bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wave Haptics: Building Stiff Controllers from the Natural Motor Dynamics
Authors: Diolaiti Nicola , Niemeyer Günter , Tanner Neal A.
Published: January 2007

Haptics, like the fields of robotics and motion control, relies on high stiffness position control of electric motors. Traditionally, DC motors are driven by current amplifiers designed to hide their electrical dynamics. Meanwhile encoder-based position feedback creates virtual springs. Unfortunately this cancellation-replacement approach experiences performance limits due to sensor quantization, discretization, and amplifier bandwidths.

An alternate approach is presented, noting the inherent inductor-resistor dynamics of the motor are beneficial to the haptic task. Two main insights are followed, which may be utilized independently or preferably in combination. First, the electrical inductance L can serve as a stiffness, providing a natural sensorless coupling between the virtual environment and the user. Second, the electrical resistance R can create a natural wave transformation, providing a robust computer interface between the discrete and continuous time domains. The resulting analog circuit implements a simple voltage drive and can achieve higher stiffness than traditional approaches, especially in the frequency range where human users are most sensitive. A prototype 1-DOF system has been implemented and confirms the promise of this novel paradigm.
Towards High-resolution Imaging from Underwater Vehicles
Authors: Singh Hanumant , Roman Chris , Pizarro Oscar , Eustice Ryan , Can Ali
Published: January 2007

Large area mapping at high resolution underwater continues to be constrained by sensor-level environmental constraints and the mismatch between available navigation and sensor accuracy. In this paper, advances are presented that exploit aspects of the sensing modality, and consistency and redundancy within local sensor measurements to build high-resolution optical and acoustic maps that are a consistent representation of the environment. This work is presented in the context of real-world data acquired using autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) and remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) working in diverse applications including shallow water coral reef surveys with the Seabed AUV, a forensic survey of the RMS Titanic in the North Atlantic at a depth of 4100 m using the Hercules ROV, and a survey of the TAG hydrothermal vent area in the mid-Atlantic at a depth of 3600 m using the Jason II ROV. Specifically, the focus is on the related problems of structure from motion from underwater optical imagery assuming pose instrumented calibrated cameras. General wide baseline solutions are presented for these problems based on the extension of techniques from the simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM), photogrammetric and the computer vision communities. It is also examined how such techniques can be extended for the very different sensing modality and scale associated with multi-beam bathymetric mapping. For both the optical and acoustic mapping cases it is also shown how the consistency in mapping can be used not only for better global mapping, but also to refine navigation estimates.
Scientific Issues Concerning Androids
Authors: Ishiguro Hiroshi
Published: January 2007

In the development of humanoids, both the appearance and behavior of the robots are significant issues. However, designing the robot’s appearance, especially to give it a humanoid one, was always a role of industrial designers. To tackle the problem of appearance and behavior, two approaches are necessary: one from robotics and the other from cognitive science. The approach from robotics tries to build very humanlike robots based on knowledge from cognitive science. The approach from cognitive science uses the robot to verify hypotheses for understanding humans. This cross-interdisciplinary framework is called android science. This conceptual paper introduces developed androids and states key issues in android science.
Policy-Motivated Parties in Dynamic Political Competition
Authors: Smirnov Oleg , Fowler James H.
Published: January 2007

We analyze a model of a dynamic political competition between two policy-motivated parties under uncertainty. The model suggests that electoral mandates matter: increasing the margin of victory in the previous election causes both parties to shift towards policies preferred by the winner, and the loser typically shifts more than the winner. The model also provides potential answers to a number of empirical puzzles in the field of electoral politics. In particular, we provide possible explanations for why close elections may lead to extreme platforms by both parties, why increased extremism in the platform of one party may lead to greater moderation in the platform of the other party, and why increasing polarization of the electorate causes winning candidates to become more sensitive to mandates. We also show that, contrary to previous findings, increasing uncertainty sometimes decreases platform divergence. Finally, we pay special attention to the proper methodology for doing numerical comparative statics analysis in computational models.
Conceptualizing Continuity and Change
Authors: Boas Taylor C.
Published: January 2007

Political scientists studying institutional development face the challenge of accounting for both continuity and change over time. Models of path dependence based on increasing returns, inspired by the example of the QWERTY typewriter keyboard, have played an important role in the analysis of institutional continuity, but they have been criticized for their inability to accommodate change. In this article I present an alternative model of path dependence inspired by the example of the Internet, a technology that has changed fundamentally since its invention. The composite-standard model of path dependence illustrates how complex political institutions subject to increasing returns can evolve gradually over time through a changing mix of lower-level component parts. By incorporating mechanisms of institutional change, such as conversion and layering, within an increasing returnsbased theoretical framework, the composite-standard model highlights new interconnections among these previously distinct processes and offers new insights into the nature of long-term political change.
The Strategic Struggle for Patronage
Authors: Benton Allyson Lucinda
Published: January 2007

Latin American parties have been regularly plagued by factional disputes. Such rivalries are puzzling given the traditional importance of state largesse for building support; in most countries patronage has kept politicians loyal and factionalism at bay. The article uses a game-theoretic model to examine intra-party politics and political careers. It argues that ensuring successful careers requires rising within parties and thus cultivating the support of party colleagues with patronage promises and policy appeals. In Latin America, however, where state resources dominate policy goods when building support, maximizing patronage requires politicians to build minimum-winning coalitions inside parties, leading to predictable patterns of factionalism. The model also shows how the effect of state largesse on factional disputes is moderated in some contexts, particularly where the relative strength of politicians is weak. Weak politicians prefer to cooperate, even if this means reduced private rewards.
Morphing and Shape Control using Unsymmetrical Composites
Authors: Bowen C. R. , Butler R. , Jervis R. , Kim H. A. , Salo A. I. T.
Published: January 2007

Unsymmetrical carbon fiber/epoxy composites with bonded piezoelectric actuators are investigated as a means to shape or morph, the composite structures. Both a cantilever and unsupported laminate structure are examined along with their response to applied strains (from piezoelectric actuators) and applied mechanical load; with particular emphasis on the characterization of shape/deflection, the influence of externally applied mechanical loads and methods of reversing or promoting snap-through of these materials from one stable state to another. A variety of shape change/actuation modes for such structures have been identified namely, (i) reversible actuation by maintaining a constant stable state using piezoelectric actuation, (ii) an increased degree of shape change by irreversible snap-through using piezoelectric actuation and (iii) reversible snap-through using combined piezoelectric actuation and an externally applied load.
A Stress-dependent Hysteresis Model for Ferroelectric Materials
Authors: Ball Brian L. , Smith Ralph C. , Kim Sang-Joo , Seelecke Stefan
Published: January 2007

This article addresses the development of a homogenized energy model which characterizes the ferroelastic switching mechanisms inherent to ferroelectric materials in a manner suitable for subsequent transducer and control design. In the first step of the development, we construct Helmholtz and Gibbs energy relations which quantify the potential and electrostatic energy associated with 90 and 180 dipole orientations. Equilibrium relations appropriate for homogeneous materials in the absence or presence of thermal relaxation are respectively determined by minimizing the Gibbs energy or balancing the Gibbs and relative thermal energies using Boltzmann principles. In the final step of the development, stochastic homogenization techniques are employed to construct macroscopic models suitable for nonhomogeneous, polycrystalline compounds. Attributes and limitations of the characterization framework are illustrated through comparison with experimental PLZT data.
Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Neurectomy of Intercostal Nerves in a Patient With Intractable Cancer Pain
Authors: Lai Yu-Yung , Chen Shi-Chi , Chien Nai-Chuan
Published: January 2007

Cancer-related pain is complicated and unbearable. Pain management techniques must be constantly modified and improved, with the goal of decreasing pain and enabling patients to withstand it. A 56-year-old man with colon cancer and multiple metastases was suffering from intense pain that was not relieved by extremely high doses of intravenous morphine. Temporary pain relief was achieved twice by blockade of the intercostal nerves with local anesthetics. Radiofrequency ablation was then performed under fluoroscopic monitoring; however, the procedure resulted in little pain relief. Finally, a neurectomy to cauterize the intercostal nerves was completed with video-assisted thoracoscopy under general anesthesia.
Can Family Caregivers of Terminally Ill Patients Be a Reliable Source of Information About the Severity of Patient Symptoms?
Authors: Resnizky Shirli , Bentur Netta
Published: January 2007

This study examines the reliability of family caregivers' assessments of a terminally ill patient's symptoms and identifies patient and caregiver characteristics that affect the reliability of caregiver reports. It compares the reports of 143 patients in home hospice units with those of their family caregiver about patient symptoms during the 3 days preceding the interview (Edmonton scale). Correlation coefficients between the patients' and proxies' reports were 0.5 to 0.8, indicating moderate-to-high agreement. Characteristics that had an independent effect on identical reporting were the patient being fully disabled, the care-giver being a woman in good health, the caregiver living with the patient, and the caregiver providing assistance with activities of daily living and medical care. These results suggest that primary caregivers can be a good source of information about a patient's symptoms, although their reports should be used with caution.
Evaluating an End-of-Life Curriculum in a Medical Residency Program
Authors: Yacht Andrew C. , Suglia Shakira Franco , Orlander Jay D.
Published: January 2007

The ability to meet patient needs at the end of life is important. Boston University Residency Program in Medicine initiated a 1-week-long end-of-life curriculum that included a hospice care orientation, core articles, and home hospice visits. Evaluated was the impact of the rotation on participant knowledge and attitude. Knowledge was assessed by pretest and posttest questionnaires and compared with more senior resident controls, naïve to the curriculum. Attitudes toward issues relating to end-of-life care and subjective change in knowledge were assessed comparing subjects' retrospective preintervention and postintervention responses included in the postintervention questionnaire. Forty-five second-year participants completed both questionnaires. Participants demonstrated significant improvements in attitude and self-assessed knowledge of end-of-life care in 23 of 24 Likert-type scale questions. The end-of-life curriculum led to significant improvements in participant knowledge and attitudes about the conceptual and practical aspects of end-of-life care. The structure of the rotation should be reproducible in many locales.
Palliative Care in Situations of Conflict: Lessons From Jerusalem
Authors: Cherny Nathan I.
Published: January 2007

Situations of political conflict are characterized by enmity and the potential for, or actual, violence. Conflict of this ilk may be manifested as outright war, a cycle of terror and reprisals, or a grumbling enmity between religious, national, ethnic, or cultural groups. Clinicians delivering palliative care in such circumstances confront challenges, including the disruption of infrastructure, bias, distrust and enmity, clinician and patient safety, and abuse of health care resources by combatants. Providing palliative care despite these obstacles is a challenge that requires planning and careful execution. When successful, good provision of palliative care, even across lines of conflict, has the capacity to mitigate enmity and promote understanding.
Assessing Spirituality and Religiousness in Advanced Cancer Patients
Authors: Mystakidou Kyriaki , Tsilika Eleni , Parpa Efi , Smyrnioti Marilena , Vlahos Lambros
Published: January 2007

The aim of this study was to translate the Spiritual Involvement and Beliefs Scale into the Greek language and validate its psychometric properties in a sample of advanced cancer patients treated in a palliative care unit. The scale was translated into Greek with the “forward-backward” procedure. It was administered twice, with a 3-day interval, to 82 patients with advanced cancer. Patients completed the Spiritual Involvement and Beliefs Scale and the Greek Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. The scale had an overall Cronbach α of 0.89. Overall test-retest reliability was satisfactory at P < .0005. Satisfactory construct validity was supported between the Spiritual Involvement and Beliefs Scale subscales and Hospital Anxiety and Depression subscales. Interscale and interitem correlations were found satisfactory at P < .0005. These results support that the Spiritual Involvement and Beliefs Scale is an instrument with satisfactory psychometric properties and is a valid research tool for spirituality in advanced cancer patients.
Death Anxiety and Death Competency: The Impact of a Palliative Care Volunteer Training Program
Authors: Claxton-Oldfield Stephen , Crain Maggie , Claxton-Oldfield Jane
Published: January 2007

Before and immediately after the 2 most recent offerings of a local palliative care volunteer training program, 17 participants completed the Collett-Lester Fear of Death Scale and Bugen's Coping with Death Scale. The training program consisted of approximately 27 hours of training presented in 3-hour blocks during a 9-week period. Topics included the philosophy and goals of palliative care, spiritual issues from a multi-cultural and multifaith perspective, communication, the dying process, grief and bereavement, and the role of the volunteer. The results showed no differences in participants' pretraining and posttraining scores on the 4 subscales of the Fear of Death Scale. However, participants felt significantly more able to cope with death and dying after the training program than before. With proper training, volunteers will feel more prepared to handle situations involving terminal illness and death. In short, they will be more effective in their work with dying patients and their families.
The Ethics of Palliative Sedation as a Therapy of Last Resort
Authors:   National Ethics Committee, Veterans Health Administration
Published: January 2007

Many patients nearing the end of life reach a point at which the goals of care change from an emphasis on prolonging life and optimizing function to maximizing the quality of remaining life, and palliative care becomes a priority. For some patients, however, even high-quality aggressive palliative care fails to provide relief. For patients suffering from severe pain, dyspnea, vomiting, or other symptoms that prove refractory to treatment, there is a consensus that palliative sedation is an appropriate intervention of last resort. In this report, the National Ethics Committee, Veterans Health Administration examines what is meant by palliative sedation, explores ethical concerns about the practice, reviews the emerging professional consensus regarding the use of palliative sedation for managing severe, refractory symptoms at the end of life, and offers specific recommendations for institutional policy.
Management of Patients With Metastatic Malignancy in the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Marik Paul E.
Published: January 2007

Intensive care units serve to provide temporary physiologic support to patients with reversible organ failure. However, with increasing frequency, patients with end-stage and terminal illnesses are being admitted to the intensive care unit. Indeed, in the United States, a third of all patients with terminal metastatic malignancy are admitted to the intensive care unit, and 60% of all hospital deaths occur after such an admission. In many instances, admission to an intensive care unit serves only to transform death into a prolonged, painful, and undignified process. In patients with a terminal illness, the focus should be on measures that ensure comfort, and admission to an intensive care unit should generally be avoided. Intensivists, who are charged with making the best use of limited resources, should ultimately be the individuals who determine the appropriateness of admitting such patients to the intensive care unit.
Use of Preventive Maternal and Child Health Services by Latina Women
Authors: Wasserman Melanie , Bender Deborah , Lee Shoou-Yih Daniel
Published: January 2007

Some health indicators for Latinos tend to be more positive than socioeconomic status would predict. Yet, Latina women and their young children use fewer preventive health services and have a higher incidence of preventable diseases than non-Hispanic whites. The Institute of Medicine recently called for intervention research among minority subgroups to end racial and ethnic disparities in health care. To help guide future intervention research, this article presents a critique and synthesis of the peer-reviewed literature on interventions that enroll Latina women into preventive reproductive health services (prenatal care, cervical cancer screening, and child immunizations). Results are presented according to three categories of interventions: improvements within formal health care settings, outreach through lay health advisors ( promotoras) and media, and interventions combining these approaches. An agenda for intervention research is proposed for preventive-care use by this population.
Exploring the Relationship between Senior Management Team Culture and Hospital Performance
Authors: Davies H. T. O. , Mannion R. , Jacobs R. , Powell A. E. , Marshall M. N.
Published: January 2007

The purpose of this study was to explore relationships between senior management team culture and organizational performance in English hospital organizations (NHS trusts [National Health Service]). We used an established culture-rating instrument, the Competing Values Framework, to assess senior management team culture. Organizational performance was assessed using a wide variety of routinely collected measures. Data were gathered from all English NHS acute hospital trusts, a total of 197 organizations. Multivariate econometric analyses were used to explore the associations between measures of culture and measures of performance using regressions, ANOVA, multinomial logit, and ordered probit. Organizational culture varied across hospital organizations, and at least some of this variation was associated in consistent and predictable ways with a variety of organizational characteristics and measures of performance. The findings provide particular support for a contingent relationship between culture and performance.
Survival Advantage Associated with Treatment of Injury at Designated Trauma Centers
Authors: Pracht Etienne E. , Tepas Joseph J. , Celso Brian G. , Langland-Orban Barbara , Flint Lewis
Published: January 2007

This article analyzes the effectiveness of designated trauma centers in Florida concerning reduction in the mortality risk of severely injured trauma victims. A bivariate probit model is used to compute the differential impact of two alternative acute care treatment sites. The alternative sites are defined as (1) a nontrauma center (NC) or (2) a designated trauma center (DTC). An instrumental-variables method was used to adjust for prehospital selection bias in addition to the influence of age, gender, race, risk of mortality, and type of injury. Treatment at a DTC was associated with a reduction of 0.13 in the probability of mortality.
Differences in Prescription Drug Use in HMO and Self-insured Health Plans
Authors: Wallack Stanley S. , Thomas Cindy Parks , Martin Timothy C. , Ryan Andrew
Published: January 2007

Using pharmacy benefits manager claims data, this study analyzed how cost-management techniques including cost sharing affected enrollees in health maintenance organizations (HMOs) versus employer-sponsored fee-for-service plans. Because HMOs bear the risk of pharmaceutical costs and influence the prescribing practices of the physicians in their network, we expected different patterns of prescription use, such as proportionately more generic medications in HMOs. Also, because HMO physicians are likely to prescribe relatively more drugs for high-severity conditions, HMO enrollee demand should be less price sensitive. The impact of cost sharing was found to be significantly less for HMOs. A 5-dollar increase in copayments decreased expenditures by 16 percent in fee-for-service plans but only by 1 percent in HMOs. Furthermore, when cost sharing was set at zero, HMO plans were found to have significantly fewer and cheaper medications, resulting in lower per-enrollee medication expenditures.
The Impact of Managed Care on Access to Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy and on Outcomes among Medicaid Beneficiaries with AIDS
Authors: Zingmond David S. , Ettner Susan L. , Cunningham William E.
Published: January 2007

Medicaid has promoted managed care plans (MCPs) to control health care costs for HIV-infected enrollees. This article examines the impact of MCP enrollment on use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), antiretroviral therapy (ARV), hospitalization, and death among Medicaid beneficiaries with AIDS. A retrospective longitudinal cohort study of 7,028 Medicaid beneficiaries with AIDS in California was conducted from 1999 to 2001. The impact of MCP enrollment was estimated using single-equation and bivariate probit models. Baseline HAART use was found to be significantly lower for beneficiaries in MCPs versus fee-for-service (FFS). The effect was attenuated and not significant after correcting for selection bias. MCP enrollment was not associated with overall ARV use, mortality, or hospitalization. MCP enrollment does not substantially affect medication use or clinical outcomes. Before making changes to care delivery, policy makers should address the potential costs and benefits of MCP over FFS Medicaid for chronically ill beneficiaries.
Review of mortality and cardiovascular event rates in patients enrolled in clinical trials for claudication therapies
Authors: Brass Eric P , Hiatt William R
Published: January 2007

Pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions to improve function and quality of life in patients with claudication are being evaluated in clinical research trials. An important component of clinical development programs is assessing the safety of the intervention and monitoring for adverse impact of the therapy on research participants. The conduct of both of these safety assessments is facilitated by the ability to estimate the anticipated rates of cardiovascular events and death in the target population. To obtain estimates of these rates, data were abstracted from randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials performed in patients with claudication and designed to show functional improvement, and which have been published since 1990. Patient-year exposures and the number of deaths, serious adverse events and cardiovascular serious adverse events in the placebo arms of these trials were tabulated, and summed event rates calculated. The mortality rate was 1.9 deaths per hundred patient-years (27 deaths observed in 1446 patient-years). The mortality rate in claudication trials is lower than that reported in natural history studies. Cardiovascular serious adverse events in claudication trials were observed at a rate of 8.5 per hundred patient-years (65 events in 762 patient-years). Thus, cardiovascular morbidity and mortality should be expected in clinical trials enrolling claudicants. The current analyses provide benchmark data for ensuring that development programs are large enough to allow meaningful safety conclusions, and to assist in data and safety monitoring of these trials.
Acute right lower extremity iliofemoral deep venous thrombosis secondary to an anomalous inferior vena cava: a report of two cases
Authors: Dean Steven M , Tytle Timothy L
Published: January 2007

A congenital anomaly of the inferior vena cava is an increasingly identified risk factor for iliocaval deep venous thrombosis in young patients. We present two cases of acute right lower extremity iliofemoral deep venous thrombosis in 16 and 18-year-old patients that were ultimately diagnosed with an underlying anomalous iliocaval venous system. In one patient, the inferior vena cava was congenitally absent and the right iliac vein was diffusely stenotic with a proximally located high-grade stricture. In the other subject, the infrarenal inferior vena cava and right iliac vein were diffusely hypoplastic. Compensatory venous flow in both subjects was via large perilumbar venous collateral veins and a prominent azygous system. Both patients were successfully treated with a combination of initial catheter-directed thrombolysis followed by balloon angioplasty and venous stent placement.
Promotion of Service Integration Among Home Visiting Programs and Community Coalitions Working With Low-Income, Pregnant, and Parenting Women
Authors: Tandon Darius , Parillo Kathleen , Jenkins Carrie , Jenkins Jenine , Duggan Anne
Published: January 2007

This study assessed service integration promoted by home visitors and community coalitions in Baltimore's Comprehensive Family Support Strategy. The study first assessed home visitors' coordination of services for their clients. Two yearly home visitors surveys (n = 32) assessed changes in their perceptions of 11 community resources' availability, service quality, and referrals made to those resources. There were statistically significant increases in the percentage of home visitors who (a) reported availability of seven resources, (b) gave high service quality ratings for six resources, and (c) referred clients to all 11 resources. The study also assessed six community coalitions' actions to promote service integration during 1 year through observation of coalition meetings. Coalitions discussing more service integration exhibited greater increases in home visitors' perceptions of high service quality and referrals. Home visiting practitioners should consider including coalitions as part of their program models in order to better link clients to appropriate community resources.
Application of a Web-Based Tailored Health Risk Assessment in a Work-Site Population
Authors: Cowdery Joan E. , Suggs L. Suzanne , Parker Shandowyn
Published: January 2007

This article presents an examination of the feasibility of implementing a Web-based tailored health risk assessment (HRA) as part of a University-based work-site health promotion program. Although the effectiveness of tailoring has been well established in the research literature, tailoring health messages for the purposes of health promotion and behavior change is only now starting to be used and evaluated in real-world settings. Key issues to be examined include the feasibility of delivery of a web-based tailored HRA, utility of data gathered for program planning, participation rates compared to traditional programming, usability, and participant satisfaction with the HRA.
Folic Acid and the Prevention of Neural Tube Defects: A Survey of Awareness Among Latina Women of Childbearing Age Residing in Southeast Michigan
Authors: Kannan Srimathi , Menotti Elaine , Scherer Holly K. , Dickinson Jennifer , Larson Kimberly
Published: January 2007

Periconceptional intake of folic acid is known to reduce the risk for neural tube defects (NTDs). To inform southeast Michigan Latina women of childbearing age about the benefits of food and supplemental sources of the micronutrient in the prevention of NTDs, Spanish-English bilingual health educators carried out 20 education events in supermarkets and community organizations serving Latina women. One hundred and sixty Latina women ages 19 to 50 years indicated their current folic acid awareness and stated their future intentions regarding folic acid. Of 160 women surveyed, 114 (71%) had heard of folic acid, 84 (74%) knew that folic acid prevents birth defects, 63 (55%) knew the critical time to take folic acid, and 76 (67%) identified at least one source of folic acid. After participating in the education events, 136 women (85%) reported planning to eat more folate and/or folic acid–rich foods. Although general folic acid awareness is fairly high, health promotion efforts must be coordinated at community locations serving Latina women to share folic acid's specific protective effects in the prevention of NTDs, the critical timing of intake, and its food and supplement sources.
Youth Tobacco Access Restrictions: Time to Shift Resources to Other Interventions?
Authors: Craig Michael J. , Boris Neil W.
Published: January 2007

There is limited data to guide policy makers as to whether youth tobacco access restriction is an effective strategy. Analysis of the limited data on youth access restriction suggests that (a) scalable models for access restriction are lacking, (b) enforcement of access restriction would be cost prohibitive, (c) the leaky commercial supply of cigarettes combined with the capacity of youth to tap into a “social supply” of cigarettes would hamper all but the most rigorously enforced efforts to restrict access to tobacco, and (d) access restriction may paradoxically increase allure of cigarettes for some youth. Although youth tobacco access restriction does not face strong political or industry opposition, the authors' analysis reveals that youth tobacco access restriction is likely to remain a failed strategy to control tobacco use in the United States.
Developing a Bioterrorism Preparedness Campaign for Veterans: Using Focus Groups to Inform Materials Development
Authors: Santos Susan L. , Helmer Drew A. , Fotiades John , Copeland Liesel , Simon Jeffrey D.
Published: January 2007

In the context of a global war on terrorism experts have focused on the potential for a bioterrorist incident to cause widespread health and psychological consequences. Preparation is critical to improving the U.S. response to future bioterrorist incidents and educating the public is recognized as a vital part of this preparedness effort. Under a grant from the U.S. Veterans Health Administration (VHA), researchers from a network of VA health care and research facilities initiated a program to develop and evaluate educational materials for veterans—including those with mental illness. This article describes the results of a series of focus groups with three veteran subpopulations of interest to characterize their concerns and information needs and summarizes the insights gained that helped guide materials development.
The Promotional Role of the Network Upfront Presentations in the Production of Culture
Authors: Lotz Amanda D.
Published: January 2007

This article explores the Upfront presentations made by United States broadcasters to the media-buying community each year to analyze the complicated economic and cultural functions of promotional processes that occur before programs ever reach the viewing audience. The analysis draws from observation of Upfront presentations, triangulated with analysis of trade press articles and interviews, to present a comprehensive examination of this component of promotion within the circuit of cultural production. Examining the promotional activities that occur before programming reaches audiences illustrates the dual client nature of the United States commercial television industry, and the different strategies evinced indicate the need to theorize internal promotion distinctly from the promotion of texts and networks to audiences. Additionally, the variant promotional strategies used by different networks in this internal venue reveal institutional priorities in audience composition and brand differentiation among networks.
Flagging Finnishness: Reproducing National Identity in Reality Television
Authors: Aslama Minna , Pantti Mervi
Published: January 2007

The worldwide success of reality television has received plenty of academic and public attention. All the debates seem both implicitly and explicitly to address reality TV as a global phenomenon, but little attention has been given to any national characteristics that may emerge in its localized variations. In this article, using a Finnish adventure show Extreme Escapades as a case, we argue that national television still plays an important role in constructing national identities; that reality television as a popular cultural product should be viewed in the context of “banal nationalism” and that the genre may indeed redefine the meaning of national television in the globalized media sphere.
Moving from collision to integration
Authors: Simons Lucy
Published: January 2007

Combining research approaches, commonly referred to as ‘mixed methods’, has the potential to lead to greater insights than would be gained by one approach alone. The discussion in this paper draws on the personal experience of conducting interrelated studies that adopted different methods, underpinned by different methodological positions. In the conduct of the research, several roles were occupied by members of the research team and, together with the mixed methods, gave rise to a number of issues in the conduct and implementation of research. The particular tensions identified are likely to be transferable to other contexts. Key to working with mixed methods is the need for researchers to acknowledge the alternative conceptions of knowledge and reflect on their position in relation to the range of possibilities. It is suggested that continued conflation of particular concepts, i.e. method and paradigm, acts as a barrier to meaningful interdisciplinary working and true integration of insights gained from combined approaches.
Look before you leap and don’t put all your eggs in one basket
Authors: Pryjmachuk Steven , Richards David A.
Published: January 2007

This paper’s aim is to draw attention to the pitfalls that novice and, sometimes, experienced researchers fall into when undertaking quantitative data analysis in the health and social sciences, and to offer some guidance as to how such pitfalls might be avoided.

Many health and social science students are routinely instructed that the procedure for undertaking data analysis in quantitative research is as follows: specify hypotheses; collect data and enter it into a computerised statistical package; run various statistical procedures; examine the computer outputs for p-values that are statistically significant. If significant differences are found, jubilation often exists because statistically significant results are deemed to be a clear indicator that something worthwhile (and publishable) has been discovered. This paper argues that this approach has two major oversights: a failure to explore the raw data prior to analysis and an overdependence on p-values. Both of these oversights are routinely present in much health and social-science research, and both create problems for scientific rigour.

Researchers need to exercise caution (‘look before you leap’) and prudence (‘don’t put all your eggs in one basket’) when undertaking quantitative data analyses. Caution demands that, prior to full data analysis, researchers employ procedures such as data cleaning, data screening and exploratory data analysis. Prudence demands that researchers see p-values for their true worth, which exists only within the context of statistical theory, confidence intervals, effect sizes and the absolute meaning of statistical significance.
Researching the implementation of pioneering roles in nursing and midwifery
Authors: Lathlean Judith
Published: January 2007

This paper presents research on the implementation of pioneering roles in nursing and midwifery in the United Kingdom—namely lecturer practitioners, consultant nurses and nurse registrars. It seeks to critique the empirical insights gained from studying new roles aimed at better integrating distinct aspects of nursing and midwifery, at solving long-standing ‘problems’ in nursing and midwifery, at extending traditional roles and at improving and advancing practice, education and research.

The paper draws upon knowledge derived from three empirical projects—an ethnographic study and survey of the role of lecturer practitioners, conducted in one setting in the UK (Lathlean, 1997), a study of the role of consultant nurses within healthcare Trusts (Lathlean and Masterson, 2004) and an action-based evaluation of an innovative work based pilot training programme for the development of nurse registrars as aspiring consultant nurses (Surridge and Lathlean, 2006). The paper sets these within the context of an extensive literature on lecturer practitioners and consultant nurses, and encompasses both a national and international perspective through the inclusion of UK, North American and Australian experiences.

The theoretical understandings gleaned from these studies include the apparent inevitability of certain challenges in new roles such as role ambiguity and role overload, the need for organisational commitment to establish and sustain such roles, the variability of roles and the uncertainty as to the achievements of these posts or, at the very least, the extent to which these achievements can be measured. Conclusions drawn include the value of longitudinal studies over short-term cross-sectional research, incorporating approaches that reflect the diversity of the roles; the complexity of ascertaining role impact; and the value of undertaking a qualitative meta-analysis or meta-ethnography of existing studies.
Evaluating prescribing competencies and standards used in nurse independent prescribers’ prescribing consultations
Authors: Latter Sue , Maben Jill , Myall Michelle , Young Amanda , Baileff Anne
Published: January 2007

Background Independent prescribing of medicines by nurses is widely considered to be part of advanced nursing practice, and occurs within an episode of patient care that can be completed independently by a nurse. Nurse prescribers therefore require the competencies necessary to manage a consultation—such as history taking and diagnostic skills—and subsequently need to decide on any appropriate medicine to be prescribed. Safe prescribing should also involve an accurate, legible and comprehensive written prescription and documentation of the consultation in the patient’s records. However, the extent to which nurse independent prescribers use prescribing competencies and standards in practice had not been researched prior to this study.

Aim To describe the frequency with which nurses use a range of prescribing competencies in their prescribing consultations, in order to provide a measure of the quality and safety of nurses’ independent prescribing practices.

Design and methods Across 10 case study sites, 118 nurse independent prescribers’ prescribing consultations were analysed using non-participant observation and a structured checklist of prescribing competencies. Documentary analysis was also undertaken of a) prescriptions written ( n =132) by nurses and b) the record of the prescribing episode in patient records ( n =118).

Sample and setting 118 prescribing consultations of 14 purposively selected nurse independent prescribers working in primary and secondary care trust case study sites in England.

Findings Nurse independent prescribers were issuing a prescription every 2.82 consultations; nurses used a range of assessment and diagnosis competencies in prescribing consultations, but some were employed more consistently than others; nurses almost universally wrote full and accurate prescription scripts for their patients; nurses recorded each of their prescribing consultations, but some details of the consultation and the prescription issued were not always consistently recorded in the patient records.

Conclusion The findings from this observation study provide evidence about the quality and safety of nurses’ prescribing consultations in England.
ICTs and Financial Crime
Authors: Almiron Núria
Published: January 2007

The democratizing dimension of the new information and communication technologies (ICTs) is a widely accepted proposition. Although this is repeatedly emphasized and expounded by economic, political and social theories that deal with the analysis of the Information Society, its actual significance has been systematically neglected. ICTs are exclusively approached either from the perspective of the globalization of knowledge or from the perspective of economic productivity. However, the democratizing role of ICTs includes an aspect that is examined far less yet is more relevant: their ability to provide greater transparency in the political, economical and social management of societies. This article describes the relationship between the use of ICTs and financial crime; it examines the fraud that, in the author's opinion, is being created by means of ICTs, and emphasizes that greater attention must be paid to ICTs as a tool to fight the lack of transparency and white-collar crime.
Anointing a New Enemy
Authors: Stone Gerald C. , Xiao Zhiwen
Published: January 2007

Do nations require an adversary? US media coverage of China, as reflected in national news magazines, was analyzed before and after the breakup of the Soviet Union to determine how media portrayed this global power change. China received significantly more coverage after the Soviet Union breakup, and the post-breakup themes and frames about China were significantly different and more negative. This study of coverage related to global power shifts suggests that adversarial political relationships are mirrored in a nation's domestic media and may be necessary for national unity.
Progression to end-stage liver disease in patients with inherited bleeding disorders and hepatitis C: an international, multicenter cohort study
Authors: Posthouwer Dirk , Makris Michael , Yee Thynn T. , Fischer Kathelijn , van Veen Joost J. , Griffioen Anja , van Erpecum Karel J. , Mauser-Bunschoten Eveline P.
Published: January 2007

Prior to 1990, many patients with inherited bleeding disorders were infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). This study assessed the risk of end-stage liver disease (ESLD) in patients with hemophilia with chronic hepatitis C. Patients were infected between 1961 and 1990 and were followed up to August 2005. Of 847 anti-HCV+ patients, 160 (19%) spontaneously cleared HCV and 687 (81%) developed chronic hepatitis C. Coinfection with HIV was present in 210 patients. After 35 years of infection the cumulative incidence of ESLD was 11.5% (95% CI, 8.2%-14.8%) in HIV− patients and 35.1% (95% CI, 29.2%-41.0%; P < .001) in patients coinfected with HIV. Independent risk factors of ESLD were HIV coinfection (hazard ratio 13.8; 95% CI, 7.5-25.3), older age at infection (hazard ratio 2.3 per 10 years; 95% CI, 2.0-2.8), alcohol abuse (hazard ratio 4.9; 95% CI, 2.5-9.6), and presence of HCV genotype 1 (hazard ratio 2.2; 95% CI, 1.1-4.2). With longer duration of HCV infection, the risk of developing ESLD is emerging in patients with inherited bleeding disorders. Risk factors for rapid progression to ESLD are alcohol abuse, coinfection with HIV, older age at infection, and presence of HCV genotype 1.
SIVSM/HIV-2 Vpx proteins promote retroviral escape from a proteasome-dependent restriction pathway present in human dendritic cells
Authors: Goujon Caroline , Rivière Lise , Jarrosson-Wuilleme Loraine , Bernaud Jeanine , Rigal Dominique , Darlix Jean-Luc , Cimarelli Andrea
Published: January 2007

Background

Vpx is a non-structural protein coded by members of the SIVSM/HIV-2 lineage that is believed to have originated by duplication of the common vpr gene present in primate lentiviruses. Vpx is incorporated into virion particles and is thus present during the early steps of viral infection, where it is thought to drive nuclear import of viral nucleoprotein complexes. We have previously shown that Vpx is required for SIVMAC-derived lentiviral vectors (LVs) infection of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs). However, since the requirement for Vpx is specific for DCs and not for other non-dividing cell types, this suggests that Vpx may play a role other than nuclear import.

Results

Here, we show that the function of Vpx in the infection of DCs is conserved exclusively within the SIVSM/HIV-2 lineage. At a molecular level, Vpx acts by promoting the accumulation of full length viral DNA. Furthermore, when supplied in target cells prior to infection, Vpx exerts a similar effect following infection of DCs with retroviruses as divergent as primate and feline lentiviruses and gammaretroviruses. Lastly, the effect of Vpx overlaps with that of the proteasome inhibitor MG132 in DCs.

Conclusion

Overall, our results support the notion that Vpx modifies the intracellular milieu of target DCs to facilitate lentiviral infection. The data suggest that this is achieved by promoting viral escape from a proteasome-dependent pathway especially detrimental to viral infection in DCs.
Structure-based engineering of papillomavirus major capsid L1: controlling particle assembly
Authors: Bishop Brooke , Dasgupta Jhimli , Chen Xiaojiang S
Published: January 2007

The outer shell of the papillomavirus particle is comprised of 72 pentamers of the major capsid L1 protein arranged on a T = 7 icosahedral lattice. The recombinant L1 can form T = 7 virus-like particles in vitro. The crystal structure of a T = 7 papilloma virion has not yet been determined; however, the crystal structure of a T = 1 particle containing 12 pentamers is known. The T = 1 structure reveals that helix-helix interactions, through three helices–h2, h3, and h4–near the C-terminus of L1, mediate the inter-pentameric bonding that is responsible for T = 1 assembly. Based on the T = 1 crystal structure, we have generated a set of internal deletions to test the role of the three C-terminal helices in T = 7 assembly. We have demonstrated that the h2, h3, and h4 near the C-terminal end of L1 are important for the L1 structure and particle assembly. In particular, we found that h2 and h3 are essential for L1 folding and pentamer formation, whereas h4 is indispensable for the assembly of not only T1, but also of the T7 virus-like particle.