52 Memory Learning Curve and in vivo Brain Pathology in Non-Demented Individuals with Autosomal Dominant Alzheimer’s Disease: Findings from the Colombia-Boston Biomarker Study
Authors: Yucebas Defne , Aduen Paula , Baena Ana , Lopera Francisco , Cronin-Golomb Alice , Quiroz Yakeel T 
Published: December 2023

Objective:

Associative memory is impacted early in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Poorer performance on associative memory tests has been related to greater amyloid and regional tau burden in preclinical AD. Our group previously examined the association of brain pathology and performance on the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test (FCSRT) in Autosomal Dominant Alzheimer’s Disease (ADAD), finding that associative memory summary scores distinguished non-demented mutation carriers from non-carriers several years before clinical onset of cognitive impairment. In the current study, we examined whether FCSRT learning slopes were associated with brain pathology in a sample of ADAD carriers and non-carriers.

Participants and Methods:

There were 119 participants including 57 non-demented carriers of the Colombian kindred with the Presenilin1 E280A mutation and 62 non-carrier family members (mean age= 36.3, 60% female). Participants were administered the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), a measure of global cognitive status, and the FCSRT, which consists of three trials in which participants are asked to freely recall the same list of 16 items. It is a well-established measure known to be sensitive to early changes in AD. A subsample of 69 participants (32 carriers and 37 non-carriers) underwent positron emission tomography (PET) to measure in vivo cortical amyloid-beta (Pittsburgh compound B, PiB), and regional tau (Flortaucipir, FTP) burden in entorhinal and precuneus regions, which are among the earliest sites of tau accumulation in this ADAD population. Mann Whitney U tests, Spearman correlations, and chi-square tests were used to examine group differences and relations among variables of interest. Learning slope was calculated by subtracting the number of items freely recalled in FCSRT Trial 1 from the number of items freely recalled in Trial 3.

Results:

Compared to non-carriers, carriers had greater cortical amyloid-ß and regional tau burden, lower MMSE scores (mean [SD]: carriers= 27.5 [2.7]; non-carriers= 28.8 [1.0]), and lower scores on total immediate/ delayed free/ cued recall scores on the FCSRT (all p<.01). The groups did not differ on age, sex, or education level (all p> 0.05). In the whole sample and in carriers only, we found that higher MMSE scores were associated with higher learning slope, meaning faster learning (whole group p= 0.25, p= 0.006; carriers p= 0.30, p=0.029). In the whole sample, we found that lower learning slope was associated with higher levels of amyloid (p=-.34, p=.006) and tau in the left, right, and bilateral precuneus region (p=-.43, p<.001; p=-.46, p<.001; p=-.45, p<.001). In carriers only, lower learning slope was associated with higher tau burden in the left, right, and bilateral precuneus specifically (p=-.43, p=.017; p=-.48, p=.008; p=-.46, p=.010, respectively). No significant associations were found in non-carriers.

Conclusions:

These findings suggest that learning curves on an associative memory test may be sensitive to preclinical pathological changes in AD, specifically within the precuneus, a brain region known to be involved in cue reactivity, episodic memory retrieval, and mental imagery strategies. Future studies with larger samples are warranted to further examine associations between the FCSRT learning curves and regional tau accumulation in individuals with ADAD.