bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Should spontaneous and medically indicated preterm births be separated for studying aetiology?
Authors: Savitz David A. , Dole Nancy , Herring Amy H. , Kaczor Diane , Murphy June , Siega‐Riz Anna Maria , Thorp John M. , MacDonald Thaddeus L.
Published: September 2010

An increasing proportion of preterm births result from medical interventions, and the practice of aggregating all preterm births vs. splitting into spontaneous and medically indicated preterm births is inconsistent. While mechanistic and clinical arguments can be offered for either approach, we empirically evaluated the predictiveness of a range of risk factors for preterm birth in the Pregnancy, Infection, and Nutrition Study. Most influences were shared across the two subsets – African‐American ethnicity, advancing age, delivery at a university medical centre, prior preterm birth and smoking. Medically indicated preterm births appeared to be associated with intensity of medical care, higher in the university medical centre and lower for the poorest women. Body mass index was positively associated with medically indicated preterm birth and inversely with spontaneous preterm birth. Given the complexity of the aetiological pathways, both aggregation and disaggregation are well justified and should be included in studies of the causes of preterm birth.
Multilevel modelling of hospitalisations for recurrent diarrhoeal disease in Aboriginal and non‐Aboriginal infants and young children in Western Australia
Authors: Yau Kelvin K. W. , Lee Andy H. , Gracey Michael
Published: September 2010

A multilevel proportional hazards model was used to determine the prognostic factors affecting hospitalisations for recurrent diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children. All infants born in 1996 who had index gastroenteritis admission to Western Australian (WA) hospitals during their first year of life were included in our study cohort (n = 486). There were 618 hospital admissions for infectious diarrhoea over the 6‐year follow‐up period. Aboriginal children stayed significantly longer in hospital than their non‐Aboriginal peers, and comorbidities such as dehydration, gastrointestinal sugar intolerance, failure to thrive, iron deficiency anaemia and certain infections (genitourinary, scabies and/or otitis media) were all significantly associated with the delayed discharge of patients. Substantial variations among patients (variance = 0.660) and between health service regions of WA (variance = 0.296) were found. Over 30% of the total variation could be attributed to the heterogeneity between health districts. For any two patients in the same health district, the within‐region (intraclass) correlation was estimated to be 0.309.

In the absence of detailed socio‐demographic data, application of the standard survival procedure may lead to incorrect inferences due to regional clustering and repeated observations on individuals. By accounting for latent patient and regional effects, the multilevel analysis clearly confirmed the high burden of infectious diarrhoea among Aboriginal infants and children, and their much longer hospital stays. Coexisting morbidities contributed to the prolonged and recurrent hospitalisations. Findings of this epidemiological study indicated the need of multifaceted clinical disease prevention and hygiene promotion strategies to control the disease.
The Kalgoorlie Otitis Media Research Project: rationale, methods, population characteristics and ethical considerations
Authors: Lehmann Deborah , Arumugaswamy Ashwini , Elsbury Dimity , Finucane Janine , Stokes Annette , Monck Ruth , Jeffries‐Stokes Christine , McAullay Daniel , Coates Harvey , Stanley Fiona J.
Published: September 2010

Otitis media (OM) is one of the most common paediatric illnesses for which medical advice is sought in developed countries. Australian Aboriginal children suffer high rates of OM from early infancy. The resultant hearing loss can affect education and quality of life. As numerous factors contribute to the burden of OM, interventions aimed at reducing the impact of single risk factors are likely to fail. To identify key risk factors and understand how they interact in complex causal pathways, we followed 100 Aboriginal and 180 non‐Aboriginal children from birth to age 2 years in a semi‐arid zone of Western Australia. We collected demographic, obstetric, socio‐economic and environmental data, breast milk once, and nasopharyngeal samples and saliva on seven occasions. Ear health was assessed by clinical examination, tympanometry, transient evoked otoacoustic emissions and audiometry. We considered the conduct of our study in relation to national ethical guidelines for research in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health. After 1 year of community consultation, the study was endorsed by local committees and ethical approval granted. Fieldwork was tailored to minimise disruption to people's lives and we provided regular feedback to the community.

We saw 81% of non‐Aboriginal and 65% of Aboriginal children at age 12 months. OM was diagnosed on 55% and 26% of routine clinical examinations in Aboriginal and non‐Aboriginal children respectively. Aboriginal mothers were younger and less educated, fewer were employed and they lived in more crowded conditions than non‐Aboriginal mothers. Sixty‐four per cent of Aboriginal and 40% of non‐Aboriginal babies were exposed to environmental tobacco smoke. Early consultation, provision of a service while undertaking research, inclusion of Aboriginal people as active members of a research team and appropriate acknowledgement will assist in ensuring successful completion of the research.
Fetal growth and childhood cholesterol levels in the United States
Authors: Ogden Cynthia L. , Schoendorf Kenneth C. , Kiely John L. , Gillman Matthew W.
Published: September 2010

Research has linked fetal environment to subsequent adult disease. This study examines the extent to which infants born small‐for‐gestational age (SGA) were at risk for high cholesterol levels in early childhood (ages 4–6 years). Data were obtained from 1727 children aged 4–6 years who participated in the cross‐sectional third US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and had both birth certificates and blood cholesterol information. The odds of having moderately elevated (170–199 mg/dL) or high (≥200 mg/dL) serum total cholesterol after being born SGA were determined after controlling for sex, race/ethnicity, education of household head, saturated fat intake, parental history of high cholesterol and overweight status.

Approximately 11% of participants were SGA. Proportions of children with moderately elevated and high cholesterol levels were approximately 28 and 8%, respectively. SGA children were almost twice as likely (odds ratio 1.97, 95% confidence interval [0.8, 4.8]) to have high cholesterol vs. low cholesterol than non‐SGA children, although the result was not statistically significant. Multiple linear regression demonstrated a similar inverse, non‐significant relationship between gestation‐adjusted birthweight and cholesterol (β = −2.3, P = 0.33). These data indicate a possible association between reduced fetal growth, represented by birthweight adjusted for gestational age, and increased cholesterol levels in early childhood.
Metasternal scent glands in Belostomatidae (Heteroptera)
Authors: STADDON B.W.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

The distribution of metasternal scent glands in two subfamilies of Belostomatidae is discussed.
The evolution of sperm transfer mechanisms in the Diptera
Authors: POLLOCK J. N.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

The known occurrence of spermatophores in the Diptera and some possible modes of transition to other mechanisms of sperm transfer are outlined. The closed systems of transfer, and the significance of modifications of gonopore shape in some species, are discussed.
The effect of soil flooding on the survival and development of the eggs of Tipula oleracea L. and T.paludosa Meigen (Diptera: Tipulidae)
Authors: MEATS A.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

A comparison is made of the survival and development of eggs of Tipula oleracea and T.paludosa, at certain temperatures, under water only or under water standing over soil. The significance the activity of the soil microflora and mechanical disturbance of the water is discussed.
Reactions of various predators to insects storing heart poisons (cardiac glycosides) in their tissues
Authors: ROTHSCHILD MIRIAM , KELLETT D. N.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

Notes are given of experiments in which mammals and birds were fed with insects which sequester and store cardiac glycosides, and the insensi‐tivity of the quail (Coturnix japonicusTern.) to these substances is recorded. The variation in predators' reactions to toxic insects is discussed.
The significance of worker size in the seasonal development of the wasps Vespula vulgaris (L.) and Vespula germanica (F.)
Authors: ARCHER M. E.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

An account is given of the variation of worker size in Vespula vulgaris and V.germanica during the vespine season and of pupal size, as indicative of larval feeding conditions, on the same comb and on different combs in the same nest.
Differences in the mating behaviour of the rat flea Nosopsyllus fasciatus (Bosc)
Authors: ROTHSCHILD MIRIAM , FORD BOB
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

An account is given of differences in development at emergence in two strains of Nosopsyllus fasciatus, and of consequent differences in mating behaviour.
Reproductive maturation and pheromone release in the flour moth Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller)
Authors: CALVERT IAN , CORBET SARAH A.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

An account is given of the timing of pheromone production in relation to reproductive maturation in the female of Anagasta kuehniella, and of the maturation of sperm and response to the pheromone in the male.
The effects of larval competition on puparial size in Sarcophaga spp. (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) breeding in dead snails
Authors: BEAVER R. A.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

An account is given of the effects of competition for food on the volume of the puparia of three species of Sarcophaga breeding in dead snails. The relationships between the number of puparia in a snail and the mean and total volume of the puparia, and the extent to which food is equally divided among the larvae are discussed.
Qviposition of Schistocerca gregaria (Forskal) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) mated with males unable to transfer spermatophores
Authors: LEAHY SISTER MARY G.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

An account is given of the oviposition of females paired with males unable to transfer spermatophores. Various influences of the male accessory gland on the gonotrophic cycle are discussed.
Cardiac glycosides in a scale insect (Aspidiotus), a ladybird (Coccinella) and a lacewing (Chrysopa)
Authors: ROTHSCHILD MIRIAM , von EUW J. , REICHSTEIN T.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

The presence of cardiac glycosides in the body tissues of three species of insects from three different orders, all feeding on Nerium oleander L., is recorded.
Water uptake through the cuticle of the water scorpion, Nepa cinerea L. (Heteroptera: Nepidae)
Authors: STADDON B. W.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

The rate of osmotic water uptake through the hydrophilic cuticle of Nepa cinerea has been measured and compared with that found in other water bugs possessing a hydrophobic cuticle.
Ovariole microstructure and vitellogenesis in Lygocoris pabulinus (L.) and other mirids (Hemiptera: Miridae)
Authors: WIGHTMAN J. A.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

The microstructure of the ovariole of Lygocoris pubulinus is described, and an account is given of the method of yolk production. The significance of variations in the structure of the germarium in Heteroptera is discussed.
Establishment and seasonal variation in abundance of the European rabbit flea, Spilopsyllus cuniculi (Dale), on wild rabbits in Australia
Authors: WILLIAMS R. T.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

Observations on the establishment, and seasonal variations in the number, of the European rabbit flea, Spilopsyllus cuniculi (Dale), on wild rabbits in Australia.
Changes in haemolymph osmotic pressure in Locusta migratoria larvae in relation to feeding
Authors: BERNAYS E. A. , CHAPMAN R. F.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

An account is given of the effect of feeding on haemolymph osmotic pressure in larvae of Locusta migratoria. Changes in concentration of solutes and haemolymph volume are investigated and discussed.
The reproductive behaviour and the nature of sexual selection in Scatophaga stercoraria L. (Diptera: Scatophagidae).
Authors: PARKER G. A.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

Field data on male reproductive searching activity in Scatophaga is compared with that for non‐reproductive behaviour. The effects of high and low male density are investigated and the sequential organisation of the search pattern is analyse and discussed.
Cellulose digestion in the locust, Schistocerra gregaria
Authors: PAYNE D. W. , DAVIDSON LYNDA M.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

An account is given of the bacterial flora of the alimentary tract of Schistocerca gregaria and the presence of cellulose digesting species is investigated.
Observations on the metathoracic scent gland system of the backswimmer, Notonecta glauca L. (Heteroptera: Notonectidae)
Authors: STADDON B.W. , THORNE M.J.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

The closing apparatus in the metathoracic scent gland system of Notonecta glauca is described, and notes on the distribution of metathoracic scent glands in the family Notonectidae are included.
The chromosomes of a long‐isolated monotypic butterfly genus: Tellervo zoilus (Nymphalidae: Ithomiinae) in Australia
Authors: EMMEL THOMAS C. , KILDUFF THOMAS S. , McFARLAND NOEL
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

The chromosome number of the Australian butterfly Tellervo zoilus, the only representative of the subfamily Ithomiinae outside tropical America, is reported as n = 32. The meiotic metaphase chromosomes and adults of the typical subspecies are illustrated, and the significance of this particular chromosome number is discussed.
Lycaenid pupae that mimic anthropoid heads
Authors: HINTON H. E.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

The resemblance of the pupae of three species of Lycaenidae of the tribe Spalgini to the heads of anthropoids in Africa, India, and North America is discussed. It is suggested that one of these, Spalgis lemolea Druce, resembles the head of a monkey when seen from nearby but a bird‐dropping when seen from further away.
Some defence mechanisms of the Hercules beetle,Dynastes hercules
Authors: JARMAN G. M. , HINTON H. E.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

Measurements are given of the forces that can be applied to an object held between the prothoracic and cephalic horns of a large male Hercules beetle. The ways in which the horns are adapted for gripping objects are discussed. The intensity and form of the sound produced by the stridulatory organs of the male are described.
Studies on the laboratory mating habits of the mosquito Culex pipiens
Authors: SCHUMANN WOLFGANG
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

The variation in copulatory activity in three strains of Culex pipiens is investigated and the results are discussed in relation to genetic control of mosquito populations.
Dehydration in an Australian rockpool chironomid larva, (Paraborniella tonnoiri)
Authors: JONES RHONDDA E.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

The effects of drought on the survival of the larvae of Paraborniella tonnoiri are examined. The rate and extent of water loss are determined and the temperature tolerance of aestivating and active larvae are compared.
Engagement of the phallosome in blowflies
Authors: LEWIS C. T. , POLLOCK J. N.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

The engagement of male and female parts during copulation is described in detail for Lucilia sericata Meigen. The occurrence on the phallosome of lateral ducts and apertures for accessory gland secretion is reported for a number of species of Calliphorinae.
Sperm competition and the evolution of the precopulatory passive phase behaviour in Locusta migratoria migratorioides
Authors: PARKER G. A. , SMITH J. L.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

An account is given of sperm competition in Locusta migratoria, for cases where the competing ejaculates occur either as one per oviposition cycle or as two per cycle. These situations exert quite different sperm competition effects; evolutionary reasons for this are discussed. The adaptive value of the male precopulatory passive phase behaviour is considered in relation to sexual selection and sperm competition.
Manipulation of the length of the sensitive period, and the induction of pupal diapause in the flesh‐fly, Sarcophaga argyrostoma
Authors: SAUNDERS D. S.
Published: September 2010

Larvae of the flesh‐fly Sarcophaga argyrostoma were raised in short‐day cycles (LD 12: 12) and at temperatures (18° and 20°C) in which short‐day induction of pupal diapause was less than ‘saturated’. The cultures were then subjected to experimental treatments which modified the duration of larval development (the sensitive period). Overcrowding the larvae within a limited quantity of meat, premature extraction of the third instar larvae from their food, or exposure of the mature larvae to pure CO2 for 24 h, were all found to accelerate puparium formation, thereby curtailing the sensitive period, and reducing the incidence of pupal diapause. Conversely, lengthening the sensitive period by allowing the mature larvae to wander in wet sawdust increased diapause incidence. The results are interpreted in terms of an interaction between the length of the sensitive period and the ‘required day number’, and also in the light of what is known about the endocrinological control of diapause and development in flesh flies.
Pale coloration in Aphis fabae reared on beans treated with the plant growth regulator, ethylene‐bis‐nitrourethane
Authors: HONEYBORNE C. H. B. , van EMDEN H. F.
Published: September 2010

Aphis fabae reared on broad bean plants treated with the experimental growth stimulator ethylene‐bis‐nitrourethane were extremely pale in colour and this persisted for the life of the individual, even when first instar nymphs were transferred from treated to untreated plants. Pale aphids had less than half the amounts of the pigments protoaphin and aphinin that were present in normal aphids. It is concluded that the aphids probably received a compound which inhibited pigment formation from the treated plants; the chelating properties of the metabolite of the compound in plants are consistent with this conclusion.
A new species of Strophingia Enderlein (Homoptera: Psylloidea) from Britain
Authors: HODKINSON I. D.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

A new species of Strophingia is described from males and females taken in Dorset and Hampshire. Its separation from Strophingia ericne is discussed, and notes on the host plants and geographical range of the two species are included.
A new genus of Decticinae (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) from the Middle East
Authors: PENER M. P. , BROZA MEIR , AYAL Y.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

A new genus, Raggeana, is erected for Metrioptera bodenheimeri Uvarov, and the hitherto unknown female of this species is described.
A new species of Callostoma Macquart from the Ethiopian Region and a re‐examination of the systematic position of the genus Oniromyia Bezzi (Diptera: Bombyliidae)
Authors: GREATHEAD D. J.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

The first species of the cythereine genus Callostoma from outside the Palaearctic Region is described from the Ogaden region of Ethiopia. The relationships of Oniromyia Bezzi are examined, and a new subfamily is proposed to contain it as its affinities lie closer to the Cylleniinae than to the Cythereinae sensu stricto.
A new genus and species of Elipsocidae (Psocoptera) from Australia
Authors: NEW T. R.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

A new genus of Elipsocidae is erected for one new species from Victoria, both sexes of which are macropterous.
A revision of the British species of Halticoptera (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) allied to H.circulus (Walker)
Authors: ASKEW R. R.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

A key is given to both sexes of five British species of Halticoptera allied to H.circulus (Walker). Two of the species are described as new and a third is removed from synonymy. Notes on the biology of the species are included.
A new species and new synonymy in the genus Silbomyia Macquart (Diptera: Calliphoridae)
Authors: CROSSKEY R. W.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

A new species of Ameniine fly of the genus Silbomyia is described from Western Australia; the species is remarkable on account of its unique aberrant palpi. A new generic and a new specific synonym appertaining to Silbomyia are established.
The identity of the type‐species of Gonatocerus Nees (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae)
Authors: BOUČEK Z. , De GRAHAM M. W. R. V.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

The validity ofGonatocerusNees is discussed, and the identity of the type‐species,G.longicornis, is established. Generic and specific synonymy is listed, and the neotype female ofG.longicornisis redescribed.
A new species of Carpophilus Stephens (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) from Florida, U.S.A., and a reappraisal of the type material of Carpophilus ophthalmicus Murray
Authors: DOBSON RONALD M.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

A new species of Carpophilus is described from males and females taken in Florida, U.S.A. A lectotype male and paralectotype female are chosen for Carpophilus ophthalmicus, and a new species is described from material misidentified as ophthalmicus.
Revisional notes on the African Sphingidae (Lepidoptera)
Authors: CARCASSON R. H.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

A new species of Macropoliana, a new species of Hypaedalia and a new subspecies of Temnora griseata are described. Descriptions are given of the hitherto unknown female of Polyptychus trisectus and Centroctena imitans and male of Temnora wollastoni, and of the early stages of Sphingonaepiopsis nana and C.imitans.
The New Zealand Hydroptilidae (Trichoptera)
Authors: LEADER J. P.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

Two new species of the genusParoxyethiraare described and figured. The females of the four other New Zealand Hydroptilidae are redescribed and illustrated, and a new key to the species is given. Taxonomic differences between the larvae and pupae are discussed.
Male courtship songs and sibling species in the Oncopsis flavicollis species group (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)
Authors: CLARIDGE M. F. , REYNOLDS W. J.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

The four Palaearctic species of the O. flavicollis species group are discussed and male courtship songs are described and analysed. The value of song studies in species taxonomy is discussed.
The morphology and systematic position of Prionotylus Fieber and Centroplax Horvath (Heteroptera: Coreidae)
Authors: DOLLING W. R.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

An account is given of several aspects of the morphology of the genera Prionotylus Fieber and Centroplax Horváth. The systematic position of these genera within the family Coreidae and the generic assignment of Prionotylus meridianus Villiers are considered.
The Brunetti types of Tipulidae (Diptera) in the collection of the Zoological Survey of India: Part II, Nephrotoma Meigen and Ctenophora Meigen
Authors: JOSEPH A. N. T.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

An account is given of eight species of Pachyrhina Macquart and four species of Pselliophora Osten‐Sacken, described by Brunetti, that fall under Nephrotoma Meigen and Ctenophora Meigen respectively.
The Stenus of Borneo (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae)*
Authors: PUTHZ V.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

A key is given to the 21 species of Stenus at present known from Borneo; six of these are described as new. Notes on the species groupings and their geographical distribution are included.
Redescription of the neotropical Psychodidae (Diptera, Nematocera) described by Knab, Dyar and Coquillet
Authors: DUCKHOUSE D. A.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

The remarkable neotropical Psychodidae described by Knab, Dyar and Coquillet, hitherto unrecognisable, are re‐defined and figured from the type material. Lectotypes are selected, and affinities discussed.
A new subspecies of the vernal bee, Colletes cunicularius (L.) (Hymenoptera: Colletidae)
Authors: O'TOOLE C.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

An account is given of the British populations of Colletes cunicularius (L.) which are recognised as subspecifically distinct on morphological and biological grounds. The distribution and history in Britain of the new subspecies is discussed.
The taxonomic status of Cerambyx dux Faldermann and C. miles Bonelli (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)
Authors: SALIBA L. J.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

An account is given of the morphological differences between Cerambyx dux and C.miles. A key is given to the five species now included in the genus, and the relationship of synonymous forms is discussed. The egg, larva and pupa of C.dux are redescribed.
Further observations on the occurrence and mimicry of Mycalesis drusillodes (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae)
Authors: VANE‐WRIGHT R. I.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

A previously unknown population of the Satyrid Mycalesis drusillodes (Oberthür) is described from the Torricelli Mountains, which considerably extends the known range of this New Guinea species. New information is given concerning the two mimetic complexes to which this dual mimic butterfly belongs.
The type‐species of Lindingaspis MacGillivray (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae)
Authors: WILLIAMS D.J.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

Melanaspis samoana Lindinger the type‐species of Lindingaspis is re‐described and illustrated from syntype specimens and a lectotype is selected.
The present state of nomenclature of wing venation in the Braconidae (Hymenoptera); its origins and comparison with related groups
Authors: EADY R. D.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

The problem of nomenclature of wing venation in the Hymenoptera is discussed, and the main systems of terminology and their variations are reviewed.
The phylogeny of a remarkable new genus and species of gymnusine staphylinid (Coleoptera) from the Auckland Islands
Authors: HAMMOND P.
Published: September 2010

A new genus and species,Stylogymnusa subantarcticaof Gymnusini (Staphylinidae Aleocharinae), is described from the Auckland Islands. The morphological peculiarities, including vestigial eyes and remarkable mouth‐parts, of the new species are discussed in relation to its possible habits. The phylogenetic relationships of the new genus are explored, leading to a discussion of the taxonomy and phylogeny of the Gymnusini and other groups of Aleocharinae. The tribes Gymnusini, to includeGymnusaandStylogymnusa, and Deinopsini, to includeDeinopsisandAdinopsis, are redefined, Adinopsini falling as a synonym of Deinopsini. Two species currently included inDeinopsisare transferred to other genera. The subfamily Aleocharinae is briefly characterised and considered to include several groups currently placed in other subfamilies.
The grass‐living genus Aptinothrips Haliday (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
Authors: PALMER J. M.
Published: September 2010

A key is provided to the species of Aptinothrips: elegans Priesner, karnyi John, rufus (Haliday) and stylifer Trybom, with notes on their biology, host preferences and distribution. The following new synonymies are also included: Thrips imaginis Bagnall (= Aptinothrips apertus Kelly and Mayne); Aptinothrips stylifer Trybom (= Aptinothrips nitidulus forma groenlandica Richter).
The systematic position of Kaudernitermes gen.n. (Isoptera: Termitidae, Nasutitermitinae) and its relevance to host relationships of termitophilous staphylinid beetles
Authors: SANDS W. A. , LAMB R. W.
Published: September 2010

The well‐known theory that termitophilous staphylinid beetles mimic their termite hosts has led to a reassessment of relationships between two termites, Fulleritermes contractus and Nasutitermes kaudernianus. The latter species was found to belong to a new monotypic genus, Kaudernitermes, of the constricted‐headed group of Nasutitermitinae. This Malagasy genus is most closely related to Leptomyxotermes and Fulleritermes of the Ethiopian fauna and Bulbitermes of the Indomalayan. It is diagnosed and a lectotype designated for Kaudernitermes kaudernianus comb.n. New measurements of its associated termitophile Spirachthodes madecassus and of the young stages of many Nasutitermitinae have led to more exact comparisons between supposed beetle mimics and their putative models among different instars of host species. These, with new observations of structural details, give rise to a theory that modes of mimicry and colony integration in the beetles may have followed diverging pathways.
The species of Pareromene Osthelder (Pyralidae: Crambinae: Diptychophorini) from the western South Pacific, with further notes on the New Zealand species
Authors: GASKIN D. E.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

Six species of Crambinae described by Meyrick, and three by Tarns, from western South Pacific islands between the Louisiade Archipelago and Samoa, are redescribed and transferred from Diptychophora Zeller to Pareromene Osthelder. Five new species and one new subspecies of Pareromene are described. The zoogeography and phylogeny of the genus in this region are briefly described, and some additional notes on New Zealand species are given.
Indian species of Drosophilidae, exclusive of the genus Drosophila
Authors: GUPTA J. P.
Published: September 2010

SYNOPSIS

An account is given of five species representing four genera of the family Drosophilidae, one of which is described as new and two are new records from India. The Indian species of Drosophilidae (excluding Drosophila species) are listed and a key to the genera is provided.
The subfamily classification of the Micropezidae and the genera of Eurybatinae (Diptera: Schizophora)
Authors: McALPINE DAVID K.
Published: September 2010

The classification of the family Micropezidae is re‐examined and a key is given to the five subfamilies now recognised, of which Calycopteryginae is described as new and Eurybatinae is raised from tribal rank. Metopochetini is a new tribe of Eurybatinae. A key is given to the nine genera now included in the Eurybatinae, of which Papeza is described as new. P.szentivanyi is a new species from Papua. Notes on the taxonomy and distribution of genera are included. The position of Anaeropsis Bigot in the Micropezidae is confirmed. New synonymies are established as follows: Crepidochetus Enderlein (= Gongylocephala Czerny syn. n.); Metopochetus bivittatus (Macquart) (= Calobata tenuipes Walker syn. n.). New generic combinations are as follows: Metopochetus terminalis (Walker) and M.compressus (Walker) from Calobata; Crepidochetus nigrifemur (Czerny), C.pallidus (Steyskal), and Cater (Steyskal) from Gongylocephala; Crosa fragilis (Walker) from Micropeza; Crosa nigriventris (Enderlein) and C.uneifera (de Meijere) from Eurybata.
Geographical patterns of evolution in Neotropical Lepidoptera. Systematics and derivation of known and new Heliconiini (Nymphalidae: Nymphalinae)
Authors: BROWN KEITH S.
Published: September 2010

Analysis of the known and recently discovered differentiation patterns of 58 forest butterfly species (of the total 66) in the tribe Heliconiini, including over 300 races and forms, has led to the drawing of a map of core areas for evolution in the group. The majority of these are not isolated by any obvious modern physiogeographic barriers to dispersal of these butterflies, and probably correspond to forest refugia during the two or three most recent Quaternary dry periods. The map is in good accord with the results of similar studies in other groups of animals (forest vertebrates and invertebrates) and in forest trees, but indicates a larger number of significant operative refugia (38) than other analyses. Bases for the understanding of differentiation patterns in polytypic continental species are developed, in accord with the refuge theory and using intensive and extensive data on local monomorphic populations and secondary contact zones between differentiated forms. The known forms discussed include: Dione juno miraculosa Hering, Eueides libitina Staudinger, Heliconius xanthocles explicata Stichel, H. eleuchia (Hewitson) and H. leucadia Bates together with a supplementary revision of the tribe giving information published since 1972. The following new forms are described: Eueides emsleyi sp. n. and nine new subspecies of Heliconius: H. aoede philipi, H. wallacei araguaia, H. pardalinus orteguaza, H.p. butleri, H. hecale australis, H.h. barcanti, H. clysonymus tabaconas, H. congener aquilionaris, H. sapho candidus. Geographical details of the refugia are given in Appendix I, and in Appendix II the heliconians are assigned to the postulated refugia.
Dermatologic research in the Nordic countries 1989–2008 – a bibliometric study
Authors: Gjersvik Petter , Nylenna Magne , Jemec Gregor B.E. , Haraldstad Anne‐Marie
Published: September 2010

Background  Bibliometric methods, based on the count of articles published in scientific journals, are increasingly used to evaluate scientific productivity. Bibliometric studies may identify factors that promote or inhibit research performance. We set out to analyze dermatologic research activity in Sweden, Denmark, Finland, and Norway using bibliometric methods.

Methods  We performed repetitive searches on Medline, using the PubMed interface, for the period 1989–2008. Dermatologic articles were defined as all articles in dermatologic journals plus articles in nondermatologic journals in which the address of first author included an institution of dermatology. Articles were allocated to the country of first author’s address.

Results  The number of dermatologic articles from Sweden, Denmark, Finland, and Norway was 1896 (214 per million inhabitants), 1502 (281), 1017 (196), and 249 (55), respectively. Dermatologic articles represented 1.4%, 2.3%, 1.6%, and 0.6% of each country’s total number of Medline articles in English over the same period. Similar patterns were found in relation to gross domestic product, number of dermatologists, and number of medical schools. After 2000, the yearly number of dermatologic articles from Denmark increased and that from Finland decreased, whereas the numbers from Sweden and Norway remained relatively stable.

Conclusions  Despite similarities in social and economic conditions in Sweden, Denmark, Finland, and Norway, there are great differences in dermatologic research activity in the four countries, with Denmark performing best and Norway poorest. Historical and cultural factors may partly explain these differences.
Results of 7302 stapled haemorrhoidectomy operations in a single centre: a seven‐year review and follow‐up questionnaire survey
Authors: Kam Ming‐Hian , Ng Kheng‐Hong , Lim Jit‐Fong , Ho Kok‐Sun , Ooi Boon‐Swee , Tang Choong‐Leong , Eu Kong‐Weng
Published: September 2010

Background:  This study aims to evaluate the results of all 7302 stapled haemorrhoidectomy operations performed in a single centre.

Method:  A retrospective review of all 7302 patients who underwent stapled haemorrhoidectomy at our department over seven years was conducted. The hospital database was reviewed for subsequent readmissions and re‐operations. A questionnaire survey was also sent out to all the patients.

Results:  A total of 302 patients (4.1%) were admitted with post‐operative bleeding and 281 stopped with conservative measures. Twenty one required surgical haemostasis. A total of 301 patients (4.1%) were admitted for an inability to void and 191 (2.6%) had true acute retention of urine, requiring catheterization. There were 124 patients (1.7%) admitted for pain, but all resolved with oral analgesia subsequently. Anal stricture requiring surgery occurred in only 86 patients (1.2%). Serious complications such as staple line dehiscence or anorectal sepsis occurred in seven patients. There were a total of 14 recurrences requiring readmission over this seven‐year period, of which 12 were treated successfully with a second haemorrhoidectomy. A total of 1834 patients returned their questionnaire surveys and 95% of the patients reported complete resolution or improvement of their symptoms. Only 27 patients reported subsequent severe bleeding requiring medical attention.

Conclusion:  Stapled haemorrhoidectomy is safe, and most patients are satisfied with the long‐term outcome.
Meta‐analysis of laparoscopic total (Nissen) versus posterior (Toupet) fundoplication for gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease based on randomized clinical trials
Authors: Tan Gewen , Yang Zhili , Wang Zhigang
Published: September 2010

Background:  Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication (LNF) is the standard procedure for surgical management of gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease (GORD). Laparoscopic Toupet fundoplication (LTF) is reported to be as effective as LNF but to be associated with a lower incidence of post‐operative dysphagia. This meta‐analysis was performed to compare the two techniques with respect to reflux control and associated complications, particularly dysphagia.

Methods:  Pubmed, Medline, Embase and The Cochrane Library were searched. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing LNF and LTF were included. Outcomes evaluated were occurrences of heartburn and associated complications (e.g. dysphagia) and degree of patient's satisfaction at early (three to six months) and later (one to three years) post‐operative periods.

Results:  Of 939 patients in seven RCTs, 478 received LNF and 461 received LTF. For both groups, control of reflux was good and occurrence of heartburn were similar. A lower incidence of post‐operative dysphagia for both early and later post‐operative periods was observed for the LTF group. Patient's satisfaction following either procedure was similar.

Conclusion:  LNF and LTF are both safe and effective. LTF is truly associated with a lower occurrence of dysphagia. However, LTF is more likely than LNF to be associated with early surgical complications. On the whole, post‐surgical satisfaction ratios for the two groups were comparable.
Variation in rates of hip and knee joint replacement in Australia based on socio‐economic status, geographical locality, birthplace and indigenous status
Authors: Dixon Tracy , Urquhart Donna M. , Berry Patricia , Bhatia Kuldeep , Wang Yuanyuan , Graves Stephen , Cicuttini Flavia M.
Published: September 2010

Background:  Our understanding of the incidence of joint replacement across different subgroups of the Australian population is limited. This study investigated whether rates of hip and knee joint replacement vary according to socio‐economic status, geographical locality, birthplace and indigenous status.

Methods:  Data from the National Hospital Morbidity Database were obtained. All separations for primary hip or knee joint replacement with the principal diagnosis of arthritis were identified. Age‐standardized procedure rates were compared based on socio‐economic status, geographical locality, birthplace and indigenous status.

Results:  Compared with age‐ and gender‐matched individuals, rates of joint replacement overall were significantly lower in people living in the most disadvantaged (P < 0.05) and remote areas (P < 0.001), people born outside Australia (P < 0.05) and indigenous people (P < 0.001). However, there were some exceptions. Knee replacement rates were higher in the most disadvantaged areas than in the least disadvantaged areas (P < 0.01), and both hip and knee replacement rates were higher in regional areas than in major cities (P < 0.05). Males and females born in New Zealand and females born in the United Kingdom, Ireland and parts of Europe had a greater rate of hip replacement, and females from North Africa and the Middle East had a greater rate of knee replacement, than Australia‐born people (P < 0.001).

Conclusions:  There is significant variation in the rates of primary total hip and knee replacement in Australia. Further investigation is needed to determine whether this simply reflects patterns of disease and disease risk factors, or is because of inequalities in health care, unmet need, and/or surgical or patient‐related factors.
Principles of hemostasis in children: models and maturation
Authors: Guzzetta Nina A. , Miller Bruce E.
Published: September 2010

Hemostasis is an active process regulating the formation and dissolution of fibrin clot to preserve vascular integrity. The different phases of hemostasis are coordinated so that effective clotting occurs only at the site of vascular injury while maintaining blood flow in other parts of the circulation. Procoagulant processes culminate in thrombin generation and fibrin clot formation to protect the vasculature against uncontrolled bleeding after injury. Conversely, anticoagulant processes limit clot extension to unaffected portions of the vasculature. Lastly, fibrinolysis is responsible for clot dissolution once tissue repair and regeneration permit the return of normal blood flow. A precise and delicate interplay exists among these processes to ensure normal hemostasis. The hemostatic system is incompletely developed at birth and matures throughout infancy. Both full‐term and preterm neonates are born with low levels of most procoagulant proteins including all the contact activation factors and vitamin K‐dependent factors. Similarly, levels of the major anticoagulant proteins are low at birth. Although often characterized as ‘immature’, the neonatal hemostatic system is nevertheless functionally balanced with no tendency toward coagulopathy or thrombosis. In this article, we will review the current models of hemostasis and the maturation of the hemostatic system. Our goal is to help clinicians gain a better understanding of the actions of procoagulant agents and of the disruptive effects of serious systemic illnesses on the precarious hemostatic balance of infants.
Aspects of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of sufentanil in pediatric practice
Authors: Lundeberg Stefan , Roelofse James A.
Published: September 2010

Sufentanil is a potent synthetic opioid. Like other opioids, sufentanil creates a stable hemodynamic environment in cardiovascularly compromised pediatric patients. Clearance, expressed as per kilogram, is increased in children compared to adults. The P450 CYP3A4 enzyme is responsible for the major metabolic N‐dealkylation pathway. Enzyme activity is reduced in neonates but the maturation of sufentanil clearance is not described. The free active fraction is affected by age because of the reduced α1‐acid glycoprotein plasma concentrations in neonates. Intranasal administration of sufentanil is a possible option for premedication, procedural sedation and analgesia in children, as this option has been found to be safe and effective. Studies concerning the pharmacokinetics and dynamics of sufentanil administered as a bolus or continuous infusion in children are few.
Mechanisms contributing to stability in ecosystem function depend on the environmental context
Authors: Grman Emily , Lau Jennifer A. , Schoolmaster Donald R. , Gross Katherine L.
Published: September 2010

Ecology Letters (2010) 13: 1400–1410

Stability in ecosystem function is an important but poorly understood phenomenon. Anthropogenic perturbations alter communities, but how they change stability and the strength of stabilizing mechanisms is not clear. We examined temporal stability (invariability) in aboveground productivity in replicated 18‐year time series of experimentally perturbed grassland plant communities. We found that disturbed annual‐dominated communities were more stable than undisturbed perennial communities, coincident with increases in the stabilizing effect of mean–variance scaling. We also found that nitrogen‐fertilized communities maintained stability despite losses in species richness, probably because of increased compensatory dynamics and increased dominance by particularly stable dominant species. Among our communities, slight variation in diversity was not the strongest mechanism driving differences in stability. Instead, our study suggests that decreases in individual species variabilities and increases in the relative abundance of stable dominant species may help maintain stability in the functioning of ecosystems confronted with eutrophication, disturbance, and other global changes.
Fractal analysis of retinal vessel patterns in ophthalmically normal dogs
Authors: Kunicki A. C. B. , Araújo L. S. , Sá F. B. , Stosic B. , Barbosa C. T. F. , Nogueira R. A.
Published: September 2010

Objective  To study the applicability of the fractal dimension as a parameter for describing retinal vessel patterns in ophthalmically normal dogs.

Procedures  The following strategy was adopted: (i) development of an experimental procedure to obtain digitalized photographs of the fundus; (ii) development of software to segment retinal vessel images and calculate the box‐counting and radius of gyration fractal dimensions of the retinal vessels and diffusion‐limited aggregation (DLA), a process with similar characteristics to retinal vessel morphology, and (iii) establishment of a standard curve for the fractal dimensions of segmented vessels.

Results  Digitalized photographs of the fundus showed an adequate contrast between the vessels and the rest of the fundus for numerical analysis. The software developed produced a binary image of the retinal vessels permitting calculation of the fractal dimension. The mean values of the fractal dimensions calculated by the methods of box‐counting and radius of gyration for the DLA were significantly different (t = –40.33, P ≈ 0). The radius of gyration method was found to be more suitable for documenting the dimension of the DLA and, consequently, of the dog's retinal vessels.

Conclusion  This methodology may be useful to differentiate between normal and pathologic states of canine retinal vascularization.
Corneal squamous cell carcinoma in a Border Collie
Authors: Busse Claudia , Sansom Jane , Dubielzig R. R. , Hayes Alison
Published: September 2010

A 6‐year‐old, female, spayed Border Collie was presented to the Unit of Comparative Ophthalmology at the Animal Health Trust with a 6‐month history of a progressive nonpainful opacity of the left cornea. A keratectomy was performed and the tissue submitted for histopathology. The diagnosis was squamous cell carcinoma. There has been no recurrence of the neoplasm to date (5 months). Canine corneal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) has not been reported previously in the UK.
Bilateral nasolacrimal duct atresia in a cria
Authors: Mangan Brendan G. , Gionfriddo Juliet R. , Powell Cynthia C.
Published: September 2010

A 2‐month‐old, male alpaca had a 1‐month history of mucoid ocular discharge from the left eye. Signalment, history and clinical findings were suggestive of a congenital nasolacrimal outflow obstruction. A dacryocystorhinogram confirmed bilateral nasolacrimal duct atresia, which involved the distal half of both nasolacrimal ducts. In order to establish alternative outflow, a conjunctivomaxillosinusotomy and conjunctivorhinostomy were performed on the right and left eye, respectively. The surgical openings remain patent after 11 months, and there have been no clinical signs of nasolacrimal disease.