bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DETERMINATION OF OPTIMAL CUTTING CONDITIONS FOR HIGH-SPEED CENTERLESS TURNING OF ALLOY STEEL BRAND 42CRMO4 AT OJSC «BSW – MANAGEMENT COMPANY OF HOLDING «BMC»
Authors: Filonchik O.
Published: July 2018

The successful promotion of the product nowadays the manufacturer must meet all the strict requirements of the consumer in the quality of the products. At OJSC «BSW – Management Company of Holding «BMC» the centerless turning unit was put into operation, which allowed the company to manufacture a new type of product with a higher added value. This is a mechanically processed rod with a diameter of 19–79 mm and with a tolerance of a diameter of IT9. As a result of the work done, the optimum cutting regime for the centerless turning unit was determined using a rod of diameter 80 of 42CrMo4 alloy steel.
30	EARS ANNIVERSARY OF BELARUSSIAN METALCORD
Authors: Shamanovskaya E. V. , Ragozin E. V.
Published: July 2018

The article describes the history of the formation and development of metal cord production in Belarus. The main ways of the Belarusian metallurgical works had followed from the production of the first tons of steel wire cord, before reaching the production capacity, twofold of the design capacity. The authors paid a lot of attention to the structure of hardware production, which is the visiting card of the plant today, to people who directly participated and promote the process of new products manufacture. Particular attention in the article is devoted to the geography of deliveries of metal cord and the main customers – consumers who use this product in the production of tires. The changes in the properties of the steel wire cord from the moment of first manufacture to the present time is traced, based on permanent changes of the requirements of the automotive industry.
THE IMPACT OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITION ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF THE ALLOYED STEEL
Authors: Lutsenko V. A. , Golubenko T. N. , Lutsenko O. V. , Kozachek A. S. , Glazunova N. A.
Published: July 2018

Based on mathematical and physicochemical modeling a studied the effect of alloying elements (chromium, molybdenum, vanadium) in the formation of the mechanical properties of steel. The intervals of the content of alloying elements that ensure the fulfillment of the required norms are determined. Dependences of the change in the mechanical properties of doped rolled steel from the index of the structural state d are constructed.
FEATURES OF MANUFACTURE OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL WITH MACROHETEROGENEOUS STRUCTURE WITH THE APPLICATION OF MAGNETIC FIELDS
Authors: Kalinichenko A. S. , Sheinert V. A. , Kalinichenko V. A. , Slutsky A. G.
Published: July 2018

Casted composite materials have found application in various branches of industrial production. However, there are still a number of problems related to the choice of optimal technology for their synthesis and the solution of which will help to achieve in practice high level of properties predicted by the theory and provide the control of interfacial interactions to enhance the stability of the structure and properties of composites. There is s need in additional research related to the development of new types of reinforcing elements, which will provide the raise in the level of performance of the composite. It is established that an important role plays not only the type of the matrix but also the chemical composition and microstructure of the reinforcing material. This would require research on optimization of technology for production of composite materials during the solid-liquid synthesis. The paper presents generalized results of experimental studies of peculiarities during the formation of composite materials on the basis of bronze and iron granules with the use of high-speed induction melting. As reinforcing phase iron granules DCHL with a diameter of about 1 mm were used.
DIRECT MANUFACTURING OF METAL PARTS USING LOM-TECHNOLOGY
Authors: Tolochko N. K. , Andrushevich A. A. , Chugaev P. S. , Bogdanobich T. A.
Published: July 2018

A brief review of the main types of additive technologies providing direct manufacturing of metal parts was carried out. Peculiarities of direct manufacturing of metal parts using LOM-technology (laminated object manufacturing) are compared with other additive technologies. Different methods of juncture stacked sheet metals during fabrication of LOM-parts, including methods of mechanical, adhesive, welded and soldered juncture were analyzed. The advantages and disadvantages of each of these methods were considered. The possibilities of juncture sheet stacked metals by welding and soldering were demonstrated experimentally.
OPTIMIZATION OF COMPOSITION AND APPLICATION SCHEME OF CARBONITRIDING COATING FOR INCREASING THE SURFACE PROPERTIES OF TOOL STEELS
Authors: Fedulov V. N.
Published: July 2018

The positive effect of using a new coating composition is primarily achieved due to the increase of the applied coating layer thickness to 20 mm on the hardened working surfaces of the tooling and due to introduction of gypsum in its composition. These actions improve the machinability of the coating application and the core formation on the surface of the heated coating of the crust, prevent emission of the gas phase from the reaction zone during heating in the furnace at 520 °C for 4 to 8 hours, as well as the use of strontium fluoride and an increase in the ferrocyanic potassium content. The diffusion capacity of the saturation process increases due to these actions. The use of a new composition, the change in the thickness of the layer, and also the fixation of the temperature regime of heating will ensure an increase in the operation life of the hardened tool parts by 1.5–2 times.
PRODUCTION OF ROTARY ENGINES’ PARTS FROM ALUMINUM ALLOYS USING LOST FOAM CASTING PROCESS
Authors: Marukovich E. I. , Branovitskiy A. M. , Kruglov A. A. , Dement’ev V. A. , Sadovskiy N. P.
Published: July 2018

The production technology of casting details for rotary engine from the aluminum alloy АК12М2 is developed. The bulk density of expanded polystyrene to ensure the best quality of the surface of castings has been experimentally established. The lost foam casting shop was organized in the experimental department of the Institute.
MODERN EQUIPMENT FOR REFINING AND CASTING OF STEEL AND ALLOYS IN FOUNDRY PRODUCTION
Authors: Zolotukhin V. I. , Golovko A. G. , Gordeev E. I. , Provotorov D. A.
Published: July 2018

The article deals with the issues of complex technology and equipment for refining and casting steel and alloys in the foundry industry. Solutions are given that make it possible to guarantee a reduction in nonmetallic inclusions in the melt, as well as to solve a number of other related problems of foundry production, such as the introduction of a bottom blowing melt system with an inert gas; the introduction of protection of the metal stream from secondary oxidation; lining the arch of an electric arc furnace, etc. Various types of products and equipment produced by NPP Vulkan-TM are shown: blowing bottom plugs and assemblies, metering nozzles, gas-dynamic protection of the metal stream from secondary oxidation, two-arm wire-feeding machine mod. TAP 2–1 with unwinding device.

Advantages of the equipment for steel casting and extra-furnace steel processing are described.
INFLUENCE OF THE CAST IRON’S CHEMICAL COMPOSITION ON THE CONTENT OF CR IN THE BASE AFTER NORMALIZATION FROM 1050 C
Authors: Netrebko V. V. , Volchok I. P.
Published: July 2018

The dependences of the influence of the chemical composition of cast iron in the Fe-Cr-Mn-Ni system on the chromium cotent in the metal base (Cr1050о) and carbides (Cr1050Cr) after normalization from 1050 °C with aging for 4.5 hours were established. During the heat treatment of the castings, a redistribution of the elements between the phases of the cast iron occurred. The maximum chromium concentration in the base after normalization was 19.7% at 1.09% C, 3.1% Mn, 25.5% Cr and 0.19% Ni, and the minimum 2.4% at 3.91% C, 0.6% Mn, 11.43% Cr and 0.19% Ni. The maximum amount of chromium in carbides 78.4% was observed in cast iron containing 1.09% C, 5.4% Mn, 3.01% Ni and 25.57% Cr, and the minimum 43.5% at 3.59% C, 5.4% Mn, 3.01% N and11.43% Cr. The obtained dependencies allow predicting the chromium content in the metallic base and can be used during the elaboration of new compositions for wear-resistant cast iron, as well as at choice of heat treatment regimes.
THE PROBLEM OF MODIFYING AN ALUMINUM-SILICON EUTECTIC ALLOY OF SILUMINS. WAY OF SOLUTIONS
Authors: Marukovich, E. I. , Stetsenko V. Yu.
Published: July 2018

It is shown that modern industrial modifiers of silumin eutectic contribute to the saturation of the melt with hydrogen. Its micro bubbles block the branching of eutectic crystals and promote the formation of gas porosity in castings.

To improve the efficiency of the process of modifying the eutectic and reduce the gas porosity, a method of hereditary modification is proposed. A special technology has been developed to solve the problem of modification of silumin eutectic.
A STUDY OF WASTES GENERATED IN THE PRODUCTION OF LEAD
Authors: Rovin S. L. , Grigoriev S. V.
Published: July 2018

Lead-containing wastes amount to more than half of the waste of non-ferrous metals formed in Belarus. At the same these wastes are the least studied and the most toxic of the metal wastes. The bulk of them consists of lead-acid batteries, 50–60% of the mass of which is oxide-sulphate lead paste. The article presents the results of a study of the composition and properties of characteristic lead-containing wastes generated both in the operation of lead-containing products and in the production of lead (slag, dust aspiration, etc.). Obtained data allow to optimize the technological regimes of processing of wastes: consumption of fluxes and temperature – time regime of the lead melting.
DETERMINATION OF THE POLISHING QUALITY IN THE WORKING CHANNEL OF THE DRAWING OF CARBIDE TOOLS PRODUCED BY OJSC «BSW – MANAGEMENT COMPANY OF HOLDING «BMC»
Authors: Kurenkova T. P. , Borisovets I. V. , Lazebnikova I. P.
Published: July 2018

The quality of the drawing tool depends on the quality of the channel. Channel processing is carried out in order to obtain the desired geometric shape, required size and limit deviations in accordance with the size and quality of the wire stretched, as well as to obtain the required purity of the surface of the channel drawing. The determination of the surface roughness in the die channel is not possible due to the design of the die, so the quality control of the channel polishing is carried out by a visual method using a stereoscopic microscope.

In the laboratories at the Central laboratory of OJSC «BSW – Management Company of Holding «BMC» the experience was undertaken for the determination of the roughness parameter in the channel of the dies by the method of destructive testing. The results obtained show that the visual method of quality control of the working channel polishing of the carbide drawing tool with the help of a stereoscopic microscope provides sufficient accuracy of assessing the quality of the roughness of the surface of the working channel when monitoring the draw die intended for coarse-medium and thin drawing.
EXPERIENCE IN THE USE OF THE MEASURING DEVICE RIB TYPE RM 201 WHEN DETERMINING THE GEOMETRIC PARAMETERS OF REBAR PERIODIC PROFILE
Authors: Loktionova I. V.
Published: July 2018

The article presents the order of operation and the principle of operation of the measuring device ribs. The device is used to determine the geometric parameters of the ribbed bars. The principle of its operation is based on the optical examination of the object with the help of video cameras and transfer of output information on the computer monitor.
MODIFICATION OF THE BRASS COATING BY COBALT
Authors: Muraveikо I. A. , Demidov A. V.
Published: July 2018

The main parameters affecting the cobalt content in the brass coating are determined, the chemical composition of the coating and the cobalt content in the coating thickness are investigated. Cobalt was applied to the brass coating from a separate bath. The sequence of application is as follows: Cu+Zn+Co. Copper coating was applied only from the electrolyte of alkaline copper plating.
A DETAILED STUDY OF THE PERFORMANCE AND OPTIMAL CHOICE OF ABRASIVE FOR WET GRINDING OF HIGH-ALLOYED STEELS
Authors: Bazuev I. V. , Pribytkov Yu. V. , Kovaleva I. A. , Ovchinnikova I. A.
Published: July 2018

In the pipe-rolling shop, on the site of preparation of mandrels and disc saws were the centerless turning and grinding complex VT-8 «Hetran» for repair of mandrels are used, studies have been conducted to test experienced grinding belts. The choice was based on a comparative analysis of the work of experienced grinding belts with usual industrial grinding belts. The resistance of grinding belts for one mandrel is calculated. A positive result (economic effect) was obtained by using experienced grinding belts.
AIR GAP CONTROL SYSTEM FOR HYDROGENERATORS
Authors: Zaitsev I. O. , Levytskyi A. S. , Sydorchuk V. E.
Published: July 2018

In this paper, we report of the solving the actual problem of control the air gap in the hydrogenerators. The aim of the study was development of a computerized information-measuring system for measuring the air gap in the hydrogenator, which used two capacitive sensors with parallel coplanar electrodes, and the method of determining the shape of the envelope parameters hydrogenerator rotor poles relative to the center axis of rotation, using the measurement results of the air gap.

In practical studies of the sensor circuit it has been shown that its use allows for the informative value of the sensor capacitance conversion function to obtain a high accuracy and resolution measurement with digital linearization of converting function of the sensor with use program utility. To determine the form deviations of the envelope line of the rotor pole from the ideal cylinder, which is one of the main structural defects of the technological errors as results the distortion of the shape of the air gap in the hydrogenator, when the machine was manufacture and assembly. It is proposed to describe the shape of the envelope to use a Fourier transform. Calculation of the coefficients of the Fourier series is performed using the method of least squares as the regression coefficients.

Application of this method in processing the measuring data in a computerized information-measuring system the developed with the primary converter with coplanar parallel electrodes allowed attaining the high measurement accuracy and resolution informative in magnitude of the capacity.
DEVELOPMENT OF CONCEPT OF HARDWARE-SOFTWARE COMPLEX OF MODULAR DESIGN FOR DETERMINATION OF ANTENNA SYSTEMS׳ CHARACTERISTICS BASED ON MEASUREMENTS IN THE NEAR FIELD
Authors: Buday A. G. , Grinchuk A. P. , Gromyko A. V.
Published: July 2018

Measuring the amplitude-phase distribution of the radiation field of complex antenna systems on a certain surface close to the radiating aperture allows solving the problem of reconstructing the free-space diagram in the far field and also helps in determining the influence of various structural elements and defects of radiating surfaces on formation of directional diagram. The purpose of this work was to develop a universal hardware-software complex of a modular design aimed for determining the characteristics of wide range of antenna systems in respect of measurements of the amplitude-phase distribution of the radiation field in the near zone.

The equations that connect the structure of radiation fields of the antenna system at various distances from it in planar, cylindrical and spherical coordinate systems as well as structural diagrams of the hardware part of measuring complexes have been analyzed.

As a result, the concept of constructing a universal hardware-software complex for measuring the radiation field of various types of antenna systems with any type of measurement surface for solving a wide range of applied problems has been developed. A modular structure of hardware and software has been proposed; it allows reconfiguring the complex rapidly in order to measure the characteristics of any particular antenna system at all stages of product development and testing, and also makes the complex economically accessible even for small enterprises and organizations.
FERROMAGNETIC NANOTUBES IN PORES OF TRACK MEMBRANES FOR THE FLEXIBLE ELECTRONIC ELEMENTS
Authors: Kaniukov E. Yu. , Shumskaya E. E. , Kutuzau M. D. , Borgekov D. B. , Kenzhina I. E. , Kozlovskiy A. L. , Zdorovets M. V.
Published: July 2018

In the paper the template synthesis of ferromagnetic (Fe, Co, Ni) nanotubes in the pores of track membranes were studied. The aim of this work was determination of nanotubes basic structural and magnetic parameters and demonstration of the possibility of application in the flexible electronics elements.

By electrochemical deposition, ferromagnetic nanotubes with a diameter of 110 nm and an aspect ratio of 100 were formed in the pores of polyethylene terephthalate track membranes. The morphology of the obtained nanostructures were studied by scanning electron microscopy, the elemental composition was determined by the energy-dispersion analysis. Using the X-ray structural analysis, the main parameters of the crystal structure were established: lattice type, lattice parameter and average crystallite size. The magnetic properties were studied by the method of vibrational magnetometry.

It was shown that in the selected conditions of synthesis without reference to the type of ferromagnetic metals nanotubes had the same dimensions – length, diameter and wall thickness. The produced nanotubes consisted of iron, cobalt and nickel, respectively without oxides impurities. Nanotubes had a polycrystalline structure of walls with a body-centered cubic (iron), face-centered cubic (cobalt and nickel) crystal lattice. According to the main magnetic parameters, nanotubes belonged to a group of soft magnetic materials. Also, the presence of magnetic anisotropy, which is caused by the features of crystalline structure and shape of the nanostructures.

Based on the analysis of structural and magnetic characteristics of ferromagnetic nanotubes which were synthesized in the pores of track membranes, were proposed the main principles of their using in the elements’ of flexible electronics constructing (magnetic field direction sensors and magnetic memory elements).
EVALUATION OF STRAIN-STRESS STATE OF THE RAILS IN THE PRODUCTION
Authors: Muravev V. V. , Tapkov K. A.
Published: July 2018

High values of residual stresses is one of the most common reason of breaking lots of metal constructions, including rails. These stresses can reach values of flow limit, especially in the area of faults. Estimation of residual stresses values allows to get information about technical condition of the rail and also allow to avoid abnormal situations So, the aim of the research is creating the model of stress-strain state of the rail, which was hardened in its top and bottom, and to compare modeling results with experimental measurements of stresses and discrepancy of the housing.

For creating the model and making evaluations by finite element method we used a program COMSOL. Forces on the top and bottom of the rail cause tension stresses, forces on the web of the rail cause tensile stresses. We compared calculated values of stresses with discrepancy of the housing. The discrepancy of the housing is informative characteristic for estimating the residual stresses according to standards. For experimental measurements we used an acoustic structuroscope SEMA. This structuroscope uses the acoustoelastic phenomenon for measurements. We made measurements of the five rails.

According to the calculation results of the model, critical discrepancy of the housing in 2 mm corresponded to the following values of maximum stresses: –54 MPa in the top of the rail, 86 MPa in the web and –62 MPa in the bottom of the rail. Experimental measurements are the following: from –48 MPa to – 64 MPa in the top of the rail, 54 MPa to 93 MPa in the web of the rail, and –59 MPA to –74 MPa in the bottom of the rail. Absolute error was ±5 MPa.

Thus we created the model, which allowed to analyze strain-stress state and compare real values of stresses with discrepancy of the housing. Results of the modeling showed coincidence with structure of distribution of residual stresses in five probes of rails.
RESEARCH OF DIGITAL CAMERA DYNAMIC RANGE ON THE IMAGING PROCESSING BASIS
Authors: Sutkowski M , Saukova Ya. N.
Published: July 2018

Digital images provide to determine photometric and colorimetric properties of objects subject to validation all elements of a measuring channel (digital camera, software, display) and solve the problem of their limited dynamic ranges. The aim of the study was to explore the dynamic range of a digital camera for use in photometric and colorimetric measurements.

The Laboratory of Photonics at the Institute of Microelectronics and Optoelectronics (Warsaw Technical University, Poland) conducted a comparative experiment to determine the threshold of sensitivity, linearity and range of application the digital camera. Color target sets with certified brightness and chromaticity were created at the terminals and recorded with a digital camera with different exposure times. The authors propose a method to extend the dynamic range of a digital camera for red, green and blue color channel of intensities by pairing the calibration dependencies, and determine the true brightness and color of a point on the object by calculation.

Calibration dependencies (triads) of digital camera for red, green and blue color channels intensities were constructed. These dependences allow determining lower and upper bounds of the dynamic range. Each triad has a form of the hysteresis loop. The experiment showed that the accuracy of this method is ± 3–5 %.
DEPENDENCE OF THE SURFACE-ENHANCED RAMAN SCATTERING SIGNAL ON THE SHAPE OF SILVER NANOSTRUCTURES GROWN IN THE SiO2 /n-Si POROUS TEMPLATE
Authors: Yakimchuk D. V. , Kaniukov E. Yu. , Demyanov S. E. , Bundyukova V. D. , Dzeinak A. V. , Makoed I. I. , Arzumanyan G. M. , Doroshkevich N. V. , Mamatkulov K. Z. , Sivakov V.
Published: July 2018

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering is a powerful method used in chemoand biosensorics. The aim of this work was to determine the relationship between the signal of Surface-enhanced Raman scattering and the shape of silver nanostructures under the influence of laser radiation with different power.

Plasmonic nanostructures were synthesized in silicon dioxide pores on monocrystalline silicon n-type substrate. The pores were formed using ion-track technology and selective chemical etching. Silver deposition was carried out by galvanic displacement method. Synthesis time was chosen as a parameter that allows controlling the shape of a silver deposit in the pores of silicon dioxide on the surface of single-crystal n-silicon during electrodeless deposition. Deposition time directly effects on the shape of metal nanostructures.

Analysis of the dynamics of changing the morphology of the metal deposit showed that as the deposition time increases, the metal evolves from individual metallic crystallites within the pores at a short deposition time to dendritic-like nanostructures at a long time. The dependence of the intensity of Surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectra on the shape of the silver deposit is studied at the powers of a green laser (λ = 532 nm) from 2.5 μW to 150 μW on the model dye analyte Rodamin 6G. The optimum shape of the silver deposit and laser power is analyzed from this point of view design of active surfaces for Surface-enhanced Raman scattering with nondestructive control of small concentrations of substances.

The silver nanostructures obtained in porous template SiO2 on n-type silicon substrate could be used as plasmon-active surfaces for nondestructive investigations of substances with low concentrations at low laser powers.
THE DESIGN OF THE SOLAR WIND ION FLUX SENSORS BASED ON THE FARADAY CUP
Authors: Mukhurov N. I. , Gasenkova I. V. , Andruhovich I. M. , Zastenker G. M. , Borodkova N. I. , Kostenko V. I. , Karimov B. T.
Published: July 2018

Important tasks of modern space research are the study and continuous observations of the processes of cosmic and meteorological «weather». One of the electronic devices for carrying out such researches is a plasma sensor based on Faraday cup. The purpose of the work was to develop a constructive variant of the Faraday cup with precision sensitive (selective) elements in the form of metal grid microstructures and a four-sector collector, which has no analogues in the world technology.

For the formation of grid nickel microstructures, a process has been developed for creating a matrix of nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide by photolithography as a precision shape (template) for depositing nanostructured metal layers. Methods for conducting testing for mechanical (vibrational) and thermocyclic impact that satisfies the requirements for space instruments have been developed.

The grid microstructures are formed in a unified technological cycle with the production of ring-holders along the perimeter of the grid, with a square 20 × 20 μm2 section of the web and square cells with a size of 1 × 1 mm2. The transparency of each of the grids was more than 90 % for the normal incidence of light. Dimensions of holders and grid microstructures: internal diameters (34, 47, 60) ± 0.1 mm, external diameters of rings (42, 55, 68) ± 0.1 mm, respectively. The weight of one grid was less than 50 mg.

The test results demonstrated the operability of the developed grid microstructures with multiple thermocyclic actions from –50 to +150 °C and vibrational and static overloads specific for space flights. Instruments for plasma measurements in the near of the Earth and in the interplanetary space will comprise six sensors with different angular orientations. This will make it possible to detect ions of cosmic plasma in a solid angle of about 180°.
CALCULATION OF A GLARE STOP FOR TWO-MIRROR EXTRA-FOCAL OBJECTIVE
Authors: Zambrano L. F. , Artyukhina N. K. , Peroza L. V.
Published: July 2018

Recently, efforts to improve optical characteristics in canonical mirror systems, including aspherical surfaces and corrective aberration capabilities. At the same time, much attention is paid to the development of new optical schemes of two-mirror objectives. Development measures to protect the image plane from stray light and harmful flows with minimal vignetting and screening is one of the most perspective ways for improving the image quality objectives. The only method to eliminate or even reduce these non-constructive rays is to set glare stops. The aim of the work was an improving method for constructing a glare stop to protect the image plane and the creation of a calculation algorithm of glare stop for protecting the image plane based on two-mirror extra-focal objectives.

The study was conducted in two stages. In the course of the first stage, the positions of screening and intermediate image plane were obtained, as well as the central screening coefficient. At the second stage, an arrangement for the position of glare stop is proposed using the algorithm calculation. Thus, mathematical expressions were achieved by geometric constructions. The relation of the screening coefficient with the distance between the surfaces of the mirrors and the height of the paraxial rays is established. А representation of vignetting diagram for two-mirror extra-focal objective with D/f´ = 1 : 1,3 and 2ω = 4° was realized. TheQestimation of vignetting of inclined light beams is k= 0,56.
INFLUENCE OF LASER BEAM PROFILE ON LIGHT SCATTERING BY HUMAN SKIN DURING PHOTOMETRY BY ELLIPSOIDAL REFLECTORS
Authors: Bezuglyi M. A. , Bezuglaya N. V. , Kostuk S.
Published: July 2018

The correct accounting of laser emitter parameters for improvement of diagnostic authenticity of methods of optical biomedical diagnostic is important problem for applied biophotonic tasks. The purpose of the current research is estimation of influence of energy distribution profile in transversal section of laser beam on light scattering by human skin layers at photometry by ellipsoidal reflectors.

Biomedical photometer with ellipsoidal reflectors for investigation of biological tissue specimens in transmitted and reflected light uses laser probing radiation with infinitely thin, Gauss-type and uniform cross-section profile. Distribution of beams with denoted profiles, which consist of 20 million photons with wavelength 632.8 nm, was modeled by using of Monte-Carlo simulation in human skin layers (corneous layer, epidermis, derma and adipose tissue) of various anatomic thickness and with ellipsoidal reflectors with focal parameter equal to 16.875 mm and eccentricity of 0.66.

The modeling results represent that illuminance distribution in zones of photometric imaging is significantly influenced by the laser beam cross-section profile for various thickness of corneous layer and epidermis in transmitted and reflected light, and also derma in reflected light. Illuminance distribution for adipose tissue in reflected and transmitted light, and also derma in transmitted light, practically do not depend of laser beam profile for anatomic thicknesses, which are appropriate for human skin on various sections of body.

There are represented results of modified Monte-Carlo simulation method for biomedical photometer with ellipsoidal reflectors during biometry of human skin layers. For highly scattered corneous layer and epidermis the illumination of middle and external rings of photometric images changes depending from the laser beam profile for more than 50 % in transmitted and 30 % in reflected light. For weakly scattering skin layers (derma and adipose layer) the influence of profile can be observed only for derma in reflected layer and is equal not more than 15 %.
INFLUENCE OF IONIZING IRRADIATION ON THE PARAMETERS OF ZN NANOTUBES ARRAYS FOR DESIGN OF FLEXIBLE ELECTRONICS ELEMENTS
Authors: Kadyrzhanov D. B. , Zdorovets M. V. , Kozlovskiy A. L. , Petrov A. V. , Bundyukova V. D. , Shumskaya A. E. , Kaniukov E. Yu.
Published: July 2018

The aim of the study is establishing the possibility of using Zn nanotube arrays as a basis for design compact and lightweight elements of flexible electronics, including operating under influence of ionizing irradiation.

The paper presents the results of the synthesis of Zn nanotubes obtained by electrochemical deposition in the pores of polymer matrices and the study of their structural and electrophysical properties after directional modification by ionizing radiation with different doses. Using the methods of scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and energy dispersive analysis, the structure of nanotubes having a polycrystalline structure and completely consisting of zinc was studied and it was demonstrated that irradiation with Ar8+ ions with a dose from 1 × 109 to 5 × 1011 ion/cm2 and energy 1.75 MeV/nucleon has an effect on the crystal structure of nanotubes.

At high doses, localized highly defect zones arise, leading to a critical change in the structure and physical properties of the nanotubes, respectively. It is shown that the consequence of the modification of the crystal structure is a change in the electrical conductivity of nanotubes: at low doses the electrical conductivity increases, but when the threshold value is reached, it sharply decreases. The change in the crystal structure and the corresponding changes in the conductive properties of Zn nanotubes due to irradiation determine the mechanism of ionizing radiation influence on nanomaterials and determine the possibility of using Zn nanotubes arrays as a basis for creating compact and lightweight elements of flexible electronics.
GENERALIZED MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE CALIBRATION PROCESSAND THE DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF THE PARAMETERS MULTIPOLE
Authors: Gusinsky A. V.
Published: July 2018

The quality of measuring systems of the microwave range, including vector network analyzers, largely depends on the reliability of calibration procedures and direct measurements, which allow to take into account information about the reproducible errors of measuring systems for subsequent correction. The aim of the paper is mathematical modeling of the errors of the measuring system for the generalized case for 2-n pole device.

The problems of increasing the accuracy of measuring microwave systems due to compensation of systematic errors determined during calibration are considered. Calibration of measuring systems and correction of the results of direct measurements based on calibration results require the use of appropriate mathematical models of errors. Mathematical models of errors are represented in the form of multipolar errors, included between the object of measurement and the measuring system, which is assumed to be ideal, free of errors. The article proposes a generalized mathematical model of errors, described by a network of errors containing n ports connected to the n-port measuring system, and n ports connected to the n port of the measurement object. To obtain in general form the calibration equation for the 2n-port model of the error multipolar network, its transmission wave matrix [T], recorded in a cellular form, was used, and then a relationship was found between the measurement result in a matrix form with the cellular wave matrix T. A solution for finding the error matrix of matrix equation that connects the matrices known from the results of the corresponding attestation for the standards with the results of measurements during calibration in the matrix form. When solving this equation, a matrix product of «sandwich» type appears due to the cellular wave matrix [T]. The solution is possible when using the Kronecker product of two matrix, the matrix translation operator, the RS operator of the matrix, and the Gaussian elimination method. An equation is obtained for reconstructing the actual values of the scattering matrix of the measurement object, starting from the results of direct measurements in the matrix form and the error matrix. When solving the reconstruction equation, it is advisable to use a matrix inverse to the transmission matrix [T].

The developed generalized mathematical model can be used, for example, when it is necessary to measure the parameters of complex microwave devices made on boards (wafer), with probe transitions to measuring ports, where it is important to consider the presence of additional microwave power leaks between ports.
THE RISK-ORIENTED APPROACH TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF CONTROL METHOD
Authors: Serenkov P. S. , Hurevich V. L. , Movlamov M. R. , Yetumya A. S.
Published: July 2018

The necessity for scientific and methodical study of methods for monitoring the characteristics of flameresistance of building structures has the highest priority in the field of fire safety. The aim of this work was to provide the required degree of reliability of the results of quality control of flame-resistant coatings of building structures and high efficiency of decisions due to the risk-based approach to the development of control methods.

Substantiated risk-based approach to the development of methods of control, involving the consideration on the basis of process model, control flame-resistance of building object in all possible potential problems that can cause the risk of incorrect decision-making. A model of the risks arising from the control of the flameretardant coating thickness has been developed. Two major risk groups have been identified. The first group is related to the uncertainty of coating thickness measurement at a single control point. The second group of risks is related to the unrepresentativeness of selective control over the entire surface of the construction object as a whole Potential risk sources have been identified for each group. For the entire range of sources of particular risks the results of studies of the mechanisms of their manifestation, the estimated degree of influence on the accuracy of the control of compliance of flame-retardant coating thickness requirements. The analysis is carried out on the basis of both theoretical and experimental statistical studies on a number of construction projects.

According to the results of the analysis of all particular risks of control unreliability, rational ways of their minimization in the form of technical or organizational and technical measures, which are refl in the developed project of the control method, are proposed. Project control method was built on the basis of a agreed scheme of control of the thickness of the fl coating of building structures sequentially the three parties. 

Formulated and solved the task of the metrological control of the thickness of the flame-retardant coating as indirect measurement methods non-destructive thickness measurements. Theoretical and applied aspects of the process of flame-retardant coating thickness control of building structures under conditions of high risk of making incorrect decisions on the results of control are considered.
MEASUREMENT OF THE AMPLITUDE OF PERIODIC SIGNALS USING THE FIBONACCI METHOD
Authors: Petrushak V. S.
Published: July 2018

Development of new methods and high-rate means for converting the amplitude of high-frequency periodic signals into a binary code with high speed for solving problems of industrial tomography, radar, radio navigation, during measurements of amplitude-frequency characteristics, measurement of the amplitude of signal generators is relevant in scientific terms and useful in practical applications. The aim of the study was to create a new amplitude meter for high-frequency periodic signals based on the Fibonacci method without converting the AC voltage into an equivalent parameter.

Based on the developed algorithm and the equation for converting the amplitude of periodic signals into code using the Fibonacci method, a functional scheme of the amplitude converter has been developed. This made it possible to realize an 8-bit amplitude converter in code on the FPGA Cyclone V series of the Altera company. Amplitude converter of periodic signals into the code based on the Fibonacci method consists of: two comparators, a phase detector, a short pulse shaper, a digital-to-analog converter, a Fibonacci register, an extender, a clock counter, a decoder and an indicator. In the developed meters of the amplitude of the periodic signal, the process of forming the measuring periods and their calculation was applied, this made it possible to avoid the conversion of the alternating voltage into an equivalent parameter. The process of forming measurement periods and their calculation is realized on the basis of a comparator and a counter. The application of the Fibonacci register allowed setting the conversion time at the level of N/f (number of register bits / frequency of the incoming signal). Using the Fibonacci sequence of the pentanacci sequence in the basis of the work of the Fibonacci register allowed obtaining odd code values at its output.

Based on the obtained research results, a high-resolution converter of the amplitude of high-frequency periodic signals can be developed into a binary code with high speed for tasks: industrial tomography, radar and radio navigation.
APPLICATION OF STATISTICAL METHODS TO ASSESS THE METROLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF RADIO-HOLOGRAPHIC MEASURING COMPLEXES
Authors: Grinchuk A. P. , Buday A. G. , Gromyko A. V.
Published: July 2018

Practical application of the radio-holographic method for measuring the characteristics of antennas, especially when conducting acceptance testing of systems, requires an adequate assessment of the errors in the recovery of long-range characteristics. These errors appear to be a superposition composed of various sources, having different nature, different time characteristics and different degrees of influence on the final result. The purpose of this work was the development of a practical technique for determining the influence of random errors in measuring the amplitude-phase distribution of the field of the antenna required for the accuracy of restoring long-range characteristics (primarily the antenna pattern) of the antenna, the proposed technique being based only on processing the experimental results obtained with this measuring complex.

A practical method for determining the influence of random errors in measuring the amplitude-phase distribution of the field of the antenna under study on the accuracy of restoring its long-range characteristics (primarily the directional pattern) on the basis of correlation and spectral analysis has been developed and experimentally confirmed. The main advantage of the developed method in comparison with the use of mathematical modeling is that the estimation of the accuracy of the reconstruction of the directivity diagrams is based on the results of processing experimental data obtained on a specific measuring complex and does not a priori impose any preliminary requirements on the statistical parameters of errors. The developed procedure for estimating the influence of random errors can be used to develop a methodology for metrological certification of measuring systems as measuring instruments.
METHODS FOR INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF A DUAL-CHANNEL OPTO-ELECTRONIC SIGHT
Authors: Fiodortсev R. V. , Shkadarevich A. P. , Eid Mohammad Qusai , Fufaev A. V.
Published: July 2018

The actual task of the aiming equipment manufacturers is to develop autonomous models of optical sights capable of independently measuring and analyzing input parameters in combat conditions and on their basis to make corrections to the guidance system and aiming mechanisms. The aim of the study was to investigate methods for increasing the efficiency of the dual-channel opto-electronic sight of the DNS-1 model for small arms by analyzing the degree of influence of external environmental factors determining the trajectory of a bullet flight and the accuracy of its hit into the target.

The variant of the practical implementation of the DNS-1 sight with an integrated ballistic computer, taking into account: wind speed and direction, target location angle, ambient temperature, relative humidity and atmospheric pressure is considered. Evaluation of the rigidity and stability of the sight design was made when fastening it to the receiver along the «swallowtail» guide and on the «Picatinny» bar. In the variant with Picatinny rail, the loads are smaller and distributed more evenly along the line of the body of the sight. Calculations of the trajectory of the bullet from the cartridge 7Н10 with a caliber of 5.45 mm for the AK74Н at distances of 300 and 1000 m were carried out. At a distance of 300 m and at a value exceeding 53.2 cm, the throwing angle remains practically unchanged and lies within 0.2°. For long distances up to 1000 m, the ballistic angle increases to 3°. A method for measuring wind load using a thermal anemometer based on the Dantec Dynamics 55P11 sensor is proposed. Optimization of the anemometer housing design was performed and wind load simulation was performed, wind field velocity distribution was obtained in the aerodynamic blowdown of the anemometer assembly in the range from 2 to 20 m/s. A method is proposed for measuring the angle of the target site using an accelerometer based on the SCA830-D07 sensor with an accuracy of 0.00179°.

The presented research results show the possibility of creating a complex automated fire control system for small arms.
INFLUENCE OF EDM WORN SURFACE OF THE WORKING PART OF STEEL BORON TOOTH TO RESTORE ITS CUTTING ABILITY
Authors: KiselevG. M. G. , Bohdan P. S. , Kryshnev M. M. , Semenkovich V. P.
Published: July 2018

The article is devoted to the experimental evaluation of the efficacy of electrical discharge machining (modification) worn cylindrical working surface of the steel of boron in order to restore its cutting ability. It provides basic information

about steel dental forests, including their structure and the main stages of production. It is noted that for such resource hog maximum computing time is about 9 minutes and then further worn drills are used and recycled. Based on an analysis of previous studies on the use of EDM surface modification of the wire, tape and disk recovery tools grounded prospect worn cutting ability of the working surface of the steel by its boron EDM with a view to its use in dental practice as well as in the production of dental products. Provides basic information about how to conduct experimental studies, including a description of the device for modifying the EDM worn working surface boron, as well as the device to determine its cutting ability on the intensity of cutting them a sample of the PCB. It was established experimentally that the resulting EDM modifying worn working surface boron therein forming wells having on the edges of the metal beading beyond the original contour of the surface, the height of which increases as the process of modifying U voltages on the storage capacitor, which leads to an increase in surface finish diameter boron. It has been shown that these spatter justified regarded as a kind of cutting elements (teeth) on the modified surface of the boron, giving it a worn surface of the cutting ability. It was established experimentally that the spark erosion boron worn surface modification can restore its cutting performance with respect to the original when U = 75 to 33.3%, and when U = 120 V - 43%, indicating a relatively high recovery efficiency of the proposed method of cutting the ability of the worn surface of steel dental burs.
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF CENTRELESS-LUNETTE TURNING OF HEAVY SHAFT
Authors: Vasilevich Yu. V. , Dounar S. S.
Published: July 2018

Dynamics of huge renovated lathe is simulated. Turning scheme concerns to heavy rotor shaft finishing. Lofty parts and milling head may create dynamic problems. Static, modal and harmonic frequency response function simulations were provided. Bearing system consists of bed, support, tool, lunettes, tailstock. Headstock didn’t take part in shaft holding. Static and dynamic rigidities founded 3–4 times less for support than for shaft. Tool rigidity lessens from 186.5 to 11.9 N/µm for speeding from slow to near resonance turning. Twelve lathe eigenmodes were evaluated. Two eigenmodes are most dangerous. It is “shaft swinging on lunettes” (M1, 26.7 Hz) and “support pecking” (M3, 54.4 Hz). Bed has excessive flexibility due to through holes and lack of inner ribbing. Polymer concrete filling is moderately effective. Changing two-lunette (2L) scheme to three-lunette (3L) increases rigidity of shaft at 2.09 times at statics but gives limited action in dynamics. Resonant peaks on frequency response function are lowered only at 1.32 times for M1, M3. Effect of dynamic damping is revealed under condition of proximity middle lunette to lofty support. Support serves as tuned mass damper. Measures of machine tool reinforcement are simulated. Shaft swinging according to M1 may hardly be blocked by passive means. It would be better to bypass it. “Support pecking” resonance (M3) succumbs to only full set of measures. Small effect of partial reinforcement is predicted. Three frequency intervals are recommended for turn-milling at huge lathe: pre-resonant (<20 Hz), inter-resonant (35–45 Hz) and post-resonant (>65 Hz). The last one is more suited. Next design step is to create triangle inner ribbing system or caissons inside of bed.