bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kontinuität und Neuanfang bei Lukas Göttliches Handeln an der Zeitenwende
Authors: Blumenthal Christian
Published: November 2012

Abstract

Recent approaches towards Luke 1 have accentuated the theocentric perspective of this narrative, which also lead towards emphasizing a relationship of continuity between John and Jesus. This theocentric perspective, however, has only scarcely been described in terms of narratology. The following analysis describes what is told about God in Luke 1 and how it is told. By employing the narratological distinction between “story” and “discourse” it becomes evident that Luke’s way of writing about God’s action, reflects his attempt to achieve a balance between continuity and new beginning in his concept of history. Concerning the relationship between the figures of John and Jesus, it follows that they belong together in their common relationship with God, but at the same time a caesura is marked between them that highlights the role of Jesus.
Tanaidacea (Peracarida) from Macaronesia I. The deep-water fauna off the Selvagen Islands, Portugal
Authors: Larsen K.
Published: November 2012

Three new species of Tanaidacea are described from the Portuguese Selvagen Islands in the Mid-Atlantic, and collected during the EMPC expedition on board the “N.R.P. Almirante Gago Coutinho” in the summer of 2010. The new species belong to the tanaidomorphan genera,Bathyleptochelia,Pseudoarthrura, andTyphlotanais.
Addressing Social Heterogeneity: Comparative Policy and Performance in Latin America
Authors: Muno Wolfgang
Published: November 2012

Abstract

Social heterogeneity has always been a critical problem in Latin American societies. The paper analyzes how Latin American democratic governments tackle social inequality and what effects these strategies have. Five countries are compared qualitatively-two countries with moderate left governments, following moderate strategies (Chile, Brazil) and two cases with radical left governments, following more radical strategies (Venezuela, Bolivia). In addition, Mexico is included as a control due to its conservative government. Different policy strategies are described and the effects of the policies are analyzed. Do radical efforts yield a better result regarding social equality? The results show a remarkable trend: the radical left seems to fare better than the moderate, the left better than the conservative.
Technology and Development in Latin America: Urgent Challenges for the 21st Century
Authors: Buono R. A.Dello
Published: November 2012

Abstract

Capitalist globalization has accelerated technological development but the result has been to intensify global inequalities and reproduce the structures of underdevelopment in entire world regions. In Latin America, the era of Keynesian developmentalism sought to overcome foreign domination that prevailed in modernization-style development regimes. Advances made in that era were halted and later reversed through the imposition of neoliberalism throughout the region. Neoliberal development increased developing country dependency upon foreign technologies and reproduces the structures of underdevelopment. Anti-neoliberal alternatives are possible even under conditions of severe economic crisis as illustrated by the Cuban socialist model. Other countries will likewise need to pursue more endogenously oriented technology policies if they are to overcome the crippling impact of the neoliberal period.
Machiavellian Democracy, John P. McCormick, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011
Authors: Del Lucchese Filippo
Published: November 2012

Abstract

McCormick’s book engages with the theoretical and political positions discussed by the Italian philosopher Niccolò Machiavelli about five centuries ago, and, in particular, the creation of the tribunes of the plebs. In ancient Rome, plebeian power had been institutionalised through the creation of tribunes. According to McCormick, a similar institution would offer a legitimate forum for expression to the people in modern democracies. In fact, following Machiavelli’s suggestions, this would contribute to the implementation of a new form of democracy, more respectful of the people and more eager to defend values such as freedom and independence from the influence of the powerful and the rich. In this review, Filippo Del Lucchese comments on McCormick’s book from a Marxist point of view. One of the strongest points of the book is the discussion of the opposition between democracy and republicanism. Over the last decades, the latter has in fact been absorbed into the sphere of influence of the Cambridge School, and neutralised, or at least defused its most interesting and radical aspects. McCormick’s attempt to repoliticise the Machiavellian discourse is indeed praiseworthy, yet, by mainly focusing on the ‘institutionalisation’ of popular power, McCormick fails to discern the most radical elements of Machiavelli’s thought. From this angle, the review discusses McCormick’s use of the category of ‘class’ and offers a different perspective on the revolutionary dimension.
A Kūfan Jurist in Yemen: Contextualizing Muḥammad b. Sulaymān al-Kūfī’s Kitāb al-Muntaḫab
Authors: Haider Najam
Published: November 2012

Abstract

This study explores the intellectual legacy of the Kūfan jurist Muḥammad b. Sulaymān al-Kūfī (d. early 4th/10th century) who eventually settled in Yemen and was part of the intellectual circle surrounding al-Hādī ilā l-Ḥaqq Yaḥyā b. al-Ḥusayn (d. 298/911). It offers an analysis of his most important work, Kitāb al-–Muntaḫab, through a singular ritual law case study that focuses on the use of the basmala in the daily prayer. The conclusion points towards the Muntaḫab’s value as a possible conduit for accessing a stream of Kūfan jurisprudence which has not survived into the modern period.
Zaydī revival in a hostile republic: Competing identities, loyalties and visions of state in Republican Yemen1
Authors: King James Robin
Published: November 2012

Abstract

The phenomena of identity formation, religious interpretation and political state-building all intersect in post-imamate Yemen and the positions of Zaydīs therein. This paper investigates the identification and loyalty tensions facing Yemen’s Zaydī community, examining whether or not a recent revival in Zaydī identity, thought and practice has diminished Zaydīs’ loyalties to the Republic of Yemen, which emerged from a state-building project that aimed to reduce maḏhab allegiances and neutralize the influence of Zaydī religious elites. In Yemen today, practicing Zaydīs (particularly those from historically prominent sayyid families) are forced to navigate a “good Zaydī-bad Zaydī” typology that treats Zaydī subjectivities and activism as sectarian at best, subversive at worst. This paper explores the efforts of a group of Zaydī scholar-activists to broaden Zaydīs’ political, social and theological space to define their composite identifications and loyalties. In the context of the divisive Ḥūṯī conflict, as well as the nationwide pro-democracy protests against the regime of ʿAlī ʿAbd Allāh Ṣāliḥ, these Zaydī leaders are disentangling the regime and certain anti-Zaydī elements of dominant Republican ideology from the state. They assert their right to oppose the former, using both modern discourses and classical Zaydī concepts, within the confines of the latter.
Rites without Symbols
Authors: Bronkhorst Johannes
Published: November 2012

Abstract

In this article the argument is that there are rites, or parts of rites, that can be understood by all concerned without recourse to symbolical interpretation. This position is illustrated with the help of examples from different cultures and religions that impose a social hierarchy: typically there is one person or party that is superior, another one that is inferior. The initiator of such rites can be the superior or the inferior person/party. A discussion of these illustrations gives rise to further reflections, notably about the role of violence in ritual.
Zum zeitgenössischen theoretischen Kontext von Hermann Cohens Ästhetik
Authors: Nachtsheim Stephan
Published: November 2012

The tendency to isolate aesthetics in the study of fine arts and in basic fine arts research as well as through the aesthetics of empathy goes back to post-Kantian philosophy. This way of thinking, as far as it was of particular interest to Cohen, dominated aesthetics and art theory during the time of the publication his Ästhetik des reinen Gefühls (1912). In the Marburg School itself, the systematic basis of aesthetics began to shift in 1912.
The Psychological Temperament of Anglican Clergy in Ordained Local Ministry (OLM): The Conserving, Serving Pastor?
Authors: Francis Leslie J. , Village Andrew
Published: November 2012

Abstract

This study draws on psychological type theory as originally proposed by Jung (1971) and psychological temperament theory as proposed by Keirsey and Bates (1978) to explore the hypothesis that ordained local ministers (OLMs) within the Church of England reflect a psychological profile more in keeping with the profile of Church of England congregations than with the profile of established professional mobile clergy serving in the Church of England. Data provided by 135 individuals recently ordained as OLMs (79 women and 56 men) supported the hypothesis. Compared with established professional mobile clergy there is a higher proportion of the Epimethean Temperament (SJ) among OLMs. Oswald and Kroeger (1988) characterise SJ religious leaders as ‘the conserving, serving pastor’. The implications of these findings are discussed for the evolving ministry of the Church of England.
How Many Gods in Heaven? Young Children and Religious Plurality — Results of a Qualitative Study
Authors: Dubiski Katja , Maull Ibtissame , Schweitzer Friedrich
Published: November 2012

Abstract

Multireligious contexts are considered a routine challenge for growing children today, yet very little is known empirically about how children deal with religious differences. Studies by developmentalists like David Elkind, fifty years ago, have not been followed up and more recent research on young children and religion has tended to centre on other questions. The article that follows is based on a study of 140 children (mean age 4.9 years) interviewed in the context of kindergartens in Germany. After describing their research procedures, the authors present results regarding knowledge, experience, attitudes, and linguistic skills in the context of different religions. Throughout the article, special emphasis is laid on the issue of God, or different Gods, as perceived by the children. The authors conclude by suggesting a number of educational consequences.
Developments at the International Criminal Court
Authors: Solano McCausland Julieta , Carnero Rojo Enrique
Published: November 2012

Abstract

This column covers the activity of the International Criminal Court during the last third of 2010 through mid-May 2011. The Court has continued investigating situations in five countries (the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, Sudan, the Central African Republic and Kenya) and opened a new investigation following a referral by the United Nations Security Council (Libya). The judicial activity of the Court continued with four accused persons undergoing trial, two more waiting for their trial to start, and six more awaiting the confirmation of charges hearing. The Chambers of the Court continued to develop the rules applicable to pre-trial and trial proceedings. In the period covered by this column they confirmed the law on the admissibility of a case, ruled on the proceedings concerning the first challenge by a State to the admissibility of a case and on stay of proceedings, and brought consistency on the issue of victim participation across cases.
To What Extent Has Reverse Discrimination Been Reversed?
Authors: Oosterom-Staples Helen
Published: November 2012

Abstract

This contribution will try to answer the question whether and to what extent the introduction of the genuine enjoyment-test by the CJEU in Ruiz Zambrano can put an end to cases of reverse discrimination. A broad reading of the so-called inter-State link in the CJEU’s earlier case law, has mitigated the effects of this restriction, but has not meant that reverse discrimination has disappeared. It is argued that the genuine enjoyment-test, which obliges Member States not to execute measures which affect the genuine enjoyment of citizenship rights, has the potential to put an end to reverse discrimination. To move the test on so that it protects all Union citizens, rather than being restricted to ‘special cases, who are confronted with a national measure affecting the genuine enjoyment of the substance of their citizenship rights’, the rights affected by the test need to be established and, subsequently, the substance of those rights needs to be outlined.
Youth Understanding & Assertion of Legal Rights: Examining the Roles of Age and Power
Authors: Goodwin-De Faria Christine , Marinos Voula
Published: November 2012

Young people are entitled to the same legal rights as adults. However past research has questioned the extent to which youth effectively understand their rights and perceive that they can assert them when necessary because of their development and power differences vis-à-vis adult criminal justice professionals. Young people’s understanding of their due process rights under theCanadian Charter of Rights and FreedomsandUnited Nations Convention on the Rights of the Childwere examined. Participants were fifty adolescents ranging in age from 13-17 who received a diversionary response by the Crown prosecutor or were sentenced by the court to probation in a courthouse in Toronto, Ontario. Results of semi-structured interviews conducted with youth indicated that while age plays some role, the lack of power experienced by youth vis-à-vis criminal justice professionals has the most bearing on the inability of youth to exercise their rights. Implications of the study are discussed.
Les « marques d'envie » : métaphysique et embryologie chez Descartes
Authors: Gaudemard Lynda
Published: November 2012

This paper explores the interaction between medicine and metaphysics in modern natural philosophy and especially in Descartes' philosophy. I argue that Descartes' hypothetical account of birthmarks in connection with his embryology provides an argumentative proof of the metaphysical necessity of a substantial union between mind and body, which however does not threaten his doctrine of the real distinction between these two substances. It would appear that his argument relies on a temporal conception of alethic modalities and provides a new answer to Henricus Regius who in 1641 claimed that, for Descartes, the human being is an ens per accidens.
“To the Ends of the Earth”: Mission, Migration and the Impact of African-led Pentecostal Churches in the European Diaspora
Authors: Asamoah-Gyadu J. Kwabena
Published: November 2012

Abstract

The rise of immigrant churches and African-led churches in the Diaspora is one of the most important developments to occur in world mission at the end of the 20th century. Most of these churches are made up of Africans who felt left out in the historic churches of the West. A number of these are of Pentecostal/charismatic persuasion and have developed into some of the most dynamic religious communities in the countries where they exist. Additionally, a new type of African-led church has emerged in the diaspora in Europe. This article is a case study of two well-known African diaspora mega-churches in Europe, the Church of the Embassy of the Blessed Kingdom of God for all Nations based in Kyiv, Ukraine led by Sunday Adelaja, and the London-based Kingsway International Christian Center led by Matthew Ashimolowo. Using the conversion narratives of the born-again experience and the subsequent redemptive uplifts that people testify to have experienced through these churches, the article discusses the importance of these developments within the context of mission and migration in the diaspora.
Discovering the Presence of Christ in the World: A Response to Wolfgang Klausnitzer [2]
Authors: COLLINS PAUL M.
Published: November 2012

 ABSTRACT
PaulCollins offers aresponsetoWolfgang Klausnitzer's paper for the sixtieth anniversaryofDietrich Bonhoeffer's death.Collins takesup his referencetoRahner'sappeal to 'Mystagogy' andreflectsonBonhoeffer'sownuseof the terminology andpracticeof ChristianInitiation inthe early Church,in hisappeal to the Arkandisziplin. These reflections are drawn together in the light of postmodern philosophy and the call to 'think otherwise'. In conclusion Bonheoffer's challenge to the theological status quo of his own day is applied to the contemporary situation.
MATHEMATICAL INSTRUMENTS AND THE THEORY OF THE CONCAVE SPHERICAL MIRROR: GALILEO'S OPTICS BEYOND ART AND SCIENCE
Authors: DUPRE SVEN
Published: November 2012

title RIASSUNTO /title L'articolo, nel quale vengono presi in esame gli studi di ottica di Galileo precedenti all'utilizzazione del cannocchiale, cercher di dimostrare come l'anacronistica distinzione tra arte e scienza abbia oscurato il reale significato dell'ottica galileiana. L'attenzione concentrata in maniera particolare su di un documento poco conosciuto contenuto nel MS Gal. 83, Theorica speculi concavi sphaerici, che sempre risultato di difficile intepretazione, perch le sue relazioni con le reali tradizioni di ricerca in cui si mossa l'opera galileiana non sono mai state ben comprese.
PANOPTICON LAVOISIER: BASE DE DONNES ET HISTOIRE DOCUMENTAIRE DE LA RVOLUTION CHIMIQUE
Authors: BERETTA MARCO
Published: November 2012

title RIASSUNTO /title Panopticon Lavoisier costituisce un progetto internazionale il cui scopo riunire in un'unica base dati la maggior parte delle collezioni lavoisieriane. Pinakes, il modello di base dati relazionale progettato a questo scopo, gi stato utilizzato nella catalogazione della collezione dei manoscritti di Antoine Laurent Lavoisier conservata alle Archives de l'Acadmie des Sciences a Parigi (catalogo pubblicato nel 1999). L'articolo illustra la natura e i ?CTRLerr type="1" mess="Doute Cars isoles avec recollage" ?contenuti di questo catalogo cos come le future applicazione di Pinakes ad altre collezioni lavoisieriane. Come suggerito nelle conclusioni attraverso alcuni esempi, l'applicazione di questo tipo di database relazionale alla storia della scienza e della tecnica apre nuovi orizzonti alla simultanea valorizzazione degli archivi e musei scientifici.
UNA PRIMA ILLUSTRAZIONE A STAMPA DEL TERMOMETRO
Authors: HELBING MARIO OTTO
Published: November 2012

titleSUMMARY /title Paolo Aresi (1574-1644) in his commentary on De generatione et corruptione published in Milan (1617) gives a remarkable first illustration of a thermometer; he also describes the instrument and how it works in the context of the question on rarefaction and condensation.
THE PAPERS OF THE INSTRUMENT DEALER, COLLECTOR AND RESEARCHER THOMAS HENRY COURT (1868-1951)
Authors: DE CLERCQ PETER
Published: November 2012

title SUMMARY /title Thomas Henry Court (1868-1951) played an important role in the growth of the collection of scientific instruments in the Science Museum in South Kensington. This led to the formation of a file in the museum's official registry ('The Court file'). Of Court's own documentation and papers on instruments, the bulk was passed on to the microscope collector Harold Heywood, but some came into the museum's possession, probably together with his instruments. In 1979 and 1992, respectively, these two groups of documents were deposited in the Science Museum Library ('The Court archive'). This article discusses Court's activities and assesses the value of these documents as a source of information on the growth of interest in antique scientific instruments and their makers during the first half of the twentieth century.
SULLE RACCOLTE MUSEALI ITALIANE DI MODELLI PER LE MATEMATICHE SUPERIORI
Authors: PALLADINO FRANCO , PALLADINO NICLA
Published: November 2012

title SUMMARY /title We present here the general catalogue and the website of the mathematical models found in the Italian universities of Catania, Messina, Bari, Naples, Rome, Florence, Bologna, Modena, Ferrara, Parma, Pavia, Milan, Padua, Turin and Genoa. For the most part they consist of old models published by the firms Ludwig Brill in Darmstadt, Martin Schilling in Halle an der Saale (later Leipzig), by H. Wiener for G. B. Teubner in Leipzig or belonging to the Collections Charles Muret published by Charles Delagrave in Paris. Other models were produced by different firms. A small number were even produced in Italy at the laboratories annexed to universities and, among these we also include the reproduction created in Florence by Luigi Campedelli in the 1950s with the support of the Unione Matematica Italiana. The research on the models (almost all of which are accompanied by the relevant images) can be carried out principally on the basis of the following criteria: Name of model - Catalogue - Material - Year of publication - Designer - Builder - Publisher - Location. The address of the mirrored web sites are: www.dmi.unisa.it/people/palladino/modelli and www.dma.unina. it/~nicla.palladino/catalogo.
ISTITUZIONI E FONTI
Authors: ARECCO DAVIDE
Published: November 2012

title SUMMARY /title In the Republic of Genoa, between XVIIIth and XIXth century, the foundation of the University was accompanied by the diffusion of the Enlightenment culture and by the creation of the early scientific academies and literary circles. The most important Ligurian scientists who lived in those years were the Englishman William Batt, Cesare Nicolo Canefri and, most of all, Domenico Viviani, who had all deep interests in medecine and natural history, chemistry and physics. Their interests in collecting nature was always performed under aristocratic patronage.
SPECTROSCOPY OR SPECTROSCOPIES?
Authors: HENTSCHEL KLAUS
Published: November 2012

title SUMMARY /title One of the most intriguing questions posed to the participants of the Munich workshop was: Were the techniques similar enough from one field to another so as to facilitate communication between different groups? Or did they conversely vary so much that one cannot speak of a single community of spectroscopists? This paper discusses why - in my opinion - spectroscopy never made the transition to a separate discipline. It remained instead an albeit well-known and broadly applied research technology (Terry Shinn) - or should we rather say, a bundle of research technologies? Correspondingly, spectroscopic visuality was differentiated into more than a dozen spectro-scopic domains.
DEFENSO DO TRATADO DA RUMAO DO GLOBO PARA A ARTE DE NAVEGAR
Authors: NUNES PEDRO
Published: November 2012

title RIASSUNTO /title Il presente articolo racchiude la edizione di un antico manoscritto portoghese (Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Firenze), senza titolo, n data, noto come Defenso do Tratado da Rumao do Globo para a Arte de Navegar. Un tempo appartenuto a Cosimo III de' Medici, che a sua volta lo aveva ricevuto in dono dal cosmografo e engenheiro-mor portoghese Lus Serro Pimentel, esso racchiude uno scritto del matematico e cosmografo portoghese Pedro Nunes a difesa, e a seguito delle critiche rivoltegli, delle sue teorie sulle linhas de rumo e, nella fattispecie, di quella legata alla rappresentazione della curva lossodromica sulla sfera, dopo che il medesimo aveva provato come una nave che navigasse alla bussola secondo un angolo di prora costante descrivesse non gi un arco di circolo massimo, come allora si riteneva, quanto una curva intersecante tutti i meridiani sotto uno stesso angolo.
FALCONI, RENAISSANCE ASTROLOGER AND ASTRONOMICAL CLOCK AND INSTRUMENT MAKER
Authors: BEDIN SILVIO A.
Published: November 2012

title RIASSUNTO /title L'occasionale presenza negli inventari di collezioni di strumenti scientifici antichi di occorrenze recanti la scritta opus Falconi ha destato poco interesse in passato tra i collezionisti e i?CTRLerr type="1" mess="Doute Cars isoles avec recollage" ? curatori a causa della scarsit di notizie su questo costruttore. Una ricerca condotta a tempo debito sull'identit di Falconi ha confermato che questo costruttore di orologi e di strumenti astronomici era originario delle valli del Bergamasco, in Lombardia, e che fu attivo intorno alle prime decadi del sec. XVI.
THELIFTEROFHEAVY BODIES OF HERON OF ALEXANDRIA IN THE IRANIAN WORLD
Authors: FERRIELLO GIUSEPPINA
Published: November 2012

title ABSTRACT /title The contribution considers several Persian codices, found in recent years, that were inspired by Book II of Heron's Mechanics. Made in the Iranian context, their existence imposes the integration of the studies performed on the guide of Greek fragments and on the Arabic version of Qusta Ibn Luqa al-Ba'albakk that have inspired all of the translators of European languages. Moreover, the distribution of the texts in a wider and wider temporal and cultural space and their noticeable correlations suggest searches in fields up to now neglected by the historians of science, just like the Iranian one, abounding of documents and texts.
GALILEO'S DISCORSI AND MERSENNE'S NOUVELLES PENSEES: MERSENNE AS A READER OF GALILEAN 'EXPERIENCE'
Authors: RAPHAEL RENEE
Published: November 2012

title ABSTRACT /title This study examines Marin Mersenne's 1639 Nouvelles Pensees de Galilee, a translation and adaptation of Galileo Galilei's 1638 Discorsi. I use the translation as a window into how Mersenne, a reader trained in natural philosophy, read and understood Galileo's text and, in particular, Galileo's use of experience to support his claims. This analysis reveals that Mersenne drew on a variety of techniques and conceptions of experience in rendering Galileo's individual accounts of experience and experiment. The differences in the way the two authors relate discourse and experience is shown to be linked to their choices of genre and the varying motivations each brought to their texts.
UNA COLLEZIONE DI STRUMENTARIA SCIENTIFICA ALL'AVVENTO DELL'OSPEDALE MODERNO: GLI STRUMENTI FISICO-MATEMATICI DI VINCENZO VIVIANI E L'OSPEDALE DI SANTA MARIA NUOVA DI FIRENZE (1871-1895) *
Authors: DIANA ESTHER
Published: November 2012

title ABSTRACT /title A Collection of ScientificInstrumentsat theDawnof theModern Hospital: Vincenzo Viviani'sPhysical-Mathematical Instrumentsand SantaMariaHospital in Florence(1871-1895) - Around the second half of the nineteenth century, the collection of physics-mathematical instruments that Vincenzo Viviani (1622-1703) had bequeathed to the Santa Maria Nuova Hospital of Florence stirred new interest. The process of modernising the hospital was indeed to lead to the progressive alienation of the institution's rich historical patrimony, including the scientific collections. In tracing back the negotiations that led to the sale of the Viviani collection, archive documents have also brought to light the collection inventory, which is now proposed anew to help recount the history of how scientific instruments became museum collectibles in Florence.
INTORNO ALL'INVENZIONE DELLA SPIRALE GEOMETRICA. UNA LETTERA INEDITA DI TORRICELLI A MICHELANGELO RICCI
Authors: BARONCELLI GIOVANNA
Published: November 2012

title SUMMARY /title A published version of a letter from Evangelista Torricelli to Michelangelo Ricci. It presents the invention of a new spiral: the geometric spiral.
VINCENZO CORONELLI: VITA E OPERE. AGGIORNAMENTI
Authors: FRANCO LOREDANA
Published: November 2012

 SUMMARY
Aim of the article is to collect all the published information on a scientist who still deserves further study. The author intends to highlight the relations between Vincenzo Coronelli's career, scientific work, original contributions and the historical context from which they emerged. This work, which began in 1982, is aimed at deepening the research on Coronelli's works and his ties with Gorizia which has been promoted by the Minoriti Conventuali in order to celebrate 350 years from his birth.
STUDIO SU UN GRUPPO DI COMPASSI ROMANI PROVENIENTI DA POMPEI*
Authors: DI PASQUALE GIOVANNI
Published: November 2012

 SUMMARY
The Pompei excavations have given us a good number of bronze compasses from the Roman period. Today these are conserved in the National Archaeological Museum of Naples. The paucity of findings of this instrument, apart from these found in the area around Vesuvius, should not mislead us; in the Roman world the compass was well known and diffused in various types according to the needs of different applications. They were used by mathematicians, architects, surveyors, ceramicists and sculptors. The particular archaeological context from which these derive, they illustrate a clear connection between precision instruments and the historical circumstances of Pompei in the first century A.D.: the eruption of 79 A.D. caught the city be surprise just as it was being rebuilt after the severe earthquake damage of 62 A.D.
OBSERVATIONAL EVIDENCE AND THE EVOLUTION OF PTOLEMY'S LUNAR MODEL
Authors: STRANO GIORGIO , DEL SANTO PAOLO
Published: November 2012

title RIASSUNTO /title L'analisi del metodo classico introdotto da Ipparco per determinare il raggio dell'epiciclo lunare basato sull'osservazione di terne di eclissi, e dei metodi e delle procedure che successivamente condussero Tolomeo alla forma definitiva del suo modello lunare, suggerisce nuove valutazioni circa la genesi e il significato della prosneusis, da sempre ritenuta un espediente del tutto insoddisfacente, e mostra i limiti del tradizionale approccio storiografico alla questione.
NOTA SU UNA LENTE PER CANNOCCHIALE FIRMATA DOMENICO SELVA
Authors: PATERNOSTER G. , RINZIVELLO R. , SCHETTINO E.
Published: November 2012

title SUMMARY /title The authors measure the optical properties of an objective lens for a telescope, signed Domenico Selva and recently discovered in the teaching laboratories of the Department of Physical Sciences of the University of Naples. They determine the composition of the glass by means of the technique of X-ray fluorescence. The lens was probably made during the first half of the eighteenth century by Domenico Selva or by his son Lorenzo.
STRUMENTARIA ALCUNE CONSIDERAZIONI SUL MAXIMUS TUBUS DI HEVELIUS
Authors: MONACO GIUSEPPE
Published: November 2012

title SUMMARY /title The longer focus telescope of Hevelius - named the Maximus Tubus - is often called aerial telescope or telescope without a tube. But the name Maximus Tubus that Hevelius assigned shows the presence of the tube. The instrument actually was made by Tito Livio Burattini, an Italian scientist and instrument maker who lived in Poland. He made the instrument in accordance with a plan by Candido Del Buono. The telescope, in place of the long wooden tube, was made of a wooden axis on which tubular sections of paper or cloth were placed.
ALLE ORIGINI DELLA TEORIA DELL'ATTO BIOLOGICO DI VIKTOR VON WEIZSCKER
Authors: RASINI VALLORI
Published: November 2012

title SUMMARY /title Between the thirties and forties of this century, drawing on a number of studies of perception and phenomena of sensory illusion, the neurophysiologist Viktor von Weizsacker developed a conception of organic matter which was fundamentally different to the physiological and biological tradition of his time. For this reason, his theory of the Gestaltkreis required a profound revision of the methodological and conceptual instruments to be used in the study of man, and of the organism more generally. The organic entity is not a comparible object to the entities of physics, and its analysis cannot be subjected to the same criteria and methods of that science. This being is properly termed a biological act, a dynamic reality whose structure is circular and cannot be divided into different phases connected by means of causal relationships. Organic processes involve a particular relationship between the biological entity and its environment, and as a consequence it is impossible to remove it from its context. Instead, it is necessary to evaluate the spatial and temporal positions in which it is located in new, non-objective terms. Weizscker's conception, sensitive to the movement of neovitalism (to which he was nonetheless firmly opposed) and to ideas typical of Romantic science, is essentially opposed to the legacy of mechanism, in the name of a biology as the science of a peculiar object, of which one cannot ignore the subjective component.
ISTITUZIONI E FONTI I CATALOGHI BOTANICI DEL GIARDINO DI VILLA LA LOGGIA FRA TRADIZIONE ED INNOVAZIONE
Authors: GRIFONI TIZIANA
Published: November 2012

title SUMMARY /title This article examines the nature of the Florentine garden of the villa La Loggia, property of Marchese Niccolo Panciatichi, with the benefit of the discovery of the first manuscript catalogue describing the botanical collection of the nobleman. The author reconstructs the events that led this garden to become a trait d'union between tradition and innovation in the botanical field, with particular regard for the new species introduced from Abysinnia by the English explorer James Bruce and entrusted to the care of the gardener and botanical experimenter Giuseppe Piccioli, who belonged to a true dynasty of gardener-botanists, and was responsible for the second catalogue of the garden in 1783.
CREATION AND DESTRUCTION OF CORPUSCLES
Authors: MONTI DALIDA
Published: November 2012

title RIASSUNTO /title Il nucleo centrale di questo articolo costituito dall'analisi e dalla discussione dei dettagli di cui costituito un quadro storiografico definito: tale quadro nel suo complesso ritrae come strutturalmente simmetriche due descrizioni fisiche che si rintracciano, rispettivamente, in due teorie apparentemente scorrelate per quanto riguarda gli ambiti di ricerca, le problematiche da cui esse sono scaturite e le finalit che si proponeva il loro autore. Si tratta della descrizione dei fenomeni di emissione e assorbimento di luce (contenuta in un articolo di Dirac del 1927 cui comunemente ci si riferisce con il nome Dirac's QED) e di quella dei fenomeni di creazione e distruzione di coppie e+ - e- (contenuto nel cosiddetto modello delle holes dello stesso Dirac, del 1929). Di una tale simmetria si sono gi fatti cenni sparsi in letteratura e l'intento qui di studiarla e approfondirne i termini in modo da sostenere la seguente tesi: il rapporto tra le due teorie in esame non si configura soltanto nei termini di un parallelismo, ma soprattutto in quelli di un preciso percorso storico, che sostenibile su un piano logico. Il Dirac's holes model, cos, risulta come il frutto di una riflessione iniziata in seno alla Dirac's QED a proposito dei fondamenti matematici e degli schemi concettuali della nuova meccanica quantistica: nelle due strutture teoriche, infatti, possibile individuare alcune forme permanenti che, estratte da un contesto teorico e riproposte nell'altro, comportano un trasferimento e una generazione di conoscenza.
China’s View of the West, A Comparison of the Historical Geographies of Wei Yuan and Xu Jiyu
Authors: Lutz Jessie G.
Published: November 2012

Wei Yuan and Xu Jiyu, civil servants in mid 19th century China, were deeply disturbed by British expansion into Asia. On the theory that one should know one's enemies, both wrote pioneer historical geographies designed to introduce Chinese officials to the sources of Western power. They both made extensive use of missionary sources; however, there were significant differences between the works of Wei and Xu. Wei never abandoned the Middle Kingdom concept whereas Xu came to realize that the West had developed its own civilization, and he encouraged China's development of trade and commerce, especially in Southeast Asia. Wei and Xu's works circulated among a small number of Chinese officials on China's east coast, but it was not until after China's defeat in the Opium War, 1839-42, and the near over throw of the Qing dynasty by the Taipings that the works were reprinted and served as introductions to the West.
The potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli (Sulc) (Hemiptera: Triozidae): life history, relationship to plant diseases, and management strategies
Authors: Butler Casey D. , Trumble John T.
Published: November 2012

The potato/tomato psyllid,Bactericera cockerelli(Sulc) (Hemiptera: Triozidae) has been a major pest of solanaceous crops for decades. This pest can cause damage to crop plants by direct feeding and, as has been recently discovered, by transmitting the bacterial pathogenCandidatusLiberibacter psyllaurous (a.k.a.Ca.L. solanacearum). Many studies have been conducted to determine the relationship of this pest to plant injury and to develop management strategies to alleviate the damage caused by this pest in a wide variety of solanaceous plants. Studies in the past decade have documented substantial genetic variability in this invasive species, enhanced our rapidly-evolving understanding of the interactions between the insect and the pathogen it carries, and improved our appreciation of the invasive potential of the pest. This review seeks to provide a comprehensive update toB. cockerellilife history, relationship to plant diseases, and the current state of management strategies againstB. cockerelli.
EU VALUE PROMOTION ANDTHEEUROPEAN NEIGHBORHOOD POLICY1
Authors: HAGLUND-MORRISSEY ANNE
Published: November 2012

Summary: This study explores the EU "value diffusion strategy" included in its foreign policy, seen through the European Neighborhood Policy (ENP). The main argument is that the ENP can be seen as a framework through which the EU is trying to diffuse its common values and norms. Instead of offering a future EU membership as the main "carrot" for reforms - an efficient instrument to diffuse its values to neighboring European states - it is trying to exert influence by other means, such as using discursive practices, opening up EU agencies, programs and policies for the participation of the partner countries, granting financial aid, as well as by institutionalizing the relationship. Mainly positive conditionality is present, aiming at promoting norm compliance and reforms by the partner countries. However, negative conditionality may be applied as well.
NATIONALISM AND DEMOCRACY: POST-AUTHORITARIAN SERBIA AND GREECE
Authors: STJEPANOVIC DEJAN
Published: November 2012

Summary: The article analyses post-authoritarian societies of Serbia and Greece in reference to nationalism and the process of democratization. It is a study of the post-dictatorial Greek and Serbian societies in the periods following the end of the Junta and Milosevic's rules. The comparison of these two cases identifies legacy and elements of continuity of the past regimes as features detrimental to the democratization process. The article discusses the inextricable link between the types of "revolutions" or regime changes, where a significant segment of power remained in the hands of the old regimes' structures, which resulted in the creation of somewhat truncated democracies. Failed military ventures and national projects as crucial factors in the development of these post-authoritarian societies are analyzed as well. The case studies of Greece and Serbia and their transitions to democracy, which the article deals with, contribute to better understanding of democratization models and their successful implementation.
Essay: (Re)Thinking and (Re)Imagining South-Eastern Europe or an Intellectual Journey to the Balkans
Authors: Žagar Mitja
Published: November 2012

This essay aims to stimulate a broad scholarly and public discussion about the definition, perceptions, identities, (re)conceptualizations, (re)imagining and (re)thinking the Balkans and South-Eastern Europe. It addresses the objectivity and attitudes in research and scholarly literature, historic and current stereotypes and imaginations in general as well as specifically with regard to the region. In this context it discusses also different definitions and competing conceptualizations of the region that often, in European reality, has served as the relevant “other.” In addition to stimulating public and scholarly discussions this contribution also attempts to promote a positive imagining and perceptions of South-Eastern Europe that can build upon the cultural and historic richness, diversities and potentials of the region. It argues for the construction of open, inclusive and positive identities that will stimulate integration and be important segments of successful diversity management.
Investigating task and modality switching costs using bimodal stimuli
Authors: Sandhu Raj , Dyson Ben
Published: November 2012

Investigations of concurrent task and modality switching effects have to date been studied under conditions of uni-modal stimulus presentation. As such, it is difficult to directly compare resultant task and modality switching effects, as the stimuli afford both tasks on each trial, but only one modality. The current study investigated task and modality switching using bi-modal stimulus presentation under various cue conditions: task and modality (double cue), either task or modality (single cue) or no cue. Participants responded to either the identity or the position of an audio–visual stimulus. Switching effects were defined as staying within a modality/task (repetition) or switching into a modality/task (change) from trial n − 1 to trial n, with analysis performed on trial n data. While task and modality switching costs were sub-additive across all conditions replicating previous data, modality switching effects were dependent on the modality being attended, and task switching effects were dependent on the task being performed. Specifically, visual responding and position responding revealed significant costs associated with modality and task switching, while auditory responding and identity responding revealed significant gains associated with modality and task switching. The effects interacted further, revealing that costs and gains associated with task and modality switching varying with the specific combination of modality and task type. The current study reconciles previous data by suggesting that efficiently processed modality/task information benefits from repetition while less efficiently processed information benefits from change due to less interference of preferred processing across consecutive trials.
Predictable variations in auditory pitch modulate the spatial processing of visual stimuli: An ERP study
Authors: Vera-Constán Fátima , Fernández-Prieto Irune , García-Morera Joel , Navarra Jordi
Published: November 2012

We investigated whether perceiving predictable ‘ups and downs’ in acoustic pitch (as can be heard in musical melodies) can influence the spatial processing of visual stimuli as a consequence of a ‘spatial recoding’ of sound (see Foster and Zatorre, 2010; Rusconi et al., 2006). Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded while participants performed a color discrimination task of a visual target that could appear either above or below a centrally-presented fixation point. Each experimental trial started with an auditory isochronous stream of 11 tones including a high- and a low-pitched tone. The visual target appeared isochronously after the last tone. In the ‘non-predictive’ condition, the tones were presented in an erratic fashion (e.g., ‘high-low-low-high-high-low-high …’). In the ‘predictive condition’, the melodic combination of high- and low-pitched tones was highly predictable (e.g., ‘low-high-low-high-low …’). Within the predictive condition, the visual stimuli appeared congruently or incongruently with respect to the melody (‘… low-high-low-high-low-UP’ or ‘… low-high-low-high-low-DOWN’, respectively). Participants showed faster responses when the visual target appeared after a predictive melody. Electrophysiologically, early (25–150 ms) amplitude effects of predictability were observed in frontal and parietal regions, spreading to central regions (N1) afterwards. Predictability effects were also found in the P2–N2 complex and the P3 in central and parietal regions. Significant auditory-to-visual congruency effects were also observed in the parieto-occipital P3 component. Our findings reveal the existence of crossmodal effects of perceiving auditory isochronous melodies on visual temporal orienting. More importantly, our results suggest that pitch information can be transformed into a spatial code that shapes the spatial processing in other modalities such as vision.
Persistent perceptual delay for head movement onset relative to auditory stimuli of different duration and rise times
Authors: Raeder Sophie , Bülthoff Heinrich H. , Barnett-Cowan Michael
Published: November 2012

The perception of simultaneity between auditory and vestibular information is crucially important for maintaining a coherent representation of the acoustic environment whenever the head moves. Yet, despite similar transduction latencies, vestibular stimuli are perceived significantly later than auditory stimuli when simultaneously generated (Barnett-Cowan and Harris, 2009, 2011). However, these studies paired a vestibular stimulation of long duration (∼1 s) and of a continuously changing temporal envelope with brief (10–50 ms) sound pulses. In the present study the stimuli were matched for temporal envelope. Participants judged the temporal order of the onset of an active head movement and of brief (50 ms) or long (1400 ms) sounds with a square or raised-cosine shaped envelope. Consistent with previous reports, head movement onset had to precede the onset of a brief sound by about 73 ms in order to be perceived as simultaneous. Head movements paired with long square sounds (∼100 ms) were not significantly different than brief sounds. Surprisingly, head movements paired with long raised-cosine sound (∼115 ms) had to be presented even earlier than brief stimuli. This additional lead time could not be accounted for by differences in the comparison stimulus characteristics (duration and temporal envelope). Rather, differences among sound conditions were found to be attributable to variability in the time for head movement to reach peak velocity: the head moved faster when paired with a brief sound. The persistent lead time required for vestibular stimulation provides further evidence that the perceptual latency of vestibular stimulation is larger compared to auditory stimuli.
Multisensory processing in synesthesia — differences in the EEG signal during uni- and multimodal processing
Authors: Sinke Christopher , Neufeld Janina , Wiswede Daniel , Emrich Hinderk M. , Bleich Stefan , Szycik Gregor R.
Published: November 2012

Synesthesia is a condition in which stimulation in one processing stream (e.g., letters or music) leads to perception in an unstimulated processing stream (e.g., colors). Behavioral differences in mutisensory processing have been shown for multimodal illusions, but the differences in neural processing are still unclear. In the present study, we examined uni- and multimodal processing in 14 people with synesthesia and 13 controls using EEG recordings and a simple detection task. Stimuli were either presented acoustically, visually or multimodaly (simultaneous visual and auditory stimulation). In the multimodal condition, auditory and visual stimuli were either matching or mismatching (e.g., a lion either roaring or ringing). The subjects had to press a button as soon as something was presented visually or acoustically. Results: ERPs revealed occipital group differences in the negative amplitude between 100 and 200 ms after stimulus presentation. Relative to controls, synesthetes showed an increased negative component peaking around 150 ms. This group difference is found in all visual conditions. Unimodal acoustical stimulation leads to increased negative amplitude in synesthetes in the same time window over parietal and visual electrodes. Overall this shows that processing in the occipital lobe is different in synesthetes independent of the stimulated modality. In addition, differences in the negative amplitude between processing of incongruent and congruent multimodal stimuli could be detected in the same time window between synesthetes and controls over left frontal sites. This shows that also multimodal integration processes are different in synesthetes.