bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Human Functioning and Social Justice
Authors: NUSSBAUM MARTHA C.
Published: March 2007

It will be seen how in place of the wealth and poverty of political economy come the rich human being and rich human need. The rich human being is simultaneously the human being in need of totality of human life-activities — the man in whom his own realization exists as an inner necessity, as need.

Marx, Economic and

Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844

Svetaketu abstained from food for fifteen days. Then he came to his father and said, `What shall I say?' The father said: `Repeat the Rik, Yagus, and Saman verses.' He replied, `They do not occur to me, Sir.' The father said to him... `Go and eat! Then wilt thou understand me.' Then Svetaketu ate, and afterwards approached his father. And whatever his father asked him, he knew it all by heart.... After that, he understood what his father meant when he said: `Mind, my son, comes from food, breath from water, speech from fire.' He understood what he said, yea, he understood it.

Chandogya-Upanishad, VI Prapathaka, 7 Kanda

When you love a man you want him to live and when you hate him you want him to die. If, having wanted him to live, you then want him to die, this is a misguided judgment. `If you did not do so for the sake of riches, you must have done so for the sake of novelty.'

Confucius, Analects, Book 12. 10
More Truth than Fact
Authors: DISCH LISA J.
Published: March 2007

My assumption is that thought itself arises out of incidents of living experience and must remain bound to them as the only guideposts by which to take its bearings.

Hannah Arendt
Sexual Performance as Political Performance in the Lettre À M. D'Alembert Sur Les Spectacles
Authors: WINGROVE ELIZABETH
Published: March 2007

Since everything which enters into the human understanding comes there through the senses, man's first reason is a reason of the senses; this sensual reason serves as the basis of intellectual reason. Our first masters of philosophy are our feet, our hands, our eyes.

Emile, 125
Learning about AIDS and HIV Transmission in College-Age Students
Authors: Stiff James , McCormack Mary , Zook Eric , Stein Terry , Henry Rebecca
Published: March 2007

Byrne's (1977) model of emotional reactions to sexual stimuli and Herek's (1988) conceptualization of attitudes toward gay men and lesbians provided the framework for studying the effects of such attitudes on adolescent learning about acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission. A pretest-posttest control-group design was used to test several hypotheses concerning the effectiveness of an educational presentation and the influence of extreme attitudes toward gay men and lesbians on learning and retention of information. Findings indicated that the educational presentation produced significant increases in knowledge about AIDS and HIV transmission. Further analyses indicated there was very little forgetting of this information. Consistent with our hypotheses, students with extreme positive attitudes toward gay men and lesbians learned more about AIDS than those with extreme negative attitudes. Practical and theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.
Cognitive Responses to AIDS Information
Authors: Flora June A. , Maibach Edward W.
Published: March 2007

In a within-subjects design (n = 30), a sampling of rational and emotional public service announcements related to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) was tested for memorability. Subjects' cognitive involvement with the issue of AIDS was measured with a four-item scale (alpha = .86). Analysis of variance indicated a significant main effect of appeal (p < .05), emotional messages being more memorable, and a significant Appeal x Involvement interaction (p <.05). Subjects with low involvement remembered emotional messages better than they remembered rational messages. However, highly involved subjects exhibited no appeal-related memory differences. Emotional messages were also significantly more effective in stimulating a desire to learn more about AIDS (p < .01). These results extend and lend partial support to the elaboration likelihood model and illustrate the importance of issue involvement as a audience segmentation characteristic.
VISUAL BIASES IN TELEVISION CAMPAIGN COVERAGE
Authors: KEPPLINGER HANS MATHIAS
Published: March 2007

Based on the results of an interrogation of cameramen who were considered experts for the application of camera techniques, a content analysis of camera positions in presenting the two candidates for the office of the Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany in the 1976 election was carried out. In addition, all verbal statements by journalists on positive and negative reactions of the public toward the two candidates as well as the optical display of positive and negative reactions were analyzed. Visual biases could be found evaluating the application of camera techniques by judgments of cameramen and confronting verbal and visual contents of television campaign coverage.
ISSUES AND IMAGES
Authors: McLEOD JACK M. , GLYNN CARROLL J. , McDONALD DANIEL G.
Published: March 2007

The research question examined is whether reliance on television makes a difference in the way people make voting decisions. Considerable support was shown for the hypothesis that television reliant voters use candidate image characteristics in making their voting choices more than do the newspaper reliant. Little support was given to a second hypothesis that the perceptions of candidates' stands on issues will play a stronger role among the newspaper reliant. The generally strong image findings did not obtain for the judgments of the third candidate, John Anderson, nor among the voters deciding early in the campaign. Possible reasons for these exceptions are discussed. It is also shown that the media reliance image findings were not replicated by differences in the relative use of public affairs content in the two media, thus indicating the need for research attention to the meaning of television and newspaper reliance.
THE STRUGGLE FOR THE AGENDA
Authors: ASP KENT
Published: March 2007

Recent studies of American elections have shown that, to a significant extent, the mass media set the agenda for the election campaigns. The priorities of the news media become the priorities of the voters. But the priorities of the voters may be based on sources other than the news media. The aim of this report is to study the role of the mass media in the agenda setting process by examining one of the factors that may be important to both the priorities of the news media and those of the voters—the political parties. The correspondence between the agendas of the parties, the news media, and the voters is calculated with the aid of a new measure—the matching index. The result indicates that the news media are more powerful as agenda setters for the voters than are the parties. It appears that the large differences that exist at the party level are evened out on their way down to the level of the voters through the mediation of the mass media.
THE MASS MEDIA, POLITICAL ATTITUDES, AND BEHAVIOR
Authors: ST. GEORGE ARTHUR , ROBINSON-WEBER SANDRA
Published: March 2007

The primary concern of this study is the effect f mass media on behavioral and attitudinal patterns of the general public. Specifically, the study focuses on the effects of media on political behavior and attitudes. Previous research indicates that it is difficult to distinguish these effects from other factors such as social class. In a 1966 study of the effects of the media on the political attitudes and behavior of southern blacks, Matthews and Prothro found that exposure to the media favorably affected political participation, interest, information, efficacy, and attitudes toward change. In 1975, Strouse reanalyzed their data—this time using multivariate techniques—and found that their conclusions were sound and not due to lack of proper statistical controls. The present study utilizes the perspectives of modernization theory and the more recently formulated uses and gratifications approach in an effort to go beyond Matthews and Prothro, and with a more recent sample. Using data gathered in 1974, samples of blacks and whites were compared for the effects of media on various indicators of their political attitudes and behavior. The findings indicate that there is a differential effect of the media on blacks and that specific media forms operate differently for blacks than for whites.
CONVERSATIONAL SKILLS INSTRUCTION FOR COMMUNICATION APPREHENSION AND AVOIDANCE
Authors: GLASER SUSAN R. , BIGLAN ANTHONY , DOW MICHAEL G.
Published: March 2007

This article describes and evaluates a conversational skills program designed for apprehensive communicators. Subjects, all women, were initially assessed on a variety of measures: questionnaires, behavioral samples, peer ratings, and self-monitoring. They were then randomly assigned to either Immediate Treatment or a Self-Monitor-Delay condition. After the Immediate Treatment group completed the program, both groups were assessed again. Comparisons revealed differences between the control and treatment group in subjects' comfort, social behavior, and impact on others. These improvements were evident in questionnaire measures, laboratory assessments, and confederate and coder ratings. Improvements in comfort, social behavior, and impact on others were replicated when Self-Monitor-Delay students were treated. Follow-up conducted 5 months after each group finished the program suggests that the effects of treatment are durable. By incorporating multiple assessments, a control group, and follow-up evaluation, this study presents a model for future research in communication apprehension treatment.
AUDIENCE ACTIVITY AND GRATIFICATIONS
Authors: LEVY MARK R. , WINDAHL SVEN
Published: March 2007

Certain aspects of the concept of an “active” mass media audience are explored and two dimensions of audience activity identified. The first activity dimension centers on the qualitative orientation of audiences toward the communication process. Audiences are seen as being “selective,”“involved,” or in a “using” relationship to communications. The second activity dimension relates to specific phases in the communication sequence and includes a preexposure period, exposure itself, and a postexposure time. Based on these two dimensions (audience orientation and temporal sequence), a typology of nine audience “activities” is developed. Empirical measures of three types of activity are derived and tested, with audiences found to vary considerably with regard to their “activeness.” A model that links audience activity to uses and gratifications and to exposure is then proposed.
THE BAILA OF SRI LANKA AND THE CALYPSO OF TRINIDAD
Authors: MALM KRISTER , WALLIS ROGER
Published: March 2007

Baila and calypso, music styles traditionally used as vehicles for social commentary, are changing in response to new recording and distribution capabilities in developing countries. Traditional lyrics, which typically conveyed a message about local issues, are being replaced by nonsense lyrics or more general content to satisfy a larger, more diverse audience. Lyrics also are losing significance as instrumentation grows more complex, in response to such influences from North America as jazz and soul. These changes suggest that traditional music styles may lose their concrete communicative properties as they are adapted to the recording industry.
THE STRUCTURE OF MUSIC PREFERENCE AND ATTENDANCE
Authors: FINK EDWARD L. , ROBINSON JOHN P. , DOWDEN SUE
Published: March 2007

This study investigates how people feel about and behave toward different types of music, based on a major U.S. national survey (N = 17,254). Attendance at musical events is quite common, and there is widespread enjoyment of music in that the average person reports listening to several different types of music. A measure of distance between preferences and behaviors toward types of music and multidimensional scaling indicates that music is evaluated socially in terms of its formality and ecological appeal. Behavioral data and attitudinal data yield essentially the same dimensional structure of the types of music for the aggregate audience.
SPOUSAL INFLUENCES ON TELEVISION VIEWING
Authors: McDONALD DANIEL G.
Published: March 2007

Reciprocal influence of spouses on one another's television behavior are examined over a one-week period. Correlation between spouses in their viewing behavior revealed mixed evidence for either spouse exerting influence over the other. Inconsistencies were found between two separate samples, which may be due to the presence of others in the household exerting influence.
SHIFTING PREFERENCES IN PORNOGRAPHY CONSUMPTION
Authors: ZILLMANN DOLF , BRYANT JENNINGS
Published: March 2007

Male and female students and nonstudents were exposed to one hour of common, nonviolent pornography or to sexually and aggressively innocuous materials in each of six consecutive weeks. Two weeks after this treatment, they were provided with an opportunity to watch videotapes in a private situation. G-rated, R-rated, and X-rated programs were available. Subjects with considerable prior exposure to common, nonviolent pornography showed little interest in common, nonviolent pornography, electing to watch uncommon pornography (bondage, sadomasochism, bestiality) instead. Male nonstudents with prior exposure to common, nonviolent pornography consumed uncommon pornography almost exclusively. Male students exhibited the same pattern, although somewhat less extreme. This consumption preference was also in evidence in females, but was far less pronounced, especially among female students.
Variations in Musical Syntax
Authors: CERULO KAREN A.
Published: March 2007

In a recent essay, I suggested that both semantic and syntactic distortion enhance audience attention to a message. Yet, to date, we have been hard-pressed to explore that contention with reference to syntactic distortion. We have lacked the appropriate measures for capturing syntactic structure. This article offers a starting point for developing such measures. I use a specific type of communication—music—to develop these techniques. Using the indicators presented here, we can systematically compare messages with normative syntax to those that are syntactically distorted. In the future, such tools would allow us to determine the relative effectiveness of the two styles in a precise and easily replicatable manner. The article begins with a detailed presentation of these new measures. After a brief discussion of their validity, the article demonstrates one of their many potential applications. Specifically, I examine the social forces that influence the use of normative versus distorted syntax. My study focuses on national anthems, comparing the social events occurring at the times of an anthem's composition and adoption with the musical syntax of the anthem.
Adolescents, VCRs, and the Family Environment
Authors: MORGAN MICHAEL , ALEXANDER ALISON , SHANAHAN JAMES , HARRIS CHERYL
Published: March 2007

With the rapid diffusion of the VCR into the home media environment, a central question is whether the special features of the VCR lead to transformations in the family, or whether preexisting family relationships and media orientations determine the uses of the VCR and its role in the family. This study, using cross-sectional and longitudinal data from adolescents, suggests that VCRs mainly augment and extend family television patterns and that VCR use may be both a cause and a symptom of family conflicts.
Jamming
Authors: EISENBERG ERIC M.
Published: March 2007

Modern communication theory focuses to a disproportionate degree on the cultivation of shared meanings, interpretations, and emotions, and insufficiently on how coordinated action may occur under conditions of minimal self-disclosure and limited consensus. Borrowing a term from music and sports, this article describes characteristics of “jamming” experiences, instances of fluid behavioral coordination that occur without detailed knowledge of personality. Two biases in prior work—individual bias and strong culture bias—are cited as reasons why experiences like jamming have been ignored in the literature. Examples are given of how these experiences strike a balance between autonomy and interdependence, and can even be transcendent. Four preconditions for jamming—skill, structure, setting, and surrender— are also provided. Finally, possibilities for jamming in formal organizations and society are explored.
The Influence of Sex and Violence on the Appeal of Rock Music Videos
Authors: HANSEN CHRISTINE HALL , HANSEN RANALD D.
Published: March 2007

Two experiments examined the effects of sex and violence in rock music videos on viewers' judgments of the appeal of the music and visuals and emotional responses to the videos. The effects of videos with high, moderate, or low visual sex content were compared in Experiment 1. Positive emotions and the appeal of both the music and visuals were found to be positively related to the level of sexual content. In Experiment 2, the effects of videos with high, moderate, and low levels of visual violence content indicated that negative emotional responses and reduced appeal of both the music and the visuals were related to the level of violence. Evidence was obtained from both experiments that the combination of sex and violence also decreased appeal. In addition, music arousal was found to have an effect on appeal. More arousing music was positively related to appeal and positive emotions in sexy videos, but its influence was found to be independent of visual sex. In violent videos, however, music arousal was associated with decreased appeal and negative emotions and appeared to result from the “transfer” of excitation from the arousing music to the violence of the visual content.
Influences of Family Communication on Children's Television-Interpretation Processes
Authors: AUSTIN ERICA WEINTRAUB , ROBERTS DONALD F. , NASS CLIFFORD I.
Published: March 2007

A field study (627 children and 486 of their parents) tests the effects of family communication environment and parental mediation of television content on third-, sixth-, and ninth-graders' perceptions of the realism of television content and its similarity to real life and their identification with television characters. Interpersonal family communication helps children form real-world perceptions, which children intrapersonally compare with their perceptions of the television world better to assess realism. A mismatch between real-world and television-world perceptions diminishes perceptions of realism. Realism contributes to perceived similarity, which contributes to identification with television characters. Through active discussion of television content, the parent directly mediates perceptions of similarity, but not of realism.
Combining, Distinguishing, and Generating Theories in Communication
Authors: NASS CLIFFORD I. , REEVES BYRON
Published: March 2007

The rubric levels of analysis is a popular organizing theme for communication research, and there are arguments for both separating and combining levels. This article replaces the notion of levels, traditionally defined along a biopsycho-social continuum, with that of domains, a specification of any class of entities or things to which research can apply. Domains provide four advantages for communication research: (a) Domains define the set of entities to which theories and operations can refer; (b) domains are consistent with traditional levels but permit partial inclusion and exclusion of entities from multiple levels; (c) domains differentiate and link theories and operations; and (d) domains explain when theories can and cannot “cross” levels, and specify how to adjust inappropriate “cross-level” theories. Domains are defined and discussed separately in relation to theory and data collection.
Television Shopping
Authors: GRANT AUGUST E. , GUTHRIE K. KENDALL , BALL-ROKEACH SANDRA J.
Published: March 2007

The television shopping phenomenon is analyzed in terms of media system dependency theory. The analysis begins with a discussion of potential changes in structural relationships within the media system introduced by television shopping. We discuss how these structural changes imply changes in microlevel dependency relations. A hierarchy of dependency relations is proposed, with television dependency leading to dependency upon a genre of TV programming and, ultimately, to the development of parasocial relationships with the hosts of specific programs. Using measures of television dependency, parasocial interaction, demographic variables, and buying behavior, a model is proposed and tested upon a random sample of viewer-buyers from a major television shopping service to explain the relationships among the viewer-buyer, the television shopping program, and the television medium. Results indicate that genre dependency plays a central role in the pattern of relationships.
The Utility of Exemplars in Persuasive Communications
Authors: BROSIUS HANS-BERND , BATHELT ANKE
Published: March 2007

Media accounts typically employ two types of information: (a) general statements about the range or importance of a problem (base-rate information), and (b) illustrative individual cases (exemplars) that are less valid but more vivid. A review of the psychological literature on judgments leads to the general hypothesis that the perception of a problem is influenced primarily by the quality and distribution of exemplars. In a series of five experiments, the researchers varied the number and quality of exemplars and their consistency with the base-rate information for several journalistic stories. The results indicate that base-rate information had almost no impact whereas exemplars had a strong effect on the perceived distribution of public opinion about story problems. Exemplars also had a moderate impact on subjects' personal opinions about the problem. Implications for communication research and journalistic practice are discussed.
Media Use in the Primary Election
Authors: LOWDEN NANCY B. , ANDERSEN PETER A. , DOZIER DAVID M. , LAUZEN MARTHA M.
Published: March 2007

This study tests the effect of concern about the electability of candidates competing for a party's nomination for president on voters' information-seeking behavior. The analysis is based on a sample survey of voters in four California counties in early 1992. Correlational tests replicated prior findings that issue-oriented voters rely mainly on newspapers, whereas image-oriented voters tend to seek relevant information from television. But these tendencies interacted with electability. Voters with this additional concern sought information on secondary criteria in secondary media. That is, if the candidates' chances of election were also important, issue-oriented voters also sought image information, and vice versa. Issue-oriented voters sought their image information via television, if electability was important to them. The opposite interaction was not found, however; image-oriented voters used television as their source for both kinds of information, if electability was important to them.
Cognitive Processing of Fear-Arousing Message Content
Authors: HALE JEROLD L. , LEMIEUX ROBERT , MONGEAU PAUL A.
Published: March 2007

Path analyses were conducted to test models consistent with predictions made by the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) and Heuristic-Systematic Model (HSM) of cognitive processing. Levels of fear-arousing message content and trait anxiety were controlled. Broken out by fear-arousing content, a control analogous to issue involvement, the data show antagonistic message processing. For low-fear message recipients, messages were processed centrally (systematically). For high-fear message recipients, there is evidence of peripheral (heuristic) processing. Broken out by trait anxiety, a control analogous to both chronic fear and need for cognition, there is evidence of both concurrent and antagonistic processing. For low-anxiety people, there is evidence of simultaneous processing of central (systematic) and peripheral (heuristic) cues. For high-anxiety people, there is evidence of central (systematic) processing.
The Imaging of the City
Authors: VALE LAWRENCE J.
Published: March 2007

Over the years, public housing has evolved into a phenomenon of a less than desirable aspect of urban existence. It is part of the urban mystique reflected in media depictions as a place of crime and discontent. This essay, written by a scholar of urban planning and design, examines public housing not simply as something reported in the news but rather as a dynamic communication environment. The role of communication in the construction of public perceptions and community identity are explored as it functions in this highly stigma-laden locale. The process of socially constructed meaning for insiders and outsiders is examined within the context of this unique and problem-ridden urban environment.
Subversion of the American Family
Authors: DOUGLAS WILLIAM , OLSON BETH M.
Published: March 2007

This inquiry examines the portrayal of family relationships in domestic comedy. Participants were randomly assigned to view and evaluate samples of nine programs selected for the study on the basis of their popularity during the period 1954-1994. Subsequent analysis suggested that both parent-child and sibling relations have developed in relational frameworks defined by changing levels of conflict, cohesiveness, and socializing, although role similarity was not a powerful discriminator between the families. More specifically, the experience of television children appears to have deteriorated across time. In the present study, the general relational environment was rated more conflictual and less cohesive in modern families, and modern families were rated as less able to manage day-to-day life and less able to socialize children effectively. Moreover, compared to parent-child relations, those between siblings were judged more hostile and less cohesive and, in modern families, were seen to involve less effective socializing.
Mode of Address, Emotion, and Stylistics
Authors: VISER VICTOR J.
Published: March 2007

To posit an empirical methodology for mode of address studies, an experiment was designed and conducted using a measure adopted from aerospace engineering. A total of 1,038 magazine advertisements containing images of children, from the period spanning 1940 through 1950, were coded for mode of address (as measured in degrees of “angle of attack”) in the ad child's body, face, and eyes. Other measures included emotional countenance and display area for person(s), text, setting, and product. Regarding mode of address, results indicated significant rotating image trends toward a more direct address in the eyes and face of the ad child in the postwar period; trends that were absent in the prewar and war years. Concomitantly, the emotional countenance of the ad child became significantly more excited and happy in the postwar period. Although results for display areas did not completely support all predictions, there were still indications of shifting emphases in these areas.
Parents' Workplace Experiences and Family Communication Patterns
Authors: RITCHIE L. DAVID
Published: March 2007

Data gathered from 178 parents of adolescent children are used to elucidate observed relationships between social class and family communication patterns. The results—that parents generalize from their own life experiences, particularly in the workplace—are consistent with Kohn's theory of learning generalization: Conversation orientation is positively associated and conformity orientation is negatively associated with the degree of openness and autonomy in workplace communication. In this sample, the effect is stronger among women than among men.
The Treatment of Persons of Color in Local Television News
Authors: ROMER DANIEL , JAMIESON KATHLEEN H. , DE COTEAU NICOLE J.
Published: March 2007

Blaming outgroups for social problems is a common discursive practice. However, it is not clear whether this discourse represents ethnocentric bias or realistic group conflict. To compare these explanations, the authors studied 14 weeks of local television news on three stations in Philadelphia. The authors found that persons of color were heavily presented in stories about crime, and within those stories were more likely to be presented as perpetrators of crime than as persons reacting to or suffering from it. An analysis using recent homicide rates in Philadelphia and a rational model of expected victimization indicated that contrary to a realistic-conflict explanation, White actors were overpresented as victims of violence compared to their roles as perpetrators, and persons of color were overpresented as perpetrators of violence against White actors. These patterns were consistent with the hypothesis that the news media engage in a discourse of ethnic blame that is independent of realistic group conflict.
The Mediated Home in the Global Village
Authors: GUMPERT GARY , DRUCKER SUSAN J.
Published: March 2007

Every media development alters the availability and nature of traditional private and public places. The 20th century has witnessed the transformation of the home from sanctuary to communication hub. Such changes have altered the way in which domestic space is experienced. The integration of media technologies requires a reorganization of the home as social space. Communication technologies have reshaped the uses of domestic space and redefined the division of home and the workplace. The experience of home environments is no longer solely shaped by the physical environment but by the constantly expanding nonphysical world of connection. This article superimposes a communication analysis of domestic design and proposes integrating media technology and the changing communication landscape into any analysis of space in the home environment.
Inequality
Authors: GANDY OSCAR H. , BARON JONATHAN
Published: March 2007

The influence of race, education, and information seeking are explored as factors determining perceptions of the nature and extent of racial inequality. African Americans and Whites are seen to differ significantly in their estimates of White and Black poverty, the extent to which African Americans are worse off than Whites, and the circumstances that explain this disparity. Exposure to news and other information about race and affirmative action has a significant main effect on social comparisons and attributions, consistent with the cultivation hypothesis. Tendencies toward mainstreaming or convergence of opinion under conditions of close attention to racial news and information are observed only with regard to estimates of the proportions of racial groups in poverty.
Convergence Between Racial and Political Identities
Authors: COOVER GAIL E. , GODBOLD LINDA C.
Published: March 2007

The relationship between race group membership and political orientation is considered with respect to the accommodation of White identity in media representations of Blacks. Participants watched a brief video featuring a pair of commentators—either a White liberal and a White conservative, a White liberal and a Black conservative, or a Black liberal and a White conservative. The portrayal of the relationship (agreement, disagreement) was also manipulated. Preferences for the recial outgroup were a function of the recial/political pairings. The dimension of race dominated the dimension of political orientation in participants' preferences for the outgroup and their judgments of similarity between interracial pairs of commentators. Results are consistent with aversive racism and previously untested assertions about White viewers' preferences for accommodating representations of Blacks.
The Police Stress Hypothesis
Authors: MALLOY THOMAS E. , MAYS G. LARRY
Published: March 2007

Much attention has been given to the topic of occupational stress among law enforcement professionals during the last decade. Yet, while the number of papers addressing this topic appear with increasing regularity in the law enforcement literature, the basic assumptions underlying the concept of police stress appear to have been ignored or accepted as fact in the absence of sound empirical support. This article represents an attempt to (1) identify the assumptions that underly the concept of police stress, (2) review the empirical evidence related to these assumptions, and (3) offer an alternative paradigm designed to guide future research on police stress.
Rapid Classification of the Functionally Psychotic Individual in Custody
Authors: MELOY J. REID
Published: March 2007

A simple typology is presented for the rapid classification of the functional genetically psychotic individual in custody. The three-type model is based on the author's evaluation of 2000 adult male individuals in a local custody setting. Based on psychodiagnostic impression and criminal history, eight criterion variables are described. For clarity and simplicity, the types are labeled the Sunshine Chronic (I), the Mentally Disordered Offender (II), and the Failed Schizophrenic (III).
A Psychometric Study of Incarcerated Presidential Threateners
Authors: MEGARGEE EDWIN I.
Published: March 2007

Because of the difficulties associated with studying actual presidential assailants, “proxies” have been used to help us understand those who have a pathological fixation on the presidency. The literature describing two groups of proxies, White House visitors who behave irrationally and people who threaten the president, was reviewed. MMPIs were collected on 45 presidential threateners and 45 nonthreateners evaluated at mental health facilities for federal prisoners. The threateners' characteristics resembled reports of other proxy groups in certain respects, but their criminal histories suggested more antisocial behavior and violence than previously indicated. Their MMPI profiles and classifications on Megargee et al.'s MMPI-based offender classification system were significantly more deviant than those of the nonthreateners. Overall, both samples of mental health patients had more elevated MMPIs and were classified into more pathological types on the MMPI-based typology than offenders previously tested in nonpsychiatric federal correctional settings. Implications were drawn regarding the characteristics of presidential threateners and the validity of the MMPI-based typology.
The Conceptual-Level Matching Model in Corrections
Authors: REITSMA-STREET MARGE , LESCHIED ALAN W.
Published: March 2007

The Conceptual-Level Matching Model (CLMM) is reviewed with a focus to its application in the development of treatment/rehabilitation programs with offender groups. The CLMM is a theoretical model describing outcomes from hypothesized interactions between a person variable, conceptual level, in interaction with differing types of environments described in terms of structure. Reliability and validity of both CL and the matching model are presented with emphasis given to a review of studies involved with CL and offender groups. On both theoretical and empirical grounds, the CLMM holds considerable promise as a means of organizing offender programs to elicit optimum effectiveness from existing resources.
The Discriminability of Rapists from Non-Sex Offenders Using Phallometric Measures
Authors: LALUMIÈRE MARTIN L. , QUINSEY VERNON L.
Published: March 2007

The authors examined how well identified rapists could be discriminated from non-sex offenders using phallometric assessments, what variables might moderate this discrimination, and whether rapists respond more to descriptions of rape than to consenting sex. Eleven primary and five secondary phallometric studies involving 415 rapists and 192 non-sex offenders were examined using meta-analytic techniques. Study effect sizes averaged 0.82 (95% confidence interval 0.16 to 1.49). Only stimulus set was a statistically significant moderator of effect size: Stimulus sets that contained more graphic rape descriptions produced better discrimination between rapists and non-sex offenders. There was a trend for stimulus sets that contained more exemplars off rape descriptions to achieve better discrimination. Also, rapists responded more to rape than to consenting sex cues in 9 of the 16 data sets and in all 8 of those using the more effective stimulus sets.
Offender Rehabilitation
Authors: GENDREAU PAUL
Published: March 2007

Enormous gains in knowledge regarding the effective treatment of offenders for the purposes of reducing recidivism have been accomplished in recent years. Several successful assessment and treatment strategies have been identified in this regard. Nevertheless, there are obstacles to future progress in the field. These are identified as theoreticism, failure to effect technology transfer, and a dearth of suitable training programs. Some suggestions are advanced for addressing these problems.
Crime Indicators for Alcohol and Drug Abuse
Authors: CHONG JENNY
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the relationship between crimes that are specifically alcohol- or drug-related and those that are not, using principal components analysis (PCA) to develop indicators of alcohol or drug abuse. The grouping of the crimes into alcohol and drug factors was generally consistent with the literature on crimes perpetrated by alcohol and drug abusers, and was similar for males and females. The only gender differences were that aggravated assault loaded highly on the alcohol factor only for males, and liquor law violations loaded highly only for females. In general, the results indicate that the PCA is a useful tool for developing crime indicators for alcohol and drug abuse.
Psychopathology and Competence to Stand Trial
Authors: ROSENFELD BARRY , WALL ALYSA
Published: March 2007

This study incorporated multiple indices of competence as well as diagnostic and symptom ratings to determine the symptoms and diagnostic categories associated with incompetence to stand trial and whether these correlates differ as a function of the defendant's diagnosis. One hundred thirty-eight pretrial criminal defendants evaluated for competence were rated by at least one of eight clinicians for (a) overall degree of competence (on a 0-10 rating scale), (b) whether they were able to understand the charges against them and/or assist in their defense, (c) the severity of several psychiatric symptoms, and (d) clinical diagnosis. Interrater reliability estimates for competence and most symptom ratings were quite high, whereas reliability of diagnostic classification, ratings of depression, and estimated overall intelligence were modest. A stepwise discriminant analysis predicting competence for defendants with a psychotic disorder diagnosis generated a model that contained only two variables—thought disorder symptoms and delusional beliefs—whereas a model predicting competence findings for nonpsychotic defendants contained four variables: disorientation, hallucinations, history of prior clinic findings of incompetence, and manic symptoms.
Male and Female Delinquents' Attachments and Effects of Attachments on Severity of Self-Reported Delinquency
Authors: ANDERSON BOBBI JO , HOLMES MALCOLM D. , OSTRESH ERIK
Published: March 2007

Although there has been considerable research on attachment and delinquency, few studies have focused on gender differences. This study used a survey of adolescent boys and girls incarcerated in the Wyoming Boys' and Girls' Schools to examine (a) differences in boys' and girls' level of attachment to parents, peers, and school; and (b) the effects of the various attachments on the severity of boys' and girls' self-reported delinquency. The results show no differences in boys' and girls' levels of attachment. However, gender differences in the effects of the various attachments on severity of delinquency were found. Attachment to parents reduced the severity of boys' delinquency, whereas attachment to peers and school reduced the severity of girls' delinquency.
Reducing Postrelease HIV Risk among Male Prison Inmates
Authors: GRINSTEAD OLGA A. , ZACK BARRY , FAIGELES BONNIE , GROSSMAN NINA , BLEA LEROY
Published: March 2007

Male prison inmates within 2 weeks of release were recruited to evaluate a prerelease HIV prevention intervention. A total of 414 inmates were randomly assigned to receive the intervention or to a comparison group. All participants completed a face-to-face survey at baseline; high rates of preincarceration at-risk behavior were reported. Follow-up telephone surveys were completed with 43% of participants; results support the effectiveness of the prerelease intervention. Men who received the intervention were significantly more likely to use a condom the first time they had sex after release from prison and also were less likely to have used drugs, injected drugs, or shared needles in the first 2 weeks after release from prison. Implications for the development, implementation, and evaluation of prison-based HIV prevention programs are discussed.
Sources of Responsiveness by a Government Monopoly
Authors: Thompson Frank J.
Published: March 2007

People processing organizations function primarily to classify individuals and to confer public statuses on them. Such processors have clients who are the individuals they classify; they also have market units or customers who use the classification furnished by the processor. Under what circumstances will pro cessing organizations which are essential monopolies attempt to be responsive to their customers? By focusing on a civil service office located in Oakland, California, some answers emerge. In addition to considering the origins of responsiveness, the article shows how attempts to please customers can work against the interests of clients.
Equality in Contemporary Political Thought
Authors: Segers Mary C.
Published: March 2007

This article reviews selected aspects of recent and contemporary Anglo-American political thought on equality. The focus of analysis is the continuing controversy in the United States between neoconservatives and egalitarians concerning the definition of basic equality, the meaning of equality of opportunity, and the proper policies neces sary to guarantee to all citizens equal opportunity for occupational attainment. An issue central to this debate is whether equality of opportunity is consistent with treating diferent individuals in different ways. In three interrelated sections, the definition of equality-as-similarity and the various meanings of the derivative equal opportunity doctrine are considered, and the neoconservative critique of egalitarian public policies is discussed together with egalitarian counter arguments. The concluding section contains an evaluation of neoconservative and egalitarian arguments. A central idea which emerges from this survey of contemporary thought about equality is that equal provision is not identical provision, and that to treat people as equals may at times require that we treat them differently.
The Reorganization of Federal Agencies
Authors: Grafton Carl
Published: March 2007

This study presents a theory of federal agency reorganization covering a large per centage of reorganization cases occurring from 1934 through 1976. The theory views federal agency reorganization as closely related to de novo agency creation. Agency reorganization and creation are often the last two steps in an escalation process through which society deals with problems generated by large scale discontinuous socioeconomic-technological changes called novelties. Escalation is part of a more comprehensive process called conceptualization in which interest groups and govern ment officials seek to understand a novelty's implications, to modify the novelty to fit socioeonomic-political systems, and to modify socioeconomic-political systems to fit the novelty. If an agency is created before conceptualization has ended, it is very likely that it will be reorganized repeatedly until conceptualization is complete. Thus two modes of agency reorganization are identified: reorganization of existing agencies as part of the escalation response to a novelty, and instability caused by agency creation prior to the end of conceptualization.
The Role of Bureaucracy and Regime Types
Authors: Heper Metin , Chong Lim Kim  , Pai Seong-Tong
Published: March 2007

The objective is to assess the validity of one general proposition that has been central to much of the thinking and theorizing among students of comparative public administration. It is that the political roles ofpublic bureaucracies vary systematically with the regime types. This proposition is examined in the context of two disparate political systems; Korea and Turkey. The data are derived from personal interviews conducted with 232 Turkish and 225 Korean civil servants of the highest ranks. The analysis focuses on three aspects of the bureaucracy: its policy-making role, its accountability to the public, and the character of its professional norms. The evidence lends no support for the proposition and thereby raises some questions about its validity.
Double-Dip-Some Afterthoughts
Authors: Goodsell Charles T.
Published: March 2007

The double-dip hypothesis of Lee Sigelman is highly provocative. Nonetheless, ambivalent perceptions of bureaucracy are otherwise explainable. More important, Sigelman's bureaucratization scale is not a time scale, meaning that dysfunctionalities may be encountered at slow rates and thus minimized or countered. As a result, the "dips" may be quite shallow or scarcely existent. Complications with the model also arise from definition of the variables used and the possible affects of other variables.
Failures of Power and Intelligence
Authors: Desai Uday , Crow Michael M.
Published: March 2007

This article assesses the nonuse of scientific-technical information in energy research and development decision making and identifies major conditions and constraints that account for it. It is a study of the Coalcon project, the first federal attempt to demonstrate a synthetic fossil energy technology. The concepts of a failure of power and a failure of intelligence are used to explain the failure to use available technical information in the Coalcon decision. Consequences of crisis on an organization `s use of information are elaborated on.
From Ancient to Modern Organization
Authors: Miller Maureen
Published: March 2007

This article seeks to illustrate the importance of the medieval Church in the emergence of modern organizational forms. In outlining the organizational development of the Church, similarities to "modern " organization are noted using Weber's ideal-typical presentation of bureaucracy. It is argued that the medieval Church preserved some Roman administrative techniques, created new forms over the course of its development, and served as a model for emerging nation states in Western Europe.
Bureaucracyand Public Life
Authors: Ferguson Kathy E.
Published: March 2007

The increasing bureaucratization of politics and work has significant implications for the possibilities of meaningful citizen participation in public life. The requirements of survival in bureaucracies, either as a bureaucrat or as a client, require one to develop sets of skills and traits that perpetuate dependency and undermine autonomous political action. These traits are traditionally associated with the feminine role, but are in fact a manifestation of subordination and thus likely to be found in any dependent population. This process ought to be of particular concern to those interested in feminism, because the expansion of bureaucratic hierarchies undermines the possibilities of liberation for both women and men.