bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Race Between Deterrence and Displacement: Theory and Evidence from Bank Robberies
Authors: Maheshri Vikram , Mastrobuoni Giovanni
Published: January 2020

Security measures that deter crime may unwittingly displace it to neighboring areas, but evidence of displacement is scarce. We exploit precise information on the timing and locations of all Italian bank robberies and security guard hirings over a decade to estimate deterrence and displacement effects of guards. A guard lowers the likelihood a bank is robbed by 35% to 40%. Over half of this reduction is displaced to nearby unguarded banks. Theory suggests optimal policy to mitigate this spillover is ambiguous. Our findings indicate restricting guards in sparse, rural markets and requiring guards in dense, urban markets could be socially beneficial.
Demonstration and the Indemonstrability of the Stoic Indemonstrables
Authors: Bobzien Susanne
Published: January 2020

Since Mates’ seminal Stoic Logic there has been uncertainty and debate about how to treat the term anapodeiktos when used of Stoic syllogisms. This paper argues that the customary translation of anapodeiktos by ‘indemonstrable’ is accurate, and it explains why this is so. At the heart of the explanation is an argument that, contrary to what is commonly assumed, indemonstrability is rooted in the generic account of the Stoic epistemic notion of demonstration (apodeixis). Some minor insights into Stoic logic ensue.
Elements of a History of the Soul in North-West Semitic Texts
Authors: Schaper Joachim
Published: January 2020

Amongst Hebrew Bible scholars the question of the understanding of biblical key terms and concepts pertaining to the human condition has attracted a fair amount of interest. And amongst those key terms and concepts it is the concept of nefeš that has proved to be particularly attractive and challenging. New light is thrown on the biblical concept by the recent discovery of the Katumuwa stele in Zincirli. The present article examines the evidence and draws conclusions with regard to the history of the concept of nefeš in the Hebrew Bible and in North-West Semitic literature and religion generally.
Leaving the State of Nature: Polybius on Resentment and the Emergence of Morals and Political Order
Authors: Straumann Benjamin
Published: January 2020

The possibility of cooperation and the stability of political order are long-standing problems. Polybius, well known for his Histories analysing the expansion of Rome and his description of the Roman constitution, also offers an intriguing social and political theory that covers ground from psycho-anthropological micro-foundations to institution-based political order, providing a genealogy of morals and political order that is best understood in game-theoretical terms. In this paper I try to give such an interpretation. Polybius’ naturalistic, proto-game theoretical views show similarities with Hume, Smith and especially Hobbes’ doctrine of sovereignty by acquisition. However, Polybius is original in crucial regards, giving a motivationally plausible account of institutional and especially constitutional solutions to moral and political problems. Constitutional order, for Polybius, embodies and makes possible in the first place a kind of political reason that cannot be had individually. Polybian political theory thus offers interesting solutions to problems concerning moral motivation, collective action, and the conditions for political order, as well as the explanation and character of institutions.
Redeeming the ‘ordinary working class’
Authors: Shilliam Robbie
Published: January 2020

Critical responses to the rise of right-wing populism in the Western world have done much to draw attention to the racialization of moral economies. However, it is not only remarkable that class has returned to the grammar of politics as an intractably racialized category – the white-working-class; it is just as remarkable that the racialized moral opprobrium of the underclass has given way rhetorically and ideologically to a racialized moral commitment to social justice for the ordinary working class. More critical reflection is needed to understand the way in which the imagined constituency of populist lore is worthy of redemption not just by virtue of their whiteness but of their white-ordinary-working-classness. This article presents a series of key comparative moments in debates over social security and welfare provision – past and present – that demonstrate the centrality of labour’s ‘cooperative spirit’ for political-philosophical debates over social security and welfare. To this end, the author methodologically sketches out a set of political ‘grammars’ that through these debates frame ethical quandaries and policy prescriptions. The author argues that such political grammars have variously apprehended the orderly or disorderly nature of labour’s cooperative spirit by reference to patriarchal and eugenic filiations. While the debates interrogated here have no doubt utilized different terms and categories, their grammars resonate strongly. This gives cause to consider that the redemption of the ‘ordinary’ working class requires the segregation of that class along imperial – and postimperial – lines of heredity.
Capitalized money, austerity and the math of capitalism
Authors: DiMuzio Tim , Robbins Richard
Published: January 2020

This article seeks to contribute to the existing critical debates on money and debt by advancing three main arguments. First, largely due to such debates’ tendency for description, the article argues that in in the heterodox literature on money and debt there is no convincing critical theory of money creation. For this reason the authors introduce the theory of capital as power and how it can help us theorize the consequences of present money creation. Second, the authors demonstrate how the capitalization of money creation by a minority of investors not only leads to the political chase for unsustainable economic growth, but also how there is a differential distribution of interest upwards that helps generate greater economic inequality in the United States. Third, they argue that in an era of declining growth, dominant owners of capital seek to recapture their expected return on investments by extracting a greater share of the national income from the vast majority of citizens through a fiscal politics of austerity.
Auditory Messages for Intersection Movement Assist (IMA) Systems: Effects of Speech- and Nonspeech-Based Cues
Authors: Wu Xingwei , Boyle Linda Ng
Published: January 2020

Objective

The objective of this study was to assess the effects of different warning messages for an Intersection Movement Assist (IMA) based on drivers’ ability to avoid a potential safety hazard.

Background

An IMA system can detect hazards and warn drivers when it is unsafe to enter an intersection. The effects of different warning information conveyed by these systems are still unknown.

Method

A driving simulator study with 80 participants was conducted with a red light running (RLR) scenario using a 5 (warnings) x 2 (training) between-subject design. IMA warnings included the messages “Danger,” “Brake now,” “Vehicle on your left,” a beep, and no IMA warning. Training was provided to half of the participants. Analysis of variance and logistic regression models were used to examine differences in drivers’ avoidance behavior.

Results

The analyses showed that all tested warning messages can significantly enhance drivers’ avoidance performance. Significant differences were observed in crash occurrence, avoidance behavior (i.e., reaction time and speed change), and eye movements (i.e., fixation pattern and time to first fixation). The effects of training also differed given the warning message provided.

Conclusion

The “Brake now” message performed best in reducing crash involvement and prompted better avoidance performance. The “Danger” and “Vehicle on your left” messages improved drivers’ hazard detection ability. The training showed a potential to enhance the effectiveness of nonspeech warning messages.

Application

The findings of this study can help designers and engineers better design IMA warning messages for RLR scenarios.
Pulled Together or Torn Asunder? Community Cohesion After Symmetric and Asymmetric Civil War
Authors: Krakowski Krzysztof
Published: January 2020

Evidence on the consequences of war for community cohesion is mixed, pointing to both positive and negative effects of conflict. This study examines symmetry of force between warring actors as an explanation of heterogeneous conflict effects. Using survey data from 224 Colombian villages, I compare cohesion in communities exposed to asymmetric and symmetric conflicts, a guerrilla war between rebels and the state and a more conventional war between rebels and paramilitary groups, respectively. I find that symmetric war increases participation in community organizations, while asymmetric war decreases trust. Evidence suggests three mechanisms that explain these findings. Symmetric war increases cohesion (i) by spurring individuals to band together to cope with significant disruption of services and (ii) by strengthening group identities that map onto fairly clear wartime cleavages. Asymmetric war reduces cohesion (iii) by instilling fear and suspicion linked to wartime experiences of civilian collaboration and denunciations.
Integrated model predictive fault-tolerant control, and fault detection based on the parity space approach for a reverse osmosis desalination unit
Authors: Mehrad Reza , Kargar Seyed Mohamad
Published: January 2020

Actuator faults are inevitable in small reverse osmosis desalination plants. It may cause energy losses and reduce the quality of the freshwater, which may endanger human life. This paper focuses on the integrated fault detection and fault-tolerant control approach. The primary motivation of this paper is to propose a novel integrated fault detection and fault-tolerant control approach. The actuator fault is estimated using the concept of parity space approach. Then the system model is updated in the fault-tolerant control block using the information of the estimated fault parameter. Moreover, the proposed approach uses the receding-horizon predictive control-bounded data uncertainties controller, which is the robust and stable variant of generalized predictive control. The remaining uncertainty caused by the model and observer is compensated by this controller. The structure of a small reverse osmosis desalination plant is deployed. In this plant, the permeate flow rate and conductivity are controlled by a retentate valve and a bypass valve, which add a small amount of inlet to the outlet. The performances of three predictive model controllers are evaluated, and a comparison is made between their computational costs, stability, and robustness. The plant is considered to be linear time-invariant and subject to model uncertainties, measurement noise, and actuator fault in the retentate valve as efficiency dropping. The results reveal the robustness of the proposed approach concerning noise and matched uncertainties as well as its accommodation to actuator fault up to 90%.
Multidisciplinary Development of Mobile Radiography Guidelines Reduced the Number of Inappropriate Mobile Exams in Patients Receiving Chest Radiographs in British Columbia
Authors: Kobes Kevin J. , Budau-Bymoen Annemarie , Thakur Yogesh , Yong-Hing Charlotte J.
Published: January 2020

Aim:

To decrease the number of mobile chest radiograph requests for inpatients in British Columbia who are medically able to tolerate transport to the main department by introducing and implementing request criteria.

Method:

Concerns regarding inappropriate mobile exam requests in patients receiving chest radiography were surveyed at 28 medical imaging sites. In response, a multidisciplinary team composed a set of mobile radiography request guidelines incorporating feedback from all sites. These were successfully implemented along with in-person education to 21 sites. The number of adult annual mobile chest radiographs was tracked from 2014 to 2018, and informal feedback was obtained from participating sites.

Results:

The percentage of mobile chest radiographs of all chest radiographs performed between 2014 and 2018 decreased by 3.2%, while the total number of all chest radiographs performed during this time, including both departmental and mobile, increased by 1.9%. Sites reported positive engagement with the initiative and expressed need for ongoing education to optimize its effect.

Conclusion:

Implementation of request guidelines with in-person education helped to reduce inappropriate mobile exams in patients receiving chest radiographs in British Columbia between 2014 and 2018. These guidelines promote patient safety through reduced radiation exposure, empower radiographers to mitigate inappropriate requests, and help to optimize use of limited hospital resources by reducing inappropriate mobile exams where routine departmental exams are more suitable.
Meaning in Life Following Intimate Partner Psychological Aggression: The Roles of Self-Kindness, Positive Reframing, and Growth
Authors: Samios Christina , Raatjes Blair , Ash Jessica , Lade Stephanie L. , Langdon Tamika
Published: January 2020

Psychological aggression is experienced by a large proportion of people in intimate relationships, and the negative impact of this experience has the potential to weaken one’s sense of meaning in life. This study aimed to understand a mechanism through which the experience of psychological aggression in a past intimate relationship relates to less meaning in life. By applying self-compassion and meaning-making theory, we proposed that the experience of psychological aggression decreases one’s ability to be kind toward oneself in times of suffering (i.e., self-kindness), which decreases positive reframing of the experience, which sequentially decreases growth from the experience, which in turn decreases meaning in life. Participants were 253 people who experienced psychological aggression in a past intimate relationship. Participants completed measures of psychological aggression, self-kindness, positive reframing, growth, and meaning in life. Results found that psychological aggression experienced in a past intimate relationship related to less meaning in life and that the serial mediation model proposed was supported. As such, the results indicate that greater psychological aggression experienced relates to less self-kindness, which in turn relates to less positive reframing, which is sequentially associated with less growth, which is associated with less meaning in life. The findings indicate the need for counseling and psychotherapies to bolster self-kindness in people who have experienced psychological aggression in a past intimate relationship. This is because levels of self-kindness might be depleted after experiencing psychological aggression and because self-kindness appears to support adaptive meaning-making processes.
Does Politicization Matter? Small States in East-Central Europe and the Brexit Negotiations
Authors: Csehi Robert I. , Kaniok Petr
Published: January 2020

The integration process is increasingly politicized across the member states of the European Union (EU). While this phenomenon has been analyzed from many perspectives, this article aims to look at a so far neglected aspect—how increased levels of politicization of the EU might have impacted on the role small states play in the EU decision-making process. Using the case of Brexit negotiations, the article starts from the hypothesis that higher levels of politicization could increase the influencing capacity of smaller states. As national sovereignty concerns may become more relevant due to politicization, it can be expected that small states become more active in EU-level negotiations, especially in cases where the future of the integration is also at stake. However, looking at the cases of Czechia, Hungary, Slovakia, and Slovenia, the article concludes that the behavior of these countries is still determined by their small-state character. Interestingly, different levels of EU politicization did not determine their bargaining strategies in Brexit negotiations. Consequently, while we see a slight variation in the level of engagement, the article argues that the influencing capacity of the member states under scrutiny was mainly driven by their small state characteristics.
Implementation of Healthy Eating Interventions in Center-Based Childcare: The Selection, Application, and Reporting of Theories, Models, and Frameworks
Authors: Lima do Vale Marjorie Rafaela , Farmer Anna , Ball Geoff D. C. , Gokiert Rebecca , Maximova Katerina , Thorlakson Jessica
Published: January 2020

Purpose:

To explore the selection, use, and reporting of theories, models, and frameworks (TMFs) in implementation studies that promoted healthy eating in center-based childcare.

Data Source:

We searched 11 databases for articles published between January 1990 and October 2018. We also conducted a hand search of studies and consulted subject matter experts.

Study Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria:

We included studies in center-based settings for preschoolers that addressed the development, delivery, or evaluation of interventions or implementation strategies related to healthy eating and related subjects and that explicitly used TMF. Exclusion criteria include not peer reviewed or abstracts and not in English, French, German, and Korean.

Data Extraction:

The first author extracted the data using extraction forms. A second reviewer verified data extraction.

Data Synthesis:

Direct content analysis and narrative synthesis.

Results:

We identified 8222 references. We retained 38 studies. Study designs included quasi-experimental, randomized controlled trials, surveys, case studies, and others. The criteria used most often for selecting TMFs were description of a change process (n = 12; 23%) or process guidance (n = 8; 15%). Theories, models, and frameworks used targeted different socioecological levels and purposes. The application of TMF constructs (e.g., factors, steps, outcomes) was reported 69% (n = 34) of times.

Conclusion:

Reliance on TMFs focused on individual-level, poor TMF selection, and application and reporting for the development of implementation strategies could limit TMF utility.
Subpoena power and informational lobbying
Authors: Dellis Arnaud , Oak Mandar
Published: January 2020

This article studies the role of subpoena power in enabling policymakers to make better-informed decisions. In particular, we take into account the effect of subpoena power on the information voluntarily supplied by interest groups as well as the information obtained by the policymaker via the subpoena process. To this end, we develop a model of informational lobbying in which interest groups seek access to the policymaker in order to provide him verifiable evidence about the desirability of implementing reforms they care about. The policymaker is access-constrained, that is, he lacks time/resources to scrutinize the evidence owned by all interest groups. The policymaker may also be agenda-constrained, that is, he may lack time/resources to reform all issues. We find that if a policymaker is agenda-constrained, then he is better off by having subpoena power. On the other hand, if a policymaker is not agenda-constrained, he can be worse off by having subpoena power. The key insight behind these findings is that subpoena power, while it increases the policymaker’s ability to acquire information from interest groups, it also alters the amount of information they voluntarily provide via lobbying, and that the net effect differs depending on whether or not the policymaker is agenda-constrained.
Long-term aging characteristics of co-filled nano-silica and micro-ATH in HTV silicone rubber composite insulators
Authors: Rashid Arooj , Saleem Jawad , Amin Muhammad , Ali Sahibzada Muhammad
Published: January 2020

Multiple environmental stresses produce complex phenomena of aging in polymeric insulators. The main aim of this research is to investigate the improved aging characteristics of silica (SiO2)/alumina trihydrate (ATH) hybrid samples (HSs) in high-temperature vulcanized rubber. For this purpose, three HSs comprising 20% micro-ATH with 2% nano-SiO2 (S2), 4% nano-SiO2 (S4), 6% nano-SiO2 (S6) along with sample-virgin (SV) are subjected to long-term accelerated aging of 9000 h. A special aging chamber is fabricated for the aging process of samples. The aging characteristics of these samples are investigated by measuring leakage current (LC) and hydrophobicity classification (HC) after every weathering cycle. Similarly, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is performed to observe the important structural changes over the entire aging time. The dielectric strength of AC is also performed after every 1000 h of aging. Tracking and erosion resistance and mechanical properties are also investigated before and after aging. From the critical investigation, it is observed that HSs possess improved results in all the conducted tests. S2 has the lowest LC and HC values throughout the aging time. Similarly, S6 described the highest breakdown strength at the end of the accelerated aging. In the case of FTIR, it is analyzed that the important wave numbers remain intact for all the HSs in the accelerated aging environment. The loss percentage in the wave number for SV is higher, compared to the HSs. After performing the tracking and erosion resistance test, HSs have superior performance. For some of the mechanical properties, HSs showed improved values. Thus, from the experimental analysis, it is deducted that the sample S2 offers the highest resistance to the aging conditions, compared to the SV and other HSs.
Focal duodenal necrosis in chickens: attempts to reproduce the disease experimentally and diagnostic considerations
Authors: Villegas Ana M. , Stabler Lisa , Moore Robert J. , Uzal Francisco A. , Lacey Jake A. , Hofacre Charles , Lee Margie , Ferguson-Noel Naola , Barber Rosetta , Rimet Claire-Sophie , Jerry Carmen , Kim Woo Kyun , Madison Barquiesha , França Monique
Published: January 2020

Focal duodenal necrosis (FDN) is an intestinal disease of egg-layer chickens characterized by multifocal necrosis of the duodenal loop and proximal jejunum. Affected flocks usually have decreased egg weights and drops in egg production. Previous studies have associated this condition with Clostridium perfringens infection. We tried to reproduce FDN by experimental infection of egg-laying chickens using different netB-positive and netB-negative C. perfringens strains, and duodenal homogenate obtained from FDN lesions. Chickens challenged with C. perfringens and/or duodenal homogenate developed duodenitis after challenge. Gross lesions included mucosal erosions, hyperemia, mucosal hemorrhages, and watery intestinal content. Microscopic lesions included mild enterocyte degeneration and necrosis, and mild-to-moderate hemorrhage and lymphoplasmacytic and heterophilic infiltration of the lamina propria. Two netB-positive C. perfringens strains closely related to necrotic enteritis pathogenic strains, by genomic composition, were re-isolated from lesions. Necrosis of intestinal crypts was observed in chickens challenged with duodenal homogenate with or without C. perfringens coinfection. Characteristic microscopic FDN lesions with significant necrosis and loss of villus enterocytes were not reproduced.
A standardized protocol of laser suture lysis in postoperative management in trabeculectomy with mitomycin C: One-year study
Authors: Mano Sofia Sousa , Esteves Raquel Marques , Ferreira Nuno Pinto , Abegão Pinto Luís
Published: January 2020

Aim:

To analyse the efficacy and safety of a standardized laser suture lysis protocol following trabeculectomy.

Materials and methods:

Prospective interventional study conducted at a tertiary centre, between June 2016 and July 2017. Consecutive patients undergoing primary trabeculectomy with mitomycin C (0.4 mg/mL) for open angle glaucoma were enrolled. According to study protocol, a first laser suture lysis was performed routinely when intraocular pressure was greater than 10 mmHg, starting at postoperative day 8, and a second laser suture lysis was done whenever the intraocular pressure was newly greater than 10 mmHg, with a minimum interval of 1 week after the first laser suture lysis. Primary outcome was intraocular pressure (mean value, and mean difference from baseline in percentage). Safety parameters were also analysed.

Results:

Thirty-three eyes of 28 patients (13 males) were enrolled with a mean age of 69.6 ± 15.1 years. Pre-operative intraocular pressure was 24.9 ± 8.6 mmHg. All eyes underwent a laser suture lysis before the 12th postoperative week, with a mean intraocular pressure–lowering efficacy of 42.4% (p < 0.01). A second laser suture lysis procedure, when performed (n = 14), had an additional intraocular pressure–lowering efficacy of 26.7% (p = 0.02). Mean intraocular pressure at 1-month follow-up was 12.9 ± 8.2 mmHg, and during this period, two cases of self-limited choroidal detachments were noticed. Ten patients needed additional bleb needling. Mean intraocular pressure at 1-year follow-up was 13.8 ± 8.0 mmHg under an average of 0.4 topical intraocular pressure–lowering drugs (p < 0.01).

Conclusion:

In our study, laser suture lysis was an effective tool to lower intraocular pressure during the early postoperative period, with an acceptable safety profile.
Topical proparacaine eye drops to improve the experience of patients undergoing intravitreal injections: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Reynolds Margaret M , Mercill Sharon L , Wirkus Amber L , Greenwood Quaintance Kerryl , Pulido Jose S
Published: January 2020

Purpose:

We sought to evaluate whether additional topical anesthetic, specifically proparacaine 0.5%, improved patient experience with intravitreal injections without hindering antisepsis.

Methods:

A prospective, randomized controlled trial was conducted including 36 eyes of 36 patients undergoing intravitreal injections. Patients were randomized to treatment with additional topical proparacaine 0.5% versus control after undergoing informed consent. All patients prior to intravitreal injection underwent conjunctival culture after one drop of topical proparacaine 0.5% was placed. Half of patients then received an additional drop of proparacaine and then underwent a second conjunctival culture. The other half of patients had a drop of povidone iodine and then a second conjunctival culture. Intravitreal injection followed conjunctival cultures. To evaluate their experience, patients were provided with a survey.

Results:

In total, 36 patients were enrolled in the study. Three of 36 (8.3%) patients had positive conjunctival cultures after proparacaine eye drops alone. One of 17 (5.8%) patients had a positive conjunctival culture after a second drop of proparacaine. One of 19 (5.3%) patients had a positive culture after proparacaine and povidone iodine. By noninferiority analysis, proparacaine was inferior to povidone iodine ( p = .28). Patient experience surveys did not differ between groups.

Conclusion:

Patient perception did not significantly differ whether or not additional proparacaine drops were used prior to intravitreal injection in a randomized controlled trial. While proparacaine has some antiseptic properties, these were found to be inferior to those of povidone iodine. Therefore, while povidone iodine is essential for antisepsis, additional proparacaine drops should not interfere with antisepsis.
The effect of recurrent povidone-iodine usage on conjunctival flora in diabetic patients undergoing intravitreal injections
Authors: Einan-Lifshitz Adi , Sorkin Nir , Smollan Gill , Barequet Irit
Published: January 2020

Purpose:

The purpose was to evaluate the change in the microbiological profile of diabetic patients undergoing intravitreal injections for diabetic macular edema.

Methods:

Patients were included in this prospective study when referred for the first time for intravitreal injection to treat diabetic macular edema. For each patient, conjunctival cultures were taken from the lower fornix of each eye prior to the povidone-iodine application and the intravitreal injection. An additional culture was taken from the treated eye 20 min after the injection. The same culture protocol was used for the two following injections of these patients. A later conjunctival culture was also taken a month after the last injection.

Results:

Twenty-one eyes of 21 patients were included. The mean duration of diabetes was 13.7 ± 7.9 years. Prior to the first intravitreal injection, 33% of cultures were positive. Prior to the third intravitreal injection, 26% of cultures were positive ( p = 0.63), and 1 month after the last injection, 18% of cultures were positive ( p = 0.495). The mean HbA1C was 8.1% ± 1.7%. HbA1C of patients with positive cultures was 8.0% ± 1.1% at the first intravitreal injection and 8.2% ± 1.0% at the third intravitreal injection. This was compared with HBA1C in eyes with negative cultures: 7.4% ± 1.2% ( p = 0.45) and 7.1% ± 1.0% ( p = 0.14), respectively.

Conclusion:

Repeated intravitreal injection for diabetic macular edema with application of povidone-iodine 5% in diabetic patients did not lead to a significant change in the percentage of positive conjunctival cultures. Patients with higher HbA1C had a slight, non-statistically significant trend for positive cultures.
Modified Harris Hip Score as patient-reported outcome measure in osteoarthritic patients: psychometric properties of the Greek version
Authors: Stasi Sophia , Papathanasiou George , Diochnou Afroditi , Polikreti Basiliki , Chalimourdas Antonios , Macheras George A
Published: January 2020

Introduction:

This study explored the psychometric properties of the modified Harris Hip Score-Greek version (mHHS-Gr) as a patient-reported outcome (PRO) measure in osteoarthritic hip patients.

Methods:

Internal consistency, test-retest reliability and reproducibility were evaluated in 90 patients aged >55 years. Construct validity was tested against Greek versions of the Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS-Greek) and WOMAC Index (WOMAC-Gr), and the Timed Up and Go (TUG) and 9-stairs-ascend/descend (9S-A/D) tests. Known-groups validity was examined using TUG score (cut-off 13.5 s) as an estimate variable. Responsiveness was examined before and 4 weeks after direct anterior minimal invasive surgery.

Results:

Reliability: Internal consistency was moderate (Cronbach’s a = 0.614, p < 0.001). Test-retest reliability was excellent (ICC = 0.881, 95% CI, 0.824–0.920). Reproducibility: Floor and ceiling effects were both 1.1%; measurement error was 3.54 ( p < 0.05); minimal important change was lower than minimal detectable change. Validity: mHHS-Gr correlated strongly with both LEFS-Greek and WOMAC-Gr (Pearson’s r 0.801 and −0.783, respectively; p < 0.001). The questionnaire’s correlations with TUG and 9S-A/D were also significant but moderate (Spearman’s ρ: −0.547 and −0.575, respectively; p < 0.001). Known-groups validity showed that mHHS-Gr scores were significantly higher in participants with TUG < 13.5 seconds than in those with TUG > 13.5 seconds ( p < 0.001). In ROC analysis, the cut-off point of 52.5 yielded sensitivity 81% and specificity 71%. Responsiveness: Standardised response mean and Guyatt’s responsiveness statistic were greater than 0.8.

Discussion:

mHHS-Gr showed significant moderate to excellent reliability, significant moderate to strong validity properties and excellent responsiveness. Overall, mHHS-Gr could be a reliable and valid PRO measure for assessing patients with osteoarthritis of the hip.
Low back pain and radiographic severity as predictors in hip osteoarthritis patients receiving steroid injection therapy
Authors: Steer Kieran J D , Bostick Geoff P , Woodhouse Linda J , McGoey Joanne , Stillwater Lawrence D , Nguyen Thi T , Schankath Adrian , Lambert Robert G W , Jaremko Jacob L
Published: January 2020

Introduction:

We investigated the effects of lower back pain (LBP) on measures of pain, disability, and function in highly symptomatic hip OA patients receiving intra-articular steroid injection (IASI) therapy. We also investigated the effect of radiographic severity of hip OA for comparison to LBP.

Methods:

97 consenting subjects with symptomatic hip OA presenting for IASI were evaluated at baseline, assessed over an 8-week period, and followed at least 1 year later for new arthroplasty. At baseline and 8 weeks follow-up patient demographics, presence/absence of back pain, physical function tests, a single anteroposterior pelvis x-ray, and subjective scores of pain, stiffness and function (VAS and WOMAC) were collected. We also followed which subjects proceeded to obtain total hip arthroplasty in the examined hip.

Results:

Cohorts with LBP reported significantly worse scores for all of VAS pain and WOMAC questionnaires but showed no difference in ROM and were not more likely to proceed to arthroplasty. Cohorts with severe radiographic OA had significantly worsened scores for stiffness (χ2 = 6.74, p = 0.009), decreased ROM ( p < 0.01), and were more likely to proceed to arthroplasty (χ2 = 9.79, p = 0.044).

Discussion:

Back pain has a substantial effect on clinical parameters relevant to assessment of severity of hip OA, especially self-reported pain and function. This finding highlights LBP as a significant confounding factor in hip OA patient assessments and will inform future studies to determine the most effective treatment strategies for hip OA patients.
Abolishing Youth Justice Systems: Children First, Offenders Nowhere
Authors: Case Stephen , Haines Kevin
Published: January 2020

The 1980s decade of diversion in UK youth justice consolidated critiques of iatrogenic systemic contact and generated an abolitionist momentum that was significantly reversed by the 1990s punitive turn and ‘new youth justice’ strategies of modernisation, expansionism, interventionism and risk management. However, the tentative rejection of risk management and the rebirth of diversion in contemporary youth justice offer new hope for abolitionist arguments. This article critically evaluates contemporary abolitionist arguments, asserting that Children First definitions and diversionary, Bureau model responses could coalesce to form an innovative paradigm to replace traditional, formal conceptions of youth justice ‘systems’.
Accountability policy forms in European educational systems: An outro
Authors: Barbana Samir , Dumay Xavier , Dupriez Vincent
Published: January 2020

This article presents the discussion and the conclusion of an EERJ Special Issue on accountability policy forms in four European educational systems aimed at identifying how global schemes and instruments of accountability are integrated into national governance patterns. The comparative discussion indicates that accountability instruments and schemes take the form of singular trajectories that are neither a continuation of the national histories nor an indexation on global governance models. It also emphasises the need to better conceptualise how power relations in the interface between the global and national scenes, as well as within national contexts, shape the accountability forms.
Device use errors with soft mist inhalers: A global systematic literature review and meta-analysis
Authors: Navaie Maryam , Dembek Carole , Cho-Reyes Soojin , Yeh Karen , Celli Bartolome R
Published: January 2020

Inhaled bronchodilators are the cornerstone of treatment for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Soft mist inhalers (SMIs) are devices that deliver bronchodilators. Although correct device use is paramount to successful medication delivery, patient errors are common. This global systematic literature review and meta-analysis examined device use errors with SMIs among patients with obstructive lung diseases. PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Cochrane, and Google Scholar were searched to identify studies published between 2010 and 2019 that met the following inclusion criteria: (a) English language; (b) a diagnosis of COPD, bronchitis, or emphysema; and (c) reported device use errors among adults receiving long-acting bronchodilator treatment with Respimat® SMI (i.e. Spiriva®, Stiolto®, Spiolto®, and Striverdi®). Descriptive statistics examined sociodemographics, clinical characteristics, and device use errors. Meta-analysis techniques were employed with random-effects models to generate pooled mean effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for overall and step-by-step errors. The I 2 statistic measured heterogeneity. Twelve studies ( n = 1288 patients) were included in this meta-analysis. Eighty-eight percent of patients had COPD, and most had moderate/very severe airflow limitation (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease spirometric stages II to IV). Aggregate results revealed that 58.9% (95% CI: 42.4–75.5; I 2 = 92.8%) of patients made ≥1 device use errors. Among 11 studies with step-by-step data, the most common errors were failure to (1) exhale completely and away from the device (47.8% (95% CI: 33.6–62.0)); (2) hold breath for up to 10 seconds (30.6% (95% CI: 17.5–43.7)); (3) take a slow, deep breath while pressing the dose release button (27.9% (95% CI: 14.5–41.2)); (4) hold the inhaler upright (22.6% (95% CI: 6.2–39.0)); and (5) turn the base toward the arrows until it clicked (17.6% (95% CI: 3.0–32.2)). Device use errors occurred in about 6 of 10 patients who used SMIs. An individualized approach to inhalation device selection and ongoing training and monitoring of device use are important in optimizing bronchodilator treatment.
An Unusual Case of Periosteal Glomus Tumor at the Metacarpal Base Presenting as Type II CRPS: Case Report
Authors: Smith Dean W.
Published: January 2020

Background: An unusual case involving a middle-aged male with a 9-year history of presumptive chronic regional pain syndrome (CRPS) and ulnar neuropathy was referred for failure in treatment. Methods: On presentation, the patient was requesting an amputation of his arm. However, work-up uncovered a periosteal extra-digital glomus tumor on the base of the small finger metacarpal. Results: Surgical excision of the lesion resulted in rapid resolution of his pain and normal hand function was ultimately restored. Conclusions: Glomus tumors account for up to 5% of all soft tissue tumors of the upper extremity, occurring most frequently within or adjacent to the nail bed. Time from onset of symptoms to correct diagnosis may not be established for many years, especially with atypical tumor locations. Although glomus tumors have been widely reported, atypical locations of these tumors should be included in the differential diagnosis for patients with unusual chronic pain or neuropathy. Furthermore, when evaluating a chronic pain patient, our findings support the opinion that assignment of the diagnosis of CRPS should only be a diagnosis of exclusion.
Bony Hypertrophy in Vascularized Fibular Grafts
Authors: Shi Lewis L. , Garg Rohit , Jawa Andrew , Wang Qiaojie , Chai Yimin , Zeng Bingfang , Jupiter Jesse B.
Published: January 2020

Background: Vascularized fibula graft (VFG) transfer is an established method of repairing large skeletal defects resulting from trauma, tumor resection, or infection. It obviates the process of creeping substitution that conventional bone grafts undergo and therefore exhibits better healing and improved strength. The aim of this study is to evaluate hypertrophy in VFG. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed patients undergoing VFG and studied immediate and late postoperative radiographs. Orthogonal views were measured for width of graft cortex and intramedullary canal, as well as adjacent recipient bone. Changes were measured for total cross sectional area, cortical area, intramedullary area, and graft width. Results: Thirty patients were included in the analysis, with recipient sites including 3 forearm, 4 humerus, 12 tibia, and 11 femur. Mean follow-up was 7.6 years (0.5-24.9 years). Patients’ mean age was 31 (16-59 years). Average hypertrophy was 254% in early postoperative period and 340% in the late postoperative period. There was rapid graft hypertrophy in early postoperative period that plateaued with time. The width of the graft increased over time but didn’t exceed the width of the adjacent recipient bone. In the later postoperative period, the size of graft intramedullary canal increased. Upper and lower extremity grafts showed similar hypertrophy. Conclusions: Using VFG to treat large skeletal defects is an attractive option in part due to the graft’s ability to hypertrophy. We describe an early period of periosteal hypertrophy, followed by endosteal hypertrophy. These processes have relevance to function, mechanical strength, and surgical decision-making.
Telling My Tale: Reflections on the Process of Visual Storytelling for Children and Youth Living With Cystic Fibrosis and Muscular Dystrophy in Canada
Authors: Moola Fiona J. , Moothathamby Nivatha , McAdam Laura , Solomon Melinda , Varadi Robert , Tullis Diana Elizabeth , Reisman Joe
Published: January 2020

Storytelling is perennial to the human condition. We all tell stories and we all bear witness to the stories of others. According to narrative scholars, only certain stories are valorized in contemporary culture, while others go unrecognized. The inability to recognize ourselves and identities in contemporary cultural narratives can contribute to the silencing and muting of certain lives and voices. Young people with life-shortening conditions, such as cystic fibrosis (CF) and muscular dystrophy (MD), are rarely afforded the opportunity to have their stories heard and affirmed in contemporary cultural spaces. In this article, we reflect on the methodological process of engaging in a study known as “Telling My Tale,” that is, a storybook study featuring narratives and artwork by young people with CF and MD. Funded by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, we critically reflect upon the methodological lessons, advances, and innovations we have learned, including theoretical musings, the process of exhibiting some of the artwork in a public art gallery, challenges faced along the way, analytical conundrums, and the role of technology in artistic creation for participants with limited hand function. In so doing, we hope to further methodological and theoretical development and innovation in narrative and artistic traditions to better center the voices, lives, tales, and experiences of young people with life-shortening conditions.
Some theoretical model for determining the temperature field of a multi-disk brake
Authors: Yevtushenko Aleksander , Kuciej Michal , Topczewska Katarzyna
Published: January 2020

Analytical formulae were obtained to quickly determine the temperature level in a single disk of the multi-disk brake. They take into account the time of contact pressure increase, convective cooling on lateral surfaces of the disk, and different thermal conductivity of material in the axial and radial directions. Calculations were performed for a disk made of carbon composite material Termar-ADF. The influence of the aforementioned input parameters on the temperature of the disk during single braking was studied. It is established that the obtained theoretical results are in good agreement with the corresponding experimental data.
A fast parameterized gait planning method for a lower-limb exoskeleton robot
Authors: Ren Hao , Shang Wanfeng , Li Niannian , Wu Xinyu
Published: January 2020

In order to meet requirements of diverse activities of exoskeleton robot in practical application, a dynamic motion planning system is proposed using a fast parameterized gait planning method in this article. This method can plan the required gait data by adaptively adjusting very few parameters according to different application requirements. The inverted pendulum model is used to ensure the sagittal stability of the robot in the planning process. And this article specifies the end location of robot and iterates the associated joint angles by inverse kinematics. The gait trajectories generated by the proposed method are applied to the lightweight lower-limb exoskeleton robot. The results demonstrate that the trajectories of gait can be online generated smoothly and correctly, meanwhile every variable step can be satisfied as expected.
Research on cloud computing service based on trust access control
Authors: Sun Panjun
Published: January 2020

Recently, more and more network fraud incidents have damaged the interests of cloud service traders. To enhance mutual trust and win–win cooperation between the users and the cloud service provider, in the article, we construct a trust access control model for cloud services. First, we propose a trust evaluation method based on direct trust, trust risk, feedback trust, reward penalty, and obligation trust to express the complexity and uncertainty of trust relationship. Second, we propose trust evaluation and weight algorithm of trust factor by information entropy and maximum dispersion; therefore, our model has a better scientific and higher practical application value. Finally, we design related comparative experiments of three models to verify the efficiency, success rate, accuracy of trust evaluation, and privacy disclosure date, and these results show that our research performance is quite superior.
Burnout Syndrome in Chilean Midwifery Students
Authors: López-Alegría Fanny , Oyanedel Juan Carlos , Rivera-López Gonzalo
Published: January 2020

The student Burnout Syndrome is a response to chronic and severe stress linked to the role of the students and their academic context. This study aims at determining the prevalence and severity of the student Burnout Syndrome on a sample of midwifery students and its associated factors. The study is observational, cross-sectional, and analytical, with a sample of 140 students of a Chilean university. The study variables were as follows: sociodemographic background, academic profile, student Burnout Syndrome scale, and behaviors in everyday psychosocial activities. The instrument for measuring the Burnout Syndrome was the Unidimensional Scale of Student Burnout. For the analysis, descriptive statistics were used, and the association of the independent over the dependent variables was assessed through linear regression. Of the third-year students, 77.2% had a moderate or deep burnout level, which increases to 91.8% in the fourth-year students. A significant and direct association was found between the syndrome and the career year. A significant association was also found between the Burnout Scale and the scale of psychosocial risk behavior. All the students present some degree of Burnout Syndrome, which is related to both their studies and psychosocial risks.