bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘Darkened Surfaces’: Camouflage and the Nocturnal Observation of Britain, 1941–45
Authors: Robinson James Philip
Published: May 2013

Positioned in relation to an emerging geographical interest into the effects of different atmospheric and observational conditions in shaping sensory engagements with the Earth's surfaces, this paper considers how a critical examination of the practices of camouflage can open up new dialogues into how the Earth's surfaces become known, are interacted with, and transformed in the conditions of darkness. With an empirical focus on the cultural and historical geographies of nocturnal camouflage practised during the Second World War, the paper examines the systematic attempts of civil camoufleurs to understand how natural and artificial landforms were visibly ‘present’ in the nocturnal landscape, despite darkness often being conceived as producing an environment of ‘visual absence’ through diminished sensory engagement. Furthermore, the paper highlights how the tensions between visual presence/absence that shape both the nocturnal experience and the ‘knowing’ of landscape can often be exploited for social, cultural, and political ends, in this case, to enable protection against aerial attack.
SPECTROSCOPIC STUDIES OF EXCHANGE INTERACTIONS IN
POLYNUCLEAR TRANSITION METAL COMPLEXES I. [(NH3)5Cr(OH)Cr(NH3)5] Cl5,3H20.
Authors: Ferguson J , Gudel HU
Published: May 2013

Large single crystals of ,u-hydroxo-bis[pentaamminechromium(III) chloride
trihydrate have been prepared and their spectroscopic properties determined. The
analysis of polarized single-crystal luminescence spectra provides an accurate ground
electronic level scheme for the weakly coupled chromium ions in the dimeric cluster.
The splitting is described by the isotropic Hamiltonian X = JS,.Sb-j(S,.Sb)2 with
J = 31.9 cm-1 and j = 0.23 cm-1. The temperature dependence of the polarized
absorption spectrum is consistent with this level scheme. The positions of the
components of the singly excited (4A2-2E) state have been determined.
The Continued Care of Pregnant Women Receiving Opiate Substitution Treatment by Midwives
Authors: Messaadi Nassir , Pansu Aymeric , Evezard Helyette , Debrabant Sévérine , Deruelle Philippe , Cottencin Olivier
Published: May 2013

Background

The care of pregnant women receiving opiate substitution treatment (OST) is generally provided by a variety of health care professionals. Midwives working in prenatal consultations take part in this continued care and may meet with their patients several times throughout the pregnancy, which can have a tremendous impact on monitoring. The purpose of the study was to determine whether midwives are used to accompanying women taking OST and to determine their level of knowledge and investment in this area.

Methods

One hundred fifty-nine midwives working in prenatal consultations in Lille, Roubaix, and Tourcoing received a questionnaire with 21 questions.

Results

One hundred ten surveys were collected and analyzed. The majority (103) of the midwives were attending pregnant women taking OST. They were familiar with the effects of heroin on pregnancy but were not familiar with the management of OST.

Conclusions

The training of these professionals is important in risk reduction, and they should know the management of OST. All of the midwives requested specific training.
MicroRNA-185 oscillation controls circadian amplitude of mouse Cryptochrome 1 via translational regulation
Authors: Lee Kyung-Ha , Kim Sung-Hoon , Lee Hwa-Rim , Kim Wanil , Kim Do-Yeon , Shin Jae-Cheon , Yoo Seung-Hee , Kim Kyong-Tai
Published: May 2013

Mammalian circadian rhythm is observed not only at the suprachiasmatic nucleus, a master pacemaker, but also throughout the peripheral tissues. Investigation of the regulation of clock gene expression has mainly focused on transcriptional and posttranslational modifications, and little is known about the posttranscriptional regulation of these genes. In the present study, we investigate the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the posttranscriptional regulation of the 3′-untranslated region (UTR) of the mouse Cryptochrome 1 (mCry1) gene. Knockdown of Drosha, Dicer, or Argonaute2 increased mCry1-3′UTR reporter activity. The presence of the miRNA recognition element of mCry1 that is important for miR-185 binding decreased mCRY1 protein, but not mRNA, level. Cytoplasmic miR-185 levels were nearly antiphase to mCRY1 protein levels. Furthermore, miR-185 knockdown elevated the amplitude of mCRY1 protein oscillation. Our results suggest that miR-185 plays a role in the fine-tuned regulation of mCRY1 protein expression by controlling the rhythmicity of mCry1 mRNA translation.
The Case for Clinical Management of Neuroenhancement in Young People
Authors: Singh Ilina , Kelleher Kelly
Published: May 2013

This chapter defends that over time, stimulants and other neuroenhancers will increasingly be used to enhance young people’s cognitive and behavioural functioning, alongside growing general public acceptability of neuroenhancers as tools to improve academic, social and workplace performance. The chapter focuses on the most common current neuroenhancers used in young people – stimulant drugs. The chapter outlines the key social and ethical concerns raised by the use of stimulant drugs for enhancement in young people, and makes specific research, practice and policy recommendations. The chapter also suggests a rationale for clinical management of psychotropic neuroenhancers in young people, attending closely to the necessary boundaries on such practice asserted by structural and clinical factors, as well as by potential ethical conflicts. This outline and the subsequent rationale for management focuses on stimulants, but it can serve as a template for novel neuroenhancers that reach the child market.
Neuroimaging in Clinical Psychiatry
Authors: Farah Martha J. , Gillihan Seth J.
Published: May 2013

Diagnoses in psychiatry are based entirely on behavioral, not biological, criteria: though a small number of practitioners use functional brain imaging as a diagnostic tool, most psychiatrists believe that imaging has no role beyond potential medically apparent causes of a patient’s condition and make no use of this resource for routine clinical care. Although biological psychiatry has had a huge impact on the overall field since the 1960s, some tools are privileged over others. This chapter considers the plausibility and potential of imaging techniques as an aid for diagnosing, categorizing, and treating psychiatric illness by considering SPECT clinics, DSM classifications (and limitations), patient receptiveness, and other current developments. It evaluates to what extent neuroimaging can act as diagnostic agent, predictor of incipient illness, and even cure unto itself.
Remaking Urban Economies
Authors: Zimmer Oliver
Published: May 2013

This chapter examines the remaking of economic life as a struggle fought out between different sections within the urban economy that subscribed to competing spatial visions. Some envisaged their town as the result of a journey, whilst others imagined it as a well-ordered place. The remaking of urban economies took place in a competitive climate, one in which town authorities and the wider public drew on available statistical information to compare themselves with their closest rivals.
Citizens and Residents
Authors: Zimmer Oliver
Published: May 2013

This chapter discusses the practice of municipal citizenship. Whereas economic liberalization favoured uncontrolled movement, municipal citizenship offered a means to contain the dynamics that the liberal economy had unleashed. Many regarded it as a bulwark of urban territoriality as they understood it—as a promise that the town in which they earned their livelihood would continue to exist as a meaningful place, grounded in a set of rules and conventions. Even urban liberals, many of whom advocated reforms in the economic sphere, often imagined the civic life of their towns in terms of a place based on differential status.
The evolutionary origin of multimodal synchronization and emotional expression
Authors: Mortillaro Marcello , Mehu Marc , Scherer Klaus R.
Published: May 2013

Emotions are defined as dynamic episodes characterized by a high degree of coordination between several organismic subsystems in the interest of optimal adaptation to relevant events. We argue that the constitutive feature of emotions, synchronization of response channels, is linked to the evolutionary origin of emotional expressions by suggesting that it is an essential aspect of spontaneous affect expressions in animals and humans. The significance of this mechanism to the signalling function in emotional expression communication is explored. In particular, the importance of the perception of a sender’s authenticity in speech communication and music is highlighted. These theoretical notions are then exemplified with a concrete illustration from ongoing research.
Primate precursors to human language: Beyond discontinuity
Authors: Fitch W. Tecumseh , Zuberbühler Klaus
Published: May 2013

The human capacity to acquire language requires multiple, separable mechanisms, including the ability to produce, perceive and learn complex signals and the ability to interpret and control these signals depending on current context and prior knowledge. To understand the evolution of human language, we need to understand which of these capabilities were already present in the common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees, and which evolved later. Because language does not fossilize, we must rely mainly upon comparative data from living animals to address these issues. Fortunately, recent years have seen considerable advances in our understanding of animal vocal communication, especially regarding signal production and context-dependent signal interpretation. These observations deny any simplistic dichotomy of continuity versus discontinuity between human spoken language and vocal communication in other primates, highlighting the need to consider each of many independent language components separately. In some cases new data demand a reinterpretation of long-held beliefs about the similarities and differences between humans and other primates. Future progress will require us to move beyond dichotomous debates regarding continuity, and to analyze the multiple mechanisms underlying language from a rigorous, comparative perspective.
Vocalizations as indicators of emotional states in rats and cats
Authors: Brudzynski Stefan M.
Published: May 2013

Two mesolimbic tegmental systems are involved in the initiation and maintenance of two basic emotional states. The ascending cholinergic system can initiate a negative state with accompanying autonomic and somatic symptoms, and the ascending dopaminergic system can initiates a positive state also with characteristic physiological changes. These organismal states, including the relevant emotional states, are signaled by vocalization to conspecifics. Emission of the state-characteristic vocalization has adaptive value for individuals living in social groups. As shown for cats and rats, negative, alarming/threatening vocalizations are initiated by release of acetylcholine in the medial cholinoceptive vocalization strip (i.e., a limited strip of brain tissue, from which vocalization can be induced by cholinomimetics). The vocalizations are characterized by a low and relatively constant sound frequency and long duration of individual calls. Positive, appetitive calls are initiated by release of dopamine in the shell of the nucleus accumbens, and at least in rats, are characterized by high and often modulated sound frequency and short duration of individual calls. High repeatability of relevant acoustic features of positive or negative vocalizations makes them useful indices of animal emotional states.
Vocal affect expression: Problems and promises
Authors: Juslin Patrik N.
Published: May 2013

The voice has been regarded as ‘the mirror of the soul’, and interest in how the voice might convey emotions has increased in recent years, along with attempts to develop applications that involve speech synthesis and speech recognition. Still, the expected commercial breakthrough of these devices has not yet occurred partly because of the neglect of affect. Hence, to better understand vocal affect expression is an essential task in both basic and applied research. The aim of the present chapter is to discuss some of the promises and problems of this exciting field of research. The chapter is divided into two sections: The first offers a brief review of the ‘traditional’ approach to vocal expression. This serves to illustrate both the progress that has been made and the problems that remain. The second section considers a set of ‘key challenges’ in the field and proposes possible ways forward. The chapter concludes with a tentative agenda for future research
Introduction
Authors: Mendez Mario
Published: May 2013

This introductory chapter discusses the growing use of treaties as a mechanism for governing an increasingly interdependent world — a trend that is expected to continue unabated. The executive and legislative branches are in the best position to ensure that the State's treaty commitments are respected domestically. Courts, however, also have an increasingly important role to play in giving effect to this form of ‘universal legislation’. This book explores the legal status accorded to EU Agreements as refracted through the lens of EU law. An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.
The Legal Effects of Treaties in Domestic Legal Orders and the Role of Domestic Courts
Authors: Mendez Mario
Published: May 2013

This chapter explores the general stance of international law and domestic legal orders regarding the legal effects of treaties in the domestic legal arena. It shows that international law continues to have remarkably little to say on the issue of the domestic legal effects of treaties, with the basic rule remaining in place that States are free to determine how they meet their treaty obligations. And States remain reluctant to draft treaties that restrict this free rein and that seek expressly to accord domestic courts a judicial enforcement role. The chapter is organized as follows. The first section addresses the requirements imposed by international law as to the legal effects to be accorded to treaties in domestic legal orders. The second looks at the basic dichotomy in approach at the domestic constitutional level to giving legal effect to treaties. The final section briefly revisits two opposing theoretical constructs used to conceptualize the legal effects accorded to international law (particularly as employed in the treaty setting) before offering some more general reflections pertaining to the role of domestic courts in treaty enforcement.
The Association, Cooperation, Partnership, and Trade Agreements Before the EU Courts: Embracing Maximalist Treaty Enforcement?
Authors: Mendez Mario
Published: May 2013

This chapter examines EU case law concerning EU Agreements in order redress an existing gap in the literature whereby particular EU Trade Agreement judgments are singled out for praise or criticism without situating them within the broader framework of the case law. The first part of the chapter assesses preliminary rulings, where the bulk of EU Court activity has occurred (131 cases). The second considers direct actions, that is, actions commencing and terminating before the EU Courts in Luxembourg (53 cases).
The GATT and WTO Before the EU Courts: Judicial Avoidance Techniques or a Case Apart?
Authors: Mendez Mario
Published: May 2013

This chapter examines EU case law on the legal effects of GATT and WTO norms in the EU legal order. The first section assesses GATT-era case law and provides a corrective to the largely one-sided and revisionist accounts that fail to show a sufficiently nuanced understanding of the nature of the GATT or the implications of general domestic legal review in relation to its norms. The second section provides an assessment of WTO-era case law which also witnessed the emergence of a principled stance against review.
General Introduction
Authors: Kjos Hege Elisabeth
Published: May 2013

This introductory chapter discusses the motivations, terminology used, and method and plan of the present study. The study is dedicated to an analysis of the law (or lex causae) applied to the merits in arbitration proceedings between foreign investors and host states. More specifically, the focus is placed on the interplay between national and international law as evidenced mainly by the tribunals' choice-of-law methodology employed in awards and decisions. The study also considers such interplay in light of relevant national and international legal instruments, jurisprudence, and scholarship.
The Primary Applicability of National Law and the Role of International Law
Authors: Kjos Hege Elisabeth
Published: May 2013

This chapter discusses the three factors that may lead to the primary application of national law: an agreement by the disputing parties to apply national law; considerations of host state sovereignty; and the national nature of the claim. National law will primarily apply when the parties have so agreed, or because of considerations of the host state's sovereign right to regulate activities on its territory. A more neutral choice-of-law determinant than state sovereignty is the nature of the claim. Thus, if the ‘essential basis’ of the claim is national in nature, such as is the case regarding claims for breach of contract, national law primarily applies. When investment tribunals apply national law to the merits of the dispute for any of the foregoing reasons, they could be seen to take on the role of agents of the national legal order in question in a way converse to how national courts are agents of the international legal order when they apply international law. International law may still play a role when the applicable national legal order contains gaps.
1 Introduction
Authors: Titelbaum Michael G.
Published: May 2013

This chapter introduces Subjective Bayesianism and describes its recent rise to prominence in many areas of philosophy, especially epistemology. The chapter then discusses how Bayesianism’s traditional updating norm for degrees of belief—updating by Conditionalization—fails for applications involving the loss of certainties, most particularly cases involving memory loss and context-sensitivity. The book introduces a new Bayesian framework (the Certainty-Loss Framework, or CLF) for modeling rational requirements in such cases. This chapter situates CLF within the contemporary Bayesian literature and briefly outlines its advantages over other modeling frameworks. It also stresses the importance of viewing CLF as a modeling tool and of carefully specifying the framework’s normative implications. The chapter then lays out the goals for the entire book, describes the content of each chapter to come, and makes some suggestions for how to read the text.
7 Suppositional consistency
Authors: Titelbaum Michael G.
Published: May 2013

The previous chapter introduced Generalized Conditionalization (GC), an updating norm for degrees of belief that properly models rational requirements in stories involving memory loss. This chapter explains the intuitive idea behind GC: suppositional consistency, which requires an agent to evaluate a hypothesis the same way whenever she considers it relative to the same evidence. Suppositional consistency is easy to defend if Feldman’s and White’s Uniqueness Thesis is true—that is, if every body of evidence dictates a required attitude for every hypothesis. Uniqueness defenders dating back to Carnap have offered updating rules obeying suppositional consistency. But if Uniqueness is false, suppositional consistency (and GC) must be defended by considering when an agent’s permitted but not required attitude assignments rationally commit her to similar assignments in the future. The chapter examines a number of examples and objections concerning such commitments, including cases involving memory loss.
10 Alternative updating schemes
Authors: Titelbaum Michael G.
Published: May 2013

This chapter compares the Certainty-Loss Framework (CLF) developed over previous chapters to various other Bayesian schemes for updating self-locating degrees of belief. In particular, it considers frameworks proposed by Joseph Halpern and Christopher Meacham, Sarah Moss, and Robert Stalnaker. CLF is found in some cases to get particular examples right the other frameworks get wrong, and in other cases to apply more clearly or without the need for supplementary apparati. These comparisons shed additional light on the motivations for CLF and on its strengths as a modeling framework. The Stalnaker discussion also completes an argument (begun in earlier chapters) that Bayesians cannot handle context-sensitivity simply by retaining Conditionalization and reconstruing the objects of degrees of belief.
12 A few loose ends
Authors: Titelbaum Michael G.
Published: May 2013

This book has argued that a traditional Bayesian framework using Conditionalization as its updating constraint cannot adequately model stories involving memory loss and context-sensitivity, because of the rational loss of certainties in such stories. The book has advocated a new modeling framework, the Certainty-Loss Framework (CLF), as a replacement. This chapter first explains why the rational requirements in stories involving memory loss and context-sensitivity cannot be settled by Dutch Book arguments. Next the chapter explains why the difficulties traditional Bayesian frameworks have with certainty loss could not have been solved by moving to a framework based on Jeffrey Conditionalization. Finally, the chapter explains why cases involving certainty loss due to the acquisition of evidential defeaters are not best modeled using CLF.
Patmos in Western Interpreters from 1517
Authors: Boxall Ian
Published: May 2013

This lengthy chapter brings the Western story of Patmos up to the present day, concluding with a survey of post-1900 commentaries (illustrative of their limited focus compared with earlier interpretations). Unsurprisingly, given the Renaissance and Reformation return to the sources, one finds renewed interest in the biography of John, as well as in the geography and topography of the island. Reformation historical-prophetic interpretation of the Apocalypse also opens up correspondences between John’s exile and exile or persecution experienced by Protestants, while Catholics continue to exploit the potential of the island as sacred place and monastic ideal. Luther’s description of his time in the Wartburg as ‘my Patmos’ is explored as one very significant example of the ‘actualization’ of the biblical text during this period. There is also consideration of poetic apprehension of Patmos, most notably Hölderlin, but also by a number of British Victorian poets.
Visual Interpretations of Patmos
Authors: Boxall Ian
Published: May 2013

This chapter surveys visual interpretations of Patmos, drawing upon Paolo Berdini’s concept of ‘visual exegesis’, and arguing that visual media may often function as better interpretative keys to the Apocalypse than the verse-by-verse commentary. A broad discussion of the main strands of visual interpretation, across a range of artistic genres (e.g. frescoes, icons, illuminated manuscripts, altarpieces), chronological periods, and geographical locations, is combined with more detailed consideration of specific examples. The latter have been selected either for their typical character (e.g. Byzantine icons of St John and Prochorus; the thirteenth-century Douce Apocalypse) or their distinctiveness (paintings by Sandro Botticelli, Hieronymus Bosch, Hans Burgkmair the Elder, and Diego Velázquez). These are discussed with closer attention to their historical and cultural context, artistic antecedents, and their location within wider patterns of Apocalypse interpretation.
Moral Character
Authors: Miller Christian B.
Published: May 2013

Most of our friends, colleagues, and even family members are not virtuous people. They do not have virtues such as compassion, honesty, or courage. But at the same time, they are not vicious people either. They do not have vices such as cruelty, dishonesty, or cowardice. Instead most people today have characters which do not qualify as either virtuous or vicious. They have many positive moral features, but also many negative ones too. Our characters are decidedly mixed, and are much more complex than we might have thought. On the one hand, many of us would kill an innocent person in a matter of minutes under pressure from an authority figure as part of a psychology study. Or we would pretend to not see someone collapse from an apparent heart attack across the street. Yet it is also true that many of us would help another person when we are by ourselves and hear sounds of a non-ambiguous emergency in the next room. Or we would come to the aid of a friend when feeling empathy for her need, and do so for altruistic rather than egoistic reasons. The goal of this book is to outline a new picture of our moral character which involves what are called Mixed Character Traits. This picture can help make sense of how most of us are less that virtuous people but also morally better than the vicious.
The Interpretation of Indefinites in the Japanese wh‐moConstruction
Authors: Tancredi Christopher , Yamashina Miyuki
Published: May 2013

This chapter proposes an analysis of wh‐mo interaction in Japanese and explores consequences of the analysis for the interpretation of indefinite descriptions. Three important conclusions will be drawn: first, that mo is a non‐group plural‐forming operator and not a universal quantifier; second, that indefinites to which mo is adjoined cannot be interpreted as generalized existential quantifiers, supporting Reinhart (1997); and third that a choice function analysis of indefinites is possible, but only if the analysis is intensionalized, a possibility not entertained by Reinhart.
Most-favoured-nation Clause: A Case Study
Authors: Paparinskis Martins
Published: May 2013

Investment protection treaties are not the first treaties that raise questions about interpretative process of pari materia treaty rules dealing with commercial matters. In the classical international law, the most-favoured-nation clause was included in many treaties and raised interpretative questions of similar nature. This chapter briefly examines the way how international law dealt with the challenge and concludes that such cases are perfectly solvable in traditional interpretative terms.
Investment Treaties, General International Law, and International Human Rights Law
Authors: Paparinskis Martins
Published: May 2013

This chapter briefly outlines the legal authorities that influence the content of the modern international standard, considering different approaches from the perspectives of legal soundness and practical usefulness. It is suggested that the traditional customary law, human rights reasoning (whether interpretative or comparative), and modern State practice and investment arbitration decisions are likely to be influential. Conversely, general principles are unlikely to be helpful.
International Minimum Standard and the Protection of Property
Authors: Paparinskis Martins
Published: May 2013

This chapter addresses the international minimum standard on protection of property other than regarding administration of justice. The tripartite analytical approach applied in Chapter 8 is followed, relying on the classical customary law to provide the broad contours of the rule that will be filled in by human rights reasoning and confirmed by modern investment cases. Unlike the standard of administration of justice where practice of sufficient quantity and similarity exists at all levels of the argument, the broader standard of protection of property requires considerable qualifications at each step. Overall, it is suggested that contemporary international law requires conduct that is non-arbitrary, non-discriminatory, transparent, and complies with due process; it is less obvious that the perspective of legitimate or reasonable expectations has a useful added value.
Institutional Change and Citizens
Authors: Bowler Shaun , Donovan Todd
Published: May 2013

This chapter defines electoral rules in terms of redistributive institutions; rules where changes have zero-sum, partisan consequences. It discusses the dominant role of self-interested partisan incumbents in conflicts over electoral reform, and demonstrates the nature of divisions among partisan incumbents in conflicts over electoral rules. Chapter 2 also demonstrates the role of the voter when partisan elites compete to change election rules. This chapter presents a key question: Can citizens understand what electoral institutions do and hence understand what changes are supposed to accomplish? The answer is that voters can indeed understand conflicts over election rules in terms of their own partisan self-interests. They also evaluate reforms in terms of values and process concerns that elites may appeal to when advocating for rules changes.
Assessing Effects of Reforms: Changing the Electoral System
Authors: Bowler Shaun , Donovan Todd
Published: May 2013

This chapter offers the first of several tests of claims about the transformative effects of electoral reform. It examines what may be seen as the ‘biggest’ of electoral reforms: changes in the electoral system. Much of the attention here is directed at the effects of adopting proportional representation (PR). Advocates of PR, and some academic literature, suggest this reform should increase voter efficacy, increase support for smaller parties, and stimulate political engagement and voter turnout. Examining the effects of the adoption of MMP in New Zealand, as well as the adoption of STV in Australia, suggests changing electoral systems had minimal effects. Additional examples presented here from Germany, Italy, and Japan illustrate no evidence that changes in the electoral system affected turnout. Most results in this chapter contradict findings in research using cross-sectional data.
Direct Legislation: Mobilization without Engagement
Authors: Bowler Shaun , Donovan Todd
Published: May 2013

Direct democracy is an electoral reform promoted as having transformative effects on citizens. The introduction of direct democracy takes power away from legislators. Advocates and academics contend that by having citizens decide matters of policy, they become educated, engaged, and efficacious. If there is a reform that should help improve public trust and engagement then this reform should be it. This chapter surveys literature on effects of direct democracy. It also makes use of a panel study to assess the effects of the UK election system referendum on political interest and engagement. Referendum use does appear to increase turnout slightly, although this is likely a standard campaign mobilization effect. There is little evidence that the UK referendum affected voter interest or engagement.
The Limits of Electoral Institutions
Authors: Bowler Shaun , Donovan Todd
Published: May 2013

The concluding chapter presents reasons why it is that electoral reforms disappoint. Claims about transformative effects of reforms distract from partisan interest that may motivate elites to alter election rules. Electoral reforms that are aimed at increasing efficacy, participation, and trust may also be running against much more powerful economic and social tides. Whatever trends may exist, the overclaiming of reformers—and political scientists—in predicting the effects of reform may also play a role. This chapter also provides a critical assessment of the ‘new institutionalism’ that motivates scholars to expect substantial effects of changes in electoral rules. It also addresses important methodological shortcomings in academic research, including the bias in favour of correlational studies that cannot establish causation, and the bias against publishing null results.
Kūkai on the Art of the Ultimate
Authors: Winfield Pamela D.
Published: May 2013

Chapter Three: Kūkai on the Art of the Ultimate introduces Kūkai’s theory of monji, the ajikan disk, the Two World mandalas, and other mandalic projects that convey Mikkyō doctrines through a highly stylized iconographic code. By recognizing the collapse between signifier and signified in Mikkyō’s symbol system, this chapter demonstrates that for Kūkai, art can be the direct expression of awakening. At the same time, however, it notes that Kūkai also deconstructed the sacred power of such exceptional images into emptiness, so that all forms can be arranged and rearranged in an exercise of intericonicity.
Introduction
Authors: Winfield Pamela D.
Published: May 2013

This chapter introduces readers to the problem of the visual, not only in the contemporary period but also in the premodern era when Buddhism flourished throughout the pan-Asian sphere. It provides a cursory overview of the key historical developments in Buddhist art and doctrine. It mentions the so-called an-iconic stage of Theravadin nonfigural art of early classical Indian Buddhism (fifth century BCE onward) and the early Mahāyāna figural depictions of embodied enlightenment beginning in the early centuries CE. It then chronicles the explosion of elaborate esoteric Vajrayāna (Mikkyō) iconography beginning in the seventh century CE, and the contrasting minimalistic spirit of Zen Buddhist artistic expression in China and Japan in the tenth century onward. It then outlines the content of each chapter in the book to follow.
International Financial Integration: Benefits, Costs, and Policy Challenges
Authors: AGÉNOR PIERRE-RICHARD
Published: May 2013

This chapter reviews the recent analytical and empirical literature on the benefits and costs of international financial integration and the policy challenges that it creates. The chapter also discusses the impact of financial openness and capital flows on consumption, investment, and growth, as well as the impact of foreign bank entry on the domestic financial system. The argument is made that, for small open developing countries, the benefits of financial integration are mostly long term in nature, whereas risks can be significant in the short run. Careful preparation and management—notably by strengthening bank regulation and supervision and by adopting a more flexible monetary policy framework, possibly supplemented by countercyclical regulatory rules and temporary controls on short-term capital flows—are therefore essential. Cross-border regulation of systemically important financial institutions is also required to mitigate the impact of destabilizing capital flows, but care is needed in imposing micro-based prudential rules to avoid unintended general equilibrium consequences.
Challenges in Financial Regulation
Authors: CLAESSENS STIJN
Published: May 2013

Financial intermediation and financial services industries have undergone many changes in the past two decades due to deregulation, technological advances, and globalization. The recent financial crisis is forcing the industry through additional sharp adjustments. The framework for regulating finance has seen many changes as well and the crisis has led to many new regulations and proposals for other changes. The objective of this chapter is to review thinking on what kind of regulatory framework is necessary to develop a financial sector that is efficient and provides proper access to households and firms, while maintaining its stability. The chapter outlines four areas of current debate: (1) the special role of banks, (2) competition policy, (3) consumer protection, and (4) the costs of regulation and harmonization of rules across products, within markets, and globally. The chapter concludes with some areas where more research would be useful.
International Equity Markets: Risk and Return
Authors: ATILGAN YIGIT , BALI TURAN G. , DEMIRTAS K. OZGUR
Published: May 2013

There is mixed evidence from U.S. studies on the relationship between conditional expected market returns and conditional variance. This chapter investigates the risk-return tradeoff in the international context. Using market return data from 27 emerging countries, pooled panel regressions show a significantly positive relationship between monthly excess market returns and realized variance measures that are constructed based on past daily returns over windows ranging from six to 12 months. The same relationship does not hold when the analysis is repeated for 25 developed countries. Stacked time-series and stacked cross-sectional regressions indicate that a cross-sectional correlation across countries rather than an intertemporal relation drives the positive risk-return tradeoff in emerging countries. A significantly positive relationship exists between dividend yield and aggregate returns for emerging markets but this does not affect the positive risk-return tradeoff.
Cross-Listing Behavior
Authors: O’CONNOR THOMAS , PHYLAKTIS KATE
Published: May 2013

This chapter provides a summary of international cross-listing behavior. It discusses the internal and external factors that prompt firms to cross-list in the first instance, where to cross-list, and, for some, instances in which to cross-delist. The chapter also examines the behavior of firms once they cross-list. Other topics discussed include raising capital and investment behavior, the behavior of controlling insiders once firms cross-list, and the effect of cross-listing behavior on firm value. The general conclusions suggest that internal factors predominantly explain cross-listing and delisting behavior. Large firms with sizable growth opportunities tend to cross-list. When these growth opportunities disappear, firms often cross-delist. Proximity predominantly dictates where firms cross-list. Firms typically list in countries that are geographically, culturally, and economically close to their own. The behavior of controlling insiders is altered once firms cross-list as a result of legal and market-wide forces. Firm value generally increases initially as a result of cross-listing, but general disagreement exists about the durability of these valuation gains.
Asset Pricing in an International Setting
Authors: RIDDICK LEIGH A.
Published: May 2013

Several factors complicate the tasks of valuing assets in a portfolio and measuring their risk-adjusted performance in an international setting. Chief among these are currency and inflation effects that arise when investment returns must be translated into a currency other than that in which the return is paid. These complications affect both return and risk and, thus, value. This chapter provides a review of international asset pricing models and their risk-return structure, beginning with the basic international mean-variance model. The discussion then turns to the many mean-variance model extensions, including consumption-based models, models with higher-order statistical moments, and models using conditioning information. The chapter then reviews models based on arbitrage pricing principles or other multifactor approaches that differ from the mean-variance framework. The chapter concludes that more than one model type can be effective in an international setting, but that simplifications that detract from capturing international sources of risk should be avoided.
Integrated versus Segmented Capital Markets: Implications for Financial Decision-Making
Authors: SOENEN LUC , JOHNSON ROBERT
Published: May 2013

The market risk premium (MRP) remains one of the most debated issues in corporate finance. The MRP is a critical input when measuring a company’s cost of equity and weighted cost of capital. Thus, a company’s estimate of the MRP can have major effects on its capital budgeting decisions. This is especially true when estimating the MRP in emerging markets, where expected returns are widely understood to be affected by variables other than those specified by the capital asset pricing model (CAPM). The purpose of this chapter is to investigate the degree of integration or lack thereof (segmentation) between capital markets and to develop a modified CAPM for financial decision-making in emerging markets.
Multinational Restructuring
Authors: ZHU PENGCHENG
Published: May 2013

Multinational corporations use cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&As) as an important restructuring strategy. Multiple motivations exist for cross-border M&As. Most studies focus on returns related to short-term announcements of acquiring and target firms in cross-border M&As and find significant variations in the performance outcomes. The results are mainly driven by market segmentation, the competitiveness of the corporate control market, and advantages associated with intangible assets. Long-term studies on cross-border M&As are limited and show mixed impact on acquiring and targeting firm performance. Information asymmetry, cultural barriers, and cross-country corporate governance all contribute to the complexity of the cross-border M&A activities. This chapter reviews the impact of these factors on acquisition performance.
Multinational Cost of Capital and Capital Structure
Authors: BANCEL FRANCK , MITTOO USHA R. , ZHANG ZHOU
Published: May 2013

Financial theory predicts that multinational corporations (MNCs) should have a lower cost of capital and a higher leverage level compared to domestic corporations (DCs) because of their enhanced access to global capital markets and risk diversification across countries. Empirical evidence, however, shows that the answer depends on the MNCs' home and host country factors, such as capital market development, institutional environment, and political stability. While the prediction holds for MNCs based in emerging markets, the opposite is observed for U.S. MNCs that expand into less stable economies. The increased globalization of the product and capital markets in the 1990s has also narrowed the gap in cost of capital between MNCs and DCs and this trend is likely to continue in the future.
Business Bankruptcies across Countries and the Law
Authors: PAPILLON BENOIT MARIO
Published: May 2013

Comparisons between countries and over time indicate large differences in business bankruptcy rates. Standard causes of bankruptcy, which leave no explicit role for institutions and the law, do not adequately account for these differences. This chapter uses the arithmetic of bankruptcy rates to sort out and classify potential sources of variations in bankruptcy rates, distinguishing stock from flow variables and business bankruptcy from other business failures. It then relates cross-country differences in business bankruptcy rates to differences in the characteristics of country laws as well as basic aspects of production including organization and financing.
The Implications of Heuristics and Biases Research on Moral and Legal Responsibility
Authors: Dahan-Katz Leora
Published: May 2013

Research in the field of heuristics and biases has demonstrated that human reasoning processes are often non-normative. Specifically, such research demonstrates that human reasoning processes often rely upon heuristics and are subject to a wide variety of biases. These, in turn, can lead to errors in judgment which may impact human behavior. This chapter argues that this impact cannot be ignored when dealing with questions of moral and legal responsibility. It argues that when heuristic reasoning has an impact upon human judgment and decision-making, this fact can ultimately negate moral culpability. Furthermore, it argues that where legal responsibility is stipulated upon moral responsibility, the findings of Bias Research must also inform the imposition of legal responsibility. Specifically, it argues that in light of Bias Research, the current reasonable person standard employed in negligence offences is unjustifiable and must be replaced with a standard of responsibility that better reflects individual culpability.
How May Neuroscience Affect the Way that the Criminal Courts Deal with Addicted Offenders?
Authors: Hall Wayne , Carter Adrian
Published: May 2013

Two competing views of addiction often frame debates about the legal responsibility of addicted persons for their drug use and crimes committed in order to use drugs: 1) the “brain disease model”; and 2) the commonsense view. The brain disease model suggests that addicted offenders may not be legally responsible for criminal behavior engaged in to fund drug use. According to the moral model they should be held responsible. The legal practice in Australia (as in most developed countries) represents a defensible pragmatic compromise between these two positions. Courts typically do not accept addiction as a defense in criminal cases but often use coerced treatment for addiction as an alternative to imprisonment. We describe the different ways in which this practice has been implemented and summarize evidence on its effectiveness. We conclude by considering how research on addiction may be used to improve legal practice in dealing with addicted offenders.
Guilty Minds in Washed Brains?
Authors: Bublitz Christoph , Merkel Reinhard
Published: May 2013

Among the worrisome aspects of neuroscience is that the increasing knowledge about neuronal and mental processes as well as new tools to intervene into brains and minds in order to modify thoughts and behavior can be used for manipulative purposes. This chapter addresses the responsibility of persons for actions resulting from severe manipulations. In a rich philosophical debate it is widely held that manipulated agents are not responsible. By contrast, the law rarely excuses defendants even when their motives for action were severely influenced from outside. We compare these diverging lines of reasoning and argue against recognition of a “brainwashing defense”. The wide guarantee of personal freedom in liberal constitutional orders is viable and defensible only if persons can be expected to abide by the law. When persons disappoint normative expectations, a reactive response has to (counterfactually) reinforce the validity and stability of the norm. This is one of the rationales for the ascription of responsibility and punishment. A history-oriented approach of responsibility that would excuse persons because of manipulative influences, as favored by many philosophers and by unexamined moral intuitions, focuses too narrowly on purely subjective aspects such as authenticity, and therewith, just like many current discussions of responsibility and neuroscience, tends to lose sight of the functions of responsibility within the social and normative structures in which it is embedded.
Introduction
Authors: Schor Hilary M.
Published: May 2013

Curious Subjects opens with a fairy tale, the story of a princess “handsome, clever and rich,” who is free to go anywhere and do anything as long as she is not curious. It traces the centrality of curiosity to Victorian culture (the culture of things) and to the novel (the curiosity of the individual subject looking at the world). In particular, it emphasizes the relationship between curiosity and the law, focusing on the problem of choice in a world in which women’s knowledge is socially constrained, and in which a decision becomes clear only after it has been made. “How can I know what I want till I get what I want and I know if I like it?” as Stephen Sondheim’s Cinderella sings; that is the dilemma of this study.
The Making of the Curious Heroine
Authors: Schor Hilary M.
Published: May 2013

The opening chapter focuses on curiosity, contract, and enlightenment (cabinets of curiosity, the history of museums and collecting, narrative theory. and modern liberalism) and closes with a reading of Henry James’s Portrait of a Lady, a paradigmatic example of the curious heroine and her brilliant mistakes. Drawing on Roland Barthes, John Stuart Mill, and E. M. Forster, it teases out the ambivalence of enlightenment: the curious object in the museum, the curious readers in the novel, the curious wife in the fairy tale. From object to subjects, curiosity tracks a complicated path, but it is with the novel’s creation of the curious heroine in all of her contradictions that feminism, too, will get a curious subject.