bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electrically tunable lasing based on defect mode in one-dimensional photonic crystal with conducting polymer and liquid crystal defect layer
Authors: Ozaki Ryotaro , Matsuhisa Yuko , Ozaki Masanori , Yoshino Katsumi
Published: March 2004

Electrical tuning of the wavelength of the defect mode lasing in a one-dimensional photonic crystal has been demonstrated using a conducting polymer as an active emission layer and a nematic liquid crystal as an electrically tunable defect layer in the periodic structure. Lasing wavelength is widely tuned upon applying the electric field, which follows a defect mode shift due to the refractive index change in the nematic liquid crystal defect layer caused by field-induced realignment of the liquid crystal molecules.
Experimental evidence of multiple stable locations for a domain wall trapped by a submicron notch
Authors: Lacour D. , Katine J. A. , Folks L. , Block T. , Childress J. R. , Carey M. J. , Gurney B. A.
Published: March 2004

The presence of a domain wall trapped by a submicron notch is probed in two ways: through electronic transport measurements and by magnetic force microscopy (MFM). MFM data, exhibiting complex magnetic features, are consistent with numerical simulations predicting the existence of multiple magnetic configurations stabilized at the notch. By changing the MFM scanning history we demonstrate experimentally the existence of multiple stable locations for a domain wall trapped by a submicron notch.
Electroluminescence from a single pyramidal quantum dot in a light-emitting diode
Authors: Baier M. H. , Constantin C. , Pelucchi E. , Kapon E.
Published: March 2004

We report on the fabrication of a quantum-dot light-emitting diode (QD-LED), exhibiting electroluminescence from a single, self-formed QD obtained by epitaxial growth on pyramidal recess patterns. Moreover, selective carrier injection through a submicron metal contact and a 20-nm-wide self-formed low potential vertical channel connected to the QD active area is demonstrated, resulting in enhanced injection efficiency. The developed fabrication process offers full flexibility to control the number and position of the emitters down to a single QD in a micron-size compact LED. This makes this system an ideal candidate for efficient, electrically driven single-photon sources for quantum information applications.
Experimental verification of low-velocity spread axis-encircling electron beam
Authors: Jeon S. G. , Baik C. W. , Kim D. H. , Park G. S. , Sato N. , Yokoo K.
Published: March 2004

We have experimentally demonstrated a low-velocity spread, axis-encircling electron beam using a comparatively simple Pierce-type electron gun and single cusp magnetic field based on a recent theory [Jeon et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 3703 (2002)] developed with the assumption of small orbit gyration before the magnetic cusp, in which every physical property has been analyzed and the possibility of zero percent axial velocity spread was concluded. The velocity ratio and the axial velocity spread were measured to compare the theory with varied operation conditions of the electron gun. These results agree well with our hypothesis.
Synthesis and electrical properties of freestanding film of azobenzene side-chain polyaniline
Authors: Long Yunze , Chen Zhaojia , Huang Kun , Wan Meixiang
Published: March 2004

We report on the electrical properties of a conducting polyaniline (PANI) derivative film containing azobenzene side chain. The freestanding thin film of HCl-doped PANI derivative was synthesized through an N-alkyl-substituted reaction. We found that the side of the film irradiated by a weak ultraviolet light during the preparation is a poor conductor at room temperature and shows abnormal V–I characteristics. Its resistance decreases sharply with increasing temperature. However, the other side of the film without irradiation is highly conductive. The room-temperature conductivity is about 1.2 S/cm, which is much higher than that of other N-alkyl-substituted polyanilines (10−2–10−7 S/cm). The temperature dependence of resistance follows one-dimensional variable-range hopping model.
Intraband absorption for InAs/GaAs quantum dot infrared photodetectors
Authors: Zhang J.-Z. , Galbraith I.
Published: March 2004

Using the envelope function theory, intraband absorption is calculated for InAs/GaAs pyramidal quantum dots. The effects of the quantum dot geometry, such as the dot shape and the wetting layer (WL) thickness, and the coupling between the WL and bound states on the intraband transitions are systematically studied. Strong in-plane polarized absorption from the first excited state occurs in the low mid-infrared region, while stronger broadband z-polarized absorption features are located at higher frequencies. This polarization dependence is in agreement with the experiment [Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 630 (2003)] and is due to the dot geometry. The WL can induce both in-plane and z-polarized absorption. Absorption of in-plane polarized light from the ground state to the WL and continuum states is found to be negligible. Thus, for strong normal-incidence photodetection, absorption from the first excited state should be exploited.
Reduced photorefraction in hafnium-doped single-domain and periodically poled lithium niobate crystals
Authors: Kokanyan Edvard P. , Razzari Luca , Cristiani Ilaria , Degiorgio Vittorio , Gruber John B.
Published: March 2004

Transient and steady-state measurements of photoinduced birefringence in single-domain and periodically poled lithium niobate (LN) crystals containing different nonphotorefractive impurities are presented. The birefringence change is induced by a 532 nm beam and probed by a 633 nm beam. Data were taken at 25 and 50 °C. We find that doping by HfO2 is very effective in reducing the photorefraction. This is interesting also because it is known that hafnium-doped LN crystals can be periodically poled during growth. The analysis of the rise and decay of the induced birefringence shows that doping considerably increases both the photoconductivity and the dark conductivity of the LN crystals.
Diffraction pattern and optical activity of complex fluids under external electric field
Authors: Zhao Q. , Zhao X. P. , Qu C. Z. , Xiang L. Q.
Published: March 2004

We have used laser diffraction methods to demonstrate that water-in-oil microemulsions and emulsions under an electric field present diffraction patterns and optical activity, which can be tuned by the external electric field. When the optical rotation angle increases with the electric field, the electric vector of incident polarized light rotates clockwise. It is thought that the spatial symmetry breaking of the distribution of the droplets and the charges induced by the applied electric field is the origin of the phenomena in the complex fluids.
Investigations of V-shaped defects and photoluminescence of thin GaN-rich GaNP layers grown on a GaN epilayer by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition
Authors: Li H. D. , Tsukihara M. , Naoi Y. , Lee Y. B. , Sakai S.
Published: March 2004

Structural defects in high-temperature GaN-rich GaNP layers grown on a thick GaN epilayer by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition were investigated by means of transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. It is found that there are inverted hexagonal pyramid V-shaped defects in the GaNP layers with a higher phosphorus (P) composition. These defects are generally related to threading dislocations propagating from the GaN layer beneath. Consequently, the dislocation density in the GaNP layers is dramatically decreased to 5–8×107 cm−2. Photonluminescence (PL) measurements show that the PL wavelength of GaNP redshifts and the integrated emission intensity significantly increases, with respect to that from GaN layers grown under identical conditions. The emission enhancement is attributed to lowering of the dislocation density and enlarging the escape cone of photons by the rough surface, which result from the V-shaped defects formed in the GaNP layer.
Reflectance anisotropy of Gd5Si2Ge2 and Tb5Si2.2Ge1.8
Authors: Lee S. J. , Park J. M. , Snyder J. E. , Jiles D. C. , Schlagel D. L. , Lograsso T. A. , Pecharsky A. O. , Lynch D. W.
Published: March 2004

Reflectance difference (RD) spectra for the a–b plane of the single crystals of Gd5Si2Ge2 and b–c planes of Gd5Si2Ge2 and Tb5Si2.2Ge1.8 were obtained in the photon energy range of 1.5–5.5 eV. Several peaks were observed for these crystals in the measured spectrum range. Similar features were observed in the RD spectra for the b–c planes of Gd5Si2Ge2 and Tb5Si2.2Ge1.8, while different features were observed for the a–b plane and b–c plane of Gd5Si2Ge2. The RD spectra for the crystals arise not only from the surface anisotropy but also from the bulk anisotropy due to the monoclinic structure of the bulk crystal.
Type I to type II transition at the interface between random and ordered domains of AlxGa1−xN alloys
Authors: Dudiy S. V. , Zunger Alex
Published: March 2004

We analyze the optical and transport consequences of the existence of ordered and random domains in partially ordered samples of AlxGa1−xN alloys. Using atomistic empirical pseudopotential simulations, we find that the band alignment between random and ordered domains changes from type I to type II at x≃0.4. This leads to an increase by two to three orders of magnitude in the radiative lifetime of the electron–hole recombination. This can explain the experimentally observed mobility-lifetime product behaviors with changing Al concentration. The type I to type II transition results from a competition between the ordering-induced band folding effect and hole confinement on Ga-rich monolayers within the ordered structure.
Formation of ultrahigh-density InAs/AlAs quantum dots by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition
Authors: Park Se-Ki , Tatebayashi Jun , Arakawa Yasuhiko
Published: March 2004

High-density InAs quantum dots (QDs) were grown on an AlAs matrix layer by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The effects of various growth parameters were systematically studied by atomic force microscopy. The AlAs layer was essential for obtaining high-density QDs, with densities as high as 4.7×1011 cm−2. We have also demonstrated the effects of a thin GaAs insertion layer to prevent aluminum intermixing and to block some defects, which occurred on the GaAs buffer layer. As a result, the photoluminescence intensity of InAs/GaAs/AlAs QD structures was improved by two orders of magnitude.
Control of gravitropic orientation. II. Dual receptor model for gravitropism
Authors: LaMotte Clifford E. , Pickard Barbara G.
Published: March 2004

Gravitropism of vascular plants has been assumed to require a single gravity receptor mechanism. However, based on the evidence in Part I of this study, we propose that maize roots require two. The first mechanism is without a directional effect and, by itself, cannot give rise to tropism. Its role is quantitative facilitation of the second mechanism, which is directional like the gravitational force itself and provides the impetus for tropic curvature. How closely coupled the two mechanisms may be is, as yet, unclear.The evidence for dual receptors supports a general model for roots. When readiness for gravifacilitation, or gravifacilitation itself, is constitutive, orthogravitropic curvature can go to completion. If not constitutively enabled, gravifacilitation can be weak in the absence of light and water deficit or strong in the presence of light and water deficit. In either case, it can decay and permit roots to assume reproducible non-vertical orientations (plagiogravitropic or plagiotropic orientations) without using non-vertical setpoints. In this way roots are deployed in a large volume of soil.Gravitropic behaviours in shoots are more diverse than in roots, utilising oblique and horizontal as well as vertical setpoints. As a guide to future experiments, we assess how constitutive v. non-constitutive modes of gravifacilitation might contribute to behaviours based on each kind of setpoint.
A penguin-chewing louse (Insecta : Phthiraptera) phylogeny derived from morphology
Authors: Banks Jonathan C. , Paterson Adrian M.
Published: March 2004

Penguins are parasitised by 15 species of lice in the genera Austrogoniodes and Nesiotinus and present an opportunity to analyse phylogenetic relationships of two complete genera of chewing lice parasitising a monophyletic group of hosts. Taxonomy of penguin lice has been revised several times, including the erection of the genus Cesareus to contain some of the penguin-chewing louse species. Additionally, other groups of species within Austrogoniodes have been proposed. We constructed a phylogeny for all the chewing lice parasitising penguins from 46 parsimony-informative morphological characters and found support for two groups within Austrogoniodes, but little support for the Cesareus genus. Austrogoniodes metoecus, the only Austrogoniodes species parasitising a bird other than a penguin, was basal in the phylogeny, which suggests that if A. metoecus did originate from a louse species parasitising penguins, the host-switching event was unlikely to have been recent. A�superficial comparison of louse and penguin phylogenies identified some potential instances of co-speciation. However, a full analysis of co-phylogenetic relationships between penguins and their lice awaits the publication of a better-resolved penguin phylogeny.
A new genus of cyphophthalmid from the Iberian Peninsula with a phylogenetic analysis of the Sironidae (Arachnida : Opiliones : Cyphophthalmi) and a SEM database of external morphology
Authors: Bivort Benjamin L. de , Giribet Gonzalo
Published: March 2004

A new species of sironid from Portugal is described based on a single male specimen collected over half a century ago. The unique combination of character states and phylogenetic comparison with representatives of all sironid genera justifies the erection of a new genus, the fourth one found in the Iberian Peninsula. Phylogenetic analysis is conducted using equal weights and the implied weighting method as a means of testing the stability of clades with respect to parameter variation, in a similar fashion to the sensitivity analysis commonly performed in molecular data analyses. Results suggest that the new genus is sister to Paramiopsalis Juberthie, 1962, although nodal support for this relationship is low. The morphological data matrix is accompanied by scanning electron micrographs of most characters for 24 species to make the morphological coding as explicit as possible. Comparison of these images fostered the discovery and proper interpretation of characters and their states.
A phylogenetic analysis of dung beetles (Scarabaeinae : Scarabaeidae): unrolling an evolutionary history
Authors: Philips T. Keith , Pretorius Etheresia , Scholtz Clarke H.
Published: March 2004

The phylogeny of the Scarabaeinae, the largest and most important group of dung feeding beetles, is hypothesised based on 200 morphological characters of 50 taxa, representing nearly one quarter of the known genera. We present a drastically different picture of evolution of this highly successful group of beetles than those previously proposed. It is apparent that gross morphology is correlated with either rolling or tunnelling but does not accurately reflect evolutionary history. Results indicate that there are not two separate clades of dung beetles, the rollers and tunnellers, but that rolling behaviour has evolved several times from ancestral tunnellers. The Dichotomiini, Canthonini, and Coprini are poly- or paraphyletic, whereas each of the remaining nine tribes appear as well supported monophyletic clades (the monophyly of the Gymnopleurini was not tested). The genera traditionally included in the Dichotomiini are the oldest and most basal lineages and all other clades, including those of the Canthonini, evolved from ancestral dichotomiine lineages either directly or indirectly. New interpretations of the evolution of rolling, its possible loss, nesting and feeding behaviours, and future changes in classification are discussed. Evidence supports the origin of the Scarabaeinae before the Tertiary and subsequent vicariance of many clades via the breakup of Gondwanaland.
Application of RAPD and ISSR markers to analyse molecular relationships in Grevillea (Proteaceae)
Authors: Pharmawati M. , Yan G. , McFarlane I. J.
Published: March 2004

The potential of RAPD and ISSR markers to construct molecular relationships of Grevillea was evaluated with 23 RAPD and 12 ISSR primers. The 16 genotypes representing 12 species and 3 subspecies of Grevillea were sampled from the collection of the Mt Anann Botanic Garden, NSW. RAPD and ISSR assays generated a total of 401 RAPD and 280 ISSR fragments. High frequencies of polymorphisms, 99.39% for RAPD and 99.51% for ISSR, were detected by both markers. Three statistical approaches were employed to construct phylogenetic relationships from combined RAPD and ISSR data. Cluster analysis by the unweighted pair group method (UPGMA) of Jaccard's similarity and Neighbour-Joining analysis of total character difference generated dendograms with similar topology. Parsimony analysis also generated a tree that was in broad agreement with the two dendograms. The phylogenetic trees divided the Grevillea species studied into three groups. Group A consisted of G. buxifolia subsp. buxifolia, G. phylicoides and G. sphacelata. In group B, G. mucronulata was grouped together with G. montana, while G. diffusa, G. humilis, G. linearifolia, G. molyneuxii, G. oldei, G. sericea and G. speciosa formed group C. This molecular result was comparable to groupings suggested by a previous author (Makinson 2000) based on morphological characteristics. However, in contrast to the morphological taxonomy, molecular phylogeny suggests that G. oldei and G. speciosa belong to the same subgroup sensu Makinson (2000), whereas G. linearifolia and G. molyneuxii should not be placed in their originally suggested subgroups sensu Makinson (2000). The present study is the first published report on molecular relationships of Grevillea and can be considered as an initial point for further research on the genetic relationships and evolution of Grevillea.
Batrachospermum pseudogelatinosum (Batrachospermales, Rhodophyta), a polyecious paraspecies from Australia and New Zealand
Authors: Entwisle Timothy J. , Vis Morgan L. , McPherson Hannah
Published: March 2004

New and existing collections of Batrachospermum pseudogelatinosum Entwisle & Vis, and related taxa, from Australia and New Zealand, were analysed to determine whether this morphologically diverse taxon should be further subdivided. In particular, the value of the taxonomic character 'dioecy/monoecy' was assessed with molecular (rbcL gene sequences), morphometric and diagnostic morphology datasets, and its applicability more widely within the genus considered in light of our results. While the rbcL sequences supported our intuitive feeling that there is great variability within this taxon, there was no practical way to subdivide B. pseudogelatinosum. We recommend the acceptance of a broadly circumscribed paraphyletic species (paraspecies), B. pseudogelatinosum, which includes both dioecious and monoecious populations. The value of monoecy/dioecy as a character must be determined on a taxon-by-taxon basis—it is no better or worse than any other taxonomic character. Batrachospermum pseudogelatinosum occurs in eastern Australia and Stewart Island in New Zealand, with implications for the circumscription of B. campyloclonum Skuja ex Entwisle & Foard.
Cladistic analysis and revision of Billardiera (Pittosporaceae)
Authors: Cayzer L. W. , Crisp M. D. , Telford I. R. H.
Published: March 2004

Cladistic analyses of morphological data were used to clarify the definition of Billardiera in the context of other genera of the family Pittosporaceae. These analyses indicate that Billardiera s.str. is monophyletic including the small genera Sollya and Pronaya, but excluding Marianthus and Rhytidosporum, which have been previously included in a broader concept of Billardiera. The re-circumscribed Billardiera is revised, incorporating these changes. Five taxa are reinstated at species level (B. fusiformis, B. mutabilis, B. macrantha, B. speciosa and B.�venusta). Three are new combinations (B. fraseri, B. heterophylla, B. drummondii replacing Sollya drummondii) and three new taxa are described for the first time: B. nesophila, B. rubens and B. viridiflora.
Reinstatement and revision of the genus Marianthus (Pittosporaceae)
Authors: Cayzer L. W. , Crisp M. D.
Published: March 2004

Cladistic analyses of the family Pittosporaceae in Australia have indicated that the genus Marianthus needs reinstatement from Billardiera. Here, Marianthus is re-circumscribed and monographed. Fourteen species are recognised, excluding the now reinstated Rhytidosporum. In this treatment, two species are reinstated (M. microphyllus, M. tenuis), a new combination is made (M. mollis) and three species are described for the first time (M. dryandra, M. paralius and M. sylvaticus).
Assessing the Spatial Structure of Urban and Population Growth in the Greater Cairo Area, Egypt: A GIS and Imagery Analysis Approach
Authors: Stewart Dona J. , Yin Zhi-Yong , Bullard Stevan M. , MacLachlan Jared T.
Published: March 2004

This article examines growth in the extent of Cairo's urban area and changes in population distribution between 1986 and 1996. It includes a quantitative assessment of urban growth and changing patterns of population density in the city's administrative sub-districts. In a unique contribution to the available research on Cairo, the population density for the built-up area of the census units is calculated, giving much greater insight into the city's growth than previous research that calculated density based on census units in their entirety. The study finds significant population decentralisation taking place and discusses the possible implications if this trend continues.
The COG and COPI Complexes Interact to Control the Abundance of GEARs, a Subset of Golgi Integral Membrane Proteins
Authors: Oka Toshihiko , Ungar Daniel , Hughson Frederick M. , Krieger Monty
Published: March 2004

The conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex is a soluble hetero-octamer associated with the cytoplasmic surface of the Golgi. Mammalian somatic cell mutants lacking the Cog1 (ldlB) or Cog2 (ldlC) subunits exhibit pleiotropic defects in Golgi-associated glycoprotein and glycolipid processing that suggest COG is involved in the localization, transport, and/or function of multiple Golgi processing proteins. We have identified a set of COG-sensitive, integral membrane Golgi proteins called GEARs (mannosidase II, GOS-28, GS15, GPP130, CASP, giantin, and golgin-84) whose abundances were reduced in the mutant cells and, in some cases, increased in COG-overexpressing cells. In the mutants, some GEARs were abnormally localized in the endoplasmic reticulum and were degraded by proteasomes. The distributions of the GEARs were altered by small interfering RNA depletion of ϵ-COP in wild-type cells under conditions in which COG-insensitive proteins were unaffected. Furthermore, synthetic phenotypes arose in mutants deficient in both ϵ-COP and either Cog1 or Cog2. COG and COPI may work in concert to ensure the proper retention or retrieval of a subset of proteins in the Golgi, and COG helps prevent the endoplasmic reticulum accumulation and degradation of some GEARs.
Treadmills: A Preventable Source of Pediatric Friction Burn Injuries
Authors: Maguiña Pirko , Palmieri Tina L. , Greenhalgh David G.
Published: March 2004

Treadmills are a burn risk for children. A child's hand can get trapped in the conveyor belt, causing friction burns to the underlying tissue. The purpose of this retrospective study was to review the characteristics and treatment of treadmill-related burns in children from 1998 to 2002. Ten patients, at a mean age of 3.4 years, sustained injuries associated with treadmill use. Trapping of the hand between the conveyor belt and the base was the most frequent injury mechanism. Burn location was predominantly on fingers and palms. Four patients required operative intervention. All patients required specialized wound care as well as scar management and occupational therapy. Treadmills pose a danger to children. Current safety devices are ineffective for preventing serious hand injuries in children. New design modifications and public awareness are needed to improve child safety.
The Burn Nursing Shortage: A Burn Center Survey
Authors: Yurko Lynne , Coffee Tammy , Yowler Charles J.
Published: March 2004

The Membership Advisory Committee of the American Burn Association sponsored a survey of burn units in North America to review the issue of nursing staffing, to which 124 of 133 (93%) of the burn centers identified responded. Sixty-two percent had experienced a nursing shortage, and the 77 of 124 units with current vacancies had an average of 4.6 positions open. Licensed practical nurses, aides, and nonlicensed caregivers provide direct patient care in 83% of the units. Ten of 124 units had identified adverse patient outcomes because of staff shortages in their quality assurance programs. Areas identified by two surveys that require further development are nursing acuity systems applicable to burn units and burn nursing educational programs.
Vacuum-Assisted Closure Use in Calciphylaxis
Authors: Emohare Osa , Kowal-Vern Areta , Wiley Dorion , Latenser Barbara A.
Published: March 2004

Calciphylaxis-induced chronic wounds are difficult to heal. The value of vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) was assessed in two patients with calciphylaxis. Two middle-aged females with type 2 diabetes were transferred to the burn unit with a clinical diagnosis of necrotizing fasciitis, although the pathologic diagnosis was calciphylaxis. With extensive debridement, antibiotics, and meticulous wound care, one patient had progressive necrosis of her skin from 18 to 48% TBSA, whereas the other progressed from 5 to 10% TBSA only. The patient with the smaller chronic wound healed well and left the hospital at 72 days after admission. Although there was some success with the use of VAC, the patient with the extensive progressive wounds developed a fungal wound infection that did not respond to treatment; she died 78 days after initiation of burn center treatment. Some disadvantages to the usefulness would be extensive contiguous wounds and the lack of an intact skin surface. The VAC system was of value in healing wounds resulting from calciphylaxis.
Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester Improves Oxidative Erythrocyte Damage in a Rat Model of Thermal Injury
Authors: Armutcu Ferah , Gürel Ahmet , Hoşnuter Mübin , Pabuçcu Orhan , Altınyazar Cevdet
Published: March 2004

Oxygen-derived free radicals impair cell membrane functions and induce circulatory disturbances, and free radicals, such as superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals, and peroxynitrite, have been suggested to play important roles in the pathogenesis of major burn injuries. The present study investigated the effects of thermal injury on erythrocyte lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status and investigated the effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), a new antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent, in rats subjected to thermal injury. Burn injury caused a remarkable increase in erythrocyte lipid peroxidation, levels of nitric oxide (NO), and activities of antioxidant enzymes and xanthine oxidase (XO). The treatment with CAPE decreased both activity of burn-induced XO activity and levels of NO in the erythrocytes. In conclusion, CAPE treatment resulted in decreased erythrocyte lipid peroxidation in thermal injury and helped to prevent oxidative damage by decreasing activity of XO and levels of NO.
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome as a Complication of a Chemical Burn to the Foot
Authors: Kumbhat S. , Meyer N. , Schurr M. J.
Published: March 2004

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is an unusual complication after burns; however, it is important to recognize so that appropriate treatment can be administered. A 60-year-old man suffered an alkali burn to the right foot. Subsequently, the patient developed CRPS with severe pain and vasomotor changes. Multimodal treatment included the early use of ropivacaine and fentanyl via epidural catheter. Oral extended-release morphine, gabapentin, and amitriptyline also were administered. Once pain was controlled, early aggressive physical therapy was instituted, and attention was turned toward wound coverage. One year after discharge, the patient was ambulating well and has returned to work. His pain was managed with a single morning dose of gabapentin and a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent. Current examination of the foot revealed mild forefoot swelling without residual erythema. Ambiguities exist in the mainstay of treatment for CRPS, but this multimodal method of controlling CRPS after burn injury allowed for control of the patient's pain, early mobilization, and eventual return to work.
Love Burns: An Essay about Bride Burning in India
Authors: Jutla Rajni K. , Heimbach David
Published: March 2004

Each year in countries like India, thousands of young women are burned to death or afflicted with fatal burns. They are victims of dowry deaths. The husband and/or in-laws have determined that the dowry, a gift given from the daughter's parents to the husband, was inadequate and therefore attempt to murder the new bride to make the husband available to remarry or to punish the bride and her family. Unfortunately, this is a domestic issue that is often ignored or minimized, and the prosecution is often inadequate. This review article illustrates various scenarios of dowry deaths, investigates different predispositions, summarizes the current legislation, and proposes solutions to this problem. One hopes that the exposure of this problem may curtail its rampant, yet well-hidden, prevalence.
A quantum chemistry calculation study on the inhibition efficiency of the para‐chlorobenzene nitriles on carbon steel in hydrochloric acid
Authors: Xuejun Xie , Shunan Cao , Ling Pan , Xunjie Gong , Keru Peng
Published: March 2004

The inhibition mechanism and the relationship between the inhibition efficiency of para‐chlorobenzene nitriles on carbon steel in hydrochloric acid, and their molecular structure, were studied by microscopy and quantum chemistry calculations. The inhibition of carbon steel was achieved by chemisorption of the para‐chlorobenzene nitriles onto the surface of the carbon steel. The greater was the σN (absolute value) and the less the ELUMO value, the greater was the inhibition efficiency.
The effect of oxalic acid on the corrosion of carbon steel
Authors: Giacomelli C. , Giacomelli F.C. , Baptista J.A.A. , Spinelli A.
Published: March 2004

The effect of oxalic acid (OA) on corrosion resistance of carbon steel in sulphuric acid pH=2.5‐6.0 solutions containing 10−7‐10−3M OA was investigated by means of potentiodynamic polarisation measurements and immersion tests. The results suggest that OA is a good corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel, exhibiting inhibition efficiencies (IE) ranging from 50 to 85 per cent in dilute 10−7‐10−5M OA solutions of pH>3.0, whereas for pH≤3.0 solutions, an increase in corrosion rate was found. Non‐accelerated experiments (weight loss tests) carried out by immersing carbon steel specimens into OA‐containing solutions during at least 6 h revealed only positive IE values, regardless of both solution pH and OA content. The results were explained considering the solution composition as function of pH.
Influence of calcium nitrite inhibitor on the durability of mortars under contaminated chloride and sulphate environments
Authors: Batis G. , Sideris K.K. , Pantazopoulou P.
Published: March 2004

The influence of calcium nitrite corrosion inhibitor on the durability of Portland cement mortars against sulphate solutions was investigated experimentally in the present research. For this reason, mortar specimens were produced using CEM I 42.5N cement and were immersed in different sulphate and sulphate‐chloride contaminated solutions. Sulphate resistance was evaluated according to the procedure described in ASTM C1012. The properties measured were the specimens' expansion, development of compressive strength, changes in corrosion potential and corrosion current density measurements of steel‐containing specimens.
Inhibition of atmospheric corrosion of mild steel by sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate treatment
Authors: Al‐Mathami A. , Saricimen H. , Kahraman R. , Al‐Zahrani M. , Al‐Dulaijan S.
Published: March 2004

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate as an inhibitor to slow down or prevent atmospheric corrosion of the local mild steel during storage in the Arabian Gulf region. In light of the results of some preliminary studies, sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate was selected for further evaluation against atmospheric corrosion of steel after it was applied at 10 mM concentration for 1 day at room temperature.
The sulphidation behaviour of hard chromium plated coatings on steel
Authors: Jafarzadeh K. , Shahrabi T. , Hadavi S.M.M.
Published: March 2004

The sulphidation behaviour of high contraction (HC) and low contraction (LC) chromium plated steel was studied in sulphur with a partial pressure of 1 atm at 1, 3, 5 and 7 h and 0.1 and 0.01 atm at 5 h. The temperature was 600°C throughout the work. It was found that HC and LC chromium plating imparted significant sulphidation resistance to steel. It should be mentioned that by increasing sulphidation time and sulphur partial pressure, the hardness of chromium coating decreased. LC chromium coating had a lower thermal shock resistance than the HC coating. Thus, it was concluded that the HC chromium coating had the better sulphidation resistance.
Corrosion stability of SUS316L HVOF sprayed coatings as lightweight bipolar plate materials in PEM fuel cells
Authors: El‐Khatib K.M. , Abou Helal M.O. , El‐Moneim A.A. , Tawfik H.
Published: March 2004

This study investigated the corrosion stability of high velocity oxy‐fuel (HVOF) spray SUS316L coatings on aluminium substrate as lightweight bipolar plate materials for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC). Contact resistance, microhardness and structure of the coatings were characterised using a four‐point probe, pneumatic microhardness, XRD and scanning electron microscope techniques. Preliminary electrochemical results indicate that the SUS316L coated plates significantly lowered the corrosion current of the aluminium substrate by more than one order of magnitude. Corrosion stability in relation to the coating thickness is discussed in terms of the structure composition and transpassivity of chromium.
The influence of context upon consumer sensory evaluation of chicken‐meat quality
Authors: Kennedy Orla , Stewart‐Knox Barbara , Mitchell Peter , Thurnham David
Published: March 2004

There is an apparent lack of research investigating how different test conditions influence or bias consumer sensory evaluation of food. The aim of the present pilot study was to determine if testing conditions had any effect on responses of an untrained panel to a novel chicken product. Assessments of flavour, texture and overall liking of corn‐fed chicken were made across three different testing conditions (laboratory‐based under normal lighting; laboratory‐based under controlled lighting; and, home testing). Least favourable evaluations occurred under laboratory‐based conditions irrespective of what lighting was used. Consumers perceived the product more favourably in terms of flavour (p < 0.001), texture (p < 0.001) and overall preference (p < 0.001) when evaluated in the familiar setting of the home. Home testing produced more consistent assessments than under either of the two laboratory‐based test conditions. The results imply that home evaluation should be undertaken routinely in new food product development.
Detection of genetically modified soya in a range of organic and health food products
Authors: Partridge Mark , Murphy Denis J.
Published: March 2004

A selection of organic/health foods containing soya beans was tested for the presence of genetically modified (GM) material. Out of 25 samples of food products containing unrefined soya ingredients, ten tested positively for the presence of GM material. This was surprising because eight out of the ten GM‐positive samples were either labelled as “GM free” and/or were labelled as “organic”, both of which imply the absence of GM ingredients. In no case did any of the foods tested reach the mandatory 1 per cent threshold required for positive labelling as GM products under current European Union legislation, although one product was close to this limit. However, there was considerable batch‐to‐batch variation in the GM soya content of some of the food products, depending on the purchase date and retailer. The paper discusses the implications of these results regarding international regulations on food labelling and use of “GM free” labels or their equivalent.
Heading the table: parenting and the junior consumer
Authors: Dixon Jane , Banwell Cathy
Published: March 2004

From the 1970s onwards, studies of the dynamics involved in family food provisioning in Britain and the USA have provided consistent evidence of the centrality of husbands and male breadwinners to food decisions. Recent studies are beginning to show the significance of children or the “junior consumer” to household food decisions. This paper reports on focus groups conducted in Australia in the mid‐1990s that support the argument that children exert considerable influence over family diets. One obvious reason for this trend lies in the activities of food retailers and advertisers/marketers, who target their goods, services and messages to children. These marketplace actors are encouraging children to identify as consumers. A less obvious explanation, and the one explored in this paper, concerns changing parenting practices. Despite the double workload of many family food providers, children's demands are being responded to in unprecedented ways. Metaphorically, children are displacing male adults at the head of the table. The paper comments on the consequences of children's dominance over dietary practices.
Farmers’ markets in Wales: making the 'Net work?
Authors: Pickernell David G. , Christie Michael J. , Rowe Patricia A. , Thomas Brychan C. , Putterill Laura G. , Lynn Griffiths Jamie
Published: March 2004

The purpose of this paper is to examine the possibilities of increasing the benefits to be derived from farmers markets (FMs) in Wales, through utilisation of networks augmented by information communications and technology (ICT). In particular, the paper explores recent developments in the use of ICT in the agri‐food sector and the need to develop networks to utilise such technology fully. The paper explores the administrative structures that may be required to allow these arrangements to be effectively organised. The use of FMs in Wales as a conduit for such networked arrangements, and the introduction of the South East Wales Association of Farmers’ Markets (SEWAFM) Web site, are then considered against this backdrop.
Observation of food safety practices in catering using notational analysis
Authors: Clayton Deborah A. , Griffith Christopher J.
Published: March 2004

Observations of food handlers’ practices have many uses. Describes the use of a notational analysis technique to monitor and analyse specific food safety actions of caterers. A total of 115 food handlers from 29 catering businesses were observed carrying out 31,050 food preparation and hygiene actions in their workplace. Notational analysis was found to offer little advantage, compared to traditional observation methods. However, this technique did allow tracking of sequential events and was successful in identifying and recording a greater number of cross‐contamination events than would have been highlighted using traditional approaches. The results demonstrated that, based on hygiene guidelines, food handlers were required to implement de‐contamination actions on a large number of occasions. These de‐contamination actions were frequently inadequately conducted. To improve standards of food hygiene in catering there is a need to minimise the requirements for de‐contamination activities thereby reducing the potential for cross‐contamination.
The food industry and its impact upon increasing global obesity: a case study
Authors: Lowell Jonathan
Published: March 2004

This case study looks at the current crisis which is set to engulf both the developed and developing world: obesity. Using a variety of reliable sources (e.g. the World Health Organisation) the author plots the seemingly unstoppable global increase in obesity over the last two decades. The problems associated with childhood, adolescent and adult obesity are noted, as are the costs, economic and personal. The various possible causes of world‐wide obesity are considered, such as genetics, modern lifestyles and particularly food. The author points a finger at the food industry, and particularly the “fast‐food” industry, which over the last few decades has perfected various marketing techniques which are designed to make us eat more food (“supersizing”), more often. The leaders of this industry are also accused of putting its balance sheet before the health and welfare of young people by targeting children and schools.
Environmentally adapted lubricants – where are the opportunities?
Authors: Norrby Thomas
Published: March 2004

Environmentally adapted lubricants (EALs) have been a slowly growing segment of the lubricants business since the early 1970s. The evolution of environmental thinking has led to the change of focus, from biodegradability to renewability. In the future, the focus will be more on fuel economy and lower emissions. Technical development drivers include the availability of suitable base fluids and additives for lubricants formulation and the adaptation of technical standards, OEM specifications and eco‐labels. Important non‐technical development drivers include environmental management tools and eco auditing. Environmental policy, and procurement guidelines for cities and government organizations, clearly has a large impact. EALs have been repeatedly heralded as one of the few future growth segments of the lubricants business, hence the relatively large increase in R&D activity over the last decade. In sales terms, growth has been slow, limited by high cost and several other factors. For a good future development, both technical and political hurdles must be overcome.
Synthesis of an Al‐ZrO2 composite by infiltration of Zr‐chelates into an Al matrix
Authors: Jiménez‐García S. , López‐Cajún C.S. , Fuentes R. , Castaño V.M.
Published: March 2004

Aluminium‐based matrix composites were prepared by infiltration with an ammoniacal zirconium chelate within an Al matrix synthesized via aluminium powder compactation. Based on differential thermal analysis, Fourier transformed infrared, X‐ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy, we confirm the reaction sequence to obtain the tetramer, the phase transformation sequence within the Al matrix, and the development of phases that leads to the synthesis of the Al‐ZrO2 composite.
International standardization and organizations in the field of tribology
Authors: Dašić Predrag , Franek Friedrich , Assenova Emilia , Radovanović Miroslav
Published: March 2004

Wide tribology concept through the knowledge interaction from physics, chemistry and various engineering disciplines, has put tribology in a group with interdisciplinary sciences. This work gives information about the international standardization in the field of tribology, International Tribology Council, whose members consist of 36 national tribology society and associations from 34 countries worldwide and an overview of other international and regional organizations and institutions. Analysis of ISO, IEC and EN standards in various fields related to tribology and a view of the structure of most significant ISO Technical Committees related to standardization in tribology fields are presented.
Analysis of pressure variations on journal bearing system using artificial neural network
Authors: Sinanoğlu C. , Kurban A.O. , Yildirim Ş.
Published: March 2004

This paper investigates the pressure variations on the steel shafts on the journal bearing system with low temperature and variable speed. This paper mainly consist of two parts, experimental and simulation. In the experimental work, journal bearing system is tested with different shafts speed and temperature conditions. The temperature of the system's working conditions was under minus. The collected experimental data such as pressure variations are employed as training and testing data for an artificial neural network. The neural network is a feed forward three layered network. Quick propagation algorithm is used to update the weight of the network during the training. Finally, neural network predictor has superior performance for modelling journal bearing systems with load disturbances.
Mixed rheologies in elastohydrodynamic lubrication
Authors: Zhang Y.
Published: March 2004

This paper studies elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) of line contacts for the slide‐roll ratios 0‐2 based on the assumptions of interfacial shear strength and interfacial slip. It is shown that the viscoelastic, viscoplastic and non‐continuum fluids distribute from the inlet zone to the Hertzian contact zone in order for a given operating condition when the load and rolling speed exceed critical values. For the rolling speed below the critical, the distributing fluids from the inlet zone to the Hertzian contact zone in order are viscoelastic and non‐continuum when the load exceeds a critical value. These show a multirheological behavior EHL film, formed in a contact, which may represent a mode of mixed lubrication. For this mode of lubrication, the fluid model should handle both inlet and Hertzian contact zones where the fluids are, respectively, continuum and non‐continuum. A new EHL analysis and theory, therefore needs to be established.
Purely squeezing film characteristics in partial porous journal bearings with infinite length
Authors: Hung Chi‐Ren , Liang Long‐Jin , Chang Tong‐Bou , Lin Jaw‐Ren
Published: March 2004

The influences of viscous shear stresses on the squeezing film behaviors in porous journal bearings with infinite length are analyzed. Based on the Brinkman model, two general coupled Reynolds‐type equations derived between two curved surfaces are applied to evaluate the bearing characteristics. According to the results obtained, the Brinkman model predicts quite different squeezing film performances to those obtained by using the slip‐flow model and the Darcy model. In addition, the quantitative effects of viscous shear stresses of the Brinkman model upon the porous squeezing film characteristics are more pronounced for porous journal bearings with moderate permeability parameters and higher eccentricity ratios.
Investigation into the relationship between tool‐wear and cutting environments when turning EN32 steel
Authors: Stanford M. , Lister P.M.
Published: March 2004

New environmental legislation is forcing companies to realign their use of metalworking fluids in favour of non‐polluting cutting environments that will return acceptable tool wear rates and reduced costs. Studies have been undertaken to determine the effectiveness of various environments on tool wear, in order to either reduce or even eliminate totally, the dependency on flood coolants. Industrially reproducible cutting tests were devised, where an EN32 case hardening steel material was turned in a range of different cutting environments and tool life measured. Low oxygen gaseous environments were compared with conventional cutting environments and a 55 per cent flank wear reduction has been recorded using uncoated tooling.