bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Epilogue
Authors: Bartelson Jens
Published: January 2022

This epilogue suggests that the desire for sovereign agency and recognition are by no means innocent aspirations, since the quest for sovereign agency often tends to circumscribe the autonomy of other actors thereby making it difficult to sustain equality among them. Indeed, the desire for sovereign agency and corresponding quest for recognition are not only prone to backfire on their own terms but also run the risk of perpetuating the same practices of misrecognition and forms of domination that they were designated to escape in the first place. This paradox has recently gained traction among students of international relations, who have argued that world politics is based on a desire for sovereign agency that is bound to produce misrecognition precisely out of the many frustrated attempts to attain international recognition. Those actors who want to assert their sovereign agency are faced with the challenge of navigating the narrow space between nonrecognition and misrecognition in order to preserve a modicum of autonomy in the midst of rival claims to sovereign agency. The chapter then considers how this dilemma plays itself out in the different international and domestic contexts described by the contributors to this book.
Manpower Mobilization and Rehabilitation in New Zealand’s Second World War
Authors: McGibbon Ian
Published: January 2022

This chapter recounts how New Zealand's initial role in the Second World War was precipitated by Germany's invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939. It discusses how New Zealand aligned itself with Britain, stating that it would go wherever it goes and stand wherever it stands, which was an acknowledgment that New Zealand's fate depended on the outcome of the British Commonwealth's war effort. It also refers to New Zealand's contribution to the Allied military effort overseas, which included supplying Britain with vital food and other resources. The chapter talks about the 2nd New Zealand Expeditionary Force (2NZEF), which was initially formed on the basis of voluntary enlistments in 1914. It elaborates New Zealand's need to provide for its own physical security, which introduced a new element that involved major strategic and domestic policy decisions.
Introduction
Authors: Pederson Joshua
Published: January 2022

This introductory chapter discusses the idea of introducing the idea of moral injury to literary studies. Accordingly, moral injury is defined as akin to being “sin sick.” It is a novel concept that defines and describes the lingering negative effects that afflict those who do or witness wrong. Indeed, moral injury and its antecedents have a long if unacknowledged literary history. The chapter also contends that moral injury shapes not only the substance but also the style of literature — that a number of tropes often cluster around it. Often, if not always, accounts of moral injury in literature are accompanied by a dark excess, a looming evil that encroaches and threatens to spread. Moreover, this excess manifests formally in a few distinct ways.
Towers
Authors: Carso Kerry Dean
Published: January 2022

This chapter examines the belvedere. Here, the notion of the view and its attendant power dynamics in the building type of the belvedere, and prospect towers generally, are subjects largely unexplored by architectural historians of nineteenth-century America. These ornamental structures appeared in England in eighteenth-century landscape gardens. Settings for prospect towers in the United States included gardens, parks, rural cemeteries, and tourist attractions: in other words, anywhere an elevated view was desirable. In general, the architectural styles of belvederes ranged from the neoclassical to the more exotic Gothic and Chinese, and took the form of many different building types, including lighthouses, pagodas, obelisks, and castellated towers. What they shared in common, however, was the inherent power embodied in looking down from on high.
Conclusion
Authors: Rignall Karen E.
Published: January 2022

This chapter concludes by situating a half century of transformation in the Mgoun Valley in global debates about supporting rural livelihoods and social life at a time of unprecedented political, environmental, and economic pressures. It recounts individual stories of making do, collective mobilizations asserting new claims, and the gradual reworking of the landscape as social, political, and agricultural acts. The accounts do, however, represent a genealogy of the present, an analysis of how residents in the Mgoun Valley have refigured a vibrant, if conflicted, rurality. The chapter also identifies more durable dynamics informing how people in this rural space constructed their social and economic worlds as fundamentally political projects. Ultimately, the chapter contributes to rethinking political agency and common action in rural North Africa and the Middle East by attending to the quotidian complexities of rural politics and land conflict.
Manipulating Identities
Authors: Ong Soon Keong
Published: January 2022

This chapter analyses the multifaceted identities of returned emigrants in Xiamen during its treaty port era through the lens of different power regimes — the Qing, Great Britain, Japan, and the Republic of China. It examines how they manipulated their identities for their own benefits. For those emigrants who had acquired foreign nationality, they had literally returned home to China as a “foreign” country. But for returned overseas Chinese in general, Xiamen was “foreign” also, because it was not entirely Chinese. In a sense, the chapter explains how Xiamen was situated “in-between” China and the world beyond after various contending political powers created a fluid environment in Xiamen. While the various states tried to identify, win over, and discipline the emigrants, the chapter reveals the chameleonic nature of the overseas Chinese and their conspicuous lack of deep ideological commitment to any one particular state.
Decentering Managua
Authors: Lee David Johnson
Published: January 2022

This chapter looks at the aftermath of the 1972 earthquake that destroyed Managua. It demonstrates how the planners, who implemented Managua's reconstruction, planned a new city modeled on US urban space even though the US government under President Nixon turned away from the developmental premises of the Alliance for Progress. The plan for a decentralized metropolis created an unlikely consensus: US planners, many of whom were less comfortable than Nixon with Somoza's dictatorship, as well as Nicaragua's anti-Somoza opposition, believed that decentralization could diminish the power of the dictator, while Somoza and his staunchest supporters in the United States believed that the tools of urban planning would cement the dictator's economic and political control. The chapter then examines how the new city cemented an alliance of Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional radicals with Nicaragua's anti-Somoza elite.
Introduction
Authors: Yang Timothy M.
Published: January 2022

This chapter begins by examining medicine as a business. It investigates how modern medicine spread not just through state-supported institutions and networks of like-minded practitioners but also through a variety of actors engaged in market relations. The chapter also studies how the pharmaceutical industry promotes this tacit hegemony by fostering medical knowledge and shaping patterns of consumption through the manufacture and sale of medicines. Using the case of Hoshi Pharmaceuticals — a short-lived company known for its connections to the Japanese state and its imperial project — the chapter explores how the pharmaceutical industry served as an intermediary for instilling the values of a modern medicinal culture that supported Japan's national development and imperial expansion. By following Hoshi's involvement in commodities such as opium, quinine, and patent medicines across Japan and its expanding empire (and beyond), the chapter connects the dreams and schemes of politicians and industrialists to the innovations of scientists and the productive power of labor, not only in Japan and the rest of East Asia but in places like Peru, the Dutch East Indies, and the United States.
War and Drugs
Authors: Yang Timothy M.
Published: January 2022

This chapter reviews how companies like Hoshi Pharmaceuticals actively participated in wartime mobilization. It examines the transition of Hoshi Pharmaceuticals from a time of peace to a time of war. Within a context of total war, the mobilization of individuals to become productive members of an industrial society easily transformed into a wartime idiom of mobilizing healthy bodies for the national body politic. Within the context of a nationalized, planned economy, the efforts to market and sell products transformed into efforts to market and sell the war effort itself. The chapter shows how the idiom of healthy minds and bodies for rational participation in modern life easily transposed into the idiom of healthy minds and bodies for national sacrifice.
Russia’s Truckers and the Road to Radicalization
Authors: Crowley Stephen
Published: January 2022

This chapter explores the potential for socioeconomic protests to combine with more radical political demands. It studies the protest by Russia's truck drivers, whose actions demonstrate how simple economic concerns can unite otherwise isolated individuals and quickly lead to demands for political transformation. The truckers did not pose a direct threat to the Putin regime. This is true for a variety of reasons, not least the continued repressive power of the Russian state. Nevertheless, the case of Russia's truckers is undoubtedly troubling for those in power: the imposition of a simple tax spurred a movement of “perfect strangers” from Chita to Dagestan, who within two years went from pleading “President, help us” to calling for no-confidence in Putin and advancing a candidate from their ranks to unseat him. The issue of a tax increase illustrates how fiscal pressures can create painful tradeoffs in social policy. This point is crucial, because a drop in oil prices not only puts a crimp in Russia's economy; it arguably changes the very relations between state and society.
Overcoming Russia’s Labor Dilemma
Authors: Crowley Stephen
Published: January 2022

This concluding chapter reflects on Russia's labor dilemma. Top officials, from Vladimir Putin on down, have declared that boosting labor productivity has become a paramount goal, in order to kick-start economic growth. One avenue for doing so is to focus on “cities instead of oil” — that is, to direct government attention and resources toward building a handful of “global cities” beyond Moscow and St. Petersburg. However, a major policy plan to shift investment elsewhere runs no small risk of greater protest down the road. The only alternative to further neoliberal reforms imposed on society in the hopes of jump-starting economic growth, or economic stagnation alongside an evermore severe paternalism, would be to permit society to organize, allow real trade unions to assert the interests of their members, to push up wages and benefits for the unemployed and the poor.
Settings
Authors: Quinlan Sean M.
Published: January 2022

This chapter looks at how the so-called medical revolution transformed the status of medicine in France, in all its epistemological, institutional, and professional dimensions. It explores the settings and precedents that inspired the medical undercurrents of the post-revolutionary period. The chapter also explicates the new clinical medicine, then emphasizes three other long-term developments: the emerging figure of the médecin-philosophe and the science of man tradition of the mid-1700s; the rage for popular or prophetic science that gripped literate society in the 1770s and the 1780s; and, the utopian dreams about physical and moral regeneration that inspired revolutionaries to fashion a new man and society. The chapter argues that these influences rarely progressed from one another in a linear unfolding of ideas. It then investigates how they maintained overlapping spheres of influence and formed a sort of Borromean ring in whose center emerged new genres, readers, and subgroup behavior.
Writing Sexual Difference
Authors: Quinlan Sean M.
Published: January 2022

This chapter presents other authors who used medicine to puzzle out the new political and social realities created by the French Revolution. It demonstrates the strong interconnection between medical genre, gendered visions, and new sociopolitical realities after the Reign of Terror. In the years following the Marquis de Sade' La Philosophie dans le boudoir, authors published a stream of books that treated what they called “the natural history of women.” These books were written by an eclectic group of doctors, naturalists, and self-styled men of letters, all of whom wished to explain the physical and moral qualities of women in their entirety. The chapter reviews how the authors sought to influence how their readers thought about gender roles following the French Revolution. Though the writers diverged in opinion, they believed that women's civil and civic status was the greatest political issue of the day, and they hoped to mold public attitudes by sharing the most up-to-date scientific knowledge.
Sex and the Citizen
Authors: Quinlan Sean M.
Published: January 2022

This chapter focuses on another craze that hit Paris high society in the early years of the Napoleonic regime: a vogue for self-help manuals that taught readers the art of having gifted, healthy, and beautiful children — preferably boys. It reviews a bizarre corpus or books that were widely debated in the literary and popular press. This literature departed from earlier medical and lay writings about sex and family hygiene. The chapter looks at how the sex-manual craze of the post-revolutionary years opens a different view upon this process of diffusion. It explores the interplay between genre and subcultures, which suggests a complex and confused dialogue between doctors and their readers, as both groups used this medical genre to capitalize upon political and professional agendas. The chapter illuminates how sex, medicine, politics, and interest combined in unstable and unusual ways. These doctors entered into a dialogue with particular constituencies of readers and toyed with official ideologies about moral values and sexual difference.
Learning on the Western Front
Authors: Hunzeker Michael A.
Published: January 2022

This chapter provides a basic overview of the tactical dilemma facing the British, French, and German armies on the Western Front. It investigates how the troop-to-space ratio and the imbalance between strategic and tactical mobility — combined with firepower contributed to the stalemate on the Western Front. Beyond these daunting firepower and organizational challenges, the chapter also looks at a number of coordination problems being faced by the commanders during the war: infantry–artillery coordination, the challenge around achieving surprise, and logistics. It also examines the two unenviable trade-offs encountered by the commanders which revolved around depth and breadth. The chapter then shifts to discuss the challenges of the defenders and how they had to constantly adapt during the war. It identifies the optimal doctrine for ending the stalemate. Finally, the chapter analyzes the British, French, and German armies' set of solutions to these problems and challenges: assault tactics, combined-arms, and elastic defense in depth.
The Promise, Success, and Failure of the Early Researchers
Authors: Stewart Andrew J.
Published: January 2022

This chapter discusses the promise, success, and failure of the early researchers of information security. The RAND Corporation and the other early researchers who began the study of information security in the early 1960s believed that they could unlock the gates to a new world where classified information could be protected. However, their dream was overpowered by the concerns of the commercial market. In that regard, the RAND Corporation had been proven correct, that rationality did indeed reign supreme. It was entirely rational for the new computer companies to forsake the creations of the early researchers such as multilevel security, formal verification, and the Orange Book. By the mid 1990s, the field of information security was adrift.
The Dot-Com Boom and the Genesis of a Lucrative Feedback Loop
Authors: Stewart Andrew J.
Published: January 2022

This chapter evaluates the dot-com boom, which was a speculative bubble wherein the value of internet stocks rose for an extended period beyond anything that could be justified on economic grounds. Like other speculative bubbles, the dot-com boom was caused by an invention that created inflated hopes of financial profits. The World Wide Web provided people with the ability to consume entertaining content, to communicate in new ways, and to purchase products and services online. Since the web was a recently created set of technologies and protocols, the study of web security was therefore new by definition. Both Microsoft and Netscape struggled with how to secure mobile code. The two popular types of mobile code were Java and ActiveX, and each approached security differently. The chapter then considers the feedback loop that was created between hackers and the commercial security industry, which was a powerful engine that caused the size of the market for information security products to skyrocket.
Prologue
Authors: Doder Dusko , Branson Louise
Published: January 2022

This prologue details how the author, a journalist, received a phone call from Bob Kaiser, the new managing editor of the Washington Post. Kaiser announced that Time magazine was preparing a story for the 1992 Christmas issue suggesting the author had become a Soviet agent while serving as the Post's bureau chief in Moscow. The author was on vacation in London after two years of reporting and writing about the violent disintegration of Yugoslavia. He then received another phone call, this time from former Post editor Ben Bradlee, who offered encouragement and his hunch that the CIA was behind the story. The author's theory is that it might be retribution for the scoop that had embarrassed the top CIA brass, the story the author had filed from Moscow on February 10, 1984, indicating that Soviet leader Yuri Andropov might have died.
Hired by the Washington Post
Authors: Doder Dusko , Branson Louise
Published: January 2022

This chapter details how, in July of 1970, the author received a letter from Washington Post foreign editor John Anderson inviting him to Washington for interviews and a tryout at the newspaper's expense. Washington Post executive editor Ben Bradlee had been transforming the Post from a second-tier newspaper into a rival to the New York Times, and had been attracting “great talent” by paying them good salaries and giving them a lot of editorial freedom. The author worked at his tryout tasks for three days, mostly shaping wire service and other copy from the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. The job offer arrived in late September of 1970. The chapter then looks at the author's first few days at the Washington Post, where he was assigned to the foreign desk and given responsibility for the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, and other parts of the Communist world.
Perils Covering My Native Yugoslavia
Authors: Doder Dusko , Branson Louise
Published: January 2022

This chapter focuses on how the author was appointed the paper's East European bureau chief. However, the bureau itself was located in Belgrade in Yugoslavia, from which the author had escaped. Since he feared that he may never get another offer to become a foreign correspondent, he accepted the position. The chapter then looks at the author's meeting with Turkish leader Rauf Denktash. The author was in Cyprus after pro-Greek junta officers staged a coup against the president, Archbishop Makarios III. For nearly a week, there were intercommunal massacres throughout the island, and the ethnic Turks on the island were publicly clamoring for Turkey to protect them. Denktash told the author that he had asked Turkey to intervene militarily to protect the Turkish minority on the island. Later, the author got caught in a Turkish fire during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus.
Gestational Diabetes as a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disorders
Authors: Sultana Riffat , Maheshwari Lalit , Soomro Imran Ellahi , Balouch Iram Jehan , Tabassum Shazia , Rehman Fazal ur
Published: January 2022

Background: Gestational diabetes (GD) is identified as a risk factor for increasing the onset of cardiovascular disorders (CVD). However, it is not clear whether this risk is linked with the intercurrent pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Thus, it is essential to identify markers and risk factors responsible for the pathogenesis of CVD and develop therapeutic strategies to decrease the cardiovascular health burden in affected women. 

Objective: The present study aims to evaluate the effect of GD on the future onset of CVD and assess the impact of type 2 diabetes mellitus in this context.

Study Design: A cohort study was conducted in Karachi Institute of Heart Diseases Karachi Pakistan from June 2017 to June 2018. A total of 227 females who give birth to at least one kid were included in this study. Females with previous history of cardiovascular disorders and any other chronic disorders were excluded from this study. Using a biennial questionnaire behavioral, life style characters and health outcomes were evaluated. Multivariable Cox model was used to measure hazardous risk and ratio for cardiovascular disorders with 95 % confidence interval.  

Results: In this study, 11.8% of participants were diagnosed with gestational diabetes with a mean age of 31.6 ± 2.6 years. 28% of women with GD were developed hypertension later on compared to the non-GD participants (8%), indicating a positive association between GD and hypertension. A multivariate Cox analysis revealed that women with GD had a 28% increased risk of incidence of hypertension as compared to the non-GD group (HR. 1.24 [95% CI 1.13 – 1.65); P<0.01).

Conclusion: Females with GD are at higher risk for developing CVD later in their life. This association might be due to obesity and sedentary lifestyle.
Ameliorative Effect of Cannabidiol against Gastric Ulcer Induced by Diclofenac in Rats
Authors: Aldossary Sara A.
Published: January 2022

Purpose: The aim of his study is to examine the effect of using cannabidiol upon gastric ulcer induced by diclofenac in rats. Method: The experiment was conducted on four groups, with normal rats serving as a control in group one. A single oral dose of diclofenac was administered to Group 2 rats in order to induce a stomach ulcer. The rats in the third group were given a single oral dosage of diclofenac sodium, followed by a 5-day therapy with cannabidiol, which began three days before the diclofenac administration. Drug control on cannabidiol-treated rats in the final group (Group 4). Results: The investigation showed that when cannabidiol was administered, the levels of acidity from diclofenac use decreased, significantly. Conclusion: The investigation resulted in a decrease in overall acidity levels among the rats treated with diclofenac, indicating that cannabidiol was effective in treating the condition.
A Review of Challenges in Performing RT- PCR for COVID-19 in Rural Healthcare Settings
Authors: Karadbhajane Priti , Chauhan Aatmika , Gaidhane Shilpa , Patil Manoj , Syed Zahiruddin Quazi , Tambekar Anil , Gaidhane Abhay
Published: January 2022

COVID-19 pandemic has thoroughly shaken the community globally, including remote rural areas of all countries. Testing for SARS Cov-2 and clinical laboratory became the priority in hospital and healthcare settings during this pandemic. WHO confirmed the specificity and sensitivity of RT-PCR and announced the RT-PCR as the confirmatory test for the Covid-19 investigation. Governments mobilized all their vital resources towards establishing laboratories and enhancing the number of diagnostic tests to curb the spread of pandemics. In India's resource-limited limited settings, a molecular technique like RT-PCR faced several problems like improper laboratory setup, deficiency of trained health professionals, and many setbacks. This review reflects on challenges experienced in rural and resource-limited settings during the Covid-19 pandemic.
Utilization and Limitations of the Shock Index in the Emergency Settings
Authors: Akeel Amal Saleh , Alamri Awad Hassan , Alayed Nada Ayed , Alraddadi Abdulkarim Hamzah , Aljufan Yasser Mansour , Alnazzal Mohammed Yousef , Mutaileq Nidal Abdullah Al , Baskran Saba Saeed , Alrowaily Hadeel Mohammed , Mughallis Abdulrhman Ebrahim , Alamri Mohammed Saeed
Published: January 2022

It is widely known that evaluation and prediction tools play an essential role in diagnosing and managing patients admitted to the emergency department. For example, evaluating patients by shock index can diagnose an underlying shock, indicating the need for resuscitation. Evidence shows that the shock index has been used in the emergency department to evaluate different cases. Due to various conditions, it can predict different clinical outcomes and mortality among patients presenting to the emergency department. In the present literature review, we have discussed the utilization and limitations of the modality in these settings. Our findings indicate that the shock index is a valuable tool that can effectively predict the need for blood transfusion and mortality among patients with traumatic injuries and other conditions, including sepsis and cardiovascular diseases. However, many factors can limit the efficacy of this tool in these settings. For instance, age, some conditions, and specific medication use might reduce the sensitivity of shock index in predicting mortality. In addition, some studies reported that the SIPA score could be better used for pediatric patients. Besides, most of the current studies are retrospective, limiting the quality of evidence in these studies. Accordingly, further studies are needed.
Foot Print Analysis and Prevalence of Flat Foot among Children of Rural India – A Study Protocol
Authors: Ambatkar Suyash Y. , Ambade Ratnakar
Published: January 2022

Introduction: Foot shape and its proportions changes gradually during normal growth of human beings, but the mechanical stresses during bipedal locomotion are a key factor for development of foot. To sustain static position and to arrange for stable base while performing various functional activities, Foot plays major role in it. Deformities in lower extremities of children’s are being very common. As this conditions are physiological, that’s why most of the time this conditions do not require treatment. In an average 90% of patient who are visiting to clinic for foot problem are flat foot. Primary manifestation of flat foot is decreasing in longitudinal arch, which shows that while standing or walking, there is transmission of whole body weight towards the medial side of foot sole. This is the main reason for which flat foot is considered as problem of static alignment of foot and ankle structure.

Objective: To analyze footprint of children and to determine prevalence of flat foot, their anthropometric measurement, Prevalence of structural pathologies of foot and correction of foot prints and radiological evaluation of 8 – 13 years age group of children.

Methodology: All the visiting patients of orthopedic department of AVBRH of age group 8 – 13 year, with sample size. Examination will be done along with radiological examination, radiological assessment and different anthropometric will include Plain X-ray of both feet.

Results: We expect that, anthropometric measurements of rural children may differ from other literatures.
Computational Quantum Chemical with Biological Studies on Uracil-5-Tertiary Sulfonamides
Authors: Gaurav G. V. , Krishna K. Rama
Published: January 2022

Aims: To study Computational Quantum Chemical (CQC), Pharmacokinetic and other biological components are listed in pairs of Uracil-5-Tertiary Sulfonamides “5-(4-(2,3-dihydrobenzo [b] [1,4]dioxine-2-carbonyl)piperazin-1-yl)sulfonyl)pyrimidine-2,4(1H, 3H)-dione ” (I) and “N-butyl-N-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4 -tetrahydropyrimidine-5-sulfonamide ” (II).

Methodology: NMR (1H, 13C), FT-Raman, FT-IR, and UV-Vis spectral chemical data were calculated and reported. DFT values ​​for both combinations (I and II) were calculated using B3LYP / 6-31 + G (d, p) and B3LYP / 6-311 + G (2d, p). NMR chemical modification was calculated using the independent atomic orbital measurement method (GIAO). UV-Vis display is also calculated using the same basic sets.

Conclusion: The limits of Hyperpolarizability, HOMO and LUMO are listed. Pharmacokinetic properties (ADMET), drug similarity, bioactivity school, logP, pKa calculated using Molinspiration, pkCSM, Swiss ADME, Chem Axon.
Kidney Function Test for Screening of the Kidney Disease among Hypertensive Patients
Authors: Tighare Reshma , Sharma Ranjana
Published: January 2022

Background: Kidney disease results in some loss of renal function and can lead to kidney failure, which is Renal failure is defined as the full loss of kidney function. Renal failure is the last stage of kidney disease, at which point dialysis or a kidney transplant are the only treatments available. The prevalence rate of kidney disease among hypertensive patients in India is 29.8% [1].

Objective: 1. To evaluates the kidney function test by using serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and uric acid among hypertensive patients.

To associate the demographic variables with the selected kidney function test among hypertensive patients.

Methodology: It is a cross sectional, analytical hospital based study. The patients of hypertension has selected for the study. Patients are chosen based on inclusion criteria, and the nature and aim of the study are explained in detail and the written and informed consent, from the subject will be taken before data collection by the investigator after that the blood and urine samples will be taken from the hypertensive patients for further investigation respectively. The setting of the study is selected hospitals of Vidarbha Region.

Expected Results:

There may be a possibility of occurrence of kidney disease among hypertensive patients

Conclusion: Following the end of data gathering, the statistical analysis will be used to develop conclusions.
Effect of Mulligan Mobilization on Proprioception in Osteoarthritis of Knee Joint - A Systematic Review
Authors: Subramanian Makesh Babu , Rajesh Preethi , Sudhakar .
Published: January 2022

Background: Osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee is a degenerative disorder that affects the joint which causes pain, stiffness, swelling, muscle weakness, and functional impairments. Proprioception in the OA knee seems to be impaired when compared with the normal counterparts. Manual therapy is one of the hands-on therapies delivered by physiotherapists. However, there is not much information on how manual therapy affects joint proprioception, although some studies show a positive response. Mulligan’s mobilization technique is common for spinal and peripheral joints to correct positional faults.

Aim: To systematically identify and to evaluate the effects of mulligan mobilization on the proprioception of the OA knee.

Methods: Various electronic databases like PubMed Central, Medline, Google Scholar, ProQuest and CINAHL are searched from 2001 to 2021. Multiple search criteria were used in the search of relevant articles based on the selection criteria used. Four articles that fit the criteria were taken based on the PEDro Scores of above 5. The two specialists analysed all the papers. The articles which cover mulligan’s mobilization and proprioception of the knee were only selected.

Results: Four articles that fit the criteria were reviewed which demonstrated baseline comparability and reported point estimates and measures of variability.

Conclusion: This systematic review has concluded that the knee joint proprioception was improved with applying the Mulligan’s manual therapy, whereas the neurophysiological activity is not well understood.
Intra‐fractional motion error during HyperArc stereotactic radiosurgery on patients with brain metastases: Comparison of open and full‐face clamshell‐style immobilization devices
Authors: Ohira Shingo , Komiyama Riho , Kanayama Naoyuki , Ueda Yoshihiro , Inui Shoki , Miyazaki Masayoshi , Koizumi Masahiko , Konishi Koji
Published: January 2022

Purpose

To compare the intrafractional motion error (IME) during stereotactic irradiation (STI) in patients with brain metastases immobilized using open‐ (Encompass) and full‐face (DSPS) clamshell‐style immobilization devices.

Methods

Encompass (38 patients) and DSPS (38 patients) were used for patient immobilization, and HyperArc plans with three to four non‐coplanar beams were generated to deliver 25 to 35 Gy in three to five fractions. Cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) was performed on patients before and after the treatment. Moreover, the difference in patient position between the two CBCT images was considered as the IME. The margins to compensate for IME were calculated using the van Herk margin formula.

Results

For Encompass, the mean values of IME in the translational setup were 0.1, 0.2, and 0.0 mm in the anterior–posterior, superior–inferior, and left–right directions, respectively, and the mean values of IME about rotational axes were −0.1, 0.0, and 0.0° for the Pitch, Roll, and Yaw rotations, respectively. For DSPS, the mean values of IME in the translational setup were 0.2, 0.2, and 0.0 mm in the anterior–posterior, superior–inferior, and left–right directions, respectively, and the mean values of IME about rotational axes were −0.1, −0.1, and 0.0° for the Pitch, Roll, and Yaw rotations, respectively. No statistically significant difference was observed between the IME of the two immobilization systems except in the anterior–posterior direction (p = 0.02). Moreover, no statistically significant correlation was observed between three‐dimensional IME and treatment time. The margin compensation for IME was less than 1 mm for both immobilization devices.

Conclusions

The IME during STI using open‐ and full‐face clamshell‐style immobilization devices is approximately equal considering the adequate accuracy in patient positioning.
Andreev Interference in the Surface Accumulation Layer of Half‐Shell InAsSb/Al Hybrid Nanowires
Authors: Stampfer Lukas , Carrad Damon J. , Olsteins Dags , Petersen Christian E. N. , Khan Sabbir A. , Krogstrup Peter , Jespersen Thomas S.
Published: January 2022

Understanding the spatial distribution of charge carriers in III–V nanowires proximity coupled to superconductors is important for the design and interpretation of experiments based on hybrid quantum devices. In this letter, the gate‐dependent surface accumulation layer of half‐shell InAsSb/Al nanowires is studied by means of Andreev interference in a parallel magnetic field. Both uniform hybrid nanowires and devices featuring a short Josephson junction fabricated by shadow lithography, exhibit periodic modulation of the switching current. The period corresponds to a flux quantum through the nanowire diameter and is consistent with Andreev bound states occupying a cylindrical surface accumulation layer. The spatial distribution is tunable by a gate potential as expected from electrostatic models.
Use of Iridium‐Catalyzed Transfer Vinylation for the Synthesis of Bio‐Based (bis)‐Vinyl Ethers
Authors: Spiegelberg Brian , Jiao Haijun , Grauke Reni , Kubis Christoph , Spannenberg Anke , Brandt Adrian , Taden Andreas , Beck Horst , Tin Sergey , de Vries Johannes G.
Published: January 2022

The iridium catalyzed transfer vinylation of bio‐based polyols and of other alcohols and phenols with interesting structural motifs was accomplished with vinyl acetate in 2‐MeTHF as a green solvent. The optimized synthetic procedure has as main advantages the use of catalytic instead of stoichiometric amounts of base and high selectivities towards the formation of bis‐vinyl ethers as a result of the suppression of the acetal formation reaction that typically occurs in the vinylation of diols. In addition, the thermodynamically preferred transesterification reaction leading to the acetate esters and bis‐esters was completely suppressed. DFT calculations revealed an iridium‐acetate complex as the active catalytic species and they disclosed the importance of the carbonyl group of vinyl acetate for the formation of a six‐membered cyclic intermediate.

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Axially Arylene‐bridged “Dumbbell” B(III)‐Subporphyrin Dimers and a Tetrameric Subporphyrin Nanocage
Authors: Xiao Boyu , Huang Xi , Rao Yutao , Xu Ling , Yin Bangshao , Osuka Atsuhiro , Song Jianxin
Published: January 2022

Axially B‐arylene‐bridged “dumbbell” BIII‐subporphyrin (abbreviated as subporphyrin in this paper) dimers 3, 4, and 5 were prepared by reactions of B‐methoxy subporphyrins with bromoaryl Grignard reagents and subsequent reductive coupling of the resulting B‐bromoaryl subporphyrins with Ni(cod)2. This reductive coupling method was also used for synthesis of tetrameric subporphyrin nanocage 8 from meso‐meso linked subporphyrin dimer 7. Nanocage 8 displayed a red‐shifted Q‐like band and reduced fluorescence quantum yield as compared with 6 and 7.
1,2,4‐Triazole‐3‐Thione Analogues with a 2‐Ethylbenzoic Acid at Position 4 as VIM‐type Metallo‐β‐Lactamase Inhibitors
Authors: Verdirosa Federica , Gavara Laurent , Sevaille Laurent , Tassone Giusy , Corsica Giuseppina , Legru Alice , Feller Georges , Chelini Giulia , Mercuri Paola Sandra , Tanfoni Silvia , Sannio Filomena , Benvenuti Manuela , Cerboni Giulia , De Luca Filomena , Bouajila Ezeddine , Vo Hoang Yen , Licznar‐Fajardo Patricia , Galleni Moreno , Pozzi Cecilia , Mangani Stefano , Docquier Jean‐Denis , Hernandez Jean‐François
Published: January 2022

Metallo‐β‐lactamases (MBLs) are increasingly involved as a major mechanism of resistance to carbapenems in relevant opportunistic Gram‐negative pathogens. Unfortunately, clinically efficient MBL inhibitors still represent an unmet medical need. We previously reported several series of compounds based on the 1,2,4‐triazole‐3‐thione scaffold. In particular, Schiff bases formed between diversely 5‐substituted‐4‐amino compounds and 2‐carboxybenzaldehyde were broad‐spectrum inhibitors of VIM‐type, NDM‐1 and IMP‐1 MBLs. Unfortunately, these compounds were unable to restore antibiotic susceptibility of MBL‐producing bacteria, probably because of poor penetration and/or susceptibility to hydrolysis. To improve their microbiological activity, we synthesized and characterized compounds where the hydrazone‐like bond of the Schiff base analogues was replaced by a stable ethyl link. This small change resulted in a narrower inhibition spectrum, as all compounds were poorly or not inhibiting NDM‐1 and IMP‐1, but showed a significantly better activity on VIM‐type enzymes, with Ki values in the μM to sub‐μM range. The resolution of the crystallographic structure of VIM‐2 in complex with one of the best inhibitors yielded valuable information about their binding mode. Interestingly, several compounds were shown to restore the β‐lactam susceptibility of VIM‐type‐producing E. coli laboratory strains and also of K. pneumoniae clinical isolates. In addition, selected compounds were found to be devoid of toxicity toward human cancer cells at high concentration, thus showing promising safety.
Noble Metal Single‐Atom Catalysts for the Catalytic Oxidation of Volatile Organic Compounds
Authors: Zhang Lina , Xue Linli , Lin Bingyong , Zhao Qingao , Wan Shaolong , Wang Yong , Jia Hongpeng , Xiong Haifeng
Published: January 2022

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are detrimental to the environment and human health and must be eliminated before discharging. Oxidation by heterogeneous catalysts is one of the most promising approaches for the VOCs abatement. Precious metal catalysts are highly active for the catalytic oxidation of VOCs, but they are rare and their high price limits large‐scale application. Supported metal single‐atom catalysts (SACs) have a high atom efficiency and provide the possibility to circumvent such limitations. This Review summarizes recent advances in the use of metal SACs for the complete oxidation of VOCs, such as benzene, toluene, formaldehyde, and methanol, as well as aliphatic and Cl‐ and S‐containing hydrocarbons. The structures of the metal SACs used and the reaction mechanisms of the VOC oxidation are discussed. The most widely used SACs are noble metals supported on oxides, especially on reducible oxides, such as Mn2O3 and TiO2. The reactivity of most SACs is related to the activity of surface lattice oxygen of the oxides. Furthermore, several metal SACs show better reactivity and improved S and Cl resistance than the corresponding nanocatalysts, indicating that SACs have potential for application in the oxidation of VOCs. The deactivation and regeneration mechanisms of the metal SACs are also summarized. It is concluded that the application of metal SACs in catalytic oxidation of VOCs is still in its infancy. This Review aims to elucidate structure–performance relationships and to guide the design of highly efficient metal SACs for the catalytic oxidation of VOCs.
Optimizing the Electrolyte Systems for Na3(VO1‐xPO4)2F1+2x (0≤x≤1) Cathode and Understanding their Interfacial Chemistries Towards High‐Rate Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: He Jiarong , Tao Tao , Yang Fan , Sun Zhipeng
Published: January 2022

Sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) have been regarded as promising alternative to lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) due to the abundance of sodium resource and cost‐effectiveness of electrode manufacture. Na3(VO1‐xPO4)2F1+2x (0≤x≤1, NVPF1+2x) polyanionic material, a potential high‐energy‐density cathode, has shown superior electrochemical performances for advanced SIBs due to its high working voltage (>3.9 V). Electrolyte composition, which plays an indispensable and critical role in determining the cycle stability and the electrode/electrolyte interfacial properties, is of great significance to possess good compatibility with electrode materials, especially the NVPF1+2x cathode. Here, different electrolyte systems, including commonly used 1.0 m NaPF6/diglyme (NP‐005), 1.0 m NaPF6/propylene carbonate (PC)/5.0 % fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) (NP‐009), 1.0 m NaClO4/ethylene carbonate‐dimethyl carbonate (EC–DMC; 1 : 1 v/v)/5.0 % FEC (NC‐019), and 1.0 m NaClO4/PC (NC‐013), were systematically investigated and compared for NVPF1+2x cathode. NVPF1+2x electrode with NP‐009 electrolyte showed a superior cycle stability and rate capability at 1–10 C (1 C=130 mA g−1) than that of NC‐019 and NC‐013, while NVPF1+2x electrode with NP‐005 electrolyte showed the best high‐rate capability at 20–50 C. The cathode/electrolyte interphase (CEI), post‐mortem electrode morphology, and electrochemical kinetic characteristics of NVPF1+2x electrode with different electrolytes were profoundly investigated and compared. It demonstrated that NVPF1+2x electrode with NP‐005 exhibited a thin, efficient, and NaF‐rich CEI layer with less polarization, smaller interfacial resistance, and faster Na+ diffusion than that of NC‐019 and NC‐013 since they suffered from a thick, overgrown CEI layer due to the consecutive decomposition of FEC, NaClO4, and/or linear DMC, resulting in inferior electrochemical performance. This work provides new insights for the battery community to gain more comprehensive understanding about the compatibility and interfacial chemistry between different electrolyte systems and various electrode surfaces.
A spatial and cellular distribution of rabies virus infection in the mouse brain revealed by fMOST and single‐cell RNA sequencing
Authors: Zhang Yachun , Xing Xudong , Long Ben , Cao Yandi , Hu Simeng , Li Xiangning , Yu Yalan , Tian Dayong , Sui Baokun , Luo Zhaochen , Liu Wei , Lv Lei , Wu Qiong , Dai Jinxia , Zhou Ming , Han Heyou , Fu Zhen F. , Gong Hui , Bai Fan , Zhao Ling
Published: January 2022

Background

Neurotropic virus infection can cause serious damage to the central nervous system (CNS) in both humans and animals. The complexity of the CNS poses unique challenges to investigate the infection of these viruses in the brain using traditional techniques.

Methods

In this study, we explore the use of fluorescence micro‐optical sectioning tomography (fMOST) and single‐cell RNA sequencing (scRNA‐seq) to map the spatial and cellular distribution of a representative neurotropic virus, rabies virus (RABV), in the whole brain. Mice were inoculated with a lethal dose of a recombinant RABV encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) under different infection routes, and a three‐dimensional (3D) view of RABV distribution in the whole mouse brain was obtained using fMOST. Meanwhile, we pinpointed the cellular distribution of RABV by utilizing scRNA‐seq.

Results

Our fMOST data provided the 3D view of a neurotropic virus in the whole mouse brain, which indicated that the spatial distribution of RABV in the brain was influenced by the infection route. Interestingly, we provided evidence that RABV could infect multiple nuclei related to fear independent of different infection routes. More surprisingly, our scRNA‐seq data revealed that besides neurons RABV could infect macrophages and the infiltrating macrophages played at least three different antiviral roles during RABV infection.

Conclusion

This study draws a comprehensively spatial and cellular map of typical neurotropic virus infection in the mouse brain, providing a novel and insightful strategy to investigate the pathogenesis of RABV and other neurotropic viruses.