bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the enigmatic similarity in Greenland δ18O between the Oldest and Younger Dryas
Authors: Pausata Francesco S. R. , Löfverström Marcus
Published: November 2015

The last deglaciation (20.0–10.0 kyr B.P.) was punctuated by two major cooling events affecting the Northern Hemisphere: the Oldest Dryas (OD; 18.0–14.7 kyr B.P.) and the Younger Dryas (YD; 12.8–11.5 kyr B.P.). Greenland ice core δ18O temperature reconstructions suggest that the YD was as cold as the OD, despite a 50 ppmv increase in atmospheric CO2, while modeling studies suggest that the YD was approximately 4–5°C warmer than the OD. This discrepancy has been surmised to result from changes in the origin of the water vapor delivered to Greenland; however, this hypothesis has not been hitherto tested. Here we use an atmospheric circulation model with an embedded moisture‐tracing module to investigate atmospheric processes that may have been responsible for the similar δ18O values during the OD and YD. Our results show that the summer‐to‐winter precipitation ratio over central Greenland in the OD is twice as high as in the YD experiment, which shifts the δ18O signal toward warmer (summer) temperatures (enriched δ18O values and it accounts for ~45% of the expected YD‐OD δ18O difference). A change in the inversion (cloud) temperature relationship between the two climate states further contributes (~20%) to altering the δ18O‐temperature‐relation model. Our experiments also show a 7% decrease of δ18O‐depleted precipitation from distant regions (e.g., the Pacific Ocean) in the OD, hence further contributing (15–20%) in masking the actual temperature difference. All together, these changes provide a physical explanation for the ostensible similarity in the ice core δ18O temperature reconstructions in Greenland during OD and YD.
Improved seasonal drought forecasts using reference evapotranspiration anomalies
Authors: McEvoy Daniel J. , Huntington Justin L. , Mejia John F. , Hobbins Michael T.
Published: November 2015

A novel contiguous United States (CONUS) wide evaluation of reference evapotranspiration (ET0; a formulation of evaporative demand) anomalies is performed using the Climate Forecast System version 2 (CFSv2) reforecast data for 1982–2009. This evaluation was motivated by recent research showing ET0 anomalies can accurately represent drought through exploitation of the complementary relationship between actual evapotranspiration and ET0. Moderate forecast skill of ET0 was found up to leads of 5 months and was consistently better than precipitation skill over most of CONUS. Forecasts of ET0 during drought events revealed high categorical skill for notable warm‐season droughts of 1988 and 1999 in the central and northeast CONUS, with precipitation skill being much lower or absent. Increased ET0 skill was found in several climate regions when CFSv2 forecasts were initialized during moderate‐to‐strong El Niño–Southern Oscillation events. Our findings suggest that ET0 anomaly forecasts can improve and complement existing seasonal drought forecasts.
Temporal variation and stoichiometric ratios of organic matter remineralization in bottom waters of the northern Gulf of Mexico during late spring and summer
Authors: Xue Jianhong , Cai Wei‐Jun , Hu Xinping , Huang Wei‐Jen , Lohrenz Steven E. , Gundersen Kjell
Published: November 2015

An improved extended optimum multiparameter (eOMP) analysis was applied to hydrographic (temperature and salinity), and water chemistry data, including dissolved oxygen (O2), nutrients (nitrate plus nitrite, phosphate, and silicate), dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), and total alkalinity (TAlk) data collected during late spring and summer from 2006 to 2012 in bottom waters off the Louisiana coast, to explore the dynamics and stoichiometry of DIC production during the development and maintenance of summer hypoxia. Our analysis demonstrated that DIC in bottom water was relatively low from April to June, but increased significantly in July, peaked in August, and dropped slightly in September. Furthermore, DIC production resulted from both aerobic organic carbon (OC) respiration and denitrification, as well as substantial loss due to vertical mixing with surface water. The average summer gross OC respiration rate was estimated to be 0.19 g C m−2 d−1, with the highest values occurring in late summer when hypoxic conditions dominated. We also found that Corg/N/P/‐O2 remineralization ratios for aerobic respiration were generally consistent with the classic Redfield ratio (106/16/1/138) except individual C/N and C/P ratios were slightly lower, indicating that marine OC was the major source of the DIC production in the bottom water. This study quantified the role of temporal bottom‐water microbial respiration to seasonal DIC dynamics and provided a means for studying the stoichiometry of biogeochemical processes in coastal waters.
When are victims unlikely to cooperate with the police?
Authors: Felson Richard B. , Lantz Brendan
Published: November 2015

Data from the National Incident‐Based Reporting System (NIBRS) are used to examine the tendency for victims of physical assault, sexual assault, and robbery to refuse to cooperate with the police (N= 3,856,171). Analyses of physical assaults involving homosexual and heterosexual couples did not support the hypothesis that women attacked by their male partners are less likely to cooperate than victims of other assaults. Analyses of violent offenses more generally showed that victims of violence were more likely to refuse to cooperate if they knew the offender in any way than if the offender was a stranger. In the case of physical and sexual assault, these effects were mainly observed for minor incidents. Finally, victims of sexual assault were more likely to cooperate with the police than victims of physical assault. The findings suggest the importance of comparing the victim's reactions to intimate partner violence and sexual assault to their reactions to other offenses. Aggr. Behav. 42:97–108, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Patient Knowledge and Beliefs About Knee Osteoarthritis After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury and Reconstruction
Authors: Bennell Kim L. , van Ginckel Ans , Kean Crystal O. , Nelligan Rachel K. , French Simon D. , Stokes Maria , Pietrosimone Brian , Blackburn Troy , Batt Mark , Hunter David J. , Spiers Libby , Hinman Rana S.
Published: November 2015

Objective

To explore patients’ knowledge and beliefs about osteoarthritis (OA) and OA risk following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury, to explore the extent to which information about these risks is provided by health professionals, and to examine associations among participant characteristics, knowledge, and risk beliefs and health professional advice.

Methods

A custom‐designed survey was conducted in Australian and American adults who sustained an ACL injury, with or without reconstruction, 1–5 years prior. The survey comprised 3 sections: participant characteristics, knowledge about OA and OA risk, and health professional advice.

Results

Complete data sets from 233 eligible respondents were analyzed. Most (70%, n = 164) rated themselves as being at greater risk of OA than their healthy peers, although only 56% (n = 130) were able to identify the correct OA definition. While most agreed that ACL (73%, n = 168) and/or meniscal injuries (n = 181, 78%) increase the risk of OA, 65% (n = 152) believed that ACL reconstruction reduced the risk of OA, or they did not know. A total of 27% (n = 62) recalled discussing their OA risk with a health professional. Participants who were female, younger, or had a lower body mass index or higher physical activity level were more likely to recognize meniscal tears and meniscectomy as risk factors of OA. A history of professional advice was associated with beliefs about increased OA risks.

Conclusion

Patients sustaining an ACL injury require better education from health professionals about OA as a disease entity and their elevated risk of OA, irrespective of whether or not they undergo surgical reconstruction.
State and output feedback control for Takagi–Sugeno systems with saturated actuators
Authors: Bezzaoucha Souad , Marx Benoît , Maquin Didier , Ragot José
Published: November 2015

In the present paper, a Takagi–Sugeno (TS) model is used to simultaneously represent the behaviour of a nonlinear system and its saturated actuators. With the TS formalism and the Lyapunov approach, stabilization conditions are expressed as linear matrix inequalities for different controller designs. Static parallel distributed compensation (PDC) state feedback and static and dynamic PDC output feedback controllers for nonlinear saturated systems are proposed. The descriptor approach is used to obtain relaxed conditions to compute the controller gains. The nonlinear cart–pendulum system is used to illustrate the proposed control laws. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clinical and mutation profile of multicentric osteolysis nodulosis and arthropathy
Authors: Bhavani Gandham SriLakshmi , Shah Hitesh , Shukla Anju , Gupta Neerja , Gowrishankar Kalpana , Rao Anand P. , Kabra Madhulika , Agarwal Meenal , Ranganath Prajnya , Ekbote Alka V. , Phadke Shubha R. , Kamath Asha , Dalal Ashwin , Girisha Katta Mohan
Published: November 2015

​Multicentric osteolysis nodulosis and arthropathy (MONA) is an infrequently described autosomal recessive skeletal dysplasia characterized by progressive osteolysis and arthropathy. Inactivating mutations in MMP2, encoding matrix metalloproteinase‐2, are known to cause this disorder. Fifteen families with mutations in MMP2 have been reported in literature. In this study we screened thirteen individuals from eleven families for MMP2 mutations and identified eight mutations (five novel and three known variants). We characterize the clinical, radiographic and molecular findings in all individuals with molecularly proven MONA from the present cohort and previous reports, and provide a comprehensive review of the MMP2 related disorders. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Water‐Enhanced Synthesis of Higher Alcohols from CO2 Hydrogenation over a Pt/Co3O4 Catalyst under Milder Conditions
Authors: He Zhenhong , Qian Qingli , Ma Jun , Meng Qinglei , Zhou Huacong , Song Jinliang , Liu Zhimin , Han Buxing
Published: November 2015

The effect of water on CO2 hydrogenation to produce higher alcohols (C2–C4) was studied. Pt/Co3O4, which had not been used previously for this reaction, was applied as the heterogeneous catalyst. It was found that water and the catalyst had an excellent synergistic effect for promoting the reaction. High selectivity of C2–C4 alcohols could be achieved at 140 °C (especially with DMI (1,3‐dimethyl‐2‐imidazolidinone) as co‐solvent), which is a much lower temperature than reported previously. The catalyst could be reused at least five times without reducing the activity and selectivity. D2O and 13CH3OH labeling experiments indicated that water involved in the reaction and promoted the reaction kinetically, and ethanol was formed via CH3OH as an intermediate.
MEDI‐551 Treatment Effectively Depletes B Cells and Reduces Serum Titers of Autoantibodies in Mice Transgenic for Sle1 and Human CD19
Authors: Gallagher Sandra , Yusuf Isharat , McCaughtry Tom M. , Turman Sean , Sun Hong , Kolbeck Roland , Herbst Ronald , Wang Yue
Published: November 2015

Objective

To evaluate treatment with MEDI‐551, a humanized anti‐human CD19 monoclonal antibody, in a model of autoimmunity involving mice transgenic (Tg) for Sle1 and human CD19 (hCD19).

Methods

Sle1.hCD19‐Tg mice were given either a single intravenous dose of MEDI‐551 or repeated doses of MEDI‐551 biweekly for up to 12 weeks. The numbers of B cells in the blood, spleen, and bone marrow were determined by flow cytometry assay. In the spleen and bone marrow, the number of IgM‐ and IgG‐specific antibody‐secreting cells (ASCs) and the number of ASCs specific for anti–double‐stranded DNA (anti‐dsDNA) were determined by enzyme‐linked immunospot assay. Serum autoantibody and total immunoglobulin levels were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, and levels of inflammatory proteins were tested using a multianalyte profiling platform.

Results

MEDI‐551 treatment of Sle1.hCD19‐Tg mice resulted in effective and sustained B cell depletion throughout the duration of the experiment. The frequency of IgM and IgG ASCs in the spleen was reduced by ≥90%, whereas in the bone marrow, the total ASC frequency was not changed. Levels of autoantibodies specific for dsDNA as well as antihistone and antinuclear antibodies were each reduced by 40–80%, but total serum immunoglobulin levels were largely unchanged at the end of 12 weeks of treatment.

Conclusion

These findings highlight the ability of MEDI‐551 to deplete B cells and ASCs in autoimmune Sle1.hCD19‐Tg mice. MEDI‐551 treatment resulted in a robust reduction of autoantibodies but had minimal effect on total serum immunoglobulins. Thus, the novel ability of MEDI‐551 to remove a broad range of B cells as well as to lower most disease‐driving autoantibodies in an autoimmune disease mouse model warrants continued research. Several clinical studies to explore the safety and activity of MEDI‐551 in autoantibody‐associated autoimmune diseases are ongoing.
Endochondral Growth Defect and Deployment of Transient Chondrocyte Behaviors Underlie Osteoarthritis Onset in a Natural Murine Model
Authors: Staines K. A. , Madi K. , Mirczuk S. M. , Parker S. , Burleigh A. , Poulet B. , Hopkinson M. , Bodey A. J. , Fowkes R. C. , Farquharson C. , Lee P. D. , Pitsillides A. A.
Published: November 2015

Objective

To explore whether aberrant transient chondrocyte behaviors occur in the joints of STR/Ort mice (which spontaneously develop osteoarthritis [OA]) and whether they are attributable to an endochondral growth defect.

Methods

Knee joints from STR/Ort mice with advanced OA and age‐matched CBA (control) mice were examined by Affymetrix microarray profiling, multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis, and immunohistochemical labeling of endochondral markers, including sclerostin and MEPE. The endochondral phenotype of STR/Ort mice was analyzed by histologic examination, micro–computed tomography, and ex vivo organ culture. A novel protocol for quantifying bony bridges across the murine epiphysis (growth plate fusion) using synchrotron x‐ray computed microtomography was developed and applied.

Results

Meta‐analysis of transcription profiles showed significant elevation in functions linked with endochondral ossification in STR/Ort mice (compared to CBA mice; P < 0.05). Consistent with this, immunolabeling revealed increased matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP‐13) and type X collagen expression in STR/Ort mouse joints, and multiplex quantitative reverse transcriptase–PCR showed differential expression of known mineralization regulators, suggesting an inherent chondrocyte defect. Support for the notion of an endochondral defect included accelerated growth, increased zone of growth plate proliferative chondrocytes (P < 0.05), and widespread type X collagen/MMP‐13 labeling beyond the expected hypertrophic zone distribution. OA development involved concomitant focal suppression of sclerostin/MEPE in STR/Ort mice. Our novel synchrotron radiation microtomography method showed increased numbers (P < 0.001) and mean areal growth plate bridge densities (P < 0.01) in young and aged STR/Ort mice compared to age‐matched CBA mice.

Conclusion

Taken together, our data support the notion of an inherent endochondral defect that is linked to growth dynamics and subject to regulation by the MEPE/sclerostin axis and may represent an underlying mechanism of pathologic ossification in OA.
Long Intergenic Noncoding RNAs Mediate the Human Chondrocyte Inflammatory Response and Are Differentially Expressed in Osteoarthritis Cartilage
Authors: Pearson Mark J. , Philp Ashleigh M. , Heward James A. , Roux Benoit T. , Walsh David A. , Davis Edward T. , Lindsay Mark A. , Jones Simon W.
Published: November 2015

Objective

To identify long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), including long intergenic noncoding RNAs (lincRNAs), antisense RNAs, and pseudogenes, associated with the inflammatory response in human primary osteoarthritis (OA) chondrocytes and to explore their expression and function in OA.

Methods

OA cartilage was obtained from patients with hip or knee OA following joint replacement surgery. Non‐OA cartilage was obtained from postmortem donors and patients with fracture of the neck of the femur. Primary OA chondrocytes were isolated by collagenase digestion. LncRNA expression analysis was performed by RNA sequencing (RNAseq) and quantitative reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction. Modulation of lncRNA chondrocyte expression was achieved using LNA longRNA GapmeRs (Exiqon). Cytokine production was measured with Luminex.

Results

RNAseq identified 983 lncRNAs in primary human hip OA chondrocytes, 183 of which had not previously been identified. Following interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) stimulation, we identified 125 lincRNAs that were differentially expressed. The lincRNA p50‐associated cyclooxygenase 2–extragenic RNA (PACER) and 2 novel chondrocyte inflammation–associated lincRNAs (CILinc01 and CILinc02) were differentially expressed in both knee and hip OA cartilage compared to non‐OA cartilage. In primary OA chondrocytes, these lincRNAs were rapidly and transiently induced in response to multiple proinflammatory cytokines. Knockdown of CILinc01 and CILinc02 expression in human chondrocytes significantly enhanced the IL‐1–stimulated secretion of proinflammatory cytokines.

Conclusion

The inflammatory response in human OA chondrocytes is associated with widespread changes in the profile of lncRNAs, including PACER, CILinc01, and CILinc02. Differential expression of CILinc01 and CIinc02 in hip and knee OA cartilage, and their role in modulating cytokine production during the chondrocyte inflammatory response, suggest that they may play an important role in mediating inflammation‐driven cartilage degeneration in OA.
Titanium Dioxide‐Grafted Copper Complexes: High‐Performance Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Alkaline Media
Authors: Wang Fei‐Fei , Wei Ping‐Jie , Yu Guo‐Qiang , Liu Jin‐Gang
Published: November 2015

The sluggish kinetics of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at the cathodes of fuel cells significantly hampers fuel cell performance. Therefore, the development of high‐performance, non‐precious‐metal catalysts as alternatives to noble metal Pt‐based ORR electrocatalysts is highly desirable for the large‐scale commercialization of fuel cells. TiO2‐grafted copper complexes deposited on multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) form stable and efficient electrocatalysts for the ORR. The optimized catalyst composite CNTs@TiO2–ZA–[Cu(phen)(BTC)] shows surprisingly high selectivity for the 4 e− reduction of O2 to water (approximately 97 %) in alkaline solution with an onset potential of 0.988 V vs. RHE, and demonstrates superior stability and excellent tolerance for the methanol crossover effect in comparison to a commercial Pt/C catalyst. The copper complexes were grafted onto the surface of TiO2 through coordination of an imidazole‐containing ligand, zoledronic acid (ZA), which binds to TiO2 through its bis‐phosphoric acid anchoring group. Rational optimization of the copper catalyst’s ORR performance was achieved by using an electron‐deficient ligand, 5‐nitro‐1,10‐phenanthroline (phen), and bridging benzene‐1,3,5‐tricarboxylate (BTC). This facile approach to the assembly of copper catalysts on TiO2 with rationally tuned ORR activity will have significant implications for the development of high‐performance, non‐precious‐metal ORR catalysts.
Solid‐State Molecular Nanomagnet Inclusion into a Magnetic Metal–Organic Framework: Interplay of the Magnetic Properties
Authors: Mon Marta , Pascual‐Álvarez Alejandro , Grancha Thais , Cano Joan , Ferrando‐Soria Jesús , Lloret Francesc , Gascon Jorge , Pasán Jorge , Armentano Donatella , Pardo Emilio
Published: November 2015

Single‐ion magnets (SIMs) are the smallest possible magnetic devices and are a controllable, bottom‐up approach to nanoscale magnetism with potential applications in quantum computing and high‐density information storage. In this work, we take advantage of the promising, but yet insufficiently explored, solid‐state chemistry of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) to report the single‐crystal to single‐crystal inclusion of such molecular nanomagnets within the pores of a magnetic MOF. The resulting host–guest supramolecular aggregate is used as a playground in the first in‐depth study on the interplay between the internal magnetic field created by the long‐range magnetic ordering of the structured MOF and the slow magnetic relaxation of the SIM.
Why Hydroxamates May Not Be the Best Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors—What Some May Have Forgotten or Would Rather Forget?
Authors: Shen Sida , Kozikowski Alan P.
Published: November 2015

Hydroxamate‐based histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) have been approved as therapeutic agents by the US Food and Drug Administration for use in oncology applications. While the potential utility of such HDACIs in other areas of medicinal chemistry is tremendous, there are significant concerns that “pan‐HDAC inhibitors” may be too broadly acting and/or toxic for clinical use beyond oncology. In addition to the isozyme selectivity challenge, the potential mutagenicity of hydroxamate‐containing HDAC inhibitors represents a major hindrance in their application to other therapeutic areas. Herein we report on the mutagenicity of known hydroxamates, discuss the mechanisms responsible for their genotoxicity, and review some of the current alternatives to hydroxamates. We conclude that the hydroxamate group, while providing high‐potency HDACIs, is not necessarily the best zinc‐binding group for HDACI drug discovery.
Bone mineralization‐dependent craniosynostosis and craniofacial shape abnormalities in the mouse model of infantile hypophosphatasia
Authors: Durussel John , Liu Jin , Campbell Cassandra , Nam Hwa K. , Hatch Nan E.
Published: November 2015

Background: Inactivating mutations in tissue‐nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) cause hypophosphatasia (HPP), which is commonly characterized by decreased bone mineralization. Infants and mice with HPP can also develop craniosynostosis and craniofacial shape abnormalities, although the mechanism by which TNAP deficiency causes these craniofacial defects is not yet known. Manifestations of HPP are heterogeneous in severity, and evidence from the literature suggests that much of this variability is mutation dependent. Here, we performed a comprehensive analysis of craniosynostosis and craniofacial shape variation in the Alpl−/− mouse model of murine HPP as an initial step toward better understanding penetrance of the HPP craniofacial phenotype. Results: Despite similar deficiencies in alkaline phosphatase, Alpl−/− mice develop craniosynostosis and a brachycephalic/acrocephalic craniofacial shape of variable penetrance. Only those Alpl−/− mice with a severe bone hypomineralization defect develop craniosynostosis and an abnormal craniofacial shape. Conclusions: These results indicate that variability of the HPP phenotype is not entirely dependent upon the type of genetic mutation and level of residual alkaline phosphatase activity. Additionally, despite a severity continuum of the bone hypomineralization phenotype, craniofacial skeletal shape abnormalities and craniosynostosis occur only in the context of severely diminished bone mineralization in the Alpl−/− mouse model of HPP. Developmental Dynamics 245:175–182, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Open‐circuit Electrochemical Polymerization for the Sensitive Detection of Phenols
Authors: Rana Azeem , Kawde Abdel‐Nasser
Published: November 2015

We report on a novel electrochemical method for electro‐polymerizing phenols under open‐circuit conditions. The method developed here is simple, sensitive, rapid, and overcomes the well‐documented surface fouling of carbon electrodes by phenols. A pre‐charged disposable graphite pencil electrode (pCGPE) was found to be useful for both phenol sampling and sensing. The pCGPE was prepared by charging the surface of a graphite pencil electrode by applying a cyclic voltammetry electrochemical treatment in a NaOH solution. Phenol sampling was accomplished by immersing the pCGPE into a phenol solution. This method permitted phenol detection with a detection limit of 4.17 nM (0.39 ppt).
Automated detection of white matter and cortical lesions in early stages of multiple sclerosis
Authors: Fartaria Mário João , Bonnier Guillaume , Roche Alexis , Kober Tobias , Meuli Reto , Rotzinger David , Frackowiak Richard , Schluep Myriam , Du Pasquier Renaud , Thiran Jean‐Philippe , Krueger Gunnar , Bach Cuadra Meritxell , Granziera Cristina
Published: November 2015

Purpose

To develop a method to automatically detect multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions, located both in white matter (WM) and in the cortex, in patients with low disability and early disease stage.

Materials and Methods

We developed a lesion detection method, based on the k‐nearest neighbor (k‐NN) technique, to detect lesions as small as 0.0036 mL. This method uses the image intensity information from up to four different 3D magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences (magnetization‐prepared rapid gradient‐echo, MPRAGE; magnetization‐prepared two inversion‐contrast rapid gradient‐echo, MP2RAGE; 3D fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery, FLAIR; and 3D double‐inversion recovery, DIR), acquired on a 3T scanner. To these intensity features we added the information obtained by the spatial coordinates and tissue prior probabilities provided by the International Consortium for Brain Mapping (ICBM). Quantitative assessment was done in 39 early‐stage MS patients with a “leave‐one‐out” cross‐validation.

Results

The best lesion detection rate (DR) performance in WM was obtained using MP2RAGE, FLAIR, and DIR intensities (77% for lesions ≥0.0036 mL; 85% for lesions ≥0.005 mL). Similar results were obtained excluding the DIR intensity as well as when using only MPRAGE and FLAIR (DR = 75%, P = 0.5720). However, the combination of FLAIR with DIR and MP2RAGE appeared to be the best for detecting cortical lesions (DR = 62%), compared to the other combination of sequences (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

For WM lesion detection, similar results were observed when only conventional clinical sequences (FLAIR, MPRAGE) were used compared to a combination of conventional and “advanced” sequences (MP2RAGE, DIR). Cortical lesion detection increased significantly when “advanced” sequences were used. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016;43:1445–1454.
Synthesis of Star Shaped Cu Doped CdS Nanoparticles and Their Antibacterial Effect
Authors: Sundaria Arpita , Shrivastav Ashutosh , Vijay Bhavisha , Soni Ritesh , Goyal Sumvit , Meshugga Ronin , Agrawal Kailash
Published: November 2015

Cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanoparticles and its dopants have been widely studied for their antibacterial activity. In the present study a novel method was designed to synthesize Star shaped Copper doped Cadmium Sulfide (Cu:CdS) nanoparticles. Their morphology was studied by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and it was characterized by UV‐Vis Spectrophotometer and Photo Luminescence. The doping was confirmed by the band shift in graph of UV‐Vis spectrophotometry. The study aims to find the relation between shape and antibacterial properties of the nanoparticles. The antibacterial activity of Star shaped and spherical shaped Copper dopped CdS nanoparticles was performed on Serratia marcescens. Star shaped copper doped CdS nanoparticles showed higher antibacterial effect while spherical shaped Copper doped CdS nanoparticles had slightly lower inhibition activity. The antibacterial effect was also studied on ampicillin and streptomycin resistant strain of Staphylococcus. In this also star shaped nanoparticles showed higher inhibition zone than spherical nanoparticles.
Toxicological Evaluation of TiO2 Nanoparticles in Bacterial Cell
Authors: Awasthi Anjali , Dube Ankita , Kumari Yogita , Jangir Lokesh Kumar , Awasthi Kumud Kant , Awasthi Kamlendra
Published: November 2015

Nanomaterials are getting a great deal of attention because of their potential to achieve specific processes and selectivity, especially in biological and pharmaceutical applications including generation of bioactive compounds. TiO2 nanoparticles because of their chemical stability, biological inertness and high stability are largely used in various fields. Thus, their toxicity evaluation becomes must. In the present study, TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized using TEM and XRD. Average particle size was estimated to be ∼18 ± 2 nm. Particles are agglomerated and mostly in spherical shape. TiO2 nanoparticles were found to show inhibitory effect on the growth of E. coli bacterial strain in a dose dependent manner.
Pharmacophore‐Map‐Pick: A Method to Generate Pharmacophore Models for All Human GPCRs
Authors: Dai Shao‐Xing , Li Gong‐Hua , Gao Yue‐Dong , Huang Jing‐Fei
Published: November 2015

GPCR‐based drug discovery is hindered by a lack of effective screening methods for most GPCRs that have neither ligands nor high‐quality structures. With the aim to identify lead molecules for these GPCRs, we developed a new method called Pharmacophore‐Map‐Pick to generate pharmacophore models for all human GPCRs. The model of ADRB2 generated using this method not only predicts the binding mode of ADRB2‐ligands correctly but also performs well in virtual screening. Findings also demonstrate that this method is powerful for generating high‐quality pharmacophore models. The average enrichment for the pharmacophore models of the 15 targets in different GPCR families reached 15‐fold at 0.5 % false‐positive rate. Therefore, the pharmacophore models can be applied in virtual screening directly with no requirement for any ligand information or shape constraints. A total of 2386 pharmacophore models for 819 different GPCRs (99 % coverage (819/825)) were generated and are available at http://bsb.kiz.ac.cn/GPCRPMD.
Anodic aluminium oxide templates for synthesis and study of thermal behaviour of metallic nanowires
Authors: Shilyaeva Yulia , Gavrilov Sergey , Dudin Alexander , Matyna Larisa , Shulyat'ev Alexey , Volkova Anna , Zheleznyakova Anastasia
Published: November 2015

Metallic nanowires are used as functional components of electronic devices in the form of arrays or are incorporated into nanocomposites or complex architectures with valuable properties. All three cases can be implemented on the basis of spatially ordered matrices of anodic aluminium oxide. However, as is known, the behaviour of particles enclosed in the pores of a matrix may differ from that of particles in a free state because of the influence of the interphase boundary ‘matrix – particle’. In this work, we investigate the role of the matrix in the study of the properties of metal nanowires in the matrix of anodic aluminium oxide. A significant part of the article is devoted to an overview of the methodological aspects of the characterization of their morphology, geometrical parameters and thermal behaviour. Using the example of the alumna matrix with artificially given geometrical parameters, it is shown that the temperature characteristics of phase transitions observed by differential scanning calorimetry strongly depend on the distribution of nanowires in the alumna matrix according to their size, which requires detailed processing of the data obtained for the correct definition of the corresponding temperatures of phase transitions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Hierarchical Model for Accuracy and Choice on Standardized Tests
Authors: Culpepper Steven Andrew , Balamuta James Joseph
Published: November 2015

This paper assesses the psychometric value of allowing test-takers choice in standardized testing. New theoretical results examine the conditions where allowing choice improves score precision. A hierarchical framework is presented for jointly modeling the accuracy of cognitive responses and item choices. The statistical methodology is disseminated in the ‘cIRT’ R package. An ‘answer two, choose one’ (A2C1) test administration design is introduced to avoid challenges associated with nonignorable missing data. Experimental results suggest that the A2C1 design and payout structure encouraged subjects to choose items consistent with their cognitive trait levels. Substantively, the experimental data suggest that item choices yielded comparable information and discrimination ability as cognitive items. Given there are no clear guidelines for writing more or less discriminating items, one practical implication is that choice can serve as a mechanism to improve score precision.
Blaaskankerpathologie: van cystoscoop naar microscoop
Authors: van Leenders Geert J.L.H.
Published: November 2015

Samenvatting

Pathologische evaluatie van urineblaasweefsel wordt als gouden standaard beschouwd bij de diagnose van urotheelafwijkingen. Er bestaan verschillende ziekte-entiteiten, zoals papillaire cystitis, waarbij het pathologisch onderscheid met urotheelcarcinoom lastig tot onmogelijk is. Goede informatievoorziening over klinische achtergronden en cystoscopische bevindingen zijn dan onontbeerlijk voor een correcte diagnose. Daarnaast kan additionele pathologische rapportage over varianten, gradering en stadiëring van urotheelcarcinoom leiden tot betere risicostratificatie en behandeling van blaaskanker.
Prevention of the anaemia of prematurity
Authors: Alan Serdar , Arsan Saadet
Published: November 2015

Despite recent advances in neonatal and perinatal medicine, extremely low birth weight infants (ELBW) are at high risk of developing anaemia of prematurity (AOP) requiring packed red blood cell (RBC) transfusions. The benefit of transfusing allogenic RBCs for AOP is a controversial issue, except for disturbances in tissue oxygenation. Although the role of erythropoietin (EPO) in the pathophysiology of AOP is well known, neither early nor late re-combinant human EPO therapy alters the number or volume of RBC transfusions. It is also known that one-half of the feto-placental blood volume remains outside the newborn infant’s circulation at 30 weeks of gestation if the umbilical cord is clamped immediately. Delayed cord clamping (DCC) and umbilical cord milking (UCM) are the main methods for enhancing placental transfusion. The basic principle of these approaches depends on providing high hae-moglobin (Hb) levels to premature infants in the delivery room. The enhancement of placental transfusion clearly results in higher Hb levels at birth, reducing the need for RBC transfusions as well as creating a better haemodynamic status during the initial hours of life. To date, enhancement of placental transfusion in the delivery room by either DCC or UCM seems to be the best preventive measure for AOP. Yet, studies on the associated neurodevelopmental outcomes are insufficient to reach a conclusion. This review summarizes the pathophysiology, treatment and preventative strategies of anaemia of prematurity in light of the current liter-ature.
Talent Management
Authors: Martin Angela
Published: November 2015

In preparation for the current aging workforce dilemma occurring within organiza-tions globally, implementing and encouraging a culture of learning for succession and organi-zational effectiveness is imperative for providing effective and efficient healthcare, where people are the greatest asset and contribute to successful outcomes, such as patient care and satisfaction.

Being able to attract, hire, develop and retain top talent is a key goal within any organiza-tion that is concerned about maintaining a competitive advantage and market share. Globally, organizations that have the ability to fuel growth and drive performance, particularly in the Middle East, where countries are experiencing rapid economic development, is vital to ensure that human capital, specifically nationals, are ready to embrace change and can functionally as well as behaviorally take on key roles within the organizations as effective strategic leaders.

Regardless of the industry or location, human capital, workforce planning and development have become a topic of great global concern; the readiness of talent is vital for efficient and effective leadership. Furthermore, academia and research have shown that talent agility is critical for organizational development, growth and sustainability.
Caesar’s Pro Bithynis and the Sack of
Heraclea Pontica
Authors: Russo Federico
Published: November 2015

Caesar’s speech Pro Bithynis is usually considered to
be an expression of the positive relationships between Caesar and the Kingdom of
Bithynia. The context in which the speech was delivered is, however, unclear.

By means of a lexical analysis of the two extant fragments of the Pro
Bithynis, this paper aims at providing a new interpretation of the
speech and its historical background. Caesar probably delivered the speech not
immediately after King Nicomedes’s death – as commonly
accepted – but after the Roman siege of Heraclea Pontica, when the
proconsul M. Aurelius Cotta, Caesar’s propinquus,
was accused of having sacked the city.

As had already happened in Macedonia (thanks to Dolabella’s
prosecution) and in Greece (Caesar represented some Greeks in a process against
C. Antonius around 79 BC), the Bithynian affair represented a further occasion
for Caesar to win over friends and allies among foreign communities.
Universality of finger growth in two-dimensional Rayleigh–Taylor and Richtmyer–Meshkov instabilities with all density ratios
Authors: Zhang Qiang , Guo Wenxuan
Published: November 2015

Interfacial fluid mixing driven by an external acceleration or a shock wave are common phenomena known as Rayleigh–Taylor instability and Richtmyer–Meshkov instability, respectively. The most significant feature of these instabilities is the penetrations of heavy (light) fluid into light (heavy) fluid known as spikes (bubbles). The study of the growth rate of these fingers is a classical problem in fundamental science and has important applications. Research on this topic has been very active over the past half-century. In contrast to the well-known phenomena that spikes and bubbles can have quantitatively, even qualitatively, different behaviours, we report a surprising result for fingers in a two-dimensional system: in terms of scaled dimensionless variables, all spikes and bubbles at any density ratio closely follow a universal curve, up through a pre-asymptotic stage. Such universality holds not only among bubbles and among spikes of different density ratios, but also between bubbles and spikes of different density ratios. The data from numerical simulations show good agreement with our theoretical predictions.
Measuring Emotional Response: Comparing Alternative Approaches to Measurement
Authors: Marcus George E. , Neuman W. Russell , MacKuen Michael B.
Published: November 2015

Scholarly interest in the role of emotion in accounting for how people react to political figures, events, and messages has escalated over the past two plus decades in political science and psychology. However, research on the validity of the measurement of subjective self-report of emotional responses is rather limited. We introduce here a new measurement approach, a “slider” format and compare it with the long used “radio button” item format. We assess the reliability and validity of these two approaches to the measurement of affect. The study examines self-report measures of emotion to three generated news stories about terrorist threats. We report that both measurement formats are able to extract the expected threefold affect structure from a ten affect word battery. The slider format is, however, modestly more reliable, and more efficient in time to complete, has the ability to limit missing data, and generates continuous data that is less truncated than data derived from the radio button format. Finally, we report on three tests of construct validity. Both approaches exhibit equivalent results on two of those tests. However, the radio button format does poorly on one test of construct validity, that on the anticipated relationship between anxiety and interest in novel information. We present an assessment of two methods for measuring emotional reactions to stimuli such as political issues, political figures, or events. Both methods are suitable for use in online surveys or computer-driven experiments. The traditional method utilizes labeled “radio buttons” that enable a participant in a study to select by clicking on one of an array of typically five response options, ranging from lower to higher of some identified affect term (e.g., how angry one might feel). Second, the slider method offers a participant the ability to move an “arrow” up or down to indicate how much (up) or little (down) they feel. The goal of both measures is to ascertain the level of a targeted emotion, i.e., how little or how much, say anger. The slider method has been specifically developed to be used with participants using a computer. The slider approach falls within the category of visual analog scales. This method for measuring affective responses to stimuli of whatever sort has not hitherto been examined to determine its reliability and validity. The literature on the reliability and validity of these measurement strategies is thin and we found no studies including an explicit comparison.
REFINED MOTIVIC DIMENSION OF SOME FERMAT VARIETIES
Authors: KANG SU-JEONG
Published: November 2015

Using the inductive structure of a Fermat variety by Shioda and Katsura [‘On Fermat varieties’, Tohoku Math. J. (2) 31(1) (1979), 97–115], we estimate the refined motivic dimension of certain Fermat varieties. As an application of our computation, we present an elementary proof of the generalised Hodge conjecture for those varieties.
DSM-IV post-traumatic stress disorder among World Trade Center responders 11–13 years after the disaster of 11 September 2001 (9/11)
Authors: Bromet E. J. , Hobbs M. J. , Clouston S. A. P. , Gonzalez A. , Kotov R. , Luft B. J.
Published: November 2015

Background

Post-traumatic symptomatology is one of the signature effects of the pernicious exposures endured by responders to the World Trade Center (WTC) disaster of 11 September 2001 (9/11), but the long-term extent of diagnosed Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV) post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and its impact on quality of life are unknown. This study examines the extent of DSM-IV PTSD 11–13 years after the disaster in WTC responders, its symptom profiles and trajectories, and associations of active, remitted and partial PTSD with exposures, physical health and psychosocial well-being.

Method

Master's-level psychologists administered sections of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV and the Range of Impaired Functioning Tool to 3231 responders monitored at the Stony Brook University World Trade Center Health Program. The PTSD Checklist (PCL) and current medical symptoms were obtained at each visit.

Results

In all, 9.7% had current, 7.9% remitted, and 5.9% partial WTC-PTSD. Among those with active PTSD, avoidance and hyperarousal symptoms were most commonly, and flashbacks least commonly, reported. Trajectories of symptom severity across monitoring visits showed a modestly increasing slope for active and decelerating slope for remitted PTSD. WTC exposures, especially death and human remains, were strongly associated with PTSD. After adjusting for exposure and critical risk factors, including hazardous drinking and co-morbid depression, PTSD was strongly associated with health and well-being, especially dissatisfaction with life.

Conclusions

This is the first study to demonstrate the extent and correlates of long-term DSM-IV PTSD among responders. Although most proved resilient, there remains a sizable subgroup in need of continued treatment in the second decade after 9/11.
Ultrastructure of the Salivary Glands of the Stink Bug Predator Podisus distinctus
Authors: Martínez Luis C. , Zanuncio José C. , Morais Wagner C.C. , Plata-Rueda Angelica , Cedeño-Loja Pedro E. , Serrão José E.
Published: November 2015

Podisus distinctus (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is a zoophytophagous insect with significant potential for use as a biological control agent in agriculture and forestry because their nymphs and adults actively prey on diverse insect species. The saliva of this insect possesses active substances that cause paralysis and death of the prey. As the first step in identifying compounds of P. distinctus saliva, this study describes the ultrastructure of the salivary glands of this predator. The salivary system of P. distinctus possesses a pair of main salivary glands with a short anterior lobe, a long posterior lobe, and a pair of tubular accessory glands. The main salivary gland of P. distinctus has no associated muscles, suggesting that the saliva-release mechanism occurs with the help of certain thorax muscles. The main salivary gland epithelium has a single layer of cells (varying from cubical to columnar) with cytoplasm rich in rough endoplasmic reticulum, spherical granules of different sizes, a nucleus with a predominance of decondensed chromatin, and nucleolus. The apical cell region has a few short microvilli and the basal region has plasma membrane infoldings. The epithelium of the accessory salivary glands possesses a single-layered epithelium of cubic cells delimiting a narrow lumen. The apical cell region has a high density of microvilli and pleomorphic mitochondria, whereas the central cell region is rich in rough endoplasmic reticulum with a well-developed nucleus and decondensed chromatin. The basal cell region is characterized by the presence of several basal plasma membrane infoldings associated with mitochondria and numerous openings to the hemocoel forming large channels. The ultrastructural characteristics suggest that the main salivary glands and accessory salivary glands play a vital role in protein synthesis for saliva production and that the accessory glands are involved in transport of materials of the hemolymph.
Aftershocks of Old Quakes Still Shake New Madrid Seismic Zone
Authors: Strelich Lily
Published: November 2015

Geodetic data show that earthquakes in 1450 and 1811–1812 may be responsible for present-day seismic activity in the region.
Genetic differentiation and admixture between sibling allopolyploids in the Dactylorhiza majalis complex
Authors: Balao F , Tannhäuser M , Lorenzo M T , Hedrén M , Paun O
Published: November 2015

Allopolyploidization often happens recurrently, but the evolutionary significance of its iterative nature is not yet fully understood. Of particular interest are the gene flow dynamics and the mechanisms that allow young sibling polyploids to remain distinct while sharing the same ploidy, heritage and overlapping distribution areas. By using eight highly variable nuclear microsatellites, newly reported here, we investigate the patterns of divergence and gene flow between 386 polyploid and 42 diploid individuals, representing the sibling allopolyploidsDactylorhiza majaliss.s. andD. traunsteineris.l. and their parents at localities across Europe. We make use in our inference of the distinct distribution ranges of the polyploids, including areas in which they are sympatric (that is, the Alps) or allopatric (for example, Pyrenees withD. majalisonly and Britain withD. traunsteinerionly). Our results show a phylogeographic signal, but no clear genetic differentiation between the allopolyploids, despite the visible phenotypic divergence between them. The results indicate that gene flow between siblingDactylorhizaallopolyploids is frequent in sympatry, with potential implications for the genetic patterns across their entire distribution range. Limited interploidal introgression is also evidenced, in particular betweenD. incarnataandD. traunsteineri. Altogether the allopolyploid genomes appear to be porous for introgression from related diploids and polyploids. We conclude that the observed phenotypic divergence betweenD. majalisandD. traunsteineriis maintained by strong divergent selection on specific genomic areas with strong penetrance, but which are short enough to remain undetected by genotyping dispersed neutral markers.