bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High-power and high-rpm two-stroke aircraft engines – applications and prospects
Authors: Pełczyński Jakub , Bajerlein Maciej
Published: February 2025

The article presents the concept of a two-stroke high-power aircraft engine, intended primarily for powering a record-breaking racing aircraft and its version for powering passenger or transport aircraft. Based on the design study and calculated operational indicators, an analysis of its usability in the proposed aircraft will be presented. According to initial assumptions, it should be able to exceed the current speed record for a piston-powered aircraft. Based on the developed design and conducted tests, the engine will also be analyzed as a drive for passenger or transport aircraft. For this purpose, it was compared with a turboprop engine with particular consideration of the generated thrust. In addition, the unused potential of such two-stroke engines as the Rolls-Royce Crecy, Napier Nomad and the high-speed two-stroke engine designs of engineer Tresilian will be analyzed.
FIRST REPORT IN EUROPE OF EUWALLACEA SIMILIS (FERRARI) (COLEOPTERA CURCULIONIDAE SCOLYTINAE XYLEBORINI)
Authors: TOCCAFONDI PAOLO , VITALE SALVATORE , RIZZO DOMENICO , LUONGO LAURA , BINAZZI FRANCESCO , GARAGUSO IVANA , BENVENUTI CLAUDIA , MERCURI ISABELLA , RESTA EMILIO , PENNACCHIO FABRIZIO
Published: February 2025

Euwallacea similis (Ferrari, 1867), an ambrosia beetle of Asian origin, is recorded for the first time in Europe on an ‘ornamental’ Ficus macrophylla tree, based on a series of specimens collected in Montechiarugolo (Parma, Italy), in May 2024. Morphological as well as molecular identifications of this species are presented and debated and the implications of this finding briefly discussed from a phytosanitary perspective. Key Words: Alien insects, Ambrosia beetles, Ficus macrophylla
The Effects of Affective Cues on the Performance of Reward-Based Crowdfunding Projects : Theoretical Foundations and Empirical Evidence
Authors:   , Raab Maximilian
Published: February 2025

Knowing how to present a crowdfunding project, thus, which displayed cues facilitate funding decisions is important for entrepreneurs to increase funding, especially in reward-based crowdfunding. However, there is limited knowledge about the relationship between the display of affective cues through different communication modalities and funding performance. By systematically reviewing and synthesizing the reward-based crowdfunding literature, this dissertation provides a structured overview of the cues affecting funding performance. The literature review reveals several distinct cues for which the effects point in a clear direction, while for several other cues, the effects are less straightforward and require further investigation. The empirical results of this dissertation demonstrate that the social richness of a project presentation and the entrepreneur’s participation behavior affect funding success. Building on these findings, it is shown that the emotional appeal of the project presentation has a significant effect on the funding outcome. Particularly, affective words in text, affective speech in pitch videos, and facial emotional expressions in pictures and pitch videos have an inverted U-shaped, non-linear relationship with funding performance. Thus, moderate, instead of high numbers of affective cues lead to higher funding. Initial evidence is provided that the non-linear effect is influenced by social-contextual factors prevailing in reward-based crowdfunding. Showing how affective cues can be orchestrated and combined across different modalities to effectively impact funding performance introduces a novel multi-modal perspective. By employing a set of lenses theoretically grounded in social presence, emotional contagion, and emotion as social information, this dissertation helps to better understand the effects of affective cues on funding behavior. Overall, this cumulative dissertation offers theoretically grounded and empirically verified insights regarding the effects of affective cues on funding performance in reward-based crowdfunding. Thus, this dissertation serves as a guide for practitioners and scholars to understand and leverage the potential benefits of affective cues displayed on multi-modal, multi-sided platforms.
THE POLICY OF ARABIC CAMP PROGRAM IN ASY - SYARIFAH ISLAMIC SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL (MAQBA) (ARABIC LANGUAGE POLICY STUDIES)
Authors: Busri Hasan , Munir Muhamad Misbahul
Published: February 2025

Asy - Syarifah Islamic Senior High School or it’s called MAQBA (school of learning language and Quran) is one of the language school In Mranggen district Demak regency. This school is a boarding school system that has two special programs, those are language and Quran. Asy - Syarifah Islamic Senior High School exists in 2007 but in 2017 it has already had language program and launched it in 2017 by creating launching language day. From that agenda, the school has some rules of language day and some supported programs that support the language program in Asy - Syarifah Islamic Senior High School or MAQBA
During this time, the Arabic learning program doesn’t give the students a good improvement in it yet. There are some problems while running this program. Those are many students don’t graduated from the Islamic junior high school and also we still need many qualified teacher that has an ability to help this Arabic learning program running well. Beside that, the Islamic boarding school still doesn’t give support yet according to this program, because the functionaries of Islamic boarding school still feel confused to get the way to have skill in a short time.
Because of that, MAQBA has a concept of learning Arabic language by Arabic Camp Program as a medium for students and teachers to learn and practice Arabic in International atmosphere through fun learning and non-formal education method, where the Arabic camp program will run in the beginning of the academic year. And this program aim at the students and also all of the teachers that can help the programs later if the Arabic camp program has finished.
MAQBA Asy-Syarifah needs to take a policy by initiating an intensive, comprehensive and fun Arabic language learning system to produce students who have qualified Arabic language competences. This is the aim of this research. This research uses descriptive qualitative research methods. The results of this study indicate that MAQBA Asy-Syarifah is serious about guarding the development of Arabic language competencies by issuing a policy of holding an Arabic Camp Program for new students of MAQBA Asy-Syarifah. This seriousness is shown by preparing the best designed study time and curriculum, and also cooperate with another institution from Pare Kediri to have an Arabic Camp System by Pare System in developing a language especially for Arabic.
Tasiru Tatwir Al-Lughah Al-Arobiyyah Fii Zilli At-Tahwili Ar-Roqmi Ala Ta'limi Al-Lughah Al-'Arobiyyah Fii Indunisia
Authors: Mahdi Ahmad , Rahmatul Uyuni Yuyun
Published: February 2025

Dalam era digital yang semakin berkembang pesat, transformasi bahasa Arab telah menjadi esensial dalam memenuhi tuntutan kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan dan informasi. Artikel ini mengkaji dampak perkembangan bahasa Arab di tengah digitalisasi pada pembelajaran bahasa Arab di Indonesia. Penelitian ini mengeksplorasi bagaimana bahasa Arab beradaptasi dengan lingkungan digital dan bagaimana pembelajaran bahasa Arab di Indonesia memanfaatkan perubahan ini. Dengan fokus pada berbagai bidang ilmu pengetahuan, pendidikan, sosial, politik, budaya, dan ekonomi, artikel ini mengidentifikasi tantangan dan peluang yang muncul akibat transformasi ini. Kemampuan bahasa Arab tidak lagi terbatas pada aspek agama, melainkan juga menjadi kunci untuk berpartisipasi dalam komunikasi global, penelitian lintas disiplin, diplomasi internasional, dan kerja sama ekonomi. Melalui tinjauan terhadap pendekatan pembelajaran bahasa Arab di Indonesia, artikel ini membahas peran teknologi dalam mengubah metode dan strategi pembelajaran. Pendekatan berbasis digital seperti pembelajaran daring, aplikasi pembelajaran bahasa, dan sumber daya digital semakin memengaruhi cara pembelajaran bahasa Arab diintegrasikan ke dalam kurikulum modern.Dengan menganalisis tren perkembangan ini, artikel ini memberikan wawasan tentang bagaimana transformasi bahasa Arab dalam era digital mempengaruhi konteks pembelajaran bahasa Arab di Indonesia. Diharapkan bahwa pemahaman mendalam tentang dinamika ini akan membantu membentuk strategi pembelajaran yang lebih responsif dan relevan untuk mengimbangi tuntutan zaman yang terus berubah.
Kata Kunci: Transformasi; Bahasa Arab; Digital
Tathawwur Taallum Al-Lughah Al-Arabiyah AL-Qaim ‘ala Asasi Al-Tiknulujiya
Authors: Ahsanuddin Mohammad , Rozi Fakhrur , Mahendra Romi
Published: February 2025

Language teaching is part of education in general, but language teaching has different characteristics and purposes from education in its overall concept. Language teaching does not mean teaching about the language, but it tends to teach the methods and techniques for pronouncing the language. Technology is a Greek word meaning a craft, workmanship, or art, and it is a suffix meaning science. Technology is work that is concerned with improving performance and formulation during scientific application. Based on this, it can be concluded that education technology does not require the presence of technology in it, and education based on technology requires the presence of technology during the lesson. The history of the emergence of technology-based education, especially language education, corresponds to the emergence of the technologies themselves on the ground.
KESALAHAN CHATGPT DALAM INTERPRETASI MUBTADA’ DAN KHABAR PADA STRUKTUR BAHASA ARAB
Authors: Sulaikho Siti , Hudatullah Ruwaida , Amalia Dian Risky
Published: February 2025

ChatGPT sebagai bentuk perkembangan Artificial Intelligence dapat menjadi solusi bagi pembelajar maupun pengajar. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengungkap sejauh mana kesalahan interpretasi ChatGPT terhadap mubtada’ dan khabar, serta membandingkannya dengan 3 kitab klasik, yaitu kitab An-Nahwu Al-Wã?ih karya Ali Al-Jãrim dan Mu??afã Am?n, kitab Al-Jur?miyyah karya Muhammad bin Dawud as-?anhaji, serta kitab Jãmi’ Ad-Dur?s karya Mu??afã Al-Galãyain?. Penelitian ini termasuk kualitatif yang bersifat deskriptif. Pengumpulan data berupa dokumen dan analisis data menggunakan analisis konten. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ChatGPT dapat menunjukkan teori mubtada’ dan khabar secara tepat. Akan tetapi dalam hal interpretasi, masih banyak ditemukan kesalahan. ChatGPT memberi ketentuan interpretasi mubtada’ dan khabar sebagai berikut: 1] mubtada’ berupa kata benda, 2] mubtada’ harus terletak pada awal kalimat, dan 3] khabar berupa kata kerja atau kata sifat. Hal ini berbeda dengan interpretasi ahli bahasa Arab dalam kitab klasik, yaitu: 1] mubtada’ berupa kata benda, 2] pada umumnya, mubtada’ terletak di awal kalimat, 3] khabar berupa kata benda (isim), 4] khabar dapat berupa kata kerja (fi’il) jika kata kerja tersebut bersambung dengan subjek (fã’il), 5] pada umumnya, khabar terletak setelah mubtada’, 6] khabar ada kalanya terletak sebelum mubtada’ apabila terdiri dari jãr wa majr?r dan ?araf.
 
ChatGPT as a form of Artificial Intelligence development can be a solution for learners and teachers. The purpose of this study is to reveal the extent of ChatGPT's misinterpretation of mubtada' and khabar, and compare it with 3 classic books, namely An-Nahwu Al-Wã?ih by Ali Al-Jãrim and Mu??afã Am?n, Al-Jur?miyyah by Muhammad bin Dawud as-?anhaji, and Jãmi' Ad-Dur?s by Mu??afã Al-Galãyain?. This research includes qualitative which is descriptive. Data collection in the form of documents and data analysis using content analysis. The results showed that ChatGPT can show the theory of mubtada' and khabar precisely. However, in terms of interpretation, there are still many errors. ChatGPT stipulates the interpretation of mubtada' and khabar as follows: 1] mubtada' is a noun, 2] mubtada' must be located at the beginning of the sentence, and 3] khabar is a verb or adjective. This is different from the interpretation of Arabic linguists in the classics, namely: 1] mubtada' is a noun, 2] in general, mubtada' is located at the beginning of a sentence, 3] khabar is a noun (isim), 4] khabar can be a verb (fi'il) if the verb is connected to the subject  (fã'il), 5] In general, khabar is located after  mubtada', 6] khabar sometimes occurs before  mubtada'  when it consists of jãr wa majr?r and ?araf.
Digitalisasi dan Eksistensi Bahasa Arab dalam Perspektif Politik Bahasa Sasaran di Indonesia
Authors: Faedurrohman  , Hakim Lukmanul
Published: February 2025

Indonesia Abstract
Digitalisasi bahasa Arab merupakan sebuah keniscayaan di era digital sebagai untuk mengenalkan, mengembangkan dan menjaga eksistensi bahasa Arab sebagai salah satu bahasa penting di dunia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap urgensi digitalisasi dan eksistensi bahasa Arab dalam perspektif politik bahasa sasaran; yang pembahasannya tidak lepas dari peraturan-peraturan yang berlaku  terkait bahasa asing serta kondisi kekinian bahasa Arab di Indonesia. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah kualitatif. Adapun metode yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif analitik, yaitu menggambarkan digitalisasi dan eksistensi bahasa Arab dalam perspektif politik bahasa sasaran di Indonesia secara mendalam. Sumber data yang digunakan menggunakan teknik pengumpulan data secara daring (online library research). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa berdasarkan politik bahasa sasaran (bahasa asing) di Indonesia, digitalisasi bahasa Arab memiliki relevansi dengan upaya menjaga eksistensi bahasa Arab, baik dalam konteks pembelajaran, penyimpanan, pendistribusian maupun aksesibilitasnya.
Kata Kunci: Digitalisasi, Eksistensi Bahasa Arab, Politik Bahasa.
 
English Abstract
Digitization of Arabic is a necessity in the digital era to introduce, develop and maintain the existence of Arabic as one of the important languages in the world.. This study aims to reveal the urgency of digitalization and the existence of Arabic in the political perspective of the target language; whose discussion cannot be separated from the existing regulations and the current condition of the Arabic language in Indonesia. The approach used is qualitative. The method used is descriptive analytic method, which describes the digitization and existence of Arabic in the political perspective of the target language in Indonesia in depth. The data source used uses online data collection techniques (online library research). The results of this research show that based on the politics of the target language (foreign language) in Indonesia, the digitalization of Arabic is relevant to efforts to maintain the existence of the Arabic language, both in the context of learning, storage, distribution and accessibility.
Keywords: Digitizing, Existence of Arabic, Language Politics.
Fa’aliyatu Tathbiq “Spinning Wheel” Litanmiyati Kafaatul Mufrodat Ladat Tullab Shaffir Rabi’ Bima’had Al-Mujtama’ Al-Islami Sadao Songkhla Thailand
Authors: Miftahul Karim Syauqi , Suriani Erma , Syarifuddin Muhammad , Tohdeen Nasree
Published: February 2025

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas penerapan metode "Spinning Wheel" dalam meningkatkan kecakapan kosakata siswa kelas IV di Ma'had Al-Mujtama' Al-Islami, Sadao, Songkhla, Thailand. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan desain ex post facto. Metode pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui wawancara, observasi, dokumentasi, dan tes. Data yang terkumpul dianalisis untuk menilai pengaruh penggunaan media "Spinning Wheel" terhadap penguasaan kosakata siswa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penerapan media "Spinning Wheel" terbukti sangat efektif dalam meningkatkan kecakapan kosakata siswa, dengan dampak positif yang signifikan terhadap pemahaman dan penggunaan kosakata dalam pembelajaran bahasa. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa media ini merupakan metode yang efisien dan menarik untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa dalam penguasaan kosakata.
Cosolvent-involved hybrid solvation models for aqueous Zn-ion electrolytes: a case study of ethylene glycol-H2O-ZnSO4 system
Authors: Yang Xi , Sun Shichen , Huang Kevin
Published: February 2025

Tuning electrolyte bulk properties, fundamentally the Zn-ion solvation structures, is key to addressing degradation issues in aqueous Zn-ion batteries (AZIBs). The common practice is to add water-soluble organics as a cosolvent. However, a comprehensive fundamental understanding of the cosolvent effect on electrolyte bulk properties is still lacking. In this work, using ethylene glycol (EG) as the cosolvent and 2M ZnSO4 as the base aqueous Zn-ion electrolyte, we report from a computational perspective how the cosolvent affects aqueous electrolyte bulk properties such as conductivity and pH. To ensure reliability of the computational results, we have used experimental ion conductivity data to validate our computing methods. Further, we show new hybrid solvation models that encompass H2O, cosolvent and anion, e.g., EG-Zn(H2O)52+ and EG-Zn(H2O)42+-SO42-. Based on these cosolvent-involved Zn-ion solvation models, the experimental pH trending has been successfully explained. Our work offers new insights into the cosolvent effect on aqueous Zn-ion electrolyte bulk properties and solvation structures.
Integrating sequence and chemical insights: a co-modeling AI prediction framework for peptides
Authors: Liu Zihan , Yan Meiru , Zhu Zhihui , Guo Yongfu , Xu Mouzheng , Wang Jiaqi
Published: February 2025

Understanding the impact of the primary structure of peptides on a range of physicochemical properties is crucial for the development of various applications. Peptides can be conceptualized as sequences of amino acids in their biological representation and as molecular architectures composed of atoms and chemical bonds in their chemical representation. This study examines the influence of different biological and chemical representations of peptides on the local interpretability and accuracy of their respective prediction models and has developed “feature attribution” methodologies based on these representations. The effectiveness of these methodologies is validated through physicochemical analyses, specifically within the context of peptide aggregation propensity (AP) prediction, with training datasets derived from high-throughput molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Our findings reveal significant discrepancies in the attribution extracted from sequence-based and chemical structure-based representations, which has led to the proposal of a co-modeling framework that integrates insights from both perspectives. Empirical comparisons have demonstrated that the contrastive learning-based co-modeling framework excels in terms of effectiveness and efficiency. This research not only extends the applicability of the attribution method but also lays the groundwork for elucidating the intrinsic mechanisms governing peptide activities and functions with the aid of domain-specific knowledge. Moreover, the co-modeling strategy is poised to enhance the precision of downstream applications and facilitate future endeavors in drug discovery and protein engineering.
Quasi-Periodic Parametric Perturbations of Two-Dimensional Hamiltonian Systems: Degenerate Resonances and Synchronization
Authors:   Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod, Morozov K. E. ,   Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod, Morozov A. D.
Published: February 2025

We consider nonconservative quasi-periodic perturbations of two-dimensional Hamiltonian systems with nonmonotonic rotation. The peculiarity of these systems is that degenerate resonances can take place. Special focus is on those systems for which the corresponding autonomous perturbed system has a structurally stable limit cycle. If the cycle appears in the neighborhood of a nonresonance phase curve, then it corresponds to an invariant torus in the initial system. In this regard, the problem of synchronization arises when the invariant torus passes through a resonance zone. In this paper, we distinguish a class of perturbations (the so-called parametric perturbations) under which synchronization can be violated. Also, we introduce the concept of generalized synchronization and give conditions for this type of synchronization to occur. As an example, we study a Duffing-like equation with an asymmetric potential function.
Existence of Attractors of Foliations, Pseudogroups and Groups of Transformations
Authors:   HSE University Bol’shaya Pecherskaya ul. 25/12, Nizhny Novgorod, 603155 Russia, Dedaev R.A. , Zhukova N.I. ,   HSE University Bol’shaya Pecherskaya ul. 25/12, Nizhny Novgorod, 603155 Russia
Published: February 2025

In this work, by a dynamical system we mean a pair $(S, \,X)$, where $S$ is either a pseudogroup of local diffeomorphisms, or a transformation group, or a smooth foliation of the manifold $X$. The groups of transformations can be both discrete and nondiscrete. We define the concepts of attractor and global attractor of the dynamical system $(S, \,X)$ and investigate the properties of attractors and the problem of the existence of attractors of dynamical systems $(S, \,X)$. Compactness of attractors and ambient manifolds is not assumed. A property of the dynamical system is called transverse if it can be expressed in terms of the orbit space or the leaf space (in the case of foliations). It is shown that the existence of an attractor of a dynamical system is a transverse property. This property is applied by us in proving two subsequent criteria for the existence of an attractor (and global attractor): for foliations of codimension $q$ on an $n$-dimensional manifold, $0 < q < n$, and for foliations covered by fibrations. A criterion for the existence of an attractor that is a minimal set for an arbitrary dynamical system is also proven. Various examples of both regular attractors and attractors of transformation groups that are fractals are constructed.
Challenges and future directions for green hydrogen development
Authors: Yin Shi
Published: February 2025

Green hydrogen has been increasingly recognized as a critical solution for decarbonization in various sectors, including transportation, heavy industry, and energy storage. However, its widespread adoption is currently hindered by several obstacles, including high production costs, insufficient infrastructure, and inadequate differentiation from fossil fuel-derived hydrogen. To promote the green hydrogen economy, targeted policy actions are necessary. These include creating a climate-oriented market foundation, ensuring long-term resilience through diversified supply chains, and offering robust financial incentives. Addressing these challenges is essential for unlocking green hydrogen’s potential and achieving global carbon neutrality targets.
Only in Natural Concepts Does Nature Disclose Her Secrets
Authors: Niemz Markolf H.
Published: February 2025

Today’s physics describes nature in “empirical concepts” (based on observation), such as coordinate space/time in special relativity (SR), curved spacetime in general relativity (GR), and wave/particle. There are coordinate-free formulations of SR/GR, but there is no absolute time in SR/GR and thus no “holistic view” (universal for all objects at the same instant in time). I show: Euclidean relativity (ER) provides a holistic view by describing nature in “natural concepts” (immanent in all objects). Proper space/time (pure distance) replace coordinate space/time. Curved worldlines in flat Euclidean spacetime (ES) replace curved spacetime. “Wavematters” (pure energy) replace wave/particle. Any object’s proper space d1, d2, d3 and its proper time τ span d1, d2, d3, d4 (ES), where d4 = cτ. The invariant is absolute, cosmic time θ. All energy moves through ES at the speed c. An observer’s view is created by orthogonally projecting ES to his proper space and to his proper time. For each object, there is a 4D vector “flow of proper time” τ. Information is lost if the 4D vector τ is ignored, as in SR/GR. ER solves the Hubble tension. Also, ER declares dark energy and non-locality obsolete. I conclude: (1) Acceleration rotates an object’s τ and curves its worldline in flat ES. (2) Information hidden in τ solves 15 mysteries. (3) Different concepts disable a unification of SR/GR and ER. Either scope is limited. We must not apply SR/GR but ER whenever τ is crucial (high-redshift supernovae, entanglement). We must not apply ER but SR/GR whenever we use empirical concepts.
Interpretation of Gravity by Entropy
Authors: Fujino Seiji
Published: February 2025

In this paper, we attempt to interpret gravity by entropy. We first introduce generalized entropy, acceleration of its entropy and its partial entropy, and assume that generalized entropy can represent as a second-order polynomial by applying the idea of the logistic function to its entropy. Besides, we define the inverse of partial entropy as the gravitational potential. By applying these concepts, we attempt to explain that 1) gravity becomes constant values within small distance under certain conditions. It is possible that gravity has 5-states within small enough distance. There may exist anti-gravity which is the opposite of Newton's gravity among 5-states. Furthermore, within small distance, we show the possibility that the gravitational potential and the Coulomb potential can treat in the same way, that 2) the rotation speed of the galaxy does not depend on its radius if the radius is within the size level of the universe (The galaxy rotation curve problem), and that 3) the gravitational acceleration toward the center may change at long distance compared to Newton's gravity. We show that it becomes an expansion of Newton's gravity, and that the possibility of the existence of certain constants which control gravity and the speed of galaxies, and that gravity may relate to entropy. It also describes the relationship between the Yukawa type potential and generalized partial entropy with negative. Using equations proposed in this paper, it attempts to propose 11-types of forces (accelerations) including the gravitational acceleration g and compare the ratios of the fundamental 4-forces in nature (strong-force, electromagnetic force, weak-force, and gravity). Furthermore, it suggests that there may exist new forces, and that the gravitational constant G can fluctuate if entropy changes. Thermodynamics, quantum, gravity, electromagnetic and ecology may unify through entropy.
Effect of a Plant-Based Nootropic Supplement on Perceptual Decision-Making and Brain Network Interdependencies: A Randomised, Double-Blinded and Placebo-Controlled Study
Authors: O' Reilly David , Bolam Joshua , Delis Ioannis , Utley Andrea
Published: February 2025

Background: Natural nootropic compounds are evidenced to restore brain function in clinical and older populations and are purported to enhance cognitive abilities in healthy cohorts. This study aimed to provide neurocomputational insight into the discrepancies between the remarkable self-reports and growing interest in nootropics among healthy adults and the inconclusive performance-enhancing effects found in the literature. Methods: Towards this end, we devised a randomised, double-blinded, and placebo-controlled study where participants performed a visual categorisation task prior to and following 60 days of supplementation with a plant-based nootropic, while electroencephalographic (EEG) signals were concurrently captured. Results: We found that although no improvements in choice accuracy or reaction times were observed, the application of multivariate information-theoretic measures to the EEG source space showed broadband increases in similar and complementary interdependencies across brain networks of various spatial scales. These changes not only resulted in localised increases in the redundancy among brain network interactions but also more significant and widespread increases in synergy, especially within the delta frequency band. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that natural nootropics can improve overall brain network cohesion and energetic efficiency, computationally demonstrating the beneficial effects of natural nootropics on brain health. However, these effects could not be related to enhanced rapid perceptual decision-making performance in a healthy adult sample. Future research investigating these specific compounds as cognitive enhancers in healthy populations should focus on complex cognition in deliberative tasks (e.g., creativity, learning) and over longer supplementation durations. Clinical trials registration number: NCT06689644.
Fundamental Equations for the Turbulent Motion of an Incompressible Viscous Fluid
Authors: Sun Bo Hua
Published: February 2025

In the realm of fluid dynamics, turbulence inherently necessitates the interactions between fluid viscosity and velocity gradients. This study delves into the foundation of fluid motion equations, identifying the determination of the fluid's constitutive equation as the sole artificial element in their derivation. The paper posits that in turbulent flows, characterized by intense velocity gradients, the second-order terms associated with the deformation rate in the constitutive equation must be retained, rather than dismissed. This revelation yields an accurate constitutive equation for viscous fluids, enabling the derivation of fluid dynamics equations tailored for turbulent motion, devoid of adjustable parameters, and thus refining the Navier-Stokes equations. As a practical application, we present an extended version of Prandtl's boundary layer equation and provide a numerical solution for the wedge flow boundary layer.
Multi Energy Static Modelling Approaches: A Critical Overview
Authors: Migliavacca Gianluigi
Published: February 2025

In Europe and elsewhere in the world, the current ambitious decarbonization targets push in the direction of a gradual decommissioning of all fossil-fuel-based dispatchable electrical generation and, at the same time, a gradual increase of the penetration of the Renewable Energy Sources (RES). Moreover, considerations tied to decarbonization as well as to security of supply, following the recent geo-political events, call for a gradual replacement of gas appliances with electricity-based ones. As RES generation is characterized by a variable generation pattern and as the electric carrier is characterized by scarce intrinsic flexibility (load and generation must coincide instant by instant and storage capabilities through electrochemical batteries as well as demand-side flexibility provision stay rather limited), it is quite natural to think of other energy carriers as possible service providers towards the electricity system. Gas networks are characterized by high compressibility (the so-called linepack phenomenon). Hydrogen stays very promising for providing not only daily but also seasonal storage. Heat networks are also intrinsically flexible because characterized by high thermal inertia and able to ensure comfort while varying water temperatures within a wide range of temperatures. All these carriers could, thus, provide storage services for the electricity system and this could allow, in turn, to increase the amount of RES penetration to be managed safely by the system, without incurring in risks of blackouts and without, on the other side, wasting RES generation peaks (or carrying out expensive reinforcements of electric transmission and distribution networks for hosting flows that would materialize only in a very limited number of hours in one year). All this calls for a new approach, both in electricity network dispatch simulations and in grid planning studies, which extends the simulation domain to other carriers (gas, heat, hydrogen…) so that a global optimal solution is sought for. This simulation approach, called multi-energy or multi-carrier, is gaining momentum in the last years and many approaches have been proposed, both in modelling the single carrier components and in joining them together for creating an overall model. The present paper aims at describing the most important of these approaches and comparing pros and cons of all of them. The style is that of a tutorial aimed at providing some guidance and a few bibliographic references to those who are interested to approach this issue in the next years.
Analysis of Resampling Methods for the Red Edge Band of MSI/Sentinel-2 for Coffee Cultivation Monitoring
Authors: Fagundes Rozymario Bittencourt , Bolfe Édson L. , Ramos-Ospina Manuela , Kayser Luiz Patric , de Paula Amaral Lúcio , Paim Benedetti Ana Caroline , Cristo Parreiras Taya , Marulanda-Tobón Alejandro
Published: February 2025

Spectral indices such as NDRE (Normalized Difference Red Edge Index), CCCI (Canopy Chlorophyll Content Index), and IRECI (Inverted Red Edge Chlorophyll Index), based on the Red Edge band of MSI/Sentinel-2 (B05, B06, B07 images), are essential tools in coffee monitoring. These indices require resampling the Red Edge band (20 m resolution) to match the NIR (10 m resolution) using methods such as nearest neighbor, bilinear, cubic, and Lanczos. In this technical note, we evaluated these resampling methods using two original B05 images, selected on November 24, 2023, and September 21, 2023, with reference points from the farms "Ouro Verde" (15 hectares) in Barra do Choça (BA) and "Canto do Rio" (45 hectares) in Luís Eduardo Magalhães (BA), respectively. A total of 500 random points were generated and analyzed using PSF, linear models, and cross-validation with metrics such as R², MAE, and RMSE. The PSF analysis indicated the integrity of the data for further analysis. The cubic method showed the best performance (R² = 0.996, MAE = 20.87, RMSE = 32.67). The validation results of the resampling methods suggest that this procedure is crucial for accurate digital processing in remote sensing for coffee cultivation and should be aligned with the study objectives.
A Comprehensive Review on the Role of PM2.5 in Modulating Transplant Immunity and Graft Survival
Authors: Malik Muhammad Adil , Zhuang Quan
Published: February 2025

Organ transplantation is an indispensable therapeutic approach for patients experiencing end-stage organ failure. Despite ongoing advancements and refinements in immunosuppressive therapies aimed at mitigating graft rejection and enhancing graft longevity, environmental influences including particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) have emerged as significant determinants of post-transplant health. PM2.5, a prevalent environmental contaminant, is particularly concerning due to its widespread presence and detrimental biological effects. Notably, the living environment of transplant recipients further exacerbates the complexity of post-transplant outcomes. Evaluating findings from recent investigations, this review delves into the influence of PM2.5 exposure on the immune system. The findings identify its capacity to provoke systemic inflammation, disrupt cytokine profiles, and compromise immune tolerance mechanisms. Such immune dysfunction poses direct risks to graft integrity, with potential implications for both graft health and the prospects of achieving long-term graft survival in affected patients.
The Infinite Principle: The Mathematics of Optimism
Authors: Oliver James
Published: February 2025

This paper introduces the infinite principle: a mathematical framework proving that optimism is the rational choice when comparing bounded and unbounded outcomes. Rooted in expected value theory, the principle demonstrates that any option with unbounded upside mathematically dominates alternatives with bounded outcomes, provided the downside is finite and the probability of success is non-zero. This reframes optimism from a subjective outlook to an objective, mathematical necessity. With applications in entrepreneurship, psychology, and existential philosophy, the infinite principle offers a rigorous foundation for decision-making across disciplines. By formalizing this insight, we show that pursuing unbounded potential is not merely hopeful—it is mathematically inevitable.
Static Foot Hyperpronation Monitoring in Asymptomatic Young Individuals during Level and Sloped Gait using an Instrumented Treadmill
Authors: Kamitsou Natalia , Kafetzakis Ioannis , Mandalidis Dimitris
Published: February 2025

Foot hyperpronation is a common anatomical misalignment that may contribute to the development of both localized and distant musculoskeletal overuse injuries. Advancements in modern technology may enable the detection of biomechanical changes in dynamic conditions that cannot be captured through conventional foot alignment assessments. The study aimed to investigate potential differences in spatiotemporal, dynamic and center of pressure (COP)-related gait parameters, between individuals with foot hyperpronation (n=21) and those with a neutral foot type (n=21) under various walking conditions, using an instrumented treadmill. These conditions included walking downhill at −20% slope at 3.5 km·h-1, and at −10% slope at 5.0 km·h-1, level (0%) at 5.0 km·h-1, and uphill at +10% slope at 3.5 km·h-1 and +20% slope at 2.5 km·h-1, each lasting five minutes. The results showed no significant differences in stride length and time, foot rotation, step width, cadence, or gait phase durations between the two groups. However, individuals with hyperpronated feet exhibited a more forward and mediolaterally displaced COP, higher vertical ground reaction forces (vGRFs) at the midfoot, and lower vGRFs at the lateral forefoot. Instrumented treadmills enable clinicians and sports scientists to detect specific traits in individuals with foot hyperpronation, which would otherwise go undetected through static assessments.
Electron-Ion Radiative Recombination Assisted by Bicircular Laser Pulses
Authors: Kanti Deeksha , Kamiński Jerzy Zdzisław , Peng Liang-You , Krajewska Katarzyna
Published: February 2025

Electron-ion radiative recombination in the presence of a bicircular laser pulse is analyzed beyond the dipole approximation. A bicircular pulse consists of two counter-rotating circularly polarized laser pulses with commensurate carrier frequencies. It is demonstrated that the broad bandwidth radiation can be generated in the process and its spectrum can be significantly enhanced by tailoring the laser field. A special emphasis is put on analyzing temporal properties of generated radiation.
Mobile Sensing for Assessing Urban Microclimate (UMC) and Urban Heat Island (UHI) Effects on Air Quality
Authors: Mandjoupa Lirane , Behera Pradeep , Roman Kibria K , Azam Hossain , Denis Max
Published: February 2025

During the intense heatwaves of late summer 2024, Washington, DC’s urban landscape revealed the powerful influence of urban morphology on microclimates and air quality. This study investigates how building height-to-width (H/W) ratios impact the urban heat island (UHI) effect, using a combination of field measurements and CFD simulations to understand the dynamics. Street-level data collected from late August to November 2024 across three sites in Washington DC. show that high H/W ratios 2.5–3.0, significantly increased temperatures 30.12–32.10°C and reduced wind speeds 0.02–3.20 m/s, leading to elevated pollutant concentrations, with PM2.5 averaging 2.19 µg/m³. Meanwhile, lower H/W ratios less than 1.5 demonstrated better air circulation and lower pollution levels. The CFD simulations are in good agreement with the experimental data yielding an RMSE of 0.75 for temperature, thus demonstrating its utility for forecasting UHI effects under varying urban layouts. These results demonstrate the potential of CFD in not only modeling but also predicting UHI dynamics, providing valuable tools for urban planners to mitigate heat and improve air quality through strategic design decisions.
Is the Hyperscaling Relation Violated Below the Upper Critical Dimension in Some Particular Cases?
Authors: Diep Hung T. , Ngo Van Thanh
Published: February 2025

In this review, we show our results with new interpretation on the critical exponents of thin films obtained by high-performance multi-histogram Monte Carlo simulations. The film thickness Nz consists of a few layers up to a dozen of layers in the z direction. The free boundary condition is applied in this direction while in the xy plane periodic boundary conditions are used. The large xy plane size, from 702 to 1602, is used for finite-size scaling. The Ising model is used with nearest-neighbor (NN) interaction. When Nz=1, namely the two-dimensional (2D) system, we find strictly the critical exponents given by the renormalization group. While, for Nz>1, the critical exponents calculated with the high-precision multi-histogram technique show that they deviate systematically from the 2D values and get closer to the 3D critical exponents for Nz>13 . If we argue that as long as the thickness Nz is small enough, the correlation length in the z direction is finite, it does not affect the nature of the phase transition, namely it remains in the 2D universality class. This argument is in contradiction with our numerical results which show a systematic deviation from 2D values: If we use these values of critical exponents in the hyperscaling relation with d=2, then the hyperscaling relation is violated. However, if we use the hyperscaling relation and the critical exponents obtained for Nz>1 to calculate the dimension of the system, we find the system dimension between 2 and 3. This can be viewed as an "effective" dimension. More discussion is given in the paper. We also show the cross-over between the first- and second-order transition while varying the film thickness. In addition, we will show evidence that when a 2D system has two order-parameters of different symmetries with a single transition, the critical exponents are new, suggesting a universality class of coupled two-symmetry breakings. In this case, the 2D hyperscaling does not hold. Another case is the 3D Ising model coupled to the lattice vibration: the critical exponents deviate from the 3D Ising ones, the results suggest the violation of the hyperscaling.
Role of Spatial Planning in Landscape-Based Groundwater Recharge: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Riaz Amna , Nijhuis Steffen , Bobbink Inge
Published: February 2025

Groundwater is a vital resource for ecosystems, with its recharge process influenced by climate change and urbanization. The transformation of natural and urban landscapes and over-extraction of groundwater contribute to its depletion and degradation. Groundwater Recharge and management are intricately linked to land use and landscape. Despite this close connection, spatially integrating groundwater recharge strategies in the landscape context remains underexplored. This systematic review synthesizes state-of-the-art research at the intersection of spatial planning, landscape, and groundwater recharge. We employed a combination of bibliometric visualization and thematic analysis and reviewed 126 studies published between 1990 and April 2024 from the Scopus and Web of Science databases. Based on their objectives and outcomes, we found four prominent themes in these clusters: groundwater recharge potential studies, groundwater vulnerability studies, design-based studies, and participatory studies. When organized iteratively, these clusters can become potential building blocks of a framework for a landscape-based groundwater recharge approach. With interdisciplinary collaboration, spatial visualization and mapping, co-creative design, and feedback mechanism at its core, this approach can enhance stakeholder communication and translate highly specialized technical knowledge into adaptive, actionable insights. This study also highlights that including spatial design can help develop landscape-based groundwater recharge for long-term sustainable regional development.
New Insight into Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Deep Caves in Croatian Karst and Its Implications for Paleoenvironmental Reconstructions
Authors: Paar Dalibor , Frančišković-Bilinski Stanislav , Buzjak Nenad , Maldini Krešimir
Published: February 2025

This study examines speleothems, sediments, rock, and water to assess geochemical and mineralogical processes in deep karst systems. Focusing on Slovačka jama cave (-1,320 m deep) and the Velebita cave system (-1,026 m deep), we identify elemental and mineralogical anomalies that provide valuable records of element transport, mineral formation, and paleoenvironmental changes. Heavy metal anomalies at 300–400 m of depth in Slovačka jama indicate a complex interplay of geological conditions, geomor-phological processes, atmospheric deposition, and potential anthropogenic influences. Factor analysis reveals two elemental associations: (1) Fe, Pb, Cu, and Zn, linked to ter-rigenous aluminosilicates, and (2) Cd, Cr, Mo, and Ni, suggesting airborne or geological sources. Mineralogical analysis confirms the dominance of calcite, with quartz, clay minerals, feldspars, magnetite, and goethite also detected. High magnetic susceptibility values in sediment-rich samples suggest Fe-rich mineral inputs from weathering, biogenic activity, or industrial sources. Ba anomalies in feldspar-rich samples and Sr accumulation at depth indicate distinct geochemical processes. These findings enhance our understanding of deep karst geochemistry, crucial for paleoenvironmental reconstructions and groundwater protection.
AI Adoption as a Modern Regional Policy Tool in the Process of Smart and Economic Development of European Regions
Authors: Tsonkov Nikolay , Zlatev Miroslav
Published: February 2025

The beginning of the twenty-first century is associated with a great technological leap worldwide. This radical economic change is related to the emergence and development of artificial intelligence and effective knowledge management as a major driver of economic growth. The accumulation of information sets (big databases) and data necessary for AI to function is directly related to the spatial aspects of economic development, which is also based on local potential. At the same time, local resources are not being fully exploited in the context of technology diffusion and AI deployment across regions and countries. In this context, this study aims to analyze the role of AI and its impact on the development of individual European regions and countries. The authors consider AI a contemporary regional policy instrument that impacts EU regions in a specific way. The results of the study show that there is a direct link between the deployment of AI and the economic development of European countries. Important factors influencing this process are the extent of internet coverage, the ability to generate knowledge, the extent of AI deployment in the different economic sectors of the countries, the growth of the ICT sector, and others.
Development and Characterization of PBS/EA Cellulose and PCL/EA Cellulose Biocomposites: Structural, Morphological, and Thermal Insights for Sustainable Applications
Authors: Kumalo Fisokuhle Innocentia , Malimabe Moipone Alice , Mosoabisane Mafereka Francis Tyson , Gumede Thandi Patricia
Published: February 2025

This study investigates the development and characterization of PBS/EA cellulose and PCL/EA cellulose biocomposites in order to understand their structural, morphological, and thermal properties for sustainable applications. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to analyze these properties. FTIR analysis of PBS/EA cellulose composites showed increased hydroxyl peak intensities, suggesting possible interactions, whereas PCL/EA cellulose composites exhibited no significant interactions. XRD results revealed improved crystallinity in both composites with increased EA cellulose content. SEM images indicated enhanced surface morphology and good interaction in PBS/EA cellulose composites while PCL/EA cellulose composites showed a sea-island morphology, implying poor compatibility. DSC analysis showed that EA cellulose lowered the melting temperature of PBS, while minimal effects were observed in PCL composites. TGA results demonstrated improved thermal stability at lower EA cellulose contents in both PBS and PCL composites. These findings provide valuable insights into the potential of PBS/EA cellulose and PCL/EA cellulose biocomposites as biocompatible and sustainable materials, especially for applications in biomedical and environmentally friendly packaging sectors.