bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Knowledge Utilization for Governance in Africa: evidence-based decision-making and the role of survey data archives in the region
Authors: Woolfrey Lynn
Published: January 2009

Findings from social surveys can support effective policy-making in Africa. However, research will only affect policy change if it is supported by the combination of an optimal political environment, timely recognition of a particular social problem and advocacy by policy analysts to government decision-makers. For this research to be utilized optimally, and more widely, obstacles to knowledge utilization in Africa need to be overcome. These relate mainly to dysfunctional research/policy interfaces in many African countries. Limited access to research data is another obstacle to the utilization of empirical research for policy decisions. African countries lack organizations which can act as intermediaries between data producers and data users in Africa. Survey data archives can fulfil this role through preserving and sharing empirical data and advocating for the use of social research in policy-making.
Library and Information Needs and Barriers to the Use of Information Sources by Continuing Education Students at the University of Botswana
Authors: Oladokun Olugbade Samuel , Aina L.O.
Published: January 2009

A study to determine the library and information needs of 80 continuing education students of the University of Botswana pursuing Diploma in Accounting and Business Studies was carried out in two locations in Botswana, with the objectives of identifying the library and information needs of the part-time evening students; identifying the barriers to the use of information sources; and establishing the extent of knowledge of computing and information skills by the part-time evening students. The findings reveal that major areas of information need related to course of study: job opportunities; career development and further education after diploma programme. The study also reveals that the University of Botswana Library does not adequately cater for the library and information needs of the students. The study recommends that the University of Botswana Library should ask for a space in the local public library, a secondary school or any school library to keep some materials for their use, that the University should negotiate access to and/or install computer with Internet facilities for them in a local library and lastly, the University Library or its branch should run a mobile library that would visit the satellite centres occasionally.
Usability of University Library Home Pages in Southern Africa: a case study
Authors: Muswazi Paiki
Published: January 2009

This is a case study of eight Southern African university library home pages. Its purpose is to trace usability from the 1990s in the context of limited information and computer literacy and English skills. Using the Wayback Machine, WAVE, version 4.0 and Readability test tools and manual checks, the evaluative criteria included accessibility, readability, library-user interaction facilities, currency and visual appeal and innovativeness. The main hurdles established are: (i) lack of alternative texts for images, (ii) use of terminology likely to be misunderstood and availability of content not understandable to all users, (iii) invisibility of cutting edge resources and services and (iv) outdated information and use of strenuous color schemes. Usability improvements included online forms to ease library-user communication and increasing adoption of attractive resources and services. The study concludes that the usability of the home pages beyond 2008 depends on rigorous implementation of usability standards and giving prominence to innovative resources and services.
ABCD: a new FOSS library automation solution based on ISIS
Authors: de Smet Egbert
Published: January 2009

The new ABCD software for free and open library automation with ISIS is presented with its technological and practical characteristics. As a web-based integrated solution it combines most (if not all) functions of other systems such as KOHA with the flexibility of the (Win)ISIS software to create and handle databases of any structure. The main technical characteristics as well as some managerial issues are briefly presented. The planning on the further work is discussed along with some challenges related to the specific nature of the ISIS users community.
Interaction of plasma proteins with commercial protein repellent polyvinyl chloride (PVC): a word of caution
Authors: De Somer F , Van Landschoot A , Van Nooten G , Delanghe J
Published: January 2009

Protein adsorption onto polymers remains a problem. In recent years, several protein-repellent PVC tubings have been developed. Although several studies report the interaction between plasma coagulation proteins and PVC, few address the interaction with other plasma proteins. Two commercial brands of untreated medical grade PVC tubing, phosphorylcholine-coated PVC tubing, triblock-copolymer (polycaprolactone-polydimethylsiloxane-polycaprolactone)-treated PVC tubing and poly-2-methoxyethylacrylate (PMEA)-coated tubing were exposed for 60 minutes to human plasma. A broad spectrum of plasma proteins was found on all tubing. The adsorbed albumin to total protein ratio is lower than the similar ratio in plasma while α1 and α2 globulins are over-represented in the protein spectrum. On PMEA tubing, not only α globulins, but also β and γ globulins, are found in high concentrations in the adsorbed protein. PMEA tubing and uncoated PVC tubing of brand B had a higher amount of protein adsorbed compared against all other tubing ( p < 0.05). There were no statistical differences in protein adsorption between the triblock-copolymer-treated tubing, the phosphorylcholine-coated tubing and the uncoated PVC tubing of brand A. The average thickness of the protein layer was 23 nm. Plasma protein adsorption still exists on uncoated and protein-repellent tubing and can initiate a systemic inflammatory reaction.
Comparison of isoproterenol and dobutamine in the induction of cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis
Authors: Anderson M , Moore D , Larson DF
Published: January 2009

Isoproterenol (Iso) was a clinical therapeutic that is now used as a research means for the induction of cardiac hypertrophy. Currently, dobutamine (Dob) has replaced Iso as the preferred inotropic β-adrenergic agent to wean patients from cardiopulmonary bypass and to sustain adequate cardiac function during the postoperative period. We sought to compare the cardiac structural and functional effects of long-term administration (7days) of Iso with Dob at a dose of 40μg/mouse/day in 12-week-old C57BL/6 female mice. Cardiac function was determined with transthoracic echo cardiography (ECHO) 24 hours after the last dose. Cardiac wet weights increased 33% and 24% in the Iso and Dob groups compared with controls ( p < 0.05). Dob and Iso significantly increased cardiac fibrosis and decreased cardiac function with chronic administration. Administration also resulted in increased left atrial size, suggesting that both Dob and Iso decreased LV compliance, but did not induce heart failure. In conclusion, chronic administration of Dob may have a detrimental effect on cardiac structure and function.
A cardioplegia circuit with versatility: the ‘ReVerse’ system. How to do it
Authors: Colangelo N , Moriggia S , Kieser T , De Simone F , Vescovo A , Palumbo L , Denti P , Guidotti A , Blasio A , Maisano F , Alfieri O
Published: January 2009

Various methods of cardioplegia administration have been used in cardiac surgery: crystalloid, blood and mixed crystalloid/blood. Each of these types of cardioplegia administration typically needs a different circuit. This may correspond to an increase in cost and the time needed to change the circuit if required. When various modifications are performed on the circuit, this also increases the risk of contamination. In order to simplify the management of differing cardioplegia circuits, we devised one circuit for all solutions in all situations by adding one modification. The ReVerse cardioplegia circuit system is a description of a two-pump cardioplegia circuit which is adaptable to either blood or crystalloid cardioplegia. The change from one mode to another requires a manoeuvre of two clamps, allowing the blood solution to travel through shunt tubing into the apposite pumphead. In our experience the versatility of this circuit is a fast, safe method to administrate all types of cardioplegia solution, saving the space taken up by storing multiple circuits.
The effect of daily administration of IL-18 on cardiac structure and function
Authors: Platis A , Yu Q , Moore D , Khojeini EV , Tsau P , Larson DF
Published: January 2009

Recently, the cytokine Interleukin-18 (IL-18) has been shown to be increased as a result of cardiac surgery. Elevated IL-18 has been associated with neurological dysfunction, systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) post open-heart surgery. The intent of the study contained herein was to determine the effect of IL-18 administration on cardiac function and structure. Eight C57BL/6 female mice were treated daily with 0.5μg/mouse of recombinant IL-18 for 7 days. Long axis echocardiography (ECHO) measurements of the anatomical and hemodynamic function of the heart for all mice were studied 24h after the last dose. The left ventricular wet weights increased from 84 ± 1 to 93 ± 3 mg when comparing the placebo (n = 8) with the IL-18 groups, respectively ( p = 0.01). With ECHO analysis, IL-18 significantly increased left ventricular (LV) mass, the left atrium dimensions (LA), and the left ventricular posterior wall thickness (LVPW) over the 8-day time period ( p < 0.01). There was a 5-fold increase in interstitial cardiac collagen content and a 30% increase in myocyte size in the IL-18 compared with the control groups ( p < 0.01). Administration of IL-18 appears to induce interstitial fibrosis and myocyte hypertrophy, resulting in increased ventricular stiffness. Thus, increased IL-18 during and post open-heart surgical procedures may induce left ventricular diastolic dysfunction and affect post-operative outcomes.
Goal attainment scaling (GAS) in rehabilitation: a practical guide
Authors: Turner-Stokes Lynne
Published: January 2009

Goal attainment scaling is a mathematical technique for quantifying the achievement (or otherwise) of goals set, and it can be used in rehabilitation. Because several different approaches are described in the literature, this article presents a simple practical approach to encourage uniformity in its application. It outlines the process of setting goals appropriately, so that the achievement of each goal can be measured on a 5-point scale ranging from -2 to +2, and then explains a method for quantifying the outcome in a single aggregated goal attainment score. This method gives a numerical T-score which is normally distributed about a mean of 50 (if the goals are achieved precisely) with a standard deviation of around this mean of 10 (if the goals are overachieved or underachieved). If desired, the approach encompasses weighting of goals to reflect the opinion of the patient on the personal importance of the goal and the opinion of the therapist or team on the difficulty of achieving the goal. Some practical tips are offered, as well as a simple spreadsheet (in Microsoft Excel) allowing easy calculation of the T-scores.
Declining Incidence of Catastrophic Cervical Spine Injuries in French Rugby: 1996-2006
Authors: Bohu Yoann , Julia Marc , Bagate Christian , Peyrin Jean-Claude , Colonna Jean-Pierre , Thoreux Patricia , Pascal-Moussellard Hugues
Published: January 2009

Purpose

To investigate the incidence and the risk factors of catastrophic cervical spine injuries in French rugby.

Study Design

Descriptive epidemiology study.

Methods

The patients included had cervical spine injuries causing neurological disorder classified from the ASIA scale, grade A to D. A retrospective review of all cases that occurred between the 1996-1997 and the 2005-2006 seasons was made. Circumstances of the injuries and of the clinical outcome were collected by interview.

Results

There were 37 cases of catastrophic cervical spine injuries in French rugby for the last 10 years. The incidence of the cervical spine injuries decreased during this period. The rates of injury were 2.1 per 100 000 players per year during the 1996-1997 season and 1.4 during the 2005-2006 season (P <. 01). The scrum was a major cause of injury, accounting for 51.3% (19/37). The forwards represented 89.2% (33/37) of the injured players. The hookers were involved in 37.8% (14/37) of the cases. The measures of prevention with the modification of the rules of scrum and the creation of a medical certificate required for players to play in the front row must have been successful.

Conclusion

The incidence of disabling cervical spine injuries in French rugby has decreased for the last 10 years, which is linked to the decreasing incidence of injuries in the scrum. This epidemiological study shows the effectiveness of the preventive measures on cervical spine injuries in French rugby players. A national register of catastrophic cervical spine injuries extends our epidemiological observations.
Video Analysis of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury
Authors: Boden Barry P. , Torg Joseph S. , Knowles Sarah B. , Hewett Timothy E.
Published: January 2009

Background

Most anterior cruciate ligament research is limited to variables at the knee joint and is performed in the laboratory setting, often with subjects postinjury. There is a paucity of information on the position of the hip and ankle during noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injury.

Hypothesis

When landing after maneuvers, athletes with anterior cruciate ligament injury (subjects) show a more flatfooted profile and more hip flexion than uninjured athletes (controls).

Study Design

Case control study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods

Data from 29 videos of subjects were compared with data from 27 videos of controls performing similar maneuvers. Joint angles were analyzed in 5 sequential frames in sagittal or coronal planes, starting with initial ground-foot contact. Hip, knee, and ankle joint angles were measured in each sequence in the sagittal plane and hip and knee angles in the coronal plane with computer software. The portion of the foot first touching the ground and the number of sequences required for complete foot-ground contact were assessed. Significance was set at P <. 05.

Results

In sagittal views, controls first contacted the ground with the forefoot; subjects had first ground contact with the hindfoot or entirely flatfooted, attained the flatfoot position significantly sooner, had significantly less plantar-flexed ankle angles at initial contact, and had a significantly larger mean hip flexion angle at the first 3 frames. In coronal views, no significant differences in knee abduction (initial contact) or hip abduction angle were found between groups; knee abduction was relatively unchanged in controls but progressed in subjects.

Conclusion

Initial ground contact flatfooted or with the hindfoot, knee abduction and increased hip flexion may be risk factors for anterior cruciate ligament injury.
Predicting Performance on State Achievement Tests Using Curriculum-Based Measurement in Reading: A Multilevel Meta-Analysis
Authors: Yeo Seungsoo
Published: January 2009

The purpose of this synthesis was to examine the relationship between Curriculum-Based Measurement (CBM) and statewide achievement tests in reading. A multilevel meta-analysis was used to calculate the correlation coefficient of the population for 27 studies that met the inclusion criteria. Results showed an overall large correlation coefficient of .689, which was heterogeneous among studies. Study sample size, proportion of English language learners, proportion of students with disabilities, and difference in time from when CBM and statewide achievement tests were administered were statistically significant components affecting the relationship between CBM and state achievement tests. Limitations, educational implications, and directions for future research are presented.
Neonatal Seizures: Treatment and Treatment Variability in 31 United States Pediatric Hospitals
Authors: Blume Heidi K. , Garrison Michelle M. , Christakis Dimitri A.
Published: January 2009

Neonatal seizures are one of the most common neurological disorders in infants. However, the optimal treatment strategy for neonatal seizures remains controversial and there is little data regarding current treatment of neonatal seizures. In this study we describe the current treatment of neonatal seizures and variation in practice among 31 pediatric hospitals in the United States. We retrospectively identified 6099 infants hospitalized in the first month of life in one of 31 pediatric hospitals participating in the Pediatric Health Information System, with a discharge diagnosis of seizure. As expected, most treated infants received phenobarbital. However, there was significant interhospital variability for all treatments studied including any antiepileptic drug treatment, phenytoin treatment, antiepileptic drug treatment through discharge, number of antiepileptic drugs used, and treatment with pyridoxine (P < .001). These findings highlight the need for rigorous controlled outcome studies to determine optimal therapy for neonatal seizures and devise treatment standards.
Visual Fixation in Chiari Type II Malformation
Authors: Salman Michael S. , Sharpe James A. , Lillakas Linda , Dennis Maureen , Steinbach Martin J.
Published: January 2009

Chiari type II malformation is a congenital deformity of the hindbrain. Square wave jerks are horizontal involuntary saccades that interrupt fixation. Cerebellar disorders may be associated with frequent square wave jerks or saccadic oscillations such as ocular flutter. The effects of Chiari type II malformation on visual fixation are unknown. We recorded eye movements using an eye tracker in 21 participants with Chiari type II malformation, aged 8 to 19 years while they fixated a target for 1 minute. Thirty-eight age-matched healthy participants served as controls. Square wave jerks' parameters were similar in the 2 groups. Saccadic oscillations were not seen. Chiari type II malformation is not associated with pathological square wave jerks or abnormal saccadic oscillations. The congenital nature of this deformity may permit compensation that preserves stable visual fixation. Alternatively, the deformity of Chiari type II malformation may spare parts of the cerebellum that usually cause fixation instability when damaged.
Recovery of Vision After Adjuvant Thalidomide in a Child With Tuberculous Meningitis and Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Authors: Stefan Daniela Cristina , Andronikou Savvas , Freeman Nicola , Schoeman Johan
Published: January 2009

A 7-year-old child, on maintenance chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia, developed tuberculous meningitis complicated by progressive basal meningeal inflammation and abscess formation, in spite of adequate tuberculosis treatment and adjunctive corticosteriod therapy. The child became blind as a result of involvement of the optic chiasm. After 2 months of adjunctive thalidomide therapy, the child regained vision and cranial magnetic resonance imaging showed marked reduction of the inflammatory changes previously demonstrated. Progression of intracranial tuberculous infection, in spite of a treatment that is generally considered to be adequate, is well recognized. Previous reports of a possible beneficiary role of thalidomide in these cases support an immunological basis. The present case suggests a role for thalidomide in the treatment of blindness due to involvement of the optic chiasm in progressive basal tuberculous meningitis.
Tourette Syndrome and Comorbid Pervasive Developmental Disorders
Authors: Burd Larry , Li Qing , Kerbeshian Jacob , Klug Marilyn G. , Freeman Roger D.
Published: January 2009

We examined the rates of comorbid pervasive developmental disorders in participants with Tourette syndrome. We used 7288 participants from the Tourette Syndrome International Database Consortium Registry. We found 334 (4.6%; 1 of every 22 participants) with Tourette syndrome had a comorbid pervasive developmental disorder. In participants with Tourette syndrome and comorbid pervasive developmental disorders, 98.8% had one or more comorbidities (pervasive developmental disorder was not counted) compared to 13.2% in the group of participants with Tourette syndrome only. Variables from logistic modeling that were significant predictors of Tourette syndrome and pervasive developmental disorders were: male gender; no family history of tics/Tourette syndrome; and an increased number of comorbidities (P < .001). We found rates of comorbid Tourette syndrome and pervasive developmental disorders to be increased by 13 times. Identification of differences between subgroups of patients with Tourette syndrome may increase understanding of syndromal susceptibility, severity, and outcome.
Pilot Study on Trihexyphenidyl in the Treatment of Dystonia in Children With Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Rice James , Waugh Mary-Clare
Published: January 2009

The aim of this study was to assess trihexyphenidyl in reducing overall dystonia, improving upper limb function, and achieving goals in children with dystonic cerebral palsy. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover trial was conducted with 16 participants at a tertiary children's hospital. Assessments were performed at baseline, week 12, and week 28. The primary outcome measure was the Barry-Albright Dystonia scale for global assessment of dystonia. Secondary measures included the Quality of Upper Extremity Skills Test, Canadian Occupational Performance Measure, and Goal Attainment Scale. A total of 14 children (88%) completed the study. Mean baseline Barry-Albright Dystonia score was 18.4 (95% confidence interval, 15.5-21.2). There were no significant treatment effects as measured by change in outcome scores. There were significant order effects for both the Goal Attainment Scale and performance aspect of the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure. Side effects were common. Larger experimental trials with more narrowly defined functional levels are indicated.
Successful Treatment of Cytomegalovirus Polyradiculopathy in a 9-year-old Child With Congenital Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Authors: Sohal Aman , Riordan Andrew , Mallewa Mac , Solomon Tom , Kneen Rachel
Published: January 2009

Cytomegalovirus lumbosacral polyradiculopathy is a well-documented complication of human immunodeficiency virus in adults who have a CD4 count of less than 40/μL. Patients present with an acute ascending flaccid paralysis of the lower limbs with areflexia, paresthesia, and urinary and bowel symptoms. However, it appears to be rare in children with congenitally acquired immune deficiency syndrome. We report a 9-year-old child with congenital human immunodeficiency virus infection who presented with cytomegalovirus polyradiculopathy and made an excellent response to cytomegalovirus treatment.
Multiple Congenital Anomalies/Mental Retardation Syndrome With Multiple Circumferential Skin Creases: A New Syndrome?
Authors: Tinsa Faten , Aissa Khaoula , Meddeb Mounira , Bousnina Dorra , Boussetta Khadija , Bousnina Souad
Published: January 2009

We describe a combination of multiple congenital anomalies, a severe psychomotor retardation and seizures in a 9-year-old Tunisian boy with circumferential ringed skin creases. He had symmetrical circumferential skin creases on arms, legs, and penis. Craniofacial anomalies included: an elongated face, tight forehead, hypertelorism, bilateral epicanthic folds, upslanting palpebral fissures, microphthalmia, convergent strabismus, wide nasal bridge, aberrant teeth, dental caries, and low-set posteriorly rotated ears with overfolded thick helices. He had also ureterocele, hypospadias, and others anomalies. The magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showed hypoplastic vermis, hypoplastic corpus callosum, and dilatation of ventricles. Chromosomal analysis revealed a normal male karyotype with 46,XY. Skin biopsy was normal. To the best of our knowledge, this combination of anomalies has not been reported and this case may be a unique syndrome.
Determination of Basal Metabolic Rate and Body Composition With Bioelectrical Impedance Method in Children With Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Sert Cemil , Altindağ Özlem , Sirmatel Fatma
Published: January 2009

This study uses the bioelectrical impedance method to assess the body composition, basal metabolic rate, and some other physical properties of children with cerebral palsy. In this study, 41 children with spastic cerebral palsy were assessed, and 56 normally developed children were included as control. Parameters such as body compositions, basal metabolic rate, body resistance, liquid compartment, and capacitance of patients and control group were measured and analyzed statistically. Basal metabolic rate, body mass index, extracellular liquid, intracellular liquid, body capacitance, and resistance differed significantly compared to the control group (P < .01), whereas extracellular mass, lean body mass, body cell mass, and fat mass did not differ significantly compared to the control group (P > .05). Parameters such as basal metabolic rate, body composition, and body resistance can be determined using the bioelectrical impedance method in children with cerebral palsy.
Multiphasic Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis or Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis: Report of an Atypical Case
Authors: Suppiej Agnese , Manara Renzo , De Palma Luca , De Grandis Domenico , Citton Valentina , Battistella Pier Antonio
Published: January 2009

An international panel has recently proposed consensus definitions for pediatric multiple sclerosis and related disorders. These are important diagnostic improvements, but exceptions have been acknowledged. Further insight about clinical overlap between pediatric multiple sclerosis and all forms of relapsing acute disseminated encephalomyelitis may be gained from long-term follow-up. We report an 8-year follow-up of a girl who developed multiple episodes of central nervous system demyelination at the age of 3 years consistent with multiphasic acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. At 10 years of age (7 years after the first clinical event), she developed progressive cognitive deterioration, mood disorder, and headache, suggesting a secondary progressive form of multiple sclerosis. Magnetic resonance imaging and cerebrospinal fluid analysis were equivocal while visual evoked potentials were the sole test in favor of a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. A multifaceted approach may be needed when dealing with atypical cases of demyelinating disease in young children.
Ictal Vomiting as an Initial Symptom of Severe Myoclonic Epilepsy in Infancy: A Case Report
Authors: Hino-Fukuyo Naomi , Haginoya Kazuhiro , Togashi Noriko , Uematsu Mitsugu , Kitamura Taro , Kakisaka Yosuke , Ishitobi Mamiko , Wakusawa Keisuke , Iinuma Kazuie , Oguni Hirokazu , Yamakawa Kazuhiro , Tsuchiya Shigeru
Published: January 2009

We report on 3-year-old Japanese twin brothers suffering from ictal vomiting during infancy. Intractable seizures, including generalized tonic-clonic convulsions, and myoclonic seizures persisted in late infancy. The diagnosis of severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy was confirmed by detecting a mutation in the voltage-gated sodium channel alpha subunit type gene. This is the first case report addressing ictal vomiting as the initial presentation of severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy.
Internationalization Plans for Higher Education Institutions
Authors: Childress Lisa K.
Published: January 2009

Many studies have been conducted on the internationalization of higher education. Yet little is known about institutional plans for internationalization. This article presents the results of a study conducted with the American Council on Education’s Center for International Initiatives on the types, prevalence, development, implementation, and monitoring of internationalization plans at 31 Association of International Education Administrator institutions. Internationalization plans are found in existence at 71% of the institutions. The article discusses the development of an internationalization plan typology, developed based on analysis of these internationalization plans, and can be used by higher education administrators and scholars in designing and evaluating internationalization plans to address specific institutional needs. Moreover, the study identifies five overarching benefits and functions of internationalization plans: An internationalization plan serves as a (a) roadmap for internationalization, (b) vehicle to develop buy-in, (c) mechanism for explaining the meaning and goals of internationalization, (d) medium for interdisciplinary collaboration, and (e) tool for fund-raising.
Episodic Frames, HIV/AIDS, and African American Public Opinion
Authors: Spence Lester K.
Published: January 2009

How are African American political attitudes influenced by the mass media? Cathy Cohen’s theory of marginalization suggests that media narratives about African Americans influence their public opinion about HIV/AIDS, behaviors associated with it, and populations associated with it. However, this has gone untested. Using an innovative experimental design involving four hundred African American participants, I find that episodic framing of HIV/AIDS not only activates negative attitudes toward behaviors associated with the disease and toward black men who engage in them; it also stimulates positive attitudes toward political mobilization and regressive policy solutions.
Longitudinal correlates of fatigue in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Patrick E , Christodoulou C , Krupp LB ,   on behalf of the New York State MS Consortium
Published: January 2009

Objective

To determine the predictors of longitudinal changes in fatigue based on pain, mood, and neurological impairment across multiple sclerosis (MS) subtypes.

Background

Fatigue is the most common symptom of MS but remains poorly understood. The New York State Multiple Sclerosis Consortium (NYSMSC) database offers a unique opportunity to longitudinally assess a variety of potential fatigue correlates in a very large and diverse MS sample.

Design/Methods

This study examined baseline and 1-year follow-up data on 2768 patients drawn from the NYSMSC database regarding fatigability, pain, depressive symptoms, MS subtype, and expanded disability status scale (EDSS). Correlates and predictors of fatigue were assessed in correlational and multiple regression analyses.

Results

Baseline fatigue, pain, and depression accounted for 34.6% of the variance in 1-year follow-up fatigue scores. Fatigue was lower in relapsing–remitting subjects than in other MS subtypes. Fatigue consistently correlated at baseline and follow-up with depressive symptoms, pain severity, and EDSS. Changes in fatigue correlated with changes in other variables.

Conclusions

Predictors of fatigue at 1 year include baseline fatigue, pain, mood, and EDSS. These symptoms are also correlated at baseline, follow-up, and in change scores. Identifying predictors of fatigue may facilitate patient management.
Earlier disability of the patients followed in Multiple Sclerosis centers compared to outpatients
Authors: Debouverie M , Laforest L , Van Ganse E , Guillemin F ,   for the LORSEP Group
Published: January 2009

Objective

The currently published works regarding the multiple sclerosis (MS) natural history report data were collected most often on population of patients recruited in MS centers. The aim was to compare the natural history of a population of patients followed in a MS centre (MSC) with patients followed outside a MS centre (NMSC).

Methods

Cases were identified through the LORSEP cohort, a network of neurologists (private ambulatory practice, hospitals, and MS centers) in France.

Results

A total of 3602 patients had been analyzed: 1036 MSC patients and 2566 NMSC patients. No difference was observed regarding gender and initial symptoms. Conversely, MSC patients were younger at MS onset and were more likely to have a primary progressive initial form. Median times (years) to the EDSS scores of 3, 4, and 6 were 5.8 (5.0–6.8), 8.4 (7.9–9.0), 16.0 (14.8–18.1) in the MSC group, respectively, whereas corresponding times were 8.4 (7.9–9.0), 12.3 (11.4–13.4), 19.1 (18.0–20.2) in the NMSC group. These differences according to the type of MS supervision were statistically significant for EDSS3 ( P < 0.0001), EDSS4 ( P < 0.0001), and EDSS6 ( P = 0.01), respectively. These findings were confirmed in Cox multivariate models.

Conclusions

The patients followed in a MS centre had earlier disability than patients managed otherwise. Analyses exclusively conducted in patients with MS supervised in specialized centers may falsely misestimate the times needed to reach major disability landmarks. Before using registries to study the natural history of MS, efforts should be performed to verify in how far data are exhaustive and to understand the local health care system.
Mortality among disability pensioners in Norway and Sweden 1990—96: Comparative prospective cohort study
Authors: Gjesdal Sturla , Svedberg Pia , Hagberg Jan , Alexanderson Kristina
Published: January 2009

Aim: The aim of the study was to assess excess mortality related to disability pension (DP) status and DP diagnoses in Norway and Sweden during 1990—96. Methods: Representative samples of the population aged 30—59 years, without DP at baseline 1 January 1990, 71,293 women and 76,928 men from Norway, and 68,181 women and 71,950 men from Sweden, were followed up during 1990—96. Granting of DP, DP diagnosis, age and gender were explanatory variables in Cox proportional hazards analysis with death from all causes as the outcome variable. Results: Among women, 10.4% in Sweden and 7.1% in Norway obtained DP, as compared to 7.5% and 5.6% of the men. In Sweden, 66% of female and 49% of male DP recipients had musculoskeletal diagnoses, as compared to 40% and 27% in Norway. In Sweden, 3.0% of the women and 6.1% of the men with DP died, as compared to 4.6% and 8.5% in Norway. Hazard ratios (HRs) for women with DP vs. the non-DP group were 3.2 (95% confidence interval (CI)=2.7—3.8) in Sweden, and 4.9 (95% CI=4.1—5.7) in Norway. Among men with DP, there was no difference in mortality rate between the countries. HRs for men with musculoskeletal diagnoses vs. the non-DP group were 1.5 (95% CI= 1.1—2.0) in Norway and 1.4 (95% CI= 1.1—1.8) in Sweden. In both countries, the mortality rate among female disability pensioners with musculoskeletal diagnoses was not increased. Conclusions: The study confirmed an increased mortality rate among disability pensioners, except for women with musculoskeletal diagnoses. The mortality pattern related to DP diagnoses was similar in the two countries. A high frequency of musculoskeletal DP diagnoses among women with DP in Sweden explained a lower mortality rate as compared to Norway.
Review Article: Communicable diseases surveillance lessons learned from developed and developing countries: Literature review
Authors: Sahal N. , Reintjes R. , Aro A.R.
Published: January 2009

Background: Surveillance of infectious diseases is recognized as the cornerstone of public health decision-making and practice. The aim of the evaluation of communicable diseases surveillance systems (CDSS) is ensuring that communicable diseases are monitored efficiently and effectively. The aim of this paper is to reflect on the experiences of both developed and developing countries in the evaluation of CDSS in order to learn lessons from these experiences to improve systems everywhere. Methods: A literature review of studies published in English in PubMed and databases of the World Health Organization (WHO), and Center of Diseases Control (CDC) from 1981 to 2007 was undertaken assessing CDSS. The studies were divided into those from developed and developing countries. Results: A total of 32 studies were included, 20 from developed and twelve from developing countries. Both developed and developing countries faced difficulties in CDSS. Studies from the developed countries have been analysed based on the quality of the system alone. In developing countries, most of the studies have been on the integrated diseases surveillance (IDSR) and have been performed shortly after the adoption of the IDSR. Thus it might be too early to make a fair evaluation. Some of the systems over-centralized, while some lacked private health sector involvement in the system. Further, some of the systems were affected by conflicts and civil wars which are common problems in developing countries. Conclusions: None of the countries had ideal CDSS. The strategy of integrated diseases surveillance seems to be functioning well especially in Africa.
The unethical focus on access: A study of medical ethics and the waiting-time guarantee
Authors: Karlberg H.I. , Brinkmo B.-M.
Published: January 2009

Aim: All civilized societies favour ethical principles of equity. In healthcare, these principles generally focus on needs for medical care. Methods for establishing priorities among such needs are instrumental in this process. In this study, we analysed whether rules on access to healthcare, waiting-time guarantees, conflict with ethical principles of distributive justice. Methods: We interviewed directors, managers and other decision-makers of various healthcare providers of hospitals, primary care organizations and purchasing offices. We also conducted focus group interviews with professionals from a number of distinct medical areas. Results: Our informants and their co-workers were reasonably familiar with the ethical platforms for priority-setting established by the Swedish parliament, giving the sickest patients complete priority. However, to satisfy the waiting-time guarantees, the informants often had to make priority decisions contrary to the ethical principles by favouring access before needs to keep waiting times within certain limits. The common opinion was that the waiting-time guarantee leads to crowding-out effects, overruling the ethical principles based on needs. Conclusions: For more than a decade, the interpretation in Sweden of the equitable principle based on medical needs has been distorted through political decisions, leading to healthcare providers giving priority to access rather than needs for care.
Adolescent Lifestyle Risk by Gender and Ethnic Background
Authors: Pauwels Lieven , Svensson Robert
Published: January 2009

The aim of this paper is to explain individual differences in lifestyle risk. Lifestyle risk has previously been identified as a key social mechanism which has strong direct effects on juvenile offending. Building on statements derived from the Situational Action Theory (SAT), we test the assumptions that (1) family structure explains individual differences in lifestyle risk, (2) these effects are moderated by mechanisms of social control, and (3) the effects of mechanisms of control are moderated by the effect of propensity to offend (morality and self-control). It is assumed that this model holds in different population segments such as subpopulations by gender and ethnic background. Results from two independently drawn urban samples in Belgium and Sweden are used to discuss the generalization of these findings. Mixed support is found for the `equality of effects' thesis.
The Future of Newman's Defensible Space Theory
Authors: Reynald Danielle M. , Elffers Henk
Published: January 2009

This paper will highlight the evolution of defensible space theory — from Newman's original theoretical model to some of the subsequent theoretical and empirical developments that have been made in the past 35 years. By charting these developments in our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of defensible space, the aim of this paper is to illuminate the aspects of the theory that remain ambiguous and those that have been clarified to some extent by developments in criminological research. This paper will suggest that the most ambiguous of Newman's concepts is that of `milieu'. It will be argued that this key defensible space concept draws on situational aspects of spatial layout and accessibility, land-use patterns and routine activities of place. With this in mind, this paper will attempt to re-conceptualize defensible space within the context of situational crime prevention theory by elucidating the effect that routine activities of place have on territoriality and the creation of defensible space.
Do Frustrated Economic Expectations and Objective Economic Inequity Promote Crime?
Authors: Rebellon Cesar J. , Leeper Piquero Nicole , Piquero Alex R. , Thaxton Sherod
Published: January 2009

Although prior research concerning Agnew's General Strain Theory (GST) has generated renewed support for the perspective, it remains limited in two critical ways. First, research tends to measure strain in terms of noxious stimuli while neglecting Agnew's conception of strain as the disjunction between expected and actual outcomes or as the disjunction between fair and actual outcomes. Second, studies rely exclusively on correlational designs that preclude causal assertions about the relationships among strain, anger, and crime. This study addresses both limitations by conducting the first experimental test of GST. Results indicate that (1) respondents assigned at random to experimental conditions involving strain as a disjunction between expected and actual outcomes or between fair and actual outcomes report significantly higher levels of situational anger, (2) high levels of situational anger are significantly associated with a higher self-reported likelihood of engaging in theft from an employer, and (3) these relationships are not significantly conditioned by perceived social support.
Exploring the Relationship between Strain and Some Neutralization Techniques
Authors: Froggio Giacinto , Zamaro Nereo , Lori Massimo
Published: January 2009

Classic strain theorists, such as Cohen (1955) and Cloward and Ohlin (1960), placed the emphasis on the relationship between strain and neutralization techniques. They argued that strains foster the adoption of beliefs favourable to crime. According to General Strain Theory(GST), stressful events are most likely to result in crime when a form of criminal reasoning already exists in the individual's mind. But few researchers have tested this idea. This study is one of the first to apply GST to a sample of 500 Italian subjects, in an attempt to merge two important theories: Agnew's theory and the neutralization theory. We aimed to test whether or not there is a combined effect between strain and some techniques of neutralization, especially with respect to two different criminal behaviours: major and minor crimes. The results provide partial support for the core idea of GST, namely of there being a relationship between strain, anger and crime.
Criminology and Criminal Justice in Malta
Authors: Calafato Trevor , Knepper Paul
Published: January 2009

Maltese criminology can be said to occupy a significant place in the national life of Malta. As a course of study, criminology makes a relatively recent appearance with the founding of the Institute of Forensic Studies at the University of Malta in 1993, although Maltese criminology has roots in forensic medicine from the 19th century. Criminologists in Malta, in their role of teaching and training police, probation and other criminal justice officials, have an identifiable influence on the practice of criminal justice. Some institutions are more reluctant than others to incorporate academic research into the policy-making process, but there is a well-prepared core of researchers carrying out relevant research.
Why Do Player Trades Dominate Sales?
Authors: Marburger Daniel R.
Published: January 2009

Although barter is considered to be inefficient, trades are more common than player sales in professional sports. Theory indicates that when owners have identical constant risk averse preferences, the contract zone for sales shrinks relative to that for trades. Moreover, the gap between the two contract zones becomes larger as the expected quality of the player increases. Probit estimations reveal that the likelihood a player is sold rather than traded increases with age and as the percentage of remaining career productivity decreases. An inverse relationship between player quality and the likelihood of sale for is found for hitters, but not for pitchers.
Comparative Studies of Silver Nanocomposite Fibers
Authors: Qufu Wei  , Dan Tao  , Bingyao Deng  , Fenglin Huang
Published: January 2009

Functional silver-polypropylene nanocomposite fibers are prepared using melt-compounding and sputter coating techniques. The functional nanostructures formed on the fiber surfaces are characterized by Atomic force microscopy. The Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray analysis system is employed to examine the chemical compositions of the nanocomposite fibers. It is found that incorporating the silver nanoparticles by melt-compounding caused severe aggregation of the nanoparticles at the polypropylene fiber surface. By contrast, the coverage of the sputter coated fiber surfaces is much more consistent. The anti-bacterial properties of the nanocomposite fibers are also investigated and compared. The antibacterial tests revealed the better performance of silver sputter coated fibers.
Effect of Thermal Conductivity Behavior of Jute/Cotton Blended Knitted Fabrics
Authors: Vigneswaran C. , Chandrasekaran K. , Senthilkumar P.
Published: January 2009

The relationship between fabric properties and thermal conductivity of various jute/cotton blended knitted fabrics has been studied. The experimental result shows that lower thermal conductivity noticed at higher jute blend proportions. The thermal conductivity reduces with increasing fabric thickness. It also reveals that fabric air permeability and tightness factor values influences the thermal conductivity of jute/cotton blended knitted fabrics. The thermal insulation values are noticed higher with higher fabric tightness factor and lower air permeability. Regression correlation coefficients between various fabric properties and thermal conductivity have been discussed.
Things like that don't happen here: Crime, place and real estate in the news
Authors: Wallace Aurora
Published: January 2009

This article investigates the construction of place in crime reporting through bystander quotes in recent crime stories in newspapers from the north-eastern US. These quotes are part of a larger pattern of reporting that highlights environmental features of serenity and peacefulness as antidotes to crime. Against claims that crime in the media is always exaggerated, this research demonstrates how the impact of crime is moderated by declaring it unlikely and by discursively shifting it to other geographic locations. It is argued that crime reporting shares a structural similarity with fictional representations of place found in film, and that this pattern of crime reporting helps to reinforce a suburban consumption ethos.
Crime's family tree: Conflating race, criminality and family in New Zealand
Authors: Gannon Susanne
Published: January 2009

This paper produces a critical reading of discourses of criminality, family and racialization circulating in an interrelated set of feature articles published in late 2006 in a major New Zealand newspaper. Through images, diagrams and written text, local crime is mapped as a familial aberration that threatens a whole city and region. Rather than demonstrating a novel approach to reporting crime, this paper argues that the representation of crime in these texts puts the body politic of the state, and good governance, at risk in ways that resonate with the new modes of subjectivity and responsibility that Nikolas Rose (2007) traces from contemporary biomedicine into populist discourses.