bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ghost Readers of the Nile: Decrypting Password Sharing Habits in Chatting Applications among Egyptian Women
Authors: Saleh Mennatallah , Elagroudy Passant , Lukowicz Paul , Sturm Christian
Published: September 2024

Password sharing is a convenient means to access shared resources, save on subscription costs, provide emergency access, and avoid forgetting vital account details. However, it also raises significant privacy concerns, especially in digital communication contexts where content may be inadvertently exposed to unintended recipients. In this paper, we investigate this duality, using a survey of 86 Egyptian women to understand their sharing behavior and the design and evaluation of a chat application used by 60 participants. This application issues warnings based on content sensitivity, leading to increased user awareness about privacy risks. Our findings indicate that, while many participants initially shared passwords, they were surprised to discover others doing the same. Furthermore, our application effectively reduced password sharing, reflecting improved awareness of associated risks. This research acknowledges the cultural aspects of password sharing while striving to enhance the experience, enabling participants to make informed choices that enhance their information control.
Head 'n Shoulder:
Gesture-Driven Biking Through Capacitive Sensing Garments to Innovate Hands-Free Interaction
Authors: Geißler Daniel , Bello Hymalai , Zahn Esther , Woop Emil , Zhou Bo , Lukowicz Paul , Karolus Jakob
Published: September 2024

Distractions caused by digital devices are increasingly causing dangerous situations on the road, particularly for more vulnerable road users like cyclists. While researchers have been exploring ways to enable richer interaction scenarios on the bike, safety concerns are frequently neglected and compromised. In this work, we propose Head 'n Shoulder, a gesture-driven approach to bike interaction without affecting bike control, based on a wearable garment that allows hands- and eyes-free interaction with digital devices through integrated capacitive sensors. It achieves an average accuracy of 97% in the final iteration, evaluated on 14 participants. Head 'n Shoulder does not rely on direct pressure sensing, allowing users to wear their everyday garments on top or underneath, not affecting recognition accuracy. Our work introduces a promising research direction: easily deployable smart garments with a minimal set of gestures suited for most bike interaction scenarios, sustaining the rider's comfort and safety.
"I Want Lower Tone for Work-Related Notifications": Exploring the Effectiveness of User-Assigned Notification Alerts in Improving User Speculation of and Attendance to Mobile Notifications
Authors: Chang Tang-Jie , Su Li-Ting , Lin Yong-Han , Tsai Jie , Tang Zi-Xun , Chang Yung-Ju
Published: September 2024

Research indicates that smartphone users often speculate about notifications upon sensing their arrival, aiding their decision to attend to them. This speculation, however, relies on the presence of sufficient clues to associate with the notification, which are not always available. To address this challenge, through an experience sampling study, we investigated the effectiveness of delivering user-assigned alerts in influencing users' speculation accuracy, attendance effectiveness, and perceived disturbance. Our findings suggest that while user-assigned alerts enhanced the accuracy of speculation and improved participants' decisions to attend to notifications, the increased notification awareness sometimes led participants to view their decision to ignore notifications as less favorable. Moreover, we found that sporadic alert delivery disrupted the association between the alert and the notification, leading to no reduction in perceived disturbance nor improvement in speculation accuracy. In assigning alerts to notifications, participants considered five strategies: familiarity, distinctiveness, disturbance, emotional resonance, and dimension representation.
Medusa3D: The Watchful Eye Freezing Illegitimate Users in Virtual Reality Interactions
Authors: Jiao Aochen , Duan Di , Xu Weitao
Published: September 2024

The remarkable growth of Virtual Reality (VR) in recent years has extended its applications beyond entertainment to sectors including education, e-commerce, and remote communication. Since VR devices contain user's private information, user authentication becomes increasingly important. Current authentication systems in VR, such as password-based or static biometric-based methods, are either cumbersome to use or vulnerable to attacks such as shoulder surfing. To address these limitations, we propose Medusa3D, a challenge-response authentication system for VR based on reflexive eye responses. Unlike existing methods, reflexive eye responses are involuntary and effortless, offering a secure and user-friendly credential for authentication. We implement Medusa3D on an off-the-shelf VR and conduct evaluations with 25 participants. The evaluation results show that Medusa3D achieves 0.21% FAR and 0.13% FRR, demonstrating high security under various ocular conditions and resilience against attacks such as zero-effort attack, replay attack, and mimicry attack. A user study indicates that Medusa3D is user-friendly and well-adopted among participants.
Snap&Nav: Smartphone-based Indoor Navigation System For Blind People via Floor Map Analysis and Intersection Detection
Authors: Kubota Masaya , Kuribayashi Masaki , Kayukawa Seita , Takagi Hironobu , Asakawa Chieko , Morishima Shigeo
Published: September 2024

We present Snap&Nav, a navigation system for blind people in unfamiliar buildings, without prebuilt digital maps. Instead, the system utilizes the floor map as its primary information source for route guidance. The system requires a sighted assistant to capture an image of the floor map, which is analyzed to create a node map containing intersections, destinations, and current positions on the floor. The system provides turn-by-turn navigation instructions while tracking users' positions on the node map by detecting intersections. Additionally, the system estimates the scale difference of the node map to provide distance information. Our system was validated through two user studies with 20 sighted and 12 blind participants. Results showed that sighted participants processed floor map images without being accustomed to the system, while blind participants navigated with increased confidence and lower cognitive load compared to the condition using only cane, appreciating the system's potential for use in various buildings.
The Impact of Data Privacy on Users' Smartphone App Adoption Decisions
Authors: Bemmann Florian , Mayer Sven
Published: September 2024

Rich user information is gained through user tracking and power mobile smartphone applications. Apps thereby become aware of the user and their context, enabling intelligent and adaptive applications. However, such data poses severe privacy risks. Although users are only partially aware of them, awareness increases with the proliferation of privacy-enhancing technologies. How privacy literacy and raising privacy concerns affect app adoption is unclear; however, we hypothesize that it leads to a lower adoption rate of data-heavy smartphone apps, as non-usage often is the user's only option to protect themselves. We conducted a survey (N=100) to investigate the relationship between privacy-relevant app- and publisher characteristics with the users' intention to install and use it. We found that users are especially critical of contentful data types and apps with rights to perform actions on their behalf. On the other hand, the expectation of a productive benefit induced by the app can increase the app-adoption intention. Our findings show which aspects designers of privacy-enhancing technologies should focus on to meet the demand for more user-centered privacy.
ThermoGrasp: Enabling Localized Thermal Feedback on Fingers for Precision Grasps in Virtual Reality
Authors: Nasser Arshad , Hasan Khalad
Published: September 2024

The increasing interest in thermal haptic feedback devices, particularly for virtual reality (VR) applications, highlights the need for more immersive user experiences. However, replicating precise thermal sensations on the fingers remains challenging due to the complexity of finger joints and movements. In this paper, we introduce ThermoGrasp, a novel thermal display designed to enhance VR experiences by providing realistic thermal feedback during precision object grasping. ThermoGrasp is a modular wearable device that targets controlled thermal feedback on the distal phalanges. The implications of designing its VR application were assessed through two experimental studies. The first study focused on the device's ability to accurately convey thermal sensations across different fingers during various precision grasps. The second study investigated the overall haptic experience in VR, examining the impact of thermal feedback on user immersion and realism during interactions with objects of varying temperatures. Participants' subjective responses were analyzed based on factors such as autotelicity, expressiveness, immersion, realism, and harmony. The findings indicate that precise, localized thermal feedback significantly enhances the VR experience, offering a marked improvement over traditional haptic feedback methods.
Understanding the Impact of the Reality-Virtuality Continuum on Visual Search Using Fixation-Related Potentials and Eye Tracking Features
Authors: Chiossi Francesco , Gruenefeld Uwe , Hou Baosheng James , Newn Joshua , Ou Changkun , Liao Rulu , Welsch Robin , Mayer Sven
Published: September 2024

While Mixed Reality allows the seamless blending of digital content in users' surroundings, it is unclear if its fusion with physical information impacts users' perceptual and cognitive resources differently. While the fusion of digital and physical objects provides numerous opportunities to present additional information, it also introduces undesirable side effects, such as split attention and increased visual complexity. We conducted a visual search study in three manifestations of mixed reality (Augmented Reality, Augmented Virtuality, Virtual Reality) to understand the effects of the environment on visual search behavior. We conducted a multimodal evaluation measuring Fixation-Related Potentials (FRPs), alongside eye tracking to assess search efficiency, attention allocation, and behavioral measures. Our findings indicate distinct patterns in FRPs and eye-tracking data that reflect varying cognitive demands across environments. Specifically, AR environments were associated with increased workload, as indicated by decreased FRP - P3 amplitudes and more scattered eye movement patterns, impairing users' ability to identify target information efficiently. Participants reported AR as the most demanding and distracting environment. These insights inform design implications for MR adaptive systems, emphasizing the need for interfaces that dynamically respond to user cognitive load based on physiological inputs.
Understanding Users' Perspectives on Location Privacy Management on iPhones
Authors: Ma Ying , Sew Cherie , Sarsenbayeva Zhanna , Knibbe Jarrod , Goncalves Jorge
Published: September 2024

As the number of applications installed on smartphones continues to grow, the task of effectively managing location privacy has become increasingly complex. In this paper, we explore the factors that influence users' privacy-preserving intentions and contrast them with their actual behaviours. In addition, we compare location privacy concerns across different apps investigating the impact of app-specific features on the willingness to disclose location information. Our findings highlight significant challenges in privacy management due to privacy fatigue and perceived usability. Furthermore, participants raised the importance of more uniform standards regarding location privacy settings across various applications, calling for more detailed and interactive well-informed consent processes that highlight the risks instead of the benefits of disclosing location information. This research contributes important insights towards the development of more effective privacy settings that can foster increased user engagement in managing location privacy on smartphones.
Unveiling User Perspectives: Exploring Themes in Femtech Mobile App Reviews for Enhanced Usability and Privacy
Authors: Nellore Nidhi , Mishra Tania , Zimmer Michael
Published: September 2024

Femtech, a growing sector in mobile healthcare technology, caters to women's needs across various life stages with digital solutions like period tracking and pregnancy management apps. Maintaining robust data privacy is crucial due to the sensitive nature of the information involved, such as menstrual cycles and pregnancy status. Our research analyzes user feedback from platforms like the Apple App Store and Google Play Store to understand perceptions of femtech apps, covering accessibility, interface, features, and privacy concerns. Understanding user perspectives helps developers enhance usability and trust, driving further adoption. Prioritizing privacy also fosters industry advancement. This paper stresses the importance of dialogue among developers, users, and policymakers in femtech. Our findings aim to facilitate positive change within the femtech sector, leading to more inclusive, user-centric, and ethically driven advancements, benefiting both the industry and its users.
Where's my TOR?: Evaluating the Effect of Take-Over Request Source on Older Drivers' Control Transition in Level 3 Cars
Authors: Srour Zreik Rawan , Goodge Thomas , Harvey Monika , Brewster Stephen
Published: September 2024

It is challenging for older drivers to transition to manual control after a Take-Over Request (TOR) has been issued by a Level 3 car. This study investigated if the presentation source of the TOR affects driver performance when resuming control. We measured take-over performance, hazard perception, and user acceptance when the TOR was presented on (1) a smartphone displaying a Non-Driving Related Task (NDRT) simultaneously with the In-Vehicle Information System (IVIS), or (2) presented on the IVIS only. Two NDRTs that varied in cognitive demand were tested with older drivers aged 60-69 and 70+. For the lower cognitive demand NDRT, presenting the TOR on the smartphone+IVIS improved takeover performance, hazard perception, and user acceptance, with greater benefits observed in the 70+ group. For the cognitively demanding NDRT, the smartphone+IVIS presentation did not benefit either group of drivers. TOR designers can apply these findings to enhance TORs and assist older drivers in managing control transitions considering the NDRT cognitive demand.
WiLife: Long-Term Daily Status Monitoring and Habit Mining of the Elderly Leveraging Ubiquitous Wi-Fi Signals
Authors: Li Shengjie , Liu Zhaopeng , Lv Qin , Zou Yanyan , Zhang Yue , Zhang Daqing
Published: September 2024

The global aging demographic underscores the imperative for continuous in-home monitoring of the empty-nest elderly, ensuring their safety and well-being. The widespread deployment of Wi-Fi infrastructure has paved the way to monitor the elderly in a non-intrusive and privacy-preserving manner. Numerous studies have explored the potential of utilizing Wi-Fi signals to address urgent life safety concerns such as fall detection and vital sign monitoring. However, apart from these acute safety issues, the early detection of potential disease symptoms and managing the progression of chronic diseases are also crucial for elderly care, which calls for long-term and continuous monitoring of the elderly’s daily routines. Unfortunately, challenges like continuous activity segmentation and location/orientation dependencies have hindered the implementation of a long-term, around-the-clock activity monitoring system for the elderly. This work introduces “WiLife,” a cutting-edge Wi-Fi-based framework for continuous monitoring of the elderly’s spatio-temporal daily status information. Specifically, WiLife adopts a strategy of partitioning living spaces into functional
areas
and categorizing daily activities into atomic
states
. By encapsulating daily life status into a unique series of triple unit format:

\(\left\langle\textit{Time, Area, State}\right\rangle\)

, WiLife is able to offer valuable insights into when, where, and how activities occur. Field implementations spanning 1,080 hours (45 days

\(\times\)

24 hours) in real-world home environments highlight WiLife’s exceptional capability in understanding individual living habits and timely detection of irregularities.
Expressing Anger with Robot for Tackling the Onset of Robot Abuse
Authors: Nishiwaki Keisuke , Brščić Dražen , Kanda Takayuki
Published: September 2024

Service robots in public spaces can sometimes become victims of ‘abuse’, manifesting as persistent blocking of the robot’s path, physical violence such as pushing or pulling, or abusive language. This kind of abuse can be a serious obstacle to the deployment of robots. We studied the possibility of mitigating obstructive behaviour towards the robot, which is known to happen in the early stages of robot abuse, by having the robot express anger-like emotions. We identified and implemented three distinct anger behaviours: furious, quiet and scolding anger. Through an online video survey, we confirmed that all three designed robot behaviours were perceived as expressions of anger. Finally, we ran an in-lab experiment with child participants to study the influence of the robot’s expressions of anger on children’s obstructive behaviours. The results show that ‘furious anger’ was effective in reducing the frequency of obstructions, whereas the other two anger types were not.
Causal Explanations and the Growth of Understanding
Authors: Keil Frank C.
Published: September 2024

Causal explanations are central to cognitive development. Once considered beyond the grasp of young children, causal reasoning is now understood to be present in infants, driving curiosity and learning. The search for causal explanations underlying recurring patterns is evident in nonverbal forms. Causal explanations are diverse, varying in granularity, spanning different content domains, and encompassing both deterministic and probabilistic forms. These explanations support counterfactual reasoning, diagnostic thinking, and learning. The emergence of causal explanatory thought in infants is suggested by their responses to anomalies and by the development of exploratory behaviors. In the preschool years, children build upon early abilities to request, evaluate, and generate explanations. The decline of causal explanation-seeking in young schoolchildren can be dramatic and seems to arise from a convergence of social, cultural, and motivational factors. Overall, the development of causal explanations is essential to cognitive growth and mature understanding, with enduring influences on learning and reasoning.
Struggling for Economic Security: Wealth, Race, and Child Development
Authors: Shanks Trina R. , McLoyd Vonnie C.
Published: September 2024

Children need stable environments with loving caregivers to develop into their best adult selves. Sufficient income and wealth provide a foundation of economic security that makes these circumstances more likely. Unfortunately, both income and wealth are unevenly distributed, with some households having very little while a few are extravagantly well off. This means that many families have little to invest in their children and face stress trying to make ends meet. Whether households face economic security or struggle is highly patterned by race. In addition to discussing pathways for how wealth influences child outcomes, this article delves deeply into the nature of the Black–White disparity in wealth, discussing both historical and contemporary factors. The article ends by exploring programs and policies that have been piloted to increase wealth for those at the bottom end of the wealth distribution, making asset building inclusive and enabling more children to thrive.
Fat Suppression in Distal Extremity 3-T MRI Using Spectral Heterogeneity Adaptive Radiofrequency Pulses
Authors: Khodarahmi Iman , Walter William R. , Bruno Mary , Brinkmann Inge M. , Keerthivasan Mahesh B. , Chebrolu Venkata V. , Fritz Jan
Published: September 2024

Patient-specific fat suppression using spectral heterogeneity adaptive radiofrequency pulses led to more homogeneous fat suppression in distal extremity MRI than conventional spectral fat suppression.
Case 329: Intracholecystic Papillary Neoplasm of the Gallbladder
Authors: Shetty Anup S. , Tsai Richard
Published: September 2024

History

A 45-year-old female patient who was previously healthy presented after several weeks of fullness in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. The patient did not experience pain, nausea, vomiting, or jaundice, and had no contributory past medical or surgical history, including no history of malignancy. Upon examination, vital signs were within normal limits and the patient appeared well, with soft palpable fullness in the right upper quadrant. The abdomen was nontender and nondistended. Laboratory investigation revealed no abnormalities, with a normal complete blood cell count and normal serum tumor markers that included α-fetoprotein (<2.0 ng/mL; reference, <8.3 ng/mL), cancer antigen 19–9 (21.6 U/mL; reference, <35 U/mL), and carcinoembryonic antigen (1.3 ng/mL; reference, <5 ng/mL). CT of the abdomen and pelvis was performed with intravenous contrast material in the emergency department. Subsequently, combined MRI and MR cholangiopancreatography of the abdomen was performed with and without intravenous contrast material for further evaluation. CT of the chest performed during the same encounter was unremarkable.
Prevalence and Pattern of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology in Al‐Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alotaiby Faraj , Alruhaimi Rahaf , Alzamil Norah , Alsemanni Ezdyan , Almutairi Areej , Elsaka Hala
Published: September 2024

Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence and features of oral and maxillofacial lesions found in the residents of Al‐Qassim region, Saudi Arabia.

Methods: A retrospective study was conducted at King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Buraidah, Qassim, KSA. The data for all biopsied oral and maxillofacial lesions were retrieved from January 2014 until August 2022. All patients’ data including age, gender, location of the lesion, and histopathologic diagnosis were reviewed and analyzed using IBM SPSS version 23 and Microsoft Excel.

Results: A total of 381 oral pathology biopsies for individuals aged 18 and above were included in a descriptive analysis. One hundred ninety five (51.18%) of patients were male, and 186 (48.82%) were female. The site most commonly biopsied was the oral mucosa (26%). The diagnosis was categorized according to the histopathological diagnosis into 13 categories including all pathological lesions in the oral and maxillofacial area. The frequently biopsied category was soft tissue pathological lesion category (26%), second to that is the odontogenic cyst category (22%), and third is the immunological‐mediated lesion category (13%). The sub‐diagnosis that was mostly observed was radicular cyst, lichen planus, and focal fibrous hyperplasia with the percentages of 13.6%, 10.8%, and 9.4%, respectively.

Conclusion: The findings provide important information about the oral and maxillofacial pathology in Al‐Qassim region, Saudi Arabia. This study found that biopsied oral lesions were more prevalent in males and in patients in the fourth decade of life. The oral mucosa was the most biopsied site, and the majority of the biopsies were soft tissue pathological lesions and radicular cyst was the most frequent diagnosis. Knowledge of such demographic and clinical features of oral and maxillofacial pathology cases helps in prediction of disease incidence and subsequent proper patient care in the region.
The Genomic Landscape of Benign and Malignant Thyroid Tumors from Individuals Carrying Germline PTEN Variants Is Distinct from Sporadic Thyroid Cancers
Authors: Plitt Gilman , Brewer Takae , Yehia Lamis , Rabinowitz Laura , Griffith Christopher C. , Eng Charis
Published: September 2024

Patients with PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome (PHTS), a molecular diagnosis for those carrying germline PTEN pathogenic variants, have a high prevalence of benign and malignant thyroid disease. Characterizing the genomic landscape in PHTS thyroid tumors could provide insights into malignant potential and tumor progression to help optimize diagnosis, surveillance, and treatment in this population. To reveal the somatic alterations in PHTS-associated thyroid tumors, we conducted exome sequencing on 58 thyroid tumors (28 cancers, 30 benign nodules) from 19 patients with PHTS. A control cohort of 447 sporadic papillary thyroid cancers (PTC) from The Cancer Genome Atlas was used for comparison. PHTS-associated thyroid tumors had a unique genomic landscape in the setting of a pathogenic germline PTEN mutation, when compared with the general population. PHTS-associated thyroid tumors demonstrated a high frequency of second-hit somatic PTEN alterations, including variants and loss-of-heterozygosity events. Second-hit somatic PTEN alterations were more prevalent in PHTS-associated PTC than sporadic PTC (65.2% vs. 0.067%), occurring frequently in PHTS-associated follicular thyroid cancer (100%) and benign follicular nodules (90%). PHTS-associated PTC additionally harbored somatic alterations in BRAF, RAS family members, and genes associated with DNA double-stranded break repair, as well as somatic arm-level copy-number variations. Together, these findings suggest that biallelic PTEN alterations may function as foundational mutations in PHTS thyroid tissue, promoting benign growth and increasing potential for malignant transformation through impaired DNA double-stranded break repair and increased genomic instability. The unique genomic landscape of PHTS-associated thyroid tumors carries implications for molecular-targeted therapies for patients.

Significance: Exome sequencing reveals the distinct mutational landscape of PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome–associated thyroid cancers from sporadic counterparts, providing insights into tumor progression and behavior that could help improve diagnosis, surveillance, and treatment.
Supplementary Table S1 from Durvalumab ± Tremelimumab + Platinum-Etoposide in Extensive-Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer (CASPIAN): Outcomes by PD-L1 Expression and Tissue Tumor Mutational Burden
Authors: Paz-Ares Luis , Garassino Marina Chiara , Chen Yuanbin , Reinmuth Niels , Hotta Katsuyuki , Poltoratskiy Artem , Trukhin Dmytro , Hochmair Maximilian J. , Özgüroğlu Mustafa , Ji Jun Ho , Statsenko Galina , Conev Nikolay , Bondarenko Igor , Havel Libor , Losonczy György , Xie Mingchao , Lai Zhongwu , Godin-Heymann Nadia , Mann Helen , Jiang Haiyi , Shrestha Yashaswi , Goldman Jonathan W.
Published: September 2024

Baseline patient demographics and disease characteristics for the PD-L1 and tTMB BEPs and the ITT population.
Supplementary Figure S5 from Durvalumab ± Tremelimumab + Platinum-Etoposide in Extensive-Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer (CASPIAN): Outcomes by PD-L1 Expression and Tissue Tumor Mutational Burden
Authors: Paz-Ares Luis , Garassino Marina Chiara , Chen Yuanbin , Reinmuth Niels , Hotta Katsuyuki , Poltoratskiy Artem , Trukhin Dmytro , Hochmair Maximilian J. , Özgüroğlu Mustafa , Ji Jun Ho , Statsenko Galina , Conev Nikolay , Bondarenko Igor , Havel Libor , Losonczy György , Xie Mingchao , Lai Zhongwu , Godin-Heymann Nadia , Mann Helen , Jiang Haiyi , Shrestha Yashaswi , Goldman Jonathan W.
Published: September 2024

Kaplan-Meier analysis of OS in the ITT population and the tTMB BEP.
Supplementary Figure S11 from Durvalumab ± Tremelimumab + Platinum-Etoposide in Extensive-Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer (CASPIAN): Outcomes by PD-L1 Expression and Tissue Tumor Mutational Burden
Authors: Paz-Ares Luis , Garassino Marina Chiara , Chen Yuanbin , Reinmuth Niels , Hotta Katsuyuki , Poltoratskiy Artem , Trukhin Dmytro , Hochmair Maximilian J. , Özgüroğlu Mustafa , Ji Jun Ho , Statsenko Galina , Conev Nikolay , Bondarenko Igor , Havel Libor , Losonczy György , Xie Mingchao , Lai Zhongwu , Godin-Heymann Nadia , Mann Helen , Jiang Haiyi , Shrestha Yashaswi , Goldman Jonathan W.
Published: September 2024

Relationship between PD-L1 expression and tTMB score. (A) Box plots showing the distribution of tTMB score in patients by PD-L1 subgroup; (B) Venn diagram showing overlap between the tTMB ≥10 mut/Mb and PD-L1 TC or IC ≥1% subgroups. Percentages are calculated from the PD-L1 and tTMB BEP, i.e., patients who had both a PD-L1 and a tTMB result (n=275); samples from 171 patients had tTMB ≥10 mut/Mb and/or PD-L1 TC or IC ≥1%, while samples from 104 patients (37.8%) had both tTMB <10 mut/Mb and PD-L1 TC and IC <1%.
No Short-Term Effect of Low-Dose Nicotine on Inflammation after Global Hypoxia in Newborn Piglets
Authors: Volstad Karianne B. , Pripp Are H. , Ludviksen Judith A. , Stiris Tom , Saugstad Ola D. , Mollnes Tom E. , Andresen Jannicke H.
Published: September 2024

Introduction: Perinatal asphyxia initiates cytokine release and complement activation with risk of brain damage. We assessed the effect of nicotine on innate immunity and hypothesized that nicotine infusion in a newborn piglet model of asphyxia would decrease the immune response and be neuroprotective. Methods: Newborn piglets (n = 41) were randomized to one of three groups after hypoxia: two groups receiving nicotine, (1) 18 µg/kg/h (n = 17), (2) 46 µg/kg/h (n = 15), and (3) control group receiving saline (n = 9). C3a, IL-6, TNF, and IL-10 were measured in plasma and IL-6 and IL-8 in microdialysis fluid from cerebral periventricular white matter, using immuno-assays. Results: Plasma C3a and IL-6 increased significantly from start to end hypoxia (mean 4.4 ± 0.55 to 5.6 ± 0.71 ng/mL and 1.66 ± 1.04 to 2.68 ± 0.71 pg/mL, respectively), while IL-10 and TNF increased significantly after 4 h (mean 1.4 ± 1.08 to 2.9 ± 1.87 and 3.3 ± 0.67 to 4.0 ± 0.58 pg/mL, respectively) (p < 0.001 for all). IL-6 increased significantly (p < 0.001) in microdialysis samples from end hypoxia to end experiment (mean 0.65 ± 0.88 to 2.78 ± 1.84 ng/mL). No significant differences were observed between the nicotine groups and the control group neither in plasma nor in microdialysis samples. Conclusion: Hypoxia leads to rapid release of cytokines in plasma and cerebral microdialysis fluid, and complement activation measured on C3a. However, low-dose nicotine administration did not affect the immune response.
Improved Outcomes following a Conservative Approach to Hemodynamically Significant Patent Ductus Arteriosus: A Comparison across Two Periods
Authors: Seo Yu-Mi , Kim Sae Yun , Youn Young-Ah
Published: September 2024

Introduction: Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a commonly encountered morbidity that occurs inversely with gestational age. In response to the growing trend of avoiding PDA ligation and prophylactic interventions, our center adopted a conservative approach starting in September 2020. This approach involves more precise fluid restriction for hemodynamically significant (hs) PDA. This study aimed to evaluate whether a conservative approach to hsPDA has led to a reduction in adverse clinical outcomes for very low birth weight infants (VLBWIs) during the period of conservative treatment. Methods: Since more conservative approach to hsPDA was adopted since September 2020, the two periods were divided into period 1 (January 2015 to August 2020) and period 2 (September 2020 to June 2023). Fluid therapy was carefully monitored and advanced from day 1 in all VLBWI, and a more conservative approach as fluid restriction was attempted in hsPDA during period 2. Results: Of the 540 VLBWI with hsPDA, 348 infants were born and diagnosed with hsPDA. Period 2 demonstrated a significantly higher rate of medical treatment (79.17% vs. 19.51%) and lower PDA ligation (54.17% vs. 78.05%). Period 2 showed a greater adherence to conservative fluid restriction compared to period 1. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and BPD ≥ moderate, sepsis, necrotizing enterocolitis (≥ grade 2), IVH (grade ≥3) were notably lower in period 2 with lower mortality. In regard to PDA-related treatment, primary PDA ligation was significantly higher in period 1. The secondary PDA ligation after medical failure and more conservative fluid restriction were significantly higher in period 2. At corrected age of 18–24 months, cognitive score was significantly lower in VLBWI born in period 1 compared to those born in period 2. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that a conservative approach to hsPDA led to better clinical outcomes and improved cognitive scores at a corrected age of 18–24 months compared to the period of active PDA ligation. This conservative strategy, involving more precise fluid restriction and the judicious use of appropriate diuretics, has shown to improve clinical outcomes with minimal intervention.
Angiotensin in the Arcuate: Mechanisms Integrating Cardiometabolic Control: The 2022 COH Mid-Career Award for Research Excellence
Authors: Lawton Samuel B.R. , Wagner Valerie A. , Nakagawa Pablo , Segar Jeffrey L. , Sigmund Curt D. , Morselli Lisa L. , Grobe Justin L.
Published: September 2024

The American Heart Association has identified obesity as a primary impediment to ongoing improvements in cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension. Although drugs, exercise, diets, and surgeries can each cause weight loss, few subjects maintain a reduced weight over the long term. Dysfunctional integrative control (ie, adaptation) of resting metabolic rate (RMR) appears to underlie this failed weight maintenance, yet the neurobiology of physiological and pathophysiological RMR control is poorly understood. Here, we review recent insights into the cellular and molecular control of RMR by Ang-II (angiotensin II) signaling within the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. Within a unique subset of agouti-related peptide neurons, AT
1
R (Ang-II type 1 receptors) are implicated in the integrative control of RMR. Furthermore, a spontaneous G protein signal switch of AT
1
R within this neuron type appears to underlie the pathogenesis of RMR adaptation by qualitatively changing the cellular response to AT
1
R activation from a β-arrestin-1/Gαi (heterotrimeric G protein, α i subtype)–mediated inhibitory response to a Gαq (heterotrimeric G protein, α q subtype)–mediated stimulatory response. We conclude that therapeutic approaches to obesity are likely hampered by the plasticity of the signaling mechanisms that mediate the normal integrative control of energy balance. The same stimulus that would increase RMR in the normal physiological state may decrease RMR during obesity due to qualitative changes in second-messenger coupling. Understanding the mechanisms that regulate interactions between receptors such as AT
1
R and its various second messenger signaling cascades will provide novel insights into the pathogenesis of RMR adaptation and potentially point toward new therapeutic approaches for obesity and hypertension.
Evolution of the Moral Lexicon
Authors: Ramezani Aida , Stellar Jennifer E. , Feinberg Matthew , Xu Yang
Published: September 2024

Morality is central to social well-being and cognition, and moral lexicon is a key device for human communication of moral concepts and experiences. How was the moral lexicon formed? We explore this open question and hypothesize that words evolved to take on abstract moral meanings from concrete and grounded experiences. We test this hypothesis by analyzing semantic change and formation of over 800 words from the English Moral Foundations Dictionary and the Historical Thesaurus of English over the past hundreds of years. Across historical text corpora and dictionaries, we discover concrete-to-abstract shifts as words acquire moral meaning, in contrast with the broad observation that words become more concrete over time. Furthermore, we find that compound moral words tend to be derived from a concrete-to-abstract shift from their constituents, and this derivational property is more prominent in moral words compared to alternative compound words when word frequency is controlled for. We suggest that evolution of the moral lexicon depends on systematic metaphorical mappings from concrete domains to the moral domain. Our results provide large-scale evidence for the role of metaphor in shaping the historical development of the English moral lexicon.
“The Great Vindication of Our Translation of the Name”: Franz Rosenzweig on the Threefold Unity of Divine Pronouns
Authors: Pollock Benjamin
Published: September 2024

This paper reveals the original teaching from Sinai that Rosenzweig claims to have discovered while translating Exodus 3 with Martin Buber, and why he viewed this discovery as vindicating their decision to translate the Tetragrammaton in the way they did. A report of this discovery is to be found, I show, in the exchange between Buber and Rosenzweig during their translation of Exodus, as recorded in the Working Papers (Arbeitspapiere). The significance of Rosenzweig’s account of the divine name only becomes fully clear, however, when viewed against the background of the revelation of the divine name in The Star of Redemption.
The Diachronic Annotated Corpus of Newar
Authors: O’NEILL Alexander James , MEELEN Marieke
Published: September 2024

This article presents the first Diachronic Annotated Corpus of Newar (DACON), an ongoing project to annotate Newar texts ranging from the 12th to the 19th centuries. The primary purpose of this corpus is to facilitate both synchronic and diachronic as well as comparative linguistic research. We also present our annotation pipeline with detailed information on our workflow and the results of the automatic segmentation and POS-tagging tools.
Spatially Local Surrogate Modeling of Subgrid-Scale Effects in Idealized Atmospheric Flows: A Deep Learned Approach Using High-Resolution Simulation Data
Authors: Gopalakrishnan Meena Muralikrishnan , Norman Matthew R. , Hall David M. , Pritchard Michael S.
Published: September 2024

We introduce a machine learned surrogate model from high-resolution simulation data to capture the subgrid-scale effects in dry, stratified atmospheric flows. We use deep neural networks (NNs) to model the spatially local state differences between a coarse-resolution simulation and a high-resolution simulation. The setup enables the capture of both dissipative and antidissipative effects in the state differences. The NN model is able to accurately capture the state differences in offline tests outside the training regime. In online tests intended for production use, the NN-coupled coarse simulation has higher accuracy over a significant period of time compared to the coarse-resolution simulation without any correction. We provide evidence of the capability of the NN model to accurately capture high-gradient regions in the flow field. With the accumulation of the errors, the NN-coupled simulation becomes computationally unstable after approximately 90 coarse simulation time steps. Insights gained from these surrogate models further pave the way for formulating stable, complex, physics-based spatially local NN models which are driven by traditional subgrid-scale turbulence closure models.

Significance Statement

Flows in the atmosphere are highly chaotic and turbulent, comprising flow structures of broad scales. For effective computational modeling of atmospheric flows, the effects of the small- and large-scale structures need to be captured by the simulations. Capturing the small-scale structures requires fine-resolution simulations. Even with the current state-of-the-art supercomputers, it can be prohibitively expensive to simulate these flows when computed for the entire earth over climate time scales. Thus, it is necessary to focus on the larger-scale structures using a coarse-resolution simulation while capturing the effects of the smaller-scale structures using some parameterization (approximation) scheme and incorporating it into the coarse-resolution simulation. We use machine learning to model the effects of the small-scale structures (subgrid-scale effects) in atmospheric flows. Data from a fine-resolution simulation is used to compute the missing subgrid-scale effects in coarse-resolution simulations. We then use machine learning models to approximate these differences between the coarse- and fine-resolution simulations. We see improved accuracy for the coarse-resolution simulations when corrected using these machine learned models.
Bulletin Boards and Classroom Decorations: A Visual Representation of Your Music Teaching Philosophy
Authors: Kang Sangmi , Sanguinetti Rachael D. , Webber Samantha
Published: September 2024

In this manuscript, we introduce four philosophical camps and provide bulletin board and classroom decoration examples of how music teachers can visually communicate their teaching philosophies to their students, parents, colleagues, and administrators. The categories emerged from our review of bulletin board examples created by our music teacher colleagues and include (1) music, emotion, and expression; (2) praxialism; (3) extramusical benefits; and (4) social justice. Bulletin boards may indirectly represent teachers’ philosophies when compared with explicit curricula, such as lesson plans, textbooks, and other instructional materials. However, teachers can foster holistic learning experiences for students by harmonizing their implicit messages on bulletin boards and classroom decorations with the explicit curriculum.
Trends in Contacts Made by Immigrants to the National Domestic Violence Hotline, Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Treves-Kagan Sarah , Le Vi D. , Berra Liris S. , Ray Colleen M. , Ruvalcaba Yanet , Wood Leila , D’Angelo Denise V. , Vera Tatiana M. , Estefan Lianne Fuino
Published: September 2024

Objectives:

Immigrants in the United States are more likely than nonimmigrants to experience risk factors for intimate partner violence (IPV) and problems in getting support. The COVID-19 pandemic and recent incidents of xenophobia and anti-immigrant sentiment may have exacerbated exposure to IPV risk factors. We examined immigrant experiences of IPV before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods:

This study identified changes in characteristics of abuse, services used, referrals, and barriers to services among those who contacted the National Domestic Violence Hotline (NDVH) and identified as immigrants, reported immigration status as a concern, needed immigration support, and/or identified immigration status as a barrier to accessing services (N = 49 817). We used joinpoint regressions to examine whether the rate of change differed significantly from 2016-2019 (before the pandemic) to 2019-2021 (during the pandemic).

Results:

The number of immigrant contacts to NDVH peaked in 2017 (n = 9333) and declined 25% to 6946 in 2021. During 2016-2019, the percentage of contacts reporting the following increased significantly: technology-facilitated violence (+12.7 percentage points), economic/financial abuse (+10.8 percentage points), and involvement of firearms (+4.8 percentage points); during 2019-2021, these trends reversed. The percentage of contacts reporting separation or divorce was relatively flat until 2019 and then increased from 14.6% in 2019 to 19.9% in 2021 (+5.2 percentage points). Housing instability increased during 2017-2020 (+9.3 percentage points), but requests for shelters decreased (−4.5 percentage points). Immigration status and personal finances were commonly reported barriers to services; both decreased during 2016-2019 but then increased during 2019-2021.

Conclusions:

This study can inform prevention and response strategies relevant for immigrants experiencing or reporting IPV.
Effects of Income on Subjective Well-Being in the Elderly: Complete Mediation Roles of Self-Rated Health and Psychological Capital
Authors: Liu Xin , Wang Zhen , Zhang Chen , Zhang Chaoran , Peng Lixin , Xu Haibo
Published: September 2024

Although income and living conditions of residents have greatly improved in recent years, people’s subjective well-being does not seem to increase daily. This study aimed to explore income, self-rated health, and psychological capital on subjective well-being, using data from the China General Social Survey conducted in 2017. A total of 1136 elderly as subsamples data were selected from 12 582 participants, involving general sociodemographic characteristics, income, self-rated health, psychological capital, and subjective well-being. SPSS v26.0 macro was used for descriptive statistics, ANOVA and correlation analysis. PROCESS v3.4 macro was performed to examine multiple mediating effects of self-rated health and psychological capital. The elderly residing in urban ( P = .016) and having completed 9-year compulsory education ( P = .016) reported higher subjective well-being scores. The findings revealed that subjective well-being was positively associated with income, health, and psychological capital among the aged adults (all P < .001). Self-rated health and psychological capital played complete mediation roles between income and subjective well-being (Effect indirect = 0.040, 95% bootstrap CI [0.022, 0.060]; Effect indirect = 0.027, 95% bootstrap CI [0.013, 0.044], respectively). Collectively, our findings indicate that residing in rural and having lower education levels serve as negative predictors of subjective well-being among the elderly. Although income still affects the elderly’s subjective well-being, self-rated health and psychological capital may be the crucial mediating factors. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to improve health conditions and positive psychological capital for subjective well-being of the older people.
Assessing Equitable Adherence to the Age-Friendly Health System’s 4Ms Framework in an Academic Inpatient Setting
Authors: Adler-Milstein Julia , Thombley Robert , Rosenthal Sarah , Rosner Benjamin , Rogers Stephanie
Published: September 2024

While thousands of health systems have begun to implement the Age-Friendly Health System’s 4Ms Framework to improve care for older patients, an important phase of work is achieving consistent adherence to 4Ms care processes. Identifying mechanisms that may lead to higher versus lower adherence serves to guide efforts to achieve consistent, equitable adherence. Drawing from prior literature, we identified three mechanisms that may influence 4Ms adherence. We then conducted a 3-year retrospective, observational study of inpatient encounters (n = 28 833) at UCSF Health System with patients aged 65+. We used least squares regression models to assess associations between hospital encounter-level measures of 4Ms adherence and proxy measures of patient and encounter characteristics for each hypothesized mechanism along with control variables. Encounter-level adherence to the 4Ms was 65.5% (SD = 14.3%). We found support for all three mechanisms. Negative implicit biases were associated with lower adherence for patients who were obese [0.79 percentage points (PP) lower; P < .001] or on Medicaid (0.64 PP lower; P = .002). Positive implicit biases were associated with higher adherence for the oldest old (aged 85+; 2.85 PP higher; P < .001) or with reduced mobility (2.01 PP higher; P < .001). Patients with comprehensive geriatrics care contact (ACE unit and a geriatrics consult) had 5.33 PP higher adherence ( P < .001). While most effects were modest in magnitude, our results suggest that both positive and negative implicit biases, as perceived by the provider, may influence the level of 4Ms adherence. Contact with comprehensive geriatrics care appeared most influential. These insights can be leveraged to develop strategies to achieve equitable delivery of 4Ms care.