bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Observations of elevated particle number concentration events at a rural site in New England
Authors: Ziemba L. D. , Griffin R. J. , Talbot R. W.
Published: December 2006

Particle number (PN) concentrations collected over a 4‐year period at the Thompson Farm atmospheric observatory in New Hampshire in conjunction with the Atmospheric Investigation, Regional, Modeling, Analysis and Prediction (AIRMAP) program are reported here. One hundred and ninety‐five elevated PN events, occurring on approximately 7.5% of sampled days, were identified on the basis of PN concentration statistics. Events were segregated into five event types defined according to auxiliary measurements and event duration. A distinct seasonality is observed, with PN concentrations peaking in the winter and PN event observation most frequent in the spring. Long‐lived PN events associated with clean, northwesterly flow and PN events associated with primary pollutant plumes were observed most frequently, each making up 33% of all identified events. PN events characterized by air masses enriched in sulfur dioxide and originating southeast of Thompson Farm contributed 20% of the total PN events. All PN events are well correlated with solar intensity, with estimated particle diameters during events well below 100 nm. No relationship between PN concentrations and temperature or precipitation could be identified on either seasonal or daily timescales. PN events described here are unique and exclusive of other aerosol mass loading events previously identified at Thompson Farm.
Structural and biochemical characterization of the yeast exosome component Rrp40
Authors: Oddone Anna , Lorentzen Esben , Basquin Jerome , Gasch Alexander , Rybin Vladimir , Conti Elena , Sattler Michael
Published: December 2006

The exosome is a protein complex that is important in both degradation and 3′‐processing of eukaryotic RNAs. We present the crystal structure of the Rrp40 exosome subunit from Saccharomyces cerevisiae at a resolution of 2.2 Å. The structure comprises an S1 domain and an unusual KH (K homology) domain. Close packing of the S1 and KH domains is stabilized by a GxNG sequence, which is uniquely conserved in exosome KH domains. Nuclear magnetic resonance data reveal the presence of a manganese‐binding site at the interface of the two domains. Isothermal titration calorimetry shows that Rrp40 and archaeal Rrp4 alone have very low intrinsic affinity for RNA. The affinity of an archaeal core exosome for RNA is significantly increased in the presence of the S1–KH subunit Rrp4, indicating that multiple subunits might contribute to cooperative binding of RNA substrates by the exosome.
Depth profile of the biaxial strain in a 10μm thick InN (0001) film
Authors: Arvanitidis J. , Christofilos D. , Kourouklis G. A. , Delimitis A. , Katsikini M. , Komninou Ph. , Ves S. , Dimakis E. , Georgakilas A.
Published: December 2006

Raman spectroscopy is employed to study the evolution of the residual stresses along the growth direction of an ∼10μm thick wurtzite InN film. The analysis of the spectra, recorded with the excitation laser beam being parallel as well as perpendicular to the c axis of the film, clearly reveals the compressive character of the biaxial strain in the InN layer. The residual compressive strain increases with increasing distance from the InN∕GaN interface in agreement with the transmission electron microscopy observations, which additionally reveal that this is accompanied by a reduction of the threading dislocation density. The interplay between the epilayer/template lattice mismatch and the thermal expansion coefficients may account for these observations.
InGaP alpha voltaic batteries: Synthesis, modeling, and radiation tolerance
Authors: Cress Cory D. , Landi Brian J. , Raffaelle Ryne P. , Wilt David M.
Published: December 2006

The viability of InGaP diodes coupled with α-particle sources as radioisotope power supplies is investigated both theoretically and experimentally. The electrical power output of epitaxially grown InGaP p-type∕n-type (p∕n) junction diodes coupled with Am241 and Po210 α-particle sources was measured. A theoretical model was developed that determines the α-particle energy deposition profile within an InGaP diode when irradiated by an omnidirectional α-particle source. The results of the model illustrate the dramatic influence the radiation source∕diode configuration has on the α-particle energy deposition profile within a device. Progress has been shown towards increasing the radiation tolerance of the InGaP devices, which included utilizing an intrinsic region and reducing the junction thickness. Introduction of the intrinsic region within a conventional n∕p diode to form a n-type∕intrinsic∕p-type diode enabled the device to withstand a ten times greater fluence of 4.2MeV α particles before decreasing to 50% of its original power output under simulated air mass zero illumination, when compared to an abrupt junction device with the same active region thickness.
Femtosecond laser induced micromodifications in Nd:SBN crystals: Amorphization and luminescence inhibition
Authors: Ródenas A. , Jaque D. , Torchia G. A. , Mendez C. , Arias I. , Roso L. , Moreno P. , Agulló-Rueda F.
Published: December 2006

We report on femtosecond laser modification of Nd:SBN crystals. Basic properties such as the ablation threshold have been obtained from the analysis of the ablation depths at different laser fluences. The induced micromodifications have been investigated by optical microscopy as well as by microphotoluminescence and micro-Raman experiments. We have found that in the vicinity of the ablated volume material amorphization can be induced along different directions. Furthermore, we have found that this material amorphization is accompanied by a strong inhibition of the Nd3+ luminescence. The analysis of the spatial extension of the luminescence inhibition as a function of the laser fluence has been used to elucidate the origin of the femtosecond laser induced material amorphization.
Neutron diffraction and simulation studies of the exocyclic hydroxymethyl conformation of glucose
Authors: Mason Philip E. , Neilson George W. , Enderby John E. , Saboungi Marie-Louise , Cuello Gabriel , Brady John W.
Published: December 2006

The techniques of neutron diffraction with isotopic substitution (NDIS) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have been used to examine the rotational conformation of the exocyclic hydroxymethyl group of D-glucopyranose. First order H∕D NDIS experiments were performed on the H6 position in 3m aqueous glucose solutions where the average coherent scattering length of the exchangeable hydrogen atoms was zero (i.e., all correlations between exchangeable hydrogen atoms and other atoms cancel and thus are not present in the scattering data). This H6 experimental result suggests that no single conformation for the C4–C5–C6–O6 dihedral reproduces the observed scattering data well, but that a mixture of the gg and gt conformations, which has been suggested by NMR experiments, gives a reasonable agreement between the MD and experimental data.
Threshold electromigration failure time and its statistics for Cu interconnects
Authors: Li Baozhen , Christiansen Cathryn , Gill Jason , Sullivan Timothy , Yashchin Emmanuel , Filippi Ronald
Published: December 2006

Integrated circuit chip metallization reliability under use conditions is extrapolated from failure distributions of test structures tested under accelerated conditions. Lognormally plotted electromigration failure time distributions for via/line contact configurations with no redundant conductive path usually display two features that are different from failure time distributions for configurations that have well-defined redundant conductive paths. First, the failure times are more widely distributed (larger standard deviation or σ), and second, the left portion of the distribution (early failures) bends downward (if the sample size is large enough) as the failure times become shorter, in contrast to the straight line behavior that is usually observed for structures with good redundancy. The downward deviation from a straight line distribution erodes the goodness of fit relative to the commonly used two-parameter (t50,σ) lognormal distribution model, and the large σ produces a lifetime projection under use conditions that can be unacceptable for chip reliability. A three-parameter lognormal distribution model (t50,σ,X0) greatly improves the goodness of fit, especially for the downward bending early failure region, and produces projected failure times that are acceptable for chip reliability. The third parameter, X0, is interpreted as the threshold failure time for the distribution, or the time needed to form the absolute minimum size void that will cause failure. All recorded failure times for a given distribution will be greater than X0. Failure distributions for a via/line configuration with no redundancy are compared to those for via/line configurations with varying degrees and types of redundancy to demonstrate the behavior.
Mechanism of the persistent phosphorescence in Sr4Al14O25:Eu and SrAl2O4:Eu codoped with rare earth ions
Authors: Nakazawa Eiichiro , Murazaki Yoshinori , Saito Susumu
Published: December 2006

Luminescence and phosphorescence properties are investigated in two series of strontium aluminates, Sr4Al14O25:Eu2+ and SrAl2O4:Eu2+, codoped with rare earth (lanthanoid, Ln) ions. Persistent phosphorescence is observed for the phosphors codoped with Pr, Nd, Dy, Ho, and Er. In the phosphorescence process of these phosphors, the excited electron in the Eu2+ ion is transferred between the Eu and the codopant Ln ions through the 5d states of these ions. When the trivalent codopant ion Ln3+ captures the excited electron in the 4f shell, the ion is reduced to the divalent state and, therefore, the energy necessary to thermally relieve the electron from the ion is determined by the energy difference between the 4fn and the 4fn−15d configurations of the divalent Ln ion. The trapping depths (activation energies) of the Ln ions, estimated theoretically on the basis of this mechanism, coincide with the observed depths (0.8±0.2eV) for the persistently phosphorescent phosphors, and those of the nonpersistent Ln ions are larger or smaller by 0.7eV than the former. It is also elucidated that the retrapping of the electron released from a trap plays an important role in the persistent phosphorescence process.
Element specific imaging by scanning tunneling microscopy combined with synchrotron radiation light
Authors: Eguchi Toyoaki , Okuda Taichi , Matsushima Takeshi , Kataoka Akira , Harasawa Ayumi , Akiyama Kotone , Kinoshita Toyohiko , Hasegawa Yukio , Kawamori Masanori , Haruyama Yuichi , Matsui Shinji
Published: December 2006

Microscopic surface images showing a distribution of a designated element was obtained by scanning tunneling microscopy combined with synchrotron radiation light. A tip current induced by photoirradiation is found to increase when the photon energy is just above the absorption edge of a sample element. From the photoinduced current measured during the tip scanning over the surface, element specific images were obtained. An estimated spatial resolution of the chemical imaging is less than 20nm, better than that achieved by photoemission electron microscopy.
Effect of exchange bias on the electrical resistivity of Pd doped NiMn thin films: Two-channel Kondo system
Authors: Öner Y. , Kamer O. , Ross Joseph H.
Published: December 2006

Electrical resistivity measurements have been carried out for both flash-evaporated reentrant spin glasses (RSGs) (Ni76−xPdx)Mn24 and Ni74.5Mn23.5Pd2, as well as Ni75Mn23Pd2, a pure SG. These measurements were carried out at temperatures down to 4K. We observed a very deep resistivity minimum at about 75K for Ni74Mn24Pd2. It was found previously [Öner et al., J. Appl. Phys. 89, 7044 (2001)] that this sample shows the largest coercivity and exchange unidirectional anisotropy among these films. In addition, magnetization measurements show that this takes place just on the border of the RSG such that it could be handled as a superparamagnetic sample. Previously it was assumed that the exchange bias created in the sample between the domains plays the dominant role in the resistivity minimum. On the other hand, in order to account for the temperature dependence of the resistivity below the minimum we have analyzed these data using the Kondo, two-channel Kondo, weak localization, and Cochrane models for structural disorder based on the Anderson mechanism. We have deduced that the two-channel Kondo model gives the best agreement with the data; a logarithmic temperature dependence Δρ(T)=βlog10(T∕TK), was observed at the temperatures below Tf accompanied by a resistivity behavior Δρ(T)=ρ0m(0)(1−αT1∕2), at lower temperatures. All parameters deduced from the fitting correlate consistently with the strength of the exchange anisotropy and coercivity in the RSG films, and thus provide a separate measure of the presence of antiferromagnetically coupled domains in these materials.
Measuring asymmetric temporal interdependencies in simulated and biological networks
Authors: Dzakpasu Rhonda , Patel Kinjal , Robinson Natallia , Harrington Melissa A. , Żochowski Michał
Published: December 2006

We use a newly developed metric to characterize asymmetric temporal interdependencies in networks of coupled dynamical elements. We studied the formation of temporal ordering in a system of coupled Rössler oscillators for different connectivity ratios and network topologies and also applied the metric to investigate the functional structure of a biological network (cerebral ganglia of Helix snail). In the former example we show how the local ordering evolves to the global one as a function of structural parameters of the network, while in the latter we show spontaneous emergence of functional interdependence between two groups of electrodes.
Theoretical aspects and computer simulations of flexible charged oligomers in salt-free solutions
Authors: Bizjak A. , Reščič J. , Kalyuzhnyi Yu. V. , Vlachy V.
Published: December 2006

The structural and thermodynamic properties of a model solution containing flexible charged oligomers and an equivalent number of counterions were studied by means of the canonical Monte Carlo simulation and integral equation theory. The oligomers were represented as freely jointed chains of charged hard spheres. In accordance with the primitive model of electrolyte solutions, the counterions were modeled as charged hard spheres and the solvent as a dielectric continuum. Simulations were performed for a set of model parameters, independently varying the chain length and concentration of the oligomers. Structural properties in the form of pair distribution functions were calculated as functions of model parameters. In addition, thermodynamic properties such as the excess energy of solution and the excess chemical potential of counterions were obtained. These properties were correlated with the conformational averages of oligomers as reflected in the end-to-end distances and radii of gyration obtained from the simulations. The relation with the experimental data for heats of dilution and for the activity coefficient is discussed. Finally, theories based on Wertheim’s integral equation approach (product reactant Ornstein-Zernike approach) [J. Stat. Phys. 42, 477 (1986)] in the so-called polymer mean spherical and polymer hypernetted chain approximations were tested against the new and existing computer simulations. For the values of parameters examined in this study, the integral equation theory yields semiquantitative agreement with computer simulations.
The photodissociation reaction dynamics of CF3I at 304nm (Q+3, Q11←Q+3, and Q13)
Authors: Li Guosheng , Shin Yun Kyung , Hwang Hyun Jin
Published: December 2006

The photodissociation of CF3I at 304nm has been studied using long time-delayed core-sampling photofragment translational spectroscopy. Due to its capability of detecting the kinetic energy distribution of iodine fragments with high resolution, it is able to directly assign the vibrational state distribution of CF3 fragments. The vibrational state distributions of CF3 fragments in the I*(P1∕22) channel, i.e., Q0+3 state, have a propensity of the ν2′ umbrella mode with a maximum distribution at the vibrational ground state. For the I(P3∕22) channel, i.e., Q11←Q0+3, the excitation of the ν2′ umbrella mode accounts for the majority of the vibrational excitation of the CF3 fragments. The 1 ν1′ (symmetric CF stretch) +nν2′ combination modes, which are associated with the major progression of the ν2′ umbrella mode, are observed for the photodissociation of CF3I at the I channel, i.e., Q13 state. The bond dissociation energy of the CI bond of CF3I is determined to be D0(CF3–I)⩽53.62±0.5kcal∕mol (18754±175cm−1) by applying the energy conservation law to the photodissociation process.
Compatible operation of the power system for steady state and pulse modes in a magnetic torus KT-5D
Authors: Yu Yi , Wang Zhi-jiang , Xu Min , Zhu Zhen-hua , Lu Rong-hua , Wen Yi-zhi , Yu Chang-xuan , Wan Shu-de , Liu Wan-dong , Wang Jun , Xu Xiao-yuan , Hu Ling-ying
Published: December 2006

Compatible operation of steady state mode and pulse mode is realized in the KT-5D device. New power supplies with the operation control systems for the steady state toroidal magnetic field as well as for the vertical field are added, and the rf wave injection systems for sustaining steady state plasmas are upgraded. After the modification, the device now can work not only as a tokomak with pulsed plasma currents as it was but also as a simple magnetized torus with steady state plasma discharges. It allows more flexible and efficient experimental researches on the magnetically confined plasmas to be carried on in the same device.
Linear stability of a nonorthogonal axisymmetric stagnation flow on a rotating cylinder
Authors: Amaouche Mustapha , Bouda Faïçal Nait , Sadat Hamou
Published: December 2006

The present analysis deals with the onset of instability in an axisymmetric stagnation flow obliquely impinging on a uniformly rotating circular cylinder. The basic flow is described by an exact solution of the Navier-Stokes equations, discovered by Weidmann and Putkaradze [Eur. J. Mech. B/Fluids 22, 123 (2003)]. An eigenvalue problem for the linear stability is formulated, regardless of the free stream obliqueness, and then solved numerically by means of a collocation method using Laguerre’s polynomials. It is established that the basic stagnation flow is stable for sufficiently high Reynolds numbers. This is in conformity with the unconditional linear stability of two-dimensional Hiemenz stagnation flow. Instability occurs for Reynolds numbers smaller than some threshold value that increases with the rotation rate of the cylinder. At criticality, the flow undergoes a Hopf bifurcation, leading then to an oscillatory secondary motion.
Connection between two statistical approaches for the modelling of particle velocity and concentration distributions in turbulent flow: The mesoscopic Eulerian formalism and the two-point probability density function method
Authors: Simonin Olivier , Zaichik Leonid I. , Alipchenkov Vladimir M. , Février Pierre
Published: December 2006

The objective of the paper is to elucidate a connection between two approaches that have been separately proposed for modelling the statistical spatial properties of inertial particles in turbulent fluid flows. One of the approaches proposed recently by Février, Simonin, and Squires [J. Fluid Mech. 533, 1 (2005)] is based on the partitioning of particle turbulent velocity field into spatially correlated (mesoscopic Eulerian) and random-uncorrelated (quasi-Brownian) components. The other approach stems from a kinetic equation for the two-point probability density function of the velocity distributions of two particles [Zaichik and Alipchenkov, Phys. Fluids 15, 1776 (2003)]. Comparisons between these approaches are performed for isotropic homogeneous turbulence and demonstrate encouraging agreement.
Stabilization of a suspension of sedimenting rods by induced-charge electrophoresis
Authors: Saintillan David , Shaqfeh Eric S. G. , Darve Eric
Published: December 2006

We use numerical simulations to investigate the dynamics in suspensions of ideally polarizable rods sedimenting under gravity in a vertical electric field. While such suspensions are unstable to concentration fluctuations when no field is applied, we show that the induced-charge electrophoresis that results from the application of the field provides control over the concentration instability by causing particle alignment in the field direction. A phase diagram is obtained for the occurrence of the instability in terms of field strength and volume fraction. In stable suspensions velocity hindrance is shown to occur, and results for the hindered settling function are presented.
Thermally stimulated current studies on deep levels in hydrothermally grown single crystal ZnO bulk
Authors: Kuriyama K. , Ooi M. , Matsumoto K. , Kushida K.
Published: December 2006

The evaluation of the deep levels in hydrothermally grown ZnO single crystal bulk is studied using a thermally stimulated current (TSC) method with excitation above (below) the band gap. Two broad TSC spectra are resolved by four traps, P1 (165meV), P2 (255meV), P3 (300meV), and P4 (375meV). P2, P3, and P4 traps are responsible for excitation by the blue and green lights, but P1 trap is weakly responsible. Possible origins of P1 and P2 are attributed to native point defects and Li acceptor, respectively. P3 is correlated to oxygen vacancy as an origin of the green luminescence.
Extreme ultraviolet broadband Mo∕Y multilayer analyzers
Authors: Wang Zhanshan , Wang Hongchang , Zhu Jingtao , Xu Yao , Zhang Shumin , Li Cunxia , Wang Fengli , Zhang Zhong , Wu Yongrong , Cheng Xinbin , Chen Lingyan , Michette Alan G. , Pfauntsch Slawka J. , Powell A. Keith , Schäfers Franz , Gaupp Andreas , MacDonald Mike
Published: December 2006

Broadband extreme ultraviolet molybdenum/yttrium aperiodic multilayer analyzers were designed for polarization experiments in 8.5–11.7nm wavelength range. The multilayer analyzers were made using direct current magnetron sputtering and characterized using the soft x-ray polarimeter at BESSY-II facility. Measured s reflectivities at the Brewster angle are 5.5% for a multilayer designed for 8.5–10.1nm wavelength range and 6.1% for one designed for 9.1–11.7nm. The multilayers also exhibit high polarization degree up to 98.79%. In addition, the multilayer was also measured over 38°–52° angular range at the fixed wavelength of 10.2nm and the mean s reflectivity is 6.2%.
Enhancement of light emission from single quantum dot in photonic crystal nanocavity by using cavity resonant excitation
Authors: Nomura Masahiro , Iwamoto Satoshi , Yang Tao , Ishida Satomi , Arakawa Yasuhiko
Published: December 2006

The authors demonstrate highly efficient selective excitation of a single InGaAs self-assembled quantum dot (QD) embedded in a photonic crystal defect nanocavity. A single QD, whose first excited state is resonant with the cavity mode resonance, shows strong light emission from the ground state under cavity resonant excitation. The light emission is nearly ten times stronger than that of a single QD located at an unpatterned area. This result is attributed to the local enhancement of the effective absorption by the cavity resonant effect. This highly efficient excitation technique can be useful for single photon sources.
The discordant eardrum
Authors: Fay Jonathan P. , Puria Sunil , Steele Charles R.
Published: December 2006

At frequencies above 3 kHz, the tympanic membrane vibrates chaotically. By having many resonances, the eardrum can transmit the broadest possible bandwidth of sound with optimal sensitivity. In essence, the eardrum works best through discord. The eardrum's success as an instrument of hearing can be directly explained through a combination of its shape, angular placement, and composition. The eardrum has a conical asymmetrical shape, lies at a steep angle with respect to the ear canal, and has organized radial and circumferential collagen fiber layers that provide the scaffolding. Understanding the role of each feature in hearing transduction will help direct future surgical reconstructions, lead to improved microphone and loudspeaker designs, and provide a basis for understanding the different tympanic membrane structures across species. To analyze the significance of each anatomical feature, a computer simulation of the ear canal, eardrum, and ossicles was developed. It is shown that a cone-shaped eardrum can transfer more force to the ossicles than a flat eardrum, especially at high frequencies. The tilted eardrum within the ear canal allows it to have a larger area for the same canal size, which increases sound transmission to the cochlea. The asymmetric eardrum with collagen fibers achieves optimal transmission at high frequencies by creating a multitude of deliberately mistuned resonances. The resonances are summed at the malleus attachment to produce a smooth transfer of pressure across all frequencies. In each case, the peculiar properties of the eardrum are directly responsible for the optimal sensitivity of this discordant drum.
Stigma
Authors: Penn David L. , Judge Abigail , Jamieson Patrick , Garczynski Joyce , Hennessy Michael , Romer Daniel
Published: December 2006

The purpose of this chapter is to propose methods for reducing stigmatization of mental illness in adolescents. It begins with a brief summary of community attitudes toward persons with mental illness, including a discussion of a recent nationwide survey of young people. We argue that addressing stigma in adolescence is important for two primary reasons. First, stigma appears to have an adverse effect on the course of mental illness once the person has been diagnosed with a disorder. Second, concerns about stigma may delay the seeking of and continuing in treatment. This section is followed by a discussion of factors that contribute to stigma and methods for reducing it. We conclude by recommending strategies for addressing mental illness stigma in adolescents.
Alexander, Earl of Athlone, 1874-1957
Authors: Dodds Edward Charles
Published: December 2006

It is unusual in Royal Society Biographical Memoirs to list the Public Appointments of Fellows like the Earl of Athlone, but it will not be possible for the reader to appreciate his very great versatility and industry unless the notice is prefaced by a certain amount of detail of his public life. Born in 1874 he was the youngest son of the first Duke of Teck and Princess Mary and was thus a great-grandson of King George III. He was a brother to Queen Mary and, therefore, a great-uncle to the present Queen. Known up to 1917 as His Serene Highness Prince Alexander, he was educated at Eton, leaving there to enter Sandhurst and in 1894 was gazetted a 2nd Lieutenant of the 7th Hussars. He saw a considerable amount of active service and fought right through the South African war and for these services he was awarded the D.S.O. In 1904 he married Princess Alice, the only daughter of the Duke of Albany who it will be remembered was Queen Victoria’s youngest son. From his marriage to the onset of the war in 1914, Prince Alexander was very active, and in view of the heavy commitments of the Prince of Wales (later Edward VIII) he and his wife found themselves very busily occupied on royal occasions. He found time during this period, however, to play a decisive part in the affairs of the Middlesex Hospital, but reference to this will be made in detail later.
John Sealy Edward Townsend, 1868-1957
Authors: von Engel A.
Published: December 2006

John Sealy Edward Townsend, one of the great physicists of this century, lived through a period during which the fundamental concepts of natural science underwent a bewildering series of changes. Unlike many of his scientific colleagues, he remained completely undismayed by the storms raging in the world of physics, though he accepted some of the new ideas with due scepticism. It is often noticed that scientists when they approach the end of their active lives turn to other fields of human endeavour such as mysticism, economics or cosmogony. But this certainly did not apply to Townsend, who remained a pure physicist until the end of his life.
Alfred Charles Glyn Egerton, 1886-1959
Authors: Newitt Dudley Maurice
Published: December 2006

The subject of this memoir was of the essence of those men to whom Carlyle pays such a discerning tribute. Born towards the close of the Victorian era he grew to manhood and accomplished his life’s work in one of the most tempestuous and critical periods of our history; his influence during his lifetime, although exerted unobtrusively, was immense; his many and varied public services and his scientific achievements are testimonies to a life governed by high ideals and by unremitting industry; and not the least of his services were those he gave to the Royal Society of which he was a Fellow for upwards of thirty years. Alfred Charles Glyn Egerton, the fourth son of Colonel Sir Alfred Mordaunt Egerton, K.C.V.O., and the Hon. Mary Georgina Ormsby-Gore, eldest daughter of the 2nd Baron Harlech, was born on 11 October 1886 at Glyn Hall in Merioneth.
Charles Thomson Rees Wilson, 1869-1959
Authors: Blackett Patrick Maynard Stuart
Published: December 2006

Charles Thomson Rees Wilson was born on 14 February 1869 at the farmhouse of Crosshouse near Glencorse in the Pentland Hills near Edinburgh. He was the youngest of eight children by the two marriages of his father John Wilson, a very progressive sheep farmer, whose family had farmed in the neighbourhood for generations, and who himself had published papers in the
Journal of the Highland and Agricultural Society
on various experiments in farming. Charles’s mother, Annie Clark Harper, was a second cousin of her husband and came of a Glasgow family, who in the eighteenth century had been prosperous thread makers and muslin manufacturers, as well as burgesses of the city, but whose business had latterly declined. Some of the family attended Glasgow University. The Harpers had literary inclinations: George Harper, Professor of English Literature at Princeton and a distinguished author, was a second cousin of Charles.
Percy George Hamnall Boswell, 1886-1960
Authors: Mitchell George Hoole
Published: December 2006

It was at Woodbridge in East Suffolk, on 7 August 1886 that Percy George Hamnall Boswell was born to George James Boswell Jr. and Mary Elizabeth Boswell, nee Marshall, of Hobart, Tasmania, the daughter of an emigrant Yorkshire farmer. He was the third of four children, of whom an elder brother and sister died young and a younger brother was three years his junior. The family carried on a printing business in Ipswich, which his younger brother entered in due course, and Boswell relates that he was brought up strictly in a Victorian household on English grammar and punctuation, Charles Dickens and the Bible. His grandfather, a Tory of the old school, did the Party printing in a gorgeous ultramarine and was a stalwart of the Pickwick Club. As Boswell was somewhat delicate in health, owing to bronchitis and asthma, he was nearly seven years of age before he entered St Matthew’s Church of England School, whence in 1896 he gained an Ipswich Scholarship to the Higher Grade School at Ipswich, where he remained until 1901. He noted that discipline was very severe, but the teaching very good and to his delight the pupils were ‘soaked in the Bible and Prayer Book English’ and in ‘beautifully phrased collects, psalms and gems of Bible literature, songs and laments’ many of which he remembered, and used, to the end of his life. In 1899 the school moved to new buildings which were excellent, with splendid laboratories. The Headmaster, Pollard Wilkinson, was a scholar and a man of broad views. His son, George, became Boswell’s best friend and the latter much appreciated the access which this brought him to Pollard Wilkinson’s fine library and home. George Wilkinson later became a recognized expert on aero-engines. At school, as an alternative to sport, the boys were taken for country excursions, when they were taught elementary surveying and practical trigonometry; they also visited chalk pits to collect fossils, which they later identified in the Ipswich museum.
John Sebastian Bach Stopford, Baron Stopford of Fallowfield, 1888-1961
Authors: Gros Clark Wilfrid Edward Le , Cooper W. Mansfield
Published: December 2006

Sir John Sebastian Bach Stopford, First Baron Stopford of Fallowfield, of Hindley Green in the County of Lancashire, of the Life Peerage, was born at Hindley Green near Wigan on 25 June 1888 and died at his home in Arnside, Westmorland, on Monday, 6 March 1961. His father was Thomas Rinck Stopford, a colliery engineer, his mother Mary Tyrer Johnson of Bolton. He attended both Liverpool College and the Manchester Grammar School from whence in 1906 he entered the Medical School of Manchester University with which he was to be intimately connected and the future of which he was to do so much to mould. The Medical School was in one of its most exciting and fruitful periods. The clinical staff were strong but were matched by the pre-clinicals. William Stirling taught physiology, whilst during Stopford’s period as a student Grafton Elliot Smith was appointed to the Chair of Anatomy, too late, perhaps, to influence Stopford at the undergraduate level but to be a most potent influence in his post-graduate studies. Stopford’s filial tribute ‘The Manchester Period’ tells much of the School and of the man.* Frederic Wood Jones was Senior Demonstrator in Anatomy but much of the teaching fell into the able hands of Dr T. Wingate Todd. Geoffrey Jefferson, Harry (now Sir Harry) Platt and John Morley had entered the school a year or two before but Stopford had among his earliest students, O. M. Duthie, F. R. Ferguson, P. B. Mumford and R. L. Newell—all of whom were to achieve distinction in the sphere of clinical medicine in his own school and hospital.
John Henry Gaddum, 1900-1965
Authors: Feldberg Wilhelm Siegmund
Published: December 2006

John Henry Gaddum was born on 31 March 1900 in Hale, Cheshire, the eldest child of Henry Edwin Gaddum and Phyllis Mary
née
Barratt. He had three brothers and two sisters. His father was a silk importer whose main energies were devoted to charitable work in Manchester, where he was a Justice of the Peace, and Chairman of many of the leading charitable committees. He got them all together in a house which was later called Gaddum House. Manchester University honoured him by giving him an honorary M.A. About his father, Gaddum wrote: ‘As the eldest I got more help from him than did the rest of the family. He made me fond of riding and natural history, and taught me to use my hands. He constructed a large sundial which was also a summer house, and which told the correct time to within about a minute at all times of the year—making due allowance for the apparent irregularities of the sun at different times of the year. It also told the day of the year. He was fond of sketching and taught me to draw— but not very successfully. He made me fond of long walks in Wales and Switzerland, and of swimming and sailing.’ John Gaddum’s maternal grandfather, Alfred Barratt, was, as Gaddum wrote, a clever man. He went from Rugby to Balliol, Oxford, under Jowett, and there achieved what was then a record in examinations: a double first in Moderations followed by First Class in Classics, Mathematics and Modern History. He wrote two books on philosophy and died young (35). A first cousin of Gaddum’s mother was Sir Samuel Hoare, later Lord Templewood, at one time Foreign Secretary and Ambassador to Spain. Another first cousin of his mother was Dick Acland, who was Bishop of Bombay and by whom he was married. A first cousin of his father, Grace Joynson, married William Hicks, who became Lord Brentford and who was Home Secretary at the time of the General Strike in 1926.
William Wilson, 1875-1965
Authors: Temple George Frederick James , Flint H. T.
Published: December 2006

William Wilson was born on 1 March 1875 at Goody Hills, near the village of Mawbray on the Solway shore in Cumberland, where his father was a farmer. His ancestors on the paternal and maternal sides of the family appear to have been farmers for some generations. His education began in the village school of Holme St Cuthbert where, as he has related, he had a master of outstanding ability, named John Routledge. He has recorded that the books he read at this time directed his interest towards scientific study, and that a book by Nesbit owned by his father on mensuration and land surveying gave him his first taste for geometry. It was, however, evidently his intention to take up a career in agriculture, for after gaining the Longcake scholarship of £40 a year for three years when he was not quite fourteen years of age, he went to the Agricultural College at Aspatria as a weekly boarder. In the college he had his first experience of formal scientific teaching and study, especially in chemistry and surveying together with biology, geology and zoology, and became interested in the application of scientific method and knowledge in agriculture.
William Henry Eccles, 1875 - 1966
Authors: Ratcliffe John Ashworth
Published: December 2006

It was during the active part of Eccles’s working life that ‘wireless’ developed from the first transatlantic experiments of Marconi to the widespread use of commercial radio and public broadcasting. Throughout that time he was in close contact with nearly every aspect of the subject, as research worker, member of advisory committees, president of learned societies, writer of articles and textbooks, and patentee. For many years he was the leading (and almost the only) independent physicist working in the field of radio science, first at the universities and later as a consultant. He came very near to establishing the present-day theory of the Heaviside layer. William Henry Eccles was born near Ulverston, Lancashire, on 23 August 1875. ‘Because of many small illnesses in childhood his early education was largely at home, and as his father had been a pupil of Webb, the locomotive engineer, he learned more about the steam engine and thermodynamics than about the ancient Greece and Rome. Later in his father’s drawing office, he studied graphic statics for structural steelwork and geometrical drawing for the pattern-maker. But metallurgy was his real love, so for a time he worked for a chemist, mainly in the wholesale room devising machines for filling and sealing bottles in quantity’
Howard Walter Florey, Baron Florey of Adelaide and Marston, 1898-1968
Authors: Abraham Edward Penley
Published: December 2006

Howard Walter Florey, who died suddenly in Oxford on 21 February 1968 was the fiftieth President of the Royal Society and the tenth representative of medicine in this office. At a dinner given for him in Oxford in 1966 he remarked that he had never expected to be President. He took up the position with diffidence. But his Presidency turned out to be an eventful one in which things were done that had scarcely seemed possible before. Early life in Australia Florey was born in Adelaide on 24 September 1898. His father, Joseph Florey had gone to Australia from England in the 1880s with a tuberculous wife and two small daughters and had become a prosperous boot and shoe manufacturer. After his wife’s death Joseph Florey married Bertha Mary Wadham, a second generation Australian, and they had two daughters and a son. Howard Walter was the youngest member of the family and was brought up in pleasant surroundings with his two sisters, one of whom afterwards did medicine, and two half-sisters. Looking back many years later he could recollect no serious worries or frustrations as a young boy and nothing in his environment appears to have clouded his early life. From 1908 to 1910 he was at Kyre College. In 1911 he was sent to St Peter s Collegiate School, Adelaide, which he remembered as a good school where the curriculum was not specialized or hampering and which undoubtedly had a formative influence on his character. There he became known as Floss In 1913, or thereabouts, his father suffered financial misfortune and the knowledge that he would need to rely more on his own resources may well have coloured his attitude to life.
William Kershaw Slater, 1893-1970
Authors: Kay Herbert Davenport
Published: December 2006

William Kershaw Slater was born on 19 October 1893, the only child of James Slater (1859-1922) and Mary Ann Kershaw (1861-1924). His father belonged to the older generation of Lancashire cotton manufacturers who knew the industry from A to Z—a highly skilled technologist with great business ability who retired as managing director of a large company with directorships in several others. His mother, who came of a Yorkshire farming family, never lost her interest in, and love of, the land. His grandfather on his mother’s side was a man of many interests; he was a keen amateur botanist and a founder member of the second Cooperative Society to be formed in England, remaining a member of its Board for many years. As a child, Slater suffered rather severely from asthma and was at first unable to attend school. Eventually, at his doctor’s recommendation, he was sent to Bournemouth to live in the house of the proprietor of a small private school. The curriculum of this school was limited but unusual and included, along with English and arithmetic, astronomy, natural history and book-keeping. In the evening the schoolmaster’s family and resident pupils read for two or three hours; for the young Slater the reading began with boys’ stories and graduated to Dickens, Scott and the Victorian essayists. About the age of 14 his health improved quite markedly and he returned to live at his home in the small Lancashire town of Shaw. The boy was now sufficiently recovered to be able to attend Hulme Grammar School (Oldham). His uncle William Kershaw, Director of Education for Oldham, was one of the main influences in Slater’s early reading. He helped him to build up a small library of his own, mainly of the English classics in the Everyman’s edition.
Thomas Smith, 1883-1969
Authors: Habell K. J.
Published: December 2006

Thomas Smith, former Superintendent of Light Division, National Physical Laboratory, died on 28 November 1969 at his home at Buxhall, Prospect Road, Heathfield, Sussex, at the age of 86. For many years, from 1908, he served on the Council and as Secretary of the old Optical Society, of which he was President in the period 1925-1927. He also had a long record of service with the Physical Society, on the Council from 1917 almost continuously to 1938, Vice-President 1922-1925 and 1932-1936, and President 1936-1938. He had also been a member of the Board of the Institute of Physics, and was the first President of the International Commission for Optics, 1947-1950. T. Smith was born at Leamington, Warwickshire, in 1883, and was educated at Warwick School, under the Rev. R. Percival Brown, and at Queen’s College, Cambridge, where he was 14th Wrangler in the Mathematical Tripos in 1905, and took the Mechanical Sciences Tripos in 1906. At first he followed his father’s profession, and taught mathematics, physics, drawing and engineering at Oundle School; one year was sufficient to convince him (and the Headmaster) that teaching was not for him, and in 1907 he joined the National Physical Laboratory as an Assistant in the Department of Electricity to work on optics and tide prediction. In 1909 he was given charge of the Optics Division, and when in 1940 the Light Division was formed he was its first Superintendent. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1932. He retired from the Laboratory in 1948, and for some time afterwards acted as a consultant for the Royal Society. He was elected an honorary member of the Optical Society of America after his retirement.
Richard Whiddington, 1885-1970
Authors: Feather Norman
Published: December 2006

Richard Whiddington was born in London on 25 November 1885. His father, also Richard, was a Londoner before him. His mother was born Ada Ann Fitzgerald at Swords, near Dublin. Both father and mother were schoolteachers. Miss Fitzgerald, as she then was, had come to London, in her teens, with her elder sister Eva, and had been appointed headmistress of a girls’ school in the Mornington Crescent district at the age of nineteen. Richard was the only son of the marriage; there were two daughters. At the age of six, Richard Whiddington was sent to the William Ellis School at Highgate. There he stayed until he had passed the examination for the London Intermediate B.Sc. and competed successfully in the Open Scholarship examination at St John’s College, Cambridge. He entered that college as a freshman in October 1905, significantly older than the majority of his contemporaries. Within three years, however, he had secured Firsts in both parts of the Natural Sciences Tripos and had completed his London (external) B.Sc. In his final year alone he had been awarded three undergraduate prizes by his college. His First in Part II of the Tripos had been in physics, but to begin with he had been more actively interested in biology. He had taken botany and geology along with physics and chemistry in Part I. Furthermore, he had found time for some extra-curricular research in the biological field during those years. In his second year, drawing inspiration from the work of Bateson & Punnett, he had embarked on certain Mendelian experiments with rats. In due course he had a colony of upwards of forty descendants of an albino white and a river rat established in his college rooms. The college authorities, when they became aware of the situation, very naturally regarded the outcome of this adventure of the enquiring mind as unconducive to good order and discipline, and the experiment had to be abandoned.
Hayne Constant, 1904-1968
Authors: Hawthorne William Rede , Cohen H. , Howell A. R.
Published: December 2006

The significant contribution to engineering science made by Hayne Constant, especially in the field of aircraft propulsion, was foreshadowed by his boyhood interest in invention and technology. Born at Gravesend, Kent, on 26 September 1904, he was the second son of a family of six children and his early childhood was spent at Folkestone where his father was a dental surgeon. From the age of eleven he was educated at various schools, first at King’s College Choir School, Cambridge, then King’s School, Canterbury, the Technical Institute, Folkestone, and Sir Roger Manwood’s School, Sandwich. In his Higher School Examinations he obtained distinctions in mathematics and physics and was awarded a State Scholarship. He went up to Cambridge when 20 years old in October 1924, having obtained an Open Exhibition at Queens’ College, and pursued a course commonly taken by the more gifted students, in that he first of all took Part I of the Mathematical Tripos and then proceeded to take the Mechanical Sciences Tripos in the following two years. His thoroughness and enthusiasm, reflected especially in his meticulous notes, resulted in First Class Honours and he was made a Scholar of his College. He took little if any part in College sporting activities but was a keen walker and took his exercise in this way around the byways of the Cambridgeshire fens, no doubt deep in thought about his current academic problems—a characteristic which revealed itself in his later life as he was well known for much pacing up and down of his office as he considered the problems of gas turbine development which occupied the major part of his active career. After taking his degree, Constant stayed at Cambridge for a post-graduate year 1927-28 which he used to do research on the torsional vibration of crankshafts for a Panel of the Engine Sub-Committee of the Aeronautical Research Committee. The results of this work were published in R. & M. 1201 (October 1928) under the title ‘On the stiffness of crankshafts’.