bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Extremely long Kelvin‐Helmholtz billow trains in the Romanche Fracture Zone
Authors: van Haren Hans , Gostiaux Louis , Morozov Eugene , Tarakanov Roman
Published: November 2014

In the Atlantic Ocean, the densest water mass Antarctic Bottom Water “AABW” can only cross the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge from its southwestern to northeastern basins in limited, because deep, conduits. At the southwestern entrance of one of these, the equatorial Romanche Fracture Zone, AABW crosses a sill at 4550 m depth in a 7 km narrow channel before plunging into the deep. At the sill‐slope, the rapidly flowing AABW causes shear‐induced turbulent mixing with the overlying water masses. We present an excerpt of 1 Hz sampled, half‐yearlong moored observations from 99 high‐resolution temperature sensors that demonstrate and quantify the turbulence details. On top of quasi‐steady shear flow, an internal tide modulates the mixing. Together, they constitute a means for an extremely long train of >250 consecutive Kelvin‐Helmholtz billows in a day that vary between 5 and 100 m in vertical scale.
Local geomagnetic indices and the prediction of auroral power
Authors: Newell P. T. , Gjerloev J. W.
Published: November 2014

The aurora has been related to magnetometer observations for centuries and to geomagnetic indices for decades. As the number of stations and data processing power increases, just how auroral power (AP) relates to geomagnetic observations becomes a more tractable question. This paper compares Polar ultraviolet imager AP observations during 1997 with a variety of indices. Local time (LT) versions of the SuperMAG auroral electrojet (SME) are introduced and examined, along with the corresponding upper and lower envelopes (SMU and SML). Also, the east‐west component, BE, is investigated. We also consider whether using any of the local indices is actually better at predicting local AP than a single global index. Each index is separated into 24 LT indices with a sliding 3 h magnetic local time (MLT) window. The ability to predict AP varies greatly with LT, peaking at 19:00 MLT, where about 75% of the variance (r2) is predicted at 1 min cadence. The aurora is fairly predictable from 17:00 MLT to 04:00 MLT, roughly the region in which substorms occur. AP is poorly predicted from auroral electrojet indices from 05:00 MLT to 15:00 MLT, with the minimum at 10:00–13:00 MLT. In the region of high predictability, the local index which works best is BE (east‐west), in contrast to long‐standing expectations. However, using global SME is better than any local index. AP is best predicted by combining global SME with a local index: BE from 15:00 to 03:00 MLT and either SMU or SML from 03:00 to 15:00 MLT. In the region of the diffuse aurora, it is better to use a 30 min average than the cotemporaneous 1 min SME value, while from 15:00 to 02:00 MLT, the cotemporaneous 1 min SME works best, suggesting a more direct physical relationship with the auroral circuit. These results suggest a significant role for discrete auroral currents closing locally with Pedersen currents.
SPEEDY‐IER: A fast atmospheric GCM with water isotope physics
Authors: Dee S. , Noone D. , Buenning N. , Emile‐Geay J. , Zhou Y.
Published: November 2014

The interpretation of variations in the global isotopic composition of precipitation and water vapor can be strengthened using an isotope‐enabled atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM). Here we present a fast‐physics atmospheric circulation model suitable for long ensemble integrations: the efficient AGCM Simplified Parameterizations, Primitive Equation Dynamics (SPEEDY), with newly added water isotope physics. The model (SPEEDY‐isotope‐enabled reconstructions (IER)) simulates the hydrological cycle and isotope ratios in atmospheric water at a fraction of the computational cost of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)‐class GCMs. Despite its simplified physics, SPEEDY‐IER captures many key features of the observed range of tropical, subtropical, and midlatitude isotope variability when compared to the Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation, Stable Water Isotope Intercomparison Group (SWING2) simulations, and satellite observations of isotopes in vapor. The incorporation of water isotopes in SPEEDY required two updates to the model's physics: postcondensational exchange associated with falling rain and soil hydrology. It is evident that these physical processes are essential for a skillful simulation of isotopes in precipitation and vapor. We conduct a suite of sensitivity tests to constrain effective parameters in the rain exchange and land models and assess the impact of the new physics to isotope simulations. The strong sensitivity to parameter choice in these components reaffirms the importance of land‐atmosphere interactions and rain‐vapor exchange on stable water isotope ratios in the atmosphere and thus on the interpretation of paleoclimate records. The utility of SPEEDY‐IER for climate applications is discussed.
Regional frequency analysis conditioned on large‐scale atmospheric or oceanic fields
Authors: Renard Benjamin , Lall Upmanu
Published: November 2014

Many studies report that hydrologic regimes are modulated by large‐scale modes of climate variability such as the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) or the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Climate‐informed frequency analysis models have therefore been proposed to condition the distribution of hydrologic variables on climate indices. However, standard climate indices may be poor predictors in some regions. This paper therefore describes a regional frequency analysis framework that conditions the distribution of hydrologic variables directly on atmospheric or oceanic fields, as opposed to predefined climate indices. This framework is based on a two‐level probabilistic model describing both climate and hydrologic data. The climate data set (predictor) is typically a time series of atmospheric of oceanic fields defined on a grid over some area, while the hydrologic data set (predictand) is typically a regional data set of station data (e.g., annual average flow at several gauging stations). A Bayesian estimation framework is used, so that a natural quantification of uncertainties affecting hydrologic predictions is available. A case study aimed at predicting the number of autumn flood events in 16 catchments located in Mediterranean France using geopotential heights at 500 hPa over the North‐Atlantic region is presented. The temporal variability of hydrologic data is shown to be associated with a particular spatial pattern in the geopotential heights. A cross‐validation experiment indicates that the resulting probabilistic climate‐informed predictions are skillful: their reliability is acceptable and they are much sharper than predictions based on standard climate indices and baseline predictions that ignore climate information.
Electrochemical Supercapacitors for Energy Storage and Conversion
Authors: Kim Brian Kihun , Sy Serubbable , Yu Aiping , Zhang Jinjun
Published: November 2014

In today's world, clean energy storage devices, such as batteries, fuel cells, and electrochemical capacitors, have been recognized as one of the next‐generation technologies to assist in overcoming the global energy crisis. Electrochemical capacitors, also referred to assupercapacitors, are special types of capacitors possessing fast charging capabilities, long life cycles, and low maintenance costs. As a result, supercapacitors are used in a variety of commercial applications such as emergency backup powers, consumer electronics, and hybrid vehicles. Even though supercapacitors are restricted by its low energy density and high cost challenges, research and development will gradually overcome these limitations. The proposed articles focus on the fundamental theory behind supercapacitors, including the types of supercapacitors and their energy storage supercapacitors, as well as quantify the performance of these devices. Furthermore, the following articles help illuminate the practical aspects of supercapacitors in commercial applications and the current technological progression.
ZnO Hard Templating for Synthesis of Hierarchical Porous Carbons with Tailored Porosity and High Performance in Lithium‐Sulfur Battery
Authors: Strubel Patrick , Thieme Sören , Biemelt Tim , Helmer Alexandra , Oschatz Martin , Brückner Jan , Althues Holger , Kaskel Stefan
Published: November 2014

Hierarchical porous carbon (HPC, DUT‐106) with tailored pore structure is synthesized using a versatile approach based on ZnO nanoparticles avoiding limitations present in conventional silica hard templating approaches. The benefit of the process presented here is the removal of all pore building components by pyrolysis of the ZnO/carbon composite without any need for either toxic/reactive gases or purification of the as‐prepared hierarchical porous carbon. The carbothermal reduction process is accompanied by an advantageous growing of distinctive micropores within the thin carbon walls. The resulting materials show not only high internal porosity (total pore volume up to 3.9 cm3 g−1) but also a large number of electrochemical reaction sites due to their remarkably high specific surface area (up to 3060 m2 g−1), which renders them particularly suitable for the application as sulfur host material. Applied in the lithium‐sulfur battery, the HPC/sulfur composite exhibits a capacity of >1200 mAh g−1‐sulfur (>750 mAh g−1 electrode) at a high sulfur loading of ≥ 3 mg cm−2 as well as outstanding rate capability. In fact, this impressive performance is achieved even using a low amount of electrolyte (6.8 μl mg−1
sulfur) allowing for further weight reduction and maintenance of high energy density on cell level.
Self‐Sacrifice Template Fabrication of Hierarchical Mesoporous Bi‐Component‐Active ZnO/ZnFe2O4 Sub‐Microcubes as Superior Anode Towards High‐Performance Lithium‐Ion Battery
Authors: Hou Linrui , Lian Lin , Zhang Longhai , Pang Gang , Yuan Changzhou , Zhang Xiaogang
Published: November 2014

In the work, a facile yet efficient self‐sacrifice strategy is smartly developed to scalably fabricate hierarchical mesoporous bi‐component‐active ZnO/ZnFe2O4 (ZZFO) sub‐microcubes (SMCs) by calcination of single‐resource Prussian blue analogue of Zn3[Fe(CN)6]2 cubes. The hybrid ZZFO SCMs are homogeneously constructed from well‐dispersed nanocrstalline ZnO and ZnFe2O4 (ZFO) subunites at the nanoscale. After selectively etching of ZnO nanodomains from the hybrid, porously assembled ZFO SMCs with integrate architecture are obtained accordingly. When evaluated as anodes for LIBs, both hybrid ZZFO and ZFO samples exhibit appealing electrochemical performance. However, the as‐synthesized ZZFO SMCs demonstrate even better electrochemical Li‐storage performance, including even larger initial discharge capacity and reversible capacity, higher rate behavior and better cycling performance, particularly at high rates, compared with the single ZFO, which should be attributed to its unique microstructure characteristics and striking synergistic effect between the bi‐component‐active, well‐dispersed ZnO and ZFO nanophases. Of great significance, light is shed upon the insights into the correlation between the electrochemical Li‐storage property and the structure/component of the hybrid ZZFO SMCs, thus, it is strongly envisioned that the elegant design concept of the hybrid holds great promise for the efficient synthesis of advanced yet low‐cost anodes for next‐generation rechargeable Li‐ion batteries.
Submicrometer‐Sized ZIF‐71 Filled Organophilic Membranes for Improved Bioethanol Recovery: Mechanistic Insights by Monte Carlo Simulation and FTIR Spectroscopy
Authors: Wee Lik H. , Li Yanbo , Zhang Kang , Davit Patrizia , Bordiga Silvia , Jiang Jianwen , Vankelecom Ivo F. J. , Martens Johan A.
Published: November 2014

Template‐free self‐assembly synthesis of nano‐sized metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) is of particular interest in MOF research since organized nanostructures possessing distinctive properties are useful for many advanced applications. In this work, the facile room temperature synthesis of robust submicrometer‐sized ZIF‐71 crystals with different particle sizes (140, 290, or 430 nm), having a high permanent microporosity (SBET = 827 cm2 g−1) and synthesis yield up to 80% based on Zn on a gram‐scale, is reported. These small ZIF‐71 particles are ideal filler for the fabrication of thinner and homogeneous polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) based mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) with excellent filler dispersion and filler‐polymer adhesion at high loading up to 40 wt%, as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. Pervaporation tests using these submicrometer‐sized ZIF‐71 filled MMMs show significant improvement for bioethanol recovery. Interesting phenomena of i) reversible ethanol‐ethanol hydrogen interaction in the ethanol liquid‐phase and ii) irreversible hydrogen interaction of ethanol and –Cl functional group in the α‐cages and octagonal prismatic cages of ZIF‐71 in ethanol vapor‐phase are discovered for the first time by a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) study. In full agreement with molecular simulation results, these explain fundamentally the ZIF‐71 filled MMMs pervaporation performance.
Multilayered‐Electrode‐Based Triboelectric Nanogenerators with Managed Output Voltage and Multifold Enhanced Charge Transport
Authors: Cheng Gang , Zheng Li , Lin Zong‐Hong , Yang Jin , Du Zuliang , Wang Zhong Lin
Published: November 2014

The open‐circuit voltage of a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) increases with the tribo‐charge density and the separated distance between two tribo‐surfaces, which can reach several thousand volts and is much higher than the working voltage required by most electrical devices and energy storage units. Therefore, improving the effective efficiency of TENGs requires reducing the output voltage and enhancing the transferred charges. Here, a multilayered‐electrode‐based TENG (ME‐TENG) is developed in which the output voltage can be managed by controlling the charge flow in a process of multiple (N) steps, which results in N times lower voltage but N times higher total charge transport. The ME‐TENG is demonstrated to work in various modes, including multichannel, single‐channel, and double‐tribo‐surface structures. The effects of insulator layer thickness and total layer number on the output voltage are simulated by the finite element method. The output voltage can be modulated from 14 to 102 V by changing the insulator layer number between two adjacent working electrodes, based on which the 8‐bit logic representations of the characters in the ACSII code table are demonstrated. The ME‐TENG provides a novel method to manage the output power and has potential applications in self‐powered sensors array and human–machine interfacing with logic communications.
Immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis: 2014 update on diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment
Authors: Gertz Morie A.
Published: November 2014

Disease Overview: Immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis is a clonal, nonproliferative plasma cell disorder in which fragments of immunoglobulin light chain are deposited in tissues. Clinical features depend on organs involved but can include restrictive cardiomyopathy, nephrotic syndrome, hepatic failure, peripheral/autonomic neuropathy, and atypical multiple myeloma.

Diagnosis: Tissue biopsy stained with Congo red demonstrating amyloid deposits with apple‐green birefringence is required for diagnosis. Invasive organ biopsy is not required because amyloid deposits can be found in bone marrow biopsy or subcutaneous fat aspirate in 85% of patients. Verification that amyloid is composed of immunoglobulin light chains is mandatory.

Prognosis: N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP), serum troponin T, and difference between involved and uninvolved immunoglobulin free light chain values are used to classify patients into four groups of similar size; median survivals are 94.1, 40.3, 14.0, and 5.8 months.

Therapy: All patients with a systemic amyloid syndrome require therapy to prevent deposition of amyloid in other organs and prevent progressive organ failure of involved sites. Stem cell transplant (SCT) is preferred, but only 20% of patients are eligible. Requirements for safe SCT include NT‐proBNP <5,000 ng/mL, troponin T <0.06 ng/mL, age <70 years, <3 organs involved, and serum creatinine ≤1.7 mg/dL. Nontransplant candidates can be offered melphalan–dexamethasone or cyclophosphamide–bortezomib–dexamethasone. Other combinations of chemotherapy with agents such as cyclophosphamide–thalidomide (or lenalidomide)–dexamethasone, bortezomib–dexamethasone, and melphalan–prednisone–lenalidomide have documented activity.

Future Challenges: Late diagnosis remains a major obstacle to initiating effective therapy. Recognizing the presenting syndromes is necessary for improving survival.Am. J. Hematol. 89:1133–1140, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reconstruction of breastfeeding and weaning practices using stable isotope and trace element analyses: A review
Authors: Tsutaya Takumi , Yoneda Minoru
Published: November 2014

Biogeochemical methods using stable isotopes and trace elements have been increasingly developed and applied to reconstruct modern and ancient breastfeeding and weaning practices of mammals, including humans, because they offer direct proxies for the dietary intake of subadults. Carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen isotopes have been used to evaluate breast milk lipid, protein, and water intake, respectively. Carbon and sulfur isotopes have been used to estimate the content of weaning foods. The elemental concentrations of Sr and Ba in subadult tissues differ because of the dietary change during the weaning process. For analyses, various tissues have been used, such as hair, nail, blood, and feces for modern mammals and bone and teeth for ancient ones. Of these, trace element analysis of tooth enamel offers a good opportunity for the reconstruction of breastfeeding and weaning practices of the more distant past at finer resolution, although further understanding of the metabolism of trace elements is necessary. There are various tissue‐ and element‐specific advantages and disadvantages, and a combination of different proxies can illuminate practices from various viewpoints. Finally, applying the geochemical reconstruction of breastfeeding and weaning practices to human ecology, primatology, and paleoanthropology is important; basic studies of the underlying physiological mechanisms and technical improvements in the analyses will further highlight avenues for future research. Yrbk Phys Anthropol 156:2–21, 2015. © 2014 American Association of Physical Anthropologists
Bioarchaeological contributions to the study of violence
Authors: Martin Debra L. , Harrod Ryan P.
Published: November 2014

The bioarchaeological record has an abundance of scientific evidence based on skeletal indicators of trauma to argue for a long history of internal and external group conflict. However, the findings also suggest variability, nuance, and unevenness in the type, use, and meaning of violence across time and space and therefore defy generalizations or easy quantification. Documenting violence‐related behaviors provides an overview of the often unique and sometimes patterned cultural use of violence. Violence (lethal and nonlethal) is often associated with social spheres of influence and power connected to daily life such as subsistence intensification, specialization, competition for scarce resources, climate, population density, territorial protection and presence of immigrants, to name just a few. By using fine‐grained biocultural analyses that interrogate trauma data in particular places at particular times in reconstructed archaeological contexts, a more comprehensive view into the histories and experiences of violence emerges. Moreover, identifying culturally specific patterns related to age, sex, and social status provide an increasingly complex picture of early small‐scale groups. Some forms of ritual violence also have restorative and regenerative aspects that strengthen community identity. Bioarchaeological data can shed light on the ways that violence becomes part of a given cultural landscape. Viewed in a biocultural context, evidence of osteological trauma provides rich insights into social relationships and the many ways that violence is embedded within those relationships. Yrbk Phys Anthropol 156:116–145, 2015. © 2014 American Association of Physical Anthropologists
Modeling senescence changes of the pubic symphysis in historic Italian populations: A comparison of the Rostock and forensic approaches to aging using transition analysis
Authors: Godde Kanya , Hens Samantha M.
Published: November 2014

Age‐related anatomical changes to the surface of the pubic symphysis are well‐documented in the literature. However, aligning these morphological changes with chronological age has proven problematic, often resulting in biased age estimates. Statistical modeling provides an avenue for forensic anthropologists and bioarchaeologists to increase the accuracy of traditional aging methods. Locating appropriate samples to use as a basis for modeling age estimations can be challenging due to differing sample age distributions and potentially varying patterns of senescence. We compared two approaches, Rostock and Forensic, coupled with a Bayesian methodology, to address these issues. Transition analysis was run specific to each method (which differ by sample selection). A Gompertz model was derived from an informative prior that yielded the mortality and senescence parameters for constructing highest posterior density ranges, i.e., coverages, which are analogous to age ranges. These age ranges were generated from both approaches and are presented as reference tables useful for historic male and female Italian samples. The age ranges produced from each approach were tested on an historic Italian sample, using cumulative binomial tests. These two approaches performed similarly, with the Forensic approach showing a slight advantage. However, the Forensic approach is unable to identify varying senescence patterns between populations, thus preference for one approach over the other will depend on research design. Finally, we demonstrate that while populations exhibit similar morphological changes with advancing age, there are no significant sex differences in these samples, and the timing of these changes varies from population to population. Am J Phys Anthropol 156:466–473, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Estimation of rating classes and default probabilities in credit risk models with dependencies
Authors: Tillich Daniel , Ferger Dietmar
Published: November 2014

LetY=m(X) +εbe a regression model with a dichotomous outputYand a one‐step regression functionm. In the literature, estimators for the three parameters ofm, that is, the breakpointθand the levelsaandb, are proposed for independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) observations. We show that these standard estimators also work in a non‐i.i.d. framework, that is, that they are strongly consistent under mild conditions. For that purpose, we use a linear one‐factor model for the inputXand a Bernoulli mixture model for the outputY. The estimators for the split point and the risk levels are applied to a problem arising in credit rating systems. In particular, we divide the range of individuals' creditworthiness into two groups. The first group has a higher probability of default and the second group has a lower one. We also stress connections between the standard estimator for the cutoffθand concepts prevalent in credit risk modeling, for example, receiver operating characteristic. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Beware too much fine print for study‐abroad experiences
Authors: Porter Michael
Published: November 2014

Ships sailing the Mediterranean, classes held in a remote village, Oktoberfest celebrations in Germany, and Machu Picchu explorations led by an archeology professor. These are the images of international travel that entice students to enhance their academic experience through study abroad.
Green consumerism: The influence of product attributes and values on purchasing intentions
Authors: Schuitema Geertje , de Groot Judith I. M.
Published: November 2014

Generally, a majority of consumers support the idea of purchasing green products. However, this is often not translated into actual behaviour. We argue that there is a trade‐off between the influence of product attributes on purchasing decisions, whereby it is assumed that consumers tend to focus on egoistic product attributes first, followed by green product attributes. In two experimental studies (N = 100 and N = 107), we find support for this reasoning: If product attributes fulfil self‐serving motives (low price, familiar or well‐known brand), green product attributes (cruelty free and low environmental impact) influence purchasing intentions more than when self‐serving motives are not fulfilled (high price, unfamiliar or unknown brand). Further, we investigated if and how values weaken or strengthen the influence of product attributes on purchasing intentions. We conclude that biospheric values steer how product attributes influence purchasing intentions stronger than egoistic values. In line with our expectations, we find that if biospheric values are weak, egoistic product attributes are more influential, whereas if biopheric values are strong, green product attributes are more influential. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of age on the prognostic value of left ventricular function in relation to procedural outcomes following percutaneous coronary intervention: Insights from the British cardiovascular intervention society
Authors: Kwok Chun Shing , Anderson Simon G. , McAllister Katherine S.L. , Sperrin Matthew , O'Kane Peter D. , Keavney Bernard , Nolan James , Myint Phyo Kyaw , Zaman Azfar , Buchan Iain , Ludman Peter F. , de Belder Mark A. , Mamas Mamas A. ,   on behalf of the British Cardiovascular Intervention Society and the National Institute for Cardiovascular Outcomes Research
Published: November 2014

Background

Around one third of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) have left ventricular (LV) dysfunction. Whilst the prevalence of LV dysfunction is known to increase with age, the prevalence of LV dysfunction in different age groups in the PCI setting is not known and the effect of age on the prognostic value of LV function in the PCI setting has not been examined.

Methods

The relationship between LV function and 30‐day mortality in patients undergoing PCI in different age groups (<60 years, 60 to <70 years, 70 to <80 years and ≥80 years) was studied in 246,840 patients in the UK between 2006 and 2011.

Results

Prevalent LV dysfunction in patients undergoing PCI increased with age; 25,106/83,161 (30.2%: <60 years), 24,114/76,895 (31.4%: 60 to <70 years), 23,580/64,711 36.4% (70 to <80 years) and 9,851/22,073 (44.6%) in patients aged 80 or over (P < 0.0001). Poor LV function was independently associated with increased risk of 30‐day mortality outcomes in all age groups (OR 5.65:95% CI 4.21–7.58, age <60 years; OR 5.07: 95% CI 3.91–6.57, age 60 to <70 years; OR 4.50: 95% CI 3.64–5.57, 70 to <80 years and OR 4.83:95% CI 3.79–6.15, age ≥80 years).

Conclusions

Our analysis suggests that worsening LV function is an important independent predictor of worse 30‐day mortality outcomes across all age groups and underscores the need for a measure of LV function in all patients for accurate risk stratification prior to PCI. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Determination of N and O‐atoms and N2 (A) Metastable Molecule Densities in the Afterglows of N2‐H2, Ar‐N2‐H2 and Ar‐N2‐O2 Microwave Discharges
Authors: Zerrouki H. , Ricard A. , Sarrette J. P.
Published: November 2014

Early afterglows of N2‐H2, Ar‐N2‐H2 and Ar‐N2‐O2 flowing microwave discharges are characterized by optical emission spectroscopy. The N and O atoms and the N2 (A) metastable molecule densities are determined by optical emission spectroscopy after calibration by NO titration for N and O‐atoms and measurements of NO and N2 band intensities. If an uncertainty of 30% is estimated on N‐atomic density, an inaccuracy of one order of magnitude is obtained on the O and N2 (A) densities. In N2‐(0.05‐2.5%)H2 and Ar‐(1‐50%)N2‐(0.05‐2.5%) H2 gas mixtures, the O‐atoms are coming from O2 impurities in the discharge. Concentrations of N and O‐atoms and of N2 (A) densities are compared to the ones obtained in Ar‐(5‐50%)N2‐(0.2‐2.5%) O2 gas mixtures in which a controlled amount of O2 is added. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electrical Modelling of a Positive Point to Plane Corona Discharge at Atmospheric Pressure
Authors: Raouti D. , Flazi S. , Benyoucef D.
Published: November 2014

In this paper, we present a contribution to the electrical modelling of corona discharges in point to plane positive dry air at atmospheric pressure. An equivalent circuit model of the discharge is proposed and the evolution of equivalent electrical parameters is obtained using a mathematical method of identification based on the Recursive Least Square (RLS) algorithm. A comparison between the forms of measured discharge current and calculated model currents shows a good agreement and validates the model as well as the method. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Coulomb Crystals with Isotopic Impurities
Authors: Kozhberov A. A. , Baiko D. A.
Published: November 2014

Vibration modes and thermodynamic properties of a body‐centered cubic (bcc) Coulomb crystal with a small admixture of substitutional isotopic impurities are studied analytically applying the perturbation theory of disordered crystal spectra and the Lifshitz‐Krein trace formula. We calculate the density of phonon states of the perfect bcc Coulomb crystal and use it to compute the heat capacity of the crystal with impurities in a wide range of temperatures. It is shown that the ratio of an impurity contribution to the crystal heat capacity over the perfect crystal specific heat tends to a constant in the low‐temperature quantum regime and decays as T–2 in the classic regime of high temperatures. It is also shown that even a small concentration of heavy impurities amplifies significantly the total crystal heat capacity. The results are compared with those obtained using the more conventional linear mixing theory. It is demonstrated that both methods give similar results at all tempera‐tures when the impurity mass is not too different from that of the base ions but a strong discrepancy is observed at low and intermediate temperatures when impurities are noticeably lighter or heavier. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Global Numerical Model for the Assessment of the Effect of Geometry and Operation Conditions on Insert and Orifice Region Plasmas of a Thermionic Hollow Cathode Electron Source
Authors: Korkmaz O. , Celik M.
Published: November 2014

Thermionic hollow cathodes have been widely used in wide variety of areas such as spacecraft electric propulsion systems, material processing and lasers for more than half a century as efficient electron sources. Especially in electric propulsion systems, hollow cathodes are being used as electron sources for propellant ionization and ion beam neutralization. Moreover, it is also a promising candidate for utilization as a stand‐alone propulsion system in microsatellites or nanosatellites due to its small physical size, low power consumption and ease of operation. On the other hand, the small geometry of the typical orificed hollow cathodes makes the plasma diagnostics difficult which is why numerical studies become important for understanding the driving physical processes behind their operation, and the effects of the geometry and the operation parameters on cathode performance. In this paper, a global numerical model for the insert and orifice plasma of a hollow cathode is presented where volume averaged plasma parameters are considered for both regions. The results of this study show that the developed model can be used for designing and sizing orificed hollow cathodes as comparisons with the results of experimental and other numerical studies are in good agreement with the ones obtained from the developed model. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Dust in Plasma II. Effects of Secondary Electrons: Ionization and Surface Emission
Authors: Taccogna F. , Mizzi G.
Published: November 2014

In this second paper, the effect of secondary electrons on the charge and potential of a dust particle immersed in plasma has been studied. The processes of electron‐induced ionization and those of photo‐electron and secondary electron emission from the particle surface as a function of primary electron temperature have been taken into account. Starting from temperatures as low as 6 eV in an Ar plasma, ionization produces an extra ion flux to the dust surface comparable to that of the ion charge exchange effect. For what concerns the surface emission, results show that a transition from negative to positive dust charge/potential takes place, and that the transition regime is characterized by a non‐monotonic behavior of the electric potential around the particle. In the case of photoelectric emission, the dust charge and potential are monotonic decreasing functions of the electron temperature, while in the case of emission induced by primary electrons a minimum charge/potential is reached before they grow towards positive values. In no case multiple dust charge states have been observed due to the presence of the potential well attached to the particle surface. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Broad‐Band Time‐Resolved Near Infrared Spectroscopy in the TJ‐II Stellarator
Authors: Rodriguez M. C. , Pastor I. , de la Cal E. , McCarthy K. J. , Diaz D.
Published: November 2014

First experimental results on broad‐band, time‐resolved Near Infrared (NIR;here loosely defined as covering from 750 to 1650 nm) passive spectroscopy using a high sensitivity InGaAs detector are reported for the TJ‐II Stellarator. Experimental set‐up is described together with its main characteristics, the most remarkable ones being its enhanced NIR response, broadband spectrum acquisition in a single shot, and time‐resolved measurements with up to 1.8 kHz spectral rate. Prospects for future work and more extended physics studies in this newly open spectral region in TJ‐II are discussed. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Trigger word mining for relation extraction based on activation force
Authors: Xu Weiran , Zhang Chunyun
Published: November 2014

In this paper, relation extraction is characterized as structured feature learning, and activation force (AF) is employed to extract and construct structured features. Trigger word is a low‐level feature, and it is very crucial in relation extraction. We define the trigger word as a word that is most likely to form a structure corresponding to a special relation. To extract trigger words, firstly, posteriori probability weighted frequency AF model, in which AF is regarded as posteriori probability weighted frequency, is presented. Secondly, a generative AF is introduced. Then, a higher level structured feature, named trigger‐word dependency pair (TWDP), is extracted by a reduced AF model. Based on the trigger words and TWDPs, the most advanced patterns, the shortest dependency paths (SDPs), are optimized. The evaluation corpus of Knowledge Base Population in Text Analysis Conference is adopted to test our methods. Experiments show that 87.30% of Stanford manual trigger words appearing in the training sentences can be found by G‐AF. The experimental results also verified that the modified SDP patterns are superior to original SDP patterns. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A General Metal‐Assisted Synthesis of α‐Halo Oxime Ethers from Nitronates and Nitro Compounds
Authors: Sukhorukov Alexey Yu. , Kapatsyna Maria A. , Yi Tammy Lim Ting , Park Hyeong Ryool , Naumovich Yana A. , Zhmurov Petr A. , Khomutova Yulia A. , Ioffe Sema L. , Tartakovsky Vladimir A.
Published: November 2014

An approach to the synthesis of α‐halo oxime ethers from readily accessible nitronates and nitro compounds via bis(oxy)enamines is reported. A key step of the strategy involves the unprecedented reaction of bis(oxy)enamines with a metal (Co, Zn, Mg, Mn) halide that acts as both a promoter and halide (Br, I, Cl) source. A variety of cyclic and acyclic ethers of α‐halo oximes, including previously unavailable trimethylsilyl ethers of α‐iodo oximes, have been synthesized in good‐to‐high yields.
Synthesis of Vinyl‐ and Aryl–Acyl Sulfonimidamides Through Pd‐Catalyzed Carbonylation Using Mo(CO)6 as ex situ CO Source
Authors: Wakchaure Prasad B. , Borhade Sanjay R. , Sandström Anja , Arvidsson Per I.
Published: November 2014

We report the synthesis of N‐(α,β‐unsaturated acyl)‐substituted sulfonimidamides through a Pd‐catalyzed carbonylation protocol, employing sulfonimidamides as nucleophiles using CO gas released ex situ, and vinyl/aryl halides and triflates as reagents. The reaction is general and offers a unique class of products in moderate to good yields for a wide range of substrates and electrophiles; for example, aliphatic, aromatic (electron‐donating and ‐withdrawing groups), heteroaryl, vinyl halides, and triflates. We also expand our initial report on N‐aryl–acyl‐substituted sulfonimidamide synthesis by employing aryltriflates as electrophiles. Furthermore, we report a surprisingly facile thermolytic Boc deprotection of N‐(α,β‐unsaturated acyl) sulfonimidamides.
Prevalence of Screening‐Detected Eating Disorders in Chinese Females and Exploratory Associations with Dietary Practices
Authors: Watson Hunna J. , Hamer Robert M. , Thornton Laura M. , Peat Christine M. , Kleiman Susan C. , Du Shufa , Wang Huijin , Bulik Cynthia M.
Published: November 2014

Objective

China is undergoing dramatic Westernization, hence may be able to provide unique insights into the role of sociocultural factors in disease. The purpose of this exploratory study was two‐fold: to describe the prevalence of screening‐detected eating disorders and disordered eating in China at the first occasion of assessment in the large‐scale China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) and to explore the associations between dietary practices and disordered eating. Regarding the first objective, participants are provincially representative and in subsequent waves will be followed longitudinally.

Method

CHNS participants were recruited using multistage, cluster random sampling, beginning in 1989. In this study, participants comprised 259 female adolescents (12–17 years) and 979 women (18–35 years) who participated in the CHNS 2009 survey, which is the first CHNS survey to assess disordered eating. Dietary practice‐disordered eating associations were investigated with logistic regression adjusting for age, body mass index, and urbanization.

Results

Of the participants, 6.3% (95% CI: 4.8, 8.2) of adults and 7.8% (95% CI: 5.0, 12.0) of adolescents had a screening‐detected eating disorder. Dietary practices had non‐significant associations with disordered eating at the general population level, except for protein consumption among women. There was evidence that skipping meals and a high‐fat diet may confer risk.

Discussion

Screening‐detected eating disorders in China are lower in prevalence than in developed countries. Dietary practices had fairly limited associations with disordered eating at the general population level; protein consumption, skipping meals, and a high‐fat diet are candidate dietary practice exposures for disordered eating. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
A robust and adaptive recovery‐based discontinuous Galerkin method for the numerical solution of convection–diffusion equations
Authors: Ferrero A. , Larocca F. , Puppo G.
Published: November 2014

In this paper, we introduce and test the enhanced stability recovery (ESR) scheme. It is a robust and compact approach to the computation of diffusive fluxes in the framework of discontinuous Galerkin methods. The scheme is characterized by a new recovery basis and a new procedure for the weak imposition of Dirichlet boundary conditions. These features make the method flexible and robust, even in the presence of highly distorted meshes. The implementation is simplified with respect to the original recovery scheme (RDG1x). Furthermore, thanks to the proposed approach, a robust implementation of p‐adaptive algorithms is possible. Numerical tests on unstructured grids show a convergence rate equal to p + 1, where p is the reconstruction order. Comparisons are shown with the original recovery scheme RDG1x and the widely used BR2 method. Results show a significantly larger stability region for the proposed discretization when explicit Runge–Kutta time integration is employed. Interestingly, this advantage grows quickly when the reconstruction order is increased. The proposed procedure for the weak imposition of Dirichlet boundary conditions does not need the introduction of ghost cells, and it is truly local because it does not require data exchange with other elements. It can be easily used with curvilinear wall elements. Several test cases are considered. They include some benchmark tests with the heat equation and compressible Navier–Stokes equations, with test cases designed also to evaluate the behaviour of the scheme with very stretched elements and separated flows. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role of 18F‐FDG‐PET/CT in the management of marginal zone B cell lymphoma
Authors: Carrillo‐Cruz Estrella , Marín‐Oyaga Victor A. , de la Cruz Vicente Fátima , Borrego‐Dorado Isabel , Ruiz Mercado Marta , Acevedo Báñez Irene , Solé Rodríguez Maria , Fernández López Rosa , Pérez Vega Herminia , Calderón‐Cabrera Cristina , Espigado Tocino Ildefonso , Pérez‐Simón Jose A. , Vázquez‐Albertino Ricardo
Published: November 2014

The use of PET in patients with marginal zone B cell lymphoma (MZL) is controversial because of variability of fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) avidity. We analyzed 40 PET/CT in 25 consecutive patients to compare its performance with CT at staging and as a first‐line response assessment. Sensitivity of PET/CT and CT was 96 and 76%. Mean standard uptake value was 6.1, 6.9 and 3.4 (p = 0.3) in nodal, extranodal and splenic subtypes, respectively. Of 17 patients (extranodal: n = 9; nodal: n = 6; splenic subtype: n = 2) with both imaging tests available at diagnosis, 8 (47%) had more involved areas with PET/CT than with CT, 75% of which were extranodal lesions. PET/CT resulted in upstaging of five patients although treatment of only two of them was changed. Responses of 15 patients with post‐treatment PET/CT were the following: 9 negative and 6 positive of which 3 were isolated residual lesions. Progression was documented in two of these three patients. Response was also assessed by CT in 11 patients. Discrepancies were found in three: Two were in complete remission by CT while PET/CT detected localized residual disease; another patient was in partial remission by CT, whereas PET/CT showed only one positive lesion. Two of these three patients relapsed. Patients with negative post‐treatment PET/CT did not relapse. With a median follow‐up of 50 months (10–152 months), 3‐year overall survival was 100 and 80% for patients with negative and positive post‐treatment PET/CT (p = 0.2). Three‐year disease‐free survival was 86%; the negative predictive value (NPV) was 100%, and the positive predictive value (PPV) was 83.3%. Although a larger number of patients will be required to further confirm these data, we can conclude that PET/CT is a useful imaging tool for both staging and response assessment in patients with nodal and extranodal MZL as a result of its high sensitivity, NPV and PPV. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Downstaging cancer in rural Africa
Authors: Ngoma Twalib , Mandeli John , Holland James F.
Published: November 2014

Cancer is usually diagnosed late in rural Africa leading to incurability and abbreviated survival. Many curable cancers present on the body surface, often recognizable early by laymen as suspicious, justifying professional referral. Cancer diagnoses in two randomly chosen Tanzanian villages were compared after conventional dispensary self‐referral vs. proactive visits in the home. Village navigators organized trips for professional consultation. In the control village 21% were self‐referred, 20% of them were sent on as suspicious, 78% had cancer (8% in men) 0.9% of the village population. In the intervention village 99% were screened, 14% were referred for professional opinion, 93% had cancer (32% in men) 1.6% (p < 0.01 compared with control village). In the second and third years similar activity yielded 0.5% cancer annually in the control village for a 3 year total of 1.86% whereas interventional villagers had 1.4% and 0.6% cancer for a 3 year total of 3.56% (p < 0·001). Downstaging was recognized in the second and third years of intervention from 23 to 51 to 74% Stages I and II (p < 0.001) but in the control village Stages I and II changed from 11% to 22% to 37% (p = NS). The greatest downstaging occurred in breast and cervix cancers.
Radiation sensitivity assay with a panel of patient‐derived spheroids of small cell carcinoma of the cervix
Authors: Nakajima Aya , Endo Hiroko , Okuyama Hiroaki , Kiyohara Yumiko , Kimura Tadashi , Kamiura Shoji , Hiraoka Masahiro , Inoue Masahiro
Published: November 2014

Small cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix (SCCC) is a rare cancer with a poor prognosis for which no standard treatment exists. Here, we successfully established panels of patient‐derived spheroid cultures from six SCCC patient samples by cancer tissue–originated spheroids (CTOS) method. To assess the intrinsic radiosensitivity and mechanism of radioresistance in individual SCCC patients, we further developed an in vitro sensitivity assay for radiation. Radiation sensitivity in the CTOS assay varied among individual cases and was consistent with in vivo radiation sensitivity using CTOS‐derived xenograft tumors in the examined cases. Furthermore, by comparing gene expression in CTOSs with different radiosensitivity, we found that expression of hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α (HIF‐1α) target genes was upregulated in resistant CTOSs. HIF‐1α protein levels increased several hours after irradiation. In a radioresistant CTOS, an inhibitor of heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) suppressed radiation‐induced HIF‐1α expression. Suppression of HIF‐1α by small hairpin RNA significantly enhanced the effect of radiation, at least in part by promoting radiation‐induced apoptosis. HSP90 inhibitor also increased radiation sensitivity. Our results indicate that radiation‐induced HIF‐1α upregulation was one mechanism of radioresistance in a radioresistant SCCC CTOS. Accumulating CTOS lines may provide a good platform to study characters of rare cancers like SCCC.