bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Literary Treatments of Buddhism in the Period of Transition
Authors: Wickham-Smith Simon
Published: February 2020

During the early revolutionary period, Buddhism was initially treated as a subject for socialist transformation. It was believed that the ethical and social impropriety of monks and their monasteries could be changed through the power of the revolution, and writers sought to encourage this humanistic and ethically motivated approach among their readers. During the late 1930s, the Great Repression led to the effective elimination of Buddhism as a literary theme, although its depiction was occasionally used as social engineering, and given that religion remained officially a matter of individual choice, to illustrate the worst aspects of Mongolian society.
Archival Historiography in Jewish Antiquity
Authors: Carlson Hasler Laura
Published: February 2020

If history is narrative, then Ezra-Nehemiah is only partly history. Well over half of Ezra-Nehemiah is not a narrative but rather a patchwork of cited texts that are frequently intervening in the story. The capacity of citations in Ezra-Nehemiah to offend the historiographical, aesthetic, and theological sensibilities of scholars invites the question of what citation accomplishes in this context. This book labels the citation style in Ezra-Nehemiah as “archival historiography.” It argues that the act of citation in Ezra-Nehemiah forms an alternative site of archiving and this hybrid literary form prioritizes the assembly and organization of documents over the production of a seamless narrative. The argument begins by comparing this literary form with archival institutions and practices across the landscape of the ancient Near East, contending that Ezra-Nehemiah adapts the symbolic power of these ancient collections. It then identifies the role of the imperial archive within the narrative of Ezra-Nehemiah, where it surfaces as an axial and ambivalent source of political power. By reviewing the cited documents in Ezra-Nehemiah, this book argues that the act of citation is not solely or even primarily in the business of authorizing this account or symbolizing the fulfillment of prophetic promises. Rather, citation in Ezra-Nehemiah is aimed at reestablishing a community by organizing memory into retrievable texts. Archival historiography thus constitutes an essential act of communal recovery and represents the cultural vitality of the Judean community after the losses of exile and while living in the long shadow of imperial rule.
Archival Representations
Authors: Carlson Hasler Laura
Published: February 2020

Chapter 2 conducts a detailed analysis of how the act of collection works within the narrative portions of Ezra-Nehemiah, defining the archive by surveying various types of collections and their use in these texts. Of these, collections of documents are the most potent and politically vexed within the narrative. Archives arise in Ezra-Nehemiah as both formidable and malleable imperial institutions, contributing equally to the obstruction and advancement of Judean hopes. In Ezra-Nehemiah, and in Ezra 4–6 in particular, the imperial archive is a powerful tool that is wielded for and against the Judeans’ recovery efforts. This chapter establishes the archive as a cipher of the text’s complex and competitive relationship with imperial power.
The Book of Marriage
Authors: Khatun Samia
Published: February 2020

From 1860 to the 1920s, Muslim merchants and workers from across British India and Afghanistan travelled to Australian shores to work in the extensive camel transportation network that underpinned the growth of capitalism in the Australian interior. Through marriage, South Asian women in addition to white women and Aboriginal women became part of families spanning the Indian Ocean. Challenging the racist accounts of gender relations that currently structure histories of Muslims in Australia, I turn to the intellectual traditions of colonised peoples in search of alternatives to orientalist narratives. Redeploying the Muslim narrative tradition of Kitab al‐Nikah (Book of Marriage) to write feminist history, this chapter proposes a new framework to house histories of Muslim women.
To Hear
Authors: Khatun Samia
Published: February 2020

Returning to the copy of Kasasol Ambia in Broken Hill, chapter 8 revisits the central question that underpins this book: Who brought the com- pendium of Bengali poetry to this inland Australian town? Focusing in upon the aural forms of knowledge transmission that this book was embedded in, I show that the forms of historical storytelling that the book reveals remain in circulation today in both contemporary South Asia and Australia. With the Kasasol Ambia pointing to another epistemic ground on which past South Asians situated historical storytelling, I demonstrate that we can use the text today to produce new forms of human ontology. This concluding chapter argues that at our current juncture of not only escalating state violence and racism, but also ecological crisis, historians and activists alike must challenge the epistemic arrogance of colonial-modern thought if we are to glimpse better futures.
The Invention of Jewish Theocracy
Authors: Kaye Alexander
Published: February 2020

The Invention of Jewish Theocracy is about Jewish religious approaches to law and politics in the State of Israel. It uncovers the forgotten history of religious Zionists who tried to create a “halakhic state” by making traditional Jewish law (halakha) into Israel’s official law. This endeavour brought about a conflict over Israel’s legal framework with the majority of Israeli Jews who wanted Israel to be a secular democracy. This struggle over legal authority became the backdrop for a pervasive culture war, whose consequences are felt throughout Israeli society until today. It has also shaped religious attitudes to many aspects of Israeli society and politics, created an ongoing antagonism with the state’s civil courts, and led to the creation of a new and increasingly powerful state rabbinate. The book uncovers the surprising truth, which runs counter to the common understanding, that the religious Zionist ideology of legal supremacy emerged no earlier than the middle of the twentieth century. Even more notably, the book shows that, far from being endemic to Jewish religious tradition as its proponents claim, the idea of the halakhic state borrows heavily from modern European jurisprudence.
The Persistence of Jewish Theocracy
Authors: Kaye Alexander
Published: February 2020

This chapter examines the place of the idea of the halakhic state in Israel today, and how the legacy of its early years has contributed to ongoing tensions in Israeli society. Decades after it was crafted by religious Zionist leaders in the early years of the state, the ideology of the halakhic state emerged even more strongly at the end of the twentieth century and the goal of halakhic supremacy became an ever more salient point of contention between religious and secular Israelis. The chapter challenges the common assumption that there was an abrupt change in religious Zionist attitudes, from accommodation to confrontation, after 1967, arguing instead that the more assertive stance of religious Zionists after 1967 would not have been possible without the earlier ideological groundwork laid by Isaac Herzog and his supporters. The chapter also puts the history of religious Zionism into conversation with recent scholarship on religion and state more globally and tentatively suggests how a fuller understanding of the history of the halakhic state might help alleviate social conflict in Israel today.
Come Out, Come Out, Whoever You Are
Authors: Saguy Abigail C.
Published: February 2020

This book examines how and why people use the concept of coming out as a certain kind of person to resist stigma and collectively mobilize for social change. It examines how the concept of coming out has taken on different meanings as people adopt it for varying purposes—across time, space, and social context. Most other books about coming out—whether fiction, academic, or memoir—focus on the experience of gay men and lesbians in the United States. This is the first book to examine how a variety of people and groups use the concept of coming out in new and creative ways to resist stigma and mobilize for social change. It examines how the use of coming out among American lesbians, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer (LGBTQ+) people has shifted over time. It also examines how four diverse US social movements—including the fat acceptance movement, undocumented immigrant youth movement, the plural-marriage family movement among Mormon fundamentalist polygamists, and the #MeToo movement—have employed the concept of coming out to advance their cause. Doing so sheds light on these particular struggles for social recognition, while illuminating broader questions regarding social change, cultural meaning, and collective mobilization.
Producing a Sense of Linked Fate
Authors: Saguy Abigail C.
Published: February 2020

This chapter focuses on Mormon fundamentalist polygamists. Unlike the groups featured in previous chapters, Mormon fundamentalist polygamists are socially disconnected from the LGBTQ+ rights movement, socially conservative, and disapproving of homosexuality. Yet, by talking of coming out as polygamist, they liken their “lifestyle” to that of gay men and lesbians. This chapter argues that this has been facilitated by talk, among powerful people and institutions, of polygamy and same-sex marriage as analogous—leading many Mormon fundamentalist polygamists to support the legalization of same-sex marriage to create a legal pathway for polygamy. For a small minority of Mormon fundamentalist polygamists, a sense of linked fate with members of sexual minorities seems also to be generating some degree of solidarity with members of sexual minorities. This chapter examines how Mormon fundamentalist polygamists distance themselves from the most notorious polygamist sects, while insisting that polygamy can help women balance work and family.
Airing Dirty Laundry and Squealing on Pigs
Authors: Saguy Abigail C.
Published: February 2020

This chapter examines the use of coming out tactics to draw attention to sexual violence—focusing on the internet-based #MeToo movement that began in 2017. It shows how the internet-based #MeToo built not only on Tarana Burke’s earlier offline Me Too movement, but also on the Clothesline Project, Take Back the Night marches, and “slutwalks.” It examines the extent to which each of these movements has I dentified the issue of sexual violence versus the identity of the victim, perpetrator, or both. It shows how and why the act of naming one’s harasser, assaulter, or rapist has been controversial—hearkening back to debates over outing in the 1990s. While some worry that people will be falsely accused, others argue that the cards are stacked against victims of sexual abuse and that they need to use whatever means possible to protect and defend themselves.
An Athenian in Crete
Authors: LeMoine Rebecca
Published: February 2020

This chapter examines Plato’s depiction in the Laws of an Athenian abroad, specifically in the land of Crete, roughly during the time leading up to the Peloponnesian War. Challenging traditional readings of the Laws as offering a blueprint for Plato’s second-best or more practical political regime, it argues that the dialogue depicts an Athenian Stranger’s attempt to help two old men from the “armed camps” of Crete and Sparta recognize the contradiction in their laws’ singular focus on war against foreigners yet neglect of the conflict within the souls of their own citizens. It takes a foreigner to expose this internal contradiction because Cretans and Spartans value tradition so deeply that they encourage their citizens to sing in unison, rather than cultivate the harmony that derives from the informed acceptance of a belief. Ultimately, the city in speech of Magnesia represents a compromise between Athenian and Spartan and Cretan culture.
Conclusion
Authors: LeMoine Rebecca
Published: February 2020

This chapter addresses how Plato’s portrayal of foreigners as gadflies can contribute to contemporary debates on cultural diversity. It begins by laying out four major reasons for supporting cultural diversity within the scholarship. While each of these reasons tells part of the story of why cultural diversity is valuable, the image of “Plato’s caves” helps to tell the part that is often overlooked. Simply put, Plato shows how cross-cultural engagement can help one cultivate Socratic wisdom, or awareness of one’s ignorance. This means that cross-cultural engagement is vital for democratic citizens, as democracy’s downfall into tyranny takes place when citizens develop intellectual hubris. Ultimately, Plato’s likening of cross-cultural engagement to the liberating sting of the Socratic “gadfly” reveals that the proper object of our aversion is not diversity but, rather, the fear of education that prevents us from appreciating the epistemological value of exposure to cultural diversity.
Sergio Leone
Authors: Uva Christian
Published: February 2020

Spectacle, myth, fable. These are the main categories that have traditionally defined Sergio Leone’s cinematic production, but it is necessary to underline how much they are fueled by a profound, layered political interest. Leone’s cinema bears witness to a critical outlook both on the subjects it showcases and on its representational means. Far from any militancy and escaping ideological classifications, Leone’s perspective is problematic and unreconciled: it is grounded in the coexistence of different elements in a state of perennial productive tension and instability. The adjective “political” takes on a deeper meaning when it is used to denote the director’s ability to narrate and interpret key aspects of Italian national identity and history. The abstract quality of his production relies on an original use of different genres, particularly sword-and-sandal and the Spaghetti Western, which allowed Leone to insert frequent symbolic references to both history and then-current events. On the stylistic level, his constant disobedience to classical models and his need to revolutionize forms were motivated by an authorial desire to make films politically, though still within a conception of cinema as an industrial spectacle.
Wednesday’s Children
Authors: Stoesz David
Published: February 2020

During the Progressive Era, nonprofit organizations were the basis for child welfare, promoting the creation of the Children’s Bureau. Title IV of the Social Security Act established that the government would provide cash benefits and social services for poor children. The absence of rigorous research in child welfare contributed to disproportionality in care, accounting for Jane Crow. Varied funding match rates contributed to elaborate fiscal arrangements between state and federal governments as well as incentives to place children in foster care. Yet, the Perry Preschool project, the Nurse-Family Partnership, and the Abecedarian Project emerged, demonstrating the value of field experiments.
Poor Policy
Authors: Stoesz David
Published: February 2020

Neoliberalism provided the rationale for reviewing public assistance with unintended effects. In anticipation of the 1996 welfare reform, state welfare waivers provided a verdant environment for assessing alternatives to Aid to Families with Dependent Children. Field experiments became the default to determine program efficacy and efficiency. Subsequently, research demonstrated that “work first” was superior to “human capital development” strategies. Virtually all of the research on welfare waivers was conducted by private research firms. Welfare reform had two undesirable consequences: diverting cash from welfare families to professional service providers and denying benefits for families unable to make the transition from welfare to work.
Starving the Beast
Authors: Stoesz David
Published: February 2020

The evolution of the Chicago school of economics and public choice theory provided an alternative to Keynesian economics, which had served as the basis for financing the welfare state. Accordingly, Grover Norquist established Americans for Tax Reform to contain taxes, denying the welfare state essential revenues. Despite the success of the antitax movement, unanticipated problems became evident: the expansion of tax expenditures exacerbated inequality and skyrocketed public debt. Behavioral economics emerged as a research-based alternative to conventional economic theory.
Nurse-Family Partnership
Authors: Stoesz David
Published: February 2020

David Olds developed nurse home visiting as an intervention for poor, first-time mothers. As demonstrated by three randomized trials in Elmira, Memphis, and Denver, the Nurse-Family Partnership became the basis for significant federal funding under the Maternal, Infant, and Early Childhood Home Visiting Program. The transition from pilot program to federal legislation included tiered funding, by which programs demonstrated by Randomized Controlled Trials were prioritized over those with less empirical support.
The Abecedarian Project
Authors: Stoesz David
Published: February 2020

Craig Ramey, a psychologist, organized the Abecedarian project in North Carolina to determine the benefits of intensive preschool. Subsequently deployed in eight cities, Abecedarian showed that preschool programs lasting several hours daily can mitigate the disadvantages attendant on poverty. Significantly, Abecedarian serves as a comparison for Head Start, providing justification for reforming that program. Embraced by Nobel laureate, James Heckman, Early Childhood Education became a benchmark for progressive policy reform.
Year Up
Authors: Stoesz David
Published: February 2020

Gerald Chertavian extrapolated from being a Big Brother by developing an internship program for minority, inner-city youth. Through socialization, training, and internships with corporate sponsors, Year Up demonstrates an innovative strategy for workforce training, which had come under review when conventional government training initiatives failed. Committed to documenting outcomes, Year Up embeds randomized controlled trials in organizational operations to continuously improve training. Another youth training initiative, Per Scholas, also integrates randomized trials in its operations.
Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab
Authors: Stoesz David
Published: February 2020

Established by Esther Duflo and Abhijit Banerjee at MIT, Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab (J-PAL) initially focused on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in developing countries. In 2013, J-PAL pivoted to mount RCTs in North America, evaluating the Oregon Medicaid program and developing an expansive study of the Nurse-Family Partnership in South Carolina. As a means to expand the talent pool of development practitioners, J-PAL developed a MicroMasters for students available worldwide. In order to extend RCTs, J-PAL introduced a Local and State Innovations Initiative, providing funding and technical assistance to encourage organizations serving the poor to mount field experiments.
Up$tart
Authors: Stoesz David
Published: February 2020

Up$tart bundles applications for social benefits—Pell Grants, the Earned Income Tax Credit, and the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program—in order to generate income for poor students, increasing their likelihood of graduating from college. In addition to increasing student income, Up$tart indirectly raises significantly revenues for financially stressed institutions of higher education. Because poverty afflicts minorities of color disproportionately, Up$tart promises to accelerate the upward mobility of African American, Hispanic, and Native American students. Bundling benefit applications is also applicable for other fields of activity where silo programs impede benefit take-up rates.
Silver Bullets and Other Obstacles
Authors: Stoesz David
Published: February 2020

The prospects for reorienting social programs for residents of flyover country diminish as the left wing of the Democratic Party proposes programs that are ruinously expensive and fail to resonate with working-class voters. A key issue of the 2016 presidential election was the influence of cartels that favor professionals over workers without a college degree. Thus, proposals like a universal basic income, Medicare for All, and free public college are likely to alienate blue-collar voters.
Innovation
Authors: Stoesz David
Published: February 2020

Evidence-based policy can serve as a disruptive innovation if it is modified in accord with the circumstances of the typical agency director. Behavioral economics has implications for introducing RCTs in social care, addressing the inertia that typifies community based services. Four recommendations can make RCTs more visible and instrumental in policy reform: (1) deploying innovations to rural areas and small towns and testing them rigorously, (2) altering federal tiered funding so that half of allocations are for programming demonstrated by multiple RCTs, (3) modifying MIT’s MicroMasters for domestic programming, and (4) developing a “randomista” award for researchers making substantial contributions to the evidence-based policy movement. Collaboration between private and public sectors will be essential for expanding the evidence-based policy movement.
The Idea of Cognition and Absolute Method
Authors: Ng Karen
Published: February 2020

Chapter 8 completes the interpretation of the Logic offered in this book by taking up the final chapters of that text on “The Idea of Cognition” and “The Absolute Idea.” The logical form of life enables and constrains the activities of theoretical and practical cognition, and this chapter argues that cognition is understood by Hegel to be the result of life’s self-division from itself, a result of the Idea “doubled.” As self-conscious life, theoretical and practical cognition produce various self-conceptions, which have various limitations and powers. These limitations are overcome by the unity of theoretical and practical cognition. The chapter concludes with a discussion of absolute method as the ongoing dialectic between life and cognition. It argues that method is “unbounded,” and provides a discussion of the role of beginning and dialectic in Hegel’s method.
When Conversation Lapses
Authors: Hoey Elliott M.
Published: February 2020

This book analyzes how people behave in and around lapses in conversation. Lapses are moments when all participants have the option to speak, but refrain from doing so. Through four empirical studies, the author examines silences in actual transcribed instances of social interaction using the tools of conversation analysis.
Lapsing out of talk
Authors: Hoey Elliott M.
Published: February 2020

This chapter describes three general ways that participants arrive at a place where conversation stops. It first describes how the Sacks, Schegloff, and Jefferson turn-taking system produces lapses, and points out several deficiencies in the model. The analysis examines a range of situations and activities where conversation lapses, and divides them into three main types: lapses as the relevant cessation of talk, lapses as allowable silence, and lapses as the conspicuous absence of talk. In the course of the analysis and in the discussion, the chapter addresses the matter of gaps versus lapses, the importance of bodily conduct and activities, and the relationship of lapses to turn-taking and sequence organization.
Conceptualizing and Mapping Informality
Authors: Roger Charles B.
Published: February 2020

This chapter explains how informal organizations are conceptualized in the book. It also maps temporal and geographic trends. It starts by explaining the idea of a formal international organization and uses this idea as a model to illustrate the contrasting features of informal organizations. The chapter then reviews what are called the distinct “functional properties” and “domestic implications” of formal and informal organizations, which are central for understanding the different theories that have been offered. The final part of the chapter explains how the concept of an informal organization has been operationalized and used to generate a database of informal institutions. Descriptive statistics are presented that help scholars to visualize the institutional terrain any theory of informality must explain. These reveal the extraordinary growth of informal organizations since the end of World War II, as well as the central role of states in North America and Western Europe in that growth.
Keeping Governments at Bay
Authors: Roger Charles B.
Published: February 2020

In this chapter, two of the most important informal organizations in the field of global finance are investigated: the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) and the International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO). Functionalist and power-based theories have already been offered to explain these institutions. This chapter shows that they do not tell the whole story. Independent agencies played a prominent role in leading cooperation in these cases. While functional considerations were relevant, these agencies generally preferred informal varieties of cooperation because these preserved their independence more effectively. These preferences were also widely shared, despite the fact that there were quite significant differences in power and fairly high levels of conflict across states at certain points. Power-based approaches have difficulty explaining these processes, but the two-step theory can account for these patterns quite well.
Clashing over Competition
Authors: Roger Charles B.
Published: February 2020

This chapter explores a more recent example of informal cooperation: the International Competition Network (ICN). This is an informal organization that arose in the early 2000s to address global antitrust issues. It is widely viewed as successful, and functionalist theorists believe that they can explain its emergence quite well. Not so. In fact, there was considerable disagreement over whether antitrust issues are best addressed in an informal forum, like the ICN, or should be delegated to a formal organization: the World Trade Organization (WTO). This difference is somewhat puzzling for the two-step theory, because independent agencies on both sides of the Atlantic were the primary actors involved. But the chapter shows that this puzzle dissolves once one considers patterns of politicization: where politicization was greater, actors embraced formality; where it was lower, a preference for informality was maintained. Ultimately, power was essential for determining whose preference held sway.
The Day Satan Came to Oklahoma
Authors: Laycock Joseph P.
Published: February 2020

This chapter begins with a summary and legal analysis of attempts to install monuments of the Ten Commandments on capitol grounds in Oklahoma and Arkansas and The Satanic Temple’s offer to erect a statue of the Satanic deity Baphomet next to these monuments. The author frames battles over the Baphomet statue as part of a larger pattern of “socially engaged Satanism” in which Satanists are increasingly taking their activities into the public square. The rise of socially engaged Satanism is attributed to demographic changes associated with the decline of white Christian hegemony in America. This decline has inspired state actions such as erecting Ten Commandments monuments meant to re-enforce the claim that America is a Christian nation. These actions have triggered a backlash from Satanists. In closing, the chapter argues that religious Satanism should be studied because Satanists affect our national conversation about such topics as religion and religious freedom.
Origins and History of The Satanic Temple
Authors: Laycock Joseph P.
Published: February 2020

This chapter provides a historical overview of The Satanic Temple from its foundation as a political action held in Tallahassee, Florida, in 2013 to the formation of a National Council with a physical headquarters and a system of chapters throughout the United States and abroad. The chapter describes the formation of the religion’s creed (The Seven Tenets), its campaign to prevent corporal punishment in public schools, its campaign to implement an After School Satan Club (ASSC) in schools throughout the United States, and its attempt to install a Satanic monument to honor military veterans at a park in Belle Plaine, Minnesota.
The Satanic Reformation
Authors: Laycock Joseph P.
Published: February 2020

Members of The Satanic Temple have presented themselves as “nice” Satanists who advance the values of compassion and social justice. This move has earned them scorn from some more traditional Satanic groups, notably the Church of Satan founded by Anton LaVey, which has accused The Satanic Temple’s members of being fake Satanists and plagiarizing everything that LaVey built. This chapter suggests that there is no objectively authentic form of Satanism and that Satanism is better understood as what Benedict Anderson called “an imagined community.” Thus a variety of sources can be invoked to form models of what Satanism is or ought to be. In redefining Satanism, The Satanic Temple and other socially engaged Satanic groups have looked past LaVey to the Satan portrayed by nineteenth-century Romantics. They argue that works by Byron and Shelley represent an older mode of Satanism that is compatible with their values of compassion and egalitarianism.
Satanic Bake Sales
Authors: Laycock Joseph P.
Published: February 2020

Many of The Satanic Temple’s campaigns invoke the idea that Satanists are perceived as evil and attempt to leverage this perception toward their political ends. This chapter analyzes three different strategies through which The Satanic Temple invokes and challenges conventional notions of evil. One strategy is performance art that seeks to reframe old debates about topics such as abortion through transgressive street theater. A second strategy involves demanding the same access in public schools and other government institutions that Christians enjoy. Often, the presence of Satanists in these spaces is so intolerable that Christians would rather forfeit their own access rather than share it with Satanists. A third strategy is engaging in philanthropy such as charity drives or adopting highways. The Satanic Temple’s critics seemed disturbed by Satanists doing charitable work precisely because such activity threatens traditional models of good and evil.
“Taking Equality Too Far”
Authors: Laycock Joseph P.
Published: February 2020

This chapter considers two areas where The Satanic Temple has attempted to participate in institutions that nominally promote religious pluralism and tolerance: a 2014 black mass hosted through a cultural studies club at Harvard University and attempts to lead prayer invocations before city councils, following the 2014 Supreme Court decision Greece v. Galloway, which ruled that sectarian prayers may be offered provided no religion is excluded. In both cases, tremendous efforts were made to block The Satanic Temple from participating in these institutions. Several city councils passed new laws restricting prayer invocations rather than let The Satanic Temple participate. The Satanic Temple’s opponents did not frame their response as intolerance; rather, they claimed that The Satanic Temple is engaged in hate speech and must be censored. Analysis examines these responses and considers whether these institutions practice the values of tolerance and religious pluralism as they purport to.
The Biology of Agroecosystems
Authors: Randall Nicola , Smith Barbara
Published: February 2020

The Biology of Agroecosystems provides an introduction to the biological and ecological attributes of ecosystems and the biological impacts of agriculture on the wider environment. Global human populations are rising and diets are becoming ever more complicated, leading to requirements for increased levels of food production. Natural biotopes are becoming increasingly fragmented as agricultural activities expand around them. Agroecosystems occur from the tropics to subarctic environments and comprise systems as varied as annual crops, perennial grasslands, orchards, and agroforestry systems. They presently cover almost 40 per cent of the terrestrial land surface and significantly shape landscapes at a global scale. The book outlines the origin and development of agriculture and summarizes the characteristics of different types of agroecosystems. The conflicts between management of land for productivity and conservation of natural resources are discussed, and some of the key biological issues (loss of biodiversity, instability, susceptibility to pests, for example) are explored. Individual chapters introduce the role of functional groups such as pollinators, nutrient cycling organisms, and pest regulators; the importance of soils and soil organisms for agriculture; and the biological impacts of water use in agroecosystems. Globalization of agriculture is explored, and includes drivers of change, such as shifting diets, and biological challenges, such as the spread of pest species. The final chapters outline different management methods for sustainable management of agroecosystems, and consider the future challenges and opportunities for agriculture and the biology of agroecosystems.
Agricultural Environments
Authors: Randall Nicola P. , Smith Barbara
Published: February 2020

This chapter outlines the origin and historical development of global agriculture. Agricultural systems around the world are extremely diverse, but all involve the management of land for the production of food and other commodities. Agroecosystems encompass a wide variety of production systems, both within and between different regions, and different classifications are used to order these. Characteristics and classifications of some major types of contemporary agricultural systems are introduced. The difference between agricultural and natural (or alternatively managed) ecosystems and farmed versus unfarmed habitats on agricultural land is explored, and examples of each are provided. Some of the impacts of agriculture on wider ecosystems are introduced.
Biotic Interactions and Ecosystem Functioning
Authors: Randall Nicola P. , Smith Barbara
Published: February 2020

This chapter introduces different functional groups and their role in agroecosystems and in provision of ecosystem services. Examples include detritivores and other nutrient cyclers, primary producers, pollinators, herbivores, and pest regulators. The importance of plant–fungal interactions (endophytes and mycorrhiza), primary productivity, maintenance of soil fertility through nutrient cycles, biological pest control, and crop pollination are discussed and related to different management systems. The influence of agricultural practices (e.g. pesticide/fertilizer application, introduction of new/genetically modified species) on biotic interactions and ecosystem functioning of agricultural practices are also illustrated, alongside a consideration of the biological issues associated with the replacement of ecological processes with chemicals, machinery, and so on in some modern agricultural systems.
The Biological Impacts of Globalization of Agriculture
Authors: Randall Nicola P. , Smith Barbara
Published: February 2020

While pre-modern agriculture tended to use local resources, modern (often intensive) agriculture uses resources from a much wider area—even global in some cases. This chapter discusses the role of agriculture as a driver of global environmental change, together with issues and opportunities associated with the globalization of agriculture. The topics explored include the introduction and spread of invasive and pest species; reductions in genetic diversity; changes in the type of commodities demanded locally and globally; and loss of traditional crops. The implications of these changes for wider ecosystems are explored. The potential for some of these global drivers to act synergistically with each other and with other drivers (e.g. climate change) to impact on biological systems is also explored.
Conservation and Sustainable Management of Agroecosystems
Authors: Randall Nicola P. , Smith Barbara
Published: February 2020

This chapter focuses on the role of farm management in biodiversity conservation (and the potential conflicts and synergies between them). It addresses the question of the relationship between productivity and biodiversity, and how this varies between spatial scale and agricultural system. Different methods of farm management for improved biodiversity and resource management on farmland are presented. The focus areas are reintroducing diversity, sustainable pest and nutrient management, and the role of alternative systems such as organic and biodynamic agriculture. Frameworks for regulating the biological impacts of agriculture (e.g. pesticide regulation, ecological engineering, and funding for conservation are also introduced. Other case studies may include organic farming systems, agroforestry systems, and perennial-based cropping systems, as well as the use of integrated pest management techniques.
Introduction
Authors: Sørensen Eva
Published: February 2020

Chapter 1 argues for the necessity of studying how recent changes in the political systems of Western representative democracies affect the conditions under which elected politicians perform political leadership. It highlights the need for a consideration of what political leadership in the age of governance entails, and points to the need for developing a concept of interactive political leadership and a theoretical framework for research in emerging forms of political leadership, and the challenges and dilemmas politicians face in that respect. The chapter spells out the main components of such a framework and presents the overall structure of the book.
Interactive Political Leadership as a Driver of Policy Innovation
Authors: Sørensen Eva
Published: February 2020

Since the beginning of the twenty-first century, enhancing the public sector’s innovation capacity has been high on the agenda of many Western governments. Fiscal constraints and mounting policy problems related to public health, crime prevention, elderly care, immigration, and global warming have intensified the search for new innovative policy strategies and governance methods. Leadership is often mentioned as a key driver of and condition for promoting public innovation but most attention has been paid to the role of public managers as drivers of policy innovation, and the approach to innovation has been managerial rather than political. The main argument made in Chapter 6 is that the public sector’s policy innovation capacity ultimately hinges on the extent to which politicians step into the role of policy entrepreneurs and perform leadership of collective policy innovation processes, rather than leaving this task to public managers. Although there are barriers and dilemmas to overcome, interactive political leadership offers an opportunity for politicians to step into the role of policy entrepreneurs and, by doing so, strengthen the output legitimacy of representative democracy.
Revisionary Analysis without Meaning Change (Or, Could Women Be Analytically Oppressed?)
Authors: Ball Derek
Published: February 2020

This chapter develops a conception of philosophical analysis which makes sense of the idea that a correct analysis can be revisionary (in that it departs from ordinary or expert belief and linguistic usage). The view is superior to the alternatives defended by most proponents of ‘conceptual ethics’ and ‘conceptual engineering’ (according to which revisionary theorizing involves replacing words or concepts) because it better explains the arguments we advance when we engage with proposed revisionary analyses. A key idea is that analytic claims can emerge in the course of debate without change of meaning, so that our acceptance (perhaps late in the debate) of some analyticity can fix the meaning of a word as we used it all along. The discussion focuses on Haslanger’s revisionary analysis of gender.
Never Say ‘Never Say “Never’’ ’?
Authors: Burgess Alexis
Published: February 2020

Is there anything wrong with using a concept C in the course of arguing against the use of C? You might think not, so long as the argumentation is framed as a kind of reductio; or climbing a ladder to be kicked away. On the other hand, you might find such “hypocritical” arguments self-undermining: if they’re sound, then we shouldn’t accept any of their premises that make use of C. Understanding the status of hypocrisy is an urgent question for conceptual ethics (and therefore engineering), insofar as concepts of philosophical interest tend to be central to our conceptual schemes, in the sense that they tend to turn up in the analyses of lots of other concepts. Developing these points (of view), the present chapter exposes a worrisome feature of the anti-hypocrisy argument just sketched: it seems to be indeterminate whether or not the argument is itself hypocritical.
Conceptual Ethics and the Methodology of Normative Inquiry
Authors: McPherson Tristram , Plunkett David
Published: February 2020

This chapter explores two central questions in the conceptual ethics of normative inquiry. The first is whether to orient one’s normative inquiry around folk normative concepts (like knowledge or immoral) or around theoretical normative concepts (like adequate epistemic justification or pro tanto practical reason). The second is whether to orient one’s normative inquiry around concepts whose normative authority is especially accessible to us (such as ought all things considered), or around concepts whose extension is especially accessible to us (such as betrayal). The chapter aims to make vivid and plausible a range of possible answers to these questions, and important forms of argument that can be used to favor certain answers over others.
Talk and Thought
Authors: Sawyer Sarah
Published: February 2020

This chapter provides an externalist account of talk and thought that clearly distinguishes the two. It is argued that linguistic meanings and concepts track different phenomena and have different explanatory roles. The distinction, understood along the lines proposed, brings theoretical gains in a cluster of related areas. It provides an account of meaning change which accommodates the phenomenon of contested meanings and the possibility of substantive disagreement across theoretical divides, and it explains the nature and value of conceptual engineering in a way that addresses recent prominent concerns.
A Pragmatic Method for Normative Conceptual Work
Authors: Thomasson Amie L.
Published: February 2020

How ought we to do work in conceptual ethics? Some have thought that conceptual choice should itself be guided by (heavyweight) metaphysics—for we should be sure that our concepts pick out things that exist or should aim to choose concepts that really ‘carve the world at its joints’. An alternative is to take a pragmatic approach to conceptual ethics. But pragmatic approaches are often criticized as unable to account for intuitions that some conceptual choices are objectively better than others, and intuitions that the world is structured. As a result, the fear is that a pragmatic approach leaves conceptual choices arbitrary and insusceptible to critique. This chapter confronts such worries and develops a pragmatic method for conceptual ethics that clearly avoids these problems. As a result, we need not rely on heavyweight metaphysics and become entangled in its epistemological mysteries to do conceptual ethics.
Introduction
Authors: Moyer Ian , Lecznar Adam , Morse Heidi
Published: February 2020

This introductory chapter explores the key themes of Classicisms in the Black Atlantic, and introduces the structure of the work, the essays in question, and contemporary debates to which the collection is responding. Drawing on the work of Paul Gilroy, the authors argue that the essays in the volume demonstrate the productive results that issue from re-examining historical relationships between modern classicism and the construction of race and racial hierarchies, as well as the making and remaking of various forms of classicism by intellectuals, writers, and artists circulating in the diasporic world of the Black Atlantic. These explorations provide grounds for challenging racialized visions of the classics as a white European heritage that have re-emerged in contemporary politics, and for reimagining the role of classical humanism in anti-racist struggles.
“Nero, the mustard!”
Authors: Williamson Margaret
Published: February 2020

This chapter considers the renaming of enslaved people in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Jamaica. Using plantation records and narrative accounts, it focuses on the classical names that made up 10–15% of inventory listings. Those who renamed newly acquired slaves after powerful historical and mythological figures from antiquity added a cruel irony to the physical practices of enslavement. They also laid claim to the cultural capital of high European culture, while mocking those denied access to it. But their claim was bogus, resting on the physical and legal power to enslave rather than on any deep knowledge of antiquity. The claim to civilizational and racial purity that underpinned it was also undercut by new meanings, including the perceptions of the enslaved: deployed in the service of racial purity, Classics became creolized. The implications can be traced in an early-nineteenth-century Johnny Newcome print and in the fiction of Charles W. Chesnutt.
In Search of Henry Alexander Saturnin Hartley, Black Classicist, Clergyman, and Physician
Authors: Ronnick Michele Valerie
Published: February 2020

The multifaceted career of Henry Alexander Saturnin Hartley (1861–1934) has been almost entirely overlooked by scholars. It however offers us a window into the way the study of classics traveled up and down the Atlantic seaboard and through the Americas. His peripatetic life which took him from Trinidad, to Paris, to maritime Canada, to South America and also to parts of the U.S. figures into the larger history of black classicism when knowledge of classical languages was a “currency” of its own. His 134-page book Classical Translations (Nova Scotia, 1889) was a singular achievement. It is the first book of translations taken from the literature of ancient Greece and Rome that was written and published by a person of African descent in the western hemisphere.
Roman Studios
Authors: Morse Heidi
Published: February 2020

The Roman residencies of two American artists, nineteenth-century sculptor Edmonia Lewis and contemporary photographer Carrie Mae Weems, illustrate the value of locating classical receptions in the African diaspora in unexpected places and mediums. Rome’s status as the epicenter of ancient imperialism, as well as a hub for the intertwined legacies of race and neoclassicism in transatlantic modernity, makes it a particularly charged site for black women artists. Analyzing photographs in Weems’s 2006 series Roaming as portals into the cultural and geographic spaces occupied by Lewis as she designed her 1876 sculpture Death of Cleopatra, this chapter demonstrates the breadth and vibrancy of black women’s visual interventions into modern perceptions of the classical past. Inspired by the enduring material and cultural presences of ancient Egypt in modern Rome, both artists mark out Roman spaces as historic as well as contemporary spaces for blackness, rather than facades performing whiteness.