bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SPATIAL PATTERNS OF AND SAMPLING METHODS FOR WESTERN FLOWER THRIPS (THYSANOPTERA: THRIPIDAE) ON GREENHOUSE SWEET PEPPER
Authors: Shipp J.L. , Zariffa N.
Published: November 2009

Intra- and inter-plant spatial patterns were determined for adult and immature western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), on greenhouse sweet pepper at two commercial greenhouses using five sampling methods. The population density of the thrips was monitored biweekly for 4 months from May to August using blue sticky-traps, plant tappings, blossoms, plant leaves, and whole plants. The intra-plant spatial patterns of adult and immature populations of F. occidentalis were aggregated with the majority of the thrips collected from the top one-third of the plant. The inter-plant spatial patterns also were aggregated. The aggregation cluster for the adult thrips was at least three plants in size, although it was surmised to be at the individual plant level for immature F. occidentalis. The accuracy of the blue sticky-trap, plant tapping, blossom, and leaf samples was determined for monitoring the population densities of adult and immature thrips throughout the growing season. It was shown that leaves should be sampled from the middle section of the sweet pepper plant when using this sampling method. A precision-level sampling program was proposed for monitoring adult F. occidentalis on greenhouse sweet pepper. Sampling blossoms was the most cost-effective sampling method based upon time and number of samples for a specific precision level.
TWO NEW SPECIES OF TUBERCULATUSsubg. PACIFICALLIS FROM CALIFORNIA (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Quednau F.W.
Published: November 2009

Tuberculatus (Pacificallis) passalus sp.nov. and T. (P.) chrysolepidis sp.nov. are described and their relationship with other species of the subgenus Pacificallis is discussed. The status of T. (P.) quercifolii (Davidson) is elucidated. A key for the identification of the species of the subgenus is presented.
INFLUENCE OF SUGAR MAPLE HEALTH ON FECUNDITY OF PEAR THRIPS IN MASSACHUSETTS
Authors: Carey E. , Van Driesche R.G. , Elkinton J.S. , Bellows T.S. , Burnham C.
Published: November 2009

Widespread defoliation of sugar maple stands due to pear thrips,Taeniothrips inconsequens(Uzel), feeding occurred in Massachusetts in 1987 and 1988. To assess the role of tree health as a possible cause of these outbreaks, an experiment was conducted in sugar maple stands in Massachusetts in 1990. Sleeve cages were placed on mature sugar maples and stocked with adult female pear thrips to determine the relation between root starch reserves (an index of tree health) and thrips fecundity. The experiment was run at four sites, assessing both root starch levels and thrips fecundity on individual trees. Each stand showed a range from high to low starch values and trees at each end of the root starch index spectrum were selected for use in the experiment at each site. Analysis of data showed no differences between sites, apart from those linked to starch levels, and found thrips fecundity to be positively correlated with higher starch reserves. The results of this experiment do not support the original hypothesis that declining tree health was a causal factor in pear thrips outbreaks on sugar maple in Massachusetts.
SURVIVAL AND DEVELOPMENT OF IPS PARACONFUSUS LANIER (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) REARED AXENICALLY AND WITH TREE-PATHOGENIC FUNGI VECTORED BY COHABITING DENDROCTONUS SPECIES
Authors: Fox J.W. , Wood D.L. , Akers R.P. , Parmeter J.R.
Published: November 2009

Survival and development of Ips paraconfusus Lanier larvae reared individually in intact Pinus ponderosa Laws. phloem without associated fungi and dietary supplements was demonstrated. Survival was reduced.in intact ponderosa pine phloem previously occupied by other larvae or by bluestaining fungi [i.e. Ophiostoma ips (Rumb.) vectored by I. paraconfusus, O. minus (Hedge.) H. & P. Syd. vectored by Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte, O. clavigerum (Robins.-Jeff. & Davids.) vectored by D. ponderosae Hopkins, and Leptographium terebrantis Barras & Perry vectored by D. valens LeConte] compared with those reared without fungi or symbiotic yeasts. The highest proportion of larvae initiating tunnels and surviving to adult was observed for untreated eggs, and the lowest proportion occurred in the L. terebrantis treatment. Size was reduced and developmental rate was slower for larvae reared without fungi compared with larvae reared with associated fungi.

Tunnels excavated by first- and second-instar larvae reared without associated fungi were longer than those excavated by larvae reared with associated fungi. The most frequent larval turnabouts occurred with larvae reared axenically and reared with Ips yeast and O. ips. The fewest occurred with larvae reared with Ips egg niche plugs and from untreated eggs. Females reared free of any fungi or with Penicillium or Aspergillus did not oviposit in surface-sterilized ponderosa pine logs. Naturally eclosed females from ponderosa pine logs in which they developed, laid eggs in these sterilized logs. Potential for a new association among bark beetles and fungi is discussed.
A NEW SPECIES OF PLUSIOTIS BURMEISTER (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE, RUTELINAE) FROM GUATEMALA, C.A.
Authors: Morón Miguel A. , Howden Henry F.
Published: November 2009

Plusiotis prototelica sp.nov. from Baja Verapaz, Guatemala, is described and illustrated. A key to the prasina species group of Plusiotis, including the new species, is presented. Characters of P. prototelica that could allow it to be placed in the genus Chrysina Kirby are mentioned.
TWO NEW SPECIES OF ISCHIOLEPTA LIOY (DIPTERA: SPHAEROCERIDAE) FROM NORTH AMERICA WITH NOTES ON THEIR PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS
Authors: Han Ho-Yeon , Marshall Stephen A.
Published: November 2009

Ischiolepta lama and I. barberi from North America are described as new. They, together with four other species [I. crenata (Meigen), I. denticulata (Meigen), I. intermedia Han and Kim, and I. scabra (Spuler)], are recognized as a monophyletic group. A cladogram, a key, and illustrations of male genitalia for those species are provided.
EFFECTS OF LOW APPLICATION RATES OF THE PYRETHROID PP321 ON THE APPLE ORCHARD MITE COMPLEX (ACARI) IN ONTARIO
Authors: Li S.Y. , Harmsen R.
Published: November 2009

The impacts of the pyrethroid PP321 on the mite fauna in an apple orchard were studied at the Smithfield Experimental Farm of Agriculture Canada, Ontario, from 1988 to 1989. Two predacious mites, the phytoseiid Amblyseius fallacis (Garman) and the stigmaeid Zetzellia mali (Ewing), were affected by pyrethroid applications. The highest numbers of predators were found in untreated trees, and the lowest numbers were found in the trees treated with the higher rate of the pyrethroid (P < 0.05). Zetzellia mali has roughly the same susceptibility to PP321 as does A. fallacis. Two species of tetranychid phytophagous mites, the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), and the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, were positively associated with pyrethroid applications. Significantly higher numbers of these mites were found in the pyrethroid-treated trees than in untreated ones (P < 0.05). Another phytophagous mite, the apple rust mite, Aculus schlechtendali (Nalepa) (Eriophyidae), was strongly suppressed by PP321 applications. Lower rate applications of the pyrethroid allowed more predators to survive, and resulted in lower abundances of tetranychid mites than did the higher rate. Therefore, reduced rates of pyrethroids may prove to be compatible with integrated control of spider mites in apple orchards.
NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF THE GENUS CHELOMIDEOPSIS ROMIJN (ACARI: ARRENUROIDEA: ATHIENEMANNIIDAE)
Authors: Smith Ian M.
Published: November 2009

Morphological, life history, and distributional data are presented for North American species of the genus Chelomideopsis Romijn. Chelomideopsis brunsoni (Cook) and C. besselingi (Cook) are redescribed on the basis of larvae, deutonymphs, and adults. Larvae and female adults of C. brunsoni, and deutonymphs of both of these species, are described for the first time. The mite described by Cook (1955) as the allotype female of C. brunsoni is correctly identified as a female of Platyhydracarus juliani Smith (1989). Four new species are described as follows: C. occidentalis sp.nov. (deutonymphs and adults), C. siskiyouensis sp.nov. (adults), C. minuta sp.nov. (female adults), and C. gledhilli sp.nov. (adults). A new diagnosis is proposed for Chelomideopsis based on knowledge of all active instars. New hypotheses on the phylogeny of species of the genus are presented, permitting the first assessment of zoogeography in this group of mites. The genus probably originated in Laurasia during the late Cretaceous or early Tertiary, and diversified and became widely dispersed in North America and Eurasia during the Tertiary. Mites of the genus apparently were adapted for the temperate climate that persisted until late Tertiary times, and were displaced to southern refugial areas by habitat destruction and climatic cooling associated with episodes of Pleistocene glaciation. The various species are now beginning to reinvade recently deglaciated areas from their Wisconsinan refugia, as they and their host chironomids colonize suitable spring and small stream habitats.
A NEW SPECIES OFTRICHOTHAUMALEA(DIPTERA: THAUMALEIDAE) FROM EASTERN NORTH AMERICA AND A DISCUSSION OF MALE GENITALIC HOMOLOGIES
Authors: Sinclair Bradley J.
Published: November 2009

The adult, pupa, and final-instar larva ofTrichothaumalea elakalensissp.nov. (Diptera: Thaumaleidae) are described and illustrated. This is the first record of this genus from eastern North America and first description of the immature stages. In addition, reinterpretation of the homologies of the male terminalia and preliminary observations on the male reproductive system of Thaumaleidae are presented and the phylogenetic implications upon the monophyly of the Chironomoidea are discussed.
HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS AND SEASONAL ACTIVITY OF GROUND-BEETLES (COLEOPTERA, CARABIDAE) IN CENTRAL ALBERTA
Authors: Niemelä Jari , Spence John R. , Spence Deborah H.
Published: November 2009

Carabid beetles were collected with grids of pitfall traps during two seasons in five habitats in the ecotone between aspen parkland and boreal mixedwood forest in central Alberta. The 23 abundant species (54 species in total) were divided into the following four distributional types: (1)Pterostichus adstrictusEschz. was numerous in all five habitats (habitat generalist); (2)Platynus decentisSay,Calathus ingratusDej., andScaphinotus marginatusFisch. were abundant in all four forest habitats (forest generalists); (3) another 10 species were common in one or two forest habitats (forest specialists); (4) nine species, representing mainlyAgonum,Amara, andBembidion, were restricted to a recently cleared timothy–clover grassland (meadow species). Soil moisture seemed to be important in determining habitat associations of the species among the forest types. Captures of most species were aggregated also within habitats, and the consistency of aggregation among particular traps suggests that it is mainly a response to subtle microhabitat differences. All abundant species, exceptS.marginatus, showed a peak of capture in May–June. Number of species, corrected for sample size by rarefaction, was highest in the meadow (27.5) and lowest in the dry upland aspen forest (11.9). Species diversity was highest in meadow and the lakeside forest habitats, but carabid assemblages of the four forest habitats were more similar to each other than to the meadow assemblage.
FIRST- AND SECOND-YEAR EFFECTS OF ACECAP® IMPLANTS AGAINST CONE INSECTS OF BLACK SPRUCE
Authors: West R.J. , Sundaram K.M.S.
Published: November 2009

Acephate implanted in trunks of black spruce, Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P., trees in the fall, 3 weeks before female bud flush, and at female bud flush reduced insect damage to cones and increased seed yields for 1 year. Second-year effects of the implants reduced insect damage to cones, but without increased seed yields. In the 2nd year, cones from trees treated at bud flush had the least insect damage and the highest residues of acephate and its toxic metabolite, methamidophos. Damage to treated cones by the spruce cone maggot, Strobilomyia neanthracina Michelson, the dominant insect in untreated cones, was insignificant in the 1st year and was reduced in the 2nd year.
PERSISTENCE OF INSECTICIDES IN A LOBLOLLY PINE SEED ORCHARD FOR CONTROL OF THE LEAFFOOTED PINE SEED BUG, LEPTOGLOSSUS CORCULUS (SAY) (HEMIPTERA: COREIDAE)
Authors: Nord J.C. , DeBarr G.L.
Published: November 2009

High volume sprays of azinphosmethyl, chlorpyrifos, fenvalerate, permethrin, and phosmet in various concentrations and formulations were simulated on loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) foliage in a pine seed orchard in northern Georgia. Persistence of these insecticides under field conditions was determined by weekly bioassays with adult leaffooted pine seed bugs [Leptoglossus corculus (Say)] and gas–liquid chromatography. Fenvalerate was the most persistent insecticide tested. In the first experiment, 0.2% AI fenvalerate caused virtually 100% seed bug mortality in bioassays through the 4th week after treatment, whereas mortality from azinphosmethyl dropped to ca. 14%. By the 6th week, mortality in the fenvalerate treatment was still 91%, even after 10.5 cm of rain. The permethrin treatments persisted for 2 weeks, then mortality declined below 40% at 3 weeks. In the second experiment, fenvalerate at 0.15% AI and 0.075% AI caused 95 and 90% mortality, respectively, after 3 weeks and 16 cm of rain, and the toxicity of the 0.038% and the 0.019% AI fenvalerate treatments lasted only 2 weeks with 12 cm rain. Permethrin in Ambush® EC at 0.2% AI had initial residues of about 150 ppm and caused ca. 84% mortality for 2 weeks with 12 cm rain. Azinphosmethyl WP at 0.2% AI had initial residues of ca. 104 ppm and persisted for 1 week. Seed bug mortality from phosmet at 0.4% AI diminished quickly after 1 week in the field.
EFFECTS OF BRACHYPTEROLUS PULICARIUS (L.) (COLEOPTERA: NITIDULIDAE) ON FLOWERING AND SEED PRODUCTION OF COMMON TOADFLAX
Authors: McClay A.S.
Published: November 2009

Impact of the flower- and shoot-tip-feeding beetle, Brachypterolus pulicarius (L.), on growth, flowering, and seed production of common toadflax, Linaria vulgaris (L.) Mill., was investigated using potted plants. Brachypterolus pulicarius had no effect on root or shoot biomass of attacked plants. Adult feeding by B. pulicarius delayed onset of flowering by 27 days relative to controls. Flowering of attacked plants was suppressed from mid-June until mid-July, but by mid-August flowering was similar to that of control plants. Total seed weight, individual seed weight, and percentage germination were all reduced significantly on attacked plants, resulting in a 74% reduction in number of viable seeds produced. Brachypterolus pulicarius is univoltine in Alberta, overwintering mainly as pupae.
EXPERIMENTAL MANIPULATION OF THE PHENOLOGY OF EGG HATCH IN CYCLIC POPULATIONS OF TENT CATERPILLARS
Authors: Myers Judith H.
Published: November 2009

Eggs of western tent caterpillars hatch just as leaves of their food plants are developing. To determine the impact of asynchrony between leaf development and egg hatch during a year of peak density and the initiation of decline, egg masses were introduced to four study areas after the time of normal egg hatching. Survival of caterpillars was not significantly influenced by delays of 3–6 weeks in hatching. Populations composed primarily of introduced insects and control populations declined following the summer of the experiment. Although hatching of deployed eggs was delayed, caterpillar development during warmer temperatures later in the spring was sufficiently rapid that caterpillars from all groups reached the fifth instar by mid-June, and parasitization of caterpillars from control and experimental areas was similar. Tent caterpillar survival was apparently resilient to substantial delays in egg hatch which suggests that cyclic population declines are not likely to be associated with minor variation in the synchrony of leaf development and egg hatch.
ANISODACTYLINE LARVAE (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE: HARPALINI): DESCRIPTIONS OF GENUS-GROUP TAXA OF EASTERN CANADA AND PHYLOGENETIC REMARKS
Authors: Bousquet Yves , Tchang Jean-Pierre
Published: November 2009

Larval features of the anisodactyline genus-group taxaAnisotarsusChaudoir, 1837,Amphasia s.str. Newman, 1838,XestonotusLeConte, 1853,SpongopusLeConte, 1848,Anisodactylus s.str. Dejean, 1829,AnadaptusCasey, 1914,GynandrotarsusLaFerté-Sénectère, 1841, andGeopinusLeConte, 1848 are described. Keys to first instars and to second and third instars are included. Possible relationships between the genus-group taxa studied are discussed. Based on larval character states,Geopinus, considered as a distinct genus, could be more appropriately treated as a subgenus ofAnisodactylus. The taxonSpongopus, included by recent authors as a subgenus ofAnisodactylus, does not share two synapotypic character states of the genusAnisodactylusand could be more appropriately treated as a distinct genus.
EVALUATION OF PHEROMONE-BAITED TRAPS AND PHEROMONE LURE CONCENTRATIONS FOR MONITORING BLUEBERRY LEAFTIER (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) POPULATIONS
Authors: Polavarapu Sridhar , Seabrook William D.
Published: November 2009

Six pheromone trap designs, including five high-capacily and a sticky trap, and four PVC lure concentrations of pheromone were evaluated for monitoring blueberry leaftier populations in six blueberry fields in Nova Scotia. Larval densities and subsequent male moth catches in the same year for all the trap designs evaluated, except double funnel traps, were highly correlated. Multipher III traps captured the highest number of moths, followed by Unitraps and double funnel traps. The ice cream container trap captured significantly fewer moths than any other trap design. At most locations, the first moth was caught on the same day in all the trap designs except the ice cream container trap. Trap catches increased with increasing pheromone concentration up to 0.03% dose. Traps baited with 0.3% lures captured significantly fewer moths than those with 0.003% or 0.03%. Based on mean trap catches, R2 values, coefficients of variation among traps, trap efficiency, and lure evaluations, the Unitraps baited with 0.003% lures are selected for further development of a population monitoring system for blueberry leaftier moths. The Multipher III traps baited with 0.03% lures captured up to 44 000 male moths (mean per trap per season) at high densities, demonstrating their potential in mass trapping blueberry leaftiers.
INTRA-NEST TRANSMISSION OF AROMATIC HONEY BEE QUEEN MANDIBULAR GLAND PHEROMONE COMPONENTS: MOVEMENT AS A UNIT
Authors: Naumann Ken , Winston Mark L. , Slessor Keith N. , Prestwich Glenn D. , Latli Bachir
Published: November 2009

The intra-nest transmission of two aromatic components of honey bee queen mandibular gland pheromone, 4-hydroxy-3-hydroxyphenylethanol (HVA) and methyl p-hydroxybenzoate (HOB), is quantitatively described. After being secreted onto the body surface of the queen, the greatest quantities of HVA and HOB are removed by workers in the queen’s retinue, especially those contacting the queen with their mouthparts. Other workers acquire pheromone components via direct contact with retinue bees or with other workers that have already acquired queen pheromone. HVA and HOB can also reach workers through queen or worker "footprints," although the relatively little material deposited onto the comb wax becomes less available with time, presumably because of diffusion into the wax. Pheromone material is removed from circulation by being internalized into workers, the queen, and the wax. Rates of HVA and HOB transfer between different entities within the nest are described in terms of pseudo first-order rate constants. The intra-nest transfer of these two components, both qualitatively and quantitatively, is similar to that described earlier for the most abundant queen mandibular gland pheromone component, 9-keto-2-(E)-decenoic acid (9-ODA; Naumann et al. 1991). Thus, the queen mandibular gland pheromone complex is transferred through the nest as a unit rather than as individual components moving at different rates.
DISTRIBUTION OF FEEDING DAMAGE BY PHYLLOTRETA CRUCIFERAE (GOEZE) (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) ON OILSEED RAPE AND MUSTARD SEEDLINGS IN RELATION TO CROP RESISTANCE
Authors: Brandt R.N. , Lamb R.J.
Published: November 2009

The distribution of feeding damage by adult Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze) was examined on the cotyledons, first true leaves, stems, and petioles of four crop species of Brassicaceae (Brassica juncea L. "Cutlass", B. napus L. "Westar", B. rapa L. "Tobin", and Sinapis alba L. "Ochre"). Previous studies showed that B. napus and B. rapa are susceptible, B. juncea is partially resistant, and S. alba is highly resistant to P. cruciferae. Flea beetles usually fed more on the upper surfaces, bases, and edges of cotyledons and first true leaves, but the feeding patterns were not identical on the four species. Phyllotreta cruciferae had a greater preference for the upper surface of S. alba cotyledons than for the upper surfaces of Brassica species. First true leaves of B. napus had over 90% of the feeding damage along the edge, compared with < 70% for the other species. The size of feeding pits did not differ on the upper and lower surfaces of the cotyledons and first true leaves for the Brassica species, but S. alba had smaller feeding pits on the lower surface. Sinapis alba also had the smallest feeding pits on the upper surface of its cotyledons, and S. alba and B. juncea first true leaves had feeding pits about one-half the size of the feeding pits on the other species. There was no significant difference in the amount of stem damage for the four species, but B. juncea had significantly less petiole damage than S. alba. Although there were differences in the way P. cruciferae exploited the seedling tissues of these Brassicaceae, the differences were not consistent with, or were too small to account for, the different levels of resistance of the four crops.
DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF LYGUS SPP. (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE) ON ALFALFA AND CANOLA IN MANITOBAf
Authors: Timlick B.H. , Turnock W.J. , Wise I.
Published: November 2009

Lygus species were sampled from alfalfa and canola fields in Manitoba from 1988 to 1990. Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), L. borealis (Knight), and L. elisus (Van Duzee) were found consistently throughout the agricultural area. The relative abundance of these species varied among crops, physiographic regions, years, and date of collection. The most abundant species in alfalfa and canola fields tended to be L. borealis in the north and west, L. elisus in the south, and L. lineolaris in the east. Each of the species was the most abundant in some collections, however L. borealis tended to be more abundant in alfalfa and L. lineolaris and L. elisus in canola. First-generation nymphs of Lygus species were found on alfalfa and those of the second generation on canola.
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES AND COLD HARDINESS OF SPRUCE BUDWORM LARVAE,CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA(CLEM.), DURING PRE-DIAPAUSE AND DIAPAUSE DEVELOPMENT UNDER LABORATORY CONDITIONS
Authors: Han Er-Ning , Bauce Eric
Published: November 2009

Supercooling point, biochemical metabolites, and water content of the larvae ofChoristoneura fumiferana(Clem.) were measured during pre-diapause and diapause development under laboratory conditions. Supercooling point dropped significantly, from a mean value of −22.9 °C to −31.7 °C during the 3-week pre-diapause development. Supercooling point continued to decline down to −34.5 °C after the beginning of diapause. Water content also dropped significantly during pre-diapause development and was maintained at a low level during diapause. Significant amounts of glycerol were detected only when the larvae were 5 weeks into diapause and the glycerol level continued to increase until week 20 when it was almost 10 times its original level. Glycogen was nearly depleted after diapause, but lipid remained at a relatively high level. Little change in glucose and trehalose content was found during diapause in spite of their initial rise before diapause. Larvae could survive low temperatures close to their supercooling point without freezing but none survived freezing, suggesting that this species is freeze-intolerant. First-instar larvae were found to excrete green material out of their body within 5 days after emergence. Removal of this material from the insect body coincided with a significant drop in supercooling point, indicating that a potential nucleating factor might be involved in the green material. The implications of these results for the overwintering strategy ofC.fumiferanaare discussed.
SPECIFICITY TESTING OF THE NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS VIRUS OF THE GYPSY MOTH, LYMANTRIA DISPAR (L.) (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE)
Authors: Barber K.N. , Kaupp W.J. , Holmes S.B.
Published: November 2009

An aqueous suspension of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Lymantria dispar (L.), LdNPV, was fed to third-instar caterpillars of L. dispar and 46 species of nontarget Lepidoptera in four successive. 24- to 48-h doses of 3 × 104 polyhedral inclusion bodies (PIBs) in 2 μL applied to small pellets of artificial diet or isolated surfaces of foliage. Adults of the fly Cyrtophleba coquilletti Aldr., and adult males of the bee Megachile rotundata (Fabr.), were assayed with a single dose of 1.2 × 105 PIBs in 2 μL of 30% sucrose solution. Only those specimens that completely consumed the dose(s) were transferred to appropriate maintenance conditions for 7–10 days whereupon they were frozen. Samples of macerates of experimental specimens were dot-blotted onto nylon membranes on which whole genomic LdNPV DNA-probing and chemiluminescence techniques were used lo show presence of LdNPV DNA. With reference to positive and negative controls, the 48 nontarget species were diagnosed as nonpermissive of LdNPV but the target species was clearly infected. This study demonstrates a high degree of host-specificity of LdNPV.
NON-TARGET LEPIDOPTERA CAPTURED IN TRAPS BAITED WITH SPRUCE BUDWORM PHEROMONE IN ONTARIO
Authors: Sanders C.J.
Published: November 2009

Traps baited with a 95:5 blend of E:Z-11-tetradecenal, the sex pheromone of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), were deployed throughout several summers in Ontario to determine what other Lepidoptera were captured that might be confused with the male C. fumiferana. Eight other species of Tortricidae were captured with sufficient frequency to suggest that they were attracted to the traps: Choristoneura conflictana Wlk. (the large aspen tortrix), six species of Acleris, and one Gretchena species. Of these, C. conflictana can easily be confused with C. fumiferana. The evidence suggests that male C. conflictana were not attracted by the pheromone, but blundered into the traps. They are very similar morphologically to male C. fumiferana, but can be differentiated with care.
MESOAMERICANONTHOPHAGUSLATREILLE IN THE DICRANIUS AND MIRABILIS SPECIES GROUPS (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE)
Authors: Howden H.F. , Gill B.D.
Published: November 2009

The taxonomy and phylogeny of two related species groups of Mexican and Central AmericanOnthophagusare considered. The dicranius group is composed of four species, including two new species,O.asperodorsatusandO.petenensis. The mirabilis group contains three species, one of these new,O.solisi. A fourth new species,O.quetzalis, shares characters with both species groups. All species in these groups are described and illustrated. A suggested phylogeny is presented. Our analysis indicates that these groups, includingO.quetzalis, may be more closely related to Indo-Malaysian species than to other New World groups ofOnthophagus.
REVISION OF THE SPECIES OF FRONTINIELLA TOWNSEND (DIPTERA: TACHINIDAE)
Authors: O’Hara James E.
Published: November 2009

The genus Frontiniella Townsend is transferred from the Eryciini to the Goniini, based on the production of microtype eggs in adult females. Frontiniella is known only from the Nearctic Region and the northern extreme of the Neotropical Region. Eufrontina Brooks is newly synonymized with Frontiniella and all species formerly placed in that genus are transferred to Frontiniella. Frontiniella is hypothesized to be monophyletic based on two derived character states: long hairs on the male surstylus, and elongate posterior spiracles on the puparium. Two species groups are recognized, one with six species and the other with four: the parancilla-group with F. parancilla Townsend, F. incarcerata sp.nov. (type-locality Hwy. 366, Graham Co., Arizona, USA), F. spectabilis (Aldrich) (new combination), F. surstylata sp.nov. (type-locality near Olustee, Florida, USA), F. jorgenseni sp.nov. (type-locality 20 miles northwest of Kenna, New Mexico, USA), and F. ethniae (Brooks) (new combination); and the festinans-group with F. festinans (Aldrich and Webber), F. apache sp.nov. (type-locality Sulphur Draw, Chiricahua Mts., Arizona, USA), F. mitis (Curran), and F. regilla (Reinhard). This revision includes a key to the 10 known species of Frontiniella, a description of each species (including puparium where known), maps of species distributions, an annotated list of hosts (including corrections to previously published records and additions from material examined), and illustrations of taxonomically useful features.
THE IDENTITIES OF PSYLLIDS (HOMOPTERA: PSYLLOIDEA) IN THE PROVANCHER COLLECTION, WITH THE DESIGNATION OF LECTOTYPES
Authors: Hodkinson I.D.
Published: November 2009

Provancher (1872, 1886) described eight species of psyllids from eastern Canada. Their identities have subsequently been confused, ignored, or regarded as doubtful by several authors, primarily because the original descriptions were imprecise and the location of type material unknown [see Hodkinson (1988) for summary]. Van Duzee (1912) excluded these species from his review of the synonymy of the Provancher Hemiptera. I have now examined the Provancher psyllid material deposited in the Department of Biology, University of Laval, Ste-Foy, Quebec, Canada. This paper clarifies the identity of species and designates lectotypes where appropriate. None of the specimens bear locality or host-plant data, although these data are usually given in rudimentary form in the descriptions. Provancher did not state numbers of specimens examined in his descriptions.
INVITATION PAPER (C.P. ALEXANDER FUND): FORAGING OF INDIVIDUAL WORKERS IN RELATION TO COLONY STATE IN THE SOCIAL HYMENOPTERA
Authors: Schmid-Hempel Paul , Winston Mark L. , Ydenberg Ron C.
Published: November 2009

Workers of social insects are members of colonies that survive and reproduce together. Therefore, the behavioral activities of individual workers should be integrated with colony state. We here summarize and discuss the relationship between colony state and foraging behavior of individual workers under the provisional assumption that the colony is a unit. We argue that colony state can be described by a number of variables that should relate to fitness components in order to be meaningful. Among the possible candidates, colony population size seems to have an overriding importance in many respects, as shown by its relation to fitness components such as survival probability and reproductive performance. Other important variables include colony demography, i.e. caste or size distributions, nutritional status, or queen number. Each of these variables has been shown to affect fitness components; however, the evidence is rather scanty. We also discuss the evidence that variation in colony state variables relates to variation in individual worker behavior. Nutritional status (i.e. low or high levels of food stores) and colony size have been shown repeatedly to affect individual behavior. However, most of the evidence comes from the honey bee. Some studies suggest that behavioral responses are hierarchically structured. More work needs to be done to investigate the actual mechanisms of integration of individual behavior with colony state. Some knowledge has accumulated about the processes that govern recruitment to food sources. We conclude this review by discussing some concepts and problems for further research. These include the concept of a preferred colony state to which the colony should return after disturbance through the behavioral activities of the workers. Further theoretical elaboration and empirical investigations may help to elucidate whether this concept is useful and necessary. A largely neglected issue concerns the number versus effort problem, i.e. whether individuals should work harder or more workers should be allocated to a task that is in demand. We propose a simple scenario that suggests testable predictions. Finally, we discuss how colony state, individual work load, and the dependence of worker mortality rate on activity level may interact to generate different short-term foraging strategies that workers should adopt.
APHANOGMUS FULMEKI ASHMEAD (HYMENOPTERA: CERAPHRONIDAE), A PARASITOID OF APHIDOLETES APHIDIMYZA RONDANI (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE)
Authors: Gilkeson L.A. , McLean J. P. , Dessart P.
Published: November 2009

The predatory gall midge, Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Rondani 1847), is a biological control agent used worldwide to control aphids. Mass-production methods are well established in Canada, the Netherlands, England, Germany, Finland, and the former U.S.S.R. (cf. van Leiburg and Ramakers 1984). In early March 1991, after 6 years of massproduction of A. aphidimyza on a rapidly increasing scale, two minute adult hymenopterous parasitoids were observed eclosing from a sample of pupae at a commercial insectary in British Columbia. It is likely that the founding parasitoid individual(s) entered the greenhouse before winter, as parasitoids appeared too early in the year to have entered from outdoors at that time.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF RHYZOPERTHA DOMINICA (F.) IN WESTERN CANADA
Authors: Fields P.G. , Loon J. Van , Dolinski M.G. , Harris J.L. , Burkholder W.E.
Published: November 2009

Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (lesser grain borer, Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) is a major pest of stored grain in the United States, Australia, and most other warm regions of the world. It has rarely been detected in Canadian grain, until recently. To determine the distribution of/R. dominica in western Canada, Lindgren multiple-funnel traps baited with R. dominica aggregation pheromones were placed near grain elevators, feed mills, and farms. Rhyzopertha dominica was found flying outside grain-handling facilities in all Prairie Provinces in 1990 and 1991, with thousands collected in Manitoba, hundreds in Alberta, and less than 100 in Saskatchewan. A few R. dominica were caught in Vancouver and Thunder Bay. None were caught in the traps placed beside two grain elevators in southern Ontario. In Alberta and Saskatchewan, the locations with R. dominica were mainly in the south. In Manitoba, the total number of R. dominica caught at each location was higher in the south than in the north. Rhyzopertha dominica were caught as early as 15 May and as late as 18 September, with the peak numbers for a given location occurring between July and September. No difference in the total number of R. dominica caught per year was found among farms, feed mills, or grain elevators in 1990 or 1991. Sampling of stored grain on three farms showed that two of the eight bins sampled had R. dominica. The possible origins of the R. dominica (importation of infested grain, wind-borne migration from the United States, or an established Canadian population) are discussed.
MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE GENUSTRICHOGRAMMAWESTWOOD (HYMENOPTERA: TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE) IN EUROPE
Authors: Pintureau Bernard
Published: November 2009

Ten European species ofTrichogrammawere morphometrically analysed by means of 19 male characters. Multivariate analyses permitted the estimation of interspecific divergences. These studies confirmed that the most discriminant characters are borne by antennae and genitalia; they distinguished all the analysed species exceptT.brassicaeBezdenko andT.voegeleiPintureau. Theminutumandpretiosumgroups on one hand, and thepintoiandperkinsigroups on the other, are morphologically very close. Thedendrolimigroup is more distantly related to theminutumandpretiosumgroups than to theevanescensgroup.
A REVISION OF THE NORTH AMERICANOPEROPHTERA(LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE)
Authors: Troubridge James T. , Fitzpatrick Sheila M.
Published: November 2009

The North American members of the genusOperophteraHübner (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) are revised to include three species:O.brumata(L.),O.bruceata(Hulst), andO.danbyi(Hulst).Operophtera occidentalis(Hulst) is now treated as a subspecies ofO.bruceata. All species are illustrated and characters to distinguish the species are given. The most useful characters for separatingO.brumatafromO.bruceatainclude the following: (1) hindwing dorsal surface with discal dot, which is almost always visible onO.bruceatabut absent fromO.brumata; (2) forewing colour, which is grey-brown or light brown inO.bruceatabut reddish-brown inO.brumata; (3) abdomen colour, which is golden-brown to brown in westernO.bruceatabut brown inO.brumata; and (4) the costa of the forewing ventral surface, which is usually golden-brown inO.bruceatabut brown inO.brumata. The structure of the genitalia of these two species allows hybridization betweenO.bruceatamales andO.brumatafemales, but not vice versa.Hypothesized species interrelationships between palaearctic and nearcticOperophteraare illustrated in a cladogram. Maps for the distribution of each species are also included.
PULLIMOSINA (DAHLIMOSINA) BLADESI, A NEW SPHAEROCERID (DIPTERA, SPHAEROCERIDAE, LIMOSININAE) FROM CANADIAN PEATLANDS
Authors: Marshall S.A.
Published: November 2009

Pullimosina (Dahlimosina) bladesi sp.nov., an atypical, superficially Pullimosina (Pullimosina)-like species, is described from fens in Ontario and Alberta. Subgeneric classification of the genus Pullimosina is discussed, concluding that the subgenera of Pullimosina can be defined only on characters of the male and female terminalia.
BIRD DROPPINGS COMPETE WITH BAIT SPRAYS FOR RHAGOLETIS POMONELLA (WALSH) FLIES (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE)
Authors: Prokopy Ronald J. , Cooley Sylvia S. , Galarza Luis , Bergweiler Christopher , Lauzon Carol R.
Published: November 2009

Published studies have shown inconsistent effects of proteinaceous bait sprays against apple maggot flies, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh). Explanations of inconsistency could involve the presence of natural food such as bird droppings competing with bait sprays for attraction of flies. Under field, semi-field, or laboratory conditions, we found that: (1) aqueous solutions of 10% proteinaceous bait (Nulure) were significantly more attractive than water to protein-denied but not to protein-provided apple maggot flies; (2) addition of 2% toxicant (malathion 50 EC) did not affect attractiveness of Nulure droplets but did significantly deter feeding by arriving protein-provided flies (though not protein-denied flies); (3) droppings collected from barn swallows, chickens, and unidentified birds on apple trees were significantly more attractive than solutions or droplets of Nulure to protein-denied flies; (4) droppings that were freshly deposited or fresh from cold storage were significantly less attractive than droppings held under ambient conditions for 1 or 2 days; (5) droppings allowed to dry for 1 day at 25 °C, 60% RH were no less attractive than droppings that received water to simulate dew or rainfall; and (6) droppings treated with antibiotics were significantly less attractive than droppings not treated with antibiotics, indicating that bacteria may be involved in generating attractive volatiles. Together, these findings suggest that in situations where natural sources of protein such as bird droppings or insect honeydew are abundant, apple maggot flies may be relatively unaffected by addition of proteinaceous bait to insecticide sprays.
THE NUTRITIONAL ECOLOGY OF A PARASITOID WASP, EPHEDRUS CALIFORNICUS BAKER (HYMENOPTERA: APHIDIIDAE)
Authors: Sequeira R. , Mackauer M.
Published: November 2009

We tested the hypothesis that the pattern of development and growth of a generalist parasitoid wasp varies in different hosts. We reared Ephedras californicus Baker (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae), a solitary parasitoid of aphids, under controlled laboratory conditions on five kinds of hosts: nymphal instar 1 (24 h old), 2 (42 h), 3 (96 h), and 4 (144 h) of apterous virginoparae of Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), and nymphal instar 1 (24 h) of Macrosiphum creelii Davis (Homoptera: Aphididae). Parasitoid dry mass increased with the host instar at parasitization. Females were larger than males although the degree of sexual size dimorphism declined with increased host size. Development time from oviposition to adult eclosion varied non-linearly with the host instar at parasitization, and was shortest in first and fourth nymphal instars. Parasitoids developing in M. creelii gained more mass in less time than their counterparts developing in A. pisum of the same initial size. In low-quality hosts, parasitoids apparently trade off increased development time for a gain in adult mass. A possible explanation of sexual size dimorphism in E. californicus is that large females may be able to overcome aphid defensive behaviours better than small ones.
A POPULATION STUDY OFCULICOIDES OBSOLETUSMEIGEN (DIPTERA: CERATOPOGONIDAE), AND OTHERCULICOIDESSPECIES IN THE FRASER VALLEY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Anderson G.S. , Belton P. , Belton E.M.
Published: November 2009

A seasonal light-trapping study ofCulicoidesspecies, in particularC.obsoletusMeigen, was conducted in the Fraser Valley of British Columbia to determine seasonal peaks and first and last appearance of these insects.Culicoides obsoletusis the causal agent ofCulicoidesHypersensitivity (CH), an allergic dermatitis in horses, in British Columbia. Trapping at two sites in 1987 showed thatC.obsoletuswas first trapped in late March, and peaked in early May and again in late June. Small numbers were collected into mid-November. This coincided with the appearance and regression of clinical signs associated with CH in horses in the area. Stabling horses during the peak activity ofCulicoidesspp. has been recommended to prevent the development of CH. Light-trappingCulicoidesboth inside and outside stables showed that although fewer insects were caught inside, some (6%) were trapped indoors. A horse kept in an unscreened stable will not be protected from being bitten.
SELECTION OF TERRESTRIAL GASTROPOD PREY BY CYCHRINE AND PTEROSTICHINE GROUND BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE)
Authors: Digweed Scott C.
Published: November 2009

I examined the relative feeding preferences of five carabid beetle species for terrestrial gastropod prey.Scaphinotus marginatusFischer, thought to be a snail specialist, discriminated among seven species of potential prey by size and species, with the slugDeroceras reticulatum(Müller) being the most preferred.Scaphinotus marginatusappears to use its elongated and narrowed mouthparts, head, and thorax to prey upon terrestrial snails without having to crush their shells. The relative feeding preferences of four pterostichine generalist predators (Pterostichus adstrictusEschscholtz,P.pensylvanicusLeConte,P.protractusLeConte, andP.surgensLeConte) for two species of small snails [Discus cronkhitei(Newcomb) andEuconulus fulvus(Müller)] also were examined. Although all four carabids ateE.fulvusin varying proportions, onlyP.protractusconsumedD.cronkhitei. I suggest that snail shell thickness and differing feeding preferences affect which snail species are eaten by these pterostichines.
ELYTRAL PUNCTURES: A RAPID, RELIABLE METHOD FOR MARKING COLORADO POTATO BEETLE
Authors: Unruh T.R. , Chauvin R.L.
Published: November 2009

A simple, inexpensive, permanent method for individually marking Colorado potato beetle is presented. The method consists of puncturing the elytra within the cream-colored longitudinal bands using a minuten nadeln; the wound response produces intense melanization at the point of puncture. Division of a band into three zones, each potentially receiving a dot, produces an octal digit. If all eight bands are employed, more than 16 million beetles can be uniquely marked. No significant survival effects of marking were seen in teneral, post-teneral, or post-diapause adult beetles. Propensity to fly in mid-summer beetles was generally unaffected by marking. Probabilities of mismarking and misreading are negligible if sufficient care is employed.
HOSTS AND DISTRIBUTION OF SPRUCE CONE MAGGOTS (STROBILOMYIA SPP.) (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE) AND FIRST RECORD OF STROBILOMYIA APPALACHENSIS MICHELSEN IN CANADA
Authors: Turgeon Jean J. , Sweeney Jon D.
Published: November 2009

Two species of cone maggots, Strobilomyia Michelsen, are known to attack seed cones of spruces in North America. Seed cones of black, red, and white spruce from Newfoundland to Alberta were collected to determine the number of host species and the distribution of these maggots. Strobilomyia appalachensis Michelsen was obtained only from seed cones of black and red spruce, whereas S. neanthracina Michelsen was obtained only from white spruce seed cones. Our observations represent the first record of S. appalachensis in Canada. We conclude that, like S. neanthracina, S. appalachensis has a transcontinental distribution, but exploits different hosts, namely black and red spruce. We also observed that S. appalachensis was capable of extended diapause.
EVALUATION OF INFRARED THERMOMETRY AS A NON-DESTRUCTIVE METHOD TO DETECT FEEDING ON CORN ROOTS BY THE WESTERN CORN ROOTWORM (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Authors: Schaafsma A.W. , Whitfield G.H. , Gillespie T.J. , Ellis C.R.
Published: November 2009

Infrared thermometry was investigated as a diagnostic tool to detect root injury in corn caused by feeding of the western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte. Plots were infested with 50–1000 eggs per plant, and the study was conducted over 2 years. Differences (P < 0.05) in canopy temperatures were detected in severely infested plots in 6 out of 13 days and 7 out of 11 days on which measurements were made during the period of feeding by rootworm larvae in 1989 and 1990, respectively. Temperature differences between the air and leaves from infested plants were never greater than 3.5 °C and usually occurred within ± 1 °C. Feeding by rootworm larvae at infestation levels of less than 200 eggs per plant could not be detected with infrared thermometry. Above densities of 200 eggs per plant, increases in canopy temperatures corresponded with increases in the level of infestation with rootworm eggs, and with reduced plant height, and lower grain yield. Losses in grain yield due to rootworm infestation were manifested through smaller cobs and fewer seeds per cob. Kernel weight was not affected by rootworm feeding. Crop maturity was delayed at infestation levels of 1000 eggs per plant.Elevated canopy temperatures induced by rootworm feeding were detected through infrared thermometry in commercial corn fields, however differences (P < 0.05) in canopy temperatures were noted only after 10 July. Although these data show that elevated canopy temperatures induced by rootworm feeding can be detected with infrared thermometry, some inconsistency in results was observed. Various reasons for why the technique was not more reliable are discussed.