bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Heavy metal in radiation therapy: A simple method to differentiate hip prosthesis materials
Authors: Miéville Frédéric A. , Pitteloud Nicolas , Pisaturo Olivier , Tercier Pierre‐Alain , Lamanna Giorgio , Achard Vérane , Allal Abdelkarim S.
Published: September 2024

Background

In recent years, the number of hip replacement patients receiving radiation therapy has steadily increased. In parallel, strategies have been developed to reduce metal artifacts in computed tomography (CT) images and improve the accuracy of dose calculation algorithms. However, in certain situations, knowledge of the type of prosthesis material is required to accurately determine the dose distribution.

Purpose

This study aims to identify physical materials in hip prostheses to correctly assign them in the treatment planning system and improve dose calculation accuracy.

Methods

We first verified the validity of the extended CT mass density calibration curve measured on titanium (Ti) and stainless steel (SS) metal inserts of two different diameters. Then using dedicated reference objects of various circular diameters, we developed a method based on interpolation functions to differentiate between Ti and SS material groups. Forty data sets from 18 patients were used to validate our method on two different reconstruction kernels: a standard Br44f and the electron DirectDensity (Sd40f) kernels from Siemens.

Results

Hounsfield units (HU) of Ti and SS inserts were found to vary widely depending on insert diameter, CT spectrum, and reconstruction kernels due to cupping artifacts. The largest HU difference (‐79%) was obtained for SS at 70 kV with Br44f when the diameter increased from 8 to 30 mm. Therefore, under these conditions, the extended CT‐density calibration curve is not recommended for heavy metal density determination. Using our interpolation‐based method, we achieved excellent detection (100%) and material differentiation (100%) results for stems in both reconstruction kernels. At CT energies between 110 and 140 kV, the detection and material differentiation rates were 93.3% and 92.9% for the heads and 93.3% and 92.9% for the acetabular cups, respectively, with the Br44f. Similarly, the use of Sd40f resulted in detection and differentiation rates of 94.7% and 100% for the heads and 100% and 95.0% for the acetabular cups, respectively.

Conclusion

This method makes it possible to differentiate between hip prosthesis materials and correctly assign them to the Ti or SS group without prior knowledge of the prosthesis type, regardless of the reconstruction kernels. In combination with the Acuros XB (Varian) or Monte Carlo dose algorithms, excellent dosimetric accuracy can be achieved even in the vicinity of hip prostheses. By performing basic measurements, the method can be adapted to other CT units and reconstruction kernels, replacing the use of an extended CT‐density calibration curve.
Competencies for health‐enhancing physical activity are associated with body mass: results of an updated data pooling across 18 samples
Authors: Carl Johannes , Zheng Miaobing , Popp Johanna , Eckert Katharina , Geidl Wolfgang , Blaschke Simon , Schmid Julia , Grüne Eva , Oppermann Leonard , Liphardt Anna‐Maria , Morf Harriet , Weissenfels Anja , Pfeifer Klaus
Published: September 2024

Objective

Although previous studies have illuminated associations between body mass and physical activity (PA), there have been scant insights regarding the physical, cognitive, and motivational determinants of PA in relationship to body mass. This study aimed to model courses of competencies for health‐enhancing PA across the spectrum of BMI.

Methods

We used cross‐sectional data of 3670 individuals (mean [SD]: BMI, 25.54 [5.71] kg/m2; age, 46.11 [14.96] years) from a large data pooling with 18 primary samples employing the PA‐related health competence (PAHCO) instrument. ANCOVA determined differences in 10 PAHCO indicators by BMI categories (underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obesity). Covariate‐adjusted multilevel models described the nonlinear courses of the PAHCO indicators across the BMI spectrum.

Results

The levels of all 10 PAHCO indicators differed significantly among the BMI categories (F ≥ 14.8; p < 0.001). All competencies for health‐enhancing PA could be best described by cubic functions having their maximum around normal weight while regressing with underweight and with increasing grades of obesity (0.02 ≤  ≤ 0.31).

Conclusions

This study adds to associations between BMI and PA levels by specifying individuals' multidimensional requirements for health‐enhancing PA. The present findings call for an integration of physical, motivational, and cognitive factors in practices of PA promotion and sustainable obesity treatment.
Elevated mir‐141 in obesity: Insights into the interplay with sirtuin 1 and non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Dadkhah Nikroo Nikta , Jafarinejad Habib , Yousefi Zeynab , Abdolvahabi Zohreh , Malek Mojtaba , Mortazavi Pejman , Pazouki Abdolreza , Mokhber Somayeh , Nourbakhsh Mitra
Published: September 2024

Background

Changes in gene expression related to obesity are linked to microRNAs, such as miR‐141, which play a crucial role in metabolic homeostasis. Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), an enzyme that plays a crucial role in regulating various cellular functions and metabolism, is implicated in obesity and the ensuing non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The aim of this research was to evaluate the levels of miR‐141 and its relationship with SIRT1 and NAFLD.

Methods

A group of 100 adults (50 with obesity and 50 with normal‐weight) were selected and underwent complete clinical evaluation and anthropometric measurements. Biochemical parameters were assessed in blood serum, and the levels of miR‐141 in plasma were measured by real‐time PCR. The expression of the SIRT1 gene was also evaluated in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells using Real‐time PCR. The ELISA technique was used to determine insulin levels. Liver steatosis was assessed by ultrasound.

Results

The results showed that levels of miR‐141 were significantly increased in participants with obesity compared with the control group. Conversely, the expression of the SIRT1 gene in individuals with obesity was lower than that in control participants. A strong negative correlation was observed between miR‐141 and SIRT1 and a strong positive association was observed between miR‐141 and metabolic parameters. Furthermore, participants with fatty liver had significantly elevated levels of miR‐141 gene expression and lower expression of SIRT1 gene, compared to those without fatty liver.

Conclusion

elevated levels of miR‐141 in individuals with obesity might be a contributing factor in the repression of SIRT1 in obesity and its consequences, including NAFLD. Therefore, miR‐141 might serve as a suitable diagnostic and therapeutic target in obesity and NAFLD.
Towards model‐guided feedback control of hydrogels bioprinting
Authors: Urrea‐Quintero Jorge‐Humberto , Wessels Henning , Wick Thomas
Published: September 2024

This contribution addresses the problem of controlling the Degree of Crosslinking (DoC) in printed hydrogels through feedback control as a product quality indicator from a modeling approach. We set up a simulation that resembles co‐axial printing of calcium‐alginate (Ca‐Alg) hydrogel as a case study. A well‐known Ca‐Alg gelation model composed of a set of nonlinear coupled diffusion‐reactions equations is adopted as a high‐fidelity model (HFM). A traditional proportional‐integral (PI) controller is designed based on a reduced‐order state‐space linear model of the gelation process. The linear state‐space model is identified from input‐output data collected from the HFM. We formulate an optimization problem to find optimal PI controller parameters that minimize a closed‐loop performance index. The PI controller is directly applied to the nonlinear diffusion‐reaction model to guide the printing process towards a desired DoC. We show its efficacy via some numerical simulations.
TERT upregulation promotes cell proliferation via degradation of p21 and increases carcinogenic potential
Authors: Mishima Masako , Takai Atsushi , Takeda Haruhiko , Iguchi Eriko , Nakano Shigeharu , Fujii Yosuke , Ueno Masayuki , Ito Takahiko , Teramura Mari , Eso Yuji , Shimizu Takahiro , Maruno Takahisa , Hidema Shizu , Nishimori Katsuhiko , Marusawa Hiroyuki , Hatano Etsuro , Seno Hiroshi
Published: September 2024

Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) gene aberration is detectable in >80% of cases with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). TERT reactivation is essential for cellular immortalization because it stabilizes telomere length, although the role of TERT in hepatocarcinogenesis remains unelucidated. To elucidate the significance of aberrant TERT expression in hepatocytes in inflammation‐associated hepatocarcinogenesis, we generated Alb‐Cre;TertTg mice, which overexpress TERT in the liver and examined their phenotype during chronic inflammation. Based on transcriptome data from the liver tissue of Alb‐Cre;TertTg mice, we examined the role of TERT in hepatocarcinogenesis in vitro. We also evaluated the relationship between TERT and cell‐cycle‐related molecules, including p21, in HCC samples. The liver tumor development rate was increased by TERT overexpression during chronic inflammation, especially in the absence of p53 function. Gene set enrichment analysis of liver tissues revealed that gene sets related to TNF‐NFκB signaling, cell cycle, and apoptosis were upregulated in Alb‐Cre;TertTg liver. A luciferase reporter assay and immunoprecipitation revealed that TERT interacted with NFκB p65 and enhanced NFκB promoter activity. On the other hand, TERT formed protein complexes with p21, cyclin A2, and cyclin E and promoted ubiquitin‐mediated degradation of p21, specifically in the G1 phase. In the clinical HCC samples, TERT was highly expressed but p21 was conversely downregulated, and TERT expression was associated with the upregulation of molecules related to the cell cycle. Taken together, the aberrant upregulation of TERT increased NFκB promoter activity and promoted cell cycle progression via p21 ubiquitination, leading to hepatocarcinogenesis. © 2024 The Author(s). The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Beyond presence of symptoms: Self‐reported psychosocial distress interference among outpatient youth with cancer and other life‐limiting conditions
Authors: Gordon Mallorie L. , Bedoya Sima Z. , Fry Abigail , Casey Robert , Steele Amii , Ciampa Devon , Ruble Kathy , Pao Maryland , Wiener Lori
Published: September 2024

Background

Youth with life‐limiting conditions face significant psychosocial challenges (e.g., symptoms of anxiety, depression, and pain) throughout illness and treatment. Without appropriate intervention, this can negatively affect long‐term outcomes (e.g., disease management, health‐related quality of life). Prompt identification and appropriate attention to distress can mitigate these effects. We aimed to determine the prevalence and severity of distress interference among outpatient youth with cancer and other life‐limiting conditions, using the Checking IN screener.

Procedure

Within a larger study across four hospital centers, English‐speaking pediatric outpatients aged 8–21, and a caregiver‐proxy‐reporter, completed a brief distress screener. Descriptive analyses were used to characterize the sample and evaluate reported distress symptoms.

Results

Checking IN was completed by 100 participants, aged 8–21 (M = 14.27, SD = 3.81); caregivers completed an equivalent proxy screener. Youth most frequently endorsed fatigue (moderate: n = 50, 50.0%; high: n = 21, 21.0%), paying attention (moderate: n = 45, 45.0%; high: n = 16, 16.0%), and sleep difficulty (moderate: n = 46, 46.0%; high: n = 13; 13.0%) as problematic. Caregivers proxy reported fatigue (moderate: n = 46, 46.0%; high: n = 32, 32.0%), worry (moderate: n = 56, 56.0%; high: n = 10, 10.0%), and sleep difficulty (moderate: n = 47, 47.0%; high: n = 14; 14.0%) as most problematic. Group differences between youth and caregiver responses were not significant.

Conclusions

Youth self‐report via Checking IN can detect psychosocial distress interference. By directing resources based on real‐time assessment of symptom interference, there is potential to simplify outpatient psychosocial screening and improve referral timeliness and specificity, thus allowing for more effective attention to evolving symptoms of distress.
Reduced multiscale complexity of daily behavioral dynamics in autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Nakamura Toru , Sumiyoshi Tomiki , Kamio Yoko , Takahashi Hidetoshi
Published: September 2024

Aim

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is difficult to diagnose objectively due to its heterogeneous and complex manifestations. This study aimed to objectively characterize the behavioral phenotypes of ASD children by exploring the multiscale behavioral dynamics.

Methods

We applied behavioral organization (BO) and multiscale sample entropy (MSE) analyses to physical activity data collected from ASD and typically developing children, using wearable monitors in their daily life. We also examined their correlation with auditory startle response measures and clinical questionnaires, including the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ).

Results

A significant decrease in MSE at timescales longer than 6 min was observed in ASD children, suggesting decreased irregularity or unpredictability, potentially linked to repetitive behaviors or stereotyped patterns commonly observed in ASD. Additionally, an increase in MSE positively correlated with prepulse inhibition levels, indicating its relationship with sensorimotor gating. Moreover, the observed significant negative correlation with the total difficulty score of SDQ substantiates MSE's potential as an objective metric for assessing general mental health problems associated with ASD.

Conclusion

Multiscale analysis enhances the understanding of ASD's behavioral dynamics, providing valuable metrics for real‐world assessments.
The effect of perceived parental conflict on middle school students' social anxiety: The role of self‐compassion and shame
Authors: Huang Siyuan , Huang Xishan , Luo Ruonan , Suzuki Ikue , Zou Lin , Chen Miao
Published: September 2024

This study explores the relationship between perceived parental conflict, self‐compassion, shame, and social anxiety and its internal mechanisms through two studies. Study 1 took 612 middle school students (285 women, 327 men, M = 14.18 years, SD = 1.72) as participants, and the Children's Perception of Interparental Conflict Scale, Self‐compassion scale (SCS), shame scale (SS), and Social Anxiety Scale were used for testing. The results showed that perceived parental conflict was significantly correlated with self‐compassion, shame, and social anxiety. Perceived parental conflict affects middle school students' social anxiety through feelings of self‐compassion and shame. In study 2, 106 middle school students (76 women, 30 men, M = 15.47 years, SD = 0.62) were randomly assigned to the self‐compassion group and control group, and students were asked to complete different literacy tasks, and then fill out the SCS, SS and adolescent social anxiety scale in turn. The results found that in the context of parental conflict, inducing the self‐compassion of middle school students can reduce the level of shame and social anxiety. The introduction of the concept of self‐compassion into the field of middle school students' mental health reveals the function of self‐compassion. It expands the relevant research on the intermediary role of self‐compassion, and also provides innovative ideas for the future research of mental health education in primary and secondary schools.
Mobilization with movement is effective for improving ankle range of motion and walking ability in individuals after stroke: A systematic review with meta‐analysis
Authors: Nascimento Lucas R. , Boening Augusto , Ribeiro Isabella , dos Santos Maria Eduarda , Benevides Marcelo , Santuzzi Cíntia H.
Published: September 2024

Background

Mobilization with movement has been recommended to improve foot mobility in people with ankle impairments and could improve walking after stroke.

Objective

To examine the effects of the addition of mobilization with movement to commonly used exercises in physiotherapy for improving ankle range of motion and walking in people who have had a stroke.

Design

Systematic review of randomized controlled trials.

Settings

Not applicable.

Participants

Ambulatory adults at any time after stroke.

Intervention

The experimental intervention was exercises plus ankle mobilization with movement, in comparison with exercises alone.

Main outcome

Ankle range of motion.

Measurements

Walking parameters (ie., walking speed, cadence, step length).

Results

Six trials, involving 160 participants, were included. The mean PEDro score of the trials was 6 (range 4 to 7). Mobilization with movement in addition to exercises improved range of motion by 4° (95% CI 2 to 6), walking speed by 0.08 m/s (95% CI 0.05 to 0.11), cadence by 9 steps/min (95% CI 7 to 12), and step length by 5 cm (95% CI 3 to 7) more than exercises alone. The quality of evidence was low for range of motion and moderate for walking outcomes.

Conclusion

This systematic review provided evidence that the addition of mobilization with movement to commonly used exercises in neurological rehabilitation increases ankle dorsiflexion, and benefits are carried over to improving walking speed, cadence, and step length in moderately disabled individuals with chronic stroke.

Review Registration

PROSPERO (CRD42023405130).
Seed‐Mediated Synthesis of Gold Nanobipyramids at Low CTAB Concentration Using Binary Surfactants
Authors: Zhang Er‐Ji , Deng Tian‐Song , Chen Zhuo , Liu Li‐Yong , Wu Gui‐Lin , Cheng Yu‐Chun , Gao Jia‐Fei , Wang Kun‐Peng , Liu Jie
Published: September 2024

The conventional method for synthesizing gold nanobipyramids (AuNBPs) is well established. However, the cytotoxicity resulting from the conjugates between hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and gold limits their biomedical applications. This study introduces a dual surfactant approach with CTAB and sodium oleate (NaOL) in the seed‐mediated synthesis of the AuNBPs, which can significantly reduce the CTAB concentration to 10 mM. Additionally, optimal growth conditions are achieved by varying the volumes of seed solution, AgNO3, and HCl. Under low CTAB concentrations, AuNBPs with tunable sizes and localized surface plasmon resonances between 600 and 1200 nm are successfully synthesized, as characterized by UV–vis‐NIR spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD) simulations. This work demonstrates a method for synthesizing AuNBPs at low CTAB concentrations using binary surfactants and provides a framework applicable to the synthesis of other metallic nanomaterials.
Rapid and equipment‐free identification of papaya mealybug Paracoccus marginatus based on RPA‐CRISPR/Cas12a
Authors: Chen Yan‐Ting , Shi Meng‐Zhu , Chen Yan , Zhao Jian‐Wei , Yang Xiu‐Juan , Fu Jian‐Wei , Desneux Nicolas , Li Jian‐Yu
Published: September 2024

BACKGROUND

Paracoccus marginatus has invaded many countries, spreading rapidly and causing significant economic losses to crops. Accurate detection during the monitoring process is critical to prevent its expansion into new areas, therefore it is necessary to develop efficient and reliable detection methods. Traditional detection methods are time‐consuming and instrument‐dependent owing to the morphological similarities and small sizes of P. marginatus and other mealybugs, therefore establishing an efficient, rapid, and sensitive method for field detection in resource‐limited settings is critical.

RESULTS

A sensitive and rapid detection system was developed to detect P. marginatus using recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) combined with clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas12a. The RPA‐CRISPR/Cas12a assay distinguished P. marginatus from 10 other mealybugs. The entire process can be completed in approximately an hour, and the identification results can be determined by the naked eye using lateral flow strips or a portable mini‐UV torch. A method was developed to extract DNA from P. marginatus within 5 min. This method was combined with the RPA‐CRISPR/Cas12a assay to achieve rapid and simple detection. In addition, two portable thermos cups with temperature displays were used to maintain the reagents and assay reactions in the field.

CONCLUSION

This assay represents the first application of portable and easily available items (mini‐UV torch and thermos cup) based on the combination of RPA and CRISPR/Cas12a for rapid pest detection. This method is rapid, highly specific, and instrument‐flexible, allowing for the early monitoring of P. marginatus in the field. This study provides guidance for the development of suitable management strategies. © 2024 The Author(s). Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Paenibacillus polymyxa J2‐4 induces cucumber to enrich rhizospheric Pseudomonas and contributes to Meloidogyne incognita management under field conditions
Authors: Shi Qianqian , Fu Qi , Zhang Jie , Hao Guangyang , Liang Chen , Duan Fangmeng , Ma Juan , Zhao Honghai , Song Wenwen
Published: September 2024

BACKGROUND

Root knot nematodes (RKNs) pose a great threat to agricultural production worldwide. The bacterial nematocides have received increasing attention due to their safe and efficient control against RKNs. Here, we investigated the biocontrol efficacy of Paenibacillus polymyxa J2‐4 against Meloidogyne incognita in the field and analyzed the rhizosphere microbiome of cucumber under nematode infection after application of the J2‐4 strain. Furthermore, a biomarker strain of Pseudomonas spp. was isolated from the J2‐4‐inoculated rhizosphere soil, and its nematocidal activity and growth‐promoting effect on host plants were determined. In addition, chemotaxis assay of P. fluroescens ZJ5 toward root exudates was carried out.

RESULTS

The field experiment demonstrated that P. polymyxa J2‐4 could effectively suppressed gall formation in cucumber plants, with the galling index reduced by 67.63% in 2022 and 65.50% in 2023, respectively, compared with controls. Meanwhile, plant height and yield were significantly increased in J2‐4 treated plants compared with controls. Metagenomic analysis indicated that J2‐4 altered the rhizosphere microbial communities. The relative abundance of Pseudomonas spp. was notably enhanced in the J2‐4 group, which was consistent with Linear discriminant analysis Effect Size results that Pseudomonas was determined as one of the biomarkers in the J2‐4 group. Furthermore, the ZJ5 strain, one of the biomarker Pseudomonas strains, was isolated from the J2‐4‐inoculated rhizosphere soil and was identified as Pseudomonas fluorescens. In addition, P. fluorescens ZJ5 exhibited high nematicidal activity in vitro and in vivo, with 99.20% of the mortality rate of M. incognita at 24 h and 69.75% of gall index reduction. The biocontrol efficiency of the synthetic community of ZJ5 plus J2‐4 was superior to that of any other single bacteria against M. incognita. Additionally, ZJ5 exhibited great chemotaxis ability toward root exudates inoculated with J2‐4.

CONCLUSION

Paenibacillus polymyxa J2‐4 has good potential in the biological control against M. incognita under field conditions. Enrichment of the beneficial bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens ZJ5 in the J2‐4‐inoculated rhizosphere soil contributes to M. incognita management. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Identification and functional characterization of the chitinase and chitinase‐like gene family in Myzus persicae (Sulzer) during molting
Authors: Zhang Chao , He Li , Ding Bo , Yang Hong
Published: September 2024

BACKGROUND

The crucial role of insect chitinase in molting, pupation, and emergence renders it a promising target for pest control strategies. Despite the extensive investigation of chitinase genes in various pests, there is still a lack of systematic identification and functional analysis related to aphid chitinase.

RESULTS

We systematically identified a total of nine chitinase/chitinase‐like genes and one ENGase gene, which included eight Cht genes, one IDGF gene, and one ENGase gene. Through phylogenetic analysis, the chitinase proteins were classified into nine distinct groups (I, II, III, V, VI, VIII, X, other, and ENGase). The expression profile revealed that the epidermis exhibited relatively high expression levels for three chitinase genes: MpCht5, MpCht7, and MpCht10. Furthermore, transcriptional levels of nine chitinase genes were up‐regulated following treatment with 20‐hydroxyecdysone (20E) hormone. Silencing MpCht3, MpCht5, MpCht7, MpCht10, and MpCht11‐2 via RNA interference (RNAi) during the molting stage resulted in nymph shrinking, hindering normal molting and leading to death. Additionally, it was observed that silencing of MpIDGF induced the body color of the aphids to change from reddish brown to colorless after molting, culminating in eventual mortality.

CONCLUSION

Our findings suggest that chitinase/chitinase‐like genes play a crucial role in the molting process of Myzus persicae. Utilizing RNAi technology, we aimed to elucidate the precise function of MpCht genes in the molting mechanism of M. persicae, this discovery establishes a significant theoretical foundation for future research on aphid control, with chitinase as the target. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
The association between translocal mobility and well‐being of the “drifting elderly” in China
Authors: Chang Enyu , Zhang Min , Chen Peipei , Hu Yuchen
Published: September 2024

Mobility has been identified as having a key role in contributing to the well‐being of older adults. While existing studies have focused on the daily mobility of elderly people in a local context, relatively limited attention has been given to the translocal context of mobility of elderly migrants, who are increasingly involved in translocal mobility both physically and virtually. To fill this gap, focusing on the drifting elderly in China, this article examines the association between mobility and well‐being by integrating both local and translocal contexts. We deconstruct mobility into three forms: daily mobility within the host city, return mobility from the host city to the hometown, and virtual mobility which unifies local and translocal contexts. How these three forms of mobility relate to well‐being and the mediating role of both local and hometown social networks are investigated using structural equation models. The results indicate that daily mobility indirectly contributes to well‐being through the mediation of local social networks in the host city. Meanwhile, return mobility and virtual mobility have both direct and indirect positive effects on well‐being. Return mobility impacts well‐being mediated by hometown social networks, and virtual mobility contributes to well‐being through mediation by both daily mobility and hometown social networks. This article introduces a comprehensive translocal perspective, both physically and virtually, to the existing body of research, offering valuable insights into the intricate relationship between mobility and well‐being among elderly migrants.
The experiences of older migrant mothers and grandmothers with intergenerational solidarity in their transnational families
Authors: Pisaltu Ioana
Published: September 2024

The role of grandparents in providing support to their migrant adult children is well researched within the intergenerational cross‐border solidarity literature. Studies highlight the gendered care roles assumed by ‘left behind’ grandparents, usually women, who provide hands‐on caregiving to their young grandchildren. However, there is limited research on the supportive economic roles of older migrant women who help ‘left behind’ families navigate economically unpredictable circumstances through remittance transfers. This article makes a contribution by exploring the economic roles of older mothers and grandmothers who participate in the international labour market as paid care workers to support their families ‘back home.’ It draws on ethnographic research with Romanian women in their late 50s and 60s in Italy. Insight is gained into the experiences with transnational care and mobility of older mothers and grandmothers. More specifically, how expectations and demands for intergenerational solidarity in their families conditions women's migration projects, including its temporalities and the distribution of economic risks and responsibilities within the transnational family.
Spatial dynamics of incoming movers and the state‐led gentrification process: The case of Rotterdam
Authors: Janssen Kyri Maaike Joey , Cottineau‐Mugadza Clémentine , Kleinhans Reinout , van Bueren Ellen
Published: September 2024

Although gentrification and its associated changes in residential mobility have been widely studied, surprisingly little attention has been paid to the changing origin locations of gentrification‐related residential moves. In this study, we use fine‐grained register data from the Dutch Central Bureau of Statistics to uncover changing residential mobility patterns to and within the city of Rotterdam, the Netherlands. We identify that the state‐led gentrification process goes hand in hand with the changing socioeconomic characteristics of in‐movers and the changing origin locations of residential moves. The city of Rotterdam increasingly attracts middle‐ to high‐income households from other core cities in the Netherlands, a process that we understand as inter‐urban gentrification spillover. In parallel, intra‐urban moves by economically vulnerable residents are declining, especially toward and within gentrifying neighborhoods. This represents evidence of exclusionary displacement. We conclude that the spillover effects of contemporary gentrification should be understood beyond an intra‐urban metropolitan perspective since gentrification in one city can enhance gentrification in another.
Quality by Design for Preclinical In Vitro Assay Development
Authors: Jones Jonathan , Zhang Bairu , Zhang Xiang , Konings Peter , Hansson Pia , Backmark Anna , Serrano Alessia , Künzel Ulrike , Novick Steven
Published: September 2024

Quality by Design (QbD) is an approach to assay development to determine the design space, which is the range of assay variable settings that should result in satisfactory assay quality. Typically, QbD is applied in manufacturing, but it works just as well in the preclinical space. Through three examples, we illustrate the QbD approach with experimental design and associated data analysis to determine the design space for preclinical assays.
The exponentially weighted control charts for geometrically moving standard deviations
Authors: Maghsoodloo Saeed , Silva Daniel F.
Published: September 2024

This article develops the control limits of Exponentially Weighted Moving Standard Deviation for Monitoring Gradual Shifts in Process variability, where the sample size n ≥ 2 stays constant in all subgroups. We have developed the Geometrically Moving control limits for the simple case of process standard deviation specified at σ0, and then for the case when σ is estimated from a subgroup of size m. We then obtained the conditional average run length by approximating the power function for testing the null hypothesis H0:σ = σ0 at the common sample sizes n = 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12. The results of this article are valid only if the normality assumption of underlying distribution is not violated.
The Assessment of Anti–SARS‐CoV‐2 Antibodies in Different Vaccine Platforms: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of COVID‐19 Vaccine Clinical Trial Studies
Authors: Mirzakhani Mohammad , Bayat Maryam , Dashti Mohammadreza , Tahmasebi Safa , Rostamtabar Maryam , Esmaeili Gouvarchin Ghaleh Hadi , Amani Jafar
Published: September 2024

Background and Objective

The COVID‐19 pandemic spread rapidly throughout the world and caused millions of deaths globally. Several vaccines have been developed to control the COVID‐19 pandemic and reduce the burden it placed on public health. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of different vaccine platforms in inducing potent antibody responses. Moreover, the seroconversion rate and common side effects of vaccine platforms were evaluated.

Methods

This meta‐analysis included clinical trials of COVID‐19 vaccines that met the eligibility criteria. Electronic databases (including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) and Google Scholar search engine were searched for eligible studies. Regarding the methodological heterogeneity between the included studies, we selected a random‐effects model. The geometric mean ratio (GMR) was chosen as the effect size for this meta‐analysis.

Results

Of the 1838 records identified through screening and after removing duplicate records, the full texts of 1076 records were assessed for eligibility. After the full‐text assessment, 56 records were eligible and included in the study. Overall, vaccinated participants had a 150.8‐fold increased rate of anti‐spike IgG titres compared with the placebo group (GMR = 150.8; 95% CI, 95.9–237.1; I2 = 100%). Moreover, vaccinated participants had a 37.3‐fold increased rate of neutralising antibody titres compared with the placebo group (GMR = 37.3; 95% CI, 28.5–48.7; I2 = 99%). The mRNA platform showed a higher rate of anti‐spike IgG (GMR = 1263.5; 95% CI, 431.1–3702.8; I2 = 99%), while neutralising antibody titres were higher in the subunit platform (GMR = 53.4; 95% CI, 32.8–87.1; I2 = 99%) than in other platforms. Different vaccine platforms showed different rates of both anti‐spike IgG and neutralising antibody titres with interesting results. The seroconversion rate of anti‐spike IgG and neutralising antibody titres was more than 98% in the vaccinated participants.

Conclusion

Inactivated and subunit vaccines produced a high percentage of neutralising antibodies and had a low common adverse reaction rate compared to other platforms. In this regard, subunit and inactivated vaccines can still be used as the main vaccine platforms for effectively controlling infections with high transmission rates.
A stabilizing reinforcement learning approach for sampled systems with partially unknown models
Authors: Beckenbach Lukas , Osinenko Pavel , Streif Stefan
Published: September 2024

Reinforcement learning is commonly associated with training of reward‐maximizing (or cost‐minimizing) agents, in other words, controllers. It can be applied in model‐free or model‐based fashion, using a priori or online collected system data to train involved parametric architectures. In general, online reinforcement learning does not guarantee closed loop stability unless special measures are taken, for instance, through learning constraints or tailored training rules. Particularly promising are hybrids of reinforcement learning with classical control approaches. In this work, we suggest a method to guarantee practical stability of the system‐controller closed loop in a purely online learning setting, in other words, without offline training. Moreover, we assume only partial knowledge of the system model. To achieve the claimed results, we employ techniques of classical adaptive control. The implementation of the overall control scheme is provided explicitly in a digital, sampled setting. That is, the controller receives the state of the system and computes the control action at discrete, specifically, equidistant moments in time. The method is tested in adaptive traction control and cruise control where it proved to significantly reduce the cost.
Adaptive switching control of full state constrained nonlinear systems with unknown control directions
Authors: Jiang Wanyue , Wen Guoxing , Ge Shuzhi Sam
Published: September 2024

In this article, an adaptive switching controller is designed for the stabilization control and the tracking control of nonlinear systems suffering from full state constraints, unknown control directions, and system uncertainties. Featured with changing signs and unbounded increasing magnitudes, a switching control structure is proposed to deal with the unknown control direction problem. In order to explore and finally fix the correct control direction, an adaptive switching rule, a switching function, and a reference function are constructed. An integral Lyapunov function is adopted for the design of the control law, which ensures that full state constraints will not be violated. Using this method, the nonlinear system can be properly controlled without extra estimations or approximations. The boundedness of all the states and the stability of the system are analyzed and guaranteed. Finally, simulations are conducted to validate the proposed method, and the results illustrate its effectiveness.
Decoupling of environmental impacts in the iron and steel sector is still needed beyond emissions
Authors: Li Chaohui , Pradhan Prajal
Published: September 2024

The iron and steel (IAS) sector forms a critical foundation of the global economy, and the successful eco‐economic decoupling of this sector has been a focus of academic inquiry. However, existing literature in decoupling analysis often adopts a “carbon tunnel vision,” that is, concentrating on carbon alone while neglecting a broader array of environmental consequences. Here, we conduct multi‐footprint accounting for the IAS sector from 2000 to 2022 for carbon, energy, water, and particulate matter dimensions, examining decoupling patterns across different regions and various footprint types. Contrary to existing literature showing the successful decoupling of the IAS sector's environmental impact with economic growth, our study highlights that the decoupling trend is only observed in carbon footprints. We find that the carbon intensity has experienced a substantial decrease in the post‐2016 period, effectively counterbalancing the growth induced by increased demand. Such a pattern is unobserved for other footprint types. This suggests that while carbon has decoupled, other environmental impacts, such as water use and particulate matter, remain closely linked to the economic activity in this sector. These findings highlight a need for achieving sustainability on a diverse scale beyond decarbonizing the IAS sector. A shift away from the “carbon tunnel vision” in scholarly inquiry and public attention is essential, as it may hinder achieving diverse sustainability goals.
Computational Studies of Novel Aniline Pyrimidine WDR5‐MLL1 Inhibitors: QSAR, Molecular Docking, and Molecular Dynamics Simulation
Authors: Guo Li Yuan , Wang Chun Ying , Tong Jian Bo , Li Peng , Gao Peng , Liu Yuan , Zhang Ya Kun , Chang Ze Lei , Xing Xiao Yu
Published: September 2024

WD repeat‐containing protein 5 (WDR5) and mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) are critical for maintaining tumorigenesis in human cancers. Disruption of the MLL1–WDR5 interaction has been viewed as a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of leukemia. Here, we report a series of protein–protein binding interaction modes targeting MLL1‐WDR5 inhibitors using 3D‐QSAR, and molecular docking. CoMFA with q2 = 0.724, r2 = 0.957, rpred2 = 0.874 and CoMSIA with q2 = 0.826, r2 = 0.995, rpred2 = 0.827. Topomer CoMFA results show q2 = 0.807, r2 = 0.976, rpred2 = 0.789, and HQSAR results show q2 = 0.873, r2 = 0.982, rpred2 = 0.794. The 3D‐QSAR model with high validation and prediction performance is successfully constructed. Contour maps and molecular docking results according to the four models, 26 new compounds are finally designed on the computer after molecular screening. Further molecular dynamics simulations (MD) of compounds G01, G04, G09, G43, and G44 with high predicted activity are carried out to explore their possible binding modes. ILE305, PHE133, CYS261, and ALA176 are found to play crucial roles in stabilizing the inhibitor. ADMET predictions are also performed for these 26 new compounds. These results serve as references for the design of effective WDR5‐MLL1 inhibitors in the future.
Influence of Different Dissolved Gases on Electrocatalytic Nitrate Sensing Performance at Cu‐Modified Au Electrode
Authors: Islam Motasim B. , Hossain Mohammad Imran , Hosen Nazmul , Rahaman Mostafizur , Singha Nayan Ranjan , Aoki Kentaro , Nagao Yuki , Hasnat Mohammad A.
Published: September 2024

The present study investigates the electrocatalytic nitrate reduction reaction (NRR) on a Cu/Au electrode surface in a neutral pH potassium chloride (KCl) environment saturated with nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide, three of the most abundant atmospheric gases. The electrode was characterized using OCP, EIS, SEM, EDX, XPS, and XRD to assess its electrochemical properties, catalytic feasibility, and surface morphology. Results indicated that nitrate ions undergo a consecutive reduction process (
→
→
) on the Cu/Au electrode. O2 saturated environment impeded the NRR process through O2 adsorption on the electrode surface prior to the
→
conversion. In contrast, CO2 saturated condition enhanced the reaction by neutralizing the NRR byproduct
ions, thus accelerating the overall NRR kinetics. Under CO2 environment the NRR process was found more facile compared to that of other two gases. NRR took place at a peak potential of −0.71 V and −1.06 V for the first and second reduction wave, respectively. Kinetic analysis showed that the reduction reactions in presence of CO2 followed first‐order, diffusion‐limited kinetics. The Cu/Au electrode exhibited high sensitivity (3.49×10−1 μA μM−1) with an LOD of 0.46 μM for nitrate detection, and finally demonstrated excellent performance in real sample analysis.
Facile Synthesis of a Reusable MoS2 Aerogel for Efficient HCl Gas Absorption
Authors: Kayal Abir , Mondal Avijit , Subramanian Selvakumar , De Mrinmoy
Published: September 2024

Solid rocket motors (SRMs), frequently used as primary boosters in rockets, employ ammonium perchlorate as the oxidizer and aluminum powder as the fuel. Upon combustion, the exhaust products from composite propellants primarily include hydrochloric acid (HCl), carbon monoxide (CO), aluminum oxide, and hydrogen (H2). About 95% of the ammonium perchlorate undergoes conversion to HCl, constituting nearly 20% of the combustion product by weight, significantly contributing to air pollution. To address this environmental concern, we have developed a reusable MoS2 aerogel specifically engineered for absorbing HCl gas. The fabrication process is straightforward and cost‐effective, utilizing nontoxic reagents and standard equipment, enhancing its practicality. Characterization of the aerogel was conducted using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), X‐ray Diffraction (XRD), X‐ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis. The aerogel demonstrated a high absorptive capacity, achieving 65.88% absorption efficiency for HCl gas, which is noteworthy. Moreover, the aerogel samples exhibited exceptional recyclability over five cycles, highlighting their suitability for applications requiring HCl gas absorption. This research lays the foundation for advancing and scaling up innovative nanomaterial‐based aerogels, offering versatile solutions for a wide range of contemporary applications.
Phosphomolybdic Acid‐Catalyzed One‐Pot Multicomponent Synthesis of 1,2,5,6‐Tetrahydropyridine Derivatives
Authors: Palermo Valeria , Castillo Juan‐Carlos , Macías Mario A. , Martínez José J. , Langer Peter , Romanelli Gustavo P.
Published: September 2024

We report the synthesis of alkyl 1,2,6‐triaryl‐4‐arylaminopiperidine‐3‐ene‐3‐carboxylates in acceptable yields (42%–71%) and high trans‐diastereoselectivity (69:31 to 100:0) through a one‐pot multicomponent reaction of aromatic aldehydes, aromatic amines, and β‐ketoesters catalyzed by phosphomolybdic acid in methanol at room temperature. The structure and stereochemistry of tetrahydropyridines were confirmed by X‐ray crystallography. This protocol stands out for its operational simplicity, the use of an inexpensive and commercially available heteropolyacid catalyst, low catalyst loading, and purification via simple filtration, resulting in acceptable yields and high diastereoselectivity.
Enhanced Anti‐Cancer Efficacy of Hesperidin through Smart Polymeric Nanoparticles Targeting Prostate Cancer
Authors: Yıldırım Metin , Acet Ömür , Önal Acet Burcu , Karakoç Veyis , Odabaşı Mehmet
Published: September 2024

The rapid progress of various nanotechnology tools is currently being utilized in the management of several fatal illnesses, including cancer. Nanopolymers that encapsulate anti‐cancer medication present a highly encouraging substitute to traditional therapies, primarily because of their specific targeting and accurate functionality, making them suitable for a variety of uses. Poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (pHEMA) is a non‐toxic polymer derived from the monomer HEMA, which is known for its toxicity. It can be combined with various other polymers and is associated with minimal immune response. The objective of the current investigation is to produce smart polymeric nanoparticles that are responsive to changes in pH and temperature, and capable of encapsulating hesperidin. These hesperidin‐loaded poly(2‐Hydroxyethyl methacrylate‐N‐isopropylacrylamide‐Vinyl imidazole) nanoparticles, referred to as HesSNPs, aim to enhance the bioavailability of hesperidin and augment its therapeutic effectiveness in combating prostate cancer. N‐isopropylacrylamide and Vinyl imidazole were employed as monomers sensitive to temperature and pH, respectively. Nanopolymers that were synthesized underwent characterization through dynamic light scattering (DLS) analyses, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to analyze particle size and charge, surface morphology, and functional group determinations, respectively. HesSNPs decreased cell viability of DU‐145 cells. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that apoptosis is the main mechanism underlying cell death after HesSNPs treatment.
Self‐Polymerized Tough and High‐Entanglement Zwitterionic Functional Hydrogels
Authors: Wei Luxing , Yang Yang , Qiu Xiaoyong , Shen Jian , Zhao Yiming , Zhang Xiaolai , Hu Baohua , Yang Teng , Fu Haichao , Chen Shuai , Huang Jun
Published: September 2024

Zwitterionic hydrogels exhibit great potential in biomedical applications due to their antifouling properties and biocompatibility. However, the single‐network structure of pure zwitterionic hydrogels leads to a low toughness and strength, limiting their application in biomedical fields. In this work, a high entanglement sulfobetaine methacrylate‐dopamine hydrogel (SBMA‐DA‐PE) with low cross‐linker content and high monomer concentration is prepared by using a dopamine oxidative radical polymerization method. Compared to a regular zwitterionic hydrogel, the SBMA‐DA‐PE hydrogel exhibits a 5‐fold increase in tensile fracture stress and a 10‐fold increase in compressive fracture stress. The SBMA‐DA‐PE hydrogel possesses excellent mechanical properties (the maximum compressive stress ≥4.85 MPa, the maximum compressive strain ≥90%). Besides, the non‐covalent interactions between catechol or ortho‐quinones within the SBMA‐DA‐PE hydrogel, combined with strong intermolecular electrostatic interactions, endow the SBMA‐DA‐PE hydrogel with great self‐healing capabilities and fatigue resistance. The SBMA‐DA‐PE hydrogel demonstrates low swellability and possesses good antifouling properties. Furthermore, the good printability and conductivity of the tough SBMA‐DA‐PE hydrogel endows it with new possibilities for developing biological 3D scaffolds and electronic devices. Overall, this work provides new insights into the preparation of zwitterionic hydrogels with high mechanical strength and multi‐functionality for biomedical applications.