronectes PlatessaFollowing Capture From The Wild: A Stress Reaction
Authors: Wardle C. S.
Published: May 2009

Changes in blood glucose levels in teleosts have been reviewed by a number of workers. Epple (1969) considered the regulation of glucose by the insulin of the fish pancreatic islet tissue, Nakano & Tomlinson (1967) examined the regulation of glucose by the catecholamines, Black, Robertson & Parker (1961) considered glucose in carbohydrate metabolism of teleost muscle, while knowledge of regulation of blood glucose in Chondrichthyans has recently been extended and reviewed by Patent (1968, 1970). The investigation of blood glucose levels and their control mechanisms dealt with in this paper forms part of a broader study of the changes that occur when fish are caught from the wild and placed in aquaria (Wardle, 1968, 1971, and unpublished). In this study, capture is considered as a stimulus imposed on the wild fish, which initiates a series of physiological changes that can be measured as the fish adapts to the aquarium.
The Life-Cycle of the PolychaeteNereis Virens
Authors: Bass N. R. , Brafield A. E.
Published: May 2009

Adult males ofNereis virens(Sars) spawn while swarming in mid-water and show epitokous changes which include enlarged parapodia, natatory chaetae and histolysis of the body wall. Females spawn while in their burrows and do not show such changes. An artificial rise in temperature can induce premature spawning. Seminal fluid is ejected through pygidial pores, but no such pores occur in the female. Both lunar period and temperature rise seem to be involved in initiating spawning, which generally occurs in early May in the Thames populations. Gravid worms show a peculiar method of swimming in which the anterior region is held rigid. A pair of flagellar vanes and other features characterize the fine structure of the spermatozoon. The mature oocytes bear microvilli, and some express a jelly-like layer after fertilization which traps excess spermatozoa. Many unit-membraned vesicles, of uncertain function, occur in the periphery of the nucleus of the mature oocyte. At fertilization the acrosomal contents are discharged on to the surface of the oocyte. The structure and behaviour of the monotrochophore, trochophore and nectochaete larvae, and the details of the nature and rate of development of such structures as the parapodia, cirri, palps and jaws, differ in some ways from the known larval development of certain other nereids. A very brief planktonic phase occurs in larval life, and young worms migrate from the sublittoral to the littoral regions.
The Permeability to Gases of the Swimbladder of the Conger Eel(Conger Conger)
Authors: Denton E. J. , Liddicoat Jennifer D. , Taylor D. W.
Published: May 2009

The permeability properties of the silvery walls of the swimbladders of eels(Conger congerandAnguilla anguilld)have been studied. The intact swimbladder wall is very much more impermeable to carbon dioxide, oxygen and nitrogen than ordinary connective tissue. Removal of the silvery layer of the wall, which contains crystals of guanine with a little hypoxanthine, increases the permeability about 100 times and leaves a transparent ‘epithelial’ layer only a little less permeable than connective tissue to these gases. The wall of the pneumatic duct of the conger swimbladder, which is not silvered, has permeability properties similar to those of connective tissue. In long-lasting experiments a production of carbon dioxide not coupled to oxygen usage was detected in the epithelial layer. The ratios between the diffusion constants of CO, N and O for both the silvery and epithelial layers show that diffusion probably takes place through water-filled pathways, and calculations show that impermeable overlapping crystals embedded in the silvery layer could account for its very low permeability. Two deep-sea eels were shown to have swimbladders whose walls contained about 10 times more guanine/unit area than the conger eel. The possibility that layers of guanine crystals may divide fish into compartments is discussed.
Preferential Settlement of A Bryozoan and Serpulid Larvae on the Younger Parts ofLaminariaFronds
Authors: Stebbing A. R. D.
Published: May 2009

Some preliminary experiments are described which indicate that the larvae ofScrupocellaria reptans(L.),Spirorbis corallinaede Silva and Knight-Jones formareptansl'Hardy and Quiévreux andSpirorbis (Janua) pagenstecheriQuatrefages prefer to settle on the younger parts of the fronds ofLaminaria digitata(Huds.) Lamour. Two possible explanations for the ecological significance of this behaviour are discussed and some supporting evidence is given.
Rates of nitrogen excretion by species of Mytilus (Bivalvia: Mollusca)
Authors: Bayne B. L. , Scullard C.
Published: May 2009

Although the nitrogenous excretory products of a number of marine bivalve molluscs have been identified (Hammen, Miller & Geer, 1966; Hammen, 1968; Emerson, 1969; Allen & Garrett, 1971; Bayne, 1973 a) and average values for rates of nitrogen excretion recorded for some species (Lum & Hammen, 1964; Hammen et al. 1966; Bayne, 1973a), there is little information available on the ways in which environmental factors may affect either the balance between the various nitrogenous end-products, or their rates of excretion. The most thorough investigations have dealt with the effects of reduced salinity, which causes an increase in the rates of excretion of ammonia by Macoma inconspicua (Emerson, 1969), Mya arenaria (Allen & Garrett, 1971) and Mytilus edulis (Bayne, 1975). Dilution of the medium is also known to accelerate the loss of amino acids from the body, as part of the mechanism of volume regulation (Pierce & Greenberg, 1972, 1973). There is some evidence of altered rates of excretion during starvation (Hammen, 1968; Emerson, 1969; Bayne, 1973 a, b) and differences in excretion rate due to differences in animal size have been documented for Donax vittatus by Ansell & Sivadas (1973) and for Mytilus californianus by Bayne, Bayne, Carefoot & Thompson (1976 a, b).
A sledge with television and photographic cameras for quantitative investigation of the epifauna on the Continental Shelf
Authors: Holme N. A. , Barrett R. L.
Published: May 2009

Wide-ranging surveys of the sea-bed and of its fauna may be made either from sledges or similar vehicles towed along the bottom, or from free-floating manned or unmanned submersibles. In general, towed sledges involve less sophisticated equipment because the needs for units for forward propulsion and for maintenance of a floating body at a specified distance above bottom are absent. However, sledges lack the manoeuvrability of submersibles, and are more likely to be fouled by obstructions on the sea-bed.
Population dispersal in the brittle-starOphiocomina nigra(Abildgaard) (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea)
Authors: Wilson J. B. , Holme N. A. , Barrett R. L.
Published: May 2009

A number of species of ophiuroid are known to occur in dense clusters on the sea-bed. Aggregations ofOphiothrix fragilis(Abildgaard) have been recorded from the English Channel by Allen (1899), Vevers (1951, 1952), Barnes (1955), Ancellin (1957), Cabioch (1961, 1967, 1968), Holme (1966), Warner (1969, 1971), and by Allain (1974). Beds of the same species have been found in the Irish Sea by Jones (1951) and by Brun (1969), on the west coast of Ireland by Könnecker & Keegan (1973) and Keegan (1974), and on the west coast of Scotland, where it is widespread in sea lochs and elsewhere around the coast (McIntyre, 1956, and personal communication, 1975). Records ofOphiothrix fragilisfrom the North Sea have been summarized by Ursin (1960). In the Mediterranean, aggregations ofOphiothrix quinquemaculata(D.Ch.) have been described by Guille (1964, 1965) from off the south coast of France, and by Czihak (1959) from the Adriatic. Hurley (1959) gives underwater photographs ofOphiocomina bollonsiFarquhar from the Cook Strait, New Zealand. Further examples of aggregation in ophiuroids and other echinoderms are cited by Reese (1966), Mileykovskiy (1967) and by Warner (1978).
On the nomenclature of the hydroid, Candelabrum phrygium (Fabricius, 1780) (= Myriothela phrygia, Arum cocksi)
Authors: Cornelius P. F. S.
Published: May 2009

There has been some confusion over the past 150 years or so concerning the correct combination to be applied to the single species of hydroid variously known as Arum cocksi, Myriothela phrygia and M. cocksi. The correct binominal would seem to be Candelabrum phrygium, a combination first used by de Blainville (1830) but hardly used since. An attempt by Stechow (1921, 1922, 1923) to re-introduce this combination has apparently been unsuccessful. The synonymy relevant to the genus name is as follows. To avoid repetition some information more relevant to the nomenclature of the species name is also included here.
On the nutrition and metabolism of zooplankton XI. Lipids in Calanus helgolandicus grazing Biddulphia sinensis
Authors: Sargent J. R. , Gatten R. R. , Corner E. D. S. , Kilvington C. C.
Published: May 2009

Many of the calanoid copepods contain large amounts of neutral lipid that is predominantly wax esters (Lee, Hirota & Barnett, 1971; Lee & Hirota, 1973; Sargent & Garten, 1976). The role of these compounds in the life-history of copepods is particularly well documented for the large Northern Pacific calanoid Euchaeta japonica Marukawa. These animals have their highest levels of total lipid (50% of the dry weight) at stage V, up to 80% being wax esters (Lee, Nevenzel & Lewis, 1974). Wax ester levels are lower in adult females but are high in the eggs, the contents of which are subsequently used during the naupliar stages (Lee et al. 1974). Thus, wax esters accumulated during the later developmental stages provide a fuel for the developing eggs and embryos; from which it follows that the amounts of these lipids present in mature animals are likely to be critical in determining the brood size and survival of the ensuing generation. So far, however, the factors controlling lipid levels in copepods have been poorly understood.
Observations on the Morphology of the Mantle Folds of the Pediveliger ofOstrea EdulisL. and their Function During Settlement
Authors: Cranfield H. J.
Published: May 2009

Stafford (1913) rejected the view of many early workers (see Ryder, 1883, 1884; Huxley, 1883; Horst, 1886) that oyster larvae cemented themselves to the substratum with secretions of the mantle edge. He thought that the mantle margin could not be extended sufficiently to form the extensive area of cement that he found on the left valve of cemented larvae. Furthermore, he argued that the mantle could not secrete so much material in the short period that larvae took to cement. He deduced from the much reduced state of the ‘byssus gland’ in settled larvae that this gland was the source of the cement and suggested that the cement was spread over the shell by the foot. Nelson (1924), Prytherch (1934), Cole & Knight-Jones (1939) and Cranfield (19736, c) have clarified the role of the foot in cementing. Nelson (1924) also noted that cementing oyster larvae extended the mantle margin over the substratum but considered that this action spread the cement discharged by the foot and that the folds themselves did not secrete more material. The other authors, like Stafford, have dismissed or ignored any part the mantle folds might play in cementing.
The Vertical Distribution of the Siphonophores Collected During the SOND Cruise, 1965
Authors: Pugh P. R.
Published: May 2009

In many of the more general studies on marine zooplankton the part played by siphonophores is frequently ignored or only given a cursory mention. However, their ecological importance is far from insignificant. In this context we are indebted to the late Mr A. K. Totton whose publications have done much to draw attention to the siphonophores and the part which they play in the zooplankton community. His synopsis of the siphonophores (Totton, 1965) is a masterly work from which any student of this fascinating group can derive much benefit.
The Biology, Movements and Population Dynamics of Bass,Dicentrarchus Labrax, in English Waters
Authors: Holden M. J. , Williams T.
Published: May 2009

Nine hundred and fifty-four bass were tagged, mainly by anglers, in the river estuaries and off the coasts of Cornwall, Devonshire, Dorset and Hampshire, England, in 1970 and 1971. To date 59 bass have been recaptured, 86 % by anglers, 12 % by commercial fishermen and 2 % by research vessels. Forty-seven bass were recaptured within 16 km of their release point. Of the 12 bass recaptured at a greater distance, four were taken within 90 days and had moved by an average of 1.4 km/day. From the tag returns and the length distributions of the bass tagged by areas it is concluded that bass form permanent populations in estuaries until they are 2–3 years old, when they move offshore, eventually becoming very mobile as evidenced by the long-distance movements observed.
The Growth Kinetics ofIsochrysis Galbanain Cultures Containing Sublethal Concentrations Of Mercuric Chloride
Authors: Davies Anthony G.
Published: May 2009

There is increasing evidence that the specific growth rates of phytoplankton are hyperbolically related to the intracellular concentrations of rate-determining nutrients by expressions of the Michaelis-Menten type used in the study of enzyme reaction kinetics (see, for example, Caperon, 1968; Droop, 1968; Davies, 1970; Paasche, 1973). This has led us to inquire whether there might also be relationships, analogous to those which describe the effect of inhibitors upon the rates of enzyme reactions (Dixon & Webb, 1958) which can be applied to the growth of phytoplankton in the presence of sublethal levels of toxic substances.
An Estimate of Benthic Macrofaunal Production in the Offshore Mud of the Northumberland Coast
Authors: Buchanan J. B. , Warwick R. M.
Published: May 2009

This paper reports the first phase of an extended exercise in benthic ecology, involving both long- and short-term aims. The short-term aim is to examine the benthic fauna of representative substrate types for a period of a year and to compute the net secondary production of the infaunal macrofauna in terms of ash-free dry weight per square metre per annum. The intention is to identify from among the bulk of species those animals which have the highest productive capacity, to rank these in order of productive importance, and finally to give our best estimate of the production of the animal assemblage as a whole.
Shallow-Water Zonation of Sea-Loch Benthos and Its Relation to Hydrographic and Other Physical Features
Authors: Gage J.
Published: May 2009

Surveys of marine benthic distributions are usually performed by sampling from a vessel capable of handling the heavy sampling devices necessary. Because of the inability of such vessels to work in very shallow water or close to the shore the area just beyond the intertidal zone is inaccessible to investigation except by a special vessel (e.g. Mclntyre & Eleftheriou, 1968) or by using diving techniques (e.g. Hughes & Thomas, 1971). This has created a gap in our knowledge of this area, which may be of some importance in reflecting adaptation to effects of land on sea which are not complicated by the effects of tidal exposure.
Competition For Space Between the Epiphytes ofFucus SerratusL.
Authors: Stebbing A. R. D.
Published: May 2009

Competition for space between sessile animals on the seashore and sublittorally is an important factor in their ecology. This is partly because of their density, but also because competition for space between sessile animals is of a more severe kind than occurs between free-living ones, for they cannot move away from their competitors.
Biochemical Effects of Temperature and Nutritive Stress on Mytilus Edulis L.
Authors: Gabbott P. A. , Bayne B. L.
Published: May 2009

In a previous paper Bayne & Thompson (1970) showed that temperature and nutritive stress resulted in a decline in body condition of mussels, Mytilus edulis, when kept in the laboratory. Both carbohydrate and protein were lost from the body tissues but the losses (as a percentage of the initial values) were greater from the germinal (mantle) than from the somatic (non-mantle) tissues. In spite of the loss of body reserves, M. edulis was able to continue maturation of the gonad during the autumn to spring period. In the early summer, however, when the gametes were fully ripe, stress resulted in a recession of the gonad and a rapid loss of protein from the mantle tissues. A similar decline in condition index and loss of glycogen and protein has been reported for adult oysters, Ostrea edulis, when maintained under hatchery conditions (Gabbott & Walker, 1971).
The Determination of Glycollic Acid in Sea Water
Authors: Shah N. M. , Fogg G. E.
Published: May 2009

Glycollic acid is probably a major component of the extracellular organic fraction liberated during phytoplankton photosynthesis and presumably plays an important part in energy transfers in aquatic environments (Fogg, 1966). It has been difficult to investigate these possibilities, however, because of the lack of a reliable and convenient method for the determination of glycollate in natural waters. With fresh water, ionexchange resins have been used for separating and concentrating glycollate which may then be estimated colorimetrically using Calkins's method (Fogg, Eagle & Kinson, 1969). This method is time consuming and is much more difficult and laborious with sea water because of the presence of high concentrations of inorganic ions. Koyama & Thompson (1964) determined various organic acids after extraction from sea water with organic solvents but this method is also laborious and for glycollic acid yields ambiguous results. Andrews & Williams (1971) measured free amino acids and also glucose occurring in sea water in μtgl−1 concentrations by retaining them on a copper chelating resin and a charcoal column respectively and eluting them with ammonium hydroxide or 10% ethanol as appropriate.
Some Aspects of the Biology of the Sandeel,Ammodytes TobianusL., in Langstone Harbour, Hampshire
Authors: Reay P. J.
Published: May 2009

This paper is concerned with the biology of the sandeel,Ammodytes tobianusL., in Langstone Harbour, Hampshire; this was the main area studied in a survey of sandeel populations which are exploited for bait along the south coast of England. Aspects considered are the relative occurrence of the spawning groups; spawning seasons; population structure in terms of length, sex, age and maturity; mortality; annual growth; seasonal growth; and condition. The seasonal pattern of otolith growth and its application to the back-calculation technique, has been described elsewhere (Reay, 1972).

A. tobianusforms over 95% of the total sandeel catch in Langstone Harbour.Hyperoplus lanceolatus(Le Sauvage) is the only other species to occur regularly, but individuals of the three other British species,A. marinusRaitt,H. immaculatus(Corbin), andGymnammodytes semisquamatus(Jourdain), have also been recorded. This pattern of species composition is also found in the other inshore areas studied along the south coast.
A Specialized Predator-Prey Relationship Between the Copepod Sapphirina Angusta and the Pelagic Tunicate Thalia Democratica
Authors: Heron A. C.
Published: May 2009

It is usually very difficult to obtain knowledge of predator-prey relationships in the marine plankton. However, because of the very specialized nature of this relationship, where the copepod spends part of its life as a parasite and part of its life as a predator, detailed understanding of the relationship has been obtained from both laboratory and field observations.

The usual concept of predation involves a predator which is the same size or larger than its prey. This prompted Foxton (1966), in discussion of the large salp Salpa thompsoni, to consider only the gut contents offish, sea birds, seals, etc., when analysing data on predation. He noted that considerable mortality occurred between the embryos and the adult stages which did not appear to be explained by the data on predators which he considered. He concluded that ‘further study is necessary before (the salp's) true role can be defined’.

Copepods and amphipods are often associated with salps in distribution (Hardy, 1936), usually being regarded as parasites (Furuhashi, 1966; Wolfenden, 1911). Amphipods which lay their eggs directly into the living tissue of salps have been described (Haruhiko, 1967), while the use of the salp test as a protective house by the amphipod Phronema is well known (Hardy, 1956).

Dense swarms of Thalia democratica occurring in S.E. Australian waters are often associated with high densities of Sapphirina copepods (Dakin & Colefax, 1940; Thompson, 1948; Sheard, 1965). Observations of these swarms underwater, by the author, show the presence of many Sapphirina copepods inside salps in the undisturbed state, as in Plate I (A).
Line Fishing on the Continental Slope the Selective Effect of Different Hook Patterns
Authors: Forster G. R.
Published: May 2009

In 1971 and 1972 during the course of short cruises to the South Biscay area on R.V. ‘Sarsia’ several hauls were made with a 100 hook long-line on the Continental Slope at depths ranging from 800 to 3600 m. The hooks used were of two different patterns (Fig. 1) arranged alternately. The hooks were mounted on wire snoods of about 1 m length which were attached to the line at 10 m intervals by stainless-steel snap-on connectors. The object of this arrangement was to find out if the incurving hook pattern based on a traditional South Pacific type of wooden hook showed any advantage over a normal type of hook.