bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Should We Be Trying So Hard to Be Postmodern? A Response to Drees, Haught, and Yeager
Authors: Van Huyssteen J. Wentzel
Published: March 2003

This paper explores the thesis that both modernism and postmodernism, as contemporary cultural phenomena, have been unable to come to terms with the issue of human rationality in any positive way. As a result of this, nearly all of the stereotyped ways of relating theology and science through models of conflict, independence, consonance, harmony, integration, or dialogue are likely to be revealed as too simplistic generalizations about the relationship between these two dominant forces in our culture. What is proposed is a postfoundationalist model where theology and science can rediscover the resources of rationality shared by these two reasoning strategies. Postfoundationalism in theology and science wants to point creatively beyond the confines of the local community, group, or culture toward a plausible form of interdisciplinary conversation. In taking seriously the role of local context and interpreted experience, postfoundationalism in theology and science should enable us to reach beyond the walls of our own communities in cross‐contextual, cross‐cultural and cross‐disciplinary conversation.
Meme Pools, World 3, and Averroës's Vision of Immortality
Authors: Gatherer Derek
Published: March 2003

Dawkins's concept of the meme pool, essentially equivalent to Popper's World 3, is considered as an expression in modern terms for what Averroës knew as the active intellect, an immortal entity feeding into, or even creating, the passive intellect of consciousness. A means is thus provided for reconciling a materialist Darwinian view of the universe with a conception of nonpersonal immortality. The meme pool/active intellect correspondence provides a strong basis for regarding science as a communal enterprise producing enrichment of the meme pool and expansion of consciousness. It also emphasizes the virtues of memetic conservation in relation to vanishing cultures.
The One Body of Christian Environmentalism
Authors: Grizzle Raymond E. , Barrett Christopher B.
Published: March 2003

Using a conceptual model consisting of three intersecting spheres of concern (environmental protection, human needs provision, and economic welfare) central to most environmental issues, we map six major Christian traditions of thought. Our purpose is to highlight the complementarities among these diverse responses in order to inform a more holistic Christian environmentalism founded on one or more of the major tenets of each of the six core traditions. Our approach also incorporates major premises of at least the more moderate versions of biocentrism, ecocentrism, and anthropocentrism. We label this holistic approach “cosmocentrism” and use it as the basis for a preliminary description of the notion of “pluralistic stewardship.” We argue that only such holistic environmental perspectives, where societal needs are more directly coupled with environmental protection, and a pluralism of worldviews are acknowledged as potentially contributing to such efforts are capable of successfully addressing the complex issues we face today. We note that, at the international level in particular, Christian thought and secular environmentalism already have been moving in such a direction.
Murphy on Postmodernity, Science, and Religion
Authors: Robbins J. Wesley
Published: March 2003

Nancey Murphy claims that a shift in “thinking strategy” from modern to postmodern modes of thought makes it easier to exhibit the intellectual respectability of theology vis‐à‐vis the sciences. Her case for this proposition depends on modernist interests, most notably in systematizing the sciences for reasons that have their origin in Plato's divided line.
The Haunting of the Human Spirit
Authors: Teske John A.
Published: March 2003

Understanding the human spirit, the thinking, motivating, feeling aspect of a person, need not entail supernatural reference in any more than a boundary sense. Methodological naturalism accounts for many putatively supernatural experiences in terms of naturalistic and scientific research. Fairy tales have natural functions, naturalistic accounts of miracles can have moral and spiritual power, and neuropsychological research can have value in understanding experiences of ghosts, apparitions, and presences. Even beliefs in personal immortality, at odds with current neurobiology, may serve a range of psychological functions and may raise more moral questions than they answer. Naturalistic accounts can make spiritual explorations possible where supernatural answers provide epistemic barriers.
Karl Schmitz‐Moormann: Our Intellectual Legacy From a Great Mind
Authors: Albright John R.
Published: March 2003

Karl Schmitz‐Moormann's thought as expressed in his last book exemplifies Catholic theology based on realism, flow, evolution, and free will. Categories of creation are reviewed: from nothing, continuous, called forth, informed, and free.
Evolutionary Ethics: What Can We Learn From from the Past?
Authors: Ruse Michael
Published: March 2003

In this paper I look at the question of the derivation of ethics from evolutionary biology, and I do so by considering both historical attempts to make such a derivation and contemporary work.
Shaping the Field of Theology and Science: A Critique of Nancey Murphy
Authors: Clayton Philip
Published: March 2003

Nancey Murphy is a key second‐generation figure in the field of religion and science. Through a variety of responsibilities, some of which are reviewed here, she has worked as a discipline builder over the last fifteen years. After trying to convey the general spirit of Murphy's work, the author focuses on five areas where readers might resist her conclusions, including her “postmodern” theory of scientific (and religious) knowledge and truth, her treatment of theology and science as “separate but equal,” and her defense of physicalism.
Can a Darwinian be a Christian? Ethical Issues
Authors: Ruse Michael
Published: March 2003

A brief historical overview shows the main Christian claims aboutmorality and proper conduct, looking at questions about both prescriptions (‘normative ethics’) and foundations (‘metaethics’). Jesus did not leave a fully articulated ethical system, and hence it fell to his followers to tease out such a system from hism sayings and actions. Particularly important for Catholic thinking has been the natural law theory of St. Thomas Aquinas. Particularly important for Protestant thinking have been the directives of the Gospel stories, although different branches of Protestantism emphasize different parts of Christ's teachings. Foundationally important for all Christians is God's will or desire, and it is necessary to show that this does not commit the believer to potentially capricious divine directives.
From Maclean's Triune Brain Concept to the Conflict Systems Neurobehavioral Model: The Subjective Basis of Moral and Spiritual Consciousness
Authors: Cory Jr. Gerald A.
Published: March 2003

This paper builds upon a critically clarified statement of the triune brain concept to set out the conflict systems neurobehavioral model. The model defines the reciprocal algorithms (rules of procedure) of behavior from evolved brain structure. The algorithms are driven by subjectively experienced behavioral tension as the self‐preservational programming, common to our ancestral vertebrates, frequently tugs and pulls against the affectional program‐ming of our mammalian legacy. The yoking (zygon) of the dual algorithmic dynamic accounts for the emergence of moral and spiritual consciousness as manifested in the universal norm of reciprocity and in the work of such thinkersas Martin Buber and Paul Tillich.
Artificial Intelligence, Religion, and Community Concern
Authors: Rossano Matt J.
Published: March 2003

Future developments in artificial intelligence (AI) will likely allow for a greater degree of human‐machine convergence, with machines becoming more humanlike and intelligent machinery becoming more integrated into human brain function. This will pose many ethical challenges, and the necessity for a moral framework for evaluating these challenges will grow. This paper argues that community concern constitutes a central factor in both the evolution of religion and the human brain, and as such it should be used as the organizing principle for moral evaluations of AI technologies.
A Heroic Vision
Authors: Kenel Sally A.
Published: March 2003

Although the empirical studies of Terror Management Theory lend support to Ernest Becker's anthropology, they hardly provide a vision with the power to inspire late twentieth century humanity. Becker's own dark view of what it means to be human is, at least in part, to blame. On the basis of an exploration of the positive implications of the religious symbol of creatureliness, an alternative social theory, that of ecologico‐social democracy, is proposed as a vision that requires and may even inspire heroism.
The Humanizing Brain: A Clinician/Pastor Response
Authors: Dell Mary Lynn
Published: March 2003

The Humanizing Brain is an effort by theological scholars to integrate neuroscience and theological constructs into a cohesive evolutionary and developmental scheme. The primary strength is a developing dialogue between neurodevelopmental theory and process theology. The book's widest appeal should be to theologians exploring religious and spiritual manifestations in the brain and neurosciences. The relatively simplistic science may limit significant usefulness to broad neuroscientific and medical communities, although neuroscientists and sophisticated lay readers with interests and back‐grounds in theology may find The Humanizing Brain quite informative and interesting.
Toward an Evolution of Mind: Implications for the Faithful?
Authors: Kurland Jeffrey A.
Published: March 2003

Ever since its inception, Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection has challenged assumptions about the nature of humankind and human institutions. It did not escape the notice of Darwin, sympathetic allies, or hostile contemporaries that his theory had profound implications for ethics and theology. In this paper I review some current sociobiological hypotheses about the mind that are based on the theory that the human mind is primarily a social tool. Many researchers now believe that both complex human within‐group cooperation and between‐group competition are the anvils that may have shaped the modules of the mind. Given this evolutionary theory of the mind, the Darwinian challenge to theism, ethics, and faith is now being relaunched with a vengeance. However, I suggest that modern physics, evolutionary biology, and cognitive science all seem to fit nicely into the atheistic and phenomenological niche defined by Buddhism.
Creation, Co‐operation, and Causality: A Reply to Gregersen
Authors: McClelland Richard T. , Deltete Robert J.
Published: March 2003

Niels H. Gregersen seeks to illuminate the nature of continuing divine action in the world and to show that the classical theistic doctrine of continuous creation is consonant with some recent scientific theories of self‐productive (“autopoietic”) systems. Central to these theories is the concept of co‐operation; central to Gregersen's theological appropriation of these theories is also the notion of structuring causality developed by philosopher Fred Dretske. While supportive of Gregersen's overall aims and emphases, we find significant disanalogies between co‐operation as a theological construct and as an evolutionary strategy. We also doubt the utility of Dretske's notion for his project.
Wisdom's Information: Rereading a Biblical Image in the Light of Some Contemporary Science and Speculation
Authors: Nancarrow Paul S.
Published: March 2003

The biblical image of Wisdom as the power who “orders all things well” in nature and in human life can be read in the light of contemporary information theory. Some current scientific speculation offers an interpretation of reality as a vast information‐processing system, in which informational situations are continuously transformed through algorithmic operations. This interpretation finds a metaphysical counterpart in the distinction between “nature natured” and “nature naturing” in the philosophical theology of Samuel Taylor Coleridge. This confluence of religious, metaphysical, and scientific imagery suggests a picture of the world in which the processes of “nature naturing,”“human humaning,” and “God Godding” inform and recur in each other.
Creationism in Twentieth‐Century America
Authors: Dayton Donald W.
Published: March 2003

Creationism in Twentieth Century America: A Ten‐Volume Anthology of Documents, 1903–1961 Gen ed. Ronald L. Numbers
Neither Enemy Nor Friend: Nature as Creation in the Theology of Saint Thomas Aquinas
Authors: Pope Stephen J.
Published: March 2003

This paper traces three paradigmatic responses to the presence of evil in nature. Thomas Henry Huxley depicts nature as the enemy of humanity that morality combats “at every step.” Henry Drummond views nature as benevolent, a friend of humanity, and the ultimate basis for morality. The paper argues that a third view, that of Thomas Aquinas, regards nature as creation, capable of being neither enemy nor friend of humanity but rather the context within which relations of enmity or friendship develop between human beings and God.
Collective Memory: The Two Cultures
Authors: Olick Jeffrey K.
Published: March 2003

What is collective about collective memory? Two different concepts of collective memory compete—one refers to the aggregation of socially framed individual memories and one refers to collective phenomena sui generis—though the difference is rarely articulated in the literature. This article theorizes the differences and relations between individualist and collectivist understandings of collective memory. The former are open to psychological considerations, including neurological and cognitive factors, but neglect technologies of memory other than the brain and the ways in which cognitive and even neurological patterns are constituted in part by genuinely social processes. The latter emphasize the social and cultural patternings of public and personal memory, but neglect the ways in which those processes are constituted in part by psychological dynamics. This article advocates, through the example of traumatic events, a strategy of multidimensional rapprochement between individualist and collectivist approaches.
Thinking with Bourdieu against Bourdieu: A ‘Practical’ Critique of the Habitus
Authors: King Anthony
Published: March 2003

There are two strands in Bourdieu's sociological writings. On the one hand, Bourdieu argues for a theoretical position one might term his “practical theory” which emphasizes virtuosic interactions between individuals. On the other hand, and most frequently, Bourdieu appeals to the concept of the habitus according to which society consists of objective structures and determined—and isolated—individuals. Although Bourdieu believes that the habitus is compatible with his practical theory and overcomes the impasse of objectivism and subjectivism in social theory, neither claim is the case; the habitus is incompatible with his practical theory, and it retreats quickly into objectivism. However, Bourdieu's practical theory does offer a way out of the impasse of objectivism and subjectivism by focussing on the intersubjective interactions between individuals.
On Estimating Machine Dependency of Fine– and Coarse–Grained Parallel Structural Computations
Authors: Watkins W. J. , Kennedy D. , Williams F. W.
Published: March 2003

Fine– and coarse–grained parallel methods for the calculation of structural eigenvalues are evaluated using two distributed–memory parallel computers having similar architectures but a significant difference in the ratio between calculation speed and communication speed. A simple computational model is used to devise a simulation procedure that enables predictions to be made on one parallel computer of the solution times that would be obtained on parallel computers having different values of this ratio. Thus the speed–up and efficiency of parallel methods can be presented in a general form rather than being specific to the computer used to obtain them.
Combinatorial Methods for the Formation of Sparse Flexibility Matrices
Authors: Kaveh A. , Roosta G. R.
Published: March 2003

Two algorithms are designed for the formation of cycle bases of the graph models of rigid–jointed skeletal structures leading to sparse flexibility matrices. These combinatorial methods employ the Greedy Algorithm for the formation of suboptimal cycle bases with the least possible lengths.
Machine Learning Techniques for Civil Engineering Problems
Authors: Reich Yoram
Published: March 2003

The growing volume of information databases presents opportunities for advanced data analysis techniques from machine learning (ML) research. Practical applications of ML are very different from theoretical or empirical studies, involving organizational and human aspects and various other constraints. Despite the importance of applied ML, little has been discussed in the general ML literature on this topic. In order to remedy this situation, I studied practical applications of ML and developed a proposal for a seven–step process that can guide practical applications of ML in engineering. The process is illustrated by relevant applications of ML in civil engineering. This illustration shows that the potential of ML has only begun to be explored but also cautions that in order to be successful, the application process must carefully address the issues related to the seven–step process.
Distributed Control of a Multiple Tethered Mobile Robot System for Highway Maintenance and Construction
Authors: Feng Xin , Velinsky Steven A.
Published: March 2003

The development of a distributed control system for a multiple mobile robot system is described. The mobile robots considered have been termed tethered mobile robots (TMRs). The TMRs are differentially steered, wheeled mobile robots tethered to a support vehicle, and they have been designed for automating highway maintenance and construction. The control system consists of a network of a host computer and several real‐time dynamic controllers running under Windows for Workgroups and DOS operating systems, respectively. Advanced industrial embedding technology is applied to the hardware design, and the system's fault‐tolerance is achieved from a distributed architecture and overall condition monitoring. The object‐oriented and hardware‐independent software programming provides a graphic user interface and flexibility for a large number of highway maintenance and construction tasks. It also provides convenience for any other mobile robotics research applications.
Scheduling Function‐Foreman Interface on Paper Mill Maintenance Projects
Authors: Boles Walter W. , Emsoff Jackie E. , Anderson Stewart D.
Published: March 2003

Functional information software systems used by most construction companies are specifically designed to support one functional department such as scheduling or procurement. This causes communication barriers because cross‐functional users do not have direct access to the functional department's software, are not literate regarding the subject software, and must depend on personal contact to provide current or updated information. Results of this research indicate the use of a graphic user interface, with equipment location drawings as the paradigm for obtaining information, can improve cross‐functional information accessibility of scheduling information and reduce time necessary for schedulers to interface with foremen for nonroutine updates. The system was tested as a case study on a shutdown project with the assistance of the project's senior scheduler. It is concluded that the resulting increase in information accessibility will save time for both maintenance foremen and schedulers that will lead to an increase in productivity.
Optimum Design of Grillage Systems Using Genetic Algorithms
Authors: Saka M. P.
Published: March 2003

Genetic algorithms have attracted great attention due to their ability to provide a solution to discrete optimum design problems. In this study, a genetic algorithm is presented for the optimum design of grillage systems to decide the cross‐sectional properties of members from a standard set of universal beam sections. The deflection limitations and the allowable stress constraints are considered in the formulation of the design problem. Furthermore, in obtaining the response of grillage systems, the effect of warping and shear is also taken into account. The algorithm starts with an initial population of designs and carries out basic genetic operations of selection, mating, crossover, and mutation that yield to a new generation. It continues the generation of populations until the same individual dominates the population. An improvement is also suggested to the general steps of the genetic algorithm to prevent the destruction of good individuals during the generation of new populations. The algorithm is applied to the optimum design of a 40‐member grillage system to investigate the effect of warping.
A Comparative Analysis of Two Artificial Neural Networks Using Pavement Performance Prediction
Authors: Roberts Craig A. , Attoh‐Okine Nii O.
Published: March 2003

The management of pavements requires the ongoing allocation of substantial manpower and capital resources by the responsible agencies. These agencies ultimately report to the executive and legislative branches of government, which require justification and proof of the efficacy of these expenditures. This and the need for improved engineering technical feedback have encouraged the development of pavement management systems (PMS). One goal of a PMS is to provide decision makers at all levels with optimal resource‐allocation strategies. This requires evaluation of alternatives over an analysis period based on predicted values of pavement performance. This necessitates more reliable pavement performance prediction models. Traditional modeling uses multiple regression techniques to predict pavement performance from traffic, time, and pavement distress or various combinations of these factors. Within the last 10 years, new modeling techniques, including artificial neural networks (ANNs), have been applied to transportation problems. The ANNs examined usually have been of a single type called a dot product ANN. This paper examines a different type called the quadratic function ANN and compares the results to the dot product ANN. The quadratic function ANN is a generalized adaptive, feedforward neural network that combines supervised and self‐organizing learning. Models were developed to predict roughness using both types of ANN on the same data samples and the results compared. The data samples were drawn from the Kansas Department of Transportation's PMS database. The results indicate a significant improvement in the use of the self‐organizing quadratic function ANNs and lead to recommendations for specific areas of additional research.
Detection of Traffic Jams Using ALISA
Authors: Schmidt Hauke , Bock Peter
Published: March 2003

Based on collective learning systems theory, ALISA (adaptive learning image and signal analysis) is an adaptive image classification engine that has been designed and tested at the Research Institute for Applied Knowledge Processing (FAW) in Ulm, Germany, at Robert Bosch GmbH in Stuttgart, Germany, and at The George Washington University in Washington, D.C., over the last 5 years. Based on an appropriate set of features, during training, ALISA accumulates an n‐dimensional histogram that estimates the probability density function of the feature space, which becomes the basis for classification during testing. The results of the research reported in this paper suggest that ALISA can be used successfully to detect traffic jams on highways. Based on images captured by a video camera observing different highway traffic conditions, ALISA was trained to recognize and differentiate between steadily flowing traffic and stalled traffic. Several standard features were extracted from preprocessed images based on the differences between successive video frames that were integrated over fairly large receptive fields to reduce differential noise. During testing, ALISA displays a picture of the highway with areas of flowing traffic shown in white and areas of stalled traffic shown as images of the stalled vehicles themselves. Because ALISA classifies every segment of the image independently, even directly adjacent lanes and/or clusters of stalled and flowing traffic are correctly classified. Thus either a summary result (i.e., traffic jam or not) or a more detailed spatial distribution of traffic conditions on the highway can be obtained.
The Virtual Design Review
Authors: Fu Michael C. , East E. William
Published: March 2003

In this article we discuss an approach to supporting the design review process of architect/engineering (AE) offices using technologies developed for the World Wide Web. Called the virtual design review, this approach allows a group of reviewers to work simultaneously on a three‐dimensional representation of an incomplete building model. We attempt to improve the way reviewers work in three significant ways: (1) in handling (viewing, retrieving, and storing) information, (2) facilitating interaction between reviewers and between reviewers and designers, and (3) changing the role of reviewers in the design review process by providing autonomous or semiautonomous agents that are capable of performing parts of the design review process. In providing a flexible, open, and robust environment for interaction, the virtual design review draws on lessons learned in the field of computer‐supported cooperative work (CSCW). A survey of the state of the art indicates that most of the critical technologies for the virtual design review already exist; however, issues such as limited network bandwidth and efficient multiparty audio conferencing still need to be addressed.
Collaborative Distributed Building Engineering
Authors: Khedro Taha
Published: March 2003

This article presents a software environment for collaborative distributed building design and construction planning called CIFE WORLD. Its test domain and demonstration include conceptual architectural design, structural design, and construction planning of office buildings. CIFE WORLD provides eight design and engineering applications that can be used by five project participants to collaborate on building design and construction in a geographically dispersed environment. The project forms a design group and a construction group, whose applications are organized based on a federated agent architecture. In this architecture, CIFE WORLD's applications are viewed as software agents, and their communication is mediated by a network of two facilitators. This article describes the CIFE WORLD environment, examines the use of federated agent architecture for building design and construction planning, and reports on the experience gained from this development.
Multiobjective Optimization of Uncertain Structures Through Fuzzy Set and Random Set Theory
Authors: Tonon Fulvio , Bernardini Alberto
Published: March 2003

An interactive procedure to solve multicriteria optimization problems is proposed and discussed. A fuzzy set is used to model the engineer's judgment on each objective function. The properties of the compromise solution obtained are investigated along with the links between the present method and those based on fuzzy logic. Uncertainty affecting the parameters is modeled by means of fuzzy relations or fuzzy numbers, whose probabilistic meaning is clarified by random set and possibility theory. Bounds to the probability that a solution satisfies a constraint can be calculated and procedures that consider the lower bound as a constraint or as an objective to be maximized are presented. Some theorems make the computational effort particularly limited in a vast class of practical problems. The relations with a recent formulation in the context of convex modeling are also stressed. Two examples show the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Hybrid Genetic Algorithms for Optimization of Truss Structures
Authors: Yeh I‐Cheng
Published: March 2003

The genetic algorithm (GA) is a new optimization paradigm that models a natural evolution mechanism. The framework of the GA naturally corresponds to a discrete optimization problem. Although the GA is very robust, it is also very computationally intensive and hence slower than other methods. To speed up the convergence, this article proposes a hybrid GA that combines the concept of survival of the fittest with the concept of adaptation. The fully stressed design optimality criterion is employed to play the role of adaptation. Numerical examples show that even though the displacement constraints are active, (1) both average weight and minimum weight obtained by a hybrid GA are less than those obtained by a pure GA, (2) a hybrid GA is more stable than a pure GA, and (3) the speed of convergence of a hybrid GA is superior to that of a pure GA.
A Bridge Management System for Elevated Steel Highways
Authors: Kitada Toshiyuki , Maekawa Yorimichi , Nakamura Ippei , Horie Yoshihei
Published: March 2003

The Hanshin Expressway network extends some 200 km, forming the traffic arteries of the heavily urbanized Hanshin area surrounding Osaka, the second largest city in Japan. Due to restrictions on construction in mature cities, 93 percent of the total length of this network is elevated, and 77 percent of the elevated structures use steel girders that have numerous curves to allow complicated road alignments. These elevated structures are showing signs of damage after serving for almost 30 years under chronic overload conditions. This article describes the various types of damage that are frequently detected in elevated steel bridges and, focusing on typical fatigue‐induced damage, reviews the repair process that begins with the investigation of causes and potential repair methods and continues through the implementation and inspection of the repair work. Propositions are presented that may enable the design of more durable steel bridges. In addition, this article briefly discusses a database system that is being used for the maintenance and management of steel bridges.
Neural Networks in Civil Engineering: 1989–2000
Authors: Adeli Hojjat
Published: March 2003

The first journal article on neural network application in civil/structural engineering was published by in this journal in 1989. This article reviews neural network articles published in archival research journals since then. The emphasis of the review is on the two fields of structural engineering and construction engineering and management. Neural networks articles published in other civil engineering areas are also reviewed, including environmental and water resources engineering, traffic engineering, highway engineering, and geotechnical engineering. The great majority of civil engineering applications of neural networks are based on the simple backpropagation algorithm. Applications of other recent, more powerful and efficient neural networks models are also reviewed. Recent works on integration of neural networks with other computing paradigms such as genetic algorithm, fuzzy logic, and wavelet to enhance the performance of neural network models are presented.
Sorting Out the Roles of Research in the Improvement of Practice
Authors: Gersten Russell
Published: March 2003

This paper discusses the effectiveness of research‐based educational approaches on classroom practice. In order to help educators maximize benefits from research in improving practice, it is important to inform them of the nature and roles of research.

This essay begins by discussing current cynicism regarding the usefulness of research‐based strategies in the field of education. Because of the large body of conflicting “research‐based” information, many educators are finding themselves confused and alienated by the phrase “research shows.” Using examples of high‐quality research that utilizes diverse methodologies, a framework is presented for thinking about various types of research and their implications.
Capital Structure Theory: Evidence from European Property Companies' Capital Offerings
Authors: Brounen Dirk , Eichholtz Piet M.A.
Published: March 2003

This study examines the stock price reactions on announcements of both equity and debt offerings by European property companies. The unique setting in which corporate tax rates vary between different countries enables us to test established theories in the field of capital structure. In accordance with theory, we find a negative price reaction on equity offering announcements, which is less severe for low‐tax countries and positive price reactions on the announcements of debt offerings. Besides tax arguments, we also test alternative explanations by analyzing variations in stock reactions based on differences in the relative size of the issue, the pre‐offer leverage, the underlying property types, and operational performance. The results show that corporate taxation, issue size, and operational performance are significant explanatory factors in the negative price reactions.
Mobility and Redistributive Politics
Authors: Hindriks Jean
Published: March 2003

There is widespread concern that greater mobility of individuals can undermine any attempt to redistribute income at the local level. In this paper we derive the equilibrium level of redistribution when both the rich and the poor are imperfectly mobile and when each jurisdiction chooses its redistributive policy by majority voting. This leads to a fundamental interaction whereby the policy choices of jurisdictions determine whom they attract and where whom they attract determines their policy choices. Our main findings are twofold. First, we show that greater mobility of the poor can increase the equilibrium amount of redistribution. Second, we find that some jurisdictions can be in equilibrium on the “wrong” side of their Laffer curve. The reason is that the poor are in a majority in these jurisdictions and they are opposed to a potentially Pareto‐improving tax reduction because it would attract the rich and shift the majority. The analysis also reveals how the interplay between policy choices and membership leads to multiple equilibria.
The Welfare of Investment Deductibility Under a Flat Tax
Authors: Cugno Franco , Zanola Roberto
Published: March 2003

This paper analyses the welfare effects of investment deductibility in a contest of endogenous growth generated by learning–by–doing and knowledge spillovers. We present a model where a set of revenue neutral fiscal policies, each characterized by different degrees of investment deductibility and different uniform tax rates on income, have been introduced. We show that, given the ratio of public expenditures to national product, partial investment deductibility turns out to be welfare enhancing when the intertemporal elasticity of substitution of consumption is sufficiently small. Our result means that a pure consumption tax—although ensuring more saving and faster growth—is not always preferable to a revenue neutral tax system in which both consumption and investment are taxed.
An Analysis of the Quality of Internet Life Insurance Advice
Authors: Dorfman Mark S. , Adelman Saul W.
Published: March 2003

This article analyzes the quality of the life insurance recommendations generated by Internet Web sites. The quality of a Web site's recommendations is measured by comparing how closely the recommendations match two benchmarks chosen by the authors. The authors submitted four relatively simple scenarios to 48 Web sites offering advice on how much insurance is appropriate in given circumstances. The article presents several statistical measures of the wide variation in advice offered by these Web sites, and it suggests several explanations for this variation. Statistically, the Web site recommendations differed from the authors’ chosen benchmarks, but did not differ by the type of organization maintaining the Web site.
Eschatology After Nietzsche: Apollonian, Dionysian or Pauline?
Authors: Horton Michael
Published: March 2003

Ancient and (post)modern versions of the Greek two‐world metaphysics – in both its Platonic (Apollonian) and Hegelian (Dionysian) variations – are explored and contrasted with the Pauline two‐age eschatology. This eschatology is shown to be further removed from and more subversive of the metaphysical and epistemological dualisms of modernity than is postmodernism. Reformed federal theology and its biblical theology movement provide a resource for the recovery of the christological and eschatological tension in Pauline theology, enabling Christian theology to reintegrate revelation within the history of redemption and to articulate an eschatology of the pilgrim community.
Christ, Spirit and Atonement
Authors: McFarland Ian
Published: March 2003

The Christian doctrine of the atonement is complex, not least in part because it must hold together the integrity of both divine and human being. Too often attempts to expound theologies of atonement have foundered because they have pitted divine and human action in competition one with the other. This article addresses itself to this problematic by suggesting three minimum conditions which must be met if this doctrine is to a give a theologically plausible account of salvation: first, that divine and human activity not be identified; second, that divine and human activity not be co‐ordinated so as to complete or complement each other; and third, that neither divine nor human activity be rendered superfluous. The article elaborates upon these conditions by taking as its test case the Christian claim: God was in Christ.
The self in transformation: the passage from a two‐ to a three‐dimensional internal world
Authors: McFarland Solomon Hester
Published: March 2003

This paper seeks to describe some of the steps in the process of transformation from a two‐dimensional to a three‐dimensional inner world as experienced by a patient who had essentially used up her remaining vital resources. An important hurdle had first to be crossed when the analyst was required to demonstrate her capacity to survive with her in a two‐dimensional claustrum, in a solitary confinement. Here, an oppositional defensive system had been created in which positive and negative personifications of vital but withdrawn energies ensured that she was locked within an interior world that sought to bar entry to anyone else, and where the possibility of the transformation of her self was disallowed. The patient had to accept the risk of breaching the system of self‐defence before the analyst was allowed a mutual position within her interior world. A series of dreams tracks this transformation internally and in relation to the analyst.
Books Received
Authors: Mizen Richard
Published: March 2003

Includes brief reviews of the following books:

Analytical Psychology

Segal, R. A., Jung on Mythology.

Stevens, A., An Intelligent Person's Guide to Psychotherapy.

Von Franz, M‐L., Archetypal Patterns in Fairy Tales.

Psychoanalysis

Geissman, C. & Geissmann, P., A History of Child Psychoanalysis.

Psychotherapy

Lomas, P., Personal Disorder and Family Life.
Active imagination and the analysis of film
Authors: Izod John
Published: March 2003

The emotions aroused by the pleasure‐generating mechanisms of the cinema are usually benign because they refer to a virtual world. Experiencing affects aroused by fictions can resemble being drawn into a rehearsal for a possible, imagined future that just might (but more likely never will) occur in the individual's life in the real world. Movie‐goers, no less than the readers of novels, actively engage with the symbols that film makers inscribe in the screen text. In so doing, they take a measure of control over elements of the fiction. Screened fiction has thus the potential to help the individual grow in self‐awareness. Shifting its focus to the work of the film critic, the paper argues that, suitably adapted to the requirements of working with a pre‐recorded film or tape, Jung's concept of the active imagination helps us to model, license, limit and endorse the subjective element in textual analysis. Because the method proposed makes it possible formally to recognize that the interpretation of fiction is inevitably integrated with the analyst's personality, interpretation is always a matter of a reader bringing a text into being rather than disinterring a pre‐existing object.
The prospects for a Jungian psychology in China
Authors: Blowers Geoffrey
Published: March 2003

The possibility of a Jungian psychology developing in China is considered by a brief historical excursion through the early translations of psychoanalytical works. Translation problems and the contentious nature of some of Freud's ideas have made for their difficult reception in China. The inattention to Jung's ideas in universities in the west in the past, and a reliance on science based subjects by Chinese students studying abroad, have meant little opportunity to study Jung, and, by implication, to translate him. The turbulent political climate in China over the course of the past century has also hindered developments in psychology generally. In addition, certain traditional practices of understanding mind‐body relationships and reporting ‘illnesses’ have precluded the possibility of any psychotherapeutic psychology emerging. However, the present climate looks more favourable for the dissemination of Jungian knowledge, but the question of an appropriate context and a receptive readership remains. Certain Jungian notions can be seen to fit comfortably within traditional systems of Chinese thought but the present day psychology department in China is no more a congenial environment for Jungian psychology than its counterpart in the west. It may be that the success of importing Jungian ideas into China rests with those with a predilection towards arts and cultural sciences, and with the innovations of the organizers of conferences.
Some reflections on empathy and reciprocity in the use of countertransference between supervisor and supervisee
Authors: Astor James
Published: March 2003

Reciprocity refers in its general meaning to a mutual give and take. It is a background feature of all productive supervisory relationships. In this essay I want to bring it into the foreground. I will describe it by contrasting supervision and analysis. For, in my view, that is exactly what reciprocity is in the supervisory relationship: it is an attitude of mind in which the supervisor performs the task of differentiating internally the supervisory from the analytic vertex, in the context of the asymmetry of the supervisory relationship.
Institutional conflicts in Jungian analysis
Authors: Eisold Kenneth
Published: March 2003

This paper explores how the institutional life of analytical psychology has been beset by its historical and continuing conflictual relationship with psychoanalysis. Stemming from a division in Jung's identity, that of the spiritual seeker and that of a mental health practitioner, the organizations of analytical psychology have repeatedly enacted that division, resulting in an unclear mission and considerable conflict. In England those conflicts have led to schisms; in America they have played out in internal conflicts within training institutes. Examples of areas of conflict are provided, along with suggestions for addressing these conflicts by recognizing them more openly.
The other other: when the exotic other subjugates the familiar other
Authors: Papadopoulos Renos K.
Published: March 2003

In this paper, the theme of the other will be examined and it will be argued that it is important to differentiate between two distinct types of other – the ‘exotic’ other which is distant and very different from the subject, and the ‘familiar’ other which is closer to the subject. The dynamic relationship between these two others will be investigated, and emphasis will be given to the process through which the exotic other tends to subjugate the familiar other. This relationship will then be discussed in its various applied forms, in the contexts of clinical practice and socio‐political dimensions. In particular, a new reading of Jung’s approach to the ‘primitive’ will be developed, based on the subjugation of the ‘familiar’ other by the ‘exotic’ other. A similar line of investigation will be followed to examine the concept of psychological trauma. In addition, Freud’s ‘narcissism of minor differences’ and Bion’s distinction between ‘narcissism’ and ‘socialism’ will be considered in the light of this differentiation between these two others.
The alienness of the unconscious: on Laplanche’s theory of seduction
Authors: Rotmann Michael
Published: March 2003

In this paper the author uses a clinical example as a focus for an exploration of his thesis that the parent is the ‘other’ who implants his or her unconscious message into the child by means of seduction. As the other is alien, the unconscious of the child cannot any longer be considered the centre of the person but is decentred by the implanted alienness. The author draws on Laplanche’s seduction theory to argue that the unconscious message of seduction by the other is exclusively sexual and that it cannot be translated nor symbolized because an interpretative system shared by subject and object is lacking.

The decentred alterity of the unconscious allows for comparison with a third object and hence a structural triangulation of the mind which is a prerequisite for symbolization. The role of the analyst in permitting a transference enactment and so facilitating the beginning of sexual symbolization is discussed in relation to the clinical example given at the start of the paper.
International Leadership in Productivity at the Aggregate and Industry Level
Authors: Gersbach Hans
Published: March 2003

Since many policies affect specific parts of economies differently, it is useful to decompose GDP per capita differences across countries into differences across smaller and smaller parts of economies. In this paper, we summarize recent contributions in this area and fit them together into a decomposition procedure for GDP per capita differences. The overall finding is that the U.S. is the productivity leader for the most of the economy. Moreover, international productivity differences at the aggregate level of the economies are in most cases translated into differences in the productivity of industries, at least compared to the productivity leader U.S. The variability of productivity differences at the industry level is, however, substantially higher than any differences at the aggregate or sector level. For the manufacturing sector alone the U.S. and Japan share the leadership on the industry level. In contrast, France, U.K., and Germany exhibit almost no leadership in productivity at the industry level. Hence, nation‐specific factors appear to be dominant in the comparison of European countries with the U.S. Finally, mix differences do not play a very large role for big countries. For Germany, however, the mix effect can help to reconcile relative high productivity for the market economy and lower productivity at disaggregated levels.
Shocking Stories
Authors: Levtchenkova S. , Pagan A. R. , Robertson J. C.
Published: March 2003

The paper provides a survey of methods that decompose multivariate series into permanent and transitory components by using ideas drawn from the co‐integration literature. We adopt a two stage procedure to effect the decomposition. In the first stage a basic set of permanent and transitory components is formed by using standard definitions of the shocks which they are constituted from. The resulting measurements are not unique and further information needs to be employed to get uniqueness. Such information can come in many forms but a particularly important one involves the values of the long‐run multipliers for permanent shocks that are available from many calibrated models. A comparison of the methods of effecting the decomposition is performed using a well known data set.