bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bleeding with iron deposition and vascular remodelling in subchondral cysts: A newly discovered feature unique to haemophilic arthropathy
Authors: Zhou Jenny Y. , Wong Jonathan H. , Berman Zachary T. , Lombardi Alecio F. , Chang Eric Y. , von Drygalski Annette
Published: September 2021

Introduction

Joint iron accumulation is the incendiary factor triggering osteochondral destruction, synovial hypertrophy, inflammation, and vascular remodelling in haemophilic arthropathy (HA). Hemosiderin depositions have been described in synovium and, more recently, in cartilage. Clinical observations also suggest hemosiderin accumulation in subchondral cysts, implying cyst bleeding.

Aim

We explored associations between cystic iron accumulation, vascular remodelling and HA status to determine if cystic bleeding may contribute to HA progression.

Methods

Thirty‐six haemophilic joints (16 knees, 10 ankles, and 10 elbows; 31 adult patients with haemophilia A/B) were evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for subchondral cysts and hemosiderin. Cyst score (WORMS) and hemosiderin presence were compared between haemophilic and osteoarthritic knees, matched for the degree of arthritis (Kellgren‐Lawrence score). Cystic iron accumulation, vascular remodelling and macrophage cell counts were also compared by immunohistochemistry in explanted joint tissues. In haemophilic knees, cyst number and extent of hemosiderin deposition were correlated with haemophilia joint health scores (HJHS).

Results

Cystic hemosiderin was detected in 78% of haemophilic joints. Cyst score and presence of hemosiderin were significantly higher in haemophilic compared to osteoarthritic knees. Cyst score and presence of hemosiderin strongly correlated with HJHS. Moreover, iron deposition and vascular remodelling were significantly more pronounced within cysts in haemophilic compared to osteoarthritic knees, with similar total cell and macrophage count.

Conclusion

These findings suggest the presence of subchondral bleeding in haemophilia, contributing to poor joint health outcomes. Observations of bleeding into osseous structures are novel and should inform investigations of new therapies.
Improving corrosion protection of Mg alloys (AZ31B) using graphene‐based hybrid coatings
Authors: Afsharimani Nasima , Talimian Ali , Merino Emilia , Durán Alicia , Castro Yolanda , Galusek Dusan
Published: September 2021

In the present work, a study was carried out to compare the morphology and electrochemical properties of pure and graphene‐modified hybrid silica sol–gel coatings deposited on anodized AZ31B magnesium alloys. The precursor solution was prepared using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and 3‐glycidoxypropyl‐trimethoxysilane (GPTMS), with the addition of chemically modified graphene nanosheets (GN‐chem). Homogeneous and adherent coatings were obtained using GPTMS‐TEOS (GT) and GPTMS‐TEOS‐GN‐chem (GT/GN‐chem) solutions with uniform thickness around 4 µm. Raman, SEM images and EDS analyses confirmed the presence of graphene nanosheets in the coatings. Potentiodynamic polarization results using 0.05 M NaCl electrolyte solution showed that graphene containing silica coatings significantly improve the corrosion resistance of AZ31B alloys. In addition, a significant passive region was observed for GT/GN‐chem coatings.
Effects of different saccharides on the microstructure and functional properties of protein in goat milk during processing
Authors: Wang Linlin , Wang Cunfang , Zhang Xiaoning , Fan Xiaoxue , Shao Xiaoqing
Published: September 2021

This study investigated the changes in the characteristics of goat milk protein in the presence of trehalose, chitooligosaccharide and pectin during two practical dairy processing operations of pasteurisation and spray drying. The highest denaturation temperature and the largest particle size of milk protein were found in goat milk added with pectin after pasteurisation. And particles with more uniform and compact morphology were observed in goat milk protein with these three saccharides. An elevated emulsifying activity index of 24.37 m/g−2 was observed in protein after spray drying due to chitooligosaccharide. And the foam stability was also improved significantly in the presence of trehalose and pectin during pasteurisation. During spray drying, saccharides showed the stabilizing effect on goat milk protein. This study revealed a complex interplay between the type of saccharides and the processing operation applied to goat milk, which might be of great significance for the production and processing of goat milk.
A holocenic and dynamic hybrid zone between two cactophilicDrosophilaspecies in a coastal lowland plain of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest
Authors: Barrios‐Leal Dora Yovana , Menezes Rodolpho S. T. , Ribeiro João Victor , Bizzo Luiz , Melo de Sene Fabio , Neves‐da‐Rocha João , Manfrin Maura Helena
Published: September 2021

Hybridization and introgression are processes that contribute to shaping biological diversity. The factors promoting the formation of these processes are multiples but poorly explored in a biogeographical and ecological context. In the southeast coastal plain of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, a hybrid zone was described between two closely related cactophilic species,Drosophila antonietaeandD.serido. Here, we revisited and analysed specimens from this hybrid zone to evaluate its temporal and spatial dynamic. We examined allopatric and sympatric populations of the flies using independent sources of data such as mitochondrial and nuclear sequences, microsatellite loci, morphometrics of wings and male genitalia, and climatic niche models. We also verified the emergence of the flies from necrotic tissues of collected cacti to verify the role of host association for the population dynamics. Our results support the existence of a hybrid zone due to secondary contact and limited to the localities where the two species are currently in contact. Furthermore, we detected asymmetric bidirectional introgression and the maintenance of the species integrity, ecological association and morphological characters, suggesting selection and limited introgression. Considering our paleomodels, probably this hybrid zone is recent and the contact occurred during the Holocene to the present day, favoured by range expansion of their populations due to expansion of open and dry areas in eastern South America during palaeoclimatic and geomorphological events.
Molecular signatures from multi‐omics of autism spectrum disorders and schizophrenia
Authors: Nomura Jun , Mardo Matthew , Takumi Toru
Published: September 2021

The genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) impedes the unification of multiple biological hypotheses in an attempt to explain the complex features of ASD, such as impaired social communication, social interaction deficits, and restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior. However, recent psychiatric genetic studies have identified numerous risk genes and chromosome loci (copy number variation: CNV) which enable us to analyze at the single gene level and utilize system‐level approaches. In this review, we focus on ASD as a major neurodevelopmental disorder and review recent findings mainly from the bioinformatics of omics studies. Additionally, by comparing these data with other major psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia (SCZ), we identify unique characteristics of both diseases from multiple enrichment, pathway, and protein–protein interaction networks (PPIs) analyses using susceptible genes found in recent large‐scale genetic studies. These unified, systematic approaches highlight unique characteristics of both disorders from multiple aspects and demonstrate how convergent pathways can contribute to an understanding of the complex etiology of such neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders.

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Vitamin D, respiratory infections, and chronic disease: Review of meta‐analyses and randomized clinical trials
Authors: Ganmaa Davaasambuu , Enkhmaa Davaasambuu , Nasantogtokh Erdenebileg , Sukhbaatar Surenmaa , Tumur‐Ochir Khash‐Erdene , Manson JE
Published: September 2021

Background

Observational studies have suggested associations of vitamin D deficiency (VDD) with respiratory tract infections, impaired bone health, and myriad chronic diseases.

Objective

 To assess potential causal relationships between vitamin D supplementation and a reduced risk of these conditions, a review of the evidence across available meta‐analyses of randomized control trials (RCTs) and RCTs was performed.

Method

 PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science were searched from their inception to March 2021. We included only RCTs and meta‐analyses of RCTs focusing on the association between vitamin D and respiratory disease, bone health, cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes mellitus, and cancer.

Results

 A total of 107 RCTs and 62 meta‐analysis of RCTs were included. Although most RCTs did not support benefits of vitamin D supplementation, suggestive evidence for benefit was found in populations at greater risk of VDD and for acute respiratory infections, fractures in institutionalized older adults, type 2 diabetes among patients with prediabetes, and cancer mortality. In contrast, no compelling evidence for benefit was found for other respiratory conditions, fractures in community‐dwelling adults, falls, cancer incidence, or CVD.

Conclusions

 Current evidence from RCTs and meta‐analyses of RCTs is inconsistent regarding the effects of vitamin D supplementation on respiratory infections and chronic diseases. Individuals most likely to benefit are those with baseline VDD or with selected high‐risk conditions. Public health initiatives are needed to eliminate VDD globally, and future research will be enhanced by a ‘precision prevention’ approach to identify those most likely to benefit from vitamin D supplementation.
Optic nerve sheath diameter measurement by ultrasound: Evaluation of a standardized protocol
Authors: Pansell Jakob , Bell Max , Rudberg Peter , Friman Ola , Cooray Charith
Published: September 2021

Background and Purpose

Treatment of elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) is central to neurocritical care, but not all patients are eligible for invasive ICP‐monitoring. A promising noninvasive option is ultrasound measurement of the optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD). However, meta‐analyses of ONSD for elevated ICP show wide confidence intervals. This might be due to baseline variations, inter‐rater variability, and varying measurement methods. No standardized protocol has been validated. Corrections for eyeball diameter (ED) and optic nerve diameter (OND) may compensate for baseline variations. We evaluated a protocol and compared two different measurement methods for ONSD ultrasound.

Methods

Two operators, blinded to each other's measurements, measured ONSD, ED, and OND twice in 20 patients. ONSD was measured with two different methods in use: internal (ONSDint) or external (ONSDext) of the dura mater. Intra‐class correlation (ICC) was calculated for inter‐rater and intra‐rater reliability.

Results

ICCs for inter‐rater reliability of ONSDext and ONSDint (95% confidence interval) were 0.96 (0.93, 0.98) and 0.88 (0.79, 0.94), respectively. ICCs for intra‐rater reliability of ONSDext and ONSDint were 0.97 (0.94, 0.99) and 0.93 (0.87, 0.96), respectively. There was no significant bias or difference in intra‐rater reliability between operators.

Conclusions

ONSD can be measured with an excellent inter‐ and intra‐rater reliability and low risk of inter‐rater bias, when using this protocol. ONSDext yields a higher inter‐ and intra‐rater reliability than ONSDint. Corrections for ED and OND can be performed reliably.
Comparison of Axis II psychosocial assessment methods of RDC/TMD and DC/TMD as part of DC/TMD‐FIN phase II validation studies in tertiary care Finnish TMD pain patients
Authors: Hietaharju Maria , Kivimäki Ida , Heikkilä Henriikka , Näpänkangas Ritva , Teerijoki‐Oksa Tuija , Tanner Johanna , Kemppainen Pentti , Tolvanen Mimmi , Suvinen Tuija , Sipilä Kirsi
Published: September 2021

Background

The Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) and Diagnostic Criteria for TMD (DC/TMD) include Axis II instruments for psychosocial assessment.

Objectives

The aims were to compare the Finnish versions of Axis II psychosocial assessment methods of the RDC/TMD and DC/TMD and to study their internal reliability.

Methods

The sample comprised 197 tertiary care referral TMD pain patients. The associations between RDC/TMD [Graded Chronic Pain Scale (GCPS) 1.0, Symptom Check List 90‐revised (SCL‐90R)] and DC/TMD (GCPS 2.0, Patient Health Questionnaire‐9 (PHQ‐9), PHQ‐15) assessment instruments were evaluated using Spearman correlation coefficients, Wilcoxon Signed Rank s, chi‐squared test and gamma statistics. The internal reliability and internal inter‐item consistency of SCL‐90‐R, PHQ‐9, PHQ‐15 and Generalized Anxiety Disorder‐7 (GAD‐7) were evaluated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient values.

Results

The DC/TMD and RDC/TMD Axis II psychosocial instruments correlated strongly (p < .001). GCPS 1.0 and GCPS 2.0 grades were similarly distributed based on both criteria. The RDC/TMD psychological instruments had a higher tendency to subclassify patients with more severe symptoms of depression and non‐specific physical symptoms compared to DC/TMD. The internal reliability and internal inter‐item consistency were high for the psychological assessment instruments.

Conclusion

The Finnish versions of the RDC/TMD and DC/TMD Axis II psychosocial instruments correlated strongly among tertiary care TMD pain patients. Furthermore, the Axis II psychological assessment instruments indicated high validity and internal inter‐item consistency and are applicable in Finnish TMD pain patients as part of other comprehensive specialist level assessments, but further psychometric and cut‐off evaluations are still needed.
Insuring large stakes: A normative and descriptive analysis of households' flood insurance coverage
Authors: Collier Benjamin L. , Schwartz Daniel , Kunreuther Howard C. , Michel‐Kerjan Erwann O.
Published: September 2021

Households' insurance coverage against severe losses is central to their financial resilience. Features of the US National Flood Insurance Program offer insights into consumers' coverage over large stakes that are not typically possible in other markets. We examine the coverage limits (the amount of a home's value that is insured) of over 100,000 households. We determine the optimal coverage based on a standard expected utility calibration. This model indicates that consumers should purchase a low limit and retain much of their exposure due to the high premium loads in our sample. Instead, households in the sample typically fully insure their homes, paying premiums well above their contract's expected value. We investigate possible explanations for homeowners' coverage limits and conclude that some combination of industry practices that emphasize fully insuring and probability distortions in decision‐making are likely explanations.
Prediction of tenderness of chicken by using viscoelasticity based on airflow and optical technique
Authors: He Ke , Sun Qinming , Tang Xiuying
Published: September 2021

Tenderness is an index for evaluating meat quality. A prediction model of tenderness was established based on the chicken deformation, which was determined by a viscoelasticity system combined with airflow and optical technique. Different preprocessing methods were used to preprocess the deformation. The interval variables that represent the viscoelasticity of the chicken in deformation, were screen by synergy interval partial least squares algorithm (Si‐PLS) and moving window partial least squares algorithm (Mw‐PLS). The prediction model was established by principal component regression (PCR) and partial least squares regression (PLSR). The optimum PLSR prediction model was established when Mw‐PLS was used to screen the interval variables of Savitzy‐Golay (S‐G) smoothing data. The correlation coefficient and the root mean square error of the calibration set were 0.965 and 0.874 kg, respectively. The corresponding value of the prediction set was 0.943 and 1.005 kg. This research provides a new method to assess the quality of poultry meat that conducts on airflow and optical techniques.
COVID‐19‐associated subacute invasive pulmonary aspergillosis
Authors: Swain Satish , Ray Animesh , Sarda Radhika , Vyas Surabhi , Singh Gagandeep , Jorwal Pankaj , Kodan Parul , Khanna Puneet , Xess Immaculata , Sinha Sanjeev , Wig Naveet , Trikha Anjan
Published: September 2021

Background

Though invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is a well known complication of COVID‐19 pneumonia, indolent forms of aspergillosis have been rarely described.

Methods

We prospectively collected the clinico‐radio‐microbiological data of 10 patients of subacute invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (SAIA), who presented to our hospital with recent history of COVID‐19 pneumonia along with cavitary lung disease, positive IgG (against Aspergillus) with or without positive respiratory samples for Aspergillus spp.

Result

The mean age of presentation of SAIA was 50.7 ± 11.8 years. All the patients had recently recovered from severe COVID‐19 illness with a mean duration of 29.2 ± 12 days from COVID‐19 positivity. Cough was the predominant symptom seen in 8/10 (80%) patients followed by haemoptysis. 7/10 (70%) patients were known diabetic. While serum galactomannan was positive in 5/9 patients (55.5%), fungal culture was positive in 2/7 patients (28.5%) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for Aspergillus was positive in three patients. Eight (80%) patients presented with a single cavitary lesion; pseudoaneurysm of pulmonary artery was seen in two patients and post‐COVID‐19 changes were seen in all patients. All patients were treated with voriconazole, out of which four (40%) patients died during the follow‐up period.

Conclusion

SAIA should be considered in the differential diagnosis of cavitating lung lesions in patients with recent history of COVID‐19 in the background of steroid use with or without pre‐existing diabetes.
Phylogenomic analysis points to a South American origin of Manihot and illuminates the primary gene pool of cassava
Authors: Simon Marcelo F. , Mendoza Flores J. Moises , Liu Hsiao‐Lei , Martins Márcio Lacerda Lopes , Drovetski Sergei V. , Przelomska Natalia A. S. , Loiselle Hope , Cavalcanti Taciana B. , Inglis Peter W. , Mueller Natalie G. , Allaby Robin G. , Freitas Fábio de Oliveira , Kistler Logan
Published: September 2021

The genus Manihot, with around 120 known species, is native to a wide range of habitats and regions in the tropical and subtropical Americas. Its high species richness and recent diversification only c. 6 million years ago have significantly complicated previous phylogenetic analyses. Several basic elements of Manihot evolutionary history therefore remain unresolved.

Here, we conduct a comprehensive phylogenomic analysis of Manihot, focusing on exhaustive sampling of South American taxa.

We find that two recently described species from northeast Brazil's Atlantic Forest were the earliest to diverge, strongly suggesting a South American common ancestor of Manihot. Ancestral state reconstruction indicates early Manihot diversification in dry forests, with numerous independent episodes of new habitat colonization, including into savannas and rainforests within South America. We identify the closest wild relatives to Manihot esculenta, including the crop cassava, and we quantify extensive wild introgression into the cassava gene pool from at least five wild species, including Manihot glaziovii, a species used widely in breeding programs. Finally, we show that this wild‐to‐crop introgression substantially shapes the mutation load in cassava.

Our findings provide a detailed case study for neotropical evolutionary history in a diverse and widespread group, and a robust phylogenomic framework for future Manihot and cassava research.
Cantil – a new organ or a morphological oddity?
Authors: Bondada Ramesh , Kulaar Dilsher Singh , Siddiqi Imran , Maruthachalam Ravi
Published: September 2021

Cantil is reported as a new‐found organ specific to the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana that is prominent only in short‐day‐grown wild‐type accessions or long‐day‐grown genetic mutants with delayed vegetative to reproductive transition. Here, we show that cantils (previously known as nubbins) arise as one of the many phenotypic consequences of aneuploidy resulting from chromosome dosage imbalances in Arabidopsis polyaneuploids despite normal reproductive transition in long‐day photoperiods. Without a demonstrated function or adaptive significance, we view cantils as a morphological oddity rather than a separate organ, and as a manifestation of physiological perturbations triggered by genetic and environmental factors. We also note a striking phenotypic resemblance between ‘cantil’ and ‘gynophore’, a floral morphological structure that is naturally present in the allopolyploid Arabidopsis suecica.
Redox‐mediated structural and functional switching of C‐repeat binding factors enhances plant cold tolerance
Authors: Wi Seong Dong , Lee Eun Seon , Park Joung Hun , Chae Ho Byoung , Paeng Seol Ki , Bae Su Bin , Phan Thi Kieu Anh , Kim Woe‐Yeon , Yun Dae‐Jin , Lee Sang Yeol
Published: September 2021

C‐repeat binding factors (CBFs) are key cold‐responsive transcription factors that play pleiotropic roles in the cold acclimation, growth, and development of plants. Cold‐sensitive cbf knockout mutants and cold‐tolerant CBF overexpression lines exhibit abnormal phenotypes at warm temperatures, suggesting that CBF activity is precisely regulated, and a critical threshold level must be maintained for proper plant growth under normal conditions. Cold‐inducible CBFs also exist in warm‐climate plants but as inactive disulfide‐bonded oligomers. However, upon translocation to the nucleus under a cold snap, the h2‐isotype of cytosolic thioredoxin (Trx‐h2), reduces the oxidized (inactive) CBF oligomers and the newly synthesized CBF monomers, thus producing reduced (active) CBF monomers. Thus, the redox‐dependent structural switching and functional activation of CBFs protect plants under cold stress.
Shoot and root insect herbivory change the plant rhizosphere microbiome and affects cabbage–insect interactions through plant–soil feedback
Authors: Friman Julia , Karssemeijer Peter N. , Haller Julian , de Kreek Kris , van Loon Joop J.A. , Dicke Marcel
Published: September 2021

Plant–soil feedback (PSF) may influence plant–insect interactions. Although plant defense differs between shoot and root tissues, few studies have examined root‐feeding insect herbivores in a PSF context. We examined here how plant growth and resistance against root‐feedingDelia radicumlarvae was influenced by PSF.

We conditioned soil with cabbage plants that were infested with herbivores that affectD.radicumthrough plant‐mediated effects: leaf‐feedingPlutella xylostellacaterpillars andBrevicoryne brassicaeaphids, root‐feedingD. radicumlarvae, and/or added rhizobacteriumPseudomonas simiaeWCS417r. We analyzed the rhizosphere microbial community, and in a second set of conspecific plants exposed to conditioned soil, we assessed growth, expression of defense‐related genes, andD. radicumperformance.

The rhizosphere microbiome differed mainly between shoot and root herbivory treatments. Addition ofPseudomonas simiaedid not influence rhizosphere microbiome composition. Plant shoot biomass, gene expression, and plant resistance againstD. radicumlarvae was affected by PSF in a treatment‐specific manner. Soil conditioning overall reduced plant shoot biomass,Pseudomonas simiae‐amended soil causing the largest growth reduction.

In conclusion, shoot and root insect herbivores alter the rhizosphere microbiome differently, with consequences for growth and resistance of plants subsequently exposed to conditioned soil.
Alterations in subgingival microbiota during full‐fixed appliance orthodontic treatment—A prospective study
Authors: Chen Isaac , Chung Jennifer , Vella Raven , Weinstock George M. , Zhou Yanjiao , Jheon Andrew H.
Published: September 2021

Background

Full‐fixed appliance orthodontic treatment (commonly called braces) increases plaque accumulation and the risk of gingivitis and periodontitis. However, little consensus exists on changes to subgingival microbiota and specific periodontopathogens during treatment with braces. Prior studies have been hampered by selection biases due to dependence on culture conditions, candidate‐based PCR and shallow sequencing methods.

Objective

The objective was to provide the first longitudinal, culture‐free and deep‐sequence profiling of subgingival bacteria in subjects during early stages of full‐fixed orthodontic treatment.

Methods

We performed 16S rRNA next‐generation sequencing (NGS) on 168 subgingival samples collected at 4 distinct mandibular tooth sites per subject before (0 weeks) and during (6 and 12 weeks) orthodontic intervention in 9 experimental and 5 control subjects not undergoing treatment.

Results

Overall, we noted that orthodontic intervention led to increased microbial richness, accompanied by an increased incidence of localized gingivitis/mild periodontitis in subjects requiring orthodontic treatment compared to controls, as well as significant baseline variations in subgingival microbiomes in all subjects. Moreover, we confirmed individual‐ and site‐dependent microbiome variability (in particular, the lingual site harboured higher microbiome diversity than buccal sites) that orthodontic bands may lead to more prolonged shifts in microbial changes compared to brackets, and evidence of adaptive enrichment of consensus bacteria with orthodontic intervention (12 novel, consensus bacterial species were identified).

Conclusion

Our study, along with evolving global profiling methods and data analyses, builds a strong foundation for further analyses of subgingival microbiomes during full‐fixed orthodontic treatment.
“Cannot intubate, cannot oxygenate”: A novel 2‐operator technique for cannula tracheotomy in an infant animal model—a feasibility study
Authors: Prunty Sarah L. , Heard Andrew M. , Chapman Gordon , Challen Andrew , Vijayasekaran Shyan , von Ungern‐Sternberg Britta S.
Published: September 2021

Background

Evidence regarding optimal management of the “Cannot Intubate, Cannot Oxygenate” (CICO) scenario in infants is scarce. When inserting a transtracheal cannula for front of neck access direct aspiration to confirm intratracheal location is standard practice. This postmortem “infant airway” animal model study describes a novel technique for cannula tracheotomy.

Aims

To compare a novel technique of cannula tracheotomy to an accepted technique to assess success and complication rates.

Methods

Two experienced proceduralists repeatedly performed tracheotomy using an 18‐gauge BD InsyteTM cannula (BD, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) in 6 postmortem White New Zealand rabbits. Cannulas were attached either directly to a 5ml syringe (Direct Aspiration) or via a 25 cm length minimum volume extension tubing set (TUTA Healthcare Lidcombe, NSW, Australia) (Indirect Aspiration, 2 operator technique). Each technique was attempted a maximum of 12 times per rabbit with an ENT surgeon assessing success and complication rates endoscopically for each attempt.

Results

72 tracheotomy attempts were made in total, 36 for each technique. Initial aspiration through the needle was achieved in 93% (97.2% direct versus 89% indirect). Advancement of the cannula and continued aspiration (success) into the trachea occurred in 67% for direct compared with 64% for indirect aspiration. Direct aspiration was associated with higher rates of lateral (10.3% versus 5.6%) and posterior (19.4% versus 13.9%) wall injury compared with the indirect 2‐operator technique.

Conclusion

Cannula tracheotomy in infant‐sized airways is technically difficult and seems frequently associated with tracheal wall injury. The reduced incidence of injury in the indirect group warrants further investigation in preclinical and clinical trials.
Safety risk associated with use of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs in Japanese elderly compared with younger patients with osteoarthritis and/or chronic low back pain: A retrospective database study
Authors: Togo Kanae , Ebata Nozomi , Yonemoto Naohiro , Abraham Lucy
Published: September 2021

Purpose

This study aimed to assess the safety risks associated with using nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in elderly patients (≥65 years) compared with younger patients (<65 years) with osteoarthritis (OA) and/or chronic low back pain (CLBP).

Methods

A retrospective analysis was conducted on anonymized claims data of patients prescribed NSAIDs for OA and/or CLBP from 2009 to 2018 using hospital‐based administrative database—Medical Data Vision (MDV). The key outcome was the incidence of developing gastrointestinal (GI), renal, and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) that are well‐known events associated with NSAID use.

Results

Of 288,715 patients included, 23.7%, 60.5%, and 15.8% had OA, CLBP, or both, respectively. Elderly patients used non‐oral NSAIDs more frequently than oral NSAIDs (57.8% and 38.7%, respectively), whereas younger patients showed comparable use (50.7% and 52.8%, respectively). The incidence of events per 10,000 person‐years (95% CI) was higher in the elderly than in younger patients: GI, 29.68(27.67–31.68) vs. 16.61(14.60–18.63); renal, 124.77(120.56–128.99) vs. 39.88(36.72–43.03); and AMI, 27.41(25.48–29.35) vs. 10.90(9.27–12.53), respectively. After adjusting for covariates, the increase in risk for these events was seen in patients >70 years compared with younger patients (18–30 years) and was remarkable in patients >80 years with 2‐fold, 10‐fold, and 7‐fold higher risk for developing GI, renal, and AMI events, respectively.

Conclusion

Risk for developing NSAID‐associated events was higher in the elderly; particularly, renal and AMI events that remarkably increased in patients >80 years. To reduce them, NSAIDs should be prescribed at the lowest effective dose for the shortest duration possible.
Observed physical activity among Latinx and White men and women on a new urban trail
Authors: Kraft Amber N. , Phan Jenny , Jones Kelly , Zenk Shannon N.
Published: September 2021

Objective

Despite efforts to increase physical activity through new green space infrastructure such as trails, disparities in physical activity may persist. The current study compared observed vigorous physical activity (VPA) engagement among White and Latinx men and women on a new urban trail, and whether engagement varied over time.

Design, sample, and measures

We used a modified System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC) methodology to determine observed race/ethnicity, gender, and physical activity level of trail users (n = 15,109).

Results

Logistic regression analyses revealed the odds of engaging in VPA were lower for Latina women than all other population subgroups (vs. White men: OR 0.19, CI 0.17–0.22; vs. White women: OR 0.48, CI 0.42–0.54, vs. Latino men: OR 0.23, CI 0.19–0.26). VPA engagement by White and Latina women increased across the study years (OR 1.31, CI 1.17–1.46; OR 1.36, CI 1.08–1.71, respectively) but did not differ significantly by year for White and Latino men.

Conclusion

Future efforts to address racial/ethnic‐gender disparities in VPA should take an intersectional approach to ensure that the needs of the most vulnerable population subgroups are properly accounted for.
Adverse childhood experiences among previously homeless African American women
Authors: Schmitt Marin , Dressel Anne , Del Carmen Graf Maria , Pittman Belinda , Deal Emily , Krueger Emma , Lopez Alexa A. , Kako Peninnah , Mkandawire‐Valhmu Lucy
Published: September 2021

Objective

To learn how adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) impacted the life course trajectory of formerly homeless and at‐risk African American women.

Design

Intersectionality and life course theory informed this qualitative pilot study, based on an instrumental case study design.

Sample

Forty previously homeless and at‐risk African American women, who were graduates from a long‐term transitional living facility in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

Measurements

Focus group interviews and one individual interview provided data about participants’ life experiences prior to, during, and following their time at the transitional living facility, which provided supportive wrap‐around services. Interviews were audiotaped, transcribed, and line‐by‐line thematic analysis was conducted to identify themes. Fifteen focus group participants also completed ACE questionnaires.

Results

Participants reported a high prevalence of multiple ACEs, and three themes were identified: childhood experiences with family conflict, childhood experiences of abuse, and negative coping mechanisms. One‐hundred percent of women had experienced at least one ACE, based on ACE questionnaire responses.

Conclusions

ACEs affect various parts of patient's lives as adults. For nurses and other healthcare professionals, connecting with community resources provides the opportunity to strategically approach health improvement with wrap‐around resources to improve health outcomes.
Community‐Based Participatory Research partnership with faith‐based organizations to address obesity and glucose control
Authors: Stokes Carmen , Wilson Kristi Jo
Published: September 2021

Objectives

To explore the lived (narrative) experience of obesity and/or diabetes mellitus within focus groups consisting of individuals and community support persons residing in Genesee County, Michigan.

Design

Qualitative study, using Community‐Based Participatory Research (CBPR) methodology to design and conduct focus group interviews.

Sample

Nineteen participants from faith‐based organizations (FBOs) in Genesee County (74.5% Caucasian, 3.0% Hispanic American).

Measurements

Semi‐structured narrative focus group interviews, using thematic coding and qualitative analysis software (Otter.com).

Results

Participants from diverse FBOs revealed barriers that prevent them from reaching their weight goals and preventing or controlling diabetes. A shared theme included the concern that providers do not actively inquire about patient concerns at appointments, and they fail to offer practical strategies beyond pharmaceutical interventions.

Conclusion

Focus group interviews with community residents revealed issues and barriers patients and their support persons face in health care experiences. Utilizing CBPR (methodology) is an opportunity for advanced practice nurses (health care professionals) to co‐create strategies and interventions with the community that can assist them in successfully reaching their weight loss and diabetes prevention goals.
Enterovirus board game for elementary school children: A pilot study
Authors: Chen Mei‐Fang , Wu Chia‐Shan , Tsai Chun‐Chin , Tsai Mu‐Yun
Published: September 2021

Objective

To evaluate the effect of an enterovirus board game on improving knowledge of enterovirus for elementary school children in Taiwan.

Design

A pilot study with a one‐group pretest‐posttest design.

Sample

Using convenience sampling, 27 children were recruited from a single elementary school in Taiwan in June 2020.

Measurements

Demographic data were collected and the children completed an enterovirus knowledge questionnaire. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, McNemar test, and Wilcoxon test.

Intervention

Each experimental group of four to five children participated in a 40‐min enterovirus board game.

Results

After using the board game, the children had significantly higher mean scores for enterovirus knowledge. Specifically, the children had a higher proportion of correct answers for seven questions related to enterovirus after playing the game compared to before.

Conclusions

Board games designed for elementary school‐aged children can support public health education and help prevent outbreaks of infectious diseases such as enterovirus.
Photogrammetric Record Microsoft Word Template
Authors: Author Arthur , Author Maria J. , Author S.
Published: September 2021

This is an example of an original article in the layout expected by The Photogrammetric Record. The abstract is a concise summary of the essential elements of the paper and should not contain detailed results. It should be no longer than 150 words. This template indicates how a paper submitted to the journal should be structured and formatted, including figures, tables, mathematics and references.
Monitoring virulence and sexual compatibility in Brazilian Bremia lactucae populations
Authors: Souza Larissa N. , Marin Marcus V. , Franco Carolina A. , Silva Edgard H. C. , Caprio Carlos H. , Panizzi Rita C. , Braz Leila T. , Lebeda Aleš
Published: September 2021

During the winter, there is a high occurrence of downy mildew on lettuce caused by Bremia lactucae. This oomycete shows variability in virulence, so understanding the genetic structure of the pathogen population becomes essential for obtaining resistant cultivars. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine sexual compatibility in Brazilian populations of B. lactucae and investigate the occurrence of sexual reproduction of the pathogen on lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and prickly lettuce (Lactuca serriola). Leaf samples were collected in 33 municipalities in seven Brazilian states. The virulence structure of the populations was monitored using the EU‐C sextet code. B. lactucae populations from the states of São Paulo, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, and Rio Grande do Sul shared six of the 15 virulence factors evaluated. Twenty‐five virulence phenotypes (v‐phenotypes) were found, with the sextet codes 31‐00‐02, 31‐16‐02, 31‐24‐02, and 31‐01‐02 being more frequent. The predominance of some v‐ phenotypes indicates that clonal reproduction is still the main form of B. lactucae propagation. The genes and resistance factors of the cultivars Argelès (Dm38), Balesta, and Bartoli are recommended as suitable sources of lettuce resistance in Brazil. Natural occurrence of oospores was detected in most sampled locations, in lettuce and prickly lettuce plants. Virulence variability of Brazilian isolates is the result of the pathogen's ability to reproduce both sexually and asexually, with a prevalence of homothallic isolates; although the majority were of the predominant B2 mating type, there was a high incidence of predominant B1 in addition to B1 = B2.
Hormonal crosstalk in regulating salinity stress tolerance in graminaceous crops
Authors: Choudhary Pooja , Pramitha Lydia , Rana Sumi , Verma Shubham , Aggarwal Pooja Rani , Muthamilarasan Mehanathan
Published: September 2021

Soil salinity is one of the major threats that pose challenges to global cereal productivity and food security. Cereals have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to circumvent stress at morpho‐physiological, biochemical, and molecular levels. Salt stress cues are perceived by the roots, which trigger the underlying signaling pathways that involve phytohormones. Each phytohormone triggers a specific signaling pathway integrated in a complex manner to produce antagonistic, synergistic, and additive responses. Phytohormones induce salt‐responsive signaling pathways to modulate various physiological and anatomical mechanisms, including cell wall repair, apoplastic pH regulation, ion homeostasis, root hair formation, chlorophyll content, and leaf morphology. Exogenous applications of phytohormones moderate the adverse effects of salinity and improve growth. Understanding the complex hormonal crosstalk in cereals under salt stress will advance the knowledge about cooperation or antagonistic mechanisms among hormones and their role in developing salt‐tolerant cereals to enhance the productivity of saline agricultural land. In this context, the present review focuses on the mechanisms of hormonal crosstalk that mediate the salt stress response and adaptation in graminaceous crops.
Identification and characterization of the AINV genes in five Gossypium species with potential functions of GhAINVs under abiotic stress
Authors: Lv Jiaoyan , Chen Baizhi , Ma Changkai , Qiao Kaikai , Fan Shuli , Ma Qifeng
Published: September 2021

Acid invertase (AINV) is a kind of sucrose hydrolase with an important role in plants. Currently, the AINV genes have not been systematically studied in cotton. In this study, a total of 92 AINV genes were identified in five cotton species. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the AINV proteins were divided into two subgroups in cotton: vacuolar invertase (VINV) and cell wall invertase (CWINV). The analysis of gene structures, conserved motifs, and three‐dimensional protein structures suggested that GhAINVs were significantly conserved. The synteny analysis showed that whole‐genome duplication was the main force promoting the expansion of the AINV gene family. The cis‐element, transcriptome, and quantitative real time‐polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) showed that some GhAINVs were possibly associated with stress response. GhCWINV4, highly expressed in PEG treatment, was cloned, and subsequent virus‐induced gene silencing assay confirmed that this gene was involved in the drought stress response. Overall, this study might be helpful for further analyzing the biological function of AINVs and provide clues for improving the resistance of cotton to stress.
The MADS‐box gene PpPI is a key regulator of the double‐flower trait in peach
Authors: Cai Yaming , Wang Lu , Ogutu Collins Otieno , Yang Qiurui , Luo Binwen , Liao Liao , Zheng Beibei , Zhang Ruoxi , Han Yuepeng
Published: September 2021

Double flower is an invaluable trait in ornamental peach, but the mechanism underlying its development remains largely unknown. Here, we report the roles of ABCE model genes in double flower development in peach. A total of nine ABCE regulatory genes, including eight MADS‐box genes and one AP2/EREBP gene, were identified in the peach genome. Subcellular localization assay showed that all the ABCE proteins were localized in the nucleus. Four genes, PpAP1, PpAP3, PpSEP3, and PpPI, showed a difference in expression levels between single and double flowers. Ectopic overexpression of PpPI increased petal number in Arabidopsis, while transgenic lines overexpressing PpAP3 or PpSEP3 were morphologically similar to wild‐type. Ectopic overexpression of PpAP1 resulted in a significant decrease in the number of basal leaves and caused early flowering. These results suggest that PpPI is likely crucial for double flower development in peach. In addition, double flowers have petaloid sepals and stamens, and single flower could occasionally change to be double flower by converting stamens to petals in peach, suggesting that the double‐flower trait is likely to have evolved from an ancestral single‐flower structure. Our results provide new insights into mechanisms underlying the double‐flower trait in peach.
Inorganic nitrogen uptake rate ofPicea asperatacurtailed by fine root acclimation to water and nitrogen supply and further by ectomycorrhizae
Authors: Xie Lulu , Zhou Xingmei , Liu Qinghua , Zhao Chunzhang , Yin Chunying
Published: September 2021

Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi colonization and function depend on soil water and nutrient supply. To study the effects of resource supply on ECM colonization and inorganic nitrogen (N) uptake by roots ofPicea asperataseedlings, we conducted a study at the end of a 5‐year long experiment consisting of five watering regimes (40, 50, 60, 80, and 100% of field capacity) and three NH4NO3application rates (0 [N0], 20 [N1], and 40 [N2] g N m−2 year−1). We measured fluxes of ammonium () and nitrate () into colonized and uncolonized roots using noninvasive microtest technology. We found that, across the N supply levels, ECM colonization rate increased by 53 ± 14% from the highest to the lowest level of water supply. Across the watering regimes, the fraction of mycorrhizal root tips was 39 ± 4% higher under native N supply compared to roots grown under N additions. As expected for conifers, both colonized and uncolonized roots absorbedat a higher rate than. N additions reduced the instantaneous ion uptake rates of uncolonized roots grown under low water supply but enhanced the fluxes into roots grown under sufficient soil water availability. Soil water supply improves inorganic N uptake by uncolonized roots but reduces the efficiency of colonized roots. Under the lowest water supply regime, the uptake rate ofandby colonized roots was 40–80% of those by uncolonized roots, decreasing to 20–30% as soil water supply improved. Taken together, our results suggest that the role ectomycorrhizae play in the nutrient acquisition ofP. asperataseedling likely diminishes with increasing availability of soil resources.
Comparative proteomics of Pinus–Fusarium circinatum interactions reveal metabolic clues to biotic stress resistance
Authors: Amaral Joana , Lamelas Laura , Valledor Luis , Castillejo María Ángeles , Alves Artur , Pinto Glória
Published: September 2021

Fusarium circinatum, causing pine pitch canker (PPC), affects conifers productivity and health worldwide. Selection and breeding for resistance arises as the most promising approach to fight PPC. Therefore, it is crucial to explore the response of hosts with varying levels of susceptibility to PPC to unveil the genes/pathways behind these phenotypes. We evaluated the dynamics of the needle proteome of a susceptible (Pinus radiata) and a relatively resistant (Pinus pinea) species upon F. circinatum inoculation by GeLC‐MS/MS. Integration with physiological data and validation of key genes by qPCR allowed to identify core pathways regulating these contrasting responses. In P. radiata, the pathogen may target both the secondary metabolism to negatively regulate immune response and chloroplast redox proteins to increase energy‐producing pathways for amino acid production in its favour. In contrast, chloroplast redox regulation may assure redox homeostasis in P. pinea, as well as nonenzymatic antioxidants. The presence of membrane trafficking‐related proteins exclusively in P. pinea likely explains its defence response against F. circinatum. A crosstalk between abscisic acid and epigenetic regulation of gene expression is also proposed in PPC response. These results are useful to support breeding programs aiming to achieve PPC resistance.
Leaf photosynthetic plasticity does not predict biomass responses to growth irradiance in rice
Authors: Chen Lin , Luo Wanzhen , Huang Jianliang , Peng Shaobing , Xiong Dongliang
Published: September 2021

Phenotypic plasticity, the capacity of an organism to generate alternative phenotypes in response to different environments, is a particularly important characteristic to enable sessile plants to adapt to rapid changes in their surroundings. Leaf anatomical and physiological traits exhibit plasticity in response to growth irradiances, but it is relatively unclear if the plasticity varies among genotypes for a species. Equally importantly, empirical results on how leaf‐level plasticity influences whole‐plant growth are largely absent. We conducted an integrated investigation into the light‐introduced plasticity by measuring 48 traits involving plant growth, leaf anatomy, leaf biochemistry, and leaf physiology of five rice genotypes grown under two irradiances. More than half of the estimated traits were significantly affected by growth light intensities, and the sizes of the cumulative effect of growth light ranged from −25.04% (stomatal conductance at high measurement light) to 135.2% (tiller number). Growth irradiance levels dramatically shifted the relationship between photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance. However, the relationship between photosynthetic rate and mesophyll conductance was rarely influenced by growth light levels. Importantly, the present study highlights the significant variation in trait plasticity across rice genotypes and that the light‐introduced biomass changes were rarely predicted by leaf photosynthetic plasticity. Our findings imply that the genotypes with high productivity at the low growth light conditions do not necessarily have high productivity under high light conditions.