bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Apple, All Season Insecticide Test, 1987
Authors: Swift Fred C. , Herman Elizabeth J.
Published: March 2022

The test was carried out in a 17-yr-old block of'Red Delicious' and 'Stayman' apples. Treatments were applied with an FMC PT50 airblast sprayer operated at 300 psi and 1.5 mph to deliver 225 gal/acre. Treatment dates were 22 Apr, pink (P); 12 May, petal fall (PF); 29 May, first cover (IC); 18 Jun, second cover (2C); 8 Jul, third cover (3C); and 14 Aug, fourth cover (4C). The single-tree plots, replicated 4 times (3 'Stayman,' 1 'Red Delicious'), were arranged in a randomized complete block design. For disease control the entire orchard was sprayed with Polyram as needed. Data were transformed to × + 1 or arcsine × prior to analysis of variance and separation of means by Duncan's new multiple range test. In the tables, means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at a = 0.05, DMRT. Sampling methods were as follows: ERM, motile stages per leaf as determined from a pooled sample of 15 leaves per tree; S. punctum, average S. punctum/3-min count/tree; AA, average AA/10 most infested terminals/tree; RAA, average RAA colonies per tree; WALH, average WALH-damaged leaves/100 leaves/tree; and STLM, average STLM mines/3-min count/ tree. All other pest damage is expressed as the number of damaged fruit/100 fruit/tree.
Apple, Insect Control, Hudson Valley Lab, Highland, N.Y., 1987
Authors: Weires R. W. , Scott Lawson D.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to 8 tree plots replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. All treatments were applied dilute to runoff using a high-pressure handgun sprayer at 400 psi delivering from 3.8 to 4.2 gal spray/tree or 364 to 403 gal/acre. Trees were 23 yr old, 10 ft high, spaced 15 by 30 ft, and on the M.2 rootstock. A Pounce spray was applied on 21 Apr (pink); Brigade was applied 13 May (petal fall) and 29 May (first cover); and Imidan was applied 14 and 30 Jun, 17 Jul, and 4 and 18 Aug as the first treatment. Danitol treatments were applied 21 Apr, 13 May, 14 Jun, and 4 Aug, followed by Guthion in the remaining cover sprays 29 May, 30 Jun, 17 Jul, and 18 Aug. Danitol was also applied at a high rate along with Spray oil on 13 May. This treatment was followed with Guthion applications in the remaining cover sprays commencing 6 Jun. DPX-EY059 was applied at three different rates on 21 Apr, 13 May, 14 Jun, and 4 Aug. EF-667 and EF-667 + Lorsban were applied starting 13 May. Fenoxycarb and Guthion treatments were initiated 21 Apr. All four treatments were applied in cover sprays 29 May, 14 and 30 Jun or 1 and 17 Jul and 4 and 18 Aug. Additional applications over the entire block included Difolatan 80S 15.5 lb/acre, 12 Apr; Cyprex 65W 1.5 lb/acre, 13 and 23 May; and Rubigan 1EC.7 lb/acre, 14 Jun. Naphthaleneacetic acid was applied in thinning sprays on 23 May using from 0 to 10 ppm depending on the cultivar. White apple leafhopper was evaluated by counting nymphs on 25 leaves from one 'Greening' and one 'Empire' tree/plot on 15 Jul. Apple and spirea aphids were evaluated by examining 25 terminals on one 'McIntosh' tree/plot on 10 Jun and one 'McIntosh' and one 'Cortland' tree/plot on 23 Jun. European apply sawfly and plum curculio were evaluated prior to June drop by examining all fruit in 25 fruiting clusters on one 'McIntosh' tree/plot on 8 Jun. Spotted tentiform leafminer was evaluated 6 Aug by counting mines on 25 spurs (125 leaves) from one 'McIntosh' and one 'Greening' tree/plot. Insect damage to the fruit was assessed at harvest by examining 100 fruit/cultivar/plot from 'Jersey Mac' 31 Jul and 'Golden Delicious' 25 Sep. 'Golden Delicious' finish was also evaluated 25 Sep using a russet rating from 0 (best finish) to 3 (worst finish) to grade each fruit. An early spring resulted in an early and prolonged bloom period. Rainfall was above average throughout most of the season; temperatures were generally normal for the area.
Apple, Insecticide Test, 1986
Authors: Hall F. R. , Zajac M. A.
Published: March 2022

Test pesticides were applied as dilute sprays (270-300 gal/acre) to mature apple trees planted 40 by 40 ft apart. A completely randomized design was used, with 3 replications (cultivars) per treatment. Compounds were applied with a handgun sprayer at 500 psi on the following dates; 18 Apr (pink [P]), 7 May (petal fall [PF]), 23 May (first cover [1C]), 4 Jun (second cover [2C]), 18 Jun (third cover [3C]), 30 Jun (fourth cover [4C]), 14 Jul (fifth cover [5C]), 28 Jul (sixth cover [6C]) and 13 Aug (seventh cover [7C]). Treatments containing Asana also included Captan 50 WP at 0.5 lb/100 gal; all other treatments included Cyprex 65 WP at 0.5 lb/100 gal. Mite populations were assessed by sampling 25 leaves collected at chest height from the periphery of each tree; in the laboratory, mites were brushed from the leaves onto glass plates coated with Tween 20. Spotted tentiform leafminer (STLM) and white apple leafhopper (WALH) infestations were evaluated by counting infested leaves per tree. The number of infested terminals per tree was used to evaluate potato leafhopper (PLH) and green apple aphid (GAA) infestations. Woolly apple aphid (WAA) infestations were evaluated by counting infested areas per tree.
Pear, Residual Control of Pear Psylla, 1987
Authors: Burts Everett
Published: March 2022

Mature Bartlett pear trees were sprayed with a handgun operating at 600 psi to evaluate residual life of Abamectin and amitraz for control of pear psylla nymphs. Leaves were collected from trees at intervals after applications. Ten circular disks, 2.2 cm diam, were punched from leaves and floated on wet paper towels in 15-cm plastic Petri dishes for each treatment at each postapplication interval. Ten PP nymphs were transferred to each disk. Petri dishes containing infested leaf disks were held in a growth room at 25°C and 16:8 (L:D) photoperiod. Treatments were evaluated by counting dead and live nymphs after 72 h exposure on the disks. Tests were conducted with leaves collected 1, 3, 7, 10, and 14 days after sprays were applied for the 4 May test but only 1, 7, and 14 days after sprays for the 8 and 29 Jun tests. To test toxicity of growing terminal;- to adult PP, shoots were collected from each treatment and the control 17 days after applications for the 4 May test and 1, 7, and 14 days after sprays foi the 8 and 29 Jun tests. Test shoots were placed upright in sand in clay pots. The pots were placed in a tray containing 2 inches of water to keep shoots turgid. Twenty-five summer-form adult PP were caged on each shoot for 3 to 6 days then surviving adults and eggs were counted. An intense, short rain shower occurred about 30 min after the 8 Jun application.
Pear, Pear Psylla Control, 1987
Authors: Burts Everett
Published: March 2022

Six-year-old pear trees were sprayed by handgun operating at 600 psi to evaluate pesticides for control of PP. Plots consisted of unreplicated blocks 2 rows wide containing 48 trees. The test orchard was sprayed on 6 Mar with Pydrin 2.4 EC, 1 pt/100 gal, and superior type oil, 1 gal/100 gal, to reduce density of overwintered adult PP. Experimental programs were compared to a standard program consisting of a 1 Apr spray containing Pydrin 2.4 EC, 4 oz, parathion 25% WP, 1 lb; and Morestan 25% WP, 1 lb/100 gal; sprays on 21 May and 17 Jun containing Guthion 50% WP 8 oz, Amitraz 50% WP 12 oz/100 gal; and a 14 Jul spray containing Guthion 50% WP 8 oz, amitraz 50% WP 12 oz, and Plictran 50% WP 6 oz/100 gal. PP eggs, nymphs, and adults were counted at 2-wk intervals. Eggs and nymphs were counted on 10 fruiting spurs/plot on 24 Apr and two 50-leaf samples/ plot thereafter. Entire spurs were examined using a dissecting microscope. Leaf samples consisted of the proximal leaf, the distal leaf, and 3 leaves from the middle of 10 shoots and were processed by the standard leaf-brushing technique. Adults were counted by the limb-tap method. Phytophagous mites were also counted on the brushed-leaf samples. PP, PRM russet, and CM damage were rated according to U.S. grade standards for fresh pears on 2 samples of 25 mature fruit/per plot.
Pear, Seasonal Pear Psylla Control Experiment, 1987
Authors: Hull Larry A.
Published: March 2022

Experimental sprays were applied to replicated 4- to 5-tree plots consisting of Bartlett (9 yr old). Each treatment was replicated 5 times. Trees were planted to a spacing of 7.4 × 7.4 m. Treatments were applied with a handgun from a truck-mounted hydraulic sprayer at 375 psi. Dates of application were bud burst (BB), 3 Apr; white-bud (WB), 21 Apr; petal fall (PF), 6 May; first cover (IC), 26 May; third cover (3C), 19 Jun; fourth cover (4C), 8 Jul; sixth cover (6C), 30 Jul. Approximately 1.75 gal of spray was applied/tree. Treatments were evaluated for pear psylla control by counts of eggs and nymphs at 1- to 2-wk intervals. Counts were made by sampling 10 mid-terminal or spur leaves from the middle tree in each replicate. Beginning on 1 Jun counts were made by sampling 5 mid-terminal and 5 distal leaves from each tree. Pear psylla pressure was moderate through the experiment.
Pear, Effect of Calcium Chloride on Pear Psylla Control, 1987
Authors: Riedl H. , Shearer P. W. , Mielke E. , Facteau T. J.
Published: March 2022

A 4.4-acre 60-yr-old commercial pear block was subdivided into 4 equal-sized plots. Two plots were treated with calcium chloride (MORA-LEAF 94%) on 14 and 28 Jul and 12 Aug. Calcium chloride was tank-mixed with other materials, which were applied on those dates. Triton B-1956 was added as spreader at 2 oz/100 gal to all calcium chloride treatments except the first. The postbloom insect and mite control program consisted of the following (rates are given as formulated material/acre): Guthion 50WP (1.25 lb) on 19 May, 3 Jun, 28 Jul, and 12 Aug; Vydate L (2 qt) plus Plictran 50 WP (2 lb) on 3 Jun and 14 Jul; and Mitac (3 lb) on 28 Jul. Streptomycin and fungicides were applied as needed for disease control. PP nymphs and eggs were counted on 96 terminal leaves/replicate (1 leaf each from top, middle, and bottom position from 2 terminals/tree). Leaves were examined under a stereo microscope. In addition, 100 leaves/replicate (5 leaves each from 20 trees) were brushed with a mite-brushing machine to evaluate mite populations. Fruit of each variety was examined at harvest for PP russett (200 fruit/replicate).
Methyl Bromide Quarantine Treatment for Codling Moth on Exported Nectarines, 1987
Authors: Yokoyama Victoria Y. , Miller Gina T. , Hartsell Preston L.
Published: March 2022

Small- and large-scale test were used to develop a methyl bromide (MB) quarantine treatment to disinfest 6 early to mid-season nectarine cultivars of codling moth (CM) for export to Japan. Nectarines were infested with 1-day-old CM eggs, the CM life stage least susceptible to MB. Small-scale tests were conducted in 1986 using 28-Iitei fiberglass chambers. At least 8 MB doses were tested for each nectarine cultivar to determine the dose/response of CM eggs to MB fumigation. Fumigations were for 2 h at 21°C with a 50% fruit volume load factor. After treatment and aeration for 30 min, the infested fruit were removed from the fumigation chambers and held at 22-23°C. Egg hatch was determined 7-8 days after treatment. Data were analyzed by the Statistical Analysis System (SAS) PROBIT procedure. Large-scale tests were conducted in 1986-1987 in 3.12-m3 wood chambers that had the interior surfaces sealed with epoxy paint. Large-scale tests were used to establish the efficacy of the MB quarantine treatment that was based on small-scale test results. Procedures were similar to small-scale tests except treated fruit were aerated for 2 h after fumigation and treated eggs were examined for hatch at 2- to 3-day intervals over a period of 15-17 days after oviposition. CM eggs on fruit used in controls were handled similarly to treated fruit except controls were not fumigated with MB.
Peach, Miticide Trials, 1987
Authors: Swift Fred C. , Herman Elizabeth J.
Published: March 2022

These tests were carried out in a 5-yr-old orchard of ‘Red Haven,’ ‘Crest Haven,’ ‘Loring,’ and ‘Jefferson’ peaches. In the first table, treatments were applied on 8 Jul with an FMC PT50 airblast sprayer operated at 300 psi and 1.5 mph to deliver 2.25 gal/tree. Single tree plots were replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Data were transformed to log(x + 1) prior to analysis of variance and comparison of means. In the second table, treatments were applied on 11 and 22 May with a hydraulic sprayer equipped with a handgun and operated at 300 psi to deliver 200 gal/acre. Single-tree plots were replicated 5 times (1 and 2, ‘Loring’; 3 and 4, ‘Red Haven’; and 5, ‘Jefferson’) and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Data were transformed to × + 1 or arcsine × prior to analysis of variance and comparison of means. In the tables, means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at a = 0.05, DMRT. For disease control, the orchard was sprayed with Captan as needed. ERM, motile stages/leaf as determined from a pooled sample of 15 leaves/tree.
Insecticide Evaluation for Popillia Japonica Control on Grapes, 1987
Authors: Aim Steven R. , Williams Roger N.
Published: March 2022

Test insecticides were applied to 21-yr-old Concord grapevines planted 2.7 by 2.4 m. A randomized complete block experimental design with 4 replicates (2 vines/replicate) was used for evaluation. Applications were made on 10 and 26 Jun and 3 Aug with a hand-held C02 sprayer and a 9505-E-TeeJet nozzle at 45 psi (3.2 kg/cm2). Japanese beetle damage to leaves was evaluated by rating 20 leaves per replicate. Ratings were as follows: 1, no damage; 2, <50% of leaf area marked by feeding; 3, >50% of leaf area marked by feeding; 4, >50% of leaf area marked by feeding plus <50% of leaf area totally removed; and 5, >50% of leaf area totally removed.
Citrus Rust Mite (CRM) Control, 1986
Authors: Knapp Joseph L. , Anderson H. E. , Appelboom T. W.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to completely randomized 1 acre plots replicated 2 times. Ground treatments were applied using an Air-O-Fan pto airblast sprayer at 200 psi applying 476 gal/A. Aerial treatments were applied using a Hiller UH-12E helicopter with a simplex spray system utilizing 45 nozzles flying at 25 mph while applying 20 gal/A. CRM were counted in 2-lcm2 10 × lensfield on opposite surfaces of 20 fruit selected at random around 20 trees in each replicate for a total of 400 fruit/treatment.
Citrus Rust Mite (CRM) Pesticide Efficacy Tests, 1987
Authors: Knapp J. L. , Anderson H. A. , Appelboom T. W.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to plots ranging from 1 to 3 acres as allowed by grove shape. Two half-acre plots were left untreated. Sprays were applied with an FMC 757 airblast sprayer equipped with tree sees (sonic tree sensors) on 3-4 Aug. Twenty-five fruit were examined around the canopy of 4 randomly selected trees in each of 4 subplots for a total of 16 trees at various times before and after spraying. A 1 cm2 area was examined on each of 2 shaded sides per fruit. The combined 2 cm2 count per fruit of living motile CRM was recorded as one observation.
Seedcorn Maggot Control in Navy Bean, 1987
Authors: Noetzel David , Ricard Michele , Wiens Mel
Published: March 2022

The trial was located at the Irrigation Station, Staples, Minn. Soils are sandy loam and were irrigated both prior to and after planting. Plots were 2 row × 31 ft in length, treatments replicated 4 times and arranged by pairs in a randomized complete block design. The field was first marked with a 4-row planter and a combination of blood meal, bone meal, and meat scraps (1:1:1) distributed in the planter tracks. Three hundred lb of this mixture was used on reps 1 through 3 and the field then irrigated. Four days later the seed, which already had been treated with captan and bacterial inoculant, was treated with insecticide when appropriate, using water as a sticker. The seed was allowed to dry for 1 h and was then seeded using a John Deere Maximerge 4-row planter. Granular insecticides were applied in a 6-inch band by hand following seeding but on the same day and lightly incorporated. The field was again irrigated to provide uniform plant emergence. Stand and damage counts were taken on 20 ft of row. Damage was converted to a percentage, transformed using ARCSINE and then compared. Both rows were harvested for yield. The threshed seed was cleaned, dried, and weighed and a moisture was taken. Final yields reported were adjusted to a standard moisture.
Apple, Full Season Insecticide Evaluations, 1987
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Cobb L. J.
Published: March 2022

Insecticide treatments were applied in a comparative test to mature trees on 21 Apr; 13 and 27 May; 16 Jun; 6 and 27 Jul; and 11 Aug. Treatments were applied with a Bean 35 gal/min hydraulic sprayer operating at 400 psi. Single tree treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. Trees were sprayed to runoff. All trees were sprayed with Lorsban 4E 2.5 pt/A on Apr 8 before the test began. Insect damage was evaluated on 24 Aug by randomly selecting and checking 50 apples/replicate. Only codling moth and redbanded leafroller damage could be analyzed. Other damage is included on the chart and the total damage from all insects is shown. Average finish ratings were evaluated for each treatment by grading each apple in a 100-apple sample on a scale of 1 to 5 (1 being the best).
Biological Insecticides to Control Cabbage Insect Pests, 1987
Authors: Ghidiu Gerald M.
Published: March 2022

‘Ranger’ cabbage were seeded into a Sassafras sandy loam field on 7 Aug. Plots consisted of a single row 25 ft long and 5 ft wide, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design; a guard row buffered each treated row. Treatments were applied with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer with a drop nozzle on either side of the row and one centered over the row calibrated to deliver 60 gal/acre at 40 psi operated at 2 mph. Treatments were applied 9, 17, and 23 Sep and 5 Oct. Evaluations for the various treatments included direct larval counts per 10 plants (15 Sep, 8 Oct), foliage injury ratings (expressed as percent defoliation, 25 Sep) and percent marketable heads (clean heads with at least 2 undamaged wrapper leaves, 26 Oct).
Aphid Control on Cabbage, 1987
Authors: Royer Tom A. , Edelson J. V. , Cartwright B.
Published: March 2022

'Greenback YR' variety cabbage was seeded on 2 Mar into 40 inch rows at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Weslaco, Tex. Soil type was a Hidalgo sandy clay loam. Plots measured 30 ft by 2 rows and were bordered by one row of grain sorghum. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Insecticide treatments were applied on 8 Apr through a CO2-powered ground sprayer, calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre (60 psi, 4 TX-10 hollow-cone nozzles per plot). Efficacy was evaluated 3 and 7 days postspray by counting aphids on 5 randomly selected plants per plot.
Management of Lepidopterous Pests on Collards, 1989
Authors: Jansson R. K. , Lecrone S H. , Hernandez J.
Published: March 2022

‘Georgia’ collard seeds were incorporated into a germination mix (Pro-Mix) and direct seeded into a Rockdale soil at the University of Florida’s Tropical Research and Education Center on 2 February 1989. Plants were spaced 1 ft apart, one row/bed, on 72 inch-center beds. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatment plots were 4 rows (2 beds) by 40 ft long. A 10-ft long section of nontreated plants separated replicates; treatments within a replicate were separated by one nontreated bed and a 6 ft alleyway. Applications were made on 3, 10, 17, 23, and 31 Mar and 11 Apr, using a tractor-mounted single-bed boom sprayer that operated at 250 psi and delivered 100 gal/acre through 5 D-4, #24 disc type cone nozzles at 3 mph. The numbers of small, medium, and large larvae and pupae of diamondback moth (DBM), parasitized DBM pupae, small, medium, and large larvae of beet armyworm (BAW), and small and large larvae of cabbage budworm (CBW) were recorded on 8 plants/replicate on 6 dates. Foliage injury was rated on 24 plants/replicate at harvest (24 Apr), using a scale from 1-5 (1 = 0-3%, 2 = 4-10%, 3 = 11-25%, 4 = 26-50%, and 5 = 51-100% of leaves damaged/plant; based on number of leaves/plant). A second rating was taken by assigning plants to one of these 5 damage indices based on visual estimates.
Foliar Sprays to Control Corn Earworms, Dusky Sap Beetle and European Corn Borers in Sweet Corn, 1989
Authors: Linduska James J. , Patton Terrance W. , Bean Richard , Dively Galen
Published: March 2022

‘NK-199’ sweet corn was planted in 4-row plots 50 ft in length on 5 Jun 1989. Distance between rows was 3 ft. Distance between plants within the row was 8 inches. Treatment plots were replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Silk sprays were applied with a International Harvester 770 Hi-Clear sprayer. The spray boom was adjusted to spray the silk area with each row being covered by 4 nozzles. The sprayer was equipped to treat 4 rows. All treatments were mixed in 10 gal of water and applied at the rate of 25 gal/acre with 50 psi. Spray treatments were applied at 50% silk (24 Jul), 28 Jul and 1 Aug. Plots were harvested 8 Aug and evaluated as to insect species causing injury. One hundred ears/treatment/replication were harvested and graded. The soil type was a Galestown sandy loam.
Sweetcorn, Corn Earworm and Fall Armyworm Control, 1989
Authors: Roberts P. M. , All J. N. , Guillebeau L. P. , Hsiao W. F. , Nault B. A.
Published: March 2022

Corn seed was planted on 12 Jun at the University of Georgia Experiment Station, Oconee Co. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 2-row plots × 20 ft long × 38 inch row wide with 3 ft alleys and 5 replicates. Plants were treated with a full cone sprayer using a CO2 pressure sprayer at 30 psi with a final volume of 25 gal/acre directed on the plant ears. Sprays were applied 7 times beginning at the initiation of silking on 31 Jul and continuing on 2, 4, 7, 9, 11, and 14 Aug. All ears in the center 16 ft of row were examined on 16 Aug for the presence of larvae or damage.
Use of Labeled and Unlabeled Insecticides for Control of European Corn Borer on Sweet Corn in Wisconsin, 1989
Authors: Wedberg John , Jensen Bryan
Published: March 2022

‘Jubilee’ sweet corn was planted 16 Jun. Each treatment plot was 6 rows wide, 18 m long, arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 4 times. Sprays were applied with a high-clearance sprayer equipped with D2/23 Teejet disc-core nozzles which delivered 94 liter of finished spray/ha at 40 psi. The spray boom was set just above the tassel. Sprays were applied on 15, 18, 22 and 29 Aug. Plots were evaluated 5 Sep by removing 25 ears/treatment and recording the size of larvae and number of infested ears.
Control on Eggplant, 1989
Authors: Cartwright Bob
Published: March 2022

‘Florida Market’ eggplant transplants were planted at the Wes Watkins AREC, Lane, OK on 21 Jun. Test plots were established in randomized block design, with 4 replications of each treatment. Each plot consisted of 13 plants spaced 18 inches within rows and 6 ft between rows. Insecticide treatments were made using a COa powered backpack sprayer using two nozzles (TX-10) spaced 12 inches apart. The boom was oriented to direct spray into the plant canopy from the side and 2 passes/plot were used to get effective spray coverage. Total spray volume was 33 gal/acre. A single spray application was made on 11 Jul. Efficacy of treatments was assessed by counting CPB eggs, egg masses, young larvae (<3rd instar), large larvae (>2nd instar), and CPB adults and YSA larvae on 8 plants/plot. Counts were made one day prior to treatment application, as well as 3, 7 and 14 DAT.
Onion Maggot Control, 1989
Authors: Grafius E. , Bishop B. , Henry P. , Quentin M. , Stehr M. , Maier R.
Published: March 2022

Onions (‘Spartan Banner 80’, thiram-treated seed) were seeded on 21 Apr 1989 at Dyk Brothers’ farm near Grant, MI. Plots were double rows, 20 ft long with 4 inches between rows within a plot, and 18 inches between plots. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Granular materials were applied in the furrow with the seed using a v-belt planter. Liquid materials were applied at planting directly into the furrow using a hand-pump sprayer (20 psi, 50 gal/acre) with the nozzle behind the shoe of the planter, but in front of the seed and the press wheel. Nematodes were applied on 18 May, with a hand-pump sprayer (20 psi, 100 gal/acre) in a ca. 2 inch band over the top of the row. Post-plant soil drench treatments (Lorsban 4 E or Trigard 75 WP) were applied on 22 Jun, with a hand-pump sprayer (20 psi, 50 gal/acre) in a ca. 2 inch band over the top of the row
Foliar Sprays for Control of Colorado Potato Beetle on Potato, 1989
Authors: Lagnaoui Abdelaziz , Radcliffe Edward B. , Terlemezian Grant
Published: March 2022

Certified B-size potatoes were planted 18 May at the University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, Rosemount. Experimental plots were 8 rows wide and 50 ft long with 40-inch row spacing. Treatments consisted of different sequences of insecticide application randomized in complete blocks with 4 replications. Insecticidal sprays were applied 28 Jun, 8 Jul and 15 Jul against first generation CPB larvae and 30 Jul, 7 Aug, and 14 Aug against second generation CPB larvae. Sprays were applied using a tractor-drawn boom sprayer with 3 drop nozzles/row delivering 100 gal of water/acre. Posttreatment counts were taken 48 h after spray application. Evaluations consisted of direct counts of CPB larvae on 10 randomly selected plants from the 3 middle rows of each plot. Plots were also sampled for potato leafhopper nymphs and green peach aphid by counting 35 mid-plant leaves from each plot. Defoliation ratings were taken on 17 Jul, 9 and 16 Aug. Two way analysis of variance was used to test treatment means for significant differences in insect densities, percent defoliation and yield.
Seasonal Airblast Insecticide Evaluation, 1989
Authors: Hull L. A. , Barrett B. A.
Published: March 2022

Experimental sprays were applied to 3 tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 3 replicates of 'Yorking and 2 replicates of Golden Delicious'. Trees were spaced 20 × 30 ft and were 14-yr-old. Experimental sprays were applied with a Friend Airmaster '309' at 25 gal/acre per alternate side spray (50 gal/acre both sides) driven at 2 mph. Rates for treatments are listed as amt/acre/both sides spray. Spray dates for the alternate side treatments were: 25 Apr (Orthene only, complete spray); 18 and 25 May; 1, 8, 15, 22, and 29 Jun; 11, 18, and 26 Jul; 4, 10, 17, and 25 Aug; and 1 Sep. Penncap M plus Lannate 90 SP was substituted for the Danitol treatments on 1 Jun; 11, 18, and 26 Jul; 4, 10, 17, and 25 Aug; and 1 Sep. Apollo 50 SC was added to the second Danitol treatment on 22 and 29 Jun. Swat was added on 8, 15, and 22 Jun to various treatments. A routine schedule of fungicides (Nova 40 WP and Difhane M-45) was maintained throughout the experiment. Effectiveness on the aphid complex was evaluated by counting aphid-infested leaves on 10 terminals and aphids/most infested leaf. The effect of sprays on WALH was evaluated by counting nymphs on 25 leaves/tree. STLM was evaluated by a 5-min count of mines around the periphery of test trees. Effectiveness of test chemicals on ERM and ZM was evaluated by counting mites several times during the season on samples of 25 leaves/tree, 125 leaves/treatment. The effect of sprays on S. punctum was evaluated by 3-min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of test trees. Effectiveness of chemicals on fruit feeders was assessed by scoring for injury all drops after 1 Jul and 2 picked samples on 15 Aug and 22 Sep. Apple samples averaged 181 fruits/replicate and 350/treatment. Pest pressure was heavy throughout the season. Russet ratings are based on 30 Golden Delicious apples/replicate, 60/treatment. Fruits were rated as 1 (no russeting), 2 (light russeting), 3 (moderate russeting), or 4 (severe russeting). Possible ranges were 30-60 (none to light), 60-90 (light to moderate); 90-120 (moderate to severe).
Foliar Applications for Control of Colorado Potato Beetles on Potatoes, 1988-89
Authors: Valovage W. D. , Oseto C.Y. , Burr W. A.
Published: March 2022

Potatoes were planted at the Red River Valley Potato Growers Research Farm, Grand Forks, ND on 16 May '88 (Red Pontiac) and 11 May '89 (Norchip). Plots consisted of 4 25-ft rows ('88) and 4 25-ft rows ('89) planted 38 inches apart and replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied on 9 Aug '88 and 6 Jul '89 using a hand sprayer delivering 30 gal water/acre. Larval counts were taken before and 3-4 DAT in the middle 2 rows of each block. Drought conditions prevailed both yr and plant stress prevented further evaluation.
Insect Control on Snap Bean, 1989
Authors: McLeod Paul
Published: March 2022

Snap beans were planted 8 Aug at Rogers, AR. Plots were eight 100-ft rows (18-in spacing) with 3-ft alleys separating plots on the same row. Experimental design was a randomized complete block (13 treatments × 4 replications). Sprays were applied with a manually propelled bicycle sprayer equipped with 9 Spraying Systems TX4 nozzles and calibrated to deliver 15.6 gal/acre. Spray dates varied with treatment. Plants were sampled 25 Sep and 11 Oct by making 60 sweeps with a 15-in diameter sweep net in each plot. Plots were mechanically harvested 11 Oct and percent pod damage was determined.
Influence of Fenoxycarb on Pupation of the Tomato Pinworm in the Lab, Fall 1988
Authors: Schuster David J.
Published: March 2022

Neonate larvae of the tomato pinworm were exposed to fenoxycarb (ABG 6231) by 2 methods in the laboratory. In the first, excised leaflets of tomato seedlings grown in a greenhouse were dipped in either water or a preparation of fenoxycarb. When the leaflets were dry, they were placed individually in plastic cups on a filter paper disc moistened with water and each was infested with 5 larvae. In the second method, excised leaflets were placed into cups and infested as above. After 24 hrs, the leaflets were dipped in either water or a preparation of fenoxycarb. After the leaflets were dry, they were returned to the cups. After about 2 wk, an additional untreated tomato leaflet was placed into each cup and pupation observed on an irregular schedule for about another 2 wk. There were 20 cups (replicates)/treatment within each method.
Use of Labeled Insecticides for Control of Alfalfa Insects in Wisconsin, 1989
Authors: Shamiyeh N. B. , Roberts C. H. , Onks D. O.
Published: March 2022

Experimental Plots measuring 12 m × 15 m were established in a field of'Olds 88' alfalfa at the University of Wisconsin Arlington Research Station in Columbia County. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design, and applied on 24 Jul by using a tractor-mounted compressed air sprayer equipped with 8002 Teejet flat fan nozzles delivering 141 liters of finished spray/ha at 35 PSI. The insecticide impregnated dry fertilizer was prepared by placing the dry fertilizer in plastic bags and slowly spraying the formulated insecticide with a hand mist sprayer onto the fertilizer while mixing periodically to ensure a uniform mixture. This mixture was then applied with a push-type broadcast spreader in a checkerboard pattern to ensure proper coverage. Insect abundance was estimated by taking twenty consecutive pendulum sweeps in each plot with a 38 cm diameter sweep net.
Black Cutworm Control in Buckwheat, 1988
Authors: Noetzel David , Montgomery Clark
Published: March 2022

An unusual migration of black cutworm into northern Minnesota led to a larval infestation that devastated buckwheat planted in former wild rice fields in the Washkish area. Plot size was 25 ft × 50 ft. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated three times. Insecticides were applied with a hand held CO2 sprayer with 40 psi pressure and total material equal to 8 gal/acre. The date of application was 1 Jul with air temperatures in the 70s°F. The site contained deep peats and no tillage followed application. The number of dead larvae/m2 were counted and the data analyzed.
Efficacy of Comite Against Overwintering Banks Grass Mite in a Roadside Ditch, 1988 and 1989
Authors: Spomer S. M. , Godfrey L. D. , Seymour R. C.
Published: March 2022

This experiment was conducted in a roadside ditch, adjacent to a center-pivot irrigated field of corn located near Dickens, Lincoln Co., NB. This ditch presumably harbored overwintering colonies of BGM, as infestations in the corn adjacent to the ditch occurred on an annual basis since at least 1985. The ditch consisted mostly of smooth brome, interspersed with little bluestem, milkweed, and winged dock. The brome was about 10 cm tall when sprayed, and the adjacent corn was pregermination. Treatment consisted of Comite applied at 5 pts/acre, at the rate of 81 ml of Comite and 15 liters of water per 1500 ft2 (plot size) with a Solo 425 backpack sprayer, which delivered approximately 1 liter/min. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with one spray treatment and one untreated check per block, replicated twice in 1988 and 3 times in 1989. Ten randomly selected corn plants in the second row from the edge adjacent to each plot were visually inspected for BGM at the 6-leaf and early tassel stage. One or more adult female BGM constituted an infestation.
Flea Beetle Control in Canola, 1988
Authors: Noetzel David , Roman Hector
Published: March 2022

A cooperative trial with Sigco Research was established at Breckenridge, MN, on a clay soil with poor internal drainage. The trial was planted 3 May using a cone type 6 row planter. All insecticides except the foliars were combined with the seed and planted together. Plots were 6-15 inch rows 20 ft in length and arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. Foliars were applied on 14 May and 6 Jun using a CO2 sprayer with 40 psi in 17 gal total material/acre. Three additional foliar applications were made in mid- and late-Jul.
Comparative Efficacy of Corn Rootworm Insecticide Rates in South Dakota, 1989
Authors: Boetel M. A. , Fuller B. W. , Walgenbach D. D.
Published: March 2022

Insecticide trials were conducted in dryland corn using standard recommended and reduced rates of commonly used granular insecticides. Garretson, Nunda, Rutland, and 2 Lake Andes sites served as locations for these studies. The experimental design for all studies was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Individual treatment plots consisted of single rows, 15 m in length, with 96.5 cm row spacing. Granular formulations of insecticides were applied with modified Noble metering units mounted on a specially-adapted Kinze, 4-row corn planter. The metering units were ground-driven, and all units were calibrated on the planter. Insecticide granules were applied in a 7-inch band in front of the furrow-closing wheels and incorporated by the wheels and drag chains. Furrow applications were directed immediately between the double disk furrow openers. Wilson brand 1100 was the corn variety utilized, and it was seeded at a rate of 22,100 kernels/ acre at all study locations. Five roots/replication were dug from each treatment. Roots were washed, examined for rootworm feeding damage, and rated in accordance to the Iowa 1 to 6 scale. Sufficient levels of soil moisture were present at all locations.
Black Cutworm Control, 1989
Authors: Chaddha S. , Ostlie K.
Published: March 2022

Performance of granular and liquid insecticides against BCW was evaluated with artificial infestations at the Rosemount Experiment Station, Rosemount, MN. Treatment plots, each measuring 4 rows (30-inch spacing) × 50 ft, were established in corn planted on 2 Jun. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Granular insecticides were applied in a 7-inch band ahead of the presswheel or in furrow at planting with modified Noble applicators mounted on a John Deere 7100 MaxiMerge planter. When corn reached the 2-leaf stage a central portion of each plot (2 rows × 15 ft) was enclosed by an aluminum barrier buried 3-4 inches into the soil that projected 4 to 5 inches above soil level. Plant population within the barriers was thinned to 23,900 plants/acre. Liquid insecticides were broadcast on 15 Jun am using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 21 gal/acre at 25 psi through 8002 nozzles. During application, air temperature averaged 77°F and winds ranged from still to 2 mph. Each plot was infested with a mixture of 40 third and fourth instar black cutwork larvae on the evening of 15 Jun and early morning of 16 Jun. Plots were examined every 2-3 d for leaf feeding and cutting. Cut plants were marked with a plastic stake to avoid misses or recounts as undamaged plant on later visits. On 27 Jun (11 d after infestation), each plot was censused with the number of injured plants and dead plants recorded. Before analysis, percentage data were subjected to an arcsine transformation.
Corn Root Protection Against Corn Rootworm Larvae, 1988
Authors: Hein Gary L.
Published: March 2022

Planting-time soil insecticides were applied at 2 locations in the Nebraska Panhandle. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Plot areas were planted on 6 May (Mitchell) and 9 May (Scottsbluff) by the cooperating growers and maintained with standard cropping practices. Care was taken to ensure that no insecticides were applied when the corn was planted. Immediately after planting, single-row test plots were established by applying different insecticide treatments in 7-inch band over the seed row with a bicycle-type push applicator. Insecticides were metered by using calibrated Noble metering units. A dragchain was used to provide incorporation for the granules. Cultivation applications were applied by directing the insecticide at the base of the plants and covering with soil. Evaluations were made by digging 5 roots/rep for each treatment on 20 Jul. Roots were washed and rated for corn rootworm feeding damage by using the Iowa 1-6 damage rating scale. Corn in these tests was grown under furrow irrigation. Irrigation began about Jun 20-25. The soil in this area is a sandy loam with low organic matter content (0.5-1.5%) and high pH (7.1-7.7).
First Generation White Apple Leafhopper Timing Experiment, 1989
Authors: Beers E. H. , Browne R. W.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted in a 9-yr-old orchard with undertree irrigation. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 single-tree replicates/treatment. Treatments were blocked on pretreatment leafhopper counts. Thiodan 50 WP (1.5 lb (AI)/acre) was applied to the point of drip with a handgun sprayer operated at 300 psi. Per-acre rates were based on a dilute application of 400 gal/acre. Spray applications were timed at 75°D intervals beginning at an accumulation of 325°D after Mar 1 (lower threshold = 48°F, upper threshold = 90°F). Dates of application were as follows: 325°D on 4 May; 400°D on 8 May; 475°D on 17 May; and 550°D on 24 May. The first spray was timed to correspond with hatch of overwintering eggs. WALH densities were determined by counting nymphs on 20 randomly selected leaves/tree (80 leaves per treatment). Cumulative leafhopper days were calculated by averaging 2 successive nymph counts, multiplying by the number of intervening days, and summing these over the generation.
Evaluation of Planting and Rescue Treatments for Bcw Control, 1989
Authors: McCartney D. A. , Stinner B. R. , Reed J. P.
Published: March 2022

A plot was established in 1989 to evaluate the efficacy of labeled and experimental insecticides for control of BCW by planting and rescue treatments. The plot was established at OARDC, Wooster, OH on a Wooster silt loam soil. All plots were conventionally tilled. Pioneer 3352 was planted 18 May in 30 inch row spacing in plots measuring 10 ft long by 2 rows wide. A randomized complete block design with 4 replications was used, barriered treatment areas measured 5 × 5 ft and infested with 25 4th instar BCW larvae 29 May. Rescue treatments were infested 2 h prior to application with 25 4th instar BCW larvae on 29 May. Planting time treatments were applied with Gandy metering units driven by 12 V electric motors mounted on an Allis Chalmers no-till planter banding granules ahead of the press wheel in a 7 inch band or in furrow on 18 May. Spray treatments were applied at a delivery rate of 20 gal/acre using 8003E nozzles at 1.5 mph. Plots were evaluated 2 and 6 Jun for damaged plants/barrier. Results are presented as total BCW damaged plants/barrier and data were subjected to analysis of variance with Least Significant Diffrence used to rank means.
Corn Rootworm Control, 1989
Authors: Meinke L. J. , Barnhart M. R. , Brown J. F. , Weissling T. J. , Golden K. L. , Peters L. L.
Published: March 2022

Planting-time (Test 1) and first-cultivation (Test 2) soil insecticide trials were conducted at Mead and in Clay County, NE. Plots at both sites were in trap crop (no insecticide) during 1988 and had been used periodically for multiclass soil insecticide trials during the last 10 yr. The soil type at each site was a silty clay loam. The experimental design for each test was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Each replication consisted of single-row treatments that were 35 ft (Mead) or 40 ft (Clay) long and 30 inches apart. Equipment for Test 1 consisted of modified V-belt seeders mounted on a planter. Preweighed amounts of insecticide granules were placed on the V-belts and directed into the seed furrow or banded over the row in front of the press wheel. Noble granular insecticide metering units mounted on a hand-powered bicycle applicator were used to apply soil insecticides in Test 2. Granules were banded directly over the plant whorl and then immediately incorporated by the cultivator. The Mead and Clay County trials were planted 2 May and 26 Apr, respectively. Test 2 treatments were applied 5 June (Mead) and 6 June (Clay). Soil was relatively dry when insecticides were applied in Test 1. Soil moisture conditions were excellent for insecticide incorporation during Test 2. Initial corn rootworm egg hatch was detected 5 Jun at Mead. Stand counts were taken during late May. Feeding damage was evaluated 12-13 Jul at Mead and 20 Jul at Clay County by digging 5 roots from each treatment row and rating the damage utilizing the Iowa 1-6 scale. Data were subjected to ANOVA.
Corn Rootworm Control in Extended Diapause Fields, 1988
Authors: Ostlie K. R.
Published: March 2022

A trial was established near Minnesota Lake, MN, to investigate the feasibility of using reduced soil insecticide rates in extended diapause situations. NCR damage to corn grown in a corn/soybean rotation on this field was first reported in 1984. Since then root injury to untreated corn has averaged 3.2 (Iowa 1 to 6 scale) in this field. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Plot size was 4 rows (30-inch spacing) × 400 ft. Insecticides were applied at planting on 30 Apr using field-calibrated insecticide boxes on a John Deere 7100 MaxiMerge planter. All treatments were applied as a 7-inch band ahead of the presswheel. Although the soil was moist at planting, drought conditions prevailed during most of the summer. Thirty adult emergence traps (0.5 m2) were placed in untreated rows to determine the composition of emerging beetles. Insecticide performance was evaluated on 1 Aug by rating injury on 5 roots/plot using the Iowa 1 to 6 scale. On 16 Sep lodging and yield were measured. Lodged plants (stalk base at least 45°) from vertical were counted from one 50-plant count per plot. Yield was determined from 3 hand-harvested samples (1/1000 acre)/plot.
Corn Rootworm Larval Control on Field Corn, 1989
Authors: Youngman R. R. , Midgarden D. G.
Published: March 2022

An experiment was conducted in Shenandoah County, VA to determine the effects of several commercial and experimental granular insecticides for controlling corn rootworm larvae. The field used in this experiment has been in continuous corn since 1960. Soil type for this field is characterized as a Unison silty loam. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Plots were 30-ft long and consisted of 2 rows spaced 30 inches apart. A John Deere, 2-row Max-Emerge planter was used to plant all plots at a plant population density of 26,000 plants/acre on 19 May. Insecticide granules were applied in front of the press wheels either directly in the seed furrow or in a 5-inch T-band over the furrow, depending on the treatment. Prior to application, the regular granular insecticide applicators were removed from each side of the planter in order to accommodate 2 wooden boxes designed to hold inverted pint canning jars (Mason) for dispensing the insecticide granules. Attached to the underside of both wooden boxes was a plastic funnel and tube through which the insecticide granules flowed. A single opening, drilled into the lid of each jar, was laboratory-calibrated to deliver insecticides accurately at a tractor speed of 3 mph. The possibility of mixing one or more insecticides was avoided by using a separate jar and lid for each treatment. At the start of application, 2 jars containing the appropriate insecticide granules were inverted and placed in the box holders. This method helped minimize soil compaction because the tractor made only one pass/plot. On 19 Jul, the roots of 5 corn plants were dug from each plot and washed to remove excess soil. Corn rootworm damage ratings were based on the Iowa 1-6 scale (1, no feeding to 6, 3 or more root nodes completely destroyed). Stand counts were made on 9 Aug, by determining the number of corn plants in 3 separate, 3.3-row ft sections per plot.
Aphid Efficacy Test, 1989
Authors: Burris Gene , Graves J. B. , Leonard B. R.
Published: March 2022

‘DPL 20’ cotton was planted 23 May on a commerce silt loam soil at the Northeast Research Station, St. Joseph, LA. Plots were 8 rows (40 inches wide) × 65 ft and were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. All plots received an in-furrow treatment of Temik, 0.5 lb (AI)/acre, and Terraclor Super X fungicide, 0.25 + 1.0 lb (AI)/acre, at planting. The plots were treated for boll weevils with methyl parathion on 3 Jun, and Guthion on 1 Aug. Test treatments were applied with a high-clearance sprayer equipped with a CO2 system for spraying small plots, delivering 5 gal/acre with 2 X-6 hollow-cone nozzles/row. Applications were made on 21 Jul. Observations on aphids were made using plant washing procedures. Five terminals/plant were randomly collected, placed in jars and transported to the laboratory. Plant terminals were washed and aphids were collected on 300 mesh sieves and backwashed to lined filter paper and counted with the aid of a binocular dissecting microscope. The data were recorded at 3 and 5 DAT.
Heliothis Control with Insecticides, 1988
Authors: Langston William C. , Schuster M. F.
Published: March 2022

This test was designed to compare Asana XL and Baythroid, each with and without Folex as a possible synergist, and Cypermethrin with Curacron as a possible synergist. Plots were 4 rows wide and 40 ft long with 3 replications arranged in a randomized complete block. Treatments were applied with a hand-held CO2 sprayer with wide angle fan tip to deliver 15 gal/acre. There was a moth flight during the period of 5 to 11 Jul which consisted of 90% tobacco budworm. An average of 60 eggs/100 terminals were deposited. Applications were made on 11 Jul (washed off), 12 Jul, and 19 Jul. Treatments and rates, lb (AI)/acre, were as follows: Asana XL, 0.025 and 0.03; Asana XL, 0.025, + Folex, 0.025; Baythroid, 0.025 and 0.03; Baythroid, 0.025, + Folex, 0.025; Ultra Curacron, 0.36, + Cypermethrin, 0.03; and an untreated check. The percent square damage and boll damage was determined by examining 50 square and bolls at random in each plot on 19, 26 Jul, and 3 Aug. Yield was obtained on 26 Aug by stripping 2 center rows of each plot.