bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Adding L-Arginine to Broiler Diets on Physiological Performance
Authors: Khaleel Ali I. , Saed Zaed J. M.
Published: December 2023

This research was conducted in the poultry sector of the Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture, University of Anbar, from October 26, 2022, to December 7, 2022 (42 days). The objective was to compare the effects of incorporating different levels of L-Arginine and vitamin C on the productive and physiological performance of broiler chickens. One hundred and fifty Ross 308 strain broiler chicks, aged one day and of unspecified sex, were utilized in the study. The chicks were individually weighed and randomly assigned to five experimental groups, each consisting of three replicates with ten birds per replicate. The treatments consisted of the following: First treatment Control group (no additives), Second treatment: Addition of arginine at a rate of 1 g/kg of feed, Third treatment: Addition of arginine at a rate of 1.5 g/kg of feed, Fourth treatment: Addition of arginine at a rate of 2 g/kg of feed and Fifth treatment: Addition of vitamin C at a rate of 300 mg/kg of feed The results of the study revealed that utilizing the specified levels of arginine and vitamin C in the diets did not lead to any significant impact on the physiological performance, chemical, and biochemical blood parameters of the broiler chickens. These parameters included Glutathione, Malondialdehyde (MDA), Very Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL), Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL), High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL), Triglycerides, Cholesterol, Creatinine, Uric Acid, AST (Aspartate Aminotransferase), ALT (Alanine Aminotransferase), Ceruloplasmin, Albumin, Protein, Glucose, H/L Ratio (Heterophil to Lymphocyte Ratio), Lymphocytes, and Monocytes. In conclusion, the utilization of the specified levels of arginine and vitamin C in the diets did not result in any significant effects on the studied parameters in the broiler chickens.
Temporal Variation of Land use in Al-Husainiya Project, Karbala Governorate - Iraq using some Spectral Index
Authors: Mahdi Nabeel Ammar , Ali Ayad Kadhim
Published: December 2023

Geospatial technologies were utilized to monitor changes in land cover for agricultural projects in central Iraq. The Husseinia project in Karbala province was selected to study the temporal changes. Three satellite images from Landsat 5, 8, and 9 were selected for the years 1989, 2013, and 2022, respectively, with the sensors TM and OLI. The satellite imagery was processed visually and digitally and was radiometrically and geometrically improved. The study area was delineated, and supervised classification was performed on it. Some indicators were identified to determine the changes in the three selected years. Two indices were used in this study, namely the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI). The percentage of change in these indices was measured between different years to determine the variation between each year. The results indicated spatial and temporal changes in these indicators in the study area, reflecting changes in land cover. The satellite data were classified using ArcGIS Pro software and was somewhat consistent with the results of the indicators used in this study. Five categories of land cover were identified: agricultural lands (non-cultivated), barren lands, urban lands, vegetation cover, and water bodies. The results showed that the vegetation cover had the largest area, occupying 27,414.08 hectares or 64.23% of the total study area, while the water bodies had the smallest area, occupying only 1.28% of the area or 274.14 hectares. The remaining categories, namely agricultural lands (non-cultivated), barren lands, and urban lands, occupied areas of 8,277.87,1,441.09, and 4,999.09 hectares, respectively, representing percentages of 19.39%, 3.38%, and 11.71% of the total study area.
Interactive Effect of Deficit Irrigation and Water Quality on Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Red Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitate L.) under Drip Irrigation
Authors: Sabah Sazan H. , Karim Tariq Hama , Tahir Hussain T.
Published: December 2023

Deficit irrigation is emerging as a promising management practice to reduce water use with marginal loss in crop yield. Further, limited studies are available on the combined effect of water deficit and water quality on the water use efficiency of leafy vegetables like red cabbage in the semi-arid climate of Kirkuk. Therefore, this study was initiated to unveil the combined effect of varying deficit irrigation levels (0.5, 0.75, 1, and 1.2 of full irrigation) and two types of water quality (fresh and saline water) on water use efficiency of red cabbage under drip irrigation with two types of emitters. The results indicated that there is a steady increase in fruit yield with an increase in the level of irrigation with saline water over the entire range of applied water. The highest water efficiency was achieved under the combined effect of fresh water and GR and Turbo emitter when the level of applied water at full irrigation was reduced by a factor of 0.5 (20.31 kg/m3)(21.96kg/m3) respectively Furthermore, crop response factor analysis revealed that the red cabbage can tolerate deficit irrigation and produce satisfactory under both fresh and saline water were GR emitter with fresh and saline water given best value (0.627) (0.703) compeer with Turbo emitter with fresh and saline water given (0.292)(0.566)respectively. Additionally, further research is proposed to study the water productivity of red cabbage with saline water and take into account the yield of the same piece of land when the experiment is repeated for several years.
Effect of Spraying Potassium and Selenium on the Vegetative Growth Characteristics of Bean Plant (Phaseolus vulgares L.) Affected by Water Stress
Authors: Hashim Bakr A. , Mohammed Hussein A.
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at the University of Diyala - College of Agriculture - site of graduate students’ research projects during the spring season 2022, for the purpose of studying the effect of spraying the elements selenium and potassium on climbing bean plants in addressing the harmful effect of water stress and its effect on vegetative characteristics (plant height, leaf area, Chlorophyll content, number of leaves and dry weight of the plant) of the bean plant. The experiment was designed according to the split split plot design (RCBD). It was a factorial experiment with three factors. The experimental parameters included the following: Three levels of water stress according to the field capacity (20%)., 40%, 60%) denoted by the symbol (W1, W2, W3) and three levels of spraying with potassium (0, 500, 1000) mg.L-1 denoted by the symbol (K0, K1, K2) and three levels of spraying with selenium (0, 5, 10) are symbolized by (Se0, Se1, Se2), The climbing bean plant was cultivated, and the results showed that water stress at (60%) of the field capacity led to a decrease in the studied characteristics. The triple interaction between the three factors of the study treated the damage of water stress through the presence of an increase in the percentage of all studied vegetative characteristics when spraying with potassium and selenium.
A study of the Effect of Electric Power Plants on the Soil Content of some Heavy Elements (Ni, Pb, Cu, Cd, Zn, Mn, Fe)
Authors: Saloumi Yasser Jassim Hamza , Alabadi Luma Abdalalah Sagban
Published: December 2023

The study was conducted to find out the effect of electric power generation stations on the soil content of heavy elements, where four stations were selected to generate electric power, which included (Al-Diwaniyah power station, Abu Gharq power station, Al-Haidariya power station and Al-Khairat power station) in the city of (Diwaniyah, Babil, Najaf and Karbala). Then four location were chosen within varying distances from the site of each station, which included (20, 50, 100, 200) m. The results showed a clear variation in the concentration of heavy metals in the soils of the sites within the distances between the stations. The results also showed an increase in the soil content of heavy elements in the sites close to each station, which decreased as we moved away from the station site. The results also showed that the soil content of iron and manganese elements fell within the natural limits of the permissible global determinants in all soil samples and their various distances, while the variation in the soil content of copper was within the natural limits except for the soil sites within the distances of 20 and 50 m that were higher than the permissible limit. with it, The lead content of the soil was higher than the permissible limits, except for the soil located within 200 m from the Al-Khairat power station in Karbala. As for the soil content of lead and nickel, all of them were within the permissible limits, except for the soil sites located within the distances of 100 m and 200 m for the two power stations of Al-Khairat and Abu Gharak in Karbala and Babylon, respectively. These increases are attributed to its proximity to pollution sources, which contain fuel combustion products and fly ash high concentrations of some of these heavy elements, in addition to the rocks that make up those soils, on which the soil content of heavy elements depends.
The Effect of Tillage Systems, Type of Organic Fertilizer and the Level of Binary Addition of Nitrogen and Phosphorus on the Growth and Yield of Clover in Gypsum Soil
Authors: Aween Mohammed Jaber , Muhawish Noor Al-Deen Mohammed
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at the research station of the College of Agriculture - University of Tikrit for the agricultural season (2021-2022), and the experiment factors were three, namely: the first factor is tillage systems, as two systems of tillage were applied (no-tillage and Reduced tillage) and the second factor was the type of organic fertilizer and it included (Sheep waste and waste Mushroom), while the third factor was the level of binary addition of nitrogen and phosphorus, and it included three levels of fertilization (0%, 100%, and 125%), according to the fertilizer recommendation. The experiment was carried out according to the split-split plot system with a randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D) and with three replications. The treatments were distributed as follows: tillage systems (NT, RT) in the main plot, and the application of the type of organic fertilizer (O1, O2) In the sub plot, the levels of binary addition of nitrogen and phosphorus (M0, M1, M2) were placed in the sub-sub plots, and the results of the experiment showed that the system of Reduced tillage was significantly superior to the system of no-tillage in all the studied traits, and sheep waste was significantly superior to mushroom waste in All the characteristics of the study, as well as the level of binary addition M2 was significantly superior to the other levels in all the characteristics of the study. The results showed that the treatment (T1O1M2) was significantly superior in all traits of vegetative growth and yield traits of clover plant.
The Wrong Agriculture Practices of Field Crop Farmers Leading to Land Agricultural Deterioration in Samarra District-Salah Al-Din Governorate
Authors: Alsamarrai Hassan Raid Abdulwahab , Al-Ajeeli Sahab Ayed Youssef
Published: December 2023

The study aimed to identify the level of wrong practices of field crop farmers that causing the deterioration of agricultural land in Samarra district, Salah al-Din Governorate, and to identify the level of the practices in each of the following aspects: excessive use of fertilizers, wrong handling of agricultural waste, excessive use of chemical pesticides, wasteful and indiscriminate irrigation of crops, excessive use of agricultural lands, and also to identifying the regression relationship between the practices of the respondents that cause land deterioration and each field of study, as well as identifying the correlation between the level of practices leading to land deterioration and a number of independent variables included in the study. The study population included field crop farmers in Samarra district within the responsibility of the following agricultural sections (Dijlah Agriculture, Tharthar Cultivation, Al-Mutasim Cultivation, and Samarra Cultivation). The number of crop farmers officially registered in the Tharthar Cultivation District reached (500) farmers and in the Samarra Cultivation sections (256) farmers, as the total number of farmers in those two sections reached (756) farmers, of whom a sample of (25%) was randomly selected. The total number of respondents was (189) farmers. Data were collected using a questionnaire specially prepared to reveal the level of practices of field crop farmers that cause land deterioration. To achieve the validity of the scale in both face and content validity, the questionnaire was presented to set of experts The pre-test of the scale was conducted on an exploratory sample consisting of (30) farmers who were randomly selected from the research population outside the research sample. The alpha Cronbach equation was used to measure reliability, with a value of (0.91). The results of the study showed that the level of wrong practices of field crop farmers leading to the deterioration of agricultural land in the Samarra district was medium and tended to rise. The results so showed that the field of excessive use of chemical pesticides is the highest among the other fields with a value of (0.471). The results showed that existence of an inverse significant correlation between those practices and the variables of (number of years of service and participation in training and farmers tendeney towards protecting soil from deterioration). The study recommended for the extension departments in Salah al-Din Governorate and the authorities responsible for the agricultural and environmental sector in it to implement extension activities to provide farmers with the information and expertise necessary to limit these practices and motivate them to stay away from them.
The Effect of the Vertical Distribution of Nutrients for some Soils in Babylon Governorate
Authors: Gaeid Fatimah Ibrahim , Oleiwi Mohammad Sallal , Jubeir Amal Radhi
Published: December 2023

An experiment was conducted at one of Babylon’s farms in Mahaweel, which spanned the coordinates (45o 6′ 40" - 44o 20′ 5") east and (32o 49′ 20" - 32o 25′ 20") north. Al-Mahaweel District is a part of Babylon Governorate in central Iraq. Fifteen pedons were tracked using a GPS device inside the lab. Soil horizon, pedon, and interstitial samples were collected at four depths (0-30, 30-60, 60-90, and 90-120 cm) to investigate the soil’s layered structure. The samples were subsequently subjected to statistical and laboratory analysis. The statistical study revealed that the soil’s nitrogen content was significantly influenced by the horizon and pedon uncles’ bilateral interaction, with the maximum value (53.60 mg kg-1) being found in the AP15 binary overlap treatment. Values of 52.18 and 51.82 mg kg-1 soil were recorded for the AP15 and AP14 two-interference treatments, respectively. The highest value of phosphorus was in the treatment of the binary overlap between horizons and pedons represented by the AP9 treatment, with a value of 43.41 mg kg-1 soil, which did not differ significantly from the binary overlap treatment C2, P7, C2P6, which each had a value of 40.17, 40.33 mg kg-1 soil, while the lowest value of phosphorus was in the treatment of the binary overlap between horizons and pedons represented by the AP9 treatment The lowest result for soil potassium was 159.82 mg kg-1 soil, which was found in the binary interaction treatment C3P15. Iron availability was also increased by the binary interference between horizons and pedons, with the highest value being 13.95 mg kg-1 for the treatment of binary interference AP1, with no significant difference between this value and the values for the two-interference treatments, AP3 and AP2, which were 13.45 and 13.00 mg kg-1, respectively. Iron availability was lowest when horizons and pedons interacted, a phenomenon that was reversed. Copper availability, measured in milligrams per kilogram of soil, was shown to increase significantly where pedologically significant overlap between horizons and pedons was present. The highest value was found in the non-significantly different binary overlap treatment AP3, with values of 6.93, 6.75, and 6.55; the lowest value was found in the two non-significantly different binary overlap treatments C3P15 and C3P14, at 1.02 and 1.00, respectively.
Spatial Distribution of some of the Common Minerals in Saad River Project, Maysan Province, Iraq
Authors: Kazem Russul Tareq , Salah Amal Mohammed
Published: December 2023

The aim of study was to diagnose and study the minerals that present in some of the soils of the Saad River project. The study included choosing a pilot area and taking three movement paths (Transect) in a vertical direction across the Saad River. Each of them passes through the largest number of soil units with the largest area and the most frequent. Nine sites of soil were selected as peduncles for each of the selected paths, with three soil peduncles for each strip path (the first was the shoulder of the river, the second was the river basin, and the third was the depressions). Soil peduncles were described in a fundamental morphological description according to the Soil Science Division Staff Manual (2017). Soil samples were also obtained from each horizon of the peduncles for the purpose of performing some required laboratory analysis. The results of the mineral analysis indicated that the light sand minerals are common, as their percentage ranged 95.80%-98.80%. The predominance was in the carbonate rock fragments in the first place, followed by the quartz minerals in all horizons of the study pedons. Quartz, both monocrystalline and polycrystalline quartz were found. Monocrystalline quartz was dominant in all study pedons, due to its resistance to weathering due to the nature of its chemical bonds, hardness, and lack of cracks, as well as its light weight. For the heavy sand minerals, their percentage was 1.20%-4.20% of the total sand minerals. The opaque minerals prevailed in all the horizons of the soil pedons of the study. The vertical distribution of the opaque minerals in the horizons of the soil pedons showed a heterogeneous distribution. The difference in their percentages may be due to the effect of sedimentation processes, which is a reflection of the state of variation in the physiographic sites and its impact on the mineral content of the sediments and the lack of activity of weathering processes.
The Effect of Bacterial Inoculum and Different Levels of Tillage Depths on the Growth Characteristics of Wheat Plant and the Physical Properties of the Soil
Authors: Majed Rawad , Noni Ghanem Bahlol , Al-Masoudi Ahmed Marza
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was carried out to study the role of the inoculum of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus megaterium under different levels of tillage depths on the physical properties of the soil and in the growth and productivity of wheat plant Triticum aestivum.L. In the Warka district, located in the north of Al-Muthanna Governorate, during the winter season 2022-2023. The factorial experiment was designed with a randomized complete block design within split plots (RCBD) and with three replications. The first factor represented the live inoculum of B. megaterium and B. subtilis with four types (B3, B2, B1, B0) B0 without the addition of inoculum, B1 represents B. megaterium. B2 represents B.subtilis and the fourth treatment B3 included the dual inoculum B1 + B2. the second factor represents tillage depths at with four levels is symbolized by symbols (D1, D2, D3, D4) where D1 represents zero tillage depth, D2 represents a tillage depth of 10 cm, D3 represents a tillage depth of 20 cm, D4 represents a tillage depth of 30 cm. The results showed the following. The B3 pollen treatment, the dual bio-pollination, achieved a significant increase in each of the grain yield, the dry weight of the shoot, the total porosity characteristics, and the bulk density of the soil, as it recorded the highest average rates, (5.600, 11667.8, 53.235, and 1.2486) respectively. The results showed that the tillage factor D4 was significantly superior to the rest of the treatments in most of the studied traits, the dry weight of the vegetation, that the tillage factor D3 was significantly superior to the rest of the treatments the grain yield, while the depth D1 was superior in the two characteristics of the total porosity of the soil and the bulk density, and it gave the following results, respectively. (6.079,11141.1, 58.013, 1.1211). While the treatments of the interaction of the dual vital pollen with the tillage factor D4B3 gave a significant, the dry weight of the vegetation (13204.4) Kg hac-1, and treatments of the interaction of the dual vital pollen with the tillage factor D3B3 gave a significant, the grain yield, of the (6.684) Mg, while the treatment was superior to D1B3 in the two characteristics of the total porosity of the soil and the bulk density. The following results (58.563%,1.1064 Meq m-3) res.
The Effect of Biochar and Extract of Organic Fertilizer on the and Yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Jalal Hawraa Naeem , Jassim Raheem Alwan Halool
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at the second research station of the Faculty of Agriculture at Muthanna University in mixed soil to study the impact of different levels of biochar and organic fertilizer extract in some growth qualities and the yield of the spelt (Triticum aesativum. L) (plant height and leaf area, biomass, grain yeild, weight of 1000 grain, harvest index). The experiment involved the use of four levels of bio-coal (A0,0%) (A1,1.5%) (A2,2%) (A3,2.5%) volume of biochar added on the basis of the size of the soil, and four levels of organic fertilizer extract (0.20,40,80 L) per hectare and its symbol (B0, B1, B2, B3). Compare averages by LSD test at a morale level of 0.05. The results show that there are moral differences in the addition of biochar and organic fertilizer extract and the overlap between them in plant elevation values. The results also indicate that there is a moral effect on the different levels of biochar and organic fertilizer extract and the overlap between them in the values of the science leaf area. The biochar and organic fertilizer extract and their overlap had a moral effect on the grain and biochar quotient. The results also showed a moral effect of adding biochar and organic fertilizer extract in the values of the harvest index. The results also showed that there were moral differences in the addition of biochar in the weight of 1000 grain
The Effect of the Interaction Between PGPR Bacteria, Mycorrhizae, and Oyster Mushroom Residues on the Proportions of Active Ingredients in Coriander Plant Oil (Coriandrum sativum L.) using the Technique of GC/MS-QP2010 Plus
Authors: Abd Asma Hussein , Suhail Faris Mohammad
Published: December 2023

A factorial experiment was carried out in a sandy mixture soil using a completely randomized design (CRD) in the field of the Department of Soil Sciences and Water Resources, College of Agriculture, University of Diyala, in the agricultural season 2022-2023 in order to study the effect of adding Azotobacter, Pseudomonas, Mycorrhizae, and oyster mushroom residues in proportions of the active ingredients of the medicinal coriander plant oil. The results showed a difference in the number and proportions of the active compounds according to the different treatments of the experiment. Where the treatments of comparison and fertilizer recommendation achieved a decrease in the number of oil-forming active compounds, all treatments were superior by giving the highest number of oil compounds and their proportions compared to the comparison and fertilizer recommendation. The treatment of the bacterial mixture and oyster mushroom residues with mycorrhizae recorded the highest number of components, reaching 171 compounds, with an increase in the proportions of all compounds. The compound 9-Octadecenoic acid, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester, recorded the highest percentage, which amounted to 20.71%, followed by the compound (E)-9-Octadecenoic acid ethyl ester with a percentage of 16.69%, compared to the comparison and fertilizer recommendation treatments, which recorded (13.33, 14.33%), respectively, and the percentage of Linalool was 2.30% compared to the comparison and fertilizer recommendation treatments, which gave (2.13, 0.95%), respectively.
Effect of Vertical Boom Position of the Greenhouse Sprayer on the Penetration of Spray to the Eggplants Canopy
Authors: Oun Dahfer Ali , Subr Alaa
Published: December 2023

The research objective focuses on spraying the leaves of the plant from the top and bottom through a spraying machine designed and made of aluminum with a movable arm equipped with a nozzle holder divided into three parts and each piece contains a nozzle of the type (Flat Fan 120-C3) as the machine was tried in a greenhouse with a study of the effect of changing the positions of the upper and lower piece of the tube carrying the nozzles to four levels (A1, A2, A3, A4) and the effect of pressure change on two levels (2,4) bar and studying the effect of the previous factors on some of the characteristics of the study, Spray quality on adaxial of leaf, Spray quality on the abaxial surface of a leaf, spraying on all test sheets placed on the eggplant plant. The experimental design is RCBD according to the SPLIT-PLOT system and for three repeaters using the least significant difference (LSD) with a probability level of 0.05. The results showed that the A2 situation was significantly superior to all the studied qualities, and the pressure (4 bar) was significantly superior to all the studied qualities. As for the interaction position of boom (A4) with the pressure of (4bars), its result in all qualities was less than the rest of the coefficients, and it is not significant at the level of (0.05).
Environmental Sustainability Analysis: A Theoretical Review of Emissions and Sanitation Management in Realizing Sustainable Tourism at Turtle Tourism Beaches in West Sumatra, Indonesia
Authors: Mubarak A , Saputra B , Frinaldi A , Suryani A
Published: December 2023

The importance of sanitation and management of emission waste in realizing environmental sustainability is a must, especially in tourism areas. Creating the concept of sustainable tourism, one of the leading indicators, must pay attention to aspects of environmental sustainability. The purpose of this research is to analyze environmental sustainability in realizing sustainable tourism in terms of sanitation waste management and emissions in the turtle beach tourism object area in Nagari Ampiang Parak, West Sumatra. The methodology uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive type. Data collection through interviews, documentation studies, and field observations. Determinate informants using a purposive sampling technique (organizer/manager informants) and snowball sampling (tour visitor informants and the surrounding community). Data were analyzed using source triangulation. The results of the study show that sanitation waste management using communal septic tanks can have a positive impact on environmental sustainability and the sustainability of turtle hatchery. Meanwhile, emission problems can be minimized by reforestation and improving the environment around coastal tourism areas by planting ketapang trees, mangroves, and sea cypress. The activities mentioned above have proven to positively impact environmental sustainability in the turtle beach tourism area of West Sumatra, Indonesia.
Automated- closed canopy chamber for measuring photosynthesis and transpiration responses of ornamental plants to soil aeration
Authors: Hu J , Obayashi S , Matsumoto H , Inoue T , Toda S , Takayama K
Published: December 2023

A system was developed for measuring the time course of photosynthesis and transpiration. The system was applied to ornamental plants in an office under different root environmental conditions: soil and non-soil aerations. This system composes an automated-closed chamber and a sensing unit. The shoot part of a fully grown ornamental plant enclosed by a transparent film in the chamber. Two circulation fans are installed at the center of the chamber to continuously stir the air. One ventilation fan located at the bottom of the chamber to exhaust air and create an upward airflow in the chamber. When the ventilation fan is turned off, the chamber becomes a closed space. The changes in the concentrations of CO2 and H2O during the period over which the chamber is closed are used to calculate the photosynthesis and transpiration rates of the plant. Two types of ornamental indoor plants were observed under the aforementioned root conditions. Soil aeration was found to produce an increase in the photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, and total conductance. These results indicate that the measuring system could be a particularly helpful tool for evaluating temporal changes in the photosynthesis and transpiration of ornamental plants in an indoor environment.
Earth-fill Dam Seepage Safety Risk Assessment: Randugunting Dam, Blora
Authors: Maulana M R , Hidajat W K , Santi N
Published: December 2023

Earth-fill dam, the most common dam, is constructed primarily using compacted earth materials from surrounding areas. Despite its simplicity, these dams have higher chances of failures caused by seepage or sliding. Randugunting Dam is an earth-fill dam located in the northern part of Blora, Central Java. This dam was built to accommodate irrigation and domestic needs in Blora, Pati, and Rembang Regencies. This study is conducted to monitor and assess the present Randugunting Dam’s seepage condition using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and calculate the seepage safety factor. Geological and engineering geological mapping are combined by coring data to understand the rock and soil characteristics of the main dam location. The seepage rate analysis is conducted using Finite Element Analysis on GeoStudio 2021 SEEP/W. The results showed that Randugunting’s main dam and reservoir area primarily comprises calcareous siltstone, carbonaceous sandstone, claystone, and limestone. Weathering rates in this area range from slightly weathered to highly weathered. The seepage rate from FEA ranges from 4.39 - 5.31 litre/s and calculation of safety factor along the Randugunting Main Dam is 4.49. Those values are considered to be safe. Installing blanket type of horizontal drain and seepage berm can act as prevention step in the future.
The application of ionization technology to reduce water pollutant level of domestic wastewater
Authors: Syakur A , Faradila R , Huboyo H S
Published: December 2023

Increased human activity in households leads to an increase in the amount of wastewater. Domestic wastewater comes from organic matter, namely food waste and detergents which contain high total suspended solids phosphorus (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD). This can reduce environmental quality if the waste is disposed of directly without prior treatment. one of the treatments is by applying ionization. Ionization technology is used in the treatment process by using ions, high energy electrons, and active species to remove color and organic compounds through the flow of direct current (DC) from the anode to the cathode. This series of studies connects ionization technology with contact times of 30 and 60 minutes with an electric voltage of 20 kV which aims to reduce the level of wastewater pollutants in the Tunjungsari 2 Tembalang boarding house. Among the analyzed wastewater parameters, we succeeded in reducing wastewater pollutants, namely TSS removal reached 54.85%, BOD 85.99%, COD 79.45%, ammonia 55.06%, fatty oil 78.77%, total coliform 85.71% and pH conditions increased in value up to 54.38%. For optimal results, it is better to improve the ionization technology series from procedures to analysis.
(Re)drawing The Community-based Environment
Authors: Ardianta D A , Yatmo Y A , Atmodiwirjo P
Published: December 2023

This paper argues that the ‘continuous idea’ is related to community-based environmental quality improvement. This argument is based on the view that environmental conditions do not start from a blank canvas that is responded to with new ideas that are finished, but rather a canvas that has traces of previous ideas and should be positioned as an unfinished condition. The act of re-reading, re-defining, and re-articulating will encourage the improvement of environmental quality with the potential of the context. This study uses Kampung Ketandan, Surabaya, Indonesia, as a case study. Kampung Ketandan has undergone a process of re-articulation of its environment. The replacement and reconstruction of the joglo building in the middle of the kampung triggered an improvement in the quality of the environment in terms of cleanliness, health, and greenery. The findings of this study reveal that behind the improvement in the quality of the environment, there are essential triggers, including redrawing the idea of collaboration and the vision, which is based on the act of revisiting the idea of ownership. The findings suggest the importance of understanding and applying intransitive perspectives in maintaining environmental quality.
Enhancing airport environmental sustainability through net zero energy building principles
Authors: Pandiangan M L , Kurniawan T A , Aurelia A , Rasya T
Published: December 2023

Airports play a crucial role in Indonesia, an archipelagic country, by connecting various regions, especially those separated by vast oceans. The extensive scale of airport construction directly influences environmental conditions, making environmental preservation and sustainability essential considerations. Hence, implementing the net zero energy building principle in airports, particularly in Indonesia, becomes imperative to enhance environmental sustainability. This study focused on Yogyakarta International Airport (YIA), a facility that has achieved Greenship Gold certification, making it a suitable case for investigating the application of net zero energy building principles. Adapting the net zero building concept to complex airport structures presents challenges. Besides using rating tools, simulation modeling offers a performance-based approach to assess the application of net zero energy building principles effectively. We used quantitative method by utilizing software like EDGE to simulate net zero energy buildings and identify optimal performance strategies for YIA. The study’s outcomes comprised an analysis of the net zero energy building model, providing valuable insights for developing specific guidelines on net zero energy principles in airport terminal buildings. This research aimed to expand knowledge on net zero building performance at airports, contributing to the development of guidelines for net zero airport terminal criteria.
The potential of infiltration wells to reduce runoff in apartment and hotel buildings in Semarang City
Authors: Syahputra B , Satrio E M , Adi T A N , Rahmaddiansyah V A
Published: December 2023

Besides being used as groundwater recharge, infiltration wells function as runoff controllers. This study aims to analyze the runoff of apartment and hotel buildings in Semarang City. The method used to calculate rain intensity is the Mononobe method. The value of the flow coefficient is calculated using the Hassing method, while the standard used to calculate infiltration wells is SNI 03-2453-2002 concerning infiltration wells. Based on groundwater depth and soil permeability, seven apartment and hotel buildings are not suitable for implementing infiltration wells, namely: H2, H3, H4, H5, H6, H8, and H10. The remaining three buildings are feasible, namely: H1, H7, and H9. Runoff discharges in apartment and hotel buildings in Semarang City that are eligible to use infiltration wells are H1 at 0.13 m3/sec, H7 at 0.18 m3/sec, and H9 at 0.10 m3/sec. While the discharge of water that seeps through the infiltration wells with a minimum permeability of 0.168 m/hour is 1.71 m3/hour and the value of the discharge of water that seeps through the infiltration wells with a maximum permeability of 5.083 m/hour is 51.89 m3/hour.
Quality of paving blocks soaking water made from medical waste incineration ash
Authors: Rachmawati S , Syafrudin S , Budiyono B
Published: December 2023

Given the ash level of medical waste incineration utilized as a raw material mixture that contains metal compounds, dumping the paving block immersion water into rivers could result in a drop in water quality. The purpose of this study is to evaluate water quality during immersion of paving blocks made from medical waste incineration ash. Water quality was measured by five measurements in water before immersion, soaking for 7 days, 14 days, 21 days, and 28 days. The test method used is in accordance with SNI 6989-84:2019. The metal compounds examined in this study were Pb (lead), Copper (Cu), Nickel (Ni), and cadmium (Cd). Laboratory tests were conducted at the Jasa Tirta I Environmental Laboratory and the Sukoharjo Environmental Service. It can be concluded that there is no pollution due to heavy metals contained in paving blocks. The results show that the soaking water for 7 to 28 days is still below the specified quality, so paving block-making activities using a mixture of medical waste incineration ashes can be carried out. The need for other studies measuring the levels of other metals such as Cr, Hg, Sn, Ti, and Zn.
Synthesis of BiFeO3/ZnMgAl-LDH nanocomposite for instantaneous decolorization of methylene blue by ultrasonic induced adsorption system: characterization and equilibrium studies
Authors: Abdelrahman Asmaa A , Salem Heba M , Abukhadra Mostafa R , El-Sherbeeny Ahmed M , Zoubi Wail Al , Rabie Abdelrahman M
Published: December 2023

The bismuth ferrite/ZnMgAl-LDH (BFO/LDH) nanocomposite was successfully synthesized in the in situ co-precipitation method as an enhanced adsorbent of methylene blue dye under sonication interference. The synthetic structure was deeply characterized by different structural, chemical, textural, and physical techniques, including XRD, FT-IR, Raman analysis, BET surface area TEM, and XPS. The charterization findings describe the formation of the composite as magnetic spherical-like nanoparticles with a grain size less than 100 nm, a surface area of 13.4 m2 g–1, and multifunctional active chemical groups. The composite was applied to adsorb methylene blue (MB) via adsorption from an aqueous solution. MB adsorption experiments were conducted in an ultrasonic bath, and the effect of various adsorption parameters such as composite dosage, pH, time, and initial dye concentration has been briefly studied. The result indicated that pH 12 is more optimal for MB adsorption. The adsorption kinetics of the composite are determined to be pseudo-second-order. Furthermore, BFO/LDH composites exhibit a higher adsorption capacity (244.49 mg g−1) under optimal conditions. The equilibrium adsorption isotherm follows the Langmuir isotherm model. The results indicate that the prepared BFO/LDH composite provides a novel effective adsorbent for MB from aqueous media and could be applied for actual wastewater purification.
Forward modelling of the Cotton-Mouton effect polarimetry on EAST tokamak
Authors: SHEN 沈 Minyong 敏勇 , ZHANG 张 Jibo 际波 , ZHANG 张 Yao 耀 , JIE 揭 Yinxian 银先 , LIU 刘 Haiqing 海庆 , XIE 谢 Jinlin 锦林 , DING 丁 Weixing 卫星
Published: December 2023

Measurement of plasma electron density by far-infrared laser polarimetry has become a routine and indispensable tool in magnetic confinement fusion research. This article presents the design of a Cotton-Mouton polarimeter interferometer, which provides a reliable density measurement without fringe jumps. Cotton-Mouton effect on Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) is studied by Stokes equation with three parameters

. It demonstrates that under the condition of a small Cotton-Mouton effect, parameter

contains information about Cotton-Mouton effect which is proportional to the line-integrated density. For a typical EAST plasma, the magnitude of Cotton-Mouton effects is less than 2

for laser wavelength of 432

. Refractive effect due to density gradient is calculated to be negligible. Time modulation of Stokes parameters (

,

) provides heterodyne measurement. Due to the instabilities arising from laser oscillation and beam refraction in plasmas, it is necessary for the system to be insensitive to variations in the amplitude of the detection signal. Furthermore, it is shown that non-equal amplitude of X-mode and O-mode within a certain range only affects the DC offset of Stokes parameters (

,

) but does not greatly influence the phase measurements of Cotton-Mouton effects.
Advances in carbon quantum dot technology for food safety: preparation, modification, applications and mechanisms
Authors: Sun Qian Yun , Cheng Jin Xin , Qi Si Yu , Chen Jin Feng , Hu Ding Yu
Published: December 2023

Functionalized carbon quantum dots (CQDs) show great potential for application in the field of food safety. CQDs have attracted widespread attention in this regard due to the wide range of sources of raw materials for their synthesis, and their good biocompatibility and stable fluorescence. This paper analyses the properties of CQDs and compares with those of conventional semiconductor quantum dots (SCQDs). It analyses the similarities and differences between hydrothermal carbonization, pyrolysis and microwave-assisted synthesis of CQDs, and reviews the principles and methods of functionalization of CQDs through surface modification and doping. Finally, it discusses the applications of functionalized CQDs in food safety, such as detection and sensing, bio-inhibition and photocatalytic degradation, and the mechanisms of detection.
Comparative Law: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Ragone Sabrina , Smorto Guido
Published: December 2023

In this Very Short Introduction, Sabrina Ragone and Guido Smorto explore the objectives, methods, and uses of comparative law. Following an overview of the fundamental definitions, key concepts, and basic lexicon of the discipline, Ragone and Smorto analyse the most successful techniques adopted for mapping the world’s legal systems and for explaining legal change and diffusion of law, also providing a concise account of the distinct legal traditions. They examine the alternative methodologies employed for comparative inquiries, explaining how these choices contribute in assessing differences and similarities. Finally, they discuss the practical uses of comparative law, describing how legal comparison is employed in both law-making and adjudication.
What is a revolution?
Authors: Goldstone Jack A.
Published: December 2023

This chapter examines how revolutions differ from other events involving political conflict: peasant revolts, urban uprisings, elite rebellions, coups d’etat, civil wars, and reform movements. It offers a definition of revolution, allowing for how revolutions have evolved over time.
What causes revolutions?
Authors: Goldstone Jack A.
Published: December 2023

This chapter provides an examination of revolution as a complex emergent process, noting the resilience of societies in stable equilibrium vs. the vulnerability of societies in unstable equilibrium. It covers both structural and transient causes of revolutions.
Revolutions of the Renaissance and Reformation
Authors: Goldstone Jack A.
Published: December 2023

Revolutions resumed in Europe in the Renaissance and Reformation, first in the Italian city-states, especially in Florence. Religion played a key role in these revolutions, for example in Savonarola’s “bonfire of the vanities.” Most important were the English Revolution of 1640 and the Glorious Revolution that followed it in 1688-89. The Glorious Revolution produced the English Bill of Rights, which later influenced the American and French Revolutions.
Constitutional revolutions: America, France, Europe (1830 and 1848), and Meiji Japan
Authors: Goldstone Jack A.
Published: December 2023

The eighteenth century began an era in which revolutions focused on producing written constitutions designed to limit or replace the power of Kings by vesting power in elected officials. Such revolutions occurred in America in 1776, in France in 1789, in several European countries in 1830 and 1848, and in Japan in 1868.
Revolutions against dictators: Mexico, Nicaragua, and Iran
Authors: Goldstone Jack A.
Published: December 2023

Modern dictatorships have also proven vulnerable to revolutions, with varied outcomes. Important cases include the Mexican Revolution, which produced a capitalist, one-party regime; the Nicaraguan Revolution, which produced a competitive multi-party state at first but ended in a personal dictatorship; and the Iranian Islamic Revolution, which produced the religiously led, semi-authoritarian Islamic Republic.
Differentiable rotamer sampling with molecular force fields
Authors: Sha Congzhou M , Wang Jian , Dokholyan Nikolay V
Published: December 2023

Molecular dynamics (MD) is the primary computational method by which modern structural biology explores macromolecule structure and function. Boltzmann generators have been proposed as an alternative to MD, by replacing the integration of molecular systems over time with the training of generative neural networks. This neural network approach to MD enables convergence to thermodynamic equilibrium faster than traditional MD; however, critical gaps in the theory and computational feasibility of Boltzmann generators significantly reduce their usability. Here, we develop a mathematical foundation to overcome these barriers; we demonstrate that the Boltzmann generator approach is sufficiently rapid to replace traditional MD for complex macromolecules, such as proteins in specific applications, and we provide a comprehensive toolkit for the exploration of molecular energy landscapes with neural networks.
ICBcomb: a comprehensive expression database for immune checkpoint blockade combination therapy
Authors: Xia Yun , Gao Yan , Liu Ming-Yu , Li Lei , Pan Wen , Mao Ling-Zi , Yang Zhongzheng , Yang Mei , Guo An-Yuan
Published: December 2023

The success of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) promotes the immunotherapy to be a new pillar in cancer treatment. However, the low response rate of the ICB therapy limits its application. To increase the response rate and enhance efficacy, the ICB combination therapy has emerged and its clinical trials are increasing. Nevertheless, the gene expression profile and its pattern of ICB combination were not comprehensively studied, which limits the understanding of the ICB combination therapy and the identification of new drugs. Here, we constructed ICBcomb (http://bioinfo.life.hust.edu.cn/ICBcomb/), a comprehensive database, by analyzing the human and mouse expression data of the ICB combination therapy and comparing them between groups treated with ICB, other drugs or their combinations. ICBcomb contains 1399 samples across 29 cancer types involving 52 drugs. It provides a user-friendly web interface for demonstrating the results of the available comparisons in the ICB combination therapy datasets with five functional modules: [1, 2] the ‘Dataset/Disease’ modules for browsing the expression, enrichment and comparison results in each dataset or disease; [3] the ‘Gene’ module for inputting a gene symbol and displaying its expression and comparison results across datasets/diseases; [4] the ‘Gene Set’ module for GSVA/GSEA enrichment analysis on the built-in gene sets and the user-input gene sets in different comparisons; [5] the ‘Immune Cell’ module for immune cell infiltration comparison between different groups by immune cell abundance analysis. The ICBcomb database provides the first resource for gene expression profile and comparison in ICB combination therapy, which may provide clues for discovering the mechanism of effective combination strategies and new combinatory drugs.