bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Colorectal Cancer Screening Among the Homeless Population of New York City Shelter-Based Clinics
Authors: Asgary Ramin , Garland Victoria , Jakubowski Andrea , Sckell Blanca
Published: May 2014

Objectives. We determined colorectal cancer (CRC) screening rates, predictors, and barriers in 2 major New York City shelter-based clinics.

Methods. We extracted screening rates, sociodemographic characteristics, and factors associated with homelessness from medical records of domiciled and homeless patients aged 50 years and older (n = 443) with at least 3 clinic visits between 2010 and 2012.

Results. The majority of patients were African American or Hispanic, 76% were male, and 60.7% were homeless (mean = 2.4 years; SD = 2.8 years). Domiciled patients were more likely than homeless patients to be screened (41.3% vs 19.7%; P < .001). Homeless and domiciled patients received equal provider counseling, but more homeless patients declined screening (P < .001). In logistic regression, gender, race, duration of homelessness, insurance status, substance and alcohol abuse, chronic diseases, and mental health were not associated with screening, but housing, provider counseling, and older age were.

Conclusions. Proposed interventions to improve CRC screening include respite shelter rooms for colonoscopy prepping, patient navigators to help navigate the health system and accompany patients to and from the procedure, counseling at all clinical encounters, and tailored patient education to address misconceptions.
Rates and Predictors of Suicidal Ideation During the First Year After Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Mackelprang Jessica L. , Bombardier Charles H. , Fann Jesse R. , Temkin Nancy R. , Barber Jason K. , Dikmen Sureyya S.
Published: May 2014

Objectives. We examined rates of suicidal ideation (SI) after traumatic brain injury (TBI) and investigated whether demographic characteristics, preinjury psychiatric history, or injury-related factors predicted SI during the first year after injury.

Methods. We followed a cohort of 559 adult patients who were admitted to Harborview Medical Center in Seattle, Washington, with a complicated mild to severe TBI between June 2001 and March 2005. Participants completed structured telephone interviews during months 1 through 6, 8, 10, and 12 after injury. We assessed SI using item 9 of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9).

Results. Twenty-five percent of the sample reported SI during 1 or more assessment points. The strongest predictor of SI was the first PHQ-8 score (i.e., PHQ-9 with item 9 excluded) after injury. Other significant multivariate predictors included a history of a prior suicide attempt, a history of bipolar disorder, and having less than a high school education.

Conclusions. Rates of SI among individuals who have sustained a TBI exceed those found among the general population. Increased knowledge of risk factors for SI may assist health care providers in identifying patients who may be vulnerable to SI after TBI.
Obesity and the Natural Environment Across US Counties
Authors: von Hippel Paul , Benson Rebecca
Published: May 2014

Objectives. We estimated the association between obesity and features of the natural environment. We asked whether the association is mediated by diet or by physical activity.

Methods. Using county-level data from the contiguous United States, we regressed adult obesity prevalence on 9 measures of the natural environment. Our regression model accounted for spatial correlation, and controlled for county demographics and the built environment. We included physical activity and diet (proxied by food purchases) as potential mediators.

Results. Obesity was more prevalent in counties that are hot in July or cold in January. To a lesser degree, obesity was more prevalent in counties that are dark in January or rainy (but not snowy) year-round. Other aspects of the natural environment—including wind, trees, waterfront, and hills and mountains—had little or no association with obesity. Nearly all of the association between obesity and the natural environment was mediated by physical activity; none was mediated by diet.

Conclusions. Hot summers and cold winters appear to promote obesity by discouraging physical activity. Attempts to encourage physical activity should compensate for the effects of extreme temperatures.
Adding Evidence-Based Behavioral Weight Loss Strategies to a Statewide Wellness Campaign: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Leahey Tricia M. , Thomas Graham , Fava Joseph L. , Subak Leslee L. , Schembri Michael , Krupel Katie , Kumar Rajiv , Weinberg Brad , Wing Rena R.
Published: May 2014

Objectives. We determined the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of adding an evidence-based Internet behavioral weight loss intervention alone or combined with optional group sessions to ShapeUp Rhode Island 2011 (SURI), a 3-month statewide wellness campaign.

Methods. We randomized participants (n = 230; body mass index = 34.3 ±6.8 kg/m2; 84% female) to the standard SURI program (S) or to 1 of 2 enhanced programs: SURI plus Internet behavioral program (SI) or SI plus optional group sessions (SIG). The primary outcome was weight loss at the end of the 3-month program.

Results. Weight losses differed among all 3 conditions (S: 1.1% ±0.9%; SI: 4.2% ±0.6%; SIG: 6.1% ±0.6%; Ps ≤ .04). Both SI and SIG increased the percentage of individuals who achieved a 5% weight loss (SI: 42%; SIG: 54%; S: 7%; Ps < .001). Cost per kilogram of weight loss was similar for S ($39) and SI ($35); both were lower than SIG ($114).

Conclusions. Although weight losses were greatest at the end of SURI with optional group sessions, the addition of an Internet behavioral program was the most cost-effective method to enhance weight losses.
Examining the Impact of the Walking School Bus With an Agent-Based Model
Authors: Yang Yong , Diez-Roux Ana , Evenson Kelly R. , Colabianchi Natalie
Published: May 2014

We used an agent-based model to examine the impact of the walking school bus (WSB) on children’s active travel to school. We identified a synergistic effect of the WSB with other intervention components such as an educational campaign designed to improve attitudes toward active travel to school. Results suggest that to maximize active travel to school, children should arrive on time at “bus stops” to allow faster WSB walking speeds. We also illustrate how an agent-based model can be used to identify the location of routes maximizing the effects of the WSB on active travel. Agent-based models can be used to examine plausible effects of the WSB on active travel to school under various conditions and to identify ways of implementing the WSB that maximize its effectiveness.
Gender-Specific Associations of Objective and Perceived Neighborhood Characteristics With Body Mass Index and Waist Circumference Among Older Adults in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing
Authors: Bell Joshua A. , Hamer Mark , Shankar Aparna
Published: May 2014

Objectives. We sought to determine whether objective and perceived neighborhood characteristics are independently associated with obesity indicators among older adults and whether associations differ by gender.

Methods. Linear regression was used to examine mutually adjusted associations of objective area-level neighborhood deprivation and perceived individual-level neighborhood disorder in 2002–2003 with body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) 2 years later among 6297 community-dwelling older adults in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing.

Results. Associations between neighborhood characteristics and obesity indicators were evident for women only. Being in the most deprived quintile of neighborhood deprivation was associated with a BMI that was 1.18 kilograms per meters squared higher (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.54, 1.83) and a WC that was 2.42 centimeters higher (95% CI = 0.90, 3.94) at follow-up in women after adjustment for baseline health status, socioeconomic factors, and neighborhood disorder. Neighborhood disorder was not independently associated with BMI or WC.

Conclusions. Among women, greater objective neighborhood deprivation was independently associated with higher BMI and WC after 2 years. Public efforts to reduce obesity among community-dwelling older women may benefit most from addressing objective residential characteristics, over and above subjective perceptions.
Evaluation of Bias in Estimates of Early Childhood Obesity From Parent-Reported Heights and Weights
Authors: Rendall Michael S. , Weden Margaret M. , Lau Christopher , Brownell Peter , Nazarov Zafar , Fernandes Meenakshi
Published: May 2014

Objectives. We evaluated bias in estimated obesity prevalence owing to error in parental reporting. We also evaluated bias mitigation through application of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s biologically implausible value (BIV) cutoffs.

Methods. We simulated obesity prevalence of children aged 2 to 5 years in 2 panel surveys after counterfactually substituting parameters estimated from 1999–2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data for prevalence of extreme height and weight and for proportions obese in extreme height or weight categories.

Results. Heights reported below the first and fifth height-for-age percentiles explained between one half and two thirds, respectively, of total bias in obesity prevalence. Bias was reduced by one tenth when excluding cases with height-for-age and weight-for-age BIVs and by one fifth when excluding cases with body mass–index-for-age BIVs. Applying BIVs, however, resulted in incorrect exclusion of nonnegligible proportions of obese children.

Conclusions. Correcting the reporting of children’s heights in the first percentile alone may reduce overestimation of early childhood obesity prevalence in surveys with parental reporting by one half to two thirds. Excluding BIVs has limited effectiveness in mitigating this bias.
Perspectives on the Role of Patient-Centered Medical Homes in HIV Care
Authors: Pappas Gregory , Yujiang Jia , Seiler Naomi , Malcarney Mary-Beth , Horton Katherine , Shaikh Irshad , Freehill Gunther , Alexander Carla , Akhter Mohammad N. , Hidalgo Julia
Published: May 2014

To strengthen the quality of HIV care and achieve improved clinical outcomes, payers, providers, and policymakers should encourage the use of patient-centered medical homes (PCMHs), building on the Ryan White CARE Act Program established in the 1990s.

The rationale for a PCMH with HIV-specific expertise is rooted in clinical complexity, HIV’s social context, and ongoing gaps in HIV care. Existing Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program clinicians are prime candidates to serve HIV PCMHs, and HIV-experienced community-based organizations can play an important role.

Increasingly, state Medicaid programs are adopting a PCMH care model to improve access and quality to care. Stakeholders should consider several important areas for future action and research with regard to development of the HIV PCMH.
Study on Friction and Wear Properties of Pantograph Strip/Copper Contact Wire for High-Speed Train
Authors: Ding Tao , Xuan Wenjing , He Qiudong , Wu Hao , Xiong Wei
Published: May 2014

A series of experiments on friction and wear properties of carbon strip rubbing against copper contact wire is
performed on high-speed friction and wear tester with electric current. The results show that the friction coefficient is
generally maintained between 0.24 and 0.37. In the absence of electric current, the coefficient of friction is higher than
that in the presence of electric current. The wear rate of carbon strip materials is generally not more than 0.014g/km. In
particular, the wear rate under the electric current of 240 A is 14 times more than that in the absence of electric current.
By observing the scar of worn surface with optical microscope, it can be found that there are obvious slip scars and arc
erosive pits. The dominated wear mechanisms are abrasive wear and arc erosion in electrical sliding frictional process.
Modeling and Simulation of Main Control Valve Mechanism of LNG Ship Steam Turbine
Authors: Cao Hui
Published: May 2014

A mathematical model and simulation analysis on main control valve mechanism of LNG ship steam turbine
are carried out. A reasonable modeling division of main control valve mechanism is achieved in accordance with the idea
of modular modeling, and all the models are established respectively. The modeling division includes cam lifting
mechanism, oil actuator and double-valve body. The state space equations are used successfully to describe the servo
system of main hydraulic valves and to reveal their dynamic process. Finally, the simulation modules are combined
according to the structure and function of main control valve mechanism in Matlab/Simulink environment. By comparing
experimental data and calculated data, the simulation results meet the accuracy requirements.
Research of the Influential Factors on the Simulation of Storm Surge in
the Bohai Sea
Authors: Ding Yumei , Wei Hao
Published: May 2014

A hindcast of typical extratropical storm surge occurring in the Bohai Sea in Oct. 2003 is performed using a
three-dimensional storm surge model system based on Finite-Volume Coastal Ocean Model (FVCOM). The surface winds
are obtained from the WRF data set. Some preliminary sensitivity studies of the influential factors affecting the storm
surge simulation in the Bohai Sea are conducted with the high revolution numerical model of storm surge. The factors of
tide-surge interaction, the wind stress, the water depth, the bottom drag coefficient and the critical depth in the model are
studied. After considering the tide-wind interaction and the severe wind, the most important influential factor affecting the
storm surge in the Bohai Sea is the bottom drag coefficient. These sensitivity studies indicate that the storm surge
simulations depend critically on the parameterizations. Hence additional experimental guidance is required on the bottom
drag coefficient. This study is useful for the storm surge simulation in order to select the proper parameter to make
possible a good conservation behavior of the storm surge model.
Double Axis Cephalocondylic Fixation of Stable and Unstable Intertrochanteric Fractures: Early Results in 60 Cases with the Veronail System
Authors: Kouzelis Α. , Kravvas A. , Mylonas S. , Giannikas D. , Panagopoulos A.
Published: May 2014

Introduction:

This prospective case-series, without control group, study presents our early experience in the treatment of both stable and unstable peri-trochanteric fractures with a new cephalocondylic implant; the Veronail system.

Materials & Methods:

Enrolment in our study was from January 2008 through September 2009, with follow-up until October 2011 (at least 1 year). During this period 65 consecutively patients with a fracture in the trochanteric region of the femur (31.A1, A2 and A3 according to AO classification) were surgically managed and prospectively followed up for at least one year. Average age was 78 years old (range 42 to 93) with 40 female and 25 male patients. All patients were surgically treated using the Veronail system. Demographic and nursery data such as pre-existing illness, previous ambulatory status, type of anaesthesia, duration of surgery, volume of blood loss, transfusions, length of hospital stay, time to union and overall complications were systematically recorded and analysed.

Results:

Mean follow up was 17 months (range, 12 to 23 months). Radiological evaluation was performed at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months postoperatively, as well as at the last follow up visit. Clinical outcome was assessed using the parameters of Harris Hip score. Solid union was achieved in 57/60 patients (95%) at a mean time of 12.5 weeks. Two fractures did not progress to union. There were 3 superficial infections and 1 deep infection; all were successfully managed with appropriate antibiotic treatment. The Harris hip score at the last follow up visit was excellent or good in 46 (77%) of the patients.

Conclusions:

In the face of the good clinical and radiological results we consider the Veronail system to be of particular interest and perfectly adapted in primary surgery for both elderly and young patients.
Increase of Sodium Channels (Nav 1.8 and Nav 1.9) in Rat Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons Exposed to Autologous Nucleus Pulposus
Authors: Watanabe Kazuyuki , Larsson Karin , Rydevik Björn , Konno Shin-ichi , Nordborg Claes , Olmarker Kjell
Published: May 2014

Purpose:

It has been assumed that nucleus pulposus-induced activation of the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) may be related to an activation of sodium channels in the DRG neurons. In this study we assessed the expression of Nav 1.8 and Nav 1.9 following disc puncture.

Method:

Thirty female Sprague-Dawley rats were used. The L4/L5 disc was punctured by a needle (n=12) and compared to a sham group without disc puncture (n=12) and a naive group (n=6). At day 1 and 7, sections of the left L4 DRG were immunostained with anti-Nav 1.8 and Nav 1.9 antibodies.

Result:

At day 1 after surgery, both Nav 1.8-IR neurons and Nav 1.9-IR neurons were significantly increased in the disc puncture group compared to the sham and naive groups (p<0.05), but not at day 7.

Conclusion:

The findings in the present study demonstrate a neuronal mechanism that may be of importance in the pathophysiology of sciatic pain in disc herniation.
Experimental Investigation of Heat Transfer Characteristics of Calcined Petroleum Coke Fin-and-Tube Waste Heat Exchanger
Authors: Zheng Bin , Liu Yongqi , Liu Ruixiang , Wang Zuofeng , Wang Zuoren , Yu Rujun , Qi Xiaoni
Published: May 2014

The experimental system of waste heat utilization exchanger, installed in the tank calcined furnace, was built.
The heat transfer coefficient of heat exchanger, temperature distribution of calcined petroleum coke and utilization ratio of
waste heat were systematically studied. The results showed that with the increase of calcined petroleum coke velocity, the
heat transfer coefficient of heat exchanger increases. The utilization ratio of waste heat increases first and then decreases.
With the increase of water velocity, the heat transfer coefficient of heat exchanger increases. Compared with light-andtube
heat exchanger, the heat transfer performances of fin-and-tube heat exchanger increase. The average steam producing
rate and the average utilization ratio of waste heat increase. The average temperature of calcined petroleum coke in heat
exchanger outlet decreases. The uniformity degree of temperature in heat exchanger outlet increases.
Leptospira infections in cattle at the territory of Belgrade in the period from 2000. to 2010
Authors: Vojinovic Dragica , Jovicic Dubravka , Djuricic Bosiljka , Ilic Zivka , Samokovlija Ana
Published: May 2014

Examining of blood samples on leptospirosis were carried out at big public
property farms located in four Belgrade municipalities: Palilula, Surcin,
Zemun, Obrenovac, as well as in private sector which, besides the above
mentioned, included the additional five municipalities: Mladenovac, Grocka,
Cukarica, Zvezdara and Lazarevac. Research on leptospira infections in cattle
was carried out in the period from 2000. to 2010., at the territory of
Belgrade. Serological examination of 123.971 cattle blood samples was done.
The number of seropositive animals was 1.132 (0.91%). The biggest number of
seropositive samples was noticed at Palilula (498), then in Surcin (245),
Obrenovac (183), Zemun (177), and the least, only two in Zvezdara
municipality. In the cattle, serovariety Leptospira grippotyphosa found in
459 blood samples (40.54%) dominated, then came Leptospira
icterohaemorrhagiae 356 (31.44%), Leptospira pomona 258 (22.79%), Leptospira
bataviae 53 (4.68%) and Leptospira hardjo 6 (0.53%). In cattle blood serums
no specific antibodies against L.canicola, L.serj?e and L.australis were
determined. Titre height of antibodies against leptospires ranged from 1:100
to 1:300000. Examining of cattle blood serums showed that the percentage of
infected aminals ranged from 2.82 to 0%, what globally is not a significant
percentage for this infection. Observing the disease course of spreading, it
can be noticed that it has been decreasing since 2000. when it was at its
peak (2.82%), what can be the result of a continual control, as well as of
measures that are conducted with the aim of eradication the zoonosis.
Research of immune response in unvaccinated piglets against porcine circovirus type 2
Authors: Stevancevic Ognjen , Stojanac Nenad , Potkonjak Aleksandar , Savic Bozidar , Stancic Ivan , Gagrcin Milovan , Toholj Bojan
Published: May 2014

Infection of pigs caused by porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is present
throughout the world. The aim of this study was to determine, based on the
follow-up of the class IgG titers in piglets and fattening pigs, the duration
of colostral immunity against infections in pigs caused by PCV2. The study
included 28 piglets, whose titer was determined by using indirect ELISA test
in intervals up to 110 days of age. The observed average values of IgG in
piglets aged 21 days (8.47 log2) and 35 days (6.69 log2) in our surveys
indicate very high titers of maternal antibodies, and that the piglets at
this age are, to some extent, protected from infection caused by PCV2.
Absence of the specific anti PCV2 antibodies was determined in 14.29% (21
days old) and 15.38% (35 days old) piglets at this age. The average titer of
antibodies, specific for PCV2, in blood serum of piglets on the 50th day
decreased to 3.74 log2, what indicates that in the majority of piglets
(61.54%) catabolism of colostral antibodies occurred. On the 80th day of the
piglets life there were no seropositive specimens, which unambiguously
indicates that in this age, there was a complete catabolism of colostral
antibodies and the disappearance of passive immunity. In all the 110 days?
old fattening pigs, an average antibody titer recorded a sharp rise (12.78
log2). Possible reasons for this sudden increase in PCV2 antibody titers in
the blood serum of fattening pigs is is a widespread presence of this
infection in our region, as well as the fact that there exists a part of pigs
population which is not immune to PCV2 infection. The results of this
research are important for choosing the optimal moment for vaccination,
considering that high titers of colostral antibodies of class G on the 21st
and 35th day of piglets? life have been proven. This data points out to a
possible interference with vaccine immunogens in the case of vaccination in
this particular age.
Anesthesia and analgesia for caesaren section in dog
Authors: Vasiljevic Maja , Magas V. , Stojic Milica
Published: May 2014

This work presents a case of a pregnant female dog, of English bulldog breed,
three years old, which was brought to Belgrade Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
because of inability for normal parturition. Cesarean section is an urgent
intervention both in human and in veterinary medicine. Anesthesia of a
pregnant dog should be carried out very carefully, because of all the
physiological changes that appear during pregnancy, as well as the impact of
anesthetics on embryos themselves. Anesthetics, analgesics and sedatives pass
through blood brain barrier, but also their transport goes through placenta
to embryo, so for that reason it is not possible to anesthetize only mother
and to avoid anesthesia effects on the embryo. Therefore, anesthetics with
short time of action which metabolize quickly and have minimal negative
effect on embryos are recommended. When choosing the right analgesics and
anesthetics, there should be known that female dogs in which it is necessary
to do Cesarean section belong to the group of high risk patients. Pregnant
female dogs are exposed to hypoventilation, hypoxia, hypercapnia, intense
heart work, vomiting and regurgitation as well. Reversible anesthetics are
recommended to provide shorter duration time of anesthesia, and in
accordance, inhalation anesthetics doses are minimal. Application of ?2-
agonist in premedication, propophol in induction, as well as maintaining
general inhalation anesthesia with sevofluran, along with local analgesia,
proved to be the ideal combination in this case of cesarean section.
Endodontic therapy as a method in sanation of disturbed occlusion polytraumatized upper and lower jaw of a cat
Authors: Prokic Branislav , Simic Djordje , Krstic Nikola , Mrvic Verica , Vasic Una , Prokic Bogomir , Milosevic Hrvoje
Published: May 2014

Concomitant injuries of bone and soft tissues of the upper and lower jaws are
classified as multiple trauma symptoms associated with early complications,
such as shock, disordered breathing, bleeding, pain, deformity and facial
asymmetry, abnormal jaw movement, crepitation, palsy-paralysis of traumatized
soft tissue regions and languages. The goal of this work is to present
polytraumatised rehabilitation of upper and lower jaws by the system of
endodontic treatment of upper canines in cats. Primary approach to
stabilization polytraumatised cats is highlighted, also as procedures to be
undertaken in animal in shock, injury of the maxilla and mandible, and the
order of diagnostic procedures. Mandibular prognation and incorrect occlusion
with consequent demage of mandibular gingiva with maxilla kaninus are
complications wich were resolved in our case with endodontic treatment of
upper canines of the cat. This paper presents a detailed approach to the
reduction of dental caninus maxilla and establishing proper bite in the molar
region of the maxila and mandible.
Practice effects on fast and accurate spatially constrained movements
Authors: Pereira Carla Ferro , Marques Inara , Okazaki Victor Hugo Alves
Published: May 2014

Purpose

The effects of practice were analyzed in the control of fast and accurate spatially constrained movements.

Methods

Twenty men (20–26 years old) evenly divided into an experimental and control group were analyzed in three time periods: pre-test, post-test, and retention. Discrete Aiming Task ver. 2.0 software simulated Fitts’ task (1954) and provided kinematic analysis of mouse cursor movements (displacement, velocity, and acceleration). The task consisted of using the mouse to click on two parallel targets as fast and accurately as possible. Four target widths (W = 2.0, 1.0, 0.5, and 2.5 inches) and three distances between the targets (D = 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 inches) were used to provide indexes of difficulty (ID) from 1 to 6 bits. The experimental group performed 108 practice trials (three blocks of 36 trials on different days) while the control group had no practice.

Results

Movement time (MT) decreased in the experimental group largely due in part to a reduction of time used for feedback. It is suggested that the improvement in performance as a function of practice occurred through the interdependence of programming and the feedback process. As the task was practiced, there was decreased need for feedback due to better pre-programming of the primary submovement and the improved use of sensorial feedback information. This strategy and a lengthened deceleration phase can help explain the paradigm of fast and accurate movement as a result of practice.

Conclusions

Despite the improved performance changes as a consequence of practice, Fitts’ Law proved to be robust enough to predict MT as a function of ID.
Effects of workload level on muscle recruitment in cycling
Authors: Priego Jose I. , Bini Rodrigo R. , Lanferdini F.J. , Carpes Felipe P.
Published: May 2014

Purpose

Despite the volume of studies addressing muscle activation during pedaling, it is unclear whether changes in workload level during cycling could dictate motor unit recruitment. The present study investigated the frequency content of lower limb muscle activation during submaximal workloads.

Methods

Twelve male competitive cyclists pedaled at three workload levels: (1) maximum aerobic power output (POMAX), (2) first ventilatory threshold (POVT1), and (3) second ventilatory threshold (POVT2). Muscle activation was recorded from the right vastus medialis (VM), rectus femoris (RF), long head of biceps femoris (BF), tibialis anterior (TA), gastrocnemius medialis (GM), and soleus (SOL) muscles. Data from muscle activation were assessed using frequency band analysis. High and low frequencies and overall muscle activation were normalized to that collected at POMAX.

Results

Greater overall activation was observed for VM (27%, p < 0.01, d = 1.22), RF (24%, p < 0.01, d = 0.96), BF (33%, p < 0.01, d = 1.43), GM (10%, p < 0.05, d = 0.91), and SOL (16%, p < 0.05, d = 0.81) at POVT2 than POVT1. No differences were observed in the high or low frequencies relative to overall muscle activation.

Conclusions

Cyclists sustain changes at submaximal workloads via an equally distributed increase in muscle activation with no potential changes in motor unit recruitment.
Hepatitis A outbreak in British Columbia, Canada: the roles of established surveillance, consumer loyalty cards and collaboration, February to May 2012
Authors: Swinkels H M , Kuo M , Embree G , Fraser Health Environmental Health Investigation Team Collective , Andonov A , Henry B , Buxton J A
Published: May 2014

Non-travel-related hepatitis A is rare in Canada. We describe a hepatitis A outbreak investigation in British Columbia in February to May 2012 in which exposure history was collected from nine confirmed non-travel-related cases. Suspected foods were tested for hepatitis A virus (HAV): a frozen fruit blend was identified as a common exposure for six of the nine cases using supermarket loyalty cards. Consumption of the product was confirmed in each case. Genetic analysis confirmed HAV genotype 1B in the six exposed cases. Of the three non-exposed cases, the virus could not be genotyped for two of them; the virus from the other case was found to be genotype 1A and this case was therefore not considered part of the outbreak. HAV was detected by PCR from pomegranate seeds, a component of the identified frozen fruit blend. Historically low levels of HAV infection in British Columbia triggered early recognition of the outbreak. Loyalty card histories facilitated product identification and a trace-back investigation implicated imported pomegranate seeds.
Investigating an outbreak of Clostridium perfringens gastroenteritis in a school using smartphone technology, London, March 2013
Authors: Simone B , Atchison C , Ruiz B , Greenop P , Dave J , Ready D , Maguire H , Walsh B , Anderson S
Published: May 2014

Binary file ES_Abstracts_Final_ECDC.txt matches
Inaccurate Estimation of Disparities Due to Mischievous Responders
Authors: Robinson-Cimpian Joseph P.
Published: May 2014

This article introduces novel sensitivity-analysis procedures for investigating and reducing the bias that mischievous responders (i.e., youths who provide extreme, and potentially untruthful, responses to multiple questions) often introduce in adolescent disparity estimates based on data from self-administered questionnaires (SAQs). Mischievous responders affect a wide range of disparity estimates, including those between adoptees and nonadoptees, sexual minorities and nonminorities, and individuals with and without disabilities. Thus, the procedures introduced here have broad relevance to research and can be widely, and easily, implemented. The sensitivity-analysis procedures are illustrated with SAQ data from youths in Grades 9–12 ( N = 11,829) to examine between-group disparities based on sexual identity, gender identity, and physical disability. Sensitivity analyses revealed that each disparity estimated with these data was extremely sensitive to the presence of potentially mischievous responders. Patterns were similar across multiple approaches to dealing with mischievous responders, across various outcomes, and across different between-group comparisons. Mischievous responders are ubiquitous in adolescent research using SAQs and can, even in small numbers, lead to inaccurate conclusions that substantively affect research, policy, and public discourse regarding a variety of disparities. This article calls attention to this widespread problem and provides practical suggestions for assessing it, even when data are already collected.
Optimum Level of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers Requirement for the Sustainable Productivity of Two Pipeline Clones of Potato
Authors: Khadka YG , Khatri BB , Raut S , Chaudhari D
Published: May 2014

The response of two pipeline potato clones to various levels of major nutrients (N: P2O5 and K2O) was studied during 2010/11 to 2011/12 at Hattiban Potato Research Farm, Khumaltar, Lalitpur. An experiment was laid out in a split plot design with three replications considering combinations of six different fertilizer levels as the main plot and three potato clones as sub-plot. The use of different doses of chemical fertilizers and 20 mt/ha farm yard manure (FYM) did not bring any improvements on soil properties. However, soil pH was slightly improved. The effect of different doses of chemical fertilizers was non-significant on plant emergence (at 30 DAP), ground cover and plant uniformity at 55 DAP. However, increased dose of N and K fertilizer gave taller plants and increased number of main stems per plant. Variety Kufri Jyoti performed better than both of the tested clones in the parameters such as plant emergence, ground cover and number of main stems per plant. Interaction effect was highly significant on number of stems per plant. Highest number of under and seed sized tubers were produced in the treatment with 100:100:60 N: P2O5: K2O kg/ha with 20 mt/ha, whereas highest number of over sized potato tubers were produced in the treatment 150:100:60 N: P2O5:K2O kg/ha and 20 mt/ha FYM. Total number of tubers and total weight (kg) was obtained highest in the treatment of 100:100:60 N: P2O5:K2O kg /ha with 20 mt/ha FYM. Variety Kufri Jyoti is still better yielding if there is no late blight disease in growing season. Though numbers of undersize and seed size tubers were produced highest from clone L 235-4, variety. Kufri Jyoti potato variety still is doing better in hill conditions of Nepal if the environment is not conducive to Phytophthora pathogens. Variety Kufri Jyoti has been able to produce highest yielded (30.9 t ha-1) in the application of 150:100:60 N: P2O5:K2O kg/ha and 200:100:60 N: P2O5:K2O kg/ha with 20 mt/ha FYM, whereas clone L 235-4 gave the highest yield (29.4 t ha-1) and clone CIP 389746.2 yielded highest (25.5 t ha-1). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v14i2.10410 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 14, No. 2 (2013) 9-16
Review on Pharmacologically Active Metabolites from Yarsagumba (Ophiocordyceps sinensis), an Epitome of Himalayan Elixir
Authors: Shrestha S , Shrestha AK , Park JH , Lee DY , Cho JG , Shrestha B , Baek NI
Published: May 2014

Yarsagumba (Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Berk.) Sung et al.) is a well-known entomogenous fungus native to alpine nival terrain of trans-Himalaya and Tibetan Plateau. The traditional use of O. sinensis in Ayurvedic medicine as well as in traditional Chinese medicine for range of human health requirements with well documented evidences are themselves testimony of its value. It is regarded as winter worm, summer grass due to its association with Thitarodes (Hepialus) larvae. The extremities of habitat condition and endurance of fungus to sustain adversaries by production of metabolites has led to unique profile of metabolites including nucleosides, proteins and nitrogenous compounds, polysaccharides, sterols, fatty acids and their derivatives, as well as some vitamins and inorganics. There are wide ranges of biological activities that have been reported from O. sinensis including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-tumor, anti-metastatic, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, insecticidal, hypolipidaemic, hypoglycemic, antiageing, lipolytic, neuroprotective, renoprotective effects, etc. Although several components can be responsible for activity of compounds, understanding ultimate compounds which fit with biomolecular target is crucial to combat diseases and development of new class of effective drugs. In this review a concise evaluation of pharmacological activities of metabolites reported for O. sinensis are done to provide insight into its biologically active components. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v14i2.10415   Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 14, No. 2 (2013) 49-58
On-Farm Evaluations of Reduced Input Fungicide Programs in Peanut Fields with Low, Moderate, or High Levels of Disease Risk
Authors: Woodward J. E. , Brenneman T. B. , Kemerait R. C. , Culbreath A. K. , Smith N. B.
Published: May 2014

In 2003, 2004, and 2005 standard and reduced input fungicide programs were evaluated throughout the peanut production region of Georgia for control of early leaf spot (Cercospora arachidicola), late leaf spot (Cercosporidium personatum), and southern stem rot (Sclerotium rolfsii). Disease risk was determined for each field based on the cultural practices implemented and ranged from low to high. Six to eight fungicide applications were made in the standard programs, versus three to six applications in reduced programs. Leaf spot ratings were higher for the reduced programs in five of the fourteen trials with substantial defoliation occurring in one trial. Overall, southern stem rot control for the reduced programs was equal to or better than that for the standard program, which could be attributed to the differences in fungicide selection or timing. Pod yields for the reduced programs were equal to or greater than the standard programs in all but one trial. Net returns were higher for the reduced programs in half of the trials; however, the reduced program resulted in lower net returns in one trial in 2004. Our results indicate that reduced input fungicide programs can be used to adequately manage fungal diseases of peanut without compromising yield or profitability, and that the use of cultivars with moderate levels of disease resistance may enhance disease control.
Synthesis and Insecticidal Evaluation of Aryl Pyrazole 5-Fluorouracil Compounds
Authors: Chen Yue , Fu Xiao-Dong , Mu Hai-Ping , Qin Xiao-Fei , Wan Rong
Published: May 2014

Twenty eight aryl pyrazole derivatives containing 5-fluorouracil were designed and synthesised via the key intermediate 1-aryl-3-methyl-1 H-pyrazole-5-carboxylic acid. The structures of target compounds were confirmed by 1H NMR, FT-IR, EA and their insecticidal activities were evaluated. The bioassays revealed that aryl pyrazole derivatives containing 5-fluorouracil exhibited excellent insecticidal activities against Culex pipiens and Musca domestica at a concentration of 0.1%. Some compounds still showed good insecticidal activities even at a concentration of 0.05%.
Semisynthesis of Polymethoxyflavonoids from Naringin and Hesperidin
Authors: Li Yue , Cai Shuanglian , He Kailin , Wang Qiuan
Published: May 2014

Polymethoxyflavonoids (PMFs) possess important biological activities, notably as anticancer agents. Semisynthesis of a series of PMFs were performed by glycoside hydrolysis, dehydrogenation, bromination, aromatic nucleophilic substitution, O-methylation, dimethyldioxirane oxidation and regioselective demethylation, starting from abundant and inexpensive natural sources naringin and hesperidin. A new synthetic method for selective methylation using CuBr catalysed and microwave-assisted reaction was developed, and the dimethyl dioxirane oxidation of flavones to flavonols was much improved. The new semisynthetic route has the advantages of easy availability of starting materials, simple operation and good yields.
Copper Iodide Nanoparticles-Catalysed Cyanation of Aryl Halides Using Non-Toxic K4[Fe(CN)6] in the Presence of 1,2-Bis(5-Tetrazolyl)Benzene as an Efficient Ligand
Authors: Maham Mehdi , Bahari Siavash
Published: May 2014

Cyanation of aryl bromides were carried out with K4[Fe(CN)6] in the presence of catalytic amounts of a copper salt and 1,2-bis(5-tetrazolyl)benzene as a ligand under thermal conditions. This method has the advantages of high yields, simple methodology and easy work up.
Nano ZnO Promoted Synthesis of 1,3-Oxazoline-2-Thione Derivatives
Authors: Haerizade B. Narjes , Kassaee Mohammad Z.
Published: May 2014

The synthesis of 2-thioxo-1,3-oxazoles in the presence of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs, ca 21 nm) and under solvent-free conditions has been achieved through reaction of ammonium thiocyanate, acid chlorides, phenacyl bromide or its derivatives, and a catalytic amount of N-methylimidazole. The catalyst was recycled and reused six times with minor decrease in its catalytic activity. High yields, simple experimental procedure and short reaction times are advantages of this reaction.
Ceriponol P, the First Example of Monocyclic Tremulane Sesquiterpene Produced by Ceriporia Lacerate a Fungal Endophyte of Huperzia Serrata
Authors: Ying You-Min , Tong Cui-Ping , Wang Jian-Wei , Shan Wei-Guang , Zhan Zha-Jun
Published: May 2014

A new tremulane sesquiterpene, ceriponol P, has been isolated from the cultures of Ceriporia lacerate, together with three known metabolites 3-indolecarbaldehyde, 3-methyl-2-indolinone, and daucosterol. Its structure was established by detailed analysis of its spectroscopic data, especially 1D, 2D NMR and HR-ESI-MS data. Ceriponol P represents the first example of monocyclic tremulane sesquiterpene. In biological assays, ceriponol P did not exhibit any significant cytotoxicity against HeLa, HepG2, and SGC 7901 cell lines at a concentration of 20 μM. All the known compounds were reported for the first time from the genus Ceriporia.
A New Process for the Synthesis of (2S,3S)-2-Ethyl-3-Methylvaleramide
Authors: Lu Cuifen , Lu Taotao , Nie Qunqi , Yang Guichun , Chen Zuxing
Published: May 2014

A new process for synthesis of ( 2S,3S)-2-ethyl-3-methylvaleramide has been developed via the key step of a diastereoselective alkylation reaction using non-cross-linked polystyrene (NCPS) supported ( 4S)-2-phenylimino-2-oxazolidine as a chiral auxiliary. This method is efficient with the target product obtained in 99.24% ee and 38.4% overall yield and the chiral auxiliaries can be recovered quantitatively by simple filtration.
Synthesis of 10-phenyl-[1,2,4]Triazolo[1,5-b] [2,7]Naphthyridin-5(3H)-One Derivatives
Authors: Xu Feng , Yang Zhen-Zhen , Xi Li-Min , Jiang Jun-Rong , Ke Zhong-Lu , Wu Han-Gui
Published: May 2014

Several new 10-phenyl-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5- b][2,7]naphthyridin-5(3 H)-one derivatives were synthesised by condensation of 2,3-diamino-4-phenyl-2,7-naphthyridin-1(2 H)-one with aldehydes and also with acid anhydrides. Their structures were confirmed by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, IR, mass spectra and elemental analysis. The key starting material 4-[a-cyano(phenyl)methyl]nicotinic acid was easily cyclised to give 3-amino-4-phenyl-1 H-pyrano[3,4- c]pyridin-1-one under alkaline conditions, the structure of which was confirmed by X-ray crystallography following conversion to the corresponding N,N-dimethylformamidine derivative.
Environmental considerations of low-temperature drilling fluids
Authors: Talalay Pavel , Hu Zhengyi , Xu Huiwen , Yu Dahui , Han Lili , Han Junjie , Wang Lili
Published: May 2014

The introduction of low-temperature fluid into boreholes drilled in ice sheets helps to remove drilling cuttings and to prevent borehole closure through visco-plastic deformation. Only special fluids, or mixtures of fluids, can satisfy the very strict criteria for deep drilling in cold ice. The effects of drilling fluid on the natural environment are analyzed from the following points of view: (1) occupational safety and health; (2) ozone depletion and global warming; (3) chemical pollution; and (4) biological pollution. Traditional low-temperature drilling fluids (kerosene-based fluids with density additives, ethanol and n-butyl acetate) cannot be qualified as intelligent choices from the safety, environmental and technological standpoints. This paper introduces a new type of low-temperature drilling fluid composed of synthetic ESTISOLTM esters, which are non-hazardous substances. ESTISOLTM 140 mixtures with ESTISOLTM 165 or ESTISOLTM F2887 have an acceptable density and viscosity at low temperature. To avoid the potential for biological contamination of the subglacial environment, the borehole drilling fluid should be treated carefully on the surface.
Identifying flowlines and limitations of flux analyses in the interior of Thwaites Glacier, Antarctica
Authors: Fudge T.J. , Conway H. , Catania G. , Blankenship D.D. , Christianson K. , Joughin I. , Smith B. , Kempf S.D. , Young D.A. , Anandakrishnan S.
Published: May 2014

Patterns in radar-detected internal layers in glaciers and ice streams can be tracked hundreds of kilometers downstream. We use distinctive patterns to delineate flowbands of Thwaites Glacier in the Amundsen Sea sector of West Antarctica. Flowbands contain information for the past century to millennium, the approximate time for ice to flow through the study region. GPS-detected flow directions (acquired in 2007/08) agree within uncertainty (~4°) with the radar-detected flowlines, indicating that the flow direction has not changed significantly in recent centuries. In contrast, InSAR-detected directions (from 1996) differ from the radar- and GPS-detected flowlines in all but the middle tributary, indicating caution is needed when using InSAR velocities to define flow directions. There is agreement between all three datasets in the middle tributary. We use two radar-detected flowlines to define a 95 km long flowband and perform a flux balance analysis using InSAR-derived velocities, radar-detected ice thickness, and estimates of the accumulation rate. Inferred thinning of 0.49 ± 0.34 m a–1 is consistent with satellite altimetry measurements, but has higher uncertainty due mainly to the velocity uncertainty. The uncertainty is underestimated because InSAR velocities often differ from GPS velocities by more than the stated uncertainties.
An automatic approach to delineate the cold–temperate transition surface with ground-penetrating radar on polythermal glaciers
Authors: Schannwell Clemens , Murray Tavi , Kulessa Bernd , Gusmeroli Alessio , Saintenoy Albane , Jansson Peter
Published: May 2014

Ground-penetrating radar has been widely used to map the thermal structure of polythermal glaciers. Hitherto, the cold–temperate transition surface (CTS) in radargrams has been identified by a labour-intensive and subjective manual picking method. We introduce a new automatic approach for picking the CTS that uses the difference in signal power exhibited by the cold and temperate ice layers. We compare our automatically computed CTS depths with manual picks. Our results show very good agreement between the two methods in most areas (r2 > 0.7). RMSEs computed at each trace in two-way travel-time from three test sites range from 14 to 19ns (2.4–3.2 m). The proposed automated method mostly fails in areas showing a rather gradual transition in signal power at the CTS. In some areas, high power originating from non-water sources is misinterpreted by the automatic picking method as ‘temperate ice’.
Presentation and Representation – An Outline for a Critical Interpretation of the “New Generation” of Spanish Architecture
Authors: Kóródy Anna Nóra , Vukoszávlyev Zorán
Published: May 2014

The continuous development of the Spanish economy, the large investments, the transformation of the society and the increase in international connections, had drawn public attention to contemporary Spanish architecture by the millennium. Through the medium of the press, the transformation of Spanish architecture is observable, with Spanish periodicals and monographs gaining ground among the international professional issues, headed by the Spanish-English magazine El Croquis. Moreover, we are eyewitnesses to the emergence of the new Spanish architect generation, whose young associates have attracted considerable international interest; their works being built all over the world, enriching their reputation. This paper searches for the answer to the question: how did Spanish architecture reach public awareness from the complete isolation, and what kind of social, cultural and economic factors played a part in this process.