bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Methods to develop speech fluency in stuttering individuals
– overview
Authors: Woźniak Tomasz
Published: May 2021

Prezentowany artykuł zawiera przegląd najważniejszych współcześnie stosowanych typów metod kształtowania płynności mówienia wykorzystywanych w terapii osób jąkających się wraz z omówieniem niektórych z nich, reprezentatywnych dla danego typu. W dyskusji rozważa się wybór najskuteczniejszych form oddziaływania terapeutycznego.
Objective measurements of electric hearing
– the analysis of systems and devices
Authors: Walkowiak Adam
Published: May 2021

Współczesne systemy implantów ślimakowych poprzez bezpośrednią stymulację zakończeń nerwu słuchowego zapewniają uzyskanie reakcji słuchowych. Jednakże warunkiem ich poprawnego funkcjonowania jest odpowiednie ustawienie parametrów stymulacji. W tym celu stosowane są zarówno metody psychoakustyczne, jak i obiektywne. Wśród badań obiektywnych obecnie najszerzej
stosowane są pomiary elektrycznie wywołanego złożonego potencjału czynnościowego nerwu słuchowego (ang. Electrically Evoked
Compound Action Potentials, EECAP) oraz pomiary elektrycznie wywołanego odruchu mięśnia strzemiączkowego (ang. Electrically
Evoked Stapedius Reflex, EESR). W niniejszej pracy opisano metody i systemy używane w praktyce klinicznej do wykonywania wyżej wymienionych pomiarów.
Assessing grammar skills within normal range
and in speech disorders – opinions
Authors: Panasiuk Jolanta
Published: May 2021

Sprawność gramatyczna jest elementem sprawności systemowej, warunkującej rozumienie i używanie znaków i reguł systemu
językowego i odnosi się do sposobu łączenia słów w znaczące frazy i zdania. W logopedii problem sprawności gramatycznej powiązany jest z potrzebą diagnozowania zaburzeń mowy oraz programowania terapii logopedycznej u dzieci, u których ta sprawność nie wykształciła się, oraz u dorosłych, u których uległa rozpadowi. Istniejące narzędzia do oceny sprawności gramatycznej
u dzieci w wieku rozwojowym i u dorosłych z nabytymi zaburzeniami mowy w przebiegu schorzeń neuropsychiatrycznych są
niewystarczające do systemowej oceny sposobu rozumienia i realizowania wzorców składniowych i wykładników wszystkich
kategorii fleksyjnych. Jedynie pełna ocena stanu sprawności gramatycznych może stanowić podstawę programowania ćwiczeń
językowych, dobranych zgodnie ze stopniem i zakresem istniejącego deficytu gramatycznego u poszczególnych pacjentów.
New methods in acoustic immittance measurements.
Part II. Wideband reflectance tympanometry
Authors: Śliwa Lech , Kochanek Krzysztof
Published: May 2021

Metody badania właściwości mechanoakustycznych ucha środkowego wykorzystujące pomiar parametrów transmisyjnych
fali akustycznej były znane od wielu lat i wykorzystywane w laboratoriach badawczych m.in. do modelowania struktury ucha.
Metody te zyskały praktyczną przydatność z chwilą wdrożenia zautomatyzowanych, prostych w obsłudze systemów pomiarowych dostępnych dla lekarzy i audiologów.
Celem drugiej części pracy jest wprowadzenie do metod pomiarowych szerokopasmowej tympanometrii reflektancyjnej. Przedstawiono podstawy teoretyczne metody i zasady jej technicznej realizacji. Omówiono sens fizyczny i znaczenie wielkości mierzonych i ich związki z funkcjonowaniem ucha środkowego. Pokazano najważniejsze możliwości zastosowań metody w diagnostyce patologii ucha środkowego. Wybrane zagadnienia zilustrowano wynikami prac własnych autorów.
Omówiono także potencjalne ograniczenia metody i wskazano dziedziny, w których można oczekiwać intensywnych badań
dla rozwoju diagnostyki otologicznej wykorzystującej metody tympanometrii szerokopasmowej.
The evaluation of the ability to process the temporal aspects of auditory stimuli: theoretical framework and methods of assessment
Authors: Lewandowska Monika , Pluta Agnieszka , Szkiełkowska Agata , Skarżyński Henryk
Published: May 2021

Pojęcie czasu znajduje się w kręgu zainteresowań zarówno humanistów (poetów, filozofów), jak i badaczy reprezentujących nauki matematyczno-przyrodnicze (lekarze, fizycy, psychologowie). Coraz więcej klinicystów jest również świadomych, że nieprawidłowa percepcja czasu nie tylko obniża jakość życia pacjentów, lecz także może być symptomem chorób neurologicznych lub psychiatrycznych. Zaburzenia w zakresie percepcji zdarzeń akustycznych w czasie współwystępują m.in. z ośrodkowymi zaburzeniami przetwarzania słuchowego, chorobą Parkinsona, ADHD, autyzmem, schizofrenią. Ze względu na stosunkowe częste występowanie zaburzeń w zakresie percepcji zdarzeń akustycznych w czasie, diagnoza w tym zakresie może mieć dużą wartość kliniczną. W prezentowanym artykule opisano zarówno najważniejsze paradygmaty badawcze i testy służące do oceny zdolności do analizowania zdarzeń akustycznych w czasie, jak i modele neuropsychologiczne percepcji czasu, niezbędne do zrozumienia zasad tworzenia testów.
Speech and language development of
a child with congenital central hypoventilation
syndrome (CCHS) – diagnosis, guidelines
and effects of speech therapy. A case study
Authors: Samsonowicz Karolina , Piniaha Justyna , Geremek-Samsonowicz Anna
Published: May 2021

Praca przedstawia studium przypadku pacjenta w wieku 5 lat i 2 miesiące z zespołem wrodzonej centralnej hipowentylacji (CCHS)
oraz tracheostomią. Jej celem jest omówienie przebiegu rozwoju mowy, założeń i efektów terapii logopedycznej u badanego dziecka.
Przedstawiony przypadek ze względu na rzadko występującą chorobę, nietypowy zakres obserwowanych nieprawidłowości i brak
piśmiennictwa (przede wszystkim kazuistyki) na temat postępowania logopedycznego w przypadku tej jednostki chorobowej wymagał szczególnego zindywidualizowania podejścia zarówno w zakresie działań diagnostycznych, jak i planowania oraz wdrażania
założeń terapeutycznych. Z tego powodu możliwość przewidzenia efektów terapii i tempa oczekiwanych zmian była bardzo ograniczona. Początkowy stan mowy pacjenta (wiek 3,9) wskazywał na duże, ok. 20-miesięczne, opóźnienie rozwoju mowy dotyczące
tylko mowy czynnej. Po 1,5 roku prowadzenia terapii poziom rozwoju językowego (z wyłączeniem podsystemu fonetycznego-fonologicznego) pacjenta nie odbiegał już od norm ustalonych dla dzieci polskojęzycznych w tym wieku. Artykulacja natomiast pozostawała znacząco i w nietypowym dla wieku rozwojowego zakresie zaburzona, co wymagało dalszych zintensyfikowanych i silnie zindywidualizowanych działań terapeutycznych.
Contextualized Bilingualism in the Republics of Southern Siberia
Authors: Borgoiakova Tamara G. , Guseinova Aurika V.
Published: May 2021

The article examines the development of bilingualism in the Republics of Southern Siberia. Its social context is formed under the influence of both extralinguistic factors and the language hierarchy in the form of vertical bilingualism. According to the latest sociolinguistic surveys, bilingualism is the norm for indigenous peoples – Altaians, Tuvans and Khakass – and their language behavior is determined by a strong instrumental and integrative motivation for using Russian as a language of social promotion. The increase of the subtractive type of bilingualism has resulted in the exclusive use of Russian not only in the external, but also in the internal circle of communication with the highest rates in the Republic of Khakassia (about 60 and 30%, respectively). A pragmatic attitude influences the language behavior: the more indigenous respondents declare their fluency in Russian, the fewer of them speak their native language. At the same time, the languages of the titular peoples retain a high symbolic status, expressed in recognition of native languages and in willingness to contribute to their support and promotion
A New Approach to Chinese Discourse: Cultural Context
Authors: Nagibina Irina G. , Kulikova Liudmila V.
Published: May 2021

The article provides a systematic description of the trends in the development of the Chinese discursive and communicative linguistics. Discursive research and its results in the Chinese academic community have their own specifics, which are based on the traditional philosophical and ideological foundation and a unique language picture of the world. The scientific findings explicate culturally determined communicative and discursive conventions of the Chinese social interaction. The aim of the research is to highlight the Chinese cultural discourse studies as a new research tradition in the Chinese linguistics of the modern stage, to expand its methodology, and to construct the discursive space of China as the totality of the dominant cultural and communicative vectors, these vectors being an interpretative tool to help understand and evaluate Chinese discourses
Love waves of the Queen Charlotte Islands earthquake of August 22, 1949*
Authors: Coulomb J.
Published: May 2021

Surface waves of the great earthquake of the Queen Charlotte Islands (August 22, 1949) are here discussed, according as their path is a Pacific or a continental one. The results fix the difference and increase somewhat our general knowledge of the crust. A new wave has been found, the theoretical interpretation of which will be a matter for further study.
Two slow surface waves across North America*
Authors: Press Frank , Ewing Maurice
Published: May 2021

Surface shear waves (Lg) with initial period about 1/2 to 6 sec. with sharp commencements and amplitudes larger than any conventional phase have been recorded for continental paths at distances up to 6,000 km. These waves have a group velocity of 3.51 ± .07 km/sec. and for distances greater than 20° they have reverse dispersion. For distances less than about 10° the periods shorten and Lg merges into the recognized near-earthquake phase Sg.

An additional large amplitude phase in which the orbital motion of the particle is retrograde elliptical and the velocity is 3.05 ± .07 km/sec. has also been observed for continental paths.

It is believed that these phases are propagated through a wave guide formed by a superficial sialic layer. The problem of explaining the propagation of these surface waves is that of finding a crustal structure which is consistent with the other data of geology and geophysics and which will provide a suitable wave guide for the new phases. A possible nature of the wave guide is described.
Seismic refraction observations north of the Brownson Deep*
Authors: Hersey J. B. , Officer Charles B. , Johnson H. R. , Bergstrom S.
Published: May 2021

Results of several refraction profiles made on the rise to the north of the Brownson Deep are presented. Good evidence for a high-speed layer with travel-time curves showing a compressional velocity of 7.94 km/sec. and an intercept of 8.4 sec. is presented, and the presence of an overlying lower-speed layer (6.64 km/sec., intercept 8.1 sec.) is demonstrated on less complete evidence. Neither layer correlates with existing reflection data in the area. Two sets of secondary low-frequency arrivals are tentatively interpreted as a refracted shear wave and a wave that has taken a bottom and surface reflection and then a basement refraction. Evidence is presented for a newly observed forerunner of the refracted-surface reflected waves of the permanent sound channel (RSR waves) consisting of a train of nearly constant frequency waves which appear to travel between surface and bottom via the RSR path and along the bottom at the speed of sound in water at the bottom.
A dynamic test of a four-story reinforced concrete building*
Authors: Alford J. L. , Housner G. W.
Published: May 2021

abstract

Forced vibration tests were conducted on a four-story reinforced concrete building. Deflections and accelerations were produced which approached the magnitude of those which occur during strong-motion earthquakes. Damping values were calculated from the resonance curves obtained. The results show that the total damping in the structure is small and that the damping apparently increases with increasing amplitude of motion. Within the accuracy of the measurements the damping was independent of the frequency of the motion.
Vibration angle of S wave*
Authors: Ingram R. E.
Published: May 2021

Measurements of the S wave were made from the records at Pasadena. The angle, β, between the plane of propagation and the plane of vibration was calculated for earthquakes from two main regions in three different ways. The results differed by so small an amount that only one set is given. The angle β may have a constant value for earthquakes from certain regions or main fault areas. Probable directions of movement at the focus are indicated.
A search for the phase PKJKP*
Authors: Burke-Gaffney T. N.
Published: May 2021

A search was made on Riverview seismograms for Bullen's phase PKJKP. The material used and the impulses observed near the expected time of the phase are tabulated separately. From this investigation no conclusive result can be reached. The conditions requisite for a successful search are suggested.
Measured response of a structure to an explosive-generated ground shock*
Authors: Hudson D. E. , Alford J. L. , Housner G. W.
Published: May 2021

Measurements were made of ground accelerations and the resulting building accelerations at a point very near a large quarry blast. It is shown that, in the case of simple buildings, the building acceleration may be calculated with satisfactory accuracy from a knowledge of the ground acceleration.

The response of the test building to the ground acceleration of a typical strong-motion earthquake was computed, and it was found that the resulting accelerations were in excess of those usually provided for in earthquake-resistant design. It is concluded that the satisfactory performance of well-designed structures during strong earthquakes may have two explanations: first, that vibration energy is dissipated by stresses in excess of the elastic limit, with the result that hidden damage may occur; and second, that ordinary buildings may have sources of strength which are not taken into account in their design.
Effect of foundation compliance on earthquake stresses in multistory buildings*
Authors: Merritt R. G. , Housner G. W.
Published: May 2021

This paper shows the quantitative effect that foundation compliance has on the maximum base shear force and the fundamental period of vibration in typical tall buildings subjected to strong-motion earthquakes. A study was made of five-, ten-, and fifteen-story building models on the Electric Analog Computer, subjecting them to the ground accelerations of actual earthquakes. The base shear forces were measured, the foundation compliance of the models being changed through a very wide range.

The properties specified for the building models are shown to be similar to the properties found in real buildings. The experimental results imply that the maximum base shear forces in typical buildings of five stories and higher during strong-motion earthquakes will be essentially unaffected by any degree of foundation compliance that can be expected in normal building practice. The fundamental period of typical buildings will be increased by about 10 per cent if the foundation compliance is the maximum that can be expected in standard building practice.
Skrining Fitokimia dan Aktivitas Antioksidan pada Kijing (Pylsbryoconcha Sp) dengan Pelarut Berbeda
Authors: Sari Yasti , Syahrul Syahrul , Iriani Dian
Published: May 2021

Kijing (Pilsbryoconcha sp) is a type of freshwater mussel that has 2 shells (Bivalvia), and its existence as a good source of animal protein at a relatively cheap price. The water of the Paku River is one of the kijing producers located in the Kampar Kiri sub-district Kampar Riau Province. The types of solvents used in the extraction process consist of n-hexane (non-polar), ethyl acetate (semi-polar) and methanol (polar). The purpose of this study was to determine the most suitable type of solvent to extract bioactive compounds. The parameters were yield, identification of active compounds and antioxidant activity. The results showed the highest yield of kijing was found using methanol (1.29%). The active compounds of kijing were alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids and phenolic. The methanol extract had a moderate antioxidant activity with an IC value of 215,62 ppm.
Aktivitas Ekstrak Kasar Enzim Kolagenase dari Organ Dalam Ikan Malong (Congresox talabon) pada pH Berbeda
Authors: Putra Wikky Aditiya , Diharmi Anda Rini , Karnila Rahman
Published: May 2021

Enzymes are biocatalysts that function as catalysts in biological functions. Collagenase enzymes have activities that can support product production. Enzyme activity for protein hydrolysis is influenced by several factors such as protein concentration, pH, temperature, substrate, inhibitor and activator. This study was aimed to determine the effect of differences in pH on the crude extract activity of the collagenase enzyme from the internal organs of malong fish. The study used a non-factorial completely randomized design, the treatments used were different pH (6.5, 7.5, and 8.5). This research consisted of several stages, namely sample preparation, extraction of internal organs to produce crude extract of the collagenase enzyme and test the activity of crude extract of the collagenase enzyme based on different pH. The analysis parameters was consisted of the proportion of fish yield, and the enzyme crude extract activity test at different pH. The results showed that malong fish has a proportion of meat 7,2 parts, bone 3,8, internal organs 1, skin 2,1. The yields of crude extract of collagenase enzyme pH 6.5, 7.5, and 8.5 were 60.83%, 64.09%, and 83.15%, respectively. The crude extract activity of collagenase enzyme from the internal organs of malong fish at pH 6.5, 7.5 and 8.5 was resulted in 0.293 U/ml, 0.5877 U/ml, and 0.7767 U/mL.  The highest collagenase enzyme crude extract activity was produced at pH 8.5.
“This Time of Corona Has Been Hard”: People with Disabilities’ Experiences of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Kenya
Authors: Rohwerder Brigitte , Njungi Josephine , Wickenden Mary , Thompson Stephen , Shaw Jackie
Published: May 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic is deepening pre-existing inequalities. Emerging research suggests that people with disabilities across the world have experienced various rights violations and been disproportionality affected by the health, economic and social impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and the responses to it. The aim of this research was to explore how people with disabilities, who often are excluded from research, have experienced the evolving COVID-19 pandemic in Kenya. To better understand how it has affected jobseekers with disabilities, in-depth qualitative research was conducted in Kenya as part of the Inclusion Works programme.
“The Situation has Exposed Persons with Disabilities to Double Edged Pain”: People with Disabilities’ Experiences of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Uganda
Authors: Wickenden, Mary Wickenden, Mary , Rohwerder Brigitte , Shaw Jackie , Thompson Stephen , Wakoko Eric
Published: May 2021

This qualitative study was undertaken as part of the work of the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) funded Inclusion Works programme which aims to improve inclusive employment for people with disabilities in four countries: Uganda, Kenya, Nigeria, Bangladesh. When the COVID-19 pandemic emerged early in 2020 the work of this consortium programme was adapted to focus on pandemic relief and research activities, while some other planned work was not possible.
Covid-19 Impact on Employment and Skills for the Labour Market
Authors: Enfield Sue
Published: May 2021

This literature review draws from academic and grey literature, published largely as institutional reports and blogs. Most information found considered global impacts on employment and the labour market with the particular impact for the very high numbers of youth, women, migrant workers, and people with disabilities who are more likely to be employed in the informal sector. There has been a high negative impact on the informal sector and for precariously employed groups. The informal labour market is largest in low and middle-income countries and engages 2 billion workers (62 percent) of the global workforce (currently around 3.3 billion). Particularly in low- and middle-income countries, hard-hit sectors have a high proportion of workers in informal employment and workers with limited access to health services and social protection. Economic contractions are particularly challenging for micro, small, and medium enterprises to weather. Reduced working hours and staff reductions both increase worker poverty and hardship. Women, migrant workers, and youth form a major part of the workforce in the informal economy since they are more likely to work in these vulnerable, low-paying informal jobs where there are few protections, and they are not reached by government support measures. Young people have been affected in two ways as many have had their education interrupted; those in work these early years of employment (with its continued important learning on the job) have been interrupted or in some cases ended.
Lágrimas de papel: Mestre Pastinha e os regimes de afeto no jornalismo impresso
Authors: Siqueira Denise da Costa Oliveira , Grotz Majerowicz Fábio , Gonçalves Dantas Raquel
Published: May 2021

Emoções, sentimentos e afetos são fenômenos mediados socialmente, processados no amplo teatro das relações humanas. O jornalismo compõe tal fenômeno, contribuindo para a produção, reprodução e ressignificação de sensibilidades. Este artigo tem como objetivo refletir sobre a expressão de emoções em material jornalístico, entendendo que os afetos identificados dizem respeito ao ato de sentir uma emoção, mas também à experiência simbólica e midiatizada do corpo e de suas práticas. Em termos metodológicos, nossa reflexão se constrói a partir da leitura de um conjunto de matérias antigas abordando os últimos anos de vida de Mestre Pastinha, um dos nomes mais importantes da Capoeira Angola no Brasil. Para fins de análise, neste artigo são estudados detalhadamente dois desses textos jornalísticos, tendo como problemática a indagação sobre que sentidos podem ser construídos partindo de uma articulação do corpo, das emoções e da produção midiática. Esta é a questão de fundo que instiga a reflexão e a análise propostas no artigo. O estudo se fundamenta na antropologia das emoções, tomando afetos como registros culturalmente condicionados que derivam antes do repertório de um grupo social do que de forças naturais ou espontâneas.
The Transformation of Work in the COVID-19 Era
Authors: Comacchio Anna
Published: May 2021

In March 2020, a massive experiment of work-from-home (WFH) started abruptly almost worldwide. In this article, I explore some the most important changes of the work practices linked to the work detachment from standard places, due to the COVID-19 shutdown. Notwithstanding the unprecedented nature of the shutdown experience, the changes experimented in this period might last beyond the end of the measures adopted to control the spread of the virus, due to the estimated long-term growth of remote working and the acceleration of virtuality and connectivity at work. The discussion draws on recent research on remote working and on the emerging research and theoretical debate on how COVID-19 is affecting organisation and work design, and it aims at highlighting some new directions in the evolution of work practices. Moreover, going beyond the emphasis placed on the success of the world-wide experiment of WFH backed by digital technologies, a special attention, in this analysis, is devoted to envisioning some risks associated to the transformation of work in the COVID era.
Origins of Global Crisis: Towards Mapping Out A Concept of International Mobile Capital Movement
Authors: Zuikov R.
Published: May 2021

The global financial and economic crisis that began in 2007 in the United States, the main center of capitalist accumulation from the second half of the 20th-early 21st centuries, once again pointed out to the academic community on the continuing relevance of the research of the cycle/crisis tendencies of development of the now globalized capitalism. In addition to the scientific and educational tasks of the exploring of this topic there is an urgent challenge to design a theoretical model of efficient management systems (including anti-crisis management) for the global economy. Such a model will form the basis on which the new system should be established and become virtually operational. To build such a model we have to primarily identify the regularities of functioning and development of the global economy, as well as those of its variables should be affected within the simulated regulatory system.
Analysis of Developed Countries’ Evolution: Methodology of Study
Authors: Ostrovskaya H.
Published: May 2021

The article deals with the main theoretical approaches that interpret the development as a long-term (centuries-long) economic movement and that explain its principles. An attempt is made to choose concepts capable to serve as a general theory of development. The author examines a variety of points of view on the problem of development; substantiates the choice of the theoretical framework of analysis and synthesis system as a method of analysis that is necessary to avoid the economic and any other-determinism. An interpretation of the economy as a system object is proposed.
Spain in Zone of Turbulence
Authors: Khenkin S.
Published: May 2021

The global financial and economic crisis abruptly changed the socio-economic and political situation in Spain. While having successfully developed in the decade before the crisis, the country became one of the most unfortunate countries in the EU (the so-called PIIGS group, which also includes Greece, Italy, Portugal and Iceland). After centuries of isolation of Spain integrated into European institutions and started to play a prominent role at the international arena. In the proposed article, the author explores the problems of internal and foreign policy, facing the modern Spain.
Employment Incentives and Dynamization: Prescription of Flexicurity (the end)
Authors: Grishin I.
Published: May 2021

In the article, the phenomenon of flexicurity (flexible security) as an interesting attempt to initiate the change of the employment-employee bond character, according to new social and technological conditions, is analyzed in a broad problem-country context. Amid cross-country comparisons, the specificity of Denmark's and partly the Netherlands' labor market (where the indicated phenomenon developed foremost) is explored.
Russia and Western Europe: When the Ways Diverge?
Authors: Oznobishcheva G.
Published: May 2021

In the Institute of World Economy and International Relations RAS the panel discussion session "European Dialogues" took place. The subject of the meeting was "Russia and the West: When Did the Ways Diverge?" The journal presents the reports of А.B. Zubov, Dr. Sci. (History), Professor of MGIMO-University (Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs), and N.I. Basovskaya, Dr. Sci. (History), Professor of Russian State University for the Humanities, as well as the discussion that took place. In this discussion the IMEMO staff members participated: A.G. Arbatov, Academician of RAS; V.G. Baranovskii, Academician of RAS; G.I. Machavariani; S.V. Utkin, Cand. Sci. (Political Science), as well as O.Yu. Potemkina, cand. Sci. (History), Institute of Europe RAS, and H.-W. Steinfeld, representative of Norwegian radio and television (NRK). The meeting was conducted by V.G. Baranovskii, Deputy Director of IMEMO, Academician of RAS and N.K. Arbatova, Head of Department in IMEMO, Dr. Sci. (Political Science).
Russia and Germany Facing Challenges of 21st Century
Authors: Pavlov N.
Published: May 2021

The state of Russia-Germany relations is examined in the article. In Moscow, Russia-Germany strategic partnership is regarded as one of the key factors in European and global politics. The bilateral dialogue is tonified by intensive, eventful contacts of the two countries' leaders. Today, in the bilateral relations there are no unsolvable problems, which could block the interaction across a broad range of international life issues.
Was the Way Really Long?
Authors: Sutyrin S.
Published: May 2021

18 years summer period of negotiations on the Russian Federation joining the World Trade Organization doesn't look like something extraordinary. It is clear that there exist not any rigid, objective criteria for a candidate to match. Actually, an applicant may rather quickly become a WTO member merely having agreed to implement all required changes relating to foreign trade regime and corresponding regulatory environment within a reasonable time. In case of Russia the purpose of negotiations was to assure accession conditions acceptable for the country. The results are to be estimated in the nearest future.
Chinese Direct Investment: Economics and Politics
Authors: Tatsii V. , Tomberg I.
Published: May 2021

Events in Libya did not shake China’s high investment mood towards foreign countries. At a time when Beijing's growing economic power is often perceived as a threat, and such sentiments are common in the U.S., the designing of specific policy for Chinese investors is on the agenda in many countries. The authors examine the geographical and sectoral distribution of Chinese direct investment, current trends. The question is put about careful consideration of China’s investment potential for development of mutually beneficial partnership with Russia.
New Way of Turkey?
Authors: Ul'chenko N.
Published: May 2021

The article covers the basic premise of Turkey's significance as a regional and international political actor from the beginning of ХХIst century. Turkey achieved notable success in economic development, but in the frame of the chosen growth model it didn't manage to solve to problem of the economy peg to external finacing sources. Nevertheless, definite economic achievements gave the ruling Party of Justice and Development confidence in attempting to pursue a more active and independent foreign policy. But during this process, the intrinsic limits of the Turkish elite's freedom of action are visible enough. The Islamist ruling Party uses its economic and political strides to revise the domestic political establishment system of the Turkish Republic. It serves not only and not so much the interests of the country's democratization, as ensures the gradual empowerement of religious-conservative part of the electorate – the main pillar of the Party for Justice and Development – in Turkish Republic, once founded as a secular state.
Perceptions of Public University Students towards Online Classes during COVID-19 Pandemic in Bangladesh
Authors: Sarkar Shyam Sundar , Das Pranta , Rahman Mohammad Mahbubur , Zobaer M S
Published: May 2021

The severe disease outbreak COVID-19 pandemic impacted public health and safety and the educational systems worldwide. For fear of the further spread of diseases, most educational institutions, including Bangladesh, have postponed their face-to-face teaching. Therefore, this study explores public university student's perceptions towards online classes during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh. Data were collected among students of Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh, through an online survey. The study followed both a qualitative and quantitative approach, where the survey technique was used as an instrument of data collection. Results showed that most students were facing difficulty participating in virtual classes and could not communicate with their friends correctly during online classes. They faced challenges in online schooling, and the majority of the students preferred conventional types of learning to virtual classes and did not understand the content of virtual classes easily. The study also explored that most students did not feel comfortable in online classes. Still, considering the present pandemic situation, they decided to participate in online classes to continue schooling. Besides, the study discovered that female students showed better real perceptions than male students regarding online classes, and urban students have more optimistic appreciation than rural students. Moreover, laptop or personal computer users showed more positive perceptions towards online education than mobile users. Furthermore, Broadband/ Wi-Fi users have more positive perceptions than mobile network users. These findings would be an essential guideline for governments, policymakers, technology developers, and university authorities for making better policy choices in the future.
Circulating SARS-CoV-2 Variants in Italy, October 2020-March 2021
Authors: Lai Alessia , Bergna Annalisa , Menzo Stefano , Zehender Gianguglielmo , Caucci Sara , Ghisetti Valeria , Rizzo Francesca , Maggi Fabrizio , Cerutti Francesco , Giurato Giorgio , Weisz Alessandro , Turchi Chiara , Bruzzone Bianca , Ceccherini-Silberstein Francesca , Clementi Nicola , Callegaro Annapaola , Sagradi Fabio , Francisci Daniela , Venanzi Rullo Emmanuele , Vicenti Ilaria , Clementi Massimo , Galli Massimo
Published: May 2021

A growing number of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants is being identified worldwide, potentially impacting the effectiveness of current vaccines. We report the data obtained in several Italian regions involved in the SARS-CoV-2 variant monitoring from the beginning of the epidemic and spanning the period from October 2020 to March 2021.
The Reality of the Application of Intellectual Property Legislation on Digital Information Resources at the Libraries of Public Universities in Jordan (Dissertation)
Authors: A. Abu Sirhan Afaf
Published: May 2021

Despite the scientific and technological development, libraries of Jordanian universities suffer from an obvious lack of digital information resources, because for many reasons, the most important of these is the non-application of intellectual property legislation (IPL) related to these resources. This study investigated the reality of the application of intellectual property legislation related to digital information resources at the libraries of public universities in Jordan. The population study consisted of all employees of departments of digital information resources. The study sample was (74) employees. Texts of regulations for the intended libraries and the Jordanian copyright law No. (22) for the year (1992) were reviewed and analyzed. In addition, a questionnaire was developed regarding the actual application of intellectual property legislation relating to digital resources at the university libraries in Jordan. Results revealed that the application of IP legislation relating to digital resources at the libraries of public universities in Jordan was moderate and that the supervising to the libraries of universities from the National Library regarding the protection of intellectual property rights of digital resources was moderate. The study recommended the application of intellectual property legislation related to digital resources in the intended libraries, this could be achieved through including intellectual property legislation in the regulations of public services in the intended libraries, to provide for the terms of protecting IP rights for digital resources, improving the legislation, developing of the Jordanian copyright law to be compatible with digital information resources, providing the necessary support for these libraries, and emphasizing the role of the National Library.
Features of social and labour monitoring in the conditions of transition to remote employment
Authors:   Southwest State University, Maltseva Irina , Shulgina Yulya ,   Southwest State University, Kalimov Oleg ,   Southwest State University
Published: May 2021

The paper discusses the need to develop effective tools for social and labour monitoring of personnel with regard to the transition to remote employment. It shows that the percentage of employees working remotely has increased over time. The events of 2020 only strengthened this trend and accelerated many processes associated with the digitalization of management and production processes. The purpose of the study is to analyze and assess the features of social and labour monitoring in the context of the transition to remote employment. Many companies use special software tools to judge the effectiveness of the use of working time. The authors have analyzed the software products most often used by companies in the transition to remote employment and identified the principles that companies should adhere to in order to effectively transform their activities in the current environment. The implementation of such systems is always associated with the ethical side of control. Therefore, finding a balance between control and trust is an important condition for effective work. A comparative analysis of the level of technical equipment by country has been carried out. The authors have drawn conclusions about the possibilities of switching to a hybrid mode of operation for certain areas of activity in the future. The greatest potential for remote employment remains among well-qualified workers. The article shows that the possibilities of switching to remote employment directly depend on the structure of the economy (the share of the financial sector and agriculture), as well as on the possibility of automating the type of activity that brings the greatest income to the state.
Philosophical Heritage of Peter II Petrović Njegoš
Authors:   The University of Montenegro, Krcunović Dušan
Published: May 2021

The theme of the tyranny is one of the great European literary and philosophical themes in Njegoš’s poetry. Tyranny (or Tirjanstvo) as a phenomenon and the concept is not only one of the key words in the vocabulary of Njegoš, but also one of the pillars of the architectonics of his poetic structure. The concept of tyranny appears in The Thought and The Ray of Microcosm, has special signifi­cance. When one taken into account The Mountain Wreath, these meanings are mutually connected and implicative. This suggests continuity, logical coherence, even systematic approach to developing a distinctive motifs and challenging sub­ject. Hence the term tyranomahia is taken here as one of the possible approaches to the poet’s personality, his work and his literary and philosophical view of the world. The ghost of tyranny always hovers over the asymmetries of the rela­tionship between the strong and the weak, the majority and the minority. The po­tential for tyranny exists in all relationships where the smaller and weaker stand against the bigger and stronger. In this fa(c)tum, a seemingly value-neutral power imbalance between the two sides, proponents of immorality of the power have always sought a foundation and justification for domination. But the facticity of the immoral power of the law of the stronger has been called into question by the introduction of the moralistic principle of justice. It should not be ruled out that Njegoš, as a ruler, noticed the movement from the ghost of tyranny to its mimicry in the realism of the political theory which pumps the blood of legiti­macy to that ghost.
The Probability of And Risk Factors For Femoral Neck Shortening And Internal Fixation Failure After Femoral Neck Fracture Treatment Using Cannulated Screws Combined With A Medial Buttress Plate
Authors: Xu Jinglei , Bai Xue , Xu Chenyang , Ma Xianzhong
Published: May 2021

Background: Femoral neck shortening and internal fixation failure are two most prevalent complications associated with surgical treatment of femoral neck fracture. This study evaluates the probability of and risk factors for these complications after the treatment of femoral neck fracture using cannulated screws combined with a medial buttress plate.Methods: Data of 70 patients with femoral neck fractures treated using cannulated screws combined with a medial buttress plate in our hospital between March 2016 and March 2019 were retrospectively analyzed, and 40 patients who were followed up for no less than 6 months were enrolled in the study. We evaluated the probability of postoperative femoral neck shortening and internal fixation failure and conducted multivariate logistic regression analysis to determine risk factors.Results: Among 40 patients, 11 had femoral neck shortening＞5 mm and 8 had fracture nonunion or screw cutout. There were significant differences in screw quality between the shortening and non-shortening groups; There were significant differences in fracture site and shortening between the fixation failure and non-failure groups. According to the multivariate analysis, screw quality was an independent risk factor for femoral neck shortening (odds ratio [OR]: 8.58; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.35–50.57; P=0.022), and femoral neck shortening was an independent risk factor for internal fixation failure (OR: 11.82; 95% CI: 1.66–84.36; P=0.014).Conclusions: Femoral neck fracture treatment using cannulated screws combined with a medial buttress plate led to a femoral neck shortening rate lower than that of other internal fixation methods and an internal fixation failure rate lower than or equivalent to that of other internal fixation methods. The quality of cannulated screws is a risk factor for postoperative shortening of the femoral neck, and femoral neck shortening is a risk factor for postoperative internal fixation failure.
Intensity of Task-Specific Training for Functional Ability Post-stroke: Protocol for a Systematic Review
Authors: Ibrahim Rabiu , Lawal Isa Usman , Joseph Conran
Published: May 2021

Background

This study aimed to describe and present detailed protocol of a systematic review aimed at determining available research evidence regarding the intensity, and frequency of task-specific training ( TST ) that can best result in improved motor function and mobility outcomes in both upper and lower extremities in acute, sub-acute and chronic stroke survivors.

Methods

Literature search strategies were developed using Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms and text key words related to stroke rehabilitation and the use of TST to search for relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE (PubMed search engine), Excerpta Medica dataBASE (EMBASE), Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), and Google Scholar were searched for eligible articles published from inception to date. Two reviewers independently screened the titles, selected appropriate abstract/studies and extracted relevant data as yielded by the search based on the study inclusion criteria. Assessment of the study risk of bias and quality of included studies were appraised using the Cochrane’s tool for assessing risk of bias or other appropriate tools.

Discussion

This paper presented the description of the systematic review methods, and it is expected to guide researchers in conducting systematic review in similar fields of research. Sources of literature search terms and reviewers have been determined.

Systematic review registration

The study protocol has been registered with PROSPERO (130991)
Co-amplification of Genes in Chromosome 8q24: a Robust Prognostic Marker in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Cheng Yuan , Zheng Yongjian , Zhang Cheng , Fu Shunjun , He Guolin , Cai Lei , Qiu Ling , Huang Huakun , Chen Qunhui , Xie Wenzhuan , Chen Tingting , Huang Mengli , Bai Yuezong , Pan Mingxin
Published: May 2021

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the major cause of cancer related deaths worldwide, due to high 5 year postoperative recurrence rate and individual heterogeneity. Thus, prognostic model has dramatically urgently needed on HCC in recent years. Serval research have reported that copy number amplification of the 8q24 chromosomal region is associated with low survival in many cancers. The objective of this study was to construct a multi-gene model to predict the prognosis of HCC. Methods: RNAseq and copy number variant (CNV) data of tumor tissue samples of HCC from TCGA (N = 328) was used to identify differentially expressed mRNAs of genes located on chromosomal 8q24 regions by Wilcox test. Univariate Cox and Lasso Cox regression were performed to screen and construct prognostic multi-gene signature in TCGA cohort (N = 119). The multi-gene signature was validated in ICGC cohort (N = 240).A nomogram for prognosis prediction was built and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) was used to further study the underlying molecular mechanisms. Results: A 7-gene prognosis signature model was established for predicting HCC prognosis. Using the model, we divided individuals into high-risk and low-risk sets with significantly different overall survival in training dataset(HR = 0.17, 95% CI 0.1–0.28; P ＜ 0.001) and in testing dataset (HR = 0.42, 95% CI 0.23–0.74; P = 0.002). Multivariate Cox regression analysis indicated that this signature was an independent prognostic factor of HCC survival. Nomogram including the prognostic signature was constructed and showed better predictive performance in short year (1 and 3 year) than long year (5 year) survival. Furthermore, GSEA revealed several significantly pathways, which may help explain the underlying molecular mechanism. Conclusions: The 7-gene signature was a reliable prognostic marker in HCC, which may provide meaningful information to therapeutic customization and treatment decision making.
Comparing The Effects of Self-Selected Music Versus Predetermined Music On Patient Anxiety Prior To Gynaecological Surgery: The MUANX Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Reynaud Danielle , Bouscaren Nicolas , Lenclume Victorine , Boukerrou Malik
Published: May 2021

Background: Anxiety is frequently observed in the preoperative setting. The negative impact of preoperative anxiety is well known. In the context of gynaecological surgery, anxiety is exacerbated by the fact that the intervention can have catastrophic repercussions on a woman’s body image, sexuality, and psycho-affective well-being. Music listening is increasingly used as an alternative therapy for minimizing preoperative anxiety. Personal preferences, familiarity and popularity may be key elements for an optimal relaxation response to music. This study aimed to determine whether listening to self-selected music decreases preoperative anxiety in women scheduled to undergo gynaecologic surgery compared with predetermined music from an application (MUSIC CARE®).Methods: The MUANX study was a single-blind, monocentric, parallel, superiority, randomized controlled trial. A total of 174 women were included and randomized in two groups between August 2017 and September 2018. Patients in the intervention group listened to the personal music playlist that they had created before being hospitalized. Patients in the control group listened to the predetermined playlist on the MUSIC CARE® application. All patients received standard nursing care and listened to 20 minutes of music one hour before surgery. Anxiety scores were assessed before and after the music session using Spielberger’s State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI).Results: The mean age of the 171 evaluated patients was 41.5 years (SD=10.0 years). Before the music session, the STAI state anxiety score was similar in the control group (M=38.8, SD=11.9) and the intervention group (M=39.0, SD=13.1). After the music session, this score had significantly decreased in both the control group (M= -7.2, SD=9.0) and the intervention group (M=-5.5, SD=6.6), with no significant difference in score reduction between groups. Physiological parameters were unchanged after the music session. No significant differences in postoperative measurements (pain intensity, hospitalization duration) were observed between the two groups.Conclusion: Self-selected music is as effective as predetermined music for reducing patient anxiety before gynaecological surgery. As it has no side effects and is easily applicable in gynaecological surgical services, this non-drug intervention may be proposed by healthcare professionals in the management of preoperative anxiety.Trial registration The MUANX trial is registered at the US National Institutes of Health (ClinicalTrials.gov) #NCT03226834. Registered on 24 July 2017. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03226834?term=muanx&draw=2&rank=1