bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Striatal activity and reduced white matter increase frontal activity in youths with family histories of alcohol and other substance‐use disorders performing a go/no‐go task
Authors: Acheson Ashley , Tagamets Malle A. , Winkler Anderson , Rowland Laura M. , Mathias Charles W. , Wright Susan N. , Hong L. Elliot , Kochunov Peter , Dougherty Donald M.
Published: May 2015

Introduction

Youths with a family history of alcohol and other drug use disorders (FH+) are at greater risk of developing substance‐use disorders relative to those with no such family histories (FH−). We previously reported that FH+ youths have elevated activity in the supplementary motor area (SMA) and dorsal striatum while performing go/no‐go tasks and have reduced frontal white matter integrity. A better understanding of relationships between these variables would provide insight into how frontostriatal circuitry is altered in FH+ youths, which may be an important contributor to their elevated risk.

Methods

In this study, we used structural equation modeling (SEM) to test interactions between activity in the SMA and dorsal striatum in 72 FH+ and 32 FH− youths during go/no‐go task performance and to determine whether increased activity in these regions in FH+ youths can be at least partially explained by reduced frontal white matter integrity, as indexed by anterior corona radiata fractional anisotropy and N‐acetylaspartate.

Results

Increased dorsal striatum activity explained most (~75%) of the elevated SMA activity in FH+ youths, and the combined contributions of increased dorsal striatal activity, and decreased white matter integrity fully explained the elevated SMA activity.

Conclusions

These results suggest the elevated frontal cortical activity in FH+ youths is driven both by their increased striatal activity via downstream projections and reduced white matter integrity in frontal cortical projections, the latter likely increasing frontal cortical activity due to increased energy demands required for action potential propagation. As part of our ongoing longitudinal studies we will examine how these frontostriatal alterations relate to risk for developing substance‐use disorders.
Effect of Bcl‐xL overexpression on sialylation of Fc‐fusion protein in recombinant Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures
Authors: Lee Jong Hyun , Kim Yeon‐Gu , Lee Gyun Min
Published: May 2015

The sialic acid of glycoproteins secreted by recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (rCHO) cells can be impaired by sialidase under culture conditions which promote the extracellular accumulation of this enzyme. To investigate the effect of Bcl‐xL overexpression on the sialylation of glycoproteins produced in rCHO cell culture, two rCHO cell lines producing the same Fc‐fusion protein, which were derived from DUKX‐B11 and DG44, respectively, were engineered to have regulated Bcl‐xL overexpression using the Tet‐off system. For both cell lines, Bcl‐xL overexpression improved cell viability and extended culture longevity in batch cultures. As a result, a maximum Fc‐fusion protein titer increased by Bcl‐xL overexpression though the extent of titer enhancement differed between the two cell lines. With Bcl‐xL overexpression, the sialylation of Fc‐fusion protein, which was assessed by isoelectric focusing gel and sialic acid content analyses, decreased more slowly toward the end of batch cultures. This was because Bcl‐xL overexpression delayed the extracellular accumulation of sialidase activity by reducing cell lysis during batch cultures. Taken together, Bcl‐xL overexpression in rCHO cell culture increased Fc‐fusion protein production and also reduced the impairment of sialylation of Fc‐fusion protein by maintaining high viability during batch cultures. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 31:1133–1136, 2015
Linked data and the charm of weak semantics: Introduction: The strengths of weak semantics
Authors: Baker Thomas , Sutton Stuart A.
Published: May 2015

EDITOR'S SUMMARY

Logic and precision are fundamental to ontologies underlying the semantic web and, by extension, to linked data. This special section focuses on the interaction of semantics, ontologies and linked data. The discussion presents the Simple Knowledge Organization Scheme (SKOS) as a less formal strategy for expressing concept hierarchies and associations and questions the value of deep domain ontologies in favor of simpler vocabularies that are more open to reuse, albeit risking illogical outcomes. RDF ontologies harbor another unexpected drawback. While structurally sound, they leave validation gaps permitting illogical uses, a problem being addressed by a W3C Working Group. Data models based on RDF graphs and properties may replace traditional library catalog models geared to predefined entities, with relationships between RDF classes providing the semantic connections. The BIBFRAME Initiative takes a different and streamlined approach to linking data, building rich networks of information resources rather than relying on a strict underlying structure and vocabulary. Taken together, the articles illustrate the trend toward a pragmatic approach to a Semantic Web, sacrificing some specificity for greater flexibility and partial interoperability.
RDF ventures to boldly meet your most pedestrian needs
Authors: Prud'hommeaux Eric , Gayo Jose Emilio Labra
Published: May 2015

EDITOR'S SUMMARY

Defined in 1999 and paired with XML, the Resource Description Framework (RDF) has been cast as an RDF Schema, producing data that is well‐structured but not validated, permitting certain illogical relationships. When stakeholders convened in 2014 to consider solutions to the data validation challenge, a W3C working group proposed Resource Shapes and Shape Expressions to describe the properties expected for an RDF node. Resistance rose from concerns about data and schema reuse, key principles in RDF. Ideally data types and properties are designed for broad use, but they are increasingly adopted with local restrictions for specific purposes. Resource Shapes are commonly treated as record classes, standing in for data structures but losing flexibility for later reuse. Of various solutions to the resulting tensions, the concept of record classes may be the most reasonable basis for agreement, satisfying stakeholders' objectives while allowing for variations with constraints.
Linked data practice at different levels of semantic precision: The perspective of libraries, archives and museums
Authors: Isaac Antoine , Baker Thomas
Published: May 2015

EDITOR'S SUMMARY

Libraries, archives and museums rely on structured schemas and vocabularies to indicate classes in which a resource may belong. In the context of linked data, key organizational components are the RDF data model, element schemas and value vocabularies, with simple ontologies having minimally defined classes and properties in order to facilitate reuse and interoperability. Simplicity over formal semantics is a tenet of the open‐world assumption underlying ontology languages central to the Semantic Web, but the result is a lack of constraints, data quality checks and validation capacity. Inconsistent use of vocabularies and ontologies that do not follow formal semantics rules and logical concept hierarchies further complicate the use of Semantic Web technologies. The Simple Knowledge Organization System (SKOS) helps make existing value vocabularies available in the linked data environment, but it exchanges precision for simplicity. Incompatibilities between simple organized vocabularies, Resource Description Framework Schemas and OWL ontologies and even basic notions of subjects and concepts prevent smooth translations and challenge the conversion of cultural institutions' unique legacy vocabularies for linked data. Adopting the linked data vision requires accepting loose semantic interpretations. To avoid semantic inconsistencies and illogical results, cultural organizations following the linked data path must be careful to choose the level of semantics that best suits their domain and needs.
Folic‐Acid‐Targeted Self‐Assembling Supramolecular Carrier for Gene Delivery
Authors: Liao Rongqiang , Yi Shouhui , Liu Manshuo , Jin Wenling , Yang Bo
Published: May 2015

A targeting gene carrier for cancer‐specific delivery was successfully developed through a “multilayer bricks‐mortar” strategy. The gene carrier was composed of adamantane‐functionalized folic acid (FA‐AD), an adamantane‐functionalized poly(ethylene glycol) derivative (PEG‐AD), and β‐cyclodextrin‐grafted low‐molecular‐weight branched polyethylenimine (PEI‐CD). Carriers produced by two different self‐assembly schemes, involving either precomplexation of the PEI‐CD with the FA‐AD and PEG‐AD before pDNA condensation (Method A) or pDNA condensation with the PEI‐CD prior to addition of the FA‐AD and PEG‐AD to engage host–guest complexation (Method B) were investigated for their ability to compact pDNA into nanoparticles. Cell viability studies show that the material produced by the Method A assembly scheme has lower cytotoxicity than branched PEI 25 kDa (PEI‐25KD) and that the transfection efficiency is maintained. These findings suggest that the gene carrier, based on multivalent host–guest interactions, could be an effective, targeted, and low‐toxicity carrier for delivering nucleic acid to target cells.
Unique Chemoselective Hydrogenation using a Palladium Catalyst Immobilized on Ceramic
Authors: Monguchi Yasunari , Marumoto Takahisa , Ichikawa Tomohiro , Miyake Yutaka , Nagae Yoshiyuki , Yoshida Michiyuki , Oumi Yasunori , Sawama Yoshinari , Sajiki Hironao
Published: May 2015

A heterogeneous palladium catalyst supported on a ceramic (5 % Pd/ceramic) was developed. The catalyst exhibited a specific chemoselectivity for hydrogenation that has never been achieved by other palladium‐catalyzed methods. Either aliphatic or aromatic N‐Cbz groups could be deprotected to the corresponding free‐amines, while the hydrogenolysis of benzyl esters and ethers did not proceed. Furthermore, aryl chlorides and epoxides were tolerant under the Pd/ceramic‐catalyzed hydrogenation conditions. 5 % Pd/ceramic could be reused without any loss of catalyst activity, as no palladium leaching was detected in the reaction media.
Synergistic Effect of Nitrogen in Cobalt Nitride and Nitrogen‐Doped Hollow Carbon Spheres for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Zhong Xing , Liu Lin , Jiang Yu , Wang Xinde , Wang Lei , Zhuang Guilin , Li Xiaonian , Mei Donghai , Wang Jian‐guo , Su Dang Sheng
Published: May 2015

The need for inexpensive and high‐activity oxygen‐reduction‐reaction (ORR) electrocatalysts has attracted considerable research interest over the past years. Herein, we report a novel hybrid that contains cobalt nitride/nitrogen‐rich hollow carbon spheres (CoxN/NHCS) as a high‐performance catalyst for ORR. The CoxN nanoparticles were uniformly dispersed and confined in the hollow NHCS shell. The performance of the resulting CoxN/NHCS hybrid was comparable with that of a commercial Pt/C at the same catalyst loading toward ORR, but the mass activity of the former was 5.7 times better than that of the latter. The nitrogen in both CoxN and NHCS, especially CoxN, could weaken the adsorption of reaction intermediates (O and OOH), which follows the favorable reaction pathway on CoxN/NHCS according to the DFT‐calculated Gibbs free‐energy diagrams. Our results demonstrated a new strategy for the design and development of inexpensive, nonprecious‐metal electrocatalysts for next‐generation fuels.
One‐Pot Cascade Hydration–Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation as a Practical Strategy to Construct Chiral β‐Adrenergic Receptor Blockers
Authors: Ye Qunqun , Cheng Tanyu , Zhao Yuxi , Zhao Junwei , Jin Ronghua , Liu Guohua
Published: May 2015

The facile construction of biologically active β‐adrenergic receptor agonists/blockers and analogues is a great fundamental and practical challenge in medical chemistry. Herein, we report a hydration–asymmetric transfer hydrogenation cascade to realize the one‐pot enantioselective transformation of aromatic haloalkynes into chiral aromatic halohydrins, which can be converted readily into chiral β‐adrenergicreceptor blockers. Such a one‐pot cascade process involves the Au‐catalyzed hydration of aryl‐substituted haloalkynes to aryl‐substituted α‐halomethyl ketones and the Ru‐catalyzed asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of aryl‐substituted α‐halomethyl ketones to aryl‐substituted 2‐haloethanols. The significant benefits of this procedure are that it provides chiral aromatic halohydrins in high yields, with excellent enantioselectivities, and a wide variety of functional groups are tolerated under mild conditions. The study described herein offers a useful approach to construct chiral β‐adrenergic blockers, which is an attractive practical organic transformation that is performed in a one‐pot manner.
Preparation Method for Ruthenium Catalysts Supported by Carbon‐Coated Aluminum Foams
Authors: Lali Farzad , Gärtner Severin , Haase Stefan , Lange Rüdiger
Published: May 2015

A preparation method is proposed for coating aluminum and aluminum alloy foams with a porous carbon layer for application as a catalyst support. The polymerization of furfuryl alcohol with diluted oxalic acid was used as precursor for the carbon layer. The polymer layer was distributed by applying centrifugal forces via spinning foam substrates during the polymerization process to prevent clogging and for homogeneous growth of the polymer layer. A homogeneous deposition precipitation method was applied for incorporation of ruthenium on carbon‐coated foam substrates. The carbon coating was characterized by X‐ray tomography to measure the thickness distribution. The specific surface and pore volume distribution were determined by gas adsorption (BET) and mercury porosimetry. The prepared Ru/C foam catalysts were adopted as a stirrer in a rotating foam reactor for hydrogenation of glucose, a simple biomass model substance.
Efficient Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation over Hydrogen‐Reduced Nanoporous BiVO4 with Ni–Bi Electrocatalyst
Authors: Gan Jiayong , Lu Xihong , Rajeeva Bharath Bangalore , Menz Ryan , Tong Yexiang , Zheng Yuebing
Published: May 2015

BiVO4 is one of the most promising candidates for photoanodes in solar water splitting. However, the poor charge‐separation yield in BiVO4 has limited its photochemical activity. Here, we overcome this limitation by constructing a nanoporous morphology that effectively inhibits bulk carrier recombination as well as undergoes controlled introduction of oxygen vacancies through hydrogenation. In comparison to pristine BiVO4, hydrogen‐treated BiVO4 (H‐BiVO4−x) exhibits a superior photocurrent and electron‐hole separation yield, owing to enhanced carrier density and conductivity. In addition, we adopt a layer of nickel–borate (Ni–Bi) complex on the H‐BiVO4−x surface as an oxygen evolution catalyst to improve the water oxidation kinetics. The Ni–Bi/H‐BiVO4−x photoanode results in a large cathodic shift (350 mV) in the onset potential for water oxidation at pH 9. Moreover, the photoanodes exhibit high performance in the low‐bias regime and achieve a maximum power point of 0.82 % (photon‐to‐current efficiency) for solar water oxidation at potentials as low as 0.79 V versus RHE with a photocurrent of 2.26 mA cm−2. We attribute these improved photoelectrochemical performances to the enhanced charge separation, higher carrier density, better conductivity of H‐BiVO4−x, and the role of Ni–Bi as a hole conductor, facilitating photogenerated electron mobilization.
Magnetically Active Carbon Nanotubes at Work
Authors: Stopin Antoine , Pineux Florent , Marega Riccardo , Bonifazi Davide
Published: May 2015

Endohedral and exohedral assembly of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) recently gave birth to a large body of new hybrid nanomaterials (MNPs–CNTs) featuring properties that are otherwise not in reach with only the graphitic or metallic cores themselves. These materials feature enhanced magnetically guided motions (rotation and translation), magnetic saturation and coercivity, large surface area, and thermal stability. By guiding the reader through the most significant examples in this Concept paper, we describe how researchers in the field engineered and exploited the synergistic combination of these two types of nanoparticles in a large variety of current and potential applications, such as magnetic fluid hyperthermia therapeutics and in magnetic resonance imaging to name a few.
Rapid Synthesis of Thiophene‐Based, Organic Dyes for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) by a One‐Pot, Four‐Component Coupling Approach
Authors: Matsumura Keisuke , Yoshizaki Soichi , Maitani Masato. M. , Wada Yuji , Ogomi Yuhei , Hayase Shuzi , Kaiho Tatsuo , Fuse Shinichiro , Tanaka Hiroshi , Takahashi Takashi
Published: May 2015

This one‐pot, four‐component coupling approach (Suzuki–Miyaura coupling/CH direct arylation/Knoevenagel condensation) was developed for the rapid synthesis of thiophene‐based organic dyes for dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Seven thiophene‐based, organic dyes of various donor structures with/without the use of a 3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) moiety were successfully synthesized in good yields based on a readily available thiophene boronic acid pinacol ester scaffold (one‐pot, 3‐step, 35–61 %). Evaluation of the photovoltaic properties of the solar cells that were prepared using the synthesized dyes revealed that the introduction of an EDOT structure beside a cyanoacrylic acid moiety improved the short‐circuit current (Jsc) while decreasing the fill factor (FF). The donor structure significantly influenced the open‐circuit voltage (Voc), the FF, and the power conversion efficiency (PCE). The use of a n‐hexyloxyphenyl amine donor, and our originally developed, rigid, and nonplanar donor, both promoted good cell performance (η=5.2–5.6 %).
Construction of a Chiral Silicon Center by Rhodium‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Intramolecular Hydrosilylation
Authors: Naganawa Yuki , Namba Tomoya , Kawagishi Mayu , Nishiyama Hisao
Published: May 2015

Rhodium‐catalyzed enantioselective desymmetrizing intramolecular hydrosilylation of symmetrically disubstituted hydrosilanes is described. The original axially chiral phenanthroline ligand (S)‐BinThro (Binol‐derived phenanthroline) was found to work as an effective chiral catalyst for this transformation. A chiral silicon stereogenic center is one of the chiral motifs gaining much attention in asymmetric syntheses and the present protocol provides cyclic five‐membered organosilanes incorporating chiral silicon centers with high enantioselectivities (up to 91 % ee). The putative active RhI catalyst takes the form of an N,N,O‐tridentate coordination complex, as determined by several complementary experiments.
Bayesian nonparametric multivariate ordinal regression
Authors: Bao Junshu , Hanson Timothy E.
Published: May 2015

Multivariate ordinal data are modelled as a finite stick‐breaking mixture of multivariate probit models. Parametric multivariate probit models are first developed for ordinal data, then generalized to finite mixtures of multivariate probit models. Specific recommendations for prior settings are found to work well in simulations and data analyses. Interpretation of the model is carried out by examining aspects of the mixture components as well as through averaged effects focusing on the mean responses. A simulation verifies that the fitting technique works, and an analysis of alcohol drinking behaviour data illustrates the usefulness of the proposed model.The Canadian Journal of Statistics43: 337–357; 2015 © 2015 Statistical Society of Canada
A comparative study of spanning tree and gossip protocols for aggregation
Authors: Nyers Lehel , Jelasity Márk
Published: May 2015

Distributed aggregation queries like average and sum can be implemented in different paradigms like gossip and hierarchical approaches. In the literature, these two paradigms are routinely associated with stereotypes such as ‘trees are fragile and complicated’ and ‘gossip is slow and expensive’. However, a closer look reveals that these statements are not backed up by systematic studies. A fair and informative comparison is clearly needed. However, this is a hard task because the performance of protocols from the two paradigms depends on different subtleties of the environment and the implementation of the protocols. We tackle this problem by carefully designing the comparison study. We use state‐of‐the‐art algorithms and propose the problem of monitoring the network size in the presence of churn as the ideal problem for comparing very different paradigms for global aggregation. Our simulation study helps us identify the most important factors that differentiate between gossip and spanning tree aggregation: the time needed to compute a truly global output, the properties of the underlying topology, and sensitivity to dynamism. We demonstrate the effect of these factors in different practical topologies and scenarios. Our results help us to choose the right protocol in the light of the topology and dynamism patterns. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrated Electron Transfer to Nucleobases in Aqueous Solutions Revealed by Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Simulations
Authors: Zhao Jing , Wang Mei , Fu Aiyun , Yang Hongfang , Bu Yuxiang
Published: May 2015

We present an ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulation study into the transfer dynamics of an excess electron from its cavity‐shaped hydrated electron state to a hydrated nucleobase (NB)‐bound state. In contrast to the traditional view that electron localization at NBs (G/A/C/T), which is the first step for electron‐induced DNA damage, is related only to dry or prehydrated electrons, and a fully hydrated electron no longer transfers to NBs, our AIMD simulations indicate that a fully hydrated electron can still transfer to NBs. We monitored the transfer dynamics of fully hydrated electrons towards hydrated NBs in aqueous solutions by using AIMD simulations and found that due to solution‐structure fluctuation and attraction of NBs, a fully hydrated electron can transfer to a NB gradually over time. Concurrently, the hydrated electron cavity gradually reorganizes, distorts, and even breaks. The transfer could be completed in about 120–200 fs in four aqueous NB solutions, depending on the electron‐binding ability of hydrated NBs and the structural fluctuation of the solution. The transferring electron resides in the π*‐type lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of the NB, which leads to a hydrated NB anion. Clearly, the observed transfer of hydrated electrons can be attributed to the strong electron‐binding ability of hydrated NBs over the hydrated electron cavity, which is the driving force, and the transfer dynamics is structure‐fluctuation controlled. This work provides new insights into the evolution dynamics of hydrated electrons and provides some helpful information for understanding the DNA‐damage mechanism in solution.
Enhanced Activity of CuCeO Catalysts for CO Oxidation: Influence of Cu2O and the Dispersion of Cu2O, CuO, and CeO2
Authors: Wang Zhenhua , Li Ren , Chen Qianwang
Published: May 2015

CuCeO catalysts prepared by a hydrothermal method with subsequent calcination are tested for the catalytic oxidation of CO. This synthesis method leads to a homogeneous dispersion of Cu2O, CuO, and CeO2 in the catalysts. The composition of the catalysts is determined by the molar ratio of the metals, the hydrothermal process, and calcination temperature and influences the catalytic performance. The catalyst containing Cu2O exhibits high catalytic activity with almost 100 % CO conversion at 105 °C and shows excellent stability with the conversion ratio not decreasing after four months of storage.
Cytologic features of nipple adenoma: A report of four cases of adenoma of the nipple
Authors: Ozaki Satoru , Mizukami Yuji , Kawahara Ei
Published: May 2015

We report four cases of adenoma of the nipple, a rare benign epithelial benign tumor occurring under the nipple and areola. Clinically, erosion findings of the nipple require discrimination from Paget's disease. In addition, a mass found in the nipple warrants discrimination from ductal carcinoma. Two cases underwent aspiration biopsy cytology and the other underwent tumor imprint cytology, respectively, revealing a large number of epithelial cell populations in the necrotic background material. These large cell clusters had a papillary or sheet structure and exhibited decreased cell cohesiveness at the cluster part. In addition, small clusters and solitary epithelial cells were also present. Furthermore, a two‐cell pattern comprising both duct epithelial and myoepithelial cells was observed in the cell clusters. Two other cases underwent nipple brush cytology, revealing a few small papillary clusters with isolated epithelial cells in the hemorrhagic background. The clusters appeared as benign duct proliferative lesions such as papilloma, papillomatosis, and adenosis. An accurate diagnosis warrants the recognition of regular nuclei with bland chromatin and myoepithelial cells and the identification of the lesion location. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2015;43:664–668. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Inhibitory receptors as targets for cancer immunotherapy
Authors: Turnis Meghan E. , Andrews Lawrence P. , Vignali Dario A. A.
Published: May 2015

Inhibitory receptors expressed on T cells control immune responses while limiting autoimmunity. However, tumors can hijack these “checkpoints” for protection from immune attack. Tumor‐specific T cells that exhibit an exhausted, unresponsive phenotype express high levels of inhibitory receptors including CTLA4, PD1, and LAG3, among others. Intratumoral regulatory T cells promote immunosuppression and also express multiple inhibitory receptors. Overcoming this inhibitory receptor‐mediated immune tolerance has thus been a major focus of recent cancer immunotherapeutic developments. Here, we review how boosting the host's immune system by blocking inhibitory receptor signaling with antagonistic mAbs restores the capacity of T cells to drive durable antitumor immune responses. Clinical trials targeting the CTLA4 and PD1 pathways have shown durable effects in multiple tumor types. Many combinatorial therapies are currently being investigated with encouraging results that highlight enhanced antitumor immunogenicity and improved patient survival. Finally, we will discuss the ongoing identification and dissection of novel T‐cell inhibitory receptor pathways, which could lead to the development of new combinatorial therapeutic approaches.
Novel molecular mechanism for generating NK‐cell fitness and memory
Authors: Karo Jenny M. , Sun Joseph C.
Published: May 2015

The mammalian immune system has been traditionally subdivided into two compartments known as the innate and the adaptive. T cells and B cells, which rearrange their antigen‐receptor genes using the RAG recombinase, comprise the adaptive arm of immunity. Meanwhile, every other white blood cell has been grouped together under the broad umbrella of innate immunity, including NK cells. NK cells are considered innate lymphocytes because of their rapid responses to stressed cells and their ability to develop without receptor gene rearrangement (i.e. in RAG‐deficient mice). However, new findings implicate a critical function for RAG proteins during NK‐cell ontogeny, and suggest a novel mechanism by which controlled DNA breaks during NK‐cell development dictate the fitness, function, and longevity of these cells. This review highlights recent work describing how DNA break events can impact cellular differentiation and fitness in a variety of cell types and settings.
Transplantation tolerance: Context matters
Authors: Graca Luis
Published: May 2015

Costimulation blockade has been one of the most studied strategies to achieve immune tolerance, particularly in transplantation. Yet, in spite of the robust nature of the tolerance‐inducing potential of costimulation blockade, a comprehensive understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying tolerance induction is still missing. Nevertheless, progress has been continuously made. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, Chai et al. [Eur. J. Immunol. 2015. 45: 2017–2027] show that transplantation tolerance induced with an anti‐CD154 monoclonal antibody relies on the coexistence of several tolerogenic mechanisms rather than one simple regulatory mechanism. These observations highlight the importance of concerted actions involving multiple pathways, namely apoptosis, acquisition of regulatory cells, or inhibition of proliferation, all of which contribute to the induction and maintenance of robust immune tolerance. A better understanding of these distinct tolerogenic pathways may lead to the development of better tolerance‐inducing therapeutics.
Doubling‐down on deprivation: Using latent profile analysis to evaluate an age‐old assumption in relative deprivation theory
Authors: Osborne Danny , Sibley Chris G. , Huo Yuen J. , Smith Heather
Published: May 2015

Theorists have long argued that two forms of relative deprivation exist: individual‐based relative deprivation (IRD) whereby a person feels deprived relative to other individuals and group‐based relative deprivation (GRD) whereby a person feels his/her ingroup is deprived relative to other groups. Combinations of IRD and GRD are therefore assumed to produce four response profiles: (i) high on IRD and GRD (i.e. ‘doubly deprived’); (ii) high on IRD, low on GRD; (iii) low on IRD, high on GRD; or (iv) low on IRD and GRD. The existence of these profiles, however, has never been assessed. We address this oversight by using latent profile analysis to identify distinct response patterns to measures of IRD and GRD. Across two studies, we found no support for this typology, nor the oft‐assumed doubly deprived profile. Rather, response patterns showed moderate levels of IRD across discrete profiles accompanied by considerable variability in GRD.
AC electric field for rapid assembly of nanostructured polyaniline onto microsized gap for sensor devices
Authors: La Ferrara Vera , Rametta Gabriella , De Maria Antonella
Published: May 2015

Interconnected network of nanostructured polyaniline (PANI) is giving strong potential for enhancing device performances than bulk PANI counterparts. For nanostructured device processing, the main challenge is to get prototypes on large area by requiring precision, low cost and high rate assembly. Among processes meeting these requests, the alternate current electric fields are often used for nanostructure assembling. For the first time, we show the assembly of nanostructured PANI onto large electrode gaps (30–60 μm width) by applying alternate current electric fields, at low frequencies, to PANI particles dispersed in acetonitrile (ACN). An important advantage is the short assembly time, limited to 5–10 s, although electrode gaps are microsized. That encouraging result is due to a combination of forces, such as dielectrophoresis (DEP), induced‐charge electrokinetic (ICEK) flow and alternate current electroosmotic (ACEO) flow, which speed up the assembly process when low frequencies and large electrode gaps are used. The main achievement of the present study is the development of ammonia sensors created by direct assembling of nanostructured PANI onto electrodes. Sensors exhibit high sensitivity to low gas concentrations as well as excellent reversibility at room temperature, even after storage in air.
Parallel dual secondary‐column‐dual detection comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography: a flexible and reliable analytical tool for essential oils quantitative profiling
Authors: Sgorbini Barbara , Cagliero Cecilia , Boggia Lorenzo , Liberto Erica , Reichenbach Stephen E. , Rubiolo Patrizia , Cordero Chiara , Bicchi Carlo
Published: May 2015

Comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) is one of the most powerful analytical techniques now available for detailed analysis, identification and quantitation of medium‐to‐high complexity mixtures. However, the number of application methods that combine fingerprinting and/or profiling with quantitation of informative volatile analytes (targets) is still limited. Possible reasons are related to the huge amount of information to handle and to the availability of reference standards for calibration. Although quantitative analysis by GC×GC is complex it has important advantages: (i) to assess data/results over an extended time frame, varied instrumentation and different laboratories; (ii) to interpret the biological role of (potential) biomarkers; (iii) to evaluate the impact of potent odourants; and/or (iv) to define product quality, e.g. relative to a reference standard. In this study, a GC×2GC‐MS/FID platform consisting of one primary column (1D) coupled to two parallel secondary columns (2D) having an identical inner diameter, stationary phase chemistry and film thickness, which, in turn, are connected to two detectors: a fast quadrupole MS and a FID, was adopted for quantitative profiling of essential oils (EOs). Two medium complexity EOs (i.e. Mentha and Lavandula species) that pose different quantitation challenges were taken as examples and a selection of quality markers subjected to an extensive method performance evaluation (e.g. method validation). Experimental results confirmed the platform's reliability in terms of: linearity, precision and quantitation accuracy. In addition, predicted FID Relative Response Factors (RRFs) based on combustion enthalpies were adopted to extend quantitation to all identified analytes. The experimental data demonstrated the accuracy of the predicted RRFs, supporting their adoption in quantitation of EO markers. This approach is of particular interest for those applications where reference standards are not (easily) available and/or regulated. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Does Formal Employment Reduce Informal Caregiving?
Authors: He Daifeng , McHenry Peter
Published: May 2015

Using the Survey of Income and Program Participation, we examine the impact of formal employment on informal caregiving. We instrument for individual work hours with state unemployment rates. We find that, among women of prime caregiving ages (40–64 years), working 10% more hours per week reduces the probability of providing informal care by about 2 percentage points. The effects are stronger for more time‐intensive caregiving and if care recipients are household members. Our results imply that work‐promoting policies have the unintended consequence of reducing informal caregiving in an aging society. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tumor inoculation site affects the development of cancer cachexia and muscle wasting
Authors: Matsuyama Tatsuzo , Ishikawa Takeshi , Okayama Tetsuya , Oka Kaname , Adachi Satoko , Mizushima Katsura , Kimura Reiko , Okajima Manabu , Sakai Hiromi , Sakamoto Naoyuki , Katada Kazuhiro , Kamada Kazuhiro , Uchiyama Kazuhiko , Handa Osamu , Takagi Tomohisa , Kokura Satoshi , Naito Yuji , Itoh Yoshito
Published: May 2015

The phenotype and severity of cancer cachexia differ among tumor types and metastatic site in individual patients. In this study, we evaluated if differences in tumor microenvironment would affect the development of cancer cachexia in a murine model, and demonstrated that body weight, adipose tissue and gastrocnemius muscle decreased in tumor‐bearing mice. Interestingly, a reduction in heart weight was observed in the intraperitoneal tumor group but not in the subcutaneous group. We evaluated 23 circulating cytokines and members of the TGF‐β family, and found that levels of IL‐6, TNF‐α and activin A increased in both groups of tumor‐bearing mice. Eotaxin and G‐CSF levels in the intraperitoneal tumor group were higher than in the subcutaneous group. Atrogin 1 and MuRF1 mRNA expressions in the gastrocnemius muscle increased significantly in both groups of tumor‐bearing mice, however, in the myocardium, expression of these mRNAs increased in the intraperitoneal group but not in subcutaneous group. Based on these results, we believe that differences in microenvironment where tumor cells develop can affect the progression and phenotype of cancer cachexia through alterations in various circulating factors derived from the tumor microenvironment.
Screening of anthocyanins in single red grapes using a non‐destructive method based on the near infrared hyperspectral technology and chemometrics
Authors: Martínez‐Sandoval Jesús Raúl , Nogales‐Bueno Julio , Rodríguez‐Pulido Francisco José , Hernández‐Hierro José Miguel , Segovia‐Quintero Manuel Alberto , Martínez‐Rosas Miguel Enrique , Heredia Francisco José
Published: May 2015

BACKGROUND

Anthocyanins are the main compounds responsible for the colour of red wines and therefore it may be important to evaluate the content of the aforesaid secondary metabolites during grape ripening due to the crucial importance to determine wine colour. Nowadays, there is a growing demand of rapid and non‐destructive analytical tools for analysing grapes, such as the emerging hyperspectral analysis.

RESULTS

The hyperspectral images of intact grapes (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Tempranillo, Graciano, Garnacha and Mazuelo red grape from vineyards located in the D.O.Ca. Rioja at two different developmental stages) were recorded using a near infrared hyperspectral imaging device (900–1700 nm). Reference values of anthocyanins were obtained by HPLC‐DAD. Calibrations were performed by modified partial least squares regression and present a good potential (coefficient of determination of 0.72 and standard error of cross‐validation values of 0.78 and 0.70 mg per grape for total and non‐acylated anthocyanins respectively).

CONCLUSION

The procedure reported here presents a good potential for a fast and reasonably inexpensive screening of these compounds in intact single berries. Moreover, the heterogeneity of anthocyanins within the same ripeness stage could be evaluated using this non‐detructive tool. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Analysis of volatiles from stored wheat and Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) with solid phase microextraction–gas chromatography mass spectrometry
Authors: Niu Yonghao , Hua Lei , Hardy Giles , Agarwal Manjree , Ren Yonglin
Published: May 2015

BACKGROUND

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) contribute significantly to food flavour and can be used as indicators of quality, age of storage, and hygiene condition of stored products. The VOCs in the headspace of three different samples – healthy wheat, Rhyzopertha dominica, and wheat with R. dominica – were analysed at 25°C by solid phase micro‐extraction (SPME) coupled with gas chromatography–flame ionisation detection (GC‐FID) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). All the experimental conditions were kept consistent except a polar column and a non‐polar column were used to assess the differences in volatile fingerprints.

RESULTS

A total of 114 volatiles were identified by both the polar and non‐polar columns, of which 48 were specific to one of the three samples tested. The volatiles were mainly carbonyl chemical compounds such as aldehydes, ketones and alcohols. GC‐MS results showed slightly more VOCs were identified from the polar column. The total number for the three samples was 43 from the polar column compared to 39 from the non‐polar column. Conversely, 30 VOCs unique to a given sample were identified from the non‐polar column compared to 18 from the polar column.

CONCLUSION

The use of both polar and non‐polar columns is essential to capture the full range of VOCs produced by the three specific sample types investigated. The data can form the basis of enquiry into the relationship between storage and grain quality, and insect infestation and grain quality by observing the impact that these circumstances have on the production of volatile organic compounds. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Reflective liquid crystal display without flicker for reducing eye strain
Authors: Fukai Shuji , Niikura Yasuhiro , Ikenaga Makoto , Hatsumi Ryo , Nishi Takeshi , Ishitani Tetsuji , Hirakata Yoshiharu , Koyama Jun , Yamazaki Shunpei , Sato Rai , Cho Takayuki
Published: May 2015

We fabricated two types of 6.05‐in. active matrix reflective liquid crystal displays (LCD) using a c‐axis‐aligned crystalline oxide semiconductor (CAAC‐OS) for the driver circuit and field‐effect transistors in pixels: one is of the high‐reflectance type, and the other is of the wide‐gamut type. Because of the small off‐state current of the CAAC‐OS and the improved liquid crystal material, low‐frequency driving at 1/60 fps or lower was achieved without memory in a pixel. Consequently, the still image display does not require data writing, except in turning pages; thus, it is flicker‐free in still image display. We also examined the page‐turning operation for less eye strain.

The study shows that a reflective color LCD using a CAAC‐OS results in eye‐friendly still image display without flicker similar to an electrophoretic display (EPD); however, it is capable of moving image display, color display, and eye‐friendly page‐turning operation, which are difficult to achieve with an EPD.
Blue phase dual‐view liquid crystal display based on directional backlight system
Authors: Tang Pei , Cui Jian‐Peng , Fan Hao‐Xiang , Wang Qiong‐Hua
Published: May 2015

We design a blue phase dual‐view liquid crystal display (BP DVLCD) based on a directional backlight system. Combining the patterned electrodes with the directional backlight system, the cross‐talk ratio is reduced to only 1.17%. Moreover, the resolution and brightness will be tripled by using field‐sequential color display. In the preferred viewing area, the BP DVLCD has a high contrast ratio of ~1700:1.
Quality control of processed Crataegi Fructus and its medicinal parts by ultra high performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Yin Fangzhou , Li Lin , Chen Yan , Lu Tuling , Li Weidong , Cai Baochang , Yin Wu
Published: May 2015

Crataegi Fructus, an edible food, has been used as a traditional medicine to treat diseases for many years. There is substantial evidence that multiple constituents are responsible for the beneficial effects of Crataegi Fructus. To effectively control the quality of this herbal medicine, we developed an ultra high performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry protocol to simultaneously quantify ten compounds (chlorogenic acid, procyanidin B2, l‐epicatechin, glucosylvitexin, vitexin‐2‐O‐rhamnoside, vitexin, rutin, hyperoside, isoquercitrin, and quercetin) in Crataegi Fructus. Multiple‐reaction monitoring was used for the quantification in the negative mode for 8 min. This proposed method is simple, reliable, sensitive, and specific. Further, the quantification parameters, including linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, precision, reproducibility, stability, and accuracy were optimized. The quality of the processed samples of Crataegi Fructus was evaluated using this method. Additionally, the method was successfully used to distinguish the medicinal components, including peel, kernel, and flesh. The data described in this study offer valuable information for the quality control and proper use of Crataegi Fructus.
Kinetic Studies on Nucleophilic Addition Reactions of 4‐X‐substituted Anilines to N1‐methyl‐4‐nitro‐2,1,3 benzothiadiazolium terafluoroborate in Acetonitrile: Reaction Mechanism and Mayr's Approach
Authors: Salah S. Ben , Boubaker T. , Goumont R.
Published: May 2015

The kinetics of the coupling of N1‐methyl‐4‐nitro‐2,1,3 benzothiadiazolium tetrafluoroborate 1 with a series of 4‐X‐substituted anilines 2a–f (X = OH, OMe, Me, H, Cl, and CN) have been investigated in acetonitrile at 20°C. The second‐order rate constants result in a nonlinear Brönsted‐type plot. The Hammett plot is also nonlinear, whereas the Yukawa–Tsuno plot exhibits an excellent linear correlation with ρ = –1.62 and r = 1.44. The large Brönsted (βnuc = 1.24) and Hammett (ρ = –5.16) values suggest that the reactions proceed trough a single electron transfer mechanism. The finding of satisfactory correlation between the log k1 of the reactions and the oxidation potentials (E°) of anilines 2a–d supports this mechanism. On the other hand, electrophilicity parameter E of benzothiadiazolium cation 1 as defined by the correlation log k20°C = s(E + N) has been determined and compared with the electrophilic reactivities of a large variety of electrophiles.
Effects of permafrost degradation on water and sediment quality and heterotrophic bacterial production of Arctic tundra lakes: An experimental approach
Authors: Moquin Paul A. , Wrona Frederick J.
Published: May 2015

To assess the effects of shoreline retrogressive thaw slumping on the chemical, physical, and ecological components of small tundra lakes, an in situ manipulative mesocosm experiment was performed in an upland, unslumped Arctic lake located near Inuvik, Northwest Territories, Canada. Twelve replicate mesocosms were established: three control and three replicates of three treatment levels each dosed with differing amounts of soil sourced from the thaw scar of a nearby lake affected by shoreline retrogressive thaw slumping. The soil was rich in ionic compounds such as calcium, magnesium, and sulfates reflecting the marine origin of the local geology, and also contained nutrients (P and N) and organic carbon. Water column ionic and nutrient concentrations increased with increasing soil input, while pelagic bacterial production decreased. Conversely, benthic bacterial production increased by 44, 112, and 498% in the low, medium, and high soil treatments, respectively. This study shows thermokarst slumping to differentially affect pelagic and benthic heterotrophic microbial production through changes to the physical and chemical properties of the water and sediment. The stimulation of benthic and corresponding inhibition of pelagic heterotrophic productivity relative to the control treatments over the 12‐week experimental period indicate that shoreline retrogressive thaw slumping alters heterotrophic energy pathways during the early successional stages of thermokarst lakes experiencing shoreline slumping.
CPW‐fed broadband circularly polarized rectangular slot antenna with L‐shaped feed line and parasitic elements
Authors: Saini Rohit Kumar , Dwari Santanu
Published: May 2015

A new coplanner waveguide‐fed broadband circularly polarized (CP) rectangular slot antenna is proposed. Circular polarization (CP) is obtained using L‐shaped feed line protruded from the signal line and rectangle‐shaped parasitic element (PE). The CP bandwidth can be significantly enhanced by placing a strip adjacent to the rectangle‐shaped PE. By adjusting the length of the strip, the CP bandwidth is obtained as high as 48.28% (2.2–3.6 GHz) with axial ratio (AR)  ≤ 3 dB. Impedance bandwidth of 63.97% (1.93–3.745 GHz) with VSWR ≤ 2 is achieved. The antenna has a small size of 60 × 50 mm2. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 57:1788–1794, 2015
Design of dual‐mode dual‐band photonic crystal bandpass filters for terahertz communication applications
Authors: Karakilinc Ozgur Onder , Dinleyici Mehmet Salih
Published: May 2015

In this study, Photonic Crystal (PhC) dual‐mode dual‐band bandpass filter is designed and its transmission characteristics are investigated for various configurations. PhC resonator structure is formed by a point defect microcavity that is equipped with one large and three smaller auxiliary perturbation rods. Degenerate modes at each band may also be excited by changing the structure properties of the perturbation. Plane wave expansion method and Finite Difference Time‐Domain method are used to analyze the device characteristics. Proposed dual‐band dual‐mode PhC filter structure can effectively be used for terahertz communication applications. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 57:1806–1810, 2015