bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ergonomic Panel Angles for Kitchen Appliances with Cooker Knobs
Authors: Son Minseok , An Sehee , Beck Donghyun
Published: December 2024

Kitchen appliance control panels come in various designs, each with different parameter values. Of these design parameters, the panel angle is a key factor that impacts both usability and user preference. This study empirically investigates the effects of panel angles on the usability of knob panels in kitchen appliances. The research focused on identifying the optimal panel angles for visibility, physical comfort, and user preference. Six different panel angles (0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, and 90°) were tested through an experimental setup simulating a typical kitchen environment. Twenty participants, with experience in operating kitchen appliances, provided subjective ratings on the three usability factors using a 7-point Likert scale. The results demonstrated significant impacts of panel angle on all three measures, with angles between 45° and 60° showing the highest usability scores. The study highlights that the appropriate panel angle for knob panels should fall between 30° and 90°, with 45° to 60° being the optimal range. The results of this study could contribute to the ergonomic design of kitchen appliances, enhancing usability and minimizing human errors and response times during emergencies.
Design and Analysis of an Electric Integrated Work Vehicle for Corn Intertillage Fertilization and Pesticide Spraying
Authors: Gu Dongdong , Zhang Jiahan , Ding Yijie , Wang Yongzhen , Yang Jie , Shi Ge , Li Bin , Zhao Junqiang
Published: December 2024

In response to the situation in the Huanghuai region, where corn fertilization and pesticide application primarily rely on manual methods such as hand broadcasting fertilizer and using manual backpack sprayers, resulting in low levels of mechanization, this study designed an electric integrated work vehicle in line with the trend of developing new energy. The vehicle is powered by six 12 V, 100 Ah lead-acid batteries and integrates the functions of fertilization and pesticide spraying. It can achieve precise hole-fertilization, applying fertilizer to a depth of 100 to 150 mm near the roots of corn, and can also perform multi-row pesticide spraying. The vehicle’s electronic control system is divided into two functional areas: 220 V and 24 V. The walking system uses a 220 V, 2 kW AC servo motor, which is driven by converting the voltage of the 72 V battery group into a 220 V sine wave AC through an inverter, and the motor speed can be adjusted. The working width is adjusted by two fixed electric cylinders at the top of the rear wheel frame. The user can preset the width through the control panel, and during operation, the electric cylinders can be automatically controlled to the optimal working width via a whisker-type limit switch. Analysis using ADAMS software shows that when the vehicle speed is 2, 3, and 5 km per hour, the opening angles of the duckbill controller are 66°, 58°, and 48°, respectively, indicating that the higher the speed, the smaller the opening angle. This shortens the fertilization interval time and makes the fertilization spacing more stable. The maximum opening angle of the adjacent duckbill is 25°, indicating that the fertilization amount remains stable. When the vehicle is moving in reverse, the duckbill always remains closed, and at different speeds, the opening angle change curve of the duckbill controller is smooth and regular. This vehicle significantly improves the efficiency and precision of corn planting. However, improvements are still needed in battery technology, control system optimization, and the high cost of electric agricultural machinery to promote the widespread application of agricultural mechanization.
How Recent Findings in Electromyographic Analysis and Synergistic Control Can Impact on New Directions for Muscle Synergy Assessment in Sports
Authors: Scano Alessandro , Lanzani Valentina , Brambilla Cristina
Published: December 2024

Muscle synergy is a state-of-the-art method for quantifying motor control with multichannel electromyographic (EMG) recordings. Muscle synergies have been used in many sports-related applications, including swimming, baseball, basketball, and other sports, for a biomechanical description of sports movements, improving athlete performance, preventing injuries, and promoting synergy-based rehabilitation strategies. However, despite the fact that it is clear that, in many sports, the assessments based on multi-muscle analysis are crucial for performance, the practical impact of muscle synergies on sports practice has been quite limited. Thus, so far, the potential of muscle synergy in sports has been poorly explored. However, recent advancements in synergistic models may strongly impact the understanding of motor control in sports. We identified several margins for improvement, which include novel models and updated algorithms: the separation of the EMG components (phasic and tonic) leading repertoires of synergies for motion and holding posture; the choice of multiple synergistic models (spatial/temporal/time-varying and others); the connection of synergies with the task space and the consequent role of non-linearities; the use of computational models and digital twins; and the fields and sports in which synergies can be applied. In this narrative review, we discuss how the novel findings from the biomedical field may fill the gap in the literature for the extensive use of muscle synergies in sports with several applicative examples.
Speciation Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Cultivated Soil in Pingshui Village, Zhaoping County, Hezhou City, Guangxi
Authors: Ma Yunxue , Wen Meilan , Liu Panfeng , Jiang Yuxiong , Zhang Xiaohan
Published: December 2024

In order to comprehensively understand the content, source, speciation characteristics, and risk of heavy metals in cultivated soil of Pingshui Village, Zhaoping County, Hezhou City, this study conducted measurements on the total amounts of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Pb, and Hg in 34 soil samples within the study area. Correlation analysis and principal component analysis were employed to investigate their sources. An improved BCR sequential extraction procedure was utilized to analyze the occurrence forms of eight heavy metals in soil samples. Ecological risks were evaluated using the geo-accumulation index (Igeo), potential ecological risk index (RI), and risk assessment code (RAC). The findings revealed that: (1) The soil heavy metals in the study area exhibited varying degrees of enrichment, primarily attributed to anthropogenic activities. (2) There was no significant difference in the speciation characteristics of the eight heavy metals in the soil of each sampling site in the study area, and the main components were all residual fraction, and the mild acid-soluble fraction of Cd and Zn accounted for a relatively high proportion in individual sampling sites, which should be paid attention to. (3) Through the results of three risk assessment methods, it is concluded that the heavy metal pollution of soil in the study area is serious, and continuous attention should be paid to the corresponding pollution prevention measures.
Metaheuristic Optimized Semi-Active Structural Control Approaches for a Floating Offshore Wind Turbine
Authors: Ramírez Alejandro , Tomás-Rodríguez María , Sierra-García Jesús Enrique , Santos Matilde
Published: December 2024

Among all the existing possibilities within the renewable energies field, wind energy stands out due to the significant expansion of offshore turbines installed in coastal and deep-sea areas. Although the latter represent considerable energy generation potential due to their larger size and location in areas of strong winds, they are exposed to harsh environmental disturbances, particularly waves, causing these structures to experience vibrations, increasing in this way fatigue, reducing efficiency, and leading to higher maintenance and operational costs. In this work, vibration reduction is achieved using two structural control systems for a 5 MW barge-type floating offshore wind turbine (FOWT), tuned via a metaheuristic method, with genetic algorithms (GAs). Firstly, the standard deviation of the Top Tower Displacement (TTD) is used as a cost function in the GA to optimize a passive Tuned Mass Damper (TMD), resulting in a vibration suppression rate of 34.9% compared to a reference standard TMD. Additionally, two semi-active structural control systems based on a gain scheduling approach are proposed. In one of the approaches, the TMD parameters are optimized based on the amplitude of oscillations, achieving a suppression rate of 45.4%. In the second approach, the TMD parameters are optimized in real time for the identified wave frequencies, demonstrating superior performance for medium-high frequencies compared to the other TMDs.
Periodontal Perspectives in the Treatment of Tooth Fractures in Permanent Dentition: A Decision-Making Process
Authors: Rotundo Roberto , Mainas Giuseppe , Coccia Carlo Alberto , Paolone Gaetano , Bonafede Vanessa , Orlandi Marco
Published: December 2024

Tooth fractures represent a very common scenario, mainly among children and young adults, thus affecting permanent dentition most of the time. These fractures may involve either the tooth crown or the root or both, including the dental tissues as well. Their treatment can be very demanding for the majority of dentists, including Restorative Dentistry specialists, as reported by the literature. Therefore, the aim of this review article is to provide a decision-making procedure regarding the periodontal-restorative approaches of dental fractures in permanent dentition, based on the revision of the existing scientific evidence.
Analysis of Damage Value of Aluminum Alloys—Application of a Continuum Damage Mechanics Model
Authors: Kanwar Vishavbandhu , Managuli Vishwanath , Upadhyaya Y. S.
Published: December 2024

Damage refers to the degradation of a material subjected to an external condition such as loading, temperature, and environment. Several investigations have been undertaken to understand the damage of materials like steel, aluminum alloy, titanium alloy, and other materials. However, a comprehensive study on the range of damage values for various materials is scarce. Therefore, an attempt has been made in the current study to investigate the range of damage values of 32 aluminum alloys because of their widespread applications in the aerospace, railway, automotive, and marine industries. The damage value of materials is determined by incorporating the Continuum Damage Mechanics (CDM)-based Bhattacharya and Ellingwood model. This model demands the monotonic properties of materials as inputs, and these are obtained from the literature. The critical damage values of the alloys were determined, and their values vary in the range of 0.1 to 0.9. It was observed that damage value is primarily influenced by plastic strain. The variation in the damage value of aluminum alloys is also analyzed under different plastic strain conditions. The comprehensive results of critical damage value and the variation in the damage value of the aluminum alloys obtained helps in selecting an appropriate aluminum alloy for applications where damage criteria play a significant role.
Response Surface Methodology (RSM)-Based Evaluation of the 3D-Printed Recycled-PETG Tensile Strength
Authors: Firtikiadis Lazaros , Tzotzis Anastasios , Kyratsis Panagiotis , Efkolidis Nikolaos
Published: December 2024

In this research, an investigation related to the tensile testing of 3D-printed specimens, under different fabrication parameters, is presented. The control samples were fabricated using Recycled-PETG: EVO (NEEMA3D™, Athens, Greece). It consists of recycled polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) raw material, already used in industry, modified so that it becomes filament and can be printed again. More specifically, the parameters set to be studied are the percentage of infill, the speed and the type of infill. Both infill density and printing speed have three value levels, whereas for the infill pattern, two types were selected. Two sets of 18 specimens each were fabricated, with respect to the different parameter combinations. Through the results of the tests, the maximum tension of each specimen was obtained separately. Of the three parameters defined, it was found that the most important are the type of infill (44.77%) and the percentage of infill (24.67%). Speed (13.22%) did not strongly affect the strength of the specimens. In conclusion, the empirical model developed was considered reliable in terms of the value of the squared error, R-sq(pred) (97.72%), but also of the rest of the resulting analysis residual graphs (through the full factorial design).
Multi-Omics Analysis of Mouse Fecal Microbiome Reveals Supplier-Dependent Functional Differences and Novel Metagenome-Assembled Genomes
Authors: McAdams Zachary L. , Busi Susheel Bhanu , Gustafson Kevin L. , Bivens Nathan , Franklin Craig L. , Wilmes Paul , Ericsson Aaron C.
Published: December 2024

Host genetics and environmental factors have been associated with effects on the mouse fecal microbiome; however, the commercial source of mice remains the dominant factor. Increasing evidence indicates that supplier-specific microbiomes confer differences in disease susceptibility in models of inflammatory conditions, as well as baseline behavior and body morphology. However, current knowledge regarding the compositional differences between suppliers is based on targeted-amplicon sequencing data, and functional differences between these communities remain poorly defined. We applied a multi-omic (metagenomic and metatranscriptomic) approach to biomolecules extracted from murine feces representative of two U.S. suppliers of research mice, which differ in composition, and influence baseline physiology and behavior as well as disease severity in models of intestinal disease. We reconstructed high-quality metagenome-assembled genomes, frequently containing genomic content unique to each supplier. Transcriptional activity and pathway analyses revealed key functional differences between the metagenomes associated with each supplier including carbohydrate, fatty acid, and sulfite metabolism. These data provide a detailed characterization of the baseline differences in the fecal metagenome of mice from two U.S. commercial suppliers, suggesting that these functional differences are influenced by differences in the initial inoculum of colony founders, as well as additional taxa gained during growth of the production colony.
Sustainable Co-Habitation Housing Design: A Computational Approach for Addressing Biodiversity Threats in the Galapagos Islands
Authors: Maiorano Gianfranco , Juca Freire Natalia , Teparaksa Rapas , Bhapkar Pinak Dilip , Erdine Elif , Showkatbakhsh Milad
Published: December 2024

This study explores sustainable housing solutions for urban areas in the Galapagos Islands, aiming to balance human needs with ecosystem preservation by fostering co-habitation between local communities and native species. Recognising the ecological importance of the Galapagos and the challenges posed by human-driven urban expansion, the research focuses on Puerto Ayora as a case study. It addresses material and spatial configurations that support key species such as giant tortoises, land iguanas, and sea lions. Computational strategies and simulations are employed to guide architectural, structural, and material decisions, including the use of evolutionary algorithms and selection strategies based on environmental performance metrics such as temperature, humidity, and solar radiation. These algorithms enhance architectural performance, facilitating co-habitation between humans and animals, with an emphasis on modularity and adaptability in architectural morphology. The results indicate that current configurations meet the habitat requirements for giant tortoises year-round. However, adjustments are needed for other species during specific months. The study also highlights bioceramic as a novel material for environmentally aligned construction in restricted environments. Limitations include focusing only on keystone species, with recommendations for future research to address the multispecies impact and integrate desalination and waste management systems for extracting the primary chemical component of bioceramic. This work advances the understanding of multispecies architectural design in ecologically sensitive regions, positioning the Galapagos as a model for sustainable co-habitation in conservation-focused development.
Role of QBO and MJO in Sudden Stratospheric Warmings: A Case Study
Authors: Sunkara Eswaraiah , Seo Kyong-Hwan , Mengist Chalachew Kindie , Ratnam Madineni Venkat , Niranjan Kumar Kondapalli , Venkata Chalapathi Gasti
Published: December 2024

The impact of the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) and Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) on the dynamics of major sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) observed in the winters of 2018, 2019, and 2021 is investigated. Using data from the MERRA-2 reanalysis, we analyze the daily mean variability of critical atmospheric parameters at the 10 hPa level, including zonal mean polar cap temperature, zonal mean zonal wind, and the amplitudes of planetary waves 1 and 2. The results reveal dramatic increases in polar cap temperature and significant wind reversals during the SSW events, particularly in 2018. The analysis of planetary wave (PW) amplitudes demonstrates intensified wave activity coinciding with the onset of SSWs, underscoring the pivotal role of PWs in these stratospheric disruptions. Further examination of outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR) anomalies highlights the influence of QBO phases on tropical convection patterns. During westerly QBO (w-QBO) phases, enhanced convective activity is observed in the western Pacific, whereas the easterly QBO (e-QBO) phase shifts convection patterns to the maritime continent and central Pacific. This modulation by QBO phases influences the MJO’s role during SSWs, affecting tropical and extra-tropical weather patterns. The day-altitude variability of upward heat flux reveals distinct spatiotemporal patterns, with pronounced warming in the polar regions and mixed heat flux patterns in low latitudes. The differences observed between the SSWs of 2017–2018 and 2018–2019 are likely related to the varying QBO phases, emphasizing the complexity of heat flux dynamics during these events. The northern annular mode (NAM) index analysis shows varied responses to SSWs, with stronger negative anomalies observed during the e-QBO phase compared to the w-QBO phases. This variability highlights the significant role of the QBO in shaping the stratospheric and tropospheric responses to SSWs, impacting surface weather patterns and the persistence of stratospheric anomalies. Overall, the study demonstrates the intricate interactions between stratospheric dynamics, QBO, and MJO during major SSW events, providing insights into the broader implications of these atmospheric phenomena on global weather patterns.
A 3D-Printed Educational Model for First-Line Management of BPPV in Emergency Departments
Authors: Canzi Pietro , Carlotto Elena , Marconi Stefania , Quaglieri Silvia , Attanasio Giuseppe , Russo Francesca Yoshie , Ottoboni Ilaria , Ponzo Silvia , Scribante Andrea , Perlini Stefano , Benazzo Marco
Published: December 2024

Background: We present a feasibility study on the development of a 3D-printed (3DP) model of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) and its validation as an educational tool for training in therapeutic maneuvers. Methods: A 1.5:1 3DP model of the human labyrinth, supplemented by a 1:1 3DP model of the skull, was obtained from a computed tomography scan. We presented the model to 15 Emergency Medicine residents, 15 medical students, 15 Otolaryngology residents, and 15 Otolaryngology practitioners from two academic referral centers. Participants performed the Semont and Epley maneuvers on the model twice, once before and once after observing the biomechanics of BPPV using this tool. A specific survey was then administered to assess both performance improvement and satisfaction. Results: All the trainees demonstrated an improving trend on the second attempt. The medical students ameliorated significantly after the training in both Epley (p = 0.007) and Semont maneuvers (p = 0.0134). The Emergency Medicine residents improved significantly in Semont maneuvers (p = 0.0134). Self-reported understanding of the BPPV mechanics improved significantly after training in all the groups (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The preliminary data highlighted the potential benefits of training on the 3DP model for practitioners involved in the first-line management of BPPV.
Toward Alleviating the Stigma of Hearing Aids: A Review
Authors: Madara Edward , Bhowmik Achintya K.
Published: December 2024

Despite the significant advancements in hearing aid technology, their adoption rates remain low, with stigma continuing to be a major barrier for many. This review aims to assess the origins and current state of hearing aid stigma, as well as explore potential strategies for alleviating it. This review examines the societal perceptions, psychological impacts, and recent technological advancements that can influence hearing aid adoption and reduce stigma. Methods: A narrative-focused review of the literature from peer-reviewed journals and reputable sources was conducted, analyzing papers on hearing aid stigma, adoption rates, and technological solutions. The research works were categorized based on their focus on the drivers and alleviation strategies for the stigma of hearing aids. Results: This review identifies stigma as a complex, multifaceted issue driven primarily by ageism, disability perception, and the association of hearing aids with aging and incapability. Despite technological improvements, the studies surveyed listed stigma as a major factor in non-adoption. Technological advancements such as artificial intelligence in sound processing, multifunctional features, and innovative design have shown potential in reducing stigma and improving user experience. Conclusions: Alleviating the stigma of hearing aids requires a multi-pronged approach, combining improvements in technology with changes in societal perceptions. Multifunctional devices including both health and communications functions, advanced signal processing, and esthetic improvements can drive their adoption, but broader public health awareness and education are also essential to changing societal attitudes and fostering greater acceptance of hearing aids.
Multi-Exoskeleton Performance Evaluation: Integrated Muscle Energy Indices to Determine the Quality and Quantity of Assistance
Authors: Fanti Vasco , Leggieri Sergio , Poliero Tommaso , Sposito Matteo , Caldwell Darwin G. , Di Natali Christian
Published: December 2024

The assessment of realistic work tasks is a critical aspect of introducing exoskeletons to work environments. However, as the experimental task’s complexity increases, the analysis of muscle activity becomes increasingly challenging. Thus, it is essential to use metrics that adequately represent the physical human–exoskeleton interaction (pHEI). Muscle activity analysis is usually reduced to a comparison of point values (average or maximum muscle contraction), neglecting the signals’ trend. Metrics based on single values, however, lack information about the dynamism of the task and its duration. Their meaning can be uncertain, especially when analyzing complex movements or temporally extended activities, and it is reduced to an overall assessment of the interaction on the whole task. This work proposes a method based on integrated EMGs (iEMGs) to evaluate the pHEI by considering task dynamism, temporal duration, and the neural energy associated with muscle activity. The resulting signal highlights the task phases in which the exoskeleton reduces or increases the effort required to accomplish the task, allowing the calculation of specific indices that quantify the energy exchange in terms of assistance (AII), resistance (RII), and overall interaction (OII). The method provides an analysis tool that enables developers and controller designers to receive insights into the exoskeleton performances and the quality of the user-robot interaction. The application of this method is provided for passive and two active back support exoskeletons: the Laevo, XoTrunk, and StreamEXO.
Analysis of Inertial Measurement Unit Data for an AI-Based Physical Function Assessment System Using In-Clinic-like Movements
Authors: Kouno Nobuji , Takahashi Satoshi , Takasawa Ken , Komatsu Masaaki , Ishiguro Naoaki , Takeda Katsuji , Matsuoka Ayumu , Fujimori Maiko , Yokoyama Kazuki , Yamamoto Shun , Honma Yoshitaka , Kato Ken , Obama Kazutaka , Hamamoto Ryuji
Published: December 2024

Assessing objective physical function in patients with cancer is crucial for evaluating their ability to tolerate invasive treatments. Current assessment methods, such as the timed up and go (TUG) test and the short physical performance battery, tend to require additional resources and time, limiting their practicality in routine clinical practice. To address these challenges, we developed a system to assess physical function based on movements observed during clinical consultations and aimed to explore relevant features from inertial measurement unit data collected during those movements. As for the flow of the research, we first collected inertial measurement unit data from 61 patients with cancer while they replicated a series of movements in a consultation room. We then conducted correlation analyses to identify keypoints of focus and developed machine learning models to predict the TUG test outcomes using the extracted features. Regarding results, pelvic velocity variability (PVV) was identified using Lasso regression. A linear regression model using PVV as the input variable achieved a mean absolute error of 1.322 s and a correlation of 0.713 with the measured TUG results during five-fold cross-validation. Higher PVV correlated with shorter TUG test results. These findings provide a foundation for the development of an artificial intelligence-based physical function assessment system that operates without the need for additional resources.
Unlocking the Therapeutic Potential of Adipose-Derived Stem Cell Secretome in Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine: A Composition-Based Perspective
Authors: Giannasi Chiara , Cadelano Francesca , Della Morte Elena , Baserga Camilla , Mazzucato Camilla , Niada Stefania , Baj Alessandro
Published: December 2024

The adipose-derived stem cell (ADSC) secretome is widely studied for its immunomodulatory and regenerative properties, yet its potential in maxillofacial medicine remains largely underexplored. This review takes a composition-driven approach, beginning with a list of chemokines, cytokines, receptors, and inflammatory and growth factors quantified in the ADSC secretome to infer its potential applications in this medical field. First, a review of the literature confirmed the presence of 107 bioactive factors in the secretome of ADSCs or other types of mesenchymal stem cells. This list was then analyzed using the Search Tool for Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins (STRING) software, revealing 844 enriched biological processes. From these, key processes were categorized into three major clinical application areas: immunoregulation (73 factors), bone regeneration (13 factors), and wound healing and soft tissue regeneration (27 factors), with several factors relevant to more than one area. The most relevant molecules were discussed in the context of existing literature to explore their therapeutic potential based on available evidence. Among these, TGFB1, IL10, and CSF2 have been shown to modulate immune and inflammatory responses, while OPG, IL6, HGF, and TIMP1 contribute to bone regeneration and tissue repair. Although the ADSC secretome holds great promise in oral and maxillofacial medicine, further research is needed to optimize its application and validate its clinical efficacy.
Pregametogenesis: The Earliest Stages of Gonad and Germline Differentiation in Anuran Amphibians
Authors: Ogielska Maria , Chmielewska Magdalena , Rozenblut-Kościsty Beata
Published: December 2024

The gonads of amphibians, like other vertebrates, consist of somatic tissues, which create a specific environment essential for the differentiation of germline cells. The earliest stages of gametogenesis still remain underexplored in anuran amphibians. We propose to introduce the term “pregametogenesis” for a specific period of gonocyte proliferation and differentiation that occurs exclusively during the early stages of gonadal development. This review shows the key steps of early gonad differentiation in anuran amphibians and further compares chromatin reorganization in gonocytes of mammals and hybridogenetic water frogs. In mammals, this phase involves resetting genomic imprinting, which is crucial for determining gene expression in offspring. In hybridogenetic Pelophylax water frogs, we highlight the unique phenomenon of genome elimination, where one parental subgenome is eliminated while the other is replicated. This process, occurring at the same developmental phase as imprinting in mammals, underscores the evolutionary importance of pregametogenesis. The study of amphibian gonocytes provides valuable insights into chromatin reorganization and genome plasticity, offering new perspectives on reproductive biology.
Abundant Genetic Diversity Harbored by Traditional Naked Barley Varieties on Tibetan Plateau: Implications in Their Effective Conservation and Utilization
Authors: QuZhen NiMa , Namgyal Lhundrup , Dondrup Dawa , Wang Ying , Wang Zhi , Cai Xing-Xing , Lu Bao-Rong , Qiong La
Published: December 2024

Naked barley (Hordeum vulgare var. nudum) is a staple food crop, contributing significantly to global food security. Understanding genetic diversity will facilitate its effective conservation and utilization. To determine genetic diversity and its distribution within and among varieties, we characterized 30 naked barley varieties from Tibet, representing the traditional, modern, and germplasm-resources-bank gene pools, by analyzing SSR molecular fingerprints. The results demonstrate abundant genetic diversity in Tibetan naked barley varieties, particularly those in the traditional gene pool that holds much more private (unique) alleles. Principal coordinates and STRUCTURE analyses indicate substantial deviation of the modern varieties from the traditional and germplasm-resources-bank varieties. A considerable amount of seed mixture is detected in the modern varieties, suggesting the practices of using mixed seeds in modern-variety cultivation. Cluster analyses further indicate the narrow genetic background of the modern varieties, likely due to the limited number of traditional/germplasm-resources-bank varieties applied in breeding. Relationships between increases in genetic diversity and sample sizes within naked barley varieties highlight the importance of effective sampling strategies for field collections. The findings from this study have important implications for the sustainable utilization and effective conservation of different types of naked barley germplasm, both in Tibet and in other regions around the world.
Fast and Simple Protocol for N-Glycome Analysis of Human Blood Plasma Proteome
Authors: Maslov Denis E. , Timoshchuk Anna N. , Bondar Alexander A. , Golubev Maxim P. , Soplenkova Anna G. , Hanic Maja , Sharapov Sodbo Z. , Leonova Olga N. , Aulchenko Yurii S. , Golubeva Tatiana S.
Published: December 2024

N-glycome analysis of individual proteins and tissues is crucial for fundamental and applied biomedical research and medical diagnosis and plays an important role in the evaluation of the quality of biopharmaceutical and biotechnological products. The interest in this research area continues to grow annually, thereby increasing the demand for the high-throughput profiling of human blood plasma N-glycome. In response to this need, we have developed an optimized, simple, and rapid protocol for the N-glycome profiling of human plasma proteins. This protocol encompasses the entire analysis cycle, from plasma isolation to N-glycan spectrum quantification. While the proposed method may have lower efficiency compared to already published high-throughput methods, its adaptability makes it suitable for implementation in virtually any molecular biological laboratory.
One-Pot Synthesis of β-Alanine from Fumaric Acid via an Efficient Dual-Enzyme Cascade Biotransformation
Authors: Ni Zifu , Zhang Linshang , Nie Azhen , Wang Huan , Wu Xiaoling
Published: December 2024

As the only naturally occurring β-amino acid, β-alanine has important application prospects in many fields. Driven by the huge demand, biosynthesis is becoming more and more popular as a potential alternative to the chemical synthesis of β-alanine. Although the direct pathway from L-aspartic acid to β-alanine, catalyzed by L-aspartic acid-α-decarboxylase (PanD), is ideal for β-alanine synthesis, it is hindered by the high cost of the substrate and limited economic viability. In this work, a cell-free dual enzyme cascade system based on methylaspartate lyase (EcMAL) and panD was constructed to safely and efficiently synthesize β-alanine using fumarate as a substrate. Taking the previously engineered EcMAL as the target, CgPanD was finally screened as the best candidate through gene mining, sequence alignment, and enzyme property analysis. Finally, under the optimal conditions of 35 °C, pH 8.0, and EcMAL: CgPanD concentration ratio of 1:5, the yield of β-alanine reached 80% theoretical yield within 120 min. This study provides a potential strategy for the biosynthesis of β-alanine, paving the way for future industrial-scale production.
miRNA Expression: I/R Cardiomyocyte and Sevoflurane
Authors: Guerrero-Orriach José Luis , Carmona-Luque Maria Dolores , Quesada Muñoz Guillermo , Rodriguez Capitán Maria Jose
Published: December 2024

Background: The effects of anesthetic drugs on myocardial cells have been a subject of research for the last 50 years. The clinical benefits of halogenated agents, particularly sevoflurane, have been demonstrated in cardiac surgery patients. These benefits are due to the action of different enzymes and a variety of molecular pathways mediated by the action of small noncoding RNAs (sRNA) such as microRNAs (miRNAs). However, the modulation potential induced by anesthetic drugs on the miRNA expression and their cardioprotective effects is unknown. Objective: To analyze the variation in the expression of a panel of miRNAs induced by halogenated agents to identify their cardioprotective effects. Aims: Variations in the expression of specific miRNAs induce the potential cardioprotective effects of halogenated agents. Methods: An ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in vitro model of primary human cardiac myocytes (HCMs) was performed. Four study groups were performed: control group (standard culture conditions), I/R group (without hypnotic drugs exposition), I/R-propofol group (I/R-P), and I/R-sevoflurane group (I/R-S). The secretion of p53 and Akt1 cytokines was quantified in the different cell study groups using an Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay, and the differentially expressed miRNAs were identified carrying out a complete genomic sequencing using the Next Generation Sequencing (NGS). Results: HCMs subjected to the I/R procedure and exposed to sevoflurane showed lower secretion levels of p53 factor and higher levels of Akt-1 cytokine compared to HCMs exposed to propofol (p53: I/R-S: 10.43 ± 0.91 ng/mL; I/R-P: 137.92 ± 7.53 ng/mL; p > 0.05); (Akt1: I/R-S: 0.62 ± 0.12 ng/mL; I/R-P: 0.23 ± 0.05 ng/mL; p > 0.05). The miRNA gene expression analysis (NGS) showed significantly increased expression of the hsa-miR-140-5p and hsa-miR-455-5p, both miRNAs associated with cardiac function; the hsa-miR-98-5p and hsa-miR-193a-5p, both related to apoptosis inhibition; and the hsa-let-7d-5p associated with myocardial protection. This increase was observed in the HCMs group exposed to sevoflurane in comparison to the propofol group. Conclusions: Sevoflurane-induced miRNAs overexpression confers cardioprotection through various mechanisms at the DNA level and the different signaling pathways levels, such as Akt/ERK.
Polystyrene–Poly(acrylic acid) Block Copolymers for Encapsulation of Butyrylcholinesterase into Injectable Nanoreactors
Authors: Fetin Petr A. , Zorin Ivan M. , Shaihutdinova Zukhra M. , Masson Patrick , Pashirova Tatiana N.
Published: December 2024

The article is devoted to the creation of enzymatic nanoreactors based on polystyrene–block–poly(acrylic acid) (PS-b-PAA) copolymers containing bioscavengers capable of neutralizing toxic esters both in the body and in the environment. Block copolymers of different amphiphilicity, hydrophilicity and molecular weights were synthesized and characterized using gel permeation chromatography, NMR and UV spectroscopy. Polymeric nanocontainers in the absence and presence of human butyrylcholinesterase were made by film hydration and characterized by dynamic light scattering and microscopy methods. Enzyme activity was determined using the Ellman method. For the first time, factors that need to be taken into account for the creation of effective enzymatic nanoreactors based on PS-b-PAA are presented. The data obtained open up the possibility of PS-b-PAA nanoreactor use for future in vivo bioscavenger studies.
Catalytic Evaluation of an Optimized Heterogeneous Composite Catalyst Derived from Fusion of Tri-Biogenic Residues
Authors: Oyedele Oyelayo Ajamu , Jekayinfa Simeon Olatayo , Alade Abass O. , Enweremadu Christopher Chintua
Published: December 2024

This study analyzes the elemental and oxide compositions of three selected agricultural residues—Dried Pawpaw Leaves (DPL), Kola Nut Pod (KNP), and Sweet Orange Peel (SOP)—for their potential as heterogeneous catalysts. Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis identified calcium (25%) and potassium (29%) as the primary elements in DPL and KNP, with calcium oxide (CaO) and potassium oxide (K2O) as the dominant oxides. SOP had a similar composition but lacked vanadium. Calcined residues were analyzed at temperatures ranging from 500 °C to 900 °C using X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), revealing stable silicon dioxide (SiO2) content and temperature-dependent variations in CaO and K2O, indicating their catalytic potential for transesterification processes. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) showed non-uniform, spongy microstructures, enhancing the surface area and catalytic efficiency. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) identified functional groups essential for catalytic activity, such as hydroxyls, methyl, and carboxyl. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) confirmed the presence of crystalline phases like calcium carbonate and calcium oxide, crucial for catalytic performance. Experimental biodiesel production using a mixture of the calcined residues (33.33% each of KNPA, SOPA, and DPLA) resulted in the highest biodiesel yield at 65.3%. Model summary statistics, including R2 (0.9824) values and standard deviations (0.0026), validated the experimental design, indicating high precision and prediction accuracy. These results suggest that the selected agricultural residues, when calcined and mixed properly, can serve as effective heterogeneous catalysts, with significant implications for biodiesel production, supporting previous research on the importance of calcium in catalytic processes.
Biodegradation and Thermomechanical Behavior of 3D-Printed PLA Scaffolds Under Static and Stirring Biomimetic Conditions
Authors: Portan Diana V. , Bampounis Georgios , Koliadima Athanasia , Patsidis Anastasios C. , Kontaxis Lykourgos C. , Papanicolaou George C.
Published: December 2024

3D-printed biomedical polylactic acid (PLA) scaffolds were developed, and their biodegradation, as well as their thermomechanical behavior, were studied in a relevant in vitro environment. The scaffold’s biodegradability profile has been monitored after immersion in a cell culture medium that contains components of blood and body fluids. Two types of biodegradation experiments were performed—a standard static one and an adapted stirring one, mimicking the body fluids’ flow, respectively—to achieve a comparative investigation. The biodegradation experiment’s duration was one month. The measurements were performed between days 1 and 28. The scaffold microstructure was analyzed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The weight loss of the scaffolds has been monitored. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) has been used to evaluate the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the scaffolds and to draw useful conclusions about their thermal behavior. Finally, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) was applied to investigate the viscoelastic behavior of the samples. The SEM analysis demonstrated that the samples in a static experiment are more damaged, while those in the stirring experiment are more brittle. The maximum Tg value of the material measured by DSC is around 65 °C. This value is reached after 5 days of immersion in static conditions and after 14 days of immersion after stirring, indicating that some processes take place faster in the static experiment. The variation of the Tg vs. immersion time, as derived from DSC vs. DMA measurements, gives similar results for both static and fluid absorption conditions, demonstrating the reproducibility of the results.
Route Optimization for UVC Disinfection Robot Using Bio-Inspired Metaheuristic Techniques
Authors: Peñacoba Mario , Bayona Eduardo , Sierra-García Jesús Enrique , Santos Matilde
Published: December 2024

The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the urgent need for effective surface disinfection solutions, which has led to the use of mobile robots equipped with ultraviolet (UVC) lamps as a promising technology. This study aims to optimize the navigation of differential mobile robots equipped with UVC lamps to ensure maximum efficiency in disinfecting complex environments. Bio-inspired metaheuristic algorithms such as the gazelle optimization algorithm, whale optimization algorithm, bat optimization algorithm, and particle swarm optimization are applied. These algorithms mimic behaviors of biological beings such as the evasive maneuvers of gazelles, the spiral hunting patterns of whales, the echolocation of bats, and the collective behavior of flocks of birds or schools of fish to optimize the robot’s trajectory. The optimization process adjusts the robot’s coordinates and the time it takes to stops at key points to ensure complete disinfection coverage and minimize the risk of excessive UVC exposure. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithms effectively adapt the robot’s trajectory to various environments, avoiding obstacles and providing sufficient UVC radiation exposure to deactivate target microorganisms. This approach demonstrates the flexibility and robustness of these solutions, with potential applications extending beyond COVID-19 to other pathogens such as influenza or bacterial contaminants, by tuning the algorithm parameters. The results highlight the potential of bio-inspired metaheuristic algorithms to improve automatic disinfection and achieve safer and healthier environments.
Concave Magnetic-Responsive Hydrogel Discs for Enhanced Bioassays
Authors: Ghaffarzadeh Bakhshayesh Amin , Li Huiyan
Published: December 2024

Receptor-based biosensors often suffer from slow analyte diffusion, leading to extended assay times. Moreover, existing methods to enhance diffusion can be complex and costly. In response to this challenge, we presented a rapid and cost-effective technique for fabricating concave magnetic-responsive hydrogel discs (CMDs) by straightforward pipetting directly onto microscope glass slides. This approach enables immediate preparation and customization of hydrogel properties such as porosity, magnetic responsiveness, and embedded particles and is adaptable for use with microarray printers. The concave design increased the surface area by 43% compared to conventional hemispherical hydrogels, enhancing diffusion rates and accelerating reactions. By incorporating superparamagnetic particles, the hydrogels become magnetically responsive, allowing for stirring within reagent droplets using magnets to improve mixing. Our experimental results showed that CMDs dissolved approximately 2.5 times faster than hemispherical ones. Numerical simulations demonstrated up to a 46% improvement in diffusion speed within the hydrogel. Particles with lower diffusion coefficients, like human antibodies, benefited most from the concave design, resulting in faster biosensor responses. The increased surface area and ease of fabrication make our CMDs efficient and adaptable for various biological and biomedical applications, particularly in point-of-care diagnostics where rapid and accurate biomarker detection is critical.
Dismissed Industrial Areas: The Urban Project of the Montedison Factory of Akgragas in Porto Empedocle Between the Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Syed Karim , Andrade María , Casares Luis
Published: December 2024

In recent decades, in Italy, as in the international context, the phenomenon of disused industrial buildings has acquired considerable dimensions, with inevitable social, urban and economic repercussions. At the same time, the cultural debate has increased awareness of the problem and the strategic role that disused industrial sites can play in meeting new needs. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the abandoned Montedison industrial complex in Porto Empedocle, Sicily. It examines the history, current state, and potential future uses of this former industrial site. The research is well-documented, incorporating historical context, architectural details, and considerations for urban redevelopment. This paper effectively discusses the broader issues surrounding the reuse of abandoned industrial areas, making it relevant beyond just this specific case study. Insights are drawn from qualitative research, with evidence derived from document sources, archival records, direct participants, and semi-structured interviews. The main objectives achieved are as follows: expanding knowledge of the decommissioned site; proposing; from a quality and sustainability perspective; a model for managing the decision-making process; identifying some project ideas to initiate the decision-making process. The understanding of historical industrial buildings is relevant to the present and enables the implementation of urban transformation processes consistent with contemporary challenges.
Bolt Loosening and Preload Loss Detection Technology Based on Machine Vision
Authors: Shang Zhiqiang , Qin Xi , Zhang Zejun , Jiang Hongtao
Published: December 2024

Steel bridges often experience bolt loosening and even fatigue fracture due to fatigue load, forced vibration, and other factors during operation, affecting structural safety. This study proposes a high-precision bolt key point positioning and recognition method based on deep learning to address the high cost, low efficiency, and poor safety of current bolt loosening identification methods. Additionally, a bolt loosening angle recognition method is proposed based on digital image processing technology. Using image recognition data, the angle-preload curve is revised. The established correlation between loosening angle and pretension for commonly utilized high-strength bolts provides a benchmark for identifying loosening angles. This finding lays a theoretical foundation for defining effective detection intervals in future bolt loosening recognition systems. Consequently, it enhances the system’s ability to deliver timely warnings, facilitating swift manual inspections and repairs.