bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Off-target Movement of DGA and BAPMA Dicamba to Sensitive Soybean
Authors: Jones Gordon T. , Norsworthy Jason K. , Barber Tom , Gbur Edward , Kruger Greg R.
Published: March 2019

It is well established that dicamba can cause severe injury to soybean that is not resistant to dicamba. Dicamba-resistant (DR) cotton became available in 2015, followed by DR soybean in 2016; in late 2016 came the release of new dicamba formulations approved for topical use in cotton and soybeans. Until this approval, use of dicamba was limited to primarily corn, small grains, range and pasture, and eco-fallow acres. Hence, studies were conducted in 2015 and 2016 to examine off-target movement of two dicamba formulations using non-DR soybean as a bio-indicator. Diglycolamine (DGA) andN,N-Bis(3-aminopropyl)methylamine (BAPMA) dicamba were applied simultaneously at 560 g ae ha–1in the center of two side-by-side 8-ha fields to vegetative glufosinate-resistant soybean. On the same day, a rate response experiment was established encompassing nine different dicamba rates of each formulation. Results from the rate response experiment indicate that soybean is equally sensitive to DGA and BAPMA dicamba. In 2015, a rain event occurring 6 to 8 h after application of the large drift trial probably limited off-target movement by incorporating some of the herbicide into the soil. As a result, secondary drift was less in 2015 than in 2016. However, minimal secondary injury (<5%) occurred 12 m farther into DGA dicamba plots in 2015. In 2016, secondary movement was decreased by 72 m when BAPMA dicamba was used compared to DGA dicamba. Appreciable secondary movement of both DGA and BAPMA dicamba is possible following in-crop applications of either formulated product to soybean in early to mid-summer. Additionally, the risk for secondary movement of BAPMA dicamba is slightly less than for DGA dicamba.
Florpyrauxifen-benzyl activity on perennial grass weeds found in Louisiana rice production
Authors: Teló Gustavo M. , Webster Eric P. , Blouin David C. , McKnight Benjamin M. , Rustom Samer Y.
Published: March 2019

A glasshouse study was conducted on the Louisiana State University campus in Baton Rouge, LA, to evaluate the control of brook crowngrass, rice cutgrass, southern watergrass, and water paspalum. Florpyrauxifen-benzyl was applied at 30 g ai ha−1 to each grass species at the 3- to 4-leaf or 1- to 2-stolon stage of growth. Brook crowngrass treated with florpyrauxifen was controlled 71% at 21 d after treatment. Southern watergrass and water paspalum control did not exceed 56% and 36%, respectively, across all evaluations. Rice cutgrass treated with florpyrauxifen did not reach 15% control. Plants treated with florpyrauxifen, except rice cutgrass, displayed reduction in leaf number, stolon number, plant height, and plant fresh weight. These results indicate florpyrauxifen-benzyl can help manage a brook crowngrass infestation and suppress southern watergrass. However, florpyrauxifen-benzyl has little to no activity on water paspalum and rice cutgrass, and other management options should be employed if these weeds are present.
Tabakentwöhnungsbehandlung bei Heimbewohnern mit schweren psychischen Störungen (SMI)
Authors: Hermle Leopold , Bessey Christiane , Vasic Nenad , Uwe Petersen Kay , Batra Anil
Published: March 2019

Zusammenfassung. Ziel: Das Ziel dieser Studie war es, zu untersuchen, ob chronisch psychisch kranke Raucher an einer Tabakentwöhnung erfolgreich teilnehmen können. Methode: Bei allen 214 Heimbewohnern des Heims für psychisch Kranke in Göppingen (Christophsbad) wurde der Rauchstatus erhoben. Insgesamt waren 56,2 % (n = 120) der 214 Heimbewohner Raucher. 21 Patienten nahmen das Angebot einer verhaltenstherapeutischen Tabakentwöhnung in Kombination mit Vareniclin (n = 20) oder Nikotinersatz (n = 1) an. Erfolg der Intervention, Befindlichkeit und Nebenwirkungen sowie Kohlenmonoxidkonzentrationen in der Ausatemluft wurden bei 21 Probanden während der 26 Kurswochen der Tabakentwöhnung und des 3-monatigen Nachbeobachtungszeitraumes erfasst. Neben dem Raucherstatus und den Rauchercharakteristika wurden die Stärke der Nikotinabhängigkeit (FTND), die Motivation zur Abstinenz (Motivationsfragebogen), das Rauchverlangen (QSU-b), der Grad der Depressivität (BDI) und die Entzugssymptomatik (MNWS-revised) erhoben. Die Veränderung über die verschiedenen Untersuchungszeitpunkte (Baseline, Kurswoche (KW) 1, 5, 9, 13, 17, 21, 26, Katamnesewoche (Kat) 1, 3, 6, 9, 12) wurde mittels Varianzanalysen für Messwiederholung untersucht. Ergebnisse: Von den 21 Teilnehmern der Tabakentwöhnung waren 4 zum Ende der 3-monatigen Nachbefragung rauchfrei. Sie kamen bis dahin auf eine durchschnittliche rauchfreie Zeit von 6 Monaten. Weitere 4 Teilnehmer hatten eine abstinente Phase während des Studienverlaufs, konnten diese jedoch nicht bis zum Ende der Nachbefragung aufrechterhalten. Nur ein Proband war in der Lage, den Rauchstopp abrupt umzusetzen. Schlussfolgerung: Eine Tabakentwöhnung bei chronisch psychisch und somatisch erkrankten Heimbewohnern erscheint nach den vorliegenden Daten als durchführbar.
Dual blockage of both PD-L1 and CD47 enhances immunotherapy against circulating tumor cells
Authors: Lian Shu , Xie Ruizhi , Ye Yuying , Lu Yusheng , Cheng Yunlong , Xie Xiaodong , Li Shuhui , Jia Lee
Published: March 2019

Carcinoma metastasis is triggered by a subpopulation of circulating tumor cells (CTCs). And single immune checkpoint therapy is not good enough to inhibit CTC-induced metastasis. Here, we demonstrate that simultaneously blocking CD274 (programmed death ligand 1, PD-L1 or B7-H1) and CD47 checkpoints which were respectively signal of “don’t find me” and “don’t eat me” on CTCs by corresponding antibodies could enhance the inhibition tumor growth than single CD274 or CD47 antibody alone.In vitroflow cytometry data proved that CD47 and CD274 were overexpressed on the tested mouse tumor cell lines. The antibodies could effectively block the expressions of CD47 and CD274 on the cell surface and stably attached to tumor cell surface for several hours. The simultaneous blockade on both CD47 and CD274 checkpoints inhibited tumor growth and CTCs metastasis more potently than a single antibody inhibition or blank control on 4T1 tumor mouse modelin vivo. Our results demonstrated that simultaneous dual targeting immune checkpoints, i.e., CD47 and CD274, by using specific antibodies may be more effective as an immunotherapeutics on CTCs than a CD47 or CD274 alone.
Jujuboside A prevents sleep loss-induced disturbance of hippocampal neuronal excitability and memory impairment in young APP/PS1 mice
Authors: Tabassum Sidra , Misrani Afzal , Tang Bin-liang , Chen Jian , Yang Li , Long Cheng
Published: March 2019

Sleep deprivation (SD) is the hallmark of modern society and may increase risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, it is unclear how SD facilitates early cognitive impairments observed in AD models, as the underlying molecular mechanism is largely unknown. Here, we aim to investigate SD-induced cellular and molecular alterations in hippocampus of young APP/PS1 mice and whether jujuboside A (JuA) treatment could negate these alterations. Our results reveal that although SD causes spatial memory impairments in both genotypes, SD decreases frequency and amplitude of mEPSCs and pCREB levels in WT, but increases frequency and amplitude of mEPSCs, NMDAR, GluR1, pCaMKII (β, α) and decreases CREB levels in APP/PS1 mice, implicating that SD may facilitate abnormalities in young APP/PS1 mice via enhancing neuronal excitability. Moreover, JuA suppresses SD-induced enhancement of mEPSCs and prevents memory impairment in APP/PS1 mice. Further, whole-cell puff experiment suggests that JuA may function to activate GABAergic inhibition to reduce SD-induced enhancement of excitatory synaptic transmission in APP/PS1 mice. The present study reveals that sleep loss induces spatial memory impairment in an AD mouse model by disrupting the excitatory signaling pathway, and JuA prevents this via GABAergic mechanism.
Oligoclonal immunoglobulin repertoire in biliary remnants of biliary atresia
Authors: Taylor Sarah A. , Malladi Padmini , Pan Xiaomin , Wechsler Joshua B. , Hulse Kathryn E. , Perlman Harris , Whitington Peter F.
Published: March 2019

Biliary atresia (BA) is a neonatal cholestatic liver disease that is the leading cause of pediatric liver transplantation, however, the mechanism of disease remains unknown. There are two major forms of BA: isolated BA (iBA) comprises the majority of cases and is thought to result from an aberrant immune response to an environmental trigger, whereas syndromic BA (BASM) has associated malformations and is thought to arise from a congenital insult. To determine whether B cells in BA biliary remnants are antigen driven, we examined the immunoglobulin (Ig) repertoire of diseased tissue from each BA group. Deep sequencing of the Ig chain DNA was performed on iBA and BASM biliary remnants and lymph nodes obtained from the Childhood Liver Disease Research Network (ChiLDReN) repository. Statistical analysis of the Ig repertoire provided measures of Ig clonality and the Ig phenotype. Our data demonstrate that B cells infiltrate diseased iBA and BASM biliary remnant tissue. The Ig repertoires of iBA and BASM disease groups were oligoclonal supporting a role for an antigen-driven immune response in both sub-types. These findings shift the current understanding of BA and suggest a role for antigen stimulation in early iBA and BASM disease pathogenesis.
Cu(i)–O2 oxidation reactions in a fluorinated all-O-donor ligand environment
Authors: Brazeau Sarah E. N. , Doerrer Linda H.
Published: March 2019

This perspective highlights the effects of O-donor fluorinated ligands on Cu–O2 chemistry, with intermediates capable of substrate oxidation reactivity.
Association of ADH1B Arg47His polymorphism with the risk of cancer: a meta-analysis
Authors: Tan Boyu , Ning Ning
Published: March 2019

Alcohol consumption has been established to be a major factor in the development and progress of cancer. Genetic polymorphisms of alcohol-metabolism genes result in differences between individuals in exposure to acetaldehyde, leading to possible carcinogenic effects. Arg47His (rs1229984 G > A) in ADH1B have been frequently studied for its potential effect on carcinogenesis. However, the findings are as yet inconclusive. To gain a more precise estimate of this potential association, we conducted a meta-analysis including 66 studies from 64 articles with 31999 cases and 50964 controls. The pooled results indicated that ADH1B Arg47His polymorphism is significantly associated with the decreased risk of overall cancer (homozygous model, odds ratio (OR) = 0.62, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.49–0.77; heterozygous model, OR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.60–0.84; recessive model, OR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.76–0.91; dominant model, OR = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.53–0.72; and allele comparison, OR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.75–0.89). Stratified analysis by cancer type and ethnicity showed that a decreased risk was associated with esophageal cancer and head and neck cancer amongst Asians. In conclusion, our meta-analysis suggested that ADH1B Arg47His polymorphism was significantly associated with decreased overall cancer risk. These findings need further validation in large multicenter investigations.
Study of gravitational fields and globular cluster systems of early-type galaxies
Authors: Bílek M. , Samurović S. , Renaud F.
Published: March 2019

Context.Gravitational fields at the outskirts of early-type galaxies (ETGs) are difficult to constrain observationally. It thus remains poorly explored how well the ΛCDM and MOND hypotheses agree with ETGs.

Aims.The dearth of studies on this topic motivated us to gather a large sample of ETGs and examine homogeneously which dark matter halos they occupy, whether the halos follow the theoretically predicted stellar-to-halo mass relation (SHMR) and the halo mass-concentration relation (HMCR), whether ETGs obey MOND and the radial acceleration relation (RAR) observed for late-type galaxies (LTGs), and finally whether ΛCDM or MOND perform better in ETGs.

Methods.We employed Jeans analysis of radial velocities of globular clusters (GCs). We analysed nearly all ETGs having more than about 100 archival GC radial velocity measurements available. The GC systems of our 17 ETGs extend mostly over ten effective radii. A ΛCDM simulation of GC formation helped us to interpret the results.

Results.Successful ΛCDM fits are found for all galaxies, but compared to the theoretical HMCR and SHMR, the best-fit halos usually have concentrations that are too low and stellar masses that are too high for their masses. This might be because of tidal stripping of the halos or because ETGs and LTGs occupy different halos. Most galaxies can be fitted by the MOND models successfully as well, but for some of the galaxies, especially those in centers of galaxy clusters, the observed GC velocity dispersions are too high. This might be a manifestation of the additional dark matter that MOND requires in galaxy clusters. Additionally, we find many signs that the GC systems were perturbed by galaxy interactions. Formal statistical criteria prefer the best-fit ΛCDM models over the MOND models, but this might be due to the higher flexibility of the ΛCDM models. The MOND approach can predict the GC velocity dispersion profiles better.
Heterogeneous Multiscale Method for the Maxwell equations with high contrast
Authors: Verfürth Barbara
Published: March 2019

In this paper, we suggest a new Heterogeneous Multiscale Method (HMM) for the (time-harmonic) Maxwell scattering problem with high contrast. The method is constructed for a setting as in Bouchitté, Bourel and Felbacq [C.R. Math. Acad. Sci. Paris347(2009) 571–576], where the high contrast in the parameter leads to unusual effective parameters in the homogenized equation. We present a new homogenization result for this special setting, compare it to existing homogenization approaches and analyze the stability of the two-scale solution with respect to the wavenumber and the data. This includes a new stability result for solutions to time-harmonic Maxwell’s equations with matrix-valued, spatially dependent coefficients. The HMM is defined as direct discretization of the two-scale limit equation. With this approach we are able to show quasi-optimality anda priorierror estimates in energy and dual norms under a resolution condition that inherits its dependence on the wavenumber from the stability constant for the analytical problem. This is the first wavenumber-explicit resolution condition for time-harmonic Maxwell’s equations. Numerical experiments confirm our theoretical convergence results.
Diuretika-Therapie
Authors: Büttner Stefan , Koch Alexander , Pfeilschifter Josef
Published: March 2019

The treatment of generalized edema includes primarily the treatment of the underlying disease as well as the sodium restriction. Often, however, the volume balance alone can not be controlled satisfactorily. Commonly, diuretics are used for the treatment of chronic heart failure, liver cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome and renal failure. Diuretics are well documented effective and necessary drugs for the treatment of hypervolemia. From a symptomatic point of view, they are indispensable for cardiac decompensation and they have a firm place in the treatment of hypertension. Due to the different effects as well as pharmacological differences, diuretics can be used for differential therapeutics. The therapy can be associated with side effects. Sequential nephron blockade may be useful in diuretic resistance, but evidence in controlled trials is still lacking. This review provides an overview of the mechanisms, diuretic use and diuretic resistance.
Das kardiorenale Syndrom
Authors: Brandenburg Vincent , Heine Gunnar
Published: March 2019

In patients with chronic cardio renal syndrome chronic heart disease coexists with chronic kidney disease and poses the patients to a specifically high risk for cardiovascular events and mortality. Treatment recommendations in this condition with a high level of evidence are sparse. Mainstay of therapy in cardiorenal syndrome is fluid metabolism control and stabilization of renal and cardiac function, which can basically been achieved by substances modifying the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system as well as diuretics. Noteworthy, despite inducing short-term decreases in renal function, inhibition of the RAAS and diuretic medication associate with the long-term improvements of outcome (so-called pseudo-worsening of renal function). The chronic cardiorenal syndrome calls for interdisciplinary care by both nephrologists and cardiologists in order to allow high-end patient care with a maximum of beneficial effect and a minimum of treatment-related side effects.
Krankenhauseinkauf im Jahr 2030: In alle Richtungen digital vernetzt
Authors: Kischkewitz Jan-Christoph , Benett Stefan
Published: March 2019

Ein Krankenhauseinkauf im Jahr 2030: Das Dashboard zeigt Echtzeitdaten aus dem Lager und geplante Lieferungen. Relevante Bestellmengen wurden automatisch erhöht, weil wegen des angekündigten Schneefalls mit mehr Unfallpatienten zu rechnen ist. Zukunftsmusik? Ja. Aber die Technologien gibt es bereits.
Erfahrungsbericht: Anforderungs- und Bestellprozesse schrittweise digitalisiert
Authors: Groß Kerstin , Deuser Oliver
Published: March 2019

Wie können Anwender zugunsten ihrer Kernaufgaben entlastet, die Prozesse für alle Beteiligten effizienter gestaltet und vernetzt werden? Diese Fragen stehen im Mittelpunkt der kontinuierlichen Entwicklung hin zur digitalen Beschaffung an der Uniklinik Köln.
Zentrale Notaufnahme: Patient Flow und optimierter Ressourceneinsatz
Authors: Reckwitz Nanny , Reckwitz Sybille , Thra Marcel
Published: March 2019

Die intransparenten und unsteten Patientenströme in der klinikgebundenen Notfallversorgung führen aktuell zu mitunter sehr langen Wartezeiten und verzögerter Patientenversorgung. Frühzeitige Patientenklassifikation durch eine möglichst zeitnahe Triage ermöglicht eine Optimierung der Patientenversorgung und des erforderlichen Personaleinsatzes. Die zentrale Notfallaufnahme fungiert als effektiver Stellhebel für die bedarfsgerechte Steuerung von Akutpatientenströmen.
Alfred E. Mirsky 1900-1974
Authors: Cranefield Paul F.
Published: March 2019

ALFRED EZRA MIRSKY was born in the City of New York on October 17, 1900. He joined The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in 1927 and became a Member of the Institute in 1948.
Intensity Matters: High-intensity Interval Exercise Enhances Motor Cortex Plasticity More Than Moderate Exercise
Authors: Andrews Sophie C , Curtin Dylan , Hawi Ziarih , Wongtrakun Jaeger , Stout Julie C , Coxon James P
Published: March 2019

A single bout of cardiovascular exercise can enhance plasticity in human cortex; however, the intensity required for optimal enhancement is debated. We investigated the effect of exercise intensity on motor cortex synaptic plasticity, using transcranial magnetic stimulation. Twenty healthy adults (Mage = 35.10 ± 13.25 years) completed three sessions. Measures of cortico-motor excitability (CME) and inhibition were obtained before and after a 20-min bout of either high-intensity interval exercise, moderate-intensity continuous exercise, or rest, and again after intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS). Results showed that high-intensity interval exercise enhanced iTBS plasticity more than rest, evidenced by increased CME and intracortical facilitation, and reduced intracortical inhibition. In comparison, the effect of moderate-intensity exercise was intermediate between high-intensity exercise and rest. Importantly, analysis of each participant’s plasticity response profile indicated that high-intensity exercise increased the likelihood of a facilitatory response to iTBS. We also established that the brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met polymorphism attenuated plasticity responses following high-intensity exercise. These findings suggest that high-intensity interval exercise should be considered not only when planning exercise interventions designed to enhance neuroplasticity, but also to maximize the therapeutic potential of non-invasive brain stimulation. Additionally, genetic profiling may enhance efficacy of exercise interventions for brain health.
One-year cost-effectiveness and safety of simultaneous hybrid coronary revascularization versus conventional coronary artery bypass grafting
Authors: Rimestad Jesper Møller , Christiansen Evald Høj , Modrau Ivy Susanne
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the cost-effectiveness and safety of simultaneous hybrid coronary revascularization (sHCR) compared to conventional coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in elective patients with multivessel coronary artery disease.

METHODS

Cost–utility analysis of a prospective cohort follow-up study comparing per protocol 50 sHCR patients to 50 contemporaneous matched patients undergoing CABG. Resource utilization data and health-related quality of life were collected prospectively, and the cumulative 1-year costs were assessed from the Danish health sector perspective. Effectiveness was measured by quality-adjusted life years using EuroQol-5D. Probabilistic sensitivity analyses using bootstrapping were conducted. Secondary safety measures including early clinical outcomes and freedom from major adverse cardiac or cerebrovascular events at 1 year were assessed.

RESULTS

The clinical trial was discontinued prematurely due to safety reasons after inclusion of 50 patients (24 sHCR; 26 CABG), as the chest tube output and the risk of postoperative pleural effusions requiring thoracocentesis were significantly increased following sHCR compared with CABG. Based on 48 patients available for 1-year follow-up, both treatment strategies were similarly effective (quality-adjusted life year difference between the groups −0.019), with a net cost difference in favour of conventional CABG estimated to be €2173 per patient. Exclusion of 1 outlier patient with chronic renal failure and deep sternal wound infection in the sHCR group resulted in an equalization of the total 1-year costs.

CONCLUSIONS

At 1 year, sHCR was less cost-effective than conventional CABG and associated with higher chest tube output and a higher risk of postoperative pleural effusions requiring thoracocentesis.

Clinical trial registration

NCT01496664.
Cognitive Function in Pediatric Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Siciliano Rachel E , Prussien Kemar V , Lee Chelsea A , Patel Niral J , Murphy Lexa K , Compas Bruce E , Jordan Lori C
Published: March 2019

Objective

Despite surgical palliation, children with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) have compromised cardiac functioning and increased risk for cognitive deficits. We quantitatively reviewed the empirical data from this literature.

Methods

The present meta-analysis included 13 studies reporting cognitive function for children with HLHS between the ages of 2 years and 6 months and 17 years that used standardized assessments of Full Scale IQ (FSIQ), Verbal IQ (VIQ), and Performance IQ (PIQ). Differences in cognitive function were assessed relative to normative data, and we examined sample mean age and publication year as moderators.

Results

Large effects were found for FSIQ (g = −.87, 95% CI [−1.10, −.65], M = 86.88) and PIQ (g = −.89, 95% CI [−1.11, −.68], M = 86.56), and a medium effect was found for VIQ (g = −.61, 95% CI [−.84, −.38], M = 90.82). All models demonstrated significant heterogeneity. Meta-regression analyses of effect size via Hedges’ g on child age revealed a significant effect on FSIQ (coefficient = −.07, 95% CI [−.12, −.01], p < .01, R2 = .40) indicating a loss of 1.1 FSIQ points across studies with each increased year of mean sample age.

Conclusions

Deficits in FSIQ may reflect chronic brain injury or failure to make expected gains as children age. This review highlights the importance of early intervention in this population, and the need for longitudinal studies analyzing more specific domains of cognitive function and potential moderators.
Cognitive Disability and Embodied, Extended Minds
Authors: Drayson Zoe , Clark Andy
Published: March 2019

Many models of cognitive ability and disability rely on the idea of cognition as abstract reasoning processes implemented in the brain. Research in cognitive science, however, emphasizes the way that our cognitive skills are embodied in our more basic capacities for sensing and moving, and the way that tools in the external environment can extend the cognitive abilities of our brains. It is important to address the implications of research in embodied cognition and extended cognition for how we think about cognitive impairment and rehabilitation, how cognitive reserve mitigates neural impairment, and the distinction between medical and social models of disability.
The Impact of the Global Financial Crisis on Central Banking
Authors: Cukierman Alex
Published: March 2019

This chapter describes the impacts of the global financial crisis on monetary policy and institutions. It argues that during the crisis, financial stability took precedence over traditional inflation targeting and discusses the emergence of unconventional policy instruments such as quantitative easing (QE), forex market interventions, negative interest rates, and forward guidance. It describes the interaction between the zero lower bound (ZLB) and QE, and proposals, such as raising the inflation target, to alleviate the ZLB constraint. The chapter discusses the consequences of the relative passivity of fiscal policies, “helicopter money,” and 100 percent reserve requirement. The crisis triggered regulatory reforms in which central banks’ objectives were expanded to encompass macroprudential regulation. The chapter evaluates recent regulatory reforms in the United States, the euro area, and the United Kingdom. It presents data on new net credit formation during the crisis and discusses implications for exit policies.
Neuroimmune Interactions and Pain
Authors: Li Jiahe , Grace Peter M.
Published: March 2019

Chronic pain imposes a tremendous burden on the sufferer’s quality of life. Mounting evidence supports a critical role for neuroimmune interactions in the development and maintenance of chronic pain. Nerve injury leads to the activation of glia via sphingosine-1-phosphate, Toll-like receptors, chemokines, neuropeptides, and purinergic receptors. In turn, activated glia influence neuronal activity via interleukin 1β, tumor necrosis factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, reactive oxygen species, and excitatory amino acids. Epigenetic mechanisms of neuroimmune communication are also discussed. Investigation of neuroimmune interactions after peripheral nerve injury broadens our understanding of the mechanisms that drive neuropathic pain, and such interactions provide potential therapeutic targets for managing neuropathic pain.
A Cognitive Theory of Joint Improvisation
Authors: Kimmel Michael
Published: March 2019

This chapter discusses cognitive, sensorimotor, and interactional prerequisites for improvising together in tango argentino. Tango is a highly structured and precise skill where the demands of interaction and expressiveness converge: improvisational choice, the leader’s selection from a knowledge base, is concurrently constrained by the interplay of sensorimotor and coordinative skills. Tango creativity is primarily combinatory; it creates serial structures within a matrix of decision points and traversable linkages. For breaking down what it takes to improvise together, three resources may be discussed. Two among these designate basic skills that are unspecific to improvisation (and thus equally needed when dancing tango choreographies), whereas the third kind of resource supplies improvisation- and creativity specific cognitive bases: (1) Individually, dancers ensure postural and configurational well-formedness, dynamic stability, action-readiness, and receptivity. (2) Interpersonally, dancers ensure minutely coordinated coactions through their general rapport skills, feedback-awareness, task-specific microcoordination, and dynamic adjustment. (3) Tango leaders have complex cognitive repertoires, which allow the generation of an improvised dance trajectory (i.e., action chaining, rerouting on the fly, etc.). These role-specific cognitive bases prefigure different creative modalities: adapting and switching between miniscripts, basic unit chaining, ‘surfing’ nodes of an internalized matrix, and combining dynamic primitives or semi-abstract principles.
Trends and Racial Differences in First Hospitalization for Stroke and 30-Day Mortality in the US Medicare Population From 1988 to 2013
Authors: Yao Jamie , Ghosh Kaushik , Perraillon Marcelo C. , Cutler David M. , Fang Margaret C.
Published: March 2019

Purpose:

The main purpose of this study was to determine whether there were temporal differences in the rates of first stroke hospitalizations and 30-day mortality after stroke between black and white Medicare enrollees.

Methods:

We used a 20% sample of Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 years or older and described the annual rate of first hospitalization for ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes from years 1988 to 2013, as well as 30-day mortality after stroke hospitalization. We used linear tests of trend to determine whether stroke rates changed over time, and tested the interaction term between race and year to determine whether trends differed by race.

Results:

We identified 1,009,057 incident hospitalizations for ischemic strokes and 147,817 for hemorrhagic strokes. Annual stroke hospitalizations decreased significantly over time for both blacks and whites, and in both stroke subtypes (P-values for all trend <0.001). Reductions in stroke rates were comparable between blacks and whites: among men, the odds ratio for the interaction term for race by year was 1.008 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.004–1.012] for ischemic and 1.002 (95% CI, 0.999–1.004) for hemorrhagic; for women, it was 1.000 (95% CI, 0.997–1.004) for ischemic and 1.003 (95% CI, 1.001–1.006) for hemorrhagic. Both black men and women experienced greater improvements over time in terms of 30-day mortality after strokes.

Conclusions:

Rates of incident hospitalizations for ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes fell significantly over a 25-year period for both black and white Medicare enrollees. Black men and women experienced greater improvements in 30-day mortality after both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke.
Retrospective Comparative Analysis of Computed Tomography Findings of Acute and Chronic Aortic Dissections and Intramural Hematomas
Authors: Mendoza Dexter , Terpenning Silanath , Verma Sejal , Stillman Arthur E. , Leshnower Bradley G. , Little Brent P.
Published: March 2019

Purpose:

The objective of this study was to assess the reliability of ancillary imaging findings in distinguishing acute from chronic aortic dissection (AD) and intramural hematoma (IMH) using computed tomography angiography (CTA).

Materials and Methods:

Two radiologists specializing in cardiothoracic and vascular imaging reviewed paired CTAs of patients with AD or IMH who underwent CTA in the acute (within 24 h of presentation) and chronic settings. The radiologists were blinded to the temporal order of the CTAs. Minimum and maximum flap thicknesses and presence or absence of pleural effusion, pericardial effusion, mediastinal hematoma or fat standing, and mediastinal lymphadenopathy were recorded.

Results:

Patients included 25 male individuals and 13 female individuals with a mean age of 59 years (range: 34 to 87 y). The group included 29 AD and 9 IMH cases. The median interval between the paired CTs was 542 days (range: 100 to 2533 d). Respectively, the mean minimum flap thicknesses in the acute and chronic AD were 1.3 and 1.4 mm (P=0.3), and the mean maximum flap thicknesses were 2.7 and 2.9 mm (P=0.29). The incidences of ancillary findings in acute and chronic AD and IMH were as follows: pleural effusion (55% vs. 37%, P=0.143), pericardial effusion (8% vs. 11%, P=1.0), lymphadenopathy (47% vs. 47%, P=1.0), and periaortic fat stranding (87% vs. 76%, P=0.344).

Conclusions:

Ancillary CT imaging findings traditionally ascribed to acute AD and IMH are also often found in the chronic setting and are not reliable indicators of acuity. Flap thickness in AD may not be a reliable imaging indicator of acuity of AD.
Structural basis of internal peptide recognition by PDZ domains using molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Sain Neetu , Mohanty Debasisa
Published: March 2019

PDZ domains are important peptide recognition modules which usually recognize short C-terminal stretches of their interaction partners, but certain PDZ domains can also recognize internal peptides in the interacting proteins. Due to the scarcity of data on internal peptide recognition and lack of understanding of the mechanistic details of internal peptide recognition, identification of PDZ domains capable of recognizing internal peptides has been a difficult task. Since Par-6 PDZ domain can recognize both C-terminal and internal peptides, we have carried out multiple explicit solvent MD simulations of 1 μs duration on free and peptide bound Par-6 PDZ to decipher mechanistic details of internal peptide recognition. These simulations have been analyzed to identify residues which play a crucial role in internal peptide recognition by PDZ domains. Based on the conservation profile of the identified residues, we have predicted 47 human PDZ domains to be capable of recognizing internal peptides in human. We have also investigated how binding of CDC42 to the CRIB domain adjacent to the Par6 PDZ allosterically modulate the peptide recognition by Par6 PDZ. Our MD simulations on CRIB-Par6_PDZ di-domain in isolation as well as in complex with CDC42, indicate that in absence of CDC42 the adjacent CRIB domain induces open loop conformation of PDZ facilitating internal peptide recognition. On the other hand, upon binding of CDC42 to the CRIB domain, Par6 PDZ adopts closed loop conformation required for recognition of C-terminus peptides. These results provide atomistic details of how binding of interaction partners onto adjacent domains can allosterically regulate substrate binding to PDZ domains. In summary, MD simulations provide novel insights into the modulation of substrate recognition preference of PDZ by specific peptides, adjacent domains and binding of interaction partners at allosteric sites.
Fatigue stress analysis of the DV-2 engine turbine disk
Authors: Čerňan Jozef , Semrád Karol , Draganová Katarína , Cúttová Miroslava
Published: March 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to improve life prediction of certain components. Fatigue of the high-stressed structural elements is an essential parameter that affects the lifetime of such components. In particular, aviation engines are devices whose failure due to fatigue failure of one of the important components can lead to fatal consequences.

Design/methodology/approach

In this study, two analyses in the turbine disk of the jet engine during the simulated operating load were performed: The first one was the analysis of the heat-induced stresses using the finite element method. The goal of the second analysis was to determine the residual fatigue strength of a loaded disk by the software tool using the Palmgren - Miner Linear Damage Theory.

Findings

The results showed a high degree of similarity with the real tests performed on the aircraft engine and revealed the weak points in the design of the jet engine.

Research limitations/implications

It should be mentioned that without appropriate experiments, results of this analysis could not be verified.

Practical implications

These results are helpful in the re-designing of the jet engines to increase their technical feasibility.

Originality/value

Such analysis has been realized in the DV-2 jet engine research and development program for the first time in the history of jet engine manufacturing process in Slovakia and countries of Eastern Europe region.
Earnings management and equity incentives: evidence from the European banking industry
Authors: Alhadab Mohammad , Al-Own Bassam
Published: March 2019

Purpose

This study aims to examine the effect of equity incentives on earnings management that occurs via the use of loan loss provisions by using a sample of 204 bank-year observations over the period 2006-2011.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors use the data of 39 European banks to test the main hypothesis. Several valuation models and regressions are used to measure the main proxies for executives’ compensation and the determinant factors of loan loss provisions.

Findings

The empirical results reveal that earnings management that occurs via discretionary loan loss provisions is associated with equity incentives in the banking industry. In particular, European banks’ executives with high equity incentives are found to manage reported earnings upwards by reducing loan loss provisions. The results therefore show that income-increasing earnings management via discretionary loan loss provisions is widely practised by the executives of European banks and that this is partly motivated by executives’ compensation.

Practical implications

The findings of this paper present important implications for regulators in the European Union, who should take further steps to reform the regulatory environment to monitor and mitigate the earnings management practices that occur via the manipulation of loan loss provisions. Earnings management practices do not just negatively affect subsequent performance but are also found to lead to firms’ failure. Thus, regulators should take the necessary reforms to protect the wealth of stakeholders (investors, creditors, etc.).

Originality/value

This study provides the first evidence on the relationship between equity incentives and earnings management in the European banking industry. The study sheds more light on an issue of great interest to a broad audience that does not receive much attention in the prior research, thus opening new avenues for future research.
‘What does an O say when there's no E at the end?’ Parents' reading‐related knowledge and feedback during child‐to‐parent reading
Authors: Segal Aviva , Martin‐Chang Sandra
Published: March 2019

Background

Although a large body of research has investigated teachers' reading‐related knowledge and associated pedagogical practices, comparatively little is known about these factors in parents. Therefore, the present study examined the association between parental reading‐related knowledge and feedback during child‐to‐parent reading.

Methods

Seventy parents completed a reading‐related knowledge questionnaire (phonological segmentation, knowledge of written syllable patterns, identification of regular and irregular word spellings) while their 6 and 7‐year‐old children were administered the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test and the reading subtest of the Wide Range Achievement Test–Fourth Edition. Based on children's Wide Range Achievement Test–Fourth Edition reading performances, they were assigned one of five adapted passages from the Gray Oral Reading Test–Fifth Edition to read aloud to their parents; parents were asked to help as they normally would. Reading sessions were videotaped; the content was transcribed and coded for evidence of verbal and nonverbal parental feedback (evaluative feedback: praise and criticism; miscue feedback: graphophonemic, context cues, try again, terminal and ignoring miscues).

Results

Consistent with the teacher and parent literature, reading‐related knowledge was positively associated with children's reading scores. Parents' reading‐related knowledge additionally accounted for unique variance in praise and graphophonemic feedback during child‐to‐parent reading beyond the variance already explained by children's reading scores.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that even after accounting for children's reading abilities, reading‐related knowledge contributes to a positive affective atmosphere for teaching key literacy skills to young readers. Implications are discussed in terms of enhancing parents' reading‐related knowledge and associated practices in hopes of positively contributing to children's literacy outcomes.
Anthropometric measures associated with sarcopenia in outpatients with liver cirrhosis
Authors: Santos Lívia A.A. , Lima Talles B. , Ietsugu Marjorie do Val , Nunes Hélio R. de Carvalho , Qi Xingshun , Romeiro Fernando G.
Published: March 2019

Aim

The present study aimed to identify variables associated with sarcopenia in cirrhotic outpatients using clinical data, anthropometric measures and lab tests. In a single centre prospective study, 261 cirrhotic outpatients were followed on average for 2 years. The diagnostic criteria of sarcopenia were applied according to the current guidelines, combining muscle strength and appendicular muscle mass index.

Methods

Age, sex, liver disease aetiology and the Model of End‐Stage Liver Disease score were included as independent variables, as well as mid‐arm circumference (MAC), body mass index and triceps skinfold. Multiple logistic regression was applied including all independent variables (maximum model). Then, the analysis was performed only with the variables that were significant in the first analysis (parsimonious model). Once the variable most related to sarcopenia was determined by the two models, the area under the receiver operator characteristic curve was calculated. Mortality rates were described for patients with and without sarcopenia.

Results

Sarcopenia was diagnosed in 14 subjects (5.36%), and the variable best associated with sarcopenia was MAC (P < 0.01). The 1‐year mortality rate of 35.71% found among subjects with sarcopenia was not significantly higher (P = 0.07) than the 15.38% observed among those without this condition.

Conclusions

Before examinations requiring ionising radiation, patients with cirrhosis can be submitted to simple screening tools to identify those who have a high risk of sarcopenia, thus promoting a cost‐effective assessment.
Evaluation of pharmacist‐led physician‐supported inpatient deprescribing model in older patients admitted to an acute general medical unit
Authors: Potter Elizabeth Louise , Lew Thomas Eliot , Sooriyakumaran Manoshayini , Edwards Alexandra Molly , Tong Erica , Aung Ar Kar
Published: March 2019

Objective

To evaluate the need for and the feasibility of a pharmacist‐led physician‐supported deprescribing model.

Methods

All patients aged ≥65 years, with polypharmacy, admitted to the acute general medical unit (GMU) of an Australian tertiary hospital over a 6‐week period were prospectively evaluated for deprescribing by team pharmacists. Clinical decision‐making was supported by physicians.

Results

One hundred and twenty‐nine patients met inclusion criteria, and 58 (45%) were identified for deprescribing. Ninety‐two (7.2%) deprescribing instances were identified of 1277 medications prescribed. Of these, 46 (50%) were successfully deprescribed during inpatient admission in 35 (60%) patients. The most prevalent rationale for deprescribing was “harm outweighing benefits.” Outpatient deprescribing was planned in 16 (17%) of instances, and 39 (42%) would require outpatient follow‐up to ensure adherence to recommendations and safety. No predictors for deprescribing were identified on univariate analyses.

Conclusions

A pharmacist‐led physician‐supported deprescribing model is feasible in GMU patients who have polypharmacy.
Letter: severe vitamin D deficiency is a prognostic biomarker in autoimmune hepatitis—offender or bystander?
Authors: Chen Hung‐Da , Wang Chia‐Chi
Published: March 2019

Linked Content

This article is linked to Ebadi et al papers. To view these articles,
visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15029 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15180.
Cytomorphological features of anaplastic lymphoma kinase‐positive lung cancer
Authors: Aggarwal Phiza
Published: March 2019

Cytomorphological analysis can aid in distinguishing ALK (+) from ALK (−) lung cancers. However, there is a need to devise a uniform set of cytological paramaters that can clearly differentiate the three types of mutated lung adenocarcinomas (EGFR, ALK and ROS1) before they can guide targeted molecular testing of small tissue samples.
Postharvest storage and cooking techniques affect the stability of glucosinolates and myrosinase activity of Andean mashua tubers (Tropaeolum tuberosum)
Authors: Campos David , Aguilar‐Galvez Ana , García‐Ríos Diego , Chirinos Rosana , Limaymanta Evelin , Pedreschi Romina
Published: March 2019

The identification and quantification of Glucosinolates (Gls) via UPLC® MS‐MS/PDA/qToF in ten mashua cultivars was carried out. Gls total contents were within the 4.9–54.2 μmol g−1 dry matter range, of which 96–99% corresponded to glucoaubrietin. Other less abundant Gls were glucotropaeolin and tentatively two isomers of hydroxybenzyl Gls. Postharvest refrigeration and shade storage conditions increased the content of Gls up to day 6 in 39.7% and 51.5% respectively. Sun exposure increased the Gls content in 40% up to day 3 but from day 6 considerable losses were attained (92% at day 15). Low correlation levels (R2) between the Gls and myrosinase (MYR) activity of 0.57, 0.28 and 0.39 for the refrigeration, shade and sun exposure treatments were obtained. The cooking regimes tested, boiling, microwaving and baking totally inactivated MYR without affecting the Gls content.
Split‐face study comparing conventional MAL photodynamic therapy in multiple actinic keratosis with complete time vs. half‐time red light LED conventional illumination
Authors: Fernández‐Guarino M. , Fonda Pascual P. , Lizuain Gomez P. , Harto Castaño A. , Jaén Olasolo P.
Published: March 2019

Background

Conventional photodynamic therapy (PDT) with methylaminolevulinic acid (MAL) and daylight PDT have demonstrated similar efficacy in the treatment of actinic keratosis (AK). The reason for the use of daylight is to reduce pain during illumination but daylight has the limitation of the weather conditions. The difference in the doses of red light applied between these two methods suggests that an intermediate dose with red light conventional illumination could be effective in PDT of AK.

Objective

To compare the efficiency of conventional MAL‐PDT with half‐time conventional red light illumination in patients with multiple AK.

Material and methods

Adult patients with more than five symmetrically distributed AK were selected. After randomization, one area was treated with conventional PDT (Aktilite®, 630 nm, 37 J/cm2, 8 min), while the contralateral was illuminated half time (Aktilite®, 630 nm, 37 J/cm2, 4 min). Patients evaluated pain in each different side. Patients were evaluated at baseline, 3 and 6 months after PDT treatment by a blinded dermatologist. A questionnaire to be done at home 24 h after completing treatment was deliver to the patients to evaluate any side‐effects.

Results

A total of 774 lesions were treated, 385 with conventional PDT and 389 with half‐time PDT (P > 0.05). Conventional PDT was 85% of complete response of AK (327/385) at 3 months, and half‐time PDT was 82% (319/389). At 6 months, conventional PDT was 70% (268/385) of complete response and half‐time PDT was 65% (252/389). Pain during illumination was significantly lower in the VAS with the half‐time protocol with a mean of 5.59 (SD 1.48) vs. 6.41 (SD 1.66) in conventional PDT. No difference in adverse effects was found between protocols.

Conclusion

Conventional PDT with half‐time illumination in multiple actinic keratosis is as effective as complete time illumination and decreased pain significantly.