bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MAIT cells altered phenotype and cytotoxicity in lupus patients are linked to renal disease severity and outcome
Authors: Litvinova Elena , Bounaix Carine , Hanouna Guillaume , Da Silva Jennifer , Noailles Laura , Beaudoin Lucie , Padden Michael , Bellamri Nessrine , Lehuen Agnès , Daugas Eric , Monteiro Renato C. , Flament Héloïse
Published: October 2023

Introduction

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease in which circulating immune complexes can cause different types of glomerulonephritis, according to immune deposits and to the type of glomerular cell injury. Proliferative lesions represent the most severe form of lupus nephritis (LN) and often lead to kidney failure and death. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a subset of innate-like T cells that recognize microbial-derived ligands from the riboflavin synthesis pathway. Although abundant in peripheral blood, MAIT cells are enriched in mucosal and inflamed tissues. While previous studies have reported concordant results concerning lower MAIT cell frequencies in the blood of SLE patients, no information is known about MAIT cell function and LN severity and outcome.

Methods

In the current study, we analyzed the baseline phenotype and function of peripheral blood MAIT cells by flow cytometry in 26 patients with LN and in a control group of 16 healthy individuals.

Results

We observe that MAIT cell frequencies are markedly reduced in blood of LN patients. MAIT cells from patients have an altered phenotype in terms of migration, proliferation and differentiation markers, notably in most severe forms of LN. Frequencies of PMA/ionomycin stimulated MAIT cells secreting effector molecules, such as proinflammatory IL-17 and cytotoxic protein granzyme B, are higher in LN patients. Patients undergoing a complete renal remission after immunosuppressive therapy had higher MAIT cell frequency, lower expression of proliferation marker Ki-67 and granzyme B (GzB) at inclusion. Remarkably, GzB production defines a predictive model for complete remission.

Discussion

We report here that blood MAIT cells display proinflammatory and cytotoxic function in severe lupus nephritis which may play a pathogenesis role, but without association with systemic lupus activity. Finally, low cytotoxic profile of MAIT cells may represent a promising prognostic factor of lupus nephritis remission one year after induction therapy.
Immune response mechanisms in acute and chronic pancreatitis: strategies for therapeutic intervention
Authors: Glaubitz Juliane , Asgarbeik Saeedeh , Lange Rabea , Mazloum Hala , Elsheikh Hager , Weiss Frank Ulrich , Sendler Matthias
Published: October 2023

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is one of the most common inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and a steady rising diagnosis for inpatient hospitalization. About one in four patients, who experience an episode of AP, will develop chronic pancreatitis (CP) over time. While the initiating causes of pancreatitis can be complex, they consistently elicit an immune response that significantly determines the severity and course of the disease. Overall, AP is associated with a significant mortality rate of 1-5%, which is caused by either an excessive pro-inflammation, or a strong compensatory inhibition of bacterial defense mechanisms which lead to a severe necrotizing form of pancreatitis. At the time-point of hospitalization the already initiated immune response is the only promising common therapeutic target to treat or prevent a severe disease course. However, the complexity of the immune response requires fine-balanced therapeutic intervention which in addition is limited by the fact that a significant proportion of patients is in danger of development or progress to recurrent and chronic disease. Based on the recent literature we survey the disease-relevant immune mechanisms and evaluate appropriate and promising therapeutic targets for the treatment of acute and chronic pancreatitis.
A multifaceted comparative analysis of image and video technologies in gastrointestinal endoscope and their clinical applications
Authors: Chen Yuequn , Wu Guiqiong , Qu Chaojun , Ye Zimao , Kang Yihao , Tian Xin
Published: October 2023

This paper presents a comprehensive exploration of endoscopic technologies in clinical applications across seven tables, each focusing on a unique facet of the medical field. The discourse begins with a detailed analysis of pediatric endoscopes, highlighting their diagnostic capabilities in various conditions. It then delves into the specifications and applications of globally recognized capsule endoscopy devices. Additionally, the paper incorporates an analysis of advanced imaging techniques, such as Narrow Band Imaging (NBI), Flexible Spectral Imaging Color Enhancement (FICE), and i-scan, which are increasingly being integrated into ultrathin gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopes. Factors like technological capabilities, light source, camera technology, and computational constraints are evaluated to understand their compatibility with these advanced imaging techniques, each offering unique advantages and challenges in clinical settings. NBI, for instance, is lauded for its user-friendly, real-time enhanced imaging capabilities, making it effective for early detection of conditions like colorectal cancer and Barrett’s esophagus. Conversely, FICE and i-scan offer high customizability and are compatible with a broader range of endoscope models. The paper further delves into innovative advances in movement control for Nasojejunal (NJ) feeding tube endoscopy, elucidating the potential of AI and other novel strategies. A review of the technologies and methodologies enhancing endoscopic procedure control and diagnostic precision follows, emphasizing image and video technologies in pediatric endoscopy, capsule endoscopes, ultrathin endoscopes, and their clinical applications. Finally, a comparative analysis of leading real-time video monitoring endoscopes in clinical practices underscores the continuous advancements in the field of endoscopy, ensuring improved diagnostics and precision in surgical procedures. Collectively, the comparative analysis presented in this paper highlights the remarkable diversity and continuous evolution of endoscopic technologies, underlining their crucial role in diagnosing and treating an array of medical conditions, thereby fostering advancements in patient care and clinical outcomes.
Sarcopenia in liver cirrhosis: perspectives from epigenetics and microbiota
Authors: Xu Jia-qi , Pan Yu-ke , Zhang Jie-xin , Dai Shi-xue , Xu Li-shu
Published: October 2023

Sarcopenia is characterized by the loss of muscle mass and function. It is well known that sarcopenia is often associated with aging, while in recent years, sarcopenia comorbid with chronic diseases such as cirrhosis has attracted widespread attention, whose underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Since cirrhosis and sarcopenia are assumed to be closely interrelated in terms of pathogenesis, this review innovatively discussed the role of epigenetic modifications and microecological dysregulation in sarcopenia in the context of liver cirrhosis. Here we illustrated the relationship between sarcopenia and cirrhosis in the aspect of epigenetics, dysbiosis, and the crosstalk between gene modifications and intestinal microecology. Furthermore, the alterations in cirrhosis patients with sarcopenia, such as inflammatory response and oxidative stress, are found to present synergistic effects in the pathways of epigenetics and dysbiosis leading to sarcopenia. This review proposes that microbiome-based therapies are promising to break the vicious cycle between epigenetic modification and dysbiosis, providing strong support for the use of intestinal microecological interventions to prevent sarcopenia in cirrhotic patients.
Post-stroke dysphagia and ambient air pollution are associated with dementia
Authors: Lee Kuo-Wei , Chung Hao-Wei , Hsieh Hui-Min , Tsao Yu-Hsiang , Hung Chih-Hsien , Feng Ming-Chu , Hung Chih-Hsing
Published: October 2023

Introduction

This cohort study aimed to explore the potential association between ambient air pollution and dementia incidence in adults who have experienced a stroke. Additionally, the study aimed to determine dysphagia as a predictive factor for the subsequent development of dementia in patients with stroke.

Materials and methods

This retrospective nested case–control study used data from the Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital Database in Taiwan. Data collected include average ambient air pollution concentrations within 3 months and 1 year after the index dysphagia date. The primary outcome includes incident dementia in patients with or without dysphagia. Logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the association between significant air pollution exposure and the risk of dementia while controlling for baseline demographic characteristics (age and sex), and comorbidities.

Results

The univariable regression models revealed a higher likelihood of dementia diagnosis in patients with dysphagia (odds ratio = 1.493, 95% confidence interval = 1.000–2.228). The raw odds ratios indicated a potential link between air pollution exposure and elevated dementia risks in the overall study population and patients with stroke without dysphagia, except for O3. Particulate matter (PM)2.5 and nitrogen oxides (NOx) exhibited significant effects on the risk of dementia in the stepwise logistic regression models.

Conclusion

The presence of dysphagia following a stroke may pose a risk of developing dementia. Additionally, PM2.5 and NOx exposure appears to elevate the risk of dementia in patients with stroke.
Heterogeneous off-target impact of ion-channel deletion on intrinsic properties of hippocampal model neurons that self-regulate calcium
Authors: Srikanth Sunandha , Narayanan Rishikesh
Published: October 2023

How do neurons that implement cell-autonomous self-regulation of calcium react to knockout of individual ion-channel conductances? To address this question, we used a heterogeneous population of 78 conductance-based models of hippocampal pyramidal neurons that maintained cell-autonomous calcium homeostasis while receiving theta-frequency inputs. At calcium steady-state, we individually deleted each of the 11 active ion-channel conductances from each model. We measured the acute impact of deleting each conductance (one at a time) by comparing intrinsic electrophysiological properties before and immediately after channel deletion. The acute impact of deleting individual conductances on physiological properties (including calcium homeostasis) was heterogeneous, depending on the property, the specific model, and the deleted channel. The underlying many-to-many mapping between ion channels and properties pointed to ion-channel degeneracy. Next, we allowed the other conductances (barring the deleted conductance) to evolve towards achieving calcium homeostasis during theta-frequency activity. When calcium homeostasis was perturbed by ion-channel deletion, post-knockout plasticity in other conductances ensured resilience of calcium homeostasis to ion-channel deletion. These results demonstrate degeneracy in calcium homeostasis, as calcium homeostasis in knockout models was implemented in the absence of a channel that was earlier involved in the homeostatic process. Importantly, in reacquiring homeostasis, ion-channel conductances and physiological properties underwent heterogenous plasticity (dependent on the model, the property, and the deleted channel), even introducing changes in properties that were not directly connected to the deleted channel. Together, post-knockout plasticity geared towards maintaining homeostasis introduced heterogenous off-target effects on several channels and properties, suggesting that extreme caution be exercised in interpreting experimental outcomes involving channel knockouts.
Multiple sclerosis and exercise—A disease-modifying intervention of mice or men?
Authors: Martin Sarah-Jane , Schneider Raphael
Published: October 2023

Research suggests that physical exercise can promote an anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective state. If so, increasing or optimizing exercise could be considered a 'disease-modifying intervention' in neuroinflammatory diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Exercise intervention studies conducted in animal models of MS are promising. Various aerobic and strength training regimes have been shown to delay disease onset and to reduce both the clinical and pathological disease severity in mice. However, fundamental differences between the physiology of animals and humans, the disease states studied, and the timing of exercise intervention are significant. In animal models of MS, most exercise interventions begin before disease initiation and before any clinical sign of disease. In contrast, studies in humans recruit participants on average nearly a decade after diagnosis and often once disability is established. If, as is thought to be the case for disease-modifying treatments, the immunomodulatory effect of exercise decreases with advancing disease duration, current studies may therefore fail to detect the true disease-modifying potential. Clinical studies in early disease cohorts are needed to determine the role of exercise as a disease-modifying intervention for people with MS.
Regional white matter hyperintensity volume predicts persistent cognitive impairment in acute lacunar infarct patients
Authors: Li Tan , Ye Mengfan , Yang Guopeng , Diao Shanshan , Zhou Yun , Qin Yiren , Ding Dongxue , Zhu Mo , Fang Qi
Published: October 2023

Background

White matter hyperintensity (WMH) is often described in acute lacunar stroke (ALS) patients. However, the specific relationship between regional WMH volume and persistent cognitive impairment remains unclear.

Methods

We enrolled patients with ALS who were hospitalized at the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University between January 2020 and November 2022. All patients were assessed for global cognitive function using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scale at 14 ± 2 days and 6 months after the onset of ALS. Manifestations of chronic cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) were assessed via MRI scan. The distributions of regional WMH were segmented, and their relationship with cognitive impairment was evaluated.

Results

A total of 129 patients were enrolled. Baseline frontal WMH volume (OR = 1.18, P = 0.04) was an independent risk factor for long-term cognitive impairment after ALS. Furthermore, the presence of WMH at the genu of the corpus callosum (GCC) at baseline (OR = 3.1, P = 0.033) was strongly associated with persistent cognitive decline. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that depression (OR = 6.252, P = 0.029), NIHSS score (OR = 1.24, P = 0.011), and albumin at admission (OR = 0.841, P = 0.032) were also important determinants of long-term cognitive impairment after ALS.

Conclusions

Our study found that WMH, especially frontal WMH volume and the presence of WMH at the GCC at baseline, independently contributed to long-term cognitive decline in ALS patients. This study provides new evidence of the clinical relationship between regional WMH volume and cognitive impairment in ALS patients.
Radiotherapy dosimetry and radiotherapy related complications of immediate implant-based reconstruction after breast cancer surgery
Authors: Zhang Yu , Ye Fuxiu , Teng Yun , Zheng Jin , Li Chunlu , Ma Ruilan , Zhang Haichen
Published: October 2023

Backgrounds

The impact of immediate implant-based breast reconstruction (IBBR) on the delivery of radiotherapy plans remains controversial. This study aimed to compare the differences in radiotherapy dosimetry, complications of radiotherapy, and quality of life in patients who underwent modified radical mastectomy combined with or without IBBR.

Methods

We retrospectively collected 104 patients with breast cancer who underwent intensity-modulated radiation therapy after modified radical mastectomy with IBBR (n =46) or not (n =58) from January 2017 to December 2021. The dosimetric differences in radiotherapy of planning target volume (PTV) and organs at risk and the differences in complications of radiotherapy between the two groups were compared. We also applied the functional assessment of cancer therapy-breast cancer (FACT-B) score to compare the difference in quality of life. The chi-square test and independent samples t-test were used to analyze the above data.

Results

IBBR group was associated with higher PTV volumes, PTV D98, V95, and lower PTV Dmean, D2 compared with the non-reconstruction group (P<0.05). IBBR group also had lower radiotherapy dosimetric parameters in the ipsilateral lung and the heart of left breast cancer patients. The differences in the rates of radiation pneumonia (RP) and radiation dermatitis (RD) between the two groups were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Moreover, FACT-B scores at 6 months after radiotherapy in patients with IBBR were higher than those without reconstruction (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Patients with IBBR achieved better radiation dosimetry distribution and higher quality of life without more complications of radiotherapy.
Hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy versus systemic therapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Kim Hyeon-Jong , Lee Seung Hyuk , Shim Hyun Jeong , Bang Hyun Jin , Cho Sang Hee , Chung Ik-Joo , Hwang Eu Chang , Hwang Jun Eul , Bae Woo Kyun
Published: October 2023

Introduction

To investigate the effects of hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAIC) with or without systemic chemotherapy compared to systemic chemotherapy alone in patients with locally advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Methods

Following a registered protocol (PROSPERO 2023 CRD42023386780 Available from: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42023386780), a comprehensive search was performed using reputable databases and registries up to December 26, 2022, with no language, publication date, or status restrictions. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the effects of HAIC with or without systemic chemotherapy versus systemic therapy alone were included. The primary outcomes were overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and adverse events. The secondary outcomes included the objective response rate (ORR) and disease control rate (DCR). A random-effects model was used, and the certainty of the evidence was rated using GRADE.

Results

Seven RCTs involving 1,010 patients were included. All trials utilized sorafenib as the comparator. Five trials (690 patients) compared HAIC plus sorafenib to sorafenib alone, while two trials (320 patients) compared HAIC to sorafenib. The results indicate that HAIC, with or without sorafenib, may increase OS, PFS, and ORR compared with sorafenib alone. HAIC may enhance DCR, but the evidence is very uncertain. Adverse events were comparable between HAIC plus sorafenib and sorafenib alone. However, adverse events might be decreased in HAIC alone.

Discussion

HAIC with or without systemic chemotherapy may improve survival outcomes and response rates of patients with HCC. Since the current body of evidence is moderate to very low, more robust randomized trials are needed to confirm the efficacy of HAIC.

Systematic Review Registration

https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=386780, identifier CRD42023386780.
Clinical characteristics and proposed mechanism of pediatric spinal cord injury resulting from backbend practice
Authors: Guo Shuang , Gong Huiming , Xu Peipei , Xie Yang , Yang Degang , Liu Zitong , Yang Yuwei , Chen Liang , Xie Yongqi , Yang Mingliang
Published: October 2023

Objective

Pediatric spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality (SCIWORA) caused by backbend practice is increasing. This study proposed an underlying ‘combined injury mechanism’ related to the spinal cord and femoral nerve overstretching.

Methods

Pediatric patients diagnosed with backbend-associated SCIWORA at the China Rehabilitation Research Center during 2017–2021 were recruited. Clinical and imaging data were collected, and each patient's clinical course and prognosis were determined. Healthy dancers were recruited to simulate the backbend, obtain images, and estimate the spinal cord and femoral nerve stretch ratio. A model for the ‘combined injury mechanism’ was established using 4-week-old SD rats.

Results

Forty-two SCIWORA female patients with an average age of 6 (SD 1) years and an average hospitalization time of 91 (SD 43) days were assessed. The primary initial symptom was pain in the back and/or lower extremities (33, 79%). The average time from injury onset to severe paralysis was 2.0 (SD 0.6) hours. Most patients had complete paraplegia (32, 76%), and neurological levels were distributed mainly in thoracic segments (38, 91%). Patients with elicited tendon reflexes on admission tended to have an incomplete spinal cord injury (p = 0.001) and improved motor recovery (p = 0.018). After one year, the most common complications were scoliosis (31, 74%) and abnormal hips (14, 33%). Injury of the caudal spinal cord torn by nerve roots was confirmed by surgical exploration in a case. The thoracic spinal cord and femoral nerves were overstretched by 148.8 ± 3.6% and111.7 ± 4.0%, respectively, in a full backbend posture. The ‘combined injury mechanism’ was partially replicated in the animal model.

Conclusion

Spinal overstretch and transient dislocation are considered the primary mechanisms by which SCIWORA occurs in children. Overstretching the femoral nerve aggravates spinal cord injuries caused by backbend practice.
Total kinetic energy release in the fast neutron induced fission of actinide nuclei
Authors: Loveland Walter
Published: October 2023

The total kinetic energy release and fission mass distributions for the fast neutron (En = 3–100 MeV) induced fission of 232Th, 233U, 235U, 237Np, 239Pu, 240Pu, and 242Pu have been measured using the LANSCE facility. The neutron energies were deduced from time-of- flight measurements. The fission fragments were detected using Si PIN diode detectors, giving us the fragment energies. The actinide targets were made by vapor deposition leading to high-quality targets, that were thin and uniform with reduced impurities. Corrections were made to the data for pulse height defect and the fragment energy loss in the target and its backing. The TKE distributions were Gaussian in shape and their mean value as a function of incoming neutron energy could be fitted with second order polynomials. In the case of 233U and 235U, our measurements agree with prior work. Our measurements for 232Th are unique. Our data agree with Viola scaling. The constant position of the heavy mass peak is interpreted as being due to the influence of the N = 88 and Z = 50 shells. The GEF model predictions agree with the data in general as do the CGMF model predictions.
Role of monocytes/macrophages in renin-angiotensin system-induced hypertension and end organ damage
Authors: Barhoumi Tlili , Todryk Stephen
Published: October 2023

Graphical Abstract

Role of monocytes/macrophages in renin-angiotensin system-induced hypertension and end organ damage. RAS activation induces monocyte/macrophage pro-inflammatory-like phenotype polarization, directly and indirectly via cytokines (MCP-1, CCR2, IL-1b). Activation manifests in fibrosis, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction and low grade inflammation (IL-6, TNFa) and tus end organ damage. (HTA hypertension).
A point mutation in MC06g1112 encoding FLOWERING LOCUS T decreases the first flower node in bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.)
Authors: Zhong Jian , Cui Junjie , Miao Mingjun , Hu Fang , Dong Jichi , Liu Jia , Zhong Chunfeng , Cheng Jiaowen , Hu Kailin
Published: October 2023

In Cucurbitaceae crops, the first flower node (FFN) is an important agronomic trait which can impact the onset of maturity, the production of female flowers, and yield. However, the gene responsible for regulating FFN in bitter gourd is unknown. Here, we used a gynoecious line (S156G) with low FFN as the female parent and a monoecious line (K8-201) with high FFN as the male parent to obtain F1 and F2 generations. Genetic analysis indicated that the low FFN trait was incompletely dominant over the high FFN trait. A major quantitative trait locus (QTL)-Mcffn and four minor effect QTLs-Mcffn1.1, Mcffn1.2, Mcffn1.3, and Mcffn1.4 were detected by whole-genome re-sequencing-based QTL mapping in the S156G×K8-201 F2 population (n=234) cultivated in autumn 2019. The Mcffn locus was further supported by molecular marker-based QTL mapping in three S156G×K8-201 F2 populations planted in autumn 2019 (n=234), autumn 2020 (n=192), and spring 2022 (n=205). Then, the Mcffn locus was fine-mapped into a 77.98-kb physical region on pseudochromosome MC06 using a large S156G×K8-201 F2 population (n=2,402). MC06g1112, which is a homolog of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), was considered as the most likely Mcffn candidate gene according to both expression and sequence variation analyses between parental lines. A point mutation (C277T) in MC06g1112, which results in a P93S amino acid mutation between parental lines, may be responsible for decreasing FFN in bitter gourd. Our findings provide a helpful resource for the molecular marker-assisted selective breeding of bitter gourd.
Assessment of Indian wheat germplasm for Septoria nodorum blotch and tan spot reveals new QTLs conferring resistance along with recessive alleles of Tsn1 and Snn3
Authors: Navathe Sudhir , He Xinyao , Kamble Umesh , Kumar Manjeet , Patial Madhu , Singh Gyanendra , Singh Gyanendra Pratap , Joshi Arun Kumar , Singh Pawan Kumar
Published: October 2023

The leaf blight diseases, Septoria nodorum blotch (SNB), and tan spot (TS) are emerging due to changing climatic conditions in the northern parts of India. We screened 296 bread wheat cultivars released in India over the past 20 years for seedling resistance against SNB (three experiments) and TS (two experiments). According to a genome-wide association study, six QTLs on chromosome arms 1BL, 2AS, 5BL, and 6BL were particularly significant for SNB across all three years, of which Q.CIM.snb.1BL, Q.CIM.snb.2AS1, Q.CIM.snb.2AS.2, and Q.CIM.snb.6BL appeared novel. In contrast, those on 5BS and 5BL may correspond to Snn3 and Tsn1, respectively. The allelic combination of tsn1/snn3 conferred resistance to SNB, whereas that of Tsn1/Snn3 conferred high susceptibility. As for TS, Tsn1 was the only stably significant locus identified in this panel. Several varieties like PBW 771, DBW 277, and HD 3319, were identified as highly resistant to both diseases that can be used in future wheat improvement programs as resistant donors.
Age-matched versus non-age-matched comparison of clinical and functional differences between delusional disorder and schizophrenia: a systematic review
Authors: Hui Christy Lai Ming , Chiu Tsz Ching , Chan Evie Wai Ting , Hui Priscilla Wing Man , Tao Tiffany Junchen , Suen Yi Nam , Chan Sherry Kit Wa , Chang Wing Chung , Lee Edwin Ho Ming , Chen Eric Yu Hai
Published: October 2023

Background

It has been widely suggested that delusional disorder (DD) differs from schizophrenia (SZ). However, whether the two disorders are truly distinct from each other is inconclusive as an older age of onset is closely linked to a better prognosis in psychotic disorders. In order to delineate the potential influence of age on outcomes, we undertook a systematic review on the clinical and functional differences between DD and SZ in age-matched and non-age-matched cohorts.

Methods

Electronic databases were retrieved up to May 2022. Included studies were analyzed with reference to statements about clinical, cognitive and functional differences between DD and SZ.

Results

Data synthesized from 8 studies showed (1) extensive effects of age on positive, general psychopathological symptoms and functioning, but (2) consistent differences between the two disorders in terms of negative symptoms and hospitalizations regardless of age matching.

Conclusion

There is currently insufficient evidence to conclude whether DD is completely distinct from SZ, but our review showed support for the confounding effect of age in comparisons of psychotic disorders with different ages of onset. Future studies shall take note of other possible confounding variables, methods of age-matching and the importance of longitudinal information in deducing whether the two disorders differ from each other in course and outcome.
Increasing trends of overweight and obesity in treatment-naive people living with HIV in Shenzhen from 2014 to 2020: an emerging health concern
Authors: Li Tianze , Sun Liqin , He Yun , Zhou Yang , Xu Liumei , Zhao Fang , Hu Dongsheng , Wang Hui , Lu Hongzhou , Liu Jiaye
Published: October 2023

Background

With the early initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in China, the demographics of treatment-naïve people living with HIV (PLWH) are moving closer to those of the general population, which is characterized by a gradual increase in metabolic indicators. However, the epidemic trends of overweight and obesity over the past decade in treatment-naïve PLWH ready to initiate ART have not yet been investigated.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted, including 12,135 consecutive treatment-naïve PLWH ready to initiate ART in Shenzhen, using data retrieved from the China National Free Antiretroviral Treatment Program database from 2014 to 2020. The chi-square test was used to examine the trends of overweight and obesity between age groups, and multivariate logistic regression was used to identify the association of overweight and obesity with hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia.

Results

During the 7-year study period, 12,135 treatment-naïve PLWH ready to initiate ART were included, among whom 1,837 (15.1%) were overweight and 388 (3.2%) were obese. The prevalence of overweight rose from 11.4 to 17.3% (Z = −4.58, P for trend <0.01) and that of obesity from 2.0% to 4.2% (Z = −6.45, P for trend <0.01) from 2014 to 2020. The annual prevalence of overweight was the highest in the age group of participants >35 years compared to prevalence in other age groups during the period 2014–2020. Compared with those who were not overweight or obese, PLWH who were overweight or obese were more likely to have hyperglycemia (aOR 1.84, 95% CI: 1.37–2.49 for overweight; aOR 2.68, 95% CI: 1.62–4.44 for obesity), higher ALT level (aOR 2.70, 95% CI: 2.33–3.13 for overweight; aOR 3.85, 95% CI: 2.93–5.05 for obesity), higher TG levels (aOR 1.89, 95% CI 1.63–2.19 for overweight; aOR 2.56, 95% CI 1.97–3.32 for obesity), and lower HDL levels (aOR 1.67, 95% CI 1.44–1.95 for overweight; aOR 2.06, 95% CI 1.54–2.77 for obesity).

Conclusion

The prevalence of overweight and obesity in treatment-naive PLWH increased steadily from 2014 to 2020 in Shenzhen. Overweight and obese in treatment-naive PLWH ready to initiate ART were associated with dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia. Public health authorities should take proactive steps to address these issues by implementing targeted screening, intervention programs including lifestyle modifications, and integrated healthcare services.
Access and use of WHO essential medicines in Italy
Authors: Petrella Alessandro , Fortinguerra Filomena , Cangini Agnese , Pierantozzi Andrea , Trotta Francesco
Published: October 2023

Background

Many countries use the WHO Essential Medicines List (EML) as a guide for health policy choices to promote the efficient use of healthcare resources or adopt the concept of essential medicines (EMs) to develop their own national list of essential medicines. The aim of this study is to analyse the availability and use of medicines included in the 22nd WHO EML in Italy.

Methods

Using the ATC code (5th level), a comparison was made between the medicines included in the WHO EML and those retrieved from the Italian Medicines Agency (AIFA) database. The availability (regulatory and reimbursement status) of EMs, as well as the market share in expenditure (million euros) and consumption [measured in WHO-defined daily doses (DDDs)], compared to all reimbursed medicines in 2021, were analysed.

Results

In 2021, approximately 85.2% (n = 414) of medicines included in the WHO EML were commonly marketed in Italy. Of these, 396 EMs were fully reimbursed by the Italian National Healthcare Service (INHS), corresponding to 81.5% (396/486) of the WHO EML, while the remaining 18.5% (90/486) were neither authorised (n = 72) nor reimbursed (n = 18). The study found a low coverage for anti-parasitic, insecticides, and repellent products (ATC P) in addition to medicines for the genitourinary system and sex hormones (ATC G). Even though medicines on the WHO EML, including therapeutic alternatives, accounted for ~48.5% of the expenditure for medicines reimbursed by INHS, the list covered 74% of all national drug consumed. Novel high-cost therapies indicated in high-prevalence diseases and rare conditions, mostly antineoplastic and immune-modulating agents (ATC L) not included in the WHO EML, were also guaranteed.

Conclusions

In Italy, high coverage of EMs was found. It was largely reimbursed by the INHS, even when compared to other European countries. Essential medicines represented a high percentage of the overall expenditure and consumption in Italy. The WHO EML could be an important tool to guide the health policy choices of high-income countries, although a more frequent update and easier access to information on rejected medicines are needed.
Muslim women’s perspectives on the barriers to sexually transmitted infections testing and diagnosis in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alomair Noura , Alageel Samah , Davies Nathan , Bailey Julia V.
Published: October 2023

Background

Muslim women are especially vulnerable to sexually transmitted infections (STI) and are at higher risk of under-detection. Evidence on the unique barriers to STI testing and diagnosis among Muslim communities is severely lacking. Understanding the complexity of accessing STI testing and diagnosis in Muslim communities is an area that requires further exploration. We aimed to explore the multilevel barriers to STI testing and diagnosis among Muslim women.

Methods

We conducted qualitative semi-structured interviews informed by the ecological model of health. This study took place in Riyadh Saudi Arabia in 2019 with women aged over 18. Data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis.

Results

Twenty-eight women were interviewed from different ages, marital status, employment, and educational levels. Muslim women’s perceived barriers to STI testing and diagnosis included personal, socio-cultural, and service-level barriers. Lack of knowledge about STIs, denial, and underestimating the seriousness of infection and symptoms were among the many individual barriers to STIs testing and diagnosis. Religious views towards extramarital sex and negative views of people with STIs is a significant barrier to STI testing and diagnosis. Lack of patient confidentiality and providers’ judgement and mistreatment were also cited as barriers to seeking healthcare.

Conclusion

Barriers to STI testing and diagnosis exist on many levels including personal, socio-cultural, religious, and healthcare services, and at policy level. Multilevel interventions are needed to reduce the stigma of STIs and facilitate access to sexual health services among Muslims. It is our recommendation that policy and research efforts are directed to enhance trust in the doctor-patient relationship through better clinical training as well as implementing stricter regulations to protect patients’ confidentiality in healthcare settings.
Promoting New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) for research on skin color changes in response to environmental stress factors: tobacco and air pollution
Authors: Bouchard Katherine Virginia , Costin Gertrude-Emilia
Published: October 2023

Aging is one of the most dynamic biological processes in the human body and is known to carry significant impacts on individuals’ self-esteem. Skin pigmentation is a highly heritable trait made possible by complex, strictly controlled cellular and molecular mechanisms. Genetic, environmental and endocrine factors contribute to the modulation of melanin’s amount, type and distribution in the skin layers. One of the hallmarks of extrinsic skin aging induced by environmental stress factors is the alteration of the constitutive pigmentation pattern clinically defined as senile lentigines and/or melasma or other pigmentary dyschromias. The complexity of pollutants and tobacco smoke as environmental stress factors warrants a thorough understanding of the mechanisms by which they impact skin pigmentation through repeated and long-term exposure. Pre-clinical and clinical studies demonstrated that pollutants are known to induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) or inflammatory events that lead directly or indirectly to skin hyperpigmentation. Another mechanistic direction is provided by Aryl hydrocarbon Receptors (AhR) which were shown to mediate processes leading to skin hyperpigmentation in response to pollutants by regulation of melanogenic enzymes and transcription factors involved in melanin biosynthesis pathway. In this context, we will discuss a diverse range of New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) capable to provide mechanistic insights of the cellular and molecular pathways involved in the action of environmental stress factors on skin pigmentation and to support the design of raw ingredients and formulations intended to counter their impact and of any subsequently needed clinical studies.
Dietary supplementation with honeycomb extracts positively improved egg nutritional and flavor quality, serum antioxidant and immune functions of laying ducks
Authors: Chen Xiaolian , Xiong Pingwen , Song Wenjing , Song Qiongli , Zou Zhiheng , Huang Jiangnan , Chen Jiang , Xu Chuanhui , Su Weide , Ai Gaoxiang , Wei Qipeng
Published: October 2023

Introduction

Honeycomb is a traditional natural health medicine and has antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiviral and antitumor activities. It is currently unclear whether honeycomb extract supplementation has positive effects on the intensive farming laying duck production. This study aims to evaluate the effects of honeycomb extracts on the laying performance, egg nutritional and flavor quality, serum biochemical indexes, and antioxidant and immune status in laying ducks.

Methods

A total of 672 healthy 28-week-old Shanma laying ducks with similar laying performance and body weight were randomly distributed into four dietary treatments with 6 replicates of 28 birds. The birds in each treatment were fed the basal diet supplemented with 0 (control group), 0.5, 1.0 or 1.5 g/kg honeycomb extracts, respectively. Feed and water were provided ad libitum for 45 days. Laying performance, egg quality, egg nutrition and flavor quality, serum parameters were assessed.

Results

The results showed that compared with the control group, honeycomb extracts addition significantly increased the average daily feed intake but did not affect the other laying performance indexes, egg quality or serum biochemical indexes of laying ducks. Dietary supplementation with honeycomb extracts significantly increased crude protein content and decreased the contents of cholesterol and trimethylamine in eggs. Diets supplemented with 1.5 g/kg honeycomb extracts significantly improved egg total amino acids and flavor amino acids contents, monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids composition and enhanced the serum antioxidant activity and immune functions of ducks.

Discussion

Duck eggs are rich in nutrients and a valuable source of high-quality food for human, while they are rarely consumed directly by consumers because of their stronger fishy odor and lower sensory quality. Many studies have showed that the influence of dietary supplementation on egg components. This study indicated that dietary supplementation with honeycomb extracts positively reduced the contents of egg cholesterol and trimethylamine, improve egg amino acids contents and fatty acid profiles, enhanced serum antioxidant and immune status of laying ducks. The recommended supplemental level of honeycomb extracts was 1.5 g/kg in the diet of laying ducks.
Effects of Pruning on Growth, Rhizosphere Soil Physicochemical Indexes and Bacterial Community Structure of Tea Tree and Their Interaction
Authors: Zhang Qi , Wang Yuhua , Chen Yiling , Zhang Ying , Chen Meihui , Zou Jishuang , Miao Pengyao , Ye Jianghua , Pang Xiaomin , Jia Xiaoli , Wang Haibin
Published: October 2023

Pruning is an agronomic practice that contributes to tea tree yield during cultivation, but little is known about how pruning improves yield through shifting bacterial communities in rhizosphere soil. Therefore, Meizhan tea (Camellia sinensis) was used as the research object to analyze the effect of unpruning and pruning on the growth and rhizosphere soil physicochemical indexes of the tea tree, and sequencing technology was used to obtain the diversity of soil bacterial communities. The results showed that leaf area, hundred bud weight and yield of pruned tea trees increased by 1.32, 1.40, and 1.84 times, respectively, and pH and available N, available P, and available K contents increased by 1.10, 1.07, 1.30, and 1.07 times, respectively, compared with unpruned treatment, while total N, total P, and total K contents decreased by 1.20, 1.37, and 1.13 times, respectively. Analysis of the bacterial community structure showed that the key differential bacteria between pruned and unpruned tea trees were Candidatus Solibacter, Acidibacter, Rhizomicrobium, Bryobacter, Solanum torvum, Mizugakiibacter, Nitrospira, Sphingomonas, and Granulicella. Among them, the bacterial abundance of Candidatus Solibacter, Bryobacter, and Nitrospira showed an upward trend and the rest showed a downward trend after pruned treatment. Interaction network analysis showed that the correlation between the total key genera of microorganisms and organic matter, total N, total K, and total P content in rhizosphere soil did not reach a significant level, whereas the correlation with soil available N, available K, available P, pH, and tea tree growth indexes were all positively and significantly correlated. It can be seen that pruning changed the structure of the rhizosphere soil microbial community of tea trees, promoted soil nutrient transformation, increased the content of soil available nutrients, and promoted the growth of tea tree.
Soil Predisposing Factors to Fusarium oxysporum f.sp Cubense Tropical Race 4 on Banana Crops of La Guajira, Colombia
Authors: Rodríguez-Yzquierdo Gustavo , Olivares Barlin Orlando , González-Ulloa Antonio , León-Pacheco Rommel , Gómez-Correa Juan Camilo , Yacomelo-Hernández Marlon , Carrascal-Pérez Francisco , Florez-Cordero Elías , Soto-Suárez Mauricio , Dita Miguel , Betancourt-Vásquez Mónica
Published: October 2023

Fusarium wilt of banana caused by the soil-borne fungi Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense, Tropical Race 4 (Foc TR4) (Syn. Fusarium odoratissimum), is a major threat to the global banana industry. Aiming to identify predisposing soil factors for Fusarium wilt of banana (FWB) TR4, the 23 physical and chemical soil properties were studied in three commercial banana farms in La Guajira, Colombia. Disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were collected from areas affected by the disease (affected plots) and disease-free areas (healthy plots). Five repetitions per farm were considered, with a total sample of n = 30. The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Subsequently, the debiased sparse partial correlation (DSPC) algorithm was applied. Organic matter (OM), pH, calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), and cation-exchange capacity on the exchange complex (ECEC), showed significant differences between the affected and healthy plots. In addition, the bulk density and saturated hydraulic conductivity (HC) were associated suggesting that physical attributes, such as soil compaction and poor drainage, create favorable conditions for FWB. According to the DSPC algorithm, the HC variable presented a grade of 5 and an intermediation of 14.67, which indicates that it has significant associations with BD, sand, porosity, ECEC, and OM and plays a critical role in the connection of other variables in the network and the differentiation of healthy and affected plots. These findings establish a baseline of information under field conditions in Colombia, which can be used to design soil management strategies to mitigate the detrimental effects of Foc TR4 by creating less favorable conditions for the pathogen.
County-Scale Spatial Distribution of Soil Nutrients and Driving Factors in Semiarid Loess Plateau Farmland, China
Authors: Song Shujun , Yang Rong , Cui Xiaoru , Chen Qixian
Published: October 2023

Characterized by a topography of thousands of ravines, the Loess Plateau has highly complex spatial variability in terms of soil nutrients. Therefore, it is of considerable importance to study the soil nutrient spatial distribution, driving factors of precise fertilizer management, and the strategic use of soil nutrient resources. In 2017, 242 soil samples were taken from the semiarid Anding district farming region in northern China. The spatial variability and factors influencing soil nutrients were studied using statistical and geostatistical methods. The results showed that the mean soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus (AP), available potassium (AK), and pH values were averaged at 12.64 g·kg−1, 0.84 g·kg−1, 23.20 mg·kg−1, 188.87 mg·kg−1, and 8.60, respectively. The nugget-to-sill ratios for the semi-variograms of SOM, TN, AP, and AK varied from 25.84 to 49.93%, while the coefficients of variation varied from 24.53 to 69.44%, revealing that all four indicators exhibited considerable variability, and that the samples’ geographical variability was produced by a combination of random and structural factors. Overall increasing trends were exhibited from the middle to the northeast and southwest in the distributions of SOM, TN, and AP. The spatial distribution of AK displayed the opposite trend, increasing from the southwest to north and southeast. The texture of the tillage layer was the main factor directly affecting SOM, and explained 8% of its variation. The distribution of TN was mainly influenced by the irrigation method and water source type. AP and AK contents differed significantly between the two parent materials, three textures, and three topography types at the level of p < 0.01. In conclusion, the regional soil fertility was poor, spatial heterogeneity was moderate, and influencing factors were complex, highlighting the need to adopt precise fertilization management and adopting land management measures according to the actual influencing factors of each nutrient, thereby contributing to the enhancement of regional fertility.
Current State of Conservation Physiology for Amphibians: Major Research Topics and Physiological Parameters
Authors: Park Jun-Kyu , Do Yuno
Published: October 2023

Analysis of physiological responses can be used to assess population health, identify threat factors, and understand mechanisms of stress. In addition to this, conservation physiologists have sought to establish potential management strategies for environmental change and evaluate the effectiveness of conservation efforts. From past to present, the field of conservation physiology is developing in an increasingly broader context. In this review, we aim to categorize the topics covered in conservation physiology research on amphibians and present the measured physiological parameters to provide directions for future research on conservation physiology. Physiological responses of amphibians to environmental stressors are the most studied topic, but conservation physiological studies on metamorphosis, habitat loss and fragmentation, climate change, and conservation methods are relatively lacking. A number of physiological indices have been extracted to study amphibian conservation physiology, and the indices have varying strengths of correlation with each subject. Future research directions are suggested to develop a comprehensive monitoring method for amphibians, identify interactions among various stressors, establish physiological mechanisms for environmental factors, and quantify the effects of conservation activities on amphibian physiology.