bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Suppression of Spontaneous Phonon Processes in Single Defect Centers in Diamond using Phononic Crystals
Authors: Kuruma Kazuhiro , Pingault Benjamin , Chia Cleaven , Haas Michael , Joe Graham D , Assumpcao Daniel Rimoli , Ding Sophie Weiyi , Jin Chang , Xin C. J. , Yeh Matthew , Sinclair Neil , Lončar Marko
Published: September 2024

We engineer the interaction between phonons and single silicon-vacancy centers using phononic crystals with a complete bandgap spanning 50-70 GHz. We observe a 18-fold extension of single color center's orbital lifetime in the phononic bandgap.
Monolithic 50 GHz tunable microwave signal generation based on erbium-doped lithium niobate dual lasers
Authors: Cai Minglu , Zhang Xujia , Li Tianyi , Shi Hao , Li Tieying , Cao Xianyi , Cui Zekun , Chen Jianping , Wu Kan
Published: September 2024

The monolithic erbium-doped lithium niobate lasers can achieve a tunable wavelength range of 56.25 GHz and generate a 50 GHz microwave signal with a side-mode suppression ratio of 35 dB by dual lasers.
Narrow linewidth Chip-Scale InP-PIC Mode-locked Laser enabled by Filtering and Self-injection locking with a Fabry-Perot Etalon
Authors: Pericherla Srinivas Varma , Trask Lawrence , Shirpurkar Chinmay , Delfyett Peter J.
Published: September 2024

We report an InP-PIC based mode-locked laser self-injection locked to a Fabry-Perot Etalon, demonstrating an optical linewidth enhancement from 600 MHz to 6 MHz, 50x RF linewidth reduction and an Allan-Deviation of 4.5x10−11 at 1s.
Thermally Shunted Heterogeneously Integrated DFB Laser Arrays Spanning O- and C-band Wavelengths
Authors: Kodigala A. , Sovinec C. L. H. , Martinez W. M. , Henry N. C. , Dallo C. , Calman E. V. , Finnegan P. S. , Arterburn S. , Friedmann T. A. , Pomerene A. , Starbuck A. L. , Trotter D. C. , Lentine A. L.
Published: September 2024

We demonstrate continuous-wave thermally-shunted heterogeneously integrated (HI) single-mode distributed feedback (DFB) laser arrays on IIIV-on-Si platform at O- and C-band wavelengths presenting 4X improvement in thermal impedance and realized with first-order quarter-wave shifted Bragg gratings.
All-Optical Switching Based on Silicon Nanocavities Boosted by Two-Dimensional Semiconductors
Authors: Yamashita Daiki , Fang Nan , Fujii Shun , Kato Yuichiro K.
Published: September 2024

We propose and demonstrate hybrid all-optical switching devices that combine silicon nanocavities and two-dimensional semiconductor materials, successfully overcoming the intrinsic switching speed limitation of silicon while maintaining low switching energy.
Feedback control in RF photonic transversal filter systems based on optical microcombs
Authors: Li Yang , Wu Jiayang , Sun Yang , Ren Guanghui , Tan Mengxi , Xu Xingyuan , Corcoran Bill , Chu Sai Tak , Little Brent E. , Morandotti Roberto , Mitchell Arnan , Moss David J.
Published: September 2024

We propose and experimentally demonstrate four different feedback control methods employed in microcomb-based RF photonic transversal filter systems to enhance their accuracy and stability. Detailed characterizations are carried out to compare the performance of different methods.
Maximizing the accuracy of microcomb-based microwave photonic transversal signal processors
Authors: Sun Yang , Wu Jiayang , Li Yang , Ren Guanghui , Tan Mengxi , Xu Xingyuan , Corcoran Bill , Chu Sai Tak , Little Brent E. , Morandotti Roberto , Mitchell Arnan , Moss David J.
Published: September 2024

We experimentally implement microcomb-based microwave photonic transversal signal processors and test their accuracy for differentiation, integration, and Hilbert transform. A global picture quantifying the impact of different error sources on the overall performance is provided.
Demonstration of Reconfigurable Microring-Based Silicon Optical Switch for Optical Fronthaul
Authors: Sun Bohao , Li Tongyun , Huang Huiyu , Cheng Qixiang , Penty Richard
Published: September 2024

We demonstrate an 8×8 optical fronthaul switching system that combines real-time data and control functions. It attains >40dB RF and >10dB optical dynamic range, facilitating both switching and multicasting within a single silicon switch fabric.
Germano-silicate Ultra-low Loss Photonic Integrated Circuits Across Visible and Near-infrared Spectrum
Authors: Chen Hao-Jing , Colburn Kellan , Liu Peng , Liu Jin-Yu , Ji Qing-Xin , Blauvelt Henry , Vahala Kerry
Published: September 2024

Foundry-compatible fabrication processes are used to create germano-silicate integrated circuits with resonator Q factors greater than 180 million obtained from 532 to 1550 nm. Soliton microcomb, stimulated Brillouin lasing, and self-injection locking are demonstrated.
Phonic Integrated External Cavity Coil-Resonator Stabilized Laser with Hertz-Level-Fundamental and Sub-250-Hertz Integral Linewidth
Authors: Heim David A. S. , Bose Debapam , Liu Kaikai , Isichenko Andrei , Blumenthal Daniel J.
Published: September 2024

A hybrid-integrated external-cavity laser stabilized to an integrated 10-meter-coil-resonator measures 7.1 Hz fundamental and 237 Hz integral linewidths, 3×10-13 ADEV at 5.1 ms, 7.0 kHz/s drift, 65 dB SMSR, 60nm tuning, and reduced feedback sensitivity.
High-energy Mid-IR Fiber CPA system at ~2.78µm using single-mode operation of a coiled 46µm core low-NA Er:ZBLAN fiber
Authors: Bai Yu , Zhou Bohan , Du Weizhi , Cui Yifan , Galvanauskas Almantas
Published: September 2024

We report development of the first large-core fiber CPA system operating in Mid-IR. Up to ~100µJ were obtained with ~500ps stretched femtosecond pulses after single-mode amplification in a coiled 46µm and ~0.07NA core Er:ZBLAN fiber.
Investigation of Stability in 2 µm Optical Fiber Amplifiers for Narrow-Linewidth Laser Sources
Authors: Pertoldi Andrea , Hauge Jakob M. , Varming Poul , Montague Patrick B.
Published: September 2024

Coherent backscatter causes noise and instability in fiber amplifiers when the wavelength of the laser is modulated. We investigate the effect of laser frequency, tuning speed, pumping scheme, dopant type, fiber length and amplifier gain.
Spectroscopic Properties of Thulium-doped High-power Integrated LMA Amplifiers
Authors: Lorenzen Jan , Wang Kai , Kilinc Muharrem , Francis Henry , Carreira Jose , Geiselmann Michael , Demirbas Umit , Sinobad Milan , Pergament Mikhail , Garcia-Blanco Sonia M. , Kärtner Franz X. , Singh Neetesh
Published: September 2024

We measured spectroscopic properties of Tm-doped alumina-based integrated high-power LMA amplifiers. Pump power dependent lifetime data is presented and the effect of energy transfer upconversion is highlighted. High-power amplification over one Watt is demonstrated.
Long-lived photorefractive and pyroelectric effects in thin film lithium niobate microresonantors
Authors: Ren Xinyi , Lee Chun-Ho , Xue Kaiwen , Ou Shaoyuan , Yu Yue , Chen Zaijun , Yu Mengjie
Published: September 2024

We demonstrated the long-lived (over hours) photorefractive and pyroelectric effects on a thin-film lithium niobate platform, and deterministic tuning of the optical properties of high-Q-factor microresonators via light excitation and temperature variation over time.
Periodic poling of single crystal thin film barium titanate-on-insulator
Authors: Aashna Pragati , Lin Hong-Lin , Cao Yu , Gao Yuan , Mohanraj Sakthi Sanjeev , Zhu Di , Danner Aaron
Published: September 2024

We report, for the first time, electric field periodic poling of single-crystal thin film barium titanate grown using pulsed-laser-deposition on dysprosium scandate substrate. Uniform domains with periods 5-7 μm are obtained and imaged using piezo-response-force-microscopy.
Brained-inspired optical computing unit based on transient nonlinear dynamics of single-mode fibers
Authors: Perron Nicolas , Fischer Bennet , Chemnitz Mario , Zhu Yi , Roztocki Piotr , MacLellan Benjamin , Di Lauro Luigi , Aadhi A. , Rimoldi Cristina , Falk Tiago H. , Morandotti Roberto
Published: September 2024

We developed and studied a hardware-based neuromorphic wave computer using optical nonlinearities. Here, we showcase the low-power consumption, robustness, and scalable complexity of soliton-based spectral broadening as a novel neuromorphic approach.
Recent advances in photonic crystal rings: loss spectrum, bandgap behavior, and nonlinear application
Authors: Lu Xiyuan , Sun Yi , Zektzer Roy , Srinivasan Kartik
Published: September 2024

We report recent findings in photonic crystal rings including improved understanding of its full loss spectrum, a simplified approach to multi-mode frequency engineering for nonlinear optics, and a non-intuitive bandgap closing behavior.
Dynamic Characteristics of Low Threshold 1.55-μm-band Quantum Dot DFB-LD
Authors: Matsumoto A. , Yabuki R. , Nakajima S. , Umezawa T. , Heinsalu S. , Matsushima Y. , Akahane K. , Yamamoto N. , Utaka K.
Published: September 2024

We demonstrated the low-threshold p-doped QD-DFB-LD, and clear eye pattern could be obtained even under the direct modulation of NRZ signal in 14 Gb/s despite the long cavity length of 1000 μm.
High-peak-power short-pulse operation of modulated PCSELs emitting structured light
Authors: Sakata Ryoichi , Ishizaki Kenji , Inoue Takuya , Morita Ryohei , Tanaka Souki , Yagi Yuta , Menaka De Zoysa , Noda Susumu
Published: September 2024

We propose modulated PCSELs (M-PCSELs) with a double lattice and a Q-switching mechanism for emitting structured light. A 28-dot pattern with a peak power of >5W is successfully generated at a current injection of ~1A, where the pulse width is <100ps and each dot has a narrow divergence angle of <0.5°.
Active beam shaping in a 1.5 µm pulsed single-frequency multimode fibre amplifier
Authors: Sapir Ori Henderson , Wei Shuen , Holme Caleb , Smith Darcy , Warren Smith Stephen C. , Nguyen Linh V. , Ebendorff-Heidepriem Heike , Ottaway David J.
Published: September 2024

We demonstrate single-frequency 1550 nm pulsed amplification using Er/Yb co-doped multimode fiber, achieving 1.5 kW peak power and 11 dB gain at 10 kHz. Adjusting the seed wavefront, we obtained good output beams while maintaining gain and linewidth.
Site-Selective Enhancement of Superconducting Nanowire Single-Photon Detectors via Local Helium Ion Irradiation
Authors: Strohauer Stefan , Wietschorke Fabian , Zugliani Lucio , Flaschmann Rasmus , Schmid Christian , Grotowski Stefanie , Müller Manuel , Jonas Björn , Althammer Matthias , Gross Rudolf , Finley Jonathan J. , Müller Kai
Published: September 2024

We investigate the influence of helium ion irradiation on the properties of NbTiN superconducting single-photon detectors and observe enhanced detector performance. Tailoring the detector design and irradiation enables detectors that outperform optimized unirradiated detectors.
High-Resolution Arrayed-Waveguide-Grating-Assisted Passive Integrated Optical Phased Array for 2-D Beam Steering
Authors: Liu Yuan , Zhang Chongxin , DeSantis Daniel M. , Hu Diya , Meissner Thomas , Coleto Andres Garcia , Mazur Benjamin , Notaros Jelena , Klamkin Jonathan
Published: September 2024

A high-resolution 64-channel arrayed-waveguide-grating-assisted silicon-nitride integrated optical phase array is demonstrated for 2-D beam steering. A field of view of 5° ×25° with 0.3° vertical resolution is achieved over a wavelength range of 100 nm with a single optical input. Higher vertical resolution can be attained by utilizing all the inputs of the OPA.
A Brillouin Microwave Photonic Notch Filter in Thin Film Lithium Niobate Platform
Authors: Mishra Akhileshwar , Ye Kaixuan , Feng Hanke , Klaver Yvan , Keloth Akshay , Wang Cheng , Marpaung David
Published: September 2024

We report first d emonstration o f m icrowave p hotonic n otch fi lter ba sed on Stimulated Brillouin scattering in a thin-film lithium niobate waveguide. We achieve a re-jection of 15 dB with a filter bandwidth of 16 MHz and utilizing only 0.45 dB on-chip SBS gain.
Sub-8-fs Pulses in the Visible to Near Infrared from a Degenerate Optical Parametric Amplifier
Authors: Deckert Thomas , Vanderhaegen Aline , Brida Daniele
Published: September 2024

A single-stage optical parametric amplifier (OPA) operating at degeneracy delivers sub-8-fs pulses with excellent shot-to-shot stability. It complements the existing array of OPAs in the visible to near infrared for advanced multidimensional spectroscopy.
Broadband Ho:CALGO regenerative amplifier at 2.1 μm
Authors: Suzuki Anna , Ahmed Shahwar , Wang Yicheng , Saraceno Clara J.
Published: September 2024

We present a Ho:CALGO crystal based regenerative amplifier at 2.1 µm. A pulse energy of 210 μJ was obtained at a 1 kHz repetition rate with a broadband spectrum indicating sub-picosecond transform-limited pulse duration.
Spectrally Flat Normal-GVD Kerr Combs via Opposite-Polarity Comb Synchronization
Authors: Sanyal Swarnava , Kim Bok Young , Okawachi Yoshitomo , Zhao Yun , McNulty Karl J. , Lipson Michal , Gaeta Alexander L.
Published: September 2024

We demonstrate all-optical on-chip synchronization of opposite polarity Kerr combs in the normal group-velocity dispersion regime. Coherent combining of such combs with different spectral profiles allows us to efficiently achieve a near-unity (Γ = 0.90) spectral flatness.
On-Chip Quantum Dot Lasers Driven High-Speed Optical Neural Networks
Authors: Zhou Zhican , Fang Yuetong , Ou Xiangpeng , He William , Wu Xuhao , Xu Renjing , Pan David Z. , Wan Yating
Published: September 2024

We present an optical neural network architecture driven by on-chip quantum dot lasers, achieving 3.5 TOPS/mm2 theoretical computational density. With an optimized model (reducing programming operations by over 75%), our architecture attains 91.128% MNIST accuracy.
Red VCSEL Array for Optical Parallel-Interconnected Links with Ultra-Low Energy Consumption
Authors: Almaymoni Nawal , Alkhazragi Omar , Finkbeiner Fabian , Ng Tien Khee , Ooi Boon S.
Published: September 2024

We demonstrated a high data rate of 4.7 Gb/s based on a single 650-nm vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser with 2-pJ/bit energy consumption, potentially enabling Tb/s parallel interconnects based on a 14×16 array.
Design and Performance of a Multi-mode Photon-counting Receiver for the NASA Orion Artemis II Optical Communications System
Authors: Grein Matthew E. , Schulein Robert T. , Khatri Farzana , Constantine Steven , Darling Zachary J. , Robinson Bryan S. , Murphy Daniel V. , Anant Vikas , Shaw Matthew D. , Wollman Emma E. , Rogalin Ryan M. , Richard Nathaniel J. , Downey Jennifer N. , Desch Nikki , Hall Steve
Published: September 2024

A multi-mode photon-counting optical receiver was designed and tested for the NASA Orion Artemis II Optical Communications System downlink. The receiver achieved error-free communications from 20 Mb/s to 267 Mb/s with single-photon-level sensitivity.
60 GHz Adiabatic Microring Modulator with ultra-wide 80nm operation wavelength range
Authors: Chan David W.U , Tsang Hon Ki
Published: September 2024

A novel adiabatic silicon microring modulator with >20dB extinction across 80nm wavelength range is demonstrated for the first time. The modulator has over 60GHz modulation bandwidth and supports up to 250Gb/s (125Gbaud) PAM-4.
Cryogenic Operation of Hetero-Integrated Thin-Film Lithium Niobate Modulators
Authors: Boynton Nicholas A. , Friedmann Thomas A. , Arterburn Shawn C. , Musick Katherine M. , Boady Matthew S. , Starbuck Andrew L. , Trotter Douglas C. , Pomerene Andrew S. , Lentine Anthony L. , Gehl Michael R.
Published: September 2024

Cryogenic operation of hetero-integrated TFLN/SiPh modulators is reported for the first time. Vπ is quantified at cryogenic temperatures and compared to behavior at 300K. Enhancement of Vπ at low frequencies compared to 300K is observed.
Electro-optic Analog-to-Digital Converter Using Spectral Interferometry
Authors: Shao Linbo , Thomas Joseph G , Srijanto Bernadeta R , Lester Kevin C , Kravchenko Ivan I , Zhu Yizheng
Published: September 2024

We demonstrate an optical analog-to-digital converter (ADC) leveraging spectral interferometry of an integrated electro-optic Mach-Zehnder interferometer on thin-film lithium niobate. The ADC features a high dynamic range of 118 dB/Hz with a 3-Vpp input range.
Towards UV-Visible Dual-Comb Spectroscopy with Lithium Niobate Nanophotonic Waveguides
Authors: Mashburn Carter , Chang Kristina , Wu Tsung-Han , Ledezma Luis , Sekine Ryoto , Marandi Alireza , Diddams Scott A.
Published: September 2024

We present a dual-comb spectrometer that employs thin-film lithium niobate nanophotonic waveguides for UV-visible light generation. The potential for broadband and high-resolution spectroscopy spanning 350-850 nm is explored.
Strong coupling between a single artificial atom and an integrated silicon carbide microresonator
Authors: Lukin Daniil M. , Catanzaro Dominic , Guidry Melissa A. , Lustig Eran , Ghezellou Misagh , Yang Joshua , Abe Hiroshi , Ohshima Takeshi , Ul-Hassan Jawad , Vučković Jelena
Published: September 2024

The strong coupling regime between a photonic cavity and an artificial atom in 4H-Silicon Carbide-on-insulator photonics is demonstrated, using a high-finesse whispering gallery mode resonator and a single silicon vacancy center.
Hybrid Analog and Digital RF Fronthaul Transmission over Low Cost VCSEL-APD based Free Space Optics link
Authors: Li Tongyun , Ali Wajahat , Yang Shuai , Jones Ryan , Chen Rui , Liu Yi , Crisp Michael , Penty Richard
Published: September 2024

A novel hybrid analog-digital free space optical fronthaul is proposed. Wideband spectral nulls in the digitized fronthaul allow analog RF insertion, enabling cost-effective simultaneous transmission.
4K Real-Time Video Transmission in Invisible Infrared-band Underwater-Airborne Bidirectional Optical Wireless System Using a Single Silver Mirror as an Aerial Repeater
Authors: Kuwahara Kiichiro , Nagami Hyuga , Tanaka Keita , Kobori Fumiya , Kariya Ayumu , Amano Hodaka , Hayashida Shogo , Kodama Takahiro
Published: September 2024

We demonstrated real-time 4K video transmission over an underwater-to-air optical wireless channel in a bidirectional class 1 eye-safe communication system with an aerial relay mirror and frequency-domain adaptive modulation in the complete non-visible light band. (Tel: +81 87.864.2231, e-mail: kodama.takahiro@kagawa-u.ac.jp).
Silicon Photonic Beam Steerer Based on Metalens Focal Plane Array with Direction Fine-tuning
Authors: Hsieh Ping-Yen , Chang You-Chia
Published: September 2024

We demonstrate a resolution-enhanced silicon photonic beam steerer that combines coarse steering with a focal plane array and fine-tuning with serpentine microheaters. The steerer allows 3N resolvable points with N waveguide channels.
Scalable and Robust Beam Shaping Using Apodized Fish-bone Grating Couplers
Authors: Rop Chad , Maurya Dhriti , Azarov Alexei , Yulaev Alexander , Westly Daron , Simelgor Gregory , Aksyuk Vladimir
Published: September 2024

We present a fish-bone grating coupler for precision beam shaping and millimeter-scale beam generation at 461 nm wavelength. Our design efficiently decouples scattering strength from minimal feature size, ensuring seamless turn-on and continuous emission control.
Long-wave infrared electro-optic frequency-combs generation using SiGe Schottky-based modulators
Authors: Turpaud Victor , Nguyen Thi-Hao-Nhi , Koompai Natnicha , Peltier Jonathan , Frigerio Jacopo , Calcaterra Stefano , Alonso-Ramos Carlos , Vivien Laurent , Isella Giovanni , Marris-Morini Delphine
Published: September 2024

An experimental demonstration of electro-optic frequency-comb generation around 8 µm wavelength, spanning more than 200 lines around the optical carrier was carried out, using integration-compatible RF sources, reaching an acquisition-time limited linewidth.
Self-interference digital holography with computational aberration correction
Authors: Li Shaoheng , Kner Peter
Published: September 2024

Self-interference digital holography (SIDH) enables 3D imaging of incoherently emitting objects over a large axial range using only three 2D images. Our previous research demonstrated that point-like sources emitting as few as 4,200 photons can be reconstructed over a 10 µm axial range. Combining SIDH with single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) has the potential to achieve 3D super-resolution imaging across a large axial range without mechanical refocusing of the sample. However, optical aberrations affect the localization performance of SIDH and must be corrected, especially for large-volume 3D imaging. In this paper, we propose a fast, guide-star-free computational aberration correction method for SIDH. Our method can correct optical aberrations in low signal light conditions over the entire imaging axial range without any additional hardware. We use a sensorless-AO method in a virtual pupil plane to optimize the wavefront based on a frequency-space metric. Using this method, we demonstrate an improvement in both the Strehl ratio up to ∼0.98 and the SIDH localization precision to near the ideal case.
Focus issue introduction: 3D image acquisition and display: technology, perception and applications
Authors: Hua Hong , Stern Adrian , Javidi Bahram , Martinez Manuel , Matobe Osamu , Dobla Ana , Thibault Simon
Published: September 2024

This Feature Issue of Optics Express is organized in conjunction with the 2023 Optica conference on 3D Image Acquisition and Display: Technology, Perception and Applications which was held from 14 to 17208 of August as part of the 2023 Imaging and Applied Optics Congress in Boston, Massachusetts, United States. This Feature Issue presents 27 articles which cover the topics and scope of the 2023 3D Image Acquisition and Display conference. This Introduction provides a summary of these published articles that appear in this Feature Issue.
Information dynamics of in silico EEG Brain Waves: Insights into oscillations and functions
Authors: Menesse Gustavo , Torres Joaquín J.
Published: September 2024

The relation between electroencephalography (EEG) rhythms, brain functions, and behavioral correlates is well-established. Some physiological mechanisms underlying rhythm generation are understood, enabling the replication of brain rhythms in silico. This offers a pathway to explore connections between neural oscillations and specific neuronal circuits, potentially yielding fundamental insights into the functional properties of brain waves. Information theory frameworks, such as Integrated Information Decomposition (Φ-ID), relate dynamical regimes with informational properties, providing deeper insights into neuronal dynamic functions. Here, we investigate wave emergence in an excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) balanced network of integrate and fire neurons with short-term synaptic plasticity. This model produces a diverse range of EEG-like rhythms, from low δ waves to high-frequency oscillations. Through Φ-ID, we analyze the network’s information dynamics and its relation with different emergent rhythms, elucidating the system’s suitability for functions such as robust information transfer, storage, and parallel operation. Furthermore, our study helps to identify regimes that may resemble pathological states due to poor informational properties and high randomness. We found, e.g., that in silico β and δ waves are associated with maximum information transfer in inhibitory and excitatory neuron populations, respectively, and that the coexistence of excitatory θ, α, and β waves is associated to information storage. Additionally, we observed that high-frequency oscillations can exhibit either high or poor informational properties, potentially shedding light on ongoing discussions regarding physiological versus pathological high-frequency oscillations. In summary, our study demonstrates that dynamical regimes with similar oscillations may exhibit vastly different information dynamics. Characterizing information dynamics within these regimes serves as a potent tool for gaining insights into the functions of complex neuronal networks. Finally, our findings suggest that the use of information dynamics in both model and experimental data analysis, could help discriminate between oscillations associated with cognitive functions and those linked to neuronal disorders.
Surveillance strategies for the detection of new pathogen variants across epidemiological contexts
Authors: Oliveira Roster Kirstin I. , Kissler Stephen M. , Omoregie Enoma , Wang Jade C. , Amin Helly , Di Lonardo Steve , Hughes Scott , Grad Yonatan H.
Published: September 2024

Surveillance systems that monitor pathogen genome sequences are critical for rapidly detecting the introduction and emergence of pathogen variants. To evaluate how interactions between surveillance capacity, variant properties, and the epidemiological context influence the timeliness of pathogen variant detection, we developed a geographically explicit stochastic compartmental model to simulate the transmission of a novel SARS-CoV-2 variant in New York City. We measured the impact of (1) testing and sequencing volume, (2) geographic targeting of testing, (3) the timing and location of variant emergence, and (4) the relative variant transmissibility on detection speed and on the undetected disease burden. Improvements in detection times and reduction of undetected infections were driven primarily by increases in the number of sequenced samples. The relative transmissibility of the new variant and the epidemic context of variant emergence also influenced detection times, showing that individual surveillance strategies can result in a wide range of detection outcomes, depending on the underlying dynamics of the circulating variants. These findings help contextualize the design, interpretation, and trade-offs of genomic surveillance strategies of pandemic respiratory pathogens.
The fall—And rise—In hospital-based care for people with HIV in South Africa: 2004–2017
Authors: Lauren Evelyn , Shumba Khumbo , Fox Matthew P. , MacLeod William , Stevens Wendy , Mlisana Koleka , Bor Jacob , Onoya Dorina
Published: September 2024

ART scale-up has reduced HIV mortality in South Africa. However, less is known about trends in hospital-based HIV care, which is costly and may indicate HIV-related morbidity. We assessed trends in hospital-based HIV care using the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS) National HIV Cohort. Our study included all adults ≥18 years receiving care in South Africa’s public sector HIV program from 2004 to 2017 with at least one CD4 count/viral load test in the NHLS database. We compared trends in the number of patients presenting for and receiving HIV care by facility type: hospitals vs. primary care clinics. We then assessed trends and predictors of incident hospitalization, defined as 2 or more hospital-based lab tests taken within 7 days. Finally, we assessed whether trends in incident hospitalizations could be explained by changes in patient demographics, CD4 counts, or facility type at presentation. Data were analyzed on 9,624,951 patients. The percentage of patients presenting and receiving HIV care at hospitals (vs. clinics) declined over time, from approximately 60% in 2004 to 15% in 2017. Risk of hospitalization declined for patients entering care between 2004–2012 and modestly increased for patients entering care after 2012. The risk of hospitalization declined the most in age groups most affected by HIV. Over time, patients presented with higher CD4 counts and were more likely to present at clinics, and these changes explained almost half the decline in hospitalizations. The percentage of HIV care provided in hospitals declined as patients presented in better health and as treatment was increasingly managed at clinics. However, there may still be opportunities to reduce incident hospitalizations in people with HIV.
Post-tuberculosis lung disease: Addressing the policy gap
Authors: Yarbrough Chase , Miller Michael , Zulu Mosala , Sharp Danielle , Andom Afom T. , Ndayizigiye Melino , Seung Kwonjune Justin , Sonenthal Paul
Published: September 2024

The burden of long-term functional impairment following curative treatment for tuberculosis (TB) constitutes a significant global health problem. By some estimates, chronic respiratory impairment, or post-tuberculosis lung disease (PTLD), is present in just over half of all patients who have completed TB therapy. Despite this high prevalence and substantial associated morbidity, discussion of PTLD is essentially absent from international and national TB policies and guidelines. Clear and ambitious clinical standards should be established for the diagnosis and management of PTLD, including the stipulation that all patients completing TB therapy should be screened for PTLD. Patients diagnosed with PTLD should receive linkage to chronic care, with access to inhalers and home oxygen, as indicated based on individual symptoms and pathophysiology. Leveraging their considerable influence, major funders, such as The Global Fund, could help close the gap in PTLD care by including PTLD in their strategic vision and funding streams. Immediate action is needed to address the substantial burden of disease associated with PTLD. This will require expanding the global approach to TB to include a commitment to diagnosing and treating long-term complications following initial curative therapy.
Comparative analysis of the microbiota of sand fly vectors of Leishmania major and L. tropica in a mixed focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in southeast Tunisia; ecotype shapes the bacterial community structure
Authors: Tabbabi Ahmed , Mizushima Daiki , Yamamoto Daisuke S. , Zhioua Elyes , Kato Hirotomo
Published: September 2024

Phlebotomine sand flies are vectors of the protozoan parasite Leishmania spp. Although the intestinal microbiota is involved in a wide range of biological and physiological processes and has the potential to alter vector competence, little is known about the impact of host species and environment on the gut microbiome. To address this issue, a comparative analysis of the microbiota of sand fly vector populations of Leishmania major and L. tropica in a mixed focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Tunisia was performed. Bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplification and Illumina MiSeq sequencing were used to characterize and compare the overall bacterial and fungal composition of field-collected sand flies: Phlebotomus papatasi, Ph. perniciosus, Ph. riouxi, and Ph. sergenti. Thirty-eight bacterial genera belonging to five phyla were identified in 117 female specimens. The similarities and differences between the microbiome data from different samples collected from three collections were determined using principal coordinate analysis (PCoA). Substantial variations in the bacterial composition were found between geographically distinct populations of the same sand fly species, but not between different species at the same location, suggesting that the microbiota content was structured according to environmental factors rather than host species. These findings suggest that host phylogeny may play a minor role in determining the insect gut microbiota, and its potential to affect the transmission of the Leishmania parasite appear to be very low. These results highlight the need for further studies to decode sand fly Leishmania-microbiota interactions, as even the same bacterial species, such as Enterococcus faecalis, can exert completely opposite effects when confronted with different pathogens within various host insects and vice versa.
Development of the ADFICE_IT clinical decision support system to assist deprescribing of fall-risk increasing drugs: A user-centered design approach
Authors: Groos Sara S. , de Wildt Kelly K. , van de Loo Bob , Linn Annemiek J. , Medlock Stephanie , Shaw Kendrick M. , Herman Eric K. , Seppala Lotta J. , Ploegmakers Kim J. , van Schoor Natasja M. , van Weert Julia C. M. , van der Velde Nathalie
Published: September 2024

Introduction

Deprescribing fall-risk increasing drugs (FRIDs) is promising for reducing the risk of falling in older adults. Applying appropriate deprescribing in practice can be difficult due to the outcome uncertainties associated with stopping FRIDs. The ADFICE_IT intervention addresses this complexity with a clinical decision support system (CDSS) that facilitates optimum deprescribing of FRIDs by using a fall-risk prediction model, aggregation of deprescribing guidelines, and joint medication management.

Methods

The development process of the CDSS is described in this paper. Development followed a user-centered design approach in which users and experts were involved throughout each phase. In phase I, a prototype of the CDSS was developed which involved a literature and systematic review, European survey (n = 581), and semi-structured interviews with clinicians (n = 19), as well as the aggregation and testing of deprescribing guidelines and the development of the fall-risk prediction model. In phase II, the feasibility of the CDSS was tested by means of two usability testing rounds with users (n = 11).

Results

The final CDSS consists of five web pages. A connection between the Electronic Health Record allows for the retrieval of patient data into the CDSS. Key design requirements for the CDSS include easy-to-use features for fast-paced clinical environments, actionable deprescribing recommendations, information transparency, and visualization of the patient’s fall-risk estimation. Key elements for the software include a modular architecture, open source, and good security.

Conclusion

The ADFICE_IT CDSS supports physicians in deprescribing FRIDs optimally to prevent falls in older patients. Due to continuous user and expert involvement, each new feedback round led to an improved version of the system. Currently, a cluster-randomized controlled trial with process evaluation at hospitals in the Netherlands is being conducted to test the effect of the CDSS on falls. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (date; 7-7-2022, identifier: NCT05449470).
Re-evaluating the Morse Fall Scale in obstetrics and gynecology wards and determining optimal cut-off scores for enhanced risk assessment: A retrospective survey
Authors: Mao Bijun , Jiang Huiping , Chen Yan , Wang Chunsheng , Liu Luping , Gu Huifeng , Shen Ya , Zhou Peihong
Published: September 2024

Objective

This study aims to examine the validity of the MFS by analyzing the electronic medical records on fall risk in obstetrics and gynecology wards and determine the optimal cut-off score of the Morse Fall Scale.

Design

A retrospective survey.

Methods

The research was conducted in an Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital and a general hospital. The sample included 136 fall inpatients and 120 no-fall inpatients recruited from January 1st, 2020, to July 10th, 2022. The Morse Fall Scale was analyzed using the gold standard of patients who fell while hospitalized, assessing the area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve, sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and Kappa.

Results

At cut-off scores of 40, 45,50, and 55, the area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve was 0.772, 0.761, 0.749, and 0.763, respectively. The Youden index was 0.543, 0.521, 0.498, and 0.525, while Kappa values were 0.540, 0.518, 0.490, and 0.515. Sensitivity was 0.735, 0.713, 0.640, and 0.625; specificity was 0.808, 0.808, 0.858, and 0.900. The positive predictive values were 0.813, 0.808, 0.837, and 0.876, and the negative predictive values were 0.729, 0.713, 0.678, and 0.679. Accuracy were 0.770, 0.758, 0.742, and 0.754.

Conclusions

The Morse Fall Scale demonstrates good predictive performance for assessing fall risk in gynecology and obstetrics wards. The optimal cut-off score is 40.
Effects of health-related dispositions on citizens’ appraisals toward the COVID-19 pandemic and protective behavior
Authors: Fu Xinyuan , Fu Ruoran , Li Shuxian , Du Xiaona , Zhang Mei , Duan Jiaxin , Wang Hanmin , Li Guixin
Published: September 2024

In this study, health risk attitude and health locus of control were included as dispositional factors in the Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) to explain people’s protective behavior in the context of COVID-19 pandemic. Empirical data involved two waves of data with a sample of 526 adults with full-time jobs from Beijing, China, and structural equation model results confirmed a partial successful extension of the PMT. Specifically, health risk attitude had a direct effect on citizens’ protective behavior, but without an indirect effect mediated by threat appraisal toward the COVID-19 pandemic; health locus of control did not directly associate with citizens’ protective behavior, but had an indirect effect on it fully via coping appraisal toward the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, the PMT has been extended by adding a distal dispositional factor on the impact of coping appraisal on protective behavior. Implications for advancing the government’s anti-epidemic strategy are discussed.
Evaluating the perceived affective qualities of urban soundscapes through audiovisual experiments
Authors: Carvalho Maria Luiza de Ulhôa , Engel Margret Sibylle , Fazenda Bruno M. , Davies William J.
Published: September 2024

The study of the perceived affective qualities (PAQs) in soundscape assessments have increased in recent years, with methods varying from in-situ to laboratory. Through technological advances, virtual reality (VR) has facilitated evaluations of multiple locations in the same experiment. In this paper, VR reproductions of different urban sites were presented in an online and laboratory environment testing three locations in Greater Manchester (‘Park’, ‘Plaza’, and pedestrian ‘Street’) in two population densities (empty and busy) using ISO/TS 12913–2 (2018) soundscape PAQs. The studied areas had audio and video recordings prepared for 360 video and binaural audio VR reproductions. The aims were to observe population density effects within locations (Wilcoxon test) and variations between locations (Mann-Whitney U test) within methods. Population density and comparisons among locations demonstrated a significant effect on most PAQs. Results also suggested that big cities can present homogenous sounds, composing a ‘blended’ urban soundscape, independently of functionality. These findings can support urban design in a low-cost approach, where urban planners can test different scenarios and interventions.
Overfishing and climate change elevate extinction risk of endemic sharks and rays in the southwest Indian Ocean hotspot
Authors: Pollom Riley A. , Cheok Jessica , Pacoureau Nathan , Gledhill Katie S. , Kyne Peter M. , Ebert David A. , Jabado Rima W. , Herman Katelyn B. , Bennett Rhett H. , da Silva Charlene , Fernando Stela , Kuguru Baraka , Leslie Robin W. , McCord Meaghen E. , Samoilys Melita , Winker Henning , Fennessy Sean T. , Pollock Caroline M. , Rigby Cassandra L. , Dulvy Nicholas K.
Published: September 2024

Here, we summarise the extinction risk of the sharks and rays endemic to coastal, shelf, and slope waters of the southwest Indian Ocean and adjacent waters (SWIO+, Namibia to Kenya, including SWIO islands). This region is a hotspot of endemic and evolutionarily distinct sharks and rays. Nearly one-fifth (n = 13 of 70, 18.6%) of endemic sharks and rays are threatened, of these: one is Critically Endangered, five are Endangered, and seven are Vulnerable. A further seven (10.0%) are Near Threatened, 33 (47.1%) are Least Concern, and 17 (24.3%) are Data Deficient. While the primary threat is overfishing, there are the first signs that climate change is contributing to elevated extinction risk through habitat reduction and inshore distributional shifts. By backcasting their status, few endemic species were threatened in 1980, but this changed soon after the emergence of targeted shark and ray fisheries. South Africa has the highest national conservation responsibility, followed by Mozambique and Madagascar. Yet, while fisheries management and enforcement have improved in South Africa over recent decades, substantial improvements are urgently needed elsewhere. To avoid extinction and ensure robust populations of the region’s endemic sharks and rays and maintain ecosystem functionality, there is an urgent need for the strict protection of Critically Endangered and Endangered species and sustainable management of Vulnerable, Near Threatened, and Least Concern species, underpinned by species-level data collection and reduction of incidental catch.
How does the supervision effect affect the firm’s performance in Taiwanese stock market?
Authors: Hsieh Tsung-Yu , Lin Tsai-Yin , Li Fangjhy , Tien Chih-Yun
Published: September 2024

This paper explores the impact of the CEO’s supervisory role as an independent director on firm performance, utilizing measures such as Return on Equity (ROE) and Tobin’s Q. The supervisory effect is assessed through the remuneration of directors and supervisors. Empirical findings indicate a significant supervisory role when the CEO also serves as an independent director. Whether viewed from the perspective of shareholders’ equity or company growth, the CEO’s involvement as an independent director positively influences firm performance. Furthermore, the concurrent roles of CEO and independent director contribute to enhanced firm performance, irrespective of their relationship.
Incidence of straight and angulated screw channel following immediate implant placement in esthetic zone: A simulated cone-beam computed tomography study
Authors: Radomsutthisarn Watcharapon , Kretapirom Kornkamol , Nakaparksin Pranai
Published: September 2024

Statement of problem

The demand for immediate implant placement (IIP) in the esthetic zone is rapidly increasing. Despite the treatment’s benefits, the sagittal root position often dictates implant angulation, commonly necessitating the use of cement-retained restorations. This study investigates the impact of angulated screw channel on IIP in the esthetic zone.

Purpose

The purpose of this cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) study was to determine the probability of IIP in the esthetic zone, using four different implant angulations.

Materials and methods

A retrospective review of CBCT images was conducted and accessed on 9 June 2021. The midsagittal images of maxillary anterior teeth were input into an implant planning software (Implant Studio®). Bone Level X Straumann® implant (BLX 3.5, 3.75, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0 mm) and Bone Level Tapered implant (BLT 2.9, 3.3 mm) were selected for 3D implant planning of IIP in the esthetic zone. The frequency distribution and probability of IIP were recorded and compared among all maxillary anterior teeth.

Results

CBCT images from 720 teeth (120 patient) were evaluated, revealing an overall probability of IIP in the esthetic zone is 76.11% (548/720). Different implant restoration type was evaluated in this study, with the following results; straight screw-retained prosthesis at 3.47% (19/548), cement-retained prosthesis at 14.59% (80/548) and angle screw-retained prosthesis at 85.40% (468/548).

Conclusion

IIP with traditional straight screw-retained prosthesis demonstrated the lowest probability. Nevertheless, the use of angulated screw channels enhances the probability of achieving straight screw-retained prostheses.

Clinical implications

The angulated screw channel is essential for increasing the probability of screw-retained prosthesis in IIP in the esthetic zone. However, limitation in screw angle correction still necessitate the use of cement-retained prostheses for numbers of patients undergoing IIP.
Inositol trisphosphate and ryanodine receptor signaling distinctly regulate neurite pathfinding in response to engineered micropatterned surfaces
Authors: Vecchi Joseph T. , Rhomberg Madeline , Allan Guymon C. , Hansen Marlan R.
Published: September 2024

Micro and nanoscale patterning of surface features and biochemical cues have emerged as tools to precisely direct neurite growth into close proximity with next generation neural prosthesis electrodes. Biophysical cues can exert greater influence on neurite pathfinding compared to the more well studied biochemical cues; yet the signaling events underlying the ability of growth cones to respond to these microfeatures remain obscure. Intracellular Ca2+ signaling plays a critical role in how a growth cone senses and grows in response to various cues (biophysical features, repulsive peptides, chemo-attractive gradients). Here, we investigate the role of inositol triphosphate (IP3) and ryanodine-sensitive receptor (RyR) signaling as sensory neurons (spiral ganglion neurons, SGNs, and dorsal root ganglion neurons, DRGNs) pathfind in response to micropatterned substrates of varied geometries. We find that IP3 and RyR signaling act in the growth cone as they navigate biophysical cues and enable proper guidance to biophysical, chemo-permissive, and chemo-repulsive micropatterns. In response to complex micropatterned geometries, RyR signaling appears to halt growth in response to both topographical features and chemo-repulsive cues. IP3 signaling appears to play a more complex role, as growth cones appear to sense the microfeatures in the presence of xestospongin C but are unable to coordinate turning in response to them. Overall, key Ca2+ signaling elements, IP3 and RyR, are found to be essential for SGNs to pathfind in response to engineered biophysical and biochemical cues. These findings inform efforts to precisely guide neurite regeneration for improved neural prosthesis function, including cochlear implants.
Genetically influenced tobacco and alcohol use behaviors impact erythroid trait variation
Authors: Shivakumar Shriya , Wilken Madison B. , Tsao Victor , Bitarello Bárbara D. , Thom Christopher S.
Published: September 2024

Genome wide association studies (GWAS) have associated thousands of loci with quantitative human blood trait variation. Loci and related genes that impact blood trait variation may regulate blood cell-intrinsic biological processes, or alternatively impact blood cell development and function via systemic factors. Clinical observations have linked tobacco or alcohol use with altered blood traits, but these trait relationships have not been systematically explored at the genetic level. Applying a Mendelian randomization (MR) framework to GWAS summary statistics, we explore relationships between smoking and drinking behaviors with 15 quantitative blood traits. We find that the effects of smoking and drinking are confined to red blood cell traits. An instrumental variable (IV) comprised of 113 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with smoking initiation is associated with decreased hemoglobin (HGB: Effect = -0.07 standard deviation units [95% confidence interval = -0.03 to -0.10 SD units], P = 1x10-4), hematocrit (HCT: Effect = -0.06 [-0.03 - -0.09] SD units, P = 4x10-4), and red blood cell count (RBC: Effect = -0.05 [-0.02 - -0.09] SD units, P = 5x10-3) without impacting platelet count (P = 0.9) or white blood cell count (P = 0.6). Similarly, an IV associated with an increased number of alcoholic drinks consumed per week is associated with decreased HGB (Effect = -0.22 [-0.42 - -0.02] SD units, P = 3x10-2) and RBC (Effect = -0.27 [-0.51 - -0.03] SD units, P = 3x10-2). Using multivariable MR and causal mediation analyses, we find that an increased genetic predisposition to smoking initiation is associated with increased alcohol intake, and that alcohol use mediates the genetic effect of smoking initiation on red blood cell traits. These findings demonstrate a novel role for genetically influenced behaviors on human blood traits, revealing opportunities to dissect related pathways and mechanisms that influence hematopoiesis and blood cell biology.