bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Follow best practices to successfully launch, expand or revamp your athletics program
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: February 2016

When Darin Wilson, Ph.D., became Georgia Gwinnett College's first athletics director almost five years ago, he faced an exciting but challenging opportunity — building the school's first athletics program from the ground up.
Preliminary investigation of various old geomaterials treated with hydrophobic pellicle
Authors: Pelin Vasile , Sandu Ion , Gurlui Silviu , Brânzilă Mihai , Vasilache Viorica , Borş Eugen , Sandu Ioan Gabriel
Published: February 2016

The purpose of this article is to evaluate the aesthetic and chromatic impact of hydrophobic treatments carried out on a series of old geomaterials, dating back to the XVII and XIX centuries. The materials in question have been utilized in the construction of two historic monuments. Throughout the evaluation proceedings regarding the state of conservation of the monuments in question, a number of porous surfaces were identified, such as calcareous rock and ornamental terracotta. The aim of the article is to evaluate the hydrophobic degree obtained by applying certain pellicles, in keeping with the modern principles of scientific conservation. During the experiments, an array of different commercially available hydrophobic additives was used. The tests were performed in laboratory conditions, with the purpose of presenting the chromatic interaction between surface and product. The main techniques used for the analysis during the experiments were: CIE L* a* b*, OM and exposure to UV radiation in laboratory conditions. The results obtained are analyzed and discussed, with the purpose of evaluating the efficiency of hydrophobic solutions, taking into consideration the chromatic deviation, as compared to exposure to UV radiation. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 41, 317–320, 2016
Dynamical analysis of the hyperchaos Lorenz system
Authors: Zhang Fuchen , Zhang Guangyun
Published: February 2016

This article deals with the ultimate bound on the trajectories of the hyperchaos Lorenz system based on Lyapunov stability theory. The innovation of this article lies in that the method of constructing Lyapunov functions applied to the former chaotic systems is not applicable to this hyperchaos system, and moreover, one Lyapunov function can not estimate the bounds of this hyperchaos Lorenz system. We successfully estimate the bounds of this hyperchaos system by constructing three generalized Lyapunov functions step by step. Some computer simulations are also given to show the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 21: 440–445, 2016
Effectiveness of methods for detaching orthodontic implants likely to fracture upon rotational torque – an animal study
Authors: Nakagaki Susumu , Iijima Masahiro , Yasuda Yoshitaka , Handa Keisuke , Koike Toshiyuki , Saito Takashi , Mizoguchi Itaru
Published: February 2016

Orthodontic implants may fracture at the cortical bone level upon rotational torque. The impacted fragment can be detached by a range of methods, which are all more or less time‐consuming and injurious to the cortical bone. The aim of this study was to compare three different methods for detaching an orthodontic implant impacted in cortical bone. Health Sciences University of Hokkaido animal ethics committee approved the study protocol. Orthodontic titanium‐alloy (Ti‐6Al‐4 V) implants were placed bilaterally on the buccal side of the mandible of beagle dogs. Subsequently, the implants were detached using either a low‐speed handpiece with a round bur, alternatively by use of a low‐power or a high‐power ultrasonic instrument. In the first experiment, 56 orthodontic implants were placed into the dissected mandible from 7 animals. The methods for detachment were compared with respect to time interval, as well as associated undesirable bone loss as appraised by use of cone‐beam computed tomography. In experiment two, 2x2 implants were placed bilaterally in the mandible of 8 animals and subsequently detached by manual rotational torque, and the described three methods for detachment. The implant socket was investigated histologically as a function of removal method immediately after removal, and after 1, 3 and 8 weeks and contrasted with the healing of the socket of the implant that was detached by manual rotational torque. Statistical significance was appraised by the use of non‐parametric Kruskal‐Wallis one‐way analysis of variance. The method using the low‐power ultrasonic required significantly longer removal time versus the two other methods, i.e. high‐power ultrasonic and low‐speed handpiece with a round bur (p < 0.02). The amount of undesirable bone loss was substantially larger with low‐speed handpiece with a round bur compared to the two ultrasonic methods (p < 0.05). Bone formation after 3 weeks of healing was more complete following the use of low or high‐power ultrasonic instrument in comparison with a low‐speed handpiece rotary instrument method. Orthodontic implants likely to fracture upon rotational torque or impacted fractured fragments should be detached preferably with an ultrasonic instrument, because of less associated bone loss and more rapid bone healing compared to the use of a low‐speed handpiece rotary instrument.
Dietary supplements quality analysis tools from the United States Pharmacopeia
Authors: Sarma Nandakumara , Giancaspro Gabriel , Venema Jaap
Published: February 2016

The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued the dietary supplement (DS) current good manufacturing practice (GMP) regulations in compliance with the mandate from the Dietary Supplements Health and Education Act (DSHEA), with the intention of protecting public health by ensuring the quality of DS. The GMP regulations require manufacturers to establish their own quality specifications for identity, purity, strength, composition, and absence of contaminants. Numerous FDA‐conducted GMP inspections found that the private specifications set by these manufacturers are often insufficient to ensure adequate quality of dietary ingredients and DS. Wider use of the public standards developed by the United States Pharmacopeial Convention (USP), in conjunction with GMP compliance, can help ensure quality and consistency of DS as they do for medicines. Public health protection could be enhanced by strengthening the GMP provisions to require conformance with relevant United States Pharmacopeia–National Formulary (USP–NF) standards, or in the absence of USP standards, other public compendial standards. Another serious concern is the presence of synthetic drugs and drug analogues in products marketed as DS. Use of the new USP General Chapter Adulteration of Dietary Supplements with Drugs and Drug Analogs <2251> may reduce the exposure of consumers to dangerous drugs disguised as DS. © 2016 The Authors. Drug Testing and Analysis published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Wolverine behavior varies spatially with anthropogenic footprint: implications for conservation and inferences about declines
Authors: Stewart Frances E. C. , Heim Nicole A. , Clevenger Anthony P. , Paczkowski John , Volpe John P. , Fisher Jason T.
Published: February 2016

Understanding a species’ behavioral response to rapid environmental change is an ongoing challenge in modern conservation. Anthropogenic landscape modification, or “human footprint,” is well documented as a central cause of large mammal decline and range contractions where the proximal mechanisms of decline are often contentious. Direct mortality is an obvious cause; alternatively, human‐modified landscapes perceived as unsuitable by some species may contribute to shifts in space use through preferential habitat selection. A useful approach to tease these effects apart is to determine whether behaviors potentially associated with risk vary with human footprint. We hypothesized wolverine (Gulo gulo) behaviors vary with different degrees of human footprint. We quantified metrics of behavior, which we assumed to indicate risk perception, from photographic images from a large existing camera‐trapping dataset collected to understand wolverine distribution in the Rocky Mountains of Alberta, Canada. We systematically deployed 164 camera sites across three study areas covering approximately 24,000 km2, sampled monthly between December and April (2007–2013). Wolverine behavior varied markedly across the study areas. Variation in behavior decreased with increasing human footprint. Increasing human footprint may constrain potential variation in behavior, through either restricting behavioral plasticity or individual variation in areas of high human impact. We hypothesize that behavioral constraints may indicate an increase in perceived risk in human‐modified landscapes. Although survival is obviously a key contributor to species population decline and range loss, behavior may also make a significant contribution.
Pseudocospeciation of the mycoparasite Cosmospora with their fungal hosts
Authors: Herrera Cesar S. , Hirooka Yuuri , Chaverri Priscila
Published: February 2016

Species of Cosmospora are parasites of other fungi (mycoparasites), including species belonging to the Xylariales. Based on prior taxonomic work, these fungi were determined to be highly host specific. We suspected that the association of Cosmospora and their hosts could not be a result of random chance, and tested the cospeciation of Cosmospora and the their hosts with contemporary methods (e.g., ParaFit, PACo, and Jane). The cophylogeny of Cosmospora and their hosts was found to be congruent, but only host‐parasite links in more recent evolutionary lineages of the host were determined as coevolutionary. Reconciliation reconstructions determined at least five host‐switch events early in the evolution of Cosmospora. Additionally, the rates of evolution between Cosmospora and their hosts were unequal. This pattern is more likely to be explained by pseudocospeciation (i.e., host switches followed by cospeciation), which also produces congruent cophylogenies.
Disentangling vegetation diversity from climate–energy and habitat heterogeneity for explaining animal geographic patterns
Authors: Jiménez‐Alfaro Borja , Chytrý Milan , Mucina Ladislav , Grace James B. , Rejmánek Marcel
Published: February 2016

Broad‐scale animal diversity patterns have been traditionally explained by hypotheses focused on climate–energy and habitat heterogeneity, without considering the direct influence of vegetation structure and composition. However, integrating these factors when considering plant–animal correlates still poses a major challenge because plant communities are controlled by abiotic factors that may, at the same time, influence animal distributions. By testing whether the number and variation of plant community types in Europe explain country‐level diversity in six animal groups, we propose a conceptual framework in which vegetation diversity represents a bridge between abiotic factors and animal diversity. We show that vegetation diversity explains variation in animal richness not accounted for by altitudinal range or potential evapotranspiration, being the best predictor for butterflies, beetles, and amphibians. Moreover, the dissimilarity of plant community types explains the highest proportion of variation in animal assemblages across the studied regions, an effect that outperforms the effect of climate and their shared contribution with pure spatial variation. Our results at the country level suggest that vegetation diversity, as estimated from broad‐scale classifications of plant communities, may contribute to our understanding of animal richness and may be disentangled, at least to a degree, from climate–energy and abiotic habitat heterogeneity.
Divergent ecological histories of two sister Antarctic krill species led to contrasted patterns of genetic diversity in their heat‐shock protein (hsp70) arsenal
Authors: Papot Claire , Cascella Kévin , Toullec Jean‐Yves , Jollivet Didier
Published: February 2016

The Arctic and the Antarctic Peninsula are currently experiencing some of the most rapid rates of ocean warming on the planet. This raises the question of how the initial adaptation to extreme cold temperatures was put in place and whether or not directional selection has led to the loss of genetic variation at key adaptive systems, and thus polar species’ (re)adaptability to higher temperatures. In the Southern Ocean, krill represents the most abundant fauna and is a critical member at the base of the Antarctic food web. To better understand the role of selection in shaping current patterns of polymorphisms, we examined genetic diversity of the cox‐1 and hsp70 genes by comparing two closely related species of Euphausiid that differ in ecology. Results on mtcox‐1 agreed with previous studies, indicating high and similar effective population sizes. However, a coalescent‐based approach on hsp70 genes highlighted the role of positive selection and past demographic changes in their recent evolution. Firstly, some form of balancing selection was acting on the inducible isoform C, which reflected the maintenance of an ancestral adaptive polymorphism in both species. Secondly, E. crystallorophias seems to have lost most of its hsp70 diversity because of a population crash and/or directional selection to cold. Nonsynonymous diversities were always greater in E. superba, suggesting that it might have evolved under more heterogeneous conditions. This can be linked to species’ ecology with E. superba living in more variable pelagic conditions, while E. crystallorophias is strictly associated with continental shelves and sea ice.
Isolable Ethylene Complexes of Copper(I), Silver(I), and Gold(I) Supported by Fluorinated Scorpionates [HB{3‐(CF3),5‐(CH3)Pz}3]– and [HB{3‐(CF3),5‐(Ph)Pz}3]–
Authors: Ridlen Shawn G. , Wu Jiang , Kulkarni Naveen V. , Dias H. V. Rasika
Published: February 2016

The group 11 metal adducts [HB{3‐(CF3),5‐(CH3)Pz}3]M(C2H4) (M = Au, Ag, and Cu; Pz = pyrazolyl) have been synthesized via a metathesis process using [HB{3‐(CF3),5‐(CH3)Pz}3]Na and CF3SO3Cu, CF3SO3Ag, AuCl and ethylene. The related [HB{3‐(CF3),5‐(Ph)Pz}3]Ag(C2H4) has also been synthesized using [HB{3‐(CF3),5‐(Ph)Pz}3]Na(THF), CF3SO3Ag and ethylene. These group 11 metal ethylene complexes are white solids and form colorless crystals. They have been characterized by NMR spectroscopy and X‐ray crystallography. The gold‐ethylene adduct [HB{3‐(CF3),5‐(CH3)Pz}3]Au(C2H4) shows large upfield NMR shifts of the ethylene proton and carbon signals relative to the corresponding peaks of the free ethylene, indicating relatively high Au→ethylene backbonding. NMR chemical shift data suggest that the silver complexes of both the tris(pyrazolyl)borate ligands [HB{3‐(CF3),5‐(CH3)Pz}3]– and [HB{3‐(CF3),5‐(Ph)Pz}3]– exhibit the weakest interaction with ethylene as compared to the respective copper and gold complexes. X‐ray crystal structures reveal that the gold atom in [HB{3‐(CF3),5‐(CH3)Pz}3]Au(C2H4) binds to scorpionate in κ2‐fashion while the related silver adduct features a κ3‐bonded scorpionate. [HB{3‐(CF3),5‐(CH3)Pz}3]Cu(C2H4) has a scorpionate that binds to copper with two short Cu–N bonds and one long Cu–N distance.
Copper Catalyzed Assembly of N‐Aryloxazolidinones: Synthesis of Linezolid, Tedizolid, and Rivaroxaban
Authors: Mahy William , Leitch Jamie A. , Frost Christopher G.
Published: February 2016

The total synthesis of oxazolidinone‐based pharmaceuticals, linezolid, tedizolid and rivaroxaban is reported. They are synthesized using a recently reported copper‐catalyzed one‐pot cyclization and arylation as the key step to construct the N‐aryloxazolidinone core. Active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) were synthesized from a common synthetic pool of a simple protected amino alcohol in 22 %, 61 % and 40 % total synthesis yields, respectively.
The microfluidic bioreactor for a new era of bioprocess development
Authors: Blesken Christian , Olfers Till , Grimm Alexander , Frische Niklas
Published: February 2016

The BioLector® Pro system from m2p‐labs GmbH uses microtiter plates (MTPs) with an integrated microfluidic chip. By using microfluidic technology, the system can successfully carry out small‐scale fed‐batch cultivations. Working volumes of 0.8–1.5 mL are used to conduct cultivations as they were only as yet possible in lab fermenters. The measurements of biomass, fluorescence, pH and dissolved oxygen are performed by non‐invasive optical methods. The control of pH and feeding rates are realized by micro‐valves and micro‐channels. For the first time, these unique microfluidic components achieve continuous feeding and pH control on an MTP format. Altogether, 32 bioreactor wells and 16 reservoir wells are placed on one plate. That means 32 fed‐batch cultivations can be run in parallel, completely automated, with extensive data output.
The Composite Supercapacitor
Authors: Fields Richard , Lei Chunhong , Markoulidis Foivos , Lekakou Constantina
Published: February 2016

Inspired by the design of composite materials, we propose a new composite supercapacitor that comprises an integrated cell with high‐power‐ and high‐energy‐related electrode materials. The composite electrochemical double‐layer capacitor (EDLC) is the equivalent circuit of a high‐power EDLC of power P1 and energy E1 and a high‐energy EDLC of power P2 and energy E2 connected in parallel. A methodology is proposed and validated in this study for the design of an application‐specific composite supercapacitor of power P and energy E with P1/E1>P/E>P2/E2. The methodology was tested successfully in medium‐ and large‐sized application‐specific composite supercapacitors, which were fabricated in the form of pouch cells using an organic electrolyte. The application‐specific composite supercapacitors offered weight reductions of 40–60 % compared with supercapacitors based on the high‐power‐ or on high‐energy‐related electrode materials only.
Digital data acquisition and 3D structural modelling for mining and civil engineering – the La Colosa gold mining project, Colombia
Authors: Horner Johannes , Naranjo Andrés , Weil Jonas
Published: February 2016

Digital data acquisition, data management and 3D modelling techniques are common techniques in the mining industry. On the other hand, civil engineering projects still lag behind in applying advanced technologies during geological reconnaissance and investigation. The La Colosa gold mining project (Colombia) is presented as an example, where sophisticated digital mapping techniques and 3D geological modelling is not only used for mining related issues, but is also successfully applied for the geological, geotechnical and hydrogeological investigations of adjacent civil engineering sites of the associated mine infrastructure.
FoxO3 inactivation promotes human cholangiocarcinoma tumorigenesis and chemoresistance through Keap1‐Nrf2 signaling
Authors: Guan Li , Zhang Lei , Gong Zhicheng , Hou Xiaonan , Xu Yuxiu , Feng Xinhua , Wang Hongyang , You Han
Published: February 2016

FoxO transcription factors have been reported to play pivotal roles in tumorigenesis and drug resistance. The mechanisms underlying the tumor suppression function of FoxOs in human cancers remain largely unknown. Aberrant expression and activation of Nrf2 often correlate with chemoresistance and poor prognosis. Here, we report that FoxO3 directs the basal transcription of Kelch‐like ECH‐associated protein 1 (Keap1), an adaptor protein that bridges Nrf2 to Cul3 for degradation. FoxO3 depletion resulted in Keap1 down‐regulation, thereby activating Nrf2 signaling. We further demonstrated that inhibition of the FoxO3‐Keap1 axis accounts for Nrf2 induction and activation induced by constitutively active AKT signaling or tumor necrosis factor α treatment. Unlike previous findings, FoxO3 silencing led to decreased reactive oxygen species production, therefore protecting cells from oxidative stress‐induced killing in an Nrf2‐dependent manner. Importantly, FoxO3 deficiency strongly potentiated tumor formation in nude mice and rendered cholangiocarcinoma xenografts resistant to cisplatin‐induced cell death by activating Nrf2. Additionally, we found that clinical cholangiocarcinoma samples displayed FoxO3‐Keap1 down‐regulation and Nrf2 hyperactivation, underscoring the essential roles of these proteins in cholangiocarcinoma development. Conclusion: Our results unravel a unique mechanism underlying the tumor suppressor function of FoxO3 through constraining Nrf2 signaling. (Hepatology 2016;63:1914‐1927)
Individual differences in in vitro and in vivo metabolic clearances of antipsychotic risperidone from Japanese subjects genotyped for cytochrome P450 2D6 and 3A5
Authors: Okubo Maho , Morita Shoko , Murayama Norie , Akimoto Youichi , Goto Akiko , Yamazaki Hiroshi
Published: February 2016

Objective

There are conflicting reports regarding the effects of cytochrome P450 (P450, CYP) genotypes on the plasma concentrations of risperidone and its pharmacologically active metabolite, 9‐hydroxyrisperidone (paliperidone), in clinical patients. The aim of this study was to investigate individual differences in the metabolic clearance of risperidone in vitro and in vivo.

Methods

In vitro liver microsomal risperidone 9‐hydroxylation activities and in vivo plasma concentrations of risperidone and paliperidone were investigated in 15 male and 12 female Japanese subjects (mean age 52 years, range: 24–75 years) genotyped for CYP2D6 and CYP3A5.

Results

CYP2D6 intermediate and poor metabolizers showed significantly lower liver microsomal risperidone 9‐hydroxylation activities than extensive metabolizers did at 5 μM of risperidone; this difference was not evident at 50 μM of risperidone. The recombinant CYP3A5 Vmax/Km value for risperidone 9‐hydroxylation was 30% that of CYP3A4, and liver microsomes from CYP3A5 expressers had similar risperidone 9‐hydroxylation activities to those of CYP3A5 poor expressers. The plasma concentration/dose ratios for risperidone and paliperidone in 27 Japanese patients were not significantly influenced by the CYP2D6 or CYP3A5 genotypes.

Conclusions

Individual differences in metabolic clearance of risperidone under the present conditions were not significantly influenced by the genotypes of CYP2D6 or CYP3A5. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Telomere dysfunction and chromothripsis
Authors: Ernst Aurélie , Jones David T.W. , Maass Kendra K. , Rode Agata , Deeg Katharina I. , Jebaraj Billy Michael Chelliah , Korshunov Andrey , Hovestadt Volker , Tainsky Michael A. , Pajtler Kristian W. , Bender Sebastian , Brabetz Sebastian , Gröbner Susanne , Kool Marcel , Devens Frauke , Edelmann Jennifer , Zhang Cindy , Castelo‐Branco Pedro , Tabori Uri , Malkin David , Rippe Karsten , Stilgenbauer Stephan , Pfister Stefan M. , Zapatka Marc , Lichter Peter
Published: February 2016

Chromothripsis is a recently discovered form of genomic instability, characterized by tens to hundreds of clustered DNA rearrangements resulting from a single dramatic event. Telomere dysfunction has been suggested to play a role in the initiation of this phenomenon, which occurs in a large number of tumor entities. Here, we show that telomere attrition can indeed lead to catastrophic genomic events, and that telomere patterns differ between cells analyzed before and after such genomic catastrophes. Telomere length and telomere stabilization mechanisms diverge between samples with and without chromothripsis in a given tumor subtype. Longitudinal analyses of the evolution of chromothriptic patterns identify either stable patterns between matched primary and relapsed tumors, or loss of the chromothriptic clone in the relapsed specimen. The absence of additional chromothriptic events occurring between the initial tumor and the relapsed tumor sample points to telomere stabilization after the initial chromothriptic event which prevents further shattering of the genome.
DESC1, a novel tumor suppressor, sensitizes cells to apoptosis by downregulating the EGFR/AKT pathway in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Ng Hoi Yan , Ko Josephine Mun‐Yee , Yu Valen Zhuoyou , Ip Joseph Chok Yan , Dai Wei , Cal Santiago , Lung Maria Li
Published: February 2016

Esophageal cancer is ranked as the eighth most common cancer and the sixth leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. To identify candidate tumor suppressor genes related to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) development, a cDNA microarray analysis was performed using paired tumor and nontumor tissue samples from ESCC patients. Differentially expressed in squamous cell carcinoma 1 (DESC1), which belongs to the Type II transmembrane serine protease family, was frequently downregulated in ESCC. This study aims to elucidate the molecular mechanism for the tumor suppressive function of DESC1 in ESCC. We show that DESC1 reduced cell viability and sensitized cells to apoptosis, when cells were under apoptotic stimuli. The proapoptotic effect of DESC1 was mediated through downregulating AKT1 activation and the restoration of AKT activation by the introduction of the constitutively active AKT, myr‐AKT, abolished the apoptosis‐sensitizing effect of DESC1. DESC1 also reduced EGFR protein level, which was abrogated when the proteolytic function of DESC1 was lost, suggesting that DESC1 cleaved EGFR and downregulated the EGFR/AKT pathway to favor apoptosis. The transmembrane localization and the structural domains provide an opportunity for DESC1 to interact with the extracellular environment. The importance of such interaction was highlighted by the finding that DESC1 reduced cell colony formation ability in three‐dimensional culture. In line with this, DESC1 reduced tumor growth kinetics in the in vivo orthotopic tumorigenesis assay. Taken together, our novel findings suggest how DESC1 may suppress ESCC development by sensitizing cells to apoptosis under an apoptotic stimulus through downregulating the EGFR/AKT signaling pathway.
Quadrivalent HPV vaccine effectiveness against high‐grade cervical lesions by age at vaccination: A population‐based study
Authors: Herweijer Eva , Sundström Karin , Ploner Alexander , Uhnoo Ingrid , Sparén Pär , Arnheim‐Dahlström Lisen
Published: February 2016

Human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16/18, included in HPV vaccines, contribute to the majority of cervical cancer, and a substantial proportion of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grades 2/3 or worse (CIN2+/CIN3+) including adenocarcinoma in situ or worse. The aim of this study was to quantify the effect of quadrivalent HPV (qHPV) vaccination on incidence of CIN2+ and CIN3+. A nationwide cohort of girls and young women resident in Sweden 2006–2013 and aged 13–29 (n = 1,333,691) was followed for vaccination and histologically confirmed high‐grade cervical lesions. Data were collected using the Swedish nationwide healthcare registers. Poisson regression was used to calculate incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and vaccine effectiveness [(1‐IRR)x100%] comparing fully vaccinated with unvaccinated individuals. IRRs were adjusted for attained age and parental education, and stratified on vaccination initiation age. Effectiveness against CIN2+ was 75% (IRR = 0.25, 95%CI = 0.18–0.35) for those initiating vaccination before age 17, and 46% (IRR = 0.54, 95%CI = 0.46–0.64) and 22% (IRR = 0.78, 95%CI = 0.65–0.93) for those initiating vaccination at ages 17–19, and at ages 20–29, respectively. Vaccine effectiveness against CIN3+ was similar to vaccine effectiveness against CIN2+. Results were robust for both women participating to the organized screening program and for women at prescreening ages. We show high effectiveness of qHPV vaccination on CIN2+ and CIN3+ lesions, with greater effectiveness observed in girls younger at vaccination initiation. Continued monitoring of impact of HPV vaccination in the population is needed in order to evaluate both long‐term vaccine effectiveness and to evaluate whether the vaccination program achieves anticipated effects in prevention of invasive cervical cancer.
Discriminatory value of carotid artery elasticity changes for the evaluation of thyroid dysfunction in patients with hashimoto's thyroiditis
Authors: Feng Xiaolei , Zhao Linlin , Jiang Jue , Ma Wenqi , Shang Xue , Zhou Qi , Zhang Hongli , Yu Shanshan , Qi Yanhua
Published: February 2016

Purpose

To evaluate the discriminatory value of carotid artery wall thickness and elasticity for thyroid dysfunction in Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) patients.

Methods

A total of 180 female HT patients were assigned to three groups on the basis of laboratory testing: HT hyperthyroidism group (group A), HT hypothyroidism group (group B), and HT euthyroid group (group C). We used radiofrequency sonographic signal analysis for the measurement of intima‐media thickness and arterial stiffness.

Results

Intima‐media thickness was significantly higher in group A than in other groups. After stepwise variable selection, distensibility coefficient (DC), compliance coefficient, stiffness index (β), and pulse wave velocity (PWV) were selected to discriminate different thyroid hormone levels, resulting in the following discriminant function: Z1 = −0.398DC + 0.803PWV. The receiver‐operator characteristic curve analysis showed that the critical points were DC = 0.022 kPa−1 and PWV = 5.36 m/s for HT hyperthyroidism, and DC = 0.016 kPa−1 and PWV = 6.875 m/s for HT hypothyroidism.

Conclusions

DC and PWV may be useful for the evaluation of thyroid function in HT patients. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 44:298–304, 2016
An Easy Access to Construct Some Fused 1,2,4‐Triazines with Ring Junction Nitrogen Systems and Their Biological Evaluation
Authors: Hamama Wafaa S. , El‐Bana Ghada G. , Shaaban Saad , Habib O. M. O. , Zoorob Hanafi H.
Published: February 2016

The chemical reactivity of 4‐amino‐6‐benzyl‐3‐mercapto‐1,2,4‐triazine‐5(4H)‐one (1) towards various aliphatic or/and mono and bis aromatic carboxylic acid derivatives to give the corresponding fused heterocyclic systems, 1,3,4‐thiadiazoles 4, 5, 6, which incorporating 1,2,4‐triazine nucleus was achieved. Moreover, compound 1 was subjected to react either with halo acetic acids or bromo ester to afford the respective fused nitrogen ring junction systems, thiadiazole 2 and 3, or thiadiazine 7. However, the tetracyclic ring system 9 was furnished through condensation reaction of isatine with triazine 1. In addition, some of the new synthesized compounds were evaluated as an antioxidant and antitumor agents.
Synthesis, Antiplatelet Aggregation Activity Evaluation and 3D‐QSAR of a Series of Novel 6‐Alkylamino(Alkoxyl)‐2‐Propylthio‐8‐Azapurine Nucleosides
Authors: Du H. G. , Yu M. W. , Deng C. E. , Lu C. H. , Li S. L.
Published: February 2016

A series of novel 6‐alkylamino(alkoxyl)‐2‐propylthio‐8‐azapurine nucleosides were synthesized by an improved route, and the human antiplatelet aggregation activities of these new compounds were evaluated. A self‐organizing molecular field analysis method was used to study the three‐dimensional quantitative structure–activity relationship of these novel nucleosides. The results of the antiplatelet aggregation activity evaluation and analysis of the self‐organizing molecular field analysis models through shape and electrostatic grids may provide a basis for the development of new and potent antiplatelet agents.
Effects of peptide acetylation and dimethylation on electrospray ionization efficiency
Authors: Cho Kyung‐Cho , Kang Jeong Won , Choi Yuri , Kim Tae Woo , Kim Kwang Pyo
Published: February 2016

Peptide acetylation and dimethylation have been widely used to derivatize primary amino groups (peptide N‐termini and the ε‐amino group of lysines) for chemical isotope labeling of quantitative proteomics or for affinity tag labeling for selection and enrichment of labeled peptides. However, peptide acetylation results in signal suppression during electrospray ionization (ESI) due to charge neutralization. In contrast, dimethylated peptides show increased ionization efficiency after derivatization, since dimethylation increases hydrophobicity and maintains a positive charge on the peptide under common LC conditions. In this study, we quantitatively compared the ESI efficiencies of acetylated and dimethylated model peptides and tryptic peptides of BSA. Dimethylated peptides showed higher ionization efficiency than acetylated peptides for both model peptides and tryptic BSA peptides. At the proteome level, peptide dimethylation led to better protein identification than peptide acetylation when tryptic peptides of mouse brain lysate were analyzed with LC‐ESI‐MS/MS. These results demonstrate that dimethylation of tryptic peptides enhanced ESI efficiency and provided up to two‐fold improved protein identification sensitivity in comparison with acetylation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Employees' self‐efficacy and perception of individual learning in teams: The cross‐level moderating role of team‐learning behavior
Authors: Yoon Jeewhan , Kayes D. Christopher
Published: February 2016

Despite the importance of employee learning for organizational effectiveness, scholars have yet to identify the factors that influence employees' perception of individual learning. This paper identified employees' self‐efficacy as a potential antecedent to their perception of individual learning in the context of teamwork. We also hypothesized that team‐learning behavior had a moderating effect on the relationship between employees' self‐efficacy and their perception of individual learning. We conducted a study of 236 teams working in a retail firm, comprising 236 team supervisors and 1397 employees, and analyzed the data using hierarchical linear modeling. This study revealed that employees' individual‐level self‐efficacy was positively associated with their perception of individual learning in teams. Additionally, team‐learning behaviors moderated the positive relationship between employees' self‐efficacy and the perception of individual learning. This study has theoretical and practical implications for a more nuanced understanding of the perception of individual learning in the context of teamwork. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of aroma formation and transformation during the manufacturing process of Biluochun green tea in Yunnan Province by HS‐SPME and GC‐MS
Authors: Wang Chen , Lv Shidong , Wu Yuanshuang , Lian Ming , Gao Xuemei , Meng Qingxiong
Published: February 2016

BACKGROUND

Biluochun is a typical non‐fermented tea and is also famous for its unique aroma in China. Few studies have been performed to evaluate the effect of the manufacturing process on the formation and content of its aroma.

RESULTS

The volatile components were extracted at different manufacturing process steps of Biluochun green tea using fully automated headspace solid‐phase microextraction (HS‐SPME) and further characterised by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). Among 67 volatile components collected, the fractions of linalool oxides, β‐ionone, phenylacetaldehyde, aldehydes, ketones, and nitrogen compounds were increased while alcohols and hydrocarbons declined during the manufacturing process. The aroma compounds decreased the most during the drying steps.

CONCLUSION

We identified a number of significantly changed components that can be used as markers and quality control during the producing process of Biluochun. The drying step played a major role in the aroma formation of green tea products and should be the most important step for quality control. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Design of a Novel Composite H2S‐Releasing Hydrogel for Cardiac Tissue Repair
Authors: Mauretti Arianna , Neri Annalisa , Kossover Olga , Seliktar Dror , Nardo Paolo Di , Melino Sonia
Published: February 2016

The design of 3D scaffolds is a crucial step in the field of regenerative medicine. Scaffolds should be degradable and bioresorbable as well as display good porosity, interconnecting pores, and topographic features; these properties favour tissue integration and vascularization. These requirements could be fulfilled by hybrid hydrogels using a combination of natural and synthetic components. Here, the mechanical and biological properties of a polyethylene glycol‐fibrinogen hydrogel (PFHy) are improved in order to favour the proliferation and differentiation of human Sca‐1pos cardiac progenitor cells (hCPCs). PFHys are modified by embedding air‐ or perfluorohexane‐filled bovine serum albumin microbubbles (MBs) and characterized. Changes in cell morphology are observed in MBs–PFHys, suggesting that MBs could enhance the formation of bundles of cells and influence the direction of the spindle growth. The properties of MBs as carriers of active macromolecules are also exploited. For the first time, enzyme‐coated MBs have been used as systems for the production of hydrogen sulfide (H2S)‐releasing scaffolds. Novel H2S‐releasing PFHys are produced, which are able to improve the growth of hCPCs. This novel 3D cell–scaffold system will allow the assessment of the effects of H2S on the cardiac muscle regeneration with its potential applications in tissue repair.

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Temperature‐Sensitive (BA)(AC)2 Miktoarm Star Diblock Copolymer Based on PMMA, PPEGMA, and PNIPAm
Authors: Zhu Jie , Liu Yuyang , Xiao Liqun , Zhou Ping
Published: February 2016

A well‐defined (BA)(AC)2 miktoarm star diblock copolymer, (PPEGMA32‐b‐PMMA41)‐b‐(PMMA45‐b‐PNIPAm19)2, is synthesized by the combination of ATRP and click reaction. The miktoarm star block copolymer and its precursors are characterized by means of NMR and SEC/MALLS measurements. The copolymer exhibits a low critical aggregation concentration in aqueous solution. Micelles that self‐assemble from the copolymer are prepared in aqueous solution below 15 °C by a sonication method. The micelles have a PMMA core and a PPEGMA/PNIPAm corona and exhibit temperature sensitivity. Using celecoxib as a guest molecule, it is found that the loading capacity of the star copolymer is 8.8 wt% and the celecoxib release from the loaded self‐assembly is temperature tunable.

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Optimality criteria coupled adaptive mesh method for optimal shape design of Stokes flow
Authors: Duan Xianbao , Qin Xinqiang
Published: February 2016

An adaptive mesh method combined with the optimality criteria algorithm is applied to optimal shape design problems of fluid dynamics. The shape sensitivity analysis of the cost functional is derived. The optimization problem is solved by a simple but robust optimality criteria algorithm, and an automatic local adaptive mesh refinement method is proposed. The mesh adaptation, with an indicator based on the material distribution information, is itself shown as a shape or topology optimization problem. Taking advantages of this algorithm, the optimal shape design problem concerning fluid flow can be solved with higher resolution of the interface and a minimum of additional expense. Details on the optimization procedure are provided. Numerical results for two benchmark topology optimization problems are provided and compared with those obtained by other methods. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Partial symmetries and dynamical systems
Authors: Cicogna Giampaolo
Published: February 2016

We start recalling the characterizing property of the ‘partial symmetries’ of a differential problem, that is, the property of transforming solutions into solutions only in a proper subset of the full solution set. This paper is devoted to analyze the role of partial symmetries in the special context of dynamical systems and also to compare this notion with other notions of ‘weak’ symmetries, namely, the λ‐symmetries and the orbital symmetries. Particular attention is addressed to discuss the relevance of partial symmetries in dynamical systems admitting homoclinic (or heteroclinic) manifolds, which can be ‘broken’ by periodic perturbations, thus giving rise, according to the (suitably rewritten) Mel'nikov theorem, to the appearance of a chaotic behavior of Smale‐horseshoes type. Many examples illustrate all the various aspects and situations. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
NMR study of the influence of n‐alkanol co‐surfactants on reverse micelles in quaternary microemulsions of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)
Authors: Mills Amanda J. , Britton Melanie M.
Published: February 2016

The effects of differentn‐alkanol co‐surfactants on the size, shape, composition and dynamics of reverse micelles (RMs) in cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)/n‐alkanol/n‐hexane/water and CTAB/n‐alkanol/n‐pentane/water microemulsions were investigated usingT2relaxation and pulsed gradient stimulated echo nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements and molecular modelling. NMRT2relaxation times and diffusion coefficients were determined for the surfactant and co‐surfactant in these CTAB quaternary reverse microemulsions, for a range of medium chain length alcohol co‐surfactants, from 1‐butanol to 1‐heptanol. These data revealed a slight RM size dependency on co‐surfactant chain length, with RM sizes tending to decrease with increasing alcohol chain length. Molecular modelling of CTAB/n‐alkanol/n‐hexane/water RMs suggested a variation in RM shape with co‐surfactant chain length, where those formed with pentanol were found to be least spherical and those formed with heptanol the most spherical. The NMR data also revealed differences in the behaviour of the micellar structures in the CTAB/n‐pentanol/n‐hexane/water reverse microemulsion, compared with the other reverse microemulsions in this study, where CTAB was found to be distributed between two environments, which then combined to form larger micelles. The origins of these differences remain unclear. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proteomic analysis of a compatible interaction between sugarcane and Sporisorium scitamineum
Authors: Barnabas Leonard , Ashwin N. M. R. , Kaverinathan K. , Trentin Anna Rita , Pivato Micaela , Sundar A. Ramesh , Malathi P. , Viswanathan R. , Rosana O. B. , Neethukrishna K. , Carletti Paolo , Arrigoni Giorgio , Masi Antonio , Agrawal Ganesh Kumar , Rakwal Randeep
Published: February 2016

Smut caused by Sporisorium scitamineum is one of the important diseases of sugarcane with global significance. Despite the intriguing nature of sugarcane, S. scitamineum interaction, several pertinent aspects remain unexplored. This study investigates the proteome level alterations occurring in the meristem of a S. scitamineum infected susceptible sugarcane cultivar at whip emergence stage. Differentially abundant proteins were identified by 2DE coupled with MALDI‐TOF/TOF‐MS. Comprehensively, 53 sugarcane proteins identified were related to defence, stress, metabolism, protein folding, energy, and cell division; in addition, a putative effector of S. scitamineum, chorismate mutase, was identified. Transcript expression vis‐à‐vis the activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase was relatively higher in the infected meristem. Abundance of seven candidate proteins in 2D gel profiles was in correlation with its corresponding transcript expression levels as validated by qRT‐PCR. Furthermore, this study has opened up new perspectives on the interaction between sugarcane and S. scitamineum.
Identification of 14‐3‐3zeta associated protein networks in oral cancer
Authors: Matta Ajay , Masui Olena , Siu K. W. Michael , Ralhan Ranju
Published: February 2016

Advancements in genomics, proteomics, and bioinformatics have improved our understanding of gene/protein networks involved in intra‐ and intercellular communication and tumor–host interactions. Using proteomics integrated with bioinformatics, previously we reported overexpression of 14‐3‐3ζ in premalignant oral lesions and oral squamous cell carcinoma tissues in comparison with normal oral epithelium. 14‐3‐3ζ emerged as a novel molecular target for therapeutics and a potential prognostic marker in oral squamous cell carcinoma patients. However, the role of 14‐3‐3ζ in development and progression of oral cancer is not known yet. This study aimed to identify the 14‐3‐3ζ associated protein networks in oral cancer cell lines using IP–MS/MS and bioinformatics. A total of 287 binding partners of 14‐3‐3ζ were identified in metastatic (MDA1986) and nonmetastatic (SCC4) oral cancer cell lines including other 14‐3‐3 isoforms (2%), proteins involved in apoptosis (2%), cytoskeleton (9%), metabolism (16%), and maintenance of redox potential (2%). Our bioinformatics analysis revealed involvement of 14‐3‐3ζ in protein networks regulating cell cycle, proliferation, apoptosis, cellular trafficking, and endocytosis in oral cancer. In conclusion, our data revealed several novel protein interaction networks involving 14‐3‐3ζ in oral cancer progression and metastasis.
Dynamics of nasopharyngeal pneumococcal carriage during the course of viral bronchiolitis
Authors: Faber Tina E. , Schuurs Theo A. , Veeger Nic J.G.M. , Hennus Marije P. , Bont Louis J.
Published: February 2016

The effect of viral infection on nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae during childhood is not well known. We studied dynamics of pneumococcal colonization by quantitative PCR during the natural course of viral bronchiolitis. At time of admission, 47 (47%) of 100 patients with bronchiolitis carried pneumococci. In patients with viral bronchiolitis who did not receive antibiotics, pneumococcal load decreased from time of admission to discharge (n = 35, cycle threshold 23 vs. 25, P = 0.0017) and from discharge to follow‐up (n = 22, cycle threshold 25 vs. 40, P = 0.003). We conclude that viral respiratory infection is negatively associated with pneumococcal colonization of the upper airways. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016;51:863–867. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Identification of imine reductase‐specific sequence motifs
Authors: Fademrecht Silvia , Scheller Philipp N. , Nestl Bettina M. , Hauer Bernhard , Pleiss Jürgen
Published: February 2016

Chiral amines are valuable building blocks for the production of a variety of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals and other specialty chemicals. Only recently, imine reductases (IREDs) were discovered which catalyze the stereoselective reduction of imines to chiral amines. Although several IREDs were biochemically characterized in the last few years, knowledge of the reaction mechanism and the molecular basis of substrate specificity and stereoselectivity is limited. To gain further insights into the sequence‐function relationships, theImine Reductase Engineering Database(www.IRED.BioCatNet.de) was established and a systematic analysis of 530 putative IREDs was performed. A standard numbering scheme based onR‐IRED‐Skwas introduced to facilitate the identification and communication of structurally equivalent positions in different proteins. A conservation analysis revealed a highly conserved cofactor binding region and a predominantly hydrophobic substrate binding cleft. Two IRED‐specific motifs were identified, the cofactor binding motif GLGxMGx5[ATS]x4Gx4[VIL]WNR[TS]x2[KR] and the active site motif Gx[DE]x[GDA]x[APS]x3{K}x[ASL]x[LMVIAG]. Our results indicate a preference toward NADPH for all IREDs and explain why, despite their sequence similarity to β‐hydroxyacid dehydrogenases (β‐HADs), no conversion of β‐hydroxyacids has been observed. Superfamily‐specific conservations were investigated to explore the molecular basis of their stereopreference. Based on our analysis and previous experimental results on IRED mutants, an exclusive role of standard position 187 for stereoselectivity is excluded. Alternatively, two standard positions 139 and 194 were identified which are superfamily‐specifically conserved and differ inR‐ andS‐selective enzymes. Proteins 2016; 84:600–610. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.