bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intellectual Property
Authors: Hull Gordon
Published: July 2019

This entry surveys the normative justification of IP. After treating general issues relating to intangible goods and globalization, it outlines the three most common normative bases for IP and significant problems that have been raised for each. Utilitarianism treats IP as an incentive to produce welfare‐enhancing knowledge and innovation. Problems include only mixed empirical support, significant distributional questions, questions about the model of creativity, and issues pertaining to whether markets are efficient. Deontological theories are typically based on the idea that humans need to externalize their personalities in the world through property. These Hegelian justifications face questions about alienability, whether IP actually reflects personality, and the extent to which personality interests also justify user rights. Lockean justifications treat IP rights as generated by creative labor. Questions about the Lockean theory center on how to transpose it from Locke's original framework and on whether it undervalues the importance of existing material.
Bad Faith and the Unconscious
Authors: Webber Jonathan
Published: July 2019

The ethical task of becoming a better person requires identifying and assessing fairly one's motivations. Any ethical theory needs to be consistent with the structure of human motivation. Ethics therefore requires an understanding of how self‐deception about motivation is possible. The two main theories of self‐deception about motivation are Sigmund Freud's theory of repression and Jean‐Paul Sartre's theory of bad faith. Freud distinguishes between rationally structured and purely mechanistic aspects of the mind, arguing that repression is a process of preventing oneself from becoming conscious of some mechanistic item. Sartre argues that this explanation fails, since the activity of repression would need to be concealed but cannot be mechanistic. Sartre's alternative rests on his theory of projects as the ground of motivations. Since projects structure our conscious experience, they structure our reflective awareness of our own projects, which allows features of our projects to become hidden from our view. Sartre's theory is internally coherent and consistent with the view of motivation that currently emerges from social psychology. But it is inconsistent with his own theory of radical freedom. It requires instead Simone de Beauvoir's theory of project sedimentation, which in turn entails a nonpurposive form of self‐deception.
Veterinary Ethics
Authors: Tannenbaum Jerrold
Published: July 2019

The field of veterinary ethics deals with the moral responsibilities and ideals of veterinarians in their capacity of providers of medical care for animals and as members of the veterinary profession when the profession speaks on issues relating to the use, treatment, and medical care of animals. For veterinarians, the professional role characteristically involves serving – at the same time – two parties or stakeholders with potentially conflicting interests: an animal that receives veterinary care and a human who owns the animal and pays for this care. Because it can be difficult, and is sometimes impossible, for veterinarians to serve the interests of both their animal and human masters, hard ethical choices must be made. These choices can be complicated by the fact that there are disagreements about the value and importance of animals, and thus about how much the interests of veterinary patients should count in the first place. Veterinary ethics faces issues of great variety, in part because there are different kinds of veterinary practice, which raise different ethical questions.
Regret
Authors: Baron Marcia , McAninch Andrew
Published: July 2019

We are all familiar with regret. And on the face of it, there doesn't seem to be anything puzzling about it, the way there is about (among other things) self‐deception and survivor guilt. So what philosophical significance does it have?
Patience
Authors: Kawall Jason
Published: July 2019

While patience is widely recognized as a virtue, this entry considers several historical and contemporary accounts of its scope and nature. Objections to the status of patience as a virtue are addressed, and a case is made that patience is a moral, and not merely prudential virtue. The entry concludes with brief suggestions for further questions to be explored with respect to patience, particularly in considering its relationship to other virtues.
Han Feizi
Authors: Harris Eirik
Published: July 2019

Han Feizi was the last great philosopher of China's Warring States period and traditionally has been characterized as the synthesizer of legalist thought, which is often described as an amoral, totalitarian political vision aimed at consolidating and increasing the ruler's power. While he expands the ideas of earlier legalists and argues against the morality‐based political visions of Confucians, Daoists, and Mohists, his focus is on ideas that work, regardless of source. Han Feizi develops an amoral political realism arising from his understanding of the realities of the natural world and human nature and argues for the development of a strong, stable, and well‐organized bureaucracy, an inviolable legal code, and the rejection of virtue‐based politics. His goal is to create a system that doesn't rely upon the wisdom, talents, character, or characteristics of any particular individual but is rather a mechanistic leviathan requiring little in the way of active attention.
Feedback Loops: Or, Past Futures Haunt Architecture's Present
Authors: Zeiger Mimi
Published: July 2019

Is architectural discourse haunted by an avantgarde future that never materialised? Los Angeles‐based critic, curator and editor Mimi Zeiger describes how these tropes, many of which relate to the preoccupations of the 1960s and 1970s, are recycled and repurposed by contemporary practitioners. She cautions that such feedback loops, orbits or revolutions strip meanings, narratives and politics from original source materials, which not only leaves a vacuum of nostalgia at the centre of the discourse, but also limits the discipline's ability to speculate on the pressures of our present moment.
Archive of Affinities Making Architecture from Architecture
Authors: Kovacs Andrew
Published: July 2019

Archive of Affinities is a digital collection and display of architectural objets trouvés, created and curated by Andrew Kovacs, assistant adjunct professor at the University of California Los Angeles. Elements, forms and architectural notations are selected from the Archive's galaxy of possibilities as the prima materia for his practice's projects. The juxtaposition of scale, taxonomies, typologies and colour gives the work of Office Kovacs its own particular flavour.
System Cities: Building a ‘Quantitative Utopia’
Authors: Pearson Luke Caspar
Published: July 2019

There is a connection between theoretical schemes such as Archizoom's No‐Stop City and the virtual and augmented worlds of today. Guest‐Editor Luke Caspar Pearson, Director of the Undergraduate Architecture Programme at the Bartlett School of Architecture, University College London, explores video‐game spaces and his own architectural gaming environments, demonstrating their resonance with avant‐garde concepts.
Copying as Cultural Iconoclasm
Authors: Butcher Matthew
Published: July 2019

Reverence for visionary avant‐garde architectures risks reducing them to a relic‐like, static status. How can their agency instead be kept alive? Drawing on the writings of historians and theorists Adrian Forty, Dario Gamboni and Rebecca Schneider, Guest‐Editor Matthew Butcher explores re‐enactment operating as a form of iconoclasm to continue the memory of avant‐garde ideals. His own recent speculative architectural projects, inspired by Italian Radical practice Superstudio and architect Raimund Abraham's work from the 1970s, embody this approach.
Design of Architectured Materials Based on Mechanically Driven Structural and Compositional Patterning
Authors: Estrin Yuri , Beygelzimer Yan , Kulagin Roman
Published: July 2019

Providing materials with an inner architecture that improves their mechanical and physical properties is a potent approach to materials design. Herein, the possibilities of such architecturing by means of severe plastic deformation (SPD) are discussed. Compositional and structural patterns caused by SPD processing can potentially improve the mechanical characteristics and physical properties of exemplary materials considered. The message to convey is that SPD opens up new opportunities with regard to producing materials with a multiscale structure. This can be achieved by virtue of the following effects associated with SPD: extreme grain refinement, whose level is governed by strain distribution; controlled self‐organization of the structure of multiphase materials; and anomalously fast mass transfer, which leads to the formation of new phases and various “reaction–diffusion” patterns. Furthermore, combining SPD with conventional metal forming, differential heat treatment, or 3D printing offers additional possibilities, which are considered in this article.
Micro/Nanoscale 3D Assembly by Rolling, Folding, Curving, and Buckling Approaches
Authors: Cheng Xu , Zhang Yihui
Published: July 2019

The miniaturization of electronics has been an important topic of study for several decades. The established roadmaps following Moore's Law have encountered bottlenecks in recent years, as planar processing techniques are already close to their physical limits. To bypass some of the intrinsic challenges of planar technologies, more and more efforts have been devoted to the development of 3D electronics, through either direct 3D fabrication or indirect 3D assembly. Recent research efforts into direct 3D fabrication have focused on the development of 3D transistor technologies and 3D heterogeneous integration schemes, but these technologies are typically constrained by the accessible range of sophisticated 3D geometries and the complexity of the fabrication processes. As an alternative route, 3D assembly methods make full use of mature planar technologies to form predefined 2D precursor structures in the desired materials and sizes, which are then transformed into targeted 3D mesostructures by mechanical deformation. The latest progress in the area of micro/nanoscale 3D assembly, covering the various classes of methods through rolling, folding, curving, and buckling assembly, is discussed, focusing on the design concepts, principles, and applications of different methods, followed by an outlook on the remaining challenges and open opportunities.
Understanding and Manipulating the Interplay of Wide‐Energy‐Gap Host and TADF Sensitizer in High‐Performance Fluorescence OLEDs
Authors: Song Xiaozeng , Zhang Dongdong , Lu Yang , Yin Chen , Duan Lian
Published: July 2019

Comprising an emitting layer (EML) constituting a wide‐energy‐gap host, a thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) sensitizer and a conventional fluorescent dopant, TADF‐sensitizing‐fluorescence organic light‐emitting diodes (TSF‐OLEDs) highly depend on component interplay to maximize their performance, which, however, is still under‐researched. Taking the host type (TADF or non‐TADF) and the recombination position (on the host or on the TADF sensitizer) into consideration, the interplay of host and TADF sensitizer is comprehensively studied and manipulated. A wide‐energy‐gap host with TADF and recombination of charges on it are both required to maximize device performances by triggering multiple sensitizing processes to eliminate exciton losses. Based on those findings, a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE)/power efficiency (PE) of 23.2%/76.9 lm W−1 is realized with a newly developed TADF host, significantly outperforming the reference devices. Further device optimization leads to unprecedently high EQE/PE of 24.2%/89.5 lm W−1 and a half‐lifetime of over 400 h at an initial luminance of 2000 cd m−2, with the peak PE being the highest value among the reported TSF‐OLEDs. This work reveals the importance of manipulating the component interplay in EMLs, opening a new avenue toward highly efficient TSF‐OLEDs.
Freely Shapable and 3D Porous Carbon Nanotube Foam Using Rapid Solvent Evaporation Method for Flexible Thermoelectric Power Generators
Authors: Lee Min‐Hye , Kang Young Hun , Kim Jungwon , Lee Young Kuk , Cho Song Yun
Published: July 2019

A rapid solvent evaporation method based on the triple point of a processing solvent is presented to prepare carbon nanotube (CNT) foam with a porous structure for thermoelectric (TE) power generators. The rapid solvent evaporation process allows the preparation of CNT foam with various sizes and shapes. The obtained highly porous CNT foam with porosity exceeding 90% exhibits a low thermal conductivity of 0.17 W m−1 K−1 with increased phonon scattering, which is 100 times lower than that of a CNT film with a densely packed network. The aforementioned structural and thermal properties of the CNT foam are advantageous to develop a sufficient temperature gradient between the hot and cold parts to enhance TE output characteristics. To improve the electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient further, p‐ and n‐molecular dopants are easily introduced into the CNT foam, and the optimized condition is investigated based on the TE properties. Finally, optimized p‐ and n‐doped CNT foams are used to fabricate a vertical and flexible TE power generator with a combination of series and parallel mixed circuits. The maximum output power and output power per weight of the TE generator reach 1.5 µW and 82 µW g−1, respectively, at a temperature difference of 13.9 K.
Applications of Diphosphines in Radical Reactions
Authors: Kawaguchi Shin‐ichi , Ogawa Akiya
Published: July 2019

Recently, the importance of organophosphorus compounds in organic chemistry has increased. Diphosphines are an attractive source of phosphorus containing two phosphorus groups, which can theoretically be introduced into a carbon framework with high atom economy. There are several diphosphine derivatives, which are closely related to diphosphines, but their reactivities are completely different. In this Minireview, we describe various phosphination reactions with diphosphines and their derivatives under radical conditions.
The changing ecology of primate parasites: Insights from wild‐captive comparisons
Authors: Herrera James P. , Chakraborty Debapriyo , Rushmore Julie , Altizer Sonia , Nunn Charles
Published: July 2019

Host movements, including migrations or range expansions, are known to influence parasite communities. Transitions to captivity—a rarely studied yet widespread human‐driven host movement—can also change parasite communities, in some cases leading to pathogen spillover among wildlife species, or between wildlife and human hosts. We compared parasite species richness between wild and captive populations of 22 primate species, including macro‐ (helminths and arthropods) and micro‐parasites (viruses, protozoa, bacteria, and fungi). We predicted that captive primates would have only a subset of their native parasite community, and would possess fewer parasites with complex life cycles requiring intermediate hosts or vectors. We further predicted that captive primates would have parasites transmitted by close contact and environmentally—including those shared with humans and other animals, such as commensals and pests. We found that the composition of primate parasite communities shifted in captive populations, especially because of turnover (parasites detected in captivity but not reported in the wild), but with some evidence of nestedness (holdovers from the wild). Because of the high degree of turnover, we found no significant difference in overall parasite richness between captive and wild primates. Vector‐borne parasites were less likely to be found in captivity, whereas parasites transmitted through either close or non‐close contact, including through fecal‐oral transmission, were more likely to be newly detected in captivity. These findings identify parasites that require monitoring in captivity and raise concerns about the introduction of novel parasites to potentially susceptible wildlife populations during reintroduction programs.
Manual skills for processing plant underground storage organs by wild bearded capuchins
Authors: Truppa Valentina , Marino Luca A. , Izar Patricia , Fragaszy Dorothy M. , Visalberghi Elisabetta
Published: July 2019

Objectives

Wild Sapajus libidinosus exploit underground storage organs (USOs) that require extraction and extensive processing before consumption. Since capuchin monkeys are small‐sized extractive foragers that cannot perform forceful precision grips, we expected that: (a) they would use other body parts together with their hands, (b) older (and larger) capuchins would be more efficient than younger (and smaller) ones, and (c) capuchins would invest greater effort/time to exploit USOs than other foods.

Materials and Methods

We recorded 178 episodes of USO processing performed by 20 individuals. The behavior was videotaped and scored frame‐by‐frame.

Results

We identified six sequential stages of processing: Excavation, extraction, soil removal, transport, peeling, and fragmenting the inner tissues. Capuchins made frequent use of forceful hand postures and manipulation in which the hands were strongly supported by other body parts, principally the mouth. Older capuchins were more efficient than younger individuals in pulling the USOs out of the ground. Finally, exploiting USOs was time‐consuming, lasting more than 4 min per item, on average.

Discussion

Despite having smaller body‐mass and greater manual constraints than catarrhine extractive foragers, capuchins, even smaller individuals, mastered USO processing thanks to their behavioral flexibility and persistence. Our findings reveal that precision grips are not essential for forceful actions during complex food processing and that, unlike catarrhines, capuchins, especially adults, rarely use thumb opposition during forceful grasping of food. In contrast, extended sustained attention and varied manual behavior appear to be convergent features of platyrrhine and catarrhine extractive foragers.
Persistent Organic High‐Spin Trinitrenes
Authors: Mendez‐Vega Enrique , Mieres‐Perez Joel , Chapyshev Sergei V. , Sander Wolfram
Published: July 2019

The septet ground state trinitrenes 1,3,5‐trichloro‐2,4,6‐trinitrenobenzene and 1,3,5‐tribromo‐2,4,6‐trinitrenobenzene were isolated in inert (Ar, Ne, and Xe) as well as reactive matrices (H2, O2, and H2O) at cryogenic temperatures. These trinitrenes were obtained in high yields by UV photolysis of the corresponding triazides and characterized by IR and UV/Vis spectroscopy. The trinitrenes, despite bearing six unpaired electrons, are remarkably unreactive towards molecular oxygen and hydrogen and are persistent in water ice up to 160 K where the water matrix starts to sublime off.
Modulation versus Templating: Fine‐Tuning of Hierarchally Porous PCN‐250 Using Fatty Acids To Engineer Guest Adsorption
Authors: Kirchon Angelo , Li Jialuo , Xia Fangqing , Day Gregory S. , Becker Benjamin , Chen Wenmiao , Sue Hung‐Jue , Fang Yu , Zhou Hong‐Cai
Published: July 2019

Modulation and templating are two synthetic techniques that have garnered significant attention over the last several years for the preparation of hierarchically porous metal–organic frameworks (HP‐MOFs). In this study, by using fatty acids with different lengths and concentrations as dual‐functional modulators/templates, we were able to obtain HP‐MOFs with tunable mesopores that exhibit different pore diameters and locations. We found that the length and concentration of the fatty acids can determine if micelle formation occurs, which in turn dictates the porosity of the resulting HP‐MOFs. The HP‐MOFs with different mesopores differed in their performance in gas uptake and dye adsorption, and the structure–performance relationships were ascribed to the pore diameters and locations. This approach could provide a potentially universal method to efficiently introduce hierarchal mesopores into existing microporous MOF adsorbents with tunable properties.
Anti‐Stokes‐Belastungsanzeige: Mechanochemische Aktivierung der Triplett‐Triplett‐Annihilierung‐Photonen‐Hochkonversion
Authors: Yildiz Deniz , Baumann Christoph , Mikosch Annabel , Kuehne Alexander J. C. , Herrmann Andreas , Göstl Robert
Published: July 2019

Die Entwicklung von Methoden zum Nachweis von Schäden in makromolekularen Materialien ist von großer Bedeutung, um deren mechanisches Versagen und die Struktur‐Eigenschafts‐Beziehungen von Polymeren zu verstehen. Mechanofluorophore haben sich als nützliche und empfindliche molekulare Motive für diesen Zweck erwiesen. Die Anpassung ihrer optischen Eigenschaften bleibt jedoch bis heute eine Herausforderung, und die Korrelation der Emissionsintensität zur kraftinduzierten Materialschädigung sowie den Ereignissen auf molekularer Ebene wird durch intrinsische Beschränkungen der Fluoreszenzdetektionstechniken erschwert. Hier begegnen wir dieser Herausforderung, indem wir das erste Belastungssonden‐Motiv entwickeln, das auf der Hochkonversion von Photonen beruht. Durch die Kombination des Diels‐Alder‐Adduktes eines π‐ausgedehnten Anthracens mit dem Porphyrin‐basierten Triplett‐Sensibilisator PtOEP in Polymeren können wir die Hochkonversion durch Triplett‐Triplett‐Annihilierung von grünem zu blauem Licht sowohl in Lösung als auch im festen Zustand mechanisch aktivieren. Wir sind zuversichtlich, dass dieser Ansatz den Weg zur quantitativen Anti‐Stokes‐Belastungsanzeige für UV‐intransparente Materialien ebnet.
Reactivity of a Tetra(o‐tolyl)diborane(4) Dianion as a Diarylboryl Anion Equivalent
Authors: Akiyama Seiji , Yamada Kaito , Yamashita Makoto
Published: July 2019

Lithium and magnesium salts of tetra(o‐tolyl)diborane(4) dianion, having B=B double bond character, were synthesized. It was clarified that the lithium salt of the dianion has a high‐lying HOMO and a narrow HOMO–LUMO gap, which were perturbed by dissociation of Li+ cation, as judged by UV/Vis spectroscopy and DFT calculations. The lithium salt of the dianion reacted as two equivalents of a diarylboryl anion with CH2Cl2 or S8 to give boryl‐substituted products.
Peri‐operative ventricular bigeminy and cardiomyopathy in elective surgery
Authors: O'Shaughnessy S. M. , Leonard I.
Published: July 2019

Premature ventricular contractions are common in the general population and are often seen during general anaesthesia. A high frequency of premature ventricular contractions may be associated with underlying left ventricular dysfunction. Premature ventricular contraction‐induced cardiomyopathy is a rare disease and requires cardiologist input into peri‐operative management. Medical and interventional management strategies may completely reverse the disease process. A 19‐year‐old man was scheduled for removal of tibial metalwork, due to chronic pain, and ventricular bigeminy was noted in the anaesthetic room before induction of anaesthesia. Surgery was postponed and he was later diagnosed with premature ventricular contraction‐induced cardiomyopathy. Ventricular bigeminy noted before induction of anaesthesia may not always be benign.
Predicting trends in structural and physical properties of a model polymer with embedded natural fibers: Viability of molecular dynamics studies for a bottom up design
Authors: Prasad Krishnamurthy , Nikzad Mostafa , Doherty Cara M. , Sbarski Igor
Published: July 2019

The effects of relatively high‐ and low‐shear processing on the macroscopic and microscopic porosities of a standard packaging polymer—linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) and its composites with pine flour are studied. The macroscopic porosities, represented by deviations of observed density from the theoretical density, primarily drive the trends in mechanical and solvent uptake properties. The microscopic porosities of the system, however, are independent of the processing method and pine flour concentration. Furthermore, by using molecular dynamics (MD), molecules of LLDPE and pine flour were constructed. The material properties of the molecules, specifically microporosity and elastic moduli, were compared to experiment. A semiempirical modeling approach was used to fit the simulated data to the experimental composite moduli. The model of Halpin and Tsai was found to be the most efficacious for this system, and the benefits of the combined MD‐semiempirical modeling for bottom up design are discussed. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 48189.
Evidence of fish spillover from freshwater protected areas in lakes of eastern Ontario
Authors: Zolderdo Aaron J. , Abrams Alice E.I. , Reid Connor H. , Suski Cory D. , Midwood Jon D. , Cooke Steven J.
Published: July 2019

Research has identified numerous conservation benefits attributed to the use of marine protected areas (MPAs), yet comparatively less is known about the effectiveness of freshwater protected areas (FPAs).

This study assessed multiple long‐standing (>70 years active) intra‐lake FPAs in three lakes in eastern Ontario, Canada, to evaluate their potential conservation benefits. These FPAs were intended initially to protect exploited populations of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides (Lacépède, 1802)), but since their establishment no empirical data have been collected to evaluate the effectiveness of FPAs for protecting bass or the broader fish community.

A comparative biological census of fish species abundance, biomass and species richness was conducted using snorkelling surveys within FPAs, along the bordering transition zones, and in more distant non‐protected areas of the lake that had similar habitats to the FPAs.

In general, the FPAs yielded benefits that were most obvious (in terms of abundance and biomass) for the focal protected species (i.e. largemouth bass) as well as several shiner species. Largemouth bass and shiner abundance and biomass were highest in the FPA, lowest in the distant non‐protected areas, and intermediate in the transition zone. Species richness was also highest in the FPAs in two of the three lakes.

Collectively, these results support the use of FPAs as a viable and effective conservation strategy that extends beyond simply limiting the exploitation of a target species. Beyond the benefits afforded to fish within the FPA, evidence of spillover in adjacent areas was also observed, which is promising. Additional research is needed on the effectiveness of FPAs in a variety of regions and water‐body types facing various threats in an effort to understand when, where and how to best use FPAs to benefit aquatic biodiversity.
Atg7 Silencing Inhibits Laminin‐5 Expression to Suppress Tube Formation by Brain Endothelial Cells
Authors: He Lin , Wei Jia‐Yi , Liu Dong‐Xin , Zhao Wei‐Dong , Chen Yu‐Hua
Published: July 2019

Cerebral angiogenesis is a key event during brain development and recovery from brain injury. We previously demonstrated that Atg7 knockout impaired angiogenesis in the mouse brain. However, the role of Atg7 in angiogenesis is not completely understood. In this study, we used human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) to investigate the mechanism of Atg7‐regulated cerebral angiogenesis. We found that Atg7 depletion specifically diminished the expression of the β3 and γ2 chains of laminin‐5, a major component of the extracellular matrix. In contrast, autophagy inhibitors did not affect laminin‐5 expression, suggesting that Atg7‐regulated laminin‐5 expression is autophagy‐independent. We also found that Atg7‐regulated laminin‐5 expression occurred at the transcriptional level through NF‐κB signaling. Exogenous laminin‐5 or the NF‐κB agonist betulinic acid effectively rescued tube formation by Atg7‐deficient HBMECs. Taken together, our study identified a novel mechanism by which Atg7 regulates laminin‐5 expression via NF‐κB to modulate tube formation by brain endothelial cells during cerebral angiogenesis. Anat Rec, 302:2255–2260, 2019. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy
Atom Transfer Oxidative Radical Cascade of Aryl Alkynoates towards 1,1‐Dichalcogenide Olefins
Authors: Sahoo Harekrishna , Ramakrishna Isai , Mandal Anup , Baidya Mahiuddin
Published: July 2019

An oxidative trifunctionalization of aryl alkynoates has been devised via the chalcogenide radical triggered intramolecular 1,4‐aryl migration/decarboxylation cascade to prepare 1,1‐dichalcogenide tetrasubstituted alkenes in high yields (up to 98 %). This operationally simple reaction proceeds under metal‐free conditions, can be executed on gram scale, and highlights formal 1,1‐difunctionalization of alkynes. Synthetic potential of this protocol was demonstrated through a twofold cascade rearrangement to access highly conjugated tetra‐selenylated alkenes along with a cross‐dehydrogenative annulation to prepare fluorene derivative.
Backward stochastic differential equations with non‐Lipschitz time delayed generators
Authors: Coulibaly Harouna , Aman Auguste
Published: July 2019

In this paper, we establish the existence and uniqueness result for a class of backward stochastic differential equations (BSDEs, in short) with non‐Lipschitz time delayed generators. In our point of view, this work is a non trivial extension of the pioneer result obtained by Delong and Imkeller under global Lipschitz condition. Indeed, for certain generators our result is valid while their result can not be hold.
The Exocyst: Dynamic Machine or Static Tethering Complex?
Authors: Nishida‐Fukuda Hisayo
Published: July 2019

The exocyst is a conserved octameric complex that physically tethers a vesicle to the plasma membrane, prior to membrane fusion. It is important not only for secretion and membrane delivery but also, in mammalian cells, for cytokinesis, ciliogenesis, autophagy, tumorigenesis, and host defense. The combination of genome editing and advanced light microscopy of exocyst subunits in living cells has recently shown the complex to be much more dynamic than previously appreciated, and exposed how little we still know about its function and regulation.
Sex differences in procedural and clinical outcomes following rotational atherectomy
Authors: Ford Thomas J. , Khan Adnan , Docherty Kieran F. , Jackson Alice , Morrow Andrew , Sidik Novalia , Rocchiccioli Paul , Good Richard , Eteiba Hany , Watkins Stuart , Shaukat Aadil , Lindsay Mitchell , Robertson Keith , Petrie Mark , Berry Colin , Oldroyd Keith G. , McEntegart Margaret
Published: July 2019

Aim

Evaluate sex differences in procedural net adverse clinical events and long‐term outcomes following rotational atherectomy (RA).

Methods and Results

From August 2010 to 2016, 765 consecutive patients undergoing RA PCI were followed up for a median of 4.7 years. 285 (37%) of subjects were female. Women were older (mean 76 years vs. 72 years; p < .001) and had more urgent procedures (64.6 vs. 47.3%; p < .001). Females received fewer radial procedures (75.1 vs. 85.1%; p < .001) and less intravascular imaging guidance (16.8 vs. 25.0%; p = .008). After propensity score adjustment, the primary endpoint of net adverse cardiac events (net adverse clinical events: all‐cause death, myocardial infarction, stroke, target vessel revascularization plus any procedural complication) occurred more often in female patients (15.1 vs. 9.0%; adjusted OR 1.81 95% CI 1.04–3.13; p = .037). This was driven by an increased risk of procedural complications rather than procedural major adverse cardiac events (MACE). Specifically, women were more likely to experience coronary dissection (4.6 vs. 1.3%; p = .008), cardiac tamponade (2.1 vs. 0.4%; p = .046) and significant bleeding (BARC ≥2: 5.3 vs. 2.3). Despite this, overall MACE‐free survival was similar between males and females (adjusted HR 1.03; 95% CI 0.80–1.34; p = .81). Procedural complications during RA were associated with almost double the incidence of MACE at long‐term follow‐up (HR 1.92; 95% CI 1.34–2.77; p < .001).

Conclusion

Women may be at greater risk of procedural complications following rotational atherectomy. These include periprocedural bleeding episodes and coronary perforation leading to cardiac tamponade. Despite this, the adjusted overall long‐term survival free of major adverse cardiac events was similar between males and females.
Characterization of anthocyanin‐containing purple wheat prototype products as functional foods with potential health benefits
Authors: Gamel Tamer H. , Wright Amanda J. , Pickard Mark , Abdel‐Aal El‐Sayed M.
Published: July 2019

Background and objectives

Purple wheat is relatively rich in anthocyanin and phenolic acid compounds that have demonstrated positive physiological effects in humans. This study was intended to develop purple wheat (PW) food prototypes with potential to impact metabolic markers and health conditions. Several products including PW bars, crackers, bread, pancake, and porridge were developed and evaluated based on their nutrient content, anthocyanin composition, and antioxidant properties.

Findings

The products substantially varied in their nutrient contents with protein being high in PW bread, pancake, and porridge (16.5%–18.8%) and intermediate in PW bars and crackers (8.9%–11%–6%). The bran‐enriched PW products and whole wheat pancake were rich in dietary fiber (16.4%–32.6%). The bran was added to boost levels of anthocyanin and dietary fiber in products. The crackers and bars had the highest anthocyanin content (55.9 and 41.7 µg/g, respectively) and were selected over other products for antioxidant testing in vitro. These two products strongly inhibited ABTS, DPPH, and peroxyl radical activities pointing to potential to influence metabolic markers and general health.

Conclusions

The PW bars and crackers hold promise as functional foods based on their contents of polyphenols and dietary fiber and antioxidant properties.

Significance and novelty

The study provides useful information about the innovative PW bars and crackers for further human studies.
Directly Linked Zinc Phthalocyanine–Perylenediimide Dyads and a Triad for Ultrafast Charge Separation
Authors: Zink‐Lorre Nathalie , Font‐Sanchis Enrique , Seetharaman Sairaman , Karr Paul A. , Sastre‐Santos Ángela , D'Souza Francis , Fernández‐Lázaro Fernando
Published: July 2019

Directly linked to promote strong intramolecular interactions, donor–acceptor dyads and a donor–acceptor–donor triad featuring zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) as electron donor and perylenediimide (PDI) as electron acceptor have been synthesized and characterized. Owing to complementary absorption features of the entities, improved light absorption was witnessed in these conjugates. The optimized geometry and electronic structures showed the majority of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) on the ZnPc entity, whereas the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) was on the PDI entity, suggesting that the charge‐separated states would be ZnPc+–PDI.−. The electrochemical and free‐energy calculations suggested exothermic energy and/or electron transfer processes via the singlet states of PDI or ZnPc entities depending on the excitation wavelength of the laser used. The measured rates using femtosecond pump‐probe spectroscopy coupled with global analysis of transient data revealed ultrafast energy transfer from 1PDI* to ZnPc followed by charge separation. However, when ZnPc was selectively excited, only electron transfer was witnessed wherein the time constants for forward and reverse electron transfer processes followed Marcus predictions. The absorption in a wide section of the solar spectrum and the ultrafast charge separation suggest the usefulness of these systems as good photosynthetic models.
Soluble and Planar 2,9‐Diazaperopyrenes through Reductive Aromatization of Perylene Diimides: Tunable Emission and Aggregation Behaviors
Authors: Nakamura Yasutaka , Nakazato Takumi , Kamatsuka Takuto , Shinokubo Hiroshi , Miyake Yoshihiro
Published: July 2019

Reductive aromatization of perylene diimides with acid anhydrides in the presence of Mn or Zn metals provides soluble and planar 2,9‐diazaperopyrenes with ester groups at 1,3,8,10‐positions. The pivaloxy groups at the peripheral positions can be transformed into a variety of aryl groups through nickel‐catalyzed cross‐coupling of ester groups. Emission colors of diazaperopyrenes are tunable by the peripheral substituents. The peripheral substituents also affect the aggregation behaviors of 2,9‐diazaperopyrenes in the solution and solid states.
Kühl‐ und Prozesswasserbehandlung in der Stahlindustrie
Authors: Wolters Ralf , Hubrich Martin , Kozariszczuk Matthias , Mund Peter , Kamp Johannes , Wessling Matthias
Published: July 2019

Zur Behandlung (säurehaltiger) Prozesswässer in der Stahlindustrie bietet die Membrantechnologie vielversprechendes Potenzial. Innovative Rohrmembranen wurden untersucht, bei der maßgeschneidert Polyelektrolyte mittels Layer‐by‐layer‐Beschichtung auf einer keramischen Supportmembran aufgetragen werden. Als weiteres Verfahren wird die membranunterstützte kapazitive Deionsiation für die Aufbereitung von Kühlwasser betrachtet, die nach dem Prinzip der elektrostatischen Sorption Ionen bei geringer Spannung abtrennt. Über die positiven Erfahrungen aus zwei industriellen Anwendungen wird berichtet.
Fast Binary Embeddings and Quantized Compressed Sensing with Structured Matrices
Authors: Huynh Thang , Saab Rayan
Published: July 2019

This paper deals with two related problems, namely distance‐preserving binary embeddings and quantization for compressed sensing. First, we propose fast methods to replace points from a subset Χ ⊂ ℝn, associated with the euclidean metric, with points in the cube {±1}m, and we associate the cube with a pseudometric that approximates euclidean distance among points in Χ. Our methods rely on quantizing fast Johnson‐Lindenstrauss embeddings based on bounded orthonormal systems and partial circulant ensembles, both of which admit fast transforms. Our quantization methods utilize noise shaping, and include sigma‐delta schemes and distributed noise‐shaping schemes. The resulting approximation errors decay polynomially and exponentially fast in m, depending on the embedding method. This dramatically outperforms the current decay rates associated with binary embeddings and Hamming distances. Additionally, it is the first such binary embedding result that applies to fast Johnson‐Lindenstrauss maps while preserving ℓ2 norms.

Second, we again consider noise‐shaping schemes, albeit this time to quantize compressed sensing measurements arising from bounded orthonormal ensembles and partial circulant matrices. We show that these methods yield a reconstruction error that again decays with the number of measurements (and bits), when using convex optimization for reconstruction. Specifically, for sigma‐delta schemes, the error decays polynomially in the number of measurements, and it decays exponentially for distributed noise‐shaping schemes based on beta encoding. These results are near optimal and the first of their kind dealing with bounded orthonormal systems. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Performance assessment of long‐range and Sigfox protocols with mobility support
Authors: Oliveira Luiz , Rodrigues Joel J. P. C. , Kozlov Sergei A. , Rabêlo Ricardo A. L. , Furtado Vasco
Published: July 2019

Low‐power wide area networks (LP‐WANs) protocols are considered options to meet the requirements of Internet of Things (IoT) solutions that need long‐range communication with low power consumption. Few studies intended to evaluate the performance of the same class of protocols coexisting in the same environment and with mobility support. This paper explores the technical characteristics of Sigfox and long‐range (LoRa) protocols and presents a performance evaluation study considering mobility scenarios. The experiments were performed in real environments. Then, two prototypes for LoRa and Sigfox equipped with Global Positioning System (GPS) were created. Quantitative and qualitative performance metrics were also proposed for this study. The results showed that the coexistence between these protocols has soft impact on the performance presented. Because of the movement, the effects of Doppler, multipath, and signal fading hardly affect the performance of both protocols.
Comprehensive analysis of population genetics of Phoxinus phoxinus ujmonensis in the Irtysh River: Abiotic and biotic factors
Authors: Xie Peng , Zhao Guang , Niu Jian‐Gong , Wang Jun , Zhou Qiong , Guo Yan , Ma Xu‐Fa
Published: July 2019

As a widely distributed species along the Irtysh River, Phoxinus phoxinus ujmonensis (Kaschtschenko, 1899) was used as a model to investigate genetic diversity and population structure as well as the influence of environmental factors on population genetics. In this study, we specifically developed 12 polymorphic microsatellite loci. The analysis of microsatellite and mtDNA markers revealed a high and a moderate genetic diversity across seven populations, respectively. Moderate differentiation was also detected among several populations, indicating the impact of habitat fragmentation and divergence. The absence of isolation by distance implied an extensive gene flow, while the presence of isolation by adaptation implied that these populations might be in the process of adapting to divergent habitats. Correlation analysis showed that abiotic factors like dissolved oxygen, pH, total dissolved solids, and conductivity in water as well as biotic factors like plankton diversity and fish species diversity had impact on genetic diversity and divergence in P. phoxinus ujmonensis populations. The results of this study will provide an insight into the effect of environmental factors on genetic diversity and contribute to the study of population genetics of sympatric species.
Surface Plasmon Resonance Coupled with Potential‐step Chronoamperometry: Theory and Applications for Quantitative Measurements of Electrodeposited Thin Films
Authors: Liu Qinghua , Wang Xiaoying , Benedict Andrew , Janibekyan Lusine , Su Stephanie Wong , Wang Yixian , Zhou Feimeng
Published: July 2019

Cyclic voltammetry (CV) has been combined with surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for probing electrochemical deposition and redox‐initiated film reorganization and conformational changes. However, the varying potential during CV scans leads to unwanted SPR background changes and complicates interpretation of SPR signals. In this work, we show that, when SPR is coupled with CV, the background correction for underpotential deposition of copper and electropolymerization of aniline is either inaccurate or difficult to perform. For accurate thickness measurements of electrodeposited films, potential‐step (PS) chronoamperometry is a method of choice to combine with SPR. The theory that interprets double‐layer charging is used to explain the advantage of PS chronoamperometry over CV in quantifying the thickness of electrodeposited thin films. The influence of the double‐layer charging on the potential‐induced SPR signal change was analyzed, and the results were used to optimize experimental parameters for PS‐SPR. Overall, PS‐SPR is easier to operate, simpler in data interpretation, and more accurate for the film thickness measurement.
DNA Interaction with 17α‐Ethinylestradiol Studied Using Electrochemical Biosensors and Biosensing in Solution
Authors: Sochr Jozef , Nemčeková Katarína , Černicová Monika , Campbell Kirsty , Milata Viktor , Farkašová Dana , Labuda Ján
Published: July 2019

The synthetic estrogen 17α‐ethinylestradiol (EE2) is an active component of oral contraceptives. It is considered as an endocrine disrupting compound that, once incorporated into an organism, affects the hormonal balance of animals and humans. In this study we characterized the DNA‐EE2 interaction using an electrochemical biosensor and biosensing in solution phase with the double stranded DNA from salmon sperm and deoxyguanosine monophosphate (dGMP). Differential pulse voltammetry method has been applied based on voltammetric anodic responses of the deoxyguanine (dGuo) and deoxyadenine (dAdo) as well as EE2 in the medium of phosphate buffer solution pH 7.0. Binding of EE2 to the nucleobases leads to a decrease of their anodic signals. Association constant for DNA‐EE2 interaction has been estimated to be about 1.1 ⋅ 103 L mol−1 and 1.4 ⋅ 103 L mol−1 for dGuo and dAdo responses, respectively. The association is reversible as indicated by decrease of the EE2 response in pure buffer solution due to leaching of EE2 from the surface attached DNA. The DNA‐EE2 association has been confirmed also by UV‐vis spectrometric experiments.
α‐Fe2O3 Film with Highly Photoactivity for Non‐enzymatic Photoelectrochemical Detection of Glucose
Authors: Liu Fuyan , Wang Peng , Zhang Qianqian , Wang Zeyan , Liu Yuanyuan , Zheng Zhaoke , Qin Xiaoyan , Zhang Xiaoyang , Dai Ying , Huang Baibiao
Published: July 2019

A non‐enzyme photoelectrochemical (PEC) glucose sensor based on α‐Fe2O3 film is investigated. The α‐Fe2O3 film was fabricated via a simple spin coating method. The proposed glucose sensor exhibits good selectivity, a fast response time of <5 s, a linear range of 0.05 to 6.0 mM, sensitivity of 17.23 μA mM−1 cm−2 and a detection limit of 0.05 μM. Meanwhile, the excellent performances of the α‐Fe2O3 sensor were obtained in reproducibility and the long‐term stability under ambient condition. The linear amperometric response of the sensor covers the glucose levels in physiological and clinical for diabetic patients. Therefore, this non‐enzyme PEC sensor based on α‐Fe2O3 film has a great potential application in the development of glucose sensors.
Controlling DNA/Surface Interactions for Potential Pulse‐Assisted Preparation of Multi‐Probe DNA Microarrays
Authors: Jambrec Daliborka , Kayran Yasin U. , Schuhmann Wolfgang
Published: July 2019

The possibility of selectively modifying microarray electrodes with different DNA sequences in a controlled way without the need for local positioning of solutions or local modification of array surfaces is demonstrated. Potential pulse sequences are employed to perform sequential surface modification of a 32‐gold‐electrode array with two different thiolated DNA capture sequences, surface passivation and regeneration of selected microarray electrodes, all by adjusting the potential intensities of the same potential pulse‐assisted method. We achieve reproducible and controlled DNA immobilization together with minimization of false signals originating from unspecific adsorption or undesired co‐immobilization. This methodology is not limited to DNA chips and it is potentially suitable for a wide range of applications employing Au−S chemistry. It can be employed in laboratory conditions for localizing different reactive chemistries onto predefined electrodes of an array without the need for complex and expensive apparatus and special conditions.