bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In Silico Screening of Potential Inhibitors of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Kinase using Benzimidazole, Benzoxazole, Imidazole, and Tetrazole Derivatives
Authors: Arulmurugan Subramaniyan , P. Kavitha Helen , P. Vennila Jasmine
Published: November 2021

Background: Small molecule compounds are docked into receptor binding sites and the binding affinity of the complex is calculated using the structure-based drug design technique. Precise and quick docking processes, as well as the capacity to examine binding geometries and interactions, are required for a full knowledge of the structural principles that influence the strength of a protein/ligand complex. The present work deals with in-silico molecular docking studies of some heterocyclic compounds such as benzoxazole, benzimidazole, imidazole and tetrazole against the EGFR tyrosine kinase receptor.

Methodology: Molecular docking studies of some heterocyclic compounds such as benzoxazole, benzimidazole, imidazole and tetrazole against the EGFR tyrosine kinase receptor using Schrodinger LLC (Maestro 9.2) software.

Results: Our in silico observations reveal that, all the selected heterocyclic compounds (1-8) show good binding interaction and good docking score against selected target enzyme. Out of eight compounds selected for the study two compounds compound 3 and 7 shows higher glide score. Compound 3 binded to ASP855 with a docking score of −11.20 kcal/mol. Compound 7 binded to ASP855 with a docking score of −11.56kcal/mol.

Conclusion: Docking results revealed that compounds (1-8) interact with EGFR kinase receptor active site. Among the compounds, compound 7 has shown the highest glide score of -11.56 kcal/mol.
New Understanding of Dental Public Health: A Review
Authors: Kitey Vedanti , Chhabra Kumar Gaurav , Madhu Priyanka Paul , Reche Amit , Hiware Gunjan , Jawade Prachi
Published: November 2021

Oral disorders are a most important public health issue in most of the developing countries, and their prevalence is on the rise. To enhance the population's oral wellbeing by providing preventive and therapeutic services is the main aim of dental public health (DPH). However, due to low requirement of capability and ability among DPH personnel, its accomplishment in India is being probed [1]. For many people, dental care has grown expensive, and a huge number of patients around the world are delaying or ignoring important dental procedures. in addition, the ageing of the worldwide populace, as well as the resulting growth in common and dental concern needs, raises worries about the long-term viability of healthcare organization. These changes underscore the critical requirement for a new dental care representation that is both sustainable and efficient [2]. In this regard, the favorable approach for transforming the scene of oral healthcare is the adoption of scientific advancements in dentistry, commonly known as "digital dentistry" by many. 

In addition, the World Health Organization (WHO) campaigns revolutionize on a regular basis, encouraging the creation and spread of community wellbeing practices that are holded up by both documentation and conveyance technology (e-Health) and mobile phones (m-Health) [3]. We can see how scientific developments could facilitate to accomplish these aims by offering constructive apparatus if we focus on the concept of Dental Public Health (DPH) as “the knowledge and art of arresting and scheming dental disorders and understanding dental wellbeing through efficient group hard work” [4].
Emergence of Mucormycosis during COVID-19 Pandemic in India
Authors: Pattnaik Bramhadev , S. Patil Sharanagouda , Vaidya Gayatri , P. Yadav Mahendra , K. Prasad Shashanka , Dharmashekar Chandan , Shreevatsa Bhargav , Srinivasa Chandrashekar , Prasad Kollur Shiva , Ashwini P. , Shivamallu Chandan
Published: November 2021

The present review describes about the disease and the fungal agent in brief, and also stresses for establishment of mechanically ventilated hospital wards across the country. Second wave of COVID-19 pandemic in India has been complicated by high infection rate (R0), 600% jump in medical oxygen demand by COVID hospitals, and after all emergence of Mucormycosis since April-May 2021 leading to fatal complications. Mucormycosis is a very rare infection in humans. It is caused by exposure to mucor mould/ fungi which is commonly found in soil, plants, manure, and decaying fruits and vegetables. These Fungi belonging to the class Zygomycetes and order Mucorales often cause devastating angio-invasive infections, primarily in co-morbid and immunocompromised patients.  The emergence of mucormycosis is being reported globally.  In India, people with diabetes mellitus are highly susceptible to the disease.  But during the second wave of Covid-19 in India, several cases of mucormycosis, also called the "black fungus" disease, have been reported among convalescing and convalescent COVID-19 patients across India with a mortality rate of 50%. More than 5000 cases of mucormycosis during the second wave of Covid-19, have been reported in about 21 states of the country, with Maharashtra and Gujarat states reporting highest number of cases (as on 21 May 2021). The infection has claimed over 120 lives so far, and has complicated recovery from Covid-19 in many more. The Indian Union health ministry has declared mucormycosis as a notified disease under the Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897.
Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Screening of Alkylene Dithiophosphate Derivatives of Macrocyclic Complexes of Pb (II)
Authors: Prajapati Chetan G. , Pathan Amanullakhan , Bhasin C. P.
Published: November 2021

Alkylenedithiophosphate derivatives of macrocyclic complexes of Pb (II), having N4S4 potential donors, of the general formula, [Pb(L){S2P(OR)2}2] where L=macrocyclic ligands L1, L2, L3, L4 and L5; R= C2H5-, C3H7n or C3H7i have been synthesized from the reaction of [Pb(L)X2(where X= Clˉ, NO3ˉ or CH3COOˉ) with sodium Alkylenedithiophosphate in 1:2 molar ratios in THF. These complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductance, molecular weight determinations, IR, 1H, 13C NMR. Macrocyclic Complexes of Pb (II) derivatives have been studied by screening them Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium oxysporum, Alternaria alternata and bacteria like Salmonella typhi and Bacillus subtili. Alkylenedithiophosphate derivatives were found to be more fungitoxic and antibacterial than their corresponding macrocyclic complexes.
Joint Preservation Using Orthobiologic Therapies in Osteoarthritis
Authors: Hasan Syed Asif , Almutairi Salman Nawaf , Alhemaid Lwai Abdullah , Al Ghazwi Ahmad Hassan , Alkhathaami Badr Saad , Alrumaihi Talal Sulaiman , Altarooti Noor Abdullah , Fallatah Ahmed Suliman , Moamina Omar Samir , Alkhayri Yasir Abdullah , Almutairi Majed Abdullah
Published: November 2021

Osteoarthritis is estimated to be the most prevalent musculoskeletal disorder in the world. Estimates show that the disease is prevalent in 18% and 10% in women and men that are aged >60 years old. The quality of life of the affected patients can also be significantly impacted due to the associated morbidities and functional loss. Many interventions have been proposed to preserve the joint and enhance the functional outcomes in patients with osteoarthritis. In the present literature review, we have discussed the different orthobiologic therapies for patients with osteoarthritis for joint preservation and subsequent improvement in the functional and pain outcomes. Variable modalities that have been proposed in the literature include Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate (BMAC), gene therapy and platelet rich plasma (PRP). All of these modalities were reported with favorable outcomes and minimal complications. PRP has been reported to have a clinical efficacy that is boosed when co-administered with hyaluronic acid. However, it should be noted that the clinical efficacy is limited in the long term, and administration is continuously required. On the other hand, gene therapy is a promising technique that offers maintained favorable outcomes with no adverse events. However, further studies are still needed to indicate the effectiveness and cost-efficacy of this approach.
Clinical Outcomes of Convalescent Plasma Transfusion Therapy in Moderate to Critically Ill Covid-19 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Ramakrishna P. , Padmasree Rani , Swetha R. , Asifuddin Sk. , Susedharan A. , Vincy S. , Tiwari Prashant
Published: November 2021

Background: Currently, Convalescent plasma (CP)is considered a favorable treatment option for moderate to critically ill Covid-19 patients. But there were very few systematic reviews focused on the effect of CP on clinical parameters. As a result, we undertook this systematic review to learn more about the safety and clinical benefits of convalescent plasma therapy over standard treatment (control).

Methodology: We searched Pub Med, Embase and other bibliographic databases to find relevant articles between December 2019 and February 2021 and identified 10 relevant articles which compared CP therapy taken in addition to standard medication with the Control group(who received standard medication). Two independent reviewers examined all full-text articles and extracted the required information intoa predesigned proforma. Forest plots were drawn using RevMan v.5, a statistical tool offered by the Cochrane database to estimate the pooled effect.

Results: The results of meta-analysis using a random effect model indicated a significant reduction in mortality rate in CP (about 27% risk reduction), a reduced length of hospital stay in about 2 days (Weighted Mean Difference: -2.53, 95% CI, -7.20 to -2.14, P<0.0001), less time to improve clinical symptoms in about 4 days (pooled mean; CP:10.82 days vs Control:15.14 days). C-Reactive Protein (CRP) concentration levels (mg/L) were well controlled with the control group than the CP group and significant changes in lymphocytes and D-dimer values were not observed after CP treatment. It was also found that no difference between CP transfusion and control was seen in improving the oxygen saturationlevels.

Conclusion: CP transfusion can be considered safe and showed a significant reduction in mortality and possible benefits in clinical improvement. Patients on CP therapy had no significant benefits in improving inflammatory markers such as CRP, lymphocytes, D-dimer, or oxygen saturation levels over standard drug therapy, according to meta-analysis data.
6 Minute Walk Test (6-MWT) as a Tool for Predicting Post Operative Pulmonary Complications in Abdominal Surgeries
Authors: Janani K. , Rajkumaran K. , Niranjani S.
Published: November 2021

Background: Post operative pulmonary complications (PPC) contribute to increased morbidity and mortality. Thus pre operative assessment is required. Six minute walk test (6-MWT) is a simple and reliable test which is recently being included in pre operative evaluation.

Objectives: The objective of this study is to determine the value of the six minute walk test as a reliable tool in detecting post operative pulmonary complications in patients undergoing abdominal surgery.

Materials and Methods: It is a prospective observational study conducted in a tertiary care centre for a period of 3 months. 66 patients in the age group of 40-60 years undergoing elective abdominal surgery under general anaesthesia were included in this study based on universal sampling method. Patients with recent coronary syndrome, uncontrolled hypertension, cardiac diseases, pregnancy and conditions which impair walking (eg. Arthiritis) were excluded from the study.     6 minute walk test was performed before the surgery. The procedure was explained to the patients and consent was obtained. The test was conducted on a flat surface of 20m near our pre anaesthetic clinic and the patient was asked to walk for a period of 6 minutes in their own comfortable pace. The distance covered by the patients in the 6 minutes was noted. Vitals such a SpO2, heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressures were recorded before and after the test. The patients were followed up for the development of pulmonary complications in the post operative period.

Results: Out of the 66 patients included in the study, 35 patients did not develop        PPC (Group 1) and 31 patients developed PPC (Group2) including one death due to respiratory failure. The six minute walk distance in the PPC group was significantly less (p=0.0001) when compared to that of the non PPC group. Patients in the PPC group also required prolonged hospital stay. Pneumonia was the most commonly developed post operative pulmonary complication.

Conclusion: Six minute walk test is a useful tool in predicting post operative pulmonary complication in patients undergoing abdominal surgery.
Knowledge, Attitude and Awareness on Puberty Menorrhagia among Medical Students of Saveetha Medical College
Authors: Sarathkumar T. , Jayashree K.
Published: November 2021

Objective: To assess the knowledge, attitude and awareness on pubertal menorrhagia among medical students.

Design: It was a cross-sectional study conducted at the department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Thandalam.

Methodology: The study was carried out on 129 students comprising of 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th year M.B.B.S students. The students were given a pretested questionnaire and asked to fill up the questions. The responses were collected and analysed using appropriate statistical tools for parametric and non-parametric data with the help of SPSS for Windows version 22 software.

Results: The knowledge of participants on pubertal menorrhagia was 58%. The participants that had a positive attitude concerning pubertal menorrhagia was 55% the awareness of participants on pubertal menorrhagia was 51%

Conclusion: The study concluded that there is a definitive knowledge of pubertal menorrhagia among students.  the participants showed the palpable deficit of knowledge and awareness as well. To prevent such practices knowledge, awareness must spread among the students.
Tangeretin and its Derivatives: An Integrative Bioinformatic Study of Obesity and Related Immunodeficiency
Authors: Manjunath V. , Sai Sruthi Kaveripakam , Adikay Sreedevi
Published: November 2021

Obesity is a complex and major public health concern known to exacerbate many diseases. There are increasing evidences stating the obese people due to adiposity are getting more susceptible to immune deficiency disorders. Tangeretin is a key member of flavonoids reported to have many favourable biological activities. In search of novel leads in ameliorating obesity and related immunodeficiency, the present study is aimed at the in silico evaluation of tangeretin derivatives to assess their biological role. Initially tangeretin derivatives are designed by molecular manipulation approach.Drug likeness and bioactivity score prediction was done using Molinspiration web tool. Swiss ADME prediction and toxicological predictions were performed. In silico Molecular Docking studies were performed by employing a flexible ligand docking approach using Schrodinger on the protein targets namely leptin, Fat mass and obesity associated protein (FTO), Pancreatic lipase, Peroxisome proliferated receptor (PPARɣ) and NADH oxidase. Further the electronic parameters were computed for the best fitted ligands by DFT analysis. The evaluation of results was made based on Glide (Schrodinger) dock score. Out of 18 screened compounds, some of them showed the best docking scores with the targets when compared with the standard (Lovastatin). Particularly the two ligands (L-13 and L-8) showed the best binding score with all five targets. Moreover, DFT analysis carried out for the tangeretin and best fitted ligands (L13 and L8) substantiated the other in silico studies. These findings probably provide excellent lead candidates for the development of therapeutic drugs in combating obesity and related immune deficiency.
Union in Fracture Tibia Managed with Closed Intramedullary Interlocking Nail, Our Hospital Results
Authors: Maheshwari Lachman Das , Pahore Muhammad khan , Lal Madan , Adil Syed Salman , Kumar Bheesham , Keerio Niaz Hussain , Noor Syed Shahid
Published: November 2021

Introduction: The purpose of this research was to present our hospital results in union of fracture Tibia managed with close intramedullary interlocking nail.

Methods: This research was carried out at Liaquat University of Medical and Health Science Jamshoro Pakistan from June 2020 to June 2021. A total of 250 patients with a closed tibial shaft fracture were recruited from the emergency room and outpatient clinics for this study. Our study's clinical outcomes were categorized as union, nonunion, delayed union, or malunion based on the criteria. All of the patients were given anesthesia, either general or spinal. All of the patients were tracked for a period of nine months.

Results: In 90–150 days, about 88 percent (220/250) of patients had union, with a mean of 110.68. Union occurred in 11.2 percent (28/250) of patients in 95–109 days, with a mean of 103.38. There were 7.2 percent (18/250) delayed unions and 4.8 percent (12/250) non unions treated with dynamization and bone transplant. The outcomes were outstanding in 88 percent (220/250) of the patients and good in 7.2 percent (18/250). Our patients all had full range of motion in their knees and ankles at the time of their examination.

Conclusion: We found that this approach is beneficial due to early mobilization (early weightbearing), reduced complexity, good outcomes, and low cost.
Efficacy of Instrument Assisted Soft-Tissue Mobilization in Patients with Heel Pain: An Experimental Study
Authors: Bhurchandi Shivani , Phansopkar Pratik
Published: November 2021

Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the effects of Instrument-Assisted Soft-Tissue Mobilisation (IASTM) and Therapeutic Ultrasound in patients with heel pain in terms of Numerical Pain Rating Scale and Foot and Ankle Ability Measure scale. This was undertaken as even though Ultrasound is regularly used, heel pain still remains resistant to treatment in some patients. Hence, the need to compare a relatively newer technique with it.

Study Design : Experimental study

Place and Duration: Department of Musculoskeletal Physiotherapy Sciences, Ravi Nair Physiotherapy College, Sawangi (Meghe) , Wardha , duration of 12 months.

Methods: Seventy people (n=70) with heel discomfort (lasting 6 weeks to 1 year) were chosen at random and placed into two groups, each getting eight therapy sessions. IASTM and Home Exercise Program was given to Group A, whereas Therapeutic Ultrasound and Home Exercise Program was given to Group Calf muscle stretches and Plantar fascia stretches were incorporated in the Home Exercise Programme. Outcome measures were recorded both at the beginning of treatment and after final treatment. The patients were assessed for Numerical Pain Rating Scale with first step in morning and at the beginning of first session and after end of last session and for Foot and Ankle Ability Measure scale at the beginning of first session and after end of last session. A follow up period of 90 days (after last session) was taken, the measurements of Numerical Pain Rating Scale and Foot and Ankle Ability Measure scale were taken again to see the long-term effects.

Results: Group A which received IASTM + Home exercises showed great improvements than Ultrasound and Home exercise group, from baseline to week 4 after the pain intensity and foot function were assessed using Numerical Pain Rating Scale and Foot and Ankle Ability Measure scale. Statistically significant differences were found in both the groups. i.e. P=0.0001. But 7 people in Ultrasound group complained of pain and functional ability at follow-up session.

Conclusion: In this study, it can be concluded that combining both the IASTM and Home Exercise Program have got beneficial effects in decreasing the pain intensity thus improving the foot and ankle function in patients with heel pain.
Atomic structure of the regulatory TGS domain of Rel protein from Mycobacterium tuberculosis and its interaction with deacylated tRNA
Authors: Shin Joon , Singal Bharti , Grüber Ardina , Wong David Meng Kit , Ragunathan Priya , Grüber Gerhard
Published: November 2021

The stringent response is critical for the survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) under nutrient starvation. The mechanism is mediated by a GTP pyrophosphokinase known as Rel, containing N‐terminal synthetase and hydrolase domains and C‐terminal regulatory domains, which include the TGS domain (ThrRS, GTPase, and SpoT proteins) that has been proposed to activate the synthetase domain via interaction with deacylated tRNA. Here, we present the NMR solution structure of the Mtb Rel TGS domain (MtRel TGS), consisting of five antiparallel β‐strands and one helix–loop–helix motif. The interaction of MtRel TGS with deacylated tRNA is shown, indicating the critical amino acids of MtRel TGS in tRNA binding, and presenting the first structural evidence of MtRel TGS binding to deacylated tRNA in solution in the absence of the translational machinery.
Improving Contact and Passivation of Buried Interface for High‐Efficiency and Large‐Area Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Xu Xiaojia , Ji Xiaoyu , Chen Rui , Ye Fangyuan , Liu Shuaijun , Zhang Shuo , Chen Wei , Wu Yongzhen , Zhu Wei‐Hong
Published: November 2021

Inverted‐structured perovskite solar cells (PSCs) mostly employ poly‐triarylamines (PTAAs) as hole‐transporting materials (HTMs), which generally result in low‐quality buried interface due to their hydrophobic nature, shallow HOMO levels, and absence of passivation groups. Herein, the authors molecularly engineer the structure of PTAA via removing alkyl groups and incorporating a multifunctional pyridine unit, which not only regulates energy levels and surface wettability, but also passivates interfacial trap‐states, thus addressing above‐mentioned issues simultaneously. By altering the linking‐site on pyridine unit from ortho‐ (o‐PY) to meta‐ (m‐PY) and para‐position (p‐PY), they observed a gradually improved hydrophilicity and passivation efficacy, mainly owing to increased exposure of the pyridine‐nitrogen as well as its lone electron pair, which enhances the contact and interactions with perovskite. The open‐circuit voltage and power conversion efficiency (PCE) of inverted‐structured PSCs based on these HTMs increased with the same trend. Consequently, the optimal p‐PY as HTM enables facile deposition of uniform perovskite films without complicated interlayer optimizations, delivering a remarkably high PCE exceeding 22% (0.09 cm2). Moreover, when enlarging device area tenfold, a comparable PCE of over 20% (1 cm2) can be obtained. These results are among the highest efficiencies for inverted PSCs, demonstrating the high potential of p‐PY for future applications.
Intrinsic Wettability in Pristine Graphene
Authors: Zhang Jincan , Jia Kaicheng , Huang Yongfeng , Liu Xiaoting , Xu Qiuhao , Wang Wendong , Zhang Rui , Liu Bingyao , Zheng Liming , Chen Heng , Gao Peng , Meng Sheng , Lin Li , Peng Hailin , Liu Zhongfan
Published: November 2021

The wettability of graphene remains controversial owing to its high sensitivity to the surroundings, which is reflected by the wide range of reported water contact angle (WCA). Specifically, the surface contamination and underlying substrate would strongly alter the intrinsic wettability of graphene. Here, the intrinsic wettability of graphene is investigated by measuring WCA on suspended, superclean graphene membrane using environmental scanning electron microscope. An extremely low WCA with an average value ≈30° is observed, confirming the hydrophilic nature of pristine graphene. This high hydrophilicity originates from the charge transfer between graphene and water molecules through H–π interaction. The work provides a deep understanding of the water–graphene interaction and opens up a new way for measuring the surface properties of 2D materials.
CVD Graphene on Textured Silicon: An Emerging Technologically Versatile Heterostructure for Energy and Detection Applications
Authors: Khan Afzal , Kumar Rishi Ranjan , Cong Jingkun , Imran Mohd , Yang Deren , Yu Xuegong
Published: November 2021

Integration of chemical vapor deposited (CVD) graphene with textured‐Si substrates is an emerging research area wide open. Graphene can serve as both a transparent top electrode and a charge‐separating/transport‐active layer. However, its low light absorption capability, and high reflectance of planar‐Si substrate are major concerns for light harvesting required for photovoltaic devices especially solar cells and photodetectors (PDs). Therefore, CVD‐graphene/textured‐Si heterostructure effectively addresses this problem as the textured‐Si provides more surface area for light harvesting by suppressing light reflection and enables the efficient charge separation/transport as well. Recently, CVD‐graphene/textured‐Si Schottky junction based high performance solar cells and PDs have successfully been demonstrated. Moreover, the graphene coating on textured‐Si enhances the conductivity of Si anodes and provides structural stability for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). Furthermore, the optoelectronic coupled interfacial properties in such heterostructures suitably construct the platforms for surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) based detection and photocathodes for H2‐production, respectively. Hence, in this review, the fabrication of various CVD‐graphene/textured‐Si heterostructures and their applications in solar cells, PDs, SERS, LIBs, and H2‐production are critically analyzed with respect to the synergistic effect of Si‐texturing, electronic/optoelectronic properties of CVD‐graphene, etc. Finally, conclusions and outlook of this rapidly emerging and technologically broad research area are presented.
Toward Organic Light Emitting Diode Satisfying Simultaneously Highly Enhanced Light Extraction and Lowly Ambient Light Reflection
Authors: Choi Gyu Jin , Ryu Jeong Won , Jeong Ji‐Young , Je Tae‐Jin , Yoon Dong Ki , Gwag Jin Seog
Published: November 2021

It is verified that an organic light‐emitting display (OLED) device combined with an advanced optical film characterized by the optical combination of a pyramid‐shaped structure coupled with light absorber simultaneously satisfies highly enhanced light extraction and lowly ambient light reflection as one of the long‐awaited needs of OLED. Thus, it does not require a polarizer that reduces optical efficiency in the OLED device. The results of the optical calculation for the OLED device combined with the proposed film indicate that its optical efficiency has been remarkably improved in the entire visible light region, compared to the polarizer‐based OLED device. Then, its external light reflection is ≈10%, which shows it is lower than when a polarizer and optical films are used to reduce the reflection of ambient light. The experimental data of the OLED device coupled with a film for enhancing optical efficiency (FEOE) confirms the intriguing results of the simulation and thus corroborates the fact that FEOE improves the optical efficiency of OLED devices. The highly efficient FEOE‐based OLED will be of significant interest in materials science and display devices.
Phosphine Oxide Additives for High‐Brightness Inorganic Perovskite Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Schmidt Ines , Olthof Selina , Xu Hui , Meerholz Klaus
Published: November 2021

In the search for cost‐efficient, simple, and solution processable light‐emitting diodes, metal halide perovskites show encouraging developments. In particular, the purely inorganic CsPbBr3 is a promising material with outstanding optoelectronic properties. However, the poor solubility of Cs‐salts leads to discontinuous film formation and a high density of defect states at the crystal surface. These problems are known to be reduced by Lewis base additives. In this work, a facile fabrication method using phosphine oxide ligands such as the trioctyl and triphenyl derivatives (TOPO and TPPO, respectively) is introduced. These additives reduce surface defect states, lead to an energetic confinement of charge carriers, and improve radiative recombination in the perovskite crystals. Using X‐ray diffraction, changes in crystallinity are observed, in particular the crystallinity of the 3D phase CsPbBr3 is reduced by addition of TOPO, while changes to the 0D phase (Cs4PbBr6) are much smaller. Overall, TOPO and TPPO containing films result in current efficiencies as high as 14 and 10 cd A−1 and an outstanding brightness of more than 57 800 and 18 300 cd m−2 in a relatively simple device stack.
Sulfur Vacancy and Ti3C2Tx Cocatalyst Synergistically Boosting Interfacial Charge Transfer in 2D/2D Ti3C2Tx/ZnIn2S4 Heterostructure for Enhanced Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Su Tongming , Men Chengzheng , Chen Liuyun , Chu Bingxian , Luo Xuan , Ji Hongbing , Chen Jianhua , Qin Zuzeng
Published: November 2021

Constructing an efficient photoelectron transfer channel to promote the charge carrier separation is a great challenge for enhancing photocatalytic hydrogen evolution from water. In this work, an ultrathin 2D/2D Ti3C2Tx/ZnIn2S4 heterostructure is rationally designed by coupling the ultrathin ZnIn2S4 with few‐layered Ti3C2Tx via the electrostatic self‐assembly strategy. The 2D/2D Ti3C2Tx/ZnIn2S4 heterostructure possesses larger contact area and strong electronic interaction to promote the charge carrier transfer at the interface, and the sulfur vacancy on the ZnIn2S4 acting as the electron trap further enhances the separation of the photoinduced electrons and holes. As a consequence, the optimal 2D/2D Ti3C2Tx/ZnIn2S4 composite exhibits a high photocatalytic hydrogen evolution rate of 148.4 µmol h−1, which is 3.6 times and 9.2 times higher than that of ZnIn2S4 nanosheet and flower‐like ZnIn2S4, respectively. Moreover, the stability of the ZnIn2S4 is significantly improved after coupling with the few‐layered Ti3C2Tx. The characterizations and density functional theory calculation demonstrate that the synergistic effect of the sulfur vacancy and Ti3C2Tx cocatalyst can greatly promote the electrons transfer from ZnIn2S4 to Ti3C2Tx and the separation of photogenerated charge carriers, thus enhancing the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution from water.
Advanced Support Materials and Interactions for Atomically Dispersed Noble‐Metal Catalysts: From Support Effects to Design Strategies
Authors: Sui Xulei , Zhang Lei , Li Junjie , Doyle‐Davis Kieran , Li Ruying , Wang Zhenbo , Sun Xueliang
Published: November 2021

Indisputably, noble‐metal single atom catalysts (SACs) are one of the most popular research topics in the field of catalysis because of their low cost, ultrahigh atomic utilization, and distinctive performance for a wide variety of catalytic reactions. Support materials play a vital role in the preparation and catalytic performance of noble‐metal SACs. Thus, diverse support materials have been developed very rapidly and elaborately designed in the last few years. In this review, the support effects in noble‐metal SACs are first systematically introduced, including anchoring effects, strong metal–support interactions, and synergistic catalysis effects. Moreover, the most recent advances in support materials are classified and discussed in detail with a focus on their anchoring mechanism. Importantly, design strategies for advanced supports are summarized for guiding the development and utilization of advanced support materials. To conclude possible future research directions for support materials are put forward to help overcome the current issues facing noble‐metal SACs.
Phase coexistence in fluidization
Authors: Lu Feng , Zhang Chenxi , Wang Yao , Qian Weizhong , Wei Fei
Published: November 2021

The coexistence and interaction of a granular liquid‐like phase (emulsion) and a gas‐like phase (bubbles) in fluidization is a spontaneous symmetry‐breaking dissipative state, contributing to excellent mixing behavior in fluidized beds. In the present study, a universal granular state equation to describe the phase coexistence at far away from the critical point is developed by taking both the inelastic solid collision and asymmetrical instability into consideration. Besides, a cold‐flow experiment using particles of the Geldart's A group at 0.1–1 MPa pressure is performed to verify the granular state equation, where the solid volume fraction (εs) and solid pressure (ps) are obtained by a dual optical probe and a special pressure transducer, respectively. Based on both theoretical analysis and experimental study, a phase diagram is produced to serve as a useful guide for the design and operation of efficient fluidized‐bed reactors.
Super‐Continuum Generation in Graphene‐Based Chalcogenide Slot Waveguide
Authors: Piran Sevda , Noori Mina , Hashemi Seyed Ali Seyed , Baghban Hamed
Published: November 2021

Slot waveguides comprised of Ge23Sb7S70and Si with and without graphene are considered for super‐continuum generation in the mid‐infrared range. The dispersion characteristics are optimized for the proposed waveguides comprised of Si and Ge23Sb7S70chalcogenide as the core and cladding, respectively with and without graphene sheets embedded in the proposed structure. The proposed waveguide without graphene possesses all‐normal dispersion and the super‐continuum spectra with bandwidth of 1.75 µm is obtained for a pump with wavelength of 2 µm, peak power of 100 W, and time duration of 50 fs, at 20 dB level. Also, the total length of the waveguide is 8 mm. The optimized structure with three graphene sheets presents flat anomalous dispersion and the super‐continuum spectra with bandwidth of 3 µm is obtained for a pump with wavelength, peak power, and time duration of 3 µm, 7 mW, and 50 fs, respectively at 10 dB level. It is demonstrated that the proper dispersion region for super‐continuum generation depends on the sign of Kerr‐index of the nonlinear material. The proposed waveguides are highly compatible with fabrication technologies for mid infrared applications.
Polyamidation of new diamine monomers containing bulky pendant groups based on imidazole ring and fabrication of polyamide/modified‐SiO2composite: Properties and applications
Authors: Khaki Diyari , Amininasab S. Mojtaba , Namazi Hassan
Published: November 2021

Aiming to develop a novel series of high‐performance and organo‐soluble polyamides (PAs), two imidazole‐based diamines containing xanthene and voluminous pendant units were designed and polycondensed with common dicarboxylic acids. The polymers' excellent solubility in many organic solvents can be correlated to the introduction of flexible ether linkages and bulky pendant groups into the rigid structure of PAs. PAs possessed high thermal resistance (T10>420°C), high glass transition temperatures (Tg) (from 181 to 262°C), and inherent viscosities at 0.45–0.69 dl/g. Also, all PAs indicated good antimicrobial activity and photophysical properties due to the existence of imidazole and xanthene units in their main backbone. Furthermore, in the present research, one of the PAs (i.e., PA‐bII) was grafted onto the surface of modified‐SiO2nanoparticles, and polymeric nanocomposite (PANC) was prepared. Obtained data from the investigation of properties of prepared PANC proves the increment in the heat resistance, antimicrobial inhibition, and photoluminescence intensity compared to neat PA. In the following, the application of PAs and PANC as absorbents to eliminate two heavy metal ions Hg2+and Co2+from aqueous solutions was investigated.
Angle‐ply orientation‐dependent failure behaviors of carbon fiber reinforced polymer laminates
Authors: Li Weizhi , Ma Zhichao , Du Hairui , Xiao Guolin , Shen Guoxiang , Zhao Hongwei , Ren Luquan
Published: November 2021

This paper researches the micro‐failure behaviors of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates with different angle‐ply orientations subjected to tensile load. On the basis of the strain rates of 2.6 × 10−6 s−1 and 2.6 × 10−3 s−1, the significant difference in deformation behaviors of CFRP laminates with different angle‐ply orientations are investigated by using a miniature tensile tester. The scanning electron microscopy images are used to assess fracture damage modes of CFRP laminates, including matrix cracking, delamination, fiber‐matrix debonding, and fiber fracture, determined the “high‐low‐high” trend of the strength of laminates with the increase of ply angle. In order to analyze the crack propagation mechanism of laminates attributed to matrix micro‐crack under uniaxial tensile load, two wide applicable micro‐crack propagation models of laminates are proposed to explain the fracture damage failure behaviors of CFRP laminates with different angle‐ply orientations.
SARS–CoV‐2 Infection and COVID‐19 Outcomes in Rheumatic Diseases: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Conway Richard , Grimshaw Alyssa A. , Konig Maximilian F. , Putman Michael , Duarte‐García Alí , Tseng Leslie Yingzhijie , Cabrera Diego M. , Chock Yu Pei Eugenia , Degirmenci Huseyin Berk , Duff Eimear , Egeli Bugra Han , Graef Elizabeth R. , Gupta Akash , Harkins Patricia , Hoyer Bimba F. , Jayatilleke Arundathi , Jin Shangyi , Kasia Christopher , Khilnani Aneka , Kilian Adam , Kim Alfred H. J. , Lin Chung Mun Alice , Low Candice , Proulx Laurie , Sattui Sebastian E. , Singh Namrata , Sparks Jeffrey A. , Tam Herman , Ugarte‐Gil Manuel F. , Ung Natasha , Wang Kaicheng , Wise Leanna M. , Yang Ziyi , Young Kristen J. , Liew Jean W. , Grainger Rebecca , Wallace Zachary S. , Hsieh Evelyn ,   the COVID‐19 Global Rheumatology Alliance
Published: November 2021

Objective

The relative risk of SARS–CoV‐2 infection and COVID‐19 disease severity among people with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (RMDs) compared to those without RMDs is unclear. This study was undertaken to quantify the risk of SARS–CoV‐2 infection in those with RMDs and describe clinical outcomes of COVID‐19 in these patients.

Methods

We conducted a systematic literature review using 14 databases from January 1, 2019 to February 13, 2021. We included observational studies and experimental trials in RMD patients that described comparative rates of SARS–CoV‐2 infection, hospitalization, oxygen supplementation/intensive care unit (ICU) admission/mechanical ventilation, or death attributed to COVID‐19. Methodologic quality was evaluated using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools or the Newcastle‐Ottawa scale. Risk ratios (RRs) and odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated, as applicable for each outcome, using the Mantel‐Haenszel formula with random effects models.

Results

Of the 5,799 abstracts screened, 100 studies met the criteria for inclusion in the systematic review, and 54 of 100 had a low risk of bias. Among the studies included in the meta‐analyses, we identified an increased prevalence of SARS–CoV‐2 infection in patients with an RMD (RR 1.53 [95% CI 1.16–2.01]) compared to the general population. The odds of hospitalization, ICU admission, and mechanical ventilation were similar in patients with and those without an RMD, whereas the mortality rate was increased in patients with RMDs (OR 1.74 [95% CI 1.08–2.80]). In a smaller number of studies, the adjusted risk of outcomes related to COVID‐19 was assessed, and the results varied; some studies demonstrated an increased risk while other studies showed no difference in risk in patients with an RMD compared to those without an RMD.

Conclusion

Patients with RMDs have higher rates of SARS–CoV‐2 infection and an increased mortality rate.
Progression of Knee Osteoarthritis With Use of Intraarticular Glucocorticoids Versus Hyaluronic Acid
Authors: Bucci Justin , Chen Xiaoyang , LaValley Michael , Nevitt Michael , Torner James , Lewis Cora E. , Felson David T.
Published: November 2021

Objective

To determine whether intraarticular glucocorticoid (GC) injections are associated with increased knee osteoarthritis (OA) progression compared to hyaluronic acid (HA) injections, which have been reported to delay OA progression and knee replacement.

Methods

We identified participants from 2 large cohort studies, the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI) and the Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study. Study visits were performed at regular intervals and included questionnaires about intraarticular GC or HA injection use in the previous 6 months and incident total knee replacement (TKR). Knee radiographs were obtained at each study visit and interpreted in a similar manner. Outcome measures were radiographic progression based on Kellgren/Lawrence (K/L) grade and joint space narrowing (JSN) for both cohorts and based on medial joint space width for OAI participants, and incident TKR. We compared preinjection and postinjection radiographs to generate rate ratios of progression comparing GC injection with HA injection. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate the rate of TKR for both groups.

Results

We studied 791 participants (980 knees) with knee OA, of whom 629 reported GC injection use and 162 HA injection use. Rate ratios of progression were similar between those receiving GCs and those receiving HA for JSN (1.00 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.83–1.21]), K/L grade (1.03 [95% CI 0.83–1.29]), and medial joint space width (1.03 [95% CI 0.72–1.48]). Hazard of TKR was slightly lower for those receiving intraarticular GC compared to those receiving HA (hazard ratio 0.75 [95% CI 0.51–1.09]).

Conclusion

Intraarticular GC injections are not associated with an increased risk of knee OA progression compared to HA.
Comparing conventional and emerging adsorbents for per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances: Kinetic, equilibrium, and column experiments
Authors: Grieco Scott A. , Chang Joseph , Maio Elizabeth (Lily) Y. , Hwang Michael
Published: November 2021

An expanding list of states have established enforceable drinking water regulations and/or advisories for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid. Additionally, many state regulations extend to shorter chain per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) compounds not currently addressed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). This current work presents batch equilibrium and continuous column (rapid small‐scale column test) bench‐scale experiments conducted on drinking water sources with similar PFAS composition but varying background water quality (namely dissolved organic carbon). Adsorption of PFOA was evaluated using activated carbon and an emerging modified clay as adsorbents. Both batch equilibrium and continuous column experiments demonstrated that modified clay has a greater adsorptive capacity and faster adsorption kinetics compared to activated carbon for both long‐ and short‐chain compounds studied, as represented by PFOA and perfluorobutanesulfonic acid, respectively.
Differential effects of alcohol‐drinking patterns on the structure and function of the brain and cognitive performance in young adult drinkers: A pilot study
Authors: Guo Xiaobing , Yan Tongjun , Chen Min , Ma Xiaoyan , Li Ranli , Li Bo , Yang Anqu , Chen Yuhui , Fang Tao , Yu Haiping , Tian Hongjun , Chen Guangdong , Zhuo Chuanjun
Published: November 2021

Introduction

This study was aimed to determine how different patterns of alcohol consumption drive changes to brain structure and function and their correlation with cognitive impairments in young adult alcohol drinkers.

Methods

In this study, we enrolled five groups participants and defined as: long‐term abstinence from alcohol (LA), binge drinking (BD), long‐term low dosage alcohol consumption but exceeding the safety drinking dosage (LD), long‐term alcohol consumption of damaging dosage (LDD), and long‐term heavy drinking (HD). All participants underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and functional MRI (fMRI) to acquire data on brain structure and function, including gray matter volume (GMV), fractional amplitude of low‐frequency fluctuation (fALFF), regional homogeneity (ReHo), functional connectivity (FC), and brain network properties. The cognitive ability was evaluated with the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT), intelligence quotient (IQ), and short delay free recall (SDFR).

Results

Compared to LA, GMV significantly decreased in the brain regions in VN, SMN, and VAN in the alcohol‐drinking groups (BD, LD, LDD, and HD). ReHo was significantly enhanced in the brain regions in VN, SMN, and VAN, while fALFF significantly increased in the brain regions in VN and SMN. The number of intra‐ and inter‐modular connections within networks (VN, SMN, sensory control network [SCN], and VAN) and their connections to other modules were abnormally changed. These changes adversely affected cognition (e.g., IQ, CVLT, SDFR).

Conclusion

Despite the small sample size, this study provides new evidence supporting the need for young people to abstain from alcohol to protect their brains. These findings present strong reasoning for updating anti‐alcohol slogans and guidelines for young people in the future.
Human urinary kallidinogenase combined with edaravone in treating acute ischemic stroke patients: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Yang Di‐Xiao , Li Yao , Yu Dan , Guan Bi , Ming Qian , Li Yan , Chen Li‐Qing
Published: November 2021

Introduction

Several studies have investigated the efficacy of human urinary kallidinogenase (HUK) combined with edaravone (Eda) in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients. Our aim was to provide the best available evidence for clinical practice and further research programs for stroke treatment.

Methods

We searched the online database for paper published between January 2015 and April 2021. We calculated weighted mean difference (WMD) or odds risk (OR) and their corresponding 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of reported outcomes between HUK plus Eda and Eda groups for each study. The random‐effect models or fixed‐effect models were used to pool the analysis.

Results

Thirteen studies with 1242 patients were included. In the pooled analysis, the scores of NIHSS in the HUK plus Eda group were significantly lower than that in patients receiving Eda (WMD = –3.92, 95% CI (–4.82, –3.02), p < .0001). The ADL scores in the HUK plus Eda group were significantly greater than that in patients receiving Eda (WMD = 14.13, 95% CI (10.67, 17.60), p < .0001). Furthermore, HUK plus Eda was associated with a higher rate of total efficacy (OR = 3.97, 95% CI (2.81, 5.59), p < .0001).

Conclusions

HUK combined with Eda provides potential clinical benefits as a treatment for AIS. Further high‐quality, large‐scale randomized trials are needed to confirm these results.
A MATLAB‐based educational platform for analysis of slope stability
Authors: Yin Zhen‐Yu , Teng Jing‐Cheng , Wang Han‐Lin , Jin Yin‐Fu
Published: November 2021

This study presents a computer‐aided educational platform, namely, ErosSSA (Eros‐Slope‐stability‐analysis) developed by the geotechnical group in the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, to provide civil engineering students and young industrial engineers a better understanding of the analysis of slope stability. The platform is developed under the MATLAB environment, with a clear framework and a graphical interface. Using this platform, the rotational landslides can be generally analyzed, considering a circular slip surface and the factors of safety defined with respect to basic and advanced methods with different force and/or moment equilibrium. Furthermore, the minimum factors of safety of different methods for a given slope can be determined. From the practical teaching of the ErosSSA in two courses for Bachelor and Master students, it was found that they were highly satisfied with the accuracy, reliability, and convenience of the ErosSSA according to their feedbacks to a questionnaire. These practical teaching experiences support the ErosSSA to be widely used as a suitable teaching platform in geotechnical engineering.