bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Litigation with a Foreign Aspect
Authors: James Michael
Published: November 2023

This is a practical guide to the problems which arise when litigation has a foreign element, for example: · The defendant is resident abroad: do the English courts have jurisdiction? · Is it best to bring proceedings in England or in another country? · How do you enforce a foreign judgment in England? · Can you get security for costs because the defendant is resident abroad? · When do the English courts apply foreign law? This area is a minefield. It may require navigating through complex EU instruments -the Judgments Regulation, the Brussels or Lugano Conventions - and working out how they relate to each other and to the traditional common law rules. Difficult tactical points may arise, such as whether to ignore foreign proceedings on the basis that a foreign default judgment may be unenforceable in England. Practical issues may include how to serve process in any particular foreign country - can you do it by post, or through agents? Must you serve through official channels? This book deals with these matters in a practical non-academic way, with detailed guidance to procedure. It sets out the jurisdictional rules in alphabetical order based on the type of claim - contract, insurance, land etc - and clearly explains the inter-relation of the different regimes. It addresses controversial issues such as whether the English courts can ever decline to exercise jurisdiction derived from the EU instruments. It has a focused treatment of specialist areas such as insolvency, employment and shipping. It makes extensive use of tables, flow charts and examples.
Scenario design: theory to delivery
Authors: Holland Chris , Sadler, Chris , Nunn Angie
Published: November 2023

The scenarios used in simulation teaching are equivalent to a classroom teacher’s lesson plan. Just as a high school teacher would not start teaching for a new curriculum without creating new lesson plans, so scenario scripting should be accorded the attention it requires. In addition, the high school teacher will want to ensure that their lessons fit into the whole student curriculum in a logical way that will make their lessons seem relevant and necessary to the student.
epilogue: the Last Tudor Entry into London
Authors: Anglo Sydney
Published: November 2023

ONCE again the royal physicians and surgeons were called upon to perform what was, perhaps, the one task at which they were really efficient. Queen Mary’s corpse was prepared for burial, and her heart, ‘beinge severally inclossed in a Coffen covered with Velvet bounde with Silver’, was separately interred. The final ceremonies took place on 14 December, and were followed by the declaration of the new Queen’s style.1 Great was the rejoicing thereafter, and the ensuing Christmas season witnessed a riotous release of long-pent-up feelings.
Motor Neuron Disease
Authors: Talbot Kevin , Marsden Rachael
Published: November 2023

Motor neuron disease (MND) is a common but devastating disability that has a profound impact on people's lives. This book provides an easily-accessible guide to the disease for patients with motor neuron disease and their carers. The authors have organised it around a series of the commonest questions asked in their clinic, emphasising the variation in the course of MND and the individual nature of the patient journey through the disease. After an initial description of the symptoms for MND and how neurologists make the diagnosis the authors describe what is known about the causes and how scientists are trying to understand the disease. The book also looks at how a team of specialists can provide support and symptom control for the patient
On Contact-Induced Grammatical Change in Likpe
Authors: Ameka Felix K
Published: November 2023

Different factors have promoted contact among the peoples of the Volta Basin over the centuries including migration, trade, and warfare. The oral traditions of many of the peoples in the region, the interpretation of some older written records, and the lower-level relationships among the languages suggest that there have been different waves of migration: from the east to the west, and later some other expansions from the west towards the east. As population movements continued, different processes of linguistic assimilation took place. For instance, Agotime, a town in Ghana’s Volta region, used to be Dangme-speaking but has now completely shifted to Ewe.
The Vaupes Melting Pot: Tucanoan Influence on Hup
Authors: Epps Patience
Published: November 2023

The Vaupe´s region of the Brazilian and Colombian Amazon is relatively well established as a linguistic area, characterized by considerable indirect diffusion of grammatical categories and patterns, but little direct borrowing of forms (cf. Sorensen 1967; Gomez-Imbert 1996; Aikhenvald 1996, 2002: ch. 10). To date, most of the discussion regarding the ffaupe´s area has focused on the contact that has taken place among languages of the East Tucanoan and Arawak families (particularly Tariana). This contact has been shaped by the cultural practice of linguistic exogamy, which fosters sociolinguistic norms of multilingualism on the one hand, and strong inhibitions against overt language mixing on the other.
Essential Tremor
Authors: Plumb Dr Mark , Bain Dr Peter
Published: November 2023

Essential Tremor is the most common movement disorder in the world, and affects between 4 and 40 people per 1000 of the population amongst all ethnic groups. Characterised by shaking hands, this disorder can affect the head, voice and legs, and is often made worse by physical and emotional stress. Essential Tremor: The Facts provides a comprehensive guide to understanding this disorder and minimising its impact upon the lives of sufferers, their friends and families. It begins with a close look at what essential tremor is and how it should be diagnosed, as well as details on who gets the disorder, the causes, and how it affects sufferers day-to-day lives. Current treatment options are covered, along with patient advice on how to cope with the stigma of essential tremor, as well as the disability and social handicap it invokes. The book concludes with a chapter on the future and prospects of a potential cure.
Towards flexible types with constraints for manner and factive adverbs
Authors: Wyner Adam Zachary
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, I discuss the syntax and semantics of so-called Lactive and manner adverbs such as in (1a) and (2a), with their respective paraphrases in (1b) and (2b).(1) a. Stupidly, Bill kissed Jill. b. The fact that Bill kissed Jill was stupid. ( 2) a. Bill kissed Jill passionately. b. The manner in which Bill kissed Jill was passionate. In section 10.2, I provide syntactic and semantic evidence to support the distinction between these two classes. Other factive adverbs are wisely, rndely, and appropriately; other manner adverbs are gently and roughly. For the moment, let us say that stupidly in (1a) is a sentence adverb, while passionately in (2a) is a verb phrase adverb. Some £active adverbs are polysemous between a factive and a manner interpretation (e.g., rudely), but I do not address polysemy in this chapter.
Sexual Assaults
Authors: Laws Eleanor , Lees Patricia
Published: November 2023

Prior to 31.12.1956, the law did not differentiate as between the gender of the person assaulted. The first section of this chapter therefore applies equally to assaults upon males and females.

Thereafter, for facts falling within the period 1.1.1957 to 30.4.2004, the chapter deals first with assaults upon women/girls and then with assaults upon men/boys under the 1956 Act, followed by assaults upon adults of both genders under the 2003 Act (commencement date 1.5.2004), which reverted to there being no differentiation between genders but does categorize offender and complainant.
Offences Involving Children
Authors: Laws Eleanor , Lees Patricia
Published: November 2023

This chapter includes offences committed both against and by children or young persons. Offences committed by those under 18 appear in this chapter together with the offence as set out for an adult defendant, with amended particulars for indictments and information on maximum sentences available. Part II, set out towards the end of this chapter, also deals with these. The notification requirements for a child/young person convicted of a sexual offence also differ from those for adults; these are set out in App 2.
Insubordination and its uses
Authors: Evans Nicholas
Published: November 2023

Prototypical finite clauses are main clauses—indeed, the ability to occur in a main clause is often taken as definitional for finiteness, e.g. by Crystal (1997: 427) —and prototypical nonfinite clauses are subordinate clauses. Problems thus arise when clauses that would by standard criteria be analysed as non- finite are used as main clauses; examples are the use in main clauses of the English bare infinitive go (1a) or Spanish ir in (1b) (both from Etxepare and Grohmann 2005: 129), or the Italian and German infinitives used to express commands in (2).
Finiteness in first and second language acquisition
Authors: Gretsch Petra , Perdue Clive
Published: November 2023

Finiteness is traditionally associated with the categories of person and tense. The notion of finiteness has however much wider ramifications, as the other contributions to this volume make clear. The aim of this chapter is to unfold the complexity of the label ‘finiteness’ by splitting it up into a structural component, morphological finiteness, and an interpretational component, semantic finiteness. Both components may be conflated in individual target languages, but we can show that they pose separated steps for children as well as adults in language acquisition.
The Pursuit of Justice
Authors: Woolf Lord
Published: November 2023

Lord Woolf ‘s judicial career has spanned four decades, culminating in five years as Lord Chief Justice. Now 26 of his most influential papers and lectures are published together for the first time. They present a remarkable overview and commentary on the judicial and legal reforms of recent decades, and span a huge range of issues including the rule of law and the constitution, the role of judges, access to justice, human rights, medicine, the environment, crime and penal reform. Each paper discusses the challenges that have arisen in English common law in recent times and the way they have been solved or attempted to be solved to ensure that justice is done - so that arrests and searches are made properly, that there are fair hearings, readily available lawful remedies, and the removal of unnecessary costs and delays. In his introductory chapter, Lord Woolf provides a fresh account of his current thinking on key legal areas resonating from the main topics and themes presented in the papers. The Pursuit of Justice offers an unparalleled insight into the views of one of the most influential figures in recent British legal history.
Implementing Experiential Learning It’s not Rocket Science
Authors: Hornyak Martin J , Green Steve G , Heppard Kurt A
Published: November 2023

Experiential learning is a powerful pedagogical tool that recognizes that people learn best from their own experiences. This Chapter presents a brief description of experiential learning, its relationship with the changing educational landscape, and insights into why the academic community is embracing it so actively. Experiential education in all of its contemporary forms, including active or participatory learning, self-directed learning, and service learning, to name a few, has been extensively studied and the many merits and shortcomings are well documented in education, business, and management literature (Henry 1989).
Engaged Scholarship
Authors: Van de Ven Andrew H
Published: November 2023

The relationship between theory and practice, research and action, is fundamental to all fields of applied social science. Should research findings and knowledge be useful for science, practice, and policy? If so, how should such research be designed, carried out and disseminated to achieve the twin goals of rigor and relevance? These challenges are particularly relevant in the applied areas of management and organization studies where there is a distinct responsibility for researchers to engage with the ‘real world’. In this carefully crafted and thoughtful book, leading management researcher Andrew Van de Ven both presents the broad intellectual challenge of ‘engaged scholarship’, and also sets out a clear framework and guidelines for carrying out soundly based and useful research for advancing both science and practice. At a time when some may question the value and status of academic knowledge; and others, contrastingly, urge a closer relationship between researchers and research users – be they businesses, governments or other institutions – the challenge of engaged scholarship is as relevant as ever, and there is a real need for the thoughtful and considered approach offered by Van de Ven. The book both provides a manifesto for engaged scholarship in the social sciences, and clear framework for research design and methodology. It will be an invaluable reference point and guide for academics, researchers and graduate students across the social sciences concerned with rigorous and relevant research in the contemporary world.
Philosophy of Science Underlying Engaged Scholarship
Authors: Bechara John P , Van de Ven Andrew H
Published: November 2023

Many of us are practitioners—not philosophers—of science. We don’t think much about ontology and epistemology so that we can get on with the craft of doing research instead of talking about it. But underlying any form of research is a philosophy of science that informs us of the nature of the phenomenon examined (ontology) and methods for understanding it (epistemology). Whether explicit or implicit, we rely on a philosophy of science to interpret the meanings, logical relations, and consequences of our observational and theoretical statements.
Poverty as a Form of Oppression
Authors: Fleurbaey Marc
Published: November 2023

Can poverty be described as the violation of a fundamental human right? Human rights are usually understood in a more restrictive sense, which makes it possible to think that the glaring economic inequalities prevailing today are in theory compatible with a perfect observance of fundamental rights. If from now on poverty were to be itself perceived as a violation of these rights, the widespread self-satisfaction of the richest countries, based on the idea that their institutions represent an advanced or even the ultimate stage of respect for fundamental rights, would be completely called into question.
Responsibility and Severe Poverty
Authors: Wenar Leif
Published: November 2023

Human rights define the most fundamental responsibilities of those who hold power. In the cases of the Holocaust, or of the Rwandan massacres, we do not need a theory to tell us who was responsible for the violations of human rights. The violators were those who authorized and carried out the atrocities, who failed so conspicuously in their duties toward the humans that became their victims. The subject of this volume presents a more difficult question: Who, if anyone, is morally responsible for acting to alleviate severe poverty? Here our convictions are less steady.
Global Poverty and Human Rights: The Case for Positive Duties
Authors: Caney Simon
Published: November 2023

The moral seriousness of the existence of global poverty is hard to dispute. According to recent UN figures, 1.2 billion people have to survive on less than $1 per day (UNDP 2000: 8). Furthermore, 790 million people are in hunger and cannot readily obtain food (ibid.). The same report records that ‘More than a billion people in developing countries lack access to safe water, and more than 2.4 billion people lack adequate sanitation’ (UNDP 2000: 4). Some political leaders have recognized the moral urgency of this situation.
Intellectual Property Activity by Service Sector and Manufacturing Firms in the United Kingdom, 1996–2000
Authors: Greenhalgh Christine , Rogers Mark
Published: November 2023

The services sector now contributes the major share of output and employment in advanced countries and also makes a growing contribution to the balance of payments via earnings on invisibles. The old view of services exhibiting slow productivity growth in contrast to high-productivity manufacturing has been substantially modified and the new view recognizes the existence of dynamic high-technology innovation within both manufacturing and services (Miles 2000). Thus, financial services have been identified as an important source of productivity growth and as a conduit for innovation (Greenhalgh and Gregory 2000, 2001) and the rapidly developing communications sector is acknowledged as an integral part of the ‘new economy’ (Wadhwani 2001).
The Nuremberg Trial: Landmark in Law
Authors: Stimson Henry L
Published: November 2023

In the confusion and disquiet of the war’s first aftermath, there has been at least one great event from which we may properly take hope. ;e surviving leaders of the Nazi conspiracy against mankind have been indicted, tried, and judged in a proceeding whose magnitude and quality make it a landmark in the history of international law. great undertaking at Nuremberg can live and grow in meaning, however, only if its principles are rightly understood and accepted. It is therefore disturbing to find that its work is criticized and even challenged as lawless by many who should know better. In the deep conviction that this trial deserves to be known and valued as a long step ahead on the only upward road, I venture to set down my general view of its nature and accomplishment.
The Legacies of Nuremberg
Authors: Luban David
Published: November 2023

Forty-two years ago, on November 20, 1945, the trial of the major war criminals of third Reich began in the ruined city of Nuremberg. It is a commonplace that the trial was an ‘historic’ occasion, that it left a legacy for future generations. men who conceived and conducted the trial understood it that way; they intended it to be epoch-making, and viewed their own words and deeds from the perspective of a distant and more pacific age. They guessed boldly at the judgment history would pass upon the meaning of the trial.
In Defense of Liberal Show Trials—Nuremberg and Beyond
Authors: Osiel Mark J
Published: November 2023

We ought to evaluate transitions to democracy with greater attention to the kind of public discussion they foster concerning the human rights abuse perpetrated by authoritarian rulers, recently deposed. We should evaluate the prosecution of these perpetrators in light of how it influences such public deliberation. At such times, the need for public reckoning with the question of how such horrific events could have happened is more important to democratization than the criminal law’s more traditional objectives. This because such trials, when effective as public spectacle, stimulate public discussion in ways that foster the liberal virtues of toleration, moderation, and civil respect. Criminal trials must be conducted with this pedagogical purpose in mind.
The Morality of War and the Law of War
Authors: McMahan Jeff
Published: November 2023

There is a general presumption that the law should be congruent with morality—that is, that the prohibitions and permissions in the law should correspond to the prohibitions and permissions of morality. And indeed in most areas of domestic law, and perhaps especially in the criminal law, the elements of the law do in general derive more or less directly from the requirements of morality. I will argue in this chapter, however, that this correspondence with morality does not and, at present, cannot hold in the case of the international law of war. For various reasons, largely pragmatic in nature, the law of war must be substantially divergent from the morality of war.
Is the Independent Application of jus in bello the Way to Limit War?
Authors: Coates Anthony
Published: November 2023

Like any historical tradition, the just war tradition is full of internal variety, comprising different schools of thought, which are often at odds with each other over fundamentals. Yet, in many contemporary accounts of the tradition, this variable aspect is overlooked or suppressed, with the result that one particular, but quite unrepresentative, school of just war thought is made to speak for the tradition as a whole. The attribution of the independence–symmetry thesis is a case in point.
History and Persistence of an Idea and an Ideal
Authors: Horton Sylvia
Published: November 2023

Public service has several meanings. First, ‘the public service’ refers to people employed by governments to carry out the administrative functions of the state; second, a public service refers to a service authorized and funded by government. Third, a public service can also refer to any service provided to the public. Finally, public service can refer to the motivation of people who feel a sense of duty or responsibility for contributing to the welfare of others and to the common good of the community or society. Public service, in the first sense, can be traced back to the ancient Egyptian, Persian, Chinese, and Roman civilizations (B. Chapman, 1959), but these are normally distinguished from the public services or bureaucracies which emerged with the creation of ‘states’ in sixteenth-century Europe. As the role and functions of these states and their governments grew, so did the public services they provided and the size and powers of their bureaucracies. Services to the public, however, have always been provided by nongovernmental organizations including voluntary organizations (free) and private businesses (for profit).
Behavioral Dynamics: Institutions, Identities, and Self-Regulation
Authors: Perry James L , Vandenabeele Wouter
Published: November 2023

Our goal in this chapter is to develop a theory of motivation that serves as an alternative to rational choice theories that are influential in research about motivation. It seeks to embed motivation in organizations in a larger context. That motivation is, at least in part, tied to context has been argued persuasively elsewhere (Perry & Porter, 1982; Rainey, 1979, 1983). The theory developed here builds upon prior efforts (Perry, 2000; Vandenabeele, 2007) to articulate a theory of public service motivation.
International Differences in Public Service Motivation: Comparing Regions across the World
Authors: Vandenabeele Wouter , Walle Steven Van de
Published: November 2023

Public service motivation has become an important public administration concept for scholars (Mann, 2006; Perry & Wise, 1990) and practitioners (Pattakos, 2004). The literature cites incidences of public service motivation in various geographical settings around the world. Although most of the literature on public service motivation, or related concepts such as public service ethos, is still mainly focusing on the United States and the United Kingdom, research is being extended to new geographic contexts such as Western Europe (Castaing, 2006; Steijn, 2006; Vandenabeele & Hondeghem, 2004), Southern Europe (Camilleri, 2006, 2007; Cerase & Farinella, 2006), and Australia (Taylor, 2007). The concept is also found in Asia, which highlights the universal character of the topic (Choi, 2004; Kim, 2005; Turner & Halligan, 1999).
The Dynamics of Strategy
Authors: Robertson Duncan A , Caldart Adrián A
Published: November 2023

As the life span of business models reduces, firms have had to review their strategic intent, develop strategic initiatives in fast and imaginative ways, and engage in major reorganization. This book examines the dynamics of strategy and helps to make sense of the processes of strategizing and organizing in a dynamic environment. The Dynamics of Strategy draws on theoretical perspectives that enable readers to describe and understand the dynamics of the firm’s competitive landscape, the dynamics of the organizational landscape, and the interdependencies between these landscapes. The book combines research rooted in economics and organizational theory, and also builds on interdisciplinary studies using a wide range of research paradigms and methods. This broad range of theoretical perspectives allows a comprehensive analysis of the complex and multidimensional problems facing the contemporary fi rm. In order to help the reader connect sound theory with the reality of strategy, theoretical discussion is illustrated with case studies of firms from a wide range of industries. Written for managers and management students, The Dynamics of Strategy provides a roadmap to understanding the dynamics of organizing and strategizing.
Restructuring of the European Political Centre: Withering Liberal and Persisting Agrarian Party Families
Authors: Ruostetsaari Ilkka
Published: November 2023

In general one can distinguish between two approaches to party ideologies. The difference between them lies in the assumed responsiveness of parties to the opinions of voters; while the first approach is focused on the competitiveness of parties, the second pursues an institutional approach. The first approach which owes much to the ideas of Anthony Downs is associated with authors who relate party ideology to spatial competition between parties.
Socialist and Communist Members of Parliament: Distinctiveness, Convergence, and Variance
Authors: Ilonszki Gabriella
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines the parliamentary representatives of the socialist and communist parties. The analysis of these two party families is a particularly challenging task because their transformation throughout more than a century offers an insight into how the often turbulent political history of these parties had an impact on the representative bodies. As both party groups were latecomers (initially outsiders or even challengers to the existing regimes), one can assume that also their representatives were different from those of more established groups.
International Judges and International Law A Matter of Interpretation
Authors: Terris Daniel , Romano Cesare P R , Swigart Leigh
Published: November 2023

Judges and Justices are servants of the law, not the other way around. Judges are like um- pires. Umpires don ‘t make the rules, they apply them. The role of an umpire and a judge is critical. They make sure everybody plays by the rules, but it is a limited role. Nobody ever went to a ball game to see the umpire. Judges have to have the humility to recognize that they operate within a system of precedent shaped by other judges equally striving to live up to the judicial oath.
Between Law and Politics The Fiction of Seclusion
Authors: Terris Daniel , Romano Cesare P R , Swigart Leigh
Published: November 2023

Even in the most established democracies, judges live under the threat of intrusion by political forces. By their very nature, judicial decisions are bound to disappoint large numbers of people; inevitably some of those people seek to achieve their ends by undermining the authority and the legitimacy of the courts. This process is magniﬁed in the international arena, where the very legitimacy of law itself is still a matter of debate. Caught between powerful global actors, international courts are fragile institutions, vulnerable to both overt and subtle attempts to sway or undermine their work. International judges cannot afford to turn a blind eye to this aspect of their professional environment.
History and Industrial Relations
Authors: Lyddon David
Published: November 2023

Most students of industrial relations would agree that its acceptance as a distinct academic subject in British universities can be dated to the mid-to late 1960s. Large scale academic involvement in the Donovan Commission (1965-68), and particularly in the National Board for Prices and Incomes (NBPI) (1965–71) and the Commission on Industrial Relations (CIR) (1969–74), coincided with the launching of academic journals (1963, 1970), masters’ degrees at the London School of Economics (LSE) (1964) and Warwick (1967), and the establishment of the Industrial Relations Research Unit (1970). Yet the British state’s need for ‘independent’ personnel with industrial relations expertise predated this by several decades and gave the subject an indelibly ‘practical’ stamp. Academics were among those who sat on the wage-fixing boards established by the Trade Boards Act 1909 and who acted as arbitrators during the First World War.
Industrial Relations in Australia
Authors: Lansbury Russell D , Michelson Grant
Published: November 2023

This chapter offers a specific regional perspective to the study of industrial relations and the future of work issues examined in this book. As one of the few Anglophone countries where the state has traditionally been a major actor in the industrial relations system,1 scholarship in Australia has been strongly embedded in institutional analyses of the employment relationship. However, widespread change to the industrial relations landscape over the last decade has begun to alter this focus. While institutions such as trade unions, employer associations, and industrial tribunals remain important, there has been a discernible shift from a rather centralized system towards a more decentralized system. Accompanying this shift have been disciplinary challenges to mainstream industrial relations from cognate areas such as human resource management as well as the ascendancy of a neo-liberal economic agenda in the political domain.
Industrial Relations in Continental Europe
Authors: Frege Carola M
Published: November 2023

This chapter compares the disciplinary traditions of industrial relations in continental Europe and Anglo-Saxon countries and argues that industrial relations has not become an independent academic discipline in continental Europe, that this work is undertaken by various social sciences, mainly by industrial sociology, and that it has significantly different characteristics compared to Anglo-Saxon research. Cross-country differences in industrial relations research have hardly been problematized in the literature partly because of the undisputed dominance of Anglo Saxon (i.e., American) research. However, in the face of the current gloomy prognoses of our discipline (Jarley et al. 2001) it might be useful to explore a possible alternative to the quantitative methodology and human resource management topics which increasingly dominate Anglo-Saxon research, and that is the political tradition of industrial relations research in continental Europe.
The Scope of Citizenship in a Democratized European Union From Ecomonic to Political to Social and Cultural?
Authors: Schmitter Philippe C
Published: November 2023

Citizenship has recently become a much discussed, if still unresolved, concept. It seems to begin with the acquisition of a status or condition, protected by law, that grants to a select group—usually native born (iussoli) or genetically correct (ius sanguinis) adults—a general equality of opportunity and treatment with respect to a (varied) bundle of rights and obligations. It becomes a practice or process whereby those who have that status make use of it—politically, legally, administratively, economically, and socially—to reduce their uncertainties and satisfy their interests. Presumably, it terminates in a result or product which is, legitimacy, i.e. the integration of citizens in conformity to the norms and practices of the polity that granted them the status in the first place.
Requirements of a European Public Sphere Civil Society, Self, and the Institutionalization of Citizenship
Authors: Closa Carlos
Published: November 2023

The energies devoted to the characterization of European citizenship and the deficiencies in the democratic quality of the EU have been enormous. In the case of citizenship, analysis has been grounded in solid empirical evidence provided by EC law, because of the very fact that citizenship is a juridical institution. Allegedly, analysis has been enriched by historical or national comparisons, since nation states have been the traditional conceptual setting for this institution. EU democracy, on the other hand, has been characteristically and predominately tackled from an orientation towards designing institutional solutions. In either case, the suitability of the conceptual settings provided by nation states for constructing both supranational democracy and citizenship have yet to be proved.
Political Economy of the Kyoto Protocol
Authors: Barrett* Scott
Published: November 2023

The Kyoto Protocol, negotiated in December 1997, is a climate change treaty with a difference. Unlike the Framework Convention on Climate Change that preceded it, the Kyoto Protocol incorporates targets and timetables -that is, ceilings on the emissions of greenhouse gases and dates by which these ceilings must be met. And though global emissions will continue to rise, even if the protocol is implemented to the letter, the reduction from a business-as-usual emissions bench-mark may be close to being optimal in the sense of balancing the global marginal costs and benefits of abatement.
Environmental and Public Finance Aspects of the Taxation of Energy
Authors: Smith* Stephen
Published: November 2023

‘Ecotax reform’ has become a catchphrase with considerable political resonance in many European countries. A number of European governments have established Ecotax Commissions, or other study projects, to assess the potential for major environmentally inspired tax reform, and practical instances of environmental taxes have multiplied dramatically (OECD, 1995). In the UK, the arguments for ecotax reform-in various guises-have been adopted right across the political spectrum: both Conservative and Labour Chancellors of the Exchequer have taken tax policy measures which they justified by using some of the arguments used by the supporters of ecotax reform, and the Liberal Democrats have adopted a more fundamental ecotax programme as party policy.
Water Pollution, Abstraction, and Economic Instruments
Authors: Cowan* Simon
Published: November 2023

Since environmental issues returned to prominence in the 1980s it has become common for governments to emphasize that cost-benefit analysis should play a role in the design of pollution standards and that economic instruments, such as taxes and tradable permits, should be used to achieve these standards. Such sentiments were expressed in the Rio Declaration on Climate Change and, at the European Union (EU) level, when the European Community Fifth Environmental Action Programme was adopted.
The EU Principle of Subsidiarity and its Critique
Authors: Estella Antonio
Published: November 2023

The aim of this work is two-fold. First it attempts to construct a more solid critique of the European Union principle of subsidiarity. Second it tries to explain why the European Court of Justice is not fully implementing subsidiarity. Introduced in the EU legal order as a last resort protection mechanism for member states in a minoroty position in the Council of Ministers regarding a particular issue , the principle of subsidiarity is not only misplaced to fulfill that goal, but also its underlying logic has potential side-effects for European integration. Furthermore it is argued that, the 'legislation' of the principle in the Maastricht Treaty, and its reinforcement through the Amsterdam Protocol on subsidiarity cannot overcome the legitimacy dilemmas that the European Court of Justice would have to confront if it opted for the implementation of the principle. This book gives an in-depth analysis of both issues, in the context of a wider analysis that concerns the legitimacy of the political and legal structures of the European Union.
Great Britain: Falling through the Holes in the Network Concept
Authors: Crouch Colin , Farrell Henry
Published: November 2023

British economic development has long exhibited strong regional patterns and contrasts. The UK shares with France a characteristic not possessed by Germany or Italy: the contemporary weakness of its major regional centres, so that the capital cities (London and Paris) and the regions surrounding them (the so-called Home Counties in south-east England and the Ile de France) dominate. Post industrial society, with its tendency to concentrate up-market services growth in a few chosen metropolitan centres capable of becoming global cities, has intensified this ancient process that was temporarily interrupted by industrialism. South-east England (excluding Greater London itself) is the only region in the UK to have an average per capita income above the European Union mean, but it is itself the richest region in the EU. Although Greater London contains within it the City of London, one of the biggest concentrations of wealth on the planet, and many other extremely rich areas, the mean income for Londoners in general is below the EU mean.
Management Consultancies in the Netherlands in the 1950s and 1960s: Between Systemic Context and External Influences
Authors: Karsten Luchien , Veen Kees Van
Published: November 2023

During the twentieth century an institutionalized field of management knowledge slowly emerged. This field rapidly grew in size in the 1980s and 1990s. The number of people involved in all kinds of management activities increased quickly, as did the number of consultancy offices; business schools multiplied within and outside universities; periodicals increased in number; and finally gurus began to populate the spectrum. In this field, managers, consultants, government officials, and scientists are the four main categories of agents who together form a kind of community which carries the knowledge on management issues. This contribution will focus on some earlier stages of development in this field: the activities and interrelation of consultancies and social scientists in the 1950s and 1960s.
Consultancies as Actors in Knowledge Arenas: Evidence from Germany
Authors: Faust Michael
Published: November 2023

The creation, diffusion and consumption of management knowledge and its impact on managerial action have attracted considerable attention in organizational research (Alvarez 1998). Since the 1980s management knowledge has increasingly taken on the form of management fashions and fads that easily surmount national borders (Faust 2000: 78; Kieser 1997). Within research on management fashions special attention has been paid to the ‘creators’ of fashions and the ‘fashion-setting community’ (Abrahamson 1996; Czarniawska and Joerges 1996; R0vik 1996). The following groups are typically introduced as the major contributors to (objectified) management knowledge, as proponents of new ideas, concepts, or ‘techniques’ (Abrahamson 1996; Buczynski 1993a; Micklethwaite and Wooldridge 1996): consultants, academics from business schools, ‘pioneer’ or outstanding entrepreneurs or managers (‘hero man agers’), and ‘management gurus’.
Taxation and Ethics
Authors: Hughes Jane Frecknall , Moizer Peter
Published: November 2023

Moral choices relating to taxation are inevitably inﬂuenced by an individual’s view of how resources should be distributed within society and the role of government. Taxation is used by governments for many purposes, including: raising monies to fund government expenditure, controlling the economy of the country, and redistributing wealth. All forms of taxation involve taking money away from individuals and their attitude to giving money to the State will be determined in part by their view of the legitimacy of the taxation process.
On the Garden of Edith: Some Themes
Authors: Pitelis Christos
Published: November 2023

In 1959 Edith Penrose wrote The Theory of the Growth of the Finn (hereafter TGF). The books reads like a story; it flows, it sounds eminently plausible and real life, it feels as if it describes just how things are perceived to be. Some readers might even be tempted to think that this is more or less what they too felt about the growth of firms, but could not or would not put it down in writing; in part because it is too realistic to be analytically useful. Yet, the more one reads carefully the more one realises that the book is written by one of the sharpest analytical minds ever to write in economics and management.1 The book itself may well prove to be the single most influential in economics and management of the second part of twentieth century. Considering the competition,2 this may sound like an overstatement. I do not believe it is. This intro ductory chapter, but more importantly the present volume as a whole, explains why.
Edith Penrose, Economics and Strategic Management
Authors: Foss Nicolai J
Published: November 2023

Edith Penrose’s work on The Theory of the Growth of the Finn is often seen as a classic in strategic management and a precursor of today’s resource-based view of the firm. However, it is argued in this paper that this is, at best, imprecise and rather a mis-representation of Penrose: her interest was not in whether there can be rents in equilibrium, but in firm growth as a disequilibrium phenomenon. Moreover, her basic vision of the competitive process is very different from that which animates modern economic approaches to strategy, such as the resource-based approach and new industrial organisation economics. This paper briefly discusses some implications for modern strategic thinking of Penrose’s vision.
Management Competence, Firm Growth and Economic Progress
Authors: Ghoshal Sumantra , Hahn Martin , Moran Peter
Published: November 2023

This paper is motivated by a simple empirical observation; there appears to be a strong positive correlation between the prosperity of an economy and the relative role oflarge firms operating in that economy. The relationship seems to be reasonably robust to many different ways of operationalising both the prosperity of nations and the size of firms. At the extreme, Figure I represents this relationship when prosperity is measured simply by the GDP per capital of the country and when we consider only the very largest firms, namely those that find a place in Fortune’s list of the 500 largest firms in the world. Figure 2 shows the relationship between the GDP per capita of nations and the proportion of their working population employed by large companies, when firm size is measured at the level of firms earning in excess of US$IO million in revenues (which, though much smaller than Fortune 500 firms and often described as medium-sized rather than large, still figure at the right tail of the frequency distri bution of firms by size in any society).
New Managerialism: The Manager-academic and Technologies of Management in Universities—Looking Forward to Virtuality?
Authors: Reed Mike , Deem Rosemary
Published: November 2023

This chapter will explore the extent to which ideologies, discourses, and practices associated with ‘New Mangerialism’ are evident in, and also resisted by, manager-academics and academics in universities. ‘New Managerialism’ is a multi-faceted phenomenon drawing on practices and discourses from the private for-profit sector. It is argued by theorists to have permeated public sector services and organizations in most western countries (Fedie et al. 1996; Clarke and Newman 1997a; Exworthy and Halford 1999). Management discourses and practices appear to have an increasing presence in UK universities and elsewhere (Trow 1993; Meadmore 1998; Deem 1998; Deem and Johnson 2000; Marginson and Considine 2001).
Digital Discourses, Online Classes, Electronic Documents: Developing New University Technocultures
Authors: Luke Timothy W
Published: November 2023

To the extent that individuals and groups now choose, or are coerced, to communicate, keep accounts, publish, buy products, work, access documents, or learn online in computer networks, the digital domain inescapably is becoming a vital new venue for the conduct of everyday life. At the same time, however, cyberspace today is also evolving into a heteronomous global anarchy. In each one of its many proliferating layers of functionality, new would-be authorities are competing to control its uses in what is still essentially a self-help system of platform wars, chip races, and operating system alliances.
Some Consequences of the New Information and Communication Technologies for Higher Education
Authors: Trow Martin
Published: November 2023

The role of the new information and communication technologies in higher education is so very large, and growing so rapidly that it can hardly be sketched in a brief chapter. We might recall that only five years ago very few people could have anticipated or even imagined the enormous explosion of communications worldwide over the internet, and the profound effects that has had and is having on our universities—both as research and as teaching institutions. What can we say that might be relevant to this information revolution in five years—that, it seems to me, is the minimum we might ask of ourselves if we are to be of any use to policy makers in this area.
Copyright Law and the Public’s Right to Receive Information: Recent Developments in an Isolated Community
Authors: Griffiths* Jonathan
Published: November 2023

In an article in this Yearbook in 1999, I expressed the view that ‘significant changes in the law of copyright …are likely to be required as a result of the Human Rights Act’. Recent decisions have demonstrated that this view is not shared in our intellectual property courts. Indeed, the pre-Human Rights Act 1998 decision of the Court of Appeal in Hyde Park Residence Ltd v. Yelland and the post-Human Rights Act decision of Sir Andrew Morritt V-C in Ashdown v. Telegraph Group Ltd fail entirely to acknowledge the potential impact of Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights on copyright law. Despite the inaccuracy of my previous prediction, I intend to argue below that Hyde Park and Ashdown pay insufficient regard to the public’s right to receive information and are inconsistent with other areas of law concerning the disclosure of information.
China’s Entrepreneurial Army
Authors: Cheung Tai Ming
Published: November 2023

China's Entrepreneurial Army offers a fascinating insight into the complex interwoven relationship between state power, military burden, and economic prosperity in today's China. From the early 1980s to the end of the 1990s, the People's Liberation Army went into business to make up for falling defence spending. It established the world's largest military business complex comprising thousands of army-owned enterprises stretching into virtually every corner of the Chinese economy and overseas. This participation in business gave the military substantial economic strength and allowed it to adapt to the changing locus of power and authority in China in the reform era, which was increasingly measured through economic might. But the rapid ascent of the military commercial juggernaut also sowed the seeds of its ignominious demise. Corruption, smuggling, and profiteering became so rampant that the political reliability of the military and the health of the Chinese economy began to be undermined. In 1998, the armed forces were ordered to get out of business. Tai Ming Cheung traces the origins, examines the participation, and details the demise of the Chinese military business complex. This path-breaking study is a uniquely comprehensive and in-depth account of this Byzantine and opaque institution, and provides a vivid portrait of the corporations, military units personalities, and other entities that were at the heart of this commercial powerhouse. Based upon extensive research of primary source Chinese publications and field work,China's Entrepreneurial Army looks at the role of the military business complex from a number of different perspectives: its success as a commercial venue, the impact on civil--military relations, and the broader benefits and drawbacks of this commercialism on military professionalism and economic modernization in China and elsewhere.