bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Dynamic Height Method for the Determination of Currents in Deep Lakes1
Authors: AYERS JOHN C.
Published: March 2010

An adaptation of the oceanographer’s dynamic height method to freshwater conditions, the method develops directly from the Smithsonian Tables of water density as a function of temperature and from Amagat’s coefficients of compressibility. Pressure effects are handled by use of the decibar system. The calculated dynamic heights are plotted and contoured. Current directions are obtained by application of the geostrophic principle; current velocities are computed from the slopes of the surface topography. A table of specific volume anomalies, necessary for the height computation, has been developed. Sources of potential error are reviewed and assessed. The method has been applied to three synoptic surveys of Lake Huron, and the results obtained are both internally consistent and in good agreement with the behaviors of other parameters. When used with proper caution the method appears to be a promising technique for the study of certain circulation phenomena of large deep lakes.
Benthic Productivity as Influenced by Fish Predation*
Authors: HAYNE DON W. , BALL ROBERT C.
Published: March 2010

Sampling of benthic organisms was carried out in two similar, one‐acre ponds in southern Michigan throughout the open water period of 1951. The bottom fauna in each pond was sampled by means of 20 Ekman dredge collections each week. This sampling scheme was found capable of detecting a difference between two populations when the ratio of their magnitudes is 1.9.

Fish were present in one of the ponds in the first half of the summer. These were then transferred from this pond to the second pond in early July. Rates of growth of the fish and the bottom organisms were estimated and the production calculated at both trophic levels. The apparent rate of change of bottom fauna biomass was assumed to reflect a basic rate of increase varying inversely with the biomass level, minus the rate of fish predation.

Calculated production of 811 pounds of fish‐food and 181 pounds of fish are shown to be of reasonable order as compared with other studies, with the fish‐food probably underestimated. A factor not included in the calculations was the effect of emergence of aquatic insects.

The average production of bottom fauna fish‐food during a growing season amounted to about 17 times the standing crop, when fish were present. In the absence of fish, the apparent production rate of fish food decreased and finally stopped at a higher level of standing crop. In the presence of fish, the standing crop of fish food was depressed and the rate of production increased.
The Deuterium Balance of Lake Maracaibo1
Authors: FRIEDMAN IRVING , NORTON DANIEL R. , CARTER DOUGLAS B. , REDFIELD ALFRED C.
Published: March 2010

A balance sheet for the gains and losses of deuterium from Lake Maracaibo, using estimates based on climatological data for the exchanges of water and measurements of the deuterium content of lake water, rainfall, river flow, and Caribbean Sea water to obtain the volumes of the deuterium exchange, indicates that the relations are qualitatively satisfactory, although not numerically exact.
Factors Influencing the Choice of Substratum in Cumella vulgaris Hart (Crustacea, Cumacea)1
Authors: WIESER WOLFGANG
Published: March 2010

Dried sand which is put back into water is rejected at first by Cumella vulgaris. However, attractiveness of the dried sand increases with the time of immersion in water, the regaining of attractiveness proceeding more slowly in sand that had been dried in an oven at 55°C than in sand dried at room temperature.

In nature C. vulgaris prefers substrata with a median grain diameter of less than 160µ, and in the intertidal zone established populations occur predominantly below the 5 ft. level.

In sand predominantly finer than 150µ and in mud C. vulgaris feeds as a “deposit‐feeder”, while in sand predominantly coarser than 150µ. it feeds as an “epistrate‐feeder”, that is, by scraping food off the surface of individual grains. If fractions finer than 150µ are thoroughly sieved, C. vulgaris cannot employ the latter feeding habit because the sand grains are too small for efficient individual handling by the mouth parts. On the other hand, deposit‐feeding cannot be employed either, since the fine organic debris which in this instance serves as the source of food, has been removed by the process of sieving. Consequently, the attractiveness of the material is lowered markedly. However, if a sieving method is used in which the fractions finer than 150µ retain their content of organic debris, the material also retains its attractiveness. Sand grains coarser than 0.5 mm are too large to be handled in an efficient manner by the mouth parts of C. vulnaris.

The degree of attractiveness to C. vulgaris of a certain substratum must depend on the amount and the kind of food available. The food content seems to be one of the most powerful stimuli to which sand‐inhabiting animals react in choosing substratum.
Phosphorus Release from Bog Lake Muds1
Authors: ZICKER E. L. , BERGER K. C. , HASLER A. D.
Published: March 2010

The paper reports the results of some laboratory investigations concerning the mud‐water phosphorus relationship of some Northern Wisconsin and Upper Michigan bog lake muds as influenced by lime, acid, and mechanical agitation.

Calcium carbonate added to the water phase of mud‐water systems reduced the amount of soluble phosphorus from 8.0 to 0.8 parts per billion. The lime formed a thin crust at the mud‐water interface, while the original pH of the bottom material prevailed at a depth of one‐fourth inch below the mud surface. Agitation of the mud cores by stirring resulted in complete lime penetration throughout a three‐inch core.

Experimental apparatus in which it is possible to obtain a 12°C temperature differential for stratifying water is described.

Radioactive ordinary superphosphate fertilizer was placed at various depths below the mud surface, and the percentage as well as the amount of phosphorus released to the water was indicated to be very small with virtually no phosphorus released from depths greater than one‐fourth inch below the mud surface. Agitation by stirring of the muds resulted in approximately twice the concentrations of soluble phosphorus in the water phase of the agitated systems as compared to the undisturbed systems. The most effective means of releasing fertilizer phosphorus placed one‐fourth inch below the mud surface was found to be the acidification of previously limed mud‐water systems.

The mechanism of phosphorus suppression by the addition of calcium compounds to mud water systems is suggested to be adsorption of phosphate ions onto the surface of the calcium particles in a similar manner as that described by Boischot et al.
The Metabolism of Radionuclides by Marine Organisms. III. The Uptake of Calcium45 in Solution by Marine Fish12
Authors: BOROUGHS HOWARD , TOWNSLEY SIDNEY J. , HIATT ROBERT W.
Published: March 2010

To determine whether marine fish required calcium in their diet, or whether they could take up an adequate amount from sea water, non‐feeding fish (Tilapia mossambica) were put in artificial sea water with calcium45. The uptake was rapid at first, then continued at a slow rate for the duration of the experiment (21 days). The normal concentration ratio of calcium by marine fish is about 20. At 21 days, the ratio of Ca45 in the fish to the Ca45 in an equal weight of sea water was about 0.6. The readily exchangeable calcium in the fish is therefore only a few per cent of the total. The concentration ratio of 0.6 would seem to preclude the necessity of feeding captive marine fish calcium in order to have an adequate diet. The skeleton contained about 43 per cent of the accumulated Ca45, the integument 24 per cent, the viscera 21 per cent, the gills 8 per cent, and the muscle 4 per cent. The Sr/Ca ratio in marine fish as a whole is about 1:400, but the ratio in normal sea water is about 1:40. This means that marine fish discriminate against strontium either by excreting it faster or by absorbing it less.
The Effect of Copper on the Growth of Bacteria Isolated from Marine Environments
Authors: STARR THEODORE J. , JONES MARY ELIZABETH
Published: March 2010

The use of copper may prove feasible for the control of catastrophic fish mortalities associated with blooms of Gymnodinium brevis. Prerequisite is knowledge of the effect that relatively high concentrations of copper may have on the marine community as a whole. In this study the effect of copper on the growth of 145 marine bacteria was measured. All of the bacteria grew in a medium containing copper in concentrations up to 0.25 mg/L. This concentration was compared to the in vivo (0.2 mg/L) and in vitro (0.1 mg/L) lethal dose of copper for G. brevis. In addition, the growth of approximately 4 per cent of the bacteria was stimulated by this concentration of copper.
Factors Controlling the Input of Electrical Energy into a Fish (Cyprinus carpio L.) in an Electrical Field1
Authors: WHITNEY LESTER V. , PIERCE RICHARD L.
Published: March 2010

The presence of a fish distorts the electrical field established initially in the water. This distortion, which changes the voltage gradient affecting the fish, and hence the electrical energy‐input, is dependent upon the resistivity of the fish as compared to that of the surrounding water. These resistivities depend upon the temperature and chemical content of both water and fish. The criterion of electrical energy‐input into the fish may be more important than voltage gradient in the water as an index to fish reactions to electrical fields. A method of measuring fish resistivity is described, and the results of an investigation of the effects of temperature and resistivity on water‐to‐fish resistivity ratio is presented. The idea is discussed that variation of these conditions may cause changes in energy‐input to the fish by factors of ten or twenty even though voltage gradient in the fish‐free water remains constant.
Primary Production Measurements in Eleven Florida Springs and a Marine Turtle‐Grass Community1
Authors: ODUM HOWARD T.
Published: March 2010

During July and August, 1955, primary production measurements were made in eleven Florida spring communities and a marine turtle‐grass community in the Florida Keys by means of the diurnal curve method. Diurnal measurements of oxygen and carbon dioxide made at a station downstream from the main springs were used in estimating gross primary production and community photosynthetic quotients. These curves show in detail the course of production hour by hour under various conditions in whole natural communities.

The primary production values obtained ranged from 0.7 g oxygen/m2/day in a small, heavily shaded, anaerobic spring on a rainy day to 64 g oxygen/m2/day on a sunny day in an aerobic spring where the plant beds trailed at the water surface. A comparison of the chemostatic properties in the springs studied suggests that oxygen, phosphate, nitrate, and carbon‐dioxide levels are relatively unimportant in determining the magnitude of primary production in these spring communities. Light as influenced by cloud cover, trees, and water depth is the main controlling factor. Approximate efficiencies found were 0.5 to 10% (mean 4%) of the visible light energy reaching plant level. Downstream increases in planktonic chlorophyll and oxygen suggested a steady state in 7 km of longitudinal succession in Rainbow Springs River. Net production of benthic algae of 1.5 g/m2/day was estimated in Orange Springs from the rate of bubble release into funnels placed on the bottom.
On the Occurrence of Free Sugars in Lake Sediment Extracts
Authors: WHITTAKER J. R. , VALLENTYNE J. R.
Published: March 2010

A semi‐quantitative method is described for the determination of free sugars in lake sediments. The method involves extraction with 70% ethanol, deionization with ion exchange resins, and separation and estimation of the sugars on paper chromatograms. The following sugars were detected in extracts of sediments from three Ontario lakes: maltose, sucrose, glucose, fructose, galactose, arabinose, ribose, xylose, and two unknowns. Total amounts of free sugar ranged from traces up to 2.9 g/kg of sediment ignitable matter. Maltose and glucose were usually the dominant sugars. Analyses of two surface cores of mud revealed decreasing concentrations of free sugars from the mud surface down to a depth of 50 cm. The sedimentary sugars are quantitatively held by the mud particles, and are lacking in the pore water of the mud. Lake mud sorbs small amounts of sugars from dilute aqueous solution, but the problem of sorption requires more detailed investigation before its importance can be assessed. Analysis showed that tendipedid larvae were not the source of the mud sugars, and theoretical arguments were presented to show that neither were the living bacteria in the sediment.

Three samples of seston contained 2.3, 3.9, and 42.4 g of total sugar per kg dry weight respectively, with glucose and maltose present in the greatest amounts. The concentration of free sugars in seston decreased by over 90% during aerobic decomposition in the laboratory. Seston is considered to be the main source of the sedimentary sugars, both by directly contributing free sugars to the mud as well as by producing starch‐like polysaccharides which can be hydrolysed in situ to produce free sugars.

The results of a culture experiment with lake mud showed complete disappearance of sedimentary sugars after 24 days of anaerobic culture in the presence of Bacto‐Yeast‐N‐base. Without the addition of Bacto‐Yeast‐N‐base, more sugar was found after 24 days than was initially present, both in aerobic and anaerobic cultures. Some factor in the Bacto‐Yeast‐N‐base enhanced the disappearance of sugars from mud.
The Production of Vitamin B12‐Active Substances by Marine Bacteria
Authors: STARR THEODORE J. , JONES MARY E. , MARTINEZ DOMINGO
Published: March 2010

The production of members of the vitamin‐B12 family of compounds by 34 marine bacteria that were grown in a B12‐deficient medium was assayed. Using aliquots of the same bacterial culture, 70 per cent and 30 per cent had activity for the assay organisms Escherichia coli 113‐3 and Euglena gracilis, z strain, respectively. Using the Euglena assay, no apparent relation was evident between the activities of the cell residues or corresponding supernatants and the relative amount of growth of each culture. However, of the 24 bacterial cultures tested, the supernatants of 42 per cent had activity, whereas the corresponding cell residues of 63 per cent had activity.
On the Dynamics of Phosphorus Added to Fishponds in Israel1
Authors: HEPHER B.
Published: March 2010

The fate of phosphate added to fishponds and the inorganic processes of phosphorus fixation were studied in Israel. Conditions in these ponds are different from those of the more humid climatic zones in having alkaline water and high calcium content. In these conditions most of the phosphorus added is precipitated as Ca3(PO4)2. The quantitative theoretical aspects of this are discussed. Another factor in the phosphorus fixation is the bottom mud. This fixation in the alkaline conditions prevailing is believed to be partly due to anion exchange reaction of the colloids and partly to reaction with calcium carbonate and not with heavy metals. The fixation of phosphorus to the mud is affected by the composition of the mud, becoming greater when the content of calcium carbonate and total colloids is higher. Fixation of phosphorus is lower with the accumulation of organic matter in the mud because of the low phosphorus adsorption capacity of organic colloids. Phosphorus fixation is higher when the mud is mixed with the water of the pond. In the fishpond this is done by the carp in its search for food in the bottom mud.
Particulate Iron in Offshore Waters of the Panama Bight and in the Gulf of Panama
Authors: SCHAEFER MILNER B. , BISHOP YVONNE M. M.
Published: March 2010

Particulate iron is reported from replicate samples taken at two depths at several locations in the Panama Bight during November 1955, and in replicate samples taken at two depths at a single inshore location in the Gulf of Panama at bimonthly intervals from December 1954 through December 1955. In addition, a few samples were taken at other locations in the Gulf of Panama and from a river flowing into the Gulf. The content of particulate iron, both in the Panama Bight and in the Gulf, shows highly contagious distributions, necessitating a logarithmic transformation to make the data amenable to statistical analysis. All samples from the Panama Bight could have arisen from a single log‐normal distribution with a mean of 12.2 µg/L. In the Gulf of Panama, there is significantly higher iron in the surface (115.2 µg/L) than at 30 meters (62.1 µg/L) during the early part of the year when the standing crops of plankton organisms are high. Particulate iron content is higher inshore in the Gulf of Panama than offshore in the Panama Bight, and two samples from the Rio Escota, containing 692 and 863 µg/L, were much higher than in the Gulf, indicating that possibly the iron is being brought in by runoff. From comparison of iron content in inshore and offshore waters, in both of which biological production is high, it is inferred that particulate iron cannot be a limiting factor on phytoplankton growth in the inshore waters.
Effects of an Arctic Environment on the Origin and Development of Freshwater Lakes1
Authors: LIVINGSTONE D. A. , BRYAN KIRK , LEAHY R. G.
Published: March 2010

Thaw lakes beyond the glacial boundary in northern Alaska may be quiescent, with elliptical saucer‐shaped basins, or they may be actively expanding, with deeply pocked basins. Glacial lakes of the usual types are found in the glaciated southern part of the region. The lakes freeze to a depth of almost 2 meters in winter and warm without stratifying to about 13°C in summer. Of the annual heat budget of some 28,000 cal/cm2 only 6,000 cal is wind distributed. Total dissolved solids are known to range from 35 to 159 ppm, and the water is of a calcium bicarbonate type except where sea‐spray influence is strong. The silica content is very low. A shore community is poorly‐developed or absent, apparently because of ice‐push, and the standing crop of benthos varies from an indetectable amount to 89.4 kg/ha. Remains of the midge Dryadotanytarsus are found throughout the sedimentary column of one lake, indicating that this genus, which is known only as a late‐Pleistocene fossil, lives there today. The sediments of lakes receiving the products of the widespread processes of arctic weathering are very inorganic, with few and poorly‐preserved microfossils. Computations based on a radiocarbon‐dated pollen chronology suggest a net community productivity averaging less than 2 mg of organic matter/cm2/yr, and Bosmina and tendipedid productivities of less than 10/cm2/yr during the past 6,000 years. Further computations involving the data of other authors suggest that of the solar energy fixed by a temperate or arctic lake about one‐quarter is preserved in the sediments, one‐half is dissipated by the decomposing organisms and one‐quarter is dissipated by all the other plants and animals. The arctic environment appears to influence lakes principally through physiographic processes affecting origin, sedimentation, and drainage.
Benthic Studies in Buzzards Bay. I. Animal‐Sediment Relationships1
Authors: SANDERS HOWARD L.
Published: March 2010

During October and November 1955 a bottom faunal study was undertaken at 19 localities in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts. The number of animals ranged from 1,064 to 12,576/m2 with a mean number of 4,430. In comparison with certain other areas these numbers appeared small and seemed to be due to the relatively low concentrations of chemical nutrients and modest primary production of the region. Two faunal assemblages were recognized: one, present in the muddy sediments and dominated by the lamellibranch Nucula proxima and the polychaete Nephthys incisa was essentially the same community described from Long Island Sound; the other, restricted to the sandier sediments and characterized by species of the amphipod genus Ampelisca. The two primary feeding types, the filter‐feeders and the deposit‐feeders, numerically dominated in the sand and mud sediments, respectively. The distribution of certain dominant deposit‐feeders in Long Island Sound and Buzzards Bay was poorly correlated with the silt‐clay fraction of the sediment. However, when clay alone was used, a much better agreement was obtained. It was suggested that clay is probably the most valid criterion for the distribution of deposit‐feeders. The distribution of infaunal filter‐feeders seemed related to the degree of sorting and the median grain size of the sediment, with largest populations present in well‐sorted fine sand. The hydrodynamic implications of this distribution are discussed.
Environmental Factors Involved in Setting the Phases of Tidal Rhythm of Color Change in the Fiddler Crabs Uca pugilator and Uca minax1
Authors: FINGERMAN MILTON , LOWE MILDRED E. , MOBBERLY WILLIAM C.
Published: March 2010

Observations were performed to determine the relationship between the time of maximal pigment dispersion in the fiddler crabs, Uca pugilator and Uca minax, and the tidal events on the beach where the crabs were collected. Uca pugilator obtained from burrows above the high tide mark did not have an overt tidal rhythm but did have 24‐hour and 14.8‐day cycles of color change. The tidal rhythm was probably suppressed because the crabs were free to leave their burrows at any time, whereas crabs from the intertidal zone can leave only when the area where their burrows are located is uncovered by the receding water. Crabs living in the intertidal zone displayed a typical tidal rhythm of color change. The tidal maximum of pigment dispersion progressed across the 24‐hour cycle at the usual rate. Analysis of the tidal rhythms of two groups of crabs, Uca pugilator, collected near the high and low tide marks, respectively, revealed that crabs from burrows near the low tide mark behaved as if low tide occurred for them 9.8 hours later each day than for the high tide crabs. Crabs living near the low tide mark appeared on the beach 10.1 hours later than crabs living near the high tide mark. As a result of these observations the hypothesis was presented that the phases of the tidal rhythm are set primarily according to the time that the area where the crabs live is uncovered by the receding water, and secondarily according to the time required for the area to drain so that the sand is firm enough to support holes from the burrows to the surface.
Substrates as a Factor in Shrimp Distribution1
Authors: WILLIAMS AUSTIN B.
Published: March 2010

Three species of Western Atlantic penaeid shrimps—Penaeus setiferus, P. aztecus, and P. duorarum—were allowed a free choice among five types of substrates in partitioned experimental troughs. The substrates used were beach sand, shell‐sand, muddy sand, sandy mud, and loose peat. Each species was tested separately, and each experiment was replicated once. Results of the experiments showed that distribution of the shrimps on the different substrates was not random. In each experiment departures from the expected distribution were statistically significant. P. duorarum occurred most often on shell‐sand. P. aztecus and P. setiferus were found most frequently on the softer, muddier substrates—loose peat, sandy mud, and muddy sand.

Food content in the bottom materials may have been a confounding factor, but the results indicate attraction to substrate aside from the possible attraction to food.

Water volume, or pore space, and the compaction of bottom materials, may influence the degree of burrowing.
Lake Water and Sediment
Authors: HAYES F. R. , ANTHONY E. H.
Published: March 2010

Sixteen lakes are described, varying in geology and all but two of low productivity, and including three acid bog types. A method is described for indirect estimation of the sum of Na and K. In lakes generally, low pH is related to low conductivity, but in these coastal lakes the Na in ocean spray keeps up the conductivity even in very acid waters. At equilibrium the inorganic P in solution is 2–3 ppb and represents a residual soluble fraction, independent of productivity and pH. Total P is 10–15 ppb and the concentration is not related to productivity. There is an annual cycle of inorganic P with a winter maximum, spring decline, and summer minimum. Methyl orange alkalinity varies directly with the sum of Ca and Mg and with either of the ions separately. The scatter in the regression of alkalinity versus Mg is greater than that of alkalinity versus Ca. There is a reduction of per cent organic material in the sediments directly related to increasing alkalinity. The cause is attributed to greater bacterial activity as the pH goes up.
Lake Water and Sediment
Authors: MACPHERSON L. B. , SINCLAIR N. R. , HAYES F. R.
Published: March 2010

Dried and reconstituted mud from pairs of primitive, medium, productive, and acid bog lakes was shaken to phosphorus equilibrium with water. Minimal P was released at pH 5.5–6.5, and ranged from scarcely above the level of chemical detection up to 0.2 ppm in productive lakes. Further acidity caused a slight increase of P in the water, up to 0.3 ppm, and alkalinity a larger increase, up to 0.5 ppm. At all pH levels the quantity released increased in the order of lake types stated above. The pH versus P curve for whole mud was shallow or saucer‐shaped; ashed mud gave a similar but deeper or cup‐shaped curve. Thus a productive lake ash at pH 4 released 1.0 ppm and at pH 8, 1.2 ppm. When 1 ppm of P was added to the water prior to the shaking, the lake type reacted differently. Acid bog and productive lake muds left the added P in the water, while unproductive lake muds removed most of it under acid conditions but not at pH 7 or more. The adsorption behavior of ash is similar to that of Bentonite, Fuller’s earth, or ferric hydroxide gel.
The Salton Sea. Physical and Chemical Characteristics1
Authors: CARPELAN LARS H.
Published: March 2010

The Salton Sea of California lying below sea level in a desert basin, serves as a sump for irrigation water diverted from the Colorado River. The present Sea reached its maximum size and highest surface elevation at the time of its formation in 1907. Due to evaporation at the rate of six feet per year the surface elevation fell from ‒195 feet to its minimum of ‒240 feet in 1948, the surface area decreased from about 500 square miles to about 320, and the salt content (salinity) increased from 3.6‰ to about 40‰. Since 1948 increased “wastage” of water into the Sea has raised the surface to ‒235 feet (1956) and diluted the waters to a salinity of about 33‰. Although the total salinity is approximately the same as that of the oceans the waters of the Sea contain a different proportion of ions, and the pH is slightly higher.

The annual range of water temperature is from 10° to 36°C. In spring the surface may become as much as 5° warmer than the bottom, but since the maximum depth of the Sea is about 12 meters, mixing by winds rapidly removes differences between surface and bottom; during most of the year (August to May) there is less than 1°C difference between surface and bottom. Concentrations of dissolved oxygen ranged up to 11.8 mg/L at the surface and 9.3 mg/L at the bottom during winter. During calm periods in summer, however, the water at depths below 8–9 meters became anoxic for periods as long as 1–3 days; the surface waters, too, became depleted of oxygen, but for only an hour or so at about dawn. Concentrations of sulfide as high as 85 µg‐at./L, and of ammonia as high as 50 µg‐at./L were found during the anoxic periods in summer.
The Accumulation of Y90 from an Equilibrium Mixture of Sr90‐Y90 by Artemia salina (L.)1
Authors: BOROUGHS HOWARD , TOWNSLEY SIDNEY J. , EGO WINIFRED
Published: March 2010

Artemia salina (L.) was chosen as a representative organism in the second trophic level for studying one phase of the process of transfer of radionuclides through a marine food chain. Adult Artemia were cultured in filtered sea water which contained Sr90‐Y90. They were not fed during the experiment which lasted 92 hours. They were removed at intervals, washed, and their radioactivity determined with an end‐window counter. At 16 hours the concentration of radioactivity in the Artemia was about 40 times that of an equal weight of sea water. The radioactivity decayed at a rate which was similar to the decay rate of Y90. It was estimated that only about 5 per cent of the activity remaining at secular equilibrium was due to Sr90, the remainder being Y90. This biological fractionation of Sr90‐Y90 may affect the transfer of these hazardous nuclides through food chains leading to human food. The fractionation of these nuclides by laboratory glassware is briefly discussed.
Bioassay of Water from a Concretion‐Forming Marl Lake
Authors: EYSTER CLYDE
Published: March 2010

Using a pure, bacteria‐free culture of Nostoc muscorum as a bioassay test organism, it was found that the water of Bass Lake, Livingston Co., Michigan, had a severe phosphate deficiency and less severe deficiencies of K, Fe, Mn, and Mg. Emission spectrographic analyses showed that the concretions had Ca as the principal constituent, Mg as the major impurity, and Fe, Si, Mn, Al, and Sr as minor impurities. When boiled, the lake water formed a white precipitate of CaCO3, which could be prevented by the addition of a very small amount of K2HPO4. It is suggested that concretion formation in marl lakes is associated with extreme phosphate deficiency.
A Change in the Early Growth Rates of Four Larval Marine Fishes1
Authors: FARRIS DAVID A.
Published: March 2010

The growth curves (age on length) of four widely diversified species of fish larvae (Sardinops caerulea, Pleuronichthys verticalis, Tetragonurus cuvieri, and Trachurus symmetricus) were divided into three sections: A, B, and C. Growth in Section A is very rapid but of short duration. Growth in Section B is much slower but of longer duration. Section C follows absorption of yolk materials and chronicles the rate at which the larvae metabolize themselves. The growth curves for several other species of fish derived from data, given in the literature are generally in agreement with those derived by more rigorous analysis. The slopes of Section A were compared with Section B for each fish. These ratios lie between 4 and 10. The effect of non‐logarithmic growth on estimates of larval survival is discussed.
The Effect of Various Factors on the Toxicity of Sodium Pentachlorophenate to Fish1
Authors: CRANDALL CATHERINE ANN , GOODNIGHT CLARENCE J.
Published: March 2010

The effects of various factors on the toxicity of sodium pentachlorophenate to the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) were studied. As a base for comparison of the effects of various factors, the TLm for 24 hours was first investigated. It was found that 0.4 ppm killed all the fish, while they all lived at 0.20 ppm. The range between these two extremes was so slight that it was difficult to determine an exact 24‐hour TLm; it was found to lie between 0.32 and 0.35 ppm.

One ppm concentration of sodium pentachlorophenate was used for investigating the effect of pH on the toxicant at 18° C. It was found that the lower the pH of the test solution, the more toxic the material became. The mean survival time for 50% of the experimental animals at a pH of 5.9–6.0 was 28 ± 1.7 minutes; at 7.5–7.6, it was 80.7 ± 2.3 minutes; and at 8.9–9.0, the fish lived for 24 hours.

Temperature effects were investigated using a solution of one ppm of sodium pentachlorophenate at pH 7.5–7.6. It was found that the higher the temperature, the more toxic the sodium pentachlorophenate is to fish.

The mean survival time of 50% of the minnows at 10° C was 260.4 ± 10.2 minutes; at 18° it was 80.7 ± 2.3 minutes; and at 26° it was 46 ± 2.1 minutes.
Effect of Water Clarity on Albacore Catches
Authors: MURPHY GARTH I.
Published: March 2010

The numbers of albacore (Germo alalunga) taken by gill‐netting and surface trolling are seriously affected by the transparency of the water. Observations assembled from a fishing cruise between Hawaii and the Aleutians in 1956 and from a cruise off the Pacific coast of North America in 1957 showed that the efficiency of the troll was greater in clear water than in more turbid water. Very likely this increase in efficiency is a power function of the change in transparency. Though the data are not so convincing, the results suggested that the gill net fishes more efficiently in turbid water. The ratio of troll catch to gill‐net catch bears the following relation to a reciprocal function of the extinction coefiicient—

urn:x-wiley:00243590:media:lno1959410086:lno1959410086-math-0001

Since the theoretical maximum power function of the troll catches alone is about 3, the residual of 1.55 may be associated with the reverse effect that water clarity has on the efficiency of the gill net.

These data are discussed in relation to evaluating the abundance of any species of fish when the method of assessment involves visual responses. In addition, the possibility is discussed that water clarity may be an important ecological factor in the ocean in that the efficiency of sight feeders will be reduced as turbidity increases.
Stratigraphic Distribution of Amino Acids in Peats from Cedar Creek Bog, Minnesota, and Dismal Swamp, Virginia1
Authors: SWAIN F. M. , BLUMENTALS A. , MILLERS R.
Published: March 2010

The concentration of several alpha‐amino acids obtained by acid hydrolysis at various levels in Cedar Creek Bog and Dismal Swamp has been determined. Seven amino acids are consistently present in the natural accumulations: glycine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, threonine, alanine, valine, and leucine. Alanine occurs in the highest concentrations, attaining about 22 µmol/g in the samples investigated. Free amino acids were absent or very rare in both the bog waters and waters squeezed from the peats. Attempts to detect proteins in these substances by means of paper electrophoresis were unsuccessful. Fibrous proteins may be present, however.

In both peat deposits there is a greater concentration of amino acids at depths of a few feet than in the uppermost peat layers. Hydrolysis of a humic acid preparation from Minnesota peat yielded the same suite of amino acids given above. It is therefore suggested that the amino acids in our peat hydrolyzates mainly occurred adsorbed by, or linked to, the humic acid micelles rather than as proteinaceous compounds.

The distribution of amino acids in Cedar Creek Bog peat suggests two periods of trophication, one beginning approximately 12,000 years ago in Mankato time and ending with the so‐called thermal maximum perhaps as late as 6,000 years ago, the other beginning after the thermal maximum and continuing to the present. Evidence of more than one cycle of peat development in the Lake Drummond area of Dismal Swamp is lacking.
Quantitative Records of the Luminescent Flashing of Oceanic Animals at Great Depths1
Authors: CLARKE GEORGE L. , HUBBARD CHARLES J.
Published: March 2010

The bathyphotometer described previously and capable of responding to illumination as low as 10−7 µw/cm2 has been modified in respect to circuit, housing, and cable, so that measurements of underwater light could be undertaken at greater depths. Graphical records were obtained of the intensity, duration, and frequency of flashes of luminescent animals at stations in the slope water SE of New York at depths as great as 3750 m (about 2⅓ miles). During the night flashes were recorded from 50 m downward and reached their greatest frequency of over 160 per minute at 100 m, with a secondary maximum of about 90 flashes per minute at 900 m. During the day flashes appeared above the background light penetrating from the surface beginning at about 400 m and increased in frequency with depth to over 110 per minute at 900 m. The brightest flashes were more than 100,000 times the dark level of the instrument. Flashes ranged from less than 0.2 sec to more than 1 sec in duration, with light from overlapping flashes lasting sometimes for more than 10 sec. Tests with animals in the laboratory indicated that the flashes recorded at sea originated within 10 m of the photometer. The nature of the vertical distribution of animal populations, as suggested by the variation in flashing, is compared with information derived from other types of observation. The brightness and varied pattern of bioluminescence is discussed in relation to the ecology of the deep sea.
Polarographic Oxygen Electrode1
Authors: KANWISHER JOHN
Published: March 2010

A method has been developed for the continuous monitoring of oxygen tension in solutions and gases. The oxygen is reduced at a platinum surface which is covered with a plastic membrane. The silver‐silver oxide reference electrode is also included under the membrane. Drift is less than 10 per cent for a period of days, and temperature compensation is possible. A number of uses to which it has been put are described.
Some Relations Between Air Temperatures and the Surface Water Temperatures of Lakes
Authors: MCCOMBIE A. M.
Published: March 2010

An analysis of meteorological and hydrographic records collected at South Bay, Ontario, over the past nine years shows that when the monthly mean surface water temperatures for successive years are plotted against the monthly mean air temperatures, the general relation can be described by two linear regressions. One of these lines corresponds to the May–July period in which the temperatures rise, while the other covers the August–November period in which they fall. A quite comparable picture is also obtained for Lake Opeongo, Ontario, and Lake Mendota, Wisconsin. The latter bodies differ markedly from South Bay in morphometry and location. Lakes Opeongo and Mendota have continental situations, whereas South Bay is enclosed in a comparatively small land mass which in turn is surrounded by very large water masses.
Two Sources of Error in the Oxygen Light and Dark Bottle Method1
Authors: PRATT DAVID M. , BERKSON HAROLD
Published: March 2010

Rates of oxygen uptake per bacterial cell in dark bottles containing bacteria but no phytoplankton were applied to the bacterial population of the dark bottle in two‐day light and dark bottle experiments and showed that, in the temperature range 11–21°C, bacteria were responsible for 42.5% to 62.5% of the total respiration customarily attributed to the phytoplankton. Failure to correct for bacterial respiration results in “net photosynthesis” values that are erroneously low by the same amount.

Large changes commonly occur in the bottled populations during a two‐day light and dark bottle experiment: in 22 routine experiments diatoms in the light bottle increased an average of 264%/day and the total population increased 72%/day, while in the dark bottle flagellates and the total population usually decreased slightly. Respiration and net and gross photosynthesis per unit volume of water are therefore probably not the same inside and outside the bottles. The rapid multiplication of diatoms in the light bottle is due to an accelerated regeneration of nutrients by the bacteria attached to the bottle walls, as shown by comparison of diatom growth in water previously conditioned by bacteria with growth in water not so conditioned.
Chlorophyll and Productivity in a Mountain River1
Authors: MCCONNELL WILLIAM J. , SIGLER WILLIAM F.
Published: March 2010

Chlorophyll was sampled on the shallow, rocky, canyon section of Logan River—a swift, clear, calcareous mountain river in the Middle Rocky Mountains of northern Utah. Chlorophyll extractions were made by immersing entire rocks supporting algae in acetone. The average quantity of chlorophyll per m2 of bottom of the canyon section of Logan River was 0.30 grams. Downstream supplementary stations supported 3 to 4 times as much chlorophyll as the canyon section. No significant difference existed between means of chlorophyll samples in fall and late winter and between the upstream and downstream portions of the canyon section.

Annual gross primary production equal to about 1.2 kg per m2 was estimated from the relation of chlorophyll to photosynthesis in light and dark jar experiments. A standing crop of 25 grams of dry plant biomass per m2 was determined from the chlorophyll dry weight ratio of samples of the community. Average standing crops (dry wt.) of insects and fish were 5 and 1.6 per cent, respectively, of the producer biomass or average standing crop of algae.

Production of chlorophyll on artificial substrata (concrete rocks) showed no close relationship with either insolation or water movement within the range of values encountered in the Logan River.
Trace Analysis of Marine Organisms: A Comparison of Activation Analysis and Conventional Methods1
Authors: FUKAI RINNOSUKE , MEINKE W. W.
Published: March 2010

A comprehensive review has been made of the abundance values reported for all trace elements in seaweed, mollusks, crustaceans, fishes, and in sea water. The sensitivities of standard spectrophotometric and flame photometric techniques for such analyses have been compared with the sensitivities expected from activation analysis techniques.

Activation analysis eliminates the problem of contamination by reagents and is particularly useful for the analysis of minute traces. While it is not an “all purpose” method for every element, it does show promise of increasing the detection sensitivity for a number of elements by factors of 10, 100, or more as well as making possible the discovery of elements not previously found in marine organisms, such as elements of the ruthenium or platinum groups and indium.
Midwater Trawling Studies in the North Pacific1
Authors: ARON WILLIAM
Published: March 2010

A modified version of the Isaacs‐Kidd midwater trawl was used for 149 exploratory hauls in the Northeastern Pacific at depths ranging from 20 to 250 meters. Catches are discussed in terms of such factors as diurnal migration, seasonal variation, patchiness, and geographic variation.

There was wide difference between day and night hauls. Geographic variation was marked. Abundance of plankton and fish decreased with increasing distance from the Washington coast, but increased again just south of the Alaskan peninsula. Northward and seaward there was a decrease in number of fish species. There appeared to be definite correlation between catches and an oceanographic boundary at approximately 50° North.

A number of rare fish, one new species, and two leptocephalus larvae were taken.

Consistency of results and close relationship of oceanographic and biological data suggest the usefulness of the midwater trawl as a valuable tool for future investigations of plankton ecology.
The Hydrography of Barnstable Harbor, Massachusetts1
Authors: AYERS JOHN C.
Published: March 2010

Barnstable Harbor, on the north shore of Cape Cod, Massachusetts, originated from the growth of an offshore barrier bar across an indentation of the coastline. In common with many other East Coast tidal embayments of similar origin it has: 1) low runoff, carried by a few small streams, which together with direct rainfall and groundwater seepage provides a total freshwater acquisition that is small compared to the tidal prism volume; 2) essentially marine internal aquatic environments; and 3) extensive salt marshes drained by tidal creek systems. The hydrography of the harbor is largely determined by the internal arrangement of its shoals and channels. The shoals and channels act as dams and weirs, distorting the tides until they approximate those found in typical river estuaries. The tidal distortion results in a time asymmetry of the maximum currents which in turn produces a net up‐harbor transport of sediments, despite the fact that the ebb currents are of the greater velocity. The hydrography of the harbor in spring, summer, and fall is described. Parameters discussed include salinity, temperature, transparency, water masses, tidal currents, sediment analyses, the salinity relations of intertidal flats, and some aspects of the annual temperature regime.
The Respiration of Some Planktonic Copepods
Authors: RAYMONT J. E. G.
Published: March 2010

The respiratory rates of two neritic planktonic copepods, Centropages hamatus and Temora longicornis obtained from the northeast coast of the United States, have been shown to he very similar to the rates determined for British specimens, provided due allowance is made for the difference in size of the animals.

The relationship previously suggested between respiratory rate and length for planktonic copepods, appears to hold for these two American species, but in the case of Temora the modified formula suggested by Gauld and Raymont (1953) must be used. The relationship applies also to Pseudocalanus minutus. Tortanus discaudatus has been found to have a higher rate as determined experimentally. It is suggested that this high rate is associated with the carnivorous feeding of this copepod.

Experiments on the respiration of Eurytemora herdmani show that females have a considerably higher oxygen demand than males, though the difference becomes only slight when due allowance is made for the difference in size between the sexes. Some experiments conducted on the respiratory rates at 15° and 20°C suggest that Eurytemora herdmani, in contrast to the other calanoids investigated, does not show any increase in respiratory rate beyond 15°C.

In the laboratory lack of feeding in Tortanus is associated with a marked decline in respiratory rate; to a lesser extent a reduction in respiration with lack of food has been observed in Centropages hamatus.
ENUMERATION OF FRESHWATER PHYTOPLANKTON CONCENTRATED ON THE MEMBRANE FILTER1
Authors: McNabb Clarence D.
Published: March 2010

Individuals of the phytoplankton become distributed at random when concentrated on the membrane filter. The percentage of microscopic fields in which a species occurs may therefore be validly converted to a theoretical average number of individuals per field. The theoretical density thus obtained and the actual density determined by time‐consuming counting are very nearly similar values when 25 or more fields are scored. An enumeration technique using this relationship is described. It has many advantages over commonly used procedures for concentrating the plankton and estimating the number of individuals in a sample.
THE SPREAD PLATE AS A METHOD FOR THE ENUMERATION OF MARINE BACTERIA1, 2
Authors: Buck John D. , Cleverdon Robert C.
Published: March 2010

A comparison was made of agar plates spread with glass rods and poured agar plates for the enumeration of bacteria in the waters of Fisher’s Island Sound, salinity 30‰. Spread plates were shown to be markedly superior. Highest counts were obtained by spreading, using rods treated with Desicote (a silicone solution) and incubating plates at 25°C, rather than at 16°C, and in air rather than in air with CO2 content increased.
WATER TRANSPORT STUDIES IN THE STRAITS OF MACKINAC REGION OF LAKE HURON1
Authors: Powers Charles F. , Ayers John C.
Published: March 2010

The Straits of Mackinac comprise five simple straits in the region embracing Mackinac Island, Round Island, Bois Blanc Island, and the adjacent portions of the Upper and Lower Peninsulas of Michigan. Here the inflows from Lakes Michigan and Superior enter Lake Huron. Direct assessments of the inflow from Lake Michigan and of the run‐off from the Lake Huron watershed, hitherto obtainable only by indirect means, have been made. The study indicates that large volumes of water move horizontally in oscillatory motion, due to the action of the Lake Michigan—Lake Huron uninodal seiche, but that this motion has no net effect upon the flow‐through of waters from the upper lakes through Lake Huron. The excess of oscillatory transport over net flow‐through indicates the seiche has an amplitude of about 0.1 m, a value which is independently confirmed by data from the literature.