bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Basel IV implementation: a review of the case of the European Union
Authors: Feridun Mete , Özün Alper
Published: July 2020

Purpose

Introducing radical changes to the methodologies for the determination of capital requirements, the final stage of the Basel III standards, which is referred to as “Basel IV” by the industry, will be a significant challenge for the global banking sector. This article reviews the main components of the new framework, analyses its ongoing implementation in the European Union and discusses its potential impact on banks, putting forward policy recommendations.

Design/methodology/approach

This article uses primary sources such as the publications by the Basel Committee for Banking Supervision and the European Commission. It also reviews the secondary sources, including both academic articles and analyses by various stakeholders. However, this article does not undertake any empirical analysis.

Findings

This article discusses that Basel IV will introduce strategic, operational and regulatory challenges for banks in scope. It also identifies a number of areas which are subject to further debate in the European Union such as the enhanced due diligence requirements under the new credit risk framework; governance, reporting and control rules under the operational risk framework; exemptions for certain derivative transactions under the credit valuation adjustment framework and the level of application of the capital floors within banking groups. This article concludes that the global implementation of the reforms by all jurisdictions and transposition into national banking laws concurrently with the European Union in line with the Basel Committee's implementation timeline is important from a financial stability standpoint.

Originality/value

The article presents an up-to-date and comprehensive review of the practical implications of Basel IV standards. It analyses the implementation of the standards in the case of the European Union, reviews the potential policy implications and presents recommendations for risk management practitioners.
Socio-spatial regeneration challenges in Attaba historic market, Cairo – Egypt
Authors: AlSadaty Aliaa , ElKerdany Dalila , Hamza Neveen , Imam Sahar , ElSerafi Tamer , Abdallah Mahmoud
Published: July 2020

Purpose

This paper aims to address socio-spatial challenges facing the sustainable regeneration of the 19th-century historic covered Attaba market. One of the few remaining historic market buildings in Cairo. Understanding these challenges is crucial as there is a pressing need for these buildings to be included in the national heritage regeneration policies that would foster their role as sustainable socio-economic urban nuclei within the city center.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper detects the socio-spatial transformation of the Attaba market through the comparison of archival material. This is supported by observations on the current socio-spatial aspects of the market including forms of interactions, conflicts and interventions of various user groups. A number of 30 semi-structured interviews with traders of the Attaba market were conducted inside the market, along with in-depth observations carried out between 2016 and 2018. Finally, information about local policies toward the market is obtained through interviews with local officials currently managing the market, namely, the Egyptian Endowment Authority and Cairo Governorate.

Findings

The findings reveal a lack of clear regeneration policy and a complete absence of public participation in decision-making. These factors erode the crucial role these markets play in revitalizing the city’s socio-economic strength and threaten their tangible and intangible values.

Originality/value

The paper focuses on one of the understudied building types that, however, represent key opportunities for the sustainable development of their contexts. The paper proposes a framework that can be applied to regenerate the Attaba market and its surroundings. When tested, the framework can be also adjusted and applied to the other historic covered markets in Cairo.
Whistleblowing: protection or discouragement
Authors: Gibbs Tanya
Published: July 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to survey UAE legislative initiatives affecting whistleblowing. Many studies claim that whistleblowing is one of the most effective mechanisms in fighting corruption. Either done merely to satisfy regulatory requirements or in genuine efforts to counter internal fraud, many organizations around the world incorporate whistleblowing programs. However, a lack of comprehensive whistleblower protection remains the main impediment for reporting misconduct or wrongdoing. A country’s legislative framework and its cultural and socio-economic specifics impact the effectiveness of such protective measures. Moreover, in the absence of comprehensive, stand-alone whistleblowing laws, whistleblowers can become victims not only of employers’ retaliatory actions but also of criminal and civil charges.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper surveys the UAE law and regulations in regard to whistleblower protection. It also raises concerns regarding their effectiveness based on the county’s unique socio-economic and cultural environment and their interplay with other legislations, which can potentially make whistleblowing a criminal offense.

Findings

In the absence of stand-alone whistleblowing legislation, cultural aspects and other laws can serve as deterrents for whistleblowers. It is crucial for a jurisdiction to set up an effective legal and regulatory framework to enable synergy across different laws and agencies involved. Implementation of comprehensive, stand-alone whistleblowing legislation might help provide legal certainty and clarity.

Research limitations/implications

In the absence of empirical studies on UAE whistleblowing, the researcher primarily relied on English translations of the country’s laws and regulations, official press releases and English media sources.

Practical implications

This study introduces relevant background to organizations establishing their own whistleblowing policies and employee training.

Originality/value

This paper examines the effectiveness of whistleblowing legislative initiatives through the prism of the country’s cultural, socio-economic and legal environment.
Authentic leadership: unleashing employee creativity through empowerment and commitment to the supervisor
Authors: Imam Hassan , Naqvi Muhammad Baqar , Naqvi Sajid Ali , Chambel Maria José
Published: July 2020

Purpose

The increasing interest of organizations to innovate and survive in the market, combined with a decreasing level of trust in their leaders, has now led thinkers and researchers to begin exploring beyond traditional leadership theories. The literature indicates that, due to the lack of a strong and explicit moral dimension, positive leadership may be incomplete. The purpose of this study is to understand the creativity mechanism that is fostered by authentic leadership through empowerment and commitment to the supervisor.

Design/methodology/approach

The data of 214 employees were collected from the strategic units (product generation, customer services, marketing and sales) of all five telecoms which are currently operating in Pakistan. The parallel mediation model was used to analyze the hypothesized model.

Findings

Results confirmed that authentic leadership leverages creativity. Mediation results further confirmed that creativity increases when employees feel empowered and are committed to an authentic leader. However, contrast analysis indicated that empowerment has a stronger role in increasing creativity.

Research limitations/implications

Not limited to theoretical debate, the present study emphasized that organizations improve creativity by adopting a management model which delivers moral values along with an efficient, transparent system and empowered culture. Managers should be trained to develop authentic traits so that they can then identify and address critical areas which will serve to nurture creative and innovative behavior in their followers.

Originality/value

Authentic leadership is an emerging concept, yet debate on authentic leadership and creativity is in the establishment phase. The present study highlights that authentic leadership is not simply a consequence of success or the development of a pool of loyal subordinates; rather, empowered leadership at all levels is at the heart of a successful organization.
Bright side of narcissism: elevated ownership and initiative
Authors: Mao Jih-Yu , Quan Jing , Chiang Jack Ting-Ju , Qing Tao
Published: July 2020

Purpose

A plethora of organizational studies have found employee narcissism to be an unfavorable trait that impedes job functioning. Yet, the elevated confidence and self-assuredness associated with the narcissistic personality can also drive individuals to show initiative behavior. This paper aims to investigate how and when employees with narcissistic personalities can potentially contribute positively to effective functioning.

Design/methodology/approach

Data were collected from 91 supervisors and 273 subordinates in a corporate setting in central China. To account for the nesting effects, multilevel path analysis was conducted to test the hypotheses.

Findings

Employee narcissism is positively related to psychological ownership, which in turn is positively related to initiative behavior in the workplace. Furthermore, job meaningfulness moderates the indirect effect of employee narcissism on initiative behavior through psychological ownership. Specifically, the indirect effect is more salient when the employee perceives higher, rather than lower, job meaningfulness.

Originality/value

This study examines how employees with narcissistic personalities can show initiative at work. Specifically, this research uncovers the underlying psychological mechanism as well as the boundary condition that facilitate this process. This study affirms the importance of self-determination for narcissistic employees and sheds light on how these employees can potentially contribute positively to effective functioning. Insights for theory, practice and future research are also discussed.
Bursting the filter bubble: the mediating effect of discussion frequency on network heterogeneity
Authors: Strauß Nadine , Alonso-Muñoz Laura , Gil de Zúñiga Homero
Published: July 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to identify the structural processes that lead citizens to escape their common social circles when talking about politics and public affairs (e.g. “filter bubbles”). To do so, this study tests to what extent political attitudes, political behavior, news media consumption and discussion frequency affect discussion network heterogeneity among US citizens.

Design/methodology/approach

Supported by the polling group Nielsen, this study uses a two-wave panel online survey to study the antecedents and mechanisms of discussion network heterogeneity among US citizens. To test the hypotheses and answer the research questions, ordinary least squares (OLS) regressions (cross-sectional, lagged and autoregressive) and mediation analyses were conducted.

Findings

The findings imply that political discussion frequency functions as the key element in explaining the mechanism that leads politically interested and participatory citizens (online) as well as news consumers of traditional and online media to seek a more heterogeneous discussion network, disrupting the so-called “filter bubbles.” However, mediation analyses also showed that discussion frequency can lead to more homogenous discussion networks if people score high on political knowledge, possibly reflecting the formation of a close network of political-savvy individuals.

Originality/value

The survey data give important insights into the 2016 pre-election situation, trying to explain why US citizens were more likely to remain in homogenous discussion networks when talking about politics and public affairs. By using two-wave panel data, the analyses allow to draw tentative conclusions about the influential and inhibiting factors and mechanisms that lead individuals to seek/avoid a more heterogeneous discussion network.
Alipay entered Malaysia: a closer look at the new market entry strategy driven by Chinese tourists
Authors: Chew Boon Cheong , Shen Xiaobai , Ansell Jake
Published: July 2020

Purpose

This study aims to investigate the entrance of Chinese-based Alipay’s mobile-payment (m-payment) technology into Malaysia. Malaysia allowed this entry of the first foreign m-payment company because it would allow Chinese tourists spending while they are visiting Malaysia. It will view this entrance from a Malaysian perspective.

Design/methodology/approach

The views of Malaysian players (Bank Negara Malaysia officers, three Malaysian banks’ officers, Alipay-Malaysia officers, airport section manager, convenience store manager and airport store sales executive) were sought via qualitative interview concerning Alipay’s entry into the Malaysian market. Respondents who had relevant knowledge and/or were involved in Alipay m-payment technology development in Malaysia were contacted, while there remainder were obtained by snowballing. Secondary data was collected from Bank Negara Malaysia’s policy, three Malaysian banks’ reports, the Alipay-Malaysia public statements and the Airport and Convenience Store reports. Triangulation using primary and secondary data was used to safeguard the validity and reliability of the outcomes.

Findings

The entry strategy used by Alipay was different from those reported in previous studies. The establishment of Alipay-Malaysia was the first element of the “mode of entry” gaining pioneer status in Malaysia. The next stage was gaining support from Bank Negara Malaysia-Malaysian Central Bank and three Malaysian banks (Maybank, Public Bank and CIMB) through collaborative ventures with Alipay-Malaysia Sdn. Bhd., leading to acceptance nationwide by local merchants. The key driver of acceptance being Chinese outbound tourists in Malaysia.

Research limitations/implications

This case study was conducted during the early implementation of Alipay in Malaysia from 2015 until April 2019. During this period, there were challenges due to the lack of primary data. These were overcome by the support from the respondents and the secondary data.

Practical implications

This study contributes to insights from a different entry strategy that used tourism as a leading force. This can give guidance to other m-payment service providers or other countries as m-payment technology recipient about “market entry strategy” and “modes of entry” following Alipay’s approach.

Originality/value

To date, no study has been conducted to investigate the nature of Alipay m-payment in Malaysia. This qualitative study has examined the new phenomenon regarding how Alipay entered the Malaysian market. Moreover, this study can also contribute new insights into the existing theory of “market entry strategy” in terms of Alipay’s tourist-based approach.
Learning to organize and organizing to learn: the case of Dutch military expeditionary task forces
Authors: Kramer Eric-Hans , Moorkamp Matthijs , Visser Max
Published: July 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to provide insight in how military expeditionary task forces cope with the dual challenge of organizing and learning, by reflecting on the experiences of Dutch expeditionary task forces in post-conflict missions in Bosnia, Iraq and Afghanistan.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper reflects on the outcomes of a research project into the experiences of operators of different specific expeditionary task forces of the Dutch Armed Forces in dealing with everyday problems in their working environment. The case studies were based on interviews with military personnel of all ranks and focused on relating the process of making sense of environmental dynamics to characteristics of the organizational context.

Findings

The case studies indicate that designing and learning become intertwined in the realities of everyday problem-solving in the more complex missions. As task forces are essentially tailor-made for the purpose of specific missions, units initially need to be selected. Subsequently, the design of the task force needs to be adapted to suit local conditions. This challenge interrelates with the everyday challenge for operators of making sense of their environment and finding pragmatic solutions for the everyday problems they are confronted with. In pragmatically solving everyday problems, operators in the cases engaged in working out incomplete or ill-fitting aspects of the task force design.

Practical implications

The findings are relevant for military task forces and in general for organizations that are confronted with dynamically complex environments that rely on temporary structures.

Originality/value

Existing literature on learning and on organizing generally treat these as two related, but essentially separate, phenomena. In the expeditionary military task forces, operators that aimed to develop pragmatic solutions to everyday problems, the processes of learning and organizing became intertwined: units needed to organize to learn and to learn to organize. The paper ends by suggesting a combination of specific circumstances that influences the nature of the interrelation between these processes.
Induction of antibody responses in mice immunized intranasally with Type I interferon as adjuvant and synergistic effect of chitosan
Authors: Maeyama Jun‐ichi , Kurata‐Iesato Yuko , Isaka Masanori , Komiya Takako , Sakurai Shingou
Published: July 2020

Type I IFNs are a range of host‐derived molecules with adjuvant potential; they have been used for many years in the treatment of cancer and viral hepatitis. Therefore, the safety of IFNs for human use has been established. In this study, we evaluated the mucosal adjuvanticity of IFN‐β administered intranasally to mice with diphtheria toxoid, and suggested a method to improve its adjuvanticity. When IFN‐β alone was used as a mucosal adjuvant, no clear results were obtained. However, simultaneous administration of IFN‐β and chitosan resulted in an enhancement of the specific serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA antibody responses, the mucosal IgA antibody response, and antitoxin titers. Furthermore, the intranasal administration of IFN‐α alone resulted in a greater increase in antibody titer than IFN‐β, and a synergistic effect with chitosan was also observed. These findings suggest that intranasal administration of chitosan and Type I IFNs may display an effective synergistic mucosal adjuvant activity.
A methodological framework to analyse determinants of host–microbiota networks, with an application to the relationships between Daphnia magna's gut microbiota and bacterioplankton
Authors: Massol François , Macke Emilie , Callens Martijn , Decaestecker Ellen
Published: July 2020

The past 30 years have seen both a surge of interest in assessing ecological interactions using tools borrowed from network theory and an explosion of data on the occurrence of microbial symbionts thanks to next‐generation sequencing. Given that classic network methods cannot currently measure the respective effects of different environmental and biological drivers on network structure, we here present two methods to elucidate the determinants of bipartite interaction networks.

The first method is based on classifications and compares communities within networks to the grouping of nodes by treatment or similar controlling groups. The second method assesses the link between multivariate explanatory variables and network structure using redundancy analyses after singular value decomposition. In both methods, the significance of effects can be gauged through two randomizations.

Our methods were applied to experimental data on Daphnia magna and its interactions with gut microbiota and bacterioplankton. The whole network was affected by Daphnia's diet (algae and/or cyanobacteria) and sample type, but not by Daphnia genotype. At coarse grains, bacterioplankton and gut microbiota communities were different. At this scale, the structure of the gut microbiota‐based network was not linked to any explanatory factors, while the bacterioplankton‐based network was related to both Daphnia's diet and genotype. At finer grains, Daphnia's diet and genotype affected both microbial networks, but the effect of diet on gut microbiota network structure was mediated solely by differences in microbial richness. While no reciprocal effect between the microbial communities could be found, fine‐grained analyses presented a more nuanced picture, with bacterioplankton likely affecting the composition of the gut microbiota.

Our methods are widely applicable to bipartite networks, can elucidate both controlled and environmental effects in experimental setting using a large amount of sequencing data and can tease apart reciprocal effects of networks on one another. The twofold approach we propose has the advantage of being able to tease apart effects at different scales of network structure, thus allowing for detailed assessment of reciprocal effects of linked networks on one another. As such, our network methods can help ecologists understand huge datasets reporting microbial co‐occurrences within different hosts.
Multi‐event capture‐recapture analysis in Alpine chamois reveals contrasting responses to interspecific competition, within and between populations
Authors: Gamelon Marlène , Filli Flurin , Sæther Bernt‐Erik , Herfindal Ivar
Published: July 2020

Understanding components of interspecific competition has long been a major goal in ecological studies. Classical models of competition typically consider equal responses of all individuals to the density of competitors, however responses may differ both among individuals from the same population, and between populations.

Based on individual long‐term monitoring of two chamois populations in sympatry with red deer, we built a multi‐event capture‐recapture model to assess how vital rates of the smaller chamois are affected by competition from the larger red deer.

In both populations, mortality and breeding probabilities of female chamois depend on age and in most cases, breeding status the preceding year. Successful breeders always performed better the next year, indicating that some females are of high quality. In one population where there was high spatial overlap between the two species, the survival of old female chamois that were successful breeders the preceding year (high‐quality) was negatively related to an index of red deer population size suggesting that they tend to skip reproduction instead of jeopardizing their own survival when the number of competitors increases. The breeding probability of young breeders (ages 2 and 3) was similarly affected by red deer population size. In contrast, in the second site with low spatial overlap between the two species, the vital rates of female chamois were not related to red deer population size.

We provide evidence for population‐specific responses to interspecific competition and more generally, for context‐, age‐ and state‐dependent effects of interspecific competition.

Our results also suggest that the classical assumption of equal responses of all individuals to interspecific competition should be relaxed, and emphasize the need to move towards more mechanistic approaches to better understand how natural populations respond to changes in their environment.
The use of Ca‐transient to evaluate Ca2+ utilization by myofilaments in living cardiac muscle
Authors: Lookin Oleg
Published: July 2020

The kinetics of Ca2+ interaction with myofilaments is an important determinant of the preload‐dependent effects on myocardial contractility (the Frank–Starling Mechanism). However, the direct evaluation of this interaction in intact tissue is limited. To overcome this issue, the method of difference curve was proposed, which implements the subtraction of the referent Ca‐transient (measured in non‐stretched muscle) from the Ca‐transients measured at different preloads. This method was tested on the cardiac trabeculae of healthy (CONT) and monocrotaline‐treated rats (MCT), subjected to force–length protocol with simultaneous measurement of isometric twitch and Ca‐transient. The difference curve had two components, C2 and C3, which are distinct in their directions and, as hypothesized, may reflect mainly the kinetics of Ca2+ utilization by and release from myofilaments, respectively. Both the components were quantitatively evaluated by their amplitude, integral magnitude and time‐to‐peak. The C3 component in either CONT or MCT was significantly higher in its amplitude/integral magnitude vs the C2 component, at any preload (P < .05). The time‐to‐peak value was preload‐dependent only for the C3 component. There were tight relationships between the above characteristics of C2/C3 components and the characteristics of isometric tension (peak value, time‐to‐peak and the maximal rates of rise/decline) in CONT and MCT muscles. The C3 component was highly consistent with tension relaxation (Ca2+ release from myofilaments), but the C2 component was partially consistent with tension development (Ca2+ utilization by myofilaments). The novel method of the analysis of Ca‐transients can be utilized for indirect evaluation of Ca2+ interaction with myofilaments in healthy and diseased myocardium.
A new classification criterion for the biofilm formation index: A study of the biofilm dynamics of pathogenic Vibrio species isolated from seafood and food contact surfaces
Authors: Lucero‐Mejía José Eduardo , Romero‐Gómez Sergio de Jesús , Hernández‐Iturriaga Montserrat
Published: July 2020

The bacterial biofilm formation index (BFI) is measured by a microtiter plate assay, and it is typically performed at 72 hr. However, the dynamics of biopolymer formation change during this incubation period. The aims of this study were to follow the biofilm formation dynamics of Vibrio strains isolated from samples of seafood and food contact surfaces (FCS) and to propose a new BFI classification criterion. Samples from seafood (136) and FCS (14) were collected from retail markets in Queretaro, Mexico. The presence of Vibrio spp. was determined, the strains were isolated, and the six major pathogenic species (V. cholerae, V. alginolyticus, V. fluvialis, V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus, V. mimicus) were identified by PCR. The BFI of the isolates was determined by the microtiter plate method. Fifty‐one strains were isolated and identified as V. alginolytivcus (25), V. vulnificus (12), V. cholerae (7), V. parahaemolyticus (6), and V. mimicus (1). A quantitative classification criterion of biofilm formation was proposed based on the following factors: BFI dynamics (no formation, continuous increase, and increase followed by decrease), time of maximum BFI (early: 24 hr; late: 48 to 72 hr), and degree of BFI (none, weak, moderate, and strong). A numerical value was assigned to each factor to correlate the resulting BFI profile with a risk level. Thirteen BFI profiles were observed, having risk level values from 0 to 10. Vibrio alginolyticus, V. cholerae, and V. vulnificus showed the highest BFI profile diversities, which included the riskiest profiles. The proposed BFI criterion describes the dynamics of bacterial biopolymer formation and associates them with the possible risk implications.

Practical Application

In food processing environments, the presence of bacterial biofilms that could include foodborne pathogens might favor cross‐contamination due to direct contact or biofilm dispersal into food products. The new quantitative classification criterion for biofilm formation considers their production dynamics over time, the biofilm quantity, and the level of biofilm dispersal. These characteristics are represented by a numerical value that reflects the level of risk associated with the presence of a biofilm‐producing strain on a food contact surface.
Phenological growth stages of stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) according to the Biologische Bundesanstalt Bundessortenamt and Chemical Industry (BBCH) scale
Authors: Le Bihan Zoé , Cosson Patrick , Rolin Dominique , Schurdi‐Levraud Valérie
Published: July 2020

Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) is a perennial crop belonging to the Asteraceae family. Its main agronomic and industrial interest is the accumulation in its leaves of steviol glycosides (SG), natural acaloric sweeteners which are 300 times sweeter than sucrose. In order to expand phenotyping knowledge on this emerging crop, researchers and breeders need a universal scale to describe the development of this plant. The objective of this study was to describe the phenological growth stages of stevia through the use of the Biologische Bundesanstalt Bundessortenamt and Chemical Industry (BBCH) scale to provide a standard scale for stevia grown under temperate conditions of production and climate. The observation of phenological stages was performed on genetic resources and validated on stevia progenies grown in field conditions. The 10 phenological stages, namely germination, bud development, foliar development, side shoots appearance, stems elongation, development of harvestable part of the crop, inflorescence emergence, flowering, development of fruit, seeds ripening and senescence, were used to describe the stevia, supplemented with pictures. The chronology and duration of each stage were also observed and described according to the accumulation of degree days during the growing season. This study presents the first BBCH scale established for S. rebaudiana cultivated in temperate conditions and a chronology of phenological stages based on the accumulation of thermal time, through growing degree day calculation (°C/day). This work provides a tool that can be widely used by farmers, breeders and researchers leading to better agronomic management and scientific communication.
Improving Follow‐up Attendance for Discharged Emergency Care Patients Using Automated Phone System to Self‐schedule: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Bauer Kyla L. , Sogade Omolade O. , Gage Brian F. , Ruoff Brent , Lewis Lawrence
Published: July 2020

Background

Automated phone appointment reminders have improved adherence with follow‐up appointments in a variety of hospital settings, but have mixed results in patients discharged from the emergency department (ED). Increasing adherence to follow‐up care has been a priority in the ED to improve patient outcomes and reduce unnecessary future visits.

Methods

We conducted a prospective randomized open, blinded end‐point (PROBE) trial of 278 adult patients discharged from the ED and referred to a provider for follow‐up care. Participants in the intervention arm received a self‐scheduling text or phone message that automatically connected them to their referral provider to schedule a follow‐up appointment and sent them appointment reminders. Those in the control arm received standard‐of‐care written instructions to contact listed referral providers. The primary outcome was time to appointment. The secondary outcome was time to return visit to the ED.

Results

The automated reminders increased the cumulative incidence of keeping the referral appointment after ED discharge (p < 0.001, Gray's test). Of participants randomized to the automated phone intervention, 49.3% (n = 74) kept their follow‐up appointment versus 23.4% (n = 30) in the control arm, with a hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) over the duration of the study period of 2.4 (1.6 to 3.7; p < 0.001). In a sensitivity analysis using 30 days of follow‐up data, 42.0% (n = 63) of participants randomized to the phone intervention kept their follow‐up versus 21.1% (n = 27) in the control arm, with a HR (95% CI) of 2.2 (1.4 to 3.5; p < 0.001). There was no difference in ED revisits between the intervention and control group within 120 days postdischarge.

Conclusions

An automated self‐scheduling phone system significantly improved follow‐up adherence after ED discharge, but did not decrease ED revisits.
Short selling and labor investment efficiency: evidence from the Chinese stock market
Authors: Ding Hui , Ni Xiaoran , Xu Hongmei
Published: July 2020

Exploring the staggered short sale deregulation on the Chinese stock market as quasi‐exogenous shocks, we find that the introduction of short selling is associated with higher deviations of labor investment from the level justified by economic fundamentals, i.e., lower labor investment efficiency. The main effect is more pronounced for firms that are more opaque, younger, and worse governed. Further evidence indicates that short sale deregulation mainly induces firms to overinvest in labor. Our overall findings suggest that faced with downward price pressures, firms may overinvest in labor to convey favorable information to stakeholders, resulting in less efficient labor investments.
Audit partner rotation and negative information hoarding: evidence from China
Authors: Zhao Yujie , Xu Nianhang , Zhou Donghua , Chan Kam C.
Published: July 2020

We analyse the impact of mandatory audit partner rotation (MAPR) on negative information hoarding about audit clients using a sample of Chinese firms. Our findings suggest that the outgoing audit partners hoard negative information in pre‐MAPR, as revealed by a decrease in crash risk, while the incoming audit partners disclose negative information in post‐MAPR. Additional analysis suggests that the results are more pronounced among reviewing partners than engaging partners. We also find that when the outgoing audit partner has strong professional abilities or weak personal network with the client or incoming partner, there is less negative information hoarding around MAPR.
Cardiometabolic risk prediction algorithms for young people with psychosis: a systematic review and exploratory analysis
Authors: Perry B. I. , Upthegrove R. , Crawford O. , Jang S. , Lau E. , McGill I. , Carver E. , Jones P. B. , Khandaker G. M.
Published: July 2020

Objective

Cardiometabolic risk prediction algorithms are common in clinical practice. Young people with psychosis are at high risk for developing cardiometabolic disorders. We aimed to examine whether existing cardiometabolic risk prediction algorithms are suitable for young people with psychosis.

Methods

We conducted a systematic review and narrative synthesis of studies reporting the development and validation of cardiometabolic risk prediction algorithms for general or psychiatric populations. Furthermore, we used data from 505 participants with or at risk of psychosis at age 18 years in the ALSPAC birth cohort, to explore the performance of three algorithms (QDiabetes, QRISK3 and PRIMROSE) highlighted as potentially suitable. We repeated analyses after artificially increasing participant age to the mean age of the original algorithm studies to examine the impact of age on predictive performance.

Results

We screened 7820 results, including 110 studies. All algorithms were developed in relatively older participants, and most were at high risk of bias. Three studies (QDiabetes, QRISK3 and PRIMROSE) featured psychiatric predictors. Age was more strongly weighted than other risk factors in each algorithm. In our exploratory analysis, calibration plots for all three algorithms implied a consistent systematic underprediction of cardiometabolic risk in the younger sample. After increasing participant age, calibration plots were markedly improved.

Conclusion

Existing cardiometabolic risk prediction algorithms cannot be recommended for young people with or at risk of psychosis. Existing algorithms may underpredict risk in young people, even in the face of other high‐risk features. Recalibration of existing algorithms or a new tailored algorithm for the population is required.
The role of in utero endotoxin exposure in the development of inflammatory bowel disease in mice
Authors: Banfield Emilyn , Fulton William , Burd Irina , Kovler Mark L. , Sodhi Chhinder P. , Hackam David J.
Published: July 2020

Problem

Although early environmental influences are thought to influence the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), little is known about the role of the in utero environment on subsequent IBD risk. We hypothesized that prenatal exposure to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) could modify the subsequent development of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)‐induced ulcerative colitis in adulthood by influencing the associated cellular and immune response.

Method of Study

To test this hypothesis, we exposed developing mice in utero to LPS or saline (PBS) at E17.5, and then induced colitis at 5 weeks. We then assessed colitis severity and effects on the microbiome. In order to define the developmental impact of any potential LPS effect, we also exposed 1‐week‐old mice to either LPS or saline before inducing colitis at 5 weeks.

Results

Mice that had been exposed to LPS but not saline in utero were protected from subsequent colitis development, and their intestinal barrier integrity and tight junction expression distribution were similar to that of control mice that were not exposed to DSS. By contrast, mice exposed to either LPS or saline at day 7 of life all developed severe colitis upon subsequent DSS exposure.

Conclusion

These results identify an informative time window during fetal development during which exposure to an otherwise pro‐inflammatory agent like LPS protects against an inflammatory disease in adulthood.
Falling Foul of Section 44(i): Australian's Dual Citizenship Saga and the Problems of Institutional Inertia and “Drift”
Authors: Tavan Gwenda
Published: July 2020

Australia's “dual citizenship” crisis erupted in 2017 when several elected members of the federal parliament discovered that they were ineligible to sit because their dual citizenship status meant that they were in breach of s 44 (i) of the Australian constitution. The controversy has had enormous political consequences, prematurely ending several political careers and confirming that millions of Australians are ineligible to sit in the federal parliament because they hold dual citizenship. It has raised important questions about the contemporary relevance of s 44 (i) for multicultural, trans‐national Australia, given its association with singular, racialized (British‐colonial) notions of identity, allegiance and belonging. Using a historical institutionalist approach, and associated concepts of policy “drift”, I demonstrate the inevitability of the recent controversy, given decades of government inertia and both unintentional and purposeful non‐decision‐making on s 44, despite repeated expert warnings about its risks. I reflect upon the possible interests and ideological biases that have compelled political leaders’ resistance to proposals to decisively fix the constitutional anomaly by holding a popular referendum. I argue these failures have left Australia vulnerable to ongoing political instability and raise considerable concerns about its democratic quality.
Australian Internment Life Stories: Recapturing Salvatore Ragonesi between the Public Record and Family Memories
Authors: Dewhirst Catherine , Kennedy Claire , Ragonesi Sam
Published: July 2020

Since the Archives Act of 1983 Australia's Second World War internees have had access to their wartime files, yet little attention has focused on whether they and their families have consulted these records, or on their responses to them. From the early 2000s historians and archivists began discussing the need for combining private oral testimony with official records as part of a wider discourse on the importance of life stories for deepening knowledge about the past. This article explores the impact of a father's official internment records on his son, through the son's sharing of memories, lived experience and his reactions to official documents, in order to provide a more complete story of his father's internment and life than either the public record or the oral testimony alone can produce. We argue that Sam Ragonesi's oral testimony, especially concerning his encounter with Salvatore Ragonesi's official records, contributes to a greater shared understanding of experiences of war on the home front by integrating social, cultural and family dimensions hidden from Salvatore's public history. In this way intergenerational experiences help both to contest the collective image of internment and create a more complex picture of the War.
“a carefully weighed plan with adequate safeguards for us”: Economic Policy and the Coordination of Australian‐US Approaches to Japanese Aggression, 1939‐41
Authors: Cuffe Honae
Published: July 2020

The historical narrative of Australia's foreign and defence policy‐making during the Pacific War tends to foreground the years 1941–42, characterising them as the turning point when the government realised that Britain alone could no longer protect Australia's regional security interests and turned to the United States of America for its salvation. This article makes a contribution to the alternative view, arguing that Australia was looking to the US well before Prime Minister John Curtin's famous “looks to America” proclamation. It does so with a focus on Australia's thinking and policy towards the engagement of the US in the years 1939‐41, arguing that the coordination of its economic policy with the US, rather than seeking insight into high‐level strategic planning, offered the nation the greatest opportunity to tie its security interests in the Asia‐Pacific region with those of the US. In exploring the role of economic policy in Australia's preparation for war, this article offers new insight into the maturation of Australia's foreign policy apparatus.
Spatial modelling of the two‐party preferred vote in Australian federal elections: 2001–2016
Authors: Forbes Jeremy , Cook Dianne , Hyndman Rob J.
Published: July 2020

We examine the relationships between electoral socio‐demographic characteristics and two‐party preferences in the six Australian federal elections held between 2001 and 2016. Socio‐demographic information is derived from the Australian Census which occurs every 5 years. Since a census is not directly available for each election, an imputation method is employed to estimate census data for the electorates at the time of each election. This accounts for both spatial and temporal changes in electoral characteristics between censuses. To capture any spatial heterogeneity, a spatial error model is estimated for each election, which incorporates a spatially structured random effect vector. Over time, the impact of most socio‐demographic characteristics that affect electoral two‐party preference do not vary, with age distribution, industry of work, incomes, household mobility and relationships having strong effects in each of the six elections. Education and unemployment are among those that have varying effects. All data featured in this study have been contributed to the eechidnaR package (available on CRAN).
Physical activity assessments in children with congenital heart disease: A systematic review
Authors: Acosta‐Dighero Roberto , Torres‐Castro Rodrigo , Rodríguez‐Núñez Iván , Rosales‐Fuentes Javiera , Vilaró Jordi , Fregonezi Guilherme , Lopetegui Bernardita
Published: July 2020

Aim

To describe the physical activity (PA) of children with congenital heart disease (CHD) according to different assessment methods and compare their results with the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations.

Methods

A systematic review was conducted using five databases. We included cross‐sectional, longitudinal, observational studies and clinical trials in a paediatric population with CHD. In publications with indirect measurement, the score in each dimension was considered. Similarly, moderate‐to‐vigorous PA (MVPA) was considered as the main outcome in articles with direct measurement.

Results

A total of 1103 articles were found, and 16 primary articles were considered. Eight articles evaluated PA with indirect methods, six with direct methods and two used both methods, representing 1649 subjects evaluated. It was found that 46% of children with CHD do not exceed WHO recommendations for MVPA, with no differences depending on the severity of CHD.

Conclusion

There are a variety of ways to measure PA in children with CHD. In the articles that objectively evaluated PA, the most measured outcome was the MVPA, which shows that the MVPA time was shorter in about half of the children with CHD than what is recommended by WHO.
Paediatricians' practices and knowledge of corticosteroids: A national survey
Authors: Sekler Opal , Segev‐Becker Anat , Interator Hagar , Brener Avivit , Schachter‐Davidov Anita , Elkon‐Tamir Erella , Lebenthal Yael
Published: July 2020

Aim

To explore corticosteroid prescription practices and knowledge among paediatricians.

Methods

The Paediatricians Corticosteroids Survey, a cross‐sectional, web‐based survey distributed to Israeli paediatricians between February and July 2018.

Results

Three hundred and forty‐nine paediatricians (105 general paediatricians, 207 subspecialists and 37 paediatric endocrinologists) participated. Two hundred and three (58.2%) had >10 years of paediatric clinical experience and treated >60 patients/wk on average, 175/318 (55%) prescribed corticosteroids to >10% of their patients. On knowledge items, 11/266 (4.1%) responded ‘not sure’ when tapering of steroids is required, 22/268 (8.2%) to what ‘stress dose’ meant and 27/268 (10.1%) when a stress dose is required. Multivariate linear analysis showed higher scores were associated with training in paediatric endocrinology (β = 2.271, P = 0.032); medical practice only in a subspecialty (β = 1.909, P = 0.041) or in both general paediatrics and a subspecialty (β = 2.023, P = 0.014), compared to general paediatrics alone and medical studies in Israel (β = 1.059, P = 0.035). Overall, 96.2% thought continued medical education (CME) sessions would be helpful.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that despite clinical experience with corticosteroid usage, respondents demonstrated gaps in knowledge for potentially life‐threatening situations. Corticosteroid‐based CME programs are warranted to improve paediatricians' knowledge and patient management.