bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TO THE FORMALIZATION OF THE ESTIMATES OF THE PHENOMENON STATE
Authors: SALUKVADZE M. E. , GOGSADZE R. SH. , JIBLADZE N. I.
Published: November 2007

The questions of the formalization of the estimates of the phenomenon state, which can be used in the decision-making multicriterion problems [Vector-Valued Optimization Problems in Control Theory (Academic Press, New York, 1979)] taking into account the metrics of the space of partial criteria are considered. Any phenomenon is described by some system of characteristic parameters, which values are presented by the coordinates of points in the space of states of the given phenomenon. A notion of the "ideal" state determined by optimal values of each characteristic parameter separately and independently of others is used. Estimate of any state is determined by the distance between that state and the "ideal" one. That permits to choose from a multitude of the given states the best one, to which conforms a minimum distance to the "ideal" state. In the general case of the curved space the distances are measured by geodesic lines drawn by using a metric tensor of the given space. The metric tensor components themselves are determined by the solution of the differential equations set up from the condition of minimization of a certain functional.
THEORIES OF DIFFUSION AT A MICRORING ELECTRODES: A REVIEW
Authors: RAJENDRAN L. , RAHAMATHUNISSA G. , BASHA C. A.
Published: November 2007

Microring electrodes are useful for the investigation of electrode kinetics due to their large perimeter-to-area ratio and compact nature but have hitherto been limited in application due to the absence of the underpinning theory. In this review, the analytical solutions, approximate expressions, and numerical solutions of transient chronoamperometric current at a microring electrode under diffusion control are discussed. The steady and non-steady-state current for microring electrode for an EC' reaction are also discussed. Tabular compilations of dimensionless current are provided.
QSAR AND ACTION MECHANISM OF TROXACITABINE PRODRUGS WITH ANTITUMOR ACTIVITY
Authors: LIAO SI YAN , XU LIAN CAI , QIAN LI , ZHENG KANG CHENG
Published: November 2007

The quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) of troxacitabine prodrugs with antitumor activity has been studied by using the density functional theory (DFT), molecular mechanics (MM2), and statistical methods. The established QSAR model shows not only significant statistical quality, but also predictive ability, with the square of adjusted correlation coefficient [Formula: see text] and the square of the cross-validation coefficient (q2 = 0.807). The antitumor activity is expressed as p IC50, which is defined as the negative value of the logarithm of necessary molar concentration of a compound to cause 50% growth inhibition against the human non-small-cell lung cancer cell line SW1573. It appears to be mainly governed by two factors (or original variables), i.e. the calculated hydrophobic coefficient (C log P) of whole molecule and the net charges of the first atom of substituent R (Q FR ), although three descriptors, i.e. C log P, (C log P)2, and Q FR , were selected in our multiple linear regression model. The factor C log P shows parabolic relation to p IC50 and its suitable range is around 5.6, and the other factor Q FR shows a significant negative correlation with p IC50. In this paper, a detailed discussion on these two factors was carried out, and their close correlation with the action mechanism of these prodrugs was reasonably revealed. Such results can offer some useful theoretical references for understanding the action mechanism and directing the molecular design of this kind of compound with antitumor activity.
Physiopathologie de la constipation
Authors: Milla Peter J.
Published: November 2007

La constipation est un trouble extrêmement fréquent chez l’enfant puisque jusqu’à 25% des consultations de gastro-entérologie et 3% des visites pédiatriques ambulatoires lui sont imputables. Ce trouble est d’origine fonctionnelle dans 90% des cas et il n’existe une cause organique que dans seulement 10% des cas. Les causes fréquentes de constipation de l’enfant sont les suivantes: anomalies intestinales congénitales; affections neurologiques, particulièrement infirmité motrice cérébrale, troubles médullaires et hypotonie; troubles endocrinies et métaboliques (hypothyroïdie, mucoviscidose, hypercalcémie, diabète, acidose rénale) et utilisation de médicaments constipants tels que certains antiacides, le sucralfate, le fer, des produits contenant de la codéine, l’imipramine, la phénytoïne, etc. La plus fréquente des anomalies congénitales est la maladie de Hirschsprung, dont l’incidence est de 1 cas pour 4 500 naissances vivantes contre 1 pour 7 000 naissances vivantes en ce qui concerne les malformations anorectales et 1 pour 40 000 pour ce qui est des autres troubles neuromusculaires intestinaux. Une atteinte organique démontrable est présente chez moins de 5% des enfants consultant pour la première fois pour d’une constipation.
Diagnostic de la constipation chez l’enfant
Authors: Sauvat Frédérique
Published: November 2007

La constipation est un motif fréquent de consultation d’un pédiatre. A titre de symptôme, une constipation peut être due à des etiologies diverses en termes de fréquence, de nature et de gravité. La constipation peut être d’origine médicale ou chirurgicale, ou idiopathique. Les étiologies chirurgicales sont principalement représentées par la maladie de Hirschsprung. Il s’agit du principal diagnostic différentiel même s’il est 50 fois moins fréquent que la constipation idiopathique ou fonctionnelle. Une anamnèse détaillée et un examen clinique, incluant un examen anal, sont les meilleurs moyens de parvenir à un diagnostic. Aucun autre examen n’est nécessaire dans la plupart des cas et toutes les explorations doivent être gérées en fonction des considérations cliniques.
Incontinence fécale fonctionnelle chez l’enfant
Authors: Bongers Marloes E.J. , Benninga Marc A.
Published: November 2007

L’incontinence fécale est définie comme l’émission de selles dans un endroit inapproprié. Ce symptôme frustrant est une source de détresse et d’embarras considérables pour l’enfant et sa famille. L’incontinence fécale pédiatrique peut être divisée en 2 catégories principales: (1) incontinence fécale organique, résultant d’une malformation anorectale ou d’anomalies neurogènes et (2) incontinence fécale fonctionnelle. La présente analyse traitera uniquement de l’incontinence fécale fonctionnelle chez l’enfant dont la définition, l’épidémiologie et la physiopathologie ainsi que les actualisations récentes des aspects cliniques et diagnostiques seront discutées.
Fertility and Fertility Control in Pre-Revolutionary China
Authors: Wolf Arthur P. , Engelen Theo
Published: November 2007

A revisionist view argues that despite early and nearly universal marriage, fertility in pre-Revolutionary China was no higher than in Europe because of deliberate control within marriage. The evidence, however, confirms the received view: Because of early and universal marriage, fertility in China was far higher than that in Europe and would have been even higher had it not been for what Thomas Malthus called “positive checks.” Little or no deliberate birth control took place in China during the period in question.
“Benefit of the Doubt”: African-American Civil War Veterans and Pensions
Authors: Logue Larry M. , Blanck Peter
Published: November 2007

Laws that provided pensions for Union army veterans were putatively color-blind, but whites and African Americans experienced the pension system differently. Black veterans were less likely to apply for pensions during the program's early years. Yet, no matter when they applied, they encountered two stages of bias, first from examining physicians and then, far more systematically, from Pension Bureau reviewers. The evidence suggests that pension income reduced mortality among African-American veterans, underscoring the tangible results of justice denied.
The Traditions of Ancient Logic-cum-Grammar in the Middle Ages—What's the Problem?
Authors: Ebbesen Sten
Published: November 2007

Clashes between bits of non-homogeneous theories inherited from antiquity were an important factor in the formation of medieval theories in logic and grammar, but the traditional categories of Aristotelianism, Stoicism and Neoplatonism are not quite adequate to describe the situation. Neoplatonism is almost irrelevant in logic and grammar, while there might be reasons to introduce a new category, LAS = Late Ancient Standard, with two branches: (1) logical LAS = Aristotle + Boethius, and (2) grammatical LAS = Stoics &c. → Apollonius → Priscian.
Res Meaning a Thing Thought: The Influence of the Ars donati
Authors: Grondeux Anne
Published: November 2007

During the fourth century C. E. Donatus borrowed from the Greek tradition the idea of replacing res corporalis with res in the definition of the noun, because of the usual equivalence between pragma and res. This change had important consequences, such as a new distinction between corpus and res, as well as a new meaning proposed for the word res. This new meaning happened to be questioned by later commentators, because masters of grammar seemed to reject the Donatian distinction between corpus and res, and consider that corpus is rather included inside res, before being later accepted by Sedulius and Remigius, perhaps under the influence of the common expression res verbi. However, the word remained poly-semic in spite of Donatus' attempt, as can be seen in the Glosulae in Priscianum (s. XII).
The Nonlinear Transient Atmospheric Response to Tropical Forcing
Authors: Lin Hai , Derome Jacques , Brunet Gilbert
Published: November 2007

Ensemble integrations using a primitive-equation dry atmospheric model were performed to investigate the atmospheric transient response to tropical thermal forcings that resemble El Niño and La Niña. The response develops in the North Pacific within 1 week after the integration. The signal in the North Atlantic and Europe is established by the end of the second week. Significant asymmetry was found between the responses in El Niño and La Niña that is similar to the observations, that is, one feature is that the 550-hPa positive height response in the North Pacific of the La Niña run is located about 30° west of the negative response of the El Niño run; another feature is that the responses in the North Atlantic and Europe for the La Niña and El Niño cases have similar patterns with the same polarity. The first feature is established within 2 weeks of the integration, while the second feature develops starting from the end of the second week. Several factors contribute to this nonlinearity of the response. In the Tropics, the shape of the Rossby wave response and the zonal extent of the Kelvin wave are not symmetric between El Niño and La Niña, which seems to be associated with the dependence of the wave property on the modified zonal mean flow. This is especially important in the equatorial region to the west of the forcing, which is likely responsible for the phase shift of the major extratropical response in the North Pacific. The transient eddy activity in the extratropics feeds back to the response and helps to maintain the nonlinearity.
Fifty-Seven-Year California Reanalysis Downscaling at 10 km (CaRD10). Part II: Comparison with North American Regional Reanalysis
Authors: Kanamaru Hideki , Kanamitsu Masao
Published: November 2007

The California Reanalysis Downscaling at 10 km (CaRD10) was compared with the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR), which is a data assimilation regional analysis at 32-km resolution and 3-hourly output using the Eta Model for the period 1979 through the present using the NCEP/Department of Energy (DOE) reanalysis as lateral boundary conditions. The objectives of this comparison are twofold: 1) to understand the efficacy of regional downscaling and horizontal resolution and 2) to estimate the uncertainties in regional analyses due to system differences.

The large-scale component of atmospheric analysis is similar in CaRD10 and NARR. The CaRD10 daily winds fit better to station observations than NARR over ocean where daily variability is large and over land. The daily near-surface temperature comparison shows a similar temporal correlation with observations in CaRD10 and NARR. Several synoptic examples such as the Catalina eddy, coastally trapped wind reversal, and Santa Ana winds are better produced in CaRD10 than NARR. These suggest that the horizontal resolution of the model has a large influence on the regional analysis, and the near-surface observation is not properly assimilated in the current state-of-the-art regional data assimilation system.

The CaRD10 near-surface temperature and winds on monthly and hourly scales are similar to NARR with more regional details available in CaRD10. The Southwestern monsoon is poorly reproduced in CaRD10 because of the position of the lateral boundary. The spatial pattern of the two precipitation analyses is similar, but CaRD10 shows smaller-scale features despite a positive bias. The trends of 500-hPa height and precipitation are similar in the two analyses but the near-surface temperature trend spatial patterns do not agree, suggesting the importance of regional topography, model physics, and land surface schemes. A comparison of a major storm event shows that both analyses suffer from budget residual. CaRD10’s large precipitation is related to wind direction, spatial distribution of precipitable water, and a large moisture convergence.

Dynamical downscaling forced by a global analysis is a computationally economical approach to regional-scale long-term climate analysis and can provide a high-quality climate analysis comparable to current state-of-the-art data-assimilated regional reanalysis. However, uncertainties in regional analyses can be large and caution should be exercised when using them for climate applications.
Radiative and Convective Driving of Tropical High Clouds
Authors: Kubar Terence L. , Hartmann Dennis L. , Wood Robert
Published: November 2007

Using satellite cloud data from the Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and collocated precipitation rates from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR), it is shown that rain rate is closely related to the amount of very thick high cloud, which is a better proxy for precipitation than outgoing longwave radiation (OLR). It is also shown that thin high cloud, which has a positive net radiative effect on the top-of-atmosphere (TOA) energy balance, is nearly twice as abundant in the west Pacific compared to the east Pacific. For a given rain rate, anvil cloud is also more abundant in the west Pacific. The ensemble of all high clouds in the east Pacific induces considerably more TOA radiative cooling compared to the west Pacific, primarily because of more high, thin cloud in the west Pacific. High clouds are also systematically colder in the west Pacific by about 5 K.

The authors examine whether the anvil cloud temperature is better predicted by low-level equivalent potential temperature (ΘE), or by the peak in upper-level convergence associated with radiative cooling in clear skies. The temperature in the upper troposphere where ΘE is the same as that at the lifting condensation level (LCL) seems to influence the temperatures of the coldest, thickest clouds, but has no simple relation to anvil cloud. It is shown instead that a linear relationship exists between the median anvil cloud-top temperature and the temperature at the peak in clear-sky convergence. The radiatively driven clear-sky convergence profiles are thus consistent with the warmer anvil clouds in the EP versus the WP.
Bronchial epithelial spheroids: an alternative culture model to investigate epithelium inflammation-mediated COPD
Authors: Deslee Gaetan , Dury Sandra , Perotin Jeanne M , Al Alam Denise , Vitry Fabien , Boxio Rachel , Gangloff Sophie C , Guenounou Moncef , Lebargy François , Belaaouaj Abderrazzaq
Published: November 2007

Background

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by abnormal lung inflammation that exceeds the protective response. Various culture models using epithelial cell lines or primary cells have been used to investigate the contribution of bronchial epithelium in the exaggerated inflammation of COPD. However, these models do not mimicin vivosituations for several reasons (e.g, transformed epithelial cells, protease-mediated dissociation of primary cells, etc.). To circumvent these concerns, we developed a new epithelial cell culture model.

Methods

Using non transformed non dissociated bronchial epithelium obtained by bronchial brushings from COPD and non-COPD smokers, we developed a 3-dimensional culture model, bronchial epithelial spheroids (BES). BES were analyzed by videomicroscopy, light microscopy, immunofluorescence, and transmission electron microscopy. We also compared the inflammatory responses of COPD and non-COPD BES. In our study, we chose to stimulate BES with lipopolycaccharide (LPS) and measured the release of the pro-inflammatory mediators interleukin-8 (IL-8) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and the anti-inflammatory mediator prostaglandin E2 (PGE2).

Results

BES obtained from both COPD and non-COPD patients were characterized by a polarized bronchial epithelium with tight junctions and ciliary beating, composed of basal cells, secretory cells and ciliated cells. The ciliary beat frequency of ciliated cells was not significantly different between the two groups. Of interest, BES retained their characteristic features in culture up to 8 days. BES released the inflammatory mediators IL-8, PGE2 and LTB4 constitutively and following exposure to LPS. Interestingly, LPS induced a higher release of IL-8, but not PGE2 and LTB4 in COPD BES (p < 0.001) which correlated with lung function changes.

Conclusion

This study provides for the first time a compelling evidence that the BES model provides an unaltered bronchial surface epithelium. More importantly, BES represent an attractive culture model to investigate the mechanisms of injuring agents that mediate epithelial cell inflammation and its contribution to COPD pathogenesis.
Epidermal growth factor potentiates in vitro metastatic behaviour of human prostate cancer PC-3M cells: involvement of voltage-gated sodium channel
Authors: Uysal-Onganer Pinar , Djamgoz Mustafa BA
Published: November 2007

Background

Although a high level of functional voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) expression has been found in strongly metastatic human and rat prostate cancer (PCa) cells, the mechanism(s) responsible for the upregulation is unknown. The concentration of epidermal growth factor (EGF), a modulator of ion channels, in the body is highest in prostatic fluid. Thus, EGF could be involved in the VGSC upregulation in PCa. The effects of EGF on VGSC expression in the highly metastatic human PCa PC-3M cell line, which was shown previously to express both functional VGSCs and EGF receptors, were investigated. A quantitative approach, from gene level to cell behaviour, was used. mRNA levels were determined by real-time PCR. Protein expression was studied by Western blots and immunocytochemistry and digital image analysis. Functional assays involved measurements of transverse migration, endocytic membrane activity and Matrigel invasion.

Results

Exogenous EGF enhanced the cells' in vitro metastatic behaviours (migration, endocytosis and invasion). Endogenous EGF had a similar involvement. EGF increased VGSC Nav1.7 (predominant isoform in PCa) mRNA and protein expressions. Co-application of the highly specific VGSC blocker tetrodotoxin (TTX) suppressed the effect of EGF on all three metastatic cell behaviours studied.

Conclusion

1) EGF has a major involvement in the upregulation of functional VGSC expression in human PCa PC-3M cells. (2) VGSC activity has a significant intermediary role in potentiating effect of EGF in human PCa.
Dynacortin facilitates polarization of chemotaxing cells
Authors: Kabacoff Cathryn , Xiong Yuan , Musib Runa , Reichl Elizabeth M , Kim John , Iglesias Pablo A , Robinson Douglas N
Published: November 2007

Background

Cell shape changes during cytokinesis and chemotaxis require regulation of the actin cytoskeletal network. Dynacortin, an actin cross-linking protein, localizes to the cell cortex and contributes to cortical resistance, thereby helping to define the cell shape changes of cytokinesis. Dynacortin also becomes highly enriched in cortical protrusions, which are sites of new actin assembly.

Results

We studied the effect of dynacortin on cell motility during chemotaxis and on actin dynamics in vivo and in vitro. Dynacortin enriches with the actin, particularly at the leading edge of chemotaxing cells. Cells devoid of dynacortin do not become as polarized as wild-type control cells but move with similar velocities as wild-type cells. In particular, they send out multiple pseudopods that radiate at a broader distribution of angles relative to the chemoattractant gradient. Wild-type cells typically only send out one pseudopod at a time that does not diverge much from 0° on average relative to the gradient. Though dynacortin-deficient cells show normal bulk (whole-cell) actin assembly upon chemoattractant stimulation, dynacortin can promote actin assembly in vitro. By fluorescence spectroscopy, co-sedimentation and transmission electron microscopy, dynacortin acts as an actin scaffolder in which it assembles actin monomers into polymers with a stoichiometry of 1 Dyn2:1 actin under salt conditions that disfavor polymer assembly.

Conclusion

Dynacortin contributes to cell polarization during chemotaxis. By cross-linking and possibly stabilizing actin polymers, dynacortin also contributes to cortical viscoelasticity, which may be critical for establishing cell polarity. Though not essential for directional sensing or motility, dynacortin is required to establish cell polarity, the third core feature of chemotaxis.
Systematic analysis of mRNA 5' coding sequence incompleteness in Danio rerio: an automated EST-based approach
Authors: Frabetti Flavia , Casadei Raffaella , Lenzi Luca , Canaider Silvia , Vitale Lorenza , Facchin Federica , Carinci Paolo , Zannotti Maria , Strippoli Pierluigi
Published: November 2007

Background

All standard methods for cDNA cloning are affected by a potential inability to effectively clone the 5' region of mRNA. The aim of this work was to estimate mRNA open reading frame (ORF) 5' region sequence completeness in the model organism Danio rerio (zebrafish).

Results

We implemented a novel automated approach (5'_ORF_Extender) that systematically compares available expressed sequence tags (ESTs) with all the zebrafish experimentally determined mRNA sequences, identifies additional sequence stretches at 5' region and scans for the presence of all conditions needed to define a new, extended putative ORF. Our software was able to identify 285 (3.3%) mRNAs with putatively incomplete ORFs at 5' region and, in three example cases selected (selt1a, unc119.2, nppa), the extended coding region at 5' end was cloned by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).

Conclusion

The implemented method, which could also be useful for the analysis of other genomes, allowed us to describe the relevance of the "5' end mRNA artifact" problem for genomic annotation and functional genomic experiment design in zebrafish.

Open peer review

This article was reviewed by Alexey V. Kochetov (nominated by Mikhail Gelfand), Shamil Sunyaev, and Gáspár Jékely. For the full reviews, please go to the Reviewers' Comments section.
Tissue is the issue-sarcoidosis following ABVD chemotherapy for Hodgkin's lymphoma: a case report
Authors: Subbiah Vivek , Ly Uyen K , Khiyami Amer , O'Brien Timothy
Published: November 2007

Thirty two year old Caucasian female presented 2 months post partum with fevers, cough and shortness of breath. CT scan of the chest to rule out pulmonary embolism revealed mediastinal lymphadenopathy. Biopsy of the nodes revealed classic Hodgkin's lymphoma and she received ABVD chemotherapy. She was in remission as confirmed by a PET/CT scan. Five months later she had another PET/CT scan which showed areas of hypermetabolism indicating a possible relapse. Biopsy revealed sarcoidosis. She received steroids and 18 months later remained in clinical remission. This rare case of sarcoid following classic Hodgkin's lymphoma illustrates that clinical presentation, physical exam, lab investigations and even PET/CT scans may not be able to discriminate between Hodgkin's lymphoma and sarcoidosis. Tissue biopsy and pathological diagnosis remain the gold standard.
Utilization of Nanometre-order Diameter Columns inside Porous Anodic Alumina for Chromatography Chip System
Authors: Yamashita Tomohisa , Kodama Shuji , Ohto Mikiya , Nakayama Eriko , Kemmei Tomoko , Muramoto Tatsuya , Yamaguchi Akira , Teramae Norio , Takayanagi Nobutaka
Published: November 2007

Porous anodic alumina (PAA) membranes were used as a nanometre-order diameter column for chromatography chip with acetonitrile–water mobile phase using gradient elution. In a chromatogram, 9-anthracenemethanol (AM), 9-anthracenecarboxylic acid (AC), and dansyl–glycine (DG) showed different retention times, indicating that PAA membranes are applicable to stationary phase for chromatography chip.
Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Photolysis of Dibenzodehydro[16]annulenes Containing E–E σ Bonds (E = Si and Ge)
Authors: Mochida Kunio , Ohto Junichi , Masuda Matsuri , Nanjo Masato , Arii Hidekazu , Nakadaira Yasuhiro
Published: November 2007

Dibenzodehydro[16]annulenes containing silicon–silicon and germanium–germanium σ bonds were newly prepared, and their structures were established by spectroscopic methods and X-ray diffraction analysis. On the photolysis, these sila- and germa-cycles evolve the corresponding divalent species, silylene and germylene, respectively, and in addition, the germanes led to the ring contraction to give a fourteen-membered germacycle.
A Market Design for Grid Computing
Authors: Bapna Ravi , Das Sanjukta , Garfinkel Robert , Stallaert Jan
Published: November 2007

Grid computing uses software to integrate computing resources, such as CPU cycles, storage, network bandwidth, and even applications, across a distributed and heterogeneous set of networked computers. It is now widely deployed by organizations and provides seamless temporary processing-capacity expansion to handle peak-period demand on e-commerce servers, distributed gaming, and content storage and distribution. We develop a market-based resource-allocation model that adds an economic layer to the current approach of treating resource allocation as primarily a scheduling issue. We design a value-elicitation and allocation scheme that provides the economic incentives for buyers and sellers of computing resources to exchange assets. We formulate the problem as a combinatorial call auction and present a portfolio of three solution approaches that trade off economic properties, such as allocative efficiency, incentive compatibility, and fairness in allocation, with computational efficiency. The first of these is an efficient solution that maximizes social welfare and yields incentive-compatible Vickrey-Clarke-Groves prices, but requires solving multiple instances of an NP-hard problem. For markets where having a commodity price is critical, we show how the addition of fairness constraints to the efficient model can somewhat reduce the computational burden and yet preserve incentive compatibility. Finally, for markets that require real-time fast solution techniques, we propose a time-sensitive fair Grid (tsfGRID) heuristic that relaxes the maximal allocation requirement of the welfare-maximizing fair solution. Its solution is not guaranteed to be incentive-compatible, but the heuristic is designed to be fast, maintain fairness in allocations, and yield commodity prices. Notably, while incentive compatibility is not guaranteed by tsfGRID, computational results comparing it with the efficient solution technique indicate that there are no significant differences in the expected-revenue and operational-allocative characteristics.
Unemployment: History, Incidence and Prospects
Authors: Metcalf David
Published: November 2007

Unemployment in Britain stands at a post-war record and is expected to rise in the 1980s. Microeconomic policies to reduce unemployment – public works projects, job creation, training, improvements in labour market information, and reductions in the size of the labour force – all have precursors in the sixteenth century. The incidence of unemployment is very uneven, some 3% of the labour force account for 70% of weeks of unemployment in any year. This has resulted in a breakdown of the National Insurance system. It is not technological progress but our inability to generate economic expansion without severe balance of payments problems and inflationary pressure that will be responsible if still higher unemployment levels emerge.
FloorScore—Flooring Products Certification Program for Indoor Air Quality
Authors: Freeman William H.
Published: November 2007

The purpose of this paper is to provide information on the development of a volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions testing program for hard surface floor covering products. After providing historical information on the development of VOC emissions testing programs for interior finishes, the paper discusses the factors considered and steps taken by the Resilient Floor Covering Institute (RFCI) to design the FloorScore Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Certification Program.
Contamination of Power Generation Lubricants
Authors: Butke Betsy , Barber Allan , Oliveto Christina
Published: November 2007

This paper examines the potential sources of fluid contamination that may occur during the manufacture, transportation, delivery, and use of a turbine oil for power generation. A turbine oil is a very precise formulation. If it becomes polluted with other lubricants or water, its performance could be compromised. The paper first identifies the potential sources of contamination that may be found when using a turbine oil. Then the consequences of contamination of the lubricant are considered. In conclusion, the paper proposes possible solutions to some of these practical problems regarding the sources of contamination. The paper will not consider the effects of particulate contamination. Because this is a well documented subject, the need for high levels of cleanliness in turbines is accepted practice.
Traditional Management of Chronic Stable Angina
Authors: Trujillo Toby C. , Dobesh Paul P.
Published: November 2007

The clinical syndrome of chronic stable angina is an age‐related condition that is one common manifestation of coronary artery disease (CAD). The presence of angina significantly affects quality of life when patients must limit their activities of daily living in an effort to prevent the occurrence of anginal attacks. In addition, patients are at risk for significant complications of CAD such as myocardial infarction, heart failure, stroke, and death. Therefore, treatment should focus not only on relief of symptoms and improvements in quality of life, but also on preventing disease progression and reducing the risk of complications from CAD. All patients should be instructed on the appropriate use of sublingual nitroglycerin for the immediate treatment of anginal episodes. β‐Blockers, calcium channel blockers, long‐acting nitrate therapy, and ranolazine can prevent anginal symptoms. In addition, aggressive risk factor management, healthy lifestyle changes, antiplatelet agents such as aspirin, and angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors all should be used to prevent disease progression and occurrence of myocardial infarction or death. Many patients will be candidates for revascularization of the myocardium with either percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass grafting for relief of symptoms as well as improvement in prognosis. Even after revascularization, patients may still require antianginal drug therapy. All patients undergoing revascularization should be guided to make appropriate lifestyle changes and to make concerted efforts to manage risk factors for CAD.
Thermodynamics of As, Sb and Bi distribution during reverb furnace smelting
Authors: Mitevska N. , Zivkovic Zivan
Published: November 2007

The results of thermodynamic analysis of arsenic, antimony and bismuth distribution between copper matte and discard slag in reverberatory smelting at 1573 K are shown in this paper. On the basis of chemical analysis of the melt samples taken during stable operation of the reverb furnace No.2 in the Copper Smelter and Refinery, RTB Bor (Yugoslavia), the distribution coefficients of As, Sb, and Bi between copper matte and slag are calculated. The influence of the matte grade on the minor element distribution coefficients between copper matte and slag is also analyzed, as well as arsenic, antimony and bismuth distribution in slag.
State of the direct reduction and reduction smelting processes
Authors: Markotic A. , Dolic N. , Trujic V.
Published: November 2007

For quite a long time efforts have been made to develop processes for producing iron i.e. steel without employing conventional procedures - from ore, coke, blast furnace, iron, electric arc furnace, converter to steel. The insufficient availability and the high price of the coking coals have forced many countries to research and adopt the non-coke-consuming reduction and metal manufacturing processes (non-coke metallurgy, direct reduction, direct processes). This paper represents a survey of the most relevant processes from this domain by the end of 2000, which display a constant increase in the modern process metallurgy.
Study of the Mg-Nd alloy obtained by electrolysis in molten oxifluoride media
Authors: Soare V. , Burada M. , Ostvold T. , Kontoyannis C. , Stefanidaki E.
Published: November 2007

Mg-Nd alloys have been produced by electrolysis of the molten mixture LiF-NdF3-MgF2 using Nd2(CO3)3 and MgF2 as raw materials. An electrolysis cell was designed having the anode made of super dense graphite and the cathode made of molybdenum metal. The quasi-binary system (NdF3-LiF)eutectic-MgF2 was investigated and the liquidus line was determined using thermo-differential analysis. The solubility of Nd2(CO3)3 in the LiF-NdF3-MgF2 system was investigated by the carbothermal technique.
Intermetallic compounds and choice of alloying elements for the manufacture of thixomolded creepresistant magnesium alloys
Authors: Goryany V. , Mauk P.J.
Published: November 2007

This study aims at finding ways to improve the service properties of state-of-the-art creepresistant Mg alloys for Thixomolding and minimise production problems. In doing so, microalloying with Si, Zn, Sr, Li, C, Ba and Bi, as well as the addition of rare earths is a viable solution. .
Production of radioisotopes within a plasma focus device
Authors: Angeli Ergisto , Tartari Agostino , Frignani Michele , Molinari Vincenzo , Mostacci Domiziano , Rocchi Federico , Sumini Marco
Published: November 2007

In recent years, research conducted in the US and in Italy has demonstrated production of radioisotopes in plasma focus devices, and particularly, on what could be termed "endogenous" production, to wit, production within the plasma it self, as opposed to irradiation of tar gets. This technique relies on the formation of localized small plasma zones characterized by very high densities and fairly high temperatures. The conditions prevailing in these zones lead to high nuclear reaction rates, as pointed out in previous work by several authors. Further investigation of the cross sections involved has proven necessary to model the phenomena involved. In this paper, the present status of research in this field is re viewed, both with regards to cross section models and to experimental production of radio isotopes. Possible out comes and further development are discussed.
Pedeset godina Soluna, od 1280. do 1330
Authors: Malamut Elisabeth
Published: November 2007

The author has undertaken a study of Salonica during the reign of Andronicus II based mainly on new information found in sources published after the appearance of Tafrali's work on Salonica in the fourteenth century. She analyses the political, social and cultural aspects, and concludes with new perspectives on the government of Salonica, the wealth of the Church and rifts in society before 1330. She also draws attention to the extraordinary intellectual vitality of the city and the beginnings of humanism.
Waiting for the end: The Byzantine rhetoric of the first half of the fifteenth century
Authors: Radosevic Ninoslava
Published: November 2007

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British Military Reform during the Administration of Lord Grey, 1830–1834
Authors: Jones Philip Dwight
Published: November 2007

Before gaining office, the members of the Whig-Radical government of 1830 had continually pressed for reform not only of Parliament, but also of the institutions of the kingdom. The reformers complained about numerous branches of royal administration, including the church, the legal profession, and the army. In the years between 1815 and 1830, the army was especially irksome to the parliamentary opposition. As the most expensive item in the national budget and the traditional stronghold of Tory aristocrats with the proper “connexions” it was vulnerable to the favorite opposition demand for “retrenchment and reform.”

During the reform government's tenure of office from 1830 to 1834, relations between the Commander in Chief, Lord “Daddy” Hill, and the Prime Minister, Lord Grey, were not good. Lord Hill openly opposed the Reform Bill and other reform measures, often with the support of William IV. Aggravating the mutual hostility between civilian and military authorities was the position of the Duke of Wellington. He stood as the acknowledged moral leader of the army, as well as the official leader of the Tory party.

In this tense situation, the Grey government made several attempts at military reform. These were related directly to parliamentary and public demands regarding the army and may be grouped under the headings of financial, administrative, and humanitarian reform. Financial and administrative reform were closely linked in the minds of the reformers, who saw reduced expense as a primary aim of administrative change. For many of the Whigs and Radicals administrative reform, other than reducing offices and expenses, simply meant getting military patronage away from the Tories. This was especially important since Tory control of military appointments since the 1790's had made the army into a Tory institution. Financial reform usually meant reduction of expense by nearly any means. For the public as well as the parliamentary reformers, one of the most unnecessary expenses was the “dead weight” in the Army Estimates — the pension paid to retired soldiers and the half-pay given to retired officers. Another important objective of financial reform was destruction of the army sinecure system. Finally, the most popular and almost the onlv demand for humanitarian reform was the campaign against corporal punishment.
The Tithe-Heresy of Friar William Russell
Authors: Robertson Craig A.
Published: November 2007

The growth of subjectivity in the religious life of the later Middle Ages, in discipline and worship as well as doctrine, both without and within the corporation of the clergy, was an important motif in the history of the Church in England. A more personal interpretation of religious obligations affected even matters of bedrock importance to the life of the organized church, such as the duty of tithing. Of particular interest in this connection in England was the cause célèbre created in London in the 1420's by a maverick Franciscan, William Russell, who preached that under certain conditions lay persons might devote their personal tithes at will to any pious or charitable use. Russell's sermon led to his condemnation as a heretic. But the reasons for the extraordinary controversy that he stirred up become clear only when one recognizes the place of his sermon in a long dispute between the parish clergy of London and their parishoners about the precise obligation of personal tithes in the city.

The prosecution of William Russell before Archbishop Henry Chichele and the Convocation of Canterbury was an odd affair and, in spite of their prolixity, its records leave unsolvable riddles for medievalists. The process against Russell comprises the longest trial in Archbishop Chichele's register—perhaps in that of any medieval Archbishop of Canterbury. Minutes of the prosecution and wordy ancillary documents fill all or parts of twenty-six folio pages of the register (fifty-two printed pages in the splendid printed edition of E.F. Jacob). Yet in reading this material one gathers hardly more than a crabbed impression of the learned proofs and literary citations that Russell mustered in defense of this teaching on personal tithes. What is most striking to a reader of this transcript is the vehemence with which Archbishop Chichele and his clergy in the Convocation prosecuted this errant friar, in whose sermon they saw a clear and present danger to the endowment of London parish churches.
The Nature of Opposition in the House of Lords in the Early Seventeenth Century: A Reevaluation
Authors: Flemion Jess Stoddart
Published: November 2007

The growth of an opposition party in the House of Commons is a primary reason given for the altered distribution of power within the government of England in the early seventeenth century. While historians are not unaware that opposition also emerged in the Upper Chamber of Parliament, little serious investigation of this phenomena has been undertaken since it has not been viewed as essential to an explanation of the growing constitutional crisis within England. Consequently, the nature and extent of noble dissidence continues to be a subject of vague generalization including no small amount of contradictory assumptions and conclusions. The traditional interpretation may be termed the “personalist” view of opposition in the House of Lords and has been dominant at least since Samuel Rawson Gardiner's massive study of England in the early seventeenth century. This explanation, which still prevails among historians, asserts that opposition was based on little more than personal rivalries and jealousies over power and status among the members of the peerage. Indeed it is argued that monarchs encouraged “government by division” as a major weapon in the maintenance of their own authority. Those who view noble opposition in this manner usually assert that it had no important ideological or philosophical underpinnings, little continuity or organization of the type associated with the rise of opposition in the Commons, and minimal constitutional impact and significance.
“Twenty-Four Arguments”: Sir Robert Cotton Confronts the Catholics and the Church of England
Authors: Schwarz Marc. L.
Published: November 2007

The subject of this essay is a tract written by the noted antiquary, legalist, parliamentarian and sometime courtier, Sir Robert Cotton. Entitled, “Twenty-Four Arguments,” and composed sometime between March, 1617 and early January, 1618, it dealt with the problems posed to the English State and Church by the Roman Catholics and concerned itself, in particular, with the question of whether Popish priests should be executed or imprisoned for life.

The “Twenty-Four Arguments” appeared under that name in the Cottoni Posthuma, a collection of Cotton's writings, published in three editions between 1651 and 1679. However, the first actual publication of this treatise occurred in 1641, when it was put out independently by two printers, each giving it a different title. In addition, it is quite likely that the tract circulated in manuscript before it appeared in printed form.

This brief excursion into the publication history of the “Twenty-Four Arguments” indicates that it was the subject of interest at an important moment in English history. Thus, while admittedly a lesser known and minor work of the period, it is worthy of our consideration. In fact, to the historian the “Twenty-Four Arguments” presents, I think, three important features which make it of real significance. First, it is the product of one of the outstanding lay minds in early seventeenth century England. Sir Robert was, of course, a man of intense learning who displayed a scholar's love for knowledge in his search and accumulation of manuscripts and books, in his concern with antiquities and legal history, and in his close association with such brilliant contemporaries as Sir Francis Bacon and John Selden.
Reform of the Poor Law Electoral System, 1834-94
Authors: Brundage Anthony
Published: November 2007

Undoubtedly, the most visible aspects of the anti-Poor Law movement were the attacks on the workhouse system and the centralized control (more apparent than real) of the Poor Law Commissioners. These were highly emotional issues capable of galvanizing thousands of men and women into dramatic and sometimes violent encounters with government, armed with righteous denunciations of the “Poor Man's Robbery Bill,” the “Bastilles,” and the “Three Bashaws of Somerset House.” But there was another facet to the opposition to the New Poor Law which has received scant attention from historians—the fight against the blatantly undemocratic electoral system created by the act. This article examines the nature of that system and the sporadic attempts to reform it during a sixty-year period, culminating in the radical reforms made by the Local Government Act of 1894.

The constitution and electoral system of the Boards of Guardians were vital components of the New Poor Law, which ensured the dominance of many Poor Law Unions by landed magnates. The key provisions were plural votes for landowners and occupiers for elected guardians, and ex-officio membership of the boards for county magistrates. The landowner's franchise was taken directly from William Sturges-Bourne's Select Vestries Act of 1818, which conferred one vote for land of £50 annual value, and an additional vote for each £25 beyond this, to a maximum of six. A separate occupier franchise was in force until 1844. It gave one vote for land valued up to £200, two votes for land of £200 to £400, and three votes for land over £400, and was the result of a compromise.
The Character and Composition of the Duke of Northumberland's Army
Authors: Braddock Robert C.
Published: November 2007

When the Duke of Northumberland set out from London op July 14, 1553, to play the role of kingmaker and usurp the throne from Mary Tudor in favor of his daughter-in-law, Lady Jane Grey, he remarked prophetically, “the people press to see us, but not one sayeth God speed us.” Yet even without the vocal support of the London mob, his position seemed invincible to informed observers; and so unlikely did the prospect of Mary's accession appear to her supporters, that the four Imperial ambassadors estimated that her desperate resistance would last no more than a few days and that everything for which they and their master had labored would be ruined.

The sudden reversal of Northumberland's fortunes has led historians to conclude that his army was not as powerful as the ambassadors feared: hatred for the upstart and loyalty to the house of Tudor combined to make the upper classes forget their recently-acquired church land and flock to Mary's banner. In their opinion Northumberland had to make do with whatever rabble he could muster from the streets of London, and thus his army was no match in size or quality to that which thronged to Mary at Framlingham. With the weight of informed opinion behind him, Professor Bindoff could confidently conclude: “But this time there was not even a battle. Northumberland's puny force was no match for the thousands who, in the greatest mass-demonstration of loyalty ever accorded to a Tudor, flocked to Mary's camp, and he fell back before them to Cambridge.”