bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hypothalamic action of phoenixin to control reproductive hormone secretion in females: importance of the orphan G protein-coupled receptor Gpr173
Authors: Stein Lauren M. , Tullock Chloe W. , Mathews Stacy K. , Garcia-Galiano David , Elias Carol F. , Samson Willis K. , Yosten Gina L. C.
Published: July 2016

Sexual maturation and maintenance of reproductive function are regulated by neurohormonal communication between the hypothalamus, pituitary, and gonads (referred to as the HPG axis). Phoenixin (PNX) is a newly identified, endogenous peptide abundantly produced in the hypothalamus and shown to be an important mediator of ovarian cyclicity. However, the underlying mechanisms by which phoenixin functions within the HPG axis are unknown. Previous in vitro studies demonstrated a direct action of PNX on gonadotrophs to potentiate gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) induced luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion. Therefore, we hypothesized that centrally derived phoenixin regulates the preovulatory LH surge required for ovarian cyclicity. We observed a significant dose-related increase in the level of plasma LH in diestrous, female rats that were given an intracerebroventricular injection of PNX compared with vehicle-treated controls. While this suggests that even under low-estrogen conditions, PNX acts centrally to stimulate the HPG axis, further characterization is contingent on the elucidation of its cognate receptor. Using the “deductive ligand receptor matching strategy,” we identified the orphan G protein-coupled receptor, Gpr173, as our top candidate. In cultured pituitary cells, siRNA-targeted compromise of Gpr173 abrogated PNX's action to potentiate GnRH-stimulated LH secretion. In addition, siRNA-mediated knockdown of endogenous Gpr173, which localized to several hypothalamic sites related to reproductive function, not only significantly extended the estrous cycle but also prevented the PNX-induced LH secretion in diestrous, female rats. These studies are the first to demonstrate a functional relationship between PNX and Gpr173 in reproductive physiology and identify a potential therapeutic target for ovulatory dysfunction.
Developmental regulation of inhibitory synaptic currents in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus in the rat
Authors: McMenamin Caitlin A. , Anselmi Laura , Travagli R. Alberto , Browning Kirsteen N.
Published: July 2016

Prior immunohistochemical studies have demonstrated that at early postnatal time points, central vagal neurons receive both glycinergic and GABAergic inhibitory inputs. Functional studies have demonstrated, however, that adult vagal efferent motoneurons receive only inhibitory GABAergic synaptic inputs, suggesting loss of glycinergic inhibitory neurotransmission during postnatal development. The purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that the loss of glycinergic inhibitory synapses occurs in the immediate postnatal period. Whole cell patch-clamp recordings were made from dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) neurons from postnatal days 1–30, and the effects of the GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline (1–10 μM) and the glycine receptor antagonist strychnine (1 μM) on miniature inhibitory postsynaptic current (mIPSC) properties were examined. While the baseline frequency of mIPSCs was not altered by maturation, perfusion with bicuculline either abolished mIPSCs altogether or decreased mIPSC frequency and decay constant in the majority of neurons at all time points. In contrast, while strychnine had no effect on mIPSC frequency, its actions to increase current decay time declined during postnatal maturation. These data suggest that in early postnatal development, DMV neurons receive both GABAergic and glycinergic synaptic inputs. Glycinergic neurotransmission appears to decline by the second postnatal week, and adult neurons receive principally GABAergic inhibitory inputs. Disruption of this developmental switch from GABA-glycine to purely GABAergic transmission in response to early life events may, therefore, lead to adverse consequences in vagal efferent control of visceral functions.
Robust Optimization on Regional WCO-for-Biodiesel Supply Chain under Supply and Demand Uncertainties
Authors: Zhang Yong , Jiang Yunjian , Zhong Miner , Geng Nana , Chen Dandan
Published: July 2016

This paper aims to design a robust waste cooking oil- (WCO-) for-biodiesel supply chain under WCO supply and price as well as biodiesel demand and price uncertainties, so as to improve biorefineries’ ability to cope with the poor environment. A regional supply chain is firstly introduced based on the biggest WCO-for-biodiesel company in Changzhou, Jiangsu province, and it comprises three components: WCO supplier, biorefinery, and demand zone. And then a robust mixed integer linear model with multiple objectives (economic, environmental, and social objectives) is proposed for both biorefinery location and transportation plans. After that, a heuristic algorithm based on genetic algorithm is proposed to solve this model. Finally, the 27 cities in Yangtze River delta are adopted to verify the proposed models and methods, and the sustainability and robustness of biodiesel supply are discussed.
Prevalence, Risk Factors, Awareness, and Treatment and Control of Hypertension in Mafia Island, Tanzania
Authors: Muhamedhussein M. S. , Nagri Z. I. , Manji K. P.
Published: July 2016

Introduction. The prevalence of hypertension in Africa ranges from 29.7% in Cameroon to 47% in South Africa. Only 10% receive treatment in Cameroon while 32% are on medications in Ghana. Control rates vary from 0.4% to 16.8%. This study was done to assess prevalence, risk factors, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in Mafia Island, Tanzania, which has never been documented before, so that necessary interventions can be undertaken accordingly.Methodology. Data was collected through questionnaires and anthropometric measurements were taken. Descriptive statistics were done and potential correlations were analyzed.Results. Out of 570 adults who were included in the study, 154 (27%) were aged 41–50 and the male-to-female ratio was 1 : 1.05. Almost half (49.5%) of the participants fit into the criteria of hypertension. Out of the 118 participants who were aware of having hypertension, 68 (57.6%) were currently taking medication. From those taking medication, only 14 (20.6%) had controlled hypertension.Conclusion. This study tried to show the extent of hypertension and find out risk factors which could explain the high prevalence of hypertension. This is very alarming and a dire need to raise awareness through health education, availability of screening, and treating and follow-up should be given priority.
Skin Treatment with Pulsed Monochromatic UVA1 355 Device and Computerized Morphometric Analysis of Histochemically Identified Langerhans Cells
Authors: Zerbinati Nicola , Riva Federica , Paulli Marco , Parodi Pier Camillo , Calligaro Alberto
Published: July 2016

Fluorescent or metal halide lamps are widely used in therapeutic applications in dermatological diseases, with broadband or narrow band emission UVA/UVA1 (320–400 nm) obtained with suitable passive filters. Recently, it has been possible for us to use a new machine provided with solid state source emitting pulsed monochromatic UVA1 355 nm. In order to evaluate the effects of this emission on immunocells of the skin, human skin samples were irradiated with monochromatic 355 nm UVA1 with different energetic fluences and after irradiation Langerhans cells were labeled with CD1a antibodies. The immunohistochemical identification of these cells permitted evaluating their modifications in terms of density into the skin. Obtained results are promising for therapeutical applications, also considering that a monochromatic radiation minimizes thermic load and DNA damage in the skin tissues.
Flettner Rotor Concept for Marine Applications: A Systematic Study
Authors: De Marco A. , Mancini S. , Pensa C. , Calise G. , De Luca F.
Published: July 2016

The concept of Flettner rotor, a rotating cylinder immersed in a fluid current, with a top-mounted disk, has been analyzed by means of unsteady Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes simulations, with the aim of creating a suitable tool for the preliminary design of the Flettner rotor as a ship’s auxiliary propulsion system. The simulation has been executed to evaluate the performance sensitivity of the Flettner rotor with respect to systematic variations of several parameters, that is, the spin ratio, the rotor aspect ratio, the effect of the end plates, and their dimensions. The Flettner rotor device has been characterized in terms of lift and drag coefficients, and these data were compared with experimental trends available in literature. A verification study has been conducted in order to evaluate the accuracy of the simulation results and the main sources of numerical uncertainty. All the simulation results were used to achieve a surrogate model of lift and drag coefficients. This model is an effective mathematical tool for the preliminary design of Flettner rotor. Finally, an example of assessment of the Flettner rotor performance as an auxiliary propulsion device on a real tanker ship is reported.
A Location-Inventory-Routing Problem in Forward and Reverse Logistics Network Design
Authors: Yuchi Qunli , He Zhengwen , Yang Zhen , Wang Nengmin
Published: July 2016

We study a new problem of location-inventory-routing in forward and reverse logistic (LIRP-FRL) network design, which simultaneously integrates the location decisions of distribution centers (DCs), the inventory policies of opened DCs, and the vehicle routing decision in serving customers, in which new goods are produced and damaged goods are repaired by a manufacturer and then returned to the market to satisfy customers’ demands as new ones. Our objective is to minimize the total costs of manufacturing and remanufacturing goods, building DCs, shipping goods (new or recovered) between the manufacturer and opened DCs, and distributing new or recovered goods to customers and ordering and storage costs of goods. A nonlinear integer programming model is proposed to formulate the LIRP-FRL. A new tabu search (NTS) algorithm is developed to achieve near optimal solution of the problem. Numerical experiments on the benchmark instances of a simplified version of the LIRP-FRL, the capacitated location routing problem, and the randomly generated LIRP-FRL instances demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed NTS algorithm in problem resolution.
Solitary Encapsulated Neurofibroma Not Associated with Neurofibromatosis-1 Affecting Tongue in a 73-Year-Old Female
Authors: Mahmud Sk. Abdul , Shah Neha , Chattaraj Moumita , Gayen Swagata
Published: July 2016

Neurofibromas are benign tumors of nerve cell origin arising due to proliferation of Schwann cells and fibroblasts. They are usually asymptomatic and hence remain undiagnosed. They are commonly found on the skin and intraorally tongue is the most common site for their occurrence. Here, we present a unique case of solitary encapsulated neurofibroma in the oral cavity without any clinical manifestations or family history of Neurofibromatosis type 1 in a 73-year-old female patient who presented with a painless swelling on the tongue. The histopathologic findings closely mimicked benign fibrous histiocytoma. In our case, definitive diagnosis of neurofibroma was made based on clinical findings, family history, and histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluation. Through this case report we want to emphasize the role of biopsy and immunohistochemistry in arriving at a confirmatory diagnosis. The patient was treated by surgical excision and showed no signs of recurrence over a follow-up period of 12 months.
Nanohybrids Near-Field Optical Microscopy: From Image Shift to Biosensor Application
Authors: El-Kork Nayla , Moretti Paul , Jacquier Bernard , Lei Feiran , Ismail Mohammed
Published: July 2016

Near-Field Optical Microscopy is a valuable tool for the optical and topographic study of objects at a nanometric scale. Nanoparticles constitute important candidates for such type of investigations, as they bear an important weight for medical, biomedical, and biosensing applications. One, however, has to be careful as artifacts can be easily reproduced. In this study, we examined hybrid nanoparticles (or nanohybrids) in the near-field, while in solution and attached to gold nanoplots. We found out that they can be used for wavelength modulable near-field biosensors within conditions of artifact free imaging. In detail, we refer to the use of topographic/optical image shift and the imaging of Local Surface Plasmon hot spots to validate the genuineness of the obtained images. In summary, this study demonstrates a new way of using simple easily achievable comparative methods to prove the authenticity of near-field images and presents nanohybrid biosensors as an application.
Simulation Experiment Exploration of Genetic Algorithm’s Convergence over the Relationship Advantage Problem
Authors: Luo Yabo
Published: July 2016

Concentrating on the convergence analysis of Genetic Algorithm (GA), this study originally distinguishes two types of advantage sources: value advantage and relationship advantage. Accordingly, the quantitative feature, complete quantization feature, and the partial quantization feature in the fitness evaluation are proposed. Seven simulation experiments show that these two types of advantages have different convergence properties. For value advantage problems, GA has a good convergence. However, for a relationship advantage problem, only from the practical point of view, it is possible to get a feasible and even satisfactory solution through large-scale searching, but, in theory, however, the searching process is not convergent. Therefore, GA is not reliable to solve relationship advantage problems, to which most engineering problems involving combinatorial optimization belong. This study systematically shows convergence properties of “relationship advantage” through simulation experiments, which will be a new area for the further study on GA.
P2P Lending Risk Contagion Analysis Based on a Complex Network Model
Authors: Wei Qi , Zhang Qiang
Published: July 2016

This paper analyzes two major channels of P2P lending risk contagion in China—direct risk contagion between platforms and indirect risk contagion with other financial organizations as the contagion medium. Based on this analysis, the current study constructs a complex network model of P2P lending risk contagion in China and performs dynamics analogue simulations in order to analyze general characteristics of direct risk contagion among China’s online P2P lending platforms. The assumed conditions are that other financial organizations act as the contagion medium, with variations in the risk contagion characteristics set under the condition of significant information asymmetry in Internet lending. It is indicated that, compared to direct risk contagion among platforms, both financial organizations acting as the contagion medium and information asymmetry magnify the effect of risk contagion. It is also found that the superposition of media effects and information asymmetry is more likely to magnify the risk contagion effect.
Differential Dynamic Evolutionary Model of Emergency Financial Service Supply Chain in Natural Disaster Risk Management
Authors: Ma Shujian
Published: July 2016

A government-market-public partnership (GMPP) could be a feasible arrangement for providing insurance coverage for natural disaster. Firstly, we put forward GMPP management mode. Secondly, the emergency financial service supply chain for natural disaster risk is built from the view of supply chain. Finally, the objective of this paper is to obtain insights into the cooperative and competitive relationship in GMPP system. We establish the cooperative and competitive differential dynamic evolutionary models and prove the existence of equilibrium solutions in order to solve the coordination problems. In conclusion, the equilibrium solutions can be achieved among the insurers, the operating governments, and the public.
Research on E-Commerce Platform-Based Personalized Recommendation Algorithm
Authors: Zhang Zhijun , Xu Gongwen , Zhang Pengfei
Published: July 2016

Aiming at data sparsity and timeliness in traditional E-commerce collaborative filtering recommendation algorithms, when constructing user-item rating matrix, this paper utilizes the feature that commodities in E-commerce system belong to different levels to fill in nonrated items by calculating RF/IRF of the commodity’s corresponding level. In the recommendation prediction stage, considering timeliness of the recommendation system, time weighted based recommendation prediction formula is adopted to design a personalized recommendation model by integrating level filling method and rating time. The experimental results on real dataset verify the feasibility and validity of the algorithm and it owns higher predicting accuracy compared with present recommendation algorithms.
Experiences of African Students in Predominantly White Institutions: A Literature Overview
Authors: Inyama Davis , Williams Allison , McCauley Kay
Published: July 2016

The objective of this paper is to examine research conducted on the experiences of African health sciences students in predominantly white higher education institutions/environments. The main elements of cross-cultural adaptation models were adopted to discuss the amalgamated themes under the auspices of adjustment, integration, and conditioning. The overview revealed that African students encounter unique experiences, with isolation and “feeling different” being commonly mentioned. Recommendations for future research are presented, including programmatic implications for higher education and student affairs professionals.
Boundary Layers and Shock Profiles for the Broadwell Model
Authors: Bernhoff Niclas
Published: July 2016

We consider the existence of nonlinear boundary layers and the typically nonlinear problem of existence of shock profiles for the Broadwell model, which is a simplified discrete velocity model for the Boltzmann equation. We find explicit expressions for the nonlinear boundary layers and the shock profiles. In spite of the few velocities used for the Broadwell model, the solutions are (at least partly) in qualitatively good agreement with the results for the discrete Boltzmann equation, that is the general discrete velocity model, and the full Boltzmann equation.
A Novel Melt Cast Composite Booster Formulation Based on DNTF/TNT/GAP-ETPE/Nano-HMX
Authors: Yu Shuo , Li Hequn
Published: July 2016

To obtain the melt cast booster explosive formulation with high energy and low critical detonation diameter, melt cast explosives were designed by 3,4-bis(3-nitrofurazan-4-yl)furoxan (DNTF)/2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT)/glycidyl azide polymer-energetic thermoplastic elastomer (GAP-ETPE)/nano-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane (HMX)/Aristowax. Furthermore, the impact sensitivity, small scale gap test, rheological properties, propagation reliability, and detonation velocity were measured and analyzed. The results show that when the mass ratio of DNTF/TNT/GAP-ETPE/nano-HMX/Aristowax is 34.2/22.8/2/40/1, not only does it indicate excellent rheological property but it has a brilliant safety performance as well. Moreover, it can propagate the detonation waves successfully in the groove at 0.7 mm × 0.7 mm. When the charge density in the groove is 1.70 g·cm−3, its detonation velocity can reach 7890 m·s−1.
Dengue Fever: Causes, Complications, and Vaccine Strategies
Authors: Khetarpal Niyati , Khanna Ira
Published: July 2016

Dengue is a highly endemic infectious disease of the tropical countries and is rapidly becoming a global burden. It is caused by any of the 4 serotypes of dengue virus and is transmitted within humans through femaleAedesmosquitoes. Dengue disease varies from mild fever to severe conditions of dengue hemorrhagic fever and shock syndrome. Globalization, increased air travel, and unplanned urbanization have led to increase in the rate of infection and helped dengue to expand its geographic and demographic distribution. Dengue vaccine development has been a challenging task due to the existence of four antigenically distinct dengue virus serotypes, each capable of eliciting cross-reactive and disease-enhancing antibody response against the remaining three serotypes. Recently, Sanofi Pasteur’s chimeric live-attenuated dengue vaccine candidate has been approved in Mexico, Brazil, and Philippines for usage in adults between 9 and 45 years of age. The impact of its limited application to the public health system needs to be evaluated. Simultaneously, the restricted application of this vaccine candidate warrants continued efforts in developing a dengue vaccine candidate which is additionally efficacious for infants and naïve individuals. In this context, alternative strategies of developing a designed vaccine candidate which does not allow production of enhancing antibodies should be explored, as it may expand the umbrella of efficacy to include infants and naïve individuals.
Oxidative Stress in Diabetic Nephropathy with Early Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Miranda-Díaz Alejandra Guillermina , Pazarín-Villaseñor Leonardo , Yanowsky-Escatell Francisco Gerardo , Andrade-Sierra Jorge
Published: July 2016

The increase in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and the secondary kidney damage produces diabetic nephropathy (DN). Early nephropathy is defined as the presence of microalbuminuria (30–300 mg/day), including normal glomerular filtration rate (GFR) or a mildly decreased GFR (60–89 mL/min/1.73 m2), with or without overt nephropathy. The earliest change caused by DN is hyperfiltration with proteinuria. The acceptable excretion rate of albumin in urine is <30 mg/day. Albuminuria represents the excretion of >300 mg/day. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by abnormalities in renal function that persist for >3 months with health implications. Alterations in the redox state in DN are caused by the persistent state of hyperglycemia and the increase in advanced glycation end products (AGEs) with ability to affect the renin-angiotensin system and the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), producing chronic inflammation and glomerular and tubular hypertrophy and favoring the appearance of oxidative stress. In DN imbalance between prooxidant/antioxidant processes exists with an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS). The overproduction of ROS diminishes expression of the antioxidant enzymes (manganese superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase). The early detection of CKD secondary to DN and the timely identification of patients would permit decreasing its impact on health.
Study of Diagenesis and Pore Evolution of Triassic Jialingjiang Formation in Southern Puguang Gasfield
Authors: Chen Qi , Liu Quan-wen , Wang Shenjian
Published: July 2016

The second member of Jialingjiang formation is considered to be an important gas reservoir with good exploration prospects in the southern Puguang gasfield. The diagenesis types are analyzed and different diagenetic stages are divided by analyzing carbon and oxygen isotopes as well as observing the slices. The widespread forms of diagenesis in the research area principally include compaction, cementation, pressure solution, dolomitization, recrystallization, dissolution, and tectonic disruption, among which cementation, dissolution, dolomitization, and recrystallization contribute greatly to the development of porosity in the reservoir. The reservoir has experienced four diagenetic stages: syndiagenetic stage, early stage of diagenesis, diagenetic stage, and late diagenetic stage. Most of the primary pores were destroyed in the diagenetic evolution stages of reservoir; the present porosity mainly belongs to the secondary pores.
Kane Method Based Dynamics Modeling and Control Study for Space Manipulator Capturing a Space Target
Authors: Han Yanhua
Published: July 2016

Dynamics modeling and control problem of a two-link manipulator mounted on a spacecraft (so-called carrier) freely flying around a space target on earth’s circular orbit is studied in the paper. The influence of the carrier’s relative movement on its manipulator is considered in dynamics modeling; nevertheless, that of the manipulator on its carrier is neglected with the assumption that the mass and inertia moment of the manipulator is far less than that of the carrier. Meanwhile, we suppose that the attitude control system of the carrier guarantees its side on which the manipulator is mounted points accurately always the space target during approaching operation. The ideal constraint forces can be out of consideration in dynamics modeling as Kane method is used. The path functions of the manipulator’s end-effector approaching the space target as well as the manipulator’s joints control torque functions are programmed to meet the soft touch requirement that the end-effector’s relative velocity to the space target is zero at touch moment. Numerical simulation validation is conducted finally.
Diagnostic Challenges ofCryptococcus neoformansin an Immunocompetent Individual Masquerading as Chronic Hydrocephalus
Authors: Mahajan Kedar R. , Roberts Amity L. , Curtis Mark T. , Fortuna Danielle , Dharia Robin , Sheehan Lori
Published: July 2016

Cryptococcus neoformanscan cause disseminated meningoencephalitis and evade immunosurveillance with expression of a major virulence factor, the polysaccharide capsule. Direct diagnostic assays often rely on the presence of the cryptococcal glucuronoxylomannan capsular antigen (CrAg) or visualization of the capsule. Strain specific phenotypic traits and environmental conditions influence differences in expression that can thereby compromise detection and timely diagnosis. Immunocompetent hosts may manifest clinical signs and symptoms indolently, often expanding the differential and delaying appropriate treatment and diagnosis. We describe a 63-year-old man who presented with a progressive four-year history of ambulatory dysfunction, headache, and communicating hydrocephalus. Serial lumbar punctures (LPs) revealed elevated protein (153–300 mg/dL), hypoglycorrhachia (19–47 mg/dL), lymphocytic pleocytosis (89–95% lymphocyte, WBC 67–303 mg/dL, and RBC 34–108 mg/dL), and normal opening pressure (13–16 cm H2O). Two different cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) CrAg assays were negative. A large volume CSF fungal culture grew unencapsulatedC. neoformans. He was initiated on induction therapy with amphotericin B plus flucytosine and consolidation/maintenance therapy with flucytosine, but he died following discharge due to complications. Elevated levels of CSF Th1 cytokines and decreased IL6 may have affected the virulence and detection of the pathogen.
An OPMA for Robust Mutual Coupling Coefficients Estimation of URA with Single Snapshot in MIMO HF Sky-Wave Radar
Authors: Hou Yuguan , Jin Qingguo , Wu Shaochuan , Li Zhuoming
Published: July 2016

Due to the fluctuation of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the single snapshot case in the MIMO HF sky-wave radar system, the accuracy of the online estimation of the mutual coupling coefficients matrix of the uniform rectangle array (URA) might be degraded by the classical approach, especially in the case of low SNR. In this paper, an Online Particle Mean-Shift Approach (OPMA) is proposed, which is to get a relatively more effective estimation of the mutual coupling coefficients matrix with the low SNR. Firstly, the spatial smoothing technique combined with the MUSIC algorithm of URA is introduced for the DOA estimation of the multiple targets in the case of single snapshot which are taken as coherent sources. Then, based on the idea of the particle filter, the online particles with a moderate computational complexity are used to generate some different estimation results. Finally, the mean-shift algorithm is applied to get a more robust estimate of the equivalent mutual coupling coefficients matrix. The simulation results demonstrate the validity of the proposed approach in terms of the success probability, the statistics of bias, and the variance. The proposed approach is more robust and more accurate than the other two approaches.
Current Status of Soil-Transmitted Helminths among School Children in Kakamega County, Western Kenya
Authors: Ngonjo Teresia , Okoyo Collins , Andove Julius , Simiyu Elses , Lelo Agola Eric , Kabiru Ephantus , Kihara Jimmy , Mwandawiro Charles
Published: July 2016

Background.School age children are at high risk of soil-transmitted helminth (STH) worldwide. In Kenya, STH infections in children remain high despite the periodic administration of anthelmintic drugs. Our study assessed the prevalence and intensity of STH in primary school-aged children in Kakamega County, western Kenya.Methodology.We carried out a cross-sectional study on a population of 731 children attending 7 primary schools in March 2014. Children aged 4–16 years were examined for STH by the quantitative Kato-Katz technique. Infection intensities were expressed as eggs per gram (epg) of faeces.Findings.Among 731 school children examined for STH, 44.05% were infected. Highest prevalence of STH was in Shitaho primary school where 107 participants were examined and 62.6% were infected with mean intensity of 11667 epg. Iyenga had the least prevalence where 101 participants were examined and 26.7% were infected with mean intensity of 11772 epg.A. lumbricoideswas the most prevalent STH species with 43.5% infected, while hookworm infections were low with 1.8% infected.Conclusion.Prevalence of STHs infections in Kakamega County remains high. We recommend guidelines and other control strategies to be scaled up to break transmission cycles.
Development of a Low-Level Control System for the ROV Visor3
Authors: Rúa Santiago , Vásquez Rafael E.
Published: July 2016

This paper addresses the development of the simulation of the low-level control system for the underwater remotely operated vehicle Visor3. The 6-DOF mathematical model of Visor3 is presented using two coordinated systems: Earth-fixed and body-fixed frames. The navigation, guidance, and control (NGC) structure is divided into three layers: the high level or the mission planner; the mid-level or the path planner; and the low level formed by the navigation and control systems. The nonlinear model-based observer is developed using the extended Kalman filter (EKF) which uses the linearization of the model to estimate the current state. The behavior of the observer is verified through simulations using Simulink®. An experiment was conducted with a trajectory that describes changes in the x and y and yaw components. To accomplish this task, two algorithms are compared: a multiloop PID and PID with gravity compensation. These controllers and the nonlinear observer are tested using the 6-DOF mathematical model of Visor3. The control and navigation systems are a fundamental part of the low-level control system that will allow Visor3’s operators to take advantage of more advanced vehicle’s capabilities during inspection tasks of port facilities, hydroelectric dams, and oceanographic research.
Preparation and Loading with Rifampicin of Sub-50 nm Poly(ethyl cyanoacrylate) Nanoparticles by Semicontinuous Heterophase Polymerization
Authors: Saade H. , Barrera C. , Guerrero R. , Mendizábal E. , Puig J. E. , López R. G.
Published: July 2016

We report the preparation of poly(ethyl cyanoacrylate) (PECA) nanoparticles by semicontinuous heterophase polymerization carried out at monomer starved conditions at three monomer addition rates. Particles in the nanometer range were obtained, the size of which diminishes with decreasing monomer addition rate as shown by the fact that particles with mean diameters of ca. 42 and 30 nm were obtained at the faster and intermediate dosing rates, respectively, whereas two populations of particles, one of 15.5 and the other of 36 nm in mean diameters, were produced at the slower dosing rate. The obtained molecular weights were from 2,200 to 3,500 g/mol, depending on the addition rate, which are typical of the anionic polymerizations of cyanoacrylates in aqueous dispersions at low pHs. The rifampicin (RIF) loading into the nanoparticles was successful since the entire drug added was incorporated. The drug release study carried out at pH of 7.2 indicated a faster release from the free RIF at intermediate and larger release times as expected since, in the nanoparticles, first the drug has to diffuse through the nanoparticle structure. The comparison of several drug release models indicates that the RIF release from PECA nanoparticles follows that of Higuchi.
Postural Control and Gait Performance in the Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: A Systematic Review
Authors: Mustapa Amirah , Justine Maria , Mohd Mustafah Nadia , Jamil Nursuriati , Manaf Haidzir
Published: July 2016

Purpose. The aim of this paper is to review the published studies on the characteristics of impairments in the postural control and gait performance in diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN).Methods. A review was performed by obtaining publication of all papers reporting on the postural control and gait performance in DPN from Google Scholar, Ovid, SAGE, Springerlink, Science Direct (SD), EBSCO Discovery Service, and Web of Science databases. The keywords used for searching were “postural control,” “balance,” “gait performance,” “diabetes mellitus,” and “diabetic peripheral neuropathy.”Results. Total of 4,337 studies were hit in the search. 1,524 studies were screened on their titles and citations. Then, 79 studies were screened on their abstract. Only 38 studies were eligible to be selected: 17 studies on postural control and 21 studies on the gait performance. Most previous researches were found to have strong evidence of postural control impairments and noticeable gait deficits in DPN. Deterioration of somatosensory, visual, and vestibular systems with the pathologic condition of diabetes on cognitive impairment causes further instability of postural and gait performance in DPN.Conclusions. Postural instability and gait imbalance in DPN may contribute to high risk of fall incidence, especially in the geriatric population. Thus, further works are crucial to highlight this fact in the hospital based and community adults.
Effects of the Aqueous Extract ofEremomastax speciosa(Acanthaceae) on Sexual Behavior in Normal Male Rats
Authors: Nchegang B. , Mezui C. , Longo F. , Nkwengoua Z. E. , Amang A. P. , Tan P. V.
Published: July 2016

Objective. We studied prosexual effects ofEremomastax speciosaaqueous extract in male adult rats.Materials and Methods. 100 and 500 mg/kg of extract were administered orally (days 0, 1, 4, 7, 14, and 28 (posttreatment)). The sexual behavior of rats receiving a single dose (500 mg/kg) was also evaluated after pretreatment with Lω-NAME (10 mg/kg), haloperidol (1 mg/kg), or atropine (5 mg/kg). Controls received distilled water or testosterone enanthate (20 mg/kg/day/3 days(s.c.)before the test).Results. The extract (days 1–14) had no significant effect on mount, intromission, and ejaculation frequencies but on day 28 (14 days after treatment), it increased frequency of mounts and intromissions at 500 mg/kg. Mount, intromission, and ejaculation latencies reduced and postejaculatory intervals decreased but the effect did not persist 2 weeks after treatment. Extract prosex effects were greatly reduced by atropine and completely abolished by haloperidol, while Lω-NAME increased mount latency and potentiated extract effect on intromission and ejaculation latencies.Conclusion. In summary,E. speciosaextract can have positive effects on male sexual motivation and performance when administered for two weeks at the dose of 500 mg/kg. The effects (dopaminergic and/or cholinergic dependent) tend to appear during the posttreatment period.
Analysis of Simulated Output Characteristics of Gas Sensor Based on Graphene Nanoribbon
Authors: Mahmoudi A. , Troudi M. , Bergaoui Y. , Bondavalli P. , Sghaier N.
Published: July 2016

This work presents simulated output characteristics of gas sensor transistors based on graphene nanoribbon (GNRFET). The device studied in this work is a new generation of gas sensing devices, which are easy to use, ultracompact, ultrasensitive, and highly selective. We will explain how the exposure to the gas changes the conductivity of graphene nanoribbon. The equations of the GNRFET gas sensor model include the Poisson equation in the weak nonlocality approximation with proposed sensing parameters. As we have developed this model as a platform for a gas detection sensor, we will analyze the current-voltage characteristics after exposure of the GNRFET nanosensor device to NH3gas. A sensitivity of nearly 2.7% was indicated in our sensor device after exposure of 1 ppm of NH3. The given results make GNRFET the right candidate for use in gas sensing/measuring appliances. Thus, we will investigate the effect of the channel length on the ON- and OFF-current.
PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling and Plasma Membrane Proteins Are Implicated in Responsiveness to Adjuvant Dendritic Cell Vaccination for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Qian David C. , Xiao Xiangjun , Byun Jinyoung , Suriawinata Arief A. , Her Stephanie C. , Amos Christopher I. , Barth Richard J.
Published: July 2016

Purpose: We have previously demonstrated that patients with metastatic colorectal cancer who exhibit immune responses to a dendritic cell (DC) vaccine have superior recurrence-free survival following surgery, compared with patients in whom responses do not occur. We sought to characterize the patterns of T-lymphocyte infiltration and somatic mutations in metastases that are associated with and predictive of response to the DC vaccine.

Experimental Design: Cytotoxic, memory, and regulatory T cells in resected metastases and surrounding normal liver tissue from 22 patients (11 responders and 11 nonresponders) were enumerated by immunohistochemistry prior to vaccine administration. In conjunction with tumor sequencing, the combined multivariate and collapsing method was used to identify gene mutations that are associated with vaccine response. We also derived a response prediction score for each patient using his/her tumor genotype data and variant association effect sizes computed from the other 21 patients; greater weighting was placed on gene products with cell membrane–related functions.

Results: There was no correlation between vaccine response and intratumor, peritumor, or hepatic densities of T-cell subpopulations. Associated genes were found to be enriched in the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling axis (P < 0.001). Applying a consistent prediction score cutoff over 22 rounds of leave-one-out cross-validation correctly inferred vaccine response in 21 of 22 patients (95%).

Conclusions: Adjuvant DC vaccination has shown promise as a form of immunotherapy for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Its efficacy may be influenced by somatic mutations that affect pathways involving PI3K, Akt, and mTOR, as well as tumor surface proteins. Clin Cancer Res; 23(2); 399–406. ©2016 AACR.
The Portuguese Experience with Ocriplasmin in Clinical Practice
Authors: Figueira João , Martins David , Pessoa Bernardete , Ferreira Natália , Meireles Angelina , Sampaio António , Carneiro Ângela , Vaz Fernanda , Nascimento João , Moreno Natacha , Roque José , Domingues Manuel , Flores Rita , Teixeira Carla , Conde Eduardo , Henriques Filipe , Proença Helena , Pita Negrão José , Barbosa Marisa , Silva Rufino , Vaz-Pereira Sara , Pereira Neves Pedro , Gomes Nuno , Raimundo Miguel ,   for the Jetrea Study Group
Published: July 2016

Aim: Evaluate the real-life experience with ocriplasmin on vitreomacular traction (VMT) release and full-thickness macular hole (FTMH) closure in Portugal. Methods: Multicentric, retrospective study of 83 eyes of 78 patients who were treated with intravitreal ocriplasmin for VMT with and without FTMH. Primary outcomes were VMT release and FTMH closure. Secondary outcomes included visual acuity changes and structural features on spectral-domain ocular coherence tomography. Results: VMT resolved in 47 of the 83 eyes (56.6%) and 6 of the 12 FTMH were closed (50.0%). Mean best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) improved from 65.1 at baseline to 70.8 ETDRS letters at the end of follow-up (p < 0.0001) with a mean follow-up of 138.8 days. Improvement in BCVA was significantly better in eyes with VMT release (p = 0.021). Approximately 73% of patients had normal ellipsoid zone integrity at the end of follow-up, 87% had no neurosensorial detachment and 40% had no intra- or subretinal fluid. Conclusion: VMT release and FTMH closure were achieved in more than half of the treated eyes and were correlated with significant BCVA improvements and favorable baseline characteristics. In fact, if a careful patient selection is carried out, VMT resolution with ocriplasmin can be optimized, tailoring the best approach to each patient.
Y-27632, a Rho-Associated Protein Kinase Inhibitor, Inhibits Voltage-Dependent K+ Channels in Rabbit Coronary Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells
Authors: Li Hongliang , Shin Sung Eun , Kim Hye Won , Kim Han Sol , Jung Won-Kyo , Ha Kwon-Soo , Han Eun-Taek , Hong Seok-Ho , Choi Il-Whan , Bae Young Min , Firth Amy L. , Bang Hyoweon , Park Won Sun
Published: July 2016

We examined the effects of the Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitor Y-27632 on voltage-dependent K+ (Kv) channels in rabbit coronary arterial smooth muscle cells using the whole-cell patch clamp technique. Y-27632 reduced the amplitude of the Kv current in a concentration-dependent manner, with an IC50 of 0.87 ± 0.06 μmol/l and a Hill coefficient of 1.48 ± 0.06. Y-27632 did not affect the steady-state activation or inactivation curves, suggesting that the drug does not affect the voltage sensitivity of Kv channels. Another ROCK inhibitor, H-1152, did not affect the Kv current and had no significant effect on the Y-27632-induced inhibition of Kv channels, indicating that the inhibitory effect of Y-27632 on the Kv current is independent of ROCK signaling. From these results, we conclude that Y-27632 inhibits the Kv channel current in a dose-dependent and ROCK signaling-independent manner.
Kidney Function Does Not Modify the Favorable Quality of Life Changes Associated With Revascularization for Coronary Artery Disease: Cohort Study
Authors: James Matthew T. , Wilton Stephen B. , Clement Fiona M. , Ghali William A. , Knudtson Merril L. , Tan Zhi , Tonelli Marcello , Hemmelgarn Brenda R. , Norris Colleen M. ,   the Alberta Provincial Project for Outcome Assessment in Coronary Heart Disease (APPROACH) and Alberta Kidney Disease Network (AKDN) Investigators
Published: July 2016

Background

Although patients with kidney disease have potential to benefit from revascularization, they are also at higher risk of complications, which may affect quality of life.

Methods and Results

We studied a cohort of 8198 adults who underwent coronary angiography in Alberta, between 2004 and 2008, and completed health‐related quality‐of‐life (
HR
‐
QOL
) surveys. Changes in
HR
‐
QOL
measures were most favorable among patients who received coronary artery bypass graft (
CABG
), but did not significantly differ by kidney function within groups of patients who received
CABG
, percutaneous coronary intervention (
PCI
), or medical therapy (
P
value for interaction between estimated glomerular filtration rate [
eGFR
] and revascularization status >0.10 for all outcomes). Among those who received
CABG
, the adjusted mean EuroQol 5 dimensions (
EQ
‐5D) utility score for those with
eGFR
>90 mL/min per 1.73 m
2
increased by 0.11 (95%
CI
, 0.09–0.14) and for those with
eGFR
<30 mL/min per 1.73m
2
by 0.13 (95%
CI
, 0.05–0.21). The adjusted mean
EQ
‐5D utility score also increased similarly at all levels of
eGFR
for those who received
PCI
and for those who received medical management. Mean changes in Seattle Angina Questionnaire (
SAQ
) scores were also similar across all levels of
eGFR
within each treatment group for the quality of life, angina frequency, angina stability, physical limitations, and treatment satisfaction domains of the
SAQ
. Among those who received
CABG
, the adjusted mean
SAQ
quality of life score for those with
eGFR
>90 mL/min per 1.73m
2
increased by 22.1 (95%
CI
, 18.5–25.7) and for those with
eGFR
<30 mL/min per 1.73m
2
by 14.0 (95% CI, 2.31–25.63).

Conclusions

Changes in
HR
‐
QOL
do not vary by kidney function among patients selected for
CABG
,
PCI
, or medical management of coronary disease.
Alternative mating tactics and male mating success in two species of fiddler crab
Authors: Dyson Miranda L. , Backwell Patricia R.Y.
Published: July 2016

The use of alternative male mating tactics can determine the strength of sexual selection on male traits and have implications for sexual dimorphism. We examined size-based mating success in two species of fiddler crabs where males use each of two alternative tactics to obtain matings. InUca annulipes, larger males were more successful when using the primary mating tactic (burrow mating) but the full size range of males mated when using the secondary tactic (surface mating). InUca urvillei, both burrow and surface mating males were larger than the average sized male in the population. Standardised directional selection gradients indicated that selection on male size was stronger inU. urvilleithanU. annulipes, reflecting the differences between species in male mating success. Our results also showed that sexual size dimorphism was greater in the species with stronger sexual selection on male size than in the species with weaker sexual selection.
‘Missing links’ alive? Novel taxa represent morphological transitions between distinctive phenotypes among extant Graphidaceae (lichenized Ascomycota: Ostropales)
Authors: KALB JUTARAT , POLYIAM WETCHASART , PLATA EIMY RIVAS , BAWINGAN PAULINA A. , KALB KLAUS , LÜCKING ROBERT
Published: July 2016

We provide an updated account on the species of the Cruentotrema-Dyplolabia clade in Graphidaceae subfamily Fissurinoideae, describing three new species: Cruentotrema lirelliforme J. Kalb, Polyiam & K. Kalb, differing from Cruentotrema thailandicum in the lirelliform ascomata; Dyplolabia chumphonensis J. Kalb & K. Kalb, differing from Dyplolabia oryzoides by smaller ascospores; and Dyplolabia dalywaiana Rivas Plata, Bawingan & Lücking, differing from other Dyplolabia species in the angular, erumpent asomata with broadly exposed disc and irregular pseudocolumella. In addition, two further species are recognized as new combinations: Cruentotrema puniceum (Müll. Arg.) J. Kalb & K. Kalb (Bas.: Arthothelium puniceum Müll. Arg.; syn.: Thelotrema rhododiscum Homchant. & Coppins) and Dyplolabia ochrocheila (Vain.) Rivas Plata & Lücking (Bas.: Graphis ochrocheila Vain.). Cruentotrema kurandense is reported as new to Thailand. Altogether, 11 species are now recognized in the two genera, six in Cruentotrema and five in Dyplolabia. In view of the disparate morphology of the two genera, the discovery of two of the three new species is highlighted as phenotypically transitional taxa, so-called ‘missing links’, and the phylogeny of this clade is revised.
Hypnea wynnei and Hypnea yokoyana (Cystocloniaceae, Rhodophyta), two new species revealed by a DNA barcoding survey on the Brazilian coast
Authors: NAUER FABIO , CASSANO VALÉRIA , OLIVEIRA MARIANA C.
Published: July 2016

Two new species of the red algal genus Hypnea (Gigartinales) are described for the southeastern coast of Brazil based on three molecular markers (COI-5P, rbcL and UPA), detailed morphological analysis, and comparison with closely related species. These species were named H. wynnei Nauer, Cassano & M.C. Oliveira and H. yokoyana Nauer, Cassano & M.C. Oliveira. Hypnea wynnei is characterized primarily by its reduced size, sub-erect tufts with few lateral branches and entangled basal portion, a thallus that is flattened only at the apical portions, and tetrasporangial sori developed only at apical portions of the branchlets. Hypnea yokoyana is characterized by its larger thallus, profuse branching, entirely terete axes, larger diameter of the main axes, and lack of entangling at its base. The molecular data support the conclusion that H. wynnei and H. yokoyana are distinct from other Hypnea species and are distantly related to Hypnea from the Brazilian coast.