bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wanting it all: the challenges of managing young talent in transition economies
Authors: Zupan Nada , Dziewanowska Katarzyna , Pearce Alison
Published: December 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to identify challenges of talent management (TM) of transition economies, based on a study of employee and employer obligations as elements of anticipatory psychological contracts (APC) among young entrants to labor market. The authors aim to analyze how APC differ between transitional and non-transitional countries and also if there are differences between transitional countries.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors used a quantitative research design and conducted a survey using the PC inventory among business students in Poland and Slovenia and the UK (as a control group).

Findings

The authors found that APC in transitional countries differ significantly from the control group, with Polish and Slovenian APCs being more transactional and less relational than in the UK. Also, there are several differences between Poland and Slovenia, suggesting that Central and Eastern Europe transitional countries cannot be considered a single region in this respect.

Practical implications

The authors identified challenges related to TM in transitional countries based on APC characteristics and proposed several ways in which employers and educators could help to build more realistic expectations and thus helping young talents with their transition from education to labor market. By increasing the understanding of APC employers can improve their TM practices for the young talents.

Originality/value

The study offers unique insights into APC of the young entrants to labor market in transitional countries, with regard to both employee and employer obligations. The three types of APC were studied along with particular dimensions of APC. The authors linked TM to the APC characteristics. Based on the results, the authors propose that socio-economic context as well as national culture should be considered as antecedents of APC formation and given more attention in both psychological contract and TM research.
Determining factors for the application of climate change adaptation strategies among farmers in Magwe District, dry zone region of Myanmar
Authors: Tun Oo Aung , Van Huylenbroeck Guido , Speelman Stijn
Published: December 2016

Purpose

Climate change negatively affects agricultural crop production in the dry zone region of Myanmar. This paper aims to examine climate change adaptation strategies of farmers in the dry zone region. Farmers’ choice for adaptation strategies is influenced by many factors such as the practical availability and by socioeconomic conditions of the farmers. They are moreover influenced by the perception about climate change and by the specific problems prevailing in the farming systems.

Design/methodology/approach

This research is carried out in Magwe district in the dry zone region of Myanmar using a random selection of 212 farmers from three Townships (Magwe, Yenanchaung and Chauk). A multinomial logistic regression (MLR) was applied to assess the factors affecting the choice by farmers for adaptation strategies.

Findings

The study found that in the past, farmers used to apply locally available indigenous climate change adaptation strategies. However, recently, most farmers seem to have shifted to introduced adaptation strategies. The most popular adaptation strategy is to adjust the planting dates and sowing method (56.1 per cent). Furthermore, farmers identified a number of barriers that limit the adoption of adaptation methods. Risk is found to be an important driver of crop diversification. Finally, the MLR model showed that information from radio, access to seeds and extension services affect the choice of adaptation strategies.

Originality/value

The study shows that adoption of locally available indigenous climate change adaptation methods is gradually decreasing, and there is a shift to introduced adaptation strategies. The study can assist public and private organizations to obtain insight in the determinants of climate change adaptation in the dry zone region of Myanmar.
Impact of climate change on the precipitation pattern of district Sargodha, Pakistan
Authors: Mobeen Muhammad , Ahmed Haroon , Ullah Fahad , Riaz Muhammad Omar , Mustafa Irfan , Khan Mobushir Riaz , Hanif Muhammad Usman
Published: December 2016

Purpose

Spatio-temporal variations in precipitation pattern of district Sargodha is one of the most significant researchable questions because of the massive reliance on rainfall for agricultural practice in the study area. The pattern of current rainfall in the study area is unexpectedly changed. The purpose of the present study is to examine the changing precipitation pattern and to link it with climate change.

Design/methodology/approach

The study was conducted by using rainfall data of the past 30 years collected from 8 meteorological stations around the study area. The averages of rainfall on monthly basis were temporally arranged, and the fluctuation trends were studied using GIS and statistics. The temporal data of rainfall were compared and contrasted with the precipitation normals of the study area from 1981to 2010. The rainfall deviation in the present study was calculated. The spatial pattern of rainfall was plotted by interpolating the eight points of Punjab around the study area for the first two decades, whereas the past decade was analysed by incorporating five more points of Tehsils in the existing eight. The spatial and statistical representation of data were examined by compare and contrast with the previous findings.

Findings

The rainfall in the study area showed remarkable changes in magnitude and spatiality. The rainfall in the district is on the rise, whereas the spatial pattern of rainfall is becoming more complex and anomalous in character. This paper provides convincing evidence about the impact of climate change on the magnitude and spatial patterns of precipitation in the study area.

Practical implications

It will be helpful for understanding the shifts in the rainfall pattern in future as well as for the preparation of response to the issue of climate change and its impacts.

Originality/value

The current manuscript, for the very first time, provided detailed insights about the precipitation pattern shifting during the last 30 years in district Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan. Furthermore, agricultural sector would likely get severally affected because of seasonal changes in climatic factors like rainfall and have strong food security implications. The current findings will be useful to manage the climate change-related issues in Pakistan and helpful for the policy makers to design a coping strategy for climate change impacts.
Role of government towards adoption of cleaner technologies for climate proactivity
Authors: Satapathy Santanu Kumar , Sangle Shirish , Unnikrishnan Seema
Published: December 2016

Purpose

There is a need for considerable attention on the adoption of cleaner technologies (CT) by firms for climate proactivity for developing countries such as India. Literature survey suggests that government, market and civil society are the key drivers of CT adoption (CTA) in developing countries. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the mediating and moderating role of the government in CTA for climate proactivity.

Design/methodology/approach

The data collected from a survey of Indian firms were analyzed through exploratory factor analysis and multiple regression analysis to examine the mediating and moderating role of the government.

Findings

The empirical outcome was compared with the current government policies to summarize the research findings.

Research limitations/implications

There is scope of future research to examine the moderating and mediating role of market and civil society in CTA for climate proactivity.

Practical implications

The study will provide significant insight into various stakeholders associated with the CTA such as government, technology manufacturers, marketing community, environmental professionals and associated researchers. The research model will be useful for policymakers, managers and researchers for understanding CTA in the Indian context.

Social implications

The output model will be useful for the government to formulate forward-looking strategies toward the adoption of CT by industries for climate proactivity.

Originality/value

Unlike previous studies in which the government was recognized as a key driver of CTA, this study makes an attempt to test the moderating/mediating role of government in CTA in India. The findings of the study are supported by adequate empirical evidence.
Systematic review of mirror therapy compared with conventional rehabilitation in upper extremity function in stroke survivors
Authors: Pérez‐Cruzado David , Merchán‐Baeza Jose Antonio , González‐Sánchez Manuel , Cuesta‐Vargas Antonio I.
Published: December 2016

Background/aim

Stroke is a leading cause of disability in developed countries. One of the most widespread techniques in clinical practice is mirror therapy (MT). To determine the effectiveness of MT over other methods of intervention in the recovery of upper limb function in people who have had a stroke.

Methods

A systematic review was conducted. The search string was established based on the last systematic review about MT that dated from 2009: “upper extremity” OR “upper limb “AND “mirror therapy” AND stroke. For this search Pubmed, Scopus and SciELO databases were used.

Results

Fifteen studies were included in the systematic review. Recovery of the upper limb, upper limb function and gross manual dexterity were frequently measured in these studies.

Conclusions

In the primary variables in promoting recovery, MT alone showed better results in acute and chronic stroke patients in upper limb functioning than either conventional rehabilitation (CR) or CR plus MT.

PROSPERO registration number: CRD42015026869
Obesity, Body Mass Index, and Homicide
Authors: Omond Kimberley J. , Langlois Neil E. I. , Byard Roger W.
Published: December 2016

The body mass indexes (BMIs) of 100 randomly selected homicide cases from the files of Forensic Science SA were compared to the Australian and South Australian populations. There were 70 males and 30 females (M:F = 2.3:1; age range 18–84 years; mean 42.3 years). There was a substantially lower proportion of obese individuals in the homicide population compared to the general Australian and South Australian populations (19% [vs.] 27.9% and 30%, respectively). A second group of 144 randomly selected autopsy cases where the BMI was ≥40 kg/m2 was analyzed. There were 77 males and 67 females (M:F = 1.2:1; age range 23–78 years; mean 46.7 years). The majority of deaths were natural (N = 108), with no homicides. A negative association between obesity and homicide has, therefore, been demonstrated. Reasons for the lower numbers of obese/morbidly obese individuals among homicide victims are unclear, but may include physical protection afforded by fat padding from sharp force injuries, and relative sociodemographic isolation.
Age Estimation Based on Appearance of Gray Hair in Different Body Sites of Sri Lankan Autopsy Cases
Authors: Senanayake Harshana Mahendra Kumara , Wickramasinghe Nuwan Darshana
Published: December 2016

Owing to the scanty evidence on usefulness of information of appearance of gray hair for age estimation, this study was conducted to estimate age based on the appearance of gray hair on different body sites in a sample of autopsy cases in Sri Lanka. A descriptive cross‐sectional study was conducted in Teaching Hospital‐Kurunegala during 2011 to 2013. Based on the pattern of the presence of gray hair in different body sites, six stages of gray hair were computed. The analysis 1155 autopsy cases revealed strong, positive correlations between age and appearance of gray hair in head, mustache, beard, and pubic area among males and strong, positive correlations between age and the appearance of gray hair in head and pubic area among females (p < 0.01). Our findings demonstrate the value of information of appearance of gray hair for age estimation in the field of forensic science.
Cambrian Reefs in the Western North China Platform, Wuhai, Inner Mongolia
Authors: LEE Jeong‐Hyun , KIM Byeong‐Jun , LIANG Kun , PARK Tae‐Yoon S. , CHOH Suk‐Joo , LEE Dong‐Jin , WOO Jusun
Published: December 2016

Mid to late Cambrian thrombolites and maze‐like maceriate reefs from the western North China Platform, Wuhai, Inner Mongolia, northwestern China, occur in the middle of a succession dominated by thin‐bedded lime mudstone‐shale/marlstone alternations, and are laterally surrounded by limestone conglomerate and/or grainstone. Thrombolite, characterized by meter‐scale lenticular mounds composed of millimeter‐ to centimeter‐scale mesoclots and wackestone matrix, occurs in the lower middle part of the sequence. Thrombolite mesoclots are composed of microstromatolites with alternating dark gray and light gray micritic laminae. The maze‐like maceriate reefs occur in the middle to the upper part of the sequence, commonly forming lenticular mounds up to 1 m thick. They are characterized by centimeter‐ to decimeter‐scale branched maze‐like structures, whose biogenic portions (maceria) are selectively dolomitized. The maceriae are composed of poorly preserved microstromatolites and siliceous sponges. Inter‐macerial sediments consist of lime mud and scattered bioclasts. These Wuhai reefs are generally similar to but older than various other Cambrian reefs previously reported from the Shandong region, northeastern China.
Systematic Revision of Trilobites from the Middle Ordovician (Darriwilian) Klimoli Formation of the Zhuozishan Area, Inner Mongolia, China
Authors: LEE Seung‐Bae , LEE Dong‐Chan , WOO Jusun , ZHANG Xingliang
Published: December 2016

New morphologic information permits systematic revision of trilobites from the Middle Ordovician Klimoli Formation of the Zhuozishan area, Ordos Basin, Inner Mongolia. The new assemblage is composed of 10 species of the Raphiophoridae, Nileidae, Asaphidae, and Telephinidae. An asaphid, aff. Mioptychopyge lashachungensis (previously Paraptychopyge lashachungensis) displays an intermediate morphology between the Chinese nobiliasaphine genera Mioptychopyge and Zhenganites. The pygidial doublure is regarded as the most significant character to differentiate Symphysurus klimoliensis (previously Nileus klimoliensis) of the Nileidae from such closely allied taxa as Poronileus. A nileid, cf. Peraspis kujandensis displays typical nileid morphology, unlike the type species, Peraspis lineolata, which might turn out to be an asaphid. Ampyx gongwusuensis sp. nov. of the Raphiophoridae is the first record of the genus in the Zhuozishan area and reveals morphologic details that might be employed to resolve Ampyx taxonomy in China. Morphologic differences between A. gongwusuensis and Abulbaspis ordosensis might represent a case of sexual dimorphism.
In Situ Stress Measurements in the Lhasa Terrane, Tibetan Plateau, China
Authors: MENG Wen , GUO Changbao , ZHANG Yongshuang , DU Yuben , ZHANG Min , BAO Linhai , ZHANG Peng
Published: December 2016

Tectonic activities are frequent in the Lhasa terrane because of the ongoing collision between the India and Eurasia plates. Knowledge of the stress state is critical to evaluate the crustal stability and the design of underground excavations. Because of the limitations imposed by natural conditions, little research has been performed on the present crustal in situ stress in the Tibetan Plateau, and further study is imperative. In this study, hydraulic fracturing measurements were conducted in Nyching County (LZX) and Lang County (LX), Lhasa terrane to characterize the shallow crustal stress state. The results indicate that the stress state in the LZX borehole is markedly different from that in the LX borehole, in both magnitude and orientation. At the same measurement depths, the magnitudes of horizontal principal stresses in the LX borehole are 1.5–3.0 times larger than those in the LZX borehole. The stress regime in the LX borehole favors reverse faulting characterized by SH>Sh>Sv, where SH, Sh, and Sv are maximum horizontal, minimum horizontal, and vertical principal stresses, respectively. The SH and Sh values are approximately three and two times greater than Sv. Fracture impression results reveal that SH in the LX borehole are predominantly N–S, while in the LZX borehole the maximum horizontal principal stress is mainly in the NNE‐direction. The heterogeneity of the regional stress state might be a result of the population and distribution of local structures and seismic activities. The stress state in the LX borehole has exceeded the critical state of failure equilibrium, and there is an optimally orientated pre‐existing fault near the borehole. It can be concluded that the optimally orientated fault is likely to be active when the stress has built up sufficiently to destroy the frictional equilibrium; it is suggested that research focus should be placed on this in future. The stress states in boreholes LZX and LX indicate uniformity of the regional stress field and diversity of the local stress fields resulting from the interactions among regional dynamic forces, tectonic stress field, and geological structures.
Petrogenesis of Two Types of Archean TTGs in the North China Craton: A Case Study of Intercalated TTGs in Lushan and Non‐intercalated TTGs in Hengshan
Authors: SHAN Houxiang , ZHAI Mingguo , DEY Sukanta
Published: December 2016

TTG (Tonalite‐Trondhjemite‐Granodiorite) gneisses, a major component of Precambrian continental crust, play a significant role in understanding the process and mechanism of the crustal evolution in the early periods of the Earth. In terms of field occurrence, there are two kinds of Archean TTGs in the NCC (North China Craton): intercalated and non‐intercalated TTGs. In this contribution, we make a comprehensive comparison of these two types of TTGs from the typical areas (Lushan and Hengshan) in the NCC with an aim to constrain their petrogenesis. The results suggest that they have similar mineral assemblages of Pl + Qtz + Bt ± Amp ± Kfs but different field appearances and geochemical compositions, thus probably reflecting different source materials and tectonic settings. Differences in the contents of characteristic elements, such as Sr, REE and HFSE, suggest that the non‐intercalated TTGs in Hengshan were generated at deeper levels than those of intercalated TTGs in Lushan. Constraints from element contents and geochemical modeling results are consistent with derivation from dual sources involving both garnet amphibolite and rutile‐bearing eclogite residues for the non‐intercalated TTGs in Hengshan, whereas the compositions of intercalated TTGs in Lushan indicate that they were formed by partial melting with amphibolite to garnet‐amphibolite residues. Moreover, accumulation of plagioclase is also required in the petrogenesis of intercalated TTGs in Lushan, at least for part of them. In addition, the non‐intercalated TTGs in Hengshan display distinctly higher MgO, Mg#, Cr and Ni values and lower SiO2average contents compared to the intercalated TTGs in Lushan. These features suggest that the former magma, at least a part, might have interacted with the mantle wedge during ascent. Considering all the above factors and in combination with the whole‐rock Nd and zircon Hf isotopic data, it is suggested that the non‐intercalated TTGs in Hengshan were produced by partial melting of subducted slab contaminated by the overlying mantle wedge at deeper levels and high pressures, whereas the intercalated TTGs in Lushan were generated by melting of the thickened lower crust at lower pressures and shallower depths. The tectonic settings of the two types of TTGs shed new light on the growth of the NCC.
Zircon U‐Pb‐Hf Isotopic Systematics and Geochemistry of the Granites in the Wurinitu Molybdenum Deposit, Inner Mongolia, China: Implications for Tectonic Setting and Genetic Type of Mineralization
Authors: ZHANG Zhenjie , CHENG Qiuming , YAO Lingqing , BAI Huishan , LI Cheng
Published: December 2016

The Wurinitu Mo deposit is one of the newly found molybdenum deposits in the southwestern part of the late Paleozoic–Mesozoic Erenhot–Dong‐Ujimqin metallogenic belt (S‐EDMB), Inner Mongolia, China. In the present study, the mineralization age of the Wurinitu deposit is constrained to 137.3 ± 1.3 to 131.9 ± 1.5 Ma based on a combination of the laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (LA–ICP–MS) zircon U–Pb dating of the mineralization related fine‐grained monzonitic granite and the post‐mineralization granite porphyry. The results of zircon Lu–Hf isotopes, combined with the geochemical characteristics of the granites in the S‐EDMB, suggest that the Wurinitu Mo deposit was formed in an extensional environment in relation to the subduction of the Paleo‐Pacific plate in late Mesozoic. The Wurinitu deposit shares similarities with the classical Climax‐type porphyry molybdenum deposits in tectonic setting, mineral assemblages, and metal zonation.
Discovery and Geological Significance of Neoproterozoic Metamorphic Granite in Jimo, Shandong Province, Eastern China
Authors: ZHU Decheng , LÜ Dawei , SHEN Xiaoli , YANG Qing , LI Dandan , REN Tianlong , YANG Shipeng
Published: December 2016

During the 1:50000 regional geological survey in Jimo, east Shandong Province, Paleoproterozoic metamorphic supracrustal rocks and Neoproterozoic metamorphic plutonite were newly discovered. These rocks displayed inclusions which had occurred in the Mesozoic granite, and the main lithologies are schist, granulite, marble, and granitic gneiss. Geochemical analyses suggest that Neoproterozoic metamorphic plutonite are characterized by high‐K, metaluminous to weakly peraluminous. They are enriched in LILE and depleted in HFSE, with moderately enrichment of LREE, weak fractionation of LREE from HREE and negative Eu anomalies. The surface age of plutonic rocks in the survey area is 770.2±2.4 Ma, representing the age of magma crystallization, which is agreement with the the Neoproterozoic magmatic event after Rodinia supercontinent in the northern margin of Southern China continental block. In addition, the age of sporadic distribution (298 Ma and 269 Ma) is mixed zircon age, representing the rocks experienced metamorphism in Indosinian period. According to the associated mineral assemblages, and the characteristic metamorphic minerals and temperature pressure conditions, four metamorphic facies were identified, including amphibolitic, epidote amphibolite, greenschist, and mid‐high pressure greenschist. Analysis of tectonic setting suggests that granitic gneiss is formed in an extensional environment and was involved from the continental margin magmatic arc to intraplate environment. Jimo is distributed in the east of Zhuwu fault, and has the same Spatial distribution location with the Weihai uplift UHP metamorphic belt rocks. The metamorphic rocks in Jimo area have similar geochemical characteristics of elements, tectonic setting and retrograde metamorphism with that in the Sulu UHP metamorphic belt. Therefore, Zhuwu fault may be the boundary fault of Sulu UHP metamorphic belt.
Metamerism Appreciation of Jadeite‐Jade Green under the Standard Light Sources D65, A and CWF
Authors: GUO Ying , WANG Huan , LI Xiang , DONG Shirong
Published: December 2016

We tested 288 pieces of the polished cabochon jadeite‐jade with high quality green and smooth surfaces using the colorimeter Color i5 based on the CIE 1976 L*a*b* uniform color space. The color changes after alternating three CIE standard light sources D65, A and CWF were compared, and the degree of metamerism was evaluated. The results show that the CIE standard light sources D65, A and CWF increase the chroma of green and turn bluish green into vivid green, which are similar or to nearly colorless and transparent glass‐like samples with fine textures. When the three light sources were individually alternated, the lightness of the jadeite‐jades showed little change, but the tone changed significantly. Metamerism occurred only in 3 pairs among the 16 samples that were selected by cluster analysis for quality, and the metamerism colors were highly consistent of L*D65∊(43.47, 46.75), C*D65∊(65.20, 68.80) and ho*D65∊(138.10, 140.23). We can conclude that the jadeite‐jade green gradually turns to blue when the color temperature of the light source increases. But when considering both the light sources and the samples, D65 is more suitable to be the light source of jadeite‐jade green when compared with the light sources CWF and A. Compared with the CIE standard green and high chroma green, high‐quality jadeite‐jade green has a slight yellow tone, low lightness and high chroma. The special metamerism index decreased to 1 when the light source alternated among D65, A and CWF. Therefore, the color of jadeite‐jade green might be slightly influenced by alternating of the light sources.
The Relationship between Jurassic Coal Measures and Sandstone‐type Uranium Deposits in the Northeastern Ordos Basin, China
Authors: JIAO Yangquan , WU Liqun , RONG Hui , PENG Yunbiao , MIAO Aisheng , WANG Xiaoming
Published: December 2016

Outcrop and drill hole data show that the Jurassic coal measures in the northeastern Ordos Basin are composed mainly of the Yan'an Formation and the lowstand system tract of the Zhiluo Formation, and there is a regional unconformity between them. The Dongsheng uranium deposit is associated with the Jurassic coal measures. Research data indicate that the Jurassic coal measures in the study area have a certain hydrocarbon‐generating capacity, although the metamorphic grade is low (Ro=0.40%–0.58%). In the Dongsheng region alone, the accumulative amount of generated coalbed methane (CBM) is about 2028.29 × 108 −2218.72 × 108 m3; the residual amount is about 50.92 × 108 m3, and the lost amount is about 1977 × 108 m3. Analysis of the burial history of the host rocks and the evolutionary history of the Dongsheng uranium deposit suggests that the Jurassic coal measures generated hydrocarbon mainly from Middle Jurassic to Early Crataceous, which is the main mineralization phase of the Dongsheng uranium deposit. By the Late Cretaceous, a mass of CBM dissipated due to the strong tectonic uplift, and the Dongsheng uranium deposit stepped into the preservation phase. Therefore, the low‐mature hydrocarbon‐containing fluid in the Jurassic coal measures not only served as a reducing agent for the formation of sandstone‐type uranium deposits, but also rendered the second reduction of paleo‐interlayer oxidation zone and become the primary reducing agent for ore conservation. Regional strata correlation reveals that the sandstone‐type uranium reservoir at the bottom of the Zhiluo Formation is in contact with the underlying industrial coal seams in the Yan'an Formation through incision or in the form of an unconformity surface. In the Dongsheng region with poorly developed fault systems, the unconformity surface and scour surface served as the main migration pathways for low‐mature hydrocarbon‐containing fluid migrating to the uranium reservoir.
Original Sedimentary Pattern of an Inverted Basin: A Case Study from the Bozhong Depression, Offshore Bohai Bay Basin
Authors: ZHAO Junfeng , LIU Chiyang , HUANG Lei , MOUNTNEY Nigel , HAN Shaojia , LIU Peng , HU Junhao
Published: December 2016

The third member of Shahejie Formation (Sha‐3 member; 42–38Ma of Eocene) in the Bozhong Depression, offshore Bohai Bay Basin was subject to multiple post‐depositional modifications. The present structural framework of the Bozhong Depression, which is characterized by sags alternating with uplifts, does not reflect its original sedimentary pattern. Previous studies have not discussed the post‐depositional modification of this succession, including the sedimentary pattern variations and the depositional geodynamic setting. This work determined the characteristics of the post‐depositional modification and original sedimentary pattern of the Bozhong Depression through analysis of seismic data, well‐log data and fission‐track ages. The results demonstrate that the Shijiutuo rise, a major structural feature of the current basin, did not exist during the major depositional stage of the Sha‐3 member, when the Qinnan sag was largely connected to the Bozhong sag to form a single contiguous deposition area within the basin. By contrast, the Shaleitian and Chengbei rises, located in the western part of the Bozhong Depression, have existed before the depositional period of the Eocene Sha‐3 member; these features were manifested as syn‐depositional tilted fault blocks, the uplifted footwall blocks of which provided sediments for the neighboring Shanan and Chengbei sags. The western part of the Bonan low rise, located in the southern part of the Bozhong Depression, did not experience uplifting during the depositional phase of the Eocene Sha‐3 member. The Huanghekou sag was connected with the Bozhong sag in the western part of the Bozhong Depression. The original sedimentary boundary of the southern Miaoxi sag possibly extended eastward about 10 km and connected with the Bozhong sag at its northern part. The present‐day Bodong low rise, which is bounded by the Tan–Lu fault zone, also formed after the depositional period of Eocene Sha‐3 member. It is thus concluded that the Bozhong Depression formed a connected large‐scale sub‐basin during the depositional stage of the Eocene Sha‐3 member. Several neighboring sags that are now separated by rises, including the Qinnan, Shanan, Chengbei, Huanghekou, Miaoxi and Bodong sags, formed a single contiguous depositional area during the Eocene. The significant differences between the present and original basin patter and framework provide valuable information for better understanding the history of basin inversion and its impact on related hydrocarbon‐system evolution.
Coupled Model of Two‐phase Debris Flow, Sediment Transport and Morphological Evolution
Authors: HE Siming , OUYANG Chaojun , LIU Wei , WANG Dongpo
Published: December 2016

The volume fraction of the solid and liquid phase of debris flows, which evolves simultaneously across terrains, largely determines the dynamic property of debris flows. The entrainment process significantly influences the amplitude of the volume fraction. In this paper, we present a depth‐averaged two‐phase debris‐flow model describing the simultaneous evolution of the phase velocity and depth, the solid and fluid volume fractions and the bed morphological evolution. The model employs the Mohr–Coulomb plasticity for the solid stress, and the fluid stress is modeled as a Newtonian viscous stress. The interfacial momentum transfer includes viscous drag and buoyancy. A new extended entrainment rate formula that satisfies the boundary momentum jump condition (Iverson and Ouyang, 2015) is presented. In this formula, the basal traction stress is a function of the solid volume fraction and can take advantage of both the Coulomb and velocity‐dependent friction models. A finite volume method using Roe's Riemann approximation is suggested to solve the equations. Three computational cases are conducted and compared with experiments or previous results. The results show that the current computational model and framework are robust and suitable for capturing the characteristics of debris flows.
Characteristics and Genetic Mechanisms of Overpressure in the Depressions of Bohai Bay Basin, China
Authors: LIU Hua , JING Chen , JIANG Youlu , SONG Guoqi , YU Qianqian , FENG Yuelin
Published: December 2016

The distribution and genetic mechanisms of abnormal pressures in the Bohai Bay Basin were systematically analyzed. Abnormal pressures are widely developed in the Bohai Bay Basin, primarily in the Paleogene E2s4, E2s3, Es1, and Ed formations. From the onshore area of the Bohai Bay Basin to the center of the Bozhong area, the top depth of the overpressured zone in each depression increases gradually, the overpressured strata in each depression gradually move to younger formations, and the pressure structure successively alters from single‐bottom‐ overpressure to double‐bottom‐overpressure and finally to double‐top‐overpressure. The distribution of overpressured area is consistent with the sedimentary migration controlled by the tectonic evolution of the Bohai Bay Basin, which is closely related to the hydrocarbon‐generation capability of active source rocks. The overpressured strata are consistent with the source‐rock intervals in each depression; the top of the overpressured zone is synchronous with the hydrocarbon generation threshold in each depression; the hydrocarbon generation capability is positively correlated with the overpressure magnitude in each formation. Undercompaction was the main mechanism of overpressure for depressions with fluid pressure coefficients less than 1.2, whereas hydrocarbon generation was the main mechanism for depressions with fluid pressure coefficients greater than 1.5.
Changes in leaf gas exchange, chlorophyll a fluorescence and antioxidant metabolism within wheat leaves infected by Bipolaris sorokiniana
Authors: Rios J.A. , Aucique‐Pérez C.E. , Debona D. , Cruz Neto L.B.M. , Rios V.S. , Rodrigues F.A.
Published: December 2016

The photosynthetic performance (leaf gas exchange and chlorophyll a (Chla) fluorescence), activities of antioxidant enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX)] and the concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the flag leaves of plants from two wheat cultivars with contrasting levels of resistance to spot blotch was assessed. Spot blotch severity was significantly lower in plants from cv. BR‐18 compared to cv. Guamirim. Net carbon assimilation rate, stomatal conductance and concentrations of Chla, Chlab and carotenoids were significantly decreased from fungal infection. In contrast, internal CO2 concentration was significantly increased from fungal infection in comparison to their non‐inoculated counterparts. Similarly, inoculation significantly reduced photochemical performance in the inoculated flag leaves in comparison to their non‐inoculated counterparts. However, plants from cv. BR‐18 were able to sustain greater functionality of the photosynthetic apparatus during fungal infection process compared to cv. Guamirim. The activities of SOD, POX, APX and CAT increased in inoculated flag leaves from both cultivars compared to non‐inoculated plants, and the highest increases were measured in cv. BR‐18. The greater activities of these enzymes were associated with a reduced H2O2 concentration in the inoculated flag leaves from cv. BR‐18, resulting, therefore, in a lower MDA concentration. Thus, a more efficient antioxidative system in flag leaves from cv. BR‐18 plays a pivotal role in removing the excess reactive oxygen species that were generated during the infection process of Bipolaris sorokiniana, therefore limiting cellular damage and largely preserving the photosynthetic efficiency of the infected flag leaves.
Intergenerational transmission of post‐traumatic stress disorder in Australian Vietnam veterans’ families
Authors: O'Toole B. I. , Burton M. J. , Rothwell A. , Outram S. , Dadds M. , Catts S. V.
Published: December 2016

Objective

To assess the association between parental post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and offspring PTSD and its specificity for other disorders in a non‐clinical epidemiological cohort of Australian Vietnam veterans, their partners and their sons and daughters.

Method

Veterans were interviewed twice, in 1992–1994 and 2005–2006; partners were interviewed in 2006–2007, and their offspring in 2012–2014. A total of 125 sons and 168 daughters were interviewed from 197 families, 137 of which also included partners who were the mothers of the children. Statistical analysis used multi‐level modelling to compute odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals while controlling for clustering effects within families. Parent PTSD diagnoses were examined for associations with offspring trauma exposure, PTSD and other psychiatric diagnoses.

Results

Veteran PTSD increased the risk of PTSD and no other disorder in both sons and daughters; partner PTSD did not. Veteran depression was also a risk factor for sons’ PTSD, and alcohol disorder was linked to alcohol dependence in sons and PTSD in daughters, but not when controlling for veteran PTSD.

Conclusion

We conclude that PTSD in a Vietnam veteran father increases the risk specifically for PTSD in his sons and daughters.
Local factors mediate the response of biodiversity to land use on two African mountains
Authors: Jung M. , Hill S. L. L. , Platts P. J. , Marchant R. , Siebert S. , Fournier A. , Munyekenye F. B. , Purvis A. , Burgess N. D. , Newbold T.
Published: December 2016

Land‐use change is the single biggest driver of biodiversity loss in the tropics. Biodiversity models can be useful tools to inform policymakers and conservationists of the likely response of species to anthropogenic pressures, including land‐use change. However, such models generalize biodiversity responses across wide areas and many taxa, potentially missing important characteristics of particular sites or clades. Comparisons of biodiversity models with independently collected field data can help us understand the local factors that mediate broad‐scale responses. We collected independent bird occurrence and abundance data along two elevational transects in Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania and the Taita Hills, Kenya. We estimated the local response to land use and compared our estimates with modelled local responses based on a large database of many different taxa across Africa. To identify the local factors mediating responses to land use, we compared environmental and species assemblage information between sites in the independent and African‐wide datasets. Bird species richness and abundance responses to land use in the independent data followed similar trends as suggested by the African‐wide biodiversity model, however the land‐use classification was too coarse to capture fully the variability introduced by local agricultural management practices. A comparison of assemblage characteristics showed that the sites on Kilimanjaro and the Taita Hills had higher proportions of forest specialists in croplands compared to the Africa‐wide average. Local human population density, forest cover and vegetation greenness also differed significantly between the independent and Africa‐wide datasets. Biodiversity models including those variables performed better, particularly in croplands, but still could not accurately predict the magnitude of local species responses to most land uses, probably because local features of the land management are still missed. Overall, our study demonstrates that local factors mediate biodiversity responses to land use and cautions against applying biodiversity models to local contexts without prior knowledge of which factors are locally relevant.
CYP2A6 metabolism in the development of smoking behaviors in young adults
Authors: Olfson Emily , Bloom Joseph , Bertelsen Sarah , Budde John P , Breslau Naomi , Brooks Andrew , Culverhouse Robert , Chan Grace , Chen Li‐Shiun , Chorlian David , Dick Danielle M , Edenberg Howard J , Hartz Sarah , Hatsukami Dorothy , Hesselbrock Victor M , Johnson Eric O , Kramer John R , Kuperman Samuel , Meyers Jacquelyn L , Nurnberger John , Porjesz Bernice , Saccone Nancy L , Schuckit Marc A , Stitzel Jerry , Tischfield Jay A , Rice John P , Goate Alison , Bierut Laura J
Published: December 2016

Cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6) encodes the enzyme responsible for the majority of nicotine metabolism. Previous studies support that slow metabolizers smoke fewer cigarettes once nicotine dependent but provide conflicting results on the role of CYP2A6 in the development of dependence. By focusing on the critical period of young adulthood, this study examines the relationship of CYP2A6 variation and smoking milestones. A total of 1209 European American young adults enrolled in the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism were genotyped for CYP2A6 variants to calculate a previously well‐validated metric that estimates nicotine metabolism. This metric was not associated with the transition from never smoking to smoking initiation nor with the transition from initiation to daily smoking (P > 0.4). But among young adults who had become daily smokers (n = 506), decreased metabolism was associated with increased risk of nicotine dependence (P = 0.03) (defined as Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence score ≥4). This finding was replicated in the Collaborative Genetic Study of Nicotine Dependence with 335 young adult daily smokers (P = 0.02). Secondary meta‐analysis indicated that slow metabolizers had a 53 percent increased odds (OR = 1.53, 95 percent CI 1.11–2.11, P = 0.009) of developing nicotine dependence compared with normal metabolizers. Furthermore, secondary analyses examining four‐level response of time to first cigarette after waking (>60, 31–60, 6–30, ≤5 minutes) demonstrated a robust effect of the metabolism metric in Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (P = 0.03) and Collaborative Genetic Study of Nicotine Dependence (P = 0.004), illustrating the important role of this measure of dependence. These findings highlight the complex role of CYP2A6 variation across different developmental stages of smoking behaviors.
Modeling farmers’ decisions on tea varieties in Vietnam: a multinomial logit analysis
Authors: Nguyen‐Van Phu , Poiraud Cyrielle , To‐The Nguyen
Published: December 2016

This article analyzes households’ choice on tea varieties in Vietnam by using a multinomial logit model. The modeling takes into account the issue of unobserved individual heterogeneity and the endogeneity of some explanatory variables (use of chemical and organic fertilizers). The results show that important factors influencing the decision to adopt one type of tea varieties include income, age, household size, farming contract, and use of organic fertilizers, but also membership of professional associations such as the Tea Association and the Farmers Union.
The effect of intellectual property rights on agricultural productivity
Authors: Campi Mercedes
Published: December 2016

This article explores how the strengthening of intellectual property (IP) protection affects agricultural productivity in a panel of countries for the period 1961–2011. Using an index of IP protection for plant varieties, we study the effect of stronger intellectual property rights (IPRs) on cereal yields and two different types of cereals: Open‐pollinated (wheat) and hybrid (maize). We found that the strengthening of IPRs has a positive effect on productivity of cereals for high‐ and low‐income countries. However, we found no significant effect for middle‐income countries. In addition, we found that becoming a member of the Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights negatively affects cereal yields. Finally, we found evidence of the existence of nonlinearities in the effect of IPRs on agricultural yields, which confirms a threshold effect of IPRs that also varies for countries of different income level. The findings support the hypothesis that country specificities are important in determining the effect of IPRs and imply that there is no unique system that fits all.
Custom‐hired tractor services and returns to scale in smallholder agriculture: a production function approach
Authors: Takeshima Hiroyuki
Published: December 2016

Historically, agricultural transformation has often accompanied the increase in the returns to scale. Little direct evidence exists, however, on what actually causes such increase, despite the knowledge of many factors that are associated with this increase. We fill this knowledge gap by testing whether hiring in tractor services has raised returns to scale in agriculture at the household level in Nepal Terai that has undergone rapid growth in the tractor use through custom‐hiring services. Using Switching Regression and Inverse‐Probability‐Weighted Generalized Method of Moments, we address two sources of endogeneity involved with the estimation of returns to scale; (1) farmers’ self‐selection on whether to hire in tractor services and (2) use of inputs in the production function. For both Cobb‐Douglas and Translog production function specifications, we find that hiring in tractor services significantly increased the returns to scale in agricultural production by about 0.2 ∼ 0.3 among farm households not owning tractors, for which suitable control groups are found. Findings are robust under various alternative specifications.
Convergence and impoverishment of fen communities in a eutrophicated agricultural landscape of the Czech Republic
Authors: Navrátilová Jana , Hájek Michal , Navrátil Josef , Hájková Petra , Frazier Ryan J.
Published: December 2016

Questions

On‐going rapid loss of fen biodiversity in Central Europe is well known, but rigorous testing of this is complicated. We compared historical and present‐day vegetation plot records from a cultural landscape rich in fishponds, where recent eutrophication and water table manipulations threaten the unique fen diversity. We assess species composition change over the last 50 yr.

Location

Třeboň Basin, Czech Republic.

Methods

First, we revisited historical vegetation plots to collect present‐day data and then identified the most similar present‐day record (the present‐day counterpart) because no permanent plots were available. Second, we inferred water level, pH and conductivity (a proxy of mineral richness) using a training set of present‐day field measurements, and calculated Ellenberg indicator values. Then we applied modified TWINSPAN classification, CCA, PERMANOVA, PERMDISP and RMANOVA in order to test changes in the species composition, β‐diversity and environmental conditions between the historical records and their present‐day counterparts.

Results

Fen vegetation has persisted on half of the sites. Out of four vegetation types, poor fens and especially flooded fens were over‐represented in the present‐day subset, while rich fens and quaking fens were under‐represented. Overall species composition differed between historical plots and their present‐day counterparts, even within individual vegetation types. Historical rich fens showed significantly higher β‐diversity than their present‐day counterparts, which predominantly represent flooded fens. Inferred water level and its fluctuation, Ellenberg moisture and nutrient values have increased, while inferred pH, conductivity and Ellenberg light value have decreased.

Conclusions

The historically wide array of fen vegetation has turned into a homogeneous and floristically depauperate set of acidic yet productive flooded fens with a high water level. Rich and quaking fens that were both low in nutrient availability and had a stable water level near the moss layer experienced a large and substantial reduction and have become rare in the landscape. Eutrophication combined with a lack of management has resulted in fen species persisting only in flooded fens. However, fluctuating water levels and high nutrient availability in flooded fens favour productive Sphagnum fens over the other vegetation types, and, importantly, do not support some endangered fen species.