bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THERMAL TECHNICAL PROPERTIES OF ECOCOTTON/EKOVATOS ŠILUMINĖS TECHNINĖS SAVYBĖS
Authors: Gnip Ivan , Keršulis Vladislovas
Published: March 2019

The purpose of this investigation was to determine thermal technical properties of Ecocotton (or Ecofibre)—thermoinsulating material produced from waste newspaper, boric acid and borax and to evaluate the most optimal areas for application of this material on the basis of this investigation.

The density, antiseptic and antipirene quantities of the samples were determined according to [2], thermal conductivity at 25 °C—[4], equilibrium sorbative moisture content—[5], vapour permeability—[6].

The dependencies of dry Ecocotton thermal conductivity on its density and moisture content are given in Figs 1 and 2 as well as after mathematical statistical treatment using the regressive equations (1) and (2). These dependencies are linear. Ecocotton specific heat at 20–25 °C is 1040±100 J/kg · K.

The determined equilibrium sorbative moisture content dependency on air relative humidity is given in Table 1 together with literature data about analogous Finnish material Selluvilla-SV. The difference between our and literature data is not significant.

The vapour permeability results for Ecocotton are given in Table 2. This value is close to that for mineral wool products.

The data about layeral and seasonal distribution of moisture content in Ecocotton and analogous Finnish product Selluvilla-SV used for insulating of attic floors are given in Tables 3, 4 and Fig 3. It was proved on the basis of these results and equilibrium moisture content calculations of building enclosures with insulating layer of Ecocotton, that the calculated equilibrium moisture content of Ecocotton is 9% (to mass). The calculated thermal conductivity and heat capacity coefficients of Ecocotton were calculated according to formulas (3) and (4).

Experimental (specific heat C(), kJ/kg ·K: thermal conductivity λ(), W/m·K) and calculated (weight moisture content Ws %; thermal conductivity λ, W/m·K; heat capacity coefficient S, W/m2K; vapour permeability μl, mg/m·h·Pa) thermal technical values for 35, 50 and 75 kg/m3 density Ecocotton are given in Table 5.

The most optimal areas for application of Ecocotton are insulation of building enclosures with ventilated air space.
OPTIMIZATION OF THE POWER AND CONTROL PARAMETERS OF HVAC SYSTEMS IN CONDITION OF THE UNSTEADY DUTIES/ŠILDYMO, VĖDINIMO IR ORO KONDICIONAVIMO SISTEMŲ GALIOS IR VALDYMO PARAMETRŲ OPTIMIZAVIMAS NESTACIONARAUS REŽIMO SĄLYGOMIS
Authors: Parfentjeva Natalija , Samarin Oleg , Paulauskaitė Sabina
Published: March 2019

Kaip žinia, pagrindinis šildymo, vėdinimo ir oro kondicionavimo sistemų—mikroklimato kondicionavimo sistemų (MKS)—specialistų uždavinys yra reikiamų mikroklimato parametrų užtikrinimas patalpos darbo zonoje minimaliomis materialinėmis ir energetinėmis sąnaudomis. Ypač svarbi ši problema kylant MKS ekonomiškumo ir nustatytų aplinkos parametrų užtikrinimo reikalavimams esant kintamiems vidiniams ir išoriniams poveikiams. Tai reikalauja naujo požiūrio į MKS sistemų skaičiavimą, projektavimą, eksploatavimą ir automatinį reguliavimą.

Siekiant sumažinti maksimalią MKS galią perspektyvu kompleksiškai nagrinėti dinaminius procesus, vykstančius patalpoje, mikroklimato kondicionavimo sistemoje ir automatinio reguliavimo sistemoje (ARS). Be to, siejant minėtų objektų dinamines charaktristikas į veiningą sistemą reguliaraus režimo sąlygomis pasirinktai tempetatūrinei aplinkai palaikyti, iš dalies galima išnaudoti patalpos savąjį šiluminį pastovumą.

Pasiūlyta metodika, kurioje daroma prielaida, kad bendras sistemos “patalpa—MKS—ARS” šiluminis pastovumas susideda iš patalpos šiluminio pastovumo rodiklio ir ARS valdančio poveikio, dėl ko MKS turi kompensuoti tik dalį šilumos poveikių patalpoje. Ši dalis išreiškiama poveikių amplitude ir apibendrintu kintančių šilumos išsiskyrimų koeficientu.

Pateikta MKS galios ir ARS parametrų optimizavimo metodika, įvertinanti pagrindinius faktorius, darančius įtaką nestacionariam patalpos šilumos režimui, yra pakankamai paprasta. Ji gali būti taikoma principiniams MKS sprendimams palyginti.
MOISTURE CHANGING TENDENCIES IN WALLS ADDITIONALLY INSULATED FROM THE INSIDE/DRĖGNUMO KITIMO TENDENCIJOS ATTTVAROSE, PAPILDOMAI APŠILTINTOSE IŠ VIDINĖS PUSĖS
Authors: Čekanavičius Artūras
Published: March 2019

Drėgmės ir šilumos pokyčiai, vykstantys atitvaroje, tarpusavyje susiję ir laikui bėgant kinta. Mūsų šalies klimato sąlygomis temperatūros šiltinamosios medžiagos ir atitvaros sąlytyje gali būti teigiamos ir neigiamos.

Išorinėje sienoje, apšiltintoje iš vidaus su garo izoliacija, drėgmė gali pasišalinti tik per išorinę atitvaros pusę. Todėl vasaros metu pastebimas atvirkštinis procesas, kai sąlytyje su garo izoliacija padidėja mineralinės vatos drėgnumas ir gali atsirasti trumpalaikis kondensatas.

Šiltinamojoje konstrukcijoje be garo izoliacijos pastebimas didesnis drėgnumas ir gali trumpai atsirasti kondenato. Tikimybė atsirasti kondensatui dviejų medžiagų sandūroje sumažeja, atitvarą apšiltinus iš vidaus plonesniu šiltinamosios medžiagos sluoksniu. Priešingai konstrukcijai su garo izoliacija, šia džiūvimas vyksta į abi puses.

Geriausias efektas atitvaras šiltinant iš vidaus gaunamas, kada šiltinamosios medžiagos storis per visą šiltinamos atitvaros perimetrą yra vienodas, nes temperatūrinių laukų išsidėstymas tolygesnis.

Apie garo izoliacijos būtinumą turi būti sprendžiama atlikus apšiltintos atitvaros konstrukcijos šiluminius-drėgminius balanso apskaičiavimus.
AUDIT OF ACQUISITION CYCLE IN CONSTRUCTION ENTERPRISES/ĮSIGIJIMO CIKLO AUDITAS STATYBINĖSE ĮMONĖSE
Authors: Pečiūra Vilmantas
Published: March 2019

Auditing is a systematic process of objectively obtaining and evaluating evidence regarding assertions about economic actions and events to ascertain the degree of correspondence between the assertions and established criteria and communicating the results to interested users. The purpose of auditing is to add credibility to financial statements by providing independent, objective and proffessional opinion on audited financial statements.

One effective way to perform an audit is to classify transactions into “cycles” of related activities. An acquisition cycle is important for construction enterprises. The main activities of the acquisition cycle is: 1) purchase requisition, 2) authorized acquisition of materials, 3) receive of materials, 4) transaction recording in accounting, 5) bill payment authorization, 6) cash disbursement.

Auditors should test financial statements assertions—existence, completeness, rights and obligations, valuation, and presentation and disclosure—embodied in the acquisition cycle.

Auditors should evaluate the control risk of the acquisition cycle. If the control risk is low, the number of substantive audit procedures can be reduced. Some construction enterprises centralises acquisition function in a separate department. Centralisation is helpful in the following way:

Purchasing effectiveness is increased.

The department managers opportunity to favour certain suppliers is eliminated.

The segregation of acquisition, custody and accounting functions diminishes fraud possibilities.

The control function is centralised in one department.

Information about control structure could be obtained by the questionnaire or by reperformance of control procedures.

Substantive audit tests could be classified into two categories: analitycal tests and detail test of account balances and transaction classes.

When considering assertions and obtaining evidence about accounts payable and other liabilities, auditors must put emphasis on the completeness and obligations assertions. The enterprises typically are less concerned about timely recording of expenses and liabilities than they are about timely recording of revenues and assets. This would work in opposite way if the main purpose of the enterprise is to hide taxes. Search for unrecorded liabilities is expanded into other fields of auditing—they could be discovered auditing other cycles.

Auditor tests receiving reports, supplier's invoices, cash disbursements maid after year end, scans various documents for exceptional amounts. Mistakes should be pointed out in the working papers. Confirmations could also be used for the completeness assertion auditing. Vouching procedure is widely used for evaluation assertion. Liabilities account balances are checked with supporting documentation.

Auditors should test proper presentation and disclosure of liabilities. Auditors are mainly concerned that accounts payable contain only amounts associated with the acquisition of materials.
The Localization of the Single Pulse in VLBI Observation
Authors: Liu Lei , Jiang Wu , Zheng Weimin , Yan Zhen , Zhang Juan , Ma Maoli , Luo Wentao
Published: March 2019

In our previous work, we proposed a cross spectrum–based method to extract single-pulse signals from RFI-contaminated data, which is originated from geodetic VLBI postprocessing. This method fully utilizes fringe-phase information of the cross spectrum and hence maximizes the signal power. However, the localization was not discussed in that work. As the continuation of that work, in this paper, we further study how to localize single pulses using an astrometric solving method. Assuming that the burst is a point source, we derive the burst position by solving a set of linear equations given the relation between the residual delay and the offset to a priori position. We find that the single-pulse localization results given by both astrometric solving and radio imaging are consistent within the 3σ level. Therefore, we claim that it is possible to derive the position of a single pulse with reasonable precision based on only three or even two baselines with 4 ms integration. The combination of cross spectrum–based detection and the localization proposed in this work then provide a thorough solution for searching for single pulses in VLBI observation. According to our calculation, our pipeline gives comparable accuracy to the radio imaging pipeline. Moreover, the computational cost of our pipeline is much smaller, which makes it more practical for a fast radio burst (FRB) search in regular VLBI observation. The pipeline is now publicly available and named the VLBI Observation for FRB Localization Keen Searcher (VOLKS).
The Reserva de la Biosfera Barranca de Metztitlán (Hidalgo): An illustrated checklist of bromeliads and orchids and their high levels of Mexican endemisms
Authors: Hornung-Leoni Claudia T. , Chavarria-Olmedo Yesenia J. , Ramírez-Morillo Ivón M.
Published: March 2019

This study presents a list of species of the two most important families with epiphytic elements, Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae, from the Reserva de la Biosfera Barranca de Metztitlán (RBBM), the largest Reserve in Hidalgo, Mexico. Thirty-four species are included, 26 corresponding to species in three genera of bromeliads, and eight species in six genera of orchids. The new records represent 26.5% of the total listed in the area; nine of them are new records for the Reserve (RBBM) and one is new for Hidalgo State. This study reveals that endemism for both families is very important in the Reserve (55.88%), since it includes 13 Mexican bromeliads, of which two are endemic to Hidalgo and one to the Reserve, and three orchids, two endemic to Mexico and one to the Reserve. We found species with different types of relative abundance: rare (16) and occasional (7). Additionally, we include information about the category (IUCN, CITES, NOM-059-SEMARNAT) as well as uses reported in the literature for the species in the RBBM. The checklist is strictly based on information obtained from deposited herbarium specimens as well as from those collected during fieldwork. We suggest that a conservation plan (in situ and ex situ) for the RBBM is important and necessary. The predominant habit for both families is epiphytic (17 species); even though there are terrestrial (7) and saxicolous (2), and the remaining are facultative species (8). Nine species are included in some risk category. The present work is the most complete and updated list of Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae for this important natural area in the Mexican State of Hidalgo. However, more fieldwork is needed to document the biodiversity of the area in general and its flora in particular, as a way to highlight the importance of protected areas in preserving biodiversity.
Du Parnasse au Panthéon. Les Vies d’écrivains du Grand Siècle par leurs contemporains : naissance d’une nouvelle forme critique ?
Authors: Fortin Damien
Published: March 2019

Cette étude prend pour objet d’analyse les Vies des écrivains du XVII e  siècle composées dès cette époque mais aussi durant le siècle suivant, pour mesure de l’évolution rapide qui conduisit leurs héritiers à élaborer une conception du classicisme français comme période littéraire de référence. En pariant pour la définition intellectuelle et matérielle d’un genre de la vie d’écrivain inscrit dans l’intermédiaire entre les Vies des écrivains renaissants et les biographies d’après la Révolution, elle met à l’épreuve l’hypothèse d’une définition générique du modèle et d’une approche esthétique du corpus à partir d’une exhumation et d’un parallèle de ces nombreux textes relevant directement du genre ou s’y apparentant. L’enjeu est d’autant plus fort que s’il y a déjà eu jusqu’ici des approches ponctuelles et partielles de ces questions, ce fut surtout dans une optique de sociologie de la littérature.
Entre poétique et interprétation. Sur la Lettre-préface de Jean Chapelain à l’ Adone de Marino (1623)
Authors: Duprat Anne
Published: March 2019

Il s’agit ici de revenir sur l’hypothèse souvent admise d’une naissance au XVII e siècle de la critique littéraire comme pratique d’interprétation des textes qui, s’engageant dans la réalité complexe de leur réception, se détacherait parallèlement d’une approche théorique et savante de la poésie exclusivement consacrée à rapporter l’œuvre à l’idée de l’art qui la produit. L’opposition qu’implique cette hypothèse entre le critique et le poétique mérite en effet d’être interrogée, à une période (les années 1620-1630) où la plupart des auteurs de « Jugements », d’« Examens » et d’« Avis » sont eux-mêmes des poètes, et séparent donc rarement les questions d’herméneutique et de réception du texte des problèmes d’écriture et de représentation qu’elles impliquent. On voudrait montrer les conséquences que ce croisement des impératifs a pu avoir sur la mise en place, en France, d’un modèle de critique littéraire régulière.
Le droit à écrire. La Bruyère, Les Caractères et la critique
Authors: Parmentier Bérengère
Published: March 2019

Cet article met en rapport les propos de La Bruyère sur la critique avec la réception critique des Caractères , et tente de prendre en compte les relations complexes entre rumeur critique et critique imprimée. Il fait apparaître la conflictualité d’un territoire critique dominé par les questions de droit et de légitimité, et la porosité des frontières de la critique « littéraire », indissociable à la fois de la critique des mœurs et de la critique du bon usage linguistique. Il analyse les tensions qui s’exacerbent, sur cette base, autour du cas des Caractères , tout spécialement autour de la question de la singularité stylistique.
Gilles Ménage, figure angevine de la République des Lettres
Authors: Brizay François
Published: March 2019

L’itinéraire de Gilles Ménage rappelle celui de nombreux autres érudits français du XVII e siècle qui s’installèrent dans la capitale où ils pouvaient fréquenter les bibliothèques et se consacrer à l’étude de la philologie, de la grammaire et des textes anciens. Afin de comprendre comment un lettré formé en Anjou s’est imposé dans le monde intellectuel de son temps, nous évoquerons la vie et la carrière de Gilles Ménage en privilégiant trois thèmes : l’Angers universitaire et culturel à l’époque de G. Ménage, l’âge d’or que connut la République des Lettres pendant le XVII e siècle, et la singularité de Ménage, qui fut à la fois un érudit à l’œuvre foisonnante et un redoutable polémiste.
Critique et concurrence dramatique durant la décennie 1630
Authors: Blondet Sandrine
Published: March 2019

Parce qu’elle appelle de facto comparaison, la concurrence théâtrale parisienne paraît favoriser une critique fondée sur un examen minutieux de chaque pièce au regard de sa rivale. L’arbitrage contemporain demeure pourtant essentiellement partisan, dédaigneux de toute analyse. Non que le discours critique soit impossible, les commentateurs louant par exemple l’habileté de l’invention, la richesse du sujet, la beauté des vers, mais il reste de l’ordre de la réaction émotive. C’est paradoxalement aux dramaturges eux-mêmes qu’il revient de concilier critique et analyse, parce que la nécessité de justifier sa propre pièce se fait pour eux plus impérieuse ; ils confirment simultanément, et a contrario , la distance irréductible qui sépare enjeu concurrentiel et discours critique.
Le théâtre baroque aujourd’hui en France : la musique pour modèle
Authors: Candiard Céline
Published: March 2019

Bien que les travaux d’Eugène Green aient commencé dès la fin des années 1970, il a fallu attendre les mises en scène de Benjamin Lazar dans les années 2000 pour que la mise en scène baroque suscite un réel intérêt du grand public et des institutions. En prenant pour modèle la musique ancienne, elle a suscité des résistances dans le milieu théâtral, qui lui ont opposé une dramaturgie de la signification et le geste créateur du metteur en scène, et dans le monde littéraire, attaché à l’idée d’une esthétique classique française qui s’exclurait du mouvement baroque européen.
Le Huron de Grétry et Marmontel : adaptation, création et recréation
Authors: Dalem Henri , Dubruque Julien
Published: March 2019

Pour échapper aussi bien à la Charybde de la reconstitution fallacieuse qu’à la Scylla de la mise en scène irrespectueuse, nous avons choisi de privilégier le travail dramatique sur les dialogues parlés et non la fidélité à la partition orchestrale. Nous avons tenté d’unifier le parlé et le chanté en adoptant déclamation poétique traditionnelle dans les dialogues et en faisant grasseyer les r dans les airs. Notre promotion du théâtre et du parlé a peut-être trop bien réussi : le public a pris l’opéra-comique… au sérieux, au risque de trouver les numéros musicaux incongrus.
Un cas d’athéisme spirituel aux Pays-Bas espagnols : les Dix Lamentations de Jérôme Gratien (1611)
Authors: Houdard Sophie
Published: March 2019

L’athéisme spirituel, tel que le carme Jérôme Gratien de la Mère de Dieu le décrit dans sa cinquième Lamentation , est une attaque de l’orthodoxie thérésienne qu’il incarne à Bruxelles pour la défendre des mouvements spirituels desquels il est nécessaire de se démarquer, comme les alumbrados, au moment où les condamnations empêchent le développement de toute forme de spiritualité alternative au catholicisme tel que le concile de Trente le définit. Gratien règle ainsi des comptes avec les capucins français qui, sous l’égide de Benoît de Canfield, se recommandent d’une spiritualité abstraite ou essentialiste qui « contamine » l’orthodoxie thérésienne du tout nouveau Carmel français. La bataille entre les diverses spiritualités montre comment l’athéisme est un terme relatif, elle montre aussi comment les tendances mystiques se heurtent à l’orthodoxie de la Contre-Réforme, qui croit reconnaître chez ceux que Gratien nomme de manière péjorative les « perfectistes », la perfection condamnée chez les béguines et les tenants du Libre Esprit, en particulier la divinisation de l’homme. En faisant des spirituels essentialistes des athées, le carme Jérôme Gratien laisse émerger des conséquences radicales que les capucins ne peuvent ni ne veulent assumer ; ce faisant il permet de voir dans la mystique des tendances anti-institutionnelles fortes et des origines doctrinales hétérodoxes publiquement inacceptables pour les spirituels, au moment où se renforcent la dogmatique et l’intransigeance du catholicisme de la Contre-Réforme.
Dans quelle mesure l’athéisme est-il inacceptable pour l’auteur du Theophrastus redivivus et pour Spinoza ?
Authors: Gengoux Nicole
Published: March 2019

L’auteur anonyme du Theophrastus redivivus (1659), tout en critiquant radicalement la croyance en Dieu, affirme qu’il faut chasser l’athéisme de la cité. Son athéisme est pourtant pensable  : non seulement le mot n’est pas anachronique pour le XVII e siècle, comme l’affirment de nombreux commentateurs, mais le traité lui-même fait la généalogie de la croyance tout en exposant un système de pensée cohérent qui se passe de tout dieu. Par-delà les raisons d’ordre moral (l’athée est celui qui se laisse entraîner par ses instincts et transgresse les lois), la question pour l’auteur anonyme est de concilier l’ordre social avec l’absence d’un bien et d’un mal absolus. Dix ans plus tard, le nécessitarisme de Spinoza, en dépit de différences notables (utilisation du terme de Dieu pour désigner la nature), présente des similitudes avec le système du Theophrastus redivivus . Aussi, son même rejet de l’athée, parce qu’il ne contrôlerait pas ses instincts, permet de mieux comprendre celui de l’auteur anonyme : point de stratégie de dissimulation, non plus, chez Spinoza, mais une volonté de se faire comprendre fondée sur une anthropologie nouvelle où pensable se confond avec communicable .
Des philosophes dans le boudoir ? Apports philosophiques des romans libertins aux combats des Lumières
Authors: Foucault Didier
Published: March 2019

Longtemps considérés comme des productions mineures, les romans libertins du XVIII e siècle ne retiennent l’attention des chercheurs que depuis quelques décennies. Cette réhabilitation littéraire ne s’accompagne pourtant pas d’une réévaluation de leur apport philosophique. En valorisant le libre usage de tous les plaisirs, ils ont grandement contribué à ruiner les préceptes moraux du christianisme et même certains fondements de la religion. La large place accordée aux personnages féminins a conduit des auteurs à se pencher sur la condition des femmes et à développer des idées féministes dépassant de loin celles des philosophes des Lumières plus en vue. Enfin, les romanciers ont vulgarisé bien des thèmes défendus par ces derniers, en touchant un public bien plus large.
La volonté de (trop) savoir : origine de la parrêsia foucaldienne ?
Authors: Abramovici Jean-Christophe
Published: March 2019

Si La Volonté de savoir est écrit avant l’apparition, dans l’œuvre de Foucault, du concept de parrêsia , tout l’essai est traversé par un rapport complexe à la vérité , que ce soit celle historique d’une démonstration comme sciemment mal assurée, ou celle dont traite et que dénonce Foucault, cette vérité du sexe que l’individu moderne est invité constamment à avouer. C’est cette véhémence voire cet emportement rhétoriques qui confèrent à La Volonté de savoir sa dimension parrèsiastique .
Diderot et la parrêsia prérévolutionnaire : l’éloquence de la vérité en question
Authors: Vincent Charles
Published: March 2019

Dans une lettre de 1781 à Melchior Grimm, Diderot fait l’éloge de la parrêsia philosophique contre la courtisanerie servile de son ami. Mais Grimm l’accuse d’avoir été fou ou lâche, ce que Diderot ne peut réfuter logiquement, n’ayant pas signé ses contributions incendiaires à l’ Histoire des deux Indes de Raynal. Il distingue alors l’éloquence de la vérité et la rhétorique des tyrans pour imaginer un moteur de l’histoire qui associe la vérité, la vertu et la puissance dangereuse mais mobilisatrice de l’orateur.
Preuve et parrêsia dans l’écriture de l’histoire : les Historiae sui temporis de Jacques-Auguste de Thou
Authors: Welfringer Arnaud
Published: March 2019

À la suite des travaux de Carlo Ginzburg sur la notion de preuve dans l’écriture de l’histoire avant l’apparition de la note de page et la citation des sources, cet article met au jour dans les paratextes des Historiae sui temporis de Jacques-Auguste de Thou un procédé destiné à produire un « effet de vérité » : la manifestation d’un ethos parrèsiastique, par lequel l’historien présente l’énonciation de son récit comme courageuse. C’est la manifestation de ce courage qui authentifie la vérité du récit de l’historien.
Mécénas, Socrate, Aristippe : les figures de la parrêsia dans Guez de Balzac
Authors: Amstutz Delphine
Published: March 2019

En s’appropriant des figures de parrèsiastes antiques, Guez de Balzac a élaboré une conception originale de la parrêsia politique, réinscrite dans une tradition épicurienne, et dont l’instrument privilégié serait la raillerie. Alors que, dans la première moitié du XVII e  siècle, s’affirme une conception absolutiste du gouvernement monarchique, le parrèsiaste remplace le conseiller traditionnel. Aristippe ou de la Cour (1658) offre une illustration équivoque des vertus de la parrêsia .
Nommer les concepts du passé. Quelques réflexions d’historiens contemporains
Authors: Abiven Karine
Published: March 2019

Cette synthèse bibliographique confronte des réflexions métahistoriographiques sur la dénomination des référents visés par les textes anciens. Tantôt la parole est rendue aux acteurs historiques par l’adoption du vocabulaire des sources, tantôt celui-ci est normé par des termes parfois inusités dans celles-ci. Si les approches contemporaines combinent les appareils métalinguistiques exogène et endogène, elles se distinguent par une ambition ici plus universalisante, là plus historicisante.
Interdictions de séjour. Une analyse de géographie pénale
Authors: Bony Lucie
Published: March 2019

S’inscrivant dans le courant des approches spatiales du champ pénal, cet article a pour enjeu de contribuer à la compréhension des spatialités de l’exécution des mesures pénales en milieu ouvert et du rôle du système pénal dans la régulation des usages de l’espace. Ce faisant, il se focalise sur les mesures d’interdiction de paraître en des lieux spécifiquement désignés prononcées dans le cadre de contrôle judiciaire, de peines ou d’aménagements de peine. Après avoir dressé le sens de l’arsenal législatif promouvant ces mesures ainsi qu’un bilan de leur application actuelle, sont analysées les rationalités pénales qui sous-tendent leur prononcé à partir des points de vue de magistrats recueillis par entretiens.
Effect of Flexible Soil in Seismic Hazard Assessment for Structural Design in Kuala Lumpur
Authors: Nabilah Abu Bakar , Koh Chan Ghee , Safiee Nor Azizi , Daud Nik Norsyahariati Nik
Published: March 2019

Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, is considered to be safe against an earthquake threat. However, tremors felt by occupants due to long distance earthquakes from Sumatra has raised concern on building safety in this region. Consequently, Malaysia will adopt the Eurocode 8 for seismic design. The suitability of this code must be studied especially on the threat from far field earthquakes. Thus, site specific hazard assessment has been conducted on seven flexible soil sites in Kuala Lumpur, based on modified time history. The peak ground acceleration (PGA) falls in the category of very low seismicity, however, the amplifications are much higher than recommended by Eurocode 8. The period limits for maximum accelerations are also much higher compared to the value in the code, especially for flexible soils. Adoption of Eurocode 8 for seismic design in this region should be studied to include the effects of high period motions in flexible soils, especially on the amplification factors and its corner periods.
Information Security Practices in Small-to-Medium Sized Businesses
Authors: Marett Kent , Barnett Tim
Published: March 2019

Small to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in North America do not always adequately address security. Based on responses from 232 SME owners and managers, the authors found that the adoption of security recommendations made by experts appear to be significantly influenced by the decisions of other local SMEs. A hot-spot analysis of information security practices suggested that local trends lead to prioritizing certain security practices and not adopting others. Follow-up interviews with business owners and Chamber of Commerce directors provided insights on how security hotspots developed or not. The study identified both hot spot and cold spot communities, and sought to assess how local business networking conduits like chambers of commerce help promote best security practices
An Empirical Study on the Network Model and the Online Knowledge Production Structure
Authors: Chen Quan , Wang Jiangtao , Ou Ruiqiu , Tsai Sang-Bing
Published: March 2019

Mass production has attracted much attention as a new approach to knowledge production. The R software system is a typical product of mass production. For its unique architecture, the R software system accurately recorded the natural process of knowledge propagation and inheritance. Thus, this article established a dynamic complex network model based on the derivative relationship between R software packages, which reflects the evolution process of online knowledge production structure in R software system, and studied the process of knowledge propagation and inheritance via the dynamic complex network analysis method. These results show that the network size increases with time, reflecting the tendency of R software to accelerate the accumulation of knowledge. The network density and network cohesion decrease with the increase of scale, indicating that the knowledge structure of R software presents a trend of expansion. The unique extension structure of R software provides a rich research foundation for the propagation of knowledge; thus, the results can provide us a new perspective for knowledge discovery and technological innovation.
Evaluation of nest-site selection of ground-nesting bees and wasps (Hymenoptera) using emergence traps
Authors: Cope Grace C. , Campbell Joshua W. , Grodsky Steven M. , Ellis James D.
Published: March 2019

Approximately 70% of the 30 000 known bee (Hymenoptera) species and most flower-visiting, solitary wasps (Hymenoptera) nest in the ground. However, nesting behaviours of most ground-nesting bees and wasps are poorly understood. Habitat loss, including nesting habitat, threatens populations of ground-nesting bees and wasps. Most ground-nesting bee and wasp studies implement trapping methods that capture foraging individuals, but provide little insight into the nesting preferences of these taxa. Some researchers have suggested that emergence traps may provide a suitable means by which to determine ground-nesting bee and wasp abundance. We sought to evaluate nest-site selection of ground-nesting bees and wasps using emergence traps in two study systems: (1) planted wildflower enhancement plots and fallow control plots in agricultural land; and (2) upland pine and hammock habitat in forests. Over the course of three years (2015–2017), we collected 306 ground-nesting bees and wasps across all study sites from emergence traps. In one study, we compared captures per trap between coloured pan traps and emergence traps and found that coloured pan traps captured far more ground-nesting bees and wasps than did emergence traps. Based on our emergence trap data, our results also suggest ground-nesting bees and wasps are more apt to nest within wildflower enhancement plots than in fallow control plots, and in upland pine habitats than in hammock forests. In conclusion, emergence traps have potential to be a unique tool to gain understanding of ground-nesting bee and wasp habitat requirements.
Neuromyelitis optic with positive Anti-AQP4 and Anti-SSA/Ro antibody
Authors: Estiasari Riwanti , Firdausia Salsabila , Wulandari Dewi , Maharani Kartika , Sitorus Freddy , Pangeran David , Imran Darma
Published: March 2019

Neuromyelitis Optic (NMO) is an inflammatory disorder involving central nervous system which often co-exists with other autoimmune diseases such as Sjögren’s syndrome (SS). NMO manifestation could precede or follow SS, but the role of anti-SSA in the pathogenesis of NMO remains unclear. We present a case of NMO with anti-AQP4 anti-SSA antibody positive. A-44-year-old female presented with right side weakness. The symptoms began with numbness that improved spontaneously. She also complained pain and dry sensations on her eyes. Schirmer test on her left eye, antinuclear antibody (ANA) and anti- SSA antibody were positive. Cervical MRI revealed intramedullary lesion on T2- weighted-image at C2-C5 level. She was diagnosed as NMO with positive anti- AQP4 and probable SS. She received 1g methylprednisolone for 5 days proceeded with mycophenolic acid. One-year observation showed clinical improvement. Systemic autoantibodies must substantially be evaluated in NMO. Comprehensive diagnosis and providing appropriate immunosuppressant might prevent further disability and relapse.
U-Pb geochronology and geochemistry from the northeastern New River belt, southern New Brunswick, Canada: significance of the Almond Road Group to the Ganderian platformal margin
Authors: Johnson Susan C. , Dunning Gregory R. , Miller Brent V.
Published: March 2019

The Almond Road Group in the northeastern New River belt comprises two formations: the basal Snider Mountain Formation contains orthoquartzite, feldspathic quartzite, and quartzite pebble conglomerate; the gradationally overlying Ketchum Brook Formation is composed of feldspathic sandstone, laminated dark siltstone and shale, overlain by mafic lithic tuffs and basaltic flows. The Almond Road Group overlies latest Ediacaran to earliest Cambrian (early Fortunian) pyroclastic, volcaniclastic, and epiclastic rocks of the Belleisle Bay Group. Based in part on this relationship, the Almond Road Group was thought to be Early Cambrian, although an upper age limit had never been determined. A U–Pb (zircon) age of 475 ± 2 Ma for the West Scotch Settlement porphyry, a small felsic hypabyssal intrusion emplaced into the Ketchum Brook Formation, demonstrates that the Almond Road Group is no younger than Early Ordovician (early Floian) age. Its age is further constrained by LA ICP-MS detrital zircon data from a basal quartzite in the Snider Mountain Formation. Results show a dominant peak in the Ediacaran (ca. 575 Ma), with the youngest coherent cluster of ages at ca. 530–520 Ma. Together these data support a Cambrian age for the quartz-rich Almond Road Group and its platformal relationship to Ganderia.
Investigation of the 1727 Newbury, Massachusetts, USA, earthquake using LiDAR imagery and P-wave velocity tomography
Authors: Marple Ronald T. , Hurd, Jr. James D. , Liu Lanbo , Travis Seth , Altamura Robert J.
Published: March 2019

High-resolution LiDAR (light detection and ranging) images of northeastern Massachusetts and southeastern New Hampshire reveal a 10-km-long, NW-SE-oriented topographic lineament in northeastern Massachusetts that we interpret to be the surface expression of a SW-dipping thrust fault along which the 1727 Newbury, Massachusetts, earthquake occurred. The Newburyport lineament coincides with the northeast edge of a 10-kmlong, NW-SE-oriented ridge, herein named Merrimack ridge, that parallels the NW-SE-trending segment of the Merrimack River downstream from where it bends 90° to the southeast. The northwestern end of the Newburyport lineament coincides with a 1-km-long, ~7- to 15-m-high, NE-facing Newburyport scarp that is located just south of the bend in the river. The Newburyport lineament also parallels the NW-SE-oriented nodal planes of the focal mechanism that was generated for the 1999 Amesbury, Massachusetts, earthquake. A P-wave velocity tomographic model generated from a seismic-refraction profile across the Newburyport scarp shows a ~40-m-wide low-velocity zone dipping ~41° SW. Velocities along this zone decrease 15–50%, which suggests that the Newburyport lineament is associated with the surface expression of a SW-dipping brittle fault zone. The LiDAR images also revealed three other NW-SE-trending lineaments in the study area.
Complex Epidemiological Dynamics of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus in Florida
Authors: Heberlein-Larson Lea A. , Tan Yi , Stark Lillian M. , Cannons Andrew C. , Shilts Meghan H. , Unnasch Thomas R. , Das Suman R.
Published: March 2019

Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) infection results in high mortality in infected horses and humans. Florida has been identified as an important source of EEEV epidemics to other states in the United States. In this study, we further characterized the epidemiological and evolutionary dynamics of EEEV in Florida. Epidemiological analysis of sentinel chicken seroconversion rates to EEEV infections during 2005–2016 suggested significant seasonality of EEEV activity in Florida. We observed significant annual activity of EEEV in the North and North Central regions, with little significant seasonality in the Panhandle region. Phylogenetic analysis of complete EEEV genome sequences from different host sources and regions in Florida during 1986–2014 revealed extensive genetic diversity and spatial dispersal of the virus within Florida and relatively more clustering of the viruses in the Panhandle region. We found no significant association between EEEV genetic variation and host source. Overall, our study revealed a complex epidemiological dynamic of EEEV within Florida, implicating the Panhandle region as a possible source of the virus with sustained year-round transmission. These findings will help in implementing targeted control measures that can have the most impact in reducing or eliminating EEEV and other mosquito-borne viral infections within Florida and in the rest of the United States.
Gamma Irradiation as an Effective Method for Inactivation of Emerging Viral Pathogens
Authors: Feldmann Friederike , Shupert W. Lesley , Haddock Elaine , Twardoski Barri , Feldmann Heinz
Published: March 2019

Gamma irradiation using a cobalt-60 source is a commonly used method for the inactivation of infectious specimens to be handled safely in subsequent laboratory procedures. Here, we determined irradiation doses to safely inactivate liquid proteinaceous specimens harboring different emerging/reemerging viral pathogens known to cause neglected tropical and other diseases of regional or global public health importance. By using a representative arenavirus, bunyavirus, coronavirus, filovirus, flavivirus, orthomyxovirus, and paramyxovirus, we found that these enveloped viruses differed in their susceptibility to irradiation treatment with adsorbed doses for inactivation of a target dose of 1 × 106 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50)/mL ranging from 1 to 5 MRads. This finding seemed generally inversely correlated with genome size. Our data may help to guide other facilities in testing and verifying safe inactivation procedures.
Characteristics of the main primary source profiles of particulate matter across China from 1987 to 2017
Authors: Bi Xiaohui , Dai Qili , Wu Jianhui , Zhang Qing , Zhang Wenhui , Luo Ruixue , Cheng Yuan , Zhang Jiaying , Wang Lu , Yu Zhuojun , Zhang Yufen , Tian Yingze , Feng Yinchang
Published: March 2019

Abstract. Based on published literature and typical
profiles from the Nankai University source library, a total of 3326
chemical profiles of the main primary sources of ambient particulate matter
(PM) across China from 1987 to 2017 are investigated and reviewed to trace the
evolution of their main components and identify the main influencing factors
concerning their evolution. In general, the source chemical profiles are varied
with respect to their sources and are influenced by different sampling methods.
The most complicated profiles are likely attributed to coal combustion (CC) and industrial emissions (IE).
The profiles of vehicle emissions (VE) are dominated by organic carbon (OC) and
elemental carbon (EC), and vary due to the changing standards of sulfur and
additives in gasoline and diesel as well as the sampling methods used. In
addition to the sampling methods used, the profiles of biomass burning (BB) and cooking
emissions (CE) are also impacted by the different biofuel categories and cooking types,
respectively. The variations of the chemical profiles of different sources,
and the homogeneity of the subtype source profiles within the same source
category are examined using uncertainty analysis and cluster analysis. As a
result, a relatively large variation is found in the source profiles of
CC, VE, IE, and BB, indicating that these sources urgently require the establishment of local
profiles due to their high uncertainties. The results presented highlight the
need for further investigation of more specific markers (e.g., isotopes,
organic compounds, and gaseous precursors), in addition to routinely measured
components, in order to properly discriminate sources. Although the chemical profiles of the main sources have
been previously reported in the literature, it should be noted that some of
these chemical profiles are currently out of date and need to be updated
immediately. Additionally, in the future, specific focus should be placed on the
source profile subtypes, especially with respect to local IE in China.
Exploiting multi-wavelength aerosol absorption coefficients in a multi-time source apportionment study to retrieve source-dependent absorption parameters
Authors: Forello Alice C. , Bernardoni Vera , Calzolai Giulia , Lucarelli Franco , Massabò Dario , Nava Silvia , Pileci Rosaria E. , Prati Paolo , Valentini Sara , Valli Gianluigi , Vecchi Roberta
Published: March 2019

Abstract. In this paper, a new methodology coupling aerosol optical and chemical parameters in the same source apportionment study is reported. This approach gives additional relevant information such as estimates for the atmospheric Ångström Absorption Exponent (α) of the sources and Mass Absorption Coefficient (MAC) for fossil fuel emissions at different wavelengths. A multi-time source apportionment study using Multilinear Engine ME-2 was performed on a PM10 dataset with different time resolution (24 hours, 12 hours, and 1 hour) collected during two different seasons in Milan (Italy) in 2016. Samples were optically analysed to retrieve the aerosol absorption coefficient bap (in Mm−1) at four wavelengths (λ = 405 nm, 532 nm, 635 nm and 780 nm) and chemically characterised for elements, ions, levoglucosan, and carbonaceous components. Time-resolved chemically speciated data were coupled with bap multi-wavelength measurements and introduced as input data in the multi-time receptor model; this approach was proven to strengthen the identification of sources being particularly useful when important chemical markers (e.g. levoglucosan, elemental carbon, ...) are not available. The final solution consisted in 8 factors (nitrate, sulphate, resuspended dust, biomass burning, construction works, traffic, industry, aged sea salt); the implemented constraints led to a better physical description of factors and the bootstrap analysis supported the goodness of the solution. As for bap apportionment, consistently to what expected, the two factors assigned to biomass burning and traffic were the main contributors to aerosol absorption in atmosphere. A relevant feature of the approach proposed in this work is the possibility of retrieving many other information about optical parameters; for example, opposite to the more traditional approach used by optical source apportionment models, here we obtained the atmospheric Ångström Absorption Exponent (α) of the sources (α biomass burning = 1.83 and α fossil fuels = 0.80), without any a priori assumption. In addition, an estimate for the Mass Absorption Cross section (MAC) for fossil fuel emissions at four wavelengths was obtained and found to be consistent with literature ranges.
Persistent growth of anthropogenic NMVOC emissions in China
during 1990–2017: dynamics, speciation, and ozone formation
potentials
Authors: Li Meng , Zhang Qiang , Zheng Bo , Tong Dan , Lei Yu , Liu Fei , Hong Chaopeng , Kang Sicong , Yan Liu , Zhang Yuxuan , Bo Yu , Su Hang , Cheng Yafang , He Kebin
Published: March 2019

Abstract. Non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) are important ozone and secondary organic aerosol precursors and play important roles in tropospheric chemistry. In this work, we estimated the total and speciated NMVOC emissions from China’s anthropogenic sources during 1990–2017 by using a bottom-up emission inventory framework, and investigated the main drivers behind the trends. We found that, anthropogenic NMVOC emissions in China have been increased continuously since 1990 due to the dramatic growth in activity rates and absence of effective control measures. We estimated that, anthropogenic NMVOC emissions in China increased from 9.76 Tg in 1990 to 28.5 Tg in 2017, mainly driven by persistent growth from the industry sector and solvent use. In the meanwhile, emissions from the residential and transportation sectors declined after 2005, partly offset the total emission increase. During 1990–2017, mass-based emissions of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatics, oxygenated VOCs (OVOC) and other species increased by 274 %, 88 %, 4 %, 387 %, 91 %, and 231 % respectively. Following the growth in total NMVOC emissions, the corresponding ozone formation potential (OFP) increased form 38.2 Tg-O3 in 1990 to 99.7 Tg-O3 in 2017. We estimated that aromatics accounted for the largest share (43 %) of total OFP, followed by alkenes (37 %) and OVOC (10 %). Growth in China's NMVOC emissions were mainly driven by the transportation sector before 2000, while industrial sector and solvent use dominated the emission growth during 2000–2010. After 2010, although emissions from the industry sector and solvent use kept growing, strict control measures on transportation and fuel transition in residential stoves have successfully slowed down the increase trend, especially after the implementation of China's clean air action since 2013. However, compared to large emission decreases of other criteria air pollutants in China (e.g., SO2, NOx, and primary PM) during 2013–2017, the relatively flat trend in NMVOC emissions and OFP revealed the absence of effective control measures, which might have contributed to the increase of ozone during the same period. Given their high contributions to emissions and OFP, tailored control measures for solvent use and industrial sources should be developed, and collaborative control strategies should be designed to mitigate both PM2.5 and ozone pollution simultaneously.
An algorithm to retrieve ice water content profiles in cirrus clouds from the synergy of ground-based lidar and thermal infrared radiometer measurements
Authors: Hemmer Friederike , C.-Labonnote Laurent , Parol Frédéric , Brogniez Gérard , Damiri Bahaiddin , Podvin Thierry
Published: March 2019

Abstract. The algorithm presented in this paper was developed to retrieve ice water
content (IWC) profiles in cirrus clouds. It is based on optimal estimation
theory and combines ground-based visible lidar and thermal infrared (TIR)
radiometer measurements in a common retrieval framework in order to retrieve
profiles of IWC together with a correction factor for the backscatter
intensity of cirrus cloud particles. As a first step, we introduce a method
to retrieve extinction and IWC profiles in cirrus clouds from the lidar
measurements alone and demonstrate the shortcomings of this approach due to
the backscatter-to-extinction ambiguity. As a second step, we show that TIR
radiances constrain the backscattering of the ice crystals at the visible
lidar wavelength by constraining the ice water path (IWP) and hence the IWC,
which is linked to the optical properties of the ice crystals via a realistic
bulk ice microphysical model. The scattering phase function obtained from the
microphysical model is flat around the backscatter direction (i.e., there is
no backscatter peak). We show that using this flat backscattering phase
function to define the backscatter-to-extinction ratio of the ice crystals in
the retrievals with the lidar-only algorithm results in an overestimation of
the IWC, which is inconsistent with the TIR radiometer measurements. Hence, a
synergy algorithm was developed that combines the attenuated backscatter
profiles measured by the lidar and the measurements of TIR radiances in a
common optimal estimation framework to retrieve the IWC profile together with
a correction factor for the phase function of the bulk ice crystals in the
backscattering direction. We show that this approach yields consistent lidar
and TIR results. The resulting lidar ratios for cirrus clouds are found to be
consistent with previous independent studies.