bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Public Education, Occupational Choice, and the Growth‐Inequality Relationship
Authors: Lloyd‐Ellis Huw
Published: March 2003

This article develops a dynamic general equilibrium model in which the occupational structure of the economy drives a wedge between the social and private returns to schooling for some workers. I study the impacts of alternative allocations of public resources between basic and higher levels of education on enrollments, income distribution, and growth. In particular, I illustrate how the growth‐inequality relationship depends on the tension between two forces: (1) the “trickle‐down” effects of expenditures on higher education and (2) the positive impacts on secondary enrollments generated by high‐quality basic education and reduced parental inequality.
Regulating Multiple Polluters: Deterrence and Liability Allocation
Authors: Hyde Charles E. , Rausser Gordon C. , Simon Leo K.
Published: March 2003

We consider regulation of multiple polluters when individual emissions are unobservable. The tension between pollution deterrence and funding of remediation is examined under two constraints: that penalty revenues fully fund remediation costs and that the regulator cannot make positive transfers to firms. To isolate the effect of increasing the number of polluters, we compare an industry consisting of a single large firm with one in which many small firms in aggregate mimic the large firm. Contrary to previous findings, both the number of firms and the ability to monitor individual firms affect the welfare of a large class of regulators.
Naive Reinforcement Learning With Endogenous Aspirations
Authors: Börgers Tilman , Sarin Rajiv
Published: March 2003

This article considers a simple model of reinforcement learning. All behavior change derives from the reinforcing or deterring effect of instantaneous payoff experiences. Payoff experiences are reinforcing or deterring depending on whether the payoff exceeds an aspiration level or falls short of it. Over time, the aspiration level is adjusted toward the actually experienced payoffs. This article shows that aspiration level adjustments may improve the decision maker's long‐run performance by preventing him or her from feeling dissatisfied with even the best available strategies. However, such movements also lead to persistent deviations from expected payoff maximization by creating ‘probability matching’ effects.
Revisiting the Lemons Market
Authors: Kessler Anke S.
Published: March 2003

This article extends the standard competitive adverse selection model by allowing for qualitatively different information structures of agents on the informed side of the market. Using the stylized framework of the market for used cars, we examine the welfare properties of equilibria under the assumption that a fraction of the sellers remains uninformed about a parameter that is relevant for their own transaction. Whether market performance increases or decreases in the number of uninformed sellers is shown to depend on (1) the potential gains from trade in the market and (2) the average quality of the sellers' information structure.
Measuring Inflation and Growth Using Spanning Trees
Authors: Hill Robert J.
Published: March 2003

It is shown how most methods of measuring inflation and growth have an underlying spanning tree. The spanning tree whose resulting inflation (growth) estimates are least sensitive to the choice of index number formula can be computed using Kruskal's minimum spanning tree algorithm. Applying this algorithm to American, British, and Australian data sets, chaining is shown to be the best possible way of linking annual data. For quarterly data, the optimal method of linking depends on the amount of seasonality in the data.
Transparency and Credibility: Monetary Policy With Unobservable Goals
Authors: Faust Jon , Svensson Lars E. O.
Published: March 2003

We define and study transparency, credibility, and reputation in a model where the central bank's characteristics are unobservable to the private sector and inferred from the policy outcome. Increased transparency makes the bank's reputation and credibility more sensitive to its actions. This moderates the bank's policy and induces the bank to follow a policy closer to the socially optimal one. Full transparency of the central bank's intentions is generally socially beneficial but frequently worse for the bank. Somewhat paradoxically, direct observability of idiosyncratic central bank goals removes the moderating influence on the bank and leads to the worst equilibrium.
A Frequency Decomposition of Approximation Errors in Stochastic Discount Factor Models
Authors: Cogley Timothy
Published: March 2003

This article extends the work of Hansen and Jagannathan by showing how to decompose approximation errors in stochastic discount factor models by frequency. This decomposition is applied to a number of consumption‐based discount factor models in order to investigate how well they fit at low frequencies. There is some evidence of improved fit at low frequencies, but only in models with high degrees of risk aversion. In models with low degrees of risk aversion, approximation errors at low frequencies are just as severe as those at high frequencies.
COMPETITIVE PRICING AND EFFICIENCY IN SEARCH EQUILIBRIUM*
Authors: MORTENSEN DALE T. , WRIGHT RANDALL
Published: March 2003

We consolidate and generalize some results on price determination and efficiency in search equilibrium. Extending models by Rubinstein and Wolinsky and by Gale, heterogeneous buyers and sellers meet according to a general matching technology and prices are determined by a general bargaining condition. When the discount rate r and search costs converge to 0, we show that prices in all exchanges are the same and equal the competitive, market clearing, price. Given positive search costs, efficiency obtains iff bargaining satisfies Hosios' condition and r=0. When prices are set by third‐party market makers, however, we show that search equilibrium is necessarily efficient.
PRODUCT MARKET AND THE SIZE–WAGE DIFFERENTIAL*
Authors: SHI SHOUYONG
Published: March 2003

Using directed search to model the product market and the labor market, I show that large plants can pay higher wages to homogeneous workers and earn higher expected profit per worker than small plants, although plants are identical except size. A large plant charges a higher price for its product and compensates buyers with a higher service probability. To capture this size‐ related benefit, large plants try to become larger by recruiting at high wages. This size–wage differential survives labor market competition because a high wage is harder to get than a low wage. Moreover, the size–wage differential increases with the product demand when demand is initially low and falls when demand is already high.
BANK RUNS: DEPOSIT INSURANCE AND CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS*
Authors: COOPER RUSSELL , ROSS THOMAS W.
Published: March 2003

Diamond and Dybvig provide a model of intermediation in which deposit insurance can avoid socially undesirable bank runs. We extend the Diamond–Dybvig model to evaluate the costs and benefits of deposit insurance in the presence of moral hazard by banks and monitoring by depositors. We find that complete deposit insurance alone will not support the first‐best outcome: depositors will not have adequate incentives for monitoring and banks will invest in excessively risky projects. However, an additional capital requirement for banks can restore the first‐best allocation.
LOCAL LABOR MARKETS, JOB MATCHING, AND URBAN LOCATION*
Authors: BRUECKNER JAN K. , THISSE JACQUES‐FRANÇOIS , ZENOU YVES
Published: March 2003

We present a new way of modeling local labor markets by linking the space of workers' skills and the physical space of cities. The key lesson of our analysis is that firms exploit workers in these two spaces by setting wages that are below the competitive level. The degree of monopsony power depends on the elasticity of the firm's labor pool, which is inversely related to the costs workers incur in commuting and acquiring skills. Our analysis thus shows how socioeconomic ghettos emerge as workers with poor skill matches are also those who incur the highest commuting costs.
Inter‐Jurisdictional Competition for Firms*
Authors: Boadway Robin , Katherine Cuff  , Marceau Nicolas
Published: March 2003

Regions inhabited with an immobile population of disabled and able individuals compete to attract mobile firms that provide jobs. The redistributive goal of regional governments is to support the disabled, who cannot work. Able individuals may work, be involuntary unemployed because of frictions in the labor market, or choose to be voluntary unemployed. Labor force participation decisions depend on regional redistributive policies. Both the size of workforce and tax on firms affect profits and therefore, firms’ location decisions. Allowing regions to engage in tax competition may be efficient. If regions cannot tax firms, they compete by implementing inefficient redistributive policies.
Credit programs for the poor and the health status of children in rural bangladesh*
Authors: Pitt Mark M. , Khandker Shahidur R. , Chowdhury Omar Haider , Millimet Daniel L.
Published: March 2003

The impact of participation in group‐based credit programs, by gender of participant, on the health status of children by gender in rural Bangladesh is investigated. These credit programs are well suited to studies of how gender‐specific resources alter intra‐household allocations because they induce differential participation by gender. Women's credit is found to have a large and statistically significant impact on two of three measures of the healthiness of both boy and girl children. Credit provided to men has no statistically significant impact and the null hypothesis of equal credit effects by gender of participant is rejected.
Is There Chaos in The World Economy? A Nonparametric Test Using Consistent Standard Errors*
Authors: Shintani Mototsugu , Linton Oliver
Published: March 2003

A positive Lyapunov exponent is one practical definition of chaos. We develop a formal test for chaos in a noisy system based on the consistent standard errors of the nonparametric Lyapunov exponent estimators. For international real output series, the hypothesis of the positive Lyapunov exponent is significantly rejected in many cases. One possible interpretation of this result is that the traditional exogenous models are better able to explain business cycle fluctuations than is the chaotic endogenous approach. However, our results are subject to a number of caveats.
Myths about the Lender of Last Resort
Authors: Goodhart C.A.E.
Published: March 2003

This topic has been prone to the accretion of myths that sometimes obscure the key issues. As a start, Bagehot is often treated as the first to write on the subject, ignoring Thornton's contribution. Next, Bagehot's proposal that such lending be at ‘high’ rates is incorrectly translated into ‘penalty’ rates. This paper, however, concentrates on and criticizes four further myths: that it is generally possible to distinguish between illiquidity and insolvency; that national LOLR capacities are unlimited, whereas international bodies, such as the IMF, cannot function as an ILOLR; that moral hazard is everywhere and at all times a major consideration; and that it might be possible to dispense with LOLR altogether.
Is the MCI a Useful Signal of Monetary Policy Conditions? An Empirical Investigation
Authors: Siklos Pierre L.
Published: March 2003

This paper explores some of the potential advantages and disadvantages of monetary policy indicators based on a linear combination of a selected interest rate and the trade‐weighted exchange rate. The resulting measure, called a monetary conditions index (MCI), may provide a means to increase the transparency and credibility of monetary policy but it can also increase confusion among financial market participants if they view the central bank as reacting too closely to every ‘wiggle’ in the MCI.

I argue that the aggregation of financial asset prices into an index can have salutary effects on the conduct of monetary policy because it can filter out some of the ‘noise’ in high frequency data. The danger comes from a central bank that stipulates following solely the MCI as a guide to the stance of monetary policy.
Knowledge management in product innovation: an interpretative review
Authors: Corso Mariano , Martini Antonella , Paolucci Emilio , Pellegrini Luisa
Published: March 2003

Knowledge management (KM) is relatively new, but still a very hot topic in management research and practice. Leading companies are reshaping their organizations in order to increase their ability in managing knowledge sharing and transfer within and across their organizational boundaries. KM is today considered by many scholars the next arena for global competition. Product innovation (PI), in particular, is one of the most promising areas, where KM is today applied and studied. Management literature has underlined how knowledge becomes the only source of sustainable competitive advantage in turbulent contexts, and the cognitive perspective represents the most adequate approach to analysing and understanding PI as a continuous learning process rather than as a sporadic event. Since the early 1990s, many contributions emerged from different fields, but after nearly one decade, KM is not yet a unitary stream of literature but reflects very diverse roots. In this paper, the different streams and approaches emerging in literature on KM in PI are reviewed and described, aiming at providing researchers with an interpretative tool and some directions for further research.
Computer‐based Testing and Training with Scenarios from Complex Problem‐solving Research: Advantages and Disadvantages
Authors: Funke Joachim
Published: March 2003

The use of PC‐based simulations for selection and training for jobs which require complex problem solving skills is ever‐increasing. This paper gives a short review of such simulations along with a list of advantages and disadvantages of their use. Possible future developments are sketched.
Background Data and Autobiographical Memory: Effects of Item Types and Task Characteristics
Authors: Clifton Timothy C. , Mumford Michael D. , Baughman Wayne A.
Published: March 2003

Background data, or life history measures, ask people to recall and report prior behavior and experiences. Although these measures have been found to be effective predictors of performance, little is known about the characteristics of items contributing to accurate reporting and good recall. Accordingly, 153 undergraduates were asked to work on a complex, computer‐based ‘in‐basket’ task. In working through this task, objective indices of their activities were obtained. After completing this task, subjects were asked to answer a set of background data items describing their behavior and experiences during task performance. Additionally, they were asked to return one week later and, again, answer the background data questions. Indices of accuracy and recall consistency were obtained for various item types. In accordance with the literature of autobiographical memory, it was found that people could consistency recall and accurately report general summaries of activities and their reactions to the task. More specific actions or behaviors that were not linked to goals were not accurately and consistently recalled. The implications of these findings for the development and application of background data measures are discussed.
Psychological Reactions to Adaptive Testing
Authors: Tonidanel Scott , Quiñones Miguel A.
Published: March 2003

The purpose of the study was to examine how specific aspects of adaptive testing influence test‐takers pre‐test reactions. Specifically, three different psychological reactions were examined in the study: perceived fairness of the test, attitude toward the test, and expectations about the test. Fifty‐three undergraduates were presented with descriptions of hypothetical selection tests that were manipulated to reflect characteristics of adaptive tests that differ from traditional paper‐and‐pencil tests. The results indicate that certain features of adaptive tests, such as the inability to skip questions, may adversely impact test‐takers' reactions. Implications for test designers are discussed.
Perspectives on Models of Job Performance
Authors: Viswesvaran Chockalingam , Ones Deniz S.
Published: March 2003

Contemporary models of job performance are reviewed. Links between task performance, contextual performance, organizational citizenship behaviors, counterproductivity and organizational deviance are pointed out. Measurement issues in constructing generic models applicable across jobs are discussed. Implications for human resource management in general, and performance appraisal for selection and assessment in particular, are explored. It is pointed out that the different dimensions or facets of individual job performance hypothesized in the literature are positively correlated. This positive manifold suggests the presence of a general factor which represents a common variance shared across all the dimensions or facets. Although no consensus exists in the extant literature on the meaning and source of this shared variance (i.e., the general factor), rater idiosyncratic halo alone does not explain this general factor. Future research should explain the common individual differences determinants of performance dimensions.
Equal opportunities, true options or hidden unemployment? A comparative perspective on labour‐market marginality
Authors: Malmberg‐Heimonen Ira , Julkunen Ilse
Published: March 2003

Previous studies have shown that women generally adjust to unemployment better than men. This study shows that young women value work equally as highly as men, and have negative feelings when unemployed, which indicates the existence of a closed gender gap. However, children have a different influence on men’s and women’s unemployment experiences. Being a parent increases job‐search activity and work involvement among men. On the other hand, children moderate negative experiences of unemployment among women, and they decrease their job‐search activity and work involvement. Being a parent increases labour‐market marginality among young unemployed women. For young men it is a motivational factor for searching for and getting a job. The comparison shows furthermore that patterns of re‐employment vary in the involved countries: Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden and Scotland. They reflect differences in the overall unemployment situation in the countries and the welfare strategies applied.
Globalisation, memory and welfare regimes in transition: towards an anthropology of transnational policy transfers
Authors: Stubbs Paul
Published: March 2003

Processes of transnational policy transfers are of immense importance in understanding new forms of the reproduction of relations and discourses of power, and of memory and forgetfulness, within particular social welfare regimes. Transnational advice and policy transfers appear particularly unsuited to the need to address the complexities of the ways in which welfare subjects interact with welfare regimes which seek to organise their lives, a theme which touches complex issues of culture, identity and resistance, at the interface of local, national, regional and global social relations. Utilising ethnographic material from post–Yugoslav countries, particularly Bosnia–Herzegovina, this article addresses international consultancy, transnational policy advice, and project and programme documents as a specific ‘genre’ with its own language and power, including the power of silence. The article is based on an explicit erosion of the border between ‘research’ and ‘consultancy’. Theoretically and empirically, a literature on ‘global social policy’ has paid too little attention to an emerging ‘cultural’ perspective on welfare which focuses much more on the social relations of welfare; the role of biographies, subjectivities and memories; and the need for forms of reflexivity and attention to the minutiae of everyday life constructed within, and itself constructive of, ‘welfare’ as a lived experience. Rendering the practice of policy–making as a subject for ethnographic or anthropological research may be the basis for a new action research, and for policy agendas for a democratic welfare, envisioning forms of access, voice, and empowerment, which much current transnational policy advice militates against.
Training European trade unionists
Authors: Stirling John , Miller Doug
Published: March 2003

This article analyses the findings from a pilot research project looking at the pattern of trade union education provision in Germany, Italy, Sweden and the UK. In each country the trade union movements are adapting their training systems to meet new challenges in often hostile economic and political climates. In spite of common problems there remain significant national differences in trade union education deriving from divergent traditions which we explore through a systems model which ocuses on the key issues of national legislation, funding, training provision and accreditation. We conclude by suggesting the need for new research and policy agendas.
Training managers for overseas business operations in the Asia‐ Pacific region: a study of Singapore‐based companies
Authors: Osman‐Gani AAhad M. , Wee‐Liang Tan , Thian‐Ser Toh
Published: March 2003

The emerging economies of the Asia‐Pacific region form a major arena of increasing overseas business operations. Yet little is known about the training provided by companies to develop managers for overseas assignment in the region. This article examines the training provided by Singapore‐based companies for their business operations in the Asia‐Pacific region and provides an insight into the companies’ training curriculum.
A meta‐analysis of the effects of cross‐cultural training on expatriate performance and adjustment
Authors: Morris Mark A , Robie Chet
Published: March 2003

Corporations are increasingly relying on cross‐cultural training of expatriate managers to reduce personnel costs. Previous research has shown consistent validity for different training methods. This meta‐analysis investigated the available empirical literature, identifying 16 studies for expatriate adjustment (total n = 2270) and 25 studies for expatriate performance (total n = 2490). Mean effect sizes were lower than in a previously published meta‐analysis and were significantly different from zero for both performance (r = .26) and adjustment (r = .13). Until the effects of potential moderators are better understood, prescriptions for cross‐cultural training design should be made cautiously.
A study focusing on American expatriates’ learning in host countries
Authors: Shim In‐Sun , Paprock Kenneth E.
Published: March 2003

This study examines the learning process and situations while expatriates are living and working in a foreign country. The survey was conducted on 70 American expatriates via individual e‐mails and the World Wide Web. The study found that expatriates gained the culture of their host country through reflective learning. Cross‐cultural training programs should be examined based on expatriates’ actual needs. Finally, several learning situations that would be helpful in reducing expatriates’ cultural difficulties are: previous cross‐cultural experience, language competency, long‐term relationships with the host people, and information about the host country originating from the home country as well as the host country.
Democratization and Politics in South African Townships
Authors: Cherry Janet , Jones Kris , Seekings Jeremy
Published: March 2003

In South Africa, as in many other countries, there appears to have been a demobilization of mass urban movements following the achievement of representative democracy. This apparent demobilization has led to a perception that South Africa's neighbourhood‐based civic organizations are in crisis. This article builds on existing studies by sharpening analysis of the nature of this ‘crisis’. We show that there continue to be high levels of popular engagement with self‐governing civic structures at the local level. The decline in mass direct action in civil society appears to be linked to public confidence in political society, i.e. in the political parties and elected councillors that provide mechanisms for local representation in representative democracy. The crisis facing civic organizations is in large part a crisis of adjustment, as civic activists redefine their roles in the new institutional context and accept that their roles will be more limited than in specific extraordinary periods in the past. What makes this task of redefinition so difficult is that civil and political society cannot be easily separated, but, rather, form a tangled web in the minds of civic activists (and, we suspect, ordinary citizens also). The lesson of this South African case‐study is that changing patterns of popular politics need to be located in a careful analysis of political society as well as civil society, and especially of the real and perceived links between them.

En Afrique du Sud, comme dans de nombreux pays, une démobilisation se dessine, semble‐t‐il, dans les mouvements urbains de masse depuis l'accès à une démocratie représentative. Cette sensation laisse à penser que les organisations civiques de quartier sont en crise en Afrique du Sud. S'appuyant sur des études existantes, l'article affine l'analyse de la nature de cette ‘crise’. Il montre qu'il existe toujours des niveaux élevés d'engagement populaire avec, au niveau local, des structures civiques autonomes. Le recul de l'action directe de masse au sein de la société civile semble liéà la confiance générale dans la société politique, c'est‐à‐dire dans les partis et les conseillers élus qui assurent les mécanismes locaux de la représentation démocratique. La crise que connaissent les organisations de citoyens est en grande partie une crise d'ajustement, les activistes devant redéfinir leur rôle dans le nouveau contexte institutionnel et accepter que celui‐ci soit plus limité que durant certaines périodes du passé. Cette opération de redéfinition est particulièrement problématique, car il n'est pas facile de séparer société civile et société politique, celles‐ci étant étroitement m7ecirc;lées dans l'esprit des activistes civiques (et, à notre avis, dans celui des citoyens ordinaires). Cette étude de cas sud‐africaine démontre qu'il faut situer les nouveaux schémas de politique générale par une analyse précise tant de la société politique que de la société civile, notamment en ce qui concerne les liens réels et supposés entre les deux.
Networks, Place and Identities in Post‐industrial Mining Communities
Authors: Strangleman Tim
Published: March 2003

This article engages with the theme of the symposium by examining the role and meaning of networks in the context of a former coal‐mining region in the UK. Mining communities have historically been noted by sociologists and historians for their strong social ties and extended families as well as for forming the bedrock of discussion of class and place. In the wake of the closure programme of the 1980s and early 1990s, such identities have been fundamentally challenged. The notion of networks is explored in four distinct but ultimately interrelated senses: occupational/work networks; networks around place; networks of class relations; and, finally, networks as relationships of family, kin and generation. Material presented here is based on research that investigated four former coalfield communities in the UK after closure, focusing on a former pit village in the North East of England. It begins with a discussion of community and the coalfield within sociological and historical literatures. It then proceeds to discuss the changing nature of community and social networks post‐coal by focusing on the experience of two separate cohorts of former workers. It concludes by arguing for a historical understanding of the patterning of networks.

Cet article s’inscrit dans le th?me du symposium en étudiant le rôle et la signification des réseaux dans le cadre d’une ancienne région miniàre anglaise. De tous temps, sociologues et historiens ont distingué les communautés miniàres, celles‐ci présentant de solides liens sociaux et des familles étendues, tout en étant à la base des débats de classes et de lieux. À la suite du plan de fermeture des années 1980 et du début des années 1990, ces identités ont été profondément remises en cause. La notion de réseaux est examinée dans quatre sens distincts, quoique liés en définitive: réseaux professionnels, réseaux autour du lieu, réseaux liés à la classe, et réseaux de relations de famille, parenté et génération. Les éléments présentés sont issues de recherches sur quatre communautés d’un ancien bassin charbonnier anglais apràs la fermeture des mines, et plus particuliàrement sur un village du nord‐est de l’Angleterre. Apràs avoir abordé la communauté et le bassin charbonnier au travers de documents sociologiques et historiques, l’article s’intéresse à la nature évolutive des réseaux de la communauté et des réseaux sociaux apràs l’àre du charbon, en s’attachant à l’expérience de deux groupes distincts d’anciens ouvriers. Il conclut en défendant une appréhension historique de la modélisation des réseaux.
Sketches from the Urban Internationale, 1910–50: Voluntary Associations, International Institutions and US Philanthropic Foundations
Authors: Saunier Pierre‐Yves
Published: March 2003

The international town planning milieu forms an intriguing web of people, books, exhibitions, congresses and ideas. Exploring it can add to our nationally oriented understanding of the ways in which the urban scene was conceived in the twentieth century. This article aims to place this exploration in the wider context of the ‘Urban Internationale’ the sphere dedicated to the declensions of ‘urban issues’ such as town planning, housing and urban government. It suggests that the Urban Internationale can be structured around three areas of focus: voluntary associations, international institutions and the big US philanthropic foundations. The development of those areas and the relationships between them shaped the way in which ‘urban issues’ were defined and treated.

Le milieu international de ‘l’urbanisme’ forme une trame fascinante d’individus, ouvrages, expositions, conférences et idées. L’explorer peut enrichir notre appéhension nationalisée des manières selon lesquelles la scène urbaine a été conçue au XXe siècle. L’article place cette exploration dans le contexte plus large de ‘l’Internationale Urbaine’, sphère dédiée aux déclinaisons des ‘problèmes urbains’ tels que urbanisme, logement et gouvernement urbain. Il suggère que l’Internationale Urbaine peut se structurer autour de trois pôles: les associations de bénévoles, les institutions internationales et les grandes fondations philanthropiques américaines. Le développement de ces pôles et leurs relations mutuelles ont fa??onné les modalités de définition et de traitement des ‘problèmes urbains’.
Cultural Districts, Property Rights and Sustainable Economic Growth
Authors: Santagata Walter
Published: March 2003

The purpose of this article is to analyse the economic properties as well as the institutions governing the start‐up and evolution of cultural districts. The first part of the article reviews the relationships between culture, viewed as an idiosyncratic good, and the theory of industrial districts. The second part comprises a critical discussion of four models of cultural districts: the industrial cultural district (mainly based on positive externalities, localized culture and traditions in ‘arts and crafts’); the institutional cultural district (chiefly relying on the assignment of property rights); the museums cultural district (based on network externalities and the search for optimal size); and the metropolitan cultural district (based on communication technologies, performing arts and electronic trade). The assignment of intellectual property rights to local idiosyncratic cultural goods seems to be the most significant way to differentiate among cultural districts. The final section discusses a possible convergence of all district models towards the institutional district, based on the creation of a system of property rights as a means to protect localized production.

Cet article tente d’analyser les propriétés économiques et les institutions qui régissent la création et l’évolution de districts culturels. La première partie étudie les relations entre la culture – vue comme un bien idiosyncrasique – et la théorie des districts industriels. La deuxième partie est un débat critique sur quatre modèles de districts culturels: le district culturel industriel (basé essentiellement sur des externalités positives, des cultures et traditions artisanales locales), le district culturel institutionnel (s’appuyant principalement sur l’attribution de droits de propriété), le district culturel des musées (fondé sur des effets d’entraînement en réseau et la recherche d’une taille optimale), et le district culturel métropolitain (basé sur les technologies de communication, des représentations artistiques et le commerce électronique). L’attribution de droits de propriété intellectuelle sur des biens culturels idiosyncrasiques locaux semble être la meilleure manière de différencier les districts culturels. La dernière partie de l’article examine une convergence possible de tous les modèles de district vers le district institutionnel, en s’appuyant sur la création d’un système de droits de propriété comme moyen de protection d’une production locale.
Aspects of the Informal Economy in a Transforming Country: The Case of Romania
Authors: Neef Rainer
Published: March 2003

The informal economy has played a large part in state socialist countries and has been growing since 1989 in eastern European countries. Based on qualitative interviews and a large–scale survey carried out in Romania in 1996 and 1998, this article identifies four forms of informal household economies. In the context of a long drawn–out transformational recession in Romania, market conditions are rather unfavourable for most branches of the informal economy, which two–thirds of all Romanian households participate in. Success or failure depend largely on household potential and personal skills. A large group of households, which depend primarily on subsistence farming or on occasional manual labour, is trapped in a survival economy. Households that combine formal and informal jobs mostly manage to escape poverty, and the better off can raise their standards of living through informal activities, especially those who are independent and provide qualified services or those who carry out informal activities related to their formal employment in firms. A small group of informal entrepreneurs struggles between the two extremes of successful accumulation and a situation of dependency. Economically, subsistence farming exacerbates the crisis in agriculture, whereas in other branches of the informal economy there are more positive than negative impacts on overall economic development.

L’économie parallèle a joué un rôle important dans les pays socialistes, s’intensifiant depuis 1989 dans les pays d’Europe de l’Est. En s’appuyant sur des entretiens approfondis et une vaste étude réalisée en Roumanie en 1996 et 1998, cet article définit quatre formes parallèles d’économie pour les ménages. Dans le cadre de la récession prolongée associée à la mutation roumaine, les conditions de marché sont plutôt défavorables à la plupart des branches de l’économie parallèle, laquelle concerne deux tiers des ménages roumains. La réussite ou l’échec est en grande partie liée au potentiel familial et aux compétences individuelles. Un groupe considérable de ménages, qui dépend essentiellement d’une agriculture de subsistance ou d’un travail manuel occasionnel, est prisonnier d’une économie de survie. Les ménages qui combinent des emplois officiels et officieux réussissent généralement àéchapper à la pauvreté, et les ‘plus favorisés’ peuvent élever leur niveau de vie grâce à des activités parallèles, notamment ceux qui sont indépendants et fournisseurs de prestations qualifiées ou ceux qui se livrent à des activités officieuses en relation avec leur emploi officiel en entreprise. Un petit groupe de créateurs d’entreprises parallèles luttent entre les deux extrÁmes: cumul réussi et situation de dépendance. Èconomiquement, l’autosubsistance accentue la crise du secteur agricole tandis que, dans d’autres branches de l’économie parallèle, on constate davantage d’effets positifs que négatifs sur l’expansion économique globale.
The Consequences of International Migration for the Status of Women: A Turkish Study
Authors: Day Lincoln H. , Içduygu Ahmet
Published: March 2003

As part of a larger inquiry into the consequences of international migration for those who remain in the country of origin, 234 adults in four Turkish provinces were interviewed concerning matters (mostly opinions) pertaining to the status of women. Three migrant‐status categories were defined; (a) Returned migrants, (b) Non‐migrant close kin or friends of migrants, and, as a control group, (c) All others. Controlling for age, sex, urban‐rural residence, and schooling, group (a) was the most likely to express “non‐traditional” views, and group (c) the least. Group (b) was in between.

Of the two possible explanations for such a pattern – recruitment and socialization – we found recruitment highly significant. The evidence for socialization, however, was decidedly mixed. Some of the considerable diversity of viewpoints pertaining to the status of women found in this inquiry are doubtless causally associated with the experience of migration, whether direct or indirect. But there is also evidence here of a society in the process of rapid change; and it is these more general social changes, not migration as such, that would appear to be more likely to affect the status of women.

There is little support for the contention that the type of international migration that has involved so many Turks these past three decades – migration that has for the most part been temporary and economically motivated and has consisted of movements from relatively poor agricultural or but slightly industrialized areas to rich, highly industrialized ones characterized by marked differences in language, religion, and overall culture – is going to result in moving the status of women from a more to a less “traditional” plane.
Conveying a Sense of Community along Bolsa Avenue: Little Saigon as a Model of Ethnic Commercial Belts
Authors: McLaughlin Colette Marie , Jesilow Paul
Published: March 2003

In the past, ethnic enclaves have functioned as homogeneous residential areas providing support and comfort to newly arrived immigrants. A new form of urban village is increasingly serving commuting immigrants who live in integrated residential neighbourhoods.

Little Saigon, a Vietnamese commercial belt in Southern California, serves as a model of this emerging form. Participant observation and interviews with users of Little Saigon and other ethnic commercial belts in Southern California reveal that these areas provide users with places where they can experience the sense of community previously provided by ethnic ghettos.

Little Saigon demonstrates that ethnic, commercial enclaves benefit diverse groups of individuals: in these places immigrants with limited English gain employment, older immigrants find solace, and “Americanized” immigrants and their children connect with their ancestral culture.

Concomitant with the cultural advantages are the perpetuation of stereotypes, erosion of ethnic boundaries and persistent forms of specialized crime that threaten these areas’ success and yield negative perceptions of the areas’ ethnic groups.
Migration and Policies in the European Union: Highly Skilled Mobility, Free Movement of Labour and Recognition of Diplomas
Authors: Peixoto João
Published: March 2003

This article evaluates the relationship between highly skilled mobility (especially by individuals with university‐level degrees) and migration policies. Data from the European Union (EU) and Portugal (in particular) provide the empirical basis of the research.

EU policies regarding the free circulation of individuals which aim to build the “common market” for economic factors (including labour) are reviewed, as are the more specific recognition of diplomas policies for professional and academic purposes, and recent levels of international mobility in both the EU and Portugal.

The article also enumerates the main obstacles that, from a political and legal or social and cultural perspective, explain the low mobility revealed by those figures. Obstacles include the broad denial of citizenship rights; the necessity of assuring a means of sustenance; linguistic and technical exigencies for diploma recognition; the social attributes of work (more explicit in the service sector); and the institutional nature of national skilled labour markets.

The main exception to the low mobility rule – movements of cadres in the internal labour markets of transnational corporations – together with flows in other multinational organizations, are also reviewed. In these, migrations are relatively exempt from political constraints and, significantly, avoid the recognition procedures adopted by the EU. In other words, it seems that the entry of highly skilled individuals in a transnational corporation, and not their citizenship in a Europe without frontiers, is what enables them to achieve effective mobility.
Issues and Challenges of Emigration Dynamics in Developing Countries
Authors: Afolayan A.A.
Published: March 2003

This article is a theory‐based attempt to present the issues and challenges of emigration dynamics in developing countries. The topic is discussed within several basic assumptions: first, that emigration dynamics in developing countries have certain features that are different from those in developed countries; second, that countries in the regions covered by the study (sub‐Saharan Africa, Central America and the Caribbean, and South Asia) are representative of developing countries.

The article has been considerably facilitated by two recently concluded and reported projects: the IOM/UNFPA project, “Emigration dynamics in developing countries: sub‐Saharan Africa, Central America and the Caribbean, and South Asia”(Appleyard, 1998, 1999), and the UAP/CEIFO project on “International migration in and from Africa: dimensions, challenges and prospects”(Adepoju and Hammar, 1996). Any serious academic study of emigration dynamics in developing countries must acknowledge these landmark scholarly studies if they hope to advance understanding of the essential features of emigration dynamics in developing countries.

A prime objective of the present article is to focus attention on aspects of the emigration process that will enable policy makers to utilize emigration for development, especially through national and international cooperation at regional and global levels.

The article is predicated upon the need for a theory or model of emigration dynamics in developing countries that meets both internal and external dimensions. The adequacy of such a theory can be measured at three different levels: observation, description and explanation (Chomsky, 1965).
Migration in Southern Europe and the Case of Greece
Authors: Cavounidis Jennifer
Published: March 2003

In recent decades, the southern European countries of Spain, Portugal, Italy, and Greece have all undergone transformation from senders to receivers of migrants. On the basis of this common feature, they have been grouped together in recent discussions of migration experiences and prospects. However, as revealed in comparisons made possible by the newly available data set from Greece's first regularization programme, the migration experience of Greece departs radically from that of other southern European countries. To an extent unparalleled in southern Europe, Greece has been subject to an immigration impact as the result of the collapse of communist regimes in Eastern Europe, some of which share borders with Greece. Characteristics of Greece's major source countries differ from those of other countries of southern Europe (1) in that they are former communist countries that appear to have a long and difficult road of economic transition ahead, (2) with respect to proximity, and (3) in terms of dominance of a single source country. These differences have important implications for future patterns of migration and of articulation of the labour markets of receiving countries with those of specific sending countries.
Large Shareholder Activism in Corporate Governance in Developing Countries: Evidence from India
Authors: Sarkar Jayati , Sarkar Subrata
Published: March 2003

Most of the existing evidence on the effectiveness of large shareholders in corporate governance has been restricted to a handful of developed countries, notably the UK, US, Germany and Japan. This paper provides evidence on the role of large shareholders in monitoring company value with respect to a developing and emerging economy, India, whose corporate governance system is a hybrid of the outsider‐dominated market‐based systems of the UK and the US, and the insider‐dominated bank‐based systems of Germany and Japan. The picture of large‐shareholder monitoring that emerges from our case study of Indian corporates is a mixed one. Like many of the existing studies, while we find blockholdings by directors to increase company value after a certain level of holdings, we find no evidence that institutional investors, typically mutual funds, are active in governance. We find support for the efficiency of the German/Japanese bank‐based model of governance; our results suggest that lending institutions start monitoring the company effectively once they have substantial equity holdings in the company and that this monitoring is reinforced by the extent of debt holdings by these institutions. Our analysis also highlights that foreign equity ownership has a beneficial effect on company value. In general, our analysis supports the view emerging from developed country studies that the identity of large shareholders matters in corporate governance.
Family Control and Corporate Governance: Evidence from Taiwan
Authors: Yeh Yin‐hua , Lee Tsun‐siou , Woidtke Tracie
Published: March 2003

A recent stream of literature shows that family control is central in most countries of the world, but little research exists regarding family control and corporate governance. This paper analyses family control and corporate governance using a sample of Taiwanese firms. The results suggest that family control is even more prevalent than previously suggested and that a non‐linear relation exists between family control and relative firm performance. Family‐controlled firms that have low levels of control have lower relative performance than both family‐controlled firms with high levels of control and widely held firms. This is consistent with the conflict of interest between majority and minority shareholders being the greatest when the majority shareholder’s level of control is high enough to influence a firm’s decision‐making process but ownership is low enough that the benefits of expropriation outweigh the costs. Furthermore, a positive valuation effect exists when controlling families hold less than 50% of a firm’s board seats. Taken together, the results in this paper suggest that when family control is central, high levels of family ownership and low levels of family board representation are effective ways of mitigating the separation of cash flow rights and control and, thus, decreasing the conflict of interest between majority and minority shareholders.
Settlement, Transnational Communities and Citizenship
Authors: Kastoryano Riva
Published: March 2003

The settlement of immigrants has given rise to transnational communities based on economic interests, cultural exchanges, social relations, and political affiliations. There are increased interactions between individuals and groups settled in different countries within a global space; the cultural and political specificities of host and home countries are combined with multilevel and multinational activities, creating an institutionalisation of multiple belonging.