bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neutrophils Expressing Programmed Death-Ligand 1 Play an Indispensable Role in Effective Bacterial Elimination and Resolving Inflammation in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infection
Authors: Terasaki Azusa , Ahmed Faizan , Okuno Alato , Peng Zhenzi , Cao Duo-Yao , Saito Suguru
Published: May 2024

Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) is a co-inhibitory molecule expressed on the surface of various cell types and known for its suppressive effect on T cells through its interaction with PD-1. Neutrophils also express PD-L1, and its expression is elevated in specific situations; however, the immunobiological role of PD-L1+ neutrophils has not been fully characterized. Here, we report that PD-L1-expressing neutrophils increased in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection are highly functional in bacterial elimination and supporting inflammatory resolution. The frequency of PD-L1+ neutrophils was dramatically increased in MRSA-infected mice, and this population exhibited enhanced activity in bacterial elimination compared to PD-L1- neutrophils. The administration of PD-L1 monoclonal antibody did not impair PD-L1+ neutrophil function, suggesting that PD-L1 expression itself does not influence neutrophil activity. However, PD-1/PD-L1 blockade significantly delayed liver inflammation resolution in MRSA-infected mice, as indicated by their increased plasma alanine transaminase (ALT) levels and frequencies of inflammatory leukocytes in the liver, implying that neutrophil PD-L1 suppresses the inflammatory response of these cells during the acute phase of MRSA infection. Our results reveal that elevated PD-L1 expression can be a marker for the enhanced anti-bacterial function of neutrophils. Moreover, PD-L1+ neutrophils are an indispensable population attenuating inflammatory leukocyte activities, assisting in a smooth transition into the resolution phase in MRSA infection.
Oncolytic Tanapoxvirus Recombinants Expressing Flagellin C or Mouse Interleukin-2 Are Capable of Regressing Human Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Xenografts in Immuno-Competent BALB/c Nude Mice
Authors: Monaco Michael L. , Filpi Grace A. , Kohler Steven L. , Eversole Robert , Idris Omer A. , Essani Karim
Published: May 2024

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) in humans is the most aggressive and deadly form of BC. Although TNBCs are about 15 percent of the total number of BC cases, they are associated with the highest mortalities. Current treatment options are limited, and most modalities are toxic and have not increased the 5-year survival rates of TNBC. Many oncolytic viruses are emerging as potential therapies for TNBC. In this study, two Tanapoxvirus (TPV) recombinants, one expressing FliC and the other expressing mouse interleukin-2 (mIL-2), were assessed for their efficacy in an immuno-competent xenograft mouse model. MDA-MB-231 tumors were planted in BALB/c nude mice, treated, made immuno-competent via adoptive transfer of splenocytes from healthy BALB/c donors, and then monitored for 40 days. TPV/Δ2L/66R/FliC and TPV/Δ66R/mIL-2 demonstrated significant tumor reduction (p = 0.01602 and p = 0.03890, respectively) compared to the reconstituted control (RC), whereas wtTPV did not. Pathological analyses of treated tumors revealed cells consistent with lymphocyte and plasma cell morphology in reconstituted mice treated with TPV recombinants. Anti-viral plaque reduction assays conducted using harvested serum from treated animals indicated the presence of anti-TPV antibodies in mice reconstituted and treated with TPV that were missing from immune-deficient nude mice, including those exposed to TPV and of statistically equivalent serum concentrations to normal BALB/c mice immunized against TPV. The results suggest immuno-deficient BALB/c nude mice can become immuno-competent via adoptive transfer of splenocytes from genetically identical donors and allow for testing of tumor xenografts in a competent model system. The TPV recombinants tested should be further studied for the potential treatment of human TNBC.
HTLV-1-Associated Myelopathy (HAM) Incidence in Asymptomatic Carriers and Intermediate Syndrome (IS) Patients
Authors: Marcusso Rosa Maria do Nascimento , Assone Tatiane , Haziot Michel E. , Smid Jerusa , Folgosi Victor A. , Rosadas Carolina , Casseb Jorge , de Oliveira Augusto C. Penalva ,   the HTLV-1 Clinical Definition Working Group
Published: May 2024

Several studies suggest that HTLV-1 infection may be associated with a wider spectrum of neurological and clinical manifestations that do not meet diagnostic criteria for HAM. These conditions may later progress to HAM or constitute an intermediate clinical form: intermediate syndrome (IS), a mid-point between asymptomatic HTLV-1 carriers and those with full myelopathy. Thus, we determined the incidence of HAM cases in the HTLV-1-asymptomatic and IS patients, and the clinical/laboratory associated markers. A total of 204 HTLV-1-positive patients were included in this study, divided into two groups: Group 1, including 145 asymptomatic HTLV-1 subjects (ASY), and Group 2, including 59 patients with inflammatory clinical symptoms in more than three systems and a high proviral load (PVL). During a 60-month follow-up time, with the age ranging from 47 to 79 years, ten patients of the fifty-nine initially diagnosed as IS developed HAM (iHAM), and two patients of the initial 145 ASY developed HAM directly. Women were more prevalent in all groups. For the iHAM patients, the age ranged from 20 to 72 years, with a mean of 53 (±15 SD). Older age was associated with the development of HAM, higher PVL and IS; however, there was no any specific symptom or clinical sign, that was associated with risk for iHAM. In conclusion, IS cases could be an early phase of development of HAM. These findings show the presence of higher incidence probabilities in our cohort than previously reported.
The Host Range of Fusarium proliferatum in Western Canada
Authors: Yu Haitian , Hwang Sheau-Fang , Strelkov Stephen E.
Published: May 2024

Fusarium proliferatum is associated with the root rot of many plant species, but knowledge of its impact on western Canadian field crops is limited. This study assessed the host range of this fungus and its effect on plant emergence, plant height, and shoot and root dry weights in repeated greenhouse experiments with wheat, barley, faba beans, peas, lentils, canola, lupine, and soybeans. Infection was confirmed via PCR, and principal component analysis determined the utility of different parameters in assessing host responses. All crops were at least partly susceptible, developing mild to severe disease at the seedling and adult stages, and showing significant reductions in growth. In general, the barley and wheat demonstrated higher tolerances to infection, followed by the faba bean and the pea. The soybean, canola, lupine, and lentil were most susceptible. The canola and the soybean were particularly vulnerable to F. proliferatum at the pre-emergence stage, while infection greatly reduced the lentil’s biomass. Reductions in the barley’s emergence and other growth parameters, however, occurred only under a high inoculum concentration. Variability in root rot severity among cultivars of the same crop indicated some diversity in host reactions within species. Nonetheless, the absence of fully-resistant crops may pose challenges in managing F. proliferatum in western Canadian cropping systems.
Ciprofloxacin-Loaded Inhalable Formulations against Lower Respiratory Tract Infections: Challenges, Recent Advances, and Future Perspectives
Authors: Panthi Vijay Kumar , Fairfull-Smith Kathryn E. , Islam Nazrul
Published: May 2024

Inhaled ciprofloxacin (CFX) has been investigated as a treatment for lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) associated with cystic fibrosis (CF), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and bronchiectasis. The challenges in CFX effectiveness for LRTI treatment include poor aqueous solubility and therapy resistance. CFX dry powder for inhalation (DPI) formulations were well-tolerated, showing a remarkable decline in overall bacterial burden compared to a placebo in bronchiectasis patients. Recent research using an inhalable powder combining Pseudomonas phage PEV20 with CFX exhibited a substantial reduction in bacterial density in mouse lungs infected with clinical P. aeruginosa strains and reduced inflammation. Currently, studies suggest that elevated biosynthesis of fatty acids could serve as a potential biomarker for detecting CFX resistance in LRTIs. Furthermore, inhaled CFX has successfully addressed various challenges associated with traditional CFX, including the incapacity to eliminate the pathogen, the recurrence of colonization, and the development of resistance. However, further exploration is needed to address three key unresolved issues: identifying the right patient group, determining the optimal treatment duration, and accurately assessing the risk of antibiotic resistance, with additional multicenter randomized controlled trials suggested to tackle these challenges. Importantly, future investigations will focus on the effectiveness of CFX DPI in bronchiectasis and COPD, aiming to differentiate prognoses between these two conditions. This review underscores the importance of CFX inhalable formulations against LRTIs in preclinical and clinical sectors, their challenges, recent advancements, and future perspectives.
Effect of Tight Junction-Modulating FCIGRL-Modified Peptides on the Intestinal Absorption of Doxorubicin in Rats
Authors: Song Keon-Hyoung
Published: May 2024

Doxorubicin is a potent chemotherapy drug, but its oral bioavailability is limited due to its low membrane permeability. Thus, absorption enhancers such as zonula occludens toxin and its six-mer fragment, FCIGRL, have been studied to address this issue. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of four peptides (Pep1, Pep2, Pep3, and Pep4) derived from FCIGRL and investigate the changes in the absorption of doxorubicin, to propose an absorption enhancer for doxorubicin. Pep1 is a modified version of FCIGRL in which the hydroxyl group at the C-terminus is replaced with an amino group. Pep2 is a modified Pep1 in which cysteine is replaced with N3-substituted dipropionic acid. Pep3 and Pep4 are Pep2-modified homodimers. Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed in rats after the intraduodenal administration of doxorubicin solutions containing each FCIGRL-modified peptide and the stabilizer levan or benzalkonium chloride (BC). The results showed that Pep3 and Pep4 administered with levan each significantly increased the intestinal absorption of doxorubicin, as did Pep2 administered with levan/BC. In particular, 10 mg·kg−1 of Pep4 with levan significantly increased the area under the curve (AUC)0–240min of doxorubicin by 2.38-fold (p < 0.01) and the peak concentration (Cmax) by 3.30-fold (p < 0.01) compared to the control solution. The study findings indicate that Pep2, Pep3, and primarily Pep4 are novel absorption enhancers that can open tight junctions for doxorubicin, and the effectiveness of the peptides was directly affected by the presence of levan or levan/BC.
Nanodrug Delivery Systems for Myasthenia Gravis: Advances and Perspectives
Authors: Huang Jiayan , Yan Zhao , Song Yafang , Chen Tongkai
Published: May 2024

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a rare chronic autoimmune disease caused by the production of autoantibodies against the postsynaptic membrane receptors present at the neuromuscular junction. This condition is characterized by fatigue and muscle weakness, including diplopia, ptosis, and systemic impairment. Emerging evidence suggests that in addition to immune dysregulation, the pathogenesis of MG may involve mitochondrial damage and ferroptosis. Mitochondria are the primary site of energy production, and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated due to mitochondrial dysfunction can induce ferroptosis. Nanomedicines have been extensively employed to treat various disorders due to their modifiability and good biocompatibility, but their application in MG management has been rather limited. Nevertheless, nanodrug delivery systems that carry immunomodulatory agents, anti-oxidants, or ferroptosis inhibitors could be effective for the treatment of MG. Therefore, this review focuses on various nanoplatforms aimed at attenuating immune dysregulation, restoring mitochondrial function, and inhibiting ferroptosis that could potentially serve as promising agents for targeted MG therapy.
Drug Integrating Amphiphilic Nano-Assemblies: 2. Spatiotemporal Distribution within Inflammation Sites
Authors: De Toni Teresa , Dal Buono Teodora , Li Chris M. , Gonzalez Grisell C. , Chuang Sung-Ting , Buchwald Peter , Tomei Alice A. , Velluto Diana
Published: May 2024

The need for chronic systemic immunosuppression, which is associated with unavoidable side-effects, greatly limits the applicability of allogeneic cell transplantation for regenerative medicine applications including pancreatic islet cell transplantation to restore insulin production in type 1 diabetes (T1D). Cell transplantation in confined sites enables the localized delivery of anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory drugs to prevent graft loss by innate and adaptive immunity, providing an opportunity to achieve local effects while minimizing unwanted systemic side effects. Nanoparticles can provide the means to achieve the needed localized and sustained drug delivery either by graft targeting or co-implantation. Here, we evaluated the potential of our versatile platform of drug-integrating amphiphilic nanomaterial assemblies (DIANAs) for targeted drug delivery to an inflamed site model relevant for islet transplantation. We tested either passive targeting of intravenous administered spherical nanomicelles (nMIC; 20–25 nm diameter) or co-implantation of elongated nanofibrils (nFIB; 5 nm diameter and >1 μm length). To assess the ability of nMIC and nFIB to target an inflamed graft site, we used a lipophilic fluorescent cargo (DiD and DiR) and evaluated the in vivo biodistribution and cellular uptake in the graft site and other organs, including draining and non-draining lymph nodes, after systemic administration (nMIC) and/or graft co-transplantation (nFIB) in mice. Localized inflammation was generated either by using an LPS injection or by using biomaterial-coated islet-like bead implantation in the subcutaneous site. A cell transplant inflammation model was used as well to test nMIC- and nFIB-targeted biodistribution. We found that nMIC can reach the inflamed site after systemic administration, while nFIB remains localized for several days after co-implantation. We confirmed that DIANAs are taken up by different immune cell populations responsible for graft inflammation. Therefore, DIANA is a useful approach for targeted and/or localized delivery of immunomodulatory drugs to decrease innate and adaptive immune responses that cause graft loss after transplantation of therapeutic cells.
Functionalized Calcium Carbonate-Based Microparticles as a Versatile Tool for Targeted Drug Delivery and Cancer Treatment
Authors: Biny Lara , Gerasimovich Evgeniia , Karaulov Alexander , Sukhanova Alyona , Nabiev Igor
Published: May 2024

Nano- and microparticles are increasingly widely used in biomedical research and applications, particularly as specific labels and targeted delivery vehicles. Silica has long been considered the best material for such vehicles, but it has some disadvantages limiting its potential, such as the proneness of silica-based carriers to spontaneous drug release. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is an emerging alternative, being an easily available, cost-effective, and biocompatible material with high porosity and surface reactivity, which makes it an attractive choice for targeted drug delivery. CaCO3 particles are used in this field in the form of either bare CaCO3 microbeads or core/shell microparticles representing polymer-coated CaCO3 cores. In addition, they serve as removable templates for obtaining hollow polymer microcapsules. Each of these types of particles has its specific advantages in terms of biomedical applications. CaCO3 microbeads are primarily used due to their capacity for carrying pharmaceutics, whereas core/shell systems ensure better protection of the drug-loaded core from the environment. Hollow polymer capsules are particularly attractive because they can encapsulate large amounts of pharmaceutical agents and can be so designed as to release their contents in the target site in response to specific stimuli. This review focuses first on the chemistry of the CaCO3 cores, core/shell microbeads, and polymer microcapsules. Then, systems using these structures for the delivery of therapeutic agents, including drugs, proteins, and DNA, are outlined. The results of the systematic analysis of available data are presented. They show that the encapsulation of various therapeutic agents in CaCO3-based microbeads or polymer microcapsules is a promising technique of drug delivery, especially in cancer therapy, enhancing drug bioavailability and specific targeting of cancer cells while reducing side effects. To date, research in CaCO3-based microparticles and polymer microcapsules assembled on CaCO3 templates has mainly dealt with their properties in vitro, whereas their in vivo behavior still remains poorly studied. However, the enormous potential of these highly biocompatible carriers for in vivo applications is undoubted. This last issue is addressed in depth in the Conclusions and Outlook sections of the review.
Optimized Wide-Angle Metamaterial Edge Filters: Enhanced Performance with Multi-Layer Designs and Anti-Reflection Coatings
Authors: Wu Baidong , Monks James N. , Yue Liyang , Hurst Andrew , Wang Zengbo
Published: May 2024

This study presents a systematic optimization of wide-angle metamaterial long-pass (LP) edge filters based on silicon nanospheres (SiNP). Multi-layered configurations incorporating SiNP-meta-films and anti-reflection coating (ARC) elements not previously considered in the literature are explored to enhance their filter performance in both stop and pass bands. This research has successfully developed an accurate model for the effective refractive index using Kramers–Kronig relations, enabling the use of classical thin-film design software for rapid device performance optimization, which is verified by full-wave numerical software. This systematic optimization has produced highly efficient, near-shift-free long-pass metamaterial filters, evidenced by their high optical density (OD = 2.55) and low spectral shift across a wide angular range (0°–60°). These advancements herald the development of high-efficiency metamaterial optical components suitable for a variety of applications that require a consistent performance across diverse angles of incidence.
Exploring the Origin of Lissajous Geometric Modes from the Ray Tracing Model
Authors: Zheng Xin-Liang , Fang Yu-Han , Chung Wei-Che , Hsieh Cheng-Li , Chen Yung-Fu
Published: May 2024

In this paper, we use the geometric optics and discuss the path of laser beam in a simple laser (concave-plano) cavity with the birefringence crystal. In specific lengths of the laser cavity, we can observe various types of Lissajous-like structural laser modes that can be simulated using our ray tracing model. At the end of this paper, we provide an adjusted ABCD matrix. With the adjusted ABCD matrix and iterative calculation, we can obtain the 3D trajectories which are similar to the experimental results. These structural laser modes can be realized by a Nd:YVO4 solid-state laser with off-axis pumping. From the comparison between the experimental data and the numerical data, we clarify the relationship between the 3D Lissajous-like structural laser modes and ray trajectory in the laser cavity.
A 3D Reconstruction Method Based on Homogeneous De Bruijn-Encoded Structured Light
Authors: Li Weimin , Li Songlin
Published: May 2024

Structured light three-dimensional reconstruction is one of the important methods for non-contact acquisition of sparse texture object surfaces. Variations in ambient illumination and disparities in object surface reflectance can significantly impact the fidelity of three-dimensional reconstruction, introducing considerable inaccuracies. We introduce a robust method for color speckle structured light encoding, which is based on a variant of the De Bruijn sequence, termed the Homogeneous De Bruijn Sequence. This innovative approach enhances the reliability and accuracy of structured light techniques for three-dimensional reconstruction by utilizing the distinctive characteristics of Homogeneous De Bruijn Sequences. Through a pruning process applied to the De Bruijn sequence, a structured light pattern with seven distinct color patches is generated. This approach ensures a more equitable distribution of speckle information.
GWAS and WGCNA Analysis Uncover Candidate Genes Associated with Oil Content in Soybean
Authors: Zhao Xunchao , Zhang Yan , Wang Jie , Zhao Xue , Li Yongguang , Teng Weili , Han Yingpeng , Zhan Yuhang
Published: May 2024

Soybean vegetable oil is an important source of the human diet. However, the analysis of the genetic mechanism leading to changes in soybean oil content is still incomplete. In this study, a total of 227 soybean materials were applied and analyzed by a genome-wide association study (GWAS). There are 44 quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) that were identified as associated with oil content. A total of six, four, and 34 significant QTN loci were identified in Xiangyang, Hulan, and Acheng, respectively. Of those, 26 QTNs overlapped with or were near the known oil content quantitative trait locus (QTL), and 18 new QTNs related to oil content were identified. A total of 594 genes were located near the peak single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) from three tested environments. These candidate genes exhibited significant enrichment in tropane, piperidine, and pyridine alkaloid biosynthesiss (ko00960), ABC transporters (ko02010), photosynthesis-antenna proteins (ko00196), and betalain biosynthesis (ko00965). Combined with the GWAS and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), four candidate genes (Glyma.18G300100, Glyma.11G221100, Glyma.13G343300, and Glyma.02G166100) that may regulate oil content were identified. In addition, Glyma.18G300100 was divided into two main haplotypes in the studied accessions. The oil content of haplotype 1 is significantly lower than that of haplotype 2. Our research findings provide a theoretical basis for improving the regulatory mechanism of soybean oil content.
UBC Gene Family Analysis in Salvia castanea and Roles of ScUBC2/5 Genes under Abiotic Stress
Authors: Zhu Longyi , Sun Yuee , Ullah Najeeb , Zhang Guilian , Liu Hui , Xu Ling
Published: May 2024

Salvia castanea Diels, a relative of the medicinal plant Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, belongs to the genus Salvia and family Lamiaceae. Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 (UBC) is an important ubiquitin-binding enzyme in protein ubiquitination. This study aimed to analyze the regulatory role of UBC genes, particularly ScUBC2/5, on the growth and adaptation of S. castanea to extreme environments including cold or drought stress. We identified nine UBC genes in S. castanea and found that these genes were extremely stable and more highly expressed in the roots than other tissues. This suggested that UBC genes might play a role in promoting root adaptation to cold and dry environments. Further analysis of UBC gene expression in hairy roots under cold (4 °C) and UV stress also confirmed their importance under stress. The contents of tanshinone and salvianolic acid in hairy roots with the overexpression of ScUBC2/5 were increased compared to non-transgenic wild type, and the cold and UV resistance of hairy roots was increased compared with that of wild type. Together, these findings highlighted the role of ScUBC2/5 in enhancing secondary metabolite accumulation and regulation in response to cold and ultraviolet stress in S. castanea, providing a new perspective for genetic improvement in its phytochemistry.
Combined Application of Leguminous Green Manure and Straw Determined Grain Yield and Nutrient Use Efficiency in Wheat–Maize–Sunflower Rotations System in Northwest China
Authors: Zhao Na , Bai Lanfang , Han Dongxun , Yao Zhiyuan , Liu Xiaodong , Hao Yaru , Chen Zhipeng , Zhang Xiaohong , Zhang Dongrui , Jin Xiaoling , Wang Zhigang
Published: May 2024

Leguminous green manure (LGM) has a reputation for improving crop productivity. However, little is known about the beneficial interactions with straw on crop yield and nutrient (N, P, K) use efficiency. Herein, a 9-year field experiment (from 2015 to 2023) containing three treatments—(1) chemical fertilizer as the control (CK), (2) NPK + straw return (Straw) and (3) NPK + straw return with LGM (Straw + LGM)—was conducted to investigate whether the combined application of LGM and straw can increase productivity and nutrient use efficiency in the wheat–maize–sunflower diversified cropping rotation. The results showed that in the third rotation (2021–2023), Straw + LGM significantly increased wheat yield by 10.2% and maize yield by 19.9% compared to CK. The total equivalent yield under Straw + LGM was the highest (26.09 Mg ha−1), exceeding Straw and CK treatments by 2.7% and 12.3%, respectively. For each 2 Mg ha−1 increase in straw returned to the field, sunflower yield increased by 0.2 Mg ha−1, whereas for each 1 Mg ha−1 increase in LGM yield from the previous crop, sunflower yield increased by 0.45 Mg ha−1. Compared to CK, the co-application of LGM and straw increased the N use efficiency of maize in the first and third rotation cycle by 70.6% and 55.8%, respectively, and the P use efficiency by 147.8% in the third rotation cycle. Moreover, Straw treatment led to an increase of net income from wheat and sunflower by 14.5% and 44.6%, while Straw + LGM increased the net income from maize by 15.8% in the third rotation cycle. Combining leguminous green manure with a diversified cropping rotation has greater potential to improve nutrient use efficiency, crop productivity and net income, which can be recommended as a sustainable agronomic practice in the Hetao District, Northwest China.
The Effect of Different Temperatures on the Viability and Senescence of Plum Ovules (Prunus domestica L.)
Authors: Đorđević Milena , Cerović Radosav , Meland Mekjell , Akšić Milica Fotirić
Published: May 2024

This paper reports on a study investigating the viability and senescence of plum ovules when exposed to different constant temperatures over two years. The research was conducted on the primary and secondary ovules of four plum cultivars: ‘Mallard’, ‘Edda’, ‘Jubileum’, and ‘Reeves’. The results show that the first indication of ovule viability loss was callose accumulation, which was detected using the fluorescent dye aniline blue. All cultivars had viable ovules, in different percentages, at 8 °C on the twelfth day after anthesis. However, at higher temperatures, distinct patterns emerged, indicating the adaptability of each cultivar at certain temperatures. The first indication of callose accumulation became visible at the chalazal pole. After anthesis, the ovule’s ability to remain viable gradually reduced, followed by callose deposition throughout the ovary. The cultivars ‘Edda’ and ‘Reeves’, from 6 days after anthesis onward, in both years, showed the highest percentage of nonviable ovules. In contrast, the ‘Jubileum’ cultivar demonstrated the highest percentage of viable ovules. The loss of viability of secondary ovules followed a similar pattern to that of the primary ovules in all cultivars. This research provides valuable insights into embryological processes, which can help in the following breeding programs, and to cultivate plum cultivars in Western Norway’s climate conditions.
Transcriptome Analysis Reveals POD as an Important Indicator for Assessing Low-Temperature Tolerance in Maize Radicles during Germination
Authors: Zhang Yifei , Li Jiayu , Li Weiqing , Gao Xinhan , Xu Xiangru , Zhang Chunyu , Yu Song , Dou Yi , Luo Wenqi , Yu Lihe
Published: May 2024

Low-temperature stress (TS) limits maize (Zea mays L.) seed germination and agricultural production. Exposure to TS during germination inhibits radicle growth, triggering seedling emergence disorders. Here, we aimed to analyse the changes in gene expression in the radicles of maize seeds under TS by comparing Demeiya1 (DMY1) and Zhengdan958 (ZD958) (the main Northeast China cultivars) and exposing them to two temperatures: 15 °C (control) and 5 °C (TS). TS markedly decreased radicle growth as well as fresh and dry weights while increasing proline and malondialdehyde contents in both test varieties. Under TS treatment, the expression levels of 5301 and 4894 genes were significantly different in the radicles of DMY1 and ZD958, respectively, and 3005 differentially expressed genes coexisted in the radicles of both varieties. The phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway was implicated within the response to TS in maize radicles, and peroxidase may be an important indicator for assessing low-temperature tolerance during maize germination. Peroxidase-encoding genes could be important candidate genes for promoting low-temperature resistance in maize germinating radicles. We believe that this study enhances the knowledge of mechanisms of response and adaptation of the maize seed germination process to TS and provides a theoretical basis for efficiently assessing maize seed low-temperature tolerance and improving maize adversity germination performance.
Gymnadenia winkeliana—A New Orchid Species to Romanian Flora
Authors: Anghelescu Nora E. , Balogh Lori , Balogh Mihaela , Kigyossy Nicoleta , Georgescu Mihaela I. , Petra Sorina A. , Toma Florin , Peticila Adrian G.
Published: May 2024

A novel species, Gymnadenia winkeliana, has been identified in the Bucegi Natural Park ROSCI0013, located in the Southern Carpathians of Central Romania. Two moderately sized populations of Gymnadenia winkeliana, totalling 120–140 individuals, were discovered inhabiting the alpine grasslands of the park, situated 2.000 m above sea level. To describe this newly found population as comprehensively as possible, 44 vegetative and floral organs/organ parts were directly studied and measured from living plants. Special attention was focused on the characteristics that proved to have taxonomic significance, particularly those involving distinctive details in the morphology of the leaves, perianth, labellum and gynostemium. A total of 223 characteristics were analysed encompassing the morphology of every organ of the plant, cytology and breeding system. Furthermore, comprehensive taxonomic treatment and description, accompanied by colour photographs illustrating the holotype, are provided. Voucher specimens were deposited at the Herbarium of the University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Bucharest (USAMVB Herbarium barcode: 40102, NEA); Gymnadenia winkeliana, a (micro)endemic species, is characterized as a putative allogamous, facultatively apomict that significantly differs from other Gymnadenia R.Br. species found in Romania. Notably, it distinguishes itself through its smaller habitus (reaching heights of up to 8–10 cm), its two-coloured, rounded/hemispherical inflorescence displaying a gradient of pink hues in an acropetal fashion (ranging from whitish-pink at the base to vivid-pink at the topmost flowers), and its limited distribution in high-altitude areas, encompassing approximately 8–10 km2 in the central area of the Bucegi Natural Park. This species has been under observation since 2005, with observed population numbers showing a significant increase over time, from ca. 50–55 (counted at the time of its discovery) to 120–140 individuals (counted in June 2023). Additionally, comprehensive information regarding the habitat, ecology, phenology and IUCN conservation assessments of Gymnadenia winkeliana are provided, including maps illustrating its distribution.
Assessing the Sound and Heat Insulation Characteristics of Layered Nonwoven Composite Structures Composed of Meltblown and Recycled Thermo-Bonded Layers
Authors: Çinçik Emel , Aslan Eda
Published: May 2024

Sound and heat insulation are among the most important concerns in modern life and nonwoven composite structures are highly effective in noise reduction and heat insulation. In this study, three layered nonwoven composite structures composed of a recycled polyester (r-Pet)-based thermo-bonded nonwoven outer layer and meltblown nonwovens from Polypropylene (PP) and Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) as inner layers were formed to provide heat and sound insulation. Fiber fineness and cross-section of the thermo-bonded outer layer, fiber type (PP/PBT), areal weight (100/200 g/m2) and process conditions (calendared/non-calendared) of the meltblown inner layer were changed systematically and the influence of these independent variables on thickness, bulk density, air permeability, sound absorption coefficient and thermal resistance of composite structures were analyzed statistically by using Design Expert 13 software. Additionally, the results were compared with composite structures including an electrospun nanofiber web inner layer and with structures without an inner layer. It was concluded that comparable or even better sound absorption values were achieved with the developed nonwoven composites containing meltblown layers compared to nanofiber-included composites and the materials in previous studies.
Structural, Optical, and Thermal Properties of PVA/SrTiO3/CNT Polymer Nanocomposites
Authors: Alshammari Alhulw H.
Published: May 2024

Successful preparation of PVA/SrTiO3/CNT polymer nanocomposite films was accomplished via the solution casting method. The structural, optical, and thermal properties of the films were tested by XRD, SEM, FTIR, TGA, and UV-visible spectroscopy. Inclusion of the SrTiO3/CNT nanofillers with a maximum of 1 wt% drastically improved the optical and thermal properties of PVA films. SrTiO3 has a cubic crystal structure, and its average crystal size was found to be 28.75 nm. SEM images showed uniform distribution in the sample with 0.3 wt% of SrTiO3/CNTs in the PVA film, while some agglomerations appeared in the samples of higher SrTiO3/CNT content, i.e., at 0.7 and 1.0 wt%, in the PVA polymer films. The inclusion of SrTiO3/CNTs improved the thermal stability of PVA polymer films. The direct and indirect optical band gaps of the PVA films decreased when increasing the mass of the SrTiO3/CNTs, while the single-oscillator energy (E0) and dispersion energy (Ed) increased. The films’ refractive indices were gradually increased upon increasing the nanofillers’ weight. In addition, improvements in the optical susceptibility and nonlinear refractive indices’ values were also obtained. These films are qualified for optoelectronic applications due to their distinct optical and thermal properties.
4D-Printed Tool for Compressing a Shape Memory Polyurethane Foam during Programming
Authors: Chalissery Dilip , Pretsch Thorsten
Published: May 2024

Although several force application concepts are known that can be used to deform shape memory polymers (SMPs) within the scope of programming, controlled deformation is challenging in the case of samples with a cylinder-like shape, which need to be homogeneously compressed starting from the lateral surface. To solve this problem, this contribution follows a material approach that takes advantage of four-dimensional (4D) printing. Fused filament fabrication (FFF) was used as an additive manufacturing (AM) technique to produce a thermoresponsive tool in a cylindrical shape from a polyether urethane (PEU) having a glass transition temperature (Tg) close to 55 °C, as determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Once it was 4D-printed, a sample of laser cut polyester urethane urea (PEUU) foam with a cylindrical wall was placed inside of it. Subsequent heating to 75 °C and keeping that temperature constant for 15 min resulted in the compression of the foam, because the internal stresses of the PEU were transferred to the PEUU, whose soft segments were completely molten at 65 °C as verified by DSC. Upon cooling to −15 °C and thus below the offset temperature of the soft segment crystallization transition of the PEUU, the foam was fixed in its new shape. After 900 days of storage at temperatures close to 23 °C, the foam recovered its original shape upon reheating to 75 °C. In another experiment, a 4D-printed cylinder was put into hibernation for 900 days before its thermoresponsiveness was investigated. In the future, 4D-printed tools may be produced in many geometries, which fit well to the shapes of the SMPs to be programmed. Beyond programming SMP foams, transferring the forces released by 4D-printed tools to other programmable materials can further expand technical possibilities.
Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Based Electrochemical Sensor for the Detection of Azoxystrobin in Aqueous Media
Authors: Nguyen Vu Bao Chau , Reut Jekaterina , Rappich Jörg , Hinrichs Karsten , Syritski Vitali
Published: May 2024

This work presents an electrochemical sensor detecting a fungicide-azoxystrobin (AZO) in aqueous environments. This AZO sensor utilizes a thin-film metal electrode (TFME) combined with an AZO-selective molecularly imprinted polymer (AZO–MIP). The AZO–MIP was directly generated on TFME through electrochemical polymerization from the solution containing two functional monomers: aniline (Ani) and m-phenylenediamine (mPD), and the template: AZO, which was afterwards removed to form AZO-selective cavities in the polymer matrix. The AZO–MIP preparation was characterized by electrochemical and ellipsometry measurements. Optimization of the synthesis parameters, including the charge density applied during electrodeposition, the monomer-to-template ratio, was performed to enhance the sensor’s performance. The results demonstrated that the AZO sensor achieved a low limit of detection (LOD) of 3.6 nM and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 11.8 nM in tap water, indicating its sensitivity in a complex aqueous environment. The sensor also exhibited satisfactory selectivity for AZO in both ultrapure and tap-water samples and achieved a good recovery (94–119%) for the target analyte. This study highlights the potential of MIP-based electrochemical sensors for the rapid and accurate detection of fungicide contaminants in water, contributing to the advancement of analytical tools for water-quality monitoring and risk assessment.
Cellulose Nanocrystals and Lignin Nanoparticles Extraction from Lemna minor L.: Acid Hydrolysis of Bleached and Ionic Liquid-Treated Biomass
Authors: Puglia Debora , Luzi Francesca , Tolisano Ciro , Rallini Marco , Priolo Dario , Brienza Monica , Costantino Ferdinando , Torre Luigi , Del Buono Daniele
Published: May 2024

Using biomass to develop and obtain environmentally friendly and industrially applicable biomaterials is increasingly attracting global interest. Herein, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) were extracted from Lemna minor L., a freshwater free-floating aquatic species commonly called duckweed. To obtain CNCs and LNPs, two different procedures and biomass treatment processes based on bleaching or on the use of an ionic liquid composed of triethylammonium and sulfuric acid ([TEA][HSO4]), followed by acid hydrolysis, were carried out. Then, the effects of these treatments in terms of the thermal, morphological, and chemical properties of the CNCs and LNPs were assessed. The resulting nanostructured materials were characterized by using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy, thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the two methodologies applied resulted in both CNCs and LNPs. However, the bleaching-based treatment produced CNCs with a rod-like shape, length of 100–300 nm and width in the range of 10–30 nm, and higher purity than those obtained with ILs that were spherical in shape. In contrast, regarding lignin, IL made it possible to obtain spherical nanoparticles, as in the case of the other treatment, but they were characterized by higher purity and thermal stability. In conclusion, this research highlights the possibility of obtaining nanostructured biopolymers from an invasive aquatic species that is largely available in nature and how it is possible, by modifying experimental procedures, to obtain nanomaterials with different morphological, purity, and thermal resistance characteristics.
Microneedles Based on a Biodegradable Polymer—Hyaluronic Acid
Authors: Chudzińska Jagoda , Wawrzyńczak Agata , Feliczak-Guzik Agnieszka
Published: May 2024

Transdermal transport can be challenging due to the difficulty in diffusing active substances through the outermost layer of the epidermis, as the primary function of the skin is to protect against the entry of exogenous compounds into the body. In addition, penetration of the epidermis for substances hydrophilic in nature and particles larger than 500 Da is highly limited due to the physiological properties and non-polar nature of its outermost layer, namely the stratum corneum. A solution to this problem can be the use of microneedles, which “bypass” the problematic epidermal layer by dispensing the active substance directly into the deeper layers of the skin. Microneedles can be obtained with various materials and come in different types. Of special interest are carriers based on biodegradable and biocompatible polymers, such as polysaccharides. Therefore, this paper reviews the latest literature on methods to obtain hyaluronic acid-based microneedles. It focuses on the current advancements in this field and consequently provides an opportunity to guide future research in this area.
Morphological Study before and after Thermal Treatment of Polymer-Polymer Mixed-Matrix Membranes for Gas Separations
Authors: Pradanos Pedro , Soto Cenit , Carmona Francisco Javier , Lozano Ángel E. , Hernández Antonio , Palacio Laura
Published: May 2024

A good integration of the polymer materials that form a mixed-matrix membrane (MMM) for gas separation is essential to reaching interesting permselective properties. In this work, a porous polymer network (PPN), obtained by combining triptycene and trifluoroacetophenone, has been used as a filler, which was blended with two o-hydroxypolyamides (HPAs) that act as polymer matrices. These polymer matrices have been thermally treated to induce a thermal rearrangement (TR) of the HPAs to polybenzoxazoles (β-TR-PBOs) through a solid-state reaction. For its structural study, various techniques have been proposed that allow us to undertake a morphological investigation into the integration of these materials. To access the internal structure of the MMMs, three different methods were used: a polishing process for the material surface, the partial dissolution of the polymer matrix, or argon plasma etching. The argon plasma technique has not only revealed its potential to visualize the internal structure of these materials; it has also been proven to allow for the transformation of their permselective properties. Force modulation and phase contrast in lift-mode techniques, along with the topographic images obtained via the tapping mode using a scanning probe microscope (SPM), have allowed us to study the distribution of the filler particles and the interaction of the polymer and the filler. The morphological information obtained via SPM, along with that of other more commonly used techniques (SEM, TGA, DSC, FTIR, WASX, gas adsorption, and permeability measurements), has allowed us to postulate the most probable structural configuration in this type of system.
3D and 4D Printing of PETG–ABS–Fe3O4 Nanocomposites with Supreme Remotely Driven Magneto-Thermal Shape-Memory Performance
Authors: Mirasadi Kiandokht , Rahmatabadi Davood , Ghasemi Ismaeil , Khodaei Mohammad , Baniassadi Majid , Bodaghi Mahdi , Baghani Mostafa
Published: May 2024

This study introduces novel PETG–ABS–Fe3O4 nanocomposites that offer impressive 3D- and 4D-printing capabilities. These nanocomposites can be remotely stimulated through the application of a temperature-induced magnetic field. A direct granule-based FDM printer equipped with a pneumatic system to control the output melt flow is utilized to print the composites. This addresses challenges associated with using a high weight percentage of nanoparticles and the lack of control over geometry when producing precise and continuous filaments. SEM results showed that the interface of the matrix was smooth and uniform, and the increase in nanoparticles weakened the interface of the printed layers. The ultimate tensile strength (UTS) increased from 25.98 MPa for the pure PETG–ABS sample to 26.3 MPa and 27.05 MPa for the 10% and 15% Fe3O4 nanocomposites, respectively. This increase in tensile strength was accompanied by a decrease in elongation from 15.15% to 13.94% and 12.78%. The results of the shape-memory performance reveal that adding iron oxide not only enables indirect and remote recovery but also improves the shape-memory effect. Improving heat transfer and strengthening the elastic component can increase the rate and amount of shape recovery. Nanocomposites containing 20% iron oxide demonstrate superior shape-memory performance when subjected to direct heat stimulation and a magnetic field, despite exhibiting low print quality and poor tensile strength. Smart nanocomposites with magnetic remote-control capabilities provide opportunities for 4D printing in diverse industries, particularly in medicine, where rapid speed and remote control are essential for minimally invasive procedures.
From Understanding Śūnyatā to Connecting It with the Tathāgatagarbha: The Emergence and Evolution of Sengzhao’s Emptiness of the Nonabsolute
Authors: Yang Benhua
Published: May 2024

Historical transmission and other controversies related to Sengzhao’s Things Do Not Shift have long been a subject of scholarly attention. However, his essay Emptiness of the Nonabsolute has been insufficiently studied, despite being traditionally deemed emblematic of the Chinese understanding of Mādhyamaka philosophy. The present study shows that this essay has also historically generated divisions and debates in the Chinese context. It finds that Emptiness of the Nonabsolute expresses the Mādhyamaka philosophy of emptiness in a distinctly Chinese manner by grounding itself in the principle of dependent origination, and by transforming issues of being and nonbeing and the name and the “thing-in-itself” into conditional emergence. Nevertheless, Sengzhao’s essay evoked the two markedly distinct construals of Buzhengukong 不真故空 and Bushizhenkong 不是真空 as Tathāgatagarbha and Buddha-nature philosophy within Chinese Buddhism. Bushizhenkong directly aligned Sengzhao’s ostensibly representative theory of Mādhyamaka emptiness in China with the doctrinal framework of Tathāgatagarbha and Buddha-nature, triggering almost a millennium-long period of discussions and controversies.
Prison Chaplaincy as A Microaggressive Environment for the Non-Religious
Authors: Hunt Katie
Published: May 2024

This article unites the Special Issue’s themes of religion, prison, and spaces to examine the prison chaplaincy as a microaggressive environment for people of minority and especially non-religious belief. Although the chaplaincy purports to cater to all faiths and none, it is an inherently religious institution dominated by the Church of England, whose power and privilege is reinforced in both prison policy and legislation. After setting out the context and methodology of my empirical study, I unpack the concept of microaggressions and share original data from interviews with non-religious chaplaincy volunteers to demonstrate the ways in which prison chaplaincy can be alienating to people with a secular world view both as a pastoral service and a workplace. I also explore the physical space of the chaplaincy as a site of everyday othering, through its layout, language, and imagery. Ultimately, I argue that this facility is not suitable for everyone and creates hierarchies of access in which some prisoners and, indeed, staff feel more welcome than others. The article therefore proposes changes to people, place, and policy that could reduce this microaggressive impact.