bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hospital‐Treated Infections and Risk of Disability Worsening in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Hu Yihan , Frisell Thomas , Alping Peter , Song Huan , Pawitan Yudi , Fang Fang , Piehl Fredrik
Published: July 2024

Objective

To investigate the association between infections and disability worsening in people with multiple sclerosis (MS) treated with either B‐cell depleting therapy (rituximab) or interferon‐beta/glatiramer acetate (IFN/GA).

Methods

This cohort study spanned from 2000 to 2021, using data from the Swedish MS Registry linked to national health care registries, comprising 8,759 rituximab and 7,561 IFN/GA treatment episodes. The risk of hospital‐treated infection was estimated using multivariable Cox models. The association between infections and increase in Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores was assessed using a doubly robust generalized estimating equations model. Additionally, a piece‐wise exponential model analyzed events of increased disability beyond defined cut‐off values, controlling for relapses, and MRI activity.

Results

Compared with IFN/GA, rituximab displayed increased risk of both inpatient‐ and outpatient‐treated infections (hazard ratio [HR], 2.08; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.50–2.90 and HR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.13–1.67, respectively). An inpatient‐treated infection was associated with a 0.19‐unit increase in EDSS (95% CI, 0.12–0.26). Degree of worsening was greatest for progressive MS, and under IFN/GA treatment, which unlike rituximab, was more commonly associated with MRI activity. After controlling for relapses and MRI activity, inpatient‐treated infections were associated with disability worsening in people with relapsing–remitting MS treated with IFN/GA (HR, 2.01; 95% CI, 1.59–2.53), but not in those treated with rituximab.

Interpretation

Compared to IFN/GA, rituximab doubled the infection risk, but reduced the risk of subsequent disability worsening. Further, the risk of worsening after hospital‐treated infection was greater with progressive MS than with relapsing–remitting MS. Infection risk should be considered to improve long term outcomes. ANN NEUROL 2024;96:694–703
Modulating the Bader Charge Transfer in Single p‐Block Atoms Doped Pd Metallene for Enhanced Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysis
Authors: Xie Linfeng , Wang Jing , Wang Kun , He Zixu , Liang Jiashun , Lin Zijie , Wang Tanyuan , Cao Ruiguo , Yang Feng , Cai Zhao , Huang Yunhui , Li Qing
Published: July 2024

Metallene is considered as an emerging family of electrocatalysts due to its atomically layered structure and unique surface stress. Here we propose a strategy to modulate the Bader charge transfer (BCT) between Pd surface and oxygenated intermediates via p‐d electronic interaction by introducing single‐atom p‐block metal (M=In, Sn, Pb, Bi) into Pd metallene nanosheets towards efficient oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). X‐ray absorption and photoelectron spectroscopy suggests that doping p‐block metals could facilitate electron transfer to Pd sites and thus downshift the d‐band center of Pd and weaken the adsorption energy of O intermediates. Among them, the developed Bi−Pd metallene shows extraordinarily high ORR mass activity of 11.34 A mgPd−1 and 0.86 A mgPd−1 at 0.9 V and 0.95 V in alkaline solution, respectively, representing the best Pd‐based ORR electrocatalysts ever reported. In the cathode of a Zinc‐air battery, Bi−Pd metallene could achieve an open‐circuit voltage of 1.546 V and keep stable for 760 h at 10 mA cm−2. Theoretical calculations suggest that the BCT between Pd surface and *OO intermediates greatly affects the bond length between them (dPd‐*OO) and Bi doping could appropriately reduce the amount of BCT and stretch the dPd‐*OO, thus enhancing the ORR activity.
Ligand‐Solvent Coordination Enables Comprehensive Trap Passivation for Efficient Near‐Infrared Quantum Dot Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Wang Ye , Liu Zong‐Shuo , Zhao Feng , Liu Wei‐Zhi , Shen Wan‐Shan , Zhou Dong‐Ying , Wang Ya‐Kun , Liao Liang‐Sheng
Published: July 2024

Near‐infrared light‐emitting diodes (NIR LEDs) based on perovskite quantum dots (QDs) have produced external quantum efficiency (EQE) of ~15 %. However, these high‐performance NIR‐QLEDs suffer from immediate carrier quenching because of the accumulation of migratable ions at the surface of the QDs. These uncoordinated ions and carriers—if not bound to the nanocrystal surface—serve as centers for exciton quenching and device degradation. In this work, we overcome this issue and fabricate high‐performance NIR QLEDs by devising a ligand anchoring strategy, which entails dissolving the strong‐binding ligand (Guanidine Hydroiodide, GAI) in the mediate‐polar solvent. By employing the dye‐sensitized device structure (phosphorescent indicator), we demonstrate the elimination of the interface defects. The treated QDs films exhibit an exciton binding energy of 117 meV: this represents a 1.5‐fold increase compared to that of the control (74 meV). We report, as a result, the NIR QLEDs with an EQE of 21 % which is a record among NIR perovskite QLEDs. These QLEDs also exhibit a 7‐fold higher operational stability than that of the best previously reported NIR QLEDs. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the QDs are compatible with large‐area QLEDs: we showcase 900 mm2 QLEDs with EQE approaching 20 %.
Synthesis of a Gold–Silver Alloy Nanocluster within a Ring‐Shaped Polyoxometalate and Its Photocatalytic Property
Authors: Kamachi Minori , Yonesato Kentaro , Okazaki Takashi , Yanai Daiki , Kikkawa Soichi , Yamazoe Seiji , Ishikawa Ryo , Shibata Naoya , Ikuhara Yuichi , Yamaguchi Kazuya , Suzuki Kosuke
Published: July 2024

Alloying is an effective method for modulating metal nanoclusters to enrich their structural diversity and physicochemical properties. Recent investigations have demonstrated that polyoxometalates (POMs) can act as effective multidentate ligands for silver (Ag) nanoclusters to endow them with synergistic properties, reactivity, catalytic properties, and stability. However, the application of POMs as ligands has been confined predominantly to monometallic nanoclusters. Herein, we report a synthetic method for fabricating surface‐exposed gold (Au)−Ag alloy nanoclusters within a ring‐shaped POM ([P8W48O184]40−). Reacting an Ag nanocluster stabilized by the ring‐shaped POM with Au ions (Au+) was found to substitute several Ag atoms at the core of the nanocluster with Au atoms. The resultant {Au8Ag26} alloy nanocluster demonstrated superior photocatalytic activity and stability compared to the pristine Ag nanocluster in the aerobic oxidation of α‐terpinene under visible‐light irradiation. These findings provide fundamental insights into the formation and catalytic properties of POM‐stabilized alloy nanoclusters and advance exploration into the synthesis and applications of diverse metal nanoclusters.
Ion‐Specific Interactions Engender Dynamic and Tailorable Properties in Biomimetic Cationic Polyelectrolytes
Authors: Aubrecht Filip J. , Orme Kennalee , Saul Aiden , Cai Hongyi , Ranathunge Tharindu A. , Silberstein Meredith N. , McDonald Benjamin R.
Published: July 2024

Biomaterials such as spider silk and mussel byssi are fabricated by the dynamic manipulation of intra‐ and intermolecular biopolymer interactions. Organisms modulate solution parameters, such as pH and ion co‐solute concentration, to effect these processes. These biofabrication schemes provide a conceptual framework to develop new dynamic and responsive abiotic soft material systems. Towards these ends, the chemical diversity of readily available ionic compounds offers a broad palette to manipulate the physicochemical properties of polyelectrolytes via ion‐specific interactions. In this study, we show for the first time that the ion‐specific interactions of biomimetic polyelectrolytes engenders a variety of phase separation behaviors, creating dynamic thermal‐ and ion‐responsive soft matter that exhibits a spectrum of physical properties, spanning viscous fluids to viscoelastic and viscoplastic solids. These ion‐dependent characteristics are further rendered general by the merger of lysine and phenylalanine into a single, amphiphilic vinyl monomer. The unprecedented breadth, precision, and dynamicity in the reported ion‐dependent phase behaviors thus introduce a broad array of opportunities for the future development of responsive soft matter; properties that are poised to drive developments in critical areas such as chemical sensing, soft robotics, and additive manufacturing.
Highly Efficient Electrosynthesis of Urea from CO2 and Nitrate by a Metal–Organic Framework with Dual Active Sites
Authors: Qiu Xiao‐Feng , Huang Jia‐Run , Yu Can , Chen Xiao‐Ming , Liao Pei‐Qin
Published: July 2024

Electrosynthesis of urea from CO2 and NO3− is a sustainable alternative to energy‐intensive industrial processes. The main challenge hindering the progress of this technology lies in the development of advanced electrocatalysts that efficiently utilize abundant, low‐cost CO2 and nitrogen sources to yield urea with both high Faradaic efficiency (FE) and current density. In this work, we designed and prepared a new two‐dimensional metal–organic framework (MOF), namely PcNi−Fe−O, constructed by nickel‐phthalocyanine (NiPc) ligands and square‐planar FeO4 nodes, as the electrocatalyst for urea electrosynthesis. PcNi−Fe−O exhibits remarkable performance to yield urea at a high current density of 10.1 mA cm−2 with a high FE(urea) of 54.1 % in a neutral aqueous solution, surpassing those of most reported electrocatalysts. No obvious performance degradation was observed over 20 hours of continuous operation at the current density of 10.1 mA cm−2. By expanding the electrode area to 25 cm2 and operating for 8 hours, we obtained 0.164 g of high‐purity urea, underscoring its potential for industrial applications. Mechanism study unveiled the enhanced performance might be ascribed to the synergistic interaction between NiPc and FeO4 sites. Specifically, NH3 produced at the FeO4 site can efficiently migrate and couple with the *NHCOOH intermediate adsorbed on the urea‐producing site (NiPc). This synergistic effect results in a lower energy barrier for C−N bond formation than those of the reported catalysts with single active sites.
Structural and Electronic Evolution of Ethanolamine upon Microhydration: Insights from Hyperfine Resolved Rotational Spectroscopy
Authors: Xie Fan , Mendolicchio Marco , Omarouayache Wafaa , Murugachandran S. Indira , Lei Juncheng , Gou Qian , Sanz M. Eugenia , Barone Vincenzo , Schnell Melanie
Published: July 2024

Ethanolamine hydrates containing from one to seven water molecules were identified via rotational spectroscopy with the aid of accurate quantum chemical methods considering anharmonic vibrational corrections. Ethanolamine undergoes significant conformational changes upon hydration to form energetically favorable hydrogen bond networks. The final structures strongly resemble the pure (H2O)3–9 complexes reported before when replacing two water molecules by ethanolamine. The 14N nuclear quadrupole coupling constants of all the ethanolamine hydrates have been determined and show a remarkable correlation with the strength of hydrogen bonds involving the amino group. After addition of the seventh water molecule, both hydrogen atoms of the amino group actively contribute to hydrogen bond formation, reinforcing the network and introducing approximately 21–27 % ionicity towards the formation of protonated amine. These findings highlight the critical role of microhydration in altering the electronic environment of ethanolamine, enhancing our understanding of amine hydration dynamics.
High‐Performance Pomegranate‐Like CuF2 Cathode Derived from Spent Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Zhou Xianggang , Xiao Shanshan , Yang Dan , Li Yingqi , Yao Ruiqi , Lang Xingyou , Tan Huaqiao , Li Yangguang , Jiang Qing
Published: July 2024

With the large‐scale application of lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), a huge amount of spent LIBs will be generated each year and how to realize their recycling and reuse in a clean and effective way poses a challenge to the society. In this work, using the electrolyte of spent LIBs as solvent, we in situ fluorinate the conductive three‐dimensional porous copper foam by a facile solvent‐thermal method and then coating it with a cross‐linked sodium alginate (SA) layer. Benefiting from the solid‐electrolyte interphase (SEI) that accommodating the volume change of internal CuF2 core and SA layer that inhibiting the dissolution of CuF2, the synthesized CuF2@void@SEI@SA cathode with a pomegranate‐like structure (yolk‐shell) exhibits a large reversible capacity of ~535 mAh g−1 at 0.05 A g−1 and superb cycling stability. This work conforms to the development concept of green environmental protection and comprehensively realizes the unity of environmental, social and economic benefits.
Techno‐economic and carbon footprint analyses of steam Rankine cycle
Authors: Wong Shu Yao , Chew Yick Eu , Andiappan Viknesh , Lakshmanan Shyam , Foo Dominic C. Y.
Published: July 2024

Steam Rankine cycle (SRC), which is mainly utilised in power generation sector, faces external irreversibility in its daily operation causing inefficiency in the system. To address this issue, reheat Rankine cycle (RHRC) and regenerative Rankine cycle (RRC) have been widely studied and implemented in power plants to improve thermal efficiency and reduce external irreversibility of Rankine cycle. This study investigates the implementation of different RRC configurations in a combined heat and power plant, including RRC with modified thermal deaerator, RRC with open feed water heater (OFWH) and closed feed water heater (CFWH). A base case simulation model was first constructed using commercial simulation software Aspen HYSYS for the basic SRC system based on actual plant data. Various scenarios were then evaluated for their profitability and sustainability through techno‐economic analysis (TEA) and carbon footprint analysis (CFA). From both analyses, the scenario of RRC with CFWH showed the greatest long‐term potential, generating the highest annual profit of $ 771 691 and carbon footprint reduction of 14.63%, while RRC with modified thermal deaerator showed the greatest potential in the short run with the highest return of investment (ROI) of 201.51% and shortest payback period (PBP) of 0.50 year.
Polymeric laser rods based on modified poly(methyl methacrylate) matrix synthesized by FeIII complex catalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization with enhanced optical gain and photostability
Authors: Zhang Qi , Xiao Zihan , Zhang Zhiyuan , Gao Jinxin , Xia Ruidong , Peng Junbiao , Molla Shimelis Admassie
Published: July 2024

The investigation of fabricating ultra‐compact solid‐state dye laser (SSDL) using N'N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) modified poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) as the polymeric matrix was carried out. Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) was introduced to manipulate the polymerization process of PMMA. By adjusting the additive amount of the FeIII complex (mixture of FeCl3 and 2,2’‐Bipyridyl (bPy)), the polymerization degree of PMMA was coordinated to gain better amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) properties of the embedded laser dye, Lumogen Orange 240 (LO). The ASE threshold of the FeIII complex catalyzed sample decreased as high as ~75%, from 225.3 ± 11.2 μJ cm−2 to 57.2 ± 2.9 μJ cm−2, comparing to that measured in common PMMA matrix. Additionally, a secondary dye, Stilbene 420 was added in the system for sharing excess excitation energy and oxidization damage, to overcome the photostability problem caused by the oxygen‐rich solvent, DMF. The operational lifetime of the resulted sample increased 200%, to the similar level of that without DMF component. Finally, by mechanical polishing and coating a thin film of silver at one end of the PMMA rod, an analogous Fabry‐Perot resonator was structured within the rod. Decent laser emission was obtained from the resulted SSDL without complex external cavities.
Qualitative and quantitative analysis of leachables from dental composites under different extraction conditions using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry
Authors: Fučík Jan , Kejík Pavel , Bystřický Zdeněk , Amrichová Anna , Hamplová Marie , Mravcová Ludmila
Published: July 2024

Dental caries is the most widespread form of disease, affecting over 90% of the global population. Amalgam fillings, which have been in use for nearly two centuries, will face an European Union ban by 2025. Although photocomposite fillings are a suitable alternative, health concerns persist because of potential substance release into the oral cavity. This study aimed to evaluate the release of photoinitiator substances and monomers from dental materials into various solvents at different temperatures over 30 days. Cylindrical specimens of the composite resins were submerged in different extraction solutions and incubated at 37 and 50°C. The findings demonstrated that both the extraction solvent and extraction temperature significantly influenced the quantity of leachables (p < 0.05). Furthermore, most leachables were released within the initial days, although some monomers continued to elute for over 30 days. The estimated daily intake was calculated for the worst‐case scenario, confirming the biocompatibility of the composite fillings. The weight loss of dental materials ranged up to 3.5% after 30 days, regardless of the extraction conditions and dental material (p > 0.05). In conclusion, this study contributes to filling several research gaps in the field by addressing the biocompatibility of various dental materials through quantitative and qualitative analyses supported by statistical evaluation.
Memristive Thermal Radiator by Highly Tunable Graphene Plasmon
Authors: Ge Junhao , Tang Jibo , Wu Yu , Zhang Shunping , Xu Hongxing
Published: July 2024

The dynamic regulation of thermal radiation in the mid‐infrared region is technologically important in diverse applications such as thermal management and camouflage. However, there is a notable lack of research on the combination of infrared radiators and memristors, which can maintain previous states or modes without extra power consumption. Here, a memristive mid‐infrared radiator, where graphene nanoribbon grating serves simultaneously as a floating gate for charge storage and a tunable infrared nanoantenna for thermal radiation is proposed. This design enables precise and fast modulation, low power consumption, and scalability. Even a small change of one attocoulomb in the stored charge can produce a 1‐µm peak shift in the absorption peak. This work provides a platform for a memristive infrared thermal radiator that can be further exploited for electrochromic glazing or on‐chip radiative cooling.
Hydrazinated geraniol derivatives as potential broad‐spectrum antiprotozoal agents
Authors: Jooste Joelien , Legoabe Lesetja J. , Ilbeigi Kayhan , Caljon Guy , Beteck Richard M.
Published: July 2024

Geraniol, a primary component of several essential oils, has been associated with broad‐spectrum antiprotozoal activities, although moderate to weak. This study primarily concentrated on the synthesis of hydrazinated geraniol derivatives as potential antiprotozoal agents. The synthesised compounds were tested in vitro against different parasitic protozoans of clinical relevance, including Trypanosoma brucei brucei, Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania infantum. Compounds 6, 8, 13, 14 and 15 demonstrated low micromolar activity against the different parasites. Compounds 8, 13, 14 and 15 had the highest efficacy against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, as indicated by their respective IC50 values of 0.74, 0.56, 1.26 and 1.00 µM. Compounds 6, 14 and 15 displayed the best activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei, with IC50 values of 1.49, 1.48 and 1.85 µM, respectively. The activity of compounds 6, 14 and 15 also extended to intracellular Trypanosoma cruzi, with IC50 values of 5.14, 6.30 and 4.90 µM, respectively. Compound 6, with an IC50 value of 11.73 µM, and compound 14, with an IC50 value of 8.14 µM, demonstrated some modest antileishmanial activity.
Fangchinoline protects hepatic ischemia/reperfusion liver injury in rats through anti‐oxidative stress and anti‐inflammation properties: an in silico study
Authors: Li Shuangxi , Xiang AnDong , Guo Feng , Alarfaj Abdullah A. , Gao Zehai
Published: July 2024

Liver ischemia‐reperfusion (I/R) injury is a common cause of organ failure, developed by a sudden block in the blood and oxygen supply and subsequent restoration. I/R damage is responsible for acute and chronic rejection after organ transplantation, accounting for 10% of early graft failure. The study investigated the therapeutic properties of fangchinoline in liver injury‐induced rats. The rats were divided into three groups: Sham, I/R without pretreatment, and I/R + 10 mg/kg fangchinoline pretreatment. Blood and liver samples were collected for assays, and an in silico docking analysis was conducted to determine fangchinoline's inhibitory effect. The pretreatment with 10 mg/kg of fangchinoline effectively reduced hepatic marker enzymes such as AST, LDH, and ALT in the serum of rats with liver I/R damage. Fangchinoline treatment significantly reduced interleukin‐8 (IL‐8), IL‐6, and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) in I/R‐induced rats, boosting antioxidants and decreasing MDA. Histopathological studies showed liver injury protection, and fangchinoline inhibited TNF‐α and IL‐6 with improved binding affinity. Fangchinoline has hepatoprotective properties by reducing inflammation in rats with liver I/R damage, as demonstrated in the current study. Hence, it can be an effective salutary agent in preventing liver damage caused by I/R.
CircMYO1C silencing alleviates chondrocytes inflammation and apoptosis through m6A/HMGB1 axis in osteoarthritis
Authors: Sun Haitao , Chu Xudong , Qian Weiqing , Yin Hong
Published: July 2024

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are involved in osteoarthritis (OA) progression. This study aimed to investigate the role and molecular mechanisms of circMYO1C in OA. CircMYO1C was upregulated in OA‐ and interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β)‐exposed chondrocytes. The results indicated that circMYO1C knockdown repressed the inflammatory factors (tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF‐α], interleukin‐6 [IL‐6], interleukin‐8 [IL‐8], etc.) and apoptosis of chondrocytes following IL‐1β exposure. CircMYO1C was an N6‐methyladenosine (m6A)‐modified circRNA with m6A characteristics. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) was a target of circMYO1C. IL‐1β exposure increased the stability and half‐life (t1/2) of HMGB1 mRNA, while silencing circMYO1C reduced HMGB1 mRNA stability. Taken together, circMYO1C targets the m6A/HMGB1 axis to promote chondrocyte apoptosis and inflammation. The present study demonstrates that the circMYO1C/m6A/HMGB1 axis is essential for OA progression, highlighting a novel potential therapeutic target for clinical OA.
Towards agri‐food industry sustainability: Addressing agricultural technology adoption challenges through innovation
Authors: Limpamont Ajjaree , Kittipanya‐ngam Pichawadee , Chindasombatcharoen Nopparuj , Cavite Harry Jay M.
Published: July 2024

Agriculture is a key economic driver but also a significant contributor to environmental challenges. Despite promotion, uptake of agricultural technologies remains low due to various challenges. This study explores challenges and solutions in the adoption of agricultural technology in Thailand, emphasising its positive impact on agri‐food sector sustainability. We developed a conceptual framework based on technology adoption literature review. Employing multiple case studies, our research uncovers challenges not only at the farmer level but also within the agricultural ecosystem level. Addressing these challenges requires comprehensive changes in physical, digital, and legal infrastructure. Solutions include reshaping farmer mindsets and enhancing awareness of technology benefits. Despite limitations to the agri‐food industry in Thailand, the study offers valuable insights for technology providers and policymakers, contributing to the literature on technology adoption by smallholder farmers. Our findings emphasise the need for sustainability strategies in the agri‐food sector through greater technology uptake to enhance environmental sustainability.
To tell or not to tell about bullying—New insights from the study on the perceptions of criminal sanctioning, anticipation of school punishment, agency, and trust toward school staff
Authors: Helka Anna M. , Wójcik Małgorzata , Dukała Karolina , Kabzińska Joanna , Piaskowska Olga , Piesiewicz Piotr
Published: July 2024

The primary aim of this study was to determine whether perceptions of criminal sanctioning and school punishment predict students' willingness to report different types of bullying (material, physical, sexual, verbal, relational, and cyberbullying). An online survey was conducted with secondary school students (n = 1092) as participants. Traditionally included predictors (trust toward school staff, cost of reporting bullying, gender, and school agency) were also incorporated into a multiple linear regression analysis. The perception of criminal sanctioning for a particular type of bullying was a significant predictor of the willingness to report a given type of bullying, whereas anticipation of school punishment was relevant only in the case of cyberbullying. Trust toward school staff and gender were also significant predictors of willingness to report any type of bullying. School agency helped predict the willingness to report any kind of bullying except cyberbullying. Surprisingly, the costs of reporting bullying were relevant only in the case of material bullying. These results have important implications for stakeholders and school administration in identifying unreported bullying, developing and implementing anti‐bullying policies, and introducing programs aimed at improving students' legal awareness.
Microstructure of the radial head: Insights into anatomical variations and implications for advanced interventions
Authors: Cole Scott , Rainwater Randall R. , Mannen Erin , Tait Mark A. , Bracey John W.
Published: July 2024

Appropriate management of radial head fractures is integral to prevent long‐term consequences like chronic pain and loss of motion. Advanced imaging systems, like micro‐computed tomography (μCT), are valuable for understanding radial head fracture patterns as they utilize micrometer scale resolution to define important parameters of bone health like cortical density and trabecular thickness. The purpose of this study was to identify and describe the structural morphology of the radial head utilizing μCT. Nine fresh‐frozen cadaveric human radii were divided into four equal quadrants, based, and labeled as posteromedial, posterolateral, anteromedial, and anterolateral. Quadrants were scanned with a SCANCO MicroCT40 with both cortical and cancellous bone density measurements at a resolution of 36.0 μm. Bone density, direct trabecular number, and trabecular thickness were recorded as milligrams of hydroxyapatite/cm3. A one‐way repeated measures ANOVA was performed to compare the bone densities, trabecular number, and trabecular thickness of each of the four quadrants (p < 0.05). The posteromedial quadrant contained substantially more bone than other quadrants. Significantly greater bone densities were found in the posteromedial quadrant (148.1 mg of HA/cm3) compared to the anteromedial quadrant (54.6 mg of HA/cm3), posterolateral quadrant (137.5 mg of HA/cm3) compared to the anteromedial quadrant (54.6 mg of HA/cm3), and posterolateral quadrant (137.5 mg of HA/cm3) compared to the anterolateral quadrant (58.1 mg of HA/cm3). The trabecular number was not significantly different between quadrants. Trabecular thickness was significantly lower in the anterolateral (0.1417 mg of HA/cm3) and anteromedial (0.1416 mg of HA/cm3) quadrants compared to the posteromedial (0.1809 mg of HA/cm3) quadrant. The posterior half of the radial head was found to have a higher density of columns and arches compared to the anterior half. The microstructure of trabecular bone in the distal radius forms columns, struts, and arches, which allow for efficient transmission of stress through the bone. The microstructure of the radial head has similar microarchitecture to the distal radius with the present study identifying the presence of columns and arches in the radial head. These structures, along with trabecular density, in the posterior radial head may explain the lower incidence of fractures involving the posterior half of the radial head. Furthermore, our study supports the idea that the high incidence of fractures involving the anterolateral quadrant is due to microarchitecture characteristics and the relative lack of supportive structures compared to other areas. The novel insight gained from this study will aid in the development of advanced interventions for preventative measures and better treatment of radial head fractures like more satisfactory purchase when screws are directed towards the denser posteromedial quadrant.
Examining external control arms in oncology: A scoping review of applications to date
Authors: Farah Eliya , Kenney Matthew , Warkentin Matthew T. , Cheung Winson Y. , Brenner Darren R.
Published: July 2024

Objectives

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are the gold standard for evaluating the comparative efficacy and safety of new cancer therapies. However, enrolling patients in control arms of clinical trials can be challenging for rare cancers, particularly in the context of precision oncology and targeted therapies. External Control Arms (ECAs) are a potential solution to address these challenges in clinical research design. We conducted a scoping review to explore the use of ECAs in oncology.

Methods

We systematically searched four databases, namely MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Scopus. We screened titles, abstracts, and full texts for eligible articles focusing on patients undergoing therapy for cancer, employing ECAs, and reporting clinical outcomes.

Results

Of the 629 articles screened, 23 were included in this review. The earliest included studies were published in 1996, while most studies were published in the past 5 years. 44% (10/23) of ECAs were employed in blood‐related cancer studies. Geographically, 30% (7/23) of studies were conducted in the United States, 22% (5/23) in Japan, and 9% (2/23) in South Korea. The primary data sources used to construct the ECAs involved pooled data from previous trials (35%, 8/23), administrative health databases (17%, 4/23) and electronic medical records (17%, 4/23). While 52% (12/23) of the studies employed methods to align treatment and ECAs characteristics, 48% (11/23) lacked explicit strategies.

Conclusion

ECAs offer a valuable approach in oncology research, particularly when alternative designs are not feasible. However, careful methodological planning and detailed reporting are essential for meaningful and reliable results.
A Metastable Semiquinone Molecular Switch Modulated by Ascorbate/O2: A Study from a System Far‐From‐Equilibrium to Biological Assays in Mitochondria
Authors: Rodríguez‐Valdez Gabriela , Martínez‐Cerda Marlen E. , Mejía‐Reyes Jisell G. , Tapia‐Juárez Melissa , Olmos‐Orizaba Eridani , Cortés‐Rojo Christian , Cortés‐García Carlos J. , Contreras‐Celedón Claudia A. , Solorio‐Alvarado Cesar R. , Chacón‐García Luis
Published: July 2024

A molecular switch based on the metastable radical anion derived from a substituted heteroaryl quinone is described. Pyrrolyl quinone thiocyanate (PQ 9) showed an interaction with the fluoride anion that was visible to the naked eye and quantified by UV/vis and 1H and 13 C NMR. The metastable quinoid species formed by the interaction with F− (“ON” state) showed a molecular switching effect autocontrolled by the presence of ascorbate (“OFF” state) and back to the “ON” state by an autooxidation process, measured by visible and UV/vis spectroscopy. Due to its out‐of‐equilibrium properties and the exchange of matter and energy, a dissipative structural behaviour is proposed. Considering its similarity to the mechanism of coenzyme Q in oxidative phosphophorylation, PQ 9 was evaluated on Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondrial function for inhibition of complexes II, III and IV, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, catalase activity and lipid peroxidation. The results showed that PQ 9 inhibited complex III activity as well as the activity of all electron transport chain (ETC) complexes. In addition, PQ 9 reduced ROS production and catalase activity in yeast. The results suggest that PQ 9 may have potential applications as a new microbicidal compound by inducing ETC dysfunction.
Left atrial appendage occlusion and patent foramen ovale closure using a steerable sheath and intracardiac echocardiography
Authors: Ahmad Soban , Goldsweig Andrew M.
Published: July 2024

A patient presenting with acute ischemic stroke associated with patent foramen ovale (PFO) had concurrent deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and new‐onset atrial fibrillation. Upon initiation of anticoagulation therapy, the patient developed hemorrhagic transformation of the stroke. The patient's multiple potential sources of embolic stroke were treated with concomitant left atrial appendage occlusion and PFO closure through the PFO, made possible by using the Steerable Amulet Sheath under 3D‐intracardiac echocardiography guidance.
Successful revascularization of coronary occlusion due to lotus root‐like plaques by IVUS‐based real‐time three‐dimensional wiring using the tip detection method in a patient with cardiac arrest
Authors: Okamoto Akihiro , Yamaguchi Tomohiro , Yamazaki Takanori , Fukuda Daiju
Published: July 2024

A 32‐year‐old man, who was treated for T‐cell lymphoma, presented in cardiac arrest. He had been treated for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Veno‐arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was initiated immediately. We diagnosed him as non‐ST elevated myocardial infarction. Coronary angiography demonstrated the occlusion of the trifurcation in the proximal left anterior descending artery (LAD). We failed to advance the first guidewire into the distal LAD by angio‐based conventional wiring. Intravascular ultrasonography (IVUS) of the proximal diagonal branch revealed two diaphragms separating the distal lumen without connection, which looks like lotus root‐like appearance. We quickly penetrated the plaque using IVUS‐based real‐time 3D wiring using the tip detection method. The contrast injection via the microcatheter showed the distal diagonal branch (D2). After the balloon dilation in D2, IVUS image revealed a torn plaque between D2 and the distal LAD. Subsequently we advanced the guidewire to the distal LAD using IVUS‐based real‐time 3D wiring using the tip detection method through the tear of the plaque. Finally, we successfully performed the revascularization of LAD in a preferable procedure time. The patient recovered well and was discharged 39 days after cardiac arrest. This case highlights the efficacy of IVUS‐based real‐time 3D wiring using the tip detection method even in the emergent and challenging situation.
Fulminant demyelinating disease of the central nervous system effectively treated with a combination of decompressive craniectomy and immunotherapy: A case report and literature review
Authors: Ide Toshihiro , Ebashi Ryo , Eriguchi Makoto , Aishima Shinichi , Abe Tatsuya , Hara Hideo
Published: July 2024

Key Clinical Message

Accurately identifying fulminant demyelinating diseases is important for sudden onset of asymmetric cerebral white matter lesions with mass effect. Initially, immunotherapy should be administered; however, surgical intervention should be performed with poor response to medical management and evident signs of cerebral herniation.

A case of fulminant demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that required decompressive craniectomy 8 days after symptom onset is presented. The patient recovered without sequelae after a combination of neurosurgery and immunotherapy with steroids and has remained relapse‐free for 4 years.
Local pH Gradients Alter Product Selectivity of Electrocatalytic Oxygen Reduction Reaction on La‐Cr‐Co Perovskites
Authors: Liu Xinran , Smith Rodney D. L.
Published: July 2024

The electrochemical production of hydrogen peroxide through the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) presents the interesting situation where the fully reduced form, H2O, is significantly favored by thermodynamics. Perovskite oxide based catalysts with slow kinetics, or large overpotentials, have been shown to enable production of H2O2 with good selectivity, but this comes at the expense of energy efficiency and production rates. We analyze the structure and electrocatalytic ORR capabilities of a perovskite oxide series based on LaCr1‐xCoxO3. We find that the crystal lattice distorts in two ways as Co content increases – anisotropic compression of the lattice is accompanied by a pinching of angles within the structure, which gives way to compression of B−O bonds at higher Co contents. Product selectivity is observed to change as a function of both catalyst composition and rotation rates of rotating ring‐disk electrode. The rotation‐dependent behavior is attributed to accelerated displacement of surface‐bound peroxide intermediates by a pH gradient at the catalyst surface, and composition‐dependent changes in selectivity are found to correlate to the angular distortion of the crystal lattice. These results highlight the importance of local environments in electrocatalyst reactions and demonstrate that structure and local pH can be used to manipulate product selectivity.
Closer Approach towards the Preparation of Cellulose and Microcrystalline Cellulose from Corn Husks
Authors: Anh Phan Thi Hoang , Tai Doan Minh
Published: July 2024

In this work, cellulose was effectively produced from corn husks by a simple and eco‐friendly method. Major influencing variables for cellulose extraction were examined, and the highest yield of lignin and hemicellulose cleavage was achieved after corn husks were treated in 12.5 wt % NaOH solution at solid/liquid ratio (S/L) of 1:10 g mL−1, 70 °C for 90 min. Subsequent bleaching conducted in 10 wt % H2O2 solution at 80 °C for 90 min produced cellulose with a lightness value (L*) of ∼87, chromaticity indexes a* = −1.85, b* = 2.94 with high purity, 90.86 %, and crystallinity, 64.94 %. Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscopy, and x‐ray diffraction analysis showed a clear transition in morphology, structure modification, and crystallinity consistent with the alteration of the chemical composition from raw material to delignified residue and the bleached one. To synthesize microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), the hydrolysis was investigated in H2SO4 solutions of different concentrations and durations via monitoring particle size distribution by laser diffraction spectroscopy. At the most efficient conditions (30 wt % H2SO4, 18 h, 45 °C, 1:10 S/L ratio), the obtained MCC reached an average particle size of 42.68 µm, crystallinity degree of 61.6 %, and cellulose purity of 92.5 %. Meanwhile, similar parameters with 4 N HCl solution produced MCC with the same purity but higher crystallinity (65.6 %), higher mean size, 67.62 µm, and higher aspect ratio. SEM images showed that 4 N HCl caused less detrimental and erosive action, and less fragmentation on cellulose microfibrils compared to 30 wt % H2SO4. The study's outcome supports the feasibility of corn husks to produce cellulose and MCC for further applications.
Unexpectedly Regioselective Diels‐Alder Reactions of New Unsymmetrical Benzoquinones: A Convenient Synthetic Entry to Uniquely Substituted Decalins
Authors: Maier Lukáš , Němečková Dana , Akavaram Naresh , Kalla Erik , Semrád Hugo , Matyasková Olivie , Munzarová Markéta , Daďová Petra , Kubala Lukáš , Švenda Jakub , Paruch Kamil
Published: July 2024

We report flexible synthesis of new unsymmetrically 2,6‐disubstituted benzoquinones (33 examples) and a systematic study of their reactivity in the Diels‐Alder reaction. The Diels‐Alder reactions of selected unsymmetrical benzoquinones with seemingly similar substituents were found to proceed with high regioselectivity and the formation of selected experimentally observed main products was rationalized by theoretical (DFT) calculations. The findings can be exploited in the convenient preparation of densely substituted and stereochemically defined decalins with unique angular substituents at ring fusion. We also demonstrate the usefulness of this methodology in complex molecule synthesis through the total synthesis of a novel forskolin analog possessing an ethyl group at the fusion of the rings B and C.
Gene Editing with Artificial DNA Scissors
Authors: Gibney Alex , Kellett Andrew
Published: July 2024

Artificial metallo‐nucleases (AMNs) are small molecule DNA cleavage agents, also known as DNA molecular scissors, and represent an important class of chemotherapeutic with high clinical potential. This review provides a primary level of exploration on the concepts key to this area including an introduction to DNA structure, function, recognition, along with damage and repair mechanisms. Building on this foundation, we describe hybrid molecules where AMNs are covalently attached to directing groups that provide molecular scissors with enhanced or sequence specific DNA damaging capabilities. As this research field continues to evolve, understanding the applications of AMNs along with synthetic conjugation strategies can provide the basis for future innovations, particularly for designing new artificial gene editing systems.
Unveiling the Influence of Brightness Heterogeneity in Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy of Perovskite Nanocrystals
Authors: Kanti Panda Mrinal , Acharjee Debopam , Nandi Nilanjana , Koley Somnath , Ghosh Subhadip
Published: July 2024

Nanoparticles (NPs), including perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) with single photon purity, present challenges in fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) studies due to their distinct photoluminescence (PL) behaviors. In particular, the zero‐time correlation amplitude [g2(0)] and the associated diffusion timescale (τD) of their FCS curves show substantial dependency on pump intensity (IP). Optical saturation inadequately explains the origin of this FCS phenomenon in NPs, thus setting them apart from conventional dye molecules, which do not manifest such behavior. This observation is apparently attributed to either photo‐brightening or optical trapping, both lead to increased NP occupancy (N) in the excitation volume, consequently reducing the g2(0) amplitude [since g2(0) α 1/N] at high IP. However, an advanced FCS study utilizing alternating laser excitation at two different intensities dismisses such possibilities. Further investigation into single‐particle blinking behaviors as a function of IP reveals that the intensity dependence of g2(0) primarily arises from the brightness heterogeneity prevalent in almost all types of NPs. This report delves into the complexities of the photophysical properties of NPs and their adverse impacts on FCS studies.
Hydrothermal Dissolution of Reactive Silica Materials in Sodium Hydroxide Lyes
Authors: Alyosef Hallah Ahmad , Lilli Bettina , Enke Dirk , Roggendorf Hans
Published: July 2024

Reactive silica materials like vitreous silica or cristobalite were dissolved at temperatures between 100 and 220 °C for up to 7 days in NaOH lyes. The liquid and solid reaction products were analyzed chemically. Sodium water glasses with silica concentrations of up to 27 wt % and molar SiO2/Na2O ratios of up to 3.7 were obtained. The experimental data were evaluated by an approximation algorithm. The initial size reduction rates ranged between 0.1 and 7 µm h−1, depending on the temperature and the choice of starting materials. Correlations between thermodynamics and kinetics were discussed.
Data collection framework for enhanced carbon intensity indicator (CII) in the oil tankers
Authors: Sardar Abdullah , Anantharaman Mohan , Islam T. M. Rabiul , Garaniya Vikram
Published: July 2024

The International Maritime Organization (IMO) aims to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 40% by 2030 compared with 2008. The carbon intensity indicator (CII) calculates the annual reduction factor required to continuously improve a ship's operational carbon intensity at a specific rating level. Verification and documentation of the achieved annual operational CII against the prescribed target are necessary to establish the operational carbon intensity rating. This study focuses on the intricate process of data collection for CII within the oil shipping industry, targeting engineering departments and shipboard management teams. Against the backdrop of the industry's substantial carbon dioxide emissions, the IMO has mandated the calculation of CII values for ships exceeding 5000 gross tons to promote sustainability and reduce environmental impact. We have collected emission data of 20 oil tankers over a period of 2 years using our ship maintenance and operating system (SMOS) and analyzed the data to compare the CII ratings. Our results indicate that a staggering ~63% of the vessels had the lowest CII rating of category E. It is therefore crucial to properly collect, organize, and evaluate data for CII calculation and take necessary measures to improve rating. This paper provides a deeper insight into the evolving CII calculation methodology, emphasizing the incorporation of correction factors and exclusions, and delineates the essential data collection practices needed to facilitate accurate CII calculations.
Tensile Strain and Interatomic Orbital Hybridization Effects Boost the Electrocatalytic Performance of Intermetallic Pd3Pb Nanowires for Ethanol Electrooxidation†
Authors: Miao Bo‐Qiang , Yuan Zi‐Han , Liu Xi‐Lai , Ai Xuan , Zhao Guang‐Tao , Chen Pei , Jin Pu‐Jun , Chen Yu
Published: July 2024

Comprehensive Summary

We present a strategy that effectively modulate the d‐band electronic structure of the active center by strain effect and interatomic orbital hybridization. This strategy efficiently promotes the kinetic process of the ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) in alkaline media. In the intermetallic Pd3Pb nanowires, the introduction of Pb not only causes the lattice expansion of Pd but also achieves the interatomic orbital hybridization bonding with Pd. Such interatomic orbital hybridization effect and tensile strain effect can effectively achieve a co‐regulation of the d‐band electronic structure of Pd, which directly affects the adsorption behavior of intermediate on Pd for EOR. Hence, the intermetallic Pd3Pb nanowires demonstrate enhanced EOR activity and anti‐poisoning ability against COads. Theoretical calculations show that the enhanced OH* adsorption ability and the low energy barrier for the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethanol are the keys to high EOR activity and stability of the intermetallic Pd3Pb nanowires.
Multiple Interaction Forces Construct Two‐Dimensional Self‐assembly Kagome Lattices on Au(111)
Authors: Zhang Yong , Lu Jianchen , Gao Wuyi , Zhang Yi , Li Nianqiang , Li Shicheng , Niu Gefei , Fu Boyu , Gao Lei , Cai Jinming
Published: July 2024

Comprehensive Summary

Kagome lattices have garnered significant attention due to their promising applications in catalysis, electronics, and magnetics. Although many efforts have been paid to the design and synthesis of Kagome lattices, there is a limited focus on constructing this lattice by multiple interaction forces. In this work, we employ 2,7‐dibromo‐carbazole as precursors to successfully fabricate the two‐dimensional self‐assembly Kagome lattices stabled by multiple interaction forces on Au(111) substrate. Using low‐temperature scanning tunneling microscopy, non‐contact atomic force microscopy and density functional theory calculation, we visualize and identify the four interaction forces within Kagome lattices: Au—N coordination bonds, Au—H hydrogen bonds, Br—Br halogen bonds, and Br—H hydrogen bonds, respectively. This study provides a basic understanding for designing and constructing more complex Kagome lattices.