bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
VviERF6Ls: an expanded clade in Vitis responds transcriptionally to abiotic and biotic stresses and berry development
Authors: Toups Haley S. , Cochetel Noé , Gray Dennis , Cramer Grant R.
Published: July 2020

Background

VviERF6Ls are an uncharacterized gene clade in Vitis with only distant Arabidopsis orthologs. Preliminary data indicated these transcription factors may play a role in berry development and extreme abiotic stress responses. To better understand this highly duplicated, conserved clade, additional members of the clade were identified in four Vitis genotypes. A meta-data analysis was performed on publicly available microarray and RNA-Seq data (confirmed and expanded with RT-qPCR), and Vitis VviERF6L1 overexpression lines were established and characterized with phenotyping and RNA-Seq.

Results

A total of 18 PN40024 VviERF6Ls were identified; additional VviERF6Ls were identified in Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, and Carménère. The amino acid sequences of VviERF6Ls were found to be highly conserved. VviERF6L transcripts were detected in numerous plant organs and were differentially expressed in response to numerous abiotic stresses including water deficit, salinity, and cold as well as biotic stresses such as red blotch virus, N. parvum, and E. necator. VviERF6Ls were differentially expressed across stages of berry development, peaking in the pre-veraison/veraison stage and retaining conserved expression patterns across different vineyards, years, and Vitis cultivars. Co-expression network analysis identified a scarecrow-like transcription factor and a calmodulin-like gene with highly similar expression profiles to the VviERF6L clade. Overexpression of VviERF6L1 in a Seyval Blanc background did not result in detectable morphological phenotypes. Genes differentially expressed in response to VviERF6L1 overexpression were associated with abiotic and biotic stress responses.

Conclusions

VviERF6Ls represent a large and distinct clade of ERF transcription factors in grapevine. The high conservation of protein sequence between these 18 transcription factors may indicate these genes originate from a duplication event in Vitis. Despite high sequence similarity and similar expression patterns, VviERF6Ls demonstrate unique levels of expression supported by similar but heterogeneous promoter sequences. VviERF6L gene expression differed between Vitis species, cultivars and organs including roots, leaves and berries. These genes respond to berry development and abiotic and biotic stresses. VviERF6L1 overexpression in Vitis vinifera results in differential expression of genes related to phytohormone and immune system signaling. Further investigation of this interesting gene family is warranted.
Osteoporotic fracture rates in chronic hemodialysis and effect of heparin exposure: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Harrak Hind , René Emilie , Alsalemi Noor , Elftouh Naoual , Lafrance Jean-Philippe
Published: July 2020

Background

Patients receiving chronic hemodialysis treatments are at a higher risk of fracture compared to the general population. While the use of heparin during dialysis is crucial to avoid thrombosis of the extracorporeal circuit, the association of unfractionated heparin (UFH) and the risk of osteoporotic fracture has been shown for many years. However, this association was not as clear for low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) and the few collected data originated from studies among pregnant women. Our aim was to measure osteoporotic fracture rate among hemodialysis patients and to evaluate the association of LMWH compared to UFH in hemodialysis.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study was conducted on data extracted from the RAMQ and Med-Echo databases from January 2007 to March 2013 with patients chronically hemodialyzed in 21 participating centers. Incidence rates for each fracture sites were measured per 1000 patient-year (p-y) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI). Osteoporotic fracture risk for a first event with LMWH compared to UFH was estimated using a cox proportional hazard model using demographics, comorbidities and drug use as covariates.

Results

4796 patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis were identified. The incidence rate for all fracture sites was 22.7 /1000 p-y (95% CI: 19.6–26.1) and 12.8 /1000 p-y (95% CI: 10.5–15.4) for hip and femur fractures. We found a similar risk of osteoporotic fracture for LMWH compared to UFH (adjusted HR = 1.01; 95%CI: 0.72–1.42). Age and malignancy increased the risk of fracture while cerebrovascular disease decreased the risk of fracture.

Conclusions

Compared to UFH, LMWH did not change the risk of osteoporotic fracture when used for the extracorporeal circuit anticoagulation in chronic hemodialysis.
Comparison of refractive outcomes after photorefractive keratectomy with different optical zones using Mel 90 excimer laser
Authors: Shin Dae Hwan , Lee Yong Woo , Song Ji Eun , Choi Chul Young
Published: July 2020

Background

A larger optical zone for photorefractive keratectomy may improve optical quality and stability. However, there is need for limiting ablation diameter in that a larger ablation diameter requires greater ablation depth, and minimizing ablation depth may reduce adverse effects on postoperative wound healing, haze and keratoectasia. In this study, we compared the changes in clinical outcomes and the degree of regression between a 6.0 mm optical zone and 6.5 mm optical zone following PRK.

Methods

The records of 95 eyes that had undergone PRK with a 6.0 OZ (n = 40) and a 6.5 OZ (n = 55) were retrospectively reviewed. We compared data including the spherical equivalent of manifest refraction (SE of MR), simulated K (Sim K), thinnest corneal thickness, change in thinnest corneal thickness (the initial value divided by corrected diopter [ΔTCT/CD]), Q value, corneal higher order aberrations (HOAs) and spherical aberration (SA) pre-operation, at 3 and 6 months postoperative and at the last follow-up visit (Mean; 20.71 ± 10.52, 17.47 ± 6.57 months in the 6.0 and 6.5 OZ group, respectively).

Results

There were no significant differences in the SE of MR, Sim K and UDVA between the 6.0 OZ group and the 6.5 OZ group over 1 year of follow-up after PRK, and the 6.0 OZ group required less ΔTCT/CD than the 6.5 OZ group. The 6.5 OZ group showed better results in terms of post-operative HOAs of RMS, SA and Q value. When comparing that pattern of change in Sim K, there was no significant difference between the 6.0 OZ group and the 6.5 OZ group.

Conclusions

The clinical refractive outcomes and regression after PRK using Mel 90 excimer laser with a 6.0 OZ were comparable to those with a 6.5 OZ.
Efficacy of intravitreal Lucentis injection on major and macular branch retinal vein occlusion
Authors: Wang Jing , Li Ying , Fang Shu-Fen , Wang Hong
Published: July 2020

Background

The objective of our study was to assess the efficacy of intravitreal Lucentis injection on major and macular branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO).

Methods

In this retrospective analysis, 43 patients (major BRVO n = 24; macular BRVO, n = 19) were treated with intravitreal injection of Lucentis with a 1 + PRN regimen, which is diagnosed by fluorescein fundus angiography (FFA). “1 + PRN”, namely, one intravitreal injection of Lucentis at the baseline, and then continue or stop according to the condition of the patient. The following observation indexes were measured at baseline and follow-up (1–6 months): best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), foveal thickness (CFT), total retinal volume with macular diameter of 6 mm. During the follow-up, repeated injections were given according to patients’ demand, and the number of injections was recorded.

Result

The observation indexes of patients with BRVO were significantly improved after 6 months of Lucentis treatment in both major and macular groups, including BCVA, CFT and the retinal volume of the 6 mm-diameter macula. Interestingly, there were significant differences in the therapeutic effect between the two groups, and the macular group had better therapeutic effect than the major group with the less number of repeated injections.

Conclusions

To sum up, intravitreal injection of Lucentis was effective for both major and macular BRVO, and the efficacy in macular subtype group was better than that in major subtype group with the more obviously improvement and the less number of injections.
Assessment of the effects of a multi-component, individualized physiotherapy program in patients receiving hospice services in the home
Authors: Ćwirlej-Sozańska Agnieszka , Wójcicka Agnieszka , Kluska Edyta , Stachoń Anna , Żmuda Anna
Published: July 2020

Background

The interest in physiotherapy programs for individuals in hospice is increasing. The aim of our study was to assess the impact of a multi-component, individualized physiotherapy program on the functional and emotional conditions and quality of life of patients receiving hospice services in the home.

Methods

The study included 60 patients (mean 66.3 years) receiving hospice services in the home. A model of a physiotherapy program was designed, including breathing, strengthening, transfer, gait, balance, functional, and ergonomic exercises, as well as an adaptation of the patient’s living environment to functional needs. The tests were performed before and after the intervention. The study used the Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) scales, the World Health Organization Quality of Life - Bref (WHOQOL-BREF), the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) pain scale, the Tinetti POMA Scale, and the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). To enable comparison of our results worldwide, a set of International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) categories was used.

Results

The average functional level of the ADL (mean 2.9) and the IADL (mean 11.9), as well as the WHOQOL-BREF (mean 46.4) of the patients before the intervention were low, whereas the intensity of pain (VAS mean 5.8), the risk of falling (Tinetti mean 8.2), and depression (GDS mean 16.7) were recorded as high. After the completion of the intervention program, a significant improvement was found in the ADL (mean 4.0), IADL (mean 13.9), WHOQOL-BREF (mean 52.6), VAS (mean 5.1), risk of falling (Tinetti mean 12.3), and GDS (mean 15.7) scores.

Conclusions

The physiotherapeutic intervention had a significant impact on improving the performance of ADL, as well as the emotional state and quality of life of patients receiving hospice services in the home. The results of our research provide evidence of the growing need for physiotherapy in individuals in hospice and for comprehensive assessment by means of ICF.

Registered 02.12.2009 in the Research Registry (https://www.researchregistry.com/why-register) under the number research registry 5264.
Family discussions and demographic factors influence adolescent’s knowledge and attitude towards organ donation after brain death: a questionnaire study
Authors: Stadlbauer Vanessa , Zink Christoph , Likar Paul , Zink Michael
Published: July 2020

Background

Knowledge and attitude towards organ donation are critical factors influencing organ donation rate. We aimed to assess the knowledge and attitude towards organ donation in adolescents in Austria and Switzerland.

Methods

A paper-based survey was performed in two secondary schools (age range 11–20 years) in Austria and Switzerland. 354/400 surveys were sufficiently answered and analyzed.

Results

Our study found that knowledge on organ donation is scarce in adolescents. Less than 60% of those surveyed thinks that a person is dead when declared brain dead. 84.6% would authorize organ donation after brain death for themselves, but only 69% would authorize organ donation after brain death for a close relative. 93.7% would accept a donor organ if they needed one. Family discussions, rather than school discussions, influenced knowledge on organ donation, the percentage of respondents who have a firm opinion on organ donation and the rate of declaration of this opinion. Age, gender, nationality and religion also influenced knowledge and attitude towards organ donation. Nearly one third of adolescents are of the opinion that selling non-vital organs should be legalized.

Conclusion

Since having had family discussions, a potentially modifiable factor, was positively associated with knowledge and attitude towards organ donation, we postulate that educational programs stimulating family discussions on organ donation may be a promising strategy to increase knowledge.
A semi-supervised approach for extracting TCM clinical terms based on feature words
Authors: Liu Liangliang , Wu Xiaojing , Liu Hui , Cao Xinyu , Wang Haitao , Zhou Hongwei , Xie Qi
Published: July 2020

Background

A semi-supervised model is proposed for extracting clinical terms of Traditional Chinese Medicine using feature words.

Methods

The extraction model is based on BiLSTM-CRF and combined with semi-supervised learning and feature word set, which reduces the cost of manual annotation and leverage extraction results.

Results

Experiment results show that the proposed model improves the extraction of five types of TCM clinical terms, including traditional Chinese medicine, symptoms, patterns, diseases and formulas. The best F1-value of the experiment reaches 78.70% on the test dataset.

Conclusions

This method can reduce the cost of manual labeling and improve the result in the NER research of TCM clinical terms.
Tofogliflozin does not delay progression of carotid atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes: a prospective, randomized, open-label, parallel-group comparative study
Authors: Katakami Naoto , Mita Tomoya , Yoshii Hidenori , Shiraiwa Toshihiko , Yasuda Tetsuyuki , Okada Yosuke , Torimoto Keiichi , Umayahara Yutaka , Kaneto Hideaki , Osonoi Takeshi , Yamamoto Tsunehiko , Kuribayashi Nobuichi , Maeda Kazuhisa , Yokoyama Hiroki , Kosugi Keisuke , Ohtoshi Kentaro , Hayashi Isao , Sumitani Satoru , Tsugawa Mamiko , Ryomoto Kayoko , Taki Hideki , Nakamura Tadashi , Kawashima Satoshi , Sato Yasunori , Watada Hirotaka , Shimomura Iichiro ,   the UTOPIA study investigators
Published: July 2020

Background

This study aimed to investigate the preventive effects of tofogliflozin, a selective sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, on atherosclerosis progression in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) patients without apparent cardiovascular disease (CVD) by monitoring carotid intima-media thickness (IMT).

Methods

This prospective, randomized, open-label, blinded-endpoint, multicenter, parallel-group, comparative study included 340 subjects with T2DM and no history of apparent CVD recruited at 24 clinical units. Subjects were randomly allocated to either the tofogliflozin treatment group (n = 169) or conventional treatment group using drugs other than SGLT2 inhibitors (n = 171). Primary outcomes were changes in mean and maximum common carotid IMT measured by echography during a 104-week treatment period.

Results

In a mixed-effects model for repeated measures, the mean IMT of the common carotid artery (mean-IMT-CCA), along with the right and left maximum IMT of the CCA (max-IMT-CCA), significantly declined in both the tofogliflozin (− 0.132 mm, SE 0.007; − 0.163 mm, SE 0.013; − 0.170 mm, SE 0.020, respectively) and the control group (− 0.140 mm, SE 0.006; − 0.190 mm, SE 0.012; − 0.190 mm, SE 0.020, respectively). Furthermore, the tofogliflozin and the conventional treatment group did not significantly differ in the progression of the mean-IMT-CCA (mean change (95% CI) 0.008 (− 0.009, 0.025) mm, P = 0.34), along with the right (mean change (95% CI) 0.027 (− 0.005, 0.059) mm, P = 0.10) and the left max-IMT-CCA (mean change (95% CI) 0.020 (− 0.030, 0.070), P = 0.43). Similar findings were obtained even after adjusting for traditional CV risk factors and/or administration of drugs at baseline. Relative to the control treatment effects, tofogliflozin significantly reduced the HbA1c, blood glucose level, body weight/body mass index, abdominal circumference, and systolic blood pressure, and significantly increased the HDL-C. The total and serious adverse events incidences did not significantly vary between the treatment groups.

Conclusions/interpretation

No IMT changes were observed between the tofogliflozin and the conventional treatment groups. However, tofogliflozin is a safe and effective treatment option for managing primary CVD risk factors in this population.

Clinical Trial RegistrationUMIN000017607 (https://www.umin.ac.jp/icdr/index.html).
A review on the biology and properties of adipose tissue macrophages involved in adipose tissue physiological and pathophysiological processes
Authors: Li Yunjia , Yun Ke , Mu Runqing
Published: July 2020

Obesity exhibits a correlation with metabolic inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress, promoting the progression of metabolic disease such as diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hyperuricemia and so on. Adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) are central players in obesity-associated inflammation and metabolic diseases. Macrophages are involved in lipid and energy metabolism and mitochondrial function in adipocytes. Macrophage polarization is accompanied by metabolic shifting between glycolysis and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Here, this review focuses on macrophage metabolism linked to functional phenotypes with an emphasis on macrophage polarization in adipose tissue physiological and pathophysiological processes. In particular, the interplay between ATMs and adipocytes in energy metabolism, glycolysis, OXPHOS, iron handing and even interactions with the nervous system have been reviewed. Overall, the understanding of protective and pathogenic roles of ATMs in adipose tissue can potentially provide strategies to prevent and treat obesity-related metabolic disorders.
Quantifying the annual incidence and underestimation of seasonal influenza: A modelling approach
Authors: McCarthy Zachary , Athar Safia , Alavinejad Mahnaz , Chow Christopher , Moyles Iain , Nah Kyeongah , Kong Jude D. , Agrawal Nishant , Jaber Ahmed , Keane Laura , Liu Sam , Nahirniak Myles , Jean Danielle St , Romanescu Razvan , Stockdale Jessica , Seet Bruce T. , Coudeville Laurent , Thommes Edward , Taurel Anne-Frieda , Lee Jason , Shin Thomas , Arino Julien , Heffernan Jane , Chit Ayman , Wu Jianhong
Published: July 2020

Background

Seasonal influenza poses a significant public health and economic burden, associated with the outcome of infection and resulting complications. The true burden of the disease is difficult to capture due to the wide range of presentation, from asymptomatic cases to non-respiratory complications such as cardiovascular events, and its seasonal variability. An understanding of the magnitude of the true annual incidence of influenza is important to support prevention and control policy development and to evaluate the impact of preventative measures such as vaccination.

Methods

We use a dynamic disease transmission model, laboratory-confirmed influenza surveillance data, and randomized-controlled trial (RCT) data to quantify the underestimation factor, expansion factor, and symptomatic influenza illnesses in the US and Canada during the 2011-2012 and 2012-2013 influenza seasons.

Results

Based on 2 case definitions, we estimate between 0.42−3.2% and 0.33−1.2% of symptomatic influenza illnesses were laboratory-confirmed in Canada during the 2011-2012 and 2012-2013 seasons, respectively. In the US, we estimate between 0.08−0.61% and 0.07−0.33% of symptomatic influenza illnesses were laboratory-confirmed in the 2011-2012 and 2012-2013 seasons, respectively. We estimated the symptomatic influenza illnesses in Canada to be 0.32−2.4 million in 2011-2012 and 1.8−8.2 million in 2012-2013. In the US, we estimate the number of symptomatic influenza illnesses to be 4.4−34 million in 2011-2012 and 23−102 million in 2012-2013.

Conclusions

We illustrate that monitoring a representative group within a population may aid in effectively modelling the transmission of infectious diseases such as influenza. In particular, the utilization of RCTs in models may enhance the accuracy of epidemiological parameter estimation.
Current strategies against COVID-19
Authors: Hussain Shahid , Xie Ya-Jia , Li Dan , Malik Shaukat Iqbal , Hou Jin-cai , Leung Elaine Lai-Han , Fan Xing-Xing
Published: July 2020

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) recently was declared a pandemic by world health organization (WHO) Due to sudden outbreaks, currently, no completely effective vaccine or drug is clinically approved. Several therapeutic strategies can be envisaged to prevent further mortality and morbidity. Based on the past contribution of traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) and immune-based therapies as a treatment option in crucial pathogen outbreaks, we aimed to summarize potential therapeutic strategies that could be helpful to stop further spread of SARS-CoV-2 by effecting its structural components or modulation of immune responses. Several TCM with or without modification could be effective against the structural protein, enzymes, and nucleic acid should be tested from available libraries or to identify their immune-stimulatory activities to enhance several antiviral biological agents for effective elimination of SARS-CoV-2 from the host. TCM is not only effective in the direct inhibition of virus attachment and internalization in a cell but can also prevent their replication and can also help to boost up host immune response. Immune-modulatory effects of TCMs may lead to new medications and can guide us for the scientific validity of drug development. Besides, we also summarized the effective therapies in clinical for controlling inflammation. This review will be not only helpful for the current situation of COVID-19, but can also play a major role in such epidemics in the future.
Angiosarcoma heterogeneity and potential therapeutic vulnerability to immune checkpoint blockade: insights from genomic sequencing
Authors: Boichard Amélie , Wagner Michael J. , Kurzrock Razelle
Published: July 2020

Background

Angiosarcoma is an aggressive tumor. Recent case series describe exceptional responses to checkpoint blockade in this disease.

Methods

Herein, we explored the genomic correlates of 48 angiosarcomas from the Angiosarcoma Project (12,499 variants analyzed in 6603 genes; whole-exome sequencing) versus 10,106 pan-cancer tumors in The Cancer Genome Atlas including 235 sarcomas but no angiosarcoma.

Results

At the molecular level, angiosarcomas were heterogeneous. Those located in the face and scalp presented high tumor mutation burden, missense amino acid variations biased towards more hydrophobic (and therefore more immunogenic) peptides, and ultra-violet mutational signature.

Conclusions

Angiosarcoma molecular features are similar to those observed in melanoma and other skin tumors and may explain comparable immunotherapy sensitivity of these tumor types.
Draft genome sequence of the oomycete Pythium destruens strain ATCC 64221 from a horse with pythiosis in Australia
Authors: Krajaejun Theerapong , Kittichotirat Weerayuth , Patumcharoenpol Preecha , Rujirawat Thidarat , Lohnoo Tassanee , Yingyong Wanta
Published: July 2020

Objectives

Genome sequences are a vital resource for accelerating the biological exploration of an organism of interest. Pythium destruens (a synonym of Pythium insidiosum) causes a difficult-to-treat infectious disease called pythiosis worldwide. Detection and management of pythiosis are challenging. Basic knowledge of the disease is lacking. Genomes of this organism isolated from different continents (i.e., Asia and the Americas) have been sequenced and publicly available. Here, we sequenced the genome of an Australian isolate of P. destruens. Genome data will facilitate the comparative analysis of this and related species at the molecular level.

Data description

Genomic DNA of the P. destruens strain ATCC 64221, isolated from a horse with pythiosis in Australia, was used to prepare one paired-end library (with 180-bp insert) for next-generation sequencing, using the Illumina HiSeq 2500 short-read platform. Raw reads were cleaned and assembled by several bioinformatics tools. A total of 20,860,454 processed reads, accounted for 2,614,890,553 total bases, can be assembled into a 37.8-Mb genome, consisting 13,060 contigs (average length: 2896 bases; range: 300–142,967), N50 of 11,370 bases, and 2.9% ‘N’ composition. The genome was determined 85.9% completeness, contained 14,424 predicted genes, and can be retrieved online at the NCBI/DDBJ databases under the accession number BCFQ01000000.1.
Coexistence of paternally-inherited ABCC8 mutation and mosaic paternal uniparental disomy 11p hyperinsulinism
Authors: Tung Joanna Yuet-ling , Lai Sophie Hon Yu , Au Sandy Leung Kuen , Yeung Kit San , Kan Anita Sik Yau , Loong Florence , DeLeón Diva D. , Kalish Jennifer M. , Ganguly Arupa , Chung Brian Hon Yin , Chan Kelvin Yuen Kwong
Published: July 2020

Background

Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is an overgrowth syndrome with variable clinical phenotype and complex molecular aetiology. It is mainly caused by dysregulation of the chromosome 11p15 imprinted region, which results in overgrowth in multiple tissues, often in a mosaic manner.

Case presentation

A large-for-gestational-age infant without any other somatic features of BWS presented with medically refractory hyperinsulinism (HI) requiring 80% pancreatectomy. Next generation sequencing with congenital HI sequencing panel identified a pathogenic ABCC8:c.1792C > T (p.Arg598Ter) variant of paternal origin, suggestive of focal HI. However, pancreatic histology revealed atypical findings of coalescing nests and trabeculae of adenomatosis scattered with islets with isolated enlarged, hyperchromatic nuclei scattered throughout the pancreas. Methylation analysis, SNP-based chromosomal microarray and short tandem repeat markers analysis revealed mosaic segmental paternal uniparental disomy (UPD) 11p15.5-p15.1 in the pancreatic tissue, but not the peripheral blood, suggestive of BWS/BW-spectrum HI.

Conclusions

This case highlights the importance of integrating the clinical presentation and subsequent clinical course, together with radiological, genetic and histological findings in the definitive diagnosis of this rare yet clinically important entity. In addition, this is the first report that demonstrated the level of paternal inherited c.1792 T pathogenic variant in the pancreatic tissue being directly correlated to the mosaic level of pUPD.
Otolaryngology needs among an adult homeless population: A prospective study
Authors: Wu Vincent , Noel Christopher W. , Forner David , Mok Florence , Zirkle Molly , Eskander Antoine , Lin Vincent , Lee John M.
Published: July 2020

Background

Homeless individuals frequently experience poor access to healthcare, delayed clinical presentation, and higher disease burden. Providing subspecialty otolaryngology care to this population can be challenging. We previously reported on the prevalence of hearing impairment in Toronto's homeless community. As a secondary objective of this study, we sought to define otolaryngology specific need for this population.

Methods

One hundred adult homeless individuals were recruited across ten homeless shelters in Toronto, Canada using a stratified random sampling technique. An audiometric evaluation and head and neck physical examination were performed by an audiologist and otolaryngology resident, respectively. Basic demographic and clinical information was captured through verbal administration of a survey. Descriptive statistics were used to estimate frequency of otolaryngology specific diseases for this population.

Results

Of the 132 individuals who were initially approached to participant, 100 (76%) agreed. There were 64 males, with median age of 46 years (IQR 37–58 years). The median life duration of homelessness was 24 months (IQR 6–72 months). Participants had a wide range of medical comorbidities, with the most common being current tobacco smoking (67%), depression (36%), alcohol abuse (32%), and other substance abuse (32%). There were 22 patients with otolaryngology needs as demonstrated by one or more abnormal findings on head and neck examination. The most common finding was nasal fracture with significant nasal obstruction (6%). Eleven patients required referral to a staff otolaryngologist based on concerning or suspicious findings, including two head and neck masses, 6 were later seen in follow-up.

Conclusion

There were substantial otolaryngology needs amongst a homeless population within a universal healthcare system. Future research should focus on further elucidating head and neck related issues in this population and expanding the role of the otolaryngologist in providing care to homeless individuals.
The control of nocifensive movements in the caterpillar Manduca sexta
Authors: Mukherjee R. , Caron D. P. , Edson T. , Trimmer B. A.
Published: July 2020

In response to a noxious stimulus on the abdomen, caterpillars lunge their head towards the site of stimulation. This nocifensive “strike” behavior is fast (∼0.5 s duration), targeted, and usually unilateral. It is not clear how the fast strike movement is generated and controlled, because caterpillar muscle develops peak force relatively slowly (∼1 s) and the baseline hemolymph pressure is low (<2 kPa). Here we show that strike movements are largely driven by ipsilateral muscle activation that propagates from anterior to posterior segments. There is no sustained pre-strike muscle activation that would be expected for movements powered by the rapid release of stored elastic energy. Although muscle activation on the ipsilateral side is correlated with segment shortening, activity on the contralateral side consists of two phases of muscle stimulation and a marked decline between them. This decrease in motor activity precedes rapid expansion of the segment on the contralateral side, presumably allowing the body wall to stretch more easily. The subsequent increase in contralateral motor activation may slow or stabilize movements as the head reaches its target. Strike behavior is therefore a controlled fast movement involving the coordination of muscle activity on each side and along the length of the body.
Referendum jako wyznacznik modelu demokracji lokalnej (ze szczególnym uw zględnieniem referendum lokalnego w Stanach Zjednoczonych Ameryki)
Authors: Pawłowska Agnieszka
Published: July 2020

Referendum as an Indicator of the Model of Local Democracy (with Particular Emphasis on the Local Referendum in the United States of America) A model approach to local democracy is proposed through this paper. It also refers to four models of local democracy – representative, hybrid, semi-direct, and direct. Each model is illustrated by an example anchored in one of the European nation states, with special attention payed to the referendum and its role in local decision making. The author formulates the hypothesis that the role of a referendum in American municipal corporations situates them in a model of semi-direct democracy and discusses the constitutional and statutory conditions of the local referendum in American states. The article also analyses the scope of referendum, in reference to the initiating players, issues put to the vote and procedures through several examples. It stresses upon the importance of judicial review. In conclusion, the author refers to the hybrid democracy model that emerges in state politics and juxtaposes it with semi-direct democracy in localities.
In-phase/quadrature modulation using directly reflectivity-modulated laser
Authors: Dong Po , Melikyan Argishti , Kim Kwangwoong , Kaneda Noriaki , Stern Brian , Baeyens Yves
Published: July 2020

In the last decade, coherent optical transmission technology has dominated the provision of high-capacity communications in metro and long-haul networks and is expected to expand to short-reach networks such as data center and passive optical networks. Capacities of more than 1.5 Tb/s have been demonstrated for a single wavelength. In-phase/quadrature (IQ) modulation allows information to be encoded in both the phase and amplitude of light (or in-phase and quadrature components) and is typically achieved by nested multiple Mach–Zehnder modulators (MZMs). MZMs have advantages including low chirp, broadband operation, and easy to achieve high-order quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), but they are typically large and have high RF power consumption and excess losses. A small IQ transmitter with low RF power consumption is therefore in demand for low-cost and highly integrated coherent modules. In this paper, we experimentally demonstrate a directly reflectivity-modulated laser that can potentially achieve this goal. We demonstrate the device on a hybrid silicon/III-V platform, where silicon photonics offers compact components for filters, modulators, and reflectors, and the III-V material provides gain. In principle, the device could inherit the benefits of conventional directly modulated lasers while overcoming their speed limits. We demonstrate 32/50 Gbaud quadrature phase-shifted keying with low bit error ratios and experimentally prove the feasibility of 30 Gbaud 16-QAM.
She belongs in the kitchen, not in Congress? Political engagement and sexism on Twitter
Authors: Tromble Rebekah , Koole Karin
Published: July 2020

Social media offer direct lines of communication to many democratic representatives, and, in some instances, they may provide policy-makers and journalists with a better sense of public views. But, are the voices expressed on social media worth heeding? Impersonal and anonymous communication often invites negativity and abuse, including racism and sexism. Indeed, evidence suggests that women face particularly high levels of abuse online. And yet we know relatively little about the role of sexism in citizens’ digitally mediated interactions with their political representatives. Do people direct more criticism and hostility towards female politicians? Using Twitter data comparing political engagement in the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the United States, we actually find reason for optimism. In the United Kingdom and the United States, there are no differences in the tone of messages sent to male and female politicians, and Dutch citizens direct more positive messages towards women. Across all three countries, gendered insults towards women are rare.
ESTUDO DE EQUIVALÊNCIA FARMACÊUTICA DE COMPRIMIDOS DE CLORIDRATO DE METFORMINA GENÉRICOS E SIMILARES
Authors: Silva Thalita Prates da , Teodoro Emilly Isabelli dos Santos , Paula Mariana Nascimento de , Mello João Carlos Palazzo de , Medeiros Araújo Daniela Cristina de
Published: July 2020

A metformina é um hipoglicemiante oral da classe das biguanidas muito utilizado no tratamento de diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Os estudos de equivalência farmacêutica destinam-se à avaliação de alguns parâmetros de qualidade dos medicamentos por meio de análise comparativa entre o(s) medicamento(s) teste e o medicamento de referência. Dessa maneira, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a equivalência farmacêutica de comprimidos de duas marcas de medicamento genérico e duas marcas de similar frente ao medicamento referência de cloridrato de metformina 850 mg. Os testes realizados nas amostras foram peso médio, teor de substância ativa, friabilidade, desintegração e dissolução. As amostras testadas foram aprovadas em todos os testes, encontrando-se dentro dos limites preconizados pela farmacopeia brasileira 5ª edição. Assim pode-se afi rmar que todos os medicamentos testados são equivalentes farmacêuticos do medicamento referência.
Epidural anesthesia and hypotension in pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma
Authors: Wiseman Douglas , McDonald James D , Patel Dhaval , Kebebew Electron , Pacak Karel , Nilubol Naris
Published: July 2020

Postoperative hypotension frequently occurs after resection of pheochromocytoma and/or paraganglioma (PPGLs). Epidural anesthesia (EA) is often used for pain control in open resection of these tumors; one of its side effects is hypotension. Our aim is to determine if EA is associated with an increased risk of postoperative hypotension after open resection of PPGLs. We conducted a retrospective review of patients who underwent open resection of PPGLs at the National Institutes of Health from 2004 to 2019. Clinical and perioperative parameters were analyzed by the use of EA. The primary endpoint was postoperative hypotension. Ninety-seven patients (46 female and 51 male; mean age, 38.5 years) underwent open resection of PPGLs and 69 (71.1%) received EA. Patients with EA had a higher rate beta-blocker use (79.7% vs 57.1%, P = 0.041), metastasis (69.6% vs 39.3%, P = 0.011), and were more frequently hypotensive after surgery (58.8% vs 25.0%, P = 0.003) compared to those without EA. Patients with postoperative hypotension had higher plasma normetanephrines than those without (7.3 fold vs 4.1 fold above the upper limit of normal, P = 0.018). Independent factors associated with postoperative hypotension include the use of beta-blockers (HR = 3.35 (95% CI: 1.16–9.67), P = 0.026) and EA (HR = 3.49 (95% CI: 1.25–9.76), P = 0.017). Data from this retrospective study suggest that, in patients with open resection of PPGLs, EA is an independent risk factor for early postoperative hypotension. Special caution is required in patients on beta-blockade. A prospective evaluation with standardized protocols for the use of EA and management of hemodynamic variability is necessary.
Retention Practices Among Orthodontists in Morocco
Authors: Ben Mohimd Hajar , Lmaroudia Oulad , Zaoui Fatima , Bahije Loubna
Published: July 2020

Introduction: Retention is the orthodontic treatment phase which ensures that the teeth are maintained in their corrected positions. There are currently various protocols of retention commonly adopted by orthodontists. The objective of this study is to evaluate the retention procedures which are used by orthodontists in the private practice.Materials and methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive analytical study which targeted orthodontists in the city of Rabat- Morocco. 67 questionnaires were distribute to the orthodontists of private practice. The questionnaire was organized into seven sections representing specific information about the socio-demographic status of the respondents, selection of a retention system, details of commonly used fixed and removable retainers, the duration of the retention period, and follow up appointments, instructions for patients, finally the clinical problems encountered during the retainer period. Results:  All orthodontists participating in the survey confirmed the indispensable use of an orthodontic retainer after active treatment. The fixed retainer was the preferred choice of the majority of our orthodontists in the mandibular arch for the different clinical situations whereas, at the maxillary arch, more than 30% of orthodontists use both types of retainer (fixed and removable). 62.5% of orthodontists choose a vacuum-formed retainer as a removable retainer. For fixed retainer, the bonded canine to canine was most preferred by the majority of orthodontists in the upper and lower arches. 50% of orthodontists recommend lifetime orthodontic retainer with follow-up appointments of 2 to 3 times/year. Conclusions: This survey provides an overview of orthodontic retention procedures adopted by orthodontists in the region. A multitude of responses let us conclude that guidelines are desired to find a common protocol.
Toxoplasma gondii infection and multiple sclerosis: An age- and a gender-matched case-control seroprevalence study
Authors: Méndez-Hernández Edna Madai , Hernández-Tinoco Jesús , Salas-Pacheco José Manuel , Sánchez-Anguiano Luis Francisco , Arias-Carrión Oscar , Sandoval-Carrillo Ada Agustina , Castellanos-Juárez Francisco Xavier , Ruano-Calderón Luis Ángel , Alvarado-Esquivel Cosme
Published: July 2020

The link between Toxoplasma gondii infection and multiple sclerosis remains controversial. In the present study, we aimed to determine the association between T. gondii seropositivity and multiple sclerosis. Using an age- and gender-matched case-control study, we studied 45 patients who had multiple sclerosis attended in two public hospitals and 225 control subjects without this disease and other neurological disorders in Durango City, Mexico. Serum samples of cases and controls were analyzed for detection of anti-Toxoplasma IgG using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunoassay. One (2.22%) of the 45 patients with multiple sclerosis, and 15 (6.67%) of the 225 control subjects without this disease were seropositive for anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies. No statistically significant difference (OR = 0.31; 95% CI: 0.04–2.47; P = 0.48) in seroprevalence of anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies between cases and controls was found. The frequency of T. gondii seropositivity did not vary among cases and controls about sex or age groups. Results of this study do not support an association between seropositivity to T. gondii and multiple sclerosis. However, additional research with larger sample sizes to confirm this lack of association should be conducted.
Amplifying Action: Theories, Questions, Doubts, and Hopes Related to the “Action” Phase of a Critical Participatory Action Research Process
Authors: ZELLER-BERKMAN SARAH , BARRETO JESSICA , SANDLER ASHA
Published: July 2020

In this essay, authors Sarah Zeller-Berkman, Jessica Barreto, and Asha Sandler, members of an intergenerational research team, explore findings from a critical participatory action research (CPAR) project on the lived experiences of young people in New York City who fell behind in middle school and/or who had the Administration for Children’s Services (ACS) in their lives. This qualitative companion project to a Department of Education (DOE) and ACS data-sharing initiative included focus groups that surfaced recommendations for healing-centered approaches, equitable schools, and institutionalized ways young people are part of identifying issues and implementing solutions. This article examines these recommendations in relation to past and concurrent CPAR projects conducted by other intergenerational participatory action research and/or activist groups in New York City. It articulates a theory of action as it relates to youth participation on issues that impact young people’s lives more broadly, not just related to school reform.
Foreign Direct Investment and Extractive Institutions
Authors: Bowness Jack
Published: July 2020

There is a significant debate underway regarding the risks and rewards of foreign direct investment (FDI) for countries in the Global South. These discussions are particularly relevant to the people of Latin America, where the use of inward FDI as a mechanism to support economic development has had dramatic results, both positive and negative. One of the key works in the study of FDI is Robert I. Rotberg’s argument that FDI is critical to support the development of weak states; however, the applicability of this theory faces difficulty in the context of Latin America, where middle-income countries have extractive institutions (Rotberg, 2002). I use the cases of Mexico and Peru to demonstrate that for middle-income countries, extractive institutions can hamper the rewards of FDI and even exacerbate development problems or create new ones. In this regard, the sector of FDI will determine the nature of the impact. In states with extractive institutions, FDI in the natural resource sector is prone to stimulating social conflict. In states with extractive institutions, FDI in the manufacturing sector begets a situation of stagnated development, as the jobs that are introduced are of poor quality and low wages.
The Value of PV Power Forecast and the Paradox of the “Single Pricing” Scheme: The Italian Case Study
Authors: Pierro Marco , Moser David , Perez Richard , Cornaro Cristina
Published: July 2020

One of the major problem of photovoltaic grid integration is limiting the solar-induced imbalances since these can undermine the security and stability of the electrical system. Improving the forecast accuracy of photovoltaic generation is becoming essential to allow a massive solar penetration. In particular, improving the forecast accuracy of large solar farms generation is important both for the producers/traders to minimize the imbalance costs and for the Transmission System Operators to insure stability. In this article, we provide a benchmark for the day-ahead forecast accuracy of utility scale PV plants in 1325 locations spanning the country of Italy. We then use these benchmarked forecasts and real energy prices to compute the economic value of forecast accuracy and accuracy improvement in the context of the Italian energy market regulatory framework. Through this study, we further point out some several important criticisms of the Italian “single pricing” system that brings to paradoxical and counterproductive effects regarding the need to reduce the imbalance volumes. Finally, we propose a new market-pricing rule and innovative actions to overcome these undesired effects of the current dispatching regulations.
Sensitivity of Mesoscale Model Forecasts of Icing Conditions to Land Use: Dynamic and Diabatic Impacts
Authors: Janzon Erik , Körnich Heiner , Arnqvist Johan , Rutgersson Anna
Published: July 2020

In-cloud ice mass accretion on wind turbines is a common challenge faced by energy companies operating in cold climates. On-shore wind farms in Scandinavia are often located in regions near patches of forest, the heterogeneity length scales of which are often less than the resolution of many numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. The representation of these forests--including the cloud water response to surface roughness and albedo effects related to them--must therefore be parameterized in NWP models used as meteorological input in ice prediction systems, resulting in an uncertainty that is poorly understood and to present date not quantified. The sensitivity of ice accretion forecasts to the subgrid representation of forests is examined in this study. A single column version of the HARMONIE-AROME 3D NWP model is used to determine the sensitivity of the forecast of ice accretion on wind turbines to the subgrid forest fraction. Single column simulations of a variety of icing cases at a location in northern Sweden were examined in order to investigate the impact of vegetation cover on ice accretion in varying levels of solar insulation and wind magnitudes. In mid-winter cases, the wind speed response to surface roughness was the primary driver of the vegetation effect on ice accretion. In early season cases, the cloud water response to surface albedo effects plays a secondary role in the impact of in-cloud ice accretion, with the wind response to surface roughness remaining the primary driver for the surface vegetation impact on icing. Two different surface boundary layer (SBL) forest canopy subgrid parameterizations were tested in this study that feature different methods for calculating near-surface profiles of wind, temperature, and moisture, with the ice mass accretion again following the wind response to surface vegetation between both of these schemes.