bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strengths, Limitations, and Recommendations for Instrumental Color Measurement in Forensic Soil Characterization
Authors: Dong Christine E. , Webb Jodi B. , Bottrell Maureen C. , Saginor Ian , Lee Brad D. , Stern Libby A.
Published: September 2019

Color determination of soil evidence is often done by visual comparison to soil color charts. A handheld spectrophotometer was tested with representative materials for its suitability for forensic soil characterization. Instrumental colorimetry provides accurate colorimetry with ~10‐fold better precision than a soil color chart. The minimum sample size for accurate color determination was between 0.02 and 0.04 mg of fine soil for the specific instrument tested. Reporting colors in the L*a*b* space permits quantification of ΔE00, a measure of perceptible color difference, could enable objective quantification of small color differences and thresholds for forensic soil comparisons. A ΔE00 greater than ~ 3.5 to 6 likely indicates disparate soil sources in a forensic comparison, in the absence of confounding factors like sample alteration. Despite the superior precision of instrumental colorimetry, this approach is inappropriate for samples which are mottled at an inseparable scale, attached to a substrate, or too small for instrumental measurement.
Effect of Alkylresorcinols on Autophagy, Migration, and Invasion of HepG2 Cells
Authors: Guo Ya‐Zhou , Yang Xiao‐Ming , Li Yue‐Ying
Published: September 2019

Alkylresorcinols are phenolic lipids that mainly exist in the cortex of grains, and they exhibit anticancer activity against various cancer cells in vitro. However, the underlying action mechanisms are still unclear. In our study, the influence of alkylresorcinols C19:0 and C21:0 (ARs) upon migration, invasion, and autophagy in human hepatoblastoma HepG2 cells was evaluated. Results showed that ARs at 80 and 160 µg/mL significantly suppressed cells proliferation, migration, and invasion, downregulated the expression of proteins RhoA and MMP‐7 associated with migration and invasion. ARs at 160 µg/mL, the rate of LC3 puncta was appreciably increased. After autophagy was blocked by 3‐MA or CQ, the expression of LC3II was significantly increased in 3‐MA+ARs group and p62 was significantly decreased in CQ+ARs group. The results indicate that ARs may promote autophagic flow. ARs (80, 160 µg/mL) significantly inhibited the expression of proteins p‐mTOR, p‐PI3K, and p‐Akt related to the PI3K/Akt pathway. The results of the present study suggest that ARs can activate autophagy and suppresses the biological behaviors of HepG2 cells by inhibiting the activation of MMP‐7, Rho/Rho‐associated protein kinase, and activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase/Akt signaling pathway.

Practical Application

The anticancer mechanism of ARs in wheat bran was studied, which provided a basis for the development of anticancer functional auxiliary food with wheat bran as raw material. It is of great practical significance to promote the effective utilization of grain processing by‐products and improve the economic benefits of the grain industry.
The China–US Trade War: Deep‐Rooted Causes, Shifting Focus and Uncertain Prospects
Authors: Kwan Chi Hung
Published: September 2019

The USA has waged a trade war against China, whose rapid rise has come to be seen as a threat to US hegemony. Besides imposing additional tariffs on imported Chinese products, the USA is also tightening restrictions on the transfer of technology to China and the business activities of some Chinese high‐tech companies, notably Huawei. The escalation of the trade war into a tech war could lead to a decoupling between the US and Chinese economies, if not a world economy divided into two economic blocs that centered on them.
Necrotizing myositis: highlighting the hidden depths – case series and review of the literature
Authors: Khanna Anmol , Gurusinghe Dilnath , Taylor Duncan
Published: September 2019

Background

Necrotizing myositis (NM) is a life‐threatening emergency. It causes focal muscle necrosis without abscess formation or extensive involvement of the overlying fascia and soft tissue. It is a clinical diagnosis requiring a high index of clinical suspicion. Usual presentation can readily be mistaken to represent more benign pathologies such as muscular injury, viral myopathy or deep venous thrombosis. The clinical course following initial misdiagnosis is rapid deterioration into profound sepsis and progressive multiorgan failure. Prompt treatment is associated with favourable outcomes, but early diagnosis is challenging due to initial absence of cutaneous signs and symptoms. Delayed referral to surgeons with appropriate expertise results in higher morbidity and mortality. The cornerstones to treatment are complete surgical debridement, intensive care management and accurate antimicrobial therapy.

Methods

We report four cases of NM demonstrating classical scenarios of initial misdiagnosis, delays in referral and review by an experienced surgeon. A review of the current literature to aid with overall management is also included.

Results

Review of literature that revealed the most common presentation was antecedent prodromal flu‐like symptoms followed by rapidly progressing focal muscle pain. Patients were initially misdiagnosed followed by rapid deterioration into profound sepsis before surgical opinion was obtained.

Conclusion

NM is a rare and potentially fatal disease that must be considered in the differential diagnoses of the young, healthy patient with acute limb pain and fever. A high index of suspicion will facilitate earlier management and reduce morbidity and mortality.
Climate‐related Risk and Financial Statements: Implications for Regulators, Preparers, Auditors and Users
Authors: Li Ao , Michaelides Marina , Rose Meina , Garg Mukesh
Published: September 2019

Interest among investors in understanding climate‐related risk from companies’ management has increased in recent years. Despite this, climate‐related risks are currently predominantly discussed outside the financial statements, if at all. However, as set out in the Australian Accounting Standards Board (AASB)/International Accounting Standards Board's (IASB) Practice Statement 2 Making Materiality Judgements (APS/PS 2), qualitative external factors such as the industry in which the entity operates and investor expectations may make such risks ‘material’ and warrant disclosures when preparing financial statements, regardless of their numerical impact. The AASB and the AUASB expect that directors, preparers and auditors will be considering APS/PS 2 when preparing and auditing financial statements. This paper provides an outline of the guidance and motivation behind the issuance of the bulletin on climate‐related risk disclosures, key takeaways and recommendations, and the AASB's and AUASB's suggestions on the type of evidence that would be useful for standard setters.
The impact of graft remodeling on peri‐implant bone support at implants placed concomitantly with transcrestal sinus floor elevation: A multicenter, retrospective case series
Authors: Franceschetti Giovanni , Farina Roberto , Minenna Luigi , Riccardi Orio , Stacchi Claudio , Di Raimondo Rosario , Maietti Elisa , Trombelli Leonardo
Published: September 2019

Objectives

To evaluate the impact on peri‐implant bone support (as assessed on periapical radiographs) of the remodeling dynamics of varying graft biomaterials used for transcrestal sinus floor elevation (tSFE).

Methods

The study is a multicenter, retrospective series of cases undergone tSFE (performed according to the Smart Lift technique) and concomitant implant placement. At operator's discretion, tSFE was performed with bone core (BC) alone or supplemented by deproteinized bovine or porcine bone mineral (DBBM and DPBM, respectively), synthetic hydroxyapatite in a collagen matrix (S‐HA), or ß‐tricalcium phosphate (ß‐TCP). Immediately after surgery, at 6–12 months post‐surgery, and at later (≥24 months) follow‐up intervals, the percentage proportion of the implant surface in direct contact with the radiopaque area was calculated for the entire implant surface (totCON%). Also, the height of the graft apical to the implant apex (aGH) was assessed.

Results

At 6–12 months following tSFE, median totCON% was 100%, with a median aGH of 1.4 mm. A tendency of aGH to decrease in height was observed at later follow‐up intervals for sites treated with all grafting procedures. In all treatment groups, the majority of the implant surface was still surrounded by the radiopaque area at the longest follow‐up visits.

Conclusions

Although the height of the peri‐implant radiopaque area apical to the implant apex tends to reduce overtime at sites which have received tSFE, the peri‐implant bone support seems to be maintained long term irrespective of the graft material used.
Variation in outcome reporting in studies on obesity in pregnancy—A systematic review
Authors: Dadouch Rachel , Faheim Mina , Susini Orsolina , Sedra Silvana , Showell Marian , D'Souza Rohan ,   on behalf of COSSOPP investigators
Published: September 2019

Although considerable research is being conducted with a view to improve outcomes for pregnant women with obesity and their babies, much of this research is compromised by the quality of outcome reporting. Our aim is to determine how outcomes have been reported and measured in obesity in pregnancy studies, as a first step towards developing a core outcome set to standardize outcome reporting in future trials. We conducted a systematic review of clinical trials and systematic reviews on obesity in pregnancy in accordance with the Preferred Reporting in Systematic Reviews and Meta‐analyses guidelines. We searched Medline, Embase, controlled register of trials, World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry, www.clinicaltrials.gov and Google Scholar, for relevant studies and extracted study characteristics, outcome reporting and measurement. Reporting quality was assessed using previously published criteria. Outcomes were grouped using a published taxonomy and variations in outcome reporting and measurement were descriptively presented. Seventy included studies yielded a total of 135 outcomes. Foetal/neonatal outcomes were not reported in 53.3% of studies where an intervention could have implications to both, mother and baby. Reported outcomes were mostly physiological/clinical (74.8%), with very limited representation of outcomes related to mortality/survival (5.2%), life impact (7.4%), adverse events (5.9%) and resource utilization (6.7%).
Relationship among urinary advanced glycation‐end products, skeletal muscle mass and physical performance in community‐dwelling older adults
Authors: Yang Chuan‐Wei , Li Chia‐Ing , Liu Chiu‐Shong , Lin Chih‐Hsueh , Lin Wen‐Yuan , Li Tsai‐Chung , Lin Cheng‐Chieh
Published: September 2019

Aim

Advanced glycation end‐products are important factors in muscle function and physical performance among older adults. However, the association between sarcopenia and urinary carboxymethyl‐lysine (uCML) levels remains unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship among uCML levels, skeletal muscle mass, physical performance and sarcopenia among community‐dwelling older adults.

Methods

This work was a community‐based cross‐sectional study. The participants were recruited from the Taichung Community Health Study‐Elderly and were followed up until 2017. A total of 104 participants underwent dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry examination, physical performance tests and measurement of uCML levels. After the natural log transformation of the uCML levels, Pearson's correlation coefficient and a general linear model were used for statistical analysis.

Results

The mean uCML levels of older men and women were 1.34 μg/mg and 1.63 μg/mg creatinine, respectively. After multivariate adjustment, grip strength among older women significantly decreased as uCML levels increased. Participants with uCML levels and Timed Up and Go test values higher than the median had a 13.76‐fold risk of acquiring sarcopenia compared with those whose corresponding variables were lower than the median after adjusting for age, sex, body fat percentage, and serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels.

Conclusions

uCML levels were negatively associated with grip strength among older women. The joint association of uCML and Timed Up and Go test values was correlated with the risk of acquiring sarcopenia among older adults. This finding suggests that uCML levels can be used as a biomarker for screening sarcopenia and as a strategy for treating sarcopenia. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2019; 19: 1017–1022.
Physiotherapy outcome measures of haemophilia acute bleed episodes: What matters to patients?
Authors: Bradshaw Elizabeth , McClellan Carey , Whybrow Paul , Cramp Fiona
Published: September 2019

Introduction

The research was conducted at a UK teaching hospital and Haemophilia Comprehensive Care Centre (CCC) as part of a research programme investigating physiotherapy for acute bleed management.

Aim

The aim of the study was to understand the perspectives of people with haemophilia (PWH) on validated outcome measures (OM) and whether these measures capture changes relevant to them whilst recovering from an acute bleed episode.

Methods

Any person with haemophilia registered to the CCC who reported an acute bleed within the past 2 years was invited to participate. Semi‐structured interviews or workshops (activity‐focused discussions with small groups) were conducted with PWH who had received physiotherapy treatment in the previous two years. These were used to explore opinions of PWH of commonly used outcome measures.

Results

Eight male PWH participated, mean age 61 years, ranging between 39 and 71. Seven participants had severe haemophilia A and 1 had von Willebrands. Participants described numerical rating scales of pain as abstract and expressed a preference for verbal or visual descriptors. In relation to function, the men generally found haemophilia‐specific OM to be more relevant. The EuroQol 5‐Dimension 5‐Level (EQ5D‐5L) and Haemophilia and Exercise Project Test Questionnaire (HEP‐Test‐Q) were considered as good measures due to brevity and ability to capture relevant changes promptly.

Conclusion

Participants in this study reported a preference for short OMs that allow them to reference their ability during the acute bleed episode in comparison with their normal function.
Influence of the urine stream interruption exercise on micturition
Authors: Chesnel Camille , Charlanes Audrey , Tan Eliane , Turmel Nicolas , Breton Frédérique Le , Ismael Samer Sheikh , Hentzen Claire , Amarenco Gérard
Published: September 2019

Objectives

To assess the effect of urine stream interruption exercise on micturition.

Methods

This study was conducted prospectively in female patients without urinary disorders. Two uroflowmetries were performed: one during a usual micturition and one during an exercise of urine stream interruption. For the urine stream interruption exercise the subject was asked to begin the micturition, to stop it at 3 s, when the stream is interrupted, to start voiding again, then again stop it at 3 s and repeat this manoeuvre until the end of the micturition.

Results

Twenty female patients (mean age 38.7 years old, SD 12.3) were included. Post void residual volume was higher after the urine stream interruption micturition (mean 36.7 mL, SD 46.6) than during standard micturition (mean 8.2 mL, SD 24.1) (P = 0.02). During normal voiding, the maximal flow rate was higher (26.9 mL/min vs 17.8 mL/min; P < 0.0001). There was no difference concerning neither the voiding volume nor the slope of ascending part of flow curve. During urine stream interruption micturition, the flow rate slope, the voiding volume and the maximal flow rate by voiding sequence were decreasing as the voiding sequences followed each other.

Conclusions

Urine stream interruption increases the post‐void residual volume and translates into less efficient micturition. Thus, it should not be used in current practice of pelvic floor muscles training.
Impact of post‐void residual urine volume on intravesical recurrence after nephroureterectomy for upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma
Authors: Sazuka Tomokazu , Sakamoto Shinichi , Nakamura Kazuyoshi , Imamura Yusuke , Yamamoto Satoshi , Komiya Akira , Ichikawa Tomohiko
Published: September 2019

Objective

To examine the impact of post‐void residual urine volume on the risk of postoperative recurrence of intravesical carcinoma in patients with upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma undergoing nephroureterectomy.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the data of 81 patients who were admitted to Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine Hospital and underwent nephroureterectomy for upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma without bladder carcinoma. We assessed the predictive factors for intravesical recurrence after nephroureterectomy in all patients. Next, we compared patients with and without a residual urine volume using propensity score‐matching analysis. The presence of a residual urine volume was defined as ≥30 mL.

Results

The median follow‐up period among all patients was 48 months. The presence of pyuria and a residual urine volume were associated with bladder recurrence in the multivariate analysis. A total of 19 patients each were selected after matching, and we confirmed a significant difference between the presence and absence of a residual urine volume (P = 0.0291). The 2‐year postoperative recurrence‐free rate of patients with and without a residual urine volume was 32% and 82%, respectively.

Conclusions

This is the first study to evaluate the post‐void residual urine volume and intravesical recurrence rate after nephroureterectomy for upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma. The presence of residual urine might be a risk factor for postoperative recurrence of intravesical carcinoma.
Association between response to rituximab and antibody‐mediated rejection in ABO‐incompatible living kidney transplantation
Authors: Maenosono Ryoichi , Unagami Kohei , Kakuta Yoichi , Furusawa Miyuki , Okumi Masayoshi , Azuma Haruhito , Ishida Hideki , Tanabe Kazunari
Published: September 2019

Objectives

To examine the association of response to rituximab and the incidence of antibody‐mediated rejection in preconditioning of rituximab and plasma exchange without post‐transplant plasmapheresis in patients undergoing ABO‐incompatible living kidney transplantation.

Methods

A total of 115 patients who underwent ABO‐incompatible living kidney transplantation at Tokyo Women's Medical University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan, were divided into two groups based on the response to rituximab: good response (n = 75) or poor response (n = 40). The rituximab good response and poor response patients were defined as patients whose CD19+ cells were non‐detected (0%) and detected on the day of transplantation (2–5 days, median 3 days, after rituximab administration), respectively.

Results

Rituximab response and anti‐A/B blood antibody titer after plasmapheresis were significant risk factors for antibody‐mediated rejection (P = 0.036, 0.045, respectively). The occurrence of antibody‐mediated rejection was higher in the poor response group than in the good response group (22.5% vs 8.0%; P = 0.028). The 14‐day, 3‐month and 1‐year cumulative incidence of antibody‐mediated rejection was 2.7%, 5.3% and 8.0% in the good response group, and 17.5%, 20.0% and 22.5% in the poor response group after ABO‐incompatible living kidney transplantation. The patient survival was not significantly different between the two groups. However, graft survival 1 month after transplantation was lower in the poor response group. There is no significant difference in graft function and in the incidence of complications, including infection, after transplantation between the two groups.

Conclusions

Antibody‐mediated rejection after ABO‐incompatible living kidney transplantation was significantly associated with the response to rituximab in our preconditioning protocol.
Latest insights on ABO‐incompatible living‐donor renal transplantation
Authors: Uchida Junji , Kosoku Akihiro , Naganuma Toshihide , Tanaka Tomoaki , Nakatani Tatsuya
Published: September 2019

This review summarizes the latest insights on ABO‐incompatible living‐donor renal transplantation. Desensitization protocols and clinical outcomes were investigated, and a comparison was made with kidney‐paired donation, which is not permitted in Japan for ethical reasons. Although renal transplantation is greatly beneficial for most patients with end‐stage kidney disease, many of these patients must remain on dialysis therapy for extended periods due to the scarcity of organs from deceased donors. ABO blood type incompatibility was once believed to be a contraindication to renal transplantation due to the increased risk for antibody‐mediated rejection and early graft loss attributable to isoagglutinins. Recently, pretransplant desensitization strategies, such as removal of isoagglutinins and antibody‐producing cells, have achieved successful outcomes, although it remains unclear whether graft survival and patient morbidity are equivalent to those for ABO‐compatible renal transplantation. The present review suggested that ABO‐incompatible living‐donor renal transplantation might be a favorable radical renal replacement therapy for patients with end‐stage kidney disease.
Animal Vulnerability and its Ethical Implications: An Exploration
Authors: Martin Angela K.
Published: September 2019

Abstract

While human vulnerability has been discussed for some time in the contemporary philosophy and bioethics literature, animal vulnerability has received less attention. In this article, I investigate whether the concept of vulnerability, as it is currently used in bioethics, can be meaningfully extended to animals. Furthermore, I discuss the ethical implications of ascribing vulnerability to animals and I show what vulnerability discourse can add to debates on animal ethics. In a first step, I analyse the conditions of vulnerability ascription. By taking as my basis the definition of vulnerability presented by Martin, Tavaglione and Hurst, I demonstrate that some animals fulfil the conditions of vulnerability ascription. I explore the ethical implications of vulnerability ascriptions in three domains: livestock farming, animal experimentation, and animals living in the wild. I argue that many groups of animals currently qualify as particularly vulnerable and should be afforded special protection so that they receive what they are due. I conclude by outlining the differences between vulnerability and sentience ascriptions: while sentience is a sufficient reason to ascribe moral status to a being, vulnerability draws our attention to those who are more likely to be denied what they are due.
Gender‐diverse boards and audit fees: What difference does gender quota legislation make?
Authors: Nekhili Mehdi , Gull Ammar Ali , Chtioui Tawhid , Radhouane Ikram
Published: September 2019

We investigate the effect of board (audit committee) gender diversity on audit fees in the French context. We also examine whether the relationship between the proportion of female directors and audit fees is moderated by the enactment of the gender quota law in 2011. We use the system GMM estimation approach on a matched sample of French firms listed in the SBF 120 index between 2002 and 2017. Consistent with the supply‐side perspective, we contend that female independent directors and female audit committee members, by improving board monitoring effectiveness, affect the auditor's assessment of audit risk, resulting in lower audit fees. Our findings also document that, by breaking the glass ceiling, the effectiveness of the gender quota law lies not in increasing the proportion of female insider directors, but in boosting the appointment of female independent directors and female audit committee members. Using the difference‐in‐difference approach, our results reveal that female independent directors and female audit committee members are more willing to assert their monitoring skills after the quota law, leading to lower audit fees. Moving beyond tokenism, we show that, after the quota law, the negative impact on non‐audit fees is strengthened only for female independent directors.
Blood pressure response to treatment of obese vs non‐obese adults with sleep apnea
Authors: Kuna Samuel T. , Townsend Raymond R. , Keenan Brendan T. , Maislin David , Gislason Thorarinn , Benediktsdóttir Bryndís , Gudmundsdóttir Sigrun , Arnardóttir Erna Sif , Sifferman Andrea , Staley Beth , Pack Frances M. , Guo Xiaofeng , Schwab Richard J. , Maislin Greg , Chirinos Julio A. , Pack Allan I.
Published: September 2019

Many patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), but not all, have a reduction in blood pressure (BP) with positive airway pressure (PAP) treatment. Our objective was to determine whether the BP response following PAP treatment is related to obesity. A total of 188 adults with OSA underwent 24‐hour BP monitoring and 24‐hour urinary norepinephrine collection at baseline. Obesity was assessed by waist circumference, body mass index, and abdominal visceral fat volume. Participants adherent to PAP treatment were reassessed after 4 months. Primary outcomes were 24‐hour mean arterial pressure (MAP) and 24‐hour urinary norepinephrine level. Obstructive sleep apnea participants had a significant reduction in 24‐hour MAP following PAP treatment (−1.22 [95% CI: −2.38, −0.06] mm Hg; P = .039). No significant correlations were present with any of the 3 obesity measures for BP or urinary norepinephrine measures at baseline in all OSA participants or for changes in BP measures in participants adherent to PAP treatment. Changes in BP measures following treatment were not correlated with baseline or change in urinary norepinephrine. Similar results were obtained when BP or urinary norepinephrine measures were compared between participants dichotomized using the sex‐specific median of each obesity measure. Greater reductions in urinary norepinephrine were correlated with higher waist circumference (rho = −0.21, P = .037), with a greater decrease from baseline in obese compared to non‐obese participants (−6.26 [−8.82, −3.69] vs −2.14 [−4.63, 0.35] ng/mg creatinine; P = .027). The results indicate that the BP response to PAP treatment in adults with OSA is not related to obesity or urinary norepinephrine levels.
The Effects of Crises and European Fiscal Governance Reforms on the Budgetary Processes of Member States
Authors: Raudla Ringa , Bur Sebastian , Keel Kati
Published: September 2019

The goal of this article was to explore how the experience of the crisis and the fiscal governance reforms at the European level have influenced budget processes in member states. Drawing on the Europeanization, fiscal governance and pubic crisis management literature, the article first outlines a series of propositions about the kinds of shifts in the budget process that we would expect to ensue from the crisis experience and European reforms. The empirical part of our article explores the validity of those theoretical conjectures in three different member states: Portugal, Austria and Finland. We found that the crisis experience and European reforms have led to increased centralization of the budgetary process in all three countries. Although we would have expected Austria and Portugal to move closer towards the contracts approach of fiscal governance, this has not happened as the medium‐term expenditure frameworks are not viewed as binding.
Association between preeclampsia and autism spectrum disorder: a population‐based study
Authors: Maher Gillian M. , O'Keeffe Gerard W. , Dalman Christina , Kearney Patricia M. , McCarthy Fergus P. , Kenny Louise C. , Khashan Ali S.
Published: September 2019

Background

The environmental contribution of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is approximately 17%–50%, highlighting the importance of investigating factors potentially contributing to the likelihood of its development, and of gaining a greater understanding of the pathogenesis surrounding ASD. The objective of this study was to examine the association between preeclampsia and ASD using a population‐based cohort study.

Methods

All singleton live births in Sweden from 1982 to 2010 were included, using data from Swedish National Registers. Exposures of interest included: (a) preeclampsia (classified according to ICD‐8, ICD‐9 and ICD‐10) and (b) preeclampsia and small for gestational age (SGA) combined, used as a proxy for preeclampsia with placental dysfunction. ASD status was based on ICD‐9 and ICD‐10. The cohort consisted of 2,842,230 children, with 54,071 cases of ASD. Follow‐up began from the child's first birthday, and data were censored at first diagnosis of ASD, death, migration or end of study period (31st December 2016). We conducted multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, adjusting for several perinatal and sociodemographic factors, selected a priori. We further controlled for shared genetic and familial confounding using sibling‐matched analysis.

Results

In the adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, preeclampsia was associated with a 25% increase in the likelihood of ASD (Hazard Ratio (HR): 1.25, 95% CI:1.19, 1.30) compared with those unexposed to preeclampsia, while in the sibling‐matched analysis the HR was 1.17 (95% CI: 1.06, 1.28). The HR for preeclampsia and SGA combined was 1.66 (95% CI: 1.49, 1.85) in the adjusted Cox model and 1.95 (95% CI: 1.53, 2.48) in the sibling‐matched analysis.

Conclusions

Exposure to preeclampsia or preeclampsia/SGA (i.e. SGA baby exposed to preeclampsia) was associated with ASD. The stronger association with preeclampsia/SGA than preeclampsia alone suggests that placental pathology may be a mechanism for the increased likelihood of ASD.
Phylogeny and Genetic/Morphological Variation of Strombidinopsis minima‐like Species (Ciliophora: Choreotrichia)
Authors: Kim Sun Young , Xu Dapeng , Jung Jae‐Ho , Choi Joong Ki
Published: September 2019

Six isolates of mineral‐enveloped Strombidinopsis minima‐like species were collected from the coastal waters across several regions in Korea. Morphological observations and molecular analyses were performed. The ribosomal DNA sequences (including small subunit ribosomal DNA, internal transcriber spacer 1‐5.8S ribosomal DNA‐internal transcriber spacer 2; and part of large subunit ribosomal DNA) of these six isolates were compared. Their morphological characteristics were also compared with those of S. minima populations reported. The marked genetic differences (with a similarity range of 96.85–98.48%) in SSU rDNA among these S. minima‐like entities suggest the existence of multiple species. This finding is also supported by morphological variations detected in this study and reported in the literature (e.g. 15–32 collar membranelles in different populations). In addition, S. minima‐like species are clustered with S. batos and S. sinicum, and therefore, our SSU rDNA results support previous results suggesting that the genus Strombidinopsis is not monophyletic in origin. Further collection of morphological and molecular data may facilitate the determination of a new genus carrying mineral‐enveloped Strombidinopsis species.
CARBONATE RESERVOIR ROCKS AT GIANT OIL AND GAS FIELDS IN SW IRAN AND THE ADJACENT OFFSHORE: A REVIEW OF STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE AND PORO‐PERM CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: Esrafili‐Dizaji B. , Rahimpour‐Bonab H.
Published: September 2019

SW Iran and the adjacent offshore are prolific petroleum‐producing areas with very large proven oil and gas reserves and the potential for significant new discoveries. Most of the oil and gas so far discovered is present in carbonate reservoir rocks in the Dehram, Khami and Bangestan Groups and the Asmari Formation, with smaller volumes in the Dashtak, Neyriz, Najmeh, Gurpi, Pabdeh, Jahrum, Shahbazan, Razak and Mishan (Guri Member) Formations. The Permo‐Triassic Dehram Group carbonates produce non‐associated gas and condensate in Fars Province and the nearby offshore. The Jurassic – Lower Cretaceous Khami Group carbonates are an important producing reservoir at a number of offshore fields and in the southern Dezful Embayment, and are prospective for future exploration. Much of Iran's crude oil is produced from the Oligo‐Miocene Asmari Formation and the mid‐Cretaceous Sarvak Formation of the Bangestan Group in the Dezful Embayment.

This review paper is based on data from 115 reservoir units at 60 oil‐ and gasfields in SW Iran and the adjacent offshore. It demonstrates that the main carbonate reservoir units vary from one‐another significantly, depending on the particular sedimentary and diagenetic history. Ooidal‐grainstones and rudist‐ and Lithocodium‐bearing carbonate facies form the most important reservoir facies, and producing units are commonly dolomitised, karstified and fractured. In general, reservoir rocks in the study area can be classified into six major types: grainstones; reefal carbonates; karstified, dolomitised and fractured carbonates; and sandstones. The stratigraphic distribution of these reservoir rocks was principally controlled by the palaeoclimatic conditions existing at the time of deposition. A comparative reservoir analysis based on core data shows that dolomitised and/or fractured, grain‐dominated carbonates in the Dehram Group, Lower Khami Group and Asmari Formation typically have better reservoir qualities than the Cretaceous limestones in the Upper Khami and Bangestan Groups.
Glioblastoma with tumor‐to‐tumor metastasis from lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Fioravanzo Adele , Simbolo Michele , Giampiccolo Davide , Damante Riccardo , Pinna Giampietro , Scarpa Aldo , Barresi Valeria
Published: September 2019

Glioblastoma is a tumor with widely variable morphology. It may rarely show pseudoepithelial components or true epithelial differentiation. Metastasis to glioblastomas have been previously reported, but were unsupported by immunohistochemical or molecular analyses. Herein we describe a glioblastoma with carcinomatous foci in a patient with no past clinical history of tumors outside the central nervous system. The carcinomatous foci expressed epithelial, but not glial markers. Therefore, whole‐body imaging was carried out to verify the presence of carcinoma. A lung mass was biopsied and it resulted as primary lung adenocarcinoma. Carcinomatous foci of glioblastoma and lung adenocarcinoma had the same KRAS mutation which was absent in glial areas of the glioblastoma. Thus, glioblastoma with tumor‐to‐tumor metastasis was diagnosed. This case demonstrates that, albeit rare, metastases to glioblastoma may occur, and they should be considered in the differential diagnosis of glioblastoma with carcinomatous foci. Even when the past clinical history is negative, the presence of carcinoma should be investigated to rule out glioblastoma with tumor‐to‐tumor metastasis.
Wave Propagation in an Unbounded Magneto-Thermoelastic Rotating Medium Permeated by a Heat Source
Authors: Gangopadhyaya Nilanjana , Lahiri Abhijit , Patra Pulak , Roy Surath
Published: September 2019

Matrix method of solution is applied to determine generalized thermoelastic wave propagation in an unbounded medium due to periodically varying heat source under the influence of magnetic field. Green–Lindsay (GL) model of generalized thermoelasticity for finite wave propagation is considered along with a magnetic field for a rotating medium with uniform velocity. Basic equations are solved by eigenvalue approach method after compiling in a form of vector–matrix linear differential equation in Laplace transform domain. Finally inverting the perturbed magnetic field and other field variables by a suitable numerical method, the results are analyzed by depicting several graphs in space–time domain.
A Bayesian Inference-Based Approach to Empirical Training of Strongly Coupled Constituent Models
Authors: Flynn G. S. , Chodora E. , Atamturktur S. , Brown D. A.
Published: September 2019

Partitioned analysis enables numerical representation of complex systems through the coupling of smaller, simpler constituent models, each representing a different phenomenon, domain, scale, or functional component. Through this coupling, inputs and outputs of constituent models are exchanged in an iterative manner until a converged solution satisfies all constituents. In practical applications, numerical models may not be available for all constituents due to lack of understanding of the behavior of a constituent and the inability to conduct separate-effect experiments to investigate the behavior of the constituent in an isolated manner. In such cases, empirical representations of missing constituents have the opportunity to be inferred using integral-effect experiments, which capture the behavior of the system as a whole. Herein, we propose a Bayesian inference-based approach to estimate missing constituent models from available integral-effect experiments. Significance of this novel approach is demonstrated through the inference of a material plasticity constituent integrated with a finite element model to enable efficient multiscale elasto-plastic simulations.
Numerical Investigation on the Regime of Cavitation Shedding and Collapse During the Water-Exit of Submerged Projectile
Authors: Chen Ying , Gong Zhaoxin , Li Jie , Chen Xin , Lu Chuanjing
Published: September 2019

Cavitation may develop on upward-launched submerged objects approaching sea surface with high speed. In this work, the cavitation shedding and collapse during the water-exit of an axisymmetric projectile is investigated using large eddy simulation (LES). High resolution is guaranteed by carefully fulfilling the requisites of y+<1, Δx+<100, and Δz+<40 to resolve at least 80% of the turbulent kinetic energy. The result indicates that the cavity in growth is always undeveloped as the ambient hydrostatic pressure keeps decreasing. The cavity is pushed by the water surface to shed downward and keep shrinking until its final collapse. The vapor inside cavity during the water-exit process is separated by a layer of water so as not to mix with the air. The front of the re-entrant jet barely catches up with the moving wall, and the cavity is pinched off by the joint effect of the jet front and water surface. It is also found that the angle of attack (AOA) generates inversely inclined liquid-vapor contact lines of the cavity leading edge and cavity closure. The advancing contact lines finally intersect on the pressure side to make the cavity break off, which can cause noticeable pressure impulse on the break-off spot. The pressure feature of the water-exit cavitation evolution is studied with intensively arranged monitor points on the wall, which can sense pressure peaks when the liquid-vapor contact lines sweep over them. The instantaneous high pressure induced by cavitation collapse is resolved.
Stress Prediction of Buried Pipes Subjected to Operational Loadings in Unsaturated Soils
Authors: Randeniya Chamal , Robert Dilan , Li Chun-Qing
Published: September 2019

Pipelines are used to provide variety of services in modern community and have grown rapidly in past few decades due to growing socio-economic requirements. Most of the water mains are buried in shallow depths where the soil is partially saturated with significant spatial and temporal variations. Even though the behavior of buried pipes in such unsaturated soil condition is substantially different when compared to dry or fully saturated soil, the effect of soil saturations is overlooked in the current pipe stress prediction methods, leading to unrealistic predictions of the pipe stresses. In this study, three-dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) method was employed with advanced constitutive soil models to analyze the behavior of pipes buried in unsaturated soil condition. Having validated the FE model using reported field test data, an analytical model was proposed to predict the maximum stress in buried pipes considering soil saturation effect using a series of 3D FE analyses. Results from the FE analyses reveal that the maximum pipe stress can be significantly different when soil is in unsaturated condition when compared to dry condition. The proposed formula shows a good agreement with the field data and FE results, so that the expression can be used in the prediction of maximum pipe stress when they are buried under realistic (i.e., nondry) soil conditions.
Non-Axisymmetric Flows and Rotordynamic Forces in an Eccentric Shrouded Centrifugal Compressor—Part 2: Analysis
Authors: Song Jieun , Song Seung Jin
Published: September 2019

An integrated analytical model to predict non-axisymmetric flow fields and rotordynamic forces in a shrouded centrifugal compressor has been newly developed and validated. The model is composed of coupled, conservation law-based, bulk-flow submodels, and the model takes into account the flow coupling among the blades, labyrinth seals, and shroud cavity. Thus, the model predicts the entire flow field in the shrouded compressor when given compressor geometry, operating conditions, and eccentricity. When compared against the experimental data from part 1, the new model accurately predicts the evolution of the pressure perturbations along the shroud and labyrinth seal cavities as well as the corresponding rotordynamic stiffness coefficients. For the test compressor, the cross-coupled stiffness rotordynamic excitation is positive; the contribution of the shroud is the highest; the contribution of the seals is less than but on the same order of magnitude as that of the shroud; and contribution of impeller blades is insignificant. The new model also enables insight into the physical mechanism for pressure perturbation development. The labyrinth seal pressure distribution becomes non-axisymmetric to satisfy mass conservation in the seal cavity, and this non-axisymmetry, in turn, serves as the influential boundary condition for the pressure distribution in the shroud cavity. Therefore, for accurate flow and rotordynamic force predictions, it is important to model the flow coupling among the components (e.g., impeller, shroud, labyrinth seal, etc.), which determines the non-axisymmetric boundary conditions for the components.
Sensitivity and Forced Response Analysis of Anisotropy-Mistuned Bladed Disks With Nonlinear Contact Interfaces
Authors: Koscso Adam , Petrov Evgeny
Published: September 2019

A new method has been developed for the analysis of nonlinear forced response of bladed disks mistuned by blade anisotropy scatter and for the forced response sensitivity to blade material anisotropy orientations. The approach allows for the calculation of bladed disks with nonlinear friction contact interfaces using the multiharmonic balance method. The method uses efficient high-accuracy model reduction method for the minimization of the computational effort while providing required accuracy. The capabilities of the developed methods are validated and demonstrated using a two-blade model. A thorough study of the influence of the material anisotropy mistuning and its sensitivity on the characteristics of the forced response is carried out using finite element (FE) modes of anisotropy mistuned realistic bladed disk with nonlinear friction joints of blade roots and shroud contacts. The dependency of the nonlinear forced response on excitation level and contact pressure values has been carried out for anisotropy mistuned bladed disks.
Laminar viscous flow through pipes, related to cross-sectional area and perimeter length
Authors: Lekner John
Published: September 2019

It has been proposed, as a rough rule of thumb, that for a given pressure gradient and fluid viscosity the total flow rate through a pipe of given cross-section is proportional to A3/P2 where A is the area and P is the perimeter length of a pipe section normal to the pipe axis. This dependence on perimeter length as well as on area allows for the additional friction which comes from more contact of fluid with the walls of pipes which are corrugated or highly deformed from a circular cross-section. Comparison is made with exactly calculated flows for a variety of different pipe shapes.
Single-pixel camera
Authors: Kuusela Tom A.
Published: September 2019

A single-pixel camera is an interesting alternative to modern digital cameras featuring millions of pixels. A single-pixel camera is a method that produces images by exploring the object features with a series of spatially resolved patterns of light field while measuring the correlated intensity on a single detector. Nowadays, single-pixel cameras are used on those applications where multi-pixel detectors are not available because the wavelength is not in visible range or light intensity is extremely low. The spatial light modulator is an essential part of any single-pixel camera systems. They are, unfortunately, very expensive. We describe a low-cost version of single pixel camera that can be used in undergraduate physics laboratories. We show that with this camera setup students can easily demonstrate basic characteristics of computational ghost imaging and traditional raster and basis scan. Finally, we explain how to perform compressive sampling of images where the number of measurements is well below the actual pixel number. Compressive sampling is a rapidly expanding method to perform image or signal reconstructions in many field of research.
During the Early Stages of Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Formation, Induced Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Are Degraded by Autologous Thermonuclease
Authors: Sultan Andi R. , Hoppenbrouwers Tamara , Lemmens-den Toom Nicole A. , Snijders Susan V. , van Neck Johan W. , Verbon Annelies , de Maat Moniek P. M. , van Wamel Willem J. B.
Published: September 2019

Staphylococcus aureus
extracellular DNA (eDNA) plays a crucial role in the structural stability of biofilms during bacterial colonization; on the contrary, host immune responses can be induced by bacterial eDNA. Previously, we observed production of
S. aureus
thermonuclease during the early stages of biofilm formation in a mammalian cell culture medium.
Lrg1 Regulates β (1,3)-Glucan Masking in Candida albicans through the Cek1 MAP Kinase Pathway
Authors: Chen Tian , Wagner Andrew S. , Tams Robert N. , Eyer James E. , Kauffman Sarah J. , Gann Eric R. , Fernandez Elias J. , Reynolds Todd B.
Published: September 2019

Candida albicans
is an important source of systemic infections in humans. The ability to mask the immunogenic cell wall polymer β (1,3)-glucan from host immune surveillance contributes to fungal virulence. We previously reported that the hyperactivation of the Cek1 MAP kinase cascade promotes cell wall unmasking, thus increasing strain immunogenicity. In this study, we identified a novel regulator of the Cek1 pathway called Lrg1. Lrg1 is a predicted GTPase-activating protein (GAP) that represses Cek1 activity by downregulating the GTPase Cdc42 and its downstream MAPKKK, Ste11. Upregulation of Cek1 activity diminished fungal virulence in the mouse model of infection, and this correlates with increased cytokine responses from macrophages. We also analyzed the transcriptional profile determined during β (1,3)-glucan exposure driven by Cek1 hyperactivation. Our report provides a model where Cek1 hyperactivation causes β (1,3)-glucan exposure by upregulation of cell wall proteins and leads to more robust immune detection
in vivo
, promoting more effective clearance.