bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Across a migratory divide: divergent migration directions and non‐breeding grounds of Eurasian reed warblers revealed by geolocators and stable isotopes
Authors: Procházka Petr , Brlík Vojtěch , Yohannes Elizabeth , Meister Bert , Auerswald Jürgen , Ilieva Mihaela , Hahn Steffen
Published: April 2018

Migratory divides represent narrow zones of overlap between parapatric populations with distinct migration directions and, consequently, expected divergent non‐breeding distributions. The composition of the mixed population at a migratory divide and the corresponding non‐breeding ranges remain, however, unknown for many Palaearctic‐African migrants. Here, we used light‐level geolocation to track migration direction and non‐breeding grounds of Eurasian reed warblers Acrocephalus scirpaceus from three breeding populations across the species’ migratory divide. Moreover, by using feathers grown at non‐breeding grounds, we quantified stable isotope composition for individuals with known southwestern (SW) and southeastern (SE) migration directions. On a larger sample per population, we then assessed the proportions of SW‐ and SE‐migrating phenotypes in each of the three populations. All tracked reed warblers from Germany and two thirds of the birds tagged from the Czech population headed initially SW. Nevertheless, about one third of the birds from the Czech site migrated towards SE. No tracking data have been obtained for the Bulgarian population. The initial migration direction determined by geolocators was a strong predictor of the non‐breeding region, with SW migrants staying in west Africa and SE migrants in central Africa. Feather δ34S and δ15N values confirmed the predominance of SW migrants in the German population, the co‐occurrence of SW and SE migrants in the Czech population, and indicated a high (72%) proportion of SE migrants in the Bulgarian population. Thus, the combined approach of geolocator tracking and stable isotopic assignments provided clear evidence for the existence of a migratory divide in the southeast of central Europe and predicted non‐breeding range in central and central‐eastern Africa for the eastern population.
Multiple abiotic factors correlate with parallel evolution in Australian soil burrowing cockroaches
Authors: Beasley‐Hall Perry G. , Lee Timothy R. C. , Rose Harley A. , Lo Nathan
Published: April 2018

Aim

The ways in which abiotic factors contribute to parallel evolution—the evolution of similar, derived phenotypes in independent, closely related lineages—remain understudied. Australian cockroaches of the subfamilies Panesthiinae (“wood feeders”) and Geoscapheinae (“soil burrowers”) are two closely related groups that provide a striking example of parallel evolution of burrowing behaviour. The ancestral wood‐feeding panesthiines migrated from Asia ~20 million years ago before soil burrowing was independently acquired multiple times in the derived geoscapheines. Here, we investigate whether specific abiotic factors were associated with the parallel evolution of soil burrowing behaviour, and whether divergence events of geoscapheines from panesthiine ancestors are consistent with niche conservatism or divergence.

Location

The Australian mainland, including the areas in which selected Australian Panesthiinae and Geoscapheinae cockroach species are distributed.

Methods

We generated environmental niche models for members of the Australian Geoscapheinae and Panesthiinae using presence‐only data and abiotic variables related to temperature, precipitation, and soil composition from BioClim and the Australian Soil Resource Information System. We used an existing phylogenetic framework to compare environmental niche models and tested for niche conservatism versus divergence. Morphological convergence was assessed by a regression analysis and principal components analysis of leg segment and body dimensions in soil burrowers and wood feeders.

Results

We found no relationship between niche similarity and time since divergence, and only limited evidence for phylogenetic signal with respect to the environmental variables examined. We found that soil burrowing behaviour is consistently correlated with thirteen abiotic factors associated with aridity, including a wider range of temperatures and lower precipitation levels. Evidence for convergence in leg morphology and body dimensions across soil burrowers was found.

Main conclusions

Our results are consistent with soil burrowing behaviour evolving in response to ancient aridification events following the arrival of the Panesthiinae in Australia. Our results suggest a scenario of niche divergence between soil burrowers and each of their wood feeding sister taxa. There is evidence for morphological convergence on a “shovel‐like” protibiotarsus in the Geoscapheinae that would aid in burrowing into soil.
Durable engraftment of genetically modified FVIII‐secreting autologous bone marrow stromal cells in the intramedullary microenvironment
Authors: Lee Sze Sing , Sivalingam Jaichandran , Nirmal Ajit J. , Ng Wai Har , Kee Irene , Song In Chin , Kiong Chin Yong , Gales Kristoffer A. , Chua Frederic , Pena Edgar M. , Ogden Bryan E. , Kon Oi Lian
Published: April 2018

Genetically modified FVIII‐expressing autologous bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs) could cure haemophilia A. However, culture‐expanded BMSCs engraft poorly in extramedullary sites. Here, we compared the intramedullary cavity, skeletal muscle, subcutaneous tissue and systemic circulation as tissue microenvironments that could support durable engraftment of FVIII‐secreting BMSC in vivo. A zinc finger nuclease integrated human FVIII transgene into PPP1R12C (intron 1) of culture‐expanded primary canine BMSCs. FVIII‐secretory capacity of implanted BMSCs in each dog was expressed as an individualized therapy index (number of viable BMSCs implanted × FVIII activity secreted/million BMSCs/24 hours). Plasma samples before and after implantation were assayed for transgenic FVIII protein using an anti‐human FVIII antibody having negligible cross‐reactivity with canine FVIII. Plasma transgenic FVIII persisted for at least 48 weeks after implantation in the intramedullary cavity. Transgenic FVIII protein levels were low after intramuscular implantation and undetectable after both intravenous infusion and subcutaneous implantation. All plasma samples were negative for anti‐human FVIII antibodies. Plasma concentrations and durability of transgenic FVIII secretion showed no correlation with the therapy index. Thus, the implantation site microenvironment is crucial. The intramedullary microenvironment, but not extramedullary tissues, supported durable engraftment of genetically modified autologous FVIII‐secreting BMSCs.
Regionalization and the Transformation of Policies, Politics, and Polities in Europe
Authors: Tatham Michaël , Mbaye Heather A.D.
Published: April 2018

Occasionally, regions make front‐page news. From Wallonia holding‐up the EU–Canada trade deal, to Catalonia and Scotland seeking independence. However, beyond these attention‐grabbing events, more fundamental transformations have taken place, away from the media spotlight and sometimes also under the (theoretical and empirical) radar of scholarly work. This article highlights that the more gripping events making the headlines are only the tip of the iceberg. They belie a rather peaceful and calm process of regionalization of our political systems. Functional, community, and identity logics have driven this process. It has significantly affected all dimensions of the policy‐politics‐polity triptych. We encourage scholars to break free from the shackles of methodological nationalism. Engaging in multi‐level analysis is cognitively taxing. However, it is well worth the investment. The state is not independent from developments at the sub‐ and supra‐state levels. Modelling interdependence is challenging, but it is empirically and theoretically rewarding.
Investigating late‐onset ADHD: a population cohort investigation
Authors: Cooper Miriam , Hammerton Gemma , Collishaw Stephan , Langley Kate , Thapar Ajay , Dalsgaard Søren , Stergiakouli Evie , Tilling Kate , Davey Smith George , Maughan Barbara , O'Donovan Michael , Thapar Anita , Riglin Lucy
Published: April 2018

Background

Adult ADHD has been assumed to be a continuation of childhood‐onset ADHD. However, recent studies have identified individuals with ADHD in adulthood who have not had ADHD in childhood. Whether or not these individuals have a ‘typical’ neurodevelopmental profile is not clear.

Methods

We tested two explanations for the emergence of apparent late‐onset ADHD symptomatology using the ALSPAC epidemiological cohort, by grouping individuals according to their scores on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) hyperactivity subscale at ages 12 and 17 years. First, we tested whether some of those with apparent late‐onset ADHD symptoms had been potentially misclassified on the basis of earlier SDQ hyperactivity scores (ages 7, 8 and 9 years) or of subthreshold symptoms at age 12 years. Second, we investigated the possibility that those with ‘genuine’ late‐onset ADHD symptoms had a delayed manifestation of the same liability that underlies childhood‐onset symptoms, by investigating whether they had a similar profile of neurodevelopmental impairments (in the domains of autistic symptomatology, language, reading, spelling, executive functioning and IQ) as those with typical childhood‐onset ADHD.

Results

N = 56/75 (75%) of those with apparent late‐onset ADHD had had high ADHD scores at least one point in childhood, suggesting that they may have been misclassified on the basis of their score at age 12 years. The remaining 19 individuals (25%) with genuine late‐onset ADHD symptoms did not show a profile of neurodevelopmental impairment typically seen in ADHD, instead showing similar levels of autistic symptoms, language skills, executive functioning ability and IQ to those without ADHD symptoms. The only exceptions were that this group showed reading and spelling problems at age 9 years.

Conclusions

Our work suggests that this small number of individuals with genuine late‐onset symptoms may not be most appropriately considered as having a typical neurodevelopmental disorder.
Rapid detection of Salmonella spp. using magnetic resonance
Authors: Yang Paul , Wong Charlene , Hash Sara , Fung Fred , Menon Suresh
Published: April 2018

The globalization of the world's food trade calls for rapid and accurate detection of foodborne pathogens to ensure safety of foods for human consumption, to prevent outbreaks and management of foodborne infectious diseases. Currently, commercial detection methods for pathogenic microbials require multiple days for sample‐to‐answer results. In this study, we demonstrated a highly sensitive and rapid detection of a microbial pathogen using Molecular Mirroring (M2) technology and Lab‐in‐the‐Box system based on nuclear magnetic resonance that works rapidly and efficiently for the detection of Salmonella. This technology detected Salmonella at 1 cfu/reaction in water. In tuna, the M2 technology detected 1 cfu/g with 5 hr of enrichment and analysis with a T2 signal of 342 ms. In addition to sensitive detection and minimal enrichment, this methodology detected pathogens from inhibitory mediums. Therefore, this technology can be widely applied to other fields such as environmental monitoring, public health and safety, national security, and medical diagnosis.

Practical applications

The combination of molecular biology and nuclear magnetic resonance technology represents a novel, rapid, sensitive, and highly specific methodology for the detection of Salmonella spp. in tuna compared to standard conventional methods. Practical applications of the M2 technology have been tested with human samples, animal samples, and food samples to detect microbial pathogens before and after food processing, thus is ideal to protect public health and to ensure food safety. Furthermore, this biosensor analytical technology can be applied to almost any medium or target of interest in the field of food safety, clinical diagnostics, and biosurveillance.
Electronic Medication Administration Records in Long‐Term Care Facilities: A Scoping Review
Authors: Fuller Andrew E.C. , Guirguis Lisa M. , Sadowski Cheryl A. , Makowsky Mark J.
Published: April 2018

Objectives

To map the extent, range, and nature of research on the effectiveness, level of use, and perceptions about electronic medication administration records (eMARs) in long‐term care facilities (LTCFs) and identify gaps in current knowledge and priority areas for future research.

Design

Scoping review of quantitative and qualitative literature.

Setting

Literature review.

Participants

Original research relating to eMAR in LTCF was eligible for inclusion.

Measurements

We systematically searched MEDLINE, CINAHL, Scopus, ProQuest, and the Cochrane Library and performed general and advanced searches of Google to identify grey literature. Two authors independently screened for eligibility of studies. Independent reviewers extracted data regarding country of origin, design, study methods, outcomes studied, and main results in duplicate.

Results

We identified 694 articles, of which 34 met inclusion criteria. Studies were published between 2006 and 2016 and were mostly from the United States (n=25). Twenty studies (59%) used quantitative methods, including surveys and analysis of eMAR data; 7 (21%) used qualitative methods, including interviews, focus groups, document review, and observation; and 7 (21%) used mixed methods. Three major research areas were explored: medication and medication administration error rates (n=11), eMAR benefits and challenges (n=19), and eMAR prevalence and uptake (n=15). Evidence linking eMAR use and reductions in medication errors is weak because of suboptimal study design and reporting. The majority of studies were descriptive and documented inconsistent benefits and challenges and low levels of eMAR implementation.

Conclusion

Further investigation is required to rigorously evaluate the effect of standalone eMAR systems on medication administration errors and patient safety, the extent of eMAR implementation, pharmacists' perceptions, and cost effectiveness of eMAR systems in LTCF.
Beyond the floor effect on the WISC‐IV in individuals with Down syndrome: are there cognitive strengths and weaknesses?
Authors: Pezzuti L. , Nacinovich R. , Oggiano S. , Bomba M. , Ferri R. , La Stella A. , Rossetti S. , Orsini A.
Published: April 2018

Background

Individuals with Down syndrome generally show a floor effect on Wechsler Scales that is manifested by flat profiles and with many or all of the weighted scores on the subtests equal to 1.

Method

The main aim of the present paper is to use the statistical Hessl method and the extended statistical method of Orsini, Pezzuti and Hulbert with a sample of individuals with Down syndrome (n = 128; 72 boys and 56 girls), to underline the variability of performance on Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children‐Fourth Edition subtests and indices, highlighting any strengths and weaknesses of this population that otherwise appear to be flattened.

Results

Based on results using traditional transformation of raw scores into weighted scores, a very high percentage of subtests with weighted score of 1 occurred in the Down syndrome sample, with a floor effect and without any statistically significant difference between four core Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children‐Fourth Edition indices. The results, using traditional transformation, confirm a deep cognitive impairment of those with Down syndrome. Conversely, using the new statistical method, it is immediately apparent that the variability of the scores, both on subtests and indices, is wider with respect to the traditional method.

Conclusion

Children with Down syndrome show a greater ability in the Verbal Comprehension Index than in the Working Memory Index.
Reduction of Peripartum Racial and Ethnic Disparities: A Conceptual Framework and Maternal Safety Consensus Bundle
Authors: Howell Elizabeth A. , Brown Haywood , Brumley Jessica , Bryant Allison S. , Caughey Aaron B. , Cornell Andria M. , Grant Jacqueline H. , Gregory Kimberly D. , Gullo Susan M. , Kozhimannil Katy B. , Mhyre Jill M. , Toledo Paloma , D'Oria Robyn , Ngoh Martha , Grobman William A.
Published: April 2018

Racial and ethnic disparities exist in both perinatal outcomes and health care quality. For example, black women are 3 to 4 times more likely to die from pregnancy‐related causes and have more than a 2‐fold greater risk of severe maternal morbidity than white women. In an effort to achieve health equity in maternal morbidity and mortality, a multidisciplinary workgroup of the National Partnership for Maternal Safety, within the Council on Patient Safety in Women's Health Care, developed a concept article for the bundle on reduction of peripartum disparities. We aimed to provide health care providers and health systems with insight into racial and ethnic disparities in maternal outcomes, the etiologies that are modifiable within a health care system, and resources that can be used to address these etiologies and achieve the desired end of safe and equitable health care for all childbearing women.
One‐Stop Shopping Behavior, Buyer Power and Upstream Merger Incentives
Authors: Baye Irina , von Schlippenbach Vanessa , Wey Christian
Published: April 2018

We analyze how consumer preferences for one‐stop shopping affect the (Nash) bargaining relationships between a retailer and its suppliers. One‐stop shopping preferences create ‘demand complementarities’ among otherwise independent products which lead to two opposing effects on upstream merger incentives: first a standard double mark‐up problem and second a bargaining effect. The former creates merger incentives while the later induces suppliers to bargain separately. When buyer power becomes large enough, then suppliers stay separated which raises final good prices. We also show that our result can be obtained when wholesale prices are determined in a non‐cooperative game and under two‐part tariffs.
Firm Productivity Differences From Factor Markets
Authors: Cheng Wenya , Morrow John
Published: April 2018

We model firm adaptation to local factor markets in which firms care about both the price and availability of inputs. The model is estimated by combining firm and population census data, and quantifies the role of factor markets in input use, productivity and welfare. Considering China's diverse factor markets, we find that within an industry interquartile labor costs vary by 30–80%, leading to 3–12% interquartile differences in TFP. In general equilibrium, homogenization of labor markets would increase real income by 1.33%. Favorably endowed regions attract more economic activity, providing new insights into within‐country comparative advantage and specialization.
Biomarkers for heart failure: small molecules with high clinical relevance
Authors: Magnussen C. , Blankenberg S.
Published: April 2018

Heart failure (HF) is a rising epidemic due to the ageing population and progress in all areas of medicine. Thus, research efforts are made to ensure a timely diagnosis, to improve prognosis and treatment of the disease and to facilitate risk prediction at the population level. Because of their noninvasive determination with mostly high sensitivity and accuracy, circulating blood biomarkers are becoming increasingly important for daily clinical practice. Natriuretic peptides, especially B‐type natriuretic peptide (BNP), N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide (Nt‐proBNP) and midregional pro‐atrial natriuretic peptide (MR‐proANP) and cardiac troponins are established blood biomarkers in HF diagnosis and prognosis of HF‐related outcomes. Inflammatory molecules as C‐reactive protein (CRP) may have added value in anti‐inflammatory therapy guidance. Next‐generation biomarkers including soluble source of tumorigenicity 2 (sST2), growth differentiation factor‐15 (GDF‐15), galectin‐3 (Gal‐3) and diverse microribonucleic acids (miRNAs) may have additional benefit in assessment of cardiac remodeling or differentiation of HF subtypes. Multimarker approaches containing different combinations of established and novel biomarkers might improve HF risk prediction at the population level once they are used on top of clinical variables.
Homozygote C/C at rs12543318 was risk factor for non‐syndromic cleft lip only from Western Han Chinese population
Authors: Zhang Bi‐He , Huang Ning , Shi Jia‐Yu , Shi Bing , Jia Zhong‐Lin
Published: April 2018

Non‐syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P) is a complex disorder, and it results from both of the genetic modifiers and environmental factors, with genetic modifiers contributes to it more than environmental factors. GWASs made great progress in identifying the candidate genes for NSCL/P, but the findings need to be replicated in other populations. In this study, we selected eleven SNPs from recent GWASs and GWAS meta‐analysis to investigate their associations among 308 NSCL/P trios (134 non‐syndromic cleft lip only (NSCLO) trios and 174 non‐syndromic cleft lip with cleft palate (NSCLP) trios) from Han Chinese population. All SNPs were genotyped using SNPscan method and analyzed the data with FBAT, PLINK, and R package. Allelic TDT analysis showed that allele A at rs12543318 was associated with NSCLO trios (P = .0032, OR = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.39‐0.83), and parent‐of‐origin effect analysis indicated that allele A at rs12543318 was significantly maternally undertransmitted among NSCLO (P = .0046), which implied the potential influence of genomic imprinting; global TDT further confirmed this association. Individual genotypic TDT showed homozygote C/C at rs12543318 was overtransmitted among NSCLO (Z = 3.79, P = .00015) and NSCL/P groups (Z = 3.83, P = .00013), which indicated that it could increase the risk to have cleft babies. Our findings indicated that rs12543318 was associated with NSCLO from Western Han Chinese population, which will give new scientific evidence for later researches in the etiology of NSOCs.
Fracture Resistance of Pressed and Milled Lithium Disilicate Anterior Complete Coverage Restorations Following Endodontic Access Preparation
Authors: Gerogianni Petrina , Lien Wen , Bompolaki Despoina , Verrett Ronald , Haney Stephan , Mattie Patrick , Johnson Russell
Published: April 2018

Purpose

This in vitro study evaluated the fracture resistance and clinical prognosis of anterior lithium disilicate crowns (e.max Press and e.max CAD), following endodontic access and repair. The research design simulates intraoral loading conditions to produce clinically applicable results.

Materials and Methods

Monolithic anterior crowns, based on #8 anatomy, were fabricated from e.max Press ingots and e.max CAD blocks and adhesively bonded on identical dies milled out of a dentin analog material (NEMA G10). Specimens were divided into 4 groups: intact pressed, repaired pressed, intact milled, and repaired milled (n = 15/group). Repaired pressed and repaired milled were prepared with a standardized endodontic access and repaired using a porcelain repair system and composite resin. All crowns were cyclically loaded under simulated oral conditions and then loaded to failure in water, using a universal testing machine. Data were interpreted using ANOVA/Tukey post‐hoc test (α = 0.05).

Results

Mean loads to failure ranged from 758.9 to 931.4 N for the 4 groups, indicating that both fabrication techniques, pressed and milled, yielded restorations that could reasonably withstand maximum masticatory forces. The pressed groups (923.7 N) exhibited significantly higher fracture resistance than the milled groups (797.5 N), p = 0.0002. When milled and pressed groups were categorized into intact and repaired subgroups, no difference was found in fracture resistance between the subgroups. Differences were noted in the modes of fracture, where the milled groups (intact and repaired) exhibited higher frequency of catastrophic fractures than the pressed groups.

Conclusions

Endodontic access preparation does not appear to affect fracture resistance of an anterior lithium disilicate restoration, suggesting that replacement may not be necessary. Fabrication technique had a significant effect on fracture resistance and fracture mode of lithium disilicate restorations. The pressed fabrication technique resulted in significantly greater crown strength and fracture resistance than the milled technique.
Astringency evaluation of Tannat wines: Comparison of assessments from trained assessors and experts
Authors: Vidal Leticia , Antúnez Lucía , Giménez Ana , Medina Karina , Boido Eduardo , Ares Gastón
Published: April 2018

Astringency is one of the differential characteristics of Tannat wine, the emblematic wine of the Uruguayan wine‐making industry. The aim of this study was twofold: First, to compare wine astringency characterization of experts and trained assessors, and second, to identify which astringency characteristics influence experts' perception of astringency quality. Six commercial Uruguayan Tannat wines were evaluated in triplicate by a trained assessors panel (n = 9). Assessors rated the global astringency intensity using a time‐intensity task, and described astringency subqualities using a check‐all‐that‐apply (CATA) question composed of 16 terms. Samples were also assessed by 30 experts who rated astringency intensity and quality using 9‐point structured scales. In addition, experts described astringency subqualities of samples and of their ideal high‐quality Tannat wine using a CATA question. Significant differences among samples were found in astringency intensity for both panels and expert's perceived quality. Agreement between trained assessors and experts in astringency intensity evaluations was observed, but differences in their description of astringency subqualities were found. Astringency quality as perceived by experts was not related only to astringency global intensity; astringency subqualities complex and velvety were the main drivers of astringency quality, while puckery, sand paper, and irritant significantly lowered quality scores.

Practical applications

Wine astringency characterization is a very complex task that should ideally be performed by a group of trained assessors following standardized protocols. However, most wineries still rely on the judgment of wine experts for decision‐making. Results from the present work suggest that although trained assessors and experts evaluated wine astringency similarly, their description of astringency subqualities strongly differed.
The effects of anticipating a high‐stress task on sleep and performance during simulated on‐call work
Authors: Sprajcer Madeline , Jay Sarah M. , Vincent Grace E. , Vakulin Andrew , Lack Leon , Ferguson Sally A.
Published: April 2018

On‐call work is used to manage around the clock working requirements in a variety of industries. Often, tasks that must be performed while on‐call are highly important, difficult and/or stressful by nature and, as such, may impact the level of anxiety that is experienced by on‐call workers. Heightened anxiety is associated with poor sleep, which affects next‐day cognitive performance. Twenty‐four male participants (20–35 years old) spent an adaptation, a control and two counterbalanced on‐call nights in a time‐isolated sleep laboratory. On one of the on‐call nights they were told that they would be required to do a speech upon waking (high‐stress condition), whereas on the other night they were instructed that they would be required to read to themselves (low‐stress condition). Pre‐bed anxiety was measured by the State Trait Anxiety Inventory form x‐1, and polysomnography and quantitative electroencephalogram analyses were used to investigate sleep. Performance was assessed across each day using the 10‐min psychomotor vigilance task (09:30 hours, 12:00 hours, 14:30 hours, 17:00 hours). The results indicated that participants experienced no significant changes in pre‐bed anxiety or sleep between conditions. However, performance on the psychomotor vigilance task was best in the high‐stress condition, possibly as a result of heightened physiological arousal caused by performing the stressful task that morning. This suggests that performing a high‐stress task may be protective of cognitive performance to some degree when sleep is not disrupted.
Investigating genetic correlations and causal effects between caffeine consumption and sleep behaviours
Authors: Treur Jorien L. , Gibson Mark , Taylor Amy E. , Rogers Peter J. , Munafò Marcus R.
Published: April 2018

Observationally, higher caffeine consumption is associated with poorer sleep and insomnia. We investigated whether these associations are a result of shared genetic risk factors and/or (possibly bidirectional) causal effects. Summary‐level data were available from genome‐wide association studies on caffeine intake (n = 91 462), plasma caffeine and caffeine metabolic rate (n = 9876), sleep duration and chronotype (being a “morning” versus an “evening” person) (n = 128 266), and insomnia complaints (n = 113 006). First, genetic correlations were calculated, reflecting the extent to which genetic variants influencing caffeine consumption and those influencing sleep overlap. Next, causal effects were estimated with bidirectional, two‐sample Mendelian randomization. This approach utilizes the genetic variants most robustly associated with an exposure variable as an “instrument” to test causal effects. Estimates from individual variants were combined using inverse‐variance weighted meta‐analysis, weighted median regression and MR‐Egger regression. We found no clear evidence for a genetic correlation between caffeine intake and sleep duration (rg = 0.000, p = .998), chronotype (rg = 0.086, p = .192) or insomnia complaints (rg = −0.034, p = .700). For plasma caffeine and caffeine metabolic rate, genetic correlations could not be calculated because of the small sample size. Mendelian randomization did not support causal effects of caffeine intake on sleep, or vice versa. There was weak evidence that higher plasma caffeine levels causally decrease the odds of being a morning person. Although caffeine may acutely affect sleep when taken shortly before bedtime, our findings suggest that a sustained pattern of high caffeine consumption is more likely to be associated with poorer sleep through shared environmental factors. Future research should identify such environments, which could aid the development of interventions to improve sleep.
The nature of delayed dream incorporation (‘dream‐lag effect’): Personally significant events persist, but not major daily activities or concerns
Authors: Eichenlaub Jean‐Baptiste , van Rijn Elaine , Phelan Mairéad , Ryder Larnia , Gaskell M. Gareth , Lewis Penelope A. , P. Walker Matthew , Blagrove Mark
Published: April 2018

Incorporation of details from waking life events into rapid eye movement (REM) sleep dreams has been found to be highest on the 2 nights after, and then 5–7 nights after, the event. These are termed, respectively, the day‐residue and dream‐lag effects. This study is the first to categorize types of waking life experiences and compare their incorporation into dreams across multiple successive nights. Thirty‐eight participants completed a daily diary each evening and a dream diary each morning for 14 days. In the daily diary, three categories of experiences were reported: major daily activities (MDAs), personally significant events (PSEs) and major concerns (MCs). After the 14‐day period each participant identified the correspondence between items in their daily diaries and subsequent dream reports. The day‐residue and dream‐lag effects were found for the incorporation of PSEs into dreams (effect sizes of .33 and .27, respectively), but only for participants (n = 19) who had a below‐median total number of correspondences between daily diary items and dream reports (termed “low‐incorporators” as opposed to “high‐incorporators”). Neither the day‐residue or dream‐lag effects were found for MDAs or MCs. This U‐shaped timescale of incorporation of events from daily life into dreams has been proposed to reflect REM sleep‐dependent memory consolidation, possibly related to emotional memory processing. This study had a larger sample size of dreams than any dream‐lag study hitherto with trained participants. Coupled with previous successful replications, there is thus substantial evidence supporting the dream‐lag effect and further explorations of its mechanism, including its neural underpinnings, are warranted.
Decision Rules for Progress Monitoring in Reading: Accuracy during a Large‐Scale Tier II Intervention
Authors: Parker David C. , Van Norman Ethan , Nelson Peter M.
Published: April 2018

The accuracy of decision rules for progress monitoring data is influenced by multiple factors. This study examined the accuracy of decision rule recommendations with over 4,500 second‐and third‐grade students receiving a tier II reading intervention program. The sensitivity and specificity of three decision rule recommendations for predicting year‐end spring benchmark targets was evaluated over different data collection durations under good and poor dataset conditions. Across grade level and dataset quality, the sensitivity of decisions made using trend lines and the median of recent data points tended to improve to acceptable levels after 18 weeks. Specificity tended to decrease around that same time but was less pronounced with the median decision rule method. Limitations and directions for future research are discussed.
Utrum Sit Una Tantum Vera Enumeratio Virtutum Moralium
Authors: Grace Chappell Sophie
Published: April 2018

As its Latin title says, this article inquires whether there is a single correct list of the moral virtues. Virtue ethics tells us to “act in accordance with the virtues” but can often be accused, for example in Aristotle's Ethics, of helping itself without argument to an account of what the virtues are. This paper is, stylistically, an affectionate tribute to the Angelic Doctor, and it works with a correspondingly Thomistic background and approach. It argues for the view that there is at least one correct list of the virtues, and that we can itemise at least seven items in the list, namely, the four cardinal and the three theological virtues.
Epistemic Paternalism and the Service Conception of Epistemic Authority
Authors: Croce Michel
Published: April 2018

Epistemic paternalism is the thesis that in some circumstances we are justified in interfering with the inquiry of others for their own epistemic good without consulting them on the issue. This paper addresses the issue of who is rationally entitled to undertake paternalistic interferences, and in virtue of which features one has this entitlement. First, it undermines the view according to which experts are the most apt people to act as paternalist interferers. Then it argues that epistemic authorities are in a better position to satisfy the requirements of justified epistemic paternalism, when conceived according to the service model of epistemic authority. Finally, it offers a virtue‐based account of paternalist interferers and shows how it can apply to cases in which the interferer is a group or an institution.
Honesty as a Virtue
Authors: Wilson Alan T.
Published: April 2018

Honesty is widely accepted as a prime example of a moral virtue. And yet, honesty has been surprisingly neglected in the recent drive to account for specific virtuous traits. This paper provides a framework for an increased focus on honesty by proposing success criteria that will need to be met by any plausible account of honesty. It then proposes a motivational account on which honesty centrally involves a deep motivation to avoid deception. It argues that this account satisfies the required success criteria and discusses why (and when) honesty can be accepted as a moral virtue. Finally, it highlights some implications of accepting a motivational account of honesty for future work on encouraging the development of honesty, and on the relationship between different types of virtue.
CaC3H14encoding a tandem CCCH zinc finger protein is directly targeted by CaWRKY40 and positively regulates the response of pepper to inoculation byRalstonia solanacearum
Authors: Qiu Ailian , Lei Yufen , Yang Sheng , Wu Ji , Li Jiazhi , Bao Bingjin , Cai Yiting , Wang Song , Lin Jinhui , Wang Yuzhu , Shen Lei , Cai Jinsen , Guan Deyi , He Shuilin
Published: April 2018

Tandem CCCH zinc finger (TZnF) proteins have been implicated in plant defence, but their role in pepper (Capsicum annuum) is unclear. In the present study, the role of CaC3H14, a pepper TZnF protein, in the immune response of pepper plants toRalstonia solanacearuminfection was characterized. When fused to the green fluorescent protein, CaC3H14 was localized exclusively to the nuclei in leaf cells ofNicotiana benthamianaplants transiently overexpressing CaC3H14. Transcript abundance ofCaC3H14was up‐regulated by inoculation withR. solanacearum. Virus‐induced silencing ofCaC3H14increased the susceptibility of the plants toR. solanacearumand down‐regulated the genes associated with the hypersensitive response (HR), specificallyHIR1and salicylic acid (SA)‐dependentPR1a. By contrast, silencing resulted in the up‐regulation of jasmonic acid (JA)‐dependentDEF1and ethylene (ET) biosynthesis‐associatedACO1. Transient overexpression ofCaC3H14in pepper triggered an intensive HR, indicated by cell death and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation, up‐regulatedPR1aand down‐regulatedDEF1andACO1. Ectopic overexpression of CaC3H14 in tobacco plants significantly decreased the susceptibility of tobacco plants toR. solanacearum. It also up‐regulated HR‐associatedHSR515, immunity‐associatedGST1and the SA‐dependent marker genesNPR1andPR2, but down‐regulated JA‐dependentPR1band ET‐dependentEFE26. TheCaC3H14promoter and was bound and its transcription was up‐regulated by CaWRKY40. Collectively, these results indicate that CaC3H14 is transcriptionally targeted by CaWRKY40, is a modulator of the antagonistic interaction between SA and JA/ET signalling, and enhances the defence response of pepper plants to infection byR. solanacearum.
Divergent hydraulic strategies to cope with freezing in co‐occurring temperate tree species with special reference to root and stem pressure generation
Authors: Yin Xiao‐Han , Sterck Frank , Hao Guang‐You
Published: April 2018

Some temperate tree species mitigate the negative impacts of frost‐induced xylem cavitation by restoring impaired hydraulic function via positive pressures, and may therefore be more resistant to frost fatigue (the phenomenon that post‐freezing xylem becomes more susceptible to hydraulic dysfunction) than nonpressure‐generating species. We test this hypothesis and investigate underlying anatomical/physiological mechanisms.

Using a common garden experiment, we studied key hydraulic traits and detailed xylem anatomical characteristics of 18 sympatric tree species. These species belong to three functional groups, that is, one generating both root and stem pressures (RSP), one generating only root pressure (RP), and one unable to generate such pressures (NP).

The three functional groups diverged substantially in hydraulic efficiency, resistance to drought‐induced cavitation, and frost fatigue resistance. Most notably, RSP and RP were more resistant to frost fatigue than NP, but this was at the cost of reduced hydraulic conductivity for RSP and reduced resistance to drought‐induced cavitation for RP.

Our results show that, in environments with strong frost stress: these groups diverge in hydraulic functioning following multiple trade‐offs between hydraulic efficiency, resistance to drought and resistance to frost fatigue; and how differences in anatomical characteristics drive such divergence across species.
Where to attend next: guiding refreshing of visual, spatial, and verbal representations in working memory
Authors: Souza Alessandra S. , Vergauwe Evie , Oberauer Klaus
Published: April 2018

One of the functions that attention may serve in working memory (WM) is boosting information accessibility, a mechanism known as attentional refreshing. Refreshing is assumed to be a domain‐general process operating on visual, spatial, and verbal representations alike. So far, few studies have directly manipulated refreshing of individual WM representations to measure the WM benefits of refreshing. Recently, a guided‐refreshing method was developed, which consists of presenting cues during the retention interval of a WM task to instruct people to refresh (i.e., attend to) the cued items. Using a continuous‐color reconstruction task, previous studies demonstrated that the error in reporting a color varies linearly with the frequency with which it was refreshed. Here, we extend this approach to assess the WM benefits of refreshing different representation types, from colors to spatial locations and words. Across six experiments, we show that refreshing frequency modulates performance in all stimulus domains in accordance with the tenet that refreshing is a domain‐general process in WM. The benefits of refreshing were, however, larger for visual–spatial than verbal materials.
Odontogenic myxoma: An updated analysis of 1,692 cases reported in the literature
Authors: Chrcanovic Bruno R. , Gomez Ricardo S.
Published: April 2018

The aim of the present study was to integrate the available data published on odontogenic myxoma (OM) into a comprehensive analysis of its clinical/radiological features. Electronic search undertaken in January/2018, looking for publications reporting cases of OM. A total of 377 publications were included. We identified 1,692 lesions, and 695 were used for the analysis of recurrence. There is a predominance of OMs in females and in mandibles. OMs usually present with bone expansion, asymptomatic cortical perforation, and a multilocular appearance. Lesion location (maxilla/mandible), bone expansion, cortical bone perforation, locular radiological appearance, tooth resorption, odontogenic epithelial rests, or angular septa are not associated with recurrence. While curettage (31.3%) showed the highest recurrence rate, marginal resection (1.3%) and segmental resection (3.1%) showed the lowest values. Enucleation + peripheral osteotomy (6.7%) showed better results than enucleation (13.1%) or enucleation + curettage (12.7%). In comparison with unilocular lesions, multilocular ones were significantly more prevalent in mandibles, more often presented expansion and cortical bone perforation, had larger mean size, and were more often treated by segmental resection. Conservative surgical procedures are associated with higher probability of recurrence of OM. Taking into consideration the recurrence rate and morbidity associated with different surgical treatments, tumor enucleation followed by peripheral osteotomy should be considered as the first therapeutic choice.
Utility of routine electrocardiographic screening before initiation of propranolol for infantile hemangiomas
Authors: Lund Emily B. , Chamlin Sarah L. , Mancini Anthony J.
Published: April 2018

Screening electrocardiography (ECG) before initiation of propranolol for treatment of infantile hemangiomas (IH) is controversial. A retrospective chart review was conducted to assess the utility of pretreatment ECG in infants with IH starting propranolol. Although nearly half of the ECGs were abnormal, no contraindications to treatment were identified from screening ECG, and no association was found between any of the reported side effects and abnormal ECG. These results support previously published data, and in a larger cohort, providing further confirmation that pretreatment ECG is not necessary in most infants with IH.
Down syndrome and mild kidney dysfunction
Authors: Yamakawa Satoshi , Nagai Takuhito , Uemura Osamu
Published: April 2018

Few studies have evaluated kidney function in children with Down syndrome (DS) in detail. This study investigated kidney function in pediatric DS patients without complications that affect kidney function. Creatinine (Cr)‐ and cystatin C (cysC)‐based estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were measured in a cohort of Japanese DS patients. The kidney function in these children with DS was approximately 80% that of the healthy Japanese children, suggesting that children with DS have smaller kidneys or a lower number of glomeruli than children without DS.
Comparative intra‐ and interspecific sexual organ reciprocity in four distylousPrimulaspecies in the Himalaya‐Hengduan Mountains
Authors: Li H.‐D. , Ren Z.‐X. , Zhou W. , Bernhardt P. , Zhao Y.‐H. , Wu Z.‐K. , Li D.‐Z. , Wang H.
Published: April 2018

Distyly is a mechanism promoting cross‐pollination within a balanced polymorphism. Numerous studies show that the degree of inter‐morph sexual organ reciprocity (SOR) within species relates to its pollen‐mediated gene flow. Similarly, a lower interspecificSORshould promote interspecific isolation when congeners are sympatric, co‐blooming and share pollinators. In this comparative study, we address the significance ofSORat both intra‐ and interspecific levels.

Seventeen allopatric and eight sympatric populations representing fourPrimulaspecies (P. anisodora,P. beesiana,P. bulleyanaandP. poissonii) native to the Himalaya‐Hengduan Mountains were measured for eight floral traits in both long‐ and short‐styled morphs.GLMMand spatial overlap methods were used to compare intra‐ and interspecificSOR.

While floral morphology differed among fourPrimulaspecies,SORwithin species was generally higher than between species, but in species pairsP. poissonii/P. anisodoraandP. beesiana/P. bulleyana, theSORwas high at both intra‐ and interspecific levels. We did not detect a significant variation in intraspecificSORor interspecificSORwhen comparing allopatricversussympatric populations for all species studied.

As intraspecificSORincreased, disassortative mating may be promoted. As interspecificSORdecreased, interspecific isolation between co‐flowering species pairs also may increase. Hybridisation between congeners occurred when interspecificSORincreased in sympatric populations, as confirmed in two species pairs,P. poissonii/P. anisodoraandP. beesiana/P. bulleyana.
Changes in the range of the medicinal herb Eriocaulon buergerianum Körnicke. (Eriocaulaceae) under climate change
Authors: Xie Y.‐F. , Yang L. , Deng R.‐Y. , Chen M.‐H. , Luan X.‐F. , Gottardi E. , Zhang Z.‐X.
Published: April 2018

Eriocaulon buergerianum Körnicke. (Eriocaulaceae) is one of the most common and least expensive herbal medicines for eye disease. This species is facing potential threats from climate change. Insufficient biogeographic knowledge of this plant species can hinder its effective management for long‐term population survival.

We integrated ecological niche modelling (Biomod2) with 70 records of E. buergerianum and eight environmental variables to estimate changes in distribution over time. A core area Zonation algorithm was introduced to identify conservation priority areas.

Our results indicate that the range of E. buergerianum will likely decrease in the future: the overall range change on average is −44.36 ± 21.56% (−3.70% to −77.73%); values of range loss and range gain are 45.79 ± 20.30% (9.29–78.19%) and 1.43 ± 1.53% (0.18–5.59%), respectively. According to conservation priority analysis, the mandatory reserve (top 5%), negotiable reserve (0.95–0.9) and partial reserve (0.9–0.8) areas are 19,799, 19,799 and 39,597 km2, respectively. The areas identified as conservation priority are located in the southeast, especially in northern Taiwan and the Wuyi Mountains.

Based on these results, we suggest a re‐evaluation of the threatened status of this species, with a potential upgrade to the vulnerable (VU) category. To overcome the adverse conditions faced by populations of E. buergerianum in China, we propose a multi‐faceted conservation strategy involving more complete resource assessment, a monitoring system, medical research focused on revealing medicinal components or substitutes, and a regional development plan that considers both wildlife and socio‐economic issues.