bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Further studies of crop loss following insect attack on cotton in Uganda
Authors: Ingram W. R.
Published: July 2009

Earlier studies of crop loss following insect attack on cotton in the elephant-grass zone of Uganda were followed up for two more seasons (1965–67), using large plots and routine spray schedules with different insecticides. The spray schedules were four or six fortnightly applications of insecticide, beginning at week 8 from emergence in the 1965–66 season, and four fortnightly or eight weekly sprays in the 1966–67 season. The insecticides used were DDT, endrin and dicrotophos in the first season and DDT, endrin and endosulfan in the second.

Estimates of Taylorilygus vosseleri (Popp.), Heliothis armigera (Hb.), Earias biplaga Wlk., Cryptophlebia leucotreta (Meyr.), Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.), Dysdercus spp., Aphis gossypii Glov., Tetranychus sp. and Eotetranychus sp. showed that, although one or other of the insecticides reduced the different pests to very low levels, yield increases were not obtained. In the 1966–67 trial, when the more important pests were present in very low numbers, DDT and endosulfan significantly reduced yields of clean seed cotton and it is suggested that these formulations are slightly phytotoxic to Uganda cottons.

The relationship between the shedding of fruiting bodies and the harvesting of the crop showed that sprays applied after week 14 did not affect the total crop in any way. Increased soil fertility caused the plants to form more fruiting bodies and, although many of these were shed, a higher proportion were retained with or without protection from pest damage.

It is concluded that the pest damage is too light to affect yields of early-sown cotton where varieties of indefinite growth habit can compensate for early loss of fruiting bodies in the extended growing season. Routine spraying gives no benefit and, in some seasons, can be harmful.
Two new species of Lepidoptera reared from galls on Guiera senegalensis in Northern Nigeria
Authors: Bradley J. D.
Published: July 2009

Two species of Lepidoptera reared from galls caused by a Thysanopteran, Vuilletia houardi (Vuillet), on the shrub Guiera senegalensis (Combretaceae) in Northern Nigeria are described as new. One is named Eublemma guiera sp. n. and belongs in the subfamily Eustrotiinae of the Noctuidae, and the other Anarsia guiera sp. n. and belongs in the Gelechiidae. The adults and male and female genitalia of both species are illustrated.
A chemical attractant for males of the grass grub beetle Costelytra zealandica (White) (Col., Scarabaeidae)
Authors: Osborne G. O. , Hoyt C. P.
Published: July 2009

A chemical sex attractant for the male grass grub beetle (Costelytra zealandica (White)) has been shown to be present in a commercially available adhesive preparation.
Observations on the armyworm Spodoptera mauritia acronyctoides Gn. (Lep., Noctuidae) in Sarawak (Malaysian Borneo)
Authors: Rothschild G. H. L.
Published: July 2009

Observations were made on the bionomics of Spodoptera mauritia acronyctoides Gn. in Malaysian Borneo (Sarawak) during an outbreak in 1967. The outbreak was discontinuous over about 6 000 sq. miles, affecting 25 000 acres of lowland and upland rice. In the insectary the durations of the various stages were: egg 2·9 days, first- to seventh-instar larvae respectively 3·1, 1·8, 2·2, 2·1, 2·2, 2·3 and 4·9 days, and pupa 8·4 days. Larval instars could usually be distinguished on head width and the width of the faecal pellets. Food consumption of the larvae was greatest during the final instar. During the outbreak the larvae were found mainly on young rice, and also on young maize; wild host-plants included grasses and sedges, but dicotyledonous plants were not attacked.

Females generally mated on the night following emergence, and the pre-oviposition period averaged 2·9 days. Fertilised females laid an average of 1 749 eggs, 80% of the potential total. Virgin females laid only 22% of the potential, and resorbed some of their oocytes. The mean longevity of fertilised females was 5·5 days. Fecundity was directly correlated with pupal weight or length, and the weights of pupae produced in wet-rice fields were significantly heavier than those from dry hill-rice sites. There was a significant correlation between the weight of frass produced (hence food consumed) by the seventh-instar larva and the weight of the pupal stage. Pupae from larvae in crowded cultures were significantly lighter than those reared singly.
A new phoretic species of Simulium (Dipt., Simuliidae) from West Cameroon, with taxonomic notes on allied forms
Authors: Lewis D. J. , Disney R. H. L. , Crosskey R. W.
Published: July 2009

Simulium (Phoretomyia) dukei sp.n., an occasional man-biter, is described and its systematic position discussed. Its larvae and pupae are associated with the prawn Atya africana Bouvier which is the only known host of phoretic Simuliids apart from river-crabs and mayfly nymphs. Four other phoretic species of Simulium are known in West Cameroon, and descriptions of two of them, S. berneri Freeman and S. ovazzae Grenier & Mouchet, are amplified.
Descriptions of the immature stages of a fruit-sucking moth, Othreis materna (L.) (Lep., Noctuidae), with notes on its bionomics
Authors: Srivastava R. P. , Bogawat Jatan Kumari
Published: July 2009

Othreis materna (L.) is an important fruit-sucking moth in Rajasthan (India). The immature stages are described in detail and illustrated by means of photographs and setal maps, points distinguishing this species from O. fullonia (Cl.) being noted. Females laid 200–400 eggs; the durations of the egg, larval and pupal stages on Tinospora cordifolia were 3–4, 16–23 and 10–13 days, respectively.
Studies on the biology and control of pests of seed beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in northern Tanzania
Authors: Swaine G.
Published: July 2009

Light-trap catches of Heliothis armigera (Hb.) reach peaks during the wet seasons, April and November–January. Initial infestation of seed beans by H. armigera occurs in April–May at the time of flowering of the early-sown crop, the adults probably originating from an earlier generation on maize. Two generations are completed during the main seed bean season, the first on early-sown beans and the second on later beans, and the dry period July–October may be passed in pupal diapause. Damage, caused by the older larvae eating the seeds in the pod, is prevented by spraying the young larvae with DDT (25% e.c. at 3 pt/2 gal spray/acre) (the standard treatment) or endosulfan (35% e.c. at 1½ pt/2 gal spray/acre) at about six weeks after the beans emerge.

Adults of the Pentatomid Nezara viridula (L.) invade bean fields from alternative host-plants at the same time as H. armigera. This species, even in small numbers, causes the loss of young pods and also damages or kills the developing seed. It is not controlled by the standard DDT treatment for H. armigera, but the following insecticides were found to be effective: γBHC 20% e.c. (1¼ pt), dieldrin 18% e.c. (2 pt) and endosulfan 35% e.c. (1½ pt) in 2 gal spray/acre. Where N. viridula and H. armigera are found together, the standard recommendation is endosulfan 35% e.c. (1½ pt/2 gal spray/acre).

The Coreids Acanthomia horrida (Germ.) and A. tomentosicollis (Stål) cause damage similar to that of N. viridula, but are serious only when infestations are heavy. They were found to be controlled by DDT, dieldrin or endosulfan at the rates given above.

Alatae of the bean aphis Aphis fabae Scop, invade bean fields mainly during the first two weeks of the crop, producing apterae which concentrate on the tip of the plants. Damage (stunting, and loss of flowers and pods) is serious only when large populations of apterae are produced on a high proportion of the young plants. The early infestation demands control measures separate from those for the other pests, the most effective being methyl-demeton 50% e.c. (½ pt/2 gal spray/acre) applied 3–4 weeks after emergence. Endosulfan, although promising and far less toxic than methyl-demeton to larvae of the predator Cheilomenes lunata (F.), was discarded on grounds of cost, as was dimethoate. Aphid populations reached a peak during July and August and decreased with the warmer weather in September. A large number of alternative host-plants is listed, but the source of the primary flight into beans is not known.

Melanagromyza phaseoli (Tryon), the life-cycle of which is completed in 23 days, is unimportant on seed beans as it is least abundant during the growing period of the main crop, but may damage plants suffering from water stress. Tunnelling in stems by larvae was controlled by seed dressings of aldrin or heptachlor (both 40% wettable powders mixed with seed at 1:200 w/w).
Field cage evaluation of the competitiveness of male Glossina morsitans orientalis Vanderplank sterilised with tepa or gamma irradiation
Authors: Dean G. J. W. , Dame D. A. , Birkenmeyer D. R.
Published: July 2009

Laboratory and field cage trials were made with male Glossina morsitans orientalis Vanderplank treated with tepa or gamma irradiation to assess the ability of the sterile males to compete with untreated males for normal females when the ratios of treated males to untreated males to untreated females ranged from 4:1:5 to 5:2:5. Irradiation of the pupal and adult stages with 8000 and 15000 rad or 8000 and 12000 rad, respectively, reduced reproduction by 87–100% (mean, 95%). Contact for 60 min on a glass surface coated with 10 mg tepa/ft2 or exposure to 0·25 ml of 5% tepa in a wind tunnel usually produced complete sterility (mean, 99%) in 0- or 2-day-old male flies. Trials in the laboratory and in a small field cage (288 ft2) with chemosterilised flies generally reduced reproduction to near the expected values. Similar results were obtained with male flies emerging from irradiated puparia, but males treated as adults produced somewhat smaller reductions than expected. Unreplicated competitive trials with chemosterilised and irradiated males in a large field cage (8100 ft2) produced considerably smaller reductions in reproduction than expected, suggesting that treated males released in nature might not compete for normal females as readily as untreated males.
A new species of Idiophantis Meyrick (Lep., Gelechiidae) bred from galls on Eugenia in New Ireland
Authors: Bradley J. D.
Published: July 2009

A species of Gelechiid moth bred from larvae living in galls on the leaves of an unidentified species of Eugenia in New Ireland is described as new and is named Idiophantis eugeniae sp. n. The species is differentiated from I. chiridota Meyr., to which it is closely related and which occurs in the Indo-Malayan region. Illustrations are given of the adult male and the genitalia of both sexes.
Observations on sex attraction and mating behaviour of the tsetse flyGlossina morsitans orientalisVanderplank
Authors: Dean G. J. W. , Clements S. A. , Paget J.
Published: July 2009

Laboratory and field investigations into sex attraction and mating behaviour ofGlossina morsitans orientalisVanderplank have been described. Male flies were not attracted to volatile and soluble compounds from two- to three-day-old mature virgin females, or to virgin females in a simple olfactometer. Removal of antennae from either sex did not appreciably reduce insemination rates after 24–48-h mating periods compared with normal flies. Similar numbers of wild male flies were caught off oxen baited or non-baited with mature virgin females.G. m. orientalisprobably does not produce a pheromone.

Male flies appeared to be sexually activated only after movement by the female. Mating success was reduced in the dark and when the male's eyes were painted, but blinding the female fly did not reduce insemination. Mating was similar with or without wings and halteres and the sounds produced by them.

Time between pairing the sexes and the start of mating tended to increase, and the percentage of inseminated females accepting two or more matings decreased, after the first copulation. Female flies rarely re-mated within a day. Virgin female flies accepted males passively with partly open wings, and mated females rejected further copulation with closed wings, activity to shake the male off, and primarily a downward-curved abdomen. Virgin female flies mated for periods of 1–45 min did not receive sperm but successfulad libitummating was reduced a day later. Insemination rates decreased with females older than seven days and reached zero 28–83 days after eclosion, while 37-day-old males inseminated 93% of young females.
Studies on the biology of the sugar-cane pest Saccharosydne saccharivora (Westw.) (Hom., Delphacidae)
Authors: Metcalfe J. R.
Published: July 2009

An account is given of laboratory studies and field observations in Jamaica and British Honduras on the host-plants, life-history and habits of Saccharosydne saccharivora (Westw.), a major pest of sugar-cane. The original host-plants of S. saccharivora are shown to be two species of grasses, Andropogon glomeratus and A. bicornis. The immature stages of S. saccharivora are described and illustrated; the five nymphal instars may most easily be distinguished by their increasing size, the differentiation of the wing buds and the increasing spinosity of the metathoracic tibia and tarsus. Daily records of individuals of S. saccharivora show the duration of the different stages on fertilised plant cane at c. 80°F to be as follows: egg, 15–19 days; instar 1, 6–7 days; instars 2, 3 and 4, each 4–5 days; instar 5, 6–7 days; adult male, about one week; adult female, up to four weeks. The complete life-cycle took 6½–7 weeks, but was slower on unfertilised ratoon cane. In describing the habits of S. saccharivora, particular attention is given to feeding (feeding probes reach the bundle sheath cells and phloem of the lamina), oviposition (young leaves are the preferred oviposition site) and migration (immigration of adults on to young cane occurred at all times of year).
Examination of the isolated autosomes of the SKA strain of house-flies (Musca domesticaL.) for resistance to several insecticides with and without pretreatment with sesamex and TBTP
Authors: Sawicki R. M. , Farnham A. W.
Published: July 2009

The factors of resistance to many insecticides were located and isolated in a homozygous condition from the diazinon-selected SKA strain of house-flies (Musca domesticaL.) by inbreeding each of the five autosomes of the SKA strain into a susceptible multi-marker strainac;ar;bwb;ocraSRS. The insecticides were: DDT, methoxychlor, tri-butyl tin, the methoxy and ethoxy analogues of parathion, chlorthion and malathion and their corresponding phosphates, diazinon and diazoxon.

The SKA flies' autosomes had the following factors of resistance:—autosome I—very slight resistance to ethyl-chlorthion; autosome II—geneafor low ali-esterase activity which conferred weak to moderate resistance against all organophosphates tested, andDeh(DDT-dehydrochlorinase) which gave great resistance to DDT, but none against methoxychlor; autosome III—Pen, which delayed knock-down by slowing down the entry of insecticides into the flies and had a negligible effect at death except against tri-butyl tin and methoxychlor, and a factor of resistance to Zectran unaffected by sesamex; autosome IV—Dld, the major factor of resistance to dieldrin; and autosome V—Ses, a sesamex-suppressed factor, which gave weak to moderate resistance against ethyl-malaoxon, diazoxon, diazinon, DDT and methoxychlor, but was ineffective against the other organophosphates tested.

TBTP (S,S,S tri-butyl phosphorotrithioate), an ali-esterase inhibitor, greatly synergised organophosphates only against insects with genea. Pretreatment with sesamex, an inhibitor of microsomal activity, elicited two types of response: antagonism with most of the thioates, most pronounced in flies with genea, and synergism with the phosphates, especially evident with flies with factorSes. The possible reasons for differences in the response to organophosphates after pretreatment with TBTP or sesamex, and the nature of the resistance factors are discussed. High resistance in SKA flies against organophosphates arises through the interaction of resistance factors which singly give only weak to moderate resistance.
Observations on some possible attractants of tsetse flies (Glossina morsitansWestw. andG. pallidipesAust.)
Authors: Dean G. J. W. , Clements S. A. , Paget J.
Published: July 2009

Investigations into some possible attractants ofGlossina morsitansWestw. andG. pallidipesAust. have been described. In small cages (8x8x11 in.) under laboratory conditions, flies with painted eyes survived longer than those that were untreated, whilst removing the antennae decreased longevity. Olfactory stimuli were probably more important than vision in orientating a fly towards a static guinea-pig used as a host in a moulded mesh insert into the cage. Field observations indicated that tsetse flies were orientated towards an ox at a distance mainly by vision and few flies found oxen concealed by screens. Olfaction may be used at relatively short distances to find hidden host animals, andG. pallidipesmay respond to smell more readily thanG. morsitans.

Tests in the laboratory and small field cages (6 ft3) indicated that tsetse were not attracted to any particular colour (red, yellow, blue) or shade (white, grey, black). However, in the field more flies were caught off a dark ox than a white ox. In the laboratory > 80% of maleG. pallidipesresponded to black light within four hours while withG. morsitansa similar proportion was attracted only after six hours. Responses by both species decreased with blue, red and white light and were least with yellow. In small field cages attraction to black light was reduced and only 20–38·6% of either species were caught by a “flap trap” in 6–13½-h test periods. Tests with either blue or red lights in these field cages trapped less than 9% of the released tsetse flies in similar periods. Field trials with black light indicated that this attractant was ineffective as a sampling technique since very few of a natural population were trapped.
A verandah-trap hut for studying the house-frequenting habits of mosquitoes and for assessing insecticides. IV. The effect of tetramethrin on the behaviour and mortality of Anopheles gambiae Giles
Authors: Smith A. , Chabeda P. I. M.
Published: July 2009

The effects of tetramethrin on the behaviour and mortality of Anopheles gambiae Giles entering verandah-trap huts have been studied with the assistance of gaschromatographic techniques.

Fifty-three to 39% of A. gambiae were deterred from entering a corrugated-iron-roof hut treated indoors with a nominal dosage of 2 gm/m2 tetramethrin active ingredient.

Overall mortalities were 53–71% in the first month of application, but fell two to three months after application to 22–46%.

The tetramethrin deposit had marked effects on the behaviour of A. gambiae entering treated huts. Feeding was greatly inhibited, 69–90% of the mosquitoes being unfed. Also, as the residual toxicity of the deposit declined, increasingly higher proportions (40–70%) of recently blood-fed A. gambiae left the huts due to the irritant action of the insecticide. The chemical basis of the irritant effect was indicated to the extent that survivors leaving the treated hut showed 9·5–14·0 ng tetramethrin/individual. The minimum lethal dose was indicated by 17·5–21·7 ng/individual picked up by mosquitoes showing delayed mortalities after leaving the treated huts. Mosquitoes that died indoors picked up amounts ranging from 27·0 to 42·3 ng/individual.

The effects of tetramethrin on A. gambiae were in general similar to those of DDT and pyrethrum, and differed only in degree.
A new Ethiopian Trichogrammatid (Hym.) parasite of the eggs of Entypotrachelus (Col., Curculionidae)
Authors: Santis Luis De
Published: July 2009

A species of Trichogrammatid reared from the eggs of Entypotrachelus meyeri Kolbe (Col., Curculionidae) is described as new and is named Oligositoides semicinctium.
Natality, mortality and control of the elm bark beetle Scolytus scolytus (F.) (Col., Scolytidae)
Authors: Beaver R. A.
Published: July 2009

Natality is more important than mortality in the determination of the number of first-generation adults of Scolytus scolytus (F.) to emerge. The reverse is the case for the overwintering generation. Temperature is a probable key factor for the first generation, and subcortical predators for the overwintering generation. These results are related to possible control of the beetle as a vector of Dutch elm disease by injection of systemic insecticides. It is suggested that control measures may only be necessary in the climatic conditions of the United Kingdom in hot summers when a large first generation is likely to emerge. Natural mortality factors will effectively reduce the beetle population that overwinters.
The identity of Palexorista quadrizonula (Thomson) (Diptera), a Tachinid parasite of Lepidopterous pests in Africa
Authors: Crosskey R. W.
Published: July 2009

The identity is established of Palexorista quadrizonula (Thomson), an African Tachinid parasite of Lepidopterous pests, including the armyworms (Spodoptera spp.). The species is described and the known hosts recorded.
On the vertical distribution of Phlebotomine sandflies (Dipt., Psychodidae) in British Honduras (Belize)
Authors: Williams Paul
Published: July 2009

Phlebotomine sandflies were collected simultaneously at ground level, 25 ft and 40 ft in an area of medium bush in British Honduras (Belize).

Flies were captured on human bait, with rat-baited oil-traps and with miniature light-traps, and some resting individuals were collected at each level. One species of Brumptomyia França and 18 of Lutzomyia França & Parrot were obtained. Brief notes on some of these species are given.

Miniature light-traps provided the widest range of species, were the most satisfactory means for collecting Brumptomyia, L. steatopyga (Fairchild & Hertig) and L. carpenteri (Fairchild & Hertig), and yielded new information on the flight activities of L. deleoni (Fairchild & Hertig) and L. panamensis (Shannon).

Most species collected were found to be predominantly arboreal in habit, L. permira (Fairchild & Hertig) and Lutzomyia sp. P being almost exclusively so. Some species (L. panamensis, possibly L. geniculata (Mangabeira) and L. bispinosa (Fairchild & Hertig)) live amongst the foliage but descend to the forest floor to seek blood-meals. A few species (L. steatopyga, L. deleoni and L. olmeca (Vargas & Díaz Nájera)) are active mainly near the ground, though the occasional specimen may be carried much higher.

L. olmeca is the principal vector of rodent leishmaniasis in British Honduras. In the present study, no evidence was obtained to incriminate any other species of Phlebotomine as an insect host for Leishmania mexicana, and the mode of transmission of the parasite to man remains obscure.
Calculations of the productivity of Glossina austeni Newst. maintained on goats and on lop-eared rabbits
Authors: Curtis C. F. , Jordan A. M.
Published: July 2009

Survival and age-specific fecundity rates are given for samples of Glossina austeni Newst. fed on lop-eared rabbits or goats. From these, rm (the innate capacity for increase in numbers) is calculated as being 0·0173 for rabbit-fed and 0·0157 for goat-fed colonies of flies.

The outputs available for disposal from stationary colonies maintained on the two hosts are calculated and the predicted effect of killing the surviving breeding females at various ages is indicated. It is concluded that the weekly output of males, depending on the conditions, could be 20–30% of the number of breeding flies that have to be maintained and that for a given output the number of goat-fed flies that would have to be maintained would be 18–20% greater than the number of rabbit-fed flies. Such small differences in productivity would probably be outweighed by considerations of availability and ease of maintenance of host species in relation to local conditions and costs.

It is believed that the maximum output for colonies of G. austeni has been approached.
Descriptions of new genera and species of Mymaridae (Hymenoptera) from the Far East and the Ethiopian region
Authors: Subba Rao B. R.
Published: July 2009

This paper is concerned with certain Mymaridae from crop pests in the Far East and the Ethiopian region.Anneckia oophagagen. et sp.n. was reared from eggs ofSexavain New Guinea, and a key is given for the separation of the genus from other members of the tribe Anagrini.Acanthomymar nigrumgen. et sp.n. is associated with pests of coffee in Uganda and the genus is placed close toChaetomymarOgloblin (tribe Mymarini).Gonatocerus brevifuniculatussp.n. reared from an unidentified scale onAlbiziasp. in Pakistan and from Indonesia,Polynema oophagasp.n. from Tettigoniid eggs in Malaysia, and the previously unknown male ofPlatypatasson fransseniOgloblin are described. The original description ofErythmelus helopeltidisGahan is extended by means of illustrations andOphiomyia lantanae(Froggatt) is cited as an additional host record. Identification of material from Tanganyika showed the range ofChaetomymar lepidumAnnecke & Doutt to extend to that country.
An apparatus for dispensing mechanically the eggs of the cabbage root fly (Erioischia brassicae (Bch.) (Dipt., Muscidae))
Authors: Coaker T. H. , Dodd G. D.
Published: July 2009

An apparatus for dispensing the eggs of cabbage root fly (Erioischia brassicae (Bch.)) is described. It consists of an ‘Agla’ micrometer syringe, a 2-ml pipette and a 20-mlsyringe connected together by a three-way valve. The eggs are dispensed volumetrically, the standard errors being < ±10% for batches ranging from 30 to 300 eggs. This degree of variation had no measurable effects on the uniformity of pupae from cabbage root fly cultures.
A new species of Metacemyia (Dipt., Tachinidae) parasitic on Manowia (Orthopt., Eumastacidae) in Malawi
Authors: Crosskey R. W.
Published: July 2009

A new species of Tachinidae of the genus Metacemyia (tribe Acemyini) is described and figured, and keys are given to the Acemyines of the Ethiopian Region. The new species is recorded as a parasite of the wingless Eumastacid grasshopper Manowia sp. nr. alca Bolívar in Malawi. Taxonomic notes are included on the other Acemyini known from the Ethiopian Region.
The clouded drab moth,Orthosia incerta(Hfn.) (Lep., Noctuidae), a pest of orchard fruit
Authors: Alford D. V.
Published: July 2009

In Britain adults of the clouded drab moth,Orthosia incerta(Hfn.), appear in the spring and are especially common during April and early May. The larvae feed on various trees and shrubs from May to June or early July, and in orchards may cause damge to the flowers or developing fruitlets. There are six larval instars. These are described, and illustrations are given of the immature stages and adults.
Effects of tepa and other aziridine alkylating agents on egg development in the red bollworm Diparopsis castanea Hmps, and the silver Y moth Autographa gamma (L.) (Lep., Noctuidae)
Authors: Campion D. G.
Published: July 2009

Increased doses of tepa applied by injection to female Diparopsis castanea Hmps. caused a progressive increase in sterility accompanied by a decrease in the number of eggs oviposited from the time of application. After an interval of three days it was shown by histological examination that injected doses of 10 μg of tepa induced degeneration of the developing oocytes and a shrinkage or resorption of some of the mature eggs. After Diparopsis male moths were treated with graduated injected doses of apholate, metepa and tepa and then mated with untreated females, considerable embryonic development without subsequent egg hatch occurred at the lower dosage levels. When tepa-treated Autographa gamma (L.) males at a dose of 10 μg were similarly mated with untreated females histological examination showed that the development of many of the eggs had been arrested at a very early stage; in some instances a greater development, although of an abnormal kind, had taken place.
The mosquitoes of Bwamba County, Uganda. IX. Further studies on the biting behaviour of an outdoor population of the Anopheles gambiae Giles complex
Authors: Haddow A. J. , Ssenkubuge Y.
Published: July 2009

During studies on yellow fever in Bwamba county, Western Uganda, five non-stop series, each of six 24-h catches, were carried out in an uninhabited area of dense rainforest.
All these yielded very large numbers of mosquitoes belonging to the Anopheles gambiae Giles complex. Measures of the central tendency, applied to summed results, show a “typical” pattern with a peak in the second half of the night. Examination of the results in detail reveals great variations in the biting pattern from day to day. These cannot be correlated with local weather conditions and their existence shows that considerable caution must be used in this type of analysis, except in well synchronised biting patterns.
Larothrips dentipes (Thysanoptera, Thripidae), a new genus and species of thrips from yam flowers in Nigeria
Authors: Pitkin Brian R.
Published: July 2009

Larothrips dentipes gen. et sp.n., possibly a pollinating agent of yam flowers in Nigeria, is described. The genus Thrips is defined and compared with the closely related monobasic genera Microcephalothrips and Larothrips.
Cross-attractancy and cross-mating between the red bollworm Diparopsis castanea Hmps. and the Sudan bollworm Diparopsis watersi (Roths.) (Lep., Noctuidae)
Authors: Beevor P. S. , Campion D. G. , Moorhouse J. E. , Nesbitt Brenda F.
Published: July 2009

Cross-mating occurred under laboratory conditions between Diparopsis castanea Hmps. and D. watersi (Roths.), although this subsequently resulted in only a slight egg hatch. Assays involving the use of virgin female traps demonstrated cross-attractancy between the two species. Since abdominal tip extracts of D. watersi females after gas chromatography produced the same pattern of electroantennogram responses as D. castanea female tip extract, it is probable that the sex pheromones of the two species are identical.
Flight activity of alate Adelgids (Homoptera, Aphidoidea) in southern England
Authors: Carter C. I. , Barson G.
Published: July 2009

The flight periods of eight species of Adelgids were deduced from suction trap catches in a mixed woodland site at Alice Holt, Hampshire from 1965 to 1970. Nine species from other natural forest areas in the northern hemisphere occurred on trees in the study area, but some immigration may have contributed to the numbers trapped. Large catches (often >200 individuals per day) of three pest species, Adelges laricis Vall., A. cooleyi (Gill.) and Pineus pini (L.), occurred during late May and June. Only small catches (<10 individuals per day) were obtained during July–September. The sexuparae from the non-Picea hosts occurred mainly in May and June whereas the gallicolae from Picea hosts flew during certain periods from June to September. Analysis showed that the threshold temperature for flight was 16°C and that 64% or more of the total monthly catch occurred in the afternoon (13·00–19·00 h). The variation in length of the early summer flight period by ± one week was related to air temperature maxima, but the fluctuation ( ± one week) in the mean date for flight of each species in the early summer period is probably connected with the phenological condition of the host-plant.
An ecological Study of the “Lucerne Flea” (Smynthurus viridis, Linn.)—II
Authors: Maclagan D. Stewart
Published: July 2009

Following the method of procedure already outlined, the life-history ofSmynthurus viridis, its bionomics insensu stricto, and the influence of environmental factors under controlled laboratory conditions, having been considered, the next step is an examination of the seasonal cycle of events as occurring in nature. Part II is, therefore, devoted largely to an analysis of the field data, coupled with an interpretation thereof as substantiated by critically planned and controlled laboratory experimentation; this reinforcement being rendered necessary on account of a multiplicity of factors acting simultaneously in nature. The chief difficulty in an investigation of this kind (as with all problems concerned with fluctuations in the numbers of organisms) lies in the fact that there are few methods for obtaining quickly and easily an accurate quantitative sample of the numbers and kind of organisms; and, secondly, there is the difficulty of finding (in a long-inhabited country like Britain) a “normal” environment,i.e., one in which purely natural agencies have been allowed free play over a sufficient interval of time to allow a state of equilibrium to have become established between the various members of the community to whichSmynthurusbelongs, in their relationship to the physical factors of the environment and to each other.
Superparasitism by Collyria calcitrator, Grav
Authors: Salt George
Published: July 2009

(1) It has been assumed that parasites oviposit in their hosts purely at random, not discriminating between healthy hosts and those already parasitized.

(2) Only one Collyria calcitrator can develop in each Cephus pygmaeus so that parasites of this species ovipositing in hosts already parasitized endanger or doom their progeny.

(3) 3,761 larvae of Cephus pygmaeus were dissected; 1,049 were unparasitized and 2,712 were parasitized by Collyria calcitrator; 2,195 contained one, 332 two, 98 three, 49 four, 18 five, 7 six, 4 seven, 5 eight, 2 nine, 1 eleven, and 1 sixteen parasites.

(4) These observed data do not agree, even when corrected for several factors, with the values to be expected from random distribution of the eggs one at a time.

(5) The observed data indicate a degree of discrimination on the part of the ovipositing females.
Chitinisation of Parasites in Mosquitos
Authors: Brug S. L.
Published: July 2009

Various instances of the formation of a chitinous capsule around parasites in mosquitos have been described in literature. Worms as well as Protozoa, Hyphomycetes and bacilli have been seen encapsuled in this way.
The natural control of the Sheep Blowfly, Lucilia sericata, Meigen
Authors: Salt George
Published: July 2009

This paper is my report of a year's work on the sheep blowfly problem at the Farnham House Laboratory of the Imperial Institute of Entomology. The investigation had a two-fold aim. Its immediate object was the development of a satisfactory large-scale methodof rearing Alysia manducator, and practical results in the form of shipments of the parasite were required. Its ulterior purpose was the accumulation of exact quantitative data on the interaction of a parasite and its host.
The original Habitat and Hosts of three major Sugar-cane Pests of Tropical America (Diatraea, Castnia and Tomaspis)
Authors: Myers J. G.
Published: July 2009

A study has been made of the small moth-borers (Diatraea), the giant mothborer (Castnia), and the froghopper (Tomaspis) of sugar-cane, in their respective primitive environments, primarily with a view to finding new parasites for them and secondarily to obtain light on their ecology under agricultural conditions.

The original hosts of Diatraea saccharalis are shown to be certain aquatic and semi-aquatic grasses growing at the edge of forest creeks in the Orinoco Delta and of rivers flowing through the Venezuelan llanos, and in lakes of the Greater Antilles.

In the llano habitat D. busckella and D. impersonatella were found under indubitably primitive conditions.

The original host of D. canella, another destructive cane species include two forms of Paspalum millegrana, growing on the Trinidad littoral.
The Phases of Locusts in South Africa
Authors: Faure Jacobus C.
Published: July 2009

Adding together all the hoppers listed above, we find that 637 individuals were reared in these experiments from 34 different pairs of adults; 394 were reared in complete isolation, and 243 under crowded conditions, but each crowd consisted of the progeny of one pair only. The majority of those isolated were placed in isolation on the day of hatching, but some first lived in a crowd for a week or two before being used to replace isolated individuals that had died.

Comparing the results in Tables XXI and XXII, we noted that the isolated hoppers acquired thesolitariacharacters, while those crowded tended to develop thegregariacharacters, regardless of whether the parents had beengregariaorsolitaria. Only two isolated hoppers from the pair L.p.352 showedgregariacharacters, and one of these had lived in a crowd and had acquiredgregariacharacters before it was placed in isolation in its second instar. Table XXIII shows that crosses betweengregariaandsolitariagave the same results.

In the second generation (Table XXIV) the progeny of the P1gregariapair 352 reacted to isolation and crowding in the same way as all other hoppers, and the same was true of the F2back-cross togregaria(L.p.569).

Examining the hypothesis of Potgieter in the light of these experiments, we find that the data presented in Tables XXI to XXIV are in direct contradiction with the three phases enumerated above. Instead of giving a majority ofgregaria, the matings ofgregariabygregariaproduced bothgregariaandsolitariaaccording to the conditions under which the progeny were reared. According to the second thesis, the crossing ofsolitariaandgregariashould always result in a majority ofgregaria, but Table XXIII shows that 90 isolated hoppers all becamesolitaria. Thirdly, the mating ofsolitariawithsolitariais supposed never to producegregariaprogeny; Table XXII shows that the progeny of these crosses developedgregariacharacters when crowded andsolitariawhen isolated.
Pupal Parasitism in Glossina morsitans and G. tachinoides at Gadau, Northern Nigeria
Authors: Taylor A. W.
Published: July 2009

A summary is given of the results obtained from the collection of large numbers of the puparia of G. tachinoides and G. morsitans in the Gadau-Sherifuri area and the breeding of tsetse and parasites therefrom. Totals of 106,047 puparia of G. tachinoides and 17,346 of G. morsitans have been dealt with during the two breeding seasons of 1930–31. It is concluded that the Bombyliid, Thyridanthrax argentifrons, Aust., is in this area the only naturally occurring pupal parasite of Glossina of any importance. This fly has formed as much as 6 per cent. of total emergences from G. tachinoides puparia in the month of March, and 2 per cent. of total emergences from G. morsitans puparia for the month of April.
The Biology and economic Status of New Zealand Muscidae and Calliphoridae.—Part I. Historical Review
Authors: Miller David
Published: July 2009

Blow-flies and house-flies (grouped in the Dipterous family MUSCIDAE in the older sense, including CALLIPHORIDAE) are outstandingly abundant throughout New Zealand. The influence of these insects upon the health of man and domestic animals is well known. Though this work deals with the MUSCIDAE as a whole under local conditions, its main object is to record investigations upon the blow-flies with special reference to the depredations of their maggots upon New Zealand sheep.
The Physico-chemical Factors of Water in Relation to Mosquito Breeding in Trinidad
Authors: Beattie Mary V. F.
Published: July 2009

1. An analysis of rice-field and canal waters was made over a period of 1 year.

2. The incidence of Anopheles tarsimaculatus in these fields and canals was noted.

3. The chemical factors estimated were pH, carbon dioxide, organic nitrogen, dissolved oxygen, nitrites, nitrates, phosphates and ammonia nitrogen.

4. No correlation was found between the incidence of A. tarsimaculatus and the following factors: pH, carbon dioxide, organic nitrogen, dissolved oxygen, nitrites, nitrates and phosphates.

5. In nature the female A. tarsimaculatus seemed to prefer waters with a low ammonia nitrogen content, larvae being rarely found in water with a content greater than 0·04 parts per 100,000. In the laboratory the larvae of A. tarsimaculatus lived several days in waters with an ammonia nitrogen content as high as 0·12 parts per 100,000. Therefore it was concluded that ammonia nitrogen had some bearing upon the prevalence of this
Anopheles, affecting the oviposition of the female rather than the growth of the larvae.
Mosquito Notes.—XI
Authors: Edwards F. W.
Published: July 2009

In the autumn of 1931 I received for determination from Dr. R. B. Jackson a small number of Culicine larvae collected in Hong Kong. These included two specimens of a Uranotaenia with very remarkable antennae, which seem well worth describing as a further example of the striking and unexpected deviations of structure which occur in various members of this genus. As the specimens sent were whole larvae and not skins, the identity of the species is somewhat uncertain, but an adult of U. testacea, Theo., was obtained by Dr. Jackson at the same time as the larvae, and it is most probable that the larvae belong to that species. Incidentally, U. testacea has not been recorded from Hong Kong before.
A second Report on some miscellaneous African Encyrtidae in the British Museum
Authors: Compere Harold
Published: July 2009

The holotypes and allotypes of all species described as new in this paper are to be deposited in the British Museum and paratypes in the United States National Museum. All the species described in this paper are parasitic in scale-insects or mealybugs.

Some of the classifications presented in these papers on African Encyrtidae are tentative only, for in the case of closely related variable species it is impossible to make final identifications on the basis of a few museum samples. The exact degrees of relationship can be expressed only when the insects are known intimately throughout their entire range and a knowledge of the limits and degrees of variation obtained. Even with this knowledge it is not always possible to make final determinations with assurance.
The Amazon Fly (Metagonistylum minense, Towns.) in British Guiana
Authors: Cleare L. D.
Published: July 2009

In 1932 on an expedition in Brazil, Dr. J. G. Myers, of the Imperial Institute of Entomology, while in search for suitable parasites for introduction into this and other colonies in the West Indian area, discovered the Tachinid flyMetagonistylum minense, Towns., known generally now as the Amazon fly, as an important parasite ofDiatraea saccharalis, F., in the vicinity of Santarem on the Amazon, and as the result of his investigations there, formed the opinion that it would be a suitable parasite for introduction into British Guiana.
The Seasonal and Annual Incidence of the Sheep Tick,Ixodes ricinus, in Britain
Authors: MacLeod J.
Published: July 2009

1. Serial examinations of the degree of infestation of thirty-five flocks during a nine-year period in Argyllshire, Perthshire, Selkirk and Northumberland, showed that tick incidence is greatest in spring and decreases markedly in early summer. Evidence is given of a similar periodicity in North Wales.

2. Evidence is given of the occurrence of a slight recrudescence of activity in autumn, and of the almost complete absence of activity in winter.

3. The spring curve of activity terminated in early May in Argyllshire, in the middle of May in Perthshire, and towards the end of May in the Borders and Northumberland.

4. The estimation of the relative annual infestation,e.g., in relation to the question of spread or increase of ticks, by single annual counts is shown to be quite unreliable.

5. No evidence was obtained of an increase in density of ticks in any area during the period of observation.

6. The seasonal periodicity in activity was found to bear no relation to the density of stocking of the ground by sheep.

7. The seasonal activity of ticks in Argyllshire, Perthshire, Selkirkshire and Northumberland, was found to be related to the air temperature, expressed as the weekly average of maximum temperatures. The limits of the air-temperature range corresponding to active tick infestation are 45°F. and 60°F. (average weekly maximum).

8. The curve of tick infestation during 1937 on a moor in North-east Scotland was found to differ markedly from the normal, and the possible explanations of the discrepancy are discussed.
Chalcid Flies attacking noxious Beetles in India and New Guinea
Authors: Ferrière Ch.
Published: July 2009

The Chalcidoidea mentioned in this paper are mostly parasites of the cotton stem-weevil, Pempheres affinis, Fst., in South India. They were bred by Mr. P. N. Krishna Ayyar during the years 1935 to 1938 and were sent in various collections to the Imperial Institute of Entomology for study. Another species, parasite of the Coconut Hispid, Promecotheca papuana, Csiki (antiqua, Ws.), has been added here, its description having been required for biological studies.
Natural Control of Diprion similis, Htg., in Poland during 1936
Authors: Hardy John Eliot
Published: July 2009

During a search over Europe for species of the genus Diprion an infestation of Diprion similis was located in Poland at Orle, near Wlosclavek. The infestation was remarkable in that the prepupae which had spun up in the autumn of 1935 did not proceed with normal development in the following year, but remained in a prolonged dispause. An opportunity was thus afforded of studying at length the control exerted by biotic factors on the prepupal stage of the host sawfly.
On the Period of Survival of the Egg, Larva, and First Nymph Stages of the Argasid Tick Ornithodorus moubata, Murray, at different relative Humidities
Authors: Brett G. A.
Published: July 2009

The longevity and development of the eggs of Ornithodorus moubata, Murray, at different relative humidities between 6·2 per cent. and 80 per cent. were investigated. It was found that:—

(1) All stages investigated, i.e., egg, larva and 1st nymph, survived for a much longer period at high humidities than at low. The longevity snowed a steady gradation through the range of humidities used.

(2) Even at very low humidities a sufficient proportion of eggs developed to the 1st nymph stage to carry on the race.

(3) The 1st nymph is much more resistant to desiccation than the earlier stages.

This result does not agree with opinions expressed as the result of field observations, or with the only previous laboratory experiment it was possible to trace. Reasons for both these disagreements are suggested.
A Note on the Fly Areas of North Nyasa District
Authors: Wilson S. G.
Published: July 2009

In Nyasaland, as indeed in most territories in East Africa, the greatest single factor governing the distribution of both human population and stock is the presence of tsetse fly. Exact records, therefore, of the distribution of this fly are of importance. In the present article an attempt is made to summarise the present state of our knowledge regarding the prevalence of Glossina in the North Nyasa district.
Observations on Cotton Stainers (Dysdercus) in the West Indies
Authors: Squire F. A.
Published: July 2009

The following observations on cotton stainers were made in the Eastern Group of the West Indies, or Lesser Antilles, which extend from Trinidad to the Virgin Islands. Some idea of their size and geographical relationships will be obtained from fig. 1.
Longevity of Anopheles maculipennis race atroparvus, van Thiel, at controlled Temperature and Humidity after one Blood Meal
Authors: Leeson H. S.
Published: July 2009

From January to July 1938, experiments with Anopheles maculipennis race atroparvus, Van Thiel, were undertaken to discover whether humidity and the age at which the females fed influenced their longevity. It was found that they lived longer at higher than at lower humidities; that most of the females which fed did so in the first three days; that those which fed on the second day after emergence lived longer than those which fed at other ages; and that the feeding period was slightly extended in the later experiments, though only a small proportion lived long enough to take their first blood meals on the fourth and fifth days.

Rather more than 50 per cent. of each batch of newly emerged adults were females.

A large proportion of the deaths of unfed males and females occurred during the first three days, most of them on the second day; this mortality decreased in successive experiments.

Culex fatigans, Wied., behaved similarly.