bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ELT in Finland
Authors: Kalaja Paula , Dufva Hannele
Published: July 2024

This entry describes ELT at basic and secondary levels of education (Grades 1–12) in Finland. We discuss some major currents in Finnish society and its educational policy, or more specifically, in school curricula to consider the developments within ELT and the potential challenges therein. Today, the groups of students are increasingly multilingual and multicultural. Further, learners are exposed to English not only in the classroom but also in the various out‐of‐classroom contexts. English is used not only to interact with native speakers but also with other non‐native speakers of the language at home and abroad, thus functioning as a lingua franca or a global language.
Anethole Regulated Crystallization for High Efficiency Carbon‐Based Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Hong Jin , Kang Cuiting , Huang Rong , Wu Zhujie , Li Lingcong , Li Xijie , Rao Huashang , Pan Zhenxiao , Zhong Xinhua
Published: July 2024

Two‐step sequential deposition is a widespread technique for the fabrication of perovskite films, renowned for its better control of the crystallization process. However, achieving a well‐controlled and complete reaction of PbI2 by organic ammonium salts remains a key challenge. Previous studies have predominantly focused on regulating the properties of the PbI2 layer while paying less attention to the high reactivity of organic ammonium salts. In this study, the natural molecule anethole is first explored to control perovskite crystallization during two‐step sequential deposition, focusing on the reactivity modulation of organic formamidine ion (FA+). It is demonstrated that FA+ exhibits strong hydrogen bond interactions with anethole, inhibiting the high reactivity of FA+ and effectively delaying the rapid reaction between FAI and PbI2. This decelerates the crystallization kinetics of perovskite films, facilitating the orderly and complete reaction of PbI2 by FAI while suppressing detrimental δ‐phase formation. Consequently, FA‐based perovskite films with high crystallinity, preferred orientation, and low defect state density are obtained. The fabricated planar hole transport layer‐free carbon electrode perovskite solar cells deliver an efficiency of 20.41% (certified efficiency of 20.0%), which is a new record for this kind of solar cell.
Electrically Insulating Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Materials: A Perspective
Authors: Liu Ji , Nicolosi Valeria
Published: July 2024

Electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding is critical in electronic applications. Over the past decades, numerous high‐performance EMI shields are developed using electrically conducting materials. However, from an application aspect, EMI shielding materials, integral to the increasingly complex electronic systems, often need to be electrically insulating to prevent short‐circuiting and enhance overall application reliability and flexibility. This requirement has frequently been overlooked in earlier research on EMI shielding materials. This paper summarizes the representative advancements in the design of innovative EMI shielding materials that minimize and eliminate reliance on electrical conductivity. Insights into the future prospects and directions for the development of electrically insulating EMI shielding materials are also provided, with the aim of pioneering materials that are both intrinsically insulating and effective at EMI shielding.
Co‐Substitution Engineering Boosting the Kinetics and Stablity of VO2 for Zn Ion Batteries
Authors: Wang Zihan , Cui Peng , Wang Xiaomei , Chang Mengwei , Yu Yongren , You Junhua , Hu Fang , Wu Yusheng , Zhu Kai
Published: July 2024

VO2 is considered as one of the most likely cathode materials to be commercialized for large‐scale application in AZIBs and is at the forefront of aqueous batteries, but its lower electrical conductivity, slower Zn2+ mobility, as well as voltage degradation and structural collapse due to vanadium solubilization have limited its further development. Herein, a Co‐substitution engineering strategy is proposed, which is introducing heteroatom Co2+ doping substitution and oxygen vacancy substitution to stabilize structure and promote ionic/electronic conductivity, leading an enhanced Zn ion storage behavior. The Co‐substituted VO2 (Co0.03V0.97O2‐x, denote as Ov‐CoVO) is reported in this paper, Co‐substitution inhibits vanadium dissolution of VO2 in AZIBs, even in the acetionitrile system. DFT calculations show that Ov‐CoVO has a more stable structure as well as a faster electronic/ionic conductivity. Consequently, the Ov‐CoVO||ZnOTF||Zn battery (aqueous) can deliver a remarkable capacity of 475 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1 with 99.1% capacity retention after 200 cycles, still maintains excellent cycling stability in Ov‐CoVO||ZnTFSI||Zn (acetionitrile electrolyte) at 0.1 A g−1. In addition, compared to VO2, the charge transfer resistance and Zn2+ iffusion coefficient of Ov‐CoVO are significantly enhanced. This work broadens the scope for research cathode materials for high performance ZIBs.
A Nanoreactor Based on Metal–Organic Frameworks With Triple Synergistic Therapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Zheng Heming , Huang Lei , An Guanghui , Guo Lianshan , Wang Nannan , Yang Wenhui , Zhu Yanqiu
Published: July 2024

The transformation of monotherapy into multimodal combined targeted therapy to fully exploit synergistic efficacy is of increasing interest in tumor treatment. In this work, a novel nanodrug‐carrying platform based on iron‐based MOFs, which is loaded with doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX), dihydroartemisinin (DHA), and glucose oxidase (GOx), and concurrently covalently linked to the photosensitizer 5,10,15,20‐tetrakis(4‐carboxyphenyl)porphyrin (TCPP) in polydopamine (PDA)‐encapsulated MIL‐101(Fe) (denoted as MIL‐101(Fe)‐DOX‐DHA@TCPP/GOx@PDA, MDDTG@P), is successfully developed. Upon entering the tumor microenvironment, MDDTG@P catalyzes the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into hydroxyl radicals (·OH) and depletes glutathione (GSH); thus, exerting the role of chemodynamic therapy (CDT). The reduced Fe2+ can also activate DHA, further expanding CDT and promoting tumor cell apoptosis. The introduced GOx will rapidly consume glucose and oxygen (O2) in the tumor; while, replenishing H2O2 for Fenton reaction, starving the cancer cells; and thus, realizing starvation and chemodynamic therapy. In addition, the covalent linkage of TCPP endows MDDTG@P with good photodynamic therapeutic (PDT) properties. Therefore, this study develops a nanocarrier platform for triple synergistic chemodynamic/photodynamic/starvation therapy, which has promising applications in the efficient treatment of tumors.
Compliant DNA Origami Nanoactuators as Size‐Selective Nanopores
Authors: Yu Ze , Baptist Anna V. , Reinhardt Susanne C. M. , Bertosin Eva , Dekker Cees , Jungmann Ralf , Heuer‐Jungemann Amelie , Caneva Sabina
Published: July 2024

Biological nanopores crucially control the import and export of biomolecules across lipid membranes in cells. They have found widespread use in biophysics and biotechnology, where their typically narrow, fixed diameters enable selective transport of ions and small molecules, as well as DNA and peptides for sequencing applications. Yet, due to their small channel sizes, they preclude the passage of large macromolecules, e.g., therapeutics. Here, the unique combined properties of DNA origami nanotechnology, machine‐inspired design, and synthetic biology are harnessed, to present a structurally reconfigurable DNA origami MechanoPore (MP) that features a lumen that is tuneable in size through molecular triggers. Controllable switching of MPs between 3 stable states is confirmed by 3D‐DNA‐PAINT super‐resolution imaging and through dye‐influx assays, after reconstitution of the large MPs in the membrane of liposomes via an inverted‐emulsion cDICE technique. Confocal imaging of transmembrane transport shows size‐selective behavior with adjustable thresholds. Importantly, the conformational changes are fully reversible, attesting to the robust mechanical switching that overcomes pressure from the surrounding lipid molecules. These MPs advance nanopore technology, offering functional nanostructures that can be tuned on‐demand – thereby impacting fields as diverse as drug delivery, biomolecule sorting, and sensing, as well as bottom‐up synthetic biology.
Eco‐Friendly Production of 2D Ti3C2Tx MXene and Cytotoxicity Mitigation Toward Biomedical Applications
Authors: Sankar Siva Nemala , Araujo Guilherme , Fernandes João , Cerqueira Fatima , Alpuim Pedro , Ribeiro Ana R. , Lebre Filipa , Alfaro‐Moreno Ernesto , Placidi Ernesto , Marras Sergio , Capasso Andrea
Published: July 2024

2D MXenes find applications in several technology fields. Solution processing techniques can facilitate the integration of these materials within the technological supply chain. Here, a highly concentrated (up to 1.5 g L−1) and stable dispersion of 2D Ti3C2Tx MXene flakes is produced by an environmentally friendly liquid phase exfoliation process (LPE) in dihydrolevoglucosenone (Cyrene). The flakes preserve their elemental composition after 6 months, while those exfoliated in N‐Methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (NMP), a commonly used solvent, undergo significant oxidation. The cytotoxicity of the MXene flakes in Cyrene and in NMP is investigated by assessing the cellular viability in a human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cell line, which is a relevant model for skin applications. The data show that the MXene flakes in Cyrene induce cytotoxic effects for a dose > 1 µg cm−2, as similarly observed for the MXene flakes in NMP. Efforts are made to overcome this by collecting the MXene flakes and redispersing them in a solution of bovine serum albumin (BSA). MXene in BSA does not affect cellular viability and cell morphology, possibly due to the formation of a protective protein corona around the individual MXene flakes. These findings illustrate an environmentally friendly strategy to produce biocompatible 2D MXene for biomedical applications.
Blackbody‐Sensitive Uncooled Infrared Detector with Ultra‐Broadband and Ultrafast Photoresponse Based on Te/WTe2 Heterostructure
Authors: Yu Yu , Dai Zhiyuan , Guan Haibiao , Wang Ruowen , Ye Tao , Bu Yonghao , Deng Jie , Shi Mengdie , Sun Liaoxin , Xin Rui , Li Tianxin , Shu Haibo , Chen Xiaoshuang , Zhou Jing
Published: July 2024

Blackbody‐sensitive uncooled infrared photodetectors with ultra‐broadband and ultrafast photoresponse have a profound impact on many areas of modern science and technology. However, it is a big challenge for both traditional photodetectors and emerging low‐dimensional ones to simultaneously have all the above characteristics. Here, this challenge is addressed by establishing a Te/WTe2 heterostructure photodetector. The built‐in field of the heterostructure and the crossing conduction and valence bands of WTe2 jointly result in a high responsivity and a visible‐to‐long‐wavelength‐infrared photoresponse range. The peak responsivity (at the 3.3 µm wavelength) reaches 914 mA W−1 at zero bias and 8.51 A W−1 at 2 V bias. Further, the joint action coupled with the high mobility of Te and WTe2 promotes the 3‐dB bandwidth to 153 kHz. The self‐powered blackbody responsivity and specific detectivity reach 235.7 mA W−1 and 1.1 × 108 cm Hz1/2 W−1, respectively. The former increases to 5.82 A W−1 at 1 V bias. Moreover, this device is polarization‐sensitive with a contrast ratio of 2. This work reveals the potential of the Te/WTe2 heterostructure for high‐performance room‐temperature infrared photodetectors.
A3Sc(SO4)3 (A = K, Rb, Cs): Three Deep‐Ultraviolet Transparent Alkali‐Scandium Sulfates with Strong Second‐Harmonic Generation Response and High Thermal Stability
Authors: Geng Zilong , Fu Ruibiao , Ma Zuju , Wu Xintao
Published: July 2024

Nonlinear optical (NLO) crystals that have the capability of achieving tunable lasers through frequency conversion are of great importance in solid‐state lasers. Herein, three new deep‐UV transparent alkali‐scandium sulfates with strong second‐harmonic generation (SHG) response and high thermal stability, A3Sc(SO4)3 (A = K, Rb, Cs), are successfully obtained. It is interesting that the slightly distorted [ScO6] octahedrons are in an ordered/oriented arrangement, which is in favor of the generation of SHG response. Especially, K3Sc(SO4)3 not only exhibits a strong phase‐matching SHG response of 1.6 × KDP, a short deep‐ultraviolet (deep‐UV) cutoff edge of 190 nm, a wide transparent window covering from the deep‐UV region to mid IR, a high laser‐induced damage threshold of 165 MW cm−2 and easy growth of large single crystal, but also behaves thermal stable up to 900 °C under an air atmosphere. Crystal structures and theoretical calculations reveal that their strong SHG responses mainly stem from the slightly distorted [ScO6] octahedron. This study highlights A3Sc(SO4)3 (A = K, Rb, Cs) as promising deep‐UV transparent NLO crystals and offers a new approach for the pursuit of high‐performance NLO crystals.
Shared Awareness Across Domain‐Specific Artificial Intelligence: An Alternative to Domain‐General Intelligence and Artificial Consciousness
Authors: Deroy Ophelia , Bacciu Davide , Bahrami Bahador , Della Santina Cosimo , Hauert Sabine
Published: July 2024

Creating artificial general intelligence is the solution most often in the spotlight. It is also linked with the possibility—or fear—of machines gaining consciousness. Alternatively, developing domain‐specific artificial intelligence is more reliable, energy‐efficient, and ethically tractable, and raises mostly a problem of effective coordination between different systems and humans. Herein, it is argued that it will not require machines to be conscious and that simpler ways of sharing awareness are sufficient.
Maximizing the Synaptic Efficiency of Ferroelectric Tunnel Junction Devices Using a Switching Mechanism Hidden in an Identical Pulse Programming Learning Scheme
Authors: Kho Wonwoo , Hwang Hyunjoo , Noh Taewan , Kim Hoseong , Lee Ji Min , Ahn Seung‐Eon
Published: July 2024

Memristors play a pivotal role in advanced computing, with memristor‐based crossbar arrays showing promise for various artificial neural networks. Among these, HfO2‐based ferroelectric tunnel junctions (FTJs) stand out as ideal synaptic devices for neuromorphic computing. Their compatibility with the complementary metal oxide semiconductor process and intrinsic energy efficiency make them particularly appealing. While an increasing number of studies adopt identical pulse programming (IPP) with short width to update the conductance of HfO2‐based FTJs synaptic devices, conventional ferroelectric switching models fall short in describing updates the conductance with the IPP scheme. Consequently, studies achieving conductance updates via IPP lack an underlying mechanism explanation, potentially limiting the application of HfO2‐based FTJs as synaptic devices. This study explores the potential of ferroelectric Zr‐doped HfO2 (HZO) FTJs to undergo learning through the IPP scheme. Synaptic characteristics, including the number of conductance states, symmetry, linearity, write energy, and latency by modulating IPP scheme conditions are optimized. Finally, the applicability of HZO FTJ as a synaptic device by assessing learning accuracy in pattern recognition through artificial neural network simulation based on the optimized synaptic characteristics is evaluated.
Frontline therapy of acute myeloid leukemia with lower intensity regimens: Where are we now and where can we go?
Authors: Marvin‐Peek Jennifer , Gilbert Jason S. , Pollyea Daniel A. , DiNardo Courtney D.
Published: July 2024

The advent of molecularly targeted therapeutics has transformed the management of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Particularly for individuals unfit for intensive chemotherapy, lower intensity therapies (LIT) incorporating small molecules have significantly improved patient outcomes. With BCL2, IDH1, IDH2, and FLT3 inhibitors widely used for relapsed AML, combination regimens are now utilized in the frontline. Expansion of these targeted LIT combinations, along with development of novel agents including menin inhibitors, exemplifies the promise of precision medicine. Further understanding of molecular drivers of leukemic transformation and mechanisms of relapse will continue to advance frontline treatment options for patients with AML.
Far from the walking pace. Ecological and evolutionary consequences of the suboptimal locomotion speeds in non‐adult humans
Authors: Zorrilla‐Revilla Guillermo , Volpe Stella L. , Prado‐Nóvoa Olalla , Howard Kristen R. , Laskaridou Eleni , Marinik Elaina L. , Ramadoss Rohit , Davy Kevin P. , García‐González Rebeca
Published: July 2024

Introduction

Locomotion activities are part of most human daily tasks and are the basis for subsistence activities, particularly for hunter–gatherers. Therefore, differences in speed walking‐related variables may have an effect, not only on the mobility of the group, but also on its composition. Some anthropometric parameters related to body length could affect walking speed‐related variables and contribute to different human behaviors. However, there is currently little information on the influence of these parameters in nonadult individuals.

Methods

Overall, 11 females and 17 male child/adolescents, 8–17 years of age, volunteered to participate in this cross‐sectional study. Five different pace walking tests were performed on a treadmill to calculate the optimal locomotion speed (OLS) and U‐shaped relationship between the walking energy expenditure and speed (χ2 cost of transport [CoT]) (i.e., energetic walking flexibility).

Results

The mean OLS was 3.05 ± 0.13 miles per hour (mph), with no differences between sexes. Similarly, there were no sex differences in walking flexibility according to the χ2 CoT. Body height (p < .0001) and femur length (p < .001) were positively correlated with χ2 CoT; however, female child/adolescents mitigated the effect of height and femur length when walking at suboptimal speeds.

Conclusion

Consistent with prior observations in adults, our findings suggest that anthropometric parameters related to body stature are associated with reduced suboptimal walking flexibility in children and adolescents. Taken together, these results suggest that children and adolescents can adapt their pace to the one of taller individuals without a highly energetic penalty, but this flexibility decreases with increasing body size.
Synthesis and Properties of Fused Polycyclic Donor–Acceptor Compounds Containing Carbazole and Diazapyrene Skeletons
Authors: Kurimoto Suzuho , Tachi Yoshimitsu , Kozaki Masatoshi
Published: July 2024

Fused polycyclic aromatic compounds containing carbazole and diazapyrene skeletons as electron donors and acceptors, respectively, were synthesized in a few steps from readily accessible starting materials. The incorporation of diazapyrene units into the polycyclic compounds resulted in significant bathochromic shifts in their absorption and emission bands compared to those of the corresponding carbazole derivatives. Electrochemical measurements and density functional theory calculations were performed to gain further insight into their electronic properties. Our findings demonstrate that the incorporation of nitrogen atoms and substituents, as well as the different topologies of the fused‐ring system, exert a profound effect on the electronic properties of the polycyclic compounds.
Sulfurized Two‐Dimensional Conductive Metal–Organic Framework as a High‐Performance Cathode Material for Rechargeable Mg Batteries
Authors: Mu Yu , Nyakuchena James , Wang Yang , Wilkes James R. , Luo Tongtong , Goldstein Michael , Elander Brooke , Mohanty Udayan , Bao Junwei Lucas , Huang Jier , Wang Dunwei
Published: July 2024

Rechargeable Mg batteries are a promising energy storage technology to overcome the limitations inherent to Li ion batteries. A critical challenge in advancing Mg batteries is the lack of suitable cathode materials. In this work, we report a cathode design that incorporates S functionality into two‐dimensional metal‐organic‐frameworks (2D‐MOFs). This new cathode material enables good Mg2+ storage capacity and outstanding cyclability. It was found that upon the initial Mg2+ insertion and disinsertion, there is an apparent structural transformation that crumbles the layered 2D framework, leading to amorphization. The resulting material serves as the active material to host Mg2+ through reduction and/or oxidation of S and, to a limited extent, O. The reversible nature of S and O redox chemistry was confirmed by spectroscopic characterizations and validated by density functional calculations. Importantly, during the Mg2+ insertion and disinsertion process, the 2D nature of the framework was maintained, which plays a key role in enabling the high reversibility of the MOF cathode.
Exploring fatty acid composition, bioactive compounds, and antioxidant properties in oils of newly developed sesame mutant lines in Morocco
Authors: Kouighat Mohamed , Guirrou Ibtissame , El Antari Abderraouf , El Fechtali Mohamed , Bouchyoua Abdelghani , Nabloussi Abdelghani
Published: July 2024

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is renowned for its significance as a global oilseed crop, valued for its high oil content and nutritional properties. This study aimed to explore the fatty acid composition, bioactive compounds, and antioxidant attributes of sesame mutant oils, examining their potential applications in food industry. Nine M4 mutants, along with their parents, were grown in two contrasting environments (Taoujdate and Afourare) to investigate their seed oil, phenolic and flavonoid contents, the balance between omega‐6, omega‐9, and omega‐3 fatty acids, iodine value, and susceptibility to oxidation. Genotype and environment main effects as well as their interaction had a significant effect on the majority of the parameters studied. The mutant “US2‐1” stands out with a distinctive fatty acid profile, featuring the highest saturated fatty acids, ω‐6/ω‐9 ratio, and omega‐3 content, in addition to its high total flavonoid content and remarkable oxidative stability. “ML2‐10,” “US1‐2,” “US2‐6,” and “US2‐7” exhibit high oil content, coupled with substantial levels of phenols and flavonoids, rendering them excellent candidates for culinary and industrial applications where oxidative stability is important. “ML2‐68,” “ML2‐72,” “US06,” “US1‐DL,” and “US1‐3” offer versatile options with their moderate oil content and fatty acid profiles that resist oxidation. This research highlights the potential for breeding sesame mutants tailored to specific applications, contributing to both enhanced oil production and improved nutritional value. The insights gained here pave the way for the development of sesame varieties with superior nutritional and functional attributes, thereby promoting the sustainable production and consumption of sesame oil.
A latent curing agent for rapid curing of phenolic epoxy resin at low temperature
Authors: Guo Jian‐Qiao , Zhang Xing‐Hong
Published: July 2024

Developing effective latent curing agent for rapid curing of epoxy resins at low temperatures remains challenging. This study reports a latent curing agent, ortho‐cresol phenolic epoxy resin‐bisphenol A (EOCN‐BPA), prepared through the addition reaction of o‐methyl phenolic epoxy resin with BPA. When blended with dicyandiamide (DICY) in a 1:3 molar ratio, EOCN‐BPA/DICY is used to cure a linear epoxy phenolic novolac (EPN) resin (epoxy equivalent: 550 g eq−1, softening point: approximately 82°C), at an onset curing temperature of 90°C, which is considerably lower than the onset curing temperature of DICY with EPN (160°C). However, EOCN‐BPA does not react with EPN without a catalyst. Therefore, this latent curing system is successfully applied in powder coatings, rapid curing at 120°C within 3 min without an additional catalyst, outperforming the EPN/EOCN‐BPA system using cocatalyst 2‐methylimidazole. Consequently, DICY catalyzes the curing reaction between the phenol hydroxyl group and epoxy resin and participates in it. The prepared powder coating exhibits excellent storage stability, maintaining its properties for over 3 months at room temperature. These findings demonstrate the excellent latent properties of EOCN‐BPA/DICY, highlighting its potential as a highly effective latent curing agent.
Bio‐degradable fibrous membranes for oil/water separation by melt electrospinning
Authors: Li Xiuhong , Zhang Shuailong , Li Jiangzhou , Hu Xinyu , Zhang Jinjiao , Wei Qiong , Zhang Chupeng , Zhang Daode , Liu Yong
Published: July 2024

Various electrospun fibrous membranes have been addressed for oil/water separation owing to their advantages of high specific surface ratio, lightweight, and high porosity. However, they are commonly obtained by solution electrospinning of non‐green raw materials, which could cause serious environmental issues. To realize effective oil/water separation, the optimal processing parameters for melt electrospun polylactic acid (PLA) were determined through orthogonal experiments. Subsequently, PLA fibrous films with cellulose nanofiber (CNF) or sodium chloride (NaCl) for oil/water separation were produced via melt electrospinning. The effects of incorporating CNF or NaCl on the physiochemical properties of melt electrospun PLA fibrous membranes were investigated. In contrast to the pure PLA membranes, the obtained PLA/CNF and PLA/NaCl composite membranes exhibit a finer average fiber diameter and an increased porosity. Also, the oil absorption characteristics and oil/water separation abilities of these fibrous membranes were experimentally studied. In contrast to the 84.55% oil/water separation efficiency of melt‐electrospun PLA fibrous membranes, PLA/CNF exhibits the highest oil/water separation efficiency at 93.54%, whereas PLA/NaCl achieves a maximum efficiency of 90.29%. These findings show the applicability of the eco‐friendly PLA‐based melt electrospun fibrous membrane in the treatment of oily wastewater.
Stainless Steel Mesh in Electrochemistry: Comprehensive Applications and Future Prospects
Authors: Al‐Qwairi Fatima Omar , Shaheen Shah Syed , Shabi A. H. , Khan Abuzar , Aziz Md. Abdul
Published: July 2024

Stainless steel mesh (SSM) has emerged as a cornerstone in electrochemical applications owing to its exemplary versatility, electrical conductivity, mechanical robustness, and corrosion resistance. This state‐of‐the‐art review delves into the diverse roles of SSM across a spectrum of electrochemical domains, including energy conversion and storage devices, water treatment technologies, electrochemical sensors, and catalysis. We meticulously explore its deployment in supercapacitors, batteries, and fuel cells, highlighting its utility as a current collector, electrode, and separator. The review further discusses the critical significance of SSM in water treatment processes, emphasizing its efficacy in supporting membranes and facilitating electrocoagulation, as well as its novel uses in electrochemical sensing and catalysis, which include electrosynthesis and bioelectrochemistry. Each section delineates the recent advancements, identifies the inherent challenges, and suggests future directions for leveraging SSM in electrochemical technologies. This comprehensive review showcases the current state of knowledge and articulates the novel integration of SSM with emerging materials and technologies, thereby establishing a new paradigm for sustainable and efficient electrochemical applications. Through critical analysis and insightful recommendations, this review positions itself as a seminal contribution, paving the way for researchers and practitioners to harness the full potential of SSM in advancing the electrochemistry frontiers.
Investigation of the Temperature Coefficients of Perovskite Solar Cells for Application in High‐Temperature Environments
Authors: Tobe Tomoyuki , Shibayama Naoyuki , Nakamura Yuiga , Ikegami Masashi , Kanda Hiroyuki , Miyasaka Tsutomu
Published: July 2024

Perovskite solar cells are actively investigated for their potential as highly efficient and cost‐effective photovoltaic devices. However, a significant challenge in their practical application is enhancing their durability. Particularly, these cells are expected to be subjected to heating by sunlight in real‐world operating environments. Therefore, high‐temperature durability and device operation under such conditions are critical. Our study aims to improve the durability of perovskite solar cells for practical applications by examining their temperature coefficients at elevated temperatures using MA‐free compositions. We assessed these coefficients and investigated their correlation with the ideality factor, revealing that carrier recombination markedly affects the temperature behavior of these cells. Our methodology involves simple J‐V measurements to evaluate device degradation at high temperatures, paving the way for further research to enhance device performance in such environments.
UV‐based dynamic control improves the robustness of multicolumn countercurrent solvent gradient purification of oligonucleotides
Authors: Fioretti Ismaele , Müller‐Späth Thomas , Aumann Lars , Sponchioni Mattia
Published: July 2024

Therapeutic oligonucleotides (ONs) have great potential to treat many diseases due to their ability to regulate gene expression. However, the inefficiency of standard purification techniques to separate the target sequence from molecularly similar variants is hindering development of large scale ON manufacturing at a reasonable cost. Multicolumn Countercurrent Solvent Gradient Purification (MCSGP) is a valuable process able to bypass the purity‐yield tradeoff typical of single‐column operations, and hence to make the ON production more sustainable from both an economic and environmental point of view. However, operating close to the optimum of MCSGP can be challenging, resulting in unstable process performance and in a drift in product quality, especially when running a continuous process for extended periods where process parameters such as temperature are prone to variation. In this work, we demonstrate how greater process robustness is introduced in the design and execution of MCSGP for the purification of a 20mer single‐stranded DNA sequence through the implementation of UV‐based dynamic control. With this novel approach, the cyclic steady state was reached already in the third cycle and disturbances coming from fluctuations in the feed quality, loading amount and temperature were effectively compensated allowing a stable operation close to the optimum. In response to the perturbations, the controlled process kept the standard deviation on product recovery below 3.4%, while for the non‐controlled process it increased up to 27.5%.
Efficient production of 22(R)‐hydroxycholesterol via combination optimization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Pang Yaru , Cheng Xu , Ban Yali , Li Yue , Lv Bo , Li Chun
Published: July 2024

22(R)‐hydroxycholesterol (22(R)‐HCHO) is a crucial precursor of steroids biosynthesis with various biological functions. However, the production of 22(R)‐HCHO is expensive and unsustainable due to chemical synthesis and extraction from plants or animals. This study aimed to construct a microbial cell factory to efficiently produce 22(R)‐HCHO through systems metabolic engineering. First, we tested 7‐dehydrocholesterol reductase (Dhcr7s) and cholesterol C22‐hydroxylases from different sources in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and the titer of 22(R)‐HCHO reached 128.30 mg L−1 in the engineered strain expressing Dhcr7 from Columba livia (ClDhcr7) and cholesterol 22‐hydroxylase from Veratrum californicum (VcCyp90b27). Subsequently, the 22(R)‐HCHO titer was significantly increased to 427.78 mg L−1 by optimizing the critical genes involved in 22(R)‐HCHO biosynthesis. Furthermore, hybrid diploids were constructed to balance cell growth and 22(R)‐HCHO production and to improve stress tolerance. Finally, the engineered strain produced 2.03 g L−1 of 22(R)‐HCHO in a 5‐L fermenter, representing the highest 22(R)‐HCHO titer reported to date in engineered microbial cell factories. The results of this study provide a foundation for further applications of 22(R)‐HCHO in various industrially valuable steroids.
How green entrepreneurial orientation leads to business success? A resource base and resource dependency perspectives
Authors: Qin Chengbin , Ailikamujiang Aimaitijiang , Jing Tao
Published: July 2024

This study investigates the impact of green entrepreneurial orientation (GEO) on firm performance through green innovation and green entrepreneurship image with the moderating influence of green value co‐creation. In recent years, the incorporation of sustainability and entrepreneurship into company plans has gained significance, and understanding the processes through which these aspects effect firm outcomes is critical. This study employed survey methodology to collect data from the Chinese manufacturing firms. The analysis was done on 383 finalized responses through SPSS and AMOS. The findings show that GEO has a positive impact on firm performance through green innovation and green entrepreneurship image. Furthermore, green value co‐creation moderates the relationship between GEO and green innovation, suggesting the importance of external stakeholders in facilitating the firm GEO. This study emphasizes the multidimensional nature of the link between GEO and firm performance, emphasizing the significance of taking both mediating and moderating factors into account. It adds to the growing body of knowledge on sustainability, entrepreneurship, and corporate success by offering a comprehensive framework that captures the subtle interplay of these elements. The findings have implications for firms looking to capitalize on the benefits of GEO and green innovation while also acknowledging the need of collaborative value co‐creation in gaining long‐term competitive advantage.
Evaluation of two transposases for improving expression of recombinant proteins in Chinese hamster ovary cell stable pools by co‐transfection and supertransfection approaches
Authors: Lenser Melina , Ngo Hanh Giai , Sarrafha Lily , Rajendra Yashas
Published: July 2024

Transposons are genetic elements capable of cutting and pasting genes of interest via the action of a transposase and offer many advantages over random or targeted integration of DNA in the creation of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines for recombinant protein expression. Unique transposases have different recognition sites, allowing multiple transposases to be co‐transfected together. They also allow for supertransfection (transfection on a previously transfected pool or cell line) with a second transposase to integrate additional copies of the same gene or an additional gene without disruption of the previously integrated DNA which to our knowledge has not been previously described in literature. Two fluorescent proteins, EGFP and tagRFP657, were either co‐transfected or supertransfected into CHO cells using two unique transposases and showed high expression efficiency with similar expression levels (measured as mean fluorescence intensity), regardless of whether the genes were co‐transfected or supertransfected onto an existing stable pool. Additionally, dual selection of the genes, both in the absence of L‐glutamine and the presence of puromycin, led to higher expression levels than single selection alone. These results demonstrate that supertransfection using unique transposases could be a useful strategy for increasing titers of existing cell lines or for overexpressing helper (non‐therapeutic) genes to improve expression and/or product quality of existing pools and cell lines, potentially saving significant time and resources.
Altered tumor microenvironment heterogeneity of penile cancer during progression from non‐lymphatic to lymphatic metastasis
Authors: Xu Da‐Ming , Zhuang Xiao‐Yu , Ma Hua‐Li , Li Zai‐Shang , Wei Li‐Chao , Luo Jun‐Hang , Han Hui
Published: July 2024

Background

Lymphatic metastasis is the major challenge in the treatment of penile cancer. The prognosis of individuals with lymphatic metastasis is extremely poor. Therefore, early identification of disease progression and lymphatic metastasis is an urgent task for researchers in penile cancer worldwide.

Methods

In this study, using single‐cell RNA sequencing, an immune landscape was established for the cancer ecosystem based on 46,861 cells from six patients with penile cancer (four with lymphatic metastasis [stage IV] and two without lymphatic metastasis [stage I]). Using bulk RNA sequencing, the discrepancy between the cancers and their respective metastatic lymph nodes was depicted based on seven patients with penile cancer.

Results

The interaction between epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells, and the functional cooperation among invasion, epithelial‐mesenchymal transition, and angiogenesis were found to be important landscapes in the penile cancer ecosystem, playing important roles in progression of cancer and lymph node metastasis.

Conclusions

This study is the first to investigate the altered tumor microenvironment heterogeneity of penile cancer as it evolves from non‐lymphatic to lymphatic metastasis and provides insights into the mechanisms underlying malignant progression, the premetastatic niche, and lymphatic metastasis in penile cancer.
RGS1 and CREB5 are direct and common transcriptional targets of ZNF384‐fusion proteins
Authors: Yamada Chiharu , Okada Kentaro , Odaira Koya , Tokoro Mahiru , Iwamoto Eisuke , Sanada Masashi , Noura Mina , Okamoto Syuichi , Yasuda Takahiko , Tsuzuki Shinobu , Kiyoi Hitoshi , Hayakawa Fumihiko
Published: July 2024

Background

ZNF384‐fusion (Z‐fusion) genes were recently identified in B‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B‐ALL) and are frequent in Japanese adult patients. The frequency is about 20% in those with Philadelphia chromosome‐negative B‐ALL. ZNF384 is a transcription factor and Z‐fusion proteins have increased transcriptional activity; however, the detailed mechanisms of leukemogenesis of Z‐fusion proteins have yet to be clarified.

Methods

We established three transfectants of cell lines expressing different types of Z‐fusion proteins, and analyzed their gene expression profile (GEP) by RNA‐seq. We also analyzed the GEP of clinical ALL samples using our previous RNA‐seq data of 323 Japanese ALL patients. We selected upregulated genes in both Z‐fusion gene‐expressing transfectants and Z‐fusion gene‐positive ALL samples, and investigated the binding of Z‐fusion proteins to regulatory regions of the candidate genes by ChIP‐qPCR.

Results

We selected six commonly upregulated genes. After the investigation by ChIP‐qPCR, we finally identified CREB5 and RGS1 as direct and common target genes. RGS1 is an inhibitor of CXCL12‐CXCR4 signaling that is required for the homing of hematopoietic progenitor cells to the bone marrow microenvironment and development of B cells. Consistent with this, Z‐fusion gene transfectants showed impaired migration toward CXCL12.

Conclusions

We identified CREB5 and RGS1 as direct and common transcriptional targets of Z‐fusion proteins. The present results provide novel insight into the aberrant transcriptional regulation by Z‐fusion proteins.
Targeting polo‐like kinase 1 to treat kidney diseases
Authors: Kulkarni Hrushikesh , Dagar Neha , Gaikwad Anil Bhanudas
Published: July 2024

Globally, ∼850 million individuals suffer from some form of kidney disease. This staggering figure underscores the importance of continued research and innovation in the field of nephrology to develop effective treatments and improve overall global kidney health. In current research, the polo‐like kinase (Plk) family has emerged as a group of highly conserved enzyme kinases vital for proper cell cycle regulation. Plks are defined by their N‐terminal kinase domain and C‐terminal polo‐box domain, which regulate their catalytic activity, subcellular localization, and substrate recognition. Among the Plk family members, Plk1 has garnered significant attention due to its pivotal role in regulating multiple mitotic processes, particularly in the kidneys. It is a crucial serine–threonine (Ser‐Thr) kinase involved in cell division and genomic stability. In this review, we delve into the types and functions of Plks, focusing on Plk1's significance in processes such as cell proliferation, spindle assembly, and DNA damage repair. The review also underscores Plk1's vital contributions to maintaining kidney homeostasis, elucidating its involvement in nuclear envelope breakdown, anaphase‐promoting complex/cyclosome activation, and the regulation of mRNA translation machinery. Furthermore, the review discusses how Plk1 contributes to the development and progression of kidney diseases, emphasizing its overexpression in conditions such as acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, and so forth. It also highlights the importance of exploring Plk1 modulators as targeted therapies for kidney diseases in future. This review will help in understanding the role of Plk1 in kidney disease development, paving the way for the discovery and development of novel therapeutic approaches to manage kidney diseases effectively.
Nitrate Reduction Catalyzed by Bimetallic Silver‐Copper Macroporous Foams
Authors: Sun Jing , Zhou Yulin , Loyaux‐Lawniczak Stéphanie , Kéranguéven Gwenaelle , Boudon Corinne , Bonnefont Antoine , Ruhlmann Laurent , Badets Vasilica
Published: July 2024

In this work we describe the use of bimetallic silver‐copper macroporous foams for electrochemical nitrate reduction in acidic conditions (pH 2, 0.1 M NaClO4). By carefully selecting the composition of the electrodeposition bath, we have successfully prepared foams with atomic percentage varying from Ag dominant to Cu dominant. Also, we have succeeded to obtain morphologies that vary between the one specific to pure Ag foam to the one specific to pure Cu foam. We have shown that these foams contain a pure silver phase and also a silver‐copper alloy. The electrochemical active surface area of the foams depends both on the morphology as well as on the atomic composition. These materials were used for the first time as catalysts for nitrate electrochemical reaction (NO3RR). Both liquid and gaseous products were quantified with several analytical techniques. It was shown that bimetallic foams present superior faradaic efficiency (FE) towards liquid products in comparisons with pure silver and copper foams, suggesting a synergetic contribution from both metals. The Ag94Cu6 (AgCu10) foam shows a FE as high as 92 % towards liquid products and the lowest FE (3 %) towards the undesired product, i. e. nitrous acid. Also, this material shows a better stability than pure copper materials in the presence of nitrate in acidic conditions.
Energy‐Transfer Enabled Divergent Synthesis of Polycyclic γ‐Sultines
Authors: Zhou Pan , Zhang Yongxin , Ma Xinyue , Yang Xiaoxiao , Fang Xing , Lu Xi , Shu Chao
Published: July 2024

A visible‐light‐initiated energy‐transfer enabled radical cyclization for the divergent synthesis of polycyclic γ‐sultine derivatives has been developed. The reaction provides an alternative and expeditious access to benzofused γ‐sultine frameworks, the analogues of γ‐lactones and γ‐sultones, and features good functional group compatibility, mild reaction conditions and excellent diastereoselectivity. The robustness and application potential of this method have also been successfully displayed by two gram‐scale reactions and the synthesis of polycyclic sultones. Mechanistic studies indicated the transformations through a possible energy‐transfer enabled intramolecular radical homolytic substitution or hydrogen atom transfer process mainly.
Impact of a High‐Fat Meal on the Pharmacokinetics of Sotorasib, a KRAS G12C Inhibitor
Authors: Cardona Panli , Dutta Sandeep , Houk Brett
Published: July 2024

Sotorasib is a small molecule drug that specifically and irreversibly inhibits the KRAS p.G12C mutant protein. This analysis investigated the impact of a high‐calorie high‐fat meal on the pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of sotorasib in both healthy volunteers and patients with KRAS G12C advanced solid tumors. Each subject received a single oral dose of 360 or 960 mg of sotorasib under fasted conditions or with a high‐fat meal (fed conditions). The geometric least squares means (GLSM) ratios (fed/fasted) for 360 mg of sotorasib Cmax and AUCinf were 1.03 and 1.38, respectively, in healthy volunteers (N = 14). The GLSM ratios (fed/fasted) for Cmax and AUC0‐24h were 1.38 and 1.75, respectively, with 360 mg of sotorasib in cancer patients (N = 2). The GLSM ratios (fed/fasted) for Cmax and AUC0‐24h were 0.660 and 1.25, respectively, with 960 mg of sotorasib in cancer patients (N = 8). Sotorasib was well tolerated in fast and fed conditions. The impact of a high‐fat meal on sotorasib exposure is less than a 2‐fold increase or decrease in Cmax and AUCs.
Adhesion of Candida albicans on PTFE membranes used in guided bone regeneration
Authors: Al‐Asfour Adel , Karched Maribasappa , Qasim Syed Saad Bin , Zafiropoulos Gregor‐Georg
Published: July 2024

Objectives

Guided bone regeneration (GBR) is a core procedure used to regenerate bone defects. The aim of the study was to investigate the adherence of Candida albicans on six commercially available polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membranes used in GBR procedures and the subsequent clinical consequences.

Materials and Methods

Six commercially available PTFE membranes were tested. Two of the membranes had a textured surface and the other four a plane, nontextured one. C. albicans (ATCC 24433) was cultured for 24 h, and its cell surface hydrophobicity was assessed using a modified method. C. albicans adhesion to membrane discs was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Results

C. albicans was found to be hydrophobic (77.25%). SEM analysis showed that C. albicans adherence to all membranes examined was characterized by patchy, scattered, and small clustered patterns except for one nontextured membrane with a most rough surface in which a thick biofilm was observed. Real‐time PCR quantification revealed significantly greater adhesion of C. albicans cells to PTFE membranes than the control membrane (p ≤ .001) with the membranes having a textured surface exhibiting the highest count of 2680 × 104 cells/ml compared to the count of 707 × 104 cells/mL on those with a nontextured one (p ≤ .001). One membrane with nontextured surface, but with most rough surface was found to exhibit the highest count of 3010 × 104 cells/ml (p ≤ .05).

Conclusion

The results of this study indicate that C. albicans adhesion on membranes' surfaces depends on the degree of surface roughness and/or on the presence of a texture. Textured PTFE membranes and/or membranes high roughness showed significantly more adhered C. albicans cells. These findings can impact the surgeon's choice of GBR membrane and postoperative maintenance.