bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interaction of a tropical cyclone with a high‐amplitude, midlatitude wave pattern: Waviness analysis, trough deformation and track bifurcation
Authors: Riemer Michael , Jones Sarah C.
Published: July 2013

An idealized scenario of extratropical transition (ET) is investigated, in which a tropical cyclone interacts with a high‐amplitude, upper‐level wave pattern and well‐developed surface cyclones. Early during the interaction, the external forcing of the upper‐level wave by theETsystem is quantified based on a metric for the waviness of the midlatitude flow. Local amplification of the wave pattern is diagnosed, associated prominently with the trough downstream ofET. This amplified trough, however, exhibits pronounced anticyclonic breaking and thus, in contrast to many previousETstudies, it is not clear that the amplification of the upper‐level wave propagates into the farther downstream region. Subsequently, theETsystem merges with the upstream cyclone. The upstream trough undergoes strong deformation and cyclonic breaking associated with straining due to the cyclonic circulation of theETsystem. With the decay of this trough, theETsystem weakens considerably and the upper‐level wave pattern changes locally to a zonal flow orientation. This zonal flow pattern then extends into the downstream region and promotes the decay of the downstream baroclinic systems.

As in previous studies, the evolution ofETexhibits large sensitivity to the initial location of the tropical cyclone. Examining the steering flow's topology, i.e. identifying the stagnation points and the streamlines emanating from these points, helps to identify three different regimes: a no‐ETregime and twoETregimes reminiscent of the northwest and northeast patterns, respectively, introduced previously by Harret al.. A stagnation point located on the axis of the upstream trough governs the bifurcation into no‐ETandETregimes. A stagnation point located on the axis of the downstream ridge governs the bifurcation into northwest and northeast patterns.
First assessment of water and carbon cycles in two tropical coastal rivers of south‐west India: an isotopic approach
Authors: Tripti M. , Lambs L. , Otto T. , Gurumurthy G. P. , Teisserenc R. , Moussa I. , Balakrishna K. , Probst J. L.
Published: July 2013

RATIONALE

The contribution of tropical coastal rivers to the global carbon budget remains unmeasured, despite their high water dynamics, i.e. higher run‐off with their basin characteristic of warm temperature. Two rivers draining the western part of the Western Ghats, the Swarna (length 80 km) and Nethravati (147 km) Rivers, were studied for water and carbon cycles.

METHODS

The stable isotope ratios of oxygen (δ18O values), hydrogen (δ2H values) and carbon (δ13C values) were used to understand the water circulation, the weathering processes and the carbon biogeochemical cycle. The river water samples were collected during the dry post‐monsoonal season (November 2011).

RESULTS

The δ18O and δ2H values of river water suggested that the monsoonal vapour source and its high recycling have a dominant role because of the orographical and tropical conditions. The absence of calcareous rocks has led to dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) mainly originating from atmospheric/soil CO2, via rock‐weathering processes, and the low soil organic matter combined with high run‐off intensity has led to low riverine dissolved organic carbon (DOC) contents. The δ13C values increase from upstream to downstream and decrease with increasing pCO2. There is a positive relationship between the δ13CDIC values and the DOC concentrations in these two rivers that is contrary to that in most of the studied rivers of the world.

CONCLUSIONS

The higher evapotranspiration supported by tropical conditions suggests that there are higher vapour recycling process in the Swarna and Nethravati basins as studied from the water δ18O and δ2H values. The basin characteristics of higher rainfall/run‐off accompanied by warm temperature suggest that the δ13C value of riverine DIC is mainly controlled by the weathering of source rocks (silicates) with variation along the river course by CO2 degassing from the river water to the atmosphere and is less dominated by the oxidation of DOC. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel oral tracer procedure for measurement of habitual myofibrillar protein synthesis
Authors: MacDonald A. J. , Small A. C. , Greig C. A. , Husi H. , Ross J. A. , Stephens N. A. , Fearon K. C. H. , Preston T.
Published: July 2013

RATIONALE

Conventionally, myofibrillar protein synthesis is measured over time periods of hours. In clinical studies, interventions occur over weeks. Functional measures over such periods may be more representative. We aimed to develop a novel method to determine myofibrillar protein fractional synthetic rate (FSR) to estimate habitual rates, while avoiding intravenous tracer infusions.

METHODS

Four healthy males were given 100 g water enriched to 70 Atom % with 2H2O as a single oral bolus. Vastus‐lateralis needle biopsies were performed and plasma samples collected, 3–13 days post‐dose. 2H enrichment in body water was measured in plasma using continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). Myofibrillar protein was isolated from muscle biopsies and acid hydrolysed. 2H enrichment of protein‐bound and plasma‐free alanine was measured by gas chromatography (GC)/pyrolysis/IRMS. Myofibrillar protein FSR was calculated (% day–1).

RESULTS

The tracer bolus raised the initial enrichment of body water to 1514 ppm 2H excess. Water elimination followed a simple exponential. The average elimination half‐time was 8.3 days. Plasma alanine, labelled during de novo synthesis, followed the same elimination kinetics as water. The weighted average myofibrillar protein FSR from the four subjects was 1.38 % day–1 (range, 1.0–1.9 % day–1).

CONCLUSIONS

Myofibrillar protein FSR was measured in free‐living healthy individuals over 3–13 days. Using a single oral 2H2O bolus, endogenous labelling of alanine occurred in a predictable manner giving estimates of synthesis comparable with published values. Furthermore, the protocol does not compromise the ability to measure other important metabolic processes such as total energy expenditure. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reduced Graphene Oxide‐Functionalized High Electron Mobility Transistors for Novel Recognition Pattern Label‐Free DNA Sensors
Authors: Zhang Xiaohui , Zhang Yue , Liao Qingliang , Song Yu , Ma Siwei
Published: July 2013

We designed and constructed reduced graphene oxide (rGO) functionalized high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) for rapid and ultra‐sensitive detection of label‐free DNA in real time. The micrometer sized rGO sheets with structural defects helped absorb DNA molecules providing a facile and robust approach to functionalization. DNA was immobilized onto the surface of HEMT gate through rGO functionalization, and changed the conductivity of HEMT. The real time monitor and detection of DNA hybridization by rGO functionalized HEMT presented interesting current responses: a “two steps” signal enhancement in the presence of target DNA; and a “one step” signaling with random DNA. These two different recognition patterns made the HEMT capable of specifically detecting target DNA sequence. The working principle of the rGO functionalized HEMT can be demonstrated as the variation of the ambience charge distribution. Furthermore, the as constructed DNA sensors showed excellent sensitivity of detect limit at 0.07 fM with linear detect range from 0.1 fM to 0.1 pM. The results indicated that the HEMT functionalized with rGO paves a new avenue to design novel electronic devices for high sensitive and specific genetic material assays in biomedical applications.
Synthesis of Brightly PEGylated Luminescent Magnetic Upconversion Nanophosphors for Deep Tissue and Dual MRI Imaging
Authors: Chen Hongyu , Qi Bin , Moore Thomas , Colvin Daniel C. , Crawford Thomas , Gore John C. , Alexis Frank , Mefford O. Thompson , Anker Jeffrey N.
Published: July 2013

A method is developed to fabricate monodispersed biocompatible Yb/Er or Yb/Tm doped β‐NaGdF4 upconversion phosphors using polyelectrolytes to prevent irreversible particle aggregation during conversion of the precursor, Gd2O(CO3)2•H2O:Yb/Er or Yb/Tm, to β‐NaGdF4:Yb/Er or Yb/Tm. The polyelectrolyte on the outer surface of nanophosphors also provided an amine tag for PEGylation. This method is also employed to fabricate PEGylated magnetic upconversion phosphors with Fe3O4 as the core and β‐NaGdF4 as a shell. These magnetic upconversion nanophosphors have relatively high saturation magnetization (7.0 emu g−1) and magnetic susceptibility (1.7 × 10−2 emu g−1 Oe−1), providing them with large magnetophoretic mobilities. The magnetic properties for separation and controlled release in flow, their optical properties for cell labeling, deep tissue imaging, and their T1‐ and T2‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) relaxivities are studied. The magnetic upconversion phosphors display both strong magnetophoresis, dual MRI imaging (r1 = 2.9 mM−1 s−1, r2 = 204 mM−1 s−1), and bright luminescence under 1 cm chicken breast tissue.
“Dual‐Template” Synthesis of One‐Dimensional Conductive Nanoparticle Superstructures from Coordination Metal–Peptide Polymer Crystals
Authors: Rubio‐Martínez Marta , Puigmartí‐Luis Josep , Imaz Inhar , Dittrich Petra S. , Maspoch Daniel
Published: July 2013

Bottom‐up fabrication of self‐assembled structures made of nanoparticles may lead to new materials, arrays and devices with great promise for myriad applications. Here a new class of metal–peptide scaffolds is reported: coordination polymer Ag(I)‐DLL belt‐like crystals, which enable the dual‐template synthesis of more sophisticated nanoparticle superstructures. In these biorelated scaffolds, the self‐assembly and recognition capacities of peptides and the selective reduction of Ag(I) ions to Ag are simultaneously exploited to control the growth and assembly of inorganic nanoparticles: first on their surfaces, and then inside the structures themselves. The templated internal Ag nanoparticles are well confined and closely packed, conditions that favour electrical conductivity in the superstructures. It is anticipated that these Ag(I)‐DLL belts could be applied to create long (>100 μm) conductive Ag@Ag nanoparticle superstructures and polymetallic, multifunctional Fe3O4@Ag nanoparticle composites that marry the magnetic and conductive properties of the two nanoparticle types.
Finite Element Modeling of the Nanoindentation of Layers of Porous Oxide on High Speed Steel
Authors: Zamri W. Fathul Hakim , Kosasih P. Buyung , Tieu A. Kiet , Zhu Hongtao , Zhu Qiang
Published: July 2013

Oxide layer on the surface of a high speed steel (HSS) hot work roll can act as a protective layer and affects the wear and friction between the strip and the roll. In the numerical design of a work roll, it is necessary to understand the mechanical properties of these oxide layers. This paper describes a combined FE simulations and nanoindentation experiments to obtain the depth dependent mechanical properties of oxide layers on HSS. The mechanical properties of this layer, including the elastic modulus, yield strength, Poisson's ratio and porosity, are inferred from the input parameters to the FE simulations after the simulated load–displacement curves match the experimental curves to within a specified tolerance. The results showed that the outer layer has a higher modulus and higher hardness than the inner layer. The interaction between the mechanical properties and nanoindentation parameters such as the maximum load and unloading slope of the load–displacement curves were established via multiple regression analysis. The maximum load and slope of the load–displacement were strongly correlated with the elastic modulus and yield strength whilst the relationship between porosity and Poisson's ratio is relatively weak.
A guide to good practice in modeling semantics for authors and referees
Authors: Beven Keith , Young Peter
Published: July 2013

This opinion piece makes some suggestions about guidelines for modeling semantics that can be referred to by authors and referees. We discuss descriptions of model structures, different forms of simulation and prediction, descriptions of different sources of uncertainty in modeling practice, the language of model validation, and concepts of predictability and fitness‐for‐purpose. While not expecting universal agreement on these suggestions, given the loose usage of words in the literature, we hope that the discussion of the issues involved will at least give pause for thought and encourage good practice in model development and applications.
‘Battling my Biology’: Psychological Effects of Genetic Testing for Risk of Weight Gain
Authors: Meisel S. F. , Wardle J.
Published: July 2013

The availability of genetic tests for multifactorial conditions such as obesity raises concerns that higher‐risk results could lead to fatalistic reactions or lower‐risk results to complacency. No study has investigated the effects of genetic test feedback for the risk of obesity in non‐clinical samples. The present study explored psychological and behavioral reactions to genetic test feedback for a weight related gene (FTO) in a volunteer sample (n = 18) using semi‐structured interviews. Respondents perceived the gene test result as scientifically objective; removing some of the emotion attached to the issue of weight control. Those who were struggling with weight control reported relief of self‐blame. There was no evidence for either complacency or fatalism; all respondents emphasized the importance of lifestyle choices in long‐term weight management, although they recognized the role of both genes and environment. Regardless of the test result, respondents evaluated the testing positively and found it motivating and informative. Genetic test feedback for risk of weight gain may offer psychological benefits beyond its objectively limited clinical utility. As the role of genetic counselors is likely to expand, awareness of reasons for genetic testing for common, complex conditions and reactions to the test result is important.
Homogenization Pressure and Temperature Affect Protein Partitioning and Oxidative Stability of Emulsions
Authors: Horn Anna F. , Barouh Nathalie , Nielsen Nina S. , Baron Caroline P. , Jacobsen Charlotte
Published: July 2013

The oxidative stability of 10 % fish oil‐in‐water emulsions was investigated for emulsions prepared under different homogenization conditions. Homogenization was conducted at two different pressures (5 or 22.5 MPa), and at two different temperatures (22 and 72 °C). Milk proteins were used as the emulsifier. Hence, emulsions were prepared with either a combination of α‐lactalbumin and β‐lactoglobulin or with a combination of sodium caseinate and β‐lactoglobulin. Results showed that an increase in pressure increased the oxidative stability of emulsions with caseinate and β‐lactoglobulin, whereas it decreased the oxidative stability of emulsions with α‐lactalbumin and β‐lactoglobulin. For both types of emulsions the partitioning of proteins between the interface and the aqueous phase appeared to be important for the oxidative stability. The effect of pre‐heating the aqueous phase with the milk proteins prior to homogenization did not have any clear effect on lipid oxidation in either of the two types of emulsions.
Role ofDRD2andALDH2genes in bipolar II disorder with and without comorbid anxiety disorder
Authors: Wang Y.-S. , Lee S.-Y. , Chen S.-L. , Chang Y.-H. , Wang T.-Y. , Lin S.-H. , Wang C.-L. , Huang S.-Y. , Lee I.H. , Chen P.S. , Yang Y.K. , Lu R.-B.
Published: July 2013

The presence of comorbid anxiety disorders (AD) and bipolar II disorders (BP-II) compounds disability complicates treatment, worsens prognosis, and has been understudied. The genes involved in metabolizing dopamine and encoding dopamine receptors, such asaldehyde dehydrogenase 2(ALDH2) anddopamine D2 receptor(DRD2) genes, may be important to the pathogenesis of BP-II comorbid with AD. We aimed to clarifyALDH2andDRD2genes for predisposition to BP-II comorbid with and without AD. The sample consisted of 335 subjects BP-II without AD, 127 subjects BP-II with AD and 348 healthy subjects as normal control. The genotypes of theALDH2andDRD2 Taq-IApolymorphisms were determined using polymerase chain reactions plus restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Logistic regression analysis showed a statistically significant association betweenDRD2 Taq-I A1/A2genotype and BP-II with AD (OR = 2.231,P= 0.021). Moreover, a significant interaction of theDRD2 Taq-I A1/A1and theALDH2*1*1genotypes in BP-II without AD was revealed (OR = 5.623,P= 0.001) compared with normal control. Our findings support the hypothesis that a unique genetic distinction between BP-II with and without AD, and suggest a novel association betweenDRD2 Taq-I A1/A2genotype and BP-II with AD. Our study also provides further evidence that theALDH2andDRD2genes interact in BP-II, particularly BP-II without AD.
Assessment of maternal near‐miss and quality of care in a hospital‐based study in Accra, Ghana
Authors: Tunçalp Özge , Hindin Michelle J. , Adu‐Bonsaffoh Kwame , Adanu Richard M.
Published: July 2013

Objective

To assess the baseline incidence of maternal near‐miss, process indicators related to facility access, and quality of care at a tertiary care facility in urban Ghana.

Methods

A prospective observational study of all women delivering at the facility, including those with pregnancy‐related complications, was conducted between October 2010 and March 2011. Quality of maternal health care was assessed via a newly developed WHO instrument based on near‐miss criteria and criterion‐based clinical audit methodology.

Results

Among 3438 women, 516 had potentially life‐threatening conditions and 131 had severe maternal outcomes (94 near‐miss cases and 37 maternal deaths). More than half (64.4%) of the women had been referred to the facility. The incidence of maternal near‐miss was 28.6 cases per 1000 live births. Anemia contributed to most cases with a severe maternal outcome. More than half of all women with severe maternal outcomes developed organ dysfunction or died within the first 12 hours of hospital admission. Although preventive measures were prevalent, treatment‐related indicators showed mixed results.

Conclusion

The WHO near‐miss approach was found to represent a feasible strategy in low‐resource countries. Improving referral systems, effective use of critical care, and evidence‐based interventions can potentially reduce severe maternal outcomes.
Causes of puerperal and neonatal sepsis in resource‐constrained settings and advocacy for an integrated community‐based postnatal approach
Authors: Miller Anne E. , Morgan Christopher , Vyankandondera Joseph
Published: July 2013

Background

Puerperal sepsis and neonatal sepsis are important causes of mortality and morbidity in low‐income countries.

Objectives

To help improve global guidelines on postpartum care by reviewing existing data on microbiologic causes of sepsis among mothers, newborns, and mother–newborn pairs.

Search strategy

An extensive literature review of peer‐reviewed publications from resource‐constrained settings was conducted using PubMed.

Selection criteria

Primary research studies containing microbiologic data on puerperal sepsis or combined maternal and neonatal sepsis published since 1980.

Data collection and analysis

Study characteristics and results were analyzed. Data regarding causative microorganisms were tabulated and discussed in the main text.

Main results

Diagnostic evaluation of microorganisms causing puerperal sepsis was difficult, with few studies linking microorganisms causing infection in individual mother–newborn pairs. The most frequent microorganisms associated with puerperal sepsis were Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis. The most frequent microorganisms associated with neonatal sepsis were Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Klebsiella species.

Conclusions

Management tools for community‐based care of mothers with puerperal sepsis—including early detection, initiation of broad‐spectrum antibiotic treatment, and timely referral—should be added to those currently in use for neonatal sepsis. Further research is required to address acceptability, feasibility, and impact of community‐based presumptive treatment.
Outcomes of symptomatic Brugada syndrome patients with implanted cardioverter defibrillators: A report from an endemic area
Authors: Makarawate Pattarapong , Chaosuwannakit Narumol , Vannaprasaht Suda , Tassaneeyakul Wichittra , Sawanyawisuth Kittisak
Published: July 2013

Background

In Thailand and Southeast Asia, Brugada syndrome (BS) is a common inheritable cause of sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) due to polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) and ventricular fibrillation (VF). Currently, an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) is the recommended therapy for high‐risk patients. This study aimed to report the outcomes of symptomatic BS patients with implanted ICD in an area in which BS is endemic.

Methods and results

We enrolled symptomatic BS patients who underwent ICD implantation between 2007 and 2010. In total, 62 patients met the study inclusion criteria. Among these patients, ICD was indicated for survivors of SCA (50 patients, 80%) and syncope patients (12 patients, 20%). During the mean follow‐up period of 17 months, no patient died, and 20 patients (32%) received appropriate shock therapy. Inappropriate shock occurred in 6 patients (9.5%). The reasons for inappropriate shock were ICD lead fracture (3%) and supraventricular arrhythmia (6.5%). An infected ICD was found in 1 patient (1.5%).

Conclusions

The recurrent VT/VF rate in symptomatic BS patients was 32%. All events were successfully treated with ICDs, and there was no mortality in our setting.
Holocene environmental change resets lichen surface dates on Recess Peak glacial deposits in the Sierra Nevada, California
Authors: Scuderi Louis A. , Fawcett Peter J.
Published: July 2013

Development of an accurate chronology for glacial deposits in the Sierra Nevada has long been problematic given the lack of suitable organic material for radiocarbon dating. Lichenometry initially appeared promising as ages showed an increase from cirque headwalls to down-canyon moraines. However, while Recess Peak lichen age estimates range from 2 to 3 ka, recent work shows these deposits to be at least 10 ka older. Here, we present evidence for a late Holocene reset of Recess Peak lichen ages by significant post-depositional climate change. Following late-Pleistocene deposition of Recess Peak moraines, warming through the mid-Holocene allowed forests to advance into shallow basins eliminating local inverted tree lines. This produced a partial canopy where shading killed the original post-Pleistocene crustose lichen colonies. Late-Holocene cooling resulted in forest retreat from these basins as alpine tree line fell. Lichens then recolonized the re-exposed Recess Peak deposits. We conclude that while Recess Peak lichen ages are accurate to within the dating uncertainty of the technique, existing lichen ages actually date the timing of post-mid-Holocene cooling and recolonization, and not the original emplacement of these deposits. Thus, applications of Lichenometry should consider post-depositional environmental change when interpreting the meaning of these dates.
Superioridad relativa de los estimadores Kiviet y Blundell-Bond (GMM1) en paneles dinámicos. Un experimento Monte Carlo con muestras finitas
Authors: Rangel Jimenéz Andrés Eduardo
Published: July 2013

Dado el amplio uso de los datos de panel en modelos dinámicos, es relevante evaluar el desempeño de sus diferentes estimadores en muestras finitas en presencia de baja y alta persistencia. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo analizar, mediante simulaciones tipo Monte Carlo, las propiedades de los estimadores de efectos fijos (LSDV), Arellano y Bond (AB-GMM1), Blundell y Bond (BB-GMM1), Anderson y Hsiao (AH) y Kiviet. Se concluye que en series no persistentes el estimador de Kiviet es el de mejor desempeño, basándose en los criterios de error cuadrático medio, sesgo y desviación estándar; con alta persistencia, el estimador BB-GMM1 es el de mejor desempeño seguido por el estimador de Kiviet, que se comporta bien excepto en micropaneles con series persistentes.
Gestión de riesgos y controles en sistemas de información: del aprendizaje a la transformación organizacional
Authors: Guerrero Julio Marlene Lucila , Gómez Flórez Luis Carlos
Published: July 2013

La gestión de riesgos y controles en sistemas de información (GRCSI) comúnmente se ve como una función técnica encomendada a expertos en tecnologías de la información, ingenieros de software o programadores de sistemas de información. No obstante, esta labor requiere una perspectiva más amplia que aporte al aprendizaje de su sentido y a la apropiación de los procesos de cambio organizacional que ella requiere. Este artículo presenta el resultado de un proceso de investigación, abordado desde la perspectiva del pensamiento de sistemas blandos para apoyar la GRCSI en las organizaciones, mostrando el sistema de actividad humana de la dirección estratégica de tecnologías de información, la transformación organizacional necesaria y la descripción de las actividades y métodos propuestos.
Nesprins: from the nuclear envelope and beyond
Authors: Rajgor Dipen , Shanahan Catherine M.
Published: July 2013

Nuclearenvelopespectrin-repeatproteins(Nesprins), are a novel family of nuclear and cytoskeletal proteins with rapidly expanding roles as intracellular scaffolds and linkers. Originally described as proteins that localise to the nuclear envelope (NE) and establish nuclear-cytoskeletal connections, nesprins have now been found to comprise a diverse spectrum of tissue specific isoforms that localise to multiple sub-cellular compartments. Here, we describe how nesprins are necessary in maintaining cellular architecture by acting as essential scaffolds and linkers at both the NE and other sub-cellular domains. More importantly, we speculate how nesprin mutations may disrupt tissue specific nesprin scaffolds and explain the tissue specific nature of many nesprin-associated diseases, including laminopathies.
surface diffeomorphisms with no maximal entropy measure
Authors: BUZZI JÉRÔME
Published: July 2013

For any $1\leq r\lt \infty $, we build on the disk, and therefore on any manifold, a ${C}^{r} $-diffeomorphism with no measure of maximal entropy.
ΟΛymπionikaΣ
Authors: Hose H. F.
Published: July 2013

In one of the winding dells of the Arcadian uplands a little white-walled city slept sunnily on a knoll beside the riverbed, where the thread of the summer stream curled slowly among the rushes. The sun stood blazing in the south, and the people of the city lay resting peacefully in patches of shade under the temple roofs or under the colonnades by the fountain. The market-place was silent; a few shopkeepers dozed under their booths, where their merchandise was sheltered from the heat of the summer noon. The narrow streets, winding among the blank white walls of the houses, were deserted. On a small hill above the market-place stood the temple of Zeus, with its gables fronting east and west. In the shade of the eastern gable two boys were standing and straining their eyes into the glare of the sun to watch the white track which climbed the hills before them. Both of them at once saw a little cloud of dust rise on the crest of the hill, and the form of a man running. ‘The runner!’ they shouted, and their shout woke the cool shadows along the northern colonnade of the temple. One after another, men came out and joined them, and the elder boy darted down the temple steps, across the market-place, and down one of the narrow streets crying all the while ‘The runner! The runner!’ The town woke from its sleep; shopkeepers, porters, nobles, men, women, and children gathered on the temple steps before the runner had reached the bottom of the valley; and as he climbed the short ascent, and ran through the open city gate, an eager crowd awaited his arrival. He reached the open space in front of the temple. His face and hair were covered with dust and sweat, as were his sinewy legs and arms. He stood gasping for a moment to get breath for his announcement to the silent eager crowd. Then in a hoarse but exultant voice he cried, ‘Stymphalians, Hagesias won the mule-car race yesterday morning!’
Some Latin Inscriptions. I
Authors: Barrow R. H.
Published: July 2013

One of the greatest historical achievements of the last century was the gathering together of the Latin inscriptions scattered over the various countries of Europe and the Mediterranean. The scheme was originated by Kellermann of Copenhagen (1805–37), who spent the last nine years of his life collecting inscriptions in Italy. It was taken up by members of the French Academy and finally carried through by the Berlin Academy. Many scholars, French, German, and Italian, had prepared the way by publishing collections of inscriptions; and the plan of the two scholars Zumpt, uncle and nephew, who were entrusted with the early preparations did not embrace much more than the rearranging of the published inscriptions. In 1847 a comprehensive scheme—the compilation of a corpus of inscriptions whether already published or not—was submitted to the Berlin Academy by Theodor Mommsen. In 1853 final approval was given and in 1863 appeared the first volume of the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, consilio et auctoritate Academiae litterarum regiae Borussicae editum.
The Public School of Sparta
Authors: Harley T. Rutherford
Published: July 2013

A country probably gets the system of education it deserves. But lucky is that country where education is a natural growth and a tradition rather than the clean-cut system of an expert. Sparta very clearly followed a very ancient tradition—very ancient and very novel, as Xenophon says: παλαιοὶ ὄντες ἔτι καὶ νυ̃ν τοι̃ς ἄλλοις καινότατοί εἰσι—‘new ideals’ in education are usually the oldest.
Lucretius
Authors: Hose H. F.
Published: July 2013

The physical theories of Democritus were and are profoundly interesting as an attempt to answer some of the great questions of natural science—how to account for growth and change, for the fact that earth turns into corn, corn into men, and men again into earth. The early Ionic philosophers had seen that some necessary common basis must be found, and had sought it in water or fire or some other supposed element. The inadequacy of these explanations soon became evident to the rapidly growing Greek intellect, and Democritus found the common basis in atoms, indestructible and indivisible; an infinite number of these were moving through space, differing in shape and hardness; the movement of the atoms had a certain swerve which enabled them to meet, and the meeting of infinite numbers enabled those of the right shape and texture to join and form the things we see (res in Lucretius). Atoms and void—there was nothing else, and nothing else was needed to produce the world we know. This is a purely physical theory and might be held by Napoleon, Cleopatra, or Charles Peace, nor is it capable of being made the subject of a great poem
A Modern Latin Inscription
Authors: Martyn Á. J. K.
Published: July 2013

There died on 26 December, last year, in the little A Somersetshire village of Hinton St. George, a master of English and maker of many dictionaries, one who, to quote from Mr. C. L. Graves's lines in Punch:
Idem Libertus
Authors: Broughall Marjorie S.
Published: July 2013

C. gargilius haemon read his own epitaph. He read slowly, sitting on the stairs beside the tablet, moving his lamp from line to line, and watching the words leap into clarity and fade again. It was a beautiful epitaph. Its warm phrases comforted him; its rhythms from the poets sang in his head. There was a whole line of verse to end it. He chanted it softly.
The Gold Supply in Ancient and Medieval Times and its Influence on History
Authors: Sedgwick W. B.
Published: July 2013

The present paper is an attempt to show the far-reaching effect on history of a single economic factor, namely, the gold supply.
A Modern Play by Euripides
Authors: Saunders A. N. W.
Published: July 2013

Among the most interesting of Euripides' plays are two of his latest, Bacchae and Iphigenia in Aulis, the first so often read, the second so seldom—far more rarely than it deserves. This last is incomplete, it is true, and full of difficulties in the text. But it is full too of the qualities most associated with Euripides, the man who depicted human beings as they really were. It is by now a commonplace to compare Euripides with Mr. Shaw, but in this play we have, if not a Shavian, at least a very modern treatment of a traditional theme. The men and women here are the old names, but they have not that quality—call it what you will—which a later writer named τὸ ὔΨος, and which in Shakespeare or in Sophocles deepens for us and universalizes the emotions, but at the same time sets the characters as it were far off, like lofty giants and princes in a tale which, sympathize as we may, is not quite on our earth. To-day we are more accustomed to characters we can see as men and women like ourselves, whom we can love, feel for, laugh at, and even despise. And when we see them in the stories of tradition or history, it is perhaps an added pleasure to feel that these men and women whose fame we know were really no less human than ourselves. It is perhaps this feeling which has popularized the modern school of biographers led by Lytton Strachey. And we find it in such plays as Caesar and Cleopatra, St. Joan, Richard of Bordeaux, or The Rose without a Thorn. It is here, too, in the Iphigenia in Aulis, perhaps the most modern of all Euripides' plays, and claimed as marking the transition to the Middle Comedy. The traditional form is still there, but little else of the Old Tragedy. The chorus with all its utterances could be deleted without the loss of anything essential to the play. There are rhetorical passages, particularly in the scene between Menelaus and Agamemnon, which leave us a little cold. But the play is full of real characters, real humour, and real pathos. And it will best be represented in English not in the traditional form of decasyllabic verse and archaic or Swinburnian diction, but in the realistic dialogue of a modern play. We may lose something of poetry and something of the atmosphere of the traditional which is still faintly discernible behind its forms. But we shall gain more of the real thing in it, the thing which reminds us of Shaw and the Realists, and which went farthest to endear Euripides to his contemporaries.
Apropos of Translation
Authors: Swingler Randall
Published: July 2013

In classics we appear to have reached the position where ‘the best translator is he who knows that all translation is impossible’. With regard to classical culture and classical education, there is an uneasy feeling that somehow the ‘legacy of Greece and the legacy of Rome’ cut less ice than they used to do. Their influence becomes more and more isolated and more and more of a strain to justify, as against modern commercial tendencies in the schools. And as the whole position of the classics does rest finally upon translation, in its broadest sense, into our own modes of thought, it seems that the fatalism into which most of the sincerest classicists are forced to-day is aptly expressed in the paradox quoted above.
Stoic and Epicurean: A Post-War Commentary
Authors: Raymer A. J.
Published: July 2013

Amidst the conflict of opposing forces in these twenty years since the Armistice—social, political, literary, economic—one of the most acutely debated questions emerging from the tumult is, In what faith (if any) can an intelligent man and woman believe? The large popular demand for books on religion and its relation to art, psychology, reality, politics, and ethics, together with frequent written or broadcast pronouncements by responsible religious authorities, leave no doubt about the increased interest in non-material problems. Popular articles appear in the evening papers by deans, bishops, and laymen, and even sporting ‘stars’ appear in print with religious views. Furthermore, we hear the Voice of Under Thirty accompanying Nero amid the wreckage of ideals and faith, whose validity would seem to have died with Queen Victoria.
Birds at Troy
Authors: Sibson R. B.
Published: July 2013

One day last April it was my good fortune to spend a few hours on the famous hill of Hissarlik. Being only a dabbler in archaeology, I felt little dismay that my time there was so short; even a brief visit would be sufficient to get a vivid impression of the setting and geographical background of the Iliad. It is doubtless a pleasant fancy to imagine the Trojans hauling the wooden horse, some with foreboding, others with exultant shouts, up the steep ramp which the archaeologists have laid bare; and to be told by an expert that a bit of broken pot that one has casually picked up dates from the time when the Greeks are alleged to have sacked Troy should send a thrill through the heart of any one who boasts a classical education.
Personalities in Aristophanes
Authors: Hose H. F.
Published: July 2013

The Old Comedy, says Plutarch, is unsuitable for reading to a dinner-party taking their wine; it is ill regulated, violent, and sometimes indecent; moreover, it would require a commentator to explain the personal allusions and we should be in school again. These allusions are perhaps even more obscure to us; yet we read our Aristophanes, and what we have of Menander would not make us agree with Plutarch's decided preference for the New Comedy. And they have an interest of their own in giving us glimpses of some of the prominent figures in Athenian life and of the objects of public mockery or reprobation; for Aristophanes would make sure that his personal references were such as to secure applause, and most of them occur in the other comedians of the time.
Plato: The use of Inspiration
Authors: Freeman Kathleen
Published: July 2013

It is curious that one of the strongest attacks ever made on poetry and artistic inspiration was made by Plato. Plato was not only a great thinker, but also a peerless literary artist. It is therefore disconcerting to read a dialogue like the Ion, in which he first sets up, and then belabours, a ‘man of inspiration’, with all the resources of his ironic wit.
Cato Censorius
Authors: Smith R. E.
Published: July 2013

A study of the personality of Cato Censorius is both interesting and instructive because of the times in which he lived, a period which began with the Hannibalic War and included those fateful fifty years of the second century which ordered the destiny of Rome herself and indirectly of the whole world. In the shaping of that destiny Cato played a not unimportant part, and the interest of the man lies both in
what he did and in his reactions to the events which confronted him. Such a study also throws light on ancient biographical methods. To the ancient mind the personal element was by far the most important for the understanding of history; the individual acquired a correspondingly higher value and importance in the interpretation of movements and events; and in a time when the State was confronted with many problems, the men who strove to deal with them in different ways assumed importance in men's minds as provoking those very problems which they were only trying to solve.
A Song from Philostratos
Authors: Griffiths J. Gwyn
Published: July 2013

It is not generally know that a striking parallel to the second verse of Ben Jonson's To Celia (‘I sent thee late a rosy wreath …’) occurs in the Greek Anthology. An epigram there by an anonymous poet is briefer than Jonson's verse, but the thought is precisely the same:

Πέμπω σοι μύρον ἡύ, μύρῳ παρέΧων Χάριν, οὐ σοί αὐτή γάρ μυρίσαι καὶ τὸ μύρον ύνασαι.

‘I send thee sweet perfume, granting a favour to the perfume, not to thee; for thou thyself canst perfume even the perfume.’
Christianity and the Classics
Authors: Stanford W. B.
Published: July 2013

‘What has Athens to do with Jerusalem?’ cries Tertullian of Carthage when the Christian Church was barely two centuries old, ‘what harmony is there between Plato's Academy and the Church?’ Then, with all the mastery of eloquence that he had learned in the school of classical rhetoric, he denounces non-Christian literature as pernicious—‘We have no need of curiosity going beyond Christ Jesus, nor of inquiry beyond the Gospel.’

The question might still be crudely asked to-day—Why teach pagan literature in Christian countries and Christian schools? Some may answer that the problem and the conflict are past; none of the greater Christian churches opposes classical education now; on the contrary the clergy mostly encourage it, while it is the scientists that object. But Christianity and the classics meet each other with different facets in different epochs. Sometimes these facets seem less adjustable than those before them. And some of the defences made for pre-Christian literature by Christians, and some of the uses they recommend for it, deserve attention still.

What follows here is mainly an historical survey, and necessarily a very sketchy one. It must begin long before our Lord's time, at the death of Alexander the Great in 323 B.C. By that time Palestine and Egypt, the two great centres of Judaism, had come under Greek rule. After Alexander's death both these regions were taken over by Ptolemy. He and his namesake successors were enlightened and tolerant monarchs. Under their rule Hellenism gained ground among the Jews both at Jerusalem and at Alexandria.
Heresies VI: VBI? Temporal
Authors: Trehern E. M
Published: July 2013

Most teachers of Latin would doubtless cross out ubi if used by a pupil in the sense of ‘When?’ and substitute for it the other interogative adverb quando, notwithstanding the entry ‘quandō, ubi, when?’ retained from the older editions in Prof. J. F. Mountford's revision of the Revised Latin Primer (§ 168) and added in his revision of ‘Bradley's Arnold’ Latin Prose Composition (§ 157 (ii))— entries which are paralleled in some quite elementary Latin text-books.

No other authoritative Latin grammar, and no dictionary, that I have been able to consult records an interrogative use of the temporal ubi, but when the matter was brought to his notice Prof. Mountford instanced, from Merguet's Lexicon, the following passages of Cicero, which at first sight certainly seem to justify the entries:

de demo 77: ‘quamquam ubi tu te popularem, nisi cum pro populo fecisti, potes dicere?’

82: ‘ubi enim tuleras ut mihi aqua et igni interdiceretur?’

127: ‘ubi te isti rei populus Romanus praefecerat?’

pro Cael. 15: ‘ubi denique est in ista suspicione Caeli nomen auditum?’

When it was pointed out that all these passages, even though their natural translation undoubtedly appeared to be ‘When…?’, were rhetorical questions, not genuine requests for information like quando Roman uenisti?, and that they certainly did not prove that ubi and quando were generally interchangeable, Prof. Mountford replied:

‘…The first striking fact is that in all the speeches and philosophical works of Cicero, the only other possible examples are:

de domo 128: “sed quaero quae lex lata sit ut tu aedis meas consecrares, ubi tibi haec potestas data sit, quo iure feceris”.
The Garland of Meleager
Authors: Pollard J. R. T
Published: July 2013

Perhaps it is a little late to deprecate the decline of ‘Verses’. Nevertheless such of us as put our trust in a classical renaissance after the war cannot but hope that that branch of scholarship in which Britain was and still is pre-eminent will survive and flourish again in happier times.

In Lorna Doone John Ridd describes his second in his fight at Blundell's: ‘A rare ripe scholar he was, and now he hath routed up the Germans in the matter of criticism.’ It would be interesting to know who that contemporary of Bentley might have been, because we British do not appear to be cut out for ‘scholars’ in the formal sense. We have yet to produce a Madvig or a Cobet, and it is doubtful whether we ever shall. Constitutionally we are apt to be not so interested in externals as in internals; and once having learned Greek and Latin we wanted to write them and express great thoughts in them. So we invented ‘Verses’.

Wilamowitz, it is recorded, once attempted to compose a Greek iambic in order to illustrate a point of metre. The result was ludicrous. It is extraordinary how so great a scholar could have been so poor at manipulating the language. It is doubtful whether the author of the Prolegomena Xenophontea could have composed a set of verses in any wise comparable to those produced by Thomas Saunders Evans as a boy at Shrewsbury, and although the latter never exhibited the extreme form of precociousness which enabled the Dutch scholar to acquire an international reputation in the early twenties, the praise he once earned from his headmaster when announcing the winning copy of hexameters could hardly have been higher: ‘Gentlemen, the copy of verses which has been awarded the prize this year is worthy of Vergil!’ No wonder another copy of verses written by a Shrewsbury boy at that time and secreted among some Oxford papers won a University prize!
Women in Roman Life and Letters
Authors: Adcock F. E.
Published: July 2013

The infant community of Rome grew up with neighbours who conceded a fairly high place to women. Etruscan sepulchral art suggests as much; the tomb paintings of early Campania show the womenfolk spruce, dignified, and house-proud; the authoritarian rule of the Sabine mother was traditional. Granted that in certain places and at certain times women were taboo, in a sense ‘infectious’, to use Warde Fowler's word, yet in the home the Roman wife had never been banished to a gynaeceum. The Atrium, the heart of the Roman house, was the wife's territory as much as the husband's. Though every Roman household was a monarchy with the paterfamilias as king, the womenfolk were no more, if no less, his subjects than the sons. When the Roman husband carried his wife into the Atrium, and she spoke the sacramental words ‘ubi tu Gaius ibi ego Gaia’, she made a claim that, in its due sphere, was admitted. In this sphere the Roman husband was more at home than the Greek, who hated not to be out of doors in the daytime. In a speech which Tacitus writes for Valerius Messalinus there is the truly Roman phrase ‘revertentibus post laborem quod honestius quam uxorium levamentum?’—‘the relief of a wife's society’—a society, that is, to quote another phrase from the same passage, ‘consortium rerum secundarum adversarumque’. When Lucretius writes:

iam iam non domus accipiet te laeta, neque uxor optima nee dulces occurrent oscula nati praeripere et tacita pectus dulcedine tangent the adjectives carry a weight of feeling.
Seneca the Satirist
Authors: Martin J. M. K.
Published: July 2013

The fame of Seneca rests on his work as a philosopher and a writer of tragedies on the Greek model. But he can also lay claim to be a humorist. For in what perhaps was an unguarded moment he wrote an amusing satire on the emperor Claudius with the strange title Apocolocyntosis.

The piece is so inconsistent with the high tone of his philosophical writings that it has received from critics almost universal reprobation. Seneca's admirers would be better pleased if his authorship could be questioned. But there is no ground for supposing that the satire is by another pen.

It might be thought that the writer who composed the funeral oration on Claudius could not be so base as to switch so quickly from eulogy to satire. But the formality of a graveside encomium need not preclude more honest sentiments when the funeral is over. It may well be that even in the panegyric Seneca had his tongue in his cheek, for Tacitus remarks that when the speaker (it was Nero) referred to the wisdom and foresight of the dead prince no one could refrain from laughter.

The title presents a problem, for there is no mention in the satire of the transformation of Claudius into a gourd or pumpkin. This has led some to the view that the work is incomplete. Others hold, with the support of Lewis and Short, that the word for a gourd, cucurbita, was used in the metaphorical sense of ‘fathead’ or ‘blockhead’, like the German Kürbiskopf, and thus it is assumed that the witticism is limited to the title.