bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Flow around an oscillating grid in water and shear-thinning polymer solution at low Reynolds number
Authors: Lacassagne Tom , Lyon Adrien , Simoëns Serge , Hajem Mahmoud El , Champagne Jean-Yves
Published: December 2019

The study of turbulence in complex fluids is of great interest in many environmental and industrial applications, in which the interactions between liquid phase rheology, turbulence, and other phenomena such as mixing or heat and mass transfer have to be understood. Oscillating grid stirred tanks have been used for many purposes in research involving turbulence. However, the mechanisms of turbulence production by the oscillating grid itself have never been studied, and oscillating grid turbulence (OGT) remained undescribed in non-Newtonian, shear-thinning, dilute polymer solutions until recently (Lacassagne et al., in Phys Fluids 31(8):083,102, 2019). The aim of this paper is to study the influence of the shear-thinning property of dilute polymer solutions (DPS), such as xanthan gum (XG), on mean flow, oscillatory flows, and turbulence around an oscillating grid. Liquid phase velocity is measured by particle image velocimetry (PIV) in a vertical plane above the central grid bar. Mean, oscillatory and turbulent components of the velocity fields are deduced by triple Hussain–Reynolds decomposition based on grid phase-resolved measurements. Outside of the grid swept region, the amplitude of oscillatory fluctuations quickly become negligible compared to that of turbulent fluctuations, and the triple and classical Reynolds decomposition become equivalent. Oscillatory jets and wakes behind the grid and their interactions are visualized. Turbulent (Reynolds) and oscillatory stresses are used to evidence a modification of oscillatory flow and turbulence intensity repartition in and around the grid swept region. Energy transfer terms between mean, oscillatory and turbulent flows are estimated and used to describe turbulence production in the grid swept region. Energy is injected by the grid into the oscillatory component. In water, it is transferred to turbulence mostly inside the grid swept region. In DPS, oscillatory flow persists outside of the grid swept zone. Energy is transferred not only to turbulence , in the grid swept region, and far from the tank’s walls, but also to the mean flow, leading to an enhancement of the latter. Mean flow production and enhancement mechanisms are explainable by oscillatory jet variable symmetry and intensity, and by time- and space-variable viscosity. Backward transfer from turbulence to oscillatory flow is also evidenced in DPS. Finally, using phased root mean square (rms) values of turbulent velocity fluctuations, it is shown that in water, the decay of turbulence intensity behind an oscillating grid can be related to the decay of fixed grid turbulence for specific grid positions, a result no longer valid in DPS.

Graphic abstract
Deep neck space infections: an upward trend and changing characteristics
Authors: Velhonoja Jarno , Lääveri Meira , Soukka Tero , Irjala Heikki , Kinnunen Ilpo
Published: December 2019

Purpose

This study reviews our experience with deep neck space infections (DNIs) requiring surgical intervention, including cervical necrotizing fasciitis. The aim of the study was to identify predisposing and aggravating factors of the disease and recognize the possible factors that can lead to life-threatening complications and slow down the healing process.

Methods

We compare the results to previous data from 1985 to 2005 to find possible alterations and changing trends. The characteristics of four lethal cases are described. This retrospective analysis includes patient data from 2004 to 2015 in tertiary referral hospital and in total, 277 patients were found.

Results

Surgical drainage through a neck opening ± intraoral incision was made in 215 (77.6%) patients, an intraoral incision was only made in 62 patients (22.4%). ICU care was needed in 66 (23.8%) cases. Odontogenic etiology (44.8%) was the most common origin. The most common comorbidity was a psychiatric disorder and/or dementia and occurred in 55 (19.9%) patients. Patients with underlying illnesses were more likely to be admitted to the ICU (p = 0.020), required a longer ICU stay (p = 0.004) and repeated surgery (p = 0.009). Gas formation seemed to be predictive of a more severe course of infection. Early extraction of the odontogenic foci was related to a lower length of stay (LOS) (p = 0.039).

Conclusion

The annual numbers have risen from 14 to 24 cases per year when compared to previous data. DNIs remain a cause of lethal complications; the mortality was 1.4% and overall complications occurred in 61 (22.0%) patients.
Interaction with the host: the role of fibronectin and extracellular matrix proteins in the adhesion of Gram-negative bacteria
Authors: Vaca Diana J. , Thibau Arno , Schütz Monika , Kraiczy Peter , Happonen Lotta , Malmström Johan , Kempf Volkhard A. J.
Published: November 2019

The capacity of pathogenic microorganisms to adhere to host cells and avoid clearance by the host immune system is the initial and most decisive step leading to infections. Bacteria have developed different strategies to attach to diverse host surface structures. One important strategy is the adhesion to extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins (e.g., collagen, fibronectin, laminin) that are highly abundant in connective tissue and basement membranes. Gram-negative bacteria express variable outer membrane proteins (adhesins) to attach to the host and to initiate the process of infection. Understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms of bacterial adhesion is a prerequisite for targeting this interaction by “anti-ligands” to prevent colonization or infection of the host. Future development of such “anti-ligands” (specifically interfering with bacteria-host matrix interactions) might result in the development of a new class of anti-infective drugs for the therapy of infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. This review summarizes our current knowledge about the manifold interactions of adhesins expressed by Gram-negative bacteria with ECM proteins and the use of this information for the generation of novel therapeutic antivirulence strategies.
Prediction of renal outcome in Henoch–Schönlein nephritis based on biopsy findings
Authors: Koskela Mikael , Ylinen Elisa , Autio-Harmainen Helena , Tokola Heikki , Heikkilä Päivi , Lohi Jouko , Jalanko Hannu , Nuutinen Matti , Jahnukainen Timo
Published: December 2019

Background

In Henoch–Schönlein nephritis (HSN), a risk factor for unfavorable outcome is prolonged proteinuria, but the value of renal biopsies in prognosis assessment is debatable.

Methods

We evaluated serial renal biopsies from 26 HSN patients. Follow-up biopsy occurred at median 2.1 years after diagnostic biopsy. Patients formed two groups at the follow-up biopsy: patients without proteinuria (group I; n = 11) and with proteinuria (group II; n = 15). Biopsies underwent evaluation according to three classifications: International Study of Kidney Disease in Children (ISKDC), Oxford (MEST-C), and semiquantitative classification (SQC) including an activity and chronicity score. Analysis also included expression of pro-fibrotic (alpha-smooth muscle actin and vimentin) and inflammatory (P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1) molecules in the diagnostic biopsy specimens. Definition of unfavorable outcome was active renal disease or reduced renal function at last follow-up.

Results

Between the biopsies, SQC chronicity score increased in 22 (85%) patients, whereas activity score and ISKDC grade decreased in 21 (81%) and 17 (65%), respectively. Of the MEST-C parameters, endocapillary proliferation (from 83 to 13%; p < 0.001) and crescents (from 63 to 25%; p = 0.022) showed significant reduction, and segmental glomerulosclerosis (from 38 to 79%; p = 0.006) significant increment. These changes occurred similarly in groups I and II. Expression of the pro-fibrotic and inflammatory molecules showed no clinically significant differences between groups I and II. None in group I and five (33%) patients in group II had unfavorable outcome (p = 0.053).

Conclusions

Our results suggest that follow-up biopsies provide limited additional information to clinical symptoms in HSN outcome prediction.
Note on the semi-simplicity of measure algebras
Authors: Székelyhidi László
Published: November 2019

In this paper we prove that the measure algebra of a locally compact abelian group is semi-simple. This result extends the corresponding result of S. A. Amitsur in the discrete group case using a completely different approach.
Health care consumption among adolescent girls prior to diagnoses of sexual abuse, a case–control study in the Stockholm Region
Authors: Rajan Gita , Ljunggren Gunnar , Wändell Per , Wahlström Lars , Svedin Carl Göran , Carlsson Axel C.
Published: November 2019

Victims of sexual abuse have more co-morbidities than other persons in the same age and the most affected group are adolescent girls. Little is known about how this is reflected in health care consumption patterns prior to the registered diagnosis. The aim of this investigation was to study health care consumption patterns among girls, 12–17 years old, 1 and 2 years prior to their diagnoses of sexual abuse. Through the Stockholm Region administrative database (VAL), data of co-morbidities, number of health care visits, and prescribed drugs were collected for cases (girls age 12–17 with diagnoses of sexual abuse, n = 519) and controls matched for age and socio-economic status (n = 4920) between 2011–2018. Health care consumption and co-morbidities were significantly higher for the cases compared to controls, with a rise 1 year before the diagnoses: the total number of health care visits (including no shows) 1 year prior to the first recording of the diagnosis was 20.4 (18.1–22.7) for the cases and 6.2 (5.8–6.6) for the controls. The most frequent visits 1 year prior to the diagnosis were to outdoor clinics, with a mean value of 19.1 (16.9–21.3) visits for the cases and 5.7 (5.3–6.1) for the controls, followed by psychiatric clinics with a mean value of 12.7 (10.6–14.8) visits for the cases and 2.0 (1.7–2.3) visits for the controls. The least visited health care clinic 1 year prior to the diagnosis was the emergency ward with a mean value of 1.3 (1.1–1.5) visits for the cases and 0.5 (0.4–0.5) visits for the controls. The most common psychiatric co-morbidities registered among the cases during the first year before the diagnosis of sexual abuse were stress, suicide attempt, and psychosis. Neuroleptics, sleeping pills, antidepressants, and tranquilizers were more frequently dispensed in cases than in controls. Similar patterns were found 2 years prior to the diagnosis. We encourage clinicians to actively ask for exposure of sexual abuse in girls with high health care consumption, making early detection and treatment of sexual abuse available as soon as possible.
Distribution of lanthanum carbonate in the gastric mucosa confirmed by electron microscopy with a magnified endoscopy: a case report and literature review
Authors: Yamada Takahiro , Oyama Tsuneo , Tomori Akihisa , Takahashi Akiko , Kametani Kiyokazu , Shiozawa Satoshi , Ota Hiroyoshi , Shimoda Tadakazu
Published: December 2019

We describe the case of a 70-year-old man with diabetic nephropathy undergoing hemodialysis. Four years following hemodialysis, he started taking lanthanum carbonate 1500 mg/day and lansoprazole 30 mg/day. Nine years following hemodialysis, he underwent screening esophagogastroduodenoscopy, which demonstrated the presence of the whitish cobblestone-like mucosa in the gastric corpus and multiple reddish depressed lesions with annular whitish mucosa in the antrum. With magnified narrow-band imaging endoscopy, a yellowish–white substance was observed in the villous structure, and subepithelial vessels were observed on the yellowish–white substance. Biopsies were taken from the whitish cobblestone-like mucosa of the upper corpus, a reddish depressed part of the antrum. Histologically, aggregates of cells containing amphophilic fine granular material were found in the mucosal interstitium. These cells stained positive for CD68 and were identified as histiocytes. Since he had been taking lanthanum carbonate for 5 years, we considered the possibility of histiocyte-mediated phagocytosis of lanthanum. Digital mapping via scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry showed the presence of lanthanum and phosphorus in the interstitium and cytoplasm of histiocytes. The white, rough mucosa in the gastric body appeared 6 months following the commencement of lanthanum administration and still exists 3 years and 5 months after discontinuation of lanthanum.
Studies on the removal of copper ions from industrial effluent by Azadirachta indica powder
Authors: Al Moharbi Suhair Saif , Devi M. Geetha , Sangeetha B. M. , Jahan Shah
Published: December 2019

Rapid industrialization, urbanization and population growth have resulted in air, water and land pollution. Water pollution is a major concern across the globe. Discharge of huge amount of industrial wastewater adversely affects the human and environment. Heavy metal pollution is considered to be one of the serious environmental problems today. Due to strict environmental regulations in the country, it is required to bring down the pollution level to a permissible limit. The present study assessed the capability of Azadirachta indica (neem leaf) powder as a natural adsorbent in the removal of copper ions from aqueous solutions. The characterization of the adsorbent was performed using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Series of batch experimental studies were carried out by changing the solution pH, stirring time, adsorbent dosage and stirring speed in the removal of copper from aqueous solution using A. indica as biosorbent. The experimental result shows that the percentage removal of copper was highest at the following optimized conditions: pH 7.0, stirring time 60 min and biosorbent dosage of 1.0 g and at 125 RPM speed. The studies indicate that A. indica is considered to be a promising type of biomass for the removal of copper ions from aqueous solutions.
Bi-Labeled LDA: Inferring Interest Tags for Non-famous Users in Social Network
Authors: He Jun , Liu Hongyan , Zheng Yiqing , Tang Shu , He Wei , Du Xiaoyong
Published: November 2019

User tags in social network are valuable information for many applications such as Web search, recommender systems and online advertising. Thus, extracting high quality tags to capture user interest has attracted many researchers’ study in recent years. Most previous studies inferred users’ interest based on text posted in social network. In some cases, ordinary users usually only publish a small number of text posts and text information is not related to their interest very much. Compared with famous user, it is more challenging to find non-famous (ordinary) user’s interest. In this paper, we propose a probabilistic topic model,Bi-Labeled LDA,to automatically find interest tags for non-famous users in social network such as Twitter. Instead of extracting tags from text posts, tags of non-famous users are inferred from interest topics of famous users. With the proposed model, the formulation of social relationship between non-famous users and famous user is simulated and interest tags of famous users are exploited to supervise the training of the model and to make use of latent relation among famous users. Furthermore, the influence of popularity of famous user and popular tags are considered, and tags of non-famous users are ranked based on random walk model. Experiments were conducted on Twitter real datasets. Comparison with state-of-the-art methods shows that our method is more superior in terms of both ranking and quality of the tagging results.
Deliberative Innovationen in Japan angesichts demokratischer Herausforderungen
Authors: Hüstebeck Momoyo
Published: December 2019

Wie anderen etablierten Demokratien wird auch Japan eine Demokratiekrise attestiert. Das politische System weist neben der unter der jetzigen Regierung im Fokus stehenden Beschneidung von Freiheitsrechten weitere Demokratieschwächen wie eine geringe Wahlbeteiligung oder eine mangelnde horizontale Gewaltenkontrolle auf. Um der (partiellen) Krise der repräsentativen Demokratie zu begegnen, wird in der deutsch- sowie englischsprachigen Forschung die Implementation von demokratischen Innovationen diskutiert. Sie werden hier als top-down implementierte innovative Beteiligungsformen an institutionellen politischen Entscheidungsfindungen verstanden. Entsprechend der normativen Erwartung, der Demokratiekrise mit demokratischen Innovationen entgegenwirken zu können, wird deren Beitrag zur Demokratiequalität im vorliegenden Artikel am Beispiel Japans untersucht. Qualitative Evaluationskriterien aus Konzepten zur Demokratiequalität und demokratischen Innovationen finden dabei Anwendung auf japanische Fallbeispiele. Aus der Vielzahl von innovativen Partizipationsverfahren, die auch in Japan insbesondere Kommunen seit den 1990er Jahren implementierten, werden exemplarisch zwei deliberative Methoden evaluiert. Lokale Planungszellen (mini-publics) als eines der hier betrachteten Verfahren sind die weitverbreitetste Deliberationsform in Japan. Die erste nationale Deliberative Poll von 2012 dient als zweites Fallbeispiel. Die japanische Regierung initiierte sie unter dem Eindruck des Reaktorunfalls, um ein öffentliches Meinungsbild zur zukünftigen Energiestrategie Japans zu erhalten. Anhand der empirisch herausgearbeiteten demokratischen Stärken und Schwächen lässt sich folgern, dass demokratische Innovationen zwar als zusätzliche Partizipationsverfahren punktuell die Qualität einer repräsentativen Demokratie (wie z. B. durch das Empowerment von Bürgern) verbessern, jedoch in ihrer Wirkung als ein Allheilmittel gegen die Demokratiekrise beschränkt sind.
Relevance of SYNTAX score for assessment of saphenous vein graft failure after coronary artery bypass grafting
Authors: Li Jia‐Hui , Song Xian‐Tao , Yang Xue‐Yao , Zhang Wen‐Yi , Xing Hao‐Ran
Published: December 2019

Objective

To identify risk factors of saphenous vein graft (SVG) failure and to investigate the utility of anatomical SYNTAX score (SS) and SYNTAX score II (SS‐II) in predicting SVG failure.

Methods

A total of 598 patients who underwent angiography for clinical reasons after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) were included. Baseline data and factors related to SVG failure were analyzed at the patient and graft levels. Patients were divided in tertiles by anatomical SS and in three groups by SS‐II revascularization recommendation, and SVG patency was analyzed across these groups.

Results

Patency rates were similar in all SS‐stratified and SS‐II recommendation groups within 1, 5, and 10 years after CABG. At the patient level, fasting blood glucose (FBG) level <7.0 mmol/L was less common in SVG failure (68.0% vs. 76.2%). At the graft level, patients with SVG failure tended to have angiography later (4.0 years vs. 3.0 years), poorer FBG control (FBG <7.0 mmol/L: 68.2% vs. 74.7%), and more grafts anastomosed to the right coronary system (59.2% vs. 47.4%). Longer time interval after CABG was related to SVG failure both at the patient and graft levels, and odds ratio (OR)/P values (OR/P) were 1.282/0.029 and 1.384/0.016, respectively. Using independent graft and grafting to the right artery system as risk factors at the graft level, OR/Ps were 3.094/0.000 and 2.524/0.000, respectively.

Conclusions

Longer time interval after CABG, independent grafts, and grafting to the right artery system are associated with SVG failure. Anatomical SS or SS‐II may not be reasonable tools for predicting SVG failure.
PDA
Authors: Abu-Shaweesh Jalal M. , Almidani Eyad
Published: December 2019

Management of persistent patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) continues to be a challenging issue. The attitude toward PDA has shifted in the opposite direction during the last 20 years, from advocating an aggressive and early closure toward a call for watchful observation. While persistent PDA may cause challenges in the medical management of preterm neonates secondary to volume overload, pulmonary edema or hemorrhage, hypotension, and impaired tissue perfusion, its contribution toward long-term neonatal morbidities including bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), ROP, NEC, and NDI has not been substantiated. By advocating conservative management, it is clear now that the majority of the PDA cases show spontaneous closure and do not require treatment. However, there has not been agreement regarding what constitutes a hemodynamically significant PDA and when, if any, it should be targeted for treatment. With increasing concern regarding possible associated complications with PDA ligation, a new trend for transcatheter approach to PDA closure is expanding. In this review, we summarize current understanding of the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of PDA in preterm infants, and we make some recommendations regarding evidence-based approach.
Effect of aspect ratio variation on subsonic aerodynamics of cascade type grid fin at different gap-to-chord ratios
Authors: Tripathi M. , Sucheendran M.M. , Misra A.
Published: December 2019

This paper dwells upon investigating the effect of aspect ratio (AR) variation on the aerodynamic performance of unconventional control surfaces called grid fins by virtue of a series of subsonic experiments on a simplified grid fin variant called the cascade fin. Wind tunnel tests were performed for differentAR(variable span) grid fins. The same had been investigated for different gap-to-chord ratio (g/c) variants. Results demonstrated a tangible increase in the aerodynamic efficiency as well as stall angle reduction for higherAR. Moreover, higherARleads to increased pitching moment, which emphasizes elevated hinge moment requirements. The study ensued the presence of higher deviation between the lowARfins, that is$AR<2$compared to the pertinent deviations between the highARfins, that is$AR\geq2$. The effect associated with these variations was termed as span effect in this paper. It was established that, the deviations arising due to this phenomena were lesser for higherg/cand higherAR. The analysis ofARvariation for differentg/cpresented a limiting value ofARreduction for stall performance enhancement. Thus, optimised selection of theg/candARvalues can lead to enhanced aerodynamic efficiency alongside an improved stalling characteristic.
Human Leukocyte Antigen Genotype as a Marker of Multiple Sclerosis Prognosis
Authors: Lysandropoulos Andreas P. , Perrotta Gaetano , Billiet Thibo , Ribbens Annemie , Du Pasquier Renaud , Pot Kreis Caroline , Maggi Pietro , Théaudin Marie
Published: December 2019

Objective:

In a previous pilot monocentric study, we investigated the relation between human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotype and multiple sclerosis (MS) disease progression over 2 years. HLA-A*02 allele was correlated with better outcomes, whereas HLA-B*07 and HLA-B*44 were correlated with worse outcomes. The objective of this extension study was to further investigate the possible association of HLA genotype with disease status and progression in MS as measured by sensitive and complex clinical and imaging parameters.

Methods:

Hundred and forty-six MS patients underwent HLA typing. Over a 4-year period of follow-up, we performed three clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) assessments per patient, which respectively included Expanded Disability Status Scale, Multiple Sclerosis Severity Scale, Timed-25-Foot-Walk, 9-Hole Peg Test, Symbol Digit Modalities Test, Brief Visual Memory Test, California Verbal Learning Test-II, and whole-brain atrophy, fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) lesion volume change and number of new FLAIR lesions using icobrain. We then compared the clinical and MRI outcomes between predefined HLA patient groups.

Results:

Results of this larger study with a longer follow-up are in line with what we have previously shown. HLA-A*02 allele is associated with potentially better MS outcomes, whereas HLA-B*07, HLA-B*44, HLA-B*08, and HLA-DQB1*06 with a potential negative effect. Results for HLA-DRB1*15 are inconclusive.

Conclusion:

In the era of MS treatment abundance, HLA genotype might serve as an early biomarker for MS outcomes to inform individualized treatment decisions.
Galerkin Weighted Residual Method for Axially Functionally Graded Shape Memory Alloy Beams
Authors: Kang Z. T. , Wang Z. Y. , Zhou B. , Xue S. F.
Published: December 2019

This paper focus on the mechanical and martensitic transformation behaviors of axially functionally graded shape memory alloy (AFG SMA) beams. It is taken into consideration that material properties, such as austenitic elastic modulus, martensitic elastic modulus, critical transformation stresses and maximum transformation strain vary continuously along the longitudinal direction. According to the simplified linear SMA constitutive equations and Bernoulli-Euler beam theory, the formulations of stress, strain, martensitic volume fraction and governing equations of the deflection, height and length of transformed layers are derived. Employing the Galerkin’s weighted residual method, the governing differential equation of the deflection is solved. As an example, the bending behaviors of an AFG SMA cantilever beam subjected to an end concentrated load are numerically analyzed using the developed model. Results show that the mechanical and martensitic transformation behaviors of the AFG SMA beam are complex after the martensitic transformation of SMA occurs. The influences of FG parameter on the mechanical behaviors and geometrical shape of transformed regions are obvious, and should be considered in the design and analysis of AFG SMA beams in the related regions.
CR-HARMONIC MAPS
Authors: DIETRICH GAUTIER
Published: December 2019

We develop the notion of renormalized energy in Cauchy–Riemann (CR) geometry for maps from a strictly pseudoconvex pseudo-Hermitian manifold to a Riemannian manifold. This energy is a CR invariant functional whose critical points, which we call CR-harmonic maps, satisfy a CR covariant partial differential equation. The corresponding operator coincides on functions with the CR Paneitz operator.
Populism, Nationalism, and Party Politics
Authors: Stroschein Sherrill
Published: December 2019

Recent political events have forced an examination of ideologies of populism and nationalism in politics. In this piece, I examine literature on the post-2016 political context to illustrate why the rise of identity-based politics has surprised analysts. An understanding of identity-based parties requires a focus on both theformsby which they navigate electoral and party systems, and thecontentof their rhetorical appeals to publics. I consider the electoral and party systems literature, and indicate some reasons that majoritarian electoral systems are more likely to foster the dominance of identity-based politics. In such systems, large parties might become weaponized by extremist elements, and lack the potential for checks from new parties. In addition, presidential systems lack a mechanism for no confidence votes, and might also have weak checks on an extremist executive. In terms of content, populism and nationalism might draw differing boundaries to include or exclude perceived elites. However, they can otherwise align in terms of their stances against “Others,” and against individualistic or technocratic stances that may fall under the label of “liberalism.” Nationalism and populism are not simply ideologies, but can be used as strategies by elites who can successfully deploy these mobilizing rhetorical appeals.
‘A DESPERAT WEPON’: RE-HAFTED SCYTHES AT SEDGEMOOR, IN WARFARE AND AT THE TOWER OF LONDON
Authors: Impey Edward
Published: December 2019

The Royal Armouries possesses two scythe blades of pre-mechanised manufacture, mounted axially on straight hafts to form weapons. An inventory of 1686 lists eighty-one scythe blades at the Tower of London (by 1694 described as booty captured from the Duke of Monmouth’s rebels at Sedgemoor) and the surviving pair was probably among them. The Duke’s shortage of standard-issue equipment made improvisation essential, and the choice of re-hafted scythe blades owed to their widespread, well known and effective use by irregular forces in Britain and Europe since the late Middle Ages. Monmouth’s ‘sithmen’, some hundreds strong, took part in skirmishes and in the battle of Sedgemoor itself. Of interest to the Tower authorities as curiosities and for their propaganda value, the scythe blades were displayed, in diminishing numbers, from the seventeenth until the nineteenth century, and these two until the 1990s. In the future they will be displayed again, representing Monmouth’s rebels and countless others, and a weapon type that deserves a greater level of study and recognition.
Metabolically healthy general and abdominal obesity are associated with increased risk of hypertension
Authors: Zhao Yang , Qin Pei , Sun Haohang , Liu Yu , Liu Dechen , Zhou Qionggui , Guo Chunmei , Li Quanman , Tian Gang , Wu Xiaoyan , Hu Dongsheng , Sun Xizhuo , Zhang Ming
Published: December 2019

Metabolically healthy obesity refers to a subset of obese people with a normal metabolic profile. We aimed to explore the association between metabolically healthy and obesity status and risk of hypertension among Chinese adults from The Rural Chinese Cohort Study. This prospective cohort study enrolled 9137 Chinese adults without hypertension, type 2 diabetes or treatment for lipid abnormality at baseline (2007–2008) and followed up during 2013–2014. Modified Poisson regression models were used to examine the risk of hypertension by different metabolically healthy and obesity status, estimating relative risks (RR) and 95 % CI. During 6 years of follow-up, we identified 1734 new hypertension cases (721 men). After adjusting for age, sex, smoking and other confounding factors, risk of hypertension was increased with metabolically healthy general obesity (MHGO) defined by BMI (RR 1·75, 95 % CI 1·02, 3·00) and metabolically healthy abdominal obesity (MHAO) defined by waist circumference (RR 1·51, 95 % CI 1·12, 2·04) as compared with metabolically healthy non-obesity. The associations between metabolically healthy and obesity status and hypertension outcome were consistent after stratifying by sex, age, smoking, alcohol drinking and physical activity. Both MHGO and MHAO were associated with increased risk of hypertension. Obesity control programmes should be implemented to prevent or delay the development of hypertension in rural China.
Earliest North American articulated freshwater acanthomorph fish (Teleostei: Percopsiformes) from Upper Cretaceous deposits of Alberta, Canada
Authors: Murray Alison M. , Brinkman Donald B. , Newbrey Michael G. , Neuman Andrew G.
Published: December 2019

Fossil material from the Maastrichtian part of the Scollard Formation is identified as belonging to an acanthomorph fish. An articulated specimen, preserved in part and counterpart, is a member of the paracanthopterygian order Percopsiformes, based on it having a full neural spine on the second preural centrum and two epurals in the caudal skeleton (both paracanthopterygian characters), as well as six branchiostegal rays and an anterodorsal excavated margin on the opercle (percopsiform characters). We name this as a new genus and species,Lindoeichthys albertensis. A phylogenetic analysis with no prior constraints recovered a single most-parsimonious tree with the new taxon placed as the sister group to a clade containing the Palaeocene Montana genusMcconichthys+ Percopsidae. However, this analysis did not recover the traditional percopsiforms (including Aphredoderidae and Amblyopsidae) as monophyletic. A second analysis, in which we constrained the traditional members of the Percopsiformes to be monophyletic, resulted in the new species being placed as the sister group toPercopsis. The articulated percopsiform specimen from the Pisces Point locality allows isolated dentaries from vertebrate microfossil localities to be identified as being from a member of that group. These isolated elements first appear in the late Campanian Judith River Group of Alberta and the Kaiparowits Formation of Utah, documenting that percopsiform fishes were present in the Western Interior of North America at least 75 Ma ago.
« Arrière de moi, Satan ! Tu m'es en scandale ! » (Mt 16.23). Analyse de l'ajout du rédacteur dans son contexte juif
Authors: Patmore Hector M.
Published: December 2019

Jesus rebukes Peter at Caesarea Philippi by calling him ‘Satan’. The redactor of Matthew adds to this: ‘You are a stumbling block for me!’ This article argues that this editorial addition reflects a tendency in Jewish sources (1) to use the image of ‘stumbling’ to talk of sin, and (2) to identify the diabolic figure (e.g. Satan, Belial, Evil Inclination) as the cause of ‘stumbling’, earning it the title ‘stumbling block’. This tendency has its origins in the Hebrew Bible, is clearly expressed in the literature of the Qumran community, and is further developed in rabbinic sources.
First report of pre-Hispanic Fasciola hepatica from South America revealed by ancient DNA
Authors: Beltrame María Ornela , Pruzzo Cesar , Sanabria Rodrigo , Pérez Alberto , Mora Matías Sebastián
Published: December 2019

It is generally assumed that the digenean human liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica, gained entry to South America during the 15th century upon arrival of Europeans and their livestock. Nonetheless in Patagonia, Argentina, digenean eggs similar to F. hepatica have been observed in deer coprolites dating back to 2300 years B.P. The main objective of our present study was to identify and characterize these eggs using an ancient DNA (aDNA) study. Eggs were isolated and used for aDNA extraction, amplification and sequencing of partial regions from the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 and the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase subunit 1 mitochondrial genes. Also, phylogenetic trees were constructed using Bayesian and maximum likelihood. Our results confirm the presence of F. hepatica in South America from at least 2300 years B.P. This is the first report and the first aDNA study of this trematode in South America prior to the arrival of the European cattle in the 15th century. The present work contributes to the study of phylogenetic and palaeobiogeographical aspects of F. hepatica and its settlement across America.
Louise Audino Tilly: an appreciation
Authors: Cohen Miriam
Published: November 2019

Louise Audino Tilly, who died on March 2, 2018, enjoyed a relatively short twenty-five year career as a historian. But Tilly left an enduring imprint through her example and through her scholarship on the history of women and work, on the social and economic circumstances affecting collective action, and on the connections between demographic changes and family life. In more recent decades, several generations of historians have benefitted from the road maps she left pointing the way for emerging work on the connections between micro-level analysis and national and international histories of social change.
District schools and the erosion of parental rights under the Poor Law: a case study from London (1889–1899)
Authors: Pimm-Smith Rachel
Published: December 2019

This article investigates the empirical backing for the claim that poor law officials needed legal authority to refuse poor parents’ right to the custody of their children in order to stabilise children's welfare institutions during the nineteenth century. Although workhouses were capable of accommodating children, Victorian lawmakers feared children would model themselves on adult paupers to become permanent burdens on the state. To tackle this problem, a system of children's welfare institutions called ‘district schools’ was introduced to train children to become industrious adult labourers. Children were usually classified as orphans or deserted so they could be sent to district schools without fear of family intervention. However, children with ambiguous parental circumstances were labelled as ‘other’ and considered a problematic class because they were perceived to be at risk of having on-going contact with their birth families. Lawmakers feared parents of ‘other’ children would undermine reformation efforts by asserting their custody rights, and passed the first laws in English history to allow the state to restrict parental rights on this basis. This article explores the claim of unwanted parental involvement, and in doing so, seeks to contextualise the origins of public law interference in the family sphere within a narrative of imposed citizenship rather than protection.
Introducing New Audiences to Sound-Based Music through Creative Engagement
Authors: Holland David , Chapman Duncan
Published: November 2019

This article will outline the experience of researchers at De Montfort University (DMU) (Leicester, UK) in devising and delivering workshops on sound-based creativity (sbc). These workshops supported and guided participants through the process of listening training, recording and composing their own sound-based pieces. As well as engaging participants in sound-based composition, the aim of these workshops was to introduce them to examples from the repertoire of sbm. The final workshops involved the collection of Intention/Reception (I/R) data from participants in response to a piece of sbm. Nearly 180 participants from a diverse range of ages and backgrounds took part in the workshops and the data indicate that engagement with sbm was high. This article will provide the context for the project, describe the methodology and analyse and evaluate the data that were collected. Finally, the implications for future work will be discussed.
The Development of an Inclusive Model to Construct Teacher’s Professional Knowledge: Pedagogic content knowledge for sound-based music as a new subject area
Authors: Wolf Motje , Younie Sarah
Published: November 2019

This article outlines a systematic process for developing the different knowledge domains required for teaching sound-based (electroacoustic) music as a new subject area. As a new area within the discipline of music, teachers are novices to the field. This requires epistemological deconstruction ofwhat knowledgeteachers need in this new field. Then the analysis outlineshow todevelop teachers’ new knowledge, which can be constructed assubject content knowledge(SCK),pedagogic content knowledge(PCK) andtechnology pedagogic content knowledge(TPACK). This epistemological analysis informed our creation of teaching materials that develop these different knowledge domains and take account of the complex interplay between them. This process was demonstrated through the ElectroAcoustic Resource Site Projects, which first builtsubject content knowledgeand then created teacher’s packs to buildpedagogic content knowledge, and a bespoke CPD programme, which embedded their inter-relationships and builttechnology pedagogic content knowledge. Most importantly, creating the teacher’s packs employed a user-centred design approach, putting teachers and pupils in the centre of the development process, thereby giving them voice. Voice is an integral part of empowerment in our model, which disrupts the hegemonic grip of the academic curriculum dominated by the traditional music canon. This article adds to the knowledge-base regarding how to develop the different domains required for teaching a new subject. We argue that sound-based music is accessible to all teachers and learners, thereby increasing inclusivity. This in turn can radically disrupt ways of teaching music in schools and the model created provides the necessary scaffolding for a paradigm shift in music teaching on an international level.
Folic acid supplementation, dietary folate intake and risk of small for gestational age in China
Authors: Guo Huaqi , Mao Baohong , Wang Meng , Liu Qing , Yang Liping , Xie Yahui , Wang Yanxia , He Xiaochun , Cui Hongmei , Lin Xiaojuan , Lv Ling , Zhou Min , Xu Xiaoying , Qiu Jie , Zhang Yawei
Published: December 2019

Objective:

To investigate the hypothesis that folic acid supplementation and dietary folate intake before conception and during pregnancy reduce the risk of small for gestational age (SGA) and to examine the joint effect of folic acid supplementation and dietary folate intake on the risk of SGA.

Design:

Participants were interviewed by trained study interviewers using a standardized and structured questionnaire. Information on birth outcomes and maternal complications was abstracted from medical records and dietary information was collected via a semi-quantitative FFQ before conception and during pregnancy.

Setting:

A birth cohort data analysis using the 2010–2012 Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child Care Hospital.

Participants:

Women (n 8758) and their children enrolled in the study.

Results:

Folic acid supplementation was associated with a reduced risk of SGA (OR = 0·72, 95 % CI 0·60, 0·86), with the reduced risk seen mainly for SGA at ≥37 weeks of gestational age (OR = 0·70, 95 % CI 0·58, 0·85) and nulliparous SGA (OR = 0·67, 95 % CI 0·54, 0·84). There was no significant association between dietary folate intake and SGA risk.

Conclusions:

Our study suggested that folic acid supplementation was associated with a reduced risk of SGA and the risk varied by preterm status and parity.
HALF NIKULIN SURFACES AND MODULI OF PRYM CURVES
Authors: Knutsen Andreas Leopold , Lelli-Chiesa Margherita , Verra Alessandro
Published: November 2019

Let ${\mathcal{F}}_{g}^{\mathbf{N}}$ be the moduli space of polarized Nikulin surfaces $(Y,H)$ of genus $g$ and let ${\mathcal{P}}_{g}^{\mathbf{N}}$ be the moduli of triples $(Y,H,C)$, with $C\in |H|$ a smooth curve. We study the natural map $\unicode[STIX]{x1D712}_{g}:{\mathcal{P}}_{g}^{\mathbf{N}}\rightarrow {\mathcal{R}}_{g}$, where ${\mathcal{R}}_{g}$ is the moduli space of Prym curves of genus $g$. We prove that it is generically injective on every irreducible component, with a few exceptions in low genus. This gives a complete picture of the map $\unicode[STIX]{x1D712}_{g}$ and confirms some striking analogies between it and the Mukai map $m_{g}:{\mathcal{P}}_{g}\rightarrow {\mathcal{M}}_{g}$ for moduli of triples $(Y,H,C)$, where $(Y,H)$ is any genus $g$ polarized $K3$ surface. The proof is by degeneration to boundary points of a partial compactification of ${\mathcal{F}}_{g}^{\mathbf{N}}$. These represent the union of two surfaces with four even nodes and effective anticanonical class, which we call half Nikulin surfaces. The use of this degeneration is new with respect to previous techniques.
Agronomic and economic tradeoffs between alternative cover crop and organic soybean sequences
Authors: Champagne Rebecca J , Wallace John M , Curran William S , Baraibar Barbara
Published: December 2019

Organic grain producers are interested in reducing tillage to conserve soil and decrease labor and fuel costs. We examined agronomic and economic tradeoffs associated with alternative strategies for reducing tillage frequency and intensity in a cover crop–soybean (Glycine maxL. Merr.) sequence within a corn (Zea maysL.)–soybean–spelt (Triticum speltaL.) organic cropping system experiment in Pennsylvania. Tillage-based soybean production preceded by a cover crop mixture of annual ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. ssp. multiflorum), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerataL.) and forage radish (Raphanus sativusL.) interseeded into corn grain (Z. maysL.) was compared with reduced-tillage soybean production preceded by roller-crimped cereal rye (Secale cerealeL.) that was sown after corn silage. Total aboveground weed biomass did not differ between soybean production strategies. Each strategy, however, was characterized by high inter-annual variability in weed abundance. Tillage-based soybean production marginally increased grain yield by 0.28 Mg ha−1compared with reduced-tillage soybean. A path model of soybean yield indicated that soybean stand establishment and weed biomass were primary drivers of yield, but soybean production strategy had a measurable effect on yields due to factors other than within-season weed–crop competition. Cumulative tillage frequency and intensity were quantified for each cover crop—sequence using the Soil Tillage Intensity Rating (STIR) index. The reduced-tillage soybean sequence resulted in 50% less soil disturbance compared to tillage-based soybean sequence across study years. Finally, enterprise budget comparisons showed that the reduced-tillage soybean sequence resulted in lower input costs than the tillage-based soybean sequence but was approximately $114 ha−1less profitable because of lower average yields.
C‐Complex Asteroids: UV‐Visible Spectral Characteristics and Implications for Space Weathering Effects
Authors: Hendrix Amanda R. , Vilas Faith
Published: December 2019

Space weathering effects on the rocky S‐class asteroids are well understood. However, on the low‐albedo C‐complex asteroids, such as spacecraft targets Bennu and Ryugu, the situation is more complicated, especially due to a lack of spectral features throughout the visible‐near infrared spectral region. Here we show, through a combination of observational data and laboratory data of carbonaceous chondrites, phyllosilicates, and mixtures, that the UV‐visible spectral region is a diagnostic regime for studying space weathering effects on C‐complex asteroids. We show that space‐weathering‐produced opaque constituents, such as graphitized carbons, darken mixtures with phyllosilicates and produce a bluing the UV‐visible spectrum, consistent with what is seen on the asteroids compared with carbonaceous chondrites. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the UV upturns in the spectra of Bennu and Ryugu are consistent with the presence of graphitized carbon on those surfaces, the result of surface processing.
Impact of Nudging Strategy on the Climate Representativeness and Hindcast Skill of Constrained EAMv1 Simulations
Authors: Sun Jian , Zhang Kai , Wan Hui , Ma Po‐Lun , Tang Qi , Zhang Shixuan
Published: December 2019

Nudging is a simulation technique widely used in sensitivity studies and in the evaluation of atmosphere models. Care is needed in the experimental setup in order to achieve the desired constraint on the simulated atmospheric processes without introducing undue intervention. In this study, sensitivity experiments are conducted with the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM) Atmosphere Model Version 1 (EAMv1) to identify setups that can give results representative of the model's long‐term climate and meanwhile reasonably capture characteristics of the observed meteorological conditions to facilitate the comparison of model results with measurements. We show that when the prescribed meteorological conditions are temporally interpolated to the model time to constrain EAM's horizontal winds at each time step, a nudged simulation can reproduce the characteristic evolution of the observed weather events (especially in middle and high latitudes) as well as the model's long‐term climatology, although nudging also leads to nonnegligible regional changes in wind‐driven aerosol emissions, low‐level clouds in the stratocumulus regime, and cloud and precipitation near the maritime continent. Compared to its predecessor model used in an earlier study, EAMv1 is less sensitive to temperature nudging, although significant impacts on the cloud radiative effects still exist. EAMv1 remains very sensitive to humidity nudging. Constraining humidity substantially improves the correlation between the simulated and observed tropical precipitation but also leads to large changes in the long‐term statistics of the simulated precipitation, clouds, and aerosol lifecycle.