bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Impact of GRACE Data Assimilation on Water Storage Dynamics in CLM3.5 and CLM5
Authors: Ewerdwalbesloh Yorck , Springer Anne , Kusche Jürgen
Published: March 2024

The GRACE (Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment) satellite mission as well as its successor GRACE Follow-On have monitored global and regional variability of total water storage (TWS) for the past two decades. Assimilating observations from these missions into hydrological models helps to improve modeled water storages and fluxes, to overcome deficits arising from simplifications or processes that are not considered in the model (e.g. unmodeled anthropogenic impacts), and to disaggregate GRACE observations temporally and spatially. Determining the optimal approach for assimilating these observations into hydrological models remains an ongoing area of research. The choice often depends on specific applications and the characteristics of the model itself.In this study, we analyze the water storage dynamics of two versions of the Community Land Model (CLM) - versions 3.5 and 5 - within a GRACE data assimilation framework over a 12.5 km grid covering Europe. The analysis focuses on assessing (i) the skill of both models without data assimilation, (ii) the impact of GRACE data assimilation on the model performance and (iii) the distribution of assimilation increments to different storage compartments. We evaluate water storages and fluxes simulated by both models against independent observations such as discharge from river gauges and satellite derived soil moisture. The results offer valuable insights into the impact of advancements made in biophysical processes and the representation of the carbon cycle in CLM5. Furthermore, we discuss the effectiveness of GRACE data assimilation and its influence on the behavior of CLM3.5 and CLM5, analyzing whether the assimilation helps to address differences between the two model versions - particularly considering the advancements in CLM5 - which would underline the ability of GRACE data assimilation in mitigating model deficits.
Subduction initiation, propagation and progression recorded along the Sulu and Celebes seas (SE Asia)
Authors: Cadenas Martínez Patricia , R. Ranero César
Published: March 2024

The inception of a subduction system delineates the birth of a destructive plate boundary that constrains the closure of Earth´s oceans. Material and structures of the transient stage between the reactivation of a passive margin and the establishment of a self-sustaining subduction zone are rarely-preserved in the geological record of fossil subduction zones, and natural examples of currently ongoing subduction initiation are scarce. Reported Cenozoic fossil examples have been interpreted to illustrate successive immature stages of plate rupture, underthrusting and the formation of a volcanic arc, all prior to the formation of a mature self-sustained subduction zone. However, many uncertainties about the processes and the kinematics of subduction initiation remain, due to the scarcity- and lack of recent studies- of examples recording the plate rupture and decoupling, the transition to underthrusting, and the formation of the mega-thrust fault.We use seismic images to study active subduction initiation and plate-boundary propagation in the Sulu and Celebes seas located in SE Asia. The two basins formed in Paleogene to Lower Miocene time and since possibly late Miocene, a phase of contractional deformation has led to the creation of the subduction trenches. The Sulu Trench is growing and laterally propagating along the SE margin of the Sulu Sea basin, and the Cotobato and North Sulawesi trenches propagate along the northeastern and southern margins of the Celebes Sea basin.We reprocessed and interpreted >4857 km of 2D seismic reflection profiles that image the structure across three active trenches and the regions where the trenches are laterally propagating and display likely related deformation. We identified and mapped subduction-related structural domains of the downing and overriding plates. The megathrust plate boundary reaching the surface separates a trench filled with turbidites from the thrusts sheets of accretionary prisms, overlain with a forearc basin. The images show pre-existing faults and first-order seismo-stratigraphic horizons along the continental margins away from the trench, and the deformation structures associated to their reactivation and possibly linked to either lateral propagation of the subduction trenches or perhaps the local formation of a new trench.The images illustrate the transition from diffuse deformation to two decoupled plates and to along-strike structural variations of subduction-related structural domains. We show for the first time how the three trenches record the spatial variability of currently active deformation associated to stages of passive margin reactivation, subduction initiation, propagation and progression. These results provide novel insights to further investigate and constrain unsolved questions about the initiation and development of subduction zones.
Advancing Geospatial and Earth Observation Data Analysis: The Role of ISO's Technical Committee 211 in Standardizing Imagery and Gridded Data
Authors: Wilkes Graham , Haq Aliyan , Khokhriakova Anastasiia
Published: March 2024

ISO's Technical Committee 211's Working Group 6 (WG6) standardizes geographic information, focusing on imagery, gridded data, and coverage data, along with their associated metadata. With emphasis on remote sensing and earth observation, WG6 provides standards for geopositioning, calibration, and validation. These combined efforts are foundational in creating structured, multidimensional data for use in data cubes and other gridded data endpoints. Upstream structured grid data is foundational, providing consistency for downstream AI analytics. WG6's standards foster interoperability for use in diverse systems, enabling machines to process and interpret data over spatial, temporal, and spectral dimensions. Such work is critical in advancing open standards for interoperable, multi-dimensional analysis-ready data, for future geospatial and Earth observation data analysis. We will present some of the fundamental standards that exist or are in creation to support multi-dimensional analysis-ready data.
Open-Source Analysis Platform for Solar Energetic Particles provided by SERPENTINE
Authors: Gieseler Jan , Palmroos Christian , Dresing Nina , Kouloumvakos Athanasios , Morosan Diana E. , Price Daniel J. , Trotta Domenico , Vuorinen Laura , Yli-Laurila Aleksi , Asvestari Eleanna , Valkila Saku , Vainio Rami
Published: March 2024

The recently expanded fleet of heliospheric spacecraft presents unique opportunities for exploring solar eruptive phenomena such as coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and solar energetic particles (SEPs) from multiple vantage points. However, the task of integrating diverse observations collected by different instruments across various spacecraft poses a notable challenge. To maximize the utilization of this data within the broader scientific community, the EU Horizon 2020 project SERPENTINE aims to offer a versatile array of tools. These tools, provided as open-source Python Jupyter Notebooks, cater to scientists with limited programming expertise. Alongside comprehensive examples illustrating the utilization of the multi-spacecraft spatial setup and solar magnetic connection plotter Solar-MACH, an analysis platform for studying the energetic particle component of the in-situ observations of SEP events has been developed. This analysis platform comprises visualization tools (e.g., energetic particle time series or dynamic spectra) and analytical software capable of automatically determining SEP onsets or estimating particle path length and injection time via a time-shift analysis approach. Our poster will provide an overview of the available toolkit and instructions on its utilization, which can be seamlessly accessed on SERPENTINE’s dedicated JupyterHub server in the cloud.This research has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 101004159 (SERPENTINE).
From Farm to Fork and from Land to Sea: using a biogeochemical model to understand the impact of agro-food scenarios on the quality of freshwaters and marine waters
Authors: Romero Estela , Garnier Josette , Le Gendre Romain , Billen Gilles
Published: March 2024

The Seine River is one of the best examples of heavily populated rivers where the imprint of human activities on the biogeochemistry of the water can be tracked throughout many centuries. The downstream sector of the river opens out into a large macro tidal estuary, which, like the rest of the watershed, is subject to great human pressure: the estuarine basin hosts ca. 1M inhabitants and plays a fundamental role in the industrial and logistics sectors in France. This thriving activity has led to many morphological changes over the past century, and these deep physical transformations have impacted the role of the estuary as a biogeochemical buffer.We here use a deterministic biogeochemical representation of the land-to-sea continuum that successively involves the GRAFS model of the agro-food system, the Riverstrahler model of the river network and an extended configuration of the ECO-MARS3D that allows assessing the role of the estuary in the transformation, storage, and elimination of nutrients, analysing what are the main biogeochemical processes and what are the estuarine sections where these occur.We then use this unique modelling chain to project different future scenarios, placing particular emphasis on the changes in the agro-food system. The first scenario assumes the pursuit of the current trend of opening and specialisation of agriculture, as well as of the concentration of population within the Paris agglomeration. The second scenario assesses the generalisation of agroecological practices and a healthier human diet. A third hybrid scenario was elaborated assuming that agroecological practices were implemented only in some protected areas, making up about one-third of the total watershed area (in line with the EC Farm to Fork strategy). Results show that only the full agroecological scenario would be able to restore good water quality everywhere in the river network, as well as significantly decrease the risks of toxic algal blooms in the coastal zone. Intermediate situations, such as protecting specific areas, however attractive as a solution, are not enough to offset the impacts of intensive human activities unless the protected areas dedicated to compensating for damage are sufficiently large.
Integrating InSAR coherence and SAR amplitude to unravel the surface change processes operating during extreme rainstorm events in the Atacama Desert.
Authors: Cabré Albert , Marc Odin , Remy Dominique , Carretier Sébastien
Published: March 2024

Devoting more efforts to understand how arid landscapes respond to extreme rainfall events, given the expected increase in storm frequency in the future due to global warming projections, is of great relevance and therefore needs to be addressed. While local studies of recent storm impacts in drylands have proven to be useful, our understanding of global impacts at local-and-regional-scales over longer time-scales is now more qualitative than quantitative.Deciphering the effects of erosion runoff processes operating during extreme rainstorm events requires developing practical measuring approaches that assist understanding the temporal and spatial extent of erosion and sediment pathways in the ephemeral drainage networks of bare lands. The advent of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) satellite missions with, for example, the Sentinel 1 constellation from the ESA, has provided a great number of images that can be used to map the areal and temporal extent of erosion during rainstorm events. As a result, we are now able to unravel surface runoff erosion operating in arid areas using InSAR coherence change detection following, for example, the work of Cabré et al. (2020, 2023). Interferometric SAR (InSAR) coherence can be used to decipher the sediment entrainment areas and identify channels and drainages disturbed by the passage of floods. However, the coherence remains a dimensionless parameter with no physical meaning of surface change. Thus, it cannot be used yet to estimate surface change processes in an automatic basis. For this reason, we have explored the areas with surface change identified in InSAR coherence images using SAR amplitude and field calibration data. In the identified surface change areas we have performed grain-size measurements to prove that sediment grain-size diameter (e.g., D84, D50) in ephemeral channels is well correlated (R=0.93 and 0.72, respectively) with SAR amplitude values and therefore can be used to (i) unravel the downstream variations in grain-size by providing valley-floor grain-size maps and, (ii) identify fluvial features (e.g., longitudinal bars) preserved within the ephemeral channels after the passage of a flood. The latter can be of wide application to monitor ungauged ephemeral channels in arid areas worldwide and provide insights about the dryland sedimentary system dynamics during extreme storm events.
Streamlining Data Pre-processing and Analysis through the V-FOR-WaTer Web Portal
Authors: Strobl Marcus , Azmi Elnaz , Balazs Bischof , Bouguezzi Safa , Dolich Alexander , Hassler Sibylle K. , Mälicke Mirko , Manoj J Ashish , Meyer Jörg , Streit Achim , Zehe Erwin
Published: March 2024

The rapid growth of environmental data and the complexity of data pre-processing tasks poses significant challenges to environmental scientists. Repetitive and error-prone manual data preparation methods not only consume valuable research time but also introduce potential data quality issues. Also, individually pre-processed datasets are hardly reproducible. The V-FOR-WaTer virtual research environment (VRE) addresses these challenges as a powerful tool that seamlessly integrates data access, data pre-processing, and data exploration capabilities.V-FOR-WaTer has an automated data pre-processing workflow to improve data preparation by eliminating the need for manual data cleaning, standardization, harmonization, and formatting. This approach significantly reduces the risk of human error while freeing up researchers to focus on their actual research questions without being hampered by data preparation. The pre-processing tools integrated in the virtual research environment are designed to handle a wide range of data formats, ensuring consistent and reliable data preparation across diverse disciplines. This empowers researchers to seamlessly integrate data from various sources in a standardized manner.The web portal's user-centric design facilitates data exploration and selection through map operations and filtering options, empowering researchers to efficiently identify and focus on relevant data for their analyses. The scalability and extensibility of the V-FOR-WaTer web portal ensures that it can accommodate the ever-growing volume of environmental data and adapt to the evolving research landscape. Its ability to integrate user-developed tools reflects the dynamic nature of environmental research and ensures that the virtual research environment stays up-to-date with the latest advancements in data processing. The comprehensive features and user-friendly interface position it as a valuable tool for environmental scientists, fostering collaboration, streamlining data analysis, and accelerating the advancement of knowledge in the field of hydrology.
Observing ice-bed weakening on a fast flowing glacier with seismic noise interferometry and unsupevised clustering.
Authors: Seydoux Léonard , Nanni Ugo , Goulet Lucien , Pauze Thomas , Köhler Andreas
Published: March 2024

Glacier flow instability often results from changes at the ice-bed interface. However, understanding these processes is challenging due to limited access to the glacier bed. Our study focuses on Kongsvegen glacier in Svalbard, which shows signs of an upcoming rapid flow event. To investigate the potential causes of such acceleration, we installed 20 seismometers along the glacier flowline, from the surface down to 350 m near the ice-bed interface. We combined our seismic monitoring with measurements of surface velocity, basal water pressure, and basal sediment deformation.
First, we performed seismic noise interferometry between stations located along the glacier flowline with inter-station distances ranging from 1 to 12 km. We observed a multi-year decrease in seismic velocity, with a seasonal signal superimposed, showing a melt-season decrease in seismic velocity of 2 to 4%. We compared our observations with 1D models and concluded on the presence of damaged basal ice and/or a weakening of the subglacial sediments. This indicates a mechanical weakening of the ice-bed interface, promoting further glacier acceleration.
Second, we conducted unsupervised clustering of seismic waveforms using a novel approach based on a deep scattering network. Doing so, we observed a yearly increase in surface crevasses concomitant with an increase in basal events, likely indicating stick-slip and/or basal crevasses. This increase is particularly visible during winter, where the number of events steadily increases from year to year. We suggest that, in response to an initial glacier acceleration, new crevasses have opened, providing access pathways for surface meltwater to the base of the glacier, affecting the ice-bed coupling. This mechanism represents a positive hydro-mechanical feedback that fuels further acceleration and crevassing, potentially having wider implications for triggering glacier-wide instabilities, increasing short-term sea-level rise, and local hazards.

 
Announcing the Groundwater Spatial Modeling Challenge
Authors: Nölscher Maximilian , Ohmer Marc , Haaf Ezra , Liesch Tanja
Published: March 2024

Ugh! - Haven’t we already fully explored the potential of spatial modeling of groundwater parameters? Haven’t we reached the limits there? In response to questions about whether we have fully explored the potential in these areas, we are launching this challenge to harness the swarm intelligence of the groundwater modeling community. Our aim is to dispel doubts and encourage creativity in feature development, model selection and training strategies. And why? Because regionalization, interpolation from point data into space, remains a crucial step in generating spatially continuous information and maps. And maps remain a crucial basis of information in sustainable water and resource management.For this purpose we provide a dataset of Nitrate-concentrations in approximately 1800 wells taken within a single month in southwestern Germany. The measured concentrations in the wells are representing concentrations in the most shallow aquifers. Besides Nitrate concentration as target variable, the dataset contains various features, describing the environmental and geological context of each sample site. Different types of models can be applied to model Nitrate concentrations, ranging from deterministic and geostatistical models to statistical/data-driven approaches such as machine learning models. We invite all interested researchers and data science enthusiasts to participate in this challenge as a team or single person. A ranking will be carried out while the challenge is open using a predefined set of model performance metrics on a secret test split. Further information on how to participate and the required data is available at https://groundwater-spatial-modeling-challenge.github.io/challenge2024/.The well defined rules of the challenge regarding the feature set, data splitting and metric choices, will allow the groundwater community to learn from different approaches and conduct a systematic comparison. The results of the challenge will be presented at the General Assembly of the EGU in 2025 and documented in a peer-reviewed paper with model contributors as co-authors on request. Through  this challenge, we hope to increase the awareness in the groundwater community on the range of approaches available for (spatial) modeling of groundwater variables and their advantages and disadvantages.
Impact of Sharp Interfaces on Biofilm Growth: Insights from Mixing Processes in a Flow-Through Column Experiment.
Authors: Trabucchi Michela , Rodriguez Escales Paula , Sanchez Vila Xavier , Carrera Jesus , Fernandez Garcia Daniel
Published: March 2024

Biofilms in porous media host microbial communities that play a central role in the degradation of nutrients and Contaminants of Emerging Concern. Their importance for promoting contaminants removal in the context of Natural Based Solutions is acknowledged, but we still lack a complete understanding and quantification of biofilm growth dynamics in porous media, and their impact on flow and transport behavior.In this context, we aim to investigate the effects of sharp interfaces on the spatial and temporal distribution of biofilms growth and their subsequent role in the evolution of flow and transport properties. For this purpose, we conduct flow-through experiments in sand-packed columns characterized by two homogeneous porous media separated by a sharp interface. We inject electron acceptor and electron donor solutions sequentially and multiple times. This creates multiple reactive mixing zones that flow and evolve through the system, depending on the porous medium. The high-resolution monitoring system enables the quantification of biofilm activity, as well as changes in hydraulic conductivity over time and at different sections of the column. Additionally, image analysis allows for the evaluation of the spatial distribution of biofilm growth over time, while breakthrough curve concentrations derived from several tracer tests provide further insights into overall transport parameter changes.
Relic glacial landforms in the southern Baltic Sea Basin
Authors: Tylmann Karol , Grinbauma Inese , Greenwood Sarah L. , Piotrowski Jan A.
Published: March 2024

The seafloor geomorphology of glaciated continental margins occasionally hosts relic glacial landforms that serve as proxies of the ice sheet dynamics. The Baltic Sea is a relatively shallow, epicontinental, young sea whose formation after the last deglaciation was modulated by global sea-level fluctuations and isostatic adjustments. During the last glaciation, the Baltic Basin (BB) was one of the major advance corridors of the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet (FIS) towards the Central European Plain. It hosted the Baltic Ice Stream Complex – a zone of potentially highly dynamic, warm-based, fast-flowing ice that drained central parts of the ice sheet. Therefore, BB is a key region for reconstructing the dynamics of the last FIS southern sector. However, the availability of high-resolution bathymetric data which may better constrain BB’s geomorphology is still limited. In particular, the southern part of the BB suffers from a lack of high-resolution bathymetry, which leaves glacial landforms, potentially preserved at the seafloor, largely unrecognized here.
Here, we present the results of mapping relic glacial landforms in some areas of the southern BB. The landforms were mapped in ArcGIS based on bathymetric models obtained from the Polish Navy Hydrographic Office and from the Swedish Maritime Administration as 2- to 10-m grids. We identified individual glacial landforms such as: ribbed moraines, ridges of terminal moraines, subglacial meltwater channels, eskers and ploughmarks. Mapping was performed by on-screen digitizing at various scales, depending on landform dimensions. The outcome is a GIS map of glacial geomorphological features preserved at the seafloor. This is a first map displaying the distribution and morphology of relic glacial landforms based on high-resolution bathymetric data in the southern BB.
The research is part of the project "STREAMBAL" funded by the National Science Centre in Poland (grant no 2021/41/B/ST10/01086). 
Assessing the future IRS-MTG NH3 and temperature observations
Authors: Guendouz Nadir , Viatte Camille , Boynard Anne , Safieddine Sarah , Standfuss Carsten , Turquety Solène , Van Damme Martin , Clarisse Lieven , Coheur Pierre , Armante Raymond , Prunet Pascal , Clerbaux Cathy
Published: March 2024

Ammonia (NH3) is an atmospheric pollutant mainly emitted by the agricultural sector, which has an effect on public health since it is a precursor of fine particles (PM2.5). The diurnal variability of NH3 in the atmosphere and its transformation into particles are poorly constrained and strongly depend on meteorological parameters, in particular temperature. This strongly influences our ability to correctly simulate NH3 emissions and associated particulate pollution events in atmospheric modelsThe IRS (InfraRed Sounder) instrument which will be launched on the MTG (Meteosat Third Generation) satellite into geostationary orbit in late 2024, will offer the ability to evaluate NH3 diurnal variabilities and its dependence on atmospheric temperature with frequent measurements (every 30-45 minutes over Europe and Africa) and fine spatial resolution (4 km x 4 km at the Equator and Greenwich meridian).This work shows the potential of the European geostationary IRS-MTG mission to capture the spatio-temporal variability of ammonia and temperature focusing on a case study over the Brittany region in France. Synthetic spectra are simulated from the 4A/OP radiative transfer model using atmospheric states derived from the CHIMERE chemistry-transport model. The IRS NH3 observations are compared to the current IASI observations in terms of vertical sensitivity and error budget. The uncertainty analysis over the Brittany region is calculated using NH3 Jacobians computed from the 4A/OP radiative code and the noise covariance matrix provided by each satellite.
The November 2023 severe pollution episode in Pakistan and Northern India 
Authors: Sinnathamby Selviga , Safieddine Sarah , Viatte Camille , Hadji-Lazaro Juliette , George Maya , Coheur PIerre , Clarisse Lieven , Van Damme Martin , Clerbaux Cathy
Published: March 2024

South Asia, with its high population density supported by thriving industrial and agricultural sectors, is one of the most polluted region in the world. In early November 2023, the region along the Himalayas, the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP), experienced a severe air pollution episode that affected visibility over several thousand kilometers and impacted millions of inhabitants.Here we use a variety of measurements and datasets to attempt to untangle the reasons behind the formation and the buildup of this pollution episode. Using IASI (Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer) measurements, embarked on board of the Metop satellites, we find exceptionnally high concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO) and ammonia (NH3) in the Northwestern states of IGP. Fire satellite measurements from MODIS (Terra and Aqua) and VIIRS (Suomi-NPP and NOAA-20) show that CO is mainly emitted from agricultural waste burning, prevalent at the post-monsoon season. NH3 primarily emanated from extensive applications of nitrogenous fertilizers, as well as fires, contributing to the formation of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in the region and degrading the air quality as seen by local air quality stations. ERA5 reanalysis unveiled that these high concentrations of pollutants and their buildup was favored by meteorological conditions that resulted in air mass stagnation, facilitating the accumulation of pollutants in the region.This study builds a framework to demonstrate the potential of using satellite instruments data, in situ measurements, and reanalysis combined to understand the formation and the progression of air pollution episodes in South Asia.
Urban turbulence fluxes for free!  Estimating the surface fluxes for heat, moisture and momentum over cities from crowdsourced observations.
Authors: Steeneveld Gert-Jan , Wijnholds Fidessa , van der Meer Wessel
Published: March 2024

The interest in urban meteorology is growing and thus the need to understand and quantify the urban energy balance consisting of the sensible heat flux (QH), the latent heat flux (QE) and the momentum flux (u*) is essential. However, professional meteorological flux observations over cities are scarce and challenging to maintain. Nevertheless, many cities have a dense network of personal weather stations, operated by citizens. This study presents a model to estimate turbulence fluxes over cities that is driven by air temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity from urban weather stations and by information about the urban morphology. The model was tested against flux observations in Amsterdam (the Netherlands) once fed with professional observations from the automatic weather stations of the Amsterdam Atmospheric Monitoring Supersite and once from crowdsourced observations Netatmo personal weather stations. Overall, for both professional and crowdsourced input the estimated QH and u∗ agreed with the observations, whereas the model performed relatively poor for QE. Using crowdsourced input resulted in nearly identical root mean squared errors (RMSE) for QH and QE as using professional input, whereas for u∗ the RMSE was smaller when professional input was used. The model performed better during daytime, under conditions with few clouds and without precipitation. Also, we test the approach for Vienna (Austria) and Tokyo (Japan), and develop the approach further and show that the spatial variability of the temperature across an urban network can be used as proxi for the downwelling solar radiation. Although there is room for model improvement, our results illustrates the potential of using crowdsourced observations to estimate the urban surface fluxes for heat, moisture and momentum.
Disentangling nitrogen turnover in Nature Based Solutions: hydrodynamic properties and reactive behavior 
Authors: Presta Ludovica , Brunetti Giuseppe , Stumpp Christine , Turco Michele , Piro Patrizia
Published: March 2024

Nature Based Solutions (NBS) are known to play a key role in urban water management by increasing the infiltration, retention, and evapotranspiration capacity of urban areas. However, their potential use for contaminant removal has only been partially investigated. To address this issue, this study presents an experimental analysis of the nitrogen turnover in selected typical NBS substrates. Soil column experiments were combined with laboratory methods to characterize the hydrodynamic properties of porous media and elucidate the nitrification process in NBSs. In a first experimental campaign, saturated soil columns were injected with a natural tracer (deuterium) to characterize non-reactive solute transport in different substrates. Breakthrough curves exhibit significant tailing, thus suggesting the existence of a complex interplay between a mobile and an immobile domain. A second experimental campaign was carried out in larger unsaturated soil columns periodically injected with wastewater. Nitrogen species were measured in the effluent to describe the nitrogen turnover in soils. Results are characterized by two distinct phases, in which nitrate is initially not detectable in the outflow but later becomes the dominant species. This behavior indicates the existence of an initial microbial adaptation phase, followed by an efficient nitrification process supported by the oxic conditions in the substrate. Altogether, observations highlight the complex hydraulic and reactive behavior of NBSs substrates, which should be properly combined with modeling to better understand and design NBS systems for pollutant treatment.
High precision stable isotope analysis of carbonate and water samples for paleoclimate applications using the Elementar iso DUAL INLET
Authors: Preece Calum , Barker Sam , Seed Mike , Price Will , Berstan Rob
Published: March 2024

Paleoclimate research is important for understanding past, current and future climate, providing the data needed to model and predict current and future climate change scenarios. Stable isotope analysis provides an essential tool for gathering past climate information from natural archives such as waters including ice-cores, ground waters, and biological waters; and carbonate materials such as foraminifera and other fossilized carbonates. Due to the often limited and small sample sizes available for stable isotope analysis it is vital that highly precise and accurate analysis can be carried out on the smallest of sample sizes.Dual inlet technology remains the most precise, accurate and sensitive technique for pure gas, carbonate and water analysis. The Elementar iso DUAL INLET is a valuable tool for paleoclimate applications, enabling the analysis of pure gas samples within an incredibly compact footprint via our powerful lyticOS software suite. The 14-ultra low dead volume valves with bodies machined from a single block of high purity stainless steel and dedicated turbomolecular pump for the changeover valve guarantees zero residual memory effects between reference and sample gas.The iso DUAL inlet can be optionally enhanced for the automated analysis of carbonate and water samples. With the iso AQUA PREP enhancement, up to 180 water samples can be analysed achieving δ18O precision better than 0.05‰ (1σ, n=10) and δD precision better than 1‰ (1σ, n=10), for any environmental water sample. The iso CARB PREP enhancement enables automated analysis of up to 180 micro-fossil samples for 13C and 18O down to 20μg sample size. For the highest productivity, both carbonate and water analysis can be performed with the iso MULTI PREP enhancement with switching between modes needing simply a change of needle. The IRMS collector configuration can also be upgraded for “clumped isotope analysis” of carbonate materials.We will highlight the performance of the iso DUAL INLET with carbonate and water functionality across a range of sample types for paleoclimate applications, supporting researchers building a detailed understanding of the past to better inform policy makers for the future.
Lessons learnt on convection-permitting models and their uncertainty at both global and regional scale 
Authors: Fosser Giorgia , Bordoni Simona
Published: March 2024

The past 10 years of research proved that regional convection-permitting models (RCPMs) more realistically represent sub-daily statistics and extremes compared to GCMs and RCMs thanks to the possibility to switch off the parameterisation of convection at this resolution. Now, thanks to recent computational advancements, GCMs are approaching convection-permitting resolution (GCPM), but little is known on their performance at climatological scale over Europe.Here we compare two 5-year GCPM simulations performed with IFS and ICON, respectively at 9 and 5km, within the NextGEMs project against the multi-model RCPM ensemble at circa 3 km run under the CORDEX Flagship Pilot project on Convective Phenomena over Europe and the Mediterranean (FPS Convection). The analysis focuses on the representation of sub-daily precipitation characteristics between GCPMs in comparison with the RCPM ensemble and several regional observational datasets over the greater Alpine region. In additional, the impact of a higher resolution (5km instead of 25km) of the ocean model is investigated thanks to an additional GCPM run. The natural variability of the GCPMs is evaluated with a bootstrapping approach and put in relation with the total and model uncertainty of the RCPM ensemble.  Having GCMs that realistically represent the large-scale dynamics as well as the local scale process would be a crucial step forward and provide further confidence on the climate projections and support the Destination Earth project of the European Community.
Study on reservoir architecture characteristics and heterogeneity of the fan delta front
Authors: Wei Tianhui
Published: March 2024

  The fan delta reservoir is developed in many basins in China widely, with which internal sand body structure is complex and strong heterogeneity. It is of great significance for the development of high water cut oilfield to determine the single sand-body superposed pattern and the development characteristics of inside the single sand-body in reservoir.Taking the upper Es3 in Gangzhong Oilfield, Huanghua Depression as an example, this paper studies the reservoir architecture characteristics and heterogeneity of the fan delta front.Most of the studies on reservoir architecture of fan-delta front at home and abroad focus on identification and quantitative characterization, but the characteristics and heterogeneity of architecture units under the constraints of a Multi-level interface are not explained.In view of the above problems, the author combined core, well logging and seismic data and took sedimentary genetic model as the constraint condition to quantitatively characterize the architecture interface in hierarchical order. Through the classification of architecture levels, the characteristics of composite genetic sand body and single genetic sand body and the study of heterogeneity, the reservoir architecture and heterogeneity of the upper submember of Sha3 in Gangzhong Oilfield were revealed. It provides a powerful theoretical basis for the subsequent exploitation of oil fields.  Specific steps include: (i) Combined with the sedimentary background of the fan delta front and the actual situation of the working area, the fine anatomy of the single genetic sand body and the composite genetic sand body is carried out by using the data of the dense well pattern, and the architecture model of the fan delta front in the study area is improved; (ii) Based on the identification marks of the architecture interface, the development characteristics of the architecture units constrained by the interface at all levels were defined, the overlapping mode inside the composite genetic sand body and the distribution characteristics of the sand body on the plane were established, and the characteristics of the single genetic sand body were described. The heterogeneity inside the architecture unit was analyzed according to the data, and finally the control effect of the reservoir heterogeneity was clarified by combining the sedimentary and tectonic processes; (iii) Through dynamic and static analysis, the remaining oil distribution model under the control of different reservoir architectures is established. The control effect of multi-stage architecture on remaining oil distribution is clarified, and the understanding of the control effect of reservoir architecture on remaining oil can provide reference for the exploitation of potential in the later stage of high water cut old oil field.
Analysis of Soil Hydraulic Parameters effects on soil water modelling based on Danish soil water monitoring systems. 
Authors: Dastranj Maryam , Børgesen Christen Duus , Vangsø Iversen Bo
Published: March 2024

Accurate soil hydraulic parameters are crucial in effectively modeling agricultural field processes where soil water plays a crucial role (e.g. nitrate leaching processes, crop growth, etc.). Three horizons soil maps, called AC maps, have been developed for Denmark including related standard soil profile descriptions including three soil horizons (A, B and C) with data on soil texture, organic matter and soil hydraulic parameters (SHPs) which have been determined using a Danish developed pedotransfer function (PTF) predicting the vanGenuchten Mualem SHP called P10 . However, the standard soils have not been validated on simulating temporal change in soil water content (SWC). This study aims to evaluate the accuracy of the SHP set up obtained from the P10 and HYPRES (European developed PTF model predicting the predicting vanGenuchten Mualem SHP) as inputs for the Daisy model simulations (Danish soil-water-plant-atmosphere system model based on solving Richards equation in 1-D), by comparing simulations with measured SWC. Soil water content was measured at four different soil depth (25, 60, 90, and 110 cm, respectively) using TDR equipment for three different soil texture classes at three different experimental fields in Denmark for a period of 20 years. Statistical parameters including root mean square error (RMSE) and normalized root mean square error and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient (NSE) were used to analysis the precision of the soil water content simulations. The results of the study indicate that the differences between simulated soil water content using the P10 PTF and measured values were not statistically significant. However, it was significant using HYPRES PTFs in Jyndevad (sandy soil). The NRMSE, RMSE (%), and NSE values varied between 0.14-0.38, 4.56-10.8 (%), and 0.78-0.98, respectively. In comparison, simulations using the HYPRES model had NRMSE, RMSE, and NSE values of 0.16-0.69, 4.16-7.39 (%), and 0.09-0.98, respectively. Our results suggest that P10 PTFs provided more accurate simulations of soil water content in Denmark compared to HYPRES. High values of NRMSE are related to the simulations in 60 cm depth for the site where the soil had the highest percentage of clay (ranging from 30-43%). However, high values of NSE indicate that the model successfully simulates the pattern of soil water variation during different days using AC map data. It is important to mention that soils with clay content exceeding 20% are rarely found in Denmark. In conclusion, the SHPs obtained from AC maps (P10 PTFs model) appear to be reliable and suitable for soil water simulations. Key words: Soil maps, clay content, soil water content, Daisy model, Hydraulic parameters, Pedotransfer functions. 
Exploring Global and Local Water Scarcity Dynamics through Causal Discovery and Structural Causal Models
Authors: Leijnse Myrthe , Bierkens Marc F.P. , Wanders Niko
Published: March 2024

Water scarcity is driven by diverse natural and anthropogenic factors and represents a critical global challenge. Structural Causal Models are powerful tools to reveal the intricate interactions among social, ecological and hydrological components within human-water systems affected by water scarcity. This study integrates causal thinking into statistical and data-driven hydrological modelling, offering a different perspective on understanding system dynamics affecting water resources in water-scarce regions, the so-called water scarcity hotspots.In this work we apply causal discovery methods to independent timeseries of sectoral water demand, social-economic variables, meteorological drivers and groundwater depletion to obtain a causal network representing human-water system interactions at global water scarcity hotpots. To derive this network we use global datasets and advanced causal network learning algorithms, specifically (Joint-)PCMCI (Runge et al., 2023). Recognizing the importance of large data sample sizes for a robust global causal network, we further extend our approach to construct a causal network specific to one of the water scarcity hotspots (California), using more detailed local data. Therefore, our framework provides a comprehensive understanding of water scarcity dynamics including both global and local scales. Through a comparative analysis of network outcomes derived from global datasets with those specific to California, we evaluate the effectiveness of our causal inference modelling framework.After conducting and evaluating the causal networks at global and local scale, we applied methods from structural causal modelling and statistical machine learning to estimate causal effects of anthropogenic or natural system changes on water availability at water scarcity hotspots. This framework allows us to answer important (counterfactual) questions, such as understanding how the rate of unsustainable groundwater abstraction is affected by shifts in water management practices e.g., a reduction in irrigated cropland area.As such, this work contributes to understanding how using causal inference methods are valuable to modelling of water scarcity, ultimately providing input to informed decision-making in water resource management and finding strategies to mitigate water scarcity impacts.Runge, J., Gerhardus, A., Varando, G., Eyring, V., & Camps-Valls, G. (2023). Causal inference for time series. Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, 4(7), 487-505.
Influence of Design Storm Profiles on Flood Peak Discharge in a Small River Catchment
Authors: Banasik Kazimierz , Hejduk Leszek , Krajewski Adam , Woodward Donald E. , Wałęga Andrzej , Więzik Beniamin
Published: March 2024

Estimations of flood peak discharges of low probability of exceedance are required for designing and maintaining hydraulic and road structures (reservoirs, weirs, water intakes, bridges, culverts) as well as for flood protection, including assessment of the risk of flooding. Rainfall-runoff models are usually the only alternative for such estimations in case of small catchments, as there is a lack of sufficient, good quality historic data to be used for applying the traditional i.e. statistical methods. The aim of this study was to check responses of a small agro-forested, lowland catchment located in center of Poland to rainfall of assumed probability of exceedance and of three profiles of intensity (i.e. a/ constant intensity, b/ asymmetric one with highest intensity between 0.3 and 0.5 its duration, c/ symmetric one with single peaked intensity) and various storm duration.A regional formula, developed by state hydrological service, on relationship of intensity-duration-frequency, applicable also for region of center of Poland, has been used to find rainfall depths of the events with probability of exceedance of 1% (return period of 100 years) and various duration (i.e. D = 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 60 and 72 h), as input data for runoff hydrograph simulation. As the catchment, which area is 82.4 km2, has long term monitoring history, the model parameters, as Curve Number of NRCS (Natural Resources Conservation Service), used for extracting the effective rainfall (direct runoff) from total rainfall depth and parameters of Nash model, used for transformation of effective rainfall into direct runoff hydrograph, were estimated from recorded rainfall-runoff events. Over 50-year-continuous discharge record allowed us to estimate the 100 year flood, by applying statistical method for the investigated catchment, as 25,6 m3/s which form a base for comparison of the results of application of the rainfall-runoff model.Results of modelling of the of rainfall-runoff process indicate: a/ that critical rainfall duration (producing highest peak discharges) of the three storm profiles were between 24 and 60 hours, and b/ higher peak discharges at critical rainfall durations of the three storm profiles than one of statistical method. The differences (overestimates) were from 1.6% for the constant intensity to 30.0% for the symmetric single peaked intensity.