bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Variation of Cl and SO3 Contents of Microphenocrystic Apatite in Intermediate to Silicic Igneous Rocks of Cenozoic Japanese Island Arcs: Implications for Porphyry Cu Metallogenesis in the Western Pacific Island Arcs
Authors: Imai Akira
Published: November 2008

Abstract. Determinations of SO3 and Cl contents of igneous accessory apatite were carried out on Late Cenozoic intermediate to silicic intrusive and volcanic rocks in the Japanese island arcs of the western Pacific rim including the southwestern Kuril arc (eastern Hokkaido), Northeast Japan arc (southwestern Hokkaido through northeastern Honshu to central Honshu), Izu‐Bonin arc, Kyushu‐Palau ridge, Southwest Japan arc (northern Kyushu) and northern Ryukyu arc (southern Kyushu). These were compared to those from the Western Luzon arc, Philippines, to better understand the metallogenesis of porphyry Cu deposits in the western Pacific island arcs. In addition, SO3 and Cl contents of accessory apatite in the Cretaceous magnetite‐series granitic rocks in the Kitakami belt (northeastern Honshu) and the Miocene ilmenite‐series granitic rocks in the Outer Zone of Southwest Japan (southern Kyushu) were also examined.

Microphenocrystic apatites in shallow intrusions associated with porphyry Cu deposits in the Western Luzon arc contain >0.1 wt% S as SO3. Such high SO3 contents of microphenocrystic apatite are a common characteristic of hydrous mag‐matism in the Western Luzon arc, from 15 Ma old tonalitic plutonic rocks of the Luzon Central Cordillera to present‐day volcanism at Mount Pinatubo. The accessory apatite in intrusive rocks associated with porphyry Cu deposits, especially those at the Santo Tomas II deposit, show significantly high Cl contents (>2 wt%).

The SO3 contents of microphenocrystic apatite in most of the hydrous silicic rocks along the volcanic front, in andesites related to native sulfur deposits, and in Miocene and younger shallow granitic intrusions in northeastern Honshu, are generally <0.1 wt%. On the other hand, the SO3 contents of apatite in such rocks from eastern Hokkaido, southwestern Hokkaido, Izu, northern Kyushu and southern Kyushu are similar to those from the Western Luzon arc. The SO3 contents of accessory apatite in the Cretaceous magnetite‐series granitic rocks in the Kitakami belt are variable, whereas those of the Miocene ilmenite‐series granitic rocks in southern Kyushu are extremely low. The Cl contents of accessory apatite in some rocks of the Northeast Japan arc, Izu‐Bonin arc and Southwest Japan arc are significantly high.

In terms of the Cl and SO3 contents of microphenocrystic apatite, Cenozoic Japanese arc magmatism show similarities with arc magmatism associated elsewhere with porphyry Cu mineralization, except for the most of northeastern Honshu of the Northeast Japan arc. Apatite commonly occurs as inclusions in other phenocrystic phases. Thus the variation in SO3 contents of apatite is a feature of early stage magmatic differentiation. The SO3 contents of microphenocrystic apatite are considered to reflect the redox state of the magma source region or fluids encountered during magma generation.
Volcanic Sequences Related to Kuroko Mineralization in the Hokuroku District, Northeast Japan
Authors: Yamada Ryoichi , Yoshida Takeyoshi
Published: November 2008

Abstract. Kuroko deposits are a representative volcanic‐hosted massive sulfide deposit and the Hokuroku district is economically the most important Kuroko containing province in Japan. There are two cycles of the bimodal volcanic sequence in the Hokuroku district. The pre‐ore volcanism started with basaltic activity and was followed by intensive felsic hyaloclas‐tic activity under bathyal conditions. The post‐ore sequence also began with basaltic activity intercalated with mudstone and was followed by alternating beds of pumice tuff with several lava flows and mudstone. Kuroko deposits are situated in the final period of the pre‐ore felsic volcanic sequence of the first bimodal volcanic cycle.

Based on a detailed investigation of existing age data, it was concluded that the felsic volcanic sequences in the pre‐and post‐Kuroko formation can be divided into a pre‐ore dacite group (16–13.5 Ma), a D2 dacite group (lower unit of the post‐ore volcanic sequence, 12.7±0.6∼ ll Ma) and a Dl dacite group (upper unit of the post‐ore sequence including quartz‐porphyry and granitoid, 11sim;10 Ma) in ascending order. Field and microscopic observations show that the pre‐ore dacite is characterized by aphyric to plagioclase‐phyric lava and the post‐ore dacitic rocks are characterized by quartz‐plagioclase‐phyric aphanitic lava and dome. These three dacite groups are petrochemically discriminated by SiO2‐Al2O3 and CaO‐TiO2 diagrams, excluding altered specimens. The distribution of the normative compositions on the Q‐An‐Ab‐Or diagram suggests that the pre‐ore dacites trend on the 5 kb cotectic line (equilibrated to 10—15 km deep) and those of the post‐ore trend along the 1 kb line (a few km deep). The secular variation of the major elements indicates that the rhyolitic members genetically related to the Kuroko formation could be the most differentiated products in the pre‐ore felsic volcanism.

The distribution of Nb against SiO2 content in the pre‐ and post‐ore bimodal volcanic cycles indicates that these two volcanisms could have been generated by different magmatic origins. The difference would have been caused by the tectonic conversion from a back‐arc to an island‐arc setting.
Trace Fossils and Sulfur Isotopes in Mudstones around the Kuroko Deposits in the Hokuroku Basin, Northeast Japan: An Attempt to Delineate the Depositional Environment
Authors: Komuro Kosei , Kubota Hiroshi , Sato Tokiyuki , Kajiwara Yoshimichi , Tanimura Shojiro
Published: November 2008

Abstract. A comprehensive investigation was carried out on the distribution of both trace fossils and sulfur isotopes in mud‐stones in the Hokuroku district, northeast Japan, in the hope of delineating the depositional environment of the mudstones in which the Kuroko deposits are embedded. The mudstones are generally massive in structure and usually contain large trace fossils, being indicative of an aerobic biofacies. On the other hand, some mudstones in and above the Kuroko ore horizon are partly laminated and usually contain smaller trace fossils, being assignable to an anaerobic or dysaerobic biofacies. The δ34S values of sulfides in the mudstones above and below the ore horizon range from ‐40 to ‐12 %o, indicating mostly oxic depositional conditions in equilibrium with the inferred aerobic biofacies. In the mudstones in the ore horizon, the δ34S values exhibit regionally discriminated variations: ‐44 to ‐12 %o in areas far (>1 km) from the known Kuroko deposits and ‐24 to +6 %o in areas closer to them. The latter high δ34S group implies the temporal occurrence of local anoxic basins in the vicinity of the known Kuroko deposits. At the time of late Nishikurosawa Stage (i.e. the currently assumed Kuroko metallogenic epoch), an intense oceanic stagnation is suggested to have taken place to form the local anoxic basins responsible for the formation and preservation of Kuroko deposits. This oceanic environmental event is considered to be most likely due to increasing biological productivity primarily triggered and enhanced by upwelling of NADW in the paleo‐Sea of Japan at that time.
Statistical Features of Vein Systems in the Hishikari Epithermal Gold Deposit, Japan
Authors: Sasaki Munetake
Published: November 2008

Abstract. The Hishikari epithermal gold deposit consists of parallel vertical veins hosted by the Quaternary volcanic rocks (QVR) and Cretaceous sedimentary rocks (CSR) at the shallow and deep levels, respectively. In order to reveal the litholog‐ical influence on the evolution of vein systems in the Hishikari field, vein density, width, spacing and position were statistically examined using cores sampled from three boreholes.

The statistical features of the veins identified were summarized as follows, (i) The QVR have lower mean vein densities than the CSR. (ii) The former has smaller deformation degrees (ratios of total vein width per length) than the latter, (iii) Cumulative frequencies of vein density obey negative‐exponential distributions in both the types of rocks, (iv) Cumulative frequencies of vein width obey power‐law distributions with exponents of about ‐1 in both the types of rocks, but consist of two segments in the CSR. (v) Cumulative frequencies of vein spacing obey lognormal distributions with coefficients of variation between 1.8 and 3.5 in both the types of rocks. And (vi) fractal dimensions of vein position are between 0.45 and 0.52 at measure lengths between 0.1 and 10 m without distinctive difference between the two types of rocks.

The feature (i) indicates higher ductility of the QVR against fracturing than the CSR. The feature (ii) implies that large deformation was accumulated in rocks themselves (e.g., alteration zones) in addition to the veins examined in the QVR compared to only the veins in the CSR. The feature (iv) suggests that the vein systems in the CSR reached a stage at which the several selected large veins grew as main conduit, that potentially provided pathways for ore‐forming fluids to ascend from deep levels. The coefficients of variation of vein spacing and fractal dimensions of vein position (features v and vi) indicate clustered distribution of the veins in the field.

This study might be helpful for a better understanding of lithological influence on the evolution of vein systems not only in the Hishikari field but also in other fields.
Sulfur Isotope Study on Hg and Sb Deposits in Japan
Authors: Imai Akira , Shikazono Naotatsu , Shimizu Masaaki , Shimazaki Hidehiko
Published: November 2008

Abstract. Sulfur isotope ratios of cinnabar from Hg deposits and stibnite, jamesonite and berthierite from Sb deposits in Japan are examined in order to understand metallogeneses of Hg and Sb deposits in Japanese island arcs. The studied Hg and Sb deposits include the Hg deposit at Yamato‐suigin (Honshu) and the Sb deposit at Ichinokawa (Shikoku) in the Southwest Japan arc. In addition, Hg deposits including Itomuka and Ryushoden in central Hokkaido and Hg and Sb mineralizations in Northeast Japan arc are examined.

The δ34S values of cinnabar from the Hidaka‐Kitami district, central Hokkaido, including the Itomuka and Ryushoden deposits range widely, from ‐10 to +16 %o, the highest values encountered at the Samani deposit. The δ34S values of cinnabar from other areas in Japan range from ‐12 to +5 %o, having δ34S values higher than +2 %o from southwestern Hokkaido (Meiji deposit), Shikoku (Suii deposit) and Kyushu (Hasami and Yamagano deposits). On the other hand, the δ34S values of stibnite from all areas in Japan range from ‐14 to +5 %o, having positive δ34S values higher than +2 %o up to +5 %o from southwestern Hokkaido (Yakumo, Toyotomi and Teine deposits) and eastern‐central Honshu (Hachiman and Daikoku deposits).

The variation in δ34S values of Hg and Sb deposits may reflect the variation in δ34S values of country rocks or variation in mixing ratio of sulfur extracted from the country rocks, sulfur derived from seawater sulfate, and sulfur derived from magmatic emanations. The relatively high δ34S values of cinnabar and stibnite higher than +2 %o from southwestern Hokkaido, eastern‐central Honshu and Kyushu are probably caused by contribution of volcanic emanation from arc magmas having positive σδ34S values, whereas the positive δ34S values of cinnabar higher than +2 %o from Suii deposit in Shikoku may be attributed to structurally substituted sulfate in limestone country rocks and/or sulfur derived from seawater sulfate. However, the wide range of the δ34S values of cinnabar from the Hidaka‐Kitami district, central Hokkaido, is difficult to explain at this moment. Other relatively low, negative δ34S values of cinnabar and stibnite, berthierite from other areas in Japan may be attributed to 1) incorporation of isotopically light sedimentary sulfur or sulfur derived from ilmenite‐series silicic magma, or 2) less contribution of volcanic emanation from arc magmas having positive σδ34S values.
Differential Alteration of Ilmenite in a Tropical Beach Placer, Southern India: Microscopic and Electron Probe Evidences
Authors: Nair Ajith G. , Babu D. S. Suresh , L.Vivekanandan K. , Vlach Silvio R. F.
Published: November 2008

Abstract.The study based on microscopic and microprobe techniques reveals that ilmenite of Manavalakurichi deposit has generally reached the alteration phase of ‘leached ilmenite’. The XRD and bulk chemical analysis confirm the limited alteration undergone by ilmenite grains. Ilmenite alteration has been found to be a process of continuous leaching of iron from the mineral lattice and hydroxylisation. The enrichment of trace elements with progressive alteration is discussed. Si and Al are enriched by more than 100 fold. The prevalence of reducing environment at present in the deposit indicates that the oxidation of ferrous iron leading to pseudorutile formation would have occurred during transportation of sediments.
Genetic Environment of the Intrusion‐related Yuryang Au‐Te Deposit in the Cheonan Metallogenic Province, Korea
Authors: Pak Sang Joon , Choi Seon‐Gyu , Oh Chang‐Whan , Heo Chul‐Ho , Choi Sang‐Hoon , Kim Sung‐Won
Published: November 2008

Abstract. The Yuryang gold deposit, comprising a Te‐bearing Au‐Ag vein mineralization, is located in the Cheonan area of the Republic of Korea. The deposit is hosted in Precambrian gneiss and closely related to pegmatite. The mineralized veins display massive quartz textures, with weak alteration adjacent to the veins. The ore mineralization is simple, with a low Ag/Au ratio of 1.5:1, due to the paucity of Ag‐phases. Ore mineralization took place in two different mineral assemblages with paragenetic time; early Fe‐sulfide mineralization and late Fe‐sulfide and Au‐Te mineralization. The early Fe‐sulfide mineralization (pyrite + sphalerite) occurred typically along the vein margins, and the subsequent Au‐Te mineralization is characterized by fracture fillings of galena, sphalerite, pyrrhotite, Te‐bearing minerals (petzite, altaite, hessite and Bi‐Te mineral) and electrum.

Fluid inclusions characteristically contain CO2 and can be classified into four types (Ia, Ib, IIa and IIb) according to the phase behavior. The pressure corrected temperatures (≥500d̀C) indicate that the deposit was formed at a distinctively high temperature from fluids with moderate to low salinity (<12 wt% equiv. NaCl) and CH4 (1˜22 mole %). The sphalerite geo‐barometry yield an estimated pressure about 3.5 ˜2.1 kbar. The dominant ore‐deposition mechanisms were CO2 effervescence and concomitant H2S volatilization, which triggered sulfidation and gold mineralization. The measured and calculated isotopic compositions of fluids (δ18OH2O = 10.3 to 12.4 %o; δDH2O = ‐52 to ‐77 %o) may indicate that the gold deposition originated from S‐type magmatic waters.

The physicochemical conditions observed in the Yuryang gold deposit indicate that the Jurassic gold deposits in the Cheonan area, including the Yuryang gold deposit are compatible with deposition of the intrusion‐related Au‐Te veins from deeply sourced fluids generated by the late Jurassic Daebo magmatism.
Hydrothermal Alteration of Oman Ophiolite Extrusives in Ghuzayn Area
Authors: A'Shaikh Durair , Matsueda Hiroharu , Mizuta Toshio , Miyashita Sumio
Published: November 2008

Abstract. The hydrothermal alteration in Ghuzayn Volcanics was associated with mineralization and accumulation of three massive sulfide deposits. The Ghuzayn Volcanics were discriminated into basaltic and andesitic lavas. The crossplots of Zr versus Nb, Y, Hf, La and Lu show that they fall in the same linear fractionation trends with more evolved affinities in the andesitic lavas compared to the less evolved affinities in the basaltic lavas. The immobile trace element contents of the Ghuzayn Volcanics show that they are of oceanic to continental tholeiitic affinity which fall in the fields of back‐arc basin basalt, N‐MORB and island arc tholeiite all meet and match with the field of the Lau‐Tonga back‐arc basin lavas.

The ore‐body No. 2 is underlain by a zone of intense argillization and silicification which are so‐called alteration pipe as in some of the Cyprus‐type massive sulfide deposits. The alteration in the proximity of the ore‐body No. 2 is characterized by a zone of epidotization and slight silicification and sulfide disseminations, and surrounded by another zone of slight silicification and sulfide dissemination in the outermost rim around the ore‐body No. 2. The alteration zones in the proximity of the ore‐body No. 2 were divided into Zones I and II based on the abundance of the secondary minerals in the altered basaltic lavas. The Zone I is located in the most northern upper part of the ore‐body No. 2 and characterized by corrensite, saponite and prehnite. However, the Zone II is located in the southern part of the ore‐body No. 2 and characterized by chlorite and epidote. Both alteration zones were formed by different alteration stages. Stage 1 was formed by non to partly reacted fluids, to crystallize Mg‐chlorite and albite at temperatures ranging from 150 to 250d̀C. Further, these fluids evolved with time and became Mg‐depleted, Si‐ and metal‐enriched to crystallize Fe2+‐chlorite, epidote, quartz and sulfides at temperatures ranging from 250 to 350d̀C in stage 2. Later, these fluids were evolved again to be Mg‐ and Ca‐enriched in stage 3 to crystallize prehnite, laumontite, corrensite and saponite at temperatures ranging from 150 to 220d̀C. Late zeolite and calcite have overgrown the previously crystallized phases and crosscutting veins along the altered basaltic lavas in stage 4. Finally, the lavas were cracked and refractured to facilitate penetration of seawater into deeper parts to heat up again and re‐leach the silica and metals in a new mineralizing event.
On Average Predictive Comparisons and Interactions
Authors: Liu Juxin , Gustafson Paul
Published: November 2008

In a regression context, consider the difference in expected outcome associated with a particular difference in one of the input variables. If the true regression relationship involves interactions, then this predictive comparison can depend on the values of the other input variables. Therefore, one may wish to consider an average predictive comparison as a target of inference, where the averaging is with respect to the population distribution of the input variables. We consider inferences about such targets, with emphasis on inferential performance when the regression model is misspecified. Particularly, in light of the difficulties in dealing with interaction terms in regression models, we examine inferences about average predictive comparisons when additive models are fitted to relationships truly involving pairwise interaction terms. We identify some circumstances where such inferences are consistent despite the model misspecification, notably when the input variables are independent, or have a multivariate normal distribution.
Neuste Entwicklungen bei der Deckung durch die soziale Sicherheit in Brasilien
Authors: Ansiliero Graziela , Paiva Luís Henrique
Published: November 2008

Auszug  Der vorliegende Artikel beschreibt und bewertet Indikatoren für die Deckung durch die soziale Sicherheit in Brasilien im Zeitraum 1992 bis 2006 für erwerbstätige Arbeitnehmer und ältere Menschen. Während die Deckung der pensionierten Arbeitnehmer in den letzten Jahren einen gewissen Grad an Stabilität aufwies, kam es bei den Erwerbstätigen im gleichen Zeitraum zu signifikanten Änderungen mit Anzeichen für eine deutliche Verschlechterung zwischen 1992 und 2002, und einer anschließenden Erholung. Diese Verschlechterung ist vor allem der geringeren Zahl Selbstständiger in der Landwirtschaft in ländlichen Gegenden (Spezialversicherte, Arbeitnehmer in besonderen Systemen der sozialen Sicherheit) zuzuschreiben. Die Wirtschaftserholung und eine Zunahme neu gemeldeter Stellen erklären weitgehend die Verbesserungen bei der Deckung zwischen 2003 und 2006. Auch administrative und institutionelle Faktoren spielten eine relevante Rolle, insbesondere durch die Förderung des Einbezugs von Hausangestellten und Selbstständigen als Beitragszahler für die soziale Sicherheit.
Entfernt verwandt: Familienleistungen im Vereinigten Königreich und in Australien
Authors: Hodgson Helen , Boden Rebecca
Published: November 2008

Auszug  Jüngste Tendenzen bei Steuertransfers haben ein zunehmendes Ineinandergreifen von Steuersystemen und Wohlfahrtssystemen bei der Entscheidung über Zugang zu Unterstützungsleistungen und über deren Höhe gezeigt, insbesondere bei erwerbsabhängigen Unterstützungsleistungen wie zum Beispiel Familienförderung. das Vereinigte Königreich und Australien haben Verfahren zur Unterstützung der Familien eingeführt, die scheinbar ähnlich funktionieren; bei genauerem Hinsehen sind jedoch Unterschiede in der zugrunde liegenden Politik der beiden Länder zu erkennen. Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht zunächst die institutionellen und politischen Grundlagen für die Gestaltung des Transfersystems der Familiensteuern in den beiden Ländern und an zweiter Stelle die Fragen, die sich aus der gleichzeitigen Anwendung von steuerlichen Grundsätzen und Grundsätzen sozialer Sicherheit bei der Gestaltung erwerbsabhängiger Unterstützungsleistungen ergeben.
Consumers' taste for rarity drives sturgeons to extinction
Authors: Gault Agnès , Meinard Yves , Courchamp Franck
Published: November 2008

The international market for luxury goods puts pressure on many wildlife species, with potentially irreversible consequences for many of them. Although classical economic theory suggests that trade alone would not drive a rare species to extinction, in practice numerous species are being threatened by overexploitation. This is for example the case for sturgeons, exploited for their caviar, of which all 27 species are threatened with extinction. We performed a caviar‐tasting experiment, combined with a modeling approach merging ecological theory and psychosociology. This allowed us to demonstrate that the human predisposition to place exaggerated value on rarity drives sturgeons’ overexploitation, despite caviar's ever‐increasing price and the imminent loss of these species. These findings suggest that this mechanism probably drives the entire market for wildlife based luxury goods.
Expression of angiotensin II receptor type 1 and 2 in ovarian epithelial tumors
Authors: Hwang Sung Ho , Noh Sang Jae , Kwak Hyong Jong , Kim Kyung Ryoul , Park Ho Sung , Moon Woo Sung , Chung Myoung Ja , Kwon Keun Sang , Kim Kwan Sik , Jang Kyu Yun
Published: November 2008

Background and aims:Recently, activation of the local renin‐angiotensin system via angiotensin II type 1 and 2 receptor (AT1R and AT2R) was shown under neoplastic conditions in certain tumor tissues. We aimed to evaluate the expression of AT1R and AT2R in ovarian epithelial tumors and its correlation with other clinicopathologic parameters including patient survival.Methods:Immunohistochemical staining for AT1R and AT2R were performed by using tissue microarray in 40 benign epithelial tumors (20 serous adenomas and 20 mucinous adenomas), 36 borderline tumors (11 serous tumors and 25 mucinous tumors), and 90 malignant tumors (64 serous carcinomas, 19 mucinous carcinomas, 5 endometrioid carcinomas, and 2 clear cell carcinomas). Additionally, immunostaining for Ki‐67 was performed in 90 malignant epithelial tumors.Results:The expression of AT1R and AT2R were significantly correlated with malignant potential of tumors (P< 0.001 andP< 0.001, respectively) and histological grade of malignant tumors (P< 0.001 andP= 0.001, respectively). However, there was no prognostic significance of AT1R and AT2R in ovarian carcinomas.Conclusion:Although the exact roles of angiotensin II receptor in the development of ovarian epithelial tumor is not clear, this study suggests that both AT1R and AT2R may involved in development and progression of ovarian epithelial tumors.
Allogeneic blood components
Authors: CARDIGAN REBECCA , MACLENNAN SHEILA
Published: November 2008

There are no absolute recognized clinical indications for the transfusion of whole blood, and therefore blood is separated into its components (red cells, platelets and plasma) prior to transfusion. Blood components can be either produced from whole‐blood donations or collected directly from the donor by apheresis technology. In many countries, blood components are depleted of leukocytes prior to storage. There are several potential benefits of leukocyte depletion including reduced immune complications and transfusion transmission of some cell‐associated viruses [e.g. cytomegalovirus (CMV)]; however, in the UK a perceived benefit in terms of reducing the risk of transmission of variant Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease (vCJD) was a key factor in recommending its implementation. In the developed world, the risk of blood components transmitting infection is low because of stringent donor selection and testing criteria. These risks can be reduced further by the use of pathogen inactivation systems. Systems are now licensed and in use in some European countries for pathogen inactivation of plasma and platelet components; systems for red cells are not yet available. Recently, filters designed to remove prion protein from red cells have been developed with the aim of reducing the risk of transmission of vCJD by blood, and these are under assessment in the UK. As yet, there are no filters available to remove prion protein from plasma, platelets or whole blood.
Predicting the dynamic properties of glyben using a modular neural network (MNN)
Authors: Turan Alper , Hinchberger Sean D. , El Naggar M. Hesham
Published: November 2008

Glyben is an artificial soil comprised of bentonite and glycerin that is used in scaled physical model testing. The dynamic properties of glyben are strongly influenced by the percent glycerin by mass in the artificial soil, temperature, time after mixing, shear strain amplitude, excitation frequency, and confining stress. This paper describes the development and testing of a modular neural network (MNN) that is suitable for predicting the dynamic properties of glyben. The MNN architecture comprises an input layer, two expert modules (neural networks) linked by a gating network, and an output layer. The MNN is trained using 124 datasets obtained from the literature and tested as part of the current study to evaluate its accuracy. It is shown that the developed MNN can adequately predict the dynamic properties of glyben.
Assessment of alternative protection layers for a geomembrane – geosynthetic clay liner (GM–GCL) composite liner
Authors: Dickinson S. , Brachman R. W.I.
Published: November 2008

A protection layer is required above geomembrane (GM) – geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) landfill liners to limit physical damage (GM strains and GCL thinning) from an overlying granular drainage layer. A 150 mm thick layer of sand has been found to provide excellent protection at a vertical pressure of 250 kPa. However, the use of sand may not be practical in many cases. Experimental results are presented where the effectiveness of alternate protection systems above one particular GM–GCL liner were examined with 50 mm coarse gravel at an applied vertical pressure of 250 kPa. A 150 mm thick layer of compacted clay and a 150 mm thick layer of rubber tire shreds with a nonwoven needle-punched geotextile (570 g/m2) were found to limit the geomembrane strains and GCL extrusion to acceptable levels. Layered geotextiles performed much better than single layers of geotextiles. A layered geocomposite, with a thick nonwoven needle-punched geotextile in the middle to provide cushioning and stiffer woven geotextiles on the top and bottom to carry tensile force, was able to limit the short term strain to less than 3%, but it was not able to prevent local thinning of the GCL because of the deformation required to mobilize force in the geotextiles.
A volume–stress model for sands under isotropic and critical stress states
Authors: Sheng Daichao , Yao Yangping , Carter John P.
Published: November 2008

A simple volume–stress model for granular soils under isotropic and critical stress states is presented. The model is formulated in the double logarithmic space of void ratio versus mean stress. It has the same number of parameters as used in the Cam Clay models to describe isotropic compression, with one additional parameter to define the critical state curve. The model can qualitatively describe a number of unique features of sand behaviour. Comparison with experimental data indicates that the model is able to predict well the volume change of a range of different sands subjected to isotropic and triaxial compression.
THE STRATEGY FOR PROMOTED EQUIPMENT ABILITY OF REGIONAL EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY
Authors: DAI YUANSHU , LI GUOLONG , LIU FEI , CHEN MINGREN
Published: November 2008

This paper presents the actuality and the major problems of self-equipment that existed in the equipment manufacturing industry in Chongqing area. Based on the analysis and diagnosis, some strategies are put forward to promote equipment ability in regional equipment manufacturing industry including comprehensive digital-based technique, information-based technique, modern management technique, and system optimization technique etc. The promoting project includes "eight items" and "a technique support platform". By applying the case of the digital transformation of industry equipment and equipment talent training pushed by the Chongqing government, the significance of implementing 'promoting strategy' and the role of developing the regional economy are elaborated.
A STUDY OF THE STRATEGY FOR LOGISTICS COST CONTROL IN SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED STEEL ENTERPRISES
Authors: GAO QINGXUAN , YI SHUPING , ZHOU MINGXI , ZHANG YU
Published: November 2008

Based on the analysis of logistics in small and medium-sized iron and steel enterprises and the current state of enterprise logistics network, this paper proposes a logistics center strategy that applies supply chain management and JIT thinking to enterprises and also includes a model for deciding logistics center locations. We also present a case study showing that the strategy is highly feasible.
MODEL AND ALGORITHM FOR AN INVENTORY ROUTING PROBLEM IN CRUDE OIL TRANSPORTATION
Authors: SHEN QINGNING , CHEN HAOXUN , CHU FENG
Published: November 2008

In this paper, we study an inventory routing problem (IRP) in crude oil transportation with multiple transportation modes including pipeline and tanker. We consider the problem in a rolling horizon environment with multiple periods as well as the lead-time of transportation and propose a new mixed-integer nonlinear programming model (MINLP). Due to the complexity and large scale of the problem, an effective metaheuristic method GRASP is developed to find near-optimal solutions of the model. Numerical test results of the method are provided.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE INFLUENCING PARAMETERS OF ELECTROCHEMICAL MACHINING OF AISI 202
Authors: SEKAR T. , MARAPPAN R.
Published: November 2008

Electrochemical machining (ECM) is a non-traditional process used mainly to cut hard or difficult to cut metals, where the application of a more traditional process is not convenient. Those difficult to cut metals demand high energy to form chips, which can result in thermal effects due to the high temperatures inherent to the process in the chip–tool interface. In traditional processes, the heat generated during the cut is dissipated to the tool, chip, workpiece and environment, affecting the surface integrity of the workpiece, mainly for those hard materials. In this work, experimental investigations have been made on the various influencing parameters involved in the Metal removal rate (MRR) and Surface roughness using ECM on AISI 202 steel. The major intervening parameters are studied and the relationship between the parameters has been determined to achieve maximum metal removal rate and minimum surface roughness by using NaNO 3-Aqua solution.
FULL NUMERICAL SIMULATION TO THE PERFORMANCE OF MICRO-TEXTURED MECHANICAL FACE SEALS
Authors: WANG XIAO , LIU HUIXIA , CHEN WEI , LIU CHANGJING , FU YONGHONG , CAI LAN
Published: November 2008

A mathematical model is established based on a modified Reynolds equation in polar coordinates, and solved by the multi-grid method to demonstrate the performance of micro-texturing mechanical seal surface. Sample cases of cylinder-shaped, square-shaped and diamond-shaped micro-asperity are studied to show the performance of micro-texturing mechanical seals. The results show that geometry has a vital influence on the friction coefficient and leakage. Diamond-shaped micro-texturing asperities have better performance than the others. And the performance is sensitive to the area density than the micro-texturing depth. The numerical approach can be a useful engineering tool, analyzing and optimizing the performance of micro-texturing mechanical face seals.
PARAMETRIC DESIGN OF SINGLE-WEDGE CROSS WEDGE ROLLING MODEL MECHANISM
Authors: XING XIDONG , WEI XIUTING
Published: November 2008

In order to speed up the simulation of single-wedge cross wedge rolling with the help of Pro/ENGINEER 2001 software, the source program to set up the CWR model is devised in the CWR modeling. As an example, the modeling technology of one part is studied in particular. By finite element simulation and rolling experiments, this method has proven to yield higher calculating efficiency and more correct calculated results than before. It can provide good precondition for CWR dies designing by parameters and finite element simulation.
STUDY ON COMPLEX SHAPE POWDER METALLURGY IRON-BASED PARTS PREPARED BY WARM FLOW COMPACTION
Authors: XIAO ZHIYU , FANG LIANG , LUO SHUHUA , GAO HONGYUN
Published: November 2008

Warm flow compaction based on warm compaction and metal injection molding is a new net-shape manufacturing technology which can produce complex powder metallurgy (PM) parts by conventional axial-pressing. Warm flow compaction makes use of improved flowability of powder binder mixture in an appropriate temperature to form complex PM-parts, like cross-shaped parts. The effect of the combination of coarse and fine powders on apparent density and flowability as well as the effect of different pressing speed and temperature on lateral flow capacity of iron-based powders were investigated. Results showed that apparent density increases as fine powder fractions increase, and transverse pressure becomes larger when pressing speeds are raised. The transverse pressure increases when the temperature of powder binder mixture approaches the melting point of the binder and the lubricant. The transverse pressure decreases as lateral-distance increases.
Methotrexate induces intestinal mucositis and alters gut protein metabolism independently of reduced food intake
Authors: Boukhettala Nabile , Leblond Jonathan , Claeyssens Sophie , Faure Magali , Le Pessot Florence , Bôle-Feysot Christine , Hassan Aktham , Mettraux Christine , Vuichoud Jacques , Lavoinne Alain , Breuillé Denis , Déchelotte Pierre , Coëffier Moïse
Published: November 2008

One of the main secondary toxic side effects of antimitotic agents used to treat cancer patients is intestinal mucositis. This one is characterized by compromised digestive and absorptive functions, barrier integrity, and immune competence. At the same time, food intake is decreased, which may induce intestinal damages per se. The aim of the study was to characterize which alterations are specific to methotrexate, independently of the anorexic effect of the drug. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received subcutaneously saline solution as control group or 2.5 mg/kg of methotrexate during 3 days (D0-D2). Methotrexate-treated rats were compared with ad libitum and pair-fed controls. Histological examinations and specific markers of the immune and nonimmune gut barrier function were assessed at D4 or D7. Compared with ad libitum and pair-fed controls, methotrexate induced at D4 villus atrophy associated with epithelial necrosis. Mucosal protein synthesis rate and mucin contents of methotrexate treated rats were reduced. At the same time, cathepsin D proteolytic activity was increased compared with ad libitum and pair-fed controls, whereas calpain activity was increased when compared with the only pair-fed controls. These intestinal lesions were associated with various metabolic disturbances such as increased TNF-α level and inflammation score in the jejunum but also disturbances of amino acid concentrations in the duodenum and plasma. At D7, these alterations were partially or completely normalized. In addition to the consequences of a low food intake, methotrexate further impairs different biological processes leading to a dramatic loss of gut homeostasis. Targeted nutritional management of chemotherapy receiving patients should be set up to prevent or limit such alterations.
PAR2 exerts local protection against acute pancreatitis via modulation of MAP kinase and MAP kinase phosphatase signaling
Authors: Namkung Wan , Yoon Jae Seok , Kim Kyung Hwan , Lee Min Goo
Published: November 2008

During acute pancreatitis, protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) can be activated by interstitially released trypsin. In the mild form of pancreatitis, PAR2 activation exerts local protection against intrapancreatic damage, whereas, in the severe form of pancreatitis, PAR2 activation mediates some systemic complications. This study aimed to identify the molecular mechanisms of PAR2-mediated protective effects against intrapancreatic damage. A mild form of acute pancreatitis was induced by an intraperitoneal injection of caerulein (40 μg/kg) in rats. Effects of PAR2 activation on intrapancreatic damage and on mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling were assessed. Caerulein treatment activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) within 15 min and maintained phosphorylation of ERK and JNK for 2 h in the rat pancreas. Although PAR2 activation by the pretreatment with PAR2-activating peptide (AP) itself increased ERK phosphorylation in rat pancreas, the same treatment remarkably decreased caerulein-induced activation of ERK and JNK principally by accelerating their dephosphorylation. Inhibition of ERK and JNK phosphorylation by the pretreatment with MAP/ERK kinase (MEK) or JNK inhibitors decreased caerulein-induced pancreatic damage that was similar to the effect induced by PAR2-AP. Notably, in caerulein-treated rats, PAR2-AP cotreatment highly increased the expression of a group of MAP kinase phosphatases (MKPs) that deactivate ERK and JNK. The above results imply that downregulation of MAP kinase signaling by MKP induction is a key mechanism involved in the protective effects of PAR2 activation on caerulein-induced intrapancreatic damage.
Genetic factors contributing to obesity and body weight can act through mechanisms affecting muscle weight, fat weight, or both
Authors: Brockmann Gudrun A. , Tsaih Shirng-Wern , Neuschl Christina , Churchill Gary A. , Li Renhua
Published: November 2008

Genetic loci for body weight and subphenotypes such as fat weight have been mapped repeatedly. However, the distinct effects of different loci and physiological interactions among different traits are often not accounted for in mapping studies. Here we used the method of structural equation modeling to identify the specific relationships between genetic loci and different phenotypes influencing body weight. Using this technique, we were able to distinguish genetic loci that affect adiposity from those that affect muscle growth. We examined the high body weight-selected mouse lines NMRI8 and DU6i and the intercross populations NMRI8 × DBA/2 and DU6i × DBA/2. Structural models help us understand whether genetic factors affect lean mass and fat mass pleiotropically or nonpleiotropically. Sex has direct effects on both fat and muscle weight but also influences fat weight indirectly via muscle weight. Three genetic loci identified in these two crosses showed exclusive effects on fat deposition, and five loci contributed exclusively to muscle weight. Two additional loci showed pleiotropic effects on fat and muscle weight, with one locus acting in both crosses. Fat weight and muscle weight were influenced by epistatic effects. We provide evidence that significant fat loci in strains selected for body weight contribute to fat weight both directly and indirectly via the influence on lean weight. These results shed new light on the action of genes in quantitative trait locus regions potentially influencing muscle and fat mass and thus controlling body weight as a composite trait.
Nanostructured Mesoporous Silicas for Bone Tissue Regeneration
Authors: Izquierdo-Barba Isabel , Colilla Montserrat , Vallet-Regí María
Published: November 2008

The research on the development of new biomaterials that promote bone tissue regeneration is receiving great interest by the biomedical scientific community. Recent advances in nanotechnology have allowed the design of materials with nanostructure similar to that of natural bone. These materials can promote new bone formation by inducing the formation of nanocrystalline apatites analogous to the mineral phase of natural bone onto their surfaces, i.e. they are bioactive. They also stimulate osteoblast proliferation and differentiation and, therefore, accelerate the healing processes. Silica‐based ordered mesoporous materials are excellent candidates to be used as third generation bioceramics that enable the adsorption and local control release of biological active agents that promote bone regeneration. This local delivery capability together with the bioactive behavior of mesoporous silicas opens up promising expectations in the bioclinical field. In this review, the last advances in nanochemistry aimed at designing and tailoring the chemical and textural properties of mesoporous silicas for biomedical applications are described. The recent developed strategies to synthesize bioactive glasses with ordered mesopore arrangements are also summarized. Finally, a deep discussion about the influence of the textural parameters and organic modification of mesoporous silicas on molecules adsorption and controlled release is performed.
Reconstructive Surgery for Severe Penile Inadequacy: Phalloplasty with a Free Radial Forearm Flap or a Pedicled Anterolateral Thigh Flap
Authors: Lumen N. , Monstrey S. , Ceulemans P. , van Laecke E. , Hoebeke P.
Published: November 2008

Objectives. Severe penile inadequacy in adolescents is rare. Phallic reconstruction to treat this devastating condition is a major challenge to the reconstructive surgeon. Phallic reconstruction using the free radial forearm flap (RFF) or the pedicled anterolateral thigh flap (ALTF) has been routinely used in female-to-male transsexuals. Recently we started to use these techniques in the treatment of severe penile inadequacy.Methods. Eleven males (age 15 to 42 years) were treated with a phallic reconstruction. The RFF is our method of choice; the ALTF is an alternative when a free flap is contraindicated or less desired by the patient. The RFF was used in 7 patients, the ALTF in 4 patients. Mean followup was 25 months (range: 4–49 months). Aesthetic and functional results were evaluated.Results. There were no complications related to the flap. Aesthetic results were judged as “good” in 9 patients and “moderate” in 2 patients. Sensitivity in the RFF was superior compared to the ALTF. Four patients developed urinary complications (stricture and/or fistula). Six patients underwent erectile implant surgery. In 2 patients the erectile implant had to be removed due to infection or erosion.Conclusion. In case of severe penile inadequacy due to whatever condition, a phalloplasty is the preferred treatment nowadays. The free radial forearm flap is still the method of choice. The anterolateral thigh flap can be a good alternative, especially when free flaps are contraindicated, but sensitivity is markedly inferior in these flaps.
Bladder Dysfunction and Vesicoureteral Reflux
Authors: Sillén Ulla
Published: November 2008

In this overview the influence of functional bladder disturbances and of its treatment on the resolution of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in children is discussed. Historically both bladder dysfunction entities, the overactive bladder (OAB) and the dysfunctional voiding (DV), have been described in conjunction with VUR. Treatment of the dysfunction was also considered to influence spontaneous resolution in a positive way. During the last decades, however, papers have been published which could not support these results. Regarding the OAB, a prospective study with treatment of the bladder overactivity with anticholinergics, did not influence spontaneous resolution rate in children with a dysfunction including also the voiding phase, DV and DES (dysfunctional elimination syndrome), most studies indicate a negative influence on the resolution rate of VUR in children, both before and after the age for bladder control, both with and without treatment. However, a couple of uncontrolled studies indicate that there is a high short-term resolution rate after treatment with flow biofeedback. It should be emphasized that the voiding phase dysfunctions (DV and DES) are more severe than the genuine filling phase dysfunction (OAB), with an increased frequency of UTI and renal damage in the former groups. To be able to answer the question if treatment of bladder dysfunction influence the resolution rate of VUR in children, randomized controlled studies must be performed.
Chemopreventive Effect of Kava on 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone plus Benzo[a]pyrene–Induced Lung Tumorigenesis in A/J Mice
Authors: Johnson Thomas E. , Kassie Fekadu , O'Sullivan M. Gerard , Negia Mesfin , Hanson Timothy E. , Upadhyaya Pramod , Ruvolo Peter P. , Hecht Stephen S. , Xing Chengguo
Published: November 2008

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death, and chemoprevention is a potential strategy to help control this disease. Epidemiologic survey indicates that kava may be chemopreventive for lung cancer, but there is a concern about its potential hepatotoxicity. In this study, we evaluated whether oral kava could prevent 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) plus benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P)–induced lung tumorigenesis in A/J mice. We also studied the effect of kava to liver. At a dose of 10 mg/g diet, 30-week kava treatment (8 weeks concurrent with NNK and B[a]P treatment followed by 22 weeks post-carcinogen treatment) effectively reduced lung tumor multiplicity by 56%. Kava also reduced lung tumor multiplicity by 47% when administered concurrently with NNK and B[a]P for 8 weeks. Perhaps most importantly, kava reduced lung tumor multiplicity by 49% when administered after the final NNK and B[a]P treatment. These results show for the first time the chemopreventive potential of kava against lung tumorigenesis. Mechanistically, kava inhibited proliferation and enhanced apoptosis in lung tumors, as shown by a reduction in proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), an increase in caspase-3, and cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Kava treatment also inhibited the activation of nuclear factor κBNF-κB, a potential upstream mechanism of kava chemoprevention. Although not rigorously evaluated in this study, our preliminary data were not suggestive of hepatotoxicity. Based on these results, further studies are warranted to explore the chemopreventive potential and safety of kava.