bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Charles Tomlinson Griffes
Authors: Koestenbaum Wayne
Published: November 2023

I spent my piano youth immersed in Teutonic composers: Bach, Beethoven, Brahms, Mozart. I never gave a.fig for the French, or for Americans. I certainly didn’t like forgotten composers. I had time only for titans. Then I grew up, saddened, quit piano. A decade passed. I started to playpiano again. This time, acknowledging myself to be a failure, and savoring my own unsuccess, I wanted to concentrate on French composers-Faure, Ravel. And I wanted to concentrate on minor Americans. I found Charles Tomlinson Griffes, his piano fantasy, titled The White Peacock, in an old G. Schirmer anthology of staples from the once contemporary repertoire. What enchanted me about Griffes were his novel harmonies (French-derived, and yet entirely his own); his minimalism (no grandiose or overextended gestures); and his continual, unquenched yearning for modernity. His earliest pieces (a Rhapsody in B minor for piano) show a Brahmsian tendency, though also the influence of Rachmaninoff; his middle pieces (The White Peacock) are all shimmering Gallicism, with “Orientialist” colorations that would have pleased Puccini; his.final works (a piano sonata, some unfinished piano sketches) indicate that he was in the process of forging a condensed, provocative idiom, like Scriabin with a taste for the plains and the prairies.
James Gibbons Huneker
Authors: Giddeins Gray
Published: November 2023

It is astonishing that James Gibbons Huneker has become the forgotten man of American letters; none of his nearly two dozen volumes of essays,fiction, biography, travel, parodies, memoirs, and letters is presently offered by a commercial publisher. Yet he dominated American arts criticism between 1890 and 1920 to a degree unmatched before or since. An impressionistic polymath of extraordinary zeal and perspicacity, he focused on music but also introduced a broad range of European culture to the New WorldincludingVermeer, Chopin, Liszt, Wagner, R. Strauss, Ibsen, Strindberg, and Conrad, who wrote of him, “What mental agility! What a flexible liveliness of style!” Yet it was his style-jaunty, volatile, occasionally purple, always sensuous-that dated him when a new generation of writers, as represented by H L. Mencken and Edmund Wilson, both of whom idolized Huneke,; introduced a more tempered, economical, and sober prose. Still, his writing offers plenary delights to the modern reader, not least in his once-controversial.fiction, including the neglected masterpiece, “Dusk of the Gods,” and the most Wildean of American novels, Painted Veils.
Rocky Marciano
Authors: Amato Alfons D
Published: November 2023

The walls of my office are cMered with photographs. The one I treasure most is of my grandfather Alfonso Cioffari and the undefeated heavyweight champion boxer RockyMarciano. I was fifteen years old when Rocky1l1arciano defeated Jersey Joe Walcott with a knockout punch that would go down in boxing history. I hope people will read about and remember .Marciano, not so much for the knockouts but to learn about this Italian-American kid who despite the obstacles (he was “too old, too short, and too light’) achieved incredible success due part(y to his physical strength and particularly to human strength. Hz:, Z:, an only-in-America story. Like most well-known and succesful Italian-Americans, Marciano has not been spared rumored associations with organized crime. Rumors aside, he was a hero, a street-smart, working-class guy with little going.for him but a strong right arm and a determination to succeed. I chose arciano ‘s story· becauseboth in the ring and out --he was a fighter: And, for this son of Italian immigrants, thats something to be remembered.
Dawn Powell
Authors: Lebowitz Fran
Published: November 2023

It has not gone unnoticed that the work of Dawn Powell excites far greater interest today than it did during her lifetime. This has often, not invariably, been attributed to the current vogue for what is often, not invariably, called irony. I, however, would argue that satire as meticulous, as adroit, as downright prosecutorial as that of Powell’s stands little chance of popularity in any era, regardless of its tastes, so long as its author, and more importantly, its victims draw breath.
Prologue: November 11, 1918
Authors: Kennedy David M
Published: November 2023

The Great War ended on November 11, 1918. It had lasted 1,563 days, claimed the lives of some ten million soldiers, wounded twenty million others, and devoured more than $300 billion of the world’s treasure. It destroyed empires and dethroned dynasties–the Hohenzollerns in Germany, the Hapsburgs in Austria, the Romanovs in Russia. In the war’s final hours, new regimes were aborning in Vienna, Warsaw, Budapest, Prague, and Dublin, while revolutionaries huzzahed through the streets of Berlin and Petersburg.

A strange stillness settled over the fighting fronts, a grim herald of two decades of tense armistice in the twentieth century’s Thirty-Year War.

News of the war’s end reached Lance Corporal Adolf Hitler in a military hospital in the town of Pasewalk, near Stettin in Pomerania. A twice-decorated message runner with the Sixteenth Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment, Hitler had huddled through the night of October 13 on a hillside in Flanders while the British rained gas grenades on the German trenches. Through the darkness the gas hissed from the canisters toward the German lines. By morning Hitler’s eyes were “red-hot coals,” and he was blind. Clutching his last report of the war, he groped his way to the rear and was put aboard a train for the east.
The Hundred Days
Authors: Kennedy David M
Published: November 2023

Washington in 1933 was still a spacious, unhurried city with a distinctly southern flavor. As yet unjacketed by suburbs, it slept dreamily amid the gently undulating Virginia and Maryland woodlands, its slow rhythms exemplified by the World War “temporary” buildings that were still scattered about town and by the unfinished columns of what would eventually be the Department of Labor. It was not yet an imperial city, the vibrant center of political and economic command that Roosevelt was to make it.

On the Saturday morning of inauguration day, the streets of the normally languid capital began to fill with boisterous Democrats, eager to celebrate the end of their long exile from political power. Bedecked with bunting, athrob with rollicking political junketeers, Washington tried to muster a mood to defy the gray, overcast weather, and one that would hold at bay, for a hopeful moment, the pall of gloom and anxiety enveloping the entire nation. For behind the festive trappings, Washington on March 4, 1933, was a city under siege. And in the cities and hamlets beyond the capital, millions of Americans cowered apprehensively.
Chasing the Phantom of Recovery
Authors: Kennedy David M
Published: November 2023

In October 1933 Lorena Hickok steered Bluette westward into America’s agrarian heartland and back to the scenes of her own childhood.

The Depression “is 10 or 12 years old out here,” she reminded Hopkins from Iowa. “These plains are beautiful,” she wrote Eleanor Roosevelt from North Dakota. “But, oh, the terrible, crushing drabness of life here. And the suffering, for both people and animals.... Most of the farm buildings haven’t been painted in God only knows how long . . . ! If I had to live here, I think I’d just quietly call it a day and commit suicide. . . . Thepeople up here . . . are in a daze. A sort of nameless dread hangs over the place.”

As the NRA enclosed more and more sectors within its code agreements, prices for industrial products stabilized, then rose modestly. But in agriculture, the sector the New Deal had identified as most in need of revitalization and on which it pinned its chief hopes for recovery, prices remained stuck at less than 60 percent of 1929 levels. Farmers felt betrayed. In the farm counties of Minnesota in November, Hickok noted “the bitterness toward NRA. . . . NRA is not at all popular, to be sure. Well, how could it be?” she asked. The prices that farmers paid “did go up faster than their incomes.”
A Season for Reform
Authors: Kennedy David M
Published: November 2023

While Roosevelt cruised through the Bahamas on Vincent Astor’s Nourmahal in the early spring weeks of 1935, the first part of his ambitious legislative program for the year, the Emergency Relief Appropriation Bill, sailed through the new Congress. He called it the “Big Bill,” and not without reason. The bill asked for the largest peacetime appropriation to date in American history. It authorized more spending than the sum of all federal revenues in 1934. Four billion dollars in new funds, along with $880 million reallocated from previously authorized appropriations, were to be used for work relief and public works construction. The word “emergency” in the bill’s title was more than a little misleading. Roosevelt and the bill’s principal architects in fact believed that they were addressing not a transient disruption in the labor markets but a long-term, perhaps permanent, deficit in the ability of the private economy to provide employment for all who sought it.
The Ordeal of Franklin Roosevelt
Authors: Kennedy David M
Published: November 2023

Pride, the ancient wisdom proclaims, goeth before a fall. Franklin Roosevelt in early 1937 had reason to be the proudest of men. He had wrung landmark reforms from Congress in 1935. He had won reelection in 1936 by a larger margin than any president in more than a century. He had ushered new constituencies into the Democratic Party, forging an electoral coalition of formidable power and durability. And as the first year of his second term opened, the economy he had pledged to revive continued to show signs of shaking off its Depression narcosis. Roosevelt understandably took satisfaction in these political achievements and took credit, as is the politician’s habit, for the country’s economic reawakening as well. He boasted in his second inaugural address, not without reason or pride, that “our progress out of the depression is obvious.” And yet before the year 1937 was out, both the economy and the president’s political fortunes would tumble to depths not touched since Herbert Hoover’s presidency.
The Agony of Neutrality
Authors: Kennedy David m.
Published: November 2023

While German dive-bombers screamed over Warsaw and German tanks crunched through the stubble of the freshly harvested grain fields in Polish Silesia, the world briefiy and vainly held its breath, hoping against all reason that the war that had come at last might somehow not really have come at all. But on September 3, after Hitler had rejected British and French ultimate to withdraw from Poland, futile hope expired. Seated in front of a microphone at Number 10 Downing Street, Chamberlain announced to his countrymen on September 3 that “this country is at war with Germany.” In Paris, Prime Minister Edouard Daladier followed suit a few hours later.
War in the Pacific
Authors: Kennedy David m.
Published: November 2023

During the first days of December 1941, Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, commander-in-chief of Japan’s Combined Fleet, fretted in his head quarters aboard the battleship Nagata in Hiroshima Bay. On November 26 he had directed a powerful task force under Vice-Admiral Chuichi Nagumo to sortie from Hitokappu Bay in the Kurile Islands, under orders to attack the U.S. Pacific Fleet base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Though Yamamoto had provided that “in the event an agreement is reached in the negotiations with the United States, the Task Force will immediately return to Japan,” the negotiations had by now irretrievably collapsed. There would be no turning back.
The War of Machines
Authors: Kennedy David m.
Published: November 2023

“I don’t see much future for the Americans,” Adolf Hitler crowed to his cronies in the aftermath of the Pearl Harbor attack. “It’s a decayed country. And they have their racial problem, and the problem of social inequalities. . . . American society [is) half Judaized, and the other half Negrified. How can one expect a State like that to hold together — a country where everything is built on the dollar.” Hitler’s foreign minister, Joachim von Ribbentrop, took a more sober view of the possible consequences of American belligerency. He warned Hitler in December 1941: “We have just one year to cut off Russia from her American supplies. . . . If we don’t succeed and the munitions potential of the United States joins up with the manpower potential of the Russians, the war will enter a phase in which we shall only be able to win it with difficulty.” More than a year earlier Admiral Yamamoto had made the same point to Fumimaro Konoye when he had predicted that Japanese forces would run wild for six months but that he had “utterly no con fidence for the second or third year.”
Introduction
Authors: Dmitriev Sviatoslav
Published: November 2023

“We prefer not to live without Roman leadership,” decreed the people of Aphrodisias. “I think then that the safest course, as always, is to keep to the laws of each city,” Emperor Trajan advised Pliny the Younger. These statements reflect the overall division of responsibilities between Greek cities and Roman authorities. In Greek lands, as elsewhere, “Rome neither ignored her provincial cities nor ran them,” busying herself with “initiative and coordination over a large area.” Nevertheless, the Roman presence and the needs of the Roman state affected the development of Greek cities because local administrative and social life had to accommodate the political interests of Rome. The life of Greek cities did not remain static in this period: social relations were transformed, new offices were introduced, and the responsibilities of officials and the features of city offices were modified. Because such changes took place under the Romans, they are often interpreted as results of Romanization, irrespective of whether the latter is understood as an unconscious process or as a deliberate Roman policy.
The Metropoleis: Smyrna and Ephesus
Authors: Dmitriev Sviatoslav
Published: November 2023

Ancient and modern authors alike refer to Smyrna, Ephesus, and Pergamum as the largest cities, or metropoleL , of Roman Asia, and as competitors for first place in that province. As the largest urban centers, the metropoleis had the most sophisticated administrations, with numerous officials. Therefore, they offer us a much better chance to understand the organization and functioning of Greek city government in provincial Asia. By the amount of available evidence from Smyrna, that city should be placed second after Ephesus, whose published inscriptions, and probably coins as well, clearly surpass those from any other city in the province of Asia.
The Greek Sources of Hyginus and Narrator
Authors: Cameron Alan
Published: November 2023

It is time to take a closer look at Hyginus. In addition to the Fabulae, he is also credited with another largely mythographic work entitled De astronomia, and on the basis of a number of verbal and thematic parallels it has been generally assumed that both works are by the same hand. It is not in itself a serious objection that they sometimes offer differing versions of the same story, since this can be explained as a consequence of the two books being compiled at different times from different sources (both are of sufficiently low intellectual level to make it unlikely that the writer was committed to the “truth” of any particular version). More telling is the one cross-reference. In a passage otherwise translated fairly literally from Ps-Eratosthenes, the writer cites book 1 of his own Genealogiae (de quo in primo libro Genealogiarum scripsimus) on the subject of the Graeae, and we have already seen that Ps-Dositheus cites the Fabulae under the title Genealogia. Although the text of the Fabulae as extant is not divided into books, even its abridged state is much longer than the average ancient book, and the surviving chapters fall fairly clearly into three categories, the first of which is certainly genealogical. It is true that there is no such discussion of the Graeae in the surviving text of the Fabulae, but that is simply one more indication that the text we have is abridged. In view of its lengh, De astronomia was likewise presumably once divided into at least three books, though there is no trace in the many manuscripts of the four books in which they appear in printed editions.
Mythological Summaries and Companions
Authors: Cameron Alan
Published: November 2023

Let us turn from sources to models. The fact that Narrator’s learning is derivative does not deprive it of all interest. We have at any rate identified its affinities with a particular type of text, early imperial mythographic treatises. But the Narrationes is not itself a mythographic treatise. Unlike Parthenius and Ps-Apollodorus, it purports to be a guide to a single classical text. Whatever its shortcomings, its form is clearly defined and consistent: a sequence of brief narrative summaries with occasional explanatory notes and source references. Are there any parallels for such a literary form? There are indeed-several. The closest is the Diegeseis to Callimachus’s Aetia and Iambi. The reason the closeness of the parallel was not recognized long ago is that the nature of the Diegeseis itself has never been fully understood.
Chapter One
Authors: Olivelle Patrick
Published: November 2023

+1Manu was seated, absorbed in contemplation, when the great seers came up to him, paid homage to him in the appropriate manner, and addressed him in these words: 2”Please, Lord, tell us precisely and in the proper order the Laws of all the social classes, a-; well a’> of those born in between; for you alone, Master, know the true meaning of the duties contained in this entire ordinance of the Self-existent One, an ordinance beyond the powers of thought or cognition.”
Chapter Three
Authors: Olivelle Patrick
Published: November 2023

He should carry out the observance relating to the three Veda’i at his teacher’s house, an observance lasting thirty-six years, or one-half or one-quarter of that time, or else until he has learnt them. After he has learnt in the proper order the three Vedas* or two of them, or at least one, without violating his chastity, he should undertake the householder’s order of life. 3When he has returned in accordance with the Law proper to him and received his vedic inheritance from his father, he should be honored at the outset with the gift of a cow, as he sits on a couch wearing a garland. After he has taken the concluding bath with his teacher’s permission and performed the rite of returning home according to rule, the twice-born should marry a wife belonging to the same class and possessing the right bodily characteristics.
Chapter Nine
Authors: Olivelle Patrick
Published: November 2023

For a husband and wife who stay on the path pointed out by the Law, I shall declare the eternal Laws for both when they are together and when they are apart.Guarding the Wife 2Day and night men should keep their women from acting independently; for, attached a’> they are to sensual pleasures, men should keep them under their control. 3Her father guards her in her childhood, her husband guards her in her youth, and her sons guard her in her old age; a woman is not qualified to act independently (5.147-9). A father is reprehensible,* if he does not give her away at the proper time; a husband, if the does not have sex with her at the right time (3.45 n.); and a son, if he fails to guard his mother when her husband is dead 5Women in particular should be guarded against even the slightest evil inclination, for when they are left unguarded, they bring grief to both families (5.149 n.).+ 6Seeing that this is clearly the highest Law of all social classes, even weak husbands strive to guard their wives; 7for by carefully guarding his wife, a man guards his offspring, his character, his family, himself, and the Law specific to him.
Chapter Twelve
Authors: Olivelle Patrick
Published: November 2023

Action produces good and bad results and originates from the mind, speech, and the body. Action produces the human conditions-the highest, the middling, and the lowest. 0ne should understand that the action of the embodied self-action that in this world is of three kinds, ha.., three bases, and contains ten characteristics-is set in motion by the mind. Coveting the property of others, reflecting on undesirable things in one’s mind, and adhering to false doctrines are the three kinds of mental action. 6Harshness, falsehood, slander of every sort, and idle chatter are the four kinds of verbal action. 7Taking what has not been given, unsanctioned killing, and sex with another’s wife are given in tradition as the three kinds of bodily action.
Chapter One
Authors: Olivelle Patrick
Published: November 2023

The initial invocatory verse before the first verse must be quite old, because it is commented by Govinda and found in 18 northern mss. It is, however, clearly spurious. The verse is not recorded in any ST ms.
Abusive Fractures
Authors: Moore Joyce K , Smith Jean C
Published: November 2023

Estimates of fractures occurring in children who are physically abused vary from 11% to 55% depending on the child’s age and the radiographic imaging techniques used (Cooperman & Merten, 2001). In 1946, Dr. John Caffey described infants with unexplained long bone fractures and subdural hematomas. Later, in 1962, Dr. C. Henry Kempe used these early diagnostic imaging findings in developing the concept of the battered child syndrome. Radiology can confirm the presence of fractures, identify other “hidden” fractures, provide an estimate of when fractures occurred, and give possible causes. Children less than 2 years old have most of the abusive fractures in child abuse situations. From 55% to 70% (Cooperman & Merten, 2001) of all abusive fractures occur in infants that are less than 1 year old. Only about 2% of accidental fractures are found in infants less than 18 months old (Cooperman & Merten, 2001). In some instances, the discovery of a fracture is the first indication to consider the possibility of child abuse. In assessing whether or not a fracture is the result of child abuse, the worker must work closely with the medical team to combine the details of the entire history with the radiographic and other medical findings (see chapter 2).
Substance Abuse and Child Maltreatment
Authors: Wells Kathryn M
Published: November 2023

Substance abuse and child maltreatment are intricately related, putting children from families where substance abuse is present at risk for abuse and neglect. Parental addiction to alcohol, marijuana, heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine, and other drugs has led to one of the more complex and devastating problems in the field of child welfare. Data from the 1996 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA) reveal that an estimated 8.3 million children, 11% of all children in the United States, live with at least one parent who is in need of substance abuse treatment (Huang, Cerbone, & Gfroerer, 1998). Substance abuse includes the abuse of legal drugs (alcohol, prescription drugs, over-the-counter drugs) as well as illegal drugs (cocaine, heroin, marijuana, and methamphetamines). Many substance abusers are also polysubstance users and the abuse of legal substances may be as detrimental to parental functioning as abuse of illicit substances.
Bacteria and Archaea
Authors: Doolittle W Ford
Published: November 2023

The collection of chapters in this volume and the symposium for which they were assembled celebrate one of the signal achievements of 20th century biology: the integration of molecular sequence analyses with more traditional comparative and paleontological approaches in the construction of a universal Tree of Life. Integration is one of the key words here. Without molecular data, we would still find it easy to tell birds from bees or to distinguish any bird or bee from broccoli, brewer’s yeast, or bacteria. But we would have no strong basis for deciding, as we have (see Baldauf et al., ch. 4 in this vol.), that all birds and bees are closer kin to yeast than to broccoli. Nor would we have much reason to be as confident as we are that, despite the manifest differences in size, shape, and lifestyle, organisms in the first four groups—all eukaryotes, with nucleated cells—share a common ancestor with the nonnucleated prokaryotes (Bacteria and Archaea). For all the very deep branchings, only molecular data—in the form of DNA or protein sequence, or sometimes three-dimensional protein structure—can provide unarguable evidence for common ancestry and define lines of descent.
Arthropod Systematics: The Comparative Study of Genomic, Anatomical, and Paleontological Information
Authors: Wheeler Ward C , Giribet Gonzalo , Edgecombe Gregory D
Published: November 2023

Arthropods are perhaps the most diverse creatures on Earth, with the number of known species approaching one million, and perhaps 10 times as many left to discover. Comprised today of Hexapoda (insects and relatives), Myriapoda (centipedes, millipedes, and allies), Crustacea (shrimps, crabs, lobsters, crayfish, barnacles, etc.), and Chelicerata (arachnids, horseshoe crabs, and sea spiders), the arthropods vary over four orders of magnitude in size (from <1 mm mites and parasitic wasps to >4 m spider crabs), are herbivores and carnivores, free-living and parasitic (endo and ecto), and solitary and social, and constitute the great majority of animal biomass. Arthropods are ubiquitous. They are found on all continents, the deepest oceans, and highest mountains. Extinct groups include trilobites, marrellomorphs, anomalocaridids, and euthycarcinoids, some of which may well be equal in taxonomic status to those we know today. As members of the triploblastic Metazoa, arthropods are characterized by a segmented, hardened, chitinous cuticular exoskeleton and paired, jointed appendages. This exoskeleton is composed of a series of dorsal, ventral, and lateral plates that undergoes molting (ecdysis), sometimes periodically. Primitively, arthropods share a compound eye with a subunit structure that is unique within the animal kingdom.
From the Rubber-Core Ball to the First World War
Authors: Sommers Robert
Published: November 2023

No one had ever been totally happy with the gutta-percha ball. Like base-balls of the day, it was dead. A good feather ball could be driven farther, and man, with his restless nature, constantly experimented. Aball called the Eclipse was introduced during the 1880s. A mixture of cork and rubber, it bounded along the ground, leaping over bunkers and flying totally out of control on pitches to greens. It soon disappeared. Someone else developed a ball called the Putty, equally lively and uncontrollable. It failed too.
The Age of Nicklaus
Authors: Sommers Robert
Published: November 2023

No one has shown such strong will-power as Jack Nicklaus. He began as a pudgy and obviously overweight crew-cut collegian, then changed his image, shed weight, let his hair grow longer, and became a hero.
Introduction
Authors: Lewis Bernard
Published: November 2023

Most of the articles, studies and lectures assembled in this volume date from the period of my professional life which began in the autumn of 1949, when I was appointed to the newly-created chair of the History of the Near and Middle East at the School of Oriental and African Studies in the University of London. I first set foot in the school as an undergraduate student in 1933. Already then I was not entirely a newcomer to Middle Eastern studies. My initiation had begun at an early age, when I was confronted with the need to study a difficult, ancient Middle Eastern text—to be precise, part of Chapter 26 of the Book of Leviticus. At the age of eleven or twelve, along with most Jewish children, I was instructed in the rudiments of Hebrew to prepare me for my Bar Mitzvah, the synagogue ceremony by which Jewish boys—and in modern times also girls—are formally recognized as full, adult members of the community. At that time and in that place, this normally implied only learning the alphabet, memorizing the tunes, and acquiring a sufficient command of the Hebrew script to read and chant the text without understanding it. In the normal course of events, no more than that was expected of pupils; no more was provided by teachers. But for me, another language, and more especially another script, offered new excitement, and led to the joyous discovery that Hebrew was not merely a kind of decipherment of prayers and rituals, to be memorized and recited parrot-fashion.
An Islamic Mosque
Authors: Lewis Bernard
Published: November 2023

The Suleymaniye Mosque in Istanbul was begun in 1550 and completed in 1556. It is one of the supreme masterpieces of Mimar Sinan (c. 1489– 1588), by common consent the greatest of Ottoman architects. It bears the name of Sultan Suleyman, known to Europe as the Magnificent. His reign (1520–66) is generally regarded as the apogee of Ottoman Imperial greatness. The structure and decoration of this mosque, begun almost a century after the Turkish conquest of Constantinople, illustrate both the enrichment of Islam by earlier streams of tradition and the essential originality of its own religious and aesthetic creations. Though the mosque shows clear signs of both Persian and Byzantine influence, there is something distinctively and characteristically Ottoman in the harmonious contrast of minarets and dome, in the lightness of touch in the use of the dome itself, and in the spacious and elegant interior.
Monarchy in the Middle East
Authors: Lewis Bernard
Published: November 2023

The word monarchy has been, and at times still is, used in two different senses. One of them is indicated by its etymology, from two Greek words, the first meaning “single” or “alone,” the second meaning “rule.” In this sense monarchy means one-man personal rule—the rule of an individual—as contrasted in ancient and medieval times with aristocracy and oligarchy, or in modern times with democracy. Often the term also carries a connotation of arbitrary rule. The Arabic term used to render monarchy in this sense, istibdād, usually has this connotation and is contrasted with shūrā or mashwara (consultation). Istibdād conveys the idea of a ruler who governs in accordance with his personal desires and caprice without consulting those whom it would be appropriate to consult.1 Traditional Islamic literature lays great emphasis on the importance of consultation, with both statesmen and men of religion.
From Pilgrims to Tourists
Authors: Lewis Bernard
Published: November 2023

Let me begin with a word or two of definition. By travel, I mean what one might call personal journeys, undertaken by an individual, either by his own decision or by the decision of some other individual who chose and sent him for a particular reason. I am including neither the migrations of nomads nor the invasions of armies. These are obviously of far greater historical importance, but they are not my present subject, which is limited to individual travel, and of course, necessarily and inevitably, to journeys that left some kind of record. I start with pilgrims, not because they are the earliest chronologically (they are not); but because the pilgrimage—more specifically the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina—is the first really major factor of personal travel over vast distances in human history, and for long it remained the most important single factor.
Pan-Arabism
Authors: Lewis Bernard
Published: November 2023

Pan-Arabism as a political doctrine and a political movement is an application to the Arabic-speaking peoples of the 19th century European conception of the nation, namely that the nation is the basic entity into which the human race is divided, that it is defined by certain varying but ascertainable characteristics and is endowed with certain corporate political attributes, purposes and rights and, finally, that the nation thus defined is the only rightful basis of statehood. Any nation, according to this doctrine, which has not expressed its nationhood in statehood is deprived of its rights; any state in turn not based on a nation is wrongful and illegitimate.
Islam and the West
Authors: Lewis Bernard
Published: November 2023

Until the nineteenth century, Muslims commonly spoke neither of the West nor of Europe when they wished to designate the Western or European world. The term West, when used in a cultural and political sense, was applied inside and not outside the Islamic oecumene. In the form maghrib—literally the land of the sunset—it designated North Africa west of Egypt, that is the western part of the Islamic world, contrasted with mashriq, the eastern half or land of the sunrise. The term Europe occurs in a few places in early Arabic geographical literature, then disappears. It entered through translations from the Greek, as part of the Greek geographical system of continents, which was adopted in a fragmentary form by Muslim geographical writers and dropped at an early date. Even when it was used, the term Europe was purely geographical, and was never injected with the cultural, historical, and latterly even political content which the names of the continents acquired in European and subsequently, under European influence, in universal usage.
The Middle East, Westernized Despite Itself
Authors: Lewis Bernard
Published: November 2023

Recent decades have seen Western political influence reduced to a minimum in the Middle East, but, in every other respect, Western influence grew apace. The most visible, the most pervasive, and the least recognized aspects of Western influence are in the realm of material things—the infrastructure, amenities, and services of the modern state and city, most of them initiated by past European rulers or concession holders. There was clearly no desire to reverse or even deflect the processes of modernization. Nor indeed were such things as aeroplanes and cars, telephones and televisions, tanks and artillery, seen as Western or as related to the Western philosophies that preceded and facilitated their invention.
Right and Left in Lebanon
Authors: Lewis Bernard
Published: November 2023

It is a fact well known to all students of the press that the recent civil war in Lebanon was basically a conflict between right and left and, furthermore, that in Lebanon as everywhere else in the world, the right represented the wealthy who wished to preserve the existing order while the left represented the poor who wished to change it. Some of the more intellectually ambitious newspapers sometimes spoke of “Christian rightists” and “Muslim leftists,” indicating that there might be some connection between Christendom and the right on the one hand and Islam and the left on the other. But this was easily explained by the equally well-known fact that Christians were rich and Muslims were poor and that consequently Muslim hostility to Christians—like all authentic hostility— was socioeconomic in origin.
The Other Middle East Problems
Authors: Lewis Bernard
Published: November 2023

Not long ago I was having lunch with a Saudi Arabian in Washington, and in the course of the conversation he rounded on me and said: “Why is it that when you Westerners want to talk about the Arab-Israeli conflict, you call it the Middle East problem?” “Do you think,” he said “that it is the only problem we have? Do you think that is the worst problem we have? I wish it were; it would be a piece of cake.” “Piece of cake” was no doubt an exaggeration, but he had a valid point. Certainly the Arab-Israeli conflict is not the only problem of the Middle East, nor is it by a long chalk the bloodiest. The Iraq-Iran war produced more casualties than all the Arab-Israeli wars put together, including all the participants. The Gulf War of 1990–91, not to mention the civil wars in Lebanon and Iraq and elsewhere, would also score higher in sheer destructiveness. On a scale of bloodiness, the Arab-Israeli conflict would indeed rank rather low.
The Law of Islam
Authors: Lewis Bernard
Published: November 2023

I have not read The Satanic Verses and can therefore express no opinion on its literary merits or on whether it is likely to be insulting to Muslims. My opinion on both questions would in any case be irrelevant. The issue of freedom of speech applies equally to good and to bad books (otherwise, who is to decide?), while only Muslims can determine what is offensive to them.
History Writing and National Revival in Turkey
Authors: Lewis Bernard
Published: November 2023

The national revival of the Turks in the 19th and 20th centuries has long been recognized as one of the most significant developments in the modern history of Islam, with effects reaching far beyond the frontiers of Turkey. While the political aspects of this movement have received some attention from Western writers, the no less important cultural aspects have hitherto been little studied outside Turkey, with the result that the picture given of modern Turkish history has sometimes been one-sided and distorted. The sources for a history of intellectual movements in modern Turkey are vast and only imperfectly explored, and this article must therefore be taken as no more than a preliminary and tentative survey of a subject that still requires detailed investigation.
Hello Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Rosenblum Bruce , Kuttner Fred
Published: November 2023

As the end of the nineteenth century, the search for Nature’s basic laws seemed close to its goal. There was a sense of a task accomplished. Physics presented an orderly scene that fit the proper Victorian mood of the day. Objects both on Earth and in the heavens behaved in accord with Newton’s laws. So, presumably, did atoms. The nature of atoms was unclear. But to most scientists the rest of the job of describing the universe seemed a filling in of the details of the Great Machine.
Schrödinger’s Controversial Cat
Authors: Rosenblum Bruce , Kuttner Fred
Published: November 2023

By 1935, the basic form of quantum mechanics was clear. Schrödinger’s equation was the new universal equation of motion. Although it was required only for objects on the atomic scale, quantum theory presumably governed the behavior of everything. The earlier physics, by then called “classical,” was the much easier- to-use approximation adequate for macroscopic behavior.
Spooky Actions
Authors: Rosenblum Bruce , Kuttner Fred
Published: November 2023

Most physicists paid little attention to EPR, or to Bohr’s response. Whether or not quantum mechanics was complete did not matter. It worked. It never made a wrong prediction, and practical results abounded. Who cared if atoms lacked “physical reality” before being observed? Working physicists had no time for “merely philosophical” questions.
The Relational Ontology of Love in the Messianic Theology
Authors: Mcdougall Joy Ann
Published: November 2023

This chapter investigates Moltmann’s social reconstruction of the doctrine of the Trinity in the first volume of his Messianic Theology, The Trinity and the Kingdom, and how it alters his concept of divine love. Both methodological and doctrinal issues will claim our attention in this chapter. On the methodological side, I will point to new scriptural resources to which Moltmann appeals in support of his social trinitarian proposal. Identifying these scriptural patterns and how they function in his doctrine will help to evaluate one of the central criticisms raised sgainst Moltmann’s social trinitarianism that I noted at the outset, namely, whether his doctrine is governed more by the author’s social and political agenda than by the biblical witness.
Evidence-Based Treatment Manuals: Some Practical Considerations
Authors: LeCroy Craig Winston
Published: November 2023

Practitioners, researchers, mental health directors, and policy makers have recently joined together in a growing commitment to integrate evidence and practice. Researchers are making great progress in developing and testing interventions for effectiveness, practitioners are searching for guidance on using evidence-based treatments, mental health directors are responding to federal and local pressure to use resources for what works, and policy makers are inflencing legislatures to bring science to bear on social problems. Much of the discussion at conferences, staff meetings, and special interest group meetings centers on integrating practice and evidence. What evidence supports the different treatments being used or proposed? If we are to fulfill the ideal of providing the best available treatment to remedy different psychosocial problems for children and adolescents these conversations are critical. However, such discussion is not without debate and disagreement and most would agree that progress toward this ideal is modest at best. Chorpita argues that “the frontier of evidence-based practice is yet to be mapped, and much still stands in the way of forging sustainable connections between research and clinical service “ (2003, p. 42).
Hard Results, Soft Concerns
Authors: Roth George , Kleiner Art
Published: November 2023

The Program Manager expressed a twofold ambition: to create an excel lent vehicle and to develop a process which valued and inspired people on the team. This section describes the challenge that Epsilon‘s leaders gradually realized was confronting them: the difficulties of achieving “hard” results (producing high-quality technical parts, sub-assemblies, and a complete vehicle efficiently) through an emphasis on concepts that many people termed “soft” (good communication, openness, honesty and trust.)
Learning Labs: Teaching Techniques for Thinking Differently
Authors: Roth George , Kleiner Art
Published: November 2023

What exactly did the Epsilon engineers feel they experienced in the learning labs conducted by the MIT researchers? How much did the labs improve their capabilities, and how much did those improvements affect their work on the car? Finally, how much did they feel the learning lab techniques affected their attitudes about learning? Some of the participants we interviewed were indifferent to the labs, while others found them surprisingly relevant.
Introduction
Authors: Schott John R
Published: November 2023

The standard opening for any reference book is to define the subject: Remote sensing is the field of study associated with extracting information about an object without coming into physical contact with it. Most readers, having read that vague definition, look out the nearest window and remotely sense the weather condi-tions to help them decide whether to head out into the sunshine or muddle forward through this introduction. You have just engaged in a chain of events that repre-sents remote sensing in its broadest context.
Imaging Sensors and Instrument Calibration
Authors: Schott John R
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we will explore imaging sensors as complete systems designed to capture radiometric signals and to enable the reconstruction of full two-dimen-sional geometrically and radio metrically faithful representations of the sampled radiance field. For the sake of space, we will emphasize airborne and satellite electro-optical (EO) imaging systems concepts, introducing specific systems only as examples of more generic approaches. The reader is referred to Chen (1985) for a more com-plete treatment of satellite sensing systems, including sounders and microwave systems, and to Kramer (2001) and Morain and Budge (2001) for a comprehensive listing of the specifications for a wide range of aerospace sensing systems.
Atmospheric Compensation: Solutions to the Governing Equation
Authors: Schott John R
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 4, we developed the governing equation Eq. (4.63) for the radiance reaching a remote sensing system, the “big equation.” In chapter 6, we discussed these remote sensing systems and how they could be calibrated using laboratory or on-board calibrators. As a result of this calibration process, we will assume that, when required, we can convert the remotely sensed signal (i.e., digital count, voltage, or film density) to radiance reaching the front of the sensor. This means that for calibrated sensors, we will assume that we can solve for the radiance reaching the sensor at any image location. This yields the radiance value on the left-hand side of the big equation.
Digital Image Processing Principles
Authors: Schott John R
Published: November 2023

The field of digital image processing (DIP) continues to grow at a very rapid rate. This growth is spurred by improvements in the speed of computers and the conse-quent reduction in the cost of computing power. When combined with technologi-cal advances in detectors and electronics (particularly in analog-to-digital converters), the advance in technology now puts digital images at every user’s fingertips. The treatment presented here is a very small sampling of digital image technology aimed at providing the user with a common terminology and a limited exposure to some DIP tools applicable to most monochrome (single band) or color images that are frequently used in remote sensing.
Ānandamaṭh, or The Sacred Brotherhood
Authors: Chatterji Bankimcandra , Lipner Julius J
Published: November 2023

This is a translation of a historically important Bengali novel. Published in 1882, Chatterji’s Anandamath helped create the atmosphere and the symbolism for the nationalist movement leading to Indian independence in 1947. It contains the famous hymn Vande Mataram (“I revere the Mother”), which has become India’s official National Song. Set in Bengal at the time of the famine of 1770, the novel reflects tensions and oppositions within Indian culture between Hindus and Muslims, ruler and ruled, indigenous people and foreign overlords, jungle and town, Aryan and non-Aryan, celibacy and sexuality. It is both a political and a religious work. By recreating the past of Bengal, Chatterji hoped to create a new present that involved a new interpretation of the past. Julius Lipner not only provides the first complete and satisfactory English translation of this important work, but supplies an extensive Introduction contextualizing the novel and its cultural and political history. Also included are notes offering the Bengali or Sanskrit terms for certain words, as well as explanatory notes for the specialized lay reader or scholar.
What Is Risk?
Authors: Kraemer Helena Chmura , Lowe Karen Kraemer , Kupfer David J
Published: November 2023

It’s hard not to laugh when children misuse words and say something different from what they intended. Even when adults make such mistakes in casual conversation, the results can be funny. However, when adults miscommunicate in noncasual conversations, and (particularly for our purposes) when such miscommunication occurs in scientific or policy applications, the results may be catastrophic. For example, recall the 1999 multimillion-dollar debacle that resulted in the loss of a space probe to Mars when the spacecraft designers and builders unwittingly communicated in different measurement units.
What Else Should We Pay Attention To? Reliability and Validity of Measurements and Diagnoses
Authors: Kraemer Helena Chmura , Lowe Karen Kraemer , Kupfer David J
Published: November 2023

You see a doctor for a strange pain in your foot. The doctor says you have a rare disease that will eventually lead to disability unless you have surgery that will render you unable to walk for at least six months. What should you do? Most people would answer: “Get a second opinion!” Why? Because a diagnosis is not a disease. A diagnosis is a doctor’s educated opinion of what may be going on, but it may not be correct. In this case, you hope it’s not. In the same way, a measurement of some characteristic is not the entire characteristic, but one view of what that characteristic is. You go into a physician’s office and have your blood pressure taken by the nurse. A few minutes later, the physician might also take your blood pressure and find it to be different. After a few minutes’ rest, the physician might take it again and find it to be different yet again. A single blood pressure measurement does not completely determine a patient’s “true” blood pressure, since blood pressure varies from minute to minute, depending on the circumstances. For example, some people may be more anxious—and thus may experience a rise in blood pressure—when the doctor is present. Moreover, the doctor and the nurse may place the cuff differently, inflate the cuff differently, and even read the outcome differently.