bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Definition of the Mediterranean Diet; A Literature Review
Authors: Davis Courtney , Bryan Janet , Hodgson Jonathan , Murphy Karen
Published: November 2015

Numerous studies over several decades suggest that following the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer, and improve cognitive health. However, there are inconsistencies among methods used for evaluating and defining the MedDiet. Through a review of the literature, we aimed to quantitatively define the MedDiet by food groups and nutrients. Databases PubMed, MEDLINE, Science Direct, Academic Search Premier and the University of South Australia Library Catalogue were searched. Articles were included if they defined the MedDiet in at least two of the following ways: (1) general descriptive definitions; (2) diet pyramids/numbers of servings of key foods; (3) grams of key foods/food groups; and (4) nutrient and flavonoid content. Quantity of key foods and nutrient content was recorded and the mean was calculated. The MedDiet contained three to nine serves of vegetables, half to two serves of fruit, one to 13 serves of cereals and up to eight serves of olive oil daily. It contained approximately 9300 kJ, 37% as total fat, 18% as monounsaturated and 9% as saturated, and 33 g of fibre per day. Our results provide a defined nutrient content and range of servings for the MedDiet based on past and current literature. More detailed reporting amongst studies could refine the definition further.
An Open Source Low-Cost Wireless Control System for a Forced Circulation Solar Plant
Authors: Salamone Francesco , Belussi Lorenzo , Danza Ludovico , Ghellere Matteo , Meroni Italo
Published: November 2015

The article describes the design phase, development and practical application of a low-cost control system for a forced circulation solar plant in an outdoor test cell located near Milan. Such a system provides for the use of an electric pump for the circulation of heat transfer fluid connecting the solar thermal panel to the storage tank. The running plant temperatures are the fundamental parameter to evaluate the system performance such as proper operation, and the control and management system has to consider these parameters. A solar energy-powered wireless-based smart object was developed, able to monitor the running temperatures of a solar thermal system and aimed at moving beyond standard monitoring approaches to achieve a low-cost and customizable device, even in terms of installation in different environmental conditions. To this end, two types of communications were used: the first is a low-cost communication based on the ZigBee protocol used for control purposes, so that it can be customized according to specific needs, while the second is based on a Bluetooth protocol used for data display.
State Tracking and Fault Diagnosis for Dynamic Systems Using Labeled Uncertainty Graph
Authors: Zhou Gan , Feng Wenquan , Zhao Qi , Zhao Hongbo
Published: November 2015

Cyber-physical systems such as autonomous spacecraft, power plants and automotive systems become more vulnerable to unanticipated failures as their complexity increases. Accurate tracking of system dynamics and fault diagnosis are essential. This paper presents an efficient state estimation method for dynamic systems modeled as concurrent probabilistic automata. First, the Labeled Uncertainty Graph (LUG) method in the planning domain is introduced to describe the state tracking and fault diagnosis processes. Because the system model is probabilistic, the Monte Carlo technique is employed to sample the probability distribution of belief states. In addition, to address the sample impoverishment problem, an innovative look-ahead technique is proposed to recursively generate most likely belief states without exhaustively checking all possible successor modes. The overall algorithms incorporate two major steps: a roll-forward process that estimates system state and identifies faults, and a roll-backward process that analyzes possible system trajectories once the faults have been detected. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach by applying it to a real world domain: the power supply control unit of a spacecraft.
Is the Hawking Quasilocal Energy “Newtonian”?
Authors: Faraoni Valerio
Published: November 2015

The Misner–Sharp–Hernandez mass defined in general relativity and in spherical symmetry has been recognized as having a Newtonian character in previous literature. In order to better understand this feature we relax spherical symmetry and we study the generalization of the Misner–Sharp–Hernandez mass to general spacetimes, i.e., the Hawking quasilocal mass. The latter is decomposed into a matter contribution and a contribution coming solely from the Weyl tensor. The Weyl tensor is then decomposed into an electric part (which has a Newtonian counterpart) and a magnetic one (which does not), which further splits the quasilocal mass into “Newtonian” and “non-Newtonian” parts. Only the electric (Newtonian) part contributes to the quasilocal mass.
Variation in Type A Trichothecene Production and Trichothecene Biosynthetic Genes in Fusarium goolgardi from Natural Ecosystems of Australia
Authors: Rocha Liliana , Laurence Matthew , Proctor Robert , McCormick Susan , Summerell Brett , Liew Edward
Published: November 2015

Fusarium goolgardi, isolated from the grass tree Xanthorrhoea glauca in natural ecosystems of Australia, is closely related to fusaria that produce a subgroup of trichothecene (type A) mycotoxins that lack a carbonyl group at carbon atom 8 (C-8). Mass spectrometric analysis revealed that F. goolgardi isolates produce type A trichothecenes, but exhibited one of two chemotypes. Some isolates (50%) produced multiple type A trichothecenes, including 4,15-diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), neosolaniol (NEO), 8-acetylneosolaniol (Ac-NEO) and T-2 toxin (DAS-NEO-T2 chemotype). Other isolates (50%) produced only DAS (DAS chemotype). In the phylogenies inferred from DNA sequences of genes encoding the RNA polymerase II largest (RPB1) and second largest (RPB2) subunits as well as the trichothecene biosynthetic genes (TRI), F. goolgardi isolates were resolved as a monophyletic clade, distinct from other type A trichothecene-producing species. However, the relationships of F. goolgardi to the other species varied depending on whether phylogenies were inferred from RPB1 and RPB2, the 12-gene TRI cluster, the two-gene TRI1-TRI16 locus, or the single-gene TRI101 locus. Phylogenies based on different TRI loci resolved isolates with different chemotypes into distinct clades, even though only the TRI1-TRI16 locus is responsible for structural variation at C-8. Sequence analysis indicated that TRI1 and TRI16 are functional in F. goolgardi isolates with the DAS-NEO-T2 chemotype, but non-functional in isolates with DAS chemotype due to the presence of premature stop codons caused by a point mutation.
Mycotoxigenic Fungi and Natural Co-Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Feeds
Authors: Greco Mariana , Pardo Alejandro , Pose Graciela
Published: November 2015

Samples of rainbow trout feed were analyzed with the aim to determine the mycobiota composition and the co-occurrence of mycotoxins. A total of 28 samples of finished rainbow trout feed from hatcheries in the provinces of Río Negro and Neuquén, Argentina, were studied. Fungal counts were obtained on three culture media in the ranges of <10 to 4.2 × 104 CFU/g on Dichloran Rose Bengal Chloramphenicol Agar (DRBC), <10 to 5.1 × 104 CFU/g on Dichloran Chloramphenicol Peptone Agar (DCPA) and <10 to 3.6 × 104 CFU/g on Dichloran 18% Glycerol Agar (DG18). The most frequent mycotoxigenic fungi were Eurotium (frequency (Fr) 25.0%), followed by Penicillium (Fr 21.4%) and Aspergillus (Fr 3.6%). The most prevalent mycotoxigenic species were E. repens (Fr 21.4%) and E. rubrum (Fr 14.3%). All samples were contaminated with mycotoxins: 64% samples were contaminated with T-2 toxin (median 70.08 ppb), 50% samples with zearalenone (median 87.97 ppb) and aflatoxins (median 2.82 ppb), 25% with ochratoxin A (median 5.26 ppb) and 3.57% samples with deoxynivalenol (median 230 ppb). Eight samples had a fumonisins contamination level below the limit of detection. Co-occurrence of six mycotoxins was determined in 7% of the samples.
From Antigen Delivery System to Adjuvanticy: The Board Application of Nanoparticles in Vaccinology
Authors: Boraschi Diana , Italiani Paola
Published: November 2015

In the last years, nanotechnologies have raised great interest because of the potential applications of engineered nanoparticles in nanomedicine (i.e., in vaccination, in diagnostic imaging procedures, and as therapeutic drug delivery systems). The use of nanoparticles in medicine has brought about the issue of their interaction with the immune system for two main reasons: first, understanding how long nanomedicines could persist in the organism and exert their beneficial effects before being recognized and eliminated by our defensive systems; second, understanding how the immune responses can be modulated by nanoparticles in order to obtain optimal effects. This issue is crucial in vaccine formulations based on the use of nanoparticles, which can operate both as a delivery system to enhance antigen processing and as an immunostimulatory adjuvant to induce and amplify protective immunity, in part because of their ability to activate the inflammasome and induce the maturation of interleukin 1β. Nanoparticles can be excellent adjuvants due to their biocompatibility and their physicochemical properties (e.g., size, shape, and surface charge), which can be tailored to obtain different immunological effects. This review provides an overview of recent strategies for the use of nanoparticles as promising/attractive adjuvants for novel prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines. The use of nanovaccines, with their practically infinite possibilities of specific design, could open the way to precision vaccinology, i.e., vaccine formulations tailored on the individual immune reactivity status.
Salons et définition de normes marchandes : Le cas de la distribution de programmes de télévision en Afrique sub-saharienne
Authors: Favre Guillaume , Brailly Julien
Published: November 2015

En dépit du développement des nouvelles technologies de communication, de places de marché sur internet et de la dématérialisation des flux monétaires, les acteurs des marchés internationaux se rencontrent toujours dans des espaces concrets et temporaires tels que des salons de professionnels ou des foires commerciales. Alors que nombre d’études insistent sur le rôle de ces évènements pour la conclusion de partenariats internationaux entre entreprises, nous montrons dans cet article qu’ils constituent surtout des lieux importants pour l’organisation des marchés. À travers l’étude d’un salon en Afrique sub-saharienne où se rencontrent acheteurs et vendeurs de programmes de télévision, nous cherchons à comprendre comment il entraîne la formation d’un milieu social et participe à changer les règles de la distribution de programmes en Afrique. À partir de l’analyse du réseau social qui se forme entre ces participants, nous montrons comment ces différents acteurs forment des groupes autour de logiques nationales mais aussi autour d’enjeux communs. Plus qu’un ensemble de rencontres entre acheteurs et vendeurs, l’analyse de réseaux révèle un marché segmenté en plusieurs groupes aux enjeux divergents qui proposent différentes « visions » de régulation de ce marché. Nous décrivons chacun de ces groupes en précisant leurs intérêts et positions dans la structure relationnelle et montrons que les acteurs dominants sont à même d’influencer l’évolution de ce marché en contrôlant les conférences du salon 1 .
Vers une société du narcissisme pervers
Authors: Gadeau Ludovic
Published: November 2015

L’accélération des changements propre à la postmodernité s’accompagne-t-elle de remaniements structuraux au niveau du fonctionnement psychologique (intra- et intersubjectif) et social dont on pourrait décrire certains éléments et définir certains liens ? Dans le champ de la psychopathologie et en psychothérapie, on constate depuis une vingtaine d’années une augmentation des problématiques narcissiques par rapport à des modes d’organisation névrotiques, ce qui ne saurait s’expliquer sans prise en compte de facteurs impliquant l’évolution sociétale. En prenant la temporalité comme angle de lecture, l’auteur soutient l’idée que l’accélération du changement (provoqué notamment par l’évolution technoscientifique), si elle s’accompagne de progrès améliorant potentiellement la condition humaine, produit dans le même temps une fragilisation des assises identitaires et narcissiques de l’homme, induite elle-même par un processus sous-jacent de désinstitutionalisation et de détemporalisation du temps. Cette déstructuration temporelle ouvre un espace au déploiement de mécanismes et de formes de fonctionnement au voisinage de la perversion, comme la déresponsabilité subjectale. Sont ainsi posées (et subsumées sous le terme de narcissisme pervers) certaines des caractéristiques du nouveau rapport au Temps et à la Loi.
Tolérer les extrêmes
Authors: Dilhac Marc-Antoine
Published: October 2015

Face aux attentats terroristes, les démocraties occidentales sont tentées de restreindre la liberté d’expression. Il y a pourtant de bonnes raisons de penser que les censures échouent à faire reculer les extrémismes, voire qu’elles contribuent à radicaliser les discours. Si l’on veut apaiser les tensions et résister à la montée des extrêmes, la tolérance reste la meilleure stratégie.
Les discours de haine et les normes internationales
Authors: Calvès Gwénaële
Published: October 2015

Les conventions internationales imposent aux États qui les ont ratifiées de punir les discours de haine. Le Pacte international sur les droits civils et politiques (1966) requiert la sanction des propos qui pourraient avoir des conséquences dangereuses. Pour la Convention de New York (1965), c’est le contenu même des discours de haine qui pose problème, d’où la nécessité de punir leur diffusion. Mais dans la pratique, on est passé de la protection de l’ordre public à celle de la dignité des personnes visées.
Sunnites et chiites : fabrique d’un conflit
Authors: Cvach David , Curmi Brigitte
Published: October 2015

L’explication des conflits qui sévissent dans le grand Moyen-Orient est de plus en plus souvent rapportée à une division interne au monde musulman, opposant sunnites et chiites. L’histoire de ces deux groupes n’est pourtant pas marquée par des guerres perpétuelles, le poids de l’identité et des traditions n’explique pas tout. D’autres modes d’explication plus politiques que religieux permettent d’éclairer les désordres de la région.
Le virus du conspirationnisme
Authors: Soufron Jean-Baptiste
Published: October 2015

Il faut comprendre l’émergence de la culture conspirationniste pour y répondre. Celle-ci obéit aux mêmes mécanismes qu’un virus : une fois activé, il se propage en cascade et finit par menacer la santé du corps social. Il importe donc de bien repérer les responsabilités des entrepreneurs du complot et de protéger leur public en améliorant nos institutions sociales de la connaissance.
Une approche psychodynamique des troubles spécifiques des apprentissages
Authors: Brun Anne , Guinard Frédérik
Published: November 2015

La prise en charge des enfants présentant des troubles des apprentissages a bénéficié des dernières évolutions paradigmatiques de la psychanalyse dans l’accompagnement de patients en difficulté majeure avec la symbolisation. Ces mutations épistémologiques ont rendu possible le développement de nouveaux dispositifs de rencontre : les médiations thérapeutiques, permettant aux enfants en difficulté d’apprentissage d’explorer leur sensorialité en appui sur leur appareil de langage et rendant possible ainsi la transformation d’éprouvés infantiles non subjectivés. Au travers de la description d’une expérience de groupe peinture avec un préadolescent en difficulté d’apprentissage, ce travail met en évidence la manière dont les processus de réactualisation et de subjectivation qui s’engagent dans l’utilisation de l’objet de médiation ont des effets positifs sur les capacités de symbolisation mobilisées dans les apprentissages.
Innovation sociale et diffusion dans l’économie sociale et solidaire à travers l’exemple de Social Planet
Authors: Billaudeau Valérie , Dewynter Caroline
Published: November 2015

Résumé En 2014, la Loi française Économie sociale et solidaire-ESS donne lescontours de l’innovation sociale sans pour autant aborder les difficultés de diffusion et d’institutionnalisation particulièrement prégnantes dans l’ESS. L’expérience de la plateforme collaborative Social Planet montre que des outils émergent pour médiatiser des innovations sociales et interroge les tensions existantes entre la valorisation et la diffusion de l’innovation sociale dans l’ESS, ainsi que la place des collectivités publiques dans le développement de l’innovation sociale.
Contrast-enhanced ultrasound findings of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder in a transplanted kidney: A case report and literature review
Authors: Lampe Alyssa , Duddalwar Vinay A , Djaladat Hooman , Aron Manju , Gulati Mittul
Published: November 2015

Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder occurs in approximately one percent of kidney transplant recipients. We evaluated a seventy-seven year-old man with a solid mass in his transplant kidney. On contrast enhanced ultrasound, the mass enhanced but remained persistently hypovascular throughout exam. The enhancement pattern of the mass differed from that typical of clear cell renal cell carcinoma, the main differential diagnosis. Final pathology after partial nephrectomy confirmed post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder. This is the first report of contrast enhanced ultrasound findings in a renal mass diagnosed as post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder. Contrast enhanced ultrasound has a promising role in imaging of renal masses, particularly relevant in transplant patients due to the lack of nephrotoxicity.
Los gatos en la poética umbraliana: reflejos felinos de Baudelaire
Authors: Soto Cruz José Antonio , Mantoanelli Silva Lara
Published: November 2015

Es conocida la admiración de Francisco Umbral por la vida y la obra de Charles Baudelaire, y la podemos ver en innumerables textos, columnas, entrevistas y poemas. En este artículo establecemos la relación entre ambos a través de la figura del gato y lo que este animal significa en sus respectivas obras. Pues para los dos escritores, más que un felino, el gato también simboliza lo femenino, lo divino, la sabiduría y el tiempo.
Cómo puede contribuir Twitter a una comunicación política más avanzada
Authors: Moya Sánchez Miguel , Herrera Damas Susana
Published: November 2015

La incorporación de nuevas funcionalidades –retuits, menciones, respuestas y etiquetas– ha convertido a Twitter en un espacio preferido para el activismo político. De ser un canal concebido para actualizaciones personales ha pasado a ser un medio para la comunicación, la conversación y la concertación política. Twitter ha demostrado su capacidad para facilitar la emancipación informativa de los ciudadanos. Esto ha despertado el interés de la dirigencia política y también ha llamado la atención de la comunidad investigadora que viene destacando aquellas facetas de Twitter que lo hacen idóneo para una comunicación avanzada. A través de un recorrido bibliográfico sobre las contribuciones más destacadas respecto al potencial que ofrece Twitter para la comunicación, hemos obtenido los fundamentos para elaborar un decálogo de sus competencias y utilidades para una comunicación política horizontal que facilite la transparencia y promueva la implicación ciudadana.
EEG-based Computer Control Interface for Brain-Machine Interaction
Authors: Katona Jozsef , Kovari A.
Published: November 2015

Recently more and more research methods are available to observe brain activity; for instance, Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), Positron Emission Tomography (PET), Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS), Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS), Electroencephalograph (EEG) or Magnetoencephalography (MEG), which provide new research opportunities for several applications. For example, control methods based on the evaluation of measurable signals of human brain activity. In the past few years, more mobile EEG (electroencephalogram) based brain activity biosensor and signal processing devices have become available not only for medical examinations, but also to be used in different scopes; for instance, in control applications. These methods provide completely new possibilities in human-machine interactions by digital signal processing of brain signals. In this study, the program model, the establishment, the implementation and the test results of the quantitative EEG-based computer control interface, protocol and digital signal processing application are demonstrated. The user-friendly visualization of the evaluated brain wave signals is implemented in visual C# object-oriented language. This EEG-based control unit and interface provides an adequate basis for further research in different fields of brain-machine control methods regarding the examination of possible machine control applications.
Un parlement débutant ?
Authors: Pichard-Rivalan Mathieu
Published: November 2015

Cet article pose la question des débuts de
l’activité administrative et de la procédure civile en général au
parlement de Bretagne. La riche production écrite de la cour (arrêts
sur requête, audiences et arrêts sur remontrance tout
particulièrement) autorise à partir de 1554 une réflexion sur les
conditions dans lesquelles une institution débutante envisage la mise
en œuvre de son activité judiciaire dans un contexte qui dépend des
événements nationaux, mais aussi de la société locale qui participe à
cette activité. Cette réflexion implique de mesurer le rapport des
justiciables bretons à la nouvelle référence judiciaire qui prend ses
marques dans un environnement local politique qui la précède, en
particulier dans le domaine stratégique de la police urbaine.
L’hypothèse de départ consiste à penser que la procédure civile peut
être envisagée dans ce cas précis comme une production d’un contexte
politique particulier, national, provincial ou local, et pas seulement
comme un élément de régulation sociale.
Le parlement de Normandie et l’édit de Nantes : une bataille de dix ans (1599-1610)
Authors: Daireaux Luc
Published: November 2015

L’édit de Nantes est signé en avril 1598.
Toutefois, la mise en oeuvre du texte dans les provinces du royaume
est longue et difficile. En Normandie, où la Réforme a produit ses
effets très tôt, le parlement de Rouen, enregistre l’édit en septembre
1599, mais de substantielles modifications sont apportées au texte. Le
roi Henri IV ne parvient à lever ces restrictions qu’en 1609. C’est
l’histoire de ce combat juridique et judiciaire d’une ampleur sans
équivalent que retrace cet article.
La pratique des remontrances au xviiie siècle – Paris, Rouen, Rennes
Authors: Chaline Olivier
Published: November 2015

Si le discours des remontrances a assez souvent
retenu l’attention des historiens qui y ont plus souvent prélevé des
citations que pris la peine de l’examiner de très près, les conditions
juridiques et politiques de l’élaboration de tels textes n’ont que
rarement inspiré des études. Il est donc nécessaire de revenir sur les
formes du dialogue institutionnel dans la monarchie française au xviiie siècle entre les
cours souveraines et le roi en son conseil. Les parlements de Paris,
de Rouen et de Rennes en offrent l’occasion.
Health Impact of Water-Related Diseases in Developing Countries on Account of Climate Change – A Systematic Review
Authors: Das Sukanya
Published: November 2015

Human health is heavily dependent on clean water resources and adequate sanitation. According to the WHO, diarrhoea is the disease most attributable to quality of the local environment. It has been estimated that 88% of diarrhoea cases result from the combination of unsafe drinking water, inadequate sanitation, and improper hygiene. A meta-analysis has been conducted over the existing literature specifically targeting water-borne and water-related diseases in developing countries. The results are synthesized through the simplest meta-analysis strategy: vote-counting. Given the range of impacts on account of climate change there is an urgent need of proper intervention to counterbalance the expected increase of occurence of water-related illness But given the limited progress in reducing incidences over the past decade consorted actions effective implementation and integration of existing policies is urgently demanded.
Maintaining Motivation in Online Students
Authors: Stewart Cindy , Crone Travis
Published: November 2015

This chapter provides an overview of the major motivation theories, and examines how the ARCS-V model applies motivational theory to instructional design. The chapter also provides a cognitive framework to support aspects of the ARCS-V model. Special attention is given to course design and instructional practices aimed at reducing online student attrition and improving academic performance. Additionally, the chapter reviews research examining the utility of the ARCS-V model, as well as recommendations for implementation within the online modality.
Building Interaction Online
Authors: Rourke Arianne J , Lewer-Fletcher Annabelle
Published: November 2015

In higher education in recent years the educational value of blog journals for facilitating student engagement, reflection and learning has been emphasized (Chu, Kwan, & Warning, 2012; Ellison & Wu, 2008; Richardson, 2005; Yang, 2009). According to Williams and Jacobs (2004), blogs are seen as a ‘transformative educational tool', which assists in the development of ‘reflective and critical thinking skills' (Joshi & Chugh, 2009). This chapter critically analyzes the reflective and collaborative value of two different systems of blog journaling used by postgraduate student to reflect on their arts industry internships. Firstly Blogger (https://www.blogger.com), used between 2008 and 2012 and secondly, journal blogging in the Learning Management System (LMS) of Moodle (2014) are critiqued in terms their ability to promote student engagement, reflection, connection and collaboration. There is particular emphasis on how recent blog journals (2014) reflect how students' confidence, awareness and understandings evolve as they develop professional expertise.
Building Interaction in Adults' Online Courses
Authors: Pavlis-Korres Maria , Leftheriotou Piera
Published: November 2015

Integrating the principles of adult education in online environment -an environment which empowers the engagement of learners and their active participation, promotes interaction and immediacy between educator and learners, as well as between learners themselves, and improves learning outcomes- is a very important task. In this task the role of the educator is crucially important and simultaneously very complicated and demanding, as the integration of adult education principles in an online environment is not an easy issue and forms a big challenge for each online educator of adults. This chapter focuses on building interaction in adults' online courses by integrating the principles of adult education in an online environment, and presents one case study on training e-educators of adults. This case study concerns a one-month intensive seminar addressed to e-educators who teach adult courses, demonstrating that online interaction is both possible and effective by integrating the adult education principles in online educational environment.
More Teaching in Less Time
Authors: Mandernach B. Jean , Holbeck Rick , Cross Ted
Published: November 2015

There are a plethora of best practices highlighting strategies to personalize the online learning experience, promote interaction and establish teaching presence. Despite this knowledge, a gap remains between online instructors' pedagogical knowledge and teaching behaviors. This discrepancy is largely a function of time. With a wide range of instructional tasks to complete, faculty struggle to balance all the demands of the online classroom. To maximize student success and satisfaction, it is essential that faculty effectively manage their time to engage in instructional behaviors with the greatest impact. This chapter overviews strategies to help online instructors: 1) create an efficient online classroom; 2) manage teaching time more effectively; and 3) prioritize their time investment to promote interaction, presence and participation.
Human Capital Accumulation in Medical Simulated Learning Environments
Authors: Angjellari-Dajci Fiorentina , Sapienza Christine , Lawless William F. , Kavanagh Kathleen
Published: November 2015

Economic evaluations of the use of medical simulation in nursing curricula to enhance human capital and positively affect clinical and patient outcomes are rare. This chapter first provides a conceptual model of the use of simulated learning environments (SLEs) in nursing curricula and associated clinical and patient outcomes. Second, it reviews economic evaluation methods in medical simulation drawing from similar fields, such as aviation. Third, it provides a methodological framework for conducting full economic evaluations of SLE programs, which includes the identification, measurement, valuation and comparison of all relevant economic benefits with economic costs for any competing programs. The framework used in this chapter has applicability to any health care field, in which medical simulations are used as an alternative program, to serve as a guide, or be adopted with ease.
A Study on the Effect of Culture and Human and Social Capital on Entrepreneurial Strategies in Family Businesses in Iran
Authors: Moghaddam Hossein , Russ Meir
Published: November 2015

Family businesses are formed and often transferred to new generations in order to achieve both financial and non-financial desired performances. Socioemotional wealth, such as a family's desire to exercise authority, and enjoyment of family influence, is an important driver of non-financial desires. Family business owners take into account socioemotional gains or losses for the family when considering the relative risks and benefits of various strategic choices. Culture, human capital, and social capital are some of the variables that influence decisions regarding socioemotional gains and losses. Entrepreneurship is also favorable for any economy and the interconnectivity of family businesses and entrepreneurship is of a great importance. To study the effect of the mentioned variables we have studied family business in Iran, a family oriented country with a strong cultural consistency which in many cases influences businesses. This study aims to analyze how culture, human capital, and social capital affect the preservation and development of socioemotional wealth in families and how they affect the firm's performance.
Surface Refining by Laser Scanning on Silicon Wafers
Authors: Chen Rong , Pang Ai Suo , Li Shuai , Fan Bao Dian , Zheng Jiang Hui , Cheng Qi Jin , Chen Chao
Published: November 2015

A YAG continue-wave laser has been used to refine the surface of silicon wafers in this study. During laser scanning, the irradiated region of the surface of the wafer experienced melting and subsequent recrystallization, which results in a redistribution of metal impurities in the molten pool along the depth direction. Cross-sectional micrographs of irradiated wafers have a clear boundary, which confirms the process of recrystallization, and the depth of molten region depends on the scanning parameters and the size of wafer. Secondary ion mass spectrometry measurements have been carried out to characterize the concentration of metal impurities. After redistribution of metal impurities, a final relative purity region was formed close to the surface. SIMS measurements demonstrate that the metal impurity concentration of the purity region has significantly reduced. The mechanism of the redistribution process of metal impurities in the molten pool has been qualitatively analyzed. All of the experimental results support that the CW laser scanning technology can effectively refine the specific surfaces of silicon wafers, and this technology has a great potential in the field of solar cells.
Preparation and Properties of Rigid Carbon Felt Thermal Insulation
Authors: Shi Wei , Li Jia Yan , You Qi Fan , Lu Tong , Tan Yi
Published: November 2015

Matrix derived from resin after carbonization in rigid carbon felt thermal insulation has many advantages. The microstructures and properties of these materials were investigated in this paper. Results showed that matrix tend to accumulate at the intersections of fibers. This can improve mechanical properties and have a little influence on thermal conductivities of the composites. The excellent bending strength of 2.66MPa, compressive strength of 0.91MPa and a high thermal conductivity of 0.81W/(m·K) (at 1500°C) with a matrix concentration of 32.7% is achieved. However, high thermal conductivity is harmful for those materials which are used as thermal insulators.
Work Function of NiW Alloys for Use in Thermionic Energy Converters
Authors: Nashun  , Kawata Shinya , Iwami Kentaro , Umeda Norihiro
Published: November 2015

The material properties of electroplated NiW alloys with potential for use as emitters in thermionic energy converters were investigated. NiW alloy films with W content ranging from 11 to 25 at% were electroplated and the material properties of the alloy films including their surface morphologies, and crystallinities, were determined. The work functions of the NiW films were also evaluated using photoemission yield spectroscopy and were found to be independent of the W content. In addition, heat treatment up to 700°C in a vacuum chamber of a NiW film with 21.4 at% W content decreased the electron yield with increasing its work function.
Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Prevent Systemic Bone Loss in Collagen-Induced Arthritis
Authors: Garimella Manasa G. , Kour Supinder , Piprode Vikrant , Mittal Monika , Kumar Anil , Rani Lekha , Pote Satish T. , Mishra Gyan C. , Chattopadhyay Naibedya , Wani Mohan R.
Published: November 2015

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammatory synovitis leading to joint destruction and systemic bone loss. The inflammation-induced bone loss is mediated by increased osteoclast formation and function. Current antirheumatic therapies primarily target suppression of inflammatory cascade with limited or no success in controlling progression of bone destruction. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) by virtue of their tissue repair and immunomodulatory properties have shown promising results in various autoimmune and degenerative diseases. However, the role of MSCs in prevention of bone destruction in RA is not yet understood. In this study, we investigated the effect of adipose-derived MSCs (ASCs) on in vitro formation of bone-resorbing osteoclasts and pathological bone loss in the mouse collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model of RA. We observed that ASCs significantly inhibited receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL)–induced osteoclastogenesis in both a contact-dependent and -independent manner. Additionally, ASCs inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis in the presence of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-17, and IL-1β. Furthermore, treatment with ASCs at the onset of CIA significantly reduced clinical symptoms and joint pathology. Interestingly, ASCs protected periarticular and systemic bone loss in CIA mice by maintaining trabecular bone structure. We further observed that treatment with ASCs reduced osteoclast precursors in bone marrow, resulting in decreased osteoclastogenesis. Moreover, ASCs suppressed autoimmune T cell responses and increased the percentages of peripheral regulatory T and B cells. Thus, we provide strong evidence that ASCs ameliorate inflammation-induced systemic bone loss in CIA mice by reducing osteoclast precursors and promoting immune tolerance.
IL-21 Promotes Pulmonary Fibrosis through the Induction of Profibrotic CD8+ T Cells
Authors: Brodeur Tia Y. , Robidoux Tara E. , Weinstein Jason S. , Craft Joseph , Swain Susan L. , Marshak-Rothstein Ann
Published: October 2015

Type 2 effector production of IL-13, a demonstrated requirement in models of fibrosis, is routinely ascribed to CD4+ Th2 cells. We now demonstrate a major role for CD8+ T cells in a murine model of sterile lung injury. These pulmonary CD8+ T cells differentiate into IL-13–producing Tc2 cells and play a major role in a bleomycin-induced model of fibrosis. Differentiation of these Tc2 cells in the lung requires IL-21, and bleomycin treated IL-21– and IL-21R–deficient mice develop inflammation but not fibrosis. Moreover, IL-21R–expressing CD8+ cells are sufficient to reconstitute the fibrotic response in IL-21R–deficient mice. We further show that the combination of IL-4 and IL-21 skews naive CD8+ T cells to produce IL-21, which, in turn, acts in an autocrine manner to support robust IL-13 production. Our data reveal a novel pathway involved in the onset and regulation of pulmonary fibrosis and identify Tc2 cells as key mediators of fibrogenesis.
Inhibition of Histone Deacetylases Permits Lipopolysaccharide-Mediated Secretion of Bioactive IL-1β via a Caspase-1–Independent Mechanism
Authors: Stammler Dominik , Eigenbrod Tatjana , Menz Sarah , Frick Julia S. , Sweet Matthew J. , Shakespear Melanie R. , Jantsch Jonathan , Siegert Isabel , Wölfle Sabine , Langer Julian D. , Oehme Ina , Schaefer Liliana , Fischer Andre , Knievel Judith , Heeg Klaus , Dalpke Alexander H. , Bode Konrad A.
Published: October 2015

Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors (HDACi) are clinically approved anticancer drugs that have important immune-modulatory properties. We report the surprising finding that HDACi promote LPS-induced IL-1β processing and secretion in human and murine dendritic cells and murine macrophages. HDACi/LPS-induced IL-1β maturation and secretion kinetics differed completely from those observed upon inflammasome activation. Moreover, this pathway of IL-1β secretion was dependent on caspase-8 but was independent of the inflammasome components NACHT, LRR, and PYD domains-containing protein 3, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a carboxyl-terminal caspase-recruitment domain, and caspase-1. Genetic studies excluded HDAC6 and HDAC10 as relevant HDAC targets in this pathway, whereas pharmacological inhibitor studies implicated the involvement of HDAC11. Treatment of mice with HDACi in a dextran sodium sulfate–induced colitis model resulted in a strong increase in intestinal IL-1β, confirming that this pathway is also operative in vivo. Thus, in addition to the conventional inflammasome-dependent IL-1β cleavage pathway, dendritic cells and macrophages are capable of generating, secreting, and processing bioactive IL-1β by a novel, caspase-8–dependent mechanism. Given the widespread interest in the therapeutic targeting of IL-1β, as well as the use of HDACi for anti-inflammatory applications, these findings have substantial clinical implications.
La comunicación en la red de pacientes con enfermedades raras en España
Authors: Castillo Esparcia Antonio , López Villafranca Paloma , Carretón Ballester Carmen
Published: November 2015

Este estudio se centra en la estrategia de comunicación de las organizaciones de pacientes con enfermedades raras en internet. Objetivo: Analizar la utilización de las herramientas de comunicación en internet. Métodos: Se examinaron 143 organizaciones de pacientes nacionales. Se ha realizado un análisis de contenido de cada una de las webs de las organizaciones, redes sociales y blogs. Y se han llevado a cabo encuestas telefónicas a 90 organizaciones con las que se contactó, el 63% del total. Resultados: El 84% de las web está gestionada por miembros de las organizaciones sin formación específica y el 16% por profesionales. Se  dirigen en la misma proporción a pacientes y allegados  que al resto de la población, pero no utilizan herramientas que les permitan una comunicación más fluida. Discusión y Conclusiones: Los resultados muestran la necesidad de contar con personal especializado y con espacios habilitados en la red para comunicarse con el resto de la población.
Methane and nitrous oxide retrievals from MIPAS-ENVISAT
Authors: Plieninger J. , von Clarmann T. , Stiller G. P. , Grabowski U. , Glatthor N. , Kellmann S. , Linden A. , Haenel F. , Kiefer M. , Höpfner M. , Laeng A. , Lossow S.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. We present the strongly revised IMK/IAA MIPAS-ENVISAT CH4 and N2O data products for the MIPAS full-resolution (versions V5H_CH4_21 and V5H_N2O_21) and for the reduced-resolution period (versions V5R_CH4_224, V5R_CH4_225, V5R_N2O_224 and V5R_N2O_225). These data sets cover both MIPAS measurement periods from June 2002 until March 2004 and from January 2005 to April 2012. Differences with older retrieval versions which are known to have a high bias are discussed. The usage of the HITRAN 2008 spectroscopic data set leads to lower values for both gases in the lower part of the profile. The improved correction of additive radiance offsets and handling of background radiance continua allows for aerosol contributions at altitudes in the upper stratosphere and above. These changes lead to more plausible values, both in the radiance offset and in the profiles of the continuum absorption coefficients. They also increase the fraction of converged retrievals. Some minor changes were applied to the constraint of the inverse problem, causing small differences in the retrieved profiles, mostly due to the relaxation of off-diagonal regularisation matrix elements for the calculation of jointly retrieved absorption coefficient profiles. Spectral microwindows have been adjusted to avoid areas with saturated spectral signatures. Jointly retrieving profiles of water vapour and nitric acid serves to compensate spectroscopic inconsistencies. We discuss the averaging kernels of the profiles and their vertical resolution. The latter ranges from 2.5 to 7 km for CH4, and from 2.5 to 6 km for N2O in the reduced-resolution period. For the full-resolution period, the vertical resolution is in the order of 3 to 6 km for both gases. We find the retrieval errors in the lower part of the profiles mostly to be around 15 % for CH4 and below 10 % for N2O. The errors above 25 or 30 km increase to values between 10 and 20 %, except for CH4 from the reduced-resolution period, where the estimated errors stay below 15 %.
Differential responses of seabirds to inter-annual environmental change in the continental shelf and oceanic habitats of southeastern Bering Sea
Authors: Yamamoto T. , Kokubun N. , Kikuchi D. M. , Sato N. , Takahashi A. , Will A. , Kitaysky A. S. , Watanuki Y.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. Seasonal sea-ice cover has been decreasing in the southeastern Bering Sea shelf, which might affect ecosystem dynamics and availability of food resources to marine top predators breeding in the region. In this study, we investigated the foraging responses of two seabird species, surface-foraging red-legged kittiwakes Rissa brevirostris (hereafter, RLKI) and pursuit-diving foraging thick-billed murres Uria lomvia (TBMU) to the inter-annual change in environmental conditions. Between the study years, winter ice retreated earlier and summer water temperatures were warmer in 2014 compared to those in 2013. At-sea distributions of RLKI and TBMU breeding on St. George Island, the largest seabird colony in the region, were recorded using GPS loggers, and blood samples were taken to examine their physiological condition and isotopic foraging niche in a given year. RLKI foraging occurred mostly over the oceanic basin in both years. TBMU, however, foraged mostly over the shelf, but showed a relatively higher use of the shelf break and oceanic basin in the colder year, 2013. The foraging distances from the colony peaked at 250–300 km in 2013 and, bimodally, at 150–250 and 300–350 km in 2014 for RLKI, and tended to be farther in 2013 compared to those in 2014 for TBMU. Plasma levels of corticosterone did not differ between years in RLKI, but differed in TBMU, showing higher levels of physiological stress incurred by murres during the colder year, 2013. δ13N (a proxy of trophic level of prey) did not differ between the years in either RLKI or TBMU, while δ13C (a proxy of prey origin) were lower in 2014 than in 2013 in both species, suggesting possible differences in influx of oceanic prey items into foraging areas. These results suggest that the response of ecosystem dynamics to climate variability in the southeast Bering Sea may differ between the ocean basin and continental shelf regions, which, in turn, may generate differential responses in seabirds relying on those habitats for foraging.
Research priorities in support of ocean monitoring and forecasting at the Met Office
Authors: Siddorn J. R. , Good S. A. , Harris C. M. , Lewis H. W. , Maksymczuk J. , Martin M. J. , Saulter A.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. Ocean monitoring and forecasting services are increasingly being used by a diverse community of public and commercial organisations. The Met Office, as the body responsible for severe weather prediction, has for many years been involved in providing forecasts of aspects of the marine environment. This paper describes how these have evolved to include a range of wave, surge and ocean reanalysis, analysis and forecasts services. To support these services, and to ensure they evolve to meet the demands of users and are based on the best available science, a number of scientific challenges need to be addressed. The paper goes on to summarise the key challenges, and highlights some priorities for the ocean monitoring and forecasting research group at the Met Office. There is a need to both develop the underpinning science of the modelling and data assimilation systems and to maximise the benefits from observations and other inputs to the systems. Systematic evaluation underpins this science, and also needs to be the focus of research.
The effect of accounting information systems on the performance of Mexican micro, small and medium-sized family firms
Authors: Esparza-Aguilar José Luis , García-Pérez-de-Lema Domingo , Duréndez Antonio
Published: October 2015

This study analyses how the implementation of accounting and financial information and management control systems affect the performance of family and non-family micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) in the hospitality sector in Quintana Roo State (Mexico). The authors carried out a cross-sectional study with a sample of 122 family and non-family tourism MSMEs (composed of 72 family and 50 non-family firms). A survey was used to collect the data. The results show that managers of family firms in the hospitality sector use less accounting and financial information in their decisions than those of non-family firms. The findings also imply that hospitality family firms maintain less formalized management control systems than non-family firms in terms of the timeliness, aggregation and integration of economic and financial information in the decision-making process.