bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Non-Local Models of Stress Field Concentrations and Effective Thermoelastic Properties of Random Structure Composites
Authors: Buryachenko V. A. , Pagano N. J.
Published: August 2003

We consider a linearly thermoelastic composite medium, which consists of a homogeneous matrix containing a statistically homogeneous set of ellipsoidal inclusions and subjected to inhomogeneous boundary conditions. We use the multiparticle effective field method (MEFM) based on the theory of functions of random variables and Green's functions; for references, see Buryachenko, V.A. Applied Mechanics Reviews, 54, 1-47 (2001). Within this method, we derive a hierarchy of statistical moment equations for conditional averages of the stresses in the inclusions. The hierarchy is established by introducing the notion of an effective field. In this way the interaction of different inclusions is taken directly into account in the framework of the homogeneity hypothesis of the effective field. The non-local integral equation for the statistical average of stresses inside the inclusions is solved by three different methods: the quadrature method, the iteration method, and the Fourier transform method with subsequent comparative analysis. The standard scheme of iteration and Fourier transform methods permit us to obtain the explicit representations for the non-local integral and differential operators, respectively, of any order describing overall effective properties as well as the stress concentration factor in the components. It is shown that the integral operator reduces to the differential one for sufficiently smooth statistical average stress fields. With some additional assumptions, the proposed method is reduced to the perturbation method as well as to the “quasi-crystalline” approach. For some concrete numerical examples we can demonstrate the advantage of the quadrature method and the iteration method over the Fourier transform method.
The Mullins Effect in the Vibration of a Stretched Rubber Membrane
Authors: Beatty Millard F.
Published: August 2003

The effect of stress-softening on the small amplitude transverse vibrational frequency of a stretched rubber membrane is investigated. The fundamental frequency is determined for a general incompressible and isotropic stress-softening material. It is shown that for each fixed value of the stretch λ ε (1,Λ), the fundamental frequency of the virgin material membrane is greater than the corresponding frequency of the same membrane preconditioned to a maximum previous stretch Λ. Moreover, the stress-softened membrane frequency for the same stretch decreases further with the degree of softening damage incurred upon increasing the maximum previous stretch. A specific damage function is introduced and explicit results are illustrated for three material models.
Return to the `Consuming West'
Authors: Keller Margit , Vihalemm Triin
Published: August 2003

This article looks at how young people in post-communist Estonia attribute meaning to consumer goods and to the development of consumption during the last decade. The empirical material comprises 45 qualitatively analysed student essays and 25 in-depth interviews. The authors arrange the material onto two main axes: the temporal axis of Estonian transformation and the spatial axis of Estonia (including the memory of Soviet Estonia) versus today's construct of the West. Also, we look at how `Western-ness' as a socio-cultural reference point is used by young people in representing consumption. We argue that the decoding of Western consumer culture is ambivalent for Estonian youth as it brings up national collective ideals of freedom as well as highly individual distinction-seeking. Value references ranging from more traditional to `post-modern' are inextricably interwoven in representations of today's consumption processes. Plural processes are at work among the studied students: having a strong desire to distance oneself from the Soviet heritage and to view `Western-ness' as the only alternative, while at the same time criticizing the adoption of the Western consumer capitalist model. This is manifested in a willingness to `outsmart' the Western consumer by using experiences from the Soviet period as well as Estonian ethnocultural heritage.
Definitely not yet the End of Nations
Authors: Jukarainen Pirjo
Published: August 2003

The main thesis of this article is that nations still form an essential socio-spatial unit in the worldviews and mind maps of contemporary youth. Borderlands - as loci of various(cultural, economic, etc.) forms of exchange - make an interesting context of study in this respect; this is where the forms of nationalist practices can be encountered in the most concrete occasions. In focus in this article are the youth of the Finnish-Swedish and Finnish-Russian borderlands (Karelia and Tornio River Valley) and their spatial identity frameworks. What is important is that young people are here treated as active agents instead of passive `consumers' of national identity, making identity political statements and choices that sustain and reconstruct nationalities and national identities. The article presents some examples of identity political practices, here categorized analytically as cultural and spatial. It ends with an exploration of some explanations for the persistence of national thinking and behaviour, even in current times of globalization and spatial restructuring.
Life Planning in the Periphery
Authors: Yndigegn Carsten
Published: August 2003

Young people living in the Danish-German border region - a geographical periphery of Denmark - are at risk of being marginalized compared to those living in the urban centres. This has traditionally led to a mobility pattern where the ambitious young people move to the urban centres to better their life chances, while the others simply accept the opportunities open to them in their home district. The article questions this view of the spatial differentiation between young people resulting from the changes brought about by globalization. It investigates the diverse strategies of young people living in the border region in dealing with their life opportunities, and reflects upon the influencing factors such as the affiliation and connectedness of young people to their home area, the incentives to leave the home district and move to the urban centres versus staying in the area, the perception of the neighbouring country, and the motives behind going abroad for study or work.
Past, Present, Future
Authors: Reiter Herwig
Published: August 2003

This article summarizes an explorative study of biographical time perspectives of disadvantaged young people in a state of uncertainty about their future due to a discontinuous transition to vocational training and employment. Based on the time concepts of George H. Mead and Alfred Schutz, which are briefly introduced, the author analyses the process of biographical time structuring and describes the difficulties of establishing a stable and future-oriented time perspective. The article concludes with placing the findings into the context of discourses about changing values, postmodernity, individualization and the dissolution of modernity and the issue of prolonged youth.
`Localizing the National'
Authors: Ward Ian
Published: September 2003

Pippa Norris provides a schematic account of the evolution of campaigning through premodern, modern and postmodern stages. In particular she points to an emerging postmodern phase of electioneering characterized by a renewed emphasis upon direct forms of engagement which resonate with an earlier period in which campaigns were locally fought and largely dependent upon the canvassing efforts of party workers and volunteers. Norris's analysis offers a useful prism with which to view recent developments in electioneering in Australia. In the past several elections the rival Labor and Liberal parties have attempted to achieve a synergy between their centrally conducted and constituency-level campaigns by ensuring that their national campaigns are locally relevant and address local concerns. Their efforts to `localize the national' meld the use of sophisticated software with elements of a traditional `meet and greet' politics and suggest that local campaigning may now have a new shape and importance.
Politics of Gymnastics: Mass Gymnastic Displays Under Communism in Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: ROUBAL PETR
Published: August 2003

Under communism, the symbolic potential of the body was multiplied in the mass gymnastic displays in order to portray the society as disciplined, strong, happy and beautiful and thus to legitimize its leadership. These gymnastic rituals followed the volkisch tradition of 19th-century mass gymnastics, which aimed at mobilization and homogenization of the `imagined community' of the nation. Behind the symbolic play of the mass gymnastics, there was, as Kracauer pointed out, a deeper relationship between modernity with its mode of production and gymnastics with its mechanization of the body. The relation, however, was not a direct one, mass gymnastic displays were used to aestheticize the mass production and therefore to deny the very logic of instrumental rationality that both the gymnastics and the production were built upon.
Fasting Women, Living Skeletons and Hunger Artists: Spectacles of Body and Miracles at the Turn of a Century
Authors: GOOLDIN SIGAL
Published: August 2003

This article examines the historically embedded relations of three 19th-century phenomena in which the non-consuming body is constituted as a spectacle of admiration. These three phenomena, known as Fasting Women, Living Skeletons and Hunger Artists, all emerged and disappeared in Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries. Viewing the emergence and disappearance of the three phenomena as embedded in the historical crossroads of pre-modern and modern ethics, the article argues that each of these phenomena corresponds differently to the clash between modern `rationality' and the pre-modern celebration of `miracles'. The article maintains that while Fasting Women epitomized that clash by becoming (a highly contested) spectacle of `the miraculous', the Living Skeletons transcended the clash by portraying a spectacle of liminal corporeality (the `living dead') and the Hunger Artists announced the dissolution of that very clash by performing a spectacle of `the controlled self'. Through a focus on the spectacle of fasting (i.e. the appeared, performed, `gazed at' act of fasting), a phenomenological typology of the three phenomena is outlined. I suggest that while Fasting Women and Living Skeletons embodied a spectacle of a lean body, which does not require suffering, the Hunger Artists embodied a spectacle of hunger centred on suffering and pain. The phenomenological `mapping' of these phenomena is then considered in the context of `performativity theory' and proposed as a frame of reference for a sociological study of anorexia nervosa.
Theorizing Breastfeeding: Body Ethics, Maternal Generosity and the Gift Relation
Authors: SHAW RHONDA
Published: August 2003

This article is designed to explore ideas in the recent sociology of morality about the conjunction of ethics and embodiment in everyday life. While it draws on an interpretation of the ethical encounter as a relation of moral proximity, it extends this conception of ethics beyond the dyad to include a discussion of gift giving and generosity in the present context. This is done in order to analyse a concrete empirical event in terms of the web of moral and social codes that inform it. The event in question is a well-known New Zealand breastfeeding case in which a woman breastfed another woman's baby `without her consent'. As well as drawing attention to the ethical risks in encounters between strangers and others in contemporary social life, this particular breastfeeding case also brings to the fore the invisibility of breastfeeding as an embodied ethical practice.
Sport, Genetics and the `Natural Athlete': The Resurgence of Racial Science
Authors: ST LOUIS BRETT
Published: August 2003

This article explores the ethical implications of recent discussions that naturalize the relationship between race, the body and sport within the frame of genetic science. Many suggestions of a racially distributed genetic basis for athletic ability and performance are strategically posited as a resounding critique of the `politically correct' meta-narratives of established sociological and anthropological forms of explanation that emphasize the social and cultural construction of race. I argue that this use of genetic science in order to describe and explain common-sense impressions of racial physiology and sporting ability is founded on erroneous premises of objectivity and disinterest, and inflates the analytical efficacy of scientific truth claims. I suggest that assertions of a value-free science of racial athletic ability reify race as inherited permanent biological characteristics that produce social hierarchies and are more characteristic of a longer history of `racial science'.
Neo-Confucian Body Techniques: Women's Bodies in Korea's Consumer Society
Authors: KIM TAEYON
Published: August 2003

This article examines women's bodies in South Korea and the modes of Neo-Confucian governmentality at work within this consumer society. The concealed woman's body under Neo-Confucianism appears to have been supplanted by a liberated consumer body. This seems to represent a major shift in what the body means today. Nonetheless, the techniques of governmentality that controlled women's bodies under strict Neo-Confucian codes remain active in Korea's consumer society, so that despite the appearance of a striking shift in body presentation, the methods of control remain remarkably similar. This article first examines the Neo-Confucian conception of the body, focusing on Neo-Confucian discourses on the female body and self, and the Neo-Confucian techniques of governmentality employed to control women's bodies. Next it observes how women live out the capitalist body in Korea's consumer society, using mostly journals, magazines and various women's views. Finally, it attempts to show how the new principles of consumer culture combine with Neo-Confucian techniques of governmentality to control women's bodies.
Owning Creativity
Authors: Leach James
Published: August 2003

This article examines the reasoning behind calls for the protection, and restitution, of cultural property, particularly by UNESCO, between 1970 and 1990. I reflect on discourses that value objects, identity, heritage, and customs in a package, which make cultural groups look like individuals to whom certain rights are attached. I do so in the light of material drawn from fieldwork on the Rai Coast of Papua New Guinea. There too, people place a high value on what they term kastom; a word in Neo-Melanesian which derives from the English term `customs' but has a rather different meaning. I suggest that Nekgini speakers' valuation and validation of ` kastom' contrasts sharply with notions of value built into heritage and cultural property. There is a particular conception of integrity and continuity, a relevance based on the needs of the state or individual identity which is embedded in the notion of cultural property. I contend that this conception obscures the creativity which Nekgini speakers value in the practices of ` kastom`. My wider point is to question the direction in which recommendations covering the protection of cultural property has led.
William Ricketts Sanctuary, Victoria (Australia)
Authors: Langton Marcia , David Bruno
Published: August 2003

William Ricketts Sanctuary presents itself as a peaceful refuge in the forest-clad hills of the Dandenong Ranges, on the outskirts of Melbourne (Australia). Intertwined among the winding paths, 92 major and numerous minor clay sculptures of Aboriginal people and wildlife themes animate a vision of civil life with essential human spirituality, here captured as Aboriginal being. We explore in this article William Ricketts' imaginary Aboriginality - his clay-sculpted vision in intellectual, social and historical contexts.
Chalk Steps on the Museum Floor
Authors: Yaneva Albena
Published: August 2003

This article argues against the well-established wisdom in sociology of art that a sudden artistic or institutional gesture can `elevate' an ordinary object to the status of `artwork'. Instead, it affirms that there is a gradual process of `becoming art'. The mechanism of artistic activity does not consist of a single transformation of one huge difference into something artistically significant; it is rather related to the deployment of various small objective differences, their extension, intensification, repetition, and stabilization. It is the tempo of transformation that matters, but not the nature of these differences. Located in the objects, they are empirically describable. That is why the article follows ethnographically the process of installation of a chalk Bruegel copy on the floor of Musée d'art moderne de la ville de Paris in 1999 and depicts different sequences and rhythms of change in the materiality of all participants in an art installation.
Exorcizing Remains
Authors: van der Hoorn Mélanie
Published: August 2003

How can a long undesired piece of architecture all of a sudden become an attractive souvenir for tourists, a talisman, a valuable object? Often relegated to the role of witness most individuals passively watch the large-scale transformation of their built environment. The situation can, however, be totally different with fragments of buildings. In two cases, the demolition of the Berlin Wall and the deserted national-socialist seaside resort of Prora (Germany), alienating associations and large-scale phenomena are concretized and individualized through active personal handling. The circulation of architectural remains from one owner to another is charged with meaning; stories told about these objects are a means to give sense to a more complex history and the ruins themselves function as valuable intermediaries between history and individual experience. The social life of architecture does not always end with its destruction, quite the contrary. Slashed into pieces, recycled, transformed, it continues to live in fragmented form.
Landscaping Death
Authors: Laviolette Patrick
Published: August 2003

This article explores the cultural construction of death and revival in Cornwall. In examining the ways in which these issues intertwine with the affirmation of local landscape identities, it surmises that an obscure and diffuse sense of `deathliness' exists that generates collective and contested topographical memories and perceptions. By offering ethnographic interpretations of how people relate to contemporary burial places as well as a material culture analysis of prehistoric and derelict industrial environments, the article reveals three ways in which Cornishness rests in iconographical settings and material elegies. (1) from a prehistoric pedigree, where death and ancestry connect to expressions of folklore and custom; (2) through the ties that mortality has with the past's dangerous local industries; and (3) from the symbolic death brought about by the extensive emigrant diaspora or the dissipation of identity from tourism and immigration. These factors illustrate that enduring tangible aspects of identification are perpetuated by a partial relating back to dying-out ways of life. I thus propose that the prominence of death itself becomes a significant yet ambivalent material metaphor - a motif for shaping personhood and advocating solidarity.
Derogating the Victim: The Interpersonal Consequences of Blaming Events on Discrimination
Authors: Kaiser Cheryl R. , Miller Carol T.
Published: August 2003

This experiment examines whether African Americans who attribute negative events to discrimination incur interpersonal costs, such as being viewed as troublemakers. An African American job candidate who attributed a rejection to discrimination was perceived as more of a troublemaker (e.g. hypersensitive, irritating) than an African American who attributed rejection either to his interviewing skills or to job competition. This devaluation occurred even when discrimination was blatant, such as when the employer made old-fashioned racist statements (e.g. `Black people are just not as smart as White people'). This suggests that members of stigmatized groups may be reluctant to publicly acknowledge being the target of discrimination because it is socially costly to do so.
Subgroup Identification, Superordinate Identification and Intergroup Bias between the Subgroups
Authors: Lipponen Jukka , Helkama Klaus , Juslin Milla
Published: August 2003

The primary aim of this study was to investigate the effects of subgroup and superordinate identification on intergroup differentiation between the subgroups. Hypotheses based on the social identity approach were formed and tested in two samples gathered from the same Finnish shipyard: Sample 1 consisted of the employees of 20 different subcontractors working at the shipyard, and Sample 2 consisted of the shipyard's own workforce. The results from Sample 1 supported the idea that subgroup identification (identification with the subcontractor) is positively related to ingroup bias, and superordinate identification (identification with the shipyard) is negatively related to ingroup bias toward other subgroups under the same superordinate category (shipyard). Among the shipyard's own workers (Sample 2), in turn, identification with the shipyard was significantly related to increased levels of ingroup bias toward the subcontractors working there. The results, thus, indicate that the positive effects of superordinate identification on subgroup relations may be limited to only some of the subgroups.
Circle of Friends or Members of a Group? Sex Differences in Relational and Collective Attachment to Groups
Authors: Seeley Elizabeth A. , Gardner Wendi L. , Pennington Ginger , Gabriel Shira
Published: August 2003

In the current investigation, we studied sex differences in belonging needs by exploring men's and women's attachment to groups. Previous work has shown that women's social needs tend to be expressed in terms of relational bonds, whereas men's also have a strong collective component (e.g. Gabriel & Gardner, 1999). In this research, we asked men and women to consider one of their important group memberships and to complete Prentice, Miller, and Lightdale's (1994) group attachment scales. In two studies, findings showed that the extent to which a woman was relationally attached (i.e. felt close to the other members of her group) was sufficient to explain the group's importance to her. In contrast, men's ratings of group importance depended upon the extent of both relational and collective attachment (i.e.attached to the group identity). Implications for real-world groups are discussed.
Effects of Group Size Uncertainty and Protocol of Play in a Common Pool Resource Dilemma
Authors: Au Wing Tung , Ngai Man Yuen
Published: August 2003

This study investigated the effect of group size uncertainty in a single-stage step-level common pool resource dilemma under a sequential (SEQ) and a Self-paced Sequential (SPS) protocol of play. In the uncertain group size condition, participants were told that their group was equally likely to be any size between three and seven persons. In the certain group size condition, the group size was always five. In the SEQ protocol, decisions were made in a pre-specified order such that each player knew his or her position in the sequence, as well as the combined requests of all the preceding players in the sequence. In the SPS protocol, participants could choose when to make their decisions. In both protocols, we replicated the position effects—individual requests are inversely related to the players' positions in the sequence with the first mover requesting most, and the last mover requesting the least. We also found that the position effect was stronger in SEQ than in SPS, and when group size was certain than when it was not. Relative to group size certainty, group size uncertainty decreased total requests and increased provision rates.
Factors that May Affect the Difficulty of Uncovering Hidden Profiles
Authors: Van Swol Lyn M. , Savadori Lucia , Sniezek Janet A.
Published: August 2003

Three experiments examined three factors that may impede the discovery of hidden profiles: commitment to initial decision, reiteration effect, and ownership bias. Experiment 1 examined whether groups in which members are not asked to make an initial decision before group discussion are more likely to uncover hidden profiles than groups in which members are asked to make an initial decision. Experiment 2 examined this commitment to an initial decision and also the repetition of information for individuals. Experiment 3 explored the reiteration effect in groups and examined whether information that is usually repeated more in groups is viewed as more truthful. Experiments 1 and 2 found no support for the commitment to initial decision hypothesis for uncovering hidden profiles. Experiment 2 found that repetition of `common'information significantly reduced individuals' ability to uncover hidden profiles. Experiment 3 found that information individuals owned (both common and unique) before discussion was rated as more valid than other information. Experiment 3 did not find that common information, which is generally repeated more, was rated as more valid than unique information. Limitations of the current studies and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Matching or Competition? Performance Comparison Processes in an Idea Generation Task
Authors: Munkes Jörg , Diehl Michael
Published: August 2003

Performance matching due to social comparison has been proposed as one explanation for the observed productivity loss in group brainstorming (Brown & Paulus, 1996; Paulus & Dzindolet, 1993). According to Festinger (1954), however, social comparison should not lead to performance matching but rather to competition. In our first experiment, we tested this hypothesis for a coactive situation and found enhanced performance due to interpersonal competition but no performance matching. In the second experiment, we attempted to replicate this result with interactive dyads and introduced an outgroup in order to shift competition from the interpersonal to the intergroup level. Both the replication and the shift of competition were successful. The intergroup competition was not accompanied by performance matching within the dyads.
Accomplishing Closings in Talk Show Interviews: A Comparison with News Interviews
Authors: Martínez Esperanza Rama
Published: August 2003

This article investigates how talk show interviews are brought to an end. The closing process of televised talk shows is analysed and compared with Clayman's (1989) characterization of news interview closings. The study concludes that closings in both genres share features relating to the structural organization and the participants' behaviour which can be accounted for in terms of the institutional context in which the speech events take place. Nevertheless, the particular closing structure of each type of institutionally situated talk, as well as its content and style, is genre-specific and shaped by the specific goal pursued in each speech event and by the relationship between the parties to the encounter. Thus, unlike news interviews, the entertainment purpose of talk show interviews ultimately justifies the complexity of the closing structure, its interpersonal content and informal style. The presence of a studio audience also influences the closing format.
A Quantitative Approach to (Sub)Registers: The Case of `Sports Announcer Talk'
Authors: Reaser Jeffrey
Published: August 2003

Despite studies such as Biber (1988), quantitative methodologies remain under-exploited resources in discourse analysis. This study employs a quantitative, statistical approach to re-examine and rethink the rather well-explored topic of register. Using the extensively documented register of Sports Announcer Talk (SAT) as a case study, careful quantitative analysis exposes the limitations of traditional descriptive approaches to registers. Quantitative analysis reveals significant inter-register variation in the distribution of core SAT features in a television broadcast and a radio broadcast of a basketball game. Further, SAT features appear to function differently in the broadcasts: out of necessity in the radio broadcast and symbolically in the television broadcast. Such inter-register variation of variable frequency and feature function may be a product of differences in communication situation and communicative function related to broadcast media. Quantitative approaches allow more precise defining of (sub)registers and provide the researcher insight into the communicative function of discourse features.
Constructions as Resources for Interaction: Lists in English and Spanish Conversation
Authors: Sánchez-Ayala Ivo
Published: August 2003

The comparative study of synchronic occurrences of a particular construction in interactional corpora from different languages can provide a complete understanding of the development of the construction as a response to some basic intimately associated set of interactional moves and cognitive demands. A comparative formal analysis of lists in Spanish and English conversations shows that in both languages the construction has developed a stylized intonation pattern based on the holding of tones by means of lengthening of nuclear syllables, a durable syntactic organization based on parataxis and an almost identical inventory of lexicalized expressions to index the end of the list. A parallel analysis of lists in their interactional contexts shows that in both English and Spanish conversation the formal properties of lists emerge as adaptations to a recurrent set of communicative tasks. The first type of `framing' lists is used for its incremental structure in the negotiation of common background between interlocutors, whereas the second type of `demonstrative' lists is used for its rhetorical structure to provide evidence for a claim and is directed to obtaining agreement.
Multiple Discourse Analyses of a Workplace Interaction
Authors: Stubbe Maria , Lane Chris , Hilder Jo , Vine Elaine , Vine Bernadette , Marra Meredith , Holmes Janet , Weatherall Ann
Published: August 2003

This article explores the contributions that five different approaches to discourse analysis can make to interpreting and understanding the same piece of data. Conversation analysis, interactional sociolinguistics, politeness theory, critical discourse analysis, and discursive psychology are the approaches chosen for comparison. The data is a nine-minute audio recording of a spontaneous workplace interaction. The analyses are compared, and the theoretical and methodological implications of the different approaches are discussed.
Avoiding Providing Solutions: Orienting to the Ideal of Students' Self-Directedness in Counselling Interaction
Authors: Vehviläinen Sanna
Published: August 2003

This article studies how counsellors in careers training respond to students' problematic advice requests. Conversation analysis is used to examine two strategies counsellors employ when students request advice regarding matters that, according to counselling concepts, they should deal with themselves. The counsellors manage this situation in two ways. They may respond to the request but sanction it afterwards - this happens when the counsellor has offered the student a chance to ask questions, and the student uses this opportunity to request advice. Another, more cautious strategy is to withhold advice and shape the interaction into a questioning sequence, after which the advice can be given as a reaction to the student's response. Examples of both strategies are analysed. It is suggested that, by avoiding taking the role of service-provider, the counsellors orient to the aim of the students' self-directedness. This phenomenon is discussed as a characteristic of counselling interaction.
`Also' as a Discourse Marker: Its Use in Disjunctive and Disaffiliative Environments
Authors: Waring Hansun Zhang
Published: August 2003

The aim of this article is to demonstrate the intricate operation of the adverb `also' in actual interaction at a level of detail that dictionary definitions have failed to capture. Using primarily a conversation analytic framework in examining two data corpora, which include a series of graduate seminar discussions and television roundtable discussions, I argue that the semantic features of `also' are strategically deployed to accomplish complex interactional goals in a disjunctive or disaffiliative environment. In a disjunctive environment, `also' can be invoked to legitimize one's speaking rights - to get the floor. In a disaffiliative environment, `also' can be mobilized to either soften or strengthen a disaffiliative action in subsequent talk. These practices of `also' are accounted for in part by the tensions between coherence and continuation (Linell, 1998; Tracy and Moran, 1983), and in part by the institutional contexts of news media (Dickerson, 2001; Greatbatch, 1992) and graduate seminar (Waring, 2001, 2002 a, b).
Time's Place
Authors: Tronto Joan
Published: August 2003

Spatial metaphors abound in feminist theory. The modest goal of this paper is to reassert the importance of temporal dimensions in thought for feminist thinking. In order to establish this general claim, several kinds of current thinking about time that are problematic for feminists are explored. First, the postmodern compression of time and space is considered from the standpoint of the changes it brings in the nature of care. Second, the privileging of the future over the past is considered in light of the problems it creates for thinking about justice for historical wrongdoing. Forgiveness and remembrance require an attention to the past.
Agency, Anticipation and Indeterminacy in Feminist Theory
Authors: McNay Lois
Published: August 2003

Much contemporary work on agency offers only a partial account because it remains within an essentially negative understanding of subject formation. This essay examines the work of Judith Butler and Drucilla Cornell and argues that the negative paradigm needs to be supplemented by a more generative theoretical framework, if feminists are to develop a fuller account of agency. In the negative paradigm, the subject is understood in passive terms as an effect of discursive structures. This tends to overlook ideas of self-interpretation that introduce more active dimensions into understandings of subject formation and agency. Furthermore, an unqualified notion of indeterminacy does not unpick the imbrication of relations of time and power that overdetermine agency. Ultimately, structural accounts of subject formation need to be integrated more closely with hermeneutic perspectives of the self in order to understand better the complexities of agency in a post-traditional society.
Autonomy, Vulnerability and Gender
Authors: Anderson Pamela Sue
Published: August 2003

This article challenges a prominent claim in moral philosophy: that autonomy is a personal ideal, according to which individuals are authors of their own lives. This claim is philosophically dubious and ethically pernicious, having excluded women from positions of rational authority. A reading of Ibsen's A Doll's House illustrates how this conception of the ideal of autonomy misrepresents the reality of individuals' lived experiences and imposes a gendered identity which subordinates women to a masculine narcissism. In Ibsen's play the woman, as a doll confined to home, remains dependent on an autonomous man. It would seem that men in modern philosophy could see only their own image as rational agents reflected in their ethics; but, in fact, this position is self-defeating. The recognition of our contingencies and so, vulnerability, motivated Kant himself to try to make the moral realm secure with something necessarily common to all human beings: our capacity to reason. The unwitting upshot of Kant's ethics has been the restriction of reason to a purely formal function; but this autonomy of reason undermines itself in being unable to guide the writing of the rational agent's own life. I propose instead to preserve the capacities of moral rationality, while urging the incorporation of ethical practices previously devalued by their association with vulnerability, such as attention, affection and relationality. My philosophical challenge is, first, to develop an internal critique of ethics which exposes its authoritative imposition of a gender identity and, next, to propose a revised conception of autonomy, namely, not just writing our own story, but reading the stories in which we find ourselves.
Perverse Ethics
Authors: Merlin Lara
Published: August 2003

This article explores the possibility of an ethical intersubjective relationship through the reconfiguration of the body. The violence of Western culture derives from a particular gendered fantasy of bodily organization. The Western body is constituted through a fear of lack and of loss, or, in psychoanalytic terms, of castration. The subject defined by castration attempts to defend itself against these dual threats by folding in upon itself, thereby precluding any relation with an other. The belief in lack and its partner, scarcity, informs the socio-political structures that mark the current era. However, there are other ways of imagining the body. By re-imagining the body, it becomes possible, not to avoid loss, but rather to alter its meaning. This act allows for a nonappropriative intersubjective relation to come into being.
The Place of Care
Authors: Sevenhuijsen Selma
Published: August 2003

In this article the relevance of the feminist ethic of care for current Dutch social policies is elaborated. It starts from the observation that Dutch society is witnessing two intertwined processes: the relocation of politics and the relocation of care. Together these processes result in the need for new normative frameworks for social policy. Care has to become part of the practices of active citizenship, which should be based on notions of relationality and interdependence. Basic moral concepts of the ethic of care, like attentiveness, responsibility, competence, responsiveness, trust and asymmetrical reciprocity are introduced. In the final part, the ethic of care is applied to two topical issues: policies on combining paid labour and care and generation-sensitive policies. Finally some norms are proposed to guide social policymaking.
Feminist Ethics, Autonomy and the Politics of Multiculturalism
Authors: Saharso Sawitri
Published: August 2003

Should the liberal state accommodate the cultural traditions of minority groups even if these traditions infringe upon the rights of women? This article discusses two empirical cases that pose just this problem for public policy in the Netherlands: requests for surgical reconstruction of the hymen and gender-selective abortion. While hymen reconstruction is linked to a cultural norm that young women, but not young men, remain virgins until marriage, sex-selective abortion is linked to a cultural preference for sons. The autonomy of women is at issue in these cases in two ways: the traditions limit their autonomy, yet it is the women who demand the medical intervention. The cases illustrate the complexities of women's agency under oppressive social conditions. The author develops a moral argument concerning these two cases that understands the women in question as moral agents, while taking into account these complexities. The article does not pit multicultural and feminist concerns against each other. Instead, it is argued that good feminism may well require acts of multiculturalism. It is not desirable, so it is argued, to restrict access to abortion or to ban hymen repair.
Women's Rights and `Righteous War'
Authors: Wylie Gillian
Published: August 2003

Establishing women's rights became part of the moral justification given for waging `war on terror' by ensuring regime change in Afghanistan. Yet by December 2002, Human Rights Watch was reporting ongoing violations of women's rights. Western presumptions that women's lives would be transformed simply by removing the Taliban were false. This `interchange' explains this gap between expectation and reality by examining the contentious history of Afghan gender politics and the current political and economic situation. Acknowledging such factors reveals that Western intervention will not easily subvert the existing gender order. Rather, any real change will result, not from prescribing Western models, but by enabling Afghan women to be autonomous agents with the right to determine their own life plans.
A Poverty of Voices
Authors: Howley Kevin
Published: August 2003

The 1990s witnessed two distinct but related trends in journalism: the rise of public journalism and the emergence of street newspapers. This article contrasts public journalism and street newspapers in an effort to explicate the distinguishing features of each. In doing so, it illuminates the distinctions between liberal-minded media reform movements, such as public journalism, and far more radical alternatives to journalistic practice as represented by street newspapers. Throughout it is argued that street papers are a unique form of communicative democracy. In their capacity as the voice of the poor, street newspapers seek to critically engage the reading public in ongoing deliberations over fundamental issues of economic, social and political justice. A brief assessment of Street Feat - a street newspaper in Halifax, Nova Scotia - provides an empirical basis for this discussion.
Remaking Media Participation in Early Modern England
Authors: Hamilton James W.
Published: August 2003

This article seeks to begin to recover the multiplicity of media participation by focusing on its remaking during the spread and consolidation of a capitalist economy in early modern England. It develops a distinction between unidimensional and multidimensional conceptions of media participation, and uses this to identify and explore the implications of specific cultural forms and media practices which refashioned media participation from medieval into modern forms. The article concludes by arguing that current critical/radical efforts to challenge dominant media practice must confront the entire complex of forms and practices that enable and support modernist conceptions and practices of media participation.
Through the Lens of the Local
Authors: Forde Susan , Foxwell Kerrie , Meadows Michael
Published: August 2003

This article explores the role of community or `public arena' journalism in offering alternative frameworks for making sense of the world through the lens of local communities and their various networks. Our particular focus is on new research into Australia's unique community broadcasting sector, based on nationwide telephone surveys and focus group discussions involving a broad range of community journalists, which suggests that they fulfil an important cultural role in providing communities with a local voice through what we have termed a `community public sphere'.
Indymedia Journalism
Authors: Platon Sara , Deuze Mark
Published: August 2003

In this article we describe the factors behind the Indymedia news model and analyse how these can be understood as being different from or similar to the production of content in corporate news media organizations. Using a series of in-depth interviews with Indymedia activists in and from different countries, we compare and analyse our findings with the help of theories of journalism, public or civic journalism, open source journalism and the concept of open publishing online. Our main question is whether mainstream corporate news media may be able to incorporate the principles and ideas of the online alternative media model Indymedia stands for. The answer to this question seems to be: `no'. Even though we see that Indymedia editorial teams often face the same problems as the ones faced by corporate news media, the ways of solving such problems by Indymedia activists are based on a radically different interpretation of journalistic ideology.
`The Unspoken - Said'
Authors: Harcup Tony
Published: August 2003

There is a long and continuing tradition of alternative media being produced to challenge the discourse(s) of mainstream media. This article explores the ways in which the journalism of alternative media differs from mainstream journalism; whether or not alternative and mainstream media use different sources; and how relationships between producers and sources in alternative media differ from those in mainstream media. These questions are addressed by examining alternative media in the UK: first, by briefly tracing the history of that country's alternative press; second, by comparing how a major news story was covered by a mainstream local newspaper and an alternative local newspaper in the same city; third, by interviews with members of a collective producing a radical website that draws on the traditions of the alternative press. The analysis is informed by the concepts of the `public sphere' and the `alternative public sphere'; and takes issue with the categorization of alternative media as an exemplar of `failure'. The article concludes with some comments on the ability of alternative media to play a counter-hegemonic role in relation to mainstream media.
Envisioning a New World Order Through Journalism
Authors: Sosale Sujatha
Published: August 2003

Journalism and communicative democracy in general were debated intensely on a world scale a quarter of a century ago, during the debates over a New World Information and Communication Order. In this article, I demonstrate that during this period, theory and reflexive practice in journalism were envisioned through radical ideas freely deliberated in intergovernmental, professional and scholarly spaces. I analyze related themes that appeared in statements issued by Third World journalists, and in selected scholarly articles published at that time. Analysis reveals that these themes articulated an alternate, more democratic world order. I conclude by discussing the relevance and importance of these ideas and themes to the present global era.
From Varieties to Elementary Forms
Authors: JONES Sue Stedman
Published: August 2003

This article traces the relation between the thought of William James and that of Émile Durkheim with regard to religious experience. It shows the complexity of Durkheim's relationship to pragmatism and his response to it both as an admirer and as a critic of James, and centres on a close examination of James's Varieties of Religious Experience and how aspects of this are woven into the development of Durkheim's argument in The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. The focus of the article is on the logic of Durkheim's view of religious reality and how James influenced this. It traces the common philosophical ancestor of both James and Durkheim and raises question about the appropriate methodology for the study of religion.
Durkheim on Collective Memory
Authors: Misztal Barbara A.
Published: August 2003

The paper argues that although Durkheim did not explicitly employ the notion of collective memory, his approach offers a very insightful understanding of the need for historical continuity. Durkheim's belief that every society displays and requires a sense of continuity with the past and that the past confers identity on individuals and groups allows us to see collective memory as one of the elementary forms of social life. The paper presents Durkheim's discussion of commemorative rituals in early societies, where he directly addresses the notion of social memory, which is seen as perpetuated by religious rites and as a means of ensuring shared morality and social cohesion. His conceptualization of the role of law and memory in sustaining organic solidarity is also considered. In conclusion it is discussed whether Durkheim's understanding of social memory provides us with relevant means to interpret social processes of remembering in today's societies.