bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unlocking the Path to Sustainability: A Hierarchical Model for Understanding Corporate Barriers to ESG Reporting Adoption
Authors: Paridhi  , Ritika  , Arora Hitesh , Arora Padmasai , Saini Neha
Published: November 2024

Environmental, social, and governance (ESG) reporting is a vital force behind the advancement of sustainable corporate practices and goes beyond simple compliance. In order to better understand the elements influencing this process, this study looks at the obstacles that prevent corporations from adopting ESG reporting. Using total interpretive structural modeling (TISM), an empirical model was created to show the hierarchical relationships between the main obstacles found by a literature research and expert survey. We identified barriers at the strategic level, such as resource shortages, unclear stakeholder demand, and structural limits; at the functional level, such as governance issues and cultural resistance; and at the efficiency level, which directly impacted adoption. Matrice d’Impacts Croisés Multiplication Appliquée à un Classement (MICMAC) analysis clarified the driving and dependence relationships among these barriers. The findings contribute to refining theoretical perspectives on ESG adoption and offer practical insights for corporate managers, policymakers, and organizations striving for effective sustainability practices. Recommendations aim to enhance sustainability policy formulation, operational practices, and governance frameworks, ultimately supporting organizations in their efforts to adopt ESG reporting sustainably and resiliently.
Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Transbrachial Access in Iliac Endovascular Interventions: A Comprehensive Analysis
Authors: Dikmen Nur , Ozcinar Evren
Published: November 2024

Background: This study evaluates the use of transbrachial artery access for endovascular treatment of iliac artery lesions, with a focus on its efficacy and safety outcomes. Methods: Between January 2020 and May 2023, 94 patients with iliac artery disease underwent endovascular procedures via a transbrachial access approach. The majority of patients (n = 68; 72%) presented with lifestyle-limiting claudication (Rutherford category 3). Diagnostic angiography identified Transatlantic Inter-Society Consensus II (TASC) C/D lesions in 54 patients (57%). The primary outcome was achieving technical success with transbrachial access, while secondary outcomes included secondary technical success (necessitating additional transfemoral access), access site complications, and cerebrovascular events. Results: The primary and secondary technical success rates were 82% and 92%, respectively. Access site-related adverse events occurred in 12 patients (12%), primarily hematomas (seven events, 7.4%; two requiring transfusion) and pseudoaneurysms (four events, 4.2%). Thrombotic occlusion was observed in one patient (1%), and brachial arterial bleeding requiring urgent surgical intervention occurred in three patients (3.2%). Neurological complications included two cerebrovascular events (2.1%), although no permanent or transient median nerve injuries were observed. Conclusions: The transbrachial approach represents a potential alternative to the femoral artery route in patients with iliac artery lesions. However, the relatively higher incidence of access site complications may limit its broader application in clinical practice.
Does Local Citizenship Still Matter? The Impact of Hukou Locality on the Employment of Relocated Households from the Perspective of Welfare Acquisition Cost
Authors: He Lei , Xue Peikun , Lan Hongxing
Published: November 2024

Rural-to-urban resettlement is a widely used poverty alleviation strategy in China for fundamentally transforming poor farmers’ livelihoods, with roughly 263,000 rural poor relocated to urban communities in Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture between 2016 and 2020. This dramatic development intervention in urbanization has unexpectedly resulted in the separation of hukou locality and residence. Considering that the government equally provides follow-up employment support policies to guarantee the citizenship rights for resettlers whether or not their hukou locality has transferred to urban communities, then, does the local citizenship still matter for employment? If so, how does local citizenship make a difference? What role does employment policy play in terms of the impact of local citizenship on employment? The answers to these questions are not yet clear. Based on a survey of 735 relocated households in the Liangshan Yi Ethnic Area, the Heckman sample selection model was used to empirically estimate the effect of local citizenship (hukou locality) on employment from the perspective of welfare acquisition cost, paying particular attention to the moderating effect of follow-up employment support policies. Our results show that (1) local citizenship can significantly increase the employed persons of a household by 0.279 units, prolong the working months by 2.297 units, and increase per capita wage by 0.885%. (2) Mechanism analysis shows that local citizenship affects relocated households’ employment by reducing welfare acquisition costs. (3) Moderating analysis shows that the follow-up employment support policies weakened the positive impact of local citizenship on employment, developing pro-poor jobs substitutes for the positive effect of local citizenship on the employed size; recommending job information substitutes for the positive effect of local citizenship on working months; and targeted labor exporting substitutes for the positive effect of local citizenship on per capita wage. This study provides new empirical evidence for understanding the relationship between hukou locality and employment consequences at a smaller scale and then provides theoretical reference and practical basis for the improvement of employment from the perspective of local citizenship.
Detecting Serbia’s Settlement Patterns: A Fuzzy Logic-Based Approach to Rural–Urban Area Delimitation for Spatial Planning
Authors: Gajić Protić Aleksandra , Krunić Nikola , Protić Branko
Published: November 2024

Over the past decades, numerous studies have attempted to capture the heterogeneity of rural areas from different perspectives. Meanwhile, rural areas have undergone various changes, primarily due to urban pressure. Rejecting a dichotomous approach, the majority of studies focus exclusively on the analysis of either rural or urban areas, attempting to demonstrate their diversity and propose a method for their delimitation. This study maps rural and urban areas in Serbia. We present an approach for rural–urban area delimitation that integrates a comprehensive, multidimensional approach based on fuzzy logic. Conducted on a settlement level, this applied approach highly recognizes different settlement types ranging from rural to urban. Based on selected variables and employing a fuzzy inference system, we extract different distinctive settlement features varying from urban (0) to rural (1). The results demonstrate the nuanced classification of settlements varying from completely rural to urban. In addition, such an approach detects settlements that have functional significance in the settlement system. Therefore, it is possible to identify different forms of rural and urban areas (from the rural periphery to metropolitan areas). This method offers a framework that could be used in urban and spatial research and planning and defining rural/urban development strategies and policies. This study provides valuable insights into prioritized areas for planning strategies and support toward mitigating village loss and improving urban and rural sustainability. Our findings can contribute to future functional settlement zoning in Serbia, or the monitoring of planning decisions on different territorial levels.
Toxicity of Macroalgae Extracts to Larvae of the Northern House Mosquito
Authors: Rashed Ahmed A. , Heikal Yasmin M. , Finn Robert D. , Bayoumy Mohamed H. , El-Harairy Amged , Refaay Dina A.
Published: November 2024

The continuous use of synthetic insecticides to suppress mosquito larvae has detrimental impacts on the environment and human health. Finding novel and target-specific bio-insecticides has become crucial. Here, the larvicidal and genotoxic activities of different extracts from Ulva lactuca and Turbinaria ornata toward Culex pipiens larvae were investigated. The macroalgae thalli were subjected to various solvent extractions followed by phytochemical quantification, larvicidal testing on C. pipiens larvae, genotoxic evaluation through comet assays, and compound characterization by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The methylene chloride extract from U. lactuca displayed the highest toxicity with LC50 = 30.99 ppm, followed by the acetone extract from T. ornata, with LC50 = 52.09 ppm after 72 h. U. lactuca exhibited the maximum contents of total alkaloids, total flavonoids, total terpenoids, total phenols, and total tannins with the methanol extract, while the acetone extract from T. ornata exhibited the maximum contents of total alkaloids, total flavonoids, total terpenoids, and total phenols. The methylene chloride extract of U. lactuca and the acetone extract of T. ornata caused significant DNA damage in larva body cells. Thus, the methylene chloride extract from U. lactuca and the acetone extract from T. ornata showed promising potential as environmentally friendly larvicides against C. pipiens larvae.
Role of Metalloproteinases in Adhesion to Radicular Dentin: A Literature Review
Authors: Valdez-Montoya Marihana , Avendaño-Félix Mariana Melisa , Basurto-Flores Julio César , Ramírez-Álvarez Maricela , Cázarez-Camacho María del Rosario , Casillas-Santana Miguel Ángel , Zavala-Alonso Norma Verónica , Sarmiento-Hernández Seyla Nayjaá , Silva-Benítez Erika de Lourdes , Soto-Sainz Jesús Eduardo
Published: November 2024

Introduction: Root dentin is a porous and complex dental surface that may have irregularities and deposits of organic material. To achieve an effective bond between restorative materials and root dentin, it is necessary that the restorative materials adhere intimately to the dentin surface. Metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a group of proteolytic enzymes that perform an important role in degrading the extracellular matrix and remodeling connective tissue. The aim of this research was to determine the scientific evidence available on the role played by MMPs in adhesion to root dentin and their putative inhibitors. Materials and Methods: Several techniques have been used to evaluate the presence of MMPs in the root dentin of human and bovine teeth, such as Western blot, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and zymography, the latter also being used together with the EnzCheck assay to evaluate the inhibitory effect of adhesion protocols on the activity of root MMPs in vitro. Results: When analyzing the databases, 236 articles were found, 12 of which met the selection criteria. The variables analyzed were articles that evaluated different MMP inhibitors in root dentin. Conclusions: In the adhesion to radicular dentin, MMPs have a crucial role in the degradation of the extracellular matrix of dentin and the remodeling of the dentin surface because excessive MMP activity can be harmful to dental health, since excessive degradation of the extracellular matrix of dentin can weaken the tooth structure and decrease fracture resistance. Therefore, it is important to monitor MMP activity during root dentin bonding procedures.
Study of the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Steel Grades for Ship Hull Construction
Authors: Imanian Ghazanlou Siavash , Mobasher Amini Ahmad , Carrier Félix-Antoine , Sarkar Dilip K. , Rehman Kashif , Javidani Mousa
Published: November 2024

This paper comprehensively examines three structural steel grades’ microstructural features and mechanical properties, evaluating their suitability for shipbuilding applications. The steels analyzed include quench and tempered (Q and T) steel, thermomechanical controlled processed (TMCP) steel, and hot rolled (HR) steel. A microstructural characterization was performed using optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The analysis was complemented by extensive mechanical testing including assessments of hardness, tensile, and Charpy impact tests across a range of temperatures. Additionally, corrosion behavior was evaluated using the potentiodynamic polarization test. The findings revealed that Q and T grade steel exhibited the most refined microstructure, characterized by a complex mixture of ferrite, tempered martensite, upper bainite, and Fe3C phases. In contrast, the TMCP grade steel demonstrated a balanced microstructure of polygonal ferrite and pearlite. Meanwhile, the HR grade steel contained polygonal ferrite and aligned pearlite. The tensile testing results demonstrated that the Q and T grade steel had superior hardness, yield strength (YS), and ultimate tensile strength (UTS), although it exhibited the lowest elongation % (El %). The TMCP grade steel met all ABS standards for marine steels, displaying optimal YS, UTS, and El %. Despite the superior YS of the HR grade steel, it did not meet the necessary criteria for UTS. Charpy impact tests revealed that the TMCP grade steel exhibited the highest impact energy absorption across a range of temperatures. As a result, the TMCP grade steel emerged as the optimal choice for ship construction, fulfilling all ABS requirements with a balanced combination of strength, ductility, and impact energy absorption. Additionally, the potentiodynamic polarization results revealed that the Q and T grade steel demonstrated the highest corrosion resistance. Following Q and T steel, the HR grade steel ranked second in corrosion resistance, with TMCP steel closely behind, showing only a slight difference.
Polarization-Insensitive Metasurface with High-Gain Large-Angle Beam Deflection
Authors: Qiu Huanran , Fang Liang , Xi Rui , Mu Yajie , Han Jiaqi , Feng Qiang , Li Ying , Li Long , Zheng Bin
Published: November 2024

Metasurfaces have shown great potential in achieving low-cost and low-complexity signal enhancement and redirection. Due to the low transmission power and high attenuation issues of current high-frequency communication technology, it is necessary to explore signal redirection technology based on metasurfaces. This paper presents an innovative metasurface for indoor signal enhancement and redirection, featuring thin thickness, high gain, and wide-angle deflection. The metasurface integrates the design principles of a Fabry–Perot cavity (FPC) theory with a Phase Gradient Partially Reflective Metasurface (PGPRM). Its unit is a fishnet structure with a substrate only 1/33 λ thin. Based on the precise phase control of the dual-layer PGPRM (with an inter-layer distance of 8 mm), the proposed metasurface can obtain phase coverage as small as 78° while achieving high-gain beam deflection as large as 47°. Simulation results show that within the band 8.6–9.2 GHz (6.7%), a single-layer metasurface can deflect the beam to 29° with a maximum gain of 16.9 dBi. In addition, it is also 360° polarization-insensitive in the xoy plane at 9 GHz with large-angle deflection characteristic retained. Moreover, cascading PGPRM can effectively improve the beam deflection angle. After analysis, the scheme with a double-layer spacing of 8 mm was ultimately selected. Simulation results show a double-layer metasurface can deflect the beam to 47° with a maximum gain of 16.4 dBi. This design provides an efficient and cost-effective solution for large-angle beam deflection with gain enhancement for indoor wireless communication.
Effect of Energy Density on Mechanical Properties of NiTiCu Shape Memory Alloys Prepared by SLM
Authors: Ba Yi , Lv Yan , Yan Miaoning , Jin Hongxu , Guo Liang , Zhang Qingmao
Published: November 2024

In the Ni-Ti shape memory alloy system, Cu elements are used to replace Ni elements. A NiTiCu alloy with a molar ratio of 45:50:5 was prepared using laser selective melting technology. The density, composition, microstructure, and mechanical properties of the NiTiCu alloy were investigated. The results indicate that the highest density, exceeding 99.7%, was achieved when processing NiTiCu with parameters of 115 mm/s and 90 W. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that the primary phases of the sample are B2 and a minor amount of NiTi0.8Cu0.2. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) observations of the NiTiCu alloy in the X-Y and X-Z planes show that Ni, Ti, and Cu elements are distributed nearly uniformly. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis revealed fine grain sizes, with grain sizes ranging from 140 μm to 160 μm. The X-Y plane predominantly exhibits equiaxed grains with a grain orientation between <111> and <101>, and a texture strength of 1.312; the X-Z plane predominantly exhibits columnar grains with grain orientations between <001> and <101>, and a texture strength of 1.427. The sample demonstrates good mechanical properties at room temperature, with a tensile strength of 375 MPa, exhibiting a ductile–brittle mixed fracture mode. The average microhardness is 240 HV for the X-Y plane and 235 HV for the X-Z plane.
Corrosion Resistance of Cr2O3, ZrO2, and Mn3O4 Oxide Films to Lead–Bismuth Eutectic: A Comparative Study
Authors: Liu Tao , Liu Wenguan , Yang Chongdou , Lei Penghui , Yun Di , Qiu Jie
Published: November 2024

In this study, the stability of Cr2O3, ZrO2, and Mn3O4 oxide films in high-temperature liquid lead–bismuth eutectic (LBE) was systematically investigated using both experimental and first principles calculation methods. The research findings indicated that Cr2O3 demonstrated superior structural integrity at corrosion temperatures of both 600 °C and 700 °C and displayed exceptional resistance to LBE corrosion. ZrO2 demonstrates resistance to LBE infiltration. However, the emergence of cracks in the vicinity of the ZrO2 layer and the metal interface undermines the protective layer’s integrity. Mn3O4 exhibits susceptibility to corrosion by LBE and lacks resistance to its effects. First principles calculations indicate that Pb and Bi atoms are most readily adsorbed onto the Mn3O4 surface, promoting the detachment of Mn atoms. The results show that the corrosion resistance of the three oxide films is ranked in the following order: Cr2O3 > ZrO2 > Mn3O4.
Shear Strengthening of RC Beams Using Prestressed Near-Surface Mounted Bars Reducing the Probability of Construction Failure Risk
Authors: Fayed Sabry , Ghalla Mohamed , Hu Jong Wan , Mlybari Ehab A. , Albogami Abdullah , Yehia Saad A.
Published: November 2024

In this study, shear-critical reinforced concrete (RC) beams were strengthened by combining the prestressing and near-surface mounted (NSM) rods approaches. The potential danger of failure in such RC beams is a substantial concern as it is considered a potential threat. This study addresses its careful mitigation through experimental identification and numerical analysis to enhance the safety and sustainability of buildings by reducing the probability of failure risk for these RC beams. Nine of the ten RC beams that were tested had strengthened, and one had not. Internal prestressing (IP) within the beam body, external prestressing NSM (PNSM), internal embedment (IE) inside the beam with or without prestressing, and NSM are the strengthening technologies that were employed. The range of the extra shear reinforcement ratios (μs) was 0.87% to 1.60%. We investigated how strengthened beams behaved structurally in terms of the cracking load, ultimate load, load–deflection response, ultimate deflection, and stiffness. The insertion of five pairs of PNSM rods (μs = 1.45%) and five pairs of IP rods (μs = 1.6%), respectively, increased the beams’ shear capacity by 57.8% and 70.4%. Shear capacity increased by 23.2% when three pairs of IE rods (μs = 1.02%) were installed. The prestressing location had an impact on shear capacity, with the interior case surpassing the external one. Compared to the control, the stiffness of the strengthened beams rose by 20%, 82%, and 84.4% when three, four, or five pairs of internal prestressing rods were added. A formula is proposed to calculate the shear capacity of all beams strengthened using various methods.
Determining Thermophysical Parameters of Cryopreserved Articular Cartilage Using Evolutionary Algorithms and Experimental Data
Authors: Piasecka-Belkhayat Alicja , Skorupa Anna , Paruch Marek
Published: November 2024

Cryopreservation is the process of freezing and storing biological cells and tissues with the purpose of preserving their essential physiological properties after re-warming. The process is applied primarily in medicine in the cryopreservation of cells and tissues, for example stem cells, or articular cartilage. The cryopreservation of articular cartilage has a crucial clinical application because that tissue can be used for reconstruction and repair of damaged joints. This article concerns the identification of the thermophysical parameters of cryopreserved articular cartilage. Initially, the direct problem was formulated in which heat and mass transfer were analyzed by applying the finite difference method. After that, at the stage of inverse problem investigations, an evolutionary algorithm coupled with the finite difference method was used. The identification of the thermophysical parameters was carried out on the basis of experimental data on the concentration of the cryoprotectant. In the last part, this article presents the results of numerical analysis for both the direct and inverse problems. Comparing the results for the direct problem, in which the thermophysical parameters are taken from the literature, with the experimental data, we obtained a relative error between 0.06% and 15.83%. After solving the inverse problem, modified values for the thermophysical parameters were proposed.
A Five-Axis Toolpath Corner-Smoothing Method Based on the Space of Master–Slave Movement
Authors: Gao Song , Zhang Haiming , Yang Jianzhong , Xie Jiejun , Zhu Wanqiang
Published: November 2024

The smoothing of linear toolpaths plays is critical in improving machining quality and efficiency in five-axis CNC machining. Existing corner-smoothing methods often overlook the impact of spline curvature fluctuations, which may lead to acceleration variations, hindering surface quality improvements. The paper presents a five-axis toolpath corner-smoothing method based on the space of master–slave movement (SMM), aiming to minimize curvature fluctuations in five-axis machining and improve surface quality. The concept of movement space in master–slave cooperative motion is introduced, where the tool tip position and tool orientation are decoupled into a main motion trajectory and two master–slave movement space trajectories. By deriving the curvature monotony conditions of a dual Bézier spline, a G2-continuous tool tip corner-smoothing curve with minimal curvature fluctuations is constructed in real-time. Subsequently, using the SMM and the asymmetric dual Bézier spline, a high-order continuous synchronization relationship between the tool tip position and tool orientation is established. Simulation tests and machining experiments show that with our smoothing algorithm, maximum acceleration values for each axis were reduced by 21.05%, while jerk was lowered by 22.31%. These results indicate that trajectory smoothing significantly reduces mechanical vibrations and improves surface quality.
Information Fusion and Decision-Making Utilizing Additional Permutation Information
Authors: Li Meizhu , Li Linshan , Zhang Qi
Published: November 2024

The theory of multi-source information fusion plays a pivotal role in decision-making, especially when handling uncertain or imprecise information. Among the existing frameworks, evidence theory has proven effective for integrating diverse information sources to support informed decision-making. Recently, Random Permutation Set Theory (RPST), an extension of evidence theory, has shown significant practical value due to its ability to leverage the additional information inherent in event permutations. This insight inspires the utilization of permutation data to enhance the decision-making process. When employing RPST for decision-making and fusion, the order in which the fusion is performed can substantially influence the final results. To address this issue, we propose a novel approach that utilizes Fisher Scores to extract additional permutation information to guide decision-making within the RPST framework. Experimental results on the Iris dataset validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method. Compared to fusion methods employing weighted averaging, our approach, which leverages additional information to determine the fusion order, demonstrates superior accuracy across various training set proportions, achieving an accuracy of 96.26% at an 80% training set proportion. This provides an enhanced strategy for decision-making under uncertainty.
Confidence Regions for Steady-State Probabilities and Additive Functionals Based on a Single Sample Path of an Ergodic Markov Chain
Authors: Vestring Yann , Tavakoli Javad
Published: November 2024

Discrete, finite-state Markov chains are applied in many different fields. When a system is modeled as a discrete, finite-state Markov chain, the asymptotic properties of the system, such as the steady-state distribution, are often estimated based on a single, empirically observable sample path of the system, whereas the actual steady-state distribution is unknown. A question that arises is: how close is the empirically estimated steady-state distribution to the actual steady-state distribution? In this paper, we propose a method to numerically determine asymptotically exact confidence regions for the steady-state probabilities and confidence intervals for additive functionals of an ergodic Markov chain based on a single sample path.
Dental Decision-Making in Pediatric Dentistry: A Cross-Sectional Case-Based Questionnaire Among Dentists in Germany
Authors: Rashid Bakr A. , Al Masri Ahmad , Splieth Christian H. , Abdalla Mustafa , Schmoeckel Julian
Published: November 2024

Background and Objectives: The most recent guidelines and recommendations regarding treatments of dental caries in children are shifting towards evidence-based minimal or non-invasive approaches aiming to preserve the vitality of teeth and potentially reduce the need for dental general anesthesia. This study investigated the treatment recommendations of dentists actively practicing pediatric dentistry in Germany regarding different patient cases with caries in primary teeth. Materials and Methods: The questionnaire was distributed on paper or online to pediatric dentists and general dentists practicing pediatric dentistry. Five cases of children with dental treatment needs representing a variety of clinical situations were selected for the questionnaire. Considering four different scenarios regarding pain symptoms (yes/no) and cooperation level (good/low) for each case resulted in 20 questions, where the preferred treatment option could be chosen out of 21 options ranging from observation only to extraction with/without different sedation techniques. The answers were categorized into three categories for each case and scenario according to guidelines, recent scientific evidence, and recommendations (recommended, acceptable, or not recommended/contraindicated). Results: In total, 222 participants responded to the survey (161 female; 72.5%). In 55.2% of the total 4440 answers, the participants chose a “recommended” treatment option, in 16.4% “acceptable”, but in 28.4%, a “not recommended” treatment, which ranged for the five cases between 18.7 and 36.1%. While pain and low cooperation levels led to more invasive and justified treatment choices (only 26.3% “not recommended”), less severe scenarios resulted more often in “not recommended” options (pain with good cooperation: 31.0%; or low cooperation without pain: 32.6%). The dentist’s age, experience, and educational background did not significantly correlate to choosing “not recommended” treatment options. Conclusions: A child’s pain and cooperation level greatly impact the treatment decisions made by dentists, with a risk of too invasive treatment options in low-severity cases. Substantial disparities in treatment recommendations for caries in primary teeth persist among dental practitioners regardless of their age, experience, and educational background.
A Prospective Study of Nephrocalcinosis in Very Preterm Infants: Incidence, Risk Factors and Vitamin D Intake in the First Month
Authors: Garunkstiene Rasa , Levuliene Ruta , Cekuolis Andrius , Cerkauskiene Rimante , Drazdiene Nijole , Liubsys Arunas
Published: November 2024

Background and objectives: Nephrocalcinosis (NC) is a common condition characterized by the deposition of calcium salts in the kidneys of very preterm infants due to tubular immaturity, intensive treatment and nutritional supplements. However, optimal vitamin D supplementation remains unclear. In most patients, NC spontaneously resolves within the first year of life, but long-term kidney function data are lacking. The aim was to study nephrocalcinosis in very preterm infants, assess risk factors and evaluate vitamin D’s impact during the first month with a 2-year follow-up. Material and Methods: This was a prospective observational study conducted over a 3-year period in infants with a gestational age of less than 32 weeks. The patients’ data were compared between the NC and control groups based on kidney ultrasound results at discharge. In the first month, the mean vitamin D intake from all sources as well as biochemical markers of calcium metabolism were collected. Patients diagnosed with NC were referred to a pediatric nephrologist after discharge. Results: NC was found in 35% of a cohort of 160 infants, more common in those with a gestational age <28 weeks. Risk factors were associated with higher morbidity and necessary treatment. At 28 days, serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels differed between NC and control groups (p < 0.05). The NC group with GA ≥ 28 weeks had higher vitamin D intake (p < 0.05), hypercalciuria and calcium/creatinine ratio (p < 0.01) and lower parathyroid hormone levels (p < 0.05). Follow-up showed resolution in 70% at 12 months and 90% at 24 months. Conclusions: The prevalence of NC in very preterm infants is significant, associated with lower maturity and higher morbidity. Careful vitamin D supplementation and biochemical monitoring of Ca metabolism from the first month of life should support bone health and limit the risk of nephrocalcinosis. Due to the high incidence of NC in very preterm infants, long-term follow-up is essential.
The Recurrence Rates at Three Years for the Conservatively Managed UTUC Cases Using NBI-Assisted Flexible Ureteroscopy and Holmium Laser Vaporization
Authors: Geavlete Petrisor , Iordache Valentin , Multescu Razvan , Paunescu Alexandra , Ene Cosmin , Popescu Razvan , Bulai Catalin , Geavlete Bogdan
Published: November 2024

Background and Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the recurrence rates at three years for upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) cases managed conservatively, using Narrow Band Imaging (NBI)-assisted flexible ureteroscopy and Holmium laser vaporization. Materials and Methods: The study group included 61 patients who were diagnosed with NBI-assisted visualization with superficial pyelo-calyceal urothelial tumor lesions, treated conservatively by the flexible ureteroscopic approach and Holmium laser vaporization, also assisted by NBI. This was compared with a control group with the same number of cases, which underwent the same procedure, but without NBI technology. Recurrence rates, the rate of patients who underwent nephroureterectomy, and cancer-specific survival were compared. Results: The relapse rate at 1 year was 3.3% in the study group, and respectively 8.2% in the control group (p < 0.05). Depending on the histological characteristics, at 1 year the relapse rates in the study group were 1.8% in patients with low-grade tumors and 20% in those with high-grade tumors. At 3 years, the relapse rate was 11.5% in the study group versus 18% in the control group, (p < 0.05): 7.1% in patients with low-grade lesions and 40% in patients with high-grade lesions versus 21.4% in patients with low-grade lesions and 100% in patients with high-grade lesions (both arms with statistically significant differences, p < 0.05). Cancer-specific survival was 93.4% in the study group versus 86.9% in the control group (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The recurrence rates at three years for the UTUC cases managed conservatively, using NBI-assisted flexible ureteroscopy and Holmium laser vaporization, were lower than in patients treated by the same technique without NBI assistance, both in low- and high-grade tumors. Cancer-specific survival was also significantly improved by the association of NBI visualization during diagnosis and laser vaporization.
The Saphenous Vein Graft: Can a Frog Become a Princess?
Authors: Calafiore Antonio Maria , Prapas Sotirios , Condello Ignazio , Katsavrias Konstantinos , Nasso Giuseppe , Gaudino Mario
Published: November 2024

The saphenous vein graft (SVG) has been a cornerstone of coronary bypass surgery, but its long-term patency is limited by accelerated atherosclerosis. Recent advancements, including the no-touch technique and the use of SVG as a limb of the left internal thoracic artery (LITA), have shown promise in improving outcomes. Both approaches enhance nitric oxide (NO) availability, a key factor in promoting endothelial stability and arterial-like behavior in the SVG. Among these, the LITA-SVG connection may offer superior long-term benefits due to sustained NO supplementation. This paper argues that the SVG, with proper strategies, can indeed achieve outcomes comparable to arterial grafts.
Exploring the Connections Between Grip Strength, Nutritional Status, Frailty, Depression, and Cognition as Initial Assessment Tools in Geriatric Rehabilitation—A Pilot Study
Authors: Vancea Nemirschi Amalia Teodora , Lupu Andreea Alexandra , Aivaz Kamer-Ainur , Iliescu Mădălina Gabriela , Deriaz Michel , Marzan Mircea , Spiru Luiza
Published: November 2024

Background and Objective: In the context of the rapidly aging global population, the older adult vulnerability poses a significant challenge for public health systems. Frailty, cognitive and nutritional status, depression, and grip strength are essential parameters for staging the vulnerability of older adults. The objective of this study is to identify a rapid but multidimensional geriatric assessment tool that can enhance the rehabilitation process for older adults, tailored to their specific needs. Materials and Methods: This pilot study examines the relationships between grip strength, nutritional status, frailty, depression, and cognition in a group of 80 older adults with a mean age of 69.6 years, 49 male and 31 female, using standardized geriatric scales and digital grip strength measurements. The study employed a digital dynamometer, a portable and reliable tool that facilitated quick and accurate grip strength measurements. Results: The analysis revealed significant correlations among the parameters. Greater grip strength was associated with better cognitive performance (r = 0.237, p = 0.034) and improved nutritional status (r = 0.267, p = 0.016), while it was inversely related to frailty (r = −0.313, p = 0.005). Nutritional status also played a key role, showing an inverse relationship with frailty (r = −0.333, p = 0.003) and depression levels (r = −0.248, p = 0.027). Furthermore, frailty and depression were strongly interconnected, with those experiencing higher frailty levels also displaying more severe depressive symptoms (r = 0.545, p < 0.001). Marital status was also relevant: married participants exhibited higher grip strength, lower frailty, and fewer depressive symptoms, suggesting that social support positively influences both physical and mental health in older adults. Conclusions: These findings not only emphasize the need for integrated care approaches that simultaneously address physical health, nutrition, and cognitive function, but also provide a foundation for the development of a rapid and multidimensional assessment protocol, which consists of using a digital dynamometer and four geriatric scales. Such a tool could play a crucial role in the early detection of frailty syndrome and guide the implementation of multidisciplinary, tailored therapeutic strategies aimed at preserving the autonomy and improving the quality of life of older adults.
Characteristics of NH3–H2 Reducing Pellets
Authors: Zhang Xiaoping , Fan Zihao , Mi Ao , Cong Junqiang , Hu Zhenghong , Yang Jialong , Wen Baoliang
Published: November 2024

The reduction of hematite with ammonia is a potentially environmentally friendly method of ironmaking. Previous studies on ammonia reduction of pellets typically involved samples weighing only 2.8 g and lacked detailed activation energy analysis for the ammonia-hydrogen co-reduction of pellets. Therefore, to further investigate the reduction thermodynamics and kinetics of NH3–H2 reduction of pellets, this study uses 50 g pellets for reduction experiments. By increasing the pellet mass, the study expands the scope of kinetic research on ammonia reduction of pellets. The results indicate that nitrogen gas produced from ammonia decomposition reduces the equilibrium components of the reducing gas. In the temperature range of 700–850 °C, the formation of iron nitride exhibits a narrow range during ammonia reduction of hematite. In the reduction of 50 g of pellets, the reduction rate using 100% NH3 is lower than that using a 50% NH3 and 50% H2 mixed gas, which is, in turn, slower than using 100% H2. As temperature increases, the reduction effect of 50% NH3 and 50% H2 approaches that of 100% H2. Among common gas-solid reaction mathematical models, the Phase-boundary-controlled model with the Contracting Cylinder Model is selected as the most plausible mechanistic function. For the reduction of 50 g of pellets, the activation energies for reactions using 100% NH3, 50% NH3 and 50% H2, and 100% H2 are 65.42, 54.37, and 29.17 kJ/mol, respectively. The decomposition of NH3 has a negative effect on the reduction of Fe2O3. XRD analysis and electron microscopy element line scanning show that Fe4N is formed during the reduction of Fe2O3 with 100% NH3. The use of a 50% NH3 and 50% H2 mixture significantly reduces the formation of Fe4N during the reduction of the pellets.
Effect of Ultrasonic Nanocrystalline Surface Modification (UNSM) on Stress Corrosion Cracking of 304L Stainless Steel
Authors: Cho Hyunhak , Yoo Young-Ran , Kim Young-Sik
Published: November 2024

The nuclear industry uses 304L stainless steel to construct canisters for storing spent nuclear fuel. The spent nuclear fuel canisters require the lifetime prediction and robustness of their corrosion behavior over periods ranging from thousands to hundreds of thousands of years. Since nuclear power plants are predominantly located in coastal areas, where storage conditions are highly vulnerable to chloride environments, extensive research has been conducted to enhance the canisters’ stress corrosion cracking (SCC) resistance. The welded canisters inherently possess residual tensile stress, prompting the application of plastic deformation-based techniques to boost their SCC resistance, with peening being the most prevalent method. It is reported that UNSM increases the SCC resistance by plastic deformation through surface treatment. In this study, the commercial 304L stainless steel was subjected to UNSM treatment on base metal, heat affected zone (HAZ), and weld metal U-bend test specimens to induce compressive residual stresses up to a depth of 1 mm. The impact of peening treatment on SCC properties was explored through microstructural analysis, corrosion properties analysis, and compressive residual stress assessments. The U-bend specimens underwent SCC testing (in 42% MgCl2 at 155 °C), microstructure examination using an optical microscope (OM) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis, and compressive residual stress measurements via the hole-drilling method. Corrosion behavior on the surface and cross-section was evaluated using anodic polarization tests, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements, double loop-electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation (DL-EPR) tests, and ASTM A262 Pr. C tests. The compressive residual stress imparted by UNSM refined the outermost grains of the cross-section and enhanced the corrosion resistance of 304L stainless steel. Furthermore, it led to a longer crack initiation time, a reduced crack propagation rate, and improved SCC properties.
Metabolic Aging as an Increased Risk for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Guo Claire J. , Godbole Suneeta , Labaki Wassim W. , Pratte Katherine A. , Curtis Jeffrey L. , Paine Robert , Hoffman Eric , Han Meilan , Ohar Jill , Cooper Christopher , Kechris Katerina J. , DeMeo Dawn L. , Bowler Russell P.
Published: November 2024

Background/Objectives: Both aging and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are strongly associated with changes in the metabolome; however, it is unknown whether there are common aging/COPD metabolomic signatures and if accelerated aging is associated with COPD. Methods: Plasma from 5704 subjects from the Genetic Epidemiology of COPD study (COPDGene) and 2449 subjects from Subpopulations and intermediate outcome measures in COPD study (SPIROMICS) were profiled using the Metabolon global metabolomics platform (1013 annotated metabolites). Post-bronchodilator spirometry measures of airflow obstruction (forced expiratory volume at one second (FEV1)/forced vital capacity (FVC) < 0.7) were used to define COPD. Elastic net regression was trained on never and former smokers with normal spirometry and no emphysema to create a metabolomic age score which was validated in SPIROMICS subjects. Results: Our metabolic age score was strongly associated with chronic age in the validation cohort (correlation coefficient = 0.8). COPD subjects with accelerated aging (>7 years difference between metabolic and actual age) had more severe disease compared with those who had decelerated aging (<−7 years difference between metabolic and actual age). COPD and aging metabolites were shared more than expected (p < 0.001), with amino acid and glutathione metabolism among pathways overrepresented. Conclusions: These findings suggest a common mechanism between aging and COPD and that COPD is associated with accelerated metabolic aging.
Effects of Ammonia Stress on Liver Tissue Structure, Enzyme Activities, and Metabolome of Juvenile Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides
Authors: Pu Decheng , Wang Zhengxi , Zheng Jishu , Li Peiyuan , Wei Xiuli , Li Dongsheng , Gao Lihong , Zhou Lin , Wang Yu
Published: November 2024

Background: Ammonia, a ubiquitous contaminant in aquatic ecosystems, poses multifaceted threats to fish species at elevated concentrations. Methods: In order to investigate the toxic effects of chronic ammonia stress on the liver of juvenile Micropterus salmoides, the present experiment was conducted to investigate the differences in changes in liver tissue structure, enzyme activities, and metabolomes after 28 days of ammonia exposure (0, 4, 8, and 16 mg/L). Results: The findings revealed that ammonia exposure induced significant oxidative stress in the liver, manifesting in decreased activities of antioxidant enzymes SOD and GSH-Px, elevated levels of GSH, GST, and MDA, and heightened activities of immune enzymes LZM, ALP, and ACP. An increase in ammonia concentration exacerbated liver tissue damage. Metabolome analysis further unveiled perturbations in liver metabolites of Micropterus salmoides exposed to ammonia, with Ala-His emerging as a potentially pivotal functional substance under chronic stress. Specifically, the 4 mg/L group responded to ammonia toxicity by augmenting GSH and L-Carnosine levels, the 8 mg/L group detoxified via upregulation of L-Glutamine, and the 16 mg/L group mitigated toxicity through the urea synthesis pathway. Conclusions: This research offers preliminary insights into the toxicological responses of Micropterus salmoides under chronic ammonia stress. It is suggested that the duration of ammonia concentration exceeding 4 mg/L in high-density aquaculture should not exceed 7 days.
Performance Improvement of TiO2 Ultraviolet Photodetectors by Using Atomic Layer Deposited Al2O3 Passivation Layer
Authors: Yang Yao-Tsung , Lin Shih-Chin , Wang Ching-Chiun , Ho Ying-Rong , Chen Jian-Zhi , Huang Jung-Jie
Published: November 2024

This study employed atomic layer deposition (ALD) to fabricate an Al2O3 passivation layer to optimize the performance of ultraviolet (UV) photodetectors with a TiO2-nanorod-(NR)-containing active layer and a solid–liquid heterojunction (SLHJ). To reduce the processing time and enhance light absorption, a hydrothermal method was used to grow a relatively thick TiO2-NR-containng working electrode. Subsequently, a 5-nm-thick Al2O3 passivation layer was deposited on the TiO2 NRs through ALD, which has excellent step coverage, to reduce the surface defects in the TiO2 NRs and improve the carrier transport efficiency. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed that the aforementioned layer reduced the defects in the TiO2 NRs. Moreover, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy indicated that following the annealing treatment, Al, Ti, and O atoms diffused across the interface between the Al2O3 passivation layer and TiO2 NRs, resulting in the binding of these atoms to form Al–Ti–O bonds. This process effectively filled the oxygen vacancies in TiO2. Examination of the photodetector device revealed that the photocurrent-to-dark current ratio exhibited a difference of four orders of magnitude (10−4 to 10−8 A), with the switch-on and switch-off times being 0.46 and 3.84 s, respectively. These results indicate that the Al2O3 passivation layer deposited through ALD can enhance the photodetection performance of SLHJ UV photodetectors with a TiO2 active layer.
First Optically Stimulated Luminescence and Radiocarbon Dating of the Late Quaternary Eruptions in the Xilinhot Volcanic Field, China
Authors: Shi Zhiwei , Cui Furong , Zhao Zhidan , Bai Zhida , Chang Zeguang , Zhao Junxiang
Published: November 2024

Precise dating of prehistoric volcanic eruptions is essential for reconstructing eruption sequences and assessing volcanic hazards. The timing of the onset and termination of volcanic activity in the Xilinhot volcanic field (XVF) has been a topic of debate for years. Volcanic eruptions in this area began during the Pliocene, with the K-Ar (Ar-Ar) method providing reliable ages for early formed volcanic rocks; however, this method is less effective for dating younger volcanic events that occurred since the Late Pleistocene. For younger volcanoes, sediments baked by volcanic materials, organic sediments, and silty mudstones entrapped in lava serve as excellent geological carriers for dating. In this study, suitable samples collected from the XVF were dated using 14C and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) methods. The 14C ages obtained for the Gezishan volcano are ~6.8 cal. ka BP, while its OSL age is ~7.8 ka. The ages dated by these two methods, combined with volcano–sedimentary stratigraphic relationships and volcanic topography, confirm the Holocene eruptions of the Gezishan volcano, categorizing it as a broadly active volcano. The upper boundary age of the sandy loam layer beneath the Gezishan lava flow is ~15.5 ka, indicating that the south lava of the Gezishan effusion occurred later than the late stage of the Late Pleistocene. Additionally, the OSL ages of baked sediments at the bottom of the base surge deposits from a Maar-type volcano and aeolian sand interlayers within a Strombolian-type scoria cone in the study area are ~50 ka and ~60 ka, respectively, representing eruptions in the middle Late Pleistocene. These findings demonstrate that volcanic activity in the XVF remained vigorous during the Late Pleistocene to Holocene. This study provides significant insights for reconstructing the evolutionary history of Xilinhot volcanic activity and assessing regional volcanic hazards.