bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prenatal diagnosis and management of a massive fetal ovarian hemorrhagic cyst torsion with secondary fetal anemia
Authors: Vitezica Irena , Czernik Christof , Rothe Karin , Hinkson Larry , Ladendorf Barbara , Henrich Wolfgang
Published: September 2013

We report the case of one of the largest prenatally detected fetal hemorrhagic cyst with ovarian torsion and fetal anemia leading to subsequent cesarean section delivery and further unilateral oophorectomy of the neonate. Usually, fetal ovarian cysts tend to resolve spontaneously within the first months after birth. There is no need of surgical treatment for such simple cysts. Routine sonographic examinations are obligatory, because in some cases complications such as massive hemorrhage, cyst rupture, or ovarian torsion with following infarction can occur. With the occurrence of these complex cyst signs by sonographic investigation, subsequent intervention should be considered by an interdisciplinary team. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 42:219–222, 2014
Sources of electron pitch angle anisotropy in the magnetotail plasma sheet
Authors: Walsh Andrew P. , Fazakerley A. N. , Forsyth C. , Owen C. J. , Taylor M. G. G. T. , Rae I. J.
Published: September 2013

We survey the properties of electron pitch angle distributions in the magnetotail plasma sheet at a distance between 15 and 19 RE from the Earth, using data from the Plasma Electron and Current Experiment (PEACE) instrument. We limit our survey to those pitch angle distributions measured when the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) had been steadily northward or steadily southward for the previous 3 h. We find that, at sub‐keV energies, the plasma sheet electron pitch angle distribution has an anisotropy such that there is a higher differential energy flux of electrons in the (anti‐) field‐aligned directions. Fitting the measured pitch angle distributions with both a single and two component kappa distribution reveals that this anisotropy is the result of the presence of a second, cold, component of electrons that is observed more often than not, and occurs during both the northward and southward IMF intervals. We present evidence that suggests the cold electron component has an ionospheric, rather than magnetosheath, source and is linked to the large‐scale field‐aligned current systems that couple the magnetosphere and ionosphere.
Parameters of seismic source as deduced from 1 Hz ionospheric GPS data: Case study of the 2011 Tohoku‐oki event
Authors: Astafyeva E. , Rolland L. , Lognonné P. , Khelfi K. , Yahagi T.
Published: September 2013

Following the first‐time ionospheric imaging of a seismic fault, here we perform a case study on retrieval of parameters of the extended seismic source ruptured during the great M9.0 Tohoku‐oki earthquake. Using 1 Hz ionospheric GPS data from the Japanese network of GPS receivers (GEONET) and several GPS satellites, we analyze spatiotemporal characteristics of coseismic ionospheric perturbations and we obtain information on the dimensions and location of the sea surface uplift (seismic source). We further assess the criterion for the successful determination of seismic parameters from the ionosphere: the detection is possible when the line of sights from satellites to receivers cross the ionosphere above the seismic fault region. Besides, we demonstrate that the multisegment structure of the seismic fault of the Tohoku‐oki earthquake can be seen in high‐rate ionospheric GPS data. Overall, our results show that, under certain conditions, ionospheric GPS‐derived TEC measurements could complement the currently working systems, or independent ionospherically based system might be developed in the future.
ENSO‐related rainfall changes over the New Guinea region
Authors: Smith Ian , Moise Aurel , Inape Kasis , Murphy Brad , Colman Rob , Power Scott , Chung Christine
Published: September 2013

The large‐scale nature of El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) impacts on rainfall in the western Pacific region is generally well known but in some regions, where there are relatively few observations and the terrain is mountainous, the details of the impacts are less obvious. Here we analyze rainfall data for the New Guinea region comprising station observations, reanalysis products, and satellite‐based estimates in order to better understand some of these details. We find that most gridded products are limited due to their relatively coarse horizontal resolutions that fail to resolve topographic effects. However, the relatively fine resolution Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission satellite‐based product appears to provide reliable estimates and linear correlations between the data and the NINO34 sea surface temperature index provides an insight into the pattern of ENSO rainfall impacts. The first major finding is that the correlation patterns reveal that some highland regions are impacted differently to other surrounding regions, most likely because of the interaction between winds and topography. Second, we find that the association between ENSO and rainfall for stations in the New Ireland/New Britain region tends to be nonlinear, in the sense that warm (El Niño)/cool (La Niña) events cause a decrease in rainfall—the strong 2010–2011 La Niña event being a clear example. Both findings help explain why previous studies have tended not to identify a simple large‐scale response of New Guinea rainfall to ENSO.
On the relationship between cloud contact time and precipitation susceptibility to aerosol
Authors: Feingold Graham , McComiskey Allison , Rosenfeld Daniel , Sorooshian Armin
Published: September 2013

The extent to which the rain rate from shallow, liquid‐phase clouds is microphysically influenced by aerosol, and therefore drop concentration Nd perturbations, is addressed through analysis of the precipitation susceptibility, So. Previously published work, based on both models and observations, disagrees on the qualitative behavior of So with respect to variables such as liquid water path L or the ratio between accretion and autoconversion rates. Two primary responses have emerged: (i) So decreases monotonically with increasing L and (ii) So increases with L, reaches a maximum, and decreases thereafter. Here we use a variety of modeling frameworks ranging from box models of (size‐resolved) collision‐coalescence, to trajectory ensembles based on large eddy simulation to explore the role of time available for collision‐coalescence tc in determining the So response. The analysis shows that an increase in tc shifts the balance of rain production from autoconversion (a Nd‐dependent process) to accretion (roughly independent of Nd), all else (e.g., L) equal. Thus, with increasing cloud contact time, warm rain production becomes progressively less sensitive to aerosol, all else equal. When the time available for collision‐coalescence is a limiting factor, So increases with increasing L whereas when there is ample time available, So decreases with increasing L. The analysis therefore explains the differences between extant studies in terms of an important precipitation‐controlling parameter, namely the integrated liquid water history over the course of an air parcel's contact with a cloud.
Two case studies on NARCCAP precipitation extremes
Authors: Weller Grant B. , Cooley Daniel , Sain Stephan R. , Bukovsky Melissa S. , Mearns Linda O.
Published: September 2013

We introduce novel methodology to examine the ability of six regional climate models (RCMs) in the North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program (NARCCAP) ensemble to simulate past extreme precipitation events seen in the observational record over two different regions and seasons. Our primary objective is to examine the strength of daily correspondence of extreme precipitation events between observations and the output of both the RCMs and the driving reanalysis product. To explore this correspondence, we employ methods from multivariate extreme value theory. These methods require that we account for marginal behavior, and we first model and compare climatological quantities which describe tail behavior of daily precipitation for both the observations and model output before turning attention to quantifying the correspondence of the extreme events. Daily precipitation in a West Coast region of North America is analyzed in two seasons, and it is found that the simulated extreme events from the reanalysis‐driven NARCCAP models exhibit strong daily correspondence to extreme events in the observational record. Precipitation over a central region of the United States is examined, and we find some daily correspondence between winter extremes simulated by reanalysis‐driven NARCCAP models and those seen in observations, but no such correspondence is found for summer extremes. Furthermore, we find greater discrepancies among the NARCCAP models in the tail characteristics of the distribution of daily summer precipitation over this region than seen in precipitation over the West Coast region. We find that the models which employ spectral nudging exhibit stronger tail dependence to observations in the central region.
Approach to estimating the maximum depth for glacially induced hydraulic jacking in fractured crystalline rock at Forsmark, Sweden
Authors: Lönnqvist M. , Hökmark H.
Published: September 2013

Hydraulic jacking is a significant dilation of a fracture that occurs when the pore pressure within it exceeds the sum of the fracture's normal stress and tensile strength. This phenomenon may occur during a glacial period because of changes in hydraulic and mechanical boundary conditions. Since hydraulic jacking may alter flow patterns and the transport capacity of the rock mass, its possible effects on the long‐term performance of a nuclear waste repository should be considered. We develop an approach to assess glacially induced hydraulic jacking in fractured crystalline rock and establish bounding estimates of the maximum jacking depth for the Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Company's (SKB) repository site at Forsmark. The pore pressure is estimated using mechanically uncoupled two‐dimensional poroelastic continuum models with hydraulic and mechanical conditions based on SKB's reconstruction of the Weichselian glaciation at this site (120–0 ka B.P.). For warm‐based conditions, the water pressure at the ice/bed interface is set at 98% of the mechanical load, whereas for glacial conditions with extensive proglacial permafrost, the corresponding water pressure is set at a (lower) annual average value. We demonstrate that the pore pressure within the uppermost kilometer of rock is mainly governed by the water pressure at the ice/bed interface and that the mechanical impact of the ice load on the pore pressure is sufficiently small to be ignored. Given the current and estimated future stress conditions at Forsmark, hydraulic jacking is mainly of concern for subhorizontal fractures, i.e., it is sufficient to consider situations when the pore pressure exceeds the vertical stress. We conclude that hydraulic jacking at Forsmark will be confined to the uppermost 200 m of the rock mass.
Metallsubstituierte Carbene und C‐metallierte Diazoalkane, III1) Trimethylsilyl‐diazoessigsäureäthylester und seine Photolyse zum Trimethylsilyl‐äthoxycarbonylcarben
Authors: Schöllkopf Ulrich , Hoppe Dieter , Rieber Norbert , Jacobi Volker
Published: September 2013

Aus Quecksilber‐bis‐diazoessigsäthylester 3) und Bis‐trimethylsilyl‐sulfid (4) wurde Trimethylsily‐diazoessigsäureäthylester (5) bereitet. 5 ist thermisch ungewöhnlich stabil und addiert sich an Fumarsäurediäthylester (6) langsamer als Diazoessigsäureäthylester, was auf eine Stabilisierung des Grundzustandes durch die Trimethylsilyl‐Gruppe hinweist. – 5 ist photolytisch zu Stickstoff und Trimethylsilyl‐äthoxycarbonylcarben (2) spaltbar. 2 schiebt sich in die CH‐Bindung ein (Konkurrenzkonstanten: 2°:1RR = 3.5; 3°:1° = 1.5) und liefert mit Olefinen (neben den Produkten der C  H‐Insertion) in zu ca. 95% cis‐stereospezifischer Reaktion 1‐Trimethylsilyl‐1‐äthoxycarbonyl‐cyclopropane (23). – Aus 2‐Diazo‐3.3‐dimethyl‐butansäureäthylester (15) wurde photolytisch Äthoxycarbonyl‐tert.‐butylcarben (16) erzeugt. Im Unterschied zu 2 stabilisiert sich 16 (in Cyclopentan oder Isobuten) nahezu ausschließlich intramolekular zu 2.2‐Dimethyl‐cyclopropancarbonsäureäthylester (17) und Trimethylacrylsäthylester (18).
Neue Umlagerungen bei Fluorierungsreaktionen in wasserfreier Flußsäure
Authors: Alles Hans‐Ulrich , Klauke Erich , Lauerer Dorothea
Published: September 2013

Die Fluorierung von Halogenameisensäure‐[2‐trichlormethyl‐phenyl]‐estern (1a, b) und von Trifluoressigsäure‐[trichlormethyl‐phenyl]‐estern (1c, d) mit wasserfreier Flußsäure führt zu 2.2.4.4‐Tetrafluor‐1.3‐benzodioxanen (2a) und zu 2.4.4‐Trifluor‐2‐trifluormethyl‐1.3‐benzodioxanen (2b, c). Aus 2‐Trichlormethyl‐phenylcarbonaten (5a) und ‐benzoaten (5b) werden α‐substituierte 2‐Difluormethoxy‐benzoylfluoride (6a, b).
Reaktionen von Chloracetaldehyd mit aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen, Phenolen und Phenoläthern
Authors: Sieber Rolf H.
Published: September 2013

Durch Kondensation von Chloracetaldehyd mit aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen, Phenolen, Phenoläthern bzw. Thiophenoläthern und Umlagerung der Kondensationsprodukte bei erhöhter Temperatur können in einfacher Weise mit z. T. ausgezeichneten Ausbeuten 4.4′‐disubstituierte Stilbene gewonnen werden.
Über 4‐Methylen‐chinazolone‐(2)
Authors: Brack Alfred
Published: September 2013

Aus den Isocyanat‐Addukten der 2.2.4‐Trimethyl‐1.2‐dihydro‐chinoline (Tab. 2) erhält man mit starken Säuren unter Abspaltung eines C4‐Bruchstückes 4‐Methylen‐chinazolone‐(2) (Tab. 1). Diese werden mit der Fischer‐Base (1.3.3‐Trimethyl‐2‐methylen‐indolin) verglichen.
Reaktionen CH‐aktiver Verbindungen mit Aziden, XXVII1) Diäthylphosphono‐diazomethan
Authors: Regitz Manfred , Anschütz Walter
Published: September 2013

Die Synthese von Diäthylposphono‐diazomethan durch entformylierende Diazogruppen‐Übetragung (1 → 4) wird beschrieben. Seine IR‐NMR‐spektroskopischen Daten werden mitgeteilt.
Subthreshold current modeling for fully depleted short channel double‐gate MOSFETs with consideration of structure asymmetry
Authors: Liu Xi , Jin Xiaoshi , Lee Jong‐Ho
Published: September 2013

We have proposed a subthreshold current model for fully depleted short channel double‐gate (DG) MOSFETs by considering the structure asymmetry. Potential distribution is derived by solving 2‐D Poisson's equation using variable separation technique. The degraded subthreshold characteristics variations due to structure asymmetry such as the difference of oxide thicknesses or biases between front‐gate and back‐gate can be exactly described. Also, body doping and other deep nanoscale design parameters such as body thickness and channel length were considered. The models have been verified by comparing with device simulations' results and found very good agreement. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distinguishing chemical and electromagnetic enhancement in surface‐enhanced Raman spectra: The case of para‐nitrothiophenol
Authors: Thomas Martin , Mühlig Stefan , Deckert‐Gaudig Tanja , Rockstuhl Carsten , Deckert Volker , Marquetand Philipp
Published: September 2013

Surface‐enhanced Raman spectra are simulated using a combined classical electrodynamics/real‐time time‐dependent density functional theory approach and compared to experiments. Emphasis is put on discerning between chemical and electromagnetic enhancement. Therefore, three different calculation scenarios are investigated using para‐nitrothiophenol as a test molecule. In the first one, corresponding to electromagnetic enhancement, we simulate the molecule alone with ab initio computations incorporating the electromagnetic field emitted by a nanoparticle. Chemical enhancement is modeled in the second scenario, where we include not only the molecule into the quantum chemistry calculations but also metal atoms of the nanoparticle. Here, any modification of the electromagnetic field due to the nanoparticle is not considered. In the third scenario, the former two setups are combined and demanding simulations of the hybrid system containing the molecule and the metal atoms exposed to a strongly modified electromagnetic field due to the plasmonic properties of the metallic nanoparticles are considered. Results are compared to our experimentally measured spectra. Based on our analysis, we show here on rigorous grounds that the electromagnetic effect leads to increased absolute Raman scattering cross sections but no change of the relative intensities. In contrast, the chemical effect leads to changes in relative peak height and also to newly emerging bands in the spectrum. These findings will have major implications in any study that concerns the interaction of molecules with metallic nanostructures. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards the mechanism of the accelerated corrosion of decorative nickel–chromium coatings in the presence of metals and their salts
Authors: Schmidt R. , Thiel K.‐O. , von Horsten F. , Spickermann C. , Vazhenin G. , Bäulke N. , Wachter P. , Hartmann P. , Schreier H.‐J.
Published: September 2013

Microscopic studies suggested accelerated nickel corrosion to account for the extensive failure of decorative nickel chromium coatings. Electrochemical experiments further confirmed the crucial role of chloride, cupric, and ferric ion containing salts, which were found before on the corroded surface. Density functional theory calculations were used in the following to explain experimental observations and to obtain a detailed understanding of the mechanism of the accelerated corrosion under specific corrosive environments on the molecular level. The results of the calculations were discussed taking into account literature known models for pitting corrosion.
Corrosion resistance of investment casting samples of CF8 stainless steel in different passivation conditions
Authors: Pertile T. S. , Birriel E. J.
Published: September 2013

This study evaluated the corrosion performance of specimens of investment casting CF8 stainless steel, in different passivation conditions. The samples of a metallurgical industry were heat treated, blasted with steel grit, and surface treated with an aqueous solution used in the passivation process, containing 22% nitric acid and 4% hydrofluoric acid in two different situations: immediately after reset (new solution) and after use (depleted solution). Also used was a solution with a proposed passivation concentration of 30% nitric acid. The performance of the samples was evaluated through accelerated corrosion testing with salt spray, potentiostatic polarization curves, and the morphology of the passive layer was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In the images we have observed the lamellar morphology of the passive oxide film obtained on the samples that have undergone treatment. The specimen treated by the proposed process, obtained a more compact passive layer with a more uniform appearance and showed the best result on exposure to salt spray, where the first change from the initial condition occurred after 192 h of exposure, while all other test specimens showed changes after 48 h of exposure. Also the electrochemical tests showed a passivation zone with lower current density and higher passivation potential. Thus, the best performance was presented by the samples that passed through the pickling and passivation treatment with the proposed solution.
Facile Synthesis of Thiol‐Functionalized Long‐Chain Highly Branched ROMP Polymers and Surface‐Decorated with Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Ding Liang , Qiu Jun , Zhu Zhenshu
Published: September 2013

The synthesis of thiol‐functionalized long‐chain highly branched polymers (LCHBPs) has been accomplished in combination of ring‐opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) and thiol‐Michael addition click reaction. A monotelechelic polymer with a terminal acrylate and many pendent thiol groups is first prepared through adding an internal cis‐olefin terminating agent to the reaction mixture immediately after the completion of the living ROMP, and then utilized as an ABn‐type macromonomer in subsequent thiol‐ene reaction between acrylate and thiol, yielding LCHBPs as the reaction time prolonged. Au nanoparticles are then covalently conjugated onto the surface of thiol‐functionalized LCHBP to fabricate novel hybrid nanostructures, which is shown as one interesting application of such functionalized metathesis polymers. This facile approach can be extended toward the fabrication of novel nanomaterials with sophisticated structures and tunable multifunctionalities.

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Quality Issues with Public Domain Chemogenomics Data
Authors: Kalliokoski Tuomo , Kramer Christian , Vulpetti Anna
Published: September 2013

The key concept in chemogenomics is the similarity principle that states that similar ligands should bind similar targets. Chemogenomic analysis requires large amounts of data and both powerful computational algorithms and computers. Data used for chemogenomics analysis can either be compiled from open sources, or they can be produced in‐house as is often done in the pharmaceutical industry. The chemogenomic modeller often has to resort to mixing activity values from different laboratories and even assay types to facilitate chemogenomic analysis. The amount of chemogenomics data available in the public domain has dramatically increased in recent years, allowing fully traceable analysis on a continuously increasing scale. However, some warning flags about the data quality have been raised and because the primary data determine the accuracy of chemogenomic analysis, the quality of the data is one of the key questions in chemogenomics. This mini‐review discusses some of the most common issues with public domain biological data related to chemogenomic analysis. The errors in data can originate from problems with the experiments themselves and their interpretation, or from more mundane issues such as data extraction and annotation. These issues are not unique for a certain database but are shared by all the public domain databases and can plague commercial and in‐house bioactivity databases as well.
Constrained Markov control processes with randomized discounted cost criteria: infinite linear programming approach
Authors: González‐Hernández Juan , López‐Martínez Raquiel R. , Minjárez‐Sosa J. Adolfo , Gabriel‐Arguelles J. Rigoberto
Published: September 2013

In this paper, we study constrained Markov control processes on Borel spaces with possibly unbounded one‐stage cost, under a discounted optimality criterion with random discount factor and restrictions of the same kind. We prove that the corresponding optimal control problem is equivalent to an infinite‐dimensional linear programming problem. In addition, considering the dual program, we show that there is no duality gap, and moreover, the strong duality condition holds. Hence, both programs are solvable, and their optimal values coincide. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Health‐related quality‐of‐life and psychological distress of young adult survivors of childhood cancer in Hong Kong
Authors: Chan Carmen W. H. , Choi Kai Chow , Chien Wai Tong , Cheng Karis K. F. , Goggins William , So Winnie K. W. , Li Chi Kong , Yuen Hui Leung , Li Chi Keung
Published: September 2013

Background and purpose

Previous literatures on young adult survivors of childhood cancer show inconsistent findings with regards to their psychological distress and health‐related quality of life (HRQOL). Much of the available data focus on negative patient outcomes following cancer treatments prescribed from 1970 to 1990. In the present study, HRQOL and psychological distress of young adult survivors in Hong Kong was examined. It focused on subjects who had received cancer treatments prescribed in the last two decades.

Methods

A structured telephone survey was conducted with 614 eligible survivors and 208 sibling controls in Hong Kong.

Results

The survivors reported significantly lower mean scores in physical role and functioning, whereas their mental, social, and psychological well‐being was similar to that of their sibling controls. Being female, older age, longer survival time, and specific cancer diagnoses were the factors associated with poorer physical and mental adaptation. HRQOL was negatively correlated with psychological distress.

Conclusions

Findings of the study suggest that most survivors adjusted fairly well in mental, psychological, and social aspects. Survivors with a higher risk of poor HRQOL could benefit from appropriate screening and counseling at an early stage to mitigate their survivorship difficulties. Prospective follow‐up studies on childhood cancer survivors are recommended to detect changes over longer survival periods. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The development of the asparagus miner (Ophiomyia simplex Loew; Diptera: Agromyzidae) in temperate zones: a degree‐day model
Authors: Morrison William R. , Andresen Jeffrey , Szendrei Zsofia
Published: September 2013

BACKGROUND

The asparagus miner is a putative vector of Fusarium spp., which have been implicated in globally declining asparagus production. Growers currently apply broad‐spectrum insecticides for the asparagus miner, but lack management guidelines for adequately controlling the pest. Our aims were (1) to determine the lower developmental threshold of the asparagus miner, (2) develop and validate a degree‐day model describing its phenology, and (3) create a developmental time budget for the asparagus miner to help guide growers' management decisions.

RESULTS

We found that the lower developmental threshold for the asparagus miner was 12.1 °C, and that the phenology of the asparagus miner could be reliably predicted over the course of a two‐year study. Predictions from the model match well with previously published information on the bionomics of the asparagus miner, but fit better for sampling data collected from the midwestern and eastern United States than for the United Kingdom. The life cycle of the asparagus miner likely requires between 1500 and 2000 degree‐days to complete; the longest developmental time requirement was for the pupal stagen

CONCLUSION

This study provides tools for the targeted management of the asparagus miner by offering a degree‐day model that may be used to predict its life stages in the north‐eastern United States. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Modeling exposure–lag–response associations with distributed lag non‐linear models
Authors: Gasparrini Antonio
Published: September 2013

In biomedical research, a health effect is frequently associated with protracted exposures of varying intensity sustained in the past. The main complexity of modeling and interpreting such phenomena lies in the additional temporal dimension needed to express the association, as the risk depends on both intensity and timing of past exposures. This type of dependency is defined here as exposure–lag–response association. In this contribution, I illustrate a general statistical framework for such associations, established through the extension of distributed lag non‐linear models, originally developed in time series analysis. This modeling class is based on the definition of a cross‐basis, obtained by the combination of two functions to flexibly model linear or nonlinear exposure‐responses and the lag structure of the relationship, respectively. The methodology is illustrated with an example application to cohort data and validated through a simulation study. This modeling framework generalizes to various study designs and regression models, and can be applied to study the health effects of protracted exposures to environmental factors, drugs or carcinogenic agents, among others. © 2013 The Authors. Statistics in Medicine published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An optimal multi‐period crossover design for an application in paediatric nephrology
Authors: Matthews John N.S.
Published: September 2013

Crossover clinical trials can provide substantial benefits by eliminating inter‐patient variation from treatment comparisons and by allowing multiple observations of each patient. They are particularly useful when sample sizes are necessarily small. These advantages proved particularly valuable in an assessment of clot prevention in children undergoing haemodialysis. Only small numbers of children are treated at any given time in any single dialysis unit, but each patient is obliged to attend two or three times each week, suggesting the use of a crossover trial with many periods. Standard crossover trials described in the literature (i) typically have fewer than 10 periods and (ii) are based on a model of questionable applicability to this study. This paper describes the derivation of an optimal crossover trial with 30 periods, which was used to compare two anticoagulants using nine patients. There is also a discussion of the analysis of the data obtained in the trial, which had a distribution markedly different from that anticipated when the study was designed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Role of Emotional Control in the Regulation of Mood in Parents of Children with Mucopolysaccharidosis
Authors: Biernacka Marta , Jakubowska‐Winecka Anna , Biernacki Marcin
Published: September 2013

The aim of our study was to evaluate whether, on the basis of variables related to emotional control, we can anticipate mood change in parents of chronically ill children. Fifty‐four parents of children with diagnosed mucopolysaccharidosis participated in the study that was carried out during a rehabilitation programme for children with rare metabolic diseases. To assess emotional control, a Polish adaptation of the Courtauld Emotional Control Scale was used, and mood was measured with the UWIST Mood Adjective Checklist (UMACL). Mood was assessed twice, at an interval of 8 days, on the dimensions of hedonic tone, tense arousal and energetic arousal. The baseline level of each mood dimension accounted for about 30% of the mood variance measured after 8 days. After excluding the part of the mood variance associated with the baseline level, the variables related to emotional control appeared to be significant predictors of the mood assessed 8 days later. For hedonic tone, variables related to emotional control explained 15% of the variance; for tense arousal, it was 14% of the variance; and for energetic arousal, it was 10% of the variance. Depending on the type of emotion and the degree of control, differences in tendencies to respond with a particular mood were observed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Immersion in Political Action: Creating Disciplinary Thinking and Student Commitment
Authors: Kelly Karen
Published: September 2013

This chapter describes an assignment that immerses Millennial students in discipline‐based politics and policy as a means of helping them meaningfully connect with content.
Selves, Lives, and Videotape: Leveraging Self‐Revelation through Narrative Pedagogy
Authors: Reeves Alison G.
Published: September 2013

This chapter describes the process and outcomes that follow from inviting students to explore deeper aspects of themselves through digital storytelling.
Engaging Millennial Students in Social Justice from Initial Class Meetings to Service Learning
Authors: Cavallero Jonathan J.
Published: September 2013

This chapter argues that the affirmation of Millennial students' egos is an essential aspect of a social justice curriculum.
Physical Properties of Low Viscosity Estolide 2‐Ethylhexyl Esters
Authors: Cermak Steven C. , Bredsguard Jakob W. , John Billee L. , Kirk Kristy , Thompson Travis , Isbell Katelyn N. , Feken Kati A. , Isbell Terry A. , Murray Rex
Published: September 2013

Acetic‐ and butyric‐capped oleic estolide 2‐ethylhexyl (2‐EH) esters were synthesized in a perchloric acid catalyzed (0.05 equiv) one‐pot process from industrial 90 % oleic acid and either acetic or butyric fatty acids at two different ratios. This was directly followed by the esterification process incorporated into an in‐situ second step to provide a low viscosity estolide ester functional fluid. The monoestolide and polyestolides were separated via vacuum distillation (6–13 Pa) at 240–250 °C. The physical properties of these materials were followed throughout the synthetic process and are reported. The final low viscosity acetic‐ and butyric‐capped monoestolide 2‐EH esters had viscosities of 19.9 and 24.2 cSt at 40 °C and 4.8 and 5.5 cSt at 100 °C with viscosity indexes (VI) of 161 and 163, respectively. Both monoestolide esters displayed excellent pour points (PPs). The PPs of the two were as follows: acetic‐capped estolide 2‐EH ester PP = −45 °C and butyric‐capped estolide 2‐EH ester PP = −27 °C. The biodegradable short‐capped oleic estolide 2‐EH esters had excellent low temperature properties and should perform well in low viscosity applications.
Structural and functional characterization of the single‐chain Fv fragment from a unique HCV E1E2‐specific monoclonal antibody
Authors: Fallecker Catherine , Tarbouriech Nicolas , Habib Mohammed , Petit Marie-Anne , Drouet Emmanuel
Published: September 2013

The nucleotide sequence of the unique neutralizing monoclonal antibody D32.10 raised against a conserved conformational epitope shared between E1 and E2 on the serum‐derived hepatitis C virus (HCV) envelope was determined. Subsequently, the recombinant single‐chain Fv fragment (scFv) was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli, and its molecular characterization was assessed using multi‐angle laser light scattering. The scFv mimicked the antibody in binding to the native serum‐derived HCV particles from patients, as well as to envelope E1E2 complexes and E1, E2 glycoproteins carrying the viral epitope. The scFv D32.10 competed with the parental IgG for binding to antigen, and therefore could be a promising candidate for therapeutics and diagnostics.
Structure and function of the C‐terminal domain of MrpA in the Bacillus subtilis Mrp‐antiporter complex – The evolutionary progenitor of the long horizontal helix in complex I
Authors: Virzintiene Egle , Moparthi Vamsi K. , Al-Eryani Yusra , Shumbe Leonard , Górecki Kamil , Hägerhäll Cecilia
Published: September 2013

MrpA and MrpD are homologous to NuoL, NuoM and NuoN in complex I over the first 14 transmembrane helices. In this work, the C‐terminal domain of MrpA, outside this conserved area, was investigated. The transmembrane orientation was found to correspond to that of NuoJ in complex I. We have previously demonstrated that the subunit NuoK is homologous to MrpC. The function of the MrpA C‐terminus was tested by expression in a previously used Bacillus subtilis model system. At neutral pH, the truncated MrpA still worked, but at pH 8.4, where Mrp‐complex formation is needed for function, the C‐terminal domain of MrpA was absolutely required.
Understanding inositol pyrophosphate metabolism and function: Kinetic characterization of the DIPPs
Authors: Kilari Rajagopal S. , Weaver Jeremy D. , Shears Stephen B. , Safrany Stephen T.
Published: September 2013

We illuminate the metabolism and the cell‐signaling activities of inositol pyrophosphates, by showing that regulation of yeast cyclin‐kinase by 1‐InsP7 is not conserved for mammalian CDK5, and by kinetically characterizing Ddp1p/DIPP‐mediated dephosphorylation of 1‐InsP7, 5‐InsP7 and InsP8. Each phosphatase exhibited similar K
m values for every substrate (range: 35–148 nM). The rank order of k
cat values (1‐InsP7
>
5‐InsP7
= InsP8) was identical for each enzyme, although DIPP1 was 10‐ to 60‐fold more active than DIPP2α/β and DIPP3α/β. We demonstrate InsP8 dephosphorylation preferentially progresses through 1‐InsP7. Conversely, we conclude that the more metabolically and functionally significant steady‐state route of InsP8 synthesis proceeds via 5‐InsP7.
Aminoacylation of tRNA 2′‐ or 3′‐hydroxyl by phosphoseryl‐ and pyrrolysyl‐tRNA synthetases
Authors: Englert Markus , Moses Sarath , Hohn Michael , Ling Jiqiang , O‧Donoghue Patrick , Söll Dieter
Published: September 2013

Class I and II aminoacyl‐tRNA synthetases (AARSs) attach amino acids to the 2′‐ and 3′‐OH of the tRNA terminal adenosine, respectively. One exception is phenylalanyl‐tRNA synthetase (PheRS), which belongs to Class II but attaches phenylalanine to the 2′‐OH. Here we show that two Class II AARSs, O‐phosphoseryl‐ (SepRS) and pyrrolysyl‐tRNA (PylRS) synthetases, aminoacylate the 2′‐ and 3′‐OH, respectively. Structure‐based‐phylogenetic analysis reveals that SepRS is more closely related to PheRS than PylRS, suggesting that the idiosyncratic feature of 2′‐OH acylation evolved after the split between PheRS and PylRS. Our work completes the understanding of tRNA aminoacylation positions for the 22 natural AARSs.
The cytoplasmic domain of neuropilin‐1 regulates focal adhesion turnover
Authors: Seerapu Himabindu Reddy , Borthakur Susmita , Kong Nathan , Agrawal Sudesh , Drazba Judy , Vasanji Amit , Fantin Alessandro , Ruhrberg Christiana , Buck Matthias , Horowitz Arie
Published: September 2013

Though the vascular endothelial growth factor coreceptor neuropilin‐1 (Nrp1) plays a critical role in vascular development, its precise function is not fully understood. We identified a group of novel binding partners of the cytoplasmic domain of Nrp1 that includes the focal adhesion regulator, Filamin A (FlnA). Endothelial cells (ECs) expressing a Nrp1 mutant devoid of the cytoplasmic domain (nrp1cyto

Δ/Δ) migrated significantly slower in response to VEGF relative to the cells expressing wild‐type Nrp1 (nrp1
+/+ cells). The rate of FA turnover in VEGF‐treated nrp1cyto

Δ/Δ ECs was an order of magnitude lower in comparison to nrp1
+/+ ECs, thus accounting for the slower migration rate of the nrp1cyto

Δ/Δ ECs.
Effect of Partial Weight–Supported Treadmill Gait Training on Balance in Patients With Parkinson Disease
Authors: Ganesan Mohan , Sathyaprabha Talakad N. , Gupta Anupam , Pal Pramod Kumar
Published: September 2013

Objective

To investigate the role of conventional gait training and partial weight–supported treadmill gait training (PWSTT) in improving the balance of patients with Parkinson disease (PD).

Design

Prospective randomized controlled design.

Setting

National‐level university tertiary hospital for mental health and neurosciences.

Patients

Sixty patients with PD fulfilling the United Kingdom Brain Bank PD diagnostic criteria were recruited from the neurology outpatient department and movement disorder clinic.

Methodology

The patients were randomly assigned into 3 equal groups: (1) a control group that only received a stable dosage of dopaminomimetic drugs; (2) a conventional gait training (CGT) group that received a stable dosage of dopaminomimetic drugs and conventional gait training; and (3) a PWSTT group that received a stable dosage of dopaminomimetic drugs and PWSTT with unloading of 20% of body weight. The sessions for the CGT and PWSTT groups were provided for 30 minutes per day, 4 days per week, for 4 weeks (16 sessions).

Outcome measures

The Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) motor score, dynamic posturography, Berg Balance Scale, and Tinetti performance‐oriented mobility assessment (POMA) were used as main outcome measures.

Results

A significant interaction effect was observed in the UPDRS motor score, mediolateral index, Berg Balance Scale, limits of stability (LOS) total score, POMA gait score, and balance score. Post‐hoc analysis showed that in comparison with the control group, the PWSTT group had a significantly better UPDRS motor score, balance indices, LOS in 8 directions, POMA gait, and balance score. The CGT group had a significantly better POMA gait score compared with control subjects. Compared with the CGT group, the PWSTT group had a significantly better UPDRS motor score, mediolateral index, POMA gait score, and LOS total score.

Conclusion

PWSTT may be a better interventional choice than CGT for gait and balance rehabilitation in patients with PD.
Pressure jump interface law for the Stokes–Darcy coupling: confirmation by direct numerical simulations
Authors: Carraro T. , Goll C. , Marciniak-Czochra A. , Mikelić A.
Published: September 2013

It is generally accepted that the effective velocity of a viscous flow over a porous bed satisfies the Beavers–Joseph slip law. To the contrary, the interface law for the effective stress has been a subject of controversy. Recently, a pressure jump interface law has been rigourously derived by Marciniak-Czochra and Mikelić. In this paper, we provide a confirmation of the analytical result using direct numerical simulation of the flow at the microscopic level. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first numerical confirmation of the pressure interface law in the literature.
Weakly nonlinear stages of boundary-layer transition initiated by modulated Tollmien–Schlichting waves
Authors: de Paula I. B. , Würz W. , Krämer E. , Borodulin V. I. , Kachanov Y. S.
Published: September 2013

Weakly nonlinear interactions involving amplitude-modulated Tollmien–Schlichting waves in an incompressible, two-dimensional aerofoil boundary layer are investigated experimentally. Selected resonant regimes are examined with emphasis on the regimes where more than one fundamental Tollmien–Schlichting (TS) wave is present in the flow. The experiments were performed on an NLF-type aerofoil section for glider applications. Disturbances with controlled frequency-spanwise-wavenumber spectra were excited in the boundary layer and studied by phase-locked hot-wire measurements. The results show that nonlinear mechanisms connected with the steepening of the primary TS wave modulation do not play any significant role in the transition scenarios studied. It is also shown that modulations of the two-dimensional fundamental waves tend to generate additional modes at modulation frequency. These low-frequency disturbances are found to be produced by a non-resonant quadratic combination of spectral components of the primary, modulated TS wave. The investigations show that the efficiency of the process is higher for three-dimensional low-frequency modes in comparison with two-dimensional modes. Thus, the emergence of three-dimensionality for the low-frequency waves does not require any resonant interactions. In a subsequent nonlinear stage, the self-generated detuned subharmonics are found to be strongly amplified due to resonant interactions with the primary TS waves. The sequence of weakly nonlinear mechanisms found and investigated here seems to be the most likely route to the laminar–turbulent transition, at least for two-dimensional boundary layers of aerofoils with a long extent of laminar flow and in a ‘natural’ disturbance environment.
HIV/AIDS KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE AMONG WOMEN IN THE LEAST AND MOST HIV/AIDS AFFECTED REGIONS OF MAINLAND TANZANIA
Authors: KATAPA R. S. , RWEYEMAMU D. K.
Published: September 2013

Among women in mainland Tanzania, Iringa region in the southern highlands has the highest HIV/AIDS prevalence rate while Arusha region in the north-east has the lowest prevalence rate. In a 2007/8 survey, Iringa's HIV rate for women was 18.6% versus 0.8% in Arusha. Using data from a survey of women aged 15–49 years conducted in 2009 by the Champion project of EngenderHealth, a comparison was made of HIV/AIDS knowledge, attitude and practice between women in Iringa and Arusha regions. It was found that women in Arusha region had more knowledge of HIV/AIDS than women in Iringa region, and that more than three-quarters of the women in each region were married and 12% of the women in Arusha region had never been married compared with 8% of the women in Iringa region. The majority of women in each region had at least primary school education and there was no significant difference between their educational levels. Women in Arusha region were economically less active than women in Iringa region, a statistically significant association. More women in Arusha region than in Iringa region had never had children (24% versus 12%). Similarly, women in Arusha region had significantly fewer children compared with women in Iringa.
Mozarabicprecesin Ars Nova notation: a new fourteenth-century fragment discovered in Spain
Authors: CATALUNYA DAVID , GUTIÉRREZ CARMEN JULIA
Published: September 2013

This article reports the discovery of an early fourteenth-century manuscript fragment (two small snippets from the same folio) of Castilian origin. One side of the original folio contained a monophonic piece in Ars Nova notation whose text has been identified as Mozarabicpreces, a musical repertoire that was suposed to lack written transmission from the twelfth to the early sixteenth centuries. The fragment thus throws new light on the survival of the Mozarabic rite through the late Middle Ages. The backside of the folio contains music written in an old mensural system based on undifferentiatedsemibrevesandpuncta divisionis. In this regard, the manuscript may represent the earliest known Spanish source to employ the Petronian system described in the mensural treatise in Barcelona Cathedral (misc. 23). The study includes a detailed codicological examination of the manuscript (including the digital restoration of a palimpsest), transcriptions and musical analysis.
A “DARLING OF THE MOB”: THE ANTIDISCIPLINARITY OF THE JACK SHEPPARD TEXTS
Authors: Stearns Elizabeth
Published: September 2013

The story of Jack Sheppard, a jailbreaker hanged for theft in 1724, inspired William Harrison Ainsworth in 1839 to write a historical romance chronicling and fictionalizing Sheppard's exploits. Though first published in a middle-class magazine, Ainsworth's serialization of Sheppard's career inJack Sheppard: A Romance(1839–1840) subsequently caused a sensation among lower-class audiences for whom the novel was not originally intended. The wide dissemination of Sheppard's story among the lower classes in ballads, songs, cheap plagiarisms, and theatrical performances created a moral panic for contemporary middle-class critics who were concerned with the implications of such material in lower-class culture. Thus, despite the novel's initial reception in the middle-class press as another pleasant and harmless romance, it soon became reviled as a source of inspiration for would-be Jack Sheppards everywhere.
EVOLUTIONARY DISCOURSE AND THE CREDIT ECONOMY IN ELIZABETH GASKELL'SWIVES AND DAUGHTERS
Authors: Leighton Mary Elizabeth , Surridge Lisa
Published: September 2013

When Elizabeth Gaskell died inNovember 1865, she left unfinished her final novel,Wives and Daughters(1864–66). TheCornhill Magazine's editor, Frederick Greenwood, published a tribute to Gaskell with the novel's final installment. Her fiction, he wrote, pulls you from “an abominable wicked world, crawling with selfishness and reeking with base passions into one where there is much weakness, many mistakes, sufferings long and bitter, but where it is possible for people to live calm and wholesome lives . . .” (Gaskell 685–86; ch. 60). As Linda K. Hughes and Michael Lund observe, Greenwood shaped Gaskell's reputation for a hundred years “as an author whose work captured . . . the idyllic charm of a lost era” and took “readers away from unpleasant realities” (158). Notably, Greenwood's list of “unpleasant realities” (wickedness, selfishness, and base passions) implicitly refers to capitalism — that is, to the economic world of the 1860s from which Gaskell ostensibly encouraged her readers to retreat.