bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
P‐5.2: Study of Air Sampling and Database Analysis on Mask Haze in TFT Manufacturing
Authors: Gao Yan Nan , Yang Cheng Yu
Published: October 2022

Mask plays the role to transfer the desired pattern on mask into panel substrate, which forms one of the portion of device and performs some electric or optical functions, in the photolithography process during whole TFT manufacturing. Due to the pattern continuously duplicated, a correct pattern shape or dimension on mask is very important in the photolithography process. An abnormal pattern will results in huge loss of yield and cost.

The pattern of mask is made from mask factory and used and stored by TFT manufacturer. At normal situation, the pattern of mask should remain the same pattern as that made by mask factory.

However, the environment of usage and storage is different from different TFT manufacturers. An unintentional new growth of pattern might gradually grow on existing pattern due to the interaction between environment chemicals and exposure light source. And this is called as haze, a foreign matter grown or deposited on the surface of mask.

This is already a prevalent phenomena in TFT photolithography manufacturing or early well known in semiconductor manufacturing. It is already well identified that it is highly related to the storage environment of mask, the so called AMC (Airborne Molecular Contamination).

This study shows the way of air sampling and database analysis to identify the potential contaminants of haze in the air and reach the similar finding that organic acids might be the major haze composition in TFT field and this is different from that in semiconductor field.
P‐5.4: The Improvement of Wet Stripping Residuals in Cu Process
Authors: He Jia-Wei , Chung Smart , Liao Peter , Zheng Hui-Long , Su Zi-Fang , Zhang Xiang , Jia Yu-Bin
Published: October 2022

Copper conductor has lower electrical resistivity (approximately) 2μ͉·;cm) and higher electromigration resistance than aluminum conductor, so it is applied to TFT to solve the undercharge of pixel electrode resulted from aluminum conductor. However there are filiform residuals generated through stripping in the copper process, and more serious than aluminum process. In this paper, we verified through a series of experiments that the quality improvement of clean water of stripping can improve the filiform residuals.
P‐5.7: Selective Laser Lift‐off of GaN Micro‐LED from a Sapphire Substrate Using 266‐nm Solid‐state Laser
Authors: Yuan Junchao , Chen Fuhao
Published: October 2022

In this paper, we realize the process of 8*8μm micro‐LED arrays laser lift‐off to remove the sapphire substrate and get integrated GaN epitaxial films by 266nm SPSS solid‐state laser. Several blue light flip‐chip micro‐LED arrays with a resolution of 1280x720 are designed and fabricated based on the known silicon‐substrate‐based drive circuit panel. The LED side is welded to the silicon substrate by metallic bonding process. Epoxy resin structured adhesive is filled between the interface between the silicon carrier and Micro‐LED array to supply a strong mechanical support and an avoidance of de‐bonding.
P‐5.12: One‐way Observable Window Signage with Vivid Colors Using Dye‐doped and Scattering Layers Which Enable to Make Images Invisible from Back Side
Authors: Sakamoto Kunio , Hayakawa Miyabi , Tsuji Kazuho
Published: October 2022

It stands to reason that someone observes mirrored imaging according to the direction of viewing if you draw something on the transparent material. The authors dislike this mirrored imaging problem, although it is not a fatal defect. In 2021, our research group proposed window signage using dye‐doped thin film layer to avoid this problem of mirrored imaging. But our 2021 model had a defect that color vividness was less than colors painted on non‐transparent materials because the images of our window signage are painted or printed on the transparent material for one‐way observable signage. To solve this weak point, we needed to find new technology for generating color using a transparent material. This paper shows a one‐way observable window signage using dye‐doped and special light scattering thin layers for unidirectional color generating by light controls, how to make colors more vivid and material development.
P‐5.13: Research on the Dyeability of High‐Transmittance Color Photoresist Containing Dye
Authors: Zhang Yuxiu , Qiu Zhilong , Liu Gang , Liu Ji , Xiao Junchen
Published: October 2022

Color photoresists of dye, pigment mixture (hybrid) and full dye are widely utilized for low power loss and wide color gamut display. We found that due to the addition of dye molecules with particle size of 1–3 nm, there will be mutual dyeing between RGB films, especially in the G with high transmittance by the blue photoresist containing dye results in the decrease of the G transmittance “ΔY”. Here, we studied the dyeability of dye‐containing blue photoresist to G film, explained the influence of the tiny dye molecules on dyeability from the perspective of mechanism, and furthermore suggest how to improve the dyeability.
P‐6.2: How to Reliably Access the Quality of Display Products: A Novel Mutually‐Supervised Subjective Evaluation Method
Authors: Song Yifan , Gu Ke , Li Shuo , Sun Yan , Li Donghao , Han Wenchao , Sun Wei , Zhang Xiaomang , Chen Ming , Duan Xin , Liu Rui , Zhang Wenjun , Fellow Ieee
Published: October 2022

With the growing demand for outdoor display, a number of new display processing methods emerged, so how to reliably access the quality of display products is greatly important in determining which is better between two different display products. To solve such difficulty, we in this paper put forward a novel subjective evaluation method, which combines single stimulation method and stimulation comparison method to mutually supervise each other and thus highly enhances the reliability of subjective scoring results. We conduct the newly proposed evaluation method on the comparison between the BOE RGBW screen and the typical RGB screen. Results derived from 57 inexperienced observers indicate that the BOE RGBW screen has achieved better display performance in specific conditions, which is highly consistent with the senior expert's opinions. Our newly proposed subjective evaluation method has very inspiring perspective in real application scenarios, which can use cheap labor to derive the senior expert's opinions. It will help outdoor display developers to accurately and quickly determine the direction of better display quality improvement.
P‐7.7: One‐way Observable Active Window Signage Using Dye‐doped Water Drops Which Enable to Make Transparent View from Back Side
Authors: Sakamoto Kunio , Ikeda Hikaru , Tsukiji Takumi
Published: October 2022

Window signage or signs are a cost‐effective way to attract attention from streets. But these window displays have a defect that one observes the mirrored text and graphics from opposite side. It stands to reason that someone observes mirrored images according to the direction of viewing if you draw something on the transparent material. Our research group presented one‐way observable monochrome signage display in 2019 and the color signage in 2020 to avoid this mirrored image problem. However the authors were not satisfied with our proposed display systems which provide only static images. This paper shows one‐way observable window signage using water drops for active imaging.
P‐7.8: Characteristic analysis on special‐shaped pupil of holographic stereogram
Authors: Liu Yunpeng , Wang Xi , Yan Xingpeng , Jiang Xiaoyu , Jing Tao
Published: October 2022

In this paper, the light field regulation characteristics of the size and transmittance function of hogel in holographic stereogram are analyzed, which shows that the display quality of holographic stereogram can be effectively improved by using special‐shaped pupil. The limitation of hogel size in optimizing the light field regulation characteristics of holographic stereogram is analyzed from the perspective of resolution and view‐flipping effect. By establishing the diffraction limited imaging model with aberration in holographic stereogram, the point spread function (PSF) characterizing the image point propagation characteristics is obtained, and the important variable affecting image point propagation, that is, the type of pupil function, is further found. The quantitative comparison of various functions shows that the special‐shaped pupil will have better performance. Simulation experiments further verify the theoretical analysis.
P‐7.10: Display illumination with tailored viewing volume
Authors: Huang Xiaoming , Ding Juan , Zhou Jianying
Published: October 2022

Display technology has been developing rapidly in recent decades and the basic principle is related to the way that the image is illuminated and light is emanated. This work proposes and demonstrates a novel display illuminating scheme which is capable of providing display viewing only in certain spatial regions. For a viewer close and away from the designated regions, the display content becomes invisible. The scheme is associated with an axicon lens [1] and four lenses that enables to view only in designated continuous region, as shown in the Fig. 1. The longitudinal depth‐designed display illumination with the advantages of no lighting‐noise will have impact on intelligent lighting display in the future.
P‐7.14: Design of Matching Circuit for NFC Antenna Integrated with Display
Authors: LIU Yujie , GUO Shuwei , LONG Feng , CHEN Xiuyun , WANG Guangquan , CAI Site
Published: October 2022

The key points of NFC Antenna Integrated with LCD display system are to find the optimal design of matching circuit. Mainly, this design of matching circuit study how to achieve maximum RF energy coupling between matching circuit and tag antenna. In order to achieve optimal matching, it is necessary to increase the series resistance before the filter circuit and cancel the series resistance connected to the antenna Finally, this paper optimizes the balance circuit of the traditional matching circuit of the NFC antenna recommended by the NXP chip, and uses ADS software and Smith chart matching simulation to verify the effectiveness of the circuit.
P‐7.16: Design of ORGB LED array based BLU for Night Vision Compatible Application
Authors: Gang Liu , Xinxiang Zhu , Guosheng Zhang , Baosong Wang
Published: October 2022

Night vision technology plays an important role in modern war. In order to reduce the night vision radiance of LCD, a dual‐mode backlight unit (BLU) is used, which includes white LEDs and OGB color LEDs. Whether direct or side backlight, this dual‐mode backlight mechanism leads to a big pitch between physically spaced LED array, which makes LCD module thickness increase and hotspots appearance. In this paper, a novel backlight unit with night vision compatible function is designed. The backlight is composed of evenly distributed ORGB 4‐chips‐in‐1 LED array. one 21.5inch direct LCD module was designed and assembled, with thickness of 4.1cm, only 61% of previous generation. The value of NR is 1.934×10−9W/(cm2·SR·nm), meeting the requirements of GJB 1394. The color coordinates of white field are (x0.3087, y0.3403), with the NTSC of 87.7%.
P‐7.19: Virtual‐Point‐Light‐Source‐Based Design Method for Double Freeform Surfaces Lenses in Direct‐Lit Backlight Units
Authors: Li Huijuan , Sun Qiyu , Zhang Le , Lv Guoqiang , Feng Qibin
Published: October 2022

The design method of double freeform surfaces lens for LED backlight based on point light source is simple and easy to implement. However, the uniformity will be seriously reduced when simulated under the extended light source. In this paper, a design method with a virtual point light source to replace an extended light source is proposed. The initial lens is designed based on point light source. According to the initial lens and extended light source, the intensity distribution curve of the virtual point light source is designed, and then a new lens is constructed based on the virtual point light source. The lens based on the point light source and the virtual point light source are simulated under the extended light source respectively. The simulation results show that the uniformity of the lens based on virtual point light source is 84.32%, 4.55% higher than that of the lens based on point light source. This method presented in this paper can effectively improve the uniformity under extended light source, which is simple and suitable for the design of double freeform surfaces lens.
P‐8.8: Investigation of GaN‐based Micro‐LEDs with Sidewall Passivation and KOH Treatment
Authors: Miao Xiangyu , Huang Wenjun , Liu Zhaojun
Published: October 2022

The luminescence efficiency of Micro‐light emitting diodes (Micro‐LEDs) is determined by external quantum efficiency(EQE). The EQE of Micro‐LEDs decreases with the decrease of device sizes. This droop in peak EQE is due to sidewall defects from plasma‐assisted dry etching, which induce non‐radiative surface recombination. We investigated the effects of atomic‐layer deposition (ALD) sidewall passivation and potassium hydroxide (KOH) treatment on the electrical and defect characteristics of Micro‐LEDs and found that the effects of sidewall damage can be minimized by sidewall treatments. The results indicated that with ALD Al2O3 passivation suppressed the leakage current of devices and with KOH treatment can remove the surface damage.
P‐9.2: High Performance Quasi‐2D Perovskite Cyan‐Blue Light‐Emitting Diodes by Using a Bifunctional Ligand
Authors: Zhang Lingjiao , Hu Sujuan , Lu Guanhua , Liu Baiquan , Liu Chuan
Published: October 2022

Despite substantial progress has been achieved in red/near‐infrared, green, and blue perovskite light‐emitting diodes (PeLEDs), studies on cyan emitting perovskites are still lacking. However, cyan‐emitting perovskite materials are of great importance and have many promising applications, especially for high‐quality lighting and light communication. Herein efficient cyan‐blue PeLEDs simultaneously achieving high luminance and high color stability are fabricated by using a bifunctional ligand, L‐Phenylalanine Methyl ester hydrochloride (L‐PMEH). It reveals the carboxyl and amine groups would heal charged defects via electrostatic interactions, and the neutral chlorine related defects can be reduced by the aromatic structures. The optimized cyan‐blue PeLEDs show a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 6.17% with an emission peak at 497 nm and a full width at half‐maximum of 21 nm as well as CIE coordinates of (0.09, 0.19). The obtained maximum luminance of 6347 cd m–2 is one of the highest values among the efficient and color‐stable cyan‐blue PeLEDs.
P‐9.8: An Eye‐Protective Wide Colour Gamut Display with a Perovskite‐Based Quantum Backlight System
Authors: Chen Yu-Hsi , Ji Dongchen , Deng Zhengtao , Chen Chao-Yuan
Published: October 2022

Recently, the blue (~450 nm) LED has been used in back‐light unit of liquid crystal display back‐light ubiquitously due to the low cost and high efficiency. However, the Blue light (<460 nm) gives rise to human health and causes long‐term visual fatigue. For a wide colour gamut display, CdSe quantum film has been used in the back‐light system stimulated by blue LEDs. However, the heavy metal is toxic and not environmentally friendly. In this paper, we use the perovskite‐based film to replace the quantum dot film not only for the green and the red color, but also the blue color (470 um) for the purpose of eye protection, which is a nontoxic system. The system provides the three colours, which the centre wavelength are 470 nm, 522 nm and 620 nm. The colour gamut of the display achieves 121% NTSC and the brightness increases 3%. The quantum efficiency of the perovskite has been measured and evaluated, which is above 95%. This is the first work to build up an eye‐protective wide colour gamut display by shifting the wavelength of the blue color instead of adjusting the color to warm tone.
P‐10.2: Head Groups influences in Self‐Assembled Monolayer Passivation For Flexible InSnZnO Thin‐Film Transistors†
Authors: Chen Yayi , Li Bin , Zhong Wei , Lan Linfeng , Chen Rongsheng
Published: October 2022

Self‐assembled monolayers with three different head functional groups are prepared as passivation layers for amorphous InSnZnO (ITZO) thin‐film transistors (TFTs). These head groups exhibit a considerable influence on surface topography and surface energy, leading to a difference of the passivation effect. As a consequence, the bias stability can be modulated by head groups in SAMs. These results indicate a likely and low‐cost method to improve the performance of oxide TFT devices.
P‐11.2: Super‐thin Mini‐LED Direct Back Light for Liquid Crystal Displays
Authors: MENG Xianqin , CHEN Xiaochuan , PENG Weiting , ZHANG1 Shunhang , HE Wei , SUN Shuang , LING Qiuyu , WANG Wei , LIANG Pengxia , TAN Qiaofeng , DONG Xue
Published: October 2022

This work discusses a super thin Mini‐LED direct back light for upscale liquid crystal displays. In this manuscript, it is that Mini‐LED light is reflected between a gradient reflected pattern combined with Mini‐LED driving lines and back reflector of back light unit. The optical length is therefore enlarged in limited distance, which means that the diffusor plate and optical distance can be removed. Meanwhile, light from a red, a green and a blue Mini‐LED is mixing to generate white for display, replacing a 0.3–0.5mm thick color changing film, such as quantum dot enhancement film. The total thickness of this designed Mini‐LED back light is about 1.595mm when Mini‐LED pitch is 4.75mm. The measured uniformity and optical efficiency are verified as designs above 90% and 45%. Additionally, this direct back light can realize high‐dynamic range to improving display quality with lower power consumption. This work not only improves display quanlity in limited thickness, but also extends lifetime of liquid crystal display in coming future.
P‐12.2: Increasing the Response time of the Optically Driving Liquid Crystal Display by SiO2 Nano‐particle Doping
Authors: Lai Yujian , Sun Jiatong
Published: October 2022

In the past few years, people have put forward higher and higher requirements for the performance of liquid crystal displays, such as higher refresh rate and picture continuity which requires liquid crystal displays having lower threshold voltage and shorter response time. In order to study the electro‐optical properties of liquid crystal display, the experiments was designed to dope SiO2 nano‐particles into the SD1 solution and to observe the impact on the threshold voltage, the electrical response time and the rewriting time of the optically driving liquid crystal display (ODLCD). The experiment results show that doping SiO2 nano‐particles in the liquid crystals can reduce the threshold voltage, the electrical response time and the rewriting time of ODLCD.
P‐12.7: Accurate and detailed adjustment of liquid crystal azimuth to improve the taste and transmittance of UV2A process
Authors: Zhi-Gang Wang , Fan Li , Lin Peng , Lin Li , Yong Zhang , Kambe Makoto , Hai-Bin Han
Published: October 2022

By comparing the liquid crystal azimuths of Mura area and OK area, it is concluded that there are differences between azimuths of Mura area and OK area when they are compared with the azimuths of theoretical, but the differences between azimuths of Mura area and azimuths of theoretical are larger. It is proved that the differences can be reduced by directional adjustment of TFT/CF exposure energy and optimization of specific substrate PI film thickness, Improve the taste level of products, and at the same time, improve the panel transmittance.
P‐12.9: A Switchable Liquid Crystal Microlens Between 1D and 2D Arrays
Authors: Wang Lu , Zhong Yu-Tian , Dou Hu
Published: October 2022

A liquid crystal (LC) lens array with a half‐wave plate (HWP) to enable the function of switchable lens array between 1 dimensional (1D) and 2 dimensional (2D) arrays is proposed in this paper. The LC cell contains two LC layers which can be driven independently. Through controlling these two LC layers, three different modes of the LC cell such as a lensless system, rotatable 1D lens array and 2D lens array can be switched freely. These three different modes are used for coexistence of 2D and 3D displays, a narrow 3D display viewing angle for a single viewer in an energy‐saving method and a wide 3D display viewing angle for more viewer. Therefore, we propose a multi‐functional LC lens array in order to meet different application conditions.
P‐13.1: Source‐Contacted Metal Isolation Layer for Camera under Panel in Smartphones†
Authors: Zhao Dongfang , Zhang Lintao , Wu Xing , Chen Cheng , Lee Hee-Yol , Lv Boyan , Wu Cangzhi
Published: October 2022

Camera under panel (CUP) technology is essential for truly full‐screen display in smartphones. We present here an excellent design used on the Mi Mix 4 phone by shrinking the pixel size and increasing pixel brightness in the CUP area. Considering the different degradation rates of TFT devices between active area and CUP area, a source‐contacted metal isolation layer (MIL) under the thin‐film transistors (TFTs) is employed to obtain superior electrical reliability. This MIL technology can shield mobile charges within polyimide (PI) substrate and help improve initial current drop level of TFT circuit, thus achieving a uniform display quality and a seamless viewing experience. It was also found that long‐term image sticking time can be significantly reduced to less than 3min. These results may lead to widespread applications in the field of flexible displays.
P‐13.2: A Research On Voltage‐Type Micro OLED Pixel Drive Circuit
Authors: Yang Shengji , Chen Xiaochuan , Wang Hui , Li Dachao , Lu Pengcheng , Huang Guanda , Shi Rongrong , Li Yuhao , Cai Qibin
Published: October 2022

In this paper, through the analysis of silicon based OLED, reference to simulation data and measured data, a comprehensive interpretation of the role of P‐mos in silicon based OLED voltage pixel drive circuit and advantages and disadvantages.
P‐13.9: Simultaneously Determination of Emitting Dipole Orientation and Distribution in OLEDs by a Two‐Step Inversion Method
Authors: Chen Linya , Gu Honggang , Ke Xianhua , Zhao Xuenan , Jiao Shibo , Liu Shiyuan
Published: October 2022

The dipole orientation and distribution have significant influence on the performances of OLEDs, and they are prerequisites for the optical design and analysis of OLEDs. In this paper, based on the dipole radiation model for OLEDs, a two‐step inversion method is proposed to accurately achieve dipole features simultaneously, including dipole orientation and distribution, in OLED devices, without knowing the approximate shape of the dipole distribution.
P‐14.1: Realization of the Unexpected Pattern in Solution‐Processed OLED
Authors: Su Xiaozhe , Zhong Zhiming , Peng Feng , Cui Jing , Li Yingcheng , Huang Yangbing , Ying Lei
Published: October 2022

Electroluminescence with watermark‐like shadow appeared in the organic light‐emitting diodes (OLED) prepared through spin‐coating procedure. The shadow was located on the emitting layer and originated from nonuniform contact between substrates and the substrate‐holder. By modifying the holder, uniform electroluminescence with almost identical intensity in the whole device area could be achieved.
P‐16.2: A Review of Obstacle Detection based on Multi‐sensor Fusion
Authors: Ma Junce , Dai Zhenzhao , Li Wanlin
Published: October 2022

According to the classification of using multiple sensors, the obstacle detection and recognition technology of unmanned driving is summarized, and the main technical means, algorithms, advantages and disadvantages, difficulties and so on are discussed. These methods mainly include lidar and camera fusion, camera and radar fusion and lidar, camera and radar fusion. In addition, some research achievements in this field in recent years are introduced, and some fusion technologies used in this field are briefly analyzed and summarized.
P‐16.3: Research on Real‐time Road Condition Display System Based on Vehicle Network
Authors: Ju Xingyang , Li Wanlin
Published: October 2022

As human society continues to progress and develop, people's means of transport are becoming more and more advanced and road conditions more and more complex. In the case of complex traffic conditions, the amount of information available to people driving cars in a short period of time is relatively small for the overall traffic system. Based on the development of the Internet of vehicles technology, this paper proposes a method based on the Internet of vehicles system to present the out‐of‐line‐of‐sight traffic information to vehicle drivers by receiving the out‐of‐line‐of‐sight vehicle information from the roadside unit and obtaining the roadside pedestrian information combined with visual perception.

Firstly, the roadside unit receives information on all traffic participants in the traffic node, where vehicle information is obtained by connecting the vehicle unit to the roadside unit, and pedestrian and non‐motorised vehicle information is obtained by using an improved target detection algorithm to convert pedestrian and non‐motorised vehicle coordinates into world coordinates using the principle of camera imaging, thus obtaining the location information of pedestrians and non‐motorised vehicles.

Then, after obtaining the information of each traffic participant, the vehicle is informed by the roadside unit, and after the position conversion between the roadside unit and the vehicle, the information of the position of each traffic participant in the view of that vehicle is obtained and the road condition is displayed through the display system.
P‐16.5: Design of Head‐up Display Based on Vehicle Radar Warning
Authors: Dai Zhenzhao , Ma Junce , Li Wanlin
Published: October 2022

This paper is based on STM 32 portable body omnidirectional radar head‐up display hardware and software design. Compared with the traditional OBD, the head‐up display can not only monitor the dangerous distance of the vehicle body in the process of parking and generate early warning, but also accurately locate the position of the safe distance in the vehicle operation. The omni‐directional heads‐up display designed by the scheme can project the running parameters of the vehicle and the distance measured by the surrounding radar, which can provide a driving safety warning value for the driver. Combined with STM 32 control unit as data processing basis, ultrasonic radar sensor is used to measure the distance information around the vehicle, and the vehicle information is read with OBD II interface. Finally, the prompt information is displayed on the head‐up display.
P‐16.7: Discussion on Design of Intelligent Cockpit System in 5G Communication Era
Authors: Shen Xi , Li Wanlin
Published: October 2022

With the application of 5G communication technology and the development of vehicle networking technology, the cockpit has entered the intelligent era. This paper mainly discusses the development process, key technology and future development of intelligent cockpit. The information input and output of the intelligent cockpit will be continuously improved, the functions will be greatly expanded, become more intelligent, fit the driving habits better, the image will be clearer, the navigation will be connected in real time, and the automatic update speed of the vehicle will be faster. Driving assistance and travel services, social services, work services, entertainment and other functions will be greatly expanded.
P‐16.8: The Vth shift of ASG after high temperature operating
Authors: Lou Tenggang , Wang Lei , Kong Xiangjian , Liu Jine , Qin Feng
Published: October 2022

LCD with ASG inside may encounter malfunction phenomenon after high temperature reliability analysis (RA). The main reason we found is the Vth shift. We reported the characterization method of how to design the ASG with wide operating temperature in the former article [1]. In order to quantify the Vth deterioration, we designed a 3.45inch panel with circular active area and ASG driven units. Among the ASG units, one of the ASG unit was designed that can test TFT Id‐Vg. The test pads were designed on the CFOG side. We tested the Id‐Vg curves of each TFT before and after 85°C high temperature operation reliability analysis. We analyzed the Vth shift of each TFT and discussed the result. The mechanization of the reset circuit deterioration and the solutions to achieving high temperature reliability test are summed in the discussion.
P‐16.12: Simultaneous Localization and mapping technology based on solid‐state lidar
Authors: Ainiwaer Alafate , Li Wanlin
Published: October 2022

The problems of autonomous navigation include positioning, mapping and path planning. SLAM has become one of the most popular and mature solutions for autonomous navigation of mobile robots. SLAM literally translates to locating and mapping simultaneously. In general, SLAM frameworks use cameras, IMU, wheel encoders, and a combination of light detection and ranging (lidar) sensors to provide superior accuracy for navigation systems. However, the price of mechanical lidar is exceptionally high compared to other sensors, which is the main reason for introducing a new generation of lasers called solid State Lidar (SSL)
A simple and rapid route for synthesizing the nanosized g‐C3N4 materials with narrow bandgap and their photocatalytic activity
Authors: Zhang Meihong , Fang Yuqian , Yuan Shuai , Shi Liyi , Wang Zhuyi , Wang Yi , Zhu Jiefang , Zhao Yin
Published: October 2022

The graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) materials with many intriguing properties have attracted much attention in photocatalysis. The photocatalytic activity of g‐C3N4 is hindered by serious aggregation and limited exposed active sites. Herein is shown that nanosized g‐C3N4 can be simply obtained by a superfast high‐pressure homogenization approach. The high‐pressure homogenization treatment can provide strong force to cut and/or to exfoliate the bulk g‐C3N4 into nanosized g‐C3N4 with good dispersion. Moreover, choosing different solvents during treatment can cause a different surface structure of as‐prepared nanosized g‐C3N4. In addition, the narrow bandgap properties, the high photogenerated charge carrier separation, and the transport abilities are achieved in as‐prepared nanosized g‐C3N4 because of the retaining conjugated C3N4 system.

Specifically, the photocatalytic activities of as‐prepared nanosized g‐C3N4 have been significantly enhanced in terms of degradation of organic dye Rhodamine B (RhB) under visible light irradiation (10 times higher than that of bulk g‐C3N4). These findings can provide a promising and simple approach to the exfoliation, nanonization, and surface functionalization of 2D layered materials.
Superhydrophobic and oleophobic coatings from flower‐like zinc oxide and fluorinated epoxy with good comprehensive property
Authors: Li Ruhui , Huang Xiaoye , Yu Ruobing
Published: October 2022

Nowadays, most superhydrophobic surfaces will lose their superhydrophobic performance once they encounter oil, and adhesive strength of superhydrophobic coating is low. Therefore, the superhydrophobic coating with good oleophobicity and high adhesive strength is popular with people. A superhydrophobic and oleophobic coating is characteristic of antifouling and self‐cleaning, due to the appearance of special structures, such as overhang and re‐entrant. In this work, flower‐like zinc oxide (ZnO) particles free of fluorine and fluorine‐containing epoxy were used to establish the coating with a similar re‐entrant structure. Flower‐like ZnO particles were prepared by a chemical precipitation method, and the water contact angle of flower‐like ZnO is up to 149 ± 1°. For the coating, flower‐like ZnO particles were almost covered by fluorine‐containing epoxy synthesized through click reaction so that the adhesive strength between the coating and the matrix is high, superior to some coatings in the references. The surfaces made of flower‐like ZnO and fluorinated epoxy possess superhydrophobic and oleophobic properties. The contact angle of the coating for water, diiodomethane, glycerol, and glycol is 154 ± 0.7°, 138 ± 0.6°, 156 ± 0.7°, and 150 ± 0.7°, respectively. After withstanding 70 cycles under the pressure of 1 kPa, the coating is still superhydrophobic. Also, the coating possesses a good self‐cleaning and anti‐icing property.
Vehicle‐Integrated Photovoltaics Irradiation Modeling Using Aerial‐Based LIDAR Data and Validation with Trip Measurements
Authors: Sovetkin Evgenii , Noll Jonas , Patel Neel , Gerber Andreas , Pieters Bart E.
Published: October 2022

Herein, a benchmark dataset for vehicle‐integrated photovoltaics irradiance modeling is proposed. The vehicle trip data consist of trips in the state of North Rhine‐Westphalia in Germany starting from March 2021, which amounts to more than 73 h and a total distance of 3422 km. The sensor box is equipped with GPS, a magnetic compass, acoustic wind, and irradiance sensors and records at a rate of 0.58 Hz. The irradiance sensors are positioned on four sides of the vehicle: roof, left, right, and rear. In addition to the data, a model that uses high‐resolution aerial‐measured topography (LIDAR) and low‐resolution satellite‐based weather data to forecast the effective irradiation of modules mounted on a moving vehicle is discussed. The utility of the simulation approach is demonstrated by computing irradiation over long periods for various driving profiles and comparing results with the collected measurement data. The data are published as a challenge, and the developed software is available in open source.
Preparation of Antibacterial Cellulose Fabric via Copper (II) Oxide and Corn Silk (Stigma maydis) Nanocomposite
Authors: Mohammadi Farhaneh , Montazer Majid , Mianehro Ali , Eslahi Niloofar , Mahmoudi Rad Mahnaz
Published: October 2022

Concerning the increasing demand for antibacterial nature‐based textiles, this work deals with the modification of cotton fabric with corn silk as a natural polymer together with the in situ synthesis of copper (II) oxide nanoparticles. Copper acetate is used as a precursor of copper (II) oxide and ascorbic acid as an environmentally friendly reducing agent. The copper (II) oxide/corn silk nanocomposite cotton fabrics are evaluated by FESEM, XRD, FTIR, water absorption, and antibacterial analysis. The treated fabrics exhibit higher water absorption and FESEM images along with EDX spectra confirm the formation of copper (II) oxide nanoparticles and corn silk layer on the fabric surface. FTIR analysis also establishes effective assembling of CuO/corn silk on the cotton surface. Moreover, the antimicrobial efficiency of the nanocomposite is verified to be higher than 90% against Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive model bacteria comprising  Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, and antifungal properties against Candida albican. Consequently, the fabrication of copper (II) oxide/corn silk nanocomposites on the cotton fabric could be potentially applied for the preparation of antibacterial medical textiles.
Influence of High Hydrostatic Pressure (HHP) on the Ordered Structure and on the Functional, Morphological, and Thermal Properties of Japonica Rice Starch
Authors: Almeida Raphael Lucas Jacinto , Santos Newton Carlos , Feitoza João Vítor Fonseca , Ribeiro Victor Herbert de Alcântara , Silva Virgínia Mirtes de Alcântara , de Figueiredo Maria José , Ribeiro Celene Ataide Cordeiro , Muniz Cecília Elisa de Sousa , Eduardo Raphael da Silva , Cavalcante Josilene de Assis , Mota Mércia Mélo de Almeida
Published: October 2022

High Hydrostatic Pressure
(HHP) offers a new way of gelatinizing starch, preserving its sensory characteristics such as color and flavor, minimizing thermal damage, in addition to being a technique aims at the production of food thickeners. The aim of the study is to evaluate the influence of HHP on the ordered structure and on the functional, morphological, and thermal properties of japonica rice starch (JRS). JRS is dispersed in 20% water and then HHP is applied at pressures of 200, 400, and 600 MPa min−1, where structural, functional, morphological, and thermal parameters are evaluated after the non‐thermal modification. Cracks are found on the surface, with an increase in the average diameter in relation to the pressure applied to the starch, as well as a loss of crystallinity and molecular order, mainly for 600MPa min−1. The modified starch shows a greater affinity for water and oil than the native starch (NJS), and for milk absorption, it is found that the binding capacity to whole milk is higher. HHP is an efficient, low‐cost method and which aims to reduce the use of toxic reagents to the environment.
Automatic Segmentation of Calcified Plaques and Vessel Borders from Abdominal AortaCTAImages Using a2DSpatial Convolutional Multilayer Machine Vision Classifier
Authors: Lin Chia‐Hung , Pai Ching Chou , Kan Chung‐Dann , Wu Jian‐Xing , Chen Pi‐Yun , Pai Neng‐Sheng
Published: October 2022

The aorta, including the thoracic and abdominal aortas, distributes blood from the heart to the upper and lower circulatory systems. Abdominal aortic sclerosis can cause abdominal aortic aneurysm. When the diameter of the aorta increases by more than 1.5 times its normal size (e.g., ≥4−5 cm, mean diameter in an adult is 2−3 cm), the risk of aneurysm rupture gradually increases. Aneurysm rupture and its associated bleeding have high mortality rates. Hence, the prediction of large diameter aortic aneurysms is an important issue with great clinical implications. In computed tomography angiography (CTA) imaging examination, an assistive tool for automatic image segmentation must be developed to help cardiologists and radiologists evaluate the risk of rupture progression and make appropriate treatment decisions. In this study, two‐dimensional (2D) spatial convolution operations (corner detection) and a multilayer machine vision classifier enabled the automatic segmentation of the luminal region, vascular intima, and calcified plaques in the abdominal aorta. The 2D spatial convolution operations can efficiently increase focus, remove unwanted noise in the convolutional layer, and segment calcified plaques and the vessel border by using a general regression neural network (GRNN)‐based classifier. The classifier's outputs can also be visualized in color presentation (red, green, and blue color series) to identify vessel borders and calcified plaques. Luminal change rate (LCR), calcified plaque rate (CPR), and ellipse ratio (ER) can be defined as criteria for evaluating changes in the luminal region and locating calcified plaques, which can be used to identify the locations of cross‐sectional shape changes and calcified plaques. Based on the collected CTA images from the clinical case studies, the proposed multilayer classifier has promising results for the intended medical purpose. With the LCR index, the correlation coefficients (R2) for manual image segmentation and automatic image segmentation is >0.90 in positive correlation for vessel borders segmentation. The proposed method is an adaptive learning scheme with potential clinical applications in automatic CTA image segmentation for further abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) risk evaluation. © 2022 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances activate UPR pathway, induce steatosis and fibrosis in liver cells
Authors: Qi Qi , Niture Suryakant , Gadi Sashi , Arthur Elena , Moore John , Levine Keith E. , Kumar Deepak
Published: October 2022

Per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), which include perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), heptafluorobutyric acid (HFBA), and perfluorotetradecanoic acid (PFTA), are commonly occurring organic pollutants. Exposure to PFAS affects the immune system, thyroid and kidney function, lipid metabolism, and insulin signaling and is also involved in the development of fatty liver disease and cancer. The molecular mechanisms by which PFAS cause fatty liver disease are not understood in detail. In the current study, we investigated the effect of low physiologically relevant concentrations of PFOA, HFBA, and PFTA on cell survival, steatosis, and fibrogenic signaling in liver cell models. Exposure of PFOA and HFBA (10 to 1000 nM) specifically promoted cell survival in HepaRG and HepG2 cells. PFAS increased the expression of TNFα and IL6 inflammatory markers, increased endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and activated unfolded protein response (UPR). Furthermore, PFAS enhanced cell steatosis and fibrosis in HepaRG and HepG2 cells which were accompanied by upregulation of steatosis (SCD1, ACC, SRBP1, and FASN), and fibrosis (TIMP2, p21, TGFβ) biomarkers expression, respectively. RNA‐seq data suggested that chronic exposures to PFOA modulated the expression of fatty acid/lipid metabolic genes that are involved in the development of NFALD and fatty liver disease. Collectively our data suggest that acute/chronic physiologically relevant concentrations of PFAS enhance liver cell steatosis and fibrosis by the activation of the UPR pathway and by modulation of NFALD‐related gene expression.
Using a combination of midazolam and butorphanol is a safe and effective reversible field sedation protocol for Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii) pups
Authors: Whoriskey Sophie , Pearson Linnea E. , Harris Heather S. , Whitmer Emily R. , Liwanag Heather E. M. , Brodie Erin , Johnson Shawn
Published: October 2022

Background

Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii) are a well‐studied species of phocid with an apparent sensitivity to immobilising agents. Mortality as high as 31% has been reported during field immobilisation. This study investigated the use of a benzodiazepine in combination with an opioid agonist/antagonist for sedation in Weddell seal pups as part of a physiological study.

Methods

During the 2017 and 2019 Antarctic pupping seasons, 18 Weddell seal pups were sedated by intramuscular administration of a combination of midazolam and butorphanol or intravenous midazolam alone. Individuals were sedated at 1, 3, 5 and 7 weeks of age. Naltrexone and flumazenil were used to reverse sedation. The combination was 100% effective in providing appropriate sedation for the intended procedures.

Results

Analyses were performed to investigate relationships between dose administered, age, individual reactions, adverse effects and changes in dive physiology. Transient apnoea (10–60 seconds) was the most frequently observed adverse effect. No sedation‐associated morbidity or mortality occurred.

Limitations

The sample size is small and there is no pharmacokinetic information for either sedative or reversal in phocid species.

Conclusions

The combination of midazolam (0.2–0.3 mg/kg) and butorphanol (0.1–0.2 mg/kg) provided safe and effective sedation, with reversible effects, in Weddell seal pups.
Change over time and agreement between clinical markers of disease resolution in dogs with aspiration‐induced lung injury
Authors: Chwala Monica , Hartmann Faye , Waller Kenneth , Dusick Allison , Viviano Katrina
Published: October 2022

Background

There is a lack of consensus regarding which markers of disease resolution to prioritise when assessing treatment response in client‐owned dogs with aspiration‐induced lung injury. This study describes the change over time and the agreement between the clinical markers used to determine disease resolution.

Methods

Physical examination (PE), owner‐reported clinical signs (CS‐O), thoracic radiographs (TXR) scores and C‐reactive protein (CRP) concentrations were determined at enrolment, after 24, 48 and 72 hours, and after 7, 14 and 28 days.

Results

PE scores were significantly improved at 48 hours, while CRP initially increased (24 hours) and then decreased (48 hours). PE, CS‐O and CRP significantly improved earlier (7 days) than TXR (14 days). The median number of days to marker normalisation was 7, 9 and 14 for PE, CRP and CS‐O, respectively. Marker agreement was excellent/very good at enrolment and fair/poor during disease recovery.

Limitations

Analysis did not control for differences aetiology of aspiration or the lack of standardisation in treatment approach.

Conclusions

PE was the earliest and most consistent marker indicating disease resolution. Serial CRP monitoring (72 hours) may provide an objective marker of early treatment response. Alongside PE normalisation, improvement in CS‐O, CRP and TRX may assist in determining disease resolution and guide treatments, including limiting antibiotic exposure in dogs with aspiration‐induced lung injury.
Trends and prospects for thermal stabilizers in polyvinyl chloride
Authors: Li Degang , Liu Pengjia
Published: October 2022

Thermal stabilizers are essential for polyvinyl chloride (PVC) processing. It is the emergence of thermal stabilizers that made PVC's applications migrate from laboratory to large‐scale industrial use. Herein we overview the development status of some traditional thermal stabilizers including lead salt, metal soaps, and organotin along with relatively newer thermal stabilizers such as organic thermal stabilizers and metal alkoxides. Taking into consideration the high market demand, opportunities for cost‐effective additives for thermal stabilizers are also briefly discussed. Finally, with the recent shift in focus on thermal stabilizer synthesis and their performance characterization but neglecting mechanical property testing and verification, we put forward application prospect of quantum chemical calculation for the development of PVC thermal stabilizers.
Effects of draw solutes on an integrated forward osmosis—Microbial fuel cell system treating a synthetic wastewater
Authors: Ferby Matthew , Zou Shiqiang , He Zhen
Published: October 2022

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) and forward osmosis (FO) are both attractive and versatile wastewater treatment technologies that possess disadvantageous qualities that prevent their optimal performance. This study aimed to investigate how draw solute selection for FO treatment would affect MFC performance in a coupled FO‐MFC system. Two types of draw solutes, NH4HCO3 and NaCl, were studied, and it was found that 1.0 M NH4HCO3 (FO‐MFC‐A) and 0.68 M NaCl (FO‐MFC‐B) had similar water fluxes of 6.04 to 3.39 LMH and 6.25 to 3.54 LMH, respectively. The reverse salt flux from the draw decreased the feed solution resistance for both draw solutes, but the FO‐MFC‐A system (0.32 W m−2) had a higher maximum power density than the FO‐MFC‐B system (0.26 W m−2). The current density for the FO‐MFC‐B system increased due to continuous solution resistance decrease, whereas it remained constant for the FO‐MFC‐A. The difference in Coulombic efficiencies (32.8% vs. 25.6%) but similar Coulombic recoveries (10.2% vs. 11.4%) between the FO‐MFC‐A and FO‐MFC‐B systems suggested that the FO‐MFC‐A might have the inhibited microbial activity by high ammonium/ammonia. The FO‐MFC‐A system had the lower energy consumption for nutrient removal (2.01 kWh kg−1 NH4+‐N) and recovery (8.87 kWh kg−1 NH4+‐N). These results have shown that NH4HCO3 as a draw solute can have advantages of higher power density, higher Coulombic efficiency, and recoverability for draw regeneration, but its potential inhibition on microbial activity must also be considered.

Practitioner Points

Forward osmosis can be connected to microbial fuel cells for wastewater treatment.

Water recovery by forward osmosis can greatly reduce the wastewater volume to microbial fuel cells.

Ammonium draw solutes can result in lower volumetric energy consumption.

Ammonia inhabitation of anode microbes will decrease organic removal.