bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A well – a wellspring – a jewel
Authors: Bagina Elena
Published: December 2021

Fresh water in the city is considered as the most important strategic resource for the existence of mankind. The article reveals religious, mythological and everyday symbols of water as a necessary element of national spiritual cultures. It also describes architectural peculiarities of wells as centers of attraction for citizens, meeting places and magic rituals in different regions of the world. The importance of fresh drinking water as an element of urban infrastructure is emphasized.
Projects of consular facilities of Kazy-Girey in Harbin
Authors: Smolianinova Tatiana
Published: December 2021

The architecture of unrealized projects of consular institutions of the Russian Imperial Consulate in Harbin is considered and analyzed. The projects were part of an unrealized plan to reorganize the consular service of the Russian Empire, the construction of which was never carried out due to the outbreak of the First World War and the subsequent October Revolution. In the course of the study, authorship of the projects carried out by the talented civil engineer Kazy-Girey Nikolai Alexandrovich was established, as well as his brief biography and the main stages of his creative activity. The article also describes the architectural, planning and compositional features of draft designs, such as the building of the consulate, the houses of the consul and vice-consuls.
Aids po jugoslovansko?
Authors: Lukanc Maja
Published: December 2021

Aids je v slovenski in jugoslovanski prostor vstopil sredi osemdesetih, ko se je Jugoslavija soočala z gospodarsko krizo in porastom političnih nesoglasij, slovensko družbo pa sta sočasno zaznamovali pospešeni demokratizacija in liberalizacija. Prispevek obravnava vprašanje, kako so se na prihod aidsa odzvali slovenska – in deloma tudi jugoslovanska – javnost, stroka ter politika. Na podlagi periodičnega tiska, ki ga dopolnjujejo arhivski viri, prispevek predstavi ukrepe, ki jih je država sprejemala v boju proti aidsu. Ob tem osvetli razhajanja, ki so se pri soočanju z novo boleznijo pojavila med jugoslovanskimi strokovnjaki ter zveznimi in republiškimi organi. Odziv na aids v prispevku služi kot prizma za preučevanje zmožnosti soočanja slovenskih in jugoslovanskih oblasti s kompleksnimi družbeno-medicinskimi vprašanji, delovanja slovenske in jugoslovanske stroke ter stanja slovenskega medijskega prostora. Ponudi tudi vpogled v odnos javnosti do republiško-zveznih antagonizmov in bolezenske stigme ter tako razgali stanje družbenopolitičnih vrednot slovenskega in jugoslovanskega prostora v turbulentnih osemdesetih.
O tecno‑complexo Acheulense em Portugal: contribuição para um balanço dos conhecimentos
Authors: Ferreira Carlos , Cunha‑Ribeiro João Pedro , Méndez-Quintas Eduardo
Published: December 2021

O aumento do número de dados disponíveis para o estudo do Plistocénico Médio no território peninsular tem favorecido a compreensão das características tecnológicas e cronológicas que definem o tecno‑complexo Acheulense ibérico e a sua integração na realidade euroasiática e africana. Neste contexto, considera‑se pertinente apresentar uma síntese atualizada que problematize o estudo deste tecno‑complexo em Portugal. Apesar de alguma indefinição cronológica, o Acheulense no território português parece desenvolver‑se durante a segunda metade do Plistocénico Médio, em correlação com a realidade observada noutras regiões da Península Ibérica. As características tecnológicas dos conjuntos assinalados também estão em correlação com as observadas noutros pontos do território peninsular. Em conjunto, o Acheulense ibérico tem fortes afinidades africanas por oposição à realidade documentada para além Pirenéus, observações que são reveladoras de diferenças regionais significativas nas dinâmicas de povoamento do continente europeu, e que reforçam a relevância da Península Ibérica para aprofundar o conhecimento destes processos.
Dois conjuntos anfóricos do Castelo de São Jorge (Lisboa): Largo de Santa Cruz do Castelo e Pátio José Pedreira
Authors: Filipe Victor
Published: December 2021

O espaço da antiga Alcáçova Islâmica do Castelo de Lisboa tem fornecido dados de extrema importância para o conhecimento dos momentos mais recuados da presença romana no Vale do Tejo. Nesse âmbito, têm‑se destacado os estudos sobre os contentores anfóricos. Neste artigo apresenta‑se a análise das ânforas romanas provenientes de duas intervenções arqueológicas realizadas naquela área da cidade: o Largo de Santa Cruz do Castelo e o Pátio José Pedreira. Com o estudo destes dois conjuntos anfóricos, procura‑se reajustar e afinar o perfil de importação e consumo de géneros alimentares transportados em ânforas estabelecido para o alto do Morro do Castelo. Os dados destas amostras aportam algumas novidades importantes, de que se destaca a documentação da importação de vinho proveniente do Mediterrâneo oriental.
A face romana de Santa Olaia (Figueira da Foz, Portugal) – uma leitura possível a partir da cultura material
Authors: Silva Ricardo Costeira da , Almeida Sara Oliveira , Pereira Isabel
Published: December 2021

Embora revele uma notável longevidade de ocupação, Santa Olaia é sobretudo conhecida pelos testemunhos da Idade do Ferro. Contudo, os restantes ciclos vivenciais são de igual importância para a compreensão da sua estratégia de afirmação regional ao longo do tempo. Neste caso e com base na revisão da documentação e espólio procedente das escavações arqueológicas realizadas, procura‑se compilar os elementos referentes à ocupação romana do local propondo, simultaneamente, uma narrativa de enquadramento. A análise dos dados reunidos parece indicar uma ocupação persistente desde época republicana aos inícios do século VI marcada, porém, pela noção de transfiguração cíclica do sítio. Atendendo às diferenças observadas ao nível do volume e qualidade do registo arqueológico, apresentam‑se potenciais linhas de interpretação explicativas das alterações de natureza funcional e relevância deste emblemático sítio do estuário do Mondego.
Pembrolizumab (Keytruda)
Authors: Reimbursement Team
Published: December 2021

CADTH reimbursement reviews are comprehensive assessments of the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness, as well as patient and clinician perspectives, of a drug or drug class.

The assessments inform non-binding recommendations that help guide the reimbursement decisions of Canada's federal, provincial, and territorial governments, with the exception of Quebec.

This review assesses pembrolizumab (Keytruda) 200 mg in adults or 2 mg/kg in pediatrics administered intravenously every 3 weeks.

Indication: Treatment of adult and pediatric patients with refractory or relapsed cHL, as monotherapy, who have failed ASCT, or who are not candidates for multi-agent salvage chemotherapy and ASCT.
Compact Radar Cross-Section Measurement Setup and Performance Evaluation
Authors: Sundermeier Maximilian F. , Fischer Dirk
Published: December 2021

Abstract. Radar cross-section measurements require the background reflections to be much lower than the reflections of the device under test. Although, anechoic chambers with special target holders meet this requirement, they are expensive and still have imperfections. To further reduce background reflections or to measure in environments where an anechoic chamber is not suitable, digital signal processing can be used to reduce background reflections. In this paper, a complete signal processing chain realized in Matlab is proposed, involving time gating of the measured target response and a background subtraction technique. Furthermore, the proposed signal processing includes a calibration procedure with either a single known calibration target or multiple known targets to improve measurement uncertainties. A compact measurement setup, consisting of a vector network analyzer and two horn antennas, is used to evaluate the overall performance and the advantages of a multiple known target calibration in a practical manner. The calibrated setup is able to measure the radar cross-section in a frequency range from 2 to 12 GHz with a mean error of less than 0.2 dB for both, VV and HH polarization combinations. It could also be shown, that a multi target calibration can result in an improvement of the measurement uncertainty by about 2.5 %.
Evaluierung globaler Telekonnektionen in Klimaprojektionen mithilfe komplexer Netzwerke
Authors: Dalelane Clementine , Winderlich Kristina
Published: December 2021

Die Evaluierung von Klimamodellen stellt einen der zentralen Forschungsgegenstände der Klimatologie dar. Als Ausdruck großskaliger dynamischer Prozesse nehmen die globalen Telekonnektionen eine Schlüsselrolle in der interannuellen und dekadischen Klimavariabilität ein. Ihre realistische Darstellung ist somit eine unabdingbare Voraussetzung für die Simulation des langfristigen, sowohl natürlichen wie auch anthropogenen, Klimawandels. Deswegen ist die Evaluierung der Telekonnektionen in globalen Klimamodellen von herausragender Bedeutung für die Beurteilung der physikalischen Plausibilität von Projektionen.   

Vorgestellt wird eine Anwendung des graphen-theoretischen Analyse-Werkzeugs δ-MAPS vor, mit dem aus spatio-temporalen Gitterdatensätzen, hier der Meeresoberflächentemperatur (SST) und des Geopotentials in 500 hPa (Z500), Komplexe Netzwerke konstruiert werden. Komplexe Netzwerke ergänzen die traditionellen Analyse-Methoden für Klimavariabilität wie Spektralanalyse und Empirische Orthogonale Funktionen um eine neue, nichtlineare Perspektive.

In δ-MAPS werden Gitterzellen zunächst zu sogenannten Domänen mit hochkohärenter zeitlicher Entwicklung zusammengefasst. In einem zweiten Schritt werden die Telekonnektionen zwischen den Domänen mithilfe des nichtlinearen Abhängigkeitsmaßes Distanz-Korrelation quantifiziert.  Wir konstruieren Komplexe Netzwerke bzgl. SST und Z500, sowie der Wechselwirkung zwischen SST und Z500, für 16 ausgewählte historische globale Klimaprojektionen der Generation CMIP6 und als Referenz für 2 voneinander unabhängige Reanalysen (CERA-20C und GECCO3 zusammen mit NCEP/NCAR RA1). Die Netzwerke der Projektionen werden mit denen der Reanalysen bzgl. eines Ähnlichkeitskriteriums verglichen, aus dem eine Rangfolge hinsichtlich der physikalischen Plausibilität der Projektionen abgeleitet wird.
A new analytical method, using the dark Fenton reaction as an OH radical source to study oxidations of unsaturated (di)aldehydes in the aqueous phase
Authors: Mekic Majda , Schaefer Thomas , Herrmann Hartmut
Published: December 2021

Anthropogenic and biogenic sources produce numerous primary emitted gases, organic compounds, and aerosols in the atmosphere. An important group of such compounds are α, β-unsaturated carbonyl molecules, which can be formed in the atmosphere due to their secondary origin, including oxidation of their precursors such as hydrocarbons with common atmospheric oxidants such as hydroxyl radicals (‧OH). Since those compounds contain at least one double bond and one carbonyl group, they are characterized as water-soluble molecules, which can diffuse on the cloud droplets’ surface and undergo a phase transfer from the gas phase to the atmospheric aqueous phase. In the latter, the oxidized organic compounds can contribute to aerosol mass production through in-cloud processes, yielding aqueous phase secondary organic aerosols (aqSOA). Due to their strong photochemical behavior, the development of a new analytical approach for evaluating the OH radical kinetics in the aqueous phase under dark conditions was essential. One of the most studied non-photolytic reactions is Fenton chemistry (Fe(II)/H2O2), which serves as an OH radical source in the dark in the atmospheric aqueous phase after catalytic decomposition of H2O2 in the presence of Fe(II) at acidic pH values. In a typical experiment, temperature-dependent second-order rate constants of OH radicals with unsaturated dialdehydes, such as (1) crotonaldehyde, and (2) 1,4-butenedial, were determined in a bulk reactor by using the competition kinetics method. In the newly developed method, the role of radical scavenger was performed by isotopically labeled 2-propanol (d8), while the OH-initiated oxidation produces deuterated acetone (d6), being analyzed with GC-MS after derivatization. The findings from our research will be incorporated in the CAPRAM model to explain discrepancies between experimentally observed and predicted aqSOA properties.
Investigation of the vertical structure of the lower atmosphere during heat wave conditions
Authors: Fohrmann Till , Hense Andreas , Friederichs Petra
Published: December 2021

The research on heat waves is strongly motivated by their impacts on human
life and the economy. Consequently, less research has been done on the
state of the lower atmosphere as a whole during these extreme events,
although it may play a role in the formation and persistence of heat
waves. Miralles et al. (2014) show that different factors must come
together to produce extremes such as the pronounced heat waves
in the year 2003 in France and 2010 in Russia. One interesting phenomenon
in this context is the emergence of an unusually deep boundary layer. The aim
of this work is to analyse whether this feature is a common trait of European
heat waves in general. To this end, we systematically investigate the vertical
structure and evolution of the lower atmosphere during heat waves in the
time period from 2014 to 2018. COSMO-REA6 data is used to find heatwaves
and provides vertical profiles of the atmosphere which we also compare
to radio sonde measurements. The results of our work could possibly be
used to improve the discriminability of different severity levels of heat waves or to
formulate a heat wave measure that is not based solely on surface variables.
Energiebilanzschließung bei Eddy-Kovarianz-Messungen unter Berücksichtigung atmosphärischer Stabilität und thermischer Oberflächenheterogenität
Authors: Wanner Luise , Calaf Marc , Paleri Sreenath , Butterworth Brian , Desai Ankur , Mauder Matthias
Published: December 2021

Die Energiebilanzlücke, die durch die Unterschätzung latenter und fühlbarer Wärmeströme in Eddy-Kovarianz-Messungen entsteht, ist ein seit Jahrzehnten bekanntes Problem. Seither wurden verschiedene Ansätze zur Schließung der Lücke entwickelt, die zu einer Verbesserung der Instrumentierung und der Anwendung verschiedener Korrekturmethoden in der Datenaufbereitung geführt haben. Diese Maßnahmen führten bisher jedoch noch nicht zu einer vollständigen Schließung der Energiebilanzlücke. Ein wesentlicher Grund dafür ist, dass der Energietransport durch sub-mesoskalige atmosphärische Zirkulationen definitionsgemäß nicht durch Eddy-Kovarianz-Messungen mit typischen Mittelungszeiten erfasst werden kann. Es gibt bereits einige Ansätze, die verbleibende Lücke zu schließen, indem der fehlende Anteil in unterschiedlichen Verhältnissen den gemessenen fühlbaren und latenten Wärmeflüssen zugerechnet wird. Allerdings gibt es nur wenige Ansätze, die diesen fehlenden Anteil auf der Grundlage kausaler Faktoren bestimmen. Als wichtiger Faktor wurde neben der atmosphärischen Stabilität die Heterogenität der Landschaft, insbesondere die thermische Ungleichmäßigkeit, identifiziert. In einer idealisierten Large-Eddy-Simulationsstudie wurde daher ein neues Modell der Energiebilanzlücke in Abhängigkeit eines atmosphärischen Stabilitätsparameters und eines Heterogenitätsparameters, der sowohl die Amplitude der Oberflächentemperatur als auch die vorherrschende Heterogenitätsskala berücksichtigt, entwickelt. Dieses Modell kann mit nur wenigen zusätzlichen Messungen zur Korrektur von Eddy-Kovarianz-Messungen unter instabilen und konvektiven atmosphärischen Bedingungen in Landschaften unterschiedlicher Oberflächenheterogenität verwendet werden. Das Modell wurde an 17 Eddy-Kovarianz-Stationen, die im Sommer und Herbst 2019 über einen Zeitraum von drei Monaten im Rahmen der umfassenden CHEESEHEAD19 (Chequamegon Heterogeneous Ecosystem Energy-balance Study Enabled by a High-density Extensive Array of Detectors) Messkampagne im Norden Wisconsins (USA) betrieben wurden, getestet. Wir stellen das neue Modell und dessen Anwendung auf Feldmessungen vor.
Modellierung der Multiphasenchemie von Dimethylsulfid in ECHAM-HAMMOZ
Authors: Hoffmann Erik Hans , Heinold Bernd , Tilgner Andreas , Herrmann Hartmut
Published: December 2021

Die Emission von Dimethylsulfid (DMS) aus den Ozeanen in die Atmosphäre ist die größte natürliche Schwefelquelle. Daher ist die Oxidation von DMS der wichtigste Faktor für die Bildung natürlicher Sulfatpartikel und den natürlichen Strahlungshaushalt der Erde. Die Bedeutung der Multiphasenchemie für die DMS-Oxidation ist unbestritten, insbesondere für die Bildung von Methansulfonsäure (MSA). MSA kann die Bildung neuer natürlicher Partikel wirksam unterdrücken. Dies wird jedoch in den aktuellen Klimachemiemodellen vernachlässigt. Oft wird die DMS-Oxidation durch drei Reaktionen vereinfacht, obwohl bewiesen ist, dass viel mehr Reaktionen wichtig sind, um die Multiphasenchemie von DMS genau darzustellen.
In dieser Studie wurde die im Klimachemiemodell ECHAM-HAMMOZ implementierte Gasphasen-DMS-Chemie erweitert. Darüber hinaus wurde erstmals die Chemie der MSA-Bildung in deliqueszenten Aerosolpartikeln durch die Implementierung eines reaktiven Aufnahmekoeffizienten realisiert. Es wurden erste Simulationen für das Jahr 2017 durchgeführt, um den neuen Mechanismus zu testen. Es wurden Sensitivitätsstudien durchgeführt, indem der Aufnahmekoeffizient variiert wurde, um die entsprechenden Auswirkungen auf die MSA-Bildung zu untersuchen. Darüber hinaus wurde eine Simulation mit der alten Parametrisierung, wie sie im Aerosolmodul HAM enthalten ist, durchgeführt. Aus den verschiedenen Schemata wurden starke Unterschiede hinsichtlich der Ausbeute an MSA, SO2 und H2SO4 und der anschließenden Bildung von Sulfat simuliert. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Berücksichtigung der reaktiven Aufnahme zu einem besseren Vergleich der simulierten mit den Feldmessungen für MSA führt. 
Insgesamt weisen die Simulationen auf die Bedeutung einer detaillierteren DMS-Oxidation hin, da die Bildung von Zwischenprodukten zu starken Veränderungen bei der Simulation des arktischen Strahlungsantriebs führt. Darüber hinaus treiben multiphasenchemische Prozesse die Bildung von MSA in der Gasphase an und beeinflussen die simulierte Sulfatkonzentration, insbesondere im südlichen Ozean.
An evaluation of kilometre scale ICON simulations of mixed-phase stratocumulus over the Southern Ocean during CAPRICORN
Authors: Ramadoss Veeramanikandan , Pfannkuch Kevin , Protat Alain , Huang Yi , Siems Steven , Possner Anna
Published: December 2021

Stratocumulus (Sc) clouds cover between 25% to 40% of the mid-latitude oceans, where they substantially cool the ocean surface. Many climate models poorly represent these marine boundary layer clouds in the lee of cold fronts in the Southern Ocean (SO), which yields a substantial underestimation of the reflection of short-wave radiation. This results in a positive mean bias of 2 K in the SO. The representation of stratocumulus clouds, cloud variability, precipitation statistics, and boundary layer dynamics within the ICON-NWP (Icosahedral Nonhydrostatic – Numerical Weather Prediction) model at the km-scale is evaluated in this study over the SO.

Real case simulations forced by ERA5 are performed with a two-way nesting strategy down to a resolution of 1.2 km. The model is evaluated using the soundings, remote sensing and in-situ observations obtained during the CAPRICORN (Clouds, Aerosols, Precipitation, Radiation, and Atmospheric Composition over the Southern Ocean) field campaign that took place during March and April 2016. During two days (26 and 27 March 2016), open-cell stratocumuli were continuously observed by the shipborne radars and lidars between 47oS 144oE and 45oS 146oE (South of Tasmania). Our simulations are evaluated against the remote sensing retrievals using the forward simulated radar signatures from PAMTRA (Passive and Active Microwave TRAnsfer).

The initial results show that the observed variability of various cloud fields is best captured in simulations where only shallow convection is parameterised at this scale. Furthermore, ICON-NWP captures the observed intermittency of precipitation, yet the precipitation amount is overestimated. We further analyse the sensitivity of the cloud and precipitation statistics with respect to primary and secondary ice-phase processes (such as Hallett–Mossop and collisional breakup) in ICON-NWP. Both processes have previously been shown to improve ice properties of simulated shallow mixed-phase clouds over the Southern Ocean in other models.
Assessment of a Broadband Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) for use in a ground-based measurement network
Authors: Knist Christine , Kayser Markus , Lauermann Felix , Löffler Moritz , Lehmann Volker , Lehtinen Raisa
Published: December 2021

Convective-scale forecasts require more detailed and continuous observational data of thermodynamic profiles and wind profiles in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) than currently provided. In order to meet these data requirements in the future, DWD evaluates various surface remote sensing systems targeted on ABL-profiling for routine network operation.

One of the candidate systems in operation at the Observatory Lindenberg is a new pre-production broadband DIAL from Vaisala. DIAL instruments are well-established in research activities, but this instrument is developed for operationally providing water vapor profile observations in the ABL during all weather conditions. We present evaluation results of the DIAL’s operational performance regarding the quality of the water vapor profiles and report on its ability to monitor sub-grid scale processes, such as convection and associated weather phenomena. This includes comparisons with radiosounding observations (4 per day) over at least one year of continuous observations and additional comparisons with Raman lidar for a three-month period during summer 2021. Furthermore, we provide observation-minus-background statistics between the DIAL and the ICON limited area model (ICON-LAM) to evaluate the model performance, e.g. under convection, and to identify observational error sources.

This contribution provides knowledge regarding the operational viability of the new pre-production broadband DIAL, its value for monitoring water vapour profiles 24/7 and ABL processes for future model applications.
Der Einfluss von Offshore-Windparks auf den latenten Wärmefluss
Authors: Platis Andreas , Büchau Yann , Bange Jens
Published: December 2021

Einzigartige fluggestützte in-situ Messungen wurden ausgewertet, um den Einfluss von Offshore-Windparks auf den latenten Wärmefluss in der unteren Atmosphäre zu untersuchen. Die Flugmessungen wurden mit dem Forschungsflugzeug Dornier-128 der TU Braunschweig durchgeführt. 21 der insgesamt 42 Messflüge, die im Rahmen des WIPAFF-Projektes in den Jahren 2016 und 2017 über der Deutschen Bucht durchgeführt wurden, ermöglichten eine solche Auswertung bei verschiedenen atmosphärischen Bedingungen. Die Messungen von 15 Flügen ergaben einen signifikanten Anstieg des vertikalen nach oben gerichteten latenten Wärmeflusses über den Offshore-Windparkclustern Amrumbank West, Nordsee Ost, Meerwind Süd/Ost oder dem Windpark Godewind. Bei thermisch stabilen Bedingungen zeigten alle ausgewerteten Flüge, bis auf einen, einen Anstieg des latenten Wärmeflusses über oder im Nachlauf des Windparks, mit einem bis zu 17-fachen höheren Wärmefluss im Vergleich zur ungestörten Strömung. Bei Flügen während einer instabilen thermischern Schichtung wurde das Phänomen in acht von 13 Fällen erfasst. Die Ergebnisse legen zudem nahe, dass nicht nur die thermische Schichtung, sondern auch die Schichtung der Feuchtigkeit eine entscheidende Rolle spielt, ob der Einfluss des Windparks im latenten Wärmefluss sichtbar wird. Wird der absolute Betrag des Anstiegs des nach oben gerichteten latenten Wärmestroms betrachtet, so wurde ein maximaler Anstieg um +400 W/m² bei instabilen Bedingungen gemessen. Das Projekt WIPAFF wurde vom deutschen Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie gefördert. 
Verifying urban canopy parameterization effects in a mesoscale model with wind tunnel data
Authors: Cheng Ge , Freitas Sylvio , Schlünzen K. Heinke
Published: December 2021

Airflow within and above urban canopy layers are modelled by different approaches in a wind tunnel and in a numerical mesoscale model. For the experimental approaches in the wind tunnel, the combination of spires, roughness elements and a physical model generates a scaled boundary layer flow with velocity and turbulence characteristics that are consistent with microscale urban canopy flows in reality. A wind tunnel is comparable in resolution with an obstacle resolving microscale model, therefore data comparisons are frequently done for this scale. However, for many applications numerical models of 1 km resolution are used, resolving mesoscale atmospheric phenomena but not microscale ones. Parameterizations are then used to represent physical processes and obstacle influences on the atmospheres. Due to the coarse resolution, a direct comparison of mesoscale model results and wind tunnel is difficult.

In this study, we use wind tunnel data as validation datasets to evaluate the urban canopy parameterization effects on airflow in a mesoscale model. We have developed a multi-layer urban canopy parameterization using nudging, implemented in the atmospheric model METRAS. The extended model is tested in an idealized case, in which the model domain is designed using realistic topographical data for the Hamburg city center but not resolving buildings. To simplify the city structure, two important canopy morphological parameters are used: building surface fraction and building height. Experiments with a similar model configuration were carried out in parallel in the Blasius wind tunnel facility of the Environmental Wind-Tunnel Laboratory of the University of Hamburg at a model scale of 1:500. Based on the realistic building surface fraction and building height, a pyramid-like model for the urban canopy is placed in the wind tunnel. The set-ups of the numerical model runs and the wind tunnel experiments are designed following two principles: first, keeping the set-up in both approaches as equivalent as possible, in terms of meteorological conditions, roughness lengths, simulation durations, etc.; secondly, taking into account the limitations of the microscale wind tunnel datasets and keeping as many characteristics of atmospheric processes as possible.

The METRAS results show a good agreement with the wind tunnel datasets, in terms of representing building effects such as the reduction of mean wind speeds in the building wake, enhanced turbulence intensities and turbulent fluctuation characteristics for a sufficiently fine scale. However, for coarser resolution, the result comparability reduces and the agreement is less. Thus, we conclude that sub-grid scale canopy effects can be parameterized sufficiently well for their impacts on the average flow, but any detailed changes can only be simulated with a sufficiently high resolution.
Aviation impact on the cirrus ice crystal number using satellite observation
Authors: Marjani Sajedeh , Tesche Matthias , Bräuer Peter , Sourdeval Odran , Quaas Johannes
Published: December 2021

Aviation outflow is the only anthropogenic source of pollution that is directly emitted into the upper troposphere. This emission has the potential to modify the cloudiness directly by forming linear contrails and indirectly by injecting aerosols, which can act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and ice nucleating particles (INP). Contrail cirrus can persist either in cloud-free supersaturated air, increasing high-cloud cover or inside natural cirrus cloud, and therefore modifying the microphysical properties of already existing cirrus clouds. Even though the situation that an aircraft flies through a natural cirrus is one of the highly probable situations in the upper troposphere, its subsequent impact is unclear with the present state of knowledge. Quantifying such impact is necessary if we are to properly account for the influence of aviation on climate. One main limitation preventing us to better identify these impacts is the lack of height resolved measurements inside the cirrus clouds.

In this study, we used new retrievals from combined satellite cloud radar and lidar (Cloud- Sat/CALIPSO; DARDAR-Nice algorithm), which provide height resolved information of ice crystal number concentration, at intercepts between the CALIPSO ground track and the position of civil aircraft operating between the west coast of the continental United States (Seattle, San Francisco and Los Angeles) and Hawaii during 2010 and 2011 from an earlier study.

Comparing cloudy air behind the aircraft inside the flight track to the adjacent regions and to ahead of the aircraft revealed a notable difference in ice number concentration at 300 m to 540 m beneath the flight height. These differences are derived from the reduction of ice number concentrations as we proceed toward the cloud base in regions unaffected by aviation and the increase of ice crystals as we distance a few hundreds of meters beneath the flight level in the regions affected by aviation.
Europaweite Anwendung des SVAT-Modells AMBAV unter Verwendung von ICON-EU-Daten als Input: Fallstudie für Deutschland und Belgien
Authors: Haßelbusch Kristin , Lucas-Moffat Antje
Published: December 2021

AMBAV ist ein vom DWD entwickeltes SVAT-Modell (SVAT: Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere Transfer), das für landwirtschaftliche Kulturen parametrisiert ist und in der agrarmeteorologischen Politikberatung eingesetzt wird. Es koppelt eine Ontogenesemodellierung mit einem bodenhydraulischen Modell und erlaubt so die Abschätzung von Verdunstungskomponenten und Bodenwassergehalten für Agrarflächen. Neben Boden- und Pflanzeninformationen sind die meteorologischen Bedingungen entscheidende Einflussfaktoren. Diese beinhalten stündliche Mittelwerte bzw. Summen von kurzwelliger Einstrahlung, langwelliger atmosphärischer Gegenstrahlung, Niederschlag, Lufttemperatur, relativer Luftfeuchte, Windgeschwindigkeit und Luftdruck. In Deutschland wird das Modell operationell mit DWD-Wetterstationsdaten für einzelne Standorte und flächenhaft mit interpolierten Stationsdaten angewandt.

Hier untersuchen wir die Nutzung von Daten des NWP-Modells ICON (EU Nest) als meteorologische Informationen und Daten des Projekts SoilGrids als Bodeninformation. Dies erlaubt formal die Anwendung von AMBAV für die gesamte europäische Region. Phänologische Entwicklungen können bei fehlenden Beobachtungen mit Hilfe eines Wärmesummenmodells abgeschätzt werden. Beispielhaft wird hier für eine erste Evaluation eine Belgien und Deutschland umfassende Region betrachtet. Aus den ICON-EU-Daten werden die für AMBAV benötigten Parameter abgeleitet und für Deutschland mit den für den operationellen Betrieb genutzten Interpolationsrastern verglichen. Die Modellergebnisse werden auf Plausibilität und ihre Dynamiken in verschiedenen Zeitskalen untersucht. Zusätzlich werden die Modellausgaben für die aktuelle Verdunstung und die Bodenfeuchte exemplarisch für ausgewählte Messstandorte der europäischen ICOS-Infrastruktur validiert.
Exploring the representation of clouds and humidity in the Arctic with cloud-resolving simulations using ICON-LEM
Authors: Kiszler Theresa , Chellini Giovanni , Ebell Kerstin , Kneifel Stefan , Schemann Vera
Published: December 2021

The discussions around Arctic Amplification have led to extensive research, as done in the transregional collaboration (AC)³. One focus are the feedback mechanisms that are strengthening or weakening the warming. Several of these feedbacks involve moisture in the atmosphere in all phases. To understand these better we have been running and analysing daily cloud-resolving simulations. We performed these simulations for a region more strongly affected by the warming around Ny-Ålesund (Svalbard), which is challenging due to its diverse surface properties and mountainous surrounding. We have created an outstandingly large data set of several months of these simulations with 600 m resolution, using the Icosahedral non-hydrostatic model in the large-eddy mode (ICON-LEM).

To gain some understanding of how well the model can represent such a complex location, we evaluated the performance of the model. For this, we used a range of observations from the measurement super-site located at Ny-Ålesund. This included radiosondes [1], a rain gauge, a microwave radiometer and further processed remote sensing data. Combining the measurements and simulations enables us to provide thorough statistics for different variables connected to clouds and to establish an understanding of how well they are represented.

We show that the model is capable of simulating the two distinct flow regimes in the boundary layer and the free troposphere. Further, we found a tendency in the model to misrepresent liquid and mixed-phase clouds as purely ice clouds. Though the water vapour is well captured, we found further steps in the chain towards precipitation formation are insufficiently represented. Through the use of forward simulations and expanded model output, we can continue to get a better picture of possibilities to understand and improve the microphysical processes.

This work was supported by the DFG funded Transregio-project TR 172 “Arctic Amplification (AC)3“.

References

[1] M. Maturilli, High resolution radiosonde measurements from station Ny-Ålesund (2017-04 et seq). Alfred Wegener Institute - Research Unit Potsdam, PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.914973 (2020)
Stratospheric circulation trends in ERA5 reanalysis compared to climate models over 1960-2020
Authors: Eichinger Roland , Diallo Mohamadou , Iglesias-Suarez Fernando , Pisoft Petr
Published: December 2021

The recent release of the long-term ERA5 reanalysis data spanning from 1950 to present offers new opportunities for analysing trends and variability of stratospheric dynamics. For the first time, a 60 year period (1960-2020) can be analysed in reanalysis data and compared with chemistry-climate model simulations. The analyses of stratospheric circulation trends and seasonalities over this long time period can help us to better understand the long-term evolution of the Brewer-Dobson circulation (BDC), and the related inter-model differences and model dependencies. Therefore, this way an improved credibility in future projections of the BDC can be obtained.
We find that the global trend patterns of the temperature, zonal wind and residual vertical velocity agrees well between ERA5 and the multi model mean. However, differences occur in the width and altitude of the maximum trend. The tropical upwelling mass flux time series in the lower stratosphere of models and reanalysis disagrees at the beginning of the period, but they converge after around 1980. The agreement of the time series increases with altitude, where the QBO dominates the signal. Moreover, we find a generally good agreement in the zonal wind trends, although some differences are detected in the subtropical jet strength and upward shift, as well as in the polar vortex region where the models exhibit larger changes than ERA5. Another striking difference is the temperature trend in the tropical upper troposphere/lower stratosphere, where models show a more extended warming trend into the lower stratosphere. In this presentation, we show these results, put them in relation to what had been shown in previous studies for other time periods and discuss possible explanations for the differences as well as implications for the further evolution of the BDC.
Potenzial terrestrischer Kohlenstoffdioxidabscheidung (CDR) unter sozio-ökologischen Einschränkungen (STEPSEC)
Authors: Falk Stefanie ,   STEPSEC-Team
Published: December 2021

Um sowohl nationale als auch internationale Klimaschutzziele einhalten zu können und den globalen Temperaturanstieg zu begrenzen, sind massive Reduktionen des CO2-Ausstoßes notwendig. Da die bisherigen Maßnahmen zur Emissionsreduktion weltweit nicht ausreichend sind, ist es wahrscheinlich, dass Wege gefunden werden müssen, mehr Treibhausgase zu binden, als ausgestoßen werden.

Wir führen eine, dem Stand der Technik entsprechende, robuste und vergleichende Bewertung der Potenziale der gängigsten Methoden landgebundener Kohlenstoffdioxidabscheidung (CDRL) und ihrer Auswirkungen auf das Erdsystem unter der Annahme sozio-ökologischer Randbedingungen durch. Unter Verwendung von drei dynamischen globalen Vegetationsmodellen (DGVMs) mit hoher Prozessgenauigkeit vergleichen wir Aufforstung, Waldbewirtschaftung und Bioenergie mit Kohlenstoffabscheidung und -speicherung. Dies erlaubt es das CDRL-Potenzial mit hohem ökologischen Realismus zu untersuchen (z.B. Auswirkung von Wetterextremen). Ferner sollen somit die möglichen Vorteile und Nachteile von CDRL bezüglich anderer Ziele der nachhaltigen Entwicklung (u.A. Treibhausgaseffekte, Nahrungsmittel, Wasser, Biodiversität und biogeophysikalische Klimaauswirkungen) einander gegenüber gestellt werden. Da gesellschaftliche Zwänge wichtige Hindernisse für die Umsetzung von CDRL darstellen können, werden auch sozio-ökonomische Gesichtspunkte, basierend auf sozio-ökonomischen Pfaden und agentenbasierten Modellen, für die Landnutzungsentscheidungen Eingang finden. Hierfür werden die globalen Szenarien des IPCC auf deutsche Verhältnisse (eingebettet in europäische Ziele) angepasst und auch ethische Aspekte in enger Zusammenarbeit mit Interessenvertretern weiterentwickelt.
Diese umfassende und interdisziplinäre Untersuchung von CDRL Methoden wird eine fundierte Entscheidungsfindung ermöglichen.
Messungen der 2m Temperatur und Feuchte zur Evaluierung von PALM-4U
Authors: Langer Ines , Pasternack Alexander , Ulbrich Uwe , Rust Henning W.
Published: December 2021

Mit einer Gitterweite von 1-10m kann das Stadtklimamodell PALM-4U (Maronga, et al. 2019) kleinskalige atmosphärische Prozesse auflösen, und unter anderem den Einfluss von Gebäuden und Vegetation detailliert berücksichtigen. Die Evaluierung des Modells erfolgt hier auf Basis von Langzeitbeobachtungen der Lufttemperatur und Feuchte an 32 verschiedenen Standorten im Berliner Stadtgebiet. Während einer Intensiven Messkampagne im Jahr 2018 standen acht weitere Messstationen zur Verfügung. Hier wird speziell der 16. Juli 2018 betrachtet, ein Tag mit langer Sonnenscheindauer (14h), bei dem eine Maximaltemperatur von 27.03°C an der institutseigenen WMO-Station 10381 im Botanischer Garten erreicht wurde. Die Evaluierung berücksichtigt den Grad der Horizontüberhöhung, den Sky View Faktor (SVF), der ein dimensionsloser Parameter zwischen 0 und 1 ist. Der SVF ist 1, wenn die komplette obere Himmelshälfte am Standort sichtbar ist und null wenn die Himmelshälfte nicht mehr zu erkennen ist. Ein potentielles Anwendungsszenario ist zum Beispiel die Prüfung der Frage, wie sich eine Nachverdichtung in einer Stadt auswirkt. Am Beispieltag zeigen die Messungen, dass es bei einem SVF von 0.29 zwischen 5 und 6 Uhr morgens bis zu 2.4K kälter ist als bei einen SVF größer 0.60. Außerdem tritt das Temperaturmaximum beim größeren SVF etwa 1,5 Stunden später ein. Die Abweichungen des Modells von den Beobachtungen für die Messorte können mit dem mittleren absoluten Fehler (MAE) quantifiziert werden. Auch hier ergibt sich ein systematischer Unterschied danach, wie groß der lokale SVF ist. Bei einem SVF von weniger als 0.29 ergibt sich im 24-Stunden-Mittel ein geringerer Fehler (1.53 K bei Mess- und Modelldaten-Frequenz von 5min) als bei  einem SVF größer als 0.6 (1.76 K). Hierzu trägt bei, dass die beobachtete Amplitude des Tagesgangs von MAE bei einem SVF größer als 0.6 vom Modell um bis zu 4.5 K unterschätzt wird. Dies liegt insbesondere an den Temperaturen zwischen Sonnenuntergang (19 Uhr) und Mitternacht, die im Modell bei nahezu sichtbarem Himmel zu hoch sind.

Literatur: Maronga, B., G. Groß, S. Raasch, S. Banzhaf, R. Forkel, W. Heldens, F. Kanani-Sühring, A. Matzarakis, M. Mauder, D. Pavlik, J. Pfafferott, S. Schubert, G. Seckmeyer, H. Sieker, K. Winderlich (2019): Development of a new urban climate model based on the model PALM - Project overview, planned work, and first achievements, Met. Z., 28, 105-119 DOI: 10.1127/metz/2019/0909
Epidemic waves in relief against a structured climatic background
Authors: Carl Peter
Published: December 2021

For directly transmissible infectious diseases, seasonality in the course of epidemics may manifest in four major ways: susceptibility of the hosts, their individual and collective behavior, transmissibility of the pathogen, and survival of the latter under evolving environmental conditions. Mechanisms and concepts are not finally settled, notably in a pandemic setting. Climatic seasonality by itself is an aggregate, structured phenomenon that provides a spatially distributed background to the epidemic outbreak and its evolution at multiple timescales. Using advanced methods of data and systems analysis, including epidemiological and climate modeling, the RKI data of the COVID-19 epidemic curve for Berlin and a five-parameter climate data set of the nearby station Lindenberg (Mark) are analyzed in daily resolution over the period March 2020 to October 2021. Aimed to identify extrinsic impacts due to organized intraseasonal climate dynamics, as seen in sunshine duration and surface climate (pressure, temperature, humidity, wind), on intrinsic dynamics of the epidemic system, an established (SEIR) model of the latter and modifications thereof have been subjected to in-depth studies with a view on both genesis and timing of epidemic waves and their potential synchronization with climatic background dynamics. Starting with a case study for the spring 2020 period of shutdown, which unveils remarkable synchronies with the seasonal transition, estimates are given and applied to the follow-up period of individual and combined impacts of climate variables on the SEIR model in different oscillatory (non-equilibrium, lately endemic) regimes of operation.
The Emergency Accessibility Analysis based on Traffic Big Data and Flood Scenario Simulation in the context of Shanghai Hotel industry
Authors: Yao Qian , Lin Jiangyang , Shi Yong , Chen Zhihao , Wang Qingwei
Published: December 2021

Abstract. Underlying the impact of global warming and rapid growth of the tourism industry, the increasing frequency of flood post threats to the sustainable development of the coastal cities in China. The article proposes a methodological approach to evaluate the emergence response capability. This approach combines the flood simulation scenario method, traffic big data with the path navigation interface of the web. This article provides an empirical study to evaluate the emergency response from Fire & Rescue Service (FRS) to the tourist hotel in Shanghai from spatial accessibility perspective. The findings show that (1). The emergency response from FRS has significant relationships with the situation of transportation, the location of hotels, the intensity of flood inundation and the number, location of the urban FRS. (2). The emergency accessibility of a city caused by floods depends on the prevailing traffic conditions. The more severe traffic congestion has a significant impact on the spatial accessibility. (3) Flooding and real-time traffic conditions can change the fastest path from FRS to tourist hotels, resulting in delays in emergency response times, and the selection of the most appropriate travel routes is critical to improving the emergency response capability of cities. The results proved the validity of this proposed approach. Consequently, the approach contributes to the enhancement of the level of emergence response ability of urban tourism when they encounter disasters.
Mapping Transboundary Climate Change Risk: the case study of the Trinational Metropolitan Area Upper Rhine Area
Authors: Riach Nils , Scholze Nicolas , Glaser Rüdiger
Published: December 2021

Abstract. In this study we examine the spatial patterns of risk towards climate change and climatic extremes in the “Trinational Metropolitan Region Upper Rhine” (TMU). Following the concept of risk analysis, we identify the regional dimension of climatic stressors in relation to the socio-economic dimension. We present an indicator-based assessment, which operationalizes risk as a product of its subcomponents climatic stressors, spatial occurrence, sensitivity and impact.We map them individually and aggregate them into a composite index. We also address the specific challenges of the trinational situation, which has an impact on the availability, homogeneity and resolution of comparable data sets. We show that risk can be approximated and mapped despite the uncertainties and additionally we explore to what extent the subcomponents contribute to the overall index. The results show differentiated spatial patterns of risk with cross-border clusters i.e. transnational corridors. Risk is amplified depending on the driving climate scenario for 2021–2050, 2041–2070 and 2071–2100, and increases during the course of the century, especially in the transnational metropolitan corridors of the TMU. Further focus on transnational spatial planning and cooperation is needed in future adaption research and practice.
Advances in pedestrian travel monitoring: Temporal patterns and spatial characteristics using pedestrian push-button data from Utah traffic signals
Authors: Humagain Prasanna , Singleton Patrick
Published: December 2021

In this study, we advanced pedestrian travel monitoring using a novel data source: pedestrian push-button presses obtained from archived traffic signal controller logs at more than 1,500 signalized intersections in Utah over one year. The purposes of this study were to: (1) quantify pedestrian activity patterns; (2) create factor groups and expansion/adjustment factors from these temporal patterns; and (3) explore relationships between patterns and spatial characteristics. Using empirical clustering, we classified signals into five groups, based on normalized hourly/weekly counts (each hour’s proportion of weekly totals, or the inverse of the expansion factors), and three clusters with similar monthly adjustment factors. We also used multinomial logit models to identify spatial characteristics (land use, built environment, socio-economic characteristics, and climatic regions) associated with different temporal patterns. For example, we found that signals near schools were much more likely to have bimodal daily peak hours and lower pedestrian activity during out-of-school months. Despite these good results, our hourly/weekday patterns differed less than in past research, highlighting the limits of existing infrastructure for capturing all kinds of activity patterns. Nevertheless, we demonstrated that signals with push-button data are a useful supplement to existing permanent counters within a broader pedestrian traffic monitoring program.
ALKALOIDS OF PLANTS OF BERBERIS TURKOMANIKA KAR
Authors: Khamidov Inomidin
Published: December 2021

The alkaloid composition of the leaves and young shoots of Berberis turkomanika Kar was studied. The alkaloids glaucine, isocoridine, talicmidine, oxyacanthine, armepavine, berberine, coripalline, as well as the bases turkomanidine and turkamine were isolated from the leaves and young shoots by chromatography. The structure of the alkaloids turcomanidine, turkamine, and the neutral compound cyclotriveratrilene was determined by studying the spectral data and chemical transformations. Turkomanidine, turkamine, and the neutral compound cyclotriveratrilene, were first isolated from a plant of the genus Berberis
BOOK N.A. ZHYMUNSKOY «FROM BAROQUE TO ROMANTICISM»: HISTORY OF CREATION AND HISTORY OF PUBLICATION
Authors: Astvatsaturova Vera
Published: December 2021

The article discusses a collection of articles of professor St. Petersburg State University Nina Zhirmunsky, articles on French and German literature. The collection was published posthumously. The article traces the author’s scientific path, the evolution of his interests related to French and German literature, as well as literary relationships. In addition, the article tells the history and principles of the posthumous publication of the collection.