bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modeling Hermogenes
Authors: Holzman Samuel
Published: June 2022

The Modeling Hermogenes seminar, a graduate course in fall 2014 at the University of Pennsylvania, built a computer model of the Hellenistic temple of Artemis Leukophryene at Magnesia on the Maeander to analyze the architectural remains of this now ruined building. This experiment of Bauforschung in three dimensions sought to access the visual and experiential aspects of the innovative pseudodipteral temple plan designed by Hermogenes (c. 200 bce). Digital visualization proved to be an essential research tool because conventional pen-and-ink illustrations of the temple in plan, elevation, and section provide little impression of the in-person appearance of the structure. Recreating in three dimensions the conjectural elements of the superstructure, ceiling, and roofing—which are so often assumed and hidden in reconstructions—laid bare the construction challenges and possible solutions used at Magnesia. The experimental process of computer modeling revealed the engineering of the optical effects that earned this monument fame in antiquity for its audacious spaciousness. Visualizing the encircling portico highlights the significance of the contrast between the exterior colonnade and the open interior that produced the deceptive quality of the pseudodipteral design.
Roofing Without Timber
Authors: Kienast Hermann J.
Published: June 2022

+The Tower of the Winds in Athens figures among the most ingenious creations of ancient architecture. Erected at the end of the second century ce it is the best-preserved building from antiquity in all of Greece and the only one with a completely extant roof. The tower has an octagonal floor plan and consists from bottom to top of fine Pentelic marble. The truly unique roofing system is constructed with 24 tapering solid slabs abutting a central keystone. On the outside these slabs create an octagonal pyramid, while on the inside they have a round base and form a dome-like ceiling. The slabs rest on the walls of the tower and are kept in place by the ring of sima blocks. To sustain the considerable pressure, these blocks are carefully linked together with iron clamps. The roofing system has substantial weight given its span of more than seven meters—for its period a rather daring construction.
Into the Slow Field
Authors: Lagerkvist Amanda
Published: June 2022

This chapter introduces the materials studied, the methodological considerations, and the ethics and ethos of research in the field of death and mourning online. It explains that the study is a contribution to qualitative media studies and internet research and that it uses a multimethod research design. The study combines theoretically and philosophically informed close readings of a range of materials with ethnographic methods in the field of bereavement. Three groups were studied: Vi som förlorat barn, Vi som förlorat någon mitt i livet, and Spädbarnsfonden. The chapter also discusses both research ethics and an ethos for scholarship in relation to “the slow field” of death and mourning online. Attending to limits may force us to scrutinize our own practices and values—our axiology as researchers of media. This field requires of the researcher that she make a range of methodological choices that in turn rely on and bring into being a practical ethics. In this field the researcher is forced to slow down, and thereby problematize the norms of speed and quantity in data-gathering in nonafflicted contexts. If we place mourners centrally, the question of ethics shifts, from seeing to hearing, from principles to praxis, from solutionist instrumentarian ethics to ethics as the cultivation of self-judgment and practical wisdom. This study draws on the virtue ethics approach of Charles M. Ess and applies the “Good Samaritan Approach.” It suggests an ethics of slowing down, of revering nonaction, and of silence, as it stresses the role of shared vulnerability online.
Postscript—Going Dark
Authors: Lagerkvist Amanda
Published: June 2022

The postscript summarizes the mission and motives of existential media studies and the potentials for refusal in the digital limit situation through slowness, silence, and waiting. It repeats three key insights that can be learned from mourners, the coexisters, about digital media, which have to do with disconnection, gaps, and silences as both needs and facts of life; it stresses the double void opened up in loss online of the lost someone, and the postinteractive communicative practices among the mourners, as contours for alternative modes of being human in the digital age. It finally emphasizes the need for coalitions between existential media studies and for example disability studies and critical race theory and other ongoing discussions on refusal, while stressing the urgency for academic work in the humanities and social sciences broadly to responsibly move onto the frontiers of the digital limit situation.
‘but I was only remembered’
Authors: Nowell Smith David
Published: June 2022

This chapter explores the role played by memory both in Graham’s verse practice and in his poetic imaginary. Memory was central to Graham’s idea of the poem as art object; ‘the eye reads forward as the memory reads back’, creating a temporal complex between the poem itself and its afterlives in reading. This makes the poem’s objecthood dependent not just on the reader’s acts of memory, but on the fact of being remembered, and in many of Graham’s late poems about his childhood in Greenock, he sees poetry itself as engaged in acts of remembering and memorialization. The chapter explores these poems’ performances of memory, as well as their anxieties about being remembered—and also about surviving only in memory.
And Did Those Feet?
Authors: Whittaker Jason
Published: June 2022

This chapter outlines the conditions under which the original Milton stanzas by Blake came to be written, relating them to the events of his arrest for sedition in Felpham, on the Sussex coast, as well as the complex mythology of his illuminated prophecies. At the same time it covers Blake’s relationship with his patron William Hayley, as well as the artist’s early engravings and paintings. It looks at the Preface to Milton a Poem, and the chapter ends with an explanation of what Blake may have meant in the stanzas, representing an appeal to the young men of the new age to reject the militarism of the country’s rulers.
The Laws of Nature and the Origins of the World
Authors: Wilson Catherine
Published: June 2022

Already in the late 1620s Descartes had envisioned a self-organising corpuscular cosmos along Epicurean lines as an alternative to the Genesis story of divine creation. This account was filled in in the following century with geological and palaeological discoveries that dramatically extended the presumed age of the earth and foretold its eventual annihilation. Kant's first book the Universal Natural History offered a similar account which, however, expressed his deep puzzlement over the origins of living nature, suggested the persistence of human souls even after the destruction of the earth, and satirically compared morally mediocre human beings with their superior neighbours on other planets.
Futility and Transcendence
Authors: Wilson Catherine
Published: June 2022

Kant attempted to find reasons for political hope and moral fortitude in human rationality; in ‘signs of the times’, the French Revolution before the Terror; and in the possibility of developmental forces working towards a more just and pacific society despite or even through human malice and destructive energy. Warfare, he claimed, could be an instrument of progress, a message enthusiastically received by nineteenth century militarists. In other contexts, Kant displayed a total opposition to warfare. His disinterest in the windings of just war theory was shared with Buffon, Voltaire, Rousseau and the Abbé St. Pierre, and his concrete suggestions for eliminating nationalistic war were radical and sound, though he had little confidence they would be implemented. At times he appeared to lose faith in the human race entirely, suggesting that it was doomed to extinction and perhaps replacement somewhere in the universe by a better class of rational beings.
Where Is God’s Body?
Authors: Copenhaver Brian P.
Published: June 2022

When Christians went to church and prayed at Mass, their faith required them to believe that Christ came in his body to that very place, where they saw God there in front of them on an altar. The doctrine of the eucharist, enacted in the liturgy of the Mass, was that Christ came every day—body and blood, soul, and divinity—to altars in churches everywhere in Christendom. Yet no one ever actually saw the body or the blood. In all those places, the only sacramental sights were bread and wine consecrated by a priest: how could that be? Pico took such questions up in three of his condemned theses, using tools of logic and precedents of law to examine the eucharist as a miracle of ‘impanation’ or ‘embreadment,’ just as God’s incarnation was a miracle of ‘enfleshment.’
Languages for Smart and Computable Contracts
Authors: Clack Christopher D
Published: June 2022

This chapter provides an in-depth engagement with the project of expressing legal propositions in machine-readable language. Smart Contracts use computer technology to automate the performance of aspects of commercial agreements. Yet how can there be confidence that the computer code is faithful to the intentions of the parties? To understand the depth and subtlety of this question requires an exploration of natural and computer languages, of the semantics of expressions in those languages, and of the gap that exists between the disciplines of law and computer science. It builds on the metaphor of a ‘contract stack’ with the idea of a ‘language stack’ and illustrates the various layers of language—both natural and formal—that might exist and interact in any instantiation of a ‘smart legal contract’. It also explains the importance of language design in the development of reliable smart contracts, including the use of domain specific languages and the design of controlled natural languages within the specific methodology of computable contracts. Reflecting the author’s original research in the area, this chapter examines ‘computable contracts’ in particular detail—a sub-type of ‘smart contracts’ in which the top two layers of the language stack (‘natural language’ and ‘specification language’) have been merged. As well as providing an in-depth overview of theory, this chapter provides an up-to-date survey of existing projects and reflections on directions for future research.
Introduction
Authors: Crisp Oliver D.
Published: June 2022

This introduction orients the reader to the motivation and shape of the present volume. It sets up some fundamental questions about prayer, and identifies it as a central practice of the Christian religion. It then gives an account of the study of and literature about petitionary prayer, and the current shift in analytic theological research to liturgical matters. There is a brief account of the foundation by the three book editors and work of the Fuller AT Project out of which a number of the chapters of this book arose. The following, and principal section consists of summaries of each of the book’s twelve chapters.
Toward an Account of Lamenting Well
Authors: Timpe Kevin
Published: June 2022

This chapter aims to explore the nature of certain forms of lament as an acceptable object of analytic theology. While not all lament is Christian, there are a number of proper Christian expressions of lament. Starting with scriptural lament, particularly as found in the Psalms, the chapter looks at the nature of lament. Once the nature of lament is established, the chapter then explores lament’s connection with hope, arguing that lament can both help orient its practitioners toward goods that are not yet possessed and help secure those goods that God ultimately intends for us. The chapter suggests that, like the virtue of hope, lament often is inherently social. It concludes with a discussion that there is a virtue of lamenting well. This chapter should be thought of not as a final product within analytic theology but rather as an invitation to engage in analytic theological reflection on lament.
Theology in the Second Person
Authors: Inman Ross D.
Published: June 2022

The aim of the chapter is to explore the irreducibly second-personal dimension of properly ordered theological inquiry. The first (and longest) section sketches a component of a larger ontology of Holy Scripture, one indicative of a second-person dimension to Holy Scripture, namely Scripture as divine speech or address. And if Holy Scripture as the principal ground of dogmatics is irreducibly second-personal at some level, then arguably the well-formed dogmatic task ought to be carried out in the manner of interpersonal relatedness to God, a “prayerful dogmatics.” The second section offers some historical reflections from the work of Karl Barth on the inseparability of dogmatics and prayer. The third and final section explores how the notion of prayerful dogmatics can serve as a guard rail that keeps the dogmatic task properly theological and thereby formational (2 Cor. 3: 18).
Does God Pray?
Authors: Sonderegger Katherine
Published: June 2022

It is a Christian conviction that it is only people who pray. The chapter aims to distinguish some accepted doctrines around this. It is the common understanding of prayer as a demonstration of lack that entails that God could not pray. A second idea about prayer is that it seeks the Unseen; and this also cannot characterize an action of God. Prayer is an asking; and its nature is indicated by the object of this asking, that is, God. This confirms, it seems, the established view that God cannot pray. The chapter then raises a challenge to this, adducing some instances from the Bible to show the possibility of God at prayer, and rejecting the suggestion of Aquinas and others that these should be regarded metaphorically. The chapter contends that the conjunction of God and the created is indicated in Romans 8. It determines to arrive at an account of the Persons, Processions, and Nature, of God and finds that He may pray and so humans may participate with Him fully.
Blessing God as Pledge of Allegiance
Authors: Arcadi James M.
Published: June 2022

The Eucharistic liturgies of the Anglican and Orthodox traditions begin with prayers that take the form of a blessing of God and God’s kingdom. However, it is not entirely clear what it means to bless God or God’s kingdom in this liturgical context, or indeed in any context. This chapter utilizes the account of speech act theory devised by William Alston to offer a constructive explication of these prayers. It analyzes candidate interpretations offered by Nicholas Wolterstorff and Alexander Schmemann, before developing one of Schmemann’s suggestions to greater specificity. Thus, the chapter argues that we ought to understand these liturgical prayers to be instances of the minister’s and the people’s pledging allegiance to God and God’s kingdom. Such an interpretation comports best with the relevant liturgical, theological, and philosophical material.
Conclusion
Authors: Roy Anupama
Published: June 2022

This chapter ties the arguments of the book together. It reiterates that the narrative structuring of ‘crisis’ that makes an ‘appropriate’ citizenship law imperative, mystifies the ways in which law serves as a ‘cultural and institutional artefact’ that masks the claims of the ruling regimes to organize the different aspects of social relations. Law may also be seen as an ideology which legitimates these practices, but stands in an ‘active relationship’ with society, often in a field of conflict. The space of citizenship assemblage precipitated by Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) and National Register of Citizens (NRC) is replete with ‘irruptions’ which took ‘insurgent’ and ‘iterative’ forms. The debates in the Parliament recalled the constitutional secularism of the founding moment of the Republic to oppose the ideological framework of ethnic-majoritarianism embodied in the CAA. The Constitution was recalled and reclaimed in the city streets and became emblematic of the transformative moment, which was resurrected by the people in their search for democracy as a ‘permanent ideal’.
The Great Exodus
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Sekhar , Chaudhury Anasua Basu Ray
Published: June 2022

Chapter 2 explains why the Namasudra peasants of East Bengal did not migrate to India immediately after the Partition in 1947. It looks at the role of Jogendranath Mandal and the Bengal branch of the All India Scheduled Castes Federation, which advocated a Dalit–Muslim alliance. It examines why and how that alliance broke down as a result of rising Islamic nationalism and an unusual scarcity of resources in the post-Partition East Bengal. The chapter looks critically at the riots of 1950, which triggered the great East Bengali Dalit peasant migration. It examines why the Delhi Pact of 1950 failed to stem the tide of this migration, which continued until the border was sealed in 1957. It also argues that the Dalit peasants migrated because they suffered from a profound sense of insecurity created by a pervasive environment of low-intensity violence. We call it post-Partition conjunctural violence with its own temporality, produced by the specific historical context of Partition, and its complex aftermath. It seriously disrupted the historic patterns of Dalit–Muslim relations in the East Bengal countryside. For the Dalit migrants, the experience of displacement had been so very traumatic that it had created for them a permanent rupture with the past. Most of them never wanted to go back to their old homeland. But on arrival in West Bengal—the new homeland of the Hindus—they soon found that they were not welcome here either.
Power, Independence, Gender, and Consent
Authors: Vanita Ruth
Published: June 2022

This chapter considers the question of non-sexual intimacy between a woman and a man (through the stories of a woman who uses yogic powers to possess a man, and a man who does the same to a woman) and the question of consent. It analyses the fragility of male power and asks whether a man can really protect a woman. Intimacy with Sulabha makes Janaka deeply anxious, and his language suggests that he suspects her of being a viṣa-kanyā (poison-maiden), sent by a rival king to assassinate him. He accuses Sulabha of crossing gender lines by giving up female power (which he defines as youth, beauty, and good fortune) and encroaching on male domains. Sulabha responds by unpacking the nature of royal and patriarchal power. She logically demonstrates that powerful men always depend on others and are therefore insecure and fearful.
Revenge, Forgiveness, and Gender-Crossing
Authors: Vanita Ruth
Published: June 2022

This chapter intervenes in the debate about Amba’s revenge on Bhishma. I question the idea of revenge as feminist, and contrast Amba with the daughters of Kushanabha in the Ramayana, who restrain their desire to injure an antagonist who injures them. Arguing that debate is shaped by the relative power of participants, I demonstrate through close reading that Amba’s decision to kill Bhishma is shaped by pressure from older men, who close off other options that she considers. This chapter examines the paradoxical fact that both Amba and Bhishma are perceived as crossing gender boundaries. Shishupala derides Bhishma for being celibate and childless, and says that he belongs to the tṛtiya prakṛti (third nature), a category that in the Kamasutra is applied to men who desire men.
Introduction
Authors: Kinzer Bruce
Published: June 2022

This Introduction explains the rationale for the volume’s choice of theme, examines the major works in Brian Harrison’s record of scholarly achievement, and situates the substance of the book’s chapters in relation to the volume’s central motif and Harrison’s chief preoccupations. Harrison’s books, taken together, constitute the heart of his contribution to our understanding of modern British history. The Introduction gives dedicated attention to each of them, analysing their origin, character, and purpose. It also considers the reception each elicited. The importance of Harrison’s Oxford setting in shaping the course of his development as a scholar is duly noted. After following the trail of this development, the Introduction briefly discusses each of the chapters that make up Reform and Its Complexities in Modern Britain, elucidating their relevance to the theme of reform and its complexities and indicating their association with Harrison’s own concerns. It closes with the suggestion that the complexities of reform spring not from the concept itself but from the motives and actions of specific individuals seeking to bring about particular kinds of change, from the responses generated by these actions, and from the conditions that give meaning to the conduct of reformers and anti-reformers alike.
Inexhaustible Vicissitudes
Authors: Cannadine David
Published: June 2022

This chapter explores the unintended consequences of the acquisition by Oxford University Press of the Dictionary of National Biography in 1917. The aim of this transaction was to ensure that the DNB would indeed continue to print, and continue to be updated, which did happen. But it was not until the 1990s that the greater hope—namely that the whole DNB would be revised—was actually realized, with the creation of the ODNB. The complexities of these reform processes is the focus of this investigation. The exploration of these topics also contributes to understanding the transformation of Oxford University into a pre-eminent research university, a development in which the prestigious scholarly outputs of the Press played a significant part.
Democracy’s Foreign Models
Authors: Cuttica Cesare
Published: June 2022

In line with the book’s attempt to address key topics and recurrent targets informing the anti-democratic paradigm throughout the late sixteenth century and the first forty-two years of the next, Chapter 4 focuses on a series of foreign ideas, groups, and places which many English authors considered to be clusters of democracy. Most importantly, the chapter does so by dealing with the rich and unexpected constellation of political, social, religious, and cultural critiques advanced in order to depict classical Athens, the cantons of Switzerland, Germany’s Anabaptist enclaves (notably Münster), and other foreign entities as pure democracies. In particular, it examines these states’ ostracism strategies; military and fiscal policies; handling of private property and trade; moral codes; and their inhabitants’ collective behaviour. This approach underlies a few specific questions: what was the experience of democracy like back then? How did educated early modern people feel about real democracies (or about non-monarchical states)? How can that feeling be recovered? In this respect, the chapter delineates what can be called the ‘ethnography’ of democracy with the complex array of characteristics that were attached to it. In studying the different geopolitical realities that were described (and scathingly decried) as typical examples of plebeian democracy, the chapter depicts a series of crucial aspects that, for many, shaped democracy politically, ethically, and socially. Amongst them, democratic cruelty and meanness, anti-intellectualism, religious fanaticism, levelling tendencies, and the search for a degrading equality of all were the most prominent.
Mental Illness in Court
Authors: Konrád Ota , Kučera Rudolf
Published: June 2022

Courtrooms in the German-speaking areas of the Habsburg Monarchy made use of criminal experts when deciding on court proceedings and on sentencing. The medicalization of murder started before the First World War, while subsequently experts claimed that the rising number of violent cases was accelerated by the war itself, as it brought to the surface previously hidden mental disorders. War was the last straw for these violent perpetrators. Whilst the Criminal Code of 1873 asked for a bright line to be established as to whether the criminal was insane or sane, psychiatrists with their new opinions on degeneracy and on human nature could not provide a clear-cut answer to this. They saw degeneracy as a gradual process and the line between sanity and insanity as a blurred one. Even so, as this chapter demonstrates, investigative magistrates in Vienna increasingly sought out the opinions of court psychiatrists and, as we show in the cases of Franz Pregg and Rosa Ides, expert opinion clearly affected sentences, even in cases of murder.
Poverty in Court
Authors: Konrád Ota , Kučera Rudolf
Published: June 2022

Psychiatrists in the Czech lands argued that murder was committed not because of degeneracy, but as a result of external factors, namely poverty. This focus on external factors stood in contrast with the experts in Vienna, who prioritized the bodies and minds of those who committed violent acts. As this chapter shows through the cases of Josef Wimmer, Josef Kurka, and the Kolinský brothers, even when defendants had a history of mental illness or experienced war trauma, courts in the Czech lands did not seek a medical evaluation of the perpetrators’ mental state, but blamed the murders on their impoverishment. The chapter argues that the different approach to the medicalization of violence in the Austrian and Czech lands can be explained by examining the various positions of the medical sciences in these two areas of the Habsburg Monarchy. Whilst in Vienna the theory of degeneracy profoundly influenced how the courts perceived the perpetrators, and this theory was deemed to be the height of scientific knowledge, in the Czech lands it did not achieve great influence. This divide between Czech and German medical scientists corresponded to a general chasm in the wider political and cultural sphere from the 1890s. After the war and the foundation of independent Czechoslovakia, material hardship and thus murder were connected to the dark history of the Habsburg period and it was hoped that poverty and murder would be a thing of the past once the new state stabilized.
Gallows and Committees
Authors: Konrád Ota , Kučera Rudolf
Published: June 2022

In both Austria and Czechoslovakia, crowds resorted to new forms of violence to resolve conflicts that at times led to the escalation of violence. As this chapter shows, in Czechoslovakia because of the unifying narrative of national victory, interpersonal violence was more likely to be theatrical and symbolic. For example, shopkeepers and farmers had to endure mock executions on fake gallows and had to promise to keep their prices at a reasonable level. However, this symbolic violence was only possible because all participants believed in a better future. Violent outbursts were mainly reserved to establishing new codes within the public space, for example removing German-language street signs. In Austria, however the power of a unifying narrative was much weaker, political party considerations played a much greater role than in Czechoslovakia and when the population looked into the future, they had a highly pessimistic outlook that was framed by a broken state and a splintered society. As a result, physical violence transferred to the symbolic level much less and efforts to calm situations frequently led to brutal violence.
Some Concepts of Mishnah among Sixteenth-Century Safedian Kabbalists
Authors: Idel Moshe
Published: June 2022

This chapter addresses the various ideas that the Kabbalists of Safed held about the Mishnah as revealed in the vast Kabbalistic literature generated by Joseph Karo, Moses Cordovero, and Hayyim Vital. These consist of six main features. The first three are mystical and spiritual, involving the use of the Mishnah as a short trigger for achieving mystical experiences, the personified appearance of the Mishnah in the revelations of Joseph Karo’s Maggid meisharim, the search for the tombs of ancient Mishnaic teachers, the Tannaim in the surroundings of Safed, and the attempts to communicate with their souls. The other three are historical and analytical, covering the status of Simeon bar Yohai as a Mishnaic figure and the alleged author of the Zohar; Joseph Ashkenazi’scritical analysis of the text of the Mishnah; and lastly the image of the Mishnaic period as an ideal stage among the Safedian Kabbalists.
The First Complete Latin Translation of the Mishnah (1663–1676)
Authors: Dunkelgrün Theodor
Published: June 2022

From 1663, the Portuguese-Jewish scholar Isaac Abendana worked in Cambridge on a Latin translation of the entire Mishnah, completing it by the beginning of 1676. Abendana’s translation was never printed and the manuscript he delivered remains in Cambridge University Library to this day. This paper revisits the context of Abendana’s translation by looking at several interlocking issues: Abendana’s life as teacher of Rabbinics in Leiden, Cambridge and Oxford; his connections to the various Christian circles invested in producing a Latin Mishnah; the possible reasons for which his Latin commentary was discontinued after the first Order; and the possible reasons for which it was never printed. In light of the discovery of several additional (if partial) copies in his own hand in Oxford and London and in the hand of a student in Wittenberg, it is clear that manuscript copies circulated and knowledge of his work reached across Europe.
The Politics of Accommodation
Authors: Ucerler M. Antoni J.
Published: June 2022

Chapter 4 introduces the concept of ‘cultural accommodation’ and explores how the missionaries defined it in terms of religion and politics. Both the Jesuits themselves and members of other religious orders often disagreed on the extent to which this was possible or even desirable. Jesuits judged the need for adaptation depending on how they judged the ‘civility’ of a particular people. Hence, they endeavoured to describe the innate virtues and vices of the Japanese, which would determine their strategies of evangelization. This came in the wake of the famous Las-Casas–Sepúlveda debates over ‘natural slavery’ and whether the American Indios possessed truly human souls. The creation of civilizational and racial hierarchies also influenced how the Spanish and Portuguese conceived their missionary, merchant, and colonial ‘enterprises’ in East Asia. This inevitably included questions about what to do when faced with hostility and suspicion on the part of the Japanese or Chinese.
The End of the Missionary ‘Enterprise’
Authors: Ucerler M. Antoni J.
Published: June 2022

Chapter 11 discusses the first anti-Christian decree of 1612, which was followed in 1614 with a general prohibition. The apparent disregard for suffering and death displayed by Christians at their executions was taken as further proof of insubordination to legitimate authority and the spreading of an ‘evil teaching’. Spain’s lack of enthusiasm for trade with the shogunate prompted the Japanese to suspect that Spain was actually plotting to invade Japan in the same way it had conquered the Americas and the Philippines. The Jesuit provincial superior, Mateus de Couros, was a keen observer of these developments and compiled a detailed report in 1621, explaining the ‘principle causes’ for the ongoing persecution, including the fear of civil and religious disturbances. The Spanish Jesuit Pedro Morejón further recounts how the presence of Japanese Christian troops fighting in support of Toyotomi Hideyori at the battle of Osaka in 1614–1615 enraged Tokugawa Ieyasu and Hidetada.
Unruly Women
Authors: Sheth Falguni A.
Published: June 2022

Drawing upon Michel Foucault’s accounts of governmentality and neoliberalism, liberal feminist and colonial “civilizing” narratives, and tacit juridical racial dismissal toward visibly Muslim women, this book explores the neocolonial and racial-cultural aesthetics of power as directed toward women of color and Black women. Even as neocolonialism incorporates without acknowledgment the anti-Blackness and settler-colonial roots of its past, along with an anti-immigrationist sentiment—it does not do so overtly. Rather it does so through a range of biopolitical, ontopolitical, and globalizing neoliberal economic norms. Focusing on the discrimination claims of Muslim women, this study examines juridical and political approaches that dismiss Muslim women and other populations of color as culturally backward, misguided in their thinking, and gratuitously nonconformist. Likewise, it analyses the experience of excruciation undergone by the addressees of racial dismissal. Excruciation names the phenomena by which vulnerable populations are pressed into hopeless performances of cultural assimilation. Racial dismissal is excavated through legal opinions, court transcripts, and other encounters between Muslim women and the state. This work finds that the racial address of dismissal and the phenomena of excruciation have been pivotal to a liberal juridical order that otherwise claims neutrality. By concentrating on the treatment of Muslim women, this book uncovers dynamics of social and racial division which have inhabited and bolstered liberal legal neutrality from its inception. This book’s framework, while focusing on Muslim women in the United States, is a template for understanding how exclusion is juridically implemented for other racialized and marginalized populations.
Economies of Performance
Authors: Waksman Steve
Published: June 2022

A white ethnic (Italian American) theatrical impresario who used popular song as part of larger strategy to produce a sense of novelty on stage week after week; an African American performer who quickly learned the professional worth of a published song. Tony Pastor and Ernest Hogan had disparate careers, but together they typify a period of major transformation in the history of American entertainment and in the presentation of live music. In the broadest sense, they represent the extended phase during which variety, and then vaudeville, theatrical entertainment supplanted blackface minstrelsy as the dominant form of American public amusement. Pastor and Hogan also had a shared vocation as comic singers. The union of music and comedy was one of the dominant trends of the time and indicated the degree to which music became “theatricalized” in connection with variety and vaudeville performance. To “sell a song” in vaudeville, the singer or instrumentalist had to invest it with qualities of showmanship that could appeal to the least musically inclined of auditors, a talent that was shared by Pastor and Hogan and other comic singers of their ilk. Vaudeville also played a prominent role in the more literal selling of songs that is commonly attached to the term “Tin Pan Alley.” Assessing the careers of Tony Pastor and Ernest Hogan in connection with this new economy of popular song production means giving performance the consideration that it deserves in this larger historical process.
Conclusions
Authors: Miller Scott A.
Published: June 2022

This chapter has two goals: to summarize the major conclusions that emerge from the research reviewed throughout the book, and to identify needed directions for future study. The most general conclusion is that various forms of advanced theory of mind develop across the childhood and adolescent years and add significantly to the achievements of the first 5 years. We now know quite a bit about the nature, origins, and effects of advanced theory of mind. The theoretical explanations for such developments, however, lag well behind the empirical picture. In addition to the need for more theory, the second section of the chapter identifies four directions for future research: more cultural study, more longitudinal study, more study of the targets for judgment, and more study of a wider range of individual differences.
Introduction
Authors: Tutino Stefania
Published: June 2022

This chapter introduces the topic and main argument of the book. It discusses the historical, theological, and juridical developments of the concepts of belief, credibility, and credulity, and it presents the early modern times as a turning point in the history of belief, due to the newfound centrality that credibility assumed in the process of embracing faith. This chapter also situates the author’s argument in the context of the existing scholarship on early modern Catholicism, and it briefly examines the main changes that the study of the cultural, intellectual, and institutional history of the Roman Church has undergone in the last decades.
Beyond Suárez
Authors: Tutino Stefania
Published: June 2022

This chapter explores the implications of Navarrus’s and Suárez’s intuitions, demonstrating how widely and profoundly the novel emphasis on credibility permeated the seventeenth-century Catholic discourse. Among the figures and topics analyzed in this chapter are the Jesuit theologians Robert Bellarmine and Gregorio de Valencia, the Jesuit missionary Pedro Gómez, post-Reformation Catholic controversialist literature, and the question of how to prosecute the crime of witchcraft. This chapter argues that all of these contexts and all of these figures provide important evidence of the centrality that credibility had assumed. The chapter also includes a brief examination of the work of the Jesuit theologian Juan Maldonado, a dissenting voice among his fellow Jesuits.
Managing the Flock
Authors: Tutino Stefania
Published: June 2022

This chapter examines a selection of case studies in which the Roman Inquisition dealt with people who had used credibility too little. In those cases, the meaning of the word credulitas reverted to its pre-Augustinian meaning: neither belief nor conviction, but credulity. In theological terms, credulity is different from superstition, which comprised all forms of worship that were not performed in accordance with the dictates of the Church. By contrast, credulity was the fault of those people who had no intention of disobeying the Church, but who lacked the judgment to understand what they were doing. Starting from the end of the sixteenth century, the Catholic leaders increased prosecuted cases of spiritual and liturgical malpractice born out of credulity. This chapter shows that the reaction of the seventeenth-century Curia is a testament to both the centrality that credibility had assumed and the ambiguities and difficulties that this centrality had provoked.
The Power of Recoding
Authors: Rothstein Sidney A.
Published: June 2022

Chapter 7 concludes by expanding on the lessons that the case studies from preceding chapters offer for working-class politics in twenty-first-century capitalism. Workers in other sectors, particularly those where management attempts to emulate Silicon Valley, would be well advised to develop counterhegemonic tactics in order to build power in the workplace. To outline how they might do so, the chapter proposes a theory of “discursive opportunism,” through which workers can transform management’s discursive techniques for control into resources for collective action. Building worker power in digital transformation, however, will take more than moments of mobilizing in the workplace. In order to truly exercise power, workers need to build durable infrastructure to defend against employer discretion, and that requires solidarity. The chapter returns to the case of worker mobilization at Google to suggest how the tactic of recoding can provide a basis not just for worker mobilization in the short term, but also for durable worker power in the long term.
Muslim Converts to Christian Orthodoxy
Authors: Katsikas Stefanos
Published: June 2022

This chapter explores the reasons that led many Muslims to convert to Christian Orthodoxy during the Greek War of Independence and the way their conversions were treated by the Greek civil and ecclesiastical authorities. The chapter assesses the efforts made by Muslim families separated by the war to reunite with missing Muslim and neophyte family members after the end of the war, as well as the measures taken by the administration of Ioannis Kapodistrias to help family reunification efforts and support economically destitute neophyte. This chapter also discusses legal disputes over property issues between Muslim and neophyte family members in eastern Roúmeli and on the island of Euboea. In addition, it explores the measures taken by the Greek government to solve these disputes, and looks at whether sharia law and the Ottoman legal code were taken into consideration by the courts and the Greek authorities. Did solutions for Muslim property disputes in eastern Roúmeli and on Euboea tacitly slip into two completely different legal systems, one sharia/Ottoman law and the other Roman/Byzantine law of the Hexabiblos/Promptuarium (Russian Shestiknizhia)? This and the next chapter are mostly narrative and expository, and the concluding analysis for both follows in the book’s conclusion.
The Good Hegemon
Authors: Park Susan
Published: June 2022

This chapter introduces the multilateral development banks and their operations in developing countries. It provides an overview of the rise of the accountability as justice norm in the 1990s, which emerged as a result of member states questioning of their efficacy and being made aware of their contribution to environmental and social harm. This triggered debates over the need for accountability to people not to member states. It lays out different ways of understanding what accountability is used for, and how justice can be linked to formal sanctioning processes. Arguably the United States pushed for an accountability as justice norm in the MDBs. It then outlines the theoretical approach and methods used, and provides an outline of the rest of the book.
The Politics of Subjective Wellbeing
Authors: Fabian Mark
Published: June 2022

The purpose of this chapter is twofold. First, to review philosophical arguments against wellbeing theories of the sort I have outlined. This should hopefully sensitize subjective wellbeing scholars to the ethical nuances of applying subjective wellbeing outside the context of academic research. Ethical critiques of subjective wellbeing are especially potent when it is government rather than friends or therapists trying to promote it. This is the second purpose of the chapter: to argue that government should be very cautious about promoting subjective wellbeing directly. They should instead focus on welfare—the options available to citizens. The final part of the chapter discusses ways to begin applying subjective wellbeing in public policy without crossing ethical risky red lines.
Introduction
Authors: Ali Saleem H.
Published: June 2022

Humans have an ambivalent relationship with order. We are fascinated by structure and patterns but also resist being ordered to limit our behavior. This long introduction to Earthly Order lays out the key motivations for writing this book. The author’s childhood fascination with kaleidoscopes and how they can create ordered patterns from random pieces of glass led him to consider the importance of structures in nature. However, he soon learned that patterns are not inherently valuable, and we must consider their functionality first rather than becoming subservient to their design. Encounters with eminent scientists such as Stephen Jay Gould and Benoit Mandelbrot paved the way for this book’s attempt to harmonize understanding of earth systems across a range of disciplines. The ultimate goal of such harmonization is to have a more productive approach to charting a sustainable development path for humans on the planet. While conventional approaches to sustainability showed three equally overlapping circles of social, environmental, and economic imperatives, this book argues for a nested system in which social and economic order are inherently nested in ecological order. The zone of overlap between social and economic order constitutes political order.
Seduction of Structure in Nature
Authors: Ali Saleem H.
Published: June 2022

Starting with the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic, this chapter lays out how natural forms such as viruses acquire structure. What are the mechanisms by which ordered natural systems arise from chaotic assemblages? This chapter considers the quest for understanding the fundamental forces of nature by presenting the most current debates in the context of functional understandings of natural order. Material phases and crystals are considered alongside geometric anomalies such as quasicrystals. The four types of constants relayed by Einstein and their role in defining the laws of nature are presented in the context of cosmic ratios and other established norms of physics. The chapter concludes with a recognition that many of the patterns observed in nature do not necessarily have any particular value or purpose. “Beauty” is not always a normatively useful or positive attribute in natural systems, as our initial instincts may lead us to believe.
Mindful Errors and Social Order
Authors: Ali Saleem H.
Published: June 2022

Considering how human societies evolve, the process of learning from errors is a key attribute that deserves attention. The work of Claude Shannon in building the bridge between the study of entropy in physics to information theory is a key way to consider how learning from such errors can be harnessed in human and artificial systems. Scott Page’s notion of “collective intelligence” and its linkage to a shared economy may be a means of making systems more efficient. Next, the chapter considers how risk and uncertainty can be conflated in trying to maintain social order and how this can lead to errant “precautionary” approaches in environmental decision-making. Finally, the chapter considers how social systems might gain from disorder when considering “anti-fragile” structures, and it concludes with a discussion of logic and cause in social systems.
Perpetuating Mistakes through Precedent
Authors: Alschner Wolfgang
Published: June 2022

This chapter discusses how precedent grounds the interpretation of new treaties in old case law thereby creating a final means for rolling back innovation in new-generation treaties. The chapter explains that tribunals’ preference for following prior cases, institutional incentives that favor citing past awards, ineffective controls, and the self-reinforcement of case law make precedent sticky in investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS). Early awards set path-dependent developments in motion that frame subsequent interpretive debates including under new treaties. As a result, states struggle to displace existing precedent through new treaties. The chapter outlines two specific ways in which precedent undermines innovation and creates consistency where states seek change. First, when tribunals under recent treaties rely on case law rendered under incomplete international investment agreements, they risk reading new treaties in light of old ones, displacing explicit balancing language under new exceptions with implicit balancing languages imported via precedent, for example. Second, the chapter shows that precedent grows progressively older in ISDS. In consequence, precedent increasingly undermines the effect of intervening, corrective state interventions with, for example, zombie precedents surviving set-aside proceedings and perpetuating past mistakes that states sought to correct. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how states can police the use of precedent more effectively to ensure that new treaties are not read in light of old case law.
The Historical Roots of Nationhood
Authors: McRoberts Kenneth
Published: June 2022

Catalonia’s long history offers an especially rich base on which to construct the idea of a Catalan nation. These features include the emergence of a distinct Catalan language, a cultural and social distinctiveness that has persisted over many centuries, during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries the emergence of various forms of pre-modernity as well as economic and political dominance of the western Mediterranean, subsequent economic and social decline, cultural and political oppression under the Bourbon kings of Spain, and an economic and cultural renaissance during the nineteenth century. Catalan intellectuals had more than enough material to formulate a compelling idea of a Catalan nation.