bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interstitial Lung Disease Epidemiology in the Past Three Decades: A Narrative Review
Authors: Puppo Francesco , Carbone Roberto G.
Published: December 2024

Current epidemiological data on interstitial lung disease (ILD) are still poor. The principal cause of the discordant data is associated with a heterogeneous group of respiratory diseases that includes a large number, about 200 families, with low frequency, distinct and sometimes unknown etiology, and different progression. In fact, some conditions spontaneously resolve, whereas others, such as IPF and most non-IPF ILDs, progress to respiratory failure and death despite treatment. Furthermore, epidemiological data are limited. The scope of the narrative review is to report ILD incidence and prevalence in registries from different countries in the last three decades. We identified 20 ILD registries (17 prospective and 3 retrospective) from major countries in Europe (n = 10), Asia (n = 7), North America (n = 2), and Oceania (n = 1). Significant discrepancies in ILD and ILD subtype prevalence and incidence among countries are reported in registries. These discrepancies could be determined by different ethnicities and socioeconomic conditions as well as by updates in disease diagnosis and classification. ILD epidemiological registries are progressively ameliorating through better adherence to updated guidelines and classification codes. An accurate and definite diagnosis and compilation of ILD epidemiological registries will be useful for a more precise monitoring of disease progression and treatment. Future research to identify the populations with the highest risk factors, including genetic and molecular studies, and implementation of disease progression scores are needed to improve ILD clinical assessment.
Counselling in Fetal Medicine: Uncomplicated Twin Pregnancies
Authors: Sileo Filomena Giulia , Sorrenti Sara , Giancotti Antonella , Di Mascio Daniele , D’Ambrosio Valentina , Zullo Fabrizio , D’Alberti Elena , Derme Martina , Mappa Ilenia , Bertucci Emma , La Marca Antonio , D’Antonio Francesco , Rizzo Giuseppe , Khalil Asma
Published: December 2024

Twin pregnancies account for 3% of all pregnancies and they are burdened by higher morbidity and mortality compared to singletons. The role of ultrasound in the screening, diagnosis and management of possible complications of twin pregnancies has been widely investigated in the current literature. However, despite the progress that have been made in the last decades regarding treatment and evidence-based management of complications, twin pregnancies remain at higher risk of adverse outcomes, requiring therefore dedicated surveillance. Thorough counselling regarding the risks and prenatal care should be offered to all future parents of twin pregnancies. This review aims to summarize the current evidence regarding the management of uncomplicated dichorionic and monochorionic pregnancies.
Sex Differences and Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy Outcomes in Runners with Achilles or Hamstring Tendinopathy
Authors: Katz Nicole B. , Karnovsky Sydney C. , Robinson David M. , DeLuca Stephanie E. , Yun Phillip H. , Casey Ellen , Wasfy Meagan M. , Tenforde Adam S.
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Achilles and hamstring tendinopathies are common injuries in runners, and extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) may be an effective treatment. Runners are at risk for lower extremity tendinopathies and the Male and Female Athlete Triad (Triad). The purpose of this study is to evaluate the association of sex, exposure to hormonal contraceptives, menopause, and Triad-related risk factors with ESWT outcomes in the treatment of Achilles and hamstring tendinopathy. Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study of runners with either Achilles or hamstring tendinopathy who received radial or combined radial and focused ESWT. Tendon function was measured using Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment (VISA) questionnaires completed before and following treatment. Treatment success was defined by a change in VISA score that met the minimal clinically important difference (MCID). Results: There were 88 runners (54.5% female, 45.5% male) with Achilles (52.3%) or hamstring (47.7%) tendinopathy. No measurable difference was found in the proportion of females and males overall that achieved the MCID (57.1% and 72.5%, p = 0.17). Similar rates of females and males met MCID for Achilles (77.8% and 75.0%, p = 0.83) and hamstring tendinopathy (46.7% and 66.7%, p = 0.24). However, females with Achilles or hamstring tendinopathy who used oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) were less likely to meet the MCID compared to females not on OCPs (p = 0.031); this finding was present in a subgroup analysis of runners with only Achilles tendinopathy (p = 0.025). No associations were found between achieving the MCID and Triad risk factors, including body mass index, energy availability, weight-related behaviors, bone health, or menstrual function (all p > 0.05). Conclusions: Female and male runners reported similar success rates for ESWT, and Triad risk factors were not found to impact outcomes. However, females who used oral contraceptive pills were less likely to achieve the MCID from ESWT.
Treatment of Peritonsillar Abscess in Children: A Systematic Review
Authors: Galluzzi Francesca , Garavello Werner
Published: December 2024

Objectives: This review aims to analyze the treatment options for peritonsillar abscess (PTA) in children. Methods: We searched PubMed and EMBASE for studies regarding the treatment of PTA in children. Relevant studies were reviewed based on systematic review (PRISMA) guidelines. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the extracted data were performed. Results: A total of 12 articles with 2211 cases of PTA were found to be eligible. All the identified studies were retrospective cohorts. The mean age varied from 8.5 to 15.4 years without gender difference. Treatment options included broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy with incision and drainage of the abscess, needle aspiration and immediate tonsillectomy in 69%, 7.6% and 7% of cases, respectively. Antibiotics alone were administered to 16.4% of the subjects. The rate of recurrence of PTA after primary treatment ranged from 2% to 15.8% of cases. The time of recurrence is considered within one or two months. Complications in children with PTA were torticollis, prolonged fever, sepsis, dyspnea and parapharyngeal involvement. Conclusions: The mainstay of treatment of PTA in children is antibiotic therapy with incision and drainage of the abscess. Alternatives include antibiotic treatment alone or in association with needle aspiration. Immediate tonsillectomy is reserved only for a few high-risk patients.
Sex and Body Mass Index Differences in Changes in Skin Temperature After Repeated Sessions of Whole-Body Cryostimulation
Authors: Piterà Paolo , Cancello Raffaella , Fontana Jacopo Maria , Verme Federica , Bouzigon Romain , Dugué Benoit , Brunani Amelia , Capodaglio Paolo
Published: December 2024

Background: Whole-body cryostimulation (WBC) involves exposure to extremely low temperatures to reduce inflammation and pain and to enhance recovery. Despite its growing popularity and the importance of the magnitude of WBC-induced skin cooling in triggering the cascade of effects, limited research has focused on skin temperature changes in individuals with severe obesity, where body composition and sex may influence outcomes. Objective: To examine differences in the cooling response based on sex and BMI, we conducted an observational study comparing patients with obesity to normal-weight individuals after repeated WBC sessions. The goal was to identify differences in skin temperature drops linked to sex and BMI. Methods: A total of 149 adults participated in the study: 119 with obesity (body mass Index, BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) and 30 with normal weight (BMI ≤ 25 kg/m2). Participants underwent 10 WBC sessions at −110 °C for 2 min over two weeks. Skin temperatures were measured before and after each session. Results: While the overall drop in skin temperature after 10 sessions of WBC was similar between the patients with obesity and normal-weight subjects, significant differences emerged after adjustment for body surface area. Females exhibited a greater decrease in temperature than males in both groups irrespective of BMI. However, among males, normal-weight individuals experienced a significantly greater temperature drop compared to those with obesity. Conclusions: The study shows that sex and BMI influence WBC-induced skin temperature changes. The results of this study suggest that WBC protocols should be personalized.
Association of Scoliosis and Severe Knee Osteoarthritis: A Case-Control Study
Authors: Chen Conmin , Tsai Kuang-Ting , Yeh Kuang-Ting , Hung Shuo-Suei
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Scoliosis has been linked to pelvic position and tilt angle, but few studies have explored its relationship with knee pathology, which can be a significant burden for the elderly. Our aim is to investigate the relationship between scoliosis and knee osteoarthritis (OA). Methods: This population-based case-control study using data from the National Health Insurance Database of Taiwan included patients diagnosed with OA who underwent total knee replacement (TKR) for the first time between 2014 and 2019. Propensity score matching was employed to select controls who did not undergo TKR. Scoliotic cases were identified if they had been diagnosed before knee OA and TKR. The study samples included 10,021 patients with OA/TKR and 30,063 patients without OA/TKR. We then utilized logistic regression analysis to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the diagnosis of scoliosis prior to the index date. Results: The findings indicate that patients with pre-existing scoliosis have a 1.627 times greater likelihood of undergoing TKR, with significantly higher odds ratios observed across both female (OR = 1.583) and male (OR = 1.909) and younger (OR = 2.102) and older (OR = 1.575) patients. However, a notable limitation of this study is the absence of data on scoliosis curve side, which prevented us from analyzing the relationship between curve direction and knee arthritis laterality. Furthermore, while we included diagnostic codes indicating left or right TKR, the lack of precise measurements for variables such as lower limb length discrepancies may introduce residual confounding. Conclusions: Our research suggests a significant association between scoliosis and the development of knee OA.
Italian XEN-Glaucoma Treatment Registry (XEN-GTR): Effectiveness and Safety at 36 Months of XEN45 Implant
Authors: Oddone Francesco , Roberti Gloria , Giammaria Sara , Posarelli Chiara , Mastropasqua Leonardo , Agnifili Luca , Micelli Ferrari Tommaso , Pace Vincenzo , Sacchi Matteo , Altafini Romeo , Scuderi Gianluca , Perdicchi Andrea , Carnevale Carmela , Fea Antonio , Figus Michele
Published: December 2024

Objectives: We evaluated the 3-year effectiveness and safety of XEN45, combined or not with phacoemulsification, in patients from the Italian XEN-Glaucoma Treatment Registry. Methods: Data from glaucoma patients who underwent XEN45 alone or combined with phacoemulsification were analyzed. Changes in intraocular pressure (IOP) and the number of ocular hypotensive medications (OHMs) were tested with repeated measures ANOVA in last observation carried forward (LOCF) and per-protocol (PP) analyses. Complete and qualified success (IOP < 18 mmHg and ≥20% IOP reduction from baseline, without or with OHMs) at 36 months and pre- and intraoperative factors predicting surgery failure were explored using survival analysis and Cox proportional-hazard models. Complications rates were evaluated to assess safety. Results: The analysis included 239 eyes (239 patients): 144 (60.2%) in the XEN alone and 95 (39.8%) in the XEN+Phaco groups. Overall success was achieved in 164 (68.1%) eyes [113 (68.9%) complete and 51 (31.1%) qualified], without significant differences in success (p = 0.07) and survival rates (p = 0.46) between groups. At the 36th month, the baseline IOP decreased from a median (IQR) of 23.0 (20.0–26.0) to 15.0 (12.0–17.5) mmHg (p < 0.01), with an overall 34.1 ± 20.1% IOP reduction. The mean ± SD number of OHMs decreased from the baseline of 2.7 ± 0.9 to 0.9 ± 1.1 at month 36 (p < 0.01). PP and LOCF analyses were comparable. Neither pre- nor intraoperative factors were significantly predictive of surgery failure. In 91 (38.1%) and 57 (23.8%) of the eyes, at least one postoperative complication occurred early (<month 1) and late (≥month 1) during follow-up, respectively, without sequelae. During follow-up, 68 (28.5%) eyes needed at least one needling. Conclusions: At 3 years, XEN45, combined or not with phacoemulsification, effectively and safely reduced IOP and OHMs need.
Color Doppler Imaging Assessment of Ocular Blood Flow Following Ab Externo Canaloplasty in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma
Authors: Zarzecki Mateusz , Błażowski Jakub , Obuchowska Iwona , Ustymowicz Andrzej , Kraśnicki Paweł , Konopińska Joanna
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Glaucomatous neuropathy, a progressive deterioration of retinal ganglion cells, is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. While elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a well-established modifiable risk factor, increasing attention is being directed towards IOP-independent factors, such as vascular alterations. Color Doppler imaging (CDI) is a prominent technique for investigating blood flow parameters in extraocular vessels. This prospective, nonrandomized clinical trial aimed to assess the impact of ab externo canaloplasty on ocular blood flow parameters in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) at a three-month follow-up. Methods: Twenty-five eyes of twenty-five patients with early or moderate POAG underwent canaloplasty with simultaneous cataract removal. CDI was used to measure peak systolic velocity (PSV), end-diastolic velocity (EDV), and resistive index (RI) in the ophthalmic artery (OA), central retinal artery (CRA), and short posterior ciliary arteries (SPCAs) before and after surgery. Results: The results showed a significant reduction in IOP and improvement in mean deviation at three months post-surgery. Best corrected visual acuity and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness significantly increased at each postoperative control visit. However, no significant changes were observed in PSV, EDV, and RI in the studied vessels. Conclusions: In conclusion, while canaloplasty effectively reduced IOP and medication burden, it did not significantly improve blood flow parameters in vessels supplying the optic nerve at three months post-surgery. Careful patient selection considering glaucoma severity and vascular risk factors is crucial when choosing between canaloplasty and more invasive procedures like trabeculectomy. Further larger studies are needed to comprehensively analyze this issue.
Validation of Psychometric Properties of Partners in Health Scale for Heart Failure
Authors: Iyngkaran Pupalan , Smith David , McLachlan Craig , Battersby Malcolm , De Courten Maximilian , Hanna Fahad
Published: December 2024

Background: Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a complex chronic disease, and it is associated with a second comorbid condition in more than half of cases. Self-management programs can be specific to CHF or generic for chronic diseases. Several tools have been validated for CHF. Presently, there are no established generic instruments that are validated for measuring self-management in CHF. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the internal reliability and construct validity (psychometric properties) of the Partners in Health (PIH) scale for patients with congestive heart failure, a generic chronic disease self-management tool. Methods: The study included 210 adult CHF patients [120 with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HfrEF), 90 with preserved ejection fraction (HfpEF)], from Community Cardiology Outpatients in West Melbourne, Australia, who were treated in community cardiology and were included between May 2022 and Jan 2024. The screened patient population were diagnosed with CHF and were eligible for an SGLT-2 inhibitor. Cohort analysis used the Bayesian confirmatory factor analysis to evaluate the a priori four-factor structure. Omega coefficients and 95% credible intervals (CI) were used to assess internal reliability. Results: In the CHF (HFrEF) and preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) cohorts, participants’ mean [standard deviation (SD)] age was 66.8 (13.5) and 71.3 (9.76) years. Description of study sociodemographics highlighted that 88% and 52% of patients were male, there was a BMI > 50% in both cohorts, eGFR > 60 mL/min were 59% and 74%, and LVEF < 40% and > 50% were 99% and 100%, respectively. Model fit for the hypothesised model was adequate (posterior predictive p = 0.073) and all hypothesised factor loadings were substantial (>0.6) and significant (p < 0.001). Omega coefficients (95% CI) for the PIH subscales of Knowledge, Partnership, Management and Coping were 0.84 (0.79–0.88), 0.79 (0.73–0.84), 0.89 (0.85–0.91) and 0.84 (0.79–0.88), respectively. Conclusion: This study is original in confirming the dimensionality, known-group validity, and reliability of the PIH scale for measuring generic self-management in outpatients with CHF syndrome.
The Effects of Pretreated Coal Gasification Slag Aggregates on the Quality and Durability of Concrete
Authors: Kim Jong , Han Jun-Hui , Han Min-Cheol
Published: December 2024

The integrated gasification combined cycle is a relatively new and eco-friendly power generation technology. However, this process produces coal gasification slag (CGS) as a by-product, which is usually landfilled or discarded. To enable efficient recycling of CGS, this study investigated the effects of using pretreated CGS as a fine aggregate on the quality and durability of concrete. A pretreatment system comprising sieve screening, size reduction, and wet flotation processes was devised. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the properties and durability of concrete prepared using mixtures of pretreated or non-pretreated CGS, ordinary Portland cement, crushed gravel, and crushed sand (CS). The results demonstrate that pretreated CGS (P_CGS) reduces the amounts of water-reducing and air-entraining agents required. In particular, it reduces the losses of air content induced when using CGS. P_CGS effectively increases the compressive strength of concrete; however, the strength decreases by 8–10% if the CGS content is >50%. P_CGS exhibits durability similar to that of commonly used CS, indicating its potential applicability as a valuable recycled construction material and safe aggregate for enhancing concrete durability.
Preparation and Corrosion Resistance of Superhydrophobic Composite Coatings on Shot-Peened AA 7075-T6 Aluminum Alloy
Authors: Zhan Ke , Ding Ruiqing , Liu Ziliang , Yang Qingchao , Ji Vincent
Published: December 2024

In order to further improve the corrosion resistance of 7075-T6 aluminum alloy after shot peening, corrosion-resistant superhydrophobic coatings (EP-HDTMS@SiO2) containing epoxy resin (EP), cetyltrimethoxysilane (HDTMS), and nano-silica (SiO2) were prepared by a simple spraying method on the surface of shot-peened AA 7075-T6 aluminum alloy. The effects of different EP/SiO2 mass ratios on the micro-morphology, surface wettability, and corrosion resistance of the superhydrophobic composite coatings were analyzed. Due to the combination of microstructure and the modification of low surface energy organics, the contact angle of EP-HDTMS@SiO2 coatings reached the superhydrophobic level (152.6°). The electrochemical tests showed that the corrosion current densities (Icorr) of the EP-HDTMS@SiO2 composite coatings were both significantly lower than those of the EP-HDTMS coatings and matrix aluminum alloys. The addition of SiO2 nanoparticles could improve the hydrophobicity and corrosion resistance of epoxy-based composite coatings. Due to the increase in surface roughness and epoxy resin, the shot-peened AA 7075-T6 alloy coating had high adhesion after the peel test. The prepared coatings also showed excellent corrosion resistance in the neutral salt spray test. This study provides a simple method for preparing stable superhydrophobic coatings on metal surfaces, which is expected to expand the application of 7075 aluminum alloy in harsh environments.
Polymer Concretes Based on Various Resins: Modern Research and Modeling of Mechanical Properties
Authors: Palamarchuk Aleksandr , Yudaev Pavel , Chistyakov Evgeniy
Published: December 2024

This review is devoted to experimental studies and modeling in the field of mechanical and physical properties of polymer concretes and polymer-modified concretes. The review analyzes studies carried out over the past two years. The paper examines the properties of polymer concretes based on various polymer resins and presents the advantages and disadvantages of various models developed to predict the mechanical properties of materials. Based on data in the literature, the most promising polymers for use in the field of road surface repair are polymer concretes with poly(meth)acrylic resins. It was found that the most adequate and productive models are the deep machine learning model—using several hidden layers that perform calculations based on input parameters—and the extreme gradient boosting model. In particular, the extreme gradient boosting model showed high R2 values in forecasting (in the range of 0.916–0.981) when predicting damping coefficient and ultimate compressive strength. In turn, among the additives to Portland cement concrete, the most promising are natural polymers, such as mammalian gelatin and cold fish gelatin, and superabsorbent polymers. These additives allow for an improvement in compressive strength of 200% or more. The review may be of interest to engineers specializing in building construction, materials scientists involved in the development and implementation of new materials into production, as well as researchers in the interdisciplinary fields of chemistry and technology.
End-to-End Simulation of Linerless Composite Pressure Vessels Using 3D Continuum Damage Models
Authors: Gonçalves Paulo Teixeira , Arteiro Albertino , Rocha Nuno
Published: December 2024

Linerless composite pressure vessels, or type V pressure vessels, are gaining increased interest in the transportation industry because they offer improved storage volume and dry weight, especially for low-pressure cryogenic storage. Nevertheless, the design and manufacturing of this type of pressure vessel bring several challenges due to the inherent difficulties in the manufacturing process implementation, assembly, and related analysis of structural integrity due to the severe operating conditions at cryogenic temperatures that should be taken into consideration. In this work, a novel analysis procedure using a finite element model is developed to perform an end-to-end simulation of a linerless pressure vessel, including the relevant features associated with automated fiber placement manufacturing processes regarding thickness and tape profiles, followed by an analysis of the structural response under service conditions. The results show that residual stresses from manufacturing achieve values near 50% of the composite ply transverse strength, which reduces the effective ply transverse load carrying capacity for pressure loading. Transverse damage is triggered and propagated across the vessel thickness before fiber breakage, indicating potential failure by leakage, which was confirmed by hydrostatic tests in the physical prototype at 26 bar. The cryogenic condition analysis revealed that the thermal stresses trigger transverse damage before pressure loading, reducing the estimated leak pressure by 40%. These results highlight the importance of considering the residual stresses that arise from the manufacturing process and the thermal stresses generated during cooling to cryogenic conditions, demonstrating the relevance of the presented methodology for designing linerless cryogenic composite pressure vessels.
Evaluation of the Degradation Properties of Plasma Electrolytically Oxidized Mg Alloy AZ31 Using Fluid Dynamic Accelerated Tests for Biodegradable Implants
Authors: Saqib Muhammad , Kremmer Kerstin , Opitz Joerg , Schneider Michael , Beshchasna Natalia
Published: December 2024

Magnesium alloys are promising biodegradable implant materials due to their excellent biocompatibility and non-toxicity. However, their poor corrosion resistance limits their application in vivo. Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) is a powerful technique to improve the corrosion resistance of magnesium alloys. In this study, we present the accelerated degradation of PEO-treated AZ31 samples using a fluid dynamic test. The samples were prepared using different concentrations of KOH as an electrolyte along with NaSiO3. The anodizing time and the biasing time were optimized to obtain the increased corrosion resistance. The analysis of the degraded samples using microscopy, SEM EDX measurements, and by calculating mass loss and corrosion rates showed a significant increase in the corrosion resistance after the polymer (Resomer© LG 855 S) coating was applied to the anodized samples. The results confirm (or convince) that PEO treatment is an effective way to improve the corrosion resistance of AZ31 magnesium alloy. The fluid dynamic test can be used as an accelerated degradation test for biodegradable alloys in simulated body fluids at a physiological temperature. The polymer coating further improves the corrosion resistance of the PEO-treated AZ31 samples.
Spine Kinematics Behavior During the Handstand Posture: A Biplanar Radiographic Analysis
Authors: Eyssartier Camille , Billard Pierre , Thoreux Patricia , Sauret Christophe
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: The handstand is an exercise performed in many sports, either for its own sake or as part of physical training. Unlike the upright bipedal standing posture, little is known about the sagittal alignment and balance of the spine during a handstand, which may hinder coaching and reduce the benefits of this exercise if not performed correctly. The purpose of this study was to quantify the sagittal alignment and balance of the spine during a handstand using radiographic images to characterize the strategies employed by the spino-pelvic complex during this posture. Methods: Nineteen national-level artistic gymnasts participated in this study and underwent a low-dose biplanar (frontal and lateral) radiograph in both upright bipedal standing posture and during a handstand. Then, 3D reconstruction of the spine, based on biplanar radiographic images, enabled the determination of key pelvic (pelvic incidence, sacral slope, pelvic tilt) and spinal (lumbar lordosis, thoracic kyphosis, T9 sagittal offset) parameters in both postures. Results: The results showed that most gymnasts performed pelvic retroversion during the handstand, which was accompanied by an average decrease in lumbar lordosis, thoracic kyphosis, and T9 sagittal offset. Additionally, lumbar curvature was found to depend on pelvic orientation in upright bipedal standing posture, whereas it was associated with the thoracic spine during the handstand. Conclusions: This study provides new insights into how the spine kinematically adapts to an inverted body load. The results may help coaches and physiotherapists in teaching the handstand or using it to rehabilitate and strengthen the spine through the handstand posture.
Does Trunk Self-Elongation Instruction Lead to Changes in Effective Trunk Height and Spino-Pelvic Parameters? A Radiographic Analysis
Authors: Prum Grégoire , Eyssartier Camille , Bourgain Maxime , Rouch Philippe , Billard Pierre , Thoreux Patricia , Sauret Christophe
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in trunk height and variations in spino-pelvic parameters during trunk self-elongation. Two populations were studied: non-athletes and gymnasts, who differ in their engagement with core-strengthening exercises. Methods: EOS biplanar radiographs were taken on 14 non-athletes and 24 gymnasts in both neutral and trunk self-elongation positions. Three-dimensional reconstructions of the pelvis and spine were used to calculate effective trunk height, thoracic and lumbar contributions, and spino-pelvic parameters. Results: Trunk self-elongation resulted in a significant increase in trunk height for both groups (7 mm on average, range: −1 to 14 mm), accompanied by a reduction in thoracic kyphosis for all participants (−10° for non-athletes and −17° for gymnasts, on average) and a reduction in lumbar lordosis in most participants (−5° for non-athletes and −7° for gymnasts, on average). However, some individuals in both groups exhibited an increase in lumbar lordosis, which reduced the contribution of the lumbar region to overall trunk height. Conclusions: Trunk self-elongation instruction effectively increases trunk height, but additional instructions, such as pelvic retroversion, may enhance its effectiveness.
Covert Underwater Acoustic Communication Using Marine Ambient Noise Without Detectable Features
Authors: Liu Biao , Huang Jianchun , Jia Ning , Wang Biao , Guo Shengming
Published: December 2024

Learning from steganography, this study considers ocean ambient noise as a carrier and proposes a covert underwater acoustic communication scheme without detectable and repetitive features. We modulate the information in the parameters of the steganography operation rather than the specific signal waveforms. The steganography operation mainly includes three steps: symmetrical division, phase rotation, and time–domain inversion. The rotation phases are related to the transmitted information. The receiver demodulates by performing the same operation, like transmitter without knowing transmitted waveforms. Therefore, we can use countless ocean ambient noise signals to transmit the same information, which can avoid repetitive features. To optimize the communication performance, the relationship between the demodulation output value and the rotation phases is derived, and the optimal modulation parameter setting methods of modulation are given. Finally, the simulation and sea trial results show that the bit error ratio of the studied covert underwater acoustic communication scheme is approximately 5 × 10−4 at a signal-to-noise ratio of −4 dB, which verifies the effectiveness of the scheme, and the rate is 4 bps. And the results of cyclic spectrum, cepstrum and square frequency-doubling methods show that the signal of the studied scheme does not have any detectable features.
Light Pollution Control: Comparative Analysis of Regulations Across Civil and Common Law Jurisdictions
Authors: Law Chun Kit , Lai Savannah Yan Tsing , Lai Joseph Hung Kit
Published: December 2024

Light pollution has become an increasingly knotty environmental management problem, but little has been done to review and compare light pollution controls across the world. To address this research gap, a comparative review study has been undertaken. Among the light pollution laws of the most light-polluted regions, those pertaining to Shanghai, New York, Hong Kong, Seoul, London and Valletta were examined. We systematically evaluate the impact of legal systems, regulatory approaches and control parameters on light pollution regulation. The findings reveal that civil law jurisdictions, such as Shanghai and Seoul, typically adopt dedicated legislation while common law jurisdictions, like New York and London, often rely on bolt-on regulations to broader environmental laws. The study also finds that jurisdictions employing dedicated legislation and a metrics-based system offer a more comprehensive and preemptive solution to light pollution challenges. However, certain exceptions are noted, and the balance between regulatory certainty and flexibility is highlighted. The nuanced relationship between environmental protection and legal instruments is discussed, and the potential for unintended consequences of stringent regulation is acknowledged. The paper closes with a call for ongoing research and iterative regulatory reviews, emphasizing the need to incorporate scientific advancements and stakeholder interests into regulatory updates.
The Problem of Civic and Liberal Education: Legislative and Civil-Society Remedies for Our Era
Authors: McBrayer Gregory A.
Published: December 2024

This paper addresses the current state of civic education legislation in higher education. While state-level legislation that aims to improve civics in colleges and universities in the United States is laudable, such laws run the risk of meeting students too late and so must be coupled with renewed legislative focus on civic education at the elementary and secondary level. Civic education aims to make good citizens, to cultivate students’ love of their country, and this may be difficult to effect by the time students reach college. Laws mandating and forbidding certain content from being taught in history and civics classes is also considered. Further, I aim to show the deleterious effect an impoverished civic education has on liberal education, drawing, principally, on lessons from Socrates’s understanding of education as we find it in the writing of Plato.
A Home for All: The Challenge of Housing in Refugee Resettlement
Authors: Timmer Andria D.
Published: December 2024

When a refugee is accepted for resettlement in the United States, they are assigned to a refugee resettlement office that is responsible for providing for all the initial basic needs that a refugee family may need, including finding and furnishing appropriate housing. Finding and procuring housing is the largest challenge to successful integration that resettlement organizations face. Housing has always been a concern in refugee resettlement because there is no coordinated body at the federal level that provides guidance or housing assistance. Nor is there a federal law to ensure that living spaces are set aside for those who have been accepted for resettlement. Without federal support, refugee resettlement, although ultimately successful, can be disorganized and decentralized leading to a situation that is volatile and open to the capriciousness of shifting political leadership. Drawing upon qualitative research conducted with one refugee resettlement organization, which I call Refugee Resettlement Affiliate Office (RRAO), to elucidate the ongoing challenges to housing integration for those refugees resettled in the United States, I assert that a federal solution is needed in order to ensure the smooth integration into life in the US for resettled refugees. This article articulates the challenges to housing as expressed by those working in refugee resettlement and discusses some potential solutions.
Mechanisms of Cbl-Mediated Ubiquitination of Proteins in T and Natural Killer Cells and Effects on Immune Cell Functions
Authors: Nath Pulak Ranjan , Isakov Noah
Published: December 2024

Post-translational ubiquitination is an essential mechanism for the regulation of protein stability and function, which contributes to the regulation of the immune system. Cbl, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, is particularly well-characterized in the context of T and NK cell signaling, where it serves as a key regulator of receptor downstream signaling events and as a modulator of cell activation. Cbl promotes the proteasomal degradation of TCR/CD3 subunits as well as the protein kinases Fyn and Lck in T cells. Additionally, the scaffold protein linker for activation of T cells (LAT) is a universal target for Cbl-mediated ubiquitination and degradation in both T and NK cells. Recent findings suggest that CrkII-mediated ubiquitination and degradation of C3G by Cbl during early T cell activation may also be relevant to NK cell signaling. Given its role in modulating immune responses and its manageable impact on autoimmunity, Cbl is being investigated as a target for cancer immunotherapy. This review explores the ubiquitin ligase activity of Cbl and its implications for CAR T and NK cell immunotherapies.
First Record of Aff. Plesiosuchus sp. (Mesosuchia, Metriorhynchidae) in the Kimmeridgian of Le Havre (Normandy, North-Western France): Biometry, Profile of Locomotion, and Paleobiological Consequences
Authors: Stéphane Hua
Published: December 2024

This is the first record of the biggest Metriorhynchidae, aff. Plesiosuchus sp. in France. The remains consist of a partial vertebral column consisting of 11 vertebrae and an ischium fragment. A new method is proposed to evaluate the individual’s size, which is estimated at 6.5 m. This method, unlike previous approaches, is based only on vertebrae and yields results that are congruent with those based on cranial remains. The state of preservation has allowed us to test the animal’s ‘profile of locomotion’ to better interpret how it moved. Concerning other metriorhynchids, the record of Dakosaurus in France based only on teeth must be reassessed, and the genus Torvoneustes, if valid, has to be distinguished from Plesiosuchus.
Assessing Risky Riding Behaviors Among Food Delivery Motorcyclists in Thailand: Insights from the Motorcycle Rider Behavior Questionnaire and Health Belief Model
Authors: Laphrom Wimon , Champahom Thanapong , Se Chamroeun , Nanthawong Supanida , Wisutwattanasak Panuwat , Ratanavaraha Vatanavongs , Jomnonkwao Sajjakaj
Published: December 2024

Background: Food delivery motorcyclists face unique risks that often lead to risky riding behaviors. Thailand, with one of the highest rates of motorcycle-related injuries and fatalities globally, has seen a surge in food delivery services following the COVID-19 pandemic, increasing the number of motorcyclists on the roads. Delivery motorcyclists are especially vulnerable due to frequent exposure to traffic congestion, time pressures, and adverse weather. This study aims to identify key health beliefs and external factors contributing to risky riding behaviors among food delivery motorcyclists in Thailand. Methods: The study surveyed 2000 food delivery motorcyclists across five regions in Thailand, employing the Motorcycle Rider Behavior Questionnaire and the Health Belief Model. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the relationships between health beliefs and risky riding behaviors. Results: The analysis revealed that health motivation, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, and cues to action were negatively associated with risky riding behaviors. Conversely, perceived barriers positively influenced these behaviors. Fatigue and aggressive riding were significant predictors of increased risky behaviors at the 0.001 level. Conclusions: Addressing individual health beliefs and external factors like fatigue and aggression is essential for reducing risky riding behaviors and preventing severe injuries.
Wavelet Texture Descriptor for Steel Surface Defect Classification
Authors: Belila Djilani , Khaldi Belal , Aiadi Oussama
Published: December 2024

The accurate and efficient classification of steel surface defects is critical for ensuring product quality and minimizing production costs. This paper proposes a novel method based on wavelet transform and texture descriptors for the robust and precise classification of steel surface defects. By leveraging the multiscale analysis capabilities of wavelet transforms, our method extracts both broad and fine-grained textural features. It involves decomposing images using multi-level wavelet transforms, extracting a series set of statistical and textural features from the resulting coefficients, and employing Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE) to select the most discriminative features. A comprehensive series of experiments was conducted on two datasets, NEU-CLS and X-SDD, to evaluate the proposed method. The results highlight the effectiveness of the method in accurately classifying steel surface defects, outperforming the state-of-the-art techniques. Our method achieved an accuracy of 99.67% for the NEU-CLS dataset and 98.24% for the X-SDD dataset. Furthermore, we demonstrate the robustness of our method in scenarios with limited data, maintaining high accuracy, making it well-suited for practical industrial applications where obtaining large datasets can be challenging.
Optimizing Backfill Materials for Ground Heat Exchangers: A Study on Recycled Concrete Aggregate and Fly Ash for Enhanced Thermal Conductivity
Authors: Głuchowski Andrzej
Published: December 2024

This study investigates the potential use of recycled concrete aggregate (RCA), fly ash (FA), and their mixture (RCA+FA) as backfill materials for shallow vertical ground heat exchangers (GHEs). Granulometric, aerometric, and Proctor compaction tests were conducted to determine soil gradation, the void ratio, and the optimal moisture content (OMC) for maximum dry density. RCA demonstrated efficient compaction at lower moisture levels, while FA required higher moisture to reach maximum density. A 10% FA addition was optimized to fill voids in the RCA soil skeleton without compromising structural stability. Thermal conductivity tests were performed using a TP08 probe in both dry and wet states. The results showed that the RCA+FA mix exhibited a notable increase in thermal conductivity at around 6% moisture content due to the formation of water bridges between particle contacts. FA, in contrast, displayed a more linear relationship between conductivity and moisture. The RCA+FA mix achieved higher thermal conductivity than either material alone, particularly near full saturation, making it a promising option for efficient heat exchange. Thermal conductivity modeling, based on the Woodside and Messmer model, confirmed the RCA+FA mix’s high conductivity and estimated full saturation conductivity values with a small error. The Kersten number (Ke) was employed to predict conductivity across varying moisture levels, with results showing a strong correlation with saturation ratio (Sr).
Efficient Load-Bearing Capacity Assessment of a Degraded Concrete Manhole Using Sectional Homogenization
Authors: Garbowski Tomasz , Pawlak Tomasz Grzegorz , Szymczak-Graczyk Anna
Published: December 2024

This study addresses a practical and efficient approach to evaluating the load-bearing capacity of severely degraded concrete manholes. Concrete deterioration, often advanced and highly irregular, can be captured accurately through surface scanning to create a detailed model of the damaged structure and also to build a simplified modeling to enable rapid engineering-level assessment, filling a critical gap in infrastructure maintenance. The repair strategy involves applying an internal polyurea layer, a variable-thickness polyurethane foam layer depending on the degree of localized degradation, and an external polyurea layer to restore the original shape of the manhole. However, these repairs do not fully restore the manhole’s original load-bearing capacity. A full 3D model, encompassing millions of finite elements, would provide a detailed analysis of strength reductions but is impractical for engineering applications due to computational demands. An alternative approach utilizing sectional homogenization is proposed, where sectional properties are sequentially averaged to calculate effective parameters. This approach enables the use of only a few hundred shell elements, each representing thousands of elements from the detailed 3D model, thus providing a rapid, engineering-level assessment of load-bearing reductions in degraded manholes. The study finds that while the repair method restores up to 76% of bending stiffness in heavily corroded sections, it does not fully recover the original load-bearing capacity.
Bioactive Compounds from Banana Leaf Extracts: Influence of Extraction Methodologies and Their Integration into Knitted Hemp Fabrics
Authors: Gomes Joana Mota , Mariz João , Rodrigues Catarina , Alves Ana Luísa , Moreira Joana , Vieira Bárbara , Silva Rosa Maria , Zille Andrea , Silva Carla Joana
Published: December 2024

This study explores the bioactive potential of banana leaf extracts and their innovative integration into knitted hemp fabrics. To obtain the extracts, distinct extraction methodologies were employed, namely conventional extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, and pressurized-liquid extraction. Aqueous and hydroethanolic solvents, namely 20% (v/v) and 50% (v/v), were employed during the extraction process. Furthermore, the cationization and functionalization of knitted hemp fabrics with the banana leaf extracts was achieved through padding. The extracts’ phenolic content and antioxidant activity were evaluated using the Folin–Ciocalteu (FC) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays, respectively. The results indicated that both ultrasound-assisted extraction and pressurized-assisted extraction substantially enhanced the yield of phenolic compounds in comparison to conventional extraction, while employing 50% EtOH as a solvent also improved extraction yields for all extraction methodologies. The functionalized knits were further characterized concerning their antioxidant activity by DPPH, assessing their antimicrobial properties through ATCC TM-100 standard against three microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus, Candida Krusei, and Candida albicans), and UV protection according to the standard AS/NZS 4399:2017. Antioxidant activity was highest in knits functionalized with extracts obtained via ultrasound-assisted extraction, while antimicrobial properties were most pronounced in knits treated with hydroalcoholic extracts, particularly those derived from assisted methods. The UV protection was enhanced in extracts with higher ethanol concentrations obtained through ultrasound-assisted extraction, with these knits exhibiting the highest Ultraviolet Protection Factor (UPF). This research not only highlights the efficacy of the alternative extraction technologies but also offers valuable insights for the development of innovative, biocompatible materials with enhanced bioactive properties for diverse applications in the textile and healthcare sectors, paving the way for sustainable applications.
The Use of Recycled Cement-Bonded Particle Board Waste in the Development of Lightweight Biocomposites
Authors: Bumanis Girts , Argalis Pauls P. , Sinka Maris , Korjakins Aleksandrs , Bajare Diana
Published: December 2024

Cement-bonded particle boards are gaining popularity globally due to their durability, strength, and, more importantly, environmental sustainability. The increasing demand for these materials has also created the necessity for the sustainable recycling of these materials. In this study, the potential to recycle wood-wool cement board (WWCB) waste into new lightweight insulation biocomposite material was examined. The waste WWCBs were crushed and separated into a fine aggregate fraction, and WWCB production line residues were also collected and compared. The crushed WWCBs were used to produce biocomposites with various compaction ratios and different binder-to-aggregate ratios. To improve their thermal properties and reduce their density, hemp shives were used to partially replace the recycled WWCB aggregate. Their physical, mechanical (compressive and flexural strength), and thermal properties were evaluated, and the drying process of the biocomposites was characterized. The results showed that the density of the produced biocomposites ranged from 390 to 510 kg/m3. The reduction in density was limited due to the presence of cement particles in the aggregate. The incorporation of hemp shives allowed us to reduce the density below 200 kg/m3. The thermal conductivity of the biocomposites ranged from 0.054 to 0.084 W/(mK), placing the material within the effective range of natural biocomposites. This research has demonstrated that industrially produced WWCBs can be successfully recycled to produce sustainable lightweight cement-bonded insulation materials.