bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Évaluation de degré de défense de l’architecture défensive pré-coloniale en Algérie : cas des villages fortifiés
Authors: Oulmas Mohand , Abdessemed-Fouda Amina , González Avilés Ángel Benigno
Published: May 2020

Assassing the defensibility of the pre-colonial defensive architecture in Algeria: case study on the medieval fortified villagesAlgeria’s pre-colonial towns of the medieval period still exist in different typologies, ranging from the isolated buildings (forts, castles) and town enclosures to whole urban units (fortified villages, defensives towns). Indeed, the constituent of these fortresses was their defense system, characterized by its large dimension, constituted essentially by the enclosure wall, and architectural features of defensiveness correlated with the outside and the inside of the fortresses. This paper aims to evaluate the relationship between physical landscape, built defensive features and cultural values of the medieval fortified villages in Algeria, two medieval fortified villages in our case “Kalaa of Beni Abbes” in Bejaia and “Kalaa of Beni Rached” in Oran, that we identified as an evolved landscape and interpreted as complex system (both defensive architecture and continuing cultural landscape). This current study consists of quantifying the defensiveness degree of these sites situated within different contexts, in fact, this method ensures to identify the strategy adopted to be protected against different invasions. However, in order to achieve this we calculate a spatial defensiveness index (DI) of these sites. The parameters of our choice are related to the implantation site, the elevation, the visibility and the geometrical shape, which allow us to estimate the defensiveness degree of the defense system of our case studies.
Levantamiento y modelización tridimensional de la Torre del Negro o de Arráez, torre post-litoral del siglo XVI en El Algar (Región de Murcia, España)
Authors: García-León Josefina , Collado-Espejo Pedro Enrique , Fantini Filippo , Jiménez-González Francisco Joaquín
Published: May 2020

Graphic survey and three-dimensional modelling of the Negro Tower or Arráez, post-coastal tower of the sixteenth century in El Algar (Region of Murcia, Spain)Post-coastal towers or rural fortress towers, built in the sixteenth century on the Mediterranean coast, had the mission of protecting the population and enhancing the repopulation of these areas, heavily punished by incursions by berber pirates. The Negro Tower or Arráez Tower, in El Algar-Cartagena (Region of Murcia, Spain), is one of those post-coastal lookout towers and was built in 1585. It is shaped like a truncated pyramid, square plan and a height of about 14,00 m. Originally, it had three floors and a terrace. Despite its degree of protection (it is a monument), its current state of conservation is semi-ruined. It has no cover, the vault of the first floor has collapsed and presents cracks that threaten its stability. Therefore, a research project has been developed that has included, among other aspects, the graphic survey with two complementary techniques: digital photogrammetry and 3D laser scanning. The result is an exhaustive graphic documentation that allows understanding the construction and allows the consolidation and volumetric recomposition of the tower. With this work, it is intended to contribute to the conservation and recovery of the heritage value of the Tower, as well as the integration of the historical monument in its natural and landscape environment.
Les caractéristiques architecturales et constructives de la muraille médievale à la période Hammadite à Bejaia (Algérie)
Authors: Abderrahim Mahindad Naima
Published: May 2020

The architectural and constructive characteristics of the medieval wall of Bejaia city during the Hammadite periodBejaia, is a coastal city of Central-East Algerian which has seen succeeding on its lands several civilizations: Byzantine, Roman, Hammadite, Spanish and Ottoman It reached its peak from the beginning of the eleventh century, when the Hammadite ruler, An-Nasir made it the capital. The city maintained this important status until the sixteenth century, when it was considered the jewel of the Maghreb. At that time, the city was fortified with a large surrounding wall, which spanned more than 5000 m. This city wall was flanked with bastions and towers, and rose in tiers from the sea-side to Mount Gouraya. Its layout was perfectly designed and blended with the city’s topography It consisted of three walls: one to the east and another to the west, which were connected by a third wall, which ran along the seaside. Today, two gates are preserved from the city of Bejaia’s rich defensive heritage: Bab El Bahr, which opens onto the sea, and Bab El Fouka, which opens onto the plains, as well as some parts of the walls, dotted around different parts of the city. This heritage is threatened and its preservation, restoration and enhancement require a comprehensive knowledge of the architectural and constructive styles, which characterize it, and of the materials used in its construction. This contribution aims to identify the architectural and constructive features of this defense system, developed by the Hammadites, as well as a characterization of the construction materials used, such mortar, through physical, chemical and petrographic analyses.
Il castello di Morrea. Evoluzione e destino delle strutture fortificate nel centro Italia
Authors: Cecamore Stefano
Published: May 2020

The castle of Morrea. Evolution and destiny of fortified structures in Central ItalyThe shape that today characterizes the fortified building of the castle of Morrea is only the last of the various stratifications that have modified the original layout thorughout the centuries. The current aspect of the building is most likely linked to the interventions promoted by the Piccolomini family between the twentieth and twenty-first century. The building represents the evolution from castrum to aristocratic residence that involves the various fortified structures placed along the Apennine ridge between the eastern and western front of Central Italy. In this area the various degrees of transformations of the castles, which are periodically updated for reasons due to oxidation and representative natures, are clearly readable. The artifacts analyseable represent a wide range of samples of fortifications of the most ancient form of specialized buildings which were often largely left in the state of ruins, including that of buildings yet still functional, however, far from their consistency and original purpose. The overall panorama of this architectural heritage outlines a complex scenario consisting of problems related to the conservation and maintenance where restoration projects need to find and be in the proper position of restoration and respect of the bond between the building environment, the landscape and the identities of the territory.
Le mura di Cartagena de Indias tra sperimentazione metodologica e protocolli operativi. Strumentazioni digitali a confronto per lo studio del sistema difensivo antonelliano
Authors: Parrinello Sandro , Picchio Francesca , Dell’Amico Anna , Malusardi Chiara
Published: May 2020

The walls of Cartagena de Indias through methodological experimentation and survey systems protocols. Digital tools comparison for the study of the Antonelli’s defense systemCartagena de Indias, one of the main Spanish commercial ports in the Caribbean Sea, was strategically built on a system of islands and peninsulas that formed a lacustrine system along the coast of Tierra Firme, known today as Colombia. For several centuries, Cartagena fortifications have been at the fore-front of Spanish military technologies. This site became the scene of action of the main military engineers at the service of the Spanish crown. In 1586 Battista Antonelli received from King Philipe II the task to design this monumental defensive system. The first project for the Cartagena wall enclosure (1595) is due to Battista and it was continued and modified by his nephew Cristoforo Roda. Nowadays, Antonelli walls still fit into the urban fabric of the city and delineate the perimeter of the historic city. The research project follows the previous research experiments conducted by the Lab DAda-LAB of the University of Pavia in the territory of Panama for the study of the Antonelli fortifications systems of Portobello and San Lorenzo del Chagres. It concerned an extensive action aimed at the documentation and to the study of the entire fortified system of the historic center of Cartagena. The perimeter walls of the old city and the fort of San Felipe de Barajas have been documented through the use of a mobile laser scanner that uses SLAM technology, evaluating the most effective performed strategies for fast survey activities. In parallel, a more specific action was conducted on the portion of the Baluarte of Santa Catalina walls, where it was possible to give a comparison between different methods and instruments, in order to verify the reliability of the 3D databases. Analysis protocols have been developed for the documentation and study of the defensive system. The paper will highlight the construction technologies that qualify the fortresses of Cartagena de Indias and the results obtained by the comparison between different data acquisition technologies to evaluate the quality of the models for the development of documentation strategies for heritage enhancement and protection.
Rilievo digitale e analisi dell’ala lusignana del castello di Kyrenia
Authors: Bigongiari Matteo , Cioli Federico
Published: May 2020

Digital survey and analysis of the lusignan wing of Kyrenia CastleThe paper illustrates the documentation and analysis methods of a wing of the Kyrenia castle in Cyprus. The laser-scanner and photogrammetry Structure from Motion (SfM) survey campaigns took place during the international workshop “Reading and designing the Kyrenia Castle” held in May 2018 in Girne, involving the Girne American University (Cyprus) and the University of Florence. The survey required a more in-depth analysis of the environments around the courtyard, in particular those located on the eastern front, which host numerous archaeological finds, including the Kyrenia shipwreck, dating back to the fourth century BC. The analysis was based on the drawings (plans, elevations and sections) served as support for diagnostic and material investigations aimed at highlighting the state of superficial conservation and structures and their historical stratigraphy.
La seconda metà del XVI secolo: un punto di svolta nell’organizzazione difensiva del Regno di Sardegna
Authors: Serreli Giovanni
Published: May 2020

The second half of the sixteenth century: a turning point in the organization of the Kingdom of Sardinia defenseIn the second half of the sixteenth century, in accordance with the centralization and reorganization of the administrative and military apparatus desired by Philip II in the States of the Iberian Monarchy, military defense was reorganized in the Kingdom of Sardinia, against the threatened Franc-Turkish invasion of the Island. Until that time, in fact, the defense of the Kingdom was based only on the modernization of the main Royal Cities fortifications. The inspiring principle of this strategy was the medieval one: to defend the Kingdom, it would have been enough to defend the Royal Cities of Cagliari and Alghero. Instead, starting from the Parliament wanted in 1558 by Philip II and summoned by the viceroy Alvaro de Madrigal, attention is also paid to the defense of the coastal perimeter of the whole island. In this Parliament, convened with the sole purpose of providing for the defense of the Kingdom against the looming Franc-Turkish threat, the foundations are laid for the reorganization of the administrative apparatus of the Kingdom, limiting the centrifugal tendencies of local feudalism; but above all, they are laid the foundations for the creation of a homogeneous defense system, abandoning the extemporaneous initiatives taken up to that time. By the end of the century, reports for the construction of a static defense system will be commissioned and the Royal Administration of Towers will be established, with the task of building, arming and maintaining the static defense system.
Venetian Walls of Nicosia: Between Kyrenia Gate - Barbaro Bastion
Authors: Öngül Zehra
Published: May 2020

Nicosia today has the characteristics of being the only divided city in Europe. By examining the inside of the walls, one observes that the structure of the city is determined by the circular plan of the walls that were constructed during the Venetian period. There are 11 bastions on the walls and three Venetian gates, namely Kyrenia Gate, Famagusta Gate and Paphos Gate, were originally designed to allow entrance to the city that is encircled by the walls. Nicosia continued to be the islands capital which has fallen under Ottoman rule in between 1571-1878. In the period of British occupation 1878-1960, as a result of the increasing population, the city of Nicosia overflew the walls and developed by spreading beyond the city walls and 8 new passages were opened. The organic fabric of the walled city, with the establishment of buffer zones after the peace operation of 1974, resulted in the division of the island that divided the capital city into two. In 1931, because of the increased vehicle needs through the north side, the walls around the Kyrenia Gate (Porta del Proveditore) were trimmed and designed as a single monumental building. Between Kyrenia Gate and Barbaro bastion wall height is lower than the existing. Public lavatory and 9 small shops were inserted. Sitting steps were designed on the walls and two stairs were constructed to reach these area. To give an access from the moat to the inner city there is a passage. In this context, identifying changes of the Kyrenia Gate-Barbaro bastion site, during this historic period, is the main goal of this study. Decisions with regard to these walls and observations to be made on right places to determine the changes are main focuses of the study.
Il restauro del castello di Massafra (TA)
Authors: De Gennaro Tiziana , De Leo Davide
Published: May 2020

The restoration of Massafra’ Castle (TA)Massafra Castle’s restoration project aims to preserve and enhance the monument, redeeming it from the current state of partial abandonment, with the scope to return it to the community. First, an in-depth study of an historical research was carried out together with the analysis of the monument’ superficial and structural degradation to identify the adequate remedies. It was clear that “restoring only the stones” would have not been efficient and therefore finding a new purpose was necessary and essential. Finding a new scope for those kinds of architectures is a matter of great interest, because more than any other type of monuments, those are completely out of their historical context that gave them political, military and economic reason to be built. Therefore, following a sociological investigation, it emerged that the best solution would be create a connection between Massafra and cinematography: there are many cultural organizations in this area and most of them need more dedicated space. Massafra has already been chosen several times as a movie set by famous authors: Il Vangelo secondo Matteo by Pier Paolo Pasolini, Il Paese delle spose infelici by Pippo Mezzapesa and Amiche da morire by Giorgia Farina. This is how the MOVIE (Massafra Omni Vision between Innovation and Cultural Heritage) idea was born, a 360° cinema setting which is unique at a national level and that it would become part of larger cinematographic circuit already flourishing in the Apulia region. The project’s feasibility was then evaluated from a logistic-economic point of view. Furthermore, given the Castle’s location, the project proposes the reopening of ancient paths that connect the monument to the historical town centre and to the Ravine. The project also supports the restoration of rock settlements with its cave houses (currently completely collapsed) that surround the castle’s foundation to divulge hospitality.
The chain tower in Kyrenia’s harbour, Cyprus
Authors: Camiz Alessandro , Griffo Marika , Baydur Seda , Valletta Emilia
Published: May 2020

In the Middle Ages a chain suspended between two towers defended the entrance of Kyrenia’s little harbour, like the chain across the Golden Horn in Constantinople. William de Oldenburg, who visited Cyprus in 1211 during the reign of King Hugh I, referred to Kyrenia as “a small town well-fortified, which has a castle with walls and towers”. He perceived the chain tower as part of Kyrenia’s fortification system in that time. The Byzantines had already fortified the city, but in the thirteenth century, during the Longobard war, before the siege of the city, Frederick II’s party, under the direction of Captain Philippo Genardo, improved the defences of the city. The chain tower is still visible today in the north side of the old Kyrenia harbour. It consists of an 8,15 m diameter cylindrical tower and a 1,5 m diameter pillar on top of it. The tower was supporting a chain attached on the other side to another structure. The fortifications on the north side terminated against the harbour in a square tower or bastion holding the chain to be raised and lowered by means of a windlass. The paper includes the digital photogrammetric survey of the chain tower using a structure from motion software, the historical research and the comparison with other coeval harbour defence constructions of the eastern Mediterranean.
I Casali e le Architetture della Campagna Romana nel Basso Medioevo. Realtà archeologica e fonti documentarie
Authors: Cosenza Federica
Published: May 2020

The Casali and the Architectures of the Campagna Romana in the Late Middle Ages. Archeaological and archive sourcesThe territory of the Roman countryside in the Late Middle Ages was extended from the city of Rome to 40 miles in the Suburb, between the coasts of the Tyrrhenian Sea, the Albani Mountains, the Lepini Mountains and the course of the Tiber. In the twelfth century various events started in this territory which will greatly influence its appearance until today: the castra arise, as forms of aggregation of a territory enclosed by defensive elements; burgi and villae, small fortified centers; and the casali, special production farmhouses characterized by the presence of a tower and other defensive, residential and productive structures. The militarization of the landscape began for reasons partly linked to the general instability of the period. Despite the basic differentiations in the forms of the population as in the functionalities themselves entrusted to the circumscribed territory, the forms of the basic architecture remained the same: the tower, the walls, albeit in variety in terms of technique, magnificence and complexity. This research can be tackled thanks to a direct analysis of the architecture of the towers which characterize the Roman countryside, occasionally accompanied by other elements, like the walls. The results of this study can be compared with the information reported in medieval sources, in which a specific language is used to describe the architecture and the characteristics of every form of human anthropization. The analysis of the differences and affinities between these territorially structures and the comparison with the contemporary urban architectures, allows to recreate a general picture of the architecture in the Roman countryside in the Low Middle Ages.
El palacio fortificado de Ibn Ḥafṣūn y sus ḥuṣūn-abwāb. La supuesta edilicia ḥafṣūní y los modelos orientales en el occidente malagueño
Authors: Marmolejo Cantos Francisco
Published: May 2020

The fortified palace of Ibn Ḥafṣūn and its ḥuṣūn-abwāb. The supposed ḥafṣūní architecture and the oriental models in western MalagaNew interpretative approaches are raised about ḥafṣūní architecture based on the archeological data in the medieval city of Bobastro and its most immediate castles, all located in the limits of the municipal terms of Ardales and Alora, to the northwest from the capital of Malaga. We focus our attention on the palatine complex built by Ibn Ḥafṣūn during the Umayyad emirate and we present numerous nearby fortress, which has allowed us to first approach the knowledge of the defensive system that protected the medieval city. Among the recent evidence of the ḥafṣūní palace, as a result of this study, structural and ornamental elements are discovered that derive from the classical tradition, but they are unknown by local structures and must respond to the influence of the Syrian-Byzantine model.
Architecture militaire et typologies défensives d’Alger entre le XVIème et le XIXème siècle
Authors: Benselama-Messikh Safia
Published: May 2020

Military architecture and defensive typologies of Algiers between the sixteenth and the nineteenth centuriesIn the Ottoman regency, the fortifications of Algiers evolve according to the politico-economic growth experienced by the city partly thanks to the development of the maritime piracy and the lusts it entails. Its stranglehold on the sea, arouses many projects of punitive expeditions. The construction of fortifications is then the major concern of its new leaders who between the sixteenth and the seventeenth centuries, fortify the city, its bay and the hinterland. These efforts develop over the three centuries of the Ottoman regency, a singular military architecture for the city of Algiers. The sixteenth century sees, a medieval reminiscence with the first fortifications, then, with the presence of Christians, a western influence the seventeenth century and the arrival of the Moriscos, brings a second breath to this defensive typology which is defined as a local style between domestic and military architecture. The question is: why Algiers has developed a particular defensive typology while the modernization of the artillery had led to an internationalization of the defensive system.
La Banda Gallega: vertebración defensiva de un espacio de frontera en el límite noroccidental del alfoz hispalense en la Baja Edad Media
Authors: Fondevilla Aparicio Juan José
Published: May 2020

The Galician Band: defensive vertebration of a frontier space in the Northwestern limit of the domains of Seville in the Late Middle AgesThe northwestern limit of the Seville domains constituted a complex frontier space of high potencial tension throughout the Late Middle Ages. Once the conquest of this historical territory was over, the council of Seville promotes the definition of a castral system destined to guarantee the guard and defense of its extensive territory. The Galician Band constituted a large network of fortifications who knew how to incorporate the existing ones and build new castles, which responded to an adaptive logic based on the poliorcetic and geopolitical requirements. The geospacial analysis carried out in this research, implemented through GIS, allowed contrasting certain hypotheses sustained from historiography regarding the territorial implementation strategy of these passive defenses. The detailed analysis of the intervisibility relations between the fortifications of the Galician Band, allowed to define its spatial link. The analyzed castramental spaces are hierarchized, presenting a progressive stratification from the border spaces into the deep lands of the Council, following a spatial pattern that allows the strategic control of the main paths of territorial penetration.
Implantación territorial y análisis arquitectónico de los búnkeres del Subsector IV del estrecho de Gibraltar (Conil, Vejer y Barbate)
Authors: Atanasio-Guisado Alberto , Molina-Rozalem Juan Francisco
Published: May 2020

Territorial implantation and architectural analysis of the bunkers on Subsector IV, Strait of Gibraltar (Conil, Vejer and Barbate)The fortified system executed on the north bank of the Strait of Gibraltar from 1939 pursued two objectives: an offensive one, for which coastal batteries and lighting projectors were installed; and a defensive one, for which around four hundred reinforced concrete bunkers were built for machine guns and / or anti-tank guns along the coastal strip that runs from San Roque to Conil de la Frontera. According to the military archive documentation, the device for the defense of the land front and against landings on the coast was organized into four subsectors, designated with roman numerals from east to west. Subsector IV, the westernmost, extends from Barbate to Conil, through Vejer de la Frontera. Divided into two resistance centers, it is the one that contained the lowest density of positions, with a total of twenty-seven pillboxes. This communication has a double purpose. On the one hand, deepen the territorial implantation of the bunker network of Subsector IV, to understand that is fundamental the systemic conception between them and between them and the whole set of bunkers. Secondly, to carry out an individual and specific architectural analysis of each one of the works, focusing on the constructive characteristics and the existence of possible typological relationships.
The Fortress of Ripafratta, Tuscany. A research project for its conservation and enhancement
Authors: Bevilacqua Marco Giorgio , Karwaca Ewa Jolanta , Mininno Valeria , Perrone Michele Angelo , Santini Luisa
Published: May 2020

The fortress of San Paolino in Ripafratta (San Giuliano Terme, Tuscany, Italy), represents the main structure of the ancient Pisan Republic defensive system towards Lucca. The fortress is the product of several stratifications dating back to the tenth century. It was built in the years between 1162-1164; later on, starting from 1504, significant interventions of modernization were realized by the Florentine Government, probably following a project by Giuliano da San Gallo. Since the early seventeenth century, the fortress lost its military function and passed to private property. Nowadays, the fortress is in a deep state of degradation, even if since 2008 several initiatives has followed for its recovery, unfortunately without success. The paper aims to show the results of an interdisciplinary project for the enhancement of the fortress and its territory. Based on a careful territorial analysis and in-depth historical study, a mix of compatible functions was identified in order to maximize the use of the fortress in all the seasons. A feasibility study was also developed for verifying the economic sustainability of the whole project and identifying possible intervention phases.
La Torre de Comares en peligro de ruina. Afecciones de la estructura más significativa de la Alhambra en los siglos XVI y XVII
Authors: Brazille Naulet Virginie Claude , Orihuela Uzal Antonio , García-Pulido Luis José
Published: May 2020

The Tower of Comares in danger of collapse. Affections in the most significant structure of the Alhambra during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuriesThis article develops a research on the outside layout of the Tower of Comares in the Alhambra (Granada), studying its transformations. It is focused on the interventions that took place at the most critical moment in its history. Between the last decades of the sixteenth century and the first ones of the seventeenth century, its general state of abandonment, the explosion of a nearby powder mill and the bad restauration practices applied in some cases, brought it to its structural limits, threatening its ruin. This process could fortunately be reversed after several technical reports on its injuries and actual conservation estate. If neglected, it would have led to the collapse of this paradigmatic example of the Nasrid regal defensive architecture.
The superb Brazilian Fortresses of Macapá and Príncipe da Beira
Authors: Campos João
Published: May 2020

During the eighteenth century Portugal developed a large military construction process in the Ultramarine possessions, in order to compete with the new born colonial trading empires, mainly Great Britain, Netherlands and France. The Portuguese colonial seashores of the Atlantic Ocean (since the middle of the sixteenth century) and of the Indian Ocean (from the end of the first quarter of the seventeenth century) were repeatedly coveted, and the huge Portuguese colony of Brazil was also harassed in the south during the eighteenth century –here due to problems in a diplomatic and military dispute with Spain, related with the global frontiers’ design of the Iberian colonies. The Treaty of Madrid (1750) had specifically abrogated the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) between Portugal and Spain, and the limits of Brazil began to be defined on the field. Macapá is situated in the western branch of Amazonas delta, in the singular cross-point of the Equator with Tordesillas Meridian, and the construction of a big fortress began in the year of 1764 under direction of Enrico Antonio Galluzzi, an Italian engineer contracted by Portuguese administration to the Commission of Delimitation, which arrived in Brazil in 1753. In consequence of the political panorama in Europe after the Seven Years War (1756-1763), a new agreement between Portugal and Spain was negotiated (after the regional conflict in South America), achieved to the Treaty of San Idefonso (1777), which warranted the integration of the Amazonas basin. It was strategic the decision to build, one year before, the huge fortress of Príncipe da Beira, arduously realized in the most interior of the sub-continent, 2000 km from the sea throughout the only possible connection by rivers navigation. Domingos Sambucetti, another Italian engineer, was the designer and conductor of the jobs held on the right bank of Guaporé River, future frontier’s line with Bolivia. São José de Macapá and Príncipe da Beira are two big fortresses Vauban’ style, built under very similar projects by two Italian engineers (each one dead with malaria in the course of building), with the observance of the most exigent rules of the treaties of military architecture.
The Cultural Duality between Coastal Fortifications and the Sea
Authors: Taibi Giacinto , Valenti Rita , Liuzzo Mariangela , Patanè Tiziana
Published: May 2020

Sicily’s coasts are studded with fortifications, a few which are still intact and serve as a testimony of the island’s thousand year old history. Their original function of defence and control was closely linked to aspects of formality and strategic positioning in the Mediterranean. For this reason, they once constituted strong holds on the territory and represented important elements of symbolic connotations. They have been transformed through the centuries, by man’s actions as well as natural occurrences, and have therefore lost their original significance. Regardless of this fact, they are still capable of giving a strong sense of identity to the topos and of recognition to the collective imagination. The fortifications’ emerging masses seem tightly linked to the cliff and the sweeping expanse of the sea which have the duty, still today, of evoking the identifying character of the area. The grandeur of the fortified walls speaks to the vastness of the sea and the depths of the abysses. The material and chromatic aspects of the stones, in contrast with the transparency of the water, tend to melt, taking on qualities of agility and sculptural composition. These aspects take on an identity of their own to the point of affecting the surfaces of the walls, highlighting the more rugged and uneven edges while softening those that are smoother. The three castles of Syracuse, Catania, and Aci are clear examples of unique systems that are environmentally integrated and interrelated with each other because of their peculiarity.
Le città nelle fortificazioni: le isole ioniche in Grecia. Conoscenza e valorizzazione di un patrimonio
Authors: Gron Silvia , Gkrimpa Eleni
Published: May 2020

The cities in the fortifications: the Ionian islands in Greece. Knowledge and enhancement of a heritage Residing in the Mediterranean Sea, Ionian islands signify the passage from the west to the east. A constantly sought-after region due to the trade routes, was for a long time garrisoned and under the authority of the Venetian Republic (fourteenth-eighteenth centuries) that hindered with its fleet the Turkish invasions. The bigger islands that constitute the cluster of the Eptanisa: Corfu, Lefkada or Santa Maura, Ithaka, Kefalonia, Kythira, Zakinthos and more, that had strategic positions with respect to the usual routes, had since the middle ages fortifications like walls, towers and castles, that over the time were expanded and restructured by the Venetians in order to defend those islands from the enemy attacks. The rich iconographic historic material, considering the Ionian Islands, allows to document the characteristics of those wide spread defensive structures and to identify each strong part of this big and unique fortification cluster. It has to be noted that every one of those structures gives us clues about the urban history of the city it resides since they were part of the urban landscape revealing this way the urban layout. The compelling story of the architectural consistency of those fortresses, as it is described in the historic documents, cannot be always verified. Many of those structures are nowadays completely destroyed and only a few remains are left. There are many ways to organize a project for saving those structures and in particular one that will be related with the cultural tourism.
Il piano regolatore di Tripoli (1930-1936). La consapevolezza del passato
Authors: Grisoni Michela Marisa
Published: May 2020

Tripoli town plan (1930-1936). The consciousness of the pastThe paper recalls the well known urban facts of Tripoli during the Italian colonialism to eventually deepen the theme of the preservation of the past and not only of the Roman one, as well of the city walls. The town plan has been analyzed not only as it has been approved but also as it has been argued, not only through the drawings but also by the debate. A few letters between the professionals involved (especially Alberto Alpago Novello) and some authoritative exponents of the contemporary architecture culture and criticism (like, Gustavo Giovannoni) have assured an original source to underlines the critical background and to reveal a purpose of touristic and commercial development.
Strategie digitali e di progetto per un patrimonio costruito e il suo paesaggio nel sistema di fortificazione del Nord Sardegna
Authors: Pieri Sofia
Published: May 2020

Project and digital strategies for a built heritage and its landscape in the coastal fortifications system of Northern SardiniaThe research will deal with new methods about project and digital strategies: first starting from digital survey, operated with 3D laser scanner and photogrammetry procedures, allowing, through various operations, coordinated in a workflow to obtain a single point-cloud, derived from the alignment of all scan, to generate a complex 3D model, so called Building Information Model for Heritage (BIM-H). The present research project aims to investigate and systematize, the new digital restitution strategies of the fortification existing through laser scanning and digital mapping, in particular, on military structures, as well as reflect on the problem of protection and managing this specific kind of built heritage today so far from the motivations that once determined its construction. Choosing two case studies, belonging to the coastal fortifications system of Northern Sardinia, built in the same historical period, Forte Cappellini and Punta Rossa, analyze the common constructive characters, the relationship with nature and their current state of conservation, going to verify the possibility of sharing methodologies and strategies of appropriate project. Passing from an isolated and static vision of work files to one that will be shared and dynamic, it will be possible to offer “food for thoughts” in various areas and disciplines related to Architecture, which will be able to interface simultaneously and work in progress, enriching its content and know-how. The outcome of the study will allow to recognize the emergence of a new strategy of scientific investigation and design able to positively influence the protection and conservation of military architecture of our peninsula, suggesting theoretical and operational guidelines of different nature, often in shorter times and with results almost unimaginable before, allowing for further analysis and developments the same model in future.
Las técnicas constructivas en las murallas medievales de Almería
Authors: Gurriarán Daza Pedro
Published: May 2020

Building techniques in the medieval walls of AlmeríaAlmería was one of the most important cities in al-Andalus, a circumstance that was possible thanks to the strength of its port. Its foundation as an urban entity during the Caliphate of Córdoba originated a typical scheme of an Islamic city organized by a medina and a citadel, both walled. Subsequent city’s growths, due to the creation of two large suburbs commencing in the eleventh century, also received defensive works, creating a system of fortifications that was destined to defend the place during the rest of the Middle Ages. In this work we will analyse the construction techniques used in these military works, which cover a wide period from the beginning of the tenth century until the end of the fifteenth century. Although ashlar stone was used in the Caliphate fortification, in most of these constructions bricklayer techniques were used, more modest but very useful. In this way, the masonry and rammed earth technique were predominant, giving rise to innumerable constructive phases that in recent times are being studied with archaeological methodology, thus to know better their evolution and main characteristics.
Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean Vol. X (FORTMED2020)
Authors: Navarro Palazón Julio , García-Pulido Luis José
Published: May 2020

FORTMED 2020 is the fifth edition of the International Conference on Fortifications of the Mediterranean Coast. The Conference has been held in March 26th, 27th and 28th 2020 in Granada (Spain), at the Laboratory of Archaeology and Architecture of the City (Laboratorio de Arqueología y Arquitectura de la Ciudad, LAAC) of the School of Arabic Studies (Escuela de Estudios Árabes, EEA), a research centre that belongs to the Spanish National Research Council (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC). The main objective of FORTMED conferences is to exchange and share knowledge for a better understanding, assessment, management and exploitation of the built Cultural Heritage. The focus is on defensive architecture in the Mediterranean area, from the Antiquity to the present day, although it does not exclude other fortifications built overseas but high influenced by those on the Mediterranean.
Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean Vol. XI (FORTMED2020)
Authors: Navarro Palazón Julio , García-Pulido Luis José
Published: May 2020

FORTMED 2020 is the fifth edition of the International Conference on Fortifications of the Mediterranean Coast. The Conference has been held in March 26th, 27th and 28th 2020 in Granada (Spain), at the Laboratory of Archaeology and Architecture of the City (Laboratorio de Arqueología y Arquitectura de la Ciudad, LAAC) of the School of Arabic Studies (Escuela de Estudios Árabes, EEA), a research centre that belongs to the Spanish National Research Council (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC). The main objective of FORTMED conferences is to exchange and share knowledge for a better understanding, assessment, management and exploitation of the built Cultural Heritage. The focus is on defensive architecture in the Mediterranean area, from the Antiquity to the present day, although it does not exclude other fortifications built overseas but high influenced by those on the Mediterranean.
A novel data-driven analytical framework on hierarchical water allocation integrated with blue and virtual water transfers
Authors: Yao Liming , Xu Zhongwen , Wu Huijuan , Chen Xudong
Published: May 2020

Abstract. In this study a novel data-driven analytical framework is proposed for cooperative strategies that ensure the optimal allocation of blue and virtual water transfers under different hydrological and economic conditions. A Stackelberg–Nash–Harsanyi equilibrium model is also developed to deal with the hierarchical conflicts between the water affairs bureau and multiple water usage sectors and overcome problems associated with water scarcity and uneven distribution. It was found that cooperative blue and virtual water transfer strategies could save water and improve utilization efficiency without harming sector benefits or increasing the ecological stress. Data-driven analyses were employed to simulate the hydrological and economic parameters, such as available water, crop import price and water market price under various policies. By adjusting the hydrological and economic parameters, it was found that the optimal allocation and transfer strategies were more sensitive to hydrological factors than economic factors. It was also found that cooperative blue/virtual water transfers respond to market fluctuations. Overall, the proposed framework provides sustainable management for physical and virtual water supply systems under future hydrological and economic uncertainties.
Caracterización mediante formas denominativas: una aproximación estilística de corpus a Corazón tan blanco (1992) Javier Marías
Authors: Gregori Signes Carmen
Published: May 2020

Corazón tan blanco (1992), una muy conocida obra de Javier Marías, ha dado lugar a numerosos estudios. Sin embargo, ninguno de ellos se ha interesado en interpretar estilísticamente el conjunto de formas denominativas y su función pragmática en la caracterización de los personajes de la obra. La presente contribución presta atención a dicho objetivo. Para ello haremos uso de la estilística de corpus, la cual aplica técnicas desarrolladas por la lingüística de corpus al análisis literario. El uso de dicha metodología nos ha permitido ser sistemáticos y exhaustivos en el análisis cuantitativo e interpretar cualitativamente las elecciones denominativas de Marías como elementos importantes en la caracterización de sus personajes.
Tipología de mecanismos cognitivos y lingüísticos que caracterizan el léxico disponible
Authors: Mahecha Mahecha Viviana , Mateus Ferro Geral
Published: May 2020

Se presenta una tipología de mecanismos que explica las relaciones entre las unidades léxicas y conceptuales de seis centros de interés (CI) o campos temáticos −Partes del cuerpo, Prendas de vestir, Alimentos y bebidas, Ciudad, Profesiones y oficios y Escuela y útiles escolares− del léxico disponible de estudiantes bogotanos. La tipología plantea la existencia de algunos mecanismos, agrupados en dos grandes conjuntos: semántico-cognitivos y lingüístico-formales, que subyacen a la activación del léxico disponible de la población de estudio. El análisis realizado parte de los fundamentos de la teoría de las Redes Semánticas (semantic networks) y emplea la herramienta informática DispoGrafo para determinar la red de unidades léxicas y conceptuales que conforman cada CI. Se presenta la distribución de estos mecanismos en el corpus, junto con una definición e ilustración mediante grafos de cada uno de los mecanismos propuestos.
El recorrido histórico de la Gaceta de Madrid
Authors: Fernández Mera María Victoria
Published: May 2020

Este trabajo analiza la lenta y larga evolución de la Gaceta de Madrid. Para su redacción, además de la bibliografía citada, se ha consultado la base de datos Gazeta, de la Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado, que contiene la colección histórica de dicha publicación. En las transcripciones de los textos se ha respetado la ortografía de la fuente original.El 2 de abril de 1697, apareció, por primera vez, la cabecera Gaceta de Madrid. Al igual que sus contemporáneas europeas, la gaceta española surgía al amparo del poder real, mediante la concesión del privilegio real de impresión, actuando como mero noticiero de los acontecimientos reales y políticos, al servicio de los intereses de la Corona. A lo largo del siglo XVIII, las gacetas modificaron sus estructuras y contenidos, su impresión dejó de estar en manos privadas para pasar a ser propiedad del Estado, convertirse en órgano oficial del gobierno y empezar a publicar las disposiciones que emanaban del Rey y las Cortes; si bien dicha publicación no era condición, en ningún caso, para la validez y eficacia de las normas. El cambio significativo tuvo lugar durante el siglo XIX, fue entonces cuando la Gaceta de Madrid se definió por primera vez como boletín oficial nacional, y cuando la publicación de las normas fue condición necesaria para su obligatoriedad.
Notas sobre varias inscripciones funerarias romanas procedentes del mercado de antigüedades
Authors: González García Alberto
Published: May 2020

Presentamos en estas páginas cuatro inscripciones funerarias romanas procedentes del mercado de antigüedades europeo, subastadas entre 2018 y 2019 de origen desconocido, carentes de cualquier contexto arqueológico y sin relación entre sí. Todas ellas muestran cognomina de origen griego que hacen pensar en libertos.
Chacón Gómez-Monedero, Francisco Antonio; Salamanca López, Manuel Joaquín y Carrasco Lazareno, María Teresa, Vida y milagros del bien aventurado San Julián, segundo obispo de Cuenca. Recopilada por el Padre Francisco Escudero, de la Compañía de Jesús
Authors: Ramon Estrany Jaume Xavier
Published: May 2020

Reseña de la obra de Chacón Gómez-Monedero, Francisco Antonio; Salamanca López, Manuel Joaquín y Carrasco Lazareno, María Teresa, Vida y milagros del bien aventurado San Julián, segundo obispo de Cuenca. Recopilada por el Padre Francisco Escudero, de la Compañía de Jesús, Cuenca, Cabildo de la Catedral de Cuenca y Asociación Seminario de Cultura Lope de Barrientos, 2018, 277 pp. ISBN: 978-84-09-05299-8.
Policy Perspectives on Green School Guidelines: Connecting School Science with Gardens to Envision a Sustainable Future
Authors: Acharya Kamal Prasad , Budhathoki Chitra Bahadur , Bjonness Birgitte , Jolly Linda
Published: May 2020

The purpose of this paper is to explore the perspectives of teacher educators and policy experts on ‘Green School Guidelines’ and ‘One Garden One School’ educational policies in Nepal. This paper also examines how these educational policies help to attain sustainable development goals through education for sustainable development. It aims to explore ways for effective implementation of these policies for activity-based science learning in the school garden. The qualitative method was used to explore the perspectives of science and environment teacher educators and central level policy experts. The data were collected from semi-structured in-depth interviews and informal conversations. The data from both these sources were analyzed thematically around the concepts of education for sustainable development, its implementation strategies and challenges, and life skills development among students through school gardening activities. The study found that teacher educators and policy experts positively view the Green School Guidelines and One Garden One School implementation strategies. Nevertheless, to achieve policy aims, local organization needs to play a major role in the effective implementation of green school guidelines. The findings from this study are expected to encourage the Nepal government, local governments, and community schools to bring central level policies into local practices.