bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New City = New Friends? The Restructuring of Social Resources after Relocation
Authors: Nisic Natascha , Petermann Sören
Published: November 2020

Despite the significance of spatially proximate social contacts, there is little evidence about the effects of residential mobility on the social capital available to an individual. Based on theoretical considerations of the accumulation process of social capital after relocation, we derive hypotheses about the consequences of residential mobility on social capital. Firstly, we expect a partial devaluation of social capital in the origin region after the move and compensatory investments in social capital at the new location. Secondly, we assume that social capital increases with the length of residence and distinguish accumulation and consolidation phases. Multivariate analysis based on survey data yields the expected consequences of mobility. Movers and native residents possess an equal amount of social capital; however, the composition of social capital differs between the two groups. Additionally, we decompose the length of residence into several time intervals to provide evidence for both the constituting and consolidating phases in the creation of social capital.
„Der Apfel lebt nicht weit vom Stamm“:
Wohnentfernungen zwischen Eltern und ihren erwachsenen Kindern in Europa

Authors: Isengard Bettina
Published: November 2020

Die geografische Nähe bzw. Distanz zwischen Eltern und ihren erwachsenen Kindern ist eine wesentliche, wenn nicht die entscheidende Voraussetzung für Generationensolidarität. Doch warum wohnen manche Eltern und ihre Kinder näher zusammen als andere? Und warum gibt es in Europa länderspezifische Unterschiede? Ziel dieses Beitrags ist es, auf Basis der SHARE-Daten für 14 europäische Länder die Ursachen von geografischer Nähe bzw. Distanz näher zu durchleuchten. Neben individuellen Merkmalen auf Seiten der Eltern und Kinder sind es auch familiale Strukturen und kulturell-kontextuell bedingte Unterschiede zwischen den Ländern, die im Mittelpunkt des Interesses stehen. Die Befunde legen den Schluss nahe, dass es insbesondere alters- und familienzyklische Einflüsse sind, die einen Einfluss auf die Wohnentfernung zwischen den Generationen haben, aber auch sozioökonomische und herkunftsspezifische Zusammenhänge sind bedeutsam. Im Ländervergleich zeigt sich, dass die geografische Nähe bzw. Distanz variiert. Im Süden Europas wohnen Eltern und erwachsene Kinder sehr viel näher zusammen, was nicht nur der Koresidenz geschuldet ist. Die Unterschiede können dabei vor allem auf kulturelle sowie institutionelle Einflüsse und die damit verbundenen gesellschaftlichen Folgen zurückgeführt werden.
The Consequences of Divorce and Splitting up for Spatial Mobility in the UK
Authors: Feijten Peteke , Van Ham Maarten
Published: November 2020

Union dissolution is well known to have a disruptive effect on the housing situation of those involved, and often leads to downward moves on the “housing ladder”. Much less is known about the geographies of residential mobility after union dissolution. There are, however, reasons to expect that those who experienced a union dissolution have a different likelihood of moving over longer distances than those who stay in a union, because of different moving motives. This study contributes to the existing literature by investigating the occurrences of moves, distances moved and the destinations of moves after union dissolution. The paper also contributes to the literature by investigating the effect on mobility not only of divorce, but also of splitting up and repartnering. Using longitudinal data from the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS), and logistic regression models, we found that union dissolution has a significant effect on the occurrence of moves and on moving distances.
The Influence of Couples’ Living Arrangements on Smoking Habits and Body Weight
Authors: Klein Thomas , Rapp Ingmar , Schneider Björn
Published: November 2020

This article examines the influence of intimate relationships on smoking habits and body weight. We differentiated between couples living apart together, cohabitating couples and married couples. The data basis is the Partnermarktsurvey, a German representative telephone survey of 2,002 people aged between 16 and 55 years. The results show that living in a relationship promotes smoking cessation, however only when the partners live together. This indicates that the positive protection effect of relationships on smoking habits is based on the mechanism of social control and social support, which is linked to the context of a shared household. In addition, we observed the homogamy in smoking habits of partners that arises as early as mate selection and is intensified through assimilation processes during the relationship. With regard to body weight, the study shows a weight gain over the course of a relationship which is, however, not greater among married and cohabitating couples than among couples living apart together.
Internal Migration in Germany, 1995-2010: New Insights into East-West Migration and Re-urbanisation
Authors: Sander Nikola
Published: November 2020

Over the last two decades, patterns of internal migration in Germany have been discussed under the headings of East-West movements and sub- and re-urbanisation. This paper argues that the intense scientific and public debate that ignited about the possible causes and consequences of internal migration should be based on a clear understanding of how internal migration flows impact on regional population change. Using the German Internal Migration (GIM) database, a unique new dataset that holds annual interregional migration counts drawn from the population register for 397 regions with temporally consistent boundaries, this paper aims to provide a more comprehensive picture of the spatial structure of inter-county migration in Germany and how it has changed over the period 1995-2010. To reduce the complexity of the county-level flow data and to facilitate the identification of patterns and trends, county-to-county flows were analysed using a spatial framework of 132 “analytical regions”. The results show that the intensity of migration between East German regions has been higher than East-West migration throughout the period, suggesting that the former type of migration has a stronger impact on rural population decline than commonly believed in the literature. Following a strong suburbanisation pattern in the 1990s, over the last decade, migration between counties in eastern Germany has resulted in a growing concentration of population in the cities of Berlin, Leipzig and Dresden. Increasing net migration gains were recorded by many urban cores across Germany. The trend was driven by both continuing in-migration of young adults in search for education and employment, and by a cessation of the long-term trend of family out-migration to the cities’ suburban and non-metropolitan hinterlands.
The Intergenerational Transmission of the Value of Children in Contemporary Chinese Families: Taiwan and Mainland China Compared
Authors: Yi Chin-Chun , Chen Yu-Hua
Published: November 2020

While fertility has been drastically declining in East Asia, mechanisms accounting for the current trend vary. One noticeable mechanism documented is that the changing value of children affects couples’ fertility decisions which in turn affect their subsequent fertility behaviour. This study will examine the intergenerational transmission of the value of children (VOC) among grandmothers, mothers and teenagers in two Chinese societies: Taiwan and Mainland China. We assume that cultural homogeneity interacts with political and social heterogeneity and may result in different values regarding having or not having children. Data are taken from two corresponding VOC surveys from Taiwan (2005-2007) and from Mainland China (2002-2003). We first compare the value of children for Taiwan and Mainland China with special attention to cultural aspects. Two identified factor solutions are generated for both positive (traditional and emotional) and negative (emotional/psychological and familial/social) VOC. Analyses show that intergenerational transmission of the VOC among three generations is more likely to occur for a positive VOC in the Chinese Mainland sample. We suspect that actual fertility experience results in greater resemblance on the VOC between grandmothers and mothers in both research settings. Among selected structural mechanisms, only rural-urban background has an effect on patterns of intergenerational transmission. The paper ends with a discussion on the importance of culture in explaining the intergenerational transmission of the VOC in Chinese societies.
The Register-based Census in Germany: Historical Context and Relevance for Population Research
Authors: Scholz Rembrandt , Kreyenfeld Michaela
Published: November 2020

In 2011, Germany carried out its first census after a 20-year break. In light of the United Nations’ recommendations that countries initiate a population census at least every 10 years, the census was long overdue. Moreover, demographers had for some time been demanding a new enumeration that would enable them to place the calculation of demographic indicators on a reliable basis. With the 2011 census, Germany not only met the demand for a current population census, but also broke new ground by using a register-based approach. Unlike the Scandinavian countries, which have a long tradition of performing register-based data analyses, the linking of administrative data in Germany is restricted by the country’s legal framework. Thus, the 2011 census was an ambitious project. After contextualising the 2011 census historically, we discuss in this contribution the census’ relevance for generating central demographic data. Specifically, we compare the updated population estimates of the 1987 census to the results of the 2011 census in order to identify possible systematic sources of error that distort demographic indicators and analyses.
Reflecting on the Margins: Socio-spatial Stigmatisation among Adolescents in a Peripheralised Region
Authors: Meyer Frank , Miggelbrink Judith , Schwarzenberg Tom
Published: November 2020

Based on the project “Discourse and practices in shrinking regions”, we analyse the subjective relevance of derogative discourses using the example of the district of Altenburger Land (Germany). The article combines three aspects: First, it focuses on how young people’s representations of practices of social differentiation are informed by regionalised discourses about and conditions of shrinkage. Second, it identifies two rhetoric strategies by which young people distance themselves from perceived deviance. Finally, it asks how perceptions and rhetoric strategies are connected to desires to out-migrate. We assume that stigmatisation is a powerful means of producing and circulating socio-spatial differentiation, especially under conditions of socio-economic crisis and deprivation. Our principal hypothesis is that socio-spatial stigmatisation is effective (and destructive) in terms of how people perceive themselves within their home region, in relation to other inhabitants and regarding their prospective future plans. In order to address this aspect methodologically, we compose an epistemological framework to grasp how socio-spatial stigmatisation is articulated and circulates in the light of specific socio-economic conditions. Here, we conceptually draw from social psychology and social geography. Our empirical findings, which stem from a series of focus groups, show that – while sharing some widely spread notions about the Altenburger Land – our respondents make use of two rhetoric strategies: They deflect derogative stigmas by, firstly, further specifying these groups in order to distinguish themselves from the stigmatised groups, and, secondly, by localising deviant behaviour within almost uncontested socio-spatial boundaries. Additionally, they construct causal connections between these aspects in order to re-affirm the validity of such stigmas.
The Two-Part Gender Revolution, Women’s Second Shift and Changing Cohort Fertility
Authors: Frejka Tomas , Goldscheider Frances , Lappegård Trude
Published: November 2020

The two parts of the gender revolution have been evolving side by side at least since the 1960s. The first part, women’s entry into the public sphere, proceeded faster than the second part, men’s entry into the private sphere. Consequently, many employed mothers have carried a greater burden of paid and unpaid family support than fathers throughout the second half of the 20th century. This constituted women’s “second shift,” depressing fertility. A central focus of this paper is to establish second shift trends during the second half of the 20th century and their effects on fertility. Our analyses are based on data on cohort fertility, male and female labor force participation, and male and female domestic hours worked from 11 countries in Northern Europe, Western/central Europe, Southern Europe, and North America between 1960/70 and 2000/2014. We find that the gender revolution had not generated a turnaround, i.e. an increase in cohort fertility, by the end of the 20th century. Nevertheless, wherever the gender revolution has made progress in reducing women’s second shift, cohort fertility declined the least; where the second shift is large and/or has not been reduced, cohort fertility has declined the most.
Predicting the Timing of Social Transitions from Personal, Social and Socio-Economic Resources of German Adolescents
Authors: Gläßer Jana , Lauterbach Wolfgang , Berger Fred
Published: November 2020

Social transitions are characterized by an increased heterogeneity in Western societies. Following the life course perspective, individual agency becomes central in shaping one’s life course. This article examines social transitions of adolescents using individual resource theory to explain differences of the timing of five transitions in partnership and family formation: the first sexual experience, the first intimate relationship, the first cohabitation, the first marriage, and the birth of the first child. Since little is so far known about how individual characteristics interact and influence the social transition to adulthood, we focus on the varying impacts of personal, social and socio-economic resources across the social life course. We use longitudinal data from the German LifE-Study, which focuses on the birth cohort of individuals born between 1965 and 1967. Using event history analysis, we find that the timing of the first sexual experience and first partnership transitions are mainly influenced by personal and social ressources, whereas socio-economic resources offer better explanations for the timing of entering marriage and parenthood. Most striking are the different explanatory models for women and men.
Fertility Intentions and Views on Gender Roles: Russian Women in Estonia from an Origin-destination Perspective
Authors: Puur Allan , Vseviov Hanna , Abuladze Liili
Published: November 2020

In this article we investigate fertility intentions of Russian women in Estonia from an origin-destination perspective. Russian migrants to Estonia and their descendants are compared with women in the sending and host countries in order to identify similarities and differences in intended transitions to first, second and third births. The study is based on the Estonian and Russian Generations and Gender Surveys, which were conducted in 2004/2005, and employs logistic regression models. The dependent variables are intentions to become a mother, to have a second child, or to have a third child. The hypotheses for the study are mainly derived from the adaptation, cultural maintenance, and selection (characteristics) perspectives. We also incorporate attitudes towards gender roles into the models, which have proven to be a salient factor in shaping childbearing intentions, but have seldom been considered in studies of migrant fertility.Our results lend support to both the adaptation and cultural maintenance perspectives. In accord with the latter, the similarity between the childbearing intentions of Russian migrants and their descendants in Estonia and those of their counterparts in Russia suggests that socialisation to the ethnic subculture has prevailed over the influence of the host society. We attribute this outcome to contextual features that have retarded integration processes. By contrast, we observe that proficiency in the host country language, residence in areas where the host population constitutes a large majority and having a native partner significantly contribute to the adaptation of migrants’ intentions to have another child to those of the host population. These results provide support to the adaptation argument. Finally, our study reveals a positive association between egalitarian views on gender roles and women’s intentions to have another child. However, variation in gender role attitudes accounts for a relatively minor part of the difference in intended fertility between the groups addressed in this study.* This article belongs to a special issue on migrant fertility.
Understanding the Spatial Trajectories of Minority Groups: An Approach that Examines their Demographic, Cultural and Socio-economic Characteristics
Authors: Sapiro Philip
Published: November 2020

Population researchers have contributed to the debate on minority group distribution and disadvantage and social cohesion by providing objective analysis. A plethora of new distribution measurement techniques have been presented in recent years, but they have not provided sufficient explanatory power of underlying trajectories to inform ongoing political debate. Indeed, a focus on trying to summarise complex situations with readily understood measures may be misplaced. This paper takes an alternative approach and asks whether a more detailed analysis of individual and environmental characteristics is necessary if researchers are to continue to provide worthwhile input to policy development. Using England and Wales as a test bed, it looks at four small sub-populations (circa 250,000 at the turn of the century) – two based on ethnic grouping: Bangladeshi and Chinese; and two based on an under-researched area of cultural background, religion: Jews and Sikhs. Despite major differences in longevity of presence in the UK, age profile, socio-economic progress, and levels of inter-marriage, there are, at a national level, parallels in the distribution patterns and trajectories for three of the groups. However, heterogeneity between and within the groups mean that at a local level, these similarities are confounded. The paper concludes that complex interactions between natural change and migration, and between suburbanisation and a desire for group congregation, mean that explanations for the trajectory of distribution require examination of data at a detailed level, beyond the scope of index-based methods. Such analyses are necessary if researchers are to effectively contribute to future policy development.
The Impact of Dementia and Extremity Injuries on the Plasticity of Long-term Care Demand: An Analysis of Counterfactual Projection Scenarios Based on German Health Insurance Routine Data
Authors: Barth Alexander
Published: November 2020

Although demand for long-term care (LTC) in Germany is expected to increase over the coming decades, the LTC sector will struggle to provide sufficient capacity. Evaluating the impact of different risk factors on future LTC demand is necessary in order to make informed policy decisions. With regard to LTC need, dementia and lower extremity injuries (LEI) are common risk factors. Both are used to demonstrate their maximum attainable efficacy in mitigating the future increase in overall LTC need, both at home and in nursing homes.We use a multi-state projection model for which the estimation of the underlying transition and mortality rates is based on longitudinal health claims data from AOK, Germany’s largest public health insurance provider, between 2004 and 2010. We project six different scenarios of LTC for ages 75+ in Germany for the period from 2014 to 2044, including counterfactual scenarios that remove the effects of LEI, dementia, or both. Our multi-state projections distinguish between home-based and institutional LTC.Removing the effect of LTC risk factors mitigates the increase in total LTC demand and postpones demand until a later age. Removing dementia markedly shifts future care demand from institutional LTC to LTC at home and even increases demand for LTC at home at older ages beyond the baseline projection due to the dual function of dementia as a risk factor for both LTC demand and mortality. Removing LEI has less of an effect on overall and sectoral LTC demand. Removing both risk factors at the same time results in the greatest impact, which is even more marked than that of both individual scenarios combined, thus indicating a synergistic relationship between dementia and LEI on LTC risk.The type of LTC demand (home-based or institutional) shows considerable plasticity when specific risk factors are removed. We demonstrate the degree to which LTC demand can be affected in favour of LTC at home, using dementia and LEI as examples of potentially modifiable risk factors, and thus show how the efficacy of potential intervention targets for policy-makers can be assessed.This study provides evidence on the degree of plasticity of future long-term care demand at home and in institutions that would hypothetically be attainable when completely removing specific cognitive or physical risk factors of care need (dementia or lower EI). It is based on large-scale health claims data, which contain longitudinal individual level data on morbidity and long-term care status. A close link exists between the cognitive risk factor of dementia and the type of LTC, as its absence shifts care demand to home-based care at older ages. The study also demonstrates the usefulness of counterfactual projections based on health claims data in assessing the hypothetical maximum efficacy of different intervention strategies.
Patient safety: a multifaceted issue
Authors: Tingle John
Published: November 2020

John Tingle, Lecturer in Law, Birmingham Law School, University of Birmingham, discusses the need for an integrated approach to patient safety, and the argument that error is inevitable and risk can only be managed
Indigenous Lien Minh chicken of Vietnam: Phenotypic characteristics and single nucleotide polymorphisms of GH, IGFBP and PIT candidate genes related to growth traits
Authors: Do Thi Thu Huong , BINH NGUYEN TRAN THI , DUC LUC DO , HUU DOAN BUI , NHUNG DANG THUY , XUAN CANH NGUYEN , VIET LINH NGUYEN , THAI ANH NGUYEN , QUANG MINH LUU , PHAM DANG KIM , Nguyen Hoang Thinh
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Thu HDT, Binh NTT, Duc LD, Huu DB, Nhung DT, Xuan CN, Viet LN, Thai AN, Quang ML, Pham DK, Hoang TN. 2020. Indigenous Lien Minh chicken of Vietnam: Phenotypic characteristics and single nucleotide polymorphisms of GH, IGFBP and PIT candidate genes related to growth traits. Biodiversitas 21: 5344-5352. Lien Minh chicken, a Vietnamese indigenous breed, has contributed importantly to the economic development of rural citizens in Cat Ba island, Hai Phong province due to its highly desired characteristics. However, Lien Minh chickens showed a slower growth rate when compared to other industrial chicken breeds. Therefore, the study aims at assessing the appearance characteristics and growth performance of 100 individuals Lien Minh chickens, and investigating the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of candidate genes including GH, IGFBP and PIT, which might be associated with growth traits. Blood samples were collected from wing of Lien Minh chickens and used for DNA extraction. Genotyping by the PCR-RFLP method was then conducted. The allele frequencies were 0.97 and 0.03 for alleles A and G of GHi3 gene, respectively. For in IGFBP2 gene, allele frequencies were found as 0.47 for the A allele and 0.53 for G allele. The allele frequencies for PIT1 gene were recorded as 100% for allele B. These polymorphic loci (GHi3, PIT1, and IGFBP2) were followed by the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in the Lien Minh chicken population. These were the initial results, which could be used to analyze the correlation of molecular markers and growth traits in Lien Minh chickens.
The effect of complete feed to carcass characteristics and meat quality of male Bali cattle fattened in West Timor, Indonesia
Authors: Tahuk Paulus Klau , Nahak Oktovianus R. , Bira Gerson F.
Published: November 2020

Aim: This research aimed to know the effect of the use of complete feed on Bali cattle fattening performance seen from the carcass characteristics.

Materials and Methods: The cattle employed in this research were 12 male Bali cattle aged between 2 and 2.5 years old based on the teeth estimation. The average initial body weight of the cattle during the research was 181.50±16.51 kg. The complete feed contained Gliricidia sepium, natural grass, ground corn, bran pollard, and rice bran which have been compiled into three types of ration of T1, T2, and T3. The T1 ration contained standard crude protein (CP) and high energy (11% CP; 72% total digestible nutrient [TDN]), and T2 contained medium protein and high energy (13% CP; 72% TDN), while T3 ration contained high protein and high energy (%15 CP; 72% TDN).

Results: The meat percentage of T2 and T3 was relatively the same, but higher than T1 (p<0.05). The bone percentage and meat: A bone ratio of T2 was higher than T1; in contrast, and T3 was relatively the same with T2 and T1 (p<0.05). The weight of slaughter, carcass percentage, and weight of meat, bone, and fat were relatively the same among the treatments.

Conclusion: The application of complete feed with protein source from G. sepium with CP and TDN of 13 and 72%, respectively, can improve carcass percentage and meat: A bone ratio of male Bali cattle fattening. The treatments have not had a positive effect on slaughter weight (kg), hot and cool carcass weight (kg), meat and fat weight (kg), fat percentage, and non-carcass (kg).
The effects of financial crisis on birth rates in Halabja province from 2014 to 2018
Authors: Abudlqadir Ayub Hasan , Hama Bilal Esmail , Faraj Shahen Mohammaed
Published: November 2020

This study indicates the effects of financial crisis on birth rates in the Halabja province. Specifically, the results are shown that financial crisis that occurred from 2014 to 2018 make a steady decline in the birth rates in Halabja province. The data used in this paper are (the number of population, the number of birth and the number of death) through this period. The Data Description, five statistic formulas and SPSS version 22 are used to analyze these data. The results show that there is a strong relationship between the Financial crisis and birth rates in Halabja province during financial crises period.
REGIONAL FMCG BRANDS: THEIR USE IN CREATION OF INTER-REGIONAL CHAINS OF ADDED VALUE AND FORMING THE IMAGE OF TERRITORIES
Authors: Belyaev V. I. , Velichko O. V.
Published: November 2020

The article is devoted to the development of methodological approaches to the use of unique natural resources (characteristics) of territories that are capable of being embodied in the consumer properties of food products produced at enterprises located in these territories. The development and production of such goods creates real prerequisites for the formation of a reputation, both of enterprises themselves and of the territories (regions) where they are located. Based on the reputation formed due to the unique natural characteristics of the area, it is recommended to develop trademarks, create regional product brands with the aim of using them in promoting goods with unique consumer properties to other regional markets, including foreign ones. The conditions and rules of registration of the name of the place of production of goods, the reflection of the toponym in the brand name are described; an overview of regional Altai product brands is presented, including the unique natural properties of the area in their consumer properties. The provision that the most acceptable for the initial presentation of Altai in other regional markets is Altai honey. As the main form of promoting Altai honey to other regional markets, it is proposed to use value-added chains. It substantiates the provision that regional product brands promoted to other regional markets, including foreign ones, contribute to the formation and development of the image of the territory, in this case, the Altai Territory. The material presented in the article can be used in the development of specific methodological proposals for solving the problems of the development of territories and enterprises located on them.
"CHINESE MIRACLE" AND PROBLEMS OF ACCELERATED ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Nie Yongyou , Kartavtsev V. A.
Published: November 2020

This article is devoted to the study of the results of rapid economic growth on the example of the People's Republic of China. Forty years have passed since the beginning of the openness reforms in China. They are characterized by the rapid growth of China's economic power, the improvement of the well-being of the inhabitants of that country, as well as the strengthening of the state's place in the international arena. With the support of foreign investment in the early stages, China itself becomes an investor. Techno-intensive industries hold an important share of China's exports. Despite the rapid growth of economic indicators, China is facing new challenges for developing countries. The accelerated development of the state has serious environmental, political and economic consequences, from pollution to corruption and the lag of certain regions from the overall pace of the country's development. These problems are expected to be addressed through a number of measures taken by the Government in the coming decades: investment market reforms, reorientation of international trade to developing countries, green economies, market reform real estate, addition to the legislative framework, the creation of new controls and reform of existing ones and so on. The reform process is inevitable and is the key to the successful development of the People's Republic of China.
The 2019 updated EULAR/ERA-EDTA guidelines for the management of lupus nephritis. Expert comments. Part I
Authors: Kozlovskaya N. L. , Solovyev S. K. , Aseeva E. A. , Popkova T. V. , Panafidina T. A. , Nasonov E. L. , Lila A. M. , Mesnyankina A. A. , Nikishina N. Yu.
Published: November 2020

The paper presents the main provisions of the 2019 updated European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR)/European Renal Association (ERA) – European Dialysis and Transplant Association (EDTA) guidelines for the management of lupus nephritis. It discusses the technology of preparing recommendations by an international group of rheumatologists, nephrologists, morphologists, and pediatricians. The main part contains recommendations on the use of induction and maintenance therapy with immunosuppressants, glucocorticoids, and biological agents. The issues relating to the management of pregnant patients with end-stage renal failure are considered.
Fostering critical thinking and motivation through digital escape rooms: preliminary observations
Authors: Stephens de Jonge Julie , Labrador Belén
Published: November 2020

This paper reports our preliminary observations of a pilot project carried out from February to April 2019 with a group of students learning Spanish at the University of Central Missouri and students learning English at the University of León. The project combines challenging escape room activities with intercultural and interlinguistic interaction in a virtual exchange. Students learned of the premise of the activity through a video that set the context in a dystopian future with an authoritarian dictator who had hidden and controlled access to knowledge. The contextual narrative also explained that a hacker was leaking information that the students could retrieve. Therefore, they needed to collaborate with their partners in order to save the world by solving different types of enigmas that involved knowledge about geography, culture, and language. In addition to these problem-solving activities, they were also required to discuss cultural topics and comment on different habits, traditions, and stereotypes. This combination might enhance the students’ motivation, foster their communication skills, and help them develop critical thinking skills and learn more about each other’s language, country, and culture.
The European Union’s Approach to “Women, Peace and Security”: Discourses, Representations and Constructions
Authors: Yavaş Gökçen
Published: November 2020

“Women, Peace and Security” (WPS) Agenda has been introduced by the United Nations Security
Council Resolution 1325 (2000) and advocated by its follow-up resolutions. It has four main objectives:
“prevention and conflict resolution; protection of women and girls from gender-based violence;
participation of women in all stages of decision-making in conflict resolution; and relief and recovery.”
The European Union has also developed a perspective on the relationship between gender and security
since the mid-2000s in line with the UNSC resolutions on WPS. This study argues that the EU’s
approach towards the WPS Agenda is constructed through discourses of the patriarchal global system
and representations of women as “victims”, “those to be protected”, and “agency” promoting peace.
The study utilises feminist and post-structural views and provides an analysis of the EU’s discourses
on WPS.
A Comparative Analysis of the Role of the UN and EU in Multilateral Development Cooperation in the post-2008 Era
Authors: Esentürk Nevra , Oğuz Gök Gonca
Published: November 2020

There has been tremendous evolution in terms of both the institutionalization as well as the
quantitative increase in multilateral development efforts since the end of the Second World War. Yet,
the real qualitative progress of multilateral aid channeled through international organizations (IOs)
has always been contested throughout history. Especially after 2008 financial crisis, neoliberal norms
of development have been challenged by decreasing fate on democracy, multilateralism as well as
competitive alternative models of development cooperation among developing countries of the Global
South. In this context, this paper attempts to comparatively examine the policies of two main constitutive
IOs, the UN and the EU in multilateral development efforts in the post-2008 era. To this aim, the paper
will scrutinize official development aid statistics data from OECD between 2011-2017 in order to assess
whether there has been a significant change in their aid efforts. The paper concludes that UN system
has continued to be the main actor in the development cooperation funding in 2000s. While the EU
still maintains the status of biggest core (direct/non-restricted) donor, the UN increasingly becomes a
non-core (sector, program and region-driven) donor of the multilateral development system. Yet, crises
of neoliberalism in the changing world order have an impact on the role of these IOs in terms of the
implementation of a “rule-based” development cooperation system as well the sustainability of their
“normative” actorness.
China’s Relationship with the Liberal International Order: The Case of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
Authors: Atlı Altay , Akar Zeynepcan
Published: November 2020

As the world enters the third decade of the 21st century, the liberal international order founded in the aftermath of the Second World War and has since provided a framework within which world affairs take place, is experiencing a crisis of sustainability, because while on the one hand the Western world that has created the system is going through a period where its own liberal values and norms are eroding, on the other hand the very order has not been able to accommodate the rise of non-Western powers most of which are governed by authoritarian regimes. One of these powers, China, merits greater attention, not only because it has reached the status of a global economic behemoth seeking to making rules rather than taking them by becoming an integral part of the system rather than conflicting it, but also because there is an inherent paradox to its relationship with the liberal international order: China has benefited from the liberal international order for its economic rise, yet at the same time this rise is also said to be a challenge against the very order itself. In an attempt to tackle this paradox, this essay focuses on an institutional form of this country’s involvement in the governance of the international economic order, the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), a Chinese-led multinational development bank that commenced operations in 2016, and investigates whether AIIB complements the structures of the existing order or aims to substitute them, in order to contribute to a better understanding of China’s relationship liberal international order.
Pesticide Formulation and Delivery Systems: 40th Volume, Formulation, Application and Adjuvant Innovation
Authors: Elsik Curtis M.
Published: November 2020

Description

The peer-reviewed papers in this special issue are a result of the 40th anniversary of the annual ASTM symposium for the pesticides industry.

Twelve chapters address various aspects of technologies and methods that support the formulation and application of agrochemical products. You’ll get the latest expert research on
Droplet Spectrum Generated by Air Induction Nozzles Spraying Solutions Containing Adjuvants and a Tank Mixture of Glyphosate and Dicamba
Authors: Antuniassi Ulisses R. , Mota Alisson A. B. , Chechetto Rodolfo G. , Carvalho Fernando K. , Ovejero Ramiro F. L. , Barbosa Henrique N. , Morris Marcelo M. , de Araujo Vitor C. R.
Published: November 2020

The aim of this work was to evaluate drift reduction technologies (DRTs) by analyzing the droplet spectrum generated by air induction nozzles spraying solutions containing adjuvants and a mixture of glyphosate and dicamba. The TTI and AIXR 11003 (Teejet), ULD and ULD Max 12003 (Hypro), and MUG 11003 (Magnojet) were used to spray a tank mixture of 3.0 L c.p./ha of a soluble concentrate (SL) formulation of glyphosate potassium salt with 480 g a.e./L and 2.0 L c.p./ha of an SL formulation of a dicamba diglycolamine salt (480 g a.e./L) at 3 bar and 100 L/ha. Four solutions were prepared: the herbicides alone and mixed with polymer, guar, and modified seed oil adjuvants. All solutions with adjuvants also received 0.5% v/v of a volatility reduction adjuvant. A factorial experiment (four solutions × five nozzles) was set up with three replications. The droplet spectrum was analyzed by the volume median diameter (VMD), the percentage by volume of droplets smaller than 150 μm (V150), and the relative span using particle/droplet image analysis. There were significant interactions between nozzles and solutions for all experiments. The AIXR and ULD showed to be less advisable DRTs for dicamba plus glyphosate because they provided smaller VMD and higher V150 values. The interactions of the MUG and ULDM with the polymer adjuvant delivered droplets around 1,000 μm, so its use must be discussed according to the weed species and spray volume. Guar and polymer adjuvants produced higher values of VMD and lower values of V150 for most nozzles and were good DRTs for glyphosate plus dicamba. The TTI presented a good balance between VMD and V150 for all solutions and was a robust DRT for the herbicides.
Евангельский текст в творчестве Ф. М. Достоевского: проблемы и перспективы изучения
Authors:   Petrozavodsk State University, Borisova Valentina
Published: November 2020

The article reflects on the results and prospects of studying the gospel text in the works of F. M. Dostoevsky at the present stage, identifies the main directions and methodological problems of their analysis and interpretation in the framework of ethnopoetics as a new scientific direction in literary studies of the late 20th — early 21th century. Its principles are rooted in historical poetics, which aimed to define the role and boundaries of the Christian tradition in Russian literature. As a result, the scientific discourse included new poetical categories of conciliarity (“sobornost”) and paschality, and the understanding of Christian realism as an artistic method was established. Its aesthetic principles were mastered by Russian literature in the 19th century. Revealed in the gospel, Christian realism appeared in Dostoevsky’s work as “realism in the highest sense.” The main result of studying Russian literature from the point of view of ethnopoetics is to identify the gospel text itself. It has not yet been singled out in the early 1990s, but today its key outlines are already well-described, above all — in the works of Dostoevsky. The regularities of the development of modern Russian studies of Dostoevsky in this regard can be traced using the example of the terminological thesaurus formed in the process of studying the gospel text in the works of the author of the Great Five Novels. There is a fundamentally significant combination of literary, philosophical, and theological categories. Nevertheless, the problem of distinguishing philological and religious-philosophical discourses in modern literary studies in general and in studies of Dostoevsky in particular remains relevant: on the one hand, a number of works remain inclined towards pure theology; on the other hand, scientists are paying increasingly greater attention to the analysis of the functions and ways of creative transformation of Christian tradition in Russian literature.
ЕНДОГЕНІЗАЦІЯ РОЗВИТКУ ПРОМИСЛОВОСТІ ЧЕРЕЗ ТЕХНОЛОГООРІЄНТОВАНІ СТАРТАПИ: ДОСВІД США, УРОКИ ДЛЯ УКРАЇНИ
Authors: САЛІХОВА Олена , КУРЧЕНКО Олена
Published: November 2020

Керівництво США, починаючи з 1950-х років, реалізує цілеспрямовану політику заохочення створення стартапів винахідниками. Цей процес набув форми трансферу технологій від науки до реального сектору економіки, сприяв виведенню на ринок технологічно складних інноваційних продуктів, піднесенню індустрії по «дробині» доданої вартості, створенню нових робочих місць, прискоренню ендогенізації економічного розвитку. Показано еволюцію механізмів державного впливу на розбудову стартапів у США. Обґрунтовано, що на початковому етапі заходи політики були націлені на сприяння розвитку індустрії та зменшення залежності від імпорту технологій; створення стартапів прискорило освоєння у виробництві наукових здобутків, отриманих у результаті нарощування у 1940-х роках фінансування оборонних ДіР університетів; сприяло працевлаштуванню висококваліфікованих фахівців, у тому числі іммігрантів. Сьогодні, маючи розвинуту індустрію з високою абсорбційною спроможністю до інновацій, керівництво країни встановлює економічні та технологічні пріоритети для розв’язання проблем й отримання переваг американських компаній; виходячи з цих пріоритетів сприяє формуванню людських ресурсів (у тому числі, як і раніше, за рахунок залучення кваліфікованих іммігрантів), визначає напрями наукових досліджень і фінансово сприяє започаткуванню стартапів у пріоритетних сферах. Показано, що керівництво США створило відповідні нормативно-правові та інституційні засади, які прискорили комерціалізацію розробок стартапів, та відкрило для них ринок публічних закупівель. Обґрунтовано, що центральною ланкою державної політики заохочення інноваційного підприємництва в Україні має стати розбудова технологоорієнтованихстартапів (ТОС), націлених на створення продуктів, процесів, послуг на базі власних розробок. Рекомендовано створити базові документи: проєкт Закону про технологоорієнтованістартапи і проєкт Стратегії розбудови технологоорієнтованихстартапів в інтересах інноваційного розвитку економіки України. Показано, що при визначенні концептуальних засад і положень цих документів необхідно враховувати ендогенні бар’єри та екзогенні загрози, що сьогодні ускладнюють розбудову ТОС в Україні.
In-hospital pneumonia associated with mechanical ventilation in a hospital in the state of Tabasco, Mexico
Authors: Solórzano-Martínez I. , Anlehu-Tello A. , Blanco de la Vega-Pérez R. , De los Santos-Hernández F.E.
Published: November 2020

Objective: To evaluate the cases of nosocomial pneumonia in patients with mechanical ventilation (NAVM), from the regional hospital of high specialty Gustavo Adolfo Rovirosa Pérez in the emergency area, from January 2016 to December 2017.
Methods: A quantitative, observational, retrospective and transversal study was carried out. The variables of interest were taken from critical patients admitted to the emergency department, with mechanical ventilation requirements that developed pneumonia 48 hours after the start of ventilatory support. 97 clinical files were reviewed, 30 met the inclusion criteria, a format for the collection and elaboration of the database was elaborated, for the analysis of the variables, the statistical software Spss version 22 was used.
Results: The distribution of VAP by gender was higher in men (62.9%) than in women (37.1%) and the ages ranged between 18 and 86 years. The main cause of admission diagnoses was severe TBI (71.4%), followed by cranial-facial trauma (20%) and moderate TBI with poor secretion management (8.6%). Of the total of analyzed files, 35 corresponded to NAVM, with an average evolution of 2 to 5 days and up to more than 20 days. 88.6% presented fever and all patients with leukocytosis with a minimum value of 15,000. On chest radiographs, infiltrates and condensation zones were observed in 48.6% of the cases; in the case of the affected hemithorax, the most frequent was the right (62.9%), followed by bilateral (22.9%) and left (14.3%) injuries.
Conclusions: The development of VAP, is related to the time of exposure to orointubation. Clinical signs and radiographic changes are related to the suspicion of this type of pneumonia and practically in all cases, they presented admission diagnoses related to some type of trauma.
Origami based ultraviolet C device for low cost portable disinfection- using a parametric approach to design
Authors: Ghosh Samriddho , Ghosh Mainak
Published: November 2020

Microorganisms can be present in common equipment of practice, which spread Healthcare-associated infections (HALs), generating major health issues, not only in the hospital environment but outside as well. Especially in this impending crisis due to SARS CoV-19 virus, disinfection (in general) turns out to be of paramount importance and portable disinfection in particular. The rampant spread of the COVID 19 virus, has pushed thinkers to come up with unique disinfection solutions that can help curb the spread of the virus in other places other than the medical facilities. The article aims to establish a design of a portable ultraviolet c disinfectant device that is based on the core principles of origami- the ancient Japanese art of paper folding. Resorting to origami has helped to make the device ultra-portable, robust and can be easily manufactured in order to be commercially produced as an inexpensive alternative to the cost portable disinfection devices in the market.