bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CULTIVO DE CANAFÍSTULA (Peltophorum dubium) EM MINIJARDIM CLONAL E PROPAGAÇÃO POR MINIESTACAS
Authors: Mantovani Nilton , Roveda Marcelo , Tres Laura , Fortes Fabiano de Oliveira , Grando Magali Ferrari
Published: April 2017

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento da canafístula (Peltophorum dubium Spreg. Taub.) cultivada em sistema de minijardim clonal e estudar a viabilidade da aplicação da técnica de miniestaquia para a propagação vegetativa desta espécie. Na formação das minicepas, de origem seminal, mantiveram-se diferentes números de folhas (três ou mais, uma folha ou um par de folhas). Avaliou-se a sobrevivência das minicepas, número, comprimento e diâmetro dos brotos e a produtividade média de miniestacas por minicepa durante sucessivas rebrotas. Avaliou-se ainda o efeito da aplicação do AIB (0; 1500; 3000; 4500 e 6000 mg L-1) sobre a sobrevivência e o enraizamento de miniestacas basais e apicais. A sobrevivência das minicepas foi de 100% independentemente do número remanescente de folhas na sua formação. A manutenção de 1 folha possibilitou a formação de maior número de brotos (3,39) por minicepa; 1 par de folhas promoveu maior comprimento dos brotos (12,41 cm) e; 3 folhas ou mais originaram brotos de maior diâmetro. A produção média de miniestacas/minicepa/coleta foi crescente ao longo das sucessivas rebrotas, com máxima produtividade (159 miniestacas m-2) na 4ª rebrota. Miniestacas apicais apresentam maior potencial de enraizamento do que as basais. O AIB é dispensável na indução radicial, mas estimula a produção de massa seca das raízes. O manejo da canafístula em sistema de minijardim clonal possibilita a produção de brotos para processos de propagação clonal através da miniestaquia.
INFLUÊNCIA DA IDADE DE CORTE DE CLONES DE Eucalyptus grandis E HÍBRIDOS DE Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla NA COMPOSIÇÃO QUÍMICA DA MADEIRA E POLPAÇÃO KRAFT
Authors: Morais Paulo Henrique Damasceno de , Longue Júnior Dalton , Colodette Jorge Luiz , Morais Elisa Helena da Costa , Jardim Carolina Marangon
Published: April 2017

Os recentes esforços na melhoria da qualidade da madeira para o abastecimento das fábricas de celulose e papel têm focado em muitos pontos, dentre estes, a influência das características químicas da matéria-prima no processo produtivo e na qualidade do produto final. Considerando a atual demanda por árvores mais jovens, o efeito da idade de corte da madeira na composição química e nas variáveis de processo, torna-se uma questão importante para as indústrias do setor. Em função disto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi caracterizar clones de eucalipto, Eucalyptus grandis e híbridos Eucalyptus urograndis, ambos em diferentes idades de corte (1 a 8 anos) quanto às suas composições químicas e parâmetros de polpação kraft. Ambas as composições químicas das madeiras mostraram variações estatísticas significativas devido às suas diferentes idades de corte. O teor de glicanas, assim como o teor de celulose, densidade básica e extrativos, aumentaram com o aumento da idade de corte das árvores, enquanto o teor de xilanas e demais carboidratos que compõem as hemicelulose, tenderam a diminuir com o aumento da idade de corte, assim como os ácidos urônicos, grupos acetila, lignina, cinzas e relação S:G da lignina da madeira. As amostras com 5 anos de idade mostraram o melhor rendimento na polpação kraft para número kappa 17, e este rendimento (número kappa 17) mostrou forte correlação com o teor de glicanas.
TENDÊNCIAS DE CRESCIMENTO EM ALTURA DOMINANTE DE DOIS CLONES DE Eucalyptus saligna Smith IMPLANTADOS EM DISTINTAS CONDIÇÕES DE SOLO
Authors: Pissinin Lucas Zancan , Schneider Paulo Renato
Published: April 2017

Uma mesma espécie florestal pode, em distintas condições ambientais, apresentar variações na forma de seu crescimento e em consequência na sua produção final. A altura dominante (h100) é uma das variáveis mais importantes para a prognose da produção florestal, visto que praticamente todas as demais relações funcionais de produção se baseiam na descrição do crescimento desta variável através das funções de índice de sítio. Este trabalho objetivou detectar as possíveis diferenças no crescimento em altura dominante (h100) entre dois clones de uma mesma espécie (Eucalyptus saligna Smith) e entre diferentes classes de aptidão de solos, sobre os quais estão implantados estes materiais genéticos. Uma rede de parcelas permanentes com remedições anuais ou bianuais foi utilizada para ajustar diferentes modelos de altura dominante em função da idade. A partir da seleção do melhor modelo e do uso de análise de covariância, buscou-se definir a existência de diferentes tendências de crescimento em altura dominante. As análises de tendências de crescimento através da utilização da função de Backman demonstraram diferenças significativas entre os dois materiais genéticos e entre diferentes classes de aptidão de solos para o clone 2864. O clone 4039 não demonstrou tendências de crescimento suficientemente significativas que justificassem a separação em dois grupos de classes de solo. Como resultado final, tem-se que três grupos de crescimento deveriam ser formados para descrever o crescimento em altura dominante: Grupo I – Clone 2864 e classes de solo 1 e 2; Grupo II – Clone 2864 e classes de solo 3, 4 e 5 e Grupo III – Clone 4039 em todas as classes de solo.
AVALIAÇÃO SILVICULTURAL DE DEZ ESPÉCIES NATIVAS DA MATA ATLÂNTICA
Authors: Mendonça Guilherme Carneiro de , Chichorro José Franklim , Mendonça Adriano Ribeiro de , Guimarães Lorena Abdalla de Oliveira Prata
Published: April 2017

Com a previsão de escassez de recursos florestais amazônicos é eminente a necessidade de estudos sobre o potencial silvicultural de espécies de outras regiões como a Mata Atlântica. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar características silviculturais das espécies Astronium concinnum, Cariniana legalis, Goniorrhachis marginata, Kielmeyera albopunctata, Lecythis pisonis, Manilkara bella, Basiloxylon brasiliensis, Spondias venulosa, Vitex sp. e Zeyheria tuberculosa, nativas da Mata Atlântica com ocorrência no Espírito Santo. As espécies foram plantadas a pleno sol em plantios puros, com espaçamento de 2 x 2 m. Os povoamentos possuíam idades entre 21 a 25 anos na época da avaliação final e foram conduzidos na Reserva Natural da Vale, nos municípios de Linhares e Sooretama, Espírito Santo. Foram avaliados falha de plantio, fitossanidade, quebra, bifurcação, forma do fuste, diâmetro a altura do peito, altura total e incremento médio anual volumétrico. O volume foi estimado por meio de diferentes equações ajustadas para cada espécie. Constataram-se falhas de plantio expressivas apenas para Cariniana legalis, Zeyheria tuberculosa e Goniorrhachis marginata. Apenas Vitex sp. apresentou restrições fitossanitárias. Spondias venulosa, Goniorrhachis marginata e Kielmeyera albopunctata destacaram-se com os maiores índices de quebras. Goniorrhachis marginata, Manilkara bella e Basiloxylon brasiliensis destacaram-se com os menores índices de bifurcação. Manilkara bella, Cariniana legalis e Zeyheria tuberculosa destacaram-se quanto à forma de fuste retilíneo. Spondias venulosa apresentou crescimento expressivo e superior às demais espécies. São necessários mais estudos para subsidiar o reflorestamento econômico dessas espécies, destacando-se estudos de melhoramento genético, técnicas silviculturais, técnicas de desdobro e de tecnologia da madeira que apontem as aptidões de uso.
TRANSFORMAÇÃO DA CASCA DE ARROZ EM UM PRODUTO DE MAIOR VALOR AGREGADO: POTENCIAL PARA A PRODUÇÃO DE PAINÉIS PARTICULADOS
Authors: César Antônia Amanda da Silva , Bufalino Lina , Mendes Lourival Marin , Mesquita Ricardo Gabriel de Almeida , Protásio Thiago de Paula , Mendes Rafael Farinassi , Andrade Láysa Maria Ferreira
Published: April 2017

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade de painéis particulados produzidos com diferentes formulações, variando percentagens de adesivo e casca de arroz (Oryza sativa L.) adicionadas à madeira de Cunninghamia lanceolata. Três teores de adesivo (6, 9 e 12%) e três proporções de casca de arroz (25, 50 e 75%) foram combinados resultando em 9 formulações. Para analisar a influência de cada matéria-prima na qualidade final dos painéis, sua composição química foi determinada de acordo com os teores de extrativos, componentes minerais, lignina e holocelulose. Os painéis aglomerados foram avaliados de acordo com as seguintes propriedades físicas e mecânicas: absorção de água (AA), inchamento em espessura (IE), ligação interna (LI), compressão paralela (CP), módulo de elasticidade (MOE) e módulo de ruptura (MOR) na flexão estática. Os valores médios das propriedades físicas e mecânicas demonstraram que menores teores de casca de arroz e maiores teores de teor de adesivo ocasionaram melhor desempenho dos painéis. O baixo teor de lignina e alto teor de cinzas da casca de arroz influenciaram negativamente a qualidade dos painéis. Dentre as formulações avaliadas, painéis com inclusão de 25% de casca de arroz e 9% de ureia-formaldeído apresentaram os melhores resultados. Os painéis produzidos neste trabalho são alternativas potenciais para aplicações gerais em condições secas que não demandem alta resistência mecânica. No entanto, o processo e as formulações necessitam ser ajustados para aplicações estruturais mais exigentes.
ESTRUTURA POPULACIONAL E ESPACIAL DE Cereus jamacaru DC. EM DUAS ÁREAS DE CAATINGA DO AGRESTE DA PARAÍBA, BRASIL
Authors: Barbosa Alex da Silva , Andrade Alberício Pereira de , Pereira Júnior Lécio Resende , Bruno Riselane de Lucena Alcântara , Medeiros Robson Luís Silva de , Barbosa Neto Miguel Avelino
Published: April 2017

As cactáceas nativas ainda constituem um grupo de plantas que necessita de estudos sobre sua ocorrência, distribuição e dinâmica para subsidiar ações de manejo e conservação da família na região de inserção. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a estrutura e distribuição espacial de Cereus jamacaru DC. em uma mata de cipó (município de Campina Grande) e em uma caatinga arbórea (município de Monteiro)  no semiárido da Paraíba, Brasil. Foram plotadas 100 parcelas com dimensões de 10 m x 10 m em cada área. Dentro das parcelas, todos os indivíduos foram etiquetados e mensurados na circunferência da base do caule com auxílio de uma fita métrica e a altura total com auxílio de tubos de PVC graduados. A estrutura espacial das populações foi obtida pela coleta da coordenada geográfica de cada indivíduo em cada área e expressa por meio de mapas de distribuição espacial. Foram amostrados 39 espécimes em Campina Grande, apresentando área basal (AB) de 0,69 m2, densidade absoluta (DA) de 39 ind. ha-1, frequência absoluta (FA) de 32% e tendência ao agrupamento (IGA=1,01). Em Monteiro, foram amostrados 38 indivíduos, AB = 0,47 m2, DA = 38 ind. ha-1, FA = 29% e tendência ao agrupamento (IGA=1,11). Os indivíduos de C. jamacaru apresentam padrão de distribuição agrupado em ambas as caatingas secundárias, sendo que a população de Monteiro enfrenta problemas de recrutamento, o que poderá implicar no insucesso reprodutivo da população futura. A espécie apresenta padrão de distribuição similar a outras cactáceas colunares.
Correlation Estimates between Carcass Traits of Nili Ravi and Kundhi Buffalo
Authors: Muhammad Siddiq Zardari  , Hubdar Ali Kaleri  , Rameez Raja Kaleri  , Asma Kaleri  , Abdul Kabir  , Syed Ramazan Shah  , Tahir Niaz  , Azhar Hussain Kaleri  , Amjad Jakhro
Published: April 2017

Present study was designed to estimates the correlation between carcass traits of Nili Ravi and Kundhi buffalo. The data for carcass traits of Nili Ravi and Kundhi buffalo was collected from Seven Star International Meat Processing Company Dhabeji at Thatta. In current study the data of total 100 animals of Kundhi and Nili Ravi breed were selected and divided into A, B, C and D group. In group A and C there were Kundhi and Nili Ravi male whereas, B and D females of both breeds respectively. The data including live body weight, carcass weight, dressing percentage and boneless weight of both breeds Kundhi and Nili Ravi were collected for the estimation of correlation.The results for correlation estimates of different carcass traits indicated that the correlation estimation were found positive and high among Nili Rave breed as compared to Kundhi breed, which shows that an increase in one carcass trait would increase the other carcass traits. It was concluded that Nili Ravi carcass traits are better expressed and produces more beef than Kundhi, while Kundhi male is better in beef production than the Nili Ravi female whereas Kundhi female produces low carcass yield.
Analysis of Growth and Carcass Traits of Dumbi Sheep Breed Male Lambs Different Management Systems
Authors: Muhammad Akram Safi  , Huma Rizwana  , Hubdar Ali Kaleri  , Asma Kaleri  , Kamal-Uddin Mandokhial  , Abdul Satar Safi  , Rameez Raja Kaleri  , Asad Ullah  , Muhammad Rasheed
Published: April 2017

Present research was performed on twelve male lambs of Dumbi sheep breed kept in 2 management systems at Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, | department of Livestock Management, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam. Animals were divided into two different groups. A groups animal were kept in semi intensive with provision of open grazing and concentrates while, Bgroup animals were kept in intensive management system with provision of green fodder and concentrate. Study was performed till 8 weeks and lambs were observed weekly foraverage body weight and carcass characteristics of both groups were recorded. The results of current study showed that average body weight of group A was (8.33 kg)found significantly high (P>0.05) as compared to the group B (6.86 kg). Moreover carcass characteristics of Dumbi lamb was also observed higher in group A as compared group B. While during comparison of the economical values of both groups, it was observed that group A was found more economical than group B. It is concluded that semi-intensive management system was found better as compared to intensive management system.
Persistence and Degradation of Imidacloprid in Wheat Crop
Authors: Sajid Iqbal  , Riaz Uddin  , Sumayya Saied  , Hameed Ur Rehman  , Abdul Bari  , Anum Hafeez  , Abbas Bhutto  , Najmus Sahar
Published: April 2017

Present study was conducted to investigate the levels and persistence of imidacloprid residues in wheat grains and straw of field crop samples grown from treated seed and foliar application. Objective of the study was to assess the best practices that may be used to produce safe grains and straw. Residual uptake of imidacloprid was measured after seed treatments at four dosage levels of seed. Each sample of 25g treated seed was sown in a separate 5ft2 plot.The absorption of imidacloprid residues was investigated by spraying the crops with 1ml and 5ml of 6 mgmL-1 solution of 200SL Confidor (imidacloprid). The results helped in determining the maximum allowable limits of imidacloprid application (foliar or seed treatment) on wheat, which would prevent the residues from exceeding the MRL. The quantitative determination of imidacloprid suggested that the lowest seed treatment level (i.e. 0.015g/25g seed) may be used to produce a residues-free crop.
Reference Rot in the Repository: A Case Study of Electronic Theses and Dissertations (ETDs) in an Academic Library
Authors: Massicotte Mia , Botter Kathleen
Published: April 2017

This study examines ETDs deposited during the period 2011-2015 in an institutional repository, to determine the degree to which the documents suffer from reference rot, that is, linkrot plus content drift. The authors converted and examined 664 doctoral dissertations in total, extracting 11,437 links, finding overall that 77% of links were active, and 23% exhibited linkrot.  A stratified random sample of 49 ETDs was performed which produced 990 active links, which were then checked for content drift based on mementos found in the Wayback Machine.  Mementos were found for 77% of links, and approximately half of these, 492 of 990, exhibited content drift. The results serve to emphasize not only the necessity of broader awareness of this problem, but also to stimulate action on the preservation front.
TV Whites Spaces in Public Libraries: A Primer
Authors: Rebmann Kristen Radsliff , Te Emmanuel Edward , Means Donald
Published: April 2017

TV Whitespace (TVWS) represents one new wireless communication technology that has the potential to improve internet access and inclusion. This primer describes TVWS technology as a viable, long-term access solution for the benefit of public libraries and their communities, especially for underserved populations.  Discussion focuses first on providing a brief overview of the digital divide and the emerging role of public libraries as internet access providers.  Next, a basic description of TVWS and its features is provided, focusing on key aspects of the technology relevant to libraries as community anchor institutions. Several TVWS implementations are described with discussion of TVWS implementations in several public libraries.  Finally, consideration is given to first steps that library organizations must take when contemplating new TVWS implementations supportive of Wi-Fi applications and crisis response planning.
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Sacroiliac Joint Septic Arthritis in an Adult Patient Treated with Daptomycin
Authors: Rashed Ramy , Younis Fizan
Published: April 2017

Abstract. Sacroiliac joint septic arthritis is a rare disease entity representing 1-2% of all cases of septic arthritis. Establishment of the diagnosis is often challenging given the non-specific presenting features and the potential cross-over with other pathologies. We report the case of a 50 year old gentleman who suffers with psoriasis and presented with sacroiliac joint septic arthritis complicated by Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) bacteraemia and an iliopsoas abscess. This was successfully treated conservatively with a course of the novel antibiotic Daptomycin.
Drawing Planar Cubic 3-Connected Graphs with Few Segments: Algorithms & Experiments
Authors: Igamberdiev Alexander , Meulemans Wouter , Schulz André
Published: April 2017

A drawing of a graph can be understood as an arrangement of geometric objects.
In the most natural setting the arrangement is formed by straight-line segments.
Every cubic planar 3-connected graph with $n$ vertices has such a drawing with only $n/2 + 3$ segments, matching the lower bound.
This result is due to Mondal et al. [J. of Comb. Opt., 25], who gave an algorithm for constructing such drawings.

We introduce two new algorithms that also produce drawings with $n/2 + 3$ segments.
One algorithm is based on a sequence of dual edge contractions, the other
is based on a recursion of nested cycles. We also show a flaw in the algorithm
of Mondal et al. and present a fix for it. We then compare the performance of these three
algorithms by measuring angular resolution, edge length and face aspect ratio of the constructed drawings.
We observe that the corrected algorithm of Mondal et al. mostly outperforms the other algorithms, especially in terms of angular resolution.
However, the new algorithms perform better in terms of edge length and minimal face aspect ratio.
Hands-on approach to groundwater system investigation: suggestions for new use of existing characterization tools
Authors: Cerutti Paolo , Sacchetto Massimo
Published: April 2017

Not available.
Water footprint: water consumption in the production of goods and food
Authors: Beretta Giovanni Pietro
Published: April 2017

Not available.
Adherence to antiretroviral therapy for HIV in sub‐Saharan Africa and Asia: a comparative analysis of two regional cohorts
Authors: Bijker Rimke , Jiamsakul Awachana , Kityo Cissy , Kiertiburanakul Sasisopin , Siwale Margaret , Phanuphak Praphan , Akanmu Sulaimon , Chaiwarith Romanee , Wit Ferdinand W , Sim Benedict LH , Boender Tamara Sonia , Ditangco Rossana , Rinke De Wit Tobias F , Sohn Annette H , Hamers Raph L
Published: April 2017

Introduction: Our understanding of how to achieve optimal long‐term adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) in settings where the burden of HIV disease is highest remains limited. We compared levels and determinants of adherence over time between HIV‐positive persons receiving ART who were enrolled in a bi‐regional cohort in sub‐Saharan Africa and Asia.

Methods: This multicentre prospective study of adults starting first‐line ART assessed patient‐reported adherence at follow‐up clinic visits using a 30‐day visual analogue scale. Determinants of suboptimal adherence (<95%) were assessed for six‐month intervals, using generalized estimating equations multivariable logistic regression with multiple imputations. Region of residence (Africa vs. Asia) was assessed as a potential effect modifier.

Results: Of 13,001 adherence assessments in 3934 participants during the first 24 months of ART, 6.4% (837) were suboptimal, with 7.3% (619/8484) in the African cohort versus 4.8% (218/4517) in the Asian cohort (p < 0.001). In the African cohort, determinants of suboptimal adherence were male sex (odds ratio (OR) 1.27, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.06–1.53; p = 0.009), younger age (OR 0.8 per 10 year increase; 0.8–0.9; p = 0.003), use of concomitant medication (OR 1.8, 1.0–3.2; p = 0.044) and attending a public facility (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1–1.7; p = 0.004). In the Asian cohort, adherence was higher in men who have sex with men (OR for suboptimal adherence 0.6, 95% CI 0.4–0.9; p = 0.029) and lower in injecting drug users (OR for suboptimal adherence 1.6, 95% CI 0.9–2.6; p = 0.075), compared to heterosexuals. Risk of suboptimal adherence decreased with longer ART duration in both regions. Participants in low‐ and lower‐middle‐income countries had a higher risk of suboptimal adherence (OR 1.6, 1.3–2.0; p < 0.001), compared to those in upper‐middle or high‐income countries. Suboptimal adherence was strongly associated with virological failure, in Africa (OR 5.8, 95% CI 4.3–7.7; p < 0.001) and Asia (OR 9.0, 95% CI 5.0–16.2; p < 0.001). Patient‐reported adherence barriers among African participants included scheduling demands, drug stockouts, forgetfulness, sickness or adverse events, stigma or depression, regimen complexity and pill burden.

Conclusions: Psychosocial factors and health system resources may explain regional differences. Adherence‐enhancing interventions should address patient‐reported barriers tailored to local settings, prioritizing the first years of ART.
Effects of online group exercises for older adults on physical, psychological and social wellbeing: a randomized pilot trial
Authors: Baez Marcos , Khaghani Far Iman , Ibarra Francisco , Ferron Michela , Didino Daniele , Casati Fabio
Published: April 2017

Background

Intervention programs to promote physical activity in older adults, either in group or home settings, have shown equivalent health outcomes but different results when considering adherence. Group-based interventions seem to achieve higher participation in the long-term. However, there are many factors that can make of group exercises a challenging setting for older adults. A major one, due to the heterogeneity of this particular population, is the difference in the level of skills. In this paper we report on the physical, psychological and social wellbeing outcomes of a technology-based intervention that enable online group exercises in older adults with different levels of skills.

Methods

A total of 37 older adults between 65 and 87 years old followed a personalized exercise program based on the OTAGO program for fall prevention, for a period of eight weeks. Participants could join online group exercises using a tablet-based application. Participants were assigned either to the Control group, representing the traditional individual home-based training program, or the Social group, representing the online group exercising. Pre- and post- measurements were taken to analyze the physical, psychological and social wellbeing outcomes.

Results

After the eight-weeks training program there were improvements in both the Social and Control groups in terms of physical outcomes, given the high level of adherence of both groups. Considering the baseline measures, however, the results suggest that while in the Control group fitter individuals tended to adhere more to the training, this was not the case for the Social group, where the initial level had no effect on adherence. For psychological outcomes there were improvements on both groups, regardless of the application used. There was no significant difference between groups in social wellbeing outcomes, both groups seeing a decrease in loneliness despite the presence of social features in the Social group. However, online social interactions have shown to be correlated to the decrease in loneliness in the Social group.

Conclusion

The results indicate that technology-supported online group-exercising which conceals individual differences in physical skills is effective in motivating and enabling individuals who are less fit to train as much as fitter individuals. This not only indicates the feasibility of training togetherdespitedifferences in physical skills but also suggests that online exercise might reduce the effect of skills on adherence in a social context. However, results from this pilot are limited to a small sample size and therefore are not conclusive. Longer term interventions with more participants are instead recommended to assess impacts on wellbeing and behavior change.
TDP‐43 and FUS en route from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
Authors: Ederle Helena , Dormann Dorothee
Published: April 2017

Misfolded or mislocalized RNA‐binding proteins (RBPs) and, consequently, altered mRNA processing, can cause neuronal dysfunction, eventually leading to neurodegeneration. Two prominent examples are the RBPs TAR DNA‐binding protein of 43 kDa (TDP‐43) and fused in sarcoma (FUS), which form pathological messenger ribonucleoprotein aggregates in patients suffering from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), two devastating neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we review the multiple functions of TDP‐43 and FUS in mRNA processing, both in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm. We discuss how TDP‐43 and FUS may exit the nucleus and how defects in both nuclear and cytosolic mRNA processing events, and possibly nuclear export defects, may contribute to neurodegeneration and ALS/FTD pathogenesis.
Modest net autotrophy in the oligotrophic ocean
Authors: Letscher Robert T. , Moore J. Keith
Published: April 2017

The metabolic state of the oligotrophic subtropical ocean has long been debated. Net community production (NCP) represents the balance of autotrophic carbon fixation with heterotrophic respiration. Many in vitro NCP estimates based on oxygen incubation methods and the corresponding scaling relationships used to predict the ecosystem metabolic balance have suggested the ocean gyres to be net heterotrophic; however, all in situ NCP methods find net autotrophy. Reconciling net heterotrophy requires significant allochthonous inputs of organic carbon to the oligotrophic gyres to sustain a preponderance of respiration over in situ production. Here we use the first global ecosystem‐ocean circulation model that contains representation of the three allochthonous carbon sources to the open ocean, to show that the five oligotrophic gyres exhibit modest net autotrophy throughout the seasonal cycle. Annually integrated rates of NCP vary in the range ~1.5–2.2 mol O2 m−2 yr−1 across the five gyre systems; however, seasonal NCP rates are as low as ~1 ± 0.5 mmol O2 m−2 d−1 for the North Atlantic. Volumetric NCP rates are heterotrophic below the 10% light level; however, they become net autotrophic when integrated over the euphotic zone. Observational uncertainties when measuring these modest autotrophic NCP rates as well as the metabolic diversity encountered across space and time complicate the scaling up of in vitro measurements to the ecosystem scale and may partially explain the previous reports of net heterotrophy. The oligotrophic ocean is autotrophic at present; however, it could shift toward seasonal heterotrophy in the future as rising temperatures stimulate respiration.
Locating tremor using stacked products of correlations
Authors: Li Ka Lok , Sadeghisorkhani Hamzeh , Sgattoni Giulia , Gudmundsson Olafur , Roberts Roland
Published: April 2017

We introduce a back‐projection method to locate tremor sources using products of cross‐correlation envelopes of time series between seismic stations. For a given subset of n stations, we calculate the (n − 1)th‐order product of cross‐correlation envelopes and we stack the back‐projected products over combinations of station subsets. We show that compared to existing correlation methods and for realistic signal and noise characteristics, this way of combining information can significantly reduce the effects of correlated (spurious or irrelevant signals) and uncorrelated noise. Each back‐projected product constitutes an individual localized estimate of the source locations, as opposed to a hyperbola for the existing correlation techniques, assuming a uniform velocity in two dimensions. We demonstrate the method with synthetic examples and a real‐data example from tremor at Katla Volcano, Iceland, in July 2011. Despite very complex near‐surface structure, including strong topography and thick ice cover, the method appears to produce robust estimates of tremor location.
A directional model of tropospheric horizontal gradients in Global Positioning System and its application for particular weather scenarios
Authors: Masoumi Salim , McClusky Simon , Koulali Achraf , Tregoning Paul
Published: April 2017

Improper modeling of horizontal tropospheric gradients in GPS analysis induces errors in estimated parameters, with the largest impact on heights and tropospheric zenith delays. The conventional two‐axis tilted plane model of horizontal gradients fails to provide an accurate representation of tropospheric gradients under weather conditions with asymmetric horizontal changes of refractivity. A new parametrization of tropospheric gradients whereby an arbitrary number of gradients are estimated as discrete directional wedges is shown via simulations to significantly improve the accuracy of recovered tropospheric zenith delays in asymmetric gradient scenarios. In a case study of an extreme rain event that occurred in September 2002 in southern France, the new directional parametrization is able to isolate the strong gradients in particular azimuths around the GPS stations consistent with the “V” shape spatial pattern of the observed precipitation. In another study of a network of GPS stations in the Sierra Nevada region where highly asymmetric tropospheric gradients are known to exist, the new directional model significantly improves the repeatabilities of the stations in asymmetric gradient situations while causing slightly degraded repeatabilities for the stations in normal symmetric gradient conditions. The average improvement over the entire network is ∼31%, while the improvement for one of the worst affected sites P631 is ∼49% (from 8.5 mm to 4.3 mm) in terms of weighted root‐mean‐square (WRMS) error and ∼82% (from −1.1 to −0.2) in terms of skewness. At the same station, the use of the directional model changes the estimates of zenith wet delay by 15 mm (∼25%).
Estimation of supraglacial debris thickness using a novel target decomposition on L‐band polarimetric SAR images in the Tianshan Mountains
Authors: Huang L. , Li Zh. , Tian B. S. , Han H. D. , Liu Y. Q. , Zhou J. M. , Chen Q.
Published: April 2017

Debris is widely distributed in the ablation zones of mountain glaciers in the Tianshan Mountains. Supraglacial debris can accelerate or hamper glacier ablation, depending on its thickness. Thus, it plays an important role in the mass balance of debris‐covered glaciers. This paper proposes a novel method to estimate supraglacial debris thickness by using L‐band polarimetric synthetic aperture radar. A new model‐based target decomposition is used to extract the surface scattering, double bounce, and volume scattering components. The surface scatter model uses the extended Bragg scatter, which considers the depolarization effect for rough surfaces. The volume scatter model uses elliptical scatterers, which approximate the shape of the solids in the debris. The volume scattering power is related to the dielectric properties of the debris, the radar wavelength, the incidence angle, and the elliptical scatter shape. Once the target decomposition is performed, the debris thickness can be inverted from the volume scattering power and other known parameters. Through comparison with a large number of field measurements, the inversion is shown to be reasonable, and the accuracy is validated to be ±0.12 m. Based on the inversion map in the study area, the debris thicknesses of the Koxkar glacier and its neighboring glaciers are presented and analyzed.
Rupture characteristics of the 2016 Meinong earthquake revealed by the back projection and directivity analysis of teleseismic broadband waveforms
Authors: Jian Pei‐Ru , Hung Shu‐Huei , Meng Lingsen , Sun Daoyuan
Published: April 2017

The 2016 Mw 6.4 Meinong earthquake struck a previously unrecognized fault zone in midcrust beneath south Taiwan and inflicted heavy causalities in the populated Tainan City about 30 km northwest of the epicenter. Because of its relatively short rupture duration and P wave trains contaminated by large‐amplitude depth phases and reverberations generated in the source region, accurate characterization of the rupture process and source properties for such a shallow strong earthquake remains challenging. Here we present a first high‐resolution MUltiple SIgnal Classification back projection source image by using both P and depth‐phase sP waves recorded at two large and dense arrays to understand the source behavior and consequent hazards of this peculiar catastrophic event. The results further corroborated by the directivity analysis indicate a unilateral rupture propagating northwestward and slightly downward on the shallow NE‐dipping fault plane. The source radiation process is primarily characterized by one single peak, ~7 s duration, with a total rupture length of ~17 km and average rupture speed of 2.4 km/s. The rupture terminated immediately east of the prominent off‐fault aftershock cluster about 20 km northwest of the hypocenter. Synergistic amplification of ground shaking by the directivity and strong excitation of sP and reverberations mainly caused the destruction concentrated in the area further to the northwest away from the rupture zone.
Identify the nonlinear wave‐particle interaction regime in rising tone chorus generation
Authors: Tao Xin , Zonca Fulvio , Chen Liu
Published: April 2017

Nonlinear wave‐particle interaction during chorus wave generation was assumed to be in the adiabatic regime in previous studies, i.e., the particle phase‐space trapping timescale (τtr) is considered to be much smaller than the nonlinear dynamics timescale τNL. In this work, we use particle‐in‐cell simulations to demonstrate that τtr∼τNL, i.e., the interaction regime during chorus generation is in the nonadiabatic regime. The timescale for nonlinear evolution of resonant particle phase‐space structures is determined by making the time‐averaged power exchange plot, which clearly demonstrates that particles with pitch angle near 80° make the most significant contribution to wave growth. The phase‐space trapping timescale is also comparable to the amplitude modulation timescale of chorus, suggesting that chorus subpackets are formed because of the self‐consistent evolution of resonant particle phase‐space structures and spatiotemporal features of the fluctuation spectrum.
Integrating GPS with GLONASS for high‐rate seismogeodesy
Authors: Geng Jianghui , Jiang Peng , Liu Jingnan
Published: April 2017

High‐rate GPS is a precious seismogeodetic tool to capture coseismic displacements unambiguously and usually improved by sidereal filtering to mitigate multipath effects dominating the periods of tens of seconds to minutes. We further introduced GLONASS (Globalnaya navigatsionnaya sputnikovaya sistema) data into high‐rate GPS to deliver over 2000 24 h displacements at 99 stations in Europe. We find that the major displacement errors induced by orbits and atmosphere on the low‐frequency band that are not characterized by sidereal repeatabilities can be amplified markedly by up to 40% after GPS sidereal filtering. In contrast, integration with GLONASS can reduce the noise of high‐rate GPS significantly and near uniformly over the entire frequency band, especially for the north components by up to 40%, suggesting that this integration is able to mitigate more errors than only multipath within high‐rate GPS. Integrating GPS with GLONASS outperforms GPS sidereal filtering substantially in ameliorating displacement noise by up to 60% over a wide frequency band (e.g., 2 s–0.5 days) except a minor portion between 100 and 1000 s. High‐rate multi‐GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) can be enhanced further by sidereal filtering, which should however be carefully implemented to avoid adverse complications of the noise spectrum of displacements.
The extreme El Niño of 2015–2016 and the end of global warming hiatus
Authors: Hu Shineng , Fedorov Alexey V.
Published: April 2017

Slower rates of increase in global mean surface temperature (GMST) after 2000, dubbed “global warming hiatus,” recently gave way to a rapid temperature rise. This rise coincided with persistent warm conditions in the equatorial Pacific between March 2014 and May 2016, which peaked as the 2015 extreme El Niño. Here we show that the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) tightly controls interannual variations in atmospheric heating rate in the tropics (r > 0.9), allowing us to construct a simple, physically based model of GMST variations that incorporates greenhouse gas emissions, ENSO forcing, and stratospheric sulfate aerosols produced by volcanoes. The model closely reproduces GMST changes since 1880, including the global warming hiatus and the subsequent temperature rise. Our results confirm that weak El Niño activity, rather than volcanic eruptions, was the cause of the hiatus, while the rapid temperature rise is due to atmospheric heat release during 2014–2016 El Niño conditions concurrent with the continuing global warming trend.
Structural changes and anomalous self‐diffusion of oxygen in liquid iron at high pressure
Authors: Posner Esther S. , Steinle‐Neumann Gerd , Vlček Vojtěch , Rubie David C.
Published: April 2017

We report structural properties and diffusivity of liquid Fe0.96O0.04 over a density range of 5.421–11.620 g cm−3, corresponding to pressures of 0–330 GPa and 2200–5500 K, using first‐principles molecular dynamics. We predict a change in compression mechanism near 8 g cm−3. At lower density, Fe and O coordinations increase from ~10 to ~13 and ~3 to ~6, respectively, the average Fe–O distance increases from ~1.81 Å to ~1.88 Å, and the Fe–Fe distance remains essentially constant. Calculated oxygen diffusivities, DO, remain constant over the corresponding pressure range, consistent with experiments. For larger densities, interatomic distances and diffusion rates for both species decrease monotonically. Oxygen coordination reaches a maximum of ~8.5 at ~9.4 g cm−3, indicating a local B2 packing for Fe around O under conditions of the Earth's core. The pressure‐induced structural evolution provides an explanation for a previously reported change in pressure dependence of oxygen solubility in liquid iron.
Shallow episodic tremor near the Nankai Trough axis off southeast Mie prefecture, Japan
Authors: Annoura Satoshi , Hashimoto Tetsuo , Kamaya Noriko , Katsumata Akio
Published: April 2017

We analyzed long‐term continuous seismic records (from September 2015 to April 2016) of Dense Ocean‐floor Network System for Earthquake and Tsunamis, an ocean‐floor observation system deployed around the fore‐arc slope of the Nankai subduction zone to investigate shallow tremor near the trough axis. We found that the activity of shallow tremor was concentrated in two time periods: 6 days in October 2015 and 2 weeks in April 2016. During the episode in April 2016, migration and triggering of tremor were observed. These characteristics are similar to those of tremor in the deeper part of the subduction zone. The triggering of tremor indicates that the tremor activity is very sensitive to nearby stress perturbation in the area of this study, which is near the initiation points of past large earthquakes along the Nankai Trough. Therefore, it is very important to monitor tremor activity in this region for understanding the stress accumulation process of megathrust earthquakes.
Assessing recent declines in Upper Rio Grande runoff efficiency from a paleoclimate perspective
Authors: Lehner Flavio , Wahl Eugene R. , Wood Andrew W. , Blatchford Douglas B. , Llewellyn Dagmar
Published: April 2017

Recent decades have seen strong trends in hydroclimate over the American Southwest, with major river basins such as the Rio Grande exhibiting intermittent drought and declining runoff efficiencies. The extent to which these observed trends are exceptional has implications for current water management and seasonal streamflow forecasting practices. We present a new reconstruction of runoff ratio for the Upper Rio Grande basin back to 1571 C.E., which provides evidence that the declining trend in runoff ratio from the 1980s to present day is unprecedented in context of the last 445 years. Though runoff ratio is found to vary primarily in proportion to precipitation, the reconstructions suggest a secondary influence of temperature. In years of low precipitation, very low runoff ratios are made 2.5–3 times more likely by high temperatures. This temperature sensitivity appears to have strengthened in recent decades, implying future water management vulnerability should recent warming trends in the region continue.
New estimate of the current rate of sea level rise from a sea level budget approach
Authors: Dieng H. B. , Cazenave A. , Meyssignac B. , Ablain M.
Published: April 2017

We revisit the global mean sea level (GMSL) budget during the whole altimetry era (January 1993 to December 2015) using a large number of data sets. The budget approach allows quantifying the TOPEX A altimeter drift (amounting 1.5 ± 0.5 mm/yr over 1993–1998). Accounting for this correction and using ensemble means for the GMSL and components lead to closure of the sea level budget (trend of the residual time series being 0.0 ± 0.22 mm/yr). The new GMSL rate over January 1993 to December 2015 is now close to 3.0 mm/yr. An important increase of the GMSL rate, of 0.8 mm/yr, is found during the second half of the altimetry era (2004–2015) compared to the 1993–2004 time span, mostly due to Greenland mass loss increase and also to slight increase of all other components of the budget.
Spontaneous formation of neutrophil extracellular traps in serum‐free culture conditions
Authors: Kamoshida Go , Kikuchi‐Ueda Takane , Nishida Satoshi , Tansho‐Nagakawa Shigeru , Kikuchi Hirotoshi , Ubagai Tsuneyuki , Ono Yasuo
Published: April 2017

Neutrophils play a critical role in the innate immune response. Recently, a new neutrophilic biological defense mechanism, termed neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), has been attracting attention. Neutrophils have been observed to release both lysosomal enzymes and their nuclear contents, including unfolded chromatin, which together trap and inactivate bacteria. The environment in tissues where neutrophils act is thought to be different from that of the blood serum. In this study, we assessed the effect of serum on NET formation. We found that neutrophils spontaneously form NETs in serum‐free cultivation conditions at early times. These NETs functioned properly to trap bacteria. Furthermore, we demonstrated that reactive oxygen species play a critical role in the spontaneous formation of NETs. These results suggest that the serum condition must be considered in studies on neutrophils, including the formation and mechanism of action of NETs.
Developing Breathable Double‐Layered Fibrous Membranes Equipped with Water Pulling Mechanism Toward Clothing with Enhanced Comfort
Authors: Fashandi Hossein , Ghomi Amir Reza
Published: April 2017

Quick transfer of sweat from skin to atmosphere and dryness of textile inner surface are of scientific and commercial interests. However, creating a balance between these two parameters remains a serious challenge. In this work, electrospun double‐layered membranes constructed of poly(vinylidene fluoride) fibrous layer (as inner hydrophobic layer) and nylon6 nanofibrous layer (as outer hydrophilic layer) are produced. Once a thin hydrophobic layer is considered, the enhanced water pulling mechanism is balanced out by increased wetted area in the inner surface. This is handled through selecting an optimum thickness for the inner layer. The designed double‐layered membrane is a promising candidate for developing modern breathable textiles with enhanced moisture management properties such as sportswear.
Influence of Erbium, Cerium on the Stress Corrosion Cracking Behavior of AZ91 Alloy in Humid Atmosphere
Authors: Song Yulai , Wang Zhen , Liu Yaohui , Yang Miao , Qu Qingxiang
Published: April 2017

AZ91 magnesium alloys modified by Er and Ce are fabricated (referred to as AZErCe) and their stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behaviors are studied by slow strain rate tensile (SSRT) method in air, humid atmosphere with and without chloride. The addition of Er and Ce promotes the formation of Al3Er and Al11Ce3 phase and reduces both the size and the volume fraction of β‐phase. AZErCe possess improved corrosion resistance and passivation characteristic compared to AZ91 due to the reduced micro‐galvanic corrosion and the more protective films. SSRT tests demonstrate that the joint addition of Er and Ce effectively improve the SCC resistance of AZ91 alloy. In particular, the representative fractography of AZErCe exhibits lesser effect of hydrogen embrittlement than AZ91. The improved SCC resistance of AZErCe can be ascribed to the presence of Er and Ce, which alleviate corrosion of Mg matrix and thus weaken the effect of hydrogen embrittlement on SCC resistance.
Detection of Therapeutic Levels of Ionizing Radiation Using Plasmonic Nanosensor Gels
Authors: Pushpavanam Karthik , Inamdar Sahil , Chang John , Bista Tomasz , Sapareto Stephen , Rege Kaushal
Published: April 2017

Radiotherapy is a highly complex and efficient treatment modality for ablation of malignant tumors. Despite several technological advances, determination of the dose delivered to the tumor remains a challenge due to limitations of complex fabrication, cumbersome operation, and high costs associated with current dosimeters. This study describes fundamental studies and development of a novel gel‐based colorimetric nanosensor for detecting therapeutic levels of X‐rays (1–10 Gy) administered in clinical radiotherapy. Following exposure to X‐rays, gold salts in the gel are converted to nanoparticles within the matrix, resulting in the formation of a maroon‐colored plasmonic gel. Differences in color intensity of the gel following irradiation are used as a quantitative indicator of the radiation dose employed. The gel‐based nanosensor is able to detect doses as low as 0.5 Gy, and demonstrates a linear detection range of 0–3 Gy, which indicates its application in the fractionated radiotherapy regime. The gel is also able to successfully report therapeutic levels of radiation doses administered to anthropomorphic tissue phantoms. The range of detection, ease of fabrication, simplicity of colorimetric detection, and relatively lower costs indicate that this technology can be potentially translated to different radiotherapy applications in the clinic.