bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Daily Heterothermy by Temperate Bats Using Natural Roosts
Authors: Willis Craig K R
Published: November 2023

Periods of heterothermy, or torpor, can save mammals and birds substantial amounts of energy. Temperate-zone insect-eating bats often use torpor to accommodate the thermoregulatory challenges associated with their large surface area to volume ratio and dependence on food that fluctuates within and between seasons. Torpor associated with hibernation has been well studied, but heterothermy during summer has received less attention, especially in free-ranging bats. Roosting ecology almost certainly influences patterns of daily heterothermy, but, to date, the majority of studies have focused only on individuals roosting in buildings, as opposed to those roosting in naturally occurring sites (e.g., tree cavities, rock crevices). In this chapter I review a number of predictions about torpor use and roost selection by bats as suggested by the costs and benefits of torpor in different circumstances. I evaluate these predictions with examples from the literature on bats in buildings and natural roosts, and with new data on bats roosting in natural sites. I also suggest avenues for future research addressing this important aspect of the physiological ecology of bats.

INTRODUCTION

Endothermic animals rely on behavioral, physiological, and morphological adaptations to reduce thermoregulatory costs (Pough et al., 1996). These adaptations are especially important for animals in temperate regions where food resources fluctuate within and between seasons (McNab, 1982). A number of birds and many mammals reduce thermoregulatory costs by using periods of heterothermy, or torpor (Geiser, 1996; Wang, 1989), defined as a state of inactivity and reduced responsiveness to stimuli during which metabolic rate (MR) and body temperature (Tb) fall below normothermic levels, and from which animals can actively arouse in the absence of an exogenous heat source (Barclay et al., 2001; Bligh and Johnson, 1973; Geiser, 1998).

Heterothermy in temperate insect-eating bats is common (Audet and Fenton, 1988; Brigham, 1987; Geiser and Ruf, 1995;
The Correlated Evolution of Cranial Morphology and Feeding Behavior in New World Fruit Bats
Authors: Dumont Elizabeth R
Published: November 2023

Plant-visiting phyllostomids exhibit remarkable diversity in cranial design. This chapter seeks to explain the functional basis of this diversity by evaluating the correlated evolution of cranial morphology and feeding behavior within the lineage. Several significant associations between morphology and behavior are documented using two modern comparative techniques: independent contrasts and squared-change parsimony. Based on models of mammalian mastication and results of previous experimental studies, variation in the magnitude of masticatory stress is a common theme in the evolution of the morphology/behavior associations. Inspection of reconstructed ancestral character states suggests that the evolution of fig-feeding is associated with shifts to morphologies and behaviors that reflect increased masticatory stress. This conclusion is provisional and requires testing with additional fig-feeding clades. Ultimately, explicitly evolutionary analyses such as this one are powerful tools for elucidating patterns of morphological and behavioral integration in chiropteran evolution.

INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND

Functional studies are fundamentally comparative, focusing on associations expressed by species that are closely related and/or fill similar ecological niches. In accordance with modern thoughts concerning the fundamental importance of phylogeny (e.g., Brooks and McLennan, 1991; Felsenstein, 1985; Harvey and Pagel, 1991), comparative biologists are increasingly accounting for phylogenetic structure in analyzing these associations (e.g., Eggleton and Vane-Wright, 1994; Martins, 1996; Wainwright and Reilly, 1994). Prior to the development of modern comparative methods, functional morphologists lacked adequate tools for evaluating the evolution of continuous morphological and behavioral data.
Is America Still a Republic? Sovereignty, Corruption, Civic Virtue, and Liberty
Authors: Hart Gary
Published: November 2023

it was never an issue whether America—loosening itself from the colonial tentacles of the English monarchy—would be a republic. Its founders outdid each other in acclamations of their dedication to the wisdom of Cato and Cicero, to the genius of Polybius and Livy, and to the republican ideal. Madison, Hamilton, and Jay collectively wrote the Federalist Papers as “Publius.” The country’s first president was an American Cincinnatus. Political structures were constructed on the foundations of representative government. The oligarchical “few” of the mixed republics were replaced by a “natural aristocracy.” Property ownership was recognized to be critical to the stability of the new republic and became a condition of participatory citizenship in most new States. In almost every way, structures and procedures were designed to emulate those of the traditional republic. “Reading the political pamphlets and private correspondence of the 1790s, one gets the impression that ‘republican’ was a label to be fought over, a prized appellation to claim for one’s own views.”1
Introduction
Authors: de Duve Christian
Published: November 2023

If I were to tell you the words were typed separately by five different monkeys, would you believe me? Not if you have taken more than a passing glance at them. “All five words end with WNGP,” you would point out to me, “and for monkeys hitting keyboards independently, this cannot be.” Actually it can. But the probability of such a coincidence is one in 655 billion billions. You would need a pretty large number of monkeys for five of them to have a reasonable chance of coming up with the same word ending. Surely, a more likely possibility is that the monkeys cheated.
How Did Life Arise? From RNA to Protein-Dna
Authors: de Duve Christian
Published: November 2023

This process probably went through several stages. First, the chemical machinery must have appeared. Remember our governing principle: chemistry came :first. Next came information, with the development of translation and the genetic code.
The Invisible World of Bacteria
Authors: de Duve Christian
Published: November 2023

To most of us, the word “bacteria” conjures up specters of plague, cholera, diphtheria, tuberculosis, and all the other scourges from which we were delivered by the genius of Pasteur and his contemporaries. But pathogenic bacteria are only a small minority. Most bacteria are harmless. Many are useful, even indispensable, for the economy of the living world. There are bacteria everywhere, adapted to an enormous variety of different environments.
The Riddle of the Brain
Authors: de Duve Christian
Published: November 2023

In recent years, this question has become a central topic of research, sometimes referred to as the “last frontier,” involving some of the best neurobiologists, psychologists, cognitive scientists, computer experts, and philosophers in the world. The field is actively fermenting, and I can give only an interested but unspecialized onlooker’s view of its dynamic state.
How About God in All That?
Authors: de Duve Christian
Published: November 2023

This question was reportedly asked by emperor napoleon the First of the physicist Pierre-Simon de Laplace, who had just explained to him the strictly deterministic principles of his Mecanique celeste. “Your Majesty,” the famous French scientist is said to have replied, “I have no need for that hypothesis.” Often denounced for its superbly disdainful assertiveness, this answer does, in fact, sum up the scientific attitude.
Introduction
Authors: Golden Bernard
Published: November 2023

Whether observing the annoyance of a two-year-old demanding to We have his way or responding to the hostile, rejecting rage of a distraught adolescent seeking greater independence, dealing with a child’s anger is one of the most frustrating and challenging tasks a parent faces. Such anger usually arouses in parents a variety of intense emotions, including hurt, guilt, rejection, frustration, confusion, and, yes, even anger. Through words and by their behavior, consciously and unconsciously, parents greatly influence how their child thinks about and handles anger. At the same time, children and teens receive a wide variety of messages about anger from peers, siblings, teachers, others in the community, and the media.
What Does Your Child Real1y Want or Need?
Authors: Golden Bernard
Published: November 2023

Your anger tells you more about yourself than it does about the target of your anger. It informs you about what is uniquely important to you. When examined closely, your anger gives you information about your core motivations, including your wishes and needs. It also helps you recognize your values and attitudes. The comprehensive management of anger involves both understanding your core motivations and managing the energy aroused by anger. As a parent, the more you are able to recognize anger as providing information about motivations, the more you can help your child clearly make sense of and manage anger. This chapter provides guidelines and specific skills for achieving this task.
Making Sense of Anger in the World Around Us
Authors: Golden Bernard
Published: November 2023

So far I have focused on ways you can teach your children about anger by applying the model of anger to their emotions and to those of others in their life. I also encouraged you to model anger management for your children. In contrast, this chapter focuses on looking at anger in literature, movies, television, news reports, music, games, and the school curriculum. These are rich resources that offer you numerous opportunities for discussion of anger, whether at home or in school.
I Need to Think About It
Authors: Golden Bernard
Published: November 2023

Critical thinking is essential for effectively making sense of and managing anger, and helping children and teens develop skills in how to think is crucial for effective critical thinking. While a variety of thinking skills are fundamental for learning, only in recent years have schools begun to recognize the importance of teaching these skills, including problem solving, analyzing information, and generating alternative solutions. At the same time, studies emphasize that children who are taught specific skills in thinking are more effective in their learning and develop an increased sense of mastery and competence. Developing a broad range of thinking skills is as important for your child’s management of anger as it is for meeting any of life’s challenges.
Introduction
Authors: O’Brien Ruth
Published: November 2023

What is it like to use a wheelchair? What happens when you are deaf, hospitalized, and about to undergo surgery? What transpires when you tell your boss you are HIV-positive? How does it feel to tell—or not to tell— your supervisors and colleagues that you have a serious neurological disease? What runs through your mind when, for the umpteenth time, you hear that patronizing “compliment” about how well you appear to cope with your impairment? The stories in this collection reveal what it is like to live in such a world.
Defining Moments (Dis)ability, Individuality, and Normalcy
Authors: O’Brien Ruth
Published: November 2023

Aleshire’s story raises the pivotal issue in both disability studies and disability rights: what is a disability? Scholars in disability studies address the subject by exploring questions of the self and identity. How does a physical or mental impairment affect one’s development? What influence does it have on other people’s view of this person? Are persons with disabilities normal, abnormal, aberrant, deviant, or just different? Aleshire’s story reveals just how fortunate she feels about being raised by a loving and caring family that appreciated her individuality.
Revealing Workplaces
Authors: O’Brien Ruth
Published: November 2023

All three of these stories reveal how much their protagonists want to work. Most persons with disabilities have the same aspiration. Indeed, Title I of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) was passed to protect persons with disabilities from employment discrimination. Democrats and Republicans alike supported its passage. As disability rights activist Marta Russell explains, “We got our civil ‘rights’ in exchange for getting disabled people off entitlements.” One of the best tests of the ADA’s effectiveness is whether people with invisible disabilities rely on it. Nowak’s and Atkins’s stories explore this issue.
Whack!
Authors: O’Brien Shawn Casey
Published: November 2023

I thought I was being a good neighbor, picking up my friend and neighbor Sal for the long ride down the 405 freeway to Long Beach and the Coastal Commission, where, for next to nothing, I’d do a little legal research on some beachfront property he was hot on last night, over drinks. “We have to move fast,” Sal had said with slurred urgency. “Seven in the morning, pick me up. We’ll get in before they open up.” Not quite possible, but I knew what he meant. Next morning, having given him the benefit of doubt, I was there at8 A.M., and he still wasn’t ready. Apparently, last night’s urgency had given way to this morning’s hangover. As he showered, I decided to have a little breakfast at a small café across the alley.
Private Places And Public Spaces
Authors: O’Brien Ruth
Published: November 2023

The parking space, with the wheelchair insignia embossed in blue on the tarmac, constitutes arguably the most recognizable sign of a public accommodation in the United States. That blue spaces are ubiquitous, however, does not eliminate or even reduce the controversies involved with gaining this accommodation. O’Brien’s story offers a good illustration of this point. The parking problem that he faces revolves around enforcement. O’Brien perceives controversies about enforcement as a battle, and he fights the good fight for himself and his neighbors. O’Brien is very aware of his rights, buying coffee to show that he’s a paying customer and entitled to parking, yet he knows that not all persons with disabilities are the same. Some disabled people are not conscious of their rights. Others might get discouraged by the bureaucratic run-around following the initial confrontation with a recalcitrant owner like Mr. Daar.
Afterword
Authors: O’Brien Ruth
Published: November 2023

The eloquent contributions in this volume give readers a look into the lives of persons with disabilities. By letting each contributor use his or her own voice, the volume opens doors of imagination in many diverse locations. It restores some balance to the overall narrative about disability by having people with impairments speak for themselves. In the past, it has been able-bodied authors like William Shakespeare and Victor Hugo, just to name a few, whose stories have shaped our views of disability. “Nondisabled people have had, and largely continue to have, ‘absolute power’ over narratives,” explains social policy specialist Jenny Morris, “when it comes to the representation of impairment in literature, film, television, [and] art.” This volume also advances legal narration as a genre by moving its application from the lives of people of color to the lives of persons with disabilities.
Structure and Dynamics of Melitaea cinxia Metapopulations
Authors: Nieminen Marko , Siljander Mika , Hanski Ilkka
Published: November 2023

To place our research on the Glanville fritillary butterfly (Melitaea cinxia) in a historical perspective, consider the state of metapopulation ecology in 1990. The earlier history, reviewed by Hanski (19996), includes outstanding conceptual contributions by Wright (1940) in population genetics and evolution and by Nicholson (1933) and Andrewartha and Birch (1954) in population ecology. Several significant though somewhat isolated studies appeared in the 1950s and 1960s. Huffaker (1958) showed with a laboratory system of herbivorous mites and predatory mites that patchy habitat led to sufficient spatial asynchrony in population densities to allow the two species to coexist when they could not coexist in a more uniform habitat (the predator would cause the extinction of the prey). Den Boer (1968) argued on the basis of his studies on ground beetles that assemblages of local populations without strong density dependence but connected by some migration would persist by virtue of being influenced by different sequences of environmental perturbations-the spreading-of-risk idea. Gadgil (1971) showed for the first time how habitat patchiness would influence the evolution of a key life-history trait, migration rate. And then there was the illustrious work of Levins (1969), who proposed a simple mathematical model to demonstrate the possibility of metapopulation-level persistence of a set of extinction-prone local populations, essentially because he assumed that different populations have independent dynamics, and hence there was time for recolonizations to compensate for local extinctions before the entire metapopulation would go extinct. But in spite of these studies, the field was still wide open in 1990, as is shown by the few citations to the key word “metapopulation” before 1990 and the exponential growth of such citations afterwards (Hanski and Simberloff 1997).
Checkerspot Reproductive Biology Caroll. Boggs and marko nieminen
Authors: Ehrlich Paul R , Hanski Ilkka
Published: November 2023

Reproductive behavior, physiology, and ecology affect the number of offspring that an individual butterfly contributes to the next generation; therefore, these factors play an integral mechanistic role in influencing population and evolutionary dynamics. Critical questions include, how do males and females find each other and select mates? Why have particular mating systems evolved? What are the nutrient sources for offspring production and how much should females or males invest in each off-spring? What determines temporal patterns of egg production? How do all these tie together to influence lifetime reproductive success? And how are these decisions influenced by the environment and by selection?
What Have We Learned?
Authors: Ehrlich Paul R , Hanski Ilkka , Boggs Carol L
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we recap the major lessons to be distilled from the work on checkerspots. Some of the lessons are novel; some reinforce previous conclusions by other researchers. The first, and perhaps the most significant lesson relates to the model system approach that we have taken in our research. The diversity of natural populations is so great that model systems may never play quite the same role in population biology as Drosophila in genetics or Caenorhabditis elegans in developmental biology. Nonetheless, the checkerspot system has demonstrated that concentrating research efforts on particular systems will greatly contribute to better understanding of many fundamental issues in ecology, evolution, behavior, and conservation biology. The knowledge gained from the model systems ultimately can be applied to answering questions about less intensively studied species. For instance, if we were now asked to evaluate the conservation status of a little-known endangered insect species, we would first look at its probable metapopulation structure, the topographic heterogeneity of its habitat, and how these will interact with climatic variability. None of this may prove critical in a particular system, but the work on checkerspots tells us that here would be a good place to start.
Conclusion: How Science Works and Its Role in Society
Authors: Jenkins Stephen H
Published: November 2023

In the preceding chapters I used several examples from biology and medicine to explore some important aspects of the scientific process. Some of these examples have been prominently featured in recent news reports (leg deformities and declining populations of frogs; genetic and environmental contributions to the risk of cancer); others have been interesting mainly to specialists (spatial memory abilities of food-storing animals).
1754–1763 “Join, or Die”
Authors: Ferling John
Published: November 2023

Benjamin Franklin stood on a bobbing ship, bathed in a warm summer sun. On this golden morning in June 1754, he was sailing north on the blue-green Hudson River, past dusty little villages and seemingly endless grand estates, beyond the gently rolling wooded terrain just north of Manhattan and into the New York Highlands, where tall hills hovered above emerald meadows. Franklin had retired as a printer and publisher, but this was not a pleasure cruise. He was on a mission. Pennsylvania had selected him as a representative to meet in Albany with commissioners from other British colonies. They were to search for a means by which the provinces, and their Native American allies, could cooperate in the likely event that war erupted with France.
1766–1770 “To Crush the Spirit of the Colonies”
Authors: Ferling John
Published: November 2023

The Stamp Act crisis had caused numerous Americans, as never before, to contemplate their rights and liberties, the degree of autonomy they possessed within their empire, and the economic realities of their dependent status. John Adams was not alone in subsequently concluding that American independence was born during the Stamp Act episode. David Ramsay, a South Carolinian who in 1789 published one of the first histories of the American Revolution, wrote that the crisis, and especially London’s capitulation, “was the first direct step to American independency.” Peter Oliver, brother of the victimized Andrew Oliver, even earlier had written a history of the rebellion in which he reached the same conclusion. Each argued that the colonists “swelled with their own Importance” when Parliament backed down. Thereafter, they wrote, the provincials not only knew their own power, but discounted the prowess of the mother country.
1776–1777 “A Leap Into the Dark”
Authors: Ferling John
Published: November 2023

Since January, when momentum for independence had begun to build, the recon ciliationists had cautioned repeatedly about the perils of breaking with Great Britain and the risks involved in a protracted war. None made the case better than “Civis,” a Pennsylvanian who warned that to declare independence would be a “leap into the dark.” What, he asked, will America derive from it? None who favored independence was blind to the uncertainty of the future.
1799–1801 “The Gigg Is Up”
Authors: Ferling John
Published: November 2023

Adams was in low spirits when he returned to the capital in November 1799. He had delighted in quashing Hamilton in their recent confrontation in Trenton, but he had to believe that the vengeful inspector general would come after him with the unbridled fury of a wounded animal. Personal sorrow also clouded Adams’s mood. During that star-crossed autumn the president had learned that his middle son—Charles, who was only twenty-nine—was ruined and ill from alcoholism. Nor had the president’s own future ever been more uncertain. He knew that his chances of winning reelection in 1800 were uncertain, and probably unlikely, and that defeat would confront him with troubling personal choices, the likes of which he had not been forced to deal with for years. In addition, Adams had celebrated his sixty-fourth birthday as he traveled south from Quincy. He had lived what for most of humanity in eighteenth-century America was a normal life span. Indeed, only a few days after he returned to the President’s House in Philadelphia, thoughts of his own mortality must have become paramount, for he received the startling news that Washington had died recently at Mount Vernon.
March 4, 1801 “An Age of Revolution and Reformation”
Authors: Ferling John
Published: November 2023

As was his custom, Jefferson arose early on the morning of March 4, 1801, before the first streaks of light touched the black night. Before dressing, he may have soaked his feet in a pail of ice water, a medicinal practice he long had pursued at the start of each day. He took breakfast at Conrad and McMunn’s, occupying, as he had all winter, the “lowest and coldest seat at a table at which a company of more than thirty men sat,” as an observer noted. An air of unruffled calm prevailed through the lengthy meal. Indeed, the mood was lighthearted on this festive day. After a time, the vice president politely asked to be excused and returned to his room to reread the address he was scheduled to deliver at noon. He had written the speech himself, something that President Adams often had done but that Washington always turned over to a trusted advisor. Jefferson had always written with dispatch, and in this instance he had fourteen days between the resolution of the election and Inauguration Day, ample time to write and polish his remarks.
The Macroevolution of Phenotypic Integration
Authors: Eble Gunther J
Published: November 2023

Phenotypic integration is a central aspect of macroevolution. It is also an important concept in macroevolutionary theory. A number of empirical research questions and theoretical debates concerning evolution at and above the species level revolve around the issue of differential phenotypic integration through time. However, macroevolutionary studies in general and evolutionary paleobiology in particular have often conceptualized and documented phenotypic integration in ways that are not always comparable with standard, quantitative-genetic microevolutionary accounts. Thus, subjects such as evolutionary radiations, constraints, morphospace structure and occupation, disparity, allometry, heterochrony and heterotopy, the origin and proliferation of novelties, and clade dynamics, to name but a few, have been interpreted in terms of phenotypic integration (e.g., Valentine and Campbell 1975; Alberch et al. 1979; Maynard Smith et al. 1985; Gould 1989a, 1989b; Jablonski and Bottjer 1990; Erwin 1993; Zelditch and Fink 1996; Foote 1997; McGhee 1999), but with methodological protocols and theoretical motivations often distinct from those of microevolutionary research.
Personality Psychology
Authors: Sawyer R Keith
Published: November 2023

As the applause swelled, Dr. Guilford took a deep breath, smoothed his tie and jacket, and began to walk to the podium. It was 1950, and Dr. Guilford was at the peak of his long and illustrious career. He had dedicated his life to psychological research. He’d played a key leadership role during World War II, helping the U.S. military carry out the most massive testing program in history. And now, he had attained the highest honor that the discipline of psychology could give—he had been elected president of the American Psychological Association. Every year, at the annual meeting of the Association, the president gives the keynote speech, and this was Dr. J. P. Guilford’s moment (see figure 3.1). Presidents traditionally use this opportunity to emphasize an important issue that they think deserves more psychological study. As Dr. Guilford began his talk, the hundreds of assembled psychologists in the room were shocked when they realized the topic he had chosen. The APA president had chosen to talk about creativity. To understand why a professional psychologist in 1950 would be shocked to hear a speech about creativity from the APA president, you need to know a little about the field of psychology at the time. Since the 1920s, American psychology had been dominated by behaviorism—think of Pavlov’s salivating dog and Skinner’s experiments with pigeons. Behaviorists studied only behaviors they could see, and refused to consider anything that happened inside the brain. By the 1970s, this approach had been rejected by most psychologists, but 1950 was the heyday of behaviorism, and behaviorism didn’t have much to say about creativity.1
Music
Authors: Sawyer R Keith
Published: November 2023

All art constantly aspires towards the condition of music. —Walter Pater (1873/1986, p. 86) Many people think that jazz musicians play whatever comes into their heads in a burst of unconstrained inspiration. But even the freest improviser improvises within a musical tradition, and before you can improvise you have to learn that tradition (Alperson, 1984; Berliner, 1994). Young jazz musicians become aware of the structures and conventions of their domain through close listening. For example, they often listen to famous albums and copy the performances note for note. This helps them to develop a personal repertoire of phrases; sometimes, young improvisers sound just like the famous musician they’ve been copying. Trumpet players sound like Miles Davis or Wynton Marsalis; saxophonists like Coleman Hawkins or John Coltrane. No doubt, it takes a high level of skill to sound like a famous musician. But that’s only the first step in a lifetime of learning how to play jazz. Listening and practicing at home is an important part of learning jazz. But young musicians who have wonderful technique on their instruments, who can play extremely fast and flawlessly, often tend to be poor improvisers, because they haven’t yet learned how to communicate musically with the ensemble. Musicians can’t learn jazz by playing at home alone. To get really good, a musician has to attend uncountable jam sessions, and play in many different beginner bands.
How to Be More Creative
Authors: Sawyer R Keith
Published: November 2023

The first goal of this book is to explain creativity, drawing on the latest science provided by the sociocultural approach. But a second goal is to use this new scientific research to learn how we can be more creative. While reading the chapters of this book, you’ve probably already had mini-insights about how you can use these findings in your own creative activities. In this chapter, I bring our exploration to a close by telling you how the science of human innovation can help you be more creative in your own life. I began this book by critically examining our own cultural conceptions about creativity (chapter 2). I showed how our creativity myths influence our perceptions of creativity. Before we can learn how to be more creative, we first have to understand what creativity is. If we didn’t first understand that some of our unexamined assumptions are creativity myths, we’d be sure to get the wrong idea about how to increase our creativity. These creativity myths focus on the individual and ignore social and cultural context. But we’ve learned that explaining creativity requires both individualist and contextualist approaches, an interdisciplinary strategy called the sociocultural approach. The sciences of sociology, anthropology, and history balance out the picture provided by psychology. In the many chapters of parts 4 and 5, I used the sociocultural approach to give you the latest scientific explanation of creativity.
Balanced Living Through Self-Care
Authors: Williams-Nickelson Carol
Published: November 2023

Self-care includes the activities women undertake with the intention to promote, ensure, or restore psychological and physical health; to prevent, manage, or recover from disease, injury, or trauma; or to achieve a sense of well-being. Selfcare is a multidimensional concept in which psychological and physical well-being are interdependent and lead to enhanced quality of life and a sense of fulfillment (Cameron & Leventhal, 2003; Johnson, 1991). Self-care activities must be defined and discovered individually. What one woman classifies as self-care may be what an participation may be relaxing for some, but the competitive tenor may be too stressful for others. Self-care incorporates multiple components, including physical, emotional, intellectual, spiritual, social, relational, and safety and security areas of function.
Women and Giving
Authors: harway Michele , Nutt Roberta L
Published: November 2023

An emphasis on giving to others and putting others first has long been considered a part of the traditional gender-role message for women in this culture. This gender-role message has both positive and negative consequences. While there are many satisfactions to be gained from helping others, in its exaggerated traditional form, giving to others may lead to depression and loss of self (Hare-Mustin, 1983). Many women are so busy giving to others that they have no time for themselves. By contrast, balanced forms of giving (for example, as in the case of feminist mentoring) typically involve reciprocal relationships in which both giving and receiving are experienced, leading to more satisfying interchanges. Giving is also something that women can do across the life span. For example, women, teens, and even quite young girls can give as a sign of power and strength to others and a signal to themselves of well-being. Even very young children can help their mothers with simple household tasks and can build pleasure in their sense of competence. Many elderly women continue to be able to give, despite infirmity. Giving can involve many kinds of resources, such as time, skills, money, another pair of hands, expertise, a willing ear, an attitude of responsive-ness, and generosity. It involves the self perception that one has something of value to give.
and Women
Authors: Gilbert Lucia Albino , Kearney Lisa K
Published: November 2023

Psychotherapy is primarily an interpersonal, confidential treatment based on psychological principles (Garfield, 1980; Wampold, 2001). It involves a professionally trained psychotherapist and a client who seeks assistance for resolving ongoing problems in living, dealing with a mental disorder, or managing other difficulties (Worell & Remer, 2003). Psychotherapy can take place with individuals, couples, and families, or with groups whose members have similar concerns. It occurs in many settings, ranging from hospital and community clinics and college counseling centers to the private offices of psychologists, social workers, chotherapy is remedial when the treatment is designed to remove or ameliorate distress associated with a client’s presenting problems or disorders; it is preventive or empowering when it focuses on new skill development related to life experiences such as parenting, death of a loved one, loss of a job, or living with a chronic illness.
Gender Role and Gender Identity Development
Authors: Basow Susan A
Published: November 2023

Our binary conceptions of gender (male/female, masculine/feminine) are deeply flawed. Rather than all people being easily divided into two groups with contrasting personality and behavioral styles (e.g., feminine females and masculine males), people actually develop complex patterns of traits, behaviors, identities, and sexualities. Although we frequently use sex and gender interchangeably, it may be helpful to think of sex as referring to biological markers, such as chromosomes or genitalia. Gender, in contrast, refers to the social meaning of this biological variable, as well as to an individual’s identification with these meanings (gender identity) and/or conformity to these meanings and behaviors (gender typing and gender role conformity). These aspects of an individual are related, of course, but they are not isomorphic. For example, a person born with a double X chromosome and a uterus, clitoris, and upon her development, she may or may not identify as female. If she doesn’t identify as female, she might be diagnosed with gender identity disorder (a controversial diagnosis) and later be considered transgendered.
Bereavement
Authors: Carr Deborah , Ha Jung-Hwa
Published: November 2023

The death of a loved one is among the most stressful of all life events (Holmes & Rahe, 1967). The loss of one’s husband or significant other, in particular, requires important psychological and behavioral adaptations. The survivor must cope with the loss of an enduring intimate relationship, establish a new identity as an “unmarried” woman, and learn to manage the daily routines and activities that were once shared by both partners (Utz, Reidy, Carr, Nesse, & Wortman, 2004). In general, bereavement in later life is less distressing than losses that occur earlier in the life course. Older women are believed to cope better with death than younger women because they have more experience with loss and because they may find support from their peers who also are experiencing their partner’s illness and death (Moss, Moss, & Hansson, 2001). Older women also are better than young women at regulating their emotions, and thus may experience less intense emotions such as grief (Carstensen, Fung, & Charles, 2003).
Legal Issues Influencing Girls’ and Women’s Psychological Health
Authors: Walker Lenore E A
Published: November 2023

A discussion of the many legal issues that can impact on girls’ and women’s mental health in this book is an important acknowledgment of the high degree of emotional stress that interacting with the legal system places on most people. In the United States, especially, it seems that it is a rare person who goes through life without at least some contact with the legal system. Women in the 1970s used the legal system to continue the civil rights accorded in the previous decade, create new social change specific to women, and attain many of the current legal rights that exist today, such as access to credit in our own names, stronger laws against sexual and physical assault, and the right of reproductive choice (Kaye, 1990).
Introduction
Authors: Alstott Anne L
Published: November 2023

A child alters his parents’ lives forever. Parenthood brings new experiences but also new responsibilities: a parent is no longer quite the author of her own life. Parents must protect, nurture, and guide their child and remain at his side for 18 years—or more, if needed. Today, marriages may come and go, but parenthood endures for better and worse, for richer and poorer, and in sickness and in health. It is an understatement to observe that parents find it difficult to combine child rearing with their own endeavors in the larger world. However good our day care provider, school, or babysitter may be, children need parental care in order to flourish. Today, more than ever before, parents do manage to care for their children and work outside the home too. But many of us feel a constant pull between the children’s seemingly limitless need for our time and our own need to lead an independent life. For some parents, this tension is primarily psychological: we feel torn between competing desires, and we never seem to have the balance quite right, whatever decision we make. But for many parents, the conflict has a harder edge: we must work to make ends meet, and yet we also need time to meet our children’s noneconomic needs—for closeness, for conversation, for recreation.
The Cost of Continuity for Parents’ Lives
Authors: Alstott Anne L
Published: November 2023

Laverne, a Brooklyn single mother of three, worked two jobs, as a school aide from 9 a.m. to 2 p.m., and for Blue Cross/Blue Shield from 4:30 to 11:00 p.m. For a while, all seemed well, but then things began to fall apart. A neighbor reported that Laverne, who was living in a hotel, was leaving her children unattended for long periods while she worked. (The children were then 10, 6, and almost 2.) Laverne had not otherwise neglected her children, but she agreed to place the children in foster care temporarily until she could get her finances in order and find better housing (as well as adequate child care). When a caseworker told Laverne she would need to find a three-bedroom apartment to get her children back, Laverne worked hard and found the apartment, even though the $500 monthly rent was terribly expensive on her salary of just $11,000 a year.
Should Society Expect Parents to Provide Continuity of Care?
Authors: Alstott Anne L
Published: November 2023

Harold’s wife and baby daughter died in a car crash, leaving Harold and his 5-year-old son, Mark, to pick up the pieces of their lives. Harold decided to leave Mark with his grandparents in Iowa for a while. Mark had a rocky time at first; he was aggressive toward smaller kids and disliked by his peers. But he grew to love his grandparents, the Bannisters, and to depend on them. Although Mark remained somewhat anxious in personality, he ultimately developed a closer and more secure relationship with Grandpa than he had had with Harold.
No Exit and Parental Autonomy
Authors: Alstott Anne L
Published: November 2023

It is time to confront the hardest questions. Why is the cost of continuity for parents a social problem rather than a matter for individual responsibility? Isn’t it unfair to expect the childless to help out parents who have simply made different life choices? After all, we usually think of parenthood as a mix of blessings and burdens. Parents have less freedom than nonparents in some important ways, but most parents love their children and accept their duty to them. And in the United States today, almost everyone can decide whether or not to be a parent. Parents do have special responsibilities, but it is easy enough to avoid the duties of parenthood: just don’t have kids.
Life-Planning Insurance: Extra Help for Parents of Ill or Disabled Children
Authors: Alstott Anne L
Published: November 2023

A child in my extended family (I’ll call her Sarah) has an autistic spectrum disorder. (What we often call “autism” comprises a range of related conditions.) Like many children with autism, Sarah seemed typical in her development until she became a toddler. Her parents became a bit concerned as Sarah lagged in language acquisition and missed other developmental milestones, but they did not suspect any serious problem. When Sarah was 3, the doctors diagnosed her as autistic, and the news turned her parents’ lives upside down. They felt crushed, but they did not have time to indulge their own emotions, because early intervention is crucial for children on the autistic spectrum. All of a sudden, Sarah’s parents had to navigate the special education system to get the best possible therapy for her. And they had to educate themselves, fast, about autism, so that they could act as Sarah’s advocate with the special-education authorities.
Parents and Paid Work
Authors: Alstott Anne L
Published: November 2023

How should we think about parenthood and paid work? Most of us spend years of our lives working, and for many people paid work brings status, income, and long-term financial security. But not everyone experiences paid work in this way. Many parents feel ambivalence toward their paid jobs, which make demands incompatible with child rearing. Some workers, especially low-paid ones, find that their jobs provide little in the way of dignity or economic security.
Implementing Caretaker Resource Accounts
Authors: Alstott Anne L
Published: November 2023

In contrast to the uncertainty of workplace regulation, caretaker resource accounts would be relatively straightforward to implement. There is no need to nail down every detail at this stage, but it is useful to anticipate a few of the biggest issues that arise in turning ideas into work-able rules. In this chapter, I consider four issues: • First, how much money should caretakers receive? I suggest that the annual grant should be about $5,000. That amount would make a significant difference in parents’ economic options but at a budgetary cost that is politically reasonable.
Implementing Life-Planning Insurance for Parents
Authors: Alstott Anne L
Published: November 2023

When we turn from caretaker resource accounts to life-planning insurance, we leave the realm of large, universal programs with standardized benefits and enter the world of smaller programs paying more tailored benefits. Caretaker resource accounts are a mass program, which should deliver a uniform package of resources to a large number of individuals. In contrast, life-planning insurance would provide individualized assistance to a small group of parents and will come into play only in catastrophic situations. The corollary is that life-planning insurance will inevitably require more bureaucracy to ascertain the facts about families’ particular situations and to craft appropriate remedies. There are ample precedents for this sort of program. Disability insurance for adults and children, workers’ compensation, special education—all require individualized determinations. None of these is a model of perfection, and indeed, the disability system requires major reform. Still, life-planning insurance represents an extension of familiar principles and not an entirely new enterprise.
The History of Perturbation Theory from Astronomy to Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Masters Barry R
Published: November 2023

The goals of this chapter on perturbation theory are to introduce the concept of perturbation theory, to present the genesis of perturbation theory as a mathematical technique to solve complex problems in mechanics, mainly celestial mechanics, and to present a historical review of the application of the theory to quantum mechanics. An understanding of the historical development of perturbation theories allows the readers to put the modern quantum mechanical perturbation theory in the proper context. In a subsequent section we will develop the mathematical formulation of the various types of perturbation theory so that the reader can better understand the interaction of atoms and radiation, in particular the calculation of transition probabilities for the absorption, emission, and scattering of radiation by atoms.
Laser Sources for Nonlinear Microscopy
Authors: Girkin John
Published: November 2023

Since the first images were recorded by multiphoton excitation, probably the single biggest improvement has been in the laser sources. The initial experiments using colliding pulse dye lasers (1) seem a long way removed from the compact, reliable femtosecond (fs) sources now routinely used for nonlinear imaging. The current range of sources available vary in wavelength, tunability, and pulse duration and in more mundane but critically important matters such as cost, reliability, and ease of use. Before examining the operation of mode-locked lasers and the wide range of sources now available, the actual requirements on the laser source for multiphoton imaging should be considered. Throughout this chapter “multiphoton” will be used as a term for all forms of nonlinear excitation microscopy. Imaging has been undertaken with significantly longer pulses, and picosecond multiphoton imaging has been accomplished successfully (2); taking the pulse length to the limit, continuous-wave multiphoton imaging has been demonstrated (3). In general, with the longer pulse lengths one is more likely to suffer from thermal problems within the sample, as the average power has to be increased to obtain a sufficient number of detectable excitationevents.
Multiphoton Excitation of Fluorescent Probes
Authors: Xu Chris , Zipfel Warren R
Published: November 2023

Molecular two-photon excitation was first theoretically predicted by Göppert-Mayer in her Ph.D. thesis in 1931 (Göppert-Mayer, 1931). It is arguable, however, that Einstein has speculated on the possibility of multiphoton absorption in his Nobel Prize paper on the quantum nature of light in 1905 (Einstein, 1905). Confirmation in the laboratory (even though not conclusively), first by Hughes and Grabner in 1950 (Hughes & Grabner, 1950), came out of atomic and molecular beam spectroscopy in the radio and microwave frequency regions. Like most other nonlinear processes, two-or three-photon excitation requires high instantaneous photon intensities, typically, for the observation of two-photon absorption. Months after its invention in 1960, the pulsed ruby laser was used by Kaiser and Garrett to excite two-photon absortion in CaF2:Eu3+, manifested by fluorescent de-excitation in the blue spectral region (Kaiser & Garrett, 1961). This was the second demonstration of nonlinear optics, closely following the demonstration of second-harmonic generation. Three-photon excited fluorescence was observed in naphthalene crystals by Singh and Bradley in 1964 (Singh & Bradley, 1964) and the three-photon absorption cross-sections were estimated.