bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
S2k-Leitlinie: Nichtinvasive und invasive Beatmung als Therapie der chronischen respiratorischen Insuffizienz – Revision 2017
Authors: Windisch W. , Dreher M. , Geiseler J. , Siemon K. , Brambring J. , Dellweg D. , Grolle B. , Hirschfeld S. , Köhnlein T. , Mellies U. , Rosseau S. , Schönhofer B. , Schucher B. , Schütz A. , Sitter H. , Stieglitz S. , Storre J. , Winterholler M. , Young P. , Walterspacher S. ,   für die Leitliniengruppe „Nichtinvasive und invasive Beatmung als Therapie der chronischen respiratorischen Insuffizienz“
Published: November 2017

Die außerklinische Beatmung über einen invasiven oder nichtinvasiven Beatmungszugang ist mittlerweile etablierter Standard. Entsprechend wurde bereits im Jahr 2010 unter der Federführung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Pneumologie und Beatmungsmedizin e. V. (DGP) die Leitlinie „Nichtinvasive und invasive Beatmung als Therapie der chronischen respiratorischen Insuffizienz“ publiziert. Die stetige Weiterentwicklung der technischen Methoden, neue wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse sowie neue versorgungsrelevante Entwicklungen machen jedoch eine umfangreiche Revision der Leitlinie notwendig.

Entsprechend wurde nun die revidierte Fassung der Leitlinie publiziert. Dabei finden sich in Bezug auf die aktuelle Literatur sowie auf die Versorgungslandschaft in Deutschland überarbeitete Empfehlungen zu den bereits in der Erstversion der Leitlinie aufgenommenen Themenbereichen der technischen Aspekte, der Organisationsstrukturen in Deutschland, der Qualifikationskriterien für die Versorgung außerklinisch beatmeter Patienten, für die einzelnen Krankheitsentitäten inklusive der Besonderheiten in der Pädiatrie sowie der ethischen Aspekte und der Palliativmedizin. Neu hinzugenommen sind zusätzlich die Themen der außerklinischen Beatmung nach erfolglosem prolongierten Weaning sowie die außerklinische Beatmung bei Querschnittlähmung.

Neu ist auch die Zusammensetzung der beteiligten Fachgesellschaften, Fachverbände und Vereinigungen. Dabei werden die einzelnen Krankheitsbilder und Organsysteme übergreifend auch über die Deutsche Interdisziplinäre Gesellschaft für Außerklinische Beatmung e. V. (DIGAB) vertreten, während zusätzlich die Einbindung von Verbänden wichtig war, die direkt mit der Versorgung beatmeter Patienten im außerklinischen Setting konfrontiert sind. Zusätzlich wurde die Einbindung der Kostenträgerseite und der Patientenverbände für wichtig erachtet.

Diese Leitlinie hat eine Gültigkeit von drei Jahren, beginnend mit dem Datum der Veröffentlichung auf der Homepage der Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften e. V. (AWMF) Anfang Juli 2017. Ziel ist eine weitere zeitgerechte Überarbeitung der Leitlinie nach Fristablauf.
Narrow Band Imaging (NBI) zur Früherkennung von Zweitkarzinomen
Authors: Davaris Nikolaos
Published: November 2017

Tirelli G et al. Follow-up of oral and oropharyngeal cancer using narrow-band imaging and high-definition television with rigid endoscope to
obtain an early diagnosis of second primary tumors: a prospective study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2017; 274: 2529–2536

Italienische Wissenschaftler testeten, inwieweit nach einer Behandlung von oralen Karzinomen und Tumoren des Oropharynx mit einer starren
Endoskopie mit NBI-Licht Zweittumore oder lokale Rezidive besser detektierbar sind als mit Weißlicht-Endoskopie (WLE). Darüber hinaus
untersuchten sie inwieweit vorherige Radiotherapie, Läsionsseite und Lernkurve die NBI-Leistung zur Detektion mukosaler Gefäßveränderungen
tangiert.
Multivessel vs. Culprit-Lesion-Stenting beim akuten Koronarsyndrom
Authors: Dörr Oliver , Hamm Christian , Nef Holger
Published: November 2017

Bei Patienten mit akutem Koronarsyndrom (ACS) kann durch die Koronarangiografie in bis zu 50% der Fälle eine koronare Mehrgefäßerkrankung nachgewiesen werden, sodass die interventionelle Behandlung dieser Patienten im klinischen Alltag häufig eine Herausforderung darstellt. In einigen randomisierten Studien konnte der Vorteil einer kompletten Revaskularisation bei Patienten mit akutem ST-Hebungsinfarkt nachgewiesen werden (PRAMI, CvLPRIT, Compare-Acute und DANAMI-3-PRIMULTI). Bei Patienten mit Nicht-ST-Hebungs-ACS und koronarer Mehrgefäßerkrankung konnte ebenfalls der Vorteil einer kompletten Revaskularisation gezeigt werden. Sprechen die Ergebnisse dieser Studien auch für die Complete-PCI gegenüber einer Culprit-only-PCI, so fehlen allerdings bisher genaue Empfehlungen bezüglich des optimalen zeitlichen Vorgehens im Sinne einer Staged-PCI. Auch die Komplexität der koronaren Herzerkrankung wird häufig nicht hinreichend berücksichtigt.
Antithrombotische Therapie bei Vorhofflimmern und perkutaner Koronarintervention/akutem Koronarsyndrom
Authors: Olivier Christoph , Bode Christoph , Moser Martin
Published: November 2017

Nach perkutaner Koronarintervention oder akutem Koronarsyndrom empfehlen die Leitlinien für Patienten mit Vorhofflimmern eine kombinierte antithrombotische Therapie. Diese reduziert das thrombotische Risiko, erhöht aber das Blutungsrisiko. Die klinische Herausforderung besteht darin, durch optimale antithrombotische Therapiestrategien das Risiko für thrombotische Ereignisse und Blutungen im bestmöglichen Verhältnis zu reduzieren. Dieser Übersichtsartikel hat das Ziel, die Evidenz zu verschiedenen Kombinationstherapien aufzuzeigen.
Thyroid Dysfunction States and Incident Cardiovascular Events: The Tehran Thyroid Study
Authors: Tohidi Maryam , Derakhshan Arash , Akbarpour Samaneh , Amouzegar Atieh , Mehran Ladan , Baghbani-Oskouei Aidin , Azizi Fereidoun , Hadaegh Farzad
Published: November 2017

The objective of the study was to investigate the relation of different thyroid function states with the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD)/coronary heart disease (CHD) among a Middle-Eastern population with a high incidence of CVD/CHD. A total of 3975 participants entered the study (43.6% men). According to their thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxin (FT4) levels, the participants were categorized into 5 groups: euthyroid, subclinical hypothyroidism, overt hypothyroidism, subclinical hyperthyroidism, and overt hyperthyroidism. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard models were used to assess the relation of different thyroid function states with incident CVD/CHD, with euthyroid state as reference. The mean age (SD) of the participants was 46.5 (12.0) years. At baseline, no significant difference was observed in the frequency of prevalent CVD cases (n=201) between all groups. No significant interaction was found between prevalent CVD and different thyroid function states with outcomes, hence, we did not exclude participants with prevalent CVD from data analysis. A total of 400 CVD events (358 CHD cases) during a median follow-up of 11.2 years (inter-quartile range: 1.96) occurred. During the follow-up, even in the age and sex adjusted model, no association was observed between different states of thyroid dysfunction and incidence of CVD/CHD. The multivariable hazard ratios (95% CI) of subclinical hypothyroidism, hypothyroidism, subclinical hyperthyroidism, and hyperthyroidism for CVD events were 1.21 (0.77–1.88), 0.76 (0.33–1.69), 0.81 (0.46–1.41) and 1.48 (0.70–3.16), respectively. Both at baseline and during follow-up, no relation was observed between different states of thyroid function with prevalence and incidence of CVD/CHD.
Can Screening and Confirmatory Testing in the Management of Patients with Primary Aldosteronism be Improved?
Authors: Stowasser Michael , Ahmed Ashraf , Guo Zeng , Wolley Martin , Ungerer Jacobus , McWhinney Brett , Poglitsch Marko , Gordon Richard
Published: November 2017

Widespread application of the plasma aldosterone/renin ratio (ARR) as a screening test has led to the recognition that primary aldosteronism (PA) is the most common specifically treatable and potentially curable form of hypertension, accounting for 5–10% of patients. Maximal detection requires accurate diagnostic approaches and awareness and control of factors that confound results, including most antihypertensives, posture, time of day, dietary salt, and plasma potassium. Recent studies have revealed potential for false positives in patients on beta-adrenoceptor blockers, and, when direct renin concentration (but not plasma renin activity) is used to measure renin, in women during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle or receiving estrogen-containing contraceptives or hormonal replacement therapy. In addition to verapamil slow release, hydralazine and prazosin, moxonidine has minimal effects on the ARR and can be used to control hypertension during work-up. Fludrocortisone suppression testing, while probably the most reliable means of definitively confirming or excluding PA, is time consuming and expensive, requiring a five day inpatient stay. A novel approach, upright (seated) saline infusion suppression testing (SST), has shown excellent reliability with much greater sensitivity than conventional recumbent SST in a recent pilot study, and requires only a day visit. Accurate measurement of aldosterone is essential for each step of PA workup: introduction of new, highly reliable high-throughput mass spectrometric methods into clinical practice has represented a major advance. In response to concerns raised about accuracy of renin assays, new mass spectrometric methods for measuring angiotensin II are currently being assessed in the clinical setting.
Should we discipline interdisciplinarity?
Authors: Bammer Gabriele
Published: November 2017

Could we overcome the challenges of embedding interdisciplinarity in the academic mainstream if relevant expertise were defined and recognised as a new discipline? Such expertise includes the ability to combine knowledge from different disciplines, as well as to assess which disciplines and stakeholders have relevant perspectives, figure out how elements of problems are interconnected, decide how to deal with critical unknowns, and use research to support evidence-based change. A new discipline of integration and implementation sciences (I2S) would codify such knowledge and skills, especially for dealing with complex societal and environmental problems. It would operate in an analogous way to the discipline of statistics, as a: (1) collaborative hub within teams, (2) focus for dedicated methods journals and (3) lobby group for effective application. Key initial tasks are to develop a repository of currently hard-to-access methods, and an identifiable academic community; both guided by a unifying and motivating vision of where disciplining interdisciplinarity will lead.
Simple adaptive incremental conductance MPPT algorithm using improved control model
Authors: Yin Lulin , Yu Songsen , Zhang Xing , Tang Yong
Published: November 2017

In order to achieve maximum power point tracking (MPPT) of the photovoltaic system, many algorithms have been proposed such as incremental conductance (IncCond) MPPT algorithms with a fixed step size or a variable step size. However, most of the proposed algorithms track the maximum power points (MPPs) with an inaccurate response, sustained oscillation, low tracking efficiency, and the loss of energy under fast changing solar irradiation. This paper presents a simple adaptive incremental conductance MPPT algorithm, which uses the variable step size with an improved step model and an improved control strategy to track the MPPs in an adaptive way. The novelty of the proposed method is the combination of the two step models, appropriate error permitted, and precise direction control. The proposed IncCond MPPT algorithm is simulated in MATLAB Simulink, and the capability of an adaptive, fast, accurate response, and high efficiency of MPP tracking with no steady-state oscillation is validated by comparing to a conventional IncCond MPPT algorithm with a fixed step size and improved IncCond MPPT algorithm with a variable step size under fast changing solar irradiation. The high performance of the proposed method compared to the two methods mentioned before is also validated when solar irradiation increases at a different speed.
Surface hopping dynamics including intersystem crossing using the algebraic diagrammatic construction method
Authors: Mai Sebastian , Plasser Felix , Pabst Mathias , Neese Frank , Köhn Andreas , González Leticia
Published: November 2017

We report an implementation for employing the algebraic diagrammatic construction to second order [ADC(2)] ab initio electronic structure level of theory in nonadiabatic dynamics simulations in the framework of the SHARC (surface hopping including arbitrary couplings) dynamics method. The implementation is intended to enable computationally efficient, reliable, and easy-to-use nonadiabatic dynamics simulations of intersystem crossing in organic molecules. The methodology is evaluated for the 2-thiouracil molecule. It is shown that ADC(2) yields reliable excited-state energies, wave functions, and spin-orbit coupling terms for this molecule. Dynamics simulations are compared to previously reported results using high-level multi-state complete active space perturbation theory, showing favorable agreement.
Research on the electromagnetic radiation characteristics of the gas main switch of a capacitive intense electron-beam accelerator
Authors: Qiu Yongfeng , Liu Jinliang , Yang Jianhua , Cheng Xinbing , Li Guolin
Published: November 2017

Strong electromagnetic fields are radiated during the operation of the intense electron-beam accelerator (IEBA), which may lead to the nearby electronic devices out of order. In this paper, the research on the electromagnetic radiation characteristic of the gas main switch of a capacitive IEBA is carried out by the methods of theory analysis and experiment investigation. It is obtained that the gas main switch is the dominating radiation resource. In the absence of electromagnetic shielding for the gas main switch, when the pulse forming line of the IEBA is charged to 700 kV, the radiation field with amplitude of 3280 V/m, dominant frequency of 84 MHz and high frequency 100 MHz is obtained at a distance of 10 meters away from the gas main switch. The experimental results of the radiation field agree with the theoretical calculations. We analyze the achievements of several research groups and find that there is a relationship between the rise time (T) of the transient current of the gas main switch and the dominant frequency (F) of the radiation field, namely, F*T=1. Contrast experiment is carried out with a metal shield cover for the gas main switch. Experimental results show that for the shielded setup the radiation field reduces to 115 V/m, the dominant frequency increases to 86.5 MHz at a distance of 10 away meters from the gas main switch. These conclusions are beneficial for further research on the electromagnetic radiation and protection of the IEBA.
Dynamic pricing: An efficient solution for true demand response enabling
Authors: Sharifi R. , Anvari-Moghaddam A. , Fathi S. H. , Guerrero J. M. , Vahidinasab V.
Published: November 2017

A dynamic pricing scheme, also known as real-time pricing (RTP), can be more efficient and technically beneficial than the other price-based schemes (such as flat-rate or time-of-use pricing) for enabling demand response (DR) actions. Over the past few years, the advantages of RTP-based schemes have been extensively discussed for DR purposes in electricity markets; however, they have not been proven mathematically according to a valid economics-based model. Instead, most of the related literature has only relied on observations and experiences in the markets of other commodities. Thus, to provide a reliable reference point based on mathematical models, this paper utilizes well-known economic theories and mathematical formulations to prove the impact of RTP on true enabling of DR actions in electricity markets. Based on the theory of saving under uncertainty, it is shown that the use of dynamic pricing can lead to increased willingness of consumers to participate in DR programs which in turn improve the operation of liberalized electricity markets.
Inbreeding effects on some reproductive traits in Markhoz goats
Authors: Mahmoudi P. , Rashidi A. , Razmkabir M.
Published: November 2017

The objective of this study was to estimate the inbreeding coefficient and its effects on reproductive traits in Markhoz goats. The pedigree file included 5351 kids produced by 234 bucks and 1470 does. Average inbreeding coefficient for the whole population was 2.68%, and the minimum and maximum inbreeding coefficients were 0.05% and 31.25%, respectively. Average coefficient of inbreeding for inbred population was 5.17% and the number of inbred animals in the population was 2777. For investigating effects of inbreeding coefficient on reproductive traits, 3443 records were available for litter size at birth (LSB), litter size at weaning (LSW), total litter weight at birth (TLWB) and mean of litter weight at birth (MLWB). Furthermore, available records for total litter weight at weaning (TLWW) and mean of litter weight at weaning (MLWW) were 2918. Inbreeding depression was estimated as the linear regression of performance on the individual inbreeding coefficient of kids and dams using the most appropriate animal model based on Akaike’s information criterion. Furthermore, inbreeding depressions for LSB and LSW were estimated using threshold and Poisson models. Regression coefficients of LSB, LSW, TLWB, TLWW, MLWB and MLWW on inbreeding coefficient of kids were –0.035, –0.019, –0.077 kg, –0.782 kg, –0.009 kg and –0.332 kg, respectively. Furthermore, regression coefficients of LSB, LSW, TLWB, TLWW, MLWB and MLWW on inbreeding coefficient of dams were 0.064, –0.013, 0.241 kg, 0.638 kg, 0.028 kg and –1.783 kg, respectively. The obtained results from this study showed that inbreeding depression is controlled by an appropriate mating system policy.
Insect herbivory on snow gum (Eucalyptus pauciflora, Myrtaceae) saplings near the alpine treeline: the influence of local- and landscape-scale processes
Authors: Dashiell Citra D. , LeBel Shannon , Green Peter T. , Venn Susanna E. , Morgan John W.
Published: November 2017

The distribution and abundance of plant species in high mountain ecosystems are thought to depend largely on abiotic factors that play out at both landscape scales (e.g. steep environmental gradients affected by increasing elevation) and local scales (e.g. changes in topography, aspect and canopy cover). However, relatively little attention has been paid to biotic interactions, and how these might also change with landscape-wide and local factors. Ecological interactions between plants and insect herbivores are likely to alter species performance and affect local abundance, but their role in the Australian Alps remains largely unexplored. Here, we examine the prediction that the amount of herbivory on saplings of the dominant high elevation tree, snow gum Eucalyptus pauciflora Sieb. ex Spreng. (Myrtaceae), are lower at higher elevation because of increasing environmental stress. Using a reciprocal transplant experiment, we tested the prediction that origin of seed (low, mid, high elevation) has less effect on insect herbivory than environmentally-driven changes in plant morphology (height, leaf thickness, specific leaf area). Across all mountains studied, herbivory was best explained by a combination of plant height, canopy openness, leaf thickness and elevation, but not seed origin. This study highlights the individuality of each mountain environment, at landscape and local scales, as well as the complexity of relationships between environmental change, plants and insects. Given the factors that best explain herbivory across mountains, herbivory may decrease with decreasing productivity associated with increasing elevation, a trend in broad agreement with hypotheses associating leaf area loss to the availability of resources and plant vigour.
Reproductive success of wind, generalist, and specialist pollinated plant species following wildfire in desert landscapes
Authors: Lybbert Andrew H. , Taylor Justin , DeFranco Alysa , St Clair Samuel B.
Published: November 2017

Wildfire can drastically affect plant sexual reproductive success in plant–pollinator systems. We assessed plant reproductive success of wind, generalist and specialist pollinated plant species along paired unburned, burned-edge and burned-interior locations of large wildfires in the Mojave Desert. Flower production of wind and generalist pollinated plants was greater in burned landscapes than adjacent unburned areas, whereas specialist species responses were more neutral. Fruit production of generalist species was greater in burned landscapes than in unburned areas, whereas fruit production of wind- and specialist-pollinated species showed no difference in burned and unburned landscapes. Plants surviving in wildfire-disturbed landscapes did not show evidence of pollination failure, as measured by fruit set and seed:ovule ratios. Generalist- and specialist-plant species established in the interior of burned landscapes showed no difference in fruit production than plants established on burned edges suggesting that pollination services are conserved with increasing distance from fire boundaries in burned desert landscapes. Stimulation of plant reproduction in burned environments due to competition release may contribute to the maintenance of pollinator services and re-establishment of the native plant community in post-fire desert environments.
Supercooled and glassy water: Metastable liquid(s), amorphous solid(s), and a no-man’s land
Authors: Handle Philip H. , Loerting Thomas , Sciortino Francesco
Published: November 2017

We review the recent research on supercooled and glassy water, focusing on the possible origins of its complex behavior. We stress the central role played by the strong directionality of the water–water interaction and by the competition between local energy, local entropy, and local density. In this context we discuss the phenomenon of polyamorphism (i.e., the existence of more than one disordered solid state), emphasizing both the role of the preparation protocols and the transformation between the different disordered ices. Finally, we present the ongoing debate on the possibility of linking polyamorphism with a liquid–liquid transition that could take place in the no-man’s land, the temperature–pressure window in which homogeneous nucleation prevents the investigation of water in its metastable liquid form.
Phenological shifts conserve thermal niches in North American birds and reshape expectations for climate-driven range shifts
Authors: Socolar Jacob B. , Epanchin Peter N. , Beissinger Steven R. , Tingley Morgan W.
Published: November 2017

Significance

Climate warming poses two major challenges for birds: exposure to higher temperatures and disruption of the synchrony between nesting and resource emergence. To cope, birds are expected to track temperature by moving to cooler areas and to track resource emergence by breeding earlier. We show that these two responses are intertwined. Earlier breeding can substitute for range shifts by reducing temperatures during critical breeding-season life-history events. We show that early-summer temperatures affect nesting success in North American birds and that Californian birds breed ∼1 wk earlier today than a century ago. Thus, without shifting geographically, birds now nest at similar temperatures as they did a century ago, which might reshape both the need and the opportunity for range shifts.
Assigning chemoreceptors to chemosensory pathways inPseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Ortega Davi R. , Fleetwood Aaron D. , Krell Tino , Harwood Caroline S. , Jensen Grant J. , Zhulin Igor B.
Published: November 2017

Significance

Multiple receptors transmit information to several signaling pathways that control cellular functions. Which receptor feeds into which pathway and what defines the receptor/pathway specificity are the key questions in cell biology. Here we show that in a model bacterium receptor/pathway specificity is determined by small motifs that can be revealed by comparative sequence analysis of receptor regions that interact with the pathway components. This study provides a path toward computational assignment of receptors to their respective cellular pathways in thousands of bacterial genomes.
Microbial pathway for anaerobic 5′-methylthioadenosine metabolism coupled to ethylene formation
Authors: North Justin A. , Miller Anthony R. , Wildenthal John A. , Young Sarah J. , Tabita F. Robert
Published: November 2017

Significance

Sulfur is an essential element required by all organisms. Therefore, salvage of wasteful, sulfur-containing cellular by-products can be critical. Methionine salvage pathways for organisms living in oxic environments are well established. However, if and by what mechanisms organisms living in anoxic environments can regenerate methionine from such by-products remain largely unknown. This work identifies a strictly anaerobic methionine salvage pathway, the key genes for which appear to be widespread among obligate and facultatively anaerobic bacteria. Strikingly, this pathway also results in the formation of ethylene gas, a key plant hormone and signaling molecule. Anoxic environments routinely accumulate biologically produced ethylene at significant levels, but the organisms and mechanisms responsible have been slow to emerge. This study provides one possible route.
Unprecedented pathway of reducing equivalents in a diflavin-linked disulfide oxidoreductase
Authors: Buey Rubén M. , Arellano Juan B. , López-Maury Luis , Galindo-Trigo Sergio , Velázquez-Campoy Adrián , Revuelta José L. , de Pereda José M. , Florencio Francisco J. , Schürmann Peter , Buchanan Bob B. , Balsera Monica
Published: November 2017

Significance

Diflavin-linked disulfide oxidoreductases (DDORs) are structurally related to the low
-
molecular-weight type NADP-dependent thioredoxin reductases, although they do not share a common function. The biochemical and structural characterization of DDORs has revealed a previously unreported mechanism for the transfer of reducing equivalents in flavoenzymes. The present work illustrates the extent to which nature has experimented with flavins as enzyme cofactors in the evolution of redox reactions.
Pass or Fail: Economic Incentives to Reduce Salmonella Contamination in Ground Beef Sold to the National School Lunch Program
Authors: Ollinger Michael , Bovay John
Published: November 2017

Ground beef sold to the USDA's Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS) for distribution to the National School Lunch Program (NSLP) must meet stringent food‐safety standards, specifically, a zero‐tolerance standard for Salmonella. We use a unique data set containing information on Salmonella levels in order to examine the sequential decisions of ground‐beef plants to become registered as AMS suppliers and then bid on contracts to supply the NSLP from 2006 to 2012. We find that plants exploit their competitive advantages in relatively high productivity and strong performance on Salmonella tests when choosing to bid on contracts in a given year. Furthermore, the incentives generated by the zero‐tolerance standard for Salmonella are highly effective: ground beef supplied to the NSLP is 21–22 percentage points more likely to meet a zero‐tolerance standard for Salmonella than ground beef tested as part of typical meat‐plant inspections.
A new method for post-translationally labeling proteins in live cells for fluorescence imaging and tracking
Authors: Hinrichsen M , Lenz M , Edwards J M , Miller O K , Mochrie S G J , Swain P S , Schwarz-Linek U , Regan L
Published: November 2017

We present a novel method to fluorescently label proteins, post-translationally, within live Saccharomycescerevisiae. The premise underlying this work is that fluorescent protein (FP) tags are less disruptive to normal processing and function when they are attached post-translationally, because target proteins are allowed to fold properly and reach their final subcellular location before being labeled. We accomplish this post-translational labeling by expressing the target protein fused to a short peptide tag (SpyTag), which is then covalently labeled in situ by controlled expression of an open isopeptide domain (SpyoIPD, a more stable derivative of the SpyCatcher protein) fused to an FP. The formation of a covalent bond between SpyTag and SpyoIPD attaches the FP to the target protein. We demonstrate the general applicability of this strategy by labeling several yeast proteins. Importantly, we show that labeling the membrane protein Pma1 in this manner avoids the mislocalization and growth impairment that occur when Pma1 is genetically fused to an FP. We also demonstrate that this strategy enables a novel approach to spatiotemporal tracking in single cells and we develop a Bayesian analysis to determine the protein’s turnover time from such data.
The microbiome of the critically ill patient
Authors: Akrami Kevan , Sweeney Daniel A.
Published: November 2017

Purpose of review

Advances in the understanding of the human microbiome outside of the ICU have led investigators to consider the role of the microbiome in critical illness. The picture that is being elucidated is one of dysbiosis occurring at multiple sites in the critically ill patient. This review describes the changes that occur in the various microbiomes of a critically ill patient, the implications of these changes and shows how advances in the understanding of dysbiosis may lead to microbiome-targeted therapies.

Recent findings

Critically ill patients undergo dysbiosis at several organ sites including the skin, gastrointestinal system and the lungs with loss of microbial diversity and a propensity for potentially pathogenic organisms to dominate a particular microbiome. These microbiome changes appear to be predictive of clinical outcome. While the use of fecal microbial transplantation has been demonstrated to be an effective treatment for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection, the use of fecal microbial transplantation and other microbiome modifying therapies may have a role in managing critical illness in the ICU.

A growing understanding of the microbiome in the critically ill may modify current dogma regarding the pathogenesis of sepsis and other life-threatening conditions seen in the ICU, thereby fundamentally changing antibiotic stewardship and the management of the critically ill patient.
Intermittent extracorporeal CO2 removal in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients: a fiction or an option
Authors: Alessandri Francesco , Pugliese Francesco , Mascia Luciana , Ranieri Marco V.
Published: November 2017

Purpose of review

Aim of this article is to review evidence recently generated on the application of extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal (ECCO2R) in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) requiring mechanical ventilation (invasive and non invasive) for hypercapnic respiratory failure.

Recent findings

To date, the paucity of evidences on ECCO2R to decrease the rate of noninvasive ventilation (NIV) failure and to wean hypercapnic patients from invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) precludes to systematically apply this technology to COPD patients.

Although several efforts have been made to reduce invasiveness and to improve the efficiency of extracorporeal systems, further randomized studies are needed to assess the effects of this technique on both short-term and long-term clinical outcomes.
Membrane microdomains and the regulation of HDL biogenesis
Authors: Genest Jacques , Schwertani Adel , Choi Hong Y.
Published: November 2017

Purpose of review

The major cardio-protective function of HDL is to remove excess cellular cholesterol in the process of HDL particle formation and maturation. The HDL biogenic procedure requiring protein–lipid interactions has been incompletely understood, and here we discuss recent progress and insights into the mechanism of HDL biogenesis.

Recent findings

The initial and rate-limiting step of HDL biogenesis is the interaction between apoA-I and plasma membrane microdomains created by ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) transporter. Computer simulation of molecular dynamics suggests that ABCA1 translocates phospholipids from the inner to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane to create a transbilayer density gradient leading to the formation of an exovesiculated plasma membrane microdomain. The cryo-electron microscopy structure of ABCA1 suggests that an elongated hydrophobic tunnel formed by the extracellular domain of ABCA1 may function as a passageway to deliver lipids to apoA-I. In contrast to ABCA1-created plasma membrane microdomains, desmocollin 1 (DSC1) contained in a cholesterol-rich plasma membrane microdomain binds apoA-I to prevent HDL biogenesis. The identification of DSC1-containing plasma membrane microdomains as a negative regulator of HDL biogenesis may offer potential therapeutic avenues.

Isolation and characterization of plasma membrane microdomains involved in HDL biogenesis may lead to a better understanding of the molecular mechanism of HDL biogenesis.
VLDL triglyceride accumulation in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue in type 2 diabetes
Authors: Søndergaard Esben , Nielsen Søren
Published: November 2017

Purpose of review

Insulin resistance is closely linked to accumulation of lipid outside adipose tissue (ectopic fat storage). VLDL particles transport lipids from the liver to peripheral tissues. However, whether abnormalities in VLDL-triglyceride storage in muscle and adipose tissue exist in type 2 diabetes has previously been unknown, primarily because of methodological difficulties. Here, we review recent research on VLDL-triglyceride storage.

Recent findings

In a recent study, men with type 2 diabetes had increased skeletal muscle VLDL-triglyceride storage compared to weight-matched nondiabetic men, potentially leading to intramyocellular triglyceride accumulation. In contrast, studies of adipose tissue VLDL-triglyceride storage have shown similar storage capacity in men with and without diabetes, both in the postabsorptive and the postprandial period. In the initial submission, studies have failed to show associations between lipoprotein lipase activity, considered the rate-limiting step in storage of lipids from lipoproteins, and VLDL-TG storage in both muscle and adipose tissue.

Differences in muscle VLDL-triglyceride storage may lead to ectopic fat storage and contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes, whereas the ability to store VLDL-triglyceride in adipose tissue is preserved in type 2 diabetes.
Trends of Magnet Ingestion in Children, an Ironic Attraction
Authors: Reeves Patrick Todd , Nylund Cade M. , Krishnamurthy Jayasree , Noel Robert Adam , Abbas Mazen I.
Published: November 2017

Background and Objectives:

Ingestion of rare earth magnets is a serious ongoing hazard for pediatric patients. Our study aims to investigate whether 2012 Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) policy action, in coordination with efforts from consumer and physician advocacy groups, decreased the incidence of magnet ingestions in children in the United States since 2012.

Methods:

Data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) was used to evaluate trends in emergency department (ED) encounters with pediatric patients (<18 years) who presented with suspected magnet ingestions (SMI) from 2010 to 2015. National estimates of SMI were made using the NEISS‐supplied weights and variance variables.

Results:

An estimated 14,586 children (59% male, 50% age <5 years) presented to the ED for SMI from 2010 to 2015. A significant upward trend in magnet‐related ED visits preceded the CPSC action, with the peak ingestions of 3167 (95% confidence interval, 1612–4723) recorded in 2012. This was followed by a steady decrease in the rate of SMI to 1907 (95% confidence interval, 1062–2752) in 2015, an average annual decrease of 13.3%. Most importantly, post‐federal action estimates demonstrated a downward trend in overall SMI ED visits (P = 0.03).

Conclusions:

The frequency of magnet ingestions continued to rise from 2010 and then peak in 2012, followed by a decline in magnet ingestion ED visits during the post‐federal action years. This down trend emphasizes the importance of advocacy on decreasing magnet ingestions in children. Further study will be required to determine the impact of the court decision to lift the magnet ban in 2016.
Synthesis of spiro[indoline-3,3′-pyrrolizines] by 1,3-dipolar reactions between isatins, L-proline and electron-deficient alkenes
Authors: Quiroga Jairo , Romo Pablo , Cobo Justo , Glidewell Christopher
Published: November 2017

Two spiro[indoline-3,3′-pyrrolizine] derivatives have been synthesized in good yield with high regio- and stereospecificity using one-pot reactions between readily available starting materials, namely L-proline, substituted 1H-indole-2,3-diones and electron-deficient alkenes. The products have been fully characterized by elemental analysis, IR and NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and crystal structure analysis. In (1′RS,2′RS,3SR,7a′SR)-2′-benzoyl-1-hexyl-2-oxo-1′,2′,5′,6′,7′,7a′-hexahydrospiro[indoline-3,3′-pyrrolizine]-1′-carboxylic acid, C28H32N2O4, (I), the unsubstituted pyrrole ring and the reduced spiro-fused pyrrole ring adopt half-chair and envelope conformations, respectively, while in (1′RS,2′RS,3SR,7a′SR)-1′,2′-bis(4-chlorobenzoyl)-5,7-dichloro-2-oxo-1′,2′,5′,6′,7′,7a′-hexahydrospiro[indoline-3,3′-pyrrolizine], which crystallizes as a partial dichloromethane solvate, C28H20Cl4N2O3·0.981CH2Cl2, (II), where the solvent component is disordered over three sets of atomic sites, these two rings adopt envelope and half-chair conformations, respectively. Molecules of (I) are linked by an O—H...·O hydrogen bond to form cyclic R
6
6(48) hexamers of \overline{3} (S
6) symmetry, which are further linked by two C—H...O hydrogen bonds to form a three-dimensional framework structure. In compound (II), inversion-related pairs of N—H...O hydrogen bonds link the spiro[indoline-3,3′-pyrrolizine] molecules into simple R
2
2(8) dimers.
Work placements at 14-15 years and employability skills
Authors: Messer David
Published: November 2017

Purpose

In the UK, concern frequently has been voiced that young people lack appropriate employability skills. One way to address this is to provide work based placements. In general, previous research findings have indicated that young people find such placements useful because of help with career choice and relevant skills. However, most studies are retrospective and involve sixth form or degree students. The purpose of this paper is to extend previous research by collecting information before and after the placements.

Design/methodology/approach

This investigation involved questionnaires with nearly 300 14-15 year-old students who provided a pre- and post-placement self-reports about their employability skills and their work-experience hosts provided ratings of employability skills at the end of the placement.

Findings

There was a significant increase in student ratings of their employability skills from before to after the placement, and although the employers gave slightly lower ratings of some employability skills than the students, the two sets of ratings were reasonably close. In addition, the students had high expectations of the usefulness of the placements and these expectations were fulfilled as reported in the post-placement questionnaire.

Originality/value

These positive findings, extend the knowledge of the effects of work based placements, by focussing on the opinion of the young people themselves, using a pre- to post-placement design, by validating student self-reports with host employer ratings, and by focussing on a younger than usual age group.
Teacher change from a short-term certification programme and its comparison with that of a comparable long-term programme
Authors: Choi Tae-Hee
Published: November 2017

Purpose

Using teacher certification to induce educational change is a common practice in many countries. However, teacher change from these certification programmes, in particular, from the widely used “short-term” programmes, is not given due attention. Do teachers change on short-term programmes? Is teacher development (TD) on short-term programmes qualitatively different from that of long-term programmes? Answering these questions, the purpose of this paper is to address the identified research gap and contribute to the ongoing discussion on an effective teacher education provision.

Design/methodology/approach

This comparative, qualitative study mainly draws on a case study of an in-service certification programme in South Korea. It also draws on publications which report on TD on a comparable, long-term certification programme in the USA. In both contexts, semi-structured interviews, lesson observations, and document research were conducted and the data were analysed through thematic content analysis.

Findings

Participants experienced three major, interrelated patterns of cognitive change: capturing and repositioning their assumptions, gaining and seeking pedagogical implications, and inner conflicts and reconciliation in both programmes. The participants also found their learning an emotional process. TD on the short-term programme was not qualitatively different from that of a comparable long-term programme.

Originality/value

This is the first paper which systematically investigates TD from a short-term training, as compared to a comparable long-term programme. This research has significance as it has implications for effective design and management of TD programmes.
The MEQUAL scale: measure of service quality in management education
Authors: Verma Sanjeev , Prasad Ram Komal
Published: November 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to develop an empirically validated scale to measure the students’ perception of service quality in management education.

Design/methodology/approach

In this study, a three-stage systematic procedure of scale development has been adopted. Initially, extant literature review delineated the construct. Exploratory study techniques like focus group study and expert opinion helped in purifying the scale. In the second stage, principal component analysis with varimax rotation and Kaiser normalization (exploratory factor analysis) was used to refine the scale. Finally, multi-trait-multimethod matrix analysis was done to test the reliability and validity of the scale.

Findings

A 25-item multi-dimensional construct with six factors (academic aspect, professional assurance, behavioral responses and supports, industry institute interaction, non-academic aspects and physical support) was derived scientifically for measuring service quality in management education. Psychometrically, the scale exhibits internal consistency and remains consistent across the samples. The scale passes the requisite reliability and validity tests (construct, convergent, discriminant, nomological, predictive) with all values within limits.

Practical implications

Scientific and structured multi-dimensional construct for service quality in management education will help academicians, administrators and regulators in designing a process-oriented system for enhanced student satisfaction and performance.

Originality/value

This study is an incremental attempt to develop an empirically validated scale for measuring the service quality level and resultant satisfaction in management education.
Using performative knowledge production to explore marketplace exclusion
Authors: Burgess Gemma , Kelemen Mihaela , Moffat Sue , Parsons Elizabeth
Published: November 2017

Purpose

This paper aims to contribute to understandings of the dynamics of marketplace exclusion and explore the benefits of a performative approach to knowledge production.

Design/methodology/approach

Interactive documentary theatre is used to explore the pressing issue of marketplace exclusion in a deprived UK city. The authors present a series of three vignettes taken from the performance to explore the embodied and dialogical nature of performative knowledge production.

Findings

The performative mode of knowledge production has a series of advantages over the more traditional research approaches used in marketing. It is arguably more authentic, embodied and collaborative. However, this mode of research also has its challenges particularly in the interpretation and presentation of the data.

Research limitations/implications

The paper highlights the implications of performative knowledge production for critical consumer learning. It also explores how the hitherto neglected concept of marketplace exclusion might bring together insights into the mechanics and outcomes of exclusion.

Originality/value

While theatrical and performative metaphors have been widely used to theorise interactions in the marketplace, as yet the possibility of using theatre as a form of inquiry within marketing has been largely neglected. Documentary theatre is revealing of the ways in which marketplace cultures can perpetuate social inequality. Involving local communities in the co-production of knowledge in this way gives them a voice in the policy arena not hitherto fully addressed in the marketing field. Similarly, marketplace exclusion as a concept has been sidelined in favour of marketplace discrimination and consumer vulnerability – the authors think it has the potential to bring these fields together in exploring the range of dynamics involved.
Geophysical greenfield exploration in the permo‐carboniferous Saar–Nahe basin—The Wiesbaden Geothermal Project, Germany
Authors: Deckert Hagen , Bauer Wolfgang , Abe Steffen , Horowitz Franklin G. , Schneider Ulrich
Published: November 2017

Structurally bound upwelling and outflowing hot fluids in the city of Wiesbaden suggest an interesting geothermal potential at the northern margin of the permo‐carboniferous Saar–Nahe basin, Germany. The Saar–Nahe basin in the Wiesbaden area was previously not a target for intensive geophysical prospecting of the deep underground. We present an exploration concept to investigate potential geothermal reservoirs near Wiesbaden for heat and power production. The acquired geophysical exploration data give new insights into the local geometry and internal structure of the Saar–Nahe basin. The exploration combines a wide range of methods, including the analysis of data, a dense grid gravity survey, as well as two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional seismic surveys. The resulting data, which for the first time reveal the deep structure of the Mainz and Saar–Nahe basins near Wiesbaden down to a depth of c. 4,000 m, show that the Saar–Nahe basin is strongly segmented and contains deep‐reaching active faults. Combining these information with numerical models of the stresses in the fault system and of the temperature distribution in the exploration area, a promising drilling target has been identified, which promise high permeability at a low risk of induced or triggered seismicity.
Casein‐Based Powders: Characteristics and Rehydration Properties
Authors: Felix da Silva Denise , Ahrné Lilia , Ipsen Richard , Hougaard Anni Bygvraa
Published: November 2017

Casein‐based powders are gaining industrial interest due to their nutritional and functional properties, but they are also known to have poor rehydration abilities. The fundamental physical and chemical mechanisms involved in the rehydration of these powders are essential for determining the critical steps in the manufacturing processes and for developing casein powders with improved rehydration properties. A number of analytical methods have been developed to measure the rehydration ability of powders, but criteria for the selection of methods for casein‐based powders have not been provided. This review article provides an overview of the characteristics and methods for the production of casein‐based powders, methodologies to measure their rehydration properties, and it summarizes the current state of understanding regarding rehydration. Advancements have been made in the field; however, a fundamental understanding enabling improvement of the rehydration properties of these powders is still lacking.