bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A study on facial features of children with Williams syndrome in China based on three‐dimensional anthropometric measurement technology
Authors: Ji Chai , Yao Dan , Li Ming‐Yan , Chen Wei‐Jun , Lin Sheng‐Liang , Zhao Zheng‐Yan
Published: July 2020

To describe special facial features of children with Williams syndrome in China by using method of three‐dimensional craniofacial anthropometry. Using three‐dimensional stereo photogrammetric device, 14 craniofacial anthropometric measurements were performed and five indices were calculated in 52 children with Williams syndrome and 208 age and sex matched controls of Han Chinese ethnicity. Except intercanthal width, mouth breadth, morphological face height, nasal height‐breadth index, nasal breadth‐depth index, morphological ear index, the Williams syndrome group under 3 years old were smaller than the control group in the other 12 variables. Compared with the control group, the Williams syndrome group aged 3–5 years old had smaller biocular breadth, nasal length, nasorostral angle, bitragal breadth, ear width, morphological ear index and face depth. The Williams syndrome group aged above 6 years old had smaller biocular breadth, nasal breadth, bitragal breadth, ear width, ear length and face depth than the control group. The craniofacial variability index of the Williams syndrome group was greater than the control group. Greater variation was found among children with Williams syndrome than normal in China, specifically at eye, nose, ear and face shape, which demonstrate the usefulness of three‐dimensional stereo photogrammetric analysis in supporting accurate diagnose of the patient with Williams syndrome.
Reconfigurable Assembly of Active Liquid Metal Colloidal Cluster
Authors: Li Zesheng , Zhang Hongyue , Wang Daolin , Gao Changyong , Sun Mengmeng , Wu Zhiguang , He Qiang
Published: July 2020

We report the reconfigurable assembly of rod‐shaped eutectic gallium–indium alloy (EGaIn) liquid metal colloidal motors by mimicking the growth behavior of a dandelion. EGaIn nanorods with a diameter of 210 nm and a length of 850 nm were synthesized via an ultrasound‐assisted physical dispersion method. The nanorods possess a core–shell structure with a 30 nm GaOOH shell and zero‐valent liquid core. The EGaIn motors move autonomously at a speed of 41.2 μm s−1 under an acoustic field. By modulating the frequency of the applied acoustic field, the EGaIn colloidal motors self‐organize into various striped and circular patterns, followed by a flower‐like cluster. The dandelion‐like EGaIn colloidal motor clusters move collectively and redisperse when the applied acoustic frequency is changed. Numerical simulations reveal that the flower‐like clusters are created by the acoustic propulsion in combination with steric repulsion and hydrodynamics.
Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide to 1‐Butanol on Oxide‐Derived Copper
Authors: Ting Louisa Rui Lin , García‐Muelas Rodrigo , Martín Antonio J. , Veenstra Florentine L. P. , Chen Stuart Tze‐Jin , Peng Yujie , Per Edwin Yu Xuan , Pablo‐García Sergio , López Núria , Pérez‐Ramírez Javier , Yeo Boon Siang
Published: July 2020

The electroreduction of carbon dioxide using renewable electricity is an appealing strategy for the sustainable synthesis of chemicals and fuels. Extensive research has focused on the production of ethylene, ethanol and n‐propanol, but more complex C4 molecules have been scarcely reported. Herein, we report the first direct electroreduction of CO2 to 1‐butanol in alkaline electrolyte on Cu gas diffusion electrodes (Faradaic efficiency=0.056 %, j1‐Butanol=−0.080 mA cm−2 at −0.48 V vs. RHE) and elucidate its formation mechanism. Electrolysis of possible molecular intermediates, coupled with density functional theory, led us to propose that CO2 first electroreduces to acetaldehyde‐a key C2 intermediate to 1‐butanol. Acetaldehyde then undergoes a base‐catalyzed aldol condensation to give crotonaldehyde via electrochemical promotion by the catalyst surface. Crotonaldehyde is subsequently electroreduced to butanal, and then to 1‐butanol. In a broad context, our results point to the relevance of coupling chemical and electrochemical processes for the synthesis of higher molecular weight products from CO2.
Preparation and evaluation of alpha‐cellulose sulfate based new heterogeneous catalyst for production of biodiesel
Authors: Jumina  , Yasodhara Yuvindra , Triono Sugeng , Kurniawan Yehezkiel Steven , Priastomo Yoga , Chawla Har Mohindra , Kumar Naresh
Published: July 2020

Alpha‐cellulose obtained from wood sawdust wastes in 29.0% yield was reacted with sulfuric acid to produce alpha‐cellulose sulfate materials. These catalyst materials were characterized by Fourier transform infrared and specular reflectance‐UV spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and laser scattering particle size distribution. The concentration of sulfate groups on the cellulosic matrix was determined by turbidimetry. The obtained alpha‐cellulose sulfates can be used as efficient heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production from palm oil when evaluated with methylation of palmitic acid and oleic acid as the model reaction. The density of sulfate functional groups on the alpha‐cellulose sulfate materials was 2.18–16.74% wt/wt as determined by turbidimetry. Standardization of deployed alpha‐cellulose sulfate catalysts was achieved using different ratios of alpha‐cellulose and sulfate (1:0.5, 1:1, 1:2, and 1:4 m/v). Additionally, the Bronsted acid sites on the alpha‐cellulose sulfate catalyst play a pivotal role in the catalytic process.
Terminally cross‐linking polyrotaxane hydrogels applicable for cellular microenvironments
Authors: Arisaka Yoshinori , Tonegawa Asato , Tamura Atsushi , Yui Nobuhiko
Published: July 2020

Polyrotaxanes, composed of multiple cyclic molecules threaded onto a polymer chain axis capped with bulky molecules, exhibit unique structural features wherein cyclic molecules can move along a chain. We have previously constructed biointerfaces that utilize the molecular mobility of polyrotaxanes for controlling cellular responses. To implement the features in a three‐dimensionally engineered cellular microenvironment, this study developed supramolecular hydrogels using polyrotaxane cross‐linkers capped with 4‐vinylbenzyl groups at the terminals of a polymer chain axis, where the 4‐vinylbenzyl groups in the polyrotaxane allow polymerization with other polyrotaxanes to form polyrotaxane networks. Polyrotaxane hydrogels are successfully prepared without any additional monomers via redox polymerization. The dynamic viscoelasticity and swellability of the hydrogels can be varied depending on the concentration of the polyrotaxanes. When fibroblasts are cultured on hydrogels, sufficient adhesion for cultivation is observed. Therefore, polyrotaxane hydrogels demonstrate suitable potential as new supramolecular biomaterials with dynamic structural features.
Predicting biomarkers from classifier for liver metastasis of colorectal adenocarcinomas using machine learning models
Authors: Shuwen Han , Xi Yang , Qing Zhou , Jing Zhuang , Wei Wu
Published: July 2020

Background

Early diagnosis of liver metastasis is of great importance for enhancing the survival of colorectal adenocarcinoma (CAD) patients, and the combined use of a single biomarker in a classier model has shown great improvement in predicting the metastasis of several types of cancers. However, it is little reported for CAD. This study therefore aimed to screen an optimal classier model of CAD with liver metastasis and explore the metastatic mechanisms of genes when applying this classier model.

Methods

The differentially expressed genes between primary CAD samples and CAD with metastasis samples were screened from the Moffitt Cancer Center (MCC) dataset GSE131418. The classification performances of six selected algorithms, namely, LR, RF, SVM, GBDT, NN, and CatBoost, for classification of CAD with liver metastasis samples were compared using the MCC dataset GSE131418 by detecting their classification test accuracy. In addition, the consortium datasets of GSE131418 and GSE81558 were used as internal and external validation sets to screen the optimal method. Subsequently, functional analyses and a drug‐targeted network construction of the feature genes when applying the optimal method were conducted.

Results

The optimal CatBoost model with the highest accuracy of 99%, and an area under the curve of 1, was screened, which consisted of 33 feature genes. A functional analysis showed that the feature genes were closely associated with a “steroid metabolic process” and “lipoprotein particle receptor binding” (eg APOB and APOC3). In addition, the feature genes were significantly enriched in the “complement and coagulation cascade” pathways (eg FGA, F2, and F9). In a drug‐target interaction network, F2 and F9 were predicted as targets of menadione.

Conclusion

The CatBoost model constructed using 33 feature genes showed the optimal classification performance for identifying CAD with liver metastasis.
Simvastatin abolishes nitric oxide‐ and reactive oxygen species‐induced cyclooxygenase‐2 expression by blocking the nuclear factor κB pathway in rabbit articular chondrocytes
Authors: Yu Seon‐Mi , Han Yohan , Kim Song Ja
Published: July 2020

Nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been shown to be linked with numerous diseases, including osteoarthritis (OA). Our study aimed to examine the effect of simvastatin on NO‐ or ROS‐induced cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) expression in OA. Simvastatin has attracted considerable attention since the discovery of its pharmacological effects on different pathogenic processes, including inflammation. Here, we report that simvastatin treatment blocked sodium nitroprusside (SNP)‐ and interleukin 1 beta (IL‐1β)‐induced COX‐2 production. In addition, simvastatin attenuated SNP‐induced NO production and IL‐1β‐induced ROS generation. Treatment with simvastatin prevented SNP‐ and IL‐1β‐induced nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) activity. Inhibiting NO production and ROS generation using N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) and NG‐monomethyl‐
l‐arginine (
l‐NMMA), respectively, accelerated the influence of simvastatin on NF‐κB activity. In addition, NAC blocked SNP and simvastatin‐mediated COX‐2 production and NF‐κB activity but did not alter IL‐1β and simvastatin‐mediated COX‐2 expression.
l‐NMMA treatment also abolished IL‐1β‐mediated COX‐2 expression and NF‐κB activation, whereas SNP and simvastatin‐mediated COX‐2 expression were not altered compared with the levels in the SNP and simvastatin‐treated cells. Our findings suggested that simvastatin blocks COX‐2 expression by inhibiting SNP‐induced NO production and IL‐1β‐induced ROS generation by blocking the NF‐κB pathway.
Butterfly‐Shaped Thiophene‐Pyridine Hybrids: Green Electroluminescence and Large Third‐Order Optical Nonlinearities
Authors: Kakekochi Viprabha , Gangadharappa Sathish Chatnahalli , Nikhil P. P. , Chandrasekharan Keloth , Darshan Vibhu , Narayanan Unni K. N. , Dalimba Udaya Kumar
Published: July 2020

A set of four symmetric, butterfly‐shaped 4‐(4‐(decyloxy)phenyl)‐2,6‐di(thiophen‐2‐yl)pyridine (TPY) derivatives 2TPA‐TPY (TPY center and triphenylamine end groups), 2CBZ‐TPY (TPY center and N‐ethyl carbazole end groups), 2TPY‐TPA (triphenylamine center and TPY at the periphery) and 2TPY‐CBZ (N‐ethyl carbazole center and TPY at the periphery) was synthesized. The molecules show reverse saturable absorption (RSA) which is consistent with two‐photon absorption (2PA) associated with excited‐state absorption (ESA) when excited using a 532 nm laser beam. The molecules 2TPA‐TPY and 2TPY‐TPA possess extremely low limiting thresholds of 1.73 and 2.68 J cm−2, respectively. An organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) fabricated from 2TPA‐TPY exhibits green emission with a maximum luminance of 207 cd m−2, a current efficiency (ηCE) of 1.51cd A−1, a maximum power efficiency (ηPmax) of 0.46 lm W−1 and an external quantum efficiency (ηEQE) of 0.48 % at 100 cd m−2.
Anion‐Responsive Molecules That Exhibit Switching of Two‐Photon Optical Properties
Authors: Haketa Yohei , Kamada Kenji , Maeda Hiromitsu
Published: July 2020

Two‐photon‐excited fluorescent probes are important for two‐photon microscopy for biomedical studies. In contrast to the many examples of probes for cationic species, such as metal ions, there have been fewer reports on the control of two‐photon optical properties by anions because in such systems it is difficult to control the associated π‐electronic states. This Minireview summarizes anion‐responsive molecules that exhibit changes in two‐photon optical properties and describes their molecular design and anion‐response mechanisms, which are driven by changes in covalent bonds and noncovalent interactions. Results from a recent study of two‐photon systems, where geometries and optical properties are modulated by anion binding, are also discussed.
IPT: An Index to Rank Molecular Photothermal Agents
Authors: Ciancone Mathieu , Bellec Nathalie , Camerel Franck
Published: July 2020

Recently, a large variety of photothermal agents have been developed and are currently under study, owing to their wide range of applications. Nonetheless, a comparison of their relative performances remains a challenge, and it appears that no tool is yet available for rationalizing the data reported in the literature. Indeed, we demonstrate in this paper that neither the temperature increase (ΔT) nor the photothermal efficiency (η) are sufficient to account for the performance of a photothermal agent. From this observation, we propose that a new index, IPTmax, could be used, in order to properly rank molecular photothermal agents according to their efficacy for converting light into heat, in a similar fashion that brilliance is used to compare luminescence properties.
Environmental risks and efficiency performances: The vulnerability of Italian forestry firms
Authors: Toma Pierluigi , Miglietta Pier Paolo , Morrone Domenico , Porrini Donatella
Published: July 2020

This study adopts a nonparametric approach to assess the efficiency performances in the forestry firms and then stratifies them according to an environmental risk metric, revealing the existing nexus between economic profitability, environmental vulnerability and risks. Data cover the period 2013–2015 and refer to 69 Italian firms which carry out forestry and use forest areas. Results highlight that the input‐ and output‐oriented efficiency performances in Italy are, on average, higher for forestry firms belonging to the medium and high environmental risk classes. Nevertheless, forestry firms exposed to low environmental risk show greater improvement towards efficiency over time, demonstrating that the adoption of responsible firm strategy can lead to concrete operative results, both economically and environmentally, even in a short‐term perspective. As a scientific contribution, both methodological and empirical, the study highlights managerial and policy implications in terms of environmental risk management strategy for the Italian forestry firms and devoted regions.
Application of the Filippov Method to PV‐fed DC‐DC converters modeled as hybrid‐DAEs
Authors: Hayes Brendan , Condon Marissa , Giaouris Damian
Published: July 2020

In this article, a method to study the nonlinear dynamics of a PV‐fed boost converter is developed. The model for the solar panel introduces an algebraic constraint into the system and the resulting mathematical model is a set of hybrid differential algebraic equations (DAEs). The behavior of the system is observed to exhibit undesired operation as parameter values vary. Conventional mathematical tools developed to analyze DC‐DC converters are not directly applicable to systems modeled as a set of hybrid DAEs. In order to find the monodromy matrix to assess the eigenvalues of the system, we modify the Filippov method to calculate the saltation matrix. The derived formula is general and versatile such that it can be applied to any PV‐fed DC‐DC converter irrespective of the topology or control algorithm employed. Two case studies are investigated: current mode control and maximum power point tracking. Each case study serves to demonstrate different considerations that must be taken into account when conducting stability analysis of hybrid‐DAEs.
Potential applications of peptide nucleic acid in biomedical domain
Authors: Singh Kshitij RB , Sridevi Parikipandla , Singh Ravindra Pratap
Published: July 2020

Peptide Nucleic Acid (PNA) are DNA/RNA synthetic analogs with 2‐([2‐aminoethyl] amino) acetic acid backbone. They partake unique antisense and antigene properties, just due to its inhibitory effect on transcription and translation; they also undergo complementary binding to RNA/DNA with high affinity and specificity. Hence, to date, many methods utilizing PNA for diagnosis and treatment of various diseases namely cancer, AIDS, human papillomavirus, and so on, have been designed and developed. They are being used widely in polymerase chain reaction modulation/mutation, fluorescent in‐situ hybridization, and in microarray as a probe; they are also utilized in many in‐vitro and in‐vivo assays and for developing micro and nano‐sized biosensor/chip/array technologies. Earlier reviews, focused only on PNA properties, structure, and modifications related to diagnostics and therapeutics; our review emphasizes on PNA properties and synthesis along with its potential applications in diagnosis and therapeutics. Furthermore, prospects in biomedical applications of PNAs are being discussed in depth.
Anti‐inflammatory effect ofAntirrhinum majusextract in lipopolysaccharide‐stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages
Authors: Jang Mi , Hwang Inguk , Hwang Byungsoon , Kim Gichang
Published: July 2020

Antirrhinum majus(AM) has attracted attention as a rich source of phytochemicals, which are beneficial for human health. However, the anti‐inflammatory effects of AM have not been studied scientifically. Therefore, we investigated the antioxidative properties and anti‐inflammatory effects of AM extract (AME) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. AME showed high radical‐scavenging ability. Viability of RAW 264.7 cells was not significantly altered by AME at the concentrations of 0–300 µg/ml. LPS‐induced nitric oxide (NO) production was decreased by treatment with 0–300 µg/ml AME in a concentration‐dependent manner. AME pretreatment significantly inhibited the protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) in a concentration‐dependent manner. AME also considerably inhibited the mRNA and protein expression of inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor‐a (TNF‐α), interleukin‐1 β (IL‐1β), and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6). These findings provide a foundation for further studies and use of AM in nutraceuticals.
Functional mechanisms of miR‐192 family in cancer
Authors: Mishan Mohammad Amir , Tabari Mohammad Amin Khazeei , Parnian Javad , Fallahi Jafar , Mahrooz Abdolkarim , Bagheri Abouzar
Published: July 2020

By growing research on the mechanisms and functions of microRNAs (miRNAs, miRs), the role of these noncoding RNAs gained more attention in healthcare. Due to the remarkable regulatory role of miRNAs, any dysregulation in their expression causes cellular functional impairment. In recent years, it has become increasingly apparent that these small molecules contribute to development, cell differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, and tumor growth. In many studies, the miR‐192 family has been suggested as a potential prognostic and diagnostic biomarker and even as a possible therapeutic target for several cancers. However, the mechanistic effects of the miR‐192 family on cancer cells are still controversial. Here, we have reviewed each family member of the miR‐192 including miR‐192, miR‐194, and miR‐215, and discussed their mechanistic roles in various cancers.
Estimated global cancer incidence in the oldest adults in 2018 and projections to 2050
Authors: Pilleron Sophie , Soto‐Perez‐de‐Celis Enrique , Vignat Jerome , Ferlay Jacques , Soerjomataram Isabelle , Bray Freddie , Sarfati Diana
Published: July 2020

Using GLOBOCAN estimates, we describe the estimated cancer incidence among adults aged 80 years or older at the regional and global level in 2018, reporting the number of new cancer cases, and the truncated age‐standardised incidence rates (per 100 000) for all cancer sites combined for this age group. We also presented the five most frequent cancers diagnosed by region and globally among females and males aged 65 to 79 years old and 80 years or older. We, finally, estimated the number of new cancer cases in 2050, the proportion of cases aged 80 years or older, and the proportional increase between 2018 and 2050 by region, by applying population projections to the 2018 incidence rates. In 2018, an estimated 2.3 million new cancer cases (excluding nonmelanoma skin cancers) were aged 80 years or older worldwide (13% of all cancer cases), with large variation in the profiles at regional levels. Globally, breast, lung and colon were the most common cancer sites diagnosed in the oldest females, while prostate, lung and colon were most frequent in the oldest males. In 2050, an estimated 6.9 million new cancers will be diagnosed in adults aged 80 years or older worldwide (20.5% of all cancer cases). Due to the complexity of cancer management in the oldest patients, the expected increase will challenge healthcare systems worldwide, posing a tangible economic and social impact on families and society. It is time to consider the oldest population in cancer control policies.
Investors' trading behaviour and stock market volatility during crisis periods: A dual long‐memory model for the Korean Stock Exchange
Authors: Caporale Guglielmo Maria , Karanasos Menelaos , Yfanti Stavroula , Kartsaklas Aris
Published: July 2020

This study examines the impact of investors’ buy and sell trades on Korean stock market volatility across two crisis events, the Asian crisis of 1997 and the 2008 global financial crash. We investigate the trading behaviour of domestic vs. foreign and institutional vs. individual investors. Our results suggest that the buy and sell trades have an asymmetric effect on volatility that depends on the type of investor trading and on the phase of the business cycle. Buy orders appear to be more informative than sell orders since they mostly lower volatility in the pre‐crisis periods, while sell and post‐crisis buy trades affect volatility positively regardless of who trades (institutional or individual investors) and on what information (member, non‐member). Most importantly, decomposing total buy and sell trades into trader‐type categories reveals that some institutional investors are more informed traders that stabilize the market compared to individuals that always increase volatility. Foreign investors reduce volatility with their purchases and total trading activity in the whole Asian crisis sample, but only in the pre‐crisis period before the recent global financial turmoil.
Novel silylphenol antioxidants by density functional theory
Authors: Ayoubi‐Chianeh Mojgan , Kassaee Mohamad Z.
Published: July 2020

We have scrutinized five novel silylphenol antioxidants, including 2‐silylphenol (1), 4‐silylphenol (2), 2,6‐disilylphenol (3), 2,4‐disilylphenol (4), and 2,4,6‐trisilylphenol (5), at M06/6–311++G** level of theory. To evaluate the antioxidant efficiency, the electronic effects on O─H bond dissociation energy (BDE) and vertical ionization potential (IPv) of 1–5 are investigated, which are mainly governed by electronic effects. The conductor‐like polarized continuum model (CPCM) is applied to measure the antioxidant capacity in the solution phase. The results show that antioxidants with the lowest BDE and IPv values can efficiently act via hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) and single electron transfer (SET) mechanisms, respectively. The stability of resulting radicals is measured by nucleus independent chemical shift (NICS) index, natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis, and nucleophilicity (N) index. The BDE shows lower values in the gas phase with respect to water, while water exhibits lower IPv values than gas. Structure 5 turns out as the most efficient antioxidant. The overall order of antioxidant efficiency in both gas and water phases is 5 > 2 > 3 > 4 > 1.
The Real‐Time Cognitive Value of Eating Kale, Helping, and Doing Something Special: “Concurrent Experience Evaluation” (CEE), Its Drivers and Moderators, and Research Directions
Authors: Simonson Itamar
Published: July 2020

After reviewing prior work regarding components of experience value, I present the concept of “Concurrent Experience Evaluation” (“CEE”), which expands the prior focus on experienced pain and pleasure in response to a stimulus/event. Specifically, the value of an experience is also determined by the concurrent (during‐the‐experience) cognitive assessment of the event relative to the person's associated goal progress/regression. CEE can account for during‐the‐experience and subsequent choices that people make. Examples of CEE include cognitive evaluations that enhance the experience value such as “good for me” (while eating kale), “I'm getting my money's worth” (while using a new camera), and “I'm having a cultural experience” (while visiting a museum), or detract from the experience such as “I shouldn't be doing this” (while smoking or overeating) and “should have chosen the other line” (while waiting at the supermarket checkout). Although prior research has examined hedonic experiences and their context (e.g., being with friends, commuting, colonoscopy) as well as what else the mind may process during an experience (e.g., wandering, thinking of past and future decisions), the concurrent value derived from the cognitive evaluation of the goal implications of an experience has not been identified as a separate experience value component. I examine and illustrate the CEE concept, its determinants, moderators, and implications, as well as its distinctive characteristics as compared with other value perspectives and during‐the‐experience mental processes. Integrating the CEE framework with prior work regarding experience evaluations, I outline a program for future CEE research.
Detection profile of SARS‐CoV‐2 using RT‐PCR in different types of clinical specimens: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Bwire George M. , Majigo Mtebe V. , Njiro Belinda J. , Mawazo Akili
Published: July 2020

Testing is one of the commendable measures for curbing the spread of coronavirus disease (COVID‐19). But, it should be done using the most appropriate specimen and an accurate diagnostic test such as real‐time reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR). Therefore, a systematic review was conducted to determine the positive detection rate of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) in different clinical specimens using qRT‐PCR. A total of 8136 pooled clinical specimens were analyzed to detect SARS‐CoV‐2, the majority were nasopharyngeal swabs (69.6%). A lower respiratory tract (LRT) specimens had a positive rate (PR) of 71.3% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 60.3%‐82.3%) while no virus was detected in the urinogenital specimens. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BLF) specimen had the PR of 91.8% (95% CI: 79.9%‐103.7%), followed by rectal swabs; 87.8% (95% CI: 78.6%‐96.9%) then sputum; 68.1% (95% CI: 56.9%‐79.4%). A low PR was observed in oropharyngeal swabs; 7.6% (95% CI: 5.7%‐9.6%) and blood samples; 1.0% (95% CI: −0.1%‐2.1%) whereas no SARS‐CoV‐2 was detected in urine samples. Feces had a PR of 32.8% (95% CI:1 5.8%‐49.8%). Nasopharyngeal swab, a widely used specimen had a PR of 45.5% (95% CI: 31.2%‐59.7%). In this study, SARS‐CoV‐2 was highly detected in LRT specimens while no virus was detected in urinogenital specimens. BLF had the highest PR followed by rectal swab then sputum. Nasopharyngeal swab which is widely used had moderate PR. Low PR was recorded in oropharyngeal swab and blood samples while no virus was found in urine samples. Last, the virus was detected in feces, suggesting SARS‐CoV‐2 transmission by the fecal route.
Impact of COVID‐19 on pacemaker implant
Authors: Gonzales‐Luna Ana C. , Torres‐Valencia Javier O. , Alarcón‐Santos Javier E. , Segura‐Saldaña Pedro A.
Published: July 2020

Objectives

The purpose of this article was to determine the change in the volume of pacemaker implantations with the COVID‐2019 pandemic and to assess the change in the number of pacemaker implants according to etiology during the pandemic.

Background

The establishment of a mandatory social isolation have generated a decrease in activities in cardiology units.

Methods

Descriptive, cross‐sectional study that used a database of a Peruvian Hospital. Time was divided into three categories: Before COVID period and COVID period including Previous to Social isolation (SI) and Social Isolation. The number of pacemaker implantations were compared per the same amount of time.

Results

A reduction in the pacemaker implant of 73% (95% CI: 33‐113; P < .001) was observed during the COVID‐19 pandemic period, and a reduction of 78% of patients with the diagnosis of complete or high‐grade atrioventricular block and a reduction in the de‐novo pacemaker implant was observed, regardless of the etiology.

Conclusions

Our results indicate a very significant reduction (73%) in de‐novo pacemaker implantation during the months of the COVID‐19 pandemic. The reduction in the number of de‐novo pacemaker occurred independent of the etiology.
Methods to fabricate and recycle plasmonic probes for ultrahigh vacuum scanning tunneling microscopy‐based tip‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Mahapatra Sayantan , Li Linfei , Schultz Jeremy F. , Jiang Nan
Published: July 2020

Scanning tunneling microscopy‐based tip‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) is a powerful analytical technique for surface characterization, providing both topological and chemical information with sub‐nm spatial resolution, well below the diffraction limit of light. In order to take advantage of plasmonic activity, it is necessary to use silver (Ag) probes due to their plasmonic range in the visible region. However, the Ag probe fabrication process remains challenging and is not yet standardized in practice, leading to inconsistent enhancements even for two similar types of tips prepared consecutively. In this work, we demonstrate an alternative way to reuse and recycle a plasmonic tip for distinct molecular systems inside an ultrahigh vacuum (UHV). We provide evidence of the ability to recycle tips without compromising the TERS experimental results. A long‐term preservation (>2 months) of plasmonically active probes inside UHV is demonstrated.
Short‐range ordering in the Li‐rich disordered rock salt cathode material Li2VO2F revealed by Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Mozhzhukhina Nataliia , Kullgren Jolla , Baur Christian , Gustafsson Olof , Brant William R. , Fichtner Maximilian , Brandell Daniel
Published: July 2020

Li‐rich disordered rock salt (DRS) materials are new promising high‐capacity cathode candidates for Li‐ion batteries. DRS structures were initially assumed to have a completely random cation and anion distribution, but recent reports suggest that some of these structures can exhibit local atomic arrangements, or short‐range ordering (SRO). Here, we prove the existence of SRO in the Li‐rich DRS material Li2VO2F by employing Raman spectroscopy supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Our results suggest that this combination of Raman spectroscopy with computational tools is useful for SRO estimation in this new class of Li‐rich DRS cathode materials.
Microencapsulation of probiotic lactobacilli with shellac as moisture barrier and to allow controlled release
Authors: Huang Xue , Gänzle Michael , Zhang Hui , Zhao Meng , Fang Yapeng , Nishinari Katsuyoshi
Published: July 2020

BACKGROUND

Rapid dissolution in digestive tract and moisture sorption during ambient storage are the two challenges of dry probiotic preparations. To solve these problems, microcapsules with shellac (LAC) addition containing Limosilactobacillus reuteri TMW 1.656 were designed in this work to provide a good moisture barrier and to provide controlled release in digestive tract, based on the hydrophobicity and acid‐resistance of LAC. Four microcapsules were prepared using the method of emulsification/external gelation based on the crosslinking reaction between alginate or LAC with calcium ion, including alginate/sucrose (ALG), alginate/shellac/sucrose (ALG/LAC), alginate/whey protein isolate/sucrose (ALG/WPI) and alginate/whey protein isolate/shellac/sucrose (ALG/WPI/LAC).

RESULTS

Measurements of physical properties showed that microcapsules with LAC addition (ALG/WPI/LAC and ALG/LAC) had larger particle size, much denser structure, lower hygroscopicity and slower solubilization in water, which agreed with the primary microcapsule design. Probiotic survivals in digestive juices followed the order of ALG/WPI/LAC ≥ ALG/WPI ≥ ALG/LAC > ALG. Probiotic stability after heating and ambient storage both exhibited the order of ALG/WPI/LAC > ALG/LAC ≈ ALG/WPI > ALG, which can be explained by the decreased hygroscopicity with adding LAC.

CONCLUSION

LAC addition contributed to better probiotic survivals after freeze drying, simulated digestion, heating and ambient storage, and whey protein isolate (WPI) addition had a synergistic effect. Microcapsule hygroscopicity was closely related with probiotic survivals after heating and ambient storage, while microcapsule solubilization was closely related with probiotic survivals in simulated juices. Within our knowledge, this is the first report to improve probiotic stability during ambient storage based on LAC hydrophobicity. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Outcomes of Primary Versus Salvage Surgery for Sinonasal Malignancies: A Population‐Based Analysis
Authors: Lehrich Brandon M. , Yasaka Tyler M. , Goshtasbi Khodayar , Kuan Edward C.
Published: July 2020

Objectives/Hypothesis

There exists a lack of consensus on the optimal sequence of treatment for many sinonasal malignancies (SNMs). This study compares the overall survival (OS) outcomes for primary surgery (PS) versus salvage surgery (SS) in SNM patients across stage, histology, and primary site.

Study Design

Retrospective database review.

Methods

The National Cancer Database was queried for all SNM cases treated with multimodal surgical and nonsurgical therapy between 2004 and 2015. Logistic regression identified predictors of SS. Cox proportional hazards models evaluated predictors of mortality, and Kaplan‐Meier log‐rank test assessed OS outcomes.

Results

Our SNM cohort consisted of 3,011 patients (PS = 2,804; SS = 207). SS patients had significantly longer postoperative hospital stays (P = .009) and increased rates of 30‐day (P < .001) and 90‐day mortality (P < .001) compared to PS. On multivariate logistic regression, predictors of undergoing SS included sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma histology (odds ratio = 2.72; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.16‐6.66; P = .024). On multivariate Cox proportional hazards analyses among SS patients, late‐stage disease (hazard ratio [HR] = 4.80; 95% CI: 1.46‐15.8; P = .01) and positive surgical margins (HR = 2.31; 95% CI: 1.29‐4.13; P = .005) portended significantly worse OS. In the propensity score–matched cohort controlling for stage and histology, PS had significantly improved OS compared to SS (P = .007). Compared to SS, PS also had improved OS in subgroup analyses for patients with late‐stage disease (P = .026) and squamous cell carcinoma histology (P = .006).

Conclusions

In our SMN cohort, PS resulted in improved OS outcomes compared to SS independent of stage and histology. Consideration may be given to primary surgical resection for SMN whenever feasible, though a targeted, individualized approach is warranted.

Level of Evidence

3 Laryngoscope, 131:E710–E718, 2021
Photosynthesis‐driven methane production in oxic lake water as an important contributor to methane emission
Authors: Günthel Marco , Klawonn Isabell , Woodhouse Jason , Bižić Mina , Ionescu Danny , Ganzert Lars , Kümmel Steffen , Nijenhuis Ivonne , Zoccarato Luca , Grossart Hans‐Peter , Tang Kam W.
Published: July 2020

Recent discovery of methane (CH4) production in oxic waters challenges the conventional understanding of strict anoxic requirement for biological CH4 production. High‐resolution field measurements in Lake Stechlin, as well as incubation experiments, suggested that oxic‐water CH4 production occurred throughout much of the water column and was associated with phytoplankton especially diatoms, cyanobacteria, green algae, and cryptophytes. In situ concentrations and δ13C values of CH4 in oxic water were negatively correlated with soluble reactive phosphorus concentrations. Using 13C‐labeling techniques, we showed that bicarbonate was converted to CH4, and the production exceeded oxidation at day, but was comparable at night. These experimental data, along with complementary field observations, indicate a clear link between photosynthesis and the CH4 production‐consumption balance in phosphorus‐limited epilimnic waters. Comparison between surface CH4 emission data and experimental CH4 production rates suggested that the oxic CH4 source significantly contributed to surface emission in Lake Stechlin. These findings call for re‐examination of the aquatic CH4 cycle and climate predictions.
Improvements on Sawyer type estimates for generalized maximal functions
Authors: Berra Fabio , Carena Marilina , Pradolini Gladis
Published: July 2020

In this paper we prove mixed inequalities for the maximal operator , for general Young functions Φ with certain additional properties, improving and generalizing some previous estimates for the Hardy–Littlewood maximal operator proved by E. Sawyer. We show that given , if are weights belonging to the A1‐Muckenhoupt class and Φ is a Young function as above, then the inequality
holds for every positive t.

A motivation for studying these type of estimates is to find an alternative way to prove the boundedness properties of . Moreover, it is well‐known that for the particular case with these maximal functions control, in some sense, certain operators in harmonic analysis.
Existence of multiple solutions of Schrödinger‐Kirchhoff‐type equations involving the p(.) ‐Laplacian in ℝN
Authors: Ayazoglu (Mashiyev) Rabil , Akbulut Sezgin , Akkoyunlu Ebubekir
Published: July 2020

In this paper, we prove the existence of multiple solutions for the nonhomogeneous Schrödinger‐Kirchhoff‐type problem involving the p(.)‐Laplacian

where b≥0 is a constant, N ≥2, Δp(.)u:=div(|∇u|p(.)−2∇u) is the p(.)‐Laplacian operator,
is Lipschitz continuous, 
is a coercive type potential,
and
functions verifying suitable conditions. We propose different assumptions on the nonlinear term
to yield bounded Palais‐Smale sequences and then prove that the special sequences we found converge to critical points, respectively. The solutions are obtained by the Mountain Pass Theorem, Ekeland variational principle, and Krasnoselskii genus theory.
Fractional differential equation pertaining to an integral operator involving incomplete H‐function in the kernel
Authors: Bansal Manish Kumar , Lal Shiv , Kumar Devendra , Kumar Sunil , Singh Jagdev
Published: July 2020

Fractional differential equations (FDEs) involving a family of special functions and their solutions represent different physical phenomena. FDEs are characterizing and solving many problems of mathematical physics, chemistry, biology, and engineering. In this article, we establish an integral operator involving the family of incomplete H‐function (IHF) in its kernel. First, we derive the solutions for FDEs involving the generalized composite fractional derivative (GCFD) and integral operator associated with the incomplete H‐function. Several important special cases are revealed and analyzed. The main result derived in this study contains first‐order Volterra‐type integro‐differential equation describing the unsaturated nature of the free electron laser as a special case. Further, we give the graphical interpretation of the solution of FDEs.
Existence of solutions for some functional integrodifferential equations with nonlocal conditions
Authors: Munusamy K. , Ravichandran C. , Nisar Kottakkaran Sooppy , Ghanbari Behzad
Published: July 2020

In this paper, we discuss the existence of mild solution of functional integrodifferential equation with nonlocal conditions. To establish this results by using the resolvent operator theory and Sadovskii‐Krasnosel'skii type of fixed point theorem and to show the usefulness and the applicability of our results to a broad class of functional integrodifferential equations, an example is given to illustrate the theory.
Barrier swaption pricing problem in uncertain financial market
Authors: Liu Zhe , Yang Ying
Published: July 2020

A barrier swaption gives its owner the right but not the obligation to enter into an underlying interest rate swap and only becomes activated (or extinguished) if the underlying reaches the given barrier. This paper discusses four types of barrier swaptions under the framework of uncertain finance theory, which are up‐and‐in payer swaption, down‐and‐in receiver swaption, up‐and‐out receiver swaption, and down‐and‐out payer swaption, and gives pricing formulae to calculate the price of corresponding barrier swaptions. Furthermore, corresponding numerical methods are presented when explicit solutions are unavailable. A numerical example is documented to illustrate our methods.
Weight‐related lifestyle behaviours and the COVID‐19 crisis: An online survey study of UK adults during social lockdown
Authors: Robinson Eric , Gillespie Steven , Jones Andrew
Published: July 2020

Background

The COVID‐19 crisis is likely to have had wide‐ranging consequences on lifestyle behaviours and may have affected weight management. The objective of the present study was to examine perceptions of how weight‐related lifestyle changed in social lockdown among UK adults compared with before the emergence of the COVID‐19 crisis.

Methods

As part of an online cross‐sectional survey conducted during social lockdown in the United Kingdom, 723 UK adults reported on the extent to which their eating (healthiness of diet, frequency of bingeing on food), physical activity, sleep and alcohol consumption had changed since the emergence of the COVID‐19 crisis and completed measures of current psychological well‐being.

Results

Although both improvements and declines in weight gain protective behaviours were reported, 79% of participants reported a decline in one or more weight gain protective behaviours. Both participants with a diagnosis of psychiatric illness or obesity (body mass index [BMI] ≥ 30) were most likely to report declines in weight gain protective behaviours and show an overall profile of weight management behaviours worsening. Participants experiencing high levels of stress also reported reductions in more weight gain protective behaviours.

Conclusions

Lifestyle behaviours associated with weight gain are likely to have been affected by the COVID‐19 crisis. Reductions to the perceived frequency by which people engage in behaviours usually associated with successful weight management appear to be common, and people living with obesity and mental health problems may be at increased risk.
Levers and leverage points for pathways to sustainability
Authors: Chan Kai M. A. , Boyd David R. , Gould Rachelle K. , Jetzkowitz Jens , Liu Jianguo , Muraca Barbara , Naidoo Robin , Olmsted Paige , Satterfield Terre , Selomane Odirilwe , Singh Gerald G. , Sumaila Rashid , Ngo Hien T. , Boedhihartono Agni Klintuni , Agard John , de Aguiar Ana Paula D. , Armenteras Dolors , Balint Lenke , Barrington‐Leigh Christopher , Cheung William W. L. , Díaz Sandra , Driscoll John , Esler Karen , Eyster Harold , Gregr Edward J. , Hashimoto Shizuka , Hernández Pedraza Gladys Cecilia , Hickler Thomas , Kok Marcel , Lazarova Tanya , Mohamed Assem A. A. , Murray‐Hudson Mike , O'Farrell Patrick , Palomo Ignacio , Saysel Ali Kerem , Seppelt Ralf , Settele Josef , Strassburg Bernardo , Xue Dayuan , Brondízio Eduardo S.
Published: July 2020

Humanity is on a deeply unsustainable trajectory. We are exceeding planetary boundaries and unlikely to meet many international sustainable development goals and global environmental targets. Until recently, there was no broadly accepted framework of interventions that could ignite the transformations needed to achieve these desired targets and goals.

As a component of the IPBES Global Assessment, we conducted an iterative expert deliberation process with an extensive review of scenarios and pathways to sustainability, including the broader literature on indirect drivers, social change and sustainability transformation. We asked, what are the most important elements of pathways to sustainability?

Applying a social–ecological systems lens, we identified eight priority points for intervention (leverage points) and five overarching strategic actions and priority interventions (levers), which appear to be key to societal transformation. The eight leverage points are: (1) Visions of a good life, (2) Total consumption and waste, (3) Latent values of responsibility, (4) Inequalities, (5) Justice and inclusion in conservation, (6) Externalities from trade and other telecouplings, (7) Responsible technology, innovation and investment, and (8) Education and knowledge generation and sharing. The five intertwined levers can be applied across the eight leverage points and more broadly. These include: (A) Incentives and capacity building, (B) Coordination across sectors and jurisdictions, (C) Pre‐emptive action, (D) Adaptive decision‐making and (E) Environmental law and implementation. The levers and leverage points are all non‐substitutable, and each enables others, likely leading to synergistic benefits.

Transformative change towards sustainable pathways requires more than a simple scaling‐up of sustainability initiatives—it entails addressing these levers and leverage points to change the fabric of legal, political, economic and other social systems. These levers and leverage points build upon those approved within the Global Assessment's Summary for Policymakers, with the aim of enabling leaders in government, business, civil society and academia to spark transformative changes towards a more just and sustainable world.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Thermal and enzymatic dual‐stimuli responsive linear‐dendritic block copolymers based on poly(N‐vinylcaprolactam)
Authors: Qian Yangyang , Wei Junwu , Wang Yujia , You Dan , Lin Feng , Yue Wenzhe , Bi Yunmei
Published: July 2020

The first‐ and second‐generation well‐defined thermal and enzymatic dual‐stimuli responsive amphiphilic linear‐dendritic block copolymers (LDBCs) based on hydrophilic linear poly(N‐vinylcaprolactam) (PNVCL) and a hydrophobic Fmoc‐terminated dendron derived from an aliphatic polyester of 2, 2′‐dimethylolpropionic acid (bis‐MPA) have been synthesized via a combination of reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of N‐vinylcaprolactam (NVCL) and “chain‐first” strategy. The copolymers were characterized by 1H NMR spectra and gel permeation chromatograph (GPC) analyses, showing controlled molecular weight and narrow molecular weight distribution (PDI ≤1.27). They self‐assemble in water into vesicles that are able to disrupt and release encapsulated cargos upon papain treatment. Their thermal‐responsive property was highly dependent on the generation and concentration of copolymers, and enzyme‐responsive behavior was affected by the generation of dendritic aliphatic polyester block. Moreover, papain influenced the thermal‐responsive behavior of the copolymers. Such smart copolymers could be efficiently used in drug delivery systems or biosensors.