bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenases and Interactions of Psychotropic Drugs: A Five-Year Update
Authors: Shen Winston W.
Published: May 2005

Objective:

This article is a five-year update on a previous review article ( International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 21:47–56, 1991) on cytochrome P450 monooxygenases and interactions of psychotropic drugs.

Method:

In the literature review, the recent committee work on nomenclature of the P450 superfamily are highlighted. Then, the author reviewed gene clusters of three human cytochrome P450s— CYP1A2, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4 with the focus on the changes of serum levels of the coadministered psychotropic drugs in the context of enzymatic induction and inhibition of these three hepatic enzymes.

Results:

As indicated in one table, the author stratified probes, inducers, inhibitors, chemical reactions, and substrates under these three gene clusters. As shown in another simple table, the author compared the hepatic enzymatic inhibitions of four selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and pointed out the inhibition potentials of fluvoxamine at CYP1A2, fluoxetine and paroxetine at CYP2D6, and fluoxetine and fluvoxamine at CYP3A4 if these two SSRIs have higher serum concentrations.

Conclusion:

The author suggests that with these systematic approaches, this rapidly adding knowledge can help psychiatrists better understand psychotropic drug interactions and maximize the benefits of patients' psychopharmacotherapy.
Self-Rated Depressive Symptoms in Medical Inpatients: Age and Racial Differences
Authors: Koenig Harold G. , Meador Keith G. , Goli Veeraindar , Shelp Frank , Cohen Harvey J. , Blazer Dan G.
Published: May 2005

One thousand and eleven men under age forty ( n = 161) or over age sixty-four ( n = 850) admitted to medical and neurological services of an acute care hospital were screened for depressive symptoms as part of the Durham VA Mental Health Survey. Thirty-three percent of younger and 22 percent of older men scored 11 or higher on the Geriatric Depression Scale. Self-rated symptoms were most prevalent among younger whites (40%) and least common in older blacks (19%). Other exogenous factors such as being retired or unemployment and prior psychiatric history were also related to depressive symptoms, as were poor functional status, impaired cognitive status, and respiratory illness. Coping resources associated with fewer symptoms were social support and moderate alcohol use. In a subgroup of 443 patients, self-rated symptoms were compared with observer-rated symptoms. Agreement was highest among young Whites and lowest in older Blacks. Other correlates also varied depending on whether self-rated or observer-rated symptoms were considered. We conclude that self-rated symptoms are common among medical inpatients, are linked with and confounded by certain health and sociodemographic factors, and may be relatively insensitive as a measure of depression in elderly blacks.
Phenomenological Quantification of an Out-of-the-Body Experience Associated with a Near-Death Event
Authors: Maitz Edward A. , Pekala Ronald J.
Published: May 2005

This article briefly describes the phenomenological reports of individuals who have survived a near-death experience (NDE) and summarizes the methodological problems of assessing and defining their experience, specifically the out-of-the-body (OBE) experience associated with an NDE. The authors, using a single-person research design, offer one approach to quantifying the OBE associated with an NDE. They administered the Phenomenology of Consciousness Inventory (PCI) and the Dimensions of Attention Questionnaire (DAQ) to one participant across several stimulus conditions including: hypnosis, resting with eyes closed, recollection of an out-of-the-body experience, and recollection of the out-of-the-body experience during hypnotic regression. Similarities and differences among the participant's experiences associated with these stimulus conditions are discussed.
Evaluation Techniques for Individualized Instruction: Development and Formative Testing
Authors: Bedient Douglas , Englert Duwayne C. , Garoian George S.
Published: May 2005

The current mammoth increase in knowledge makes it challenging to include all information which faculty members label as necessary in any course — particularly in science. Thus, the project was designed to enable students to learn some important concepts independently of lecture and laboratory activities, and time saved could then be reallocated to other information which had not previously been included in the course. This article describes the evaluation process used to gather formative data about the units being developed, and makes recommendations for similar future projects. Information and data used for summative evaluation will be presented in a subsequent article.
Escalation of the Nurse-Physician Conflict: Registered Care Technologists and the Economic Crisis
Authors: Chernomas Robert , Chernomas Wanda
Published: May 2005

Rivalry between nurses and physicians has been escalating in recent years. The American Medical Association's (AMA's) recent proposal to deal with the nursing shortage by introducing a non-nurse bedside care technician to be called a registered care technologist has met with strong opposition from the American Nurses' Association (ANA). This article suggests that limiting the analysis of this debate to changes taking place within the health sector is problematic. The determining constraints are not endogenous to the health sector, but are located in the broader macroeconomic context. The object, herein, is to locate the AMA's proposal and the ANA's response in the light of the macroeconomic crisis that is forcing the U.S. economy, including the health sector, to restructure. This restructuring generates increasing rivalry and conflict as firms and workers vie to consolidate, and where possible, to expand their relative power in the face of generally declining and qualitatively changing circumstances.
Implications for the Alcohol/Drug Education Specialist Working with Children of Alcoholics: A Review of the Literature from 1988 to 1992
Authors: Serrins Debra S. , Edmundson Elizabeth W. , Laflin Molly
Published: May 2005

This article reviews the scientific literature on children of alcoholics (COAs) from 1988 to 1992. First the publications were divided into two classifications: practitioner-oriented and research-oriented literature. Each practitioner-oriented article was evaluated on the following criteria: program description, theoretical model, recommendations substantiated by research, behavioral indicators of COAs, suggestions for intervening, and resource lists. For each of the research-oriented articles, the variables measured, sample source, sample size, and number of COAs in the sample are listed. Additionally, those articles are evaluated for research design, instruments, and analytical techniques. Reviews of early research in this area identified severe methodological limitations across the majority of articles. However, results of this more recent review indicate that research on COAs no longer suffers from previously common methodological weaknesses and sampling biases. The research-based literature also indicated that a large number of COAs are resilient, which calls into question common assumptions about the inevitable negative effects of familial alcoholism. Alcohol/drug education specialists need to be cognizant of the more recent results on non-clinical samples of COAs in designing and implementing sensitive programs.
Individual Responses to Death in Puritan Massachusetts
Authors: Messer Stephen C.
Published: May 2005

Late seventeenth- and early eighteenth-century Puritan diarists in Massachusetts frequently included responses to death in their writings. These responses took three general forms: authors openly expressed their human feelings of loss; they interpreted specific deaths as one means God used to communicate with his people; and they viewed these divine messages as inducements to strive for improvement in their own lives. The ideal end result was the realization that one had to return to daily life in order to fulfill this need for reform. The emphasis was thus switched from the recently deceased to the living.
Designing a Systematic Recruitment-Selection-Orientation Program in a State Agency: A Case Study
Authors: Rothwell William J.
Published: May 2005

The recruitment-selection-orientation process marks the critical juncture in the new employee's transition from school to work. The expectations which are formed during this time have a direct bearing on whether he or she remains or seeks alternative employment. Small organizations can seldom afford the time and effort needed to mount a genuinely effective recruitment-selection-orientation program. This article describes, through a case study, how a state agency of just seventy-seven people successfully developed such a program. It describes strategies and provides resources for those in other small organizations to use.
Bereavement Network: A Community Based Group
Authors: Kirschling Jane Marie , Osmont Kelly
Published: May 2005

The Bereavement Network, a community-based group in the Pacific Northwest, provides opportunities for networking and education for individuals who work with bereaved persons. The Network is committed to bring local professionals and lay persons together on a regular basis. The Network leadership, membership, structure, and activities, including a computerized resource manual, are described in this article.
Conjoint Patient-Staff Interview in Hospital Case Management
Authors: Hoyt Michael F. , Opsvig Paul K. , Weinstein Norman W.
Published: May 2005

The authors describe an innovative method for psychiatric consultation-liaison with hospital management cases in which, after separate preparatory interviews, the patient and nursing staff are seen together. This conjoint approach enables the consultant to observe directly, confront, and correct misperceptions and maladaptive transactions that interfere with the functioning of the health-care team.
Motivational and Achievement Effects of Learner Control over Content Review within CAI
Authors: Kinzie Mable B. , Sullivan Howard J. , Berdel Richard L.
Published: May 2005

This study investigated the effects of learner and program control over content review within science computer-assisted instruction (CAI). Ninth grade subjects completed learner and program controlled CAI and a unit posttest. Continuing motivation for learner and program control was measured by giving half the subjects a choice of control type for a subsequent session. Results indicated that program control resulted in better posttest performance for males. For females, learner control provided a nonsignificant advantage. This sex difference is discussed relative to a possible differential effort on the part of males and females. Results also reveal significant differences in continuing motivation for learner control, with subjects returning more frequently to learner control than program control in the second session. Strong student preferences for instruction via computers were also noted.
Problems in Distribution of Scientific Knowledge: Intrauterine Contraceptive Devices and Drug Catalogs
Authors: Makkonen Katri
Published: May 2005

Intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUDs) are a popular method of contraception worldwide. However, some serious problems have been associated with them. Finland has developed and now manufactures and exports IUDs. Therefore, drug control and the quality of drug information existing in Finland are significant for other countries, as well. This study analyzes the information in the Finnish commercial drug catalog on copper-releasing IUDs and compares it with the scientific literature, the instructions from the licensing authority, and material in its U.S. counterpart, during the last two decades. The results indicate that the distribution of scientific knowledge to the drug catalogs has often been slow. In the early 1980s Finnish manufacturers did not give any practical information on their products, and then and later the Finnish catalog was less comprehensive than the U.S. catalog. The variations in the control system in different nations were reflected in the contents of the Finnish catalog. For practitioners, drug catalogs are important sources of medical information. The results of this study demonstrate (1) that more attention should be paid to the contents of these catalogs, and (2) the continuous need for up-to-date, unbiased drug information.
Hopelessness Ratings in Relapsing-Remitting and Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Patten Scott B. , Metz Luanne M.
Published: May 2005

Objective:

Two recent randomized double-blind placebo controlled clinical trials of interferon beta-1a in multiple sclerosis have obtained hopelessness ratings using the Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS). One of these studies, the PRISMS trial, evaluated interferon beta-1a in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Another, the SPECTRIMS trial, evaluated the same medication in secondary progressive (SP) MS. The objective of this analysis was to compare levels of hopelessness in persons with RRMS and SPMS, and to describe changes over time in the clinical trial participants.

Method:

Raw data from each clinical trial was obtained from the sponsor of the trials (Serono). Median BHS ratings, and the proportions at or above the BHS cut-point of 10 were calculated over a two (PRISMS) or three (SPECTRIMS) year period.

Results:

The analysis included n = 532 clinical trial participants. Ratings of hopelessness were higher in SPMS clinical trial participants (SPECTRIMS) than in the RRMS group (PRISMS) at baseline (Fisher's exact test, p = 0.0035). Furthermore, ratings of hopelessness were higher during follow-up than at baseline, in the SPMS group (McNemar's exact probability, p = 0.0015), but not in the RRMS group (McNemar's exact probability, p = 0.65). Depression was strongly associated with hopelessness in both RRMS ( z = 4.13, p < 0.001) and SPMS ( z = 5.24, p < 0.001).

Conclusions:

Hopelessness is associated with SPMS, and may increase over time in this group. Hopelessness may influence suicide risk in people with MS and may potentially have an impact on coping and quality of life. Additional research is necessary to define the clinical implications of hopelessness in persons with this condition.
Capital Sectors and Workers' Health and Safety in the United States
Authors: Greenlund Kurt J. , Elling Ray H.
Published: May 2005

The dual or segmented economy perspective suggests that the U.S. production system within a capitalist world-system can be divided into distinct sectors based on elements such as levels of industrial concentration, foreign involvement, and unionization. The differing organization of these sectors is argued to influence worker health and safety (WHS) outcomes. An economic segmentation model was applied to national occupational health data to examine the relationship between structural divisions in the economy and occupational hazard exposure, injury, and illness. Workers in more global industrial sectors had only average levels of hazardous exposure but a greater likelihood of occupational injury and illness than workers in other sectors of the economy. These differences are related to the structure of work in the various sectors. The findings suggest the need for (1) greater surveillance and reporting of WHS problems through the general health care system; (2) planning of economic and productive activity that takes WHS issues into account; and (3) greater worker organization and power within and between nations to improve WHS.
The JSEP Learning Skills Training System
Authors: Derry Sharon J. , Jacobs John , Murphy Debra A.
Published: May 2005

The Army Job Skills Education Program (JSEP) is a dual curriculum that reminds soldiers to use learning skills while they take CAI lessons that train basic math and verbal job competencies. Prior to entering the JSEP basic skills curriculum, soldiers are taught self-motivational techniques and strategies for studying and solving problems. Each type of learning skill is represented and trained by a different character model. These characters appear as prompts throughout the basic skills curriculum to remind soldiers to recall and use their new learning skills. In this article, the rationale for the curriculum model is overviewed and preliminary field trial data are reported.
An Experimental Analysis of Great Lakes Archaic Copper Smithing
Authors: LaRonge Michael
Published: May 2005

The Copper Complex of the Great Lakes region produced a number of innovative technical approaches to the utilization of native copper. Copper as a resource for functional tooling achieved popularity around 3000 B.C., during the Middle Archaic Stage. The focus of copper working seems to have gradually shifted from functional tools to ornamental objects by the Late Archaic Stage c. 1200 B.C. This article is based on the author's undergraduate senior thesis. It was designed to approximate the working environment and tool array available to Native smiths and documented the visual and audial cues that allowed them to successfully work copper into tool and ornamental forms. For the experiment native float copper pieces were heated in a hardwood fire, and worked with a stone hammer and anvil. The weight of each piece was taken before and after forging in order to garner some estimate of material loss during forging. Additionally, the research provided a lexicon of terms more appropriate to the discussion of metal-working and its processes.
Assumptive World Views and the Grief Reactions of Parents of Murdered Children
Authors: Wickie Susanne K. , Marwit Samuel J.
Published: May 2005

The World Assumptions Scale and the Revised Grief Experience Inventory was administered to parents of murdered children and parents bereaved by sudden accidental death. Compared to parents bereaved by accidents, parents bereaved by homicide showed more negative views of the benevolence of the world, but no difference with regard to meaningfulness of the world or worthiness of the self. For both groups, worthiness of self was less affected by trauma than was either benevolence or meaningfulness of the world. Also, as hypothesized, assumptive world views were found to be predictive of grief intensity, along with gender and time since death. Clinical implications of these findings were discussed.
Storyboarding: A Concrete Way to Generate Effective Visuals
Authors: Larkin Greg
Published: May 2005

Storyboarding, long associated with scriptwriting, advertising, and more recently with technical manuals, can be successfully applied to an even broader variety of technical documents. In this article, the application of storyboarding techniques to designing technical proposals suggests methods of incorporating more visuals into documents, as well as better meeting clients' needs.
Intuition: Inferential Heuristic or Epistemic Mode?
Authors: Hill Oliver W.
Published: May 2005

This study attempts to evaluate psychological concepts of intuition. Of the many definitions of intuition, two extremes emerge. One holds intuition to be an inferential heuristic, and the other defines it as a cognitive mode capable of immediate, non-inferential, holistic processing. Three inventories were administered that purport to measure intuition. The Intuitive Problem Solving Scale corresponds to the definition of intuition as inferential heuristic. The Psycho-Epistemological Profile and the Meyers-Briggs Type Indicator define intuition as a non-inferential epistemic mode. Scores on these scales are correlated with scores on various inferential tasks, as well as with scores on measures of three traits usually associated with intuition (originality, private self-awareness, and creativity). Results indicate that intuition is not completely reducible to inference.
Planning End-of-Life Care for Patients with Dementia: Roles of Families and Health Professionals
Authors: Gessert Charles E. , Forbes Sarah , Bern-Klug Mercedes
Published: May 2005

We examined families' end-of-life decision making and their interactions with health professionals. Twenty-eight family members of institutionalized dementia patients participated in four focus groups. We found that participating family members were not well prepared for their decision-making roles, and that they: 1) experienced substantial burdens and loss in caring for institutionalized elders; 2) had limited understanding of the natural progression of dementing conditions; 3) were uncomfortable in setting goals for their relatives' end-of-life care; 4) had little experience with death, and were ambivalent about the anticipated death of their relative; and (5) reported that they had little substantive communication with health professionals regarding end-of-life care planning. We concluded that many of the needs of such families could be addressed through improved application of the principles of advance care planning, including regular structured discussions, involvement of surrogate decision-makers, and anticipation of clinical decisions. Health professionals should take the lead in ‘normalizing’ the discussion of death.
The Impact of Early Experience on the Creative Process: Findings from a New Story Completion Task
Authors: Segal Harry , Vizueta Nathalie , Biuckians Adrine , Pollak Katherine
Published: May 2005

This study presents evidence of convergent validity for the Narrative Completion Test (NCT), a new story completion task for adults. A sample of 263 college students completed the NCT and a battery of self-report instruments measuring current mood, quality of life satisfaction, psychiatric history, family demographics, life events, and early memories. NCT story completions were coded for clinical features (Depression, Anxiety, Malevolence, Impulsivity, and Abandonment) and adaptive features (Happiness, Affiliation, and Empathy). NCT scores on malevolence and depression correlated positively with self-report depression, low satisfaction with self, and low quality of life satisfaction. NCT Happiness scores correlated negatively with self-report depression. The NCT clinical scores were also sensitive to negative early life events and negative early memories of maternal caregivers, findings demonstrating the impact of early experience on the creative process.
The Influence of E-Mail as an Interoffice Communication Tool in Small Organizations
Authors: Adrian C. Mitchell
Published: May 2005

E-mail has significantly impacted the way we communicate in business, possibly going so far as to affect the social structure of organizations. One under-explored affect of e-mail is how it impacts communication in smaller organizations. Given the ability of regular “face-to-face” interaction, is e-mail necessary to boost communication? A report of employee attitudes in one small business did provide an opportunity to observe the impact of e-mail on communications and employee attitudes. As a result, it is suspected that interoffice e-mail may serve to link formal and informal communication channels, particularly in terms of including managers to the informal communications network.
Women as Home Caregivers: Gender Portrayal in OTC Drug Commercials
Authors: Craig R. Stephen
Published: May 2005

Concern has long been expressed over possible adverse effects of television advertising of over-the-counter (OTC) medicines. This study investigated a sample of prime time network television ads to determine how gender portrayals differed in drug and non-drug commercials. Findings indicated that women were significantly more likely than men to appear as characters in drug ads than in ads for other products, and that they are frequently portrayed in these commercials as experts on home medical care, often as mothers caring for ill children. This supports the hypothesis that drug advertisers take advantage of stereotypical images of women as home medical caregivers. It also raises the question of whether female consumers are being encouraged by these ads to overuse OTC medications as a way of gaining the family's love and respect.
Impact of the Death of an Adult Child on Elderly Parents: Some Observations
Authors: Moss Miriam S. , Lesher Emerson L. , Moss Sidney Z.
Published: May 2005

The impact of the death of an adult child on elderly parents has received little attention. Yet, findings indicate that 10 percent of all elderly parents had a child die after the parent was age sixty. Five generic themes evoked by the death of a child are explored: untimeliness, uniqueness of the parent-child bond, impact on intergenerational relations, loss of social supports, and hope for the future. Implications for research, clinical intervention, and planning are outlined.
The Prospective Organ Transplant Donor: Problems and Prospects of Medical Innovation
Authors: Simmons Roberta G. , Fulton Julie , Fulton Robert
Published: May 2005

With increased sophistication of medical technology and the consequent expansion in the number of organ transplants, the complex of issues involving recipient, donor–related and unrelated–and physician becomes crucial. This discussion is based on preliminary findings of two studies being conducted at the University of Minnesota: (1) a review of 79 kidney transplant cases to examine stress on family when decisions of choosing a donor arise; (2) an analysis of attitudinal characteristics of 82 persons who have considered volunteering their organs for transplantation in the event of their death. Results of these studies reveal often dramatic consequences for those immediately involved, and uncover attitudes in the population sampled which bear on the future of available organs for transplantation.
A Networked Question-Posing and Peer Assessment Learning System: A Cognitive Enhancing Tool
Authors: Yu Fu-Yun , Liu Yu-Hsin , Chan Tak-Wai
Published: May 2005

In light of constructivism and cognitive psychology, a networked learning system enabling students to pose questions that are assessed, viewed, and answered via peers, is described in the article. A study examining the system's learning potentials and design features was conducted with 52 sixth graders. Overall, students rated favorably on the system's interface design and potentials in promoting their cognitive capability in the content domain. Questionnaires, open-ended questions, and classroom observations further revealed that via playing the roles of question-posers, assessors, viewers, adapters, and answers at various points during the process, students seemed to actively engage in the learning process by constructing and re-constructing their own interpretations of the world of information around them, which was facilitative for understanding and cognitive development. Suggestions for future studies were offered.
Predictors of Mortality in Board and Care Homes
Authors: Castle Nicholas G.
Published: May 2005

Long-term care institutions have emerged as dominant sites of death for the elderly. However, studies of this trend have primarily examined nursing homes. The purpose of this research is to determine demographic, functional, disease, and facility predictors and/or correlates of death for the elderly residing in board and care facilities. Twelve factors are found to be significant: proportion of residents older than sixty-five years of age, proportion of residents who are chair- or bed-fast, proportion of residents with HIV, bed size, ownership, chain membership, affiliation with a nursing home, number of health services provided other than by the facility, the number of social services provided other than by the facility, the number of social services provided by the facility, and visits by Ombudsmen. These are discussed and comparisons with similar studies in nursing homes are made.
Since Malone's Theory of Intrinsically Motivating Instruction: What's the Score in the Gaming Literature?
Authors: Dempsey John , Lucassen Barbara , Gilley William , Rasmussen Karen
Published: May 2005

Instructional gaming is an alternative strategy that can be used for many applications including tutoring, promotion of self-esteem, and practice of existing skills. The article begins with an overview instructional gaming and discusses the impact of Thomas Malone's theory of intrinsically motivating instruction. Next, we look for common threads in the instructional gaming literature during the last dozen years. Our approach was to systematically examine five categories of articles in order to offer guidance to designers and educators. The article ends with implications of the gaming literature for the future study of gaming and instructional design.
Rethinking Homicide: Violence, Race, and the Politics of Gender
Authors: Stark Evan
Published: May 2005

Although homicide is the fourth leading cause of premature mortality in the United States and the leading cause of death for young blacks, the health professions have been largely oblivious to violence. Prevailing explanations contribute to this neglect by emphasizing biological or psychiatric factors that make homicide unpredictable and cultural and environmental factors such as the emergence of a new “underclass” that link violence to race. Focusing on instances where no other crime is involved, this article proposes that “primary” homicide be reconceptualized as a by-product of interpersonal violence, a broad category of social entrapment rooted in the politics of gender inequality and including wife abuse, child abuse, and assaults by friends and acquaintances. The data show that blacks are no more violent than whites, though they are arrested and die more often as the consequence of violence. In addition, a majority of homicides are between social partners or involve gender stereotypes, are preceded by a series of assaults that are known to service providers, and grow out of “intense social engagement” about issues of male control and independence. Professional failure to respond appropriately is a major reason why assaults become fatal, particularly among blacks. An international strategy that combines sanctions against interpersonal assault, gun control, and the empowerment of survivors might prevent half of all homicides.
Medical Use of Psychostimulants: An Overview
Authors: Holmes Valerie F.
Published: May 2005

This overview addresses the basic chemistry, pharmacology, activity, medical uses, drug interactions and adverse side effects of the psychostimulants.
Factors Affecting Softlifting Intention of Computing Students: An Empirical Study
Authors: Rahim Md. Mahbubur , Seyal Afzaal H. , Rahman Mohd. Noah Abd.
Published: May 2005

Softlifting, a form of software piracy, has received considerable attention in the information systems (IS) literature. However, existing studies have primarily focused on business students, academics, and managers. Softlifting practice of computing students has not been examined adequately. This paper aims to analyze the softlifting intention of computing students in Brunei Darussalam. A model was developed, which was tested using survey data collected from 205 respondents. Several important findings have emerged. First, softlifting intention of students varied depending on the type of task for which they intended to use pirated software. Second, attitude of students toward software piracy significantly affected their softlifting intention. Third, gender and family income also affected softlifting intention of students, but to a lesser extent. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Adult Child Loss and the Two-Track Model of Bereavement
Authors: Rubin Simon Shimshon
Published: May 2005

The Two-track Model of Bereavement suggests that response to loss can be more effectively assessed when both the behavioral-psychological functioning and the internalized relationship to the deceased are considered [1–4]. Research based on this paradigm examined the experiences of 102 Israeli parents bereaved of sons four and thirteen earlier and a comparison group of seventy-three non-bereaved parents. All parents completed measures of functioning, anxiety, evaluation of self and son, written description of the son, and measures of the current life situation. Results indicated that the bereaved parents manifested difficulties in functioning and in their covert relationship to the deceased son. Differences between and within the bereaved groups by time and sex are considered. Regression documented an association between functioning and relationship to the deceased, and lent support to the assumptions underlying the Two-track Model of Bereavement. This discussion addresses the course of bereavement for adult sons with some implications for bereavement research and intervention.
Clarifying the “A” in CAI for Learners of Different Abilities
Authors: Mandinach Ellen B.
Published: May 2005

The study investigated the degree to which students of different abilities acquired strategic planning knowledge from an intellectual computer game. The relationships among ability and student performance in instruction were examined. Students learned a computer problem solving game under two forms of instruction. Performance was monitored interactively. Results showed more successful students 1) acquired strategic planning knowledge by induction from examples and 2) also performed better on the transfer tasks. Ability differences were found. Considerations for further investigation of the relationships among learner characteristics and instructional variations in computer learning are discussed. Implications for the use of cognitively engaging software in educational settings also are addressed.
The Drugging of the Third World
Authors: Silverman Milton , Lee Philip R. , Lydecker Mia
Published: May 2005

This article reports an investigation of the promotion of more than 500 products marketed by over 150 pharmaceutical companies in the United States, Great Britain, Latin America, Africa, and Asia. In contrast to the promotional material provided to physicians in the United States and Great Britain, material presented to physicians in Third World countries was found to be marked by gross exaggeration of product effectiveness and minimized or completely omitted potential hazards. No substantial differences could be found between multinational and domestic companies, brand-name and generic firms, or companies based in capitalist nations and those in socialist or communist-bloc countries in terms of the adequacy and accuracy of their promotion. Little evidence was found to support industry claims that the discrepancies in promotion reflect the different policies of various drug regulatory agencies. Much of the promotion concerned “luxury products,” including costly tonics and appetite stimulants marketed in poor countries where the pressing need is for food. Bribery of influential physicians and key governmental officials may play an important role in irrational drug promotion and use in the Third World. Some of the proposed corrective approaches to this problem are examined.
Evaluating the Occupational History of Lithic Scatters: Analysis of Obsidian Hydration Measurements
Authors: Raymond Anan W.
Published: May 2005

Surface lithic scatters often pose problems for archaeological interpretation because temporally different occupations cannot be distinguished stratigraphically. When composed primarily of obsidian, however, the occupational history of a lithic scatter can be assessed upon analysis of its hydration measurements. A sample of hydration measurements drawn from the scatter are visually displayed using box and whisker plots, and analyzed using two inferential procedures (the W test for normality and Chauvenet's criterion) designed to test whether or not the sample is drawn from a single population. Application of the inferential procedures relies on assumptions about the hydration phenomena. This analysis provides a visual and objective means to decide whether a population of obsidian artifacts was created over a short span of time, or during more than one discrete occupational episode.
Education for General Practice—Worldwide Problems
Authors: Byrne P. S.
Published: May 2005

Although there is terminological confusion over the definition of general practitioner, it is agreed that there must be, in all systems, a “physician who provides personal primary and continuing care to individuals and families.” Factors influencing general practice include geography and urbanization, social pressures, technological advances, specialization within the hospital field, and cost–effectiveness. The general practitioner is a specialist in a special field who requires special training for his work. In the recent past departments of social medicine have been involved in the teaching of general practice. This has not been successful. Recent developments have dramatized the large number of special departments of general practice or family medicine throughout the world which are contributing much to teaching in the undergraduate period and in vocational training. They are also contributing to new methods of education and assessment which have wider applications. The past decade has seen the emergence of general practice as a special branch of medical education in its own right. The future is full of challenges to develop further and to create a new cadre of teachers in this field.
Practical and Empirical Knowledge of Photoillustration: What is and is Not Known
Authors: Bradford Annette N. , Bradford David B.
Published: May 2005

Little empirical research has been conducted concerning the relationship of photographs to text in photoillustration. Knowledge of photoillustration has remained the informal folklore of layout artists and photographers for several reasons: the unquantifiable nature of aesthetic judgment; the differences between principles of photography and of traditional art forms; and advances in both camera and press technology. As a result of these factors, tradition, not empirical research, has dominated practice. But traditional layout principles which have been the subject of empirical testing have received both denial and reinforcement in such areas as the effectiveness of photoillustration, color versus black-and-white, placement of photographs, and the photograph and traditional layout principles. More research is needed into this vital aspect of text production; fruitful research directions are suggested and the synthesis of the knowledge of both the practitioner and the researcher advocated.
The Internet as Intranet: Moving toward the Electronic Classroom
Authors: Downing Charles E. , Rath Gustave J.
Published: May 2005

Recently, businesses have begun to utilize Intranets for internal corporate collaboration. As private networks with the functionality, compatibility, and openness of the Internet, the Intranet concept raises unique possibilities for higher education. Most colleges and universities have access to the Internet, and communications of a classroom can be electronically facilitated by a simulated Intranet with little difficulty. We present herein the results of a case study in which the Internet was used in a manner similar to that of corporate Intranets, but in college classrooms. Our Intranets were used with two objectives: first, acquainting students with the usage and power of the Internet, and second, supporting the communication processes of the classes. Based on the results, recommendations are made for Intranet use applicable to both academic and business settings.
Pascal and High School Students: A Study of Errors
Authors: Sleeman D. , Putnam Ralph T. , Baxter Juliet , Kuspa Laiani
Published: May 2005

A screening test was given to three classes of high school students, who were just completing introductory semester-long courses in Pascal. These tests were graded, and subsequently thirty-five students were given detailed clinical interviews. These interviews showed that errors were made with essentially every Pascal construct. Over half the students were classified as having major difficulties—fewer than 10 percent had no difficulties. The errors noted are discussed in detail in this article. A major finding is that the students attribute to the computer the reasoning power of an average person. The article also speculates about how difficult it might be to remediate the errors found, and concludes with an outline of future work.
The 2000 Election and the Future of U.S. Politics
Authors: Teixeira Ruy
Published: May 2005

After presenting data on how various ethnic/racial and income groups cast their votes in the 2000 presidential election, this article addresses the question of why Al Gore did well enough to beat George W. Bush in the popular vote but not well enough to prevent Bush from achieving a virtual tie. The author challenges some arguments put forward—Gore's being “too much of a populist” and not running on the achievements of the Clinton administration—and, based on poll data, suggests that more important to voters were problems of trust, cultural conservatism, and generic anti-government sentiment. These findings on the 2000 election suggest a number of possibilities about the political future and some ways in which the Democratic Party might develop its program to win back voters.
Religion and Medicine III: Developing a Theoretical Model
Authors: Koenig Harold G.
Published: May 2005

In this third of a four-article series on religion and medicine, I describe a theoretical model to illustrate the complex pathways by which religion may influence physical health. Genetic factors, childhood training, psychological and social influences, health behaviors, and healthcare practices are discussed as part of this model. Considerable space is given to recent advances in psychoneuroimmunology and to stress-induced cardiovascular changes that demonstrate physiological pathways by which cognitive, emotional, and behavioral processes may influence susceptibility to disease and disease course. I also discuss research illustrating the important role that social support plays in moderating the physiological effects of stress and improving health outcomes. If religious beliefs and practices improve coping, reduce stress, prevent or facilitate the resolution of depression, improve social support, promote healthy behaviors, and prevent alcohol and drug abuse, then a plausible mechanism exists by which physical health may be affected.
Competency-Based Education: Handling Implementation Difficulties
Authors: Feasley Charles E.
Published: May 2005

A review was conducted of the published and unpublished literature which describes records and registration practices of operating competency-based programs. Nineteen institutions were compared with regard to the salient characteristics of CBE records and registration systems noted in the literature review. These characteristics included the use of: (1) entering competencies; (2) partial credit hours; (3) time variable registration; (4) course equivalency of competencies; (5) reflection of competencies on transcripts; and (6) the use of a multivariate grading system. Finally, one institution's model for the incremental incorporation of these various CBE components into operation is offered for consideration.
Computers in School: Socially Isolating or a Tool to Promote Collaboration?
Authors: Svensson Ann-Katrin
Published: May 2005

The article presents a study of interactions among eight-year-old pupils working with computers. The children's communicative interactions in front of the computer are compared with interaction occurring in other kinds of activities. Their verbal and non-verbal interaction has been studied by using videotapes. The children interacted more when they were using the computer; i.e., there are twice as many interactions in front of the computer compared with other activities. Most of this interaction is concerned with problem-solving, and there are hardly any interactions which do not concern the task. The children were also asked to comment on the results. According to them, they only talk about the task because they have a limited time for computer-work and therefore do not want to waste it on things that do not concern the task at hand. A basis for the study is that school education must allow students to develop strategies for learning through interaction, and that interaction and communication are given an increased importance. The discussion addresses the aspect of IT-based learning, and the necessity for a lot of support for teachers when introducing computers in the classroom.
Use and Abuse of Psychiatric Emergency Services
Authors: Slaby Andrew E. , Perry Patricia Lynn
Published: May 2005

The pattern of use of psychiatric emergency services of a large university hospital are examined for a twelve month period. Factors associated with social isolation and poverty were found to be linked both with multiple episodes and disposition to a public facility. The implications for health planners are discussed.
The Structure of Programs and Molecules
Authors: Ploger Don , Lay Ed
Published: May 2005

This study is an example of how programming can be used to enhance the learning of science. It examines the progress of a high school student using Boxer, a programming language designed as a successor to Logo. The student began by writing programs to create representations of molecules. His initial programs had few subprocedures. When he found it was difficult to modify his program, however, he began to use subprocedures effectively. He eventually created a highly sophisticated program that was relatively easy to understand. Furthermore, the increased structure of his programs helped him to focus on the structure of the subject matter.
The Efficacy of a University Drug Education Course on Factors That Influence Alcohol Use
Authors: Duitsman Dalen M. , Cychosz Charles M.
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this investigation was to assess the impact that a Drug Education course has on motives, consequences, attitudes, and perceptions regarding alcohol use in a sample of university students, and to discern if these parameters alter substance usage. There were a total of 121 respondents (32 male, 94 female). Following the course, students reported a slight elevation in the motivation to drink alcohol to facilitate studying. However, drinking because they enjoyed the taste, drinking to get drunk, and drinking to celebrate special occasions decreased significantly following the course. No significant differences were noted in patterns of drinking consequences or selected attitudes toward alcohol use. Students did, however, perceive alcohol to be a more dangerous substance in the post-test. No gender differences were observed.
Health for All in the Twenty-First Century, World Health Organization Renewal, and Equity in Health: A Commentary
Authors: Pappas Gregory , Moss Nancy
Published: May 2005

Health for All in the Twenty-first Century is the document presenting the global health policy adopted by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1998, which reaffirms and updates the vision of Alma-Ata. This article provides a synopsis of the document and a commentary, concentrating on the issue of equity, which is central to WHO policy, and discussing cultural differences that underpin the notion of equity. The meaning of “equity” implies measurement, and the authors develop an approach to definitions of social strata and data issues that are used to quantify health differences. Finally, they discuss the way in which policies invoking equity are implemented into programs and present a rights-based approach as a case study of one way in which policy is being translated into action.