bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using artificial neural network and non‐destructive test for crack detection in concrete surrounding the embedded steel reinforcement
Authors: Saleem Muhammad , Gutierrez Hector
Published: June 2021

Bond between steel and concrete is one of the key aspects of structural design and its performance evaluation. In the past much research work has been focused on understanding bond deterioration owing to corrosion of reinforcement, however, there exists no nondestructive method to access the bond condition. In this regard, the presented experimental research work details the development of a nondestructive testing method to estimate the crack condition of concrete surrounding the steel reinforced by using ultrasonic pulse velocity test. In addition, a multilayer feedforward back propagation perceptron artificial neural network (ANN) is developed in order to avoid simplification assumptions for developing models to predict the cracking, owing to the nonlinear complex stress distribution at the steel‐concrete interface. The ANN is used to predict the crack width and to conduct sensitivity analysis of the various factors influencing the bond deterioration. A high accuracy level is achieved between the predicted and the experimental values with R2 of 0.97 and the most influential parameter is highlighted.
Identification of blossom-end rot loci using joint QTL-seq and linkage-based QTL mapping in tomato
Authors: Topcu Yasin , Sapkota Manoj , Illa-Berenguer Eudald , Nambeesan Savithri U. , van der Knaap Esther
Published: June 2021

Key message

Blossom-End Rot is Quantitatively Inherited and Maps to Four Loci in Tomato.

Blossom-end rot (BER) is a devastating physiological disorder that affects tomato and other vegetables, resulting in significant crop losses. To date, most studies on BER have focused on the environmental factors that affect calcium translocation to the fruit; however, the genetic basis of this disorder remains unknown. To investigate the genetic basis of BER, two F2and F3:4populations along with a BC1population that segregated for BER occurrence were evaluated in the greenhouse. Using the QTL-seq approach, quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with BER Incidence were identified at the bottom of chromosome (ch) 3 and ch11. Additionally, linkage-based QTL mapping detected another QTL,BER3.1,on ch3 andBER4.1on ch4. To fine map the QTLs identified by QTL-seq, recombinant screening was performed.BER3.2,the major BER QTL on ch3, was narrowed down from 5.68 to 1.58 Mbp with a 1.5-LOD support interval (SI) corresponding to 209 candidate genes.BER3.2colocalizes with the fruit weight geneFW3.2/SlKLUH,an ortholog of cytochrome P450KLUHin Arabidopsis. Further,BER11.1,the major BER QTL on ch11, was narrowed down from 3.99 to 1.13 Mbp with a 1.5-LOD SI interval comprising of 141 candidate genes. Taken together, our results identified and fine mapped the first loci for BER resistance in tomato that will facilitate marker-assistant breeding not only in tomato but also in many other vegetables suffering for BER.
Genomic signatures of selection for resistance to stripe rust in Austrian winter wheat
Authors: Morales Laura , Michel Sebastian , Ametz Christian , Dallinger Hermann Gregor , Löschenberger Franziska , Neumayer Anton , Zimmerl Simone , Buerstmayr Hermann
Published: June 2021

Key message

We combined quantitative and population genetic methods to identify loci under selection for adult plant resistance to stripe rust in an Austrian winter wheat breeding population from 2008 to 2018.

Resistance to stripe rust, a foliar disease caused by the fungus P. striiformis f. sp. tritici, in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is both qualitatively and quantitatively controlled. Resistance genes confer complete, race-specific resistance but are easily overcome by evolving pathogen populations, while quantitative resistance is controlled by many small- to medium-effect loci that provide incomplete yet more durable protection. Data on resistance loci can be applied in marker-assisted selection and genomic prediction frameworks. We employed genome-wide association to detect loci associated with stripe rust and selection testing to identify regions of the genome that underwent selection for stripe rust resistance in an Austrian winter wheat breeding program from 2008 to 2018. Genome-wide association mapping identified 150 resistance loci, 62 of which showed significant evidence of selection over time. The breeding population also demonstrated selection for resistance at the genome-wide level.
Grinding efficiency and profile accuracy of diamond grinding wheels dressed with wire electrical discharge conditioning (WEDC)
Authors: Zahedi Ali , Khosravi Jahangir , Azarhoushang Bahman
Published: June 2021

Super abrasive diamond grinding wheels are the most promising tools for the precision machining of advanced ceramics and carbide materials. However, the efficiency of conventional conditioning of these tools is limited owing to high dressing tool wear, long process time, low form flexibility, and induced damage to the abrasive grains. Wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) is an alternative method for conditioning of superabrasive grinding wheels with electrically conductive bonding materials. In this study, cylindrical plunge grinding of an alumina ceramic with a resin-bonded diamond grinding wheel is investigated. The assigned type of resin bond contains copper particles and is accordingly electrically conductive for wire electrical discharge conditioning (WEDC). Conventional (mechanical) and WEDC methods are used for generating the same profile on two similar diamond grinding wheels. As a result, the specific grinding energy was reduced up to 26% and 29% during rough and finish plunge grinding, respectively. Reduced specific grinding energy and forces, along with more effective grain protrusion and sharpness by using WEDC for profiling of grinding wheels, have contributed positively to the ground surface conditions despite the relatively rougher wheel surface topography in comparison to the conventional profiling. The more considerable reduction in the mean roughness depth (Rz) than in the arithmetical mean roughness value (Ra) (11% smaller Rz values in WEDC versus mechanical conditioning) verifies that the workpiece surface underwent less surface degradation in case of WEDC because of smaller grinding forces. Furthermore, the profile wear behavior of the workpiece ground with the WED conditioned grinding wheel was superior to the conventionally conditioned one.
Correction to: Mass strandings of seven toothed and baleen whale species in Northern Norway in March 2020 call for further investigation
Authors: Aniceto A. S. , Tassara L. , Rikardsen A. , Blévin P.
Published: June 2021

A correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-021-02890-9
Correction to: Can a new scoring system reliably predict failed facemask ventilation?
Authors: Priebe Hans-Joachim
Published: June 2021

A correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00540-021-02954-4
Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic methods for occlusal surface caries
Authors: Kapor Svetlana , Rankovic Mila Janjic , Khazaei Yegane , Crispin Alexander , Schüler Ina , Krause Felix , Lussi Adrian , Neuhaus Klaus , Eggmann Florin , Michou Stavroula , Ekstrand Kim , Huysmans Marie-Charlotte , Kühnisch Jan
Published: June 2021

Aim

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the diagnostic performance of commonly used methods for occlusal caries diagnostics, such as visual examination (VE), bitewing radiography (BW) and laser fluorescence (LF), in relation to their ability to detect (dentin) caries under clinical and laboratory conditions.

Materials and methods

A systematic search of the literature was performed to identify studies meeting the inclusion criteria using the PIRDS concept (N = 1090). A risk of bias (RoB) assessment tool was used for quality evaluation. Reports with low/moderate RoB, well-matching thresholds for index and reference tests and appropriate reporting were included in the meta-analysis (N = 37; 29 in vivo/8 in vitro). The pooled sensitivity (SE), specificity (SP), diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) and areas under ROC curves (AUCs) were computed.

Results

SP ranged from 0.50 (fibre-optic transillumination/caries detection level) to 0.97 (conventional BW/dentine detection level) in vitro. AUCs were typically higher for BW or LF than for VE. The highest AUC of 0.89 was observed for VE at the 1/3 dentin caries detection level; SE (0.70) was registered to be higher than SP (0.47) for VE at the caries detection level in vivo.

Conclusion

The number of included studies was found to be low. This underlines the need for high-quality caries diagnostic studies that further provide data in relation to multiple caries thresholds.

Clinical relevance

VE, BW and LF provide acceptable measures for their diagnostic performance on occlusal surfaces, but the results should be interpreted with caution due to the limited data in many categories.
Final overall survival analysis of the phase 3 HERITAGE study demonstrates equivalence of trastuzumab-dkst to trastuzumab in HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer
Authors: Rugo Hope S. , Pennella Eduardo J. , Gopalakrishnan Unmesh , Hernandez-Bronchud Miguel , Herson Jay , Koch Hans Friedrich , Loganathan Subramanian , Deodhar Sarika , Marwah Ashwani , Manikhas Alexey , Bondarenko Igor , Mukhametshina Guzel , Nemsadze Gia , Parra Joseph D. , Abesamis-Tiambeng Maria Luisa T. , Baramidze Kakhaber , Akewanlop Charuwan , Vynnychenko Ihor , Sriuranpong Virote , Mamillapalli Gopichand , Roy Sirshendu , Yanez Ruiz Eduardo Patricio , Barve Abhijit , Fuentes-Alburo Adolfo , Waller Cornelius F.
Published: June 2021

Purpose

The phase 3 HERITAGE trial demonstrated that the biosimilar trastuzumab-dkst is well tolerated with similar efficacy (measured by overall response rate [ORR] and progression-free survival [PFS]) compared with originator trastuzumab combined with taxane followed by monotherapy in patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer (MBC). Herein, we present final overall survival (OS) from HERITAGE.

Methods

HERITAGE is a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, parallel-group study. Patients were randomized 1:1 to receive trastuzumab-dkst or trastuzumab plus taxane followed by continued monotherapy until disease progression. Overall survival was to be assessed at 36 months or after 240 deaths, whichever occurred first, as observed from time of randomization of last patient.

Results

At the final analysis (36 months), 242 patients in the intention-to-treat population had died during the study: 116 and 124 in the trastuzumab-dkst and trastuzumab groups, respectively, and 1 untreated patient from each treatment group. Median OS by Kaplan–Meier analysis was 35.0 months with trastuzumab-dkst and 30.2 months with trastuzumab. Evaluation of PFS showed a median of 11.1 months in both treatment groups. No new safety concerns were reported from week 48 until the end of the survival follow-up.

Conclusion

This is the first phase 3 trial of a trastuzumab biosimilar to report long-term survival data similar to originator trastuzumab in patients with MBC. The comparable long-term OS between the trastuzumab-dkst and originator trastuzumab groups further supports the similarity of trastuzumab-dkst with originator trastuzumab and establishes trastuzumab-dkst as a safe and effective treatment option for patients with HER2-positive MBC.

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02472964; 6/16/2015
Healthcare, Responsibility and Golden Opportunities
Authors: De Marco Gabriel , Douglas Thomas , Savulescu Julian
Published: June 2021

When it comes to determining how healthcare resources should be allocated, there are many factors that could—and perhaps should—be taken into account. One such factor is a patient’s responsibility for his or her illness, or for the behavior that caused it. Policies that take responsibility for the unhealthy lifestyle or its outcomes into account—responsibility-sensitive policies—have faced a series of criticisms. One holds that agents often fail to meet either the control or epistemic conditions on responsibility with regard to their unhealthy lifestyles or their outcomes. Another holds that even if patients sometimes are responsible for these items, we cannot know whether a particular patient is responsible for them. In this article, we propose a type of responsibility-sensitive policy that may be able to surmount these difficulties. Under this type of policy, patients are empowered to change to a healthier lifestyle by being given what we call a ‘Golden Opportunity’ to change. Such a policy would not only avoid concerns about patients’ fulfilment of conditions on responsibility for their lifestyles, it would also allow healthcare authorities to be justified in believing that a patient who does not change her lifestyle is responsible for the unhealthy lifestyle. We conclude with a discussion of avenues for further work, and place this policy in the broader context of the debate on responsibility for health.
A Comparative Review of the Extrinsic and Intrinsic Factors Regulating Lactose Synthesis
Authors: Sadovnikova Anna , Garcia Sergio C. , Hovey Russell C.
Published: June 2021

Milk is critical for the survival of all mammalian offspring, where its production by a mammary gland is also positively associated with its lactose concentration. A clearer understanding of the factors that regulate lactose synthesis stands to direct strategies for improving neonatal health while also highlighting opportunities to manipulate and improve milk production and composition. In this review we draw a cross-species comparison of the extra- and intramammary factors that regulate lactose synthesis, with a special focus on humans, dairy animals, and rodents. We outline the various factors known to influence lactose synthesis including diet, hormones, and substrate supply, as well as the intracellular molecular and genetic mechanisms. We also discuss the strengths and limitations of various in vivo and in vitro systems for the study of lactose synthesis, which remains an important research gap.
No Self Without Salience: Affective and Self-relevance Ratings of 552 Emotionally Valenced and Neutral Dutch Words
Authors: Dimitrova Lora I. , Vissia Eline M. , Geugies Hanneke , Hofstetter Hedwig , Chalavi Sima , Reinders Antje A. T. S.
Published: June 2021

It is unknown how self-relevance is dependent on emotional salience. Emotional salience encompasses an individual's degree of attraction or aversion to emotionally-valenced information. The current study investigated the interconnection between self and salience through the evaluation of emotional valence and self-relevance. 56 native Dutch participants completed a questionnaire assessing valence, intensity, and self-relevance of 552 Dutch nouns and verbs. One-way repeated-measures ANCOVA investigated the relationship between valence and self, age and gender. Repeated-measures ANCOVA also tested the relationship between valence and self with intensity ratings and effects of gender and age. Results showed a significant main effect of valence for self-relevant words. Intensity analyses showed a main effect of valence but not of self-relevance. There were no significant effects of gender and age. The most important finding presents that self-relevance is dependent on valence. These findings concerning the relationship between self and salience opens avenues to study an individual's self-definition.
Person agreement with inherent case DPs in Chirag Dargwa
Authors: Ganenkov Dmitry
Published: June 2021

The article argues that the syntactic behavior of non-absolutive subjects of finite clauses in the Nakh-Daghestanian language Chirag Dargwa is a result of their interaction with two different functional heads in a clause:vand T. Discussing empirical data from Chirag, I present the puzzling behavior of person agreement, which shows selective sensitivity to arguments in the ergative, dative, and genitive cases. The primary evidence comes from the periphrastic causative, which displays some typologically unusual properties in case marking and agreement. I show that the ability to trigger person agreement is not an intrinsic property of ergative, dative, and genitive DPs in Chirag, but rather is endowed to the highest DP in T’s c-command domain over the course of the derivation. I propose that all non-absolutive subjects start out as DPs assigned inherent case and a theta-role byv, and that T further assigns structural nominative case to the DP in Spec,vP, thus making it accessible to φ-probes.
A measurement study of offloading virtual network functions to the edge
Authors: Chaudhry S. R. , Liu P. , Wang X. , Cahill V. , Collier M.
Published: June 2021

The deployment of virtual network functions (VNFs) at edge servers potentially impairs the performance of latency-sensitive applications due to their computational cost. This work considers a new approach to addressing this problem that provides line rate acceleration of VNFs by employing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) equipped edge servers. This approach has been validated by practical use cases with both TCP and UDP as underlying protocol on a physical testbed environment. We examine the performance implications of executing a security VNF at an FPGA-equipped edge server. We experimentally demonstrate reduced VNF execution latency and energy consumption for a real-time video streaming application in comparison with a software-only baseline. In particular, the results show that the approach lowers VNF execution latency and power consumption at the edge by up to 44% and 76%, respectively, in our experiments while satisfying time constraints and maintaining confidentiality with high scalability. We also highlight the potential research challenges to make this approach viable in practice.
Influence of the Heat Input on the Dendritic Solidification Structure and the Mechanical Properties of 2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V Submerged-Arc Weld Metal
Authors: Schönmaier Hannah , Krein Ronny , Schmitz-Niederau Martin , Schnitzer Ronald
Published: June 2021

The alloy 2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V is commonly used for heavy wall pressure vessels in the petrochemical industry, such as hydrogen reactors. As these reactors are operated at elevated temperatures and high pressures, the 2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V welding consumables require a beneficial combination of strength and toughness as well as enhanced creep properties. The mechanical properties are known to be influenced by several welding parameters. This study deals with the influence of the heat input during submerged-arc welding (SAW) on the solidification structure and mechanical properties of 2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V multilayer metal. The heat input was found to increase the primary and secondary dendrite spacing as well as the bainitic and prior austenite grain size of the weld metal. Furthermore, it was determined that a higher heat input during SAW causes an increase in the stress rupture time and a decrease in Charpy impact energy. This is assumed to be linked to a lower number of weld layers, and therefore, a decreased amount of fine grained reheated zone if the multilayer weld metal is fabricated with higher heat input. In contrast to the stress rupture time and the toughness, the weld metal’s strength, ductility and macro-hardness remain nearly unaffected by changes of the heat input.
On the growth and zeros of polynomials attached to arithmetic functions
Authors: Heim Bernhard , Neuhauser Markus
Published: June 2021

In this paper we investigate growth properties and the zero distribution of polynomials attached to arithmetic functionsgandh, wheregis normalized, of moderate growth, and$$0<h(n) \le h(n+1)$$0<h(n)≤h(n+1). We put$$P_0^{g,h}(x)=1$$P0g,h(x)=1and$$\begin{aligned} P_n^{g,h}(x) := \frac{x}{h(n)} \sum _{k=1}^{n} g(k) \, P_{n-k}^{g,h}(x). \end{aligned}$$Png,h(x):=xh(n)∑k=1ng(k)Pn-kg,h(x).As an application we obtain the best known result on the domain of the non-vanishing of the Fourier coefficients of powers of the Dedekind$$\eta $$η-function. Here,gis the sum of divisors andhthe identity function. Kostant’s result on the representation of simple complex Lie algebras and Han’s results on the Nekrasov–Okounkov hook length formula are extended. The polynomials are related to reciprocals of Eisenstein series, Klein’sj-invariant, and Chebyshev polynomials of the second kind.
Improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction after pharmacological up-titration in new-onset heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
Authors: Nauta J. F. , Santema B. T. , van der Wal M. H. L. , Koops A. , Warink-Riemersma J. , van Dijk K. , Inkelaar F. , Prückl S. , Suwijn J. , van Deursen V. M. , Meijers W. C. , Coster J. , Westenbrink B. D. , de Boer R. A. , Hummel Y. , van Melle J. , van Veldhuisen D. J. , van der Meer P. , Voors A. A.
Published: June 2021

Objective

Recent studies have reported suboptimal up-titration of heart failure (HF) therapies in patients with heart failure and a reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Here, we report on the achieved doses after nurse-led up-titration, reasons for not achieving the target dose, subsequent changes in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and mortality.

Methods

From 2012 to 2018, 378 HFrEF patients with a recent (< 3 months) diagnosis of HF were referred to a specialised HF-nurse led clinic for protocolised up-titration of guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT). The achieved doses of GDMT at 9 months were recorded, as well as reasons for not achieving the optimal dose in all patients. Echocardiography was performed at baseline and after up-titration in 278 patients.

Results

Of 345 HFrEF patients with a follow-up visit after 9 months, 69% reached ≥ 50% of the recommended dose of renin-angiotensin-system (RAS) inhibitors, 73% reached ≥ 50% of the recommended dose of beta-blockers and 77% reached ≥ 50% of the recommended dose of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists. The main reasons for not reaching the target dose were hypotension (RAS inhibitors and beta-blockers), bradycardia (beta-blockers) and renal dysfunction (RAS inhibitors). During a median follow-up of 9 months, mean LVEF increased from 27.6% at baseline to 38.8% at follow-up. Each 5% increase in LVEF was associated with an adjusted hazard ratio of 0.84 (0.75–0.94, p = 0.002) for mortality and 0.85 (0.78–0.94, p = 0.001) for the combined endpoint of mortality and/or HF hospitalisation after a mean follow-up of 3.3 years.

Conclusions

This study shows that protocolised up-titration in a nurse-led HF clinic leads to high doses of GDMT and improvement of LVEF in patients with new-onset HFrEF.
De-escalation of Systemic Therapy for Early-Stage, Node-Negative Her2+ and Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Authors: Gonzalez Lorena , Mortimer Joanne , Kruper Laura
Published: June 2021

Purpose of Review

This review summarizes the most recent data on the management of small, node-negative Her2+ and triple-negative breast cancer.

Recent Findings

Both Her2+ and triple-negative breast cancers are characterized by high rates of recurrence and worse survival outcomes compared to hormone-positive cancers. De-escalation of systemic therapy in early-stage breast cancer is a recent national trend in clinical research. Recent prospective trials support the scaling back of cytotoxic agents and maximization of targeted therapy regimens. Similarly, large retrospective studies on small, node-negative triple-negative breast cancer report the omission of chemotherapy in women with T1a,N0 triple-negative cancers with favorable short term outcomes.

De-escalation of systemic therapy for Her2+ breast cancer is effective in the management of early-stage, node-negative disease. Future prospective studies on the omission of systemic therapy for triple-negative breast cancer are required to safely adopt into consensus guidelines.
Techniques of Neutralization in Narratives of Addicted Gamers: A Social Science Approach on Gaming Disorder
Authors: Jukschat Nadine
Published: June 2021

Due to a hegemony of psychology, the phenomenon of addicted gaming tends to be conceptualized as a chronic illness. Taking a sociological perspective requires reframing the phenomenon: As deviant behavior, and therefore as a behavior, that goes against behavioral expectations of social groups. Such change of perspective raises new questions and sheds light on aspects of the phenomenon that have been unstudied so far. The article takes one step in this direction and applies the concept of neutralization as a heuristic to study how gamers classified as addicted make sense of their deviant gaming practices. Analyses of biographical-narrative interviews with addicted gamers indicate that they use five neutralization techniques in order to carry out their deviant practices without generally questioning social norms, these are rejection of individual responsibility, trivializing revaluation, positive revaluation, revaluation of deviance as self-determined choice and condemnation of instances of social control.
The study on experimental method of fluid stress sensitivity of low permeability in tight reservoir
Authors: Lin Xiao , Xue-wei Liu , Long-kan Shao , Shao-peng Wang , Pu-fu Xiao , Xin-li Zhao , Zhong-kun Niu
Published: June 2021

According to the industry standard, low permeability and tight reservoir are highly stress-sensitive in laboratory tests. However, this phenomenon has not been effectively confirmed in the field production test. For this reason, a method to measure stress sensitivity by axial loading is proposed. By loading fixed axial stress, the measurement method achieves the effect of equivalent preloading fluid pressure. Meanwhile, the equivalent theoretical curve can be obtained by translating the curve. Through this method, the stress sensitivity of the core with microfracture is studied. According to the results, the stress sensitivity of the cores can be divided into two stages: the first stage is the non-opening stage of microfractures, in which the stress sensitivity is weak; the second stage is the opening stage of microfractures, in which the stress sensitivity increases sharply. When the permeability changes significantly, the corresponding pressure is the microfracture's opening pressure. In addition, if the abscissa of the experimental results corresponds to the field production data, the field stress sensitivity curve of the field reservoir can be obtained. Conventional stress sensitivity test shows that the four cores in the study block exhibit medium to strong stress sensitivity. According to the stress sensitivity curve analysis after curve translation, the stress sensitivity of the reservoir is about 25% in the elastic production stage, which is classified as weak stress sensitivity. This conclusion can effectively support the phenomenon of the unobvious stress sensitivity in the field production of low permeability and tight reservoirs.
Orthorexia nervosa and Instagram: exploring the Russian-speaking conversation around #opтopeкcия
Authors: Zemlyanskaya Yana , Valente Martina , Syurina Elena V.
Published: June 2021

This mixed-methods study explored the conversation around orthorexia nervosa (ON) on Instagram from a Russian-speaking perspective. Two quantitative data sources were implemented; a comparative content analysis of posts tagged with #opтopeкcия (n = 234) and #orthorexia (n = 243), and an online questionnaire completed by Russian-speakers (n = 96) sharing ON-related content on Instagram. Additionally, five questionnaire participants were interviewed, four of which identified with having (had) ON. Russian-speakers who share ON-related content on Instagram are primarily female, around their late-twenties, and prefer Instagram over other platforms. They describe people with ON as obsessed with correct eating, rather than healthy or clean eating. Instagram appears to have a dual effect; it has the potential to both trigger the onset of ON and encourage recovery. Positive content encourages a healthy relationship with food, promotes intuitive eating, and spread recovery advice. Harmful content, in turn, emphasizes specific diet and beauty ideals. Russian-speaking users mainly post pictures of food, followed by largely informative text that explains what ON is, and what recovery may look like. Their reasons for posting ON-related content are to share personal experiences, support others in recovery, and raise awareness about ON. Two main target audiences were people unaware of ON and people seeking recovery support. The relationship between ON and social media is not strictly limited to the global north. Thus, it may be valuable to further investigate non-English-speaking populations currently underrepresented in ON research.

Level of evidence: Level V, descriptive study.
Quantity decisions of two-stage competitive location model based on different location modes
Authors: Li Yadong , Li Xuemei
Published: June 2021

The facility location of a competing firm in a market has great importance in supply chain management. The two-stage competitive location model formulates the decision process of an entrant firm facing both location and price competition. In this paper, we incorporated the facility quantity as a decision variable into a two-stage competitive location model with the objective of maximized profit. Sequential location mode and simultaneous location mode were applied to simulate different location behavior. We developed an approximate branch and bound method to accelerate optimal location searching speed under the premise of accuracy. Greedy algorithm and approximate branch and bound method were used in two location modes. From algorithm evaluation, we found that the approximate branch and bound method is an ideal supplement of the traditional branch and bound method, especially for location problems with large-scale potential locations. Compare the results of the two modes, we found when a new firm is going to enter a market with both price and location competition, sequential location mode is an advantage strategy, since it can gain more profit than simultaneous location mode.
Formal context reduction in deriving concept hierarchies from corpora using adaptive evolutionary clustering algorithm star
Authors: Hassan Bryar A. , Rashid Tarik A. , Mirjalili Seyedali
Published: June 2021

It is beneficial to automate the process of deriving concept hierarchies from corpora since a manual construction of concept hierarchies is typically a time-consuming and resource-intensive process. As such, the overall process of learning concept hierarchies from corpora encompasses a set of steps: parsing the text into sentences, splitting the sentences and then tokenising it. After the lemmatisation step, the pairs are extracted using formal context analysis (FCA). However, there might be some uninteresting and erroneous pairs in the formal context. Generating formal context may lead to a time-consuming process, so formal context size reduction is require to remove uninterested and erroneous pairs, taking less time to extract the concept lattice and concept hierarchies accordingly. In this premise, this study aims to propose two frameworks: (1) A framework to review the current process of deriving concept hierarchies from corpus utilising formal concept analysis (FCA); (2) A framework to decrease the formal context’s ambiguity of the first framework using an adaptive version of evolutionary clustering algorithm (ECA*). Experiments are conducted by applying 385 sample corpora from Wikipedia on the two frameworks to examine the reducing size of formal context, which leads to yield concept lattice and concept hierarchy. The resulting lattice of formal context is evaluated to the standard one using concept lattice-invariants. Accordingly, the homomorphic between the two lattices preserves the quality of resulting concept hierarchies by 89% in contrast to the basic ones, and the reduced concept lattice inherits the structural relation of the standard one. The adaptive ECA* is examined against its four counterpart baseline algorithms (Fuzzy K-means, JBOS approach, AddIntent algorithm, and FastAddExtent) to measure the execution time on random datasets with different densities (fill ratios). The results show that adaptive ECA* performs concept lattice faster than other mentioned competitive techniques in different fill ratios.
Gas-liquid mass transfer intensification for bubble generation and breakup in micronozzles
Authors: Reichmann Felix , Herath Jakob , Mensing Lena , Kockmann Norbert
Published: June 2021

The local gas-liquid mass transfer was characterized during bubble generation in T-contactors and in an adjacent micronozzle. A colorimetric technique with the oxygen sensitive dye resazurin was investigated to visualize gas-liquid mass transfer during slug flow, bubble deformation, as well as laminar and turbulent bubble breakup in the wake of a micronozzle. Two optimized nozzle geometries from previous studies were evaluated concerning volumetric mass transfer coefficients for low pressure loss, narrow residence time distribution, or high dispersion rates. Highest values in kla up to 60 s−1 were found for turbulent bubble breakup and an optimized micronozzle design in respect to pressure drop and dispersion rate. The achieved mass transfer coefficients were correlated with the energy dissipation rate within the micronozzles and with the inverse Kolmogorov time scale in vortex dissipation in good agreement for laminar and turbulent breakup regimes.

Graphical abstract
Cable Suspension and Balance System with Low Support Interference and Vibration for Effective Wind Tunnel Tests
Authors: Park Keum-Yong , Sung Yeol-Hun , Han Jae-Hung
Published: June 2021

A cable-driven model support concept is suggested and implemented in this paper. In this case, it is a cable suspension and balance system (CSBS), which has the advantages of low support interference and reduced vibration responses for effective wind tunnel tests. This system is designed for both model motion control and aerodynamic load measurements. In the CSBS, the required position or the attitude of the test model is realized by eight motors, which adjust the length, velocity, and acceleration of the corresponding cables. Aerodynamic load measurements are accomplished by a cable balance consisting of eight load cells connected to the assigned cables. The motion responses and load measurement outputs were in good agreement with the reference data. The effectiveness of the CSBS against aerodynamic interference and vibration is experimentally demonstrated through comparative tests with a rear sting and a crescent sting support (CSS). The advantages of the CSBS are examined through several wind tunnel tests of a NACA0015 airfoil model. The cable support of the CSBS clearly showed less aerodynamic interference than the rear sting with a CSS, judging from the drag coefficient profile. Additionally, the CSBS showed excellent vibration suppression characteristics at all angles of attack.
Qualitative detection of pesticide residues using mass spectral data based on convolutional neural network
Authors: Wei Jian , Wang Xuemei , Wang Zhenyu , Cao Jin
Published: June 2021

Excessive pesticide residues in crops directly threaten human life and health, so rapid screening and effective measurements of agricultural pesticides residues have important application significance in the field of food safety. It is imperative to detect different pesticide residue types in actual complex crop samples cause mixture analysis can provide more information than individual components. However, the accuracy of mixture analysis can be obviously affected by the impurities and noise disturbances. Purification and denoising will cost a lot of algorithm time. In this work, we used the problem transformation method to convert pesticide residues prediction into multi-label classification problem. In addition, a new convolutional neural network structure Pesticide Residues Neural Network (PRNet) was proposed to solve the problem of multi-label organophosphate pesticide residue prediction. The method of binary correlation and label energy set was used to adapt 35 pesticide residues labels. The Cross Entropy were used as loss functions for PRNet. The comprehensive comparison performances (e.g. 97% optimal accuracy rate) of PRNet is better than the other four models. By comparing the ROC curves of the five models, PRNet performs the best. The PRNet can separate the independent mass spectrometry data by different collision energy applied to phosphorus pesticide compounds through a three-channel structure. No complicated data preprocessing is required, the PRNet can extract the characteristics of different compounds more efficiently and presents high detecting accuracy and good model performance of multi-label mass spectrometry data classification. By inputting MS data of different instruments and adding more offset MS data, the model will be more transplantable and could lay the foundation for the wide application of PRNet model in rapid, on-site, accurate and broad-spectrum screening of pesticide residues in the future.
Our Moral Duty to Eat Meat
Authors: ZANGWILL NICK
Published: June 2021

I argue that eating meat is morally good and our duty when it is part of a practice that has benefited animals. The existence of domesticated animals depends on the practice of eating them, and the meat-eating practice benefits animals of that kind if they have good lives. The argument is not consequentialist but historical, and it does not apply to nondomesticated animals. I refine the argument and consider objections.
Prelude—Neurology and Neurosurgery at McGill University 1894–1928
Authors: Leblanc Richard
Published: June 2021

This paper reviews the history of neurology and neurosurgery at McGill University from their origins within the Departments of Medicine and of Surgery at the Royal Victoria Hospital in 1894, to the creation of an autonomous Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery in 1928 at the Montreal Neurological Institute. The argument is made that the collaboration of James Stewart and James Bell and of Colin Russel and Edward Archibald in the diagnosis and treatment of neurological patients created an institutional culture that favored the integration of neurology, neurosurgery, and allied disciplines within a departmental structure and the creation of the Montreal Neurological Institute.
Excess dietary fructose does not alter gut microbiota or permeability in humans: A pilot randomized controlled study
Authors: Alemán José O. , Henderson Wendy A. , Walker Jeanne M. , Ronning Andrea , Jones Drew R. , Walter Peter J. , Daniel Scott G. , Bittinger Kyle , Vaughan Roger , MacArthur Robert , Chen Kun , Breslow Jan L. , Holt Peter R.
Published: June 2021

Introduction:

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an increasing cause of chronic liver disease that accompanies obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Excess fructose consumption can initiate or exacerbate NAFLD in part due to a consequence of impaired hepatic fructose metabolism. Preclinical data emphasized that fructose-induced altered gut microbiome, increased gut permeability, and endotoxemia play an important role in NAFLD, but human studies are sparse. The present study aimed to determine if two weeks of excess fructose consumption significantly alters gut microbiota or permeability in humans.

Methods:

We performed a pilot double-blind, cross-over, metabolic unit study in 10 subjects with obesity (body mass index [BMI] 30–40 mg/kg/m2). Each arm provided 75 grams of either fructose or glucose added to subjects’ individual diets for 14 days, substituted isocalorically for complex carbohydrates, with a 19-day wash-out period between arms. Total fructose intake provided in the fructose arm of the study totaled a mean of 20.1% of calories. Outcome measures included fecal microbiota distribution, fecal metabolites, intestinal permeability, markers of endotoxemia, and plasma metabolites.

Results:

Routine blood, uric acid, liver function, and lipid measurements were unaffected by the fructose intervention. The fecal microbiome (including Akkermansia muciniphilia), fecal metabolites, gut permeability, indices of endotoxemia, gut damage or inflammation, and plasma metabolites were essentially unchanged by either intervention.

Conclusions:

In contrast to rodent preclinical findings, excess fructose did not cause changes in the gut microbiome, metabolome, and permeability as well as endotoxemia in humans with obesity fed fructose for 14 days in amounts known to enhance NAFLD.
Mapping the types of modularity in open-source hardware
Authors: Gavras Kosmas , Kostakis Vasilis
Published: June 2021

The importance of intangible code modularity in open-source software, as well as of tangible product modularity in proprietary hardware, is widely acknowledged. Nevertheless, modularity in open-source hardware (OSH) remains under-researched. This article first describes qualitatively different types of modularity based on two OSH case studies and then quantifies each type of modularity, following a unified network-based approach. The results are discussed and compared within each case to test the ‘mirroring hypothesis’, and between cases to evaluate the impact of physical against intangible modularity types. The ultimate goal is to prompt a discussion into a wide but under-explored subset in OSH.
Prevalence and correlates of depressive symptoms among Rohingya (forcibly displaced Myanmar nationals or FDMNs) older adults in Bangladesh amid the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Mistry Sabuj Kanti , Ali A. R. M. Mehrab , Irfan Nafis Md. , Yadav Uday Narayan , Siddique Rumana Ferdousi , Peprah Prince , Reza Sompa , Rahman Ziaur , Casanelia Lisa , O'Callaghan Cathy
Published: June 2021

Background

Depression is globally a crucial communal psychiatric disorder, which is more common in older adults. The situation is considerably worse among millions of older (forcibly displaced Myanmar nationals or FDMNs) Rohingya adults, and the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may exacerbate the already existing precarious situation. The present study investigated depressive symptoms and their associated factors in older adult Rohingya FDMNs in Cox Bazar, Bangladesh, during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Method

A total of 416 older adults aged 60 years and above residing in Rohingya camps situated in the South Eastern part of Bangladesh were interviewed using a 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) in Bengali language. Chi-square test was performed to compare the prevalence of depressive symptoms within different categories of a variable and a binary logistic regression model was performed to determine the factors associated with depressive symptoms.

Results

More than 41% of Rohingya older adults had depressive symptoms (DS). Socio-demographic and economic factors such as living alone, dependency on family for living, poor memory, feelings of being left out, difficulty in getting medicine and routine medical care during COVID-19, perception that older adults are at highest risk of COVID-19 and pre-existing non-communicable chronic conditions were found to be significantly associated with developing DS. Higher DS was also evident among older female Rohingya FDMNs.

Conclusion

DS are highly prevalent in older Rohingya FDMNs during COVID-19. The findings of the present study call for immediate arrangement of mental health care services and highlight policy implications to ensure the well-being of older FDMNs.
Germany v. Philipp (U.S. Sup. Ct.)
Authors: Greenman Marie
Published: June 2021

In 1976, the U.S. Congress enacted the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (FSIA) to afford foreign sovereigns presumptive immunity from the jurisdictional reach of U.S. courts absent the application of one of the exceptions specifically enumerated in the statute. In Federal Republic of Germany v. Philipp, the U.S. Supreme Court considered whether a foreign sovereign's “taking of property from its own nationals” falls within FSIA's so-called expropriation exception for “property taken in violation of international law.”
Porosity formation during atmospheric ice accretion: measurements using micro-computed tomography
Authors: Velandia Juan S. , Diener Alexander , Bansmer Stephan
Published: June 2021

Atmospheric ice accretion results from the exposure of technical equipment or facilities to cold and humid environments. Supercooled droplets in a cloud can impact an airplane's surface and quickly form an ice layer. The presence of air pockets in such a layer is well known and explains the white appearance of some of the accretions. However, estimation of its porosity values and studies on the pore formation mechanics remain limited. In this study, we performed tests in an icing wind tunnel and scans with micro-computed tomography to address these issues. Here, we show that the accretion has closed porosity below 1%, which is mostly produced by the interaction between a spray-like impact on the water surface. The insights we provide here are important to improve ice accretion modelling techniques and establish a different approach to address the interaction between the cloud and the surfaces exposed to atmospheric icing.
Placebo Selection in Survey Experiments: An Agnostic Approach
Authors: Porter Ethan , Velez Yamil R.
Published: June 2021

Although placebo conditions are ubiquitous in survey experiments, little evidence guides common practices for their use and selection. How should scholars choose and construct placebos? First, we review the role of placebos in published survey experiments, finding that placebos are used inconsistently. Then, drawing on the medical literature, we clarify the role that placebos play in accounting for nonspecific effects (NSEs), or the effects of ancillary features of experiments. We argue that, in the absence of precise knowledge of NSEs that placebos are adjusting for, researchers should average over a corpus of many placebos. We demonstrate this agnostic approach to placebo construction through the use of GPT-2, a generative language model trained on a database of over 1 million internet news pages. Using GPT-2, we devise 5,000 distinct placebos and administer two experiments (N = 2,975). Our results illustrate how researchers can minimize their role in placebo selection through automated processes. We conclude by offering tools for incorporating computer-generated placebo text vignettes into survey experiments and developing recommendations for best practice.
Set and Forget? The Evolution of Business Law in the Ottoman Empire and Turkey
Authors: Ağır Seven , Artunç Cihan
Published: June 2021

This study examines the transplantation and evolution of business law in the late Ottoman Empire and the early Turkish republic, drawing broader implications for the economic and political determinants of legal transplantation for late industrializers. We show that the underlying political economy context was influential in shaping the way commercial law was transplanted and evolved in Turkey. Extraterritorial rights in the nineteenth century eroded the incentives to demand legal change by providing alternative legal rules to the non-Muslim commercial elite; the nation-building efforts of the twentieth century cultivated a new Muslim business class that was reliant on the state's goodwill for success and could not effectively push for more open access to novel forms of business organization.