bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Field observations and management strategy for hot spring wastewater in Wulai area, Taiwan
Authors: Lin J. Y. , Chen C. F. , Lei F. R. , Hsieh C. D.
Published: April 2010

Hot springs are important centers for recreation and tourism. However, the pollution that may potentially be caused by hot spring wastewater has rarely been discussed. More than half of Taiwan's hot springs are located in areas where the water quality of water bodies is to be protected, and untreated wastewater could pollute the receiving water bodies. In this study, we investigate hot spring wastewater in the Wulai area, one of Taiwan's famous hot spring resorts. Used water from five hot spring hotels was sampled and ten sampling events were carried out to evaluate the changes in the quality of used water in different seasons, at different periods of the week, and from different types of hotels. The concentrations of different pollutants in hot spring wastewater were found to exhibit wide variations, as follows: COD, 10–250 mg/L; SS, N.D.−93 mg/L; NH3-N, 0.01–1.93 mg/L; TP, 0.01–0.45 mg/L; and E. coli, 10–27,500 CFU/100 mL. The quality of hot spring wastewater depends on the operation of public pools, because this affects the frequency of supplementary fresh water and the outflow volume. Two management strategies, namely, onsite treatment systems and individually packaged treatment equipment, are considered, and a multi-objective optimization model is used to determine the optimal strategy.
Evaluation of intermittent air sparging in an anoxic denitrification membrane bioreactor
Authors: McAdam E. J. , Eusebi A. L. , Judd S. J.
Published: April 2010

The impact of intermittent air sparging on the operation of an anoxic (dissolved oxygen <0.1 mg l−1) immersed membrane bioreactor (iMBR) applied to potable water denitrification is discussed. Air sparge length and specific aeration demand per unit membrane area (SADm) were varied to determine impact on oxygen transfer and membrane fouling. For SADm > 0.39 m3 m−2 h−1 with sparge lengths of 10 to 60 seconds, a low dissolved oxygen residual of 0.05 to 0.90 mg O2 l−1 was formed which typically inhibited denitrification; oxygen transfer efficiency increased with increasing sparge time. Residual oxygen was rapidly consumed at a rate, rO2, of 0.35 mg O2 l−1 min−1. Once oxygen was depleted, denitrification proceeded. When intermittently sparging at a SADm < 0.39 m3 m−2 h−1 for 30 seconds (following 10 minute dead-end filtration cycles in the iMBR), no dissolved oxygen residual was observed and a flux of 21 l m−2 h−1 was sustained with fouling rates <0.001 m bar min−1 recorded. This method provides for effective integration of air sparging into anoxic/anaerobic iMBR environments to simplify process design and delivers a tangible reduction in specific energy demand from 0.19 kWh m−3 (for constant sparging) to 0.007 kWh m−3.
Influence of membrane properties on physically reversible and irreversible fouling in membrane bioreactors
Authors: Tsuyuhara T. , Hanamoto Y. , Miyoshi T. , Kimura K. , Watanabe Y.
Published: April 2010

This study aimed to examine the impact of membrane properties on membrane fouling in membrane bioreactor (MBR). Membrane fouling was divided into two categories: physically reversible and irreversible fouling. Membrane properties related to each type of membrane fouling were investigated separately. Five microfiltration (MF) and one ultrafiltration (UF) membranes with different properties (pore size, contact angle, roughness, zeta potential, and pure water permeability) were examined with a laboratory-scale MBR, fed with synthetic wastewater. Two separate experiments were conducted: the first to examine physically reversible fouling, and the second to examine physically irreversible fouling. The correlation between the degree of each type of fouling and membrane properties was studied. High correlation was observed between the degree of physically reversible fouling and roughness (R2=0.96). In contrast, with regard to physically irreversible fouling, strong correlation between roughness and degree of membrane fouling can only be found in the case of MF membranes. Except for the membrane with the highest roughness, the degree of physically irreversible fouling can be well correlated with pure water permeability (lower pure water permeability results in higher degree of physically irreversible fouling) including UF membrane. On the basis of the results obtained in this study, it can be concluded that roughness is an important factor in determination of physically reversible fouling regardless of the types of membrane (i.e. MF or UF membranes) and evolutions of physically irreversible fouling can be mitigated when an MBR is operated with membranes with smooth surface and high pure water permeability.
Electrochemical oxidation of landfill leachates at pilot scale: evaluation of energy needs
Authors: Anglada A. , Ortiz D. , Urtiaga A. M. , Ortiz I.
Published: April 2010

Two of the main drawbacks to be overcome before full scale implementation of boron-doped diamond electro-oxidation were addressed in this work; its energy consumption and hazard of formation of chlorinated organics. This was framed within a study in which the technical and economic feasibility of BDD electro-oxidation of landfill leachate was evaluated at pilot scale. On one hand, its technical feasibility was assessed based on COD and NH4+ removal, allowing the selection of the operation conditions that provide optimal energy efficiency, and special attention was paid to the risk of formation of undesired by-products such as nitrite, nitrate ions and trihalomethanes. On the other hand, treatment costs were estimated based on energy consumption required to reach the disposal limits to natural watercourses established by legislation. The results were compared with those of other commonly used AOPs. Under the operating conditions studied, the concentration of COD decreased below the disposal limit (160 mg L−1) and ammonia concentration reached values as low as 30 mg L−1. The energy consumption needed was estimated at 54 kWh/m3 and the formation of chlorination by-products appeared to be low as the maximum total trihalomethane concentration detected was 432 μg/L.
The influence of rainfall time resolution for urban water quality modelling
Authors: Freni Gabriele , Mannina Giorgio , Viviani Gaspare
Published: April 2010

The objective of this paper is the definition of a methodology to evaluate the impact of the temporal resolution of rainfall measurements in urban drainage modelling applications. More specifically the effect of the temporal resolution on urban water quality modelling is detected analysing the uncertainty of the response of rainfall–runoff modelling. Analyses have been carried out using historical rainfall–discharge data collected for the Fossolo catchment (Bologna, Italy). According to the methodology, the historical rainfall data are taken as a reference, and resampled data have been obtained through a rescaling procedure with variable temporal windows. The shape comparison between ‘true’ and rescaled rainfall data has been carried out using a non-dimensional accuracy index. Monte Carlo simulations have been carried out applying a parsimonious urban water quality model, using the recorded data and the resampled events. The results of the simulations were used to derive the cumulative probabilities of quantity and quality model outputs (peak discharges, flow volume, peak concentrations and pollutant mass) conditioned on the observation according to the GLUE (Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation) methodology. The results showed that when coarser rainfall information is available, the model calibration process is still efficient even if modelling uncertainty progressively increases especially with regards to water quality aspects.
Prioritising sewerage maintenance using inferred sewer age: a case study for Edinburgh
Authors: Arthur S. , Burkhard R.
Published: April 2010

The reported research project focuses on using a database which contains details of customer contacts and CCTV data for a key Scottish catchment to construct a GIS based sewer condition model. Given the nature of the asset registry, a key research challenge was estimating the age of individual lengths of pipe. Within this context, asset age was inferred using the estimated age of surface developments—this involved overlaying the network in a GIS with historical digital maps. The paper illustrates that inferred asset age can reliably be used to highlight assets which are more likely to fail.
Raptor and Corvid Response to Power Distribution Line Perch Deterrents in Utah
Authors: PRATHER PHOEBE R. , MESSMER TERRY A.
Published: April 2010

Abstract: Increased raptor and corvid abundance has been documented in landscapes fragmented by man‐made structures, such as fence posts and power lines. These vertical structures may enhance raptor and corvid foraging and predation efficiency because of increased availability of perch, nesting, and roosting sites. Concomitantly, vertical structures, in particular power distribution lines, have been identified as a threat to sage‐grouse (Centrocercus spp.) conservation. To mitigate potential impacts of power distribution lines on sage‐grouse and other avian species, the electrical power industry has retrofitted support poles with perch deterrents to discourage raptor and corvid use. No published information is available regarding efficacy of contemporary perch deterrents on avian predator use of lower‐voltage power distribution lines. We evaluated efficacy of 5 perch deterrents mounted on support poles of an 11‐km section of a 12.5‐kV distribution line that bisected occupied Gunnison sage‐grouse (Centrocercus minimus) habitat in southeastern Utah, USA. Perch deterrents were mounted on the line in November–December 2006 following a random replicated block design that included controls. During 168 hours and 84 hours of direct observation in 2007 and 2008, respectively, we recorded 276 and 139 perching events of 7 potential avian predators of sage‐grouse. Golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) were the dominant species we recorded during both years. We did not detect any difference in perching events by perch deterrent we evaluated and controls (P > 0.05). Perch deterrents we evaluated were not effective because of inherent design and placement flaws. Additionally, previous pole modifications that mitigated avian electrocutions provided alternative perches. We did not record any raptor or corvid electrocutions or direct predation on Gunnison sage‐grouse. The conclusions of this study can be applied by conservation groups and power companies to future management of power distribution lines within areas inhabited by species sensitive to man‐made vertical structures.
Habitat Characteristics of Lowland Leopard Frogs in Mountain Canyons of Southeastern Arizona
Authors: WALLACE J. ERIC , STEIDL ROBERT J. , SWANN DON E.
Published: April 2010

Abstract: Many aquatic species in the arid southwestern United States are imperiled, persisting primarily in isolated, low‐order streams that are increasingly vulnerable to stochastic disturbances. During 2003 and 2004, we surveyed 39 mountain canyons in southeastern Arizona, USA, for lowland leopard frogs (Rana yavapaiensis), a species that has declined in abundance and distribution across its range in the United States. We quantified habitat features at 2 spatial scales, canyon and pool, to identify features that distinguished sites inhabited by frogs from those uninhabited by frogs. Canyons inhabited by frogs had watersheds that averaged 8.1 km2 larger (SE = 2.52), pools that averaged 37.8 m3 greater (9.30) in volume, gradients that averaged 4.1% (1.40%) less steep, and locations that averaged 3.2 km closer (1.06) to the nearest valley stream than did uninhabited canyons. Plunge pools inhabited by frogs averaged 13.5% (5.66%) more perimeter vegetation, 11.2% (5.34%) more canopy cover, and 1.9 (0.60) more refuges than uninhabited pools. In general, canyons that provided more perennial water during dry summer months and plunge pools that provided more bank heterogeneity were more likely to be inhabited by frogs. Conservation of lowland leopard frogs and other aquatic species that inhabit xeric systems in the southwestern United States depends principally on maintaining riparian ecosystems that provide habitat for these species and the adjacent uplands that influence the structure and function of these systems. Therefore, both riparian areas and their adjacent uplands must be managed to maintain habitat for organisms that inhabit these rare and diverse ecosystems.
Habermas' concept of systemic colonization of lifeworld
Authors: Ivkovic Marjan
Published: April 2010

This paper aims at comprehending the specific nature of Habermas' critical perspective on modernization, defined through the concept of systemic colonization of the lifeworld. The comprehension should be reached through a relatively detailed analysis of the fundamental elements and insights of the theory of communicative action. The first to be analyzed should be the conceptual apparatus that Habermas develops on the basis of synthesizing Mead's symbolic interactionism and Durkheim's concept of social development. Then the paper focuses on the complex concept of lifeworld, that Habermas formulates on the grounds of this conceptual apparatus. The focus of the paper is on understanding Habermas' concept of colonization as a specific communicative-theoretic reinterpretation of the analysis of reification. In the final part, the weaknesses of Habermas' approach to the phenomenon of colonization are considered, such as neglecting the question of contemporary forms of colonization, as well as the overall defensive nature and rationalistic reductionism of his theory.
The oldest cultural horizon of trench XV at Drenovac
Authors: Peric Slavisa
Published: April 2010

Re-excavation of a Neolithic site at Slatina - Turska cesma in Drenovac near Paracin started in 2004. Trench XV, with an area of 36 sq. m., was explored between 2004 and 2006. The cultural layer in this trench ended at the depth of approx. 6m, where a pit was noted and defined as a dwelling structure. The back-fill of the pit and the layer immediately above were covered with alluvium, so that the archaeological finds below the alluvium can be considered a closed unit. The results of the preliminary analyses of the stratigraphy and small finds below the alluvium have revealed that the pit had been abandoned before the flooding and that, for a longer period, there was no dwelling structure in that place. The main features of the small finds from the pit itself indicate the earlier Neolithic origin, i.e. the earlier period of the Starcevo culture group.
Archaeological finds from the vaulted building at Krsevica
Authors: Popovic Petar
Published: April 2010

The completely preserved building with barrel vault was discovered in 2008 in the course of investigation of the remains of an urban settlement dating from the 4th /3rd centuries BC at the site Kale in the village Krsevica (southeast Serbia). We are presenting in this work the archaeological finds discovered in this structure. They included pottery, worked stone and many skeletons of horses and dogs that are assumed to be the ritual sacrifice.
“Soft” Area Studies versus “Hard” Social Science: A False Opposition
Authors: Graham Loren , Kantor Jean-Michel
Published: April 2010

Much criticism of area studies has come from social scientists, some of whom consider area studies to be “soft,” emphasizing description and culture, while social science is “hard,” emphasizing mathematics, rigor, and replicability. Loren Graham, an area studies specialist, and Jean-Michel Kantor, a mathematician, maintain that this contrast is simplistic and undervalues area studies. They show that an area studies approach can help understand, not only society, but mathematics and quantitative approaches themselves. They use an area studies approach to help explain developments in set theory and relativity theory and call for a resurgence of area studies, for both intellectual and political reasons. At the same time, they do not undervalue social science, and celebrate its achievements. As they argue, a sophisticated understanding of social reality will require multiple approaches, including both social science and area studies.
National Heroic Narratives in the Baltics as a Source for Nonviolent Political Action
Authors: Šmidchens Guntis
Published: April 2010

The national heroes of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania that emerged in literary culture during the nineteenth century were warrior heroes. In the twentieth century, a series of interpretations and adaptations by leading authors disarmed and desacralized Kalevipoeg, Bearslayer (Lāčplēsis), and King Mindaugas, tempering or rejecting their violent actions and recasting these central allegories of national myth into a nonviolent mold. These heroes are part of the cultural context in which the nonviolent Baltic “Singing Revolution” emerged; they offer an intriguing example of evolving (or devolving) aggressive drives and the civilizing process in the Estonian, Latvian, and Lithuanian national cultures.
“Pardon, Monsieur”: Civilization and Civility in Turgenev's “The Execution of Tropmann“
Authors: Lieber Emma
Published: April 2010

In this article, Emma Lieber situates “The Execution of Tropmann,” a late essay by Ivan Turgenev, as a key work in the author's oeuvre. Since the essay's publication, readers from Fedor Dostoevskii to contemporary critics have focused on the scene of the public execution—in which the narrator, one of a crowd of spectators, averts his gaze—as a signal instance of the reserve, moderation, and civilized refinement that are the cornerstone of the author's poetics. Lieber argues that this scene must be understood in the context of the essay as a whole, which she reads as an expression of anxiety about, and a troubled subversion of, the very civilizing influences that have been read as redemptive in Turgenev's novels and short stories. This interpretation therefore urges, not only a reconsideration of the place of “Tropmann” and its central scene in Turgenev's work, but also a reassessment of the tenor of the author's fiction.
Nationality Policy and the Russian Imperial Officer Corps, 1905-1914
Authors: Vitarbo Gregory
Published: April 2010

This article examines the imperial Russian army's attempt to formulate a comprehensive nationalities policy for its officer corps after 1905. The army sought to establish service quotas for each nationality according to its percentage of the empire's population. The professed goal of this policy was the preservation of the numerical, and thus cultural, predominance of Orthodox, ethnic Russian officers. Yet this attempt to fashion an officer corps both “imperial” and “Russian” exposed competing paradigms of service, loyalty, and identity among tsarist officers, raising broader questions about the relationship between army, state, and empire. Thus concerns of nationality and nationalism affected the officer corps more deeply than has been assumed. Gregory Vitarbo's work provides new insights into the intersection of military reform, nationality policy, and imperial ideology in the late Russian empire, while further illustrating suggestive linkages with contemporary pan-European trends concerning military practices, nationality politics, and cultural ferment.
On the Political Uses of Folklore: Performance and Grassroots Feminist Activism in India
Authors: Garlough Christine Lynn
Published: April 2010

This essay explores the use of street theater by grassroots Indian feminist groups to carve out a public forum and to articulate pressing concerns about rape, inheritance law, and women’s representation in popular and historical texts. Focusing on a situated performance of a play titled "Women in Search of Their History," I consider the ways that the "virangana," an Indian folk heroine type, and the "garba," a women’s folk dance, are appropriated and reinterpreted, becoming topics for rhetorical invention. Critical play with these folk forms provides these women with the means to persuasively articulate a feminist message to diverse audience members.
Electronic Hybridity: The Persistent Processes of the Vernacular Web
Authors: Howard Robert Glenn
Published: April 2010

Through the example of a specific blog, this article locates a category of online discourse termed the "vernacular web." Because the definitive trait of the vernacular is its distinction from the institutional, the vernacular web emerges in specific network locations as a communal invocation of alternate authority. Imagining those invocations as located communication processes, the concept of a vernacular web provides the theoretical language necessary for speaking about the complex hybridity that new communication technologies make possible.
Hyperrealizing “Borat” with the Map of the European “Other”
Authors: Wallace Dickie
Published: April 2010

Sacha Baron Cohen maps a cultural background for his “Borat” character by creating a hyperreal Kazakhstan that is based, nonetheless, on gradations of a “real,” yet Orientalized, eastern Europe and Balkan region. Having no cultural connections to its actual Central Asian namesake, “Borat's Kazakhstan” is a Baudrillardian simulacrum because, for a western filmgoer, it essentially replaces the original. Scratching beneath the surface, however, we see that Baron Cohen composes his clown-journalist using exotic, yet familiar, “realities” from the “Other” in Europe's backyard. Using Edward Said's Orientalism (along with Milica Bakić-Hayden's and Maria Todorova's modifications of the idea), Dickie Wallace describes how this discursive bricolage of eastern European and Balkan music, language, folkloristic rituals, and archetypes, as well as continual tabu violations and commonsensical acceptance of violence, gives the character the sharp parodic elements that have had western audiences laughing even while wincing as they recognize themselves in this “Other.“
Demonizing Judaism in the Soviet Union during the 1920s
Authors: Weinberg Robert
Published: April 2010

In this article, Robert Weinberg explores the visual representation of Judaism and observant Jews in the Soviet journalBezbozhnik u stanka(The atheist at the workbench), which appeared in the 1920s. In their efforts to promote atheism and undermine organized religion, the artists responsible for the images in this journal singled out the Jewish god to be depicted with inhuman, bestial, and bizarre features such as a single eye and a nose made out of a fist. This portrayal of Judaism and religious Jews drew upon the pervasive antisemitic tropes and motifs in Russian culture and society and served to demonize Judaism and its adherents.
Comment: Life and Fate of Western Revisionism
Authors: Osokina Elena A.
Published: April 2010

In 1969, when Sheila Fitzpatrick defended her dissertation in Oxford, I lived on the other side of the “iron curtain.” Being a happy Soviet Young Octobrist at an elementary school in the small town of Klimovsk, in the Moscow region, I knew about neither Iosif Stalin nor the birth of revisionism in western historiography. Even later as a history student at Moscow State University, the institution that provided the best academic education in the Soviet Union, I did not have the slightest idea about the ongoing bitter struggle between the advocates of the Cold War vision of Stalinism and the younger generation of historians who rejected that view.
Profile of Lipid and Protein Autacoids in Diabetic Vitreous Correlates With the Progression of Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Schwartzman Michal Laniado , Iserovich Pavel , Gotlinger Katherine , Bellner Lars , Dunn Michael W. , Sartore Mauro , Grazia Pertile Maria , Leonardi Andrea , Sathe Sonal , Beaton Ann , Trieu Lynn , Sack Robert
Published: April 2010

OBJECTIVE

This study was aimed at obtaining a profile of lipids and proteins with a paracrine function in normal and diabetic vitreous and exploring whether the profile correlates with retinal pathology.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Vitreous was recovered from 47 individuals undergoing vitreoretinal surgery: 16 had nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), 15 had proliferative diabetic retinopathy, 7 had retinal detachments, and 9 had epiretinal membranes. Protein and lipid autacoid profiles were determined by protein arrays and mass spectrometry–based lipidomics.

RESULTS

Vitreous lipids included lipoxygenase (LO)- and cytochrome P450 epoxygenase (CYP)-derived eicosanoids. The most prominent LO-derived eicosanoid was 5-hydroxyeicosate traenoic acid (HETE), which demonstrated a diabetes-specific increase (P = 0.027) with the highest increase in NPDR vitreous. Vitreous also contained CYP-derived epoxyeicosatrienoic acids; their levels were higher in nondiabetic than diabetic vitreous (P < 0.05). Among inflammatory, angiogenic, and angiostatic cytokines and chemokines, only vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) showed a significant diabetes-specific profile (P < 0.05), although a similar trend was noted for tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Soluble VEGF receptors R1 and R2 were detected in all samples with lowest VEGF-R2 levels (P < 0.05) and higher ratio of VEGF to its receptors in NPDR and PDR vitreous.

CONCLUSIONS

This study is the first to demonstrate diabetes-specific changes in vitreous lipid autacoids including arachidonate and docosahexanoate-derived metabolites indicating an increase in inflammatory versus anti-inflammatory lipid mediators that correlated with increased levels of inflammatory and angiogenic proteins, further supporting the notion that inflammation plays a role the pathogenesis of this disease.
Programming of Adiposity in Offspring of Mothers With Type 1 Diabetes at Age 7 Years
Authors: Lindsay Robert S. , Nelson Scott M. , Walker James D. , Greene Stephen A. , Milne Gillian , Sattar Naveed , Pearson Donald W.
Published: April 2010

OBJECTIVE

The goals of this study were to examine the influence of maternal type 1 diabetes during pregnancy on offspring adiposity and glucose tolerance at age 7 years and to assess whether metabolic factors at birth (neonatal leptin and insulin) predict adverse outcomes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We examined 100 offspring of mothers with type 1 diabetes (OT1DM) and 45 offspring of control mothers. Mothers had previously been recruited during pregnancy, and, where possible, birth weight, umbilical cord insulin, and leptin were measured. Children were classed as overweight and obese using age-specific reference ranges.

RESULTS

OT1DM had similar height (control, 1.25 ± 0. 06 m; OT1DM, 1.24 ± 0.06 m; P = 0.81) but were heavier (control, 25.5 ± 3.8 kg; OT1DM, 27.1 ± 5.7 kg; P = 0.048) and had an increased BMI (control, 16.4 kg/m2; OT1DM, 17.4 ± 2.6 kg/m2, P = 0.005). Waist circumference (control, 56.0 ± 3.7 cm; OT1DM, 58 ± 6.8 cm; P = 0.02) and sum of skinfolds were increased (control, 37.5 ± 17.0 mm [n = 42]; OT1DM, 46.1 ± 24.2 mm [n = 91]; P = 0.02), and there was a marked increase in the prevalence of overweight and obese children (OT1DM, 22% overweight and 12% obese; control, 0% overweight and 7% obese; χ2 P = 0.001). Glucose tolerance was not different compared with that in control subjects. BMI at age 7 years correlated with cord leptin (OT1DM, r = 0.25; n = 61, P = 0.047), weakly with adjusted birth weight (r = 0.19; P = 0.06) and hematocrit (r = 0.25; n = 50, P = 0.07), but not cord insulin (OT1DM, r = −0.08; P = 0.54).

CONCLUSIONS

OT1DM are at increased risk of overweight and obesity in childhood. This risk appears to relate, in part, to fetal leptin and hematocrit but not insulin.
A randomized clinical trial of two emergency contraceptive pill regimens in a Ugandan population
Authors: BYAMUGISHA JOSAPHAT K. , MIREMBE FLORENCE M. , FAXELID ELISABETH , TUMWESIGYE NAZARIUS M. , GEMZELL‐DANIELSSON KRISTINA
Published: April 2010

Background.Recent trials on emergency contraception (EC) have indicated that levonorgestrel (LNG) used alone has fewer side‐effects and is more efficacious than the Yuzpe regimen (high dose combined oral contraceptive pills). However, the experienced side‐effects and acceptability may vary between different groups or societies.Objective.The primary objective of this study was to determine side‐effects and acceptability of two emergency contraceptive pill (ECP) regimens among users in Kampala, Uganda.Study design.Randomized clinical trial.Methods.A total of 337 women were enrolled in a double blind randomized clinical trial. Women requesting ECPs within 72 hours after unprotected sexual intercourse received either LNG or the Yuzpe regimen. The women returned for follow‐up after three days and a follow‐up interview was performed after one year.Results.Levonorgestrel had significantly fewer side‐effects than the Yuzpe regimen (p< 0.001). There was a significant association between having worries about the method and experiencing side‐effects (p< 0.001). Most women (81%) were prime users of EC. The majority would recommend ECP to other clients.Conclusions.Levonorgestrel is a superior option to the Yuzpe regimen and should be promoted as the recommended ECP. Having worries about ECP may influence experience of the side‐effects. Correct information is critical in promotion of ECP use.
Frequent inactivation of hSRBC in ovarian cancers by promoter CpG island hypermethylation
Authors: TONG SEO‐YUN , KI KYUNG‐DO , LEE JONG‐MIN , KANG MIN‐JU , HA TAE‐KYU , CHUNG SEONG‐IN , CHI SUNG‐GIL , LEE SEON‐KYUNG
Published: April 2010

Objective. To explore the implication of human SRBC gene [serum deprivation response factor‐related gene product that binds to the c‐kinase (hSRBC)] abnormality in ovarian tumorigenesis. Design. Retrospective study. Setting. Medical center. Sample. Twenty‐two epithelial ovarian cancer and six normal ovary tissues. Measures. Mutation and altered expression of hSRBC gene. Methods. hSRBC expression was characterized by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. Promoter CG dinucleotide (CpG) site methylation was determined using methylation specific PCR and bisulfite sequencing. Results. Expression of hSRBC transcript was easily detectable in all normal tissues we examined, but 50% (two of four) of cancer cell lines and 41% (nine of 22) of primary carcinomas exhibited undetectable or substantially decreased expression. While genomic deletion or somatic mutations of the gene was not identified, its expression was reactivated in tumor cells by 5‐aza‐2′‐deoxycytidine treatment, suggesting epigenetic inactivation of the gene in tumors. Promoter methylation was detected in all nine tumors with low expression but in only one of 13 (7.7%) tumors with normal expression. Bisulfite DNA sequencing analysis of 23 CpG sites within the promoter region revealed that the CpG sites are highly methylated in low‐expressing tumors. In addition, promoter CpG sites methylation status showed a tight association with gene expression level. Conclusion. Our data demonstrate that epigenetic inactivation of hSRBC due to aberrant promoter hypermethylation is a common event and might be implicated in human ovarian tumorigenesis.
Isolated Para-Aortic Lymph Nodes Recurrence in Carcinoma Cervix
Authors: Ghimire S , Hamid S , Rashid A
Published: April 2010

Background: To evaluate the presentation of isolated para-aortic lymph node recurrence after definitive treatment, and to analyze the effect of salvage treatment on the survival rate. Methods: A retrospective study was done for patients with invasive carcinoma of the uterine cervix treated with various modalities of treatment at Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital Research Center Lahore Pakistan from December, 1999 to August 2004. Results: The incidence of radiographically detected para aortic lymph node recurrence was 3.7% by FIGO stage at original diagnosis was 3 (50 %) in stage IIIB, 2 (33.3%) in post hysterectomy status and 1 (16.7%) in stage IB cervical carcinoma. Total 4 (66.7%) patients with para-aortic lymph nodes recurrences were identified with in the first 12 months after the initial treatment and 2(33.3%) had their recurrence after 12 month. Leg swelling, low back pain and hydronephrosis were observed when inquired for the presentation in those patients with recurrence in paraarotic lymph nodes. Hydronephrosis was the commonest finding (50%) either alone or in association with other symptoms. And 3 (50%) of the patient were died within two year of the diagnosis of recurrence.Three patients are still on follow up, one with progressive disease in liver and one with chronic renal failure, and one asymptomatic. Patient who received radiation alone had overall survival of 3.16 months after the recurrence compared with >12 months overall survival for those treated with chemotherapy. Conclusions: Symptoms like leg swelling, low back pain and hydronephrosis helps a lot to detect the early paraaortic recurrence, hydronephrosis being commonest. Although the number of patients with para-aortic recurrence were very small and the follow up time was too short to make any recommendations for salvage treatment or survival advantages, as a definitive treatment for isolated para aortic lymph nodes we can offer both radiotherapy or chemotherapy. Key words: cervix; carcinoma; lymph nodes; para-aortic; recurrence. DOI: 10.3126/jnhrc.v7i2.3016 Journal of Nepal Health Research Council Vol.7(2) Apr 2009 103-107
Water, Wealth, and Power: A Case Study from Upper Mustang of Nepal
Authors: Chalaune Prem
Published: April 2010

This paper examines the relationship between micro-social political institutions and unequal access to water which is ultimately molded by macro social world. The indigenously managed irrigation system existing in Dhee-Upper Mustang of Nepal is the manifestation or reflection of local kingship, village headmanship, institution of polyandry, property inheritance system, access to land, bikas (green garden), animal husbandry, state monarchical system (which is now abolished), modus operandi of NGOs/INGOs and governmental officials. The local unequal social political complexities led to age old indigenously managed irrigation system which is ultimately manufactured and protected by wider social structure. Dhee village Upper Mustang is a semi-arid Trans-Himalayan region in western part of Nepal which is known for its water scarcity. The indigenous or community-managed irrigation system existing in Dhee-Upper Mustang seems highly exploitative and power-ridden. DOI: 10.3126/opsa.v11i0.3033 Occasional Papers in Sociology and Anthropology Vol.11 2009 104-125
Observations on Social Inclusion and Exclusion, Resource Management, Transformational Politics, Developmental Practices, Gender Relations and Tacit Knowledge
Authors: Gurung Om , Uprety Laya Prasad , Pandey Tulsi Ram
Published: April 2010

DOI: 10.3126/opsa.v11i0.3041 Occasional Papers in Sociology and Anthropology Vol.11 2009 285-291
Heritabilities and Genetic Correlations for Yield and Quality Traits of Advanced Generations in a Cross of Peanut1
Authors: Chiow Hee Yang , Wynne J. C.
Published: April 2010

The potential for selecting favorable early maturing Virginia peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) lines from advanced generations following a cross between an early maturing Spanish (ssp. fastigiata var. vulgaris) and a large fruited Virginia type (ssp. hypogaea var. hypogaea) was evaluated. Variability, broad and narrow-sense heritability and phenotypic and genetic correlations were estimated for the parents and 39 progeny lines in F5 and F6 generation grown over four location-year environments.

Substantial variability among the progenies was observed for yield, seed weight/20 fruits, meat content and protein content while less variability was observed for fruit length, 20-fruit weight, oil content and a maturity index. Heritability estimates obtained from variance component analysis and parent-offspring regression were highest for yield, meat content and protein content; intermediate for fruit length, 20-fruit weight, seed weight/20 fruits; and lowest for oil content and a maturity index.

Genotypic correlations generally were higher than phenotypic correlations. Low phenotypic correlations for the maturity index with yield and yield components suggested the possible recovery of favorable recombinants with early maturity and high yields. Fruit size was highly correlated with seed weight and both were significantly correlated with yield suggesting that selection for large fruit in this population would result in higher yield. Correlations between protein content and yield were low. Oil content was negatively correlated with yield indicating improvement in oil content could result in lower yield. Calculation of the relative efficiency of selection among traits indicated that (a) selection for yield components was not as effective as selection for yield itself, and (b) selection for yield could also increase protein content, several fruit and seed traits but would decrease meat and oil content.

Transgressive segregation was observed for all traits studied. Progeny means for all traits were distributed nearer the spanish parent than the virginia parent. However, a few favorable recombinants with early maturity, high yields and large fruits were observed among the progenies.
In Vitro Culture of Immature Peanut (Arachis spp.) Leaves: Morphogenesis and Plantlet Regeneration1,2
Authors: Pittman R. N. , Banks D. J. , Kirby J. S. , Mitchell E. D. , Richardson P. E.
Published: April 2010

Green immature leaflets (2-5 mm in length from shoots of germinated seeds or greenhouse grown plants) from species representing seven taxonomic sections of the genus Arachis (Ambinervosae, Arachis, Caulorhizae, Erectoides, Extranervosae, Rhizomatosae, and Triseminalae), were cultured aseptically, in vitro, on a medium composed of Murashige and Skoog salts, Gamborg's B5 vitamins, 0.8% Difco agar, and supplemented with 1 mg/L each of naphthaleneacetic acid and N-6 benzyladenine. Histological examination of the cultures revealed that the meristematic areas originated from epidermal cells. Embryoids and meristematic shoots developed after lysis of the surrounding cells. All species of Arachis tested produced callus. Genotypic differences for the production of callus, shoots, and roots were observed with cultivated peanuts. Organogenesis occurred in the leaflet cultures, and plants were recovered from sections Arachis and Extranervosae of the genus Arachis.
Seasonal Fluctuation of Peanut Rhizobia in Coastal Plain Soils1
Authors: Mahler R. L. , Wollum A. G.
Published: April 2010

This study was undertaken to observe the influence of seasonal fluctuation on native peanut rhizobia populations in Coastal Plain soils in cultivated fields with or without a peanut history, in pasture, and in forest environments. Soil samples were collected from Ap horizons every 30 days during a 16-month period and rhizobia populations were enumerated using a most probable number (MPN) technique with the peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) as the host for plant infectivity tests.

Cultivated fields with a peanut production history had higher peanut rhizobia populations than cultivated fields without a peanut history, pastures, or forest environments. Seasonal fluctuation was evident in cultivated fields with a peanut history; peanut rhizobia populations were greatest in July whether peanuts or another crop was being grown that year and very low from September to May. Peak peanut rhizobia population reached 10,000 per gram of soil in peanut fields in July. Populations were generally less than 30 per gram of soil in cotton, corn, soybean, clover pasture, and alfalfa hay fields, and less than 10 per gram of soil in orchard and forest environments. Peanut rhizobia always constituted less than 0.01% of the total aerobic bacteria in all fields sampled.
Protein Quality of Four Peanut Cultivars Grown at Two Locations
Authors: Miller Josephine , Sanders Timothy H.
Published: April 2010

Four cultivars of peanuts (Florigiant, Florunner, Starr and Tamnut) grown at two locations (Lewiston, North Carolina (NC) and Stephenville, Texas (TX)) in the National Regional Variety Trials were evaluated for protein nutritional quality. Peanuts, blanched with a minimum of heat treatment and partially defatted on a Carver press, were extracted with hexane at room temperature. Rats were fed these peanut meals to provide 10% of dietary protein (N × 6.25). PER was calculated as the ratio of weight gained to protein consumed for the 28-day feeding period. Adjusted PER values of the 8 peanut meals ranged from 1.3 to 1.7 compared to a value of 2.5 for the casein control diet. No statistically significant differences existed in PER among the 4 cultivars grown in NC. Florunner and Tamnut produced in TX had lower PER values than Florigiant and Starr grown at the same location. Florigiant, Florunner, and Tamnut grown in NC had lower PER values than the same varieties from TX. Rats were fed diets with Florunner peanut meal supplemented with methionine, lysine, and threonine, singly and in all combinations, for 7-day periods. Differences in protein quality between NC and TX-produced peanuts were overcome by addition of methionine to the diets. When all three amino acids were added, peanut meal from both locations supported growth of young rats equal to that of casein.
Changes in the Polypeptide Composition of Maturing Seeds from Four Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Cultivars1
Authors: Basha Shaik-M. M. , Pancholy Sunil K.
Published: April 2010

Developing seeds from four peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars were obtained and classified into Immature, Low-Intermediate, Intermediate, High-Intermediate and Mature groups. Seed proteins were extracted from the defatted meals using either 2 M NaCl, 0.01 M Tris HC1 (pH 8.2) or 9.3 M urea, 5 mM K2CO3, 2% Nonidet P-40 and 0.5% dithiothreitol and examined by one and two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Two dimensional gel electrophoresis showed major qualitative and quantitative changes in seed protein composition during maturation. Several major protein components gradually disappeared while others increased in their content. Major changes in the polypeptide composition were observed between the Intermediate and High-Intermediate maturity stages. In addition, the arachin (major storage globulin of peanut) components were present from the very early stages of seed development. Variation in the amount of protein components indicate selective synthesis and modification of certain seed proteins during seed development.
Pesticide Interactions with Peanut Cultivars1
Authors: Hauser E. W. , Buchanan G. A. , Harvey J. E. , Currey W. L. , Gorbet D. W. , Minton N. A.
Published: April 2010

Interactions among six peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars, herbicides individually and in sequence, and a systemic insecticide were studied on four soil series in 1976 and on three soil series in 1977. Yields of peanuts grown on all soils were reduced significantly in 1976 by intensive sequential applications of the five herbicidal treatments. Additionally, repeated dinoseb treatment reduced yields on the Ruston and Greenville soils. In 1977, yield decreases did not occur from any herbicide treatment on the Do-than or Greenville soils; however, yields on the Tifton soil were reduced by intensive sequential herbicidal treatment or by 2,4-DB alone. Herbicides did not interact significantly with cultivars except on Greenville soil in 1977 when yields of only the Tifrun cultivar were increased by treatment with either benefin or dinoseb. The systemic insecticide disulfoton, with one exception, consistently increased the yield of peanuts when averaged over cultivars and herbicides. Also, in 1977, on the Greenville soil, Titrun yields were increased significantly by disulfoton but disulfoton effects on other cultivars were not statistically significant. Market quality tests indicated that the percentage of sound mature kernels (SMK) was frequently reduced by intensive herbicidal applications.
Influence of Cultural and Harvest Practices on Peanut Seed Quality1
Authors: McLean D. E. , Sullivan G. A.
Published: April 2010

Managing peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) production for maximum yields often results in poor quality seed being produced. The objectives of this study were (1) to identify relationships between production practices and seed quality and (2) to evaluate the impact of harvesting and handling procedures on seed germination quality. Combining significantly reduced germination by an average of 9% for three years. Artificial drying had little effect on average seed quality. Percentage germination was significantly correlated with soil fertility, soil particle size, pod moisture, seed calcium, market grade and hull damage with the most consistent correlations occurring between seed calcium and germination. In general, the correlations were small, and no single production factor accounted for a large proportion of the variability found for seed quality.
Screening for Resistance to Cylindrocladium Black Rot in Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.)1
Authors: Coffelt T. A. , Garren K. H.
Published: April 2010

Cylindrocladium black rot (CBR) of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.), caused by Calonectria crotalariae (Loos) Bell & Sobers (Cylindrocladium crotalariae (Loos) Bell & Sobers), is potentially one of the most serious peanut diseases in Virginia. Over 60 peanut lines at multiple locations and 140 peanut lines at a single location were screened in the field for resistance to CBR from 1973–1977 in Virginia and North Carolina. Susceptibility to CBR was determined by number of dead plants per plot in 1973 and by percent dead plants per plot in 1974–1977. In addition, in 1974, 1975 and 1977, visual estimates of CBR damage to roots and pods were made. Florigiant, Spancross, VGP 1 and/or NC 3033 were used as checks to determine relative susceptiability.

Results generally indicate that spanish-type peanuts are the most resistant to CBR, valencia-type peanuts the least resistant and Virginia-type peanuts intermediate. Florigiant was consistently one of the most susceptible genotypes, while NC 3033, Spancross and VGP 1 were among the most resistant. Four valencia-type peanuts, 22 virginia-type peanuts, 28 spanish-type peanuts, one segregating line, and one wild species (A. monticola), with resistance equal to or better than Spancross, NC 3033 and/or VGP 1 were identified. Pod and root damage scores generally corresponded with percent diseased plants. However, differences were observed, indicating separate genetic mechanisms may control pod and root resistance to CBR. The significances of variability among sister lines and locations are discussed.
Composition of Seeds Obtained from Non-nodulating and Nodulating Peanut Lines and Cultivars1
Authors: Pancholy S. K. , Basha S. M. M. , Gorbet D. W.
Published: April 2010

The composition of seeds obtained from non-nodulating and nodulating peanut lines was studied. Peanut samples from the non-nodulating genotype were low in oil and protein, high in α-amino nitrogen, soluble carbohydrates, and the amino acids lysine, alanine, methionine, and threonine as compared to its nodulating parental lines and ‘Florunner’. No differences however, were noted in iodine value of the oil. Peanuts from the non-nodulating line were also found to have higher activities of the hydrolytic enzymes leucine aminopeptidase and acid phosphatase.