bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In silico Analysis of Phylogeny and Virulence Genes in STEC Strains Associated with Outbreaks
Authors: Demirci Mehmet , Yiğin Akın , Yıldız Zeyrek Fadile
Published: September 2021

Objective: Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) strains are important foodborne pathogens. Significant outbreaks with STEC strains can be encountered, even if the geography, time or resources were different. The aim of our in silico study was to compare the virulance factors and phylogeny of STEC strains such as EDL933 and Sakai, which have been identified as an agent in important outbreaks in different parts of the world and whole genomic data were in open databases. Method: Genomic NCBI data of eight strains were included in our study, including seven different STEC strains associated with significant epidemics in different parts of the world, and one supershedder strain obtained from cattle feces. Results: According to phylogeny analysis, the most similar strain to EDL933 strain was TW14588, with 96.4% similarity. The most distant similarity was Sakai strains with 79.2%. According to the virulence genes analysis; the presence of 333 genes that constitute virulence factors under nine headings were detected. In the first STEC origin, EDL933, 45% of all virulence genes were found to be active. Adherence genes such as Ecp, Elf, Hcp and toxin genes such as clyA were active in all strains except stx genes. Conclusion: In our in silico study of comparative genomic analysis of STEC strains which are associated with outbreaks, it was determined that STEC strains used different virulence genes besides the stx gene. Indeed, they used certain virulence genes, even their sources, time and locations were different, in the pathogenesis
Diagnosis of Blastocystis sp., Cryptosporidium sp., and Giardia intestinalis by Multiplex PCR: An Optimization Study
Authors: Kilimcioğlu Ali Ahmet , Girginkardeşler Nogay , Oyur Tuba , Bölük Sabuncu Selin , Düzyol Azak Didem , Görgün Serhan , Akyar Işın , Kurt Özgür , Kocagöz Tanıl , Özbilgin Ahmet
Published: September 2021

Objective: It was aimed to develop a new Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) protocol with isolates obtained from local patients for the diagnosis of Blastocystis sp., Cryptosporidium sp. and Giardia intestinalis, which can cause severe gastrointestinal system complaints especially in immunocompromised patients and children. Method: DNA isolation was performed with a commercial kit from three stool samples of different patients whose microscopic examination showed dense amounts of Blastocystis sp., Cryptosporidium sp. and Giardia intestinalis. First, a special PCR protocol has been developed for each protozoon. Then, the multiplex PCR protocol, in which these three protozoa can be diagnosed together, was optimized. Results: In the multiplex PCR protocol performed after DNA isolation, bands of 95 bp., 227 bp. and 258 bp. were obtained for Cryptosporidium sp., Blastocystis sp. and G. intestinalis, respectively. Conclusion: Blastocystis sp., Cryptosporidium sp. and Giardia intestinalis were diagnosed by multiplex PCR with the original protocol developed. Due to the difficulties in using different methods in parasitological examination, by adding other protozoa important for public health to this optimized protocol, it will be possible to detect a large number of parasites with a single molecular method.
Investigation of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in Lake Eğirdir (Isparta)
Authors: Sağlam Tuğba , Düşen Serdar , Apaydın Yağcı Meral , Yağcı Abdülkadir
Published: September 2021

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess both the presence and seasonal variability of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in Eğirdir Lake within the borders of Isparta province, which is used for drinking, agricultural irrigation and recreational purposes. Method: The research was carried out between July 2016 and January 2017 and water samples were taken from five different stations in three different seasons in Lake Eğirdir. After direct microscopic examination of the samples (Native-Lugol method), they were stained with Modified Acid Fast (MAF), and examined under the light microscope for parasites. Results: Cryptosporidium spp and Giardia spp were detected in 15 water samples in summer months, with an average density of 99.2% and 93.3% respectively, in Lake Eğirdir. In addition, both parasites were also detected intensively in autumn and winter Conclusion: The use of Lake Eğirdir for daily needs of people, agriculture andrecreational purposes cause increase in protozoal density. Thus, it is necessary to conduct parasitological studies on Lake Eğirdir, especially during the periods of swimming tourism, to determine the protozoal epidemiology in humans and animals. In addition, it is important to carry out adequate disinfection processes and plan the necessary control programs in terms of public health in the regions where Lake Eğirdir is used as drinking water.
Distribution and Antimicrobial Susceptibilities of Members of Enterobacterales Isolated from Blood Cultures in a University Hospital
Authors: Mirza Hasan Cenk , Sancak Banu
Published: September 2021

Objective: Members of Enterobacterales can cause various diseases in humans. The objective of this study was to determine the genus/species distribution and antimicrobial susceptibilities of Enterobacterales isolated from blood cultures in Central Laboratory of Hacettepe University Hospital. Method: Enterobacterales isolated from blood between July-2014 and April-2018 were included in the study. MALDI-TOF MS was used for the identification of isolates. Antimicrobial susceptibilities were determined with automated system (VITEK 2 Compact for the isolates between 2014 and 2018; BD Phoenix for the isolates in 2018) and disk diffusion method. Results of antimicrobial susceptibility testing were interpreted according to EUCAST breakpoints. Results: In total, 1765 isolates belonging to the order Enterobacterales were isolated from blood cultures. The most common microorganisms were Escherichia coli (47.6%), Klebsiella (34.1%), Enterobacter (6%), Proteus (4.4%) and Serratia spp. (3.5%), respectively. The remaining isolates included Salmonella, Citrobacter, M. morganii, Pantoea, Raoultella and Providencia spp. The lowest resistance rates among E. coli, Klebsiella and Enterobacter spp. isolates were observed against meropenem and amikacin. However, 21.1% of Klebsiella isolates were resistant to meropenem. The most active antimicrobials against Proteus isolates were piperacillintazobactam and meropenem. Resistance was not observed against piperacillin-tazobactam and meropenem among Proteus isolates. The most active antimicrobial against Serratia isolates was trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole with a resistance rate of 0%. Resistance was not noted against ampicillin and trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole among Salmonella isolates, whereas 26.1% of isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin. All Citrobacter isolates were susceptible to meropenem, amikacin and cefepime. Conclusion: Findings of our study may guide the selection of proper antimicrobials for the treatment of bacteremia caused by Enterobacterales. Furthermore, this study provides important epidemiological information regarding the distribution of members of Enterobacterales causing bacteremia.
Kalkül und Sinnbild
Authors: Weber Horst
Published: September 2021

Der Kanon markiert je nach satztechnischer Ausprägung entgegengesetzte Pole der Kunstmusik: entweder den Usus vervielfältigter Einstimmigkeit oder aber höchsten kontrapunktischen Kalkül. Diese Extreme des Kunstanspruchs verleihen dem Kanon in der Kunstmusik eine Aura des Besonderen. Die Erschwerung des kontrapunktischen Kalküls verknüpft sich für den Hörer mit einer Sinnvermutung. Das Verhältnis von Kalkül und Sinn wird anhand von Beispielen skizziert.

bms online (Weil, Karola)
Fleck im „Mondfleck”
Authors: Raab Claus
Published: September 2021

Das Zusammenwirken von vier Kompositionsprinzipien läßt erkennen, wie die Musik in dreifacher Weise dem Text, Inhalt und formalen Verlauf des Gedichts und wie in grotesker Weise der Künstler der Kunstfigur verbunden ist. Ähnlich die Nr. 17 ("Parodie"), die in Form und Gehalt auf Schönbergs op. 26/4. Satz und auf ein besonderes Verhältnis von freier Atonalität und Dodekaphonie verweist. (Raab, Claus)
Anton Bruckners „Helgoland” und das Symphonische
Authors: Grandjean Wolfgang
Published: September 2021

In Anton Bruckners Spätwerk  (1893), von ihm selbst als "symphonischer Chor" bezeichnet, läßt sich anhand der Skizzen ein Prozeß der Annäherung an eine symphonische Gestaltung erkennen (Beschreibung der Quellen im Anhang). Diese zeigt sich in der formalen Anlage, im Charakter und der Verarbeitung der Themen und ansatzweise auch im Orchestersatz. Die Themen der Chorballade partizipieren an der motivisch-thematischen Substanz der letzten Symphonien. Das erlaubt Rückschlüsse auf den Gehalt der nach Mitteilung drängenden symphonischen Themen. (Grandjean, Wolfgang)
„Hauptthema” im ersten Satz von Beethovens Neunter Symphonie
Authors: Eichhorn Andreas
Published: September 2021

Der expositionelle Gehalt des Hauptthemenkomplexes der Neunten Symphonie Beethovens erschöpft sich nicht allein im thematisch-motivischen Material. Exponiert werden zugleich auch bestimmte Texturmodelle, die sich satzübergreifend ausbreiten und zur Werkeinheit beitragen. Als traditionelle Substanz ist dem Hauptthemenkomplex der dorische Ton eingeschrieben. Indem Beethoven an dem einzelnen Strukturelementen entlangkomponiert, wird das Dorische zu einem strukturellen Gerüst, das die äußerlich heterogene Syntax verklammert.
Schumanns neuer Zugang zum Kunstlied
Authors: Küster Konrad
Published: September 2021

Im Vorfeld des "Liederjahrs" hat Schumann sich neue Techniken der Liedkomposition erschlossen, die über klassische Wort-Ton-Beziehungen hinausgehen. Sie geben dem Klaviersatz eine neue Funktion; in diesem können Elemente der Gedicht-Syntax dargestellt, frei überformt oder uminterpretiert werden, zum Beispiel eine Textformulierung im Irrealis oder der 'offene Schluß' von Heine-Gedichten. Diese intensiv textbezogenen Verbindungen von Tendenzen des Klavierstücks und von liedhafter Singstimmenführung werden an ,  und  demonstriert.
Komponieren in Geschichte und Gegenwart
Authors: Grönke Kadja
Published: September 2021

Basierend auf ihrer Dissertation deutet die Autorin die ersten acht Streichquartette Dmitrij Šostakovičs als zusammenhängende Werkreihe, die entgegen der bisherigen Rezeptionsgeschichte eine kompositionsimmanente Sinngebung erfordert. Šostakovičs an Hand punktueller Analysen nachvollzogene Idee des Streichquartetts, die sowohl den in sich schlüssigen Einzelsatz als auch den übergreifenden Zusammenhalt zum Ziel hat, läßt die acht Werke als unterschiedliche Konkretisierungen eines übergreifenden kompositorischen Konzepts erkennen. Diese teleologische, nicht heuristische Zyklusbildung gipfelt im achten Quartett, das exemplarisch analysiert wird. Es wird als Komponieren in der Gattungsgeschichte und damit als Fortsetzung der Gattungsgeschichte mit eigenen Mitteln interpretiert.
Isaac Posch "Crembsensis“
Authors: Kokole Metoda
Published: September 2021

Zu den erhaltenen Urkunden des ehemaligen protestantischen Gymnasium poeticum in Regensburg, die heute im Archiv des Historischen Vereins für Oberpfalz in Regensburg verwahrt werden, gehören auch 24 Semesterberichte für den Zeitraum 1597-1612 (MS R. 285). In diesen taucht öfters der Name Isaac Posch aus Krems in Österreich auf, der offensichtlich mit dem Komponisten identisch ist, der später als Organist der Kärtner Landstädte in Klagenfurt tätig war.

bms online (Schöner, Oliver)
'Einheit' und 'Vielfalt' in den Messkompositionen des "musicus famosissimus" Johannes Ciconia (um 1370-1412)
Authors: Kremer Joachim
Published: September 2021

In seinen Messkompositionen ist Johannes Ciconia, was Satztechnik und die Herausbildung des Zyklus angeht, ein wegweisender Komponist. Hiervon ausgehend wird die Problematik solcher historiographischer Kategorien wie Einheit und Vielfalt erörtert.

bms online (Schöner, Oliver)
Anmerkungen zu Material und Verfahren der Hanns Eisler Gesamtausgabe
Authors: Wißmann Friederike
Published: September 2021

Hanns Eisler begegnet man häufig mit Skepsis, weil er unter politischem Verdacht steht. Verquickt mit seiner Abneigung gegen ausladende Musizierformen, dem Ineinandergreifen von politischer Überzeugung und ästhetischer Auffassung, fällt es bis heute schwer, Eisler zuerst und zuletzt als Musiker und Komponisten des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts wahrzunehmen. Weil Eislers ästhetische Programmatik ohne seine gesellschaftskritische Weltsicht undenkbar wäre, sind die Charakteristika Eisler'schen Komponierens den Partituren immer eingeschrieben. Die Faktur der Noten und Schrifttexte birgt jene besonderen Kontexte, durch die sie überhaupt ihre Gestalt gewonnen haben. In der Auseinandersetzung mit Hanns Eisler wird ein kulturelles Klima des frühen zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts lebendig, für das die Ambivalenz selbst Charakteristikum ist. Hanns Eislers Kompositionen spiegeln auf einzigartige Weise den Geist dieser besonderen Epoche. Sie vermitteln in ihrer kompositorischen Komplexität eindrucksvoller ihre Zeitgenossenschaft, als es aufwändige Historiographien leisten können. Die Gesamtausgabe stellt also auch ein spezifisches Milieu in der individuellen Physiognomie des Komponisten dar. Zweck der Gesamtausgabe ist es nicht, Ideologien zu verbreiten. Apologeten und solche Rezipienten, die sich als Anwälte des jeweiligen Autors verstehen, sind bekanntlich keineswegs die besseren Editoren. Aufgabe der historisch-kritischen Edition ist die präzise Dokumentation und Auswertung vorliegender Materialien. Eine ästhetische oder ideologische Bewertung obliegt dem aufmerksamen und kritischen Leser.
"... vermissen wir das logische Denken..."?
Authors: Redepenning Dorothea
Published: September 2021

Zwar wird den Symphonien Anton Bruckners heute ein kohärentes Formdenken attestiert, doch schon seine Zeitgenossen bemängelten die mitunter abrupt erscheinenden musikalischen Übergänge. Durch detaillierte Analysen kann gezeigt werden, dass Bruckners parataktische Schreibweise neben der hypotaktischen keineswegs das Ergebnis einer brüchig gewordenen Form oder gar ein ästhetischer Mangel ist, sondern notwendig für die Integration zusätzlicher als außergewöhnlich gekennzeichneter Abschnitte.

bms online (Schöner, Oliver)
Prima e seconda prattica?
Authors: Voss Egon
Published: September 2021

Ludwig van Beethoven hat bis 1801-02 eine ganze Reihe von Werken für Blasinstrumente komponiert, gewiss auch, um die Instrumente und ihre Kombination zu erproben, vor allem aber wohl, weil es entsprechende Anlässe gab oder Modeerscheinungen wie die Trios für zwei Oboen und Englischhorn in den 1790er Jahren in Wien. Mit dem Septett op. 20 bricht die Reihe der Bläsermusik plötzlich ab, obwohl gerade dieses Werk sehr erfolgreich war und denkbar wäre, dass Beethoven statt der neun Symphonien neun Septette geschaffen hätte. Doch Beethoven war, wie es scheint, die Bläsermusik allzu sehr mit dem Adel und dem Divertimento verknüpft, weshalb er andere Gattungen vorzog, in denen er bessere Werke geschaffen zu haben glaubte. Gleichwohl hielt er die Werke für Bläser nicht zurück, sondern publizierte sie oder versuchte sie zu veröffentlichen, was an Claudio Monteverdis Unterscheidung von prima und seconda prattica gemahnt. Mit seiner Abwendung von der Musik für Bläser schrieb Beethoven Musikgeschichte: Sein Vorbild bewirkte, dass sich in den Werkkatalogen der Komponistenelite seitdem Musik für Bläser nur ausnahmsweise findet.
Entwicklung des Air mit Da capo von Lully bis Rameau und seinen französischen Zeitgenossen
Authors: Schneider Herbert
Published: September 2021

The starting-point is the rudimentary Italian aria with da capo, respectively with a frame, which surrounds a much longer central part. This type widely spread in the 17th century gets the main form of Quinault’s and Lully’s monologue (the other one is through-composed). It remains present in the Italian opera in a small quantity when the classical aria da capo has already been the main type of aria, whereas in France its number decreases much slower and gets rare in the 1750th. The French cantata imported from Italy blazes the trail for the classical da capo aria firstly in the opera-ballet, then in the divertissements of the tragédie lyrique in Italian, soon also in French and slowly also in arias with dramatic content and expression in all types of French music theatre. The aria with da capo and the classical da capo aria are examined in detail in operas of Rameau and his contemporaries, especially their individual solutions of text, musical forms and expression. Finally J.-J. Rousseau’s typology of the da capo aria is examined, verified and criticized. (Autor)
Automated Teller Machine-Based Voting System
Authors: A.O. Ayokunle , E. Martin , E.O. Ernest , A. Izang , W. Ajayi , O. Adekola
Published: September 2021

Voting is a critical element of any election which involves the processes of electing leaders or representatives into positions of authority in a democratic system of government. In most developing countries of the world, this process is usually marred with challenges of confidentiality, integrity, availability and auditability such as falsification of results, identity theft, theft of ballot boxes, multiple voting problems, over voting, and electoral fraud. This paper presents a framework for Automated Teller Machine-based voting system that solves the aforementioned challenges of the current voting system by using the existing Automated Teller Machines and debit cards issued for voting. Going further to implement the solution proposed in this paper will enhance and guarantee the credibility of the electoral processes and show a true reflection of the wishes of the people.
Analytical Approximation for Cahn-Hillard Phase-Field Model for Spinodal Decomposition of a Binary System
Authors: TOZAR Ali , TAŞBOZAN Orkun , KURT Ali
Published: September 2021

Phase transformations which lead to dramatical property change are very important for engineering materials. Phase-field methods are one of the most successful and practical methods for modelling phase transformations in materials. The Cahn-Hillard phase-field model is among the most promising phase-field models. The most successful aspect of the model is that it can predict spinodal decomposition (which is essential to determining the microstructure of an alloy) in a binary system. It is used in both materials science and many other fields, such as polymer science, astrophysics, and computer science. In this study, the Cahn-Hillard phase-field model is evaluated by an analytical approach using the (1/G')-expansion method. The solutions obtained are tested for certain thermodynamic conditions, and their accuracy of predicting the spidonal decomposition of a binary system is confirmed.
Exploring the digital divide between medical students and medical teachers
Authors: Sabqat Mashaal , Khan Rehan Ahmed
Published: September 2021

Background:

People from different generations approach learning in varied ways. The medical students of today belong to Generation Z whereas the medical teachers belong to Generation X and the Baby Boomers generation. This can result in inefficient knowledge sharing. This study aims to delve into one aspect of this i.e. to compare the familiarity and use of Web 2.0 technologies in the aforementioned groups.

Method

Instruments from other similar studies were used to develop a paper-based quantitative questionnaire administered to 128 students and 63 teachers at Foundation University Medical College, Rawalpindi. The data was analyzed via SPSS.

Results

A digital divide was found to exist between medical students and teachers. Both the groups were found reasonably well exposed to Web 2.0 technologies. However, the teachers use these tools for educational purposes more often as compared to the students.

Conclusion

Web 2.0 technologies have the potential to revolutionize medical education. However, this potential will only be achieved if there is increased training of both students and teachers in how to use these technologies to enhance teaching and learning.
Complex Dynamic Systems Theory for Cognitive Environment Approach
Authors: Rannveig Madeleine
Published: September 2021

Population Fluctuations (PF), Patch Variation (PV), and Food Webs (FW) are just a few of the areas where the Complex Dynamic Systems Theory (CDST) has made a significant impact on our understanding of the environment. Measures have been used to capture the variation between simple, disordered and ordered frameworks with local interactions that can generate surprising actions on a massive scale. But research shows that conventional explanations of convolution fail to take into account some major characteristics of ecological systems, an ideology that will limit the contributions of CDST to the entire ecosystem. In this paper, we have presented literature review of these characteristics of Environmental Convolution (EC), e.g. diversification, environmental variability, memory and cross-scale interactions, which progress to classical CDST. Advancements in these segments will be essential before CDST can be applicable in the comprehension of more vibrant systems in the environment.
Análisis de la formulación de políticas públicas educativas
Authors: Alemán Josué
Published: September 2021

The analysis of the process of formulating educational public policies from methodological proposal of constructivism approach based on the contributions of Niklas Luhmann’s theory of social systems is a rarely explored technique in El Salvador and Latin America. Analysis exercises like this can help the understanding of the formulation processes already concluded, also it is an opportunity of improvement for future processes. In addition, they allow the modeling of interactions, relationships, operations, distinction codes and the place taken by each element in society regarding the political, economical and legal systems. In this model people only interact with the process of formulating a public educational policy through the roles they take in any of the interacting entities.
Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 157, 2021: 11-31
Ser hombre y docente en la escuela pública salvadoreña
Authors: Tejeda Guardado Walberto Virgilio
Published: September 2021

Sexual violence is a phenomenon that persists in Salvadoran public schools, directly affecting the students, their families and the community. This article offers an analysis based on findings of the recent study: “Hegemonic masculinity and legitimation of sexual violence of male teachers in the Salvadoran public school” (2020), whose research subjects were, mainly, male teachers from public schools of San Salvador. This research affirms that the process of construction of the gender identity of male teachers has not escaped the androcentric and patriarchal cultural mandates that generate a hegemonic model of masculinity that influences their teaching practice. The article states that the social construction of hegemonic masculinity is intimately related to the forms of legitimization of sexual violence in the Salvadoran public school.
Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 157, 2021: 87-116.
SMEs Intervention Programmes in Nigeria: Evaluating Challenges Facing Implementation
Authors: Joseph Tonuchi , Obikaonu Pauline , Ariolu Charles , Nwolisa Chinyere , Aderohunmu Aderibigbe
Published: September 2021

To ensure price and economic stability, the central bank of Nigeria has adopted several unconventional monetary policy measure such as MSMEs credit intervention with the aim of boosting credit availability in specific sector of the economy. The intuition is that rise in productive activities/investment will indirectly promotes price stability the core mandate of the bank. Therefore, this study investigated the challenges facing implementation of real sector (MSMEs) intervention programmes of the CBN since year 2000 to 2020. The study employed mixed method using descriptive survey approach to sample 62 intervention programme implementers and 400 Micro, Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (MSMEs). The findings reveal among others that high loan default risks, politicization of programmes, and inadequate infrastructural development are the leading challenges facing programme implementers in Nigeria. Applicants' non-eligibility in programmes applied for, poor business plan or inadequate knowledge in proposed business topped the reasons for failures among applicant MSMEs. Consequently, a need for more public-private partnerships in programme design, monitoring, and evaluation to forestall political interference is advised.
DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF UV SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD FOR SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF NAPHAZOLINE HCL AND PHENYLEPHRINE HCL IN EYE DROPS
Authors: Patel Satish A , Baria Dharmendrasinh A
Published: September 2021

A first order derivative UV-spectrophotometric method was developed to quantify naphazoline hydrochloride and phenylephrine hydrochloride in eye drops. Naphazoline hydrochloride and phenylephrine hydrochloride were estimated at 275.6nm (zero crossover point of phenylephrine hydrochloride) and 289.4nm (zero crossover point of naphazoline hydrochloride), respectively. The method was found to be linear in the concentration range of 10 - 25 µg/ml for naphazoline hydrochloride and 20 - 60 µg/ml for phenylephrine hydrochloride. The developed method was subjected to validation in accordance with ICH guidelines Q2(R1) for different validation parameters. The analytical method developed was found to be accurate and cost - effective and can be used for routine analysis of naphazoline hydrochloride and phenylephrine hydrochloride in eye drops.
SENSITIVE BIO ANALYTICAL METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF VENETOCLAX IN HUMAN PLASMA BY LC-ESI-MS/MS
Authors: Potluri H. ,   Department of Chemistry, Gudlavalleru engineering College, Gudlavalleru - 521 356, Andhra Pradesh, India
Published: September 2021

A specific and sensitive method of liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry was demonstrated for the experimental determination of venetoclax in human plasma utilising venetoclax-D8 as an internal standard. The column Xbridge C18, 50 × 4.6mm, 5 µm was used for attaining chromatographic separation by utilising 10mM ammonium formate and methanol as isocratic mobile phase in the composition ratio of 20:80 (V/V). The flow-rate selected was 0.7ml/min. Venetoclax and venetoclax-D8 are identified in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) positive mode with proton adducts at m/z 869.53 →553.21 and m/z 877.14 → 553.23, respectively. For the successful extraction of drug as well as internal standard, liquid-liquid extraction technique was efficiently utilised. The developed technique was established in a linear concentration range of 5.0-5000.0 pg/ml along with correlation coefficient (r2) of 0.9994. Intra and inter-day precisions were found to be 0.7 to 1.90% and 0.7 to 2.0 % for venetoclax and venetoclax-D8, respectively. Accuracy was found to be within 98.6 to 101.99% and 99.17 to 101.14 % for venetoclax and venetoclax-D8, respectively. It was observed that throughout the bench top studies, post-operative stability studies and freeze-thawing cycles, venetoclax retained stability.
QUALITY BY DESIGN APPROACH (QBD) FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF CANDESARTAN CILEXETIL AND AMLODIPINE BESYLATE BY RP–HPLC
Authors: Kamli Ankita , Shah Megha , Hinge Madhuri
Published: September 2021

A revers phase liquid chromatographic technique has been developed for the separation and determination of candesartan cilexetil and amlodipine besylate using QbD (Quality by Design) approach. The present method was optimised by introducing experimental design approach to identify the chromatographic conditions for adequate separation quality and minimal analysis duration. The relation between independent variables and critical quality attributes is given by experimental design methodology. The separation was achieved on shim-pack solar C18 type column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) as stationary phase; acetonitrile: phosphate buffer pH 6.8 (82:18, v/v); 1.0 ml/min as flow rate; detection wavelength 235 nm. The chromatographic efficiency was investigated for the factorial effect of percentage organic phase and flow rate and finely optimized by employing factorial design experiment. The method was validated and was found to be accurate, precise and robust.
A VALIDATED STABILITY INDICATING RP-HPLC METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF AZELNIDIPINE AND ITS IMPURITIES IN PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATION
Authors: Peddi Pavani , Tulasi S. L. , Usha Rani N. , Rajeswari T. Raja
Published: September 2021

A novel simple, rapid, sensitive and stability-indicating RP-HPLC method was developed and validated for the determination of azelnidipine (ALDP) and its impurities 1 and 2. Resolution of drug, its potential impurities and degradation products were achieved by RP-HPLC on was performed on Prontosil ODS C18 column (250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5µ) using a mobile phase consisting of methanol and 0.1M sodium acetate 40: 60 (v/v) at a flow rate of 1 ml/min and 231 nm of UV detector. Validation of the method was performed along with formulation analysis and forced degradation studies. The calibration curves of ALDP were linear over a concentration range of 50-300 µg/mL. The method was rapid with a retention time of the impurity 2, impurity and ALDP observed at 3.60, 5.15 and 6.90 min, respectively. The method was applied for the impurities determination in drug tablets and for degradation products determination in a stability study of ALDP. The impurity content in the tablets was quantified as 0.1% of total drug. The method can also be used for rapid and accurate quantification of ALDP in its tablets during stability testing.
DOCKING STUDY OF NOVEL N-SUBSTITUTED 2,5-BIS[(7-CHLOROQUINOLIN-4-YL)AMINO]PENTANOIC DERIVATIVES AS SELECTIVE HIGH-BINDER WITH ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME 2
Authors: Ezzat Mohammed Oday , Razik Basma M. Abd , Dawood Kutayba F.
Published: September 2021

The prevalence of a novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in the last few months represents a serious threat as a world health emergency concern. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the host cellular receptor for the respiratory syndrome of coronavirus epidemic in 2019 (2019-nCoV). In this work, the active site of ACE2 is successfully located by Sitmap prediction tool and validated by different marketed drugs. To design and discover new medical countermeasure drugs, we evaluate a total of 184 molecules of 7-chloro-N-methylquinolin-4-amine derivatives for binding affinity inside the crystal structure of ACE2 located active site. A novel series of N-substituted 2,5-bis[(7-chloroquinolin-4-yl)amino]pentanoic acid derivatives is generated and evaluated for a prospect as a lead compound for (2019-nCoV) medication with a docking score range of (-10.60 to -8.99) kcal/mol for the highest twenty derivatives. Moreover, the ADME pharmaceutical properties were evaluated for further proposed experimental evaluation in vitro or in vivo
EVALUATION OF HEPATOPROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF SELECTED FRUIT PEEL EXTRACTS AND THEIR POLY HERBAL MIXTURE ON CCL4 INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY: AN IN VIVO STUDY
Authors: Kondepudi Gana Manjusha , Rao Battu Ganga , Balakrishnaiah P
Published: September 2021

The main aim of this study was to screen the selected fruit peel extracts and their polyherbal mixture (PHM) for hepatoprotective activity. Male wistar albino rats (180-200 g), divided into 12 groups after induction of hepatotoxicity, were treated with selected fruit peel extracts and PHM and at the end of 14th day blood and liver samples were collected and analysed. The aqueous peel extract of Malus pumila was a better hepatoprotective among the selected peel extracts. The activities might be due to the conditioning of hepatocytes by protecting the integrity of the membrane from CCl4 induced leakage of serum markers into circulation. All the selected plant extracts and PHM were shown to revert back the liver enzymes to the normal values in diseased rats in a dose dependent manner. In conclusion, the selected fruit peel extracts and poly herbal mixture can be a potent hepatoprotective agent due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions.
FORMULATION, DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF HERBAL TRANSDERMAL PATCH FOR FRACTURE HEALING
Authors: Kumar Aadesh , Rana Mahendra , Bisht Madan , Rana Amita
Published: September 2021

Peristrophe bicalyculata posses expectorant, analgesic, anti-inflamatory, antipyretic and antibacterial properties and has been traditionally used for the management of pain, sprain, and bone fracture. In this study we have tried to incorporate bioactive components of P. bicalyculata in transdermal patches which were developed by solvent casting method. Formulated patches were further evaluated for thickness, folding endurance, moisture content and moisture reuptake. Formulations showing good folding endurance were selected for estimation of the drug content and in-vitro drug release. The patches showing drug content more than 90% and drug release 85% were selected and fitted for Zero-order kinetics. This study will help in the development of transdermal patch for the treatment of bone fracture.
Community Land Rights in Kenya: A Summary of 2020 Analyses
Authors:   Rights and Resources Initiative
Published: September 2021

This summary highlights Kenya-specific findings of three RRI studies conducted in 2020. This document will explain what the findings of these three studies mean for Kenya, and aims to equip local communities and civil society organizations (CSOs) with data to advance their advocacy work to influence future reforms and help the government, donors, private sector actors, and conservationists make informed decisions.
Differing Physician Perceptions of Oxcarbazepine and Levetiracetam for Women of Child- Bearing Age: A Physician Survey Based Study
Authors:   Sekhmet Technologies (THB), Gurgaon, India, Shukla Avani
Published: September 2021

Background: Young women of reproductive age constitute a significant proportion of India's epilepsy patient population. Doctors take several considerations into account while prescribing antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) to young women to balance the risk of seizures with other concerns. Objective: To understand how doctors perceive various AEDs regarding their safety, efficacy, and other attributes for women of childbearing age. Materials and Methods: This study consisted of a survey designed to understand the usage and perception of 12 antiepileptic drugs in the Indian market. The survey respondents of this study were neurologists, neurosurgeons, and psychiatrists from all over India, from private or government setups, and with different experience and patient load levels. Results: In the study, 93% of all survey respondents indicated that they avoid one or more AEDs in women of childbearing age, making it a significant consideration. This consideration is a specialty split for the second- generation AEDs, Oxcarbazepine, and Levetiracetam. Approximately three times more Neurosurgeons avoid Oxcarbazepine as compared to neurologists and psychiatrists who use this drug. In the case of Levetiracetam, mainly only psychiatrists avoid it for women of reproductive age. Apart from the personal experience of doctors, factors other than teratogenic risks, such as changes in reproductive hormone levels, may have contributed to the observed difference in perception. Conclusion: The study highlights doctors ‘differing perceptions for highly used drugs among all specialties emphasizing the need to determine if such differences in perception exist between other AEDs for various types of patient profiles.
Polykoiranie III (John of Salisbury, Aquinas, Dante, Marsilius of Padua)
Authors: Bennington Geoffrey
Published: September 2021

Although John of Salisbury does not quote the Homer-Aristotle line Scatter 2 is following, his Policraticus does contain complex reflections on reading that resonate with a deconstructive approach. After the thirteenth-century Latin translations of Aristotle, the line reappears in influential but tendential accounts of the supposed superiority of monarchy in Aquinas and Dante, and in the more complex reflections of Marsilius of Padua.
Polykoiranie IV (Bodin, La Boétie)
Authors: Bennington Geoffrey
Published: September 2021

The line from Homer appears saliently in two famous 1570 texts, by Jean Bodin and Etienne de la Boétie respectively. It is shown how Bodin’s supposedly modern conception of sovereignty inherits aporias Scatter 2 has been following since Aristotle, and how the paradoxical prerogative to both make and break the law makes it impossible rigorously to discern monarchy from tyranny. La Boétie’s commentary on the line from Homer, and his general attempt to argue “against one,” is shown to lead to a complex and aporetical account on the edge of political space, in which the concepts of nature and of the One increasingly escape La Boétie’s conceptual grasp.
To Poikilon (Plato, Alfarabi, Aristotle)
Authors: Bennington Geoffrey
Published: September 2021

Plato’s characterisation of democracy in terms of to poikilon (multiplicity, variegation, motley) is rehearsed, reinforced with reference to Alfarabi, and shown to persist in contemporary thinkers such as Badiou. The persistent analogy between the State and the human body, in Plato and beyond, is shown to be tendentially incoherent, and its incoherence stressed. Aristotle’s more hospitable treatment of motifs of multiplicity and diversity is explored, and his apparent belief in the superiority of Absolute Monarchy or the One Best Man is shown, contra Derrida, to rely on an unduly hasty reading of the Politics. Rather, the One Best Man’s affinity with the undecidable pair of Beast and God introduces a complication into the structure of sovereignty that is read against Heidegger’s understanding of a line in Sophocles’ Antigone that Derrida strangely ignores.
The Mission of Catholic Higher Education in the Age of the Corporatized University
Authors: Beyer Gerald J.
Published: September 2021

This chapter problematizes the contemporary context in which Catholic colleges and universities operate in the United States, namely, that of corporatized higher education. It describes the corporatization of the modern University and its negative consequences, locating this phenomenon within the ascendancy of neoliberalism. The author argues that the corporatization of the university has infected higher education with hyperindividualistic practices and models imported from the business world, essentially creating a clash of values with the Catholic social tradition. This phenomenon hinders the ability of Catholic institutions to fulfil their mission, which includes creating an environment imbued with values and principles of CST such as respect for human rights, solidarity, and justice. This final section of this chapter introduces the reader to the values and principles of CST, which should inform the policies and practices of Catholic institutions and counteract the values of corporatized education.
Catholic Universities, the Right to Education, and the Option for the Poor
Authors: Beyer Gerald J.
Published: September 2021

This chapter argues that many Catholic colleges and universities failed to sufficiently embody Catholic social teaching’s option for the poor in recruiting, admissions, and retention policies. It begins with a brief overview of empirical trends concerning the access of students from economically disadvantaged backgrounds to higher education in the United States. Next, it discusses the right to education in Catholic social thought. This section of the chapter highlights Catholic social teaching’s emphasis on the importance of education in overcoming poverty and fostering the right to participation in the life of society. It also argues that in a knowledge-based society the right to education must include access to higher education, particularly for the economically marginalized (a subsequent chapter examines the distinct, but related disadvantages in access faced by racially minoritized students) The second part of the chapter presents empirical data concerning the socioeconomic background of students from selected Catholic colleges and universities. The chapter concludes with some normative conclusions about the degree to which Catholic colleges and universities promote access for low socioeconomic status students and suggests how they might be able to realize this goal to an ever-greater degree.
Gender and LGBTQ Equality in the University
Authors: Beyer Gerald J.
Published: September 2021

This chapter advances the argument that the Catholic social tradition, which includes the work of feminist theologians and ethicists, can point toward greater equity for women in the academy. This chapter also discusses the continuing need to create more inclusive campus communities for LGBTQ persons. The author contends that the issues that women face because of their gender and the LGBTQ community's ongoing struggle for equality are not the same and warrant more extensive treatment than can be offered in this book. However, the chapter aims to offer some insights about how CST can promote the dignity, equality, and full participation of women and LGBTQ persons in Catholic higher education. Ways in which Catholic colleges and universities have promoted equity and full participation of women and LGBTQ persons on their campuses are considered. The concluding section confronts the problem of sexual violence in campus, which the author contends is a severe affront to a person’s autonomy and right to fully participate in a community.
Epilogue
Authors: Beyer Gerald J.
Published: September 2021

A good deal of time has elapsed since I began working on this book. I have spoken in many venues about the issues treated in it, benefiting from conversations with generous colleagues. I have also dealt with some of the issues directly in the workplace. I am exhausted from confronting the issues I have discussed here. Those of us who confront rather than look away from the injustices of the corporatized university face the possibility of burnout, criticism, and even scorn. What I offer here in closing does not constitute a systematic or overarching conclusion. The best I can do, for many reasons, is to offer some final thoughts about where we are today and where we might be in the future of Catholic higher education....
Absent Blue Wax: On the Mingling of Methodological Exceptions
Authors: Brown Nathan
Published: September 2021

Chapter 1 theorizes the production of methodological exceptions by philosophical systems. I bring into relation an empiricist exception to Descartes’s rationalist method (the wax experiment) and a rationalist exception to Hume’s empiricist method (his missing shade of blue). The chapter develops a critique of Michel Henry’s phenomenological reading of Descartes’s Second Meditation and contrasts my theory of rationalist empiricism with Deleuze’s transcendental empiricism. It concludes by positioning my reading of Descartes and Hume in relation to Meillassoux’s concept of “the paradox of manifestation.”
Althusser’s Dream: The Materialist Dialectic of Rationalist Empiricism
Authors: Brown Nathan
Published: September 2021

Chapter 2 offers a detailed elaboration of Louis Althusser’s brief reference to “rationalist empiricism,” deploying this elaboration toward a reading of Meillassoux’s After Finitude as a work of “Marxist philosophy.” Althusser considers the defense of philosophical materialism as integral to the critique of idealist ideology, and therefore as essential to defending historical materialism (Marxist science) against ideological deviations. I flesh out this framework by comparing After Finitude to Lenin’s Materialism and Empirio-Criticism, arguing that Meillassoux fulfils more rigorously the project of Lenin’s early philosophical intervention.
The Technics of Prehension: On the Photography of Nicolas Baier
Authors: Brown Nathan
Published: September 2021

Chapter 6 offers a philosophical interpretation of Nicolas Baier’s experimental digital photography. Approaching Baier’s work through Alfred North Whitehead’s concept of “prehension,” Bernard Stiegler’s account of “the default of origin,” and C.S. Peirce’s concept of the index, I theorize the retentional exactitude of his digital transformations of physical objects. The chapter intervenes in debates in media philosophy while offering a reading of Baier’s work that is both poetic and conceptually rigorous. The chapter concludes by positioning my reading in relation to Bachelard’s theory of the “transmutation of epistemological values.”
The Criterion of Immanence and the Transformation of Structural Causality: From Althusser to Théorie Communiste
Authors: Brown Nathan
Published: September 2021

Setting out from a critique of Althusser’s reliance upon references to the “structured whole,” Chapter 9 pursues a revision of the Althusserian theory of structural causality through the work of the group Théorie Communiste. Disentangling Althusser’s concept from its Spinozist framework, I show that Althusser’s references to the whole compromise his emphasis on the immanence of historical causality. I reconstruct an approach to the relation between immanence and lack through Théorie Communiste’s “theory of rift.” In the process, I engage with Jacques Rancière and Paul Mattick to assess the difference between humanist and anti-humanist approaches to proletarian revolution, and the chapter concludes with a consideration of Althusser’s influence upon Théorie Communiste.
Secularization, Countersecularization, and the Fate of the Flesh in Donne
Authors: Gil Daniel Juan
Published: September 2021

The chapter begins by examining the thought of Edward Herbert. In his de Veritate Herbert articulates a reasonable, rationalized version of Christianity that is founded on dualist assumptions and that is compatible with science and rational inquiry. Donne oscillates between between Herbert’s secularization project and a counter-secularization built on embracing the “rump” elements of Christianity, including monist-materialism. In his sermons and other religious writings Donne foregrounds the body as a material life that is alien to any conventionally socialized sense of agency or identity. This use of the body also energizes Donne’s formally experimental erotic verse. Donne’s erotic poems suggest an understanding of sexuality in which interruption, deferral, and blockage are valued as a way of intensifying and increasing the experience of being a body with a life of its own separate from the conscious and reasoning life of a supposed soul. The formal experimentalism generated by Donne’s commitment to resurrection is precisely what T.S.Eliot later recognizes as modernism avant la lettre so that this chapter argues that Donne’s writings should be termed not “metaphysical” but “avant-garde.”
The Feeling of Being a Body: Resurrection and Habitus in Vaughan’s Medical Writings
Authors: Gil Daniel Juan
Published: September 2021

Chapter 4 articulates more explicitly than the previous chapter the way resurrection beliefs in Vaughan’s poetry function as “critical theory” about selfhood, identity, and the social world. The chapter examines Vaughan’s devotional and religious “self-help” literature and Vaughan’s translation and expansion of a hermetic medical treatise. Vaughan’s immanent corporeal resurrectionist commitment to finding the “seeds” of resurrection leads him to posit an essential core of bodily life—the radical balsam—that seeks eternal life but that is sickened when it is penetrated and rewired by the social and historical world. The goal of Vaughan’s devotional writings and medicine alike is to rewire the self so that it reduces its investment in the historical and social world by having its life directed by the essential core, a move that is analogous to his poetic search for the seeds and signs of resurrection within himself his poetry (the subject of chapter 3). This vision anticipates Heidegger’s phenomenology and Bourdieu’s theory of habitus. Vaughan also describes a form of sexuality that anticipates Leo Bersani in imagining the body as socialized and yet as potentially unhinged from that social connectedness.