bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Expert Opinion on the Extensive Use of Prescription Crystalline Glucosamine Sulfate in the Multimodal Treatment of Osteoarthritis in Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Armenia
Authors: Gnylorybov Andriy M , Ter-Vartanian Semen K , Golovach Irina Y , Vyrva Oleg E , Burianov Oleksandr A , Yesirkepova Gulnara S , Irismetov Murodjon E , Rizamuhamedova Mashkhura Z , Vardanyan Valentina S , Ginosyan Knarik V
Published: August 2020

Objective:

The present work was led by a multidisciplinary panel of experts and proposes an extensive review on the use of prescription crystalline glucosamine sulfate (pCGS) in the multimodal treatment of osteoarthritis (OA) applicable in Ukraine and other Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries.

Methods:

A panel of rheumatologists, orthopedic surgeons, and field experts from Ukraine and CIS regions discussed the management of OA. Literature was systematically searched using Medline, EMBASE, CIHNAL, and Cochrane Library databases. The 2-day meeting critically reviewed the available literature, treatment algorithms, pharmacoeconomic aspects, and real-world instances to form a multimodal approach based both on real-life clinical practice and systematic literature research for the management of OA in Ukraine and CIS countries.

Expert Opinion:

pCGS plays a pivotal role in the stepwise approach to OA treatment. If it is necessary (step 1), the combined use of pCGS with paracetamol and topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) has been recommended. If symptoms persist, oral NSAIDs and intra-articular (IA) hyaluronic acid or corticosteroids are added to the therapy (step 2) of pCGS in the patients. In case of insufficient relief and severe OA (step 3), pCGS along with oral NSAIDs, IA corticosteroids, and duloxetine have been recommended. Patient stratification with regular monitoring and careful alterations in treatment were advocated.

Conclusions:

This expert opinion article recommends a modified approach to the existing guidelines incorporating pCGS in treatment modality of OA in Ukraine and CIS countries. Extensive use of pCGS targets early symptomatic relief in OA while limiting the adverse effects due to long-term use of analgesics and NSAIDs.
The Role of AMACR, CD10, TMPRSS2-ERG, and p27 Protein Expression Among Different Gleason Grades of Prostatic Adenocarcinoma on Needle Biopsy
Authors: Gülhan Özdemir , Mahi Balcı
Published: August 2020

Objective:

We examined the immunohistochemical expression of α-methyl acyl coenzyme A racemase (AMACR), CD10, TMPRSS2-ERG, and p27 in prostate adenocarcinoma tumors with different Gleason growth patterns and nonneoplastic prostate tissues to elucidate their roles in prostate carcinogenesis and histological aggressiveness.

Material and Methods:

In total, 80 archival core biopsy tissues diagnosed as prostate carcinoma, benign prostate hyperplasia, and atrophy cases were included. Immunoreactivity was evaluated by calculating the percentage of positively stained cells and the staining intensity. The mean values and test of significance were obtained using the Kruskal-Wallis test.

Results:

We obtained mostly intense immunoreactivity for AMACR, CD10, and ERG in adenocarcinomas. Although no significant differences were noted regarding AMACR and ERG expression, samples with Gleason growth patterns 3 and 5 tended to be strongly positive for ERG. Pattern 3 tumors exhibited the weakest positivity for CD10. The p27 expression was strong and diffuse in nonneoplastic prostate tissues. The loss of p27 expression was more frequent for pattern 5 tumors.

Conclusion:

ERG and AMACR were powerful markers to detect cancer. Especially, ERG is evident in early tumors may reflect its interaction with functional androgen receptors in cancer initiation. Pattern 5 tumors associated with stroma may have been exposed to more stromal substrates and upregulate their CD10 content as a protein degrader. We suggest that CD10 expression is associated with an increasing tumor grade. Decreased concentrations of p27 protein might be implicated in prostate carcinogenesis and may be a useful immunohistochemical adjunct in predicting histological aggressiveness.
The central vein sign in multiple sclerosis patients with vascular comorbidities
Authors: Guisset François , Lolli Valentina , Bugli Céline , Perrotta Gaetano , Absil Julie , Dachy Bernard , Pot Caroline , Théaudin Marie , Pasi Marco , van Pesch Vincent , Maggi Pietro
Published: August 2020

Background:

The central vein sign (CVS) is an imaging biomarker able to differentiate multiple sclerosis (MS) from other conditions causing similar appearance lesions on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), including cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD). However, the impact of vascular risk factors (VRFs) for CSVD on the percentage of CVS positive (CVS+) lesions in MS has never been evaluated.

Objective:

To investigate the association between different VRFs and the percentage of CVS+ lesions in MS.

Methods:

In 50 MS patients, 3T brain MRIs (including high-resolution 3-dimensional T2*-weighted images) were analyzed for the presence of the CVS and MRI markers of CSVD. A backward stepwise regression model was used to predict the combined predictive effect of VRF (i.e. age, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, ever-smoking, and hypercholesterolemia) and MRI markers of CSVD on the CVS.

Results:

The median frequency of CVS+ lesions was 71% (range: 35%–100%). In univariate analysis, age ( p < 0.0001), hypertension ( p < 0.001), diabetes ( p < 0.01), obesity ( p < 0.01), smoking ( p < 0.05), and the presence of enlarged-perivascular-spaces on MRI ( p < 0.005) were all associated with a lower percentage of CVS+ lesions. The stepwise regression model showed that age and arterial hypertension were both associated with the percentage of CVS+ lesions in MS (adjusted R2 = 0.46; p < 0.0001 and p = 0.01, respectively).

Conclusion:

The proportion of CVS+ lesions significantly decreases in older and hypertensive MS patients. Although this study was conducted in patients with an already established MS diagnosis, the diagnostic yield of the previously proposed 35% CVS proportion-based diagnostic threshold appears to be not affected. Overall these results suggest that the presence of VRF for CSVD should be taken into account during the CVS assessment.
Switching to ocrelizumab in RRMS patients at risk of PML previously treated with extended interval dosing of natalizumab
Authors: Mancinelli Chiara Rosa , Scarpazza Cristina , Cordioli Cinzia , De Rossi Nicola , Rasia Sarah , Turrini Maria Vittoria , Capra Ruggero
Published: August 2020

Discontinuation of natalizumab in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) at risk of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is associated with disease reactivation. Forty-two RRMS patients, who switched from an extended interval dose (EID) of natalizumab to ocrelizumab, underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and clinical monitoring during washout and after ocrelizumab starting. During the first 3 months, disease reactivation was observed in five (12%) patients; 6 months after ocrelizumab starting, no further relapses were recorded, and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) remained stable in 38 (90%) patients. In conclusion, ocrelizumab could be considered a choice to mitigate the risk of disease reactivation in patients previously treated with natalizumab-EID.
Coral reef conservation incentives and revenue sharing
Authors: Leonce Tesa E
Published: August 2020

Coral reefs are at particular risk of overexploitation and extinction due to negative externalities from productive sectors such as tourism and fisheries. Increased reliance on tourism revenue means difficult trade-offs. This study proposes a community-based approach to conservation based on a bioeconomic model. We extend earlier work on exogenous reward-based conservation programs by specifying rewards contingent on the level of conservation effort. In addressing the question—whether effort-dependent revenue-sharing incentivizes local residents to engage in conservation activities—the findings indicate that what matters is the relative size of reward, the degree of reliance on coral reefs as a source of revenue, and how the stock is perceived by economic agents, that is, whether they view coral reefs as a commodity or a nuisance.
Understanding the emerging Chinese working holiday market
Authors: Fang Yao , Chien P Monica , Walters Gabrielle
Published: August 2020

Working holidays have become a fast-growing phenomenon in China, yet research pertaining to this segment is scarce. This study explores the travel motivations, expectations and satisfaction Chinese Working Holiday Makers (WHMs) experienced with respect to their working holiday experiences in Australia. Fifteen interviews were conducted with Chinese WHMs pursuing a variety of work placements. Four key motivations and five important destination attributes were revealed along with a number of satisfaction determinants. Practical solutions for destination marketers as to how to reach and appeal to this viable market segment and improve the working holiday experience for Chinese youth are provided.
Ongoing effects of eConsultation in nephrology on hospital referral rates: An observational study
Authors: Boom Victor EA , van der Kamp Laura T , van Zuilen Arjan D , De Ranitz Wendela L , Bos Willem Jan , Jellema Wilbert T , Mui Kwok Wai , Later Alexander F , Prinssen Monique , Kaasjager Karin
Published: August 2020

Introduction

eConsultation in nephrology is an innovative way for general practitioners (GPs) to consult a nephrologist. Studies have shown that questions from GPs can be answered and intended referrals can be avoided by eConsultation. However, follow-up data are lacking. The primary aim of this study was therefore to assess whether patients for whom a referral to the outpatient clinic of a medical specialist was avoided in the short term were not then referred for the same problem within one year after the eConsultation.

Methods

All eConsultations sent between June 2017 and April 2018 to seven nephrologists in three different hospitals in The Netherlands were included. Exclusion criteria were duplications and missing data on follow-up. Data were obtained from the eConsultation application forms and from GP medical records.

Results

A total of 173 eConsultations were included. Of the 32 patients for whom a referral was initially prevented, 91% (95% confidence interval 75–98) had not been referred to a specialist for the same problem within one year after the eConsultation.

Discussion

eConsultation in the field of nephrology can prevent referrals in the long term. It can therefore contribute to a more modern and efficient health-care system in which chronic care is provided by GPs in close proximity to patients, while specialist support is easily available and accessible through eConsultation when necessary.
Acquiring allophonic structure and phonetic detail in a bilingual community: The production of laterals by Sylheti-English bilingual children
Authors: Kirkham Sam , McCarthy Kathleen M.
Published: August 2020

Aims and objectives:

In this study, we consider the acquisition of allophonic contrast and phonetic detail in lateral consonants by second-generation Sylheti-English bilingual children in London, UK.

Design/methodology/approach:

Acoustic analysis was conducted on productions of /l/ by Sylheti bilingual children, Sylheti monolingual adults and English monolingual children.

Data and analysis:

Tokens of /l/ were elicited across initial, medial and final word positions from 14 bilingual Sylheti-English children, 10 monolingual English children, and 4 monolingual Sylheti adults. Acoustic measurements of F2–F1 were analysed using Bayesian linear mixed-effects modelling.

Findings and conclusions:

Our results show that bilingual children produce monolingual-like positional patterns in Sylheti, with very clear laterals in all positions. In contrast, bilinguals produce monolingual-like positional allophony in English, but they differ in phonetic detail, with bilinguals producing much clearer laterals than monolingual children across all positions.

Originality:

This study is the first to examine the development of allophonic contrast and phonetic detail in both of a bilingual’s languages in a contact scenario. This provides new insights into how contact varieties adopt aspects of structure and detail from each language. We also report valuable data from Sylheti-English bilinguals, who are an understudied community.

Significance/limitations:

Our study highlights the value of considering structural and detailed aspects of cross-linguistic sound systems, whereby one aspect may show monolingual-like patterns and another aspect may show distinctive patterns. We propose that the results in this study represent the development of a new sound system out of language contact, with second-generation bilingual children producing a hybrid system that combines influences from both heritage and host languages.
An evaluation of the presentation and severity of Australian football injury in children
Authors: Simma Leopold , Palmer Cameron S , Ngo Alan , Jowett Helen E , Teague Warwick J
Published: August 2020

Introduction

Child participation in sport is important for physical, cognitive and psychosocial wellbeing. Australian rules football has high participation, but also carries a high risk of injury due to the contact nature of the sport. This study aimed to evaluate changes in the presentation and hospital admission of paediatric Australian rules football-related injuries, and to compare the severity of these injuries with those from other team ball sports.

Materials and methods

At an Australian paediatric major trauma service, ED and hospital trauma registry data relating to Australian rules football injury between 2009 and 2015 were obtained. Data from other common team ball sports with a shared field of play were also identified.

Results

During the study period, there were 10,003 ED presentations, and 1110 admissions resulting from team ball sports. With 4751 ED presentations and 616 admissions, Australian rules football accounted for almost one-third of all sports-related presentations and admissions, and around half of the team ball sports cohort. Compared to other team ball sports patients, Australian rules football-related patients were 40% more likely to be admitted, and nearly twice as likely to be classified as severe injury. Australian rules football players presented with different injury patterns were compared to other team ball sports players; admitted players were significantly more likely to have sustained head or neck injuries, and were more than twice as likely to sustain truncal injury.

Conclusions

Australian rules football is a common cause of ED presentations and results in substantial morbidity, both overall and when compared with other team ball sports. Australian rules football should remain a focus for ongoing and active research into strategies which reduce injury risk.
Publication rate of abstracts from presentations at the British Orthodontic Conference 2009–2014
Authors: Al-Yatama Fai , Pandis Nikolaos , Cobourne Martyn T , Seehra Jadbinder
Published: August 2020

Objective:

The primary objective of this study was to investigate the publication rate of scientific abstracts presented at the British Orthodontic Conference 2009–2014. Predictors of full-text publications after presentation of abstracts were explored.

Design:

Cross-sectional study.

Materials and methods:

Details of abstracts were retrieved from the conference programmes. Abstracts were screened and full-text publications identified by a single author with discrepancies discussed. Two electronic databases were searched to identify full-text publication of abstracts presented at the British Orthodontic Conference during 2009–2014. Study characteristics were recorded in a prespecified data collection sheet. Descriptive and correlation statistics were calculated. Multivariable Cox regression modelling was implemented in order to assess the effect of predictors on the instance of probability of publication.

Results:

A total of 225 abstracts (148 poster presentations and 77 oral presentations) were identified. Observational studies were frequent (60%) and significant results were reported in 38.7% of abstracts. The rate of full-text publication after abstract presentation was 46.2% with a mean time to publication of 18.3 ± 18.7 months. Authors based at both university and hospitals (Hazard ratio: 2.63, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.26–5.47, P=0.01) had a higher instant probability of publication compared to university only, whereas diagnostic studies (Hazard ratio: 0.18, 95% CI 0.04–0.74, P=0.02) had lower instant probability of publication compared to systematic reviews.

Conclusion:

Over 50% of study abstracts presented at the British Orthodontic Conference during 2009–2014 remain unpublished. Author affiliation and study type appear to influence full text publication. In order to reduce publication bias within the literature, publication of full-text articles by authors of presented abstracts is encouraged.
The Santa Claus deception: The ethics of educator involvement
Authors: Standley Jeff
Published: August 2020

For centuries, Santa Claus has proved to be a pervasive, persistent and influential mythic figure who dominates children’s lives for several weeks each year. But unlike most other fantasy figures, Santa Claus is presented as a real entity, a feat achieved through the widespread deception of children. This deception primarily involves a child’s family, but is also encouraged and maintained by wider society and its institutions. That educators could involve themselves in such a deception seems particularly controversial. Given their role as providers of epistemic goods, it appears like a dereliction of duty for them to seemingly encourage credulity and to deceive their students to maintain their false beliefs. However, I argue that there are epistemic benefits that can reaped by children through their experience of believing in Santa Claus and the process of independently disabusing themselves of these beliefs. For these benefits to be attained, educators must reluctantly engage in low-level paternalistic deception to keep their students in the dark about the truth, before then actively helping them to learn important epistemic lessons and foster key intellectual virtues as a result of their experiences. This justifies educators’ modest involvement in the Santa Claus deception.
Redefining education and politics: On the paradoxical relation between two separate spheres
Authors: Vlieghe Joris , Zamojski Piotr
Published: August 2020

In this contribution to the Special Issue on the instrumentalisation of education, we focus on the relation between politics and education, as today there is a dominant discourse on rendering education subservient to the realisation of political aims. Rather than analysing the many ways in which such instrumentalisation takes place, we propose to develop an ontological account that articulates the basic attitude that a political and an educational engagement respectively demand. Our main source of inspiration was Arendt’s claim that education should be conceived of as an autonomous and separate sphere, that is, as being meaningful in and of itself, and without any need for an external justification (e.g. in political terms). Taking this standpoint further we will argue that the unique logic of education can be conceived of in terms of unconditional love for the present world. This affirmative attitude is precisely what makes education educational. Conversely, this calls for a redefinition of the logic that -- following Schmitt -- characterises the political, which we will show to be predicated upon a dialectical relation with the world that consists of an attitude of hate towards the present, in view of an ever deferred hoped-for ideal future. This leads us to reconsider the relation that education as an autonomous sphere of human life enters with politics. In order to theorise this kind relation we refer to the idea of pure means, introduced by Agamben .
Experimental Analysis of the Quality of Needle-Assisted Fenestration in Aortic Stent-Grafts and the Differences Between Gradual and Rapid Balloon Dilation
Authors: Li Dong-lin , Zeng Qing-long , Xiang Yi-lang , Qiu Chen-yang , Li Zhen-jiang , He Yang-yan , Zhu Qian-qian , Wu Zi-heng , Wang Xun , Zhang Hong-kun
Published: August 2020

Purpose: To report the findings of an in vitro experiment to evaluate the quality of needle fenestrations dilated by different size balloons in various stent-grafts and to investigate the differences between gradual and rapid dilation. Materials and Methods: Fenestrations were made using an 18-G needle in 5 different polyester or expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) stent-grafts: Relay, Valiant, Hercules, TAG, and Ankura. Each stent-graft received 2 groups of fenestrations: one was followed by gradual sequential dilation (4-, 6-, 8-, and 10-mm balloons) and the other by rapid dilation (4- and 10-mm balloons). The pressure was increased to 10 atmospheres or until the balloon was fully inflated with no waist. Quantitative and qualitative evaluations, including fenestration diameter, area, shape, and margins were conducted using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Results: Relay had the strongest resistance to dilation and Ankura the slightest. The maximum length and area of holes expanded as the balloon diameter increased. The fenestrations in polyester devices were mostly elliptical or slit-like, with limited tears but extensive fibers visible in the margin, while ePTFE stent-grafts showed larger fenestration areas with clearer margins. Ankura showed the best quality of fenestrations, which were always circular or square without fabric tears, while the holes in the TAG were square or elliptical but sometimes had a slit after large balloon dilation (≥6 mm). The Relay, Valiant, Hercules, and Ankura devices showed no difference in maximum diameter, fenestration area, or scores of shape and margin (p>0.05). Rapid dilation in the TAG increased the rate of uncontrolled fabric tear, resulting in a larger final diameter (12.90 vs 10.82 mm, p=0.047), smaller area (30.46 vs 41.09 mm2, p=0.028), worse shape (0.75 vs 1.20, p=0.268), and worse margin (0.40 vs 1.00, p=0.174). Though the decreased fenestration shape and margin scores did not reach statistical significance, the trend for decline was more obvious than with the other devices. Conclusion: Materials and structures of the stent-grafts determine the quality of fenestrations dilated by different size balloons. The use of sequential vs rapid balloon dilation is also crucial for fashioning high-quality fenestrations and should be selected judiciously.
Targeting Colorectal Cancer Stem Cells as an Effective Treatment for Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Ma Yu-Shui , Li Wen , Liu Yu , Shi Yi , Lin Qin-Lu , Fu Da
Published: August 2020

As one of the common cancers that threaten human life, the recurrence and metastasis of colorectal cancer seriously affect the prognosis of patients. Although new drugs and comprehensive treatments have been adopted, the current treatment effect on this tumor, especially in advanced colorectal cancer, is still not satisfactory. More and more evidence shows that tumors are likely to be a stem cell disease. In recent years, the rise of cancer stem cell theory has provided a new way for cancer treatment. Studies have found that a small number of special cells in colorectal cancer tissues that induce tumorigenesis, proliferation, and promote tumor migration and metastasis, namely, colorectal cancer stem cells. Colorectal cancer stem cells are defined with a group of cell-surface markers, such as CD44, CD133, CD24, epithelial cell adhesion factor molecule, LGR5, and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase. They are highly tumorigenic, aggressive, and chemoresistant and thus are critical in the metastasis and recurrence of colorectal cancer. Therefore, targeting colorectal cancer stem cells may become an important research direction for the future cure of colorectal cancer.
Relative Contribution of Verbal Working Memory and Attention to Child Language
Authors: Chow Jason C. , Ekholm Eric , Bae Christine L.
Published: August 2020

It is common in intervention research to use measures of working memory either as an explanatory or a control variable. This study examines the contribution of cognitive abilities, including verbal working memory (WM) and attention, to language performance in first- and second-grade children. We assessed children ( N = 414) on two forms of verbal WM, one attention, and two standardized assessments of language. Scores from all three measures of cognitive abilities significantly predicted latent language (64% variance). Both verbal WM measures were stronger predictors of a latent language variable compared to attention. Exploratory analyses revealed differences in the role of cognitive variables to language subdomains. The findings deepen our understanding of the relative associations between verbal WM, attention, and language. We conclude that it is important to consider the language demands of tasks when making decisions about assessment of verbal WM, specifically in the context of intervention research in domains that require language.
Statistical assessment of in vitro drug release kinetics and quality evaluation of desloratadine orally disintegrating generic tablets available in Bangladesh
Authors: Shuma Madhabi Lata , Halder Shimul
Published: August 2020

The objective of the present study was to compare the in vitro equivalence of different orally disintegrating tablets (ODT) of Desloratadine (DES) available in Bangladesh pharmaceutical market with the reference brand. The in vitro dissolution study was carried out using the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) paddle method and a comparative study were also carried out with the reference brand. Other pharmacopoeial and non-pharmacopoeial quality assessment parameters including hardness, friability, water absorption ratio, and disintegration time etc. were also evaluated. From the results of the dissolution profile of the commercially available products, it found majority of the products didn’t exhibited compendial requirements in dissolution behavior to the reference brand with model-independent approach ( f2 > 50, f1 < 15) and showed statistically significant differences. Additionally, the data of different physical quality parameters revealed that all commercial products complied with the official specifications. From these findings, it could be suggested that the DES-ODT formulations’ available in the Bangladesh market could be prescribed; however additional experiments might require to clarify the interchangeability among the products.
UK consensus guidelines for the delivery of unexpected news in obstetric ultrasound: The ASCKS framework
Authors: Johnson Judith , Arezina Jane , Tomlin Liz , Alt Siobhan , Arnold Jon , Bailey Sarah , Beety Hannah , Bender-Atik Ruth , Bryant Louise , Coates Jen , Collinge Sam , Fishburn Jo , Fisher Jane , Fowler Jan , Glanville Tracey , Hallett Julian , Harley-Roberts Ailith , Harrison Gill , Horwood Karen , Hynes Catriona , Kimm Lindsay , McGuinness Alison , Potter Lucy , Powell Liane , Ramsay Janelle , Shakes Pieta , Sicklen Roxanne , Sims Alexander , Stacey Tomasina , Sumra Anushka , Thomas Samantha , Todd Karen , Torrington Jacquie , Trueman Rebecca , Walsh Lorraine , Watkins Katherine , Yaz Gill , Hardicre Natasha K
Published: August 2020

Background

Studies indicate there is a need to improve the delivery of unexpected news via obstetric ultrasound, but there have been few advances in this area. One factor preventing improvement has been a lack of consensus regarding the appropriate phrases and behaviours which sonographers and ultrasound practitioners should use in these situations.

Aims

To develop consensus guidelines for unexpected news delivery in Early Pregnancy Unit and Fetal Anomaly Screening Programme NHS settings.

Methods

A workshop was conducted to identify priorities and reach consensus on areas of contention. Contributors included interdisciplinary healthcare professionals, policy experts, representatives from third-sector organisations, lay experts and academic researchers ( n = 28). Written and verbal feedback was used to draft initial guidance which was then circulated amongst the wider writing group ( n = 39). Revisions were undertaken until consensus was reached.

Results

Consensus guidelines were developed outlining the behaviours and phrases which should be used during scans where unexpected findings are identified. Specific recommendations included that: honest and clear communication should be prioritised, even with uncertain findings; technical terms should be used, but these should be written down together with their lay interpretations; unless expectant parents use other terminology (e.g. ‘foetus’), the term ‘baby’ should be used as a default, even in early pregnancy; at the initial news disclosure, communication should focus on information provision. Expectant parents should not be asked to make decisions during the scan.

Conclusions

These recommendations can be used to develop and improve news delivery interventions in obstetric ultrasound settings. The full guidelines can be accessed online as supplemental material and at https://doi.org/10.5518/100/24 .
The management of error in ultrasound fetal growth monitoring
Authors: Dudley Nicholas J
Published: August 2020

It is important to understand the uncertainty in fetal measurements when using them in the management of pregnancy. The aim of this essay is to provide background on errors and uncertainty, describing error sources and their potential impact, with guidance on improving accuracy. Errors can be systematic or random, arising from equipment, image plane selection, measurement method and caliper placement and influenced by image quality, training and experience. The uncertainty in measurements is larger than clinically significant differences in fetal size and growth. Errors can be reduced by implementing equipment acceptance testing, written procedures, training and audit.
An ethnographic exploration of the social organisation of general practice nurses’ knowledge use: more than ‘mindlines’?
Authors: Carrier Judith
Published: August 2020

Aim

To explore contextual, organisational and educational issues impacting on access to, and application of knowledge to everyday practice by general practice nurses, working in two rural primary-care practices in the UK.

Background

Changes in primary-care healthcare delivery have resulted in substantive changes to practice nurses’ roles. Practice nurses have taken on enhanced roles for which they were not prepared for in their initial training, little is known about how they access and apply knowledge.

Methods

Ethnographic methods were used to gather data.

Results

Practice nurses take a blended approach to knowledge use, using elements of evidence-based practice to support professional judgement. This is subject to several contextual influences, organisational, educational and from individual patients. Tensions exist between the position in which general practice nurses are situated and the nature in which knowledge is disseminated and used in primary care. Whilst examples of clinical mindlines were evident, these differed to those previously observed in general practitioners, practice nurses did not always have the mindline on which to draw and used an approach to practice that resembled ‘bricoleur activity’.

Conclusions

The way in which general practice is structured results in variance in organisational structural arrangements for sharing and disseminating of knowledge. Despite a supportive organisational culture towards knowledge sharing, the position in which practice nurses are situated limits opportunities for discussion and reformulation of knowledge. Practice nurses are, however, prepared to adapt knowledge to meet the needs of individual patients.
The Korean Socio-Political Context of the 1970s in Robot Taekwon V (1976)
Authors: Lee Hyunseok
Published: August 2020

As one of the masterpieces of early South Korean animation, the film Robot Taekwon V has instilled hopes and dreams in a younger generation of Koreans since the late 1970s when it was released, while critics have cited Robot Taekwon V as being influenced by American pop culture, particularly the Disney animation style, and have accused it of plagiarizing the designs of the popular Japanese animation Mazinger Z. In the 1970s, the Korean government actively promoted economic development for the ‘modernization of the country’ under the military regime’s inculcation of anti-communism. Robot Taekwon V was produced with the intent of being an anti-communist tool and, further, it sought the nationalism of postwar South Korea and promoted the country’s confidence in the future that eventually resulted in rapid economic development. This socio-political context is portrayed both in the form of a ‘gigantic robot’ and in the use of non-Korean appearances for Korean characters. Considering these aspects, the author examines how Robot Taekwon V navigates the intricacies of the postwar ideological framework, manages foreign cultural influences and suggests transnationalism through its character design and narrative.
The proximate unit in Korean speech production: Phoneme or syllable?
Authors: Verdonschot Rinus G , Han Jeong-Im , Kinoshita Sachiko
Published: August 2020

We investigated the “proximate unit” in Korean, that is, the initial phonological unit selected in speech production by Korean speakers. Previous studies have shown mixed evidence indicating either a phoneme-sized or a syllable-sized unit. We conducted two experiments in which participants named pictures while ignoring superimposed non-words. In English, for this task, when the picture (e.g., dog) and distractor phonology (e.g., dark) initially overlap, typically the picture target is named faster. We used a range of conditions (in Korean) varying from onset overlap to syllabic overlap, and the results indicated an important role for the syllable, but not the phoneme. We suggest that the basic unit used in phonological encoding in Korean is different from Germanic languages such as English and Dutch and also from Japanese and possibly also Chinese. Models dealing with the architecture of language production can use these results when providing a framework suitable for all languages in the world, including Korean.
(Re-)organisation of spatial configurations in visual working memory: The fate of objects rendered relevant or irrelevant by selective attention
Authors: Timm J David , Papenmeier Frank
Published: August 2020

People maintain object locations not as independent absolute positions but based on inter-object relations in the form of a spatial configuration in visual working memory (VWM). Initial evidence suggests that spatial configurations can be reorganised during maintenance; however, this mechanism is not well understood. We report three experiments investigating this reorganisation process. First, we found that directing spatial attention with a retro cue triggers a reorganisation of spatial configurations during maintenance (Experiment 1). Second, we investigated the role of contextual objects rendered either relevant or irrelevant through the retro cue by manipulating the locations of the context at retrieval both within a partial display (Experiment 2a) and a whole display (Experiment 2b). Whereas the similar impairment of memory performance by changing the relevant and global context suggests a complete reorganisation of spatial configurations in VWM, this interpretation was challenged by the observation of impaired memory performance with changes of the irrelevant objects in a whole display that retains the relevant locations. Thus, we suggest that reorganisation should be considered to be the formation of a partial configuration based on the objects rendered relevant by the retro cue in addition to the originally encoded global configuration, with both configurations affecting memory performance.
Special issue: The legacy of Paulo Freire. Contemporary reflections on participatory communication and civil society development in Brazil and beyond
Authors: Suzina Ana Cristina , Tufte Thomas , Jiménez-Martínez César
Published: August 2020

This text works as an introduction for the special issue “The legacy of Paulo Freire. Contemporary reflections on participatory communication and civil society development in Brazil and beyond”. The text outlines the contribution that each of the six articles constituting this issue makes, examining how they state the relevance of Paulo Freire’s ideas for the development and understanding of a notion of participatory communication and the articulation of bottom-up development processes. In addition, each contribution looks at the significance that the legacy of Paulo Freire has for contemporary debates about politics not only in Brazil, but also in other settings.
The Two Orphans/Orphans of the Storm: Melodrama Stage and Screen
Authors: Mayer David
Published: August 2020

The origins of D. W. Griffith’s 1921/22 film Orphans of the Storm can be traced through a popular French melodrama Les Deux Orphelines (1874), its performance in translation on the British and American stage, and several earlier film versions. This article charts the ways in which the melodrama was changed and adapted over time and demonstrates Griffith’s indebtedness to nineteenth-century theatrical practices
Exploring the evolution of health promotion in Namibia: opportunities and obstacles during the post-independence era
Authors: Chipare Mwakanyadzeni Abigail , Tapera Roy , Pachawo Ronald Farayi , January James
Published: August 2020

Namibia is a Southern African country with social inequalities. This paper discusses the historical development of health promotion in Namibia. The country has achieved tremendous progress in public health after gaining independence in March 1990, with increased life expectancy, reduced tuberculosis and AIDS mortality due to high coverage of antiretroviral therapy (90%) in 2012, and a reduced under-five mortality rate, from 74 deaths per 1000 live births in 1990 to 50 in 2013. However, challenges still exist in achieving health for all. Non-communicable diseases such as cancer, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases are among the top 10 diseases and top 15 causes of death, with diabetes emerging as one of the greatest threats to health. Opportunities and obstacles for effective health promotion are discussed. In conclusion, health promotion in Namibia has the potential to improve the health of the populace.
Validity of Importance Weighting in Subjective Well-Being Research
Authors: Hsieh Chang-ming , Li Qiguang
Published: August 2020

The practice of giving certain life domains (such as health, family life) more weight in calculating an overall score, known as importance weighting, has been a subject of debate in subjective well-being (SWB) research for decades. In this paper, we present evidence by analyzing data from 513 Chinese adults to caution readers that findings of importance weighting in the SWB studies should be interpreted carefully. Given the many unsettled issues in assessing importance weighting, findings are often not clear-cut or definitive and overgeneralization can mislead our understanding of well-being. Future research on the topic of importance weighting should acknowledge study assumptions and limitations to avoid potential overgeneralization of findings.
Comparative Evaluation of Synovial Multipotent Stem Cells and Meniscal Chondrocytes for Capability of Fibrocartilage Reconstruction
Authors: Lee Jisoo , Jang Seoyoung , Kwon JunPyo , Oh Tong In , Lee EunAh
Published: August 2020

Objective

Meniscus tissue is composed of highly aligned type I collagen embedded with cartilaginous matrix. This histological feature endows mechanical properties, such as tensile strength along the direction of the collagen alignment and endurance to compressive load induced by weight bearing. The main objective of this study was to compare the fibrocartilage construction capability of different cell sources in the presence of mechanical stimuli.

Design

Synovial multipotent stem cells (SvMSCs) and meniscal chondrocytes (MCs) from immature and mature rabbits were maintained under similar conditions for comparative evaluation of growth characteristics and senescence tendency. The differentiation potential of cell sources, including fibrocartilage generation, were comparatively evaluated. To determine the capability of fibrocartilage generation, cultured cell sheets were rolled up to produce cable-form tissue and subjected to chondrogenic induction in the presence or absence of static tension.

Results

Although SvMSCs showed superior cell growth characteristics during in vitro cell expansion, senescence-associated β-galactosidase expression was consistently higher, compared with MCs. MCs showed glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-rich matrix formation during default in vitro chondrogenesis. While application of static tension significantly reduced GAG production, MCs continued to show robust tissue growth. SvMSCs showed inferior chondrogenic differentiation and diminished tissue growth in the presence of static tension.

Conclusions

While SvMSCs produced fibrous tissue during default in vitro chondrogenesis, their fibrocartilage generation potential in the presence of static tension was significantly lower, compared with MCs. Our results support evaluation of cellular response to tensile stimulus as a decisive factor in determining the ideal cell source for fibrocartilage reconstruction.
Today You Care, Tomorrow You Don’t: Differential Roles of Responsiveness Variability and Average Responsiveness in Romantic Attachment
Authors: Gunaydin Gul , Selcuk Emre , Urganci Betul , Yalcintas Sumeyra
Published: August 2020

Past work has shown that perceived responsiveness is a key predictor of relational outcomes. However, this work has focused solely on average levels of responsiveness and never studied the role of responsiveness variability (consistency of responsiveness) in intimate relationships. The present study addressed this gap by investigating the long-held but scarcely tested tenet that responsiveness variability and average responsiveness play differential roles in romantic attachment. New romantic couples ( N = 151) reported partner-specific attachment anxiety and avoidance in six sessions. Every evening during the 3-week period in between the first two sessions, participants reported perceived partner responsiveness, allowing us to assess both average responsiveness and responsiveness variability. Our findings provided the first empirical evidence that responsiveness variability uniquely predicted increases in partner-specific attachment anxiety, whereas average responsiveness uniquely predicted decreases in partner-specific attachment avoidance. Average responsiveness and responsiveness variability continued to predict attachment orientations assessed about half a year later.
Zooming for cells: Tele-education of histopathology residents during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Tang Po Yin , New Lee May , Leow Wei Qiang
Published: August 2020

The recent COVID-19 pandemic moved education into the virtual world. We surveyed the effectiveness of conducting virtual tutorials via Zoom with attached microscope for pathology residents. Eleven respondents from the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Singapore General Hospital completed the survey. Many noted that the clarity of the slide images was equal to that of the usual slide sessions (91%). The audio reception was acceptable (100%). We found that 93% were satisfied with using Zoom, with 18% showing high satisfaction. We see this technology as a good add-on to face-to-face teaching, as it allows participation of residents posted away from teaching hospitals, and that this method of instruction should be kept as we move past the pandemic and its restrictions. We also see this as an alternative to the use of scanned digital slides, as not all teaching centers have a digital slide scanner, in addition to the issues of viewing restriction and storage of digital slides that need to be considered.
The flexible meeting place: Connecting schools through networked learning
Authors: Gislev Tom , Thestrup Klaus , Elving Pernille Risør
Published: August 2020

We will present a framework for establishing distance education in schools by combining Networked Learning and media ecologies seen as both environments and as relations between media. Our model for such a framework is called The Flexible Meeting Place and can be used in schools that lack teachers in certain subjects, and also in schools that want to extend their teaching to other schools in the world around them. The school can become an arena, where children as part of their schooling start to communicate globally. The study is rounded in the project Assisted Distance Teaching in Primary Schools (Forsøg Med Assisteret Fjernundervisning i folkeskolen: ASSIST, 2018) that developed tools to ensure appropriate vocational levels in school classes where there was a lack of teachers educated in the specific subject. This project involved 12 Danish schools, with 2 partner schools in Kenya and Greenland. The focus was on the development of pedagogical methods and technical experimentation. In Assisted Distance Teaching in Primary Schools, the thesis was that a teacher who knew about either the subject, the pedagogy or the technology could support a teaching assistant through a digital mediated connection. It turned out that everybody involved, teachers, children and citizens, began to collaborate through network mediated by online app, tools and services and adapt to the circumstances according to their actual knowledge and to develop new knowledge in collaboration. Based on the above, we will present a pedagogical model with a number of challenges and questions that suggests ways to establishing networked learning through a networked school. The theoretical framework, the model and the reflections around it are meant to support the further development of processes, a preschool teacher or teacher in a school can organise together with the children in her or his class. It is an attempt to push school systems into becoming networked and giving children the opportunity to act locally and globally. This development of schools are supported by an organisation like World Economic Forum, who in their recommendations for a future school system, talks about global citizenship, learning using digital technologies and even make education possible without one having to have access to school buildings.