bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Art for the “Whole Child”
Authors: Winner Ellen
Published: April 2022

This chapter describes the progressive education movement as a reaction against the mind-numbing rote learning of traditional education. John Dewey was the founder of progressive education in the United States, but progressive education had European roots in the writings of Rousseau, Pestalozzi, and Froebel. Progressive education was based on three fundamental principles: Education must not corrupt the natural development of the child; education should be child-centered; and children learn best through play and hand-on-learning. An understanding of progressive education philosophy sets the stage for understanding the turn toward progressive art education, which also had its roots in Europe in the writings of Franz Cižek and Herbert Read. The progressive art education movement in the United States, led by Viktor Lowenfeld, Victor D’Amico, Henry Schaeffer-Simmern, and Rudolf Arnheim, overthrew the 19th-century approach. The new art education of the 20th century focused on expression (as a means to the child’s emotional growth), meaning, exploration, experimentation, and visual thinking, with the child seen as a budding artist. Copying and formulaic approaches were rejected in favor of nurturing and encouraging creative thinking. For progressive art educators, art was seen not as a body of knowledge but, rather, as a developmental activity.
Putting Making at the Center
Authors: Winner Ellen
Published: April 2022

This chapter examines Arts PROPEL, a progressive alternative to Discipline-Based Art Education (DBAE) developed at the same time. PROPEL grew out of a collaboration between Harvard Project Zero and the Educational Testing Service, with the goal of developing nonstandardized, qualitative forms of assessment in the arts. In contrast to DBAE, PROPEL insisted that making be at the center of art education. Out of making would grow reflection, the ability to evaluate, and an interest in art history. At the heart of PROPEL were long-term, open-ended, challenging “domain projects” that were personally meaningful to students, and “processfolios,” in which students kept all of their drafts and written reflections.
Standards and Assessment
Authors: Winner Ellen
Published: April 2022

This chapter examines the effect of the movement for accountability in education on art education—the push for national standards and reliable and valid forms of assessment in art education. The chapter examines the emergence of national and state standards for art education and the various approaches to assessing learning in the arts both in the United States (National Assessment of Education Progress, Discipline-Based Art Education, Arts PROPEL, and Advanced Placement) and abroad (International Baccalaureate and the portfolio method used in the Netherlands). Assessment of learning in art is far more highly developed in European countries such as the Netherlands than it is in the United States, and countries with authentic assessment systems also have more rigorous forms of art education than those in the United States. What has been done in other countries could be done in the United States—if there is a will. But improvement in assessment practices makes no sense without improving the rigor of art education.
Shameless Utilitarianism
Authors: Winner Ellen
Published: April 2022

This chapter describes the frequently heard utilitarian claim that arts education boosts students’ standardized test scores and grades in academic subjects. The evidence on which this claim rests is primarily anecdotal or correlational, and therefore causal claims are not warranted. This chapter describes the author’s work documenting how the claims fail to hold up and how publication of the finding that arts education does not improve academic performance caused anger in the arts advocacy and arts funding community. It is important, however, to follow the science and to come up with better justifications for art education than ones that are not only false but also implausible.
Introduction
Authors: Jin Kim Helen
Published: April 2022

Historians have studied the rise of modern evangelical America and South Korean Christianity as independent narratives. But they are actually tightly intertwined. A close look at three of the most influential US evangelical parachurches—the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association, World Vision, and Campus Crusade—reveals that they are best viewed as border-crossing networks stretching especially across the Pacific Ocean. They allied themselves with similar movements in South Korea long before they became “multinational corporations.” Since the outbreak of the Korean War, Cold War South Korea and the United States had been intertwined in a “religious Cold War” against global communism. Mapped onto that divine mandate was a Manichaean logic of “good” versus “evil” that created a transpacific, religious, racial, and political fault line, not only empowering the global rise of South Korean Christianity, but also, in part, shaping a niche and dying white fundamentalist America into the US evangelical empire. A transpacific historical lens reveals that the rise of modern evangelical America—and the explosion of South Korean Christianity—depended on America’s religious Cold War in Asia.
Martyrs
Authors: Jin Kim Helen
Published: April 2022

World Vision is an organization that began with the idea of Kyung Chik Han (1902–2000), which Bob Pierce (1914–1978) then incorporated into a 501(c)(3). Yet World Vision’s founding is usually solely attributed to Pierce. Highlighting the story of Korean War martyr Kim Ch’anghwa, his widowed wife Paek Okhyŏn, and their pastor, Han, modifies that myth. This chapter corrects that oversight, narrating the rise of World Vision through the inconvenient history of Cold War America’s entanglements with Korean people in a war turned “hot,” unspeakably bloody and tragic, on Korean soil. Moreover, World Vision did not stop with World Vision, but expanded into the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association. In 1952, Han, Pierce, and Paek spent “Christmas in Korea” with Graham, whose preaching on the Korean War battlefront was a key cultural force that helped to sacralize whiteness, linking white Jesus, white soldier, and white evangelist.
Orphans
Authors: Jin Kim Helen
Published: April 2022

Throughout the 1960s, the racialized transpacific networks forged in the 1950s had unexpected effects on the lives of Korean children, including orphans like Oh Chiyŏng, who joined the World Vision Korean Orphan Choir. No World Vision program was more popular than the World Vision Korean Orphan Choir in the 1960s. These orphan choristers, known as the “happy singing larks,” helped white American Protestants associated with the “new evangelicalism” to believe that they espoused, and could espouse, racial democracy through individual financial donations, sponsorships, and the practice of humanitarianism. Yet image and reality often did not align, as the nearly orphan-less orphan choir unwittingly helped to expand whiteness beyond US borders. The intertwining of religion, race, and diplomacy embedded in the image of the choir facilitated the transformation of the image of neo-evangelicalism, or the “new evangelicalism,” into a nonliberal but mainstream movement.
The Uses of Delusion
Authors: Vyse Stuart
Published: April 2022

Although reason and rationality are valuable assets in almost all contexts, in some cases people are better off putting reason aside. In a number of very important situations, people benefit by not seeing the world as it is and by not behaving like logic-driven machines. Sometimes they know they aren’t making sense, and yet they are compelled to act against reason; in other cases, their delusions are so much a part of normal human experience that they are unaware of them. As intelligent as they are, much of what has helped humans succeed as a species is not prodigious brain power but something much more basic. The Uses of Delusion is about aspects of human nature that are not altogether rational but, nonetheless, help humans achieve social and personal goals. This book presents a lively, accessible exploration, fleshing out how delusional thinking plays a role in personal achievement, love and relationships, illness and loss, and personality and behavior. The Uses of Delusion draws on the work of William James and Daniel Kahneman, as well as Joan Didion, who wrote about her compelling belief that her husband, though deceased, would soon return to her. The book is grounded in current views of rational and irrational behavior and illustrates how natural selection has provided humans with a number of beneficial delusions that help them get to the next day.
Ridiculous Reason
Authors: Vyse Stuart
Published: April 2022

This chapter outlines the popular methods of judging whether a belief is good or bad and whether an action is adequately grounded in sound logic. The chapter summarizes a debate between William Clifford and William James about whether it is ever justified to hold a belief without adequate evidence and describes a contemporary model of rational choice. Behavior based in delusion represents a deviation from rational choice, and in most cases delusions lead to ineffective or self-defeating behavior. But, in some important instances, delusional behavior can produce happier relationships, better adjustment to life’s challenges, and more effective action. Some delusions are impossible to reverse, even when the person knows they are illusions. But other delusions seem more malleable and amenable to change. In these cases, people may be aware of their delusions.
Soul Mates
Authors: Vyse Stuart
Published: April 2022

Approximately half of all first marriages end in divorce, yet marriage remains popular. There is strong evidence that delusion can help you find a mate and make your romantic relationships more rewarding. In the relationship marketplace, overconfident people risk appearing arrogant and less appealing, but there is evidence that they are more successful in competition with romantic rivals. In the context of marriage, people who idealize their spouses have happier marriages at the beginning and throughout the length of the relationship. Research suggests that this is not merely a biased assessment of the relationship but that people who idealize their mates create happier relationships. However, there is no evidence that delusional idealization of your spouse will fend off divorce.
Bedtime Stories
Authors: Vyse Stuart
Published: April 2022

The role of sleep in daily life is still something of a mystery, and, if possible, dreams are even less well understood. In the ancient world, dreams were thought to be prophetic, and later Freud and Jung promoted dream interpretation as a therapeutic tool. Early scientific theories of dreams suggested that they were a meaningless side effect of the process of consolidating learning during sleep and that human brains knit together the strange images of dreams to make a story. But there is an emerging recognition that the confusing stories people experience at night have value in their own right. Research on nightmares suggests that dreams are an important method of adapting to fears and regulating moods, and the amount and quality of REM sleep is associated with improved mood. So, nighttime delusions help people function better during the day.
Odysseus in Rags
Authors: Vyse Stuart
Published: April 2022

Human cognitive ability is prodigious, and reason and evidence should be guides in most situations. But some common features of human behavior are both irrational and helpful. Consistent with a pragmatist viewpoint, the value of an idea should be assessed by the behavior it engenders. In addition, Robert Trivers has proposed a theory of self-deception that suggests species have acquired this ability in order to more effectively deceive others in competitive situations. The delusions described in the forgoing chapters suggest that reason is just one tool—a very important one—in the evolutionary armament of humans. From the point of view of natural selection, being intelligent or logical was never the ultimate goal. Survival is the goal, and in some environments, delusion helps humans live another day.
Discrimination Based on Religion
Authors: Vodanovich Stephen J. , Rupp Deborah E.
Published: April 2022

This chapter begins with a discussion of the religious protections offered by the First Amendment, followed by Title VII’s provisions against religious discrimination. The authors summarize some Title VII exemptions based on religion—those given to religious organizations and the ministerial exception. The coverage of basic types of religious discrimination is divided into four sections: (1) the failure to accommodate sincerely held religious beliefs/practices, (2) disparate treatment, (3) harassment based on religion, and (4) retaliation. Finally, the Religious Freedom Restoration Act is discussed in some detail along with the implications it may have for employment discrimination law. A summary of representative settlements, supplemental readings, recommendations/best practices, and a chapter summary are included at the end of the chapter.
Title VII Legal Scenarios for Sex Discrimination and Sexual Harassment
Authors: Vodanovich Stephen J. , Rupp Deborah E.
Published: April 2022

In this chapter, the authors discuss important cases involving sex discrimination in the workplace. They detail how the Supreme Court has ruled that personnel decisions made on a subjective basis (e.g., judgments by supervisors) are covered by Title VII. The criteria for class certification in class action suits is also covered, as are the implications these criteria have for lawsuits containing a large number of plaintiffs. Key mixed-motive cases are also described. Importantly, personnel decisions based on sex stereotyping were deemed illegal and the type of evidence required for both plaintiffs and the defense under this scenario was clarified. Part of this clarification was provided by Congress in the Civil Rights Act of 1991. This chapter also summarizes the law involving sexual harassment. Many critical cases are examined, including the first sexual harassment case heard by the Supreme Court, in which sexual harassment was declared a form of sex discrimination. The authors also discuss the important criteria used in deciding sexual harassment cases.
Affirmative Action
Authors: Vodanovich Stephen J. , Rupp Deborah E.
Published: April 2022

This chapter covers affirmative action as it applies to equal employment opportunity (EEO). The authors begin with an overview of the Office of Contract Compliance Programs (OFCCP) and Executive Order 11246 (EO 11246, as amended). The bulk of the chapter focuses on voluntary affirmative action programs and the important cases that have shaped the legal landscape in this arena. Many of the cases that are covered involve so-called reverse discrimination, where members of a majority group challenge the legality of affirmative action. The chapter also includes sections on affirmative action with respect to consent decrees and set-aside programs. The authors also note the distinction of how an applicant is defined by the OFCCP and Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). Best practices regarding affirmative action programs are provided as well as a list of supplemental readings.
Introduction
Authors: Kohn Livia
Published: April 2022

The Daode jing is the oldest and most venerated scripture of Daoism, a complex religion that includes philosophy, communal ritual, and health cultivation practices. The philosophy is associated with “Dao” or “Way” and works with ideas of naturalness and nonaction. Its communal ritual comes with priestly hierarchies, holy scriptures, exorcistic spells, and more; health practices involve techniques of deep breathing, slow motion, gentle stretches, and meditation. This threefold division matches the three types of Daoists: literati, organized, and self-cultivation. Literati Daoists are members of the educated elite, creating meaning with Daoist thought and expressing themselves in commentaries, treatises, and poetry. Organized Daoists engage in formal initiations, regular rituals, and prayers to the gods, forming a particular segment of ordinary society. Self-cultivation practitioners focus on personal health, longevity, peace of mind, and spiritual immortality. All three come together fruitfully to constitute Daoism as a living tradition, and all strongly rely on and work with the Daode jing.
Communities and Politics
Authors: Kohn Livia
Published: April 2022

Beginning in the fourth century bce, certain groups and communities activated the nonaction and freedom from desires of the Daode jing differently. They withdrew from society, some to build utopian communities of great simplicity, others to practice self-cultivation. Information on both appears in the Zhuangzi. In addition, self-cultivation lineages are linked with an essay in the Guanzi called Neiye (Inward Training) that spells out ways of breath control and mental discipline. Further groups were sponsored by local rulers to expand Daode jing teachings into practical politics, most prominently at the Jixia Academy in the eastern state of Qi. Their thought is associated with the syncretist dimension of Daoist thought and also with the Huang-Lao school, a Daoist system of rulership that integrated Yin-Yang Cosmology and Legalism and was popular in the early Han, practiced actively by so-called masters of methods, the forerunners of Daoist immortals and empowered priests.
In the World
Authors: Kohn Livia
Published: April 2022

As China gained hegemony over East Asia, its culture, including the Daode jing, was transmitted to Korea, Japan, and Vietnam. Without establishing religious Daoist institutions, they all adopted notions of Dao, nonaction, and so-being together with visions of sageliness and immortality. The first Western encounter with the text happened in the sixteenth century through Catholic missionaries, followed by scholarly explorations and first translations. Initial readings focused on links to Christianity or condemned it as a form of nihilistic thought. In the twentieth century, speculations about the nature of Dao abounded, and the text began to have an impact on Western culture, most importantly in modern philosophy (notably of Martin Heidegger) and as a guide to a more balanced, nonaction way of life. Its cryptic, paradoxical, and mystical nature opened it to a variety of interpretations that found it a wellspring of wisdom and a source of alternative modes of thinking.
English Translations
Authors: Kohn Livia
Published: April 2022

Translations are appropriations of an original document into another language. They can be close to the original, matching words, syntax, and style; or they can be more focused on the target language, creating a document that imitates the text and evokes the same feelings and ideas. There are close to two hundred English translations of the Daode jing that span the full gamut, including both scholarly and lay-focused ones, the latter often by writers who do not know Chinese but gain a feel of the original from earlier renditions. Within this context, there are literal translations, those based on historical scholarship that use the text to recover ancient culture, and philosophical readings that relate it to Western thought, as well as poetic and rather whimsical renditions (such as, for cats) plus those that read the Daode jing as a guide toward greater social awareness and as a self-help manual.
Western Adaptations
Authors: Kohn Livia
Published: April 2022

These and many other translations of the Daode jing have made the text widely accessible to Western audiences, leading to a widespread and diverse adaptation. There are visions of Daoist leadership that extol the goodness of the sage and interpret the ancient ideals of nonaction, self-being, softness, and sufficiency in terms of executive excellence. In a wider dimension, the text has also inspired visions of environmental responsibility and was connected to concepts and practices of Deep Ecology. On a more mundane level, there are now works that extol “the Tao of” practically everything, from relationships through abundance to golf, photography, and more. In addition, the text has found expression in literature, music, and art, giving rise to books such as The Tao of Pooh, and recordings such as “The Songs of Laozi” and “Dao Blues.”
Methods of inclusion for animals
Authors: Sebo Jeff
Published: April 2022

This chapter considers how to reduce our use of animals as part of our pandemic and climate change mitigation efforts and increase our support for animals as part of our pandemic and climate change adaptation efforts. We can reduce support for industries that harm animals, health, and the environment, for instance through boycotts and taxes, and we can increase support for alternatives, for instance through procurement and subsidies. Additionally, we can include animals in health and environmental research and advocacy. We can include animals in health and environmental impact assessments. We can include animals in decisions about education, employment, social services, and infrastructure. And we can stop blaming and punishing nonhuman animals for human-caused harms.
Mobilizing Hope
Authors: Moellendorf Darrel
Published: April 2022

A climate crisis and other pressures on planetary ecology are causing profound anxieties. Climate change threatens to trap hundreds of millions of people in dire poverty and to separate further an already deeply divided world. However, a new generation of activists is offering inspiration, serving as a hope-maker. This book offers an accessible and empirically informed philosophical discussion of climate change, global poverty, justice, and the importance of political responses, both internationally and domestically, that offer hope. There are reasons enough to worry that the era of pervasive human planetary impact, the Anthropocene, could produce terrible global injustices and massive environmental destruction. But that need not be so. Since the Industrial Revolution, growth in productive capacity and the struggles to share its benefits widely and in an egalitarian way have made another world possible. We still have reason to hope for a world in which international cooperation to manage Earth systems sustainably prevails, in which the natural treasures of the Earth are valued, in which a vision of prosperity is realized and the scourges of disease, ignorance, and poverty are overcome, in which powerful lobbies defending private interests that threaten sustainability are minimized and contained, and in which democratic politics responding to the values of an educated public prevail. The work of bringing about such a world is the work of mobilizing hope.
Margaret Cavendish on Human Beings
Authors: Lascano Marcy P. , Schliesser Eric
Published: April 2022

Margaret Cavendish is a vitalist, materialist, and monist. She holds that human beings and other natural kinds are parts of the one material entity, “nature.” While human beings may not be superior to other animals in many ways, Cavendish does think that human beings have a type of knowledge and perception that is unique to their kind, that they strive for the continuance of their being, and that they join together into societies in order to achieve a more peaceful existence. This essay considers the formation of human beings, how their perception and knowledge differ from other nonhuman animals, how human beings are individuated, and in what sense they can be immortal. Finally, the essay argues that Cavendish’s views about the social nature of human beings mirror her views about the metaphysical structure of nature. The essay shows that Cavendish embraces natural and social hierarchy alongside a form of sexual equality that the essay dubs “Platonic feminism.”
The Metaphysics of Transhumanism
Authors: Olson Eric T.
Published: April 2022

Transhumanists want to free us from the constraints imposed by our humanity by means of “uploading”: extracting information from the brain, transferring it to a computer, and using it to create a purely electronic person there. That is supposed to move us from our human bodies to computers. This presupposes that a human being could literally move to a computer by a mere transfer of information. The essay questions this metaphysical assumption, then asks whether the procedure might be just as good, as far as our interests go, even if it could not move us to a computer.
The Making of Democratic Vulnerability
Authors: Jacobs Lawrence R.
Published: April 2022

This chapter argues that Donald Trump is not just the product of the particular features of 21st-century politics as many people might assume. In fact, he is a physical manifestation of many successive deformations of political representation and understanding of democracy. The chapter looks back to the rapid transformations of the early republic in the last third of 18th-century America. It argues that within a few decades, a democratic culture formed and knocked the landed classes from their seat above the social hierarchy. James Madison and his allies secretly responded to the era's turbulence and created a system of political representation that acknowledged popular consent and substantially restored elite control.
All Sorts and Conditions (1945–1954)
Authors: Tobin Robert
Published: April 2022

Influenced by English Christian Socialism, Episcopalians became prominent in the Social Gospel movement of the late nineteenth century. Among those who championed the movement’s values in the twentieth century was Bishop William Scarlett, who in turn influenced those who would lead the Episcopal Church in the 1960s. As American religion underwent a revival after the Second World War, Episcopalianism enjoyed growth both in membership numbers and institutional confidence. At the same time, there were those who increasingly questioned the church’s relationship to the established order and its limited appeal across class lines. Young, progressively minded clergy pursued innovative forms of ministry in urban and industrial settings in an effort to broaden the church’s presence in society. They also began to challenge racial inequality, though recognition of their own black co-religionists remained limited. By the mid-1950s, such changes meant the rift between liberal clergy and conservative laypeople was becoming more pronounced.
The Structure, Impact, and Power of the American Islamophobia Network
Authors: Arain Zainab , Barzegar Abbas
Published: April 2022

The American Islamophobia Network is a close-knit family of individuals and organizations that share an ideology of extreme anti-Muslim animus and work with one another to negatively influence public opinion and government policy about Muslims and Islam. Once on the fringes of the public sphere, since the election of Donald Trump they have entered into mainstream American politics and society. After providing an operational definition of Islamophobia and the Islamophobia Network as used by researchers at the Council on American Islamic Relations (CAIR), this chapter charts the impact of anti-Muslim networks on public life as seen in the areas of legislation and policy, public education, mainstream media, and law enforcement and national security. The chapter also presents an analysis of donor-advised funds, a well-known but understudied financial charitable vehicle that plays a significant role in shaping the American philanthropic landscape and which has been used to funnel millions of dollars to groups in the Islamophobia Network.
Attacking Muslims in North America
Authors: Nussbaum Brian , Vitek Andrew
Published: April 2022

This chapter is designed to look at the planned, organized, and systematically targeted political violence of terrorism targeting Muslims and Muslim communities in North America. It is particularly interested in attempts at high-intensity violence, attempts to cause fatalities, multiple casualties, or mass casualties, or attempts to wage continuous campaigns of planned violence—thus distinguishing this from many hate crimes, including intimidation, property damage, or spontaneous violence. It will draw on data to describe the nature, and changes, of terrorist targeting of Muslims in North America. It will add to this an analysis of some case studies of foiled plots and successful attacks that provide additional information about the changing nature of the threat.
African Psychology
Authors: Nwoye Augustine
Published: April 2022

This book aims to serve as a basic literature in the new field of African psychology as presently constituted in continental Africa. The book is designed to fill a huge void that exists with the persistent absence of a foundational text that evolves from the situated knowledges and experience of continental African realities and postcolonial concerns and is devoted to defining and charting the content and scope of this new field for scholars within and outside Africa. The book consists of a coherent and organically cohesive selection of the author’s key essays, the majority of them published between 2000 and the present in premier international psychological journals on various aspects of continental African psychology, understood as a postcolonial academic discipline. Some of the book’s chapters are new as well. These have been written to anchor and provide a conceptual unity to the book. In terms of content, the book consists of four parts. Part I presents the background to the book. It proposes the Madiban tradition as a framework of inclusion for the study of psychology in African universities. Part II focuses on the epistemological, methodological, and theoretical perspectives in African psychology. Part III introduces the reader to the field of African therapeutics, while Part IV aims to highlight the healing rituals and practices provided to the traumatized in contemporary Africa. The ultimate objective of the book is to give postcolonial Africans a fresh vision of themselves and their psychology and culture.
Research Methodology in African Psychology
Authors: Nwoye Augustine
Published: April 2022

This chapter highlights the epistemologies, methodologies, and principles of research in African psychology. The chapter argues that the current overemphasis on the use of quantitative approaches in social science research in African universities needs to be reconsidered to accommodate alternative research methodologies that are deemed more suited for the study of lives as lived in Africa. An illustrative sample of categories of qualitative methodologies discussed in the chapter are intended to open the eyes of students and scholars to the enormous promise of the qualitative research approach in African psychology. This in no way implies encouragement for the total replacement of quantitative methodologies with qualitative approaches in African psychological research. What is recommended is an entrenchment of the spirit of inclusivity and bifocality or complementary dualism in the curricula contents of degree programs intended for research training in African psychology.
Statistical Inference in Behavioral Research
Authors: Etz Alexander , Goodman Steven N. , Vandekerckhove Joachim
Published: April 2022

Null hypothesis significance testing (NHST) has long been a mainstay of scientific research, more in some scientific fields than others. It persists despite numerous calls across multiple scientific disciplines to abandon or at least modify the practice. In 2016, the American Statistical Association issued a statement decrying the use of the “bright line” p < 0.05 criterion as leading to a “considerable distortion of the scientific process.” There are a number of alternatives to NHST that don’t share its logical and practical deficiencies. First among them is Bayesian inference, which can be viewed as both a calculus of evidence and of belief. The Bayesian definition of “evidence” differs profoundly from what the p-value represents. In this chapter, we review deficiencies in NHST and provide an introduction to Bayesian reasoning, with particular attention to its relationship to the truth of scientific claims.
P-hacking
Authors: MacCoun Robert J.
Published: April 2022

The phenomenon of p-hacking occurs when researchers engage in questionable practices that enable them to report findings as being statistically significant. This chapter offers four models of p-hacking behavior—unconditional, strategic, greedy, and restrained—and explores the implications of each model. The author then discusses the implications of recent reforms (routine replication, preregistration, and blinded data analysis) with respect to these models. It seems clear that the set of behaviors that constitute p-hacking are quite consequential for the validity of our research and the perceived legitimacy of our authority as empirical researchers. The models of p-hacking presented here are speculative, but hopefully help shine light on some of the shadier aspects of empirical social science.
Publication Bias in the Social Sciences
Authors: Malhotra Neil , Zigerell L. J.
Published: April 2022

Publication bias is essentially a form of selection bias. If published studies are a non-random and systematically biased sample of the population of conducted studies, then meta-analyses will not be able to recover true population parameters of social phenomena. This chapter discusses two types of publication bias—selection for statistical significance, and selection on inference—and provides evidence that both types of publication bias have occurred in the academic literature. The chapter reviews how these types of publication bias can bias inferences from the literature, and the chapter discusses procedures that authors, journal editors, and others can adopt to limit the negative effects of publication bias.
The Making of Meaning: From the Individual to Social Order
Authors: Luhmann Niklas , Morgner Christian
Published: April 2022

For the first time, this publication makes available to Anglophone readers a sociology of knowledge and culture as developed by the sociologist and social theorist Niklas Luhmann. Luhmann is typically described as writing only about systems and as such about a topic that sociologists relegate to the annals of history. However, this publication reveals that sociology has acted prematurely, overlooking the rich and detailed sociology of knowledge and culture that on the one hand uses terms like ‘meaning,’ ‘memory,’ and ‘communication’ and on the other is very capable of using such terms in the form of a historical analysis that unravels the making and transformation of key concepts and questions that shape the understanding of modern society, like individuality and individualism, culture and memory, and social class. This theoretical approach and the empirical material as well as the insights drawn from their combination yield rich and surprising results and show a very different image of Luhmann than that of system theorist. As such, this volume will be of great interest to scholars in the field of social theory, sociology of knowledge, and cultural sociology, but also conceptual and cultural history as well as culturally oriented research in the arts and humanities.
Geographies of Nationhood
Authors: Gibson Catherine
Published: April 2022

Geographies of Nationhood examines the meteoric rise of ethnographic mapmaking in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as a form of visual and material culture that gave expression to territorialised visions of nationhood. In the Russian Empire’s Baltic provinces, the development of ethnographic cartography, as part of the broader field of statistical data visualisation, progressively became a tool that lent legitimacy and an experiential dimension to nationalist arguments, as well as a wide range of alternative spatial configurations that rendered the inhabitants of the Baltic as part of local, imperial, and global geographies. The book argues that map production and the spread of cartographic literacy as a mass phenomenon in Baltic society transformed how people made sense of linguistic, ethnic, and religious similarities and differences by imbuing them with an alleged scientific objectivity that was later used to determine the political structuring of the Baltic region and beyond. The book treads new ground by expanding the focus beyond elites to include a diverse range of mapmakers, such as local bureaucrats, commercial enterprises, clergymen, family members, teachers, and landowners. It shifts the focus from imperial learned and military institutions to examine the proliferation of mapmaking across diverse sites in the Russian Empire, including the provincial administration, local learned societies, private homes, and schools. Understanding ethnographic maps in the social context of their production, circulation, consumption, and reception is crucial for assessing their impact as powerful shapers of popular geographical conceptions of nationhood, state-building, and border-drawing.
Charles Williams and C. S. Lewis
Authors: Fiddes Paul S.
Published: April 2022

This study of the literary relationship between Charles Williams and C. S. Lewis during the years 1936–1945 focuses on the theme of ‘co-inherence’ at the centre of their friendship. The idea of co-inherence has long been recognized as an important contribution of Williams to theology, and had significant influence on the thought of Lewis. This account of the two writers’ conviction that human persons ‘inhere’ or dwell both in each other and in the triune God reveals many interrelationships between their writings that would otherwise be missed. It also shows up profound differences between their world views, and a gradual, though incomplete, convergence onto common ground. Exploring the idea of co-inherence throws light on the fictional worlds they created, as well as on their treatment (whether together or separately) of a wide range of theological and literary subjects: the Arthurian tradition, the poetry of William Blake and Thomas Traherne, the theology of Karl Barth, the nature of human and divine love, and the doctrine of the Trinity. This study draws for the first time on transcriptions of Williams’ lectures from 1932 to 1939, tracing more clearly the development and use of the idea of co-inherence in his thought than has been possible before. Finally, an account of the use of the word ‘co-inherence’ in English-speaking theology suggests that the differences between Lewis and Williams, especially on the place of analogy and participation in the human experience of God, might be resolved by a theology of co-inherence in the Trinity.
Together in Oxford, 1939–1945
Authors: Fiddes Paul S.
Published: April 2022

This chapter covers the period when the London branch of the Oxford University Press was moved to Oxford for the duration of the Second World War, and Williams moved with it, allowing him the opportunity to deepen his friendship with Lewis. Differences about the nature of romantic love can be seen in the respective assessments by Williams and Lewis of Passion and Society by Denis de Rougement, while different views of the relation between human culture and spiritual experience are apparent when comparing texts by Lewis and Williams, and some divergence on theodicy also appears. However, the fruits of a common conversation appear in sermons they each preached on ‘The Weight of Glory’. Lewis acknowledges the impact of Williams on the final chapter of his novel Perelandra, portraying the co-inherence of the ‘Great Dance’. We can also detect affinities between Williams’ final novel All Hallows’ Eve and Lewis’ The Great Divorce.
Life after Death, 1945–1963
Authors: Fiddes Paul S.
Published: April 2022

This chapter explores Lewis’ journey in imagination with Williams after Williams’ death in 1945. In his commentary on Williams’ Arthurian poems, while stressing the idea of co-inherence, Lewis offers a minimal account of Williams’ theology of romantic love; but later he moves deeper into Williams’ romanticism, admitting that human love offers an actual participation in God as well as an analogy of God’s love. This engagement with Williams’ thought reaches a climax in A Grief Observed, showing he has discovered what Williams knew: the emotional tension between believing that excessive pain may be ‘reasonable’ and feeling that it is not ‘tolerable’. In a broadcast Lewis hints that the ‘strange place’ that Williams wrote about could become a route to Lewis’ own land of heart’s desire. But we are left with a question about how much Lewis has come to share Williams’ understanding of romantic theology, despite his adoption of the vision of co-inherence.
Charles Williams and the Promise of Co-inherence
Authors: Fiddes Paul S.
Published: April 2022

While Williams fails fully to work out the idea of human co-inherence within the Holy Trinity, the potential for this is expressed in several writings. For instance, the image of ‘the land of the Trinity’ carries an implication of ‘dwelling’ in the Trinity, and there is also promise of this development in Williams’ earlier theology of romantic love. But the kind of co-inherence that Beatrice exemplifies in The Figure of Beatrice is simply being ‘in Christ’ who is Love itself, rather than participating in trinitarian relations of love. In the principles of The Company of the Co-inherence, the realm of active practices in the Christian life is detached from contemplation of the co-inherent Trinity, and so separated from a participation in the Trinity. The chapter nevertheless detects hints of a full view of human co-inherence in the relations of the Trinity in Williams’ later writings.
C. S. Lewis and the Idea of Co-inherence
Authors: Fiddes Paul S.
Published: April 2022

Outside Lewis’ extensive use of the word ‘co-inherence’ in his account of Williams’ Arthurian poems, it appears only in his letters, but this chapter argues that—like Williams—Lewis ‘shows’ co-inherence. He does this through metaphors, adding the dimension to co-inherence that seems lacking in Williams—an ‘indwelling’ of finite beings in the infinite Trinity. Until his late work, Lewis only finds an analogy between human passion and divine love, but once a human nature has become ‘supernatural’ through union with Christ, it participates in the relations of the Trinity in a way that Williams does not articulate. Lewis goes even further in Perelandra, giving the impression that everybody and every body participates in the life of the Trinity. Thus, he exhibits a tension between metaphors that show co-inherence and concepts that run counter to it. Finally, however, Lewis arrives at co-inherence between human and divine presences in the world.
C. S. Lewis and a New Turn to Charles Williams
Authors: Fiddes Paul S.
Published: April 2022

Just as there is a tension between metaphor and concept in Lewis’ writing, some metaphors in Lewis hold a similar tension within themselves. The metaphor of ‘begetting’ sons and daughters of God, among others, can be used to show a co-inherence of created beings in the life of God. But these images can also open a gulf between a life that is created (Bios) and one that is generated by God (Zoe). Unlike Williams’ rejection of ‘twofold’ human nature, a dualism remains in Lewis. The creation of myths in his fiction, however, allows him to show co-inherence imaginatively. In Lewis’ final writing, we find a turning to Williams’ thought in a presentation of the relation of God and the world which is like co-inherence. There is thus an alignment with Williams’ understanding of the immanence of God, just as we saw earlier an approximation to Williams’ theology of romantic love.
The Impossible Possibility
Authors: Fiddes Paul S.
Published: April 2022

The word ‘coinherence’ made an early entrance in a lecture that Williams gave on the theologian Karl Barth in 1939. Williams’ fascination with Barth’s phrase ‘impossible possibility’ mingles with his own notion of ‘co-inherence’ to produce an original perspective on Barth’s commentary on the Epistle to the Romans. First, Williams aligns Barth’s ‘impossible possibility’ of the divine call with the ‘Beatrician moment’ when the lover ‘sees’ the beloved in glory. Second, he takes up Barth’s stress on the ‘impossible possibility’ of a life of faith, and generalizes it into many human experiences. Third, Williams recalls Barth’s recognition of the ‘impossible possibility’ of communion with Christ in the present moment—a Kierkegaardian theme—and asserts that co-inherence offers a resolution. Finally, he interprets Barth’s vision of the church as an ‘impossible possibility’ as a co-inherence in Christ. All this confirms recent Barth scholarship on the difference of Barth’s dialectic from Kierkegaard’s.
The Poetics of Desire in Thomas Traherne and C. S. Lewis
Authors: Fiddes Paul S.
Published: April 2022

This chapter uses citations by Lewis from Thomas Traherne to show that the idea of desire had a powerful effect on the poetics of both writers, and that it shapes Lewis’ approach to ‘co-inherence’. For both writers, desire is the longing for something unknown, although Lewis writes about a joy that remains unsatisfied and Traherne about joy satisfied. For both writers, this desire is an enlargement of the self, which amounts to a co-inherence with others and God. For both writers, desire is worship, returning the beauty of the world in praise to God, while Lewis is less ready to follow Traherne’s view of human creativity as contributing something ‘new’ to God’s own creation. The chapter argues that, despite his admiration for Wordsworth, for Lewis joy is based in a Trahernian poetics of desire, and that Traherne’s longing for a ‘far country’ is reflected in the Chronicles of Narnia.
Data Science Ethics
Authors: Martens David
Published: April 2022

Data science ethics is all about what is right and wrong when conducting data science. Data science has so far mainly been used for positive outcomes for businesses and society. However, just as with any technology, data science has also come with some negative consequences: an increase of privacy invasion, data-driven discrimination against sensitive groups, and decision making by complex models without explanations. This book looks at the different concepts and techniques related to data science ethics. Data scientists and business managers are not inherently unethical, but at the same time not trained to think this through either. This book aims to address this important gap. The techniques discussed range from k-anonymity and differential privacy to homomorphic encryption and zero-knowledge proofs to address privacy concerns, measurements to assess, and techniques to remove discrimination against sensitive groups, and various explainable AI techniques. The real-life cautionary tales further illustrate the importance and potential impact of data science ethics, including tales of racist bots, search censoring, government backdoors, discrimination in recruitment, predicting pregnancy, redlining, re-identification of persons based on movie viewing and location data, cheating academics, and face recognition. Additionally, 10 discussions are provided with hypothetical scenarios, for example:‘you are the founder of a startup …’, which then present an ethical dilemma related to data science. These can serve as structured exercises to be completed with your fellow colleagues, and will teach you how to balance the ethical concerns and the utility of your data.