bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Japanese Study of Adult Twins Reared Apart and Growing Old Separately
Authors: Hayakawa Kazuo , Kato Kenji , Onoi Miyuki , Hayashi Chisato , Yang-Ping Cai , Kanamori Masao , Doi Syuichi , Kikuchi Hiroyuki , Nishihara Reiko , Kadota Kensuke
Published: March 2007

More than 100 pairs of adult twins, reared apart and growing old separately, have participated in the Japanese Study of Adult Twins Reared Apart and Growing Old Separately since it began in 1974. The subjects are 161 pairs of adult twins born between 1910 and 1945 in Japan. The main focus of this study is to investigate the influences of environmental factors and life history on life satisfaction and psychological well-being in later adulthood. A mail survey has been conducted on these twins each year since 1974. To date, the Wechsler Adult Intelligent Scale, Maudsley Personality Inventory, Newgarten Life Satisfaction Index, comprehensive medical examinations and personal interviews have been conducted for 12 twin pairs residing in various areas of Japan.
Registry of Adolescent and Young Adult Twins in the Tokyo Area
Authors: Shikishima Chizuru , Ando Juko , Ono Yutaka , Toda Tatsushi , Yoshimura Kimio
Published: March 2007

Since established in 1998, the Keio Twin Project (KTP) has been dedicated to investigating genetic and environmental sources contributing to human psychological traits in adolescence and young adulthood. A population-based twin registry was constructed by the KTP through the use of official residential records in the Tokyo area, and to date requests to participate in our research have generated 1040 pairs of twins and triplets of age 14 to 30, forming one of the largest twin registries in Asia. Our comprehensive datasets, obtained through questionnaires, performance tests, and physical measurements, cover a wide range of human traits: personality, psychiatry, mental health, sociality, cognition, and physical index. Demographic variables and environment of upbringing are also sought by twins and by some parents. This extensive information allows us to clarify the genetic and environmental overlap across multiple traits as well as specificities unique to single traits. Adding an evolutionary psychology perspective to the behavior genetics framework is currently being attempted in order to develop a grand theory of human genetics.
Netherlands Twin Register: From Twins to Twin Families
Authors: Boomsma Dorret I. , Geus Eco J. C. de , Vink Jacqueline M. , Stubbe Janine H. , Distel Marijn A. , Hottenga Jouke-Jan , Posthuma Danielle , Beijsterveldt Toos C. E. M. van , Hudziak James J. , Bartels Meike , Willemsen Gonneke
Published: March 2007

In the late 1980s The Netherlands Twin Register (NTR) was established by recruiting young twins and multiples at birth and by approaching adolescent and young adult twins through city councils. The Adult NTR (ANTR) includes twins, their parents, siblings, spouses and their adult offspring. The number of participants in the ANTR who take part in survey and / or laboratory studies is over 22,000 subjects. A special group of participants consists of sisters who are mothers of twins. In the Young NTR (YNTR), data on more than 50,000 young twins have been collected. Currently we are extending the YNTR by including siblings of twins. Participants in YNTR and ANTR have been phenotyped every 2 to 3 years in longitudinal survey studies, since 1986 and 1991 for the YNTR and ANTR, respectively. The resulting large population-based datasets are used for genetic epidemiological studies and also, for example, to advance phenotyping through the development of new syndrome scales based on existing items from other inventories. New research developments further include brain imaging studies in selected and unselected groups, clinical assessment of psychopathology through interviews, and cross-referencing the NTR database to other national databases. A large biobank enterprise is ongoing in the ANTR in which blood and urine samples are collected for genotyping, expression analysis, and meta-bolomics studies. In this paper we give an update on the YNTR and ANTR phenotyping and on the ongoing ANTR biobank studies.
The Norwegian Institute of Public Health Twin Program of Research: An Update
Authors: Harris Jennifer R. , Magnus Per , Tambs Kristian
Published: March 2007

The population-based twin program of research at the Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH) was begun in 1992. It consists of a number of questionnaire and clinical interview projects exploring a broad array of mental and physical health outcomes. This article provides a brief update summarizing our research activities, some research highlights, new developments and potentials for further developing the program of twin research. In the most recent years a large effort has concentrated on completing a mental health interview study of Axis I psychiatric and substance use disorders and Axis II personality disorders. Although still in the early planning phases, one of the most significant developments is that an agreement is now in place to centralize the Norwegian twin data into a national Norwegian Twin Registry. This new registry will include twin cohorts born from 1905 onwards. Other resources for building twin projects are described. Nationally, there is great potential for linking the NIPH twin data with other health registries and with information in a number of Norway's large population-based biobank studies. Internationally, platforms such as those developed within GenomEUtwin, for data standards and data sharing and access are greatly facilitating international collaborations in twin research.
An Initiative in Spain for the Study of Women's Health: The Murcia Twin Registry
Authors: Ordoñana Juan R. , Pérez-Riquelme Francisco , González-Javier Francisca , Carrillo Eduvigis , Gómez-Amor Jesús , Martínez-Selva José M.
Published: March 2007

The present article describes the initial steps taken in setting up a twin registry in Spain. The Murcia Twin Registry (MTR) will focus initially on perimenopausal women's health. It will be administered and managed by the University of Murcia and the Murcia Health Council and will start with a database of 452 pairs of female twins born between 1940 and 1965 in the region of Murcia, Spain. Once the MTR is established and has gained some experience, our goal is to expand the age range and include males and opposite-sex twins. The current main areas of research interest are menopause, preventive behaviors, lifestyle and health as well as quality of life.
The Swedish Twin Registry in the Third Millennium: An Update
Authors: Lichtenstein Paul , Sullivan Patrick F. , Cnattingius Sven , Gatz Margaret , Johansson Sofie , Carlström Eva , Björk Camilla , Svartengren Magnus , Wolk Alicja , Klareskog Lars , Faire Ulf de , Schalling Martin , Palmgren Juni , Pedersen Nancy L.
Published: March 2007

The Swedish Twin Registry was first established in the late 1950s. Today it includes more than 170,000 twins — in principle all twins born in Sweden since 1886. In this article we describe some ongoing and recently completed projects based on the registry. In particular, we describe recent efforts to screen all twins born between 1959 and 1985, and young twin pairs when they turn 9 and 12 years of age. For these studies, we present initial frequencies of common conditions and exposures.
The UK Adult Twin Registry (TwinsUK)
Authors: Spector Tim D. , Williams Frances M. K.
Published: March 2007

The UK Adult Twin Registry was started in 1993 and consists of approximately 10,000 monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) adult Caucasian twins aged 16 to 85 years from all over the United Kingdom, plus some parents and siblings. It now incorporates previous twin registries from the Institute of Psychiatry and Aberdeen University. This is a volunteer sample recruited by successive media campaigns without selecting for particular diseases or traits. All twins receive a series of detailed disease and environmental questionnaires. The majority of twins have been assessed in detail clinically at several time points for several hundred phenotypes related to common diseases or intermediate traits. The focus to date has been primarily in 5 areas — cardiovascular, metabolic, musculoskeletal, ophthalmologic diseases as well as the aging process. Over 3000 DZ twins have had a 10cM genome-wide scan performed and 5000 twins tagged for over 200 candidate genes allowing both linkage and association studies. The resource has led to many successful and innovative research projects particularly in common age-related diseases, and has led to collaborations with over 80 groups worldwide.
The North of England Multiple Pregnancy Register: Five-Year Results of Data Collection
Authors: Platt Martin P. Ward , Glinianaia Svetlana V. , Rankin Judith , Wright Chris , Renwick Marjorie ,   Northern Region Multiple Pregnancy Register Steering Group
Published: March 2007

From 1998 the population-based North of England Multiple Pregnancy Register (MPR) has collected data on all multiple pregnancies in the region from the earliest point of ascertainment in the pregnancy. This article describes the development of the MPR and the findings of the first 5 years of data collection. Mothers now give explicit consent for their inclusion with named data, in accordance with section 60 of the Health and Social Care Act 2001. During 1998 to 2002, 2310 twin pregnancies were registered, with an increasing twinning rate of 13.6 to 16.6 per 1000 maternities. Chorionicity ascertainment in twin maternities with at least one stillbirth or live birth has improved from 81% in 1998 to 91% in 2002. Before 24 weeks of gestation, 8.4% (359/4620) of fetuses were lost either spontaneously or as a result of termination of pregnancy. The perinatal mortality rate was much higher in monochorionic than dichorionic twins, mainly due to differences in stillbirth rates (49.0 vs. 11.5 per 1000 maternities respectively, risk rate = 4.2; 95% confidence intervals 2.7–6.6). The gestational-age-specific neonatal mortality rates were similar in twins and singletons, except in the group of term births (≥37 weeks' gestation) when compared by conventional gestational age categories. For stillbirths, the rates were even lower than in singletons in gestational age categories of less than 32 weeks. The register is an important resource of data on multiple pregnancies, which allows monitoring of trends in multiple birth rates and pregnancy losses and provides a unique opportunity for etiological and long-term follow-up studies.
The Feasibility of Creating a Population-Based National Twin Registry in the United States
Authors: Chulada Patricia C. , Corey Linda A. , Vannappagari Vani , Whitehead Nedra S. , Blackshear Perry J.
Published: March 2007

Between 4 to 6 million twins exist in the US today who offer scientists a valuable potential resource for conducting behavioral and biomedical research. However, unlike many other countries, there is no national system in the US for identifying twins and eliciting their participation in these important research programs. Therefore, the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) is conducting a study to determine the feasibility of creating a national, population-based twin registry in the US. The major goal is to estimate the potential size and characteristics of a national twin registry based on the current twin population in the US, our ability to ascertain and enrol them, and their willingness to participate. Existing US twin cohorts are also being examined in this study as well as alternatives for improving US twin resources should a national twin registry be deemed infeasible. The various options will be compared in terms of possible source populations, generalizability and adequacy for statistically powering various types of etiological studies. Two expert advisory panels have been assembled to assist in the conduct of this study. The Scientific Advisory Panel is charged with providing expertise concerning study goals, design and methodology, and evaluating the study's conclusion. A separate Ethics Advisory Panel is charged with providing expertise on the ethical, legal, and social issues that might be encountered if a national twin registry is ultimately pursued. Having a national population-based twin registry in the US would be advantageous to US scientists and those worldwide. It would provide ample numbers of twin pairs to conduct various types of environmental genomic studies currently not possible with existing US twin resources. It would also allow US scientists to select for characteristics (race, ethnicity, environments, and so on) inherent in our own population. Finally and foremost, it would help to meet the worldwide demand for twin resources which is expected to increase over time, as new genomic and analytical tools become available and new hypotheses emerge concerning the complex interplay between genes, lifestyles and environment.
The Florida State Twin Registry: Research Aims and Design
Authors: Taylor Jeanette E. , James Lisa M. , Reeves Mark D. , Bobadilla Leonardo
Published: March 2007

Relatively little is known about the relationship of most personality disorders to executive cognitive functioning despite their associations with frontal cortex activity. Research on genetic influence is lacking for most personality disorders, and research on genetic influences associated with executive cognitive functioning is sparse and mixed. The Florida State Twin Registry was created to conduct a pilot twin study aimed at examining genetic influence on personality disorders and executive cognitive functioning. Measures included structured clinical interviews for symptoms and diagnoses of personality disorders (borderline, histrionic, narcissistic, antisocial, obsessive–compulsive, avoidant, and dependent), depression, substance abuse/dependence, anxiety disorders, and eating disorders. The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and the Stroop Color-Word Test were administered to assess executive cognitive functioning. Self-report questionnaires were included to assess maladaptive personality traits. Data sharing and future directions for growing the Florida State Twin Registry are discussed.
Fullerton Virtual Twin Study
Authors: Segal Nancy L.
Published: March 2007

Virtual twins (VTs; same-age unrelated siblings reared together from early infancy) have been studied at California State University (CSU), Fullerton since 1991. The current sample includes over 130 pairs. Past and current research have research have focused on siblings' similarities and differences in general intelligence and body size. Future research in these areas will continue as new pairs continue to be identified. These studies will be supplemented by analyses of personality, social relations and adjustment using monozygotic (MZ) twins, dizygotic (DZ) twins, full siblings and friends, as well as new VTs, who have participated in Twins, Adoptees, Peers and Siblings (TAPS), a collaborative project conducted between CSU Fullerton and the University of San Francisco, from 2002 to 2006.
The Michigan State University Twin Registry (MSUTR): Genetic, Environmental and Neurobiological Influences on Behavior Across Development
Authors: Klump Kelly L. , Burt S. Alexandra
Published: March 2007

The primary aim of the Michigan State University Twin Registry (MSUTR) is to examine developmental differences in genetic, environmental, and neurobiological influences on internalizing and externalizing symptoms, with disordered eating and antisocial behavior representing particular areas of interest. Twin participants span several developmental stages (i.e., childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood). Assessments include comprehensive, multiinformant measures of psychiatric and behavioral phenotypes, buccal swab and salivary DNA samples, assays of adolescent and adult steroid hormone levels (e.g., estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, cortisol), and videotaped parent–child interactions of child and adolescent twin families. To date, we have collected data on over 1000 twins, with additional data collections underway. This article provides an overview of the newly developed MSUTR and describes current and future research directions.
The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) Twin Data
Authors: Harris Kathleen Mullan , Halpern Carolyn Tucker , Smolen Andrew , Haberstick Brett C.
Published: March 2007

This article describes the design and data availability for samples of genetic pairs in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). Add Health provides unique samples of genetic pairs that are nationally representative and followed longitudinally from early adolescence into young adulthood with 3 in-home interviews and a 4th interview planned for 2007 to 2008. The design of Add Health included an embedded genetic sample of more than 3000 pairs of individuals with varying genetic resemblance, including monozygotic twins, dizygotic twins, full siblings, half siblings, and unrelated siblings who were raised in the same household. Add Health has collected rich longitudinal social, behavioral, and environmental survey data, as well as buccal cell DNA from a subsample of the genetic sample (N = 2612). Add Health has an enlightened dissemination policy and to date has released phenotype and genotype data to more than 3000 researchers in the scientific community.
The boat/helmsman
Authors: Gage Stephen
Published: March 2007

The founding metaphor of cybernetics is re-examined. The helmsman is part of a body- object hybrid that is terrain-dependent. The available palette of behaviours can only be understood in this way. The boat/helmsman hybrid demonstrates moment-to-moment feedback characteristics that
include a form of damping which is based on the hybrid's previous history. The moment-to-moment goal is a direction over water, not a destination. End goal navigation is based on prediction and depends on a map and a plan. The boat/helmsman metaphor places the physical characteristics of an
entity on an equal footing with the flow of information within and without it.
Touching light: A new framework for immersion in artistic environments
Authors: Seo Jinsil , Gromala Diane
Published: March 2007

The idea of immersion research has been explored in various disciplines: Virtual Reality, Interactive Storytelling, Art, etc. However, most researchers focus on constraints of the hardware and software, and are less focused on the conceptual and philosophical implications of immersion
and presence.

This paper aims to define a certain quality of immersion that has emerged from artisticresearch experiences. Overall, immersion is an integrated conscious state where mind, body and environment are well interrelated and interweaved.

Within the concept of immersion, we explore
four categories: ambient immersive natural space, body interaction, new consciousness and flow of energy. Finally, the paper presents examples of our artresearch work and offers detailed explorations on the quality of immersion.
Characterization of thin water layers in pulp by tritium exchange. Part 1: Methods development
Authors: Walsh Frances L. , Banerjee Sujit
Published: March 2007

A new technique for measuring the monolayer water content of fiber is presented. Tritiated water is added to a pulp/water suspension, whereupon the tritium partitions between the bulk water and the pulp. In the pulp phase the tritium can exchange with free water, bound water, and with hydroxyl and other protons present in the pulp matrix. The free water in the pulp is then removed by displacement with acetone. The tritium remaining in the pulp is mostly associated with tightly bound water, with a small fraction being tied up with the exchangeable hydrogen in pulp. The procedure provides a value of 10% for the tightly bound water content of hardwood or softwood fiber, either bleached or unbleached. If this water is assumed to cover the fiber surface as a monolayer, then an estimate of the wet surface area of the fiber can be obtained. This estimate compares well with independent measurements of surface area.
Changes in the cell wall volume of a number of wood species due to reaction with acetic anhydride
Authors: Kwon Jin H. , Hill Callum A.S. , Ormondroyd Graham A. , Karim Siti
Published: March 2007

A number of softwoods and hardwoods (beech, rubberwood, Corsican pine, Korean pine) were reacted with acetic anhydride to a variety of weight percentage gain (WPG) values and the volume change due to reaction was determined both by measurement of the external dimensions and by helium pycnometry. The volume change due to modification determined by helium pycnometry was found to be equal to that calculated, except for Corsican pine. The volume change as determined by the external dimensions was not a reliable method for determining cell-wall volume changes. The molar volume of the acetyl group in the cell wall was calculated over a range of WPG values, with volumes ranging from approximately 32 to 42 cm3 mol-1, depending on the wood species studied. The differences in acetyl molar volume observed between most wood species were significant.
A novel simple route to wood acetylation by transesterification with vinyl acetate
Authors: Jebrane Mohamed , Sèbe Gilles
Published: March 2007

A novel method for the acetylation of wood was investigated and compared with the classical method based on acetic anhydride. The transesterification reaction between vinyl acetate (VA) and hydroxyl groups of maritime pine sapwood (Pinus pinaster Soland) was performed in the presence of potassium carbonate as a catalyst and led to acetylated wood in high yield. The transesterification reaction was confirmed by FTIR and 13C CP-MAS NMR spectroscopy. The efficiency of the VA transesterification increased with increasing temperature, reaction time, and catalyst amount, but a significant weight percentage gain (WPG) was obtained after only 3 h at 90°C.
Formation and properties of nanocomposites made up from solid aspen wood, melamine-urea-formaldehyde, and clay
Authors: Cai Xiaolin , Riedl Bernard , Zhang S.Y. , Wan Hui
Published: March 2007

Wood polymer nanocomposites were prepared from solid aspen wood, water-soluble melamine-urea-formaldehyde (MUF) resin, and silicate nanoclays. The nanofillers were ground with a ball-mill before being mixed with the MUF resin and impregnated into the wood. The water-soluble prepolymer was mixed with the nanoclays at a mixing speed of 3050 rpm for 20 min to form impregnation solutions. Wood was impregnated with resin, which polymerized in situ under certain conditions. The physical and mechanical properties of the composite and the effect of ball-milling treatment of nanofillers on these properties were investigated. Significant improvements in physical and mechanical properties, such as density, surface hardness, and modulus of elasticity, were obtained for specimens impregnated with MUF resin and nanoclay-MUF resin mixtures. Ball-mill treatment favors dispersion of the nanofillers into the wood, but also appears to interfere with particle-resin adhesion.
Screening fungi tolerant to Western red cedar (Thuja plicata Donn) extractives. Part 1. Mild extraction by ultrasonication and quantification of extractives by reverse-phase HPLC
Authors: Chedgy Russell J. , Daniels C.R. , Kadla John , Breuil Colette
Published: March 2007

Western red cedar (Thuja plicata Donn) heartwood samples were extracted in methanol. Reverse-phase HPLC with UV detection was used for extractive separation and analysis. Six major extractives were quantified by comparing analyte response with the response factor of an internal standard using single-point calibration. The limit of detection of the method was estimated as (μg ml-1): (–)-plicatic acid, 0.6; γ-thujaplicin, 3.0; β-thujaplicin, 3.0; β-thujaplicinol, 3.0; thujic acid, 0.6; and methyl thujate, 1.2. Yields were 36% higher for powdered than for sliced samples. A temperature of 4°C during ultrasonication yielded 16% more (–)-plicatic acid than in non-cooled extractions, but did not significantly increase yields for the remaining five compounds. The recovery and repeatability of the extraction method were assessed by adding the aromatic compounds methoxyhydroquinone and 2-acetonaphthone to heartwood samples before extraction. The recovery yield was ∼90% with ∼5% variability.
Tissue Transglutaminase Is Essential for Integrin-Mediated Survival of Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Authors: Song Heesang , Chang Woochul , Lim Soyeon , Seo Hye-Sun , Shim Chi Young , Park Sungha , Yoo Kyung-Jong , Kim Byung-Soo , Min Byoung-Hyun , Lee Hakbae , Jang Yangsoo , Chung Namsik , Hwang Ki-Chul
Published: March 2007

Autologous mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation therapy for repair of myocardial injury has inherent limitations due to the poor viability of the stem cells after cell transplantation. Adhesion is a prerequisite for cell survival and also a key factor for the differentiation of MSCs. As a novel prosurvival modification strategy, we genetically engineered MSCs to overexpress tissue transglutaminase (tTG), with intention to enhance adhesion and ultimately cell survival after implantation. tTG-transfected MSCs (tTG-MSCs) showed a 2.7-fold and greater than a twofold increase of tTG expression and surface tTG activity, respectively, leading to a 20% increased adhesion of MSCs on fibronectin (Fn). Spreading and migration of tTG-MSCs were increased 4.75% and 2.52%, respectively. Adhesion of tTG-MSCs on cardiogel, a cardiac fibroblast-derived three-dimensional matrix, showed a 33.1% increase. Downregulation of tTG by transfection of small interfering RNA specific to the tTG resulted in markedly decreased adhesion and spread of MSCs on Fn or cardiogel. tTG-MSCs on Fn significantly increased phosphorylation of focal adhesion related kinases FAK, Src, and PI3K. tTG-MSCs showed significant retention in infarcted myocardium by forming a focal adhesion complex and developed into cardiac myocyte-like cells by the expression of cardiac-specific proteins. Transplantation of 1 × 106 MSCs transduced with tTG into the ischemic rat myocardium restored normalized systolic and diastolic cardiac function. tTG-MSCs further restored cardiac function of infarcted myocardium as compared with MSC transplantation alone. These findings suggested that tTG may play an important role in integrin-mediated adhesion of MSCs in implanted tissues.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Induction of Senile Osteoporosis in Normal Mice by Intra-Bone Marrow-Bone Marrow Transplantation from Osteoporosis-Prone Mice
Authors: Ueda Yusuke , Inaba Muneo , Takada Keizo , Fukui Junichi , Sakaguchi Yutaku , Tsuda Masanobu , Omae Mariko , Kushida Taketoshi , Iida Hirokazu , Ikehara Susumu
Published: March 2007

A P6 substrain of the senescence accelerated mouse (SAMP6) spontaneously develops osteoporosis early in life. These mice show the clinical signs of osteoporosis, such as elevated levels of urinary deoxypyridinoline (Dpd), decreased bone mineral density (BMD), and a significant loss of trabecular and cortical bone thickness at 12 months of age. Here, we describe the transfer of osteoporosis to a normal strain by the injection of bone marrow cells from SAMP6 donors directly into the bone marrow cavity (intra-bone marrow-bone marrow transplantation [IBM-BMT]). More than 1 month after IBM-BMT, hematolymphoid cells were completely reconstituted by donor-derived cells, and bone marrow stromal cells that could differentiate into osteocytes were also found to be of donor origin. In addition, the recipient C57BL/6 mouse showed the features of osteoporosis in the trabecular bone. Decreases in BMD and increases in urinary Dpd were also observed. When the message levels of cytokines (interleukin [IL]-11, IL-6, receptor activator of NF-κB ligand [RANKL], osteoprotegerin, macrophage–colony-stimulating factor, and insulin-like growth factor-1) were examined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and real-time RT-PCR analysis, IL-6 and IL-11 were reduced to a level similar to that in SAMP6 mice, whereas that of RANKL was increased. These findings indicate that not only the hemopoietic system but also the bone marrow microenvironment are reconstituted as a result of IBM-BMT, and suggest that the development of senile osteoporosis might be attributable to “stem cell disorders.”

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Monitoring of the photochemical stability of carvedilol and its degradation products by the RP-HPLC method
Authors: Stojanovic Jelena , Vladimirov Sote , Marinkovic Valentina , Velickovic Dragan , Sibinovic Predrag
Published: March 2007

A sensitive, selective, precise and stability-indicating, new high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the analysis of carvedilol both as a bulk drug and in formulations was developed and validated. As the method could effectively separate the drug from its degradation products, it can be employed as a stability-indicating one. The method was validated for linearity, selectivity, precision, robustness, LOD, LOQ and accuracy. The chromatographic separation was achieved on a Chromolit RP8e, 100x4.6 mm, analytical column. The mobile phase consisted of a mixture of acetonitrile and water (45:55, V/V) (pH 2.5), pH adjusted with formic acid. The absorbance was monitored with a UV detector at 280 nm and the temperature of the analyses was 40?C. The flow rate was 0.5 mL/min. The linearity (r? 0.999), reproducibility (0.68-1.27 %) and recovery (99.71-101.58) were found to be satisfactory. This method enables the simultaneous determination of carvedilol and its degradation products, as well as stability. .
Residential preferences and neighborhood racial segregation: A test of the schelling segregation model
Authors: Clark W.A.V.
Published: March 2007

The debate over the role of the forces that create the patterns of residential separation has identified neighborhood preferences as one of the explanatory variables, but although we possess some empirical data on the nature of neighborhood racial preferences, the theoretical contributions have received only limited empirical evaluation. Among the theoretical statements. Schelling’s model of the effects of small differences in preferences on residential patterns has provided a basic building block in our understanding of preferences, choices, and patterns. Several recent surveys of residential preferences provide the data with which to evaluate the underpinnings of the Schelling model. The preference/tolerance schedules that are derived from the data have a different functional form from that suggested by Schelling, but confirm the view that stable integrated equilibria are unlikely.
Old Found Lands in North America
Authors: Morgan Thomas
Published: March 2007

When on the 24th June, A.D. 1497, John Cabot and his son Sebastian, the rich Venetian merchants of Bristol, in their ship theMatthew, came upon the island of Newfoundland, St. John's, and the continent of North America, it was thought they had added a lustre to the reign of their royal patron, Henry VII., and a promise of wealth to his kingdom by their discoveries, such as England had never before dreamt of. Their voyage seemed as important as that of Christopher Columbus, in a different latitude, some five years before, and it has proved so in the result. It is probable, however, that these adventurous Venetians may have heard of the voyage of their countrymen, Nicolas and Antonio Zeni, to the same lands in A.D. 1380, and who published a map of them, though some take this account of the Zeni to be spurious, and written after the voyage of the Cabots.
Three Poets of the Scottish Reformation: Alexander Cunningham, Fifth Earl of Glencairn, Henry Balnaves of Halhill, and John Davidson, Minister At Prestonpans.
Authors: Rogers Charles
Published: March 2007

The Earl of Glencairn, Henry Balnaves and John Davidson merit commemoration apart from their poetry. While denouncing in a poetical pasquinade the illegal traffic of the Church of Rome, Lord Glencairn protested against the rapacity of the Reforming nobles. As a statesman he rendered invaluable aid to the Protestant cause by resisting the attempts of Mary of Guise to check the spread of the Reformed doctrines. In opposing the efforts of Queen Mary to crush the Reformed preachers, and in supporting her dethronement, he occupied a foremost place. He conspicuously upheld the government of the infant King James.
The Art Revival in Italy
Authors: Browning George
Published: March 2007

Professor Huxley, in his recent address to the students of Aberdeen University, drew attention to the growing desire for a knowledge of art and of art history, and trusted the day would not be far distant when a chair for this important branch of study wou
ld be founded in each university and school of art throughout the length and breadth of the land. It is scarcely credible that, with the immense facilities within the grasp of the Royal Academy, this body has hitherto allowed the teaching of art history and æsthetics to be entirely neglected. And who will not agree that these two most important branches of an art education are simply a necessity? Historical painting—acknowledged to be the highest, most elevating, and instructive form of pictorial representation—can never attain that degree of excellence of which it is capable, unless the art student passes through a thorough course of historical teaching during his academical career. Many of the art monstrosities to be found in, and supposed to adorn, the metropolis, would never have been called into being had the study of æsthetics held a place in the academy curriculum.
The Origin of the Office of Poet Laureate
Authors: Hamilton Walter
Published: March 2007

In a recently published work the author has presented biographical details of the Poets Laureate of England; the object of this paper is to place before the Royal Historical Society in a concise form all the reliable information he has obtained as to the origin of the office. From the appointment of Chaucer about five hundred years have elapsed, and during that period a long line of poets have held the title of Laureate. For the first two hundred years they were somewhat irregularly appointed, but from the creation of Richard Edwards in 1561, they come down to the present time without interruption.
Domestic Every-day Life, Manners, and Customs in this Country, from the Earliest Period to the End of the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Harris George
Published: March 2007

Having in my last paper endeavoured to trace the influence upon society, manners, and civilization of the Norman conquest through the influence of new blood and the introduction of new customs and modes of living, as also of a system of jurisprudence in many respects different from that which had before prevailed; I shall now proceed to describe the manners and customs and mode of life prevalent in this country at the period following that of the Norman Conquest—embraced by the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth centuries,—and to point out the successive changes which then occurred, and the influences that effected them.
Notice of the Register and Churchwardens' Account Book which belonged to Knebworth, Herts, preserved in Dr. Williams' Library
Authors: Pearson Charles B.
Published: March 2007

The register here referred to is said to have been found among papers in an empty house, but where or when is not stated. As far as the entries of births, deaths, and marriages are concerned, it seems to have been copied partially into the books now preserved at Knebworth, but there are some odd variations here and there. The church register begins in 1602. That preserved in Dr. Williams' library is headed thus:—

”A book or register conteyninge all Christeninges, marriages, and buiyalls within the parish of Knebworth, from the feaste of St. Mychaell Th'Archangell beinge the xxixth daye of September, in the yeare of oure Lorde God 1596, and in the yeare of the raigne of oure Soveren Ladie Queene Elizabethe xxxvii, as followethe, et., et.”
The Advance of the Christian Civilization in Europe, from the Fall of the Western Empire to the Times of Charlemagne.
Authors: Irons William J.
Published: March 2007

The “Fall of the Western Empire” was a re-gathering of the Roman world under one Head, administering one Law. The Emperor of the West, Valentinian III. (442), after his peace with Genseric, and before the Council of Chalcedon (451), had promulgated the “Theodosian Code” in Europe; so that the reunion of the empire was in many ways more easy than it might otherwise have been (476).
Notices of the Ministers of the Church of Waltham Holy Cross
Authors: Winters William
Published: March 2007

Robert Fuller, the last of the abbots-regular of Waltham was ousted in 1540, with the entire body of his canons, receiving a yearly pension of. £200. In fond remembrance of the place where he had so long ruled, he gave back £10 of that sum to the abbey, and afterwards presented a chalice of silver, which was sold for £7. In his will he bequeathed certain sums of money to Waltham Abbey, as also to St. Bartholomew's and St Sepulchre's in London, for alterations and other purposes, and for the maintenance of religious services for his soul. The will contains the following interesting clause:—“To my most dere and dred Soveraigne lorde Kinge Henry viij. xl.£ beseeching hym to be good and gracious to myn executors in the execution of this my last will and testament.” This abbot made an attempt, which was unsuccessful, to preserve his position in the abbey by presenting Henry VIII. with the princely estate of Copt Hall.
The Triple Alliance of 1788
Authors: Browning Oscar
Published: March 2007

William Pitt the younger became prime minister in December 1783, just at the moment when a satisfactory peace had concluded a long and disastrous war. The struggle with the American colonies had left England without allies in Europe. The cause of the revolted patriots had been supported first by France, then by Spain, and lastly by Holland, while the armed neutrality of 1780, originated by Russia perhaps at the instigation of Frederick the Great, had been joined by most of the European powers. This was a direct defiance of the naval supremacy of England, made at a time when the strength of the country was scarcely sufficient to support its claims. When peace was concluded England swept the field of Europe to find an ally.
Perplexities of Oriental History
Authors: Goldsmid F. J.
Published: March 2007

By way of introduction to a sketch of Persian history prepared for the new volume of the ‘Encyclopædia Britannica,’ I recently wrote as follows:—

Oriental history, as told by Oriental historians, is for the majority of readers in Europe a study of little attraction. Its genealogies and oft-repeated names are wearisome; its stories of battle, murder, and rapine are monotonous and cast in one mould; the mind cannot readily impart life to the dry bones of the more prominent dramatis personæ, by conceiving for them any flesh-and-blood individuality. The court-chronicler of an Eastern potentate writes to order, and in accordance with a precedent which fetters style and expression; and even the painter of state-portraits strives rather to turn out a conventional and model monarch than the likeness of an original human being. In the palace of Kirich, near Tehran, is a picture of Fath Ali Sháh and his sons. There may be a certain waxwork beauty in some of the faces, but they give no more signs of innate character or mental idiosyncrasy that do the kings and knaves of a pack of cards.
John of Jenstein, Archbishop of Prague, 1378—1397
Authors: Wratislaw Albert H.
Published: March 2007

Events in the history of one nation frequently bear a striking similarity to events in that of another. But along with the points of similarity, there are usually in such cases points of contrast also, which make the comparison more interesting than if the similarity had been complete. The life of Thomas à Becket, first the friend and chancellor, then Archbishop of Canterbury and the unyielding opponent of our Henry II., and his violent death before the altar of his cathedral, form one of the most remarkable episodes both in English history and in the history of the long struggle between the so-called temporal and spiritual powers, which is still continuing at the present day. Very singular, also and interesting are both the points of similarity and the points of contrast presented by the life of John of Jenstein, Archbishop of Prague, towards the end of the fourteenth century, and his struggle with Wenceslas IV., King of Bohemia and King of the Romans, as compared with the life of Becket, and his contest with Henry II. of England.
Early Bills of Mortality
Authors: Walford Cornelius
Published: March 2007

I am not sure that I can say much respecting the Early Bills of Mortality, issued in thisand other countries, which may be regarded as entirely new. I shall endeavour that what I do say shall be entirely true; or where any doubt exists, I will endeavour to make the fact of its existence plain.
Inaugural Address of the Right Hon
Authors: Aberdare Lord
Published: March 2007

It is with unaffected diffidence that I find myself occupying a chair once honoured by so illustrious an historian as Grote, and so recently adorned by a man so memorable in the history of this century as the late Earl Russell. Each of these eminent men had special qualifications for the post of President of the Royal Historical Society such as I cannot pretend to possess. Both were historians, and both had taken an active part in the political events of their times. If in Mr. Grote the historian predominated over the politician, he yet largely contributed to shape and propagate the political ideas which have since inspired the measures of the party to which he belonged. If the reputation of Earl Russell as a statesman obscures that which he acquired as the historian of the British Constitution, his life from first to last was devoted to historical studies, his writings and speeches teemed with illustrations drawn from history, and perhaps more than any statesman of his age he kept in view historical precedents i n every measure which he framed, and in every State paper which he wrote; while he fixed his gaze on history as his guiding star throughout his long voyage over the dark and troubled waters of political strife.
Notes on the Perkin Warbeck Insurrection
Authors: Cussans J. E.
Published: March 2007

There are few subjects in our country's history which are so enshrouded in mystery as the so-called conspiracy which was designed to place Perkin Warbeck upon the English throne. It is with great diffidence that I present the following account, which I have collected from various sources, being well aware that the subject is one which has occupied and baffled many of our ablest historians.
The Christian Era
Authors: Bond John J.
Published: March 2007

The historical reckoning of the years of the Christian era, according to the system introduced by Dionysius Exiguus in the sixth century, differs to the extent of four years from the date which suits the words of the gospels, when we reckon the Christian year from Christmas day, (the 25th of December).
Latin Aphorisms and Proverbs
Authors: Bowring John
Published: March 2007

Of Latin aphorisms and proverbs versified by our English poets, Shakespere's dramas exhibit the largest display, and in looking over the list—though far from complete—of the manner in which the greatest of our poets availed himself of the knowledge of theancients, one cannot but be struck with the fact either that his knowledge of Latin must have been very considerable—though it was said of him that he knew little of Latin and less of Greek,—or that Latin aphorisms and proverbs had penetrated and enriched the vulgar tongue. But what is still more striking is the adorning which the proverb frequently receives from his masterly touches. He does gild the refined gold; he does give a sweeter perfume to the violet. If many of our best known poets have adopted and sometimes vulgarized the sententious outpourings of the sages of old, Shakespere seldom fails to bring them into the higher regions of song, and to ornament the naked natural beauty with wreaths and robes of honour.
Memoir and Poems of Sir Robert Aytoun Secretary to the Queens of James VI. and Charles I
Authors: Rogers Charles
Published: March 2007

In the seventh volume of his “History of Scotland,” pp. 365–6, Dr. John Hill Burton, Historiographer Royal, writes thus:—

“In baronial architecture and dwelling-houses there was a great advance between the Reformation and the Restoration. The French style of tall round towers or turrets with conical tops prevailed. In some instances the old square tower was surmounted with turrets and other decorations, and many dwellings were wholly built in the style of Chantilly and other great French châteaus. Of these there are a few fine specimens in Winton, Pinkie, Glammis, Fyvie, Castle Fraser, Craigievar, and Crathes. Heriot's Hospital is a curious modification of this style. It was designed by Sir Robert Aytoun, the poet, who evidently appears to have sought to bring the rambling picturesque character ef the French style into a rigid symmetry, like that which prevails in the classical styles. It may be said that the little corner turrets did not belong to his original plan. In this the towers were to be carried up into high abruptly shapen pavilion roofs, after the French fashion, as exemplified in the Tuileries. These petty turrets depart essentially from the rule that some useful end should be the object of all building—they are too small to serve as flanking works, or to be in any way of service to the main building.”
Was the Old English Aristocracy Destroyed by the Wars of the Roses?
Authors: Oliphant T. L. Kington
Published: March 2007

There is no greater commonplace in English history than the assertion, that the old Aristocracy was destroyed by the Wars of the Roses. The object of this paper is to inquire, whether the vulgar opinion be well founded or not.

The old English peerage of the Feudal age may be divided into two classes: the upper class will comprise Dukes, Marquises, and Earls; the lower class, all noblemen beneath the degree of Earl. There are about twenty-seven great historic houses that belong to the former division, if we adopt a fair test for the term “Historic House,” and exclude from it all those families which have not held an Earldom in the male line continuously for at least one hundred years, or thereabouts, before the Reformation. The greater part of these twenty-seven houses derived their chief importance from the Norman Conquest, though very few of them obtained their Earldoms from the Conqueror himself. The wars of King Stephen's days, seventy years later, gave birth to many titles renowned afterwards in English history. The Thirteenth Century was the period in which the Historic Houses mainly gathered their laurels. They wrested the Great Charter from King John, they bent John's feeble son to their will, and (boldest act of all) they stood unflinching before John's mighty grandson. French and German houses may boast of doughty feats in wars abroad; English houses have achieved far more glorious results at home. But Time was doing his work upon them all. The Earls of Albemarle had died out so early as the Twelfth Century, and four great historic Earldoms dropped in the Thirteenth.
Notes on the History of the Scottish Branch of the Norman House of Roger
Authors: Rogers Charles
Published: March 2007

Several centuries before the introduction of surnames, and its adoption as a family designation, the name of Roger was common over Europe. It is still to be found, both as a Christian and a family name, in most of the continental countries. In France it is spelt Roger; in German Roger and Rüdiger; in Norway Hrodgjer and Ruadgjer; in Spain Rogerio; and in Italy Rogero and Ruggiero. According to Miss Yonge the name signifies “spear of fame” it had been originally granted in meed of renown—in reward of heroism. The name became pre-eminently Norman.