bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Dividing Lines
Authors: Garces-Foley Kathleen
Published: May 2007

This chapter shifts the focus from Evergreen as an institution to Evergreen as a community of individuals. All churches have areas of tension, but multiethnic churches must also contend with conflicts that arise from ethnic differences. The fault lines along which tensions arise most frequently at Evergreen are examined: communication, food, and family. Underlying these tensions are conflicting views on the role ethnic diversity ought to play in this church and whether it is even possible to be ethnic in a multiethnic context.
Summoning to the Truth
Authors: Virani Shafique N.
Published: May 2007

The Ismaili da'wa, or summons to recognize the absolute divinity and oneness of God, was conducted through a highly structured organization. This organization, envisioned as a hierarchy of seven levels paralleling the seven heavens, played a pivotal role in keeping the scattered pockets of the community connected to each other and to the Imam. The chapter traces what is known of the family tree of the Imam Shams al-Din Muhammad, which had both Qasimshahi and Muhammadshahi branches.
Regional Spread of the Hongzhou School
Authors: Poceski Mario
Published: May 2007

This chapter focuses on Mazu's immediate disciples and surveys the regional growth of the Hongzhou school during the late 8th and early 9th centuries. The discussion is organized according to regional boundaries, encompassing four main geographical areas: Jiangxi and the rest of southern China, central China or the middle Yangtze area, the lower Yangtze area, and the North. Xitang (735-817) and Baizhang receive individual treatment as Mazu's leading disciples. The spread of the Hongzhou school into the two Tang capitals is also considered. The activities of Mazu's disciples in Chang'an and Luoyang form an important chapter in the Hongzhou school's history. By overlooking these monks and their activities, traditional and modern historians misconstrued the pattern of the Hongzhou school's growth and its place in Tang Buddhism.
The Hongzhou School and Mid-Tang Chan
Authors: Poceski Mario
Published: May 2007

This chapter concludes the study of the Hongzhou school's history by integrating and interpreting the data on its growth and the patronage networks that facilitated it. It also situates the rise of the Hongzhou school in relation to the broader historical context of Tang Chan, explores its interactions with other Chan schools, and elaborates on its conception of spiritual lineage. In addition, it briefly notes the Hongzhou school's direct role in the transmission of Chan beyond China and assesses its overall impact on the evolution of the Chan movement.
The Pivotal Lotus Story and Dōgen's Worldview
Authors: Leighton Taigen Dan
Published: May 2007

This chapter begins with a discussion of Eihei Dōgen (1200-1253), the most prolific writer among the historical Zen masters and considered the founder of the Soto Zen tradition in Japan. Examples of Dōgen's view of space are offered as introductory background for the explorations to follow of how he uses references to the Lotus Sutra story in Chapters 15 and 16 to express his views of space, as well as of time and of the earth itself. Broader awareness of Dōgen's worldview and its implications illuminate the possibilities for contemporary approaches to understanding primary Mahāyāna practices and outlook and shifts in these in East Asia.
Dōgen's View of Earth, Space, and Time Seen in Mahāyāna Context
Authors: Leighton Taigen Dan
Published: May 2007

This chapter discusses Mahāyāna imagery concerning earth and space, and their confluence and related Buddhist backgrounds on temporality, and how these may have served as a wider context for Dōgen's worldview beyond the Lotus Sutra as his major Mahāyāna source. Discussions of the spatialization of time help further reveal how Dōgen's view of the spiritual potential of space and earth influenced his more celebrated teachings of being-time and his exhortations to inhabit time fully.
Afterword
Authors: Leighton Taigen Dan
Published: May 2007

This Afterword speculates about the potential implications of Dōgen's Mahāyāna worldview to contemporary 21st-century concerns. These include making parallels to modern cutting-edge physics and string theory, this worldview's relationship to a spiritual perspective on ecology and the struggle to sustain the environment, and then to social engagement and a modern, socially active Buddhist ethic.
Fashioning New Stories from Old Wisdom
Authors: Regnerus Mark D.
Published: May 2007

This chapter briefly details historically what the Christian tradition has thought about sex, culled from interpretations of the Hebrew Old Testament and the New Testament and from more recent religious writings and teachings. It then moves from ancient wisdom to the most contemporary of thinkers — 21st-century adolescents themselves. It sets the stage for a number of the book's key themes by offering perspectives from six teenagers, each of whom participates (to varying degrees) in organized religion.
Can Religion Cause Behavior?
Authors: Regnerus Mark D.
Published: May 2007

This chapter reviews and evaluates the various ways in which social scientists have come to understand how religion affects human behavior in general, and adolescent sex in particular. In a nutshell, social scientific debate about the real influence of religion on human behavior remains intense. However, some reasonable conclusions about it can be made.
Learning Sexuality
Authors: Regnerus Mark D.
Published: May 2007

This chapter explores how adolescents learn about sex and sexuality. It discusses various parental strategies for the socialization and education of children about sex and contraception, focusing on distinctions between moral education and information exchange. It shows that religion influences what parents say about sex and contraception, with whom they discuss it, how often, and with what degree of ease. The association between religion and developing homosexual and bisexual identities, attractions, and practices in adolescence is also considered.
Sexual Experience
Authors: Regnerus Mark D.
Published: May 2007

This chapter focuses on actual sexual behavior: teenagers' experience of “first sex”, their patterns of heterosexual behavior after losing their virginity, and some adolescents' regrets about sexual activity. It also documents adolescents' thoughts about contraception and differential use of contraception. Several key stories emerge in this chapter — about race, evangelicalism, and what sociologists call “plausibility structures”.
A Typology of Religious Influence
Authors: Regnerus Mark D.
Published: May 2007

This chapter focuses on the stated and implicit motivation behind adolescent religious discourse about sexual decision making. It introduces a typology of religious influence, which should help make sense of the ways in which religion actually affects teenagers' sexual behavior. It concludes with a summary of the book's key findings and contributions, followed by an unscientific postscript — a series of the author's own reflections about adolescent sex and the social scientific study of it.
Christus Patiens?
Authors: Madigan Kevin
Published: May 2007

This chapter examines Hilary of Poitier's attempt to neutralize Arian subordinationism by arguing that Jesus felt no physical pain in his passion and death. The wide gap between patristic and high-medieval interpretation of the same text is especially obvious, as is the high-medieval anxiety to make Hilary appear to have said he quite evidently did not say.
Christus Orans?
Authors: Madigan Kevin
Published: May 2007

In the tenth book of De Trinitate, Hilary of Poitiers gave extended consideration to the motive and meaning of three prayers from the passion narrative: “My Father, if it is possible, let this cup pass from Me” (Matt 26:39); “My God, My God, why have you forsaken me?” (Matt 27:46; Mark 15:34); and “Father, into your hands I commend my Spirit” (Luke 23:46). All three prayers were used by the Arians in an attempt to establish the ontological inferiority of the Son to the Father. In fact, Hilary states that the latter two prayers comprise, together, the “chief weapons” in the Arian campaign to deny the divinity of the Son. This chapter focuses upon key ancient and medieval inquiries into the question: why did the Incarnate Son pray?
Competition and Economic Performance: A Brief Review of the Literature
Authors: Boeri Tito , Castanheira Micael , Faini Riccardo , Galasso Vincenzo , Barba Navaretti Giorgio , Stéphane Carcillo , Haskel Jonathan , Nicoletti Giuseppe , Perotti Enrico , Scarpa Carlo , Tsyganok Lidia , Wey Christian
Published: May 2007

Theory is not ambiguous about the impact of competition on economic performance. Empirical evidence, however, suggests that competition raises productivity. Both policy-makers and the academic community agree that the benefits of competition outweigh any eventual costs. Competition boosts the incentives for innovation and raises productivity growth of firms via the process of entry and exit.
The Maze of Services Regulation
Authors: Boeri Tito , Castanheira Micael , Faini Riccardo , Galasso Vincenzo , Barba Navaretti Giorgio , Stéphane Carcillo , Haskel Jonathan , Nicoletti Giuseppe , Perotti Enrico , Scarpa Carlo , Tsyganok Lidia , Wey Christian
Published: May 2007

Dismantling the dominant position of an incumbent firm is a daunting task. Liberalization is a difficult process that many European countries have implemented only as a consequence of Directives coming from the European Commission, suggesting that EU institutions which are further away from local specific interests tend to be more market-oriented than national governments. Political commitment to reform is key to its implementation. The reform of the energy, telecommunications, and railway industries; professional services, retailing, postal services, and water are discussed.
The Changing Role of the Tertiary Sector
Authors: Boeri Tito , Castanheira Micael , Faini Riccardo , Galasso Vincenzo , Barba Navaretti Giorgio , Stéphane Carcillo , Haskel Jonathan , Nicoletti Giuseppe , Perotti Enrico , Scarpa Carlo , Tsyganok Lidia , Wey Christian
Published: May 2007

The tertiary sector is increasingly playing a larger role in the economy, particularly in advanced countries. This chapter documents the growing linkages of the service sector with the rest of the economy and how liberalization has contributed to increasing such linkages. Input-output analysis is used to uncover the links between the tertiary sector and the rest of the economy. The tertiary sector is defined in a fairly broad manner by excluding only manufacturing, mining, agriculture, and construction.
Looking Ahead: Will Liberalization Policies Succeed?
Authors: Boeri Tito , Castanheira Micael , Faini Riccardo , Galasso Vincenzo , Barba Navaretti Giorgio , Stéphane Carcillo , Haskel Jonathan , Nicoletti Giuseppe , Perotti Enrico , Scarpa Carlo , Tsyganok Lidia , Wey Christian
Published: May 2007

The case studies of Germany, Italy, and the UK show that liberalization has had positive direct effects on productivity in services, but does not always result in declining prices and employment gains. Liberalization seems to have positive effects on productivity, which — almost invariably because excessively high levels of employment are reduced — increases in all cases where its measurement is possible and reliable. Productivity may even increase well before privatization and liberalization, in anticipation of an increasingly competitive environment.
The Sovereignty Paradox
Authors: Zaum Dominik
Published: May 2007

This book analyses the normative framework underlying the statebuilding activities of the international administrations in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, and East Timor. It argues that a particular understanding of sovereignty has shaped the efforts of these international administrations, and examines the influence of this conception on three aspects of statebuilding: institution-building, the behaviour of international institutions towards local actors, and the timing and nature of the transition from international to local authority — the exit strategies of international administrations. The book argues that international administrations hold a conception of ‘sovereignty as responsibility’: states have to fulfil a set of responsibilities towards their population, in particular administrative effectiveness, the protection of human rights, democracy, the rule of law, and maintaining a free market economy. These responsibilities constitute a ‘standard of civilisation’, which legitimises sovereign authority, and failure to fulfil this standard can lead to international intervention and the denial of sovereign rights. The book shows how this ‘standard of civilisation’ is used by international administrations both to justify the denial of self-governance, and to serve as a blueprint for their institution-building activities. The restructuring of political and administrative practices to help post-conflict territories to meet this standard creates a sovereignty paradox: international administrations compromise one element of sovereignty — the right to self-government — in order to implement domestic reforms to legitimize the authority of local political institutions, and thus strengthen their sovereignty. In the light of the governance and development record of the three international administrations, the book assesses the promises and the pathologies of statebuilding, and develops recommendations to improve their performance.
2 International Administrations in International Society
Authors: Zaum Dominik
Published: May 2007

The first part of this chapter briefly explores the history of international administrations since the early 20th century, including administrations under the League of Nations and in the context of decolonization during the cold war. It provides the historical context in which contemporary international administrations are embedded, identifying precedents, ideas, and traditions on which contemporary international administrations draw. The second part discusses the sources of authority of international administrations. Drawing on the discussion of authority in the preceding chapter, it identifies five sources of authority, and analyses to what extent they are reflected in the mandates of the international administrations in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, and East Timor. It concludes by discussing the issues of accountability and liability of international administrations.
5 Statebuilding in East Timor1
Authors: Zaum Dominik
Published: May 2007

This third case study chapter analyses the statebuilding activities of the United Nations Transitional Administration of East Timor (UNTAET). It is divided into three parts. The first part outlines the background to the intervention, the scope and evolution of international authority, and the transition to self-governance and Timorese independence. The remaining two sections are case studies of statebuilding in East Timor: the establishment of a new judicial system, and the reform of the civil service. The case studies show how these reforms are informed by the new ‘standard of civilisation’, and how these norms compete with other, local traditional normative frameworks and understandings of authority, compromising the effectiveness of the reforms.
Musical Meaning and Value
Authors: Crowther Paul
Published: May 2007

This chapter analyses the nature of auditory experience and shows how music might be seen as historically emergent from this. The theory is then linked to an account of emotion and gesture, and music is further characterized as a formalization of vocal gesture, which (through pitch) comes to be achievable through instruments rather than the voice alone. It is argued that musical meaning centres on virtual expression, and that music's distinctiveness as an artistic medium follows on from this in complex ways. Attention is also paid to the conditions whereby we can make a transition from music per se to musical art. The basis of this is that comparative horizon of the medium's diachronic history already raised in previous chapters. Attention is paid to the nature of canonic value in music.
Intellectual Interpretations and Projections of the French Revolution
Authors: Hayward Jack
Published: May 2007

National disunity has been perpetuated and exacerbated by competing interpretations of the French Revolution despite effort to inculcate a common political culture. The authoritarian clericalism of Maistre, the Protestant liberalism of Madame de Stael and Constant, the political scientism of the Ideologues, the industrial positivism of Saint-Simon and Comte, the Republican political economy of Say, and the historicist Orleanism of the Doctrinaires are successively confronted.
Institutional Immobilism, Ideological Ferment, and Reluctant Socio-Economic Modernization
Authors: Hayward Jack
Published: May 2007

The slow motion retreat from peasant and artisan ruralism underpinned an institutional immobilism mastered by a new professional political class of meritocratic barristers and businessmen. Politicized industrial relations and prominence of anarcho-syndicalist militancy in the weak trade unions led to general strikes becoming a mobilizing myth. Anticlericalism pursued the separation of Church and State, while anti-Semitism exploded in the Dreyfus Affair.
Adversaries: Partisan Intellectuals and Polarized Political Culture
Authors: Hayward Jack
Published: May 2007

Intellectuals have imparted polemical contentiousness to French political controversy. Zola's role in the Dreyfus case had a literary legacy on both the Left and Right, with Surrealists and Communists or individuals like Sartre on the Left and Barrès and Maurras on the Right being prominent. Mounier's Catholic anti-liberalism met its reassertion by Aron. Decolonization prompted intellectual activism but Benda made the case against commitment.
Embattled Nation: Politicized Army, Imperial Decolonization, and European Integration
Authors: Hayward Jack
Published: May 2007

Civil discord and imperial aspirations gave the armed forces a powerful place in French politics. The officer corps has played a crucial part in ensuring domestic order, as well as fighting foreign and colonial wars, notably in Algeria. Francophonia has been used to preserve a neo-colonial economic and cultural influence, especially in Africa. The switch to a European Union emphasis has been based on Franco-German concerted amity.
Diluting French Political Culture with European Social Liberalism
Authors: Hayward Jack
Published: May 2007

Inspired by a revival of Tocqueville's liberalism, the critique of French political culture was launched by Aron, Hoffmann, Crozier, Furet, and Rosanvallon. However, it was from socialist reformists Delors and Rocard that the priority for civil society over statism was pursued politically, especially in the 1980s. Despite its impact, compared to that of capitalist globalization associational liberalism has petered out.
Patenting Procedures and Filing Strategies at the EPO
Authors: Stevnsborg Niels , van Pottelsberghe Bruno
Published: May 2007

This chapter describes the various routes that can be chosen to obtain patent protection in some or all of the European countries. The EPO offers a centralized granting process, which includes various stages from the search for prior art, to the substantive examination and the final decision to grant the application. A typology of four broad filing strategies is developed to characterize the applicants' behaviour: a good will with fast track, a good will with slow track, a bad will with slow track, and a deliberate abuse of the system. It is shown that the chosen strategy will affect the patenting route, the drafting style, and the interaction with the EPO. Some of these filing strategies may induce an unwanted burden on the patent office; a disproportionate degree of uncertainty to competitors; and an unclear published prior art.
The Local Argument from Evil
Authors: van Inwagen Peter
Published: May 2007

Local arguments from evil proceed not from a premise about ‘all the evils of the world’, but from a premise about a single horrible event. They take the form, ‘If there were a God, that would not have happened’. In this chapter, it is conceded that even if Theist's arguments in the two previous chapters are indisputably correct, they do not refute the local argument, which is an argument of a quite different kind. The central argument of the chapter is a defence of the following thesis: if Theist's response to the global argument is accepted, it provides materials from which a reply to the local argument can be constructed. This reply turns on considerations of vagueness much like those considered in philosophical discussions of the sorites paradox.
The Hiddenness of God
Authors: van Inwagen Peter
Published: May 2007

The problem of evil can sometimes seem to be a special case of a more general problem, the seeming absence of God from the world, the conviction that some people sometimes feel that, if there is a God at all, he is ‘hidden’. This chapter considers the question: What does it mean to say that God is hidden? It contends that the answer to this question turns on an understanding of the divine attribute of omnipresence. Consideration of the implications of the omnipresence of God shows that there can be only one sense in which God is ‘hidden’: he does not present human beings with (or at least presents very few of them with) unmistakable evidence of his existence in the form of ‘signs and wonders’. The fact that God does not present all human beings with such evidence suggests an argument for the non-existence of God that is of the same form as the global argument from evil: ‘If there were a God, he would present all human beings with unmistakable evidence of his existence in the form of signs and wonders. And yet no such evidence exists. There is, therefore, no God’. This chapter presents a response to this argument that is parallel to the response to the global argument from evil in Chapters 4 and 5.
Dedekind
Authors: Potter Michael
Published: May 2007

Dedekind was explicit, as Frege was, that ‘arithmetic is part of logic’, by which he meant to imply that he considered ‘the number concept entirely independent of the notions or intuitions of space and time’. Moreover, he did not limit himself to justifying the necessity of arithmetic; he shared Frege's view of the importance of explaining its applicability, as the title of his monograph — Was sind und was sollen die Zahlen? (What are numbers and what are they for?) — makes clear. Although there are considerable similarities between the two treatments, there are also marked differences, not just in the technical details of their developments of arithmetic within logic but in the way they tackled the dual problems of establishing the existence of the number sequence and uniqueness of the number sequence. In particular, although Dedekind's characterization of the natural numbers faced a version of the Julius Caesar problem just as Frege's did, Dedekind solved it in a very different way, which allowed him to avoid the problem of extraneous properties.
Frege's Account of Classes
Authors: Potter Michael
Published: May 2007

In the Grundlagen, Frege sketched a proof of the basic properties of natural numbers from the numerical equivalence and showed how that equivalence could be proved if numbers were explicitly defined as extensions of certain second-level concepts. Two tasks were left to complete: to provide in the formal system of his concept script a derivation of the basic properties of numbers from the explicit definition in terms of extensions; and to show how extensions are given to us as logical objects independent of intuition. Frege did not delineate either task with any great clarity in the Grundlagen, but in Grundgesetze der Arithmetik he set about completing both tasks. The first involved little that was essentially new: Frege had sketched what amounts to a proof of Peano's axioms in the Grundlagen and by the time he came to write Grundgesetze, he had available to him Dedekind's derivation from them of the existence of functions satisfying Grassmann's recursion equations for addition and multiplication. The reason that it was necessary to convert both of these into detailed proofs was just to confirm that they made no illicit appeal to intuition for their justification. This chapter concentrates on the second task, that of accounting for the existence and uniqueness, independent of intuition, of extensions of concepts, i.e. objects satisfying what called the extensional equivalence.
The Second Edition of Principia
Authors: Potter Michael
Published: May 2007

In the previous chapter, it was shown that the Tractatus accounted for only a limited part of arithmetic at best. When Russell read Wittgenstein's manuscript, he was convinced that this was a gap that needed to be filled. Curiously, it was not the omission of an account of real numbers that he found egregious, but that of a general account of cardinals. Russell was not willing simply to abandon the development of mathematics from the theory of types. He accepted, though, some of Wittgenstein's criticisms of the account he had given in Principia. He took the opportunity presented by the publication of a second edition of Principiato prepare a new Introduction indicating how mathematics could be based on a new theory of types consonant with the parts of Wittgenstein's account that Russell agreed with.
Seneca's Defence
Authors: Sorabji Richard
Published: May 2007

First movements of the soul for the Stoic materialists include bites, which are small contractions of the physical soul sensed in distress. First movements of the body include pallor, tears, and sexual irritation. All are involuntary shocks unlike the judgements which constitute emotion, and emotional therapy should ignore them as unimportant. First movements are first clearly described by Cicero, bites by Galen. For Seneca (1st century CE), Posidonius' revision of Stoicism around 100 BCE was wrong to say that emotion can occur without the relevant judgements in the case of animals, of disowned judgements, and of emotion changed by wordless music. In all three cases we have not emotion, but only first movements.
Posidonius On the Irrational Forces In Emotion
Authors: Sorabji Richard
Published: May 2007

Posidonius wanted the Stoics to return from Chrysippus' intellectualism to Plato's tripartite soul, which he re-described as consisting of three capacities, not just Chrysippus' reason, but also two emotional capacities: one concerned with domination and one with appetite. Typically, emotions do involve Chrysippus' judgements, but not always. They do not consist of judgements alone, so the education of emotions cannot be purely rational. The movements of the emotional capacities depend on physiology, and respond rather to music, gymnastics, and imagery. The previous Stoic neglect of emotional capacities leaves too much human psychology unexplained to provide an adequate ethic. The credibility of Galen as the source for Posidonius is defended.
Aspasius and Other Objections To Chrysippus
Authors: Sorabji Richard
Published: May 2007

The Aristotelian Asapasius (2nd century CE) objected that his fellow-Aristotelian Andronicus (1st century BCE) should not have conceded to Chrysippus that emotion requires assent as well as appearance. He accepts only two generic emotions — pleasure and distress — but he overlooks desire which Aristotle adds, and appetite and fear favoured by the Stoics and sometimes Plato. For the Stoics, appetite and desire are not additional to judgement, but are judgements that pursuit is appropriate. The Stoics omit backward-looking emotions on the grounds that concern about past adversity lasts only as long as one thinks one's present or future affected. Like Philodemus and the Christian Lactantius, Aspasius denied the Stoic view that anger (e.g., with one's children) must include the idea that retaliation is appropriate. Plotinus the Neoplatonist (3rd century CE) objected that mystical love involves no judgement, and that Stoics underestimate the contribution of body.
What Is Missing From the Judgemental Analysis?
Authors: Sorabji Richard
Published: May 2007

What is the missing element in the analysis of emotion as value judgement which Posidonius tried to fill with his movements of soul capacities? Perhaps the bodily reactions, only sometimes noticed, set up by the amygdala or other parts of the brain. Joseph LeDoux has argued that in fear these can occur independently of, and even before, the judgement of danger. They may be triggered by perception of something that we do not recognize as having been associated with a past danger, so that our bodies are a-tremble without our knowing why, or continue even after we have disowned judgements of danger. They may also correspond to Seneca's first movements before any judgement of danger, and to William James' being sad because we cry. Stoic therapy for emotions is cognitive, and attacks judgements very effectively. But we can see why in some cases a physical therapy may be needed.
The Case For and Against Eradication Of Emotion
Authors: Sorabji Richard
Published: May 2007

Arguments for eradicating most emotions were the Stoic thesis that one misevaluates indifferents, the approval of serenity, and the point that pleasant emotions are inextricably tied to unpleasant ones, and that ordinary love turns to hate. The case against eradication is not always well argued. For Stoic eradication is not suppression or gritting of teeth, but re-evaluation, nor do the Stoics remove all motivation. Freedom from emotional judgements, even if not from non-judgmental shocks, is imaginable from Epictetus' description of his training methods, and it was further pictured by Aristotle, Cicero, and Christians by imagining the situation of God or of the next life. But would such a state be human or humane, or is that not something to be required of a sage? For ordinary people, emotions are of the highest value, even though Romanticism's glorification of all of them should not be shared.
Exercises Concerned With Time and the Self
Authors: Sorabji Richard
Published: May 2007

Does what is wholly past provoke no emotion? Should we feel the same about past and future non-existence? Ought we to remember good things in the past, and bad equally, the good to distract from present pain, the bad to create a narrative of self, or because there is pleasure in remembering bad survived? But then there is pain in remembering pleasure lost. Is repentance good or bad? Is hope good, or should we pin no hopes on the future? Does anticipating misfortune fortify or depress? Is planning for the future needed for self-identity? Should we ignore both past and future, or abstract from time altogether? Does prolongation or delay make a difference, or an endless recurrence of history, or discontinuous, or dispersible, or everlasting selves? Can we create a persona through memory, or through choices? Can we create an inviolable self?
Emotional Conflict and the Divided Self
Authors: Sorabji Richard
Published: May 2007

Plato's Socrates denies akrasia (wanting the course one thinks worse), but his Republic allows that Leontius did that, at the cost of revealing a divided soul, since one thing cannot simultaneously have opposite desires about the same thing. Pseudo-Plutarch protests one can have simultaneous opposite capacities. Plato becomes increasingly sensitive to different reasons why one can want the course one thinks worse, but Aristotle concedes Socrates' position that ignorance must be responsible, while explaining the ignorance as types of attention-failure, that allow violation of one's deliberate policy (prohairesis). Since Chrysippus denies Plato's division of the soul, he has to postulate that one's unitary reason oscillates between the better judgement and the worse. The Christians Origen and Augustine deny two souls in us, but accept two wills. One may act with less than one's full will. Christ engaged in a conditional willing comparable to Stoic willing with reservation.
First Movements As Bad Thoughts
Authors: Sorabji Richard
Published: May 2007

Christ or Jewish patriarchs got assimilated to the Stoic ideal of freedom from emotion (apatheia) by reinterpreting their apparent emotions as first movements or ‘prepassions’: Philo the Jew, Origen, Didymus the Blind, Jerome, Augustine. But the Stoic idea was transformed in Origen from non-cognitive shocks to ‘bad thoughts’. These are sometimes temptations and they are no longer so sharply distinguished from emotions as in the Stoics, although they do, at least in the case of Christ, fall short of sin. The Stoic theory of avoiding emotion became a theory of resisting temptation, and the concentration on thoughts opened up new gradations of question about whether one dwelt on the thought, enjoyed it, or put oneself in the way of it.
Christians On Moderation Versus Eradication
Authors: Sorabji Richard
Published: May 2007

Stoic apatheia was accepted as an ideal for certain humans by Philo the Jew and many leading Christians: Clement of Alexandria, Origen, the Cappadocians (Basil, Gregory of Nyssa, Gregory of Nazianzus), as well as Evagrius; although even Evagrius agrees with the others that it requires the grace of God. For ordinary people the Cappadocians write consolation letters about bereavement which urge no more than moderation of emotion (metriopatheia), as Seneca also had done, in spite of being a Stoic. Although Evagrius was followed by the Latin-writer Cassian, some Latin-writing Christians opposed apatheia: Lactantius, Jerome, and Augustine. The last two were attacking Pelagius, who denied original sin, and they lumped him with supporters of apatheia. For Augustine, even unpleasant emotions have been needed since man left the Garden of Eden, and pleasant ones were enjoyed in Eden and will be in heaven.
Meta‐conceivability and Thought Experiments
Authors: Sorensen Roy
Published: May 2007

A meta-conception is a hypothetical one. It answers a question by imagining someone (usually a more able conceiver) answering that question via an act of imagination. Thus, meta-conceptions stand to thought experiments as thought experiments stand to executed experiments. If conceivability entails possibility, then meta-conceiving entails possibility. Meta-conceptions would then work as well as thought experiments. But they do not work as well, giving fresh doubt about ‘Conceivability entails possibility’. Some of what passes for conceiving is really meta-conceiving, so these concerns affect modal epistemology. This chapter considers meta-conceptions as legitimate modes of inquiry but ranks them lower than thought experiments.
De‐clustering Disadvantage
Authors: Wolff Jonathan , De-Shalit Avner
Published: May 2007

This chapter looks at the issue of how it might be possible to decluster disadvantage. The best means of doing so will be for government to attend to corrosive disadvantages — those that cause other disadvantages, and fertile functionings — those that have good effects on other functionings. It is argued that while empirical studies strongly suggest that being disadvantaged in terms of affiliation and control over the environment are corrosive, it is less clear which particular functionings are fertile. However, there is some evidence that possession of ‘soft skills’ and being educated are fertile at least in certain circumstances. By contrast, while poverty is very corrosive, the mere possession of extra money above a certain level does not appear to be particularly fertile. It is suggested that states invest in such research.
Priority to the Least Advantaged
Authors: Wolff Jonathan , De-Shalit Avner
Published: May 2007

This chapter explores the implications of ‘priority to the worst off’. It is often argued that such a policy is counter-intuitive in that it can require the diversion of a great deal of resources to those who can barely benefit. Therefore, many theorists argue that sometimes the claims of the worst off can be overridden. In response, it is argued that abandoning the worst off is morally unacceptable; indeed one way of helping the worst off is to spend resources on research into cost-effective means of improving their lives. A second objection is that priority to the worst off appears to imply ignoring the claims of others who are somewhat better off. In response, it is accepted that these interests should be met. However, splitting society into those who give and those who receive stigmatizes the badly off and undermines the affiliation of everyone in society. Thus, it is consistent with priority to the worst off that the slightly better off, and in fact everyone in society, should receive something from the state.
The Quotable Bible
Authors: Samely Alexander
Published: May 2007

This chapter introduces the role of the Hebrew Bible in the constitution of rabbinic documents and thought. It presents the smallest unit of rabbinic interpretation, and explains that brief, quotable, segments of Scripture are treated as intrinsically meaningful. The question whether rabbinic hermeneutics constitutes a genuine reading of the Hebrew Bible, and whether interpretations were meant to compete with each other, are addressed. The forms in which the rabbis speak about the meaning of biblical words are distinguished from forms in which they adopt biblical words and sentences as part of their own utterances.
Benign Mixed Epithelial and Stromal Tumor of the Kidney
Authors: Ekici A. Işin Doğan , Ekici Sinan , Gürel Bora , Altinok Gülçin , Erkan Ilhan , Güngen Yücel
Published: May 2007

A 51-year-old, perimenopausal, female patient with 1-month history of right flank pain who was diagnosed with a renal mass and underwent nephron-sparing partial nephrectomy is presented. The renal mass was found to be a benign, biphasic tumor composed of an epithelial component, consisting of ducts of variable size scattered within a mesenchymal component, composed of spindle cells arranged in sheets and fascicles. No atypia, mitosis, or necrosis was found. The spindle component shows desmin, smooth muscle actin, and estrogen and progesterone receptor positivity immunohistochemically. The diagnosis of benign mixed epithelial and stromal tumor of the kidney is rendered. No recurrent disease has been detected during 2 years of follow up.
Biomolecular Study of the Correlation Between Papillomatosis of the Vulvar Vestibule in Adolescents and Human Papillomavirus
Authors: Beznos Geni , Coates Veronica , Focchi Jose , Omar Hatim A.
Published: May 2007

The main goal of this study was to investigate, through a biomolecular study, the correlation between papillomatosis of the vulvar vestibule and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, as well as to establish the necessity of treatment. A total of 44 female adolescents between 12 and 18 years of age were selected through a prospective study with a confirmed diagnosis of papillomatosis of the vulvar vestibule. Vulvar biopsies were obtained for the histological and biomolecular detection of HPV DNA through polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Twenty (45%) adolescents were virgins (group A), the other 24 (55%) were sexually active. The virgin adolescents (group A) and 12 sexually active adolescents (group B) did not show cytological and/or colposcopic alteration, suggesting infection by HPV either on the cervix or vagina. These were compared with 12 other sexually active adolescents who showed cervicovaginal infection caused by HPV (group C). Fisher exact test was applied for statistical analysis of the results, considering alpha equal or less than 0.05. There was no statistically significant difference in relation to HPV DNA through PCR among virgin and sexually active adolescents in group B, however, both differed from those in group C (A + B × C:p= 0.048*). The histological study did not reveal evident signs of infection caused by HPV on vestibular papillae, besides perinuclear halos. HPV DNA was detected on vestibular papillae in 27%. Our results confirmed a scarce correlation between vestibular papillae and HPV. Thus, we consider papillomatosis of the vulvar vestibule, in most cases, to be equivalent to physiological papillomatosis and, therefore, should not be treated.
Self-Related Health, Physical Activity and Complaints in Swedish High School Students
Authors: Alricsson Marie , Landstad Bodil J. , Romild Ulla , Werner Suzanne
Published: May 2007

The aim of this investigation was to study self-related health, physical activity and level of exertion, as well as body complaints in Swedish high school students. A total of 993 high school students aged 16–19 years participated in the study. A questionnaire was completed at school and included questions about self-related health, physical activity behavior, type of physical activity/sport, intensity, duration, possible injuries or complaints, and absence from physical training at school, during the last 3 months. The results showed that 26% of the high school students participated in sports on a regular basis. Males reported significantly better health than females (p< 0.0005). A significantly higher number of females participated in physical activities at a lower level of effort (p< 0.0005) and a higher number of males trained at a higher level of effort (p< 0.005). Sixtyone percent reported body pain during the last 3 months, representing a higher number of females than males (p= 0.03). A higher number of females than males reported complaints from the back (p= 0.002), the knees (p= 0.015), the neck (p= 0.001), and the hip (p= 0.015). Females with body complaints reported poorer health than those without complaints. There was a correlation between poor self-related health and a lower level of physical effort (0.219;p< 0.001). The results showed that the prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms was high in this population and demonstrated a certain association with self-related health. Therefore, it is important to make it easy for adolescents to perform physical activity at school and during their leisure time in order to prevent chronic diseases.
Treating Imatinib-Resistant Leukemia: The Next Generation Targeted Therapies
Authors: Burgess Michael R. , Sawyers Charles L.
Published: May 2007

Imatinib (Gleevec/STI-571/CGP57148B, Novartis) is a small-molecule, tyrosine kinase inhibitor developed to target BCR-ABL, c-Kit, and PDGF-R. Through inhibition of these oncogenic kinases, imatinib is effective in the treatment of BCR-ABLpositive leukemia, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, and hypereosinophilic syndrome, respectively. However, clinical success of imatinib is hampered by acquired resistance that may occur through several mechanisms including kinase domain mutation, target amplification, and activation of alternate signaling pathways. Strategies to overcome resistance have included targeting BCR-ABL stability and downstream signaling pathways important for tumor growth. Additional work has shown that new BCR-ABL kinase inhibitors with increased potency or alternate conformation-binding properties can target imatinib resistance. This review focuses on the mechanisms of imatinib resistance and the strategies currently being developed to overcome clinical resistance.
Pregnant Teenager Involvement in Sexual Activity and the Social Context
Authors: Sant'Anna Maria José Carvalho , Catunda Júlia Kerr , Carvalho Kepler Alencar Mendes , Coates Veronica , Omar Hatim A.
Published: May 2007

Pregnancy during adolescence represents a challenge to society as a whole. Its incidence is increasing and brings about social and medical consequences to both the teen mothers and their children. The purpose of this study was to evaluate pregnant teenager involvement in sexual activity and the social context. The group studied comprised 152 pregnant teenagers attending the Department of Pediatrics, Santa Casa de Sao Paulo (SCSP) General Hospital. All information was analyzed. The age at first intercourse was 14.2 years and the average period between first intercourse and pregnancy was 1.4 years. Most pregnancies (75%) were neither planned nor wanted, however, most teen mothers (64.3%) did not use any contraceptive method. Of the pregnant teenagers, 68.1% came from unstructured families where in 71% of the teen pregnancy cases, there was a role model (mother, sister, or cousin who already experienced teen pregnancy). The average number of school years attended by the analyzed pregnant teenagers was 8.1 years, however, there was a high dropout rate of 40.1%. The age at first intercourse was low and concurs with the high incidence of unstructured families. The average number of school years attended was high, which would theoretically reflect a greater knowledge with regard to human reproduction, pointing to the multicausality of teen pregnancy and the role played by the family. Conclusions: We confirmed that teen pregnancy presents multicausal etiology; sexual initiation of pregnant teenagers was quite early with high dropout rates, which indicated that prevention methodology should be based on early detection of risk factors for elaboration of appropriate prevention proposals.
New Perspectives on Aspirin and the Endogenous Control of Acute Inflammatory Resolution
Authors: Morris Thea , Stables Melanie , Gilroy Derek W.
Published: May 2007

Aspirin is unique among the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in that it has both anti-inflammatory as well as cardio-protective properties. The cardio-protective properties arise form its judicious inhibition of platelet-derived thromboxane A2over prostacyclin, while its anti-inflammatory effects of aspirin stem from its well-established inhibition of prostaglandin (PG) synthesis within inflamed tissues. Thus aspirin and the other NSAIDs have popularised the notion of inhibiting PG biosynthesis as a common anti-inflammatory strategy based on the erroneous premise that all eicosanoids are generally detrimental to inflammation. However, our fascination with aspirin has shown a more affable side to lipid mediators based on our increasing interest in the endogenous control of acute inflammation and in factors that mediate its resolution. Epi-lipoxins (epi-LXs), for instance, are produced from aspirins acetylation of inducible cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and together with Resolvins represent an increasingly important family of immuno-regulatory and potentially cardio-protective lipid mediators. Aspirin is beginning to teach us what nature knew all along  that not all lipid mediators are bad. It seems that while some eicosanoids are pathogenic in a variety of diseases, others are unarguable protective. In this review we will re-count aspirins colorful history, discuss its traditional mode of action and the controversies associated therewith, as well as highlight some of the new pathways in inflammation and the cardiovascular systems that aspirin has recently revealed.
Gene Therapy and Chronic Pain
Authors: Cope Doris K. , Lariviere William R.
Published: May 2007

Chronic, unremitting pain is perhaps the most common reason that patients seek medical care. In general, conservative techniques, such as medical management, are implemented as first-line therapy. Local anesthesia and lytic procedures, followed by interventional techniques, such as dorsal column stimulation and intrathecal drug delivery systems, are second-line therapies. However, for refractory and severe pain, which is not adequately controlled by other modes of therapy, new emerging options, including molecular or gene therapy, may become more widely utilized as experimental results are translated into clinical options.