bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dryden as Translator
Authors: Hopkins David
Published: March 2015

Dryden’s verse translations, mostly of classical poets and composed in the last two decades of his life, were once thought to have crowned his literary career but are now neglected by students of both English and classical literature. This article offers a defense of Dryden’s achievement as a translator and argues that in his best versions Dryden simultaneously brings his own deepest concerns to bear on his originals and offers uniquely revelatory insights into them. His translations thus combine discerning critical judgement with the engaged creativity of great poetic art.
Latin Didactic, Scientific, and Technical Literature
Authors: Roby Courtney
Published: March 2015

Roman authors developed a rich and creative literature in Latin on a wide range of scientific and technical subjects, intended for a variety of readerships and spanning many different genres, including didactic poetry, as well as technical prose. This essay discusses literature in Latin that sought to illuminate the natural world for its readers or instruct them in manipulating it. Particular focus is placed on the problems of identifying and classifying these varieties of literature and their relationship to other literary genres; their structure, language, and style; and their engagements with Greek technical literature. The literary traditions of individual disciplines (e.g., agriculture, architecture, astronomy, and surveying) are examined as case studies of broad patterns in literary developments including the building of technical vocabularies, the choice of poetry and prose, and the degree of organization of the text.
Philology and Greek Literature
Authors: Gurd Sean
Published: March 2015

This essay provides an overview of the recent revival of interest in philology (a discipline in which both textual criticism and interpretation are at home). Although Greek and Latin have long been central to philological practice, this has changed, and a new renaissance in philology is emerging in the modern languages and comparative literature. Nonetheless, it is clear that this new, global, and comparative philology owes much to Greek philology, just as Greek philology may in turn learn much from it. After suggesting that philology today includes both textual scholarship and interpretation (this is slightly controversial), I turn to philology’s tendency to take place behind the scenes, then to its role as the site of literature; its inevitably self-critical procedures; its commitment to the concrete; and, finally, its use of figural rhetoric to generate meaning.
Bodies, Boundaries, and Belonging in the Book of Esther
Authors: Wetter Anne-Mareike
Published: March 2015

The first and most important premise for the reading of the book of Esther proposed in this chapter is to construe it as a product of Diaspora Judaism. Concepts from postcolonial studies and ritual theory (specifically ritualization) are employed in order to highlight the struggle of the “Jews” in the narrative to maintain their religious and ethnic identity vis-à-vis “others” from within and without. Thus, an image of the text as a subtle but pervasive web of intertextual hints arises, in which meaning is as hidden as God is throughout the narrative. The reading is supplemented by insights from gender studies, approaching the various interactions between male and female protagonists not simply as the struggle between the sexes, but more broadly, as a means of identification, representation, and embodiment for the suppressed or marginalized group as a whole.
The Trentepohliales (Ulvophyceae, Chlorophyta): An Unusual Algal Order and its Novel Plant Pathogen—Cephaleuros
Authors: Brooks Fred , Rindi Fabio , Suto Yasuo , Ohtani Shuji , Green Mark
Published: March 2015

Most plant pathologists know certain algae can be used as gelling agents in culture media. Pathologists practicing in tropical or subtropical environments also know that some algae damage plants. The five genera in the order Trentepohliales (Chlorophyta) are unique and fascinating. Among other characteristics, they are subaerial, bright orange to red in color, and one genus, Cephaleuros, is a plant pathogen while another, Stomatochroon, is a space parasite. Cephaleuros causes algal spot and includes 17 accepted species. Of these, 13 develop between the cuticle and the epidermis of their hosts and four grow intercellularly. The latter are especially damaging, causing chlorosis and branch dieback. Zoospores and gametes germinate on plant surfaces during the rainy season and probably penetrate through breaks in the host cuticle. Their filamentous growth forms thalli that produce sporangiophores and spherical gametangia the following year. Several species of Cephaleuros have a broad host range and though their damage is usually superficial, it can be economically important on certain crops. Plant stress is the greatest predisposing factor to this algal disease. Management includes providing plants with sufficient moisture and nutrients, modifying cultural and harvesting practices, and planting resistant cultivars when available.
The Incessant Battle Against Fire Blight in Pears: 30 Years of Challenges and Successes in Managing the Disease in Israel
Authors: Shtienberg Dani , Manulis-Sasson Shulamit , Zilberstaine Miriam , Oppenheim Dov , Shwartz Hagai
Published: March 2015

Fire blight, caused by the bacterium Erwinia amylovora, is the most destructive disease of pears and other pome fruit trees worldwide. The disease was first detected in Israel in 1985, and in the 30 years since, the intensity of fire blight epidemics has varied markedly. During this time, there were two national pandemics: the first between 1994 and 1996 and the second in 2010. In both cases, it was feared that the Israeli pear industry would not recover. National efforts were devoted to combat the problem and after both pandemics the industry survived. In this paper we indicate some unique characteristics that play a crucial role in the epidemiology of the disease under Israeli conditions. We then describe the continual struggle of the Israeli pear industry with fire blight over the last 30 years, elaborating on the two national pandemics and the efforts devoted to cope with them. Finally, we summarize the conclusions derived from our local experience and present our future perspectives regarding fire blight management. The take-home message of the Israeli fire blight story is that the battle against this hazardous disease is neverending. In some years, growers are able to adequately suppress the disease; in others, the pathogen overcomes management efforts and severe outbreaks occur. The latter could be minimized if growers have a full understanding of the management protocols suitable for the conditions and applied them rigorously.
Disease Risk, Spatial Patterns, and Incidence-Severity Relationships of Fusarium Head Blight in No-till Spring Wheat Following Maize or Soybean
Authors: Spolti Pierri , Shah Denis A. , Fernandes José Maurício C. , Bergstrom Gary C. , Del Ponte Emerson M.
Published: March 2015

The first large-scale survey of Fusarium head blight (FHB) in commercial wheat fields in southern Brazil was conducted over three years (2009 to 2011). The objectives were to: (i) evaluate whether increased FHB risk is associated with within-field maize residue; (ii) determine the spatial pattern of FHB incidence; and (iii) quantify the relationship between FHB incidence and severity. FHB was assessed in a total of 160 fields between early milk and dough. Incidence ranged from 1.0 to 89.9% (median = 25%) and severity from 0.02 to 18.6% (median = 1.3%). FHB risk was neither lower nor higher in wheat following maize than in wheat following soybean. Only 18% of fields were classified as having aggregated patterns of FHB-symptomatic spikes. A binary power law description of the variances was consistent with an overall random pattern of the disease. These results conform with the hypothesis that FHB epidemics in southern Brazil are driven by sufficient atmospherically-transported inoculum from regional sources. The incidence-severity relationship was coherent across growing season, growth stage, and previous crop; one common fitted curve described the relationship across all observations. Estimating severity from incidence may be useful in reducing the workload in epidemiological surveys.
The Multi-Resistant Reaction of Drought-Tolerant Coffee ‘Conilon Clone 14’ toMeloidogynespp. and Late Hypersensitive-Like Response inCoffea canephora
Authors: Lima Edriana A. , Furlanetto Cleber , Nicole Michel , Gomes Ana C. M. M. , Almeida Maria R. A. , Jorge-Júnior Aldemiro , Correa Valdir R. , Salgado Sônia Maria , Ferrão Maria A. G. , Carneiro Regina M. D. G.
Published: March 2015

Root-knot nematodes (RKN), Meloidogyne spp., have major economic impact on coffee production in Central and South America. Genetic control of RKN constitutes an essential part for integrated pest management strategy. The objective of this study was to evaluate the resistance of Coffea canephora genotypes (clones) to Meloidogyne spp. Sensitive and drought-tolerant coffee genotypes were used to infer their resistance using nematode reproduction factor and histopathology. Eight clonal genotypes were highly resistant to M. paranaensis. ‘Clone 14’ (drought-tolerant) and ‘ESN2010-04’ were the only genotypes highly resistant and moderately resistant, respectively, to both M. incognita races 3 and 1. Several clones were highly resistant to both avirulent and virulent M. exigua. Clone 14 and ESN2010-04 showed multiple resistance to major RKNs tested. Roots of ‘clone 14’ (resistant) and ‘clone 22’ (susceptible) were histologically studied against infection by M. incognita race 3 and M. paranaensis. Reduction of juvenile (J2) penetration in clone 14 was first seen at 2 to 6 days after inoculation (DAI). Apparent early hypersensitive reaction (HR) was seen in root cortex between 4 and 6 DAI, which led to cell death and prevention of some nematode development. At 12 to 20 DAI, giant cells formed in the vascular cylinder, besides normal development into J3/J4. From 32 to 45 DAI, giant cells were completely degenerated. Late, intense HR and cell death were frequently observed around young females and giant cells reported for the first time in coffee pathosystem. These results provide rational bases for future studies, including prospection, characterization, and expression profiling of genomic loci involved in both drought tolerance and resistance to multiple RKN species.
Xylella fastidiosa Isolates from Both subsp. multiplex and fastidiosa Cause Disease on Southern Highbush Blueberry (Vaccinium sp.) Under Greenhouse Conditions
Authors: Oliver J. E. , Cobine P. A. , De La Fuente L.
Published: March 2015

Xylella fastidiosa is a xylem-limited gram-negative plant pathogen that affects numerous crop species, including grape, citrus, peach, pecan, and almond. Recently, X. fastidiosa has also been found to be the cause of bacterial leaf scorch on blueberry in the southeastern United States. Thus far, all X. fastidiosa isolates obtained from infected blueberry have been classified as X. fastidiosa subsp. multiplex; however, X. fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa isolates are also present in the southeastern United States and commonly cause Pierce’s disease of grapevines. In this study, seven southeastern U.S. isolates of X. fastidiosa, including three X. fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa isolates from grape, one X. fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa isolate from elderberry, and three X. fastidiosa subsp. multiplex isolates from blueberry, were used to infect the southern highbush blueberry ‘Rebel’. Following inoculation, all isolates colonized blueberry, and isolates from both X. fastidiosa subsp. multiplex and X. fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa caused symptoms, including characteristic stem yellowing and leaf scorch symptoms as well as dieback of the stem tips. Two X. fastidiosa subsp. multiplex isolates from blueberry caused more severe symptoms than the other isolates examined, and infection with these two isolates also had a significant impact on host mineral nutrient content in sap and leaves. These findings have potential implications for understanding X. fastidiosa host adaptation and expansion and the development of emerging diseases caused by this bacterium.
Patient expectations of emergency hospital admission: a cross-sectional questionnaire survey
Authors: Whyte Erin , Goodacre Steve
Published: March 2015

Objectives

Emergency admissions are rising, but little is known about the patient perspective. We aimed to explore the views of patients assessed for admission in terms of (i) whether they expected to be admitted, (ii) the comfort, convenience and safety of admission and (iii) whether satisfaction with care was influenced by expectations of admission being met.

Patients and methods

We undertook a cross-sectional survey of 200 patients who arrived by emergency ambulance and were assessed for the need for admission. Patients completed a questionnaire that recorded their expectations of hospital admission before a decision was made to admit or discharge and their satisfaction with the decision when it was made.

Results

The study population was 63% (127/200) female, with a mean age of 61 years. Around 45 of 200 (22.5%) patients expected themselves to be admitted, whereas 85/200 (42.5%) were actually admitted. Responses indicated that 74.5% [95% confidence interval (CI) 68.0–80.0%] agreed or strongly agreed that they felt safer in hospital than at home, 47.5% (95% CI 40.7–54.4%) felt more comfortable in hospital and 86.0% (95% CI 81.1–90.6%) agreed that it would be easier to provide treatment for them if they were admitted. We found no evidence of an association between patient satisfaction and expectations being met in those expecting admission (P=0.301) or expecting discharge home (P=0.885).

Conclusion

Most patients being assessed for admission do not expect to be admitted, but most report positive views about the safety, comfort and convenience of hospital admission. We found no evidence of reduced satisfaction if expectations about admission are not met.
Individualized rescuer change by a team leader during uninterrupted cardiopulmonary resuscitation: comparison with rescuer change in 2-min intervals
Authors: Shin Dong Hyuk , Cho Jun Hwi , Park Sang O
Published: March 2015

Objective

Currently recommended cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) guidelines to change rescuers in 2-min intervals do not consider the differences in the physical capability of individual rescuers. We compared the quality of chest compressions between the conventional rescuer rotation method (RC2, rescuers changed in 2-min intervals) and the novel rescuer rotation method (RCL, rescuers changed by a team leader’s decision on the basis of gross assessment of the quality of chest compression).

Methods

Ninety-six rescuers (48 pairs) were recruited and the sequence of the two-rescuer change methods (RC2 and RCL) was randomized. Forty-eight teams performed 8 min of uninterrupted two-rescuer CPR on a manikin with Skill-Reporter during two consecutive days (one method for each day).

Results

The RCL method achieved deeper compression depth (mm) (52.6±3.8 vs. 49.5±4.7, P=0.002) and a higher number of correct chest compressions per minute (96.3±41.2 vs. 77.6±52.7, P<0.0001) than the RC2 method. However, the RCL method showed a longer total interruption time (s) than the RC2 method (21.1±3.9 vs. 14.8±1.0, P<0.0001) during 8 min of uninterrupted CPR.

Conclusion

The quality of chest compression was better with RCL than the conventional RC2 method in terms of compression depth and proportions of correct compressions. RCL may be a practical alternative rescuer change strategy during uninterrupted chest compressions, especially when objective parameters to monitor the quality of chest compression are not readily available.
Residual deformations in ocular tissues
Authors: Wang Ruoya , Raykin Julia , Gleason Rudolph L. , Ethier C. Ross
Published: March 2015

Residual deformations strongly influence the local biomechanical environment in a number of connective tissues. The sclera is known to be biomechanically important in healthy and diseased eyes, such as in glaucoma. Here, we study the residual deformations of the sclera, as well as the adjacent choroid and retina. Using freshly harvested porcine eyes, we developed two approaches of quantifying residual deformations in the spherically shaped tissues of interest. The first consisted of punching discs from the posterior wall of the eye and quantifying the changes in the area and eccentricity of these samples. The second consisted of cutting a ring from the equatorial sclera and making stress-relieving cuts in it. Measurements of curvature were made before and after the stress-relieving cuts. Using the first approach, we observed a 42% areal contraction of the choroid, but only modest contractions of the sclera and retina. The observed contractions were asymmetric. In the second approach, we observed an opening of the scleral rings (approx. 10% decrease in curvature). We conclude that residual bending deformations are present in the sclera, which we speculate may be due to radially heterogeneous growth and remodelling of the tissue during normal development. Further, residual areal deformations present in the choroid may be due to the network of elastic fibres in this tissue and residual deformations in the constituent vascular bed. Future studies of ocular biomechanics should attempt to include effects of these residual deformations into mechanical models in order to gain a better understanding of the biomechanics of the ocular wall.
Selection on male sex pheromone composition contributes to butterfly reproductive isolation
Authors: Bacquet P. M. B. , Brattström O. , Wang H.-L. , Allen C. E. , Löfstedt C. , Brakefield P. M. , Nieberding C. M.
Published: March 2015

Selection can facilitate diversification by inducing character displacement in mate choice traits that reduce the probability of maladaptive mating between lineages. Although reproductive character displacement (RCD) has been demonstrated in two-taxa case studies, the frequency of this process in nature is still debated. Moreover, studies have focused primarily on visual and acoustic traits, despite the fact that chemical communication is probably the most common means of species recognition. Here, we showed in a large, mostly sympatric, butterfly genus, a strong pattern of recurrent RCD for predicted male sex pheromone composition, but not for visual mate choice traits. Our results suggest that RCD is not anecdotal, and that selection for divergence in male sex pheromone composition contributed to reproductive isolation within theBicyclusgenus. We propose that selection may target olfactory mate choice traits as a more common sensory modality to ensure reproductive isolation among diverging lineages than previously envisaged.
Subtropical mouse-tailed bats use geothermally heated caves for winter hibernation
Authors: Levin Eran , Plotnik Brit , Amichai Eran , Braulke Luzie J. , Landau Shmulik , Yom-Tov Yoram , Kronfeld-Schor Noga
Published: March 2015

We report that two species of mouse-tailed bats (Rhinopoma microphyllumandR. cystops) hibernate for five months during winter in geothermally heated caves with stable high temperature (20°C). While hibernating, these bats do not feed or drink, even on warm nights when other bat species are active. We used thermo-sensitive transmitters to measure the bats’ skin temperature in the natural hibernacula and open flow respirometry to measure torpid metabolic rate at different ambient temperatures (Ta, 16–35°C) and evaporative water loss (EWL) in the laboratory. Bats average skin temperature at the natural hibernacula was 21.7 ± 0.8°C, and no arousals were recorded. Both species reached the lowest metabolic rates around natural hibernacula temperatures (20°C, average of 0.14 ± 0.01 and 0.16 ± 0.04 ml O2g−1h−1forR. microphyllumandR. cystops, respectively) and aroused from torpor whenTafell below 16°C. During torpor the bats performed long apnoeas (14 ± 1.6 and 16 ± 1.5 min, respectively) and had a very low EWL. We hypothesize that the particular diet of these bats is an adaptation to hibernation at high temperatures and that caves featuring high temperature and humidity during winter enable these species to survive this season on the northern edge of their world distribution.
An out-of-body experience: the extracellular dimension for the transmission of mutualistic bacteria in insects
Authors: Salem Hassan , Florez Laura , Gerardo Nicole , Kaltenpoth Martin
Published: March 2015

Across animals and plants, numerous metabolic and defensive adaptations are a direct consequence of symbiotic associations with beneficial microbes. Explaining how these partnerships are maintained through evolutionary time remains one of the central challenges within the field of symbiosis research. While genome erosion and co-cladogenesis with the host are well-established features of symbionts exhibiting intracellular localization and transmission, the ecological and evolutionary consequences of an extracellular lifestyle have received little attention, despite a demonstrated prevalence and functional importance across many host taxa. Using insect–bacteria symbioses as a model, we highlight the diverse routes of extracellular symbiont transfer. Extracellular transmission routes are unified by the common ability of the bacterial partners to survive outside their hosts, thereby imposing different genomic, metabolic and morphological constraints than would be expected from a strictly intracellular lifestyle. We emphasize that the evolutionary implications of symbiont transmission routes (intracellular versus extracellular) do not necessarily correspond to those of the transmission mode (vertical versus horizontal), a distinction of vital significance when addressing the genomic and physiological consequences for both host and symbiont.
Cautionary tale of using 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values in identification of human-associated bacterial species
Authors: Rossi-Tamisier Morgane , Benamar Samia , Raoult Didier , Fournier Pierre-Edouard
Published: March 2015

Modern bacterial taxonomy is based on a polyphasic approach that combines phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, including 16S rRNA sequence similarity. However, the 95 % (for genus) and 98.7 % (for species) sequence similarity thresholds that are currently recommended to classify bacterial isolates were defined by comparison of a limited number of bacterial species, and may not apply to many genera that contain human-associated species. For each of 158 bacterial genera containing human-associated species, we computed pairwise sequence similarities between all species that have names with standing in nomenclature and then analysed the results, considering as abnormal any similarity value lower than 95 % or greater than 98.7 %. Many of the current bacterial species with validly published names do not respect the 95 and 98.7 % thresholds, with 57.1 % of species exhibiting 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity rates ≥98.7 %, and 60.1 % of genera containing species exhibiting a 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity rate <95 %. In only 17 of the 158 genera studied (10.8 %), all species respected the 95 and 98.7 % thresholds. As we need powerful and reliable taxonomical tools, and as potential new tools such as pan-genomics have not yet been fully evaluated for taxonomic purposes, we propose to use as thresholds, genus by genus, the minimum and maximum similarity values observed among species.
A matter of attention: Crossmodal congruence enhances and impairs performance in a novel trimodal matching paradigm
Authors: Misselhorn Jonas , Daume Jonathan , Engel Andreas K. , Friese Uwe
Published: March 2015

A novel crossmodal matching paradigm including vision, audition, and somatosensation was developed in order to investigate the interaction between attention and crossmodal congruence in multisensory integration. To that end, all three modalities were stimulated concurrently while a bimodal focus was defined blockwise. Congruence between stimulus intensity changes in the attended modalities had to be evaluated. We found that crossmodal congruence improved performance if both, the attended modalities and the task irrelevant distractor were congruent. If the attended modalities were incongruent, the distractor impaired performance due to its congruence relation to one of the attended modalities. Between attentional conditions, magnitudes of crossmodal enhancement or impairment differed. Largest crossmodal effects were seen in visual?tactile matching, intermediate effects for audio?visual and smallest effects for audio?tactile matching. We conclude that differences in crossmodal matching likely reflect characteristics of multisensory neural network architecture. We discuss our results with respect to the timing of perceptual processing and state hypotheses for future physiological studies. Finally, etiological questions are addressed.
War or the business of God
Authors: Banos Sanchez-Matamoros Juan , Funnell Warwick
Published: March 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to establish the importance of accounting in the management of Spanish military hospitals by the St John’s Order (SJO) of the Roman Catholic Church in the eighteenth century, a time of crisis between the Church and the State. The sacred mission of the Order required that they had a significant role outside the Roman Catholic Church in the care and treatment of the sick and infirm which required them to establish hospitals throughout Spain and across the lands that it had conquered. The study establishes that accounting played a key role in ensuring the success of the unconventional commercial relationship between the SJO and the government and the military.

Design/methodology/approach

– Niebuhr’s typology is used to help understand how accounting practices were consistent, indeed essential, expectations of the sacred mission of the SJO and not something which represented a denial of the Order’s religious beliefs. The paper relies primarily on documents and other material located in Spanish archives.

Findings

– The SJO accepted that secular accounting and accountability processes were relevant to their search for God’s love and to showing this love to others. The need for the Order to be accountable to the State was not regarded as profane and antithetical to their religious beliefs. Adopting Niebuhr’s typology of religion and society, this study concludes that the Order was an extraordinary example of Christ the transformer of the culture.

Originality/value

– This study recognises the need to deepen the understanding of the way in which accounting practices have often played a critical role in the activities of religious organisations by examining an extraordinary example of one organisation which was engaged in an unusual, ongoing, highly complex commercial relationship with the Spanish State.
Do clinicians and clinical researchers do enough to foster social inclusion?
Authors: Holttum Sue
Published: March 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to raise questions about the social issues involved in mental and physical health. It highlights how, even where social issues are evident, clinicians and clinical researchers often focus mainly on individual people and what has gone wrong with them. This has the effect of making it less likely that social exclusion and adversity will be taken into account or that clinicians will help to change these.

Design/methodology/approach

– Three journal papers are summarised. The first one reports an attempt to test whether depression is a result of people feeling defeated and trapped. The second paper reports the results of analysing medical writing about domestic abuse. The third paper discusses the need for trainee clinicians to be made more aware of social conditions that affect people's lives.

Findings

– It does appear that people who feel defeated and trapped are more likely to become depressed. However, the life circumstances that lead to feeling trapped need more attention. Medical writing about domestic abuse may need to incorporate the broader context so that it is not just seen as a “women's problem”. It may be worth training clinicians about social conditions and how they might help to change them.

Originality/value

– These papers highlight important links between social exclusion and mental and physical health. There is a key role for clinicians and clinical researchers to be more part of the solution where they sometimes unwittingly help maintain the problems.
Creative minds: developing supportive creative opportunities in our communities
Authors: Walters Philip
Published: March 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to describe South West Yorkshire Partnerships Foundation Trust's Creative Minds Strategy designed to build a strong infrastructure of community and voluntary organisations able to work with the Trust providing creative opportunities for all who access services.

Design/methodology/approach

– A descriptive account of the background, philosophy, benefits, operation and role of Creative Minds in developing more recovery-focused services. Case studies by people who have been involved in Creative Minds are included.

Findings

– Creative Minds has been successful in forming partnerships between the Trust and community/voluntary organisations that afford opportunities to explore different activities and discover their passions and talents. It provides an opportunity for service users and practitioners to engage as equals for mutual benefit.

Originality/value

– This original, award winning initiative enables the Trust to work closely with a range of community organisations thus enhancing and extending the service offered and enabling people to gage in meaningful activities and become a part of their local community.
Molecular markers useful for epidemiology of dermatophytoses
Authors: Mochizuki Takashi , Takeda Kiminobu , Anzawa Kazushi
Published: March 2015

Dermatophytosis is a very common skin disorder and the most prevalent infectious disease treated by dermatologists. Recent developments in molecular techniques have markedly changed methods of identifying dermatophytes, with these methods showing intraspecies polymorphisms in some molecular markers. Intraspecies subtyping and strain differentiation have made possible the tracking of infections, the identification of common sources of infections and recurrence or reinfection after treatment. This review describes methods of intraspecies differentiation using mitochondrialDNA, random amplification of polymorphicDNA, non‐transcribed spacer regions of ribosomalRNAgenes and microsatellite markers, as well as their usefulness and limitations.
Phylogenetic diversity–ecosystem function relationships are insensitive to phylogenetic edge lengths
Authors: Cadotte Marc W.
Published: March 2015

For experiments that link manipulated biodiversity to ecosystem function (EF), phylogenetic diversity (PD) has been an especially powerful form of biodiversity that explains variation inEF.PDrepresents the total amount of evolutionary history or genetic changes represented by a suite of species and potentially the total accumulation of species niche and functional differences. Analyses often usePDin linear models and assume that ecological differences are proportional to phylogenetic distances. Yet, it is unclear whether alternative models of evolutionary change would improve both the statistical fit and conceptual understanding of howPDinfluencesEF.

Here, I use aPD–EFrelationship and systematically alter models of evolution including changes in the rate of evolution from phylogenetic root–to‐tip and constancy of evolutionary rate across clades. I also compare thePD–EFrelationship to several randomization procedures that sequentially remove aspects of the observed phylogeny.

I show that changing edge lengths with evolutionary models does not strongly affectPD–EFrelationships. Moreover, the observed relationship was not substantially different than the explanation provided by a phylogenetic tree with edge lengths randomized, but was significantly better than randomizations that affected the topology of the phylogenetic trees.

These results reveal that changes to the edge lengths have little effect onPD–EFrelationships, and it is the topology that really matters. Further, placing species in their correct phylogenetic positions is much more important than developing better estimates of edge lengths.
Theory of equivalent staggered‐grid schemes: application to rotated and standard grids in anisotropic media
Authors: Bartolo Leandro Di , Dors Cleberson , Mansur Webe J.
Published: March 2015

The previous finite‐difference numerical schemes designed for direct application to second‐order elastic wave equations in terms of displacement components are strongly dependent on Poisson's ratio. This fact makes theses schemes useless for modelling in offshore regions or even in onshore regions where there is a high Poisson's ratio material. As is well known, the use of staggered‐grid formulations solves this drawback. The most common staggered‐grid algorithms apply central‐difference operators to the first‐order velocity–stress wave equations. They have been one of the most successfully applied numerical algorithms for seismic modelling, although these schemes require more computational memory than those mentioned based on second‐order wave equations. The goal of the present paper is to develop a general theory that enables one to formulate equivalent staggered‐grid schemes for direct application to hyperbolic second‐order wave equations. All the theory necessary to formulate these schemes is presented in detail, including issues regarding source application, providing a general method to construct staggered‐grid formulations to a wide range of cases. Afterwards, the equivalent staggered‐grid theory is applied to anisotropic elastic wave equations in terms of only velocity components (or similar displacements) for two important cases: general anisotropic media and vertical transverse isotropy media using, respectively, the rotated and the standard staggered‐grid configurations. For sake of simplicity, we present the schemes in terms of velocities in the second‐ and fourth‐order spatial approximations, with second‐order approximation in time for 2D media. However, the theory developed is general and can be applied to any set of second‐order equations (in terms of only displacement, velocity, or even stress components), using any staggered‐grid configuration with any spatial approximation order in 2D or 3D cases. Some of these equivalent staggered‐grid schemes require less computer memory than the corresponding standard staggered‐grid formulation, although the programming is more evolved. As will be shown in theory and practice, with numerical examples, the equivalent staggered‐grid schemes produce results equivalent to corresponding standard staggered‐grid schemes with computational advantages. Finally, it is important to emphasize that the equivalent staggered‐grid theory is general and can be applied to other modelling contexts, e.g., in electrodynamical and poroelastic wave propagation problems in a systematic and simple way.
Nutrient resorption is associated with leaf vein density and growth performance of dipterocarp tree species
Authors: Zhang Jiao‐Lin , Zhang Shi‐Bao , Chen Ya‐Jun , Zhang Yi‐Ping , Poorter Lourens
Published: March 2015

Nutrient resorption is important for the nutrient budget of plants, but little is known about which plant traits mediate nutrient resorption, how resorption efficiency is associated with other leaf traits and whether nutrient resorption has an impact on plant growth.

In this study, 17 dipterocarp tree species were compared in a common garden experiment. N and P resorption efficiencies were regressed against suites of traits associated with phloem transport capacity (i.e. leaf vein density; Dvein), leaf nutrient conservation traits (e.g. leaf mass per area; LMA) and species growth rate.

Across the dipterocarp species studied, N resorption efficiency (percentage N resorbed) was positively correlated with Dvein and leaf thickness. N resorption efficiency was also correlated with Dvein after considering phylogenetic effects. N resorption proficiency (N remaining in senesced leaves) was negatively correlated with Dvein, LMA, leaf thickness and palisade and spongy mesophyll thickness. Senesced‐leaf N concentration was still negatively correlated with LMA and leaf thickness after considering phylogenetic effects.

N resorption efficiency was positively correlated with both height and diameter growth rates. After considering phylogenetic effect, N resorption efficiency was marginally correlated with diameter growth rate. Green‐leaf N concentration was positively correlated with height growth rate after considering phylogenetic effect.

P resorption efficiency and proficiency were not related to any of the leaf morphological and anatomical traits, or to species growth rates.

Synthesis. These results indicate that higher phloem transport capacity of the dipterocarp species is positively correlated with greater N resorption efficiency and that N resorption proficiency is closely linked with leaf nutrient conservation traits. Growth rates of the dipterocarps are more likely governed by photosynthetic rates associated with green‐leaf N concentration than N resorption rates per se. Although P is generally deficient in tropical soils, it appears that N rather than P availability is the key limiting factor for the growth of the dipterocarp species.
High incidence of dioecy in young successional tropical forests
Authors: Réjou‐Méchain Maxime , Cheptou Pierre‐Olivier
Published: March 2015

The role of plant sexual systems in community assembly has been little studied. Classical assumptions predict an association between self‐fertilization and colonizing ability, a pattern not systematically supported by observations.

Here, using a data set of 626 462 trees sampled throughout 8300 km2in central Africa and historical information collected 60 years ago on forest successional status, we compare sexual system assemblages between young successional and mature communities.

We use two multivariate approaches to assess the variation in community dioecism between successional status, while controlling for covariation between dioecy and six other traits usually considered as good proxies for important functions in forest successional dynamics.

We show that dioecious trees are significantly overrepresented in young successional areas, contrary to classical expectations. This robust pattern is unlikely to be driven by soil conditions, by the other associated traits or by species‐specific abundance. Strikingly, dioecy was one of the traits most correlated with young successional areas.

These results show that sexual systems play an important role in community assembly. The higher occurrence of dioecy in young successional areas is likely due to a higher relative seed fitness of dioecious species in more stressful conditions or by an evolutionary‐driven association between dioecy and colonization ability, as predicted by theoretical studies.

Synthesis. Our study emphasizes an overlooked association between sexual system and community assembly and emphasizes the need to revisit classical assumptions regarding that relationship.
Preserved cardiac mitochondrial function and reduced ischaemia/reperfusion injury afforded by chronic continuous hypoxia: Role of opioid receptors
Authors: Maslov Leonid N , Naryzhnaya Natalia V , Prokudina Ekaterina S , Kolar Frantisek , Gorbunov Alexander S , Zhang Yi , Wang Hongxin , Tsibulnikov Sergey Yu , Portnichenko Alla G , Lasukova Tatiana V , Lishmanov Yury B
Published: March 2015

Chronic continuous normobaric hypoxia (CNH) increases cardiac tolerance to acute ischaemia/reperfusion injury. The objective of this study was to find out whether the cardioprotective effect of CNH mediated by opioid receptors is associated with preservation of mitochondrial function. Rats were adapted to CNH (12% oxygen) for 3 weeks. Isolated perfused hearts were subjected to 45 min of global ischaemia and 30 min of reperfusion; subgroups were pretreated with non‐selective opioid receptor antagonist naloxone (300 nmol/L) for 10 min. Cardiac contractile function, creatine kinase activity in coronary effluent, mitochondrial respiration rate, and calcium retention capacity were assessed. Adaptation to CNH decreased myocardial creatine kinase release during reperfusion and improved the post‐ischaemic recovery of contractile function, mitochondrial state 3 and uncoupled respiration rates, and calcium retention capacity compared to the normoxic group. These protective effects were completely abolished by naloxone. The contractile recovery positively correlated with state 3 respiration and calcium retention capacity. The results suggest that the preserved mitochondrial function contributes to the protected cardiac phenotype afforded by adaptation to CNH and point to an important role of opioid receptor activation.
The Future of the Public Service Workforce: A Dialogue
Authors: Dickinson Helen , Sullivan Helen , Head Graeme
Published: March 2015

It has been widely suggested that public service delivery of the future will be different to that of today. Added to this, we are currently witnessing significant changes in terms of the nature of work. Taken together these developments signal that we will see transformation in terms of the role of public servants and the public service workforce. Against this background, this paper presents a dialogue on the future of the public service workforce between Helen Dickinson and Helen Sullivan of the Melbourne School of Government, University of Melbourne and Graeme Head, New South Wales Public Service Commissioner. This paper offers insights from academics actively engaged in teaching the future public service workforce and a public service commissioner actively working to make a reality of a vision of the future.
Digital Government: A Primer and Professional Perspectives
Authors: Katsonis Maria , Botros Andrew
Published: March 2015

Digital technology is a critical enabler of public administration reforms. It can improve the efficiency and productivity of government agencies and allow citizens to transact with government anytime, anywhere. It can also deepen the democratic process, empowering citizens to participate in policy formulation. In this article Andrew Botros, the director of Expressive Engineering, and Maria Katsonis, from the Department of Premier and Cabinet (Victoria), explore the challenges of the digital world for the public sector. Katsonis presents a primer on digital government tracing its evolution from the e‐government movement of the 1990s to Government 2.0 in the 2000s to today's digital‐by‐default agenda. As technology and its role in public sector reform have progressed, so too have the governance, cultural, and leadership challenges deepened. Botros examines NSW approach to open innovation with the Premier's Innovation Initiative in NSW, the state's open data experience, and Transport for NSW and its management of public transport data. He argues NSW's approach involves a significant innovation trade‐off, requiring fresh thinking in digital‐era collaboration.
Performing Under Uncertainty: Contextualized Engagement in Wildland Firefighting
Authors: Barton Michelle A. , Sutcliffe Kathleen M. , Vogus Timothy J. , DeWitt Theodore
Published: March 2015

In this paper, we propose that performance under uncertainty and ambiguity is enabled by a two‐pronged set of practices enacted by leaders and frontline workers. These contextualized practices fuel performance by enabling teams and organizations to both discern, interpret and make sense of important discrepancies as situations unfold (what we refer to as anomalizing), and to develop a richer understanding of a situation (what we call proactive leader sensemaking). Together, these situation‐specific practices contextualize engagement and promote capabilities to contingently tailor actions to unfolding conditions. We test our hypotheses using data gathered from a sample of wildland firefighters and find strong support for our theorizing. We also identify a set of additional group and situational conditions that provide a more nuanced understanding of factors that contribute to reliable performance under dynamic uncertainty. Together, the findings provide quantitative evidence for the micro‐foundations of effective performance in uncertain contexts.
Positive pathways to engaging workers: work–family enrichment as a predictor of work engagement
Authors: Timms Carolyn , Brough Paula , O'Driscoll Michael , Kalliath Thomas , Siu Oi‐Ling , Sit Cindy , Lo Danny
Published: March 2015

Engaged workers willingly devote their best efforts to their work in terms of their energy (vigor), sustained attention (absorption) and their sense of purpose (dedication), thereby contributing to the optimal functioning and performance of organizations. In consideration of the positive and negative influence of work–life balance for work performance, this study assessed the role played by work–family enrichment as a direct antecedent of work engagement. Two waves of data were collected from an Australian sample of workers with family commitments (N = 470). Cross‐sectional analyses found that experiences of work that contributed to a positive mood (affect) and to a sense of confidence (capital) in family life were associated with all three dimensions of work engagement and with family satisfaction. Longitudinal analyses demonstrated enduring effects of positive mood, with work–family affect predicting work engagement and family–work affect predicting family satisfaction. The results support Fredrickson's broaden‐and‐build theory which predicts positive experiences, particularly those that enable workers to leave work in a good mood, and returns benefits in the form of work engagement. The current study provides evidence that enriched experiences at the workplace provide tangible benefits to people's family lives and long‐term returns to organizations in the form of ongoing employee engagement.
Thyroidectomy Using Pure Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery in a Porcine Model
Authors: Nitta Kanae , Ishikawa Norihiko , Kawaguchi Masahiko , Ooi Akishi , Watanabe Go
Published: March 2015

Surgical procedures for thyroid disease that provide cosmetically acceptable results are in demand. Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) is performed through natural orifices and thus avoids incision of the body wall. This study aimed to develop an incision‐free surgical procedure for thyroid lobectomy using pure NOTES with an oral approach. In six pig carcasses, an incision was made between the mandible and subcutaneous tissue under direct vision. After subcutaneous dissection and identification of the hyoid bone, the operative field was developed under endoscopic view. After the thyrohyoid membrane was identified, dissection was continued along the thyroid cartilage until the cricoid cartilage was identified and the thyroid isthmus was reached. An original retractor was inserted between dissected tissues to lift and fix the carcass. The thyroid gland was successfully removed through the incision. Similar macroscopic and histological findings were observed on the normal and treated sides, with no damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerves. The times required for securing the operative field and thyroidectomy improved with each operation. This study suggests the feasibility and safety of using pure NOTES for thyroidectomy through a subcutaneous route with an original retractor.