bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Nature and Scope of the Survey Data
Authors: Chai Joseph C H , Fan Gang , Kueh Y Y
Published: October 2023

The possibility of co-operative research on this project was first discussed in 1987 between Professor Y. Y. Kueh and Professor Dong Fureng (then Director of the Institute of Economics (IOE) at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS)). Both agreed that a joint research team should be established in 1988. The Chinese team included five Research Fellows, all affiliated to the IOE’s Macroeconomics Research Office; the Hong Kong team initially comprised four economists from the University of Hong Kong and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, possessing specialized expertise on China. The first step, undertaken by Joseph C. H. Chai, was the formulation of a full set of survey questionnaires. Meanwhile, in Beijing, once the research proposal had received the approval of CASS as part of a key project on Chinese economic reform under the Seventh Five-Year-Plan (1986-1990), work also got under way.
Marketization, Regional Economic Integration, and the Profit Criterion
Authors: Mo Pak-Hung , Tong Shiu-Pui
Published: October 2023

Two aspects of China’s industrial reforms have been of particular importance to the government’s goal of promoting economic efficiency. One is the process of partial marketization, pursued in the framework of the ‘two-track’ system of planning and investment. As long as mandatory output targets are fulfilled, the reforms have enabled state industrial enterprises to use excess capacity in order to produce for the market. The implication is that other enterprises can also turn to the market in order to secure at least part of their input requirements. Further, the marketed output has embraced not only consumer goods (as was widely the case even before the reforms), but also and most importantly-producer goods. In short, the reforms promised to confer greater investment and financial autonomy upon enterprises.
Wage Reforms and the Effectiveness of Aggregate Wage Target Control
Authors: Yang Zhongwei , Han Zhineng
Published: October 2023

The main purpose of this chapter is twofold. The first objective is to take a close look at the new wage system as experimented with by our 300 sampled state-owned (industrial) enterprises (SOEs) since the comprehensive 1984/5 wage reform. With our systematic survey we attempt to examine specifically whether the various new workers’ remuneration schemes had also helped to enhance SOEs’ profitability and labour productivity, in response to the observed ‘wage drift’ as discussed briefly in the previous chapter.
Prospects for a Transition to a Market Economy without Runaway Inflation
Authors: Kueh Y Y
Published: October 2023

The major thrust of this study has been the impact of China’s industrial reforms and deregulation on productivity and inflation. This conclusion draws on the findings of the earlier chapters in order to consider future trends in inflation. It is divided into five sections. The first demonstrates the chronological sequence between the process of industrial deregulation and inflationary pressures since the early 1980s. Section 14.2 uses an integrated macroeconomic framework to show how the various inflationary episodes were related to disturbances in aggregate output and the money supply.
Trade Liberalization, Employment and Wages: A Critical Approach
Authors: FitzGerald Edmund V K , Perosino Giorgio
Published: October 2023

A keystone of modern development strategy in general, and of structural adjustment policy in particular, is trade liberalization. Derived from familiar trade theory, liberalization is intended to achieve productive efficiency and international competitiveness, enabling a more rapid rate of growth than under the previous strategy of protected industrialization. The evident welfare gains to the global economy of free trade are accompanied by increased aggregate income for those developing countries that become integrated to the world market.
New Migrations, New Theories
Authors: Massey Douglas S , Arango Joaquín , Hugo Graeme , Kouaouci Ali , Pellegrino Adela , Taylor J Edward
Published: October 2023

Like many birds, but unlike most other animals, humans are a migratory species. Indeed, migration is as old as humanity itself. Of this fact there is no better proof than the spread of human beings to all corners of the earth from their initial ecological niche in sub-Saharan Africa (Davis 1974: 53). A careful examination of virtually any historical era reveals a consistent propensity towards geographic mobility among men and women, who are driven to wander by diverse motives, but nearly always with some idea of material improvement.
Labour Migration in the Gulf System
Authors: Massey Douglas S , Arango Joaquín , Hugo Graeme , Kouaouci Ali , Pellegrino Adela , Taylor J Edward
Published: October 2023

During the post-war era, nations in both Europe and North America implemented recruitment programmes designed to facilitate the entry of foreigners as workers but to minimize their participation in society as human beings. The Bracero Program in the USA (Calavita 1992) and various guestworker programmes implemented in Germany and elsewhere (Castles and Kosack 1973; Martin 1991a) sought to extract labour from people without engaging them fully as social or political actors. In both nations, regulations sought to limit the length of stay, promote segregation in housing, tie the right of residence to employment, restrict the right of entry by family dependants, limit access to permanent resident visas, and, at least in Germany, discourage naturalization.
International Migration and National Development
Authors: Massey Douglas S , Arango Joaquín , Hugo Graeme , Kouaouci Ali , Pellegrino Adela , Taylor J Edward
Published: October 2023

As household, regional, and national economies in developing countries become increasingly linked to labour markets in the developed world, policy makers and researchers have sought to understand the economic effects of international migration on sending regions. The most obvious and visible contribution of migrants to economies of origin is the money they send or bring home to family and friends. Official estimates suggest the potential economic effect of these remittances is large. According to the International Monetary Fund, foreign workers annually remit around $US75 billion back to their countries of origin, a figure that is 50 per cent higher than the total of official development assistance (Russell and Teitelbaum 1992); but even this figure understates the true amount of what Durand (1988) calls ‘migradollars’, since it does not include clandestine or in-kind transfers, which field studies have shown to be substantial (see Lozano Ascencio 1993; Massey and Parrado 1994). Although remittances are the most obvious consequence of international migration, they represent only one of its potential economic effects. In addition to influencing national income directly through remittances, international migration may also affect income indirectly through the investments that migrants make in productive activities at home.
Men, Parenthood, and Divorce in the Era of the Second Demographic Transition
Authors: Goldscheider Frances K , Webster Pamela , Kaufman Gayle
Published: October 2023

There have been dramatic changes in family patterns throughout the industrialized world during the last third of the twentieth century. Whereas the previous century or so was characterized as a period of declining fertility within marriage, with little change in marital behaviour beyond a very slow, longterm increase in divorce, the recent half century has seen changes in the very fabric of the family. Male-female relationships have become much less committed, both because of the much more rapid rise in divorce (which has doubled, or even tripled, in a very short period in most industrialized countries) and because of the growth in cohabitation, which in most countries involves less commitment than marriage. The changes have been so large, and the patterns so consistent, that they have been characterized as ‘the second demographic transition’ (van de Kaa 1987).
Male Fertility as a Lifetime of Relationships: Contextualizing Men’s Biological Reproduction in Botswana
Authors: Townsend Nicholas W
Published: October 2023

Male fertility is of secondary interest to most demographers, most work on fertility having focused on women. Nevertheless, to treat male fertility as an isolated topic would be misleading, for having a baby overwhelmingly takes place within a couple, at least in Spain and, to a great extent, throughout Europe. Having a child marks what people regard as the critical social threshold between the constitution of a couple and the formation of a family.
Dealing with Negative Oil Shocks: The Venezuelan Experience in the 1980s
Authors: Hausmann Ricardo
Published: October 2023

The 1980s were, by all accounts, a terrible decade for Venezuelan development. GDP per capita, which increased by 234% from 1950 to 1980, or 4.0% per year, had a cumulative fall of 18.1% between 1980 and 1989. The currency, which had only been (moderately) devalued once in over a century, depreciated tenfold between 1983 and 1989. The yearly inflation rate, which had averaged 3.4% for the period 1950-80, reached 84% in 1989. The foreign debt, which was negligible in 1974, totalled 54% of GDP or more than three years of exports by 1989. Was this havoc due to particularly incompetent or irresponsible management of economic policy-i.e. stepping out of line-or to the difficulties found in keeping pace with a very unstable and unpredictable source of revenue-i.e. dancing out of step? After all, the world petroleum market, to which the country traditionally directed over 90% of its exports, passed through very unsettled waters.
An Evaluation of the 1979-85 Petroleum Boom in Malaysia
Authors: Greenaway David , Pillay Subramaniam S
Published: October 2023

The country has in general enjoyed steady economic growth with low inflation since it gained its independence from the United Kingdom in 1957. Table 23.1 shows the basic macroeconomic indicators for the period 1970-90. At the time of independence, its export-oriented economy depended very much on the production and export of two primary commodities, tin and rubber. By 1980 it had successfully diversified its exports, so that although its economy was still dependent on primary commodities, the dependence was more evenly spread among petroleum, palm oil, timber, rubber and tin. In addition, the manufacturing sector has been playing an increasingly important role in terms of its share in both GDP and in total exports.
Introduction: Women, Poverty, and Demographic Change in Developing Countries
Authors: Garcia Brigida
Published: October 2023

Global poverty is increasingly attracting the attention of the international community. Poverty has various important manifestations, including lack of income and productive resources sufficient to secure a sustainable livelihood; hunger, malnutrition, and ill-health; and lack of access to education, housing, and other basic services. Although there are many dimensions to poverty, global estimates of the world’s poor are usually based on income levels.
Economic Theory, Natural Resources, and Economic Growth
Authors: Auty Richard M , Mikesell Raymond E
Published: October 2023

This chapter reviews the role of natural resources in theories of economic development and considers the degree to which scarcity of natural resources constitutes a limitation on growth. This is followed by a discussion of theories that regard primary commodity export-led growth as incompatible with broadly based and sustained development. The chapter then examines some of the conditions created by primary commodity exports that may impede sustainability, with special reference to the ‘Dutch disease’. (Chapter 3 discusses the policies that mineral-exporting countries should adopt in order to avoid the symptoms of the Dutch disease and other factors that impair sustainability.) Finally, Chapter 2 examines the finding that resource-abundant countries have lower economic growth than resource-scarce developing countries, a phenomenon which has been called the ‘resource curse’.
Internalizing Environmental Degradation Costs
Authors: Auty Richard M , Mikesell Raymond E
Published: October 2023

This chapter reviews the environmental impacts of the larger private and state mines and monitors their progress in internalizing the costs of environmental damage. After an initial discussion of the principal factors at work in encouraging pollution abatement, the chapter discusses the three major pollution problems in tum: land re habilitation, water pollution abatement, and the control of air-borne emissions.
Achieving Social Sustainability
Authors: Auty Richard M , Mikesell Raymond E
Published: October 2023

Social sustainability is a relatively new concept which has arisen out of criticism of policy implementation aimed at both the macroeconomic and the micro-( project) levels. The macro-criticism arose in large measure out of the disappointing results of the structural adjustment programmes that were executed with increasing frequency following the first oil shock (Reed 1996). The microeconomic criticism stems from allegations that grass-roots opinion has been neglected in project design and execution, at the cost of both (O’Brien 1997). The effectiveness of macroeconomic, micro and environmental policies for sustainable mineral-driven development will be seriously impaired if the socio-political constraints upon their implementation are neglected.
Policies for the Sustainable Development of Mineral Economies
Authors: Auty Richard M , Mikesell Raymond E
Published: October 2023

This chapter summarizes the principal findings and draws on the evidence presented throughout this study to derive lessons for other mineral economies at each stage of the mineral-led cycle. Such lessons are intended to help improve the generally disappointing economic performance of the mineral economies compared with other developing countries with different natural resource endowments. Their implications for the Central Asian mineral economies in transition such as Kazakstan, Turkmenistan, and Mongolia are still in the process of being assessed (Auty 1997c, 1997d).
Economic Governance
Authors: Gamble Andrew
Published: October 2023

The idea of governance applied to the economy raises a number of fundamental issues both about the nature of the economy and of governance. Must an economy be governed, either through the state or through other institutions external to it? Or should we conceive of economies as self governing? Is an economy best understood as a spontaneous order, a catallaxy made up of a myriad of separate individual exchanges, which does not need planning or administering from the outside, or is an economy always embedded in non-economic institutions, and to that extent governed by them?
The Health Sector: Illness, Medical Care and Mortality
Authors: Christopher Davis
Published: October 2023

Health in Russia is a topic that has attracted attention primarily because of the unanticipated large increases in illness and death rates during transition. The crude death rate rose from 11.2 deaths per 1,000 population in 1990 to a peak of 15.7 in 1994, dropped back to 13.6 in 1998, and increased again to 15.3 in 2000. The phenomena of rising mortality and falling life expectancy have stimulated numerous studies and debates over their causes.
Introduction
Authors: Koopmans Ruud , Statham Paul
Published: October 2023

Over the last decade migration and ethnic relations have emerged as contentious political issues across Europe. Manifest in public divisions between political elites over asylum, urban riots by youths of migrant descent against perceived police discrimination, and the emergence of extreme-right political parties, to name but a few examples, conflicts over such issues have left their imprint on the politics of all European nations, as well as becoming subject to the emergent transnational levels of authority such as the European Union. Previously a rather benign and marginal policy field, migration and ethnic relations politics are now seen as central problems to the working of liberal democracies by policy-makers and academics alike.
Demographic Change, Generational Accounts, and National Saving in the United States
Authors: Gokhale Jagadeesh
Published: October 2023

In recent years the role of fiscal policy in redistributing resources across generations has been subjected to intense scrutiny. That is not surprising because fiscal policy has played an increasingly important role in transferring resources between generations, especially in developed economies.1 Until recently, however, no technique was available for measuring the extent of intergenerational wealth redistribution via the public channel. This gap has now been filled by ‘generational accounting’, a method for keeping track of prospective and lifetime resource flows towards or away from specific generations as a result of a government’s tax and spending policies (Auerbach, Gokhale, and Kotlikoff 1991, 1994; Kotlikoff 1992).

A generational account is the present value of taxes (net of transfers) per capita that members of a given generation may expect to pay to the government during their remaining lifetime if current fiscal policy is maintained. Generational accounting studies of the United States reveal a sizeable imbalance in US fiscal policy: the continuation of current policy for those now alive will entail the imposition of enormously larger fiscal burdens on generations to come. Similar conclusions emerge from generational accounting analyses for Italy, Germany, Norway, and Canada. (See Gokhale, Raffelhuschen, and Walliser 1995 for the case of Germany; Auerbach et al. 1992 for Norway; Oreopoulos 1995 for Canada; and Franco, et al. 1994 for Italy.)
Pensions and Generational Histories in a Simple Demo-economic Model: The Case of France
Authors: Blanchet Didier
Published: October 2023

This chapter has two goals. The first is to present a simple model describing the future of the French pension system. The model includes simple macroeconomic features that allow us to quantify several variables that are central in the current pension debate in France-namely the consequences of various ways of computing pensions in existing schemes and the effects of developing complementary funded schemes on top of existing schemes, which are almost entirely pay-as-you-go. (Our model also takes into consideration the effects of raising the retirement age, but space limitations preclude our discussing that feature here.) The second goal is to present the results of the model in a generational perspective-that is, to trace the implications of the hypothesized future developments of the pension system for the life courses of both existing and future generations. These two goals are not new, and therefore we start by identifying the specific attributes of the approach we have chosen.
Aspiration, Realism, and Practical Policy
Authors: Quinlan Michael
Published: October 2023

The world’s schooldays in nuclear-weapon learning were spent in the cold war environment, with the adversarial immediacy and bilateral simplicity which in a way, salutary-it imposed. The passing of that environment naturally prompted new questioning and challenge to the tenets first evolved within it. The last decade has seen a rich stream of mingled hope, scepticism, conser vatism, perplexity, and idealism, with widely different visions of the future of nuclear weapons confidently propounded or fervently urged. Much of this stream has, however, not tried hard enough-or not succeeded well enough in first distinguishing, within the cold war acquis, between what is permanent and general reality and what is peculiar to that specific setting.
Reflections on War in the Twenty-First Century: The Context for Nuclear Abolition
Authors: McNamara Robert S
Published: October 2023

Peace ... will require greater understanding and respect for differences within and across national boundaries. We humans do not have the luxury any longer of indulging our prejudices and ethnocentrism. They are anachronisms of our ancient past. The worldwide historical record is full of hateful and destructive behavior based on religious, racial, political, ideological, and other distinctions-holy wars of one sort or another. Will such behavior in the next century be expressed with weapons of mass destruction? If we cannot learn to accommodate each other respectfully in the twenty first century, we could destroy each other at such a rate that humanity will have little to cherish.
Gender and Rural Livelihoods
Authors: Ellis Frank
Published: October 2023

It is often said that a book like this should not have a separate chapter on gender because gender ought to be fully integrated into all the relationships under discussion. Well, this may be ideally so, but pausing every two or three paragraphs to say’and the gender implications of this are as follows’ does run the risk of representing gender as merely an accessory to other concerns.
Macro Policies and Reform Agendas
Authors: Ellis Frank
Published: October 2023

In this chapter we move from micro level aspects of rural livelihoods to the aggregate, national-level, economic and policy context that contributes to shaping over time livelihood options and decisions. As we shall see, this is not just a one way process; just as macro level trends and events alter the viability of distinct patterns of livelihood, so also livelihood strategies and patterns influence the effectiveness of macro policies in achieving their stated goals. In particular, livelihood strategies that involve diverse activities across sectors make it more difficult to predict the income distribution effects of policies that alter relative returns to different activities, than if individuals or households were engaged in single occupations (Jamal, 1995).
A Case-Study in Rural Tanzania
Authors: Ellis Frank
Published: October 2023

The purpose of this chapter is to review, critically, the procedure and outcomes of a combined participatory and small-scale survey approach to investigating rural livelihoods, conducted in three villages in northern Tanzania in 1997. The site of the fieldwork was three villages in the highland zone of Hai District, in Kilimanjaro Region (see Map 10.1), a location typically thought of as a small farm coffee production area, where coffee might be expected to dominate household income portfolios.
Migration and Foreign Investment
Authors: Rivera-Batiz Luis A , Oliva Maria-A
Published: October 2023

The large and growing share of the foreign-born population in industrialized countries has triggered a heated debate on the determinants and impact of immigration. In many OECD countries, foreign-born workers exceed 5 percent of the labor force and this level has been increasing (OECD, 1999). A large earnings gap between developed and developing countries, demographic factors such as low fertility and shrinking developed country population, low transportation costs and porous borders suggest that immigration pressures are likely to remain high. An enlarging European Union faces immigration from Central and Eastern European countries joining the European Union in stages. Despite the large earnings gap between developed and developing countries at all skill levels, migration has not been massive due to immigration quotas, the cost of migration and preferences for living in the source country.
Strategies and the Mode of Competition
Authors: Rivera-Batiz Luis A , Oliva Maria-A
Published: October 2023

One of the most cited results of strategic trade theory is that equilibrium trade policies vary with the mode of competition, that is, whether firms compete in quantities or compete in prices. Brander and Spencer ‘s (1985) demonstration that the optimal unilateral intervention policy involves export subsidization assumes Cournot competition. Competition à la Cournot means that firms compete in quantities, setting output levels as a function of the rival ‘s output. The Cournot model of quantity competition has been criticized on the grounds that firms compete by setting prices, not quantities.
Trade Liberalization and Protection
Authors: Rivera-Batiz Luis A , Oliva Maria-A
Published: October 2023

Tariff barriers have declined dramatically since the Second World War. Developed countries ‘ average tariff rates are now at single digit levels. The dismantling of tar- iff barriers under the sponsorship of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) has not meant the end of protection. Instead, it has led to other forms of protection. Nowadays, protection takes two broad forms. First, high tariff rates continue to prevail in many developing countries. Second, nontariff barriers to trade have become a major protective device in both industrial and developing countries.
International Economic Politics
Authors: Rivera-Batiz Luis A , Oliva Maria-A
Published: October 2023

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ‘s (GATT) Article XXIV permits the formation of preferential agreements among World Trade Organization (WTO) members as long as free trade prevails within the blocks and barriers to trade with other members do not increase. Notwithstanding their legal compatibility, WTO agreements and preferential arrangements can be at odds with each other. WTO ‘multilateralism ‘ seeks non preferential treatment for all members, which is violated by all preferential trading arrangements, and all-inclusive trade negotiations. The so-called ‘bilateralism ‘ embodied in preferential arrangements represents a trend toward block formation and negotiations conducted parallel to the multilateral framework.
Bank-Owned Security Subsidiaries in Japan: Evidence after the 1993 Financial System Reform
Authors: Hamao Yasushi , Hoshl Takeo
Published: October 2023

One of the features of the Japanese postwar financial system is a clear division between banking and the securities business. Section 65 of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1948 explicitly prohibited banks from conducting securities business. As financial markets underwent rapid product innovations from the late 1970s, this division, along with other partitions within the banking industry (city banks, long-term credit banks, and trust banks), became a subject of discussions on deregulation. The resulting change was the Financial System Reform Act, which became effective on 1 April 1993. The law is intended ‘to promote the healthy development of financial markets through effective and proper competition and to give incentives to financial institutions to better serve their clients through the introduction of a variety of new products’ (Ministry of Finance 1994). One of the major changes under the new law is the lowering of the traditional barrier between banks and securities firms, allowing banks (securities firms) to set up their securities firm (trust bank) subsidiaries. The implementation of the law, however, was deliberately slow, and new subsidiaries were approved only gradually. Among bank subsidiary securities firms, the first three banks receiving licences were the Industrial Bank of Japan, the Long-term Credit Bank of Japan, and Norinchukin Bank. These banks established their subsidiaries on 26 July 1993. City and trust banks followed (see Table 6.1). The business activities of these bank subsidiary securities firms are still restricted in equity and equity derivative transactions.1
Empowerment of Women in Egypt and Links to the Survival and Health of Their Infants
Authors: Ktshor Sunita
Published: October 2023

The survival and health of infants is a good place to begin an examination of the influence of women’s empowerment on demographic processes. In most societies, the care of infants remains an almost exclusive domain of women. All else being the same, women’s ability to access needed information and their power to take required action can be expected to directly impact the health and survival of their infants. The ability to access information, take decisions, and act in their own interest, or the interest of those who depend on them, are essential aspects of the empowerment of women.
Women’s Autonomy in Rural India: Its Dimensions, Determinants, and the Influence of Context
Authors: Jejeebhoy Shireen J
Published: October 2023

Important in the concept of autonomy is whether women are in control of their own lives—the extent to which they have an equal voice in matters affecting themselves and their families, control over material and other resources, access to knowledge and information, the authority to make independent decisions, freedom from constraints on physical mobility, and the ability to forge equitable power relationships within families. Unfortunately, these alternative dimensions of female autonomy have rarely been measured in empirical analyses. Analyses have tended to rely on such routinely used measures as education or economic activity profiles or marriage age—measures that are increasingly recognized to be inadequate proxies for these multifaceted dimensions of women’s autonomy (see for example, Mason et al., 1995). Not only have few studies measured these dimensions of autonomy empirically, few have measured them in different cultural contexts. Exceptions include Basu’s (1992) study comparing North and South Indian women residing in the same Delhi slum, and Morgan and Niraula’s (1995) study in Nepal; both studies observe notable contextual effects on a variety of dimensions of their autonomy.
Coalition Governance in Western Europe An Introduction
Authors: Müller Wolfgang C , Strøm Kaare
Published: October 2023

Although democracy can take a variety of institutional forms, the most common democratic regime type, parliamentarism, formally privileges the majority of the people’s elected representatives. Parliamentary government implies that government policy making is controlled by a legislative majority. When and where this form of government first emerged, in nineteenth-century Britain, its growth coincided with the development of the classic British two party system.
Norway A Fragile Coalitional Order
Authors: Narud Hanne Marthe , Strøm Kaare
Published: October 2023

In Norway, coalition government has rarely been more than a transitory phenomenon. Since the post-war resumption of partisan politics in 1945, there have been only eight cabinets representing more than one political party, and half of these have lasted no more than about a year.Moreover, all but the most recent of Norwegian coalitions have occurred in two clearly delimited eras: one lasting from the early 1960s to the early 1970s, and a second covering the period from 1983 to 1990.
The Taxation of Interest in Europe: A Minimum
Withholding Tax?
Authors: Huizinga Harry , Nielsen Soren Bo
Published: October 2023

The increasing international mobility of production factors, especially capital, poses well-known problems for tax authorities in open economies. Of great importance to European Union (EU) countries is the challenge to national tax authorities posed by the liberalization of capital flows between EU countries, as evidenced by the European Council Directive of June 1988. According to the directive, member countries were to completely liberalize international movements of capital before 1 July 1990. To establish a genuine market for financial services, it was deemed important to lessen the obstacles arising from differences in taxation across member countries and across financial instruments, and from tax evasion. In this light, the European Commission proposed a directive in May 1989 concerning a common system of source tax on interest income in the European Community (EC). The Commission specifically proposed the introduction of a minimum Community-wide withholding tax on interest payments made to all Community residents to counter the risks of distortion, evasion, and avoidance in the present system. The minimum tax rate should be 15 per cent, corresponding to about the average of existing withholding taxes on interest in EC countries. The minimum withholding tax proposal, however, failed to secure the necessary unanimous support from EC member countries, and so was rejected in late 1989.
Portfolio Allocation
Authors: Verzichelli Luca
Published: October 2023

One of the first things parties entering a government coalition do is to decide how they will share the ministerial offices among themselves. Without reaching agreement on this issue, no coalition can take office. Although cabinet portfolios are only the tip of the iceberg of allocation decisions that coalition parties have to make, they are probably the most important ones. And it is easy to understand why portfolio allocation is important. Cabinet ministers are among the most important policymakers in parliamentary democracies, and ministerial offices are one of the most important pay-offs available to political parties. Political parties care about the ministries at their disposal and so do individual politicians. Although the number of such posts may vary between countries and over time, ministerial offices are position goods and rank among the most exclusive ones. The more cabinet seats a party has at its disposal, the more policy influence it can have, and the more party leaders can see their career ambitions fulfilled. It is hard to imagine a politician who does not value cabinet office. Ministerial office is typically the apex of a political career, and it is an appointment that often affords the holder considerable policy influence. Moreover, ministerial portfolios are the key to many lower-level appointments in the public sector.
Business cycles: general discussion
Authors: Hartley James E
Published: October 2023

I believe it is a technical misreading of the paper to say that shirking is not a choice problem. The whole incentive compatibility constraint the firm faces when designing its contracts is the awareness that any worker that they hire, at each point in time, chooses whether to supply effort or not. So it is not the case that there is this exogenous probability of shirking or not. The only thing that is exogenous is whether you are caught, which is a simplification.
Explanatory strategies for monetary policy analysis
Authors: Morgan Marys.
Published: October 2023

‘Theories’ and ‘evidence’ combine in several different explanatory strategies in these two papers. Ben McCallum’s paper uses the categories to explain the history of the changing ideas about monetary policy analysis over the last three decades. In so doing, he reveals something of the way theory and evidence are used in models for making monetary policy. David Hendry uses the categories in providing an econometric analysis of inflation to cover the long-run history. But this description gives no sense of just how differently these two papers use the resources of theory, evidence, and history.
Econometric techniques: general discussion
Authors: Favero Carlo A
Published: October 2023

When I first started writing down my comments on the two papers I wrote that we can see how big a barrier the Atlantic Ocean still is, but then Favero’s comments made me scratch that out!

The first point I would like to make concerns Juselius’s paper where she writes that there does not seem to exist a research programme in macroeconomics that mimics the present state of the art in macroeconometrics in the sense of developing theoretical models of the macroeconomy that replicate the basic features of macroeconomic data, such as stochastic variables and relations, strongly time-dependent data, cointegration and integration properties, short-run adjustment towards long-run dynamics or static steady-states and short-run and long-run feedback effects.
The International Law Commission 1949-1998
Authors: Watts Sir Arthur
Published: October 2023

The International Law Commission is the UN body principally responsible for the codification and development of international law. It first met in 1949 and held its fiftieth session in 1998.
From Bette Davis to Mrs Whitehouse: Law and Literature—Theory and Practice
Authors: Thomson Michael
Published: October 2023

‘Have you noticed how intellectually diverse Law and Literature has become in recent years?’ So begins a recent review by Gary Minda of law and literature scholarship as we approach the new millennium. While Minda enthusiastically, though not unreservedly, celebrates diversity, he fails to engage with the problematic relationship between feminist work and this new discipline. This relationship has been problematic in a number of ways. At an immediate level there has been minimal feminist engagement with this field of scholarship. Indeed, the interaction between feminism and law and literature has been, at best, hesitant, tentative. Far from seeing a marriage of the excluded or marginalized as we might have expected, we have seen a lukewarm encounter, barely an embrace. Why? For some law and literature has been seen as overly textual. Others have contended that the discipline is dominated by male voices.
The Prevention And Resolution Of International Financial Crises: A Perspective From The International Monetary Fund
Authors: Gianviti FranÇois
Published: October 2023

In July 1989, during the celebration of the bicentennial of the French Revolution, 4.01 I was giving a course of lectures at the Academy of International Law in The Hague on ‘The International Monetary Fund and External Debt’. The purpose of these lectures was to explain what constitutes a country’s external debt, the various remedies that are applied or could be envisaged when a country is unable to service its external debt and the role played by the Fund in that context.
Monetary Sovereignty Today
Authors: Treves’ Tullio
Published: October 2023

In a famous dictum in the Serbian and Brazilian Loans cases, the Permanent Court 5.01of International Justice stated: ‘it is indeed a generally accepted principle that a state is entitled to regulate its currency’. This statement is quoted in most studies on the public international law of money and is generally seen as expressing the notion of ‘monetary sovereignty’. The Permanent Court’s formulation corresponds to an approach to state sovereignty as a ‘right’ of states. According to this approach it sees it as something to which a state is ‘entitled’3 on the basis of a ‘principle’. This approach to sovereignty in general is still widespread and was even more widespread in 1929, when the Permanent Court decided on the Serbian and Brazilian Loans cases.
European Monetary Law: The Transition To The Euro And The Scope Of Lex Monetae
Authors: Wahlig Bertold
Published: October 2023

n the first detailed outline of the planned schedule for the change of currency-the Green Paper on the practical arrangements for the introduction of the single currency-the European Commission already expressed the 'expectation' in dis-cussing the legal framework that in third countries too the transition from the na-tional currencies of the participating Member States to the new single currency would be recognized from the point of view of lex monetae, which it evidently be-lieved was not a foregone conclusion. Not infrequently the discussion culminated in the question whether the courts in New York, in particular, would accept Community law in the monetary field as lex monetae or as an application of the 'state theory of money' or an 'act of state doctrine'.
First Experiences With The Euro In Germany
Authors: Kempen Bernhard
Published: October 2023

According to recital 5 of the Preamble to the first regulation on the Euro of June 9.01 1997, ‘the introduction of the Euro concerns day-to-day operations of the whole population in participating Member States’. As yet, however, the effects have hardly been felt. Admittedly, some till receipts show reference values in Euros, but day-to-day cash transactions are still executed in Deutsche Marks. In addition, most accounts are still held in Marks, the public utilities invoice in Marks, salaries are paid in Marks, people’s pockets still jingle with ten-pfennig pieces, and when we travel to other European countries, we fill our wallets with francs, lire, or pesetas. Only the financial markets have already switched over lock, stock, and barrel to the Euro. Euro area exchanges quote in Euros.
The Role Of The Central Bank In A Crisis Environment: The Experience Of Hong Kong And Taiwan, 1997-9
Authors: Syue-Ming Yu
Published: October 2023

The purpose of this chapter is to outline the experiences of the Hong Kong 15.01 Monetary Authority (HKMA) and Taiwan’s central bank and of the governments of Hong Kong and Taiwan in handling the speculative attacks on their currencies and related developments in local stock markets and banking systems in the context of the Asian financial crises. The chapter also covers briefly the definitions and possible causes and effects of financial crises, the role of central banks in maintaining financial stability, including their lender of last resort function, and the management and resolution of financial crises in co-operation with governments.
Interference Of Public Law In The Performance Of International Monetary Obligations
Authors: William Blair QC
Published: October 2023

An international monetary obligation is one which is not purely domestic to a par-21.01 particular country, either because the parties to the obligation are from different countries, or because the obligation is denominated in the currency of a different country. This covers a vast number of obligations, but the focus in this chapter will be on the obligations created by loans to states or state entities, commercial lending at the international level and bank deposits. These, along with investment in emerging stock markets, are the means by which capital has been circulated globally for at least a century and a half. This is a process which inevitably creates political and economic tensions that are as acute today as ever.
The Euro And The Future Of Index Clauses
Authors: Zehetne-1” Franz
Published: October 2023

Insofar as index clauses are used at all in international commercial transactions, 27.01 they usually occur in connection with creditor’s, debtor’s and third party currency clauses. Index clauses (referring to consumer price indices or subindices) attempt to offset changes in the purchasing power of the currency of the contract by to some extent giving the creditor a claim to a specific ‘purchasing power’ by adjusting the nominal value of the currency in question accordingly. The large number of indices and subindices used in national laws for securing the value of domestic commercial transactions suggests that the methods for calculating a change in the purchasing power of a foreign currency may be very different and must be fixed by the parties to a contract directly or at least indirectly by referring to existing methods.
The Road to Stockholm
Authors: Hargittai István
Published: October 2023

The Nobel Prizes enjoy enormous prestige throughout the world. Every year, science is propelled into the limelight, and in October, when the prizes are announced, and December, when they are awarded at a ceremony in Stockholm, a chosen few scientists acquire celebrity status and their science receives wide coverage in the news media. First awarded in 1901, the Nobel Prize remains the only science prize widely recognized by the general public. What sort of scientists become Nobel laureates? How are they chosen? Are there features common to them, and to their prize-winning research? These sorts of questions have long intrigued István Hargittai and seeking answers, he began interviewing Nobel prize-winning scientists about their careers. Some 70 laureates, and a similar number of other distinguished scientists, have been interviewed, most of them during the late 1990s, and the result is this remarkable book. Written for a general readership, The Road to Stockholm illuminates the nature of scientific discovery, the Nobel Prize selection process, the factors common to award-winning research, and the effects of the Nobel Prize on science itself. Here are stories of scientists who overcame adversity, eventually to win the Prize; insights into the importance of the laureate's mentor in earlier life, and into the significance of the location where prize-winning research is carried out; and a variety of responses to the question: what first turned you to science? No less fascinating are the well-publicised examples of deserving (in many eyes) scientists who were not awarded the Nobel Prize, and Professor Hargittai devotes a chapter to them. Here, then, is an absorbing account of science, scientists, and a Prize created a hundred years ago to reward those who, in the words of Alfred Nobel's Will, 'during the previous year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind.'
Diva’s Deluxe Disasters
Authors: Powrie Phil
Published: October 2023

DIVA was one of the most popular films of the 1980s, both inside and outside France. It seemed to mark a break in French cinema where the film image was concerned. Fredric Jameson, in an essay first published in 1982, called Diva the first French postmodernist film, dissecting its combination of the old and the new (Jameson 1990). This chapter will be concerned with that combination. After reviewing Jameson’s argument, I shall explore what makes Diva ‘new’ beyond the new type of film image it promotes, which I discussed in the introduction to this section: the pastiche of the polar and an apparently contemporary concern with the status of women. I shall then discuss what makes the film ‘old’: the status of women, and the neo-Romantic quest. My aim is to develop Jameson’s argument and to sketch out an answer to the question at the end of his essay: is Diva ‘regressive or conservative recuperation’ or ‘a historically original “imaginary solution of real contradiction”, which may be explored for Utopian elements and possibilities, including some whole new aesthetic in emergence’ (Jameson 1990: 62; he is quoting Levi-Strauss)?
Trois hommes et un couffin: Hysterical Homoeroticism
Authors: Powrie Phil
Published: October 2023

Co LINE SERREAU’s Trois hommes et un couffin was one of the more surprising successes of the 1980s, with some ro million French spectators, making it the third best-seller of the post-war period (after two 1960s comedies by Oury). Partly because of the Hollywood remake, it has been much commented on by American critics working in the feminist paradigm. This is less due to Serreau’s feminist credentials than to the fact that it has a female director who seems to be registering a profound social change in masculine roles, while at the same time exhibiting misogynistic tendencies. These tendencies have been well documented; this chapter will review them, and then focus on male bonding and homoeroticism.
Francophone Literatures: An Introductory Survey
Authors: Jack Belinda
Published: October 2023

The canon of French literature has been the subject of much debate and now increasingly francophone literatures are demanding more attention in student French literature courses. The first study in English of francophone literatures, this book introduces the diverse bodies of texts in French from the numerous French-speaking areas around the world, with separate sections covering Africa, French Canada, the Creole Islands, and Europe, and will provide students at both undergraduate and 'A' level with a comprehensive introductory survey of the subject. Francophone literatures emerge from rich bi- and multi-lingual cultures in part as colonial legacies. They also challenge the monopoly of the French literary tradition. This introductory survey celebrates the linguistic difference of such texts and the creative possibilities offered by deviance from an established tradition, demanding new critical approaches. The texts studied here cast a new light upon French literature in terms of their diverse perspectives upon writing, history, politics, and culture, their violent rewritings, subversive versions and parodies sometimes forming an elaborate pastiche of celebrated French texts. Guides to further reading, a select bibliography, and an extensive index combine to make the book an extremely readable introductory overview of a hitherto little explored area.