bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Emancipation and Hope
Authors: Braithwaite John
Published: April 2004

This article concludes that the best way to trigger the reciprocal relationship between hope and emancipation is to innovate with institutions that jointly build hope and emancipation. Handouts to the poor without nurturing optimism to empower themselves to solve their own problems are not the solution. Neither is a psychologism that builds hope without concrete support and the flow of resources needed for structural change. Cognitive change in how people imagine a better world, micro-institutional change (illustrated here with the “Emancipation Conference”), and macro-structural change must be strategically integrated for emancipatory politics to be credible.
From Aquinas to Zwelethemba: a Brief History of Hope
Authors: Cartwright John
Published: April 2004

In this article on the nature and functioning of hope, we see, in a brief glimpse of some leading medieval ideas, hope as an element in a structure of intellectual or theological understanding and in the perennially current metaphor of the quest. In considering a small number of speculative novels, we see hope as a necessary dimension of fictional projections that represent utopian visions and the challenges to their implementation.
Environment and Organization: Reviving a Perspective on the Police
Authors: Klinger David A.
Published: April 2004

Police researchers have largely ignored the role thatorganizational and environmental factors play indetermining how officers behave during interactions withcitizens. This has resulted in a body of policing knowledgethat contains little information about how and whypolice practices are affected by features of the agenciesofficers work for and forces outside police departments.This article points out the consequences of this dearth ofknowledge for understanding what the police do andwhy they do it, reviews the limited literature onorganizational and environmental determinants of policeactivity, and calls for a research program that views interfacebetween police organizations and their environments asa central question.
What Can Police Do to Reduce Crime, Disorder, and Fear?
Authors: Weisburd David , Eck John E.
Published: April 2004

The authors review research on police effectiveness in reducing crime, disorder, and fear in the context of a typology of innovation in police practices. That typology emphasizes two dimensions: one concerning the diversity of approaches, and the other, the level of focus. The authors find that little evidence supports the standard model of policing—low on both of these dimensions. In contrast, research evidence does support continued investment in police innovations that call for greater focus and tailoring of police efforts, combined with an expansion of the tool box of policing beyond simple law enforcement. The strongest evidence of police effectiveness in reducing crime and disorder is found in the case of geographically focused police practices, such as hot-spots policing. Community policing practices are found to reduce fear of crime, but the authors do not find consistent evidence that community policing (when it is implemented without models of problem-oriented policing) affects either crime or disorder. A developing body of evidence points to the effectiveness of problemoriented policing in reducing crime, disorder, and fear. More generally, the authors find that many policing practices applied broadly throughout the United States either have not been the subject of systematic research or have been examined in the context of research designs that do not allow practitioners or policy makers to draw very strong conclusions.
Enhancing Police Legitimacy
Authors: Tyler Tom R.
Published: April 2004

This article makes three points. First, the police need public support and cooperation to be effective in their order-maintenance role, and they particularly benefit when they have the voluntary support and cooperation of most members of the public, most of the time. Second, such voluntary support and cooperation is linked to judgments about the legitimacy of the police. A central reason people cooperate with the police is that they view them as legitimate legal authorities, entitled to be obeyed. Third, a key antecedent of public judgments about the legitimacy of the police and of policing activities involves public assessments of the manner in which the police exercise their authority. Such procedural-justice judgments are central to public evaluations of the police and influence such evaluations separately from assessments of police effectiveness in fighting crime. These findings suggest the importance of enhancing public views about the legitimacy of the police and suggest process-based strategies for achieving that objective.
A Welfare Benefits Outreach Project to Users of Community Mental Health Services
Authors: Frost-Gaskin Mary , O'Kelly Rory , Henderson Claire , Pacitti Richard
Published: April 2004

Background: Many psychiatric service users are entitled to welfare benefits, but work from the UK and the USA suggests many are either unaware of their entitlements or find the benefits system difficult to access.

Aims: This study has four aims: 1) to assess the extent to which people using a range of community mental health services receive the welfare benefits to which they are entitled; 2) to calculate the impact on income of receiving help from specialist benefits advisors; 3) to ascertain sociodemographic risk factors for under-claiming; and 4) to identify reasons for under-claiming related to the claims system itself, in order to make recommendations for routine practice.

Methods: This report makes use of data collected during a welfare benefit uptake project by Mind in Croydon staff (MF-G, RO, RP). Benefit assessments were offered to a total of 153 people attending any Croydon resource centre (run by the Health Service) other than the pilot site, or day centre (run by Social Services) for people with mental health problems. All those who were identified as under-claiming were offered help pursuing claims through to conclusion. We used quantitative methods to address the first three aims; qualitative methods in the form of case studies were used to address the fourth.

Results: One-third (34%) of people seen were getting their correct entitlement and two-thirds (66%) were under-claiming. All those found to be under-claiming who accepted all the help offered (87 out of 99 underclaimants) did gain additional benefits as a result, of a mean annual amount of £3079 each. Under-claiming was more frequent in those under 65 years of age, but having had previous advice or having a care manager did not protect against under-claiming. A number of reasons for under-claiming were identified.

Conclusions: For a large and possibly increasing proportion of people using community mental health services, the current benefits system necessitates frequent advice and help by expert advisers to avoid poverty due to under-claiming. The adverse effects on quality of life and mental health may be significant, as are the economic implications of correcting this level of under-claiming.
Elitist Differentiation
Authors: Blackman Melissa Rowell
Published: April 2004

Both G. Flaubert’s November and J. K. Huysmans’ A Rebours exhibit great anxiety about preserving a sense of identity in the face of widespread cultural change. To combat this anxiety, the decadent heroes of both novels adopt and embrace melancholic identities. By focusing on how and why their heroes construct melancholic selves, Flaubert and Huysmans afford us a wealth of insight into the anxiety that pervades cultural change, the problematic nature of identity, as well as the cultural, aesthetic, philosophical and individual value that melancholia can hold.
Suffering, Transience and Immortal Longings
Authors: Borossa Julia , Rooney Caroline
Published: April 2004

This essay explores Lou Salomé’s intellectual friendships with Nietzsche and Freud, with particular respect to the psychological implications of Nietzsche’s doctrine of Eternal Recurrence and Freud’s quite different acceptance of transience. The essay conjectures that it is Salomé who serves as a significant mediation between the later phase of Nietzsche’s philosophy and Freud’s development of a metapsychology reliant on the hypothesis of a death drive.
Intranasal Loteprednol Etabonate in Healthy Male Subjects: Pharmacokinetics and Effects on Endogenous Cortisol
Authors: Hermann Robert , Locher Mathias , Siebert‐Weigel Marianne , LaVallee Nicole , Derendorf Hartmut , Hochhaus Günther
Published: April 2004

Loteprednol etabonate (LE) is a glucocorticoid soft drug that is currently in development for intranasal use. The main objectives of this study were to examine the pharmacokinetics and potential effects on systemic cortisol of two intranasal suspension formulations of LE and to compare these findings with placebo and fluticasone propionate (FP, Flonase®) control treatments. In this randomized, double‐blind (except for FP), parallel‐group study (n = 8/group), all subjects received for 14 days once daily in the morning two puffs of the following nasal spray formulations into each nostril: LE 0.1% (400 μg/day), LE 0.2% (800 μg/day), FP 0.05% (200 μg/day), and placebo. Drug trough levels were determined on days 1, 5, 12, 13, and 14, and a full pharmacokinetic profile was established on day 14, and 24‐hour serum cortisol profiles were assessed prior to treatment (i.e., at baseline) and after the last dose. All subjects completed the protocol without treatment‐emergent adverse findings. All formulations were rapidly absorbed (tmax less than 1 h). The rather short mean terminal half‐lives of 2.2 ± 1.5 hours and 1.8 ± 1.0 hours for LE 400 μg and LE 800 μg, respectively, and 4.2 ±1.8 hours for the 200‐μg FP treatment explained the lack of any accumulation. Mean peak concentrations (Cmax) were 139 ± 57 pg/mL with LE 400 μg and 164 ± 54 pg/mL with LE 800 μg and thus fairly independent from dose. The 200‐μg FP treatment resulted in a Cmax of only 15.5 ± 5.9 pg/mL. Mean measured AUC0‐t values (193 ± 87 pg/h/mL−1, 300 ± 183 pg/h/mL−1, and 40 ± 34 pg/h/ mL‐−1 for LE 400 μg, LE 800 μg, and FP 200 μg, respectively) showed high variability and suggested nonlinear pharmacokinetics for the LE formulations, indicative of a less complete systemic uptake of LE from the 0.2% concentration. None of the treatments (LE 400 μg, LE 800 μg, and FP 200 μg) showed evidence for serum cortisol suppression when compared with placebo, respectively. The uptake and systemic exposure appears less complete from the 0.2% LE concentration, which principally favors this formulation for further clinical development.
Genetic Polymorphisms of Cytochrome P450 Enzymes and the Effect on Interindividual, Pharmacokinetic Variability in Extensive Metabolizers
Authors: Ma Joseph D. , Nafziger Anne N. , Bertino Joseph S.
Published: April 2004

Genetic polymorphisms of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes are one of the factors that contribute to the pharmacokinetic (PK) variability of drugs. PK variability is observed in the bimodal distribution between extensive metabolizers (EMs) and poor metabolizers (PMs). PK variability may also exist between individuals genotyped as homozygous EMs and heterozygous EMs. This may carry implications for drug dosing and drug response (e.g., risk of therapeutic failure or drug toxicity). Studies have reported significant PK differences between homozygous and heterozygous EMs. Some literature suggests that this distinction may be of clinical relevance. Due to study design limitations and data that are either sparse or conflicting, generalizations regarding the potential impact of the CYP genotype, within EMs, are difficult. Optimally designed clinical trials are needed. This review evaluates the potential impact of CYP genetic polymorphisms on interindividual PK variability of drugs within an EM population.
Measuring the Effects of Supratherapeutic Doses of Levofloxacin on Healthy Volunteers Using Four Methods of QT Correction and Periodic and Continuous ECG Recordings
Authors: Noel Gary J. , Goodman Daniel B. , Chien Shuchean , Solanki Bhavna , Padmanabhan Mukund , Natarajan Jaya
Published: April 2004

A clinical trial was conducted in healthy volunteers using both periodic and continuous ECG recordings to assess the effect of increasing doses of levofloxacin on the QT and QTc interval. Periodic and continuous ECGs were recorded before and after subjects were dosed with placebo and increasing doses of levofloxacin (500 mg, 1000 mg, 1500 mg) that included doses twice the maximum recommended dose of 750 mg in a double‐blind, randomized, four‐period, four‐sequence crossover trial. Mean heart rate (HR) and the QT and QTc interval after dosing with levofloxacin and placebo were compared, and HR‐QT interval relationships defined by linear regression analysis were calculated. After single doses of 1000 and 1500 mg of levofloxacin, HR increased significantly, as measured by periodic and continuous ECG recordings. This transient increase occurred at times of peak plasma concentration and was without symptoms. Mean QT intervals after placebo and mean intervals after levofloxacin were indistinguishable. Using periodic ECG recordings, single doses of 1500 mg were associated with small increases in QTc that were statistically significant. In contrast, an effect on QTc was shown only using the Bazett formula with data obtained from continuous ECG recordings. Together with the finding that levofloxacin does not influence HR‐QT relationships, these findings suggest that levofloxacin has little effect on prolonging ventricular repolarization and that small increases in HR associated with high doses of levofloxacin contribute to the drug's apparent effect on QTc. Single doses of 1000 or 1500 mg of levofloxacin transiently increase HR without affecting the uncorrected QT interval. Differences in mean QTc after levofloxacin compared to placebo vary depending on the correction formula used and whether the data analyzed are from periodic or continuous ECG recordings. This work suggests that using continuous ECG recordings in assessing QT/QTc effects of drugs may be of value, particularly with drugs that might influence HR.
‘Subterranean Worksick Blues’: Humour as Subversion in Two Call Centres
Authors: Taylor Phil , Bain Peter
Published: April 2004

This article engages in debates stimulated by previous work published in Organization Studies, and more widely, on the purpose and effects of workers’ humour and joking practices. The authors emphasize the subversive character of humour in the workplace, rejecting perspectives which see humour as inevitably contributing to organizational harmony. Drawing on methodologies, including ethnography, which permitted the authors to penetrate the organizational surface of two call centres, rich evidence of satire and joking practices were uncovered. While long-acknowledged motives were revealed, particularly relief from boredom and routine, workers’ use of humour took novel, call centre specific forms. Overwhelmingly, though, humour contributed to the development of vigorous countercultures in both locations, which conflicted with corporate aims and priorities. However, the particular combinations of managerial culture, attitudes to trade unionism and dissent, and the nature of oppositional groupings helped impart a different character to humour between the two call centres. At Excell, the presence of a group of activists seeking to build workplace trade unionism in circumstances of employer hostility was a crucial contrast. These activists were instrumental in their use of humour, aware that it helped make the union popular and served to weaken managerial authority. This evidence, that subversive satire can be allied to a wider collective union organizing campaign at workplace level, makes a distinctive contribution to the recent literature on organizational humour.
‘It’s an Interesting Conversation I’m Hearing’: The Doctor as Manager
Authors: Iedema Rick , Degeling Pieter , Braithwaite Jeffrey , White Les
Published: April 2004

The aim of this article is to outline in discursive-linguistic terms how doctor-managers (or ‘physician-executives’ as they are termed in the USA) manage the incommensurate dimensions of their boundary position between profession and organization. In order to achieve this we undertook a discourse analytical study of both recorded, situated talk and open interview data focusing on one doctor-manager navigating between profession and organization. The doctor-manager at the centre of this study locates himself on the boundary of at least three discourses which, in many respects, are incommensurate. These are the profession-specific discourse of clinical medicine, the resource-efficiency and systematization discourse of management, and an interpersonalizing discourse devoted to hedging and mitigating contradictions. While this multi-vocality in itself is not surprising, data show that the doctor-manager positions himself across these discourses and manages their inherent incommensurabilities before a heterogeneous audience and on occasions even within the one utterance. In this particular case, boundary management is achieved by weaving incommensurable positions together into the social and linguistic dynamics of a single, heteroglossic stream of talk. This highly complex and dialogic strategy enables the doctor-manager to dissimulate the disjunction between his reluctance to impose organizational rules on his medical colleagues and his perception that such rules, in the future (to some extent at least), will be the appropriate means for managing the clinical work, and through that the organization.
Codes of Good Governance Worldwide: What is the Trigger?
Authors: Aguilera Ruth V. , Cuervo-Cazurra Alvaro
Published: April 2004

This article examines the mechanisms underlying the worldwide diffusion of organizational practices. We suggest that the two main theoretical explanations in the diffusion literature, efficiency and legitimation, can be complementary. More specifically, we argue that endogenous forces seek to enhance the efficiency of existing systems, while exogenous forces seek to increase legitimation. To assess our argument, we explore the worldwide diffusion of codes of good governance. These codes are a set of ‘best practice’ recommendations regarding the behavior and structure of a firm’s board of directors issued to compensate for deficiencies in a country’s corporate governance system regarding the protection of shareholders’ rights. We have collected data on codes of good governance for 49 countries. We operationalize efficiency needs in terms of the characteristics of shareholder protection, and legitimation pressures in terms of government liberalization, economic openness, and presence of foreign institutional investors. Our analysis supports the argument that both efficiency needs and legitimation pressures lead to code adoption. In addition, our empirical results show that countries with legal systems with strong shareholder protection rights tend to be more prone to develop codes, possibly for efficiency reasons. This article contributes to organization theory by illustrating that he diffusion of codes fosters both cross-national corporate governance convergence as well as some degree of country hybridization, particularly depending on the type of code issuer.
Involving Practitioners in Evaluation
Authors: Oulton Julia
Published: April 2004

This article discusses the author’s experience as both a community service pathfinder manager and as a research-minded practitioner interested in involving practitioners in the evaluation of their own practice. It describes the setting up of a ‘co-operative enquiry group’ and examines the contribution that it made to the evaluation process, concluding that participatory research can contribute significantly to the data gathered by specialist researchers.
Early Release for Seriously Ill and Elderly Prisoners: Should French Practice be Followed?
Authors: Steiner Eva
Published: April 2004

In 2002 a formal system for dealing with the early release of prisoners on grounds of ill health was introduced in France. One year following its enactment the new legislation has already been applied successfully in cases of seriously ill and elderly prisoners. This article describes the principal features and background to this new system and examines the arguments at issue on this question, more particularly the human rights argument in light of the Strasbourg case law under article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights. In a comparative perspective the article questions whether, given the prison situation in England and Wales, a similar reform should not also be considered in this jurisdiction.
Working with Turkish Speaking Refugee and Asylum Seeking Offenders
Authors: Mortimer Canan
Published: April 2004

This article highlights some of the particular challenges faced by the large and growing population of Turkish speaking offenders in the London borough of Haringey. It draws on a small-scale study, which sought to inform the author’s practice with this group of offenders.
Risk Assessment: Who Needs It?
Authors: Horsefield Alan
Published: April 2004

This article sets out to question the value of OASys for practitioners in criminal justice, suggesting that it is of greater value to the organizations which are driving forward the process of implementation.
The Influence of Harmoniccontext on the Tuning of Thirds Played by Professional Flautists
Authors: Leukel Winfried , Stoffer Thomas
Published: April 2004

The aim of this study is to investigate how professional orchestral musicians perform major and minor thirds in different harmonic contexts. The intervals were recorded simultaneously, in the most natural acoustic conditions possible, by four professional flautists. The fundamental frequencies of thepitches were determined from the digital recording by Fourier transformation with a spectrum analysis programme. The intention of this was measurement precision of < 1 cent. The measured width of the intervals are compared with their pure, Pythagorean and equal tempered equivalents. The results show that, with major thirds and independent of the harmonic context, the pure tuning is preferred. With minor thirds, pure tuning prevails over equal temperamenttuning when the interval occurs within a harmonic context, such as a major triad or a dominant seventh chord. The Pythagorean tuning fares worse in terms of intonation in the performance of both intervals.
The Social Construction of Memory and Forgetting
Authors: Delich Francisco
Published: April 2004

Français, vous avez la mémoire courte (You French have short memories) was the title of a film showing in a cinema opposite Saint-Sulpice church. It was the early 1960s; scarcely 15 years had passed since the end of the Second World War and the horrors of Nazism had not yet been fully revealed. Germany was an occupied and divided country. France was fighting in Algeria.
Tribological Studies on Glass Fiber Reinforced Polyetherketone Composites
Authors: Harsha A. P. , Tewari U. S.
Published: April 2004

The result of experimental investigations on the mechanical and tribological properties of injection moulded neat polyetherketone (PEK) and its glass fiber reinforced composites are presented in this paper. A series of PEK composites reinforced with glass fibers in the range of 0-30% were selected. The mechanical properties studied were tensile strength, tensile modulus, elongation at break, flexural strength, flexural modulus, hardness and impact strength. Composites were characterised by using Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) and Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA). The tribological studies were investigated under extremely different types of wear loading. The abrasive wear studies were conducted by using pin on disc machine under various experimental conditions such as sliding distance, load, abrasive grit size. Sliding wear and friction properties were also determined when sliding under reciprocating conditions at different loads and temperatures. It was observed that incorporation of glass fiber resulted in an increase in wear rates under different types of loading. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to analyse the worn surfaces.
An Investigation on Buckling Behavior of Simply Supported Woven Steel Reinforced Thermoplastic Laminated Plates with Lateral Strip Delamination
Authors: KüÇük Mümin
Published: April 2004

The effects of the lateral strip delamination width on the buckling loads of the simply supported woven steel reinforced thermoplastic laminated composite plates have been investigated. The mechanical properties of the manufactured composite layers have been measured. Threedimensional finite element models of the square laminated plates have been established. Each of these models possesses four layers and a different delamination width between the second and third layers. The orientation angle of the fibers is chosen as 0, 15, 30 and 45. The buckling loads have been determined for each model having different lateral delamination width. The results show that important decreases in the buckling loads occur after a certain value of the delamination width. The variation ratios of the results of the symmetric or antisymmetric cases are approximately the same for each angle.
Probabilistic Fatigue–Creep Life Prediction of Composites
Authors: Mahadevan Sankaran , Mao Hongyin
Published: April 2004

In this paper, a continuum damage mechanics-based model is developed to model the damage evolution of composite materials subjected to fatigue and creep loading. A simulation-based procedure of probabilistic creep fatigue life prediction of composite materials is presented with the proposed damage accumulation model. Uncertainties in loading are considered through simulated random loading histories. Material properties are addressed as random variables to consider the uncertainties in materials. The proposed method is capable of considering the interaction effects between different loading levels and the interaction effect between creep and fatigue. The application of the damage accumulation model and the proposed method for probabilistic life prediction are illustrated with a numerical example.
Free Vibration of Two-layered Cross-Ply Laminated Plates Using Layer-wise Trigonometric Shear Deformation Theory
Authors: Shimpi R. P. , Ainapure A. V.
Published: April 2004

In this paper, variationally consistent layer-wise trigonometric shear deformation theory has been extended to deal with free vibration of two-layered laminated cross-ply plates. Governing differential equations are derived by making use of a displacement field which allows a sinusoidal variation of the in-plane displacements through the laminate thickness. In this displacement based theory, constitutive relations between shear-stress and shear-strains are satisfied in both the layers, and, therefore, shear correction factor is not required. Compatibility at the layer interface in respect of in-plane displacement and compatibility in respect of transverse shear-stress is satisfied, yet present theory contains fewer unknown variables than that of the first order shear deformation theory. Effects of rotary inertia and other inertias are also included. Efficacy of the present theory is demonstrated through illustrative examples.
Dynamic and Quasi-static Failure Evolution of 3D Woven Cellular Composite Systems
Authors: Baucom J. N. , Zikry M. A. , Qiu Y.
Published: April 2004

The effects of porosity on the impact response and perforation resistance of 3D woven carbon-fiber reinforced epoxy panels under impact by projectiles and under quasi-static three-point bending were experimentally investigated. The 3D cellular composite systems were fabricated by a new method, where porosity can be controlled. The porous samples absorbed a greater amount of specific energy than the nonporous samples. This may be due to the deflection of matrix cracks by the pores and the greater flexibility of the fibers to absorb energy through tensile straining. The quasi-static experiments also indicate that porosity may exhibit strength comparable to nonporous systems.
High Strain Rate Response of Cross-Linked and Linear PVC Cores
Authors: Thomas Tonnia , Mahfuz Hassan , Kanny Krishnan , Jeelani Shaik
Published: April 2004

The compressive response of cross-linked and linear PVC foam core materials, namely, H130 and HD130 having identical densities were evaluated. Both cores were subjected to compressive loading at various strain rates ranging from quasi-static to 1560 s1. At quasi-static loading, the compressive strength of the H grade was approximately 30% higher than the HD grade. On the other hand, at HSR loading the HD grade was 20% higher. HSR tests were also conducted at various temperatures ranging from 25 to 12°C. It was observed that degradation of strength was more severe for the HD grade as temperatures increased. A recovery of the cores original volume was also noticed during high strain rate and elevated temperature tests. Accordingly, residual properties were determined. Results show that only the residual properties of the HD grade were affected by temperature.
Interlaminar Stress and Delamination Analysis of Internally-Tapered Composite Laminates
Authors: He Kan , Ganesan R. , Hoa S. V.
Published: April 2004

In the present work, the interlaminar fracture behavior of internally-tapered composite laminates that have cracks in the drop-off region is investigated using J-integral and direct calculation methods. The influences of cracks at the resin layer–interleaf interface and at the interface between adjacent plies are studied. The composite laminate is modeled and analyzed using partial hybrid stress finite elements that are formulated based on the Hellinger–Reissner variational principle and the generalized plane deformation theory. In the formulation, only three interlaminar stress components that cause delamination at the interface are independently assumed in addition to displacement interpolation. Both the six-node triangular and eight-node quadrilateral hybrid finite elements (formulated and presented in a companion paper [He, K., Hoa, S.V. and Ganesan, R. “Stress Analysis of Tapered Composite Laminate Using Partial Hybrid Finite Elements”, J. Reinforced Plastics and Composities, 23:6, 2004.]) are used in the fracture analysis. A parametric study is conducted to determine the influences of geometric and material properties on the fracture behavior of the tapered laminate. Experimental work was carried out for the observation of fracture. The analysis results and the experimental observation are compared.
Review of a Large Clinical Series: Perioperative Myocardial Infarction in Low-Risk Patients Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery Is Associated With Intraoperative Hypotension
Authors: Barone James E. , Bull Marcia B. , Cussatti Edward H. , Miller Kevin D. , Tucker James B.
Published: April 2004

This is an investigation of the association of intraoperative hypotension and perioperative myocardial infarction (MI) in low-risk patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. The case-control study compared all patients who experienced perioperative MI during the years 1996 through 1999 to a similar group of patients matched for multiple variables. Perioperative MI occurred in 22 patients. Two patients, who underwent unusual surgical procedures, were excluded from the study. The remaining 20 MI patients were compared with 40 patients who had the same types of surgery and similar mean ages, co-morbidities and preoperative evaluations. Of the patients suffering a perioperative MI, 14 (70%) experienced intraoperative hypotension, as opposed to 11 (28%) of those who did not have an MI ( P = .002). Six (30%) MI patients died as opposed to only one (2.5%) of the non-MI group ( P = .004). When subjected to logistic regression analysis, intraoperative hypotension remained the only significant variable associated with perioperative MI ( P = .0056). Intraoperative hypotension is associated with an increased risk of perioperative myocardial infarction and death.
A Novel Technique While on Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation to Rule Out Anomalous Left Coronary Artery
Authors: Wilson William R. , Greer Georgia E. , Tobias Joseph D.
Published: April 2004

The authors present an infant who required extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for treatment of cardiac failure. Echocardiography could not conclusively demonstrate the origin of the left coronary artery. To rule out anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA) as the etiology of the cardiac failure, angiography was deemed necessary. Given the logistic issues involved in moving a patient to the cardiac catheterization suite while receiving ECMO, a method was developed to allow for aortic root injection while on ECMO. The technique involved momentary cessation of ECMO flow to the patient and clamping of the arterial and venous lines followed by injection into the aortic inflow cannula. A chest x-ray demonstrated adequate filling of the aortic arch and adequate visualization of the left coronary artery. While other therapeutic procedures and diagnostic studies have been performed during ECMO, the authors report for the first time a novel technique to allow for aortic arch/coronary artery angiography and provide definitive delineation of the coronary artery anatomy to rule out ALCAPA.
Between Reality and Dream: Eastern European Media Transition, Transformation, Consolidation, and Integration
Authors: Gross Peter
Published: April 2004

This article explores the progress made in the transition and transformation of Eastern Europe’s news media and the potential for their integration into the Western European media scene. Transformation and consolidation in Eastern European societies and in their media systems should not be pursued in the name of integration. For these societies, these processes have a raison d’etre of their own: reaching the stated desideratum of a bona fide democracy, which means a degree of sameness in the key aspects of their political culture; for the media, it means professionalization based on shared standards of journalism and media roles.
State Subsidies, International Diffusion, and Transnational Civil Society: The Case of Frankfurt-Oder and Słubice
Authors: Chessa Cecilia
Published: April 2004

This article details the manner in which the German state and the European Union (EU) have affected incentives at the state and local levels in their attempts to encourage transnational civil society in both Frankfurt-Oder and SÂubice. While elites on both sides of the Oder have initiated some civil society organization, incentives stemming from the German state and the EU have served as the more important influence on the density and configuration of associations in these two cities. In this article, the author argues that despite deleterious legacies stemming from the Leninist period, the availability of material resources coupled with the commitment of local elites accounts for the existence of the tenuous yet influential civil society sphere examined in the case study. This article further contends that EU efforts throughout the 1990s to foster the structures of civil society have met with successes that will prove consequential to the long-run institutionalization of EU reforms.
Long-Term Effects of Donepezil on P300 Auditory Event-Related Potentials in Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Katada Eiichi , Sato Koichi , Sawaki Akira , Dohi Yasuaki , Ueda Ryuzo , Ojika Kosei
Published: April 2004

The P300, one of the cognitive event-related potentials (ERPs) of the cerebral cortex, reflects the functioning of the neurochemical system involved in cognitive processes. We investigated clinical significance of the components of auditory P300 ERPs, in comparison with neuropsychologic tests including the Mini-Mental State Examination and the Japanese version of the Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive subscale (ADAS-J cog), for evaluating of the effect of donepezil (DPZ) (5 mg daily for 6 months), an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Reduction of P300 latency associated with a parallel improvement of ADAS-J cog scores was observed after administration of 5 mg/day of DPZ in patients with AD. P300 latency gives very useful information on the progression of AD, especially in the longitudinal follow-up of patients with AD during treatment with DPZ acting on cholinergic pathways. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2003;16:39-43)
Those I Have Loved – and Loathed
Authors: Waterhouse Keith
Published: April 2004

The longest-serving columnist in national newspapers - almost 34 years continuously in first the Daily Mirror and then, since 1988, the Daily Mail - Waterhouse writes about the four columnists he considers to have been the greatest of all time and about the art of column writing itself.
Karl Kleist (1879–1960) – A Pioneer of Neuropsychiatry
Authors: Neumärker Klaus-Jürgen , Bartsch Andreas Joachim
Published: April 2004

Karl Kleist (1879–1960) was instrumental in pioneering German neuro-psychiatry and neuropsychology, including the description of frontal, constructional, limb-kinetic (innervatory) and psychomotor apraxias, frontal akinesia and aspontaneity, as well as object and form blindness. Besides isolating episodic twilight states, involutional paranoia and symptomatic (especially influenza) psychoses, he was particularly involved in applying Wernicke’s syndromatic and Kraepelin’s prognostic and aetiological principles to classify ‘neurogenous’ psychoses by refuting the assumption of mixed entities whenever possible. Thus, his phasophrenias denoted manic-depressive illness, unipolar affective disorders and marginal, i.e., atypical psychoses. The rather benign cycloid psychoses form the most prominent examples of the latter. Schizophrenias, on the other hand, were limited to poor long-term catamnestic outcomes. Kleist conceptualized the core group of schizophrenic illnesses as psychic system diseases – hence the origin of the term ‘systematic schizophrenias’ within the Wernicke-Kleist-Leonhard School. Kleist was mainly influenced by Wernicke and his psychic reflex arc, but Ernst Mach’s empiriocriticism, Theodor Meynert’s cerebral connectionism, and associationism also shaped his outlook. Kleist’s localization of cerebral functions by lesion analyses was indeed the best available at the time and continues to reveal insights to the interested reader. From his Frankfurt School, which may have been the last of a completely unified neuropsychiatry, came sound representatives of psychiatry, neurology and neurosurgery.

His technical mastery and achievements seem indisputable, but his balancing acts during the Third Reich may today be questioned. Despite joining the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP) and the local Court of Genealogical Health (Erbgesundheitsgericht), Kleist was, however, one of the few German physicians who continued to treat Jewish patients, to employ Jewish colleagues and to voice evident criticism of the policies of ‘eugenics’ and ‘euthanasia’.

This paper attempts to illuminate Kleist’s biography and life’s work in the relevant historical context.
Psychiatry in Genoa
Authors: Peloso Paolo Francesco , Breathnach C. S.
Published: April 2004

The most important lines in the history of Genoese psychiatry are presented. Eight milestones can be identified: (1) the construction of the first madhouse in 1841; (2) the continual increase from that period in the number of in-patients, and the lack of adequate accommodation; (3) the beginning of the teaching of psychiatry at the University of Genoa; (4) the stormy debate on the construction of a great madhouse near Cogoleto; (5) the opening of the madhouse at Quarto and the discussion on its enlargement; (6) the attempts to introduce the nonrestraint system at the beginning of nineteenth century; (7) the writing of Camillo Tomei and the work of Luigi Maria Bossi against the abuses of psychiatry; (8) the awakening, beginning in the late 1960s, of interest in psychiatry, the closure of the old Italian asylums, and the birth of community psychiatry in 1978.
Of Mania: Introduction
Authors: Berrios G. E.
Published: April 2004

Classic Text No. 57 is meant to illustrate the way in which the old, pre-1800 clinical notion of mania was transformed into its current counterpart. In Classical times, the term ‘mania’ had been used to refer to three orders of objects: medical (as featured in this introduction and in the Classic text), theological (two Greek deities) (Smith, 1870) and epistemological. In regard to the last, a mania of ‘divine’ origin is mentioned by Plato in the Phaedrus, as a way to gain full knowledge, i.e., to journey from the sensible world to the ideal or intelligible world.

By the end of the nineteenth century, however, the clinical category ‘mania’ had changed its referent completely: it now named a different symptom-cluster, was inscribed in a novel nosological frame, and was explained by new mechanisms. This metamorphosistook about sixty years to complete, and the extract reprinted below instances the way in which such a process took place within English alienism.
Of Power Maniacs and Unethical Geniuses: Science and Scientists in Fiction Film
Authors: Weingart Peter , Muhl Claudia , Pansegrau Petra
Published: April 2004

New knowledge has met with ambivalence, as is documented in myths ever since that of Prometheus. This ambivalence is also apparent in the representations of science in literature and the popular media, most prominent among them movies. Shelley’s Frankenstein has become the icon of the “mad scientist” as depicted by filmmakers ever since the 1930s. To trace such patterns of ambivalence and stereotypes of scientists and science in fiction film, 222 movies were analyzed. It is apparent that modification of, and intervention into, the human body, the violation of human nature, and threats to human health by means of science are depicted as the most alarming aspects of scientific inquiry. The threat is dramatized by being associated with the image of the scientist as pursuing the quest for new knowledge in secrecy, outside the controls of academic institutions and peers. Scientific research as perceived by fiction film is seldom a venture across the boundaries of the permissible.
How to Teach Biology Using the Movie Science of Cloning People, Resurrecting the Dead, and Combining Flies and Humans
Authors: Rose Christopher
Published: April 2004

While popular culture is generally acknowledged to have some impact on public opinion of science, attempts to evaluate this relationship have focused largely on how the public perceives science, rather than how well they understand it. Movies, television, and literature are usually argued to foster a negative perception of science and scientists among the viewing and reading public. What has been left out of this analysis, however, is the degree to which popular culture informs or misinforms the public about how science is done. Does the scientific accuracy and plausibility of a movie’s story line really affect the public’s understanding of the related science? As a science researcher, I am biased in my belief that realistic movies provide more engaging and thought-provoking entertainment than ones that violate obvious and well-understood scientific principles. However, whether realistic movies actually stimulate public inquiry into real science remains to be demonstrated. As a science teacher, I am also challenged to find ways to engage non-science students in learning about how and why science is done. To this end, I have developed a general science course called “Biology in the Movies, ” which uses biology-based movies as a starting point for discussing the fundamental ideas, techniques, and societal implications of such topics as human cloning, genetic screening, human origins and evolution, artificial intelligence, and recombining animals. Teaching this course has thus prompted me to consider the qualities of movies that make them useful for furthering public understanding of science. In this essay, I attempt to explain those qualities and explore how movies that treat similar scientific ideas with differing degrees of realism can be used to teach science. I close with comments on how movies can be usefully critiqued for their scientific plausibility.
The Good, the Bad and the Ugly—Dr. Moreau Goes to Hollywood
Authors: Jörg Daniele
Published: April 2004

This paper compares three celluloid adaptations (1932, 1977, 1996) of the classic novel by H.G. Wells, The Island of Doctor Moreau. The focus is neither the plot nor the special effects but the presentation of the science and the scientist(s) portrayed, considering the year of production and what was known about cells and genes at that time.
Young Tom Edison—Edison, the Man: Biopic of the Dynamic Entrepreneur
Authors: Böhnke Michael , Machura Stefan
Published: April 2004

This article examines two classical examples of biographical films, Young Tom Edison and Edison, the Man, exploring the ways in which popular motion pictures build an image of entrepreneurial inventorship. Both films reflect the time in which they were produced. In 1940, the Great Depression was not forgotten and the film makers venture to re-establish faith in the capitalist system. In pursuing this, they skillfully employ common myths and standards of story-telling. The films are saturated with period detail of nineteenth-century Americana and they re-enact the familiar patterns of the biopic genre. Edison manages to rise from humble beginnings to a world-famous inventor-hero. Around the inventor’s figure, several topics are constructed, such as courage and responsibility, Edison’s allegedly ambivalent relation to money and commercial success, supposed conflict with monopolistic capital, comradeship, leadership and genius. This celebration of the scientific hero is coupled with a sacralization of the act of inventing. In sum, Thomas Alva Edison is molded into an archetype of a Schumpetarian dynamic entrepreneur. As such, Edison destroys old technologies and industries and paves the way for the better.
Sense of Humor, Childhood Cancer Stressors, and Outcomes of Psychosocial Adjustment, Immune Function, and Infection
Authors: Dowling Jacqueline S. , Hockenberry Marilyn , Gregory Richard L.
Published: April 2004

The diagnosis, treatment, and side effects of childhood cancer have been described as extremely stressful experiences in the life of a child. Anecdotally, children report that a sense of humor helps them cope with the daily experiences of living with cancer; however, no research has examined sense of humor and childhood cancer stressors. This study investigated the effect of sense of humor on the relationship between cancer stressors and children’s psychosocial adjustment to cancer, immune function, and infection using Lazarus and Folkman’s theory of stress, appraisal, and coping. A direct relationship was observed between sense of humor and psychosocial adjustment to cancer, such that children with a high sense of humor had greater psychological adjustment, regardless of the amount of cancer stressors. A moderating effect was observed for incidence of infection. As childhood cancer stressors increase, children with high coping humor scores reported fewer incidences of infection than low scorers.
Meeting the Nursing Challenges Intreating Children with 131 I-MIBG
Authors: Brophy Pat , Schmus Cindy , Balistreri Lisa
Published: April 2004

This article focuses on the role of advanced practice nurses as leaders on a health care team committed to providing a collaborative approach to a unique patient population. It describes the process of implementing a clinical trial for treatment of patients with neuroblastoma with the radioisotope 131I-MIBG. As new clinical trials emerge, staff nurses face challenges in providing care to complex patients and their families. Nurses are often required to acquire new knowledge, interact with other disciplines and departments, and develop new skills in order to provide care for these patients. Advanced practice nurses can provide a critical link between the principal investigator and staff members to meet these challenges. The process used to implement this trial can serve as a model for many other interdisciplinary projects.