bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: The Metathesis Reaction for Side Chain Construction in Carbocyclic Sinefungin Analogue Synthesis.
Authors: Chen Qi , Liu Chong , Shulyak Tetyana S. , Schneller Stewart W.
Published: July 2014

The carbocyclic sinefungin analogs, 6′‐deaminocarboxylic sinefungin (V) and (S)‐6′‐hydroxy‐6′‐deaminocarboxylic sinefungin (VIII), can be obtained by a metathesis reaction as a key step.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Tetrahydroquinoline Acid (I) and a New Racemic Benzofuranone (II) from Capparis spinosa L., a Case Study of Absolute Configuration Determination Using Quantum Methods.
Authors: Zhang Shen , Hu Dong‐Bao , He Jiang‐Bo , Guan Kai‐Yun , Zhu Hua‐Jie
Published: July 2014

The new racemic benzofuranone is separated by HPLC via chiral column to yield enantiomers (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Substitutional Doping of Carbon Nanotubes with Heteroatoms and Their Chemical Applications
Authors: Zhang Yexin , Zhang Jian , Su Dang Sheng
Published: July 2014

Review: [72 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereochemical Communication within Tetrahedral Capsules
Authors: Castilla Ana M. , Ramsay William J. , Nitschke Jonathan R.
Published: July 2014

Review: 84 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemistry and Biology of the Polycyclic Polyprenylated Acylphloroglucinol Hyperforin
Authors: Richard Jean‐Alexandre
Published: July 2014

Review: [chemical approaches directed toward the total synthesis of (+)‐hyperforin and its analogues; 140 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemistry of 3‐(1H‐Indol‐3‐yl)‐3‐oxopropanenitrile
Authors: Fadda Ahmed A. , El‐Mekabaty Ahmed , Mousa Ibrahim A. , Elattar Khaled M.
Published: July 2014

Review: 69 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Amino Alcohol‐Mediated Enantioselective Syntheses of α‐Substituted Indanones and Tetralones, Ammonium Enolates as Key Intermediates
Authors: Muzart Jacques
Published: July 2014

Review: [40 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Combinatorial Fluorescent Molecular Sensors: The Road to Differential Sensing at the Molecular Level
Authors: Rout Bhimsen , Motiei Leila , Margulies David
Published: July 2014

Review: [39 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: At the Crossroads of Heterocyclic and Peptide Chemistries. The Aminoacyl Incorporation Reaction in the Synthesis of Medium‐Sized Ring Heterocycles (Review)
Authors: Azev V. N. , Chulin A. N. , Rodionov I. L.
Published: July 2014

Review: 85 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Methods for the Synthesis and Modification of Linear Anthrafurandiones (Review)
Authors: Tikhomirov A. S. , Shchekotikhin A. E. , Preobrazhenskaya M. N.
Published: July 2014

Review: 30 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Phosphate Esters and Anhydrides — Recent Strategies Targeting Nature′s Favored Modifications
Authors: Jessen Henning J. , Ahmed Nisar , Hofer Alexandre
Published: July 2014

Review: 27 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic, Enantioselective Vinylogous Michael Reactions
Authors: Schneider Christoph , Abels Falko
Published: July 2014

Review: 48 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Hollow Micro/Nanostructured Materials Prepared by Ion Exchange Synthesis and Their Potential Applications
Authors: Yan Chenglin , Rosei Federico
Published: July 2014

Review: 230 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Mesoporous Non‐siliceous Inorganic—Organic Hybrids: A Promising Platform for Designing Multifunctional Materials
Authors: Zhu Yun‐Pei , Ren Tie‐Zhen , Yuan Zhong‐Yong
Published: July 2014

Review: 150 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Progress Toward Synthesis of Chlorosulfolipids: Total Synthesis and Methodology
Authors: Umezawa Taiki , Matsuda Fuyuhiko
Published: July 2014

Review: [45 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in Homogeneous Nickel Catalysis
Authors: Tasker Sarah Z. , Standley Eric A. , Jamison Timothy F.
Published: July 2014

Review: 100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Cyclic Carbonates from CO2 and Epoxides Using Ionic Liquids and Related Catalysts Including Choline Chloride‐Metal Halide Mixtures
Authors: He Qing , O'Brien Jeremy W. , Kitselman Kayla A. , Tompkins Lindsay E. , Curtis Gregory C. T. , Kerton Francesca M.
Published: July 2014

Review: 115 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Bioactive Natural Products by Propargylic Carboxylic Ester Rearrangements
Authors: Anjum Shazia , Soriano Elena , Marco‐Contelles Jose Luis
Published: July 2014

Review: 87 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Domino Reactions Based on the Use of Chiral Metal Catalysts
Authors: Anon. Anon.
Published: July 2014

Review: 288 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Domino Reactions Based on the Use of Chiral Substrates
Authors: Anon. Anon.
Published: July 2014

Review: 347 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Functional Organozinc Additions to Aldehydes Catalyzed by 1,1′‐Bi‐2‐naphthols (BINOLs)
Authors: Pu Lin
Published: July 2014

Review: 66 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Prospective Therapeutic Agents for Obesity: Molecular Modification Approaches of Centrally and Peripherally Acting Selective Cannabinoid 1 Receptor Antagonists
Authors: Sharma Mayank Kumar , Murumkar Prashant R. , Kanhed Ashish M. , Giridhar Rajani , Yadav Mange Ram
Published: July 2014

Review: 218 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Self‐Assembly of Peptides to Nanostructures
Authors: Mandal Dindyal , Nasrolahi Shirazi Amir , Parang Keykavous
Published: July 2014

Review: 65 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Complex Hydrides for Electrochemical Energy Storage
Authors: Unemoto Atsushi , Matsuo Motoaki , Orimo Shin‐ichi
Published: July 2014

Review: 141 refs.
Enhanced Salt Tolerance of Polyurethane Based Multilayer Films
Authors: Hu Xiaoxia , Xu Jie , Xu Shimei , Wang Jide , Feng Shun
Published: July 2014

In our previous study, polyurethane (PU) based multilayer films assembled with weak polyelectrolytes exhibited controllable loading and release properties, but would be decomposed in high salt solution. Herein, a strong polyelectrolyte, poly(styrene sulfonic acid) sodium (PSS), was introduced to fabricate multilayer films. The salt tolerance of the film was investigated by evaluating the loading and release profiles towards model drug in salt solution with different concentrations. Results showed that the release behavior of the film, as well as its loading capacity, can be tuned by varying the salt concentrations. And the film showed a good salt tolerance that can remain integrity even after 6 cycles of drug loading and release in 600 mmol·L−1 NaCl solution. It showed that the salt tolerance of PU based films can be greatly improved through assembling with strong polyelectrolyte.
Outcome of advanced, unresectable conventional central chondrosarcoma
Authors: van Maldegem Annemiek M. , Gelderblom Hans , Palmerini Emanuela , Dijkstra Sander D. , Gambarotti Marco , Ruggieri Pietro , Nout Remi A. , van de Sande Michiel A. J. , Ferrari Cristina , Ferrari Stefano , Bovée Judith V. M. G. , Picci Piero
Published: July 2014

BACKGROUND

For patients who have chondrosarcoma with unresectable disease, because of tumor location, tumor size, or extensive metastatic disease, treatment options are very limited because of their relative resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The overall survival of this patient population is poor; however, specific studies are lacking, and large series have not been published. Therefore, the authors conducted this retrospective, 2‐center study to gain insight into the outcome of patients with advanced, unresectable, conventional central chondrosarcoma.

METHODS

All patients with unresectable conventional central chondrosarcoma who were diagnosed between January 1, 1980 and December 31, 2011 in 2 major European bone sarcoma centers (Rizzoli Institute, Bologna, Italy and Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands) were selected. Relevant information was collected from the medical records at both centers.

RESULTS

In total, 171 patients met the selection criteria. The overall survival rate for all patients was 48% at 1 year, 24% at 2 years, 12% at 3 years, 6% at 4 years, and 2% at 5 years. Patients with unresectable, locally advanced disease without distant metastases had a significantly better survival than patients with metastatic disease (P = .0014). Systemic treatment, consisting of either doxorubicin‐based chemotherapy or the noncytotoxic drugs imatinib and sirolimus, improved survival significantly compared with no treatment (P = .0487). For patients who had locally advanced disease without metastases, radiotherapy was associated with a survival benefit (P = .0032).

CONCLUSIONS

This study provides a standard for overall survival rates after a diagnosis of unresectable conventional central chondrosarcoma. Systemic treatment and radiotherapy may improve survival, although selection bias because of the retrospective nature of this study may have influenced the outcome. The poor survival underlines the need for new therapeutic options for this patient population. Cancer 2014;120:3159–3164. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Cancer‐related inflammation: An emerging prognostic domain in metastatic castration‐resistant prostate carcinoma
Authors: Pinato David J.
Published: July 2014

The neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio effectively integrates into a novel prognostic model for castration‐resistant prostate cancer according to the study by Templeton et al. Systemic inflammation may provide novel insight into the pathophysiology of the disease as well as new targets for therapy and useful surrogates to optimize clinical management.
Organotopic organization of the primary Infrared Sensitive Nucleus (LTTD) in the western diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox)
Authors: Kohl Tobias , Bothe Maximilian S. , Luksch Harald , Straka Hans , Westhoff Guido
Published: July 2014

Pit vipers (Crotalinae) have a specific sensory system that detects infrared radiation with bilateral pit organs in the upper jaw. Each pit organ consists of a thin membrane, innervated by three trigeminal nerve branches that project to a specific nucleus in the dorsal hindbrain. The known topographic organization of infrared signals in the optic tectum prompted us to test the implementation of spatiotopically aligned sensory maps through hierarchical neuronal levels from the peripheral epithelium to the first central site in the hindbrain, the nucleus of the lateral descending trigeminal tract (LTTD). The spatial organization of the anatomical connections was revealed in a novel in vitro whole‐brain preparation of the western diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox) that allowed specific application of multiple neuronal tracers to identified pit‐organ‐supplying trigeminal nerve branches. After adequate survival times, the entire peripheral and central projections of fibers within the pit membrane and the LTTD became visible. This approach revealed a morphological partition of the pit membrane into three well‐defined sensory areas with largely separated innervations by the three main branches. The peripheral segregation of infrared afferents in the sensory epithelium was matched by a differential termination of the afferents within different areas of the LTTD, with little overlap. This result demonstrates a topographic organizational principle of the snake infrared system that is implemented by maintaining spatially aligned representations of environmental infrared cues on the sensory epithelium through specific neuronal projections at the level of the first central processing stage, comparable to the visual system. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:3943–3959, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Design of a robust tracker and disturbance attenuator for uncertain systems with time delays
Authors: Mobayen Saleh
Published: July 2014

This article considers the composite nonlinear feedback control method for robust tracker and disturbance attenuator design of uncertain systems with time delays. The proposed robust tracker improves the transient performance and steady state accuracy simultaneously. The asymptotic robust tracking conditions are provided in the form of linear matrix inequalities and the resultant conditions yield the controller gains. Moreover, to improve the reference tracking performance, a new nonlinear function for the composite feedback control law is offered. Simulation results are presented to verify the theoretical results. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 21: 340–348, 2015
Scanning transmission electron microscopy measurement of bismuth segregation in thin Ga(As,Bi) layers grown by molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Walther Thomas , Richards Robert D. , Bastiman Faebian
Published: July 2014

Annular dark‐field (ADF) imaging in a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) has been used to measure concentration profiles across thin Ga(As,Bi) layers grown by molecular beam epitaxy, from which the segregation lengths for bismuth surface segregation have been calculated. Performing this for layers grown at two different temperatures, the activation energies for Bi surface segregation have been determined for the lower (GaAsBi‐on‐GaAs) and for the upper (GaAs‐on‐GaAsBi) interface. The inequivalence observed is attributed to strain driving the larger Bi atoms preferably towards the free surface during growth.
Impacts of alluvial structures on small‐scale nutrient heterogeneities in near‐surface groundwater
Authors: Pöschke Franziska , Lewandowski Jörg , Nützmann Gunnar
Published: July 2014

Spatially heterogeneous and temporally variable nutrient concentrations (P, N) in near‐surface aquifers are common and are driven by different factors such as climate, topography, vegetation, sediment compositions, and water level fluctuations. Nonetheless, the identification of discrete areas where similar concentrations patterns can be expected is still difficult, especially in patchy systems such as riparian zones of lowland rivers. To address this challenge, a floodplain aquifer of the river Spree (Germany) has been investigated by sampling groundwater with high vertical and horizontal resolutions. Vertical nutrient distributions measured by multi‐level samplers with a 10 cm resolution indicate a biogeochemical layering of the aquifer. High concentrations in the upper 2 m can be attributed to a local redox gradient, which is induced by water level fluctuations and biological turnover processes, while the layer below is mainly influenced by medium‐scale to large‐scale groundwater flow patterns. High concentration in the upper part of the aquifer enforces groundwater sampling with a high horizontal resolution of 3 m from the near‐surface groundwater. The results compared with highly resolved elevation and sediment data indicate that geomorphological features and water level fluctuations control the thickness of the unsaturated zone and the redox gradient. The strength of the gradient and the amount of degradable organic matter determine the intensity of nutrient release by chemical reactions and biological turnover. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From Glycopeptides to Glycopeptoids
Authors: Szekely Thomas , Roy Olivier , Faure Sophie , Taillefumier Claude
Published: July 2014

This review covers the published literature describing the synthesis of glycopeptoids, a family of glycopeptide mimics. Members of this family are composed of an N‐substituted glycine or β‐alanine oligomer backbone linked to one or several carbohydrate moieties at the amide nitrogen atoms. The interest in this class of biomimetics lies in their enhanced proteolytic stability and greater conformational flexibility relative to glycopeptides. This Microreview not only describes the different methods for synthesising glycopeptoids but also discusses their application both as glycopeptidomimetics and glycocluster constructs.
Multiple‐support response spectrum analysis using load‐dependent Ritz vectors
Authors: Wang Ziqi , Der Kiureghian Armen
Published: July 2014

Load‐dependent Ritz (LDR) vectors are used in conjunction with the multiple‐support response spectrum (MSRS) combination rule for analysis of structures subjected to spatially varying earthquake ground motions. The LDR vector approach for MSRS analysis is motivated by the fact that LDR vectors in general are more accurate and computationally simpler than eigenvectors in mode superposition analysis, and because many researchers and engineers are using LDR vectors in linear structural dynamic analysis. Mode truncation rules for the original MSRS method are modified to apply to LDR vectors. Two methods for selecting LDR vectors for multicomponent MSRS analysis are introduced. Idealized models of two real bridges with differing structural characteristics are used to investigate the accuracy and efficiency of the two LDR‐MSRS methods in comparison with results obtained by the original MSRS method as well as an extended version that accounts for the static contribution of truncated modes. The results show that the LDR‐MSRS method is generally more accurate than the original MSRS method and at least as accurate as the extended MSRS method. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A simple near‐optimal path selection scheme for multi‐hop wireless relay networks based on Viterbi algorithm
Authors: You Qimin , Li Yonghui , Chen Zhuo , Rahman Md Shahriar
Published: July 2014

In a multi‐hop wireless relay network, the optimal path selection scheme with exhaustive path search entails high‐implementation complexity and is impractical when the number of hops is large. In this paper, we propose a near‐optimal low‐complexity path selection scheme, based on amplify‐and‐forward protocol, whose outage performance is close to the optimal path selection scheme. The proposed scheme draws on the analogy between the node distribution of a commonly used relay network model and the trellis of a convolutional code and applies the Viterbi algorithm in selecting a path to minimise the end‐to‐end outage probability. To save memory and reduce the time delay in distributed implementation, the sliding window Viterbi algorithm is assumed. For reference purpose, an asymptotic lower bound of the outage probability is first derived for the optimal path selection scheme. Then an approximated outage probability expression of the proposed scheme is derived. These analytical expressions are verified by simulations to be accurate at high signal‐to‐noise ratios. It is revealed that when the window size is reasonably large, the proposed scheme achieves almost the same outage performance as the optimal path selection scheme at high signal‐to‐noise ratios. The proposed scheme has polynomial complexity and small memory storage requirement. Therefore, it is very efficient for large‐scale relay networks. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is the regulatory regime for the registration of plant protection products in the EU potentially compromising food security?
Authors: Chapman Peter
Published: July 2014

The increasingly stringent regulatory regime governing the registration of active substances and plant protection products in the European Union (EU) is deterring R&D companies from introducing products based on new active substances into the market. They are instead developing new products for initial market introduction in other parts of the world. Consequently EU farmers and growers are being denied products that are available elsewhere. The cost of maintaining existing active substances is also becoming prohibitive, leading to loss of products from the market with the consequential impact on growers’ ability to produce many crops. Minor uses are suffering in particular. This in turn is having an impact on food production and food security within the EU. The European Commission is urged to take advantage of the opportunity available in the current legislation to make proposals for improvements and amendments in order to redress the imbalance between the EU and other markets.
Course of late‐life depression in China is chronic and unremitting
Authors: Van Orden Kimberly A. , Chen Shulin , O'Riley Alisa , Conwell Yeates
Published: July 2014

Objective

The world's largest aging population resides in China. Depressive disorders represent a public health problem among older adults in China; however, little is known about the course and natural outcomes with routine treatment in primary care.

Methods

We examined the one‐year naturalistic course of depressive symptoms in older adult Chinese primary care patients (Hangzhou, China).

Findings

We found slight improvement among most of the older adults who initially presented with mild or subsyndromal depressive symptoms, but marked increase in severity in one group of initially mildly depressed older adults; a lack of improvement among all older adults with severe initial presentations. Greater physical illness burden, lower functional capacity, and lower family support were associated with greater initial depressive symptom severity and lack of improvement over time.

Conclusion

The naturalistic course of depressive illness in older adult primary care patients in urban China is typically chronic and unremitting for those with severe symptoms and slowly improving for those with milder symptoms. Because access to specialty mental health care is limited, treatments for late‐life depression need to be developed that can be effectively and feasibly implemented in Chinese primary care practices. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Associations between cognitively stimulating leisure activities, cognitive function and age‐related cognitive decline
Authors: Ferreira Nicola , Owen Adrian , Mohan Anita , Corbett Anne , Ballard Clive
Published: July 2014

Objectives

Emerging literature suggests that lifestyle factors may play an important role in reducing age‐related cognitive decline. There have, however, been few studies investigating the role of cognitively stimulating leisure activities in maintaining cognitive health. This study sought to identify changes in cognitive performance with age and to investigate associations of cognitive performance with several key cognitively stimulating leisure activities.

Method

Over 65,000 participants provided demographic and lifestyle information and completed tests of grammatical reasoning, spatial working memory, verbal working memory and episodic memory.

Results

Regression analyses suggested that frequency of engaging in Sudoku or similar puzzles was significantly positively associated with grammatical reasoning, spatial working memory and episodic memory scores. Furthermore, for participants aged under 65 years, frequency of playing non‐cognitive training computer games was also positively associated with performance in the same cognitive domains. The results also suggest that grammatical reasoning and episodic memory are particularly vulnerable to age‐related decline. Further investigation to determine the potential benefits of participating in Sudoku puzzles and non‐cognitive computer games is indicated, particularly as they are associated with grammatical reasoning and episodic memory, cognitive domains found to be strongly associated with age‐related cognitive decline.

Conclusions

Results of this study have implications for developing improved guidance for the public regarding the potential value of cognitively stimulating leisure activities. The results also suggest that grammatical reasoning and episodic memory should be targeted in developing appropriate outcome measures to assess efficacy of future interventions, and in developing cognitive training programmes to prevent or delay cognitive decline. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Patients with very‐late‐onset schizoprhenia‐like psychosis have higher mortality rates than elderly patients with earlier onset schizophrenia
Authors: Talaslahti Tiina , Alanen Hanna‐Mari , Hakko Helinä , Isohanni Matti , Häkkinen Unto , Leinonen Esa
Published: July 2014

Objective

In this register‐based study of schizophrenia patients aged 65 years or above, mortality and causes of death diagnosed at age of 60+ (very‐late‐onset schizophrenia‐like psychosis, VLOSLP) were studied in comparison with sex‐ and age‐matched general Finnish population. Standardized Mortality Ratios (SMRs) of VLOSLP patients were also compared with those of earlier onset (below 60 years) schizophrenia patients, and hazard of death was calculated between these patient groups.

Methods

The data was obtained from Finnish nationwide registers and consisted of 918 VLOSLP patients and 6142 earlier onset patients who were at least 65 years on 1 January 1999. The register‐based follow‐up for mortality covered 10 years between 1999 and 2008.

Results

Overall SMR was 5.02 (4.61–5.46) in the group of VLOSLP patients and 2.93 (2.83–3.03) in the group of earlier onset patients. In men, SMRs were 8.31 (7.14–9.62; n = 179) and 2.91 (2.75–3.07, n = 1316) and in women 4.21 (3.78–4.66; n = 364) and 2.94 (2.82–3.07, n = 2055). In the VLOSLP group, SMRs were higher in most causes‐of‐death categories such as accidents, respiratory diseases, dementias, neoplasms and circulatory diseases. However, in direct comparison adjusted for several variables, the difference between these groups was minimal (Hazard Ratio, HR, 1.16 95%CI 1.05–1.27, p = 0.003).

Conclusion

Patients with VLOSLP, especially men, are at even higher risk of death than schizophrenia patients with earlier onset. Physical comorbidities and accidents in the VLOSLP group mostly explained this result. Targeted clinical interventions with effective collaboration between psychiatry and primary and specialist‐level somatic care are crucial to reduce their excess mortality. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhanced repertoire of brain dynamical states during the psychedelic experience
Authors: Tagliazucchi Enzo , Carhart‐Harris Robin , Leech Robert , Nutt David , Chialvo Dante R.
Published: July 2014

The study of rapid changes in brain dynamics and functional connectivity (FC) is of increasing interest in neuroimaging. Brain states departing from normal waking consciousness are expected to be accompanied by alterations in the aforementioned dynamics. In particular, the psychedelic experience produced by psilocybin (a substance found in “magic mushrooms”) is characterized by unconstrained cognition and profound alterations in the perception of time, space and selfhood. Considering the spontaneous and subjective manifestation of these effects, we hypothesize that neural correlates of the psychedelic experience can be found in the dynamics and variability of spontaneous brain activity fluctuations and connectivity, measurable with functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). Fifteen healthy subjects were scanned before, during and after intravenous infusion of psilocybin and an inert placebo. Blood‐Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) temporal variability was assessed computing the variance and total spectral power, resulting in increased signal variability bilaterally in the hippocampi and anterior cingulate cortex. Changes in BOLD signal spectral behavior (including spectral scaling exponents) affected exclusively higher brain systems such as the default mode, executive control, and dorsal attention networks. A novel framework enabled us to track different connectivity states explored by the brain during rest. This approach revealed a wider repertoire of connectivity states post‐psilocybin than during control conditions. Together, the present results provide a comprehensive account of the effects of psilocybin on dynamical behavior in the human brain at a macroscopic level and may have implications for our understanding of the unconstrained, hyper‐associative quality of consciousness in the psychedelic state. Hum Brain Mapp 35:5442–5456, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of Oxygen‐Containing Functional Side Chains on the Electronic Properties and Photovoltaic Performances in a Thiophene–Thiazolothiazole Copolymer System
Authors: Saito Masahiko , Osaka Itaru , Koganezawa Tomoyuki , Takimiya Kazuo
Published: July 2014

We report the synthesis and characterization of new thiazolothiazole‐based semiconducting polymers with alkoxy and/or ester groups as the side chain. An introduction of the alkoxy groups raised the HOMO energy level of the polymers, whereas the introduction of the ester groups lowered the LUMO energy level. It is found that, interestingly, in the monomers the electronic effect of the ester group was more significant than that of the alkoxy groups, whereas in the polymers the effect of the alkoxy group was more significant. PTzBT‐oBOeHD with both the alkoxy and ester groups gave the most redshifted absorption spectrum compared to the polymers with the alkyl and alkoxy groups (PTzBT‐oBOHD) and with the alkyl and ester groups (PTzBT‐BOeHD). Solar cells using PTzBT‐oBOeHD gave the highest power conversion efficiencies of up to 4.5% with the highest short‐circuit current density (JSC) of 10.9 mA/cm2 among those with the newly synthesized polymers.
Orbital melanocytoma completely resected with conservative surgery in association with ipsilateral nevus of Ota: Report of a case and review of the literature
Authors: Tregnago Aline C. , Furlan Marcus V. , Bezerra Stephania M. , Porto Gislaine C. L. M. , Mendes Gustavo G. , Henklain João V. R. , Pinto Clóvis A. L. , Kowalski Luiz P. , de Carvalho Genival B. , Costa Felipe D.
Published: July 2014

Background

Melanocytomas are rare pigmented primary lesions of the central nervous system arising from melanocytes of leptomeninges. They occur most frequently in the posterior fossa, Meckel's cave, or along the cervical and thoracic spinal cord. Orbital melanocytomas have been rarely reported. Nevus of Ota is a melanocytic lesion that can be associated with cutaneous and meningeal melanocytic neoplasms.

Methods and Results

We describe a case of an orbital melanocytoma associated with ipsilateral Nevus of Ota. A 28‐year‐old man presented with proptosis and an ipsilateral congenital facial melanocytic lesion (Nevus of Ota). After imaging evaluation, a retro‐orbital mass was discovered. A needle biopsy was performed and the diagnosis of melanocytoma rendered. The patient underwent complete surgical excision of the lesion.

Conclusion

In order to make the correct diagnosis and to choose the appropriate therapy, it is important to be aware of this rare presentation and its association with Nevus of Ota. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 37: E49–E55, 2015
Cost‐effectiveness of selective neck dissection versus modified radical neck dissection for treating metastases in patients with oral cavity cancer: A modelling study
Authors: Govers Tim M. , Patel Sejal , Takes Robert P. , Merkx Thijs , Rovers Maroeska , Grutters Janneke
Published: July 2014

Background

Choosing between a more or less extensive neck dissection implies a tradeoff between survival, quality of life, and costs. The purpose of this study was to determine if selective neck dissection (level I–III or I–IV) is cost‐effective compared with modified radical neck dissection (level I–V) in patients with cT1–2oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) with singular nodal disease confined to level I or II.

Methods

A decision‐analytic model was developed to model quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs) and costs over a lifetime horizon, based on literature.

Results

The selective neck dissection strategy resulted in an expected health loss of 0.06 QALY and savings of €1351 per patient compared to modified radical neck dissection. The results were sensitive to differences in regional failure probabilities between the strategies.

Conclusion

With the evidence used in this model, selective neck dissection was not cost‐effective compared to modified radical neck dissection. Prospective research on regional failure is needed to provide optimal treatment for patients with OSCC. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Head Neck37:1762–1768, 2015
Enteral glutamine supplementation in surgical patients with head and neck malignancy: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Azman Mawaddah , Mohd Yunus Mohd Razif , Sulaiman Suhaina , Syed Omar Syed Nabil
Published: July 2014

Background

Glutamine supplementation is a novel approach to perioperative nutritional management.

Methods

This study was a prospective randomized clinical trial of effects of enteral glutamine supplementation in surgical patients with head and neck malignancy in a tertiary center. This study measured the effects of supplementation within 4 weeks of the postoncologic surgical period in relation to fat‐free mass, serum albumin, and quality of life scores.

Results

The study population consisted of 44 patients. There was significant difference in serum albumin (p < .001), fat‐free mass (p < .001), and quality of life scores (p < .05) between control and interventional groups. Significant correlation exists between fat‐free mass and quality of life score difference in our study population (p < .05).

Conclusion

Enteral glutamine supplementation significantly improves fat‐free mass, serum albumin, and quality of life scores postoperatively and maintenance of lean body mass correlated with improved postoperative outcomes in terms of the patient's quality of life. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 37: 1799–1807, 2015
Serum biomarkers for detection of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Mydlarz Wojciech K. , Hennessey Patrick T. , Wang Hao , Carvalho Andre Lopez , Califano Joseph A.
Published: July 2014

Background

Detection of hypermethylated circulating tumor DNA has the potential to be a minimally invasive, low cost, and reproducible method for cancer detection.

Methods

We evaluated serum from 100 patients with known head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and 50 healthy control patients for 3 previously described methylation targets, endothelin receptor type B (EDNRB), cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A or p16), and deleted in colorectal carcinoma (DCC), using quantitative methylation specific polymerase chain reaction (qMSPCR).

Results

EDNRB hypermethylation was identified in the serum of 10% of the patients with HNSCC but in none of the control patients. DCC hypermethylation was detected in 2 serum samples from patients with cancer that also amplified EDNRB and one of these samples also had p16 hypermethylation. EDNRB hypermethylation was statistically significant by Fisher's exact test (p = .03) when comparing HNSCC to controls.

Conclusions

Serum EDNRB hypermethylation is a highly specific but not sensitive serum biomarker for HNSCC. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: 9–14, 2016
Advances in interpretation of subsurface processes with time‐lapse electrical imaging
Authors: Singha K. , Day‐Lewis F. D. , Johnson T. , Slater L. D.
Published: July 2014

Electrical geophysical methods, including electrical resistivity, time‐domain induced polarization, and complex resistivity, have become commonly used to image the near subsurface. Here, we outline their utility for time‐lapse imaging of hydrological, geochemical, and biogeochemical processes, focusing on new instrumentation, processing, and analysis techniques specific to monitoring. We review data collection procedures, parameters measured, and petrophysical relationships and then outline the state of the science with respect to inversion methodologies, including coupled inversion. We conclude by highlighting recent research focused on innovative applications of time‐lapse imaging in hydrology, biology, ecology, and geochemistry, among other areas of interest. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bidirectional regulation between TMEFF2 and STAT3 may contribute to Helicobacter pylori‐associated gastric carcinogenesis
Authors: Sun Tian‐Tian , Tang Jia‐Yin , Du Wan , Zhao Hui‐Jun , Zhao Gang , Yang Sheng‐Li , Chen Hao‐Yan , Hong Jie , Fang Jing‐Yuan
Published: July 2014

The transmembrane protein with epidermal growth factor and two follistatin motifs 2 (TMEFF2) is a single‐pass transmembrane protein, and it is downregulated in human gastric cancer and levels correlate with tumor progression and time of survival. However, the mechanism of its dysregulation in gastric cancer is little known. Here we investigate its regulatory mechanism and the bidirectional regulation between TMEFF2 and STAT3 in gastric carcinogenesis. TMEFF2 expression was decreased after Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection in vivo and in vitro. STAT3 directly binds to the promoter of TMEFF2 and regulates H. pylori‐induced TMEFF2 downregulation in normal gastric GES‐1 cells and gastric cancer AGS cells. Conversely, TMEFF2 may suppress the phosphorylation of STAT3 and TMEFF2‐induced downregulation of STAT3 phosphorylation may depend on SHP‐1. A highly inverse correlation between the expression of TMEFF2 and pSTAT3 was also revealed in gastric tissues. We now show the deregulation mechanism of TMEFF2 in gastric carcinogenesis and identify TMEFF2 as a new target gene of STAT3. The phosphorylation of STAT3 may be negatively regulated by TMEFF2, and the bidirectional regulation between TMEFF2 and STAT3 may contribute to H. pylori‐associated gastric carcinogenesis.© 2014 UICC
Improving the calculation of magnetic coupling constants in MRPT methods
Authors: Spivak Mariano , Angeli Celestino , Calzado Carmen J. , de Graaf Coen
Published: July 2014

The magnetic coupling in transition metal compounds with more than one unpaired electron per magnetic center has been studied with multiconfigurational perturbation theory. The usual shortcomings of these methodologies (severe underestimation of the magnetic coupling) have been overcome by describing the Slater determinants with a set of molecular orbitals that maximally resemble the natural orbitals of a high‐level multiconfigurational reference configuration interaction calculation. These orbitals have significant delocalization tails onto the bridging ligands and largely increase the coupling strengths in the perturbative calculation. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evaluation of abdominal aortic elasticity by strain rate imaging in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Su Yanxin , Liu Wei , Wang Dawei , Tian Jiawei
Published: July 2014

Purpose

To use strain rate imaging (SRI) to compare the abdominal aortic wall elasticity between patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and controls.

Methods

We measured the abdominal aorta intima‐media thickness (IMT) with B‐mode echography, and the anterior and posterior wall displacement (d), strain, and strain rate (SR) with SRI, in 90 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 30 control subjects (group A). The patients were classified into group B (normal IMT), group C (thickened IMT), and group D (one single atheroma plaque).

Results

d, strain, and SR were significantly lower in group B, C, and D than in group A (p < .05). Systolic, early‐diastolic, and late‐diastolic SR were lower in patients with diabetes (especially in group D) than in controls. There were significant differences in systolic SR, early‐diastolic SR, and late‐diastolic SR between group A and group B (p < .05).

Conclusions

SRI is a noninvasive method that can demonstrate a loss in aorta wall elasticity in patients with diabetes with normal IMT. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 42:475–480, 2014
Compression‐refractory breast hematoma secondary to pseudoaneurysm after stereotactically guided vacuum‐assisted biopsy: The critical role of urgent surgical evacuation
Authors: Sun Simon , Hennessey Hooman , Kam Nakch Idris , Alsharif Shaza , Meterissian Sarkis , Mesurolle Benoît
Published: July 2014

We report the case of a patient who underwent a vacuum‐assisted biopsy of amorphous clustered microcalcifications complicated by a large compression‐refractory hematoma secondary to pseudoaneurysm formation. Breast sonography was used to identify an actively bleeding vessel and guide compression. However, due to its unresponsiveness to conventional management and rapid progression, the hematoma required surgical evacuation and ligation of the bleeding vessel. This suggests that, in the face of significant intractable bleeding, a heightened awareness of the possible need for surgical intervention should be maintained. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 42:492–494, 2014
A simple method for α‐position deuterated carbonyl compounds with pyrrolidine as catalyst
Authors: Zhan Miao , Zhang Tao , Huang Haoxi , Xie Yongmei , Chen Yuanwei
Published: July 2014

A simple, cost‐effective method for deuteration of carbonyl compounds employing pyrrolidine as catalyst and D2O as deuterium source was described. High degree of deuterium incorporation (up to 99%) and extensive functional group tolerance were achieved. It is the first time that secondary amines are used as catalysts for H/D exchange of carbonyl compounds, which also allow the deuteration of complex pharmaceutically interesting substrates. A possible catalytic mechanism, based on the hydrolysis of 1‐pyrrolidino‐1‐cyclohexene, for this pyrrolidine‐catalyzed H/D exchange reaction has been proposed.
Efficient syntheses of [11C]zidovudine and its analogs by convenient one‐pot palladium(0)–copper(I) co‐mediated rapid C‐[11C]methylation
Authors: Zhang Zhouen , Doi Hisashi , Koyama Hiroko , Watanabe Yasuyoshi , Suzuki Masaaki
Published: July 2014

The nucleosides zidovudine (AZT), stavudine (d4T), and telbivudine (LdT) are approved for use in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections. To promote positron emission tomography (PET) imaging studies on their pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and applications in cancer diagnosis, a convenient one‐pot method for Pd(0)–Cu(I) co‐mediated rapid C–C coupling of [11C]methyl iodide with stannyl precursor was successfully established and applied to synthesize the PET tracers [11C]zidovudine, [11C]stavudine, and [11C]telbivudine. After HPLC purification and radiopharmaceutical formulation, the desired PET tracers were obtained with high radioactivity (6.4–7.0 GBq) and specific radioactivity (74–147 GBq/µmol) and with high chemical (>99%) and radiochemical (>99.5%) purities. This one‐pot Pd(0)–Cu(I) co‐mediated rapid C‐[11C]methylation also worked well for syntheses of [methyl‐11C]thymidine and [methyl‐11C]4′‐thiothymidine, resulting twice the radioactivity of those prepared by a previous two‐pot method. The mechanism of one‐pot Pd(0)–Cu(I) co‐mediated rapid C‐[11C]methylation was also discussed.
Synthesis, characterization and 11C‐radiolabeling of aminophenyl benzothiazoles: structural effects on the alkylation of amino group
Authors: Venkatachalam T. K. , Stimson D. H. R. , Bhalla R. , Pierens G. K. , Reutens D. C.
Published: July 2014

Several aminophenyl benzothiazoles were prepared with a view to using them as amyloid binding agents for imaging β‐amyloid in Alzheimer's disease. These precursors were radiolabeled with 11C‐positron‐emitting radioisotope using an automated synthesizer and selected radiolabeled compounds were further purified by HPLC. Our results demonstrate that changes in structure have a major influence on the radioactive yield and the ease with which the radiolabel can be introduced. Aminophenyl benzothiazoles with an attached isopropyl group resisted dialkylation perhaps due to steric hindrance caused by this group. Straight chain attachment of methyl, ethyl, butyl, and crotyl groups in the structure decreased the radiochemical yield. Notably, the o‐aminophenyl benzothiazole derivatives were difficult to alkylate despite stringent experimental conditions. This reactivity difference is attributed to the hydrogen bonding characteristics of the o‐amino group with the nitrogen atom of the thiazole ring.
Synthesis of isotope‐labeled HSP90 inhibitor: [13CD3] and [14C]‐TAK‐459
Authors: Plesescu Mihaela , Elliott Eric L. , Li Yuexian , Prakash Shimoga R.
Published: July 2014

[13CD3]‐TAK‐459 (1A), an HSP90 inhibitor, was synthesized from [13CD3]‐sodium methoxide in three steps in an overall yield of 29%. The key intermediate [13CD3]‐2‐methoxy‐6‐(4,4,5,5‐tetramethyl‐1,3,2‐dioxaborolan‐2‐yl)pyridine was synthesized in two steps from 2,6‐dibromopyridine and stable isotope‐labeled sodium methoxide. [14C]‐TAK‐459 (1B) was synthesized from [14C(U)]‐guanidine hydrochloride in five steps in an overall radiochemical yield of 5.4%. The key intermediate, [14C]‐(R)‐2‐amino‐7‐(2‐bromo‐4‐fluorophenyl)‐4‐methyl‐7,8‐dihydropyrido[4,3‐d]pyrimidin‐5(6H)‐one, was prepared by microwave‐assisted condensation.
α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazoleproprionic acid receptor activation protects against phencyclidine‐induced caspase‐3 activity by activating voltage‐gated calcium channels
Authors: Timpe Jennifer M. , Wang Cheng Z. , Kim Jisoo , Johnson Kenneth M.
Published: July 2014

Phencyclidine (PCP) is a noncompetitive, open channel blocker of the N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor–ion channel complex. When administered to immature animals, it is known to cause apoptotic neurodegeneration in several regions, and this is followed by olanzapine‐sensitive, schizophrenia‐like behaviors in late adolescence and adulthood. Clarification of its mechanism of action could yield data that would help to inform the treatment of schizophrenia. In our initial experiments, we found that α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazoleproprionic acid (AMPA) inhibited PCP‐induced apoptosis in organotypic neonatal rat brain slices in a concentration‐dependent and 6‐cyano‐7‐nitroquinoxaline‐2,3‐dione‐sensitive manner. Calcium signaling pathways are widely implicated in apoptosis, and PCP prevents calcium influx through NMDA receptor channels. We therefore hypothesized that AMPA could protect against this effect by activation of voltage‐dependent calcium channels (VDCCs). In support of this hypothesis, pretreatment with the calcium channel blocker cadmium chloride eliminated AMPA‐mediated protection against PCP. Furthermore, the L‐type VDCC inhibitor nifedipine (10 µM) fully abrogated the effects of AMPA, suggesting that L‐type VDCCs are required for AMPA‐mediated protection against PCP‐induced neurotoxicity. Whereas the P/Q‐type inhibitor ω‐agatoxin TK (200 nM) reduced AMPA protection by 51.7%, the N‐type VDCC inhibitor ω‐conotoxin (2 µM) had no effect. Decreased AMPA‐mediated protection following cotreatment with K252a, a TrkB inhibitor, suggests that brain‐derived neurotrophic factor signaling plays an important role. By analogy, these results suggest that activation of L‐type, and to a lesser extent P/Q‐type, VDCCs might be advantageous in treating conditions associated with diminished NMDAergic activity during early development. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Raman spectroscopy as a non‐destructive screening technique for studying white substances from archaeological and forensic burial contexts
Authors: Schotsmans Eline M. J. , Wilson Andrew S. , Brettell Rhea , Munshi Tasnim , Edwards Howell G. M.
Published: July 2014

Raman spectroscopy was evaluated as a non‐destructive analytical tool for the characterisation of white substances in burials. In addition, Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy was used to assess the conversion of hydrated lime into calcium carbonate. Fourteen samples of white substances from archaeological and forensic sites were analysed and characterised. The results show that not all white residues in burials are lime. Lime can easily be mistaken for other building materials (gypsum), for minerals (brushite) or degraded metal (cerussite). This study highlights the need for chemical analysis of white residues when encountered in burials. Analytical information derived from Raman spectra of white substances can further assist in the interpretation of the taphonomic processes of burials and their funerary context. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman spectroscopic characterization of CH4 density over a wide range of temperature and pressure
Authors: Shang Linbo , Chou I‐Ming , Burruss R. C. , Hu Ruizhong , Bi Xianwu
Published: July 2014

The positions of the CH4 Raman ν1 symmetric stretching bands were measured in a wide range of temperature (from −180 °C to 350 °C) and density (up to 0.45 g/cm3) using high‐pressure optical cell and fused silica capillary capsule. The results show that the Raman band shift is a function of both methane density and temperature; the band shifts to lower wavenumbers as the density increases and the temperature decreases. An equation representing the observed relationship among the CH4 ν1 band position, temperature, and density can be used to calculate the density in natural or synthetic CH4‐bearing inclusions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.