bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bismuth, rabeprazole, amoxicillin, and doxycycline as first‐line Helicobacter pylori therapy in clinical practice: A pilot study
Authors: Gu Lei , Li Shenglan , He Ying , Chen Yi , Jiang Yanzhi , Peng Yu , Liu Xiaowei , Yang Huixiang
Published: May 2019

Background

Bismuth‐containing quadruple therapy (BQT) is a recommended alternative first‐line therapy for Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection. We aim to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a new BQT with amoxicillin and doxycycline as a first‐line treatment for H. pylori infection in clinical practice.

Methods

An open, prospective pilot clinical study including H. pylori‐positive outpatients who had never received eradication treatment was carried out. An RADB regimen (10 mg rabeprazole, 1000 mg amoxicillin, 100 mg doxycycline, and 220 mg colloidal bismuth tartrate, all given bid for 14 days) was prescribed by gastroenterologists. H. pylori eradication was confirmed by a 13C‐urea breath test performed at least 6 weeks after the end of treatment. Regimen efficacy was evaluated by per‐protocol (PP) and intention‐to‐treat (ITT) analyses.

Results

One hundred eighteen patients were included in the study. The eradication rate of RADB was 93.8% (105/112; 95% CI 89.2%‐98.3%) in PP analysis and 89.8% (106/118; 95% CI 84.3%‐95.4%) in ITT analysis. The patient compliance rate was 97.5% (115/118). The adverse event rate was 6.8% (8/118). Adverse events included asthenia, loss of appetite, dry mouth, heartburn, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. All adverse events disappeared after completion of therapy.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that 14‐day BQT with amoxicillin and doxycycline can be an effective and safe eradication regimen for first‐line therapy against H. pylori infection in clinical practice.
The relationship between Algebra Nation usage and high‐stakes test performance for struggling students
Authors: Leite Walter L. , Cetin‐Berber Dee D. , Huggins‐Manley Anne C. , Collier Zachary K. , Beal Carole R.
Published: May 2019

Although the use of technology in the K12 classroom has been shown to have a positive impact, research on the use of open education resources (OER) is relatively limited, especially research focusing on low‐achieving students. The present study examines the relationship between usage of Algebra Nation, a self‐guided system that provided instructional videos and practice problems, and the performance of students who had failed the state‐administered Algebra I end‐of‐course (EOC) assessment the previous year. Indicators of usage of Algebra Nation consisted of logins, video views, and practice questions answered. Path analyses and logistic regressions were used to evaluate relationships between usage indicators and algebra scores, controlling for number of absences, free/reduced lunch eligibility, Hispanic/Latino origin, race, and gender. The results indicate that higher levels of logins, video views, and practice questions answered were related to higher scores when the students re‐took the assessment. Logins and practice questions were also related to increases in odds of passing the Algebra I EOC assessment, but not video views. The results suggest that there may be benefits to technology use in the form of an OER adopted by students and teachers on an informal basis and link self‐regulated learning strategies to student achievement.
Leptonotus vincentae, a new pipefish species (Syngnathidae: Syngnathinae) from the south‐west Atlantic Ocean near northern Patagonia
Authors: Luzzatto Diego C. , Estalles María L.
Published: May 2019

A new species of pipefish Leptonotus vincentae sp. nov. (Syngnathidae) is described on the basis of 12 specimens found in shallow waters (<2 m depth) of San Antonio Bay, Patagonia, Argentina, in the south‐west Atlantic Ocean. The species is distinguished from congeners by the combination of: dorsal‐fin rays 30–33, pectoral‐fin rays 12–13, trunk rings 18–19, tail rings 43–46, subdorsal rings (2–4) + (5.5–8) = (8.5–10), head length 13–14% standard length, snout length 35–55% head length and snout depth 21–30% in snout length. Although this species has often been mistaken for Leptonotus blainvilleanus, most diagnostic characters of the two species differ. Both species are clearly distinguished by their snout length. L. blainvilleanus has a relatively longer snout than L. vincentae sp. nov. The new species is similar to a south‐west Pacific species, Leptonotus elevatus. However, L. vincentae sp. nov. differs from this species in that it exhibits a lower number of dorsal‐fin rays and a relatively longer head.
In situ molecular characterization of endoneurial microvessels that form the blood‐nerve barrier in normal human adult peripheral nerves
Authors: Ouyang Xuan , Dong Chaoling , Ubogu Eroboghene E.
Published: May 2019

The blood‐nerve barrier (BNB) formed by tight junction‐forming endoneurial microvessels located in the innermost compartment of peripheral nerves, and the perineurium serve to maintain the internal microenvironment required for normal signal transduction. The specific molecular components that define the normal adult human BNB are not fully known. Guided by data derived from the adult human BNB transcriptome, we evaluated the in situ expression of 25 junctional complex, transporter, cell membrane, and cytoskeletal proteins in four histologically normal adult sural nerves by indirect fluorescent immunohistochemistry to determine proteins specifically expressed by restrictive endoneurial microvascular endothelium. Using Ulex Europaeus Agglutinin‐1 expression to detect endothelial cells, we ascertained that the selected proteins were uniformly expressed in ≥90% of endoneurial microvessels. P‐glycoprotein (also known as adenosine triphosphate‐binding cassette subfamily B member 1) and solute carrier family 1 member 1 demonstrated restricted expression by endoneurial endothelium only, with classic tight junction protein claudin‐5 also expressed on fenestrated epineurial macrovessels, and vascular‐specific adherens junction protein cadherin‐5 also expressed by the perineurium. The expression profiles of the selected proteins provide significant insight into the molecular composition of normal adult peripheral nerves. Further work is required to elucidate the human adult BNB molecular signature in order to better understand its development and devise strategies to restore function in peripheral neuropathies.
Chitosan combined with sodium silicate treatment induces resistance against rot caused by Alternaria alternata in postharvest jujube fruit
Authors: Guo Yijing , Zhou Jiexin , Zhang Jingru , Zhang Shaoying
Published: May 2019

The effect of chitosan (0.1 mol/L) combined with sodium silicate (100 mmol/L) treatment on Alternaria rot caused by Alternaria alternata in postharvest jujube fruit (Ziziphus jujuba Mill. cv. Dongzao) was studied. The results showed that chitosan combined with sodium silicate treatment significantly reduced the lesion diameter, decay incidence, red index and weight loss of jujube fruit compared with control samples. Combining treatment increased the ascorbic acid, flavonoids, total phenolic compounds and lignin content. The level of superoxide anion () and hydrogen peroxide of treated samples was also increased compared with the control samples. Meanwhile, the activities of phenylalanine ammonia lyase, polyphenol oxidase, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, chitinase and β‐1,3‐glucanase were also accumulated in treated jujube samples, while the activity of catalase markedly decreased. These results indicated that chitosan combined with sodium silicate treatment could induce the disease resistance of postharvest jujube. Therefore, coating postharvest jujube using chitosan combined with sodium silicate could promise as a novel method for preventing the disease infection of postharvest jujube.
Order Selection and Inference with Long Memory Dependent Data
Authors: Gupta Abhimanyu , Hidalgo Javier
Published: May 2019

In empirical studies selection of the order of a model is routinely invoked. A common example is the order selection of an autoregressive model via Akaike's AIC, Schwarz's BIC or Hannan and Quinn's HIC. The criteria are based on the conditional sum of squares (CSS). However, the computation of the CSS might be difficult for some models such as Bloomfield's exponential model and/or when we allow for long memory dependence. The main aim of the article is thus to propose an alternative way to compute the criterion by using the decomposition of the variance of the innovation errors in terms of its frequency components. We show its validity to obtain the correct order the model. In addition, as a by‐product, we describe a simple (two‐step) estimator of the parameters of the model.
Risk factors and select cardiac characteristics in dogs naturally infected withTrypanosoma cruzipresenting to a teaching hospital in Texas
Authors: Meyers Alyssa C. , Hamer Sarah A. , Matthews Derek , Gordon Sonya G. , Saunders Ashley B.
Published: May 2019

Background

Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan parasiteTrypanosoma cruzi, causes sudden death and chronic heart disease with no currently approved treatment.

Objective

To report epidemiologic and select cardiac characteristics associated withT. cruziinfection in dogs presenting to a teaching hospital in Texas.

Animals

Three hundred seventy‐five client‐owned dogs.

Methods

A retrospective search of medical records identified dogs tested forT. cruziantibodies or with histologicT. cruziparasites. Data retrieved included signalment, location of residence, reported reason for testing, cardiac troponin I (cTnI) concentration, and ECG abnormalities.

Results

Trypanosoma cruzi‐infected dogs (N = 63, 16.8%) were significantly younger than negative dogs (N = 312) (mean, 5.9 ± 3.8 versus 7.4 ± 4.0 years;P = .007) with no difference by sex or breed. Ninety‐one breeds were tested; the highest percent infected were non‐sporting (10/35; 29%) and toy breed (10/42; 24%) groups. The odds of infection were 13 times greater among dogs with an infected housemate or littermate (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.94‐50.45;P< .001). Infected dogs were more likely to have ventricular arrhythmias (odds ratio [OR], 2.19; 95% CI, 1.15‐4.33,P = .02), combinations of ECG abnormalities (OR, 2.91; 95% CI, 1.37‐5.99;P = .004), and cTnI >0.129 ng/mL (ADVIA; OR, 10.71; 95% CI, 1.60‐212.21;P = .035).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Dogs infected withT. cruziwere identified in Texas in many breed groups including breeds affected by well‐described heart diseases that mimic Chagas disease suggesting a need for increased awareness, including knowledge of when to consider testing.
Conventional and functional magnetic resonance imaging features of late subacute cortical laminar necrosis in a dog
Authors: Alisauskaite Neringa , Wang‐Leandro Adriano , Dennler Matthias , Kantyka Marta , Ringer Simone K. , Steffen Frank , Beckmann Katrin
Published: May 2019

Cerebral cortical laminar necrosis (CLN) is a consequence of severe hypoxic, ischemic, or hypoglycemic events. In humans, these cortical lesions show characteristic linear T1‐weighted (T1W) hyperintensity in the late subacute stage. Limited information reporting magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in dogs affected by CLN is available. A 3‐year‐old Belgian Shepherd dog was referred 8 days after sudden onset of blindness after general anesthesia. Neurological examination showed central blindness and mild ataxia. Three‐Tesla MRI examination of the brain revealed bilateral asymmetrical areas of T2‐weighted hyperintensity within the occipital, parietal, temporal, and frontal cortex, involving gray and white matter. Furthermore, linear T1W‐hyperintense lesions were found in the cerebral cortex of the same areas and showed heterogeneous contrast enhancement. Perfusion‐weighted images revealed hyperperfusion in the affected regions. Lesions were compatible with subacute CLN with corresponding edema suspected to be secondary to anesthesia‐related brain hypoxia. Three‐Tesla MRI enabled identification of the laminar pattern of the cortical lesions.
Are mothers less likely to breastfeed in harsh environments? Physical environmental quality and breastfeeding in the Born in Bradford study
Authors: Brown Laura J. , Sear Rebecca
Published: May 2019

We use the United Kingdom's Born in Bradford study to investigate whether women in lower quality environments are less likely to breastfeed. We use measures of physical environmental quality (water disinfectant by‐products [DBPs], air pollution, passive cigarette smoke, and household condition) alongside socio‐economic indicators, to explore in detail how different exposures influence breastfeeding. Drawing on evolutionary life history theory, we predict that lower environmental quality will be associated with lower odds of initiating, and higher hazards of stopping, breastfeeding. As low physical environmental quality may increase the risk of adverse birth outcomes, which may in turn affect breastfeeding chances, we also test for mediation by gestational age, birthweight, head circumference, and abdominal circumference. Our sample is composed of mothers who gave birth at the Bradford Royal Infirmary in West Yorkshire between March 2007 and December 2010 for whom breastfeeding initiation data was available. Analyses were stratified by the two largest ethnic groups: White British (n = 3,951) and Pakistani‐origin (n = 4,411) mothers. After controlling for socio‐economic position, Pakistani‐origin mothers had lower chances of initiating and higher chances of stopping breastfeeding with increased water DBP exposure (e.g., OR for 0.03–0.61 vs. <0.02 μg/day dibromochloromethane exposure 0.70 [0.58–0.83], HR 1.16 [0.99–1.36]), greater air pollution exposure predicted lower chances of initiation for both ethnic groups (e.g., OR for 10 μg/m3 increase in nitrogen dioxide 0.81 [0.66–0.99] for White British mothers and 0.79 [0.67–0.94] for Pakistani‐origin mothers) but also a reduced hazard of stopping breastfeeding for White British mothers (HR 0.65 [0.52–0.80]), and exposure to household damp/mould predicted higher chances of breastfeeding initiation amongst White British mothers (OR 1.66 [1.11–2.47]). We found no evidence that physical environmental quality effects on breastfeeding were mediated through birth outcomes amongst Pakistani‐origin mothers and only weak evidence (p < 0.10) amongst White British mothers (exposure to passive cigarette smoke was associated with having lower birthweight infants who were in turn less likely to be breastfed whereas greater air pollution exposure was associated with longer gestations and in turn reduced hazards of stopping breastfeeding). Overall, our findings suggest that there is differential susceptibility to environmental exposures according to ethnicity. Although the water DBP results for Pakistani‐origin mothers and air pollution‐initiation results for both ethnic groups support our hypothesis that mothers exhibit reduced breastfeeding in poorer quality environments, several physical environmental quality indicators showed null or positive associations with breastfeeding outcomes. We consider physiological explanations for our findings and their implications for life history theory and public health policy.
Wolbachia strain wAlbA blocks Zika virus transmission in Aedes aegypti
Authors: Chouin‐Carneiro T. , Ant T. H. , Herd C. , Louis F. , Failloux A. B. , Sinkins S. P.
Published: May 2019

Transinfections of the maternally transmitted endosymbiont Wolbachia pipientis can reduce RNA virus replication and prevent transmission by Aedes aegypti, and also have the capacity to invade wild‐type populations, potentially reaching and maintaining high infection frequencies. Levels of virus transmission blocking are positively correlated with Wolbachia intracellular density. Despite reaching high densities in Ae. aegypti, transinfections of wAlbA, a strain native to Aedes albopictus, showed no blocking of Semliki Forest Virus in previous intrathoracic injection challenges. To further characterize wAlbA blocking in Ae. aegypti, adult females were intrathoracically challenged with Zika (ZIKV) and dengue viruses, and then fed a ZIKV‐containing bloodmeal. No blocking was observed with either virus when challenged by intrathoracic injection. However, when ZIKV was delivered orally, wAlbA‐infected females showed a significant reduction in viral replication and dissemination compared with uninfected controls, as well as a complete absence of virus in saliva. Although other Wolbachia strains have been shown to cause more robust viral blocking in Ae. aegypti, these findings demonstrate that, in principle, wAlbA could be used to reduce virus transmission in this species. Moreover, the results highlight the potential for underestimation of the strength of virus‐blocking when based on intrathoracic injection compared with more natural oral challenges.
A case of probable cerebral amyloid angiopathy preceded by symmetrical diffusion‐weighted imaging lesions
Authors: Nishida Takashi , Hattori Takaaki , Yuasa Tatsuhiko
Published: May 2019

Patients who initially have Alzheimer’s disease dementia with no or mild cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) might later develop CAA‐related inflammation. We described a 76‐year‐old man with possible Alzheimer’s disease dementia and steroid‐responsive probable CAA‐related inflammation. Initial diffusion‐weighted imaging demonstrated symmetrical high signal intensities in the bilateral posterior region, which might suggest ischemia and predilection of CAA pathology for posterior brain regions. Magnetic resonance images thereafter demonstrated asymmetrical cortical swelling in the left temporo‐parieto‐occipital region with leptomeningeal enhancement, which might show subtle cerebrovascular immunological response may influence the subsequent distinct differences.
TLR2 and TLR4 interact with sulfide system in the modulation of mouse colonic motility
Authors: Grasa Laura , Abecia Leticia , Peña‐Cearra Ainize , Robles Sofia , Layunta Elena , Latorre Eva , Mesonero José Emilio , Forcén Raquel
Published: May 2019

Background

H2S is a neuromodulator that may inhibit intestinal motility. H2S production in colon is yielded by cystathionine β‐synthase (CBS) and cystathionine γ‐lyase (CSE) enzymes and sulfate‐reducing bacteria (SRB). Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) recognize intestinal microbiota. The aim of this work was to evaluate the influence of TLR2 and TLR4 on the endogenous and SRB‐mediated synthesis of H2S and its consequences on the colonic motility of mouse.

Methods

Muscle contractility studies were performed in colon from WT, Tlr2‐/‐, and Tlr4‐/‐ mice. The mRNA levels of TLR2, TLR4, CBS, CSE, and SRB were measured by real‐time PCR. Free sulfide levels in colon and feces were determined by colorimetric assays.

Results

NaHS and GYY4137, donors of H2S, reduced the contractility of colon. Aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA), inhibitor of CBS, and D‐L propargylglycine (PAG), inhibitor of CSE, increased the contractility of colon. In vivo treatment with NaHS or GYY4137 inhibited the spontaneous contractions and upregulated TLR2 expression. The in vivo activation of TLR4 with lipopolysaccharide increased the contractile response to PAG, mRNA levels of CSE, and the free sulfide levels of H2S in colon. In Tlr2‐/‐ and Tlr4‐/‐ mice, the contractions induced by AOAA and PAG and mRNA levels of CBS and CSE were lower with respect to WT mice. Deficiency of TLR2 or TLR4 provokes alterations in free sulfide levels and SRB of colon.

Conclusions and Inferences

Our study demonstrates interaction between TLR2 and TLR4 and the sulfide system in the regulation of colonic motility and contributes to the pathophysiology knowledge of intestinal motility disorders.
Local predation risk and matrix permeability interact to shape movement strategy
Authors: Winandy Laurane , Cote Julien , Di Gesu Lucie , Pellerin Félix , Trochet Audrey , Legrand Delphine
Published: May 2019

In fragmented landscapes, the reduced connectivity among patches drives the evolution of movement strategies through an increase of transience costs. Reduced movements may further alter heterogeneity in biotic and abiotic conditions experienced by individuals. The joint action of local conditions and matrix permeability may shape emigration decisions. Here, we tested the interactive effects of predation risk and matrix permeability on movement propensity, movement costs and movers’ phenotype in the common toad Bufo bufo. In a full‐crossed experimental design, we assessed the movement propensity of juveniles in three connectivity treatments (from poorly to highly permeable matrix), with or without predation risk in their living patch. We also assessed the relationships between movement propensity and morphological traits (i.e. body and leg length) and how it affected the movement cost (i.e. mass loss). Movement propensity increased in presence of predation risk, while matrix permeability had no effect. However, matrix permeability interacted with predation risk to influence movers’ phenotype and the physiological cost they endured while moving. In particular, a well‐known movement syndrome in toads (i.e. movement propensity positively related to longer legs) depended on the interaction between matrix permeability and predation risk and resulted in differences in mass loss among matrix types. Movers lost more mass on average than residents except when they also displayed longer legs or when they crossed the most permeable matrix in the presence of predation risk. Our results show that matrix permeability shapes the physiological cost of dispersal by changing the identity of individuals moving away from local conditions. As the movers’ phenotype can importantly alter (meta)population dynamics, context‐dependency of dispersal syndromes should be considered in studies predicting the functioning of human‐altered natural systems.
Pinch of salt: A modified technique to treat umbilical granuloma
Authors: Bagadia Jimish , Jaiswal Saurabh , Bhalala Krishna B. , Poojary Shital
Published: May 2019

Background

Umbilical granuloma is an overgrowth of granulation tissue following the separation of umbilical cord. Treatment options for this common entity are limited and have side effects such as chemical burns. In this study, we present a novel modification of the salt application method to treat infants with umbilical granuloma.

Methods

Seventeen infants were recruited in our study after institutional ethics committee approval and consent from the parents. The area of application was cleaned, and common table salt was carefully applied over the lesion. The granuloma was then occluded with surgical adhesive tape for 24 hours. Cases were followed up the next day to remove the occlusive tape and for assessment of improvement.

Results

All seventeen cases responded well to this approach with complete resolution of lesions at 24 hours. Small clotlike shrunken tissue was found at the site of granuloma, which was easily scraped off during gentle cleansing. No major complication or recurrence was noted in 3 months of follow‐up.

Conclusion

Complete resolution of umbilical granuloma can be achieved with a single, clinic‐based application of salt under occlusion for 24 hours. Salt causes shrinkage of granuloma inside occluded hyperosmolar chamber by desiccant effect. The salient features of this method include ease of application, low cost of treatment, accurate one‐time physician‐controlled application, and complete and rapid resolution without complication.
When do keepsakes keep us together? The effect of separation from a partner on directing attachment to inanimate objects
Authors: Niemyjska Aleksandra
Published: May 2019

Prior research has often limited the coping potential of inanimate objects to being cues for nostalgia. This article proposes that, due to an unavoidable separation from a loved one, individuals might adhere to an intuitive view that their loved one remains present in inanimate objects associated with him or her. Directing attachment behavior to inanimate objects associated with a loved one can be an effective strategy for maintaining subjective closeness to the partner. In Study 1, participants who imagined being trapped on a deserted island (vs. being together) were more likely to express both attachment to a photograph of their partner and nostalgia. Nostalgia, however, led to the anticipation that having the photograph would exacerbate the situation. Studies 2 and 3 demonstrated that adults experiencing real‐life separation were more likely than controls to direct their attachment to inanimate objects that decreased loneliness and increased closeness to one's partner. The distinctive role of attachment to inanimate objects as a coping strategy is further discussed.
Prospect Theory, Fairness, and the Escalation of Conflict at a Negotiation Impasse*
Authors: Miettinen Topi , Ropponen Olli , Sääskilahti Pekka
Published: May 2019

We study a bilateral negotiation set‐up where, at a bargaining impasse, the disadvantaged party chooses whether to escalate the conflict or not. Escalation is costly for both parties, and it results in a random draw of the winner of the escalated conflict. We derive the behavioral predictions of a simple social utility function, which is convex in disadvantageous inequality, thus connecting the inequity aversion and the prospect theory models. Our causal laboratory evidence is, to a large extent, consistent with the predicted effects. Among other things, the model predicts that the escalation rate is higher when escalation outcomes are riskier, and that the disagreement rate is lower when the cost of escalating the conflict is higher.
A method of assessing the strength of metal surface using film samples on titanium alloy Ti‐1023
Authors: Quan Fang , Chen Zhitong , Zhu Yu , Zhang Yun
Published: May 2019

The fatigue life of aerospace components depends greatly on the mechanical properties of the finished surface layer. However, no independent strength test of this layer has been reported because of the lack of suitable samples. Therefore, a direct method of assessing the surface tensile strength using film samples with thicknesses of approximately 40 μm is proposed in this paper. The immediate objective of this research is to demonstrate the fundamentals of surface strength testing and prove the feasibility of preparing films by tracking the evolution of the surface integrity. The test results show that layer‐by‐layer grinding and polishing is a feasible method for preparing film samples with sufficient area, controllable thickness, and well‐maintained surface integrity. During the preparation of the film samples, the roughness and micro‐hardness of the test side (the side kept unprepared for testing) are protected, and those of the processed side (the side that is ground and polished) are controlled. The residual stress on both sides is released to zero. The film specimens exhibit regular fracture behaviour in the tensile tests, and their stress–strain curves can be explained as weighted averages of the stress–strain functions of multiple layers.
A national Transfusion Register of Irregular Antibodies and Cross (X)‐match Problems: TRIX, a 10‐year analysis
Authors: van Gammeren Adriaan J. , van den Bos Annegeet G. , Som Nel , Veldhoven Charles , Vossen Renée C. R. M. , Folman Claudia C.
Published: May 2019

BACKGROUND

The Transfusion Register of Irregular Antibodies and Cross‐match Problems (TRIX) is a unique national database in the Netherlands that was launched in 2007. Transfusion laboratories register the presence of irregular RBC alloantibodies for their patients and can consult the database for information that is relevant for pretransfusion testing, unknown in their own laboratory information system.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

Data from the TRIX database 10 years after implementation have been analyzed to demonstrate the added value of TRIX for transfusion practice. TRIX antibody registration, antibody disappearance likelihood, and differences between men and women have been analyzed and evaluated.

RESULTS

In the 10‐year period 2007 to 2016, a total of 80,164 alloantibodies have been identified and registered in 62,110 individuals. Of the antibodies, 81% were reported in women and 19% in men (female:male, 4.3:1). Rh (DCcEe and Cw), K, Fya, and Jka antibodies account for 65.6% of all antibody registrations. M and Lewis antibodies account for 18.6% of all antibodies. Antibody disappearance likelihood is relatively high for the clinically relevant antibodies directed against Jkb, s, Fyb, and e. Antibodies directed against D, Fya, and K have a relatively low antibody disappearance likelihood.

CONCLUSION

TRIX is a unique and useful tool for transfusion laboratories for timely and up‐to‐date information on the presence of erythrocyte antibodies, which improves pretransfusion testing and compatible blood selection. TRIX also provides macro data on the prevalence of individual antibodies and antibody disappearance likelihoods that can be used for developing blood type matching strategies for patient groups at risk. © 2019 AABB
On‐label compared to off‐label four‐factor prothrombin complex concentrate use: a retrospective, observational study
Authors: Cho Brian C. , Jung Youn‐Hoa , DeMario Vincent M. , Lau Edward , Podlasek Stanley J. , Grant Michael C. , Gehrie Eric A. , Frank Steven M.
Published: May 2019

BACKGROUND

Four‐factor prothrombin complex concentrate (4F‐PCC) is US Food and Drug Administration approved for the urgent reversal of coagulation factor deficiency induced by a vitamin K antagonist complicated by acute major bleeding or in situations in which invasive procedures are urgently needed. Although recent evidence suggests the superiority of 4F‐PCC over plasma for on‐label indications, the off‐label use of 4F‐PCC has not been rigorously studied.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

Eighty‐nine patients receiving 4F‐PCC at a single institution from July 2016 to December 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. Two cohorts, “On‐Label” and “Off‐Label” uses of 4F‐PCC, were evaluated, comparing patient characteristics, blood utilization, and clinical outcomes including in‐hospital mortality.

RESULTS

Patients receiving 4F‐PCC for off‐label reasons (n = 46) were younger and sicker compared to those receiving 4F‐PCC for on‐label reasons (n = 43). Notably, the mortality rate for off‐label use was approximately twofold greater than the mortality rate for on‐label use (26 of 46 [56.5%] vs. 12 of 43 [27.9%]; p = 0.006). Patients receiving 4F‐PCC for off‐label reasons received more units per patient of each blood component than their on‐label counterparts. The average cost estimate per patient for 4F‐PCC was similar (approx. $4300) in each cohort.

CONCLUSION

4F‐PCC is an effective but expensive treatment option for those requiring urgent reversal of vitamin K antagonist–induced coagulopathy. However, providers should be conscious of the high costs and questionable efficacy when using 4F‐PCC off‐label.
A Genealogy of Dissent
Authors: Park Eugene Y.
Published: May 2019

This book seeks a better understanding of the politics, society, and culture of early-modern Korea by tracing and narrating the history of the descendants of the Koryŏ dynasty (918–1392). Decades after persecution that virtually exterminated the former royals, the Kaesŏng Wang, the Chosŏn dynasty (1392–1910) sought to bolster its legitimacy as the successor of Koryŏ. Emulating Chinese historical precedents, by the mid-fifteenth century, Chosŏn had rehabilitated the surviving Wangs. Contrary to the popular assumption that the Wangs remained politically marginalized, many fared well. The most privileged among them won the patronage of the Chosŏn court for which they performed ancestral rites in honor of certain Koryŏ rulers as selected by Chosŏn, passed government service examinations, attained prestigious offices, commanded armies, and constituted elite lineages throughout Korea. As members of a revived aristocratic descent group, the Kaesŏng Wang were committed to Confucian cultural and moral norms, at the heart of which was a subject’s loyalty to the ruler—the Chosŏn monarch. At the same time, Chosŏn increasingly honored Koryŏ loyalists and legacies. An emerging body of subversive narratives, both written and oral, articulated sympathy toward the Wangs as victims of the tumultuous politics of the Koryŏ-Chosŏn dynastic change, although the Wangs themselves steered clear of this discourse until after Japan’s abolition of the Chosŏn monarchy in 1910. Forces of modernity such as imperialism, colonialism, nationalism, urbanization, industrialization, and immigration transformed the Kaesŏng Wang as the progeny of fallen royals to individuals from all walks of life.
The Deepest Border
Authors: Pack Sasha D.
Published: May 2019

This book presents the history of southern Iberia and the western Maghrib, and the Strait of Gibraltar between them, as a single bicontinental borderland, from roughly 1850 to 1970. Drawing on primary and secondary sources from several countries, it posits a long historical arc of transformation from a remote and hostile religious frontier into a multilaterally managed regional order. By the nineteenth century, the Strait of Gibraltar was becoming a dynamic focus of imperial positioning, migration, brigandage, and exchange. As a consequence, coastal outposts like Tangier, Gibraltar, and Melilla became centers of an emerging bicontinental society bringing together a kaleidoscope of ethno-religious groups. These developments produced conflict but also drew sovereign powers together to confront common challenges, such as controlling epidemic disease, defeating warlords, and managing borders. Thus, over the course of a century, despite periods of considerable violence, an international order gradually emerged in the western Mediterranean. As European empire withdrew in the late twentieth century, the region did not revert to the hostile frontier of earlier times but inherited the legacy of a relatively stable and resilient regional order. Conceptualizing the borderland in this way provides a single transnational framework to explore connections between Mediterranean geopolitics, colonialism, border formation, smuggling and brigandage, and the civil and international violence of the twentieth century. It also addresses the role of mobility in international relations, the dynamics of Muslim-Jewish relations in the context of European empire, and the ongoing controversies over Gibraltar, Ceuta, and Melilla.
Tutoría entre iguales como estrategia para la formación del profesorado
Authors: Villagra-Bravo Carolina , Valdebenito-Zambrano Vanessa
Published: May 2019

La investigación es un estudio de caso con metodología mixta que involucra un análisis cuantitativo con grupo de comparación respecto al nivel de logro y un análisis cualitativo de la valoración que tutores y tutorados dan a la tutoría. Los resultados evidencian una mejora en las dimensiones evaluadas —conocimiento y habilidades— para el grupo de intervención, y no así para el grupo control. La tutoría entre iguales constituye una estrategia que favorece el aprendizaje en el contexto universitario, pues brinda la posibilidad de construir conocimiento desde ambos roles asumidos por los estudiantes (tutores y tutorados).
Real-Time Monitoring of Wind Turbine Blade Alignment Using Laser Displacement and Strain Measurement
Authors: Ovenden Max , Wang Qing , Huang Songling , Zhao Wei , Wang Shen
Published: May 2019

Wind turbine (WT) blade structural health monitoring (SHM) is important as it allows damage or misalignment to be detected before it causes catastrophic damage such as that caused by the blade striking the tower. Both of these can be very costly and justify the expense of monitoring. This paper aims to deduce whether a SICK DT-50 laser displacement sensor (LDS) installed inside the tower and a half-bridge type II strain gauge bridge installed at the blade root are capable of detecting ice loading, misalignment, and bolt loosening while the WT is running. Blade faults were detected by the virtual instrument, which conducted a z-test at 99% and 98% significance levels for the LDS and at 99.5% and 99% significance levels for the strain gauge. The significance levels chosen correspond to typical Z-values for statistical tests. A higher significance was used for the strain gauge as it used a one-tail test as opposed to a two-tail test for the LDS. The two different tests were used to test for different sensitivities of the tests. The results show that the strain gauge was capable of detecting all the mass loading cases to 99.5% significance, and the LDS was capable of detecting misalignment, bolt loosening, and 3 out of 4 mass loading cases to 99% significance. It was able to detect the least severe mass loading case of 11 g at the root to only a 98% significance.
Thermal cyclic oxidation behavior of γ-TiAl with in situ post-annealed Al-Si-Y coating
Authors: Bobzin Kirsten , Brögelmann Tobias , Kalscheuer Christian , Liang Tiancheng
Published: May 2019

A new in situ post-annealing process was applied to an Al-Si-Y-coated γ-TiAl substrate to enhance oxidation resistance. The process consisted of a diffusion treatment in vacuum and preoxidation in the coating chamber directly after the coating process. The coating deposition and the in situ post-annealing were conducted using high-speed physical vapor deposition technology. Results of cyclic oxidation tests performed at 950 °C for up to 1000 cycles demonstrated that the post-annealed Al-Si-Y coating has the potential to provide oxidation protection for γ-TiAl under thermal cyclic conditions, which parallels the real-life application conditions of low-pressure turbine blades.
Realization by impedance discontinuity of a unidirectional wave in a duct with harmonically perturbed uniform mean flow
Authors: Xiao Yongxiong , Lu Huancai , Zhou Daren , McFarland D. Michael , Vakakis Alexander F. , Bergman Lawrence A.
Published: May 2019

This paper presents a study of intentionally induced acoustic mode complexity in rigid-walled ducts of separable geometry and with uniform mean flow. An intermediately located perforated plate conceptualized as an impedance discontinuity is employed to maximize the acoustic mode complexity, in turn producing a unidirectional traveling wave from the source to the impedance discontinuity. The impedance of the perforated plate for realization of a unidirectional traveling wave is derived analytically and is found to be a function of the modal wavenumbers, the Mach number of the mean flow, the position of the perforated plate, and the termination impedance. The conditions derived analytically are verified computationally by finite element analysis. A measure of acoustic mode complexity is defined and also evaluated from the finite element analysis. It is found that the realization of a unidirectional traveling wave is robust at low Mach number mean flows, except at the occurrence of resonances. The method presented in this work provides a strategy to control the transmission of acoustic energy in rigid-walled ducts of separable geometry in the presence of uniform mean flow.
A hunt for long-lived particles ramps up
Authors: Cho Adrian
Published: May 2019

The Large Hadron Collider could be making new particles that are hiding in plain sight.
Jury verdicts cloud future of popular herbicide
Authors: Stokstad Erik
Published: May 2019

Fears of health risks and resistant weeds spur search for glyphosate alternatives.
Demographic dynamics of the smallest marine vertebrates fuel coral reef ecosystem functioning
Authors: Brandl Simon J. , Tornabene Luke , Goatley Christopher H. R. , Casey Jordan M. , Morais Renato A. , Côté Isabelle M. , Baldwin Carole C. , Parravicini Valeriano , Schiettekatte Nina M. D. , Bellwood David R.
Published: May 2019

Little fish make a big contribution

Coral reefs represent one of the most biodiverse and rich ecosystems. Such richness conjures up images of coral heads and large colorful reef fishes. Brandlet al.show, however, that one of the most striking and important parts of the reef ecosystem is almost never seen (see the Perspective by Riginos and Leis). Small cryptobenthic fish, like blennies, make up nearly 40% of reef fish biodiversity. Furthermore, the majority of cryptobenthic fish larvae settle locally, rather than being widely dispersed, and have rapid turnover rates. Such high diversity and densities could thus provide the biomass base for larger, better-known reef fish.

Science, this issue p.1189; see also p.1128
Role of AcrAB-TolC multidrug efflux pump in drug-resistance acquisition by plasmid transfer
Authors: Nolivos Sophie , Cayron Julien , Dedieu Annick , Page Adeline , Delolme Frederic , Lesterlin Christian
Published: May 2019

A race against time

Clinically relevant antimicrobial resistance is largely spread via plasmids that disperse among bacteria during conjugation. How quickly can a resistance gene be expressed after transfer? In susceptible bacterial cells, tetracycline should inhibit protein synthesis, including from the plasmid-transferred resistance gene
tetA
. Unexpectedly, Nolivos
et al.
found that TetA can be expressed despite the presence of tetracycline (see the Perspective by Povolo and Ackermann). Immediately after plasmid transfer into a cell, TetA synthesis starts because its repressor is slow to be expressed. In addition, the ubiquitous xenobiotic efflux pump AcrAB-TolC buys time for TetA translation by keeping tetracycline concentration below toxic levels.

Science
, this issue p.
778
; see also p.
737
Topological control of cytokine receptor signaling induces differential effects in hematopoiesis
Authors: Mohan Kritika , Ueda George , Kim Ah Ram , Jude Kevin M. , Fallas Jorge A. , Guo Yu , Hafer Maximillian , Miao Yi , Saxton Robert A. , Piehler Jacob , Sankaran Vijay G. , Baker David , Garcia K. Christopher
Published: May 2019

Exploring a range of signaling

Cytokines are small proteins that bind to the extracellular domains of transmembrane receptors to activate signaling pathways inside the cell. They often act by dimerizing their receptors, and changes in dimer orientation of the extracellular domains can change the signaling output. Mohan
et al.
systematically explored this tuning effect by designing a series of dimer ligands for the erythropoietin receptor in which they varied the distance and angle between monomers. The topology affected the strength of activation and differentially affected different pathways, which raises the potential for exploiting such ligands in medicinal chemistry.

Science
, this issue p.
eaav7532
The importance of studying small earthquakes
Authors: Brodsky Emily E.
Published: May 2019

Tiny earthquakes stitch together big ones
Crystal-clear treatment for allergic disease
Authors: Allen Judith E. , Sutherland Tara E.
Published: May 2019

Protein crystals could be targeted therapeutically to treat allergic pathology
Paul Greengard (1925–2019)
Authors: De Camilli Pietro
Published: May 2019

Pioneer in nerve cell signaling and brain diseases
First-Time-in-Human Study and Prediction of Early Bactericidal Activity for GSK3036656, a Potent Leucyl-tRNA Synthetase Inhibitor for Tuberculosis Treatment
Authors: Tenero David , Derimanov Geo , Carlton Alex , Tonkyn John , Davies Matt , Cozens Simon , Gresham Stephanie , Gaudion Alison , Puri Adeep , Muliaditan Morris , Rullas-Trincado Joaquin , Mendoza-Losana Alfonso , Skingsley Andrew , Barros-Aguirre David
Published: May 2019

This first-time-in-human (FTIH) study evaluated the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and food effect of single and repeat oral doses of GSK3036656, a leucyl-tRNA synthetase inhibitor. In part A, GSK3036656 single doses of 5 mg (fed and fasted), 15 mg, and 25 mg and placebo were administered. In part B, repeat doses of 5 and 15 mg and placebo were administered for 14 days once daily.
Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Single-Ascending-Dose Study of the Penetration of a Monoclonal Antibody Combination (ASN100) Targeting
Staphylococcus aureus
Cytotoxins in the Lung Epithelial Lining Fluid of Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Magyarics Zoltan , Leslie Fraser , Bartko Johann , Rouha Harald , Luperchio Steven , Schörgenhofer Christian , Schwameis Michael , Derhaschnig Ulla , Lagler Heimo , Stiebellehner Leopold , Firbas Christa , Weber Susanne , Campanaro Ed , Jilma Bernd , Nagy Eszter , Stevens Chris
Published: May 2019

ASN100 is a novel antibody combination of two fully human IgG1(κ) monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), ASN-1 and ASN-2, which neutralize six
Staphylococcus aureus
cytotoxins, alpha-hemolysin (Hla) and five bicomponent leukocidins. We assessed the safety, tolerability, and serum and lung pharmacokinetics of ASN100 in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled single-dose-escalation first-in-human study.
Ascomycete Aspergillus oryzae Is an Efficient Expression Host for Production of Basidiomycete Terpenes by Using Genomic DNA Sequences
Authors: Nagamine Shota , Liu Chengwei , Nishishita Jumpei , Kozaki Takuto , Sogahata Kaho , Sato Yoshiro , Minami Atsushi , Ozaki Taro , Schmidt-Dannert Claudia , Maruyama Jun-ichi , Oikawa Hideaki
Published: May 2019

The recent large influx of genome sequences from basidiomycetes, which are prolific producers of bioactive natural products, may provide opportunities to develop novel drug candidates. The development of a reliable expression system is essential for the genome mining of natural products because of the lack of a tractable host for heterologous expression of basidiomycete genes. For this purpose, we applied the ascomycete
Aspergillus oryzae
system for the direct expression of fungal natural product biosynthetic genes from genomic DNA. Using this system, 29 sesquiterpene synthase genes and diterpene biosynthetic genes for bioactive pleuromutilin were successfully expressed. Together with the use of computational tools for intron prediction, this
Aspergillus oryzae
system represents a practical method for the production of basidiomycete natural products.
Deficient Skeletal Muscle Regeneration after Injury Induced by a Clostridium perfringens Strain Associated with Gas Gangrene
Authors: Zúñiga-Pereira Ana Mariel , Santamaría Carlos , Gutierrez José María , Alape-Girón Alberto , Flores-Díaz Marietta
Published: May 2019

Gas gangrene, or clostridial myonecrosis, is usually caused by
Clostridium perfringens
and may occur spontaneously in association with diabetes mellitus, peripheral vascular disease, or some malignancies but more often after contamination of a deep surgical or traumatic lesion. If not controlled, clostridial myonecrosis results in multiorgan failure, shock, and death, but very little is known about the muscle regeneration process that follows myonecrosis when the infection is controlled.
Viral Coinfection Replaces Effects of Suilysin on Streptococcus suis Adherence to and Invasion of Respiratory Epithelial Cells Grown under Air-Liquid Interface Conditions
Authors: Meng Fandan , Tong Jie , Vötsch Désirée , Peng Ju-Yi , Cai Xuehui , Willenborg Maren , Herrler Georg , Wu Nai-Huei , Valentin-Weigand Peter
Published: May 2019

Streptococcus suis
is an important zoonotic pathogen which can infect humans and pigs worldwide, posing a potential risk to global public health. Suilysin, a pore-forming cholesterol-dependent cytolysin, is considered to play an important role in the pathogenesis of
S. suis
infections. It is known that infection with influenza A viruses may favor susceptibility to secondary bacterial infection, resulting in more severe disease and increased mortality.
Interplay between the Zur Regulon Components and Metal Resistance in Cupriavidus metallidurans
Authors: Bütof Lucy , Große Cornelia , Lilie Hauke , Herzberg Martin , Nies Dietrich H.
Published: May 2019

Zinc is an important transition metal cation and is present as an essential component in many enzymes, such as RNA polymerase. As with other transition metals, zinc is also toxic at higher concentrations so that living cells have to maintain strict control of their zinc homeostasis. Members of the COG0523 family of metal-chaperoning GE3-type GTPases exist in archaea, bacteria, and eucaryotes, including humans, and they may be involved in delivery of zinc to thousands of different proteins. We used a combination of molecular, physiological, and biochemical methods to demonstrate the important but diverse functions of COG0523 proteins inC. metallidurans, which are produced as part of the Zur-controlled zinc starvation response in this bacterium.