bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Managing Brains, Minds, and Selves
Authors: Rose Nikolas , Abi-Rached Joelle M.
Published: November 2017

This concluding chapter suggests that for the human sciences, there is nothing to fear in the rise to prominence of neurobiological attempt to understand and account for human behavior. It is important to point out the many weaknesses in the experimental setups and procedures, for example, in the uses of animal models and in the interpretations of brain imaging data generated in the highly artificial social situations of the laboratory. In the necessity for this criticism, there is also opportunity. There are many opportunities for a more positive role for the social and human sciences that engages directly with these truth claims, that seizes on the new openness provided by conceptions of the neuromolecular, plastic, and social brain to find some rapprochement.
Mathematical Prelude: A Selective Introduction to Logic and Set Theory for Social Scientists
Authors: Goertz Gary , Mahoney James
Published: November 2017

This chapter considers some key ideas from logic and set theory as they relate to qualitative research in the social sciences, including ideas concerning necessary and sufficient conditions. It also highlights a major contrast between qualitative and quantitative research: whereas quantitative research draws on mathematical tools associated with statistics and probability theory, qualitative research is often based on set theory and logic. The chapter first compares the natural language of logic in the qualitative culture with the language of probability and statistics in the quantitative culture. It then considers the necessary conditions and sufficient conditions as basis for qualitative methods, focusing on set theory and Venn diagrams, two-by-two tables, and truth tables. It also discusses the use of qualitative and quantitative aggregation techniques and concludes by explaining the criteria for assessing the “fit” of the model or the “importance” of a given causal factor.
Causes-of-Effects versus Effects-of-Causes
Authors: Goertz Gary , Mahoney James
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines two approaches used in social science research: the “causes-of-effects” approach and the “effects-of-causes” approach. The quantitative and qualitative cultures differ in the extent to which and the ways in which they address causes-of-effects and effects-of-causes questions. Quantitative scholars, who favor the effects-of-causes approach, focus on estimating the average effects of particular variables within populations or samples. By contrast, qualitative scholars employ individual case analysis to explain outcomes as well as the effects of particular causal factors. The chapter first considers the type of research question addressed by both quantitative and qualitative researchers before discussing the use of within-case analysis by the latter to investigate individual cases versus cross-case analysis by the former to elucidate central tendencies in populations. It also describes the complementarities between qualitative and quantitative research that make mixed-method research possible.
Asymmetry
Authors: Goertz Gary , Mahoney James
Published: November 2017

This chapter shows that the quantitative and qualitative cultures differ on the issue of symmetry. Whereas quantitative research tends to analyze relationships that are symmetric, qualitative research focuses on relationships that have asymmetric qualities. Causal models and explanations can be asymmetric in a variety of ways. This chapter deals mainly (though not exclusively) on the so-called “static causal asymmetry,” in which the explanation of occurrence is not the mirror image of that of nonoccurrence. After comparing symmetric and asymmetric models, the chapter looks at examples of asymmetric explanations using set-theoretic causal models. It highlights the difficulty of translating the fundamental symmetry of standard statistical models into the basic asymmetry of set-theoretic models, as well as the difficulty of capturing the asymmetry of set-theoretic models with the standard symmetric tools of statistics.
Pedagogies of Knowledge Production and Contestation
Authors: Kligman Gail , Verdery Katherine
Published: November 2017

This chapter presents some of the language the Party created to carry out its mission—including categories that named classes, types of “enemies” and political insurgents, acceptable vs. suspect religions, and ethnonational groups—as well as some of the techniques employed: various forms of propaganda, modeling by example, denunciation and unmasking, and petition writing. Through teaching peasants to denounce and unmask enemies and to communicate with the benevolent paternalist Party in its own terms, these techniques inculcated new rules for producing truth and for understanding the world. There were, of course, other forms of reaction to the pedagogies of collectivization, which have been emphasized in earlier chapters: violent uprisings, attacks on cadres, overt acts of sabotage, and so on.
The Collectives Are Formed
Authors: Kligman Gail , Verdery Katherine
Published: November 2017

This chapter shows how collectives were finally formed after several years of practices that drew people into a process increasingly determined by the authorities and eroded their will and confidence. Although peasants eventually capitulated to the assault on their way of life, in some respects cadres themselves had to capitulate to that way of life in order to win: they had to acknowledge the importance of village status systems, bringing chiaburs into the collectives instead of excluding them. After that, the process went much more quickly. The chapter then surveys some of the social variables that affected patterns of forming the collectives. Among these are religious and ethnic composition, colonization, ecological/economic adaptation, local politics, and historical differences by region.
Conclusion
Authors: Kligman Gail , Verdery Katherine
Published: November 2017

This concluding chapter summarizes the main points of this analysis and seeks to extend it by addressing broader comparative questions about the socialist variant of modern state-making. The Soviet Union exported the revolutionary technology of collectivization to its satellites, providing the blueprint along with Soviet advisors to guide them. This blueprint set out the parameters for establishing collectives: new methods to improve agricultural production, a new institutional infrastructure, and an arsenal of pedagogical techniques with which cadres were to enlighten peasants and discipline dissenters. However, collectivization was not carried out in a uniform manner anywhere. Blueprints may provide a plan, but social practices are not so easily hammered or welded into place. Romania's small and weak Communist Party, dependent on the Soviet Union, faced a largely agrarian population that offered heavy resistance. Complicating their task was the ongoing strength of the country's interwar fascist movement in both rural and urban areas, among all social strata.
Collateral Damage: The Children of Divorce
Authors: Grossman Joanna L. , Friedman Lawrence M.
Published: November 2017

This chapter explores the rules and standards that courts are supposed to use in awarding custody, and how these rules and standards have shifted over the years. It also looks at the troubling issue of child support. There are minor children in roughly half of all divorces, after all, which makes custody an issue. Typically, in such cases both parents are fit; both have a constitutionally protected interest in rearing their children, but both have also chosen to live separate lives. Neither has a superior constitutional claim, and courts simply have to apply the state standard for handling custody disputes. The chapter considers who is supposed to pay for the children left adrift after divorce and how support awards are enforced.
The Touch of Sappho
Authors: Goldhill Simon
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines one of the paintings of Lawrence Alma-Tadema, which concerns the space of desire—a Greek scene, the gap between a man and a woman, the touch of a girl and a woman—and how this space is traversed by critics and viewers, then and now. The painting in question is Sappho, now usually called Sappho and Alcaeus, that was exhibited in the Royal Academy by Alma-Tadema in 1881. The chapter considers the shifting recognition of desire in readers' receptions of a Victorian image of the classical past—and the interpretative lures and snags of such an enquiry. It demonstrates how desire speaks and silences its name in art by analyzing not only the image of a poet from antiquity, but also the most famous female poet of ancient Greece, Sappho, whose name has become synonymous with the expression of female desire.
Wagner’s Greeks: The Politics of Hellenism
Authors: Goldhill Simon
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines how Richard Wagner's engagement with classical antiquity relates to his politics and to the performances of his operas. By taking on Wagner's Greeks, it highlights some of the nastiest aspects of modern politics—the violence of racism, the aggression of nationalism, the bleakest sides of German history in the twentieth century. The chapter analyzes two contrasting Bayreuth productions of The Ring, two self-consciously epoch-making performances in the same theater, the first directed by Richard Wagner in 1876, the second by his grandson, Wieland Wagner in 1951. It considers what makes a performance significant as a cultural event and how Hellenism has become part of the politics, as well as the aesthetics, not only of opera but also of twentieth-century culture.
The Paradox of Partisanship in the United States
Authors: Campbell John L. , Pedersen Ove K.
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses how the United States experienced a crisis of partisanship that was marked by a continuing escalation in ideological rancor, polarization, and divisiveness in Washington. This entailed the proliferation of a more competitive and often contentious set of private policy research organizations thanks to numerous sources of tax deductible private funding from corporations and wealthy individuals, and a fragmented and porous political system. Paradoxically, as the crisis of partisanship reached an unprecedented level in the late 1990s and early 2000s, cooperation among some of these organizations broke out across the political divide due to the efforts of those who sensed the disastrous consequences of such mean-spirited partisanship for the country and for the credibility of their research organizations.
Domestic Politics
Authors: Irwin Douglas A.
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on the long and politically divisive passage of the Smoot–Hawley tariff through Congress. The popular perception is that Congress enacted a higher tariff because it caved in to the demands of special interest groups. In fact, the tariff did not originate in response to demands by politically powerful industries facing competition from imports, but was offered up by Republican politicians who wanted to appease farmers during the presidential election campaign in 1928. The tariff was initiated near a business cycle peak when business was good, not in the midst of the Depression, and it was poorly suited to help farmers, many of whom depended on exports to foreign markets. Of course, the manner in which Congress handled the tariff gave rise to its association with special interest lobbying and logrolling (vote trading among members of Congress), a perception that is wholly accurate.
Foreign Retaliation
Authors: Irwin Douglas A.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines at the international reaction to the Smoot–Hawley tariff. The popular perception is that the tariff backfired by triggering retaliation against U.S. exports and the spread of trade blocs that discriminated against the United States, inflicting long-term damage for U.S. commercial and foreign policy interests. This perception is largely accurate. While countries did not broadcast that they were retaliating against the United States for imposing the tariff, the nature and timing of the measures they took strongly suggest that was the primary motivation. A month after the Smoot–Hawley tariff was imposed, a pro-American Liberal government in Canada lost a general election to the pro-British Conservatives, who erected trade barriers designed to shift Canada's imports from the United States to Britain. Other countries discriminated against U.S. exports as well, and the nation's share of world trade fell sharply.
Expert Amateurs: Raising and Treating Children with Autism
Authors: Silverman Chloe
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on parents emerging from the experience of wide-ranging psychogenic theorizing about autism during the 1950s and 1960s, of which Bruno Bettelheim's work was but one well-known example. Parents' accounts of their work during a period when the diagnostic category of autism was in flux highlight their unique authority as caregivers and “amateur” therapists. These accounts of parents' treatment activities make clear that expert knowledge and private life have continually intersected in the families of autistic children. The chapter examines how love, through parental efforts to help their children by training themselves in treatment practices, has functioned as a form of practice or technique in interventions to address the syndrome of autism. In both the case of the Orthogenic School's milieu therapy and parental work in behavior modification techniques, the affective involvement of “semiprofessionals” was key to what was experienced as the success of the interventions.
Desperate and Rational: Parents and Professionals in Autism Research
Authors: Silverman Chloe
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the process of persuasion and affective involvement whereby parents and new practitioners come to take part in the practice of treating autism as well as in research on autism. It considers the production of biomedical knowledge in one parent-practitioner community and the ways that social relations based on affect alter vision, create trust, and change measures of therapeutic success. Despite the fact that biomedical treatments for autism are regarded as “alternative” practices, this community does not operate “outside” the forms of expertise and representations of biological systems accepted by conventional practitioners. What makes them distinct is a conscious shift in perspective as opposed to an appeal to a diffrent knowledge system altogether. They are an experimental community within biomedicine, and their treatment practices remain controversial, but parents of autistic children are exploring them at increasing rates.
Prologue
Authors: Wuthnow Robert
Published: November 2017

This book examines how Kansas became known as one of the most conservative states in America. Kansas was one of the first to pass mandatory Prohibition and one of the last to overturn it. Kansas schools regularly included Bible reading and prayer, and by the end of the twentieth century were a battleground for proponents of creationism and intelligent design. The Republican Party was a strong contender among the possible explanations for Kansas conservatism. Religion was another. The connections between faith and politics in Kansas would begin and end with arguments about the self-perpetuating power of conservative ideas and leaders in the nation's heartland. However, the book suggests that red state religion and politics in Kansas had less to do with contentious moral activism than it did with local communities and relationships among neighbors, friends, and fellow churchgoers.
Piety on the Plains
Authors: Wuthnow Robert
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines how Kansas became a bastion of Protestant Republican conservatism. The 1850s saw the first alliances between Republicans and Methodists in Kansas. The relationship of religion to politics that emerged in those years continued through the end of the nineteenth century—and shaped much of what happened in the twentieth century. The relationships between churches and public affairs in Kansas were complicated because Kansans were divided about the state being free or having slavery. Nearly all these complications were evident as Kansas moved toward statehood. The chapter first considers Abraham Lincoln's visit to the Kansas Avenue Methodist Episcopal Church in Atchison during his presidential campaign in 1859 before discussing the role of the churches in establishing civic order in the region's towns and farming communities. It also explores public religion, how abolition and temperance brought church leaders and politics together, and church expansion in Kansas.
Continuing the Struggle
Authors: Wuthnow Robert
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines how conservative church leaders in Kansas continued the struggle against abortion and expanded their activities to include opposition to same-sex marriage. In the early 1990s, the Religious Right threw everything it had into making the right to life an issue that would arouse thousands of activists. By the decade's end, the Religious Right was moving into a new phase. The chapter first considers the institutionalization of the Religious Right before discussing its use of activist networks and its influence within the Republican Party. It then discusses George W. Bush's victory in the 2000 presidential elections and its significance for the Religious Right. It also explores the issue of regulation of abortion and the churches' campaign against same-sex marriage, the ongoing back-and-forth debate about evolution, the death of George Tiller, and Bill Clinton's 2004 Dole Lecture for the Robert J. Dole Institute of Politics at Kansas University.
Weyl Group Multiple Dirichlet Series
Authors: Brubaker Ben , Bump Daniel , Friedberg Solomon
Published: November 2017

Weyl group multiple Dirichlet series are generalizations of the Riemann zeta function. Like the Riemann zeta function, they are Dirichlet series with analytic continuation and functional equations, having applications to analytic number theory. By contrast, these Weyl group multiple Dirichlet series may be functions of several complex variables and their groups of functional equations may be arbitrary finite Weyl groups. Furthermore, their coefficients are multiplicative up to roots of unity, generalizing the notion of Euler products. This book proves foundational results about these series and develops their combinatorics. These interesting functions may be described as Whittaker coefficients of Eisenstein series on metaplectic groups, but this characterization doesn't readily lead to an explicit description of the coefficients. The coefficients may be expressed as sums over Kashiwara's crystals, which are combinatorial analogs of characters of irreducible representations of Lie groups. For Cartan Type A, there are two distinguished descriptions, and if these are known to be equal, the analytic properties of the Dirichlet series follow. Proving the equality of the two combinatorial definitions of the Weyl group multiple Dirichlet series requires the comparison of two sums of products of Gauss sums over lattice points in polytopes. Through a series of surprising combinatorial reductions, this is accomplished. The book includes expository material about crystals, deformations of the Weyl character formula, and the Yang–Baxter equation.
Whittaker Functions
Authors: Brubaker Ben , Bump Daniel , Friedberg Solomon
Published: November 2017

This chapter shows that Weyl group multiple Dirichlet series are expected to be Whittaker coefficients of metaplectic Eisenstein series. The fact that Whittaker coefficients of Eisenstein series reduce to the crystal description that was given in Chapter 2 is proved for Type A. On the adele group, the corresponding local computation reduces to the evaluation of a type of λ‎-adic integral. These were considered by McNamara, who reduced the integrals to sums over crystals by a very interesting method. A full treatment of this topic is outside the scope of this work, but it is introduced in this chapter by considering the case where n = 1. In this chapter, F is used to denote a nonarchimedean local field and F to denote a global field. The values of the Whittaker function are Schur polynomials multiplied by the normalization constant.
Noncritical Resonances
Authors: Brubaker Ben , Bump Daniel , Friedberg Solomon
Published: November 2017

This chapter deals with noncritical resonances. A short pattern is resonant at i if lsubscript i plus 1 = bᵢ. This property depends only on the associated prototype, so resonance is actually a property of prototypes. A first (middle) row entry is also called aᵢ critical if it is equal to one of its four neighbors, which are lᵢ, lsubscript i plus 1, bᵢ, and bsubscript i minus 1. We say that the resonance at i is critical if either aᵢ or asubscript i plus 1 is critical. The chapter introduces the relevant theorem, stating that if t is a strict pattern with no critical resonances, then t′ is also strict with no critical resonances. It also chooses a pair of canonical indexings of Γ‎ = Γ‎ₜ and Δ‎′ = Δ‎subscript tprime.
Statement E Implies Statement D
Authors: Brubaker Ben , Bump Daniel , Friedberg Solomon
Published: November 2017

This chapter introduces the theorem that says Statement E implies Statement D, first by fixing a nodal signature η‎ and presenting a “cut and paste” virtual resotope. It then presents the proof, whereby α‎ ∈, CPsubscript Greek small letter eta(c₀, · · ·,csubscript d) and let σ‎ = θ‎(α‎,η‎). The chapter proceeds by extending the function GΓ‎ from the set of decorated Γ‎-accordions to the free abelian group by linearity. Also the involution on decorated accordions induces an isomorphism. The relevant equation is obtained using the principle of inclusion-exclusion.
Evaluation of ⋀Γ‎ and ⋀Δ‎, and Statement G
Authors: Brubaker Ben , Bump Daniel , Friedberg Solomon
Published: November 2017

This chapter deals with Λ‎subscript Greek capital letter gamma and Λ‎subscript Greek capital letter delta, and Statement G. It begins by introducing a nodal signature, denoted by η‎, and a subsignature, denoted by σ‎. It then presents the proof, using the signature σ‎ to determine the rules for boxing and circling in α‎. While the circling in the accordion strictly speaking occurs at α‎ᵢ and β‎subscript i plus 1, we may equivalently consider it to occur at α‎ᵢ and β‎ᵢ for bookkeeping purposes. The chapter also considers the condition when the alternating sum for Λ‎subscript Greek capital letter gamma will only contain nonzero contributions from subsignatures.
Concurrence
Authors: Brubaker Ben , Bump Daniel , Friedberg Solomon
Published: November 2017

This chapter presents purely combinatorial results that are needed for the proof of Statement G. The motivation for these results comes from the appearance of divisibility conditions through the factor δ‎n(Σ‎; α‎) defined in (15.2) that appears in Theorems 15.3 and 15.4. According to Statement F, the sum of Λ‎subscript Greek capital letter gamma(α‎, σ‎) over an f-packet is equal to the corresponding sum of ΛΔ‎(α‎′, σ‎). In order to prove Statement F, the chapter proceeds by identifying terms in the resulting double sum that can be matched. It considers subsignatures of η‎ and concurrence as an equivalence relation.
Crystals and p-adic Integration
Authors: Brubaker Ben , Bump Daniel , Friedberg Solomon
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes the properties of Kashiwara's crystal and its role in unipotent p-adic integrations related to Whittaker functions. In many cases, integrations of representation theoretic import over the maximal unipotent subgroup of a p-adic group can be replaced by a sum over Kashiwara's crystal. Partly motivated by the crystal description presented in Chapter 2 of this book, this perspective was advocated by Bump and Nakasuji. Later work by McNamara and Kim and Lee extended this philosophy yet further. Indeed, McNamara shows that the computation of the metaplectic Whittaker function is initially given as a sum over Kashiwara's crystal. The chapter considers Kostant's generating function, the character of the quantized enveloping algebra, and its association with Kashiwara's crystal, along with the Kostant partition function and the Weyl character formula.
Social Learning
Authors: Hoppitt William , Laland Kevin N.
Published: November 2017

Many animals, including humans, acquire valuable skills and knowledge by copying others. Scientists refer to this as social learning. It is one of the most exciting and rapidly developing areas of behavioral research and sits at the interface of many academic disciplines, including biology, experimental psychology, economics, and cognitive neuroscience. This book provides a comprehensive, practical guide to the research methods of this important emerging field. It defines the mechanisms thought to underlie social learning and demonstrate how to distinguish them experimentally in the laboratory. It presents techniques for detecting and quantifying social learning in nature, including statistical modeling of the spatial distribution of behavior traits. It also describes the latest theory and empirical findings on social learning strategies, and introduces readers to mathematical methods and models used in the study of cultural evolution. This book is an indispensable tool for researchers and an essential primer for students.
Introduction
Authors: Joas Hans , Knöbl Wolfgang
Published: November 2017

This book examines the “early history” of social theories on war, beginning with Thomas Hobbes. It explores the key arguments in the debate on war and peace carried on from Hobbes to the Napoleonic Wars between philosophers, political economists, and political thinkers, including Hobbes himself and Carl von Clausewitz, and how the progressive optimism nourished by liberal doctrines gradually began to take hold. It also considers the intellectual prehistory and history of the First World War and how social theory's engagement with the phenomenon of war, which had already begun before the First World War, did not continue in any substantial way after 1918. Furthermore, the book discusses the rise of the subdiscipline of “historical sociology” in the Anglo-American world and concludes with some remarks on what we see as a convincing conception of enduring peace and on the need to move beyond monothematic diagnoses of the contemporary world and of social change.
War and Peace before Sociology
Authors: Joas Hans , Knöbl Wolfgang
Published: November 2017

This chapter provides an overview of the key arguments in the debate on war and peace carried on from the time of Thomas Hobbes up to the Napoleonic Wars between philosophers, political economists, and political thinkers. This era, which was bookended by the names of Hobbes and Carl von Clausewitz, reveals four highly disparate theoretical standpoints from which authors explored these topics. There is the power-political realist position, associated with the name of Hobbes; the utilitarian-liberal conception, directly linked with the name of Jeremy Bentham, but which undoubtedly has roots in the work of Montesquieu as well; the republican-universalist stance that goes back to Immanuel Kant, though certain arguments can be found in the work of Jean-Jacques Rousseau; and finally the position linked with the “neo-Roman understanding of history” and the associated emphasis on the ideal of virtue.
The Long Peace of the Nineteenth Century and the Birth of Sociology
Authors: Joas Hans , Knöbl Wolfgang
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines how the progressive optimism nourished by liberal doctrines gradually began to take hold and how sociology as a discipline took a particularly wide variety of institutional forms and featured very different theoretical and research programs. Toward the end of the eighteenth and during the first third of the nineteenth centuries, utilitarians such as Jeremy Bentham and later James and John Stuart Mill were already singing the praises of free trade and its peace-promoting effects. This laid the foundations for at least one strand of liberal thought in the nineteenth century, on which early “sociologists” such as Auguste Comte and Herbert Spencer could then build. Despite the hegemonic status of liberal doctrines, other views were always present beneath the surface. This includes Marxism, which in many respects embraced the legacy of liberalism.
Conclusion
Authors: Joas Hans , Knöbl Wolfgang
Published: November 2017

This concluding chapter considers a convincing conception of enduring peace and the need to move beyond monothematic diagnoses of the contemporary world and of social change. It argues that none of the debates on peace-engendering structures and processes that have taken place since the 1980s in social theory have produced convincing results. The thesis of the “democratic peace” has proved essentially unviable, at least with respect to the so-called Kantians' initial claim of global validity for their statements. The discussion of “failed states” and “new wars” has focused largely on processes of state decline or marketization but has done little to place these processes within a broader theoretical framework. Finally, the arguments put forward by theorists of an American imperium, which entail antithetical positions, have failed to show that this attempt to spread American power throughout the world will in fact succeed and bring about peace.
Our Bodies, Whose Property?
Authors: Phillips Anne
Published: November 2017

No one wants to be treated like an object, regarded as an item of property, or put up for sale. Yet many people frame personal autonomy in terms of self-ownership, representing themselves as property owners with the right to do as they wish with their bodies. Others do not use the language of property, but are similarly insistent on the rights of free individuals to decide for themselves whether to engage in commercial transactions for sex, reproduction, or organ sales. Drawing on analyses of rape, surrogacy, and markets in human organs, this book challenges notions of freedom based on ownership of our bodies and argues against the normalization of markets in bodily services and parts. The book explores the risks associated with metaphors of property and the reasons why the commodification of the body remains problematic. The book asks what is wrong with thinking of oneself as the owner of one's body? What is wrong with making our bodies available for rent or sale? What, if anything, is the difference between markets in sex, reproduction, or human body parts, and the other markets we commonly applaud? The book contends that body markets occupy the outer edges of a continuum that is, in some way, a feature of all labor markets. But it also emphasizes that we all have bodies, and considers the implications of this otherwise banal fact for equality. Bodies remind us of shared vulnerability, alerting us to the common experience of living as embodied beings in the same world. Examining the complex issue of body exceptionalism, the book demonstrates that treating the body as property makes human equality harder to comprehend.
What’s So Special about the Body?
Authors: Phillips Anne
Published: November 2017

This chapter expands on the difficulties in claiming the body as special and addresses some of the arguments for and against claiming it as property, before laying out the general grounds of the present critique. It begins by defining the concepts of objectification, commodification, and self-ownership. It then explains the influence of feminist theory on the author's views about what it means to think of the body as property, and whether we can justify treating it as different from other “things.” It goes on to analyze property rights, which have come to be understood as fashioned through legal and social relationships that regulate your claims on me as well as my claims on you. It argues that bodily rights and property rights should be kept in their separate boxes. The reasons for this are only partly grounded in the fear that thinking of our relationship to our bodies and selves in property terms will assist and normalize their commodification. Even where there is no danger of this, the adoption of property models is problematic.
Property Models of Rape
Authors: Phillips Anne
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on the issue of rape, where the application of a property discourse is almost entirely metaphorical, with no direct implication as regards commodification. It deals almost exclusively with heterosexual rape, and with the rape of women's bodies, not those of girls or boys, for it is as regards the rape of adult women that the pull of property models has been most evident. It argues that bodily experience is central to understanding the nature and harm of rape, and that property discourse makes this harder to grasp. It rejects a property model of rape and warns that when rape is represented in ways that minimize the significance that both men and women have bodies and experience pain and fear, reduces something that potentially alerts us to a shared vulnerability into a minority concern.
The Individualism of Property Claims
Authors: Phillips Anne
Published: November 2017

This chapter turns to broad policy implications and argues that the individualism inherent in property claims makes it particularly difficult to engage with macrolevel concerns. Framing bodily rights as property rights constrains social policy in an overly individualist direction. Throughout the book, the fact that we all have bodies appears as a recurrent theme: it is in this, if anything, that the “specialness” of the body lies. Markets change things, and so does adopting a property discourse. We live in an era when developments in medical and reproductive technology present us with many troubling dilemmas about the extent to which the bodies of some can be employed to sort out problems with the bodies of others. Some of these may be temporary. But whatever the possible marvels of future science, we can be sure of one thing: that the number and range of these dilemmas will continue to grow.
Shaping Jazz
Authors: Phillips Damon J.
Published: November 2017

There are over a million jazz recordings, but only a few hundred tunes have been recorded repeatedly. Why did a minority of songs become jazz standards? Why do some songs—and not others—get re-recorded by many musicians? This book answers this question and more, exploring the underappreciated yet crucial roles played by initial production and markets—in particular, organizations and geography—in the development of early twentieth-century jazz. The book considers why places like New York played more important roles as engines of diffusion than as the sources of standards. It demonstrates why and when certain geographical references in tune and group titles were considered more desirable. It also explains why a place like Berlin, which produced jazz abundantly from the 1920s to early 1930s, is now on jazz's historical sidelines. The book shows the key influences of firms in the recording industry, including how record labels and their executives affected what music was recorded, and why major companies would re-release recordings under artistic pseudonyms. It indicates how a recording's appeal was related to the narrative around its creation, and how the identities of its firm and musicians influenced the tune's long-run popularity. Applying fascinating ideas about market emergence to a music's commercialization, the book offers a unique look at the origins of a groundbreaking art form.
Sociological Congruence and the Shaping of Recorded Jazz
Authors: Phillips Damon J.
Published: November 2017

This introductory chapter explains that the book examines the early years of the market for jazz in order to understand why some tunes had long-term appeal while others did not, and how the market boundaries of jazz evolved as a part of this process. Using empirical puzzles and focusing mostly on the period 1917–1933, the book investigates why some songs are re-recorded by many musicians over time while others receive no such following. The book draws on sociological congruence as a mechanism to explain how the context of production affects the appeal of jazz recordings. It shows that jazz has been influenced by the social structure of the geography and producing organizations. A market for jazz could not have formed, flourished, and maintained legitimacy without a smaller set of tunes to serve as a common point of reference by musicians, record labels and companies, consumers, and critics.
The Sociological Congruence of Record Company Deception1
Authors: Phillips Damon J.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the sociological congruence of record company deception. It explores deception through the lens of organizational role identities, where role identities are a function of when an organization was founded. It also discusses the role of pseudonyms by focusing on Victorian-era firms and the anti-jazz sentiments they faced. In particular, it considers the relationship of firm identities to the costs and success of highbrow versus lowbrow jazz recordings. The chapter shows that Victorian-era firms used deception to overcome two types of identity threats: their association with profitable but illegitimate types of jazz, and the actions of newer entrants that blurred the incumbents' identity.
Introduction
Authors: McGinnis John O.
Published: November 2017

This introductory chapter analyzes the central political problem of our time, namely how to adapt democracy to the acceleration of the information age. Modern technology creates a supply of new tools for improved governance, but it also creates an urgent demand for putting these tools to use. We need better policies to obtain the benefits of innovation as quickly as possible and to manage the social problems that speedier innovation will inevitably create—from pollution to weapons of mass destruction. Our task is to place politics progressively within the domain of information technology—to use its new or enhanced tools, such as empiricism, information markets, dispersed media, and artificial intelligence, to reinvent governance. An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.
Causes and Consequences of Diverse Legal Values
Authors: Bailey Michael A. , Maltzman Forrest
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses how historical context and personal experiences influence the legal values of justices, but the connections are imperfect and unpredictable. It argues that legal values are not independent of politics. As legal regimes evolve, so too do the patterns of legal values that justices hold. Adhering to these legal values may lead justices to vote against their immediate policy preferences. Once a justice subscribes to a doctrine, it does indeed act as a constraint. But justices typically associate themselves with legal values that tend to promote their favored outcomes. Personal experiences also shape a justice's support for stare decisis. Whether previous experience is measured in federal or total terms, justices who had more experience as a judge before coming to the Court show higher levels of influence by precedent.
Cosmopolitanism
Authors: Jackman Simon , Vavreck Lynn
Published: November 2017

This chapter explores the political implications of differences in social space. The distinction between a “local” or “global” orientation systematically affects political behavior both within and across parties. Borrowing a concept from 1950s sociology—but operationalizing it differently—this chapter demonstrates that “cosmopolitanism” affects vote choice and is not well measured by typical demographic or attitudinal controls routinely included in vote models. Further, the chapter shows that cosmopolitanism is not accounted for by mainstay geographic indicators such as the regional marker for South or non-South. Cosmopolitanism is a mix of attributes, local environment, and opportunity, and the means of taking advantage of those opportunities. But it is measured here through a series of behaviors (or self-reports of behaviors) that indicate the presence or absence of a cosmopolitan orientation.
Political Participation, Polarization, and Public Opinion
Authors: Aldrich John H. , Freeze Melanie
Published: November 2017

This chapter considers how dynamics in public opinion combine with changes in participation and in the degree of elite (specifically, congressional) polarization in this regard. It begins by discussing the systematic changes in polarization and participation. Since the importance of a liberal-conservative dimension and left-right thinking in the public may be of less obvious importance for understanding American politics, given its peripheral position in the study of public opinion, this chapter develops a set of claims regarding its existence and relevance and then considers how it might fit into the polarization-participation-public opinion dynamics. To support its arguments, the chapter draws on data from American National Election Studies (ANES) surveys, surveys of donors to political campaigns, and surveys of delegates to national conventions.
Candidates and Parties in Congressional Elections
Authors: McGhee Eric , Pearson Kathryn
Published: November 2017

This chapter tests a party-centered and candidate-centered model of vote choice with some recent data, revealing that certain aspects of the candidate-centered model require revision. It focuses on voters who identify with the same party as the candidate challenging their incumbent member of Congress—here referred to as “challenger partisans.” Challenger partisans showed the strongest tendency to vote across party lines in 1978, but they are also the ones who have returned to the partisan fold in greatest numbers in recent years. However, many important early conclusions about congressional incumbents withstand changing political currents. Although parties are more central to the average voter's calculus, images of the incumbents as representatives of the parties, rather than images of the parties themselves, are behind this change. Challenger partisans have grown more dissatisfied with their incumbents as individuals, and have turned to the challenger as a meaningful way to express this dissatisfaction.
The Myth of the Independent Voter Revisited
Authors: Magleby David B. , Nelson Candice J. , Westlye Mark C.
Published: November 2017

This chapter revisits the findings and conclusions reached in The Myth of the Independent Voter (1992), which shows independents in the electorate from 1952 (the first year in which the ANES asked respondents for their party identification) through 1988. Furthermore, the chapter addresses, where needed, some of the claims and concerns that still circulate regarding the large bloc of independents. It discusses the increase in the number of citizens identifying as independent, a phenomenon which began in the 1960s and is now considered a potential threat to the current American party system, which has been seen as a fundamental, long-term influence on Americans' political attitudes and behavior, and as the single most important predictor of the vote.
The Effects of Registration Laws on Voter Turnout
Authors: Knee Matthew R. , Green Donald P.
Published: November 2017

This chapter uses new data and more up-to-date statistical models to reevaluate the effects of closing date and Election Day registration (EDR) on voter turnout. It discusses alternative modeling strategies of registration deadlines and takes a fresh look at the impact of closing dates and EDR during the period 1980–2006. In particular, the chapter explores the consequences of changing the analytic focus from cross-sectional comparisons of different states at a given point in time to cross-temporal comparisons of each state over time. In comparison to earlier studies, this chapter suggests that closing dates and Election Day registration have limited effects on turnout.
Issue Preferences, Civic Engagement, and the Transformation of American Politics
Authors: Carmines Edward G. , Ensley Michael J. , Wagner Michael W.
Published: November 2017

This chapter offers a new perspective on political participation that has its roots in an elite-driven theory of political behavior. It argues that as the parties have become increasingly ideologically distinct from one another, there is an increased tendency for voters with issue preferences that match certain party positions to engage in a higher level of political participation than citizens whose preferences do not reflect these party positions. The chapter then presents over thirty years of evidence from the ANES to test its hypotheses about ideological consistency and political participation. Finally, the chapter summarizes these results and discusses their implications with respect to understanding both contemporary and future American politics.
Armageddon and the Gulag, 1939–1945
Authors: Barnes Steven A.
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on the Gulag during the Armageddon of the Great Patriotic War. It shows how the institutions, practices, and identities of the Gulag shifted in accord with the demands of total war. The war was an era of mass release on an unprecedented scale side by side with the highest mortality rates in the history of the Gulag system. After four years of brutal, exhausting warfare and a disastrous initial stage, the Soviet Union emerged from its Armageddon victorious. The early postwar period offered no indication that the Gulag would cease to be a mass social phenomenon within fifteen years. Rather, the Gulag remained a pillar in the reestablishment of the Soviet system, following the Red Army into liberated territories, so that every liberated district received its own corrective labor colony. By 1944, the camp and colony population began to grow again.
The Appeal of Decentralization
Authors: Knight Jack , Johnson James
Published: November 2017

This chapter offers a comparative analysis of political-economic institutions in what may seem like a counterintuitive manner. The default presumption in this domain is that the task of establishing institutional arrangements should accord priority to markets and other decentralized mechanisms. The chapter then analyzes the case for markets and assesses several other decentralized mechanisms for social cooperation. It argues that because the commonly acknowledged initial conditions that markets presuppose if they are to operate efficiently are quite restrictive and because markets themselves offer no mechanism for monitoring and maintaining those conditions, there is no clear reason to bestow first- or second-order priority on markets as a default mechanism of social coordination.
Reconsidering the Role of Political Argument in Democratic Politics
Authors: Knight Jack , Johnson James
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines three ways that political argument can affect democratic decision making and, thus, significantly mitigate the force of the social choice challenge. By engaging in political argument, relevant agents can settle the dimensions that, in any instance, structure their disagreements. This causal effect not only dampens the prospects that collective decision making will generate cyclical outcomes, it thereby reduces the opportunities for strategic manipulation that such instability presents. Once the analytical argument has established the possibility that voting, augmented by argument, could produce normatively legitimate decisions, the chapter considers two ways in which democratic argument can enhance the quality of such decisions: diversity and reflexivity.