bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transformation of Eugenol and Safrole into Hydroxychavicol
Authors: Arifin Budi , Tang Dumas Flis , Achmadi Suminar Setiati
Published: February 2017

Hydroxychavicol is found in betel leaf at low concentration and is reported to have antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, and antimutagenic activities. This study aimed to synthesize hydroxychavicol from eugenol and safrole. Isolation of eugenol from clove oil by alkaline extraction method gave 71% yield, while the isolation of safrole from lawang oil by alkaline extraction method, followed by purification using preparative thin layer chromatography, gave 7% yield. Eugenol demethylation and safrole demethylenation with AlCl3 reagent were successfully produced hydroxychavicol. The yields were 28% and 24%, respectively. Mechanisms of the synthesis are proposed in this article.
TINJAUAN KUALITAS PADA AEROSOL CAN Ø 65 X 124 DENGAN PENDEKATAN METODE SIX SIGMA PADA LINE ABM 3 DEPARTEMEN ASSEMBLY
Authors: Kholil Mohammad , Prasetyo Eri Dwi
Published: February 2017

Perkembangan dunia industri akan selalu terdapat persaingan. Kepuasan konsumen menjadi faktor utama yang mampu menentukan kemenangan dalam persaingan di dunia industri. Kepuasan konsumen dapat diraih salah satunya dengan menjaga kualitas produk yang dihasilkan. Hal inilah yang mendasari untuk terus melakukan perbaikan kualitas. Penelitian ini difokuskan pada penurunan tingkat reject  yang terdapat pada proses produksi Aerosol Can Ø65 X 124 dengan metode Six Sigma. Metode Six Sigma ini disusun berdasarkan sebuah metodologi penyelesaian masalah yang sederhana-DMAIC, yaitu: Define (merumuskan), Measure (mengukur), Analyze (menganalisa), Improve (memperbaiki) dan Control (mengendalikan), yang menggabungkan bermacam – macam  perangkat statistik serta pendekatan perbaikan proses yang lainnya.Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diperoleh DPMO sebesar 22.749,787 dengan nilai sigma 3,50. Dengan Weld Problem sebagai jumlah reject terbesar yaitu sebanyak  311.226 pcs atau 37,91% dari total reject keseluruhan. Dari analisa Fishbone Diagram dan FMEA didapat  penyebab dari Weld Problem, yaitu: Ukuran material tidak standar, jenis Material yang berbeda-beda, kemampuan Operator kurang, SOP tidak dijalankan, profil Roll Weld aus dan kondisi mesin tidak normal, untuk itu perlu dilakukan perbaikan guna mengurangi jumlah kerusakan produk.
DISAIN DAN IMPLEMENTASI SISTEM MONITORING PENGISIAN CAIRAN MELALUI WIFI DAN WEB
Authors: Ihsanto Eko , Buchori Imam
Published: February 2017

Pengisian cairan dapat dilakukan dengan mudah secara manual. Tetapi untuk hasil yang lebih baik, sebaiknya dilakukan otomatis menggunakan katup elektronik, terutama untuk pengisian berulang dalam rentang waktu lama. Tetapi di beberapa kasus, kabel penghubung antara tempat pengisian dengan sistem elektronik dianggap menyulitkan dan beresiko. Penggunaan modul WiFi dapat menjadi alternatif solusi masalah ini. Selain menghubungkan sistem mekanik pengisian dengan smartphone, modul ini juga dapat menghubungkan sistem mekanik tersebut dengan PC yang berperan sebagai Data Logger sekaligus Web server. Pada penelitian ini telah dirancang dan diuji, sistem pengisian air mulai 50 ml sampai 1000 ml dengan resolusi 50 ml. Volume cairan yang diinginkan dapat ditentukan melalui keypad dan proses pengisian dipantau menggunakan flowmeter. Aliran cairan dapat dibuka dan ditutup melalui katup elektronik dan hasil akhir pengisian ditampilkan di LCD. Selain itu, data hasil pengisian juga dapat dikirimkan ke smartphone maupun PC yang berperan sebagai Data Logger dan Web Server. Dari serangkaian pengujian diperoleh akurasi pengisian dengan kesalahan berkisar antara 0,1%-10%. Jangkauan WiFi dianggap memadai, melampaui 20 m, dengan proses pengiriman kurang dari 2 ms. Selain itu, PC juga dapat merekam seluruh kejadian pengisian, berupa waktu dan volume pengisian, serta menampilkannya pada domain Web.
Why do directors feel so separate when they are interconnected?
Authors: Andert Darlene
Published: February 2017

The current events at Hewlett-Packard (HP) offer steadfast corporate governance professionals a new case study concerning: (1) the powers of the Board, (2) the role of the Chair, and (3) the expectation by individual directors to expect boardroom due process to redress issues. While the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) changed the requirements for transparency and financial disclosure for the CEO and CFO, it remained too silent concerning director-to-director transparency and the role of the Chair to take action without full board consent. This is a re-occurring directorship problem as Enron, Disney, and other exigent cases show. These cases point to the need for director-to-director transparency and disclosure if board members are to avoid unsubstantial board action.
Caries risk assessment in pregnant women using cariogram
Authors: Dolic Olivera , Obradovic Marija , Kojic Zeljka , Sukara Slava
Published: February 2017

Introduction/Objective. ?Cariogram? takes into account interactions between caries-related factors and expresses a graphic assessment of the caries risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between caries risk and different variables of Cariogram in pregnant women. Methods. This study included 96 pregnant women. At baseline, data on general health, diet, oral hygiene, and fluoride exposure were obtained. DMFT (decayed, missing, and filled teeth) index was calculated by clinical examination. Saliva analyses included mutans streptococci and lactobacilli counts, buffer capacity, and secretion rate. Scores were entered and caries risk was assessed. The women were divided into five groups according to their Cariogram caries risk. Results. The results of the study showed that 29.17% (28) of the pregnant women had high caries risk, 21.88% (21) ? medium, 17.71% (17) ? low, 16.67% (16) ? very high, and 14.58% (14) ? very low caries risk. In an average caries risk profile of pregnant women, the dominant sector was ?Bacteria? (18.85% of the risk structure profile), followed by ?Diet? (17.97%), ?Circumstances? (15.68%), and ?Susceptibility? sector (14.65%). Conclusion. Cariogram shows that pregnant women in Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina, had 46.14% chance of avoiding caries in the future. The Cariogram model can successfully determine caries risk profiles for pregnant women.
A Peckham Pilgrimage: Looking for Lagos & Considering ‘Community’
Authors: Hunt Beth
Published: February 2017

This piece was prompted by the requirement that I write a “Critical Travelogue” for one of my MA classes. The assignment required every member of the class to physically make a journey before critically re-imagining it in a short essay. Beyond this, there were very few restrictions on the direction and form the piece could take. Combining my interests in art, activism, memory and Nigerian history as only a project like this would allow, I travelled to an exhibition commemorating Ken Saro-Wiwa entitled Doing Nothing is Not an Option. In order to provide structure as well as interest and humour to the project, I considered details such as mode of travel, embarkation point, and route in order to structure theme and narrative. As a result, the finished piece represents not only a spontaneous consideration of city space, diaspora, and gentrification but also an interaction (or a ‘brief encounter’) between the careful planning and inevitable spontaneity that are essential to both academia and travel, thus creating a dialogue between the disciplines.
Empathising with Bog Bodies: Seamus Heaney and the Feminine Sublime
Authors: Wright Patrick
Published: February 2017

This article makes the case that Seamus Heaney’s bog poems, in his collection North, represent the body in such a way as to evoke the sublime. Heaney's depicition of bodies presents them as a weird conflation of terror and beauty, which is, this article claims, his precise articulation of the sublime: one that is distinct from Edmund Burke’s theory. In recognition of the fact that much of the scholarly writing on North, thus far, has focused its attention on how these poems represent Heaney’s Irishness, his relationship to politics and the Troubles, his mythopoeic imagination, and so on, this article advances the critical discourse on his work, and moves the analysis towards feminist commentary and the affective dimension of the poems. In part the intention is to address an often reductive, historicist approach to reading texts, and the swift eagerness of literary critics to seize Heaney’s poems for their own political agendas. With this in mind, this article responds to recent feminist debates on Heaney, while arguing that Heaney’s sublime does not represent an ogre-like patriarchy, but rather remains respectful of its object, and works to resolve any seeming opposition to the category of the beautiful.
Liminal Fiction: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Researching, Writing and Disseminating an Archival Novel about the Violent Past
Authors: Simpson Penny Claire
Published: February 2017

This article explores the concept of liminal fiction, a new literary genre that takes on the challenge of narrating human rights in the sphere of transitional justice. Liminal fiction makes porous the boundaries between literature, law, history, art, and the archive. Using the work of contemporary visual artists who explore the art of forensics, and ground-breaking research methodologies adopted by social and forensic anthropologists, this article analyses the idea of researching and fictionalising a new memory paradigm, one rooted in the visual imagery of disinterred remains. It suggests that establishing a creative synthesis between interdisciplinary research and writing a work of fiction is a means to open up new avenues for narrating the history of the missing. This is partly achieved through a re-configuration of the role of writer and reader as co-curators, charged with the task of shifting through a multi-layered narrative that links the exhumation of mass graves in Spain in the 2000s with experiences in the country's postwar diaspora and the 'Indignados' demonstrations and occupations of 2011. Further, it becomes possible to consider alternative methods of 'publication' and dissemination of a work of liminal fiction — part-archive, part-book, part-installation — in creative collaborations with 'new musuems of space and emotion.'**This refers to a term used by economist and campaigner Susie Symes to evoke the significance of memory sites such as 19 Princelet Street, London, where she is Chair of Trustees.
Comfort through ‘the lively Word of God’: Katherine Willoughby and the Protestant Funeral Monument
Authors: Lauenstein Eva
Published: February 2017

What does the use of biblical scripture, viewed through the funeral monument’s material and spatial presence in the church building disclose about the role of the places for the dead in establishing and maintaining church practices and ritual during the formative years of the Reformation? Taking the lead from the tomb of early evangelical reformer Katherine Willoughby, Duchess of Suffolk at Spilsby in Lincolnshire, this article examines the relationship between text, space and materiality in the formulation of a protestant rhetoric of congregational equality with its epicentre in the church nave. Tracing the texts and placements of commemorative structures, and their relationship to official as well as more radical protestant texts, including the Elizabethan Injunctions (1559), as well as the writing of John Dod (1615), this preliminary investigation explores the fertile relationship between object and text in the development of Protestant identities.By applying recent archaeological scholarship into the role of ‘presencing’ mechanisms (Graves 2000, & Roffey, 2008) in the medieval and post-medieval church interior to the Willoughby monument in Spilsby’s north chancel, as well as two further examples of the tombs of protestant reformers, the notion of a protestant dismissal of the visual as a tool in devotion will be challenged. By introducing the central role of placement, the approach will destabilize the view that in the protestant church ‘the greatest visual impact came from words’ (MacCulloch, 1999, p. 159), and instead, place language into the wider architectural and spatial narratives of the church interior.
Newspaper quality, content and competition in New Zealand
Authors: Gibbons Matthew
Published: February 2017

Content analysis results show that investment strategies and newspaper quality vary between companies in New Zealand. Indeed, Allied Press’ Otago Daily Times prints considerably more news than Fairfax papers with similar circulations, and almost as much news as the Christchurch Press. The results also provide some support for the theory that produc­ing a relatively high quality newspaper, when quality is measured by the quantity of news published and number of journalists employed, is as­sociated with relatively high readership. Vigorous competition between companies for dominance in the Queenstown newspaper market suggests that less concentrated newspaper ownership could increase competition and benefit consumers in other parts of New Zealand. Although the results are from 2006, strong similarities between the newspapers surveyed and more recent issues of these titles means the results and policy lessons drawn are still relevant.
A foreign flower no more: Tongan diasporic media and the 2014 Tongan election
Authors: Cass Philip
Published: February 2017

The use of social media and the involvement of diasporic populations in politics is a growing trend among diasporic Polynesian communities and Island politicians. Auckland-based Tongan media, which are the focus of this article, appear to have had an effect on voter behaviour in the 2014 Tongan elections. Using the Auckland-based news site Kaniva News as a case study and drawing on interviews with Tongan journalists, this article sets out to show the links between the development of online media among the Tongan diaspora, the rise of ‘Akilisi Pohiva’s democracy movement and the mediated involvement of New Zealand’s Tongan community in that democratic process. Similar developments have also been noted in Fiji and the Cook Islands where online media played an important part in recent elections.
The end of hypocrisy: Online activism and ethno-political conflicts
Authors: Terzis Georgios
Published: February 2017

In the past twenty years, democratic participation through activism and civil disobedience has been increasingly expanded with the evolution of information and communication technology. It is assumed that the role of traditional media is not as influential as it once was due to the growing presence of self-made war journalists, hacktivists and whistleblowers, facilitated through the potential of the internet. The use of the latter as a tool from which information is disseminated rapidly, is fast influencing societal understanding and exposure to issues as they develop. Social media demonstrates precisely this phenomenon, in which people are able to accrue information and act upon it through mass communication and mobilisation. This article will therefore endeavor to analyse the evolution of media in conjunction with activism, from traditional media ethno-political conflict reporting, to today’s whistleblowers and hacktivists that use the internet as their main platform. By factoring in these different aspects, this article is able to present a detailed account of the advantages and drawbacks of the latest developments in internet and technology, with special emphasis being placed on the role of online activism.
Interaction of Wildlife and People Residing near National Park Area
Authors: Dhakal Devendra
Published: February 2017

Interaction is the relationship between organisms for food, shelter and other needs. It may be positive or negative. There is strong interaction between wildlife and local people particularly at the national park and its adjoining area. Local people are responsible for a number of problems related to protected area management. The objective of this study was to assess the causes of interactions and find out the ways for park-people management. This study has been designed to reveal the intricate relationship among the wildlife and local people. The study applied cross-sectional design and used quantitative and qualitative approaches to collect data. Research instruments namely interview, questionnaire and observation were applied for this study. In any National Park in Nepalese context relation between wildlife and local people is positive and negative. Wildlife helps in promoting and maintaining greenery. It also helps in promoting tourism in the area. Journal of Advanced Academic Research, Vol. 3, No. 3, 2016, Page :100-104
Suzuki-Miyaura C-C Coupling Reactions Catalyzed by Supported Pd Nanoparticles for the Preparation of Fluorinated Biphenyl Derivatives
Authors: Erami Roghayeh , Díaz-García Diana , Prashar Sanjiv , Rodríguez-Diéguez Antonio , Fajardo Mariano , Amirnasr Mehdi , Gómez-Ruiz Santiago
Published: February 2017

Heterogeneous recyclable catalysts in Suzuki-Miyaura C-C coupling reactions are of great interest in green chemistry as reusable alternatives to homogeneous Pd complexes. Considering the interesting properties of fluorinated compounds for the pharmaceutical industry, as precursors of novel materials, and also as components of liquid crystalline media, this present study describes the preparation of different fluorinated biphenyl derivatives by Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions catalyzed by a heterogeneous system (G-COOH-Pd-10) based on Pd nanoparticles supported onto COOH-modified graphene. The catalytic activity of the hybrid material G-COOH-Pd-10 has been tested in Suzuki-Miyaura C–C coupling reactions observing excellent versatility and good conversion rates in the reactions of phenylboronic acid, 4-vinylphenylboronic acid, 4-carboxyphenylboronic acid, and 4-fluorophenylboronic acid with 1-bromo-4-fluorobenzene. In addition, the influence of the arylbromide has been studied by carrying out reactions of 4-fluorophenylboronic acid with 1-bromo-2-fluorobenzene, 1-bromo-3-fluorobenzene, 1-bromo-4-fluorobenzene, 2-bromo-5-fluorotoluene, and 2-bromo-4-fluorotoluene. Finally, catalyst recyclability tests show a good degree of reusability of the system based on G-COOH-Pd-10 as the decrease in catalytic activity after five consecutive catalytic cycles in the reaction of 1-bromo-4-fluorobenzene with 4-florophenylboronic acid at 48 hours of reaction is lower than 8% while in the case of reactions at three hours the recyclability of the systems is much lower.
Management of Arrhythmias in Heart Failure
Authors: Masarone Daniele , Limongelli Giuseppe , Rubino Marta , Valente Fabio , Vastarella Rossella , Ammendola Ernesto , Gravino Rita , Verrengia Marina , Salerno Gemma , Pacileo Giuseppe
Published: February 2017

Heart failure patients are predisposed to develop arrhythmias. Supraventricular arrhythmias can exacerbate the heart failure symptoms by decreasing the effective cardiac output and their control require pharmacological, electrical, or catheter-based intervention. In the setting of atrial flutter or atrial fibrillation, anticoagulation becomes paramount to prevent systemic or cerebral embolism. Patients with heart failure are also prone to develop ventricular arrhythmias that can present a challenge to the managing clinician. The management strategy depends on the type of arrhythmia, the underlying structural heart disease, the severity of heart failure, and the range from optimization of heart failure therapy to catheter ablation. Patients with heart failure, irrespective of ejection fraction are at high risk for developing sudden cardiac death, however risk stratification is a clinical challenge and requires a multiparametric evaluation for identification of patients who should undergo implantation of a cardioverter defibrillator. Finally, patients with heart failure can also develop symptomatic bradycardia, caused by sinus node dysfunction or atrio-ventricular block. The treatment of bradycardia in these patients with pacing is usually straightforward but needs some specific issue.
A Computational Investigation of the Substituent Effects on Geometric, Electronic, and Optical Properties of Siloles and 1,4-Disilacyclohexa-2,5-dienes
Authors: Denisova Aleksandra , Tibbelin Julius , Emanuelsson Rikard , Ottosson Henrik
Published: February 2017

Thirty two differently substituted siloles 1a–1p and 1,4-disilacyclohexa-2,5-dienes 2a–2p were investigated by quantum chemical calculations using the PBE0 hybrid density functional theory (DFT) method. The substituents included σ-electron donating and withdrawing, as well as π-electron donating and withdrawing groups, and their effects when placed at the Si atom(s) or at the C atoms were examined. Focus was placed on geometries, frontier orbital energies and the energies of the first allowed electronic excitations. We analyzed the variation in energies between the orbitals which correspond to HOMO and LUMO for the two parent species, here represented as ΔεHL, motivated by the fact that the first allowed transitions involve excitation between these orbitals. Even though ΔεHL and the excitation energies are lower for siloles than for 1,4-disilacyclohexa-2,5-dienes the latter display significantly larger variations with substitution. The ΔεHL of the siloles vary within 4.57–5.35 eV (ΔΔεHL = 0.78 eV) while for the 1,4-disilacyclohexa-2,5-dienes the range is 5.49–7.15 eV (ΔΔεHL = 1.66 eV). The excitation energy of the first allowed transitions display a moderate variation for siloles (3.60–4.41 eV) whereas the variation for 1,4-disilacyclohexa-2,5-dienes is nearly doubled (4.69–6.21 eV). Cyclobutadisiloles combine the characteristics of siloles and 1,4-disilacyclohexa-2,5-diene by having even lower excitation energies than siloles yet also extensive variation in excitation energies to substitution of 1,4-disilacyclohexa-2,5-dienes (3.47–4.77 eV, variation of 1.30 eV).
A Kinetic Approach in the Evaluation of Radical-Scavenging Efficiency of Sinapic Acid and Its Derivatives
Authors: Nićiforović Neda , Polak Tomaž , Makuc Damjan , Poklar Ulrih Nataša , Abramovič Helena
Published: February 2017

A kinetic approach was used to determine the radical scavenging activities of sinapic acid and its derivatives: sinapine, 4-vinylsyringol, syringic acid, syringaldehyde, and ethyl, propyl and butyl sinapate. The responses were expressed as rates of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH˙) scavenging (RS), superoxide radical (O2˙−) scavenging (RFF), and β-carotene bleaching in the emulsion system (RB). For RS and RB, the esters of sinapic acid showed the highest responses while, for RFF, this was seen for syringic acid. The effectiveness of the selected compounds for scavenging these free radicals was also determined at a fixed endpoint. The early response parameters were demonstrated to be good discriminators in assessing differences for antioxidants with comparable fixed endpoint activity. The primary feature that ranks the kinetic data and the endpoint determinations is interpreted in terms of the mechanisms of the reactions involved in each of the assays conducted.
Renewable Green Platform Chemicals for Polymers
Authors: Ray Parijat , Smith Craig , Simon George , Saito Kei
Published: February 2017

This Special Issue covered topics in the field of Green Chemistry.[...]
Excited-State Dynamics of the Thiopurine Prodrug 6-Thioguanine: Can N9-Glycosylation Affect Its Phototoxic Activity?
Authors: Ashwood Brennan , Jockusch Steffen , Crespo-Hernández Carlos
Published: February 2017

6-Thioguanine, an immunosuppressant and anticancer prodrug, has been shown to induce DNA damage and cell death following exposure to UVA radiation. Its metabolite, 6-thioguanosine, plays a major role in the prodrug’s overall photoreactivity. However, 6-thioguanine itself has proven to be cytotoxic following UVA irradiation, warranting further investigation into its excited-state dynamics. In this contribution, the excited-state dynamics and photochemical properties of 6-thioguanine are studied in aqueous solution following UVA excitation at 345 nm in order to provide mechanistic insight regarding its photochemical reactivity and to scrutinize whether N9-glycosylation modulates its phototoxicity in solution. The experimental results are complemented with time-dependent density functional calculations that include solvent dielectric effects by means of a reaction-field solvation model. UVA excitation results in the initial population of the S2(ππ*) state, which is followed by ultrafast internal conversion to the S1(nπ*) state and then intersystem crossing to the triplet manifold within 560 ± 60 fs. A small fraction (ca. 25%) of the population that reaches the S1(nπ*) state repopulates the ground state. The T1(ππ*) state decays to the ground state in 1.4 ± 0.2 μs under N2-purged conditions, using a 0.2 mM concentration of 6-thioguanine, or it can sensitize singlet oxygen in 0.21 ± 0.02 and 0.23 ± 0.02 yields in air- and O2-saturated solution, respectively. This demonstrates the efficacy of 6-thioguanine to act as a Type II photosensitizer. N9-glycosylation increases the rate of intersystem crossing from the singlet to triplet manifold, as well as from the T1(ππ*) state to the ground state, which lead to a ca. 40% decrease in the singlet oxygen yield under air-saturated conditions. Enhanced vibronic coupling between the singlet and triplet manifolds due to a higher density of vibrational states is proposed to be responsible for the observed increase in the rates of intersystem crossing in 6-thioguanine upon N9-glycosylation.
In Vitro Selection of DNA Aptamers that Binds Geniposide
Authors: Zhang Aozhe , Chang Dingran , Zhang Zijian , Li Fan , Li Weihong , Wang Xu , Li Yingfu , Hua Qian
Published: February 2017

Geniposide is a key iridoid glycoside from Gardenia jasminoides fructus widely used in traditional Chinese herbal medicine. However, detection of this small molecule represents a significant challenge mostly due to the lack of specific molecular recognition elements. In this study, we have performed in vitro selection experiments to isolate DNA aptamers that can specifically bind geniposide. Using a stringent selection procedure, we have isolated DNA aptamers that can distinguish geniposide from genipin and glucose, two structural analogs of geniposide. Two top aptamers exhibit low micromolar binding affinity towards geniposide, but show significantly reduced affinity to genipin and glucose. These aptamers have the potential to be further developed into analytical tools for the detection of geniposide.
Topic Order in Introductory Physics and its Impact on the STEM Curricular Ladder
Authors: Larkin Teresa L
Published: February 2017

Introductory physics courses are an important rung on the curricular ladder in STEM. These courses help to strengthen students critical thinking and problem solving skills while simultaneously introducing them to many topics they will explore in more detail in later courses in physics and engineering. For these reasons, introductory physics is a required element on the curricular ladder. Most often, introductory physics is offered as a two-semester sequence with basic mechanics being taught in the first semester and electricity and magnetism in the second. In fact, this curricular sequence has not been altered in decades. Is there a reason for this? There are many other enduring questions that arise pertaining to these foundation courses in physics. These questions include: Does taking the introductory course sequence “out of order” have an impact on student learning in physics? What topics should be taught? When should these topics be taught? What topics could be left out? The list of questions is essentially endless. This paper will address some of these questions in part, through a brief discussion on student learning in a second-semester algebra-based physics course. Connections will also be made to the broader curricular ladder in STEM. To this end, an illustration that makes connections to an engineering statics course will be presented. This discussion will conclude by presenting some broader implications for the larger STEM communities.
Nest-Site Selection Patterns of Coexisting Sandhill and Whooping Cranes in Wisconsin
Authors: Strobel Bradley N. , Giorgi Gina F.
Published: February 2017

Breeding sandhill cranes Antigone canadensis and released captive-reared whooping cranes Grus americana have coexisted in central Wisconsin since 2001. Despite 15 y of reintroduction efforts, the reproductive success of these whooping cranes has been near zero. Preliminary data suggest sandhill cranes nesting in central Wisconsin have apparent nest success rates that are similar to those reported from other populations in the region (∼50%). One hypothesized cause of the whooping crane population's low reproductive success is nest abandonment induced by blood-feeding ornithophilic black flies Diptera: Simuliidae. Species-specific differences in selection of nest sites could influence the abundance of black flies at nests and affect reproductive success rates. We measured multiple vegetative and hydrologic characteristics at 35 sandhill crane nests, 20 whooping crane nests, and 164 randomly selected locations at 5- and 200-m scales. We were unable to detect a species-specific difference in vegetation characteristics within 5 m of nest sites. At the 200-m scale, sandhill cranes built nests at sites with slightly greater coverage of woody vegetation than whooping cranes. Differences observed between nest sites of sandhill and whooping cranes appeared to be slight and likely insufficient to explain the dramatic differences in reproductive success in central Wisconsin.
Welcome to Qualitative Research in Medicine & Healthcare
Authors: Bartesaghi Mariaelena
Published: February 2017

Not available.
Daily news and daily bread: Precarious employment in the newspaper distribution sector in Durban, South Africa
Authors: Nnaeme Chibuikem C.
Published: February 2017

Orientation: The outsourcing of newspaper distribution seems to be one of the sources of precarious employment for newspaper distribution contractors and their employees. Research Purpose: In an attempt to contribute to the debate on outsourcing, this paper explored the effects of outsourcing newspaper distribution on the labour market experiences of newspaper distribution contractors and their employees in Durban. Motivation for the study: The labour market experiences of workers in precarious employment, especially those in the lower echelon of newspaper distribution, are rarely known. Research Design, approach and method: The study is a qualitative research which sought to explore the experiences of newspaper distributors in Durban. In identifying the respondents non-probability sampling was used to identify information-rich respondents for interview sections. Also, the research used participant observation to deepen data from interviews. Main Findings: The research finds that the respondents were exposed to precarious employment conditions irrespective of whether they were contracted or not, seemingly because of outsourcing of newspaper distribution in Durban. Practical/Managerial Implications: The practical implication suggests that Basic Employment Act is not guiding how the respondents are being treated. Contribution/Value-Add: The paper specifically highlights the exploitation of newspaper distributors on the streets, as they are denied any form of employment benefits or employment security despite executing their job within severe working conditions.
Electromagnetic Compatibility Measurement Procedure for Vehicle Components--Part 13: Immunity to Electrostatic Discharge
Authors:   Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Standards
Published: February 2017

This SAE Standard specifies the test methods and procedures
necessary to evaluate electrical components intended for automotive
use to the threat of Electrostatic Discharges (ESDs). It describes
test procedures for evaluating electrical components on the bench
in the powered mode and for the packaging and handling non-powered
mode.

A procedure for calibrating the simulator that is used for
electrostatic discharges is given in Appendix A.

Functional Performance Status Classifications for immunity to
ESD are given in Appendix B.

Sensitivity classifications for ESD sensitive devices are given
in Appendix B.
Immunity to Radiated Electromagnetic Fields-Bulk Current Injection (BCI) Method
Authors:   Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Standards
Published: February 2017

This SAE Recommended Practice defines a method for evaluating the immunity of automotive electrical/electronic devices to radiated electromagnetic fields coupled to the vehicle wiring harness. The method, called Bulk Current Injection (BCI), uses a current probe to inject RF current from 1 to 400 MHz into the wiring harness of automotive devices. BCI is one of a number of test methods that can be used to simulate the electromagnetic field. For a list of others, see SAE J1113/1.
Measurement of Radiated Emissions from Integrated Circuits -- Surface Scan Method (Loop Probe Method) 10 MHz to 3 GHz
Authors:   Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Standards
Published: February 2017

This SAE Recommended Practice defines a method for evaluating the near field electric or magnetic component of the electromagnetic field at the surface of an integrated circuit (IC). This technique is capable of providing a detailed pattern of the RF sources internal to the IC. The resolution of the pattern is determined by the characteristics of the probes used and the precision of the mechanical probe positioner. The method is usable over the 10 MHz to 3 GHz frequency range with existing probe technology. The probe is mechanically scanned according to a programmed pattern in a plane parallel or perpendicular to the IC surface and the data is computer processed to provide a color-enhanced representation of field strength at the scan frequency. This procedure is applicable to measurements from an IC mounted on any circuit board that is accessible to the scan probe. For comparisons, the standardized test board shall be used. This diagnostic procedure is intended for IC architectural analysis including functional floor plan and power distribution.
Off-Board Diagnostic Connector
Authors:   Truck Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
Published: February 2017

These SAE Recommended Practices are intended for light- and heavy-duty vehicles on- or off-road as well as appropriate stationary applications which use vehicle derived components (e.g., generator sets). Vehicle of interest include but are not limited to; on- and off-highway trucks and their trailers; construction equipment; and agricultural equipment and implements.
The purpose of these documents is to provide an open interconnect system for electronic systems. It is the intention of these documents to allow electronic devices to communicate with each other by providing a standard architecture.
Application-Configurable Messaging
Authors:   Truck Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
Published: February 2017

The SAE J1939 documents are intended for light, medium, and heavy-duty vehicles used on or off road as well as appropriate stationary applications which use vehicle derived components (e.g. generator sets). Vehicles of interest include, but are not limited to, on- and off-highway trucks and their trailers, construction equipment, and agricultural equipment and implements.

The purpose of these documents is to provide an open interconnect system for electronic systems. It is the intention of these documents to allow Electronic Control Units to communicate with each other by providing a standard architecture.

This particular document, SAE J1939-74, describes the message structure for a set of messages which enable the user to determine and announce to others on the network, the parameter placement within a particular message from the special set of messages defined within this document.
NETWORK MANAGEMENT
Authors:   Truck Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
Published: February 2017

These SAE Recommended Practices are intended for light and heavy duty vehicles used on or off road as well as appropriate stationary applications which use vehicle derived components (e. g. generator sets). Vehicles of interest include, but are not limited to on and off highway trucks and their trailers; construction equipment; and agricultural equipment and implements.

The purpose of these documents is to provide an open interconnect system for electronic systems. It is the intention of these documents to allow Electronic Control Units to communicate with each other by providing a standard architecture.

Network management in the SAE J1939 network is concerned with the management of source addresses and the association of those addresses with an actual function and with the detection and reporting of network related errors. Due to the nature of management of source addresses, network management also specifies initialization processes, requirements for reaction to brief power outages and minimum requirements for ECUs on the network.
Connections for On-Board Road Vehicle Electrical Wiring Harnesses Part 1: Single-Pole Connectors Flat Blade Terminals Dimensional Characteristics and Specific Requirements
Authors:   Electrical Distribution Steering Committee
Published: February 2017

This SAE Standard specifies dimensional characteristics of flat blades of single-pole connectors and specific requirements for on-board electrical harnesses of road vehicles, which can be fitted into female connectors such as those given as in Appendix A.

This document applies to connectors designed to be disconnected after mounting in the vehicle in the case of repair and/or maintenance only.
Location Referencing Message Specification (LRMS)
Authors:   V2X Core Technical Committee
Published: February 2017

The Location Referencing Message Specification (LRMS) standardizes location referencing for ITS applications that require the communication of spatial data references between databases. ITS databases may reside in central sites, vehicles, or devices on or off roads or other transportation links. The LRMS is applicable to both homogeneous (same database) and mixed database environments that may be implemented on wireless or landline networks. While developed for ITS applications, the LRMS may be used for non-ITS applications as well within the field of geographic information processing.
Remote Steering Control Systems
Authors:   Adaptive Devices Standards Committee
Published: February 2017

This SAE Information Report establishes a uniform procedure for assuring the manufactured quality, installed utility and performance of automotive remote steering controls other than those provided by the vehicle manufacturer (OEM). These products are intended to provide driving capability to persons with physical disabilities. The adaptive modifications seek to compensate for lost or reduced function in the extremities of the driver with a disability. Remote steering controls are designed to provide a steering input device alternative to the OEM steering wheel that either reduces the required input force, changes the required range of motion or changes the location of the steering control or any combination of the above. These controls supplement by power, other than by the driver’s own muscular efforts, the force output of the driver with a disability. Because this is an Information Report, the numerical values for performance measurements presented in this report and in the accompanying Test Procedure, while based upon the best knowledge available at the time, have not been validated by a testing of the Test Procedure.
Fastener Part Standard—Washers and Lockwashers (Inch Dimensioned)
Authors:   Ship Systems - Fasteners Committee
Published: February 2017

This SAE Part Standard covers selected inch dimensioned washers and lock washers manufactured in accordance with American Society for Mechanical Engineers dimensional standards. This SAE standard covers material most often used in ship systems and equipment but its use may be applied wherever washers of the covered materials are used. This standard permits the washers to be identified and ordered by a part or identifying number (PIN) as defined in this standard.
Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems for Light Duty Highway Vehicles
Authors:   Highway Tire Committee
Published: February 2017

To establish overall performance guidelines, test methods, and minimum performance levels for a TPMS. The system shall visually indicate the tire inflation pressure status. These guidelines include, but are not limited to:

a

A test methodology for a device which monitors tire inflation, that is located in/on the tire/wheel environment.

b

Recommended performance guidelines for a TPMS.
Vehicle Electromagnetic Immunity - Power Line Magnetic Fields
Authors:   Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Standards
Published: February 2017

This SAE Standard specifies the test methods and procedures for testing passenger cars and commercial vehicles to magnetic fields generated by power transmission lines and generating stations.
SAE J551-1 specifies general, definitions, practical use, and basic principles of the test procedure.
Lubricants, Industrial Oils, and Related Products Type D Compressor Oils - Specification - Addendum
Authors:   Fuel and Lubricants TC2 Industrial Lubricants
Published: February 2017

The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) Industrial Lubricants Committee has developed a number of industrial, non-production lubricant performance specifications.
The purpose of these voluntary SAE specifications is to:

a. Define minimum performance requirements for industrial lubricants.
b. Provide lubricant suppliers with performance targets for a minimum number of key industrial lubricants.
c. Improve the availability of these lubricants to member companies.
d. Provide a plant oriented, user friendly, classification system using common test standards and properties.
The importance of Atmospheric Correction for Airborne Hyperspectral Remote Sensing of Shallow Waters. Application to Depth Estimation
Authors: Castillo-López Elena , Dominguez Jose Antonio , Pereda Raúl , de Luis Julio Manuel , Pérez Ruben , Piña Felipe
Published: February 2017

Abstract. Abstract. Accurate determination of water depth is indispensable in multiple aspects of civil engineering (dock construction, dikes, submarines outfalls, trench control, etc.). According to the final objective, different accuracies will be required. Accuracy in bathymetric information is highly dependent on the atmospheric correction made to the imagery. The reduction of effects such as glint and cross track illumination in shallow-water areas with homogeneous improves the results of the depth estimations. The aim of this work is to assess the best atmospheric correction method for the estimation of depth in shallow waters. This paper addresses the use of hyperspectral imagery to quantitative bathymetric mapping, and explores one of the most common problems when attempting to extract depth information in conditions of variable water types and bottom reflectances. The current work assesses the accuracy of some classical bathymetric algorithms (Polcyn-Lyzenga, Philpot, Benny-Dawson, Hamilton, Principal Component Analysis) when four different atmospheric correction methods are applied and water depth is derived. This work shows the importance of atmospheric correction in order to depth estimation in shallow waters. None atmospheric correction is valid for all type of coastal waters but in heterogeneous shallow water, the model of atmospheric correction 6S offers good results.
Double-layer structure in polar mesospheric clouds observed from SOFIE/AIM
Authors: Gao Haiyang , Shepherd Gordon G. , Tang Yuanhe , Bu Lingbing , Wang Zhen
Published: February 2017

Abstract. Double-layer structures in polar mesospheric clouds (PMCs) are observed by using Solar Occultation for Ice Experiment (SOFIE) data between 2007 and 2014. We find 816 and 301 events of double-layer structure with percentages of 10.32 and 7.25 % compared to total PMC events, and the mean distances between two peaks are 3.06 and 2.73 km for the Northern Hemisphere (NH) and Southern Hemisphere (SH) respectively. Double-layer PMCs almost always have less mean ice water content (IWC) than daily IWC during the core of the season, but they are close to each other at the beginning and the end. The result by averaging over all events shows that the particle concentration has obvious double peaks, while the particle radius exhibits an unexpected monotonic increase with decreasing altitude. By further analysis of the background temperature and water vapour residual profiles, we conclude that the lower layer is a reproduced one formed at the bottom of the upper layer. 56.00 and 47.51 % of all double-layer events for the NH and SH respectively have temperature enhancements larger than 2 K locating between their double peaks. The longitudinal anti-correlation between the gravity waves' (GWs') potential energies and occurrence frequencies of double-layer PMCs suggests that the double-layer PMCs tend to form in an environment where the GWs have weaker intensities.
New parameterized model for GPS water vapor tomography
Authors: Ding Nan , Zhang Shubi , Zhang Qiuzhao
Published: February 2017

Abstract. Water vapor is the basic parameter used to describe atmospheric conditions. It is rarely contained in the atmosphere during the water cycle, but it is the most active element in rapid space–time changes. Measuring and monitoring the distribution and quantity of water vapor is a necessary task. GPS tomography is a powerful means of providing high spatiotemporal resolution of water vapor density. In this paper, a spatial structure model of a humidity field is constructed using voxel nodes, and new parameterizations for acquiring data about water vapor in the troposphere via GPS are proposed based on inverse distance weighted (IDW) interpolation. Unlike the density of water vapor that is constant within a voxel, the density at a certain point is determined by IDW interpolation. This algorithm avoids the use of horizontal constraints to smooth voxels that are not crossed by satellite rays. A prime number decomposition (PND) access order scheme is introduced to minimize correlation between slant wet delay (SWD) observations. Four experimental schemes for GPS tomography are carried out in dry weather from 2 to 8 August 2015 and rainy days from 9 to 15 August 2015. Using 14 days of data from the Hong Kong Satellite Positioning Reference Station Network (SatRef), the results indicate that water vapor density derived from 4-node methods is more robust than that derived from that of 8 nodes or 12 nodes, or that derived from constant refractivity schemes and the new method has better performance under stable weather conditions than unstable weather (e.g., rainy days). The results also indicate that an excessive number of interpolations in each layer reduce accuracy. However, the accuracy of the tomography results is gradually reduced with increases in altitude below 7000 m. Moreover, in the case of altitudes between 7000 m and the upper boundary layer, the accuracy can be improved by a boundary constraint.