bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thermal resistance of Listeria monocytogenes and background microbiota in unsalted and 10% salted liquid egg yolk
Authors: Huang Lihan
Published: May 2019

Listeria monocytogenes is a major foodborne pathogen that may contaminate liquid egg yolk (LEY). A background microbiota, purified and identified as Enterococcus faecium with a 99.0% probability, was found in pasteurized unsalted LEY. This study was conducted to investigate the thermal resistance of L. monocytogenes and the background microbiota in unsalted and 10% salted LEY at temperatures between 55 and 67.5°C. Both Weibull model and linear survival model were used to analyze the survival curves. Data analysis showed that the thermal resistance of E. faecium was not affected by the addition of 10% salt in LEY, and it was almost two orders in magnitude higher than that of L. monocytogenes in unsalted LEY. Adding 10% salt to LEY significantly elevated the thermal resistance of L. monocytogenes to the level of E. faecium. It can be concluded that the heating conditions used to inactivate L. monocytogenes or Salmonella Enteritidis would not be able to kill E. faecium if it is found in unsalted LEY, while similar heating conditions can be used to kill both L. monocytogenes and E. faecium in 10% salted LEY. The results of this study may be used to design adequate heating conditions to inactivate L. monocytogenes and E. faecium in LEY.

Practical applications

Salted liquid egg yolk (LEY) contaminated with L. monocytogenes may require higher temperature or longer time to process. This study determined the thermal processing conditions that may be required to inactivate L. monocytogenes. The results attained from this study may be useful to the food industry that uses 10% salted LEY in the products.
DEK43 is a P‐type pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) protein responsible for the Cis‐splicing of nad4 in maize mitochondria
Authors: Ren Ru Chang , Wang Li Li , Zhang Lin , Zhao Ya Jie , Wu Jia Wen , Wei Yi Ming , Zhang Xian Sheng , Zhao Xiang Yu
Published: May 2019

Mitochondria, the main energy transducers in plant cells, require the proper assembly of respiratory chain complexes I–V for their function. The NADH dehydrogenase 4 (nad4) gene encodes mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I subunit IV, but the mechanism underlying nad4 transcript splicing is unclear. Here, we report that the P‐type pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) protein DEFECTIVE KERNEL 43 (DEK43) is responsible for cis‐splicing of the nad4 transcript in maize. We demonstrate that DEK43 localizes to both the nucleus and mitochondria. The mutation of Dek43 resulted in embryo‐lethal and light‐colored defective kernels. Among the 22 mitochondrial group II introns, the splicing efficiency of nad4 introns 1 and 3 was reduced by up to 50% compared to the wild type. The levels of complex I and supercomplex I+III2 were also reduced in dek43. Furthermore, in‐gel NADH dehydrogenase assays indicated that the activities of these complexes were significantly reduced in dek43. Further, the mitochondrial ultrastructure was altered in the mutant. Together, our findings indicate that DEK43, a dual‐localized PPR protein, plays an important role in maintaining mitochondrial function and maize kernel development.
Novel topical dermal repair: A clinical analysis
Authors: Yeh Lindsey C. , Gonzalez Noelani , Goldberg David J.
Published: May 2019

Background

There is an increasing interest in and demand for noninvasive anti‐aging treatments, and cosmeceuticals are an effective adjunct treatment to in‐office cosmetic treatments.

Objective

This study evaluates the short‐term cosmetic benefits of a topical anti‐wrinkle cream (Ultrascript Dermal Regenesis, Montclair, NJ) and a topical evening DNA repair serum (Dermal DNA Repair Serum with the active ingredient AC‐11 from Optigenex INC).

Methods

Fourteen women of all Fitzpatrick skin types were randomized to receive either the topical anti‐wrinkle cream (AM cream) only or the AM cream and the topical evening DNA repair serum (PM serum) for 16 weeks. Subjects noted their subjective improvement in wrinkles, pore size, hyperpigmentation, and overall skin quality. Two blinded physicians evaluated the appearance of wrinkles pre‐ and postapplication of the AM cream.

Results

Participants who applied the AM cream only reported subjective improvement in wrinkles and overall quality of their skin. Immediate improvement of wrinkles was seen after the application of the AM cream. Subjects who applied both the AM cream and PM serum noted improvement in pore size.

Conclusion

This novel anti‐wrinkle cream is a safe and effective topical treatment for the immediate, but short‐term improvement of wrinkles. Prolonged use of the cream and continued follow‐up may show additional long‐term benefits.
In vitro antimicrobial effect of metallic nanoparticles on phytopathogenic strains of crop plants
Authors: Vera‐Reyes Ileana , Esparza‐Arredondo Itandehui Juanita Erendira , Lira‐Saldivar Ricardo Hugo , Granados‐Echegoyen Carlos Alejandro , Alvarez‐Roman Rocío , Vásquez‐López Alfonso , De los Santos‐Villarreal Gladys , Díaz‐Barriga Castro Enrique
Published: May 2019

In this research, the in vitro antimicrobial effect of zinc oxide (ZnO), copper oxide (CuO) and iron oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles (NPs)—with average sizes of 20, 46 and 30 nm, respectively—on the root rot disease caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum and on blight disease caused by the fungus Alternaria solani were studied. Also, bacterial diseases caused by Clavibacter michiganensis and Pseudomonas syringae that infects a wide range of plant species were assessed. Different concentrations of NPs (0, 100, 250, 500, 700 and 1,000 mg/L) were prepared on PDA agar or King's B medium in a complete randomized design with four replicates. According to the results, ZnO NPs exhibited an outstanding inhibitory effect against fungi and bacteria strains. The above results were associated with the smaller particle size. Fungi strains showed a differential sensitivity depending on the kind of NPs used. A. solani showed the highest sensitivity to ZnO NPs at 1,000 mg/L (99%), followed by CuO NPs at the same dose (95%). Fe2O3 NPs at all evaluated doses had no inhibitory effects on the mycelia growth of this strain, although F. oxysporum revealed greater effectiveness of the CuO NPs (96%) compared with ZnO NPs since it only inhibited 91% of the mycelial growth. The antibacterial activity was studied through optical density. C. michiganensis was found to be more sensitive to ZnO NPs because a lesser dose (700 mg/L) was required to reduce the bacterial growth (90%); in comparison, P. syringae required a dose of 1,000 mg/L to inhibit its growth (67%). CuO NPs displayed the smallest growth inhibition against the bacteria strains analysed. The antimicrobial effect of the metallic NPs that were assayed increased with higher doses.
Phylogenomic delineation of Physcomitrium (Bryophyta: Funariaceae) based on targeted sequencing of nuclear exons and their flanking regions rejects the retention of Physcomitrella, Physcomitridium and Aphanorrhegma
Authors: Medina Rafael , Johnson Matthew G. , Liu Yang , Wickett Norman J. , Shaw A. Jonathan , Goffinet Bernard
Published: May 2019

Selection on spore dispersal mechanisms in mosses is thought to shape the transformation of the sporophyte. The majority of extant mosses develop a sporangium that dehisces through the loss of an operculum, and regulates spore release through the movement of articulate teeth, the peristome, lining the capsule mouth. Such complexity was acquired by the Mesozoic Era, but was lost in some groups during subsequent diversification events, challenging the resolution of the affinities for taxa with reduced architectures. The Funariaceae are a cosmopolitan and diverse lineage of mostly annual mosses, and exhibit variable sporophyte complexities, spanning from long, exerted, operculate capsules with two rings of well‐developed teeth, to capsules immersed among maternal leaves, lacking a differentiated line of dehiscence (i.e., inoperculate) and without peristomes. The family underwent a rapid diversification, and the relationships of taxa with reduced sporophytes remain ambiguous. Here, we infer the relationships of five taxa with highly reduced sporophytes based on 648 nuclear loci (exons complemented by their flanking regions), based on inferences from concatenated data and concordance analysis of single gene trees. Physcomitrellopsis is resolved as nested within one clade of Entosthodon. Physcomitrella s. l., is resolved as a polyphyletic assemblage and, along with its putative relative Aphanorrhegma, nested within Physcomitrium. We propose a new monophyletic delineation of Physcomitrium, which accommodates species of Physcomitrella and Aphanorrhegma. The monophyly of Physcomitrium s. l. is supported by a small plurality of exons, but a majority of trees inferred from exons and their adjacent non‐coding regions.
Usage patterns of carbapenem antimicrobials in dogs and cats at a veterinary tertiary care hospital
Authors: Smith Alison , Wayne Annie S. , Fellman Claire L. , Rosenbaum Marieke H.
Published: May 2019

Background

Carbapenems are a class of antimicrobials reserved for resistant infections or systemically ill people, yet the extent and context in which they are prescribed in the small animals is understudied.

Hypothesis/Objective

To describe cases in dogs and cats treated with carbapenems to establish baseline data regarding the types of infections, outcomes, and resistance profiles of target infections. We hypothesize that prescribing practices for carbapenems at a veterinary tertiary care hospital would not comply with the recommended use guidelines in human medicine.

Methods

Retrospective study of veterinary medical records from all dogs and cats prescribed carbapenems between May 1, 2016, and April 30, 2017.

Results

A total of 81 infections (71 in dogs and 10 in cats) representing 68 animals (58 dogs and 10 cats) involving carbapenem use were identified. Cultures were performed in 65/81 (80%) infections, and antimicrobial use was de‐escalated or discontinued in 10/81 (12%) infections. The average duration of treatment was 27.5 days and ranged from 1 to 196 days. Resistance to more than 3 antimicrobial classes was present in 57/115 (50%) isolates. Resistance to carbapenems was found in 2/64 (3%) of the bacterial isolates with reported carbapenem susceptibility.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

The majority of carbapenem use at a veterinary tertiary care hospital was prescribed in conjunction with culture and sensitivity determination, with de‐escalation performed in a minority of cases, and treatment durations longer than typically recommended in human medicine.
Hemin reduces postoperative ileus in a heme oxygenase 1‐dependent manner while dimethyl fumarate does without heme oxygenase 1‐induction
Authors: Van Dingenen Jonas , Pieters Leen , Van Nuffel Elien , Lefebvre Romain A.
Published: May 2019

Background

Postoperative ileus (POI), the impairment of gastrointestinal motility after abdominal surgery, is mainly due to intestinal muscular inflammation. Carbon monoxide (CO)‐releasing compounds were shown to exert an anti‐inflammatory effect in murine POI partially through induction of heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1). The influence of hemin and dimethyl fumarate (DMF), currently used for multiple sclerosis (MS), was therefore tested in murine POI.

Methods

C57BL/6J mice were anesthetized and after laparotomy, POI was induced via intestinal manipulation (IM). Animals were treated with either 30 mg kg‐1 hemin intraperitoneally (ip), 30 mg kg‐1 DMF ip, or 100 mg kg‐1 intragastrically (ig) 24 hours before IM. Intestinal transit was assessed 24 hours postoperatively and mucosa‐free muscularis or whole segments of the small intestine were stored for later analysis. Intestinal HO‐1 protein expression was studied at 6, 12, and 24 hours after administration of hemin or DMF in non‐manipulated mice.

Key results

Pretreatment with hemin and DMF, both ig and ip, prevented the delayed transit seen after IM. Concomitantly, both hemin and DMF significantly reduced the increased interleukin‐6 levels and the elevated leukocyte infiltration in the muscularis. Hemin but not DMF caused a significant increase in intestinal HO‐1 protein expression and co‐administration of the HO‐1 inhibitor chromium mesoporphyrin abolished the protective effects of hemin on POI; DMF reduced the IM‐induced activation of NF‐κB and ERK 1/2.

Conclusions and Inferences

Both hemin and DMF improve the delayed transit and inflammation seen in murine POI, but only hemin does so in a HO‐1‐dependent manner.
Brassinosteroid regulation of wood formation in poplar
Authors: Du Juan , Gerttula Suzanne , Li Zehua , Zhao Shu‐Tang , Liu Ying‐Li , Liu Yu , Lu Meng‐Zhu , Groover Andrew T.
Published: May 2019

Brassinosteroids have been implicated in the differentiation of vascular cell types in herbaceous plants, but their roles during secondary growth and wood formation are not well defined.

Here we pharmacologically and genetically manipulated brassinosteroid levels in poplar trees and assayed the effects on secondary growth and wood formation, and on gene expression within stems.

Elevated brassinosteroid levels resulted in increases in secondary growth and tension wood formation, while inhibition of brassinosteroid synthesis resulted in decreased growth and secondary vascular differentiation. Analysis of gene expression showed that brassinosteroid action is positively associated with genes involved in cell differentiation and cell‐wall biosynthesis.

The results presented here show that brassinosteroids play a foundational role in the regulation of secondary growth and wood formation, in part through the regulation of cell differentiation and secondary cell wall biosynthesis.
Making Sense of the Role of Assertions
Authors: Wolf Michael P.
Published: May 2019

Much of the literature on speech acts and semantics assigns a type of theoretical priority to assertions; many philosophers assume, as Robert Brandom has put it, that assertion is the fundamental speech act. Others take a more pluralistic approach, with many categories interwoven as peers, and no one category as fundamental. I suggest there is a way to embrace a pluralistic approach and explain the importance of assertions without making them fundamental. Their role instead becomes one of supporting connections between other categories, and surprisingly, turns on their unusually broad but very thin pragmatic character.
Input trade liberalization and import switching: Evidence from Chinese firms
Authors: Tian Wei , Yu Miaojie
Published: May 2019

This paper investigates how input liberalization affects firm import behavior. Using comprehensive production and trade data of Chinese firms, the paper shows that firms switch import sources from developing countries to developed countries as Chinese input tariffs fall. This finding is evident for import value and import scope. The observation holds after excluding the possible influence of reducing processing trade. The paper further demonstrates that the mechanism can be attributed to quality upgrading and innovation led by input cost reductions. The analysis handles the possible endogeneity problem, and the findings are robust and significant to different empirical methodologies and measurements.
The Role of Public Private Partnership in the Governance of Racialised Poverty in a Marginalised Rural Municipality in Hungary
Authors: Asztalos Morell Ildikó
Published: May 2019

This article explores the local governance of poverty alleviation in a marginalised Hungarian rural community, with over 50 per cent Roma inhabitants, most of whom were either unemployed or participated in public work projects. Kisbalog is among those marginalised rural communities which are characterised by increasing social polarisation and ethnic cleavages as a result of selective outmigration and a municipal leadership which negotiates access to public work along racialised notions of deservingness. Hungary follows the EU concept of public private partnerships for local governance. This article unravels the room for manoeuvre for NGOs working for poverty alleviation in the context of the racialised narratives of a paternalistic local welfare state. Utilising Young's notions of social justice it explores the complicit nature of recognitional, associative and distributional justice in order to understand the interplay in partnerships between public and private agencies. From among three types of strategies, coercive, isolated and deliberative, the last one has the potential to bring about transformative changes.
Agency in parents' fertility behaviours—Gaps in the Polish family policy system
Authors: Suwada Katarzyna
Published: May 2019

The aim of this article is to analyse the possibilities and decisions made about procreation by Polish parents in the context of the family policy system. Fertility is here understood as a result of individual decisions originating from an assessment of people's situations and potential barriers in parenting. This issue is important because Polish society is facing a severe demographic crisis due to low fertility rates. In recent years, the family policy system has been substantially reformed, yet interviews with parents indicate that these reforms do not fully address the problems, which parents have to deal with in everyday life. According to their experiences, the Polish welfare state should focus more closely on the issues of gender inequality in the household, lack of stability in the labour market, low salaries, the high cost of child rearing, and the lack of suitable housing for Polish families. The analysis is based on in‐depth interviews with Polish parents of children aged 1–7 and statistics collected by Statistics Poland, the Social Insurance Institution, and the International Social Survey Program.
Purposeful involvement of experts by experience
Authors: Winn Sarah , Lindqvist Susanne
Published: May 2019

Background

There is a growing requirement from professional bodies in the UK that health and social care education must include the voice of experts by experience (EbE). Active steps have been taken at the international level in order to truly embed their involvement. In parallel with this development, there is compounding evidence collated globally that links interprofessional education (IPE) to improved health outcomes. As the involvement of EbE plays a central role in IPE there is an increased expectation for teachers to be able to successfully involve EbE in IPE and other health education.

Issue

Although there is some guidance available to teachers on how to involve EbE in pre‐registration health and social care education, less guidance is available on how to involve EbE in complex educational interventions, such as IPE. Hence the need for faculty member development.

Approach

The Centre for Interprofessional Practice (CIPP) has involved nearly 350 EbE in a variety of IPE since 2005. This review draws on insights from the CIPP to identify a number of practice points for teachers who wish to involve EbE in IPE, or as part of education for their specific profession. The practice points are endorsed by EbE and discussed in light of initiatives and evidence reported by others in the literature. To help contextualise and make use of these practice points they were grouped according to the presage–process–product (3P) model. This article can inform faculty member development aimed at new or senior educators, and our insights are equally applicable to both uni‐ and interprofessional contexts.
A global analysis of factors impacting the intensive and extensive margins of bilateral foreign direct investment
Authors: Nguyen Anh T. N.
Published: May 2019

This study investigates determinants of bilateral foreign direct investment (FDI) on both margins, the extensive margin (whether to invest) and the intensive margin (how much to invest), based on the recent structural gravity model for FDI developed by Anderson et al. (Trade and investment in the global economy. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, 2017). I examine a global data set comprised of 110 countries over 9 years, 2004–12. Apart from conventional gravity variables, the source country's technology capital shows a significant and positive impact on both FDI margins. Bilateral investment treaties play a significant role only in determining the extensive margin. Results on FDI stocks and FDI flows can lead to different conclusions; thus, research should consult both types of data series to find which variables have robust effects. Furthermore, breaking down the sample by country development levels reveals that FDI from less‐developed countries (LDCs) is not affected by many common variables, and thus, there is a need to develop more theories and empirical work to investigate the FDI from LDCs in particular.
Performance of Bangladesh indigenous rice in a weed infested field and separation of allelopathy from resource competition
Authors: Masum Sheikh Muhammad , Hossain Mohammad Amzad , Akamine Hikaru , Sakagami Jun‐Ichi , Ishii Takahiro , Nakamura Ichiro , Asaduzzaman Md. , Bhowmik Prasanta Chitta
Published: May 2019

This study aimed to identify the potential allelopathic indigenous rice (Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica) varieties from Bangladesh using a performance study in a weed‐infested field and to assess the extent of allelopathic interference relative to resource competition in a glasshouse experiment. Six varieties – namely, “Boterswar,” “Goria,” “Biron” and “Kartiksail” as the most allelopathic, “Hashikolmi” as weakly allelopathic and “Holoi” as nonallelopathic – were raised following a nonweed control method. The infestation levels of weed species were calculated using Simpson's Diversity Index (SDI), which ranged from 0.2 to 0.56. However, a significant correlation coefficient (0.87, P < 0.001) was obtained from these field data compared with the root inhibition percentage from the laboratory bioassay, and the “Boterswar” variety was the most allelopathic. The interactions between the allelopathic variety “Boterswar,” weakly allelopathic variety “Hashikolmi” and Echinochloa oryzicola via a target (rice)‐adjacent (E. oryzicola) cogrowth culture were determined in a hydroponic arrangement. The relative competitive intensity (RCI) and the relative neighbor effect (RNE) values showed that the crop–weed interaction was facilitation for “Boterswar” and competition for “Hashikolmi” and E. oryzicola in rice/E. oryzicola cogrowth cultures. The allelopathic effects of “Boterswar” were much higher than the resource competition in rice/E. oryzicola cogrowth cultures. The converse was observed for “Hashikolmi.” Moreover, the mineral content of E. oryzicola was severely affected by “Boterswar”/E. oryzicola cogrowth cultures’ exudate solution. Therefore, the allelopathic potential of “Boterswar” variety might be useful for developing the weed‐suppressing capacity of rice, which will likely have a significant influence on paddy weed control.
Pressure ulcer summit 2018: An interdisciplinary approach to improve our understanding of the risk of pressure‐induced tissue damage
Authors: Gould Lisa J. , Bohn Gregory , Bryant Ruth , Paine Tim , Couch Kara , Cowan Linda , McFarland Frances , Simman Richard
Published: May 2019

Pressure ulcers (PrUs) affect approximately 2.5 million patients and account for 60,000 deaths annually. They are associated with an additional annual cost of $43,000 per related hospital stay and a total cost to the US health care system as high as $25 billion. Despite the implementation of national and international PrU prevention guidelines and toolkits, rates of facility‐acquired PrU s and PrUs in people with spinal cord injury are still high. A new paradigm is needed that distinguishes between prevention and treatment research methods and includes not only the causative factors of pressure and tissue deformation but also patient‐specific anatomical differences and the concomitant biological cellular processes, including reperfusion injury, toxic metabolites, ischemia, cell distortion, impaired lymphatic drainage, and impaired interstitial fluid flow that compound existing tissue damage. The purpose of this article is to summarize the highlights from the first annual Pressure Ulcer Summit held February 9–10, 2018 in Atlanta, Georgia (sponsored by the Association for the Advancement of Wound Care in partnership with multiple professional organizations). This international, interdisciplinary summit brought together key stakeholders in wound care and PrU prevention and management to highlight advances in pathophysiology of pressure‐induced tissue damage; explore challenges in current terminologies, documentation, and data collection; describe innovations in clinical care; and identify research opportunities to advance the science of PrU prevention and management.
Islam, Modernity, Theatre Ambivalent Tensions in the Muslim World
Authors: Hinda Abdeladim
Published: May 2019

This article seeks to revisit, perchance re-ignite, the debate around the nature of both Islam and modernity, as well as the role theatre played in disseminating Modernist discourses in contemporary Muslim cultures. In the Muslim World, the debate is locked in a time warp or at best stimulated by secular paradigms that do not seem to budge despite their unruly discordancy with Islamic views of life at a time when Islam seems to be strongly making a comeback to the world arena. The question why and how Muslim cultures embraced theatre and modernity is competing indeed; yet the debate it prompted is misplaced and unguarded, and in some respects misplacing, if not totally misguiding. To remove this misleading misplacement and give the debate a new (im)pulse, the article deems it needful to revisit Constantine the Great’s and Darwin’s modernist project. Seen from the Islamic perspective, modernity comes out as a jahili way of life brought to contemporary Muslim cultures by theatrical emissaries from the White World, which has bilged and infected the Muslim World with a strange existential duality. Thanks to these emissaries, which convinced their avid-for-reform-and-modernity victims of the need to climb on the bandwagon of modernity, this world is now Muslim in the heart and the mosque and secular in life and conduct, which is not only schizophrenic and psychosistic, but also absurd and futilitarian.
Prologue
Authors: Park Eugene Y.
Published: May 2019

As an introduction to the book, this chapter articulates the book’s main argument; surveys various understandings of the Kaesŏng Wang in Chosŏn politics, society, and culture; explains the book’s methodology and rationale for researching and narrating the post-Koryŏ story of the Wangs; and previews the book’s chapters.
Renewed Attention to the Koryŏ Legacies, 1724–1864
Authors: Park Eugene Y.
Published: May 2019

In late Chosŏn when most Kaesŏng Wangs were detached from officialdom, the throne repeatedly articulated its desire to better honor the legacies of Koryŏ, human and material. Chapter 4 highlights how the court took stock of the state of Koryŏ royal tombs, other physical remains of Koryŏ, and the Kaesŏng Wang themselves—all while the position of ritual heir devolved to essentially that of Sungŭijŏn superintendent. As the late-Chosŏn elite as a whole became increasingly removed from officialdom and based their aristocratic status solely on descent, the Kaesŏng Wang published their first-ever comprehensive genealogy in 1798.
Between Iran and Zion
Authors: Sternfeld Lior B.
Published: May 2019

Between Iran and Zion analyzes the responses of Iranian Jews to the social, political, and cultural developments of the twentieth century. The book examines their integration into the nation-building projects of the twentieth century (by the first and second Pahlavi monarchs, and then by the postrevolutionary Islamic Republic); it analyzes their various reactions to Zionism from the early twentieth century, through the state years, and until the end of that period; and it analyzes the social and cultural transformations this community underwent in a relatively short period of time, growing from marginal and peripheral community into a prominent and visible one. Between Iran and Zion examines the different groups that constituted this community—for example, the Jewish communists who became prominent activists in the left-wing circles in the 1950s, or the revolutionary organizations that won the community elections in 1978 and participated in the 1979 revolution. It also sheds light on a wide range of responses to Zionism: from religious Zionism in the early 1900s to political Zionism in the 1950s, and a combination of the two from the 1970s onward. Between Iran and Zion shows the rich ethnic, social, and ideological diversity of a religious minority in Iran amid rapid transformations.
Conclusion
Authors: Sternfeld Lior B.
Published: May 2019

This concluding chapter shows that the trajectory of the Jews of Iran from the early twentieth century led them ultimately to integration into each of the nation-building projects of that era.
Citizens in Motion
Authors: Ho Elaine Lynn-Ee
Published: May 2019

This book argues that analyzing emigration, immigration, and re-migration under the framework of contemporaneous migration directs attention to the citizenship formations that interconnect migration sites, shaping the lives of citizens in motion. It departs from conventional approaches that study migration sites in isolation or as snapshots in time. Taking Chinese emigration as the starting point, the analysis becomes deepened by incorporating insights from migrant-receiving countries, namely Canada and Singapore, which are facing new emigration or re-migration trends among their own citizens. By analyzing shifts in migration patterns over time, we also come to understand how China is becoming an immigration country. The arguments offer new insights for researchers studying Chinese migration and diaspora. As an analytical approach, contemporaneous migration contributes to our theorization of citizenship and territory, fraternity and alterity, ethnicity, and the co-constitution of time and space.
Migration and Citizenship
Authors: Ho Elaine Lynn-Ee
Published: May 2019

This chapter considers the way that multidirectional migration flows are transforming national citizenship and its territorial premises. Eschewing the tendency to study emigration and immigration as discrete fields, it proposes an approach that brings together seemingly distinct emigration, immigration, and re-migration trends under an analytical framework known as contemporaneous migration. This approach illuminates how citizenship formations in different national contexts are increasingly drawn into a constellation of relations, situating the migration and citizenship politics of national societies in a trans-territorial context. The chapter contextualizes developments in Chinese emigration and immigration to China in wider theoretical debates on emigration and diaspora, citizenship and territory, immigrant integration and re-migration, and ethnicity and co-ethnicity. It signals the multifaceted aspects of migration that interconnect China with migration sites globally, changing citizenship norms and practices.
Slipstream Potentates
Authors: Pack Sasha D.
Published: May 2019

This chapter begins with the emergence of a convoluted new colonial arrangement created by the Act of Algeciras (1906) and the establishment of the Protectorate of Morocco (1912) under France and Spanish administration. This system created several new borders and jurisdictional ambiguities that a number of enterprising individuals learned to exploit. The chapter profiles the rise of three such figures, comparing and contrasting their tactics and accounting for their successes and failures. The Moroccans Bu Hmara and Raisuni, and the Spaniard Juan March, all found ways to amass wealth and political influence by positioning themselves on the borders of rival imperial spheres and inhabiting spaces of diluted sovereign authority. They were skilled at gaining protection from one imperial power while breaking the laws of another. Bu Hmara and Raisuni fell only after multiple powers aligned against them, a fate Juan March avoided altogether.
The Blighted Republic
Authors: Pack Sasha D.
Published: May 2019

This chapter centers on Gibraltar and Tangier during the tumultuous 1930s. One a British colony and the other an international exclave, both towns were imperial strongholds that depended on Spanish and Moroccan labor. Economic crisis, along with the advent of the Spanish Republic of 1931, stirred working-class politics in both cities, pitting the predominantly working-class Spanish communities against European colonial elites over major municipal issues such as casino gambling and cross-border commerce. The resulting divide continued after the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in July 1936. Despite official neutrality, European elites in both cities tended to favor groups associated with Francisco Franco’s rebellion against the Republic.
The New (Old) Order, 1936–1942
Authors: Pack Sasha D.
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines the fate of trans-Gibraltar region during Spanish Civil War and the early stages of World War II. Although the insurgent army of Francisco Franco quickly took control of northern Morocco and southern Spain and invited its Nazi and Fascist allies to the strategically crucial region, the Entente order of 1904 proved resilient. New evidence is introduced detailing the Franco movement’s success in marshaling anti-French, anti-Semitic, and pro-German sentiments to recruit Muslim support, promising the construction of a new Hispano-Moroccan bulwark in the western Mediterranean. Other new documents indicate how quickly this enthusiasm cooled, however, as it became clear that Nazi agents were preparing to seize a position in northwest Africa without giving consideration for Spanish interests, while the British and much of the Jewish community of Tangier remained supportive of Spanish interests in Morocco.
Aprendizaje colaborativo con apoyo en TIC: concepto, metodología y recursos
Authors: Lizcano-Dallos Adriana Rocío , Barbosa-Chacón Jorge Winston , Villamizar-Escobar Juan Diego
Published: May 2019

En este artículo se identifican aspectos teóricos, procedimen- tales y tecnológicos asociados al aprendizaje colaborativo (AC) con incorporación de TIC. Metodológicamente, se ade- lantó una revisión documental organizada en clúster temáti- cos. Son inferencias del estudio: i) Dejar de ver las TIC como objetos instrumentales, y visualizarlas como andamiaje de técnicas, recursos y estrategias para el desarrollo educativo grupal y ii) Comprender que las experiencias del estudiante en el AC se presentan en una transición de lo individual a lo colectivo, en que las TIC favorecen la interacción traducida en el intercambio de saberes y prácticas.
Liderazgo de un grupo de trabajo saludable en una cooperativa educativa
Authors: López-Belmonte Jesús , Pozo-Sánchez Santiago , Fuentes-Cabrera Arturo , Fuentes-Cabrera Pilar África
Published: May 2019

Este estudio se centra en el análisis de la percepción docente sobre la puesta en marcha de un grupo de trabajo, en una cooperativa educativa de Ceuta, para la promoción de hábitos saludables en la población escolar. Para ello, se ha efectuado una investigación descriptiva y correlativa con un método cuantitativo, por medio de un cuestionario aplicado a una muestra de 40 docentes. Se concluye que el grupo de trabajo ha puesto en marcha un programa de salud que ha permitido la mejora de hábitos saludables y la dinamización de la comunidad educativa a través del fenómeno del liderazgo.
Numerical Study of Thermofluid Characteristics of a Double Spirally Coiled Tube Heat Exchanger
Authors: Abdelmagied Mahmoud
Published: May 2019

In this study, the thermofluid characteristics of double spirally coiled tube heat exchanger (DSCTHE) were investigated numerically. A three-dimensional (3D) computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model was developed using ansys 14.5 software package. To investigate the heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of DSCTHE, the Realize k–ε turbulence viscous model had been applied with enhanced wall treatment for simulating the turbulent thermofluid characteristics. The governing equations were solved by a finite volume discretization method. The effect of coil curvature ratio on DSCTHE was investigated with three various curvature ratios of 0.023–0.031 and 0.045 for inner tube side and 0.024–0.032–0.047 for annular side. The effects of addition of Al2O3 nanoparticle on water flows inside inner tube side or annular side with different volume concentrations of 0.5%, 1%, and 2% were also presented. The numerical results were carried out for Reynolds number with a range from 3500 to 21,500 for inner tube side and from 5000 to 24,000 for annular side, respectively. The obtained results showed that with increasing coil curvature ratio, a significant effect was discovered on enhancing heat transfer in DSCTHE at the expense of increasing pressure drop. The results also showed that the heat transfer enhancement was increased with increasing Al2O3 nanofluid concentration, and the penalty of pressure drop was approximately negligible.
Experimental Assessment of Water Hammer-Induced Column Separation in Oil-Hydraulic Pipe Flow
Authors: Jansson Marcus , Andersson Magnus , Pettersson Maria , Karlsson Matts
Published: May 2019

Cavitation erosion through water hammer and column separation is a major concern in hydraulic applications such as percussive rock drilling. Cavitation aspects must be considered both in early and late design stages, which require deep knowledge and tools for prediction. In this study, an oil-hydraulic test equipment for water hammer assessment was designed using state-of-the-art simulation tools. Several tests were performed, with and without column separation, showing good repeatability on measured pressures. At higher flow rates, column separation was the dominating feature and several high-pressure peaks with subsequent time delay reduction could be observed. These patterns were affected by the oil temperature, with most substantial changes at lower temperature ranges (<32 °C). Standard transmission line simulations managed to predict the water hammer, but as expected not the column separation, which is the theme of future work using this setup.
Effective Absorber Area in Semispherical Solar Collectors With Spiral Cylindrical Absorber
Authors: Armenta-Déu Carlos
Published: May 2019

This paper develops an advanced methodology to determine the real contribution of the incidence solar radiation components, direct, diffuse, and reflected, onto a semispherical solar collector with spirally rolled up cylindrical absorber, as a function of the intercepted area of the solar radiation components by the collector’s receiver. Based on a previous work (2012, Study and Characterization of New Generation Semispherical Thermal Collectors, Ana Sofía Morillo Candás, Applied Physics Master, Master Thesis, UCM) in which the effective intercepted area for direct radiation was modeled, the present paper develops new algorithms for diffuse and reflected solar radiation and improves the existing one, with the aim at characterizing geometrical parameters of these types of collectors. The determination of the effective area intercepted by the receiver for the different components of the solar radiation is essential for the characterization of the collector’s thermal performance, as the energy received by the absorber depends on the type of radiation and on the effective area covered by each type.
Relationship between the privacy index and the speech privacy class
Authors: Müller-Trapet Markus , Gover Bradford N.
Published: May 2019

It is regularly debated which metric to use for the assessment of architectural speech privacy. For open-plan offices, the Privacy Index, derived from the Articulation Index according to ASTM E1130 (2016), is usually used. For closed offices, the Speech Privacy Class is determined according to ASTM E2638 (2010). Disregarding the measurement method, and the fact that the metrics show different behavior regarding the Signal-to-Noise Ratio, both metrics are directly related and values of the Speech Privacy Class can thus be converted to Privacy Index values. The relationship is demonstrated and the result is validated with field and laboratory measurement data.
A sparse loudspeaker array for surround sound reproduction using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator algorithm
Authors: Shen Yuchen , Zhu Hongyi , Yang Yanye , Shen Yong
Published: May 2019

This letter explores a least absolute shrinkage and selection operator- (Lasso-) based beamforming algorithm for a sparse cylindrically baffled speaker array, which can be used for low-cost multi-channel surround sound reproduction. The proposed method exploits the inherent sparsity of the Lasso algorithm, and achieves both narrower beamwidth and a smaller side lobe in comparison with existing algorithms in both simulation and experiment. In addition, further study on the dependency of operating speaker sparsity on regularization parameter enables user preference-based adjustment in practice.
Shifting habitat mosaics and fish production across river basins
Authors: Brennan Sean R. , Schindler Daniel E. , Cline Timothy J. , Walsworth Timothy E. , Buck Greg , Fernandez Diego P.
Published: May 2019

A portfolio of habitats

To conserve species, we must conserve their habitat. This concept is well known, but the reality is much more complex than simply conserving a particular area. Habitats are dynamic and vary across both space and time. Such variation can help to facilitate long-term persistence of species by allowing local movement in search of the best conditions. Brennan
et al.
clearly demonstrate the benefit of the habitat mosaic to Pacific salmon by characterizing how both climate and population productivity vary over time and space in an Alaskan river system.

Science
, this issue p.
783
Anti-Markovnikov alcohols via epoxide hydrogenation through cooperative catalysis
Authors: Yao Chengbo , Dahmen Tobias , Gansäuer Andreas , Norton Jack
Published: May 2019

Markovnikov falls to chromium and titanium

Ring opening of strained triangular epoxides is a versatile method for making alcohols. However, these reactions are limited by their tendency to leave the oxygen on the more heavily substituted carbon, in accord with the Markovnikov rule. Yao
et al.
now show that a pair of catalysts working cooperatively can invert this selectivity pattern. A titanium catalyst pries the ring open while a chromium catalyst activates and delivers hydrogen. In an unusual mechanistic twist, the chromium complex appears to deliver a hydrogen atom, a proton, and an electron at different stages of the cycle.

Science
, this issue p.
764
Electrified methane reforming: A compact approach to greener industrial hydrogen production
Authors: Wismann Sebastian T. , Engbæk Jakob S. , Vendelbo Søren B. , Bendixen Flemming B. , Eriksen Winnie L. , Aasberg-Petersen Kim , Frandsen Cathrine , Chorkendorff Ib , Mortensen Peter M.
Published: May 2019

More-efficient heating

Large-scale production of hydrogen through steam reforming directly produces CO
2
as a side product. In addition, the heating of reactors through fossil-fuel burning contributes further CO
2
emissions. One problem is that the catalyst bed is heated unevenly, which renders much of the catalyst effectively inactive. Wismann
et al.
describe an electrical heating scheme for a metal tube reactor that improves the uniformity of heating and catalyst usage (see the Perspective by Van Geem
et al.
). Adoption of this alternative approach could affect CO
2
emissions by up to approximately 1% of global emissions.

Science
, this issue p.
756
; see also p.
734
Finding our way
Supernavigators
David Barrie
The Experiment, 2019. 321 pp.
Wayfinding
M. R. O'Connor
St. Martin's Press, 2019. 366 pp.
Authors: Kim Misun , Doeller Christian F.
Published: May 2019

Rediscovering the joy of the journey in the age of turn-by-turn directions
Making chemicals with electricity
Authors: Van Geem Kevin M. , Galvita Vladimir V. , Marin Guy B.
Published: May 2019

Hydrogen can be produced in electrically heated reactors, reducing CO
2
emissions
Disseminating antibiotic resistance during treatment
Authors: Povolo Vanessa R. , Ackermann Martin
Published: May 2019

A multidrug efflux pump can help bacteria acquire antibiotic resistance through plasmid transfer
In Vitro
Study of Stepwise Acquisition of
rv0678
and
atpE
Mutations Conferring Bedaquiline Resistance
Authors: Ismail Nabila , Ismail Nazir A. , Omar Shaheed V. , Peters Remco P. H.
Published: May 2019

Bedaquiline resistance within
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
may arise through efflux-based (
rv0678
) or target-based (
atpE
) pathway mutations.
M. tuberculosis
mutant populations from each of five sequential steps in a passaging approach, using a pyrazinamide-resistant ATCC strain, were subjected to MIC determinations and whole-genome sequencing.
Patient-to-Patient Transmission of Acinetobacter baumannii Gastrointestinal Colonization in the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Harris Anthony D. , Johnson J. Kristie , Pineles Lisa , O’Hara Lyndsay M. , Bonomo Robert A. , Thom Kerri A.
Published: May 2019

Acinetobacter baumannii
is an important nosocomial pathogen. The objective of this study was to determine the proportion of
A. baumannii
infections due to patient-to-patient transmission by analyzing the molecular epidemiology of patients who acquired
A. baumannii
, using perianal surveillance cultures in a large 2-year intensive care unit (ICU) population.
Reappraisal of Linezolid Dosing in Renal Impairment To Improve Safety
Authors: Crass Ryan L. , Cojutti Pier Giorgio , Pai Manjunath P. , Pea Federico
Published: May 2019

Linezolid is administered as a fixed dose to all patients despite evidence of increased exposure and myelosuppression in renal impairment. The objectives of these studies were to assess the risk of thrombocytopenia with standard-dose linezolid in renal impairment and to identify an alternate dosing strategy.
The Repurposed Drug Disulfiram Inhibits Urease and Aldehyde Dehydrogenase and Prevents
In Vitro
Growth of the Oomycete
Pythium insidiosum
Authors: Krajaejun Theerapong , Lohnoo Tassanee , Yingyong Wanta , Rujirawat Thidarat , Kumsang Yothin , Jongkhajornpong Passara , Theerawatanasirikul Sirin , Kittichotirat Weerayuth , Reamtong Onrapak , Yolanda Hanna
Published: May 2019

Pythium insidiosum
is an oomycete microorganism that causes a life-threatening infectious disease, called pythiosis, in humans and animals. The disease has been increasingly reported worldwide.
Lethal Mutagenesis of Rift Valley Fever Virus Induced by Favipiravir
Authors: Borrego Belén , de Ávila Ana I. , Domingo Esteban , Brun Alejandro
Published: May 2019

Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an emerging, mosquito-borne, zoonotic pathogen with recurrent outbreaks taking a considerable toll in human deaths in many African countries, for which no effective treatment is available. In cell culture studies and with laboratory animal models, the nucleoside analogue favipiravir (T-705) has demonstrated great potential for the treatment of several seasonal, chronic, and emerging RNA virus infections in humans, suggesting applicability to control some viral outbreaks.
Amino Acid Biosynthetic Pathways Are Required for
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Growth in Immunocompromised Lungs and Are Druggable Targets during Infection
Authors: Silver Rebecca J. , Paczosa Michelle K. , McCabe Anne L. , Balada-Llasat Joan-Miquel , Baleja James D. , Mecsas Joan
Published: May 2019

The emergence of multidrug-resistant
Klebsiella pneumoniae
has rendered a large array of infections difficult to treat. In a high-throughput genetic screen of factors required for
K. pneumoniae
survival in the lung, amino acid biosynthesis genes were critical for infection in both immunosuppressed and wild-type (WT) mice.