bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Natural Classification of Igneous Rocks
Authors: Cross Whitman
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

I
n
how far may the systematie classification of igneous rocks, the basis of their petrographic description and nomenclature, be constructed by the application of truly ‘natural factors’? This question has long been debated, but petrographers have not reached agreement as to the answer. Meanwhile petrographic system has become greatly confused through varying views as to what are ‘natural relations,’ and by the illogical or inconsequent use of arbitrary factors. It seems useless to hope for agreement in this matter until the petrographers of different schools have come to understand thoroughly each other's points of view, which are based largely on experience in widely separated fields of work. It is with the idea of promoting in some measure this mutual understanding, that I offer this discussion to the Geological Society of London.

The rocks of the earth exhibit a great variety of relationships of geological importance, as to their origin, their mode, form, and place of occurrence, and possess, in many groups, a complex and often obscure character. The rock is usually defined with emphasis on its geological importance, and it is considered as a geological unit. But there has not always been the desirable clear distinction between the rock-mass, of certain relations of form or position with regard to the earth, and the substance of the mass, the rock proper.

From various standpoints of geology classifications of rocks have been set up, more or less refined, for special or general purposes. All of these classifications are of use
Dedolomitization in the Marble of Port Shepstone (Natal)
Authors: Hatch F. H. , Rastall R. H.
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

While on a visit to the marble quarries of Port Shepstone, the attention of one of the authors was attracted by a block of granite, included in the dolomite and surrounded by a dark banded border, which was succeeded in order by a pale brown and a pale green zone. On closer examination these coloured rings were found to consist of a portion of the marble, containing a number of interesting minerals in zonal arrangement. Among these minerals a brown mica and a coal-black substance were the most conspicuous to the unaided eye, although a pale mica and a green serpentinous mineral could also be distinguished. On account of its obvious interest a photograph of the occurrence was taken (see fig. 3, p. 512), and a number of specimens were collected for microscopic examination.

The Port Shepstone marble is well known in Natal, on account of its beautiful white appearance and coarsely crystalline (saccharoidal) texture. Unfortunately for those interested in its commercial exploitation, it does not possess the uniformly fine and even grain of the celebrated marble of Carrara, a fact which militates against its employment for statuary purposes. It is first mentioned in geological literature by C. L. Griesbach, who notes the occurrence of a ‘crystalline limestone of enormous thickness, [but] whose position relative to the neighbouring strata is not clear.’ In the year 1894, David Draper described it in somewhat more detail, and stated that he had no doubt ‘that the calcareous matter of which the
On the Evolution of
Zaphrentis delanouei
in Lower Carboniferous Times
Authors: Carruthers Robert George
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

A
n
attempt is made, in the following communication, to demonstrate the evolution of a small Zaphrentid coral, belonging to a gens of common occurrence in the Lower Carboniferous rocks of Scotland.

The simple rugose corals seem to have been strangely neglected by workers on phylogenetic problems. Although suggestions as to the lines of evolution of certain species have been advanced from time to time, no direct proofs have, apparently, been forthcoming.

Yet, in some respects, few of the Invertebrata are so well adapted for investigations of this nature. In most of these corals, all the growth-stages of the skeleton are retained intact, and can be studied by means of serial sections cut across the corallum. The one serious difficulty arises from the remarkably sporadic distribution of such fossils or, indeed, of the Rugosa in general —a fact only realized to the full after one has engaged in the systematic examination of a wide area, in search of some particular gens. As a matter of fact, the corals here dealt with are the only ones that range through most of the Lower Carboniferous rocks of Scotland. Even then, they are found on horizons often somewhat widely separated in time and unproductive for long distances. Fortunately, the stratigraphy of the Scottish rocks is so well known, that collections can be made all over the country, from horizons the position of which in the sequence is fixed more or less definitely. Although, therefore, section after section of some particular limestone may
Recumbent Folds in the Schists of the Scottish Highlands
Authors: Bailey Edward Battersby
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

T
he
district discussed in this paper includes a considerable portion of two typical Highland counties, Inverness-shire and Argyllshire. It lies in the main between Loch Linnhe, on the north-west, and a chain of granitic intrusions which, on the south-east, connect the Moor of Rannoch with the upper portion of Loch Etive. It extends northwards to the River Spean, and southwards to Appin and Loch Creran.

The region thus defined is dissected by an intricate system of deeply cut glens, flanked by some of the loftiest mountains of Great Britain, including the giant Ben Nevis itself, 4406 feet high. The rock exposures on the mountain sides are remarkably clear, owing to the comparative absence of morainic material.

The detailed mapping of this district has recently been completed by the Geological Survey, and the results of the work will shortly be published in an official memoir. In the present paper an outline is given of the complicated tectonics of the crystalline schists.

Before entering on this description brief reference may be made to the results obtained by other workers along similar lines of enquiry.

(
a
) Historical Review.

Geologists are now familiar with the researches of James Nicol [l] , who showed that the gneisses, which Sir Roderick Murchison had described as conformably overlying the fossiliferous strata of the North-West Highlands, are in reality separated from the latter by a powerful dislocation.

Dr. Callaway was the first, however, to appreciate clearly that this dislocation is of the nature of a gently
The Relationship of the Permian to the Trias in Nottinghamshire
Authors: Sherlock Robert Lionel
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

T
he
Permian System is generally considered to be represented in England by two distinct divisions, corresponding to the Zechstein and the Rothliegende of Germany. The English Rothliegende is further regarded as of two types: that of the Midland Counties, or Salopian type, and that of Collyhurst (Lancashire). The Zechstein is supposed to be represented by the Magnesian Limestone Series of the North-Eastern counties, together with some scanty deposits near Manchester above the Collyhurst Sandstone, and in Cumberland. The red beds of Devon, which are of doubtful age, need not be considered here.

In recent years the Permian age of many of the deposits of Salopian type has been called in question, and it has been shown that, in many cases, they are united to the Carboniferous System below and are unconformable to the Trias above.

In the case of the English Zechstein the beds are magnesian limestones, marls, and sands, and the limestones contain fossils which have been recognized as Permian. This division is chiefly represented by the long belt of strata which stretches continuously from the Northumberland and Durham coast, through Yorkshire, as far south as Nottingham. The Permian in this region differs from the English Rothliegende, not only in lithological character, but in its relationship to the beds below; for it has been known for a long time that it is markedly unconformable to the Carboniferous upon which it rests.

The nature of the upper boundary of the Permian is, however, less clear. It is usually
The Effects of Secular Oscillation in Egypt during the Cretaceous and Eocene Periods
Authors: Hume William Frazer
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

I
n
the year 1878 Prof. Zittel laid the foundations of modern Egyptian sedimentary geology on a broad basis, since which period the Cretaceous and Eocene strata of that country have aroused much interest. The problems which have especially appealed to investigators are:—

(1) The age of the Nubian Sandstone.

(2) The changes of the fossiliferous Cretaceous strata when traced from north to south.

(3) The nature of the junction between the Eocene and the Cretaceous.

(4) The distribution and variation in the Eocene beds.

(5) The nature of the changes which have marked the passage from the Eocene to the Oligocene Period.

The work carried out by the Egyptian Geological Survey has, since 1896, widened our knowledge of the facts on which the broader theoretical conclusions will have to be based; and, in the present contribution, I shall endeavour to set forth the new data which have been obtained by me in connexion with each of these questions, only referring to the results of other investigators where these are necessary to complete the consideration of areas which have not been personally investigated. The portions of Egypt which have thus come under personal study are:—

(1) Eastern Sinai.

(2) A longitudinal region bordering Wadi Qena.

(3) The area between latitudes 25° N. and 28° N. covered by the Eastern Desert Survey Memoirs of 1903 and 1906.

(4) The districts bordering the Nile between Esna and Aswan.

(5) A series of traverses across the Western Desert between the Oases of
On the Teeth of
Ptychodus
and their Distribution in the English Chalk
Authors: Dibley George Edward
Published: October 2009

Introductory Remarks.

A
mong
the remains of fishes found in the Chalk, the teeth of
Ptychodus
are so conspicuous and so easily recognized by the quarrymen that they have long been collected in large numbers and distributed to various museums. Most of these fossils, however, bear no record of the exact locality or zone from which they were obtained, while groups of associated teeth have often been scattered without any note of the circumstances of their discovery. I have, therefore, devoted much attention during the past twenty years to the careful collecting of teeth of
Ptychodus
from the chalk-pits of the South-East of England, and I now propose to discuss their classification and the zonal range of the various species.

I have collected especially in the Gravesend, Rochester, and Medway-Valley area, where there are great excavations in a continuous series of Chalk-deposits, from the base of the zone of
Ammonites rhotomagensis
to the top of that of
Micraster coranguinum
. I have also obtained specimens from the Caterham Valley, Oxted, Merstham, and Betchworth; from Berkshire, Hampshire, Bedfordshire, and Cambridgeshire; and I have studied all the material in the British Museum, the Museum of Practical Geology (Jermyn Street), and the museums of Salisbury, Brighton, and Rochester. I have been particularly fortunate in discovering fifty sets of associated teeth, and have examined many more in the museums just enumerated.

The arrangement of the teeth of
Ptychodus
in the mouth is already known from specimens of
Pt. decurrens
found in the

The arrangement of the
On Some Mammalian Teeth from the Wealden of Hastings
Authors: Woodward Arthur Smith
Published: October 2009

S
ince
the late Prof. Marsh's discovery of mammalian teeth and bones in the coarse grits of the Laramie Formation in Wyoming (U.S.A.), Mr. Charles Dawson, F.G.S., has persistently searched for similar fossils in deposits of the same nature in the Wealden formation of Sussex. These beds consist chiefly of coarse quartz-grains mingled with teeth of fishes and fragments of bones, and were originally noticed by Mantell under the name of ‘Tilgate Grit.’ According to Mr. Dawson's observations, however, they form only small lenticular deposits, and occur at several horizons in the Wealden Series.

The first result of this search was the discovery of a molar of
Plagiaulax
, which I described and named
Pl. dawsoni
in 1891 More recent work, in which Mr. Dawson has been helped by Messrs. P. Teilhard de Chardin and Félix Pelletier, has led to the finding of three additional specimens—two probably belonging to
Plagiaulax
itself, the third to a distinct though related genus. The first-described tooth was met with in the Wadhurst Clay behind St. Leonards, while the three new teeth were obtained from the Ashdown Sands of the Fairlight Cliffs near Hastings.

The two new molars which seem to belong to
Plagiaulax
are unfortunately very imperfect. In one the crown is seen to be closely similar to that of the original tooth of
Pl. dawsoni
. In the second specimen most of the crown has decayed, but the two divergent roots are well displayed, the one somewhat stouter than the other.

The third specimen is especially
Notes on some of the Brachiopoda from the
Paradoxides
:Beds of Comley
Authors: Cobbold Edgar Sterling
Published: October 2009

L
ingulella
Cf.
ferruginea
Salter.

1867. Cf
Lingulella ferruginea
et var.
ovalis
Salter, Q.J.G.S. vol. xxiii, p. 340 & figs. 1–3.

1868 & 1971. Cf
Lingulella ferruginea
Davidson, Geol. Mag. vol. v, p. 306 & pl. xv, figs. 1-8; ‘ Monogr. Brit. Foss. Brach. ’ (Pal. Soc.) vol. iii p. 336 & pl. xlix, figs. 32–35.

1876. Cf
Lingulella(?)
sp. indet., Linnarson, ‘ Brachiopoda of the
Paradoxides
Beds of Sweden ’ Bihang K. Svensk. Vetensk.-Akad.Handl. vol. iii, No. 12, p. 15 & pl. iii figs 27–28.

1883. Cf.
Linguealla ferruginea
Davidson, ‘ Monogr. Brit. Foss. Brach.’ (Pal. Soc.) vol. v, pl. xvii, fig 35.

Shell corneous, small, slightly convex, ovate; widest about a third from the front, length about one and a half times the breadth ; broadly rounded in front; sides tapering to the beak, which in the pedicle-valve appears to have been acutely pointed. Numerous concentric growth-lines. Pedicle-slit narrow.

Dimensions.—Length = 4 millimetres, breadth = 2 to 2½ mm.

Locality and horizon,.½The upper section on the Shoot-Rough Road, Comley; from a band of the Shoot-Rough-Road Flags with
Paradoxides davidis
, and also from a band with
Paradoxides rugulosus
at the top of the Shoot-Rough-Road Sandstone.

Note.— Three examples of this small
Lingulella
have been collected, and they agree fairly well with the Menevian species from St. David's, although the Shropshire form seems to be rather more acuminate at the beak.

The
Lingulella(?)
figured by Linnarsson from the
Paradoxides-forchhammeri
strata of Sweden may be identical.

L
ingullella
(?) spp.indet.

An imperfect single valve (fig. 7)
The Stratigraphy and Tectonics of the Permian of Durham (Northern Area)
Authors: Woolacott David
Published: October 2009

These beds, which vary much in thickness, lie in North Durham in the general form of a syncline beneath Sunderland.

The unfossiliferous Yellow Sands are probably a deltaic formation reassorted by wind, the other beds being the result of deposition in an inland sea undergoing desiccation. The magnesium carbonate existed in the waters of the sea, and was either deposited along with the calcium carbonate, or introduced by seepage when the beds were being laid down.

Great changes in the amount and distribution of these carbonates have, however, taken place since deposition. The cellular structures that occur in the limestone can be classified as follows:—(1) Concretionary-cellular; (2) negative breccia; (3) solution-cavities; and (4) fractured cellular. Most of them have been produced by the leaching-out of the magnesium carbonate (dedolomitization), or of both that and calcium carbonate. In some cases the rock has been rendered crystalline, as well as more calcareous, and the fossils have been obliterated. They do not afford any proof that the rock has been dolomitized subsequent to deposition. The percentage of calcium carbonate is sometimes over 99, while that of magnesium carbonate is occasionally as much as 50.

The fauna of the Magnesian Limestone is very restricted (about 140 species) and most peculiarly distributed. The marked paleontological features are the profusion of individuals in the Middle Fossiliferous Limestone (which appears to have formed a shell-bank in the Middle Magnesian-Limestone sea) and their sudden disappearance in the Upper Limestone. No corals, echinoderms, polyzoa, brachiopods., or cephalopods have ever
Faunal and Lithological Sequence in the Carboniferous Limestone Series (Avonian) of Burrington Combe, Somerset
Authors: Reynolds Sidney Hugh , Vaughan Arthur
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

T
he
magnificent section of Burrington Combe, first studied by Prof. C. Lloyd Morgan, was described in considerable detail in 1905 by Mr. (now Dr.) T. F. Sibly. This author laid down, as accurately as was possible at the time of his publication, the broad zonal sequence of the faunas. The very large amount of research that, during the last six years, has been devoted to the Carboniferous Limestone Series, both in the British Isles and in Belgium, has demonstrated the importance of more detailed lithological investigations and the possibility of tracing the evolution and migration of the great Carboniferous gentes of Corals and Brachiopods.

The field-work has extended over several years, and we owe much to the willing assistance of many Bristol geologists, especially to Mr. W. H. Wickes and Mr. H. F. Barke.

The series of views illustrate the whole sequence, and are labelled with zonal and faunal indices; the precise points at which important rock-types occur are also marked upon them by means of numerals.

II. D
escription of the
I
mportant
R
ock-Types, arranged
Z
onally and
L
ithologically
. (S. H. R.)

[The traverse is from north to south, the zones being thus encountered in descending order.]

ViSÉAN.

L
ower
Dibunophyllum
Z
one
(D
1
).

Extent.—The top of Quarry 1 and the hillside on the north. Thickness.—A thickness of about 20 feet is exposed in the quarry, and perhaps 80 feet beyond it.

The D beds exposed consist entirely of fine-grained and crystalline grey limestone. The red coloration, which is as a rule
Notes on Carboniferous Cephalopoda from the Neighbourhood of Exeter
Authors: Crick George C.
Published: October 2009

The following notes refer chiefly to specimens which have been collected by Mr. F. G. Collins. A few of the fossils examined are in the Exeter Museum, while some, which formed part of the Vicary Bequest, are in the British Museum. The specimens generally are not well preserved, and the Ammonoids but rarely exhibit the suture-lines.
3

D
imorphoceras
(?
discrepans
B
rown
,sp.).

1849.
Goniatites discrepans
T. Brown, ‘ Illustrations of the Fossil Conchology of Great Britain & Ireland ’ p. 28 & pl. xxi, figs. 8 & 15.
4

The genus
Dimorphoceras
appears to be represented by a much compressed, poorly-preserved, imperfect specimen, about 10 mm. in diameter, exposed on the surface of a piece of a nodule from Pinhoe. About half of the outer whorl seems to have belonged to the body-chamber; the rest of the outer whorl is septate, and near the umbilicus exhibits portions of several septa, but these are too incomplete for the definite determination of the species. The fossil is possibly referable to
Dimorphoceras discrepans
(Brown).

Two specimens in the Exeter Museum, labelled ‘ Exeter ’ and numbered 4541, seem to belong to this species; they are associated with several examples of what appears to be
Glylohioceras strio-latum
.

The species has been recorded from the Vale of Todmorden, High Green Wood, and Hebden Bridge (Yorkshire),
1
as well as from the marine bands in the Coal Measures of Lancashire
2

Loealities.—Pinhoe brickfield
3
; and ‘ Exeter [Exeter Mus.].’

G
lyphioceras Beyrichianum
(de Koninck).

1843.
Goniatites beyrichianus
L. G. de Koninck in J. J. d'Omalius
Foraminifera, Ostracoda, and Parasitic Fungi from the Kainozoic Limestones of Cyrenaica
Authors: Chapman Frederick
Published: October 2009

T
he
following report is based on specimens collected by Prof. J. W. Gregory in Cyrenaica. The principal localities whence the samples came are Derna on the coast, a camp about 5 miles west of Derna, and Ain Sciahat, the site of the ancient city of Cyrene, which is about 2000 feet above sea-level. The specimens range in age from Middle or Lower Eocene to Pleistocene.

Previous Literature.

The only necessary reference to literature is the following extract from the late Prof. T. Rupert Jones's ‘Catalogue of Fossil Foraminifera in the British Museum’ (1882, p. 45):—

Nummulites perforata.
Marsa Susa, the ancient port of Cyrene. From strata younger than the Nummulitic bed of Crete referred to further on [p. 48]. Collected by Admiral Spratt.

Details of the Rock-Samples.

Derna.

The specimens from Derna include a consolidated beach-sand with some molluscan shells. This rock is mainly composed of small rolled shell-fragments, which have been cemented by carbonate of lime into a fairly coherent rock.

Horizon.—Pleistocene.

Two specimens collected from the Wadi Derna near the town are pink or cream-coloured nummulitic limestones, having the nummulites exquisitely preserved, and showing the structure in median sections in a most striking manner. Most of the chambers of these discoidal foraminifera are empty, and the septation is thus clearly shown up to the centre of the test. These nummulites vary from 1.5 to 4 millimetres in diameter. The surface is distinctly striate. The central chamber is a megasphere, and in full-sized individuals there are about five whorls
Geology of a Part of Costa Rica
Authors: Romanes James
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

At the suggestion of Mr. W. J. Le Lacheur, F.G.S., and Dr. J. E. Marr, F.R.S., and assisted by a grant from the Worts Fund, I undertook at the beginning of the year 1910 a journey to Costa Rica, with the view of studying the geology of parts of that country. Most of the time was spent on the Pacific slope, on which even less work of a detailed nature seems to have been done than on the Atlantic side. Towards the end of my visit I was able to devote a short time to certain parts of the Atlantic slope: unfortunately the box containing all the most important specimens from that area was lost in transit. The present paper, therefore, deals principally with the country lying to the west of San José, down to the Gulf of Nicoya.

In a region comparatively so little known geologically, and of which the maps are on a very small scale and not altogether reliable, detailed work in the three months which I had at my disposal was out of the question. Therefore, the account of my work which follows is not meant to represent any completed investigation, but simply a description of the formations and exposures met with, published in the hope that it may prove of use to future workers. I trust at some later date to be able to publish a more complete account of the palæontology of the fossiliferous deposits than appears in this paper, and to
The Keuper Marls Around Charnwood
Authors: Bosworth Thomas Owen
Published: October 2009

Investigation on the Keuper Marls during the past seven years has been the subject of various papers by the author, read before the Leicester Literary & Philosophical Society, the British Association (1907), and finally before the Geological Society (1910).

As the complete work is being published in book form, only a brief abstract is given in these pages.

The area under consideration—about 300 square miles in extent—is situate on the eastern edge of the central plain of England, and the greater part of it is within from 150 to 350 feet of sea-level.

Rising sharply in this plain are the hills of Charnwood, formed of pre-Cambrian rocks, peeping up through the mantle of Keuper Marls, by which they were doubtless once completely covered.

The Marls are now found on the flanks of all these hills, and are seen in the quarries at Bardon Hill resting on the old rocks at 810 feet above O.D. and in joint-cracks up to within 32 feet of the summit (912 feet above O.D.), which is the highest point in Charnwood. As has been shown by Prof. W.W. Watts, denudation of the soft Marl cover is gradually revealing the pre-Triassic land-surface almost intact.

In this paper are described some of the details of the old rock-surface found beneath Keuper Marl in the quarries.

Generally, the quarries have been opened in the tops of the buried or almost buried hills; and as usually the extension of a quarry on each occasion is carried on in the
Two Species of Paradoxides from Neve's Castle (Shropshire)
Authors: Cobbold Edgar Sterling
Published: October 2009

A
number
of trilobites, collected for H.M. Geological Survey by Mr. T. Rhodes in 1892 from Neve's Castle and Comley (Shropshire) have been submitted to me for study and identification by Prof. Charles Lapworth, under whose direction they were obtained.

Among these are two species of
Paradoxides
, from a dark flaggy limestone at Neve's Castle, that seem of special interest as representing forms well known elsewhere, but not hitherto noted from Shropshire.

The material available for description consists of a number of fragments of head-shields, several free cheeks and pleuræ, a few hypostomas and two pygidia. Almost every specimen has been subjected to a certain amount of distortion, and some have been crushed to a mosaic of small pieces, so that the natural convexity is lost. But the specimens are otherwise beautifully preserved; the tests, where unweathered, are intensely black, and show the delicate surface-characters excellently.

Paradoxides bohemicus Bœck, var. Salopiensis, nov. (Pl. IV,. figs. 6–17.)

J. de Barrande, ‘Syst. Silur. Bohême’ vol. i (1852) p. 367 & pl. x.

The fragments on which this variety is founded, taken together, indicate a close agreement with Barrande's description and figures, and with some Bohemian specimens which, through the kindness of the Keeper of the Geological Department of the British Museum (Natural History), I have had the opportunity of studying. There are, however, the following divergences, which are constant:—

(1)

The eye-lobe is proportionately longer.

(2)

The posterior branch of the facial suture is concurrently shorter, and
On the Genus
Aulophyllum
Authors: Smith Stanley
Published: October 2009

Aulophyllum
occurs in the higher horizons (the
Dibunophyllum
Zone) of the Lower Carboniferous of Great Britain, and is particularly abundant in Scotland and the North of England. Mr. J. A. Douglas has recorded ‘
Cyclophyllum
sp.’ from the Carboniferous Limestone (D) of County Clare (Ireland), and Dr. A. Vaughan ‘Cyclophylla’ from the equivalent horizon at Visé (Belgium); while Kunth reported its occurrence at Hausdorf, near Glatz, on the south-western border of Silesia. Mr. R. G. Carruthers has described a specimen from Novaya Zemlya, which proved its existence at as high a latitude as 70° 49′ N. Dr. G. H. Girty, on the other hand, believes that the genus has not been recorded from the United States.

The corals studied were partly collected by myself, but for a large portion of the material I am indebted to the generosity of Mr. John Bishop, Mr. R. G. Carruthers, Mr. John Dunn, Prof. E. J. Garwood, Dr. W. T. Gordon, Mr. Leonard Gill, Mr. Thomas Herdman, Dr. Wheelton Hind, Mr. W. B. R. King, Dr. F. L. Kitchin, Mr. A. F. Sandys, Dr. T. F. Sibly, Mr. C. T. Trechmann, Dr. Arthur Vaughan, Mr. F. H. Walker, Mr. Geoffrey Weyman, and Dr. Albert Wilmore.

The preparation of material, its examination, and the literary research have been carried out at the Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge; and I take this opportunity of expressing my thanks to Prof. T. McKenny Hughes, F.R.S., for these privileges and for the kindly interest that he has shown in my work.

My
A Contribution to our Knowledge of Wealden Floras, with especial reference to a Collection of Plants from Sussex
Authors: Seward Albert Charles
Published: October 2009

I. Introductory Remarks

I
n
November of last year (1911) Mr. Charles Dawson, F.S.A., F.G.S., submitted to me for examination a small collection of plants obtained by him, with the able assistance of Father Teilhard do Chardin and Father Felix Pelletier, from the Wealden Beds of Sussex, for the most part from the neighbourhood of Fairlight. Several of the specimens, although specifically identical with previously recorded types, are better preserved or larger than any hitherto found, and furnish new facts of importance. The collection includes also several new species. In accordance with Mr. Dawson's wish, the specimens have been handed to Dr. Smith Woodward as a gift to the Geological Department of the British Museum (Natural History). With the exception of the example of
Sagenopteris mantelli
shown in Pl. XI, fig. 3, which is from the Ashdown Sands, the fossils in the Dawson Collection were obtained from the Fairlight Clay.

In the descriptive section of this paper are included a few specimens from the Rufford Collection (collected at Ecclesbourne, near Hastings), acquired by the Museum subsequent to the publication of the Catalogue of Wealden Plants.

II. Description of the Specimens.

Equisetales.

Equisetites lyelli
(Mant.). (Pl. XI, figs. 1
a
& 1
b
.)

(Near Fairlight, Wadhurst Clay; Dawson Collection.)

1833. Mantell, ‘Geology of the South-East of England’ p. 245 & figs. 1–3.

The specimen represented in Pl. XI, fig. 1
a
, though smaller than some previously figured from the Wealden Beds of Sussex, exhibits certain features worthy of notice. The incomplete internode
VII. Notes on the Stratigraphy of the Marske Quarry
Authors: Lane George John
Published: October 2009

A range of elevated ground starts from the sea-coast in the lofty cliffs of Huntcliff and Boulby, and, striking westwards, divides into two lines: the northern forming the outlying hills of Upleathan and Eston, the southern passing to the south of the great inlet in which the town of Guisborough lies, where it forms that part of the Cleveland Hills known as Guisborough Moor.

The Marske Quarry is situated on the northern face of the Upleatham Outlier, about a mile from the village of Marske-by-the-Sea. The quarry has not been worked for the last twenty years, and parts of it are inaccessible through fallen rubbish. Its altitude above sea-level is 500 feet.

The complete succession of the Lower Oolites in Yorkshire tabulated by Fox-Strangways is as follows, in descending order:—

Cornbrash.

Upper Estuarine Series.

Grey Limestone Series.

Middle Estuarine Series.

Millepore Bed.

Lower Estuarine Series, with Ellerbeck Bed.

The sequence of the beds in the Marske Quarry, from careful measurements taken of the best-exposed section, is as follows:—

Beneath this lowermost bed lies the Dogger. This latter deposit, so useful for demarcation between the Lias and the Oolite in North-East Yorkshire, is not exposed in the quarry, but crops out beneath the sandstone on the flanks of the Upleatham Outlier. The geological hoziron of the Marske Quarry may therefore be fixed as the Lower Oolite, and as belonging to the Lower Estuarine Series
On the Skeleton of
Ornithodesmus latidens
; an Ornithosaur from the Wealden Shales of Atherfield (Isle of Wight)
Authors: Hooley Reginald Walter
Published: October 2009

T
he
late Rev. W. D. Fox, of Brighstone (Isle of Wight), discovered in the Wealden Beds of Brook in that island many associated ornithosaurian bones. These were acquired by the Trustees of the British Museum in 1882, when they purchased his important collection. They are numbered R/176, and classified by Mr. R. Lydekker under
Ornithocheirus nobilis
(Owen) as ‘not improbably belonging to this species.’ In 1888 the hinder portion of the skull was shown by Mr. Lykedder to Mr. E. T. Newton, at the time when the latter was preparing his paper on
Scaphognathus purdoni
; and Dr. Henry Woodward permitted it to be bisected longitudinally, so that Mr. Newton was enabled to describe the form of the brain. No other reference appears to have been made to the fossil until 1901, when the late Prof. H. G. Seeley referred to it in his ‘Dragons of the Air’ (pp. 173–74), under the name of
Ornithodesmus latidens
, and thus it became the type of that genus. Judging from particulars there given, one would surmise that a much greater portion of the skeleton once existed. At the present time the hinder part of the cranium is the only moiety of the skull to be found; but Dr. A Smith Woodward informs me that he has heard a tradition that Fox had originally the jaws of this specimen, and that they were lost before the collection came into the possession of the British Museum.

I purpose giving details of the bones comprised in B.M.
Certain Upper Jurassic Strata of England
Authors: Salfeld Hans
Published: October 2009

B
y
combining the evidence of a number of sections in England and near Boulogne-sur-Mer I have succeeded in establishing a normal succession of zones in the Oxfordian, Kimmeridgian, and Portlandian rocks, using these terms according to the German and French classifications. Dispensing with A. d'Orbigny's separate stage of the Corallian, I agree with Oppel in extending the ‘Oxfordian’ stage up to the ‘Kimmeridge’ the lowest zone of which, in accordance with the view of H. Douvillé, A. de Lapparent, and E. Haug, I recognize to be that characterized by
Pictonia baylei
, sp. nov. (=
Pictonia cymodoce
Bayle, Tornquist, and others, non
Ammonites cymodoce
d'Orbigny). Further, I divide the Oxfordian into two portions: the lower chiefly yields
Cardiocerata
of the groups of
cordatum
and
tenuicostatum
, ending above with the zone of
Perisphinctes martelli
Oppel sp. and
P. biplex
de Loriol (
Ammonites mantelli
auctt., non
A. biplex
Sow.); the upper comprises the following zones in ascending order:—(1) Zone with
Perisphinctes wartœ
Bukowski,
Cardioceras (Amœboceras) alternans
von Buch sp. and allied species; (2) Zone with
Perisphinctes decipiens
J. Sow. sp.,
P. achilles
d'Orb. sp., and
Cardioceras (Amœoceras) serratum
J. Sow. sp.; (3) Zone with
Ringsteadia
[gen. nov.]
pseudocordatus
Blake sp. (=
Ammonites mutabilis
Damon,
Proplanulites mutabilis
R. Douvillé, non
A. mutabilis
J. de C. Sow.) and other species of this new genus.

The Kimmeridgian in the German and French sense would comprise the following zones, taken in ascending order:—(1) Zone with
Pictonia baylei
sp. nov. and other species of
Pictonia
; (2) Zone with
Rasenia
[gen.
On the Halesowen Sandstone Series of the South Staffordshire Coalfield, and the Petrified Wood found therein at the Witley Colliery, Halesowen (Worcestershire)
Authors: Kay Henry
Published: October 2009

T
he
present paper deals with the higher beds of the Coal Measures, as developed in the South Staffordshire Coalfield. The generally accepted subdivision of the Upper Carboniferous rocks in this coalfield is:—

(4)

Keele Series = Lower Permian.

(3)

Halesowen Sandstone Series.

(2)

Red Coal-Measures Clays or Old-Hill Marls.

(1)

Productive Measures.

The object of the present communication is to described in greater detail than has yet been attempted the Halesowen Sandstone Series, and more especially its relationship to the Keele Series above, and the Red Coal-Measures Clays below. Special attention to the Halesowen rocks has been stimulated by the fine natural exposures elsewhere (as shown in the sequel), and by the further discovery of the remarkable petrified wood found at Whitley.

The paper is not an exhaustive account of the strata descibed, but merely an attempt to throw light upon a hitherto neglected subject.

I am indebted to Prof. Charles Lapworth for much encouragement in my work, and to Dr. Walcot Gibson for valuable suggestions. I am particularly indebted to Dr. E. A. Newell Arber for his scientific description of the petrified wood, and for the assistance that he has given in regard to the arrangement of the paper. I would also return my thanks to Mr. W. H. Foxall, the Hon. Secretary of the Birmingham Natural History & Philosophical Society, for photographs and for assistance in the field; and to Mr. Jew, the Manager of Witley
On a Group of Metamorphosed Sediments situated between Machakos and Lake Magadi in British East Africa
Authors: Parkinson John
Published: October 2009

In the latter half of 1911, I had the opportunity of examining a group of crystalline rocks situated immediately below the southern edge of the great lava-plateau of the Kapiti Plains, and embracing many varieties of reconstructed sediments, from quartz-schists to highly crystalline marbles. Scattered outcrops of similar rocks have been described by Mr. Maufe from other localities in the Protectorate. The rocks here described were found in approximately lat. 2° S. and long. 37° E., and, so far as I was able to follow them, form the ground drained by the headwaters of the Turoka River, a designation which I think might well be applied to the group, as the name is one of the few found on the usual maps-of the district, and is likely in the future to become more widely known as an important station on the Magadi Branch Railway. The section to which I desire to draw attention is found on the right bank of a stream immediately south of the old ‘safari’ route to the Lake, about a couple of miles above the site of Turoka Station.

In apparent ascending order, the following rocks are met with:—

(1)

At the base, a hornblende-schist, of which about 3 feet 5 inches is visible. A thin section of this rock shows large irregular plates of the common green hornblende, contained in a rather granular mosaic of water-clear plagioclase and quartz. The felspar is often untwinned, and commonly exhibits graduated zoning. In one part of the slide
Geological Sections through the Andes of Peru and Bolivia: I—From the Coast at Arica in the North of Chile to La Paz and the Bolivian ‘Yungas’
Authors: Douglas James Archibald
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

This paper deals with the geological structure of a part of the South American Andes, as illustrated by a horizontal section drawn from the port of Arica in the extreme north of Chile (formerly Peruvian territory), across the mountain-ranges or ‘Cordilleras,’ to the ‘Montaña,’ or forested region of the Amazon basin, known as the Bolivian Yungas. It is the partial result of two years' geological exploration in Peru, undertaken on behalf of Mr. W. E. Balston, F.G.S., who, being impressed during his travels by the geological features of the country, was good enough to send me out for the Oxford University Museum to study them in greater detail. I was accompanied for fifteen months by Mr. J. R. Thomas of Montana (U.S.A.), who, after his valuable help in the field, I much regret, has been unable to assist me further in the study and publication of our results.

At Mr. Balston's suggestion, we commenced work in the south of the district, following the route of the new Arica-La Paz railway, which at the time of our visit was in course of construction. Unfortunately, the line passes for the greater part of its length over igneous rocks and barren sediments, furnishing little in the way of palæontological evidence, and thus compares somewhat unfavourably with the more fossiliferous sections of our northern traverses. This southern section, however, has a particular interest on account of its historical associations, since it is practically coincident with a section first described in 1842 by
The Ordovician and Silurian Rocks of the Lough Nafooey Area (County Galway)
Authors: Gardiner Charles Irving , Reynolds Sidney Hugh
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

The area with which this paper deals is a direct continuation of the Kilbride area (described by us in 1912), from which it is only separated by the Finny River. It forms a tract measuring about 4 miles in length, and about a mile and a half in width. It is bounded on the north by Lough Nafooey, on the north-east by the Finny River, and on the south-east by the inlet of Lough Mask known as Kilbride Bay. On the south and west the boundaries are not determined by any well-marked features.

Geographically the area forms a ridge, rising to its highest points in the hills known as Curraghrevagh (1615 feet) and Benbeg (1788 feet). There is a steep northward descent from this lofty ridge to Lough Nafooey, while the southern descent is more gradual. A second and lower ridge diverges from the main one to the south of Red Island (see map, Pl. XVII), and extends north-eastwards towards the Finny River. Between these two ridges is a valley occupied by two streams, which join and flow into the Finny River: we propose to call this Two-Stream Valley.

Little has been written about this area, the only detailed account being in the Memoir of the Geological Survey of Ireland to accompany Sheet 94, published in 1878; but references to it are to be found in the Summary of Progress of the Geological Survey for 1896, p. 49.

The published map of the district shows a stretch of
The Miocene Beds of the Victoria Nyanza and the Geology of the Country between the Lake and the Kisii Highlands
Authors: Oswald Felix
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

In the winter of 1911 I undertook a journey to the Victoria Nyanza on behalf of the British Museum, in order to investigate some beds of Miocene age, discovered in 1909 by Mr. G. R. Chesnaye while prospecting near Karungu on the eastern coast of the lake. He discovered fragments of bones and of Chelonian carapaces in low cliffs capped with basalt, situated a few miles to the southeast of Karungu. Mr. C. W. Hobley, C.M.G., H.M. Provincial Commissioner, who has made important researches in the natural history and anthropology of British East Africa, immediately realized the significance and importance of the discovery, and induced the late Mr. D. B. Pigott, a Government official, to undertake a search for further specimens. As the result of his efforts, he forwarded to Mr. Hobley a portion of the left ramus of the mandible, some teeth, and the patella and calcaneum of a
Dinotherium
, together with fragmentary remains indicating the presence of a small Rhinoceros (
Aceratherium
),
Trionyx
,
Testudo
, and some Crocodilian remains.

Mr. Hobley presented these fossils to the British Museum, and Dr. C. W. Andrews, F.R.S., described and figured the remains of the
Dinotherium
, which he named
D. hobleyi
, in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society for 1911 (pp. 943–45 & pl. xlviii), regarding the species as very similar to
D. cuvieri
Kaup, of the Lower and Middle Miocene of France, especially characteristic of the Burdigalian horizon.

Unfortunately, nothing was known of the circumstances of the discovery, for Mr. Pigott
Appendix II. On the Lower Miocene Vertebrates from British East Africa, collected by Dr. Felix Oswald
Authors: Andrews Charles William
Published: October 2009

In this paper it is proposed to describe the vertebrate remains collected by Dr. Oswald from beds of Lower Miocene age in the neighbourhood of Karungu, near the eastern shore of the Victoria Nyanza. Some other specimens of late Pliocene or Pleistocene age will be described elsewhere.

The beds from which the Miocene vertebrates were collected appear to form part of the deposits of the delta of an old river, flowing into the lake at a time when its surface was considerably above its present level. These deposits are described in detail in Dr. Oswald's paper.

The mammalian fauna includes: Proboscidea, especially
Dinotherium hobleyi
, previously described from the same locality; Artiodactyls, represented mainly by Anthracotheres ; Perissodactyls, represented by a Rhinoceros ; a small Hyracoid of peculiar character; a Rodent; and a feline Carnivore. The Reptilia are represented by Chelonians, including a new species of
Cycloderma
, a gigantic species of
Testudo
(also new), and a species of
Podocnemis
; by Crocodiles of several types, including probably a species of
Pristichampsa
, a genus previously known only from the Eocene of France. Fishes are represented by a few vertebræ and teeth, including one of a species of
Protopterus
.

The general character of the fauna indicates that the age of the deposits is probably Lower Miocene (Burdigalien) and that it was contemporary with the faunas of the Sables de l'Orléanais and of Moghara, and probably also with the recently-discovered fauna of the Bugti Hills in British Baluchistan. In all these localities Anthracotheres of similar
Appendix III. On some Non-Marine Molluscan Remains from the Victoria Nyanza Region, associated with Miocene Vertebrates
Authors: Newton Richard Bullen
Published: October 2009

Introduction.

The material on which this communication is based was obtained by Dr. Felix Oswald from a series of fluvio-lacustrine deposits occurring at Nira, Kachuku, and Kikongo, which are situated east of Karungu Bay, and therefore near the north-eastern corner of the Victoria Nyanza, the furthest-removed locality from the lake-margin being Kikongo, which is distant some 5 or 6 miles.

From geological observations made at these places, Dr. Oswald was able to construct a vertical section showing that the rock-succession was divisible into thirty-seven beds of variable thicknesses, which, when added together, amounted to a total thickness of about 160 feet. Speaking generally, the mollusca were found throughout the deposits, and often in association with a small species of
Dinotherium
, and Chelonian, Crocodilian, and other vertebrate remains. The most valuable of these fossils was the
Dinotherium
, because it unmistakably indicated that the deposits containing it might be referred to the Burdigalian stage of the Miocene Period. Stratigraphically, then, this was an important result; but it had been arrived at previously to the ‘Oswald’ expedition by Dr. C. W. Andrews, F.R.S., who reported on similar
Dinotherium
remains from the same area, which had been collected by the late Mr. D. B. Pigott, and were afterwards presented to the British Museum by Mr. C. W. Hobley, C.M.G., one of the Commissioners for British East Africa. From a fragmentary mandible with teeth
in situ
, Dr. Andrews was enabled to recognize a new species of this genus, figuring and describing it as
D. hobleyi
,
Acid and Intermediate Intrusions and Associated Ash-Necks in the Neighbourhood of Melrose (Roxburghshire)
Authors: McRobert Rachel Workman
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

The igneous rocks under consideration fall within an area about 7 miles square, included in Sheet 25 of the Geological Survey's 1-inch map of Scotland.

It is generally believed that they date from a late period in the history of the ‘Plateau Eruptions’ of Calciferous Sandstone times, and correspond with the trachytic lavas and intrusions of the Garleton Hill district (East Lothian), and with the similar intrusions in the Campsie and Renfrewshire hills. The only new evidence obtained, bearing upon this suggestion, weakens rather than supports it: a small neck, the Little Hill, including ash and plugged by basalts of two types, has been found within the Eildon complex of felsitic and trachytic rocks, and is almost certainly of subsequent origin. But it should be borne in mind that the admittedly-late felsitic and trachytic intrusions of the Campsie Fells are in certain cases cut by still later basalts. The restricted area over which acid rocks of this suite extend in the various districts of Scotland in which they occur is partly due to extreme denudation, and partly to the viscous character of their magma. Only in the Garleton Hills are extensive lavaflows preserved. It seems fairly certain to me that Dr. Peach is right in regarding none of the Melrose rocks as lavas, although the evidence does not altogether exclude the possibility of lavas entering into the Eildon complex.

The rocks may be grouped, according to their field-relations, as follows :—

Laccolites and sills.—White Hill; Black Hill; Bemerside;