bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SPECIES OF LICHENS RECOMMENDED FOR INCLUSION IN THE NEW EDITION OF THE RED DATA BOOK OF THE REPUBLIC OF DAGESTAN
Authors:   Mountain Botanical Garden of DFRC RAS, Ismailov A.B. , Urbanavichus G.P. ,   Institute of North Industrial Ecology Problems FRC “Kola Science Centre of RAS”
Published: March 2021

During on the field work of 2009–2020 years were obtained data on diversity, distribution and oc-currence of lichens in the Republic of Dagestan including data on rare and endangered species. Based on them we recommend 24 species for inclusion in the new edition of the red data book of the Republic of Dagestan. Among them, 8 species are included in the red book of the Russian Fed-eration (Leptogium burnetiae, L. hildenbrandii, Letharia vulpina, Lobaria pulmonaria, Nephromopsis laureri, Ricasolia amplissima, Tornabea scutellifera, Usnea florida), 16 species are rare and vulnerable in the region (Anaptychia elbursiana, A. roemeri, Chaenotheca hispidula, Circinaria vagans, Coniocarpon cinnabarinum, Enterographa hutchinsiae, Flavoparmelia soredians, Hypotrachyna laevigata, Inoderma byssaceum, Lecanographa lyncea, Lobarina scrobiculata, Pannaria conoplea, Parmelina quercina, Sclerophora farinacea, Seirophora lacunosa, Usnea articulata). Most of the species (20) were proposed to be included with «Vulnerable» category, 2 species (Leptogium burnetiae, Nephromopsis laureri) with «Near Threatened» and 2 species (Tornabea scutellifera, Usnea florida) with «Least Concern». Most of the lichens recommended on protection are epiphytes and concentrated in forest communities on the Coastal lowland (Samur river Delta), in mountain broadleaved and mixed forests.
VITALITY STATE OF THE SPECIAL ONOBRYCHIS MAJOROVII GROSSH. IN THE RESERVED SARICUM (DAGESTAN) COENOPOPULATION
Authors:   Dagestan state university, Akhmedova Z.M. , Adzhieva A.I. ,   Dagestan state university
Published: March 2021

This article is devoted to the study of Onobrychis majorovii coenopopulation located in reserve Saricum. For coenopopulation study was used the method of Yu. A. Zlobin. In research morphometric and allometric parameters were considered. Studies have allowed to get some idea not only about the features of the vitality spectrum of individuals, but also about the conditions for the implementation of processes of their growth and development. As the research results showed, the characteristics taken for accounting are characterized by a wide range of variability from medium to very high. When distributing individuals by size classes, for most characters, a predominance of individuals in the medium-sized class was noted, although the prevalence of a small-sized class of individuals was recorded for five characters, which raises some concerns about the state of the studied coenopopulation. In general, by all indications, the mediumsized class prevails and the prosperous nature of life processes in individuals of the studied coenopopulation is calculated. However, the degree of prosperity of the studied coenopopulation is extremely low, which suggests that the conditions for the existence of coenopopulation are far from optimal. Based on previous studies and the discovery of the regressive nature of life processes in individuals of the studied species in the Saricum coenopopulation, we can conclude that it is unstable. This may be a consequence of exposure to extreme natural factors and / or the influence of anthropogenic stress.
BIRCH FORESTS WITH RHODODENDRON CAUCASICUM (ERICACEAE) IN THE CENTRAL AND EASTERN PART OF THE NORTH CAUCASUS
Authors:   Komarov Botanical Institute RAS, Kessel D.S. , Gadzhiataev M.G. ,   Mountain Botanical Garden of of DFRC RAS, Abdurakhmanova Z.I. ,   Mountain Botanical Garden of of DFRC RAS, Shchukina K.V. ,   Komarov Botanical Institute RAS, Liksakova N.S. ,   Komarov Botanical Institute RAS
Published: March 2021

Birch forests from Betula litwinowii and Betula raddeana of the Northern macroslope of the Greater Caucasus with participation of Rhododendron caucasicum in the undergrowth are discussed in the article. The studies were carried out in 2017–2020 at the territory of Karachay-Cherkessia (Teberda State Natural Biosphere Reserve), Kabardino-Balkaria (Kabardino-Balkarian State High Mountain Reserve) and the Republic of Dagestan (Lak and Gunib districts, near the villages Burshi and Batsada). The characteristics of the growing conditions, analysis of the species and coenotic composition of communities are given. Birch forests with Rh. caucasicum are usually confined to the steep slopes of the northern exposure at the upper border of the forest belt, at an altitude of 1500–2800 m above sea level. The described communities can be divided into two groups depending on abundance and, consequently, influence Rh. caucasicum as an edificator. In the described communities there is a clear inverse correlation between the abundance of Rh. caucasicum with the projective cover of the grass-dwarf shrub layer. At the same time, the number of species in the grass-dwarf shrub layer doesn’t change significantly. The species composition of birch forests with the participation of Rh. caucasicum identified by us comprises 246 species of vascular plants. The herb-dwarf shrub layer is characterized by a relatively low species richness (on average, 26 species per sample plot). In these communities there are both characteristic forest species and representatives of subal-pine and, less often, alpine coenoses. Further study of communities of birch forests, which play sig-nificant water protection role, slope-holding and avalanche-barrier functions, is important for determining their current state, possible directions of changes, and assessing the need for protective measures in different regions.
LICHEN SPECIES, PROPOSED FOR THE RED DATA BOOK OF THE REPUBLIC OF INGUSHETIA
Authors:   Institute of North Industrial Ecology Problems of the FRC KSC RAS, Urbanavichus G.P. , Urbanavichene I.N. ,   Komarov Botanical Institute RAS
Published: March 2021

Thirteen lichen species proposed for the Red Data Book of Republic of Ingushetia on based of the results of author's field works and analysis of literature information. Among them, three species are included in the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation (Leptogium burnetiae, Lobaria pulmonaria, Usnea florida). Ten lichen species are rare and vulnerable due to the state of populations in the Republic of Ingushetia at the current time (Hyperphyscia granulata, Melanelixia albertana, Neo-catapyrenium rhizinosum, Parmotrema stuppeum, Peltula bolanderi, Phaeophyscia cernohorskyi, Phaeophyscia insignis, Punctelia borreri, Thalloidima toninianum, Usnea cavernosa). Information on distribution in the republic, ecology and proposed categories of the threatened are given. Most of the species (10) were proposed to be included with «Near Threatened» category, 1 species (Leptogium burnetiae) with «Critically Endargered», 1 species (Lobaria pulmonaria) with «Data Deficient» and 1 species (Usnea florida) with «Least Concern».
APPLICATION OF SOCIAL GROUP ACTIVITY THERAPY IN SCIZOPHRENIAN PATIENTS WITH SOCIAL ISOLATION IN THE HOSPITAL OF JIWA PROF DR SOEROJO MAGELANG
Authors: Sugiyanto Emilia Puspitasari
Published: March 2021

Social isolation is the client's effort to avoid interaction with others. Therapy is given to patients with social isolation by providing social group activity therapy. Social group activity therapy is a group activity therapy with learning activities stages of communication with others to improve the ability to socially relate. The purpose of social group activity therapy is to facilitate the ability of patients with social relationship problems so as to improve the ability and train patients in socializing to minimize the number of patients with mental disorders. The purpose of this case study is to compose a resume of nursing care in the application of social group activity therapy to train patients in reducing the symptoms of social isolation. This type of research is descriptive with a case study method. The subjects of this study were patients with schizophrenia, patients withdrawing, patients who had already gotten the strategy of implementing 2 social isolation. The results of the study showed that there was a change in the decrease in social isolation signs before treatment of social group activity in Patient I by 27 symptoms and in Patient II in 24 symptoms after social group activity therapy in Patient I was 5 symptoms and Patient II was 5 symptom signs after giving social group activity therapy for 7 sessions so that patients are expected to be able to maintain socialization with others
Pengaruh Self Manajement Terhadap Tekanan Darah Ibu Hamil Dengan Hipertensi Di Masa Pandemi Covid 19 Di Wilayah RW 13 Kelurahan Beringin
Authors: Rini Heny Prasetyo
Published: March 2021

Hypertension is a condition when the blood pressure is at a value of 130/80 mmHg or more in the measurement for two or more times with an interval of about 6 hours or more. Hypertension is one of the main causes of death for mothers, fetuses and neonates. Hypertension can occur in 10% of all pregnancy cases. During the COVID-19 pandemic, those in the high risk category for Covid 19 are the elderly, pregnant women, babies, children and people who have decreased immune or immune deficiencies. With these criteria, pregnant women are among those who are vulnerable to covid transmission 19. Objective To determine the characteristics of pregnant women including age, parity, family history, multiple pregnancies, pre-existing medical conditions such as DM type 1, obesity, and urinary resistance and to find out the results of blood pressure in pregnant women during the Covid pandemic before and after being given self management. The results of the study, most pregnant women with hypertension during the Covid pandemic had an average age of 20-35 years, multiple parity, no history of multiple pregnancy, no history of DM, hypertension with grade 1 (140-159 mmHg systole and 90-99 mmHg Diastole. And after being given self-management, namely by providing blood pressure monitoring, hypertension control, medication adherence and activity The average respondent had blood pressure with systole 145.18 to 138.22 the difference was 7.04 and blood pressure with diastole 90, 13 becomes 87.15 the difference is 3.02.
Walter Scott's Late Gothic Stories
Authors: Cook Daniel
Published: March 2021

While ‘Wandering Willie's Tale’, above all of Walter Scott's shorter fictions, has often been included in Gothic anthologies and period surveys, the apparently disposable pieces that appeared in The Keepsake for 1829, renegades from the novelist's failed Chronicles of the Canongate series, have received far less attention. Read in the unlikely context of a plush Christmas gift book, ‘My Aunt Margaret's Mirror’ and ‘The Tapestried Chamber’ repay an audience familiar with the conventions of a supernatural short story. But to keep readers interested, The Author of Waverley, writing at the end of a long and celebrated career in fiction, would need to employ some new gimmicks. As we shall see, the late stories are not literary cast-offs but recastings finely attuned to a bespoke word-and-image forum.
Unhomely Counties: Gothic Surveillance and Incarceration in the Villages of Agatha Christie
Authors: Yiannitsaros Christopher
Published: March 2021

This article examines the ways in which Agatha Christie's fictional villages may be interpreted as fundamentally gothic spaces. It makes the case that within the novels The Murder at the Vicarage (1930) and The Moving Finger (1943), outdoor spaces do not offer the potential release from captivity that is set out in more traditional gothic paradigms. Instead, exterior landscapes surrounding and connecting homes function as a continuation of domestic interiority, thus acting as able accomplices in a gothic transformation of ‘home’ into ‘prison’. By examining the shifting meanings of panoptic surveillance present within these villages, and the outward extension of private family romances into more public forms of cruelty and humiliation, this article suggests that far from creating idyllic exemplars of English rurality, Christie's fictional villages work to unmask the dark, ‘unhomely’ core that lies buried at the very heart of the English ‘Home Counties’.
REPRESENTASI IMPERIALISME BUDAYA KOREA DALAM IKLAN NUTRISARI VERSI “JUNG MIN BUTUH VITAMIN”
Authors: M.B.P Ratu Laura , Wahyuningratna Ratu Nadya
Published: March 2021

Istilah K-Pop dan K-Wave saat ini tidak asing lagi didengar. Kedua istilah tersebut sangat erat dengan kebudayaan Korea Selatan yang sedang menjamur tidak hanya di Indonesia namun juga di seluruh dunia. Dapat dipastikan saat ini semua orang dapat dengan mudah mengakses segala hal yang berhubungan dengan kebudayaan Korea Selatan melalui media cetak, elektronik maupun online. Dari drama, film, variety show maupun konser online dapat dinikmati di mana saja dan kapan saja tanpa Batasan waktu dan tempat. Tak hanya kaum remaja, anak-anak sampai dewasa mulai “teracuni” dengan hal-hal yang berbau Korea. Menurut Shim (2006) koreanisasi, adalah bentuk baru dari imperialisme budaya. Secara perlahan tapi pasti masyarakat di dunia tak lagi menjadikan budaya barat sebagai pusat dari segala budaya. K-Wave merupakan efek yang diinginkan dari strategi negara yang dirancang khusus untuk mengekspor produk-produk hiburan Korea ke luar negeri. Euphoria ini mulai dimanfaatkan oleh para pengiklan untuk memasukan unsur “berbau” Korea Selatan untuk menarik audiens. Salah satunya adalah Iklan Nutrisari versi “Jung Min Butuh Vitamin!” yang menggaet talent asli orang Korea untuk menarik perhatian. Peneliti tertarik untuk “membedah” iklan ini untuk mengetahui representasi imperialism budaya Korea Selatan yang dimunculkan menggunakan Semiotika Roland Barthes.
Pengaruh E-learning Sebagai Media Komunikasi Pembelajaran Terhadap Efikasi Diri Mahasiswa UPN Veteran Jakarta
Authors: Handayani Lusia , Mahdalena Vina
Published: March 2021

Ketika anggota suatu kelompok saling melakukan komunikasi, dapat mempengaruhi keyakinan individu terhadap suatu hal, keyakinan tersebut disebut sebagai Self Efficay. Self Efficay atau Efikasi diri adalah penilaian pribadi atau keyakinan seseorang akan kemampuannya dalam melakukan serangkaian tindakan yang diperlukan untuk menghadapi situasi mendatang. Self Efficacy pertama kali diperkenalkan oleh Albert Bandura. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat dan menganalisis apakah terdapat pengaruh media komunikasi pembelajaran berupa website e-learning terhadap self efficacy atau efikasi diri mahasiswa UPN Veteran Jakarta. Dalam penelitian ini peneliti juga ingin melihat seberapa besar keyakinan keberhasilan seorang mahasiswa (self efficacy) dalam menyelesaikan tugas yang dilakukan setelah mengikuti pembelajaran dengan e-learning. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kuantitatif dengan 96 mahasiswa UPN. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh antara elearning 4.0 sebagai media komunikasi pembelajaran terhadap efikasi diri mahasiswa UPNVJ Angkatan 2019/2020. tidak semua mahasiswa mampu menggunakan elearning 4.0 sebagai media komunikasi pembelajaran dikarenakan kurangnya efikasi diri dalam dirinya saat menggunakan media teknologi, ini dibuktikan dengan hasil jawaban kuesioner bahwa mereka merasa tidak mampu untuk menangani kendala teknis atau kesulitan yang dihadapinya pada saat menggunakan elearning 4.0 sebagai media komunikasi pembelajaran. Sehingga ketika mereka menemukan kesulitan dalam menggunakan elearning 4.0 ataupun mendengar hal negative dari penggunaan elearning 4.0 efikasi atau keyakinan diri mereka menurun Selain itu mereka merasa elearning 4.0 belum bisa menggantikan komunikasi dua arah dan komunikasi tatap muka seperti aktivitas mereka di kelas.
STRATEGI KOMUNIKASI HUMAS BIRO PEMBERITAAN DPR RI DALAM MENJAGA CITRA POSITIF ORGANISASI
Authors: Sidharta Veranus , Anisti Anisti , Arlena Wenny Maya , Azwar Azwar
Published: March 2021

Artikel ini merupakan kajian atas strategi komunikasi humas Biro Pemberitaan DPR RI dalam menjaga reputasi dan citra positif organisasi. Hal penting yang mendasari penelitian ini adalah tidak kunjung baiknya citra DPR RI sebagai lembaga negara di mata masyarakat Indonesia. Selain kinerja DPR RI yang harus ditingatkan, tentu saja humas sebagai halaman depan lembaga, berperan besar dalam mengubah citra negatif ini menjadi citra positif. Penelitian ini akan melihat bagaimana peran Humas DPR RI dalam menjaga reputasi organisasi. Pelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dimana peneliti melakukan kajian kepustakaan, observasi, dan wawancara mendalam terkait topik yang diteliti. Peneliti melakukan analisis PEST (Politik, Ekonomi, Sosial dan Teknologi) untuk melihat strategi komunikasi Humas Biro Pemberitaan DPR RI. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa intrumen politik legalitas DPR RI memuat wewenang dan fungsi sebagai lembaga penyelenggara negara dalam perencanaan program pembentukan dan perubahan Undang-Undang disusun secara terencana, terpadu, dan sistematis. Intrumen Ekonomi dan Sosial meliputi anggaran dan kebijakan ekonomi, dimana DPR RI membahas dan memberikan sebuah persetujuan atau tidak memberikan persetujuan terhadap sebuah rancangan undang-undang tentang APBN yang diajukan oleh presiden, serta faktor sosial mencakup aspek-aspek yang terkait dengan pemanfaatan media dalam penyebaran informasi kebijakan, layanan masyarakat dan progam berbagai event serta hubungan dengan media. Sedangkan faktor teknologi mencakup aspek-aspek teknologi informasi dan komunikasi berupa akses ketersediaan data dan informasi tentang program pemerintah tersediannya  sistem dan jaringannya.Kata Kunci: strategi komunikasi, citra lembaga, analisis PEST
Viral Mimicry as a Design Template for Nucleic Acid Nanocarriers
Authors: de la Fuente Ina F. , Sawant Shraddha S. , Tolentino Mark Q. , Corrigan Patrick M. , Rouge Jessica L.
Published: March 2021

Therapeutic nucleic acids hold immense potential in combating undruggable, gene-based diseases owing to their high programmability and relative ease of synthesis. While the delivery of this class of therapeutics has successfully entered the clinical setting, extrahepatic targeting, endosomal escape efficiency, and subcellular localization remain as major roadblocks. On the other hand, viruses serve as natural carriers of nucleic acids and have acquired a plethora of structures and mechanisms that confer remarkable transfection efficiency. Thus, understanding the structure and mechanism of viruses can guide the design of synthetic nucleic acid vectors. This review revisits relevant structural and mechanistic features of viruses as design considerations for efficient nucleic acid delivery systems. This article explores how viral ligand display and a metastable structure are central to the molecular mechanisms of attachment, entry, and viral genome release. For comparison, accounted for are details on the design and intracellular fate of existing nucleic acid carriers and nanostructures that share similar and essential features to viruses. The review, thus, highlights unifying themes of viruses and nucleic acid delivery systems such as genome protection, target specificity, and controlled release. Sophisticated viral mechanisms that are yet to be exploited in oligonucleotide delivery are also identified as they could further the development of next-generation nonviral nucleic acid vectors.
Cyber Hygiene Maturity Assessment Framework for Smart Grid Scenarios
Authors: Skarga-Bandurova Inna , Kotsiuba Igor , Velasco Erkuden Rios
Published: March 2021

Cyber hygiene is a relatively new paradigm premised on the idea that organizations and stakeholders are able to achieve additional robustness and overall cybersecurity strength by implementing and following sound security practices. It is a preventive approach entailing high organizational culture and education for information cybersecurity to enhance resilience and protect sensitive data. In an attempt to achieve high resilience of Smart Grids against negative impacts caused by different types of common, predictable but also uncommon, unexpected, and uncertain threats and keep entities safe, the Secure and PrivatE smArt gRid (SPEAR) Horizon 2020 project has created an organization-wide cyber hygiene policy and developed a Cyber Hygiene Maturity assessment Framework (CHMF). This article presents the assessment framework for evaluating Cyber Hygiene Level (CHL) in relation to the Smart Grids. Complementary to the SPEAR Cyber Hygiene Maturity Model (CHMM), we propose a self-assessment methodology based on a questionnaire for Smart Grid cyber hygiene practices evaluation. The result of the assessment can be used as a cyber-health check to define countermeasures and to reapprove cyber hygiene rules and security standards and specifications adopted by the Smart Grid operator organization. The proposed methodology is one example of a resilient approach to cybersecurity. It can be applied for the assessment of the CHL of Smart Grids operating organizations with respect to a number of recommended good practices in cyber hygiene.
C-Reactive Protein Apheresis as Anti-inflammatory Therapy in Acute Myocardial Infarction: Results of the CAMI-1 Study
Authors: Ries Wolfgang , Torzewski Jan , Heigl Franz , Pfluecke Christian , Kelle Sebastian , Darius Harald , Ince Hueseyin , Mitzner Steffen , Nordbeck Peter , Butter Christian , Skarabis Horst , Sheriff Ahmed , Garlichs Christoph D.
Published: March 2021

Background: C-reactive protein (CRP) is a well-known marker of inflammation. It is less known that CRP mediates tissue damage in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) thus potentially worsening prognosis. A newly developed specific CRP adsorber allows efficient lowering of CRP levels and may improve survival.

Objectives: Aim of this multi-center, controlled, non-randomized first-in-man CRP apheresis in Acute Myocardial Infarction study (CAMI-1) was to investigate the relationship between CRP levels (CRP gradient), myocardial infarct size and function as well as safety and efficacy of CRP apheresis in the setting of acute ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) in humans.

Methods: Eighty-three patients (45 apheresis, 38 controls) were recruited. CRP apheresis was performed 24 ± 12, 48 ± 12, and optionally 72 ± 12 h after onset of symptoms. First aphereses were performed at a median CRP concentration of 23.0 mg/L (range 9–279). In each apheresis session, 5,900 ± 400 mL plasma was processed via peripheral venous access. Primary study endpoint was a reduction in myocardial infarct size after STEMI as determined by cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR).

Results: In controls, the CRP concentration significantly correlated with infarct size (p = 0.002) and decreased myocardial function (p ≤ 0.001). The CRP concentration in apheresis patients did not correlate with infarct size (p = 0.66) or left ventricular (LV) function (p = 0.79) and global strains and therefore significantly differed from controls (p = 0.03 and p = 0.002). Three major adverse cardiac events occurred in the control group after 12 months, none occurred in the apheresis group. Mean CRP depletion achieved over all apheresis procedures was 53.0 ± 15.1%. Apheresis sessions were well-tolerated. Reduced infarct size in the apheresis group compared to the control group (primary endpoint) was not achieved according to the original statistical analysis plan. Taking into account the individual CRP levels, however, revealed significant results. Modifications of the analysis plan were introduced in order to recruit a sufficient number of patients.

Conclusions: This pilot study in humans reveals a correlation between CRP concentration and myocardial infarct size. CRP concentrations in STEMI can effectively be reduced by CRP apheresis without relevant side effects. CRP apheresis has the potential to interfere with deleterious aspects of STEMI. By lowering CRP levels, it resulted in the loss of correlation of CRP concentrations with myocardial infarct sizes as well as LV function. These results encourage a larger, randomized clinical trial.

Clinical Trial Registration:https://www.drks.de/drks_web/navigate.do?navigationId=trial.HTML&TRIAL_ID=DRKS00008988, DRKS00008988.
Case Report: Acute Thrombotic Angiopathy of Atrial Appendage Epicardial Veins: A Seemingly Innocuous Finding Portending a Fatal Outcome
Authors: Pichler Sekulic Simona , Sekulic Miroslav
Published: March 2021

Thrombotic angiopathy is a pathologic description to describe endothelial injury, and with sufficient and sustained injury can lead to exposure of underlying tissue factor and the deposition of associated fibrin material. We present briefly a case of an 87-year-old woman with mitral valve regurgitation and atrial fibrillation undergoing mitral valve annuloplasty, Cox-maze procedure, and excision of the left atrial appendage. Pathologic examination of the excised atrial appendage revealed commonly encountered cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and endocardial fibroelastosis, however also showed a non-occlusive, acute thrombotic angiopathy involving epicardial veins. The surgical and immediate post-operative course was unremarkable; however, 3 weeks after discharge, the patient would develop a fatal pulmonary embolism. While fibrin thrombosis developing within the atrial appendage chamber is a recognized concern in the setting of atrial fibrillation, the significance of an acute thrombotic angiopathy involving epicardial veins of the atrial appendage is less clear although in the presented case was the sole potential harbinger of a subsequent fatal thrombotic event.
Type 1 Diabetes and Autoimmune Thyroid Disease—The Genetic Link
Authors: Frommer Lara , Kahaly George J.
Published: March 2021

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) and autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) are the most frequent chronic autoimmune diseases worldwide. Several autoimmune endocrine and non-endocrine disorders tend to occur together. T1D and AITD often cluster in individuals and families, seen in the formation of autoimmune polyendocrinopathy (AP). The close relationship between these two diseases is largely explained by sharing a common genetic background. The HLA antigens DQ2 (DQA1*0501-DQB1*0201) and DQ8 (DQA1*0301-DQB1*0302), tightly linked with DR3 and DR4, are the major common genetic predisposition. Moreover, functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (or rare variants) of various genes, such as thecytotoxic T-lymphocyte- associated antigen (CTLA4), theprotein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22 (PTPN22), theinterleukin-2 Receptor (IL2Ra), theVitamin D receptor (VDR), and thetumor-necrosis-factor-α (TNF)that are involved in immune regulation have been identified to confer susceptibility to both T1D and AITD. Other genes including cluster of differentiation40 (CD40), theforkhead box P3 (FOXP3), theMHCClass IPolypeptide-Related Sequence A (MICA),insulin variable number of tandem repeats (INS-VNTR), theC-Type Lectin Domain Containing 16A (CLEC16A), theErb-B2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinase 3 (ERBB3)gene, theinterferon-induced helicase C domain-containing protein 1 (IFIH1), and various cytokine genes are also under suspicion to increase susceptibility to T1D and AITD. Further,BTB domain and CNC homolog 2(BACH2),C-C motif chemokine receptor 5(CCR5),SH2B adaptor protein 3(SH2B3), andRac family small GTPase 2(RAC2)are found to be associated with T1D and AITD by various independent genome wide association studies and overlap in our list, indicating a strong common genetic link for T1D and AITD. As several susceptibility genes and environmental factors contribute to the disease aetiology of both T1D and AITD and/or AP subtype III variant (T1D+AITD) simultaneously, all patients with T1D should be screened for AITD, and vice versa.
Potential for High Fidelity Global Mapping of Common Inland Water Quality Products at High Spatial and Temporal Resolutions Based on a Synthetic Data and Machine Learning Approach
Authors: Kravitz Jeremy , Matthews Mark , Lain Lisl , Fawcett Sarah , Bernard Stewart
Published: March 2021

There is currently a scarcity of paired in-situ aquatic optical and biogeophysical data for productive inland waters, which critically hinders our capacity to develop and validate robust retrieval models for Earth Observation applications. This study aims to address this limitation through the development of a novel synthetic dataset of top-of-atmosphere and bottom-of-atmosphere reflectances, which is the first to encompass the immense natural optical variability present in inland waters. Novel aspects of the synthetic dataset include: 1) physics-based, two-layered, size- and type-specific phytoplankton inherent optical properties (IOPs) for mixed eukaryotic/cyanobacteria assemblages; 2) calculations of mixed assemblage chlorophyll-a (chl-a) fluorescence; 3) modeled phycocyanin concentration derived from assemblage-based phycocyanin absorption; 4) and paired sensor-specific top-of-atmosphere reflectances, including optically extreme cases and the contribution of green vegetation adjacency. The synthetic bottom-of-atmosphere reflectance spectra were compiled into 13 distinct optical water types similar to those discovered using in-situ data. Inspection showed similar relationships of concentrations and IOPs to those of natural waters. This dataset was used to calculate typical surviving water-leaving signal at top-of-atmosphere, and used to train and test four state-of-the-art machine learning architectures for multi-parameter retrieval and cross-sensor capability. Initial results provide reliable estimates of water quality parameters and IOPs over a highly dynamic range of water types, at various spectral and spatial sensor resolutions. The results of this work represent a significant leap forward in our capacity for routine, global monitoring of inland water quality.
Messaging on Slow Impacts: Applying Lessons Learned from Climate Change Communication to Catalyze and Improve Marine Nutrient Communication
Authors: Canfield Katherine Nicole , Mulvaney Kate , Merrill Nathaniel
Published: March 2021

Building publics’ understanding about human-environmental causes and impacts of nutrient pollution is difficult due to the diverse sources and, at times, extended timescales of increasing inputs, consequences to ecosystems, and recovery after remediation. Communicating environmental problems with “slow impacts” has long been a challenge for scientists, public health officials, and science communicators, as the time delay for subsequent consequences to become evident dilutes the sense of urgency to act. Fortunately, scientific research and practice in the field of climate change communication has begun to identify best practices to address these challenges. Climate change demonstrates a delay between environmental stressor and impact, and recommended practices for climate change communication illustrate how to explain and motivate action around this complex environmental problem. Climate change communication research provides scientific understanding of how people evaluate risk and scientific information about climate change. We used a qualitative coding approach to review the science communication and climate change communication literature to identify approaches that could be used for nutrients and how they could be applied. Recognizing the differences between climate change and impacts of nutrient pollution, we also explore how environmental problems with delayed impacts demand nuanced strategies for effective communication and public engagement. Applying generalizable approaches to successfully communicate the slow impacts related to nutrient pollution across geographic contexts will help build publics’ understanding and urgency to act on comprehensive management of nutrient pollution, thereby increasing protection of coastal and marine environments.
Mast Cell and Eosinophil Activation Are Associated With COVID-19 and TLR-Mediated Viral Inflammation: Implications for an Anti-Siglec-8 Antibody
Authors: Gebremeskel Simon , Schanin Julia , Coyle Krysta M. , Butuci Melina , Luu Thuy , Brock Emily C. , Xu Alan , Wong Alan , Leung John , Korver Wouter , Morin Ryan D. , Schleimer Robert P. , Bochner Bruce S. , Youngblood Bradford A.
Published: March 2021

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection represents a global health crisis. Immune cell activation via pattern recognition receptors has been implicated as a driver of the hyperinflammatory response seen in COVID-19. However, our understanding of the specific immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 remains limited. Mast cells (MCs) and eosinophils are innate immune cells that play pathogenic roles in many inflammatory responses. Here we report MC-derived proteases and eosinophil-associated mediators are elevated in COVID-19 patient sera and lung tissues. Stimulation of viral-sensing toll-like receptorsin vitroand administration of synthetic viral RNAin vivoinduced features of hyperinflammation, including cytokine elevation, immune cell airway infiltration, and MC-protease production—effects suppressed by an anti-Siglec-8 monoclonal antibody which selectively inhibits MCs and depletes eosinophils. Similarly, anti-Siglec-8 treatment reduced disease severity and airway inflammation in a respiratory viral infection model. These results suggest that MC and eosinophil activation are associated with COVID-19 inflammation and anti-Siglec-8 antibodies are a potential therapeutic approach for attenuating excessive inflammation during viral infections.
Investigating the Role of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: A Systematic Review
Authors: Wells Georgia , Kennedy Paul T. , Dahal Lekh N.
Published: March 2021

Background: The immunomodulatory enzyme, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) facilitates tryptophan catabolism at the rate-limiting step of the kynurenine (Kyn) pathway. IDO expression and elevations in Kyn metabolites are associated with immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment including T cell proliferative arrest and generation of regulatory T cells (Tregs) which can favor tumor progression. However, the extent of the role of IDO in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is currently ill-defined. This study reviews the role of IDO-driven Treg function in AML and evaluates the current body of evidence implicating IDO in AML pathogenesis.

Method: Studies related to IDO in AML were identified through a systematic review of PubMed and Scopus. Data extracted described sample analysis, IDO expression, IDO in prognosis, techniques used in Treg phenotypic studies, and the effect of IDO inhibitors.

Results: Twenty studies were included in the systematic review. Expression of IDO was identified in a range of cells in AML, both inducible and constitutive. Seven studies indicated an association between elevated expression and poor clinical prognosis. Six studies suggested a positive correlation between IDO expression and Treg induction, with FoxP3 being the prominent Treg phenotypic marker. Of eight studies investigating IDO inhibition, some reported reductions in Treg frequency and enhanced effector T cell proliferation.

Conclusion: This review highlights that IDO expression in AML is associated with poor prognosis and measurement of IDO and its Kyn metabolites may offer utility as prospective prognostic markers. Pharmacological inhibition of IDO using novel drugs may hold promise for the treatment of AML.
On the Performance of High Frequency Radar in the Western Mediterranean During the Record-Breaking Storm Gloria
Authors: Lorente Pablo , Lin-Ye Jue , García-León Manuel , Reyes Emma , Fernandes Maria , Sotillo Marcos Garcia , Espino Manuel , Ruiz Maria Isabel , Gracia Vicente , Perez Susana , Aznar Roland , Alonso-Martirena Andres , Álvarez-Fanjul Enrique
Published: March 2021

Storm Gloria (January 19–24, 2020) hit the NW Mediterranean Sea with heavy rainfall, strong easterly winds, and very high waves, causing structural damages and 13 fatalities. The low-lying Ebro Delta (ED) region was severely inundated, ruining rice fields and seaside promenades. A variety of Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS) modeling and observational products were jointly used to examine the fingerprint of Gloria and the response of the upper oceanic layer. According to the results, Gloria can be interpreted as a high-impact once-in-a-decade metocean event where various historical records were beaten. The 99th percentile of several parameters (wind speed, significant wave height, wave period, and surface current velocity), derived from long-term observational time series, was persistently exceeded. The atmospheric surge, albeit not negligible, exerted a secondary role in ED. The ability of a high-frequency radar deployed in this region (HFR-ED) to characterize the striking features of the storm was quantified from both waves and circulation aspects. Consistent radar current observations were subsequently compared against the 5-day-ahead forecast of CMEMS Iberia-Biscay-Ireland (IBI) regional ocean model to determine, from an Eulerian perspective, the strengths and shortcomings in its predictive capabilities. Time-averaged maps of surface circulation, superimposed with fields of Instantaneous Rate of Separation (IROS), were derived to resolve flow features and identify areas of elevated particles dispersion, respectively. The mean and P99 values of IROS almost doubled the historical statistics in the vicinity of the northern Ebro hemidelta. Although IBI predicted moderately well basic features of the storm-induced circulation, results suggests that coastal transport processes, likely modulated by wave-current interactions, were not fully captured. Furthermore, current estimations from other two radar systems, overlooking immediate choke points like the Ibiza Channel and the Strait of Gibraltar, evidenced Gloria’s remote-effect in the anomalous circulation patterns observed, that altered the usual water exchanges between adjacent sub-basins. Finally, three-dimensional outcomes from IBI were used to elucidate the impact of this moving storm at different depth levels. Data analyses illustrated that Gloria caused a large increase in kinetic energy and a significant deepening of the mixed layer depth.
Comparison of Multilayer Transparent Wood and Single Layer Transparent Wood With the Same Thickness
Authors: Wu Yan , Wang Yajing , Yang Feng
Published: March 2021

In this paper, poplar was used as raw material, sodium chlorite was used to delignify it in acidic environment, and then epoxy resin was vacuum impregnated in the delignified wood template to prepare transparent wood. Moreover, in order to imitate the lamination method of plywood, the multilayer transparent wood was prepared by means of staggered vertical lamination. The purpose of this paper is to study the physical and chemical properties of multilayer transparent wood, and to explore the application potential of multilayer transparent wood as a new material by comparing with single layer transparent wood with the same thickness. The weight of wood components in the transparent wood prepared in this experiment accounts for about 30–45% of the weight of composite materials. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements, Fourier transform attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) characterization, weight gain measurements, UV transmittance measurements, color difference measurements, water contact angle measurements and mechanical properties measurements were used to study. The results showed that as the thickness of the transparent wood increased, the cracks between the resin and the wood cell wall increased, and the interface showed an uneven state. In the case of the same thickness, the multilayer transparent wood was made by laminating transparent wood sheets, with fewer internal cracks and smooth interfaces. Its light transmittance is better than single layer transparent wood. Moreover, compared with single layer transparent wood with the same thickness, the lightness of multilayer transparent wood decreased, and tended to yellow and red. Due to the removal of lignin, the tensile strength of transparent wood decreased during the preparation process. However, it can be seen from the mechanical strength test that the tensile strength of multilayer transparent wood is much higher than that of single layer transparent wood. To a certain extent, multilayer transparent wood can improve the mechanical strength of transparent wood. To conclude, multilayer transparent wood is a kind of natural transparent material with large thickness, good light transmission and excellent mechanical properties, and it has a good development prospect.
Insights on the Structural Variations of the Furin-Like Cleavage Site Found Among the December 2019–July 2020 SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein: A Computational Study Linking Viral Evolution and Infection
Authors: Cueno Marni E. , Ueno Miu , Iguchi Rinako , Harada Tsubasa , Miki Yoshifumi , Yasumaru Kanae , Kiso Natsumi , Wada Kanta , Baba Koki , Imai Kenichi
Published: March 2021

The SARS-CoV-2 (SARS2) is the cause of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. One unique structural feature of the SARS2 spike protein is the presence of a furin-like cleavage site (FLC) which is associated with both viral pathogenesis and host tropism. Specifically, SARS2 spike protein binds to the host ACE-2 receptor which in-turn is cleaved by furin proteases at the FLC site, suggesting that SARS2 FLC structural variations may have an impact on viral infectivity. However, this has not yet been fully elucidated. This study designed and analyzed a COVID-19 genomic epidemiology network for December 2019 to July 2020, and subsequently generated and analyzed representative SARS2 spike protein models from significant node clusters within the network. To distinguish possible structural variations, a model quality assessment was performed before further protein model analyses and superimposition of the protein models, particularly in both the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and FLC. Mutant spike models were generated with the unique 681PRRA684 amino acid sequence found within the deleted FLC. We found 9 SARS2 FLC structural patterns that could potentially correspond to nine node clusters encompassing various countries found within the COVID-19 genomic epidemiology network. Similarly, we associated this with the rapid evolution of the SARS2 genome. Furthermore, we observed that either in the presence or absence of the unique 681PRRA684 amino acid sequence no structural changes occurred within the SARS2 RBD, which we believe would mean that the SARS2 FLC has no structural influence on SARS2 RBD and may explain why host tropism was maintained.
Evaluation of Salmonella Serotype Prediction With Multiplex Nanopore Sequencing
Authors: Wu Xingwen , Luo Hao , Xu Feng , Ge Chongtao , Li Shaoting , Deng Xiangyu , Wiedmann Martin , Baker Robert C. , Stevenson Abigail , Zhang Guangtao , Tang Silin
Published: March 2021

The use of whole genome sequencing (WGS) data generated by the long-read sequencing platform Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) has been shown to provide reliable results for Salmonella serotype prediction in a previous study. To further meet the needs of industry for accurate, rapid, and cost-efficient Salmonella confirmation and serotype classification, we evaluated the serotype prediction accuracy of using WGS data from multiplex ONT sequencing with three, four, five, seven, or ten Salmonella isolates (each isolate represented one Salmonella serotype) pooled in one R9.4.1 flow cell. Each multiplexing strategy was repeated with five flow cells, and the loaded samples were sequenced simultaneously in a GridION sequencer for 48 h. In silico serotype prediction was performed using both SeqSero2 (for raw reads and genome assemblies) and SISTR (for genome assemblies) software suites. An average of 10.63 Gbp of clean sequencing data was obtained per flow cell. We found that the unevenness of data yield among each multiplexed isolate was a major barrier for shortening sequencing time. Using genome assemblies, both SeqSero2 and SISTR accurately predicted all the multiplexed isolates under each multiplexing strategy when depth of genome coverage ≥50× for each isolate. We identified that cross-sample barcode assignment was a major cause of prediction errors when raw sequencing data were used for prediction. This study also demonstrated that, (i) sequence data generated by ONT multiplex sequencing can be used to simultaneously predict serotype for three to ten Salmonella isolates, (ii) with three to ten Salmonella isolates multiplexed, genome coverage at ≥50× per isolate was obtained within an average of 6 h of ONT multiplex sequencing, and (iii) with five isolates multiplexed, the cost per isolate might be reduced to 23% of that incurred with single ONT sequencing. This study is a starting point for future validation of multiplex ONT WGS as a cost-efficient and rapid Salmonella confirmation and serotype classification tool for the food industry.
The TRAIL in the Treatment of Human Cancer: An Update on Clinical Trials
Authors: Snajdauf Martin , Havlova Klara , Vachtenheim Jiri , Ozaniak Andrej , Lischke Robert , Bartunkova Jirina , Smrz Daniel , Strizova Zuzana
Published: March 2021

TRAIL (tumor-necrosis factor related apoptosis-inducing ligand, CD253) and its death receptors TRAIL-R1 and TRAIL-R2 selectively trigger the apoptotic cell death in tumor cells. For that reason, TRAIL has been extensively studied as a target of cancer therapy. In spite of the promising preclinical observations, the TRAIL–based therapies in humans have certain limitations. The two main therapeutic approaches are based on either an administration of TRAIL-receptor (TRAIL-R) agonists or a recombinant TRAIL. These approaches, however, seem to elicit a limited therapeutic efficacy, and only a few drugs have entered the phase II clinical trials. To deliver TRAIL-based therapies with higher anti-tumor potential several novel TRAIL-derivates and modifications have been designed. These novel drugs are, however, mostly preclinical, and many problems continue to be unraveled. We have reviewed the current status of all TRAIL-based monotherapies and combination therapies that have reached phase II and phase III clinical trials in humans. We have also aimed to introduce all novel approaches of TRAIL utilization in cancer treatment and discussed the most promising drugs which are likely to enter clinical trials in humans. To date, different strategies were introduced in order to activate anti-tumor immune responses with the aim of achieving the highest efficacy and minimal toxicity.In this review, we discuss the most promising TRAIL-based clinical trials and their therapeutic strategies.
Electrophysiological Properties of Substantia Gelatinosa Neurons in the Preparation of a Slice of Middle-Aged Rat Spinal Cord
Authors: Li Yang , Su Shanchu , Yu Jiaqi , Peng Minjing , Wan Shengjun , Ke Changbin
Published: March 2021

A patch-clamp recording in slices generated from the brain or the spinal cord has facilitated the exploration of neuronal circuits and the molecular mechanisms underlying neurological disorders. However, the rodents that are used to generate the spinal cord slices in previous studies involving a patch-clamp recording have been limited to those in the juvenile or adolescent stage. Here, we applied an N-methyl-D-glucamine HCl (NMDG-HCl) solution that enabled the patch-clamp recordings to be performed on the superficial dorsal horn neurons in the slices derived from middle-aged rats. The success rate of stable recordings from substantia gelatinosa (SG) neurons was 34.6% (90/260). When stimulated with long current pulses, 43.3% (39/90) of the neurons presented a tonic-firing pattern, which was considered to represent γ-aminobutyric acid-ergic (GABAergic) signals. Presumptive glutamatergic neurons presented 38.9% (35/90) delayed and 8.3% (7/90) single-spike patterns. The intrinsic membrane properties of both the neuron types were similar but delayed (glutamatergic) neurons appeared to be more excitable as indicated by the decreased latency and rheobase values of the action potential compared with those of tonic (GABAergic) neurons. Furthermore, the glutamatergic neurons were integrated, which receive more excitatory synaptic transmission. We demonstrated that the NMDG-HCl cutting solution could be used to prepare the spinal cord slices of middle-aged rodents for the patch-clamp recording. In combination with other techniques, this preparation method might permit the further study of the functions of the spinal cord in the pathological processes that occur in aging-associated diseases.