bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Is the War on Terror Just?
Authors: Bellamy Alex J.
Published: September 2005

This article explores the question of whether the war on terror is just. It begins by arguing that the Just War tradition offers a better way of asking moral questions about war than either pacifism or realism. Applying the Just War tradition suggests that in order to justify a war on terrorism, we need to know exactly who the terrorists are and whether they have given us just cause for war. The war on terror as conceived by the Bush administration does not satisfy these tests because it threatens to wage war on those who have done no wrong and constitutes a disproportionate response. Whilst the war on terror may be unjust, war against specific terrorists may certainly be justifiable. The final part of the article explores some of the jus in bello elements of the war on terror and raises grave concerns about the way that the US and its allies are conducting the war.
Tragedy, Politics and Political Science
Authors: Lebow Richard Ned
Published: September 2005

I review the respective claims of Frost, Mayall and Rengger about the normative benefits of knowledge of tragedy and the potential of global civil society to transform the international system. I argue that Thucydides and Morgenthau were more optimistic about the ability of human beings to learn from art, history and experience. They believed – as do I – that tragedy is part and parcel of the human condition, and will always be with us for the reasons Frost so effectively summarizes. This does not preclude significant improvements in human rights and conflict management at the domestic and international levels. Pessimistic outlooks on such prospects are all too readily made self-fulfilling, so it is important that we commit ourselves to this goal independently of our estimates ofultimate success. These expectations, and our behavior, should nevertheless be tempered by sensitivity to the causes and consequences of tragedy.
Emotional TV Viewing and Minority Audience
Authors: Fujioka Yuki
Published: September 2005

A total of 90 Mexican American and White American participants viewed 12 emotional television news stories, featuring Mexican Americans, that were positive or negative in valence and high or low in arousal. Participants completed a cued recall test and evaluated recalled news stories. Analyses revealed a strong main effect of arousal on participants’ attention and memory. Mexican American participants rated Mexican American news stories more favorably and as more arousing, recalled the news more, and evaluated recalled news more positively than did their White American counterparts. Consistent with the principles of self-schema and social identity theory, these findings demonstrate that people process and evaluate self-referencing information differently than they process nonself-referencing information. Theoretical and practical implications of these results are also discussed.
The Influence of Presumed Media Influence on Women’s Desire to Be Thin
Authors: Park Sung-Yeon
Published: September 2005

This study investigated the effect of magazine use on the desire to be thin within the theoretical framework of presumed influence. Structural equation modeling supported the hypothesis that reading beauty and fashion magazines increased the drive for thinness both directly and indirectly. The indirect pathway included the perceived prevalence of the thin ideal in mass media, the presumed influence of the thin ideal on others, and the perceived influence of the thin ideal on self. Social pressure to be thin may be based both on reality and the presumption of influence on others. Results suggest potential strategies for intervention.
“A Big Dying Vat”
Authors: Braester Yomi
Published: September 2005

This article demonstrates how the popular perception of Shanghai as a decadent city was heightened during the campaign for Emulating the Good Eighth Company of Nanjing Road and argues for the central role of cinema in shaping the symbolism of Shanghai’s locales. The campaign, which peaked in 1963, was linked to the Lei Feng campaign and was an important preamble to the Cultural Revolution. The Good Eighth Company campaign shifted the emphasis from Shanghai’s image as a revolutionary bastion to that of a reactionary stronghold, a “big dying vat” that might contaminate the revolutionary forces and that needed to be brought back into the socialist fold. Using internal Party documents, the author maps out the campaign; by examining films, culminating in Sentinels under the Neon Lights (1964), the author also traces the dynamics that made Nanjing Road into a metonym of Shanghai’s depravity and redefined the city’s revolutionary status.
Illuminating the Dark Side of Creative Expression: Assimilation Needs and the Consequences of Creative Action Following Mortality Salience
Authors: Arndt Jamie , Routledge Clay , Greenberg Jeff , Sheldon Kennon M.
Published: September 2005

Previous research indicates that mortality salience and creative behavior combine to increase feelings of guilt, presumably over the disruption to social connection elicited by the call for innovative expression. The present studies examined whether satiating assimilation motives by highlighting conformity to others reduces this effect (Study 1) and facilitates positive psychological engagement (Study 2). Study 1 used a 2 (conformity vs. neutral feedback)× 2 (mortality salience vs. control)× 2 (creative task vs. noncreative task) design and had participants complete a self-report measure of guilt. Study 2 used a 2 (mortality salience vs. control)× 2 (other goal task vs. self-goal task) design, and after a creativity exercise, had participants complete measures of positive mood, vitality, and creative problem solving. Results indicated attending to assimilation needs reduced the elevated guilt that follows the juxtaposition of mortality salience and creative behavior and also increased a sense of positive engagement. Implications are briefly discussed.
Understanding the Social Costs of Narcissism: The Case of the Tragedy of the Commons
Authors: Campbell W. Keith , Bush Carrie Pierce , Brunell Amy B. , Shelton Jeremy
Published: September 2005

Two studies examined narcissism and behavior in a commons dilemma. Study 1 used a four-person, laboratory-based task and Study 2 used a dyadic task. Participants were told that they represented one of four (Study 1) or two (Study 2) forestry companies and then were asked to harvest timber from a renewable forest. Narcissism was found to be positively related to acquisitive goals and harvesting more timber in the initial round. The more narcissists harvesting in the competitive group of four (Study 1) or dyad (Study 2), the less timber was harvested overall and the more rapidly the forest was depleted. Within competitive groups and dyads, however, narcissists harvested more than the nonnarcissists competing with them. In all, narcissism provided a benefit to the self, but at a long-term cost to other individuals and to the commons.
Variability of Momentary Pain Predicts Recall of Weekly Pain: A Consequence of the Peak (or Salience) Memory Heuristic
Authors: Stone Arthur A. , Schwartz Joseph E. , Broderick Joan E. , Shiffman Saul S.
Published: September 2005

Patients’ recall of their recent pain is commonly assessed by both researchers and clinicians. However, concerns have been raised about differences between recalled pain and the average of real-time recordings of pain taken over the same period, in part because of the possibility that memory processes affect how retrospective pain is reported. It was hypothesized that memory processes affect the accuracy of recall, such that those with higher versus lower variability of real-time pain will recall pain at higher levels, relative to their average momentary pain. Sixty-eight chronic pain patients with rheumatologic conditions reported their pain several times a day for 2 weeks and also recalled their weekly pain at the end of each of those 2 weeks. The hypothesis was confirmed and it was concluded that variability of real-time pain affects the recall of pain.
Looking on the Bright Side: Downward Counterfactual Thinking in Response to Negative Life Events
Authors: White Katherine , Lehman Darrin R.
Published: September 2005

Past research has found that downward counterfactual thoughts are rarely generated in response to negative life events. However, the authors suggest that under conditions in which self-enhancement motives are prominent, downward counterfactuals will be more frequent than upward counterfactuals. When motives were explicitly manipulated (Study 1), people generated more downward counterfactuals in the self-enhancement than in the self-improvement and control conditions. In Study 2, among those chronically more motivated to self-enhance (i.e., European Canadians), a manipulation of event severity led to the generation of more downward than upward counterfactuals. This finding was mediated by the desire for self-enhancement. In Study 3, cultural background and the opportunity for self-affirmation were related to the generation of downward counterfactuals in expected ways. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Dying To Be Thin: The Effects of Mortality Salience and Body Mass Index on Restricted Eating Among Women
Authors: Goldenberg Jamie L. , Arndt Jamie , Hart Joshua , Brown Megan
Published: September 2005

Following terror management theory, the authors suggest women’s striving to attain a thin physique is fueled in part by existential concerns. In three studies, women restricted consumption of a nutritious but fattening food in response to reminders of mortality (mortality salience; MS). When conducted in private (Study 1), this effect was found among women but not men; when replicated in a group setting in which social comparison was likely (Studies 2 and 3), only women who were relatively less successful attaining the thin ideal (i.e., high body mass index; BMI) restricted eating after MS. In Study 3, MS caused high BMI women to perceive themselves as more discrepant from their ideal thinness; this perceived failure mediated the effects of MS and BMI on eating behavior. Findings are discussed from a self-regulatory framework, which considered in the context of pressures for women to be thin, can shed light on health risk behavior.
Doing Gender in the Bedroom: Investing in Gender Norms and the Sexual Experience
Authors: Sanchez Diana T. , Crocker Jennifer , Boike Karlee R.
Published: September 2005

People often believe that they must be consistent with gender norms to obtain others’ approval. The authors believe people who invest in gender norms tend to base self-esteem on others’ approval, which undermines their sexual autonomy and ultimately diminishes their sexual satisfaction in intimate relationships. A survey of 309 sexually active college students examined whether placing importance on conforming to gender norms undermines sexual relationships because of its link to basing self-worth on others’ approval and decreased sexual autonomy. Using structural equation modeling, the authors found that valuing gender conformity (but not avoiding gender deviance) negatively affects sexual pleasure for both men and women through increased contingency on others’ approval and restricted sexual autonomy. The model fit the data for both men and women.
Patients in the early phases of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders effectively treated with risperidone long-acting injectable
Authors: Parellada E. , Andrezina R. , Milanova V. , Glue P. , Masiak M. , Turner M. St. John , Medori R. , Gaebel W.
Published: September 2005

The efficacy and safety of risperidone long-acting injectable (RLAI) was investigated in patients in the early phases of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders (≤ 3 years).

Patients who required a treatment change received RLAI (2-weekly gluteal injections of 25, 37.5 or 50mg, per clinical judgement), without an oral risperidone run-in phase.

A total of 382 patients were included in this 6-month open-label study; 73% of patients completed the study. A total of 84% had schizophrenia with a median duration of 1.0 year since diagnosis. Previous medications were mainly atypical antipsychotics (70%) and depot neuroleptics (24%). The main reasons for treatment change were non-compliance (42%) and insufficient efficacy (31%) of previous medication. The total Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and all its subscale scores improved significantly (p ≤ 0.0001), with 40% of patients showing a 20% improvement on total PANSS. Global Assessment of Functioning, quality of life, patient satisfaction and movement disorders also improved significantly. Tolerability of RLAI was generally good and no unexpected adverse events were reported.

The ensured delivery of medication with RLAI resulted in significant symptom improvement in this patient population. Direct initiation of RLAI is well accepted by patients. RLAI might represent a novel option for patients in the early phases of psychosis.
Long-acting risperidone in stable patients with schizoaffective disorder
Authors: Mohl A. , Westlye K. , Opjordsmoen S. , Lex A. , Schreiner A. , Benoit M. , Bräunig P. , Medori R.
Published: September 2005

Oral and long-acting risperidone has been shown to be effective for acute and maintenance treatment of patients with schizoaffective disorders. The present analysis investigated the efficacy and tolerability of direct transition from other antipsychotics to risperidone long-acting injectable in patients with schizoaffective disorder.

Patients aged ≥ 18 years with schizoaffective disorder (DSM-IV), who required a change of medication, received risperidone long-acting injectable 25mg (increased to 37.5 or 50mg, if necessary) every 2 weeks for 6 months.

The analysis included 249 patients (47% male; mean age 43 years), of whom 74% completed the 6-month study. Mean scores for the total Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and all three subscales were significantly reduced from baseline to week 4 (p < 0.001), with further improvements until treatment endpoint. Significant improvements from baseline to endpoint were seen in the mood symptom domains of anxiety/depression (10.4±4.1 vs 8.7±3.9) and uncontrolled hostility/excitement (7.6±3.6 vs 6.9±3.8). Mean Global Assessment of Function (GAF) score improved significantly from 59.4±15.6 at baseline to 66.4±17.7 (p < 0.001) at endpoint. Of 87 patients hospitalized at baseline, 67% were discharged at endpoint. Both quality of life (SF-36) and satisfaction with treatment were improved significantly at endpoint. Total ESRS scores fell progressively throughout the study, and the reduction was already statistically significant (p < 0.001) at 4 weeks. Small but statistically significant (p < 0.001) mean shifts of 1.8% were seen in body weight and Body Mass Index (BMI).

Patients with schizoaffective disorder derived several benefits from a change to risperidone long-acting injectable, including reductions in psychiatric symptoms (particularly the mood symptom domains) and a reduction in the severity of drug-induced neurological movement disorders.
Design of the 100G Capturing Robot Based on Dynamic Preshaping
Authors: Higashimori Mitsuru , Kaneko Makoto , Namiki Akio , Ishikawa Masatoshi
Published: September 2005

In this paper we discuss the design of the 100G capturing robot from the point of view of dynamic pre-shaping where all finger links make contact with the target object simultaneously. After briefly explaining the overview of the 100G capturing robot, we mathematically formulate the dynamic pre-shaping problem where we discuss how to determine the mechanical parameters, such as pulley positions, pulley radius, mass of finger link, and spring constant. We show a couple of experiments where the robot parameter is determined based on the dynamic pre-shaping problem.
The Impact of Research Collaboration on Scientific Productivity
Authors: Lee Sooho , Bozeman Barry
Published: September 2005

Based on the curricula vitae and survey responses of 443 academic scientists affiliated with university research centers in the USA, we examine the longstanding assumption that research collaboration has a positive effect on publishing productivity. Since characteristics of the individual and the work environment are endogenously related to both collaboration and productivity, this study focuses on the mediating effect of collaboration on publishing productivity. By using the two-stage least squares analysis, the findings indicate that in the presence of moderating variables such as age, rank, grant, gender, marital status, family relations, citizenship, job satisfaction, perceived discrimination, and collaboration strategy, the simple number (‘normal count’) of peer-reviewed journal papers is strongly and significantly associated with the number of collaborators. However, the net impacts of collaboration are less clear. When we apply the same model and examine productivity by ‘fractional count’, dividing the number of publications by the number of authors, we find that number of collaborators is not a significant predictor of publishing productivity. In both cases, ‘normal count’ and ‘fractional count’, we find significant effects of research grants, citizenship, collaboration strategy, and scientific field. We believe that it is important to understand the effects of the individual and environmental factors for developing effective strategies to exploit the potential benefits of collaboration. We note that our focus is entirely at the individual level, and some of the most important benefits of collaboration may accrue to groups, institutions, and scientific fields.
Collaborative Research Across Disciplinary and Organizational Boundaries
Authors: Cummings Jonathon N. , Kiesler Sara
Published: September 2005

Scientific and engineering research increasingly involves multidisciplinary collaboration, sometimes across multiple organizations. Technological advances have made such cross-boundary projects possible, yet they can carry high coordination costs. This study investigated scientific collaboration across disciplinary and university boundaries to understand the need for coordination in these collaborations and how different levels of coordination predicted success. We conducted a study of 62 scientific collaborations supported by a program of the US National Science Foundation in 1998 and 1999. Projects with principal investigators (PIs) in more disciplines reported as many positive outcomes as did projects involving fewer disciplines. By contrast, multi-university, rather than multidisciplinary, projects were problematic. Projects with PIs from more universities were significantly less well coordinated and reported fewer positive outcomes than projects with PIs from fewer universities. Coordination mechanisms that brought distant researchers together physically slightly reduced the negative impact of collaborations involving multiple universities. We discuss implications for theory, practice, and policy.
Benefits of Induction Welding of Reinforced Thermoplastics in High Performance Applications
Authors: Kagan Val A. , Nichols Russell J.
Published: September 2005

The advantages of magnetic implant induction welding technology for various thermoplastics were widely discussed since the mid-1980s in a series of technical articles and reports. In 1998-2003, we reported to the Society of Automotive Engineers, our technical achievements in optimizing the mechanical performance of welded nylon (6, 66, 6/66, 46, etc.) using frictional (linear and orbital vibration, ultrasonic), contact (hot plate), and noncontact (laser through-transmission) welding technologies.

Recent developments in magnetic implant induction welding have focused on optimizing the mechanical performance of joints in reinforced plastics through continuous improvement to the welding technology (including magnetic implant material properties, SPC process control, joint design optimization, etc.). In this study, 33 wt.% fiber-glass reinforced nylon 6 is used in a chain-optimization study to conduct a critical comparison of two alternatives for thermoplastic welding. Results demonstrate interactions between material composition, joint design, and welding process conditions.
Thermal Degradation Parameters of Bamboo Fiber Reinforcement
Authors: Rajulu A. Varada , Devi R. Rama , Devi L. Ganga
Published: September 2005

The primary thermogram of the bamboo fibers belonging to the species Dendrocalamus strictus is recorded in an inert atmosphere at a heating rate of 10 C/min. Using this thermogram and its derivative, initial and final degradation temperatures and inflection points are found. Using the Freeman and Carroll method, the kinetic parameters of thermal degradation - activation energy and the order of the reaction are determined. As these values are different in the temperature range of 25-400 C and 400-700 C, the thermal degradation of these fibers is found to be a two-stage process.
Finite Element Analysis of Test Specimens to Assess Composite-Concrete Bond Durability
Authors: Huang Dongsheng , Lyons Jed
Published: September 2005

A modified double cantilever beam (MDCB)-hinged specimen that has been used to measure the toughness of the bond between concrete and composite overlays experimentally is modeled by finite element analysis to validate the equations used to analyze the results. Results show that the MDCB-hinged specimen gives good results for Mode I loading but not for Mode II loading. Therefore, a MDCB-tabbed specimen is proposed and evaluated. Equations for calculating the strain energy release rate of the new sample are proposed. Results show that the MDCB-tabbed specimen may be used to determine the Mode II strain energy release rate of the composite-to-concrete bond. In addition, several parameters that may affect the interface bond between the FRP overlay and the concrete are studied.
Lactic Acidosis: From Sour Milk to Septic Shock
Authors: Fall Pamela J. , Szerlip Harold M.
Published: September 2005

Lactic acidosis is frequently encountered in the intensive care unit. It occurs when there is an imbalance between production and clearance of lactate. Although lactic acidosis is often associated with a high anion gap and is generally defined as a lactate level >5 mmol/L and a serum pH <7.35, the presence of hypoalbuminemia may mask the anion gap and concomitant alkalosis may raise the pH. The causes of lactic acidosis are traditionally divided into impaired tissue oxygenation (Type A) and disorders in which tissue oxygenation is maintained (Type B). Lactate level is often used as a prognostic indicator and may be predictive of a favorable outcome if it normalizes within 48 hours. The routine measurement of serum lactate, however, should not determine therapeutic interventions. Unfortunately, treatment options remain limited and should be aimed at discontinuation of any offending drugs, treatment of the underlying pathology, and maintenance of organ perfusion. The mainstay of therapy of lactic acidosis remains prevention.
Selection of an Empiric Antibiotic Regimen for Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia Using a Unit and Culture-Type Specific Antibiogram
Authors: Green David L.
Published: September 2005

The objective of this retrospective study was to determine the optimal initial antibiotic regimen for hospital-acquired pneumonia using the frequency and sensitivity of Gram negative microorganisms found in sputum cultures. An antibiogram was constructed and compared with the hospital intensive care unit (ICU) antibiogram. The results yielded 191 microorganisms. The study-generated antibiogram showed that the highest percent susceptible antibiotics for all Gram-negative microorganisms were imipenem (75%) and amikacin (84%). Considering only Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the study-generated antibiogram and the hospital ICU antibiogram showed similar results, piperacillin and amikacin (86% and 82%, respectively, vs 91% and 85%, P = nonsignificant for both). The optimal empiric antibiotic regimen in the surgical ICU is different if directed against all possible microorganisms as opposed to the most prevalent microorganism P aeruginosa. Determining initial empiric antibiotic therapy using an ICU and culture-type specific antibiogram would result in a g reater likelihood that more patients would receive adequate initial antibiotic therapy.
Hyperkalemia: A Review
Authors: Evans Kimberley J. , Greenberg Arthur
Published: September 2005

Potassium is the principal intracellular cation, and maintenance of the distribution of potassium between the intracellular and the extracellular compartments relies on several homeostatic mechanisms. When these mechanisms are perturbed, hypokalemia or hyperkalemia may occur. This review covers hyperkalemia, that is, a serum potassium concentration exceeding 5 mmol/L. The review includes a discussion of potassium homeostasis and the etiologies of hyperkalemia and focuses on the prompt recognition and treatment of hyperkalemia. This disorder should be of major concern to clinicians because of its propensity to cause fatal arrhythmias. Hyperkalemia is easily diagnosed, and rapid and effective treatments are readily available. Unfortunately, treatment of this life-threatening condition is often delayed or insufficiently attentive or aggressive.
Competition, Representation and Redistricting
Authors: Buchler Justin
Published: September 2005

A redistricting plan that maximizes the frequency of competitive elections does not maximize the representativeness of political outcomes. A plan more closely resembling a ‘bipartisan gerrymander’ (a non-competitive plan) out-performs a set of competitive districts. Drawing on the literature from democratic theory and the trade-offs between redistricting goals, I expand on previous models by taking legislators’ and constituents’ ideologies into consideration in order to compare the representativeness of a fair competitive and a fair non-competitive redistricting plan. I show that non-competitive districts lead to smaller ideological differences between the positions of district median voters and their representatives, voters being ideologically closer to their legislators in absolute terms, and a distribution of ideology in the legislature that is closer to the distribution of ideology in the electorate. Also, the competitive plan cannot simultaneously make legislators responsive to their district median voters while ensuring that there is a sufficient amount of variation in ideology among the state delegation. The non-competitive plan can meet all requirements. Consequently, I argue that competition is not as fundamental to representative government as we might think since competition does a surprisingly poor job of producing representative outcomes.
Investigating the Dynamics of Political Compromise
Authors: Wiseman Alan E.
Published: September 2005

Using data on party representation for the Rules, Appropriations, and Ways and Means Committees from the 47th–103rd Congresses, I test the implications of a recently developed theory by Dixit, Grossman, and Gul. Their theory predicts that, in any particular Congress, majority and minority party representation on committees should be a function of the maximum political strength enjoyed by the majority party during the entire period for which it has held majority status up to, and including, that Congress. I refute this hypothesis and find that for any given Congress, majority party representation on committees is determined, rather, by the current political strength of the majority party. These findings speak to broad questions about our understanding of the role of the minority party in legislative organization and lawmaking in legislative politics, and in the US Congress, in particular.
Meeting the Challenges of Globalization
Authors: Starke-Meyerring Doreen
Published: September 2005

Drawing on globalization literature, this article analyzes key themes in globalization discourse, discusses their implications for professional communication programs, and links the themes specifically to the literacies professional communicators need to develop in the context of globalization. The article proposes a framework for professional communication literacies in this context to facilitate dialogue about the implications of globalization for literacies in professional communication programs and help teachers and program developers design and revise courses and programs that foster global literacies. It concludes by suggesting specific examples for applying this framework to the development or revision of teaching materials, courses, and programs.
The Rhetoric and Politics of Science in the Case of the Missouri River System
Authors: Graham Margaret Baker , Lindeman Neil
Published: September 2005

Two versions of a biological opinion written by different teams in the U.S. Fish and Wild-life Service illuminate how different rhetorical strategies reflect different values. The historical narrative in the earlier biological opinion, which is used to argue for vigorous action to protect endangered species along the Missouri River, is largely erased in the later opinion that privileges human uses of the river system. This analysis emphasizes the problematic nature of authorship when the concept is applied to a document produced in an organization or agency. Moreover, examining how authors control information reveals the power technical writers have to influence meaning making.
Phallic Matters?
Authors: Fouz-Hernández Santiago
Published: September 2005

This article is a study of the representation of the male body in contemporary British cinema. It starts with a short exploration of how 1990s representations of masculinity in British cinema differed from those of the previous decade. A brief analysis of Neil Jordan’s The Crying Game and of some of the recent roles of actor Hugh Grant in mainstream cinema leads to a more detailed case study of Scottish actor Ewan McGregor and his role in Peter Greenaway’s film The Pillow Book. Relevant background on both actor and director reveals an overt awareness of and interest in the male body. The film’s approach to masculinity and its focus on the male integral nude question some of the, by now, tired conceptions that have surrounded many debates on male representation, such as the emphasis on the activity/passivity binary, the (male) gaze, or narcissism.
“Good Cake”
Authors: Christian Tiffany Yvette
Published: September 2005

This qualitative study involved in-depth interviews with three self-identified gay black men. The purpose of the study was to gain a deeper understanding of how these men defined life satisfaction and to assess their individual levels of life satisfaction. The results indicated that key elements of life satisfaction included self-concept, social integration, and companionship. The studies also revealed the significance of racial identity in their identity formation as gay men.
Ectogenesis and Mother as Machine
Authors: Aristarkhova Irina
Published: September 2005

This article addresses the oft-neglected nexus between the mother and the machine, specifically in relation to the notion of ectogenesis (that is, conception, gestation and birth outside the maternal body). After a discussion of the technologies and the discourses of ectogenesis as symptomatic of what I call an ectogenetic desire, I move on to critically consider the work of Smith-Windsor on her own maternal experience with an incubator. This is followed by an evaluation of feminist writings on reproductive technologies, leading to a discussion of why the critical dichotomy between the maternal body and the machine needs to be reevaluated, to develop the possibility of a different ethics of/for the maternal body.
Transformations of Intimacy and Sociality in Anorexia: Bedrooms in Public Institutions
Authors: Warin Megan
Published: September 2005

Anorexia can be characterized as a profound transformation in social relations. These transformations occur across a number of overlapping fields, and include a range of institutional and domestic spaces and myriad mundane bodily practices in each. Through an examination of household space and a conventional treatment programme this article demonstrates the ways in which people with anorexia use and transform space. While there are many treatment programmes available for those with a diagnosis of anorexia, the ethnographic focus here is on those who have undergone bed programmes in public hospitals. As a result of the particularities of time and space, these rooms are transformed into intimate spaces that represent domestic bedrooms, thus fundamentally changing the nature of shared space in institutionalized settings. These transformations, however, are not straightforward, for these bedrooms fuse a number of bodily practices (such as eating, sleeping and abluting) that are sharply demarcated in domestic architecture. In these hospital bedrooms, private and public space is conflated, reversed and made ambiguous. Moreover, this article argues that this institutional transformation of space reproduces many of the private practices associated with anorexia, a factor which has been overlooked in the recorded failure of these types of programmes.
Toward a vulnerable ethics of research practice
Authors: Mattingly Cheryl
Published: September 2005

This article considers ethical dilemmas concerning the protection of confidentiality that often arise in carrying out ethnographic research. A number of problematic assumptions are highlighted that generally (implicitly or explicitly) guide the practice of contemporary research ethics review committees: (1) ethical rules are context free; (2) there is always an ethical ‘right answer’; (3) there is an objective position from which to judge what one ought ethically to do. Notably, this is a position of emotional detachment from the situation; (4) this objectively identified ethical position can be articulated in explicit and unambiguous public language. The troublesome character of these assumptions is raised in the context of fifteen years of ethnographic research among African American families in clinical settings within the urban United States, with special attention to an ongoing relationship with one research participant the author has known for eight years. Finally the article suggests an alternative ethical framework drawn from recent philosophical work in an Aristotelian-inspired ‘virtue ethics’.
Exporting ethics: a narrative about narrative research in South India
Authors: Riessman Catherine Kohler
Published: September 2005

The article notes some problems with the prepositional discourse of research ethics that is dominant in the West, and joins the call for an ethics-in-context approach in the human sciences. Using detailed examples from my fieldwork in South India to develop a narrative about ethical conflicts, I explore the problematics of informed consent, confidentiality and other concepts central to research ethics in the USA. The article underscores the inherent and practical risks associated with ethical universalism - applying ‘universal’ moral principles that have been constructed (that is, derived) in one cultural context and exporting them, without modifications, to another. The personal narrative includes my emotions in the field; they do moral work. The article draws theoretically from Bakhtin, Rabinow and feminist scholars of the Indian diaspora.
Fashion and Passion: Marketing Sex to Women
Authors: Attwood Feona
Published: September 2005

Against a backdrop of a ‘pornographication’ of mainstream media and the emergence of a more heavily sexualized culture, women are increasingly targeted as sexual consumers. In the UK, the success of TV shows like Sex and the City and the ‘fashion ‘n’ passion’ of sex emporia like Ann Summers suggests that late 20th-century discourses which foregrounded female pleasure have crystallized in a new form of sexual address to women. This article examines how sex products are being marketed for female consumers, focusing on the websites of sex businesses such as Myla, Babes n Horny, Beecourse, tabooboo and Ann Summers. It asks how a variety of existing discourses - of fashion, consumerism, bodily pleasure and sexuality - are drawn on in the construction of this new market, how they negotiate the dangers and pleasures of sexuality for women, and what they show about the construction of ‘new’ female sexualities.
Visibility as Privilege and Danger: Heterosexual and Same-Sex Interracial Intimacy in the 21st Century
Authors: Steinbugler Amy C.
Published: September 2005

Sexuality scholars largely neglect interracial intimacy in the United States as a site worthy of sustained empirical research. Consequently, monoraciality is not adequately problematized or identified as a racial prerequisite to fundamental heterosexual privileges. Further, by implicitly constructing same-sex couples as monoracial, scholars fail to consider how heterosexuality and White supremacy together saturate public spaces to render queer interraciality profoundly invisible. In this essay I critique the monoracial bias of sexuality research by analyzing interracial narratives on the topic of visibility. Using in-depth qualitative interviews with four heterosexual and four same-sex interracial couples, I argue that for interracial partners a paradoxical tension surrounds visibility. Though couples may seek public affirmation of intimate relationships, for both heterosexual and queer interracial couples, public recognition risks harassment or violence.
Bisexual Women, Non-Monogamy and Differentialist Anti-Promiscuity Discourses
Authors: Klesse Christian
Published: September 2005

Popular discourses on bisexuality assume a peculiar interrelation between bisexuality and non-monogamy. Drawing upon qualitative research in gay male and bisexual non-monogamies in the UK, this article explores bisexual women’s accounts on the effects of promiscuity allegations on non-monogamous sexual and relationship practice. Due to the prominence of gender as a differentializing factor in the discourses on promiscuity, to be publicly known as bisexual and non-monogamous tends to have particularly stigmatizing effects on women. The issue is further complicated by the intersection of promiscuity discourses with discourses on race/ethnicity and class. The regimes of violence that go hand in hand with the stigmatization through promiscuity allegations police women’s sexual behaviour making it more risky for women of certain positioning to come out or move and socialize in certain cultural contexts.
Ethical Erotics: Reconceptualizing Anti-Rape Education
Authors: Carmody Moira
Published: September 2005

This article argues that many anti-violence prevention strategies have been shaped by unarticulated discourses of sexuality that focus primarily on women managing the risk and danger of unethical behaviour of men. Sexual intimacy has therefore been dominated by discourses of fear and danger and women’s pleasure is once again invisible. An alternative conception of sexual ethics is presented based on Foucault’s work on ethics, and sexuality. The findings from in-depth qualitative interviews with 26 Australian women and men of diverse sexualities indicate that women and men regardless of erotic choice of partner have found multiple ways to explore sexual pleasure that is ethical, non-violent and where danger is reduced. This suggests a need to develop alternative ways of shaping violence prevention strategies that acknowledge both pleasure and danger.
Stories of Redemption? Teenage Mothers as the New Sex Educators
Authors: Kidger Judi
Published: September 2005

School sex education in England has traditionally reflected wider cultural norms that position teenage sexuality as fraught with danger, and teenage pregnancy and motherhood as symbolic of its risky outcomes. This article draws on research exploring projects in which young mothers themselves act as school sex educators, recounting their experiences of early parenthood to assist pupils in making ‘informed choices’ regarding their own behaviour. Findings indicate that, rather than upholding this aim, many of the young mothers shaped their stories in order to collude with the dominant, negative messages surrounding teenage sexual behaviour, pregnancy and motherhood. In so doing, they were able to redeem themselves as good, moral citizens, but this was at the price of certain truths continuing to be concealed from the pupils to whom they spoke.
‘Boys and Girls should not be too Close’: Sexuality, the Identities of African Boys and Girls and HIV/AIDS Education
Authors: Pattman Rob
Published: September 2005

This article explores the significance of sexuality in relation to the ways boys and girls in southern and eastern Africa construct their identities. It draws on a UNICEF-funded study conducted in the region with 6-18-year-olds from 2001 to 2002. This addressed young people as active and intelligent beings and encouraged them (in interviews and diaries) to elaborate upon their interests, pleasures and anxieties, and their relations with contemporaries and adults of either sex. It seemed impossible, at times, for the young people not to allude to sexuality, and this and their emotional engagement when addressing sexuality in the interviews suggested that sexuality was fundamental in their lives. Focusing in particular on young people’s accounts of contemporaries and others of the opposite sex, the article investigates how sexuality was invoked (and contested) by boys and girls and the sorts of identities they assumed in relation to the ways they spoke and wrote about sexuality. In the conclusion I argue that the issues raised by Carole Vance about female sexuality are extremely pertinent for understanding and working with both girls and boys in sex education, being introduced in many African countries in response to HIV/AIDS. The implications of this research for developing student-centred, gender-sensitive and relevant forms of HIV/AIDS and life skills education which address the sexual and non-sexual cultures, pleasures and anxieties of girls and boys are discussed in some detail.
In Search of (Better) Sexual Pleasure: Female Genital ‘Cosmetic’ Surgery
Authors: Braun Virginia
Published: September 2005

Female genital cosmetic surgery (FGCS) procedures are new, but increasing in popularity. In this article, I examine the role of female sexual pleasure in media (31 magazine items) and surgeon (15 interviews) accounts. FGCS was framed as enhancing female sexual pleasure, or specifically orgasm. I argue that the focus on female sexual pleasure functions to legitimate, and promote, FGCS. Further, it reaffirms normative heterosexuality, and promotes a generic model of bodies and sex. Moreover, in the context of consumer culture, media accounts have the possibility of creating problems, and their solutions, simultaneously.
Political Theorizing as a Dimension of Political Life
Authors: Palonen Kari
Published: September 2005

Quentin Skinner’s thesis ‘that political life itself sets the main problems for the political theorist’ marks a turning point in the study of the history of political thought. The Protestant princes who revised Luther’s doctrine of disobedience in order to save Lutheranism as a political force are the best example of this ‘Skinnerian revolution’ in The Foundations of Modern Political Thought. This is in accordance with his claim that principles play a legitimating and innovating role in politics. A tacit implication of the thesis is that we should not only read theorists as politicians but also read politicians as theorists. The politician possesses a special competence in discerning between various types of situation, has a distinct contestational imagination, is a person who is prepared to acknowledge the inherent paradoxes of the situation and who has the capacity to deal politically with limited time.
Politesse and Public Opinion in Stendhal’s Red and Black
Authors: Boyd Richard
Published: September 2005

Alexis de Tocqueville’s Democracy in America is one of the most celebrated 19th-century explorations of the rise of democracy as a social condition. However, Tocqueville is not the only political thinker of his immediate era to raise questions about the costs and benefits of democracy. This article will consider Stendhal’s novel The Red and the Black as an immediate precursor to Tocqueville’s criticisms of tyrannical public opinion and other ambivalent features of democracy. Like Tocqueville, Stendhal ponders the breakdown of aristocratic standards of politeness and the equally oppressive sway of democratic public opinion that replaces them. Despite their shared assumptions about the challenges of democracy, however, Stendhal’s vision of freedom seems decidedly bleaker than Tocqueville’s.
The Effaced Self in the Utopia of the Young Karl Marx
Authors: Tralau Johan
Published: September 2005

This article attempts to present a reconstructive interpretation of the utopian self as portrayed in the writings of the young Marx. The main currents of interpretation claim that utopian society enhances individual liberty. However, the argument of this article is that Marx’s utopia entails the opposite, namely, the dissolution of the self. If human alienation in relation to nature is to be overcome, then the difference between man and nature must simply be annihilated. Thus, the utopian self appropriates and masters nature completely and turns it into something that is identical to man himself. Likewise, the alienation inherent in human relations is eliminated through the disappearance of the differences between people. This means that individuality is annihilated in the utopian society; if the supersession of alienation means doing away with the difference between the self, the others and nature, then it also means the end of human liberty.
Evaluating the effectiveness of teacher training in Applied Behaviour Analysis
Authors: Grey Ian M. , Honan Rita , McClean Brian , Daly Michael
Published: September 2005

Interventions for children with autism based upon Applied Behaviour Analysis (ABA) has been repeatedly shown to be related both to educational gains and to reductions in challenging behaviours. However, to date, comprehensive training in ABA for teachers and others have been limited. Over 7 months, 11 teachers undertook 90 hours of classroom instruction and supervision in ABA. Each teacher conducted a comprehensive functional assessment and designed a behaviour support plan targeting one behaviour for one child with an autistic disorder. Target behaviours included aggression, non-compliance and specific educational skills. Teachers recorded observational data for the target behaviour for both baseline and intervention sessions. Support plans produced an average 80 percent change in frequency of occurrence of target behaviours. Questionnaires completed by parents and teachers at the end of the course indicated a beneficial effect for the children and the educational environment. The potential benefits of teacher implemented behavioural intervention are discussed.
Exploring the concept of alexithymia in the lives of people with learning disabilities
Authors: Mellor Karen , Dagnan Dave
Published: September 2005

Alexithymia is a construct that has attracted considerable research for people without learning disabilities. People with alexithymia have difficulties recognizing and describing emotions and have an externally oriented cognitive style. Alexithymia has been closely associated with a variety of mental health and somatic problems. However, the construct of alexithymia has not been considered in respect to people with learning disabilities. This article identifies parallels between the concept of alexithymia and the emotion recognition difficulties and external cognitive styles that have been identified in people with learning disabilities. The article further identifies that many developmental factors considered important in the aetiology of alexithymia are significantly present in the lives of people with learning disabilities and that the association between alexithymia and mental health identified in other populations may also be important for people with learning disabilities. We conclude that there is a strong argument that alexithymia should be a focus of further research for people with learning disabilities.