bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fishery migration under the influence of global warming
Authors: Tang Jian , Zhu Zeqi , Guo Siyi
Published: January 2021

With the pace of global warming getting faster and faster, the temperature of the sea is gradually rising. Meanwhile, Scotland, located on the east coast of the North Atlantic, is facing a serious problem: how to develop their fishing industry while fish are migrating. In this article, we will use a series of models to analyze the current situation and recommend some ways for the development of small Scottish fishing companies. In Task 1, based on the sufficient global ocean temperature data recorded by the Met Office Hadley Centre, we firstly used the convolutional neural network (CNN) model to learn the ocean temperature change in the waters around Scotland in the past 50 years, to find out the changing trend and make a reasonable prediction on the sea temperature (SST) change in the next 50 years. Then, by using the obtained data in ocean temperature, continental shelves, and ocean currents, the behavior of herring and mackerel was excavated and simulated. Besides, we build a double-objective Linear Programming (DLP) model to predict the location of these two fish species in the next 50 years, based on the distribution patterns of the Scottish fisheries over the past 50 years. What’s more, we also performed the Process of Gridding on the map of Scotland, making all the models easier to calculate. In Task 2, we used the Logistic Growth Model (LGM) to establish a freshness model for captured fish, combined with the speed of a Scottish fishery boat to calculate the company's fishing range. Then we obtained the best and worst situations of the two fish habitats for the company's fishing business in the next 50 years through the fine-tuning of the parameters and sensitivity analysis. Also, we predicted the most likely future time for the company to be unable to continue fishing if maintaining a former strategy. In Task 3, we simulated the model in Task 2 to obtain a fish freshness model with refrigeration equipment, which provides basic elements needed for relocating a fishing port or updating fishing boats. Lastly, through the establishment of the Abstract Value-Estimated Model (AVEM), we roughly calculated the value of the two schemes to finally assure that the relocation of the fishing port was more economical. Although we did a lot of research to improve the accuracy of our work, the political decision of the government will change indefinitely, which means that our research still needs some innovational work before the actual adjustments of Scottish fishery.
Metal-Organic Framework as a New Photocatalyst for Environmental Pollutant Treatment
Authors: Ying Chenghao
Published: January 2021

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) which are novel and burgeoning porous crystalline materials. In recent researches, MOFs demonstrated a variety of applications due to their unique features: large surface area and tunable porosity. The unique features have attracted extensive researching interests in exploring the application of MOFs as photocatalysts for environmental remediation. Herein, the review starts with an overview of fundamental aspects of MOFs followed by the introduction of several synthesizing techniques. The discussion of MOFs characteristics and their applications in photocatalysis will be focused on.
Research progress of semiconductor photocatalysis applied to environmental governance
Authors: Zhao Zhiio
Published: January 2021

A review of the current research situation of semiconductor photocatalysis at home and abroad, and a brief analysis of the existing problems and future development trends. Listed some of the achievements of photocatalysis research in the past 30 years, covering the research of photocatalysis mechanism, the application research of photocatalysis technology in the environmental field, and the contemporary problems of photocatalysis technology, etc. from basic to applied research.
The Determination of Nitrite Content in Market Sausages
Authors: Yuan Lei , Zhang Jingyu , Wu Xiao , Li Na , Liu Haiyan , He Lijie
Published: January 2021

As a common food additive, nitrite exists widely in cooked meat foods such as sausages. This paper establishes a simple, sensitive and more accurate spectrophotometric method to measure the content of nitrite in sausage foods. After earlier period of treating the samples, the purple-red products formed with naphthyl ethylenediamine hydrochloride under weak acid conditions have the maximum absorption at 540nm. The content of sodium nitrite has a good linear relationship in the range of 0∼0.40μg/mL by experimental analysis. The linear equation is A=0.6496C+0.0029. The correlation coefficient R2=0.9969. The recoveries were in the range from 100.1% to 104.7%. The results of detecting the samples show that the nitrite content of the samples is between 2.8920 and 10.9498 mg/kg, which corresponds to the national limited standard.
Determination of Benzopyrene in edible fish
Authors: Zhang Jingyu , Yuan Lei , Zhang Lin , Pan Yi , Chen Hong , Jiao Jifeng
Published: January 2021

Benzopyrene is a kind of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and a strong carcinogen. Now, more attention has been paid to benzopyran pollution in food. In this paper, taking the edible fish in Yingkou area as the representative, the extraction solution was determined by UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The results showed that the content of benzopyrene in the three kinds of edible fish was less than the national standard among them, the benzopyrene content of sea catfish is high, and then the risk of carcinogenesis and pollution are analyzed, the results are within the safe range.
Analysis of Electronic Equipment Recycling Based on Environmental Economic Background
Authors: Chen Yuanyuan
Published: January 2021

Since the reform and opening up, China's economy has achieved rapid and stable growth, especially the rapid development of the electronic industry. However, these electronic products contain many harmful chemicals. If not properly handled, they will seriously harm the ecological environment and human health. However, many enterprises lack systematic management in the process of developing logistics, and waste a lot of money and energy in logistics, especially in reverse logistics. How to reduce the problems of reverse logistics management is a problem that enterprises need to consider. Under the background of environmental protection economy, this paper studies a set of reasonable electronic product reverse logistics management scheme.
Long-term aging performance study of asphalt with different composition
Authors: Xu Meng , Zhang Yuzhen , Zhao Pinhui
Published: January 2021

Thin film oven tests (TFOT), pressure aging tests (PAV) for 5 h, 10 h, 15 h, 20 h were carried out on asphalts from 6 crude oil resources. Conventional and dynamic shear rheological tests (DSR) were carried out on samples at different aging degrees, respectively to evaluate the aging performance of asphalt with different composition. The main conclusions are as follows: asphalt composition had obvious influence on the long-term aging performance, in which the asphaltene content of asphalt is negatively correlated with the long-term aging performance of asphalt. According to experimental results of aging process influence on storage modulus G', A3, A5 and A6 asphalts had worse anti-aging performance than A1, A2 and A4. Meanwhile based on test results of aging process influence on loss modulus G", A1, A2 and A4 asphalts had worse anti-aging performance than A3, A5 and A6 asphalt.
Experimental study on uniaxial compression after creep characteristics of similar soft rock containing cross cracks
Authors: Cui Lizhuang , Ge Qiang , Zhou Tongtong , Liu Yaqi , Wang Yongyan
Published: January 2021

In order to study the creep phenomenon and failure law of rock materials containing cracks, uniaxial compression test and uniaxial compression test after creep are carried out on similar soft rock samples containing different angles of cross cracks, and the differences of rock mechanical properties after two tests are compared and analyzed. Results show that creep effect increases the compactness of the internal structure of the sample, the elastic modulus improve, enhance the ability of resistance to elastic deformation, the peak strength increases, and 15° cross crack sample is more seriously damaged, 30°, 45° and 60° cross crack samples generate deeper and longer crack propagation and broken degree is lower, 75° and cross sample produce fewer cracks.
Research on centralized cooling system of coal mine based on fuzzy hierarchical method
Authors: Zhao Juan , Li Yuanzhen
Published: January 2021

The problem of heat damage in coal mines is becoming more and more serious, and the implementation effect of cooling system has become a matter of concern. In order to objectively evaluate the implementation effect of the mine cooling system, a comprehensive evaluation index system of the mine cooling system is established, and each index is quantified by expert scoring. Applying the combination of AHP and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation to comprehensively evaluate the cooling effect of the specific working face of coal mine, and propose management suggestions based on the evaluation results. The results of calculation and analysis show that the evaluation result of a coal mine cooling system is "good", which meets the requirements of mine safety in production.
Influence of Bifurcation Pipe Position on Hydraulic Turbulence for Pumped Storage Power Station
Authors: Cao Linning , Li Zhaowen , Li Yong , Li Bing
Published: January 2021

There must be hydraulic turbulence transient in the pumped storage power station with one pipe corresponding to several units. This paper established a simulation model by using the method of characteristics for a pumped storage power station to analyse how the change of upstream and downstream bifurcation pipe position and different arrangements of downstream surge tank affect the hydraulic turbulence. The results indicate that unit output’s amplitude of power mode is smaller than that of frequency mode. And the upstream and downstream bifurcated pipes far away from the units can reduce the hydraulic turbulence of normal operating unit while the upstream without bifurcation pipe is better than the downstream without bifurcation pipe to control the output swing. Sharing the downstream surge tank can effectively reduce the maximum relative over output of the unit, while the surge tank placed in the downstream branch pipe will worsen turbulence process.
The Discussion on Hot Spot and Frontier of Energy Research in Smart Cities
Authors: Tang Jun
Published: January 2021

Taking the journal documents published between 2008 and 2019 in the core collection of web of science as samples, using citespace software, a visual analysis of the research literature in the energy field in smart cities from the three dimensions of research evolution path, research hotspot, and research frontier. The results show that smart city energy research has gone through three stages: the initial exploration of theoretical concepts, the growth period of technology application, and the coordinated industrial development period. The research hotspots mainly focus on the demand research of energy construction in smart cities, the research of energy intelligent construction and the energy of smart cities Construct three aspects of related industry research; the frontiers of research mainly include energy internet, smart energy and big data.
Medium- And Long-term Power Curve Division Mechanism Based on Energy Block Segmentation
Authors: Guo Jinhui , Yuan Yunyun , Liang Chao , Zhou Yv , Liu Dunnan , Qin Guangyu , Wang Lingxiang
Published: January 2021

With the development of electric power system reform, it is very important to design the medium- and long-term curve division mechanism for electric power in China. The essence of power supply is "continuous" energy block supply. The two sides of supply and demand take the power block as the interactive unit agreement to deal with electricity. The model of medium- and long-term curve division based on energy block can reflect the abundance of electric power, be beneficial to the stable and reliable supply of electric power and effectively reduce the loss of auxiliary service. Based on the development of new power systems at home and abroad, this paper designs the power curve division mechanism based on energy blocks, and takes Qinghai Province as an example to study its medium - and long-term power curve division mechanism with high proportion of renewable energy.
Overview of Energy Storage Technology Based on Distributed Energy System
Authors: Ma Qiyuan
Published: January 2021

Distributed energy is an important part of energy system. As one of the key supporting technologies of distributed energy system, energy storage technology will bring revolutionary changes to energy consumption mode, which is of great significance to China's energy transformation. At present, the development of energy storage technology in China is very rapid, but there are obvious defects and deficiencies in the practical application of various energy storage technologies. This paper discusses the development status, trends and challenges of contemporary distributed energy system, makes a detailed classification of energy storage technology, analyzes the scientific problems faced by energy storage technology, and finally gives the development suggestions of energy storage technology under distributed energy system.
Capacity Coordination Planning Model of wind solar storage hybrid power system
Authors: Li Jingli , Qi Wannian , Xu Xuefeng , Xu Jin , Wei Peng
Published: January 2021

Based on the daily and monthly characteristics of wind power and photovoltaic output, the wind power / photovoltaic sequence model based on the daily and monthly characteristics is constructed. Considering the generation constraints, energy storage constraints, system power balance constraints and renewable energy consumption rate constraints of each unit, the coordinated optimization planning model of wind photovoltaic storage complementary power system capacity is constructed to determine the different renewable energy consumption rate fields The optimal capacity of wind power, photovoltaic and energy storage. The results show that the optimal installed capacity of wind power, photovoltaic power and energy storage is different under different scenarios of renewable energy consumption rate and tie line utilization rate, but the impact of energy storage capacity is small.
Analysis on Water Saving Effect of “Zero Discharge” Wastewater from 4 × 300MW Coal-fired Power Plants
Authors: Liu Jun
Published: January 2021

The contradiction of water resource shortage is increasingly prominent in the process of electric power production. In order to fully understand the implementation of water-saving strategy in a power plant, this paper takes a coal-fired power plant as an example to analyze and evaluate the water-saving effect of “zero discharge” of waste water in the whole plant through the water balance test. The results show that the coal-fired power plant not only protects the water environment, but also saves about 38 % of the cost of production water by implementing special water modification such as “zero discharge” of waste water in the whole plant.
Performance Assessment of a Promising Radiative Cooler for Cool Roofs via Simulation
Authors: Fan Ziyi , Zhang Haolin
Published: January 2021

Radiative cooling is an age-old cooling practice that advantages in decreasing cooling energy requirements without power input. To apply this technology to the energy-efficient building industry, radiative coolers’ performances should be assessed in advance. Using a simulation approach, the work in this study was to justify whether a promising radiative cooler would lead to the cooling energy reduction on a modelled roof in Beijing. The promising radiative cooler was reported to have the potential to achieve a temperature of 9.9 degrees Celsius below ambient temperature, which is a significant improvement over the results found in previous literature. Simulation outputs show that this material can lead to the cooling energy reduction on a modelled, 1000 square meters roof constructed in Beijing. This also implies that the promising cooler have a large potential of energy savings if they could be applied in Beijing.
Study on Temperature Change of LiFePO4/C Battery Thermal Runaway under Overcharge Condition
Authors: Gao Fei , Fan Maosong , Wang Congjie , Liu Wei , Zhu Yanli
Published: January 2021

In this paper, thermal runaway test of lithium iron phosphate battery (LiFePO4/C) under overcharge condition was carried out. The temperature and its rise rate of three types of LiFePO4/C batteries (25 Ah, 60 Ah and 200 Ah) in the process of thermal runaway were compared and analyzed. The research shows that under the condition of 1C-rate overcharge, the starting temperature of the LiFePO4/C battery thermal runaway is about 116 °C - 131 °C, and its temperature rise rate of thermal runaway is about 3.01 °C/s - 5.82 °C/s. The highest temperature reached by thermal runaway has nothing to do with the battery capacity.
Materials, Structure Design and Thermal Energy Management for Green Building
Authors: Xu Yijie , Hu Jiachen , Zhang Jiaze , Wang Boyu
Published: January 2021

This essay will introduce an increasingly popular topic: Green building. We list 3 important fields of green building technology, which are materials, structure design and energy. In each part we will introduce some advanced technologies and evaluate them with some principles.
Exploration of the construction path of an energy ecosystem adapted to the power Internet of things
Authors: Yin Shuo , Wang Shiqian , Yang Meng , Guo Xingwu , Zhang Na
Published: January 2021

Building an energy Internet ecosystem is an effective mode to expand new energy businesses, give digital energy to traditional energy enterprises and promote energy transformation and development. In this paper, by analyzing and expounding the concept, development situation, construction theory, practice summary, exploration path and other dimensions of the energy Internet ecosystem, putting forward counter-measures and Suggestions on the construction path and other aspects. Energy Internet ecological construction should take electric energy as the core, and establish the development factors of commercial ecology, so as to achieve "drainage + empowerment" of the energy Internet ecological system and support energy transformation and high-quality economic development in Henan province.
Laser Surface Texturing of Eutectic Al-Si Alloy
Authors: Nandakumar M B , Lokesh G N , Natu Harshad , Mahesh B R , Venkatesh M K
Published: January 2021

Relative movement between piston and cylinder of an IC engine contributes to more than 60% of the friction experienced by the engine - in turn contributing to the wear of the piston and hence loss in its operational performance and efficiency. It is pertinent to explore technological solutions to overcome this situation. Texturing of surfaces appears to be an useful technique to enhance the tribological performance of the piston and cylinder assembly and information about the same are available in published literature. Laser surface texturing of a typical piston material such as an eutectic Al-Si alloy employing high power CO2-CW laser, firstly to examine the magnitudes of optimum laser processing conditions to realize surfaces which can retain oil and secondly to carry out characteristic analysis of the surface quality of the test material subjected to laser texturing, constitute the main thrust of this work. Measurements and analysis of the areal roughness parameters on the laser textured surfaces of the samples on a con-focal microscope reveal their capacity for enhanced oil retention, in turn ensuring reduced chances of scuffing of the sliding surfaces in comparison with non-textured samples, examined under similar test conditions.
Mechanical Properties of Aluminum Metal Matrix Composite Reinforced with Silicon Carbide using FEM
Authors: Faraz Mohammed , Haseebuddin M R , Harishraj  , Pal Bhaskar
Published: January 2021

In this work the SiC reinforced Alumunium composites were studied and Finite Element Method (FEM) analysis carried out and the results of FEM analysis were compared with the actual experimental results. As the Finite Element Analysis has become a major tool for an engineer, the Finite Element Analysis is done to solve advanced analysis issues. In this paper, Finite Element Method based ANSYS software is used to determine the mechanical properties in the aluminium metal matrix composite reinforced with Silicon Carbide by changing the volume fraction of the Silicon Carbide in aluminium. The FEM analysis results were compared with the actual experimental result. The testing if the mechanical properties such as tensile testing and compression testing we carried out in the FEM analysis.
The study of Elastic Modulus and Thermal Conductivity of Different Fiber Cross-section of Fiber-Reinforced Composite in ANSYS
Authors: Vankadhar Rohit , Dandotiya Devendra , Pal Bhaskar
Published: January 2021

This work aims to predict the elastic modulus and effective thermal conductivity of the fiber-reinforced polymer composites. A representative volume element (RVE) of size 420 × 420 × 420 micron has been created in Solid-works with 10%, 17%, 27%, 40%, and 54% of fiber volume. The fiber of circular, square, and hexagonal cross-sections are considered in this analysis. The symmetric boundary conditions are applied to the RVE for determining the elastic modulus of the fiber-reinforced polymer. It has been observed from the ANSYS that the results are not exactly similar to the rule of mixture. The results are varying with a change in the cross-section of the fiber. It has been observed that elastic modulus is increasing with the increase in fiber density. It is also noticed that the elastic modulus is increased when the cross-section changes from circular to square to a hexagon with all said fiber volume. It is attributed that due to an increase in the fiber-matrix contact surface area, the adhesion between fiber and matrix increased. Surprisingly it observed that in all the cases the elastic modulus has decreased after 40% of volume fraction. This may be endorsed that due to higher fiber volume fraction the adhesion between fiber-matrices is not appropriate. Further study has revealed that the modulus of the composite is in accordance with the rule of the mixture when RVE has been prepared with a combination of circle, square, and hexagon. The effective thermal conductivity of the same RVE model has been carried out in ANSYS. It has found out that effective thermal conductivity is in reasonable agreement with the rule of mixture.
Design Analysis And Study of Heat Transfer For Different Finned Quad Tubed Heat Exchanger
Authors: Akshath K R , Chaitanyaa K K , Devakki Basavaraj
Published: January 2021

The finned quad tubed heat exchanger has been modelled, and analyzed numerically. On the surface of each inner tube, the different shapes of fins have been modelled i.e., square, triangular and Y shape throughout the entire length. The analysis has been carried for Reynold’s number 8748, 10935 and 13123 and cold fluid temperature kept constant at 25 °C and hot fluid in annulus shape varied at 40 °C, 50 °C and 60 °C as inlet temperatures. It was found that triangular and Y shaped fins show higher heat transfer enhancement as compared to square fins. An increase of 152% and 145% in heat transfer found for Y and triangular shaped fins respectively as compared to square fin for same inlet conditions. It is the reason being the surface area for triangular and Y shapes fins is much higher. Hence the Y shaped fins can be used in most of the applications which involves combination of conduction and convection heat transfer i.e., in evaporator, condensers, radiators tubes etc. which results in higher heat transfer and increases the efficiency.
PCB Open, Short and Shift Defects Detection by Logical Comparison of Mask Images
Authors: Melnyk R A , Havrylko Yu V , Repa Ya V
Published: January 2021

The known skeletonization algorithm was realized and the skeleton specific points were found. The algorithm was applied to printed circuit boards to detect the main defects: wire and contact breaks, short circuits. Mask images on a base of specific points and logical comparison to select and to mark places with defects were realized. The example of applications is shown.
Methods of Determining Trajectory for Wheelchair with Manual Pushrims Drive
Authors: Wieczorek B
Published: January 2021

The article describes a method of operation of wheelchairs with differential control, as well as elaborates a developed method that allows visualising the wheelchair motion trajectory on the basis of reading of road or linear velocity measured independently on both left and right drive wheel. The Method chapter describes a complete proceeding algorithm, which allows determining the trajectory of wheelchair rear wheel axle’s middle point by using only road value of rear wheels in regular intervals. The Measurement system chapter describes the used set of sensors, type of measured kinematic value, and method of transforming it into unit compliant with the method. The Results chapter shows exemplary values of measured wheelchair velocities and motion trajectory charts determined by transforming them.
Analysis of the Possibilities of Using Automatic Control Systems for Operating Gas Engines for a Chilled Water Production
Authors: Kurdziel F , Kalwar A , Pytel K , Gumula S , Marikutsa U , Korpyljov D
Published: January 2021

The publication presents the impact of using automatic control systems for operating gas engines aimed at a chilled water production. The purpose of the work is to analyse the possibilities of using automation systems to regulate gas flow. An important parameter of fuel supplied to gas engines used in the production of cold is its amount, which depends on the pressure. Unstable operation of gas distribution systems caused by an extensive network, many customers and operation of devices working with different loads causes improper, unpredictable operation of other devices working in the network. Uncertainty of fuel parameters results in unstable operation of gas engines, their load, and variable production of electricity, heat and cold. Ensuring proper and stable production is a key element of production processes. The concept of building a gas pressure regulation system based on its amount in the network will ensure the required, stable operation of gas engines and refrigeration units coupled with them, and thus provide a guarantee of production of generated media. The presented solution provides a solution to existing problems. The system is based on two dampers coupled to each other and controlled by an automation system controlled by a superior SCADA system.
Multivariate linear mixed model enhanced the power of identifying genome-wide association to poplar tree heights in a randomized complete block design
Authors: Chen Yuhua , Wu Hainan , Yang Wenguo , Zhao Wei , Tong Chunfa
Published: January 2021

With the advances in high-throughput sequencing technologies, it is not difficult to extract tens of thousands of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across many individuals in a fast and cheap way, making it possible to perform genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of quantitative traits in outbred forest trees. It is very valuable to apply traditional breeding experiments in GWAS for identifying genome variants associated with ecologically and economically important traits in Populus. Here, we reported a GWAS of tree height measured at multiple time points from a randomized complete block design (RCBD), which was established with clones from an F1 hybrid population of Populus deltoides and Populus simonii. A total of 22,670 SNPs across 172 clones in the RCBD were obtained with restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RADseq) technology. The multivariate mixed linear model was applied by incorporating the pedigree relationship matrix of individuals to test the association of each SNP to the tree heights over 8 time points. Consequently, 41 SNPs were identified significantly associated with the tree height under the P-value threshold determined by Bonferroni correction at the significant level of 0.01. These SNPs were distributed on all but two chromosomes (Chr02 and Chr18) and explained the phenotypic variance ranged from 0.26% to 2.64%, amounting to 63.68% in total. Comparison with previous mapping studies for poplar height as well as the candidate genes of these detected SNPs were also investigated. We therefore showed that the application of multivariate linear mixed model to the longitudinal phenotypic data from the traditional breeding experimental design facilitated to identify far more genome-wide variants for tree height in poplar. The significant SNPs identified in this study would enhance understanding of molecular mechanism for growth traits and would accelerate marker-assisted breeding programs in Populus.
A genetic analysis of the alpha-glycerophosphate oxidase locus in Drosophila melanogaster.
Authors: Davis M B , MacIntyre R J
Published: January 2021

The gene for alpha-glycerophosphate oxidase, the nuclear encoded mitochondrial enzyme of the alpha-glycerophosphate cycle (alpha GP); has been mapped in Drosophila melanogaster. Several interstitial deficiencies in region 50c-53AB of chromosome 2R were used to localize the structural gene to 52D2-5. In addition, mutations of alpha GPO were generated; alpha GPO mutants are viable yet flightless. Interactions of alpha GPO with alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (alpha GPDH), the cytoplasmic enzyme of the alpha GP cycle, were investigated through the synthesis of a series of alpha GPDHnull-alpha GPOnull double mutants. Of the six double null mutants constructed, four alpha GPDH-alpha GPO double nulls are viable and flightless. Two double mutants, however, exhibit an allelic-dependent synthetic lethal phenotype.
Formal relations between Om mutants and their suppressors in Drosophila ananassae.
Authors: Hinton C W
Published: January 2021

Optic morphology (Om) mutants associated with insertions of the tom transposable element at each of three tested loci are neomorphs as defined by the phenotypic equivalence of +/+/Om with +/Om and of +/Om/Om with Om/Om. Mutants behaving as suppressors of Om mutants and mapping to at least six loci are recovered from the same source and in similar frequency as Om mutants. The semidominant and nonpleiotropic suppressors at four of the six loci display defective eye phenes themselves, and the phenotypically normal mutants at a fifth locus are suspected alleles of a gene represented by recessive furrowed eye mutants. These and other properties imply that the suppressors, like suppressible Om mutants, are neomorphic due to insertion of the tom element into a hypothetical sequence they share with other members of a set of genes involved in development of the eye. Concurrently premature expression of both the suppressor and suppressed mutants would allow interaction of their products just as in normal development.
Maize glutamine synthetase cDNAs: isolation by direct genetic selection in Escherichia coli.
Authors: Snustad D P , Hunsperger J P , Chereskin B M , Messing J
Published: January 2021

Maize glutamine synthetase cDNA clones were isolated by genetic selection for functional rescue of an Escherichia coli delta glnA mutant growing on medium lacking glutamine. The Black Mexican Sweet cDNA library used in this study was constructed in pUC13 such that cDNA sense strands were transcribed under the control of the lac promoter. E. coli delta glnA cells were transformed with cDNA library plasmid DNA, grown briefly in rich medium to allow phenotypic expression of the cDNAs and the pUC13 ampr gene, and challenged to grow on agar medium lacking glutamine. Large numbers of glutamine synthetase cDNA clones have been identified in individual 150-mm Petri dishes; all characterized cDNA clones carry complete coding sequences. Two cDNAs identical except for different 5' and 3' termini have been sequenced. The major open reading frame predicts a protein with an amino acid sequence that exhibits striking similarity to the amino acid sequences of the predicted products of previously sequenced eukaryotic glutamine synthetase cDNAs and genes. In addition, the maize glutamine synthetase cDNAs were shown to contain a 5' mini-ORF of 29 codons separated by 37 nucleotide pairs from the major ORF. This mini-ORF was shown not to be essential for the functional rescue of the E. coli delta glnA mutant. Expression of the cDNAs in E. coli is presumed to be due to the function of a polycistronic hybrid lac messenger RNA or translational fusions encoded by the pUC plasmids. Proteins of the expected sizes encoded by two different pUC clones were shown to react with antibodies to tobacco glutamine synthetase.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae cho2 mutants are deficient in phospholipid methylation and cross-pathway regulation of inositol synthesis.
Authors: Summers E F , Letts V A , McGraw P , Henry S A
Published: January 2021

Five allelic Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants deficient in the methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) have been isolated, using two different screening techniques. Biochemical analysis suggested that these mutants define a locus, designated CHO2, that may encode a methyltransferase. Membranes of cho2 mutant cells grown in defined medium contain approximately 10% phosphatidylcholine (PC) and 40-50% PE as compared to wild-type levels of 40-45% PC and 15-20% PE. In spite of this greatly altered phospholipid composition, cho2 mutant cells are viable in defined medium and are not auxotrophic for choline or other phospholipid precursors such as monomethylethanolamine (MME). However, analysis of yeast strains carrying more than one mutation affecting phospholipid biosynthesis indicated that some level of methylated phospholipid is essential for viability. The cho2 locus was shown by tetrad analysis to be unlinked to other loci affecting phospholipid synthesis. Interestingly, cho2 mutants and other mutant strains that produce reduced levels of methylated phospholipids are unable to properly repress synthesis of the cytoplasmic enzyme inositol-1-phosphate synthase. This enzyme was previously shown to be regulated at the level of mRNA abundance in response to inositol and choline in the growth medium. We cloned the CHO2 gene on a 3.6-kb genomic DNA fragment and created a null allele of cho2 by disrupting the CHO2 gene in vivo. The cho2 disruptant, like all other cho2 mutants, is viable, exhibits altered regulation of inositol biosynthesis and is not auxotrophic for choline or MME.
A SUPPRESSOR GENE INVOLVED IN CHEMICAL INDUCTION OF CONJUGATION IN PARAMECIUM AURELIA
Authors: Cronkite Donald L
Published: January 2021

A dominant gene Su(kau–2) partially suppresses the effect of an apparently unlinked recessive kau–2. Gene kau–2 blocks chemical induction of conjugation in Paramecium aurelia syngen 8 when solutions of acriflavine + either KCl or MgCl2 are used. Wild-type cells are induced to conjugate in either solution. When cells homozygous for kau–2 also have gene Su(kau–2), they are still uninducible in the solution containing KCl, but become inducible in the MgCl2 solution. Analysis of the concentrations of solutions which are effective in induction of conjugation of various genotypes shows that the action of Su(kau–2) is not a simple restoration of wild-type phenotype since certain novel features of the suppressor can be seen. Analysis of the duration of ciliary reversal of various genotypes suggests that one necessary step in chemical induction of conjugation is a certain magnitude of deplorization of the surface membrane of the cell.
GENE FLOW AND SELECTION IN A NATURAL POPULATION OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Authors: McKenzie J A
Published: January 2021

A marked genetic differentiation to the presence of alcohol in the environment has been shown to occur between inside cellar and adjacent outside sections of a vineyard population of D. melanogaster (McKenzie and Parsons 1974). Estimates of migration during the vintage period suggest considerable movement occurs from outside into the cellar and that the most tolerant genotypes are the most successful migrants. A quantitative model of this system suggests that the selection intensity may not be a limiting factor in maintaining the differentiation. It also suggests that gene flow must be restricted between sections of the population at all but vintage periods if this differentiation is to persist.
MUTATION INDUCTION BY DIFUNCTIONAL ALKYLATING AGENTS IN NEUROSPORA CRASSA
Authors: Ong Tong-Man , de Serres F J
Published: January 2021

The genetic characterization of ad-3 mutants of Neurospora crassa induced by two carcinogenic difunctional alkylating agents, 1,2,4,5-diepoxypentane (DEP) and 1,2,7,8-diepoxyoctane (DEO), has shown that point mutations at the ad-3B locus have similar complementation patterns. In addition to the induction of point mutations, DEP induces a low frequency (7.5%) of multilocus deletions, whereas DEO induces an extremely high frequency (42.0%). The distribution of the different classes of ad-3 mutants and the frequency of multilocus deletion mutants among DEP-induced mutants are not significantly different from those induced by the monofunctional alkylating agents EI, EMS and ICR-177 at comparable forward-mutation frequencies. Moreover, the frequencies of DEP-induced ad-3B mutants showing allelic completion or having nonpolarized complementation patterns are similar to those of ad-3B mutants induced by monofunctional agents. It is suggested, therefore, that the mechanism of mutation-induction by DEP in N. crassa is similar to that of monofunctional alkylating agents. Mutation-induction by DEO probably results both from the mechanism of action of monofunctional alkylating agents and from inter-strand cross-linkage of the DNA molecule by the two functional epoxy groups.
CYTOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF CHROMOSOME 3 IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER: MAPPING OF THE PROXIMAL PORTION OF THE RIGHT ARM
Authors: Duncan Ian W , Kaufman Thomas C
Published: January 2021

In order to define more precisely the most proximal portion of chromosome 3R in Drosophila melanogaster, several new chromosome aberrations involving this region have been recovered and analyzed. These new arrangements were recovered as induced reversions of two dominant mutations, AntpNs and dsxD, located in the region of interest. The results of the analysis have allowed the localization of several existing mutations, have further elucidated the complex homoeotic locus which resides in this region, and have confirmed the efficacy of this type of screen in the analysis of specific chromosome regions.
Carinal resection and double-barrel reconstruction following oesophagectomy for oesophageal carcinoma with broncho-oesophageal fistula
Authors: Watanabe Yukio , Mine Shinji , Tsurumaru Masahiko , Suzuki Kenji
Published: January 2021

A 54-year-old man presenting with dysphagia was diagnosed with locally advanced oesophageal carcinoma with a broncho-oesophageal fistula (c-T4bN2M0 stage IVa). Concurrent chemoradiotherapy (60 Gy) was planned; however, bleeding from the oesophageal lesions progressed during chemoradiotherapy (16 Gy). Oesophagectomy with carinal resection and double-barrelled reconstruction was performed. Despite the inevitable recurrent nerve palsy and a minor fistula at the tracheal anastomosis, he recovered with conservative treatment and was discharged 4 months after the salvage surgery. He is alive without recurrence 28 months after the surgery.
Treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): updated guidelines from the UK
Authors: Brown Nicholas M , Goodman Anna L , Horner Carolyne , Jenkins Abi , Brown Erwin M
Published: January 2021

These evidence-based guidelines are an updated version of those issued in 2008. They have been produced following a review of the published literature (2007–18) pertaining to the treatment of infections caused by MRSA. The guidelines update, where appropriate, previous recommendations, taking into account changes in the UK epidemiology of MRSA, ongoing national surveillance data and the efficacy of novel anti-staphylococcal agents licensed for use in the UK. Emerging therapies that have not been licensed for use in the UK at the time of the review have also been assessed.
Punishment and Precious Emotions: A Hope Standard for Punishment
Authors: Brownlee Kimberley
Published: January 2021

Abstract—

Each year, hundreds of people in high-income countries take their own lives while they are in prison. Thousands engage in self-harm and thousands abuse other prisoners. Such behaviours often correlate with mental health problems, but they are also often pleas for help and for hope. Some courts have invoked the ideas of hope and the right to hope in the context of life imprisonment, but they have neither subjected the concept of hope to sustained analysis nor specified the role that hope should play in our practices of lawful punishment overall. This article offers a preliminary investigation of the role for hope in lawful punishment. It argues that one standard that both individual modes of punishment and overall systems of punishment must meet to be morally justifiable is that they be compatible with a reasonable person retaining hope both in the present and for his future after punishment. Such a hope standard narrows the scope of legitimate modes of punishment.
Gravitational waves from breaking of an extra U(1) in SO(10) grand unification
Authors: Okada Nobuchika , Seto Osamu , Uchida Hikaru
Published: January 2021

In a class of gauged $U(1)$ extended Standard Models (SMs), the breaking of the $U(1)$ symmetry is not only a source for Majorana masses of right-handed (RH) neutrinos crucial for the seesaw mechanism, but also a source of stochastic gravitational wave (GW) background. Such $U(1)$ extended models are well-motivated from the viewpoint of grand unification. In this paper, we discuss a successful ultraviolet completion of a $U(1)$ extended SM by an $SO(10)$ grand unified model through an intermediate step of $SU(5) \times U(1)$ unification. With a parameter set that is compatible with the $SO(10)$ grand unification, we find that a first-order phase transition associated with the $U(1)$ symmetry breaking can be strong enough to generate GWs with a detectable size of amplitude. We also find that the resultant GW amplitude reduces and its peak frequency becomes higher as the RH neutrino masses increase.
MICRODOSIMETRIC UNDERSTANDING OF DOSE RESPONSE AND RELATIVE EFFICIENCY OF THERMOLUMINESCENCE DETECTORS
Authors: Olko Paweł , Bilski Paweł
Published: January 2021

LiF:Mg,Ti detectors show relative efficiency η for heavy charged particles significantly lower than one. It was for a long time not recognised that η varies also for electron energies and, as a consequence for photons. For LiF:Mg,Cu,P detectors measured photon energy response was named ‘anomalous’ because it differed significantly from the ratio of photon absorption coefficients. The decrease of η was explained as a microdosimetric effect due to local saturation of trapping centres around the electron track. For TLD-100 it was noticed by Horowitz that the measured photon energy response disagrees with the ratio of absorption coefficient by about 10%. It was demonstrated that a fraction of the TL signal in LiF:Mg,Ti is generated in the supralinear dose–response range, due to the high local doses generated by photon-induced tracks. Prediction of TL efficiency is particularly important in space dosimetry and in dosimetry of therapeutic beams like protons or carbon ions.
SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO RATE MEASUREMENT IN FLUOROSCOPY FOR QUALITY CONTROL AND TEACHING GOOD RADIOLOGICAL IMAGING TECHNIQUE
Authors: Elgström Henrik , Tesselaar Erik , Sandborg Michael
Published: January 2021

Visibility of low-contrast details in fluoroscopy and interventional radiology is important. Assessing detail visibility with human observers typically suffers from large observer variances. Objective, quantitative measurement of low-contrast detail visibility using a model observer, such as the square of the signal-to-noise ratio rate (SNR2rate), was implemented in MATLAB™ and evaluated. The expected linear response of SNR2rate based on predictions by the so-called Rose model and frame statistics was verified. The uncertainty in the measurement of SNR2rate for a fixed imaging geometry was 6% based on 16 repeated measurements. The results show that, as expected, reduced object thickness and x-ray field size substantially improved SNR2rate/PKA,rate with PKA,rate being the air kerma area product rate. The measurement precision in SNR2rate/PKA,rate (8–9%) is sufficient to detect small but important improvements, may guide the selection of better imaging settings and provides a tool for teaching good radiological imaging techniques to clinical staff.
Wood transcriptome analysis of Pinus densiflora identifies genes critical for secondary cell wall formation and NAC transcription factors involved in tracheid formation
Authors: Kim Min-Ha , Tran Thi Ngoc Anh , Cho Jin-Seong , Park Eung-Jun , Lee Hyoshin , Kim Dong-Gwan , Hwang Seongbin , Ko Jae-Heung
Published: January 2021

Although conifers have significant ecological and economic value, information on transcriptional regulation of wood formation in conifers is still limited. Here, to gain insight into secondary cell wall (SCW) biosynthesis and tracheid formation in conifers, we performed wood tissue-specific transcriptome analyses of Pinus densiflora (Korean red pine) using RNA sequencing. In addition, to obtain full-length transcriptome information, PacBio single molecule real-time iso-sequencing was carried out using RNAs from 28 tissues of P. densiflora. Subsequent comparative tissue-specific transcriptome analysis successfully pinpointed critical genes encoding key proteins involved in biosynthesis of the major secondary wall components (cellulose, galactoglucomannan, xylan and lignin). Furthermore, we predicted a total of 62 NAC (NAM, ATAF1/2 and CUC2) family transcription factor members and identified seven PdeNAC genes preferentially expressed in developing xylem tissues in P. densiflora. Protoplast-based transcriptional activation analysis found that four PdeNAC genes, homologous to VND, NST and SND/ANAC075, upregulated GUS activity driven by an SCW-specific cellulose synthase promoter. Consistently, transient overexpression of the four PdeNACs induced xylem vessel cell-like SCW deposition in both tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) and Arabidopsis leaves. Taken together, our data provide a foundation for further research to unravel transcriptional regulation of wood formation in conifers, especially SCW formation and tracheid differentiation.