bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Ottoman-Austrian conflict over Hungary 1566-1592 AD Prof.
Authors: Taha Al-Rudaini Youssef Abdel Karim , Obaid Saddam Khalifa , Abdullah Ahmed Ali
Published: September 2022

This research aims to know the history of the Ottoman-Austrian conflict over Hungary during the period between (1566-1592 AD), as this conflict was part of the conflict that extended from the Ottoman Empire and the Roman Empire throughout the sixteenth century AD, and the research period begins since the death of the Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent in 1566 AD until 1592 AD. The research included an introduction, a historical introduction, three sections and a conclusion. The introduction came with a historical presentation of what is within the research. 1. Sultan Selim II, who assumed power after the death of his father, Suleiman the Magnificent, did not possess his father’s competence and political and military capabilities, and because of the difficult internal and external conditions that he faced, made him unqualified from the beginning to continue his father’s expansionist policy in the Balkans. a. Through the study, it became clear to us that the great European alliance led by Pope Pius V is nothing but an attempt to gather and mobilize a large European, and make the conflict religious with distinction, but this mobilization did not affect militarily or politically on the Ottoman Empire. p. Through our assessment of what happened in Hungary, an important fact became clear to us that the presence of the Ottoman military did not represent an occupation as much as it represented the preservation of civil peace and the protection of the population from the repeated Austrian attacks.
Human-Qualities Swear Words in English and Iraqi Arabic: A Sociolinguistic Study
Authors: Salih Ahmed Mohammed , Raoof Muzhda Omer
Published: September 2022

Language is used by humans to carry out a wide range of social activities. They have to select, among a large number of grammatically correct terms, those that best reflect the social standards that have been established during various periods of time. Swearing is a linguistic device that serves both personal and interpersonal functions in almost all languages. As a result, linguists and anyone interested in language should pay attention to this linguistic phenomenon, which is also accompanied by a certain amount of taboo terms.

    The current study focuses on English and Iraqi Arabic societies because they are wealthy in the use of swear words. Its aim is to define, state functions, and trace the history of swear words in language and culture, Also, it highlights and analyzes human qualities based swear words in English and Iraqi Arabic, and concludes the most essential findings.

    To fulfil the above aims, it is hypothesized that human qualities swear words are used widely, and some of which are more used than others, culture influences the use of swear words, and the connotative meaning is determined by the context in which swear words are used.

    To sum, a range of elements influence the communicative act of swear words, including age, gender, social and economic status, as well as the speaker-listener relationship.
The Image of Muslim in The Kingdom Trailer: A Multimodal Analysis
Authors: Ahmed Muhammed B. , Suleiman Reema S.
Published: September 2022

Based on multimodal analysis, the study at focus analyses The Kingdom trailer (2007) by adopting Kress and van Leeuwen’s Visual Grammar (1996, 2006), Chandler’s social categories of codes (2007) and Bernstein’s (2003) language codes. This kind of analysis is used to illustrate how the image of Muslim is portrayed in such a trailer. It aims to show how multimodal representational aspects are utilized in depicting such distorted image. Also, it aims at presenting how visual semiotic resources and speeches are constructing certain negative images. This research assumes that meaning construction is not monomodal but an outcome of multimodal means of communication.

     The prime conclusions of the current study can be presented as both, visual and verbal aspects which disseminate a negative image of Muslims. Through guns, fight, and extreme behaviour, Muslims are presented as a threat to the Western and prosperous way of life that necessitates force majeure, military actions and murdering. The study at focus also shows that this trailer makes use of a visual mode more than language and the kind of image presented is distorted, unfavourable and misleading. Also, (mis)representation of Muslims in this trailer fuels Islamophobia in a radical manner. Moreover, it has been found that behavioural codes are utilized to link Muslims and Islam to terrorism via the depiction of religious rituals such as prayer and call for prayer after terrorist acts.
Confocal microscopy – Working principle and applications in dermatology
Authors: Jayamohanan Rakhe
Published: September 2022

Confocal microscopy (CFM) is a novel, non-invasive tool with diagnostic and prognostic value. It has utility in a wide array of dermatological conditions, tele-dermatopathology, and dermatological research. The image contrast is imparted by the differential refractive properties of subcellular structures. Certain stains are also used to accentuate the image contrast. CFM enables the visualization of tissues both in vivo and ex vivo (after excision). Both reflectance (in vivo and ex vivo) and fluorescence modes (ex vivo) of CFM are utilized for imaging. One can view 3D images with a near histological resolution, but with a limited depth of penetration. CFM has reduced the number of biopsies required in the evaluation of skin cancers. However, conventional histopathology remains the gold standard in tumor diagnosis. The in vivo reflectance mode CFM has found applications in dermato-oncology, inflammatory dermatoses, cutaneous infections and infestations, skin aging, and pigmentary disorders. The ex vivo CFM facilitates the immediate perioperative examination of excised tissues. The limited depth of view, photobleaching (in fluorescence mode CFM), high cost, and steep learning curve are the disadvantages. The future of CFM appears promising with the introduction of modified microscopes, the use of specific stains, and the incorporation of artificial intelligence.
Dark ground microscopy for identification of Treponema pallidum
Authors: Ambooken Betsy , Binesh Vayappurath G , Asokan Neelakandhan , Sarin Abdulsalam , Natarajan Balaguru , Subi Cheruvathoor Thankachan
Published: September 2022

Demonstration of Treponema pallidum under the dark ground microscope is a rapid onsite method for diagnosis in early syphilis. The steps involve obtaining patient consent, specimen collection from an infective lesion of early syphilis, the adjustments of dark field microscope, and identification of treponemes by virtue of their characteristic morphology and motility.
Liquid Moisture Transport in Knitted Fabrics in Relaxed and Stretched State
Authors: Matusiak Malgorzata , Sukhbat Otgonsuren
Published: September 2022

The aim of this work was to analyze the influence of stretch on liquid moisture transport through the knitted fabrics for T-shirts. Five variants of cotton and cotton blended fabrics were measured by means of the Moisture Management Tester. Measurements have been performed for samples in the unstretched state and samples stretched by 15%. To precisely stretch the fabrics, the MMT Stretch Fabric Fixture has been applied. The results have been analyzed statistically in order to assess the influence of stretch on the parameters characterizing the moisture transport through the fabrics.
Possibilities for qualitative evaluation of the protection area of protective clothing
Authors: Muenks Dominik , Pilgrim Jasmin , Yordan Kyosev
Published: September 2022

Protective clothing, worn for example by police, ambulance and private security services, has the task of protecting against weapon attacks and is becoming increasingly important. International standards specify test methods to ensure the protective effects and classes, but the protective surfaces or the wearing comfort are not defined more detailed in the standards. In the study, a new measurement method is developed and presented for determining the percentage of protected body parts by a stab protective vest. After considering various approaches, the combination of scanned 3D/4D body data and appropriate processing turned out to be the most suitable. With the developed method, the projection of protective surfaces onto scanned bodies or avatars is possible. This study helps defining a key indicator of the protected areas and therefore makes different vest variants more comparable.
Analysis of geometric structure of woven fabrics surface.
Authors: Kosiuk Gabriela , Matusiak Małgorzata
Published: September 2022

The geometric structure of the surface of textile materials is of significant functional, operational and aesthetic importance. The basic parameters of the woven fabrics’ structure are the following: weave, warp and weft density as well as warp and weft linear density. Roughness is one of the surface quality features most often assessed by quantitative indicators called surface roughness parameters. The aim of the presented research was to analyze the parameters characterizing the geometric structure of the surface of cotton woven fabrics with different weaves. Surface topography measurements were performed using the MicroSpy® Profile profilometer by FRT the art of metrology™. Using the Mark III software cooperating with the profilometer, a number of indices characterizing the geometric structure of the fabric surface and histograms illustrating the frequency of occurrence of points of a certain height on the tested surface were determined. The research confirmed that, on the basis of the results obtained with the profilometer, it is possible to analyze comprehensively the topography of the fabric surface.
Consumers’ knowledge and acceptance of smart clothing
Authors: Rudolf Andreja , Stjepanovič Zoran , Kuharič Monika
Published: September 2022

To help innovative products breakthrough in the marketplace, it is necessary to gain consumer trust. However, consumers do not necessarily receive innovations positively and may have various concerns. Innovation involves change, and many consumers are reluctant to change or need more time to gain confidence in an innovative product, whether in terms of its usefulness, benefits, price, appearance, etc. Therefore, consumers’ lack of knowledge and acceptance of innovations may be one of the key reasons why many innovations fail to come to life in the market. Smart clothing, as a kind of wearable device that combines information and communication technologies and textile materials in a clothing system, has great potential for development and market breakthroughs today. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of smart wearable devices and smart clothing in terms of consumers' knowledge and acceptance of smart clothing by consumers. The results of the survey both serve as a guide for the development of the most desirable smart clothing and indicate the necessary communication strategies for its breakthrough in the market.
Azerbaijani in the focus of Islam Civilization
Authors: Джани-заде Тамила Махмудовна
Published: September 2022

В статье обсуждаются: проблемы изучения музыкальной истории мусульманского Востока, истории музыкальных традиций Азербайджана и представления об азербайджанском мугаме . Выдвигается тезис о различении понятий макам и мугам. Мугам выражает современную идею о характерных тюрко-огузских признаках исламской музыкальной классики Азербайджана.В контексте Исламской цивилизации раскрывается генезис и развитие музыкальной категории макам, которая выражала с XIV века рефлексии о ладах и модальных формах и раскрывала не древнегреческий, но исламский антропоцентрический концепт музыки. Феномен Исламской цивилизации (VII - XVII века) рассматривается как надэтническая и надгосударственная историко-культурная гиперсистема с единым духовным ядром, в которой выделяются три этапа формирования музыкально- литературных традиций в последовательном доминировании этнических субкультур: арабской (VII - X века), иранской (XI - XV века), тюркской (XVI - XVII века). Отмечается образование арабо-иранского, ирано-тюркского и турецко/османско-арабского симбиозов в музыке.

The article discusses the problem of the Muslim East musical history study, the history of the musical traditions of the modern Azerbaijan, the ideas about the Azerbaijani mugham . The thesis on the distinction between the notions of maqam and mugham is put forward, that mugham - a modern concept characterizes the Turkic-Oghuz features of the Islam musical classic of Azerbaijan. The genesis and development of the musical category maqam is considered in the context of the history of Islam civilization (VII-XVII cc.). Maqam reflected from the 14th c. the idea about modes and modal forms and expressed not the ancient Greek, but the Islamic anthropocentric concept of music. The phenomenon of Islam civilization is revealed as a supra-ethnic and supranational historic-cultural hypersystem, which had a common spiritual core, with the allocation of three stages in the development of music-literary classical traditions. The stages presented the dominance of three ethnic subcultures: Arabic (7th -10th cc.), Iranian (11th -15th cc.), Turkic (16th -17th cc.). The formation of Arab-Iranian, Iranian-Turkic and Turkish-Arabic symbioses in music during the civilization and post-civilization periods is noted.
About the musical traditions of Badakhshan
Authors: Кабилова Бахринисо Туйчиевна
Published: September 2022

Статья посвящена музыкальным традициям Горного Бадахшана Республики Таджикистан, где проживают таджики, сохранившие до настоящего времени древние восточноиранские языки и самобытную культуру, своими корнями, уходящую в глубокую древность. Отмечается вклад Н.Х.Нурджанова и Ф.М.Кароматова, собравших уникальный музыкальный материал Памира. Рассматриваются особенности традиционных музыкально-поэтических жанров (дехконнома, мадох, фалак, пойамал и другие), которые не только не потеряли свою значимость, но активно развиваются и пропагандируются в наши дни

The article is devoted to the musical traditions of Gorno-Badakhshan of the Republic of Tajikistan, where the Tajiks live, who have preserved the ancient East Iranian languages and original culture to the present day, with its roots dating back to ancient times. The contribution of N.Kh. Nurjanov and F.M. Karomatov, who collected the unique musical material of the Pamirs, is noted. The features of traditional musical and poetic genres (dekhkonnoma, madoh, falak, poyamal, etc.) are considered, which not only have not lost their significance, but are also actively developed and promoted today
On the guard of national cultures: about the multifaceted activities of V.V. Kitov
Authors: Лесовиченко Андрей Михайлович
Published: September 2022

Статья посвящена деятельности видного музыканта и культуролога, внесшего большой вклад в развитие культуры Сибири и Урала, профессора В.В. Китова. Основные его достижения связаны с созданием и активной творческой работой ансамбля народной музыки “Сибирский сувенир” Восточно-Сибирского государственного института культура, а также организацией крупных международных фестивалей и конгрессов по народной музыке. Продуктивной является также его практика генеалогических исследований

The article is devoted to the activities of a prominent musician andculturologist who made a great contribution to the development of the culture of Siberia and the Urals, Professor V.V. Kitov. His main achievements are connected with the creation and active creative work of the folk music ensemble “Siberian Souvenir” The East Siberian State Institute of Culture, as well as the organization of major international festivals and congresses on folk music. His practice of genealogical research is also productive
HEARTS in the Americas appraisal checklist and clinical pathway for comprehensive hypertension management in primary care
Authors: Rosende Andres , DiPette Donald , Brettler Jeffrey , Rodríguez Gonzalo , Zuniga Eric , Connell Kenneth , Ordunez Pedro
Published: September 2022

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in the Region of the Americas, and hypertension represents its main risk factor. However, population hypertension control rates in the Region are poor. Global Hearts is the World Health Organization's flagship initiative to reduce the burden of cardiovascular diseases. HEARTS in the Americas Initiative is its regional adaptation that seeks to be the cardiovascular disease risk management model, including hypertension and diabetes, in primary health care throughout the Americas by 2025.

HEARTS in the Americas is being implemented in 22 countries and over 2 095 primary care centers. All implementing countries have defined their treatment protocols, and HEARTS in the Americas has supported continuous improvement. Because WHO recently released the 2021 Guideline for the Pharmacological Treatment of Hypertension in Adults and HEARTS in the Americas introduced the key drivers for hypertension control, the initiative generated a methodology to help countries update and strengthen their treatment protocols.

This article describes the process of developing the treatment protocol appraisal checklist and defines the resulting clinical pathway. This tool can help countries and primary care centers to improve their protocols by identifying the improvement points and upgrading clinical pathways.
Chile’s public healthcare sector hypertension control rates before and during the pandemic and HEARTS implementation
Authors: Barake Francisca , Paccot Mélanie , Rivera Marcela , Neira Carolina , Reyes Viviana , Escobar María Cristina
Published: September 2022

Hypertension (arterial blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mmHg) is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, with the greatest burden of attributable deaths in Chile, having a national prevalence of 27.6%. In 2018, the implementation of HEARTS begun in primary health care centers of the Public Health System, with the aim of achieving increase in control rates, by raising the proportion of hypertensive individuals who meet blood pressure goals (< 140/90 mmHg for individuals 15–79 years old and of 150/90 mmHg for individuals 80 years and older), and thus contributing to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with this condition. This is a descriptive study that follows average treatment and control rates from the Public Health System between 2017–2021 obtained from health centers statistics reports during HEARTS implementation. Treatment and control rates remained at 57% and 39% respectively between 2017-2019. Between 2020 and 2021, in the context of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, treatment and control rates decreased very significantly, reaching 46% and 26%, respectively, in December 2021, even though the number of centers reporting the implementation of HEARTS increased from 227 to 387 in this same period. Prior to the pandemic, during the last quarter of 2019, a decrease in cardiovascular health controls was already observed as a result of social protests. In light of the results, the technical pillars of the HEARTS Initiative have an important role in helping to recover the population control rates reached in 2019 and increasing the speed to achieve better hypertension control rates.
Perfil de compra de dispositivos de medición de presión arterial, Chile 2018-2020
Authors: Silva Paula , Benavides Carla , Barake Francisca , Neira Carolina , Aguilera Constanza , Hernández Hector , Rivera Marcela , Paccot Mélanie
Published: September 2022

Objetivo.

Describir los tipos de dispositivos de medición de presión arterial comercializados a través de la plataforma Mercado Público entre los años 2018 y 2020.

Métodos.

Estudio de tipo descriptivo procedente de las transacciones realizadas a través de Mercado Público en el periodo 2018 y 2020, para la adquisición de dispositivos de medición de presión arterial. Para los equipos automáticos, se buscó el estado de validación otorgado por organismos internacionales. Los resultados se presentan en frecuencias absolutas y relativas.

Resultados.

Entre los años 2018-2020, aumentó la adquisición de dispositivos automáticos de un 15% a un 75%, y se presentó una reducción del 40,9% al 7,5% en equipos mercuriales y de 38,7% al 15,8% en equipos aneroides. De los 772 dispositivos automáticos, el 52,6% contó con validación de precisión.

Conclusiones.

Considerando que Chile está comprometido con la Iniciativa HEARTS en las Américas, y que la prevención y control de la HTA es fundamental para reducir la mortalidad por enfermedades no trasmisibles, resulta crucial garantizar una medición de presión arterial precisa. El presente documento aporta información relevante respecto de las transacciones realizadas y el perfil de compra de dispositivos de medición de presión arterial a través de la plataforma Mercado Público, observándose una tendencia creciente en la obtención de equipos automáticos validados durante el periodo evaluado.
Building the health-economic case for scaling up the WHO-HEARTS hypertension control package in low- and middle-income countries
Authors: Moran Andrew E. , Farrell Margaret , Cazabon Danielle , Sahoo Swagata Kumar , Mugrditchian Doris , Pidugu Anirudh , Chivardi Carlos , Walbaum Magdalena , Alemayehu Senait , Isaranuwatchai Wanrudee , Ankurawaranon Chaisiri , Choudhury Sohel R. , Pickersgill Sarah J. , Watkins David A. , Husain Muhammad Jami , Rao Krishna D. , Matsushita Kunihiro , Marklund Matti , Hutchinson Brian , Nugent Rachel , Kostova Deliana , Garg Renu
Published: September 2022

Generally, hypertension control programs are cost-effective, including in low- and middle-income countries, but country governments and civil society are not likely to support hypertension control programs unless value is demonstrated in terms of public health benefits, budget impact, and value-for-investment for the individual country context. The World Health Organization (WHO) and the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) established a standard, simplified Global HEARTS approach to hypertension control, including preferred antihypertensive medicines and blood pressure measurement devices. The objective of this study is to report on health economic studies of HEARTS hypertension control package cost (especially medication costs), cost-effectiveness, and budget impact and describe mathematical models designed to translate hypertension control program data into the optimal approach to hypertension care service delivery and financing, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Early results suggest that HEARTS hypertension control interventions are either cost-saving or cost-effective, that the HEARTS package is affordable at between US$ 18-44 per person treated per year, and that antihypertensive medicines could be priced low enough to reach a global standard of an average <US$ 5 per patient per year in the public sector. This health economic evidence will make a compelling case for government ownership and financial support for national scale hypertension control programs.
Ups and downs of hypertension control in Canada: critical factors and lessons learned
Authors: Campbell Norm RC , Padwal Raj , Tsuyuki Ross T. , Leung Alexander A , Bell Alan , Kaczorowski Janusz , Tobe Sheldon W
Published: September 2022

As the leading risk for death, population control of increased blood pressure represents a major challenge for all countries of the Americas. In the early 1990’s, Canada had a hypertension control rate of 13%. The control rate increased to 68% in 2010, accompanied by a sharp decline in cardiovascular disease. The unprecedented improvement in hypertension control started around the year 2000 when a comprehensive program to implement annually updated hypertension treatment recommendations started. The program included a comprehensive monitoring system for hypertension control. After 2011, there was a marked decrease in emphasis on implementation and evaluation and the hypertension control rate declined, driven by a reduction in control in women from 69% to 49%. A coalition of health and scientific organizations formed in 2011 with a priority to develop advocacy positions for dietary policies to prevent and control hypertension. By 2015, the positions were adopted by most federal political parties, but implementation has been slow.

This manuscript reviews key success factors and learnings. Some key success factors included having broad representation on the program steering committee, multidisciplinary engagement with substantive primary care involvement, unbiased up to date credible recommendations, development and active adaptation of education resources based on field experience, extensive implementation of primary care resources, annual review of the program and hypertension indicators and developing and emphasizing the few interventions important for hypertension control. Learnings included the need for having strong national and provincial government engagement and support, and retaining primary care organizations and clinicians in the implementation and evaluation.
Integrating hypertension and diabetes management in primary health care settings: HEARTS as a tool
Authors: Flood David , Edwards Elizabeth W. , Giovannini David , Ridley Emily , Rosende Andres , Herman William H. , Jaffe Marc G. , DiPette Donald J.
Published: September 2022

Hypertension and diabetes are modifiable cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors that contribute to nearly one-third of all deaths in the Americas Region each year (2.3 million deaths). Despite advances in the detection and clinical management of hypertension and diabetes, there are substantial gaps in their implementation globally and in the Region. The considerable overlap in risk factors, prognosis, and treatment of hypertension and diabetes creates a unique opportunity for a unified implementation model for management at the population level. This report highlights one such high-profile effort, the Pan American Health Organization’s “HEARTS in the Americas” program, based on the World Health Organization’s HEARTS Technical Package for Cardiovascular Disease Management in Primary Health Care. The HEARTS program aims to improve the implementation of preventive CVD care in primary health systems using six evidence-based, pragmatic components: Healthy-lifestyle counseling, Evidence-based protocols, Access to essential medicines and technology, Risk-based CVD management, Team-based care, and Systems for monitoring. To date, HEARTS implementation projects have focused primarily on hypertension given that it is the leading modifiable CVD risk factor and can be treated cost-effectively. The objective of this report is to describe opportunities for integration of diabetes clinical care and policy within the HEARTS hypertension framework. A substantial global burden of disease could be averted with integrated primary care management of these conditions. Thus, there is an urgency in applying lessons from HEARTS to close these implementation gaps and improve the integrated detection, treatment, and control of diabetes and hypertension.
Integrated approach for noncommunicable disease management in the Americas
Authors: Luciani Silvana , Agurto Irene , Holder Reynaldo , Caixeta Roberta , Hennis Anselm JM
Published: September 2022

An overview of an integrated approach to improve noncommunicable disease (NCD) management is presented, along with tools on integrating NCD management as part of health system strengthening in the Americas. The study is based on an analysis of Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization (PAHO/WHO) data and publicly available information on NCD care and capacity, disruptions in NCD services, and guidance on NCD management. Gaps in NCD care are highlighted, in which an estimated 43.0% of men and 28.0% of women with hypertension in Latin America remain undiagnosed; and for those with diabetes, 32.8% in Central and South America are undiagnosed. Yet, only 17/35 countries (49%) in the Americas report having evidence-based national guidelines for NCD management through a primary care approach and only 7/35 countries (20%) report provision of drug therapy, including glycaemic control for eligible persons. To improve NCD management, an integrated approach is needed to coordinate and deliver care across the levels of the health system. This includes increasing primary care capacity and competencies to address multiple chronic conditions, and integration with other complementary programs to avoid missing opportunities for NCD diagnosis and management. An integrated approach to NCD management, and implementation of available tools, should be part of rebuilding health systems after the COVID-19 pandemic.
The impact of the Wairau Affray on the New Zealand Company settlement of Wellington, 1843 to 1846
Authors:   , Laing Rose
Published: September 2022

The Wairau Affray was much more than a clash or conflict about land between the Nelson settlers and the local Ngāti Toa iwi. The Wairau Affray of 17 June 1843 has become known as a forerunner to the later New Zealand Wars. Instead of the usual military history association, this thesis focuses on the impact that the Wairau Affray had on the settlers in Wellington, as the principal settlement of the New Zealand Company. A focus on the emotional landscape and ideologies of the Wellington settlers helps to tell a story of disruption and adjustment to change resulting in their growing independence from the New Zealand Company. Ultimately, the Wairau Affray turned the English New Zealand Company emigrants into independent Wellington settlers. 

Another dimension to the Wairau Affray, this thesis suggests, is the tug-of-war for power as the settlers strived to control their own destiny. Marginalised by the growing number of settlers and officials, the local Māori iwi were not contenders in this power struggle located in the New Zealand Company Cook Strait settlements. Instead, on one end were the official British Government representatives endeavouring to enforce British laws on the new colony, and on the other end were the settlers, who were in fact living in the Cook Strait settlements of Nelson and Wellington. In 1843 and the following three years, the shock and horror of the Wairau Affray reverberated through settler community because a ‘Wakefield’ had been killed, but not just killed, ‘massacred’, along with twenty-one other Nelson settlers and four Māori. 

Two approaches are used to analyse the impact that the Wairau Affray had on the Wellington settlers. First, an analysis of the ‘emotional landscape’ of the settlement before and after the Affray reveals more about the intensity of the impact, which changed from a sense of hope and the anticipation of a better future, to gloomy stoicism after the fear and excitement raised by the threat of warfare dissipated. Secondly, an assessment of the ideologies of the settlers explores how a ‘struggle’, in this case the Wairau Affray, challenged the established ideas of the settlers. The dual purpose of the New Zealand Company, colonisation and enterprise, provided the foundation for the settlement to survive this time of trial by relying on colonial capitalist endeavours despite the collapse of the colonisation scheme. 
ANALISIS CLUSTER BERDASARKAN DAMPAK EKONOMI DI INDONESIA AKIBAT PANDEMI COVID-19
Authors: Hasanah Ika Nur , Sofro A'yunin
Published: September 2022

Sejak Maret 2020 Indonesia dihadapkan dengan masalah serius dengan munculnya penyakit menular yaitu Covid-19.  Adanya pandemi Covid-19 menjadi masalah besar di bidang kesehatan tetapi selain itu Covid-19 juga berdampak di berbagai bidang. Kasus Covid-19 mengalami penyebaran dengan cepat, karena hal tersebut pemerintah Indonesia menetapkan berbagai kebijakan untuk menekan tingkat penyebarannya. Dengan adanya kebijakan-keebijakan tersebut berhasil menghambat penyebaran virus Covid-19, namun kebjikan tersebut juga berdampak di berbagai bidang khususnya bidang ekonomi. Dengan melihat dampak Covid-19 di bidang ekonomi, pemerintah perlu melakukan kebijakan ekonomi untuk pemulihan perekonomian di Indonesia. Untuk membuat kebijakan ekonomi, pemerintah perlu mengetahui kondisi daerah di Indonesia dan mengetahui informasi daerah-daerah di Indonesia yang sangat berdampak ekonomi akibat Covid-19. Hal ini dilakukan untuk memudahkan pemerintah dan dapat menjadi rujukan pemerintah untuk melakukan kebijakan pemulihan perekonomian di masing-masing daerah. Sehingga perlu dilakukan penelitian mengenai pengelompokan provinsi-provinsi di Indonesia berdasarkan tingkat keparahan dampak Covid-19 terhadap perekonomian menggunakan analisis cluster. Analisis cluster atau pengelompokan provinsi tersebut berdasarkan berbagai kondisi sektor ekonomi yaitu tingkat pengangguran, dan tingkat presentase penduduk miskin. Pada penelitian ini, analisis cluster dilakukan menggunakan metode hierarki yaitu single linkage, complete linkage, average linkage, dan metode ward dengan membandingkan menggunakan tiga ukuran jarak yaitu Euclidean, Manhattan dan Canberra. Hasil analisis clustering diperoleh metode ward dengan jarak euclidean memperoleh hasil terbaik dengan cluster optimal berjumlah 6, menghasilkan nilai koefisien sillhoutte yaitu 0,48.
PENERAPAN PEWARNAAN TITIK GRAF PADA PENYUSUNAN JADWAL SEMINAR PROPOSAL DI JURUSAN BAHASA INGGRIS UIN SAYYID ALI RAHMATULLAH TULUNGAGUNG
Authors: Almirawati Shella , Rahadjeng Budi
Published: September 2022

Skripsi merupakan syarat keluluan bagi setiap mahasiswa. Sebelum melakukan sidang skripsi, mahasiswa diwajibkan untuk melakukan sidang seminar proposal skripsi. Hal tersebut merupakan suatu masalah bagi Jurusan bahasa Inggris UIN Sayyid Ali Rahmatullah, dikarenakan jumlah mahasiswa yang banyak dalam satu periode seminar. sehingga bisa terjadi tumpang tindih jadwal dosen pembimbing maupun dosen penguji. Untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut, disusunlah sebuah penelitian menggunakan konsep pewarnaan titik (vertex) pada graf menggunakan algoritma welch-powell. Titik titik pada graf merepresentasikan banyaknya mahasiswa yang memprogram skripsi, sedangkan sisi yang menghubungkan dua titik  merepresentasikan adanya kesamaan dosen pembimbing dan atau dosen penguji pada dua titik tersebut. Hasil dari penelitian ini dapat digunakan untuk menentukan jadwal sidang seminar proposal di Jurusan Bahasa Inggris UIN Sayyid Ali Rahmatullah selama satu periode.

Kata kunci : Pewarnaan graf, seminar proposal, Algoritma welch-powell
PENERAPAN INTUITIONISTIC FUZZY SETS (IFS) DALAM PENENTUAN JURUSAN KULIAH DENGAN METODE JARAK NORMAL EUCLIDEAN TERNORMALISASI
Authors: Meilina Dika Dwi , Sulaiman Raden
Published: September 2022

Dalam artikel  ini, membahas tentang penerapan Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets (IFS) dalam penentuan jurusan kuliah menggunakan metode jarak normal euclidean ternormalisasi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menerapkan Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets (IFS) untuk memprediksi pengambilan keputusan dalam penentuan pemilihan jurusan kuliah oleh siswa MAN 1 Madiun dengan menggunakan data nilai mata pelajaran Bahasa Indonesia, Bahasa Inggris, Matematika, Sejarah Indonesia, Biologi, Kimia, Fisika, Sejarah, Ekonomi, Sosiologi dan Geografi mulai dari semester 1 hingga semester 4. Data nilai yang telah diperoleh dirata-rata dan diolah untuk menentukan derajat keanggotaan, derajat ketakanggotaan dan derajat keragu-raguan. Selain itu peneliti juga melakukan wawancara dengan guru Bimbingan Konseling untuk memperoleh hasil data hubungan antara nilai mata pelajaran dengan jurusan kuliah. Data tersebut akan digunakan untuk penentuan pemilihan jurusan kuliah yang tepat untuk siswa MAN 1 Madiun yang akan melanjutkan studi ke jenjang yang lebih tinggi. Setelah data terkumpul kemudian dilakukan analisis menggunakan metode jarak normal euclidean ternormalisasi. Berdasarkan hasil yang diperoleh dengan metode jarak normal euclidean ternormalisasi diperoleh alternatif pilihan jurusan terbaik. Ada 13 siswa direkomendasikan jurusan kesehatan, 10 siswa direkomendasikan jurusan MIPA, 7 siswa direkomendasikan jurusan ekonomi dan 1 siswa direkomendasikan jurusan sosial. Kemudian hasil tersebut dibandingkan dengan hasil kuisioner pilihan jurusan kuliah siswa yang menunjukkan 41.9% sesuai dengan pilihan siswa dan 58.1% tidak sesuai karena ada beberapa faktor yang mempengaruhi. Seperti dorongan atau motivasi dari orang tua, prospek kerja yang tinggi, minat atau keinginan dan faktor ingin belajar sesuatu yang baru.

Kata kunci: Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets, jurusan kuliah, jarak normal euclidean ternormalisasi
MODEL DINAMIKA KECANDUAN GAME ONLINE PADA GAWAI
Authors: Wijaya Yohanes Billy Surya , Maulana Dimas Avian
Published: September 2022

Perkembangan internet yang sangat pesat menyebabkan semakin banyaknya hal yang dapat dilakukan di internet, salah satunya adalah bermain game online. Bermain game online memiliki dampak positif maupun negatif untuk masyarakat. Dampak positifnya, kita semakin mudah untuk berkomunikasi dengan orang-orang dari berbagai tempat, melatih sportivitas, serta mengasah kreativitas. Di sisi lain dampak negatifnya adalah terjadinya kecanduan yang menyebabkan pemain game online menjadi lupa waktu dan abai terhadap tanggung jawabnya bahkan hingga mengabaikan tugas sekolah maupun pekerjaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meninjau permasalahan kecanduan game online menggunakan model matematika. Model matematika yang digunakan adalah model SEAR dengan empat kompartemen yaitu susceptible, exposed, addicted dan recovery. Populasi penelitian ini dibatasi untuk kasus kecanduan game online pada gawai serta mengabaikan faktor adanya pemain profesional (e-sport). Dari model kemudian ditentukan titik kesetimbangan bebas penyakit dan titik kesetimbangan endemik yang kemudian dianalisis kestabilannya. Selanjutnya, diperoleh bilangan reproduksi dasar R0 = 1.27, yang berarti terjadi kecanduan game online pada masyarakat. Berdasarkan hasil simulasi numerik menggunakan python, diperoleh bahwa adanya kasus kecanduan game online ketika individu sudah memasang game online pada gawai pribadi. Di sisi lain, ketika laju individu yang memasang game online pada gawai pribadi rendah, terjadi penurunan populasi individu yang kecanduan bermain game online. Hal ini dapat diartikan, adanya kecenderungan terjadinya kecanduan bermain game online ketika individu telah memasang dan bermain game online pada gawai milik mereka pribadi.
ANALISA KESTABILAN MODEL PENYEBARAN COVID-19 DENGAN VARIAN BARU
Authors: Haq Nabila Izzatul , Prawoto Budi Priyo
Published: September 2022

Pada dasarnya, semua virus yang muncul bisa berubah dan mengalami mutasi seiring berjalannya waktu. Salah satunya adalah virus corona atau SARS-CoV-2 yang muncul pada akhir tahun 2019. Varian-varian baru dari virus corona mempengaruhi laju penularan dan tingkat kekebalan atau efektifitas vaksin. Artikel ini akan membahas model penyebaran varian asli maupun varian baru covid-19 yang dapat berpengaruh pada kekebalan vaksin dan adanya re-infeksi virus. Penelitian ini menggunakan model dasar SIR yang dimodifikasi dengan tahapan penentuan asumsi awal, kontruksi model, penentuan titik equilibrium, dan simulasi numerik. Populasi pada penelitian dibagi menjadi subpopulasi rentan, subpopulasi yang mendapat vaksin, subpopulasi yang terinfeksi virus asli, subpopulasi yang terinfeksi varian virus baru, subpopulasi yang sembuh dari virus asli dan subpopulasi yang sembuh dari varian virus baru. Dari model yang dikontruksi, didapatkan empat titik kesetimbangan. Titik bebas penyakit didapat ketika populasi yang terinfeksi dan sembuh dari virus asli maupun baru berjumlah nol, titik kesetimbangan varian baru didapat ketika populasi yang terinfeksi dan sembuh dari virus baru berjumlah nol. Sebaliknya, titik kesetimbangan varian asli muncul ketika populasi yang terinfeksi dan sembuh dari varian asli berjumlah nol. Dan titik endemik ketika populasi yang terinfeksi virus asli maupun virus baru tidak sama dengan nol. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kestabilan pada setiap titik kesetimbangan dengan bantuan nilai . Analisa dilakukan melalui syarat nilai parameter dari tingkat efektivitas vaksin (p)  dan tingkat penularan varian virus baru (\delta).
Analisis model perilaku perokok dengan adanya faktor kekambuhan merokok
Authors: Syari'ah Ismi , Prawoto Budi Priyo
Published: September 2022

Perilaku merokok adalah sesuatu yang dianggap biasa saja dalam masyarakat. Bahkan bagi sebagian orang, rokok merupakan kebutuhan yang harus dipenuhi setiap hari, meskipun dampak yang disebabkan karena perilaku perokok sampai saat ini belum bisa ditutupi dengan cara apapun. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menerapkan model matematika pada perilaku perokok dengan menganalisa bagaimana kestabilan model perilaku perokok dengan adanya faktor kekambuhan merokok. Metode yang dilakukan yaitu membentuk asumsi–asumsi berdasarkan masalah pada dunia nyata, yang selanjutnya dari asumsi–asumsi tersebut, dapat dibentuk diagram kompartemen yang digunakan untuk mengkonstruksi model. Model yang digunakan pada penelitian ini merupakan model SEIR. Dari model tersebut dapat ditentukan titik ekuilibrium bebas perokok dan titik ekuilibrium endemik perokok (perokok selalu ada). Selanjutnya, dilakukan linearisasi pada sistem persamaan sehingga diperoleh matriks Jacobi yang digunakan untuk mencari nilai eigen. Analisa kestabilan dilakukan dengan nilai eigen dan bilangan reproduksi dasar yang didapatkan dengan metode next generation matrix. Selanjutnya, dilakukan simulasi numerik menggunakan software Matlab. Berdasarkan hasil pembahasan, analisa kestabilan menyatakan bahwa titik ekuilibrium bebas perokok akan dicapai ketika  dan titik ekuilibrium endemik perokok akan dicapai ketika . Model yang dibangun merupakan modifikasi dari model (Alzaid & Alkahtani, 2021), sehingga dengan melakukan penambahan penularan oleh perokok berat dan perilaku sembuh dari perokok ringan yang lebih relevan dengan keadaan yang sebenarnya, dibutuhkan waktu yang lebih lama untuk menuju titik ekuilibrium.
PENENTUAN STRATEGI HEDGING DAN EXERCISE OPSI SAHAM KARYAWAN PADA PASAR DENGAN KONDISI REGIME SWITCHING
Authors: Widyananda Dea , Artiono Rudianto
Published: September 2022

Opsi saham karyawan merupakan salah satu jenis opsi saham yang diberikan oleh perusahaan kepada karyawan sebagai bentuk insentif atau penghargaan. Opsi tersebut memberikan hak kepada karyawan untuk membeli saham dari perusahaan pada periode tertentu sesuai harga yang telah disepakati saat opsi tersebut diberikan. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk memperkirakan exercise pemegang opsi saham karyawan dan menentukan strategi hedging (lindung nilai) dinamis saat pasar mengalami kondisi regime switching yaitu ketika pasar mengalami kondisi yang berbeda, baik saat meningkat maupun ketika menurun sehingga proses regime switching dirasa mampu menggambarkan keadaan pasar yang lebih realistis sesuai dengan keadaan ekonomi yang sedang terjadi. Dengan menerapkan metode utility indifference price, optimal hedging dan strategi exercise akan ditentukan melalui masalah maksimalisasi utilitas. Pendekatan juga dilakukan dengan memperhitungkan sebagian hedging yang berkorelasi dengan aset likuid dan multiple early exercise opsi saham tipe amerika. Penelitian ini menghasilkan strategi hedging yang optimal dan strategi exercise yang sesuai dengan kondisi pasar saat ini, yang nantinya akan berguna untuk memperkirakan exsercise pemegang opsi saham karyawan di bawah kondisi pasar yang berbeda dan menghitung biaya yang terkait dengan opsi bagi perusahaan. Kata Kunci: Opsi Saham Karyawan, Hedging, Exercise, Regime Switching.
Klasifikasi Batik di Jawa Timur Berdasarkan Analisis Dimensi Fraktal Dengan Menggunakan Metode Box Counting
Authors: Hidayatillah Wardah , Jakfar Muhammad
Published: September 2022

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengklasifikasikan batik dari Jawa Timur berdasarkan nilai dimensi fraktalnya dengan menggunakan metode box counting. Metode box counting atau metode penghitungan kotak adalah prosedur penghitungan dimensi fraktal untuk obyek yang kompleks. Metode ini sangat efektif digunakan untuk menghitung dimensi fraktal pada obyek dengan bentuk yang tidak beraturan. Sehingga metode ini cocok dalam menghitung dimensi fraktal pada batik yang memiliki bentuk tidak beraturan. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menentukan nilai dimensi fraktal pada setiap jenis motif batik dari Jawa Timur yang telah ditentukan. Proses menentukan dan menganalisis dimensi fraktal pada batik dilakukan dengan cara mengolah citra batik terlebih dahulu dengan proses utamanya yaitu proses biner (binary process) untuk mengasilkan gambar biner yang hanya memiliki warna hitam dan putih. Hasil gambar dari proses biner yang kemudian dihitung nilai dimensi fraktalnya dengan menggunakan metode box counting, dengan menghitung daerah hitam pada gambar yang telah diolah citranya tersebut. Selanjutnya berdasarkan dari hasil nilai dimensi fraktalnya akan diklasifikasikan nilai dimensinya dengan algoritma tetangga terdekat atau k-Nearest Neighbour (k-NN). Dengan menggunakan algoritma k-Nearest Neighbour akan ditunjukkan pada klasifikasinya, bagaimana sebuah motif batik dapat menggambarkan satu atau lebih kelompok. Sehingga dapat meningkatkan efisiensi dengan menunjukkan bahwa satu motif batik dapat mewakili satu atau lebih kelompok tanpa harus menunjukkan semua motif.

Kata kunci: batik, dimensi fraktal, k-Nearest Neighbour, box counting.
Using Graphic Oral History Texts to Operationalize the TEIL Paradigm and Multimodality in the Malaysian English Language Classroom
Authors: Ibrahim Said Ahmed Mustafa , Aziz Azlina Abdul , Said Nur Ehsan Mohd , Ismail Hanita Hanim
Published: September 2022

The adoption of commercial language-teaching materials produced in the United Kingdom, or the United States, is a common practice in English language teaching (ELT) worldwide. This is due to the wide perception of British and American English as the standard, favorable models of the English language. This practice, however, does not support the increasing and urgent shift to the teaching English as an international language (TEIL) paradigm, and it further perpetuates the hegemony of these Western countries over the market of ELT materials. In this paper, we seek to not only problematize the adoption of global commercial materials but also propose a conceptual model for composing effective local ELT materials for the Malaysian English language classroom. In doing so, we refer to the relevant literature and previous research. The proposed conceptual model embraces the TEIL paradigm as well as multimodality and executes them by utilizing oral history and the graphic novel as two powerful pedagogical tools. By combining these two pedagogies, the model accentuates the acknowledged pedagogical value of both oral history and the graphic novel and results in local-context and culture-based texts that are also consistent with the current nature of texts being visual and multimodal. Furthermore, the paper showcases some samples of graphic oral history texts composed by Malaysian English language teachers and student teachers in two projects.