bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Crystal structure of fac-aqua[(E)-4-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-N-(pyridin-2-ylmethylidene)aniline-κ2
N,N′]tricarbonylrhenium(I) hexafluoridophosphate methanol monosolvate
Authors: Roupa Ioanna , Kaplanis Michael , Raptopoulou Catherine , Pelecanou Maria , Pirmettis Ioannis , Papadopoulos Minas , Psycharis Vassilis
Published: April 2019

In the title compound, fac-[Re(C19H13N3S)(CO)3(H2O)]PF6·CH3OH, the coordination environment of the ReI atom is octahedral with a C3N2O coordination set. In this molecule, the N,N′ bidentate ligand, (E)-4-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-N-(pyridin-2-ylmethylidene)aniline, and the monodentate aqua ligand occupy the three available coordination sites of the [Re(CO)3]+ core, generating a `2 + 1' mixed-ligand complex. In this complex, the Re—C bonds of the carbonyl ligands trans to the coordinating N,N′ atoms of the bidentate ligand are longer than the Re—C bond of the carbonyl group trans to the aqua ligand, in accordance with the intensity of their trans effects. The complex is positively charged with PF6
− as the counter-ion. In the structure, the complexes form dimers through π–π intermolecular interactions. O—H...O and O—H...N hydrogen bonds lead to the formation of stacks parallel to the a axis, which further extend into layers parallel to (0\overline{1}1). Through O—H...F hydrogen bonds between the complexes and the PF6
−counter-anions, a three-dimensional network is established.
Design guidelines for an electron diffractometer for structural chemistry and structural biology
Authors: Heidler Jonas , Pantelic Radosav , Wennmacher Julian T. C. , Zaubitzer Christian , Fecteau-Lefebvre Ariane , Goldie Kenneth N. , Müller Elisabeth , Holstein Julian J. , van Genderen Eric , De Carlo Sacha , Gruene Tim
Published: April 2019

3D electron diffraction has reached a stage where the structures of chemical compounds can be solved productively. Instrumentation is lagging behind this development, and to date dedicated electron diffractometers for data collection based on the rotation method do not exist. Current studies use transmission electron microscopes as a workaround. These are optimized for imaging, which is not optimal for diffraction studies. The beam intensity is very high, it is difficult to create parallel beam illumination and the detectors used for imaging are of only limited use for diffraction studies. In this work, the combination of an EIGER hybrid pixel detector with a transmission electron microscope to construct a productive electron diffractometer is described. The construction not only refers to the combination of hardware but also to the calibration of the system, so that it provides rapid access to the experimental parameters that are necessary for processing diffraction data. Until fully integrated electron diffractometers become available, this describes a setup for productive and efficient operation in chemical crystallography.
Fast high fidelity CFD/CSM fluid structure interaction using RBF mesh morphing and modal superposition method
Authors: Groth Corrado , Cella Ubaldo , Costa Emiliano , Biancolini Marco Evangelos
Published: April 2019

Purpose

This paper aims to present a fast and effective approach to tackle complex fluid structure interaction problems that are relevant for the aeronautical design.

Design/methodology/approach

High fidelity computer-aided engineering models (computational fluid dynamics [CFD] and computational structural mechanics) are coupled by embedding modal shapes into the CFD solver using RBF mesh morphing.

Findings

The theoretical framework is first explained and its use is then demonstrated with a review of applications including both steady and unsteady cases. Different flow and structural solvers are considered to showcase the portability of the concept.

Practical implications

The method is flexible and can be used for the simulation of complex scenarios, including components vibrations induced by external devices, as in the case of flapping wings.

Originality/value

The computation mesh of the CFD model becomes parametric with respect to the modal shape and, so, capable to self-adapt to the loads exerted by the surrounding fluid both for steady and transient numerical studies.
Owner and contractor solution strategies for industrial commissioning
Authors: Mock Brant , O’Connor James T.
Published: April 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to discover which solution strategies to common industrial commissioning and startup (CSU) problems (Hot Spots) owner and contractor organizations identify as most effective and to identify which strategies are identified by one or both organization types.

Design/methodology/approach

Ratings for the relative value provided by strategies, and the effort required to implement strategies were solicited from CSU industry experts employed by owner or contractor organizations via a survey. Quantitative modelling using the Possible, Implement, Challenge, Kill (PICK) chart method distinguished high-value, low-effort strategies from other strategies.

Findings

Owners and contractors identify distinct sets of CSU solution strategies as high value and low effort, with some overlap. Of 178 total strategies, 40 (22.5 per cent) were identified by owners and 34 (19.1 per cent) by contractors, with 19 (10.7 per cent) of those strategies in common. Strategies with the greatest differences in opinions between owners and contractors are also identified.

Research limitations/implications

Research findings are limited to industrial-type, operational systems-intensive facilities. Similarities may exist with other systems-intensive project types, such as some commercial or infrastructure projects. The survey sample size is relatively small (n= 35), but close to that of other CSU-related surveys. The majority of survey participants were based in North America at the time of participation. Further, the number of contractor and owner participants differed slightly.

Practical implications

CSU managers and personnel should consider using high-value, low-effort strategies before resorting to other less effective strategies, as applicable on their projects. Depending on which organization is executing CSU, or if both organization types share CSU responsibilities, different solution strategies may be most effective.

Originality/value

Differences in owner and contractor perspectives and opinions have been noted in other aspects of the project lifecycle but never for CSU solution strategies. Use of the strategies identified will support more effective CSU execution.
CEO inside debt, market competition and corporate risk taking
Authors: Sheikh Shahbaz
Published: April 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of market competition on the relation between CEO inside debt and corporate risk-taking.

Design/methodology/approach

Ordinary least squares regressions are used to estimate the relation between CEO inside debt and firm risk. Additionally, instrumental variable (IV-GMM) regressions are used to check the robustness of the results.

Findings

The results of this paper indicate that CEO inside debt is negatively associated with the measures of future risk. However, this negative association is influenced by market competition. Specifically, CEO inside debt results in lower levels of firm risk when market competition is high. When market competition is low, inside debt has no effect on firm risk. Additional results show that CEOs with large inside debt tend to decrease R&D investments and financial leverage and increase firm cash holdings and working capital only when market competition is high. Overall, these results suggest that market competition significantly influences the effect of CEO inside debt on corporate risk-taking by changing the strength of incentives from inside debt.

Practical implications

CEO inside debt could be used to provide incentives to CEOs to manage corporate risk-taking.

Social implications

The empirical results in this paper provide a practical tool to the boards of corporations to manage corporate risk-taking. The results suggest that boards can reduce excessive risk-taking by increasing the level of debt type compensation incentives. However, this strategy is effective only when market competition is high because in such markets inside debt provides the strongest incentives to reduce corporate risk. When competition is low, incentives from inside debt are ineffective in managing corporate risk-taking.

Originality/value

This is the first study that shows that the negative association between CEO inside debt and corporate risk-taking critically depends on the intensity of market competition.
Predicting implementation cost contingencies for residential construction projects in flood-prone areas
Authors: Van Sang Quang , Le-Hoai Long , Dang Chau Ngoc
Published: April 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to predict implementation cost contingencies for residential construction projects in flood-prone areas, where floods with storms frequently cause serious damage and problems for people.

Design/methodology/approach

Expert interviews are conducted to identify the study variables. Based on bills of quantities and project documents, historical data on residential construction projects in flood-prone areas are collected. Pearson correlation analysis is first used to check the correlations among the study variables. To overcome multicollinearity, principal component analysis is used. Then, stepwise multiple regression analysis is used to develop the cost prediction model. Finally, non-parametric bootstrap method is used to develop range estimation of the implementation cost.

Findings

A list of project-related variables, which could significantly affect implementation costs of residential construction projects in flood-prone areas, is identified. A model, which is developed based on an integration of principle component analysis and regression analysis, is robust. Regarding range estimation, 10, 50 and 90 percent cost estimates, which could provide information about the uncertainty levels in the estimates, are established. Furthermore, implementation cost contingencies which could show information about the variability in the estimates are determined for example case projects. Such information could be critical to cost-related management of residential construction projects in flood-prone areas.

Originality/value

This study attempts to predict implementation cost contingencies for residential construction projects in flood-prone areas using non-parametric bootstrap method. Such contingencies could be useful for project cost budgeting and/or effective cost management.
Internet literacy skills of community pharmacists in Lagos State, Nigeria
Authors: Anasi Stella Ngozi , Lawal Folasade Olufunke , Paul-Ozieh Abiola
Published: April 2019

Purpose

Community pharmacists need good retrieval skills and competencies for effective use of online information resources for professional practice. This study aims to ascertain the internet literacy skills of community pharmacists in Lagos State, Nigeria.

Design/methodology/approach

A survey research design was adopted for the study. Convenience sampling technique was used in selecting community pharmacists. Questionnaire was the instrument used for data collection, whereas descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis.

Findings

The study revealed that community pharmacists possess requisite internet literacy skills for effective use of online health information resources. There is a positive relationship between informational and operational internet literacy skills [r = 0.820, p(0.000) < 0.05], informational and strategic internet literacy skills [r = 0.838, p(0.000) < 0.05] and operational and strategic internet literacy skills [r = 0.810, p(0.000) < 0.05]. There is a statistically significant gender difference in the level of skillfulness in internet use based on self-reported skills. There is a significant relative contribution of demographic variables (gender, age, educational qualification and number of years in professional practice) to the level of skillfulness in internet use among community pharmacists.

Practical implications

To improve the use of online internet resources, the Association of Community Pharmacists of Nigeria, Lagos Chapter, should conduct training needs assessment regularly to offer the right levels of internet use skills. They must be proactive and incorporate training on computer and internet skills into their annual conferences and zonal meetings. They should also prepare and give internet use manuals to their members to read and understand how to use the internet more effectively. Community pharmacists, especially the female pharmacists, should also take advantage of free online training sessions called webinars to improve their internet literacy skills to cope with rapid changes in the e-environment, as well as to boost the quality of health-care services delivery. Pharmacists’ Council of Nigeria, the agency responsible for regulating and controlling the education, training and practice of pharmacy, should include an internet literacy skills module in the Mandatory Professional Continuing Education Programme.

Originality/value

The study investigated the internet literacy skills of community pharmacists in Lagos State and identified the gender gap in level of skillfulness. This study also explored the relationship between level of skillfulness and internet use, as well as the relationship between community pharmacists’ informational, operational and strategic internet literacy skills.
Applicability of solitary model of information behavior in students’ collaborative learning assignments
Authors: Ndumbaro Faraja , Mutula Stephen
Published: April 2019

Purpose

This paper aims to present results of a study which examined students’ collaborative information behavior (CIB) in comparison with behavioral patterns illustrated in Wilson’s (1996) model of information behavior.

Design/methodology/approach

A total of six groups of undergraduate students; four from Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA) and two from Ardhi University (ARU) were purposively selected. Data were collected using semi participant observation, critical incident interviews and focus group discussion methods.

Findings

Results indicate that students’ CIB is mainly shaped by collaborative learning environment, learning tasks objectives and requirements. Despite its wider applicability in different domains and contexts, Wilson’s (1996) model is partially appropriate in modeling students’ group-based learning information behavioral activities. Person(s) in context and active and passive information seeking are aspects of the model which are observed to be relevant in students’ CIB.

Practical implications

The study has implications on teaching and learning practices in higher learning institutions.

Originality/value

The study provides new insights on how students exhibit different information behavioral patterns during collaborative learning. The study fills a gap on how solitary models of information behavior can be used to model students’ information behavior in team-based learning.
Disaster relief, and search and rescue robots: the way forward
Authors: Bogue Robert
Published: April 2019

Purpose

This paper aims to provide an insight into the future for disaster relief (DR) and search and rescue (SAR) robots by considering research activities which seek to address real-world applications and by identifying key user requirements and development priorities.

Design/methodology/approach

Following a short introduction, this first provides a brief overview of the use of robots in DR and SAR and gives examples of organisations promoting their use. This is followed by details of development programmes aimed at meeting users’ requirements. Specific needs are identified and considered in detail and were derived from both the literature and through discussions with users. This paper concludes with a tabulated summary of key development priorities.

Findings

This study shows that several collaborative research programmes aim to address real DR and SAR applications, with robots being tested in simulated disaster scenarios. A number of key user requirements and development priorities are identified for aerial, ground and marine robots.

Originality/value

By identifying a number of specific requirements, this paper will assist in focussing research and development activities towards real users’ needs.
Learners’ attention preferences of information in online learning
Authors: Mu Su , Cui Meng , Wang Xiao Jin , Qiao Jin Xiu , Tang Dong Mei
Published: April 2019

Purpose

This study aims to use eye-tracking technology to conduct an empirical study about online learning process analysis, thus aiming to understand the attentional preferences and learning paths in online learners.

Design/methodology/approach

With eye movement tracking and data analysing technology, the Tobii X120 eye-tracking instrument, Tobii studio and online learning platform are used to record and visualise data of eye moving and learning steps during the real task-based online learning processes of 14 online learners. According to Barbara A. Soloman’s learning style classification framework, these learners’ learning style was presented in four dimensions. Based on data of eye moving, leaning style and operation in online course, the correlation about learners’ preferences of learning content, online learning paths and learning style were analysed based on according data.

Findings

The paper provides empirical insights about how change is brought about during online learning. It is found that there is no significant difference in attention preference between the students with the difference on the learning style of visual-verbal, although each person has a different attention preference on the learning content.

Research limitations/implications

The limitation of this study is that only one common type of video learning process is studied. The learning process of various types of instructional videos in online learning will be done in future research.

Practical implications

In this study, eye-movement tracking technology is used to understand students’ learning path and learning preference in the online learning process, which is helpful to optimise the online learning process and improve the efficiency of online learning.

Social implications

This research findings have been approved by relevant experts and have won the first prize in the school-level competition of South China Normal University in China.

Originality/value

In this study, the technology of psychology (eye-tracking technology) is introduced into the study of real task-based online learning process in the subject of educational technology, realising the integration of multi-disciplinary research techniques and methods.
Technology in use – characterizing customer self-service devices (SSDS)
Authors: Gummerus Johanna , Lipkin Michaela , Dube Apramey , Heinonen Kristina
Published: April 2019

Purpose

This study aims to introduce and characterize a specific form of self-service technology (SST), customer self-service devices (SSDs), as well as propose and apply a classification scheme of SSDs to encourage future research on such SSTs.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper is based on conceptual development of customer SSDs and exploratory qualitative insight from representatives of companies offering various types of SSDs.

Findings

This paper introduces SSDs as customer-possessed and controlled smart service devices aiming to solve problems from the customer’s perspective, often within completely new, customer-defined service processes and ecosystems. SSDs are not confined to the company-controlled service environment, and customers may thus use them wherever and whenever they so wish. The study characterizes SSDs based on service and customer use features, as well as on the subject of the service act (self/other vs belongings) and nature of service act (monitoring vs acting).

Research limitations/implications

This study is limited to conceptual exploration with qualitative insights from six companies. Future research is needed to empirically study different SSDs by using both qualitative and quantitative approaches in various settings.

Originality/value

The paper conceptualizes SSDs as an extension to the traditional SST framework. It contributes to the understanding of how personal handheld devices can contribute to customer experiences. It provides research directions to stimulate further research in SSTs.
A five-year retrospective on an undergraduate SMIF program
Authors: Mullen Michael G. , Salvucci Debra
Published: April 2019

Purpose

For undergraduate-only, AACSB-accredited business programs, establishing a student managed investment fund (SMIF) can be an enormous, but potentially worthwhile, undertaking. Resources are often very limited – especially for faculty where their time is already consumed by teaching, administrative and publishing requirements. The purpose of this paper is to reflect on the five-year experience at Stonehill College and suggest considerations for undergraduate institutions seeking to establish such programs.

Design/methodology/approach

This is a retrospective on the experience of designing and implementing a SMIF-based academic program. Student education and professional skill development should be the primary outcomes evaluated with such programs. Included are brief perspectives on the program from its alumni with commentary on perceived value in one to four years following graduation.

Findings

The experience to date suggests that establishing a SMIF at a smaller, undergraduate-only institution is challenging. For a SMIF to generate educational returns commensurate with its cost, it needs to be part of a comprehensive, academic-driven program that garners broad support by the business faculty and administration of the college. Personal reflections by its program alumni suggest that it can be a very meaningful academic and experiential learning opportunity.

Research limitations/implications

This paper is focused largely on the experience of one institution. Further insights may be attained by a broader, unbiased analysis of institutions where SMIF programs have succeeded or failed to meet similar objectives.

Practical implications

The authors suggests that the creation of a SMIF program at smaller, undergraduate-only institutions faces unique challenges relative to larger, more well-endowed universities. These challenges can be overcome but not without a broad internal commitment. These programs, if done in a comprehensive way, can significantly impact student outcomes.

Originality/value

The retrospective offers up-to-date insights on the value and challenges of starting a SMIF program at smaller-sized, undergraduate-only academic institutions.
Combined inversion of first‐arrival travel times and reflection travel times
Authors: Zhao Chongjin , Zhang Luolei , Yu Peng , Liu Yuzhu , Feng Shaokong
Published: April 2019

In this work, we propose a method for determining reflection travel times based on the acquisition of first‐arrival travel times via the fast sweeping method. The accuracy of this scheme was proven by conducting model experiments to establish a foundation for first‐arrival tomography, reflection tomography and combined tomography. Reflection tomography was subsequently achieved using the adjoint‐state method; on this basis, we propose a combined tomography method involving both first‐arrival and reflection tomography. In the model experiments, excellent results were obtained via first‐arrival tomography, reflection tomography and our combined tomography method. Finally, full‐waveform inversion was performed, with the inversion produced by combined tomography used as the initial model. Excellent results were obtained using this approach. However, combined tomography reproduced and characterized the model much more realistically.
Guidelines for review of patients on haemodialysis: Are we meeting patient needs?
Authors: Morgan Kate , de Jersey Susan , Mason Belinda , Young Adrienne
Published: April 2019

Aim

This study aimed to determine satisfaction with dietetic services, identify barriers and enablers to engaging with dietetic services and acceptable methods of delivering nutrition care to patients on haemodialysis.

Methods

A questionnaire was developed based on existing satisfaction surveys and key constructs from the Theoretical Domains Framework to understand patient behaviours around accessing dietetic services. Constructs were grouped according to the COM‐B model (Capability, Opportunity and Motivation) of the Behaviour Change Wheel to inform future interventions. Patients at three Brisbane haemodialysis units participated, with questionnaire administered via laptop (by dietetic assistants) or paper‐based version (by nurses).

Results

Sixty‐six patients completed the questionnaire (response rate 40%, 62 ± 14 years, 58% male). Most respondents (n = 63, 95%) reported seeing a dietitian since commencing haemodialysis. A quarter of respondents reported declining or not wanting to see the dietitian. Despite this, questions pertaining to service satisfaction were largely positive. Questions related to enablers and barriers to engaging with the dietitian revealed the domain of motivation as the main barrier with 41% (n = 26) participants not wanting to make dietary changes. The domains of capability and opportunity were not barriers. Patients preferred receiving nutrition information from dietitians, when they had a question or concern, rather than at predefined intervals. Telehealth was not acceptable to the majority of participants.

Conclusions

While patients were satisfied with dietetic care, their preferences for dietetic service delivery were not aligned with current evidence‐based guidelines, highlighting need for alternative models of care. Dietetic interventions need to be delivered in a way that addresses motivation.
Characterization of Emulsion Stabilization Properties of Gum Tragacanth, Xanthan Gum and Sucrose Monopalmitate: A Comparative Study
Authors: Pocan Pelin , Ilhan Esmanur , Oztop Mecit Halil
Published: April 2019

Emulsification effect of gum tragacanth (GT) obtained from Astragalus species is gaining particular interest in recent years. In this study, stabilization effect of GT, xanthan gum (XG), and sucrose monopalmitate (SMP) was investigated by keeping their concentration constant (0.5% w/v) for the oil‐in‐water emulsions containing 20% (v/v) sun flower oil and 2% (w/v) whey protein isolate. Emulsification was achieved by using high shear homogenization. Particle size and T2 (spin–spin relaxation time) measurements were performed for the characterization and repeated over the course of 28 days. Emulsion stability index (ESI [%]) was measured and rheological characterization was also performed. The lowest particle size was found for the XG emulsions and this was attributed to the pseudoplastic behavior of xanthan compared to GT (nXanthan = 0.188 ≪ nGT = 0.721). Xanthan emulsions thinned out dramatically when sheared during homogenization, and consequently, floccules formed could have been disrupted more resulting in smaller particle size. Result of rheological experiments showed that SMP emulsions were fit to Newtonian model, while XG and GT showed shear thinning behavior and fit to a power law model. Apparent viscosity of XG emulsions was found significantly higher than the GT ones. The most stable emulsions were the ones prepared by XG and they remained stable during 28 days. Although GT emulsions could not protect their stability during 28 days, ESI (%) results were found similar with XG indicating promising emulsification effect of GT.

Practical Application

Gum tragacanth, xanthan gum, and sucrose monopalmitate have been used to formulate oil‐in‐water emulsions. The final formulated products can be used in emulsion‐based food products to increase their stability and shelf life.
Cannabis‐dependent adolescents show differences in global reward‐associated network topology: A functional connectomics approach
Authors: Nestor Liam J. , Behan Brendan , Suckling John , Garavan Hugh
Published: April 2019

Adolescence may be a period of increased vulnerability to the onset of drug misuse and addiction due to changes in developing brain networks that support cognitive and reward processing. Cannabis is a widely misused illicit drug in adolescence which can lead to dependence and alterations in reward‐related neural functioning. Concerns exist that cannabis‐related alterations in these reward networks in adolescence may sensitize behaviour towards all forms of reward that increase the risk of further drug use. Taking a functional connectomics approach, we compared an acutely abstinent adolescent cannabis‐dependent (CAN) group with adolescent controls (CON) on global measures of network topology associated with anticipation on a monetary incentive delay task. In the presence of overall superior accuracy, the CAN group exhibited superior global connectivity (clustering coefficient, efficiency, characteristic path length) during monetary gain anticipation compared with the CON group. Additional analyses showed that the CAN group exhibited significantly greater connectivity strength during monetary gain anticipation across a subnetwork that included mesocorticolimbic nodes involving both interhemispheric and intrahemispheric connections. We discuss how these differences in reward‐associated connectivity may allude to subtle functional alterations in network architecture in adolescent cannabis‐dependence that could enhance the motivation for nondrug reward during acute abstinence.
Using genotyping‐by‐sequencing to predict gender in animals
Authors: Bilton T. P. , Chappell A. J. , Clarke S. M. , Brauning R. , Dodds K. G. , McEwan J. C. , Rowe S. J.
Published: April 2019

Gender assignment errors are common in some animal species and lead to inaccuracies in downstream analyses. Procedures for detecting gender misassignment are available for array‐based SNP data but are still being developed for genotyping‐by‐sequencing (GBS) data. In this study, we describe a method for using GBS data to predict gender using X and Y chromosomal SNPs. From a set of 1286 X chromosomal and 23 Y chromosomal deer (Cervus sp.) SNPs discovered from GBS sequence reads, a prediction model was built using a training dataset of 422 Red deer and validated using a test dataset of 868 Red deer and Wapiti deer. Prediction was based on the proportion of heterozygous genotypes on the X chromosome and the proportion of non‐missing genotypes on the Y chromosome observed in each individual. The concordance between recorded gender and predicted gender was 98.6% in the training dataset and 99.3% in the test dataset. The model identified five individuals across both datasets with incorrect recorded gender and was unable to predict gender for another five individuals. Overall, our method predicted gender with a high degree of accuracy and could be used for quality control in gender assignment datasets or for assigning gender when unrecorded, provided a suitable reference genome is available.
Sentinel lymph node biopsy in clinically node‐negative Merkel cell carcinoma: the Westmead Hospital experience
Authors: Jenkins Lillian N. , Howle Julie R. , Veness Michael J.
Published: April 2019

Background

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare, aggressive cutaneous malignancy with a propensity to metastasize to regional lymph nodes. Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) in patients with clinically node‐negative MCC has been utilized to identify patients with subclinical nodal metastases. This study aims to review the accuracy of SLNB in MCC and to evaluate the impact of SLNB on management.

Methods

Patients with clinically node‐negative MCC who underwent SLNB were identified from a prospective database of patients treated at the Westmead Hospital, Sydney, between 1998 and 2017. Data from these patients were reviewed and analysed.

Results

Forty‐one patients were identified: 28 men and 13 women, median age 70 years. Median duration of follow‐up was 27 months. Sixteen (39%) patients had a positive SLNB and all underwent nodal treatment which consisted of radiotherapy (n = 13), completion lymphadenectomy and adjuvant radiotherapy (n = 2), and completion lymphadenectomy alone (n = 1). Following negative SLNB, 24 of 25 patients did not undergo further nodal treatment. The false‐negative rate was 16% as three patients developed in‐field nodal recurrence subsequent to a negative SLNB. At last follow‐up, 29 patients had no evidence of disease, six were alive with disease and three had died from other causes. Three SLN‐positive patients have died of MCC.

Conclusion

SLNB has a high rate of positivity and can improve the accuracy of staging and prognostication in MCC, and guide management. The relatively low risk of a false‐negative SLNB justifies close observation in SLNB‐negative patients.
External validation of a model to determine risk of progression of Barrett’s oesophagus to neoplasia
Authors: Kunzmann Andrew T. , Thrift Aaron P. , Johnston Brian T. , McManus Damian T. , Gavin Anna T. , Turkington Richard C. , Coleman Helen G.
Published: April 2019

Background

A risk prediction model containing sex, smoking history, Barrett's oesophagus length and presence of low‐grade dysplasia was found to identify individuals at a higher risk of progression to oesophageal adenocarcinoma or high‐grade dysplasia.

Aim

To externally validate the model predicting risk of progression from Barrett's oesophagus to neoplasia and assess the predictive utility of additional factors.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective cohort study among individuals from the population‐based Northern Ireland Barrett's register with a histologically confirmed diagnosis of Barrett's oesophagus (with intestinal metaplasia) between 1993 and 2005. The association between a points based model and risk of progression to high‐grade dysplasia or oesophageal adenocarcinoma until 2010 was assessed using Cox Proportional Hazards model. Model performance was assessed using area under the receiver operating characteristics curves (AUROC), sensitivity and specificity.

Results

We identified 1198 individuals with Barrett's oesophagus of whom 54 progressed. The model discriminated reasonably well between progressors and nonprogressors, with an AUROC of 0.70 (95% CI 0.63‐0.78). When categorised into low, intermediate and high risk groups, the AUROC was 0.68 (95% CI 0.61‐0.74). Compared to using data on dysplasia and segment length for risk stratification, the model resulted in a net reclassification improvement of 20.9%.

Conclusions

This external validation provides further evidence that a model based on sex, smoking, Barrett's segment length and baseline low‐grade dysplasia may help to risk stratify patients after an initial diagnosis of Barrett's oesophagus. The model also performed better than the use of low‐grade dysplasia status alone for risk‐stratification.
Transitional Victimisation: Collaborators’ Offspring as Children at Risk
Authors: Borge Baard Herman
Published: April 2019

Using transition theory from political science, this paper analyses how the lives of children of Norwegians punished for collaboration with the German occupant were adversely influenced by transitional justice after the return to democracy in 1945. The paper highlights how the complexity and hectic character of such regime changes are associated with a high risk for unintended social outcomes, a risk that has received little attention in the study of transition processes. Findings indicate that in order to avoid harmful consequences for children, careful and long‐term thinking is essential when new democracies select a transitional justice strategy.
A Voice, but not a Vote: A Youth Generation at Risk?
Authors: Borge Julie Ane Ødegaard , Mochmann Ingvill C.
Published: April 2019

The aim of this paper is to address risks young people in the late 20th and 21st century are exposed to with regard to political participation. Based on qualitative data and ordinary language interviews with 27 Norwegian pupils in upper secondary school, we address how the construction of the political space is understood by young people themselves. By analysing how young people define political interest and engagement, the findings indicate that a gap exists in the perception of ‘own’ and ‘institutionalised’ political participation. This paper concludes that exploring the understanding of politics among the young may reduce vulnerability of this particular group in their democratic participation as well as facilitate their political empowerment.
Molecular docking predictions of fragrance binding to human leukocyte antigen molecules
Authors: Schutte Ryan J. , Zhang Xiaojuan , An Nan , Ostrov David A. , Vukmanović Stanislav
Published: April 2019

Background

Over 4000 small chemicals have been identified as allergens capable of inducing skin sensitization. Many sensitizers are hypothesized to act as haptens producing novel antigens, which can be presented to T cells by human leukocyte antigens (HLAs). Recent studies suggest that some chemical allergens use hapten‐independent mechanisms.

Objective

To determine whether molecular docking can identify HLA molecules that bind skin‐sensitizing chemical allergens.

Methods

Structural models of HLA molecules were used as the basis for molecular docking of 22 chemical allergens. Allergens predicted to bind HLA‐B*57:01 were tested for their ability to stimulate T cells by the use of proliferation and interferon‐gamma enzyme‐linked immunospot assays.

Results

Chemical allergens that did not satisfy the criteria for hapten activity in vitro were predicted to bind more strongly to common HLA isoforms than those with known hapten activity. HLA‐B*57:01, which is an HLA allele required for drug hypersensitivity reactions, was predicted to bind several allergens, including benzyl benzoate, benzyl cinnamate, and benzyl salicylate. In in vitro T cell stimulation assays, benzyl salicylate and benzyl cinnamate were found to stimulate T cell responses from HLA‐B*57:01 carriers.

Conclusions

These data suggest that small‐molecule skin sensitizers have the potential to interact with HLA, and show that T cell‐based in vitro assays may be used to evaluate the immunogenicity of skin‐sensitizing chemicals.
SOX10 Immunostaining in granulomatous dermatoses and benign reactive lymph nodes
Authors: Merelo Alcocer Veronica , Flamm Alexandra , Chen Guoli , Helm Klaus
Published: April 2019

Background

SOX10 immunostaining has been considered a highly sensitive and specific marker for melanoma. But there is evidence suggesting that SOX10 positive cells can be present in dermal scars. Therefore, we investigated whether non‐melanocytic cell types present in chronic inflammatory processes or benign lymph nodes express SOX10.

Methods

We retrospectively selected 20 benign lymph nodes and 20 cutaneous granulomatous dermatoses. SOX10, CD68, and Melan‐A immunohistochemistry was performed in all cases.

Results

Scattered SOX10 positivity was found in 85% of lymph nodes, specifically in subcapsular and medullary sinuses and in 85% of granulomatous dermatoses. In granulomatous dermatoses, the Melan‐A stain did not label the scattered SOX10 positive cells and it was difficult to determine if CD68 was co‐expressed on the SOX10 positive cells. In the lymph nodes, the SOX10 positive cells did not co‐express Melan‐A or CD68.

Conclusions

We report SOX10 positive cells detected in granulomatous dermatoses and benign lymph nodes. In lymph nodes, SOX10 positive cells were exclusively in subcapsular and medullary sinuses. Therefore, SOX10 is an excellent stain for evaluation of metastatic melanoma with the caveat that positivity in subcapsular and medullary sinuses can be of non‐melanocytic origin; the use of additional melanocytic markers is recommended in this situations.
Anatomie der Fettkompartimente des Gesichts und ihre Bedeutung für die ästhetische Chirurgie
Authors: Cotofana Sebastian , Lachman Nirusha
Published: April 2019

Ziel

In den letzten zehn Jahren hat sich unser Verständnis der Gesichtsanatomie gewandelt. Neuere minimalinvasive Eingriffe zur Gesichtsverjüngung erfordern bessere anatomische Kenntnisse.

Material und Methoden

In dieser narrativen Übersichtsarbeit wird die aktuelle Literatur mit den Erfahrungen der Autoren zusammengefasst und analysiert. Sie resümiert den aktuellen Wissenstand zu oberflächlichen und tiefen fazialen Fettkompartimenten und deren Bedeutung für minimalinvasive Eingriffe am Gesicht. Ein schematisches Modell zum besseren Verständnis der komplexen Anatomie des Gesichts wurde erstellt.

Ergebnisse

Das Gesicht ist aus den folgenden fünf Schichten aufgebaut: Schicht 1: Haut; Schicht 2: subkutanes Fettgewebe mit Retinacula cutis (aus fibrösem Bindegewebe), Schicht 3: superfizielles muskuloaponeurotisches System (SMAS), Schicht 4: tiefes Fettgewebe und Schicht 5: Periost oder tiefe Faszie. Dieser Aufbau unterscheidet sich je nach Region, insbesondere, wenn die Ligamente in das Modell einbezogen werden. Die fazialen Fettkompartimente sind in den Schichten 2 und 4 lokalisiert. Jede Schicht hat einzigartige Merkmale und spezielle räumliche Beziehungen zu den umgebenden Geweben.

Schlussfolgerungen

Das neue Konzept des geschichteten Aufbaus erklärt die räumlichen Beziehungen und das funktionale Zusammenwirken der Weichteilgewebe im Gesicht. Die Kenntnis der Schichten sowie der genauen Lage der oberflächlichen und tiefen Fettkompartimente des Gesichts und ihrer Begrenzungen ist entscheidend für die sichere und effektive Durchführung minimalinvasiver Eingriffe am Gesicht.
Pathophysiologie der atopischen Dermatitis
Authors: Grobe William , Bieber Thomas , Novak Natalija
Published: April 2019

Wenige Erkrankungen wurden in den letzten Jahren so intensiv und vielfältig auf verschiedenen Ebenen erforscht wie die atopische Dermatitis (AD). Das liegt zum einen daran, dass es sich um die häufigste chronisch‐entzündliche Hauterkrankung handelt, die bis zu 30 % der Kinder und 1–10 % der Erwachsenen betrifft. Zum anderen konnten zahlreiche komplexe Veränderungen auf genetischer Ebene sowie auf Ebene des angeborenen und erworbenen Immunsystems identifiziert werden, die für die Charakterisierung der Patienten und Entwicklung neuer diagnostischer und therapeutischer Ansätze wichtig sind. Trotz der komplexen Pathogenese und immunologischen Unterschiede in verschiedenen Krankheitsstadien, sowie der Heterogenität der Krankheitstrigger, war die Therapie der AD, vor allem der mittelschweren bis schweren Form, lange auf rein symptomatische bzw. unspezifische immunsuppressive Ansätze limitiert [1].

Mit Zulassung des ersten Biologikums zur Behandlung der mittelschweren und schweren AD bei Erwachsenen und dessen Verfügbarkeit auf dem deutschen Markt seit Ende 2017, ist nun Bewegung in das Feld gekommen. In dieser Arbeit werden die aktuellen pathophysiologischen Erkenntnisse zur AD zusammengefasst. Durch die Fortschritte bei der Erforschung der Erkrankung wird eine verbesserte Charakterisierung von Patientensubgruppen und verschiedenen Krankheitsausprägungen möglich, was die Grundlage zukünftig zunehmend individuellerer Behandlungsmöglichkeiten darstellen wird.
INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS ON PRODUCT STANDARDS UNDER CONSUMPTION EXTERNALITIES: NATIONAL TREATMENT VERSUS MUTUAL RECOGNITION
Authors: Geng Difei
Published: April 2019

This paper provides a comparative analysis of product standards agreements between heterogeneous countries. A simple model of vertical standards is developed where countries have heterogeneous preferences for a negative or positive consumption externality. I compare two major types of standards agreements, those based on national treatment (NT) and mutual recognition (MR). Unlike NT, MR can induce a mismatch of standards between countries, a problem that tends to get worse as country preferences diverge. Due to this mismatch problem, NT tends to become relatively more welfare‐enhancing than MR for countries with more dissimilar preferences. These findings explain why the World Trade Organization, the Trans‐Pacific Partnership, and the European Union choose different types of standards agreements. The paper also sheds new light on the desirability of international harmonization of product standards. (JEL F13, F18, O24)
INFLATION AND WAGE RIGIDITY/FLEXIBILITY IN THE SHORT RUN
Authors: Park Seonyoung , Shin Donggyun
Published: April 2019

A recent literature uses accurate wage data from payroll records and provides compelling evidence against the conventional belief that nominal wages are downward sticky. This paper provides a unique contribution to this literature by conducting a formal analysis of the role of inflation in cyclical wage rigidity/flexibility. Analysis of payroll‐based wage data from the Korean labor market for the period 1971–2014 finds that the degree of downward nominal wage flexibility is countercyclical, and the countercyclicality becomes stronger during a deflationary, relative to inflationary, recession. This serves as a counter‐example to the conventional theory of cyclical wage rigidity. (JEL E24, E32, J30, J64)
Can remittances buy peace?
Authors: Batu Michael
Published: April 2019

This paper offers new empirical evidence on the effects of remittance flows on conflict incidence, onset, and duration in recipient countries. It improves on previous studies by controlling for unobserved heterogeneity among remittance recipient countries, serial correlation of conflict, and the possibility of conflict being endogenous to remittances. To motivate the empirical findings, a micro‐founded model of conflict is developed. The model shows that wealth transfers (such as remittances) can raise the opportunity cost of participation in conflicts which can lead to a reduction in both the number of rebels and the force used by the government forces.
Habit as resistance: Bergson's philosophy of second nature
Authors: Brown Olivia
Published: April 2019

Henri Bergson is one of the few philosophers who both explicitly and extensively discusses the phenomenon of habit. In view of his engagement with habit, does Bergson develop a philosophically robust account of the phenomenon? Most commentary on his account of habit refers to his early work, Matter and Memory. In this paper, I begin by arguing that Bergson's treatment of habit in Matter and Memory is problematic because it does not adequately differentiate between habit and material nature. Despite its neglect in secondary literature, Bergson also discusses habit in the first part of his final book, The Two Sources of Morality and Religion. With respect to this book, I subsequently show how Bergson deploys Ravaisson's distinction between instinct and habit to reconceptualize habit as the second of our two natures, our social nature. Lastly, I reconstruct Bergson's late contribution to the philosophy of habit: rather than a tendency that is hard to resist, habit is a resistance to which we tend to submit. By shedding light on the effort that we expend to adhere to them, Bergson's resistance account of habit advances an original and productive perspective on our social habits.
Effects of plant functional group removal on structure and function of soil communities across contrasting ecosystems
Authors: Fanin Nicolas , Kardol Paul , Farrell Mark , Kempel Anne , Ciobanu Marcel , Nilsson Marie‐Charlotte , Gundale Michael J. , Wardle David A.
Published: April 2019

Loss of plant diversity has an impact on ecosystems worldwide, but we lack a mechanistic understanding of how this loss may influence below‐ground biota and ecosystem functions across contrasting ecosystems in the long term. We used the longest running biodiversity manipulation experiment across contrasting ecosystems in existence to explore the below‐ground consequences of 19 years of plant functional group removals for each of 30 contrasting forested lake islands in northern Sweden. We found that, against expectations, the effects of plant removals on the communities of key groups of soil organisms (bacteria, fungi and nematodes), and organic matter quality and soil ecosystem functioning (decomposition and microbial activity) were relatively similar among islands that varied greatly in productivity and soil fertility. This highlights that, in contrast to what has been shown for plant productivity, plant biodiversity loss effects on below‐ground functions can be relatively insensitive to environmental context or variation among widely contrasting ecosystems.