bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optogenetic Strategies for Optimizing the Performance of Phospholipids Biosensors
Authors: Yao Yuanfa , Lou Xiayan , Jin Luhong , Sun Weiyun , Liu Jingfang , Chen Yunyue , Cheng Sunying , Zhao Tengjiao , Ke Shuwei , Zhang Luhao , Xu Yingke , He Lian , Li Hanbing
Published: July 2024

High‐performance biosensors play a crucial role in elucidating the intricate spatiotemporal regulatory roles and dynamics of membrane phospholipids. However, enhancing the sensitivity and imaging performance remains a significant challenge. Here, optogenetic‐based strategies are presented to optimize phospholipid biosensors. These strategies involves presequestering unbound biosensors in the cell nucleus and regulating their cytosolic levels with blue light to minimize background signal interference in phospholipid detection, particularly under conditions of high expression levels of biosensor. Furthermore, optically controlled phase separation and the SunTag system are employed to generate punctate probes for substrate detection, thereby amplifying biosensor signals and enhancing visualization of the detection process. These improved phospholipid biosensors hold great potential for enhancing the understanding of the spatiotemporal dynamics and regulatory roles of membrane lipids in live cells and the methodological insights in this study might be valuable for developing other high‐performance biosensors.
Dual Adjuvant‐Loaded Peptide Antigen Self‐Assembly Potentiates Dendritic Cell‐Mediated Tumor Immunotherapy
Authors: Kim Jaehyun , Kang Seyoung , Kim Jisu , Yong Seok‐Beom , Lahiji Shayan Fakhraei , Kim Yong‐Hee
Published: July 2024

Clinical translation of current cancer vaccine research has been hampered by limited antitumor immune responses due to inefficient antigen delivery and presentation, suboptimal DC and T cell activation. Biomaterial‐based nanovaccine offers targeted antigen delivery, protection from degradation in vivo, and prolonged tumor therapeutic efficacy. This study introduces a lipid‐coated deoxycholic acid‐survivin nanoassembly (DA‐L‐DSA). Survivin, overexpressed in several cancer cells and involved in cancer cell growth and immune evasion, is selected as a tumor‐associated antigen. An major histocompatibility complex class I binding epitope of survivin is engineered into the nanoassembly. R848, TLR 7/8 agonist, and SD‐208, TGF‐beta receptor1 kinase inhibitor, are coencapsulated into the nanoassembly as potent adjuvants to boost DC maturation and enhance antigen presentation. The DA‐L‐DSA effectively stimulates the maturation of dendritic cells, migrates into lymph nodes, and enhances T‐cell activation and Th1 response. A substantial influx of cytotoxic T lymphocytes into primary tumors is observed in a murine melanoma model and demonstrates anti‐metastatic effects in a spontaneous breast cancer metastasis model. Furthermore, DA‐L‐DSA exhibits a remarkable synergistic effect in the combination therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors alleviating immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Taken together, these findings suggest DA‐L‐DSA as a promising immuno‐therapeutic platform that could be applicable to diverse intractable cancers.
Volatile and Non‐Volatile Dual‐Function Electrically Controlled Ultraviolet Magneto‐Optical Effect in TmIG/Pt
Authors: Chien Wan‐Hsiu Chang , Liu Hsiu‐An , Lin Jun‐Xiao , Liao Wei‐Hsiang , Chang Yu‐Ying , Hu Chun‐Kai , Lee Jiann‐Shing , Granville Simon , Chen Jiunn , Hsu Hua‐Shu
Published: July 2024

This research demonstrates dynamic control of the magneto‐optical properties in Tm3Fe5O12 (TmIG)/Pt by employing electrical current modulation, particularly within the UV spectrum. Notably, manipulation of circular dichroism (CD) is achieved in perpendicularly magnetized TmIG without an external magnetic field. Furthermore, by carefully managing the magnetization behavior of TmIG through low current control and introducing a moderate external magnetic field, the reversible inversion of the CD signal in TmIG is successfully demonstrated, offering nonvolatile control. It is proposed that the change in CD signal arises from the temperature gradient induced by Joule heating, resulting in a spin current flowing across the TmIG. Moreover, the theoretical framework confirms that spin alignment transitions occur between O(2p) and Fe(3d), as well as between O(2p) and Tm(5d), under the influence of the Tm(4f) moment. This leads to a transition from a collinear to a noncollinear spin configuration, effectively suppressing pd Laporte‐selected relaxation within TmIG. This discovery opens the path for the development of dynamic, large‐area, and ultrathin chiral optical devices using magnetic insulators.
How to Prepare Neuroanatomical Image Data (an Update)
Authors: O'Connor Nathan J. , Angstman Paul J. , Blaisdell Jeffrey O. , Farnsworth Christopher D. , Gerfen Charles S. , Glaser Jacob R.
Published: July 2024

Image data from a single animal in neuroscientific experiments can be comprised of terabytes of information. Full studies can thus be challenging to analyze, store, view, and manage. What follows is an updated guide for preparing and sharing big neuroanatomical image data. © 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Basic Protocol 1: Naming and organizing images and metadata

Basic Protocol 2: Preparing and annotating images for presentations and figures

Basic Protocol 3: Assessing the internet environment and optimizing images
Defining PANoptosis: Biochemical and Mechanistic Evaluation of Innate Immune Cell Death Activation
Authors: Tweedell Rebecca E. , Hibler Taylor , Kanneganti Thirumala‐Devi
Published: July 2024

The innate immune system is the first line of host defense. Innate immune activation utilizes pattern recognition receptors to detect pathogens, pathogen‐associated and damage‐associated molecular patterns (PAMPs and DAMPs), and homeostatic alterations and drives inflammatory signaling pathways and regulated cell death. Cell death activation is critical to eliminate pathogens and aberrant or damaged cells, while excess activation can be linked to inflammation, tissue damage, and disease. Therefore, there is increasing interest in studying cell death mechanisms to understand the underlying biology and identify therapeutic strategies. However, there are significant technical challenges, as many cell death pathways share key molecules with each other, and genetic models where these cell death molecules are deleted remain the gold standard for evaluation. Furthermore, extensive crosstalk has been identified between the cell death pathways pyroptosis, apoptosis, necroptosis, and the more recently characterized PANoptosis, which is defined as a prominent, unique innate immune, lytic, and inflammatory cell death pathway initiated by innate immune sensors and driven by caspases and RIPKs through PANoptosomes. PANoptosomes are multi‐protein complexes assembled by innate immune sensor(s) in response to pathogens, PAMPs, DAMPs, cytokines, and homeostatic changes that drive PANoptosis. In this article, we provide methods for molecularly defining distinct cell death pathways, including PANoptosis, using both genetic and chemical approaches through western blot, LDH assay, and microscopy readouts. This procedure allows for the assessment of cell death on the cell population and single‐cell levels even without access to genetic models. Having this comprehensive workflow that is more accessible to all labs will improve our ability as a scientific community to accelerate discovery. Using these protocols will help identify new innate immune sensors that drive PANoptosis and define the molecular mechanisms and regulators involved to establish new targets for clinical translation. © 2024 The Author(s). Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Basic Protocol 1: Induction and quantification of cell death using live cell imaging

Alternate Protocol 1: Quantification of cell death using LDH

Alternate Protocol 2: Assessment of cell death complexes in single cells using immunofluorescence staining

Basic Protocol 2: Analysis of cell death mechanisms by immunoblots (western blots)
Improved fracture toughness of epoxy resin reinforced with micro‐sized lotus fibers pre‐ and post‐sodium hydroxide treatment
Authors: Trung Dang Huu
Published: July 2024

Micro‐sized lotus fibers (MLFs) are derived from Vietnamese lotus plant stems, making them eco‐friendly. The composition of MLFs includes wax, oil, lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose. The purpose of sodium hydroxide treatment is to remove unwanted components in MLFs like wax, oil, lignin, etc., to clean and roughen the surface, increase thermal stability, and enhance adhesion between MLFs with epoxy resin to improve the fracture toughness of the composite. The study investigated the impact of sodium hydroxide concentration, temperature, and treatment duration on the fracture toughness of epoxy resin reinforced with MLFs. Results indicated that treating lotus fiber with sodium hydroxide enhanced the biocomposite's fracture toughness, as indicated by the critical‐stress‐intensity factor (KIC) and Izod impact strength. Optimal treatment conditions of 80 °C at 6% NaOH for 6 h led to a 91% increase in the critical‐stress‐intensity factor (from 2.0 to 3.82 MPa m1/2) and a 121% rise in Izod impact strength (from 4.32 to 9.56 kJ/m2). Thermal properties (TGA) and structural morphology (SEM) of micro‐sized lotus fibers pre‐ and post‐sodium hydroxide treatment were evaluated using thermogravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy images.
Combined Global GNSS Velocity Field
Authors: Santamaría-Gómez A. , Rietbroek R. , Rebischung P. , Frederikse T. , Legrand J.
Published: July 2024

A global combined GNSS velocity field with almost 13,400 sites has been derived by the International Association of Geodesy’s Joint Working Group 3.2. The combined field is aligned to the ITRF2020 and gathers global and regional velocity fields computed by nineteen groups using different approaches. In addition to the combined velocities and their uncertainties, the combination also provides the alignment of each velocity field to the ITRF2020, the scaling of their velocity uncertainty and the estimated repeatability of the velocity estimates across the different groups at almost 3,000 sites. The median repeatability is at the level of 0.17 and 0.27 mm/yr for the horizontal and vertical velocities. Up to 11 % of the sites show poor velocity repeatability exceeding 3 times the median values.
US-China Health Relations During COVID-19: Insights from Past Collaborations and Future Considerations
Authors: Kaufman Joan , Gallo Michael
Published: July 2024

China and the U.S. have had a long and fruitful collaboration on many global health threats since the SARS pandemic of 2003. Following, and as a result of the SARS pandemic, the U.S. CDC began working closely with the Chinese CDC on pandemic preparedness. Soon after, a CDC Global AIDS Program office in Beijing was established that worked closely with the Chinese government on its newly launched domestic AIDS response. U.S.-China health collaboration was at its height as a major part of the U.S. government’s Strategic and Economic Dialogue exchange mechanisms. In the years leading up to the COVID-19 pandemic, staffing of the two CDC program offices were greatly reduced due to geopolitical tensions, adversely affecting the ability of CDC’s trained epidemiologists to assist China in its initial response and limiting the sharing of data. This chapter examines lessons learned from earlier collaboration that should frame future efforts.
America Through the Eyes of Chinese Youth During COVID-19
Authors: Prytherch Mallie
Published: July 2024

The imposition of travel restrictions and social distancing protocols during the COVID-19 pandemic severely curtailed opportunities for cross-border interactions, impacting vital person-to-person domains like education, tourism, and the arts. A significant outcome of this evolving landscape has been the reshaping of perceptions within China concerning the U.S. This transformation is particularly pronounced among the younger generation of Chinese citizens, who, prior to the pandemic, enjoyed unprecedented access to international education and cross-cultural encounters. Conducted in Beijing during the pandemic, this survey specifically examines views toward America among students from the top two elite colleges in China. Three key trends are identified: a reevaluation of plans to live or work in the U.S. due to rising anti-Asian sentiment and perceived shortcomings in the American public health system, a growing disillusionment with the “American Dream,” and increased support for the Chinese government. This chapter provides a timely, updated analysis of the opinions held by China's future leaders and serves as a valuable resource for shaping diplomatic strategies both now and in the future.
Automated Machine Learning
Authors: Karl Florian , Thomas Janek , Elstner Jannes , Gross Ralf , Bischl Bernd
Published: July 2024

In the past few years automated machine learning (AutoML) has gained a lot of traction in the data science and machine learning community. AutoML aims at reducing the partly repetitive work of data scientists and enabling domain experts to construct machine learning pipelines without extensive knowledge in data science. This chapter presents a comprehensive review of the current leading AutoML methods and sets AutoML in an industrial context. To this extent we present the typical components of an AutoML system, give an overview over the stateof-the-art and highlight challenges to industrial application by presenting several important topics such as AutoML for time series data, AutoML in unsupervised settings, AutoML with multiple evaluation criteria, or interactive human-in-the-loop methods. Finally, the connection to Neural Architecture Search (NAS) is presented and a brief review with special emphasis on hardware-aware NAS is given.
Coherence through Cultures of Remembrance? A Design-Based Research Project at the Intersection of Literary Studies, Subject Didactics and School Practice
Authors: Reiser Frank , Zaki Katja
Published: July 2024

Teacher education programs often lack opportunities for future teachers to develop networked knowledge structures by integrating knowledge from different fields. This article presents a design based research project that aims to link different domains of professional knowledge and enhance transferability to school practice in the form of an integrated seminar for student teachers of Spanish as a foreign language. The course combines team-teaching units with individual and collaborative problem-based learning tasks to promote co-constructive knowledge integration. Initial evaluation results indicate significant effects in terms of coherence construction and perception among students, but also reveal challenges and limitations of the integrated format (e.g., an above-average workload). Furthermore, fostering course coherence draws attention to other components of the teacher education program. On the one hand, integrating domains requires transparency about the knowledge acquired in previous courses, on the other hand, the creation of meaningful tasks implies matching them to the realities of professional practice in school. As initial surveys have shown, the implied tasks and related fostering of coherence result in a potentially fruitful but also tense relationship with university studies.
Die Entwicklung des Instituts für Höhere Studien anhand seiner Kennzahlen
Authors: Huber Andreas , König Thomas
Published: July 2024

Das IHS wurde mit Mitteln der Ford Foundation in Österreich gegründet. Die Absicht war, moderne empirische Sozial- und Wirtschaftswissenschaften nach Österreich (und Zentraleuropa) zu bringen. Nach anfänglichen Widerständen wurde das Institut von den nationalen politischen Eliten akzeptiert: neben der postgraduellen Ausbildung des wissenschaftlichen Nachwuchses diente es unter anderem auch dazu, als wissenschaftlicher Think Tank angewandte, policy-relevante empirische Forschung durchzuführen. Der vorliegende Text unternimmt eine narrative Darstellung der Entwicklungs- und Wandlungsgeschichte des Instituts entlang von spezifischen Kennzahlen, die aus den zugänglichen Quellen systematisch ausgewertet werden konnten, insbesondere die jährlichen Budgets und die Personalzusammensetzung. Er zeichnet das Bild einer Einrichtung, die immer wieder mit unterschiedlichen Erwartungshaltungen konfrontiert ist, und die organisationalen wie strategischen Einschränkungen daraus konkrete Zielsetzungen abzuleiten.
Das Max-Planck-Institut für Gesellschaftsforschung 1984–1997: Zur Etablierung eines empirisch-analytischen Forschungsprogramms in den außeruniversitären Sozialwissenschaften Deutschlands
Authors: Link Fabian
Published: July 2024

Mit der Gründung des Max-Planck-Instituts für Gesellschaftsforschung (MPIfG) in Köln Ende 1984 setzte die Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (MPG) ein empirisch-analytisches Paradigma sozialwissenschaftlicher Forschung. Die Gründungsdirektorin Renate Mayntz, ihr Co-Direktor Fritz W. Scharpf und Mayntz‘ Nachfolger Wolfgang Streeck distanzierten sich von politischer Ideologisierung sozialwissenschaftlichen Wissens und folgten einer an Max Webers Wertneutralitätsprinzip orientierten Forschungsagenda. In diesem Beitrag wird die Phase von der Gründung des Instituts bis zur Emeritierung von Mayntz 1997 behandelt. Schwerpunkte bilden das von Mayntz entwickelte Forschungsprogramm, dessen Umsetzung sowie die epistemischen Wandlungen, die mit der Wahl Streecks im Jahr 1995 zum Nachfolger von Mayntz erfolgten. Der Artikel zeigt, dass eine sozialwissenschaftliche Grundlagenforschung nur in einem außeruniversitären Institut wie dem MPIfG möglich war, weil seine Direktoren nicht den zeitlich eng gesteckten Grenzen drittmittelbasierter Forschung folgen mussten. Der Aufsatz stellt ferner dar, dass der sozialwissenschaftliche Institutionalismus als Kern des Kölner Forschungsprogramms für die Forschungspraxis an diesem MPI bis heute richtungsweisend geblieben ist.
Globalisierte Gültigkeit: Internationale Politikanalyse am IIASA, 1972–1992
Authors: Duller Matthias , Dayé Christian
Published: July 2024

Das International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) wurde 1972 in Laxenburg bei Wien gegründet und war das weltweit erste Forschungsinstitut, an dem – dem eigenen Anspruch zufolge – Wissenschaftler:innen von Ost und West gemeinsam an der Lösung globaler oder transnationaler Probleme arbeiten sollten. Nach einer Beschreibung der Gründung des IIASA wendet sich der vorliegende Beitrag den Analysemethoden zu, die bei IIASA zum Einsatz kamen, und zeichnet anhand der Geschichte dieser Analysemethoden Wechselwirkungen zwischen Organisationsform und Erkenntnisform nach, die den Forschungsalltag am IIASA in den ersten zwei Jahrzehnten seines Bestehens prägten. Aufgrund seiner spezifischen Ausrichtung und Organisationsform, bot das IIASA eine förderliche Umgebung für die Entwicklung eines innovativen Zugangs zu jenen epistemologischen, methodologischen und wissenspolitischen Problemen, mit denen sich eine global ausgerichtete Erforschung des Planeten und seiner Bewohner:innen in der zweiten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts konfrontiert sah.
The Showcase of Czechoslovak Science: The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czechoslovak Academy of Science
Authors: Franc Martin
Published: July 2024

One of the most successful institutes of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences was the Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, which formed part of the Academy from the very beginning. Its origins date back to World War II. After the closure of the Czech universities in November 1939 the lecturers and students had to look for other opportunities. Some found refuge in industrial research and development, which later significantly influenced their academic work methods. This is especially true of the group of academicians around the future founder of the Institute, František Šorm, then working in the Association for Chemical and Foundry Production. The method was based on large teams focusing their research on a specific topic, anticipating its practical use in a particular time frame. Even though the Institute had been focused on basic research, they applied this as the principal concept in their academic work there, too. After the war, F. Šorm’s career progressed rapidly, especially after he joined the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia. The university environment was not suited to his working methods, and he therefore went into non-university research, an area that saw dynamic development back then, and he also brought his colleagues along with him. In the early 1950s, he was involved in the preparations for the establishment of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, in which he incorporated his Institute. He became the first general secretary of the new institution, later its deputy chairman and in 1962–1969 he served as its chairman, a position that enabled him to advocate the aforementioned working methods as the basic model of academic work. He also continued in his political career, which he used to support his efforts to make the Institute a globally respected centre of chemical research, a goal which, however, was beyond the capacity of the Czechoslovak economy. František Šorm acted like a great man of science wielding considerable power, but that changed substantially after the August 1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia. He was stripped of all his offices, but his colleagues from the occupation era led the Institute until 1986, guaranteeing the continuation of his scientific methods.
Die „Klinik des Technikers“. Die Anfänge der Bundesversuchs- und Forschungsanstalt Arsenal
Authors: Pichler Rupert , Hofer Reinhold
Published: July 2024

Versuchsanstalten sind Einrichtungen, in denen mit wissenschaftlichen Methoden Materialien, Produkte und Prozesse geprüft und weiterentwickelt werden. Spätestens seit der industriellen Revolution gehören Versuchsanstalten zur institutionellen „Grundausstattung“ entwickelter Forschungs- und Innovationssysteme, weil Universitäten und Hochschulen bei der Bearbeitung von Fragestellungen aus der Praxis (z. B. von Unternehmen) an organisatorische und disziplinäre Grenzen stießen. Auch wenn solche Versuchsanstalten keine genuinen Forschungseinrichtungen waren, konnten die Ergebnisse ihrer Tätigkeit dennoch zu neuen Erkenntnissen führen. Darüber hinaus stellten sie ein Instrument staatlicher Standortpolitik dar. In Österreich gelang es erst nach 1945, eine zentrale staatliche Versuchsanstalt einzurichten. Das dafür namengebende Wiener „Arsenal“ ist ein von 1848 bis 1945 militärisch genutztes Stadtgebiet in der Nähe des heutigen Hauptbahnhofs. Im Rahmen der anschließenden zivilen Nutzung entstand dort unter anderem die Bundesversuchs- und Forschungsanstalt, die umgangssprachlich aufgrund ihres Standorts auch oft nur als „Arsenal“ bezeichnet wurde.
Mäzenatentum und Institutsgründungen: das Institut für Radiumforschung und die Biologische Versuchsanstalt – innovative Grundlagenforschung außerhalb der Universitäten
Authors: Reiter Wolfgang L.
Published: July 2024

In kurzer Folge wurden in Wien nach der Jahrhundertwende 1900 aufgrund mäzenatischer Initiativen zwei Forschungsinstitute gegründet, die zu ihrer Zeit disziplinär neue Ansätze in der experimentellen Biologie und bei der Erforschung der Radioaktivität institutionell und methodisch auf einem international sichtbaren Niveau etablieren konnten. Das Forschungsprogramm der 1902 begründeten Biologischen Versuchsanstalt orientierte sich an einem gegenüber der traditionellen universitären Forschung innovativen und interdisziplinären Ansatz der Beobachtung lebender Systeme unter veränderbaren Bedingungen. Das 1910 eröffnete Institut für Radiumforschung war das weltweit erste Institut, das sich exklusiv der Erforschung des damals relativ jungen Gebiets der Radioaktivität widmete. Als Einrichtung der Wiener Akademie der Wissenschaften und in organisatorischer Verbindung mit der Universität Wien fungierte das Radiuminstitut als eine lokale und zugleich internationale Plattform der Forschung. Beiden Instituten gemeinsam war eine Öffnung der Forschungseinrichtung für externe, nicht-lokale und internationale Kooperationen ohne institutionelle Hürden in Lehre und Forschung. Inwieweit die Organisationsform als außeruniversitäre Forschungseinrichtungen zur wissenschaftlichen Produktivität dieser beiden Institute beitrug und welche wissenschaftspolitischen und im weiteren Sinn politischen Randbedingungen für ihre Entwicklung maßgeblich waren ist Gegenstand dieses Beitrags. In einem Vergleich der beiden Forschungseinrichtungen soll das Verhältnis der jeweiligen organisatorischen und methodisch-disziplinären Bedingungen für die Forschung in ihren Wirkungen auf deren je spezifische Wissensproduktion näher betrachtet werden.
Using artificial intelligence to generate medical literature for urology patients: a comparison of three different large language models
Authors: Pompili David , Richa Yasmina , Collins Patrick , Richards Helen , Hennessey Derek B
Published: July 2024

Purpose

Large language models (LLMs) are a form of artificial intelligence (AI) that uses deep learning techniques to understand, summarize and generate content. The potential benefits of LLMs in healthcare is predicted to be immense. The objective of this study was to examine the quality of patient information leaflets (PILs) produced by 3 LLMs on urological topics.

Methods

Prompts were created to generate PILs from 3 LLMs: ChatGPT-4, PaLM 2 (Google Bard) and Llama 2 (Meta) across four urology topics (circumcision, nephrectomy, overactive bladder syndrome, and transurethral resection of the prostate). PILs were evaluated using a quality assessment checklist. PIL readability was assessed by the Average Reading Level Consensus Calculator.

Results

PILs generated by PaLM 2 had the highest overall average quality score (3.58), followed by Llama 2 (3.34) and ChatGPT-4 (3.08). PaLM 2 generated PILs were of the highest quality in all topics except TURP and was the only LLM to include images. Medical inaccuracies were present in all generated content including instances of significant error. Readability analysis identified PaLM 2 generated PILs as the simplest (age 14–15 average reading level). Llama 2 PILs were the most difficult (age 16–17 average).

Conclusion

While LLMs can generate PILs that may help reduce healthcare professional workload, generated content requires clinician input for accuracy and inclusion of health literacy aids, such as images. LLM-generated PILs were above the average reading level for adults, necessitating improvement in LLM algorithms and/or prompt design. How satisfied patients are to LLM-generated PILs remains to be evaluated.
On the accuracy of interpolation based on single-layer artificial neural networks with a focus on defeating the Runge phenomenon
Authors: Auricchio Ferdinando , Belardo Maria Roberta , Calabrò Francesco , Fabiani Gianluca , Pascaner Ariel F.
Published: July 2024

Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) are a tool in approximation theory widely used to solve interpolation problems. In fact, ANNs can be assimilated to functions since they take an input and return an output. The structure of the specifically adopted network determines the underlying approximation space, while the form of the function is selected by fixing the parameters of the network. In the present paper, we consider one-hidden layer ANNs with a feedforward architecture, also referred to as shallow or two-layer networks, so that the structure is determined by the number and types of neurons. The determination of the parameters that define the function, called training, is done via the resolution of the approximation problem, so by imposing the interpolation through a set of specific nodes. We present the case where the parameters are trained using a procedure that is referred to as Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) that leads to a linear interpolation problem. In such hypotheses, the existence of an ANN interpolating function is guaranteed. Given that the ANN is interpolating, the error incurred occurs outside the sampling interpolation nodes provided by the user. In this study, various choices of nodes are analyzed: equispaced, Chebychev, and randomly selected ones. Then, the focus is on regular target functions, for which it is known that interpolation can lead to spurious oscillations, a phenomenon that in the ANN literature is referred to as overfitting. We obtain good accuracy of the ANN interpolating function in all tested cases using these different types of interpolating nodes and different types of neurons. The following study is conducted starting from the well-known bell-shaped Runge example, which makes it clear that the construction of a global interpolating polynomial is accurate only if trained on suitably chosen nodes, ad example the Chebychev ones. In order to evaluate the behavior when the number of interpolation nodes increases, we increase the number of neurons in our network and compare it with the interpolating polynomial. We test using Runge’s function and other well-known examples with different regularities. As expected, the accuracy of the approximation with a global polynomial increases only if the Chebychev nodes are considered. Instead, the error for the ANN interpolating function always decays, and in most cases we observe that the convergence follows what is observed in the polynomial case on Chebychev nodes, despite the set of nodes used for training. Then we can conclude that the use of such an ANN defeats the Runge phenomenon. Our results show the power of ANNs to achieve excellent approximations when interpolating regular functions also starting from uniform and random nodes, particularly for Runge’s function.
Biogeochemical plumbing of pioneer mangrove intertidal flats in French Guiana
Authors: Aller Robert , Klingensmith Issac , Stieglitz Thomas , Heilbrun Christina , Waugh Stuart , Aschenbroich Adelaide , Thouzeau Gerard , Michaud Emma
Published: July 2024

Migrating mudbanks are characteristic features of the vast Amazon-Guianas coastline along Northeastern South America. As illustrated by sites in French Guiana, consolidating mudflats that periodically transition to mangrove forest are permeated by extensive crustacean burrow systems, sometimes in isolation but more often in close association with morpho-sedimentary structures such as tidal pools and channels. Burrow structures are critical to mangrove growth. In this study, we evaluated the ways in which burrows act as complex conduits that plumb deposits for solute exchange with overlying water. We sampled burrows during low tide when irrigation is inhibited and burrow water rapidly becomes anoxic. The products of diagenetic reactions, for example: NH4+, N2, and Si(OH)4, build up with time, revealing sedimentary reaction rates and fluxes. When oxygenated, burrow walls are zones of intense coupled redox reactions such as nitrification-denitrification. Build-up often is lower in burrows connected directly to tidal pools where photosynthetic activity consumes remineralized nutrients, and burrows can remain periodically irrigated at low tide. During flood, burrows, particularly those that connect tidal pools laterally to channels, can be rapidly flushed and oxygenated as channel water rises and then spreads across flats. Burrow flushing produces enhanced concentrations of nutrients within the leading edge of the flood as seawater moves progressively towards and into adjacent mangroves. Estimates of burrow volumes obtained from drone surveys together with burrow solute production rates allow upscaling of burrow-sourced metabolite fluxes; however, these are extremely variable due to variable burrow geometries, connections between burrows, pools, and channels, and burrow water residence times (oxygenation). The flushing of burrows during flood results in a rectification of sediment-water fluxes shoreward and enhances the delivery of nutrients from the flats into adjacent mangroves and pools, presumably stimulating colonization and forest growth.
Stable Liftings of Polynomial Traces on Tetrahedra
Authors: Parker Charles , Süli Endre
Published: July 2024

On the reference tetrahedron $$K$$
K
, we construct, for each $$k \in {\mathbb {N}}_0$$

k
∈

N
0

, a right inverse for the trace operator $$u \mapsto (u, \partial _{\textbf{n}} u, \ldots , \partial _{\textbf{n}}^k u)|_{\partial K}$$

u
↦

(
u
,

∂
n

u
,
…
,

∂

n

k

u
)

|

∂
K

. The operator is stable as a mapping from the trace space of $$W^{s, p}(K)$$

W

s
,
p

(
K
)

to $$W^{s, p}(K)$$

W

s
,
p

(
K
)

for all $$p \in (1, \infty )$$

p
∈
(
1
,
∞
)

and $$s \in (k+1/p, \infty )$$

s
∈
(
k
+
1
/
p
,
∞
)

. Moreover, if the data is the trace of a polynomial of degree $$N \in {\mathbb {N}}_0$$

N
∈

N
0

, then the resulting lifting is a polynomial of degree N. One consequence of the analysis is a novel characterization for the range of the trace operator.
Unmarkedness of the coronal nasal in Alemannic
Authors: Noelliste Erin , Kniess Tyler
Published: July 2024

In Alemannic dialects of German, [n] is particularly vulnerable to assimilation, deletion, and epenthesis. Although these changes are not necessarily uniform across all Alemannic varieties, the Alemannic dialect areas all exhibit some, if not all, of these processes. In this article, we present data from a diverse array of Alemannic dialects and show that [n] behaves similarly throughout Alemannic, assimilating to the place of following stops, deleting word-finally, and repairing hiatus through epenthesis. We contend that coronal [n] is interacting with so many processes because it is unmarked in terms of place and manner. This paper contributes to the phonological literature on dialectology and Markedness Theory. First, by considering similar processes which occur across multiple Alemannic dialects, we show how Alemannic prefers eliminating or modifying word-final [n]. Second, this analysis gives insight into theories of segment (un)markedness; thus, the data presented in this paper support descriptions of unmarked segments as undergoing assimilation, deletion, and epenthesis, while they challenge markedness accounts by scholars who bar [n] as an epenthetic segment. Third, we provide data for a language family in which one segment undergoes all three processes of assimilation, deletion, and epenthesis; this is unprecedented in the literature on unmarked segments, which typically focuses on languages which possess only one of these three processes.
Establishment of nomogram to predict overall survival and cancer-specific survival of local tumor resection in patients with colorectal cancer liver metastasis with unresectable metastases: a large population-based analysis
Authors: Hou Songlin , Li Lifa , Hou Huafang , Zhou Tong , Zhou He
Published: July 2024

Background and Purpose

The tumour-node metastasis (TNM) classification is a common model for evaluating the prognostic value of tumour patients. However, few models have been used to predict the survival outcomes of patients with colorectal cancer liver metastasis (CRLM) with unresectable metastases who received the primary local surgery. Thus, we utilized the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database to establish novel nomograms for predicting the overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) of these patients.

Methods

Extracted primary data on CRLM patients by local surgery from SEER database. All prognostic factors of OS and CSS were determined by Cox regression analysis. The concordance index (C-index), receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and calibration curves were used to further evaluate the accuracy and discrimination of these nomograms. Decision curve analysis (DCA) was executed to evaluate the nomograms for the clinical net benefit. Risk stratification analysis (RSA) was used to evaluate the reliability of them in clinical.

Results

3622 eligible patients were screened and assigned to training cohort (1812) or validation cohort (1810). The age, chemotherapy, tumour grade, primary tumour site, tumour size, lymph node positive rate (LNR), marital status, and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) were independent prognostic factors of OS. Additionally, the age, chemotherapy, tumour grade, primary tumour site, tumour size, LNR, and CEA were independent prognostic factors of CSS. The results of C-indexes and ROC curves indicated that the established nomograms exhibited better discrimination power than TNM classification. The calibration curves demonstrated excellent agreement between the predicted and actual survival rates for 1-, 3-, and 5 year OS and CSS. Meanwhile, the validation cohort demonstrated similar results. Background the clinic context, the DCA showed that these nomograms have higher net benefits, and the RSA showed that patients were further divided into low risk, medium risk, and high risk groups according to the predicted scores from nomograms. And, the Kaplan–Meier curve and log-rank test showed that the survival differences among the three groups are statistically significant.

Conclusions

The prognostic nomograms showed very high accuracy, identifiability, and clinical practicality in predicting the OS and CSS of CRLM patients with unresectable metastases treated by local surgery at 1-, 3-, and 5 years, which might improve individualized predictions of survival risks and help clinicians formulate treatment plans.
Machine learning-based integration develops a mitophagy-related lncRNA signature for predicting the progression of prostate cancer: a bioinformatic analysis
Authors: Dai Caixia , Zeng Xiangju , Zhang Xiuhong , Liu Ziqi , Cheng Shunhua
Published: July 2024

Prostate cancer remains a complex and challenging disease, necessitating innovative approaches for prognosis and therapeutic guidance. This study integrates machine learning techniques to develop a novel mitophagy-related long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) signature for predicting the progression of prostate cancer. Leveraging the TCGA-PRAD dataset, we identify a set of four key lncRNAs and formulate a riskscore, revealing its potential as a prognostic indicator. Subsequent analyses unravel the intricate connections between riskscore, immune cell infiltration, mutational landscapes, and treatment outcomes. Notably, the pan-cancer exploration of YEATS2-AS1 highlights its pervasive impact, demonstrating elevated expression across various malignancies. Furthermore, drug sensitivity predictions based on riskscore guide personalized chemotherapy strategies, with drugs like Carmustine and Entinostat showing distinct suitability for high and low-risk group patients. Regression analysis exposes significant correlations between the mitophagy-related lncRNAs, riskscore, and key mitophagy-related genes. Molecular docking analyses reveal promising interactions between Cyclophosphamide and proteins encoded by these genes, suggesting potential therapeutic avenues. This comprehensive study not only introduces a robust prognostic tool but also provides valuable insights into the molecular intricacies and potential therapeutic interventions in prostate cancer, paving the way for more personalized and effective clinical approaches.
Investigate on the mechanical properties and microscopic three-dimensional morphology of rock failure surfaces under different stress states
Authors: Wu Genshui , Yu Weijian , Pan Bao , Liu Yuqing , Fang Chuangfeng , Liu Xun
Published: July 2024

The macro and micro morphology of rock failure surfaces play crucial roles in determining the rock mechanical and seepage properties. The morphology of unloaded deep rock failure surfaces exhibits significant variability and complexity. Surface roughness is closely linked to both shear strength and crack seepage behavior. Understanding these morphology parameters is vital for comprehending the mechanical behavior and seepage characteristics of rock masses. In this study, three-dimensional optical scanning technology was employed to analyze the micromorphological properties of limestone and sandstone failure surfaces under varying stress conditions. Line and surface roughness characteristics of different rock failure surfaces were then determined. Our findings reveal a critical confining pressure value (12 MPa) that influences the damage features of Ordovician limestone failure surfaces. With increasing confining pressure, pore depth and crack formation connecting the pores also increase. Beyond the critical confining pressure, the mesoscopic roughness of the failure surface decreases, and the range of interval-distributed pore roughness diminishes. Additionally, we conducted a detailed investigation into the water conductivity properties of rocks under different stress states using Barton's joint roughness coefficient (JRC) index and rock fractal theory. The roughness features of rock failure surfaces were classified into three categories based on mesoscopic pore and crack undulation forms: straight, wavy, and jagged. We also observed significant confining pressure effects on limestone and sandstone, which exceeding the critical confining pressure led to increased water conductivity in both rocks, albeit through different mechanisms. While sandstone exhibits fissures running across it, limestone shows shear abrasion holes. Beyond the critical confining pressure, the rock failure surface becomes smoother, leading to decreased water flow blocking capacity. The fractal dimension of Ordovician limestone increases significantly under critical confining pressure, leading to a more complex mesoscopic crack extension route.
Quantifying future climate extreme indices: implications for sustainable urban development in West Africa, with a focus on the greater Accra region
Authors: Siabi Ebenezer Kwadwo , Awafo Edward Abingya , Kabobah Amos Tiereyangn , Derkyi Nana Sarfo Agyeman , Akpoti Komlavi , Anornu Geophrey Kwame , Yazdanie Mashael
Published: July 2024

Climate change leading to Climate extremes in the twenty-first century is more evident in megacities across the world, especially in West Africa. The Greater Accra region is one of the most populated regions in West Africa. As a result, the region has become more susceptible to climate extremes such as floods, heatwaves, and droughts. The study employed the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6 models in simulating climate extreme indices under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway scenarios (SSPs) over West Africa between 1979 and 2059 as exemplified by the Greater Accra region. The study observed a generally weak drought in the historical period and expected to intensify especially under SSP585 in Greater Accra. For instance, continuous dry days (CDD) reveal an increasing trend under the SSPs. Similarly, the overall projected trend of CDD over West Africa reveals an increase signifying a more frequent and longer drought in the future. The flood indices revealed a surge in the intensity and duration of extreme precipitation events under the SSPs in the region. For instance, R99pTOT and Rx5days are expected to significantly increase under the SSPs with intensification under the SSP245, SSP370, and SSP585. A similar trend has been projected across West Africa, especially along the Guinean coast. The study foresees a gradual and intensifying rise in heatwave indices over the Greater Accra region. The warming and cooling indices reveal an increasing and decreasing trend respectively in the historical period as well as under the SSPs particularly within urban centers like Accra and Tema. Most West African countries are projected to observe more frequent warm days and nights with cold nights and days becoming less frequent. Expected effects of future climate extreme indices pose potential threats to the water, food, and energy systems as well as trigger recurrent floods and droughts over Greater Accra. The findings of the study are expected to inform climate policies and the nationally determined contribution of the Paris Agreement as well as address the sustainable development goal 11 (Sustainable cities) and 13 (Climate action) in West Africa.
The Influence of Social Justice Movies
Authors: Eagan Owen , Simon-Roberts Sharifa
Published: July 2024

Abstract: This pilot study examined the connection among social justice movies, respondents’ moral understanding of racism, and their views of social responsibility. The movies under investigation were 13TH, Just Mercy, and Queen & Slim, all of which spotlight racial injustice against the Black community in the United States. To respondents, these social justice movies underscore the role of race in advancement, offer insight into the achievement of equal rights for Black and White people and highlight racism as a glaring issue that is deeply entrenched in American society. Additionally, respondents emphasized the need to view social responsibility on a personal level, as well as a societal level and the importance of sustained collective action to address racial injustice.
Toward Defining Prosocial and Antisocial Media Content in Terms of Intuitive Motivations
Authors: Tamborini Ron , Hahn Lindsay , Baldwin Joshua , Klebig Brian , Prabhu Sujay , Aley Melinda , Hofer Matthias , Novotny Eric , Sethi Neha
Published: July 2024

Abstract: Prosocial and antisocial media content and effects have been a major focus of media scholars. Given this importance, we might expect the terms prosocial and antisocial to be well defined in this context. Yet, these terms as well as the media content and effects they describe do not have definitions that are widely shared by scholars. We reason that the definitional ambiguity of these terms has introduced error into efforts to understand prosocial and antisocial media content and effects. As such, we argue the need for scholars studying these topics to use coherent, clear, and commonly shared definitions of these terms. With this in mind, we offer a definition of prosocial and antisocial media content and effects based on the upholding and violation of overridingly salient intuitive altruistic intuitive motivations. We argue that media psychologists (as well as general population members) inherently use this conception to define these terms and present four survey studies supporting this claim. We reason that adopting a shared definition of prosocial and antisocial media content and effects could (1) help identify and account for inconsistencies in past research on these topics and (2) give rise to greater coherence in future work examining both the patterns of intuitive motivations represented in media content and the subsequent influence of media on audiences exposed to these content patterns.