bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lymphatic Tumor Emboli Detected by D2‐40 Immunostaining Can More Accurately Predict Lymph‐node Metastasis
Authors: Moriya Hiromitsu , Ohbu Makoto , Kobayashi Nobuyuki , Tanabe Satoshi , Katada Natsuya , Futawatari Nobue , Sakuramoto Shinichi , Kikuchi Shiro , Okayasu Isao , Watanabe Masahiko
Published: June 2011

Background

Resected specimens of superficial squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus (SSCCE) underwent D2‐40 immunostaining to accurately assess lymphatic tumor emboli (LY) and to analyze correlations between LY and lymph node metastasis (N). This present study was designed to determine the accuracy of LY grade for predicting the risk of N.

Materials and methods

We studied 75 patients with SSCCE who underwent surgical resection of their tumors. Resected specimens were sliced into continuous sections at 5 mm intervals. Intramucosal cancers are classified into three groups (m1, m2, m3), and submucosal cancers are also divided into three groups (sm1, sm2, sm3). The numbers of LY present in lymphatic ducts on D2‐40 immunostaining, venous tumor emboli (V) on CD34 immunostaining, and lymphatic tumor emboli (ly) and V on hematoxylin‐eosin staining (HE) and elastica van Gieson staining (EVG) were counted for each case. The presence of lymphatic tumor emboli was graded according to the total number of LY per case as follows: 0, LY0; 1 to 2, LY1; 3 to 9, LY2; and 10 or more, LY3.

Results

All m1 and m2 cases were LY− and N− Lymphatic tumor emboli were present in 54% of m3 cases, 70% of sm1 cases, 54% of sm2 cases, and 75% of sm3 cases. Determination of N was positive in 18% of m3 cases, 47% of sm1 cases, 36% of sm2 cases, and 62% of sm3 cases. The frequency of LY significantly correlated with the number of N (p < 0.0001). Multiple regression analysis showed that only LY and V significantly correlated with N. When the detection rate of N was compared between LY and ly, LY was superior to ly in terms of specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value, and false positive rate. As for LY grade, N was positive in 39.1% of LY1 cases, 81.8% of LY2 cases, and 100% of LY3 cases. Even in LY‐, N was positive in one sm1 case and in two sm2 cases. In the sm1 case, the depth of invasion was 350 μm from the lower margin of the muscularis mucosae.

Conclusions

Evaluation of lymphatic invasion on the basis of LY is more accurate for the prediction of N than conventional techniques, and LY grade strongly correlates with N. In patients with SSCCE, mucosal cancers (m1, m2, and m3) and submucosal cancers with a depth of invasion of ≤200 μm from the lower margin of the muscularis mucosae on endoscopic mucosal resection have a low risk of N if the number of LY is 0. Endoscopic mucosal resection alone can provide good treatment outcomes in such patients.
Learning Curve of Transumbilical Single Incision Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy (SILS): A Preliminary Study of 80 Selected Patients with Benign Gallbladder Diseases
Authors: Qiu Zhengjun , Sun Jing , Pu Ying , Jiang Tao , Cao Jun , Wu Weidong
Published: June 2011

Background

Transumbilical single incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS) is a new laparoscopic procedure in which only one transumbilical incision is made, demonstrated as a scarless procedure. Here we report a single‐center preliminary experience of transumbilical single incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy (SILC) in the treatment of benign gallbladder diseases, defining a single surgeon’s learning curve.

Methods

A total of 80 patients underwent SILC successfully by a single experienced laparoscopic surgeon. The operation was performed following the routine LC procedure. Then the perioperative demographics were recorded and the operative time was used to define the learning curve.

Results

The study group included 27 male and 53 female patients with gallstones (56 cases), cholesterol polyps (16 cases), an adenomatous polyp (3 cases), adenomyomatosis (1 case), or complex diseases (4 cases), and all consented to undergo SILC. No patient was converted to normal LC or open surgery. There were no perioperative port‐related or surgical complications. The average operative time was 46.9 ± 14.6 min. The average postoperative hospital stay was 1.8 ± 1.3 days. The learning curve of the SILC procedures for this series of selected patients confirmed that SILC is a feasible, safe, and effective approach to the treatment of benign gallbladder diseases.

Conclusions

For experienced laparoscopic surgeons, SILC is an easy and safe procedure. Patients benefit from milder pain, a lower incidence of port‐related complications, better cosmesis, and fast recovery. The SILC procedure may become another option for the treatment of benign gallbladder diseases for selected patients.
Compliance with and effects of preoperative immunonutrition in patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy
Authors: Shirakawa Hirofumi , Kinoshita Taira , Gotohda Naoto , Takahashi Shinichiro , Nakagohri Toshio , Konishi Masaru
Published: June 2011

Background/purpose

This study was conducted to ascertain the feasibility and effectiveness of preoperative enteral immunonutrition using an immune‐enhanced formula (Impact) in patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy.

Methods

Twenty‐five patients undergoing an elective pancreaticoduodenectomy were asked to ingest Impact for 5 days (750 mL/day) prior to surgery in addition to their normal diets. We retrospectively compared the early postoperative outcomes of the Impact group (n = 18), which consisted of patients who fully complied with the study protocol, and a control group (n = 13), which consisted of patients who had not ingested Impact prior to surgery.

Results

Overall, 82.6% of the patients complied with the preoperative oral ingestion of Impact; all but four patients tolerated a daily intake of 750 mL. While the clinical backgrounds of the Impact and control groups were not significantly different, the frequency of incisional wound infection was lower (0 vs. 30.8%,p = 0.012) and the change in systemic severity as evaluated using the acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE)‐II scoring system was milder (p = 0.033) in the Impact group than in the control group.

Conclusion

The preoperative oral ingestion of Impact was well tolerated and appeared to be effective for preventing incisional wound infection and reducing the response to surgical stress in patients undergoing a pancreaticoduodenectomy.
Examining the diversity maxima of marine macrophytes and their relationship with a continuous environmental stress gradient in the Northern Ryukyu Archipelago
Authors: Nishihara Gregory N. , Terada Ryuta
Published: June 2011

In coastal marine ecosystems, the environmental stress model (ESM) predicts that the central measures (i.e., the mean or median) of species richness are highest at intermediate stresses (e.g., intermediate levels of light and wave exposure). It is now appropriate to examine ESM over larger spatial scales beyond a single shoreline, using a continuous stress scale, and non‐central measures of species richness. The relationship between marine macrophyte richness and a continuous stress gradient (i.e., hydrodynamic stress) from 210 sites in the Northern Ryukyu Archipelago were examined. Expectile regression splines were used to determine how non‐central measures of richness vary with stress. Species richness peaked at intermediate stresses and this feature was strongest at the higher expectiles (i.e., in the upper tails of the distribution of species richness). The fitted expectile regressions converged at the highest and lowest stress, and were widely spaced at intermediate values. This suggests that environmental stress, as determined, is the process that controls species richness at low and high stress. A provisional analysis assuming a Gumbel distribution to model the extreme values of species richness mirrored the patterns elucidated by the expectile regression. Expectile regression and extreme value approaches may provide a means of predicting the occurrence of species richness maxima at the regional scale.
Functional and Emotional Results Differ after Aseptic vs Septic Revision Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Boettner Friedrich , Cross Michael B. , Nam Denis , Kluthe Tobias , Schulte Miriam , Goetze Christian
Published: June 2011

Background

It is widely believed that a deep implant infection leads to poor functional and emotional outcomes following total hip arthroplasty.

Questions/Purpose

The purpose of this retrospective comparative review was to determine if patients who undergo two-stage, septic revision hip arthroplasty will have decreased emotional and general health scores, in addition to decreased function, compared to the aseptic revision group.

Patients and Methods

One hundred forty-five of 195 patients who underwent aseptic total hip revision for aseptic loosening (mean follow-up = 61 months) and 45 of 73 patients who underwent two-stage, septic revision hip arthroplasty (mean follow-up = 48 months) met the inclusion criteria and had a technically successful outcome. All patients were retrospectively evaluated using Harris Hip Scores (HHS), ad hoc questions, and the SF-36 Health Survey.

Results

The average HHS were 73.2 ± 20.5 (aseptic) and 57.4 ± 20.6 (septic). Significant differences in the SF-36 Health Survey were found between the two groups in: physical functioning ( p = 0.026) and role limitations due to physical health ( p = 0.004). No significant difference in SF-36 scores was seen in: Energy/Fatigue, General Health Perception, Personal or Emotional Problems, Role Limitations due to Emotional Well Being, Social Functioning, and Bodily Pain.

Conclusions

Two-stage, septic revision produces a poor functional outcome compared to aseptic revision; however, the overall impact of a septic revision emotionally and socially was not significantly different than patients undergoing aseptic revision.
Cold‐Pressed Pumpkin Seed Oil Antioxidant Activity as Determined by a DC Polarographic Assay Based on Hydrogen Peroxide Scavenge
Authors: Gorjanović Stanislava Ž. , Rabrenović Biljana B. , Novaković Miroslav M. , Dimić Etelka B. , Basić Zorica N. , Sužnjević Desanka Ž.
Published: June 2011

Antioxidant (AO) activity of cold pressed pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) seed oil, produced from three naked and one hulled variety, was assessed using a DC polarographic assay based on a hydrogen peroxide scavenge (HPS). Results are expressed as the decrease of the anodic oxidation current of hydrogen peroxide obtained upon addition of methanolic extract of the investigated oils. Strict correlations of HPS and (1) radical scavenging capacity against the stable free radical 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (0.99), (2) the induction period estimated by a Rancimat test (0.99) and (3) total phenolic content estimated by Folin‐Ciocalteu (FC) assay (0.99) were obtained. In addition, a significant correlation of HPS and the content of δ‐tocopherol (0.87), squalene (0.67) and color CIE a* (−0.89) was found. Based on the results reported, the polarographic assay was found to be suitable for determination of AO activity as an indicator of the quality and oxidative stability of oil.
Oxidative Stability of Polyunsaturated Edible Oils Mixed With Microcrystalline Cellulose
Authors: Saga Linda C. , Rukke Elling‐Olav , Liland Kristian Hovde , Kirkhus Bente , Egelandsdal Bjørg , Karlsen Jan , Volden Jon
Published: June 2011

The oxidative stability of mixtures of edible oils containing polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was investigated. The mixtures studied consisted of oils of either camelina (CAM), cod liver (CLO), or salmon (SO) mixed with either colloidal or powdered MCC. A 50:50 (w/w) ratio of oil:MCC resulted in an applicable mixture containing high levels of PUFA edible oil and dietary fiber. The oxidative stability of the formulated mixtures and the pure oils was investigated over a period of 28 days. The peroxide value (PV) was assessed as a parameter for primary oxidation products and dynamic headspace gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to analyze secondary volatile organic compounds (VOC). CAM and the respective mixtures were oxidatively stable at both 4 and 22 °C during the storage period. The marine oils and the respective mixtures were stable at 4 °C. At 22 °C, an increase in hydroperoxides was found, but no increase in VOC was detected during the time‐frame investigated. At 42 °C, prominent increases in PV and VOC were found for all oils and mixtures. Hexanal, a common marker for the degradation of n‐6 fatty acids, propanal and 2,4‐heptadienal (E,E), common indicators for the degradation of n‐3 fatty acids, were among the volatiles detected in the headspace of oils and mixtures. This study showed that a mixture containing a 50:50 ratio of oil:MCC can be obtained by a low‐tech procedure that does not induce oxidation when stored at low temperatures during a period of 1 month.
Life Shocks and Crime: A Test of the “Turning Point” Hypothesis
Authors: Corman Hope , Noonan Kelly , Reichman Nancy E. , Schwartz-Soicher Ofira
Published: June 2011

Other researchers have posited that important events in men’s lives—such as employment, marriage, and parenthood—strengthen their social ties and lead them to refrain from crime. A challenge in empirically testing this hypothesis has been the issue of self-selection into life transitions. This study contributes to this literature by estimating the effects of an exogenous life shock on crime. We use data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, augmented with information from hospital medical records, to estimate the effects of the birth of a child with a severe health problem on the likelihood that the infant’s father engages in illegal activities. We conduct a number of auxiliary analyses to examine exogeneity assumptions. We find that having an infant born with a severe health condition increases the likelihood that the father is convicted of a crime in the three-year period following the birth of the child, and at least part of the effect appears to operate through work and changes in parental relationships. These results provide evidence that life events can cause crime and, as such, support the “turning point” hypothesis.
Shock wave interaction with convex circular cylindrical surfaces – ERRATUM
Authors: SKEWS BERIC W. , KLEINE HARALD
Published: June 2011

In Skews & Kleine (2010) the correct figure 2 with the corresponding caption should appear as follows.
Figure 2.

Wall angles at which Mach reflection becomes evident for different radii surfaces and shock strengths. The solid curve is the sonic criterion for plane walls. Previous data are from Ben-Dor (2007).
ON HARMONIC BLOCH SPACES IN THE UNIT BALL OF ℂn
Authors: CHEN SH. , WANG X.
Published: June 2011

In this paper, our main aim is to discuss the properties of harmonic mappings in the unit ball 𝔹n. First, we characterize the harmonic Bloch spaces and the little harmonic Bloch spaces from 𝔹n to ℂ in terms of weighted Lipschitz functions. Then we prove the existence of a Landau–Bloch constant for a class of vector-valued harmonic Bloch mappings from 𝔹n to ℂn.
Reason and Society: An Approach to F. D. Maurice
Authors: Clayton James W.
Published: June 2011

1972 is the centennial of the death of Frederick Denison Maurice, most famous for his leadership in the short-lived, though influential, Christian Socialist Movement of 1848–1854. Maurice's theological works have always been widely respected, but even among professional theologians and historians of thought there is little really precise knowledge of his views, because his writings — prodigious both as to number and length — are often discouragingly chaotic and, taken separately, fragmentary and inconclusive. Several short books on Maurice have given helpful, though usually somewhat impressionistic, expositions of his thought, but as yet no one has published in English a full-dress analysis of his theology and its philosophical foundations.
Acrostics and Metrics in Hebrew Poetry
Authors: Freedman David Noel
Published: June 2011

In his search for the key to Hebrew metrics, George Buchanan Gray devoted considerable attention to the acrostic poems of the Old Testament. Since they are by no means typical of Hebrew poetry generally, it may be doubted whether they provide a suitable base on which to formulate principles governing the nature of the metrical systems employed by the biblical poets. Furthermore, the fact that acrostic poems have a rather rigid structure may have encouraged greater independence on the part of the poet in working out internal configurations so that a wider range of variation results, partly from the desire to avoid monotony, than would otherwise be the case. The great virtue of acrostic poems is that lines or stanzas are regularly marked off by words beginning with successive letters of the alphabet. Thus in the Book of Lamentations, the first four chapters are regular acrostics, while the fifth chapter follows the same pattern but without making use of the alphabetic device itself. In the first three chapters, three-line stanzas are the rule; in chapters one and two each stanza begins with a successive letter of the alphabet, whereas in chapter three, each of the three lines of the stanza begins with the same letter of the alphabet. Thus the first word of the first stanza of each of the poems begins with the letter 'ālef; in the case of chapter three, the second and third lines of the stanza also begin with 'ālef. The first word of the second stanza begins with bēt; again in chapter three, the second and third lines also begin with bēt. Chapter four follows the same pattern as chapters one and two, except that the stanzas have two lines instead of three.
The Birth of Americanism: “Westward the Apocalyptic Candlestick”
Authors: Wangler Thomas E.
Published: June 2011

The papal condemnation of Americanism in 1899 and the allegation that Americanism was a practical preface to Modernism has given rise to a considerable amount of literature attempting to determine just what Americanism was. This literature has been unsuccessful, however, in detecting any unity in the apparently isolated and unconnected liberal actions and opinions of the Americanists. These studies give the impression that the Americanists never defined what they were promoting, and that their only program was a series of unconnected actions and opinions which signified a certain “liberalism.” Opinions and actions relative to the Church's relation to social questions, to the problem of Catholic schools, German nationalism within American Catholicism, the founding of the Catholic University of America, and participation in the interdenominational World Parliament of Religions would appear to have little in common. In this light it has been concluded that Americanism was primarily a matter concerning a troublesome French Church.
Form(s) of god: Some Notes on Metatron and Christ
Authors: Stroumsa Gedaliahu G.
Published: June 2011

Although the importance of anthropomorphic conceptions in rabbinic thought is widely recognized, their original nature and significance are still in need of clarification. A major difficulty in this task stems from the scarcity and the obscurity of some of the most important texts, which, moreover, cannot be dated with any precision.
A Note on Isaiah 28:12
Authors: Roberts J. J. M.
Published: June 2011

A quick glance through the commentaries and translations will show that most scholars see no serious textual problems in Isa 28:12. Laberge has suggested that“he said,” be corrected to“I kept saying,” and everyone notes the extra aleph at the end of“they were (not) willing …,” but otherwise the text appears to be universally regarded as sound. The present writer does not share that optimism, however. Perhaps the following stichometric arrangement of the verse will convey the difficulty he perceives:
Studies in Hebrew Word Patterns
Authors: Miller Patrick D.
Published: June 2011

While the study of word pairs and word patterns in Hebrew reaches back even before Lowth's lectures on poetry in 1753, it has intensified considerably since the discovery of the Ugaritic texts and the recognition of both shared and distinctive word patterns in Hebrew and Ugaritic poetry. There is no need to rehearse here the history of this research. Avishur has summarized that with relatively full bibliography in his article in Semitics. The result of these investigations is to make the reader of biblical and extrabiblical texts more aware of both the traditional material and patterns available to the writers of prose and poetry as well as the creativity of the poet, especially in shaping a poem or lines of poetry in different ways as individuality and the traditional are blended together in the poetic composition.
The Epic of Theodotus and The Hellenism of the Hasmoneans
Authors: Collins John J.
Published: June 2011

In view of the enormous expansion of biblical studies in the last century it is highly exceptional when a book published more than a hundred years ago remains today the basic work on its subject. Such is Jakob Freudenthal's study of the Hellenistic Jewish writers preserved by Alexander Polyhistor. Like any classic which remains influential for a long time, Freudenthal's work has not only laid the foundations for further study but has also perpetuated a number of misconceptions. One case where Freudenthal's opinion has distorted subsequent research is the epic poem of Theodotus, preserved in Eusebius'Praeparatio Evangelica9.22.1–11. Freudenthal classified Theodotus with the so-called Ps. Eupolemus, Cleodemus Malchas, and Thallus, all of whom he regarded as Samaritans and all of whom have strongly syncretistic features. This view of Theodotus has persisted in much of the literature, from Schürer down to the recent reviews by Denis, Hengel, and Wacholder. We will argue, on the contrary, that the surviving fragments present a rigidly exclusive view of Judaism and reflect the anti-Samaritan propaganda of the Hasmoneans. The combination of a distinctively Hellenistic form with a militant and exclusive Judaism provides an interesting example of the blending of Judaism and Hellenism in the period following the Maccabean revolt.
The Function of “Excommunication” in Paul
Authors: Collins Adela Yarbro
Published: June 2011

Many difficulties beset the interpreter of Paul's response to the case of incest at Corinth. With the partial exception of the letter to the Romans, Paul's letters are occasional pieces written in response to very particular circumstances in the communities addressed. The occasional character of the first letter to the Corinthians is evident as Paul responds to oral reports (1:11; 5:1; 11:18) and to written queries (7:1). The interpreter is acutely aware of having access to only one side of a conversation, to only half a correspondence. Because of the close contact between writer and addressees, much could be left unsaid.
The Reception of Walter Bauer'sOrthodoxy and Heresy in Earliest Christianityduring the Last Decade
Authors: Harrington Daniel J.
Published: June 2011

First published in 1934, Walter Bauer'sRechtgläubigkeit und Ketzerei im ältesten Christentumwarned against simply equating the words “orthodoxy” and “heresy” with the notions of majority and minority and with the process of deviation from correct belief to wrong belief. Bauer sought to show that in the first two Christian centuries orthodoxy and heresy did not stand in relation to one another as primary and secondary. He tried to prove that in many regions what came to be known in the ecclesiastical tradition as “heresy” was in fact the original manifestation of Christianity. For example, according to Bauer, the major figures in earliest Christianity at Edessa were the “heretics” Marcion, Bar Daisan, and Mani. In Egypt a gnostic form of Christianity appears to have been dominant before A.D. 200, and in Asia Minor “orthodox” leaders such as Ignatius and Polycarp waged only moderately successful battles against gnosticism and judaizing Christianity.
Dietary Laws among Pythagoreans, Jews, and Christians
Authors: Grant Robert M.
Published: June 2011

Dietary laws, as well as problems in regard to their observance, are prevalent in religious groups even today and were fairly common in antiquity. Outsiders and insiders as well often wondered what the point of the laws was, and in three significant communities—Pythagoreans, Jews, and Christians—the regulations were interpreted, or interpreted away, with the help of philosophical or even historical analysis.
Gnostic Interpretation of the Old Testament in theTestimony of Truth(NHC IX,3)
Authors: Pearson Birger A.
Published: June 2011

Interpretation of the OT is a many-faceted thing in gnostic literature. The old view that Gnosticism implies a rejection of the OT has had to be considerably modified in the light of new discoveries. The Nag Hammadi texts have shown that the Gnostics made far more use of the OT than could have been expected on the basis of older premises. R. McL. Wilson, in a recent article, has pointed out that no less than seventeen OT books are quoted in the gnostic writings collected in Werner Foerster's anthology. To be sure, Genesis—especially the first chapters—is by far the most-quoted OT book. And it is obvious that the use made by the Gnostics of Genesis and other OT writings is hardly conventional, to say the least. Even so, it is of no use to scholarship simply to be satisfied with calling attention to the “perversity” of gnostic OT interpretation. For it is important to observe the manifold ways in which the OT is utilized in gnostic, especially Christian gnostic, texts. One can then attain a proper understanding of the role of biblical interpretation in the development of Gnosticism, as well as early Christian theology in general.
“Iustitia Christi” and “Iustitia Dei”: Luther and the Scholastic Doctrines of Justification
Authors: Oberman Heiko A.
Published: June 2011

The ever-increasing respect for Luther among Roman Catholic theologians and historians of Christian thought is not only a sign of but also a significant contributing factor to contemporary ecumenical openness — especially so in Germany. Yet at the same time we should realize that this more positive evaluation of Luther is based on the conviction that the reformer was born under the star of heresy. While it is granted that he articulated the biblical message of sin, grace and forgiveness in Christ within the context of the late medieval nominalism in which he was reared, it is exactly this context which is regarded as essentially a-catholic or even as anti-catholic to the extent that it obstructed Luther's grasp of the full and true catholic tradition in the Middle Ages. Therefore, from the very beginning, access to the specifically Catholic tradition had been denied to Luther.
The Barth-Feuerbach Confrontation
Authors: Vogel Manfred H.
Published: June 2011

The name of Feuerbach is usually associated with the philosophic critique of religion. Feuerbach is seen, and quite rightly so, as the spokesman par excellence for the philosophic attack of religion — an attack launched from the anthropocentric viewpoint of modern cultural awareness against transcendental religion. There is no question but that Feuerbach has given a most vivid, forceful and persistent expression to this philosophic critique. But it should be also clear that his contribution here is precisely this and nothing more. The substance and basic outline of the critique are not the unique or distinctive contribution of Feuerbach. They had been formulated long before Feuerbach and expressed repeatedly throughout the history of Western philosophy before and after Feuerbach. Thus, while Feuerbach still remains an excellent representative and spokesman for this critique, he is by no means the only one.
Variorum in the Psalms Scroll (llQPsa)
Authors: Sanders J. A.
Published: June 2011

Fragments of biblical psalms have been found at Qumran in Caves 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 and ll; and there is the Psalms Scroll from Cave ll. There were undoubtedly more texts of the Psalter in the Qumran library than of any other biblical literature — 27 accounted for to date. By and large, the biblical psalms recovered thus far from Qumran are in very close textual agreement with the psalms of the early medieval Ben Asher manuscripts from Cairo and Aleppo (the textus receptus). In fact, all witnesses to the texts of the biblical psalms, whether in Hebrew or in early Greek, Latin, Aramaic, or Syriac translations, are in broad general agreement, that is, are of one basic recension. It is because of this that it was possible, in a comparatively short time in 1961–62, to construct a supporting critical apparatus for the scientific edition of the Psalms Scroll. The texts of the 38 biblical psalms in the Psalms Scroll are, with some interesting exceptions, the texts we have always known; the order of the psalms and the presence among them of nonbiblical psalms, however, are very surprising.
Prose and Poetry in the Mythic and Epic Texts from Ugarit
Authors: Cross Frank Moore
Published: June 2011

I. The myths and epics of Ugarit are composed in poetic formulae and patterns which reveal original oral composition. Parallelistic structure derives, originally at least, from the techniques of orally composed poetry, and the use of traditional formulae including parallelistic pairs has been well established in Ugaritic and Early Hebrew poetry. Usually the formulaic structure gives an extreme symmetry or regularity to Ugaritic verse.
Agostino Valier and the Conceptual Basis of the Catholic Reformation
Authors: Pullapilly Cyriac K.
Published: June 2011

The influence of Agostino Valier on the theoretical formulations behind the Catholic Reformation and on its practical reforms is little known. There are reasons for this lack of recognition. Unlike Robert Bellarmine and Caesar Baronius, his illustrious contemporaries, he did not leave behind one or two great works on which the eyes of the Catholic and non-Catholic worlds were fixed. Unlike them, he was not in the center of major theological or historical controversies. From behind the scenes, he exerted a quiet, consistent influence on Catholic intellectual life and reforms over half a century. Much of his impact was the result of his personal contacts with his wide circle of friends, church leaders, and secular rulers of Europe, for whom individually he prepared short treatises concerning major issues confronting them. There were many such treatises. In 1719 Josephus Caminus listed one hundred twenty-eight such titles in his edition of Valier's book De cautione adhibenda in edendis libris which he published in Venice.
Healing the Social Leper in Gregory of Nyssa's and Gregory of Nazianzus's “περí Φιλοπτωχìας”
Authors: Holman Susan R.
Published: June 2011

The history of what constitutes a “cure” in a given society is a history of that society's values: for the rhythm of the cure shows what is acceptable as a plausible way of giving form, and so the hope of resolution to … the nebulous and intractable fact of suffering.
Is There a “Halakhic” Response to the Problem of Evil?
Authors: Sokol Moshe
Published: June 2011

On the face of it, the very title of this paper may appear puzzling. Responses to the problem of evil are by their nature theological or philosophical, whereashalakha, or Jewish law, is about behavior. In what sense, then, can there be ahalakhicresponse to the problem of evil?
The Augustinian “Cause of Action” in Coleridge's: Rime of the Ancient Mariner
Authors: Stuart J. A.
Published: June 2011

During the period of his greatest poetic achievement Coleridge was deeply concerned with two fundamental religious questions: the origin of evil and the relation of faith and reason. To his quest for solutions which would satisfy both “head” and “heart,” the poet brought a wide knowledge of patristic writings. As Aids to Reflection shows, the most permanent and profound theological influence upon Coleridge was that of the great Platonist Church Father, St. Augustine. Evidence in Coleridge's early theological lectures, notebooks, and letters, as well as his retrospective account in the Biographia Literaria of his religious conflict at Stowey, indicates that the foundations for this later Augustinian influence were laid in the years 1795–1798.
Teilhard and Orthogenetic Evolution
Authors: Murray George B.
Published: June 2011

The number of writings appearing on Teilhard de Chardin is increasing daily, with the great majority of them treating his philosophical, theological or humanistic ideas. Discussion of his evolutionary theory from a more scientific point of view is relatively rare. For one thing, he seems to have leaned heavily, though not exclusively, on a neo-Lamarckian explanatory viewpoint. The major problem, however, is that he espoused a theory of evolution, orthogenesis, which is rejected by the majority of scientists today on the ground that there is no evidence for it. Many writers force one to conclude that they are unaware of the ramifications of holding a theory that is considered unviable in the scientific community. In the same vein, too many authors do not seem to take seriously the critics of Teilhard who have made this point, e.g., George G. Simpson, Peter Medawar and Theodosius Dobzhansky. One gets the impression that there is a wider gulf between “the two cultures” than he might have imagined. Little concern for Teilhard's orthogenetic evolution leads us to suspect that writers do not know that it makes a difference what type of evolution Teilhard espoused. There may be a cultural lag between science and the other disciplines, but orthogenesis has been around for many years now, and has been rejected by biologists for at least fifteen years, which is a conservative estimate.
Double Readings in the Text of Jeremiah
Authors: Janzen J. Gerald
Published: June 2011

The discovery of a rich corpus of biblical manuscripts among the documents from the caves of Qumrân, and subsequently from other sites in the wilderness surrounding the Dead Sea, has given a fresh impetus to the textual criticism of the Old Testament, and especially to the study of the Septuagint as a tool of criticism. To date, this corpus is only partially published, with much of the most significant material awaiting itseditio princeps. But already it is clear that old problems and issues are open to investigation from new perspectives and with a degree of precision and evidential control hitherto not possible.
Joseph Smith's Revision of the Bible: Fraudulent, Pathologic, Or Prophetic?
Authors: Barlow Philip L.
Published: June 2011

Joseph Smith, the nineteenth-century Mormon founder, is often accounted for in one of three ways. Either he was a prophet in the almost fundamentalist sense that many Mormons hold him to have been, or he was a charlatan as many others have judged, or else he was a mentally deranged charismatic. In what has been the most influential study of Smith during the last half-century, Fawn Brodie bridged the latter two categories. Brodie alleged that Mormonism's founder was initially a conscious fraud who fabricated his first visionary experience; only gradually, by a series of wondrous psychological acrobatics, did he later come to take himself seriously as one called of God.
Charles Chauncy: A Theology in Two Portraits
Authors: Gibbs Norman B. , Gibbs Lee W.
Published: June 2011

Factual and theological riddles continue to cluster around Charles Chauncy (1705–1787), pastor of the First (“Old Brick”) Church in Boston and the one most deserving of the title “theologian of the American Revolution.” No one knows the exact place of his burial. It has not yet been determined whether he wrote several anonymous treatises attributed to him (including the anti-revivalistic tract A Wonderful Narrative), and in many recent publications and index files of major libraries he is still confused with his great-grandfather of the same name, the second president of Harvard University from 1654 to 1671–72.
The Epistle to the Hebrews and the Pauline Letter Collection
Authors: Anderson Charles P.
Published: June 2011

Scholars today are largely agreed that the Epistle to the Hebrews circulated independently for a lengthy period before gaining admission to the canon, which came about only through the fiction of Pauline authorship. The view that the Pauline corpus and Hebrews were known and used independently of one another prior to the latter's incorporation in the former is so widely accepted that one hesitates to question it. Yet, when the basis of this position is examined, it is a bit surprising to find how slender is the evidence on which the present consensus is based. Moreover, such evidence as there is does not point unequivocally to the conclusions now so commonly drawn, or is capable of other interpretations. Therefore, there may be grounds for a review and reappraisal of the evidence of the sources.
Who Was Egeria? Piety and Pilgrimage in the Age of Gratian
Authors: Sivan Hagith
Published: June 2011

It has been customary to identify the author of theItinerarium Egeriae (It. Eg.)as a nun or a “grande dame” from one of the western provinces of the later Roman empire—Spain, Gaul, or even Italy. Yet, a reexamination of the evidence suggests the possibility of a different solution regarding not only the author's religious affiliation and status in society but also her geographical origin. The newly proposed identification is linked with major developments of Christianity in the West, in particular with its spread within urban milieux and with the receptivity of contemporary society to the idea of pilgrimage.
Creata ad Imaginem Dei, Licet Secundo Gradu:Woman as the Image of God According to John Calvin
Authors: Thompson John L.
Published: June 2011

To say that Adam and Eve were created in the image of God ought to answer a host of questions, but the historian of exegesis finds that it raises more questions than it answers, since any given interpretation of the image of God reveals as much about the interpreter as it does about the image itself. It would be a bit melodramatic to describe Gen 1:26 as an exegetical Rorschach test, a literary “ink blot” which means only what the interpreter thinks it means. But Gen 1:26 does, in fact, serve usefully as a “weathervane.’ An interpreter's explanation of theimago deioften points to his or her larger theological agenda.
The Bible and the American Temperance Movement: Text, Context, and Pretext
Authors: Merrill John L.
Published: June 2011

Following the failure of national prohibition, the temperance movement came to be regarded as an alien blight that had afflicted the American landscape. Richard Hofstadter spoke for many historians when he suggested that the story of prohibition seems “like a historical detour, a meaningless nuisance, an extraneous imposition upon the main course of history.” Rather than being viewed as somehow integral to and indicative of developments in American society and culture, the temperance movement has more commonly been exploited as a quarry for providing colorful instances of human folly and fanaticism. The tendency is natural for, unlike other leading reform movements such as antislavery and women's suffrage, which have legacies most historians are eager to affirm, the crusade against drink seems odd and misplaced to contemporary minds. But this approach has overlooked important features of the movement, failing to show why it did not strike its many advocates as a pseudo-concern or do justice to its widespread support and distinction as the longest continuous reform movement in American history.
The Harvard Way in the Study of Religion
Authors: Darrow William R.
Published: June 2011

I feel very deeply both the honor and the responsibility attendant upon Professor Carman's kind invitation to speak to you this evening. The attempt to make some sense of the history and context of this Center on the occasion of its silver anniversary is a challenge made poignant by the tragic and repeated experiences of loss we have so recently suffered. This even more than chronological milestones makes such a celebration of memory and community all the more necessary and meaningful. I am very privileged to have been entrusted with this role.
Prelude to African Christian Independency: the Afro-American Factor in African Christianity
Authors: Sanneh Lamin
Published: June 2011

A remarkable phenomenon in African Christianity occurred between about 1912 and 1930 when, mostly out of the ferment of indigenous reaction to Western Christian missions, local “prophets” emerged and founded African Independent Churches. “Independency” is the term employed to characterize this phenomenon which came to embrace both the charismatic prophet figures and the separatist churches they or their followers created. Over six thousand such movements were identified throughout Africa in 1968, with the situation still in considerable flux. By the end of the twentieth century it is estimated that some 350 million Africans will have converted to one form or another of the various types of Christian practice now active on the continent.
From Theology to a Science of Religions: Jonathan Edwards and William James on Religious Affections
Authors: Proudfoot Wayne
Published: June 2011

In a volume of speeches published in 1799 and addressed to those whom he called “the cultured among the despisers of religion,” Friedrich Schleiermacher offered a description of religious experience, doctrine, and practice designed to convince his readers that the conventional pieties they deplored in the churches and synagogues were not genuine religion. Instead, true religion was the sense and taste for the infinite that they themselves were cultivating in poetry, criticism, conversation, and other aesthetic pursuits of their romantic circle. He was especially concerned to allay their fears that religious beliefs might conflict with the growth of knowledge about the world of nature or the mind. “Religion,” he wrote, “leaves you, your physics and … also your psychology untouched.”
Prayer and Ethics: Reflections on Calvin and Barth
Authors: Kelsay John
Published: June 2011

Because the title of this article is ambiguous, I will begin by sharpening the issue of the justification of prayer. The point, in the first place, is to see how Calvin and Barth, as Reformed theologians, answer the question, “Why pray?” A second interest emerges in the discussion: prayer provides a case for illustrating the significant differences in the reasoning of Calvin and Barth on matters of ethics. In particular, the case of prayer indicates the way that Calvin's ruledeontology allows an important (albeit circumscribed) role for teleological appeals in the justification of prayer. Barth's act-deonotological theory consistently eschews such appeals. And this fact leads to a third interest of the paper: what are the strengths and weaknesses of the Reformed tradition for discussions of “spirituality” and ethics? If “spirituality” entails, as some would argue, a notion of “spiritual exercises” aimed at the cultivation of certain dispositions/virtues requisite to the vision of God, can Reformed theology have a “spirituality”? I argue that it can, but only if it is possible to preserve the teleological dimensions of Calvin's justification for acts such as prayer, which (as he would have it) is the “chief exercise of faith.”
Poetry, Personality, and the Divinity School Address
Authors: Robinson David M.
Published: June 2011

The April before he delivered his address at the Divinity School, Emerson had traveled into Cambridge to discuss “theism” with some of the Divinity School students. Although he was not usually reluctant to let his views be known, he went to this meeting “rather heavy-hearted,” fearing that what he had to say about theism would not be warmly received. “I always find,” he confessed, “that my views chill or shock people at the first opening.” But this conversation must have gone well. Emerson came away from it “cheered,” and remembered one point that seemed to impress the students favorably:
Norman Perrin and the Relation of Historical Knowledge to Faith
Authors: Wilder Amos N.
Published: June 2011

Norman Perrin died in November 1976. In 1984 a memorial issue of the Journal of Religion in his honor was published. Among the tributes to him in this issue was an especially searching article by his friend Erich Grässer of the University of Bonn entitled, “Norman Perrin's Contribution to the Question of the Historical Jesus” (pp. 484–500). The considerations raised in this paper about the relation of history to faith, not only in Perrin's work but in our modern period generally, lead me to the following reflections on this continuing problem.
Melito of Sardis'sPERI PASCHAand Its “Israel”
Authors: Cohick Lynn
Published: June 2011

WhenPeri Pascha96–97 proclaims, “The God has been murdered; the King of Israel has been put to death by an Israelite right hand” ( θες πεϕόνευταιׁ βασιλεὺςτο ᾽Ισραλ νῄρηται ὑπ δεξις ᾽Ισραηλίτιδος), along with similar accusations, the author is said to reflect the very worst in early Christian reactions to, or jealousy of, contemporary Jews. Moreover, because this homily is commonly attributed to Melito, a second-century Quartodeciman bishop of Sardis, its anti-Jewish remarks are also frequently discussed from this perspective. In this article, I call both of these lines of interpretation into question and offer an alternative.
Sacred Pain and the Phenomenal Self
Authors: Glucklich Ariel
Published: June 2011

The preponderance of pain in human life ranks among the central problems for religious thought around the world. The problem of suffering, as it is often called, has been a compelling reason for abandoning faith. Given the depth of the dilemma that raw and inexplicable pain poses, it is surprising how pervasive voluntary pain has been among the religions of the world. Ascetics, mystics, and martyrs have sought and applied pain—in rites of passage (ordeals) and other forms of initiation—in the service of religious inquisitions (including trials by ordeal), execution of heretics and witches, and others. And of course, none of these has been limited by geographic location or historic time. What is the role of voluntary (“sacred”) pain in human religious life? Is there a single theory that can explain, for instance, the initiatory ordeals of new shamans and Sufi mystics?
The Unutterable Symbols of (Γ)-Θέμις
Authors: Roberts Louis
Published: June 2011

In hisProtreptikos(2,22) Clement of Alexandria rages against the contents of the mystic chests used in the rites of the mystery religions. Among other items he lists such things as cakes, salt balls, the serpent, and adds as though an afterthought, “the ἀπόῤῥητα σύμβολα of (Γ)-Θἐμις, ὀρίγανον a lamp, a sword, and a κτεὶς γυναικεῖος, which is a euphemism used in the mysteries for the female parts.” What was the association of these objects with (Γ)-Θέμις? What evidence might Clement have had for such an association?
Sacrifice in Kierkegaard's Fear and Trembling
Authors: Crocker Sylvia Fleming
Published: June 2011

In Kierkegaard's hands the story of Abraham and Isaac is clearly a story about the relationship between the life of sacrifice and the religious life. By leading us on to deeper and deeper levels of sacrifice, he aims to make us grasp the essential nature of faith and, with it, the right relationship between the individual and God. He does this by means of a dialectic involving Abraham's response to God in contrast to (1) the other possible responses he might have made, and (2) Kierkegaard's own response to what he believed was the divine command to break his engagement to Regina Olsen.