bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dilute Acaricide Evaluation Experiment, 1988
Authors: Hull Larry A.
Published: March 2022

Plots consisted of single trees in a randomized block design with 2 replicates of ‘Golden Delicious’ and 2 replicates of ‘Delicious,’ both spur types. The trees were planted to a spacing of 20 x 35 ft. Experimental sprays were applied to run-off with a handgun from a truck-mounted John Bean sprayer equipped with a 35 gal/min pump. Approximately 5.6 gal of spray was applied to each replicate tree (350 gal/acre) except where noted. Spray dates were as follows: 22 Jun, 29 Jun (UBIA-1335 and Omite treatments only), 7 Jul (all treatments but EL-193136 at 0.168 lb [AI]/100 gal, UBIA-1335, and Omite treatments), 18 Jul (Vendex 4 L, Omite 6 E, and Omite 30 W treatments only). General sprays of fungicides (Benlate, Polyram, Manzate, Bayleton, Dithane M-45), insecticides (Lorsban, Phosphamidon, Guthion, Sevin, Pydrin), and calcium chloride were made at 1- to 2-wk intervals throughout the experiment with a Friend Airmaster at 50 gal/acre. Effectiveness of materials against mites was evaluated by making several counts on random samples of 25 leaves/tree. Russet ratings are based on 30 ‘Golden Delicious’ apples/replicate. Fruits were rated as 1 (no russeting), 2 (light russeting), 3 (moderate russeting), or 4 (severe russeting). Possible ranges were 30-60 (none to light), 60-90 (light to moderate), and 90-120 (moderate to severe).
Control of Early-Season Pests, 1988
Authors: Doss Michael , Berberet Richard
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted on a field of ‘Cimarron’ alfalfa at the Southcentral Research Station in Chickasha, Okla. Efficacy of several foliar insecticides was determined for AW larvae, PA, and BAA. Pretreatment counts made 21 Mar indicated an infestation level for AW in excess of the economic threshold (1.5 larvae/stem). PA numbered less than 1/stem, and there were approximately 20 BAA/stem. Insecticides were applied 21 Mar with a tractor-drawn boom sprayer equipped with flooding nozzles and calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre at 20 psi. Plots were 4.0 by 7.0 m, arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. AW population densities were estimated from 25 stem samples taken from each plot on each posttreatment sampling date. Larvae were extracted from foliage with Berlese funnels prior to counting. Efficacy data for control of each aphid species were determined by clipping 10 stems/plot and washing the aphids into jars of alcohol for counting and identification. Yield was determined by harvesting a 1.0- by 5.0-m area from each plot using a Carter harvester.
Control on Alfalfa, 1986
Authors: Flessel John K.
Published: March 2022

A 1-yr-old stand of ‘Vernal’ alfalfa at the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, was used in this study. Treatments were applied 10 May using a tractor-mounted Myers hydraulic sprayer calibrated to deliver 15 gal/acre at 20 psi, using 80015 Teejet flat-fan nozzles. Plots were 25 by 80 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. The alfalfa was 18 inches tall at treatment and 28 inches tall at the completion of the study. The weather was warmer than usual, and it rained 10 d, 7 d in succession commencing 3 DAT, for a total of 1.41 inches during the study. Carbofuran 4 F at 0.25 lb (AI)/acre was the standard.
Alfalfa Weevil Control, 1988
Authors: Lee James W. , Quisenberry Sharron
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were evaluated on a 3-yr-old stand of ‘Fla. 77’ alfalfa at the Dean Lee Research Station near Alexandria, La. Plots of 15 by 40 ft were arranged in randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Insecticide treatments were applied 11 Mar with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer delivering 18.6 gal/acre at 30 psi with 8002 flat-fan nozzles on a 7-ft boom. The alfalfa height was 20 cm when treated. Winds at treatment were less than 5 mph, air temperature was 71°F, and water temperature was 65°F. Pretreatment and 3, 7, and 14 DAT counts were taken with 10 pendulum sweeps with a standard 15-inch sweep net.
Alfalfa Weevil Control, 1988
Authors: Oloumi-Sadeghi Hassan , Kinney Karl , Dazey Doyle , Troxclair Noel , Krapf Kyle
Published: March 2022

Lorsban and Penncap (1 rate each) and an insect growth regulator (IGR), UBI-A1335 (3 rates) were evaluated in a 2-yr-old stand of alfalfa near Highland, Madison County, 111. Plots were 20 by 30 ft replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. All treatments were applied on 29 Apr when AW population counts averaged 9.6 first and second instars/sweep and 4.0 third and fourth instars/sweep. Insecticides were applied using a tractor-mounted 10-ft boom equipped with flat-fan nozzles (XR 8004) at the rate of 21 gal/acre at 40 psi. Insect samples were collected 2, 4, 7, 11, 14, and 19 DAT with a 15-inch-diam in 10-20 pendulum sweeps from each plot. Thirty-five stems were randomly removed from each plot at 7, 14, and 19 DAT and the morphological stage of development for larvae on individual stems was determined. Crop height was measured from 10 randomly selected plants at 7, 14, and 19 DAT and at 13 d after harvest. A 3- by 30-ft strip was harvested from the middle of each plot on 18 May. Subsamples were used for measurements of forage yield and quality (leaf-stem ratio and percentage crude protein).
Alfalfa Pest Control, 1988
Authors: Wedberg John , Jensen Bryan
Published: March 2022

Experimental plots (12 by 12 m) were established in a field of ‘Olds-88’ alfalfa at the University of Wisconsin Arlington Research Station in Columbia County. Each treatment was replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied 23 Aug from a tractor-mounted sprayer equipped with 8002 Teejet flat-fan nozzles delivering 188 liters finished spray/ha at 35 psi. Insect abundance was estimated by taking 20 pendulum sweeps in each plot with a standard 38-cm-diam sweep net.
Control in Dryland Barley, 1987
Authors: Johnson Gregory D. , Lester Donald G.
Published: March 2022

‘Clark’ Barley was planted 1 May in a summer fallow 300- by 2600-ft strip of clay loam soil with a 10-inch Hoe drill operating at a seeding rate of 60 lb/acre. Di-Syston 15 G (6.7 lb [AI]/acre) was applied at planting to the entire strip, except for 2 untreated plots (100 by 25 ft), which served as the control. Total BWM/linear ft of plants were counted in 2 treated areas and in 10 locations randomly chosen in each untreated plot.
Corn Rootworm Control, 1987
Authors: Bullington Stephen W. , Roberts James E.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were evaluated at 3 sites in southwestern Virginia (Giles, Wythe, and Montgomery Counties) for control of larvae of NCR and WCR. Plots were established in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Each plot was 4 rows of wide and 50 ft long. Insecticides were applied at planting in all but 2 instances in a 6-inch wide band directly over the rows, with a hand-pushed granular spreader. In one treatment each in Wythe and Montgomery, insecticides were applied directly into the furrow with a plastic hose connected to the spreader. In all cases, one application of insecticide was made to each row. The plants in the center 30 ft of the 2 center rows of each plot counted about a month after planting. In mid-summer, damage by larvae to corn roots was estimated on a 1-6 scale (1, no damage; 6, complete destruction of the root wad). Root wads of 10 plants/plot were prepared for inspection by the following method. One person stood at either end of each of the 2 center rows, walked about 10 ft toward the center, and unearthed the root wad of every fourth corn plant encountered until each had 5 root wads. The roots were then thoroughly washed with hot water from a pressurized sprayer. Ensilage yields were determined at harvest by cutting all the stalks from the center 30 ft of the center 2 rows of each plot and weighing these stalks using a sling swung from milk scales attached to a portable tripod. Damage and yield data were subjected to ANOVA. In the Giles test, ‘789 DeKalb’ field corn was planted 15 May no-till, in 36-inch-wide rows; insecticides were applied the same day. Plants were counted 10 Jun, roots were rated 1 Jul, and yields were determined 15 Sep. In Wythe, ‘Southern States 950’ field corn was planted 18 May, conventional till, in 36-inch-wide rows; and insecticides were applied the same day. Plants were counted 12 Jun, roots were rated 18-22 Sep, and yields were determined 18 Sep. In Montgomery, SeedTec Hybrid field corn ‘ST7750’ was planted 30 May, no-till, in 30-inch-wide rows; insecticides were applied 1 Jun. Plants were counted 7 Jul, roots were rated 24-25 Aug, and yields were determined 8-9 Oct.
Corn Rootworm Control, 1988
Authors: Chaddha S. , Ostlie K. R.
Published: March 2022

Performance of granular insecticides against corn rootworm larvae was evaluated in small plot trials at Rosemount, Minn. Each plot consisted of a single row, 15.2 m long. This study was initiated in a continuous corn field (since 1985) with Waukegan silt loam soil. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Insecticides calibrated in the laboratory were applied at planting on 16 and 17 May using a modified Noble applicator with interchangeable bottles. Stand counts/5.3 m of row and height of 5 plants/plot were measured 20 Jun to test for phytotoxicity. Five roots were dug from each plot 27 Jul. Roots were washed and rated for root injury using the Iowa 1-6 rating system (subdivided into half increments for higher sensitivity). Severe drought during the growing season reduced pollination because of delayed silking, and the corn was not harvested for yield.
Corn Rootworm Control, 1988
Authors: Meinke L. J. , Rarnhart M. R. , Brown J. F. , Peters L. L.
Published: March 2022

Planting-time (Test 1) and first-cultivation (Test 2) soil insecticide trials were conducted at Mead, Nebr., and in Clay County, Nebr. The Mead plots were in trap crop (no insecticide) during 1987 and had been used periodically for multiclass soil insecticide trials for at least 10 yr. The Clay County plots were in trap crop during 1987, were used for multiclass soil insecticide trials in 1981-1982 and 1985, and were insecticide free in 1983-1984 and 1986-1987. The soil at each site was a silty clay loam. The experimental design for each test was a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. Each replication consisted of single-row treatments that were 35 (Mead) or 40 ft (Clay) long and 30 inches apart. Equipment for Test 1 consisted of modified V-belt seeders mounted on a planter. Preweighed amounts of insecticide granules were placed on the V-belts and directed into the seed furrow or banded over the row in front of the press wheel. Noble granular insecticide metering units mounted on a hand-powered bicycle applicator were used to apply soil insecticides in Test 2. Granules were banded directly over the plant whorl and then immediately incorporated by the cultivator. The Mead and Clay trials were planted 6 May and 21 Apr, respectively. Test 1 treatments were applied 2 Jun (Mead) and 3 Jun (Clay). Soil moisture conditions were excellent when insecticides were applied except for Test 2 at Clay; insecticides were placed into a fairly dry seed bed. Initial egg hatch was detected 1 Jun at Mead. Stand counts were taken on 16 May (Clay) and 27 May (Mead). Feeding damage was evaluated 7-11 Jul at Mead and 13 Jul at Clay by digging 5 roots from each treatment row and rating the damage according to the Iowa 1-6 scale (1, no feeding; 6, 3 or more nodes of roots completely destroyed). Data were subjected to ANOVA.
Control of First-Generation European Corn Rorer, 1986
Authors: Ostlie K. , Chaddha S.
Published: March 2022

Granular insecticides are commonly regarded as better than liquid insecticides for control of first-generation ECB larvae. The purpose of this small-plot trial was to evaluate the efficacy of liquid insecticides and to compare granular and liquid formulations of selected insecticides. Plots of 2 40-ft-long rows (30-inch row spacing) were located in a commercial production field near Red Wing, Minn., planted on 2 May. Insecticide treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Liquid insecticides were applied in 17 gal water/acre with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer through 8002 nozzles operating at 40 psi. Granular formulations of selected insecticides were applied with a one-row, electrically driven Gandy applicator manually pushed through the plots. The treatments were applied on 23 Jun when temperatures ranged from 75 to 82°F and there little to no wind (<2 mph). Efficacy was evaluated on 5 Aug by dissecting 10 infested plants/plot and counting the number of tunnels.
Compatibility of a Biological Fungicide with Selected In-Furrow Insecticides, 1988
Authors: Burris Gene , Graves J. B. , Pavloff A. M. , Leonard B. R.
Published: March 2022

Temik 15 G, Nemacur 15 G, Di-Syston 15 G, and Orthene 75 S were evaluated with and without Dagger G for effects on plant stand and height as well as for seedling insect pest control. Terraclor Super X (TSX) was used as a fungicide standard and Temik 15 G + TSX served as the standard in-furrow insecticide treatment. Test plots of 4 rows (40-inch spacing) by 65 ft at the Northeast Research Station, St. Joseph, La., were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Cotton was planted at a rate of 52,000 plants/acre on 5 May on a Commerce silt loam soil fertilized with 70 lb nitrogen/acre. The crop for the previous 2 yr was corn. Granular test treatments were applied in furrow with a John Deere 7300 series planter equipped with split applicator boxes. Major and secondary pest treatments were initiated in late June and maintained as needed through August. Treatment efficacy for thrips and aphids was measured by washing insects from 10 seedling cotton plants/plot onto 300-mesh screens, backwashing them onto lined filter paper (7 cm), and counting them with the aid of a binocular dissecting microscope. Collections and observations were made 30 May. Stand data were recorded by counting all plants on the center 2 rows of each plot 30 May and 16 Jun. Plant population data reported are means for these dates. Plant height data are reported as means of 3 observations made 30 May, 15 Jun, and 30 Jun. Yield was estimated by harvesting all 4 rows of each plot with a mechanical harvester 23 Sep.
Boll Weevil Control, 1988
Authors: Graham L. C. , Gaylor M. J.
Published: March 2022

A field evaluation of insecticides for BW control on cotton was conducted at the Auburn University Plant Breeding Unit, Tallassee, Ala. Cotton was planted 4 May in 40-inch rows. Four treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Plots were 9 rows by 100 ft with 25-ft alleys between blocks. Insecticides were applied with a high-clearance sprayer at the rate of 7.6 gal spray/acre (3.5 mph, 50 psi, 2 Teejet TX6 nozzles/row). Foliar applications of test materials were made 25 and 29 Jul and 3, 8, 18, 22, and 30 Aug. Bolstar was applied to all plots at 1 lb (AI)/acre on 3 Aug to control Heliothis spp. populations, and Monitor was applied to all plots at 0.5 lb (AI)/acre on 4 Aug to control aphids. BW feeding and oviposition damage were determined by examining 25 squares randomly selected from plants in the middle 3 rows in each plot at 2-5 DAT.
Ovicide, Larvicide Trials, 1988
Authors: Hopkins S. W. , Hopkins H. B. , Benedict J. H. , Pickel S. L.
Published: March 2022

A small-plot field study was conducted in a commercial cotton field near Austwell, Tex., to measure the effects of 6 treatments on survival of tobacco budworm eggs and freshly hatched larvae of tobacco budworm. The eggs were obtained from pyrethroid-susceptible and pyrethroid-resistant strains of tobacco budworm (ICI laboratory colonies maintained at the Texas A&M University Research and Extension Center at Corpus Christi). Treatments were compared in 5-row by 50-ft plots of cotton planted 28 Apr on 30-inch rows. Each treatment was replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block. Treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized (38 psi) backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 4.4 gal total spray/acre through 2 size 3X hollow-cone nozzles/row. Plots were oversprayed with malathion 26 Jul to remove parasites and predators that could confound ovicide test results. Before the 27 Jul application, fresh eggs (24 h old) were manually placed on the upper surfaces of leaves (10-12 eggs/leaf) located near the shoot terminal of each of 6 flowering cotton plants/treatment with a camel’s hair brush moistened with distilled water. Resistant eggs were placed on leaves separate from susceptible eggs. A replicate consisted of 2 leaves and 18-22 eggs, depending on the number of eggs lost in the field. Treatments were applied to plants within 30 min of egg placement. At 1 h after application, all leaves that contained eggs were collected and placed individually into covered plastic Petri dishes containing filter paper moistened with distilled water. The eggs were held for 72 h, then inspected for unhatched eggs and dead or live larvae.
Heliothis Spp. Control, 1987
Authors: Langston William C. , Schuster M. F.
Published: March 2022

Cotton was planted 28 Apr in plots 4 rows wide and 40 ft long. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. Treatments were applied with a CO2-powered sprayer with 110° LF3 fan tips every 19 inches. The sprayer applied 15 gal/acre at 4 mph. Bidrin at 0.1 lb (AI)/acre was applied 2 and 21 May and 19 and 26 Jun for control of thrips and cotton fleahoppers. Predators were reduced by applying 0.2 lb (AI)/acre Bidrin on 29 Jun, 9 Jul, and 22 Jul. The percentage of damaged squares was determined by examining 50 squares from the center 2 rows on 14, 21, and 28 Jul. Boll damage was measured by counting 50 bolls/plot on 30 Jul, 4, and 10 Aug. Seed cotton yields were determined by stripping the center 2 rows with a IH stripper on 14 Sep.
Boll Weevil Mortality Bioassay, 1987
Authors: Price J. R. , Slosser J. E.
Published: March 2022

Cotton was planted 1 Jun at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station in Munday. Insecticide treatments were applied 14 Jul with a John Deere HiCycle 6000 traveling at 5.2 km/h. Drops were used providing 3 nozzles/row, delivering a volume of 93.5 liters/ha at 275 kilopascals. Treatments were applied between 2:15 and 3:30 P.M. when the temperature was 30°C, 52% RH, and a south wind 6.5-12.9 km/h. Water was about pH 7 and was reduced to pH 5 by adding 7.8 ml Spray Aide/liter. After treatment, 10 terminal leaves (5.0-6.5 cm diam) were picked from treated and untreated plots. These leaves were placed individually in Petri dishes containing moistened filter paper and taken to the laboratory at Vernon, Tex. Leaf samples were maintained at room (26.7°C) at a 14:10 (L:D) photoperiod. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 5 replicates of 10 boll weevils/each, using laboratory-reared boll weevils 5-30 d old. At 3 h after treatment, boll weevils were placed in the Petri dishes containing the leaves, and dead boll weevils were counted 24 and 48 h later. At 48 h, another complete set of leaves was collected from each plot as before, and after 24 and 48 h dead boll weevils were counted.
Boll Weevil Control, 1988
Authors: Stringer S. J. , Tugwell N. P.
Published: March 2022

The evaluation was conducted at the Cotton Branch Experiment Station, Marianna, Ark. Cotton was planted 12 May in 38-inch rows. Five treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Plots of 4 rows by 50 ft were placed end-to-end, separated by 2.5-ft alleys and 2 fallow rows. Insecticides were applied with a high-clearance sprayer at the rate of 10.5 gal/acre (3.0 mph, 30 psi, 3 Teejet TX6 nozzles/row). Two foliar applications of Baythroid and Scout X-TRA were made at 7-d intervals, 1 and 8 Aug; 4 applications of Scout X-TRA and Guthion were made at 3-4-d intervals, 1, 4, 8, and 11 Aug. Boll weevil feeding and egg-punctured squares were estimated by examining 100 randomly collected squares/plot on each sampling date.
Control of Jojoba Looper, 1988
Authors: Rethwisch Michael D.
Published: March 2022

Five treatments were replicated 4 times for control of last-instar jojoba loopers in a 5-yr-old jojoba plantation near Tacna, Ariz. Each plot consisted of 20 ft of row in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a hand-held CO2 backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 8.7 gal/acre at 30 psi. Both sides of the plot row were treated on 27 May. Counts were taken at 1 and 3 DAT by spraying a directed mist into the canopy and counting the agitated loopers as they moved violently about or hung from the foliage on a silken strand.
Efficacy Trials, 1988
Authors: McCaffrey Joseph P. , Rice Marlin E. , Harmon Bradley L. , Schoteko Dennis J.
Published: March 2022

Twenty plots measuring 20 by 20 ft with 6-ft alleys were established in a winter rapeseed field 10 May at Big Bear Ridge, Idaho, 10 miles south of Deary. Five treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design, insecticide applications were made 13 Jun with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer equipped with 80° fan nozzles on a 6-ft boom that delivered 54 gal/acre at 32 psi. At the time of treatment, the crop was 6 ft tall and in the late-flowering stage (5% blooms remaining), wind conditions were calm, and the ambient temperature was above 70°F. Plots were sampled 20 Jul by collecting 4 plants/plot. Plants were individually bagged and taken to the laboratory for examination. Two pods each from raceme number (beginning from the lowest on the plant) 1, 3, 5, and 7 were examined for CSW larval exit holes and CSW-damaged seeds.
Control of Corn Earworm, 1988
Authors: Steward V. B. , Yearian W. C.
Published: March 2022

An infestation of corn earworm larvae was observed on grain sorghum (premilk) planted 20 Apr in Foreman, Ark. Insecticide treatments were applied to plots of 100 ft by 3 rows. An untreated buffer row was left between plots. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized block design with 4 replicates. Insecticides were applied using a backpack sprayer delivering 13.6 gal/acre at 30 psi through a single Teejet TX10 nozzle. Sprays were applied 10-12 inches above the sorghum panicles on 30 Jul between 7:00 P.M. and 8:00 P.M. Five panicles/plot were randomly tagged before treatment. The effectiveness of the treatments was evaluated 31 Jul (24 h after application) by sampling the tagged panicles from each treatment in each replication. The panicles were shaken in a white plastic bucket and live corn earworms were counted. Data were analyzed by conventional ANOVA and multiple comparison procedures.
Spider Mite Control, Trial 2, 1988
Authors: Ostlie K. , Chaddha S.
Published: March 2022

Pesticide performance against a TSSM infestation was evaluated during an unusual outbreak on soybean in Minnesota. Plots of 2 rows (30-inch spacing) by 15 ft were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 5 replicates. A single border row separated adjacent plots to minimize effects of spray drift. Mites were present on nearly every leaf throughout the soybean canopy at stage R5.5 (beginning seed) with feeding injury readily visible below the top 5-6 leaves. Insecticides were broadcast 13 Aug in 30 gal water/acre with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer with 8002 nozzles set at 40 psi. The population in each plot was sampled 12 Aug, 18 Aug, 23 Aug, and 29 Aug (-1, 5, 10, and 16 DAT). On each sampling date, spider mites were counted from 20 leaflets/plot (10 leaflets at the fourth node from the top and 10 leaflets at the eighth node from the top). Leaflets were placed in plastic bags in a cooler for transport to the laboratory. Samples were held at 45°F until mites were removed from the leaflets with a mite-brushing machine. Eggs and mites were counted. Leaf injury was visually estimated on 26 Aug from 5 leaflets/plant (nodes 4-8 from the top) on 5 plants/plot. Plots were harvested 10 Oct, and yields were corrected to 13% moisture.
Control of Sugarbeet Insect Pests, 1988
Authors: Johnson Gregory , Kammerzell Kurt , Hudson Susan
Published: March 2022

Granular insecticide treatments were applied at planting time to 2 separate flood-irrigated fields located in the Yellowstone Valley of eastern Montana. Field 1, previously in alfalfa, was planted to ‘Beta 3265’ on 24 May using an IH185 8-row planter. Granular insecticides were banded on top of the ridge through a ground-driven Gandy applicator and lightly incorporated with a drag chain. Each treatment and untreated control were replicated 10 times in a randomized complete block design. Individual replicates were 2 rows (22-inch spacing) by 2,500 ft. Field 2 was planted in ‘Beta 6566’ on 1 Apr using an Arts-Way Heath Airseeder. This field was a 3-yr stand of alfalfa. Insecticides were banded on top of the row through an electric-drive Gandy applicator and roto-incorporated 2-3 inches deep.
Insect Growth Regulator Trials, All-Season Test, 1988
Authors: Johnson James W.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to 12-yr-old trees in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Dilute sprays were applied to the point of drip with an FMC DP-20 handgun sprayer at 375 psi, using approximately 5 gal finished spray/tree. Application dates were 28 Apr (PF, petal fall), 10 May (1C, first cover), 20 May (2C, second cover), 1 Jun (3C, third cover), 15 Jun (4C, fourth cover), 4 Jul (5C, fifth cover), 16 Jul (6C, sixth cover), 1 Aug (7C, seventh cover), 15 Aug (8C, eighth cover), and 1 Sep (9C, ninth cover). Cover sprays of dormant oil, mancozeb, Funginex, Omite, and Kelthane were applied separately to all trees. Apples were harvested on 30 Sep. Samples consisted of 50 apples/replicate collected randomly from around the trees at chest height. Samples were inspected visually, and the number of clean and damaged fruit was recorded.
Control of Tobacco Pests, 1988
Authors: Lampert E. P. , Stephenson A. S.
Published: March 2022

‘McNair 373’ tobacco was transplanted at the Border Belt Tobacco Research Station (BBTRS) near Whiteville, N.C., on 25 Apr in a Goldsboro fine sandy loam soil (pH 5.6). Plots were 4 rows (48 inches apart) by 22 plants (40 ft) arranged in a randomized complete-block design with 12 treatments and 4 replicates. On 6 Apr, broadcast preplanting incorporated pesticides (BC-PPI) were applied with a CO2-powered sprayer fitted with 2 8004 flat-fan nozzles on a 20-inch boom. Treatments were applied at 30 psi and a rate of 25 gal/acre. Granular materials were broadcast with a tractor-mounted Gandy granular applicator. All treatments were incorporated to a depth of 4 inches with a spring tooth harrow within 1 h of application and rows were ridged within 24 h. Transplant water treatments (TPW) were applied at a rate of 175 gal/acre. Ten plants/plot were gently pulled and the roots and stems rated for wireworm damage on 17 May. Density ratings for Myzus nicotianae were made on all plants on the third row in each plot on 2 Jul. On 16 May, flue-cured ‘K-326’ tobacco was transplanted at the Upper Piedmont Research Station (UPRS) near Reidsville, N.C., into a Cecil sandy loam soil (pH 5.3). Plots were 4 rows (45 inches apart) by 22 plants (40 ft) and were arranged according to a randomized complete block design with 14 treatments and 4 replicates. On 2 May, BC-PPI treatments were applied as described above and incorporated to a depth of 4 inches within 1 h after application with a tandem disk, and rows were ridged within 2 h. TPW treatments were applied at a rate of 100 gal/acre. Wireworm damage was evaluated 6 fun and density of M. nicotianae was rated 28 Jun, 12 and 28 Jul, and 9 Aug. Data were subjected to ANOVA. Proportions were transformed to arcsine before ANOVA.
Aphicide Test, 1987
Authors: Beers E. H. , Eisner E. A.
Published: March 2022

The test was conducted in a block of 4-yr-old trees with under-tree irrigation. The trees had been defruited in May and heavily pruned, and they were growing vigorously. Trees in the block not used in the experiment were treated with Phosphamidon 8 EC (1 pt/acre) to reduce reinfestation of treated trees. Treatments were applied with a handgun operating at 400-500 psi to the point of drip. Rates were based on a dilute application of 400 gal/acre. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 single-tree replicates. All treatments were applied 13 Jul. The pretreatment count (12 Jul) was made by counting the aphids on 1 leaf/replicate. The 8-DAT counts (21 Jul and 3 Aug) were made by counting all infested leaves on one terminal/replicate.
Control of Russian Wheat Aphid, 1988
Authors: DePew L. J. , Sloderbeck P. E.
Published: March 2022

A small-plot field test was conducted in a continuous dryland wheat field near Hugoton, Kans., to determine the relative effectiveness of 7 insecticides against RWA. Plots were 5.5 by 7.6 m, arranged in a randomized complete block design, and replicated 3 times. Chemical applications were made 13 Apr with a CO2-pressurized backpack hand sprayer calibrated to deliver 119.7 liters/ha at 138 kilopascals using 4 Spraying Systems X-6 (tip size) nozzles. Wheat plants were in the early jointing stage of development at time of application. RWA populations were sampled by randomly selecting 20 stems/plot and cutting them off at ground level with scissors. Stems were placed in plastic bags and transported to the laboratory, where aphids were extracted using Berlese funnels. Treatment efficacy was evaluated at 2, 7, 15, 21, and 33 DAT. Grain yields were determined by hand harvesting and machine threshing 9.8 m of row/plot.
Control of Bagworm, 1988
Authors: Nixon Philip L. , Randell Roscoe
Published: March 2022

Mature arborvitae in Champaign, 111., were sprayed to control bagworm larvae 17 Jun with Dipel and Dylox and on 27 Jul with Dipel, Dylox, and Tempo. Insecticides were applied with a 3-gal hand-pressurized portable sprayer to the point of run-off. Larval mortality was recorded at 5 DAT, with 5 samples of 20 larvae taken for each treatment. Larval cases on 17 Jun (young larvae) were 3-6 mm long; larval cases on 27 Jul (older larvae) were 20-37 mm long.
Annual Northern Marked Chafer Control, 1988
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Shearman R. C. , Wit L. A.
Published: March 2022

On Aug 9, 10 insecticides were applied to 5- by 10-ft Kentucky bluegrass plots located in a golf course rough at Lincoln, Nebr. Topography in the treated area ranged from level to a gentle slope, and the predominant grass species was Kentucky bluegrass (95%). Thatch accumulation (finger compressed) ranged from 0.25-0.5 inches. Field conditions at the time of application were as follows: air temperature, 82°F; soil temperature (3-inch depth), 85°F; soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3-5%; soil pH, 6.7; water pH, 7.0; soil moisture was well below field capacity. Granular formulations were combined with 6.7 oz Milorganite, which served as a carrier, and were applied with a hand-held shaker over plots.
Fall Control of Japanese Reetle, 1988
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S.
Published: March 2022

Tests were conducted on the fairway of a golf course in Mifflin County, Pa. The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (10%), Kentucky bluegrass (40%), and perennial ryegrass (50%). Treatment plots were 9 by 6 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 3 times. Liquid and soluble powder formulations were applied with a CO2 sprayer with four 8004VS Teejet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 28 psi and at a spray rate of 5 gal/1,000 ft2. At treatment time (17 Sep) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 58°F; soil temperature at 1-inch depth, 57°F; RH 55%; amount of thatch, 0.25-1.25 inches; soil type, loam; soil particle size analysis: 35% sand, 47% silt, 18% sand; soil moisture condition, moist; organic matter, 1.9%; water pH, 6.0; soil pH, 5.0; 1.5 inches of rainfall was recorded over the posttreatment period. All treatments were applied during a very light rain. Posttreatment counts were made 30 d later (17 Oct). Three sod samples of 1-ft2 each were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of Japanese beetle grubs/ft2 was recorded.
Summer Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs, 1988
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S.
Published: March 2022

Tests were conducted on a golf course fairway in Lewistown, Pa. The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (20%), Kentucky bluegrass (40%), and perennial ryegrass (40%). Treatment plots were 9 x 6 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 3 times. Liquid and soluble powder formulations were applied with a CO2 sprayer with 4 8004VS Teejet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 28 psi at delivering spray at 5 gal/1,000 ft2. At treatment time (30 Aug) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 76°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 68°F; RH, 55%; amount of thatch, 0.25-1.25 inches; soil type, loam; soil particle size analysis: 32% sand, 43% silt, 25% sand; soil moisture, 31%; organic matter, 3.6%; water pH, 6.0; soil pH, 5.0; 4.6 inches of rainfall was recorded over the posttreatment period. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.5 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were made 25 d later (24 Sep). Three sod samples of 1-ft2 each were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of Japanese beetle grubs/ft2 was recorded.
Control of Green Peach Aphid, 1988
Authors: Pinkston Ken , Price Richard , Schwartz Mary Ann
Published: March 2022

Green peach aphid control was evaluated on greenhouse-grown calendula 12 Jun. The plants were in 4-inch pots evenly spaced on a greenhouse bench. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. The plants were sprayed until run-off with a Gilmore all-purpose trigger sprayer. A surfactant, Triton B 1956, was added to all treatments (3V2 oz/100 gal), except for the RH 7988 treatments for which Triton AG 98 was used (8 oz/100 gal). Infestations were determined by examining 4 leaves/plant and recording the total live aphids at 1, 7, and 14 DAT.
Insect Control with Insect Growth Regulators, 1988
Authors: Riedl H. , Shearer P. W.
Published: March 2022

Timing and rates of several insect growth regulators were evaluated for control of major apple pests and for their effect on phytophagous and phytoseiid mites. Sprays were applied by handgun operating at 200 psi to 2f-yr-old ‘Newtown’ trees. Treatments consisted of 4 single-tree replicates in a randomized block. Fungicides (Cyprex, Bayleton) were applied when necessary. Guthion cover sprays were timed according to CM development (see Washington State University Extension Bulletin 1072). The IGRs were applied from 150 to 250 degree-days earlier than Guthion to coincide with beginning and peak of egg laying. Dipel (Bacillus thuringieusis) + Guthion combination spray program was timed with Guthion sprays. Each material was applied in a program of 4 cover sprays. At mid-season (1 Aug) and at harvest (6 Oct), 100 apples/treatment (25/tree) were inspected for insect damage. In addition, leaves were sampled twice during the season to evaluate mite, WALH, and WTLM populations (100/leaves/treatment; 25/tree).
Small Plot Aphicide Testing, 1988
Authors: Warkentin Dennis
Published: March 2022

Chrysanthemums were grown from unrooted cuttings in sand ground beds at a density of 12 plants/ft2, in 1.5- by 3.5-ft plots. Plots were maintained under a 7-d harvest schedule until a pretreatment sample indicated an adequate aphid infestation. Treatments were assigned according to a randomized complete block design, with 6 replicate plots/treatment. Foliar sprays were applied to the point of leaf wetness with a Geerpress hand pump sprayer directly after the pretreatment count and after each of the next 3 evaluations (7 day intervals). Triton AG-98 was added to each tank mixture at 0.125% by volume. Pretreatment and posttreatment evaluations consisted of counting all live aphids from a sample of 10 vegetative shoots (3 inches long) removed at random from within each replicate plot. The average temperature on the first spray date ws 60°F; average temperature on the final spray date was 68°F.
Control of Tobacco Budworm; 1988
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S.
Published: March 2022

Trials were conducted to evaluate various insecticide treatments for control of tobacco budworm injury to geranium and petunia flowers. Plots were located in established outdoor flower plantings near greenhouses in Arvada (Site 1) and northern Denver (Site 2), Colo. At Site 1 a bed of geraniums was divided into individual plots of 2Vi by 4 ft. Plot design was a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Sprays were made with a hand-operated compressed-air sprayer. Treatments were applied 10 Aug and reapplied 24 Aug. Evaluations were made 20 Aug and 6 Sep. Evaluations consisted of counting the number of damaged buds from 5 bud clusters/plot. At Site 2, 2 trials were conducted on petunias. In the first trial, 15-ft2 beds of petunias were used. Sprayed treatments were applied 10 Aug and 24 Aug. Evaluations made 20 Aug involved counting the number of budworm-damaged flowers/plot. Because of higher pest pressure, 6 Sep evaluations involved counting all blossoms/plot. The second trial involved a later petunia planting in a linear bed that was subdivided into 3 by 5-ft plots. Treatments were made once (24 Aug), and evaluation (6 Sep) involved counting all flowers in the center IVi-ft swath of the plot.
Control of Green Peach Aphid, 1988
Authors: Pinkston Ken , Price Richard , Schwartz Mary Ann
Published: March 2022

Green peach aphid control was evaluated on greenhouse-grown roses 12 Jun. The plants were in 10-inch pots evenly spaced on a greenhouse bench. Treatments were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. The plants were sprayed until run-off with a Gilmore all purpose trigger sprayer. A surfactant, Triton B 1956, was added to all treatments (3% oz/100 gal), except for the RH 7988 treatments for which Triton AG 98 was used (8 oz/100 gal). Infestations were determined by examining 4 buds and 2 inches stem/plant and recording the total live aphids at 1, 7, and 14 DAT.
White Grub Control, 1988
Authors: Ali A. D. , Ali M.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was conducted on a golf course fairway in Moraga, Calif. The stand was predominantly perennial ryegrass with some Poa annua var reptans (Hauskn.) Timm. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. Plot size was 5 by 20 ft2. Granular formulations were shaken manually from a glass jar over the plots. Liquids were applied with a CO2-pressurized sprayer with a hollow-cone nozzle at 32 psi and 5.25 gal/1,000 ft2. Immediately after application, treatments were watered in with one-half inch water. Normal cultural practices were followed. Irrigation averaged 1 inch/wk. Water was pH 6.0. Thatch averaged one-half inch. Pretreatment grub density was determined 20 Sept by cutting 4 1-ft by 1-ft by 3-inch randomly selected sections in the sod in each plot and counting the grubs. Insecticide treatments were applied the same day. Posttreatment grub density was determined in the same manner 19 Oct, except that 5 sections in each plot were used for grub counts.
Black Vine Weevil Larvicide Test, 1984
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Rooted taxus cuttings were obtained from an Ohio nursery and planted 25 Jun in 1-gal (3.8 liter) or 2.4 gal (9 liter) pots containing peat, pine bark, sand, and hardwood bark (3:3:2:2) and fertilizer. All pots were placed outside under shade and received 1.3 cm of overhead irrigation each Monday, Wednesday, and Friday. Five wk later, black vine weevil eggs were collected from adults held in a rearing room at 22°C and >80% RH. Approximately 130 brown eggs were placed in each pot 2.54 cm beneath the surface and near plant roots on 3 Aug. Egg hatchability was 90%. Treatments were applied 6 Sep, as a drench, to 5 single-pot replicates/treatment at a rate of 1 pt (473 ml) of solution/gal pot volume. Plants were watered 1 d prior to treatment and 2 DAT. Normal irrigation was then resumed. Pots were moved into a greenhouse 30 Oct to maintain temperature within the activity range of larvae. Treatment effectiveness was assessed in December by removing plants and media from containers and counting mature larvae.
Control Of a Leaf Vagrant Eriophyid Mite on Ash in Fort Collins, 1987
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S. , Young Jennifer
Published: March 2022

Control trials were conducted on infested trees located around the Colorado State University campus in Fort Collins. Plots consisted of infested branch terminals, 4-6 ft long, with branches from single replications all on the same tree. Plot design was a randomized complete block with 5 replications. Treatments were applied 13 Jun using a hand-operated mister to point of run-off. Evaluations were made by examining the undersides of 2 leaflets on each of 3 leaves collected randomly from each plot.
Spruce Spider Mite Control with Insecticidal Soap and Conventional Pesticides on Fraser Fir in Centre County, 1987
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S.
Published: March 2022

Eighteen treatments were evaluated to control spruce spider mites on heavily infested 5-6-ft Fraser fir Christmas trees. Each treatment was applied to 4-tree replicates. Foliar sprays were applied by using a CO2 sprayer with one 8004VS Teejet nozzle operating at 28 psi and mounted on the end of a 24-inch boom. 940 ml of each treatment was applied to each replicate. Treatments were applied 13 May under clear, sunny skies. The air temperature was 85°F and 70% RH. Samples consisted of randomly removing four 4-inch twigs from each replicate. The twigs were placed in plastic bags and transported in an ice cooler to the laboratory. Samples from each replicate were then passed through a mite brush, and the number of viable spruce spider mite life stages (larvae, nymphs, adults) collected on a 5-inch sampling disk positioned directly beneath the brushes was counted with a stereo dissecting microscope. Posttreatment samples were collected 29 May and 11 Jun.
Evaluation of Pyrethroid Sprays for Control of Pinyon Spindle Gall Midge, Ft. Collins, 1988
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S.
Published: March 2022

Experiments were conducted in an established landscape planting of pinyon pine on the campus of Colorado State University. Plots were single trees, arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Sprays were applied 23 Jun with a hand-operated, compressed-air sprayer to run-off. At the time of application, adult spindle gall midge emergence was about 20% complete. Two evaluations were made. The first, 1 Aug, involved a 3-min survey of the tree. A second 2-min survey was made 1 Sep, after gall growth had become pronounced.
Laboratory Evaluation, 1987-1988
Authors: Soderstrom E. L. , Brandl D. G.
Published: March 2022

Fuller rose beetle eggs (0-7 d old) oviposited between layers of wax paper, were placed in stainless steel cages (6 cm long by 18 mm diameter), immersed in test compounds, air dried for 30 min, and then held at 25°C and 85% RH for 30 DAT. To stimulate egg hatch, 24 h before mortality determination, the relative humidity was raised to saturation. For the Biphenyl test, eggs were placed in Petri dishes with Biphen-yl-impregnated papers of various sizes for 2 wk at 13°C, then held for 30 d as described above.
Prevention Trial, 1987
Authors: Bing James W. , Foster D. E.
Published: March 2022

Natural infestations in 3 farm storage bins at each of 2 locations were used to demonstrate the effects of application time and method of application on the effectiveness of Actellic 5 EC applied at a rate of 3 oz in 5 gal of water/1,000 ft2 of grain surface. Bins at each location contained untreated corn harvested in 1985 that had been infested with IMM and remained untreated in 1986. At each location the experiment consisted of 2 treatments, Actellic broadcast on the grain surface then incorporated to a depth of 4 inches and Actellic broadcast over the surface but not incorporated. There was also an untreated control. All insecticide applications were made using a backpack sprayer with a 4-nozzle boom equipped with flood jet tips. The spray system was pressurized with CO2 at 20 psi. A garden rake was used to incorporate the insecticide. IMM numbers were monitored by placing three corrugated paper strips flat on the grain surface of each bin. Each strip measured 2.5 cm by 6 m long and contained 660 openings in which IMM larvae could pupate.
Summer Miticide Evaluation, 1988
Authors: Walgenbach J. F. , Palmer C. R.
Published: March 2022

Miticides were applied in a 26-yr-old commercial block of apples. Applications were made to 4-tree treatments arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The first application of materials was made on 11 Jul, when ERM and TSSM populations averaged 10.4 and 4.7 mites/leaf, respectively. A second application was made on 19 Jul. All miticides were applied dilute (250 gal/acre) using a handgun sprayer operating at 150 psi. Treatments were evaluated on 14, 19, and 26 Jul, by counting the mites from 20 leaves/replicate processed with a mite-brushing machine.
Control of Face Flies and Horn Flies on Dairy Cows with Liquiduster Applicators or Ectiban Ear Tapes, 1988
Authors: Miller R. W.
Published: March 2022

Permethrin insecticide was applied to 5 herds of lactating dairy cows via Liquiduster applicators or Ectiban ear tapes. For Herd 1, 3 Liquidusters were placed side by side between 2 barns that the milking cows passed through daily. For Herds 2 and 3, 1 or 2 Liquidusters, respectively, were placed in alleyways the cows passed through after they were milked. Ectiban ear tapes were attached to 1 identification tag/cow during wk 1 and 3 of June for Herds 4 and 5, respectively. Four untreated herds served as controls. Fly density was determined on the herds by making weekly counts of the number of face flies/face and horn flies/side on 15 animals in each herd from June through September.
Control of PP, 1988
Authors: Fouche C. F. , Van Steenwyk R. A. , Elkins R. B.
Published: March 2022

The trial was conducted on 32-yr-old ‘Bartlett’ pear trees in a commercial orchard near Kelseyville, Calif. Four treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each replicate was an individual tree. Materials were applied on 12 Jul with a hand-held orchard sprayer operating at 200 psi and delivering 400 gal/acre. Control of PP nymphs was evaluated by examining under magnification 25 leaves from the top of each tree on 12 Jul, 25 Jul, 1 Aug, 8 Aug, and 15 Aug. Control of PP adults was evaluated by taking 4 standard 3-tap-beating-tray samples per tree on 8 and 15 Aug. Control of TSSM was evaluated by brushing 25 leaves/tree and counting all active mite stages under magnification on 25 Jul.
Spanworm Control, 1988
Authors: Forsythe H. Y. , Collins J. A.
Published: March 2022

Materials were applied on 13 May (Test 1), 16 May (Test 2), and 3 Jun (Test 3) to 23- by 23-ft plots in crop-year blueberry fields at Township 19 (Tests 1 and 2) and Jonesboro (Test 3), Maine. There were 3 replications of each treatment in a randomized complete block design with 5- or 10-ft untreated buffer strips around each plot. Insecticides were applied at a rate of 25 gal/acre with a CO2-propelled, 30-inch boom sprayer with 4 flat-spray 800067 Teejet nozzles and at 35 psi. At treatment in Tests 1 & 2, 80% of the plants were in loose cluster bud stage, 10% were in tight cluster, and 10% were in swollen cluster; in Test 3, 90% of the plants were blooming and 10% were in loose cluster stage. The larvae were generally first to third, second to fourth, and third to fifth instars at treatment time for Tests 1, 2, and 3, respectively. On sample dates indicated in table, 10 sweeps with a standard 12-inch sweep net were taken from the center of each plot; the larvae were counted and then released over the same plot. Significant rainfall occurred on 17 May (0.6 inches), 18 May (1.0 inches), and 26 May (1.0 inches).