bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Comparative Study of Valuation Variance and Accuracy between Nigeria and UK
Authors: Effiong James Bassey
Published: August 2015

The study compared the level of valuation variance and inaccuracy between Nigeria and UK. In order to achieve the aim for the study, a survey method was employed using questionnaire administered on respondent estate surveyors and valuers in Calabar and Uyo metropolises. The study surveyed valuers opinions on the existence of valuation variance and inaccuracy, the possible causes and the margin of valuation error and data collected through questionnaire was analyzed using descriptive statistics to find the mean score, standard deviation and percentages. The findings from the study show that valuation variance and inaccuracy is high in Nigeria as compared to UK. The possible causes include lack of standards, lack of market data/comparables, lack of regulatory framework, methods/bases of valuation adopted, client’s influence, inadequate training of valuers, imperfect knowledge of the property market, wrong assumptions on cost per square metre, lack of professional experience as well as failure to discipline valuers on cases of negligence with lack of standards ranked first with the highest frequency and mean score. The study concluded by recommending the creation of a central property database, adopting/enforcement of international valuation standards, enforcement of disciplinary measures for erring members on negligence and a defined acceptable margin of valuation error.
Técnicas de Tratamento de Restrições aplicado em um Algoritmo Evolucionário Multiobjetivo para Repactuação de Outorgas em uma Bacia Hidrográfica
Authors: Costa Fagner França da , Machado Érica Cristine Medeiros Nobre , Ribeiro Simone Nóbrega , Assis Wanessa Dunga de , Martins Wanessa Alves
Published: August 2015

A outorga é o instrumento de alocação de água entre os diversos usos da bacia hidrográfica, contudo, os critérios de determinação da vazão máxima outorgável são bastante restritivos, o que provoca descontentamentos e gera conflitos entre os usuários. Dessa forma, a outorga atua como fator limitante do quantitativo disponível a ser alocado, principalmente em bacias que já apontam para o esgotamento dos seus recursos hídricos outorgáveis. Algoritmos evolucionários multiobjetivo têm se destacado na otimização de problemas relacionados à gestão dos recursos hídricos. Neste trabalho utilizamos o algoritmo evolucionário multiobjetivo SPEA2 para alocação de água como suporte à negociação da repactuação da outorga em bacias hidrográficas com vazões outorgáveis insuficientes para a demanda. Diversas técnicas têm sido desenvolvidas para considerar as restrições específicas do problema e melhorar o desempenho de algoritmos evolucionários, neste trabalho analisamos o ganho de desempenho obtido pela introdução de algumas destas técnicas. Os resultados demonstram a importância da utilização das técnicas de tratamento das restrições, e a aplicabilidade da utilização do algoritmo evolucionário como sistema de suporte à decisão na gestão dos recursos hídricos.
Development and Preliminary Validation of the Adherence to Weight Control Questionnaire
Authors: Sousa Pedro , Gaspar Pedro , Fonseca Helena
Published: August 2015

Background and Purpose: This study tests the psychometric properties of the Adherence to Weight Control Questionnaire, a new screening tool to measure treatment adherence (TAWC) and the risk of nonadherence to weight control (RNAWC) in adolescents. Methods: Participants are 92 adolescents (12–18 years old) from a pediatric obesity clinic. Construct validity were evaluated using a principal axis factoring method with varimax rotation. Reliability and criterion-related validity of both scales were also checked. Results: Both scales presented good reliability values (.770 and .908). Statistical analyses yielded a 1-factor solution for the RNAWC and a 4-factor solution for the TAWC. Criterion-related validity of scales was also checked. Conclusions: Results showed that this theory-driven measure of adherence to weight control has adequate psychometric properties to support both research and the clinical practice.
Measuring Physical Activity of Elementary School Children With Unsealed Pedometers: Compliance, Reliability, and Reactivity
Authors: Ling Jiying , King Kristi M.
Published: August 2015

Background and Purpose: Evidence of compliance, reliability, and reactivity of using pedometers in children remains inconsistent. This study aimed to examine these aspects of unsealed pedometers. Methods: There were 133 children who wore pedometers for 7 days. A subsample of 50 children completed surveys measuring self-efficacy, enjoyment, parental influence, and environment on Day 1 and 8. Investigator presence and incentives were used to increase compliance. Results: About 87% of children returned pedometers, with 62% wearing pedometers for 4 days or longer. The intraclass correlation coefficients ranged from .70 to .87, with ICC for 4-day pedometer steps exceeding .80. Wearing pedometers did not change pedometer steps nor alter children’s perceptions of self-efficacy, enjoyment, parental influence, and environment significantly. Conclusions: Children were compliant wearing pedometers, and there was no reactivity from wearing them.
Measuring Nurse Attitudes About Childbirth: Revision and Pilot Testing of the Nurse Attitudes and Beliefs Questionnaire
Authors: Levine Martha S. , Lowe Nancy K.
Published: August 2015

Background and Purpose: Labor/delivery nurse attitudes and beliefs may affect nursing care decisions and patient outcomes. This psychometric study was conducted to revise the Nurse Attitudes and Beliefs Questionnaire-Revised (NABQ-R). Methods: The NABQ-R contains 42 items scored with a 4-point Likert scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 4 (strongly agree). An online survey invitation was sent to Colorado intrapartum nurses with 84 complete surveys returned. Results: The NABQ-R scores ranged from 82 to 156 and the Cronbach’s alpha was .90. An exploratory factor analysis was conducted, and all items loaded on at least 1 factor. Conclusions: Our results support acceptable initial psychometric properties for the NABQ-R consistent with existing theory indicating that the NABQ-R shows promise for use in future studies.
Analytical Models for Liquid Loading in Multifractured Horizontal Gas Wells
Authors: Shi Juntai , Sun Zheng , Li Xiangfang
Published: August 2015

Liquid loading is a key issue in gas reservoirs with horizontal wells and multiple hydraulic fractures, especially for shale-gas reservoirs. Field results show that only 15–30% of the original fracturing fluid is recovered. Most liquid is trapped in the rock matrix near the fracture face and induced fractures. Water flowback from reservoir to wellbore and liquid loading from wellbore to surface are two main factors affecting the recovery of the original fracturing fluid. Significant efforts have been made to understand the effect of liquid loading on well performance, and some models have been proposed to describe the liquid loading. However, these models ignore the effect of liquid-drop size and its shape change with size. The falling liquid is nearly spherical in shape when its diameter is smaller than 2 mm, but when larger than 2 mm, it will change to be a half-hamburger in shape. Hence, ignoring the liquid-drop size and its shape change with size will lead to inaccurate calculations of the critical liquid-loading-flow rate.

In this study, we conduct several groups of experiments to examine the liquid-droplet-shape change with liquid-droplet size in a gas-flow wellbore with different inclined angles. Similar to the falling liquid in air, larger liquid droplets are half-hamburger in shape (like the top half of the bun, flat on bottom and round on top). On the basis of this phenomenon, we propose analytical models to describe the critical liquid loading in vertical, slanted, and horizontal wellbores by considering the size and shape of liquid drops. Also, we validate this model by use of field data from the Daniudi gas field, and apply the proposed model to evaluate the liquid-loading problem in the Marcellus shale. Results show that the ratio of the liquid-drop height/width is a strong function of the liquid-drop width. Both the maximum and minimum ratios are determined: The maximum is unity, representing the shape of a sphere; the minimum is 0.3765; and the liquid drop is unstable when the ratio is less than 0.3765. In addition, the liquid drop with the minimum ratio is most easily loaded and produced from the vertical wellbore of gas wells. The key coefficient of B in the model of critical liquid-loading-flow velocity—vg = B[σ(ρl–ρg)/ρg2]0.25—is a function of the width of the liquid drop. The range of B is quantified as from 1.54 to 2.5. In the slanted wellbore of gas wells, the critical liquid-loading gas-flow velocity is related to the angle β, the slant angle, and the width of the liquid droplet. In the horizontal wellbore of gas wells, the critical liquid-loading gas-flow velocity is a function of the width of the liquid droplet. The models proposed in this work can accurately calculate the critical liquid-loading-flow rate for multifractured horizontal gas wells. This study can provide critical insights into the understanding of the liquid flowback and its effect on well productivity in gas reservoirs.
The Effect of Lightly Gripping a Cane on the Dynamic Balance Control
Authors: Oshita Kazushige , Yano Sumio
Published: August 2015

The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effect of lightly gripping a cane on the Functional Reach Test (FRT) to evaluate dynamic balance. 21 healthy men (19±1 years) were asked to perform the FRT three times. The standard FRT was performed in the first and third trials. In the second trial, participants in a light-grip group (n = 11) were told to lightly grip (but to not apply force for mechanical support) the cane during the FRT. Participants in a depend-on-cane group (n = 10) were told to perform the FRT while supporting their weight with the cane. FRT is improved by not only supporting a person’s own weight with a cane but also just lightly gripping the cane. These findings would be helpful in the development of a useful application to improve the human movement using a haptic sensory supplementation for activities of daily living.
Design and Analyze the Optimum Operating Point between Magnetic Flux Density and Vibration Noise of Transformer Cores
Authors: Zhu Lihua , Zhang Xin , Yang Qingxin , Zhang Xian
Published: August 2015

Base on the magnetization and magnetostriction measurement, this paper proposed a generalized 3D finite element
numerical model, which can be used to analyze electromagnetic vibration of laminated cores including electromagnetism
and magnetostriction effects. And then the acoustic field around the transformer was analyzed and tested, the results
showed the model and analysis method were feasible. The work is helpful to estimate vibration noise level and then
optimized design, choose suitable silicon steel and size in the design stage, which can reduce product development cycle
and test cost.
Diaphragm Damage of Precast Concrete T-Shape Girder Bridge: Analysis and Strengthening
Authors: Niu Yanwei , Liu Bangjun , Zhao Yu , Rong Shuai , Huang Pingming
Published: August 2015

For advantage of economical and practical construction, precast T-shape girder bridge is commmonly used in
China. In recent years, damage of diaphragm became a serious problem in operation and maintenance. In this study, based
on finite element (FE) analysis of an actual bridge, stress distribution and failure process of diaphragm is demonstrated.
The result shows that the stress of middle diaphragms started to beyond the limit firstly, under heavey load of 1.5 times
equivalent Grade highway-I live load. Then, method of Double-K brace to strengthen the transveral connnection of the exist
bridges is proposed and applied on background bridge. Based on the field test, tensile stress of diaphragms concrete reduced
69.4% when Double-K brace were adopted, and the lateral integrity of precast T-beam bridge could be improved
effectively.
Perfectively Deducing Bessel Mean Square Error Formula
Authors: Yonghe Deng
Published: August 2015

In the survey teaching materials of China, deducing Bessel mean square error formula is all based on survey
values with same mathematical expectation. These methods aren’t perfect. So, based on survey values without same
mathematics expectation to prove Bessel mean square error formula is very necessary. Therefore, considering different
mathematical expectation, it is meaningful that this paper has perfectively deduced Bessel mean square error formula.
Effect of Preload Level on Flexural Load-carrying Capacity of RC Beams Strengthened by Externally Bonded FRP Sheets
Authors: Li Guibing , Zhang Aihui , Guo Yugang
Published: August 2015

Most of the laboratory tests investigated the flexural performance of un-preloaded or undamaged RC beams strengthened with CFRP composites. However, in engineering applications, the structural member must carry a certain load or damage. There is a lack of systematical investigations on the effects of preload or damage level on the flexural load-carrying capacity of CFRP-strengthened RC beams. This paper tested 22 RC beams to investigate the influence of preload level on flexural load-carrying capacity of CFRP-strengthened RC beams. The test variables are preload level, amount of CFRP sheets, tension rebar ratio, and concrete strength. The test results show that if the preload level is not more than 80% of the yielding strength of the original beam, the preload or damage level does not influence the flexural load-carrying capacity of CFRP-strengthened RC beams. However, the ultimate flexural load-carrying capacity is significantly poor than that of RC beam strengthened under a preload level not more than 80% of the yielding strength, if the RC beams are strengthened under a preload level more than 90% of the yielding strength.
Finite Element Analysis of the Influence About the Space Between Bearing Expanded-Plate to the Bearing Capacity of Single Pile of the MEEP Pile
Authors: Qian Yongmei , Wang Xihui , Wang Ruozhu
Published: August 2015

In this paper, by ANSYS software it is built that a computer simulation analyzing model according to the finite element method, which is analyzed that the failure mechanism of the main pile and the soil around the bearing expanded-plate of the Multi-Expanded-plates pile(the MEEP pile), it is qualitatively determined that the space between the bearing expanded-plates affect the bearing capacity of the single pile of the MEEP pile, and of which the lower limiting value is put forward, in order to provide the theoretical support to the actual design of the MEEP pile
A GIS-based Subcatchments Division Approach for SWMM
Authors: Ji Shen , Qiuwen Zhang
Published: August 2015

Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) is a digital hydrological model which is widely used for the simulation
of rainfall-runoff processes in urban catchment. SWMM is a distributed model, which means a study urban catchment
needs to be divided into several irregular subcatchments first before simulation. However, most of the existing subcatchments
division approaches for the SWMM are not able to capture the characteristics of the spatial variability in topography
and hydro information of urban catchment. In this paper, a new subcatchment-division approach for SWMM is
proposed. Two existing division method are combined together in this approach by using Geographic Information System
(GIS), which can make the subcatchments fully reflect the hydrological features of the urban catchment, thus further improve
the simulation results of SWMM. The actual application results show that the SWMM using the subcatchment dividing
by the approach in this paper is more reliable than other existing SWMM in urban region.
Seismotectonics Considered Artificial Neural Network Earthquake Prediction in Northeast Seismic Region of China
Authors: Sheng Jian , Mu Dongmei , Zhang Hongyan , Lv Han
Published: August 2015

It is well known that earthquakes are a regional event, strongly controlled by local geological structures and
circumstances. Reducing the research area can reduce the influence of other irrelevant seismotectonics. A new sub regiondividing
scheme, considering the seismotectonics influence, was applied for the artificial neural network (ANN) earthquake
prediction model in the northeast seismic region of China (NSRC). The improved set of input parameters and prediction
time duration are also discussed in this work. The new dividing scheme improved the prediction accuracy for different
prediction time frames. Three different research regions were analyzed as an earthquake data source for the ANN
model under different prediction time duration frames. The results show: (1) dividing the research region into smaller subregions
can improve the prediction accuracies in NSRC, (2) larger research regions need shorter prediction durations to
obtain better performance, (3) different areas have different sets of input parameters in NSRC, and (4) the dividing
scheme, considering the seismotectonics frame of the region, yields better results.
Theoretical Study on Vibration Control of Symmetric Structure with
Shape Memory Alloy (SMA)-Friction Damper
Authors: Gao Yunli , Ren Wenjie
Published: August 2015

The paper proposed an innovative shape memory alloy (SMA)-friction damper. The damper consisted of the
superelastic SMA wire and the friction element in series. According to the working mechanism of the damper, the paper
set up the mechanical model of the damper. Seismic elastic-plastic time history response analysis program and energy
analysis program of the damped structure were designed. The numerical calculations of the vibration control of a threestory
shear-type symmetric structure with the damper were carried out. The results indicated that the damper can decrease
the displacement and the inter-story displacement of the structure effectively, but increase the acceleration of the structure
comparing with uncontrolled structure. The SMA-friction damper can not only adjust the working status of the energy
dissipation elements automatically according to the seismic responses of the structure, but also has some advantages as
simple configuration and economical application.
Research on Real-Time Simulation System of Ship Motion Based on
Simulink
Authors: Zan Yingfei , Han Duanfeng , Yuan Lihao , Liu Minghao , Wu Zhaohui
Published: August 2015

This paper puts forward a development method of ship motion simulation system that can conduct UDP
communication in real time. This system is based on Simulink in order to meet the need of modular and fast ship motion
simulation systems. First, the mathematics models of ship motion are set up based on the modular ideology, which
includes thruster model and models of wind, wave and current. Then, real time simulation module using S-fun function
is developed, and built into executable program. This could realize real time communication between ship motion
simulation system and visual simulation system and induce real time communication between ship motion system and
ship simulation control system. In this way, it can save time and cost when developing the simulation system. This
method has been used successfully in the development of real time simulation system of some engineering ship.
Cutting Parameter Optimization Based on Experience and Rules
Authors: Luo Tao , Zhao Wu , Luo Chunjing , Shi Tiantian , Wang Rui
Published: August 2015

To reduce cutting time and costs, an optimized model of cutting parameter is proposed. Constraints like lathe
and cutting tool are fully considered. The objective function is aiming at the target of profit margins. Some empirical
indexes are used in the constraints and the objective function since the special properties of cutting process. The Fuzzy
Comprehensive Evaluation Method is used to build an evaluation model, which provides an evolutionary path for cutting
parameter. The evaluation matrix R in the model is determined by operators who use the cutting parameter to cut. A
cutting parameter database system of B/S structure was developed by JAVA language based on the optimization model
and helped a company improved profit margins successfully.
Mechanism of Embankment Reinforced with Back Berm in Road
Engineering
Authors: Qi-Hu Wang
Published: August 2015

Based on the nonlinear finite element method, the mechanism of embankment reinforced with back berm in
road engineering reinforced has been studied. It is found there is almost no influence on the value of vertical settlement at
the scope of original embankment by back berm. Only the vertical settlement under the location of back berm has been
influenced lightly by back berm. The lateral displacement of embankment could be reduced or restrained by back berm.
The stability of embankment enhanced when width of back berm enlarged. But the stability of embankment would not be
increased any more when the width of back berm achieved its boundary value, so the width of back berm should not be
bigger than the boundary value. The stability of embankment enhanced when the value of cohesion or internal friction
angle of back berm increased. So rock and soil with big cohesion and internal friction angle should be used to fill back
berm preferentially.
A Numerical Investigation of a Novel Hood Design for Pedestrian
Protection
Authors: Huang Jing , Liu Zhiying , Long Yongcheng
Published: August 2015

Currently the use of new materials is becoming even more prevalent in vehicle industry for the lightweight
design purpose. The design of engine hood is very important for pedestrian’s safety during a vehicle-pedestrian accident.
In order to improve the pedestrian protection performance of the new material engine hood, the radial stiffening rib
structure and trapezium sandwich structure engine hoods were proposed in this paper. And an energy-absorbing structure
has been designed on the strengthening hinge plate to reduce the pedestrian head injury further more. The simulation
results indicate that with new structures, the new material engine hoods have more uniform rigidity and better energy
absorbing ability, which would effectively reduce the engine hood intrusion and pedestrian head injuries.
The Equation of the Contact Line of the Involute Curvilinear-Tooth
Cylindrical Gear Pump for the Agricultural Tractor
Authors: Jiang Yi-Qiang , Hou Li , Zhao Yong
Published: August 2015

In order to derive the equation of the contact line of the involute curvilinear-tooth cylindrical gear pump for the
agricultural tractor, the tooth surface of the involute curvilinear-tooth cylindrical gear is firstly generated as that of the
spur or helical gear. Then the equation of the tooth surface is derived from changing the settings and orientations of the
coordinate systems after the equation of the tooth profile in an arbitrary radial section is calculated by the methods of
differential geometry. Based on the equation of the tooth surface, the meshing equation of the two gears is further
acquired and then the equation of the contact line. Finally, the tooth surface and the contact line are simulated with
mathematical software. The results suggests that the contact line between two curvilinear-tooth cylindrical gears is an arc
line in the surface of action; and this line, shaped as an arc line in the generating plane of the tooth surface, is longer than
that of the spur or helical gear with the same face width.
Nonlinear Dynamics Analysis of a Gear-Shaft-Bearing System with
Breathing Crack and Tooth Wear Faults
Authors: Cui Li , Cai Chilan
Published: August 2015

Considering backlash, time-varying mesh stiffness and radial clearance of bearing, nonlinear dynamic model of
gear bearing flexible shaft system is established taking into account breathing crack in shaft and tooth wear. Nonlinear
dynamic equations are solved by Runge-Kutta method. Effect of backlash, crack in shaft and tooth wear faults on the
nonlinear dynamic behavior of gear-shaft-bearing system is studied. The results show that gear-shaft-bearing system may
change from periodic motion to non-periodic motion as backlash increases, and gear pair change from normal mesh to
tooth separation, double-sided impact fault. If crack fault appears, quasi-periodic and chaos motion region increases, and
gentle crack fault can result in instantaneous tooth separation and double-sided impact faults. Serious tooth wear fault will
also induce tooth separation and double-sided impact faults. If both shaft crack and tooth wear faults exist, tooth wear
fault will be intensified by double-sided impact fault from shaft crack, which will result in early failure of the gear system.
Logistic Model as a Statistical Downscaling Approach for Forecasting a Wet or Dry Day in the Bagmati River Basin
Authors: Shrestha Rajendra Man , Shrestha Srijan Lal , Sthapit Azaya Bikram
Published: August 2015

A binary logistic model is developed for probabilistic prediction of a wet or dry day based upon daily rainfall data from 1981 to 2008 taken from 25 stations of Bagmati River basin. The predictor variables included in the model are daily relative humidity, air surface temperature, sea level pressure, v-wind which are expressed as principal components of 9 grids of the National Centers for Environmental Protection (NCEP)/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Reanalysis data with resolution of 2.50×2.50. Principal component analysis is used to reduce the dimension of the predictors in the presence of spatial correlations between grids and thus reduce their multicollinearity effect. The result depicts that the model has 86.4 percent predictive capability in the analysis period (1981-2000) and 86.1 in the validation period (2001-2008) along with support of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. The results demonstrate that
the first two principal components of relative humidity are the key predictor variables with respective odds ratios (ORs) of 4.18 and 3.61, respectively. The other statistically significant predictors are the second principal component of v-wind with OR 1.43, the second and first principal components of air surface temperature with ORs 1.38 and 0.76, respectively and the first principal component of sea level pressure with OR 0.44. Goodness-of-fit test, ROC analysis and other main diagnostic tests showed that the fitted logistic model is characterized by good fits for analysis as well as validation period.
In Vivo Bioluminescence Imaging – A Suitable Method to Track Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in a Skeletal Muscle Trauma§
Authors: Strohschein K. , Radojewski P , Winkler T. , Duda G.N. , Perka C , von Roth P
Published: August 2015

Cell-based therapies have emerged during the last decade in various clinical fields. Especially mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been used in pre-clinical and clinical applications in cardiovascular, neurodegenerative and musculoskeletal disorders. In order to validate survival and viability as well as possible engraftment of MSCs into the host tissue a live cell imaging technique is needed that allows non-invasive, temporal imaging of cellular kinetics as well as evaluation of cell viability after transplantation. In this study we used luciferase-based bioluminescence imaging (BLI) to investigate the survival of autologous MSCs transplanted into a severely crushed soleus muscle of the rats. Furthermore we compared local as well as intra-arterial (i.a.) administration of cells and analyzed if luciferase transduced MSCs depict the same characteristics in vitro as non-transduced MSCs. We could show that transduction of MSCs does not alter their in vitro characteristics, thus, transduced MSCs display the same differentiation, proliferation and migration capacity as non-transduced cells. Using BLI we could track MSCs transplanted into a crushed soleus muscle until day 7 irrespective of local or i.a. application. Hence, our study proves that luciferase-based BLI is a suitable method for in vivo tracking of MSCs in skeletal muscle trauma in rats.
A Rare Case of Femoral Neuropathy Associated with Ilio-Psoas Bursitis After 10 Years of Total Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Singh Vivek , Shon Won Yong , Lakhotia Devendra , Kim Jong Hoon , Kim Tae Wan
Published: August 2015

We describe a case of femoral nerve palsy caused due to non-infective large iliopsoas bursitis after 10 years of cementless ceramic-on-metal THA. Bursectomy and exploration of femoral nerve were done to relieve the compressive symptoms of femoral nerve. Patient neurological symptoms were recovered within six months. Iliopsoas bursitis after THA can lead to anterior hip pain, lump in inguinal area or abdomen, limb swelling due to venous compression or more rarely neurovascular compressive symptoms depending on size and extension. Treating physician should be aware of this rare condition after THA in the absence of any radiographic findings so that prompt diagnosis and treatment can be carried out.
Current Concepts in Orthopedic Management of Multiple Trauma
Authors: Kucukdurmaz Fatih , Alijanipour Pouya
Published: August 2015

Multiple trauma patients frequently present challenging clinical scenarios with musculoskeletal injuries being the most common indications for surgical procedures in these patients. Despite our substantial knowledge, a universally approved objective definition for “multiple trauma” is yet to be delineated. Several controversial aspects of economics, pathophysiology, animal models, diagnosis, management and outcome of patients with multiple trauma have recently been explored and although some progress has been made, it seems that the available evidence is still inconclusive in some occasions. This manuscript revisits several current concepts of multiple trauma that have been the focus of recent investigation. We aim to provide the reader with an updated perspective based on the most recently published literature in the field of multiple trauma.
Conjunctival TGF-B Level in Primary Augmented Trabeculectomy
Authors: Ng Guan Fook , Raihan Ishak Siti , Azhany Yaakub , Maraina Che Hussin Che , Banumathi K. Gurusamy , Liza-Sharmini Tajudin
Published: August 2015

Purpose :

To compare the levels of conjunctival transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) between glaucoma and control patients and to determine conjunctival TGF-β levels before and 3 months after augmented primary trabeculectomy.

Methods :

Patients with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) or primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) admitted for mitomycin (MMC) augmented primary trabeculectomy due to failure in achieving target pressure after maximum medical therapy were selected. Age-matched non-glaucoma patients were controls. Impression cytology of the conjunctiva was obtained twice from glaucoma patients (1 week before augmented primary trabeculectomy and 3 months after surgery) and once from controls. Conjunctival cells were tagged with an anti-TGF-β antibody and analyzed by flow cytometry.

Results :

Eighteen patients (11 POAG and 7 PACG patients) and 18 age-matched control patients were included. Conjunctival TGF-β levels were significantly different between glaucoma (35.21% ± 14.12%) and control patients (14.96% ± 6.34%) (p = 0.001). There was a significant reduction in conjunctival TGF-β levels after augmented trabeculectomy (23.0% ± 13.8%) (p < 0.001). A significantly greater reduction in conjunctival TGF-β levels (61.6% ± 17.9%) was associated with complete success of trabeculectomy at 3 months (83.3%) after surgical intervention (p = 0.029).

Conclusion :

The reduction of TGF-β on the conjunctival post primary augmented trabeculectomy may suggest TGF-β as potential predicting marker of short term trabeculectomy success. However, the result may be affected by site of impression, topical pressure lowering drugs and small sample size.
Trichoscopy Simplified
Authors: Elghblawi Ebtisam
Published: August 2015

It has been a long while since skin surfaces and skin lesions have been examined by dermoscopy. However
examining the hair and the scalp was done again recently and gained attention and slight popularity by the practical tool,
namely trichoscopy, which can be called in a simplified way as a dermoscopy of the hair and the scalp. Trichoscopy is a
great tool to examine and asses an active scalp disease and hair and other signs can be specific for some scalp and hair
diseases. These signs include yellow dots, dystrophic hairs, cadaverized (black dots), white dots and exclamation mark
hairs.

Trichoscopy magnifies hair shafts at higher resolution to enable detailed examinations with measurements that a naked eye cannot distinguish nor see.

Trichoscope is considered recently the newest frontier for the diagnosis of hair and scalp disease.

Aim of this paper. The aim of this paper is to simplify and sum up the main trichoscopic readings and findings of hair and scalp disorders that are commonly encountered at clinic dermatology settings.
Damage Evolution of Concrete Exposed to Sulfate Attack Under Drying-Wetting Cycles
Authors: Jiang Lei , Niu Ditao
Published: August 2015

The damage evolution of concrete subjected to drying-wetting cycles in different concentration of sodium sulfate
solution was investigated based on micro and macro-observations. Through the experiment, weight loss, compressive
strength loss and the damage layer thickness of concrete were measured after different drying-wetting cycles. The mechanical
properties degradation in the damage layer of concrete was also analyzed. Furthermore, the scanning electron microscopy
and X-ray diffraction were used to investigate the corrosion products of concrete, and the damage mechanism
was also investigated by the modern microanalysis techniques. The test results show that the deterioration degree of
physical properties of concrete specimens increases with increasing concentration. Weight loss of specimens caused by
sulfate attack is not obvious compared with the other evaluation index. When the damage layer thickness of concrete is
thicker as well as the ultrasonic speed is lower, indicating that the deterioration degree of concrete increases, and the compressive
strength loss in damage layer is serious. It was also found that the compressive loss of concrete is correspond
with the observations for the damage layer thickness. Additionally, the main corrosion products of concrete in sulfate solutions
subjected to drying-wetting cycles were confirmed to be ettringite and gypsum, and the quantity of corrosion
products formed is proportional to the concentration of the solution.
Rates of Diabetic Ketoacidosis: International Comparison With 49,859 Pediatric Patients With Type 1 Diabetes From England, Wales, the U.S., Austria, and Germany
Authors: Maahs David M. , Hermann Julia M. , Holman Naomi , Foster Nicole C. , Kapellen Thomas M. , Allgrove Jeremy , Schatz Desmond A. , Hofer Sabine E. , Campbell Fiona , Steigleder-Schweiger Claudia , Beck Roy W. , Warner Justin T. , Holl Reinhard W.
Published: August 2015

OBJECTIVE

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in children and adolescents with established type 1 diabetes is a major problem with considerable morbidity, mortality, and associated costs to patients, families, and health care systems. We analyzed data from three multinational type 1 diabetes registries/audits with similarly advanced, yet differing, health care systems with an aim to identify factors associated with DKA admissions.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Data from 49,859 individuals <18 years with type 1 diabetes duration ≥1 year from the Prospective Diabetes Follow-up Registry (DPV) initiative (n = 22,397, Austria and Germany), the National Paediatric Diabetes Audit (NPDA; n = 16,314, England and Wales), and the T1D Exchange (T1DX; n = 11,148, U.S.) were included. DKA was defined as ≥1 hospitalization for hyperglycemia with a pH <7.3 during the prior year. Data were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression models.

RESULTS

The frequency of DKA was 5.0% in DPV, 6.4% in NPDA, and 7.1% in T1DX, with differences persisting after demographic adjustment (P < 0.0001). In multivariable analyses, higher odds of DKA were found in females (odds ratio [OR] 1.23, 99% CI 1.10–1.37), ethnic minorities (OR 1.27, 99% CI 1.11–1.44), and HbA1c ≥7.5% (≥58 mmol/mol) (OR 2.54, 99% CI 2.09–3.09 for HbA1c from 7.5 to <9% [58 to <75 mmol/mol] and OR 8.74, 99% CI 7.18–10.63 for HbA1c ≥9.0% [≥75 mmol/mol]).

CONCLUSIONS

These multinational data demonstrate high rates of DKA in childhood type 1 diabetes across three registries/audits and five nations. Females, ethnic minorities, and HbA1c above target were all associated with an increased risk of DKA. Targeted DKA prevention programs could result in substantial health care cost reduction and reduced patient morbidity and mortality.
The diaphonic aspect of phonotactics
Authors: Bańczerowski Jerzy
Published: August 2015

The diaphonic aspect of phonotactics as a necessary counterpart of the isophonic aspect is being subjected to investigation. A ll assumptions and definitions are exemplified with P olish language material. Having recollected and relatively precisely explained phonological terms, indispensible for the subsequent inquiry, the distinction between diacrisis and diaphony is discussed, and several useful concepts such as the diaphonotacteme, diaphonic pair, diaphonic range, diaphonotactemic length etc. are introduced. N ext some fundamental phonotactological terms are defined to which, among others, the following belong: diaphonic load, diacritic range, the diatactophoneme, diaphonic dispersion, diacritic dispersion, types of diaphony and diacrisis. A lso some problems of diaphonic paradigm and diaphonic coding are considered. Finally, a phonotactological typology within the framework of comparative phnotactology of languages is postulated
Sonority effects in the production of fricative + sonorant clusters in polish
Authors: Castellví Joan , Szmidt Dorota T.
Published: August 2015

This paper presents the results of a phonetic study on the occurrence of transition elements in Polish fricative + nasal clusters. A n acoustic study was carried out using the CSL system, with simultaneous observation of the waveform, spectrograph, glottal waveform and glottal pulses. T he results reveal differences in glottal activity depending on place of articulation of the fricative and in its duration with respect to the extent of glottal vibration. Differences in the glottal activity pattern and the transition elements between the fricative and the nasal were also observed. In the fricative-nasal limit three phenomena were found: a voiceless interval, a voiced interval and the absence of any transition element. It was also observed that the occurrence and the characteristics of the transition interval depend on the place of articulation of the fricative
Duration and speed of speech events: A selection of methods
Authors: Gibbon Dafydd , Klessa Katarzyna , Bachan Jolanta
Published: August 2015

The study of speech timing, i.e. the duration and speed or tempo of speech events, has increased in importance over the past twenty years, in particular in connection with increased demands for accuracy, intelligibility and naturalness in speech technology, with applications in language teaching and testing, and with the study of speech timing patterns in language typology. H owever, the methods used in such studies are very diverse, and so far there is no accessible overview of these methods. Since the field is too broad for us to provide an exhaustive account, we have made two choices: first, to provide a framework of paradigmatic (classificatory), syntagmatic (compositional) and functional (discourse-oriented) dimensions for duration analysis; and second, to provide worked examples of a selection of methods associated primarily with these three dimensions. Some of the methods which are covered are established state-of-the-art approaches (e.g. the paradigmatic Classification and Regression Trees, CART , analysis), others are discussed in a critical light (e.g. so-called ‘rhythm metrics’). A set of syntagmatic approaches applies to the tokenisation and tree parsing of duration hierarchies, based on speech annotations, and a functional approach describes duration distributions with sociolinguistic variables. Several of the methods are supported by a new web-based software tool for analysing annotated speech data, the Time Group Analyser.
First and second language acquisition: Towards a reconcillation
Authors: Nau Nicole
Published: August 2015

For the past two decades, research on first language acquisition on the one side, and on second language acquisition and learning on the other have largely developed separately, probably as a reaction to the failure of earlier attempts to use the same methods or simply transfer insights gained in one of the fields to the other. T his article argues that a reconciliation may be fruitful, provided that different aspects which have often got blurred in the discussion are considered separately. These aspects include the assessment of multilingualism and monolingualism, the age factor and the definition of “first” and “second” language, the understanding of linguistic competence and of completeness of acquisition, different forms of acquisition and learning, and uniformity vs. individual differences in the process of language acquisition. By challenging some widely held views on characteristics of first language acquisition and its differences to second language learning, more fine-grained research questions are revealed, some of which have been addressed in recent studies on language acquisition and multilingualism
Factors influencing the pronunciation of adult speakers of a foreign language
Authors: Szalkowska-Kim Emilia
Published: August 2015

The present paper is an overview of selected investigations into acquisition of second language phonology (L2).1 It describes L2 phonology researchers’ attempts to determine the number, quantity, quality and roles of the factors which shape the pronunciation of L2 adult speakers, i.e. what is the influence of native language limitation, how the L2 phonology acquisition is governed by universal linguistic features, and whether adults use the same processes in acquiring the L2 that are used by children when they acquire their first language. This article will describe a number of longstanding phonetic and phonological projects whose aim was to discover patterns in the improvement of pronunciation in a second language (see research by Archibald, Broselow, Eckman, Flege, Hancin-Bhatt, Major and Weinberger, published in numerous compilations). It strives to explain the universal stages in the development of second language phonology. The main goal of the research is to assess the grammatical knowledge of the L2 learner, i.e. their competence in their interlanguage. The analyses show typological disproportions and universality of the strategies applied by the speakers in the target language. A few important hypotheses have been established (see below for their description), but it is important to note that most of the results verifying these hypotheses concern the acquisition of the English language, with a variable being the “input” languages of the speakers. Although this unilateral focus of the research projects reflects the expansion of the English language as the lingua franca of modern times, it might severely limit understanding of the important and interesting aspects of second language acquisition which structurally do not apply to that language, and are consequently overlooked.
The SVM Method As An Instrument For The Classification Of Vertical Displacements
Authors: Mrówczyńska Maria
Published: August 2015

The article presents the basic rules for constructing and training neural networks called the Support Vector Machine method as well as possible applications for this kind of network. SVM networks are mainly used for solving tasks of classifying linearly and non-linearly separable data and regression. However, in recent years more applications have been found for them. The networks also solve such problems as the recognition of signals and images as well as speech identification.

In this paper, non-linear SVM networks have been used for classifying linearly separable and non-separable data with a view to formulating a model of displacements of points in a measurement-control network. The points of the measurement-control network were placed on a civil engineering object located on expansive soil (linearly separable data) and represented a mining exploitation area (linearly non-separable data). The task of training SVM networks requires the use of quadratic programming in search of an optimum point of the Lagrangian function in relation to the parameters being optimised. In the case of linearly non-separable data, the SVM method makes it possible to find a hyperplane which classifies objects as correctly as possible, and at the same time is located possibly far away from concentrations typical of each class.
Determination Of Horizontal Geodetic Control Networks For Engineering Objects Using Optoelectronic Techniques
Authors: Ćmielewski Kazimierz , Kuchmister Janusz , Gołuch Piotr , Wilczyńska Izabela , Kowalski Krzysztof
Published: August 2015

The correctness of the geodetic service of an engineering object not seldom requires designing, alignment or renewing of geodetic situational control points. Building robots often cause that fixed situational control points are partly or completely inaccessible. For setting the position of these control points, there is worked out the methodology using the optoelectronic method. The prepared set of tools realizes the method’s assumptions and enables to determine the sides and control points based on the set of laser planes. In this article there is presented the innovative set of geodetic equipment for fixing horizontal control points. The presented set has been experimentally tested under laboratory conditions taking its functionality, operation range and applied accuracy into account. The measurement accuracy of the set of tools, resulting from identification of the energetic centres of laser planes’ edges, visualizing the sides of geodetic control networks, is within the range of ±0.02mm - ±0.05mm. There were also discussed exemplary versions of shapes and structures of horizontal geodetic control networks (regular and irregular), which are possible to be fixed with the use of the constructed set of tools.
Contactless Measurement Of Rectilinearity Of An Elongated Object Based On The Example A Crane Rail
Authors: Ćmielewski Kazimierz , Kuchmister Janusz , Gołuch Piotr , Bryś Henryk
Published: August 2015

The common aim of engineering surveys is to determine deviations from rectilinearity for elongated objects. We have developed a number of methods for measuring points that represent an elongated object. These are the constant straight (optical, laser, mechanical-string) method, the trigonometric method, geometric levelling method, photogrammetric methods and terrestrial laser scanning. When taking these measurements, it is crucial to have a direct access to the survey points of the measured object. Factors impeding the measurements include: adverse lighting conditions, vibration, dust, refractory effects, lack of direct access to the survey points, etc.

The authors have developed a measurement methodology and designed a measuring set for taking measurements that enable to determine the location of survey points on an elongated object.

The measurement is based on the constant straight method and the measuring set consists of the horizontal levelling staff and two laser pointers. The measuring set relies on the angular intersection (fixed angle) method. Intersection occurs when two laser beams meet. To determine the location of the survey point indicated by the mentioned laser beams, we used levelling staff readings taken with the surveying instrument that establishes the reference constant straight.

Experimental studies carried out in the laboratory and in the field helped to determine the accuracy of measurements taken with the designed measuring set (the accuracy was below ± 1 mm) and revealed that this accuracy is comparable to accuracies achieved with famous classical measurement methods.