bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transdermal patches: an emerging mode of drug delivery system in pulmonary arterial hypertension
Authors: Dubey Rupal , Pothuvan Umadoss
Published: August 2021

Transdermal Patches have been contributing important part to the pharmaceutical industry and medical practice by providing advances in delivery of treatment with existing and novel drugs. Transdermal drug delivery system has made great contribution in the medical practices but many researches are undergoing to achieve its full potential. Transdermal drug delivery system was came into existence to overcome difficulties of drug delivery especially oral route. Transdermal drug delivery refers to means of delivering drugs through the surface of the skin for local or systemic treatment. The drug functions after absorption through skin into the systemic circulation via capillary action at certain rate. Transdermal patches are now widely used as topical and transdermal delivery systems. These patches are a significant result of advancements in skin science, technology, and knowledge, which have been created via trial and error, clinical observation, and evidence-based investigations dating back to the earliest human records. A transdermal patch is a medicated adhesive patch that is applied to the skin and used to deliver a precise amount of medicine into the bloodstream via the skin. A benefit of transdermal medication administration over other forms of delivery systems such as oral, topical, intravenous (i.v.), intramuscular (i.m.), and so on is that it is non-invasive. Transdermal patches provide medication to the patient in a regulated manner, either by a porous membrane covering a reservoir of medication or by body heat melting tiny layers of drug contained in the adhesive. This review article covers the basics of transdermal patches, such as the many types of patches, how they're made, and what factors influence them, among other things.

Keyword: Skin Delivery, Transdermal Drug Delivery System, Transdermal Excipients, Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension, Sildenafil Citrate.
Phytochemical screening, mineral analysis and evaluation of the diuretic effect of aqueous extract of Pericopsis laxiflora from male Sprague Dawley rats
Authors: DOUKOUROU Dahiro Noel , KAMOU Richard , Bamba Bourahima , Ouattara Karamoko
Published: August 2021

Pericopsis laxiflora is among the medicinal plants used by the traditional practitioner in the treatment of many diseases. However, data on its diuretic power are lacking. Moreover, the effect of the preparation of traditional galenic formulations on the composition of phytocompounds and essential minerals and metals is unknown. The aim of this study was to show the effect of treatment on the phytocompounds   and minerals composition and to evaluate diuretic effect of Pericopsis laxiflora aqueous axtracts. The tube characterization reactions revealed flavonoids, sterols, terpenes, catechin tannins polyphenols and saponins in aqueous extracts. Gallic tannins  and quinones are absent, All compounds were generally present in same proportions in two aqueous extracts. Chemical analysis of all aqueous extracts by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) showed effect of model extraction on minerals. Copper (0.3116 mg / 100g), magnesium (260.7 mg /100 g), selenium (0.00904 mg /100 g), zinc (4.52 mg /100 g), manganese (75.029 mg /100g) are more concentrated in maceration than a   decoction. For decoction of same plant, the situation is reversed with sodium (58.6mg /100g), calcium (12670 mg/100g), iron (18.51mg/100g) and potassium (2781 mg /100g). For pharmacological investigation, 32 rats Sprague Dawley male weighing 385-433g are isolated each in metabolic cages from 6 pm to 8am  and treated with 100mg/kg of Pericopsis laxiflora aqueous extracts. From 8am to 2pm the animals received only tap water in metabolic cages. The volumes of water intake and urine were not significantly different in the two groups (treated and untreated).The diuretic effect was not observed with 100mg/kg (b/w) . In addition   polyphenols, flavonoids, saponins and minerals such as potassium, magnesium and selenium are indicators of the vasodilatory and cardioprotective functions of Pericopis laxiflora aqueous extracts. The prescription of these extracts in traditional medicine must take into account the toxicity of the plant associated with a calcium and manganese content.

Keywords:  Pericopsis laxiflora, dueresis, decocted extract, macerated extract, minerals, Rats Sprague Daweley
Systematic Review of Plants Used Against Respiratory Diseases Related to COVID-19 in Africa
Authors: Agbor Gabriel A , Ndjib Rosette
Published: August 2021

Background: Respiratory disorders are known to affect the airways including the nasal passages, bronchi and lungs causing blockages. The advent of COVID-19 has further aggravated the complications of the respiratory systems where conventional medicine is not reachable or affordable by the majority poor in Africa. Hence, the over 80% of the African population who turn to traditional medicine for their primary health care.

Objective: This review is aimed to identify plants directed against respiratory diseases which can be useful in the fight against COVID-19.

Methodology: Scientific articles selected in this study span the last ten years (2011-2021). Keywords such as “ethnobotany in Africa”, “ethnobotany and respiratory diseases” “medicinal plants and respiratory diseases”, “traditional medicine and COVID-19” were searched in open access search engines such as: Science Direct, Research Gate, Google Scholar, Pubmed, Web of Science, Scopus. The ethnobotanical indices were then calculated using Microsoft excel to determine the plants with the most therapeutic potential to be considered for the local management of COVID-19.

Results: Data obtained were classified according to country of origin of the author of the publication, the botanical family and the respiratory pathology being treated. Thirteen (13) references were finally selected with the represented country being Benin Republic. One hundred and forty-three plant species belonging to 60 families were registered. The most recurrent families were the Fabaceae and Lamiaceae (18 citations each). The plants in these families were used for the management of fifteen diseases and / or symptoms relating to the respiratory system. The most cited plants were: Ocimum gratissimum L. (4 citations), Entandrophragma cylindrium (Sprague), Scyphocephalium ochocoa Warb., Rubia cordifolia and Allium sativum L. (3 citations each).

Conclusion: Based on the data obtained in this review Ocimum gratissimum stands out as the most used plant for the treatment of respiratory disorders.

Keywords: Respiratory diseases, Medicinal plants, COVID-19
Biochemical Evaluation of Some Liverworts Pigments and Phenolics
Authors: Khalkar K.M. , Kadam V.B.
Published: August 2021

Three genera viz. Riccia, Plagiochasma and Targionia were studied biochemically. It was found that amount of total chlorophylls and polyphenol content is more in Targionia as compared to Riccia and Plagiochasma Flavonoids are also studied adopting chromatography technique and when the spots viewed under UV were found to be of similar type in Riccia, and Plagiochasma, whereas Targionia showed the present of only one spot ,identical to the second spot isolated in Riccia, and Plagiochasma

Keywords: Biochemical, Riccia, Plagiochasma, Targionia, pigments, phenolics.
Antiulcerogenic effect of Methanolic Root Extract of Berberis lycium Linn by Pylorus ligation and Ethanol induced Ulceration
Authors: Namdeo Priyanka , Pandole Madhuri , Singh Priti
Published: August 2021

Background: Gastric ulcer is one of the most prevalent gastrointestinal disorders, which affects approximately 5-10% of people during their life. In recent years, abundant work has been carried out on herbal medicine to clarify their potential efficacy in gastric ulcer prevention or management. The present study was carried out to evaluate the antiulcer activity of the methanolic root extract of Berberis lycium in albino rats.

Method: The methanolic root extract of Berberis lycium was prepared by hot extraction method. Anti-ulcer activity was evaluated and method employed was pylorus ligation and ethanol induced in albino rats. Preliminary methanolic extract of Berberis lycium was subjected to the acute oral toxicity study according to the OECD guideline no. 425. Animals were divided into four groups of six animals each. The animals of Group I served as normal control (vehicle) which received distilled water. Group II and III received 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg of methanolic root extract, respectively. In pylorus ligation induced ulcer model, various parameters were studied viz. gastric volume, pH, total acidity, free acidity, and ulcer index. Ulcer index and percentage inhibition of ulceration was determined for ethanol induced ulcer model. Group IV received Ranitidine at 50 mg/kg was used as the standard drug. Pretreatment of methanol root extract of Berberis lycium showed significant (P˂0.05) decrease in the gastric volume, total acidity and free acidity. However, pH of the gastric juice was significantly increased only at higher dose 500 mg/kg. It showed also significant (P˂0.05) decrease in number of ulcers and ulcer score index in pylorus ligation and ethanol induced ulceration models.

Results: The methanol root extract of Berberis lycium showed a significant reduction in the total acidity, free acidity and acid volume. The efficacy of plant extract at high dose was comparable with the standard drug Ranitidine.

Conclusion: Our study results support the ethnomedical use of root of Berberis lycium.

Keywords: Antiulcer activity, Berberis lycium, Pylorus ligation, Ranitidine, Ulcer Index.
Evidence-Based Therapeutic Benefits of Cupping Therapy (Ḥijāma): A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Kouser Hina V , Nayab Mohd , Tehseen Ayesha , Mahfooz Shaista , Ruqaiyya Baig , Anwar Mohd
Published: August 2021

Ilaj bi’l tadbeer (regimenal therapy) is one of the preferred treatment methods used in Unani system of medicine since ancient times. Ḥijāma is one of the effective modalities of treatment in Ilaj bi’l tadbeer. It is a unique therapeutic procedure in which cup like vessels are placed on the body surface by creating a vacuum to either let out blood from below the skin surface or just plain suction without bloodletting. The objective of this comprehensive review paper is to address the claims of Unāni physicians and clinical studies conducted on the efficacy of Ḥijāma. Various published clinical trials showed the efficacy of Ḥijāma in the management of a number of diseases. Though, the effect showed by some clinical trials was short term. Hence, it is suggested that rigorous, well-designed, controlled, randomized and long duration follow up clinical trials on large sample size are to be conducted by trained clinicians or researchers to establish the efficacy of Ḥijāma in the management of various diseases.

Keywords: Ilaj bi’l tadbeer, Ḥijāma, Therapeutic Benefits
Biochemical profile of Boswellia serrata and Rhus mysorensis
Authors: Kadam U.B. , Khalkar K.M. , Kadam V.B.
Published: August 2021

The seasonal variation of proteins and amino acids content have been investigated from leaves, wood and bark of Boswellia serrata and Rhus mysorensis are the medicinal important plant of Laling forest Dhule district of Maharashtra. Comparative account of protein content of leaves, wood and bark of Rhus mysorensis showed higher level (range 1.897 to 2.754 mg/g dry wt.) than Boswellia serrata  (range 1.846 to 2.312 mg/g dry/wt.). Comparative account of amino acid content of leaves, wood and bark of Rhus mysorensis showed higher level (range 0.911 to 1.074 mg/g dry wt.)  than Boswellia serrata  (range 0.745 to 0.896 mg/g dry wt.).

Keywords: Protein, amino acid ,  Boswellia serrata and Rhus mysorensis
Method Development and Validation of Polmacoxib in Capsule Dosage Form by RP-HPLC
Authors: Chaudhary Anjali , Dhaiya Meenakshi , Tyagi Shaily , Mittal Swati
Published: August 2021

A simple and sensitive RP-HPLC method developed for estimation of Polmacoxib in bulk by using a high performance liquid chromatography with PDA detector using Phenomenex luna C18 column (250mmx4.6mm), 5 µm; mobile phase comprises of Water : ACN as (1:1) at the flow rate 1.0 ml/min and the wavelength of detection  238 nm and eluted at 8.12 minutes. The proposed method is validated for specificity, Linearity, Precision, accuracy, ruggedness, and Robustness. All the parameters were found within the acceptable limits. RP-HPLC method was a simple, reliable economic and acceptable and it confirmed that method is suitable for the intended use for routine quality control and assay of drugs. This method is successfully applied for the determination of commercial dosage form capsule preparation. This method is validated as per ICH (International conference on harmonization) Guidelines.

Keywords: Polmacoxib, RP-HPLC, ICH, PDA Detector, Precision
Formulation and Evaluation of Curcumin Gel Sanitizer
Authors: Maddi Roja , Perumalla Surekha , Sesham Lalitha Kumari , Shaik Seema Sultana , Tanniru Jithashma , Uppu Hima bindu , Kalasani Sri Lakshmi , Begum Asiya , Nadendla Rama Rao
Published: August 2021

Objective: the main intention of this research is to prepare a curcumin based herbal gel sanitizer by minimizing the alcoholic usage and to evaluate the anti-bacterial activity of this herbal sanitizer. Methods: curcumin gel sanitizer was prepared from the ethanolic extract of Curcuma longa along with addition of gel base prepared from the combination of carbapol-940 and HPMC-E15. Results: The curcumin gel sanitizer was formulated and evaluated for its phytochemical constituents present in curcumin, detection of active constituent of curcumin which was majorly responsible for the anti-microbial activity through HPTLC, organoleptic properties, irritancy test and the efficiency of anti-bacterial activity of curcumin was also evaluated and it is   safe and effective against pathogens. Conclusion: As a natural herb, curcumin which was a household ingredient could also be effectively formulated as a sanitizer that reduces the side effects of alcoholic sanitizer products and is a best source that acts effectively against a numerous pathogens.

Keywords: curcumin, carbapol-940, Ethanolic extract, HPMC-E15 (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose), HPTLC, Pathogens,
The declining state: Aristotle teachings and post-Soviet reality
Authors: Vlasenko Nikolay A.
Published: August 2021

The substantive aspects of modern post-Soviet statehood are analyzed on the basis of the traditional methodological guideline, called the elemental approach (Aristotle, Jellinek), which presupposes the allocation of key state-forming features. The Aristotle concept of rejected state is actively applied. For the purpose of a deeper illustration of the so-called deviating moments in the post-Soviet states, metaphorical comparisons are used, such as imitation state, alienated state, selective state and others. Deviating patterns are described through weak systemic strategic planning and the lack of relevant scientific concepts, including in emergency situations, as well as insufficient supremacy of judiciary, plevalence of unitaty tendencies and others. The author's argumentation is supported by data published in various official sources (statistics, results of special sociological studies, current Russian legislation, reports, expert opinions, etc.). The article is intended for specialists in the field of the theory of state and law, political science, sociology, etc. It will be of interest to postgraduate students, state and municipal employees.
Judicial practice in the law reality of Russia: experience of a comprehensive research
Authors: Skorobogatov Andrey V. , Krasnov Alexandr V.
Published: August 2021

The legal nature of judicial practice in the context of legal reality is investigated through prism of phenomenological and axiological analysis. The purpose of the research is to form scientifically proved knowledge of the place and judicial practice role in the legal reality. Methodology is based on complex use of postclassical methods of investigation: integrative approach allows combining within the category both activity of courts on ensuring justice and gained experience. The findings are as follows. Judicial practice is analyzed as a part of social and legal practice. It shows organic unity of knowledge, activity and result. Judicial practice promotes formation of uniform rules of interpretation, formulation of legal norms and decision making in similar situations/cases that removes ambiguity in understanding of norms and clarity of their content. Correlation of ordinary, professional and doctrinal understanding of law as well as rapprochement of social expectations and judicial consciousness, which provide legitimacy to legislation and judiciary practice, is ensured. Conclusions are as follows. Judicial practice covers activity of judicial bodies in administering justice, taking in different values - pragmatist, organizational, logic-intellectual, and formal-legal in a combination of experience generalizations. Due to this, the feedback system between legal norms and individual acts that is reflected in actual formation of models of interpretation and realization of norms, and finally leads to refining legislation is ensured. Judicial practice, thereby, harmonizes legal reality, providing rapprochement of valuable orientations of addressees and senders of law communication.
Historical roots and current state of the “public - private law” issue in French legal doctrine
Authors: Semitko Alexey P.
Published: August 2021

The Soviet legal system did not know the division of law into private and public, because communist ideology did not recognize anything private. The end of communist experiment and transition to legal state, social market economy and respect for human rights naturally led to the need to revive private law and to further develop it; therefore in Russian jurisprudence the issue of dividing the law into private and public has become relevant. The subject is the French legal doctrine on this issue; the study is carried out on the unpublished in Russia sources. The historical roots of the basic division of law and its significance for the French legal system are in the focus. Despite the absence of rigid boundaries in this division, the theory describing it is based on the real legal reality of the Romano-Germanic family of legal systems. This theory is not abstract theorizing; it is useful for practice because it aims to maintain a balance between public law and private law regulation. The issue of basic division of law in the case law system is discussed. A comparative study of the issue in the Russian legal doctrine is conducted. The author comes to the conclusion that human rights are the common part that unites public and private law, and therefore their unity is inextricable: the abrogation of private law, as the experience of building communism in Russia showed, inevitably leads to the destruction of human rights, and then to the transformation of public law into a pseudo-legal system.
“Equality of arms” in criminal procedure in the context of the right to a fair trial
Authors: Khalilov Fardin Y.
Published: August 2021

The level of realization of the right to a fair trial is one of the crucial indicators of democracy in any state. In order to ensure this right, all the minimum standards deriving from it must be clearly understood by law enforcement agencies and their practice must meet these standards. As equality of arms, the right to a fair trial, is not directly enshrined in the text of Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights (hereafter - the Convention) and is of implicit character; the issues like its essence, content and the way it should manifest in practice are open for discussion. For this reason, the focus on those issues is highly relevant. The aim of this article is, with reference to the case law of the European Court of Human Rights (hereafter - ECHR) and the modern doctrine based on this right, to explain the role of this principle and the essence of its mutual relations with the other elements of the right to a fair trial. Selected case law of ECHR bears great interest compared with other decisions and is discussed in the form of empirical materials of the study. From the doctrinal materials, interpretation of Article 6 of the Convention and theoretical sources related to the European standards in the criminal procedure are also analyzed. The article exercises methods of dialectical comprehension; they are determinism, induction, deduction, case studies and methods of law interpretation. As a result of the study, a unique doctrinal commentary has been obtained in the context of adversariality and impartial and independent court principles of the concept of equality of arms, as well as, interaction of the minimum rights of persons subject to criminal prosecution, guaranteed by the Convention.
Integration of “smart” technologies in the civil proceedings of the People’s Republic of China
Authors: Rusakova Ekaterina P.
Published: August 2021

The concept of creating digital justice is not quite new in the modern world, but its implementation takes place in various countries in different ways. China has achieved tangible success, where artificial intelligence technologies are gradually being integrated into judicial proceedings. A robot judge is a real mechanism for resolving a dispute, and people's attitude to this form of protection of the fundamental right guaranteed by the state is mixed, but as practice shows, this method is acceptable in the era of the digital revolution. The research purpose is to identify the main trends in the process of integrating smart technologies in the civil proceedings of the Peoples Republic of China based on artificial intelligence technologies. The research has identified 1) common for all countries stages collaboration between artificial intelligence and humans; 2) various obstacles to introduction into the judicial system of independent units specilising in dispute resolution that are connected with Internet; 3) basic technologies required to create smart courts; 4) main tasks for ensuring social guarantees in the digital form of civil rights protection; 5) main trends in the process of digitalization of civil proceedings. The study led to the conclusion that artificial intelligence technologies have deeply penetrated the Chinese justice system, radically changing all judicial activities, as well as procedural institutions. Close cooperation of IT companies, judicial community and government agencies ensured the success of this process.
Close-out netting in the European Union: contract practice and unification of legal regulation
Authors: Klementyev Aleksey P.
Published: August 2021

The article focuses on the general characteristics of the European Union legal framework pertaining to close-out netting; it offers analysis of standard documentation provisions used within European Union for netting. Close-out netting is the process of termination of financial transactions by the parties in case of violation of obligations under master agreements, often with participation of banks and other financial institutions. Currently, EU legislation on netting consists of two major parts (regulatory regimes): the prudential regime and the insolvency regime. The former addresses banks and financial institutions regulating requirements for financial ratios and capital adequacy of these organizations. The insolvency framework is the most complex of the said legal regimes as it is comprised of various directives and regulations affecting performance of netting in the course of bankruptcy procedures. In recent years, the insolvency regime has undergone immense change marking the transition from unconditional legislative support of netting without any exemptions to a more balanced approach aimed at limiting close-out netting possibilities with respect to systematically important financial organizations.
Features of exercising control over economic concentration: the experience of Russia, France and USA
Authors: Egorova Maria A.
Published: August 2021

The relevance of the topic is due to the comprehensive development of digital technologies and the need for timely legal regulation of new phenomena of public life. Digitalization is not only rapidly penetrating all sectors of the economy, but is a trigger for the creation of qualitatively new economic relations. The digital transformation of the economy and markets, in addition to objective advantages, also carries negative consequences. Negative manifestations are possible in the monopolization of commodity markets. Antitrust laws are changing in line with the expansion of digital markets. The article identifies the main obstacles to regulating monopolies in the digital economy. The practice of antimonopoly regulation of digital platforms is considered. The tasks of adopting the fifth antimonopoly package as expanding the scope of the Federal Law On Protection of Competition are outlined. In addition, the concept of economic concentration is analyzed, as well as signs of restricting competition when considering transactions in its conditions. Particular attention is paid to differences in approaches to regulating the digital market in Russia, France and USA. A comparative analysis of the antimonopoly legislation of Russia, France and USA, types of economic concentration, regulations for control over concentrations at the level of different jurisdictions has been carried out. The phases of control over economic concentration, the powers of the antimonopoly authorities, the assessment of criminal encroachments on competition are considered in detail.
Blockchain technology in tax law theory and tax administration
Authors: Lyutova Olga I. , Fialkovskaya Irina D.
Published: August 2021

The article is devoted to the problems of improving the tax legislation of Russia at the stage of active implementation of blockchain technology, which is characterized by contradictory trends in the legal regulation of digital technologies. The relevance of the study of application of blockchain in tax relations is due to the need to assess the tax consequences of transactions using digital financial assets, as well as emergence of new directions for improving tax control based on blockchain technology. The purpose of the study is to analyze the provisions of Russian and foreign tax legislation, as well as doctrinal sources on improving legal regulation of tax relations in regard to blockchain technology. The study shows efficacy of the blockchain analysis for the purposes of tax and legal regulation carried out by developing concepts related to applying such technological solution as a tool in conducting cryptocurrency transactions. The theoretical significance of the study lies in the authors definition of the concept of blockchain technology for tax purposes, as well as in proving the value of legal regulation of tax relations applying blockchain. The practical implication is connected with voicing the need to develop legal regulation of applying blockchain technology when creating a system of transactional (automatic) taxation and levying the so-called smart taxes while fulfilling tax obligations in the context of introducing a goods traceability mechanism. This will also contribute to minimizing tax reporting. The research methodology are general and private scientific methods of knowledge: formal-legal, analysis, comparative-legal, and forecasting and modeling. The last two are often applied in tax law in light of digitalization and globalization.
Problems and Prospects for the Development of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation and Foreign Countries: Review of the All-Russian Conference with International Participation
Authors: Chikhladze Levan T. , Komlev Evgeny Y.
Published: August 2021

On April 19-23, 2021, an All-Russian conference with international participation Problems and Prospects for the Development of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation and Foreign Countries was held at the Law Institute of the Peoples Friendship University of Russia on the basis of the Department of Municipal Law. More than 150 scientists from the Russian Federation and foreign countries took part in the Conference. The Conference has acquired a traditional character and is being held for the fifth time. The 2021 conference was marked by a significant increase in the number of participants, both Russian and foreign. The additional relevance of the Conference was caused by the Russian 2020 constitutional reform, which has a significant impact on the development of local self-government institution in the Russian Federation. This review presents a general description of the conference, the contents of the plenary meeting and sessions.
The effect of total compression time and rate (slope) of compression on the incidence of symptomatic Eustachian tube dysfunction and middle ear barotrauma: a Phase II prospective study
Authors:   Department of Surgery, Division of Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine, Phelps Hospital Northwell Health, O'Neill Owen J ,   Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine, Upstate Medical University,   Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Dayya David ,   Department of Surgery, Division of Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine, Phelps Hospital Northwell Health,   Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine, Upstate Medical University, Varughese Lince ,   Department of Hyperbaric and Wound Medicine, Baylor, Scott & White Medical Center Rowlett, Marker Jo Anne ,   Department of Surgery, Division of Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine, Phelps Hospital Northwell Health, Perez Lubiha ,   Department of Surgery, Division of Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine, Phelps Hospital Northwell Health, Dayya Michael ,   Department of Engineering, University of Connecticut
Published: August 2021

Eustachian tube dysfunction (ETD) and middle ear barotrauma (MEB) are common reported complications during hyperbaric oxygen treatment. Our Phase I study data was the first to demonstrate a statistically significant decrease in the occurrence of symptomatic ETD and MEB. The Phase I Trial suggested the total time interval and rate (slope) of compression (ROC) may be a determining factor in ETD and MEB. This Phase II study investigates an optimal rate of compression to reduce ETD and MEB when considering each multiplace treatment (with multiple patients) as the unit of observation as a group, rather than for each individual patient. Data were collected prospectively on 1,244 group patient-treatment exposures, collectively including 5,072 individual patient-treatment/exposures. We randomly assigned patient-treatment group exposures to four different time interval and rate (slope) of compression. These compression rates and slopes were identical to those used in the Phase I trial. All patients experiencing symptoms of MEB requiring compression stops were evaluated post treatment for the presence of ETD and MEB using the O’Neill Grading System (OGS) for ETD. Data were analyzed using the IBM-SPSS statistical software program. A statistically significant decrease in the number of compression holds was observed in the 15-minute compression schedule, correlating to the results observed in the Phase I trial. The 15-minute linear compression profile continues to demonstrate the decreased need for patient symptomatic compression stops (as in the Phase I trial) using a USN TT9 during elective hyperbaric oxygen treatments in a Class A multiplace hyperbaric chamber. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials
Sistem Pendukung Keputusan Untuk Mendeteksi Penyakit Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 Menggunakan Metode Learning Vector Quantization (LVQ)
Authors: Aliyanti N , Ratianingsih R , Puspita J W
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT

Diabetes is a chronic disease that occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin, or when the body can not effectively use the insulin that is produced. Diabetes mellitus can be divided into two types: Type 1 diabetes mellitus and diabetes mellitus type 2. This study aims to detect diabetes mellitus and may predict the development status (Metabolic Syndrome) using Learning Vector Quantization. The data needed to detect type 2 diabetes are blood sugar levels, genetics, age, physical activity, diet, smoking habits, body mass index, gender and abdominal circumference. In addition, the data also used HbA1C and cholesterol levels to detect the status of the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (Metabolic Syndrome). The classification process is divided into two stages: stage 1 to determine the type 2 diabetes or Non diabetes mellitus, and phase 2 to predict the prognosis of type 2 diabetes into Metabolic Syndrome or Non Metabolic Syndrome (the patient is still in the category of type 2 diabetes) performed on 200 data respectively divided into 80 training data and 120 testing data. Best detection results at stage 1 that is equal to 96.67% can be obtained using learning rate (α) of 0.7, and the rate of decrement (decα) of 0.75.While the best detection results at stage 2 average accuracy rate of 92.5% using a variety of learning rate (α) and the rate of decrement (decα). Error detection in stage 2 occurs only in the Metabolic Syndrome data detected as Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Keywords      : Accuracy, Diabetes Mellitus, Learning Vector Quantization
Identifikasi Model Generalized Space-time Autoregressive (GSTAR) untuk Nilai Inflasi di Pulau Sulawesi
Authors: Nur'Eni  , Lusiyanti D , Gunawan I
Published: August 2021

This study aims to identify a forecast model for the value of inflation at seven locations on the island of Sulawesi, namely Palu, Makassar, Gorontalo, Kendari, Manado, Mamuju and Palopo. Estimation of the parameters of the GSTAR model is carried out using the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method with uniform location weights. The analysis results show that the GSTAR model (1,1) can be used to predict the value of inflation in Sulawesi Island.
Analisis Kestabilan Model Seak Pada Penyebaran Penyakit Filariasis
Authors: Wahyudin A , Ratianingsih R , Nacong N
Published: August 2021

Filariasis or elephantiasis is a disease caused by infection of filarial worms. This research studies the spread model of elephantiasis disease that is influenced by the birth rate, the natural mortality rate, the transfer rate of susceptible exposed mosquito to the exposure due to the interaction between susceptible mosquito and infected human population, the transfer rate of exposed mosquito to the infected, the transfer rate of vulnerable human to the exposure human populations as a result of the mosquito and susceptible human intraction, the transfer rate of exposed human population to the infected human population, and the transfer rate of the infected human population to chronically human population. Filariasis disease spread model is built in form of Susceptible - Exposed - Acute - Kronic (Seak). The model is a nonlinear differential equations system of dependent variables that are the vulnerable, exposed, infected human populations, and chronic and vulnerable exposed, and infected mosquito population.  The  model  has  a  critical  point  namely   that represents the free-disease conditions and the critical point  that represents an endemic condition. The critical points is analyzed using the method of linearized stability and Routh Hurwitz criteria.  is the vertical point stable while   is unstable. The result indicates that the free- disease condition is settled, while the endemic will be left in a long time period. It could also be interpreted that the endemic have a chance be overcome.
Cross-Species Transmission of Coronaviruses in Humans and Domestic Mammals, What Are the Ecological Mechanisms Driving Transmission, Spillover, and Disease Emergence?
Authors: Nova Nicole
Published: August 2021

Coronaviruses cause respiratory and digestive diseases in vertebrates.
The recent pandemic, caused by the novel severe acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus 2, is taking a heavy toll on society and planetary
health, and illustrates the threat emerging coronaviruses can pose to
the wellbeing of humans and other animals. Coronaviruses are constantly
evolving, crossing host species barriers, and expanding their host
range. In the last few decades, several novel coronaviruses have emerged
in humans and domestic animals. Novel coronaviruses have also been
discovered in captive wildlife or wild populations, raising conservation
concerns. The evolution and emergence of novel viruses is enabled by
frequent cross-species transmission. It is thus crucial to determine
emerging coronaviruses’ potential for infecting different host species,
and to identify the circumstances under which cross-species transmission
occurs in order to mitigate rate of disease emergence. Here, I review
(broadly across several mammalian host species) up-to-date knowledge of
host range and circumstances concerning reported cross-species
transmission events of emerging coronaviruses in humans and common
domestic mammals. All of these coronaviruses had similar host ranges,
were closely related (indicative of rapid diversification and spread),
and their emergence was likely associated with high-host-density
environments facilitating multi-species interactions (e.g., shelters,
farms, markets) and the health or wellbeing of animals as end- and/or
intermediate spillover hosts. Further research is needed to identify
mechanisms of the cross-species transmission events that have ultimately
led to a surge of emerging coronaviruses in multiple species in a
relatively short period of time in a world undergoing rapid
environmental change.
Impacts of anthropogenic change on biodiversity affect disease spillover risk
Authors: Glidden Caroline K , Nova Nicole , Kain Morgan P , Lagerstrom Katherine M , Skinner Eloise B , Mandle Lisa , Sokolow Susanne H , Plowright Raina K , Dirzo Rodolfo , Leo Giulio A De , Mordecai Erin A
Published: August 2021

The integration of biodiversity conservation and public health has
gained significant traction, leading to new efforts to identify win–win
solutions for the environment and health. At the forefront of these
efforts is pin-pointing ways in which biodiversity conservation can
reduce risk of zoonotic spillover, especially given the consequences of
epidemics and pandemics of wild animal origin. However, there is
currently an incomplete understanding of the mechanisms by which
biodiversity change influences the spillover process, limiting the
application of integrated strategies aimed at achieving positive
outcomes for both conservation and disease management. Here, we review
the literature, considering a broad scope of biodiversity dimensions, to
identify cases where zoonotic pathogen spillover is mechanistically
linked to changes in biodiversity. By reframing the discussion of
biodiversity and disease using mechanistic evidence while encompassing
multiple aspects of biodiversity, including functional diversity,
landscape diversity, phenological diversity, and interaction diversity,
we work toward general principles that can guide future research and
more effectively integrate the related goals of biodiversity
conservation and spillover prevention. We conclude by summarizing how
these principles could be used to integrate spillover prevention into
ongoing biodiversity conservation initiatives.
“A novel feasible cure for demyelinating diseases?”: not yet but here is the concept
Authors: Sedaghat Nahad , Etemadifar Masoud
Published: August 2021

Will the people with demyelinating diseases ever be able to use
CAR Treg cells to be cured, if it proves effective in the future?
Probably not, considering its gigantic price. Researchers should focus
on developing an affordable safe Treg-specific viral vector to produce
CAR Treg’s in-vivo.
Changes in the extreme air temperature in Czech Republic
Authors: Nikolova Nina , Bárta Martin
Published: August 2021

This study is focused on air temperature in Czech Republic in relation to
selected climatological indices for extreme hot and extreme cold days for
the period 1961- 2017. The number of summer days (SU) and number of tropical
days (SU30) have been chosen as the indicators of extreme hot days. For the
indicators of extreme cold days, the number of frost days (FD) and number of
icing days (ID) have been analyzed. The analyses are based on the daily data
for air temperature measured at eight meteorological stations situated at
the regions with different geographical and climate conditions. The data are
freely available from the website of the Czech Hydrometeorological
Institute. The results of the study show negative trend of extreme cold
events and positive trend of extreme hot temperatures. With a few
exceptions, the trend is statistically significant at p=0.05. The trend
values for the indicators of cold days are higher than those for the
indicators of warm days. The results show a faster change in air temperature
for the cold part of the year
Fra Mauro's map of the world from the 15th century - toponomastics of the Balkans
Authors: Grcic Mirko
Published: August 2021

Fra Mauro's world map was created in the middle of the 15th century and at
that time it represented a great progress in relation to Ptolemy's
geographical and cosmographic representations, which until then had been the
starting point for every geographical discourse. This map is one of those
epochal works from the era of Humanism and the Renaissance, which
illuminated the world with new light and thus moved scientific thought
forwards. Fra Mauro's map represented the affirmation of geography and
cartography, which at that time had not yet been constituted as sciences,
and directed at new geographical discoveries and research. The aim of this
paper is to analyse the geographical representations of the Balkan Peninsula
on Fra Mauro's map. This paper provides the toponym list of the Balkan
Peninsula and some surrounding areas and countries, systematised in its
original form and identified in its current meaning. Special attention is
given to the identification of the map as a text document, as well as to the
explanation of the context, symbolism and contemporary meaning of certain
geographical names.
The architectural experience of the Kasbah of Algiers: Insights from le Corbusier’s experience and neuroarchitecture
Authors: Rezzoug Imane , Boussora Kenza
Published: August 2021

This paper contributes to a deepening of the knowledge about how
architectural experience can be described in neuro-phenomenological terms,
through the development of a cognitive-phenomenological approach to
examining architectural experience through text-based analysis. It aims to
develop an assessment tool to produce knowledge about one?s personal
experience and perception of the built environment by exploring the impact
of its spatial properties on an individual, taking as a case study Le
Corbusier?s experience of the Kasbah of Algiers. The results demonstrate
that this city has the power to stir emotional engagement that arises from:
a high cognitive-affective reaction towards the dynamic interactions between
the curved contours of its streets; the harmony of its colours; the
magnitude and vastness generated by its panoramic views towards the sea; its
proportions in relation to the dimensions of the human body in different
postures; the contrasts of the height, light, dimensions and ambiances; and
the spatial navigation that favours the act of walking to discover the
Kasbah and unveil its mysteries. These properties exist as complex networks
of interconnected physical and atmospheric elements, and they involve
integrated perception under the influence of previous knowledge, beliefs and
aspirations to shape Le Corbusier?s architectural experience of the Kasbah.
Genetically predicted glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) levels and cardiovascular disease risk are driven by distinct causal variants in the GIPR region
Authors: Bowker Nicholas , Hansford Robert , Burgess Stephen , Foley Christopher N. , Auyeung Victoria P.W. , Erzurumluoglu A. Mesut , Stewart Isobel D. , Wheeler Eleanor , Pietzner Maik , Gribble Fiona , Reimann Frank , Bhatnagar Pallav , Coghlan Matthew P. , Wareham Nicholas J. , Langenberg Claudia
Published: August 2021

There is
considerable interest in GIPR agonism to enhance the insulinotropic and
extra-pancreatic effects of GIP, thereby improving glycaemic and weight control
in type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity. Recent genetic epidemiological evidence
has implicated higher GIPR-mediated GIP levels in raising coronary artery
disease (CAD) risk, a potential safety concern for GIPR agonism. We therefore
aimed to quantitatively assess whether the association between higher GIPR-mediated
fasting GIP levels and CAD risk is mediated via GIPR or is instead the result
of linkage disequilibrium (LD) confounding between variants at the GIPR locus.
Using Bayesian multi-trait colocalisation, we identified a GIPR missense
variant rs1800437 (G allele; E354) as the putatively causal variant shared
between fasting GIP levels, glycaemic traits and adiposity-related traits (posterior
probability for colocalisation, PPcoloc>0.97; PP explained by the
candidate variant; PPexplained=1) that was independent from a
cluster of CAD and lipid traits driven by a known missense variant in APOE
(rs7412; distance to E354 ~770Kb; R2 with E354 = 0.004; PPcoloc>0.99;
PPexplained=1). Further, conditioning the association between E354
and CAD on the residual LD with rs7412, we observed slight attenuation in
association, but it remained significant (OR per copy of E354 after adjustment
1.03; 95% CI, 1.02, 1.04; P=0.003). Instead, E354’s association with CAD was
completely attenuated when conditioning on an additional established CAD
signal, rs1964272, (R2 with E354=0.27), an intronic variant in SNRPD2
(OR for E354 after adjustment for rs1964272: 1.01; 95% CI, 0.99, 1.03; P=0.06).
We demonstrate that associations with GIP, anthropometric and glycaemic traits
are driven by distinct genetic signals from those driving CAD and lipid traits
in the GIPR region, and higher E354-mediated
fasting GIP levels are not associated with CAD risk. These findings provide
evidence that the inclusion of GIPR agonism in dual GIPR/GLP-1R agonists could
potentiate the protective effect of GLP-1 agonists on diabetes without undue CAD
risk, an aspect which has yet to be assessed in clinical trials.
Flexural Properties of Bioactive Restoratives in Cariogenic Environments
Authors: Yap AU , Choo HS , Choo HY , Yahya NA
Published: August 2021

This study determined the mechanical performance of bioactive restoratives in cariogenic environments and compared the flexural properties of various bioactive materials. The materials evaluated included a conventional resin-based composite (Filtek Z350 [FZ]) and 3 bioactive restoratives, namely an alkasite (Cention N [CN]), a giomer (Beautifil-bulk Restorative [BB]), and an enhanced resin-modified glass ionomer (Activa Bioactive Restorative [AV]). Beam-shaped specimens (12 x 2 x 2 mm) were produced, randomly allocated to 4 groups (n=10), and conditioned in deionized solution, remineralizing solution, demineralizing solution (DE), or pH cycled for 14 days at 37°C. After conditioning/pH cycling, the specimens were subjected to 3-point flexural testing. Flexural data were subjected to statistical analysis using analysis of variance or Tukey’s test (α=0.05). Mean flexural modulus and strength ranged from 3.54 ± 0.33 to 7.44 ± 0.28 GPa, and 87.07 ± 8.99 to 123.54 ± 12.37 MPa, respectively. While the flexural modulus of the bioactive restoratives was not affected by cariogenic/acidic conditions, flexural strength usually decreased, with the exception of CN. The strength of BB was significantly reduced by DE and pH cycling, while that of AV was lowered by DE. For all conditioning mediums, AV had a significantly lower modulus than the other materials. Apart from conditioning in DE, where differences in flexural strength was insignificant, FZ and AV were generally significantly stronger than BB and CN. The effect of cariogenic environments on flexural strength was found to be material dependent, and aside from the alkasite material (CN), cariogenic conditions were observed to significantly decrease the strength of bioactive restoratives.