bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multidimensional thermal analysis of an ultrawide bandgap AlGaN channel high electron mobility transistor
Authors: Lundh James Spencer , Chatterjee Bikramjit , Song Yiwen , Baca Albert G. , Kaplar Robert J. , Beechem Thomas E. , Allerman Andrew A. , Armstrong Andrew M. , Klein Brianna A. , Bansal Anushka , Talreja Disha , Pogrebnyakov Alexej , Heller Eric , Gopalan Venkatraman , Redwing Joan M. , Foley Brian M. , Choi Sukwon
Published: October 2019

Improvements in radio frequency and power electronics can potentially be realized with ultrawide bandgap materials such as aluminum gallium nitride (AlxGa1−xN). Multidimensional thermal characterization of an Al0.30Ga0.70N channel high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) was done using Raman spectroscopy and thermoreflectance thermal imaging to experimentally determine the lateral and vertical steady-state operating temperature profiles. An electrothermal model of the Al0.30Ga0.70N channel HEMT was developed to validate the experimental results and investigate potential device-level thermal management. While the low thermal conductivity of this III-N ternary alloy system results in more device self-heating at room temperature, the temperature insensitive thermal and electrical output characteristics of AlxGa1−xN may open the door for extreme temperature applications.
Semicoherent oxide heterointerfaces: Structure, properties, and
implications
Authors: Uberuaga Blas Pedro , Dholabhai Pratik P. , Pilania Ghanshyam , Chen Aiping
Published: October 2019

In the quest for enhanced functionality of all sorts, nanostructured materials are becoming ever more common. This is particularly true of oxide/oxide heterostructures in which the high density of interfaces has been implicated in enhanced properties and used to engineer strain in oxide composite structures. These interfaces are often characterized by a network of misfit dislocations that relieve the lattice mismatch strain between the two materials, and these dislocations themselves are often suggested as the source of either enhancements or degradation of properties. Despite the importance and pervasiveness of misfit dislocations, however, there is still much that is unknown about their structure and properties, particularly in oxide/oxide heterostructures. Here, we give a perspective on the importance of these dislocation networks and the need to interrogate their impact on functionality.
Structures, energetics, and infrared spectra of the cationic monomethylamine-water clusters
Authors: Jiang Shu-kang , Yang Dong , Kong Xiang-tao , Wang Chong , Zang Xiang-yu , Zheng Hui-jun , Li Gang , Xie Hua , Zhang Wei-qing , Yang Xue-ming , Jiang Ling
Published: October 2019

The structures, energetics, and infrared (IR) spectra of the cationic monomethylamine-water clusters, [(CH3NH2)(H2O)n]+ (n=1–5), have been studied using quantum chemical calculations at the MP2/6-311+G(2d,p) level. The results reveal that the formation of proton-transferred CH2NH3+ ion core structure is preferred via the intramolecular proton transfer from the methyl group to the nitrogen atom and the water molecules act as the acceptor for the O⋯HN hydrogen bonds with the positively charged NH3+ moiety of CH2NH3+, whose motif is retained in the larger clusters. The CH3NH2+ ion core structure is predicted to be less energetically favorable. Vibrational frequencies of CH stretches, hydrogen-bonded and free NH stretches, and hydrogen-bonded OH stretches in the calculated IR spectra of the CH2NH3+ and CH3NH2+ type structures are different from each other, which would afford the sensitive probes for fundamental understanding of hydrogen bonding networks generated from the radiation-induced chemical processes in the [(CH3NH2)(H2O)n]+ complexes.
Three-dimensional Cu-Ni composite superamphiphobic surface via electrodeposition and fluorosilane modification
Authors: Liu Wei-yi , Luo Meng-fan , Luo Fang , Liu Yan , Zhang Yan-zong , Shen Fei , Zhang Xiao-hong , Yang Gang , Wang Li-lin , Deng Shi-huai
Published: October 2019

A superamphiphobic (SAP) surface was fabricated by electrodepositing Cu-Ni micro-nano particles on aluminum substrate and modifying via 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyltrimethoxysilane. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy were employed to investigate the morphology and chemical composition. The results showed that the SAP surface had three-dimensional micro-nano structures and exhibited a maximum water contact angle of 160.0°, oil contact angle of 151.6°, a minimum water slide angle of 0° and oil slide angle of 9°. The mechanical strength and chemical stability of the SAP surface were tested further. The experimental results showed that the SAP surface presented excellent resistance to wear, prominent acid-resistance and alkali-resistance, self-cleaning and anti-fouling properties.
The environmental history of Australian rivers: a neglected field of opportunity?
Authors: Boon Paul I.
Published: October 2019

Historical ecology documents environmental change with scientific precepts, commonly by using statistical analyses of numerical data to test specific hypotheses. It is usually undertaken by ecologists. An alternative approach to understanding the natural world, undertaken instead by historians, geographers, sociologists, resource economists or literary critics, is environmental history. It attempts to explain in cultural terms why and how environmental change takes place. This essay outlines 10 case studies that show how rivers have affected perceptions and attitudes of the Australian community over the past 200+ years. They examine the influence at two contrasting scales, namely, the collective and the personal, by investigating the role that rivers had in the colonisation of Australia by the British in 1788, the establishment of capital cities, perceptions of and attitudes to the environment informed by explorers’ accounts of their journeys through inland Australia, the push for closer settlement by harnessing the country’s rivers for navigation and irrigation, anxiety about defence and national security, and the solastalgia occasioned by chronic environmental degradation. Historical ecology and environmental history are complementary intellectual approaches, and increased collaboration across the two disciplines should yield many benefits to historians, to ecologists, and to the conservation of Australian rivers more widely.
General practitioners’ practical approach to initiating end-of-life conversations: a qualitative study
Authors: Deckx Laura , Thomas Hayley R , Sieben Nicolas A , Foster Michele M , Mitchell Geoffrey K
Published: October 2019

Background

As doctors who provide care across the life-course, general practitioners (GPs) play a key role in initiating timely end-of-life discussions. Nonetheless, these discussions are often not initiated until close to death. Given the ageing of the population, GPs will be confronted with end-of-life care more often, and this needs to become a core skill for all GPs.

Objective

To describe GPs’ approach to initiating end-of-life discussions.

Methods

Fifteen GPs or GP trainees from South-East Queensland, Australia, were purposively recruited to participate in a semi-structured interview. We analysed transcripts using a thematic analysis.

Results

GPs’ approach to initiating end-of-life discussions was summarized by four themes: (1) Preparing the ground; (2) finding an entry point; (3) tailoring communication and (4) involving the family.

Conclusions

Emphasis on the doctor–patient relationship; assessing patient readiness for end-of-life discussions; and sensitive information delivery is consistent with factors previously reported to be important to both GPs and patients in this context. Our findings provide a framework for GPs initiating end-of-life discussions, which must be tailored to patient and GP personality factors. Further research is required to evaluate its outcomes.
Predictive Ability of Mixed-Effects Height–Diameter Models Fit Using One Species but Calibrated for Another Species
Authors: Vanderschaaf Curtis L
Published: October 2019

Mixed-effects individual tree height–diameter models are presented for important pines in the Western Gulf, USA. Equations are presented for plantations of loblolly (Pinus taeda L.), longleaf (Pinus palustris P. Mill.), shortleaf (Pinus echinata Mill.), and slash (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) pine. To produce localized individual tree height estimates, these models can be calibrated after obtaining height–diameter measurements from a plot/stand of interest. These equations can help answer an interesting question of whether a model fit for one species can be calibrated to produce reasonable height estimates of another species. In situations where mixed-effects models have not been developed for a particular species, perhaps an equation from another species can be used. This question was addressed by calibrating these models using independent data of loblolly, longleaf, and slash pine plantations located in South Carolina. For each calibration species, in addition to the models developed described above, previously published models, but of the same model form, fit using other species from across the USA were examined.

Results show that models of a variety of species can be calibrated to provide reasonable predictions for a particular species. Predictions using this particular model form indicate that model calibration is more important than species-specific height–diameter relations.
A nationwide parent survey of antibiotic use in Australian children
Authors: Anderson Rebecca , Rhodes Anthea , Cranswick Noel , Downes Marnie , O’Hara Jonathan , Measey Mary-Anne , Gwee Amanda
Published: October 2019

Background

Antimicrobial resistance is increasing globally, largely due to high rates of antibiotic use and misuse. Factors that influence frequent antibiotic use in children are poorly understood.

Objectives

This study describes rates of antibiotic use in Australian children and investigates parental factors including knowledge, attitudes and behaviours that influence antibiotic use.

Methods

An online questionnaire relating to antibiotic use was administered as part of the Royal Children’s Hospital National Child Health Poll to a randomly recruited nationwide sample of parents or guardians of children aged 0–17 years in Australia. Data on antibiotic use in children and parental knowledge of appropriate indications for antibiotics and behaviours were collected. Standard binary logistic regression was used to assess associations between parent demographics and behaviour with antibiotic administration.

Results

The survey was completed by 2157 parents (64% completion rate), of which 1131 (52%) reported having given oral antibiotics to one or more of their children in the preceding 12 months. Of the 3971 children represented overall, 1719 (43%) had received at least one course of antibiotics. The average number of courses per child was 0.86 overall and 1.96 courses per child among those with reported antibiotic use. Notably, 194/1131 (17%) parents reported giving antibiotics to their child without a prescription. Poor parental knowledge of antibiotic indications was associated with antibiotic use.

Conclusions

Reducing excessive use of antibiotics in children is necessary in the global strategy for preventing antimicrobial resistance. This study identified areas for public health interventions to educate parents and increase regulation of access to antibiotics.
Bayesian inference of stellar parameters based on 1D stellar models coupled with 3D envelopes
Authors: Jørgensen Andreas Christ Sølvsten , Angelou George C
Published: October 2019

Stellar models utilizing 1D, heuristic theories of convection fail to adequately describe the energy transport in superadiabatic layers. The improper modelling leads to well-known discrepancies between observed and predicted oscillation frequencies for stars with convective envelopes. Recently, 3D hydrodynamic simulations of stellar envelopes have been shown to facilitate a realistic depiction of superadiabatic convection in 1D stellar models. The resulting structural changes of the boundary layers have been demonstrated to impact not only the predicted oscillation spectra but evolution tracks as well. In this paper, we quantify the consequences that the change in boundary conditions has for stellar parameter estimates of main-sequence stars. For this purpose, we investigate two benchmark stars, Alpha Centauri A and B, using Bayesian inference. We show that the improved treatment of turbulent convection makes the obtained 1D stellar structures nearly insensitive to the mixing length parameter. By using 3D simulations in 1D stellar models, we hence overcome the degeneracy between the mixing length parameter and other stellar parameters. By lifting this degeneracy, the inclusion of 3D simulations has the potential to yield more robust parameter estimates. In this way, a more realistic depiction of superadiabatic convection has important implications for any field that relies on stellar models, including the study of the chemical evolution of the Milky Way Galaxy and exoplanet research.
On the environment of low surface brightness galaxies at different scales
Authors: Pérez-Montaño Luis Enrique , Cervantes Sodi Bernardo
Published: October 2019

We select a volume-limited sample of galaxies derived from the SDSS DR7 to study the environment of low surface brightness (LSB) galaxies at different scales, as well as several physical properties of the dark matter haloes where the LSB galaxies of the sample are embedded. To characterize the environment, we make use of a number of publicly available value-added galaxy catalogues. We find a slight preference for LSB galaxies to be found in filaments instead of clusters, with their mean distance to the nearest filament typically larger than for high surface brightness (HSB) galaxies. The fraction of isolated central LSB galaxies is higher than the same fraction for HSB ones, and the density of their local environment lower. The stellar-to-halo mass ratio using four different estimates is up to ∼20 per cent for HSB galaxies. LSB central galaxies present more recent assembly times when compared with their HSB counterparts. Regarding the λ spin parameter, using six different proxies for its estimation, we find that LSB galaxies present systematically larger values of λ than the HSB galaxy sample, and constructing a control sample with direct kinematic information drawn from ALFALFA, we confirm that the spin parameter of LSB galaxies is 1.6–2 times larger than the one estimated for their HSB counterparts.
Primary Dural Closure in Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery Using an Extracorporeal Knot: Technical Note
Authors: Luque Leopoldo Luciano , Sainz Ariel , Seclen Daniel , Argañaraz Romina , Martin Clara , Fessler Richard G
Published: October 2019

BACKGROUND

Minimally invasive spine surgeries (MISS) are currently used for a wide variety of intradural spinal pathologies. Although MISS techniques have brought great benefits, primary dural closure can prove a challenge due to the narrow corridor of the tubular retractor systems.

OBJECTIVE

To present the surgical technique we developed for dural closure using an extracorporeal knot that is simple and reproducible.

METHODS

We describe the use of an extracorporeal knot for primary dural closure in MISS surgeries using standard instrumental. We illustrate this operative technique with figures and its application in a surgical case with images and demonstration video2.

RESULTS

Using our surgical technique, a watertight dural closure with separated knots was performed without specific instruments.

CONCLUSION

The use of extracorporeal knots facilitates primary dural closure in MISS surgeries.
Exponentially suppressed cosmological constant with enhanced gauge symmetry in heterotic interpolating models
Authors: Itoyama H , Nakajima Sota
Published: October 2019

A few 9D interpolating models with two parameters are constructed and the massless spectra are studied by considering compactification of heterotic strings on a twisted circle with a Wilson line. It is found that there are some conditions between radius $R$ and Wilson line $A$ under which the gauge symmetry is enhanced. In particular, when the gauge symmetry is enhanced to $SO(18)\times SO(14)$, the cosmological constant is exponentially suppressed. We also construct a non-supersymmetric string model that is tachyon-free in all regions of moduli space and whose gauge symmetry involves $E_8$.
Multiple Hereditary Exostoses: Genetics, Multimodality Imaging Features, Complications, Differential Diagnosis, and Treatment
Authors: Bowman Sean R. , White Eric A. , Tomasian Anderanik , Gross Jordan S. , Patel Dakshesh B. , Matcuk George R.
Published: October 2019

Osteochondromas are a common type of benign bone tumor that occur during childhood. Osteochondromas can be solitary or multifocal as a part of a syndrome, known as multiple hereditary exostoses (MHE). This differentiation was first discovered in 1786 by John Hunter, a famous Scottish surgeon. In 1814, MHE was found to have a familial association. Later, in the 1900s, MHE was differentiated from other disorders, such as Ollier disease (multiple enchondromatosis) and Trevor disease (dysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica). MHE is known by other names including hereditary multiple osteochondromas, diaphyseal aclasis, hereditary deforming chondrodysplasia, and Ehrenfried disease.

MHE occurs more frequently in males than in females (1.5–2:1) and whites. Males also tend to be more severely affected. In patients with MHE, the mean number of osteochondromas is typically 15 to 18. Osteochondromas typically occur within the first decade of life (80%) and continue to increase in size until physeal closure. Osteochondromas are most commonly asymptomatic, although they can present with various symptoms including pain and limb length discrepancies. Osteochondromas have key imaging characteristics that help to differentiate them from other types of skeletal lesions and to characterize malignant potential.1
Catheter-Directed Thrombolytic Therapy in the Management of Massive Pulmonary Embolism in Pregnancy
Authors: Gowda Niraj , Nwabuobi Chinedu K. , Louis Judette M.
Published: October 2019

BACKGROUND:

Pulmonary embolism is one of the most common causes of maternal mortality and can be classified into low-risk, submassive, and massive. Three treatment options exist for massive pulmonary embolism in nonpregnant patients: thrombolysis, percutaneous catheter-based embolectomy, or surgical embolectomy; however, there is limited evidence to guide management of pulmonary embolism in pregnancy.

CASE:

We present a case of massive pulmonary embolism in pregnancy. Our patient presented with pulmonary embolism with biomarker and imaging evidence of right heart strain. She developed hypotension and an increased oxygen requirement and was subsequently treated with ultrasound-assisted catheter-directed thrombolysis. She was discharged on low-molecular-weight heparin and had a normal spontaneous vaginal delivery at 39 weeks of gestation.

CONCLUSIONS:

Catheter-directed thrombolysis is preferred to systemic thrombolytic therapy in pregnant patients with massive pulmonary embolism requiring thrombus removal.
Patient Reported Outcomes: The Foundation of Value
Authors: Tatman Lauren MacCormick , Obremskey William T.
Published: October 2019

As we transition from volume-based to value-based health care, orthopedic surgeons must understand the role of outcomes in measuring value. Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) offer a number of advantages in orthopedic trauma compared with traditional clinical and radiographic results while also being an important indicator of the patient's perception of their condition. Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System, developed and funded by the National Institutes of Health, has a number of features that make PRO date collection less burdensome for providers and patients. Patient-specific factors, including comorbidities, mental health, social support, and preinjury function need to be accounted for in our assessment, because all of these factors have demonstrated an impact on outcomes. Orthopedic surgeons should be aware of how they can transition their practice in an era of value-based health care in a manner that will benefit their patients and provide insight into their own clinical practice. Prospective collection of PROs is no longer limited to academic surgeons conducting research, and all orthopedic surgeons should consider incorporating PROs into their daily clinical practice. Orthopedic surgeons must maintain an active role in the development of policies and reimbursement models to advocate for and serve our patients.
Orthopaedic Trauma in Low‐resource Settings: Measuring Value
Authors: Ali Syed H. , Albright Patrick , Morshed Saam , Gosselin Richard A. , Shearer David W.
Published: October 2019

There is increasing recognition of both the impact and value of trauma care in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). However, data supporting the value of musculoskeletal trauma care specifically are lacking. This review discusses methods of economic analysis relevant to low-resource settings and provides a review of cost studies related to orthopaedic trauma care in these settings. In general, microcosting methods are preferred in LMICs because of the lack of databases with aggregate cost data. It is important that studies use a societal perspective that includes the indirect costs of treatment in addition to direct costs of medical care. Cost-effectiveness studies most commonly report cost per disability-adjusted life year, particularly in LMICs, but quality-adjusted life years are an acceptable alternative that is based on more empiric data. There are solid economic data supporting potential cost savings and improved outcomes with intramedullary nailing for femoral shaft fractures. Trauma care hospitals and educational initiatives have also been found to be highly cost-effective. However, very little data exist to support other interventions in orthopaedic trauma. Orthopaedic surgeons should strive to understand these methodologies and support the conduct of rigorous economic analysis to better establish the value of musculoskeletal trauma care in LMICs.
Pattern-Specific Loss of Desmoplakin I and II Immunoreactivity in Erythema Multiforme and its Variants: A Possible Aid in Histologic Diagnosis
Authors: Forrester Vernon J. , Tran Benjamin , Hein Stephanie C. , Wick Mark R.
Published: October 2019

Erythema multiforme (EM), Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) comprise a family of mucocutaneous diseases associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Previous studies have confirmed the presence of autoantibodies to desmoplakin (Dp) I and II in patients with EM, SJS, and TEN. Truncated Dp production leads to characteristic changes visible on light microscopy: perinuclear clumping of keratin filaments and dyskeratotic keratinocyte. Based on these observations, the question arises as to whether a loss of Dp immunoreactivity in skin biopsies could serve as a diagnostic marker of EM, SJS, and TEN. This study analyzed Dp immunostaining patterns in 20 patients with EM or SJS/TEN. To assess the specificity of this approach, Dp immunostaining was also performed on specimens from patients with 5 potential histologic mimics of EM, SJS, and TEN. All of the samples from patients with EM, SJS, and TEN demonstrated absent or markedly diminished staining for Dp. A χ2 test demonstrated a statistically significant difference between the staining patterns in EM, SJS, and TEN and each of the other diagnostic groups that were investigated. This is the first report demonstrating statistically significant specificity of Dp staining patterns in EM/SJS/TEN as compared with other interface dermatitides.
Perianal Tuberculosis: Lessons Learned in 57 Patients From 743 Samples of Histopathology and Polymerase Chain Reaction and a Systematic Review of Literature
Authors: Garg Pankaj , Garg Mahak , Das B. R. , Khadapkar Rashmi , Menon Geetha R.
Published: October 2019

BACKGROUND:

Few data are published on perianal tuberculosis.

OBJECTIVE:

This study aimed to determine the best method to diagnose tuberculosis in patients with fistula-in-ano and to conduct a systematic review to determine the incidence and characteristics of tuberculosis fistula-in-ano.

DATA SOURCES:

The prospective study data and existing literature were derived from PubMed, Google scholar, and Scopus

STUDY SELECTION:

Prospective analysis of patients with tuberculous fistula-in-ano treated between 2014 and 2018 was conducted, and a systematic review of studies describing ≥3 patients with tuberculosis fistula-in-ano was completed.

INTERVENTION:

Testing of tuberculosis was performed by histopathology or polymerase chain reaction of tissue or pus from the fistula tract.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:

The primary outcomes measured were the detection rate of various tests to detect tuberculosis in fistula-in-ano and the prevalence rate of tuberculosis in simple versus complex fistulas.

RESULTS:

In 637 samples (410 patients) tested, tuberculosis was detected in 49 samples (43 patients). Additional samples (n = 106) sent in patients with a high index of suspicion tested positive in 14 more patients. Thus, overall, 63 samples tested positive in 57 patients (total: 743 samples in 410 patients were tested). Tuberculosis was detected in 2 of 181 patients (1.1%) in tissue (histopathology), in 28 of 341 patients (8.2%) in tissue (polymerase chain reaction), and in 19 of 115 patients (16.5%) in pus (polymerase chain reaction) samples. To detect tuberculosis, tissue (polymerase chain reaction) was significantly better than tissue (histopathology) (28/341 vs 2/181, p < 0.00001) and pus (polymerase chain reaction) was significantly better than tissue (polymerase chain reaction) (19/115 vs 28/341, p < 0.0009). Tuberculosis was significantly more common in complex fistulas than in simple fistulas (20.3% vs 7.2%, p = 0.0002). The systematic review (n = 199) highlighted that tubercular fistulas are more common in recurrent and complex fistulas and in tuberculosis endemic regions.

LIMITATIONS:

The true sensitivity and specificity of each testing modality could not be determined because not all patients with tuberculosis fistula-in-ano were tested by every diagnostic modality studied.

CONCLUSIONS:

The tuberculosis detection rate of polymerase chain reaction was significantly higher than histopathology. Among polymerase chain reaction, pus had higher detection rate than tissue. Tuberculosis was associated with more complex and recurrent fistulas.
Using Digital Phenotyping to Accurately Detect Depression Severity
Authors: Jacobson Nicholas C. , Weingarden Hilary , Wilhelm Sabine
Published: October 2019

Development of digital biomarkers holds promise for enabling scalable, time-sensitive, and cost-effective strategies to monitor symptom severity among those with major depressive disorder (MDD). The current study examined the use of passive movement and light data from wearable devices to assess depression severity in 15 patients with MDD. Using over 1 week of movement data, we were able to significantly assess depression severity with high precision for self-reported (r = 0.855; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.610–0.950; p = 4.95 × 10−5) and clinician-rated (r = 0.604; 95% CI, 0.133–0.894; p = 0.017) symptom severity. Pending replication, the present data suggest that the use of passive wearable sensors to inform healthcare decisions holds considerable promise.
Changes in β-Catenin Expression in the Anterior Vaginal Wall Tissues of Women With Pelvic Organ Prolapse: A Potential Pathophysiological Mechanism
Authors: Gong Runqi , Ji Yuting , Zhao Ying , Xia Zhijun
Published: October 2019

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of β-catenin in the lamina propria of the anterior vaginal wall of women with pelvic organ prolapse (POP) compared with the expression in the controls.

Methods

Anterior vaginal wall tissues were obtained from women undergoing POP surgery for stage 3 or greater POP (POP group, n = 30; age, 58 ± 7.839 years), with a menopause rate of 70%, and from women without POP undergoing hysterectomy for benign indications (control group, n = 30; age, 54.7 ± 7.173 years), with a menopause rate of 50%. Hematoxylin and eosin staining and Masson trichrome staining were performed on anterior vaginal wall sections. β-Catenin, p-β-catenin, glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), p-GSK3β, collagen I, collagen III, MMP2, MMP9, TIMP2, caspase 3, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and cyclin D1 were evaluated using immunohistochemical analysis. Lamina propria tissues were obtained for Western blot analyses.

Results

Hematoxylin and eosin staining and Masson trichrome staining showed that the collagen fibers were more disorganized and fragmented in the POP group than in the control group. In the POP samples, β-catenin (mean density, POP vs control, 0.43 ± 0.13 vs 0.58 ± 0.16), p-GSK3β, collagen I, collagen III, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and cyclin D1 were downregulated in the lamina propria, whereas in the control group, p-β-catenin, TIMP2, and caspase 3 were downregulated (P < 0.05 for all). GSK3β was not different between the 2 groups (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

We demonstrated that decreased β-catenin may play an important role in the onset of POP by affecting collagen anabolism.
Peer-Centered Versus Standard Physician-Centered Video Counseling for Midurethral Sling Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Krantz Tessa E. , Rogers Rebecca G. , Petersen Timothy R. , Dunivan Gena C. , White Amanda B. , Madsen Annetta M. , Jeppson Peter C. , Ninivaggio Cara S. , Cichowski Sara B. , Komesu Yuko M.
Published: October 2019

Objectives

Peer counseling may improve upon provider counseling and enhance patient preparedness for midurethral sling (MUS) surgery. We aimed to compare the impact of peer-centered versus standard preoperative video counseling by assessing patient preparedness for MUS surgery.

Methods

Women undergoing MUS were randomized to view either a peer-centered (PEER) or standard physician preoperative counseling video (PHYS). The PEER video featured a woman who had undergone MUS surgery and included the standard risks and benefits as well as additional information identified in prior work as important to patients. The PHYS video featured a surgeon discussing risks and benefits. Patients viewed either video at their preoperative visit and completed the Patient Preparedness Questionnaire (PPQ), Surgical Decision Satisfaction, Decisional Regret Scale, and the Urogenital Distress Inventory Short Form. Patients then underwent standard in-person surgeon counseling. Sessions were timed and compared with historical timed sessions. Our primary outcome was between-group differences in 6-week postoperative PPQ scores.

Results

Patient Preparedness Questionnaire scores did not differ between groups (postoperative PPQ scores: median [interquartile range], 95 [84, 100] vs 92 [80, 100]; P=0.50). The PEER group reported higher decisional regret (15 [0, 28.75] vs 0 [0, 10], P=0.02) and less symptom improvement on Urogenital Distress Inventory Short Form change scores compared with the PHYS group (47.2 [37.2, 62.5] vs 36.1 [16.5, 50], P=0.03); secondary outcomes were not different between groups. In-person counseling times decreased after watching either video compared with the institution’s historical standard (8:27 minutes [08:56, 17:14] vs 11:34 minutes [5:22, 13:07]; P < 0.005).

Conclusion

Patient preparedness did not differ between groups. Decision regret did not differ between groups once adjusted for urinary symptoms.
Engaging Women in Pelvic Floor Disorders Research Using the Internet
Authors: Pandya Lopa K. , Hundley Andrew F. , Hudson Catherine O. , Nekkanti Silpa , Escobar Smith Pamela , Lynch Courtney D.
Published: October 2019

Objectives

The objective of this study were (1) to assess the feasibility of using online platforms as recruitment tools for pelvic floor disorder studies and (2) to compare the prevalence of symptoms of incontinence and care-seeking behavior by online platform to previously published prevalence estimates.

Methods

We conducted a cross-sectional study among women to assess the prevalence of incontinence symptoms, level of bother, and care-seeking behavior. Participants were recruited through Facebook ads, ResearchMatch, or Reddit. The effectiveness of Facebook ads was assessed using the click through rate and an overall completion rate (number of completes over number of times an ad was shown). A nontargeted ad was posted to a Reddit thread in which research opportunities are advertised. For ResearchMatch, investigators sent a recruitment email. Effectiveness of this method was assessed by observing how many women completed the survey compared with the number of women who received it.

Results

Among the 7361 women who initiated the questionnaire, 6650 (90%) completed it. A majority of participants were recruited through ResearchMatch. Online platforms were successful in recruiting women across a wide age range (ages, 18–93 years). The overall prevalence of incontinence was 46.1% with women 45 years and older having the highest prevalence (64.6%). Common reasons for not seeking care included “not bothersome enough,” “other health problems,” and “being unsure about treatment.”

Conclusions

Internet-based recruitment was found to be feasible. The prevalence of incontinence was higher than has been reported in other population-based samples. Significant barriers to care exist, and further studies should focus on educational strategies.
Bartonella clarridgeiae infection in a patient with aortic root abscess and endocarditis
Authors: Logan Julie M. J. , Hall Jessica L. , Chalker Vicki J. , O’Connell Brian , Birtles Richard J.
Published: October 2019

Introduction.

Bartonella

species are increasingly recognized as agents of culture-negative endocarditis. However, to date, almost all human cases have been associated with two members of the genus,

Bartonella henselae

and Bartonella quintana. B. henselae infections are zoonotic, with domestic cats serving as reservoir hosts for the pathogen.

Bartonella clarridgeiae

also exploits cats as reservoir hosts, but its zoonotic potential is far less established.

Case presentation. A 34-year-old male presented with palpitations after a history of aortic incompetence. During surgery for an aortic valve replacement, two vegetations were found on the aortic valve. PCR analysis of the vegetation demonstrated the presence of

Bartonella

species and so the patient was treated post-operatively with ceftriaxone and doxycycline, making a good recovery. Further PCR-based analysis of the patient’s aortic vegetation confirmed the presence of

B. clarridgeiae

.

Conclusion. This report expands the number of

Bartonella

species associated with endocarditis and provides clear evidence that

B. clarridgeiae

should be considered a zoonotic pathogen.
Identification of the lymphangioleiomyomatosis cell and its uterine origin
Authors: Guo Minzhe , Yu Jane J. , Perl Anne Karina , Wikenheiser-Brokamp Kathryn A. , Riccetti Matt , Zhang Erik Y. , Sudha Parvathi , Adam Mike , Potter Andrew , Kopras Elizabeth J. , Giannikou Krinio , Potter S Steven , Sherman Sue , Hammes Stephen R. , Kwiatkowski David J. , Whitsett Jeffrey A. , McCormack Francis X. , Xu Yan
Published: October 2019

Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a metastasizing neoplasm of reproductive age women that causes cystic lung remodeling and progressive respiratory failure. The source of LAM cells that invade the lung and the reasons that LAM targets women have remained elusive. We employed single cell and single nuclei RNA sequencing on LAM lesions within explanted LAM lungs, known to contain smooth muscle like cells bearing mTOR activating mutations in TSC1 or TSC2, and identified a unique population of cells that were readily distinguished from those of endogenous lung cells. LAMCOREcells shared closest transcriptomic similarity to normal uterus and neural crest. Immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrated the expression of LAMCOREcell signature genes within LAM lesions in both lung and uterus. Serum aptamer proteomics and ELISA identified biomarkers predicted to be secreted by LAMCOREcells. Single cell transcriptomics strongly supports a uterine neural crest origin of LAMCOREcells; providing insights into disease pathogenesis and informing future treatment strategies for LAM.

SIGNIFICANCE

Present study identified a novel population of LAMCOREcells, which is likely originated from uterine neural crest; identified novel LAM cell-specific secretome proteins that hold promise as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Advancing the understanding of LAM pathogenesis and metastasis model may yield broader insights into the biology of cancer.
The Impact of Glyphosate-Based Herbicides and Their Components on Daphnia Magna
Authors: Duan Katherine , Kish Alexander , Kish Leanna , Faletra Peter , Salmon Kelly
Published: October 2019

Recent studies suggest glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) are more harmful to animals than suggested by the EPA and industry-funded studies. Both glyphosate and the only known “other” ingredient in GBHs, polyethoxylated tallow amine (POEA), have been implicated as safety hazards. In this study, we investigated the effects of the commercial GBHs Roundup®, Rodeo® and the two known GBH ingredients, POEA and glyphosate, on the survival and heart rates of Daphnia magna. D. magna were exposed to the retail herbicide mixture and the individual components dissolved in water to mimic possible environmental exposure. When exposed to Roundup® and Rodeo®, D. magna survival and heart rates declined following a dose-response pattern. A commercial formulation of Roundup® containing 98% unlisted ingredients had the greatest effect on heart and survival rates, followed by two formulations of Rodeo with 4.62% unlisted ingredients and 1.72% unlisted ingredients, respectively. The Rodeo® formulation with 1.72% unlisted ingredients had an equal concentration of glyphosate as the Roundup® formulation, suggesting that the negative effects of GBHs are influenced by the unlisted ingredients. Although differences in survival rates were not observed between controls and glyphosate groups, groups exposed to glyphosate alone generally showed a significant (p<0.05) effect on D. magna heart rates. Heart rates following POEA exposure were consistently and, in most cases, significantly (p<0.05) lower than controls. POEA caused a decrease in survival rate for all concentrations, but followed a dose-response pattern only in the three highest concentrations. A Mock-GBH, made with POEA and glyphosate, significantly (p<0.05) lowered heart rates at some higher concentrations, with no dose-response pattern. The Mock-GBH negatively affected survival rates at approximately the same level as POEA alone. The heart rate data suggest that there are undisclosed ingredients in Roundup® and Rodeo® other than POEA and glyphosate that negatively affect D. magna since glyphosate and POEA combined yielded less pronounced negative responses than the full GBH products.
The Future of OA: A large-scale analysis projecting Open Access publication and readership
Authors: Piwowar Heather , Priem Jason , Orr Richard
Published: October 2019

Understanding the growth of open access (OA) is important for deciding funder policy, subscription allocation, and infrastructure planning.

This study analyses the number of papers available as OA over time. The models includes both OA embargo data and the relative growth rates of different OA types over time, based on the OA status of 70 million journal articles published between 1950 and 2019.

The study also looks at article usage data, analyzing the proportion of views to OA articles vs views to articles which are closed access. Signal processing techniques are used to model how these viewership patterns change over time. Viewership data is based on 2.8 million uses of the Unpaywall browser extension in July 2019.

We found that Green, Gold, and Hybrid papers receive more views than their Closed or Bronze counterparts, particularly Green papers made available within a year of publication. We also found that the proportion of Green, Gold, and Hybrid articles is growing most quickly.

In 2019:

31% of all journal articles are available as OA

52% of article views are to OA articles

Given existing trends, we estimate that by 2025:

44% of all journal articles will be available as OA

70% of article views will be to OA articles

The declining relevance of closed access articles is likely to change the landscape of scholarly communication in the years to come.

Percent of views, by OA type:

Percent of papers, by OA type:
An NMDA-R mediated short-term memory resistant to anesthesia in adult Danio rerio
Authors: Rajan Gokul , Joseph Joby
Published: October 2019

Memory in animals is labile in the early phase post-training. Memory in the early phase has been shown to be disrupted by treatments such as electroconvulsive shock or cold-shock (Quinn and Dudai, 1976). Using hypothermic shock and other pharmacological interventions, the various underlying memory pathways in Drosophila can be identified as an immediate short-lasting anesthesia sensitive memory and a delayed anesthesia resistant memory which is followed by a more stable protein synthesis dependent long-term memory (Margulies et al., 2005). In another ectothermic animal, Danio rerio, a popular vertebrate model, we ask if such a memory component exists which is sensitive to hypothermic disruption. To test this, we developed a fear conditioning assay with a green light at the bottom of the tank as the conditioned stimulus (CS) and electric shock as the unconditioned stimulus (US). We also standardized a cold anesthesia protocol in adult zebrafish to induce stage V anesthesia. The learning/memory was found to be NMDA-R mediated. Cold anesthesia as well as tricaine mediated anesthesia did not significantly affect the early-acting memory trace induced by a fear-conditioning protocol in adult zebrafish. We suggest future directions to tease out the underlying memory components in the early phase of memory in zebrafish.
Multi-domain cognitive assessment of male mice reveals whole body exposure to space radiation is not detrimental to high-level cognition and actually improves pattern separation
Authors: Whoolery Cody W. , Yun Sanghee , Reynolds Ryan P. , Lucero Melanie J. , Soler Ivan , Tran Fionya H. , Ito Naoki , Redfield Rachel L. , Richardson Devon R. , Shih Hung-ying , Rivera Phillip D. , Chen Benjamin P. C. , Birnbaum Shari G. , Stowe Ann M. , Eisch Amelia J.
Published: October 2019

Astronauts on interplanetary space missions - such as to Mars - will be exposed to space radiation, a spectrum of highly-charged, fast-moving particles that includes 56Fe and 28Si. Earth-based preclinical studies with mature, “astronaut-aged” rodents show space radiation decreases performance in low- and some high-level cognitive tasks. Given the prevalence of touchscreens in astronaut training and in-mission assessment, and the ability of rodent touchscreen tasks to assess the functional integrity of brain circuits and multiple cognitive domains in a non-aversive way, it is surprising the effect of space radiation on rodent touchscreen performance is unknown. To fill this knowledge gap, 6-month-old C57BL/6J male mice were exposed to whole-body space radiation and assessed on a touchscreen battery starting 1-month later. Relative to Sham, 56Fe irradiation did not overtly change performance on tasks of visual discrimination, reversal learning, rule-based, or object-spatial paired associates learning, suggesting preserved functional integrity of supporting brain circuits. Surprisingly, 56Fe irradiation led to better performance on a dentate gyrus-reliant task of pattern separation ability. Irradiated mice discriminated similar visual cues in ∼40% fewer days and ∼40% more accurately than control mice. Improved pattern separation was not touchscreen-, radiation-particle, or neurogenesis-dependent, as both 56Fe and 28Si irradiation led to faster context discrimination (e.g. Sham Block 5 vs. 56Fe Block 2) in a non-touchscreen task and 56Fe led to fewer new dentate gyrus neurons relative to Sham. These data urge revisitation of the broadly-held view that space radiation is detrimental to cognition.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT

Astronauts on an interplanetary mission - such as to Mars - will be unavoidably exposed to galactic cosmic radiation, a spectrum of highly-charged, fast-moving particles. Rodent studies suggest space radiation is detrimental to cognition. However, here we show this is not universally true. Mature mice that received whole body exposure to Mars-relevant space radiation perform similarly to control mice on high-level cognitive tasks, reflecting the functional integrity of key neural circuits. Even more surprisingly, irradiated mice perform better than controls in both appetitive and aversive tests of pattern separation, a mission-critical task reliant on dentate gyrus integrity. Notably, improved pattern separation was not touchscreen-, radiation-particle-, or neurogenesis-dependent. Our work urges revisitation of the generally-accepted conclusion that space radiation is detrimental to cognition.
Shifting transmission risk for malaria in Africa with climate change: a framework for planning and intervention
Authors: Ryan Sadie J. , Lippi Catherine A. , Zermoglio Fernanda
Published: October 2019

Background

Malaria continues to be a disease of massive burden in Africa, and the public health resources targeted at surveillance, prevention, control, and intervention comprise large outlays of expense. Malaria transmission is largely constrained by the suitability of the climate for Anopheles mosquitoes and Plasmodium parasite development. Thus, as climate changes, we will see shifts in geographic locations suitable for transmission, and differing lengths of seasons of suitability, which will require changes in the types and amounts of resources.

Methods

We mapped the shifting geographic risk of malaria transmission, in context of changing seasonality (i.e. endemic to epidemic, and vice-versa), and the number of people affected. We applied a temperature-dependent model of malaria transmission suitability to continental gridded climate data for multiple future climate model projections. We aligned the resulting outcomes with programmatic needs to provide summaries at national and regional scales for the African continent. Model outcomes were combined with population projections to estimate the population at risk at three points in the future, 2030, 2050, and 2080, under two scenarios of greenhouse gas emissions (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5).

Results

Geographic shifts in endemic and seasonal suitability for malaria transmission were observed across all future scenarios of climate change. The worst-case regional scenario (RCP8.5) of climate change places an additional 75.9 million people at risk from endemic (10-12 months) exposure to malaria transmission in Eastern and Southern Africa by the year 2080, with the greatest population at risk in Eastern Africa. Despite a predominance of reduction in season length, a net gain of 51.3 million additional people will be put at some level of risk in Western Africa by midcentury.

Conclusions

This study provides an updated view of potential malaria geographic shifts in Africa under climate change for the more recent climate model projections (AR5), and a tool for aligning findings with programmatic needs at key scales for decision makers. In describing shifting seasonality, we can capture transitions between endemic and epidemic risk areas, to facilitate the planning for interventions aimed at year-round risk versus anticipatory surveillance and rapid response to potential outbreak locations.