bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Can a ‘single hit’ cause limitations in language development? A comparative study of Swedish children with hearing impairment and children with specific language impairment
Authors: Hansson Kristina , Sahlén Birgitta , Mäki‐Torkko Elina
Published: May 2007

Background: Studies of language in children with mild‐to‐moderate hearing impairment (HI) indicate that they often have problems in phonological short‐term memory (PSTM) and that they have linguistic weaknesses both in vocabulary and morphosyntax similar to children with specific language impairment (SLI). However, children with HI may be more likely than children with SLI to acquire typical language skills as they get older. It has been suggested that the more persisting problems in children with SLI are due to a combination of factors: perceptual, cognitive and/or linguistic.

Aims: The main aim of this study was to explore language skills in children with HI in comparison with children with SLI, and how children with both HI and language impairment differ from those with non‐impaired spoken language skills.

Methods & Procedures: PSTM, output phonology, lexical ability, receptive grammar and verb morphology were assessed in a group of children with mild‐to‐moderate HI (n = 11) and a group of children with SLI (n = 12) aged 5 years 6 months to 9 years 0 months.

Outcomes & Results: The HI group tended to score higher than the SLI group on the language measures, although few of the differences were significant. The children with HI had their most obvious weaknesses in PSTM, vocabulary, receptive grammar and inflection of novel verbs. The subgroup of children with HI (five out of 10) who also showed evidence of grammatical output problems was significantly younger than the remaining children with HI. Correlation analysis showed that the language variables were not associated with age, whereas hearing level was associated with PSTM.

Conclusions: Children with HI are at risk for at least a delay in lexical ability, receptive grammar and grammatical production. The problems seen in the HI group might be explained by their low‐level perceptual deficit and weak PSTM. For the SLI group the impairment is more severe. From a clinical perspective an important conclusion is that the language development in children with even mild‐to‐moderate HI deserves attention and support.
Clinical reasoning skills of speech and language therapy students
Authors: Hoben Kirsty , Varley Rosemary , Cox Richard
Published: May 2007

Background: Difficulties experienced by novices in clinical reasoning have been well documented in many professions, especially medicine (Boshuizen and Schmidt 1992, 2000; Elstein, Shulman and Sprafka 1978; Patel and Groen 1986; Rikers, Loyens and Schmidt 2004). These studies have shown that novice clinicians have difficulties with both knowledge and strategy in clinical reasoning tasks. Speech and language therapy students must also learn to reason clinically, yet to date there is little evidence of how they learn to do so.

Aims: In this paper, we report the clinical reasoning difficulties of a group of speech and language therapy students. We make a comparison of a subgroup of these with experienced speech and language therapists' reasoning and proposes some methods and materials to aid the development of clinical reasoning in speech and language therapy students.

Methods & Procedures: Student diagnostic reasoning difficulties were analysed during the assessment of unseen cases on an electronic patient database, the Patient Assessment and Training System (PATSyhttp:www.patsy.ac.uk) (Lumet al.2006). Pairs of students were videoed as they completed a one hour assessment of one of three ‘virtual patients’. One pair of experienced speech and language therapists, who were not part of the project team, also completed an assessment of one of these cases under the same conditions. Screen capture was used to record all on screen activity within PATSy web pages (i.e. mouse pointer position, hyperlink and button presses, page scrolling, browser navigation interactions and data entered); Verbal comments made by participants were analysed via a seven‐level coding scheme that aimed to describe the events that occur in the process of diagnostic reasoning.

Outcomes & Results: Students displayed a range of competence in making an accurate diagnosis. Diagnostically accurate students showed use of specific professional vocabulary, and a greater use of firm diagnostic statements. For the diagnostically inaccurate students, typical difficulties were a failure to interpret test results and video observations, difficulty in carrying out a sequence of tests consistent with a diagnostic reasoning path, and problems in recalling and using theoretical knowledge.

Conclusions and Implications: We discuss how identification of student diagnostic reasoning difficulties can inform the design of learning materials intended to address these problems.
Prevalence of communication disorders compared with other learning needs in 14 500 primary and secondary school students
Authors: McLeod Sharynne , McKinnon David H.
Published: May 2007

Background: Prevalence data are of interest to health professionals and educators to assist in the planning of service delivery, allow for the calculation of the level of impact of intervention, and allow for the consideration of the boundaries between typical development and impairment.

Aims: To determine the prevalence of children with communication disorders and other learning needs as identified by their teachers within all primary and secondary schools in an Australian school district over a 3‐year period.

Methods & Procedures: Children with learning needs were identified from 14 514 students in the first year (wave 1) and the 14 533 students 2 years later (wave 2). Children were identified via a four‐phased data‐collection process designed to reduce selection and misclassification bias. Identification included teacher training, teacher referral, confirmation by documentation from relevant professionals including speech and language therapists, audiologists, psychologists and doctors, and verification by the school district learning needs advisors.

Outcomes & Results: Overall 5309 students were identified as having some area of learning need in the first year and 4845 students were identified 2 years later. In order of prevalence, the areas of learning need were: specific learning difficulty (17.93% in wave 1; 19.10% in wave 2), communication disorder (13.04%; 12.40%), English as a second or other language (9.16%; 5.80%), behavioural/emotional difficulty (8.16%; 6.10%), early achiever/advanced learner (7.30%; 5.50%), physical/medical disability (1.52%; 1.40%), intellectual disability (1.38%; 1.20%), hearing impairment (0.96%; 0.80%), and visual impairment (0.16%; 0.30%). The male:female ratio for all children was 1.57:1 (wave 1) and 1.66:1 (wave 2) and was the highest for the categories of behavioural/emotional difficulty, communication disorders. There were significant differences between learning need and socio‐economic status quantile for all areas except early achievers/advanced learners and physical/medical disability. There was a higher prevalence of behavioural/emotional difficulty, and intellectual disability, in the lower socio‐economic status quantiles and a higher prevalence of communication disorders in the mid‐to‐high socio‐economic status quantiles. More children were identified as having an additional learning need in grades 1–3 (5–9 years of age). The children who were perceived as requiring the highest level of teacher support were those with an intellectual disability.

Conclusions: This study provides comparative prevalence data for children with additional learning needs. There was a high prevalence of children typically seen in the caseloads of speech and language therapists, and teachers identified that many of these children required high levels of support within the classroom.
Client‐centred group therapy for survivors of interpersonal trauma: A pilot investigation
Authors: Payne Alexandra , Liebling-Kalifani Helen , Joseph Stephen
Published: May 2007

Group therapy for trauma survivors provides an opportunity to share experiences with others in a supportive environment. Client‐centred groups have received very little attention as a way of working with traumatised people. Such groups promise to promote psychological growth following trauma. In this paper we present pilot data from a client‐centred group of six survivors of interpersonal violence who were experiencing complex posttraumatic stress reactions. Results suggested that those who perceived the presence of empathic listening within the group therapy sessions benefited from the group, showing greater positive changes. Clinical implications for working with trauma survivors, methodological considerations and directions for future research are discussed.
Relationship and technique in the long‐term integrative psychotherapy of schizophrenia: A single case study
Authors: Lysaker Paul H. , Davis Louanne W. , Jones Amanda M. , Strasburger Amy M. , Beattie Nicole L.
Published: May 2007

It has been asserted that an integrative psychotherapy can promote recovery from schizophrenia by helping clients develop and evolve a richer personal narrative of their challenges and abilities. Yet it is unclear what techniques such a therapy might employ, and how those techniques are related to the developing therapeutic relationship. To address these questions we have conducted blind qualitative and quantitative assessments of transcripts of an integrative psychotherapy over 22 months. Analyses suggest that over time the client evolved a more coherent account of his challenges and abilities, and experienced significant psychosocial improvements. The therapeutic alliance was observed to build slowly, with minimal intervention and care on the part of the therapist not to tell the story for the client. As the relationship grew stronger, the client began rapidly developing the narrative of his life, allowing for the introduction of greater levels of confrontation to enhance further the coherence and richness of that narrative.
Expression of cancer‐associated simple mucin‐type O‐glycosylated antigens in parasites
Authors: Osinaga Eduardo
Published: May 2007

Simple mucin‐type O‐glycan structures, such as Tn, TF, sialyl‐Tn and Tk antigens, are among of the most specific human cancer‐associated structures. These antigens are involved in several types of receptor‐ligand interactions, and they are potential targets for immunotherapy. In the last few years several simple mucin‐type O‐glycan antigens were identified in different species belonging to the main two helminth parasite phyla, and sialyl‐Tn bearing glycoproteins were detected in Trypanosoma cruzi. These results are of interest to understand new aspects in parasite glycoimmunology and may help identify new biological characteristics of parasites as well of the host‐parasite relationship. Considering that different groups reported a negative correlation between certain parasite infections and cancer development, we could hypothesize that simple mucin‐type O‐glycosylated antigens obtained from parasites could be good potential targets for cancer immunotherapy.
IUBMB Life, 59: 269‐273, 2007
Trypanosoma cruzi: Adhesion to the Host Cell and Intracellular Survival
Authors: Alves Maria Júlia M. , Colli Walter
Published: May 2007

Both invasion of the host cell by T. cruzi and its establishment into the mammalian host are critical steps. In this review, the adhesion step and the intracellular survival in non‐professional phagocytes are particularly focused on, with special emphasis on the role of Gp85/trans‐sialidase (Gp85/TS) superfamily. Excellent reviews have been published lately, some covering other aspects of T. cruzi ‐ host interaction and will be cited instead of the original articles due to limited number of listed references.
IUBMB Life, 59: 274‐279, 2007
Autophagy: A Pathogen Driven Process
Authors: Colombo María Isabel
Published: May 2007

Host cell recognition and eradication of invading pathogens is crucial for the control of microbial infections. However, several microorganisms develop tactics that allow them to survive intracellularly. Autophagy, a process involved in protein turnover and in charge of the removal of aged organelles by degradation of engulfed cytoplasmic portions, was recently shown to play a clear role in the detection and elimination of intracellular pathogens. Yet, some pathogens employ elegant strategies to elude entrapment in autophagosomes, and thus to avoid lysosomal degradation, whereas others utilize the autophagy pathway for their own benefit. In this review some recent findings on the relationship between microorganisms and autophagy are summarized, the underlying assumption being that intracellular infection models may contribute to the understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the autophagic process.
IUBMB Life, 59: 238‐242, 2007
STAT3/NFκB Interplay in the Regulation of α2‐Macroglobulin Gene Expression During Rat Liver Development and the Acute Phase Response
Authors: Uskokovic Aleksandra , Dinic Svetlana , Mihailovic Mirjana , Grigorov Ilijana , Ivanovic‐Matic Svetlana , Bogojevic Desanka , Grdovic Nevena , Arambasic Jelena , Vidakovic Melita , Martinovic Vesna , Petrovic Miodrag , Poznanovic Goran
Published: May 2007

The synthesis of alpha‐2‐macroglobulin (α2M) is low in adult rat liver and elevated in fetal liver. During the acute‐phase (AP) response it becomes significantly increased in both adult and fetal liver. In this work, the cross talk of STAT3 and NF‐κB transcription factors during α2M gene expression was analysed. Using immunoblotting, their cellular compartmentalization was examined by comparing the cytoplasmic levels of STAT3 and NF‐κB with their active equivalents, the 86 and 91 kDa isoforms and p65‐subunit, respectively, in the nuclear extract and nuclear matrix. Different partitioning dynamics of the transcription factors were observed. At the level of protein‐DNA interactions, studied by α2M promoter affinity chromatography, it was established that different ratios of promoter‐binding STAT3 isoforms participated in elevated hepatic transcription in the basal state fetus and the AP‐adult, but only the 91 kDa isoform in the AP‐fetus. Unchanged levels of DNA‐bound p65 in the control and AP‐fetus suggest that it participated in constitutive transcription. The promoter‐binding of p65 observed in the AP‐adult suggests that it was involved in transcriptional stimulation of α2M expression. The selective enrichment of the AP‐adult nuclear matrix with promoter‐binding STAT3 disclosed the importance of this association in the induction of transcription. Protein‐protein interactions were examined by co‐immunoprecipitation. Interactions between the 86 kDa STAT3 isoform and p65 that were observed in the control and AP‐fetus and of both the 86 and 91 kDa STAT3 isoforms with p65 in the AP‐adult, suggest that protein‐protein interactions were functionally connected to increased transcription. We concluded that α2M gene expression is driven by developmental‐ and AP‐related mechanisms that rely on STAT3/NF‐κB interplay.
IUBMB Life, 59: 170‐178, 2007
The Internet as a Medium for Communicating with Teenagers
Authors: Peattie Sue
Published: May 2007

The current teenage generation has been dubbed the “Generation Y”, and being the first generation to grow up online is one of its defining characteristics. For them the Internet is increasingly the focus of their search for information on any topic and is an integral part of their leisure time and social life. This article investigates the opportunities provided by the Internet to communicate with teenagers within social marketing campaigns with a particular emphasis on health. In-depth interviews with United Kingdom teenagers explored their experience of the Internet and their opinions on its potential as a communication medium. In addition, an audit of Bolt.com , one of the most popular teen Websites, was conducted over a 19-month period to analyze and learn from its marketing strategy. The results suggest considerable synergy between the Internet as a medium and teenagers as an audience. For social marketers to take advantage of the communications opportunities that the Internet provides, they need to be aware of some specific challenges posed by Internet-based communication and to learn from the rapid evolution of commercial e-marketing.
Prevention Effects of an Anti-Tobacco Brand on Adolescent Smoking Initiation
Authors: Evans W. Douglas , Renaud Jeanette , Blitstein Jonathan , Hersey James , Ray Sarah , Schieber Beth , Willett Jeff
Published: May 2007

Health marketing mass media campaigns have been shown to be effective in changing health behavior and behavioral mediators. Tobacco countermarketing mass media campaigns have been effective in reducing smoking initiation and progression to established smoking. Targeted message strategies used by countermarketing campaigns influence specific attitudes and beliefs about smoking. Such strategies have been used to build public health brands modeled on commercial branding strategies, and previous research has shown that adolescent affiliation with anti-tobacco brands is associated with reduced smoking uptake.

The current study was a prospective test to determine whether brand equity can serve as a protective factor to prevent youth from initiating smoking. This article reports on a longitudinal study of exposure to the Ohio Tobacco Use Prevention and Control Foundation's stand campaign and affiliation with the stand brand. Youth aged 11–17 were surveyed at baseline and their exposure to brand affiliation as measured by a validated multidimensional brand equity scale, smoking behavior, and other attitudinal, behavioral and sociodemographic characteristics were measured. Youth with higher brand equity in the stand campaign exhibited lower levels of smoking initiation at the first 8-month follow-up. Somewhat reduced, but significant, prevention effects were also observed at a second 20-month follow-up.

The brand leadership/popularity subscale had the strongest prevention effect. Descriptive social norms embodied in the individual items within this subscale may be the most important targets for social marketers employing a branding strategy. These results may be applicable to health behavior change communications aimed at other risk behaviors.
Punishing the disoriented? Medical and criminological implications of incarcerating patients with mental disorders for failing to pay a fine
Authors: Müller‐Foti G. , Robertz F.J. , Schildbach S. , Wickenhäuser R.
Published: May 2007

According to the German penal code, offenders can basically be sanctioned to a prison sentence or (in cases of misdemeanours) to a fine. If an offender is sentenced to a fine, but is not able or willing to make the payment, then the German state can administer a custodial sentence as a replacement. This is called an “Ersatzfreiheitsstrafe” (EFS). The proportion of EFS prisoners accounts for 10% of the German prison population and thus appears to be strikingly high considering the consequences of an imprisonment for the detainee. It has been considered that this is due to high levels of mental disorders in the population of EFS prisoners. This article thus aims at delineating the prevalence of mental disorders in EFS prisoners according to socio‐demographic data and ICD‐10 diagnoses of two recent German studies. Results of these studies indicate that EFS prisoners indeed are for the most part socially and economically deprived and show a high prevalence of mental disorders. It is argued that their resulting lack of social competence may lead to incapability of avoiding their fee being converted into a prison sentence. As a consequence EFSs have to be seen as supporting social stigmatization and risking a further exclusion from society.
Mentally ill prisoners in Australia have poor physical health
Authors: Butler Tony , Allnutt Stephen , Yang Baohui
Published: May 2007

Our objective was to compare the physical health status of adult prisoners with and without a mental illness. Mental illness was diagnosed in a sample of 557 Australian prisoners using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Physical health measures included self‐reported chronic health conditions, recent health complaints and symptoms, self‐assessed health using the Short‐Form 36 Health Survey (SF‐36), and markers of infectious diseases known to be highly prevalent among prisoner populations (hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C). Men and women with a mental illness had lower scores on the SF‐36 compared with those without a mental illness indicating poor overall health. Adjusting for age and sex, a diagnosis of any mental illness (symptoms of psychosis, anxiety or affective disorder) was positively associated with a history of head injury, back problems, asthma, peptic ulcers, cancer, and epilepsy/seizures. There was a significant association between post traumatic stress disorder and asthma, a history of head injury, peptic ulcers, and cancer. There was no significant difference in the proportion of current tobacco smokers in the mentally ill and nonmentally ill groups (81% vs. 77%, p = 0.33). However, those with a mental illness were less likely than those with no diagnosis to exercise in the past 4 weeks (79% vs. 89%, p = 0.002). Mentally ill prisoners also have significant physical co‐morbidity compared with the non‐mentally ill. These findings suggest that those providing mental health services to prisoners should adopt a holistic approach embracing both mental and physical health.
Modeling Biomarker Dynamics with Implications for the Treatment of Prostate Cancer
Authors: Hedican Erin B. , Kemper John T. , Lanie Nicole M.
Published: May 2007

The authors review existing models of biomarker dynamics and develop and investigate several new models which may better accommodate the underlying biology. While the general foundations of the models studied could be applied to a number of biomarker systems, the parameter values and specific applications to treatment regimens are focused on the role of prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) as a biomarker for prostate cancer. Included are suggestions for possible clinical validation studies.
Replication Fork Velocities at Adjacent Replication Origins Are Coordinately Modified during DNA Replication in Human Cells
Authors: Conti Chiara , Saccà Barbara , Herrick John , Lalou Claude , Pommier Yves , Bensimon Aaron
Published: May 2007

The spatial organization of replicons into clusters is believed to be of critical importance for genome duplication in higher eukaryotes, but its functional organization still remains to be fully clarified. The coordinated activation of origins is insufficient on its own to account for a timely completion of genome duplication when interorigin distances vary significantly and fork velocities are constant. Mechanisms coordinating origin distribution with fork progression are still poorly elucidated, because of technical difficulties of visualizing the process. Taking advantage of a single molecule approach, we delineated and compared the DNA replication kinetics at the genome level in human normal primary and malignant cells. Our results show that replication forks moving from one origin, as well as from neighboring origins, tend to exhibit the same velocity, although the plasticity of the replication program allows for their adaptation to variable interorigin distances. We also found that forks that emanated from closely spaced origins tended to move slower than those associated with long replicons. Taken together, our results indicate a functional role for origin clustering in the dynamic regulation of genome duplication.
Judas
Authors: Reinhartz Adele
Published: May 2007

This chapter looks at the portraits of Judas that emerge from the Gospel accounts, particularly of Jesus' passion. It examines his roles in the Jesus movies, with emphasis on films in which the relationship between Judas and Jesus is explored in some depth. As one of the few Gospel characters who undergoes emotional development — from devotion to betrayal to remorse to suicide — Judas holds great promise for filmmakers seeking to inject passion and drama into their Jesus biopics. Most pressing is the question of motivation: Why did Judas betray Jesus? Underlying this issue is an even more tantalizing question: What was the nature of Judas's personal relationship with Jesus?
Modern Alchemy
Authors: Morrisson Mark
Published: May 2007

While many alchemists were intelligent and well-intentioned thinkers, their experiments are usually regarded as failed wizardry rather than scientific investigation. The alchemists' extreme goals faded with the rise of scientific pursuits. It has been rarely noted, however, that the birth of atomic science coincided with an efflorescence of occultism and alchemical tropes that attached deep significance to questions about the nature of matter and energy. This book explores this brief revival of scientific interest in alchemy and its surprising connections to the emerging subatomic sciences of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It shows that a resurfacing of occult circles and alchemical tropes had a traceable impact upon the science of the day. It reveals unexpected interactions between science and the occult, such as the Alchemical Society in London (1912-1915), the research program of “clairvoyant chemistry”, and the attempts of academic chemists, inspired by the alchemy revival, to transmute the elements — even to make gold. The author's research uncovers the surprising story of how this alchemical revival influenced, and was in turn profoundly shaped by, conceptions of matter emerging from the new science of radioactivity. Examining scientists' publications, correspondence, talks, and laboratory notebooks as well as the writings of occultists, alchemical tomes, and science fiction stories, the book argues that as modern nuclear physics was born, the trajectories of science and occultism — usually seen as antithetical — briefly converged.
From the Golden Dawn to the Alchemical Society
Authors: Morrisson Mark S.
Published: May 2007

The interests of occult alchemists and mainstream chemists combined in the founding of the Alchemical Society in London in 1912. The mid-19th-century occult understanding of alchemy as primarily about spiritual transformation (so-called spiritual alchemy) and not material transmutation was supplanted by an increasing certitude that ancient and medieval alchemy had always been a material process, though one with spiritual implications. Reciprocally, scientists in the Alchemical Society came to see the relevance and even spiritual significance of alchemy to modern atomic science.
Occult Chemistry, Instrumentation, and the Theosophical Science of Direct Perception
Authors: Morrisson Mark S.
Published: May 2007

This chapter discusses how the close relationship between Theosophical theories of matter and the new atomic science led Theosophists to launch a decades-long research program of “clairvoyant chemistry” in 1895. This research continued in the 20th century and has even occupied contemporary scientists in chemistry and physics.
Chemistry in the Borderland
Authors: Morrisson Mark S.
Published: May 2007

This chapter describes a “transmutational gold rush” which happened between 1904 and the 1920s. Academic chemists, working in an alchemy revival, attempted to transmute elements, even to make gold. By the 1920s, these blendings of atomic science and occult alchemy begin to affect other domains of knowledge, particularly economics and monetary policy, eventually inspiring concerns about the gold standard in the 1920s and 1930s.
Atomic Alchemy and the Gold Standard
Authors: Morrisson Mark S.
Published: May 2007

This chapter explores the different cultural consequences of modern alchemy in relationship to monetary anxieties during the Depression. In particular, it narrates how the idea of modern alchemy intensified questioning of the gold standard and of the moral foundation of scientific aspiration.
Epilogue
Authors: Morrisson Mark S.
Published: May 2007

This chapter discusses alchemy in the 20th century. The connection of alchemy to atomic science persisted in occult alchemy circles during the 20th century and into the 21st century. Its move into the realms of psychoanalysis and brain chemistry suggests that its ability to destabilize boundaries between religion and science — and even between the sciences — remains alive and well.
The Body Broken
Authors: Jones Beth Felker
Published: May 2007

This chapter sets up the problems of the book by giving historical and doctrinal perspective on Christian theologies of the body. It also introduces feminist concerns (dualism, essentialism, and constructivism) to be considered in a theology of the body that accounts for gender. Theologically, the problem of the body is brokenness and death, not materiality as such. Feminism aids in analyzing this problem, but a theological anthropology is needed in order to deal with the problem.
The Body Dying
Authors: Jones Beth Felker
Published: May 2007

Calvin's theology of the resurrection of the body represents a conceptual hinge between traditional doctrines of the resurrection and modern denigration of the body. Calvin's experience with the dying body poignantly draws attention to death and brokenness as the enemies to be overcome in the resurrection. Yet Calvin also exposes possible pitfalls for a constructive theology of the body — the dangers of allowing a normative dualism to determine theological anthropology and of failing to recognize that the body of death does not tell the full story of the body.
The Body Sanctified
Authors: Jones Beth Felker
Published: May 2007

This chapter presents a constructive proposal about the theology of the body understood through the doctrine of the resurrection. Using gender as a key illustration, the chapter explores the claim that sanctification is God's action on human beings as psychosomatic unities. Using the framework of Christology and eschatology, it is argued that bodies are meant to bear holy witness to the redemptive intention of the Triune God.
Making Foreign Investment Safe
Authors: Wells Louis T. , Ahmed Rafiq
Published: May 2007

In the 1990s, inexperienced firms from rich countries jumped directly into huge projects in some of the world's least developed countries. Their investments reflected almost unbridled enthusiasm for emerging markets and trust in new international guarantees. Yet within a few years, the business pages of the world press were reporting an exploding number of serious disputes between foreign investors and governments. As the expected bonanzas proved elusive and the protections weaker than anticipated, many foreign investors became disenchanted with emerging markets. So bad were the outcomes in some cases that a few notable infrastructure firms came close to bankruptcy; several others hurriedly fled poor countries as projects soured. This book shows why disputes developed, points out how investments and disputes have changed over time, explores why various firms responded differently to crises, and questions the basic wisdom of some of the enthusiasm for privatization. It tells how firms, countries, and multilateral development organizations can build a conflict-management system that balances the legitimate economic and social concerns of the host countries and those of investors. Without these changes, multinational corporations will lose profitable opportunities and poor countries will not gain the contributions that foreign investment can make toward alleviating poverty.
One Berkeley
Authors: Roberts John Russell
Published: May 2007

This chapter proposes a dilemma: Berkeley's attack on abstract ideas appears to require an acceptance of a Lockean-style ideational semantics. However, such a semantics would seem to undercut the viability of his central religious convictions. It would seem Berkeley can only save the latter by rejecting the former or vice-versa. The dilemma is removed by a careful examination of Berkeley's famous Introduction to the Principles. It is shown that Berkeley's attack on abstract ideas is actually based on a rejection of ideational semantics. Instead, Berkeley advocates a “use theory” of meaning. This semantic theory is then applied to the interpretation of Berkeley's divine language thesis and shown to help support a pragmatic approach to the ontology of the natural world. This interpretation is defended against competing interpretations by Jonathan Bennett and David Berman.
Knowing Spirits
Authors: Roberts John Russell
Published: May 2007

This chapter explores the ramifications that the attribution to Berkeley of a use theory of meaning has for the interpretation of the divine language thesis, the relationship between individual spirits, the nature of spirits themselves. It is shown that the basic relations between spirits are normative in nature. For the purposes of elucidation, Berkeley's approach is compared and contrasted with that of Daniel Dennett's “intentional stance”.
Christian Prophecy
Authors: Hvidt Niels Christian
Published: May 2007

Throughout the Hebrew Bible, God guides and saves his people through the words of his prophets. When the prophets are silenced, the people easily lose their way. What happened after the incarnation, death, and resurrection of Christ? Did God fall silent? The dominant position in Christian theology is that prophecy did indeed cease at some point in the past — if not with the Old Testament prophets, then with John the Baptist, with Jesus, with the last apostle, or with the closure of the canon of the New Testament. Nevertheless, throughout the history of Christianity there have always been acclaimed saints and mystics, most of them women, who displayed prophetic traits. In recent years, the charismatic revival in both Protestant and Catholic circles has once again raised the question of the place and function of prophecy in Christianity. Mainstream systematic theology, both Protestant and Catholic, has mostly marginalized or ignored the gift of prophecy. This book argues that prophecy has persisted in Christianity as an inherent and continuous feature in the life of the church. Prophecy never died but rather proved its dynamism by mutating to meet new historical conditions. This book presents a history of prophecy and closely examines the development of the theological discourse that surrounds it. Throughout, though, there is always an awareness of the critical discernment required when evaluating the charism of prophecy. It is shown that the debate about prophecy leads to some profound insights about the very nature of Christianity and the church.
Introduction
Authors: Hvidt Niels Christian
Published: May 2007

Many believe that prophecy ended either with the Old Testament canonical prophets, with John the Baptist, Jesus or the prophets in the early Church. Contrary to this thesis, this book posits from historical evidence and theological argument that Christian prophecy did not cease but has continued throughout Christianity as an inherent and important feature and function in the church. Prophetic charisms, often subsumed in the ambiguous term “private revelations” constitute a great challenge of discernment, but have, when healthy, played a vital historical role, especially in the Catholic tradition. Interest in prophecy continues to grow today, in particular in charismatic circles of the Christian world and especially in developing countries. This interest raises the need for theological elaboration of Christian prophecy.
Prophecy and Theology
Authors: Hvidt Niels Christian
Published: May 2007

Although Christian prophecy has had a significant impact in the life of the church, it has received rather scarce theological elaboration. This is strange, for with Hans Urs von Balthasar one can rightly ask why God continues to provide prophetic revelations, when apparently they hardly need to be heeded by the church and theology. One of the reasons for the scarce theological elaboration of prophecy is that theology has been highly diversified and specialized in different sub-disciplines. Such necessary specialization constitutes a challenge for the unity of theology. It equally constitutes a challenge for Christian prophecy that calls for diversified theological treatment including dogmatic theology, fundamental theology, exegesis, church history, and mystical theology.
Prologue
Authors: Herberg‐Rothe Andreas
Published: May 2007

The prologue explains the fundamental contrasts between the early and the late Clausewitz by reflecting on his analyses of war campaigns. Unfortunately, the erroneous identification of Clausewitz's wondrous trinity with trinitarian war has been further strengthened by a wrong translation in the English edition of Paret and Howard. It is argued that one might win battles and campaigns against weak adversaries with concepts of Sun Tzu, Clausewitz's most important antagonist in past and present, but that it is difficult to win a war in modern times by following his principles. To the contrary, the book argues that Clausewitz is still important in the 21st century because he developed a theory, which concentrates on transforming military success in a true political settlement.
1 Clausewitz and Napoleon: Jena, Moscow, and Waterloo
Authors: Herberg‐Rothe Andreas
Published: May 2007

Clausewitz draws different conclusions from his war experiences and analyses of Jena, Moscow, and Waterloo. Jena demonstrated for him the superiority of the strategies of unleashing violence, the attack and the decisive battle, and also the superiority of military power over policy. He developed from this experience an existential construction of war according to which the nation and the people should replace the state. The fundamental change in Clausewitz's thought began with Moscow. The superiority of the defence over attack, the military value of avoiding a decisive battle, and the realization of the immanent limits to what could be achieved by military action suggested a primacy of policy over the military aims. Waterloo finally demonstrated the primacy of policy and the negative side of Napoleon's strategy of unrestrained violence, which — as could now be seen — has led to self-destruction.
5 Polarities and the Asymmetry between Attack and Defence
Authors: Herberg‐Rothe Andreas
Published: May 2007

Clausewitz intended at the end of his life to write a different chapter on polarity in which he would have disclosed the secret of his method, as Raymond Aron saw it. But this secret is not hidden in the concept of polarity itself, but within what Clausewitz called the ‘true logical antithesis’ of defence and attack. Clausewitz's proposition, ‘that defense is the stronger form of fighting with the negative purpose, attack the weaker form with the positive purpose’ reveals the true secret of his method. By differentiating this proposition, many transitions and intersections between these contrasts are exposed, which enables the formulation of a particular, Clausewitzian sort of dialectic. With the help of Clausewitz's treatment of the ‘true logical antithesis’ of defence and attack, we are able to validate that his different conceptualizations of war are really antithetical tendencies in every war.
Dialetheism
Authors: Priest Graham
Published: May 2007

This chapter focuses on the aim of this book, namely, to argue for the existence of dialetheias, and to discuss their logic, epistemology, and some issues in their metaphysics. It provides an introduction to dialetheism, via a brief discussion of Kant and Hegel.
Set Theoretic Paradoxes
Authors: Priest Graham
Published: May 2007

In this chapter it is argued that the standard paradoxes of set theory are also dialetheias. In particular, it argues that Zermelo Fraenkel set theory does not provide a satisfactory solution to these paradoxes. The cumulative hierarchy, its lack of rationale, its inadequacy in category theory and logic are discussed.
Dialetheic Semantics for Extensional Connectives
Authors: Priest Graham
Published: May 2007

The discussion of truth, falsity, and associated notions in the previous chapter provides enough philosophical grounding for a specification of a formal semantics adequate for extensional connectives.
Entailment
Authors: Priest Graham
Published: May 2007

This chapter discusses the most important intensional notion: implication. Primarily, what is required is a philosophically adequate formal semantics for ‘if’ in at least one of its many senses. The Curry paradoxes, entailment, non-contraposible implications, relevant logic, and quantification and identity are discussed.
The Transconsistent
Authors: Priest Graham
Published: May 2007

The previous chapters advocate a novel logical theory and explore its rationale and some of its applications. By implication, the applications provide a sustained attack on the dominant logical theory of our times, the logic of Frege, Russell, and their successors, or, as it has come to be known, classical logic. It is true that this logic can be seen as a special case of dialetheic logic, and is therefore subsumed by it. Nonetheless, the claims to universality of classical logic must be rejected.
The Metaphysics of Change III: Time
Authors: Priest Graham
Published: May 2007

Time is a topic that many philosophers have found enigmatic. This chapter suggests resolutions to some of the enigmas, specifically time's flow, its direction, and its duration. One key is shown to unlock all these problems: an application of the techniques of Chapter 12 to time itself.
Inconsistent Arithmetic
Authors: Priest Graham
Published: May 2007

The study of formal inconsistent arithmetics has already occasioned a number of interesting technical results, as well as philosophical spin-offs. This chapter looks at some of these. It shows how inconsistent arithmetics are delivered by certain kinds of inconsistent models, and what such models are like. It then turns to more philosophical issues. These concern, importantly, the way that inconsistent arithmetics relate to some of the limitative results of classical metamathematics.
Paraconsistent Set Theory
Authors: Priest Graham
Published: May 2007

The major topic of this chapter is set theory, and specifically the shape of an acceptable paraconsistent set theory. It reviews what is currently known about the matter and suggests some new ideas. The discussion is then be applied to another important issue for paraconsistency: that concerning its metatheory, and especially the model-theoretic definition of validity.
Comments on Some Critics
Authors: Priest Graham
Published: May 2007

This chapter discusses and replies to a number of the more important objections that have been made to dialetheism since the publication of the first edition of the book. The topics covered include dialetheic logic, the Extended Liar Paradox, expressability, and motion.
The Desert of the Best Qualified
Authors: Mason Andrew
Published: May 2007

This chapter examines the most obvious way of developing a meritocratic account, one in terms of the idea of desert. According to this approach, the best-qualified candidates should be appointed to advantaged social positions because they deserve to be, provided there is fair access to qualifications. David Miller's version of this approach is examined. He maintains that the best-qualified applicants for jobs deserve them because they are the most likely to come to deserve the rewards attached to them, at least when the market is functioning properly. Against this approach, it is argued that ordinary judgements about economic desert are sensitive to effort-making, not just achievement, and the degree of effort that people make corresponds in a highly imperfect way to their qualifications.
Counteracting Circumstances
Authors: Mason Andrew
Published: May 2007

This chapter focuses on the neutralization approach and raises a difficulty inherent in it. In particular, it argued that the aim of neutralizing the effects of differences in people's circumstances runs counter to some widely held moral intuitions. For if we suppose that justice or equality of opportunity requires the neutralization of these effects, then it would seem that each of us has a reason to refrain from behaving in any way that would advantage our children relative to others. Yet that, in turn, would entail that we have a reason (even if that reason is inconclusive) not to pass on our skills and experience to our children, or even spend ‘quality time’ with them, when we know that doing so would advantage them. This is strongly counter-intuitive. In place of the neutralization approach, justice requires us to mitigate the effects of differences in people's circumstances.
Marriage, Celibacy, and Heresy in Ancient Christianity
Authors: Hunter David G.
Published: May 2007

In the later years of the fourth century the monk Jovinian was condemned at Rome and Milan for teaching that all baptized Christians were equal in God's sight and that all would receive an equal reward in heaven regardless of ascetic merit. This book is the first study in English devoted to Jovinian and the controversy sparked by his teaching. In chapter 1 I offer a reconstruction of Jovinian's teaching, uncovering its strong anti‐heretical emphases, exposing its biblical foundations, and relating it to fourth‐century baptismal practice. Subsequent chapters place Jovinian in a variety of contexts: the rise of a Christian aristocracy in the fourth century (chapter 2); the development of an anti‐heretical tradition in the first three centuries (chapter 3); the proliferation of this heresiological discourse in the fourth century (chapter 4); and the history of Marian theology, especially on the matter of Mary's perpetual virginity (chapter 5). In the final two chapters I distinguish the different approaches to marriage, celibacy, and clerical life evinced by Jovinian's opponents (chapter 6), and highlight the ways in which one of these opponents, Jerome, became the object of criticism and accusations of heresy. If there is a single conclusion to be drawn from this study, it is that Jovinian stood much closer to the mainstream of the Christian tradition than previous critics (including his ancient opponents) allowed.
4 Jovinian, Heresy, and Fourth‐Century Asceticism
Authors: Hunter David G.
Published: May 2007

Both radical and moderate forms of encratism proliferated in the fourth century, encouraged by the spread of monasticism and Manichaeism. Anti‐heretical responses followed, both in literary works and in imperial legislation: the labels ‘Manichaean’ and ‘Encratite’ were applied to all types of ascetics, thereby blurring the boundaries between ‘orthodoxy’ and ‘heresy’. Heresiologists, such as Epiphanius and Filastrius of Brescia, also indiscriminately mixed Manichees, Encratites, Montanists, and even the followers of Origen. Thus they prepared the way for the kind of polemics articulated by Jovinian.
Hegel's Suspicion: Kantian Critique and Subjectivism
Authors: Bristow William F.
Published: May 2007

This chapter argues that Kant's articulation of norm-governed agency that we find nearly explicit in the transcendental deduction of the categories and more fully explicit in his account of the structure of human practical reason in his practical writings, is already implicit in the epistemological project of a critique of pure reason. Hence, Kant's subjectivism is but an expression of his revolution in philosophical methodology. The epistemological demand expressed in Kant's critical project is to validate the authority of the norms of reason in a process of reflection on our cognitive faculties. This demand already implies a highest principle of reason, namely, the conformity of externally given content to the principle expressing the formal self-relating activity of the subject.