bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Newborn oxygen saturation at mild altitude versus sea level: implications for neonatal screening for critical congenital heart disease
Authors: Samuel Tal Y. , Bromiker Reuben , Mimouni Francis B. , Picard Elie , Lahav Sigalit , Mandel Dror , Goldberg Shmuel
Published: January 2013

Aim

To determine the normal SpO2 in healthy term newborns at mild altitude (MA, 780 metres) compared with sea level (SL), within the context of universal screening for critical congenital heart disease (CCHD).

Methods

We studied 199 (119 at MA and 80 at SL) consecutively born healthy newborns. SpO2 recordings were at 24–72 h using Masimo SET Radical‐7 on the right hand and left foot.

Results

Mean SpO2 was lower at MA compared with SL in the right hand (97.86 ± 1.58 vs 98.28 ± 1.41, p = 0.05) and left foot (98.49 ± 1.35 vs 98.90 ± 1.16, p = 0.03). No infant with SpO2 <95% had CCHD. Extrapolating with predicted regression lines set at 95% CI, a SpO2 cut‐off of 95% would result in up to 3.5 times more false‐positive screens at MA compared with SL.

Conclusions

At MA, SpO2 is approximately 0.4% lower compared with SL. Our study supports the AAP recommendation suggesting algorithm cut‐offs may need adjustment in high‐altitude nurseries and suggest broadening it to MA as well.
TP53 mutations in myelodysplastic syndrome are strongly correlated with aberrations of chromosome 5, and correlate with adverse prognosis
Authors: Kulasekararaj Austin G. , Smith Alexander E. , Mian Syed A. , Mohamedali Azim M. , Krishnamurthy Pramila , Lea Nicholas C. , Gäken Joop , Pennaneach Coralie , Ireland Robin , Czepulkowski Barbara , Pomplun Sabine , Marsh Judith C. , Mufti Ghulam J.
Published: January 2013

This study aimed to determine the incidence/prognostic impact of TP53 mutation in 318 myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) patients, and to correlate the changes to cytogenetics, single nucleotide polymorphism array karyotyping and clinical outcome. The median age was 65 years (17–89 years) and median follow‐up was 45 months [95% confidence interval (CI) 27–62 months]. TP53 mutations occurred in 30 (9·4%) patients, exclusively in isolated del5q (19%) and complex karyotype (CK) with ‐5/5q‐(72%), correlated with International Prognostic Scoring System intermediate‐2/high, TP53 protein expression, higher blast count and leukaemic progression. Patients with mutant TP53 had a paucity of mutations in other genes implicated in myeloid malignancies. Median overall survival of patients with TP53 mutation was shorter than wild‐type (9 versus 66 months, P < 0·001) and it retained significance in multivariable model (Hazard Ratio 3·8, 95%CI 2·3–6·3,P < 0·001). None of the sequentially analysed samples showed a disappearance of the mutant clone or emergence of new clones, suggesting an early occurrence of TP53 mutations. A reduction in mutant clone correlated with response to 5‐azacitidine, however clones increased in non‐responders and persisted at relapse. The adverse impact of TP53 persists after adjustment for cytogenetic risk and is of practical importance in evaluating prognosis. The relatively common occurrence of these mutations in two different prognostic spectrums of MDS, i.e. isolated 5q‐ and CK with ‐5/5q‐, possibly implies two different mechanistic roles for TP53 protein.
S1‐1/RBM10: Multiplicity and cooperativity of nuclear localisation domains
Authors: Xiao Sheng‐Jun , Wang Ling‐Yu , Kimura Masatsugu , Kojima Hirotada , Kunimoto Hiroyuki , Nishiumi Fumiko , Yamamoto Naoki , Nishio Koji , Fujimoto Shunsuke , Kato Takayuki , Kitagawa Seiichi , Yamane Hideo , Nakajima Koichi , Inoue Akira
Published: January 2013

Background information

S1‐1, also called RBM10, is an RNA‐binding protein of 852 residues. An alteration of its activity causes TARP syndrome, a severe X‐linked disorder with pre‐ or post‐natal lethality in affected males. Its molecular function, although still largely unknown, has been suggested to be transcription and alternative splicing. In fact, S1‐1 localises in the nucleus in tissue cells and cultured cells.

Results

By deletion and substitution mutagenesis, a classical 17‐amino‐acid (aa) nuclear localisation sequence (NLS1) was identified at aa 743–759 in the C‐terminal region of S1‐1. NLS1 was bipartite, with its N‐terminal basic cluster weakly contributing to the NLS activity. S1‐1 contained two additional NLSs. One was in the aa 60–136 RNA recognition motif region (NLS2), and the other was a novel NLS motif sequence in the aa 481–540 octamer‐repeat (OCRE) region (NLS3). The OCRE is a domain known to be critical in splicing regulation, as shown with RBM5, a close homologue of RBM10 [Bonnal et al. (2008) Mol. Cell 32, 81–95]. The NLS activities were verified by expressing each DNA sequence linked to EGFP or a FLAG tag. These multiple NLSs acted cooperatively, and S1‐1 became completely cytoplasmic after the concomitant removal of all NLS domains. In some cell types, however, S1‐1 was partly cytoplasmic, suggesting that cellular localisation of S1‐1 is subjected to regulation.

Conclusions

The present results indicate that S1‐1 contains multiple NLSs that act cooperatively. Among them, the OCRE is a hitherto unreported NLS. The nuclear localisation of S1‐1 appears to be regulated under certain circumstances. We discuss these NLSs in relation to the biochemical processes they are involved in.
Novel 3‐substituted rimonabant analogues lack Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol‐like abuse‐related behavioural effects in mice
Authors: Walentiny DM , Vann RE , Mahadevan A , Kottani R , Gujjar R , Wiley JL
Published: January 2013

Background and Purpose

Previous structure–activity relationship studies with analogues of the CB1 receptor antagonist rimonabant have demonstrated that a subset of these analogues with 3‐substituent replacements of rimonabant's pyrazole core displayed cannabimimetic profiles seemingly independent of CB1 receptors. We sought to further evaluate these analogues in several behavioural models sensitive to detecting THC‐like abuse liability.

Experimental Approach

Selected analogues were tested in a battery of tests in mice to replicate previous findings. Cross‐generalization tests were conducted in mice trained to discriminate either THC or O‐6629 from vehicle. Rimonabant and its analogues were also evaluated in substitution and challenge tests. Finally, development of cross‐tolerance between THC and O‐6211 in the mouse test battery was assessed.

Key Results

O‐6629 and O‐6658 produced dose‐dependent acute cannabimimetic activity in mice, but neither substituted for nor antagonized THC's discriminative stimulus. Cross‐substitution was observed with O‐6658 in mice discriminating O‐6629, whereas rimonabant neither substituted for nor attenuated the O‐6629 discriminative stimulus. THC and morphine did not generate O‐6629‐like responding. Cross‐tolerance did not develop in mice repeatedly treated with THC when tested with O‐6211 in the mouse test battery.

Conclusions and Implications

While some overlap exists between the pharmacological profiles of THC and these 3‐substituent rimonabant analogues, the effects are mediated by distinct neural targets. Notably, these analogues are unlikely to possess marijuana‐like abuse liability in humans, but general abuse liability has not yet been determined. Efforts to determine the mechanism(s) of action of this seemingly unique class of compounds are underway.
Size at birth, morning cortisol and cardiometabolic risk markers in healthy Indian children
Authors: Krishnaveni G. V. , Veena S. R. , Dhube A. , Karat S. C. , Phillips D. I. W. , Fall C. H. D.
Published: January 2013

Objective

Prenatal programming of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis may link reduced foetal growth with higher adult chronic disease risk. South Asians have a high prevalence of low birth weight and a thin‐fat phenotype, which is associated with subsequent type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. Altered HPA activity could be one of the pathological processes underlying this link.

Methods

Plasma morning cortisol and corticosteroid‐binding globulin (CBG) concentrations were determined in 528 children aged 9·5 years from a prospective birth cohort in India. They had detailed anthropometry at birth, and current measurements of anthropometry, plasma glucose, insulin and lipid concentrations and blood pressure. Insulin resistance (Homeostasis Model Assessment) and insulin secretion (the 30‐min insulin increment) were also assessed.

Results

None of the birth measurements were associated with cortisol concentrations, but both birth weight (P = 0·03) and length (P = 0·004) were inversely associated with CBG concentrations. Cortisol concentrations were inversely associated with current body mass index (P = 0·02), and positively associated with glucose (fasting: P < 0·001; 30‐min: P = 0·002) concentrations, and systolic blood pressure (P = 0·005), but not insulin resistance or the insulin increment.

Conclusion

Higher morning cortisol is associated with higher cardiometabolic risk markers in Indian children. Although cortisol concentrations did not appear to be related to birth size, small size at birth was associated with higher CBG levels, and may be one of the processes by which foetal undernutrition affects adult health. The findings suggest a need for dynamic testing of HPA axis activity (such as measuring stress responses).
Baicalin Regulates Neuronal Fate Decision in Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells and Stimulates Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Adult Rats
Authors: Zhuang Peng‐Wei , Cui Guang‐Zhi , Zhang Yan‐Jun , Zhang Mi‐Xia , Guo Hong , Zhang Jin‐Bao , Lu Zhi‐Qiang , Isaiah Adejobi‐Oluwaniyi , Lin Ying‐Xue
Published: January 2013

Background

Recent studies revealed that baicalin, a flavonoid compound derived from the root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, could promote neuron differentiation of NSPCs after commencing the differentiation process in vitro. However, this may not be the most efficacious strategy to determinate cell fate. Here, we have investigated whether baicalin can influence early events of neuron generation and stimulate adult neurogenesis.

Results

Transient exposure of NSPCs to baicalin during proliferation could activate Mash1 to alter the differential fate and increase the proportion of cells expressing neuronal markers. Seven days after, rats were exposed to transient cerebral ischemia, they were treated for 3 weeks with baicalin, BrdU labeling study showed that exposure to baicalin increased the number of newly generated cells in hippocampus, BrdU/NeuN double staining analysis indicated that baicalin could promote new neuron production after cerebral ischemia. Additionally, Morris water maze test showed that delayed postischemic treatment with baicalin improved cognitive impairment.

Conclusions

These results identify the existence of a single molecule, baicalin, which can specify the neuronal fate of multipotent NSPCs and stimulate neurogenesis, making it a promising candidate for developing clinically relevant strategies to manipulate neuronal fate of NSPCs for brain repair.
Striatum‐dependent habits are insensitive to both increases and decreases in reinforcer value in mice
Authors: Quinn Jennifer J. , Pittenger Christopher , Lee Anni S. , Pierson Jamie L. , Taylor Jane R.
Published: January 2013

The mouse has emerged as an advantageous species for studying the brain circuitry that underlies complex behavior and for modeling neuropsychiatric disease. The transition from flexible, goal‐directed actions to inflexible, habitual responses is argued to be a valid and reliable behavioral model for studying a core aspect of corticostriatal systems that is implicated in certain forms of psychopathology. This transition is thought to correspond to a progression of behavioral control from associative to sensorimotor corticobasal ganglia networks. Habits form following extensive training and are characterized by reduced sensitivity of instrumental responding to reinforcer revaluation; few studies have examined this form of behavioral control in mice. Here we examined the involvement of the dorsolateral and dorsomedial striatum in this transition in the C57BL/6 inbred mouse strain. We provided evidence that damage to the dorsolateral striatum disrupted habitual responding, i.e. it preserved sensitivity to changes in outcome value following either outcome devaluation or, shown for the first time in mice, outcome inflation. Together, these data show that instrumental responding in lesioned mice tracks the current value of a reinforcer and provide evidence that neuroanatomical mechanisms underlying habit learning in rats are preserved in the mouse. This will allow for the genetic and molecular dissection of neural factors involved in decision‐making and mechanisms of aberrant habit formation.
Using Relational and Transactional MCSs to Manage the Delivery of Outsourced Public Services: Evidence from Twelve Cases in the USA
Authors: Longo Francesco , Barbieri Dario
Published: January 2013

The successful management of the purchaser–provider relationship is essential for the effective delivery of public services, and entails the use of both transactional and relational approaches. We herein analyse the degree and complementarity of transactional and relational management control systems in the management of purchaser–provider relationships for the successful delivery of public services using evidence from 12 US case studies. We demonstrate that transactional and relational management control systems are controlled differently in order to improve contracting efficiency. We also show how a combination of these management control systems offers a framework for structured public accountability and service flexibility.
Making Sense of Social Practice: Theoretical Pluralism in Public Sector Accounting Research: A Comment
Authors: Modell Sven
Published: January 2013

This paper offers a comment on Jacobs (2012) published previously in this journal. Particular attention is paid to how theoretical pluralism may be defended on paradigmatic grounds whilst being mobilised as a vehicle of generating practice‐relevant insights. My critique of Jacobs focuses on his ambiguous positioning of multi‐paradigm research and the possibilities of developing some ‘indigenous’ accounting theory to render research relevant for practice. As an alternative mode of addressing these issues I propose a position based on critical realism and elaborate on how it may be used to stimulate and defend theoretical pluralism in public sector accounting research.
Making Sense of Social Practice: Theoretical Pluralism in Public Sector Accounting Research: A Reply
Authors: Jacobs Kerry
Published: January 2013

This paper is a reply to Modell's (2013) comment on Jacobs (2012). The aim of the paper is to further explore the issue of theorisation in accounting research. The primary goal of Jacobs (2012) was to map the use of theory in public sector accounting research. Therefore, the danger, as highlighted by Modell (2013), is to read this descriptive analysis as a normative defence. I would echo Modell's concern that authors take care with their ‘ontological underpinnings’ when blending different theoretical approaches. However, I argue that the more substantive problems are that authors do not establish an accounting ‘problem’ to motivate their paper, they confuse their case study for their research problem, the theory used is not related to their accounting issue (theorisation) and they theorise the case not their problem. I conclude my response by abandoning my defence for theoretical promiscuity and arguing instead for theoretical serial‐monogamy. We should do our best to construct our research arguments to be clear and coherent. However, we should be willing to change our theoretical stance when they do not make sense and show a far higher level of reflexitivity in research design and presentation.
A 50‐Year Scoping Review of Family Court Review: An Analysis of the Journal's Core Values
Authors: Saini Michael , Barnes Jessica
Published: January 2013

The focus of this study was to systematically review the content of all 1,778 articles published in Family Court Review (FCR) during the past 50 years to explore whether these articles helped to advance the journal's core values. The findings suggest that FCR has focused on a rich diversity of legal and social issues impacting children and families. FCR has evolved into a leading source for interdisciplinary communication among mental health and legal professions, with growing emphasis on international collaboration and an increasing emphasis on empirical evidence to guide practice, policy, and future research.

FCR has demonstrated a long‐standing commitment to the interdisciplinary nature of family law.

Published authors in FCR increasingly represent a widening array of professionals from diverse geographical areas.

Through the publication of current material, evocative discussions, standards of practice, and empirical studies, FCR has demonstrated a commitment to the professionals and families served by the family courts.
Beyond Divorce: Research on Children in Repartnered and Remarried Families
Authors: Anderson Edward R. , Greene Shannon M.
Published: January 2013

Research on divorce, repartnering, and remarriage has grown extensively over the last 50 years. Yet repartnering and remarriage have not received much attention in Family Court Review. This article seeks to highlight some of the findings from the broader psychological literature on children's adaptation to repartnering and remarriage. Across a wide range of studies, children in repartnered and remarried families are at elevated risk for a broad range of social, psychological, and academic difficulties. We investigate how researchers study these questions from a methodological perspective and discuss how decisions concerning methodology shape the questions and answers from research. Next, we review research that seeks to understand why children in repartnered families are at elevated risk for maladjustment. Finally, we outline a series of recommendations for future research.

Repartnering and remarriage present additional challenges for divorced families and professionals who work with them.

Repartnering and remarriage may alter existing dynamics in co‐parental relationships and can involve renegotiation of existing custodial and visitation arrangements.

Remarriage, like divorce, is not a single event but part of an extended series of events and transitions that take place prior to the occurrence of remarriage.
Vancomycin: ligand recognition, dimerization and super‐complex formation
Authors: Jia ZhiGuang , O'Mara Megan L. , Zuegg Johannes , Cooper Matthew A. , Mark Alan E.
Published: January 2013

The antibiotic vancomycin targets lipid II, blocking cell wall synthesis in Gram‐positive bacteria. Despite extensive study, questions remain regarding how it recognizes its primary ligand and what is the most biologically relevant form of vancomycin. In this study, molecular dynamics simulation techniques have been used to examine the process of ligand binding and dimerization of vancomycin. Starting from one or more vancomycin monomers in solution, together with different peptide ligands derived from lipid II, the simulations predict the structures of the ligated monomeric and dimeric complexes to within 0.1 nm rmsd of the structures determined experimentally. The simulations reproduce the conformation transitions observed by NMR and suggest that proposed differences between the crystal structure and the solution structure are an artifact of the way the NMR data has been interpreted in terms of a structural model. The spontaneous formation of both back‐to‐back and face‐to‐face dimers was observed in the simulations. This has allowed a detailed analysis of the origin of the cooperatively between ligand binding and dimerization and suggests that the formation of face‐to‐face dimers could be functionally significant. The work also highlights the possible role of structural water in stabilizing the vancomycin ligand complex and its role in the manifestation of vancomycin resistance.
Impacts of elevated terrestrial nutrient loads and temperature on pelagic food‐web efficiency and fish production
Authors: Lefébure R. , Degerman R. , Andersson A. , Larsson S. , Eriksson L‐O. , Båmstedt U. , Byström P.
Published: January 2013

Both temperature and terrestrial organic matter have strong impacts on aquatic food‐web dynamics and production. Temperature affects vital rates of all organisms, and terrestrial organic matter can act both as an energy source for lower trophic levels, while simultaneously reducing light availability for autotrophic production. As climate change predictions for the Baltic Sea and elsewhere suggest increases in both terrestrial matter runoff and increases in temperature, we studied the effects on pelagic food‐web dynamics and food‐web efficiency in a plausible future scenario with respect to these abiotic variables in a large‐scale mesocosm experiment. Total basal (phytoplankton plus bacterial) production was slightly reduced when only increasing temperatures, but was otherwise similar across all other treatments. Separate increases in nutrient loads and temperature decreased the ratio of autotrophic:heterotrophic production, but the combined treatment of elevated temperature and terrestrial nutrient loads increased both fish production and food‐web efficiency. CDOM: Chl a ratios strongly indicated that terrestrial and not autotrophic carbon was the main energy source in these food webs and our results also showed that zooplankton biomass was positively correlated with increased bacterial production. Concomitantly, biomass of the dominant calanoid copepod Acartia sp. increased as an effect of increased temperature. As the combined effects of increased temperature and terrestrial organic nutrient loads were required to increase zooplankton abundance and fish production, conclusions about effects of climate change on food‐web dynamics and fish production must be based on realistic combinations of several abiotic factors. Moreover, our results question established notions on the net inefficiency of heterotrophic carbon transfer to the top of the food web.
Confronting Social Constructions of Rural Criminality: A Case Story on ‘Illegal Pluriactivity’ in the Farming Community
Authors: Smith Robert , McElwee Gerard
Published: January 2013

The accepted social construction of the rural criminal is that of the (alien) urban marauder. In this social script the farmer is presented as the victim of crime. Traditionally, farmers enjoy high levels of social esteem and rarely are they vilified. This case story examines alternative income generating strategies from the margins of agriculture which include theft of animals and property; engaging in the illegal meat trade; trading in illegal medicines and wildlife and dog breeding. This case using ethnographic observation examines the activities of such individuals and documents the phenomenon of an indigenous rural criminal fraternity in Scotland.
The use of trisodium nitrilo triacetate in the pad–steam dyeing of cotton with reactive dyes
Authors: Khatri Awais , Padhye Rajiv , White Max
Published: January 2013

This paper presents results on the use of trisodium nitrilo triacetate, a biodegradable alkaline organic salt, for pad–steam dyeing of cotton with reactive dyes as a replacement for conventionally used inorganic electrolyte and alkali. Two widely used dyes, CI Reactive Red 147 and CI Reactive Blue 250, were used in the study. The colour yield, dye fixation and ultimate colour fastness achieved by using trisodium nitrilo triacetate were closely comparable with those obtained by using inorganic electrolyte and alkali. The tensile breaking force and wrinkle recovery angle of the dyed fabrics were also measured and were slightly improved when using organic salt. Additionally, the dyeing effluent showed reductions in total dissolved solids content with trisodium nitrilo triacetate.
Laparoscopic Sterilization of the African Lioness (Panthera leo)
Authors: Hartman Marthinus J. , Monnet Eric , Kirberger Robert M. , Venter Leon J. , Bester Lynette , Schulman Martin L. , Serfontein Tania , Fourie Retha , Schoeman Johan P.
Published: January 2013

Objective

To describe laparoscopic ovariectomy and salpingectomy in the African lioness (Panthera leo).

Study Design

Descriptive clinical study.

Animals

Female lions (n = 16).

Methods

Lionesses were randomly divided into 2 groups: O = ovariectomy (n = 8) and S = salpingectomy (n = 8) for laparoscopic surgery. Two Veress needle placement techniques were used.

Results

Laparoscopic ovariectomy and salpingectomy were performed without complications. The poorly developed mesosalpinx and ovarian bursa rendered the uterine tube more accessible for salpingectomy compared to the dog making the procedure easier in the lioness. Similarly, salpingectomy is a relatively easier procedure compared with ovariectomy especially when the modified Hasson technique for Veress needle placement is used.

Conclusions

Laparoscopic ovariectomy and salpingectomy can be safely performed in the African lioness.
Pathways out of poverty in lagging regions: evidence from rural western China
Authors: Christiaensen Luc , Pan Lei , Wang Sangui
Published: January 2013

How to reduce poverty in lagging regions remains much debated and underserved with solid empirical evidence. This study illustrates an empirical methodology to analyze the pathways households followed out of poverty and to explore their potential in the future using 2000–2004 rural household panel data from two lagging provinces of China, Inner Mongolia and Gansu. It finds that rising labor productivity in agriculture has been key in understanding poverty reduction in rural lagging areas of these provinces and that it still holds much promise. Circular migration has also been important in Gansu, though less so in Inner Mongolia. On average, rural diversification has not proven to contribute much to poverty reduction and income transfers and agricultural tax abolishment have only helped at the margin. The findings from these two case studies highlight that the scope for reducing poverty in rural lagging regions can still be substantial in agriculture, also when nonagriculture drives national growth.
TAP expression level in tumor cells defines the nature and processing of MHC class I peptides for recognition by tumor‐specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes
Authors: Hage Faten El , Durgeau Aurélie , Mami‐Chouaib Fathia
Published: January 2013

We identified that the antigen preprocalcitonin (ppCT) is recognized on a human lung carcinoma by a cytotoxic T lymphocyte clone derived from autologous tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes. The antigenic peptide ppCT16–25 is encoded by the gene calcitonin‐related polypeptide alpha (CALCA), which codes for CT and is overexpressed in several lung carcinomas compared with normal tissues. The ppCT peptide is derived from the C‐terminal region of the signal peptide and is processed independently of proteasomes and the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP)1/TAP2 heterodimeric complexes. Instead, processing occurs within the endoplasmic reticulum by a novel mechanism involving signal pepsidase (SP) and signal peptide peptidase (SPP). Although lung cancer cells bearing the ppCT16–25 epitope displayed low levels of TAP, restoration of TAP expression by interferon (IFN)‐γ treatment or by TAP1/TAP2 gene transfer inhibited ppCT antigen presentation. Thus, the ppCT16–25 human tumor epitope requires low TAP expression for efficient presentation. These results indicate that emerging SP‐generated peptides represent alternative T cell targets that permit cytotoxic T lymphocytes to destroy TAP‐impaired tumors, a process that helps to overcome tumor escape from CD8+ T cell immunity. Additionally, our data suggest that ppCT is a promising candidate for cancer immunotherapy.
Modeling Growth Rate and Assessing Aflatoxins Production by Aspergillus flavus as a Function of Water Activity and Temperature on Polished and Brown Rice
Authors: Mousa Wael , Ghazali Farinazleen Mohd. , Jinap Selamat , Ghazali Hasanah Mohd. , Radu Son
Published: January 2013

Abstract:  The aim of this study was to model the radial growth rate and to assess aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus as a function of water activity (aw 0.82 to 0.92) and temperature (12 to 42 °C) on polished and brown rice. The growth of the fungi, expressed as colony diameter (mm) was measured daily, and the aflatoxins were analyzed using HPLC with a fluorescence detector. The growth rates were estimated using the primary model of Baranyi, which describes the change in colony radius as a function of time. Total of 2 secondary models were used to describe the combined effects of aw and temperature on the growth rates. The models were validated using independent experimental data. Linear Arrhenius–Davey model proved to be the best predictor of A. flavus growth rates on polished and brown rice followed by polynomial model. The estimated optimal growth temperature was around 30 °C. A. flavus growth and aflatoxins were not detected at 0.82 aw on polished rice while growth and aflatoxins were detected at this aw between 25 and 35 °C on brown rice. The highest amounts of toxins were formed at the highest aw values (0.90 to 0.92) at a temperature of 20 °C after 21 d of incubation on both types of rice. Nevertheless, the consistencies of toxin production within a wider range of aw values occurred between 25 to 30 °C. Brown rice seems to support A. flavus growth and aflatoxin production more than the polished rice.

Practical Application:  The developed models can be used to estimate to what extent the change in grain ecosystem conditions affect the storage stability and safety of grains without the need for running long‐standing storage study. By monitoring the intergranular relative humidity and temperature at different locations in the storage facility and inputting these data into the models, it is directly possible to assess either the conditions are conductive for the growth of A. flavus or aflatoxin production.
Effect of the Prefermentative Addition of Five Enological Tannins on Anthocyanins and Color in Red Wines
Authors: Liu Yan‐Xia , Liang Na‐Na , Wang Jun , Pan Qiu‐Hong , Duan Chang‐Qing
Published: January 2013

Abstract:  The effects of prefermentation addition of 5 exogenous tannins with different‐origin anthocyanins and color characteristics were investigated in “Cabernet Sauvignon wines” at the end of alcoholic fermentation and the end of malolactic fermentation, and after 6 mo and 9 mo of bottle aging, respectively. The results showed that the application of GSKT2 could significantly retard the degradation of most anthocyanins in the process of alcoholic fermentation and the decrease of some pyranoanthocyanins during the subsequent 3 stages, thus causing more yellowness of wine in comparison with the control. Three other condensed tannins, GSKT1, QUET, and GSET, had a positive impact only on several anthocyanin components. Four condensed tannins all contributed to more redness, suggesting that the action mechanism might be to protect wine against oxidation or contribute to form copigmented anthocyanidins, or polymeric pigments. The application of FOLT (hydrolysable tannin) did not produce any influence on wine redness even after 9 mo of bottle aging. This work provides some reasons for the reasonable application of tannin additives.

Practical Application:  The prefermentative application of condensed tannins overall could protect some pigment components from degradation and enhance wine redness. Tannin additives with different origins have different effectiveness. The tannin additive obtained from grape skins, like GSKT2, could produce significant promotion on both redness and yellowness in wine. The prefermentation addition of hydroxylase tannin like FOLT seems not to have a significant effect on wine color.
Warneckea cordiformis sp. nov. (Melastomataceae–Olisbeoideae) from a coastal dry forest in northern Mozambique
Authors: Stone Robert Douglas
Published: January 2013

Described and illustrated is Warneckea cordiformis R. D. Stone, an evidently localized endemic of coastal dry forest in Mozambique's Cabo Delgado Province. In ‘Flora Zambesiaca’ the new species would key to W. sansibarica (Taub.) Jacq.‐Fél., from which it is readily distinguished by the much smaller, ovate to cordiform leaves and white, short‐pedicellate flowers. Because of its evidently very limited occurrence as well as on‐going anthropogenic threats, Warneckea cordiformis is here assessed as ‘Critically Endangered’ (CR) B1a,b(iii) according to IUCN criteria. A key is provided to the Mozambican species of Warneckea.
Impacts of Climate Change on Extreme Precipitation Events Over Flamingo Tropicana Watershed1
Authors: Acharya Anil , Lamb Kenneth , Piechota Thomas C.
Published: January 2013

Abstract:  Climate change, particularly the projected changes to precipitation patterns, is likely to affect runoff both regionally and temporally. Extreme rainfall events are expected to become more intense in the future in arid urban areas and this will likely lead to higher streamflow. Through hydrological modeling, this article simulates an urban basin response to the most intense storm under anthropogenic climate change conditions. This study performs an event‐based simulation for shorter duration storms in the Flamingo Tropicana (FT) watershed in Las Vegas, Nevada. An extreme storm, defined as a 100‐year return period storm, is selected from historical records and perturbed to future climatic conditions with respect to multimodel multiscenario (A1B, A2, B1) bias corrected and spatially disaggregated data from the World Climate Research Programme's (WCRP's) database. The cumulative annual precipitation for each 30‐year period shows a continuous decrease from 2011 to 2099; however, the summer convective storms, which are considered as extreme storms for the study area, are expected to be more intense in future. Extreme storm events show larger changes in streamflow under different climate scenarios and time periods. The simulated peak streamflow and total runoff volume shows an increase from 40% to more than 150% (during 2041‐2099) for different climate scenarios. This type of analysis can help evaluate the vulnerability of existing flood control system and flood control policies.
Parameter Uncertainty Reduction for SWAT Using Grace, Streamflow, and Groundwater Table Data for Lower Missouri River Basin1
Authors: Qiao Lei , Herrmann Robert B. , Pan Zaitao
Published: January 2013

Abstract:  This study incorporates the newly available Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) water storage data and water table data from well logs to reduce parameter uncertainty in Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) calibration using a SUFI2 (sequential uncertainty fitting) framework for the Lower Missouri River Basin. Model evaluations are performed in multiple stages using a multiobjective function consisting of multisite streamflow and GRACE water storage data as well as a groundwater component. Results show that (1) a model calibrated with both streamflow and GRACE data simultaneously can maintain the water balance for the whole basin, but may improperly partition surface flow and base flow. Additional inclusion of the groundwater constraint can significantly improve the model performance in groundwater hydrological processes. In our case, the estimation of specific yield of shallow aquifers has been increased to 10−2 from previous much underestimated level (<10−3). (2) The daily streamflow data are needed to confine the parameters related to water flow in channels such as the Manning’s coefficient, which are less sensitive to the monthly simulations. (3) Parameters are nonuniformly sensitive for different goal variables, and thus, proper specification of a prior distribution of parameters may be the key factor for global optimization algorithms to obtain stable and realistic model performance.
Ecological speciation along an elevational gradient in a tropical passerine bird?
Authors: Caro L. M. , Caycedo‐Rosales P. C. , Bowie R. C. K. , Slabbekoorn H. , Cadena C. D.
Published: January 2013

Local adaptation of populations along elevational gradients is well known, but conclusive evidence that such divergence has resulted in the origin of distinct species in parapatry remains lacking. We integrated morphological, vocal, genetic and behavioural data to test predictions pertaining to the hypothesis of parapatric ecological speciation associated with elevation in populations of a tropical montane songbird, the Grey‐breasted Wood‐wren (Henicorhina leucophrys: Troglodytidae), from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia. We confirmed that two distinct populations exist along the elevational gradient. Phylogenetic analyses tentatively indicate that the two populations are not sister taxa, suggesting they did not differentiate from a single ancestor along the gradient, but rather resulted from separate colonization events. The populations showed marked divergence in morphometrics, vocalizations and genetic variation in mitochondrial and nuclear loci, and little to no evidence of hybridization. Individuals of both populations responded more strongly to their own local songs than to songs from another elevation. Although the two forms do not appear to have differentiated locally in parapatry, morphological and vocal divergence along the elevational gradient is consistent with adaptation, suggesting a possible link between adaptive evolution in morphology and songs and the origin of reproductive isolation via a behavioural barrier to gene flow. The adaptive value of phenotypic differences between populations requires additional study.
Single‐dose field bioassay for sensitivity testing in sea lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis: development of a rapid diagnostic tool
Authors: Helgesen K O , Horsberg T E
Published: January 2013

Sea lice on farmed salmonids are often treated with chemicals. Sensitivity testing of sea lice can reduce the number of treatments by identifying substances the sea lice are susceptible to. This study describes a simpler protocol for field sensitivity testing than today's six‐dose bioassay. The protocol, which uses a single dose of the delousing agents deltamethrin, azamethiphos and emamectin benzoate, was developed on four different strains of sea lice and their subsequent generations. A sensitive strain and a strain showing reduced sensitivity were identified for each chemical after performing traditional bioassays and small‐scale treatments. The single doses for each chemical were established by modelling dose–response curves from 24‐h bioassays on strains with differences in sensitivity. The largest difference between the lower 80% prediction interval for the sensitive strain and the upper 80% prediction interval for the strain showing reduced sensitivity was identified for each delousing agent. The concentration of the chemical and the % mortality corresponding to each of the 80% prediction intervals were subsequently established. To validate the protocol for field use, further studies on both sensitive and resistant strains of sea lice under field conditions are required.
Impact of Lepeophtheirus salmonis infestations on migrating Atlantic salmon , Salmo salar L., smolts at eight locations in Ireland with an analysis of lice‐induced marine mortality
Authors: Jackson D , Cotter D , Newell J , McEvoy S , O'Donohoe P , Kane F , McDermott T , Kelly S , Drumm A
Published: January 2013

Sea lice infestation as a source of marine mortality of outwardly migrating Atlantic salmon smolts has been investigated by treating groups of ranched salmon, prior to release, with a prophylactic sea lice treatment conferring protection from sea lice infestation. A number of studies have been carried out in Ireland using both established ranched populations and groups of hatchery reared fish imprinted for 5–8 weeks in the sites of experimental releases. In this study, data on 352 142 migrating salmon from twenty‐eight releases, at eight locations along Ireland's South and West coasts covering a 9‐year period (2001 to 2009) are reviewed. Both published and new data are presented including a previously unpublished time series. The results of a meta‐analysis of the combined data suggest that while sea lice‐induced mortality on outwardly migrating smolts can be significant, it is a minor and irregular component of marine mortality in the stocks studied and is unlikely to be a significant factor influencing conservation status of salmon stocks.
Altered relationship between MMP‐8 and TIMP‐2 in gingival crevicular fluid in adolescents with Down's syndrome
Authors: Tsilingaridis G. , Yucel‐Lindberg T. , Modéer T.
Published: January 2013

Background and Objective

Periodontitis is more frequently found in subjects with Down's syndrome. The aim was to investigate whether the relationship between MMPs and TIMPs) in the gingival crevicular fluid of subjects with Down's syndrome is altered compared with controls.

Material and Methods

Twenty‐one adolescents with Down's syndrome and gingivitis (DS‐G), 12 subjects with Down's syndrome and periodontitis (DS‐P), 26 controls with gingivitis (HC‐G) and eight controls with periodontitis (HC‐P) were clinically examined. All patients were between 11 and 20 years of age. Gingival crevicular fluid was collected from each subject and the concentrations of MMPs (2, 3, 8, 9 and 13) and TIMPs (1, 2 and 3) (expressed as pg/μL adjusted for volume of gingival crevicular fluid) were determined using multianalyte kits from R&D Systems.

Results

The concentrations of MMP‐2, MMP‐3, MMP‐8, MMP‐9 and TIMP‐2 in gingival crevicular fluid were significantly higher (p < 0.005) in the DS‐G group compared with the HC‐G group. The correlation coefficient between MMP‐8 and TIMP‐2 differed significantly (p = 0.006) between the DS‐G group and the HC‐G group. On the contrary, the correlation coefficients between MMPs and TIMPs did not differ significantly between the DS‐P group and the HC‐P group. However, the DS‐P group exhibited a significantly lower concentration of TIMP‐2 in the gingival crevicular fluid compared with the HC‐P group.

Conclusion

Down's syndrome subjects with gingivitis exhibit higher concentrations of MMPs in gingival crevicular fluid with an altered relationship between MMP‐8 and TIMP‐2, which might impair the periodontal tissue turnover.
Peptide antimicrobials: cell wall as a bacterial target
Authors: Yount Nannette Y. , Yeaman Michael R.
Published: January 2013

Endogenous host defense peptides (HDPs) are among the most ancient immune mediators, constituting a first line of defense against invading pathogens across the evolutionary continuum. Generally, HDPs are small (<10 kDa), cationic, and amphipathic polypeptides, often broadly classified based on structure. In eukaryotes, major HDP classes include disulfide‐stabilized (e.g., defensins), and α‐helical or extended (e.g., cathelicidins) peptides. Prokaryote HDPs are generally referred to as bacteriocins, colicins, or lantibiotics, many of which undergo extensive posttranslational modifications. One target for prokaryotic and eukaryotic HDPs is the bacterial cell wall, an essential structural feature conserved among broad classes of bacteria. A primary building block of the cell wall is peptidoglycan, a macromolecular complex that arises through a series of reactions including membrane translocation, extracellular anchoring, and side chain cross‐linking. Each of these steps represents a potential target for HDP inhibition, leading to bacteriostatic or bactericidal outcomes. Thus, understanding the relationships between HDPs and cell wall targets may shed light on new peptide antimicrobial agents and strategies to meet the daunting challenge of antibiotic resistance.
On the Applicability of the Sieve Bootstrap in Time Series Panels*
Authors: Smeekes Stephan , Urbain Jean‐Pierre
Published: January 2013

In this article, we investigate the validity of the univariate autoregressive sieve bootstrap applied to time series panels characterized by general forms of cross‐sectional dependence, including but not restricted to cointegration. Using the final equations approach we show that while it is possible to write such a panel as a collection of infinite order autoregressive equations, the innovations of these equations are not vector white noise. This causes the univariate autoregressive sieve bootstrap to be invalid in such panels. We illustrate this result with a small numerical example using a simple DGP for which the sieve bootstrap is invalid, and show that the extent of the invalidity depends on the value of specific parameters. We also show that Monte Carlo simulations in small samples can be misleading about the validity of the univariate autoregressive sieve bootstrap. The results in this article serve as a warning about the practical use of the autoregressive sieve bootstrap in panels where cross‐sectional dependence of general form may be present.
Systematic literature review of the effects of food and drink advertising on food and drink‐related behaviour, attitudes and beliefs in adult populations
Authors: Mills S. D. H. , Tanner L. M. , Adams J.
Published: January 2013

A large body of research confirms that food advertising affects the food preferences and behaviour of children. The impact of food advertising on adults is less clear. We conducted a systematic review exploring the effects of advertising of food and non‐alcoholic drinks (referred to as ‘food’ throughout) on food‐related behaviour, attitudes and beliefs in adult populations.

We searched seven electronic databases, grey literature sources, and references and citations of included material for experimental studies written in English investigating the effects of commercial food advertising on the food‐related behaviours, attitudes and beliefs of adults aged 16 years and over.

Nine studies, rated moderate to poor quality, were included in the review; all were from developed countries and explored the impact of televised food advertising. Overall, the results did not show conclusively whether or not food advertising affects food‐related behaviour, attitudes or beliefs in adults, but suggest that the impact varies inconsistently within subgroups, including gender, weight and existing food psychology.

The identification of a small number of relevant studies, none of which were high quality, and with substantial heterogeneity, highlights the need for further research. Future studies investigating longer term outcomes, diverse advertising formats, and in countries with different levels of economic development will be of particular value.
The Ins and Outs of Death in the Iron Age: Complex Funerary Treatments atBroxmouth Hillfort, East Lothian
Authors: Armit Ian , Neale Naomi , Shapland Fiona , Bosworth Hannah , Hamilton Derek , Mckenzie Jo
Published: January 2013

Evidence for Iron Age funerary treatments remains sporadic acrossBritain and formal cemeteries are especially elusive. One important exception isBroxmouth hillfort, East Lothian, excavated during the late 1970s but not yet published. New analysis of the human remains fromBroxmouth provides evidence for three distinct populations: a formal cemetery outside the hillfort, isolated graves within the ramparts, and a scatter of disarticulated fragments from a range of domestic and midden contexts. The latter group in particular provides significant evidence for violent trauma; isotopic evidence suggests that they may be the remains of outsiders. Together the human remains shed light on complex and changing attitudes to death and the human body in Iron AgeBritain. The material fromBroxmouth is considered in the light of emerging evidence for fluid and pluralistic treatments of the dead in the Iron Age of south‐east Scotland.