bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Injury Patterns and Demographics in Child and Adolescent Assault Victims Presenting to US Emergency Departments
Authors: Loder Randall T. , Palma Samantha , Smith Maddie
Published: October 2020

Objective. To correlate injury patterns with patient demographics in child and adolescent assault victims. Methods. The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System-All Injury Program data for the years 2005 through 2015 was used. Injuries due to assault were identified and analyzed with SUDAAN 11.0.01™ software to account for the weighted, stratified nature of the data. Results. There were an estimated 4,407,009 ED visits for assault in

patients
≤
19
 
years

of age. With increasing age, the percentage of females decreased. Sexual assaults were more common in females (87.4%), and robbery/burglary was more common in males (79.8%). When the perpetrator was a spouse/partner, the assault victim was most commonly female (88.8%), and when a stranger, the assault victim was most commonly male (71.5%). With increasing age, the percentage of sexual assaults decreased while the reason for the assault being unknown increased. The assault occurred in the home in 59.6% of

those
≤
4
 
years

of age, decreasing to 18.7% in those 15 to 19 years of age. The anatomic location was the head/neck in 32.8% of

those
≤
4
 
years

of age, increasing to 60.6% in those 15-19 years old.

Those
≤
4
 
years

old had the highest hospital admission rate (8.3%). The main diagnoses were concussion (3.0%), contusion/abrasion (33.3%), fracture (11.5%), laceration (11.5%), internal organ injury (11.5%), puncture (2.8%), and strain/sprain (20.7%). The number of assaults from 2005 to 2015 decreased for all age groups except for

those
≤
4
 
years

old. Conclusions. These data provide a comprehensive overview of child and adolescent assault victims presenting to the ED in the USA and can be used as background data for further study. The decreasing numbers of assaults over the 11 years of the study are encouraging, and challenges still exist in decreasing the number for

those
≤
4
 
years

old.
A Complex Network Model for Analysis of Fractured Rock Permeability
Authors: Zhu Xinmin , Liu Guannan , Gao Feng , Ye Dayu , Luo Jixi
Published: October 2020

Fractured rocks exist widely in nature. The fracture network is an effective storage space and main seepage channel of low‐permeability oil and gas reservoirs, which controls the seepage system of low‐permeability oil and gas reservoirs. The connection characteristics of fracture networks are complex and evolve dynamically with time. The rise of complex network research can provide reliable analysis for the relationship between network structures and network behaviors. In this work, the fracture network is considered as a hierarchical network with self‐similarity, and complex network theory is applied to analyze the permeability of fractured rocks. According to the power‐law relationship of degree distribution of network nodes, the number of nodes is corresponding to the number of network edges and a new power‐law distribution relationship of edges with degree of nodes is proposed. Eventually, the permeability model of fractured rocks is derived and it is found that permeability of fractured rocks is a function of degree of maximum node kmax, self‐similarity index γ, power index dk, and other structural parameters. Compared with the existing numerical simulations, the validity of the model is verified. By calculating the influence of model parameters on the permeability, the following results are obtained: (1) fracture porosity is directly proportional to permeability; (2) fracture surface density is linearly increasing with permeability; (3) power index is inversely proportional to permeability; and (4) permeability is exponentially increasing with the maximum degree of a node.
A Comparative Evaluation of Public Road Transportation Systems in India Using Multicriteria Decision-Making Techniques
Authors: Kumar Anand , Singh Gurmeet , Vaidya Omkarprasad S.
Published: October 2020

In this paper, we evaluate the performance of major public road transport organizations in India. The contribution of the paper lies in integrating four multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) techniques to assess the relative performance of public road transportation systems on twenty-three criteria across two consecutive years. The paper classifies the criteria into functional heads and establishes the relative importance of heads using the analytical hierarchical process (AHP). The efficiency scores of each organization referred to as a decision-making unit (DMU) were computed for the classified heads using the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach. The multicriteria optimization and compromise solution technique “VlseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje” (VIKOR) was used to assign a final rank to each of the DMUs using computed efficiency scores and established weights. Finally, we analyzed the performance of the DMUs across the two consecutive years using the Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI). Our key findings are as follows: First, the performance of all DMUs has improved in the second year with respect to the first year; second, significant improvement is observed in the “expenses” functional head which carries a substantial weight among the functional heads; third, barring few DMUs, the performance of the majority of DMUs has worsened in the “accident” functional head; fourth, while few DMUs have been consistently very good performers in both the years, there are also few DMUs which have consistently performed poorly in both the years. The inferences drawn from the study can be leveraged for future policy formulations by the state government and local municipal corporations and for sharing best practices among the DMUs.
Microbial Diversity and Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Bacteria Associated with Motorcycle Helmets
Authors: Sapkota Sanjeep , Khadka Sujan , Adhikari Sanjib , Parajuli Ashish , Kandel Hemraj , Regmi Ramesh Sharma
Published: October 2020

Background. Motorcycle helmets can serve as a potential vehicle for the transmission of pathogenic bacteria and fungi with serious health implications. The main aim of this study was to explore the microbial diversity associated with the motorcycle helmets and determine the antibiotic susceptibility profile of the bacterial isolates. Methods. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out among the teaching staffs of Birendra Multiple Campus, Bharatpur, Nepal. A total of 130 motorcycle helmets worn by the teaching staffs of the Birendra Multiple Campus, Bharatpur, were included in the study for microbiological investigations. Results. Of the total 130 motorcycle helmets analyzed, 392 bacteria and 346 fungi belonging to seven different genera were recovered. Staphylococcus aureus 89 (22.7%) was the predominant bacteria followed by S. epidermidis 77 (19.6%) and E. coli 54 (13.8%), whereas Aspergillus niger 67 (19.4%) was the predominant fungi followed by A. fumigatus 49 (14.2%). Antibiotic susceptibility test was performed by the disc diffusion method for all the bacterial isolates. Tetracycline, gentamycin, and cotrimoxazole were the most effective antibiotics for Gram-positive isolates, whereas Gram-negative isolates were sensitive towards imipenem and ciprofloxacin. Of the total bacterial isolates, 153 (39.0%) were multidrug-resistant (MDR), 10.4% were extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producers, and 4.3% were metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) producers and, out of 89 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, 30 (33.7%) were detected as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Conclusion. The findings suggest that motorcycle riders should follow good hygiene practices and regularly clean their helmets with suitable sterilants to avoid the risk of microbial contamination and reduce the associated risks.
IoT Healthcare: Design of Smart and Cost-Effective Sleep Quality Monitoring System
Authors: Saleem Khizra , Bajwa Imran Sarwar , Sarwar Nadeem , Anwar Waheed , Ashraf Amna
Published: October 2020

Getting quality sleep is important for every person to get better physical health. Irregular sleep patterns may indicate the illness resulting in chronic depression, which makes the evaluation of the sleep cycle mandatory for a healthy body and mind. In the arena of globalization, along with the increased facilities, various other challenges have been probed to provide the quality health care facilities with the use of economical instruments and technology. The development of the Internet of Things (IoT) technology purports the preambles to build a consistent and cost-effective system to monitor the sleep quality of patients. Several other systems are available for this purpose; however, such systems are very costly and difficult to implement. To overcome the issue, this study suggests an inventive system to monitor and analyze the sleep patterns using ambient parameters. The proposed system is effective enough that it can proficiently monitor patient’s sleep using Commercial off the Shelf (COS) sensors as well as predicts the results using the intelligent capability of the random forest model. The patient’s bio status including physical movement of the body, heartbeat, SPO2 level (oxygen saturation in the blood for the proper functioning of the body), and snoring patterns could be measured through this system, in which recorded data is transmitted to the computer system in a real-time environment. This system consists of two parts. One part consists of analyzing the behavior of data using the intelligent technique of the random forest model and decision rules in a real-time environment. This real-time analysis notifies the caretaker about the situation of the patient. In the second part, batch data processing is performed which allows the detailed analysis of data using statistical methods to produce the overall condition of the patient in a specified interval of time. Through the proposed system, we can easily measure the sleep patterns of patients and provide them with better treatment by using this simple and cost-effective system. The result of the conducted research shows that the proposed technique provides 95% accuracy. The patient’s sleep data is used to test this method through the validation of manual results, which provides the minimum error rate. This study highlights the implementation of an intelligent and smart sleep quality monitoring system using IoT on a variant number of people with minimum expense rate.
Altered Brain Structural Networks in Patients with Brain Arteriovenous Malformations Located in Broca’s Area
Authors: Li Maogui , Jiang Pengjun , Wu Jun , Guo Rui , Deng Xiaofeng , Cao Yong , Wang Shuo
Published: October 2020

Focal brain lesions, such as stroke and tumors, can lead to remote structural alterations across the whole-brain networks. Brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), usually presumed to be congenital, often result in tissue degeneration and functional displacement of the perifocal areas, but it remains unclear whether AVMs may produce long-range effects upon the whole-brain white matter organization. In this study, we used diffusion tensor imaging and graph theory methods to investigate the alterations of brain structural networks in 14 patients with AVMs in the presumed Broca’s area, compared to 27 normal controls. Weighted brain structural networks were constructed based on deterministic tractography. We compared the topological properties and network connectivity between patients and normal controls. Functional magnetic resonance imaging revealed contralateral reorganization of Broca’s area in five (35.7%) patients. Compared to normal controls, the patients exhibited preserved small-worldness of brain structural networks. However, AVM patients exhibited significantly decreased global efficiency (

p
=
0.004

) and clustering coefficient (

p
=
0.014

), along with decreased corresponding nodal properties in some remote brain regions (

p
<
0.05

, family-wise error corrected). Furthermore, structural connectivity was reduced in the right perisylvian regions but enhanced in the perifocal areas (

p
<
0.05

). The vulnerability of the left supramarginal gyrus was significantly increased (

p
=
0.039

, corrected), and the bilateral putamina were added as hubs in the AVM patients. These alterations provide evidence for the long-range effects of AVMs on brain white matter networks. Our preliminary findings contribute extra insights into the understanding of brain plasticity and pathological state in patients with AVMs.
Meshless Technique for the Solution of Time-Fractional Partial Differential Equations Having Real-World Applications
Authors: Shakeel Mehnaz , Hussain Iltaf , Ahmad Hijaz , Ahmad Imtiaz , Thounthong Phatiphat , Zhang Ying-Fang
Published: October 2020

In this article, radial basis function collocation scheme is adopted for the numerical solution of fractional partial differential equations. This method is highly demanding because of its meshless nature and ease of implementation in high dimensions and complex geometries. Time derivative is approximated by Caputo derivative for the values of

α
∈

0
,
1

and

α
∈

1
,
2

. Forward difference scheme is applied to approximate the 1st order derivative appearing in the definition of Caputo derivative for

α
∈

0
,
1

, whereas central difference scheme is used for the 2nd order derivative in the definition of Caputo derivative for

α
∈

1
,
2

. Numerical problems are given to judge the behaviour of the proposed method for both the cases of

α

. Error norms are used to asses the accuracy of the method. Both uniform and nonuniform nodes are considered. Numerical simulation is carried out for irregular domain as well. Results are also compared with the existing methods in the literature.
Somatic HLA Class I Loss Is a Widespread Mechanism of Immune Evasion Which Refines the Use of Tumor Mutational Burden as a Biomarker of Checkpoint Inhibitor Response
Authors: Montesion Meagan , Murugesan Karthikeyan , Jin Dexter X. , Sharaf Radwa , Sanchez Nora , Guria Ameet , Minker Max , Li Gerald , Fisher Virginia , Sokol Ethan S. , Pavlick Dean C. , Moore Jay A. , Braly Alan , Singal Gaurav , Fabrizio David , Comment Leah A. , Rizvi Naiyer A. , Alexander Brian M. , Frampton Garrett M. , Hegde Priti S. , Albacker Lee A.
Published: October 2020

Neoantigen presentation arises as a result of tumor-specific mutations and is a critical component of immune surveillance that can be abrogated by somatic LOH of the human leukocyte antigen class I (HLA-I) locus. To understand the role of HLA-I LOH in oncogenesis and treatment, we utilized a pan-cancer genomic dataset of 83,644 patient samples, a small subset of which had treatment outcomes with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). HLA-I LOH was common (17%) and unexpectedly had a nonlinear relationship with tumor mutational burden (TMB). HLA-I LOH was frequent at intermediate TMB, yet prevalence decreased above 30 mutations/megabase, suggesting highly mutated tumors require alternate immune evasion mechanisms. In ICI-treated patients with nonsquamous non–small cell lung cancer, HLA-I LOH was a significant negative predictor of overall survival. Survival prediction improved when combined with TMB, suggesting TMB with HLA-I LOH may better identify patients likely to benefit from ICIs.

Significance:

This work shows the pan-cancer landscape of HLA-I LOH, revealing an unexpected “Goldilocks” relationship between HLA-I LOH and TMB, and demonstrates HLA-I LOH as a significant negative predictor of outcomes after ICI treatment. These data informed a combined predictor of outcomes after ICI and have implications for tumor vaccine development.

This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 211
A Case of Bilateral Endogenous Candida dubliniensis Endophthalmitis Treated with Aggressive Local and Systemic Therapy
Authors: Kishore Kamal , McGowan Daniel S. , Chatterjee Tulika , Hassanzadeh Bahareh
Published: October 2020

Candida dubliniensis is an emerging pathogen implicated in a variety of infections in immunocompromised hosts. A 79-year-old male with autoimmune pancytopenia on chronic oral steroid therapy was admitted for suspected sepsis and started on empirical antibiotics and micafungin. He developed floaters and decreased vision while on this regimen and was diagnosed with bilateral candida endophthalmitis. Blood cultures grew C. dubliniensis.Intravenous therapy was switched to voriconazole and amphotericin B. He also received aggressive intravitreal antifungal therapy consisting of 100 μg/0.1 mL voriconazole (4 OD, 3 OS) and 5 μg/0.1 mL amphotericin B (3 OD, 1 OS) over 2 weeks that resulted in local control of infection. The right eye developed a retinal detachment 1 month after initial presentation that was repaired by 25-gauge pars plana vitrectomy, scleral buckle, laser and silicone oil. At the 15-month follow-up exam, subsequent to silicone oil removal, membrane peel and cataract surgery, OD visual acuity had improved to 20/80. OS was phakic and 20/25. Aggressive intravitreal antifungal therapy combined with intravenous therapy may control endophthalmitis and avoid the risks associated with pars plana vitrectomy during acute infection.
Temperament Profiles of Children and Adolescents with Psychotic and Mood Disorders
Authors: Zvereva Natalia , Zvereva Mariia , Pyatnitskaya Luydmila
Published: October 2020

Background: Psychiatric disorders are often linked to dysfunctions within neurotransmitter systems, and the same systems play a role in healthy temperaments. Development of a common bio-behavioural taxonomy based on functionality of neurotransmitter systems suggests examining temperament profiles in patients with various psychiatric disorders. Objective: (1) To investigate temperament profiles in two age groups of children with delusional disorders; (2) to investigate temperament profiles in adolescents with mood disorders; (3) to investigate temperament profiles in in vitro fertilisation (IVF) children. Methods: Sample: in total 171 participants (M/F = 91/80), healthy children and teenagers (volunteers); two age groups of children with psychotic disorders; teens with mood disorders (clients of the Federal Mental Health Center) and healthy IVF. Parents of participants completed a test based on the neurochemical model Functional Ensemble of Temperament (FET). Results and Conclusions: (1) Both age groups of children with psychotic disorders had significantly lower scores on the scales of physical endurance, tempo, plasticity, and self-satisfaction, in comparison to healthy controls; the psychotic group aged 5–11 had also lower scores on the impulsivity scale, whereas the psychotic group 12–17 had lower scores on the social endurance and social tempo scales and higher neuroticism. (2) Teens with mood disorders had lower scores on the self-confidence-satisfaction scale and higher scores on the impulsivity scale, in comparison to controls. (3) No difference between IVF and naturally conceived children were found. The results show the benefits of using the FET framework for structuring the correspondence between psychiatric disorders and temperament as it differentiates between social versus physical aspects of behaviour and orientational versus executive aspects.
Regenerative Role of Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Acute Kidney Injury
Authors: Medica Davide , Dellepiane Sergio , Cantaluppi Vincenzo
Published: October 2020

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a frequent complication of hospital admission and worsens short- and long-term patients’ prognosis. Currently, AKI treatment remains supportive and no therapy has proven significant benefit in clinical trials. Stem cells (SCs) are a promising therapeutic option, but their translation to the clinical setting is limited by the risk of rejection or aberrant differentiation. Numerous studies have shown how SC effects are mediated by paracrine factors such as extracellular vesicles (EVs). In this review, we describe the preclinical evidence about EV efficacy in acute tubular and glomerular injury and the recently generated clinical data.
pouso do dragão na América do Sul
Authors: Rodrigues Bernardo Salgado
Published: October 2020

O presente artigo busca analisar a ascensão chinesa na América do Sul no século XXI. A hipótese central consiste na sustentação deste espaço como crescentemente geoestratégico para o projeto chinês. O trabalho está dividido em duas seções: a primeira analisa a expansão chinesa na região sul-americana, no horizonte temporal de 2001 a 2016, justificado pela elevação de sua atuação geoeconômica e pela concepção do primeiro policy paper; a segunda avalia os indícios da projeção futura a partir de 2016, vis-à-vis a elaboração do segundo policy paper e a inclusão da região na Nova Rota da Seda. Desse modo, a partir de uma metodologia quantitativa e qualitativa, baseada num estudo realista, objetiva-se demonstrar que o desenvolvimento multilateral chinês é a matriz de seu planejamento estatal, incorporando a América do Sul em seu projeto de nova ordem mundial.
Migração moderna para o exterior? Principais fluxos e projeções da migração chinesa na região sul-americana
Authors: Bogado Bordazar Laura Lucía
Published: October 2020

Com a “abertura” da República Popular da China (1978), a emigração de cidadãos da China Continental e de Taiwan teve um aumento significativo no número de emigrantes e na diversificação dos destinos por eles escolhidos. Esta expansão foi favorecida, entre outras questões, pela flexibilização das leis de imigração da China, pela abertura política e expansão da economia deste país para o exterior, bem como pelo aprofundamento do fenômeno da globalização que simplificou as comunicações, barateou o transporte e promoveu a criação de redes internacionais de migrantes. Como conseqüência, e no quadro das transformações nos padrões migratórios e comportamentais dos migrantes chineses registrados a partir das últimas décadas do século XX, verificou-se um maior fluxo de receitas de chineses ultramarinos para a região da América do Sul e Mercosul em particular. As características dessa migração no processo de integração sul-americana serão apresentadas a seguir.
Centroamérica en la disputa geopolítica entre China y Estados Unidos
Authors: Regueiro Bello Lourdes María
Published: October 2020

En la competencia estratégica entre Estados Unidos y China el control de las principales vías del comercio ha devenido un punto medular de la disputa geopolítica. Ello explica la importancia de Centroamérica cuya condición ístmica le confiere ventajas naturales para la construcción de nuevos pasos bioceánicos. La creciente presencia económica y diplomática de China es percibida por Estados Unidos como amenaza en una subregión “crítica” para su seguridad; su respuesta al desafío chino transita de la competencia a la contención, en un escenario donde el diferendo China-Taiwán resulta funcional a sus propósitos. China se inclina por la competencia y despliega una asertiva diplomacia económica.
Terapia, Diagnóstico e Cura: o Problema do Tempo em Sêneca
Authors: Alonso André
Published: October 2020

In this paper I argue that Seneca’s philosophy is a form of therapy and that one of its main concerns is the transformation of one’s life through time control. Aristotelian tradition lies in the idea that philosophy is, in its highest aspect, an abstract form of knowledge. Seneca, on the other hand, is an inheritor of a long tradition that takes philosophy as mind or soul therapy and bases its structure in a practical approach. Epicurus, for instance, goes as far as to declare that “empty is the word of the philosopher by whom no human suffering is treated”. Even if Seneca doesn’t despise the theoretical principles that support the construction of a philosophical system, he builds, in his Letters to Lucilius, a strong therapeutic praxis whose purpose is to heal one’s mind and life. The upmost and fundamental step is providing the pupil with different ways of earning back time deprivation. Time seems to be, in a certain sense, the essential matter of Seneca’s philosophy. Time control, for him, is a kind of self-control that would make it possible to match a simple existence and a meaningful life. Therefore, Seneca’s opening letter to Lucile aims exclusively to identify how one loses time and why it’s essential to take control of it.
The Divine Charioteering Model - A Guide to Moderation
Authors: Rishel Bruce
Published: October 2020

Charioteering as a metaphor for correct and balanced thinking has been written about since Homer. The Iliad presents the divine charioteering model as exemplified by Hera and Athena and examines how the fate of mortal charioteers including Antilokhos, Patroklos and Achilles is determined based on their ability to adhere to this model. Authors as diverse as Plato, Proclus, Pindar and Euripides build upon the divine charioteering model as they show examples of charioteers who, in varying degrees, follow this model. This paper will demonstrate that heroes who veer from the model of equilibrium and moderation provided by the gods, violate justice [dikē] with their hubris and incur agony [agōn] from the divinity they antagonize.
Before and After Philosophy takes Possession of the Soul
Authors: Blackson Thomas A.
Published: October 2020

In the Phaedo, to explain why the philosopher lives in the unusually ascetic way he does, Socrates explains what someone realizes when philosophy takes possession of his soul and how he changes his behavior on the basis of this information. This paper considers the conception of belief the character uses in this explanation and whether it is the same as the conception Michael Frede thinks the historical Socrates is likely to have held and that the Stoics much later incorporated into their doctrine of practice.
Thrasymachus on Justice, Rulers, and Laws in Republic I
Authors: Everson Stephen
Published: October 2020

One issue of contention amongst scholars of the Republic is whether Thrasymachus initially espouses a conventionalist account of justice, according to which just actions are merely those which are lawful; required, or at least allowed, by the laws passed by the ruler of the state. A further question is then whether his initial conceptions of rulers and laws are positivist ones, such that to be a ruler or law of a state is simply determined by the state’s constitution (or indeed by the ruler’s ability to enforce obedience). At 340c Thrasymachus effectively rejects such positivism by placing a condition on being a ruler that one should be exercising the art of ruling and on being a law that it should work to the ruler’s interest. Some have maintained that this works to clarify his initial account and so shows that he was never a positivist about rulers and laws. In this paper I argue against such an understanding of Thrasymachus’ argument and explore the problems which beset the position he is, on my reading, forced into by Socrates’ objection to his opening claim that justice is what is in the interest of the stronger and the argument he first gives to support it.
criação da Economic History Society no ambiente de institucionalização da História Econômica na Inglaterra, c. 1900
Authors: Saes Alexandre Macchione
Published: October 2020

Este artigo propõe apresentar o percurso de constituição da inglesa Economic History Society, primeira associação de história econômica do mundo, levando em conta o ambiente intelectual em que estavam imersos seus pesquisadores e estabelecendo o embate entre as lideranças fundadoras da história econômica e os economistas ingleses. A institucionalização da história econômica na Inglaterra, por meio da formação de sua associação, da promoção de congressos e de publicações de revistas direcionadas para a comunidade, deve ser encarada, não somente como um indicador da vitalidade da área por conta da organização dos pesquisadores, da disseminação de resultados de pesquisa e da presença de seus pesquisadores no debate dos grandes temas da sociedade, mas também como um instrumento de proteção e de valorização da área.
A emergência do Instituto Histórico e Geográfico do Rio Grande do Norte: como, para que e por quem foi criado
Authors: Costa Bruno Balbino Aires da
Published: October 2020

O presente artigo tem por objeto de estudo o Instituto Histórico e Geográfico do Rio Grande do Norte (IHGRN), criado em 29 de março de 1902. Pretende-se analisar as condições de emergência do IHGRN, identificando o conjunto de interesses que possibilitaram a sua criação, bem como o perfil social e político dos seus sócios-fundadores. Foram examinados os vinte e cinco primeiros anos do funcionamento do IHGRN. Esse recorte temporal abarca as atividades realizadas pelos primeiros sócios do grêmio. Foi nesse momento que os sócios-fundadores formularam os objetivos, os interesses e a cultura historiográfica e política que fundamentaram, por muito tempo, as diretrizes da instituição.
As múltiplas vidas de Simón Bolívar e Thomas Jefferson: narrativas (auto) biográficas e projetos de memória nas Américas (séc. XIX - XX)
Authors: Pinheiro Marcos , Fredrigo Fabiana
Published: October 2020

Serão examinadas cinco biografias, duas destinadas à trajetória de Simón Bolívar e três à trajetória de Thomas Jefferson. A exposição foi dividida em duas partes. Na primeira, o cerne está nos capítulos finais das biografias dirigidas à liderança das independências da América Hispânica. Na segunda parte, serão analisados os arquivos de memória de Thomas Jefferson. Une as duas partes do artigo o pressuposto de que Bolívar e Jefferson projetaram imagens de si, legando projetos de memória à posteridade e caminhos ao seu próprio gerenciamento. Utilizou-se as biografias como fonte porque: 1. contribuem com e ampliam as perguntas que podem ser feitas a esses projetos de memória, a partir do enfoque comparativo; 2. auxiliam a averiguar como se estabelecem os cultos em torno dos personagens, cujas imagens se projetaram além dos espaços nacionais, sendo vinculadas ao destino do continente, pese a heterogeneidade das culturas políticas presentes no espaço americano.
Dimensão da população indígena incorporada ao Estado do Maranhão e Grão-Pará entre 1680 e 1750: uma ordem de grandeza
Authors: Dias Camila Loureiro , Bombardi Fernanda Aires , Costa Eliardo
Published: October 2020

Este artigo estima o número de índios incorporados à sociedade colonial do Estado do Maranhão e Grão-Pará entre 1680 e 1750. Para tanto, reunimos dados e informações de fontes diversas, organizados em função da categoria laboral, ou estatuto jurídico, pelo qual os indígenas se integravam. Desses dados, extraímos números e produzimos cálculos, realizando algumas projeções quando necessário. Por fim, comparamos as estimativas dos documentos de época com os resultados obtidos por nossos cálculos. Em um esforço inédito, o presente artigo apresenta uma metodologia para cômputo de fluxo populacional, desenvolvida em função da natureza das fontes e dos dados, bem como os resultados de nossos cálculos sobre a população indígena livre e escrava recrutada – por vias legais e ilegais – ao longo de 70 anos, momento de intensa integração da Amazônia colonial ao comércio atlântico.
Employment Protection Deregulation and Labor Shares in Advanced Economies
Authors: Ciminelli Gabriele , Duval Romain , Furceri Davide
Published: October 2020

This paper assesses the impact of job protection deregulation on the labor share in a sample of 26 advanced economies during the 1970–2013 period, using a newly constructed dataset of major reforms in this area. We employ a difference-in-differences identification strategy using two identifying assumptions grounded in theory—deregulation has larger effects in industries characterized by (i) a higher “natural” propensity to regularly adjust the workforce and (ii) a lower elasticity of substitution between capital and labor. We find significant negative effects of deregulation on the labor share, contributing to about a tenth of its observed decline in advanced economies.
Patents, Data Exclusivity, and the Development of New Drugs
Authors: Gaessler Fabian , Wagner Stefan
Published: October 2020

Pharmaceutical firms enjoy market exclusivity for new drugs from concurrent patent protection and exclusivity of the clinical trials data submitted for market approval. Patent invalidation during drug development renders data exclusivity the sole source of protection and shifts the period of market exclusivity. In instrumental variables regressions, we quantify the effect of a one-year reduction in expected market exclusivity on the likelihood of drug commercialization. The effect is largely driven by patent invalidations early in the drug development process and by the responses of large originators. We provide estimates of the responsiveness of R&D investments to market exclusivity expectations.
The Gender Promotion Gap: Evidence from Central Banking
Authors: Hospido Laura , Laeven Luc , Lamo Ana
Published: October 2020

We examine gender differences in career progression and promotions using personnel data from the European Central Bank (ECB) during the period 2003–2017. A gender wage gap emerges within a few years of hiring, despite broadly similar entry conditions. We also find a gender promotion gap before 2010 when the ECB issued a public commitment to diversity. Following this change, the promotion gap disappears. Using data on promotion applications, we find a gender application bias, partly driven by preferences for competition. Following promotion, women perform better in terms of salary progression.
Bridging Level-K to Nash Equilibrium
Authors: Levin Dan , Zhang Luyao
Published: October 2020

We introduce NLK, a model that connects the Nash equilibrium (NE) and level-k. It allows a player in a game to believe that her opponent may be either less or as sophisticated as she is, a view supported in psychology. We apply NLK to data from five published papers on static, dynamic, and auction games. NLK provides different predictions from those of the NE and level-k; moreover, a simple version of NLK explains the experimental data better in many cases, with the same or fewer parameters. We discuss extensions to games with more than two players and heterogeneous beliefs.
Choosing Your Pond: Location Choices and Relative Income
Authors: Bottan Nicolas L. , Perez-Truglia Ricardo
Published: October 2020

Do individuals care about their relative income? While this is a long-standing hypothesis, revealed-preference evidence remains elusive. We provide a unique test by studying residential choices: individuals often must choose between places with different income distributions, and as a result they “choose” their relative income. We conducted a field experiment with 1,080 senior medical students who participated in the National Resident Matching Program. We estimate their preferences by combining choice data, survey data on perceptions, and information-provision experiments. The evidence suggests that individuals care about their relative income and that these preferences differ across single and nonsingle individuals.
Housing Discrimination and the Toxics Exposure Gap in the United States: Evidence from the Rental Market
Authors: Christensen Peter , Sarmiento-Barbieri Ignacio , Timmins Christopher
Published: October 2020

Local pollution exposures have a disproportionate impact on minority households, but the root causes remain unclear. This study conducts a correspondence experiment on a major online housing platform to test whether housing discrimination constrains minority access to housing options in markets with significant sources of airborne chemical toxics. We find that renters with African American or Hispanic/Latinx names are 41% less likely than renters with white names to receive responses for properties in low-exposure locations. We find no evidence of discriminatory constraints in high-exposure locations, indicating that discrimination increases relative access to housing choices at elevated exposure risk.
Aggregate Effects from Public Works: Evidence from India
Authors: Cook C. Justin , Shah Manisha
Published: October 2020

This paper explores the aggregate economic effects from India's National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS), which provides up to 100 days of labor to rural laborers at the mandated minimum wage. We examine the within-district change to nighttime lights, a proxy for economic development, and banking deposits using the staggered program rollout for identification. We find consistent and robust evidence that NREGS increased aggregate economic output by 1% to 2% per capita measured by nighttime lights. This effect, however, is not equal across districts. We observe no positive effect of the program in poorer districts, illuminating an important source of heterogeneity.
Civilisation, Protection, Restitution: A Critical History of International Cultural Heritage Law in the 19th and 20th Century
Authors: Spitra Sebastian M.
Published: October 2020

This article provides a new narrative for the history of cultural heritage law and seeks to contribute to current legal debates about the restitution of cultural objects. The modern protection laws for cultural objects in domestic and international law evolved in the 19th and 20th century. The article makes three new arguments regarding the emergence of this legal regime. First, ‘civilisation’ was a main concept and colonialism an integral part of the international legal system during the evolution of the regime. The Eurocentric concept of civilisation has so far been an ignored catalyst for the international development of cultural heritage norms. Second, different states and actors used cultural heritage laws and their inherent connection to the concept of civilisation for different purposes. Third, the international legal system of cultural heritage partly still reflects its colonial roots. The current restitution discussions are an outcome of this ongoing problematic legal constellation.
Indo-European phylogenetics with R
Authors: Goldstein David
Published: October 2020

The last twenty or so years have witnessed a dramatic increase in the use of computational methods for inferring linguistic phylogenies. Although the results of this research have been controversial, the methods themselves are an undeniable boon for historical and Indo-European linguistics, if for no other reason than that they allow the field to pursue questions that were previously intractable. After a review of the advantages and disadvantages of computational phylogenetic methods, I introduce the following methods of phylogenetic inference in R: maximum parsimony; distance-based methods (UPGMA and neighbor joining); and maximum likelihood estimation. I discuss the strengths and weaknesses of each of these methods and in addition explicate various measures associated with phylogenetic estimation, including homoplasy indices and bootstrapping. Phylogenetic inference is carried out on the Indo-European dataset compiled by Don Ringe and Ann Taylor, which includes phonological, morphological, and lexical characters.
Towards an assessment of decasuative derivation in Indo-European
Authors: Fortson Benjamin W.
Published: October 2020

The currently popular model of decasuative derivation has been criticized on various grounds, both typological and comparative. This paper assesses both the critique and the model.
Signal from the Cretaceous—a new species of Alavesia from Burmese amber (Diptera: Empidoidea: Atelestidae)

Authors: STARK ANDREAS , HOFFEINS CHRISTEL , HOFFEINS HANS WERNER , ARILLO ANTONIO
Published: October 2020

A new species of Alavesia (Empidoidea: Atelestidae), Alavesia wimpala sp. nov. is described from the mid-Cretaceous amber of Myanmar. Together with the recently described Alavesia longistylata H. Zhang & Wang in Zhang et al. 2020 and A. longicornuta Sinclair & Grimaldi, 2020 the herein described species Alavesia wimpala sp. nov. forms a distinct group of Alavesia Waters & Arillo, 1999 which we consider deserving a subgeneric level. Subgenus Pennonalavesia subgen. nov. is introduced here comprising three species. Males of these species have a very prolonged third segment of stylus bearing a long-oval pennon. The palpus is prolonged and blade- or ribbon-shaped. A catalogue to all 19 species of the genus is given as well as a key to Alavesia (Pennonalavesia subgen. nov.). The function of the prolonged antenna in display and courtship is discussed. Most probably the triangular shape of the wings with its broad base allows a hovering flight in these species to present the pennons at the end of stylus. These characters indicate a high derived courtship behaviour in these flies in the Cretaceous period. On the other hand a possible raptorial behaviour of the new species is suggested.
#Mesh: Social Media and Its Influence on Perceptions in Hernia Repair
Authors: Fadaee Negin , Huynh Desmond , Towfigh Shirin
Published: October 2020

Social media can influence public perception in health care. By 2016, social media discussion against the use of transvaginal mesh influenced changes in Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations. We propose that the fate of hernia mesh will follow that of transvaginal mesh. Thus, we compare the trend of social media discussion of hernia and transvaginal mesh. Posts on Twitter and public Facebook groups were tracked for keywords “hernia,” “hernia mesh,” and “pelvic/vaginal mesh.” Posts were categorized based on sentiment. On Facebook, 16 public groups with 14 526 members expressed negative sentiments in 95% of their 750 daily posts. Meanwhile, of the 1.1 million tweets on Twitter, those about hernia mesh were more negative (36.5%) than those about pelvic/vaginal mesh (29.2%). Three of the 5 top tweeters about hernia mesh and pelvic/vaginal mesh were linked to law firms involved in mesh-based lawsuits. The negative sentiments and steering of social media discussion by lawyers may directly affect surgical care. As surgeons, we may adapt our informed consent to acknowledge our patients’ apprehensions about mesh. We may also be more involved in social media discussions ourselves. Meanwhile, we await FDA decisions in the regulation and availability of hernia mesh.
Postoperative Physician Phone Calls as a Method to Decrease Urgent Care and Emergency Department Returns After Ambulatory General Surgery
Authors: Massoumi Roxanne L. , Crain Nikhil , Zhu Catherine , Moore Alexandra , Oland Gabriel , Ghukasyan Razmik , Lu Yang , Ye Linda , Hadaya Joseph , Dacey Michael , Schumm Max , Oh Nicholas , Mederos Michael , Graham Danielle , Aboulian Armen
Published: October 2020

Unplanned returns after ambulatory surgery pose a burden to patients and health care providers alike. We hypothesized that a postoperative phone call by a physician would decrease avoidable returns to urgent care (UC) or the emergency department (ED) in the week after anorectal (AR), laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC), inguinal hernia repair (IHR), and umbilical hernia repair (UHR) operations. A retrospective analysis from 1/2011 to 12/2015 across 14 Kaiser hospitals was conducted to determine baseline UC/ED return rates of patients pre-call. Between 10/2017 and 06/2019, physicians placed phone calls to patients within postoperative days (PODs) 1-4. The cohorts were compared using chi-squared analysis with significance determined at P < .05. In total, 276 patients received a call, with the majority placed on PODs 1-3. There were no statistically significant differences in return rates between the pre- and post-call groups. All of the AR, 50.0% of LC, 66.7% of IHR, and 50.0% of UHR patients returned prior to phone call placement. Our data indicate that a physician phone call does not help in decreasing UC/ED returns. However, it is noteworthy that many of the returns occurred pre-call placement. Future directions should be aimed at placing earlier postoperative phone calls.
Prolonged grief in refugees, parenting behaviour and children’s mental health
Authors: Bryant Richard A , Edwards Ben , Creamer Mark , O’Donnell Meaghan , Forbes David , Felmingham Kim L , Silove Derrick , Steel Zachary , McFarlane Alexander C , Van Hooff Miranda , Nickerson Angela , Hadzi-Pavlovic Dusan
Published: October 2020

Background:

Many refugees experience bereavement, and as a result they suffer elevated rates of prolonged grief disorder. Evidence also indicates that elevated rates of psychological disturbance in refugee children can be associated with parental mental health. This study examined the extent to which prolonged grief disorder in refugees is associated with their parenting behaviour and in turn with their children’s mental health.

Methods:

This study recruited participants from the Building a New Life in Australia prospective cohort study of refugees admitted to Australia between October 2013 and February 2014. The current data were collected in 2015–2016 and comprised 1799 adults, as well as 411 children of the adult respondents. Adult refugees were assessed for trauma history, post-migration difficulties, harsh and warm parenting, probable prolonged grief disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. Children were administered the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. The current analyses on bereaved refugees comprise 110 caregivers and 178 children.

Results:

In this cohort, 37% of bereaved refugees reported probable prolonged grief disorder. Path analysis indicated that caregivers’ grief was directly associated with children’s emotional difficulties. Caregiver warmth was associated with reduced emotional problems in children of refugees with minimal grief but associated with more emotional problems in caregivers with more severe grief. More harsh parenting was associated with children’s conduct problems, and this was more evident in those with less severe grief.

Conclusion:

Severity of prolonged grief disorder is directly linked to refugee children’s mental health. The association between parenting style, grief severity and children’s mental health highlights that managing grief reactions in refugees can benefit both refugees and their children.
On the Effect of a Binary Treatment in the Presence of a Control Covariate
Authors: Majumdar Rajeshwari
Published: October 2020

The nonparametric regression of a response variable on a binary treatment and a control covariate equals the nonparametric regression of the response on the control plus the conditional (given the control) linear regression of the resulting residual on the residual of the nonparametric regression of the treatment on the control. While similar decompositions are typically obtained using the technique of orthogonal projection applicable to random variables with finite second moments, this result holds if the response only has a finite first moment and allows the control to be completely arbitrary. Consequently, if the propensity score of the treatment is bounded away from zero and one, the treatment effect, after controlling for the covariate, equals the ratio of the conditional covariance of the response and the treatment to the conditional variance of the treatment.

AMS 2020 subject classification: Primary 62G08, Secondary 62J05, 91F10, 62P20, 62P25