bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of the endotoxicosis indices in patients, suffering extended purulent peritonitis
Authors: Pavliak А. Ya. , Pyptiuk О. V.
Published: September 2018

Objective. To investigate the endotoxicosis indices dynamics in patients, suffering extended purulent peritonitis (EPP) during the treatment process.

Маterials and methods. In the investigation 39 patients, suffering EPP in terminal stage, were included. Quantitative contents of endotoxin in the blood serum (the amoebacytes lysate Limulus) was determined in dynamics, using LAL-test, and the patient’s state severity was estimated, basing on clinical and laboratory indices. Hospital lethality have characterized the disease course.

Results. In patients with positive clinical dynamics (Group I) the average quantitative indices of endotoxicosis have lowered trustworthily (р=0.0001). In the patients, who died (Group II), the endotoxicosis quantitative indices dynamics were trustworthily higher, comparing with average indices in patients of Group I (р < 0.05).

Conclusion. Еndotoxicosis, measuring more 5 еndotoxic units in 1 ml of the blood serum, during 3 postoperative days constitutes one of indications for reoperation. LAL-test in patients, suffering EPP, has statistically significant prognostic and diagnostic value, what substantiates recommendation for its application as indicator of the pathological process course.
THE EFFECT OF DEMOCRATIC LEADERSHIP STYLE, ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE COMMITMENT ON ORGANIZATION AND SELF-CONFIDENCE ON LECTURERS’ PERFORMANCE OF STKIP HAMZANWADI SELONG LOMBOK TIMUR REGENCY
Authors: Murcahyanto Hary , Asmawi Moch. , Madhakomala R.
Published: September 2018

The purpose of this study was to know how was the influence of democratic leadership style, organizational culture, commitment to the organization, confidence, and lecturers’ performance. How did the organizational culture affect organizational commitment, self-confidence, and lecturer performance. How did the organization's commitment to self-esteem, and how did it affect the learners’ performance.This paper was based on the results of research conducted at STKIP Hamzanwadi Selong college which was domiciled in Pancor Selong Sub-district, Lombok Timur regency of Nusa Tenggara Barat Province using survey method, taking samples from one population and using questionnaire as the instrument. Data collection technique was done through questionnaire with descriptive-verification design. The grain validity test is performed through empirical tests of instrument grains. The collecting data were analyzed using F- test and t-test. The results of testing hypothesis and data analysis showed that the democratic leadership style had a significantly influence on organizational culture, commitment to the organization, confidence and lecturers’ performance. Organizational culture had a significantly effect on commitment to the organization, confidence and lecturers’ performance. Commitment to the organization did  not have a positive effect on self-confidence, and confidence did not affect the lecturers’ performance.
CSR (CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY) MANAGEMENT PROGRAM IN EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM IN KEPULAUAN MERANTI REGENCY OF RIAU PROVINCE: A CASE STUDY IN ENERGI MEGA PERSADA (EMP) MALACCA STRAIT SA
Authors: Hafizan Hafizan Hafizan , Sari Eliana , Saam Zulfan
Published: September 2018

This study aimed to determine how the planning, organizing, implementing and  monitoring of the CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) of EMP Malacca Strait SA in the field of education in Kepulauan Meranti Regency of Riau Province, held from June 2016 to September 2016. The research approach used was the qualitative approach (qualitative research). This qualitative research was more specifically directed to the use of the case study method. Data were collected from interviews, observations, study and documents. The data analysis used a method collated by Mathew B. Miles and Michael Huberment, which is called the interactive data analysis models by Burhan Bungin. Data were collected from interviews, observations, study and documents. The analysis consisted of three flows of activities that occurred simultaneously, namely induction, data presentation and conclusion/verification. The results showed that the planning of CSR education program was carried out together with stakeholders at the operation (collaborative), and this ensured that EMP MSSA’s CSR program was an integral part of the purpose or goal of the society at the local site. EMP MSSA organized the program by creating an internal special unit assigned to supervise the program; meanwhile, the special unit was under the control of the Communication Manager, who was assisted by the CSR Coordinator and CSR officer, who have competence and experience in handling CSR program. The CSR program of EMP MSSA was implemented in physical and non-physical forms, such as formal and non-formal education scholarships and education infrastructure assistance. This CSR program was conducted through ongoing assistance by the CSR Officers of EMP MSSA team so that all programs will benefit every year by involving the Community, the Company, and the Regional Government. The outcome of the CSR programs, both physical and non-physical education was directly very supportive of educational activities and the human resources in the District of the Kepulauan Meranti.Keywords: Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and education sector
KONSTITUSIONALITAS MATERIELE WEDERRECHTELIJK DALAM KEBIJAKAN PEMBERANTASAN TINDAK PIDANA KORUPSI
Authors: Adhari Ade
Published: September 2018

ABSTRAKPutusan Nomor 003/PUU-IV/2006 menyatakan materiele wederrechtelijk dalam Undang-Undang Tindak Pidana Korupsi bertentangan dengan Pasal 28D ayat (1) UUD NRI 1945, dan tidak berlaku mengikat. Penelitian ini berupaya memahami apakah tepat atau tidak pertimbangan Mahkamah Konstitusi dalam putusan tersebut. Dalam menjawab permasalahan tersebut digunakan penelitian doktrinal, norma hukum serta asas yang melandasi lahirnya putusan tersebut. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diketahui terdapat ketidaktepatan dalam pertimbangan Mahkamah Konstitusi. Mahkamah Konstitusi telah keliru dalam usahanya memvalidasi Penjelasan Pasal 2 ayat (1) Undang-Undang Tindak Pidana Korupsi dengan menguji berdasarkan asas legalitas yang terdapat dalam Pasal 1 ayat (1) KUHP. Padahal prinsipnya pengujian yang dilakukan oleh Mahkamah Konstitusi adalah menguji undang-undang terhadap UUD NRI 1945. Selain itu, Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi berorientasi pada asas legalitas yang hanya mengutamakan rechtssicherheit dan mengesampingkan keberadaan gerechtigkeit dan zweckmässigkeit. Lebih dari itu, tidak diakuinya materiele wederrechtelijk telah meniadakan eksistensi hukum yang hidup di masyarakat sebagai sumber hukum untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan bersifat melawan hukum. Hal ini bertentangan dengan mandat Pasal 18B ayat (2) UUD NRI 1945, dan berbagai peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku. Dengan demikian materiele wederrechtelijk tidak bertentangan dengan kontitusi.Kata kunci: materiele wederrechtelijk, korupsi, konstitusionalitas. ABSTRACT Constitutional Court Decision Number 003/PUUIV/2006 states unlawful criminal acts (materiele wederrechtelijk) in the Anti-Corruption Law is inconsistent with Article 28D paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution, and not binding. Doctrinal research, legal norms and principles underlying the birth of the court decision are used in answering whether the problem arising from the decision is justified. Based on the result of the research, there is an inaccuracy in the consideration of the Constitutional Court. The Constitutional Court has erred in its attempt to validate the Elucidation of Article 2 Paragraph (1) of Corruption Law by examining based on the legality principle contained in Article 1 paragraph (1) of the Criminal Code. Whereas in principle, what has been conducted by the Constitutional Court is a judicial review of the law against the 1945 Constitution. In addition, the Constitutional Court’s decision is oriented on the principle of legality which only prioritizes legal  certainty (Rechtssicherheit) and overrides justice (Gerechtigkeit) and utility (Zweckmässigkeit). Moreover, the unrecognized materiele wederrechtelijk has negated the existence of a living law in society as a source of law to declare unlawful acts. This is contrary to the mandate of Article 18B paragraph (2) of the 1945 Constitution and various prevailing laws and regulations. Thus, the material wederrechtelijk is not contradictory to the constitution. Keywords: materiele wederrechtelijk, corruption, constitutionality.
PENGARUH KEPUASAN KERJA TERHADAP HUBUNGAN ANTARA IKLIM ORGANISASI DENGAN KINERJA PERAWAT PADA RSUD KOTA MATARAM
Authors: Hartini Devi eka , Surati Surati , Hermanto Hermanto
Published: September 2018

This research is aimed at determining the effect of work satisfaction on the relation betweenorganizational atmosphere and performance of nurseat Mataram District Hospital. This research is an associative study. The datawerw collected through questionnaires, interview, and hospital as the population from which 162 nurses selected as the samples (besides 15 nurses were evaluated by the head of nurses). The were anlayzed using moderated regression analysis to test hipotesis. The research showed that there is significant and positive effect of organizational atmosphere and performance of nurses at Mataram District Hospitaal. The organizational atmosphere is good to boost the performance of the nurses. work satisfaction is not moderated variables but independent variable that affect the performance of the nurses of Mataram District Hospital. This means that work satisfaction directly affect the performance. The work satisfaction can make the relation between the work satisfaction and the performanceof the nurses but not significant enough. This mean that work satisfication does not affect significantly to strengthen the relation between the work satisfaction and the performance of the nurses, the relation of wihich is only 16,9%, while the rest is the effect of other vaariables outside the this research problemsKeywords: work satisfaction, organizational atmosphere, performance
ANALISIS PENGARUH KOMPENSASI, BEBAN KERJA, DAN STRES KERJA TERHADAP KOMITMEN ORGANISASIONAL (STUDI PADA TENAGA PEMASAR MIKRO PT BANK RAKYAT INDONESIA (PERSERO) TBK, CABANG PRAYA)
Authors: Fatmawati Fatmawati
Published: September 2018

The purpose of this research is to examine the significant partial effect of compensation on organizationalcommitment, work load on organizational commitment, work stress on organizational commitment, and toexamine the significant simultant effect of compensation, work load, work stress, on organizational commitmenton micro credits marketings of PT Bank Rakyat Indonesia Tbk (Persero) Praya. This is an associative research.Technik sampling is census method, the amount of sample in this research of 60 respondents.  Data were analyzedby Multiple Regressions. The result shows that compensation has significant effect on organizationalcommitment, work load has significant effect on organizational commitment, work stress has significant effectorganizational commitment, and compensation, work load, work stress has significant simultant effect onorganizational commitment, and work stress has dominant effect on organizational commitment on micro creditsmarketings of PT Bank Rakyat Indonesia Tbk (Persero) Praya.Keywords: Compensation, Work Load, Work Stress, and Organization Commitment
PERSEPSI STAKEHOLDERS TERHADAP TRANSPARANSI DAN AKUNTABILITAS PENGELOLAAN KEUANGAN SEKOLAH MENENGAH KEJURUAN (SMK) NEGERI DI KABUPATEN LOMBOK TENGAH
Authors: Ishaq Ishaq
Published: September 2018

This study aimed to analyze the differences in perception between internal stakeholders with external stakeholders to transparency and accountability in financial management of the school. The population in this study were all teachers, staff, administrators of the school committee who becomes the object of research, vocational superintendent, Board of Education Central Lombok, and Non-Governmental Peoples, which operates in the field of education. The object of this study is SMKN 1 Central Praya, SMK 1 Praya, SMK 1 Kopang, SMK 1 Pujut, SMK 1 Janapria, SMK 1 Batukliang, SMK 1 North Batukliang, SMK 1 West Praya, and SMK 2 Central Praya. This research is descriptive quantitative research with a sample of 227 people. Statistic analysis results show: 1) the difference in the average perception of internal and external stakeholders on the transparency of financial management SMK in Central Lombok regency; 2) There is no difference in the average perception of stakeholders internal and external to the SMK accountability in financial management in Central Lombok regency.          Keywords : Stakeholders Perception, Transparency, Accountability, Financial Management Schools
ANALISIS PERENCANAAN KEBUTUHAN DAN PENGEMBANGAN SUMBER DAYA MANUSIA (Studi Pada Kantor Perwakilan BKKBN Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat )
Authors: Winarti Winarti , Agusdin Agusdin , Hermanto Hermanto
Published: September 2018

This research is aimed at analyzing the work load and the need of human resources development in the provincial office of Population and Family Planning Agency of West NusaTenggara. This research is descriptive-qualitative study supported by qualitative data. The data were analyzed with Workload Indicator of Staffing Needs (WISN) and Force-Field Analysis (FFA). The samples were 72 respondents selected from 94 populations. With the WISN analysis, the research showed that there is different workload of each unit; 4 units are lack of human resources and 2 other units are surplus of human resources, and 1 unit had sufficient workload and human resources. With the FFA analysis of human resources development, the research showed that formal education, trainings, and workshops were needed to upgrade the knowledge and skills in equipment and drug for contraception, public speaking, partnership and information technology. This research recommended that authority do mutation, take outsourcing, and make partnership to balance the workload in each unit and develop human resources by making policy in terms of education, trainings, and workshop that support the job description.Keywords: workload, WISN, FFA, Human resources development.
ANALISIS PENGARUH KEPEMIMPINAN ISLAMI DAN ETOS KERJA ISLAMI TERHADAP KINERJA ISLAMI PEGAWAI DENGAN BUDAYA ORGANISASI ISLAMI SEBAGAI MODERATING VARIABEL (STUDI PADA RUMAH SAKIT ISLAM SITI HAJAR MATARAM)
Authors: Aswadi M , Suparman Lalu , Abidin Zainal
Published: September 2018

This research is aimed at analyzing and determining the significance of the effect of Islamic leadership on the Islamic performance, analyzing and determining the significance of the effect of Islamic work ethic on the Islamic performance, analyzing and determining the significance of the effect of Islamic organizational culture on the Islamic performance, analyzing determining the significance of the leadership on the Islamic performance with Islamic organizational culture as moderating variable, and analyzing and determining the significance of the effect Islamic work ethic on the Islamic performance with Islamic organizational culture as moderating variable.The population of this research are all 261 employees working in Islamic Hospital of Siti Hajar Mataram. The sample were 72 respondent. The analysis were performance to examine the hypothesis with PLS-SEM analysis using smartPLS 3.0.The research showed that the Islamic leadership had positive but no significant effect on Islamic performance, the Islamic work ethic had positive and significant effect on Islamic performance, the Islamic organizational culture had positive and significant effect on the Islamic performance, the Islamic organizational culture did not strengthen the effect Islamic leadership on the Islamic performance, while the Islamic organizational culture strengthened the effect Islamic work ethic on the Islamic performance. Keywords :  Islamic leadership, Islamic work ethic, Islamic organizational culture, Islamic performance.
PENGARUH KEPEMIMPINAN TRANSFORMASIONAL TERHADAP ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR DENGAN IKLIM ORGANISASI SEBAGAI VARIABEL INTERVENING (STUDI PADA KANTOR DUKCAPIL KOTA MATARAM)
Authors: Amri Khairul , Abidin Zainal , Nurmayanti Siti
Published: September 2018

This study aims to analyze the influence of Transformational Leadership on OCB, to analyze the influence of Transformational Leadership on Organizational Climate, to analyze the influence of Organizational Climate on OCB, to analyze the Climate of Transformational Leadership Mediation Organization against OCB. This research was conducted at Population and Civil Registration District Agency Of Mataram with 45 people as a sample using saturated sampling technique that is sample determination technique when all member of population used as sample. The type of this research was associative causal research and data collection tool was Analysis PLS-SEM. The results of the data analysis shows that, transformational leadership has a positive and significant effect on OCB. The Climate Organization has a positive and significant impact on OCB. Transformational leadership has a positive and significant influence on the Climate of the Organization. Transformational leadership has a positive and significant impact on OCB through the Climate of the Organization.

Keywords: Transformational Leadership, Organizational Climate and OCB.
Image Compression based on Fixed Predictor Multiresolution Thresholding of Linear Polynomial Nearlossless Techniques
Authors: Al-Khafaji Ghadah , Fadhil Shaymaa
Published: September 2018

Image compression is a serious issue in computer storage and transmission,  that simply makes efficient use of redundancy embedded within an image itself; in addition, it may exploit human vision or perception limitations to reduce the imperceivable information

Polynomial coding is a modern image compression technique based on modelling concept to remove the spatial redundancy embedded within the image effectively that composed of two parts, the  mathematical model and the residual.

In this paper, two stages proposed technqies adopted, that starts by utilizing the lossy predictor model along with multiresolution base and thresholding techniques corresponding to first stage. Latter by incorporating the near lossless compression scheme of first stage that corresponding to second stage.

The tested results shown are promising  in both two stages, that implicilty enhanced the performance of traditional polynomial model in terms of compression ratio , and preresving image quality.
Corporate Governance and Performance of Financial Institutions in Pakistan: A Comparison between Conventional and Islamic Banks in Pakistan
Authors: Ramiz Ur Rehman Ramiz Ur Rehman
Published: September 2018

Corporate Governance refers to the way an organisation is directed, administrated or controlled. It includes the set of rules and regulations that affect the manager’s decision and contribute to the way company is perceived by the current and potential stakeholders. The corporate governance structure specifies the distribution of rights and responsibilities among different participants in the corporation such as; boards, managers, shareholders and other stakeholders and spells out the rules and procedures and also decision-making assistance on corporate affairs. By doing this, it also provides the structure through which the company’s objectives are set and the means of obtaining those objectives and monitoring performance. Corporate governance may be the ways of bringing the interests of investors and managers into line and ensuring that firms are run for the benefit of investors.
Welfare Impact of the Lady Health Workers Programme in
Pakistan
Authors: Farooq Shujaat , . Durr-E-Nayab , Arif G. M.
Published: September 2018

With the year 2015 fast approaching, Pakistan is not likely to
achieve most of the health targets set in the Millennium Development
Goals [Pakistan (2010)]. High levels of child and maternal mortality and
child malnutrition are among the major health challenges facing the
country. Along with this enhanced vulnerability for children and women
there is also an economic divide in the society because these health
challenges are more profound for the poor segment of the population than
for the better off. Another divide is between the rural and urban
populations due to concentration of health facilities in urban centres
of the country. The high cost of dealing with health issues adversely
affects the poor and rural population, lowering their productivity and
limiting their lifetime achievements. Without substantially improved
health outcomes it is impossible to break out of the cycle of poverty
[OECD (2003)].
Households’ Willingness to Pay for Improved Tap Water Services in Karachi, Pakistan
Authors: Sidrat Asim507  , Heman D. Lohano
Published: September 2018

Access to safe water is a basic need for human survival and health. Water is one of the most important commodities for households, who use it for drinking and many other important household activities including cooking a meal, washing dishes, bathing, laundry, cleaning, and watering the home gardens. Households need safe water and its availability on regular basis. Irregular and uncertain access to safe water affects not only these activities directly but also households’ health and workforce productivity indirectly. Thus, households give great importance to water, its quality and regular supply.
The Development of India’s Financial Inclusion Agenda—Some Lessons for Pakistan
Authors: Muneeb Hussain Gattoo  , S. M. Jawed Akhtar
Published: September 2018

Financial Inclusion has assumed a vital position in the Public Policy discourse of developing economies. Provision of financial services to the otherwise excluded strata of the society enhances their potential to climb the economic ladder of opportunity and prosperity. Access to financial services to the otherwise excluded impacts their quality of life and enables the less privileged to increase and diversify their incomes, improve their social and economic conditions. Due to lack of access to financial services, most poor households have to rely on their meagre savings or money lenders which limit their ability to actively participate and benefit from the development process. The main theoretical arguments that economic theory postulates regarding the failure of financial markets in percolating poor and rural areas are of informational asymmetries, difficulties in contract designing and enforcement, greater transaction costs. The demand side aspects may be low demand for such services, arising from illiteracy, less investment opportunities in rural areas and difficult loan contracts [Basu (2006)]. When households are access constrained with respect to financial services, it becomes one of the important reasons for persisting inequalities. Economic theory suggests that unrelenting inequalities has a negative impact on the long term growth prospects of an economy [World Bank (2007)]. While establishing causality between financial development and economic growth has been quite tedious, with no simple answers, the evidence of a strong link between financial development and economic growth has continued to rise [Gattoo and Akhtar (2014)]. The interest in the financial inclusion discourse across developing and developing world stems from the recognition that a strong and vibrant financial system does not necessarily imply increasing financial to all across the societal divide [Honohan (2003)].
Can We Solve the Issue of Poverty Without Solving the Issue of Conventional Economic Paradigm: A Critical Review
Authors: Anwar Shah  , Karim Khan
Published: September 2018

The primary focus of economics is to allocate resources in order to achieve the well-being of humans. Wellbeing has many dimensions, ranging from the level of mere subsistence to the equality of opportunities to accumulate, and to safeguard life and wealth. Poverty, thus, is one of the parameters for measuring the welfare of society in general. Given this importance, the Millennium Development Goals aim at halving the world poverty by 2015. Many organisations in the world set poverty eradication as one of their key objectives. Likewise, poverty reduction has got a central place in the international politics. Accordingly, each country including Pakistan has launched programmes for the alleviation of this great menace. The election manifesto of all the mainstream political parties in Pakistan includes poverty alleviation as one of their main goals. Additionally, poverty alleviation is one of the major subjects of talks in electronic media and in the editorials of newspapers, both at the national and at the international level. Nevertheless, poverty is still a major problem of humanity across the globe.
Determinants of Urban Poverty: The Case of Medium Sized City in Pakistan
Authors: Nasir Iqbal  , Masood Sarwar Awan
Published: September 2018

The process of urbanisation has dual impact on the development process of an economy. Initially, it encourages the workers to switch from low productive sector i.e. agriculture to high productive sectors like services and manufacturing [Becker, et al. (1994)]. Subsequently, it generates formidable problems for residents by depriving them of access to essential basic needs [Egziabher (2000)]. It is also observed that the poor try to urbanise faster as compared to the whole population [Ravallion (2007)] and this urbanisation process leads toward the emergence of urban poverty. Urban poverty is distinct from the rural poverty with respect to its incidence, economic, demographic and political aspects. The urban poverty can be controlled by developing the clear understanding of its nature, magnitude and intensity
Reforming a Broken System: A New Performance Evaluation System for Pakistan Civil Servants
Authors: Maryam Tanwir  , Azam Chaudhry
Published: September 2018

Extant literature informs that the modern state requires a civil service whose performance is accurately measured, evaluated and subsequently rewarded (or punished). In this paper we use Pakistan as a case study of a country in which the performance evaluation system is obsolete and resistant to change. After analysing literature on the importance of performance management systems in bureaucracies, we evaluate the present structure of the Pakistani performance evaluation system of civil servants and identify its major weaknesses. We then present the results of a unique survey of senior civil servants which informs on how they viewed potential reforms of the current system. Based on this, we present a revised instrument to more accurately measure the performance of Pakistani civil servants, which both adapts the existing instrument while being cognizant of the international best practices. Finally we look at some of the significant political economy factors that could hinder the introduction of a new performance management system. Keywords: Performance Evaluation, Political Manipulation, SMART, Political Alignment Performance Management, Civil Service
Kamran Asdar Ali. Communism in Pakistan: Politics and Class Activism 1947- 1972. London, U.K.: I. B. Tauris & Co. Ltd./Philip Wilson Publishers Ltd. 2015. 304 pages. £ 59.00.
Authors: Sundus Saleemi
Published: September 2018

The book is divided into two parts consisting of eight chapters, including the introductory and concluding chapters, and an epilogue. It is a 304 page book including notes and references, which are not only interesting but are very helpful for any reader interested in the topic. The introductory chapter sets the stage for the reader, introducing her to the diversity of nations living in the geographical boundaries of Pakistan and points to the failure of their integration in the state project. The author also touches upon the ethnic and nationalistic struggles played out in Pakistan throughout history and their relationship with the politics of the left. Furthermore, he reiterates that mainstream discourse on Pakistan’s history presents the struggle for separate nation in unified India as a struggle of a monolith Muslim nation in the sub-continent largely ignoring the ethnic, cultural and linguistic diversity of these Muslims, thereby undermining their aspirations for freedom, self-determination and autonomy. The Bengali and the Baloch freedom movements have been cited as examples of what he calls the “collective amnesia” of the nation and notes that resistance, or left-leaning, movements have also been largely ignored in mainstream discourses on the history of Pakistan.
Naeem ul Haque. Transforming the Inchoate Duty of Samaritanism into an Obligation. Islamabad, Pakistan: Innovative Development Strategies. 2014. 302 pages. Pak Rupees 600.00
Authors: M. Ali Kemal
Published: September 2018

“Transforming the Inchoate Duty of Samaritanism into an Obligation” is the last book of Naeem ul Haque’s life. It is edited by Uzma Cheema and Nina Gera and published by the Innovative Development Strategies (IDS), Islamabad. The book contains seven chapters. Chapter 1 introduces the purpose of the book and the issues discussed in it. Chapter 2 deals with the challenges of global poverty, while Chapter 3 links poverty with the changes in international law, mostly associated with aid and grant to developing countries. Chapter 4 defines the official development assistance (ODA) and discusses the history and issues related to it. In addition to that, Chapters 5 and 6 throw light on the various cases for and against the aid. The last chapter of the book, Chapter 7, discusses the transactional efforts to transformational outcomes.
A Raging Bull or a Long-term Speculative Bubble? The Puzzling Case of the Karachi Stock Exchange
Authors: Ehsan Ahmed  , J. Barkley Rosser Jr.  , Jamshed Y. Uppal
Published: September 2018

The objective of the study is to examine possible presence of nonlinear speculative bubbles in the Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE). Bubbles are argued to exist when there are substantial deviations of market value from the estimated fundamental values. We estimate a series of fundamental values from a four variable Vector Autoregression Model (VAR) using the main KSE100 index along with measures of world stock prices, the Pakistani exchange rate, and the Pakistani short-term interest rate. Residuals of this estimated fundamental time series are then tested for possible speculative deviations using a Hamilton regime switching test and a rescaled range Hurst coefficient test, with a further test for nonlinearity beyond the ARCH effects using the BDS statistic. For all of these, we reject the null hypotheses of the absence of speculative bubbles and nonlinearities beyond ARCH in these series. While these results suggest the possible presence of such bubbles, we note methodological limits on proving that due to the problem of mis-specified fundamentals. We further discuss some characteristics of the regulatory environment that may make it especially susceptible to such phenomena and may be considered by the policy-makers for the attenuation of speculative and manipulative behaviour. Keywords: Bubble, Pakistan, Stock Market, Regime Switching, Rescaled Range Analysis, Nonlinearity
Conducting Monetary Policy in South Asian Economies: An Investigation
Authors: Muhammad Arshad Khan  , Ather Maqsood Ahmed
Published: September 2018

Monetary policy which until recently aimed at targeting monetary aggregates has quietly given way to adjusting interest rates. Most of the Central Banks now focus on money reaction function that directly targets inflation or price level. This paper examines the way monetary policy is being conducted in the four major South Asian economies, namely, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. The analysis is based on a variant of the Taylor rule framework. Using quarterly data over the period 1990Q1 to 2012Q4, the study finds that the monetary authorities in India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka have accommodated some degree of inflationary pressure, whereas Bangladesh has continuously smoothened interest rate while setting its monetary policy. Besides pursuing a mild monetary policy stance against inflation, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka are also giving importance to foreign interest rate and real exchange rate movements to justify their relevance in monetary policy setting. However, the same has not been found to be true for Bangladesh. JEL Classification: E52, E58, E60 Keywords: Monetary Policy Rule, Central Banks, SAARC Countries
Shorter Notices
Authors: Omer Siddique
Published: September 2018

Download the PDF file
Financial Regulations, Profit Efficiency, and Financial Soundness: Empirical Evidence from Commercial Banks of Pakistan
Authors: Shumaila Zeb  , Abdul Sattar .
Published: September 2018

The purpose of this paper is threefold. First, it measures profit efficiency and financial stability of commercial banks of Pakistan. Second, it empirically estimates the effect of the already implemented financial regulations on the profit efficiency and financial stability of banks. Third, it examines the differential effect of financial regulations on profitability and financial soundness across bank size. To carry out the empirical analysis, a balanced bank-level panel data covering the period 2008-2014 is used. To gauge the profit efficiency of commercial banks, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is utilised, while, to proxy the financial soundness, the Z-score is calculated for each bank. The panel regression approach is used to examine the effects of financial regulations on the profit efficiency and financial soundness of banks. We find that the financial regulations enforced by State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) have significant impacts on the profit efficiency and financial stability of banks. The results indicate that the non-performance loans to assets ratio (NPLL) and the reserve ratio (RR) impact positively, whereas, the liquidity ratio (LIQR) and the loans to deposits ratio (LODEPOSIT), significantly and negatively affect the profit efficiency of banks. However, only LR and RR are positively and significant related to the financial stability. The results also suggest that the financial regulations have significant differential effects on the profit efficiency and financial soundness of banks across bank size. JEL Classification: C23, E44, G21, G28 Keywords: Profit Efficiency, Financial Soundness, Financial Regulations, Data Envelopment Analysis, Z-Score, Differential Effects
Cholinergic modulation of hippocampal long-term potentiation in chronic cerebral hypoperfused rats
Authors: Azam Nor Fasihah , Stanyard Ryan Andrew , Mat Noorul Hamizah , Hassan Zurina
Published: September 2018

Vascular dementia (VaD) is one of the most common types of dementia in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Two-vessel occlusion (2VO), also known as permanent bilateral occlusion of the common carotid arteries, induces chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) in rats, resulting in neuronal loss and inflammation (particularly in the cortex and hippocampus).  The 2VO rat model has been widely used to represent VaD conditions similar to those seen in humans. Synaptic plasticity or long-term potentiation (LTP) is one of the most important neurochemical foundations in learning and memory, deficits of which occur as a result of VaD. The aim of this study is to evaluate the role of cholinergic transmission in LTP impairment of CCH rat model. There is a significant impairment of LTP following the induction of 2VO surgery (p < .05). Treatment with oxotremorine and tacrine cause significant enhancement of LTP and potentiation levels (p < .05). There are also significant effects of paired-pulse facilitations when treated with cholinergic agonists and baseline synaptic transmission with increasing stimulation intensity (p < .0001). AChE activity was only found to increase significantly in the hippocampal region (p < .05). The role of cholinergic neurotransmission has been clearly demonstrated in LTP impairment of the CCH rat model. Augmentation of synaptic transmission was clearly observed in this model via changes of basal synaptic transmission and neurotransmitter release presynaptically.
How to automatically document data with the codebook package to facilitate data re-use
Authors: Arslan Ruben C.
Published: September 2018

Data documentation in psychology lags behind not only many other disciplines, but also basic standards of usefulness. Psychological scientists often prefer to invest the time and effort necessary to document existing data well into other duties such as writing and collecting more data. Codebooks therefore tend to be unstandardised and stored in proprietary formats, and are rarely properly indexed in search engines. This means that rich datasets are sometimes used only once—by their creators—and left to disappear into oblivion; even if they can find it, researchers are unlikely to publish analyses based on existing datasets if they cannot be confident they understand them well enough. My codebook package makes it easier to generate rich metadata in human- and machine-readable codebooks. By using metadata from existing sources and by automating some tedious tasks such as documenting psychological scales and reliabilities, summarising descriptives, and identifying missingness patterns, I aim to encourage researchers to use the package for their own or their team's benefit. The codebook R package and web app make it possible to generate rich codebooks in a few minutes and just three clicks. Over time, this could lead to psychological data becoming findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable, and to reduced research waste, thereby benefiting the scientific community as a whole.
Current Conceptualizations of Narcissism
Authors: Ackerman Robert A. , Donnellan M. Brent , Wright Aidan G.C.
Published: September 2018

Definitions of narcissism have traditionally differed across psychiatry and subfields of psychology. This review aims to highlight emerging points of consensus and suggest further directions needed to obtain a more comprehensive and cohesive conceptualization of the construct.
Evidence to Action: Research to Address Illegal Wildlife Trade
Authors: Milner-Gulland E.J. , Cugniere Laure , Hinsley Amy , Phelps Jacob , ’t Sas-Rolfes Michael , Veríssimo Diogo
Published: September 2018

Tools and expertise to improve the evidence base for national and international Illegal Wildlife Trade policy already exist but are underutilised. Tapping into these resources would produce substantive benefits for wildlife conservation and associated sectors, enabling governments to better meet their obligations under the Sustainable Development Goals and international biodiversity conventions. This can be achieved through enhanced funding support for inter-sectoral research collaborations, engaging researchers in priority setting and programme design, increasing developing country research capacity and engaging researchers and community voices in policy processes. This briefing, addressed to policy makers and practitioners, is part of the 2018 Evidence to Action: Research to Address Illegal Wildlife Trade event programme, organised by five of the UK’s most active IWT research institutions, to support the London 2018 IWT Conference.
Clinico-Pathological Study of Hysterectomy Specimens in Kathmandu Medical College Teaching Hospital
Authors: Pradhan Sailesh Bahadur , Sedhain Mamata , Acharya Sneh , Maharjan Sailuja , Regmi Samikchhya
Published: September 2018

Introduction: Uterus is subjected to many non-neoplastic and neoplastic diseases. Hysterectomy is the commonest gynecological surgery done for the management of the pathologies of the female reproductive system. Histopathological examination of hysterectomy specimens is done routinely which has both diagnostic and therapeutic significance.Objective: To study the common pathologies identified in hysterectomy specimens and to correlate them with the clinical findings.Methodology: A cross sectional study was carried out among all the hysterectomy specimens irrespective of primary lesion sent for histopathological examination from January 2016 to December 2017 in Department of Pathology, Kathmandu Medical College Teaching Hospital (KMCTH). Relevant history was taken from the requisition form. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Institutional Review Committee of KMCTH.Results: A total of 198 cases were studied. The most common pathology encountered was leiomyoma (60.0%) followed by adenomyosis (14.0%). Atrophic endometrium was seen in 24.3% cases. Chronic cervicitis was found in most of the cases (96.5%) along with endocervical polyp in 8.1% cases. Leiomyoma was found to be the most common indication for hysterectomy comprising 48.0% followed by abnormal uterine bleeding (24.75%) and utero-vaginal prolapse (18.25%). Hysterectomy was most commonly performed in the age group of 41 - 50 years and total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy was found to be the commonest procedure done comprising 8 0.0%.Conclusion: Leiomyoma was found to be the most common pathology in myometrium and chronic cervicitis in cervix. Abnormal uterine bleeding and vaginal prolapsed were also found to be common. Lesions which can be managed conservatively do need hysterectomy or not, is a matter of great concern. BJHS 2018;3(2)6:423-426.
Adenomatoid Odontogenic Tumor of the Mandible: An Unusual Clinical Presentation
Authors: Rai Amita , Dali Mamta , Koirala Bandana , Shrestha Sneha , Acharya Pradeep , Shrestha Ashish
Published: September 2018

Adenomatoid odontogenic tumor (AOT) is a rare benign neoplasm of odontogenic epithelial origin. A 12-year-old male reported to the department of pedodontics and preventive dentistry with swelling on lower part of face since seven months. On examination, firm to hard, nontender swelling, sized approximately 3 × 3 cm, extending from mandibular left canine to right lateral incisor with expansion of labial and lingual cortices was present. Radiograph revealed a well demarcated unilocular radiolucency exhibiting sclerotic border with flecks of calcification and displaced roots of mandibular anteriors and expansion of both cortices. Incisional biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of AOT. Enucleation of the lesion along with #31, 32 and curetiage was done under general anesthesia. Ribbond fiber prosthesis was given to maintain the arch integrity and esthetics. AOT in mandible (35%) of young male (36%) of extrafollicular variant (24%) is rare. We may encounter only 2-3 out of 100 AOT cases as typical as the case presented here.  BJHS 2018;3(2)6: 504-507.
Rhododendron species richness patterns and impacts of global warming on its distribution in Central Himalayas, Nepal
Authors: Bhattarai Khem Raj , Upadhyay Thakur Prasad
Published: September 2018

Global warming and climate change have caused devastating impacts on biological diversity especially in northern latitude and altitude. Evaluation of species richness patterns and range size distribution is crucial for the conservation and management of biological diversity. As Rhododendron species generally grow in the higher latitude and altitude their study on range size distribution may help to predict the future fate of species against presumed global warming in the Himalayas. This study relates the distribution range of Rhododendron species and the potential impacts of global warming and climate change on it. The distribution range varied from 100 to 2600 m along the Himalayan elevation gradient. Generally, species found at the higher elevation have longer range compared to the species found at lower elevation. Among the Rhododendron species found in Nepal Himalayas, R. epapillatum, R. trichocladum and R. virgatum have only 100 m distribution range, which are therefore most vulnerable to the shift in vegetation zones as a result of future projection of temperature rise. Other species having 300 m range of distribution are also vulnerable to different levels of temperature rise as predicted by various sources. These findings can generate hypothesis that species with shorter distribution rage are more vulnerable to climate change which can be tested quantitatively. This in turn will establish a relationship between distribution ranges of species and shift in vegetation zones, and rising temperatures in the Himalayan region due to global warming.Botanica Orientalis – Journal of Plant Science (2015) 9: 12–19
Betriebliche Standortplanung und -entwicklung in Metropolregionen
Authors: Kik David , Krause Marilena , Wichmann Matthias , Spengler Thomas , Nyhuis Peter
Published: September 2018

Kurzfassung

Globalisierung und Urbanisierung führen zur Entwicklung von Metropolregionen. Sie zeichnen sich durch eine Vielzahl von Raumstrukturen aus, die jeweils divergierende Standortausprägungen aufweisen. Unternehmen stehen daher vor der Herausforderung, die Potenziale innerhalb einer Region zu identifizieren und Standorte anforderungsgerecht weiterzuentwickeln. Aspekte wie Budgetvorgaben, kommunale Standortentwicklungen und Wechselwirkungen zwischen regionalen Standortfaktoren müssen berücksichtigt werden. Dieser Beitrag gibt einen Einblick in ein zu entwickelndes problemadäquates Planungsvorgehen und in Erkenntnisse der dafür durchgeführten empirischen Unternehmens- und Kommunenbefragung.
Introduction
Authors: Dhillon Jaskiran
Published: September 2018

This volume of Environment and Society aims to set forth a theoretical and discursive interruption of the dominant, mainstream environmental justice movement by reframing issues of climate change and environmental degradation through an anticolonial lens. Specifically, the writers for this volume are invested in positioning environmental justice within historical, social, political, and economic contexts and larger structures of power that foreground the relationships among settler colonialism, nature, and planetary devastation.
АНАЛІЗ ЗВ’ЯЗКУ ПОЛІМОРФНИХ ВАРІАНТІВ ГЕНІВ TLR2 (RS5743708) І TLR4 (RS4986790, RS4986791) ЗІ СТАНОМ ЗДОРОВ’Я ПРАКТИЧНО ЗДОРОВИХ ОСІБ
Authors: Izmailova O.V.
Published: September 2018

Исследование однонуклеотидных полиморфизмов Toll-подобных рецепторов имеет важное прикладное и теоретическое значение для раскрытия механизмов формирования особенностей иммунитета и его коррекции. Целью работы было изучение имеющейся частоты полиморфных вариантов 2258G/A гена TLR2 (rs5743708) и 896A/G (rs4986790), 1196С/Т (rs4986791) гена TLR4 и оценка связи с состоянием здоровья практически здоровых лиц. Материалы и методы: в исследовании приняли участие 114 человек белой расы, проживающих в г. Полтава или Полтавской области минимум 2 года, которым проводился сбор анамнестических данных, данных объективного и клинического состояний. Определение полиморфных участков генов TLR2 (rs5743708) и TLR4 (rs4986790, rs4986791) осуществлялся методом полимеразной цепной реакции (ПЦР) с последующим анализом длин рестрикционных фрагментов продуктов ПЦР. Результаты распределения генотипов полиморфных вариантов 2258G/A гена TLR2 (rs5743708), 896A/G гена TLR4 (rs4986790), 1196С/Т гена TLR4 (rs4986791) соответствовали теоретически ожидаемым при равновесии Харди-Вайнберга (χ2=0,02, р=0,99; χ2=0,29, р=0,86; χ2=1,46, р=0,48, соответственно). При сравнении наличия отдельных клинических проявлений, которые были отмечены при опросе, с наличием в генотипе полиморфных аллелей была установлена достоверная связь между наличием аллеля А в генотипе при полиморфном варианте гена TLR2 (rs5743708) с ревматизмом (р = 0,05), пиелонефритом (р = 0,05) и у лиц, имевших вредную привычку – курение (р = 0,04).