bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hybrid-type complementary inverters using semiconducting single walled carbon nanotube networks and In-Ga-Zn-O nanofibers
Authors: Choi Hyun-Seok , Shin Joong-Won , Hong Eun-Ki , Hwang Inchan , Cho Won-Ju
Published: December 2018

We constructed complementary inverters utilizing solution-processed semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotube (scSWCNT) random networks and electrospun In-Ga-Zn-O (IGZO) nanofibers as p-type and n-type thin-film transistor (TFT) channels, respectively. The IGZO nanofiber n-type TFT and scSWCNT random network p-type TFTs show an on-off current ratio of 2.82 × 105 and 1.38 × 105, a threshold voltage of −7.60 and 9.50 V, a subthreshold swing of 380.13 and 391.01 mV/dec, and field effect mobilities of 1.96 and 5.67 cm2/V s for electrons and holes, respectively. In addition, these hybrid-type inverters consisting of n-channel TFTs and p-channel TFTs exhibit excellent complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) operation. Therefore, we expect that the hybrid CMOS-type inverters based on scSWCNT random networks and IGZO nanofibers can be innovative electronic devices for transparent and flexible digital logic circuits.
Kinetic inductance traveling-wave amplifiers for multiplexed qubit readout
Authors: Ranzani L. , Bal M. , Fong Kin Chung , Ribeill G. , Wu X. , Long J. , Ku H.-S. , Erickson R. P. , Pappas D. , Ohki T. A.
Published: December 2018

We describe a kinetic inductance traveling-wave (KIT) amplifier suitable for superconducting quantum information measurements and characterize its wideband scattering and noise properties. We use mechanical microwave switches to calibrate the four amplifier scattering parameters up to the device input and output connectors at the dilution refrigerator base temperature and a tunable temperature load to characterize the amplifier noise. Finally, we demonstrate the high fidelity simultaneous dispersive readout of two superconducting transmon qubits. The KIT amplifier provides low-noise amplification of both readout tones with readout fidelities of 83% and 89% and negligible effect on qubit lifetime and coherence.
Automatic contactless injection, transportation, merging, and ejection of droplets with a multifocal point acoustic levitator
Authors: Andrade Marco A. B. , Camargo Thales S. A. , Marzo Asier
Published: December 2018

We present an acoustic levitation system that automatically injects, transports, merges and ejects liquid droplets in mid-air. The system consists of a phased array operating at 40 kHz on top of a plane reflector. The phase array generates multiple focal points at independent positions that form standing waves between the array and the reflector. In the reflector there is an inlet for a piezoelectric droplet injector which automatically inserts liquid droplets at the lower pressure nodes of the standing waves, and a hole that serves as an outlet for ejecting the processed droplets out of the system. Simulations of the acoustic radiation potential acting on the levitating droplets are in good agreement with the experiments. High-speed footage captured the functioning of the system in four fluidic operations: injection, transport, merging and ejection of liquid droplets. Having these operations integrated reliably into a single automatic system paves the way for the adoption of mid-air acoustophoretic processing in biological, chemical and pharmaceutical applications.
Spall fracture in additive manufactured tantalum
Authors: Jones D. R. , Fensin S. J. , Ndefru B. G. , Martinez D. T. , Trujillo C. P. , Gray G. T.
Published: December 2018

We present a series of experiments on the response of additive manufactured (AM) tantalum to dynamic loading, specifically the spall strength. Rectangular plates of AM tantalum were produced, with subsequent characterization revealing a highly anisotropic microstructure. Samples were taken from these plates to investigate the effect of anisotropy on the spall strength: the resistance to high strain-rate tensile damage. A conventional, wrought tantalum sample, possessing an equiaxed microstructure, was also tested to serve as a control. Shock loading was performed via light gas-gun flyer-plate impact experiments, with laser velocimetry on the rear of the samples to record the shock wave profiles and soft-recovery techniques to allow post-mortem analysis. In general, the AM samples were found to have a higher Hugoniot elastic limit, the dynamic yield strength under shock loading, while having a reduced spall strength, when compared to the wrought tantalum samples.
Recognizing the importance of stable modes improves models of shear-driven turbulence
Authors: Patrick Chris
Published: December 2018

Accurate models of nonlinear turbulence driven by plasma shear flow require including interactions from both stable and unstable modes.
Physicochemical characteristics and fatty acid composition of the meat of lambs fed cassava silage and dry tamarind (Tamarindus indica)
Authors: dos Santos N. J. A. , Barbosa A. M. , Voltolini T. V. , Menezes D. R. , Souza C. M. , Bezerra L. R. , Lanna D. P. D. , Ribeiro C. V. D. M. , Oliveira R. L.
Published: December 2018

The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of the addition of dry tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) residue to cassava (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) silage on the carcass traits, quality and fatty acid profile of lamb meat. Forty 6-month-old (±2 days) castrated lambs (crossbred Santa Ines × mixed breed) with initial bodyweights of 22.1 ± 3.0 kg were used in a completely randomised design with four treatments (0, 100, 200 or 300 g/kg of DM of dry tamarind residue) and 10 replicates (animals). There was a significant increase in hot carcass weight (P < 0.001) and loin weight (P = 0.04); however, there were no effects on final bodyweight, average daily weight gain, slaughter weight, weights of other commercial cuts, shear force, lightness (L*), redness (a*), yellowness (b*), chroma (C*), lipid profile, ash content, initial and final pH value and cooking weight loss. There was a significant (P < 0.001) quadratic reduction in water-holding capacity with an increasing tamarind residue content. The addition of tamarind residue to cassava silage linearly decreased the lauric (C12:0; P = 0.01) and stearic (C18:0; P = 0.01) fatty acid concentrations (total saturated fatty acids, ΣSFA) (P = 0.03) and the ratio of ΣSFA to unsaturated fatty acids (ΣSFA:ΣUFA; P = 0.04). However, there were linear increases in the C18:2 cis9, cis12 concentration (P = 0.04), polyunsaturated fatty acid n-6 concentration (P = 0.05), ΣUFA (P = 0.03) and the Σn-6:Σn-3 ratio (P = 0.01) in the lamb meat. Dry tamarind can be added to cassava up to a level of 300 g/kg of DM without any negative effects on the performance or meat quality, and it increases the yield of the loin cut, polyunsaturated fatty acid n–6 and ΣUFA, which makes the lamb meat healthier.
Impact of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and earthworms on soil aggregate stability, glomalin, and performance of pigeonpea, Cajanus cajan
Authors: Muchane Mary N. , Pulleman Mirjam M. , Vanlauwe Bernard , Jefwa Joyce , Kuyper Thomas W.
Published: December 2018

Earthworms and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) modify soil physical and chemical properties. However, little is known about how their interactions affect water-stable aggregation, glomalin and crop performance. A greenhouse experiment was run for 9 months to test the effects of earthworms (endogeic, Pontoscolex corethrurus; and epigeic, Dichogaster bolaui) and AMF (none, Glomus etunicatum and Scutellospora verrucosa) on water-stable aggregation, glomalin levels in aggregate size classes and crop performance. The test crop was pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.). The soil material used for the experiment was a humic nitisol from central Kenya mixed with sand (ratio 1:1). Grass residue (equivalent to 20tha–1) was placed on top. The AMF root colonisation and external hyphal length, water-stable macroaggregates and microaggregates, total and easily-extractable glomalin in aggregate size classes, plant biomass and plant N and P uptake were measured. Earthworms were a major source of variation for soil aggregation, glomalin content and crop performance. The epigeic earthworms (D. bolaui) increased the amount of water-stable macroaggregates (by 10%) and glomalin in microaggregates and improved crop (growth and biomass) performance. The endogeic earthworms (P. corethrurus) reduced external hyphal length, root colonisation and crop performance but had no effect on water-stable aggregates and glomalin levels in in aggregate size classes. A significant AMF×earthworm interaction was observed for plant biomass and concentrations of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). The AMF species together with epigeic earthworms increased plant biomass and N and P concentrations. Our results contribute to the understanding of interactions between AMF and earthworms in relation to soil aggregation, plant productivity and nutrient uptake.
Estimating macropod grazing density and defining activity patterns using camera-trap image analysis
Authors: Morgan Helen R. , Ballard Guy , Fleming Peter J. S. , Reid Nick , Van der Ven Remy , Vernes Karl
Published: December 2018

Context
When measuring grazing impacts of vertebrates, the density of animals and time spent foraging are important. Traditionally, dung pellet counts are used to index macropod grazing density, and a direct relationship between herbivore density and foraging impact is assumed. However, rarely are pellet deposition rates measured or compared with camera-trap indices.

Aims
The aims were to pilot an efficient and reliable camera-trapping method for monitoring macropod grazing density and activity patterns, and to contrast pellet counts with macropod counts from camera trapping, for estimating macropod grazing density.

Methods
Camera traps were deployed on stratified plots in a fenced enclosure containing a captive macropod population and the experiment was repeated in the same season in the following year after population reduction. Camera-based macropod counts were compared with pellet counts and pellet deposition rates were estimated using both datasets. Macropod frequency was estimated, activity patterns developed, and the variability between resting and grazing plots and the two estimates of macropod density was investigated.

Key Results
Camera-trap grazing density indices initially correlated well with pellet count indices (r2=0.86), but were less reliable between years. Site stratification enabled a significant relationship to be identified between camera-trap counts and pellet counts in grazing plots. Camera-trap indices were consistent for estimating grazing density in both surveys but were not useful for estimating absolute abundance in this study.

Conclusions
Camera trapping was efficient and reliable for estimating macropod activity patterns. Although significant, the relationship between pellet count indices and macropod grazing density based on camera-trapping indices was not strong; this was due to variability in macropod pellet deposition rates over different years. Time-lapse camera imagery has potential for simultaneously assessing herbivore foraging activity budgets with grazing densities and vegetation change. Further work is required to refine the use of camera-trapping indices for estimation of absolute abundance.

Implications
Time-lapse camera trapping and site-stratified sampling allow concurrent assessment of grazing density and grazing behaviour at plot and landscape scale.
Translators’ competence profiles versus market demand
Authors: Krajcso Zita
Published: December 2018

The primary objective of this paper is to find out which competences translators need in order to meet the
increasingly sophisticated demands of the translation market. First, European initiatives on translators’ competence profiles will
be analysed. The results will be examined in light of the latest translation industry surveys in order to identify whether the
skills profiles (and thus translators’ abilities) match the needs of the labour market. The analysed data reflects on the most
essential requirements set by industry: professional competence followed by technological and domain competence. The findings of
the present article aim to support translator training institutions in tailoring study programmes to market needs.
Protection against UVB-induced damages in human dermal fibroblasts: efficacy of tricin isolated from enzyme-treated Zizania latifolia extract
Authors: Park Se-Ho , Lee Seung-Su , Bang Myun-Ho , Jo Sung Kwan , Jhee Kwang-Hwan , Yang Seun-Ah
Published: December 2018

This study was undertaken to determine the effects of enzyme-treated Zizania latifolia (ETZL) and of its major compound tricin on skin photo-aging and to investigate the mechanisms involved. It was found ETZL and tricin suppressed matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) production and increased type I-procollagen production in UVB-irradiated human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). Furthermore, ETZL and tricin significantly up-regulated the expressions of the antioxidant enzymes HO-1 and SOD1, reduced UVB-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) induction by ROS and thereby attenuated activator protein-1 (AP-1) expression. In addition, ETZL and tricin both reduced the phosphorylations of IκBα and IKKα/ß and κB blocked the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65. These results show that ETZL have skin protective effects against UVB and suggest tricin as major efficacious material in ETZL protecting skin photoaging.
Diplomacy with Memory: How the Past Is Employed for Future Foreign Policy
Authors: Bachleitner Kathrin
Published: December 2018

This article suggests that there exists an alternative form of international political behavior between countries who share a common traumatic past: diplomacy with memory. Diplomacy with memory manifests itself as an official, diplomatic team performance that aims at conveying a certain historic image for the purpose of achieving rational aims on the international stage. In a first step, a theoretical and empirical framework is developed that highlights diplomacy with memory as a strategic diplomatic action that does not conform with mainstream IR models of state behavior. In a second step, the new theoretical model is tested on two selected postconflict scenarios: The bilateral negotiations between West Germany and Israel, and between Austria and Israel about eventual reparation payments to the Jewish state in the early 1950s. Extracting the core elements of the diplomacy with memory from these historical examples, this paper suggests amending the toolkit of traditional diplomatic strategies with memory in order to better explain state behavior in other postconflict situations as they emerge.
Human leukemia cells (HL-60) proteomic and biological signatures underpinning cryo-damage are differentially modulated by novel cryo-additives
Authors: Al-Otaibi Noha A S , Cassoli Juliana S , Martins-de-Souza Daniel , Slater Nigel K H , Rahmoune Hassan
Published: December 2018

Background

Cryopreservation is a routinely used methodology for prolonged storage of viable cells. The use of cryo-protective agents (CPAs) such as dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), glycerol, or trehalose is paramount to reducing cellular cryo-injury, but their effectiveness is still limited. The current study focuses on establishing and modulating the proteomic and the corresponding biological profiles associated with the cryo-injury of human leukemia (HL-60) cells cryopreserved in DMSO alone or DMSO +/- novel CPAs (e.g., nigerose [Nig] or salidroside [Sal]).

Findings

To reduce cryo-damage, HL-60 cells were cultured prior and post cryopreservation in malondialdehyde Roswell Park Memorial Institute medium-1640 media +/- Nig or Sal. Shotgun proteomic analysis showed significant alterations in the levels of proteins in cells cryopreserved in Nig or Sal compared to DMSO. Nig mostly affected cellular metabolism and energy pathways, whereas Sal increased the levels of proteins associated with DNA repair/duplication, RNA transcription, and cell proliferation. Validation testing showed that the proteome profile associated with Sal was correlated with a 2.8-fold increase in cell proliferative rate. At the functional level, both Nig and Sal increased glutathione reductase (0.0012±6.19E-05 and 0.0016±3.04E-05 mU/mL, respectively) compared to DMSO controls (0.0003±3.7E-05 mU/mL) and reduced cytotoxicity by decreasing lactate dehydrogenase activities (from -2.5 to -4.75 fold) and lipid oxidation (-1.6 fold). In contrast, only Nig attenuated protein carbonylation or oxidation.

Conclusions

We have identified key molecules and corresponding functional pathways underpinning the effect of cryopreservation (+/- CPAs) of HL-60 cells. We also validated the proteomic findings by identifying the corresponding biological profiles associated with promoting an anti-oxidative environment post cryopreservation. Nig or Sal in comparison to DMSO showed differential or additive effects in regard to reducing cryo-injury and enhancing cell survival/proliferation post thaw. These results can provide useful insight to cryo-damage and the design of enhanced cryomedia formulation.
Advanced Endoscopy Trainee Involvement Early in EUS Training May Be Associated with an Increased Risk of Adverse Events
Authors: Khan Usman , Abunassar Michael , Chatterjee Avijit , James Paul D
Published: December 2018

Background

The quality of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) involving advanced endoscopy trainees (AETs) is not well understood. In this study, we aimed to examine adverse events (AE) risk and diagnostic yield of EUS procedures involving AETs.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective single-centre review from September 2009 to August 2015. Clinical, procedural, cytological, and hospital visit data within 30 days of the EUS procedure was collected. Primary outcomes were occurrence of an AE and a diagnostic specimen on cytopathology. Each AE was classified as “definitely related,” “possibly related,” or “not related” to the EUS procedure based on a previously defined consensus approach. Advanced endoscopy trainee involvement was established through the operative report.

Results

Our study included 1657 EUS procedures, of which 27% (451 of 1657) involved AETs. Endoscopic ultrasound was most commonly performed to evaluate pancreatic pathology (46% of cases). Overall AE incidence was 3.4%; it was 4.9% when an AET was involved and 2.8% when the EUS was performed without an AET (P = 0.04). The risk of an AE when AETs were involved was greatest in the first three months of training (7.9% versus 2.7%, P = 0.04). Multivariate analysis limited to the first three months of training demonstrated AET involvement to be associated with an increased AE risk after adjusting for patient and procedural factors (adjusted OR 3.2; 95% CI, 1.1–8.7; P = 0.03). The overall diagnostic yield was 76%. This was not compromised by AET involvement for any quartile of training.

Conclusions

We observed an increased risk of EUS-related AEs when procedures involved AETs during the first three months of training.
Positive Illusory Bias Still Illusory? Investigating Discrepant Self-Perceptions in Girls with ADHD
Authors: Tu Joseph W , Owens Elizabeth B , Hinshaw Stephen P
Published: December 2018

Objective

To examine whether girls with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) demonstrate positive illusory self-perceptions during adolescence and young adulthood.

Methods

We tested, across a 5-year longitudinal span, whether self-perceptions versus external-source ratings were more strongly predictive of young adulthood impairment and depressive symptoms. Participants included an ethnically diverse sample of 140 girls with ADHD and 88 comparison girls, aged 11–18 years (M = 14.2) at adolescent and 19–24 years (M = 19.6) at young adult assessment.

Results

Although girls with ADHD rated themselves more positively than indicated by external ratings, their self-reports still did not differ significantly from external ratings in both scholastic competence and social adjustment domains. Comparison girls, on the other hand, rated themselves significantly less positively than indicated by external ratings in social adjustment. Positive discrepancy scores in adolescence did not significantly predict depressive symptoms in young adulthood and vice versa. Crucially, measures of actual competence in adolescence were more strongly associated with young adulthood impairments than were inaccurate self-perceptions for girls with ADHD.

Conclusions

Our findings continue to challenge the existence of a positive illusory bias among girls with ADHD, including any association of such bias with key indicators of impairment.
Uneven geographies of asylum accommodation: Conceptualizing the impact of spatial, material, and institutional differences on (un)familiarity between asylum seekers and local residents
Authors: Zill Marielle , van Liempt Ilse , Spierings Bas , Hooimeijer Pieter
Published: December 2018

Asylum accommodation is held to isolate asylum seekers spatially and socially from the majority population in host societies. Little attention has been devoted to variation in asylum accommodation at the level of the everyday. Central to this paper is the argument that variation between localities, as well as variation on the level of the built environment creates ‘uneven geographies of asylum accommodation’. The paper theorizes that more ‘open’ forms of asylum accommodation may foster familiarity between asylum seekers and local residents through the development of closer everyday social relations, and more ‘closed’ forms of asylum accommodation may enforce feelings of unfamiliarity by strengthening processes of categorization and everyday bordering. In so doing, we propose to differentiate between ‘spatial’, ‘material’ and ‘institutional’ dimensions of openness of asylum accommodation and aim to understand ‘(un)familiarity’ as expression of people’s experiences, knowledge and perceptions of social distance. We further argue that feelings of (un)familiarity are connected to processes of belonging and estrangement.
From Paradigm-Based Explanation to Pragmatic Genealogy
Authors: Queloz Matthieu
Published: December 2018

Why would philosophers interested in the points or functions of our conceptual practices bother with genealogical explanations if they can focus directly on paradigmatic examples of the practices we now have?? To answer this question, I compare the method of pragmatic genealogy advocated by Edward Craig, Bernard Williams, and Miranda Fricker—a method whose singular combination of fictionalising and historicising has met with suspicion—with the simpler method of paradigm-based explanation. Fricker herself has recently moved towards paradigm-based explanation, arguing that it is a more perspicuous way of reaping the same explanatory pay-off as pragmatic genealogy while dispensing with its fictionalising and historicising. My aim is to determine when and why the reverse movement from paradigm-based explanation to pragmatic genealogy remains warranted. I argue that the fictionalising and historicising of pragmatic genealogy is well motivated, and I outline three ways in which the method earns its keep: by successfully handling historically inflected practices which paradigm-based explanation cannot handle; by revealing and arguing for connections to generic needs we might otherwise miss; and by providing comprehensive views of practices that place and relate the respects in which they serve both generic and local needs.
The relation between transverse and radial velocity distributions for observations of an isotropic velocity field
Authors: Scherrer Robert J , Loeb Abraham
Published: December 2018

We examine the case of a random isotropic velocity field, in which one of the velocity components (the ‘radial’ component, with magnitude $v$$z$) can be measured easily, while measurement of the velocity perpendicular to this component (the ‘transverse’ component, with magnitude $v$T) is more difficult and requires long-time monitoring. Particularly important examples are the motion of galaxies at cosmological distances and the interpretation of Gaia data on the proper motion of stars in globular clusters and dwarf galaxies. We address two questions: what is the probability distribution of $v$T for a given $v$$z$, and for what choice of $v$$z$ is the expected value of $v$T maximized? We show that, for a given $v$$z$, the probability that $v$T exceeds some value $v$0 is $p(v_T \ge v_0 | v_z) = p_{z} \left(\sqrt{v_0^2 + v_z^2}\right)/{p_z(v_z)}$, where p$z$($v$$z$) is the probability distribution of $v$$z$. The expected value of $v$T is maximized by choosing $v$$z$ as large as possible whenever $\ln p_z(\sqrt{v_z})$ has a positive second derivative, and by taking $v$$z$ as small as possible when this second derivative is negative.
An enigmatic hump around 30 keV in Suzaku spectra of Aquila X-1 in the hard state
Authors: Kubota Megu , Tamagawa Toru , Makishima Kazuo , Nakano Toshio , Iwakiri Wataru , Sugizaki Mutsumi , Ono Ko
Published: December 2018

The typical accreting neutron star, Aquila X-1, was observed with Suzaku seven times in the decay phase of an outburst in 2007 September–October. Among them, the second to the fourth observations were performed 10 to 22 days after the outburst peak, when the source was in the hard state with a luminosity of 2 × 1036 erg s−1. A unified spectral model for this type of objects approximately reproduced the 0.8–100 keV spectra obtained in these three observations. However, the spectra all exhibited an enigmatic hump-like excess around 30 keV, above the hard X-ray continuum which is interpreted as arising via Comptonization. The excess feature was confirmed to be significant against statistical and systematic uncertainties. It was successfully represented by a Gaussian centered at ∼32 keV, with a width (sigma) of ∼6 keV and an equivalent width of ∼8.6 keV. Alternatively, the feature can also be explained by a recombination edge model, which produces a quasi-continuum above an edge energy of ∼27 keV with an electron temperature of ∼11 keV and an equivalent width of ∼6.3 keV. These results are discussed in the context of the atomic features of heavy elements synthesized via a rapid-proton capture process during thermonuclear flashes.
Cerebral Hydatid Cyst with Intraventricular Extension: A Case Report
Authors: Kandemirli Sedat Giray , Cingoz Mehmet , Olmaz Burak , Akdogan Emin , Cengiz Mustafa
Published: December 2018

Intracranial hydatid cyst is a rare entity, comprising about 2–3% of all hydatid cysts. Similarly, intracranial hydatid cysts account for 1–2% of all intracranial lesions. Clinical symptoms are generally nonspecific and patients usually present with symptoms of increased intracranial pressure. Cerebral hydatid cysts can be either primary or secondary to systemic hydatid disease. Primary cerebral hydatid cysts are usually solitary, unilocular with an intraparenchymal location. Intraventricular extension of hydatid cysts account for a limited percentage of all cerebral hydatid cysts with limited number of cases reported. Herein, we present the imaging and surgical findings of a primary cerebral hydatid cyst that is located in frontal lobe parenchyma with partial extension into the ventricular system.
Recent advances in gynecologic radiation oncology
Authors: Venkat Puja S. , Parikh Neil , Beron Phillip
Published: December 2018

Purpose of review

Radiation has long been a primary treatment modality in locally advanced gynecologic carcinomas and a tool for palliation of metastatic disease. Here we review advances in imaging and radiation technologies and the corresponding clinical evolution of the role for radiation oncology in the treatment of gynecologic malignancies.

Recent findings

Advances in MRI are impacting diagnosis, radiation target delineation, planning, treatment delivery, and response assessment. The combination of MRI and PET-computed tomography (PET-CT) has the potential to significantly change treatment recommendations as compared with a single imaging modality. Advances in radiation delivery including intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) have expanded the role for radiation in the definitive treatment of high risk and oligometastatic ovarian cancer. Finally, global disparities in oncology resources has led to the development of resource stratified treatment guidelines for gynecologic malignancies. The use of ultrasound for brachytherapy planning may help improve access to this critical treatment modality.

As imaging and radiation technologies advance, the indications for radiation in the treatment of gynecologic malignancies continues to evolve. Here we review the changing landscape of radiation oncology in the multidisciplinary management of gynecologic cancers.
Phenotypes in acute respiratory distress syndrome: moving towards precision medicine
Authors: Sinha Pratik , Calfee Carolyn S.
Published: December 2018

Purpose of review

To provide an overview of the current research in identifying homogeneous subgroups and phenotypes in ARDS.

Recent findings

In recent years, investigations have used either physiology, clinical data, biomarkers or a combination of these to stratify patients with ARDS into distinct subgroups with divergent clinical outcomes. In some studies, there has also been evidence of differential treatment response within subgroups. Physiologic approaches include stratification based on P/F ratio and ventilatory parameters; stratification based on P/F ratio is already being employed in clinical trials. Clinical approaches include stratification based on ARDS risk factor or direct vs. indirect ARDS. Combined clinical and biological data has been used to identify two phenotypes across five cohorts of ARDS, termed hyperinflammatory and hypoinflammatory. These phenotypes have widely divergent clinical outcomes and differential response to mechanical ventilation, fluid therapy, and simvastatin in secondary analysis of completed trials. Next steps in the field include prospective validation of inflammatory phenotypes and integration of high-dimensional ‘omics’ data into our understanding of ARDS heterogeneity.

Identification of distinct subgroups or phenotypes in ARDS may impact future conduct of clinical trials and can enhance our understanding of the disorder, with potential future clinical implications.
Detection and management of dyspnea in mechanically ventilated patients
Authors: Decavèle Maxens , Similowski Thomas , Demoule Alexandre
Published: December 2018

Purpose of review

In ICU patients, dyspnea is one of the most prominent and distressing symptom. We sought to summarize current data on the prevalence and prognostic influence of dyspnea in the ICU setting and to provide concise and useful information for dyspnea detection and management.

Recent findings

As opposed to pain, dyspnea has been a neglected symptom with regard to detection and management. Many factors contribute to the pathogenesis of dyspnea. Among them, ventilator settings seem to play a major role. Dyspnea affects half of mechanically ventilated patient and causes immediate intense suffering [median dyspnea visual analog scale of 5 (4–7)]. In addition, it is associated with delayed extubation and with an increased risk of intubation and mortality in those receiving noninvasive ventilation. However, one-third of critically ill patients are noncommunicative, and therefore, at high risk of misdiagnosis. Heteroevaluation scales based on physical and behavioral signs of respiratory discomfort are reliable and promising alternatives to self-report.

Dyspnea is frequent and severe in critically ill patients. Implementation of observational scale will help physicians to access to noncommunicative patient's respiratory suffering and tailor its treatment. Further studies on the prognostic impact and management strategies are needed.
Updates on progress in cancer screening for children with hereditary cancer predisposition syndromes
Authors: Rednam Surya P.
Published: December 2018

Purpose of review

A significant proportion of pediatric cancer occurs in children with hereditary cancer predisposition syndromes. Their survival may be significantly improved and/or late effects diminished through screening for their greatly elevated cancer risks. Here, an overview of new developments in the field of pediatric cancer surveillance is provided.

Recent findings

Consensus-based screening guidelines have been developed for most syndromes associated with childhood cancer risks. Studies evaluating the clinical utility of these screening regimens have also been emerging. This review focuses on three conditions for which consensus screening recommendations have been evolving in response to new evidence: Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome, Li–Fraumeni syndrome, and constitutional mismatch repair deficiency syndrome. For each condition, recently proposed screening guidelines and relevant evidence are described and potential future directions for improving cancer surveillance practices are anticipated. Also, the implications of several recent studies exploring the psychosocial aspects of screening in these conditions are discussed.

Significant strides have been made in cancer surveillance for children with hereditary cancer predisposition syndromes. A continued emphasis on consensus-driven screening guidelines and collaborative research evaluating the clinical utility of recommended screening methodologies will lead to further improvements in the clinical outcomes of these vulnerable children.
The future of careers in pediatric infectious diseases: a call to action
Authors: Spearman Paul , Bryson Yvonne J.
Published: December 2018

Purpose of review

The purpose of this review is to describe some current challenges facing the field of pediatric infectious diseases and discuss strategies for enhancing recognition of the value of infectious disease services and for recruiting new talent to the field.

Recent findings

Pediatric infectious disease programs are currently filling approximately half of their fellowship positions, and salaries are among the lowest in medical subspecialties. Research-intensive careers in pediatric infectious diseases are threatened by low the National Institutes of Health paylines for career development awards. Despite this, there are new opportunities in pediatric infectious diseases in growing areas, such as transplant infectious diseases and antimicrobial stewardship.

Pediatric infectious disease practitioners are concerned that infectious disease services are often undervalued by the healthcare system. Some of the contributions made by this cognitive specialty to overall patient outcomes are difficult to quantify and are not fully reimbursed. Strategies to enhance value and program support are needed, including sharing individual success stories and collecting data from programs nationally to generate some standards for support of pediatric infectious disease programs in areas, such as antimicrobial stewardship, transplant infectious diseases, and infection prevention. Recruitment of top talent to the field can be enhanced by a number of initiatives that can be implemented at the local level with encouragement and leadership from the pediatric infectious diseases society.
Sexually transmitted hepatitis C infection: the evolving epidemic in HIV-positive and HIV-negative MSM
Authors: Lockart Ian , Matthews Gail V. , Danta Mark
Published: December 2018

Purpose of review

The scale-up of direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy and introduction of preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has changed the epidemiology of sexually acquired hepatitis C virus (HCV) amongst HIV-positive and HIV-negative MSM.

Recent findings

Sexually acquired HCV continues to occur predominantly amongst HIV-positive MSM. Despite an increased uptake of DAA therapy the incidence of acute HCV has not declined consistently amongst HIV-positive MSM, likely a result of high infection and reinfection rates. Increasing cases of sexually acquired HCV have been reported amongst HIV-negative MSM accessing PrEP. Despite a lower prevalence of HCV at baseline, HIV-negative MSM accessing PrEP have an equally high overall incidence of HCV compared with HIV-positive MSM during follow-up. Behavioural factors (high-risk sexual behaviours and sexualized drug use) appear to be driving this HCV epidemic amongst MSM and effective behavioural interventions and early identification of reinfections are essential to control the HCV epidemic amongst MSM.

An improved understanding of the epidemiology of sexually acquired HCV will allow implementation of more effective public health interventions to control the transmission of HCV amongst HIV-positive and HIV-negative MSM.
First-of-a-kind muography for nuclear waste characterization
Authors: Mahon David , Clarkson Anthony , Gardner Simon , Ireland David , Jebali Ramsey , Kaiser Ralf , Ryan Matthew , Shearer Craig , Yang Guangliang
Published: December 2018

In the last decade, there has been a surge in the number of academic research groups and commercial companies exploiting naturally occurring cosmic-ray muons for imaging purposes in a range of industrial and geological applications. Since 2009, researchers at the University of Glasgow and the UK National Nuclear Laboratory (NNL) have pioneered this technique for the characterization of shielded nuclear waste containers with significant investment from the UK Nuclear Decommissioning Authority and Sellafield Ltd. Lynkeos Technology Ltd. was formed in 2016 to commercialize the Muon Imaging System (MIS) technology that resulted from this industry-funded academic research. The design, construction and performance of the Lynkeos MIS is presented along with first experimental and commercial results. The high-resolution images include the identification of small fragments of uranium within a surrogate 500-litre intermediate level waste container and metal inclusions within thermally treated GeoMelt® R&D Product Samples. The latter of these are from Lynkeos' first commercial contract with the UK National Nuclear Laboratory. The Lynkeos MIS will be deployed at the NNL Central Laboratory facility on the Sellafield site in Summer 2018 where it will embark upon a series of industry trials.

This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Cosmic-ray muography’.
Muography: overview and future directions
Authors: Kaiser Ralf
Published: December 2018

Cosmic-ray muography uses high-energy particles for imaging applications that are produced by cosmic rays in particle showers in the Earth's atmosphere. This technology has developed rapidly over the last 15 years, and it is currently branching out into many different applications and moving from academic research to commercial application. As in any new sub-field of research and technology, the nomenclature of the field itself is still developing and has not settled yet as new aspects of the field are appearing and with them the terms to describe them. This overview of the field of muography is not going to focus on the physics, on the reconstruction algorithms or on the involved detector technology. Detailed papers on these aspects are included in this issue of Philosophical Transactions A and I will refer to them. Instead, I will give an overview of the field as it is now, in 2018, and try to give an idea of the future directions in this field as I see them.

This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Cosmic-ray muography’.
Volcanoes in Italy and the role of muon radiography
Authors: D'Alessandro Raffaello , Ambrosino F. , Baccani G. , Bonechi L. , Bongi M. , Caputo A. , Ciaranfi R. , Cimmino L. , Ciulli V. , D'Errico M. , Giudicepietro F. , Gonzi S. , Macedonio G. , Masone V. , Melon B. , Mori N. , Noli P. , Orazi M. , Passeggio P. , Peluso R. , Saracino G. , Scognamiglio L. , Strolin P. , Vertechi E. , Viliani L.
Published: December 2018

Cosmic-ray muon radiography (muography), an imaging technique that can provide measurements of rock densities within the top few 100 m of a volcanic cone, has now achieved a spatial resolution of the order of 10 m in optimal detection conditions. Muography provides images of the top region of a volcano edifice with a resolution that is considerably better than that typically achieved with other conventional methods (i.e. gravimetric). We expect such precise measurements, to provide us with information on anomalies in the rock density distribution, which can be affected by dense lava conduits, low-density magma supply paths or the compression with the depth of the overlying soil. The MUon RAdiography of VESuvius (MURAVES) project is now in its final phase of construction and deployment. Up to four muon hodoscopes, each with a surface of roughly 1 m
2
, will be installed on the slope of Vesuvius and take data for at least 12 months. We will use the muographic profiles, combined with data from gravimetric and seismic measurement campaigns, to determine the stratigraphy of the lava plug at the bottom of the Vesuvius crater, in order to infer potential eruption pathways. While the MURAVES project unfolds, others are using emulsion detectors on Stromboli to study the lava conduits at the top of the volcano. These measurements are ongoing: they have completed two measurement campaigns and are now performing the first data analysis.

This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Cosmic-ray muography’.
Non-destructive testing of industrial equipment using muon radiography
Authors: Arbol Pablo Martinez Ruiz-del , Garcia Pablo Gomez , Gonzalez Carlos Diez , OrioAlonso Aitor
Published: December 2018

A new application of muon radiography (MR) is presented in the context of non-destructive testing of industrial equipment. The long-term operation of industrial facilities frequently involves the deterioration of critical components such as pipes and cauldrons due to corrosion and other processes. The precise determination of the inner state of this equipment is needed to ensure the integrity of the facility. MR can be used to infer the thickness of these components through the comparison and further classification of muon observables with respect to well-known templates. A simulation example is presented where the thickness of a pipe made of steel is studied using the Point of Closest Approach method and simple Kolmogorov–Smirnov statistical tests. A precision of about 2–4 mm is obtained using a simple detector with a spatial resolution of 4 mm and exposure times of about 2 h.

This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Cosmic-ray muography’.
Applications of muon absorption radiography to the fields of archaeology and civil engineering
Authors: Saracino G. , Ambrosino F. , Bonechi L. , Cimmino L. , D'Alessandro R. , D'Errico M. , Noli P. , Scognamiglio L. , Strolin P.
Published: December 2018

Muon radiography, also known as muography, is an imaging technique that provides information on the mass density distribution inside large objects. Muons are naturally produced in the interactions of cosmic rays in the Earth's atmosphere. The physical process exploited by muography is the attenuation of the muon flux, that depends on the thickness and density of matter that muons cross in the course of their trajectory. A particle detector with tracking capability allows the measurement of the muons flux as a function of the muon direction. The comparison of the measured muon flux with the expected one gives information on the distribution of the density of matter, in particular, on the presence of cavities. In this article, the measurement performed at Mt. Echia in Naples (Saracino 2017
Sci. Rep.
7
, 1181. (
doi:10.1038/s41598-017-01277-3
)), will be discussed as a practical example of the possible application of muography in archaeology and civil engineering.

This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Cosmic-ray muography’.
Passive, continuous monitoring of carbon dioxide geostorage using muon tomography
Authors: Gluyas Jon , Thompson Lee , Allen Dave , Benton Charlotte , Chadwick Paula , Clark Sam , Klinger Joel , Kudryavtsev Vitaly , Lincoln Darren , Maunder Ben , Mitchell Cathryn , Nolan Sam , Paling Sean , Spooner Neil , Staykov Lazar , Telfer Sam , Woodward David , Coleman Max
Published: December 2018

Carbon capture and storage is a transition technology from a past and present fuelled by coal, oil and gas and a planned future dominated by renewable energy sources. The technology involves the capture of carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel power stations and other point sources, compression of the CO
2
into a fluid, transporting it and injecting it deep beneath the Earth's surface into depleted petroleum reservoirs and other porous formations. Once injected, the CO
2
must be monitored to ensure that it is emplaced and assimilated as planned and that none leaks back to surface. A variety of methods have been deployed to monitor the CO
2
storage site and many such methods have been adapted from oilfield practice. However, such methods are commonly indirect, episodic, require active signal generation and remain expensive throughout the monitoring period that may last for hundreds of years. A modelling framework was developed to concurrently simulate CO
2
geostorage conditions and background cosmic-ray muon tomography, in which the potential was assessed for using variations in muon attenuation, due to changes in CO
2
abundance, as a means of CO
2
detection. From this, we developed a passive, continuous monitoring method for CO
2
storage sites using muon tomography, the tools for which can be deployed during the active drilling phase (development) of the storage site. To do this, it was necessary to develop a muon detector that could be used in the hostile environment (saline, high temperature) of the well bore. A prototype detector has been built and tested at the 1.1 km deep Boulby potash mine on the northeast coast of England, supported by the existing STFC Boulby Underground Laboratory on the site. The detector is now ready to be commercialized.

This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Cosmic-ray muography’.
INFN muon tomography demonstrator: past and recent results with an eye to near-future activities
Authors: Checchia P. , Benettoni M. , Bettella G. , Conti E. , Cossutta L. , Furlan M. , Gonella F. , Klinger J. , Montecassiano F. , Nebbia G. , Pegoraro M. , Pesente S. , Rigoni Garola A. , Urbani M. , Viesti G. , Vanini S. , Zumerle G.
Published: December 2018

A short description of the muon tomography demonstrator at the INFN Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro near Padua, Italy, is given and the principal achievements owing to the data collected at that experimental facility are presented. In particular, the feasibility studies for several applications based on the muon-tomographic technology, within national and European projects, are discussed. The experimental problems and the procedures used to improve the performance are underlined. In addition, new activities and the related detector optimization are illustrated.

This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Cosmic-ray muography’.
Lingacom muography
Authors: Harel A. , Yaish D.
Published: December 2018

Lingacom Ltd develops detectors for muography—imaging using cosmic-ray muons—together with imaging algorithms and tools. We present selected simulation results from muon imaging of cargo conta- iners, from a joint muon and X-ray imaging algorithm, and for ground surveys using borehole detectors.

This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Cosmic-ray muography’.
A portable muon telescope based on small and gas-tight resistive plate chambers
Authors: Wuyckens Sophie , Giammanco Andrea , Cortina Gil Eduardo , Demin Pavel
Published: December 2018

We report on the first steps in the development of a small-size muon telescope based on glass resistive plate chambers with small active area (16 × 16 cm
2
). The long-term goal of this project is to focus on applications of muography where the telescope may have to be operated underground and/or inside small rooms, and in challenging logistic situations. Driving principles in our design are therefore compact size, light weight, gas tightness and robustness. The first data-taking experiences have been encouraging, and we elaborate on the lessons learnt and future directions for development.

This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Cosmic-ray muography’.