bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
g-mode trapping and period spacings in hot B subdwarf stars
Authors: Charpinet S. , Van Grootel V. , Brassard P. , Fontaine G.
Published: February 2014

Hot B subdwarfs (sdB) are hot and compact helium core burning stars of nearly half a solar mass that can develop pulsational instabilities driving acoustic and/or gravity modes. These evolved stars are expected to be chemically stratified with an almost pure hydrogen envelope surrounding a helium mantle on top of a carbon/oxygen enriched core. However, the sdB stars pulsating in g-modes show regularities in their observed period distributions that, surprisingly (at first sight), are typical of the behavior of high order g-modes in chemically homogeneous (i.e., non-stratified) stars. This led to a claim that hot B subdwarfs could be much less chemically stratified than previously thought. Here, we reinvestigate trapping effects affecting g-modes in sdB stars. We show that standard stratified models of such stars can also produce nearly constant period spacings in the low frequency range similar to those found in g-mode spectra of sdB stars monitored with Kepler.
The diverse pulsational behaviour of β Cep stars: results from long-term monitoring
Authors: Handler G.
Published: February 2014

We studied seven β Cep stars photometrically over the past ten years. Some showed amplitude variations, some frequency changes, and others exhibited stable pulsations, with no consistent picture yet emerging. Additionally, 12 Lac appears to have a 6.7-yr binary companion.
The mean density and the surface gravity of the primary component of μ Eridani, an SPB variable in a single-lined spectroscopic and eclipsing system
Authors: Jerzykiewicz Mikołaj
Published: February 2014

Precision asteroseismology uses the observed effective temperature and luminosity or surface gravity in selecting evolutionary models for analysis. In the case of the primary component of μ Eri, an SPB variable, the surface gravity and luminosity can be derived from the parameters of the SB1 eclipsing system. We examine how the surface gravity and luminosity so derived help to select the evolutionary models suitable for asteroseismic analysis.
Revision of the [Fe/H] – φ31–Prelationship for RRc variables
Authors: Morgan Siobahn
Published: February 2014

The relationship derived by Morganet al. (2007) for type-c RR Lyrae variables (RRc) between values of [Fe/H] – φ31–Phas been revised and expanded. New relationships are based upon Fourier coefficients of 163 RRc variables in 19 Galactic globular clusters using the metallicity scales of Harris (2010), Zinn & West (1984) and Carrettaet al. (2009). This larger database includes more low-metallicity clusters ([Fe/H] < −2.0), and the best fitting relations are found to depend upon values of logPrather thanP. The new relations are applied to various populations of RRc including Milky Way field variables, LMC globular clusters variables, ω Cen RRc, and RRc in various OGLE III databases.
Variable stars in open clusters
Authors: Paunzen E. , Zejda M. , Mikulášek Z. , Liška J. , Krtička J. , Janík J. , Netopil M. , Fossati L. , Baumann B.
Published: February 2014

We present our joint efforts to study variable stars in open clusters. This includes a new catalogue, a photometric survey for new variables, and the database WEBDA. Our tools will shed more light on stellar variability in open clusters.
Global Astrophysical Telescope System – GATS
Authors: Polińska M. , Kamiński K. , Dimitrov W. , Fagas M. , Borczyk W. , Kwiatkowski T. , Baranowski R. , Bartczak P. , Schwarzenberg–Czerny A.
Published: February 2014

The Global Astronomical Telescope System is a project managed by the Astronomical Observatory Institute of Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań (Poland) and it is primarily intended for stellar medium/high resolution spectroscopy. The system will be operating as a global network of robotic telescopes. The GATS consists of two telescopes: PST 1 in Poland (near Poznań) and PST 2 in the USA (Arizona). The GATS project is also intended to cooperate with the BRITE satellites and supplement their photometry with spectroscopic observations.
The BlaSGalF database
Authors: Skarka Marek
Published: February 2014

BlaSGalF is the name of an online, regularly updated list of known RR Lyraes exhibiting the Blazhko effect. It is an acronym of Blazhko Stars of Galactic Field. The list currently contains about 270 stars. It gives basic information about positions, brightnesses, pulsation and modulation periods based on data from catalogs and more than sixty papers. Using this database we found a lack of Blazhko stars with appropriate period characteristics. We introduce the present form of the list and discuss future plans for this database.
Variable stars in the field of the young open cluster Roslund 2
Authors: Sowicka P. , Handler G. , Taubner R. , Brunner M. , Passegger V.-M. , Bauer F. , Paunzen E.
Published: February 2014

The study of variable stars in open clusters via asteroseismology is a powerful tool for the study of stellar evolution and stars in general. That is because stars in clusters can be assumed to originate from the same interstellar cloud, so they share similar properties such as age and overall metallicity. We performed a search for variable stars in the field of the young open star cluster Roslund 2, with photoelectric and CCD photometry acquired at two different telescopes. Within the resulting light curves we have found 12 variable stars. Our measurements confirm three previously known variables.
Oscillation parameters of red giants observed in the CoRoT exofield
Authors: Themessl N. , Kallinger T. , Montalbán J. , García R. A.
Published: February 2014

The high-precision data obtained by the CoRoT (Convection, Rotation and planetary Transits) space mission allows firm detections of solar-like oscillations in a great variety of different stars. We derived reliable estimates of the frequency of maximum oscillation power νmax and the large frequency separation Δν of more than 300 cool red giants, that were observed by CoRoT. A detailed study of their seismic parameters provides an exclusive view of the population of the observed giants.
Anomalously Broad Diffuse Interstellar Bands and Excited CH+ Absorption in the Spectrum of Herschel 36
Authors: York D. G. , Dahlstrom J. , Welty D. E. , Oka T. , Hobbs L. M. , Johnson S. , Friedman S. D. , Jiang Z. , Rachford B. L. , Snow T. P. , Sherman R. , Sonnentrucker P.
Published: February 2014

Anomalously broad diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs) at 5780.5, 5797.1, 6196.0, and 6613.6 Å are found in absorption along the line of sight to Herschel 36, an O star system next to the bright Hourglass nebula of the Hii region Messier 8. Excited lines of CH and CH+ are seen as well. We show that the region is very compact and itemize other anomalies of the gas. An infrared-bright star within 400 AU is noted. The combination of these effects produces anomalous DIBs, interpreted by Oka et al. (2013, see also this volume) as being caused predominantly by infrared pumping of rotational levels of relatively small molecules.
Analysis of Anomalous Diffuse Interstellar Bands in the Spectrum of Herschel 36
Authors: Oka T. , Welty D. E. , Johnson S. , York D. G. , Dahlstrom J. , Hobbs L. M.
Published: February 2014

The extraordinary DIBs observed toward Herschel 36 (Dahlstrom et al. 2013) have been analyzed (Oka et al. 2013). The analysis led us to a new way to classify the carriers of DIBs depending on whether the molecules are polar or non-polar. The pronounced Extended Tails toward Red (ETR) observed for DIBs λ5780.5, λ5797.1, and λ6613.6 are explained as due to radiative excitation of high rotational levels of polar carrier molecules in an environment with high radiative temperature ~90 K. Other DIBs (e.g., λ5849.8, λ6196.0, and λ6379.3) which do not show ETR are likely due to non-polar molecules. Model calculations taking into account the interplay of radiative and collisional effects reproduce the observed ETR using realistic molecular parameters if the radiative temperature is sufficiently high (~90 K). The calculation suggests that the carriers of DIBs with ETR are likely medium size molecules with 3 - 6 heavy atoms unless the radiative temperature is much higher.
Towards Extraction of Massive DIB Datasets from Stellar Spectroscopic Surveys
Authors: Lallement R. , Chen H.C , Puspitarini L. , Bonifacio P. , Babusiaux C. , Hill V.
Published: February 2014

Medium to high-resolution stellar spectroscopic surveys can potentially be used to build DIB databases by means of automated methods of analysis. Multiplex spectrographs increase strongly those potentialities and allow small-scale variability studies. Because measurements of the stellar parameters are generally the primary goal of the surveys, synthetic spectra can be computed and used to extract DIBs from late-type star data. Large datasets should allow deeper investigations on the DIB variability in response to stellar radiation fields, DIB reddening relationships, and help localizing interstellar clouds. Here we describe our attempts to build and test automated methods adapted to both early and late type stars.
DIBs Broadening with Increased Abundance of Vibrationally Excited H2 Molecules
Authors: Gnaciński P. , Krełowski J.
Published: February 2014

The analysis of DIB profiles was used in various attempts to discover the DIBs carriers. The broadening of the 6196 Å DIB with increasing C2 rotational temperature was reported by Kaźmierczak et al. (2009). We present the broadening of the 4763, 5780 and 6614 Å DIBs connected with higher abundance of vibrationally excited hydrogen molecule. The DIBs broadening is also correlated with increasing H2 rotational temperature on the ν=2 vibrational level. The broadening may be caused by growing population of higher rotational levels in the DIB carrier. Some DIBs, like 4964 Å, do not show any width changes with higher population of vibrationally excited H2.
Search for DIBs in Emission: MWC 922 - The Red Square Nebula
Authors: Wehres N. , Ochsendorf B. , Bally J. , Snow T , Bierbaum V. , Cox N. L. J. , Kaper L. , Tielens A. G. G. M.
Published: February 2014

This work focusses on MWC 922, the central object in the Red Square Nebula. We obtained low and medium resolution spectra of both, the central object and the surrounding nebula, using the DIS and TSpec spectrograph. The spectra show the whole spectral range between ~3 500 Å up to ~25 000 Å. The central object shows a plethora of emission lines, including many Fe II and forbidden Fe [II] lines. Here, we present the inventory of the emission lines of the central object, MWC 922. Future work will comprise the identification of the nebula emission lines by using newly obtained X-Shooter spectra. That way we want to gain further insight into the physical and chemical conditions in this environment. A comparison of the Red Square to the Red Rectangle Nebula is anticipated and will guide our search for DIBs in emission.
Laboratory Studies of Ion Chemistry in the Interstellar Medium
Authors: Bierbaum V. M.
Published: February 2014

Studies of gas phase ion-neutral reactions provide insight into many areas of astrochemistry, including the elusive characterization of the Diffuse Interstellar Bands (DIBs). This presentation gives an overview of our experimental studies of several classes of positive and negative ions, using the flowing afterglow-selected ion flow tube and a newly modified ion trap. Earlier studies of carbon chain anions and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) cations, both of which have been suggested as carriers of the DIBs, are described. More recent work including isomeric PAHs, nitrogen-containing PAHs, negative ions of PAHs, and negative ions of 5-membered heterocyclic rings are discussed. Finally, the study of quantitative thermochemistry by coupling our results with data from Photoelectron Spectroscopy is described.
Highly active Cr(iii) catalysts for the reaction of CO2 with epoxides
Authors: Elmas Sait , Subhani Muhammad A. , Harrer Marcus , Leitner Walter , Sundermeyer Jörg , Müller Thomas E.
Published: February 2014

This paper describes the synthesis and characterization of [Cr(babhq)OAcF(EtOH)] (OAcF− = CF3CO2−) as well as the application of the complex as the catalyst in the reaction of CO2 with epoxides.
Vanillin, a promising biobased building-block for monomer synthesis
Authors: Fache Maxence , Darroman Emilie , Besse Vincent , Auvergne Rémi , Caillol Sylvain , Boutevin Bernard
Published: February 2014

We report the synthesis of new aromatic biobased building-blocks from vanillin, for their promising use in polymer synthesis.
Spray-coatable ionogels based on silane-ionic liquids for low voltage, flexible, electrolyte-gated organic transistors
Authors: Thiemann S. , Sachnov S. J. , Gruber M. , Gannott F. , Spallek S. , Schweiger M. , Krückel J. , Kaschta J. , Spiecker E. , Wasserscheid P. , Zaumseil J.
Published: February 2014

A new type of silane-based ionogel is demonstrated that can be used in low-voltage electrolyte-gated polymer field-effect transistors.
Structural diversity of lamellar zeolite Nu-6(1)—postsynthesis of delaminated analogues
Authors: Xu Hao , Jia Lili , Wu Haihong , Yang Boting , Wu Peng
Published: February 2014

Interlayer deconstruction and reconstruction took place alternately when treating Nu-6(1) zeolite, the lamellar precursor of NSI topology, with HCl–EtOH solution.
Highly enantioselective Michael addition of diethyl malonate to chalcones catalyzed by cinchona alkaloids-derivatived bifunctional tertiary amine-thioureas bearing multiple hydrogen-bonding donors
Authors: Liu Yulong , Wang Xie , Wang Xiaoyun , He Wei
Published: February 2014

Both enantiomers of diethyl 2-(3-oxo-1,3-arylpropyl)malonate are easily prepared by a highly enantioselective Michael addition of diethyl malonate with chalcones catalyzed bycinchonaalkaloids-derivatived organocatalysts.
Copper-catalyzed benzylic C(sp3)–H alkoxylation of heterocyclic compounds
Authors: Takemura Noriaki , Kuninobu Yoichiro , Kanai Motomu
Published: February 2014

Intra- and intermolecular C(sp3)–H alkoxylation on a gram scale.
Rapid-flux-solvent-atmosphere method for tailoring the morphology of titania substrates over a large area via direct self-assembly of block copolymers
Authors: Chieffi Gianpaolo , Di Girolamo Rocco , Aronne Antonio , Pernice Pasquale , Fanelli Esther , Lazzari Massimo , De Rosa Claudio , Auriemma Finizia
Published: February 2014

A fast method for the preparation of block-copolymer-based hybrid composite nanostructures and titania substrates well oriented over a large area, is illustrated.
A low ion-transfer resistance and high volumetric supercapacitor using hydrophilic surface modified carbon electrodes
Authors: Yoo Heejoun , Min Misook , Bak Sora , Yoon Yeoheung , Lee Hyoyoung
Published: February 2014

A hydrophilic surface modified carbon electrode shows a good electrolyte affinity to give a high volumetric capacitor with low ion-transfer resistance.
Phenothiazine-based benzoxazole derivates exhibiting mechanochromic luminescence: the effect of a bromine atom
Authors: Xue Pengchong , Yao Boqi , Sun Jiabao , Xu Qiuxia , Chen Peng , Zhang Zhenqi , Lu Ran
Published: February 2014

The mechanochromism of two phenothiazine-based benzoxazole derivates (PVB and BPVB) was compared. The ground film of PVB without bromine atoms can self-cure within 15 min at room temperature, while the ground film for BPVB showed no changes for at least 2 weeks.
Photovoltaic performance enhancement of P3HT/PCBM solar cells driven by incorporation of conjugated liquid crystalline rod-coil block copolymers
Authors: Yuan Kai , Chen Lie , Chen Yiwang
Published: February 2014

Liquid crystalline rod-coil block copolymer compatibilizers are applied in polymer solar cells for modifying the interface between P3HT and PCBM.
The increase in BIK expression following ERK1/2 pathway inhibition is a consequence of G1 cell-cycle arrest and not a direct effect on BIK protein stability
Authors: Sale Matthew J. , Cook Simon J.
Published: February 2014

BIK (BCL2-interacting killer) is a pro-apoptotic BH3 (BCL2 homology domain 3)-only protein and a member of the BCL2 protein family. It was proposed recently that BIK abundance is controlled by ERK1/2 (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2)-catalysed phosphorylation, which targets the protein for proteasome-dependent destruction. In the present study, we examined ERK1/2-dependent regulation of BIK, drawing comparisons with BIMEL (BCL2-interacting mediator of cell death; extra long), a well-known target of ERK1/2. In many ERK1/2-dependent tumour cell lines, inhibition of BRAFV600E (v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homologue B1, V600E mutation) or MEK1/2 (mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK kinase 1/2) had very little effect on BIK expression, whereas BIMEL was strongly up-regulated. In some cell lines we observed a modest increase in BIK expression; however, this was not apparent until ~16 h or later, whereas BIMEL expression increased rapidly within a few hours. Although BIK was degraded by the proteasome, we found no evidence that this was regulated by ERK1/2 signalling. Rather, the delayed increase in BIK expression was prevented by actinomycin D, and was accompanied by increases in BIK mRNA. Finally, the delayed increase in BIK expression following ERK1/2 inhibition was phenocopied by a highly selective CDK4/6 (cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6) inhibitor, which caused a strong G1 cell-cycle arrest without inhibiting ERK1/2 signalling. In contrast, BIMEL expression was induced by ERK1/2 inhibition, but not by CDK4/6 inhibition. We conclude that BIK expression is not subject to direct regulation by the ERK1/2 pathway; rather, we propose that BIK expression is cell-cycle-dependent and increases as a consequence of the G1 cell-cycle arrest which results from inhibition of ERK1/2 signalling.
Hybrid micro‐grid operation characterisation based on stability and adherence to grid codes
Authors: Syed Mazheruddin Hussain , Zeineldin Hatem Hussein , El Moursi Mohamed Shawky
Published: February 2014

Hybrid micro‐grids are one of the most viable solutions to the present day problem of integration of renewable energy into existing power systems. With various options available for implementation of hybrid micro‐grids, the stability of such systems has to be ensured before they can be implemented. Further, conventional micro‐grid operational studies do not take into consideration the constraints set by the grid codes. This study analyses three types of interconnections, possible for implementation of hybrid micro‐grids, taking into consideration the transient stability and grid code constraints. The hybrid micro‐grid considered comprises a synchronous diesel generator and an inverter‐based distributed generation. The results and analysis are conducted by time‐domain simulations using MATLAB/Simulink software. The results provide the actual operational limits of possible micro‐grid interconnections under the set of given constraints.
Matching an H– beam into a radio frequency quadrupole at Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
Authors: Gabor C. , Back J. J. , Faircloth D. C. , Lawrie S. R. , Letchford A. P.
Published: February 2014

A major component of work being carried out to upgrade the ISIS spallation neutron source at Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL) is the Front End Test Stand (FETS). FETS is aimed at improving the luminosity of the linac, and consists of a Penning ion source, Low Energy Beam Transport (LEBT), Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ), and Medium Energy Beam Transport (MEBT). It may serve as a first part of the accelerator chain providing a 60 mA, 3 MeV H– beam up to a 10% duty cycle. The current output of the source and the transmission of the LEBT are reasonable, but there are issues with the alignment to provide a centred beam matched into the acceptance of the RFQ. Improvements have been made to the post acceleration to address this problem. Measurements with a collimated beam have been performed to understand the behaviour of the solenoids and steerer magnets. Comparing these results with simulations proved that, besides possible mechanical imperfections of the ion source and post acceleration assembly, agreement can only be achieved if the magnetic fields are distorted.
Hirota equations associated with simply laced affine Lie algebras: The cuspidal class E6 of ${\mathfrak {e}}_6^{(1)}$e6(1)
Authors: Dodd R. K.
Published: February 2014

In this paper we derive Hirota equations associated with the simply laced affine Lie algebras ${\mathfrak {g}}^{(1)}$g(1), where ${\mathfrak {g}}$g is one of the simply laced complex Lie algebras ${\mathfrak {a}}_n, {\mathfrak {d}}_n, {\mathfrak {e}}_6, {\mathfrak {e}}_7$an,dn,e6,e7 or ${\mathfrak {e}}_8$e8, defined by finite order automorphisms of ${\mathfrak {g}}$g which we call Lepowsky automorphisms. In particular, we investigate the Hirota equations for Lepowsky automorphisms of ${\mathfrak {e}}_6$e6 defined by the cuspidal class E6 of the Weyl group W(E6) of ${\mathfrak {e}}_6$e6. We also investigate the relationship between the Lepowsky automorphisms of the simply laced complex Lie algebras ${\mathfrak {g}}$g and the conjugate canonical automorphisms defined by Kac. This analysis is applied to identify the canonical automorphisms for the cuspidal class E6 of ${\mathfrak {e}}_6$e6.
Anisotropic hot deformed magnets prepared from Zn-coated MRE-Fe-B ribbon powder (MRE = Nd + Y + Dy)
Authors: Tang W. , Zhou L. , Sun K. W. , Dennis K. W. , Kramer M. J. , Anderson I. E. , McCallum R. W.
Published: February 2014

Milled melt-spun ribbon flake of MRE-Fe-B coated with Zn coating using a vapor transport technique was found to have significant increase in coercivity without degrading the magnetization when the Zn thickness and heat treatment were optimized. Magnetic measurements show that 0.5–1 wt. % Zn coating increases the coercivity about 1 kOe over the initial ribbon powder. After vacuum hot deformation (VHD), the VHD magnet with Zn coating of 0.5 wt. % results in a nearly 3 kOe higher coercivity than an un-coated alloy magnet. An optimized VHD magnet with 0.5 wt. % Zn coating obtains a coercivity of 11.2 kOe and (BH)max of 23.0 MGOe, respectively. SEM and TEM microstructures analysis demonstrates that the Zn coating on the surface of ribbon powder has diffused along the intergranular boundaries after the ribbon powder was annealed at 750 °C for 30 min or was hot deformed at 700–750 °C.
Alloying Buffer Layers in Colloidal CdSe/ZnS Core/Shell Nanocrystals
Authors: Zhang Huichao , Ye Yonghong , Yang Boping , Shen Li , Cui Yiping , Zhang Jiayu
Published: February 2014

When a ZnS shell is coated onto a CdSe core, some non-radiative defects are formed with the relaxation of the strain induced by the large lattice mismatch between CdSe and ZnS even though there are Zn0.5Cd0.5Se or ZnSe buffer layers, as indicated by the decrease of photoluminescent (PL) quantum yield and the reverse evolution of temperature-dependent time-resolved PL decay. X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis reveals that these defects are induced by the formation of an interfacial alloy during the epitaxy process. These defects could be significantly suppressed if the ZnxCd1–xSeyS1–y alloy buffer layer is artificially introduced.
Spring barley shows dynamic compensatory root and shoot growth responses when exposed to localised soil compaction and fertilisation
Authors: Pfeifer Johannes , Faget Marc , Walter Achim , Blossfeld Stephan , Fiorani Fabio , Schurr Ulrich , Nagel Kerstin A.
Published: February 2014

The impact of heterogeneous soil compaction in combination with nutrient availability on root system architecture and root growth dynamics has scarcely been investigated. We quantified changes of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) root and shoot growth during the first 3 weeks of growth in a controlled-environment chamber. Vertically divided split-root rhizotrons were filled either uniformly with loose or compacted peat, or heterogeneously with loose peat in one compartment and compacted peat in the other. We investigated the following questions. (a) Can growth processes affected by soil compaction be mimicked in our system? (b) Do plants show compensatory growth effects when exposed to heterogeneous soil compaction? (c) Does localised fertiliser application affect root systems’ responses to compaction? We observed compensatory effects regarding root system architecture and root growth dynamics due to vertically heterogeneous soil compaction. Roots grew deeper and lateral roots emerged earlier in the loose compartment of the split-root treatment compared with uniform treatments. When fertiliser was applied only via the compacted compartment in the split-root treatment, more lateral roots were initiated in the compacted compartment and lateral root formation started a few days earlier than in the uniform treatments. Consequently, the first days after exposure to heterogeneous soil conditions are critical for the analysis of underlying physiological responses.
Elective single versus double embryo transfer: live birth outcome and patient acceptance in a prospective randomised trial
Authors: Prados Nicolás , Quiroga Rocío , Caligara Cinzia , Ruiz Myriam , Blasco Víctor , Pellicer Antonio , Fernández-Sánchez Manuel
Published: February 2014

The purpose of this study was to determine which strategy of embryo transfer has a better trade-off in live birth delivery rate versus multiple pregnancy considering patient acceptance: elective single embryo transfer (eSET) or elective double embryo transfer (eDET). In all, 199 women <38 years of age undergoing their first IVF treatment in a private centre were included in a prospective open-label randomised controlled trial. Patients were randomised into four groups: (1) eSET on Day 3; (2) eSET on Day 5; (3) eDET on Day 3; and (4) eDET on Day 5. Per patient, main analysis included acceptance of assigned group, as well as multiple and live birth delivery rates of the fresh cycle. Secondary analysis included the rates of subsequent cryotransfers and the theoretical cumulative success rate. Of 98 patients selected for eSET, 40% refused and preferred eDET. The live birth delivery rate after eDET was significantly higher after eDET versus eSET (65% vs 42%, respectively; odds ratio = 1.6, 95% confidence interval 1.1–2.1). No multiple births were observed after eSET, compared with 35% after eDET. Although live birth delivery is higher with eDET, the increased risk of multiple births is avoided with eSET. Nearly half the patients refused eSET even after having been well informed about its benefits.
‘Don’t even [θ/f/h]ink aboot it’
Authors: Lawson Robert
Published: February 2014

As a relatively new phenomenon in the phonology of Scottish English, TH-fronting has surprised sociolinguists by its rapid spread in the urban heartlands of Scotland. While attempts have been made to understand and model the influence of lexical effects, media effects and frequency effects, far less understood is the role of social identity. Using data collected as part of an ethnographic study of a high school in the south side of Glasgow, Scotland, this article addresses this gap in the literature by considering how TH-fronting is patterned across three all-male, working-class, adolescent Communities of Practice, and how this innovative variant is integrated within a system of the more established variants [θ] and [h]. Drawing on recent work on linguistic variation and social meaning, the article also explores some of the social meanings of (θ), particularly those variants which previous research has reported as being associated with ‘toughness’, and suggests how these meanings are utilised in speakers’ construction of social identity.
What is global education and where is it taking us?
Authors: Standish Alex
Published: February 2014

Global education began as a movement to reform education and society in the 1960s and 1970s, through the work of educationalists, NGOs and also intergovernmental organisations. The global approach seeks to break with a curriculum that is grounded in subject knowledge and national culture. Instead, it seeks to explore alternative rationales for education and alternate futures. A second wave of global or international education occurred from the 1990s alongside discussion of globalisation, which brought the movement into mainstream education. One of the characteristics of global/international education is its ambiguity. It seeks to break with the past curriculum, but it is not always clear what will take its place. For some, preparing young people for the global market is foremost, while others aim to facilitate the child%s sense of himself or herself as a personal being. What is common to both is a desire to challenge the boundaries that previously gave meaning to education (especially theoretical knowledge and culture) and a search for meaning and opportunity in the projection of power beyond national boundaries. We conclude by questioning whether children are adequately prepared to act as global citizens without an education based on academic knowledge and an ethical framework that is culturally grounded.
A new military history of the Italian Risorgimento and Anti-Risorgimento: the case of ‘transnational soldiers’
Authors: Göhde Ferdinand Nicolas
Published: February 2014

The article discusses new studies of foreign soldiers in the Italian armed groups of the (Anti-)Risorgimento against the background of recent scholarship on ‘transnational soldiers’, which acknowledges the complexities of foreigners' initial motives for enlistment and of the transnational processes inside the single armies. The article suggests that from the mundane structures of military life to the perceptions of the rank-and-file, many aspects of the soldiering experience in the multinational armed groups on all sides of the Risorgimento actually advanced rather than obviated national boundaries. This paper further demonstrates that the military cultures of the nationalists and the anti-unity forces were much more porous and mutually constitutive than is often recognised. The histories of the ‘transnational soldiers’ in the armed groups of the Risorgimento and Anti-Risorgimento are crucial for a possibly new, comparative history of the armed groups of the (Anti-)Risorigmento. This paper explores approaches of the culturally revived ‘new military history’ and suggests that it provides much still unrealised potential for Risorgimento historiography.
Spatio-temporal associations of albacore CPUEs in the Northeastern Pacific with regional SST and climate environmental variables
Authors: Phillips A. Jason , Ciannelli Lorenzo , Brodeur Richard D. , Pearcy William G. , Childers John
Published: February 2014

This study investigated the spatial distribution of juvenile North Pacific albacore (Thunnus alalunga) in relation to local environmental variability [i.e. sea surface temperature (SST)], and two large-scale indices of climate variability, [the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and the Multivariate El Niño/Southern Oscillation Index (MEI)]. Changes in local and climate variables were correlated with 48 years of albacore troll catch per unit effort (CPUE) in 1° latitude/longitude cells, using threshold Generalized Additive Mixed Models (tGAMMs). Model terms were included to account for non-stationary and spatially variable effects of the intervening covariates on albacore CPUE. Results indicate that SST had a positive and spatially variable effect on albacore CPUE, with increasingly positive effects to the North, while PDO had an overall negative effect. Although albacore CPUE increased with SST both before and after a threshold year of 1986, such effect geographically shifted north after 1986. This is the first study to demonstrate the non-stationary spatial dynamics of albacore tuna, linked with a major shift of the North Pacific. Results imply that if ocean temperatures continue to increase, US west coast fisher communities reliant on commercial albacore fisheries are likely to be negatively affected in the southern areas but positively affected in the northern areas, where current albacore landings are highest.
Viewing the “rush to the poles” through phase analysis
Authors: Kong Defang , Xiang Nanbin , Pan Genmei
Published: February 2014

At mid and low heliographic latitudes, filament activity shifts equatorward starting from the beginning of the solar cycle. At high latitudes, it migrates poleward. Solar filaments exhibit the “rush to the poles” close to solar maximum, when the solar polar magnetic field reverses polarity. In order to better understand the behavior of the “rush to the poles,” we used cross-correlation analysis and wavelet transform methods for investigating the periodic characteristics and the phase relationship between two groups of the solar filaments at high latitudes observed during the period from 1919 March to 1989 December. The length of the solar cycle derived from the continuous wavelet transform is a function of latitude, but still shows a significant 11-yr cycle. The most significant periods of the solar filaments, respectively at higher latitudes than 50° and 60°, are 10.77 and 10.62 yr, using the wavelet transform method. From the cross-correlation analysis, the solar filaments at higher latitudes than 50° have a lead of six months with respect to those at higher latitudes than 60°. Different solar cycles exhibited different phase relationships between the two groups of solar filaments. The analysis of the cross-wavelet transform also indicates that the solar filaments at higher latitudes than 50° lead those at higher latitudes than 60° in the entire time interval. The relationship between the phase difference of the two groups of solar filaments and the intensity of solar activity is also discussed. What is more, the poleward shifting speeds are estimated.
Populus trichocarpa and Populus deltoides Exhibit Different Metabolomic Responses to Colonization by the Symbiotic Fungus Laccaria bicolor
Authors: Tschaplinski Timothy J. , Plett Jonathan M. , Engle Nancy L. , Deveau Aurelie , Cushman Katherine C. , Martin Madhavi Z. , Doktycz Mitchel J. , Tuskan Gerald A. , Brun Annick , Kohler Annegret , Martin Francis
Published: February 2014

Within boreal and temperate forest ecosystems, the majority of trees and shrubs form beneficial relationships with mutualistic ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi that support plant health through increased access to nutrients as well as aiding in stress and pest tolerance. The intimate interaction between fungal hyphae and plant roots results in a new symbiotic “organ” called the ECM root tip. Little is understood concerning the metabolic reprogramming that favors the formation of this hybrid tissue in compatible interactions and what prevents the formation of ECM root tips in incompatible interactions. We show here that the metabolic changes during favorable colonization between the ECM fungus Laccaria bicolor and its compatible host, Populus trichocarpa, are characterized by shifts in aromatic acid, organic acid, and fatty acid metabolism. We demonstrate that this extensive metabolic reprogramming is repressed in incompatible interactions and that more defensive compounds are produced or retained. We also demonstrate that L. bicolor can metabolize a number of secreted defensive compounds and that the degradation of some of these compounds produces immune response metabolites (e.g., salicylic acid from salicin). Therefore, our results suggest that the metabolic responsiveness of plant roots to L. bicolor is a determinant factor in fungus–host interactions.
Highly Sensitive End-Point PCR and SYBR Green qPCR Detection of Phymatotrichopsis omnivora, Causal Fungus of Cotton Root Rot
Authors: Arif M. , Dobhal S. , Garrido P. A. , Orquera G. K. , Espíndola A. S. , Young C. A. , Ochoa-Corona F. M. , Marek S. M. , Garzón C. D.
Published: February 2014

Phymatotrichopsis omnivora, the causal pathogen of cotton root rot, is a devastating ascomycete that affects numerous important dicotyledonous plants grown in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. P. omnivora is notoriously difficult to isolate from infected plants; therefore methods for accurate and sensitive detection directly from symptomatic and asymptomatic plant samples are needed for disease diagnostics and pathogen identification. Primers were designed for P. omnivora based on consensus sequences of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of geographically representative isolates. Primers were compared against published P. omnivora sequences and validated against DNA from P. omnivora isolates and infected plant samples. The primer combinations amplified products from a range of P. omnivora isolates representative of known ITS haplotypes using standard end-point polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methodology. The assays detected P. omnivora from infected root samples of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa). Healthy plants and other relevant root pathogens did not produce PCR products with the P. omnivora–specific primers. Primer pair PO2F/PO2R was the most sensitive in end-point PCR assays and is recommended for use for pathogen identification from mycelial tissue and infected plant materials when quantitative PCR (qPCR) is not available. Primer pair PO3F/PO2R was highly sensitive (1 fg) when used in SYBR Green qPCR assays and is recommended for screening of plant materials potentially infected by P. omnivora or samples with suboptimal DNA quality. The described PCR-based detection methods will be useful for rapid and sensitive screening of infected plants in diagnostic laboratories, plant health inspections, and plant breeding programs.
First Report of Corynespora Leaf Spot Caused by Corynespora cassiicola on Gynura in China
Authors: Li B. J. , Chuan J. X. , Yang M. , Du G. F.
Published: February 2014

Gynura (Gynura bicolor DC.) is a perennial herbaceous plant in the family Compositae. It is an important Chinese vegetable, and is commonly used as a Chinese herbal medicine. In 2010, a severe leaf spot disease was observed on gynura grown in the main production areas in Tong Nan County, Chongqing City, China. Some farms experienced 60% disease incidence. Symptoms usually began on the lower leaves, as circular to elliptical or irregular spots with concentric rings. Individual spots were dark brown with grayish centers, sometimes coalescing and leading to extensive necrosis. The fungus associated with lesions was characterized as follows: Conidiophores were single or in clusters, straight or flexuous, unbranched, percurrent, cylindrical, pale to dark brown, 87.5 to 375.0 μm long and 5.0 to 10.5 μm wide. Conidia were solitary or catenate, straight to slightly curved, obclavate to cylindrical, 3 to 14 pseudoseptate, 82.8 to 237.5 μm long and 7.0 to 7.8 μm wide, and pale brown. The morphological characteristics of the conidia and conidiophores agreed with the descriptions for Corynespora cassiicola (1). To isolate the causal pathogen, surface-sterilized tissue at the margin of lesions was immersed in 75% ethanol for 30 s, rinsed in sterile water, dried in a laminar flow bench, transferred to PDA, and incubated at 28°C. Four single-spore cultures of the isolates were obtained and named from ZBTK10110637 to ZBTK10110640. All strains were identified as C. cassiicola. The isolate ZBTK10110637 was selected as representative for molecular identification. Genomic DNA was extracted by CTAB (2). The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the rDNA was amplified using primers with ITS1 (5′-TCCGATGGTGAACCTGCGG-3′) and ITS4 (5′-TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-3′). Amplicons were 433 bp (GenBank Accession No. JX867272) and shared 100% similarity with that of C. cassiicola (NRC2-1 No. AB539285.1). To confirm pathogenicity, four isolates were used to inoculate 12 gynura plants (6 weeks old) by mist spray-inoculation with 108 spores/ml suspension in sterile distilled water on the leaves. Control plants were misted with sterile distilled water. After inoculation, all plants were incubated in a greenhouse maintained at 20 to 28°C with relative humidity of 80 to 85%. Five days after inoculation, dark brown spots with a grayish center typical of field symptoms were observed on all inoculated plants. No symptoms were seen on water-treated control plants. The fungus was re-isolated from inoculated plants. The morphological characteristics of isolates were identical with the pathogen recovered originally. This is the first report of C. cassiicola on gynura.

References: (1) M. B. Ellis. CMI Mycological Papers 65(9):1-15, 1957. (2) T. J. White et al. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1990.
Reducing pesticide risks to farming communities: cotton farmer field schools in Mali
Authors: Settle William , Soumaré Mohamed , Sarr Makhfousse , Garba Mohamed Hama , Poisot Anne-Sophie
Published: February 2014

We provide results from a study of two separate sectors within the cotton-growing region of southern Mali. In one sector, farmers have engaged in a farmer field school (FFS) training programme since 2003—the other not. One goal of the training was the adoption of alternatives to the use of hazardous insecticides, through integrated pest management (IPM) methods. Over an 8-year period, analysis showed that with roughly 20% of the 4324 cotton-growing farm households having undergone training, hazardous insecticide use for the entire sector fell by 92.5% compared with earlier figures and with the second (control) sector. Yields for cotton in both sectors were highly variable over time, but no evidence was found for changes in yield owing to shifts in pest management practices. Evidence is presented for a likely diffusion of new practices having taken place, from FFS participants to non-participants. We discuss strengths and weaknesses of the FFS approach, in general, and highlight the need for improved baseline survey and impact analyses to be integrated into FFS projects.
Paenibacillus
shirakamiensis sp. nov., isolated from the trunk surface of a Japanese oak (Quercus crispula)
Authors: Tonouchi Akio , Tazawa Daisuke , Fujita Takashi
Published: February 2014

A novel bacterial strain designated P-1T was isolated from the trunk surface of a Japanese oak (Quercus crispula) growing in the Shirakami Mountains in Japan. Cells of strain P-1T were Gram-stain-negative, ellipsoidal endospore-forming, aerobic, slightly acidophilic rods, 0.8×2–5 µm, and motile by means of peritrichous flagella. Various carbohydrates could be used as growth substrates, but none of the organic acids tested were used. The major cellular fatty acid was anteiso-C15 : 0, which accounted for 64.2 % of the total fatty acids. The major respiratory quinone was menaquinone 7 (MK-7). Strain P-1T contained phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine, four unidentified aminolipids, an unidentified phospholipid and two unidentified polar lipids. Strain P-1T shared the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with

Paenibacillus pini

S22T (96.6 %), followed by

Paenibacillus chibensis

JCM 9905T (96.1 %) and

Paenibacillus anaericanus

MH21T (95.9 %). The DNA G+C content was 43.9 mol%. These data indicate that strain P-1T represents a novel species within the genus

Paenibacillus

, for which we propose the name Paenibacillus shirakamiensis sp. nov. The type strain is P-1T (NBRC 109471T = DSM 26806T = KCTC 33126T = CIP 110571T).
Cohnella
rhizosphaerae sp. nov., isolated from the rhizosphere environment of Zea mays
Authors: Kämpfer Peter , Glaeser Stefanie P. , McInroy John A. , Busse Hans-Jürgen
Published: February 2014

A Gram-staining-positive, aerobic, non-endospore forming organism, isolated as a seed endophyte (colonizing the internal healthy tissue of plant seed) of sweet corn (Zea mays), strain CSE-5610T, was studied for its taxonomic allocation. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons, strain CSE-5610T was grouped into the genus

Cohnella

, most closely related to

Cohnella ginsengisoli

GR21-5T (98.1 %) and ‘Cohnella plantaginis’ YN-83 (97.5 %). The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to other members of the genus

Cohnella

was <96.6 %. DNA–DNA hybridization of strain CSE-5610T with

C. ginsengisoli

DSM 18997T and ‘C. plantaginis’ DSM 25424 was 58 % (reciprocal 24 %) and 30 % (reciprocal 27 %), respectively. The fatty acid profile from whole cell hydrolysates supported the allocation of the strain to the genus

Cohnella

; iso- and anteiso-branched fatty acids were found as major compounds. meso-Diaminopimelic acid was identified as the cell-wall diamino acid. The quinone system consisted predominantly of menaquinone MK-7. The polar lipid profile was composed of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, two aminophospholipids, a phospholipid and minor amounts of two polar lipids. In the polyamine pattern, spermidine was the major polyamine. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 60 mol%. In addition, the results of physiological and biochemical tests also allowed phenotypic differentiation of strain CSE-5610T from the two closely related strains. Hence, CSE-5610T represents a novel species of the genus

Cohnella

, for which we propose the name Cohnella rhizosphaerae sp. nov., with CSE-5610T ( = LMG 28080T = CIP 110695T) as the type strain.
Singapore grouper iridovirus-encoded semaphorin homologue (SGIV-sema) contributes to viral replication, cytoskeleton reorganization and inhibition of cellular immune responses
Authors: Yan Yang , Cui Huachun , Guo Chuanyu , Wei Jingguang , Huang Youhua , Li Lili , Qin Qiwei
Published: February 2014

Semaphorins are a large, phylogenetically conserved family of proteins that are involved in a wide range of biological processes including axonal steering, organogenesis, neoplastic transformation, as well as immune responses. In this study, a novel semaphorin homologue gene belonging to the Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV), ORF155R (termedSGIV-sema), was cloned and characterized. The coding region ofSGIV-semais 1728 bp in length, encoding a predicted protein with 575 aa. SGIV-sema contains a ~370 aa N-terminal Sema domain, a conserved plexin-semaphorin-integrin (PSI) domain, and an immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domain near the C terminus. SGIV-sema is an early gene product during viral infection and predominantly distributed in the cytoplasm with a speckled and clubbed pattern of appearance. Functionally, SGIV-sema could promote viral replication during SGIV infectionin vitro, with no effect on the proliferation of host cells. Intriguingly, ectopically expressed SGIV-sema could alter the cytoskeletal structure of fish cells, characterized by a circumferential ring of microtubules near the nucleus and a disrupted microfilament organization. Furthermore, SGIV-sema was able to attenuate the cellular immune response, as demonstrated by decreased expression of inflammation/immune-related genes such as IL-8, IL-15, TNF-α and mediator of IRF3 activation (MITA), in SGIV-sema-expressing cells before and after SGIV infection. Ultimately, our study identified a novel, functional SGIV gene that could regulate cytoskeletal structure, immune responses and facilitate viral replication.