bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hispanidad
Authors: García Antonio Rivera
Published: June 2017

Hispanidad
is a reactionary version of Hispanism or Hispano‐Americanism. Its proponents thought that Spain, with its traditional lifestyle, was the nation that could save Europe and Western civilization from the crisis of modernity. Its defenders tried to convert an ideology that had been anachronistic and marginal since the beginning of the twentieth century into an ideology that would be central and contemporary. This entry examines the ideology and its proponents.
Ho Chi Minh
Authors: August Timothy K.
Published: June 2017

Ho Chi Minh (May 19, 1890–September 2, 1969) was an anti‐colonial leader who served as the prime minister (1945–55) and president (1955–69) of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV).
Hurston, Zora Neale
Authors: Cummins Amy
Published: June 2017

Zora Neale Hurston (1891–1960) was an African American creative writer and anthropologist. Associated with Florida and New York in the United States, Hurston was the most widely known woman writer of the Harlem Renaissance era. Her most famous book is the novel
Their Eyes Were Watching God
(1937). Evidence of Hurston's strong and increasing reputation as an anthropologist and creative writer includes the recent publication of folklore she collected but did not publish in her lifetime, the appearance of children's books by and about her, and the steady appearance of new and interdisciplinary scholarship about her.
Immigration
Authors: Kurz Joshua J.
Published: June 2017

Postcolonial theory undermines the distinctions of inside and outside, of inclusion and exclusion, that form the basis of the very notion of immigration and its taken‐for‐granted assumptions: that a group belongs in a place and to move to a new place requires permission from the proper authorities. Postcolonial theory draws attention to the fact that “immigration” is, at its most basic level, a political technology of division that allows for the existence and replication of intense inequality, a system of global apartheid.
Italian Empire
Authors: Sofo Giuseppe
Published: June 2017

The Italian Empire officially lasted from 1936 to 1947, although Italy had already lost its colonies in Eastern Africa by 1941, but the short‐lived Fascist empire is just the core of a much longer history of practices of colonialism and tendencies toward imperialism, from the birth of the unified country to the ambiguous relationship with the legacy of the past in contemporary culture. The image of a more human Italian colonialism is still dominant in Italy, although historians have shown that horrible war crimes have been committed in all the areas occupied, from Africa to Yugoslavia, including the extensive use of chemical weapons, and deportation to concentration camps. The emerging Italian postcolonial literature of recent decades could be the key for a new understanding of the colonial past.
Japanese Modern Literature from Okinawa
Authors: Bhowmik Davinder L.
Published: June 2017

Modern Japanese literature from Okinawa is closely tied to historical events beginning with the 1609 colonization of the Ryūkyū Kingdom to the 1879 incorporation of Okinawa into the nation‐state of Japan, the 1945 Battle of Okinawa, and the reversion to Japanese sovereignty in 1972. Identity is a key theme of pre‐war literature and wartime memory is a major theme of postwar and contemporary literature. Distinct characteristics of this literature include expressions of culture, language, identity, and resistance.
King, Martin Luther, Jr.
Authors: Neti Leila
Published: June 2017

This entry considers the life and works Martin Luther King, Jr. It presents highlights from his career and gives an overview of some of his more prominent works.
Brathwaite, Edward Kamau
Authors: Griffith Glyne
Published: June 2017

This entry offers a brief biography of the poet, historian, and cultural critic Edward Kamau Brathwaite (1930– ), with a description and some critical assessment of his major works and critical concerns.
Favela
Authors: Santos Carolina Correia dos
Published: June 2017

Favela
is a revealing term as it exposes ideologies, or better yet, the gaze of who speaks of it.
Governmentality
Authors: Turner Ellen
Published: June 2017

Governmentality, a concept which originates from the work of the French philosopher Michel Foucault, primarily relates to an analytics of power which highlights the artificiality of government. The term refers to a way of understanding the functioning of power as that which emanates from diverse societal institutions rather than one centralized, top‐down source, such as the sovereign state. Over the last 20 years studies in governmentality have gained impetus and have led to the development of a variety of approaches across multiple disciplines, all of which use the concept in some way as a theoretical tool. Understood as such, governmentality can be viewed as a bundle of useful methods for understanding and unraveling how power functions in different social and historical contexts, and how different societies think about power. This entry discusses developments in the field.
Laye, Camara
Authors: Wanberg Kyle
Published: June 2017

Camara Laye (1928–80) was a Francophone writer from French Guinea whose work, spanning colonialism and independence, has become a matter of controversy. As a writer who flirted with different prose styles throughout his career, Laye developed an African form of modernism that challenged prevailing paradigms of colonialism, ethnicity, politics, and existence. However, early in Laye's writing career he faced criticism from other African writers, like Wole Soyinka and Mongo Beti, who saw his work as derivative or not anti‐colonial enough. And later, after he died, accusations of plagiarism were raised, conferring an atmosphere of suspicion and conjecture upon his legacy and work. Laye's works attained a global readership, and their reception in Europe and the United States incorporates some of the complex dynamics that faced African writers publishing in the mid‐twentieth century.
Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich
Authors: Laird Heather
Published: June 2017

Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, born Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (1870−1924), was a Russian revolutionary, a political and economic theorist, and a communist politician. One of the most influential and controversial figures of the twentieth century, Lenin was the main architect and first leader of the Soviet Union. He was also one of the first critics of modern imperialism, defining it in
Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism
(1917) as capitalism in its final monopolistic stage. His corresponding belief in the revolutionary potential of nationalism, when employed against imperialist exploitation, led to disagreement between Lenin and some of his fellow revolutionaries for whom nationalism, approached from a more conventional Marxist perspective, was invariably a distraction from class conflict.
Latin American Literature of the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Montaldo Graciela
Published: June 2017

Latin American nineteenth‐century writing was a collection of geo‐ and biopolitical positionings that was not organized around a developing line of progress. Instead, it intervened in precise circumstances and in ways that reflected an intent to politically and culturally relocate the American territories and populations, to give them a place in a world that was reorganizing its borders.
Lovelace, Earl
Authors: Schwarz Bill
Published: June 2017

Earl Lovelace is one of the Caribbean's premier novelists. Through his life he has published a succession of audacious novels which have entered the public life of Trinidad and Tobago. In addition he has published plays, short stories, essays, and fiction for children. Much of the energy of his writing derives from his determination to recuperate the “other” Trinidad – blacker, more vernacular, free from the imprint of colonial respectability. Above all, Lovelace is preoccupied with the political and psychic struggles for selfhood. In addition, the attempt to reconstruct in his fiction the rhythms of popular speech and the forms of calypso produces in the later novels particularly, a hybrid genre of performative epic.
Malcolm X
Authors: Winston Dennis L.
Published: June 2017

Malcolm X, also known as El‐Hajj Malik El‐Shabazz, was born Malcolm Little on May 19, 1925. Less than 40 years later, on February 21, 1965, he was shot and killed at the Audubon Ballroom in Manhattan, New York. Malcolm was perhaps the most polarizing figure to have emerged from the African American civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s. He is often cited as the philosophical and ideological antithesis to Martin Luther King, Jr. Malcolm X continues to be a legendary figure whose powerful intellectual abilities are celebrated particularly among communities who believe that their humanity depends on a profound understanding and dedication to their culture. Malcolm X's most important written work,
The Autobiography of Malcolm X
, became a national best seller in the years following his death. It continues to be revered as an important American story, which attests to its worldwide acclaim and extensive scholarly attention.
Malouf, David
Authors: Pons Xavier
Published: June 2017

David Malouf is a major contemporary Australian writer. Primarily a poet and a novelist, he has explored many facets of Australia's postcolonial condition, focusing on the importance of place, love, and language to overcome the sense of loss felt in dislocation and achieve a sense of belonging. He is the recipient of many literary prizes and awards.
Mandela, Nelson
Authors: Murray Peter
Published: June 2017

This entry surveys the life of Nelson Mandela, South Africa's first freely elected black president. Protesting the apartheid regime throughout the 1940s to1960s, Mandela was sentenced to 27 years in prison after being convicted of treason at the Rivonia trial. During his incarceration, Mandela became an international symbol of black South African resistance. With growing tensions throughout the country as well as building international pressures and sanctions, the South African government, led by President Botha, began talks with Mandela to transition the country to democracy. After Botha suffered a stroke, his successor, F. W. de Klerk, freed Mandela and the two negotiated the transfer of power for which they were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993. Mandela served as president from 1994 to1999 and a milestone of his tenure was the emphasis placed upon reconciliation between white and black South Africans.
Mudrooroo (Colin Thomas Johnson)
Authors: Henningsgaard Per
Published: June 2017

When Mudrooroo's semi‐autobiographical novel
Wild Cat Falling
was published in 1965, Colin Johnson (as he was then known) was regarded as the first Aboriginal Australian novelist. In 1996, however, controversy erupted when Mudrooroo's sister publicly stated that their family had no Aboriginal ancestry. Consequently, the status of Mudrooroo's extensive bibliography of published works – including novels, poetry collections, historical and critical works, and theatrical and film scripts – has been called into question. Mudrooroo was born Colin Thomas Johnson on August 21, 1938, on a farm near the small town of Narogin, Western Australia. Mudrooroo has also published under the names Mudrooroo Narogin and Mudrooroo Nyoongah.
Nationalism in Latin America
Authors: González Francisco Colom
Published: June 2017

Even if the Latin American states belong to the earliest wave of constitutional polities that emerged from the Atlantic revolutions, the conventional literature on nationalism has paid scarce attention to this phenomenon in the region. This entry analyzes the material conditions under which the meaning of “the nation” changed for different social groups throughout the colonial and independent periods. A general periodization and a broad typology of nationalist‐leaning representations is established that reaches from colonial Creole patriotism to contemporary neo‐populist movements.
Native American Literature, Criticism and Theory
Authors: White Frederick
Published: June 2017

Native American literature, criticism and theory all encompass numerous indigenous North American nations, cultures and traditions, and when discussing theory and criticism, there are important American and European cultural influences as well. The five most prominent themes across literary, critical, and theoretical genres include identity, sovereignty, self‐governance, land, and perpetuity. A consistent foundation among all the Native American texts, theory, and criticism, from the earliest to the most recent, echoes another famous text, that they are humans endowed by their Creator and thus, afforded rights and recognition as such.
Neocolonialism
Authors: Figler Pete
Published: June 2017

Neocolonialism represents the economic, political, and/or cultural domination of formerly colonized nation‐states. After the sweeping decolonization of nations in the mid‐twentieth century, neocolonial policies replaced those of occupying colonizers, helping to retain control over territories still highly dependent on a parent state. Neocolonial policies are often expressed as political and cultural influence; however, they are typically most noticeable as economic controls. Regardless, neocolonialism forces nations into cyclical patterns of dependence. Traces of colonizers remain long after independence.
Nonviolence
Authors: McCarthy Eli Sasaran , Nagler Michael
Published: June 2017

This entry engages the revolutionary theme of nonviolence with special attention to postcolonialism. First, the significant breakthrough and role of Gandhi is explained. Second, the basics and key elements of nonviolence are discussed, along with some ethical implications. Third, the entry explores the degrees of nonviolence in various movements and implications for success. Finally, some attention is given to emerging practices of nonviolence in contemporary society.
Nuestroamericanism
Authors: Hatfield Charles
Published: June 2017

“Nuestroamericanism” refers to concepts of cultural and political relativism articulated in José Martí's foundational Latin Americanist essay entitled “Nuestra América” (1891). Martí's essay consolidated a set of programmatic ideas about Latin American culture and politics under the term “nuestra América.” The overarching claim of “nuestra América” is that because Latin America's unique historical and cultural development makes it unassimilable to Eurocentric modernity, the region should reject cultural practices and political institutions derived from foreign models in favor of those born from itself. Whereas many nineteenth‐century intellectuals viewed the region's problems as the result of its failure to fully adopt Eurocentric standards of progress and civilization, or as a consequence of the racial inferiority of its population, Martí argued that it was precisely the imitation of foreign practices and institutions, along with the marginalization of its African and indigenous populations, that caused political unrest and vulnerability to imperialism.
Ottoman Empire
Authors: Mowell Barry D.
Published: June 2017

At the height of its power in the sixteenth century, the Ottoman Empire controlled most of North Africa, Southwest Asia, and southeastern Europe. Large non‐Turkish populations were absorbed into the empire by conquest, and many of the minority populations were largely pacified for several centuries by the millet system or other means. The concept of the state and the perception that each major ethnic group should have autonomy was popularized by the European Enlightenment and helped give rise to nationalist and secessionist trends within the empire and elsewhere. The Ottomans began to decline due to devolutionary forces and also a series of wars with competitors such as Austria‐Hungary and Russia. The Ottomans initiated reforms including decreasing the power of local rulers via the millet system in favor of more centralized authority. The latter, combined with an upsurge in nationalism among ethnic Turks, further alienated minority populations within the empire and contributed to its collapse.
Phillips, Caryl
Authors: Schatteman Renée
Published: June 2017

Born in St. Kitts (on March 13, 1958), raised in England, and currently residing in the United States, Caryl Phillips has gained significant attention as a postcolonial writer preoccupied with themes of migration, displacement, and the black diaspora. In his proliferation of works – ten novels, four works of nonfiction, and seven plays and screenplays to date – he examines historical patterns of exploitation and oppression by creating storylines that depict a wide range of time periods (from the fifteenth to the twenty‐first century) and settings (the Caribbean, England, Africa, Europe, and the United States).
Pontecorvo, Gillo
Authors: Saljoughi Sara
Published: June 2017

This entry is an overview of the career of the Italian filmmaker, Gillo Pontecorvo. It focuses on the importance of his work for Third Cinema and postcolonial studies, paying special attention to the reception of films such as 1966'sLa battaglia di Algeri(The Battle of Algiers).
Populism in Latin America
Authors: Beasley‐Murray Jon
Published: June 2017

Latin American postcoloniality involved less the region's decolonization than its
re
colonization. Populism began as the injunction to construct a people that would give life to the otherwise hollow institutions of the new republics. In recolonizing the territory, the framers of political order would also have to deal with the multitude that always already preceded them. Populism combines: a framework of an overriding distinction between people and elite; an analysis that presents this distinction as antagonism rather than mere difference; and a gesture of solidarity with the people, against the elite. Populism is the attempt to construct political unity by positing the people as the basis of political legitimacy, and therefore by displacing or conjuring away a preexisting multitude. However, the multitude has ensured that constituted power in postcolonial times has remained unsettled, hollow, and deserted.
Powell, Patricia
Authors: Frydman Jason
Published: June 2017

Patricia Powell is a Jamaica‐born writer whose novels, often inflected with the syntax and rhythms of Jamaican speech, chart the precarious networks of family and intimacy that Jamaicans have improvised from the colonial through the postcolonial period. Marked by differences of race, class, gender, or sexuality, her characters seek these networks to help them find a voice to survive the silences, exclusions, and violence structuring Jamaican society and shadowing its diaspora.
Railways
Authors: Aguiar Marian
Published: June 2017

The railways were an integral part of colonial and postcolonial experiences within the global context. This history is as diverse as the imperial histories of the world, but the shared experiences of a single technology present certain themes and constancies. This entry examines the railway as a colonial and postcolonial phenomenon, looking primarily at its socioeconomic, political, and cultural dimensions. Rather than attempt to comprehensively treat each specific context, the entry highlights themes of the global railway in its material and imaginative incarnations. It begins by looking at the railway as a part of empire before turning to its histories within national contexts.
Refugees
Authors: Newns Lucinda
Published: June 2017

Refugees have been defined and protected by the framework set out by the UNHCR since 1951. In contrast to other kinds of migrants, refugees are associated with forced migration due to war or political persecution, rather than so‐called economic pull factors. Refugees should be a central preoccupation for postcolonial studies scholars as refugee movements are predominantly caused by the fallout from (neo)colonial regimes and are frequently branded as a “Third World problem.” Also, while affording protection to those granted refugee status, the legal discourse surrounding refugees can also serve to other them in ways that reduce complex individual identities to the label “refugee.”
Republicanism in Latin America
Authors: Gallardo Javier
Published: June 2017

The recent republican turn in Latin American political and historiographical studies reveals the influence of republican thought on the foundational processes of many countries in the region. In the disruptive context of independence, and during the subsequent political process, republicanism encountered favorable conditions but also many obstacles in the context of the twofold meaning of the idea of republic: as a political regime based on popular sovereignty, and as a community centered on a civic ethic. Under these conditions,
criollo
republicanism would eventually defend “possible republics,” which meant courting favor from those in power, pursuing various amalgams of freedom and order, and leaving the door open for other political imaginaries inspired by sovereign subjects or extrapolitical rationalities that were hardly compatible with the civic values and common liberties advocated by republicanism. In addition, the foundational republican spirit was exposed to the double impact of the nationalization of Latin American republics and the expansion of a modernizing or integrationist statism.
Roy, Arundhati
Authors: Sinha Suvadip
Published: June 2017

Arundhati Roy (1961–), originally a student of architecture, started her writing career as a screenplay writer. Before becoming one of the most popular fiction writers within the canon of post‐Rushdie Indian Anglophone literature, Roy wrote screenplays for films like
In Which Annie Gives It Those Ones
(1989) and
Electric Moon
(1992). Roy is best known for her debut novel
The God of Small Things
(1997), which won the Man Booker Prize and went on to become one of the most successful Indian novels across the world.
Said, Edward
Authors: Nabizadeh Golnar
Published: June 2017

Edward Said's work on English literature, orientalism, and the Arab–Israeli conflict made him an eminent scholar in cultural politics and scholarship. This entry details some of the key themes and ideas in Said's work, as well as his significance for postcolonial studies more generally.
Science
Authors: Boyd W. E.
Published: June 2017

Postcolonial critiques of Western science seek to create a revision of science as a global, postcolonial enterprise, as a science better aligned with the needs of the world's majority populations of non‐Western, non‐middle‐class women, and traditional, ethnic, and indigenous people. Key themes in this critique are: the questioning of a universal science, and of science as an objective, value‐free, and politics‐free enterprise; a rethinking of science as a cultural construction; the alignment of science with the characters and needs of diverse social groups, including non‐Western ethnic people, the working classes, women, and traditional and indigenous people; the role of science in social change, assertion of identity, and empowerment of minorities; the role of science in defining and validating cultural forms of socioenvironmental relationships and identity; and relationships between science and other, often traditional or indigenous, forms of knowledge.
Slavery in Latin America
Authors: Legrás Horacio
Published: June 2017

Slavery is a social phenomenon traversing all times, cultures, and geographies which is practiced widely even today. The heritage of the slave trade and the uncanny wiping out of many Afro‐Latin American populations at the end of the nineteenth century through either war, criminalization, or pauperization sometimes acquires the characteristic of a veritable intellectual blockade which the current discourse of multiculturalism (which inherits the consolatory function of abolitionism) tries to appease.
Slavery and Slave Narratives
Authors: Brown Christopher M.
Published: June 2017

This entry describes the major developments in the history of the transatlantic slave trade from its beginnings in the sixteenth century until its abolition in the Americas in 1888, with its primary focus on the United States. It describes the major participants in the enslavement and trading of Africans, the economic imperatives of the trade and the plantation economy, and the conditions of enslavement. It also details the literary genre of the slave narrative, autobiographical accounts of the experience of enslavement. The first literary accounts of slavery begin in the late eighteenth century, and the genre becomes an important testamentary form in the campaign for abolition. Rebutting the prominent justifications for slavery, slave narratives demonstrated the national and authorial competence of enslaved bodies. Narratives by Olaudah Equiano and Frederick Douglass established many of the genre's conventions, and influenced many of the major texts in the African American literary tradition.
Southeast Asian Anti‐Colonialism and Literature
Authors: Teoh Jacqulyn
Published: June 2017

This entry examines Southeast Asian anti‐colonial movements and literary production especially during the twentieth century. The countries in focus are Malaysia, the Philippines, and Vietnam.
Brutus, Dennis
Authors: Hassan‘ Naglaa Saad M.
Published: June 2017

This entry traces the life and works of Dennis Brutus, the South African poet, scholar and political activist who devoted his life and works to fighting oppression and calling for freedom and justice, not only in apartheid and post‐apartheid South Africa but in the world at large. The entry traces the different developmental stages in Brutus's career shedding light on the technical aspects along with the thematic features of his writing. The fusion of politics and poetry, which comes at the heart of Brutus's works, attests to the ethical as well as the aesthetic role of literature.
Soyinka, Wole
Authors: Stockstill Ellen J.
Published: June 2017

Wole Soyinka is the first black writer and first African writer to win the Nobel Prize in Literature. Soyinka's work is known for the ways it draws on both Yoruban and Western traditions and for the ways it incorporates mythic and metaphysical elements. Although his literary career began in the theater, he has published works in nearly every genre including drama, fiction, poetry, autobiography, and literary, cultural, and political criticism. Soyinka has remained politically active throughout his career and this, at times, has put him in conflict with politicians in his home country.
Sport
Authors: Curto Roxanna Nydia
Published: June 2017

Postcolonial scholars have become increasingly interested in sports, among the most universally practiced of cultural activities. For many centuries, sports – both traditional and modern – have played a significant role in the development of local, regional, and national identities throughout formerly colonized areas of North America, the Caribbean, Africa and Asia. The study of sport in the postcolonial context can be divided chronologically into four stages: the precolonial era, in which traditional sports dominated; the era of colonization spanning from the end of the nineteenth century to World War II; the time of decolonization and independence, which extends roughly from World War II to the late 1960s; and the subsequent period of globalization and migration, from the 1970s to the present. In postcolonial societies, many of the sports that were once used by colonizers to inculcate Western ideas and values ultimately became instruments of resistance and key components of national culture.
Orientalism
Authors: Ghosh Amrita
Published: June 2017

The term “orientalism” has radically shifted in meaning since Edward Said's groundbreaking work
Orientalism
(1979), which inarguably paved the way for the advent of postcolonial studies. Said uses the term to explain the ideological structures inherited by the Western world from the non‐Western world with a certain kind of hegemonic, ontological, epistemological, and coercive domination. The two binaries of “the Orient” and “the Occident” are thus always maintained through this kind of ontological distinction, and it is important to note that these categories are not “inert” monolithic constructions. Using Foucauldian discourse analysis, Said's seminal work points out the prevalent orientalist discourse in the Western world that emerged roughly around the eighteenth century, when the Orient gained a certain currency in representation – an image of inferiority in comparison with the European “civilized” world.
US Imperialism and Neo‐Imperialism
Authors: Parikh Crystal
Published: June 2017

The United States has long been represented in terms of “American exceptionalism.” As a result, it has often been omitted from the study of imperialism. This entry on US imperialism and neo‐imperialism provides an overview of the history of US expansionism and the nation's ascendance as an international power. It also describes how the cultural and political representation of American exceptionalism has been a central feature of US imperialism and neo‐imperialism.
Vargas Llosa, Mario
Authors: Cameron John H.
Published: June 2017

Mario Vargos Llosa (b. 1936) is a Peruvian writer, professor, journalist, essayist, satirist, and the recipient of the 2010 Nobel Prize in Literature. A key figure in the Latin American Boom, Vargos Llosa's work, while grounded in Peruvian history and politics, is also playful and postmodernist in style and design. His fiction and nonfiction work, such as forEl PaísandLetras Libres, continue to inspire many both in Latin America and throughout the world.
Vijayan, O. V.
Authors: Pillai Sharon
Published: June 2017

O. V. Vijayan was a path‐breaking novelist and short‐story writer whose critical and creative works contributed richly to the canons of modern Malayalam and Indian literature. In fact, his debut novel,
Khasakkinte Itihasam
, is often considered the original inspiration for modernist experimental writing in Malayalam. Though Vijayan's ideological beliefs underwent a sea‐change – from his communist commitment at the beginning to Hindu spirituo‐philosophical convictions later in life – what remains a constant in his work is a relentless attempt to push at the boundaries of his craft and criticism in search of new expression and deeper meaning. The boldness, beauty, honesty, and profundity of his writings has made Vijayan one of the most important figures of modern Indian literature.
Wiredu, Kwasi
Authors: Osha Sanya
Published: June 2017

Kwasi Wiredu is one of Africa's foremost philosophers and his most significant contributions to the discipline are in the areas of logic, epistemology, and African philosophy. Wiredu's contribution to the making of modern African thought provides an interesting insight into the processes involved in formulation of postcolonial disciplines and discourses, and it can also be conceived as a counter‐articulation to the hegemonic discourses of colonialism. Through his project of conceptual decolonization, Wiredu advocates a reexamination of current African epistemic foundations in order to accomplish two main objectives. First, he seeks to undermine unacceptable aspects of indigenous cultures embedded in modern African thought so as to make it more sustainable. Second, he intends to subvert the unnecessary Western epistemologies to be found in African philosophical practices.
Sidgwick, Henry
Authors: Schultz Bart
Published: June 2017

Henry Sidgwick (1838–1900) spent his entire collegiate and professional life at Trinity College, Cambridge, from 1883 as Knightbridge Professor of Moral Philosophy. As an undergraduate, he had been elected to the “Apostles,” the secret but influential Cambridge discussion society; allegiance to this group and the free and open inquiry for which it stood helped form his philosophical outlook. The 1860s, which he described as his years of religious “storm and stress” when he lost his Anglican faith, were also the years in which his identity as an academic liberal took shape, and he got caught up in fighting for better and broader educational opportunities, greater academic professionalism, and wider religious freedom. He famously resigned his fellowship in 1869 because he could not in good conscience subscribe to the Thirty‐Nine Articles of the Church of England.
Late Modern British Ethics
Authors: Schultz Bart
Published: June 2017

Covering the period from the end of the Scottish Enlightenment to the early twentieth century, late modern British ethics was, despite some popular misconceptions, a cosmopolitan affair, a virtual European Union of the marketplace of ideas. But it was also largely a debate over utilitarianism, the view that the ultimate normative standard is the greatest happiness.
Nonideal Ethics
Authors: Rivera‐López Eduardo
Published: June 2017

Our world is far from ideal: people kill, steal, and harm others; governments initiate unjust wars; material resources are sometimes scarce or unjustly distributed; and millions of people suffer extreme deprivation from social or natural causes. Any adequate moral theory should be sensitive to these unfortunate facts. Given these actual deficiencies, it seems obvious that the best, or most appropriate, actions, rules, and institutions in this nonideal world need to take these into account and would thereby differ from what they would be in an ideal world. This essay delineates some problems that ethics and political philosophy face when dealing with imperfect moral agents and institutions.
Ethnography and Ethics
Authors: Lee Jung
Published: June 2017

Ethnography is commonly defined as a description of a people's culture, values, and normative beliefs. Presumably, ethnography can inform us about culturally specific ethical beliefs and the nature of ethics. What that study reveals is the focus of this essay, which will provide an introduction to the contemporary literature on ethnography and ethics, first by giving a brief history of the topic, noting the disciplinary and theoretical reasons for its recent emergence, and then by examining how ethnography can inform ethical reflection on normative behavior and moral forms of life. The essay will conclude with a consideration of the potential tensions and contradictions in the application of ethnography to the study of ethics.
Ceramic Fibers Reinforced Functionally Graded Thermal Barrier Coatings
Authors: Wang Chang , Cui Xiufang , Jin Guo , Gao Zonghong , Jin Jiannong , Cai Zhaobing , Fang Yongchao
Published: June 2017

The long‐term durability is a considerable challenge for the use of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs). In order to solve this problem, introduction of yttria‐stabilized zirconia (YSZ) short fibers in functionally graded system is employed to strengthen the durability of TBCs. Four coatings are deposited on In738LC substrate by atmospheric plasma spray (APS). Thermal cycling behaviors and fiber toughening mechanisms of coatings are systematically studied. Result shows that the thermal cycling lifetime of graded TBCs with the addition of fibers can reach 406 ± 21 at 850 °C, which increases by 60% compared to that of typical APS YSZ TBCs. Moreover, the improvement of lifetime mainly attributes to the fiber breakage, the fiber‐matrix interface debonding, and the crack deflection.
Emerging Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials for Cancer Radiation Therapy
Authors: Song Guosheng , Cheng Liang , Chao Yu , Yang Kai , Liu Zhuang
Published: June 2017

Radiation therapy (RT) including external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) and internal radioisotope therapy (RIT) has been widely used for clinical cancer treatment. However, owing to the low radiation absorption of tumors, high doses of ionizing radiations are often needed during RT, leading to severe damages to normal tissues adjacent to tumors. Meanwhile, the RT efficacies are limited by different mechanisms, among which the tumor hypoxia‐associated radiation resistance is a well‐known one, as there exists hypoxia inside most solid tumors while oxygen is essential to enhance radiation‐induced DNA damages. With the development in nanotechnology, there have been great interests in using nanomedicine strategies to enhance radiation responses of tumors. Nanomaterials containing high‐Z elements to absorb radiation rays (e.g. X‐ray) can act as radio‐sensitizers to deposit radiation energy within tumors and promote treatment efficacy. Nanoscale carriers are able to deliver therapeutic radioisotopes into tumors for internal RIT, or chemotherapeutic drugs for synergistically combined chemo‐radiotherapy. As uncovered in recent studies, the tumor microenvironment could be modulated by various nanomedicine approaches to overcome hypoxia‐associated radiation resistance. Herein, the authors will summarize the applications of nanomedicine for RT cancer treatment, and pay particular attention to the latest development of ‘advanced materials' for enhanced cancer RT.
Economic feasibility of Campylobacter‐reduced chicken: Do consumers have high willingness to pay?
Authors: Kawata Yukichika , Watanabe Masahide
Published: June 2017

We apply a choice experiment to estimate additional willingness to pay for Campylobacter‐reduced chicken compared with normal chicken. We select Japanese consumers as an example because Japan is the world's largest chicken importer. The additional willingness to pay is estimated to be 38.87 JPY (about 0.39 USD)/150 g (when food poisoning levels reduced from 1/500 to 1/1,000) and 80.29 JPY (about 0.80 USD)/150 g (1/2,000). These values are high enough to cover additional associated costs, implying that producers’ spontaneous provision of Campylobacter‐reduced chicken is feasible. Our study is the first to confirm this fact. In addition, we elucidate consumers’ characteristics that push up additional willingness to pay, thereby drawing useful implications for promoting safer chicken. Good progress in providing safer chicken in Japan would create more global business opportunities for companies and might trigger expansion of pathogen‐reduced table meat worldwide. [EconLit citations: Q13, Q18]
Sorption and diffusion of gold and silver nanoparticles in solution through nitrile rubber membrane
Authors: Zemzem Mohamed , Vinches Ludwig , Hallé Stéphane
Published: June 2017

Mechanical and physical properties of the rubber material may be affected by swelling when brought into contact with solutions of engineered nanoparticles (ENP). As the rubber swells in the liquid carrier of the ENP, the polymeric chains of the network expand and the ENP can penetrate the structure being carried by the diffusion of the liquid. The aim of this work is to assess the influence of ENP and evaluate the effect of additives present in the solutions on the diffusion process through a rubbery structure. Swelling of membrane material specimens was evaluated by measuring mass gain and liquid diffusion was then deduced. The present study focuses on the contact of nitrile rubber membranes with commercial gold ENP (5 and 50 nm in diameter) and silver ENP (50 nm) in MilliQ water. Swelling tests were also conducted with MilliQ water and filtrates (the solutions from which the ENP were extracted). Results show that the diffusion coefficients of all the solutions of ENP are slightly different and are around 1.2 × 10−10 cm2 s−1. However, it should be noted that these coefficients are notably higher for the filtrates and reach 2.4 × 10−10 cm2 s−1 for the filtrate of the silver ENP. This result underscores the effect of the ENP on the liquid penetration process. We also found that the ENP has a noticeable effect on the Fickian diffusion mechanism of the penetrant; it was noticed that the presence of these nanoparticles lowers the diffusion mechanism index. Moreover, the size of the nanoparticles was found to have an impact on the diffusion coefficient of the solutions as well as their solubility. These findings help to better understand the diffusion phenomenon of the ENP through nitrile membrane materials. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45350.
Design and properties of a series of high‐temperature thermoplastic elastomeric blends from polyamides and functionalized rubbers
Authors: Datta Sarma Arpan , Padmanathan Hiron Raja , Saha Subhabrata , Shankar Banerjee Shib , Bhowmick Anil K.
Published: June 2017

A series of high‐temperature thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) and thermoplastic vulcanisates (TPVs) were successfully developed based on two different types of heat resistant polyamide (PA) (25 parts by weight)—PA‐12 and PA‐6, in combination with three different functionalized rubbers (75 parts by weight) of varying polarity, e.g., maleic anhydride grafted ethylene propylene diene terpolymer (MA‐g‐EPDM), sulphonated ethylene propylene diene terpolymer, and carboxylated acrylonitrile butadiene rubber, by melt mixing method. These rubbers have low level of unsaturation in its backbone, and the plastics showed high melting range. Thus, the developed TPEs and TPVs were expected to be high temperature resistant. Resol type resin was used for dynamic vulcanization to further increase the high temperature properties of these blends. Interestingly, initial degradation temperature of the prepared blends was much higher (421 °C for MA‐g‐EPDM/PA‐12) than the other reported conventional TPEs and TPVs. Fourier transform infrared analysis described the interactive nature of the TPEs and TPVs, which is responsible for their superior properties. The maximum tensile strength with lowest tension set was observed for the carboxylated acrylonitrile butadiene rubber/PA‐12 TPV. Mild increase in mechanical properties without any degradation was observed after recycling. Dynamic mechanical analysis results showed two distinct glass transition temperatures and indicated the biphasic morphology of the blends, as evident from the scanning electron microscopy. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45353.
Effects of crosslinking degree and carbon nanotubes as filler on composites based on glycidyl azide polymer and propargyl‐terminated polyether for potential solid propellant application
Authors: Wang Song , Liu Changhua , Guo Xiang , Tang Gen , Gan Lin , Qi Chun , Huang Jin
Published: June 2017

Triazole crosslinked polymers were prepared by reacting glycidyl azide polymer (GAP) with the propargyl‐terminated poly(tetramethylene oxide) (PTMP) at different molar ratios of azide versus alkyne. Based on the optimum mechanical properties of the GAP/PTMP‐2.5, a series of GAP/PTMP nanocomposites reinforced by either multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) or carboxy‐functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs‐COOH) were prepared with different mass ratios. The glass transition temperatures (Tg, PTMP) assigned to PTMP of the GAP/PTMP composites almost kept at a constant range when the molar ratio of azide versus alkyne was from 1.0 to 2.5. When the loading MWCNTs was 1.0 wt %, the tensile strength and elongation at break achieved a maximum of 1.77 MPa and 36.3%, respectively. The nanocomposites with nearly similar Tg, PTMP indicated no phase separation in the crosslinked polymers. The results revealed that the improved properties of GAP‐based materials could be achieved by changing the molar ratio of azide versus alkyne and the nanofillers content. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45359.
Small‐Molecule Inhibitors of the Tumor Suppressor Fhit
Authors: Lange Sandra , Hacker Stephan M. , Schmid Philipp , Scheffner Martin , Marx Andreas
Published: June 2017

The tumor suppressor Fhit and its substrate diadenosine triphosphate (Ap3A) are important factors in cancer development and progression. Fhit has Ap3A hydrolase activity and cleaves Ap3A into adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP); this is believed to terminate Fhit‐mediated signaling. How the catalytic activity of Fhit is regulated and how the Fhit⋅Ap3A complex might exert its growth‐suppressive function remain to be discovered. Small‐molecule inhibitors of the enzymatic activity of Fhit would provide valuable tools for the elucidation of its tumor‐suppressive functions. Here we describe the development of a high‐throughput screen for the identification of such small‐molecule inhibitors of Fhit. Two clusters of inhibitors that decreased the activity of Fhit by at least 90 % were identified. Several derivatives were synthesized and exhibited in vitro IC50 values in the nanomolar range.
Secondary Impact of Manganese on the Catalytic Properties of Nitrogen‐Doped Graphene in the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Bayati Maryam , Scott Keith
Published: June 2017

Catalysts play a key role in hydrogen production as green energy carriers. We show herein for the first time that manganese impurities in graphene can improve the catalytic activity of synthesized N‐doped graphene (NG) for the hydrogen evolution reaction in acid media by influencing the ratio of different N‐functionalities. A 122 mV improvement in the overpotential was found following the Mn impregnation of graphene. Transmission electron microscopy images confirmed the formation of manganese oxide nanoparticles on the NG sheets. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed structural alteration in favor of higher quantities of quaternary and pyrrolic nitrogen functionalities, from approximately 37 % in NG to 84 % in the Mn‐inserted‐doped graphene catalyst. This enhanced catalytic performance, based on density functional theory calculations in the literature, was attributed to an increase in the number of active sites with higher activity.
Biphasic Liquid Crystal and the Simultaneous Measurement of Isotropic and Anisotropic Parameters by Spatially Resolved NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Reller Malin , Wesp Svenja , Koos Martin R. M. , Reggelin Michael , Luy Burkhard
Published: June 2017

Residual dipolar couplings and other anisotropic NMR parameters are powerful tools for molecular structure elucidation when conventional techniques do not suffice. With current liquid crystalline preparations it is necessary to prepare two samples to extract isotropic and anisotropic data from spectra and to derive the residual dipolar couplings. Here, we present the preparation, measurement, and interpretation of a novel biphasic liquid crystalline phase where a single sample can be used to generate both isotropic and anisotropic data. First, we introduce the synthesis of the chiral polymer leading to the biphasic liquid crystal. Second, we present two approaches to measure spatially selective CLIP‐HSQC spectra. From these spectra, we extracted the couplings, performed an assignment of diastereotopic protons, and achieved the enantiomeric discrimination of isopinocampheol as a well‐studied test molecule.
Cover Picture: Nanostructured Materials of Calcium Phosphates and Calcium Silicates: Synthesis, Properties and Applications (Chin. J. Chem. 6/2017)
Authors: Zhu Ying‐Jie
Published: June 2017

The cover picture shows the promising applications of two important kinds of nanostructured materials of calcium phosphates and calcium silicates. Calcium phosphates and calcium silicate‐based materials have high biocompatibility, and have been investigated for various biomedical applications such as bone defect repair and drug delivery. Furthermore, calcium phosphates and calcium silicates have many crystal phases and polymorphs; they are very rich and diverse in structure and morphology, which provide many possibilities for various applications. In recent years, this research group has been focusing on the research in this exciting and rapidly evolving research field. This article will provide a brief review on our main research work on the synthesis, characterization, properties and applications of nanostructured materials of calcium phosphates and calcium silicates. In addition, future perspectives and challenges for the research and applications of the related materials are discussed. We expect that with the development of new synthetic methods, delicate control over the chemical composition, structure, size, morphology, surface modification and functionalization, these materials will provide promising opportunities for the future clinical treatment and other applications. More details are discussed in the article by Ying‐Jie Zhu on page 769–790.

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