bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dermoscopy Improves Accuracy of Primary Care Physicians to Triage Lesions Suggestive of Skin Cancer
Authors: Argenziano Giuseppe , Puig Susana , Zalaudek Iris , Sera Francesco , Corona Rosamaria , Alsina Mercè , Barbato Filomena , Carrera Cristina , Ferrara Gerardo , Guilabert Antonio , Massi Daniela , Moreno-Romero Juan A. , Muñoz-Santos Carlos , Petrillo Gianluca , Segura Sonia , Soyer H. Peter , Zanchini Renato , Malvehy Josep
Published: April 2006

Purpose

Primary care physicians (PCPs) constitute an appropriate target for new interventions and educational campaigns designed to increase skin cancer screening and prevention. The aim of this randomized study was to determine whether the adjunct of dermoscopy to the standard clinical examination improves the accuracy of PCPs to triage lesions suggestive of skin cancer.

Patients and Methods

PCPs in Barcelona, Spain, and Naples, Italy, were given a 1-day training course in skin cancer detection and dermoscopic evaluation, and were randomly assigned to the dermoscopy evaluation arm or naked-eye evaluation arm. During a 16-month period, 73 physicians evaluated 2,522 patients with skin lesions who attended their clinics and scored individual lesions as benign or suggestive of skin cancer. All patients were re-evaluated by expert dermatologists at clinics for pigmented lesions. Referral accuracy of both PCP groups was calculated by their scores, which were compared to those tabulated for dermatologists.

Results

Referral sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were 54.1%, 71.3%, 11.3%, and 95.8%, respectively, in the naked-eye arm, and 79.2%, 71.8%, 16.1%, and 98.1%, respectively, in the dermoscopy arm. Significant differences were found in terms of sensitivity and negative predictive value (P = .002 and P = .004, respectively). Histopathologic examination of equivocal lesions revealed 23 malignant skin tumors missed by PCPs performing naked-eye observation and only six by PCPs using dermoscopy (P = .002).

Conclusion

The use of dermoscopy improves the ability of PCPs to triage lesions suggestive of skin cancer without increasing the number of unnecessary expert consultations.
Phase II Study of Capecitabine, Oxaliplatin, and Erlotinib in Previously Treated Patients With Metastastic Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Meyerhardt Jeffrey A. , Zhu Andrew X. , Enzinger Peter C. , Ryan David P. , Clark Jeffrey W. , Kulke Matthew H. , Earle Craig C. , Vincitore Michele , Michelini Ann , Sheehan Susan , Fuchs Charles S.
Published: April 2006

Purpose

To investigate the combination of erlotinib, capecitabine, and oxaliplatin in patients who were previously treated for metastatic colorectal cancer.

Patients and Methods

Patients were eligible if they had metastatic colorectal cancer that progressed, were intolerant to first-line chemotherapy, or had disease recurrence within 1 year of adjuvant therapy for early-stage disease. Each 21-day cycle consisted of daily oral erlotinib at 150 mg, oral capecitabine at 1,000 mg/m2 (reduced to 750 mg/m2 after the first 13 patients) twice a day on days 1 to 14, and intravenous oxaliplatin at 130 mg/m2 on day 1.

Results

Thirty-two patients were enrolled onto this phase II study. By intention-to-treat analyses, eight patients (25%) experienced a partial response and 14 patients (44%) had stable disease for at least 12 weeks. The median progression-free survival was 5.4 months and the median overall survival was 14.7 months. These results were essentially unchanged when limited to the cohort of patients (78%) who received prior irinotecan for metastatic colorectal cancer. Most common grade 3 to 4 toxicities included diarrhea (38%), nausea/emesis (19%), fatigue (16%), dehydration (16%), and dermatitis (13%); grade 3 or 4 toxicities were reduced with a lower starting dose of capecitabine.

Conclusion

The combination of capecitabine, oxaliplatin, and erlotinib seems to have promising activity against metastatic colorectal cancer in patients who received prior chemotherapy, with a relatively higher response rate and progression-free survival compared with previous reports of either infusional FU, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin or capecitabine and oxaliplatin in similar patient populations.
Topological Shift Spaces
Authors: Betten Dieter
Published: April 2006

Two of the problems listed in [14, 74.17] ask to prove or disprove the following statements:

A)

For each differentiable planar map ƒ : IR2 → IR2 the set of all differentials defines a spread of IR4.

B)

If the differentials of a differentiable map ƒ : IR2 → IR2 define a spread of IR4 then the map ƒ is planar.

By restricting to vertical 3-dimensional subspaces, we get the notion of a 3-dimensional shift space, and for differentiable shift spaces we may formulate analogous problems A′ and B′. Under the additional assumption that there exists a 1-dimensional group of shears, we prove A′ and B′ for 3-dimensional shift spaces and—as a corollary—also A and B for 4-dimensional shift planes.
Virtual and non-virtual algebraic Betti numbers
Authors: Pennaneac’h Hélène
Published: April 2006

Virtual algebraic Betti numbers for real algebraic varieties are constructed from the property of additivity of d-algebraically constructible homologies.
Affine parts of topological unitals
Authors: Stroppel Markus
Published: April 2006

We study different, non-compact groups acting on
unitals in compact projective planes in such a way that the geometry can be
reconstructed from the group action. These unitals have many ambient
automorphisms, but are not induced by polarities. In passing, we construct
polarities for a class of eight-dimensional translation planes, and study the
corresponding unitals.
Conceptual blending, somatic marking, and normativity: a case example from ancient Chinese
Authors: Slingerland Edward G.
Published: April 2006

One purpose of this article is to support
the universalist claims of conceptual blending theory by documenting its
application to an ancient Chinese philosophical text, and also to provide illustrations
of complex multiple-scope blends constructed over the course of conceptual
blending by suggesting that, in many cases, the primary purpose of achieving human
scale is not to help us apprehend a situation, but rather to help us to know how
too feel about it. This argument is essentially an attempt to connect the
insights of conceptual blending theorists with those of neuroscientists such Antonio
Damasio who argues for the importance of somatic states and emotional reactions
in human value-creation and decision-making.
Non-verbal humor and joke performance
Authors: Norrick Neal R.
Published: April 2006

Many jokes fall outside the province of script theory, because they depend on performance in various ways. Interactional features of the joke performance, along with pantomime, gestures, voice shifts, and so on, require modes of description separate from the verbally oriented script theory. There are significant differences between the written joke text and the oral joke performance, and these differences cast doubt on the simple extendibility of script theory from written joke texts to the spoken joke performance.
Analyzing conversational data in GTVH terms: A new approach to the issue of identity construction via humor
Authors: Archakis Argiris , Tsakona Villy
Published: April 2006

The central aim of this paper is to apply the General Theory of Verbal Humor (henceforth GTVH; Attardo 2001) to conversational narratives and to integrate it with sociopragmatic approaches. We consider script opposition as a necessary prerequisite for humor and its perlocutionary effect (i.e. eliciting laughter) as a secondary criterion for the characterization of a narrative as humorous. Despite the fact that one of the most common social functions of humor is the construction of solidarity and in-group identity, there is relatively little sociolinguistic research on this issue. Thus, a more particular aim of this paper is to illustrate how humor can be a flexible discourse strategy to construct particular aspects of social identities by focusing on a particular aspect of humor encoded in GTVH terms as the knowledge resource of “target”. It will be shown that, in our conversational data coming from a cohesive group of young Greek males, interlocutors select targets either outside or inside their group and that, while in the first case humor criticizes the “other” behavior, in the latter case it serves as a correction mechanism of in-group behavior in a rather covert manner. In both cases, the target of humor reinforces the already existing bonds among group members, while bringing the evaluative dimension of humor to the surface. It is therefore suggested that the target of humor is an important heuristic tool for describing its social function, revealing how it is exploited by conversationalists to project their shared beliefs and values, i.e. their social identity.
The Social Impact of Gender and Culture on Decision-Making in Genetic Testing
Authors: Stieber Roger Kerstin
Published: April 2006

This paper discusses how gender and culture / ethnicity or race shape interpretations of possible genetic tests for adult onset health conditions in families. The context for this discussion includes the process of psychotherapy. On the one hand, genetic counseling (especially in the context of recent advances in science research) can re-configure family relationships and thus may make new meaning of shifting definitions of family. On the other hand, ‘access’ to or understanding genetics is commonly achieved according to personal as well as social factors removed from the scientific aspect of these diagnoses. Psychotherapy is one such site. This distinction between genetics and people’s application of potential genetic diagnoses, as well as between genetics and social cultural values, is explored in this paper.
From Warnock to the Stem Cell Bank—Evaluating the UK's Regulatory Measures for Stem Cell Research
Authors: Twine Richard
Published: April 2006

The United Kingdom government regards its regulations for stem cell research as some of the most rigorous in the world. This paper chronologically outlines the important stages in the evolution of these regulatory measures over the past twenty years, including the Warnock Report, the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990, the subsequent series of reports and consultations, and the establishment of the UK stem cell bank. Attending both to the discursive framing of stem cell research and the ethical issues faced, an assessment is made in terms of the appropriateness, adequacy and effectiveness of the UK's regulatory measures. Although institutional learning is detected in areas such as improving public engagement, the UK regulatory process has been open to the accusation of a scientific community regulating itself. This paper recommends that in order to avoid any possible complacency further improvements in public inclusiveness and interdisciplinary representation on regulatory committees should be sought.
Portugues Ethical Debates on Euthanasia
Authors: Pinto Cristina Rosamond
Published: April 2006

Introduction

Medical Sciences Faculties along with other Associations and the Department of Bioethics and Medical Law have conducted lately debates about Euthanasia.

The need to bestow quality and dignity en every phase of life namely when one faces death has been particularly focused. Even on a terminal phase of life people may live with quality and discover the dimension of their own suffering meaning the understanding of positive factors underlying the concept of pain.

In Portugal Ethical Committees are endorsed not only to medical scientists, lawyers, lay associations but to priests who happen to preside to some of these Ethical Committees.
Biotechnological Potential of Marine Sponges and their Associated Bacteria as Producers of New Pharmaceuticals (Part II)
Authors: Thoms Carsten , Schupp Peter
Published: April 2006

The supply problem

The examples of sponge-derived compounds in advanced stages of clinical trials presented in part I of this article emphasize the potential of sponges as auspicious source for drugs against various human diseases.

However, compared to the vast number of over 4000 compounds isolated from sponges during the last three decades, the number of sponge-derived drugs that have already entered the market is surprisingly small. There are two major reasons for this phenomenon: One is the extremely long time frame involved in the process of drug development. For instance, to develop the famous anticancer drug Taxol® from its initial description in the yew tree to its approval as a commercial pharmaceutical took over 20 years. The presented examples of sponge-derived compounds in clinical trials, this long time frame is by far no exception. Thus, as many interesting compounds were initially reported already in the 1980s and early 1990s, there is hope that within the following years the number of commercially available ”marine drugs” will considerably increase.
Learning by abduction: A geometrical interpretation
Authors: Semetsky Inna
Published: April 2006

This paper posits Peirce’s logical category of
abduction as a necessary component in the learning process. Because of the
cardinality of categories, Thirdness (or reason) always contains in itself the
Firstness of abduction. In psychological terms, abduction can be interpreted as
intuition or insight. The paper suggests that abduction can be modeled as a
vector on a complex plane. Such geometrical interpretation of the triadic sign
helps to clarify the paradox of new knowledge that haunted us since Plato first
articulated it in his Meno dialogue. Some implications for the actual teaching
practice are addressed, and the value of practical knowledge
affirmed.
On signing translation
Authors: Merrell Floyd
Published: April 2006

1. Setting the stage

Dinda Gorlée’s seminal On Translating Signs (Rodopi 2004, hereafter
OTS ) explores translation of texts under the guise of
‘semio-translation.’ In her previous book, Semiotics and the Problem of
Translation (1994, hereafter SPT ), Gorlée originally coined the
term semiotranslation, which subsequently gained some notoriety in
translation theory circles. She sees no need to give up the term, in fact
including it in hyphenated form in the subtitle of the book under review. For,
semio-translation ‘retains an ongoing excitement and creates a niche in semiotic
and translationtheoretical scholarship’ (OTS : 11). The author
perpetuates its use with the hope that ‘it will remain a vital and fruitful
challenge to future researchers everywhere, especially those who pay no mind to
the noise of passing scholarly genres and fashions’ (OTS : 11–12). Thus
OTS can be effectively read as a continuation of
SPT
.
Giambattista Vico’s open agenda of modernity
Authors: Konitzer Martin
Published: April 2006

Giambattista Vico’s ‘Nova Sciencia’ (1725) can be read
as an early program of qualitative research in humanities. By discussing Vico’s
theory of metaphor, Vanessa Albus (2001) presents Vico as a predecessor of
modern neurolinguistics and semiotics. Moreover Vico anticipates in metaphorical
terms the flexible rules of actual ‘grounded theory’ as ‘lead lesbian ruler’ or
Peirce’s logical principle of ‘abduction’ as ‘salto.’ One may ask whether this
is an ‘open agenda of modernity’ complementary to Toulmin’s (1992) hypothesis of
a ‘hidden’ one represented by Montaigne.
Linearization in two ways
Authors: Holmberg Anders
Published: April 2006

What the theories of Fox & Pesetsky (F&P) and Erteschik-Shir (ES) have in common is that they both account for Holmberg’s Generalization (HG) in terms of linearization. That is virtually the only thing they have in common, though, and even that is more a nominal than a substantial resemblance. For one thing, in F&P it is a matter of linearization of VP constituents as part of the narrow-syntactic derivation, in ES a matter of linearization of adverbs in relation to verb and object in a model where phonology / prosody determines word order. They can’t both be right, but they can both be wrong, which, however, we can’t be certain of until the set of hypotheses they propose have been thoroughly investigated and tested.

Below I will present some critical remarks on both theories, pointing out some possible false predictions in F&P in section 2, and one or two possible flaws in ES in section 3. In section 4 I will consider how the two theories fare with respect to properties of Object Shift (OS) which they do not themselves take up. In section 5 I will briefly consider the problem of inverted objects.
Holmberg’s Generalization and Cyclic Linearization. Remarks on Fox and Pesetsky
Authors: Anagnostopoulou Elena
Published: April 2006

Fox and Pesetsky (henceforth F&P) propose an architecture for the mapping between syntax and phonology which relates a number of different constraints on movement to the way in which phrase structure is linearized. They investigate Object Shift (henceforth OS) and Quantifier Movement (henceforth QM) in Scandinavian and argue that the restrictions on these processes, namely Holmberg’s Generalization (HG) effects on OS and what they call ‘‘the inverse Holmberg effect’’ on QM, reflect a requirement for preservation of the order established in the VP due to the fact that the VP is a Spell-out domain. F&P’s proposal relies on Holmberg’s (1999) formulation of HG which has been challenged by Anagnostopoulou (2002) on the basis of data discussed in Anagnostopoulou (2003) that directly contradict Holmberg (1999). It is my goal here to investigate how these data can be accommodated in F&P’s system. I will argue that even though F&P can, in principle, account for the data in question, the attempt to unify the restrictions on OS, QM with comparable restrictions on passivization under F&P’s architecture fails to express certain crosslinguistic generalizations which are straightforwardly captured in traditional locality accounts.
States and modification: A reply to Maienborn
Authors: Rothstein Susan
Published: April 2006

This very interesting paper investigates differences between copula verbs on the one hand, and ‘truly eventive’ verbs, on the other, discussing a number of important topics, including the effect of word order on modification relations, and the difference between internal and external event modification. The core claim of the paper is that states and eventualities have a different logical structure, and that the differences between them follow from this. Rather than commenting directly on the arguments made in the paper, I am going to concentrate in my response on this issue, trying to show that statives and eventualities are more similar than Maienborn assumes, and suggesting that the differences between them might be explained without postulating different logical structures.
Eventualities and different things: A reply
Authors: Maienborn Claudia
Published: April 2006

‘‘Comments are very welcome!’’ This basic attitude and the many ways of implementing it contribute immensely to the fascination of engaging in scientific research. I am grateful to Theoretical Linguistics for providing a public platform for this kind of scholarly exchange and I thank all commentators for their thoughtful, stimulating, and often challenging contributions to my target article. My response will address two main issues that are raised by the commentaries. The first issue is shaped by a cluster of questions relating to ontology. The second issue concerns questions of methodology pertaining in particular to the problem of judging data.
Die Dynamik des materiellen Strafrechtsunter dem Einfluss europäischer und internationalerEntwicklungen
Authors: Dannecker Gerhard
Published: April 2006

„Die fortschreitende Globalisierung schafft einen Handlungsbedarf, den die Einzelstaaten, auch Nationalstaaten genannt, allein nicht zu bewältigen vermögen. Schon Terrorismus, organisierte Kriminalität und staatenübergreifende Umweltbelastungen, … – sie alle drängen eine globale Rechtsordnung auf, ohne deshalb den Einzelstaaten alles Recht zu nehmen. In unserem Zeitalter der Globalisierung sind die beiden längst vertrauten Rechtsbereiche, das Staatsrecht und das Völkerrecht um Elemente eines Weltrechts und als Zwischenstufe um ein Recht von großregionalen Einheiten wie der Europäischen Union zu erweitern“. Diese Perspektive, die Otfried Höffe in seinem Beitrag „Global durch die Globalisierung“ eröffnet, gilt gleichermaßenfür das Strafrecht.
Enhancement of Fluoresceinyl Cypridina Luciferin Analog Chemiluminescence by Human Serum Albumin for Singlet Oxygen Detection
Authors: Zhou Jing , Xing Da , Chen Qun
Published: April 2006

Fluoresceinylcypridinaluciferin analog (FCLA) is a chemiluminescence (CL) probe for detecting reactive oxygen species (ROS). Its efficiency for detecting singlet oxygen (1O2) can be significantly enhanced in the presence of human serum albumin (HSA). This phenomenon may apply to important applications for both research and clinical testing, because of the broad presence of HSA in the human system. In the current study the mechanism of the FCLA‐HSA CL system is studied by means of direct CL measurement and spectroscopy techniques. Our results show that FCLA can combine with HSAviaa single binding site to form a complex. The CL efficiency of the system is largely governed by an intersystem energy transfer between the two components upon interaction with1O2. The CL production reaches maximum in a synergetic manner when equal amounts of FCLA and HSA are present simultaneously, but production is less at other ratios. The results also show that the combination of FCLA with HSA does not significantly alter the ROS selectivity of FCLA. In conclusion, our study shows that FCLA and HSA can combine and form a complex with higher CL efficiency. This provides us a new approach in designing CL techniques for studying ROS.
Marketing Schemes for Native-Grown Produce in African Territories
Authors: Leubuscher Charlotte
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

Governmental intervention in the sphere of marketing has become a feature of increasing frequency in the post-war economic policy of many countries, particularly during and since the economic depression of 1930 to 1932. In general, raw materials and foodstuffs have been made the object of regulations by authorities and statutory bodies more than manufactured articles, since the producers of the latter are usually able to come to voluntary agreements in relation to prices, limitation of production, &c., without the help of the Government. The general factors and ideologies which have brought about this considerable public intervention into a sphere which was left predominantly to private enterprise in pre-war days, are more or less common to all countries, but the particular difficulties and problems which have prompted statutory measures differ from country to country.
A Religious Festival in Northern Nigeria
Authors: Meek C. K.
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

This article is an attempt to give some account of the magicoreligious ideas of the Bachama tribe. It is based on notes made during a ten-days' visit to the tribe in the spring of 1927. During this visit I had the good fortune to witness the annual festival at Fare, the description of which occupies the major part of the following remarks. I am indebted to Dr. Bronnum of the Danish Mission at Numan for a number of suggestions.
Die Grundlagen der Ehe bei den Bantu
Authors: Seitz Theodor
Published: April 2006

In Band II. Nr. 3 der Africa ist ein Artikel von Dr. Torday ‘The Principles of Bantu Marriage’ erschienen, dessen interessante Ausführungen zu Schlussfolgerungen kommen, die, wenn sie als richtig anerkannt würden, geeignet wären, die bisher übliche Auffassung über die Grundlagen und die Entwicklung der Familie und damit der ganzen sozialen Verhältnisse bei den Bantu in wesentlichen Punkten zu erschüttern. Herr Torday fasst das Ergebnis seiner Untersuchungen in zwei Sätzen zusammen: einmal sei der eigentliche Charakter der Ehe bei den Bantu nicht Vielweiberei, sondern eine Einehe, die abgeschlossen sei zwischen einem Mann und einer Frau zur Erzielung einer legitimen Nachkommenschaft, und sodann sei diese Ehe nicht nur für das ganze Leben abgeschlossen, sondern auch unwiderruflich. Scheidungsgründe habe es bei dieser Ehe ursprünglich überhaupt nicht gegeben, sondern lediglich eine Ungültigkeit, die ihren Grund hatte in Mängeln in der Person des einen oder des anderen der Ehegatten.
Intsomi
Authors: Veel G. Reginald
Published: April 2006

For the enlightenment of those who here for the first time meet with the native stories known in the Kaffrarian Territories as Intsomi, it may help the reader to appreciate them at their proper value if a few words of explanation are prefaced to the selection which follows.
Assimilation ou Adaptation?
Authors: Dubois H. M.
Published: April 2006

L'education et la transformation d'une race inférieure par un peuple civilisé doivent-elles se faire par ‘assimilation’ ou par ‘adaptation’ ? Le probleme n'est pas nouveau, mais il devient d'autant plus complexe, plus délicat, et même plus irritant qu'il se fait plus universel. II ne se pose pas de la même facon dans toutes les parties du monde. En Asie, par exemple, les civilisations indigènes, mises en face des civilisations étrangères, prétendent bien ne pas leur être inférieures, et là même où l'on accepte de l'Europe ou de l'Amérique, avec le plus d'avidité, les perfectionnements matériels, l'on réagit aussi le plus violemment contre tout ce qui amoindrirait ou compromettrait l'idéal traditionnel.
Social Aspects of First Fruits Ceremonies among the South-Eastern Bantu
Authors: Gluckmann Max
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

The Zulu live on the south-east coast of South Africa, in a region of fertile soil, watered by fair summer rains which are occasionally interrupted by drought. Towards the end of the agricultural season they hold a great tribal ceremony, which Sir James Frazer cites as a typical first fruits sacrament, though the ceremony itself has many different rites. I hope in this paper to show that these, and the taboos on the early eating of the first fruits, together with the ritual approach to them, guard against socially disruptive forces. To the natives the importance of the ceremony is that it protects them against mystical powers; their actual effect must be sought by the anthropologist.
Some Proverbs of the Tumbuka-Nkamanga Peoples of the Northern Province of Nyasaland
Authors: Young T. Cullen
Published: April 2006

In the year 1796 Dr. Lacerda, on his way to the capital of ‘the Great Kazembe’, mentions the existence of a ‘Tomboka’ people near the head waters of the Loangwa River in what is now Northern Rhodesia. By 1850 the German missionary Rebmann at Kilimanjaro had compiled a map from slaver sources in which he inserted the name ‘Kamanga’ to the east side of Lake Nyasa at its northern end. Later, when his book on the Kilimanjaro area was published, he corrected this and placed the Kamanga people to the west of the north end of Nyasa. And by that time the Coast traders used no other name to designate the area of their operations west of Nyasa, northwards of a line provided by the Dwangwa River which flows east to Nyasa from the Rhodesian border in Lat. 12½ S. It is quite possible that Lacerda's ‘Loangwa’ should be taken as the Nyasaland Dwangwa and not the Rhodesian Luangwa, but the point is, for the purposes of this note, unimportant. It is sufficient to emphasize the fact that, in a large area lying between Lat. 9½ S. and 12½ S., the two names used here represent the earliest traceable occupants, and in the order here used.
Prose and Poetry of the Ful'be
Authors: Pfeffer G.
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

The anthropologist is in general mainly concerned with peoples who have no means of writing. He has therefore paid little if any attention to an extensive field for research which may be said to lie between folk-lore and literature. It is a field which provides him with written material in poetry and prose existing among peoples who, although they are commonly regarded as illiterate, include in their society a group or social class which has acquired some means of writing. In postulating the existence of a field between folk-lore and literature we have to consider what is commonly understood by those terms and try to determine what are the essential differences between the cultural elements which they describe.
Some Traits of the Kipsigis in Relation to their Contact with Europeans
Authors: Orchardson I. Q.
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

Because the African continent looks a solid block, and because most of its inhabitants are dark-skinned and woolly-haired, we are apt to treat it as if it were really homogeneous and devise some general plan for governing and educating the whole. For in one and the same man one rarely finds the capacity for both the wide and the detailed view. But how vastly different in character, customs, capacity, and life are the innumerable tribes and nations which make up Africa. Even in such a comparatively small area as Kenya, after grouping together the more similar tribes there are quite a number of divisions which, if the true interests of the people are not to be sacrificed, should have different treatment. Their future development will be different, and it is neither wise nor humane to attempt to coerce them all to a pattern, a pattern devised by a race so totally different, and without the requisite knowledge to consider what is truly best for each group of people, especially from its own point of view.
Kinship Organization of the Banyankole
Authors: Oberg Kalervo
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

An outstanding feature of the kinship organization of the Baniyankole is its lack of uniformity. Here we have an African tribe composed of pastoralists and agriculturalists, whose respective kinship organizations reveal marked differences, despite the fact that they have for a long time inhabited a common territory, spoken a common language, and practised many similar customs. Besides these two, so to speak, original forms there are the more recent variations due to European influences. If we are to study the family, for instance, we shall have to consider several types. There is the family of the Muhima herdsman, the family of the agricultural Mwiru of the old type, the family of the peasant who owns cattle and grows coffee, and the family of the government clerk or school teacher. Similarly, if we were to study the political organization, we should have to consider the old form of Banyankole kingship as it existed when the British took over the administration of Ankole, the outlines of which we are able to construct not only from the present form of government but also from official documents and the memories of missionaries and natives who lived at the time, and the series of changes that have taken place in this form of government. It at once becomes apparent that we are here dealing with variations and change. Differences in time and space are as much facts of the case as are the peculiarities and general features of a given item of culture. Any realistic approach to the variations and changes in the kinship organization of the Banyankole, therefore, calls not only for description but for comparison and interpretation.
Les Cas de Possession et l'Exorcisme chez les Vandau
Authors: Junod H. Ph.
Published: April 2006

Il est un domaine de l'anthropologie qui est encore fort peu exploré et par suite fort mal connu, c'est celui des ‘possessions’. Littré, après avoir donné tous les divers sens de ‘possession’, arrive, tout à la fin de sa liste, à ce onzième sens: ‘Terme de liturgie. État d'une personne qui est actuellement sous le pouvoir du diable, et dans le corps de laquelle il habite réellement.’ L'étude psychologique des anormaux nous a amenés à élargir considérablement la signification de ce terme. Nous savons qu'il existe tout un ensemble de faits surprenants, dans la vie des malades mentaux paranoiaques, où l'esprit se trouve, ou croit se trouver, sous l'influence d'un autre esprit. A la suite d'une rupture d'équilibre de l'état mental, sous l'influence d'émotions incontrôlables, l'individu perd conscience de lui-même et se met à parler comme un autre individu, parfois dans des langues qu'il paraissait méconnaître entièrement à l'état normal. Que ces manifestations étranges soient accompagnées d'états épileptiformes, en relation avec ce que les médecins appelent le ‘petit mal’ ou non, l'individu apparaît comme ‘possédé’, il est virtuellement sous l'empire d'un autre esprit. L'explication scientifique de ces cas de dédoublement partiel ou entier de la personnalité humaine est encore relativement peu avancée, et mon but ici n'est pas d'en apporter une nouvelle, mais de décrire purement et simplement le phénomène des possessions, tel qu'il se présente parmi les indigènes bantous, et en particulier parmi les Thonga et les VaNdau. C'est un sujet si intéressant pour la psychologie et la psychiâtrie, que les conséquences des faits décrits ici peuvent être utiles aux anthropologues, aux psychologues et aux médecins.
The Hailey Survey
Authors: Coupland R.
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

L'ÉTUDE DES LANGUES AFRICAINES: RÉSULTATS ACTUELS ET CEUX QUE L'ON ESPÈRE DANS L'AVENIR

It is only the span of one man's lifetime since the veil which had shrouded the heart of Africa from the knowledge of the outer world was torn aside by the great explorers. Between 1858 and 1872 the dominant physical features of Central Africa were discovered. Little more than ten years later, all this vast new-found area had been ‘partitioned’, together with the previously known and partly occupied country on the seaboard, between the colonial Powers of Europe. Since that time a variety of governments have been grappling according to their lights with the wide range of problems, physical and social, political and economic, involved in the administration of African peoples. They have had little to guide them. In South Africa, it is true, a great body of Africans, racially akin to those of Tropical Africa, had long been under European government; but the fact that the climate of South Africa had permitted Europeans to make it the homeland of a new European nation meant that the lessons of South African experience were largely inapplicable to that greater part of Tropical Africa which is unsuited for European settlement.
The Study of African Languages: Present Results and Future Needs
Authors: Westermann D.
Published: April 2006

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In the closing phrases of the Introduction to his book, The Modern Languages of Africa, R. N. Cust says: ‘The actual out-turn of Languages admitted on my Schedule represent a very small portion of the Great Unknown.’ That was in 1883. To-day, more than half a century later, Africa has, linguistically as well as in other ways, ceased to be the ‘Great Unknown’, and yet we are far from possessing an exhaustive knowledge of the languages of Africa and their interrelations. It is impossible in this article to show in detail what has since been achieved; its main purport is rather to point to what is lacking and to direct attention to those spheres of study which appear to be of particular importance in the near future.
Premarital Pregnancy and Native Opinion. A Note on Social Change
Authors: Schapera I.
Published: April 2006

In his recent writings on the subject of marriage and kinship, Malinowski has repeatedly emphasized what he terms the ‘principle legitimacy’. By this he means the rule, found in all human societies, that a woman has to be married before she is allowed legitimately to conceive. ‘Roughly speaking, an unmarried mother is under a ban, a fatherless child is a bastard. This is by no means only a European or Christian prejudice; it is the attitude found amongst most barbarous and savage peoples as well.’ Where prenuptial intercourse is regarded as illicit and immoral, marriage is obviously the essential prelude to the birth of legitimate children, i.e. children having full social status in the community. But even where prenuptial intercourse is tolerated, this tolerance does not extend to liberty of conception. The unmarried boys and girls may indulge freely in sex, but there must be no issue. An unmarried mother will be subjected to punishment and become the object of scorn, her child possibly killed or aborted, while often the putative father is also penalized unless he marries the girl. Almost universally, a child born out of wedlock has a different status from the legitimate offspring, usually very much to his disadvantage. Facts such as these show that the group of mother and child is considered incomplete in the eyes of the community, and that the sociological position of husband and father is everywhere felt to be indispensable.
The Re-Bantuization of the Swahili Language
Authors: Broomfield G. W.
Published: April 2006

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My recent article on the ‘Development of the Swahili Language’ was written before the publication of Pastor Roehl's article on ‘The Linguistic Situation in East Africa’. The former, therefore, though published six months after the latter, contains no reference to it. But Pastor Roehl's interesting article requires a reply. With much that he says I am in agreement, and I do not fail to appreciate his scholarship, but I must here confine myself to points of criticism.
Introdution to Nyakyusa Law
Authors: Wilson Godfrey
Published: April 2006

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The Problem of Social Conformity in Action. The functional analysis of social life is concerned with the discovery and elucidation of the inner coherence and living unity of single cultures. The comparative analysis of social life, on the other hand, sets out to explain the similarities and differences which distinguish separate cultures by reference to universal laws which are objectively, that is to say actually, true of all known societies. Separate analysis must necessarily precede detailed comparison, for only so can intelligible units of comparison be discovered. None the less the analysis of a single culture must, right from the beginning, assume a certain general similarity between all cultures if it is to be successful in its own limited field. Intelligibility is nothing else than comparability, and it is only by making explicit the comparability of a Central African culture, for example, with our own and other cultures that we can make its own unity and inner coherence intelligible to ourselves. But, while we are concerned with a single unit only, its comparability with other units can only be made explicit in general terms and not in detail.
The Significance of Cattle Exchanges in Lovedu Social Structure
Authors: Krige J. D.
Published: April 2006

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The Louedu of the NE. Transvaal are patrilineal and marriage, which is patrilocal, involves (as it does among other S. Bantu tribes) the transfer of munywalo. This,institution has been variously interpreted as the legalization of the marriage, as a guarantee of a wife's status or good behaviour, and in terms of compensation, economic or ritual. But these interpretations are rather like parodies in which the emphasis on the features mentioned is not so much wrong as a caricature. We have, often complacently, projected our own values and motivations as universally valid. Much might be said in favour of such a caricature, if it is infused with the life of a character in Dickens, especially when the purpose has been to ennoble an institution which many regard as degrading. The kindly cartoon is better than the derogatory stereotype. It would, however, be better still if we could accommodate ourselves to a system in which the social arrangements are incommensurable with our own. More specifically, and that is the purpose of this article, we might try to discover the real place of munywalo in the social system. The manner in which we phrase the subject, that is, as the relation of the cattle exchanges to the social structure, is not meant to disguise our approach. It is intended to focus attention on the facts that cattle constitute the essence of munywalo, and that the exchanges of cattle involved are both the basis of important social arrangements and by far the most important use to which cattle are put in the society.
Craft Organization in Yoruba Towns
Authors: Lloyd Peter
Published: April 2006

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Everywhere in West Africa contact with Western economy has brought changes in the technology of the indigenous people; today, side by side with the old man chipping away at a block of wood, making an image or a mask, and the weaver with his horizontal loom producing yard upon yard of narrow cloth strips to be sewn together into huge, flowing robes, sit the tailor making khaki shorts on his treadle sewing-machine and the carpenter nailing together planks for doors and window frames. In the traditional craft industries a father hands on his knowledge and skill to his sons; thus some crafts become the preserve of certain lineages. The sudden impact of the new technology did not give the craftsmen an opportunity to adapt their work to the new machines and tools; new men were recruited who had never been craftsmen and thus today the numerous tailors, carpenters, builders, and their like are not related to their fellow workers by blood ties; but, independent as these workers may appear, they are usually united to their fellow craftsmen by bonds of economic agreement whereby their work is strictly regulated. This study will attempt to describe the organization of the traditional crafts in some Yoruba towns and to show how the new crafts have formed guild organizations which preserve many of the functions of the older craft organization, but have a structure based not upon the lineage but upon the territorial divisions of society.
The Marriage of a Swazi Princess
Authors: Kuper Hilda
Published: April 2006

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Princess Bahashule, daughter of the late King Bunu, was close on thirty and not yet married. No one, however, thought of calling her a saliwakati (unwanted woman). Late marriage was the privilege of her rank and Bunu's eldest daughter Ladluli was also single. This had not prevented them from having lovers; indeed Bahashule already had a child by a commoner. Both Bahashule's own parents were dead, and she lived at Zombodze, the former capital of the Swazi nation. She was on good terms with Sobhuza, the king (her half-brother), and the ruling queen-mothrr (her ‘big mother’) and frequently came to stay with them.
African Age Groups: A Comparative Study
Authors: Eisenstadt S. N.
Published: April 2006

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The purpose of this study is to present a comparative analysis of men's age-group (or age-set) systems in Africa, and to determine: (a) some of the main structural differences between the various age-set systems; and (b) the conditions (or the types of societies) in which the different systems arise and the functions they fulfil. For reasons of space the material is presented summarily, no full description, nor a complete inventory of age sets, being included.
Observations on the Shilluk of the Upper Nile: The Laws of Homicide and the Legal Functions of the Reth
Authors: Howell P. P.
Published: April 2006

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Published literature on the subject of the Shilluk is considerable and there are also many interesting accounts of specific subjects buried in the files of the Administration. Nowhere, however, is there a complete account of all aspects of Shilluk life. Moreover, there has been a tendency to concentrate on certain aspects, notably the Divine Kingship, to the exclusion of others. In 1941 Mr. M. E. C. Pumphrey and I published two articles: the first a general summary account of the Shilluk tribe based on Mr. Pumphrey's observations and wide experience; the second a more detailed analysis of one Shilluk settlement, the result of fieldwork carried out in 1937. In 1944 I had the privilege of attending the installation of reth Anei Kur and, together with Mr. W. P. G. Thomson, published a full account. Subsequently Mr. Thomson published his ‘Further Notes on the Death of a Shilluk Reth’, after the death of reth Anei in 1943. This, with Professor Evans-Pritchard's Frazer Lecture, The Divine Kingship of the Shilluk of the Nilotic Sudan, represents the total of information published on the subject of the Shilluk in recent years.
La Question de l'Ethnique ‘Gourounsi’ en Haute-Volta (A.O.F.)
Authors: Nicolas François J.
Published: April 2006

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Parmi les vœux adoptés à l'unanimité et sans discussion par le Deuxième Congres de toponymie et d'anthroponymie, tenu à Paris du 15 au 17 juillet 1947, il en est un auquel il faut donner la plus large diffusion: ‘Le Congrés . . 'met le vceu que les noms propres de lieux retenus pour les cartes d'Afrique Occidentale Française et d'Afrique Équatoriale soient ceux qu'emploient les Indigènes habitant les lieux, dans leur propre langue, et non les vocables utilisés par les populations voisines, qu'elles emploient ou non une langue vehiculaire . . .’ Ce vœu doit être complété par cet autre qui ne concerne plus les toponymes mais les noms ethniques: que pour désigner une ethnie on n'emploie que le vocable utilisé dans la langue de ce peuple pour se désigner lui-même, à l'exclusion des vocables utilisés par les populations voisines, qu'elles emploient ou non une langue véhiculaire. Salomon Reinach disait que les noms ethniques étaient la peste de l'anthropologie, cette affirmation reste vraie pour l'ethnologie.
Some Features and Forms of Nuer Sacrifices
Authors: Evans-Pritchard E. E.
Published: April 2006

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In this article I give an account of some features and forms of sacrifices among the Nuer of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. It is intended to fill a gap in a series of articles designed to cover various aspects of the religion of this people. The central act of Nuer religious ritual is sacrifice, and all their sacrifices have this in common, that they are a means of making contact with spiritual beings. Those of which I speak more particularly in this article have further in common that they are made when a misfortune has happened or threatens and with the purpose of propitiating whatever spiritual being is responsible for it, though the sense of propitiation may be more marked in some sacrifices than in others and may combine with other elements in various configurations of meaning.
Observations on ‘Gurage Notes’
Authors: Leslau Wolf
Published: April 2006

In his review-article ‘Gurage Notes’ (Africa, xx, 1950, pp. 335-44) of my Ethiopic Documents: Gurage (1950), Mr. Ullendorff criticizes the method I employed in collecting the material and raises some questions in relation to the grammatical description. Mr. Ullendorff makes many sweeping statements of principle concerning which I would like to say a few words.