bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association of Delirium Incidence with Visitation Restrictions due to COVID-19 Pandemic in Patients with Acute Cerebrovascular Disease in a Stroke-Unit Setting: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Hahn Marianne , Gröschel Sonja , Gröschel Klaus , Uphaus Timo
Published: October 2022

Introduction: Hospitals around the world introduced considerable visitation restrictions to reduce risk of infection during epidemic spread of SARS-CoV2. Understanding of negative impacts of visitation restrictions on subgroups of patients may help to balance and adjust policies accordingly or introduce further measures to mitigate their impact. We aimed to investigate the association of visitation restrictions with delirium incidence in stroke-unit patients. Methods: In a non-randomized observational design, data from 5,779 stroke-unit cases with transient ischemic attack or stroke (ischemic/hemorrhagic) admitted between January 2017 and November 2021 were compared between three groups depending on visitation policy implemented at time of admission: pandemic-associated absolute visitation restriction (n = 1,087), limited visitation policy (n = 862), and pre-pandemic visitation policy (n = 3,830). Univariate comparison and multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the association of delirium with visitation restrictions. Results: We observed delirium incidences of 6.3% during pandemic-associated absolute visitation restriction, 5.8% with limited visitation policy, and 5.1% with pre-pandemic visitation policy (p = 0.239). In multiple logistic regression analyses adjusting for clinically relevant variables, we found the presence of any pandemic-associated visitation restriction (odds ratio [OR] 1.363, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.066–1.744, p = 0.014) and specifically absolute visitation restriction (OR 1.368, 95% CI: 1.016–1.843, p = 0.039) independently associated with delirium in patients with acute cerebrovascular disease. Other factors independently associated with delirium were older age, male sex, stroke versus transient ischemic attack, acute infection, history of dementia, and longer duration of hospital stay. Conclusion: Pandemic-associated visitation restrictions and specifically absolute visitation restrictions are associated with a higher incidence of delirium among stroke-unit patients with acute cerebrovascular disease. Benefit and harm of visitation restrictions should be carefully weighed and adjustments considered for patients otherwise at increased risk for delirium.
Vocal behaviour reveals asymmetries in neighbour relationships in a semi-colonial raptor, the Eurasian Scops Owl Otus scops
Authors: Grieco Fabrizio
Published: October 2022

Territorial animals often reduce aggression towards familiar neighbours compared to unfamiliar conspecifics. However, variation in the response to different neighbours is less known. In this work, I examined the territorial behaviour of male scops owls during countersinging interactions with two familiar neighbours and I asked whether vocal behaviour of the focal male reflected dear-enemy relationships. Analysis revealed that the focal male’s vocal frequency was associated with (1) the degree of instability of the territory boundary shared with a neighbour and (2) the motivation to persist in the dyadic interaction with that neighbour. Patterns of movement directed to specific individuals suggest that scops owls do discriminate between neighbours. A case of partial territory takeover was observed that was accompanied by temporal changes in vocal frequency in one of the opponents, confirming that vocal frequency is a flexible, context-dependent feature of the relationship of neighbouring scops owls.
Thomas Traherne on Punctuation
Authors: Zhelezcheva Tanya K.
Published: October 2022

Though Thomas Traherne’s punctuation has been harshly criticized for its idiosyncrasy, scholars have also frequently admired the stylistic effects that it creates. His punctuation is linked to baroque art and music, the use of periods to highlighting subordinate ideas, capitalization to its inability to foster figurative language, and parentheses to his writing and editing process. This essay draws attention to a related, but different, issue that has remained unaddressed: what does Traherne himself have to say about punctuation? An examination of Traherne’s works shows that Traherne’s understanding of punctuation falls into two broad categories: the complex-metaphoric and the politico-religious. His metaphoric understanding, which belongs to a long tradition, can be gleaned from his references to the oracle of Delphi’s capital letters inscription; Ficino’s translation of Plato; and Ben Jonson’s borrowing from a fourteenth-century translation of Julius Scaliger’s grammar. Traherne’s politico-religious understanding of punctuation emerges most clearly in his Roman Forgeries (1673) in which he critiques a long list of ecclesiastical sources—epistles, church canons, multi-volume works of the councils—to argue that Catholic scribes and editors used punctuation for ideological purposes: to obfuscate, hide, and forge religious doctrines. Traherne’s comments reveal that early modern readers were likely to skip over text within parenthesis and marginal annotations and to be impressed by the use of all capital letters. Traherne’s textual criticism through the lens of punctuation helps us to understand early modern reading habits as well as the history of textual editing and textual transmission.
“Deep Dark Truthful Mirror”—The Logic of Petrus Ramus and the Tragedy of Samson Agonistes
Authors: Skerpan-Wheeler Elizabeth
Published: October 2022

The sixteenth-century educational reformer Petrus Ramus was known for disrupting the traditional relationship between logic and rhetoric. He removed the first two of the traditional five canons of rhetoric—invention and arrangement—and assigned them to logic. Thus, to Ramus, invention became not a means of finding arguments but rather a process of uncovering truth and finding a means of inquiry into the essence of a subject. This intervention affected educators, scientists, playwrights, and poets, most notably John Milton, whose own version of Ramus’s logic was published only a year after Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes. This chronological association suggests the possibility of a connection between Milton’s understanding of invention and the distinctive nature of the tragedy of Samson. Such a connection suggests that the tragedy represents a process of invention that goes wrong, and that the apparent victory of the Danites leads to the spiritual destruction of their hero.
On the Amazonian cricket Phalangopsis Serville, 1831 (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Phalangopsidae): biology, morphology, and a new species
Authors: SOUZA-DIAS PEDRO G. B. , VALENTE ROBERTA M. , BOLFARINI MÁRCIO P. , RUIZ GUSTAVO R. S.
Published: October 2022

Phalangopsis mimbypysara n. sp. is described from specimens collected in natural cavities in the region of Altamira and Vitória do Xingu, state of Pará, Brazil. Phalangopsis gaudichaudi Saussure, 1874 is considered nomen dubium. We provide new data about biology, distribution, habitat selection, morphology, and natural history of the genus Phalangopsis.
On the identity of Myopilumnus andamanicus Deb, 1989 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Pilumnidae) from India
Authors: TRIVEDI JIGNESHKUMAR , PATEL KRUPAL , MITRA SANTANU , NG PETER K. L.
Published: October 2022

The identity of the poorly known pilumnid crab Myopilumnus andamanicus Deb, 1989 originally described from Neil Island, South Andaman Islands, India, is clarified. A re-examination of the holotype female shows that Deb’s taxon is actually a species of Lophoplax Tesch, 1918. Myopilumnus is synonymized with Lophoplax. Lophoplax andamanica n. comb. is redescribed and compared with congeners. This is the first record of Lophoplax from the Indian Ocean.
Using Machine Learning to Estimate Nonorographic Gravity Wave Characteristics at Source Levels
Authors: Amiramjadi Mozhgan , Plougonven Riwal , Mohebalhojeh Ali R. , Mirzaei Mohammad
Published: October 2022

Machine learning (ML) provides a powerful tool for investigating the relationship between the large-scale flow and unresolved processes, which need to be parameterized in climate models. The current work explores the performance of the random forest regressor (RF) as a nonparametric model in the reconstruction of nonorographic gravity waves (GWs) over midlatitude oceanic areas. The ERA5 dataset from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) model outputs is employed in its full resolution to derive GW variations in the lower stratosphere. Coarse-grained variables in a column-based configuration of the atmosphere are used to reconstruct the GWs variability at the target level. The first important outcome is the relative success in reconstructing the GW signal (coefficient of determination R2 ≈ 0.85 for “E3” combination). The second outcome is that the most informative explanatory variable is the local background wind speed. This questions the traditional framework of gravity wave parameterizations, for which, at these heights, one would expect more sensitivity to sources below than to local flow. Finally, to test the efficiency of a relatively simple, parametric statistical model, the efficiency of linear regression was compared to that of random forests with a restricted set of only five explanatory variables. Results were poor. Increasing the number of input variables to 15 hardly changes the performance of the linear regression (R2 changes slightly from 0.18 to 0.21), while it leads to better results with the random forests (R2 increases from 0.29 to 0.37).
What Controls the Partition between the Cold and Warm Routes in the Meridional Overturning Circulation?
Authors: Rousselet Louise , Cessi Paola , Mazloff Matthew R.
Published: October 2022

The origins of the upper limb of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and the partition among different routes has been quantified with models at eddy-permitting and one eddy-resolving model or with low-resolution models assimilating observations. Here, a step toward bridging this gap is taken by using the Southern Ocean State Estimate (SOSE) at the eddy-permitting 1/6° horizontal resolution to compute Lagrangian diagnostics from virtual particle trajectories advected between 6.7°S and two meridional sections: one at Drake Passage (cold route) and the other from South Africa to Antarctica (warm route). Our results agree with the prevailing concept attributing the largest transport contribution to the warm route with 12.3 Sv (88%) (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) compared with 1.7 Sv (12%) for the cold route. These results are compared with a similar Lagrangian experiment performed with the lower-resolution state estimate from Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean. Eulerian and Lagrangian means highlight an overall increase in the transport of the major South Atlantic currents with finer resolution, resulting in a relatively larger contribution from the cold route. In particular, the Malvinas Current to Antarctic Circumpolar Current (MC/ACC) ratio plays a more important role on the routes partition than the increased Agulhas Leakage. The relative influence of the mean flow versus the eddy flow on the routes partition is investigated by computing the mean and eddy kinetic energies and the Lagrangian-based eddy diffusivity. Lagrangian diffusivity estimates are largest in the Agulhas and Malvinas regions but advection by the mean flow dominates everywhere.
Law and Reason in Richard Hooker's Invention of Anglicanism
Authors: McGrade Arthur Stephen
Published: October 2022

Richard Hooker is said to have invented Anglicanism in his Of the Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity, giving character to an Elizabethan “settlement” of religion sadly lacking it. The Laws is a model of creative response to deeply alarming civil and religious circumstances. It is the major prose work of the English sixteenth century and is important in other ways. Hooker's distinctive sense of law and rich sense of reason are explored here as major elements in his work. The aim is to suggest the enduring interest of the Laws as a whole by pursuing two of its important themes. Of particular current interest is the framework Hooker offers for understanding the sometimes violent entanglements of religion and politics.
Clinical Outcomes of Children With Extended-spectrum ß -Lactamase Urinary Tract Infection Receiving Discordant Empiric Antibiotic: A Comparative Study of Fever Duration, Length of Stay, and Readmissions
Authors: Begaj Xhesika , Lee Hannah , Noor Asif , Fiorito Theresa , Agarwalla Vipin , Kambhampati Ooha , Islam Shahidul , Krilov Leonard R.
Published: October 2022

There has been a recent increase in the incidence of urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Enterobacteriaceae, which are resistant to third-generation cephalosporins. Our goal was to compare the clinical responses of patients with ESBL UTI and non-ESBL UTI who received empiric third-generation cephalosporins. A retrospective analysis was performed on data collected between June 1, 2013, and June 30, 2017, from children aged 0 days to 19 years old who presented to NYU Langone Long Island Hospital’s pediatric ED and/or were admitted with a UTI caused by Enterobacteriaceae. There was no significant difference in median length of fever duration. However, ESBL patients had significantly longer hospital stays, higher 30-day readmission rate, and higher 7-day revisit rate. It is reasonable to maintain an empiric UTI antibiotic choice rather than selecting a broad-spectrum antibiotic, such as carbapenem for children at high risk of ESBL UTI.
The Role of Model Minority Stereotype on General Self-Efficacy and Depressive Symptoms
Authors: Suh Han Na , Nelson Bridget M. , Goergen Jessica L. , Clinton Lauren , Osborne Alexis
Published: October 2022

The model minority stereotype (MMS) is a belief that Asian Americans’ comparative success comes from their hard-work and perseverance, coupled with a lack of barriers such as racism or discrimination against Asian Americans. In this study, we hypothesized that because the MMS demands cognitive energy, the use of self-efficacy as a regulator for depressive symptoms is then limited. Participants included 199 self-identified Asian American college students. A moderation effect of the MMS on the relationship between general self-efficacy and depressive symptoms was tested. Participants with low to above average Unrestricted Mobility (UM), a component of the MMS, displayed a regulating effect of self-efficacy on depressive symptoms, which was not found for individuals with higher UM. Although the variance of moderation effect was small (2%), this study is the first to suggest the effect of self-efficacy in lowering depressive symptoms may depend on the level of UM. Other findings and implications are further discussed.
COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake and Attitudes Within Two Cohorts of Younger Adult Cannabis Users
Authors: Fedorova Ekaterina V. , Wong Carolyn F. , Conn Bridgid M. , Ataiants Janna , Lankenau Stephen E.
Published: October 2022

It is crucial to understand COVID-19 vaccine uptake and attitudes among young adult cannabis users given the lowest vaccination rates among young adults and negative association between cannabis use and willingness to get vaccinated. 18–21-year-old and 26–33-year-old cohorts of cannabis users, recruited in California, were surveyed about the COVID-19 vaccine uptake/attitudes between March-August 2021. Cannabis use/demographic differences were investigated by vaccination status. Vaccine attitudes data were categorized and presented descriptively. 44.4% of the older and 71.8% of the younger cohorts were vaccinated. Non-Hispanic Black/African American race/ethnicity, lack of health insurance, and medicinal orientation towards cannabis use were negatively associated with vaccine receipt within the older cohort. For both cohorts, top reasons for vaccine hesitancy and rejection were concerns about speed of development, potential side effects, natural immunity, and lack of trust of vaccines. Our results highlight greater vaccine hesitance/rejection and need for targeted interventions among mid-20’s-early-30’s cannabis users.
“The Challenge Is That Steroids Are So Effective”: A Qualitative Study of Experts’ Views on Strategies to Prevent Men’s Use of Anabolic Steroids
Authors: Vinther Anders Schmidt
Published: October 2022

Despite persistent efforts in many countries to prevent the use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) and other image and performance-enhancing drugs (IPEDs), very little is known about effective prevention strategies. This study aimed to explore experts’ views on strategies to prevent AAS use in the context of recreational strength training in gyms. The study builds on in-depth interviews with 46 researchers and practitioners from 15 countries, whose main area of expertise is IPED use, prevention and education in physical activity settings (IPED experts). Participants were asked about their views on AAS use prevention and what intervention strategies may be effective in preventing this behavior. Data were analyzed using thematic content analysis in accordance with recommendations for this technique. The findings showed that the IPED experts generally agree that some, but not all, instances of AAS use can be prevented through targeted prevention in gyms. They pointed to three key priorities for AAS use prevention in gyms: (1) make the case for drug-free training, (2) promote safe and effective ways to enhance muscularity, and (3) attempt to change the physical and social environment in the gym to make the training milieu less conducive to AAS use. Importantly, however, none of the experts were able to pinpoint any specific behavior change strategies that have proven effective.
Democratic Versus Socialist Multicultural Federalism: The Dilemma of Ethiopian Federalism
Authors: Tareke Sibuh Gebeyaw
Published: October 2022

The Ethiopian Constitution currently in use was introduced in 1995. It has facilitated the country’s transformation from the Derg military regime to a decentralized democratic federal state that accommodates multi-ethnic diversity and institutionalizes ethnic identity. However, the de facto ethnic federal system is a mixture of socialist and democratic federalism. This federal experiment has faced enormous challenges, including problems of legitimacy, weak democratization, political instability, secession, and violent conflict between different ethnic groups. These problems have led to the internal displacement of people and the death of a large number of innocent citizens. This article assesses the prevailing mixture of democratic and socialist federalism in the context of the contemporary Ethiopian political milieu, particularly the challenges and impacts.
Clinical Profile, Course and Outcomes of Male Inpatients with Mental Illness Charged with Homicide: A Chart Review from an Indian Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: Vajawat Bhavika , Kumar Channaveerachari Naveen , Hegde Prakyath , Moirangthem Sydney , Basavaraju Vinay , Prathyusha Vasuki , Bhaskarapillai Binukumar , Math Suresh Bada , Murthy Pratima
Published: October 2022

Background:

The relationship between imprisonment and mental illness is bidirectional. The clinical outcomes of prisoners with mental illness have not been widely studied, especially in developing countries. This study was conducted to assess the same among male inpatients under judicial custody with charges of homicide.

Methods:

A retrospective chart review of male forensic ward inpatients admitted between January 1, 2003, and December 31, 2016, was conducted. Diagnosis in the files was based on the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-10 criteria. The Clinical and Global Improvement—Severity (CGI-S) scale was used to measure the severity of illness. Mean CGI-S assessment was carried out at baseline, end of 1 year, 5 years, and 15 years. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Friedman’s test, and Dunn’s post hoc test.

Results:

Schizophrenia spectrum disorders and other psychotic disorders, mood disorders, and alcohol use disorders were diagnosed in 62(49.6%), 22(17.6%), and 44(35.2%) subjects, respectively. Forty-one (32.8%) subjects had at least one readmission. The average CGI-S score for the total subjects was 5 (markedly ill) at baseline and 2 (borderline ill) at the end of their latest contact with the tertiary care hospital. For the 34 subjects (27.2%) who had follow-up information of 15 years, the average CGI-S score was 1 (normal, not at all ill) at the end of 15 years (P < 0.001).

Conclusion:

Clinical outcomes of prisoners with mental illness seem promising, subject to the seamless availability of services. Studies from other parts of the country are required for a more systematic understanding of the requirements of care.
Choroid plexus perfusion and bulk cerebrospinal fluid flow across the adult lifespan
Authors: Eisma Jarrod J , McKnight Colin D , Hett Kilian , Elenberger Jason , Song Alexander K , Stark Adam J , Claassen Daniel O , Donahue Manus J
Published: October 2022

The choroid plexus (ChP) comprises a collection of modified ependymal cells that play an important role in the production of brain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and ChP perfusion aberrations have been implicated in a range of cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative disorders. To provide an exemplar for the growing interest in ChP activity, we evaluated ChP perfusion and bulk CSF flow cross-sectionally across the healthy adult lifespan. Participants (n = 77; age range = 21–86 years) were scanned at 3T using T1-weighted, T2-weighted-FLAIR, perfusion-weighted pCASL, and phase contrast MRI to calculate ChP anatomy, perfusion, and aqueductal CSF flow, respectively. Regression models were applied to evaluate aging effects on ChP volume and ChP perfusion in the lateral ventricles, as well as CSF flow. ChP volume (mean ± std = 2.81 ± 1.1 cm3) increased (p < 0.001), ChP perfusion (36.3 ± 8.6 mL/100 g/min) decreased (p = 0.0078), and ChP total blood flow (1.13 ± 0.34 mL/min) increased (p < 0.001) with age. Cranial-to-caudal net CSF flow (0.245 ± 0.20 mL/min) decreased, absolute CSF flow (4.86 ± 2.96 mL/min) increased, and CSF regurgitant fraction (0.87 ± 0.126) increased with age (all: p < 0.001). ChP perfusion was directly related to net cranial-to-caudal CSF flow through the aqueduct (p = 0.033). The implications of these findings are discussed in the context of the growing literature on CSF circulatory dysfunction in neurodegeneration and cerebrovascular disease.
Analysis and Full-Scale Testing of New MASH TL-4 Bridge Rail for William P. Lane, JR. Bridge, Annapolis, MD
Authors: Williams William , Lopez Maria , Eshenaur Scott , Hopper Travis
Published: October 2022

The purpose of this project was to analyze and test a new combination concrete and metal bridge rail for the William P. Lane (WPL) Bridge over the Chesapeake Bay east of Annapolis, Maryland, U.S., to Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware (MASH) Test Level 4 (TL-4) specifications. The new combination bridge rail is 50 in. in height and anchors to an 8 in. thick segmental precast concrete deck. The bridge rail was anchored to the deck using widely spaced 1 in. diameter bent anchor bolts that were cast into the concrete parapet sections. The length of the parapet and deck sections were approximately 150 ft. The deck sections were constructed with tongue and groove joint connections. The single tube metal rail, which bolted to the top of the concrete parapet sections, was anchored to the concrete using conventional cast in place anchor bolts. The transverse reinforcement in the deck, in the immediate area of the MASH TL-4 impact, was instrumented with strain gages to measure the strain and force in the transverse deck reinforcement. In addition, load cells were applied to the 1 in. diameter anchor bolts in the parapet to measure the anchor forces from the MASH TL-4 impact. This paper summarizes the results from the bridge rail analyses, measured forces in the transverse deck reinforcement and anchor bolts from the crash loads, and the results from the full-scale testing program. The new combination bridge rail performed very well with respect to the MASH TL-4 specifications. Details of the design and testing of the combination bridge rail are provided in this paper.
Trends in Involuntary Psychiatric Hospitalization in British Columbia: Descriptive Analysis of Population-Based Linked Administrative Data from 2008 to 2018
Authors: Loyal Jackson P. , Lavergne M. Ruth , Shirmaleki Mehdi , Fischer Benedikt , Kaoser Ridhwana , Makolewksi Jack , Small Will
Published: October 2022

Introduction

Involuntary psychiatric hospitalization occurs when someone with a serious mental disorder requires treatment without their consent. Trends vary globally, and currently, there is limited data on involuntary hospitalization in Canada. We examine involuntary hospitalization trends in British Columbia, Canada, and describe the social and clinical characteristics of people ages 15 and older who were involuntarily hospitalized between 2008/2009 and 2017/2018.

Method

We used population-based linked administrative data to examine and compare trends in involuntary and voluntary hospitalizations for mental and substance use disorders. We described patient characteristics (sex/gender, age, health authority, income, urbanity/rurality, and primary diagnosis) and tracked the count of involuntarily hospitalized people over time by diagnosis. Finally, we examined population-based prevalence over time by age and sex/gender.

Results

Involuntary hospitalizations among British Columbians ages 15 and older rose from 14,195 to 23,531 (65.7%) between 2008/2009 and 2017/2018. Apprehensions involving police increased from 3,502 to 8,009 (128.7%). Meanwhile, voluntary admissions remained relatively stable, with a minimal increase from 17,651 in 2008/2009 to 17,751 in 2017/2018 (0.5%). The most common diagnosis for involuntary patients in 2017/2018 was mood disorders (25.1%), followed by schizophrenia (22.3%), and substance use disorders (18.8%). From 2008/2009 to 2017/2018, the greatest increase was observed for substance use disorders (139%). Over time, population-based prevalence increased most rapidly among women ages 15–24 (162%) and men ages 15–34 (81%) and 85 and older (106%).

Conclusion

Findings highlight the need to strengthen the voluntary care system for mental health and substance use, especially for younger adults, and people who use substances. They also signal a need for closer examination of the use of involuntary treatment for substance use disorders, as well as further research exploring forces driving police involvement and its implications.
The Role of Dementia and Residential Service Agency Characteristics in the Care Experiences of Maryland Medicaid Home and Community-Based Service Participants and Family and Unpaid Caregivers
Authors: Fabius Chanee D. , Millar Roberto , Geil Erick , Stockwell Ian , Diehl Christin , Johnston Deirdre , Gallo Joseph J. , Wolff Jennifer L.
Published: October 2022

In Maryland, residential service agencies deliver Medicaid Home and Community-Based Services (HCBS) to older adults with disabilities through direct care workers (e.g., personal care aides). Leveraging survey data from residential service agency administrators, linked to interRAI Home Care assessments for 1144 participants, we describe agency characteristics, and participant and family caregiver experiences by participant dementia status. Most (61.7%) participants experienced low social engagement, and roughly 10.0% experienced a hospitalization or emergency room visit within 90 days. Few (14.4%) participants were served by agencies requiring dementia-specific direct care worker training, and most were served by agencies offering supplemental services, or in which direct care workers helped with health information technology (81.2% and 72.8%, respectively). Few caregivers reported negative care experiences. Participants with dementia and those served by agencies with training and support more often reported negative care experiences. Findings lay the foundation for future longitudinal and embedded interventions within Medicaid HCBS.
A military/intelligence operational perspective on the American Psychological Association’s weaponization of psychology post-9/11
Authors: Arrigo Jean Maria , Rockwood Lawrence P. , O’Brien Jack , Franz Dutch , DeBatto David , Kiriakou John
Published: October 2022

We examine the role of the American Psychological Association (APA) in the weaponization of American psychology post-9/11. In 2004, psychologists’ involvement in the detention and interrogation of terrorist suspects generated controversy over psychological ethics in national security (PENS). Two signal events inflamed the controversy. The 2005 APA PENS Report legitimized clinical psychology consultation in support of military/intelligence operations with detained terrorist suspects. An independent review, the 2015 Hoffman Report, found APA collusion with the US Department of Defense in producing the APA PENS Report and subsequent policies. Ongoing activities within APA to weaponize psychology sharpened the controversy. The authors—two psychologists and four former military/intelligence professionals—bring a military/intelligence operational perspective to detail two neglected areas of collateral damage. The first is the toll on psychology as a scientific enterprise. The second is covert influence on professional associations for incompatible security-sector objectives. We establish epistemic, historical, institutional, legal, and operational foundations for evaluation of these damages, as well as implications for APA and related professional associations in the ongoing Global War on Terror.
Early Impacts of College, Interrupted: Considering First-Year Students’ Narratives About COVID and Reports of Adjustment During College Shutdowns
Authors: Booker Jordan A. , Ell Mikayla , Fivush Robyn , Greenhoot Andrea Follmer , McLean Kate C. , Wainryb Cecilia , Pasupathi Monisha
Published: October 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic has threatened lives and livelihoods, imperiled families and communities, and disrupted developmental milestones globally. Among the critical developmental disruptions experienced is the transition to college, which is common and foundational for personal and social exploration. During college shutdowns (spring 2020), we recruited 633 first-year U.S. students (mean age = 18.83 years, 71.3% cisgender women) to provide narratives about the impacts of the pandemic. We tested the ways narrative features were associated with concurrent and longitudinal COVID stressors, psychosocial adjustment, and identity development. Narrative growth expressed in spring 2020 was positively associated with psychosocial adjustment and global identity development and was negatively associated with mental health concerns. Associations were supported concurrently and at 1-year follow-up. Growth partly explained associations between COVID stressors and students’ adjustment. Our findings reinforce the importance of growth for resilience and underscore the importance of connective reasoning as people navigate a chronic stress.
Understanding Confrontations and Conflicts in West Asia: Two Excellent Studies Penetrate the Veil
Authors: Ahmad Talmiz
Published: October 2022

Deepika Saraswat, Between Survival and Status: The Counter-Hegemonic Geopolitics of Iran(MacMillan Publishers, 2022). Pp. 212, ₹1650.

Fazzur Rehman Siddiqui, Arab World in Transition and the Quest for a New Regional Order (MacMillan Publishers, 2022). Pp. 242, ₹1600.
Timeout: The Role of Family-Friendly Policies in Business Start-Up Among Mothers
Authors: Markowska Magdalena , Ahl Helene , Naldi Lucia
Published: October 2022

This article explores why an increasing number of Swedish mothers are becoming entrepreneurs; this choice appears counterintuitive given the prevailing social welfare system prioritizes the rights of employed women. Using an interpretative stance, we analyzed the life stories of 18 Swedish mothers who created new ventures while caring for young children. The value of the time afforded by parental leave policies was identified as vital to the business creation process. Hence, we argue that time is a critical entrepreneurship-relevant resource; this is illustrated by the positive effect of the Swedish welfare system upon entrepreneurship entry and the timing of this decision.
A systematic review of the current availability of mobile applications in eyecare practices
Authors: Abdulhussein D , Abdul Hussein M , Szymanka M , Farag S
Published: October 2022

Background

There is an increasing shift towards non-communicable eye diseases (NCEDs) because of a demographic transition. Incorporation of telemedicine into everyday clinical practice is becoming increasingly popular. We sought to carry out a systematic review to look at which applications on portable devices are available for use in eyecare practices for patients with NCEDs, specifically refractive error, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and glaucoma.

Methods

Pubmed, EMBASE, Medline, PsychInfo databases were systematically searched using keywords and MeSH terms. Eligible articles included peer-reviewed, original full text articles evaluating apps for use on portable devices aimed at patients with NCEDs.

Results

The initial search yielded 100 studies. Nine studies met the inclusion criteria, and an additional eight studies were identified through reference screening. Of the included studies, 29.4%% (n = 5) evaluated applications aimed for use to identify refractive errors, 35.3% (n = 6) aimed at patients with glaucoma, 23.5% (n = 4) for use by patients with AMD, 11.7% (n = 2) for the non-specific monitoring of visual acuity/fields. 76.5% (n = 13) of the studies showed that the application evaluated was an effective and reliable tool compared to clinical standards.

Conclusions

Portable device applications in patients with NCED have been shown to be effective. The use of these apps for patients is limited to either diagnostic or monitoring use. There is scope for apps which encompass other aspects of patient care that have been used in other specialties that may be applied to ophthalmic patients, including those with an educational aim which have a role in increasing compliance.
Seeing as an Act of Hearing: Making Visible Children’s Experiences of the COVID-19 Pandemic Through Participatory Animation
Authors: Lomax Helen , Smith Kate
Published: October 2022

‘Our Voices’ is an animation co-created with children aged 9–11 during the 2020–2021 global pandemic. A short, stop-start animation of children’s visual, audio and textual representations of their experiences offers a visceral account of the pandemic in England from their perspectives. In making available the animation in this inaugural issue of ‘Beyond the Text’, we have two key aims. The first is to enable children, who have been barely seen and little heard during the pandemic, to voice their experiences in accordance with their aspirations. The second is to reflect upon the process of transforming creative data made by and with children into an animation that is representative of children’s diverse experiences and acknowledges their contributions in ways which enable audiences to engage through ‘seeing’. Accordingly, our accompanying text explores how, through a feminist ethics of care, we sought to co-produce an animation with children which delivers key messages from them and acknowledges their role as co-researchers while maintaining their anonymity. In describing our methodological and ethical practices, we aspire to make visible the relational, dialogic processes inherent in co-production, offering viewers a way of seeing the complexity of children’s experiences through the multi-layered affordances of participatory animation.
Shear strengthening of RC beams with NSM FRP. II: Assessment of strength models
Authors: Ke Y. , Zhang S.S. , Jedrzejko M.J. , Fernando D. , Nie X.F.
Published: October 2022

The application of near-surface mounted (NSM) fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) for shear strengthening of RC beams has attracted abundant research in the past few decades, and a number of strength models for predicting the contribution of NSM FRPs to the shear capacity of strengthened beam have been proposed. In the first of these two companion papers, a total of 12 strength models of NSM FRP shear strengthened RC beams collected from the existing literature have been comprehensively reviewed, while the present paper aims to provide an objective assessment of these models. To this end, the experimental results of 196 RC beams strengthened in shear with NSM FRP bars/strips are collected from the existing literature, as the database for the assessment. The comparisons between the experimental results and predictions by these strength models reveal that the existing strength models all fail to give accurate predictions. The reasons for the inaccurate predictions of these models are also analyzed.
Prison officers and esprit de corps. Ingroup and outgroup relationships in prison
Authors: Maculan Alessandro , Rodelli Maddalena
Published: October 2022

This paper presents a qualitative study exploring the concept of esprit de corps in prison officers (POs), through the interpretative lens of Social Identity Theory. The study relies on semi-structured interviews conducted with 26 POs working in Italian correctional facilities. Thematic analyses on the resulting data enabled us to identify POs’ esprit de corps as a complex and multidimensional construct that influences both their social identification with their professional group and their interpersonal relationships with members of their ingroup and outgroup. Findings from this study suggest that POs’ esprit de corps is a fundamental component of day-to-day prison life, taking effect on the symbolic and relational levels, fostering loyalty and cohesion among ingroup members, and contrast with members of the outgroup. We conclude that examining esprit de corps as a construct can give an important contribution to our criminological and sociological knowledge.
Failure analysis of an axle shaft in an airport ground support vehicle
Authors: Diler Ali Armağan , Gürgen Selim , Sert Abdullah
Published: October 2022

In this study, failure analysis of an axle shaft in an airport ground support vehicle was carried out to determine failure mechanism, failure root causes and preventive actions. Macroscopic observation, numerical analysis, metallographic analysis, chemical composition analysis, hardness measurement and tensile test methods were used in failure analysis. In numerical fatigue analyses, axle shaft was modelled as a functionally graded material due to mechanical properties changing in the material radial section as a result of induction surface hardening. The analysis results showed that the failure mechanism of fractured axle shaft was torsional fatigue. High surface roughness and insufficient mechanical properties were found as failure root causes. Making finish cut with low depth and even grinding in surface finishing process were proposed as a prevention to increase surface quality, reduce surface roughness and stress concentrations in machining of axle shaft. In addition, using another material with higher yield strength (EN 37Cr4) was proposed instead of EN 34Cr4 alloy steel as the axle shaft material.
The fourth estate operating by means of silencing
Authors: Hansen Ejvind
Published: October 2022

The traditional foundation of the placed reserved for the Fourth Estate in democratic practice is under pressure. To revitalize this idea, a focus upon how journalists handle silence professionally is suggested. It is argued that it is important to bring out how the handling of silence is carried out, and to understand that silence is not only something to be avoided. Silence is of foundational importance for communicative significance to emerge. In a reading of Deleuze, Heidegger and Derrida, we argue for a model in which silence is necessary for significant communicative exchanges. We avoid thoughtlessness by allotting a function to silence; for communication requires not just information but a channel of silence, so to speak. It is, finally, argued that it is important not to expect the revealed forms of silence to be problematic. It is demonstrated that certain forms of silence can be analysed as democracy enhancing because they permit less heated exchanges that make room for thoughtful contemplation.
Building high-quality interpersonal staff-client relationships with people with severe to profound intellectual disabilities and challenging behavior: Insights of professionals and relatives
Authors: Hermsen Maaike , Simons Rianne , van Veen Hennie , Prudon Angela , Rooijackers Lina , Otten Roy , Koordeman Renske
Published: October 2022

Background: Staff-client relationships impact the quality of support and life of people with severe to profound intellectual disabilities and challenging behavior, but are challenging to build due to clients’ intense, complex and varying support needs. The present study explores the perspectives of professionals and relatives on what affects these interpersonal relationships. Method: 17 professionals and 11 relatives participated in focus groups and interviews. Data collection and analysis was performed in collaboration with a co-researcher. Data were synthesized thematically. Results: Interpersonal relationships constituted equivalence, striving for mutual understanding, trust and exploring clients’ potential. The combination of staff characteristics (enthusiasm/passion, patience, resilience, creativity/humor, flexibility) and expertise (knowledge, vulnerability/sincerity, self-reflection) enabled staff to build these relationships. The importance of involving relatives was addressed. Contextual influences included the team (cooperation, flexibility, culture), organization (cooperation, boundary conditions) and setting (predictability, interior/atmosphere). Conclusions: The findings make practical knowledge explicit and scientifically underpinned for this specific population.
Analyzing opioid-use disorder websites in the United States: An optimized website usability study
Authors: He Shuhan , Shyamsundar Saishravan , Chong Paul , Kannikal Jasmine , Calvano Joshua , Balapal Neha , Kallenberg Nick , Balaji Adarsh , Ankem Amala , Martin Alister
Published: October 2022

Background

As the United States continues to tackle the opioid epidemic, it is imperative for digital healthcare organizations to provide Internet users with accurate and accessible online resources so that they can make informed decisions with regards to their health.

Objective

The primary objectives were to adapt and modify a previously established usability methodology from literature, apply this modified methodology in order to perform usability analysis of opioid-use-disorder (OUD)-related websites, and make important recommendations that OUD-related digital health organizations may utilize to improve their online presence.

Methods

A list of 208 websites (later refined) was generated for usability testing using a modified Google Search methodology. Four keywords were chosen and used in the search: “DEA-X Waiver Training”, “opioid-use-disorder (OUD) Initiatives”, “Buprenorphine Assisted Treatment”, and “Opioid-Use Disorder Websites”. Usability analysis was performed concurrently with optimization of the methodology. OUD websites were analyzed and scored on several usability categories established by previous literature.

Results

“DEA-X Waiver Training” yielded websites that scored the highest average in “Accessibility” (0.84), while “Opioid-Use Disorder Websites” yielded websites that scored the highest average in “Content Quality” (0.67). “Buprenorphine Assisted Treatment” yielded websites that scored the highest average across “Marketing” (0.52), “Technology” (0.89), “General Usability” (0.69), and “Overall Usability” (0.68). “Technology” and “Marketing” were the highest and lowest scoring usability categories, respectively. T-test analysis revealed that each usability, except “Marketing” had a pair of one or more keywords that were significantly different with a p-value that was equal to or less than 0.05.

Conclusions

Based on the study findings, we recommend that digital organizations in the OUD space should improve their “General Usability” score by making their websites easier to find online. Doing so, may allow users, especially individuals in the OUD space, to discover accurate information that they are seeking. Based on the study findings, we also made important recommendations that OUD-related digital organizations may utilize in order to improve website usability as well as overall reach.
Radiological and Clinical Outcomes comparing 2-level MIS Lateral and MIS Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion in Degenerative Lumbar Spinal Stenosis
Authors: Chong Elliot Yeung , Tong Tan Lenice Yue , Chong Christoph Sheng , Yeo William , Siang Koh Don Thong , Jiang Lei , Guo Chang Ming , Cheong Soh Reuben C.
Published: October 2022

Study design

Retrospective Cohort Study

Objectives

To compare early postoperative radiological and clinical outcomes between 2-level minimally invasive (MIS) trans-psoas lateral lumbar interbody fusion (LLIF) and MIS transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) for degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis.

Methods

Fifty three consecutive patients undergoing 2-level lumbar interbody fusion from L3-L5 for degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis were enrolled. Twenty four patients underwent LLIF and 29 underwent TLIF.

Results

Operative time and length of stay were similar between LLIF and TLIF (272.8 ± 82.4 vs 256.1 ± 59.4 minutes; 5.5 ± 2.8 vs 4.7 ± 3.3 days, P > .05), whereas blood loss was lower for LLIF (229.0 ± 125.6 vs 302.4 ± 97.1mls, P = .026). Neurological deficits were more common in LLIF (9 vs 3, P = .025), whereas persistent deficits were rare for both (1 vs 1, P = 1). For both groups, all patient reported outcomes visual analogue scale (VAS back pain, VAS leg pain, ODI, SF-36 physical) improved from preoperative to 2-years postoperative ( P < .05), with both groups showing no significant differences in extent of improvement for any outcome. Lateral lumbar interbody fusion demonstrated superior restoration of disc height (L3-L4: 4.1 ± 2.4 vs 1.2 ± 1.9 mm, P < .001; L4-L5: 4.6 ± 2.4 vs .8 ± 2.8 mm, P < .001), foraminal height (FH) (L3-L4: 3.5 ± 3.6 vs 1.0 ± 3.6 mm, P = .014; L4-L5: 3.0 ± 3.5 vs -.1 ± 4.4 mm, P = .0080), segmental lordosis (4.1 ± 6.4 vs -2.1 ± 8.1°, P = .005), lumbar lordosis (LL) (4.1 ± 7.0 vs -2.3 ± 12.6°, P = .026) and pelvic incidence-lumbar lordosis (PI-LL) mismatch (−4.1 ± 7.0 vs 2.3 ± 12.6°, P = .019) at 2-years follow-up.

Conclusion

The superior radiological outcomes demonstrated by 2-level trans-psoas LLIF did not translate into difference in clinical outcomes compared to 2-level TLIF at the 2-years follow-up, suggesting both approaches are reasonable for 2-level lumbar interbody fusion in degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis.
Introducing ethnohistorical research to multimodal studies
Authors: O’Hagan Lauren Alex
Published: October 2022

This paper reflects on the importance of archival research to the analysis of historical multimodal texts. Specifically, it put forwards a “multimodal ethnohistorical” approach, offering a guide to the key principles and resources that underpin the methodology and using examples from past research to demonstrate its effectiveness. The paper argues that multimodal ethnohistory can help address many of the criticisms around text-based multimodal analysis and its lack of attention to the broader social practices, processes and people involved in the production or reception of texts. The proposed methodology, thus, hopes to open up a debate about the need to gain a greater appreciation of the past to place contemporary multimodal texts within a broader trajectory of patterned practices and uses, thereby fostering a deeper awareness of how certain semiotic and compositional choices are rooted in earlier historical conventions of meaning-making but have evolved over time in response to technological change.