bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kaufkraftströme im Einzelhandel
Authors: Suntum Ulrich van
Published: March 2010

This article presents a model based on gravitation theory to anticipate inter-regional purchasing-power flows in the retail sector, and demonstrates how this model may be applied empirically by considering the example provided by the county of Mettmann. Unlike previous forecasting models, this model makes it possible to dispense with setting an arbitrary maximum size for catchment areas. It also enables all of the bilateral purchasing-power flows between a large number of towns or regions, and the key factors influencing them, to be investigated simultaneously. The empirical findings for the county of Mettmann appear extremely plausible. The author discusses three possible areas of application for this forecasting model: to gauge the effectiveness of city-marketing measures; to assess the effects of large (e.g. out-of-town) retail centres; and to predict the impacts of improvements to the road network on retailing in both source and target localities. The results produced by the model are in some cases surprising; the model is, however, capable of providing good explanations for these surprises.
Zur Differenziertheit des Phänomens „Fabrikverkauf”
Authors: Halder Gerhard , Schenk Winfried
Published: March 2010

The current debate on the spatial effects of factory shops has focused predominantly on factory outlet centres (FOCs) as the channel of supply. This orientation tends to ignore the long history of factory shops in some parts of Germany, a tradition which lies behind the broad range of shopping facilities of this type available today. This heterogeneity is clearly revealed in the studies on supply and demand at two representative outlets: thesBoss andSamtfabrikshops at the “Mecca of factory shops” situated in Metzingen, near Reutlingen (Baden-Württemberg). In addition to forms of supply which are of questionable value to regional economies, there are — as these studies show — also other types of outlet which appear to be less problematic from the spatial planning perspective. Outlets of the latter type offer high-quality products and pull purchasing power into the region. As these outlets are themselves homegrown within the region, the retail sector in the region has been able to adapt to face the challenge they pose. Businesses of this type may even provide a boost for city-centre development if they are located relatively close to city centres.
Umweltprobleme eines industriellen Ballungsraumes
Authors: Friedrichs Jürgen
Published: March 2010

The article gives an overview of a large interdisciplinary research project at the University of Cologne directed at environmental problems in North-Rhine Westphalia, Germany. The project comprises 12 subprojects and the cooperation of 17 different academic disciplines. In the first part, the aims of the project are outlined and a brief outline of each project is given. To document the interdisciplinary approach, two projects are described in greater detail in the next two sections. The first assesses the impact of climate changes on ground water quality and analyzes whether the existing laws suffice to secure ground water quality. The second project studies the causes of a frequent nose disease, rhinosinusitis, in particular the relationships between indoor and outdoor pollution, and further examines this problem by specific cell cultures.
Bewertung und Entwicklung urbaner Fließgewässer unter aktiver Einbeziehung der Öffentlichkeit
Authors: Kaiser Oliver
Published: March 2010

Urban development and socio-cultural aspects have so far been mostly considered insufficiently in the evaluation and development of urban rivers. Suitable evaluation procedures for the determination of deficits and potentials are missing. In the framework of the project “Urban Water Bodies” in Freiburg evaluation elements were therefore developed which also register urban development and socio-cultural aspects such as the quality of experience and of the stay in addition to the conventional eco-morphological factors. These evaluation elements were successfully tested at two rivers in Freiburg. Deficits and development potentials were identified. These formed the basis for a participatory planning process which was initiated in the framework of the project and which was accompanied by experts. Together with citizens, experts and representatives from public authorities numerous suggestions for the revaluation of the two previously evaluated water bodies in ecological and urban development terms were elaborated. The participation process was evaluated in the sense of action research.
Politik für den ländlichen Raum 2007+
Authors: Kirschke Dieter , Häger Astrid
Published: March 2010

Rural development has become an important policy field in the European Union. The roots for this policy go back to common structural policy in agriculture and to the common structural and regional policy. The new European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development should further strengthen rural development policy in the period 2007–2013. The new perspective is in line with the changing view on the Common Agricultural Policy cutting down sector-specific market and price policy and developing an integrated policy for rural areas. From a scientific point of view the new policy orientation raises several questions. Rural development policy, basically, is a complex policy decision-making problem requiring sound scientific support.
Fortschritte beim vorsorgenden Hochwasserschutz durch die Raumordnung
Authors: Heiland Peter , Dapp Klaus
Published: March 2010

The task of flood prevention is one which concerns society in its entirety. The role of comprehensive spatial planning, both in making available the land required and in supporting preventive action, is now beyond dispute. Indeed, for over ten years a pro-active policy of integrating flood-prevention measures within spatial-planning practice has been pursued and advanced with ever-increasing intensity. This article seeks to establish just what concrete advances are now visible, both in spatial planning within Germany and in the context of transnational co-operation. It concludes by setting out a number of further steps either currently being implemented, or which will become necessary in the future.
Urbanisierung im Fünften Bericht zur Raumordnung in den Niederlanden
Authors: J. van der Burg Arjen
Published: March 2010

In the draft of the Fifth Policy Document on Spatial Planning (December 2000), the Dutch government formulated the urbanisation task as follows: to contain the forces that lead to a distribution of urban activities, building and infrastructure over an ever increasing area, thus minimising spatial quality, and, at the same time, to make room for the ‘network society’.

The answer to this problem is threefold:

Every country part should meet its own spatial needs; overspill between the four country parts is not encouraged.

Urban networks should, where possible, meet the demand for housing, employment and services.

Existing built-up areas should be optimally used throughout; new expansion areas may only be realised within a previously agreed red contour.
Regionale Verteilung öffentlicher Mittel für Universitäten
Authors: Liefner Ingo
Published: March 2010

Public funding of institutions of higher education affects regions as the spending of universities creates demand and fosters regional development. This article analyzes the nonintended regional effects of public funding of universities. Examples are the Netherlands, Britain and the US. These countries are currently viewed as being role models for reforms in the German higher education system. It can be shown that specialization of universities and competition for public resources leads to regional concentration of resources. The use of stabilizing factors in the funding process can limit regional redistribution.
Nachhaltigkeitsindikatoren auf kommunaler und regionaler Ebene: bisherige Erfahrungen und Entwicklungsbedarf
Authors: Gehrlein Ulrich
Published: March 2010

The article presents results obtained in the frame of a survey realised on local (cities and municipalities) and regional level (counties) in Germany to analyse the status quo and experiences made on the development and application of “sustainability indicators”. The research focuses on the conceptual orientation, implementation and application of the indicator systems in current communal activities. Based on this analysis the appropriateness of the indicator system, its critical features and success factors, evaluated from the interviewees’ point of view, are discussed. Finally design criteria for the development and the application of the indicator systems are deducted.
Der Ländlichste Raum — Regional-demographische Begründung einer Raumkategorie
Authors: Weiß Wolfgang
Published: March 2010

Funding provided under theAufbau Ost («Rebuilding the East») programme and other forms of financial transfer to theLänder (federal states) of eastern Germany have up to now been at their least effective in the area to the east of the River Elbe. Indeed, many of the instruments of both regional structure policy and economic development policy which have repeatedly proved their worth in the rural areas of the former West Germany have failed in the north-east. This area seems to be something of a bottomless pit. From a regional-demographic perspective, this region has to be clearly distinguished from more “ordinary” rural space, and assigned to a distinct new category to be termed “most rural space”.
Mit Nachhaltigkeitsindikatoren die Flächennutzungsplanung steuern
Authors: Reuß Albrecht
Published: March 2010

Dealing with the paradigm of “sustainable spatial development” (in German planning) is still characterised by some uncertainties. In order to respond to these uncertainties, the following article presents the concept of an indicator — based sustainability assessment. It assists the consideration of zoning plans by putting the paradigm of “sustainable spatial development” in concrete terms and making it checkable. The criteria for the assessment are familiar sustainability indicators. As a result of the sustainability assessment, the planning and control functions of these criteria increase. This article proposes a methodology for indicator — based sustainability assessment and names the success factors for the integration of sustainability goals into planning.
Die Einbeziehung der lokalen Kaltluft in Planungsentscheidungen
Authors: Schirmer Hans
Published: March 2010

The new guideline of the German Association of Engineers (VDI) no. 3887, sheet 5 considers the processes of the development and flow-off of cold air that are important for urban and regional planning. It evaluates the impacts of planning interventions on air hygiene, human beings, plants, traffic and settlement planning. Furthermore it gives reasons for the designation of priority areas for climate protection in regional plans.
Windkraftnutzung im Aufwind
Authors: Seht Hauke von
Published: March 2010

Wind energy is booming. While other sectors of the economy are in crisis, for years now the wind-energy sector has been recording double-digit growth rates. But the enthusiasm generated here is not unalloyed: at many proposed sites there have been serious conflicts with residents and other representatives of local interests. This has led to wind-energy utilisation — and how to accommodate it — becoming one of the hottest topics of the day in spatial planning. It is against this backdrop, and in the light of a number of important recent changes to the law, that this article presents a critical analysis and survey of the current state of play and offers practical suggestions and recommendations on approaches to wind-energy utilisation.
Forschungspotenziale von Universitäten und Wirtschaft in Deutschland
Authors: Liefner Ingo
Published: March 2010

Theoretical considerations suggest that scientific research can stimulate industrial research and development activities on a regional level (spillover). This article uses public funding of scientific institutions, research grants, industrial spending on research and development, and paents as indicators to investigate the relation between science and industry statistically. However, the analyses show that the spatial distribution of industrial R&D activities in Germany cannot be explained by the existence of regional spillovers between science and industry alone.
Erfolgreiche Initiierung von freiwilligen regionalen Kooperationen zur Umsetzung einer nachhaltigen Regionalentwicklung
Authors: Hilligardt Jan
Published: March 2010

In political and academic circles, as well as among practitioners of spatial planning, a wideranging discussion is currently taking place on the scope and limits of voluntary regional partnerships as an instrument for implementing sustainable spatial development. The 26 factors affecting the successful initiation of appropriate forms of regional partnerships which are presented in this article represent the central results of a research project conducted in the Department of Environmental and Spatial Planning at the Technical University of Darmstadt. These factors are considered to provide vital assistance to those involved in the organisation and management of such initiation stages.
Zwischen Baum und Borke — Regionale Wirtschaftsförderung unter europäischen Vorzeichen
Authors: Conzelmann Thomas
Published: March 2010

The joint task “Improvement of the Regional Economic Structure” has been fundamentally transformed since the beginning of the 1980’s against the background of its integration into the regional policy of the European Community. In addition to a successive narrowing of the range of political options, the emergence of a regional policy structure “parallel” to the joint task with the participation of the European level is notable. The reform of European Community regional policy in the context of the eastward enlargement of the European Union will still reinforce the repercussions on regional policy in the Federal Republic of Germany.
Begünstigt das kommunale Finanzsystem eine verkehrsaufwändige Siedlungsentwicklung der Stadtregionen?
Authors: Gutsche Jens-Martin
Published: March 2010

The article reviews the assumption that the German fiscal system has a traffic-generating effect by animating the municipalities through a potential fiscal surplus to have housing development activities within their boundaries even if these are generating more motorised traffic than they would in other municipalities in the region. The study is based on a household survey of traffic behaviour, on an analysis of regional house building rates and on a fiscal impact analysis. The results show that the signals sent out by the fiscal system towards municipal zoning policies are not in direct contradiction with the planning goal of a traffic-avoiding spatial structure. In fact their guiding effects are not strong enough to prevent a traffic-intensive sprawl in urban regions.
Neue Leitbilder der Raumentwicklung in Deutschland
Authors: Lutter Horst
Published: March 2010

Spatial development concepts represent a desirable state of the spatial structure in the future. They are based on the analysis and evaluation of the state achieved so far and are once in a while adapted to the changing social and economic framework conditions. They are an important coordinating instrument in spatial planning. On the Federal spatial planning level, the Federation and the Länder are to jointly develop “concepts for the regional development of the national territory” in line with § 18 of the Federal Regional Planning Act. Following a large discussion process, the German Standing Conference of Ministers responsible for Spatial Planning (Ministerkonferenz für Raumordnung MKRO) decided on 30 June 2006 to launch new concepts and action strategies for spatial development in Germany. They cover current topics of spatial planning policy, i.e. growth and innovation, services for the public, protection of resources and development of cultural landscapes.
Neuorientierung der Raumordnungspolitik?
Authors: Blotevogel Hans H.
Published: March 2010

The article discusses the “Concepts and Action Strategies for Spatial Development in Germany” adopted on 30th June 2006 by the Standing Conference of Ministers Responsible for Spatial Planning. It considers the context, the function and the central message of the document as well as in detail the three guiding visions (Leitbilder). The author analyses both the innovative content of the document and its conceptual consistency; he also explores the question of to what extent the new guiding visions signalise a paradigm shift in spatial planning policy to the detriment of the aim of balanced regional development in favour of growth, competitiveness and the market, and thus also an acceptance of greater regional disparities. The conclusion is that there is in fact no paradigm shift taking place in spatial planning policy, but equally that the new guiding visions are by no means a plea for everything simply to continue as before. Three new accents can be distinguished: firstly, a special emphasis on the aim of growth and innovation, secondly, a re-interpretation of the aim of securing the supply of basic and essential infrastructure, in particular against the background of demographic change, and thirdly, a more detailed specification of aims with regard to the safeguarding of natural resources and the shaping of cultural landscapes.
Die Rolle von Karten im Leitbildprozess
Authors: Jacob Patricia
Published: March 2010

Spatial Strategies are a non-binding planning instrument and gain their effect through persuasiveness and consensus building in the discussion process. The communication of its basic concepts is therefore of essential importance. In spatial planning, interrelations, aims and interests are not only expressed by the use of words, but also visualised in maps. The article deals with the contribution of maps to the communication of spatial strategies. The recent spatial strategies from other european countries help to get an insight into possible functions and usages of maps in the process. The aim is a conscious reflection of possibilities of visualisation.
Möglichkeiten und Grenzen nationaler Stadtpolitik — Eine politikwissenschaftliche Perspektive
Authors: Bogumil Jörg , Grohs Stephan , Reiter Renate
Published: March 2010

The article deals with the leeway of integrated national urban policies. The competencies and options of the German federal government concerning the city regions are put in comparative perspective. Experiences with programmes of national urban policies are resumed for identifying pivotal problems. Restricted competencies and a lack of coordination in federal government cause a sceptical view on the possibility of an integrated approach of urban policy “from above”. Without neglecting the innovative character of federal pilot projects, a strengthening of local competencies and their room for manoeuvre is identified as a more important policy approach.
Virtueller Gewerbeflächenpool — Ein Modell regionalplanerischer Mengensteuerung der Siedlungsflächenentwicklung
Authors: Greiving Stefan , Höweler Michael
Published: March 2010

The current situation in industrial real estate development is characterised by a paradox: open space is still under attack although enough reserves are available in sum. However, the supplied real estates do not fit within the given demand in terms of location and quality. Causing factors are the existing supply-oriented urban planning law, but also a regional planning model which allocates concrete settlement areas. In these terms, the presented paper offers a new concept which aims at a quantity control of industrial real estates in combination with contractual agreements within a region between the municipalities and the regional planning authority.
Arbeitskräftemobilität in Deutschland — Qualifikationsspezifische Befunde regionaler Wanderungs- und Pendlerströme
Authors: Granato Nadia , Haas Anette , Hamann Silke , Niebuhr Annekatrin
Published: March 2010

This article analyses internal labour mobility within Germany, distinguishing between migration and commuting and between different educational levels. Our results show that mobility flows in Germany are influenced mostly by differences in labour market conditions between East and West Germany. East Germany is characterized by net migration and net commuting losses. Remarkably, these mobility losses are rather serious in the lowest educational group and tend to be less pronounced for the workforce with academic degrees, resulting in smaller human capital losses than often expected.
Stand und Dynamik der Flächenversiegelung in der Schweiz
Authors: Mann Stefan , Zingg Elvira
Published: March 2010

This paper deals with variances in requirements of settlement area per head in mainly rural municipalities. By regression analyses, some important explanatory factors both for settlement area per head and for its change are illustrated. Case studies indicate that only local factors like high opportunity costs of land currently contribute to limit growing land requirements. The paper concludes how the Federal government could limit urban sprawl.
Die Rolle der Raumplanung in der Gesellschaft
Authors: Scholich Dietmar
Published: March 2010

Spatial planning is a public task which is concerned with identifying, explaining and solving difficult problems with spatial impacts. A large part of its remit is therefore to provide technical advice to policymakers and to inform the general public. Spatial planning has successfully established itself as a distinct discipline — and one which is now quite indispensible, not least due to the absence of any real alternative to it. For what other discipline is there which takes on responsibility for sustainable spatial development by embracing not only the social, ecological and economic, but also the cultural and political dimensions; or expands the prospects for regions, cities, neighbourhoods and villages by promoting integration and interdisciplinary approaches; or, in the face of all uncertainty, which plots possible long-term courses of development for society to follow? In times of increasing segmentation, it is precisely the multifaceted nature of spatial planning that makes it not only both distinct and modern, but also a neutral source of authority. Nonetheless, the point at which spatial planning has traditionally brought — and continues to bring — its influence to bear is not at the very heart of political activity or at the centre of the debates taking place within society, but rather in the background. Only in rare cases are individual citizens directly affected by the decisions taken in the field of spatial planning. With some regularity, spatial planning is called upon to list its successes and to justify its existence, not least because the standing it enjoys within society is not particularly high. However, spatial planning must itself bear some responsibility for the relatively poor image it has acquired and for its lack of visibility. Apart from in a small number of exceptional cases, it remains much too reticent in contexts where it should rather market its distinctiveness, its strengths and its competencies — qualities which are described, albeit briefly, in the present paper. This would seem to be an auspicious time for a concerted marketing campaign. The new guidelines for spatial development in Germany call for a refocusing of tasks and for a new understanding of the role of spatial planning. With their new bachelor’s and master’s degrees, university courses in spatial planning are now positioning themselves for the future.
Metropolregionen, Wissensregion und Governance
Authors: Fürst Dietrich
Published: March 2010

Lead question of the contribution is whether and how metropolitan regions are able to resolve the tension between territorially oriented and functionally oriented modes of governance resulting from combining metropolitan regions with the concept of “knowledge regions”. The discussion centers on what does the notion “metropolitan region” convey, which are the requirements put foreward by “knowledge regions”, what conflicts may surge between territorial and functional governance and how do the German metropolitan regions tend to handle those tensions.
Städtebaulicher Investitions- und Förderbedarf 2007 bis 2013 in Deutschland
Authors: Alecke Björn , Untiedt Gerhard , Gornig Martin , Jaedicke Wolfgang , Koziol Matthias , Walther Jörg
Published: March 2010

The article reports on a completed study concerning the future requirements of funds in the joint promotion of urban development of the federation and the federal states. It centres around a representative sruvey of investment requirements in different areas of urban development measures in East and West German cities, which was examined afterwards from an macro-economic perspective. According to the study the investment and promotion requirement of urban development remains high and will amount to an estimated 64 billion euro until 2013 (public and private investments).
Actual developments in ICT — Consequences for spatial development and spatial planning
Authors: Langhagen-Rohrbach Christian
Published: March 2010

Innovation is leading to several new technologies in ICT every year — while mobile phones and the Internet where the leading innovation in the ICT-sector of the 1990s, now the integration of those networks is more important. Due to increasing bandwidths and new wireless technologies more services can be provided by actual data networks. This essay is showing latest developments in ICT and discusses their importance for spatial planning because of their power to influence or even change spatial stuctures.
„Changing fast” — Transformationsprozesse in den Docklands in Dublin
Authors: Schubert Dirk
Published: March 2010

Policy and pracice perspective
Ein Raum — ein Plan
Authors: Peithmann Ortwin
Published: March 2010

The following proposals to modernize and simplify the German spatial planning system intend to unify the different levels of spatial planning within a modern information system. The continuous convergence of planning contents by scale make it unnecessary to have redundant plans on different levels. The technical means (GIS and Telecommunication) and the changing demands of customers connected to the internet recommend a new concept to achieve planning information. The convergence demands for standardization of terms and planning categories. This leads to clearness and transparency concerning the goals of planning, it raises the benefit from the expenses of coordination, makes plans more up to date, eases the discussion on planning goals for politicians and it helps the public to achieve and understand the plans.

The proposal ‘one space — one plan’ deals with the function of spatial planning to regulate land use. The duties of spatial development by the planning authorities are not dealt with. The observations mainly focus on the conditions of spatial planning in Lower-Saxony.
Aktuelle zentralörtliche Entwicklungen im Saarland — Erste Ergebnisse einer empirischen Studie
Authors: Kühne Olaf
Published: March 2010

This article presents the results of an investigation of the central places in the federal state Saarland. With this, it is elaborated both on the centrality of offers on basis of the dispersion factor and on the centrality of demand due to a quantitative-empirical investigation. Compared to survey conducted in 1977 certain changes concerning centrality have been turned out in the Saarland. Those changes can also be found in the current regional development plan: The interlacing fields on tier of the secondary centres are indistinct, interlacing fields on tier of the basic centres let to prove, numerous basic centres and secondary centres follow their normative function only inadequately. Due to the clear modifications of the centrality of numerous places a continuous monitoring of the centrality is suggested as an instrument of the politics deliberation.
Besondere und allgemeine metropolitane Spezialisierungen in Berlin: Kultur und Wissenschaft, Koordination und Transaktion
Authors: Stein Rolf
Published: March 2010

The paper explores how far the four ‘future fields’ of science, culture, health and transportation in Berlin — defined by local policy correspond with the actual regional specializations of the city, applying localization coefficients of employment in the respective professions and professional fields as a measure. In addition, Berlin's specializations in general metropolitan functions are analyzed, using employment in knowledge-intensive services as an indicator. Furthermore, this category is contrasted to the differently defined category of transaction activities. With this approach, interferences of sectoral and functional specializations can be detected that are at the core of metropolitan value creation.
Innovationsförderung und Verwaltung: Das Beispiel der Freien Hansestadt Bremen
Authors: Dirksmeier Peter
Published: March 2010

The paper presents the thesis that the administration should be the target for innovation research. In the context of the promotion of innovations the administration deals with a threefold paradox. Innovations are non-intendable, the administration forms a non-innovative environment and the administration is dependent on majority decisions. Using the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen as a case study the paper scrutinizes the internal handling of these obstacles of the administration. As a main empirical finding it shows up that presentation and delegation are the main methods the administration uses to encounter its own endogenous resistances in the context of the promotion of innovation.
Results of isolated posterolateral corner reconstruction
Authors: Camarda Lawrence , Condello Vincenzo , Madonna Vincenzo , Cortese Fabrizio , D’Arienzo Michele , Zorzi Claudio
Published: March 2010

Background

Isolated posterolateral corner (PLC) tears are relatively rare events. Various surgical techniques to treat posterolateral knee instability have been described; because surgical results are linked to cruciate reconstructions it has been difficult to date to define whether one surgical procedure has better prognosis than another. The goal of this study is to determine the clinical outcome of PLC reconstruction following fibular-based technique.

Materials and methods

We retrospectively evaluated a case series of patients who received isolated PLC reconstruction between March 2005 and January 2007. Ten patients were surgically treated for isolated injuries and were available for follow-up; average patient age was 27.4 years (range 16–47 years). All patients were treated following the fibular-based technique: double femoral tunnel was performed in six patients, while in the remaining four patients, the reconstruction of the PLC was performed with a single femoral tunnel. Six patients had semitendinosus allograft and four had semitendinosus autograft. All patients had the same evaluation and the same rehabilitation protocol.

Results

Mean follow-up was 27.5 months (range 18–40 months). Mean range of motion (ROM) was 143.5° for flexion (range 135–150°) and 0.5° for extension (range 0–3°). Three patients showed 1+ on varus stress test, while on Dial test another three patients showed 10° reduction of external rotation compared with contralateral knee. The average Lysholm score was 94 points (range 83–100), and the mean International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) subjective result was 88.48 (range 74–96.5). Based on Lysholm score, the results were excellent in eight knees and good in two knees. On IKDC evaluation, two patients were grade A and eight were grade B. No significant difference in clinical results was observed between single and double femoral tunnel.

Conclusion

Fibular-based technique showed good results in terms of clinical outcome, restoring varus and rotation stability of knees in treatment of chronic isolated PLC injury.
Characterization and Authentication of Significant Chinese Edible Oilseed Oils by Stable Carbon Isotope Analysis
Authors: Guo Lian‐Xian , Xu Xiao‐Ming , Yuan Jian‐Ping , Wu Chou‐Fei , Wang Jiang‐Hai
Published: March 2010

The ratios of stable carbon isotopes (δ13C) of 12 oils extracted from Chinese edible oilseed samples and their individual fatty acids were determined by elemental analysis‐isotope ratio mass spectrometry (EA‐IRMS) and gas chromatography‐isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC‐IRMS). The results have demonstrated that the δ13C ratios of the oils from C3‐plant seeds range from −26.8 to −30.7‰, while the δ13C ratios of C4‐plant maize oil are in the interval of −14.1 to −16.2‰. Eighteen fatty acids were identified and their abundances were measured by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) in these oils with C16:0, C18:0, C18:1 and C18:2 as the major constituents. From the data on fatty acids and stable carbon isotopes, several sensitive markers were developed to detect the adulteration of Chinese edible oilseed oils. Examples are provided with pre‐blended samples to illustrate the discrimination procedures and corresponding sensitive markers with emphasis on camellia seed oil, flax seed oil and perilla seed oil.
Objective compliance of adolescent girls with idiopathic scoliosis in a dynamic SpineCor brace
Authors: Hasler Carol C. , Wietlisbach Stephanie , Büchler Philippe
Published: March 2010

Purpose

Dynamic SpineCor was designed to overcome the disadvantages of rigid orthoses—bulkiness, physical constraint and warming—and to improve the acceptance and compliance as limiting factors of brace treatment. Those theoretical benefits have not been proved by compliance studies yet.

Methods

SpineCor braces of 12 adolescent scoliotic girls were equipped with flexible temperature loggers, which were sandwiched between gel foam and the brace's pelvic base. Patients and parents were blinded for the observation period of 14 days and gave post-hoc consent. The logger yielded 672 time-stamped values at 30-min intervals. Pilot testing revealed values beyond the 30°C threshold as indicative for brace wear.

Results

The average overall compliance (% wearing hours/prescribed 23 h) was 54% ± 22.3 (range, 11.8–95.8%). The youngest patients (aged 10–12 years) were significantly more compliant than the others ( P < 0.05). Most patients had a scattered wearing pattern: one was a day-wearer, one a night-wearer and only the two high adherers showed a consistent daily pattern. There was no significant difference between weekdays, weekdays and weekends, nor between day and night wear.

Conclusion

The current study showed that the compliance of patients in a dynamic SpineCor is as limited as in a conventional brace. This is in line with earlier data on patients’ SpineCor and rigid brace acceptance evaluated by a questionnaire and on temperature logging in rigid braces.
II Epigram in the Hellenistic World
Authors: Livingstone Niall , Nisbet Gideon
Published: March 2010

As Chapter 1 ended, with questions of collecting and reception, so Chapter 2 begins. The imperial physician and prolific medical writer Galen (second to third century CE) was particularly interested in books and how people used, or misused, them. In the course of a discussion of how a particular set of annotations found their way into the Library of Alexandria's copy of a classic medical text, the third book of Hippocrates' Epidemics, he tells an interesting story to illustrate just how avid Ptolemy Euergetes, king of Egypt in the third century BCE, was as a book collector. He ordered that, whenever ships put in at the harbour of Alexandria, any books their passengers were carrying should be confiscated and copied; the copies were returned to the owners, and the originals were placed in the Library. Ptolemy went further than that, though: he borrowed the official copies of the plays of Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides from the Athenian authorities on the security of a large deposit (fifteen talents), promising to make copies and return the originals.
V Ancient Epigram in Reception
Authors: Livingstone Niall , Nisbet Gideon
Published: March 2010

‘Reception’, the study of how the present recognizes and constructs its past, has developed from sober origins (the literary hermeneutics of Gadamer and Jauss) into a hot topic in contemporary classical studies. This rapidly changing ? eld resists stable definition of methodology or subject matter, and elicits firebrand rhetoric. Some practitioners are explicitly confrontational, exposing the historically recent ‘uses and abuses of antiquity’ perpetrated in the service of reactionary ideologies, and critiquing the disciplinary sleights of hand by which classics itself has come into being. Others use reception terminology to repackage Nachleben, the post-classical afterlives of ancient texts, or a broader ‘classical tradition’: the conventional study (blurring at times into optimistic hagiography) of the enduring influence of antiquity in literature and the arts. Recent trends are thoughtfully surveyed in Lorna Hardwick's New Survey, Reception Studies (Hardwick 2003).
Between Normality and Uniqueness: Unwrapping the Enigma of Japanese Security Policy Decision-Making
Authors: HOWE BRENDAN
Published: March 2010

To many observers Japanese decision-making is an enigma that defies conventional analysis. Neither the traditional rational actor model of decision-making, nor alternative pluralist models proposed for the analysis of Western democracies fit the Japanese case. As a result Japanese security policy decision-making is described as ‘reactive’ or even non-existent. Likewise, the anomaly of Japanese decision-making is ultimately predicted to be resolved through a process of ‘normalization’ whereby Japanese policy formation evolves into a form that does fit these models. However, this paper contends that the fact that Japan's security decision-making does not fit commonly-used models is due rather to the limitations of those models. Japan's security policy, like that of all states, is gradually evolving, but this does not mean that it is about to become just like the West. This paper addresses how a conjuncture of external factors and internal factors has stimulated important changes in Japanese security policy-making which are frequently missed or misinterpreted by observers. In order to understand Japanese security policy-making, and to chart its future course, a refined cybernetic approach is introduced.
Child-Centric Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and the Fragmentation of Child Welfare Practice in England
Authors: HALL CHRISTOPHER , PARTON NIGEL , PECKOVER SUE , WHITE SUE
Published: March 2010

The ways in which government supports families and protects children are always a fine balance. In recent years, we suggest that this balance can be characterised increasingly as ‘child-centric’, less concerned with families and more focused on individual children and their needs. This article charts the changes in families and government responses over the last 40 years, and the way this is reflected in organisational and administrative arrangements. It notes in particular the impact on everyday practice of the introduction of information and communication technologies. Findings are reported from recent research which shows the struggles faced by practitioners who try to manage systems which separate children from their familial, social and relational contexts. As a consequence, we suggest, the work has become increasingly fragmented and less mindful of children's life within families. While the data and analysis draw on research carried out in England, we suggest that similar changes may be going on in other Western liberal democracies.
Risk factors for indigenousCampylobacter jejuniandCampylobacter coliinfections in The Netherlands: a case-control study
Authors: DOORDUYN Y. , VAN DEN BRANDHOF W. E. , VAN DUYNHOVEN Y. T. H. P. , BREUKINK B. J. , WAGENAAR J. A. , VAN PELT W.
Published: March 2010

A case-control study comprising 1315Campylobacter jejunicases, 121Campylobacter colicases and 3409 frequency-matched controls was conducted in The Netherlands in 2002–2003. Risk factors for bothC. jejuniandC. colienteritis were consumption of undercooked meat and barbecued meat, ownership of cats and use of proton pump inhibitors. Consumption of chicken was a predominant risk factor forC. jejunienteritis, but many additional risk factors were identified. Unique risk factors forC. coliinfections were consumption of game and tripe, and swimming. Contact with farm animals and persons with gastroenteritis were predominant risk factors forC. jejunienteritis in young children (0–4 years). Important risk factors for the elderly (⩾60 years) were eating in a restaurant, use of proton pump inhibitors and having a chronic intestinal illness. Consumption of chicken in spring, steak tartare in autumn and winter and barbecued meat in rural areas showed strong associations withC. jejuniinfections. This study illustrates that important differences in risk factors exist for differentCampylobacterspp. and these may differ dependent on age, season or degree of urbanization.
Reviewing Autonomy: Implications of the Neurosciences and the Free Will Debate for the Principle of Respect for the Patient's Autonomy
Authors: MÜLLER SABINE , WALTER HENRIK
Published: March 2010

Beauchamp and Childress have performed a great service by strengthening the principle of respect for the patient's autonomy against the paternalism that dominated medicine until at least the 1970s. Nevertheless, we think that the concept of autonomy should be elaborated further. We suggest such an elaboration built on recent developments within the neurosciences and the free will debate. The reason for this suggestion is at least twofold: First, Beauchamp and Childress neglect some important elements of autonomy. Second, neuroscience itself needs a conceptual apparatus to deal with the neural basis of autonomy for diagnostic purposes. This desideratum is actually increasing because modern therapy options can considerably influence the neural basis of autonomy itself.
Altruism in Medicine: Its Definition, Nature, and Dilemmas
Authors: STEINBERG DAVID
Published: March 2010

A significant portion of the practice of medicine is dependent on individual acts of medical altruism. Many of these acts, such as the donation of blood, gametes, stem cells, and organs, entail varying degrees of bodily intrusion and, for the altruist, various combinations of discomfort, risk, and expense. Discussion of the ethics of altruism has typically been fragmented under various rubrics such as blood donation, organ and tissue transplantation, health information, and the assisted reproductive technologies. The ethics of these specific examples of altruism are best explored in conjunction with a broader discussion of their relatively neglected mother discipline, altruism in medicine.
War Surgery in Afghanistan and Iraq: A Series of Cases, 2003–2007, edited by Shawn C. Nessen, Dave E. Lounsbury, and Stephen P. Hertz. Falls Church, VA: Office of the Surgeon General, United States Army; Washington, DC: Borden Institute: Walter Reed Army Medical Center; 2008.
Authors: Murphy Timothy F.
Published: March 2010

Readers are invited to contact Greg S. Loeben in writing at Midwestern University, Glendale Campus, Bioethics Program, 19555 N. 59th Ave., Glendale, AZ 85308 (gloebe@midwestern.edu) regarding books they would like to see reviewed or books they are interested in reviewing.
An Order of Magnitude Improvement in STEM Resolution: Wavelength High-Energy Electron Localization
Authors: Morris Walter Gordon , Madras Squatter , Eades Alwyn
Published: March 2010

There have been many attempts to improve the resolution of electron microscopes. Transmission electron microscopes are normally limited in resolution by a balance between the diffraction limit (which could be overcome by the use of a large objective aperture) and the spherical aberration of the lenses used (which could be overcome by the use of a small objective aperture). In recent years successful attempts have been made to achieve resolutions beyond this limit by holography and also by the development of aberration correctors.
Pioneers in Optics: Louis Daguerre and George Eastman
Authors: Davidson Michael W.
Published: March 2010

Born near Paris, France on November 18, 1787, Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre was to become both a painter and the inventor of the first successful form of photography. Originally trained as an architect, Daguerre later became a pupil of E. M. Degotti at the Paris Opera and a thriving scene painter. In 1822, working with Charles Boulton, Daguerre helped develop the Diorama, a Paris illusionistic exhibition that contained paintings on large translucent screens, which seemed to come to life with skillful light manipulation.

From humble beginnings, George Eastman revolutionized the field of photography by simplifying the process and making it accessible to the masses. The youngest of three children, Eastman was born in Waterville, New York on July 12, 1854. His family moved to Rochester when he was still a young child so his father, George Washington Eastman, could establish a business school. However, his father died in 1862 and the institution failed.
Why 4F:1G Fixative Works for Me
Authors: Dykstra M.J.
Published: March 2010

McDowell and Trump published a seminal paper examining the efficacy of several fixative formulas. They were attempting to determine the best solution for producing samples that could be put in fixative during surgical procedures or in the morgue and then processed for both electron and light microscopy evaluation without significantly compromising either examination method.
MIRCA2000—Global monthly irrigated and rainfed crop areas around the year 2000: A new high‐resolution data set for agricultural and hydrological modeling
Authors: Portmann Felix T. , Siebert Stefan , Döll Petra
Published: March 2010

To support global‐scale assessments that are sensitive to agricultural land use, we developed the global data set of monthly irrigated and rainfed crop areas around the year 2000 (MIRCA2000). With a spatial resolution of 5 arc min (about 9.2 km at the equator), MIRCA2000 provides both irrigated and rainfed crop areas of 26 crop classes for each month of the year. The data set covers all major food crops as well as cotton. Other crops are grouped into categories (perennial, annual, and fodder grasses). It represents multicropping systems and maximizes consistency with census‐based national and subnational statistics. According to MIRCA2000, 25% of the global harvested areas are irrigated, with a cropping intensity (including fallow land) of 1.12, as compared to 0.84 for the sum of rainfed and irrigated harvested crops. For the dominant crops (rice (1.7 million km2 harvested area), wheat (2.1 million km2), and maize (1.5 million km2)), roughly 60%, 30%, and 20% of the harvested areas are irrigated, respectively, and half of the citrus, sugar cane, and cotton areas. While wheat and maize are the crops with the largest rainfed harvested areas (1.5 million km2 and 1.2 million km2, respectively), rice is clearly the crop with the largest irrigated harvested area (1.0 million km2), followed by wheat (0.7 million km2) and maize (0.3 million km2). Using MIRCA2000, 33% of global crop production and 44% of total cereal production were determined to come from irrigated agriculture.