bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Potencial de preparados de cavalinha (Equisetum sp.) na síntese de metabólitos de defesa em cotilédones de soja (Glycine max L.) e o efeito sobre o crescimento de Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn, in vitro.
Authors: GUIMARÃES SS , MAZARO SM , FREDDO ÁR , WAGNER JÚNIOR A
Published: April 2015

Foram desenvolvidos dois experimentos com objetivo de avaliar o potencial de preparados de cavalinha (Equisetum sp.) na síntese de metabólitos de defesa em cotilédones de soja (Glycinemax L.) e o efeito sobre o crescimento de Rhizoctonia solani, in vitro. O delineamento experimental utilizado para os experimentos foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3x5 (formas de extração x concentrações), com quatro repetições. As formas de extração foram extrato alcoólico, infusão e maceração, nas concentrações de zero; 1; 10, 20 e 40%. No primeiro experimento foi avaliada a indução de compostos de defesa vegetal em cotilédones de soja em resposta aos derivados a base de cavalinha, sendo quantificada a atividade da enzima fenilalanina amônia-liase (FAL), via espectofotometria, a fitoalexina gliceolina, e o teor de fenóis totais. No segundo experimento, in vitro, a unidade experimental foi uma placa de Petri, sendo os preparados de cavalinha incorporados ao meio BDA (Batata-dextrose e Agar) e avaliado o crescimento micelial de R. Solani. Os preparados de extrato alcoólico, infusão e maceração de cavalinha apresentaram capacidade de indução das fitoalexinas gliceolinas em cotilédones de soja, bem como, ativaram o metabolismo de compostos fenólicos. Entre os preparados, o extrato alcoólico e a maceração, se sobressaem sobre a infusão. Os preparados de extrato alcoólico, infusão e maceração de cavalinha em todas as suas concentrações inibem o crescimento do fungo R. solani, in vitro.
Interação entre Didática e Teoria Histórico-Cultural
Authors: Sforni Marta Sueli de Faria
Published: April 2015

O papel nuclear da didática é oferecer conhecimentos que instrumentalizem os professores para a realização da atividade de ensino de conteúdos escolares. Com a finalidade de colaborar para a produção desses conhecimentos, apontamos, neste texto, algumas contribuições que a interação entre os estudos da Didática e da Teoria Histórico-Cultural pode oferecer aos professores. Apresentamos alguns princípios didáticos e ações docentes que, tendo sido objetos de investigação em experimentos didáticos, mostraram-se favoráveis à promoção da aprendizagem conceitual dos estudantes na perspectiva de formação do pensamento teórico.
Sinopse da tribo Alchorneae (Euphorbiaceae) no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil
Authors: Santos Rafaela Freitas dos , Caruzo Maria Beatriz Rossi
Published: April 2015

A tribo Alchorneae está representada no Estado de São Paulo pelos gêneros Aparisthmium, monotípico, e Alchornea, com três espécies. São apresentadas chaves de identificação para os gêneros e espécies, informações sobre fenofases, distribuição geográfica, vegetação de ocorrência e comentários taxonômicos sobre as espécies.
Espécies da flora nativa nas Estações Experimentais da Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios, Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil
Authors: Souza Ana Cláudia Oliveira de , Torres Roseli Buzanelli , Bernacci Luís Carlos , Jung-Mendaçolli Sigrid Luiza
Published: April 2015

A vegetação nativa do Estado de São Paulo está representada, principalmente, por pequenos e isolados fragmentos, como os que ocorrem em várias Estações Experimentais da Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios. Com base nas exsicatas do acervo do Herbário do Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, elaborou‑se a listagem da flora vascular desses remanescentes em 21 Estações Experimentais. Predominam remanescentes de Mata Atlântica, mas três unidades possuem também fragmentos de Cerrado, e apenas duas não têm nenhum registro de espécies no acervo. Foram encontrados 2.457 materiais distribuídos em 120 famílias, 493 gêneros e 947 espécies. As famílias mais ricas foram Fabaceae, Asteraceae e Rubiaceae, observando‑se duas espécies ameaçadas de extinção, táxons com potencial medicinal, ornamental e/ou alimentício e espécies não citadas para o Estado de São Paulo na Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil. Os resultados indicam a necessidade de regularização das áreas de reserva legal e de preservação permanente, e a necessidade de aumentar os mecanismos de proteção dos remanescentes e seu rico patrimônio genético.
Community ecology of epiphytic Bromeliaceae in a remnant of Atlantic Forest in Zona da Mata, Minas Gerais State, Brazil
Authors: Basílio Geicilaine Alves , Barbosa Daniel Elias Ferreira , Furtado Samyra Gomes , Silva Fernando Rodrigues , Menini Neto Luiz
Published: April 2015

The present study aimed to document the composition, richness, diversity as well as horizontal and vertical distribution of epiphytic Bromeliaceae in a fragment of submontane seasonal semideciduous forest in Minas Gerais State (-21°38'15''S, -43°10'55''W). Three plots (semicircles with a radius of 25 m) were marked and we found 72 phorophytes that harbor 15 species of epiphytic Bromeliaceae, distributed in nine genera. Nidularium azureum (L.B.Sm.) Leme is local endemic, and considered critically endangered. In general, the richness is higher than other larger areas of seasonal semideciduous or even ombrophilous forests. Some differences concerning composition, diversity and richness among the plots were found and must be due to microhabitat conditions. Trunks supported most occurrences (101 out of 246) and Tillandsia stricta Sol. ex Sims had the highest frequency on the phorophytes. The values of H’ = 2.34 and J = 0.87 must be considered similar or even higher than some ombrophilous forests.
Rendimento de grãos de feijão e nível de dano econômico sob dois períodos de competição com Euphorbia heterophylla
Authors: MACHADO A.B. , TREZZI M.M.I , VIDAL R.A. , PATEL F. , CIESLIK L.F. , DEBASTIANI F.
Published: April 2015

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o impacto da interferência de Euphorbia heterophylla (EPHHL) em diferentes densidades e épocas de semeadura sobre o rendimento do feijoeiro e seus componentes e o nível de dano econômico (NDE). O experimento foi conduzido em campo em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, em parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. Nas parcelas principais foram alocadas oito densidades de EPHHL (0, 6, 10, 17, 29, 49, 83 e 142 pl m-2) e, nas subparcelas, duas épocas de semeadura da infestante (12 dias antes da semeadura do feijoeiro e simultaneamente à cultura). As perdas de rendimento da cultura do feijão foram diretamente proporcionais à densidade de plantas de EPHHL. A implantação simultânea das espécies cultivada e daninha resultou em perda máxima de 48% no rendimento de grãos de feijão, enquanto a semeadura de EPHHL 12 dias antes do feijoeiro resultou em perda de 60% no rendimento de grãos. O número de legumes por planta foi o principal componente do rendimento afetado pela competição. Cada planta de EPHHL reduziu em 2,4 e 5,5% o rendimento de grãos de feijoeiro, para as situações de implantação simultânea e 12 dias antes da semeadura da cultura, respectivamente. Análise de sensibilidade indicou que os valores de NDE dependeram da época de implantação da planta daninha, da expectativa de rendimento da cultura, da eficiência do herbicida, do valor do produto colhido e do custo do controle. Entretanto, em todas as simulações, o NDE foi muito baixo (<3,3 plantas m-2), enfatizando a necessidade de herbicidas residuais para evitar perdas econômicas na cultura.
Composição e similaridade da flora sssociada a sítios antropizados do município de João Pessoa - Paraíba
Authors: MACHADO FILHO H.O. , COUTO E.A. , BEZERRA C.P. , MELO J.I.M.
Published: April 2015

Neste estudo é apresentada a composição e similaridade florística de espécies vasculares sinantrópicas em uma área periurbana antropizada, no município de João Pessoa, Estado da Paraíba, e sua relação com outras floras sinantrópicas. Foram encontradas 98 espécies, em 75 gêneros e 30 famílias. Entre as espécies, 41,84% são cosmopolitas; 29,6%, pantropicais; 13,3% ocorrem apenas no cone sul da América; 8,2%, neotropicais; 5,1%, gondwânicas; e 2% ocorrem em toda a América. Asteraceae e Poaceae foram as famílias mais representativas em número de espécies. Os resultados foram comparados com os de outros levantamentos florísticos correlatos, utilizando o índice de similaridade de SÃ¶rensen, e observou-se que não é somente a proximidade geográfica entre os locais estudados que reflete uma maior similaridade florística entre as áreas, e sim a amplitude dos táxons e a presença de micro-habitat semelhante. A área de estudo está relacionada a uma área inserida na região Centro-Oeste do Brasil.
Wild onion (Asphodelus tenuifolius) competition in rainfed chickpea-chickpea cropping system
Authors: SIBTAIN M. , TANVEER A. , JAVAID M.M. , ALI H.H.
Published: April 2015

Chickpea yield potential is limited by weed competition in typical chickpea growing areas of Pakistan where zero tillage crop grown on moisture conserved from rains received during the months of September and August. The objective of this work was to evaluate the growth and yield characteristics of chickpea grown in coexistence with increasing densities of wild onion (Asphodelus tenuifolius). The experiment was comprised of six density levels viz. zero, 20, 40, 80, 160 and 320 plants m-2 of A. tenuifolius. A decrease in chickpea primary and secondary branches per plant, pods per plant, seeds per pod, 100-seed weight and seed yield was observed due to more accumulation of dry matter per increasing densities of A. tenuifolius. The increase in A. tenuifolius density accelerated chickpea yield losses and reached the maximum values of 28, 35, 42, 50, 58 and 96% at 20, 40, 80, 160 and 320 A. tenuifolius plants m-2, respectively. The yield loss estimation model showed that chickpea losses with infinite A. tenuifolius density were 60%. Yield reduction could be predicted by 2.52% with increase of one A. tenuifolius plant m-2. It is concluded that A. tenuifolius has a strong influence on chickpea seed yield and showed a linear response at the range of densities studied.
Misturas de agrotóxicos em tanque nas propriedades agrícolas do Brasil
Authors: GAZZIERO D.L.P.
Published: April 2015

As infestações de plantas daninhas, pragas e doenças, muitas vezes, ocorrem simultaneamente em uma mesma área agrícola. Nesse caso, a alternativa de controle mais econômica e, por isso, mais comumente adotada pelos produtores é a pulverização de mistura de agrotóxicos em tanque. Nesta pesquisa, a fim de subsidiar as discussões técnicas, são descritas e quantificadas as práticas de campo adotadas em relação às misturas em tanque de agrotóxicos em propriedades agrícolas do Brasil. Para isso, foi elaborado um questionário e enviado aos profissionais que lidam cotidianamente com tratamentos fitossanitários em diferentes regiões do País. Constatou-se que 97% dos entrevistados utilizam misturas em tanque, 95% das vezes variando de dois a cinco produtos. Na maioria das vezes, utilizam a dose cheia, isto é, as maiores doses constantes nos rótulos dos agrotóxicos. As aplicações de glyphosate em soja 86% das vezes são realizadas simultaneamente com inseticidas, fungicidas e outros herbicidas. A maioria dos participantes (72%) afirmou desconhecer ou considera insuficientes as informações sobre misturas, e 99% deles demonstraram interesse em recebê-las. Considerando que a mistura em tanque de agrotóxicos é prática comum entre os agricultores, mas pode apresentar vantagens e desvantagens, conclui-se que o tema deve ser discutido com urgência entre os órgãos governamentais competentes e os demais segmentos das cadeias produtivas.
Imazapyr herbicide efficacy on floating macrophyte control and ecotoxicology for non-target organisms
Authors: CRUZ C. , SILVA A.F. , SHIOGIRI N.S. , GARLICH N. , PITELLI R.A.
Published: April 2015

the aims of this study were to determine imazapyr efficacy for floating macrophyte control and ecotoxicology for non-target organisms. For the floating macrophyte control efficacy tests were used the doses of 0,5; 1,0; 2,0; 2,5; 3,0; 3,5 and 4,0 L ha-1 and a control with 10 replicates. The acute toxicology for non-target organisms was estimated by lethal concentration 50% (LC50 and EC50). The floating macrophyte control efficacy was over 90%. Imazapyr was classified as moderately toxic for the following biomarkers: L. minor, H. eques, B. rerio, P. caudimaculatus, P. canaliculata, and P. mesopotamicus and lightly toxic for A. caroliniana. Thus, imazapyr herbicide is a tool with great potential to be used on floating macrophyte control (E. crassipes, P. stratiotes e S. molesta) in Brazil and this practice can be evaluated by the use of application biomarkers.
Minimal endoscopic changes in non-erosive reflux disease
Authors: RATIN Ana Carolina Ferreira , ORSO Ivan Roberto Bonotto
Published: April 2015

BACKGROUND: Gastroesophageal reflux disease is an increasingly common condition worldwide causing a considerable economic impact. More than half the patients with clinical symptoms of reflux disease display no mucosal erosions on esophagogastroduodenoscopy, making it impossible to confirm the diagnosis without further investigations. AIM: To evaluate the correlation between minimal endoscopic changes on white-light esophagogastroduodenoscopy (carditis, mucosal thickening and invisibility of vessels) and histologic changes observed in distal esophageal biopsies in a sample of patients with symptoms suggestive of reflux disease, and to verify the specificity of these symptoms for non-erosive reflux disease. METHODS: Retrospective, cross-sectional study based on information retrieved from a digital database at a Brazilian hospital for the period March-October, 2012. The sample consisted of previously untreated, non-smoking subjects aged >18 years with symptoms suggestive of reflux disease but no esophageal erosions, submitted to esophagogastroduodenoscopy and distal esophageal biopsy. RESULTS: The final sample included 23 subjects. The most frequently observed change was invisibility of vessels (n=21; 91.3%), followed by mucosal thickening (n=15; 65.2%) and carditis (n=5; 21.7%). The correlation coefficient between each variable and the anatomopathological diagnosis was 0.386 for body mass index, 0.479 for mucosal thickening, -0.116 for invisibility of vessels, 0.306 for carditis and 0.462 for hiatal hernia. CONCLUSION: All patients displayed minimal endoscopic changes on esophagogastroduodenoscopy, but only mucosal thickening revealed a moderately significant correlation with severity of esophagitis, although increased body mass index values and the presence of hiatal hernia were also associated.
Clinical and therapeutic correlations in patients with slight acute pancreatitis
Authors: MUNHOZ-FILHO Clewis Henri , BATIGÁLIA Fernando , FUNES Hamilton Luiz Xavier
Published: April 2015

BACKGROUND: Acute pancreatitis is an inflammatory disease of the pancreas due to enzymatic autodigestion which can cause necrosis or multiple organ failure; its pathophysiology is not fully known yet. AIM: To evaluate the correlation between clinical and therapeutic data in patients with mild acute pancreatitis. METHODS: A retrospective study in 55 medical records of patients admitted with acute mild pancreatitis was realized to analyze the association between age, leukocytosis, serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase and lactate dehydrogenase, glucose, antibiotics, time admission and Ranson´s scores. RESULTS: There was a positive association between less intensive care (strict hydration, analgesia and monitoring of vital signs), early antibiotic therapy (monotherapy), early return to diet after 48 hours and laboratory control of the serum amylase and lipase (high in the first week and decreasing after 10 days, without any prognostic value). CONCLUSIONS: Changes in the management of patients with mild acute pancreatitis, such as enteral nutrition, rational use of lower spectrum antibiotics and intensive care, have contributed significantly to the reduction of hospitalization time and mortality.
Current status of residency training in laparoscopic surgery in Brazil: a critical review
Authors: NÁCUL Miguel Prestes , CAVAZZOLA Leandro Totti , MELO Marco Cezário de
Published: April 2015

INTRODUCTION: The surgeon's formation process has changed in recent decades. The increase in medical schools, new specialties and modern technologies induce an overhaul of medical education. Medical residency in surgery has established itself as a key step in the formation of the surgeon, and represents the ideal and natural way for teaching laparoscopy. However, the introduction of laparoscopic surgery in the medical residency programs in surgical specialties is insufficient, creating the need for additional training after its termination. OBJECTIVE: To review the surgical teaching ways used in services that published their results. METHODS: Survey of relevant publications in books, internet and databases in PubMed, Lilacs and Scielo through july 2014 using the headings: laparoscopy; simulation; education, medical; learning; internship and residency. RESULTS: The training method for medical residency in surgery focused on surgical procedures in patients under supervision, has proven successful in the era of open surgery. However, conceptually turns as a process of experimentation in humans. Psychomotor learning must not be developed directly to the patient. Training in laparoscopic surgery requires the acquisition of psychomotor skills through training conducted initially with surgical simulation. Platforms based teaching problem solving as the Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery, developed by the American Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Surgery and the Laparoscopic Surgical Skills proposed by the European Society of Endoscopic Surgery has been widely used both for education and for the accreditation of surgeons worldwide. CONCLUSION: The establishment of a more appropriate pedagogical process for teaching laparoscopic surgery in the medical residency programs is mandatory in order to give a solid surgical education and to determine a structured and safe professional activity.
AUTISMO E VÍCIOS
Authors: Lheureux-Davidse Chantal
Published: April 2015

A instalação de uma forma identificadora e do sentimento de existência em um corpo permanece problemática para as pessoas acometidas de autismo ou vícios. O refúgio dentro dos pensamentos ou de uma dispersão psíquica evita o contato com as vivências catastróficas, mas leva a um processo de desmantelamento sensorial e uma desconstrução da imagem do corpo, em níveis diferentes segundo cada caso. A anulação prolongada da consciência das sensações corporais provoca tais angústias por aniquilamento que o recurso urgente a sensações fortes e dolorosas restaura provisoriamente o sentimento de existência.
O REGISTRO IMAGINÁRIO NOS ANTECEDENTES LACANIANOS
Authors: Kaszubowski Erikson , Aguiar Fernando
Published: April 2015

Antes da introdução do registro simbólico em seu ensino, algo que marcou de forma indelével os primeiros seminários, Lacan deteve-se desde a publicação de sua tese, em 1932, até o memorável Discurso de Roma, em 1953, com as questões relativas à formação do eu em sua dependência da imagem do outro. Na esteira da proposta de uma psicologia concreta, presente na tese, Lacan aborda como fundamentais os conceitos de complexo, imago e identificação, em suas inflexões no complexo de desmame, complexo de Édipo, e principalmente o complexo de intrusão, que foi posteriormente elaborado como o estádio do espelho.
Resistencia al desgaste de materiales de las orugas de tractores después del proceso de recuperación
Authors: Castro Cristovão A. Ferreira , Pereira Juan Ignacio , Maranho Ossimar , Silva Carlos Henrique da
Published: April 2015

Este estudio propone una alternativa para la recuperación de las orugas de tractores Bulldozer desgastadas por el efecto abrasivo del suelo. Para este fin, se aborda un análisis comparativo entre la resistencia al desgaste de una oruga original con dos orugas semejantes, recuperadas por procesos distintos. El primer proceso de recuperación utiliza la aplicación de un postizo en la región de desgaste y el segundo consiste de la recuperación de la región afectada mediante deposición por soldadura de un revestimiento duro. Las probetas fueron sometidas a ensayos de desgaste tipo rueda de caucho y chorro de arena seca (ASTM G 65-04); el análisis microestructural fue realizado por medio de la utilización de las técnicas de análisis de microscopia óptica (MO) y microscopia electrónica de barrido (SEM). Se obtiene como micromecanismo de desgaste predominante en la soldadura el microcorte, en tanto que para los demás materiales (ambos aceros) se observa deformación plástica y presencia de microsurcos. Fue posible observar que el proceso de recuperación de orugas utilizando el revestimiento con electrodo E-83.58 mostro ser una alternativa para este tipo de recuperación.
Influência das Variáveis Térmicas Sobre os Espaçamentos Dendríticos Terciários durante a Solidificação Direcional Horizontal da Liga Al-6%Cu
Authors: Dias Filho José Marcelino , Kikuchi Rafael Hideo , Costa Thiago Antônio Paixão de Sousa , Moreira Antonio Luciano Seabra , Rocha Otávio Fernandes Lima da
Published: April 2015

A liga Al-6%Cu foi solidificada direcionalmente sob condições transitórias de extração de calor e microestruturas dendríticas, variáveis térmicas de solidificação, ou seja, velocidade de deslocamento da isoterma líquidus (VL), taxa de resfriamento (TR) e gradiente de temperatura à frente da isoterma liquidus (GL) foram caracterizadas, determinadas experimentalmente e correlacionadas com os espaçamentos dentríticos terciários (λ3). Para tanto, foi projetado, construído e aferido um dispositivo de solidificação direcional horizontal. Os resultados encontrados mostram que leis de potência -1,1 e -0,55 caracterizam a variação dos espaçamentos terciários com a velocidade de deslocamento da isoterma liquidus (VL) e a taxa de resfriamento (TR), respectivamente. Finalmente, é realizado um estudo comparativo entre os resultados obtidos neste trabalho e aqueles publicados na literatura para ligas Al-Cu solidificadas direcionalmente sob condições transientes de fluxo de calor nos sistemas verticais ascendente e descendente.
Microstructure characterization of a duplex stainless steel weld by electron backscattering diffraction and orientation imaging microscopy techniques
Authors: Aguiar Isabela Viegas , Escobar Diana Pérez , Santos Dagoberto Brandão , Modenesi Paulo J.
Published: April 2015

This paper describes the electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) technique used to characterize the microstructure (especially the morphology and constitution) of the base metal (BM), the heat-affected zone (HAZ) and the fusion zone (FZ) on a lean duplex stainless steel (LDX). This technique provides advantages due to its simplicity of use and greater depth of information, thereby increasing the amount of information obtained by traditional characterization techniques such as optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The use of EBSD together with orientation imaging microscopy (OIM) as a tool to understand phase transformation paths and ferrite-austenite variant selection was discussed. Vickers microhardness measurements were performed and no significance difference between the different zones was found. Orientation distribution function (ODF) results show that there are no significant changes on the crystallographic texture of the samples after welding. The advantages of using SEM together with EBSD for microstructure analyzing and texture development were also discussed.
Stability criterion for people in floods for various slopes
Authors: Xia Junqiang , Chen Qian , Falconer Roger A. , Deng Shanshan , Guo Peng
Published: April 2015

Extreme flood events often lead to considerable loss of human life, and previous studies on the stability criteria for people in floods do not account for the effect of various slopes. The proposal of an appropriate stability criterion for a range of slopes is therefore important. In this study a mechanics-based incipient velocity formula was extended for a human body in floodwater at toppling instability, with the ground slope being included. Using a laboratory flume, about 250 experimental tests were conducted to obtain water depth and velocity conditions at toppling instability for a small-scale model human body for four slopes. The experimental data obtained for flat ground and slopes of 2 and 4% were used to determine values for two parameters in the derived formula. These parameters were unified to corresponding mean values for various slopes. The calculations using the proposed formula and the unified parameters compare well with the scaled-up experimental data for a slope of 2·5%. Finally, the proposed formula was used to estimate critical velocities under different depths for a typical adult. The differences in stability criteria between the results obtained from the model and prototype experiments are also presented.
Simulation and Dimensional Analysis of Foam Processes in Porous Media
Authors: Shi J. -X. , Rossen W. R.
Published: April 2015

Foam can improve sweep efficiency in gas-injection improved-oil-recovery processes. The success of continuous-injection foam processes in overcoming gravity override in homogeneous, anisotropic (kx ≠ kz) radial or rectangular reservoirs depends on a single dimensionless number first proposed by Stone and Jenkins for gas flooding without foam. Their model fits foam simulation results remarkably well over a wide range in reservoir properties and geometry, flow rates, foam quality and foam strength, density difference between phases, initial reservoir pressure, and model for the mechanisms of foam collapse. This approach leads to optimal design strategies for such processes. It may be impossible, however, for a continuous-injection foam process to suppress gravity override in some cases, due to limitations on injection-well pressure. The possibility of gravity override within the foam bank should be considered in evaluating foam propagation in field trials of foam processes.
Event‐ and Site‐Specific Soil Wetting and Seasonal Change in Amount of Soil Water
Authors: Logsdon Sally D.
Published: April 2015

Changes in the amount of soil water might not be uniform due to spatially variable soil and landscape factors. The objective of this study was to determine if the changes in the amount of soil water due to rain or during sub‐seasonal times are related to soil or landscape properties within a field. Sub‐seasonal changes in soil water were indicated by neutron probe data and surface soil sampling, and rain‐event‐driven soil water increases were indicated by water content reflectometers (WCRs). Excess rainfall in 2010 resulted in wet soil and surface ponding at some sites. Soil zones satiated with water were apparent from WCR data, especially for concave and depressional sites. The length of time soil remained satiated at the 0.3‐ and 0.6‐m depths was negatively correlated with relative elevation (in relation to the nearest depression edge). Soil water increases for the 0.015‐ to 0.15‐m depth were most often correlated with pre‐rain soil water deficit, especially in the wet year of 2010 (13 of 14 events). Change in the amount of soil water at the deepest depth for the later part of the 2012 season (a drought year) was negatively correlated with profile and plan curvatures and mollic depth and positively correlated with relative elevation and sand fraction, which was the opposite of the expected trend. Two sites with buried sand lenses took the longest time to reach maximum soil water increase, suggesting that further study is needed to describe how buried sand lenses affect wetting in the soil above the sand lens.
They Protect Us from Computer Fraud: Who Protects Us from Them? SafeNet, Inc.: A Case of Fraudulent Financial Reporting
Authors: Marshall Leisa L. , Cali James
Published: April 2015

This case focuses on fraudulent financial reporting as related to the tone at the top, primarily the chief operating officer, Carole Argo, of SafeNet, Inc. (SafeNet). This case provides students a real-world example by which to apply basic fraud concepts including the fraud triangle, fraud prevention, and red flags (fraud symptoms). Students analyze SafeNet to identify deficiencies and prevention methods, from the perspective of COSO's (2013) Internal Control—Integrated Framework's internal control objectives, components, and principles. Students also analyze SafeNet's corporate governance structure by comparing SafeNet's Board of Directors and its subcommittees pre- and post-SOX. Students learn of stock options as a form of compensation. However, this case does not focus on the details of accounting for stock options. This case is appropriate for students with the financial accounting principles course background. This case was classroom tested in a basic fraud examination course and an internal auditing course. Students' responses in both courses support the use of the case as a learning tool.
Preservation of the nerves to the frontalis muscle during pterional craniotomy
Authors: Poblete Tomas , Jiang Xiaochun , Komune Noritaka , Matsushima Ken , Rhoton Albert L.
Published: April 2015

OBJECT

There continues to be confusion over how best to preserve the branches of the facial nerve to the frontalis muscle when elevating a frontotemporal (pterional) scalp flap. The object of this study was to examine the full course of the branches of the facial nerve that must be preserved to maintain innervation of the frontalis muscle during elevation of a frontotemporal scalp flap.

METHODS

Dissection was performed to follow the temporal branches of facial nerves along their course in 5 adult, cadaveric heads (n = 10 extracranial facial nerves).

RESULTS

Preserving the nerves to the frontalis muscle requires an understanding of the course of the nerves in 3 areas. The first area is on the outer surface of the temporalis muscle lateral to the superior temporal line (STL) where the interfascial or subfascial approaches are applied, the second is in the area medial to the STL where subpericranial dissection is needed, and the third is along the STL. Preserving the nerves crossing the STL requires an understanding of the complex fascial relationships at this line. It is important to preserve the nerves crossing the lateral and medial parts of the exposure, and the continuity of the nerves as they pass across the STL. Prior descriptions have focused largely on the area superficial to the temporalis muscle lateral to the STL.

CONCLUSIONS

Using the interfascial-subpericranial flap and the subfascial-subpericranial flap avoids opening the layer of loose areolar tissue between the temporal fascia and galea in the area lateral to the STL and between the galea and frontal pericranium in the area medial to the STL. It also preserves the continuity of the nerve crossing the STL. This technique allows for the preservation of the nerves to the frontalis muscle along their entire trajectory, from the uppermost part of the parotid gland to the frontalis muscle.
Surgical and clinical efficacy of sacroiliac joint fusion: a systematic review of the literature
Authors: Zaidi Hasan A. , Montoure Andrew J. , Dickman Curtis A.
Published: April 2015

OBJECT

The sacroiliac joint (SIJ) and surgical intervention for treating SIJ pain or dysfunction has been a topic of much debate in recent years. There has been a resurgence in the implication of this joint as the pain generator for many patients experiencing low-back pain, and new surgical methods are gaining popularity within both the orthopedic and neurosurgical fields. There is no universally accepted gold standard for diagnosing or surgically treating SIJ pain. The authors systematically reviewed studies on SIJ fusion in the neurosurgical and orthopedic literature to investigate whether sufficient evidence exists to support its use.

METHODS

A literature search was performed using MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and OvidSP–Wolters Kluwer Health for all articles regarding SIJ fusion published from 2000 to 2014. Original, peer-reviewed, prospective or retrospective scientific papers with at least 2 patients were included in the study. Exclusion criteria included follow-up shorter than 1-year, nonsurgical treatment, inadequate clinical data as determined by 2 independent reviewers, non-English manuscripts, and nonhuman subjects.

RESULTS

A total of 16 peer-reviewed journal articles met the inclusion criteria: 5 consecutive case series, 8 retrospective studies, and 3 prospective cohort studies. A total of 430 patients were included, of whom 131 underwent open surgery and 299 underwent minimally invasive surgery (MIS) for SIJ fusion. The mean duration of follow-up was 60 months for open surgery and 21 months for MIS. SIJ degeneration/arthrosis was the most common pathology among patients undergoing surgical intervention (present in 257 patients [59.8%]), followed by SIJ dysfunction (79 [18.4%]), postpartum instability (31 [7.2%]), posttraumatic (28 [6.5%]), idiopathic (25 [5.8%]), pathological fractures (6 [1.4%]), and HLA-B27+/rheumatoid arthritis (4 [0.9%]). Radiographically confirmed fusion rates were 20%–90% for open surgery and 13%–100% for MIS. Rates of excellent satisfaction, determined by pain reduction, function, and quality of life, ranged from 18% to 100% with a mean of 54% in open surgical cases. For MIS patients, excellent outcome, judged by patients’ stated satisfaction with the surgery, ranged from 56% to 100% (mean 84%). The reoperation rate after open surgery ranged from 0% to 65% (mean 15%). Reoperation rate after MIS ranged from 0% to 17% (mean 6%). Major complication rates ranged from 5% to 20%, with 1 study that addressed safety reporting a 56% adverse event rate.

CONCLUSIONS

Surgical intervention for SIJ pain is beneficial in a subset of patients. However, with the difficulty in accurate diagnosis and evidence for the efficacy of SIJ fusion itself lacking, serious consideration of the cause of pain and alternative treatments should be given before performing the operation.
Ventriculoperitoneal shunt perforations of the gastrointestinal tract
Authors: Thiong’o Grace Muthoni , Luzzio Christopher , Albright A. Leland
Published: April 2015

OBJECT

The purposes of this study were to evaluate the frequency with which children presented with ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt perforations of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, to determine the type of shunts that caused the perforations, and to compare the stiffness of perforating catheters with the stiffness of catheters from other manufacturers.

METHODS

Medical records were reviewed of 197 children who were admitted with VP shunt malfunction. Catheter stiffness was evaluated by measuring relative resistance to cross-sectional compression, resistance to column buckling, and elasticity in longitudinal bending. Catheter frictional force was measured per unit length.

RESULTS

Six children were identified whose VP shunts had perforated the GI tract; 2 shunts subsequently protruded through the anal orifice, 1 protruded through the oral cavity, and 3 presented with subcutaneous abscesses that tracked upward from the intestine to the chest. All perforating shunts were Chhabra shunts. Catheter stiffness and resistance to bending were greatest with a Medtronic shunt catheter, intermediate with a Codman catheter, and least with a Chhabra catheter. Frictional force was greatest with a Chhabra catheter and least with a Medtronic catheter.

CONCLUSIONS

The frequency of perforations by Chhabra shunts appears to be higher than the frequency associated with other shunts. The increased frequency does not correlate with their stiffness but may reflect their greater frictional forces.
The influence of preoperative spinal sagittal balance on clinical outcomes after microendoscopic laminotomy in patients with lumbar spinal canal stenosis
Authors: Dohzono Sho , Toyoda Hiromitsu , Matsumoto Tomiya , Suzuki Akinobu , Terai Hidetomi , Nakamura Hiroaki
Published: April 2015

OBJECT

More information about the association between preoperative anterior translation of the C-7 plumb line and clinical outcomes after decompression surgery in patients with lumbar spinal canal stenosis (LSS) would help resolve problems for patients with sagittal imbalance. The authors evaluated whether preoperative sagittal alignment of the spine affects low-back pain and clinical outcomes after microendoscopic laminotomy.

METHODS

This study was a retrospective review of prospectively collected surgical data. The study comprised 88 patients with LSS (47 men and 41 women) who ranged in age from 39 to 86 years (mean age 68.7 years). All patients had undergone microendoscopic laminotomy at Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine from May 2008 through October 2012. The minimum duration of clinical and radiological follow-up was 6 months. All patients were evaluated by Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) and visual analog scale (VAS) scores for low-back pain, leg pain, and leg numbness before and after surgery. The distance between the C-7 plumb line and the posterior corner of the sacrum (sagittal vertical axis [SVA]) was measured on lateral standing radiographs of the entire spine obtained before surgery. Radiological factors and clinical outcomes were compared between patients with a preoperative SVA ≥ 50 mm (forward-bending trunk [F] group) and patients with a preoperative SVA < 50 mm (control [C] group). A total of 35 patients were allocated to the F group (19 male and 16 female) and 53 to the C group (28 male and 25 female).

RESULTS

The mean SVA was 81.0 mm for patients in the F group and 22.0 mm for those in the C group. At final follow-up evaluation, no significant differences between the groups were found for the JOA score improvement ratio (73.3% vs 77.1%) or the VAS score for leg numbness (23.6 vs 24.0 mm); the VAS score for low-back pain was significantly higher for those in the F group (21.1 mm) than for those in the C group (11.0 mm); and the VAS score for leg pain tended to be higher for those in the F group (18.9 ± 29.1 mm) than for those in the C group (9.4 ± 16.0 mm).

CONCLUSIONS

Preoperative alignment of the spine in the sagittal plane did not affect JOA scores after microendoscopic laminotomy in patients with LSS. However, low-back pain was worse for patients with preoperative anterior translation of the C-7 plumb line than for those without.
Éthique et clinique
Authors: Di Liberatore Dominique
Published: April 2015

Tout praticien évoquant sa clinique se trouve confronté à la question de l’éthique. Freud a toujours veillé à protéger ses patients. En parcourant ses études cliniques, nous verrons comment il a composé avec son éthique. Le renoncement à certaines publications en sera la conséquence la plus immédiate. Mais le conflit ne se réduira pas à celui entre « l’amour pour la science » et la protection du patient. Les précautions prises par Freud se trouveront bousculées par les historiens de la psychanalyse et par les chercheurs, montrant ainsi que l’éthique des uns n’est pas celle des autres, que celle d’hier n’est pas celle d’aujourd’hui. À ces personnes se rajoutent les patients eux-mêmes, leurs descendants ainsi que les lecteurs. La question de l’éthique se retrouve également au cœur de conflits inconscients, allant jusqu’à jouer un rôle de symptôme. À la fin de ce travail, l’articulation clinique / éthique est comparée à une émulsion où doit être « concilié l’inconciliable »
Comment écrit-on une histoire de la Réforme ? Réflexions historiographiques et théologiques
Authors: Kaufmann Thomas
Published: April 2015

Thomas Kaufmann * , l’un des meilleurs spécialistes actuels de la Réforme protestante, propose ici une synthèse de sa conception de la Réforme dans la perspective des commémorations de 2017. Partant de certaines thématiques réformatrices, il en profite pour livrer quelques pistes à propos de questions contemporaines, liées à l’identité protestante, en particulier concernant le sacerdoce universel et la dimension européenne du protestantisme.
Les premières évangélisations protestantes des îles des Mers du Sud au prisme des récits de voyage et des sermons anglais de la fin du xviii e siècle
Authors: Borello Céline
Published: April 2015

Le 5 mars 1797 débarquent du Duff, à Tahiti, une trentaine de missionnaires de la London Missionary Society , fondée deux ans plus tôt. À partir de sermons prononcés au moment de la création de la LMS , Céline Borello * examine comment la diffusion de différentes formes d’écrits a nourri l’idée de mission au lointain chez certains acteurs du Réveil anglais. Acteurs chez qui s’exprime le sentiment d’avoir trouvé avec ces îles du Pacifique sud le lieu idéal pour, suivant le mot de William Carrey, « entreprendre des choses exceptionnelles pour Dieu ».
Le CV Vidéo : le nouveau visage de la lutte contre les discriminations à l’embauche en France ?
Authors: Galindo Géraldine , Tixier Julie , Campoy Eric
Published: April 2015

Depuis plusieurs années, de nombreux outils ont été mis en place et testés afin de lutter contre les discriminations lors du processus de recrutement. Apparu récemment en France, le CV Vidéo (CVV) donne la possibilité au candidat de pouvoir expliquer de vive voix son parcours et ses motivations. L’objectif de cet article est de tester le CVV comme outil de lutte contre les discriminations. A partir d’une enquête sur une population de 1538 personnes à l’initiative d’une association que nous nommerons Divercités RH, nous évaluons la portée du CVV en fonction de différents items comme l’âge, le sexe, l’origine, mais aussi le type d’emploi et la durée de retour vers l’emploi. Nous montrons ainsi que le CVV a une efficacité relative notamment pour certaines populations comme les femmes et les migrants pour lutter contre les discriminations. Nous soulignons ainsi l’intérêt de l’accompagnement des candidats pour élaborer un tel outil, mais aussi le rôle du CVV dans les démarches actuelles de construction de la marque de chaque candidat.
Dix ans de lutte à Cherbourg
Authors: Rault-Verprey Claudie
Published: April 2015

Lors de la fermeture de Sangatte, de nombreux migrants affluent vers Cherbourg, deuxième port transmanche après Calais. Installés dans des squats, détruits et recréés au gré des expulsions, ils reçoivent l’aide de bénévoles que leurs conditions de vie révoltent. De l’aide humanitaire à la défense des droits de ces demandeurs d’asile, retour sur une association, Itinérance, qui tente de pallier les failles du système d’asile et le désengagement des pouvoirs publics.
Inner and Outer Retinal Thickness Mapping of Nonproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy by Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography
Authors: Lim Jennifer I. , Zelkha Ruth , Niec Marcia , Setlur Vikram , Shahidi Mahnaz
Published: April 2015

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

To report inner retinal thickness (IRT), outer retinal thickness (ORT), and total retinal thickness (TRT) mapping of nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (DR).

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) images were obtained in 31 study participants with nonproliferative DR. Semi-automated software generated IRT, ORT, and TRT maps. IRT, ORT, and TRT in each macular subfield were compared between groups with and without increased central subfield thickness.

RESULTS:

There were statistically significant differences in IRT, ORT, and TRT between groups (
P
< .007). In participants with nonproliferative DR with increased central subfield thickness, TRT was significantly increased in parafoveal and perifoveal inferior subfields (
P
< .001). In these subfields, both IRT and ORT were significantly increased (
P
< .007) compared to those in participants without increased central subfield thickness.

CONCLUSION:

Mapping of inner and outer retinal thickness shows promise for monitoring depth-specific thickness alterations by macular subfields due to DR.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina
. 2015;46:316–320.]
Intrasurgical Assessment of Subretinal tPA Injection for Submacular Hemorrhage in the PIONEER Study Utilizing Intraoperative OCT
Authors: Ehlers Justis P. , Petkovsek Daniel S. , Yuan Alex , Singh Rishi P. , Srivastava Sunil K.
Published: April 2015

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

To assess the feasibility of intraoperative OCT (iOCT) during pars plana vitrectomy with subretinal tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) injection for subretinal hemorrhage.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

Eyes that underwent vitrectomy and subretinal injection of tPA were identified from the PIONEER study, a prospective clinical study assessing the feasibility and utility of iOCT in ophthalmic surgery. A microscope-mounted spectral-domain OCT system was utilized for iOCT imaging. Standardized scan protocol and image acquisition were followed for intraoperative imaging.

RESULTS:

iOCT was successfully obtained in four of four eyes. In all cases, increased subretinal fluid was noted, with differential reflectivity visualized between the hemorrhage–tPA interface confirming appropriate localization of tPA injection. Image quality variability was significant.

CONCLUSION:

iOCT can successfully be performed during pars plana vitrectomy with subretinal tPA injection. Utilizing iOCT, appropriate placement of tPA solution and corresponding retinal architectural changes were visualized.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina
. 2015;46:327–332].
Central Serous Chorioretinopathy Treated With Navigated Retinal Laser Photocoagulation: Visual Acuity and Retinal Sensitivity
Authors: Mastropasqua Leonardo , Di Antonio Luca , Toto Lisa , Mastropasqua Alessandra , Di Iorio Angelo , Carpineto Paolo
Published: April 2015

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

To evaluate the effect of navigated retinal laser photocoagulation on visual acuity (VA) and retinal sensitivity in eyes with acute central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC).

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

Prospective, noncomparative, interventional case series of 30 eyes of 29 patients with acute CSC were treated using navigated photocoagulation. Patients were monitored for 180 days.

RESULTS:

Mean VA improved from 0.3 ± 0.1 to 0.1 ± 0.1 logMAR (
P
< .001). Mean retinal sensitivity within central 8° and 4° improved from 9.4 ± 4.7 dB to 14.9 ± 3.6 dB and from 9.0 ± 5.6 dB to 14.6 ± 4.2 dB respectively (
P
< .001). In all cases, a decrease in mean central retinal thickness of −50.6 ± 2.9 µm (
P
< .001) and in mean subretinal fluid thickness of −52.0 ± 3.3 µm (
P
< .001) was observed during follow-up.

CONCLUSION:

Navigated retinal laser photocoagulation demonstrated safety and accuracy for the treatment of acute CSC. VA and retinal sensitivity evaluations showed a significant improvement associated with resolution of the subretinal fluid during follow-up.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina
. 2015;46:349–354.]
Ambulatory Surgery Center Utilization by Vitreoretinal Surgeons: 1999–2011
Authors: Vaziri Kamyar , Moshfeghi Darius M. , Hernandez-Boussard Tina , Callaway Natalia F. , Moshfeghi Andrew A.
Published: April 2015

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

To evaluate the utilization rates of ambulatory surgery centers (ASCs) in the state of Florida for vitreoretinal, cataract, and glaucoma surgical procedures over a 13-year period from 1999 through 2011.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

Retrospective analysis utilizing the State Ambulatory Surgery Databases (SASD) for Florida from 1999 through 2011. ICD-9 codes for vitreoretinal, cataract, and glaucoma procedures were queried. Joinpoint regression was used to calculate average annual percent change (APC) in ASC utilization by these procedures over the 13-year study period and also separately for the years 2007 to 2011.

RESULTS:

From 1999 through 2011, APC in ambulatory surgery center utilization was +26.4% (
P
= .0039) for vitreoretinal, +21.3% (
P
= .012) for cataract, and +20.9% (
P
= .0063) for glaucoma surgery. The APC from 2007 through 2011 was −1.2% for vitreoretinal (
P
= .47), −9.2% for cataract (
P
= .0039), and −17.3% for glaucoma surgery (
P
= .008).

CONCLUSION:

A significant overall increase in ASC utilization by vitreoretinal, cataract, and glaucoma surgeons over the study period was seen; however, the most recent 5-year data show that these trends may have begun to reverse.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina
. 2015;46:355–361.]