bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
BIAS-VARIANCE CONTROL VIA HARD POINTS SHAVING
Authors: MERLER STEFANO , CAPRILE BRUNO , FURLANELLO CESARE
Published: August 2004

In this paper, we propose a regularization technique for AdaBoost. The method implements a bias-variance control strategy in order to avoid overfitting in classification tasks on noisy data. The method is based on a notion of easy and hard training patterns as emerging from analysis of the dynamical evolutions of AdaBoost weights. The procedure consists in sorting the training data points by a hardness measure, and in progressively eliminating the hardest, stopping at an automatically selected threshold. Effectiveness of the method is tested and discussed on synthetic as well as real data.
EVOLUTION AND MEMORY EFFECTS IN THE HOMOGENIZATION LIMIT FOR ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION IN BIOLOGICAL TISSUES
Authors: AMAR MICOL , ANDREUCCI DANIELE , GIANNI ROBERTO , BISEGNA PAOLO
Published: August 2004

We study a problem set in a finely mixed periodic medium, modelling electrical conduction in biological tissues. The unknown electric potential solves standard elliptic equations set in different conductive regions (the intracellular and extracellular spaces), separated by a dielectric surface (the cell membranes), which exhibits both a capacitive and a nonlinear conductive behaviour. Accordingly, dynamical conditions prevail on the membranes, so that the dependence of the solution on the time variable t is not only of parametric character.

As the spatial period of the medium goes to zero, the electric potential approaches in a suitable sense a homogenization limit u0, which keeps the prescribed boundary data, and solves the equation [Formula: see text]. This is an elliptic equation containing a term depending on the history of the gradient of u0; the matrices B0, A1 in it depend on the microstructure of the medium. More exactly, we have that, in the limit, the current is still divergence-free, but it depends on the history of the potential gradient, so that memory effects explicitly appear. The limiting equation also contains a term ℱ keeping trace of the initial data.
MULTISCALE MODELLING AND COMPUTATION OF MICROSTRUCTURES IN MULTI-WELL PROBLEMS
Authors: LI ZHIPING
Published: August 2004

A multiscale model and numerical method for computing microstructures with large and inhomogeneous deformation is established, in which the microscopic and macroscopic information is recovered by coupling the finite order rank-one convex envelope and the finite element method. The method is capable of computing microstructures which are locally finite order laminates. Numerical experiments on a double-well problem show that plenty of stress free large deformations can be achieved by microstructures consisting of piecewise simple twin laminates.
ASYMPTOTIC STABILITY OF EQUILIBRIUM STATES FOR AMBIPOLAR PLASMAS
Authors: GIOVANGIGLI V. , GRAILLE B.
Published: August 2004

We investigate a system of partial differential equations modeling ambipolar plasmas. The ambipolar — or zero current — model is obtained from general plasmas equations in the limit of vanishing Debye length. In this model, the electric field is expressed as a linear combination of macroscopic variable gradients. We establish that the governing equations can be written as a symmetric form by using entropic variables. The corresponding dissipation matrices satisfy the null space invariant property and the system of partial differential equations can be written as a normal form, i.e. in the form of a symmetric hyperbolic–parabolic composite system. By properly modifying the chemistry source terms and/or the diffusion matrices, asymptotic stability of equilibrium states is established and decay estimates are obtained. We also establish the continuous dependence of global solutions with respect to vanishing electron mass.
HOMOGENIZATION IN COARSENING SYSTEMS II: STOCHASTIC CASE
Authors: NIETHAMMER B. , VELÁZQUEZ J. J. L.
Published: August 2004

In the earlier paper (Part I) we study the homogenization of the Mullins–Sekerka problem for deterministic particle distributions in the case that the effective range of particle interactions is smaller than the system size. Here we extend those results to the case of stochastic particle distributions. The main difficulty is that in this case particles collide with positive probability. We show, however, that colliding particles are few and do not influence the macroscopic behavior.
MODEL PERFORMANCE MEASURES FOR LEVERAGED INVESTORS
Authors: FRIEDMAN CRAIG , SANDOW SVEN
Published: August 2004

We measure the performance of probabilistic models from a decision-theoretic perspective along the lines of Friedman and Sandow [6]. In particular, we adopt the point of view of an investor who evaluates models based on the test-sample averaged utility of the expected-utility-optimal strategies that the models suggest in the horse race setting. In this paper, we relax the assumptions of Friedman and Sandow [6]: we omit the notion of a "true" measure and we allow our investor to withhold or borrow cash, which widens the range of possible applications. We show that, in this setting, our relative model performance measure is odds-ratio independent if and only if the investor has a generalized logarithmic utility function, in which case it essentially reduces to the likelihood ratio. We also show that for horse races with nearly homogeneous returns, our relative performance measure is approximately equal to the likelihood ratio.
Clinically oriented physiology teaching: strategy for developing critical-thinking skills in undergraduate medical students
Authors: Abraham Reem Rachel , Upadhya Subramanya , Torke Sharmila , Ramnarayan K.
Published: August 2004

Medicine is an applied science, interpreting evidence and applying it to real life by using clinical reasoning skills and experience. COPT (clinically oriented physiology teaching) was incorporated in physiology instruction aiming to relate the study of physiology to real-life problems, to generate enthusiasm and motivation for learning, and to demonstrate the vocational relevance of physiology among students by integrating clinical experience with teaching. COPT consisted of two elements: 1) critical-thinking questions (CTQ) and 2) clinical case studies. After a few topics were taught, CTQ and case studies were given as an assignment. Answers were discussed in the next class. Two exams, each of which contained CTQ and recall questions, were conducted, one before ( exam 1) and one after ( exam 2) the implementation of COPT. Analysis of student performance in the examinations revealed that the students did better in exam 2 ( P < 0.0001). Feedback from students indicated that this method was useful and challenging.
An investigative laboratory course in human physiology using computer technology and collaborative writing
Authors: FitzPatrick Kathleen A.
Published: August 2004

FitzPatrick, Kathleen A. An investigative laboratory course in human physiology using computer technology and collaborative writing. Active investigative student-directed experiences in laboratory science are being encouraged by national science organizations. A growing body of evidence from classroom assessment supports their effectiveness. This study describes four years of implementation and assessment of an investigative laboratory course in human physiology for 65 second-year students in sports medicine and biology at a small private comprehensive college. The course builds on skills and abilities first introduced in an introductory investigations course and introduces additional higher-level skills and more complex human experimental models. In four multiweek experimental modules, involving neuromuscular, reflex, and cardiovascular physiology, by use of computerized hardware/software with a variety of transducers, students carry out self-designed experiments with human subjects and perform data collection and analysis, collaborative writing, and peer editing. In assessments, including standard course evaluations and the Salgains Web-based evaluation, student responses to this approach are enthusiastic, and gains in their skills and abilities are evident in their comments and in improved performance.
“Culture shock” from the bone cell's perspective: emulating physiological conditions for mechanobiological investigations
Authors: Sorkin Adam M. , Dee Kay C. , Knothe Tate Melissa L.
Published: August 2004

Bone physiology can be examined on multiple length scales. Results of cell-level studies, typically carried out in vitro, are often extrapolated to attempt to understand tissue and organ physiology. Results of organ- or organism-level studies are often analyzed to deduce the state(s) of the cells within the larger system(s). Although phenomena on all of these scales—cell, tissue, organ, system, organism—are interlinked and contribute to the overall health and function of bone tissue, it is difficult to relate research among these scales. For example, groups of cells in an exogenous, in vitro environment that is well defined by the researcher would not be expected to function similarly to those in a dynamic, endogenous environment, dictated by systemic as well as organismal physiology. This review of the literature on bone cell culture describes potential causes and components of cell “culture shock,” i.e., behavioral variations associated with the transition from in vivo to in vitro environment, focusing on investigations of mechanotransduction and experimental approaches to mimic aspects of bone tissue on a macroscopic scale. The state of the art is reviewed, and new paradigms are suggested to begin bridging the gap between two-dimensional cell cultures in petri dishes and the three-dimensional environment of living bone tissue.
Sinusoidal length oscillation- and receptor-mediated mRNA expression of myosin isoforms and α-SM actin in airway smooth muscle
Authors: Wahl Melissa , Eddinger Thomas J. , Hai Chi-Ming
Published: August 2004

We tested the hypothesis that sinusoidal length oscillation and receptor activation interactively regulate the abundance of mRNA encoding α-smooth muscle (α-SM) actin and myosin isoforms in intact bovine tracheal smooth muscle. We found that sinusoidal length oscillation significantly downregulated abundance of mRNA encoding α-SM actin mRNA in unstimulated tissues but not in histamine- and carbachol-activated tissues. This observation suggests antagonistic interactions between mechanical stretch and receptor-mediated signal transduction in regulating the abundance of mRNA encoding α-SM actin in intact airway smooth muscle. This pattern of antagonistic interaction was also observed in cholinergic receptor activation experiments. Whereas carbachol significantly upregulated myosin heavy chain SMA isoform expression in muscle strips held at slack length, carbachol did not significantly alter SMA expression in muscle strips at sinusoidal length oscillation. Carbachol also significantly upregulated GAPDH expression in bovine tracheal smooth muscle. However, unlike SMA expression, upregulation of GAPDH expression mediated by cholinergic receptor activation appeared to be insensitive to the mechanical state of airway smooth muscle. Unlike carbachol, histamine did not significantly alter the expression of GAPDH, myosin heavy chain SMA and SMB, myosin light chain LC17a and LC17b, and α-SM actin in bovine tracheal smooth muscle. U0126 (10 μM) completely inhibited carbachol-induced ERK1/2 MAPK phosphorylation but did not significantly affect carbachol-induced upregulation of GAPDH and SMA expression, suggesting that the ERK1/2 MAPK pathway was not the underlying mechanism. A potential implication of these findings is that periodic stretching of airways during respiratory cycles may modulate mRNA expression by receptor agonists in airway smooth muscle cells in vivo.
Transferrin receptor 2 mediates a biphasic pattern of transferrin uptake associated with ligand delivery to multivesicular bodies
Authors: Robb Aeisha D. , Ericsson Maria , Wessling-Resnick Marianne
Published: August 2004

The physiological role of transferrin (Tf) receptor 2 (TfR2), a homolog of the well-characterized TfR1, is unclear. Mutations in TfR2 result in hemochromatosis, indicating that this receptor has a unique role in iron metabolism. We report that HepG2 cells, which endogenously express TfR2, display a biphasic pattern of Tf uptake when presented with ligand concentrations up to 2 μM. The apparently nonsaturating pathway of Tf endocytosis resembles TfR1-independent Tf uptake, a process previously characterized in some liver cell types. Exogenous expression of TfR2 but not TfR1 induces a similar biphasic pattern of Tf uptake in HeLa cells, supporting a role for TfR2 in this process. Immunoelectron microscopy reveals that while Tf, TfR1, and TfR2 are localized in the plasma membrane and tubulovesicular endosomes, TfR2 expression is associated with the additional appearance of Tf in multivesicular bodies. These combined results imply that unlike TfR1, which recycles apo-Tf back to the cell surface after the release of iron, TfR2 promotes the intracellular deposition of ligand. Tf delivered by TfR2 does not appear to be degraded, which suggests that its delivery to this organelle may be functionally relevant to the storage of iron in overloaded states.
Carbon monoxide activates human intestinal smooth muscle L-type Ca2+ channels through a nitric oxide-dependent mechanism
Authors: Lim Inja , Gibbons Simon J , Lyford Gregory L. , Miller Steven M. , Strege Peter R. , Sarr Michael G. , Chatterjee Suvro , Szurszewski Joseph H. , Shah Vijay H. , Farrugia Gianrico
Published: August 2004

Carbon monoxide (CO) is increasingly recognized as a physiological messenger. CO is produced in the gastrointestinal tract with diverse functions, including regulation of gastrointestinal motility, interacting with nitric oxide (NO) to mediate neurotransmission. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of CO on the human intestinal L-type Ca2+ channel expressed in HEK cells and in native cells using the patch-clamp technique. Extracellular solution contained 10 mM Ba2+ as the charge carrier. Maximal peak Ba2+ current ( IBa) was significantly increased by bath application of 0.2% CO to transfected HEK cells (18 ± 3%). The NO donor S-nitroso- N-acetylpenicillamine also increased IBa, and CO (0.2%) increased NO production in transfected HEK cells. The CO-induced increase in IBa was blocked when cells were pretreated with 1H-[1,2,4]-oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (10 μM) or inhibitors of NO synthase (NOS). The PKA inhibitor KT-5720 (0.5 μM) and milrinone (3 μM), a phosphodiesterase (PDE) III inhibitor, blocked the effect of CO on IBa. Similar effects were seen in freshly dissociated human intestinal smooth muscle cells. The data suggest that exogenous CO can activate native and heterologously expressed intestinal L-type Ca2+ channels through a pathway that involves activation of NOS, increased NO, and cGMP levels, but not PKG. Rather, the pathway appears to involve PKA, partly by reducing cAMP breakdown through inhibition of PDE III. CO-induced NO production may explain the apparent discrepancy between the low affinity of guanylyl cyclase for CO and the robust cGMP production evoked by CO.
Remodeling in myocardium adjacent to an infarction in the pig left ventricle
Authors: Zimmerman Scott D. , Criscione John , Covell James W.
Published: August 2004

Changes in the structure of the “normal” ventricular wall adjacent to an infarcted area involve all components of the myocardium (myocytes, fibroblasts and the extracellular matrix, and the coronary vasculature) and their three-dimensional structural relationship. Assessing changes in these components requires tracking material markers in the remodeling tissue over long periods of time with a three-dimensional approach as well as a detailed histological evaluation of the remodeled structure. The purpose of the present study was to examine the hypotheses that changes in the tissue adjacent to an infarct are related to myocyte elongation, myofiber rearrangement, and changes in the laminar architecture of the adjacent tissue. Three weeks after myocardial infarction, noninfarcted tissue adjacent to the infarct remodeled by expansion along the direction of the fibers and in the cross fiber direction. These changes are consistent with myocyte elongation and myofiber rearrangement (slippage), as well as a change in cell shape to a more elliptical cross section with the major axis in the epicardial tangent plane, and indicate that reorientation of fibers either via “cell slippage” or changes in orientation of the laminar structure of the ventricular wall are quantitatively important aspects of the remodeling of the normally perfused myocardium.
Sex differences in renal injury and nitric oxide production in renal wrap hypertension
Authors: Ji Hong , Pesce Carlo , Zheng Wei , Kim James , Zhang Yinghua , Menini Stefano , Haywood Joseph R. , Sandberg Kathryn
Published: August 2004

To investigate the faster rate of renal disease progression in men compared with women, we addressed the following questions in the renal wrap (RW) model of hypertension: 1) Do sex differences exist in RW-induced renal injury, which are independent of sex differences in blood pressure? 2) Do sex differences in nitric oxide (NO) production exist in RW hypertension? Male (M) and female (F) rats underwent sham-operated (M-Sham, n = 7; F-Sham, n = 10) or RW (M-RW, n = 13; F-RW, n = 14) surgery for 9 wk. Markers of renal injury, including the glomerulosclerosis index (F-RW, 0.70 ± 0.1 vs. M-RW, 2.2 ± 0.6; P < 0.05), mean glomerular volume (F-RW, 1.05 ± 0.050 × 106 vs. M-RW, 1.78 ± 0.15 × 106 μm3; P < 0.001), and proteinuria (F-RW, 68.7 ± 15 vs. M-RW, 124 ± 7.7 mg/day; P < 0.001) were greater in RW males compared with RW females. Endothelial NO synthase protein expression was elevated in the renal cortex (3.2-fold) and medulla (2.2-fold) 9 wk after RW in males, whereas no differences were observed in females. Neuronal NO synthase protein expression was unchanged in the renal cortex in males and in both the renal cortex and medulla in females, whereas in the male medulla, neuronal NOS was decreased by 57%. These data suggest the degree of renal injury is greater in male compared with female rats in RW hypertension despite similar degrees of hypertension and renal function and may involve sex differences in renal NO metabolism.
Conflicting effects of exercise on the establishment of a short-photoperiod phenotype in Syrian hamster
Authors: Menet Jerome S. , Vuillez Patrick , Bonn Daniel , Senser Aurore , Pévet Paul
Published: August 2004

In the Syrian hamster, winter seasonal inhibition of reproduction occurs in response to decreasing day length. This inhibitory response is modulated by nonphotic cues. In particular, access to a running wheel has been shown to produce incomplete gonadal regression. The present study sought to determine whether this occurs as a consequence of wheel effect on adaptation of the circadian system to short days or whether downstream physiological responses are involved. Short-day adaptation of the circadian clock, which is located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus, was tested by lengthening the photosensitive phase of the SCN (assayed by light-induced c-Fos expression in the SCN) as a parameter. We found that wheel-running activity does not inhibit the integration of the photoperiodic change by the SCN even if complete testicular regression is prevented. Moreover, this exercise was even capable of accelerating the lengthening of the photosensitive phase after the transfer to short day length. Thus, although wheel-running activity inhibits the short photoperiod-induced gonadal regression, it acts on the SCN to accelerate the integration of the photoperiodic change by the biological clock.
Effect of pregnancy and 5α-pregnan-3α-ol-20-one on atrial receptor afferent discharge in rats
Authors: Storey Elaine , Kaufman Susan
Published: August 2004

The atrial volume reflex is attenuated in pregnancy. This may be mimicked by chronic administration of 5α-pregnan-3α-ol-20-one (pregnan). We investigated whether afferent output from sensory receptors may be suppressed at this time. Vagal afferent nerve activity was measured during discrete localized stimulation of the atrial volume receptors by inflation of a balloon at the superior vena caval-right atrial junction. The receptors were classified as high- (HF) or low- (LF) frequency subtypes on the basis of their response to graded atrial distension. Although both HF (regression coefficient = 0.50 ± 0.11 Hz/μl, r2 = 0.47, P < 0.001) and LF (regression coefficient = 0.03 ± 0.05 Hz/μl, r2 = 0.009, P = 0.613) subtypes could be identified in virgin rats, only LF (regression coefficient = 0.09 ± 0.05 Hz/μl, r2 = 0.044, P = 0.099) receptors were found in late-pregnant animals. Similarly, in virgin rats treated chronically with pregnan (500 μg/24 h for 2 days), only LF receptors were identified (regression coefficient = −0.004 ± 0.078 Hz/μl, r2 = 0.000, P = 0.962), whereas both subtypes were present in the vehicle-treated animals (HF regression coefficient = 0.626 ± 0.255 Hz/μl, r2 = 0.317, P = 0.029; LF regression coefficient = −0.012 ± 0.071 Hz/μl, r2 = 0.002, P = 0.866). By contrast, acute intracardiac pregnan (2.6 μg/kg) did not alter vagal afferent nerve activity. In conclusion, stretch-induced discharge of high-frequency atrial receptors is suppressed during pregnancy, whereas that of low-frequency receptors is preserved. This effect may be mimicked by chronic, but not acute, pregnan. We propose that, during pregnancy, pregnan alters the transducer properties of the atrial volume receptors, thus allowing blood volume to increase.
Frontal Eye Field Activity Before Visual Search Errors Reveals the Integration of Bottom-Up and Top-Down Salience
Authors: Thompson Kirk G. , Bichot Narcisse P. , Sato Takashi R.
Published: August 2004

We investigated the saccade decision process by examining activity recorded in the frontal eye field (FEF) of monkeys performing 2 separate visual search experiments in which there were errors in saccade target choice. In the first experiment, the difficulty of a singleton search task was manipulated by varying the similarity between the target and distractors; errors were made more often when the distractors were similar to the target. On catch trials in which the target was absent the monkeys occasionally made false alarm errors by shifting gaze to one of the distractors. The second experiment was a popout color visual search task in which the target and distractor colors switched unpredictably across trials. Errors occurred most frequently on the first trial after the switch and less often on subsequent trials. In both experiments, FEF neurons selected the saccade goal on error trials, not the singleton target of the search array. Although saccades were made to the same stimulus locations, presaccadic activation and the magnitude of selection differed across trial conditions. The variation in presaccadic selective activity was accounted for by the variation in saccade probability across the stimulus–response conditions, but not by variations in saccade metrics. These results suggest that FEF serves as a saccade probability map derived from the combination of bottom-up and top-down influences. Peaks on this map represent the behavioral relevance of each item in the visual field rather than just reflecting saccade preparation. This map in FEF may correspond to the theoretical salience map of many models of attention and saccade target selection.
Posture-Related Oscillations in Human Cerebellar Thalamus in Essential Tremor Are Enabled by Voluntary Motor Circuits
Authors: Hua Sherwin E. , Lenz Frederick A.
Published: August 2004

The mechanism of essential tremor (ET) is unclear. Animal models of tremor and functional imaging studies in ET predict that the cerebellum and a cerebellar recipient thalamic nucleus ( ventral intermediate, Vim) should exhibit oscillatory activity during rest and during tremor due to abnormal olivo-cerebellar activity. Physiologic responses of 152 single neurons were recorded during awake mapping of the ventral thalamus in seven patients with ET prior to thalamotomy. During postural tremor, spectral cross-correlation analysis demonstrated that 51% of the neurons studied exhibited a concentration of power at tremor frequency that was correlated with electromyography, i.e., tremor neurons. During rest, thalamic neurons did not exhibit tremor-frequency activity. Among the three thalamic nuclei surveyed, Vim had a significantly higher proportion of tremor neurons than did the principal somatic sensory nucleus ( ventral caudal, Vc) or a pallidal recipient thalamic nucleus ( ventral oral posterior, Vop). Neurons related to active movement (voluntary neurons) had significantly greater tremor-related activity than did nonvoluntary neurons. These findings are not consistent with a model of continuous olivo-cerebellar driving of the motor cortex through thalamic connections. Instead ET may be facilitated by motor circuits that enable tremor-related thalamic activity during voluntary movement. Additionally, a subgroup of tremor neurons with proprioceptive inputs were identified that may allow sensory feedback to access the central tremor network.
Activation of Cannabinoid CB2Receptors Suppresses C-Fiber Responses and Windup in Spinal Wide Dynamic Range Neurons in the Absence and Presence of Inflammation
Authors: Nackley A. G. , Zvonok A. M. , Makriyannis A. , Hohmann A. G.
Published: August 2004

Effects of the CB2-selective cannabinoid agonist AM1241 on activity evoked in spinal wide dynamic range (WDR) neurons by transcutaneous electrical stimulation were evaluated in urethane-anesthetized rats. Recordings were obtained in both the absence and the presence of carrageenan inflammation. AM1241, administered intravenously or locally in the paw, suppressed activity evoked by transcutaneous electrical stimulation during the development of inflammation. Decreases in WDR responses resulted from a suppression of C-fiber–mediated activity and windup. Aβ- and Aδ-fiber–mediated responses were not reliably altered. The AM1241-induced suppression of electrically evoked responses was blocked by the CB2antagonist SR144528 but not by the CB1antagonist SR141716A. AM1241 (33 μg/kg intraplantar [ipl]), administered to the carrageenan-injected paw, suppressed activity evoked in WDR neurons relative to groups receiving vehicle in the same paw or AM1241 in the opposite (noninflamed) paw. The electrophysiological effects of AM1241 (330 μg/kg intravenous [iv]) were greater in rats receiving ipl carrageenan compared with noninflamed rats receiving an ipl injection of vehicle. AM1241 failed to alter the activity of purely nonnociceptive neurons recorded in the lumbar dorsal horn. Additionally, AM1241 (330 μg/kg iv and ipl; 33 μg/kg ipl) reduced the diameter of the carrageenan-injected paw. The AM1241-induced decrease in peripheral edema was blocked by the CB2but not by the CB1antagonist. These data demonstrate that activation of cannabinoid CB2receptors is sufficient to suppress neuronal activity at central levels of processing in the spinal dorsal horn. Our findings are consistent with the ability of AM1241 to normalize nociceptive thresholds and produce antinociception in inflammatory pain states.
In the Spirit of Truth: Worship and Prayer in the Gospel of John and the Early Fathers
Authors: Lee Dorothy
Published: August 2004

The Gospel of John had a powerful impact on the early Church not only in its theological understanding of God but in its conviction of the centrality of worship. In the Fourth Gospel, worship is made possible through the Spirit who gives birth to believers, making them children of God and participants in Jesus' own filiation. The Johannine Jesus, through the Spirit, becomes both the locus and object of worship, the source of worship as well as the true worshipper. This understanding is the ultimate source of the Nicene Creed's assertion that all three Persons of the Trinity are to be 'worshipped and glorified'.
Die Wahrheitsbezeichnungen des Clemens von Alexandrien in Ihrem Philosophischen und theologischen Kontext
Authors: Klibengajtis Tomasz
Published: August 2004

Das Ziel des vorliegenden Aufsatzes ist es die philosophischen Wahrheitsdefinitionen und die theologischen Wahrheitsbestimmungen des Clemens von Alexandrien, samt ihrem Kontext, darzustellen. Die erste philosophische Wahrheitsdefinition zeigt den Einfluß der heraklitischen Lehre von der ,,gemeinsamen Welt der Wachenden" und ist wahrscheinlich durch die Vermittlung der Wahrheitslehre des Ainesidemos zu Clemens gelangt. Die zweite Definition wird im Zusammenhang einer Klassifikation der Wissenschaften präsentiert, wobei die Wahrheit im Kontext der Termini επιστημη, εξις und γνωσις besprochen wird. Die theologischen Wahrheitsbestimmungen zeigen, daß für Clemens Gott derjenige ist, welcher ,,die Wahrheit gebärt" und diese in seinem Logos-Christus, welcher αληεια, επιστημη und γνωσις genannt wird, offenbart. Das menschliche Ziel ist es durch asketische Bemühungen zu einem Umgang mit der Wahrheit zu gelangen, welcher die göttliche Dimension eröffnet.
Class Distinction as a Way of Doing Church: The Early Fathers and the Christian Plebs
Authors: Rankin David
Published: August 2004

Roman notions of social and legal distinction helped to shape the approach of certain pre-Nicene Fathers to the ordering of the church. The social distinction between ordo and plebs and the legal one between honestior and humilior helped these Fathers to differentiate the particular rights and responsibilities of clergy and laity, while the concept of patronage and that of the paterfamilias helped them to define the particular role and authority of the bishop. We see this first articulated in Clement and Hermas of Rome, developed further in Tertullian of Carthage, and then find particular expression in Cyprian of Carthage.
Clement of Alexandria and the Philonic Doctrine of the Divine Power(s)
Authors: Runia David
Published: August 2004

The present paper offers a comprehensive examination of how Clement appropriates the Philonic doctrine of the divine powers. It first examines the biblical basis of the doctrine, in which Pauline influence is superimposed on Genesis. It then successively treats the subject in the areas of theology, cosmology and the doctrine of creation, including the creation of humanity. For Clement experience of the divine power (usually in the singular) leads to knowledge of God (to the extent possible) and intimacy with him through the Son. Clement's Philonic heritage has enabled him to develop a positive and above all a dynamic theology.
The ICF: a framework for setting goals for children with speech impairment
Authors: McLeod Sharynne , Bleile Ken
Published: August 2004

The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) (World Health Organization, 2001) is proposed as a framework for integrative goal setting for children with speech impairment. The ICF incorporates both impairment and social factors to consider when selecting appropriate goals to bring about change in the lives of children with speech impairment. Speech-language therapists and teachers can work together not only to provide direct intervention with the child, but also to work in partnership with the child's family, friends, school and society.
Evidence-based management of phonological impairment in children
Authors: Baker Elise , McLeod Sharynne
Published: August 2004

Evidence-based management of phonological impairment in children is a dynamic process. Speech and language therapists need to evaluate published evidence and use their professional judgement to decide on an intervention plan, evaluate the efficacy of their intervention and re-evaluate decisions. Two case studies are presented to illustrate this process of evidence-based management of phonological impairment in children. Both of the children have a phonological impairment of unknown origin with similar case histories; however, their intervention outcomes were completely different. The two case studies highlight the importance of considering individual differences in the management of phonological impairment in children. They also highlight the importance of integrating up-to-date knowledge with clinical expertise.
Conceptualizing economies and their geographies: spaces, flows and circuits
Authors: Hudson Ray
Published: August 2004

The last decade or so has been one of ongoing, at times heated, debate in economic geography as to how best to conceptualize and theorize economies and their geographies. Reflecting on these debates, I identify six axioms that are central to conceptualizing economic geographies. I then go on to consider issues of culture and the economy and the relationships between them. The paper explores the links between political-economic and cultural-economic approaches, suggesting that they are most productively seen as complementary both/and approaches rather than as competitive either/or ones.
From placode to polarization: new tunes in inner ear development
Authors: Barald Kate F. , Kelley Matthew W.
Published: August 2004

The highly orchestrated processes that generate the vertebrate inner ear from the otic placode provide an excellent and circumscribed testing ground for fundamental cellular and molecular mechanisms of development. The recent pace of discovery in developmental auditory biology has been unusually rapid,with hundreds of papers published in the past 4 years. This review summarizes studies addressing several key issues that shape our current thinking about inner ear development, with particular emphasis on early patterning events,sensory hair cell specification and planar cell polarity.
Degradation Pathways of Acetochlor by γ-Radiolysis
Authors: Liu Shao-Yang , Chen You-Peng , Yu Han-Qing
Published: August 2004

The degradation of acetochlor by γ-irradiation was investigated. Acetochlor was decomposed with an efficiency of 40% with a dose rate of 92 Gy min−1 in 2 h. Its radiolytic products under oxidative and reductive conditions were analyzed by GCMS and FTIR. Six products under oxidative conditions and four products under reductive conditions were identified by their mass spectra. With the products identified, the oxidative and reductive degradation pathways of acetochlor by γ-irradiation were proposed.
Synthesis, Structure, and Electron-Donating Ability of 2,2′:6′,2″-Dioxatriphenylamine and Its Sulfur Analogue
Authors: Kuratsu Masato , Kozaki Masatoshi , Okada Keiji
Published: August 2004

2,2′:6′,2″-Dioxa- and dithia-triphenylamines 4a and 4b were prepared. Both compounds had a C2-like structure. The sulfur compound 4b had a more twisted structure than 4a; the dihedral angle between two edge phenyl rings was 43° for 4a, and 62° for 4b. The oxygen compound 4a had a reversible oxidation wave at +0.81 V vs SCE, whereas 4b had an irreversible peak at +1.14 V.
Fluorescent Property of Bulk- and Nanocrystals of Cyanide-bridged Eu(III)Co(III) Heteronuclear Coordination Polymer
Authors: Kondo Nobuyuki , Yokoyama Arisa , Kurihara Masato , Sakamoto Masatomi , Yamada Mami , Miyake Mikio , Ohsuna Tetsu , Aono Hiromichi , Sadaoka Yoshihiko
Published: August 2004

Fluorescent properties of Eu(III) in the bulk- and nanocrystals of coordination polymer, Eu[Co(CN)6]·4H2O, were compared with those of EuCl3·6H2O. Fluorescent intensity of bulk crystals was greatly enhanced on forming the coordination polymer, whereas that of nanocrystals was little affected. These results were discussed considering the coordination surroundings around Eu(III) located on the crystal surface.
Cellulose Derivative-based Beads as Chiral Stationary Phase for HPLC
Authors: Ikai Tomoyuki , Muraki Reiko , Yamamoto Chiyo , Kamigaito Masami , Okamoto Yoshio
Published: August 2004

Crosslinked beads, which can be used as a chiral packing material (CPM) for high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), were prepared using a cellulose phenylcarbamate derivative. The spherical beads were first prepared with partially derivatized cellulose 3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate, which was then crosslinked with a diisocyanate. The obtained beads had a higher loading capacity than the corresponding conventional CPM prepared by coating the derivative on silica gel, and were not damaged when used with an eluent containing chloroform which cannot be used with the coated CPM.
ASP, The Art and Science of Practice: How I Started an OR/MS Consulting Practice with a Laptop, a Phone, and a PhD
Authors: Beam Carrie
Published: August 2004

Rather than become a professor after finishing my PhD in operations research, I became a small-business owner. Armed with a few books on sales and proposal writing, and with no industry contacts, I built my consulting business from the ground up through cold-calling, networking, paying referral fees, and teaching. To transform contacts into new business, I fill and manage a pipeline, ask for and follow sales advice only from successful salespeople, and never write a proposal until I have both a budget and a deadline. As a sole proprietor, my time is my money, and I have learned to manage it carefully, especially because much of my time is not billable—including the hours I spend drumming up business. I have learned that creating a successful consulting firm takes money, tenacity, experience selling your time and talent, and a strong desire to work for yourself. My business proves that it is possible.
A Robust Fleet-Assignment Model with Hub Isolation and Short Cycles
Authors: Rosenberger Jay M. , Johnson Ellis L. , Nemhauser George L.
Published: August 2004

Airline decision makers cancel flights in operations because of disruptions. When canceling a flight, they usually cancel a cycle, a sequence of flights that begins and ends at the same airport. Consequently, a fleet assignment and aircraft rotation with many short cycles is frequently less sensitive to a flight cancellation than one with only a few short cycles. In this paper, we determine a lower bound for the number of short cycles using the hub connectivity of a fleet assignment, and we present fleet-assignment models (FAMs) that embed many short cycles and reduce hub connectivity within a solution. We show that solutions to such models perform better in operations than those of traditional FAMs that minimize planned operating cost and passenger spill.
Computation of Equilibrium Distributions of Markov Traffic-Assignment Models
Authors: Hazelton Martin L. , Watling David P.
Published: August 2004

Markov traffic-assignment models explicitly represent the day-to-day evolving interaction between traffic congestion and drivers' information acquisition and choice processes. Such models can, in principle, be used to investigate traffic flows in stochastic equilibrium, yielding estimates of the equilibrium mean and covariance matrix of link or route traffic flows. However, in general these equilibrium moments cannot be written down in closed form. While Monte Carlo simulations of the assignment process may be used to produce “empirical” estimates, this approach can be extremely computationally expensive if reliable results (relatively free of Monte Carlo error) are to be obtained. In this paper an alternative method of computing the equilibrium distribution is proposed, applicable to the class of Markov models with linear exponential learning filters. Based on asymptotic results, this equilibrium distribution may be approximated by a Gaussian process, meaning that the problem reduces to determining the first two multivariate moments in equilibrium. The first of these moments, the mean flow vector, may be estimated by a conventional traffic-assignment model. The second, the flow covariance matrix, is estimated through various linear approximations, yielding an explicit expression. The proposed approximations are seen to operate well in a number of illustrative examples. The robustness of the approximations (in terms of network input data) is discussed, and shown to be connected with the “volatility” of the traffic assignment process.
Growth Hormone and Epidermal Growth Factor in Salivary Glands of Giant and Dwarf Transgenic Mice
Authors: Young William G. , Ramirez-Yañez German O. , Daley Terry J. , Smid Joseph R. , Coshigano Karen T. , Kopchick John J. , Waters Michael J.
Published: August 2004

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) in rat salivary glands is regulated by testosterone, thyroxin, and growth hormone (GH). Salivary glands of 45-day-old giant and dwarf male and female transgenic mice were examined histologically and by immunohistochemistry (IHC) for EGF. Male giants showed no significant differences from wild-type (WT) parotid and submandibular glands. However, their sublingual glands expressed EGF diffusely and strongly in granular cells within the striated ducts, where they were not found in WT mice. Submandibular gland ducts of female WT were different, having individual granular cells strongly positive for EGF and distributed sporadically along the striated duct walls. Neither female GH-antagonist dwarf mice nor GH-receptor knockout mice had any granular cells expressing EGF in any gland. Obvious presence of granular duct cells in the sublingual glands of giant male mice suggests GH-upregulated granular cell EGF expression. Furthermore, absence of granular duct cells from all glands in female GH-antagonist and GH-receptor knockout transgenic mice suggests that GH is necessary for the differentiation of the granular cell phenotype in female salivary glands.
Forest certification and communities
Authors: Molnar A.
Published: August 2004

From its inception, forest certification aimed to address social as well as environmental goals. The FSC, its certifiers, and supporting donors aggressively supported community certification. As of 2003, 50 communities worldwide have received forest management certificates or chain
of custody certification, and many other forest communities have been brought into the decision-making process of the certification of public and private forests as stakeholders. A rich set of lessons can be learned from their experiences that can help guide all certification schemes with
an interest in community forest management. In essence, certification has benefited communities in many ways. Yet high costs, standard procedures and requirements as well as policy and regulatory constraints have precluded a large number of communities from beginning the process of certification.
Going forward, the standards of certification schemes need to be reviewed and the standard-setting dialogue opened to include community clients (either by modifying the rules or creating a dual track). In parallel, alternative models of certifying sustainability should be considered.
Plasma or serum samples: measurements of cardiac troponin T and of other analytes compared
Authors: Dominici Roberto , Infusino Ilenia , Valente Cristina , Moraschinelli Irene , Franzini Carlo
Published: August 2004

Conflicting data in the literature concern possible differences in the immunochemical measurement of cardiac troponins, either in plasma or in serum. In order to address this specific point, 96 serum and heparin-plasma pairs were obtained for cardiac marker measurement [cardiac troponin T (cTnT); myoglobin (Myo) and creatine kinase-MB isoenzyme (CK-MB)]; 29 additional “common” analytes were measured in 77 such samples. The cardiac markers were measured by electrochemiluminescence (Elecsys 2010, Roche); the other analytes by established automated methods (Modular, Roche). Mean plasma/serum ratios for cTnT (0.95), creatine kinase-MB (1.01) and myoglobin (0.99) were comparable with those of the 29 common analytes (interval of means 0.83–1.05). The distribution of the plasma-serum differences also showed similarities between cardiac markers and other analytes. A few outlier plasma-serum differences (3–5%) were measured for both categories of analytes. Addition of heparin to serum (51 samples) caused decreased cTnT (mean ratio 0.92). In 3 of 51 such samples the cTnT decrease was more marked, but in a second sample from the same subjects (1 week later) such a prominent, heparin-induced loss of cTnT no longer appeared. In conclusion, plasma-serum differences in immuno-reactive cTnT compare with those observed for other analytes. In occasional heparin-plasma samples immunochemical measurement of cTnT may give exceptionally low values. However, in our sample group of 96 patients (cTnT lower or higher than the cut-off in, respectively, 24 and 72 patients), no misclassification occurred if plasma instead of serum cTnT values were considered.
Extracellular diffusion pathway for heartwood substances in Albizia julibrissin Durazz.
Authors: Zhang Chunhua , Fujita Minoru , Takabe Keiji
Published: August 2004

A three-dimensional network of intercellular spaces, deemed an extracellular diffusion pathway for heartwood substances, was detected in Albizia julibrissin. Electron microscopy revealed a large number of blind pits in ray parenchyma cells, most facing intercellular spaces. Heartwood substances, which are synthesized in the ray parenchyma cells, are released not only into neighboring cells through pit pairs, but also into the intercellular spaces through the blind pits. There were two types of wood fiber in the heartwood region: one with a lumen surface lined with heartwood substances and one that lacked such lining on its lumen surface. This finding supports the observation that the cellular distribution of heartwood substances is not homogenous throughout the heartwood. There was no positive correlation, however, between this uneven distribution and the distance of a wood fiber from the ray.
Artificial weathering of tropical woods. Part 1: Changes in wettability
Authors: Kishino Masanori , Nakano Takato
Published: August 2004

Changes in the wettability of eight species of tropical woods during artificial weathering up to 600 h are discussed from the aspect of chemical and structural changes in their surfaces: Amnurana acreana, Acacia auriculiformis, Dipterocarpus spp., Eucalyptus marginata, Eucalyptus robusta, Shorea spp., and Tabebuia spp. with relatively high and low specific gravity. On the whole, the wettability of specimens decreased upon irradiation up to 20 h; above that they increased. Changes in wettability during artificial weathering differed according to wood species. The IR spectra suggest that the specimen surfaces after irradiation for 600 h result in a cellulose-rich layer, and therefore the increase in wettability during artificial weathering can be explained in terms of the increase in hydroxyl groups originating from both the exposed cellulose and adsorbed water. However, the difference in wettability exists between species even after the surface develops a cellulose-rich layer. The stereoscopic micrographs showed the development of cracks for all of the specimens after irradiation for 600 h, and differences in their magnitudes according to species. From these results, the differences in wettability between species were estimated to be due to the structural changes on the surface during artificial weathering, whereas the increase in wettability was due to the chemical changes.
Inflammatorische Biomarker und Atherosklerose/Inflammatory biomarkers and atherosclerosis
Authors: Mangge Harald , Hubmann Holger , Pilz Stefan , März Winfried
Published: August 2004

Zusammenfassung Die zellulären und molekulären Ereignisse in der Pathogenese der Arteriosklerose weisen Merkmale einer chronischen Entzündung auf und zeigen erstaunliche Ähnlichkeiten mit Autoimmunerkrankungen, wie rheumatoide Arthritis. Chemokine, Zytokine und ihre Rezeptoren spielen sowohl in der Frühphase, als auch in den fortgeschrittenen Stadien der Arteriosklerose eine Schlüsselrolle. Im vorliegenden Übersichtsartikel soll die wichtige Bedeutung der Chemokine und Zytokine als zentrale Biomarker bei der Entstehung und Perpetuierung der Arteriosklerose anhand aktueller Daten diskutiert werden.