bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PENGARUH TUNTUTAN YANG DILAKUKAN INDONESIA ATAS TUDUHAN DUMPING KERTAS OLEH KOREA SELATAN
Authors: Nawiyah Nawiyah , Rabbani Dhaffa Rafi , Juliawan Andika Bogie , Azzam Muhammad Hanif , Marwan Muhamad Ariel
Published: March 2023

Pertumbuhan perdagangan internasional semakin cepat dan  sengketa perdagangan semakin meningkat dalam era globalisasi. Pencapaian perdagangan luar negeri Indonesia tampaknya menghadapi beberapa kendala, seperti kebijakan ekonomi internasional, kebijakan ekonomi dan perdagangan di bidang sengketa perdagangan tertentu. Isu perdagangan luar negeri antara Indonesia dan Korea Selatan terkait dengan sengketa perdagangan di industri kertas. Masalah ini terkait dengan dumping yang berujung pada diskriminasi harga. Untuk mencegah terjadinya kerugian, negara yang terkena dampak dapat melakukan tindakan berupa aktivitas anti dumping.  Akitivitas tersebut biasanya diterapkan berupa pengenaan “bea masuk anti dumping” (BMAD) terkait barang dumping. Konflik tersebut telah berlangsung sejak November 2002, ketika industri kertas Korea Selatan mengajukan petisi kepada otoritas perdagangan Korea Selatan KTC (Komisi Perdagangan Korea), namun konflik ini berlanjut selama periode pelaporan hingga tahun 2019. WTO dikatakan menemui jalan buntu dalam forum DSB, meskipun negara tersebut memulai negosiasi pada tahun 2004.
PENGARUH EKSPOR IMPOR TERHADAP PDRB PROVINSI JAWA BARAT 2017-2021
Authors: Nainggolan Hizkia Frederikh , Muhajir Aldo Sam , Abdullah Gifarizqi , Namara Jean , Pusaka Izhar Renggana
Published: March 2023

Produk Domestik Regional Bruto (PDRB) adalah salah satu indikator yang digunakan untuk mengukur pertumbuhan ekonomi suatu daerah tertentu. Dalam penelitian ini menggunakan tiga variabel yaitu ekspor, impor, dan Produk Domestik Regional Bruto (PDRB) Jawa Barat pada tahun 2017-2021. Dimana ekspor dan impor di daerah Jawa Barat akan mempengaruhi Produk Domestik Regional Bruto (PDRB) di Jawa Barat.

Pembahasan penelitian ini dilakukan dengan jenis data penelitian kuantitatif dan dengan data time series yang diperoleh dari Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Jawa Barat mulai dari tahun 2017-2021. Penelitian ini juga menggunakan angka indeks, dimana angka indeks digunakan untuk melihat bagaimana perkembangan ekspor dan impor dalam meningkatkan PDRB.

Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa selama kurun waktu 2017-2021, angka indeks untuk ekspor rata-rata sebesar 108,38% pertahun artinya nilai ekspor mengalami peningkatan sebesar 8,38% pertahun. Angka indeks impor rata-rata sebesar 93,94% artinya nilai impor mengalami penurunan sebesar 6,06% pertahun. Angka indeks untuk ekspor netto rata-rata 109,80% pertahun artinya bahwa ekspor memiliki nilai yang lebih besar dan mengalami peningkatan sebesar 9,80% pertahun. Angka indeks Produk Domestik Regional Bruto (PDRB) rata-rata 117,14% pertahun artinya bahwa Produk Domestik Regional Bruto (PDRB) di Jawa Barat mengalami peningkatan sebesar 17,14% pertahun.

Ekspor secara langsung akan mempengaruhi PDRB tetapi peningkatan PDRB belum tentu meningkatkan ekspor. Dalam penelitian ini terlihat bahwa ekspor di Jawa Barat mengalami peningkatan dan PDRB juga mengalami peningkatan artinya ada hubungan antara ekspor dan PDRB.
ANALISIS EKSPOR KOMODITI KARET DI INDONESIA TERHADAP PERDAGANGAN INTERNASIONAL 2016-2020
Authors: Husaini Aji , Fahrezi Devan Dwi , Arbavella Muhammad Ardan , Sadewa Nugroho Panji
Published: March 2023

Karet adalah komoditas perkebunan yang memberikan kontribusi yang cukup besar sebagai sumber devisa negara serta berperan penting dalam mendorong pertumbuhan ekonomi di Indonesia. Penelitian ini memiliki tujuan untuk mengetahui seberapa besar ekspor komoditi karet di Indonesia. Metode yang digunakan yaitu berupa tabel, gambar/grafik dan ringkasan singkat berupa analisis deskriptif dengan melihat pertumbuhan, persebaran dan kontribusi atau persentase. Data ekspor diperoleh dari website Badan Pusat Statistik dan dari website media perkebunan. Berdasarkan hasil analisis, Indonesia merupakan ekspor karet terbesar kedua di dunia. Indonesia memiliki daya saing ekspor karet yang sangat besar di pasar internasional dan ketersediaan lahan komoditi karet di Indonesia terbilang sangat cukup luas.
PENGARUH PENDAPATAN ASLI DAERAH DAN BELANJA MODAL TERHADAP KINERJA KEUANGAN PADA KABUPATEN/KOTA DI PROVINSI JAWA TENGAH PERIODE 2015-2020
Authors: Bilqis Husnun Karina , Priyono Nuwun
Published: March 2023

Kemajuan daerah pada suatu wilayah dapat ditandai dengan pertumbuhan ekonomi yang baik dan kinerja keuangan yang menjadi cerminan pemerinta dalam mengelola keuangan daerahnya. Covid-19 sangat mempengaruhi dalam pertumbuhan ekonomi dan keuangan. Pengaruh perekonomian tidak hanya berdampak pada tahun ini, tetapi juga diperkirakan berpengaruh beberapa tahun kedepan. Maka pemerintah harus sigap dalam mengatasi permasalahan dan dalam mengelola penyerapan APBD. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana pengaruh belanja modal terhadap kinerja keuangan daerah dari sebelum dan pada saat terjadinya pandemi Covid-19. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu metode penelitian kuantitatif. Penelitian ini menggunakan data keuangan sekunder yang bersumber dari Badan Pusat Statistik beberapa daerah di Pemerintah Kabupaten/Kota se-Provinsi Jawa Tengah dari tahun 2015-2020. Sampel yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah purposive sampling dan analisis teknik yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu teknik analisis linier berganda. Hasil penelitian ini menghasilkan bahwa pendapatan asli daerah memiliki pengaruh terhadap kinerja keuangan pemerintah. Belanja modal tidak berpengaruh terhadap kinerja keuangan pemerintah.
PENGARUH BRAND IMAGE DAN BRAND TRUST TERHADAP LOYALITAS PELANGGAN HANDPHONE OPPO DI RISEL CELL KEC. SANGIR KAB. SOLOK SELATAN
Authors: Alfian Alfian , Susanti Refni
Published: March 2023

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pengaruh brand image dan brand trust terhadap loyalitas pelanggan ponsel Oppo di Research Cell District. Sangir Kab. Solok Selatan. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif; populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah pelanggan ponsel Oppo di distrik sel penelitian. Sangir Kab. Solok Selatan sebanyak 234 pelanggan, pemilihan sampel melalui metode simple random sampling. Jumlah sampel sebanyak 70 pelanggan yang diperoleh dari rumus slovon. Analisis teknis data menggunakan uji asumsi klasik, analisis regresi linier berganda dan uji t. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa variabel citra merek berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap loyalitas pelanggan dengan nilai t-count sebesar (3,295> 0,235) dan variabel brand trust berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap loyalitas pelanggan dengan nilai t-count (2,952> 0,235).
Sustainable Forest Management from the Perspective of Customary Law in Indonesia: A Case Study in the Bayan Community
Authors: Harly Lalu
Published: March 2023

The Indonesian government has not been able to realize sustainable forest management under the 1945 constitutional mandate, causing much forest damage. Indonesia urgently needs good forest governance. Therefore, it is essential to give a more significant role to local communities in managing forests in the future. The primary objective of this research project is to find sustainable forest management practices based on the customary law of the Bayan community. This research uses the literature review and case study method. An additional objective of this research is to study the problems that occur due to the absence of legal protection for local communities with regard to forest use and conflicts. This research demonstrates that the Indonesian government provides extensive support to the private forestry sector (for example through award of permits) and has ignored the rights of people who live around the forest. Forest management through customary law, such as Awiq-awiq in Bayan village, can provide great economic, social, and cultural benefits to local communities. Awiq-awiq regulates prohibitions, sanctions, and the procession of the customary assembly in association with forest management, and has been an effective way to use forests sustainably. The local community is highly compliant with awiq-awiq because they have been directly involved in drafting and reviewing this regulation. The customary law approach used by the Bayan community is an example of sustainable forest management practices that run well; and could be a valuable model for the Indonesian state and other forest conservation managers to consider.
ANALISIS JIWA KEWIRAUSAHAAN PEMIMPIN, GAYA PARTISIPASI PARA ANGGOTA, DAN MODEL MANAJEMEN KOPERASI DALAM MENINGKATKAN KINERJA KOPERASI
Authors: Asidah Erwin
Published: March 2023

Data pertumbuhan usaha koperasi menunjukkan bahwa kinerja koperasi yang ditunjukkan oleh volume usaha dan laba bersih mengalami penurunan selama tahun 2008-2010. Berbagai   penelitian sebelumnya menunjukkan bahwa faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kinerja bisnis yang berhasil adalah kewirausahaan, partisipasi anggota, dan pengurus koperasi. Berdasarkan fenomena empiris yang ditemukan di lapangan penelitian ini maka rumusan masalah penelitian yang dirumuskan disini adalah “Bagaimana cara meningkatkan kinerja Koperasi Berbagai Usaha di KOTA MATARAM” Untuk menjawab masalah penelitian ini digunakan pendekatan dengan tiga variabel penelitian yaitu kewirausahaan, partisipasi anggota, dan pengelolaan koperasi. Pengujian pengaruh masing-masing variabel dilakukan dengan menggunakan Uji Regresi Berganda pada pengumpulan data yang diperoleh melalui wawancara menggunakan kuesioner kepada 74 pengurus koperasi di Kota Mataram. Hasil uji regresi terhadap variabel penelitian menemukan bahwa kewirausahaan berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kinerja Koperasi Aneka Usaha di Kota Mataram, partisipasi anggota berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kinerja Koperasi Aneka Usaha di Kota Mataram, dan pengurus koperasi berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kinerja Koperasi Usaha Milik Berbagai Usaha.
Effects of Functional Electrical Stimulation with and without Kinesiotherapy on Pain, Range of Motion and Quality of Life in Patients with Cervical Dystonia; A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Imtiaz Mehak , Waseem Asna , Chaudhary Maida , Sultan Aisha , Abid Nouman , Shahzad Dua
Published: March 2023

Methods: This study was a Randomized Controlled Trial conducted at The University of Lahore Teaching Hospital, University Institute of Physical Therapy, Lahore. n= 84 patients with Cervical Dystonia were recruited in this study using non- probability convenient sampling technique. Patients suffering with Cervical Dystonia who aged between 30 till 50 years were randomly assigned into two groups, 42 patients in each group. First Group A which was the control group which was treated with Functional Electrical Stimulation and routine physical therapy only while Group B was the Experimental group which was treated with Functional Electrical Stimulation also with kinesiotherapy and routine physical therapy. Both the groups were evaluated and assessed using the Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scale, the Pain Numerating Scale, the 36- item short form health survey( SF-36), Neck Disability index and range of motion of neck flexion, neck extension and neck rotation was measured using universal goniometer.
Results: Functional Electrical Stimulation combined with kinesiotherapy given to the experimental group showed more improvement in range of motion, quality of life , functional disability and the symptom of the pain also was reduced in the experimental group as compared to the control group. The mean values showed that there was a statistically significant difference in different variables between both the groups. When the scores( scores at baseline and at 16th week) for Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scale for both the groups were compared it showed statistical difference between both the groups(p<0.05).
Conclusion: Despite the fact that cervical dystonia has central neurological etiology, this study concludes that multimodal kinesiotherapy program which included stretching and relaxation, active exercises in addition to Functional Electrical Stimulation and Routine Physical Therapy tempts to have beneficial effects on a patient suffering from Cervical Dystonia. It showed beneficial effects on pain, quality of life, functional disability and range of motion of patients with cervical dystonia.
Key Words: Functional Electrical Stimulation, Kinesiotherapy, Cervical Dystonia, Pain, Rang of Motion, Quality of life
Knowledge and Practices of Ergonomics in Students of Private Universities Using Computers
Authors: Yousaf Faraya , Batool Amena , Asifa Qurat Ul Ain  , Ayesha Nawaz  , Rehan Amjad Mohammad , Anfal Sadaqat
Published: March 2023

Background: Using computers in an awkward posture for a prolonged period leads to musculoskeletal disorders. The proper use of ergonomics while using a computer or laptop is imperative. Improper use of computers may affect health and cause musculoskeletal disorders. Objective: To determine the knowledge and practices of ergonomics in students of private universities using computers or laptops. Methods: It was a cross-sectional survey conducted in different private universities in Lahore the data was collected through a self-made questionnaire. The sample size is 600 calculated by using a 90% confidence interval and a 5% margin of error. Data were collected from both male and female students aged between 18 to 26 years’ private university students using laptops or computers for at least five years and students who have musculoskeletal disorders and desktop computer users for less than five years were excluded. The categorical variables were evaluated by frequency and percentages, while mean and standard deviation were calculated by continuous variables. Results: Despite the presence of chair arms, 46.2% of employees can easily reach their workstations, while 53.8% are unable to do so. About 46.2 percent of people find it difficult to relax their arms and shoulders without the arms of their chair interfering. 53.8% of people can relax their arms and shoulders without being hindered by the arms of their chair. When working on a keyboard, 55.3% of people have their shoulders relaxed and not raised, whereas 44.7% have their shoulders raised and are not relaxed. 54% of people prefer to rest their arms at their sides rather than have them extended out in front of them, while 46% prefer not to rest their arms at their sides and instead have them stretched out in front of them. Conclusion: It was concluded that knowledge and practices of computer ergonomics in students are essential to avoid various health, postural and musculoskeletal problems. Ergonomics interventions aimed to prevent musculoskeletal disorders can be applied through the assessment of risks and safety measures. Similarly, occupational therapists and physical therapists can help computer workers regarding the posture and guidelines required for prolonged computer work.
Será que tem um pintinho?
Authors: Gouveia Larissa Ferragute , Buzzatto Leite Igor , Pinto Thaís Metzker , Sampar Jórdan Fares , Mantovani Carolina Stefano , Alvares Lúcia Elvira
Published: March 2023

À primeira vista, o ovo de galinha é apenas um alimento saboroso e nutritivo, comum na nos-sa rotina. Contudo, nele ocorre um instigante fenômeno da natureza, que é a transformação do ovo em um pintinho, em apenas três semanas. Essa admirável transformação só é possível porque o ovo contém tanto as informações genéticas para gerar o pintinho, quanto o habitat ideal para o seu desenvolvimento, fornecendo nutrição, proteção e hidratação, por meio de um “oceano” particular. Neste artigo, apresentamos uma aula prática destinada ao estudo de-talhado do ovo de galinha e das suas estruturas. Além de ser acessível e de baixo custo, o ovo de galinha é um material que permite aos estudantes analisar a importância de suas diferentes estruturas para a reprodução da galinha e traçar paralelos com a reprodução humana.
Vehicle security monitoring system
Authors: Adamowski Piotr , Rosiński Adam
Published: March 2023

A vehicle left in a parking lot may be the target of a potential theft or damage. In orderfor the vehicle owner to have information about the condition of his vehicle, it is necessary to applyappropriate security measures. Therefore, a proprietary vehicle security monitoring system has beendeveloped. In order to obtain adequate information about the condition of the secured vehicle, thevehicle security system has been designed and constructed. It allows you to monitor such parametersas: vehicle inclination (related to, for example, lifting the car in order to put it on a trailer), temporaryvehicle acceleration (related to, for example, a car crash in a parking lot), GPS location (related tovehicle displacement in relation to a fixed position), temperature and humidity. In addition, themovement in the vehicle is monitored by a passive infrared detector, the door status (open/ closed)by reed switches, and the gas concentration (LPG, propane butane) by a gas sensor. Information aboutthe vehicle sensors is sent to the user in the form of an SMS message, either at the users request orin the form of an alarm. The designed vehicle security monitoring system is a solution that allowsthe user to both use and add new useful functionalities. It is also possible to add additional sensors,as well as to expand with new innovative functions (e.g. access control). This results in an increasedsense of security for the user regarding his vehicle.Keywords: security, system, vehicle, sensors
Productivity, Collaboration and Impact of Cuban Scientific Research on Parkinson's Disease in Scopus
Authors: Piñera-Castro Hector Julio , Moreno-Cubela Fidel Jesús
Published: March 2023

Introduction: Parkinson’s disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disease in the world. This fact, in addition to the role of Scopus as a high-quality bibliometric data source, Cuba’s privileged position among Latin American countries in terms of neuroscientific output, and the absence of bibliometric studies on Parkinson’s disease in this context motivated the present study.
Objective: to evaluate the productivity, collaboration, and impact of Cuban scientific research on Parkinson’s disease indexed in Scopus between 2012 and 2021.
Methods: a descriptive bibliometric study was performed on 84 articles that had at least one author with a Cuban institutional affiliation. Indicators of productivity, collaboration and impact were used.
Results: the highest output corresponded to the journals Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences (5 documents each). Parkinsonism and Related Disorders led in terms of number of citations (NC=201) and average number of citations per paper (ANC=67). The year with the highest productivity was 2019 (Ndoc=13). Articles represented 69 % of the documents. Of the 11 most productive authors, 6 were major producers and only one of them is Cuban. The top funding sponsor was Medicinska Forskningsrådet. The Subramanyan’s index was 98,8. The top contributing country was Spain (Ndoc = 25). International collaboration was the most common (79,8 %). The publications reached 1 592 citations. The h-index was 22.
Conclusions: the scientific output was scarce, tended to be in quantitative decline, had few major Cuban producers, presented a high rate of international collaboration, and achieved a notable scientific impact.
Temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampus sclerosis: prevalence, etiology, and treatment options with herbal medicines
Authors: Muhammad Wasim  , Mehr Musani  , Hasan Salman Siddiqi  , Saara Muddasir  , Bushra Amin  , Fazal Manzoor Arain
Published: March 2023

Background and objectives:

Epilepsy is a neurological disorder in which the patient suffers with two or more unprovoked seizures. It is one of the most common neurological disorders worldwide, affecting more than 70 million people. Currently various modes of effective treatments are available, but still there are many cases that remain drug resistant. Hence, there is a need to explore herbal medications for the treatment of drug resistant epilepsy.

Methods:

Recent reviews and research articles (2000-2022) from PubMed and Google Scholar have been explored.

Review:

Based on etiology, there are six categories of epilepsy: Genetic, structural, metabolic, immune, infectious, and unknown epilepsy. Temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampus sclerosis (TLE-HS) is one of the most common forms of structural epilepsy. Even though several new anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) have been discovered, but the treatment of some cases especially TLE-HS remains resistant to them. Surgery is one of the most effective options for TLE-HS; however, this usually results in memory deficits, and occasionally, intracranial hematoma, delayed hydrocephalus, subdural empyema, and visual field defects in patients.

Conclusion:

Hence, to overcome drug resistance, new pharmacological and herbal therapies are required. Animal trials are first step in the development of new drugs, to study toxicity and efficacy of proposed drugs. Many herbs have anticonvulsant activity but remain an under-explored treatment option for epilepsy. Further research on herbal extracts as a possible treatment for epilepsy needs to be conducted.
Retraction Notice
Authors: Editorial Team
Published: March 2023

Retraction Notice

Khan MI, Khan JI, Ahmed SI, Ali S. The epidemiology of stroke in a developing country (Pakistan). Pak J Neurol Sci. 2018;13(3):30-44.

 

A reader brought to our attention that the article titled “The epidemiology of stroke in a developing country (Pakistan)”, published in Volume 13, Issue 3, of Pakistan Journal of Neurological Sciences (PJNS) was a redundant (duplicate) publication. We investigated this complaint and found out that prior to its submission to PJNS on February 11 2018, this article had already been published almost verbatim in Journal of Neurology & Stroke on January 23, 2018.

 

Reference of the prior publication:

Khan MI, Khan JI, Ahmed SI, Haq U. The epidemiology of stroke in a developing country (Pakistan). J Neurol Stroke 2018;8(1):32-40. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15406/jnsk.2018.08.00275

 

The authors were contacted multiple times for their input prior to this retraction, but they did not offer any possible justification for their action. The editorial team of PJNS has, therefore, retracted this article. We are thankful to the reader who brought this matter to our attention and apologize for the oversight that resulted in publication of this article in PJNS. We regret any inconvenience caused by the publication and retraction of this article.

 

The retracted article link: https://ecommons.aku.edu/pjns/vol13/iss3/9/
Practical Research on Large-Scale Examinations for Undergraduate Online Teaching
Authors: Zhou Xuefei , Ren Lirong , Zhou Chunxiao , Li Shuai
Published: March 2023

In early 2020, the sudden outbreak of COVID-19 completely changed the teaching form of higher education in China. Under such circumstances, online teaching and examinations have become new teaching methods. By studying the existing literature on online tests and analyzing the characteristics of the online assessment, this paper introduced the large-scale online final examination of the Central University of Finance and Economics from the aspects of regulations, organization, and quality control. Finally, relevant suggestions for improving the quality of online examinations were put forward.
The Use of Cinnamon Supplementation in Diabetes: Research Evidence and Expert Opinion
Authors: Mosawi Aamir Jalal Al
Published: March 2023

Dietary supplements have increasingly used in the prevention and treatment of a variety of chronic conditions, During the previous decades, cinnamon have been reported to have a beneficial effects diabetes mellitus patients, and in experimental diabetic animals. The aim of this paper is to review cinnamon research findings relevant to its supplementary use in diabetes.
A Study on E-C Translation of BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2022 from the Perspective of Schema Theory
Authors: Lyu Liangqiu , Fang Lingjia
Published: March 2023

The global energy system is facing multiple challenges and uncertainties due to the impact of the Russia-Ukraine war and the COVID-19 pandemic. In order to achieve energy security and promote sustainable development, it is necessary to keep abreast of the latest information on global energy development. BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2022 has been an important way to get the latest international energy information and obtain authoritative data since 1951. Therefore, the translation of this report can help the government and relevant practitioners to get the latest data on energy development and decide the future direction of energy development. The Schema Theory is employed to analyze the difficulties in translating such technology texts in energy field from three aspects: linguistic schema, content schema and formal schema in the research. As a result, the study shows that schema theory can help translators decode and recombine the original information with the schema they have mastered, making the translation conform to the cognitive schema of the target readers.
A Review of The Cognitive Basis of Stupidity
Authors: Welles James F.
Published: March 2023

The Cognitive Basis of Stupidity shows that the mechanism of belief in supernatural and cultural systems is one and the same. There is no difference in the way we belief in God or the government. We take both on faith and fit incoming data to suit our predispositions be they spiritual or secular. Contrary to Dar-winian thinking, the basic cognitive mechanism of the mind is maladaptive in the long run and best present-ed as a normal, dysfunctional learning process which occurs when a schema formed by linguistic biases and social norms acts via the neurotic paradox to establish a positive feedback system which can render behavior irrelevant and carry detached actions to maladap­tive excesses.
The Economic Impact of the Coronavirus [COVID-19] Pandemic on Sudan’s Foreign Trade
Authors: Mustafa Omer Allagabo Omer
Published: March 2023

The paper explored and addressed the preliminary economic effects of the coronavirus [COVID-19] Pandemic on Sudan’s foreign trade, focusing on its trade relationship with China as it is the source of the pandemic. Moreover, the paper briefly traces how the pandemic affected the Sub-Saharan Africa Region and the world economy. This evaluation is preliminary therefore, updated data and new research to be published shortly or thereafter will carry better clarity and complement the trends discussed in this paper. The study’s main findings revealed that the coronavirus [COVID-19] pandemic has no significant effect on Sudan’s foreign trade, especially with China. Since the US government imposed economic sanctions on Sudan's economy in 1993, Sudan become relied heavily on products imported from China.
Patent Compulsory Licensing System on China’s Road to Clean Energy Technology: A Solution or Pointless Decoration for Energy Innovation?
Authors: Zhang Bofan
Published: March 2023

Along with the increasing global climate change and ecological damage, energy transformation driven by clean energy technology is an important guarantee to cope with climate change and promote the high-quality and efficient development of a country’s economy. Under the principle of common but differentiated country under the Kyoto Protocol, more and more developing countries call for the implementation of a compulsory licensing system for clean energy technology, and the compulsory licensing of patents for clean energy technology refers to the compulsory licensing of patents by the patent administration of a country grants a patent license directly to a third party without the consent of the patentee under specific circumstances and in accordance with the statutory conditions. This paper examines the historical development and current situation of the patent compulsory licensing system for clean energy technologies, studies the implementation of the system and the evolution of the legal system in the United States, reflects on the current situation of China’s patent compulsory licensing system and the possibility of extending the licensing content to clean energy technologies, and proposes policies and laws and regulations to solve the corresponding problems, in order to explore the future of China’s patent compulsory licensing system for clean energy technologies. The proposed policy and legal proposals aim to explore the conditions for establishing a future Chinese patent compulsory licensing system for clean energy technologies and its practical contribution to China’s energy transition and carbon neutrality and carbon peaking.
The Contributions of Exchange Rate on the Growth of Manufacturing Sector in Nigeria: An Econometric Approach
Authors: Ita Ita Richard , Ekpo Nkamare Stephen , Chike Emefiele Charles , Anthony Obioke Esedu , Loveth Okpunor
Published: March 2023

The study empirically examined the contributions of exchange on the growth of manufacturing sector in Nigeria. The specific objectives were to; examine the impact of exchange rate, money supply, and trade openness on the performance of the manufacturing sector in Nigeria. Secondary data was extracted from Central Bank of Nigeria statistical bulletin, 2020. Ordinary least square of multiple regression technique was employed to examine the impact of independent on dependent variables. Based on the results, the findings revealed that exchange rate had a negative and significant impact on performance of manufacturing sector, while money supply and trade openness had a positive and significant effect on the performance of the manufacturing sector. The study recommended that the monetary authority should introduce direct policies of regulating price stability in the economy via regulating money supply in order to decelerate the rising inflationary trend in the economy.
Study on China’s River Chief System: Development History, Security Governance Function and Improvement Prospects
Authors: Zhan Zhouda
Published: March 2023

The river chief system is an innovative institutional design in terms of ecological security governance of river basins in China. In modern China, the river chief system is first practiced in Changxing County of Zhejiang Province in 2003, and it is tested effective in the emergency management of Taihu Lake cyanobacteria in Wuxi of Jiangsu Province in 2007. After 2007, the river chief system begins to be widely promoted and gets authorized as a nationwide working model since 2016. China’s river chief system has the function of helping ecological security governance, which should be improved. The way to improve the function of the river chief system in the future can be to add as a special chapter on the river chief system into a piece of central legislation, or to formulate a special piece of administrative regulation on the river chief system, or to continue to provide provisions in the form of local legislation, no matter at the provincial or municipal level.
An Analysis of Sectarian Conflict in the Central African Republic (2012–2020) from the Lens of the Protracted Social Conflict Theory
Authors: Ndiyun Robert Kosho
Published: March 2023

The Central African Republic has been entangled in new cycles of conflict since the upsurge of the Seleka insurgency in December 2012. Although a number of reasons account for the violent nature of the conflict and its protracted nature, sectarianism appeared to be the most glaring and leading driver of the conflict. The dominance of the Christian majority over the Muslims in every aspect of life, the questionable Central African citizenship of CAR Muslim population have led to overt discrimination against the minority Muslim population. This discrimination on religious lines adds to ethnic discrimination by various CAR leaders who offer preferential treatment to members of their ethnic groups through appointments to top government and military positions, to the detriment of the other tribes, breeding ethnic division. Applying the Protracted Social Conflict theory, this article attempts to investigate into how sectarianism contributed to the protraction of the CAR conflict from 2012–2020. The paper applies a qualitative method of analysis to investigate the sectarian roots of the 2012 conflict in the CAR. Data collection and analysis involved secondary sources in the form of books, scientific journal publications, reports and other relevant internet sources to answer the central question in the research.
The Historical and Endogenous Logic of Social Stability in China
Authors: Yang Yanjie
Published: March 2023

The Chinese civilization has lasted for more than 5, 000 years, which has formed the cultural phenomenon of social stability in China. The reason of this stability can be traced back to the stress countermeasures of the primitive population to the natural and social environment, as a result, a meme is formed that causes are inherited by causes. China’s social stability has formed a systematic and complex dynamic self-consistent mechanism, and in the new historical period, with its unique charm coruscates the vigorous vitality.
VITAMIN C AND CRANBERRY EXTRACT EFFERVESCENT TABLET FORMULATION, CHARACTERIZATION, AND EVALUATION
Authors: Gillani Haider Ali , Khalid Dr. Maryam , Said Sohaid , Khalid Memona , Umbreen Shaista , Tariq Sonia
Published: March 2023

Background: Effervescent floating tablets are used oral dosage form, to enhance the patient compliance, drug bioavailability and to increase the absorption rate. Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon), widely used as a preventive agent against urinary tract infections, also suggested for Type II diabetes, myalgic encephalomyelitis, scurvy, and as a diuretic pill for being rich in nutrients and anti-oxidant properties. Objectives: The aim of the study is to formulate and evaluate the effervescent tablets of Cranberry and Vitamin C. Methodology: As per defined criteria of US FDA, effervescent tablet as per composition is formulated by citric acid and sodium bicarbonate and intended to dissolve in water before administration. Active substance and excipient compatibility studies were done by UV and FTIR, resulted absence of any interaction. Pre-formulation studies including Bulk density, tapped density, angle of repose, Hausner’s ratio, Carr’s index and water content. Results: Formulations were evaluated for weight variation, thickness, hardness, pH of solution, drug dissolution time, content uniformity as defined specification of U.S.P and BP. Stability and storage condition studies were also monitored with average results of 96% drug assay and dissolution. All the results showed excellent formulation of tablet and flow properties of granules. Conclusion: Further studies required to approach targeted and spontaneous release of active as optimized effervescence maybe helpful in delivery of actives and enhancing patient compliance.
An Empirical Relationship between Entrepreneurial Training and Economic Growth of Pakistan
Authors: Kumar Mahendar , S. Khurram Khan Alwi  , Shafiq-ur-Rehman
Published: March 2023

The research was initiated on the statistically proven premises that, there is a relationship between entrepreneurship and economic growth of Pakistan. However, the contribution of entrepreneurial skills through entrepreneurial training in this regard was not investigated by any other scholar. Hence, this study has been conducted in order to understand relationship between entrepreneurial training and economic growth of Pakistan. The study was quantitative in nature and employed non-probabilistic sampling design in order to collect data from 128 university students of final year studying in different domains. The respondents were enrolled in four different universities of Sindh and Punjab provinces. However, it was concluded at the end through Pearson, Spearman and Regression analysis that, there is a significant but weak relationship between socio-emotional, technical skills of entrepreneurs and economic growth of the country. However, moderate kind of relationship was found between managerial skills of entrepreneurs and economic growth of Pakistan. Subsequently, it was asserted that, there is a significant moderate relationship between entrepreneurial training and economic growth of the country.
Investigating the Institutional Quality Integration with Islamic Banking Development in Promoting Entrepreneurship
Authors: Arshed Noman , Sohail Hadia , Gulzar Muhammad
Published: March 2023

Empirically, conventional finance has proven insufficient while providing the required finance for startups and entrepreneurs. While handling the risks, entrepreneurs tend to avoid the high-cost nature of the debt, which limits their true potential leading to sub-optimal resource utilization. For this, Islamic finance provides a participative and equitable alternative for new ventures with proven merits, but a lack of supporting regulation hinders its penetration among entrepreneurial aspirants. Islamic banks face high compliance costs to the current institutional requirements while designing the products for new ventures. This study investigates how Islamic finance assists entrepreneurial decisions and the role of institutional quality in aligning Islamic law with commercial law requirements. This study selected the unbalanced panel data of 37 countries between 2011 and 2020 and used panel quantile regression to estimate the quadratic Islamic financial development effects and the moderation of institutional quality. The results showed that generally, Islamic financial development has a U shaped relation with entrepreneurship, but with the improvement in institutions, the U shape is flipped to inverted-U shape. This study points toward the potential of Islamic financing when coupled with better regulations for the economies which are developing the nascent Islamic financing system.
Joint Impact of Diversity in Functional Duties, Separation in Institutional Values and Economic Discrepancy on Organizational Conflicts
Authors: Shahbaz Atiya , Abidin Rana Zain ul , Qammar Rabia
Published: March 2023

The purpose of this research is to examine how complex organizations function in conflict circumstances. This research aims to explain how a project firm, a collection of firms that work to accomplish a goal, maintains its associations with the partners who make up the organization and with external stakeholders. In analyzing these complex organizations, the authors create a theory that explains how and why basic traits, such as conflict, influence the potential for success, as well as how and why their composition and governance differ for enterprises with partners. To answer these concerns, the study used a dataset from 2009 to 2019 that included about 3000 project groups with more than 100,000 partners operating in 135 countries. Therefore, this study presents a contingency theory of project organization governance by performing an empirical analysis of the project firm on a size and scale not before studied in project management research. This study explores three forms of diversity: functional duties, separation of institutional values, and economic inequality, in order to identify how each type promotes conflict between project participants and external stakeholders. In addition, this research indicates that teamwork between diverse persons may minimize competition. This paper proposes a contingency theory of project organization governance by addressing the absorption of resources and connections that cause conflict and affect the project organization's performance.
Análisis de la migración y la inseguridad como factores determinantes de xenofobia
Authors: Tovar P. María Eugenia , Altamirano P. Hólguer Rodrigo , Ortega Galarza Máximo , Araque S. María Cristina
Published: March 2023

La investigación identificó la problemática de inseguridad que ha generado la migración venezolana en él territorio colombiano en especial la ciudad Bogotá durante el año 2021, se consideraron 5 tópicos; como fue, el incremento de la población migrante en Colombia, la percepción de inseguridad de los colombianos, el tiempo de permanencia   y lo más importante la decidía del Estado frente a esta población. La metodología utilizada en este estudio no experimental fue exploratoria, descriptiva y analítica para lo cual se utilizaron fuentes de información provenientes de revistas científicas (Scielo, Redalyc, Dialnet, ScienceDirect entre otras), se pudo revisar información publicada en entidades oficiales respecto al tema en Bogotá. El enfoque mixto y permitió a través de la consulta de base de datos científicas, para obtener como resultado que la mayor cantidad de hallazgos fueron encontrados en la localidad de Kennedy con un 18%, seguida de Suba con 8% y por último Santafé con un 7%, concluyendo, que el Estado fue ineficaz frente al proceso migratorio venezolano sin control y el aumento de inseguridad que llevó al “rechazo o desprecio” por parte de  la población colombiana debido  al  incremento de la inseguridad.
Concepções sobre clínica na formação médica
Authors: Costa Tammy Stephanie Massolin Albrecht , Botazzo Carlos , Fonsêca Graciela Soares
Published: March 2023

Introdução: Principalmente após a instituição das Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais dos cursos de graduação em Medicina, espera-se que seja predominante na formação médica a clínica ampliada, ou seja, aquela que tem como foco central o sujeito e suas particularidades. Objetivo: Buscou-se compreender as concepções sobre clínica presentes no imaginário de estudantes e professores de um curso de graduação em Medicina de uma universidade federal localizada no Sul do país. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo de caráter exploratório e qualitativo aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa de uma universidade federal, sob o Parecer nº 2.950.932, de 9 de outubro de 2018. A coleta de dados deu-se com base em entrevistas com docentes médicos (n=21) e grupos focais com acadêmicos (n=43) que, posteriormente, foram tratados pela análise de conteúdo de Bardin. Resultados: Aspectos inerentes à clínica ampliada foram levantados, sobretudo no que diz respeito ao estabelecimento de uma boa relação médico-paciente, à necessidade de desenvolver habilidades comunicativas e de haver um equilíbrio entre os componentes técnico, ético e humanístico. Contudo, alguns discursos característicos da clínica tradicional foram notados, principalmente relacionados à clínica focada no diagnóstico e tratamento de doenças. Conclusões: Com esses resultados é possível concluir que, apesar de a clínica ampliada estar presente no curso em questão, isso ainda não se efetivou completamente.
Competencias digitales para talleres de diseños intermedios en estudiantes de arquitectura Trujillo, Perú, 2022
Authors: Suarez Villasís Martin , Espinoza Polo Francisco Alejandro
Published: March 2023

El desarrollo de tecnologías y recursos digitales genera una dinámica de las competencias digitales determinan la capacidad proyectual de los estudiantes de arquitectura. Esta investigación buscó determinar la influencia de las competencias digitales en la enseñanza de los talleres de diseño arquitectónico en los ciclos intermedios de una facultad de arquitectura de Trujillo. La investigación fue cuantitativa, básica, correlacional explicativa, usando instrumentos con formulario Google para las dos variables: competencias digitales y elaboración de diseños intermedios en arquitectura aplicada a todos los alumnos del cuarto, quinto y sexto ciclo de arquitectura. Se obtuvo una relación con Rho Spearman de 0.740 altamente significativo entre las competencias digitales y el desarrollo los talleres de diseños intermedios. Existe influencia significativa del 43.4% de las competencias digitales en la elaboración de talleres de diseños intermedios de arquitectura. Como conclusión podemos determinar que, las competencias digitales, inciden significativamente en la formación de los estudiantes en el desarrollo de los talleres de diseño arquitectónico de los ciclos intermedios.
Umstrittenes Vermögen
Authors: Stoklasa Jana
Published: March 2023

Wie westdeutsche Arbeiterorganisationen nach 1945 um Rückerstattung und Entschädigung stritten.

Im Jahr 1933 zerschlugen die Nationalsozialisten die deutsche Arbeiterbewegung. Der NS-Staat enteignete das auf rund eine Milliarde Reichsmark geschätzte Vermögen und setzte es nicht zuletzt für Verfolgung, Propaganda und Kriegswirtschaft ein. Als 1948 die Nachfolgeorganisationen Anträge auf Rückerstattung stellen konnten, entbrannte ein erbitterter Kampf um Immobilien, Zeitungsdruckereien und Entschädigungen. Jana Stoklasa erinnert ausgehend vom Beispiel Hannovers an dieses lange vergessene Kapitel deutscher Nachkriegsgeschichte. Auf der Basis neuer Quellen spürt die Historikerin dem Beziehungsgeflecht zwischen Geschichtspolitik, Justiz und Vergangenheitsbewältigung nach. Sie dekonstruiert die Auseinandersetzungen zwischen SPD und KPD im Zeichen der innerdeutschen Teilung mithilfe der postkolonialen Diskursanalyse; und sie zeigt für die Konsumgenossenschaften in beeindruckender Weise, wie eng Restitution und Vergangenheitsblindheit miteinander zusammenhingen.
Response and Adaptation of the Cardiac Autonomic System to Functional High-intensity Interval Training with Respiratory Facemasks: Impacts of the Training Period and Facemask Modality During a COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Fallah Masoumeh , Dabidi Roshan Valiollah , Nasiri Khadijeh
Published: March 2023

Background: Following the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in 2019, medical face masks were widely recommended for large numbers of people and for long periods of time. The effect of wearing surgical and N95 face masks during long-term high-intensity interval training on the cardiac autonomic system has not been reported. Methods: Eighteen healthy men were randomly divided into three groups (surgical mask, N95 mask, and no mask) and performed high-intensity interval training with (80 - 90%-heart rate max) intensity three times a week, three repetitions in a session for four weeks. Heart rate variability parameters were evaluated with an electrocardiogram device and Kubius software. The R-R interval was recorded for 5 minutes in a sitting position in the pre-and post-modified Bruce test before and after four weeks of interval training to extract parasympathetic (RMSSD, HF, SD1), sympathetic indices (LF, LF/HF) and RR mean. We used the two-way ANOVA test and the Bonferroni post hoc test. Results: In all groups, four-week functional HIIT exercises increased the resting parasympathetic indices (RMSSD, SD1) compared to baseline levels. This increase was more evident in the N95 mask group than in the surgical mask group. In addition, the five-minute recovery of the cardiac autonomic system after a modified Bruce test following functional HIIT exercise increased parasympathetic tone (RMSSD, HFn.u) in all groups compared to baseline levels. Therefore, a four-week adaptation to HIIT exercises leads to faster recovery of sympathetic indices (LFn.u, LF/HF) in the no mask group, as compared to the surgical and N95 groups. Despite the above, there was no significant difference in the recovery and resting values of cardiac autonomic system indices between the two types of surgical masks and N95 compared to the control group (no mask). Conclusions: Four weeks of high-intensity interval training using surgical and N95 face masks improved the cardiac autonomic nervous system. This data is important for recommending the use of face masks during physical activity.