bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unwanted Strangers
Authors: Dutt Sandeep , Hayat Faisal , Ritika
Published: February 2024

The chapter narrates the story of Basheer Ahmed to whom it’s not the hate that pains the most, it’s the absence of the love within which once existed. People of the village Kaleke near Amritsar backed the decision of a Muslim family to stay back after partition, only for them to experience cold stares, rage, resentment, and blames as if they had become the Unwanted Strangers so ten months later, they migrated as the place once they were familiar with became a distant dream … a memory. This story is of a man who sold ice creams at some point yet could not instil the same sweetness into the hearts of the people.
Coalonizing Egypt
Authors: Barak On
Published: February 2024

The flow of British coal beginning in the 1830s animated almost everything that can be ascribed to Egypt’s social, technological, cultural, or political modernity. Simultaneously, Egypt was central to the process of global carbonization—the worldwide proliferation of fossil fuels. Yet rather than uprooting older powers, the “age of coal” depended on the survival, repurposing, and often proliferation of the existing powers of human and nonhuman muscle, wind, and water. This calls into question the notion of “energy regimes” and “energy transitions,” revealing that intensification rather than replacement was, in fact, the main organizing principle of energy history. A hybridization of old and new as well as local and foreign elements also characterized “softer” domains informed by coal power and shaped it in turn. The restructuring of timekeeping and the emergence of an “Egyptian time” was such a process.
Hostages of Credit
Authors: Cheta Omar
Published: February 2024

The practice of imprisoning debtors in Egypt had a long Islamic legal genealogy, but in the nineteenth century it came to be largely controlled by bureaucrats and in the service of the modern state. The mid-1800s was a period of significant change in the economic and legal realms in Egypt and the Ottoman Empire. The outlawing of monopolies ushered in a period of intense and free commercial exchange. The modern state-building project entailed a significant redrawing of the legal map, which included the expansion of incarceration as punishment and the redefinition of the jurisdiction of Islamic law. The practice of imprisoning debtors was at the intersection of these developments. This chapter combines references from official state documents, Islamic legal opinions, and European traveler accounts to reconstruct the experiences of debtors who were incarcerated in the middle decades of the nineteenth century. Specifically, it explains the conditions that led debtors to prison, what went on inside the prison, and what path they could follow to depart from it. Some debtors were imprisoned because of the stipulations of French-inspired Ottoman and khedival laws, while others suffered the same fate because of a decision by a shari‘a court judge. The path to and purpose of debtor prisons did not differ radically in either case. Thus, the chapter highlights the continuities between Islamic and state-enacted legal practices. It also sheds light on the incongruence between state policy shifts and what individual historical actors may have experienced on a social level.
The Body of the Nile
Authors: Derr Jennifer L.
Published: February 2024

The history of Egypt during the long twentieth century demonstrates the powerful links between environmental change and human health. Beginning in the 1860s, Egypt began to develop a colonial economy rooted in the production of cotton for export. The expansion of cotton production necessitated the transformation of Egypt’s agricultural landscape. To water cotton, new irrigation canals were dug throughout the countryside, which, after 1902, were filled with the water stored behind Khazan Aswan, the first modern dam constructed on the Nile River. In addition to its significance within the practice of agriculture, the presence of a canal system dramatically impacted the health of rural communities, fueling the prevalence of the diseases schistosomiasis, hookworm, and pellagra. Schistosomiasis would represent one of Egypt’s primary challenges in the realm of public health throughout the twentieth century. By the middle of the 1930s, approximately 60% of Egypt’s population suffered from the disease. Beginning in the 1920s, the interwar Egyptian regime offered treatment for parasitic diseases, among them schistosomiasis. Despite the existence of an expanding treatment infrastructure, the likelihood of reinfection and the paucity of rural infrastructure meant that the threat of schistosomiasis persisted. In the 1950s and 1960s, under the populist authoritarian regime of President Gamal Abdel Nasser, the treatment of those infected and the environment in which individuals became infected were central tenets of the state’s expanding social welfare program. The history of environmental disease in Egypt underscores complex entanglements of human bodies and the environment.
Archives of Our Discontent
Authors: Ghazaleh Pascale
Published: February 2024

This chapter seeks to trace the connections between nationalism and history writing in Egypt since the 2011 uprising. It examines the security apparatus’s increased scrutiny of scholarship, the nexus of capital and heritage making in urban reconfigurations, the elisions and inventions inherent in commemorations of historical events, and the portrayal of the past in the media. This chapter asks how history has been imagined and produced in Egypt since 2011, attending to the ways the regime has co-opted the past to project itself into the future, what alternative visions of the past exist, and how they have been articulated.
The Invention of Cinema
Authors: Gunning Tom
Published: February 2024

The cinema apparatus includes the system of presentation (projector, screen, auditorium, as well as spectator) and the various devices for producing films (camera, printer). This apparatus depends on the moving image, achieved by a succession of rapidly appearing single images and a shutter mechanism, interacting with the viewer’s perceptual capabilities. The presentation derives especially from the magic lantern. Cinema has been linked with the process of photography, especially chronophotography, which fixed a series of images of movement in a succession of rapid exposures. However, moving images were also produced through drawings. The creation of a modern cinema depended as well on a flexible band for a series of images; celluloid fulfilled this need although other bases were sometimes employed. Initial devices tended to be single-viewer peepshows, while larger cinema audiences depended on projection. The claims for inventors are multiple, including Muybridge, Marey, Reynaud, Edison, Dickson, Lumière, and others.
“That’s Me, Not Whitman”
Authors: Aćamović Bojana
Published: February 2024

This essay discusses two book-length translations of Walt Whitman’s work into Serbo-Croatian, both of which appeared in the late twentieth century and merit special attention as important breakthroughs in Whitman’s Yugoslav reception. They were produced by Tin Ujević (1951) and Ivan V. Lalić (1974), eminent poets of different generations who shared a long-standing interest in Whitman; each considered him their poetic forefather as well as a spiritual contemporary. Ujević’s and Lalić’s own artistic sensibilities fundamentally shaped their Whitman editions. The essay examines their relationships with Whitman and his poetry, and considers the specific historical context in which they worked—the decades following World War II, marked by the Cold War and political tensions as well as important cultural shifts in socialist Yugoslavia.
Whitman and his Handbooks
Authors: Price Kenneth M. , Schöberlein Stefan
Published: February 2024

In this short introduction to the Oxford Handbook of Walt Whitman, its editors discuss the history of scholarly handbooks on Walt Whitman and the fact that these have expanded considerably in scale, scope and ambition since the first Walt Whitman Handbook appeared in the mid-1940s. They reflect on new developments in Whitman studies that are outlined in the current volume and briefly discuss each of the individual essays and sections contained within it. Some of the challenges encountered by contributors during the creation of the book, such as the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic during its gestation period, are touched upon.
Toward an Increasingly Flourishing use of Metaphor/s in Organization Studies
Authors: Örtenblad Anders
Published: February 2024

This is the introductory chapter of the book, in which the overall aim and purpose of the book are presented. The chapter outlines the introduction and use of metaphor and metaphors in the area of organization studies, offering a definition of “metaphor” along with a few types of metaphor research, especially metaphors of the field—either naturally occurring or invited—and metaphors of the researcher, as well as some distinctions between perspectives on metaphor, especially the comparison approach versus the domains-interaction approach, and conceptual metaphor theory versus metaphor-led discourse analysis. It offers some advice stemming from the contributions to the book, and presents each chapter.
Metaphors for Competition within and Between Organizations
Authors: Byers Terri , Owusu Charles
Published: February 2024

The purpose of this chapter is to shed light on new sports metaphors for understanding aspects of competition, which embrace more critical views of sport and competition. A variety of metaphors have been used to understand competition in and between organizations, such as war, game, organism, ecosystem, and marriage. This chapter focuses on sports metaphors, their drawbacks, and utility when used as a colored lens or variable to understand competition in and between organizations. The authors suggest that more critical perspectives of sport should be used and that sport as a root metaphor, rather than sport as a variable, offers more flexibility for researchers to uncover new knowledge of competition. Specifically, they consider sport as a kaleidoscope metaphor which enables the paradoxical dark and bright images of sport to be revealed, rather than seeing sport through rose-colored glasses.
Fifty Shades of Organization
Authors: Linstead Stephen A.
Published: February 2024

This chapter looks at the historical impact of the twin metaphors of light and dark on thinking about organization. It addresses the legacy of the Enlightenment, and the impact of Milton and Blake on the work of Burrell, order and disorder, and the suppressed. It then takes up relations between light and dark, transparency, consumption, identity, and change in “organizational bedazzlement,” particularly in the work of Gabriel, who develops metaphors of glass cages, glass palaces, and a theory of “organizational miasma.” It considers classic mainstream and critical pieces of work on the “dark side” of organization—from the sociology of deviance perspective, from psychology, and from critical management studies—and their differences in emphasis on conscious, unconscious, or organized “misbehavior.” It then considers the recent emergence of “organizational hauntology,” and suggests some future avenues for deployment of the elemental power of light and dark as a root metaphor.
Jobs and the Mac
Authors: Ritchie L. David
Published: February 2024

Conceptual Metaphor Theory proposes a code-like relationship of topic to vehicle in which more abstract concepts are mapped onto less abstract concepts. Since the initial statement of the theory, there has been a series of attempts to construct a theory of language and conceptual representation, which is then applied to analysis of metaphorical language in particular texts. Frequently this approach results in analyses that reflect a priori theorizing more than the actual language of the text. In previous research, the author proposed an alternative approach, based on the assumption that a repertoire of familiar conceptual metaphors is just one resource people draw on when seeking language with which to understand and express their subjective experiences, including their emotions. In this study, this approach is applied to discourse about Steve Jobs’s design and management philosophy, and his relationship with the management and board of directors of the company he founded, Apple Computers.
Introduction
Authors: Tuncdogan Aybars , Acar Oguz A. , Volberda Henk W. , de Ruyter Ko
Published: February 2024

This chapter serves as the introduction to the Handbook, which aims to provide a comprehensive overview of individual differences research within organizational contexts. In particular, this book introduces readers to the key streams of research about psychological traits (e.g., personality traits, Dark Triad personality traits, different types of intelligences, curiosity, self-regulation), biological/physiological traits (e.g., facial morphology, gender, age, genetic makeup, neurological factors), and considers the impact of emerging social and technological changes (e.g., artificial intelligence, remote work, diversity-related issues). In this chapter, we elucidate the objectives and intended audience of the volume and provide a brief overview of the subsequent 25 chapters, establishing a roadmap for the remainder of the book.
A Neuroscience Perspective on Individual Differences in Organizations
Authors: Becker William J. , Cechova Kristina , Passarelli Angela M.
Published: February 2024

This chapter explores a number of individual differences that are relevant to organizational research from a neuroscience perspective. The topics explored include intelligence, empathy, regulatory focus, attention deficit disorder, and autism. Some of these topics have been widely studied in the organizational literature, while others have received relatively little attention. While there are many potential topics we could include, we chose these to provide a varied sampling of topics with recent and interesting findings. Our purpose here is not to provide an in-depth review of each of these areas, but rather to introduce readers to a number novel findings and methods from the neuroscience literature that provide new insights into these topics. We hope that this will inspire new directions for research and practice in these and other topics where neuroscience can advance our understanding.
Leadership Faces
Authors: Eubanks Dawn L.
Published: February 2024

We have made great strides in understanding the keys to effective leadership. This research has moved us away from the more superficial indicators of leadership success such as gender (Koenig et al., 2011) and height (Stogdill, 1948). However, it appears that we are significantly swayed by facial cues (Lawson et al., 2010) in determining our perceptions of leaders. Regardless of the accuracy of these judgments, the effect remains that individuals with certain facial cues such as competence and attractiveness are appointed to leadership positions and then continue to be promoted creating a self-fulfilling prophecy of perceived success. While the majority of research in this area relies on white males, this chapter explores how this might impact women and other races. Next, it explores how these judgments differ by profession discussing existing research and gaps. This is discussed within the context of existing research and role congruity theory setting forth a research agenda.
Sex Differences in Vocational Interests
Authors: Schermer Julie Aitken , MacDonald Kristi Baerg
Published: February 2024

In this chapter, we examine sex differences in vocational interests over generations and cohorts. Utilizing a large sample of adults (N = 1,774) who completed the Jackson Career Explorer (JCE), men scored significantly higher on the mathematics, physical science, engineering, adventure, dominant leadership, finance, sales, law, and professional advising interest scales. Women scored significantly higher on the creative arts, social science, personal service, teaching, social service, elementary education, family activity, and office work, interest scales as well as the work styles of stamina, accountability, and planfulness. To examine if sex differences in vocational interests have changed over time, sex differences for two editions of the Jackson Vocational Interest Survey manuals were compared. Surprisingly, few differences were found. In contrast, when the JCE responses were analyzed by age cohorts, sex differences do appear to be slightly smaller in the younger sample, suggesting that further analyses are required with successive generations.
Scaling the Ivory Tower
Authors: Borgholthaus Cameron J. , Harms Peter D.
Published: February 2024

In the past 25 years, the study of CEO personality has seen a surge of interest among both academic researchers and practitioners. Although the extant literature has documented that CEO personality traits are important predictors of organizational outcomes, the field has encountered challenges in the areas of theorizing and assessment. The current chapter provides an overview of the existing research on CEO personality—specifically examining the literature on dark personality traits, the Five Factor and HEXACO models of personality, and a number of alternative traits currently of interest to scholars—and its impact on organizational outcomes, highlighting key studies published across a number of organizational disciplines.
Compliance with Judicial Decisions
Authors: Hillebrecht Courtney
Published: February 2024

This chapter begins from the premise that compliance with judicial decisions is both an outcome as well as a process. It contends that theoretical and empirical models of compliance with judicial decisions should incorporate three factors: the capacity for compliance provided by (domestic) institutions; agency and political commitment for compliance generated by key stakeholders; and the nature of the judicial decisions themselves. The chapter begins by offering a brief historiography of the concept of compliance and then turns to a discussion of the role that institutional capacity plays in facilitating compliance. The chapter argues, however, that institutional capacity alone is insufficient. Advocates for compliance must push to ensure that the responsibility for compliance is delegated to the appropriate public authorities. The chapter then discusses the role that the judicial decisions themselves play, building on this groundwork by suggesting two emerging research agendas on compliance: systematic non-compliance and the incorporation of time into models of compliance.
Designing Openness With Technology and IP
Authors: Holgersson Marcus
Published: February 2024

Firms that strive to succeed with open innovation must design their openness by making several interdependent design decisions relating to technological architecture and intellectual property (IP). This chapter explains how the decisions along these two dimensions impact both value creation and value capture among interdependent innovators using open innovation. These design decisions can increase the opportunities and decrease the risks associated with open innovation, both on the inbound side and on the outbound side. The chapter draws from the recent literatures on open innovation, technology and product architecture, and intellectual property, respectively, and the argument is illustrated with empirical examples.
Toward Integrating Trust in Open Innovation
Authors: Blomqvist Kirsimarja , Hurmelinna-Laukkanen Pia , Mention Anne-Laure
Published: February 2024

Since the beginning of the open innovation research, trust has been an important theme. However, even though trust is often mentioned as an integral part of the human side of open innovation, it is rarely discussed as a focal topic. This chapter connects the central concepts and advances in trust research with open innovation research; the chapter then discusses their linkages and potential for integrating trust more explicitly in open innovation research. It concludes by emphasizing the role of trust in the contemporary context of digital and global open innovation, in which fast and flexible forms of organizing are increasingly required.
How Corporate Venturing Adds Value to Open Innovation
Authors: van de Vrande Vareska , Kuiper Corina
Published: February 2024

Startups play an increasingly important role in the corporate innovation process. With the number and quality of startups increasing each year, incumbent organizations are trying different ways to collaborate with these new ventures. Ranging from incubators to nurture internal development, to establishing a venture capital fund to invest in promising startups, to co-creation partnerships—companies have a wide range of instruments at their disposal. Moreover, when developing a corporate venturing strategy, firms also need to consider their strategic objectives: are they searching for new innovations to be incorporated into the innovation funnel, or is a collaboration with startups merely interesting to develop the innovation ecosystem? This chapter discusses the different instruments for corporate venturing that firms have at their disposal and their fit with different venturing approaches. The chapter concludes with a number of guiding principles to managers embracing corporate venturing as part of their open innovation strategy.
Events to Span Knowledge Boundaries for Open Innovation
Authors: Carlile Paul R. , Dionne Karl-Emanuel
Published: February 2024

Open innovation (OI) has acknowledged the importance of managing knowledge flows outside firm boundaries to enhance innovation. However, OI researchers have not explored the complexity of managing these knowledge flows across domains in practice. This chapter builds on the knowledge boundaries perspective to expand current understanding of knowledge work in OI contexts by nuancing the different types of knowledge flows occurring across domains and exploring the types of boundary processes needed to support the creation and development of these knowledge flows outside organizational and specialized domain boundaries. It analyzes the case of Hacking Health, a non-profit organization that developed a series of events to develop a variety of boundary processes (gathering, transferring, translating, transcending, transforming) that address different types of knowledge boundaries that emerge in the fuzzy front end of OI phenomena in the nascent industry of digital health.
A Practice Theory Perspective on Open Strategy and Innovation
Authors: Whittington Richard
Published: February 2024

This chapter outlines the distinction between two forms of open strategy: open innovation and open strategizing. The former is concerned mostly with “content” aspects of strategy, the latter with the processes of strategy “formation.” However, the chapter also suggests theoretical common grounds between scholars researching the two; in particular, communications theory, information theory, and practice theory. The chapter concentrates on practice theory, introducing the interdependent elements of practices, praxis, and practitioners. Existing approaches to practice theory in innovation and open innovation research are reviewed. The chapter offers four guiding principles for open innovation researchers taking a practice lens. It also proposes a range of research opportunities arising from practice theory, highlighting reflexivity with regard both to the legitimization of open innovation in contemporary business and to the role of open innovation researchers in the creation, maintenance, and governance of their professional field.
Innovability for a Better World (and a New One?)
Authors: Ciorra Ernesto , Polimanti Emanuele , Canino Andrea
Published: February 2024

Resilience, safety, and flexibility. These are the guiding values for the collaboration between Enel and Thales Alenia Space on a challenging yet fascinating, forward-thinking project to provide energy to the future lunar base. Together they are working toward advancing ready-to-deploy technologies to meet the long-term needs when human settlements on the Moon become a reality. This chapter discusses how collaboration helps merging respective competencies on power generation and production with deep knowledge of space infrastructures to resolve the particular challenges posed by the environmental conditions of lunar power plant systems. The future plant must be resilient to extreme environmental conditions (+/-150°C, radiations, micrometeoroids, lunar dust); reliable for long periods to ensure astronaut safety; and flexible enough to be updated over time. Maximizing these characteristics will also contribute to accelerating a more sustainable and innovative energy transition here on Earth.
A Multi-Level Framework for Selecting and Implementing Innovation Modes
Authors: Bogers Marcel , West Joel
Published: February 2024

At its heart, open innovation has been about how firms can improve their use of internal and external paths for the creation and commercialization of innovations. From these possible paths for creation and commercialization, four distinct innovation modes are identified: inside-in, inside-out, outside-in, and outside-out. Through a multi-level framework, prior research is used to explain how firms select one of these modes on an innovation-by-innovation basis. From this, the importance of ambidexterity and other capabilities for managing the selection and implementation of these modes is highlighted—whether focused on innovation creation or commercialization but also appreciating commercialization failure. The chapter concludes by offering opportunities for research on capabilities and mode selection, complementarity in outside-out innovation, and explains a more nuanced understanding of why innovations are not commercialized.
The Use of Open Innovation Metrics
Authors: Cobben Dieudonnee , Bogers Marcel
Published: February 2024

Open innovation (OI) represents an important field of innovation research, reflecting the widespread use in practice and policy. Despite its importance, research on OI metrics mostly covers specific elements and application contexts of OI, ignoring a variety of application possibilities. At the same time, several aspects of OI hardly appear in measurement studies at all, such as in emerging fields like OI’s intra-organization underpinnings, OI in ecosystems, and OI’s societal impact. In many cases, the use of OI metrics is mostly understood in specific contexts and research is mostly exploratory, limited to qualitative analyses, or maps rather than tests metrics. This chapter presents an overview of the focus elements in the literature on OI metrics and shares a future research outlook.
What Is Jewish Law? A Conceptual View from US Courts
Authors: Helfand Michael A.
Published: February 2024

The First Amendment’s religious question doctrine, which prohibits courts from resolving claims that implicate religious doctrine or practice, has largely prevented courts from examining the substance of Jewish law because it typically categorizes it as a religious matter. Consequently, litigation involving Jewish law obligations have typically been dismissed by courts, reinforcing the perception of Jewish law as religion. To navigate this conceptual challenge, litigants have often sought to translate the demands of Jewish law into nonreligious language; under US Supreme Court precedent, as long as claims are framed in terms of “neutral principles of law,” susceptible to interpretation and application without reference to religion, courts remain constitutionally permitted to adjudicate the claims. Thus, US courts have become a battleground for a broader conceptual debate over the nature of Jewish law. Litigants, for their part, have been incentivized to adopt a reclassification strategy, recasting Jewish law in secular terms such as law, sociology, or history. But courts have generally resisted these reclassification strategies, remaining firm in their assessment of Jewish law as religion. In this way, notwithstanding attempts to the contrary, litigation in US courts has further reinforced the image of Jewish law as religion, including it alongside other faith traditions on the one hand, but providing significant constitutional hurdles to the adjudication of legal claims implicating Jewish law on the other.
Public Jazz Education and the Mediation of Jazz History in US Middlebrow Culture (1917–1951)
Authors: Dunkel Mario
Published: February 2024

This chapter investigates the ways in which the history of jazz was performed across different media in US middlebrow culture from the beginnings of jazz history discourse in the 1910s up until the early 1950s. In particular, it studies five versions of the history of jazz published in different media between 1917 and 1951, including the educational jazz history radio program “Jazz Goes to College,” written and authored by Marshall Stearns and broadcast by WNEW in 1950/1951. This chapter argues that the transformation of jazz history in US middlebrow contexts interacted with a changing understanding of American musical history and national identity in the US middle class during the first half of the twentieth century.
The Art of Recapitulation
Authors: Lucero Nicolás
Published: February 2024

From 1920 to 1936, Borges wrote over two hundred critical prose pieces for magazines and newspapers, including literary essays, reviews, prologues, and a few manifestoes and lampoons. Over this period, he published five collections of essays, of which he would suppress the first three in his Obras completas. Additionally, in 1930, he published his only thematic book, Evaristo Carriego, on the poet who first sang about the Buenos Aires neighborhood that Borges had made the place of his own literary foundation. This chapter offers a comprehensive account of how, in the early essays, Borges develops an idiosyncratic formalism that blends metaphysics, imagination, and rhetoric in microscopic analyses of literature and popular culture. He rigorously examines how aesthetic emotion is achieved, with an increasing emphasis, by the late 1920s, on how genres relate to experience and affect reading contexts. These explorations, which unfold concurrently with Borges’s search for an individualized Argentine voice in the 1920s, determine the shifting form of his essays and what will be peculiarly essayistic in his fictions.
Russia’s Integrated Statecraft in the Space Domain
Authors: Vidal Florian
Published: February 2024

After the collapse of the USSR, the Russian space program was in disarray. The establishment of Roscosmos in 2015 was intended to speed up the transformation of the space sector, the development of which was lagging. Based on Soviet history, Russia renewed its space geopolitical ambitions, moving toward a narrative of autarky. To pursue this aim, the space field is part of the national security architecture in the face of its rivalry with Western powers and the rise of China. Russia engages in counter-space capabilities to be able to disrupt the space activities of its main competitors. This chapter considers the new trajectory of the Russian space strategy, in which the Ministry of Defense (Minoborony) manages critical infrastructures (e.g., Plesetsk Cosmodrome). The aim of rationalizing a dwindling sector is to meet strategic and security objectives that strengthen Russian activities in LEO. The space domain remains a way for Moscow as a way to maintain its deterrence.
Anti-satellite and Space Weapons
Authors: Grego Laura
Published: February 2024

As space becomes increasingly important to national security, states are developing anti-satellite weapons and other space-based weapons to help secure their interests. The ability to negate satellite capabilities can help a state be sure a potential adversary cannot use space assets to enhance terrestrial military power in a conflict or to retain exclusive or primary use of space resources such as geosynchronous or cislunar orbits, the moon, and asteroids without being challenged. This chapter considers that while anti-satellite weapons can make a potential adversary reconsider whether a disarming nuclear first strike might be possible and deter them from building space-based weapons, these weapons cannot, however, assure dominance of the space environment, and the pursuit of dominance is likely to lead to arms racing and potentially serious crisis instability problems.
Deterring Attacks on Space Systems
Authors: Morgan Forrest E.
Published: February 2024

This chapter examines prospects for deterring attacks on national security space capabilities. Since the First Gulf War in 1991, the military forces of developed nations have become increasingly dependent on support from orbital assets. This is especially true of Western states, as they typically conduct expeditionary operations, making them highly reliant on space support. As a result, potential adversaries are developing counterspace capabilities in hopes of reducing the effectiveness of Western forces in war. Satellites are difficult to defend, so military and political leaders sometimes ask whether potential adversaries can be deterred from attacking friendly space systems. This chapter explores that question. Applying the fundamentals of punishment-based and denial-based deterrence, it finds that strategies to deter attack on national security space systems face several difficult challenges. However, emerging trends in technology and commercialization offer hope that mixed strategies will make deterrence in space more robust, promoting responsible behavior in that domain.
The Future of Space Security
Authors: Moltz James Clay
Published: February 2024

This chapter examines the future prospects for peaceful outcomes in space by surveying the history of international cooperation, current political dynamics, and emerging technological challenges. It begins by reviewing the international relations literature on space, identifying five main schools of thought on the sources of space stability and instability. It then briefly summarizes the conditions that supported stability and conflict avoidance in space during the Cold War. The chapter next analyzes the set of political, technical, and geostrategic factors that are creating new concerns about possible twenty-first-century space conflict. Finally, it highlights a series of markers to follow in tracking the prospects for peaceful outcomes in space in the future, based on international success or failure in dealing with orbital debris, space weapons, and the rise of new actors, including particularly the growing commercial sector. The chapter’s conclusion summarizes a set of possible recommendations for preventing conflict and promoting more institutionalized forms of space security.
From Passive to Active Space Powers
Authors: Stubbs Matthew , Gancheva Desislava
Published: February 2024

Australia and New Zealand are making a transition from passive consumers of space services to active space powers. This chapter explores that evolution and uses eclectic theorization to seek explanations for the drivers of this process from a range of theoretical perspectives including neoliberalism, cosmopolitanism, and neorealism. It examines the development of New Zealand’s commercial domestic launch capability through Rocket Lab and critique some of the provisions of the Technology Safeguards Agreement with the United States that enabled this. The chapter examines Australia’s journey to the position where it is investing heavily in sovereign satellite capabilities and considers Australian and New Zealand multilateral engagement on space security. Ultimately, the chapter reveals the influence of a complex mixture of factors—economic development, internal and external balancing, cosmopolitanism, neorealism and neoliberalism—driving the transition that Australia and New Zealand are making to being active space powers.
Planetary Defense
Authors: Schmidt Nikola
Published: February 2024

Planetary defense, the activity of defending the planet Earth from asteroids and comets, constitutes a challenge combining knowledge of astronomers, ingenuity of engineers, and globally cooperative policy. States fund and support national and international efforts in astronomical observations and planetary defense demonstration missions but are cautious about developing a truly international or even cosmopolitan planetary defense governance. While planetary defense is inherently a global issue, as asteroids do not discriminate, the current state of planetary defense governance favors undesirable unilateral actions with international security consequences. The last resort methods based on nuclear explosive devices are reserved for nuclear states, the liability treaty hampers unilateral missions due to possible failures with related consequences and the possibility of 200 planetary defense infrastructures as a possible result if no planetary defense governance and predictable decision-making system is put in place would be a threat to international security. This chapter argues that planetary defense can be understood and used by every state on this planet as a unique opportunity to practice a responsible foreign policy based on cosmopolitan ideas on the shoulders of the decades-long ongoing scientific efforts. To unfold the argument, we apply the IR theoretical debate around security cosmopolitanism to planetary defense to demonstrate how the international community can effectively govern global security issues that require security sensitive technologies and how such policy could contribute to human flourishing.
Sufism in Republican Turkey
Authors: Soileau Mark
Published: February 2024

This chapter surveys the evolution of Sufi institutions in Turkey in the 20th century as they were impacted by the modernist, secularist, and nationalist ideology and movement of the Republican era. The many Sufi orders, prominent during the Ottoman period, were abruptly closed by law in 1925 as part of the new Republic’s modernizing reforms, and with their traditions now relegated to the past, the various orders and their members responded in different ways—by accepting the closure, by continuing underground, or by finding opportunities to assert themselves and their traditions. This chapter assesses these developments by focusing on the aspects of Sufism that were officially banned by the law—the tombs of saints and the pilgrimage practices occurring at them, the dervish lodges and the rituals performed in them, and the Sufi orders as units of social organization and as traditions—as well as the transmission of Sufi knowledge.
Biopolitics and Illiberalism
Authors: Yatsyk Alexandra
Published: February 2024

This chapter examines how the biopolitical approach can help to unpack the illiberal backsliding of national states. It demonstrates the Russian state’s illiberal degradation toward totalitarianism from the beginning of Putin’s presidency in the 2000s, moving from the “power of life” to the “power of death.” The chapter argues that the biopolitical approach revealed the Kremlin’s totalitarian potential during the presidency of Dmitry Medvedev in 2008–2012. Since 2012, Moscow has been intensively applying biopolitical regulations to consolidate Russian society on the basis of conservative values and imperial ressentiment. Body-oriented discourse has become popular among Russian politicians due to its ability to substitute post-ideological forms for public politics. As Putin’s regime continues to solidify, it replaces politico-ideological arguments with force and violence against political opponents. This chapter tells the story of the Kremlin’s zoe- and thanatopoliticization through the normalization of violence, its ultimate manifestation being the full-fledged war with Ukraine.
Russia’s Illiberal Conservatism
Authors: Bluhm Katharina
Published: February 2024

In recent years, illiberalism as a counter-hegemonic movement against contemporary Western liberalism and global capitalism has developed into a right-wing, national-conservative project which, once again in history, stands in opposition to liberalism and communism. Russia’s illiberal conservatives constitute a more radical part of this larger movement. This chapter analyzes two major ideological strands of Russia’s illiberal conservatism: (1) a conservative-revolutionary strand that views Russia as an empire with a unique civilization, and (2) an evolutionary nationalist conservatism aiming at construction of a nation-state. Proponents of the first strand aggressively oppose the West, while supporters of the second have hoped for a transformation of Putin’s regime without completely breaking with the West. Both strands position themselves in relation to contemporary Western liberalism and its perceived crisis. While both embraced the annexation of Crimea and the “Russian Spring” in Donbas, they have responded differently to the 2022 war in Ukraine, which has finally ended the evolutionary nationalist project.
The International Politics of Illiberalism
Authors: Aron Hadas , Snyder Jack
Published: February 2024

Illiberalism has become an increasingly important force in global politics in recent decades. Though it draws its legitimation from the foundation of liberalism—the sovereignty of the people—it nonetheless represents a backlash against liberal values and the global liberal order. Illiberals in power in different countries share a similar discourse of rejection of liberal values, cosmopolitan globalism, and neoliberal economics. They employ similar methods of rule, including an authoritarian concentration of power, the elimination of checks and balances, and clientelist practices. However, the inherently transactional nature of illiberalism and its preoccupation with national sovereignty limit cooperation among illiberals. This puts them at a disadvantage with liberal states in many aspects of international competition. The chapter lays out a theory of the international behavior of illiberal regimes, demonstrating the points of similarity and connection between illiberals in power and their ultimate lack of a strong basis for mutual cooperation.
Illiberalism and Fear
Authors: Doyle Natalie J.
Published: February 2024

The notion of illiberalism has become increasingly influential in discussions surrounding the dysfunction of the party-based political systems of Western liberal democracies, which increasingly favor the election of populist anti-establishment figures, among them Donald Trump in the United States and Viktor Orbán in Hungary. Illiberalism is now associated with the resurgence of right-wing conservative values, which appear extremist in light of the accelerated social change experienced by Western societies with respect to individual rights or cosmopolitanism. The Covid-19 pandemic and the measures used by Western governments to respond to this presumed existential threat —lockdowns, surveillance technology, mask mandates, and vaccination mandates—have challenged this narrow understanding of illiberalism and highlighted its connection to the loss of legitimacy of democratic politics, which is increasingly managed through a politics of fear. Illiberalism is the byproduct of the destabilization of Western societies (both culturally and economically) by neoliberalism and concomitant attempts by elites to reassert their political authority over fragmented and scared populations.
International Environmental Law in the Americas
Authors: Garcia Beatriz , Pereira Ricardo
Published: February 2024

This chapter provides an overview of the origins, evolution, and implementation of international environmental law in the Americas. Following the process of decolonization, countries in the Americas started to adopt bilateral and regional treaties to address the conservation and sustainable use of natural resources. However, certain areas, such as forest conservation, remain primarily regulated through national laws. Currently, climate change and other global environmental concerns have become integral to the policy agendas of regional institutions in the Americas. Nonetheless, regional environmental cooperation tends to occur in a fragmented, and often ineffective, manner. This can be attributed to the lack of an overarching regional environmental treaty or organization and the presence of numerous regional and subregional organizations that focus on specific species or ecosystems.
Refugees, Freedom of Assembly, and the Right to Have a Place in the World
Authors: İkizoğlu Erensü Asli
Published: February 2024

Refugees have been described as ‘speechless emissaries’, not allowed to speak on their own terms under humanitarian structures. Relations of protection not only de-historicize refugees and reduce them to mere bodies to be kept alive, but also deny them political representation. Under these circumstances, how does freedom of assembly matter for refugees’ participation in their own governance? This chapter traces two refugee assemblies to illustrate assembly as an embodied attempt to claim the right to a place in the world. Going against their emplacement by national and international governance regimes, both assemblies search for and at times make different kinds of place, which restore their political agency and allow refugees to engage in foundational politics. The relation between assembling and claiming the right to a place in the world is perhaps self-evidently central in the case of refugees as they are people-out-of-place par excellence. Yet, the relation is not exclusive to refugees.
A Problem of Utopia
Authors: Mutua Makau W.
Published: February 2024

This chapter discusses the interrelation between human rights and transitional justice. It starts by highlighting that human rights are deeply political even though advocates sought to distance it from politics due to its birth in the vortex of the cold war. Moreover, human rights are inextricably and inherently tied with the larger project of Western political democracy and the free market norms that underline liberalism. The idea and practice of transitional justice became a religion within the human rights community, which is decidedly interventionist. The chapter explains how human rights and transitional justice are presented as a doctrine of emancipation.
Contesting Histories
Authors: Wilson Richard Ashby , Petrović Vladimir
Published: February 2024

Mass political violence unsettles the past like no other comparable event and the contestation over the historical framing of a conflict continues long after the final peace is signed. Transitional justice institutions actively partake in this contestation as they inevitably broach the most sensitive historical issues. Their conclusions can foster peaceful coexistence or actively forestall public debate about the past. Some scholars have asserted that because truth commissions are released from the criminal justice impulse to adjudicate guilt, they are more able to address the structural causes of the conflict. The authors find to the contrary: truth and reconciliation commissions do not in themselves represent an improvement on courts with respect to the historical accounts they produce. The chapter compares the historical inquiries of domestic and international justice institutions and finds that international institutions are less prone to nationalist distortions and more open to the voices of all those affected by mass violations. International institutions often have capacious rules of evidence, allowing them to admit a wider range of relevant material evidence. Process matters as much as product, and in their investigations, they have gained access to government intelligence archives, revealed the inner workings of a security apparatus, and prompted social movements for accountability. Recognizing the importance of the contested process of history-writing moves us away from a rigid dichotomy between law and history, and towards an actor-centered and empirical approach that focuses on the specific context of the transition from conflict, and the strategies of legal actors that seek to achieve certain identifiable goals through writing history.