bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estimates of Production Functions
Authors: Pencavel John H.
Published: June 2018

This chapter applies the conceptual framework developed in the previous chapter to four sets of observations. These present a perspective on the output-hours relationship in different contexts. These data are used to determine the relevance of the hypothesis of unit returns to hours and the law of diminishing returns. The four sets are (1) observations on British munition workers in the First World War; (2) observations on plants producing weapons in Britain during the Second World War; (3) observations by researchers at the U.S. Department of Labor on plants during the Second World War; and (4) observations on plywood mills in the state of Washington from the 1960s to the 1980s. The estimated relationships are portrayed in figures.
Further Implications of the Augmented Production Functions
Authors: Pencavel John H.
Published: June 2018

In this chapter, the author uses the output–hours findings presented in the previous chapter to interpret the research on the relative productivity of part-time and full-time workers. Examples are given of prior research that corroborate the author’s findings. Additionally, the productivity of hours of overtime are considered. Finally, the author applies the theory to macroeconomics.
Hours of Work, Health, and Well-Being
Authors: Pencavel John H.
Published: June 2018

This chapter concerns the link between work hours and the incidence of sickness and injuries. The existence of such a link has been demonstrated by a large number of investigators. The relation is not restricted to manual workers doing physically taxing work. White-collar workers tend also to experience stress and adverse health effects from longer work hours. Studies that follow the same workers over time are especially useful. Investigations have been made for a wide range of occupations and for nationally representative populations. Not only may a worker be so affected, but also the well-being of the worker’s household may suffer.
The Association Between Working Hours and Hourly Earnings
Authors: Pencavel John H.
Published: June 2018

At one time, economists recognized a difficulty in interpreting the association between working hours and hourly earnings: does the association reflect the preferences of employers or of workers? The existence of this identification problem has been largely ignored in recent years. In its place, the relation is presumed to describe describes the labor supply preferences of workers. This needs to be re-considered in light of the empirical finding that the law of diminishing returns operates for hours of work in employers’ production functions. Moreover, there is a third interpretation: differences in hours and hourly earnings reflect differences in the relative bargaining power of workers and employers. If the preferences of workers are sought, they are more likely to be revealed in the hours and earnings of self-employed workers and this is illustrated with the workers in the plywood co-ops.
Nanosyntax of Russian Verbal Prefixes
Authors: Tolskaya Inna
Published: June 2018

This chapter addresses the problem of widespread polysemy of Russian verbal prefixes and argues that multiple instantiations of a single prefix share a core conceptual meaning and receive the specific denotations as a function of its syntactic position. A link is demonstrated between the inner structure of a prefix and the PP complement of the prefixed verb, illustrated by five polysemous prefixes that demonstrate an asymmetry in admitting PP complements. Although goal prefixes allow only a goal PP, the more complex source prefixes are compatible with both source and goal, and even more route prefixes are compatible with both source and goal, in addition to route complements. Although the source–goal asymmetry has been pointed out for spatial prefixes before, the fact that the same asymmetry holds for nonspatial use is new and exciting and points to a structural identity of the spatial and nonspatial uses of a prefix.
Institutionalizing the Just War
Authors: Buchanan Allen
Published: June 2018

This book challenges traditional and contemporary just war theorizing, by taking seriously the role of social practices and institutions in decisions to go to war. It argues that which substantive moral principles regarding the initiation of war are valid can depend upon the institutional processes within which the decisions are made. Traditional and mainstream contemporary just war theorists proceed as if institutions don’t exist or as if existing institutional resources for influencing decision-making are so negligible that they may be disregarded. They fail to consider the possibility that institutional innovations could improve recourse to war decisions and that the fact that this is so has important implications for the morality of war-making. The first six chapters of the book lay out the case for institutionalizing the just war—for rethinking just war theory with due regard for the fact that institutional realities and possibilities shape the morality of war. The last two chapters advance concrete, feasible proposals for much-needed institutional innovation.
Introduction
Authors: Buchanan Allen
Published: June 2018

During the period in which much of the thinking that went into this book occurred, the world looked strikingly different from what we see today. The growth of multilateralism, defined as the coordination of national policies in groups of three or more states, was evident. Transnational networks of regulatory officials, judges, and legislators were proliferating and trade agreements of unprecedented scale were achieved. The most inclusive treaty-based multilateral institution for furthering international peace and security, the UN Security Council, expanded its mission to include the authorization of humanitarian military interventions even in cases in which international peace and security were not at risk. Environmental treaties outlined multilateral responses to pressing problems of ozone depletion and global climate change. Globalization in its manifold dimensions was increasing. The obstacle to more comprehensive mulitilateral institution-building and to the extension of human rights regimes that the Cold War had posed had been removed by the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Although some multilateral institutions remained informal, there was also a trend toward legalization (though perhaps without much reflection as to whether greater formal legality is always better). Just as evident, of course, was the continuing turmoil in weakly governed areas of the world and the power of conflicts there to affect even the stablest countries, both through the export of terrorism and through the often unintended results of military interventions that purported to enhance security and stability but which instead fueled rivalries ...
A Richer Jus Ad Bellum
Authors: Buchanan Allen
Published: June 2018

This chapter argues for greatly expanding the scope of just war theorizing. Once one realizes that institutions matter to the morality of war, the list of issues that just war theory should address expands greatly beyond the question of what are the criteria for the rightness of war-making acts. These issues include the moral evaluation of social practices regarding what is considered to be a legitimate justification for going to war, the moral evaluation of decision-makers, the moral evaluation of institutions within which decisions to go to war are made, the moral evaluation of norm/institution packages, and the proper role of heuristics versus directly action-guiding norms.
The Internal Legitimacy of Humanitarian Intervention
Authors: Buchanan Allen
Published: June 2018

This chapter addresses a remarkably neglected issue in just war theory: the internal legitimacy of humanitarian military intervention, military actions in another state undertaken with the objective of stopping occurring or preventing imminent large-scale violations of basic human rights, without the consent of the state in which the intervention occurs. When such wars cannot be justified as necessary for protecting the rights or advancing the interests of the citizens of the states that undertake them, the question arises as to whether they are legitimate from the standpoint of the state’s own citizens. This chapter argues that the decision to engage in humanitarian wars is so especially serious and problematic (given that the primary duty of the state is to protect the rights and serve the interests of its own citizens), that special institutional processes are needed for authorizing such military action.
Justifying Preventive War, Institutionally
Authors: Buchanan Allen
Published: June 2018

This chapter applies the conceptual framework and methodology for just war theorizing, developed previously, to the problem of justifying preventive war—war undertaken to avert a threat of wrongful harm that is not imminent. Several distinct objections to the permissibility of preventive war are laid out and critically evaluated. The main conclusion drawn is that what makes preventive war especially morally problematic is the inherently speculative character of the appeal to harm prevention, which provides ample opportunity for error, deception, and self-deception. In principle this objection can be met if the decision to engage in preventive war is made within the constraints of a suitably designed institution—one that adequately mitigates the special risks of employing the preventive war justification. This chapter then delineates the chief features of an institution that would reduce the risks to acceptable levels by including ex ante and ex post accountability mechanisms in a multilateral institutional context. This chapter is a modified version of a previously published paper co-authored with Robert O. Keohane.
Precommitment Regimes for Intervention
Authors: Buchanan Allen
Published: June 2018

This chapter presents and justifies an alternative to a democratic coalition for authorizing humanitarian military intervention: a precommitment regime whereby a democratic, legitimate government at serious risk for being violently overthrown or that is vulnerable to a resurgence of ethno-national violence could enter into a contract with a state or coalition of states that would pre-authorize intervention under certain circumstances. Such a precommitment contract would be revocable at will by that government or any legitimate successor government. The details of the precommitment contract are spelled out and the case is made that such an arrangement is feasible and that it has the advantage of being an exercise of state sovereignty rather than a violation of it. This chapter is a modified version of a previously published paper co-authored with Robert O. Keohane.
Introduction
Authors: Makeham John
Published: June 2018

The Introduction contextualizes Zhu Xi within the “Learning of the Way” tradition of Neo-Confucian thought, and introduces key questions that animate the volume as a whole: What aspects of Buddhism did Zhu criticize and why? Was his engagement limited to criticism (informed or otherwise) or did Zhu also appropriate and repurpose Buddhist ideas to develop his own thought? If Zhu’s philosophical repertoire incorporated conceptual structures and problematics that are marked by a distinct Buddhist pedigree, what implications does this have for our understanding of his philosophical project? The Introduction provides a narrative that links the book’s five chapters; introduces the main aims, content, and structure of each chapter; and provides historical, institutional, and doctrinal contextualization for the Buddhist material. That material includes coverage of Chan Buddhist doctrine in the Song dynasty and Chan’s institutional setting; Chan and Tiantai engagement with Neo-Confucian thinkers; and key Tiantai and Huayan doctrines.
The Radiant Mind
Authors: Jorgensen John
Published: June 2018

This chapter identifies and highlights aspects of Buddhist thought that Zhu Xi appropriated and adapted to bolster and develop his philosophy of mind. The author argues that even though Zhu Xi repudiated the Buddhism he had been trained in as a youth, he continued to mirror many Buddhist doctrines as he responded to agendas already well-established in Buddhist circles. The chapter’s focus is Zhu Xi’s choice of the term “lucid radiance” (xuming) to describe the nature of the mind. The author argues that Zhu was indebted to the term’s use in seventh and eighth centuries’ Northern Chan Buddhist circles to describe the tathāgatagarbha (the womb of a Buddha) or buddha-nature that exists within all sentient beings. He concludes that Zhu Xi formulated what was in effect a kind of Confucian “Northern Chan.” as evidenced by the common belief in an empty, radiant mind, obscured by habituation and qi.
Introduction
Authors: Knoll and Benjamin R. , Bolin Cammie Jo
Published: June 2018

This chapter provides an introduction to the current conversation in American religious congregations about women’s ordination. It describes a series of vignettes about controversies over the role of women and leadership in a variety of different religious traditions and denominations over the past several years. It also places the conversation about women’s ordination within the wider discourse on women’s equality in the social, economic, and political spheres. It then explains why a new perspective on women’s ordination is needed and how the book will contribute to the conversation. The chapter finishes with a preview of the content of the book’s chapters.
Women’s Ordination in America
Authors: Knoll and Benjamin R. , Bolin Cammie Jo
Published: June 2018

This chapter provides a brief overview of both the historical and contemporary “lay of the land” of women’s ordination in American religious congregations. It shows how the extension of ordination to women has progressed throughout American history and examines recent statistics about how many congregations theoretically permit women to serve in the pulpit and how many currently have a clergywoman in the main leadership role. Drawing on the Gender and Religious Representation Survey, it also takes a brief look at stated preferences for gender and leadership in these congregations: how many people say they would prefer a man or woman as their personal religious leader? The study finds that female clergy are more common in theory than in actuality. Whereas more than half of respondents say they are supportive of women pastors, fewer than one in ten attends a congregation that is led by a woman.
The Effect of Clergywomen
Authors: Knoll and Benjamin R. , Bolin Cammie Jo
Published: June 2018

This chapter focuses on how gender leadership affects people’s interactions with their religious congregations. Based on political science research on representation, the chapter develops a theoretical explanation about how gender representation in religious contexts might exert changes in the religious attitudes and behaviors of those in the congregations. The results find that while people are eager to say that the gender of their particular pastor or priest does not matter, they are also quick to offer observations on the many ways in which they have observed that it does matter. These include the empowering effect it can have on young girls, the way that women clergy can often provide better pastoral counseling on gender-specific issues such as pregnancy or miscarriage, and that women pastors can attract more families and youth.
What Is Punishment?
Authors: Fassin Didier
Published: June 2018

What is punishment? To answer this question, two options are possible: one normative, the other critical. Ethnographic research puts H. L. A. Hart’s classical definition of punishment to the test, while taking seriously his generally overlooked remark that there should be no “definitional stop,” which ignores the complexity of practice because of a theoretical principle. After thorough examination of the five criteria provided to characterize punishment, only one seems to remain: the infliction of pain. A further genealogical exploration combining philology, ethnology, and history then shows how the response to offenses has evolved from an affective economy of debt implying reparation to a moral economy of punishment involving suffering.
The Rule of Law, Representational Struggles, and the Will to Punish
Authors: Garland David W.
Published: June 2018

This chapter challenges Fassin’s blurring of the border between punishment that is sanctioned and limited by law, and unlawful state violence. While acknowledging that the U.S. and France see significant amounts of unlawful suffering inflicted by state authorities, Garland insists that the philosophical distinction between lawful and lawless violence matters. Indeed that distinction, he suggests, is central to the kind of critique that Fassin rightly wishes to promote overall. This distinction is also important for describing how legality subjects power to the restraint of rules, as for example in the history of mob violence in the U.S., where lynchings have come to be treated as a crime rather than a popular punishment.
Economic Analysis of Law: An Overview
Authors: Zamir Eyal , Teichman Doron
Published: June 2018

While behavioral insights are vital to any theory of law, they are particularly important as qualifiers of standard economic analysis of law. Standard economic analysis assumes that people are rational maximizers of their own utility. As a normative theory, it ultimately takes into account only human welfare and focuses on maximization of aggregate social utility. This chapter offers a bird’s-eye view of economic analysis of law. It describes the main features of economic analysis in general, with a focus on positive economics, followed by a description of the tenets of the normative branch of economic analysis known as welfare economics.
Commercial Law: Corporate Law, Securities Regulation, and Antitrust
Authors: Zamir Eyal , Teichman Doron
Published: June 2018

This chapter critically surveys the behavioral analysis of commercial law. It begins by examining the preliminary question of whether bounded rationality can persist in well-functioning, highly competitive markets. As the theoretical analysis and empirical evidence demonstrate, irrational behavior is present even in such settings. The chapter goes on to discuss the implications of behavioral analysis for key issues within corporate law, securities regulation, and antitrust law. These include the ramifications of managers’ overconfidence and passive boards; the bounded rationality of retail investors; and the effect of behavioral phenomena on market competition. The chapter concludes with discussion of the critiques leveled against the behavioral analysis of commercial law.
Introduction
Authors: Mason Emma
Published: June 2018

This chapter locates Rossetti in the context of the book’s ecotheological argument, which traces an ecological love command in her writing through her engagement with Tractarianism, the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, the Church Fathers, and Francis of Assisi. It establishes her Anglo-Catholic imagining of the cosmos as a fabric of participation and communal experience embodied in Christ. The first section reads Rossetti in the context of current Victorian ecocriticism, which underplays the role of Christianity in the development of nineteenth-century environmentalism. The next sections question critical readings of Rossetti as a reclusive thinker and argue instead for an educated and politicized Christian for whom indifference to the spiritual is complicit with an environmental crisis in which the weak and vulnerable suffer most. This introduction also refers to the wider field of Rossetti studies and introduces her reading of grace and apocalypse as a major contribution to the intradiscipline of Christianity and ecology.
Pretty Beasts and Flowers
Authors: Mason Emma
Published: June 2018

This chapter opens with a reading of Rossetti’s nursery rhyme book, Sing-Song (1872), in which the nonhuman world is disclosed as an evolving incarnation of the Spirit. Her close attention to the minutiae of creation in Sing-Song offers the reader a lens through which to assess Rossetti’s profound love for animals and plants. Rossetti’s London was not an urban metropolis, but comprised Regent’s Park, the newly opened Zoological Gardens, and many gardens, terraces, enclosures, and conservatories. In close readings of her mid-career poetry and prose, the chapter suggests that Rossetti imagined creation as a sacred commons of companion species, creaturely and vegetal, that evolves over time as part of the divine. It also reveals Rossetti’s horror at any practice, such as vivisection, that threatened to dismember the divine body and her consequent turn to a weakened or kenōtic form of thinking and love she identified specifically with plant being.
Introduction
Authors: Westerhoff Jan
Published: June 2018

This chapter provides an introduction to the history of Indian Buddhist philosophy set out in the following chapters. It gives an overview of the key factors that shaped the formation of Indian Buddhist thought (arguments, texts, and meditative practices). It also provides some account of the sources of our knowledge of Indian Buddhist philosophical debates (early Buddhist discourses and Mahāyāna sūtras, debates, commentaries, and doxographies) and discusses various methodological and historiographical problems that arise specifically in the context of writing a history of ancient Indian Buddhist philosophy. I discuss in particular the difficulties that the assumption of the objective existence of the past faces when combined with specific Buddhist assumptions about how the past (and therefore history more generally) should be construed.
Madhyamaka
Authors: Westerhoff Jan
Published: June 2018

The chapter begins by presenting a general overview of the rise of the Mahāyāna and its relation to the main schools of Buddhist philosophy associated with it, Madhyamaka and Yogācāra. This is followed by an introduction to the Madhyamaka school proper, focusing on the life and works of its founder, Nāgārjuna. The third section of the chapter examines the foundational sūtras of the Madhyamaka school, the Prajñāpāramitā or Perfection of Wisdom texts, focusing on their criticism of the Abhidharma philosophical project, their comprehensive illusionism, and their prima facie acceptance of contradictions. This is followed by an account of how these themes play a key role in the Madhyamaka system as set out by Nāgārjuna. The chapter then turns to examining the philosophical contributions of major Madhyamaka thinkers such as Buddhapālita, Bhāviveka, Candrakīrti, Śāntarakṣita, and Kamalaśīla. The chapter concludes by a discussion of the relation between Madhyamaka and Nyāya.
Concluding Remarks
Authors: Westerhoff Jan
Published: June 2018

This section summarizes three main conclusions about the Buddhist philosophical enterprise: 1. Assessing different parts of Buddhist literature according to the question whether this is ‘what the Buddha really taught’ is not very helpful. 2. Buddhist philosophy is intricately bound up with the performance of cognitive exercises or meditative techniques. 3. It is important to engage with the problems and concepts the Indian Buddhist texts are concerned with in a systematic manner.
The Question of Evil in Post-War British Fiction
Authors: Eaglestone Robert
Published: June 2018

This chapter argues that Iris Murdoch’s view that the fiction of the 1950s and early 1960s could not address evil is narrow and hence incorrect. Several important writers, such as William Golding, Muriel Spark, J. R. R. Tolkien, were precisely imagining evil in a range of different ways. Indeed, it was exactly as a response to the question of evil that they chose different forms (fantasy, fable, allegory). Importantly, for each of these writers, evil was not simply an abstract thing: the abstract was bound ineluctably into the historical reality of the Holocaust. It also raises the issue of the problem of evil as the fundamental question of post-war Europe. Each of these writers thus addressed this fundamental problem in different ways.
Working-Class Fictions
Authors: Wilson Nicola
Published: June 2018

This chapter explores why working-class fictions flourished in the period from the late 1950s through to the early 1970s and the distinctive contributions that they made to the post-war British and Irish novel. These writers of working-class fiction were celebrated for their bold, socially realistic, and often candid depictions of the lives and desires of ordinary working people. Their works were seen to herald a new and exciting wave of gritty social realism. The narrative focus on the individual signalled a shift in the history of working-class writing away from the plot staples of strikes and the industrial community, striking a chord with a post-war reading public keen to see ordinary lives represented in books in a complex and realistic manner. The cultural significance of such novels was enhanced as they were adapted in quick succession for a mass cinema audience by a group of radical film-makers.
Migrant Fiction
Authors: Innes C. L.
Published: June 2018

This chapter discusses migrant fiction in British and Irish literature. The end of the Second World War and the closing stages of the British empire brought significant changes, making more complex the ambivalent attitudes of the British towards the peoples of what now became (in 1948) the British Commonwealth of Nations. As it was gradually acknowledged that the expatriate professional and administrative classes in the former empire would be replaced by indigenous persons, increasingly large numbers were sent from the colonies to acquire the British professional training and higher education often required for an appointment in their home countries. It is in this context that migrant fiction, both by and about immigrant communities, was created in Britain in the decades immediately following the Second World War. One response to the disorientation experienced in Britain was to recreate the community back home, to rediscover and understand what one had left.
The Continuities of Late Modernism: Before and after Beckett
Authors: Miller Tyrus
Published: June 2018

This chapter presents an extension of the scope of fictional writings that have been previously considered under the aegis of late modernism and some dialogical qualification of the historicizing framework implied by that term. A key development in recent criticism and the historical study of modernism is the steady increase in the number, complexity, and specificity of narratives about modernism’s development. Moreover, a certain historiographic ‘constructivism’ has become necessary to account for and mediate between overlapping, complementary, and somewhat contradictory histories of modernist culture with different national, linguistic, temporal, gender, and ethnic boundaries. This chapter places new emphasis on the positive role of late modernism in bridging the literary changes of mid-century, and accordingly downplay the idea of a putative ‘postmodernism’ on the other shore of a late modernist ‘transition’. It argues that late modernism embodies a paradoxically enduring mode of progress-in-ending.
Cinematic and Televisual Fiction
Authors: Marcus Laura
Published: June 2018

This chapter examines post-war writers’ responses to film and to mass culture. It also explores more positive approaches to cinema’s possibilities amongst writers of the period, as well as the changing perceptions of the film medium, brought about by cinema’s own technological and artistic transformations. In addition, the chapter touches on the ways in which writers represented the impact of the cinema, variously depicting the film as a distancing medium or as one producing unprecedented forms of proximity and of identification between the viewer and the world viewed. The numerous sociological surveys on cinema-going, which reached a peak of intensity in the 1930s and which continued into the post-war years, were substantially focused on the two directions of spectatorship. And these constructions entered into writers’ representations of, and negotiations with, film culture.
The Novel Sequence
Authors: Bentley Nick
Published: June 2018

This chapter examines the novel sequence. The novel sequence has been an important part of British and Irish literary output in the period since 1940, with examples in all the major genres and modes of fiction. The post-Second World War period represents a revival of the novel sequence as a particularly appropriate literary form to assimilate the processes of historical duration. It is, however, nothing new, and most of its practitioners in the post-war period can be linked to specific precursors. In addition, the Victorian three-decker novel and the serialization of fiction in the literary magazines has had an influence on what we now recognize as the novel sequence. In fact, the idea of individual novels being part of a sequence goes back to the origins of the form in the eighteenth century.
Jewish Fictions
Authors: Valman Nadia
Published: June 2018

This chapter looks at the characteristic genres in which British-Jewish writers have worked in the post-war period. Beginning with the Jewish writers of the 1950s and 1960s, the chapter considers the ways that they use the form of the realist novel to document, mythologize, or lament social mobility. The impact of the Holocaust was increasingly part of public discourse from the 1970s. Jewish writers turned to satirical or comic fiction to confront the taboos and silences associated with this history. By the 1980s, when, for many Jews, links to Jewish history had been lost, Jewish fiction drew upon a new desire to recover the past, not in geographical but in genealogical terms.
The Regional and the Global
Authors: Connell Liam
Published: June 2018

This chapter offers a limited survey of the ways that British regional novelists have engaged in the processes of place-making. It examines novels from England, Scotland, and Wales. In doing so, the chapter gives particular focus to the way that late twentieth-century and contemporary novelists have adapted the techniques of earlier writers in order to attend to the complex intertwining of the local and the global. To that end the chapter shows that while the contemporary regional novel continues to depict the distinguishing features of an ‘area and its people’ it does so by attending to the relations between this local distinctiveness and the wider world. By focusing on the way that these novels function as a form of place-making, this chapter also shows how such novels manage to articulate the region as a negotiation between local distinctiveness and universal homogeneity.
The Material History of the Novel II: 1973–Present
Authors: Nash Andrew
Published: June 2018

This chapter outlines the main developments in publishing, bookselling, and reading during a period which ended with the physical format of the novel beginning to undergo radical change. The year 1973 was a moment of ‘crisis’ in British and Irish fiction. Increasing costs of production and escalating retail prices, coupled with cuts to public library budgets, challenged the structures of the book trade and appeared to threaten the very existence of the ‘literary’ novel. For a variety of reasons, the book industry experienced more acutely than other trades the effects of the global recession that accompanied the world energy crisis of 1973–74. This chapter considers the changes occurring in the decades following the crisis of the 1970s: the intensification of ‘bestsellerdom’, the changes undergone by book retailers, the rise of the paperback, conglomeration in the publishing industry, among others.
Fiction and Trauma from the Second World War to 9/11
Authors: Crosthwaite Paul
Published: June 2018

This chapter looks at how contemporary British and Irish novelists reflect on the spasms of catastrophic violence that have punctuated the twentieth century and continue to define the twenty-first. These events not only traumatized individuals on a mass scale, but also dealt irrevocable damage to foundational assumptions concerning reason, progress, meaning, and language. Such weighty preoccupations, however, took some time to fully coalesce in the fiction of the post-Second World War period. There were few substantial treatments of the war in its immediate aftermath. When such responses began to appear in the 1950s, and swelled in number in the 1960s, they did so predominantly in the form of conventional social realist narratives concerned with the immediate experience of combat and the impact of the conflict on the structures of British and Irish society.
Decentring Englishness
Authors: James David
Published: June 2018

This chapter asks if there is something about the displacement of national identity that correlates with the formal development of the ‘English Novel’, even though that designation is now considered untenable, if not unusable. Reservations about tracing correlations, let alone compatibilities, between the persistence of Englishness and the prose of novelists whose job might be to decentre it, are so consolidated in literary studies that the cautions hardly need rehearsing. Yet the chapter considers how we might approach writers whose self-categorization defies criticism’s prevailing inhibitions. And even when we do spot such contradictions, the chapter considers whether we can arbitrate, textually or biographically, in discrepancies between ethnic and aesthetic realms. In doing so, this chapter explores the ‘fairy tale’ of Englishness and what it might mean for our historical understanding of contemporary fiction.
Black British and British Asian Fiction
Authors: Morey Peter
Published: June 2018

This chapter explores some issues in black British and British Asian fiction since the 1980s. It shows certain key characteristics of the white British apprehension of those non-white imperial subjects who, after decolonization, were to arrive, in increasing numbers, on British shores. This chapter takes a sample of five writers — three women and two men — and explores those key recurring themes that give a unity to their otherwise very different novels. Through the work of Caryl Phillips, Andrea Levy, Zadie Smith, Hanif Kureishi, and Monica Ali, this chapter traces the persistence of issues of race and racism. The chapter also considers the importance of recuperating black history, the rise of identity politics, and the tenacity with which the gaze of the racial Other — whether white on black or black on white — fixes its object in the expectation of certain forms of limiting and supposedly ‘authentic’ behaviour.
The New Scottish Renaissance?
Authors: Hames Scott
Published: June 2018

This chapter examines the boom in Scottish literary fiction during the 1980s and 1990s, and the rhetoric of its presentation as a ‘new renaissance’. With this label came remarkably strong claims for the political efficacy of the contemporary literary novel — a phenomenon that has not attracted the interest it deserves from literary historians outside Scotland. In the two decades prior to devolution, the emergence of formally ambitious Scottish novelists sponsored a conflation of fiction and democracy which figured the novel as the locus of national self-representation and reinvention. While there is clear evidence of these writers’ influence on the self-image of post-devolution Scotland, a closer examination of their fiction and its staging of ‘Scottishness’ complicates any straightforward affiliation with cultural nationalism. The ‘new renaissance’ discourse, this chapter suggests, both inflates the social impact of these novelists and delimits the politics of their writing to the display of suppressed ‘identity’.
Ireland and Europe after 1973
Authors: Hand Derek
Published: June 2018

This chapter argues that the novel form is best suited to giving expression to the multifaceted Irish reality. Ireland, in the modern moment, is a place of incongruity and contradiction: it is at once a site of colonization and post-colonization, as well as simultaneously positioning itself as an integral part of a modern, globalized, economic union. The novel’s being bound to the immediate moment, while also aspiring toward the transcendence of immutable art, perfectly reflects an Irish mood caught between the violent actuality of war and a desire for mundane ordinariness. Indeed, it can be argued that the novel form offers a very human, and humane, lens through which to expose the hidden histories and anxieties of real people. Certainly the Irish novel has consistently done this from the seventeenth century onward, as it has charted the story of Ireland’s complex emergence into modernity.
Bicollective Ground: Towards a (Hyper)Graphic Account
Authors: Litland Jon Erling
Published: June 2018

Grounding is bicollective if it is possible for some truths δ‎0, δ‎1, … to be grounded in the some truths γ‎0, γ‎1, …. without its being the case that each δ‎i is grounded in some subcollection of γ‎0, γ‎1, …. This paper shows how to do develop a (hyper)graphtheoretic account of bicollective ground, taking the notion of immediate ground as basic. I also indicate how bicollective ground helps with formulating mathematical structuralism.
Extended Knowledge and Confucian Tradition
Authors: Hutton Eric L.
Published: June 2018

Although studies in the history of philosophy look backward to the past, developments in contemporary philosophy can often contribute to such studies by teaching us how to analyze particular issues more carefully, and sometimes the lessons learned from reconsidering past thinkers in such a light can in turn contribute to current work in philosophy by highlighting problems or approaches that might otherwise go unnoticed. This phenomenon is not limited to the Western tradition alone: scholars of Asian thought may benefit from the conceptual tools offered by contemporary Western philosophers, and contemporary Western philosophers may find value in insights from the Asian tradition. This chapter hopes to provide support for this last claim by means of a concrete example involving contemporary theories of extended knowledge and an ancient Chinese Confucian thinker, Xunzi.
Cyborgs, Knowledge, and Credit for Learning
Authors: Kotzee Ben
Published: June 2018

If digital technology today makes children able to rely on external aids (pocket calculators, Google, etc.) in their learning, is it still necessary to teach traditional school knowledge (such as mental arithmetic, recall of facts)? In this chapter, the debate about extended cognition is approached from the perspective of education. It is asked whether a human–machine interaction constitutes good learning in an effort to distinguish between when a person truly comes to know something aided by technology and when they merely parrot or copy something from technology. The standard answer to this question is that the difference is made by how well the technology in question is integrated in one’s cognitive character. Instead, it is argued that the difference lies in one’s acquired facility with the technology in question—credit for what one comes to know using technology when one has learned to use that technology well enough.
Accommodating Explanatory Pluralism
Authors: Pincock Christopher
Published: June 2018

Explanatory pluralism is the view that explanations come in two or more different types. This chapter clarifies two versions of explanatory pluralism and considers two very different attempts to make sense of it. On the one hand, an ontic approach isolates genuine explanations only by appeal to facts that obtain in the world. The most promising way for an ontic approach to accommodate explanatory pluralism is to posit different sorts of objective dependence relations. On the other hand, an epistemic approach requires that features of agents appear in any analysis of what a genuine explanation is. This chapter argues that there is a version of an ontic account and a version of an epistemic account that do make sense of explanatory pluralism in their own terms. At the same time, pluralism raises problems for each approach that require further consideration.
When are Structural Equation Models Apt? Causation versus Grounding
Authors: Jansson Lina
Published: June 2018

While much about the notion of ground in contemporary metaphysics is contested, there is large agreement that ground is closely connected to a certain kind of explanation. Recently, Jonathan Schaffer and Alastair Wilson have argued that ground is a relation that is very closely related to causation and that grounding explanations should be given an account in broadly interventionist terms through the use of structural equations and directed graphs. Such an approach offers the potential benefit of a largely unified framework for explanations with different relations, or different species of the same relation, backing different types of explanation. However, this chapter argues that this benefit cannot be realized since there are crucial differences between causal explanations and grounding explanations in how we can evaluate the aptness of the models in question.
A Problem for Credal Consequentialism
Authors: Caie Michael
Published: June 2018

Caie focuses on an epistemic utility theory picture of epistemic norms where epistemic utility functions measure the value of degrees of belief, and rationality consists in maximizing expected epistemic utility. Caie argues that in a wide variety of cases this view says that all degreed beliefs are rational, or none are, or it issues no verdicts. This is, roughly, because an agent’s degrees of beliefs will often not encode the appropriate dependence hypotheses that are needed so that various beliefs have expected epistemic utility values. Caie thus argues the unintuitive verdicts of epistemic utility theory are not limited to the byzantine examples of epistemic trade-offs, but are much more widespread.
Perception and Intuition of Evaluative Properties
Authors: Lyons Jack C.
Published: June 2018

Outside of philosophy, ‘intuition’ means something like ‘knowing without knowing how you know’. Intuition in this broad sense is an important epistemological category. This chapter distinguishes intuition from perception and perception from perceptual experience, in order to discuss the distinctive psychological and epistemological status of evaluative property attributions. Although it is doubtful that we perceptually experience many evaluative properties and also somewhat unlikely that we perceive many evaluative properties, it is highly plausible that we intuit many instances of evaluative properties as such. The resulting epistemological status of evaluative property attributions is very much like it would be if we literally perceived such properties.
Value Perception, Properties, and the Primary Bearers of Value
Authors: Oddie Graham
Published: June 2018

This chapter argues for a value appearance thesis: that there are value appearances, that these serve as evidence for evaluative beliefs and judgments, and that felt desires and preferences are just such appearances of value. It is often assumed that states of affairs are both the objects of desire and the bearers of value but this assumption, combined with the value appearance thesis, gives rise to the familiar problem of the legitimacy of agent-relative preferences. However, if both value bearers and the objects of desire are states of being—or properties—then the problem of agent-relativity can be neatly solved.
Sexual Objectification, Objectifying Images, and ‘Mind-Insensitive Seeing-As’
Authors: Stock Kathleen
Published: June 2018

This chapter defends a theory of objectification, conceiving of it as a species of what aestheticians have called ‘seeing‐as’, and more specifically, a kind of seeing‐as which to some degree is insensitive to the mind or mental aspects. An advantage of this view is that it covers both sexual and racial objectification, and can also explain how photographic images can objectify their subjects: namely, by encouraging the viewer to view in a way insensitive to the mind or mental aspects of the subject. It also explains in what context objectification to can be harmless. This view is discussed in relation to several others.
Volunteering in hospice palliative care in Canada
Authors: Claxton-Oldfield Stephen
Published: June 2018

This chapter begins with a brief history of the hospice palliative care volunteer movement in Canada along with a brief discussion of legislative and political influences on the development of hospice palliative care. This is followed by an overview of the different care settings in which hospice palliative care volunteers engage with dying persons and their families. Next, the volunteers are introduced, including a description of a typical Canadian volunteer, the management and training of volunteers, and the roles and responsibilities of volunteers. The chapter concludes with a discussion of some of the changes and challenges facing hospice palliative care volunteers in Canada, as well as successes.
Volunteering in the United States of America
Authors: Schneider Greg
Published: June 2018

Hospice and palliative care volunteering in the United States of America (USA) has changed dramatically since its inception in the late 1960s. Inspired by physician Dame Cicely Saunders, the modern hospice movement officially began in the USA in 1971 with Florence Wald founding the first hospice, Hospice, Inc., a non-profit in New Haven, Connecticut. Then in 1983, the US Congress established the Medicare Hospice Benefit, whose Conditions of Participation (CoPs) mandated that volunteers must provide administrative or direct patient care in an amount that, at a minimum, equals 5 per cent of the total patient care hours expended by all paid hospice employees and contract staff. Hence, every hospice programme must have a volunteer programme in order to receive reimbursement for services rendered. The primary forces currently shaping hospice and palliative care volunteering have been regulations, care quality, skill requirements, liability concerns, and changing business objectives in a highly competitive environment.
Volunteering and community
Authors: Sallnow Libby , Richardson Heather
Published: June 2018

This chapter, drawing on the research and practice of the two authors explores the relationship between volunteering and the concept of community. The focus is on volunteers called compassionate neighbours. They work in East London, England, supporting people who are coming to the end of their life as part of a compassionate community. The stories of three compassionate neighbours are described in this chapter—either in their own words or through a description negotiated with them. How their experience relates to the notion of community is also explored. The chapter considers their broader experiences, and the consequences of being part of a compassionate community. It confirms the impact of such membership—changes in attitude, personal wellbeing and new relationships. Ultimately there is evidence of social and personal transformation on the part of the volunteers.
Relevance Across History
Authors: Lyne Raphael
Published: June 2018

An ostensive-inferential model of communication offers useful tools for organizing our thinking about reading works from the past and practising historicist criticism. Robert Herrick’s ‘Corinna’s going a Maying’ is woven into the religious controversies of its time, but it also accesses more or less timeless traditions in poetry (pastoral; carpe diem). It looks backward into tradition, forward into posterity, and at its immediate context. In order to describe the poem’s different kinds of communication with readers at different temporal and cultural distances, it is useful to see its intentions, the different things it might communicate, and its implicatures as an ‘array’ (a term taken from Sperber and Wilson’s ‘array of implicatures’). A cognitive pragmatics of literary interpretation provides good ways of exploring how writers explore this multiple communication, how they use contemporary readers as a screen for posterity, and how they use posterity as a screen for the contemporary.