bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Detecting changes in naturalistic scenes: contextual inconsistency does not influence spontaneous attention in high‐functioning people with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Loth Eva , Carlos Gómez Juan , Happé Francesca
Published: July 2008

Individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are often reported to be good at detecting minute changes in the environment. This study tested two factors in this phenomenon; detail‐focus and reduced top‐down influence of scene‐schema expectations on spontaneous attention to visual scene elements. Using a change blindness paradigm, adults with ASD and matched typically developing (TD) adults were presented with images of naturalistic scenes (e.g., living room). Scene changes involved three types of object substitution: an object was replaced with (i) an unexpected scene‐unrelated object, (ii) a scene‐related object of a different basic‐level category, (iii) or a different exemplar of the original object category. Top‐down effects of scene‐schema expectations should render scene‐unrelated (i) substitutions easiest to recognize; detail focus should increase detection of exemplar changes. The TD group showed the expected condition effects, detecting scene‐unrelated substitutions significantly better than both types of scene‐related changes. By contrast, the ASD group showed no condition effect, and was only significantly slower and less accurate than the TD group in detecting scene‐unrelated objects. These findings suggest reduced influence of schematic expectations on spontaneous attention in individuals with ASD. Together with other factors, this may contribute to the tendency to notice “irrelevant” changes in the environment.
Die Entwicklung der körperschall‐ und erschütterungsdämmenden Oberbaukonstruktionen beim Münchner U‐Bahn‐Bau
Authors: Doll Gottfried , Eicher Lothar
Published: July 2008

Seit Beginn des U‐Bahn‐Baues in München im Jahre 1965 sind die körperschall‐ und erschütterungsdämmenden Oberbaukonstruktionen bis zum heute erreichten Standard laufend fortentwickelt worden. Es wird über die enge Zusammenarbeit zwischen Bauherrn und Wissenschaft sowie die Erfahrungen in über 40 Jahren U‐Bahn‐Bau in München berichtet.
Bemessung von Stahlbetonplatten nach der Bruchlinientheorie – Drei bisher kaum beachtete Einflüsse
Authors: Herzog Max
Published: July 2008

Die Bemessung umfanggelagerter und punktgestützter Stahlbetonplatten ist von drei Einflüssen abhängig, die bisher kaum Beachtung gefunden haben: die Zugversteifung, die beschränkte Rotationsfähigkeit der Fließgelenke und die Durchbiegung weitgespannter Platten unter langfristigen Einwirkungen.
Zur Ermittlung von Windsoglasten an turmartigen Bauwerken und Hallendächern
Authors: Rosemeier Gustav‐Erich
Published: July 2008

Für viele bautechnische Profile endlicher Länge unter Windlast ist interessant, wann die Windsoglasten zweidimensional (2D) und wann räumlich dreidimensional (3D) zu ermitteln sind. Hierfür wird ein allgemeingültiges Berechnungsverfahren bereitgestellt. Weiterhin wird aufgezeigt, dass mit der Festlegung des Totwasserunterdrucks am Profilrand auch die geometrische Form der Totwasserzone festgelegt ist.
Nutzungskosten: DIN 18960‐2008 – Leistungsfähige Grundlage für die zielorientierte Planung der Lebenszykluskosten
Authors: Blecken Udo , Holthaus‐Sellheier Ursula
Published: July 2008

Die DIN 18960 – Nutzungskosten im Hochbau – ist in überarbeiteter Form im Februar 2008 herausgegeben worden. Sie ist durch Ergänzungen zu einem vollumfänglichen Controllingkonzept (Nutzungskostenvorgabe, ‐ermittlung, ‐kontrolle und ‐steuerung) weiterentwickelt worden, die dem Bauherrn eine kostengesicherte Nutzungskostenplanung ermöglicht. Mit dieser Norm liegt nun eine ökonomisch und ökologisch wichtige Grundlage für den Planungsprozess vor. Im Folgenden sollen die Neuerungen der Norm 18960 beschrieben, die angrenzenden Normen und wichtigen Merkmale erläutert, das Controllingkonzept inkl. eines Berechnungsbeispiels unter Einschluss von Risikoüberlegungen dargestellt und Planungsvertragsfragen besprochen werden.
The absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination of bevirimat in rats
Authors: Bullock Peter , Larsen Douglas , Press Randy , Wehrman Tod , Martin David E.
Published: July 2008

Bevirimat is the first drug in the class of maturation inhibitors, which treat HIV infection by disrupting the activity of HIV protease enzyme with a mechanism of action distinct from that of conventional protease inhibitors. The absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination characteristics of single intravenous (25 mg/kg) and oral (25 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg) doses of 14C‐bevirimat were studied in male Sprague Dawley and Long Evans rats. Pharmacokinetic and mass‐balance studies revealed that bevirimat was cleared rapidly (within 12–24 h) after dosing, although plasma radioactivity was quantifiable up to 168 h. Radioactive metabolites of bevirimat were responsible for approximately 60–80% of plasma radioactivity. Systemically available bevirimat was predominantly (97%) excreted via bile in the faeces, with ⩽1% of the dose excreted renally. Less than 0.1% of the dose was excreted in expired air. Quantitative whole‐body autoradiography detected high quantities of radioactivity in the bile and liver soon after intravenous dose administration, and evidence of biliary excretion present during the 8 h following oral dosing. Oral bioavailability for the 25 mg/kg dose of bevirimat was estimated at 22–24% by pharmacokinetic and mass‐balance methods, with bioavailability decreasing disproportionately with increasing dose for the 600 mg/kg group. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Public decisions or private decisions? When the specific case guides public decisions
Authors: Kogut Tehila
Published: July 2008

Educators' differential decisions towards identified single students as compared with unidentified students, or a group of identified students, were examined by presenting educators with educational scenarios describing actual dilemmas from the three different perspectives. The first two studies indicate that willingness to change the existing policy and to [bend the rule] is greater when a dilemma is presented from the specific identified student's perspective than when presented as a general dilemma. The results of the third study suggest that in their decisions regarding an identified individual student, educators allow more changes in school regulations and give less weight to the school needs as compared with their decisions regarding an unidentified student or a group of students. Implications for policy making are discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exploring the conjunction fallacy within a category learning framework
Authors: Nilsson Håkan
Published: July 2008

The literature presents two major theories on the cause of the conjunction fallacy. The first attributes the conjunction fallacy to the representativeness heuristic. The second suggests that the conjunction fallacy is caused by people combining p(A) and p(B) into p(A&B) in an inappropriate manner. These two theories were contrasted in two category‐learning experiments. As predicted by the latter theory, data showed that participants that could assess p(A&B) directly made fewer conjunction fallacies than participants who had to compute p(A) and p(B) separately and then combine them into p(A&B). Least conjunction fallacies were observed in the cases where the representativeness heuristic was applicable. Overall, data showed that an inability to appropriately combine probabilities is one of the key cognitive mechanisms behind the conjunction fallacy. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Baudynamische Anforderungen an Labors und Produktionsflächen der Nanotechnik
Authors: Heiland Dieter , Beyer Karlheinz
Published: July 2008

Die Nanotechnik stellt strenge Anforderungen bezüglich der Erschütterungen an die Bauwerke. Planer sehen sich mit der Aufgabe konfrontiert, zur Sicherstellung der Gebrauchstauglichkeit
extrem erschütterungsarme Bauwerke zu konzeptionieren. Nicht selten müssen die Erschütterungen im Bauwerk deutlich unter dem Niveau liegen, welches der Baugrund natürlicherweise einleitet. Die Frage realistischer Grenzwerte sowie deren Messung und Beurteilung wird beschrieben und anhand eines Beispielprojekts verdeutlicht.
Vereinfachte Bemessung brandbeanspruchter Stahlbetonkragstützen in Anlehnung an EC 2
Authors: Cyllok Michael , Achenbach Marcus
Published: July 2008

In diesem Beitrag wird das Tragverhalten eines Stahlbetonquerschnitts unter Brandbeanspruchung mit seinen maßgebenden Einflüssen anhand von Beispielen gezeigt. Umgesetzt wird dies in einem vereinfachten Verfahren zur Heißbemessung von Stahlbetonstützen. Die Anwendung des Verfahrens an einem Beispiel rundet den Beitrag ab.
Zum Feuerwiderstand von Stahlbetonstützen
Authors: Upmeyer Jens , Schaumann Peter
Published: July 2008

In dem vorliegenden Beitrag werden Untersuchungen zum Feuerwiderstand von Stahlbetonstützen auf der Basis eines allgemeinen Berechnungsverfahrens durchgeführt. Die Berechnungen erfassen sowohl Pendelstützen als auch Kragstützen mit Knicklängen im Brandfall von bis zu 20,0 m. Für Pendelstützen in Geschossbauten wird aufgrund der üblichen Geschosshöhen von etwa 4,0 m eine neue Klassifizierungstabelle vorgeschlagen. Kragstützen können unter Einhaltung von praxistauglichen Randbedingungen in Feuerwiderstandsklassen eingeordnet werden (Level‐1 Verfahren). Schlussendlich werden Sicherheitsbetrachtungen für bestehende Stahlbetonstützen durchgeführt, die zeigen, dass bestehende Stahlbetonstützen, die entsprechend den Mindestabmessungen der Tabelle 31 der DIN 4102‐4 dimensioniert wurden, im Brandfall standsicher sind, wenn sie regelkonform geplant und hergestellt worden sind.
Zumutbarkeit von Erschütterungen auf Menschen. Messungen, Auswertungen, Beurteilungen
Authors: Kuhlmann Wolfram , Krause Hans‐Jürgen , Kempen Thomas
Published: July 2008

Große Teile Deutschlands und auch weite Teile Europas sind sehr dicht besiedelt. Dies führt dazu, dass Wohngebäude, in denen sich Menschen aufhalten, und Bürogebäude, in denen Menschen arbeiten, immer häufiger durch Erschütterungsereignisse in der näheren Umgebung betroffen sind. Andererseits besteht eine wachsende Erwartung, dass Menschen in Wohn‐ und Bürogebäuden nicht durch Erschütterungen gestört werden.

Ob Erschütterungen als störend wahrgenommen werden, hängt dabei stark mit der menschlichen Physiologie sowie dem Frequenzgehalt und der Dauer der einwirkenden Erschütterungen zusammen. Um dennoch zu einer zuverlässigen Beurteilung zu kommen, ist daher ein Auswerteverfahren erforderlich, dass diese Aspekte berücksichtigt und verbindliche Grenzwerte festlegt.

In diesem Bericht wird zunächst das Vorgehen zur Beurteilung der Zumutbarkeit von Erschütterungen auf Menschen in Gebäuden erläutert. Anschließend wird die Beurteilung der Zumutbarkeit von Erschütterungen aus vier verschiedenen Einwirkungsquellen anhand von vier ausgewählten Projekten vorgestellt. Die Erschütterungsquellen, die dabei zu berücksichtigen waren, umfassen Erschütterungen aus Baustellenbetrieb, aus Produktionsabläufen der Schwerindustrie, aus Straßenverkehr und aus Seilbahnbetrieb. Die Beurteilung der Zumutbarkeit der Erschütterungen nach den jeweiligen länderspezifischen Normen wird in diesem Bericht erläutert.
Hermann von Helmholtz und Carl Stumpf über Konsonanz und Dissonanz
Authors: Kursell Julia
Published: July 2008

Hermann von Helmholtz and Carl Stumpf on Consonance and Dissonance. The article juxtaposes Hermann von Helmholtz's work in the experimental physiology of hearing and Carl Stumpf's tone psychology, focusing on the problem of consonance and dissonance in music. It argues that the experimental set‐up plays a major role in the approaches to hearing of both Helmholtz and Stumpf, shaping their redefinition of the musical concepts of consonance and dissonance. Helmholtz, however, explains dissonance as resulting from the beats that are heard when sound waves interfere, while Stumpf explains consonance from the fusion (Verschmelzung) of sounds, noting that two tones, depending on their distance cannot always be recognized as two but are heard as one single tone. Helmholtz's definition of dissonance eventually threatens his own theory of hearing, which is based on the mechanical principle of resonance and considers sound to be composed of sinusoidal waves. Both the physical and the mathematical tools he uses cannot easily be brought into accordance with his experimental findings on beats, which ask for a discrimination of fast changes in intensity. Dissonance thus becomes “unrecomendable” for Helmholtz, because it overstrains the ear. Stumpf's research, in contrast, has its point of departure in the historically given set of intervals and tries to find a principle that would explain this choice. His tests with experimental subjects who have no conscious knowledge of musical harmony and prove incapable to follow or reproduce music reveals to him a difference between the unity and multiplicity of tones.
Organic cofactors participated more frequently than transition metals in redox reactions of primitive proteins
Authors: Ji Hong‐Fang , Chen Lei , Zhang Hong‐Yu
Published: July 2008

Protein redox reactions are one of the most basic and important biochemical actions. As amino acids are weak redox mediators, most protein redox functions are undertaken by protein cofactors, which include organic ligands and transition metal ions. Since both kinds of redox cofactors were available in the pre‐protein RNA world, it is challenging to explore which one was more involved in redox processes of primitive proteins? In this paper, using an examination of the redox cofactor usage of putative ancient proteins, we infer that organic ligands participated more frequently than transition metals in redox reactions of primitive proteins, at least as protein cofactors. This is further supported by the relative abundance of amino acids in the primordial world. Supplementary material for this article can be found on the BioEssays website. BioEssays 30:766–771, 2008. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A transformation procedure for recalcitrant tomato by addressing transgenic plant‐recovery limiting factors
Authors: Fuentes Alejandro D. , Ramos Pedro L. , Sánchez Yadira , Callard Danay , Ferreira Aleines , Tiel Kenia , Cobas Karen , Rodríguez Raisa , Borroto Carlos , Doreste Vivian , Pujol Merardo
Published: July 2008

Agrobacterium tumefaciens technology is the battle horse for tomato genetic transformation. However, tomato varieties with low regeneration capacity are very difficult to transform. In the past, tomato transformation through Agrobacterium infection was focused on varieties capable of high regeneration yield, while successful transformation of low regenerable cultivars has not been reported. The genotype response to tissue culture conditions is believed to drive the frequency of regeneration of transgenic plant, whereas the capacity for cell proliferation could determine the transformation efficiency through this technology. The Campbell‐28 cultivar is an example of constraints arising from a high morphogenetic potential with low conversion compared to normal plants. In the present work the roles that contribute to improved transgenic plant recovery from this recalcitrant variety were explored for factors like Agrobacterium concentration and antibiotics for bacterial removal and transformant selection. Analysis of the efficiency from independent transformation experiments revealed a more than twofold increase of transformant regeneration after selection on ammonium glufosinate compared to kanamycin selection, showing a transformation efficiency of 21.5%.
Coated‐wall microreactor for continuous biocatalytic transformations using immobilized enzymes
Authors: Thomsen Malene S. , Nidetzky Bernd
Published: July 2008

Microstructured flow reactors are emerging tools for biocatalytic process development. A compelling design is that of the coated‐wall reactor where enzyme is present as a surface layer attached to microchannel walls. However, preparation of a highly active wall biocatalyst remains a problem. Here, a stainless steel microreactor was developed where covalent immobilization of the enzyme in multiple linear flow channels of the reaction plate was supported by a macroporous wash‐coat layer of γ‐aluminum oxide. Using surface functionalization with aminopropyl triethoxysilane followed by activation with glutardialdehyde, the thermophilic β‐glycosidase CelB from Pyrococcus furiosus was bound with retention of half of the specific activity of the free enzyme (800 U/mg), yielding a high catalyst loading of about 500 U/mL. This microreactor was employed for the continuous hydrolysis of lactose (100 mM) at 80°C, providing a space‐time yield of 500 mg glucose/(mL h) at a stable conversion of ≥70%. The immobilized enzyme displayed a half‐life of 15 days under the operational conditions. Due to the absence of hydrophobic solute‐material interactions, which limit the scope of microstructures fabricated from poly(dimethylsiloxane) for biocatalytic applications, the new microreactor was fully compatible with the alternate enzyme substrate 2‐nitro‐phenyl‐β‐D‐galactoside and the 2‐nitro‐phenol product resulting from its hydrolysis catalyzed by CelB.
Acidic‐basic properties of three alanine‐based peptides containing acidic and basic side chains: Comparison between theory and experiment
Authors: Makowska Joanna , Bagińska Katarzyna , Liwo Adam , Chmurzyński Lech , Scheraga Harold A.
Published: July 2008

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the effect of the nature of the ionizable end groups, and the solvent, on their acid‐base properties in alanine‐based peptides. Hence, the acid‐base properties of three alanine‐based peptides: Ac‐KK‐(A)7‐KK‐NH2 (KAK), Ac‐OO‐(A)7‐DD‐NH2 (OAD), Ac‐KK‐(A)7‐EE‐NH2 (KAE), where A, D, E, K, and O denote alanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, lysine, and ornithine, respectively, were determined in water and in methanol by potentiometry. With the availability of these data, the ability of two theoretical methods to simulate pH‐metric titration of those peptides was assessed: (i) the electrostatically driven Monte Carlo method with the ECEPP/3 force field and the Poisson‐Boltzmann approach to compute solvation energy (EDMC/PB/pH), and (ii) the molecular dynamics method with the AMBER force field and the Generalized Born model (MD/GB/pH). For OAD and KAE, pKa1 and pKa2 correspond to the acidic side chains. For all three compounds in both solvents, the pKa1 value is remarkably lower than the pKa of a compound modeling the respective isolated side chain, which can be explained by the influence of the electrostatic field from positively charged ornithine or lysine side chains. The experimental titration curves are reproduced well by the MD/GB/pH approach, the agreement being better if restraints derived from NMR measurements are incorporated in the conformational search. Poorer agreement is achieved by the EDMC/PB/pH method. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 90: 724–732, 2008.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Structural properties of bombesin‐like peptides revealed by surface‐enhanced Raman scattering on roughened silver electrodes
Authors: Podstawka Edyta
Published: July 2008

This work presents a Fourier‐transform absorption infrared, Fourier‐transform Raman, and surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) study of the following peptides belonging to the bombesin‐like family: phyllolitorin, [Leu8]phyllolitorin, NMB, NMC, and PG‐L. The SERS study was undertaken to understand the adsorption mechanism of bombesin‐like peptides on an electrochemically roughened silver electrode surface and to show changes in the adsorption mechanism with alterations in amino acids and small tertiary structures. The SERS spectra presented here shows bands mainly associated with the Trp8residue vibrations. The presence of mainly pyrrole coring vibrations for phyllolitorin and [Leu8]phyllolitorin and mainly benzene coring modes for NMB and NMC indicated that these groups interact with the roughened silver electrode surface. Furthermore, N1C8and C3C9bonds of the PG‐L indole ring seemed to have nearly a vertical orientation on the electrode surface. In addition, distinct vibrations of the CS fragment were observed in the SERS spectra of [Leu8]phyllolitorin and PG‐L. The strong enhancement of the ν(CO) vibration in the [Leu8]phyllolitorin SERS spectrum yielded evidence that the intact CO bond(s) bind strongly to the silver electrode surface, whereas NMC, phyllolitorin, and NMB were located near the silver surface. This finding was supported by the presence of the ν(CCO) mode. The amide I band observed at 1642 and 1634 cm−1for NMB and NMC, respectively, and the Raman amide III band seen in the 1282–1249 cm−1range for all peptides except PG‐L, indicate that the strongly hydrogen‐bonded α‐helical conformation and random‐coil structure are favored for binding to the surface. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 89: 980–992, 2008.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Does explicit contracting effectively link CEO compensation to environmental performance?
Authors: Cordeiro James J. , Sarkis Joseph
Published: July 2008

Empirical research in the area of corporate sustainability highlights potential conflicts between corporate financial performance and environmental performance. In such a situation, agency theory arguments applied to the corporate environmental context predict that top management compensation should be explicitly linked to environmental performance in order to bring about proper alignment of organizational environmental goals and management incentives. We test this proposition for a sample of 207 Standard & Poor 500 firms in the US in 1996 who explicitly report in Investor Responsibility Research Council (IRRC) surveys the presence or absence of a contractual link between environmental performance and executive compensation. We find that only in firms with an explicit linkage between environmental performance and executive contracts is there is any evidence of a significant impact of firm‐level environmental performance on CEO compensation levels. However, even this impact is not very impressive since (a) it holds only for IRRC compliance and spill indices and does not hold for IRRC toxic emission indices, and (b) even the effects for compliance and spill indices do not hold relative to industry levels of these indices. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Exploring the dilemma of local sourcing versus international development – the case of the flower industry
Authors: Holt Diane , Watson Anna
Published: July 2008

This paper examines the debate surrounding local versus international sourcing of retail products, particularly food and flowers, in light of the emerging carbon imperative. It begins by examining the Fairtrade market and then examines ‘food miles’ and carbon impact. The complexity of sourcing decisions when considering both international development issues and the emerging carbon agenda is considered using the case of the cut flower industry. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
‘Who would take whose name?’ Accounts of naming practices in same‐sex relationships
Authors: Clarke Victoria , Burns Maree , Burgoyne Carole
Published: July 2008

The practice of a woman assuming her husband's last name upon marriage is a deeply embedded norm in some countries. Whether or not individual heterosexual couples reproduce or resist this practice, it provides a context for making decisions about marital names. No conventions, other than heteronormative ones, govern naming practices in same‐sex relationships and families, but very little is known about name changing in these contexts. This paper reports an exploratory qualitative study of the ways in which 30 lesbians and gay men in committed relationships made meaning of name changing and keeping. Only one participant reported changing her last name, some considered name changing a future possibility, but most had no plans to change their name. The lack of conventions regarding naming in same‐sex families created a dilemma for some participants—who would take whose name? Many participants did not want to entirely give up their name, thus a hyphenated last name was the most popular option for those contemplating a name change. Accounts of name changing centred on doing/being family. This was also a theme in accounts of name keeping, along with maintaining a continuity of personal and professional identity, avoiding hassle, complications and confusion and resisting heteronormativity. The findings are discussed in relation to other research on naming in same‐sex families and research on heterosexual marital naming practices. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Immigration and femininity in Southern Europe: A gender‐based psychosocial analysis
Authors: González‐González J. M. , Zarco V.
Published: July 2008

Despite the growing presence of female immigrants in Western countries, research on the subject highlights two important biases that hinder appropriate explanation of the migratory phenomenon and hence prevent adequate intervention. First, most of the research studies conducted so far focus on male migration; second, the macro‐social perspective has prevailed in these areas of study since socio‐economic and political aspects have taken centre stage in analyses on migratory phenomena, From a gender‐based psychosocial perspective, this study addresses the migration project of 53 women from different South American countries, the Maghreb region and Eastern Europe now living in Southern Spain. For this purpose we conducted 23 in‐depth interviews, and staged six discussion groups with the aim of elucidating to what extent gender‐based psychosocial beliefs—stereotypes, ideology and identity—determine women's migration process. Our results suggest that the main stages in the process—deciding to emigrate, itinerary for social and labour integration in the host country, and general assessment of the migration experience—are strongly influenced by psychosociological constructs which arise as a result of female gender‐typing or female profile. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The impact of residential context on adolescents' Subjective Well being
Authors: Cicognani Elvira , Albanesi Cinzia , Zani Bruna
Published: July 2008

The study investigates the impact of residential context on stressful events and Subjective Well being (Emotional and Psychological) in young people living in a deprived geographical area, and the mediating role of personal (Self‐Efficacy) and social (Social Support, Sense of Community) variables. A questionnaire was submitted to 297 subjects (48.5% males): 203 adolescents (14–19 years old) and 94 young adults (20–27 years old), from different socio‐economic (SES) levels. Results confirm the significant impact of the residential context on youngsters' perceived residential quality, Stress and Subjective Well being outcomes; such effect partly differs according to participants' gender and age. Adolescents are less satisfied of their living context and enjoy lower well being than young adults. Social resources (Friend and Family Support) significantly buffer the effect of a deprived residential context of youngsters' Well being, whereas personal resources (Self‐Efficacy) directly increase Well being levels. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New Oxa‐Bridged Macrocycles
Authors: Panten Johannes , Surburg Horst , Hölscher Bernd
Published: July 2008

In creating new aroma molecules, the fragrance chemist can make use of several tools: receptor or combinatorial research as well as lead structure optimization of existing chemicals or substances from the natural pool. Sometimes, it is also possible to discover new structures via another way: the careful analysis of existing products and their production processes. In analyzing the production process of 1‐oxacyclohexadecan‐2‐one (6), we identified at least two new oxa‐bridged macrocyclic molecules. In continuation, these results inspired us to synthesize and evaluate more representatives with similar structures. In this contribution, presented at the RSC/SCI conference ‘flavours & fragrances 2007’ in London, September 24–26, 2007, the synthesis and olfactory properties of several new oxa‐bridged macrocycles will be introduced and discussed.
Synthesis of l‐Muscone by Asymmetric Methylation via Enol Esters
Authors: Matsuda Hiroyuki , Tanaka Shigeru , Yamamoto Kenichi , Ishida Kenya
Published: July 2008

An effective synthetic route of l‐muscone (1) by asymmetric methylation, followed by enolate‐trapping to generate enol esters as intermediates, was described. Interestingly, the enol esters can be used as substrates for enzymatic optical resolution to improve optical purity. Additionally, several excellent new chiral ligands were discovered for asymmetric methylation of (E)‐cyclopentadec‐2‐enone to produce l‐muscone with high optical purity.
Marine Fragrance Chemistry
Authors: Hügel Helmut M. , Drevermann Britta , Lingham Anthony R. , Marriott Philip J.
Published: July 2008

The main marine message in perfumery is projected by Calone 1951® (7‐methyl‐2H‐1,5‐benzodioxepin‐3(4H)‐one). Kraft (Givaudan) and Gaudin (Firmenich) further maximized the marine fragrance molecular membership by extending the carbon chain of the 7‐Me group. Our research targeted the polar group of the benzodioxepinone parent compound to investigate how this region of molecular makeup resonates with the dominant marine fragrance of the Calone 1951® structure. The olfactory evaluation of analogues prepared by chemical modification or removal of the CO group resulted in the introduction of aldehydic, sweet and floral‐fruity notes with a diluted/diminished potency of the marine odor. To further analyze the olfactory properties of benzodioxepinones containing a diverse range of aromatic ring substituents, a novel synthesis route was developed. We found that a 7‐alkyl group in Calone 1951® was essential for the maintenance of the significant marine odor characteristic, and our studies support the concept that the odorant structure occupying the hydrophobic binding pocket adjacent to the aromatic ring‐binding site of the olfactory receptor is pivotal in the design and discovery of more potent and characteristic marine fragrances. How the structure of benzodioxepinones connects to marine sea‐breeze fragrances is our continuing challenging research focus at the chemistry‐biology interface.
Enantioselective Synthesis and Olfactory Evaluation of 13‐Alkyl‐Substituted α‐Ionones
Authors: Luparia Marco , Boschetti Paolo , Piccinini Francesca , Porta Alessio , Zanoni Giuseppe , Vidari Giovanni
Published: July 2008

To study the influence of the steric bulk of the substituents at C(5) on the olfactory characteristics of α‐ionone, the (S)‐antipodes of compounds 8–10 were synthesized starting from (S)‐α‐cyclogeraniol (14a). The latter was available in useful preparative yield with 95% ee by enantioselective lipase‐PS‐mediated acetylation of the racemic mixture. Key step in the conversion of 14a to 8–10 was an SN2′‐type reaction of an organocuprate on the allylic phosphate 20, which appears to be a general method for the introduction of an alkyl substituent at the cyclohexene CC bond of ionones. Olfactory evaluation showed that, compared to the parent (S)‐α‐ionone (1), the odor strength and fragrance facets of the three analogues 8–10 are significantly influenced by the bulkiness of the substituent at C(13), giving further evidence that hydrophobic interactions of this group play a significant role in the chemoreception of ionones. In particular, the odor of the ethyl derivative 8 was found to be significantly stronger than that of the parent (S)‐α‐ionone (1).
The Search for Innovative Fragrant Molecules
Authors: Plessis Caroline
Published: July 2008

An overview of the recent research subjects in the perfumery field and, more precisely the synthesis of novel compounds for the hesperidic family of odorants, is presented. The new derivatives possess very different structures; nevertheless, they all share an aldehydic odor, but with diverse nuances, which make them all attractive for different purposes.
New Norbornyl Derivatives as Woody Fragrant Materials
Authors: Muratore Agnès , Duñach Elisabet , Clinet Jean‐Claude , Plessis Caroline
Published: July 2008

The optimization of a Diels–Alder reaction to prepare a novel ketone bearing a 2,3‐dimethylnorbornyl group is presented together with the structure elucidation of the isomers. Employing this new ketone as starting material, derivatives with new woody odor notes as well as attempts to obtain ambery‐musky odorants are reported.
Enzyme‐Triggered and Self‐Cleaving Fragrant Alcohol Precursors
Authors: Flachsmann Felix , Gautschi Markus , Bachmann Jean‐Pierre , Brunner Gerhard
Published: July 2008

The high volatility and water solubility of many natural perfumery alcohols leads to their rapid loss in fabric‐care and personal‐care applications. A dramatically enhanced substantivity is achieved by the use of fragrance precursors as controlled‐release systems. In the first part of this article, we present multi‐odorant precursors, in which the enzymatic cleavage of esters or carbonates of fragrant alcohols triggers subsequent steps leading to the release of fragrant ketones, lactones, and additional fragrant alcohols. In the second part, a study on oligocarbonates of fragrant alcohols is presented. Therein, the outstanding enzyme‐independent performance of gluconolactone oligocarbonate 27 for the long‐lasting release of (Z)‐hex‐3‐en‐1‐ol is highlighted. We show that these polyfunctional compounds undergo complex rearrangements and intramolecular substitution reactions which lead to the observed release kinetics.
‘Escentrıc’ Molecules
Authors: Schön Geza
Published: July 2008

Can a fragrance be revolutionary? In this commentary, the creation of two unusual, extravagant fine fragrances, ‘escentrıc01’ and ‘molecule01’, is described. In response to the fantasy components found in release notes of many recent perfume launches, both center around a single real fragrance raw material, the transparent woody aroma chemical ‘Iso E Super’ (1+2). The perfume ‘escentrıc01’ contains 65% of it, accompanied by Trisamber (3), red pepper, lime oil, incense and musks, while ‘molecule01’ consists exclusively of ‘Iso E Super’ (1+2). The elegant woody note lives here its own eccentric life – the revolution starts.
From Virgin Education to Real Education
Authors: Laudamiel Christophe , Hornetz Christoph , Mookherjee Braja D. , Patel Subha
Published: July 2008

The now famous virgin headspace experiment from late Braja D. Mookherjee and Subha Patel, and its use in the creation of scent ‘Virgin N° 1’ by Christophe Laudamiel and Christoph Hornetz for the novel by Patrick Süskind, and the movie by Tom Tykwer ‘Perfume – The Story of a Murderer’ (Constantin Film – Thierry Mugler Parfums – IFF, 2006) is discussed. Another fragrance from the luxury coffret, ‘Salon Rouge’, is described as well, illustrating how molecules and natural ingredients can be utilized, not only to create innovative or artistic fragrance compositions, but also to provide fundamental consumer education, improving the public image both of Chemistry and Perfumery.
Instrumental and Sensory Approaches for the Characterization of Compounds Responsible for Wine Aroma
Authors: Barbe Jean‐Christophe , Pineau Bénédicte , Ferreira Antonio Cesar Silva
Published: July 2008

More than 800 aromatic compounds have been identified in wine, some of them at the ng/l level. Wine, therefore, constitutes a very complex matrix, from which it is difficult to isolate a specific aroma character. Gas chromatography–olfactometry (GC–O) applied to wine extracts is used to characterize odor‐active zones that are often treated in a hierarchical way by Aroma Extract Dilution Analysis (AEDA). The aromatic impact of the volatiles is evaluated, generally by determining perception thresholds. This methodology has provided convincing results concerning wine flavors, but it does have its limitations. For instance, data on β‐damascenone have demonstrated that these methods could reach their limits for this volatile, in particular, because of the non‐quantitative representation of aroma extracts of wines, and because of the difficulty to accurately determine the perception threshold in wines for a compound already present. For β‐damascenone, we have shown that its very low detection threshold with GC–O, its wide range, and its dependence on the composition of the medium resulted in overestimating its direct impact on the aroma of wine. Another way to facilitate the characterization of aromatic compounds was, therefore, investigated. High‐Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) methods were developed for the analysis of wine extracts. From an aromatic extract, 25 fractions with various flavors were thus obtained, and reverse‐phase methodology was used for the selection and characterization of red‐ and black‐fruit aromas in red wines.
Retronasal Perception of Odors
Authors: Hummel Thomas
Published: July 2008

Odors often produce different sensations when presented in front of the nose or intraorally, when eaten. It is a long‐standing question whether these differences in sensations are due, for example, to the additional mechanical sensations elicited by the food in the mouth or additional odor release during mastication. To study this phenomenon in detail, a stimulation technique has been developed that allows controlled ortho‐ or retronasal presentation of odorous stimuli. Results from psychophysical, electrophysiological, and imaging studies suggest that there are clear differences in the perception of ortho‐ and retronasal stimuli. This ‘duality of the sense of smell’ is also observed in a clinical context where some patients exhibit good retronasal olfactory function with little or no orthonasal function left, and vice versa. The differences between ortho‐ and retronasal perception of odors are thought to be, at least partly, due to absorption of odors to the olfactory epithelium, which appears to differ in relation to the direction of the airflow across the olfactory epithelium.
Volatiles from Leaves and Rhizomes of Fragrant Acorus spp. (Acoraceae)
Authors: Du Zhizhi , Clery Robin A. , Hammond Christopher J.
Published: July 2008

Three horticultural selections of Acorus gramineus Soland were investigated to determine the chemical composition of their leaves and rhizomes. The variety ‘liquorice’ was found to contain methylchavicol (49%) which accounts for the unusual anisic odor of this variety, while β‐asarone was the main component of A. christophii (43%) and ‘yodo‐no‐yuki’ (20%). The results are compared with calamus oils, and the possible biosynthetic precursors of the main components methylchavicol and β‐asarone are considered.
OPRISK: A structured checklist assessing security needs for mentally disordered offenders referred to high security psychiatric hospital
Authors: Brown Christine S. H. , Lloyd Keith
Published: July 2008

Background More mentally disordered offenders (MDOs) are referred to secure psychiatric care settings than are accepted for admission. Psychiatrists working in different care settings may disagree on the appropriate level of security for MDOs, resulting in treatment delay. A pre‐admission structured assessment of security needs for MDOs may facilitate agreement and access to care.

Aims To assess the predictive validity and reliability of a structured assessment of security need (OPRISK) in a prospective cohort of referrals to high security hospital.

Method Operationalized criteria describing risk factors related to security need were used to develop OPRISK, an 18 item checklist. The predictive validity of OPRISK was assessed prospectively on the outcome of 140 referrals to Broadmoor high security hospital.

Results Receiver operating characteristic curves of the predictive validity of OPRISK yielded an area under the curve of 0.765 (p < 0.001, 95% CI: 0.686–0.844). Internal consistency (>0.75) and inter‐rater reliability (0.925) were high.

Conclusion OPRISK makes the evidence for an MDO's security needs explicit, aiding communication across service settings and improving access to care. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Filicide: A comparative study of maternal versus paternal child homicide
Authors: Liem Marieke , Koenraadt Frans
Published: July 2008

Background Filicide is the murder of a child by a parent. Historically, filicide was regarded as a female crime, but nowadays, in the West, men have become increasingly likely to be convicted of killing their child. Previous research on filicide has primarily focussed on either maternal or paternal filicide rather than comparing the two.

Aim The aim of our study is to examine and compare the socio‐demographic, environmental and psychopathological factors underlying maternal and paternal filicide.

Methods Data were extracted from records in a forensic psychiatric observation hospital in Utrecht, in the Netherlands for the period 1953–2004.

Results Seventy‐nine men and 82 women were detained in the hospital under criminal charges in that period, having killed (132) or attempted to kill (29) their own child(ren). Differences between men and women were found with regard to age, methods of killing and motivation underlying the filicide.

Conclusions The categories of filicide identified corresponded to those in studies from other countries, indicating that filicide follows similar patterns throughout the Western world. The fact that 25% of fathers had killed in reaction to threatened separation or divorce, and that over a third of men and more than half of the women were mentally ill at the time may suggest that increased monitoring by primary care physicians under such circumstances might have preventive value. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An evaluation of behavioural and personality differences between native and non‐native male adolescents in the Netherlands ordered into treatment in a forensic psychiatric outpatient clinic, and their non‐violent peers
Authors: Hornsveld Ruud H. J. , Cuperus Henriëtte , De Vries Edzard T. , Kraaimaat Floor W.
Published: July 2008

Background In a previous study of the dynamic criminogenic needs of violent outpatients we did not differentiate between native and non‐native adolescents, but differences between personality traits and problem behaviours may require adaptations to any treatment programme.

Aim To compare, in the Netherlands, native and non‐native adolescents with and without a violence history on personality traits and problem behaviours.

Methods Forty‐eight native and 71 non‐native violent male adolescents were recruited from consecutive referrals to a forensic outpatient clinic after a violent offence and compared with randomly selected male youths in secondary vocational schools, but without a violent history, 82 of whom were from Dutch and 79 from non‐Dutch descent. Each took part in an individual interview to complete a range of personality and behavioural rating scales.

Results Native and non‐native adolescent outpatients did not differ from each other on any measure. Overall, the outpatients scored higher than the students on hostility but not aggressive behaviour, but there were differences within the student group according to descent, with the native students having higher agreeableness scores and lower hostility and aggressive behaviour scores than the students of non‐Dutch descent.

Conclusion Our study suggested that any differences in behavioural or personality traits seen in the general adolescent population according to descent are not reflected in a violent offender group of similar age. It therefore seems unlikely to be necessary to run different treatment programmes for native and non‐native adolescent offenders. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acceptance areas for multivariate classification derived by projection methods
Authors: Pomerantsev Alexey L.
Published: July 2008

In the projection methods (PCA, PLS) two distance measures are of importance. They are the score distance (SD, a.k.a. leverage) and the orthogonal distance (OD, a.k.a. the residual variance). This paper shows that both distance measures can be modeled by the χ2‐distribution. Each model includes a scaling factor that can be described by an explicit equation. Moreover, the models depend on an unknown number of degrees of freedom, which have to be estimated using a training dataset. Such modeling is further applied to classification within the SIMCA framework, and various acceptance areas are built for a given significance level. A triangular area, constructed using the sum of the normalized SD and OD, is deemed to be the most practical. This theoretical notion is supported by three examples. The first is based on a simulated dataset, while the other two employ real world data. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Li2B12Si2: The First Ternary Compound in the System Li/B/Si: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, Hardness, Spectroscopic Investigations, and Electronic Structure
Authors: Vojteer Natascha , Schroeder Melanie , Röhr Caroline , Hillebrecht Harald
Published: July 2008

We present the synthesis, crystal structure, hardness, IR/Raman and UV/Vis spectra, and FP‐LAPW calculations of the electronic structure of Li2B12Si2, the first ternary compound in the system Li/B/Si. Yellow, transparent single crystals were synthesized from the elements in tin as solvent at 1500 °C in h‐BN crucibles in arc‐welded Ta ampoules. Li2B12Si2 crystallizes orthorhombic in the space group Cmce (no. 64) with a=6.1060(6), b=10.9794(14), c=8.4050(8) Å, and Z=4. The crystal structure is characterized by a covalent network of B12 icosahedra connected by Si atoms and Li atoms located in interstitial spaces. The structure is closely related to that of MgB12Si2 and fulfils the electron‐counting rules of Wade and Longuet‐Higgins. Measurements of Vickers (HV=20.3 GPa) and Knoop microhardness (HK=20.4 GPa) revealed that Li2B12Si2 is a hard material. The band gap was determined experimentally and calculated by theoretical means. UV/Vis spectra revealed a band gap of 2.27 eV, with which the calculated value of 2.1 eV agrees well. The IR and Raman spectra show the expected oscillations of icosahedral networks. Theoretical investigations of bonding in this structure were carried out with the FP‐LAPW method. The results confirm the applicability of simple electron‐counting rules and enable some structural specialties to be explained in more detail.
A Simple and Effective Catalytic System for Epoxidation of Aliphatic Terminal Alkenes with Manganese(II) as the Catalyst
Authors: Ho Kam‐Piu , Wong Wing‐Leung , Lam Kin‐Ming , Lai Cheuk‐Piu , Chan Tak Hang , Wong Kwok‐Yin
Published: July 2008

A simple catalytic system that uses commercially available manganese(II) perchlorate as the catalyst and peracetic acid as the oxidant is found to be very effective in the epoxidation of aliphatic terminal alkenes with high product selectivity at ambient temperature. Many terminal alkenes are epoxidised efficiently on a gram scale in less than an hour to give excellent yields of isolated product (>90 %) of epoxides in high purity. Kinetic studies with some C9‐alkenes show that the catalytic system is more efficient in epoxidising terminal alkenes than internal alkenes, which is contrary to most commonly known epoxidation systems. The reaction rate for epoxidation decreases in the order: 1‐nonene>cis‐3‐nonene>trans‐3‐nonene. ESI‐MS and EPR spectroscopic studies suggest that the active form of the catalyst is a high‐valent oligonuclear manganese species, which probably functions as the oxygen atom‐transfer agent in the epoxidation reaction.