bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recensioni e materiali di ricerca
Authors:   Redazione
Published: June 2021

Segnalazioni bibliografiche

Documenti e rapporti

Riviste

Siti internet
La direttiva sulle sanzioni per l'impiego di cittadini di Paesi terzi il cui soggiorno č irregolare: contenuto ed effetti nell'ordinamento italiano
Authors: Cannella Giovanni , Favilli Chiara
Published: June 2021

Sommario: 1. Contesto e obiettivo della direttiva 2009/52/CE - 2. La mancata attuazione della direttiva 2009/52/CE alla luce del sistema generale di attuazione delle direttive in Italia - 3. Il contenuto della direttiva - 3.1. Il divieto di assunzione e le sanzioni corrispondenti - 3.2. Il pagamento degli arretrati - 3.3. Le fattispecie penali - 3.4. L'agevolazione delle denunce - 3.5. Le ispezioni - 4. L'applicazione della direttiva nell'ordinamento italiano - 4.1. Le sanzioni penali - 4.2. Le altre sanzioni - 4.3. Il pagamento degli arretrati - 4.4. La prova del rapporto di lavoro - 4.5. Il subappalto - 4.6. L'agevolazione delle denunce
Considerazioni su kafalah, ricongiungimento familiare e diritto dell'Unione europea
Authors: Lang Alessandra
Published: June 2021

Sommario: Premessa - 1. Il diritto comunitario in materia di ricongiungimento familiare - 2. La disciplina comunitaria del ricongiungimento familiare rispetto al richiedente cittadino di un Paese terzo - 3. La disciplina comunitaria del ricongiungimento familiare rispetto al richiedente cittadino dell'Unione - 4. Considerazioni sulla normativa comunitaria relativa al ricongiungimento familiare - 5. L'attuazione in Italia delle direttive relative al ricongiungimento familiare - 6. La sentenza della Cassazione n. 4868 del 2010 alla luce del diritto comunitario.
La Corte costituzionale pone fine alle ordinanze dei Sindaci sulla sicurezza urbana: un rigore foriero di futuri sviluppi?
Authors: Guazzarotti Andrea
Published: June 2021

Sommario: 1. Le ordinanze non sono fonti, ma l'interpretazione correttiva non chiude la partita - 2. Il nuovo potere d'ordinanza viola la riserva di legge relativa posta dall'art. 23 Cost. - 3. Ulteriori parametri di incostituzionalitŕ - 4. Irrisolta la questione dell'interferenza tra poteri para-normativi del Sindaco e poteri del Consiglio comunale - 5. Una decisione piů incisiva dei precedenti in materia di ordinanze - 6. Il rigore della Corte č foriero di nuovi sviluppi? Un cenno alla gestione dell'immigrazione per mezzo di ordinanze della legge sulla protezione civile
Diritto italiano. Asilo
Authors:   Redazione
Published: June 2021

1. Corte di cassazione 24.3.2011 n. 6879 - cittadino del Burkina Faso richiedente la protezione internazionale - rigetto delle plurime censure di rito e di merito proposte nel ricorso per Cassazione - disamina delle tipologie di protezione internazionale anche diverse da quelle previste dalle direttive comunitarie 2. Corte appello di Milano 3.2.2011 n. 4 - cittadino nigeriano - richiedente la protezione sussidiaria o il diritto di asilo - valutazione della prova alla stregua dei criteri indicati dalla direttiva 2004/83/CE nella interpretazione di Cassazione n. 27310/08.

RASSEGNA DI GIURISPRUDENZA

3. Corte appello di Roma 7.3.2011 n. 963 - cittadino ivoriano richiedente status di rifugiato - protezione sussidiaria o diritto di asilo - poteri istruttori del giudice quale espressione del dovere di cooperazione legislativamente stabilito 4. Tribunale di Trieste 11.11.2009 n. 505 - cittadino tunisino richiedente lo status di rifugiato - illiceitŕ della condotta del Ministero - Dipartimento di pubblica sicurezza per il rimpatrio disposto in pendenza del termine per la presentazione del gravame - sussistenza della lesione del diritto del richiedente di essere sentito dal giudice - sussistenza del diritto alla protezione internazionale in presenza di atti di repressione di condotte dirette a rivendicare la libertŕ e condizioni di lavoro piů dignitose
Diritto italiano. Minori
Authors:   Redazione
Published: June 2021

1. Corte di cassazione 6.5.2011 n. 10000 - autorizzazione ex art. 31 co. 3 TU n. 286/98 - presupposto della eccezionalitŕ - esclusione - richiamo ai principi di cui alla sentenza n. 21799/2010 2. Consiglio di Stato 8.4.2011 n. 1547 - minore non accompagnato - raggiungimento della maggiore etŕ - diniego di rilascio permesso di soggiorno - irretroattivitŕ della legge n. 94/2009 - annullamento in via cautelare del diniego 3. Tribunale per i minorenni di Venezia 31.1.2011 - autorizzazione ex art. 31 co. 3 TU n. 286/98 - espulsione del genitore - rilascio per il periodo necessario a approfondire la sussistenza dei motivi nel merito

NOTA di Claudio Cottatellucci, Autorizzazione ex art. 31 co. 3 TU n. 286/1998, espulsione amministrativa del genitore e provvedimenti cautelari

4. Tribunale per i minorenni di Trieste 13.4.2011 - autorizzazione ex art. 31 co. 3 TU n. 286/98 - misura cautelare nei confronti di uno dei genitori - irregolaritŕ dell'altro genitore - espulsione del genitore irregolare - gravi motivi connessi con lo sviluppo psicofisico - accoglimento del ricorso 5. Tribunale amministrativo regionale Lazio - 20.4.2011 n. 3491 - minore non accompagnato - raggiungimento della maggiore etŕ - diniego di rilascio permesso di soggiorno - irretroattivitŕ della legge n. 94/2009 - annullamento del diniego
Osservatorio europeo. Segnalazioni
Authors:   Redazione
Published: June 2021

Documenti Direttiva 2011/36/UE del Parlamento europeo e del Consiglio, del 5.4.2011, concernente la prevenzione e la repressione della tratta di esseri umani e la protezione delle vittime, e che sostituisce la decisione quadro del Consiglio 2002/629/GAI
L'attuazione della direttiva rimpatri in Italia
Authors: Liguori Anna
Published: June 2021

Sommario: Introduzione - 1. Le conseguenze nell'ordinamento italiano della mancata trasposizione nel termine della direttiva rimpatri - 2. L'attuazione della direttiva con la legge n. 129/2011. Profili problematici in relazione alla disciplina dell'espulsione - 3. Segue: in relazione alla disciplina del trattenimento - 4. L'art. 10 bis - Osservazioni conclusive.
Il diritto di sposarsi dei cittadini stranieri in situazione irregolare: il caso O'Donoghue della CEDU e la sentenza n. 245/2011 della Corte costituzionale italiana
Authors: Zanobetti Alessandra
Published: June 2021

Sommario: Introduzione: le misure per arginare il fenomeno dei matrimoni fittizi - 1. La sentenza della CEDU nel caso O'Donoghue - 1.1. Il "Certificate of Approval" previsto dalla normativa britannica - 1.2. I fatti e le opinioni delle parti - 1.3. La decisione della Corte - 2. La questione di legittimitŕ costituzionale della modifica dell'art. 116 c.c. introdotta nel 2009 con il c.d. pacchetto sicurezza - 2.1. La modifica all'art. 116 c.c. e la questione di legittimitŕ costituzionale - 2.2. La decisione della Corte costituzionale - 2.3. L'art. 6, co. 2, del d.lgs. 25.7.1998, n. 286 e il diritto di sposarsi - Considerazioni conclusive: diritto di sposarsi e di fondare una famiglia e disciplina dell'immigrazione.
Diritto italiano. Cittadinanza
Authors:   Redazione
Published: June 2021

Corte appello di Firenze 15.7.2011 - straniero richiedente la cittadinanza per nascita in Italia (art. 4, co. 2 legge 91/92) - diniego per difetto di prova della ininterrotta iscrizione anagrafica - valutazione di elementi probatori della presenza in Italia anche nel periodo di cancellazione anagrafica - sufficienza; minorenne iscritto nella carta di soggiorno della madre - idoneitŕ ai fini della dimostrazione della ininterrotta presenza in Italia 2. Tribunale amministrativo regionale Lazio 30.5.2011 n. 4826 - cittadina straniera di origine italiana - richiesta al Consolato italiano in Brasile di legalizzazione documenti propedeutici alla domanda di acquisto della cittadinanza jure sanguinis - prenotazione on line per il 2015 - ricorso - violazione del generale termine di definizione del procedimento amministrativo - ordine al Consolato di provvedere entro 90 gg.
Diritto italiano. Famiglia
Authors:   Redazione
Published: June 2021

1. Corte di cassazione 30.3.2011 n. 7218 - ricongiungimento familiare con genitore a carico - nulla osta rilasciato prima delle modifiche introdotte dal d.lgs. 160/08 - richiesta di visto di ingresso - diniego permancanza dei nuovi requisiti - legittimitŕ 2. Corte di cassazione 24.6.2011 n. 13972 - diniego di conversione del titolo di soggiorno per motivi di salute in permesso per motivi familiari - condanna penale per stupefacenti - automatismo preclusivo - diniego di rilascio del permesso - legittimitŕ 3. Corte appello di Roma 6.6.2011 - carta di soggiorno per familiare di cittadino UE - diniego per aver contratto matrimonio dopo l'ingresso irregolare in Italia - illegittimitŕ della limitazione del diritto di libera circolazione e soggiorno - diritto al rilascio della carta di soggiorno 4. Tribunale di Piacenza 5.5.2011 - pubblicazioni di matrimonio - mancanza di nulla osta dovuto alla mancata conversione all'Islam del nubendo cittadino italiano - diritto costituzionale di libertŕ religiosa e di contrarre matrimonio - ordine di procedere alle pubblicazioni 5. Tribunale di Genova 1.8.2011 - visto di ingresso per motivi familiari - matrimonio contratto in Somalia prima del rilascio del nullaosta e registrato in Kenia successivamente su richiesta del Consolato italiano - decorrenza degli effetti civili dalla data del matrimonio - valore certificativo della registrazione - diritto al ricongiungimento.

RASSEGNA DI GIURISPRUDENZA 6. Corte di cassazione 7.10.2010 n. 20838 - permesso di soggiorno per motivi familiari - pregresse condanne penali - automatismo ostativo - sussistenza anche dopo le modifiche introdotte dal d.lgs.n. 5/2007
Diritto italiano. Minori
Authors:   Redazione
Published: June 2021

1. Corte di cassazione 31.3.2011 n. 7516 - minore in tenera etŕ - autorizzazione alla permanenza - legami familiari - radicamento sociale 2. Corte appello di Venezia 27.1.2011 - autorizzazione al reingresso - accertamento dello stato di abbandono - partecipazione personale del genitore - gravi motivi 3. Tribunale amministrativo regionale Lazio 18.11.2010 n. 33581 - maggiore etŕ - conversione permesso per affidamento - presupposti 4. Tribunale per i minorenni di Bologna 13.5.2011 - minori non accompagnati - accertamento dello stato di abbandono - insussistenza - non luogo a provvedere NOTA di Lorenzo Miazzi, Minori stranieri non accompagnati e stato di abbandono.
Diritto italiano. Penale
Authors:   Redazione
Published: June 2021

1. Corte di cassazione 23.9/10.10.2011 n. 36451 - reato di ingiustificata inosservanza dell'ordine di allontanamento del questore - abolitio criminis per fatti anteriori al D.L. n. 89/2011, conv. Nella l. n. 129/2011 2. Tribunale di Bologna 15.6.2011 n. 2287 - reato di reingresso nel territorio dello Stato ex art. 13, co. 13 TU n. 286/1998 - fatti anteriori al D.L. n. 89/2011, conv. Nella l. n. 129/2011 - assoluzione perché il fatto non sussiste per effetto della inapplicazione delle norme del procedimento amministrativo presupposto contrastanti con la direttiva 2008/115/CE 3. Tribunale di Adria 15.7.2011 - reato di soggiorno irregolare nel territorio dello Stato - rinvio pregiudiziale alla Corte di giustizia per ritenuta incompatibilitŕ delle norme penali incriminatrici di diritto interno con la direttiva 2008/115/CE

RASSEGNA DI GIURISPRUDENZA 4. Tribunale di Roma 9.5.2011 n. 9060 - reato di reingresso nel territorio dello Stato - direttiva 2008/115/CE - disapplicazione del decreto di espulsione contenente il divieto di reingresso - assoluzione 5. Tribunale di Pinerolo 14.7.2011 n. 384 - reato di ingiustificata inosservanza dell'ordine di allontanamento - effetti direttiva 2008/115/CE - abolitio criminis - D.L. n. 89/2011, conv. Nella l. n. 129/2011 - nuova incriminazione - divieto di applicazione retroattiva 6. Giudice di pace di Vicenza 24.5.2011 n. 98 - reato di soggiorno irregolare - titolo di soggiorno scaduto - fatto di particolare tenuitŕ.
Circolari. Cittadini extracomunitari
Authors:   Redazione
Published: June 2021

Anagrafe e stato civile 1. Ministero interno 3.8.2011 n. 22 - annotazioni delle convenzioni matrimoniali sugli atti trascritti ex art. 19 d.p.r. 396/2000 2. Ministero interno 13.10.2011 n. 25 - trascrivibilitŕ atti di matrimonio celebrati all'estero in cui manchi la documentazione della volontŕ coniugale Ingresso 3. Ministero interno 12.9.2011 n. 6914 - d.p.c.m. del 17.2.2011, concernente la programmazione transitoria dei flussi di ingresso dei lavoratori extracomunitari stagionali nel territorio dello Stato per l'anno 2011 Lavoro e previdenza sociale 4. Ministero lavoro e politiche sociali 12.9.2011 n. 24 - art. 11 del decreto-legge 13.8.2011, n. 138, livelli essenziali di tutela in materia di tirocini formativi: primi chiarimenti Protezione temporanea e stato di emergenza 5. Presidenza Consiglio dei Ministri 6.7.2011 n. 2703 - impiego dei richiedenti asilo in attivitŕ di formazione e riconoscimento di un contributo per il sostenimento di piccole spese personali cd. Pocket money 6. Presidenza Consiglio dei Ministri 8.8.2011 n. 3799 - impiego dei richiedenti asilo in attivitŕ di formazione e riconoscimento di un contributo per il sostenimento di piccole spese personali c.d. pocket money - estensione ai migranti cui sono stati riconosciuti i benefici previsti dall'art. 20 del d.lgs. N. 286 del 25.7.1998 7. Presidenza Consiglio dei Ministri 10.8.2011 n. 3885 - ulteriori disposizione in merito all'erogazione del c.d. pocketmoney 8. Ministero interno 8.10.2011 n. 400 - proroga misure umanitarie di protezione temporanea per le rilevanti esigenze connesse all'eccezionale afflusso di cittadini appartenenti ai Paesi del nord Africa, d.p.c.m. del 6.10.2011 9. Ministero interno 8.10.2011 - proroga misure umanitarie di protezione temporanea per le rilevanti esigenze connesse all'eccezionale afflusso di cittadini appartenenti ai Paesi del nord Africa, d.p.c.m. del 6.10.2011 Soggiorno 10. Ministero interno 5.9.2011 n. 6786 - studenti stranieri. Rilascio del permesso di un soggiorno per attesa occupazione 11. Ministero interno 4.10.2011 n. 7496 - d.lgs. 1.9.2011, n. 150 recante "Disposizioni complementari al codice di procedura civile in materia di riduzione e semplificazione dei procedimenti civili di cognizione, ai sensi dell'art. 54 della legge 18.6.2009, n. 69"
Diritto italiano. Rassegna di giurisprudenza. Asilo
Authors:   Redazione
Published: June 2021

6. Corte appello di Roma 30.5.2011 n. 2405 - cittadino nigeriano richiedente la protezione internazionale - sufficienza degli elementi fattuali forniti per l'accoglimento della richiesta - irrilevanza delle questioni procedimentali sollevate.
Le origini del diritto del turismo e "Il Diritto Turistico" di Bortolo Belotti
Authors: Franceschelli Vincenzo
Published: June 2021

Scopo del saggio č far riscoprire alla comunitŕ scientifica il volume "Il Diritto Turistico" di Bortolo Belotti. Il volume, pubblicato nel 1919, in oltre seicento pagine cerca di ricostruire il sistema di regole che attengono al turismo "nella legge, nella dottrina e nella giurisprudenza". L'opera - che noi studiosi di diritto del turismo possiamo eleggere come primo tentativo di esposizione, con pretese di completezza, della nostra materia - č suddivisa un quattro parti. La prima tratta delle persone nel rapporto turistico (pp. da 23 a 83). La parte seconda tratta delle cose nel rapporto turistico (pp. da 85 a 124). La terza parte tratta delle obbligazioni nel rapporto turistico (pp. da 127 a 492), e la quarta ed ultima della "attivitŕ turistica nel rapporto pubblico" (pp. da 493 a 609). Il volume non ha avuto - nella storia del diritto del turismo - particolare fortuna. Quasi introvabile, č difficile rinvenirne copie nelle biblioteche pubbliche e universitarie. Merita, perň, di essere riscoperto.
Le misure provvisorie della Corte europea dei diritti umani nell'ambito della procedura di ricorso interstatale Georgia c. Russia
Authors: Saccucci Andrea
Published: June 2021

- In the case Georgia v. Russia, the European Court has adopted provisional meas- ures requesting both States parties to ensure compliance with their engagements under the ECHR, particularly in respect of the right to life (Article 2) and the prohibition of tor- ture and inhuman or degrading treatment (Article 3). It is the first time in the Court's history that Rule 39 of its Rules of Procedure is applied in the framework of an inter- state complaint procedure. Being themselves aimed at safeguarding pendente lite the rights of individuals exposed to the imminent risk of an irreparable damages rather than to protect States' own rights, inter-state provisional measures are subject to a legal re- gime largely correspondent to that of provisional measures adopted on request of an in- dividual applicant. Notwithstanding the despicable absence of any reasoning, the in- terim protection accorded by the Court in the case Georgia v. Russia seems to fall squarely within the previous practice in individual cases as to procedural and substantial requirements, certain peculiarities being in fact a mere consequence of the rules appli- cable to inter-state litigation and of the specific object of the complaint filed by Georgia in relation to an ongoing armed conflict. The most controversial issue remains that of the binding nature of provisional measures, given that the solution embraced by the re- cent Court's case-law relies on the obligation not to hinder the effective exercise of the right of individual petition and cannot be extended to inter-state complaints. A proposal for a different approach is therefore offered, which links the binding nature of provi- sional measures to the substantive obligations they seek to ensure respect for against possible violations having irreparable consequences.
Diritti umani in Cina. Evoluzione storica di un concetto: 1899-1998
Authors: Asciutti Elena
Published: June 2021

- After the repression of the pro-democracy movement in Tian'An Men Square in 1989 by the Chinese army, human rights have become a controversial issue for the People's Republic of China. In 1991, the Chinese government decided to publish the White Book on Human Rights, the first official document where China recognised human rights as a fundamental legal institution of the People's Republic. Starting from the analysis of the attitude of the Chinese government towards human rights, this paper aims at verifying whether a concept of an undoubted Western origin can be adapted and be relevant in a different cultural and political context. The method of inquiry is the historical reconstruction, which allows to analyse the process of translation of human rights in Chinese characters as well as the practical application of the concept in the socio-political and legal Chinese context.
L'operazione militare di Israele contro Gaza e il diritto internazionale umanitario
Authors: Venturini Gabriella
Published: June 2021

- The Israeli armed action in the Gaza Strip between December 27, 2008 and January 18, 2009 has prompted vehement protests of the public, especially in the Arab Countries and in Europe. The reaction of international institutions has varied. While the UN Human Rights Council strongly censured Israel, placing light blame on the rocket attacks made from Gaza against Israeli towns, the UN Security Council was much more measured in itsresponde. Generally speaking, ius in bello (or International Humanitarian Law, IHL) was not extensively addressed by the international institutions, which instead focused their debates on the legitimacy of the use of force. For different reasons, neither Israel nor Hamas is bound by the most relevant IHL Conventions on the conduct of hostilities during armed conflict. The broad rules of customary international law prove barely adequate to restrain the use of means and methods of combat in asymmetrical conflicts. Although the victims may have recourse to domestic (Israeli) jurisdiction to redress their losses, the military action in Gaza will have long lasting negative consequences in the troubled area of Palestine.
Sul principio di proporzionalitŕ a Gaza, ovvero quando il fine non giustifica i mezzi
Authors: Vierucci Luisa
Published: June 2021

- The Operation Cast Lead launched by Israel in the Gaza Strip on December 27, 2008 has attracted strong condemnation by the international community for its disproportionate character. While there is no doubt that the conduct of the conflict by Hamas was in breach of the principle of proportionality, the evaluation of the military operations carried out by Israel in light of that principle is more complex. As we have attempted to show, the assessment of proportionality in contexts similar to those of the Gaza Strip has to be conducted both in a ius ad bellum and ius in bello perspective, the two approaches being so interconnected as to make the violation of the in bello proportionality foreseeable. However, this prima facie finding has to be tested against the assessment of proportionality conducted for each relevant incident - an exercise that can be made only when all relevant information is available.
The Current Situation and Prospects for Regional System(s) of Human Rights in Asia
Authors: Xiaodan Wu
Published: June 2021

It is universally recognized that regional human rights systems are likely to be more successful than their global counterparts. Asia is the last major region in the world that does not have any region-wide treaty or mechanism directed towards the promotion and protection of human rights. During the last decades, especially since the 1990s, the Asian States are moving towards acceding to or adopting treaties to define and protect human rights, which seems to argue for the creation of regional human rights institutions. This article addressed the prospect of regional human rights system (or systems) in Asia based on the current efforts towards, the recent development of and the obstacles to the establishment of such system(s) with an emphasis on the position of China.
The Right to ‘Special Food' under Art. 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights
Authors: Maffei Maria Clara
Published: June 2021

The article analyzes some paradigmatic cases concerning the religious or cultural value of food which have been brought to the attention of the monitoring bodies instituted by the European Convention on Human Rights. Problems may arise in particular when individuals (e.g. prisoners, hospitalized people, military personnel, children at school) have to rely upon the State to provide sustenance. However, the Convention contains no reference to cultural or religious aspects of food nor to cultural rights in general. From this analysis it emerges that a right to "cultural" food could be framed in "wider" rights (e.g. freedom of thought, conscience and religion, right to respect for private and family life, protection of property, prohibition of torture) as it is an aspect of them. While it is clear that not all dietary choices deserve protection and abuses should be avoided, the different interests of the State should be balanced against the interests of individuals who need special food for religious, conscience or cultural reasons. The balance has to be fair and this includes the possibility for States to offer valid dietary alternatives, although in some cases, as for many other human rights, States will continue to be able to restrict the rights of individuals on different grounds.
La "green economy" e la realizzazione dei diritti dell'uomo alla base dello sviluppo sostenibile
Authors: Acconci Pia
Published: June 2021

This article focuses on the relevance of the ‘green economy' for the promotion of human rights as the base of sustainable development, in light of major trends in international law. In June of this year, at the end of the UN Conference Rio +20 on Sustainable Development, States adopted a document - "The Future We Want" - which refers to the ‘green economy' as an economic model for the future. "The Future We Want" confirms the tendency towards the increasing involvement of private parties in international economic relations. However, complex policy issues concerning the interaction between economic and non-economic interests/concerns have arisen from current trends towards interdependence, liberalization and privatization. Some issues have brought about international disputes which are difficult to be settled, since the applicable principles and rules to the merits are insufficient and fragmented. As disputes owing to conflicts between economic and non-economic interests/concerns constitute a relevant investment and/or trade risk, all States need to promote the rapid settlement and prevention of such disputes. To this end, States and international organisations might increase the level of integration of non-economic concerns into international agreements concerning economic matters and adopt interpretative guidelines and clarifications of the existing rules.
Ricorsi individuali alla Corte europea dei diritti umani riguardanti questioni giŕ esaminate o in corso di esame da parte di altri organismi internazionali di controllo
Authors: Mola Lorenza
Published: June 2021

The paper deals with the case law of the European Commission of Human Rights and of the European Court of Human Rights on the admissibility of individual applications on matters already submitted to other international bodies, under Art. 35, para. 2, letter b) ECHR. It examines the relevant procedural aspects and reviews how the Strasbourg bodies have interpreted the criteria set in this clause, which coordinates parallel international proceedings on the same matters, i.e. (i) the identity of parties, grounds and facts; (ii) the concluded or concurrent exam of the claim within other international mechanisms of protection of human rights open to individuals; and (iii) the equivalent character of these other proceedings in relation to the procedure before the European Court of Human Rights. It does so, particularly with respect to two recent decisions concerning cases where parallel proceedings on the same matter were brought, in the one case, by the same person before the Court as well as to the attention of the EU Commission, and, in the other case, by a legal person before the Court and by its shareholders before international investment arbitral tribunals. It highlights that the ‘reformed' Court has normally followed the prior Commission's case law but has also developed a more systematic and qualified approach to each admissibility criterion as well as to the overall objective of such coordination mechanism, in order both to avoid a plurality of international procedures on the same matter, on the one hand, and to afford the individual an international means of enforcement of her/his rights, on the other hand.
Innovazione e competitivitŕ nella trasformazione di prodotti da agricoltura biologica: il caso delle imprese artigiane agro-alimentari lombarde
Authors: Gaviglio Anna , Pirani Alberto , Licitra Pedol Martina
Published: June 2021

- Innovation and competitiveness of organic food artisan enterprise in Lombardy The present work is inspired by the observation that today "innovation" is frequently a key word for Italian food industry. It seems that this is the only way to successfully face global market. We can see that the food industry is following two different strategies: on one hand there are enterprises, more and more specialized, industrial production oriented whereas on the other hand there are enterprises oriented towards high quality, value added and niche productions. The aim of this work is to investigate behaviour of organic artisan enterprises in Lombardy and to take it as an example of how much innovation helps to increase small enterprise's competitiveness. Particularly the study regards two of the main regional supply chains, dairying and cereal from organic agriculture. It tries to determinate new ways to get good economic performance and, consequently, new ways to take part in the strategic choices. The work tries to check also acquisitions of innovation and which role innovation plays in a business strategy based on an upgraded concept of differentiation. This means, therefore, to focus the attention on the strategic nature of innovative choices and to define what each artisan enterprise is able to do: in an exclusive way; distinguishing it from the contenders; showing it to costumers; maintaining a special position in the market. The method of survey to define resources and ability of each organic artisan firm of the sample, is the Dynamic capabilities approach. The study evidences the key-resource and the key-capabilities combination on which is based the introduced innovation and it describes the main course of this particular sector. The data reveal a prevailing asset: marketing ability is the opportunity that a lot of enterprises efficiently use to differentiate the own distributive system - export is an example - and also to satisfy different customers. This attitude shows a resources and capability configuration more complex than the other. A systematic approach toward innovation in small enterprise, involving all the actors of the supply chain, could carry best economic improvements. Organic market, despite of the conventional one, is a new sector and it offers several opportunities to successful marketing initiative. New products, new services, new communications can attract more customers at all levels.

JEL Codes: Q13, L10

Key words: innovation, competitiveness, firm strategy, agricultural and food-artisan Enterprises
La vendita diretta dei prodotti ortofrutticoli un'esperienza siciliana
Authors: Rizzo Marcella , Mazzamuto Filippo
Published: June 2021

- Fruits and fresh vegetables direct selling: case from a Sicilian experience A specific producer's organization based on cooperative governance system that operates in the Province of Catania, primarily in the citrus fruit sector, has promoted in the first part of nineties a network of retailer stores, located in the northeast of Italy and directly managed by the cooperative members. This network of agricultural 118 producers has subsequently involved an increasing number of cooperatives and points of sale, structuring a policy based on a supply of citrus fruit linked with others fresh vegetables. This phenomenon is still growing, taking advantage of several new laws (the "Orientation law", the reformed Commercial law, and the 2007 State Financial Budget law) that simplify administrative and fiscal regulation on selling procedures. This law innovation process has also created new rules to make retailing activity easy and favourable (especially from the fiscal point of view) to direct selling run by the agricultural entrepreneur. This research takes in to account the economic results of this particular retailing activity, through an exploratory investigation conducted during 2005 and 2006, which underlines the added-value, generated by this specific formula used as a marketing tool. Furthermore, through this study it is possible to put in evidence, from the strategic point of view, some relevant characteristic constitutional elements and strengths or weaknesses system of this Sicilian producer's organization model. The study results show the importance of an innovative organizational and managerial model for local agriculture, and how it is possible to compete in the market and guarantee sale flows and a interesting added-value level for the producers. The evidence of the study, concerning this specific network formula, introduces two different advantages. The first one is to protect agriculture and to guarantee the sale of the annual production, when there is a large volume of production. The second one is connected to the possibility of regulating sale flows and price level thanks to the extremely elastic structure of sales points, characterised by low investments and low fixed costs. Moreover, goods supply on command at sale points, enable a "just in time" shipment, optimizing logistics and goods collection in the company. The determination of the Unit Gross income obtained by the company production direct selling, has put in evidence the great amount of operative margins of the examined distributional channel. It has to be remarked that these margins can even increase if the company production gets integrated with associated organisations that are controlling complementary goods production. In other words, the recent law which encourages these integrations enable producers to increase their gains

JEL Code: Q13

Key words: direct selling, citrus, organization, supply, value-added
Commercio elettronico e fiducia: analisi preliminare del potenziale in filiere agro-alimentari internazionali
Authors: Fritz Melanie , Canavari Maurizio , Cantore Nicola , Deiters Jivka , Pignatti Erika
Published: June 2021

- Business-to-business (B2B) e-commerce is an innovative use of information and communication technologies (ict) and refers to the exchange of goods and related information between companies supported by Internet-based tools such as electronic marketplaces (also called electronic trade platforms) or online shops. It provides opportunities for cost-efficiency in supply chain management processes and access to new markets. With regard to the food sector with its chain levels input - agriculture - industry - retail - consumer, B2B e-commerce would take place in the exchange of food products between all levels except retail to consumer (business-to-consumer ecommerce). B2B e-commerce demonstrated to be able to bring key advantages and potentials for European consumers and the European food sector, for instance easier traceability, cost-efficiency in supply chain management processes, better competitiveness, lower transaction costs, etc. In recent years, the availability of sophisticated B2B e-commerce technology improved tremendously and the applications became more powerful, flexible, and user-friendly. However, the "European e-Business Market Watch" initiative from the Directorate-General Enterprise and Industry from the European Commission showed that only large multinationals exploit the potentials of B2B e-commerce. smes instead, which create the largest share of turn over in the European food sector and therefore create jobs and welfare in Europe, are reluctant to take up existing B2B ecommerce technologies into their supply or selling operations. Trust issues were identified as one of the factors hindering adoption of this new technology among smes. In this paper, different food chain scenarios with their transaction processes and risks regarding food quality and food safety and related trust elements are analysed and differences in trust in several European food chains need to be considered within the context of the existing scientific literature. We identify food chains with trans- European cross-border exchange of food and international food chains in order to analyse the transaction processes and typical risks regarding food quality and food safety. The analysis focuses on trans-European cross-border and international food chains with their chain levels (e.g. production to wholesale trade, wholesale trade to industry, or wholesale trade to retail). In particular, it regards the food categories meat, grains, fresh vegetables, and fresh fruits and the particular risks regarding food quality and safety along the chains. The results are useful to identify relevant trust issues within the food supply chains, which can be addresses by innovative and trust building features of the B2B e-commerce tools.

JEL Codes: M15, M16

Key words: e-commerce, transaction risks, trust, trade stream analysis
La "similaritŕ" dei flussi di commercio agro-alimentare tra Italia e Francia
Authors: Fanelli Rosa Maria , Di Nocera Angela
Published: June 2021

- During the last twenty years world agri-food commerce shows an important growth owing to traded quantities increase and also to economic development of competitors on the world scene. This article is about agrifood commerce in European Union market. The aim of the paper is to compare the agri-food trade flows of Italy and France, two Mediterranean countries with very intense trade relations. For Italian agri-food system, in fact, France is the top import market and the second export market. On the basis of eurostat data, the paper focuses on import and export flows between Italy and the other European Union countries, on one side, and, on the other side, in the same way, between France and EU countries. The purpose is to value if - and at what extend - exchanged products are similar, to know if trade relationships between Italy and France are complementary rather then competitive. The first part of the paper consists of a brief introduction that is about the main trends of agrifood trade in the countries we examined. The most important data of agrifood balance are reported and discussed, and their trends examined over the period 1999-2006. The second part concerns more specifically the analysis of similarity. The analysis is based on three different kind of index: 1. the similarity and specialization indexes make possible the value the level of specialization and complementarity of Italy and France agri-food trade relations and their evolutional trend; 2. Finger-Kreinin and Hirshmann indexes measure structural changes in trade patterns over the period 1999-2006; 3. Balassa index gives information on compared advantages of competitors. As said above, we use eurostat external trade statistics, all data are related to intra European Union flows. In the database, for trade purposes, goods are classified according to Combined nomenclature in the European Union. The classification is based on the Harmonised Commodity Description and Coding System (hs) managed by the World Customs Organisation (wco); the hs uses a six digit numerical code for the coding of products. This article is part of a work in progress whose object is wider. The analysis will be extended to all Mediterranean countries, European Union Members and Third Countries, so our object is now to have a first discussion of the partial results we obtained.

JEL Code: Q17

Key words: agri-food commerce, European Union market, analysis of similarity, competitive advantage
Caratteristiche e mutamenti del commercio agro-alimentare: un confronto fra Italia ed India
Authors: Privitera Donatella , Rognetta Bernardo
Published: June 2021

- This paper examines the product specialisation of Italian trade over the period 2000-2006 to identify the roots of Italy's sluggish trade performance with respect to India. In particular, the analysis focuses on the role of product specialisation in relation to world trade growth and competition from emerging countries. We used trade indicators to describe and asses the state of trade flows and trade patterns of a particular country like India and also to monitor these flows over time and across countries. Till the early 1990s, India was a closed economy: average tariffs exceeded 200 percent, quantitative restrictions on imports were extensive, and there were stringent restrictions on foreign investment. The country began to cautiously reform in the 1990s, liberalizing only under conditions of extreme necessity. Since that time, trade reforms have produced remarkable results. The economy is now among the fastest growing in the world. This leads some to see India as a ‘rapid globalizer' while others still see it as a ‘highly protectionist' economy. India however retains its right to protect when need arises. Agricultural tariffs average between 30-40 percent, anti-dumping measures have been liberally used to protect trade. India is now aggressively pushing for a more liberal global trade regime, especially in services.

JEL Code: Q17

Key words: emerging countries, trade indicators; competitive pressures
Dinamiche del commercio internazionale dell'olio di oliva italiano: un'analisi prospettica
Authors: Finco Adele , Padella Monica , Di Pronio Guido , Pollonara Mirco
Published: June 2021

- The paper analyses the dynamics of the Italian olive oil trade and gives a preliminary explanation of the opportunity in the international market. The paper starts showing the description of olive oil chain and production and underlining the main factors affecting the import export system. The aim of this work is to explain the magnitude of the trade flows for olive oil from Italy to its main importing countries. This objective has been reached by establishing an appropriate econometric model derived from an extended form of the "Gravity Model". This model has been broadly applied to the analysis of international trade because it provides robust estimates. The results obtained and the model itself are useful in forecasting potential trends in the exportation of high quality Italian olive oil.

JEL Codes: Q13, Q17, C20

Key words: Italian Olive Oil, Food-Trade, Gravity Models, Export Analysis
Valutazione delle preferenze di consumatori campani per un sistema di etichettatura generico sulle "food miles"
Authors: Caputo Vincenzina , Canavari Maurizio , Nayga Jr. Rodolfo M.
Published: June 2021

Our study is aimed at evaluating whether or not different food miles information displayed on labels such as information on the distance and time that the food traveled (nKm) and information on CO2 emission (CO2) during food transportation can affect consumer choice in the case of fresh tomato product. We also examined: (i) the level of sensitivity and knowledge of consumers with regard to the impacts of agro-food system in terms of environmental pollution; (ii) consumers' perception of the effects produced by food transportation; (iii) the degree of importance that consumers attach to information directly or indirectly related to the sustainability of a food product. We conducted a quantitative survey in Naples (Italy) using a discrete choice approach. The data were analyzed using univariate analysis techniques (frequencies) and the estimation of the multinomial logit model (mnl). The results of the univariate analysis show that respondents actually perceive food products distribution as the phase that causes a high negative impact on the environment. The results of the mnl model suggest that on average consumers choices are affected by all the attributes of fresh tomato included in the experimental design. However. a comparison across different fresh tomato attributes suggests that respondents in our sample get the highest utility when nkm label is present, followed by the presence of other sustainability-linked attributes such as organic, CO2.
La percezione della qualitŕ dei prodotti tipici da parte del consumatore in Sicilia
Authors: Chinnici Gaetano , Pecorino Biagio , Scuderi Alessandro
Published: June 2021

The common agricultural policy over the years has expanded the tools of promotion and protection of farm produce quality. At the national level but also from Europe we are witnessing a change in consumer behavior: they become more and more relevant information needs, safety and food security, increasing demand for quality products and the willingness to pay for those products that meet consumer expectations. The paper focuses on the perceived quality of local products in order to identify those variables that influence purchasing decisions and dietary habits and consumer group. The survey was conducted using a principal components analysis to summarize the information that characterizes the choices of consumption, followed by cluster analysis which allowed us to confirm the presence of different segments of consumers of local products.
Supply chain e sostenibilitŕ: il caso del pomodoro San Marzano dop
Authors: Gorgitano Maria Teresa , Lombardi Pasquale , Verneau Fabio , Caracciolo Francesco
Published: June 2021

Food chain sustainability concept has significantly escaleted the scientific debate of agricultural economists. This paper attempts to evaluate the problem of governance looking at sustainability in a specific case study about San Marzano Tomato, through the procedure of assessments known as triangulation. The theoretical basis of our work is the priority and responsibility matrix: the study describes phases of the empirical reasearch conducted to assess the sustainability of a typical food supply chain. San Marzano Tomato is endowed with an origin certification label (pdo), meeting demand within high-value market niches. It is a product symbol of Campania region (Italy), benefiting of several interventions of the public regional operator (genetic resources research, support for the establishment of origin certification, etc.). The proposed methodology provides simple rules to follow the time evolution of a food supply chain, judging feasible solutions to satisfy inter-dimensional requisites of durable development. In the proposed case, the driving role of the government appears as a necessary prerequisite to achieving goals of sustainability.
Consumatori cinesi e cibo: tra tradizione millenaria e influenze culturali occidentali
Authors: Del Giudice Teresa , Caracciolo Francesco , Cicia Gianni , Grunert Klaus G. , Krystallis Athanasios
Published: June 2021

China is one of the most dynamic economies of the planet. The dramatic economic development in recent decades has greatly influenced the structure and habits of Chinese society. This although still characterized by strong disparities between the poorer classes and the wealthy, shows a growing middle class and an increasingly high-income segment. These segments of society are, as expected, evolving from a cultural point of view beginning to incorporate into the ancient Chinese tradition elements of other cultures, most notably the Western one. As was the case for other new economies, especially the rich part of the population is showing an increasing inclination towards all aspects of Western culture. This opening is also affecting the food consumption habits, transforming the dynamic and vibrant Chinese market into a major destination for European food products. The following research by submitting a questionnaire to 500 Chinese consumers residents in metropolitan areas had a dual objective. The first involved the analysis of the propensity of consumers to enter into the ancient Chinese culinary culture food products from other countries. The second was represented by the attempt to segment consumers, depending on the degree of cultural openness towards non- Chinese food, using both socio-demographic and psychographic variables.
The Greek olive oil market and the factors affecting it
Authors: Duquenne Marie-Noelle , Vlontzos George
Published: June 2021

The objective of the research was to highlight the role that socio-economic and spatial attributes of consumers – households exert on their choices regarding not only the supply modes but also the price they are willing to pay for different categories of olive oil, especially the packaged one. Three aspects are successively examined as regards alternative characteristics of olive oil that are proposed: (a) the label, (b) the quality certification protocol and finally (c) the respect of environmental criteria in the production process. It verifies that significant market shares belong to informal networks, which are analyzed to self-consumption, and purchase from either relatives or friends who produce it. The most influential factors purchasing olive oil, amongst others being examined, are the age, the educational level, and the placement of residents in olive oil producing zones. Regarding the wtp for different olive oil labels, consumers are willing to pay premiums only for olive oils being processed by either private companies or cooperatives, with the latter to gain 34% of them in the case they would decide to change the olive oil they usually purchase. The most important consumer profiles are that young educated consumers turn to buy olive oil from sm, do not want to pay less for sm own label olive oil, and they perceive olive oil being packaged by cooperatives as a distinct product they want to use, and pay a premium for it. On the contrary, elderly people are willing to pay less for own label olive oil.