bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Live Analysis of Position Effect Variegation (PEV) in Drosophila Reveals Different Modes of Action for HP1a and Su(var)3-9
Authors: Bughio Farah J. , Maggert Keith A.
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Position Effect Variegation (PEV) results from the juxtaposition of euchromatic and heterochromatic components of eukaryotic genomes, silencing genes near the new euchromatin/heterochromatin junctions. Silencing is itself heritable through S phase, giving rise to distinctive random patterns of cell clones expressing the genes intermixed with clones in which the genes are silenced. Much of what we know about epigenetic inheritance in the soma stems from work on PEV aimed at identifying the components of the silencing machinery and its mechanism of inheritance. The roles of two central gene activities – the Su(var)3-9-encoded histone H3-Lysine-9 methyltransferase and the Su(var)205-encoded methyl-H3-Lysine-9 binding protein HP1a – have been inferred from terminal phenotypes, leaving considerable gaps in understanding how PEV behaves through development. Here, we investigate the PEV phenotypes of Su(var)3-9 and Su(var)205 mutations in live developing tissues. We discovered that mutation in Su(var)205 compromises the initial establishment of PEV in early embryogenesis. Later gains of heterochromatin-induced gene silencing are possible, but are unstable and lost rapidly. In contrast, a strain with mutation in Su(var)3-9 exhibits robust silencing early in development, but fails to maintain it through subsequent cell divisions. Our analyses show that while the terminal phenotypes of these mutations may appear identical, they have arrived at them through different developmental trajectories. We discuss how our findings expand and clarify existing models for epigenetic inheritance of heterochromatin-induced gene silencing.

Significance

Current concepts of epigenetic inheritance are exemplified by Position Effect Variegation, a phenomenon whereby heterochromatin can repress genes in clonal cell lineages. Heterochromatin is required for genome protection as it silences toxic transposable elements and prevents instability of repeat sequences. Histone H3 modified by methylation of Lysine-9 and HP1a are critical components of heterochromatin. Using live cell analysis of PEV in mutants in strains with mutations in Su(var)3-9, which encodes the histone methyltransferase, and Su(var)205, which encodes HP1a, we describe an unexpected dynamism in PEV, challenging current models of epigenetics, and revealing unexpectedly different modes of action of these two fundamental components of heterochromatin.
Has the innovative city pilot policy improved the level of urban innovation?
Authors: Li Zheng , Yang Siying
Published: October 2021

Purpose

A city is a spatial carrier of innovation activities. Improving the level of urban innovation can play a significant supporting role in building an innovative country. China began to implement the innovative city pilot policy in 2008 and continued to expand the policy into more areas for exploring the path of innovative urban development with Chinese characteristics and improving urban innovation.

Design/methodology/approach

Based on mechanism analysis, this paper used the panel data of 269 cities from 2003 to 2016 to empirically test the effect of the pilot policy on the level of urban innovation by using different methods, such as the difference-in-differences model.

Findings

The results show that the innovative city pilot policy significantly improves the level of urban innovation. However, according to the findings of the heterogeneity analysis, the effect of the pilot policy on improving the innovation level in direct-controlled municipalities, provincial capitals and sub-provincial cities is weaker than that in ordinary cities, and the effect of the pilot policy on improving the innovation level in cities with a higher quality of science and education resources is weaker than that in cities with lower quality of science and education resources.

Originality/value

Moreover, as the level of urban innovation increases, the effect of the pilot policy on improving the level of urban innovation is an asymmetric inverted V shape, which means the effect is first strengthened and then weakened. The research also finds that the locational heterogeneity of the pilot policy for improving the level of urban innovation is not notable. In addition, the innovative city pilot policy can strengthen the government's strategic guidance, promote the concentration of talent, incentivize corporate investment and optimize the innovation environment, having a positive impact on urban innovation. Moreover, the effect of concentration of talent and the effect of corporate investment incentive are the important reasons for the pilot policy to promote the improvement of the level of urban innovation.
Banks' support for the development of internationalization in Brazil: a perspective from Brazilian export companies
Authors: Mataveli Mara , Ayala Juan Carlos , Gil Alfonso J.
Published: October 2021

Purpose

Banks play a crucial role in the sustainable development of exports as they finance much of the trade. Additionally, in Brazil's case, banks provide exporting companies with advisory and training services, which facilitate the internationalization process. This work aims to analyze the role of public and private banks in the export process of companies in Brazil.

Design/methodology/approach

Interviews are conducted with a sample of 318 Brazilian exporting companies. Two research questions are posed: What type of export services do companies use from public and private banks in Brazil? Is exporting companies' access to credit, as a type of banking service, related to their size or export experience? A descriptive study of the functions of public and private banks in helping Brazilian exports is presented. Hypotheses are proposed regarding companies' access to credit and its relationship with their size and export experience.

Findings

It is found that public and private banks in Brazil provide exporting companies with banking services, other services related to technical aspects, and export consulting. There are significant differences in access to credit in both public and private banks, depending on the exporting company's size.

Originality/value

This work contributes to the internationalization literature on the role of banks in supporting exports in an emerging country like Brazil.
Does gender matter? A university ecosystem, self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intention analysis in Brazilian universities
Authors: Pelegrini Gisela Consolmagno , Moraes Gustavo Hermínio Salati Marcondes de
Published: October 2021

Purpose

This paper aims to enlighten existing gender differences in the linkages between university ecosystem, self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intention in a developing country.

Design/methodology/approach

The empirical exercise relies on Partial Least Squares Structural Equations Modeling based on data from a probabilistic sample of 467 Brazilian students of 70 universities across the country.

Findings

The university ecosystem positively influences self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intention. Entrepreneurial intention is also influenced by self-efficacy. Gender difference lies in females’ self-efficacy, which presents a higher impact on entrepreneurial intentions.

Research limitations/implications

The research used a secondary database, which offered a limited view of the constructs analyzed. Moreover, by evaluating perception conditions, students’ self-evaluation may not offer conditions to better comprehend higher education organizations conditions.

Practical implications

This paper provided an evaluation of entrepreneurship in universities and gender differences, also presenting an analysis tool for university ecosystems. The assessment of the university ecosystem in two dimensions helps to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of university ecosystems and also the impact they can have on the entrepreneurial ecosystems in which they are inserted.

Originality/value

This study added in-depth information on the dynamics of entrepreneurial universities and gender differences in the context of a developing country, with a probabilistic sample. Both the comprehensive analysis of the model and the assessment at the variable level bring new evidence that can guide entrepreneurship-oriented initiatives in universities.
The legal guarantees to protect foreign investment in Jordan
Authors: Helalat Mohamad Ali
Published: October 2021

Purpose

This paper aims to indicate that the foreign investment system in Jordan includes many provisions that create an appropriate environment for encouraging foreign investments and grant a distinctive treatment for the foreign investor that allows them the status equal to the national investor.

Design/methodology/approach

This study deals with the protection provided by the Jordan Government for foreign investments to attract foreign investment by studying the guarantees given by Jordan including many legal principles that encourage investment. The legal guarantees for the foreign investor enhance the confidence of the foreign investor in the host country.

Findings

The system provides a lot of guarantees with respect to non-commercial risks to which the foreign investor may be exposed.

Originality/value

The paper also clarifies that the role played by bilateral agreements in the field of investments, as these agreements give foreign investments a measure of protection through the guarantees and they are considered as incentives for the investor.
Evaluating the effectiveness of interventions to reducing screen time in children: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Akçay Duygu , Barış Nuray
Published: October 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the impact of interventions focused on reducing screen time in children.

Design/methodology/approach

Studies that aim to investigate the effects of interventions aimed at reducing the time spent in front of the screen (i.e. screen time). A Random-effects model was used to calculate the pooled standard mean differences. The outcome was to evaluate the screen time in children in the 0–18 age range. A subgroup analysis was performed to reveal the extent to which the overall effect size varied by subgroups (participant age, duration of intervention and follow).

Findings

For the outcome, the meta-analysis included 21 studies, and the standard difference in mean change in screen time in the intervention group compared with the control group was −0.16 (95% confidence interval [CI], −0.21 to −0.12) (p < 0.001). The effect size was found to be higher in long-term (=7 months) interventions and follow-ups (p < 0.05).

Originality/value

Subgroup analysis showed that a significant effect of screen time reduction was observed in studies in which the duration of intervention and follow-up was =7 months. As the evidence base grows, future researchers can contribute to these findings by conducting a more comprehensive analysis of effect modifiers and optimizing interventions to reduce screen time.
Impact of soft TQM practices on employee work role performance: role of innovative work behaviour and initiative climate
Authors: Vihari Nitin Simha , Yadav Mohit , Panda Tapan Kumar
Published: October 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of soft total quality management (TQM) practices on employee work role performance in the manufacturing sector of United Arab Emirates. It also examined the indirect effect of innovative work behaviour and initiative climate.

Design/methodology/approach

The study is based on a conclusive research design and survey data was collected from 290 employees working in non-managerial positions across various manufacturing companies in UAE. The hypotheses of the empirical study are tested using structural equation modelling. The indirect effects created through moderated mediation are analysed using Hayes Process Macro.

Findings

The results show that soft TQM practices have a positive influence on work role performance. Employee innovative work behaviour acts as a partial mediator and initiative climate moderates the relationship.

Research limitations/implications

The study adopted a cross-sectional analysis and single informants are used, so it is advised that the interpretation of the results is made with enough caution.

Practical implications

Practitioners must bear in mind that when the employees are adequately trained, empowered, involved and organized as team, it would result in employee innovative behaviour and improved work role performance. The top management should be persuaded to be more committed to the above-mentioned activities for more positive employee-level outcomes.

Originality/value

Very few studies have conducted an empirical validation at the intersection of human resource management (HRM) and TQM. This is one of the first studies to examine the relationship between soft TQM and employee work role performance.
Selecting velocity models using Bayesian Information Criterion
Authors: Danek Tomasz , Gierlach Bartosz , Kaderali Ayiaz , Slawinski Michael A. , Stanoev Theodore
Published: October 2021

We present a strategy for selecting the values of model parameters by comparing walkaway vertical seismic profiling data with a multilayered model in the context of Bayesian information criterion. We consider P‐wave traveltimes and assume elliptical polar velocity dependence. A model with different propagation speeds, depending on the angle of propagation, can be a good approximation for a medium composed of thin layers. While elliptical anisotropy in a one‐layer model yields good results, an efficient tool for multilayer modelling would provide improved inversion results. To obtain the proper set of velocity values for specific parameterizations, we require two steps of optimization. In the first step, we find the signal trajectory; in the second step, we obtain parameter values by minimizing the misfit between the model and the data. By comparing models and data, we choose the best model in the sense of the Bayesian information criterion.
Towards risk assessment for antibiotic resistant pathogens in recycled water: a systematic review and summary of research needs
Authors: Garner Emily , Organiscak Marisa , Dieter Lucien , Shingleton Carley , Haddix Madison , Joshi Sayalee , Pruden Amy , Ashbolt Nicholas J. , Medema Gertjan , Hamilton Kerry A.
Published: October 2021

Risk assessment is critical for identifying target concentrations of antibiotic resistant pathogens necessary for mitigating potential harmful exposures associated with water reuse. However, there is currently limited available data characterizing the concentrations of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in recycled water to support robust efforts at risk assessment. The objective of this systematic review was to identify and synthesize the existing literature documenting the presence and abundance of ARB and ARGs in recycled water. In addition, this review identifies best practices and explores monitoring targets for studying ARB and ARGs in recycled water to guide future work and identifies key research needs aimed at better supporting quantitative microbial risk assessment focused on recycled water and antibiotic resistance. Future efforts to collect data about ARB and ARG prevalence in recycled water should report concentration data per unit volume. Sample metadata should also be provided, including a description of treatment approach, a description of planned water uses (e.g., potable, irrigation), methods for conveyance to the point of use, and available physicochemical water quality data. Additional research is needed aimed at identifying recommended ARB and ARG monitoring targets and for developing approaches to incorporate metagenomic data into risk assessment.
Efficacy and safety of lubiprostone for the treatment of functional constipation in Chinese adult patients: A multicenter, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Xiao Ying Lian , Dai Ning , He Shui Xiang , Tian De An , Liu Si De , Tian Zi Bin , Wang Xiao Yan , Li Yan Qing , Hou Xiao Hua , Fang Xiu Cai , Wen Zhi Li , Zeng Wei Zheng , Xu Hong , Sun Ming Jun , Liu Yu Lan , Wu Yong Dong , Shen Xi Zhong , Liu Xiao Wei , Liu De Liang , Chen Min Hu
Published: October 2021

Objectives

Functional constipation is a gastrointestinal disorder prevalent around the world. Lubiprostone is the first locally acting type‐2 chloride channel activator to be used for treating constipation. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of lubiprostone in Chinese adults with functional constipation.

Methods

This was a multicenter, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study. Patients with functional constipation were randomized to receive either lubiprostone (24 mcg twice daily) or placebo for 4 weeks. The primary end‐point was the frequency of spontaneous bowel movements (SBMs) during the first week of treatment. The secondary end‐points included the median time of the first SBM, SBM frequency at weeks 2, 3 and 4, weekly response rate of SBMs, the stool consistency score and average number of complete spontaneous bowel movements (CSBMs) per week.

Results

In total, 259 patients were randomized, with 130 in the lubiprostone group and 129 in the placebo group. SBM frequency was higher in the lubiprostone group (4.88 ± 4.09/wk) than that in the placebo group (3.22 ± 2.01/wk) at week 1 (P < 0.0001). SBM frequency was also higher in the lubiprostone group at weeks 2, 3 and 4. The average number of CSBMs and the stool consistency score in the lubiprostone group were significantly higher than that in the placebo group at each week. No drug‐related serious adverse events (AEs) occurred. The most commonly reported AE was nausea.

Conclusion

Lubiprostone was superior to placebo in treating Chinese patients with functional constipation, together with good safety profile.
Letter: proton pump inhibitor use and bone fracture risk—a mechanistic point of view. Authors' reply
Authors: Labenz Christian , Schattenberg Jörn M.
Published: October 2021

LINKED CONTENT

This article is linked to Labenz et al and Sugiyama papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16008 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16231
Antitumour effect of odoroside A and its derivative on human leukaemia cells through the ROS/JNK pathway
Authors: Hu Xiaopeng , Chen Tie , Zhang Shuquan , Zhang Qian , Li Chenyang , Wang Xiaodong
Published: October 2021

Oleandrigenin‐3‐O‐β‐D‐diginoside (a derivative of odoroside A), isolated and purified by our group, has seldom been explored for its pharmacological activity. This study aimed at clarifying the mechanisms towards the leukaemia‐suppressive role of odoroside A (compound #1) and its derivative, oleandrigenin‐3‐O‐β‐D‐diginoside (compound #2) isolated from Nerium oleander. Viability and nuclear morphology change were assessed by CCK‐8 assay and fluorescence microscope, respectively. Then, the cell apoptosis and autophagy induced by the compounds were detected by flow cytometry and Western blot. Xenograft model of nude mice was also applied to measure the leukaemia‐suppressive effects of compound #2 in vivo. The result displayed that compound #1 and compound #2 inhibited the proliferation of HL60 and K562 cells and stronger effects were found in HL60 than K562 cells. Both of the compounds induced a dose‐dependent apoptosis and autophagy in HL60 cells, where compound #2 was more potent than compound #1. Compound #2 also demonstrated a time‐dependent apoptosis and autophagy in HL60 cells. Furthermore, ROS generation and JNK phosphorylation occurred in a dose‐dependent manner in the cells treated with compound #2. Mitochondria also played critical role, proved by the decrease of Bcl‐2, the release of cyto c to cytosol and the activation of caspase‐3 and caspase‐9. Moreover, the antitumour effects of compound #2 were validated in the nude mouse xenograft model in vivo. Odoroside A and its derivative inhibited the growth of leukaemia by inducing apoptosis and autophagy through the activation of ROS/JNK pathway. These results suggest that the compounds can serve as potential antitumour agents against leukaemia, especially acute myeloid leukaemia (AML).
Clinical significance of the immunoglobulin G heavy‐chain repertoire in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of adult T‐cell leukaemia–lymphoma patients receiving mogamulizumab
Authors: Nosaka Kisato , Kusumoto Shigeru , Nakano Nobuaki , Choi Ilseung , Yoshimitsu Makoto , Imaizumi Yoshitaka , Hidaka Michihiro , Sasaki Hidenori , Makiyama Junya , Ohtsuka Eiichi , Jo Tatsuro , Ogata Masao , Ito Asahi , Yonekura Kentaro , Tatetsu Hiro , Kato Takeharu , Kawakita Toshiro , Suehiro Youko , Ishitsuka Kenji , Iida Shinsuke , Matsutani Takaji , Utsunomiya Atae , Ueda Ryuzo , Ishida Takashi
Published: October 2021

‘Monitoring of immune responses following mogamulizumab‐containing treatment in patients with adult T‐cell leukaemia–lymphoma (ATL)’ (MIMOGA) is a multicentre prospective clinical study (UMIN000008696). In the MIMOGA study, we found that a lower percentage of CD2−CD19+ B cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was a significant unfavourable prognostic factor for overall survival (OS). Accordingly, we then analysed the immunoglobulin G (IgG) heavy‐chain repertoire in PBMC by high‐throughput sequencing. Of the 101 patients enrolled in the MIMOGA study, for 81 a sufficient amount of PBMC RNA was available for repertoire sequencing analysis. Peripheral IgG B cells in patients with ATL had a restricted repertoire relative to those in healthy individuals. There was a significant positive correlation between the Shannon–Weaver diversity index (SWDI) for the IgG repertoire and proportions of B cells in the PBMC of the patients. Multivariate analysis identified two variables significantly affecting OS: a higher serum soluble interleukin‐2 receptor level, and a lower SWDI for the IgG repertoire [hazard ratio, 2·124; 95% confidence interval, 1·114–4·049; n = 44]. The present study documents the importance of humoral immune responses in patients receiving mogamulizumab‐containing treatment. Further investigation of strategies to enhance humoral immune responses in patients with ATL is warranted.
Pyroptosis targeting via mitochondria: An educated guess to innovate COVID‐19 therapies
Authors: Singh Aarti , Strobbe Daniela , Campanella Michelangelo
Published: October 2021

Pyroptosis is a specialized form of inflammatory cell death which aids the defensive response against invading pathogens. Its normally tight regulation is lost during infection by the severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), and thus, uncontrolled pyroptosis disrupts the immune system and the integrity of organs defining the critical conditions in patients with high viral load. Molecular pathways engaged downstream of the formation and stabilization of the inflammasome, which are necessary to execute the process, have been uncovered and drugs are available for their regulation. However, the pharmacology of the upstream events, which are critical to sense and interpret the initial damage by the pathogen, is far from being elucidated. This limits our capacity to identify early markers and targets to ameliorate SARS‐CoV‐2 linked pyroptosis. Here, we focus attention on the mitochondria and pathways leading to their dysfunction, in order to elucidate the early steps of inflammasome formation and devise tools to predict and counter pathological states induced by SARS‐CoV‐2.

LINKED ARTICLES

This article is part of a themed issue on The second wave: are we any closer to efficacious pharmacotherapy for COVID 19? (BJP 75th Anniversary). To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v179.10/issuetoc
Learning efficiency shocks, knowledge capital and the business cycle: A Bayesian evaluation
Authors: Johri Alok , Karimzada Muhebullah
Published: October 2021

We incorporate shocks to the efficiency with which firms learn from production activity and accumulate knowledge into an otherwise standard real DSGE model with imperfect competition. Using real aggregate data and Bayesian inference techniques, we find that learning efficiency shocks are an important source of observed variation in the growth rate of aggregate output, investment, consumption and especially hours worked in post‐war US data. The estimated shock processes suggest much less exogenous variation in preferences and total factor productivity are needed by our model to account for the joint dynamics of consumption and hours. This occurs because learning efficiency shocks induce shifts in labour demand uncorrelated with current total factor productivity (TFP), a role usually played by preference shocks that shift labour supply. At the same time, knowledge capital acts like an endogenous source of productivity variation in the model. Measures of model fit prefer the specification with learning efficiency shocks. The results are robust to the addition of many observables and shocks.
“Who has my back?”: Social convoys and loneliness in Slovenian adolescents living in residential youth care group homes
Authors: Kristan Nika , Marovič Mateja , Kavčič Tina
Published: October 2021

Adolescents living in residential youth care (RYC) are at risk for disadvantaged social relationships, which in turn present a risk factor for increased loneliness. Social relationships of Slovenian adolescents aged 15–18 years and living in RYC group homes (N = 51) or in their primary families (N = 100) were investigated by relying on the social convoy framework. The participants also provided self‐reports on the Revised UCLA Loneliness scale. Results revealed substantial differences between the two groups of adolescents in the structure (number of members, frequency of contact), function (perceived support) and quality (satisfaction with relationships) of their social convoys reflecting less favourable social relationships among RYC youth compared to the general population youth. These differences were especially noticeable regarding their relationships with parents. Furthermore, the RYC youth listed educational workers as members of their social convoys more often, underscoring the important role of RYC staff. Unexpectedly, the two groups of adolescents did not differ in their reports of subjectively experienced loneliness. Nonetheless, the quantitative and even more so the qualitative characteristics of adolescents' social convoys correlated with feelings of loneliness, highlighting the protective role of supportive social relationships.
R&D investment decisions in business groups: Evidence from a natural experiment
Authors: Choi Daewoung , Choi Seungho , Gam Yong Kyu , Shin Hojong
Published: October 2021

Research Question/Issue

This paper examines R&D investment decisions in firms under a pyramidal ownership structure in the context of South Korea.

Research Findings/Insights

Using the Monopoly Regulation and Fair Trade Act, which places limits on group affiliates' equity investments, we provide new evidence that controlling owners tend to increase long‐term R&D expenditures more in firms that are largely subject to the equity investment regulation in South Korea. Moreover, this result is more significant for firms for which the owners have low cash‐flow rights, firms located in the lower layers of the pyramid, and firms that hold less equity shares than do other group affiliates.

Theoretical/Academic Implications

This study contributes to the literature that focuses on R&D investment decisions by providing empirical support regarding how firms' relative status within their business group influences the firms' R&D investment decisions in South Korea.

Practitioner/Policy Implications

This study provides important insight into the positive policy implications of the equity investment regulation on R&D investments for Korean business groups.
Outcomes after lung transplantation in recipients aged 70 years or older
Authors: Olson Michael T. , Elnahas Shaimaa , Biswas Roy Sreeja , Razia Deepika , Kang Paul , Bremner Ross M. , Smith Michael A. , Arjuna Ashwini , Walia Rajat
Published: October 2021

Background

The proportion of lung transplant (LTx) recipients older than 70 years is increasing, thus we assessed long‐term survival after LTx in this cohort relative to younger counterparts.

Patients and methods

We retrospectively reviewed charts of patients who underwent LTx between 2012 and 2016 at our center and divided patients by age: group A (<65 years), B (65–69 years), and C (≥70 years). Survival statistics were evaluated using the Kaplan‐Meier method and Cox regression.

Results

The study included 375 LTx recipients: 221 (58.9%) in group A, 109 (29.1%) in group B, and 45 (12.0%) in group C. Group C was mostly men (37/45 [82.2%]; P = 0.003) and had the highest mean serum creatinine at listing (P = 0.02). Survival at 1, 3, and 5 years after transplant in group A (93.2%, 70.1%, 58.8%) was significantly higher than group B (83.5%, 59.6%, 44.0%; P = 0.005, 0.028, 0.006, log‐rank test) and was similar to group C (86.7%, 64.4%, 57.8%), although trended higher at 1 year (P = 0.139, 0.274, 0.489, log‐rank test). Groups B and C had comparable survival at all time points.

Conclusions

Although survival decreased after age 65, long‐term survival was comparable between LTx recipients aged 65–69 years and recipients ≥70 years.
Abdominal wall complications after kidney transplantation: A clinical review
Authors: Gioco Rossella , Sanfilippo Claudio , Veroux Pierfrancesco , Corona Daniela , Privitera Francesca , Brolese Alberto , Ciarleglio Francesco , Volpicelli Alessio , Veroux Massimiliano
Published: October 2021

Introduction

Abdominal wall complications are common after kidney transplantation, and although they have a minor impact on patient and graft survival, they increase the patient's morbidity and may have an impact on quality of life. Abdominal wall complications have an overall incidence of 7.7–21%.

Methods

This review will explore the natural history of abdominal wall complications in the kidney transplant setting, with a special focus on wound dehiscence and incisional herni, with a particular emphasis on risk factors, clinical characteristics, and treatment.

Results

Many patient‐related risk factors have been suggested, including older age, obesity, and smoking, but kidney transplant recipients have an additional risk related to the use of immunosuppression. Wound dehiscence usually does not require surgical intervention. However, for deep dehiscence involving the fascial layer with concomitant infection, surgical treatment and/or negative pressure wound therapy may be required.

Conclusions

Incisional hernia (IH) may affect 1.1–18% of kidney transplant recipients. Most patients require surgical treatment, either open or laparoscopic. Mesh repair is considered the gold standard for the treatment of IH, since it is associated with a low rate of postoperative complications and an acceptable rate of recurrence. Biologic mesh could be an attractive alternative in patients with graft exposition or infection.
Hepatitis C eradication improves cognitive function in patients with or without cirrhosis: A prospective real‐life study
Authors: Ibáñez‐Samaniego Luis , Rapado‐Castro Marta , Cabrero Lucia , Navarrete Cristina , García‐Mulas Seila , Ahumada Adriana , Marquez Laura , Pérez Maria Dolores , Rincon Diego , Bañares Rafael , Garcia‐Martinez Rita
Published: October 2021

Background and purpose

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is associated with neuropsychiatric disturbances that impact on functioning and health‐related quality of life (HRQoL). Reversibility at different liver disease stages is unknown, particularly in cirrhosis. We aimed to evaluate cognition, functioning, and HRQoL following HCV eradication at different liver disease stages.

Methods

A random sample (n = 152) of consecutive patients treated with direct‐acting antiviral agents (DAAs) between April 2015 and March 2017 were included. A comprehensive neuropsychological assessment, functioning and HRQoL questionnaires were applied at baseline, and 12 and 48 weeks after the end of antivirals.

Results

One‐hundred thirty‐five patients who achieved virological response completed the follow‐up, of whom 44 had cirrhosis (27% decompensated). Twenty‐one percent had cognitive impairment before starting DAAs (34.1% cirrhotic vs. 14.4% noncirrhotic, p < 0.011). Viral eradication was associated with a decrease in cognitive impairment to 23% of cirrhotic and 6% of noncirrhotic patients (p < 0.05). Interestingly, older patients (B = 0.11, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.03–0.19) with baseline cognitive impairment (B = 3.58, 95% CI = 1.54–5.62) were those with higher cognitive benefit, regardless of liver disease. Persistent cognitive impairment was associated with having higher cardiovascular risk, cirrhosis, lower education, and higher anxiety and depression scores. Functioning and HRQoL also improved after eradication but remained worse in the cirrhotic group.

Conclusions

Viral eradication decreases the prevalence of cognitive impairment and improves functioning and HRQoL. Patients with lower brain reserve (older patients) and baseline cognitive impairment may benefit the most. Identification and treatment of HCV patients through screening programs may reduce the burden of cognitive disturbances beyond the prevention of liver disease progression.
All‐cause unplanned readmissions in the United States: insights from the Nationwide Readmission Database
Authors: Amritphale Amod , Fonarow Gregg C. , Amritphale Nupur , Omar Bassam , Crook Errol D.
Published: October 2021

Background

There are few studies looking into adult, all‐cause and age‐group‐specific unplanned readmissions. The predictors of such unplanned readmissions for all inpatient encounters remain obscure.

Aims

To describe the incidence and factors associated with unplanned readmissions in all inpatient encounters in the United States.

Methods

The US Nationwide Readmission Database (NRD) is a representative sample of hospitalisations in the United States (from approximately 28 states) accounting for approximately 60% of the US population. All inpatient encounters during January–November 2017 in the NRD were evaluated for the rates, predictors and costs of unplanned 30 days readmissions for age groups 18–44 years, 45–64 years, 65–75 years and ≥75 years. Elective readmissions and those patients who died on their index hospitalisations were excluded. Weighted analysis was performed to obtain nationally representative data.

Results

We identified 28 942 224 inpatient encounters with a total of 3 051 189 (10.5%) unplanned readmissions within 30 days. The age groups 18–44 years, 45–64 years, 65–74 years and ≥75 years had 7.0%, 12.0%, 11.7% and 12.3% readmissions respectively. Female gender, private insurance and elective admissions were negative predictors for readmissions. For the group aged 18–44 years, schizophrenia and diabetes mellitus complications were the most frequent primary diagnosis for readmissions, while in all older age groups septicaemia and heart failure were the most frequent primary diagnosis for readmissions.

Conclusions

Thirty‐day unplanned readmissions are common in patients over age 45 years, leading to significant morbidity. Effective strategies for reducing unplanned readmission may help to improve quality of care, outcomes and higher value care.
Superior integrated field emission cathode with ultralow turn‐on field and high stability based on SiC nanocone arrays
Authors: Zhu Zhenyu , Sun Zihan , Zhou Shudong , Xu Shang , Li Xiaoxiao , Li Weijun , Wang Lin , Yang Weiyou , Gao Fengmei , Chen Shanliang
Published: October 2021

Low turn‐on field (Eto) and stable electron emission are two of key parameters for reliable application of field emission (FE) cathodes. In the present work, we developed a novel high‐performance integrated field emission cathode based on well‐aligned SiC nanocone arrays via an electrochemical etching approach. The etched SiC nanocone emitters and the underlying remaining SiC wafer are designed into a single‐crystalline integrated architecture without interfaces, which favors cathodes with a sturdy configuration to resist Joule heat during long period electron emission process and structural failure caused by the existed strong electrostatic forces. Accordingly, the Eto of the integrated SiC cathode is reduced to 0.32 V/μm, which is the lowest value among all the previously reported SiC nanostructured emitters. In addition, the integrated cathode presented superior stability with an electron emission fluctuation of 3.3% over 10 h. This work provides a new perspective for designing and fabricating advanced FE cathodes for further promising applications in harsh working conditions with high performance.
Experiences of children (ages 6–12) during COVID‐19 pandemic from mothers' perspectives
Authors: Akın Işık Rabiye , Bora Güneş Nebahat , Kaya Yunus
Published: October 2021

Purpose

This study evaluated the experiences of children between ages 6 and 12 based on their mothers' perspectives during the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Methods

Ten mothers living in Ankara, Turkey with children in the aforementioned age range, participated in this study. Data were collected through focus group interview with a qualitative phenomenological approach followed by thematic data analysis.

Findings

Three categories were obtained relating to the pandemic, including negative effects, positive effects, and the resultant needs and expectations of parents.

Conclusion

The findings show that the pandemic has significantly affected children in psychological, social, developmental, and academic realms. Therefore, it is necessary to plan interventions with a multidisciplinary approach to increase children's physical and psychosocial health, minimizing children's level of negative influences.
Is the Governance of Europe's Transnational Party System Contributing to EU Democracy?*
Authors: Norman Ludvig , Wolfs Wouter
Published: October 2021

Does Europe's transnational party system contribute to EU democracy? Existing debates on this issue have conventionally revolved around conflicting assumptions on the feasibility of supranational democracy in general, rather than examining the party system's structure as it is set up and regulated. In this paper we evaluate to what extent the transnational party system contributes to the democratic qualities of the EU by studying the regulatory framework for European political parties. We establish an analytical framework based on studies of party system governance, and focus on two specific characteristics: the contestability of the Europarty system and the extent to which it promotes citizen participation in European political parties. Our analysis demonstrates that the governance structure impedes rather than bolsters the democratic potential of Europarties, since the rules work to prevent new parties from entering the party system, and fail to provide incentives for a more active political participation of European citizens.
Local Kikuchi band detection in electron backscatter diffraction patterns for enhanced pattern indexing
Authors: Shen Yitian , Zhang Yongsheng , Li Wei , Miao Hong , Wang Yongzhe , Zeng Yi
Published: October 2021

Partially missing bands in the preset region for Hough transform might strongly affect the accuracy of indexing Kikuchi patterns and reduce the quality of electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) maps. This paper proposes a novel local band detection method for such kind of low‐quality patterns. The approach involves rotating bands to vertical direction, detecting the local line segments through calculating the largest horizontal average grey gradient with a constant interval of 400 pixels in vertical direction, and applying Hough transform as well as weighted averaging to these line clusters to unify the edges of Kikuchi band. Therefore, even if only part of a Kikuchi band is visible, the entire band can also be accurately extracted. The average interplanar angle error obtained by the proposed method is approximately 29.0% less than those obtained by Hough transform‐based technique. Moreover, the comparison of mean angular deviation (MAD) is also discussed. The average MAD of this method is about 38.5% lower than that of Hough transform‐based technique. Consequently, the local Kikuchi band detection method is expected to be used for post‐processing and re‐indexing the EBSD low‐quality patterns.
Assessing the importance of cobalt as a micronutrient for freshwater cyanobacteria
Authors: Facey Jordan A. , King Josh J , Apte Simon C , Mitrovic Simon M.
Published: October 2021

Micronutrients play key roles in numerous metabolic processes in cyanobacteria. However, our understanding of whether the micronutrient cobalt influences the productivity of freshwater systems or the occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms is limited. This study aimed to quantify the concentration of Co necessary for optimal cyanobacterial growth by exposing Microcystis aeruginosa to a range of Co concentrations under culture conditions. Extended exposure to concentrations below ˜0.06 μg · L−1 resulted in notable inhibition of M. aeruginosa growth. A clear negative relationship was observed between Co concentration in solution and intracellular Fe quota of M. aeruginosa, possibly due to decreased transport of Fe at higher Co concentrations. Cyanocobalamin and any Co within the structure of cyanocobalamin appears to be non‐bioavailable to M. aeruginosa, instead they likely rely on the synthesis of a structural variant – pseudocobalamin, which may have implications for the wider algal community as the variants of cobalamin are not necessarily functionally exchangeable. To evaluate the likelihood of Co limitation of cyanobacterial growth under field conditions, a survey of 10 freshwater reservoirs in South‐Eastern Australia was conducted. Four of the ten sites had dissolved Co concentrations below the 0.06 μg · L−1 threshold value. All four of these sites rarely undergo cyanobacterial blooms, strengthening evidence of the potential for Co to limit growth, perhaps either alone or in combination with phosphorus.
MYB gene family in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum revealing their potential functions in the adaption to nitrogen deficiency and diurnal cycle
Authors: Wang Wanna , Fang Hao , Aslam Muhammad , Du Hong , Chen Jichen , Luo Haodong , Chen Weizhou , Liu Xiaojuan
Published: October 2021

The MYB transcription factor (TF) family is one of the largest and most important TF families, regulating the growth and response of microalgae to stress. However, the gene structure and characteristics of Phaeodactylum tricornutum MYB TFs, and their functions under nitrogen deficiency, have not been explored yet. To identify all P. tricornutum MYB (PtMYB) genes, the MYB gene family was analyzed at the genome‐wide level in this study. A total ofm26 PtMYB genes were identified from the genome of P. tricornutum. These PtMYB genes were divided into 5 subfamilies: 5R‐MYB, 4R‐MYB, R2R3‐MYB, R1R2R3‐MYB, and MYB‐related proteins. Phylogenetical motif and gene structure analyses of MYB genes indicated that the number and proportion of MYB TFs were species‐specific, and MYB genes exhibited a lot of duplication events from microalgae to higher plants. Furthermore, the differentially expressed patterns of all 26 PtMYB TFs implied that PtMYB genes might have functional specificity under nitrogen deficiency. Homology analysis of MYB genes revealed that PtMYB3, PtMYB15, and PtMYB21 might play important roles in the regulation of the diurnal cycle and response to nitrogen stress in P. tricornutum. PtMYB3, PtMYB15, and PtMYB21 genes might be used as potential candidate genes for further studying the regulatory mechanisms of P. tricornutum under nitrogen deficiency. This work provides an important foundation for the future research of the potential functions of PtMYB genes and its diurnal regulatory mechanisms under nitrogen deficiency.
Determination of craniofacial and dental characteristics of individuals with Williams‐Beuren syndrome by using 3D facial scans and radiographs
Authors: Danneels Florence , Verdonck Anna , Indencleef Karlijne , Declerck Dominique , Willems Guy , Cadenas De Llano‐Pérula Maria
Published: October 2021

Background

Williams‐Beuren syndrome (WBS) is caused by a microdeletion on chromosome 7q11‐23 and clusters a variety of systemic affectations.

Aim

To investigate whether 3D facial scans can detect WBS by objectively addressing their craniofacial, skeletal and dental characteristics, compared with those of a non‐affected control group.

Materials and Methods

3D facial surface scans of 17 WBS individuals and 33 normal developing patients were analysed. Additionally, cephalometric and panoramic radiographs of subjects with WBS were compared with those of non‐affected individuals.

Results

The 3D surface scans showed significant facial differences around the nose and mouth area. The cephalometric aspects of individuals with WBS differed mainly at the lower incisor region. Additionally, hypoplastic tooth morphology seems to be more often present in WBS.

Conclusion

3D images are a non‐invasive, efficient method to observe facial anomalies and facilitate an early diagnosis of WBS. Additionally, the analysis of the cephalometric and panoramic images revealed significant differences in dental characteristics. Together with early diagnosis through 3D images, these can help in the establishment of adequate medical, dental and orthodontic treatment planning.
Representative bureaucracy and the policy environment: Gender representation in Forty‐Four countries
Authors: An Seung‐Ho , Song Miyeon , Meier Kenneth J.
Published: October 2021

The representative bureaucracy literature focuses on how passive representation translates into substantive benefits for the represented individuals. Although scholars have found substantial empirical support for representation based on gender, most studies have examined the United States, a country with high levels of democracy and gender equality compared to much of the rest of the world. This article first investigates whether the effects of gender representation differ across countries using cross‐national education data. Evidence from 44 countries shows that representative bureaucracy findings are relatively rare across the world. Second, this article contributes to contextual theories of representative bureaucracy by examining how the policy and political environments influence the link between passive representation and policy outcomes. The findings suggest that bureaucratic representation is more effective in countries where gender equality is high and political support for women is greater. These findings indicate that representative bureaucracy is enhanced by favorable policy and political environments.
Strong and tunable anti‐CRISPR/Cas activities in plants
Authors: Calvache Camilo , Vazquez‐Vilar Marta , Selma Sara , Uranga Mireia , Fernández‐del‐Carmen Asun , Daròs José‐Antonio , Orzáez Diego
Published: October 2021

CRISPR/Cas has revolutionized genome engineering in plants. However, the use of anti‐CRISPR proteins as tools to prevent CRISPR/Cas‐mediated gene editing and gene activation in plants has not been explored yet. This study describes the characterization of two anti‐CRISPR proteins, AcrIIA4 and AcrVA1, in Nicotiana benthamiana. Our results demonstrate that AcrIIA4 prevents site‐directed mutagenesis in leaves when transiently co‐expressed with CRISPR/Cas9. In a similar way, AcrVA1 is able to prevent CRISPR/Cas12a‐mediated gene editing. Moreover, using a N. benthamiana line constitutively expressing Cas9, we show that the viral delivery of AcrIIA4 using Tobacco etch virus is able to completely abolish the high editing levels obtained when the guide RNA is delivered with a virus, in this case Potato virus X. We also show that AcrIIA4 and AcrVA1 repress CRISPR/dCas‐based transcriptional activation of reporter genes. In the case of AcrIIA4, this repression occurs in a highly efficient, dose‐dependent manner. Furthermore, the fusion of an auxin degron to AcrIIA4 results in auxin‐regulated activation of a downstream reporter gene. The strong anti‐Cas activity of AcrIIA4 and AcrVA1 reported here opens new possibilities for customized control of gene editing and gene expression in plants.