bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous fault detection and control design for switched linear systems based on dynamic observer
Authors: Davoodi M.R. , Golabi A. , Talebi H.A. , Momeni H.R.
Published: December 2011

The problem of simultaneous fault detection and control (SFDC) for linear continuous‐time switched systems is addressed in this paper. An H ∞  formulation of the SFDC problem using dynamic observer is presented. In essence, a single unit called detector/controller depending on the system modes is designed, where the detector is a dynamic observer, and the controller is a state feedback controller based on the dynamic observer. It is shown that the dynamic observer can be used effectively to tackle the drawbacks of the existing methods of SFDC design. Extended linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) characterization is used to reduce the conservativeness by introducing additional matrix variables, so as to eliminate the coupling of Lyapunov matrices with the system matrices. Indeed, the idea presented in this paper is based on average dwell time and conservatism reduction approaches and applying the advantages of dynamic observers, which leads to some sufficient conditions for solvability of the SFDC problem in terms of LMI feasibility conditions. Simulation results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed design methodology. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A follow‐up study on men tested for BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations: impacts and coping processes
Authors: Shiloh Shoshana , Dagan Efrat , Friedman Irit , Blank Natalie , Friedman Eitan
Published: December 2011

Objective

The objective of this study was to examine cognitive, emotional, and behavioral impacts of testing for germline mutations in breast/ovarian cancer‐associated genes (BRCA1/BRCA2) among men who undergo genetic testing.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study compared 51 mutation carriers with 30 men who tested negative for the mutations in both genes. Telephone interviews were conducted with all participants at a median of 4 years after disclosure of test results in a genetic counseling context. Testing‐related distress, cancer risk perceptions, perceived behavioral changes following testing, and perceptions of breast cancer were measured using standard questionnaires.

Results

Up to 4 years postgenetic testing, 48% of those who tested positively report that the test increased their perceptions of risk, and 74% of them increased surveillance for cancer. Men who had been tested as non‐carriers did not report increased perceived risk (0%) and relatively few increased surveillance (31%). Carriers were significantly more distressed from testing, perceived breast cancer as having less consequences and emotional effects on the patient, and as being more treatable than non‐carriers.

Conclusions

These results have implications with regard to the Self Regulatory Theory. They show that (i) illness representations are affected by fear‐arousing health information; (ii) risk perceptions elicit health behaviors; and (iii) men tested for BRCA mutations have specific concerns that should be attended to. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ventilation effects on humidity measurements in thermometer screens
Authors: Harrison R. G. , Wood C. R.
Published: December 2011

Relative humidity (RH) measurements, as derived from wet‐bulb and dry‐bulb thermometers operated as a psychrometer within a thermometer screen, have limited accuracy because of natural ventilation variations. Standard RH calculations generally assume a fixed screen psychrometer coefficient, but this is too small during poor ventilation. By comparing a reference humidity probe—exposed within a screen containing a psychrometer—with wind‐speed measurements under controlled conditions, a wind‐speed correction for the screen psychrometer coefficient has been derived and is applicable when 2‐metre wind speeds fall below 3 m s−1. Applying this to hourly‐averaged data reduced the mean moist RH bias of the psychrometer (over the reference probe) from 1.2% to 0.4%, and reduced the interquartile range of the RH differences from 2.0% to 0.8%. This correction is particularly amenable to automatic measurement systems. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Bioinspired construction on aluminum alloy surfaces with stable super‐hydrophobicity and their resulting wettability
Authors: Yin B. , Fang L. , Tang A. Q. , Hu J. , Mao J. H. , Huang Q. L. , Bai G.
Published: December 2011

The bioinspired leaf‐like super‐hydrophobic surfaces on aluminum alloy were fabricated by means of a facile method using anodic oxidation. The surface morphologies, compositions, and wettability were investigated with SEM, XPS, and contact angle measurement, respectively. The SEM showed hierarchical microstructures and nanostructures, the static contact angle was about 167.7 ± 1.2°, and sliding angle was 5°. The super‐hydrophobic phenomenon of the prepared surface was analyzed with Cassie theory, and it is found that only about 3% of the water surface is contacted with the metal substrate and the remaining 97% is contacted with the air cushion. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New steel‐concrete connection for prefabricated composite bridges
Authors: Papastergiou Dimitrios , Lebet Jean‐Paul
Published: December 2011

An investigation of a new type of connection between precast concrete decks and steel girders, for composite steel‐concrete bridges, is being performed by the Steel Structures Laboratory, ICOM, of Ecole Polytechinque Fédéral de Lausanne, EPFL. The connection resists the loads by shear resistance between base materials. Hence, a fundamental part of the research focuses on the behaviour of the different confined interfaces of the connection, subjected to shear, static and fatigue loading. The confinement is a combined outcome of the kinematic law of the interfaces and the section geometry. Experimental investigation through a series of direct shear tests on confined interfaces has resulted in the development of failure criteria and constitutive and kinematic models describing the behaviour of the different interfaces. Those laws are used as an input for a model that simulates the connection behaviour. The model of the connection is validated by push‐out tests on large‐scale specimens. Finally, a composite beam has been tested under constant amplitude for five million cycles. A static test, following the fatigue sequence, has shown that the composite beam reaches its plastic moment capacity due to the sufficient ductility of the connection.

Neue Stahl‐Beton‐Verbindung für vorgefertigte StahlverbundbrüKen. Im Labor für Stahlkonstruktionen (ICOM) der Eidgenössischen Polytechnischen Hochschule Lausanne werden Untersuchungen für eine neue Verbindungsart zwischen Betonfertigteil‐Fahrbahn und Stahlträgern bei Stahlverbundbrücken durchgeführt. Die Verbindung nimmt die Beanspruchungen über den Schubwiderstand zwischen den Grundmaterialien auf. Daher konzentriert sich ein wesentlicher Teil der Forschung auf das Verhalten der verschiedenen, eingeschlossenen Verbundfugen, die Schubkräften und statischen und ermüdungswirksamen Beanspruchungen ausgesetzt sind. Die Zwängungsbeanspruchung ist ein kombiniertes Ergebnis der Kinematik der Verbundfugen und der Profilgeometrie. Experimentelle Forschung anhand einer Reihe von direkten Abscherversuchen an eingeschlossenen Verbundfugen führte zur Entwicklung von Versagenskriterien, Materialgesetzen und kinematischen Modellen zur Beschreibung des Verhaltens der verschiedenen Verbundfugen. Diese Gesetze werden als Eingangsgrößen für ein Modell verwendet, welches das Verhalten der unterschiedlichen Verbundfugen simuliert. Das Modell der Verbindung wird durch Push‐ Out‐Versuche an großen Prüfkörpern validiert. Abschließend ist ein Verbundträger unter konstanter Amplitude mit 5 Millionen Lastwechseln geprüft worden. Eine statische Prüfung der Resttragfähigkeit hat gezeigt, dass der Verbundträger die vollplastische Momententragfähigkeit aufgrund einer ausreichenden Duktilität der Verbindung erreicht.
Hubschrauberlandeplattform Universitätsklinikum Aachen
Authors: Sauerborn Norbert , Stengel Jochen
Published: December 2011

Neue europäische luftfahrtrechtliche Bestimmungen sowie der Wunsch nach einer bedeutenden Verkürzung des Transportweges von Notfallpatienten in die Notaufnahme erforderten am Universitätsklinikum Aachen einen neuen Hubschrauberlandeplatz in exponierter Lage. Eine aufregende architektonische Gestaltung, schwierige Montagerandbedingungen, der Einsatz unterschiedlicher Materialien und Bauarten, wie Stahlbau, Verbundbau, Fertigteilbau, eine Fassade teils aus textiler Bespannung und teils aus aufwändiger Blechkonstruktion, sowie besondere technische Ausstattungen machten das Projekt zu einer interessanten Planungs‐ und Bauaufgabe.

Helicopter base of Universitätsklinikum Aachen, Germany. New European aviation regulations and the request for a significant shortening of the transport route of emergency patients in the emergency department required a new helicopter base in a prominent location at the Universitätsklinikum Aachen. The very interesting design and construction tasks are due to an exciting architectural design, difficult assembly conditions, the use of different materials and types of construction such as steel, composite and precast construction, a façade partly from textile fibre and partly out of complex metal sheets as well as special technical facilities.
Die Revitalisierung des Glockenstuhls der Dresdener Kreuzkirche
Authors: Stroetmann Richard , Kuhnen Lea , Schneider Sven
Published: December 2011

Das Bronzegeläut der Dresdener Kreuzkirche aus dem Jahr 1899 gilt mit 28,5 t als eines der schwersten erhaltenen Großgeläute Deutschlands. Auf engstem Raum wird das fünfstimmige Geläut von einem stählernen Glockenstuhl getragen. Nach einer Begutachtung wurden dessen Schäden als so gravierend eingestuft, dass im März 2009 aus Sicherheitsgründen ein Läuteverbot erteilt wurde. Zudem vermutete man, dass durch den Glockenbetrieb erhebliche Rissschäden am Kirchturm entstanden waren. Im folgenden Beitrag werden nach einem geschichtlichen Rückblick und der Zustandsanalyse die Planungsschritte bis zur Revitalisierung des Glockenstuhls beschrieben.

The revitalization of the bell frame of the Dresdener Kreuzkirche, Germany. The bronze church bells of the Dresdener Kreuzkirche, dated from 1900, are some of the heaviest preserved in Germany. The steel frame of the fife‐voice peal is located in a bell chamber with a minimum of space. After an inspection of the steel structure the damages have been classified such as serious, that starting from the 9th of March 2009 bell ringing was forbidden. In addition it was suspected, that significant cracks at the church tower were caused by ringing. After an historical review and the analysis of current state the following article describes the planning stages up to the revitalization of the bell frame.
Control of cracking in composite bridge decks in regions in biaxial tension
Authors: Johnson Roger P.
Published: December 2011

Deck slabs of bridges of composite construction can in places be stressed in biaxial tension throughout their thickness. Rules for control of crack width in codes such as EN 1994‐2 are based on tests in uniaxial tension. Crack‐width measurements are reported from tests in 1977 on slabs in biaxial tension, acting as flanges of composite beams. A theoretical model for prediction of crack width is explained, and a method is given for applying the rules of EN 1994‐2 to biaxial tension. It gives results slightly more conservative than characteristic values deduced from the test results.

Rissbreitenbeschränkung in Bereichen unter zweiachsialer Zugbeanspruchung für Fahrbahnplatten von VerbundbrüKen. Fahrbahnplatten von Verbundbrücken können teilweise über ihre gesamte Dicke durch zweiachsiale Zugbeanspruchungen belastet werden. Regelungen zur Rissbreitenkontrolle in Normen wie EN 1994‐2 beruhen auf Versuchen unter einachsialer Beanspruchung. Zu Versuchen aus dem Jahr 1977 liegen Ergebnisse von Rissbreiten‐Messungen an Platten unter zweiachsialer Beanspruchung vor, bei denen die Platten als Gurte von Verbundträgern wirkten. Es wird ein theoretisches Modell zur Vorhersage von Rissbreiten erläutert und eine Methode zur Anwendung der Vorschriften der Norm EN 1994‐2 auf zweiachsige Zugbeanspruchung vorgestellt. Die Ergebnisse des Modells sind etwas konservativer als die charakteristischen Werte, die aus den Versuchen ermittelt wurden.
Membranwirkung von Verbunddecken bei Brand – Numerische Untersuchungen
Authors: Schaumann Peter , Sothmann Jörg , Mensinger Martin , Stadler Martin
Published: December 2011

Im Brandfall zeigen Verbundträger‐Decken‐Systeme ein gutmütiges Tragverhalten. Durch große Verformungen können Membrankräfte aktiviert und so Tragreserven genutzt werden. Nach derzeit in Deutschland geltenden Vorschriften kann dieses Tragverhalten im brandschutztechnischen Nachweis jedoch nicht ohne Weiteres berücksichtigt werden. Es ist Stand der Technik, dass das Gesamttragwerk gedanklich in einzelne Bauteile zerlegt wird und diese einzeln brandschutztechnisch nachgewiesen werden. Im System werden einige Nebenträger im Brandfall jedoch nicht zum Lastabtrag benötigt. Sie könnten dementsprechend gegen eine Brandeinwirkung ungeschützt ausgeführt werden. In Großbritannien und der Schweiz wird die Membranwirkung von Verbunddecken im Brandfall mit dem Verfahren nach Bailey ([1] bis [5]) bereits genutzt. Um das Verfahren auch in Deutschland anwenden zu können, bedarf es noch einiger eingehender Untersuchungen. Im Rahmen eines gemeinsamen Forschungsvorhabens des Lehrstuhls für Metallbau der Technischen Universität München und des Instituts für Stahlbau der Leibniz Universität Hannover werden diesbezüglich Untersuchungen durchgeführt. Das Projekt wird vom DASt und der AiF gefördert. In [6] wurde der Stand der Technik und die Idee der Membranwirkung allgemein bereits vorgestellt. In [7] sind die Versuchsaufbauten und Ergebnisse näher beschrieben worden. Dieser Beitrag konzentriert sich auf die numerischen Untersuchungen im Rahmen des Forschungsprojektes.

Membrane action of composite slabs in fire – Numerical investigation. In case of fire composite beam slab systems show a very good behaviour. Due to large deformations membrane forces are activated inside the slab and thus, load bearing capacity reserves can be used. German building regulations divide the supporting structure in fictive structural members. Each member must fulfil the requirements even though it is not necessary for the load transfer in the system. Secondary beams are not necessary at elevated temperatures and can be left unprotected. In Great Britain and Switzerland membrane action is already used to design slab systems in fire ([1] to [5]). To enable such design rules in Germany further investigations are required. For this reason a research project was initiated by the authors. The project is supported by the DASt and AiF. In [6] the state of research and the idea of membrane action are already described. The experimental set‐up and results are shown in [7]. In this paper the numerical investigations of the project are presented.
Vorschläge für eine neue Stahlbau‐Profilreihe für Kranbahnträger
Authors: Weber Tim
Published: December 2011

Die statische Berechnung von Kranbahnträgern verlangt bereits für geringe Kranbahnträgerbelastungen unverhältnismäßig große Querschnitte für die Doppel T‐Träger. Das wiederum ergibt die eindeutige Aussage, dass mit dieser Stahlbau‐Profilreihe keine optimierbaren Querschnitte bei anzustrebender Grundforderung nach minimaler Eigenmasse erzielbar sind. Im Folgenden wird eine eigenständige Stahlbau‐Profilreihe für Kranbahnträger vorgeschlagen. In der Praxis wäre es somit für den Bau von Kranbahntragwerken in Abhängigkeit von Belastung und Kranbahnlänge möglich, den benötigten Querschnitt aus dieser neuen Stahlbau‐Profilreihe auszuwählen und damit die erforderliche Eigenmasse signifikant zu reduzieren. Auch für den Stahlhochbau würden sich Einsatzmöglichkeiten für diese Stahlbau‐Profilreihe ergeben. Ihre Querschnittsformen sind in den Bildern 1 und 2 dargestellt.

Eine Patentanmeldung für die genannte neue Stahlbau‐Profilreihe liegt dem Deutschen Patent‐ und Markenamt bereits vor [1]. Es wird angestrebt, das bestehende Prioritätsdatum der deutschen Patentanmeldung zu nutzen und die eingereichte Patentbeschreibung auf eine europäische oder internationale PCT‐Anmeldung auszuweiten.
Verformungsverhalten von Slim‐Floor Trägern
Authors: Hauf Gunter , Kuhlmann Ulrike
Published: December 2011

Verbundflachdeckenträger (Slim‐Floor Träger) werden aufgrund der vergleichsweise großen Schlankheit in sehr vielen Fällen durch den Verformungsnachweis bestimmt. Das Verformungsverhalten dieser Träger wird hierbei maßgeblich durch die große Biegesteifigkeit des Betongurtes und dessen Rissbildung im Feldbereich, für durchlaufende Trägersysteme auch im Stützbereich, beeinflusst. Rechnerisch spiegelt sich die Biegsteifigkeit in der angenommenen mittragenden Breite des Betongurtes wider. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird daher das experimentelle und analytische Verformungsverhalten von Slim‐Floor Trägern unter Berücksichtigung der Biegetragwirkung und der Rissbildung des Betongurtes untersucht. Auf Basis von Versuchen und den Ergebnissen einer umfangreichen Parameterstudie mit einem neuen analytischen Berechnungsmodell wird ein Vorschlag zur quasi‐elastischen Verformungsberechnung entwickelt, mit dessen Hilfe eine realistische Durchbiegungsberechnung von Slim‐Floor Trägern als ein‐ und zweifeldrige Systeme möglich ist.

Deflection behaviour of slim‐floor girders. Due to the high slenderness of this construction type composite slim‐floor sections are often determined by the deflection design. The girder deflection is mainly influenced by the bending stiffness of the concrete chord as well as the cracking behaviour in the span and for continuous girder also at the support area. For the calculated girder stiffness and deflection the assumed effective width of the concrete chord is of importance. Therefore the present paper deals with investigations on the deflection behaviour of slim‐floor girders taking into account the bending state and the cracking of the concrete. Based on experimental investigations the analysis of results of a wide‐ranging parametric study by means of a new analytical non‐linear calculation model leads among others to a proposal for a quasi‐elastic calculation method of the deflections of single span and two span slim‐floor girders.
Novel approaches for drug delivery systems in nanomedicine: effects of particle design and shape
Authors: Daum Nicole , Tscheka Clemens , Neumeyer Andrea , Schneider Marc
Published: December 2011

The identification of novel drug candidates for the treatment of diseases like cancer, infectious diseases, or allergies (especially asthma) assigns new tasks for pharmaceutical technology. With respect to drug delivery several problems occur such as low solubility and hence low bioavailability or restriction to inconvenient routes of administration. Nanotechnological approaches promise to circumvent some of these problems, therefore being well suited for future applications as nanomedicines. Furthermore, efficient and sufficient loading is a critical issue that is approached through mesoporous particles and/or through nonspherical particles both offering larger volumes and surfaces. Special interest is laid on the effect of shape of particulate materials on the body and related physiological mechanisms. The modified response of biological systems on different shapes opens a new dimension to adjust particle system interaction. Finally, the biological response to these systems will determine the fate with respect to their therapeutic value. Therefore, the interaction pattern between nonspherical particulate materials and biological systems as well as the production processes are highlighted. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2012, 4:52–65. doi: 10.1002/wnan.165

This article is categorized under:

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies

Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology
Diagnosis of Fragile X Syndrome: A Qualitative Study of African American Families
Authors: Visootsak Jeannie , Charen Krista , Rohr Julia , Allen Emily , Sherman Stephanie
Published: December 2011

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is an inherited genetic condition with critical consequences to the proband and family members at all levels in the generations. Although evidence demonstrates that the rates of diagnosis for FXS are the same in all racial groups, age of diagnosis in African American children has been reported to occur later than in Caucasian children. Additionally, African American families are seriously under‐represented in existing FXS research studies. As such, it is important to understand the possible disparities in the underlying factors to receiving a diagnosis in African American families with FXS. Herein, a qualitative approach was adopted to describe the overall FXS diagnosis experiences (pre‐diagnosis, diagnosis, and post‐diagnosis stages) of a convenience sample of 10 African American mothers. We identified three major findings among our participants: (1) FXS testing is not ordered immediately once a parent expresses concerns of developmental delays to the pediatricians, (2) the diagnosis is sometimes delivered in an insensitive manner with information often being outdated and unbalanced towards negative aspects, (3) communication issues among family members exists once the diagnosis is discovered. Although these qualitative data may not be representative of the whole group, these findings have significant implications for genetic counseling and our understanding in providing support and advocacy for African American families with FXS.
Future of Psychometrics: Ask What Psychometrics Can Do for Psychology
Authors: Sijtsma Klaas
Published: December 2011

I address two issues that were inspired by my work on the Dutch Committee on Tests and Testing (COTAN). The first issue is the understanding of problems test constructors and researchers using tests have of psychometric knowledge. I argue that this understanding is important for a field, like psychometrics, for which the dissemination of psychometric knowledge among test constructors and researchers in general is highly important. The second issue concerns the identification of psychometric research topics that are relevant for test constructors and test users but in my view do not receive enough attention in psychometrics. I discuss the influence of test length on decision quality in personnel selection and quality of difference scores in therapy assessment, and theory development in test construction and validity research. I also briefly mention the issue of whether particular attributes are continuous or discrete.
Applying evolutionary computation to mitigate uncertainty in dynamically-adaptive, high-assurance middleware
Authors: McKinley Philip K. , Cheng Betty H. C. , Ramirez Andres J. , Jensen Adam C.
Published: December 2011

In this paper, we explore the integration of evolutionary computation into the development and run-time support of dynamically-adaptable, high-assurance middleware. The open-ended nature of the evolutionary process has been shown to discover novel solutions to complex engineering problems. In the case of high-assurance adaptive software, however, this search capability must be coupled with rigorous development tools and run-time support to ensure that the resulting systems behave in accordance with requirements. Early investigations are reviewed, and several challenging problems and possible research directions are discussed.
Transient Taylor–Aris dispersion for time-dependent flows in straight channels
Authors: Vedel Søren , Bruus Henrik
Published: December 2011

Taylor–Aris dispersion, the shear-induced enhancement of solute diffusion in the flow direction of the solvent, has been studied intensely in the past half century for the case of steady flow and single-frequency pulsating flows. Here, combining Aris’s method of moments with Dirac’s bra–ket formalism, we derive an expression for the effective solute diffusivity valid for transient Taylor–Aris dispersion in any given time-dependent, multi-frequency solvent flow through straight channels. Our theory shows that the solute dispersion may be greatly enhanced by the time-dependent parts of the flow, and it explicitly reveals how the dispersion coefficient depends on the external driving frequencies of the velocity field and the internal relaxation rates for mass and momentum diffusion. Although applicable to any type of fluid, we restrict the examples of our theory to Newtonian fluids, for which we both recover the known results for steady and single-frequency pulsating flows, and find new, richer structure of the dispersion as function of system parameters in multi-frequency systems. We show that the effective diffusivity is enhanced significantly by those parts of the time-dependent velocity field that have frequencies smaller than the fluid momentum diffusion rate and the solute diffusion rate.
Excavations at the Cistercian Abbey of Vale Royal, Cheshire, 1958
Authors: Thompson F. H.
Published: December 2011

The Cistercian abbey of Vale Royal was, as the name implies, a royal foundation and as such will be included among the buildings described in the forthcoming Ministry of Works publication, A History of The King's Works. In April 1958 Mr. H. M. Colvin approached the writer with a view to arranging the excavation of the east end of the abbey church and so completing the plan, much of which had been obtained by excavation in 1911–12. The project received the enthusiastic support of I.C.I. Salt Division, which had its offices in the present mansion of Vale Royal, and indeed it is true to say that without their very generous provision of labour, equipment, and other facilities no excavation would have taken place. It was hoped that a comparatively short campaign would suffice but in the event the excavation continued from June to December 1958; the complexity of the plan and the wholesale robbing of walls to foundation level or lower meant that an area excavation proved necessary instead of the selective trenching which had been intended.
Historiated Tudor Jewellery
Authors: Tait Hugh
Published: December 2011

Dr. Joan Evans wrote in 1953 in her book The History of Jewellery: ‘While it may exceptionally be possible to name the patron who ordered a Renaissance jewel, it is nearly always impossible to determine its nationality, except on purely stylistic grounds.’ It is precisely into these difficult waters I wish to venture, in order to clarify, in the light of the evidence of several newly discovered jewels, what kind of historiated jewellery the English goldsmith was creating for his rich patrons in the second and third quarters of the sixteenth century. The field in this paper is restricted to gold work executed in relief and covered with enamels, translucent and opaque—a technique commonly called ‘encrusted enamelling’. This restriction is due partly to the accident of survival and partly to the fact that the sculptural affinities, together with the iconographic and stylistic aspects of this group, offer a firmer basis for the determining of a national style. England in the first two decades of the sixteenth century was just beginning to see and feel the effects of the Italian Renaissance style in the Arts, and this is reflected in the minor applied art of the English goldsmith in the following years.
‘The Modern Magic Carpet’: Wireless radio in interwar colonial Singapore
Authors: AI LIN CHUA
Published: December 2011

Wireless radio broadcasting in colonial Singapore began with amateur organizations in the early 1920s, followed by commercial ventures and, finally, the establishment of a monopoly state broadcasting station. Listeners followed local broadcasting as well as international short wave radio. Both participants in and the content of radio reflected the multiracial, cosmopolitan make-up of a colonial port city which functioned through the lingua franca of English. The manner in which early broadcasting developed in Singapore sheds light on the creation of different imagined communities and the development of civil society. There was an increasing presence of non-Europeans, women, and youth, many of whom were drawn by the mystique of this new technology. Wireless radio also brought about a transformation in the public soundscape. These themes contribute to our understanding of the global history of radio as well as the nature of colonial societies within the British empire.
Jesus Barabbas, a Nominal Messiah? Text and History in Matthew 27.16–17
Authors: Moses Robert E.
Published: December 2011

This article examines the textual arguments offered for and against the reading Jesus Barabbas in Matthew 27.16–17. While siding with the position that the longer reading, Jesus Barabbas, stood in the original text of Matthew's Gospel, this article argues against the tendency of scholars to deduce from the longer reading that a historical figure called ‘Jesus’ with the patronymic ‘Barabbas’ was released by Pilate, and that this man's name was suppressed by Christian tradition out of reverence for the name Jesus.
Response of guanacosLama guanicoeto changes in land management in Península Valdés, Argentine Patagonia: conservation implications
Authors: Burgi María Virginia , Marino Andrea , Rodríguez María Victoria , Pazos Gustavo , Baldi Ricardo
Published: December 2011

The guanacoLama guanicoewas the only large native herbivore widely distributed across Patagonia until the introduction of domestic sheepOvis aries. Guanacos have declined because of competition with sheep for forage, high hunting pressure and habitat degradation. Península Valdés is a protected area where sheep ranching is the predominant activity. A ranch formerly dedicated to sheep production was converted into a private wildlife reserve, from which all the sheep were removed in 2005. We studied changes in guanaco abundance inside and outside the reserve after sheep removal, and also plant cover of various vegetation types. We found that guanaco abundance was higher inside than outside the reserve, and increased by three-fold within 3 years. Total plant cover and grass cover were higher inside than outside the reserve. Our results showed that guanacos reacted rapidly to changes in management, and suggest that even at a high density guanacos would not be as damaging to the vegetation as sheep. Although management changes resulted in significant changes in guanaco abundance locally, the size of a protected area influences the persistence of wild populations. A large herbivore such as the guanaco needs to be managed across large areas. We believe it is necessary to implement a management plan for Península Valdés that allows for the coexistence of sustainable livestock production and healthy wildlife populations.
Range-wide declines of a key Neotropical ecosystem architect, the Near Threatened white-lipped peccaryTayassu pecari
Authors: Altrichter Mariana , Taber Andrew , Beck Harald , Reyna-Hurtado Rafael , Lizarraga Leonidas , Keuroghlian Alexine , Sanderson Eric W.
Published: December 2011

We report a range-wide status assessment of a key Neotropical ecosystem architect, the white-lipped peccaryTayassu pecari, categorized as Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List, using published information and unpublished data from 41 scientists in 15 range countries. We estimate that the white-lipped peccary has been extirpated in 21% of its historical range over the last 100 years, with reduced abundance and a low to medium probability of long-term survival in another 48% of its current range. We found major range declines in Argentina, Paraguay, southern Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, north-east Brazil, Mexico and Costa Rica. This species is particularly at risk in more xeric ecosystems, especially the caatinga, cerrado and pampas. Hunting and habitat destruction are the most severe threats, although there are also unexplained sudden die-offs suggestive of disease. We evaluate our results in light of this species’ important interspecific interactions and its role as an ecosystem architect. One of our recommendations is that conservation efforts should focus on landscape conservation of large, continuous and ecologically intact areas containing a mosaic of different habitat types.
Subject–verb agreement in Specific Language Impairment: A study of monolingual and bilingual German-speaking children
Authors: ROTHWEILER MONIKA , CHILLA SOLVEIG , CLAHSEN HARALD
Published: December 2011

This study investigates phenomena that have been claimed to be indicative of Specific Language Impairment (SLI) in German, focusing on subject–verb agreement marking. Longitudinal data from fourteen German-speaking children with SLI, seven monolingual and seven Turkish–German successive bilingual children, were examined. We found similar patterns of impairment in the two participant groups. Both the monolingual and the bilingual children with SLI had correct (present vs. preterit) tense marking and produced syntactically complex sentences such as embedded clauses and wh-questions, but were limited in reliably producing correct agreement-marked verb forms. These contrasts indicate that agreement marking is impaired in German-speaking children with SLI, without any necessary concurrent deficits in either the CP-domain or in tense marking. Our results also show that it is possible to identify SLI from an early successive bilingual child's performance in one of her two languages.
Guest Editor's Preface: Germanic Languages and Migration in North America
Authors: Horner Kristine
Published: December 2011

The movement of people and their languages on an unprecedented scale has been exerting increasing pressure on the model of the nation state and the ideal of socially and linguistically homogeneous societies. Sociolinguists analyzing recent changes in language policies and citizenship legislation have focused on the global-local interface, as well as issues of territoriality and group membership, thus connecting with cultural geographers and anthropologists who study the relationship between language and senses of place. Although frequently regarded as the domain of linguistics, language policies and practices are inseparable from issues of power and identity. Scholarly investigations have demonstrated the need to view the dynamics of language contact in relation to “external” linguistic dimensions that are central to the field of sociology, including social class, gender, and ethnicity, together with acts of compliance with or resistance to social and linguistic norms.
Germans from Different Places: Constructing a German Space in Urban Canada
Authors: Dailey-O'Cain Jennifer , Liebscher Grit
Published: December 2011

This paper deals with the role of the distinction between Germans from speech islands (the so-calledVolksdeutsche) and Germans from Germany (the so-calledReichsdeutsche) in conceptualizing the German community in urban Canada. First, 64 interviews with members of this community were analyzed for stretches of talk in which that distinction was made relevant. Then, a subset of these was chosen for the analysis presented here. Our analysis of these six excerpts employs both conversation analysis and positioning theory in order to show how participants draw on various aspects of place, ethnicity, and time in constructing a German space in Canada and their own ethnic identities in connection with it.*
Prescribing institutions: Explaining the evolution of physician dispensing
Authors: EGGLESTON KAREN
Published: December 2011

Health systems provide a rich field for testing hypotheses of institutional economics. The incentive structure of current healthcare delivery systems have deep historical and cultural roots, yet must cope with rapid technological change as well as market and government failures. This paper applies the economic approach of comparative and historical institutional analysis (Aoki, 2001; Greif, 2006) to health care systems by conceptualizing physician control over dispensing revenues as a social institution. The theory developed – emphasizing the interplay between cultural beliefs, interest groups, technological change, insurance expansion and government financing – offers a plausible explanation of reforms since the 1960s separating prescribing from dispensing in societies such as Japan, South Korea, Taiwan and China. Technological change and adoption of universal coverage trigger reforms by greatly increasing the social opportunity costs of physician over-prescribing and reshaping the political economy of forces impinging on the doctor–patient relationship.
Wie psychisch belastet fühlen sich Jugendliche mit selbstverletzendem Verhalten?
Authors: Rauber Rachel , Hefti Stephanie , In-Albon Tina , Schmid Marc
Published: December 2011

In den letzten Jahren wurden zahlreiche Prävalenzstudien zum selbstverletzenden Verhalten bei Heranwachsenden in unterschiedlichen Ländern veröffentlicht. Aus der Schweiz liegen jedoch keine belastbaren Zahlen vor. Kritisch ist bei der Vielzahl der Studien anzumerken, dass sich diese oft auf ein „einfaches“ Feststellen der Prävalenz beschränken und kaum Hinweise für eine effektive Frühintervention geben. Im Rahmen einer epidemiologischen Fragebogenuntersuchung im Kanton Basel-Stadt wurden 447 Schüler (M = 14.95 Jahre, SD = 0.74, 52 % männlich) untersucht. Neben der Erfassung der Form und Art der Selbstverletzung wurde auch die psychische Belastung der Schüler erfasst. Es sollte überprüft werden, wie viele Selbstverletzer sich im Screening für psychische Störungen (SPS-J) als psychisch belastet beschreiben. 61 (13.6 %) Jugendliche gaben an, sich bereits mindestens einmal selbstverletzt zu haben. 29 (6.4 %) haben sich im letzten Monat selbst verletzt, 4 davon häufiger als viermal. Die Ergebnisse bestätigten die hohen Prävalenzraten für selbstverletzendes Verhalten. Interessant ist, dass Selbstverletzer im Schnitt zwar wesentlich höhere Werte im SPS-J erzielten, sich aber bei weitem nicht alle als psychisch auffällig beschrieben (18 von 61 selbstverletzenden Jugendlichen erzielten unauffällige Werte). Für eine effektivere Identifikation sollten daher Fragen zum selbstverletzenden Verhalten in psychopathologische Screeningfragebögen integriert werden, um diese Symptomatik adäquat abbilden zu können. Die Ergebnisse und die hohen Prävalenzen legen nahe, dass verschiedene Subgruppen von Selbstverletzern existieren, die passgenaue Hilfen für ihre Symptomatik benötigen.
Gesundheitsbezogene Lebensqualität und soziale Unterstützung von Kindern psychisch kranker Eltern
Authors: Wiegand-Grefe Silke , Werkmeister Sina , Bullinger Monika , Plass Angela , Petermann Franz
Published: December 2011

Eine psychische Erkrankung der Eltern kann Beeinträchtigungen im Wohlergehen ihrer Kinder zur Folge haben, die mit einer schlechteren gesundheitsbezogenen Lebensqualität einhergehen. Aktuelle Studien belegen eine schlechtere gesundheitsbezogene Lebensqualität dieser Kinder als die der Normalbevölkerung. Etwa ein Drittel der Familien mit psychisch kranken Eltern erleben auch eine mangelhafte soziale Unterstützung. Im Projekt CHIMPs (Children of mentally ill parents) wurde ein Interventionsprogramm entwickelt und manualisiert, das unter anderem auf die Verbesserung der gesundheitsbezogenen Lebensqualität der Kinder und eine verbesserte soziale Unterstützung abzielt. Die Befunde dieser Studie (n=53 Interventionsgruppe; n=14 Wartelistenkontrollgruppe) belegen Verbesserungen der gesundheitsbezogenen Lebensqualität und der sozialen Unterstützung nach der Intervention im Vergleich zu einer Wartelistenkontrollgruppe, die über ein Jahr stabil bleiben. Mit diesen Befunden liegen im deutschsprachigen Raum erstmals Evaluationsergebnisse vor, die die Angemessenheit gezielter Interventionen für diese Kinder belegen.
Transformational-Transactional Leadership Styles and Followers’ Regulatory Focus
Authors: Hamstra Melvyn R. W. , Van Yperen Nico W. , Wisse Barbara , Sassenberg Kai
Published: December 2011

Individuals’ willingness to remain in their organizations contributes to workforce stability and organizational effectiveness. Working from the notion that different leadership styles encourage followers to self-regulate in distinct ways, we propose regulatory fit between leadership styles and followers’ self-regulatory preferences may reduce followers’ turnover intentions. Corroborating our reasoning, a survey study showed transformational leadership reduced turnover intentions for highly promotion-focused followers, whereas transactional leadership reduced turnover intentions for highly prevention-focused followers. Thus, tailoring leadership to followers’ self-regulatory preferences may contribute to workforce stability and organizational effectiveness.
A novel approach for micro‐scale characterization and modeling of geomaterials incorporating actual material heterogeneity
Authors: Mahabadi O. K. , Randall N. X. , Zong Z. , Grasselli G.
Published: December 2011

The mechanical response of geomaterials is highly influenced by geometrical and material heterogeneity. To date, most modeling practices consider heterogeneity qualitatively and their choice of input parameters can be subjective. In this study, a novel approach to combine a detailed micro‐scale characterization with modeling of heterogeneous geomaterials is presented. By conducting grid micro‐indentation and micro‐scratch tests, the instrumented indentation modulus and fracture toughness of the constituent phases of a crystalline rock were obtained and used as accurate input parameters for the numerical models. Additionally, X‐ray micro Computed Tomography (CT) was used to obtain the spatial distribution of minerals, and thin section analysis was performed to quantify the microcrack density. Finally, a Brazilian disc test was modeled using a Combined Finite‐Discrete element method (FEM/DEM) code. Compared with the laboratory results of a sample that was initially CT scanned, the simulation results showed that by incorporating accurate micromechanical input parameters and the intrinsic rock geometric features such as spatial phase heterogeneity and microcracks, the numerical simulation could more accurately predict the mechanical response of the specimen, including the fracture patterns and tensile strength. It is believed that the proposed micromechanical approach for evaluating the material properties and the sample geometry can be readily applied to other problems to accurately model the mechanical behavior of heterogeneous geomaterials.
The quasi 2 day wave and spatial‐temporal variability of the OH emission and ionosphere
Authors: Pedatella N. M. , Forbes J. M.
Published: December 2011

The quasi 2 day wave (QTDW) during January 2006 is investigated using Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) observations of OH airglow and temperature in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) and CHAMP in situ electron density observations at an altitude of ∼360 km. The zonal structure of the QTDW during early 2006 in the Southern Hemisphere MLT and low‐latitude ionosphere is dominated by westward propagating zonal wave number 3 (W3) and eastward propagating zonal wave number 2 (E2) components. However, the observed longitude variability is not fully described by the E2 and W3 components of the QTDW. The remaining longitude variability is attributed to the presence of nonmigrating tides and secondary waves generated by the nonlinear interaction of the QTDW with migrating tides. The nonmigrating tides are a combination of those that are generated in situ by QTDW‐tide nonlinear interactions and those of tropospheric origin that propagate upward into the MLT. The results presented demonstrate that nonmigrating tides and secondary waves are of considerable importance for determining the total longitude variability during periods of enhanced QTDW activity. The general similarity between the QTDW in OH airglow and temperature indicates that variations in atomic oxygen concentrations due to vertical winds during the QTDW are the primary driver of the QTDW in the OH airglow emission. However, there are some differences in the OH airglow and temperature that we consider to be connected to changes in eddy diffusion due to changes in gravity waves during the QTDW. Last, although similar zonal structure of the QTDW is observed in the ionosphere, the observed longitude variations are not well represented by the QTDW components, indicating that nonmigrating tides play a critical role in determining longitudinal variability in the ionosphere during the QTDW. The importance of nonmigrating tides in the ionosphere may be related to the relative efficiency of the QTDW and different nonmigrating tides in the generation of electric fields.
Observation of rogue wave holes in a water wave tank
Authors: Chabchoub A. , Hoffmann N. P. , Akhmediev N.
Published: December 2011

Rogue waves in the ocean can take two forms. One form is an elevated wall of water that appears and disappears locally. Another form is a deep hole between the two crests on the surface of water. The latter one can be considered as an inverted profile of the former. For holes, the depth from crest to trough can reach more than twice the significant wave height. That allows us to consider them as rogue events. The existence of rogue holes follow from theoretical analysis but has never been proven experimentally. Here, we present the results confirming the existence of rogue wave holes on the water surface observed in a water wave tank.
Understanding intersatellite biases of microwave humidity sounders using global simultaneous nadir overpasses
Authors: John Viju O. , Holl Gerrit , Buehler Stefan A. , Candy Brett , Saunders Roger W. , Parker David E.
Published: December 2011

Simultaneous nadir overpasses (SNOs) of polar‐orbiting satellites are most frequent in polar areas but can occur at any latitude when the equatorial crossing times of the satellites become close owing to orbital drift. We use global SNOs of polar orbiting satellites to evaluate the intercalibration of microwave humidity sounders from the more frequent high‐latitude SNOs. We have found based on sensitivity analyses that optimal distance and time thresholds for defining collocations are pixel centers less than 5 km apart and time differences less than 300 s. These stringent collocation criteria reduce the impact of highly variable surface or atmospheric conditions on the estimated biases. Uncertainties in the estimated biases are dominated by the combined radiometric noise of the instrument pair. The effects of frequency changes between different versions of the humidity sounders depend on the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere. There are significant scene radiance and thus latitude dependencies in the estimated biases and this has to taken into account while intercalibrating microwave humidity sounders. Therefore the results obtained using polar SNOs will not be representative for moist regions, necessitating the use of global collocations for reliable intercalibration.