bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spatiotemporal Changes in Netrin/Dscam1 Signaling Dictate Axonal Projection Direction in Drosophila Small Ventral Lateral Clock Neurons
Authors: Liu Jingjing , Wang Yuedong , Liu Xian , Han Junhai , Tian Yao
Published: July 2024

Axon projection is a spatial and temporal-specific process in which the growth cone receives environmental signals guiding axons to their final destination. However, the mechanisms underlying changes in axonal projection direction without well-defined landmarks remain elusive. Here, we present evidence showcasing the dynamic nature of axonal projections in
Drosophila
’s small ventral lateral clock neurons (s-LNvs). Our findings reveal that these axons undergo an initial vertical projection in the early larval stage, followed by a subsequent transition to a horizontal projection in the early-to-mid third instar larvae. The vertical projection of s-LNv axons correlates with mushroom body calyx expansion, while the s-LNv-expressed Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (Dscam1) interacts with Netrins to regulate the horizontal projection. During a specific temporal window, locally newborn dorsal clock neurons (DNs) secrete Netrins, facilitating the transition of axonal projection direction in s-LNvs. Our study establishes a compelling
in vivo
model to probe the mechanisms of axonal projection direction switching in the absence of clear landmarks. These findings underscore the significance of dynamic local microenvironments in the complementary regulation of axonal projection direction transitions.
Chronic activation of a negative engram induces behavioral and cellular abnormalities
Authors: Jellinger Alexandra L. , Suthard Rebecca L. , Yuan Bingbing , Surets Michelle , Ruesch Evan A. , Caban Albit J. , Liu Shawn , Shpokayte Monika , Ramirez Steve
Published: July 2024

Negative memories engage a brain and body-wide stress response in humans that can alter cognition and behavior. Prolonged stress responses induce maladaptive cellular, circuit, and systems-level changes that can lead to pathological brain states and corresponding disorders in which mood and memory are affected. However, it’s unclear if repeated activation of cells processing negative memories induces similar phenotypes in mice. In this study, we used an activity-dependent tagging method to access neuronal ensembles and assess their molecular characteristics. Sequencing memory engrams in mice revealed that positive (male-to-female exposure) and negative (foot shock) cells upregulated genes linked to anti- and pro-inflammatory responses, respectively. To investigate the impact of persistent activation of negative engrams, we chemogenetically activated them in the ventral hippocampus over three months and conducted anxiety and memory-related tests. Negative engram activation increased anxiety behaviors in both 6- and 14-month-old mice, reduced spatial working memory in older mice, impaired fear extinction in younger mice, and heightened fear generalization in both age groups. Immunohistochemistry revealed changes in microglial and astrocytic structure and number in the hippocampus. In summary, repeated activation of negative memories induces lasting cellular and behavioral abnormalities in mice, offering insights into the negative effects of chronic negative thinking-like behaviors on human health.
A delta-tubulin/epsilon-tubulin/Ted protein complex is required for centriole architecture
Authors: Pudlowski Rachel , Xu Lingyi , Milenkovic Ljiljana , Hemsworth Katherine , Stearns Tim , Wang Jennifer T.
Published: July 2024

Centrioles have a unique, conserved architecture formed by three linked “triplet” microtubules arranged in nine-fold symmetry. The mechanisms by which these triplet microtubules are formed are not understood, but likely involve the noncanonical tubulins delta-tubulin and epsilon-tubulin. Previously, we found that human cells deficient in delta-tubulin or epsilon-tubulin form abnormal centrioles, characterized by an absence of triplet microtubules, lack of central core protein POC5, and a futile cycle of centriole formation and disintegration (Wang et al., 2017). Here, we show that human cells lacking either of the associated proteins TEDC1 and TEDC2 have these same phenotypes. Using ultrastructure expansion microscopy, we identified the roles of these proteins and triplet microtubules in centriole architecture by mapping the locations of centriolar proteins throughout the cell cycle. We find that mutant centrioles have normal architecture during S-phase. By G2-phase, mutant centrioles grow to the same length as control centrioles, but fail to recruit inner scaffold proteins of the central core. Instead, the inner lumen of centrioles is filled with an expanded proximal region, indicating that these proteins, or the triplet microtubules themselves, may be required for recruiting central core proteins and restricting the length of the proximal end. During mitosis, the mutant centrioles elongate further before fragmenting and disintegrating. All four proteins physically interact and TEDC1 and TEDC2 are capable of interacting in the absence of the tubulins. These results support an AlphaFold Multimer structural prediction model for the tetrameric complex, in which delta-tubulin and epsilon-tubulin are predicted to form a heterodimer. TEDC1 and TEDC2 localize to centrosomes and are mutually dependent on each other and on delta-tubulin and epsilon-tubulin for localization. These results indicate that delta-tubulin, epsilon-tubulin, TEDC1, and TEDC2 function together in promoting robust centriole architecture. This work also lays the groundwork for future dissection of this complex, which will provide a basis for determining the mechanisms that underlie the assembly and interplay between compound microtubules and inner centriole structure.
Assay of Front-Line Demonstration on Integrated Pest and Disease Management (IPDM) in Rice in the Vikarabad District of Telangana, India
Authors: Yamuna C. , Praveen N. , Laxman T. , Reddy T. Rajeshwar , Rani C. Sudha
Published: July 2024

Rice crop is attacked by various insects and diseases in spite of using pesticides, but relaying only on synthetic pesticides usage resulted into disrupt the natural balance between crop pests and their existed natural enemies. Integrated pest and disease management (IDPM) is a concept which is blended with all possible proven technologies like Cultural, Mechanical, Biological and Chemical methods. Front line demonstration on Integrated Pest and Disease Management in rice was taken up in farmers fields during kharif season of two consecutive years of 2021 and 2022 by DAATTC, Tandur in Vikarabad district of Telangana. Study revealed that seed treatment with Carbendazim @3gm/kg seed, seedling root dip with Pseudomonas species 10gm /lit of water, application of Carbofuran granules @160g/cent nursery, installation of pheromone traps, formation of alley ways and need based application of fertilizers and pesticides reduced the pest like Stem borer, BPH, Leaf folder and Blast disease significantly compared to farmers practice. Mean higher yield was recorded in demo field 6065 kg/ha compared to 5795 kg/ha in check, and showed 4.6 per cent yield increases in demonstration fields.
New Social Movements and New Social Movement Theory
Authors: Buechler Steven M.
Published: January 2013

New social movement theory (NSMT) emerged in the 1980s in Europe to analyze new social movements (NSMs) that appeared from the 1960s onward. These movements were seen as “new” in contrast to the “old” working‐class movement identified by Marxist theory as the major challenger to capitalist society. By contrast, NSMs are organized around gender, race, ethnicity, youth, sexuality, spirituality, countercultures, environmentalism, animal rights, pacifism, human rights, and the like.
Political Opportunity/Political Opportunity Structure
Authors: della Porta Donatella
Published: January 2013

Social movements not only challenge political institutions, but also interact with them in diverse arenas. The characteristics of these interactions affect the form and intensity of the challenge as well as its probabilities of success. These are the main tenets of the so‐called political process approach that pointed at the links between social movements and politics. Developed especially by political scientists, this approach allowed a correction of a vision of social movements as belonging to a civil society, separated from the political system.
Recyclable Materials Collectors Movement in
B
razil and
S
outh
A
merica
Authors: Cecilia Maria , Santos Loschiavo dos
Published: January 2013

Increasing joblessness and homelessness in Brazil in the last 20 years has led to the development and spread of a new strategy of income generation among some poor and homeless individuals: collecting and recycling discarded mass produced objects and materials.
ETA
: Basque Nationalist and Separatist Organization
Authors: Muro Diego
Published: January 2013

ETA is the acronym for Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (Basque Country and Freedom), a separatist armed group seeking an independent socialist state for the Basque Country. According to ETA supporters, the Basque homeland (Euzkadi or Euskal Herria) is made up of seven provinces (Vizcaya, Guipúzcoa, Álava, Navarra, Basse‐Navarre, Soule, and Labourd) currently under Spanish and French sovereignty. ETA is mainly operative in Spain where it has been responsible for over 820 deaths, many of them members of the Spanish security forces or politicians who oppose ETA's separatist demands.
Fascist Movements
Authors: Reichardt Sven
Published: January 2013

Fascism belongs to the “family” of right‐wing authoritarian and radical nationalist movements and regimes. Fascist movements regard the state as an organic whole and omnipotent principle transcending class interests, economic tensions, and ethnic conflicts. Fascism and authoritarianism rejected and repressed Marxist socialism, liberalism, ethnic minorities, and laissez‐faire capitalism. One may distinguish between authoritarian, reactionary, corporatist, and fascist movements and regimes according to the degree of mass support used to mobilize society and the forms of violence and murder used to dominate society.
Friends of the Earth
Authors: Saunders Clare
Published: January 2013

Now an international network with chapters in 76 countries uniting 5000 local groups and over two million members, Friends of the Earth (FoE) was first established in the United States in 1969 by David Brower. Brower was motivated by his disenchantment with the more moderate Sierra Club and the Audubon Society, which he considered were co‐opted by corporate interests and weakened by the “wise use” agenda. Consequently, academic commentators have noted that the foundation of FoE marked the beginning of a “second wave” of environmentalism, more politically oriented and anticorporate than the “first wave” conservation organizations that preceded it (Dalton 1994).
Guerrilla Movements
Authors: Wickham‐Crowley Timothy P.
Published: January 2013

Major sociopolitical upheavals during the twentieth century brought vividly to our attention the role of guerrilla movements in (near‐)revolutionary settings, and often led to a casual conflation between guerrilla movements, as such, and revolution. The writings, theorizing, and biographies of Marxist revolutionaries often led to such a conceptual admixture, including those of Vladimir Lenin, Mao Zedong, Vo Nguyen Giap, and Ernesto “Che” Guevara (Guevara, Loveman, & Davies 1997), and Carlos Marighella in his manual for the urban guerrilla. That conflation remains strong, even if we recognize that precisely the same strategy has also been used by fighters of the right to attack left‐wing regimes, notably against the Sandinista government of Nicaragua in the 1980s, but also many other instances of non‐leftist, ethnic irredentist movements scattered around the world.
Health Movements (
U
nited
S
tates)
Authors: Taylor Verta , Zald Mayer
Published: January 2013

Health social movements are collective campaigns to bring about change in medical and public health policy, beliefs, research, and practice. In American society, social movements attempt to influence healthcare at many levels. At the macro level, movements historically have mobilized a range of interest groups and moral and political values both to advocate and forestall national health insurance and to modify existing programs, such as Medicare, Medicaid, and Veteran's healthcare benefits. Social movements also develop around alternative specializations and different systems of diagnosis and treatment, seeking to reshape professions, organizations, and modes of service delivery. Health‐related collective action that addresses the way we think about, understand, and experience disease is also pervasive in American society; movements use and create emotions, identities, and ways of framing health issues to politicize the illness experience. Finally, larger social movements in the United States concerned with inequalities of race, gender, ethnicity, class, and sexuality target medical power and authority, campaigning for equal access and health equity.
Human Rights Movements
Authors: Brysk Alison
Published: January 2013

Millions of human rights activists around the world have crafted a new way of doing politics, based on bringing principle into practice. These principles are summarized in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights: “All human beings are free and equal in rights and dignity.” It begins by using global communications to capture the hearts and minds of global publics. Coalitions of local and global activists pressure governments “from above and below,” and put new issues on the agenda—from forced disappearance to female genital mutilation. Human rights campaigns provide information on global suffering, affecting images that promote identification with victims, the formation of solidarity networks, and explanations that trace international connections.
Hunger Strikes
Authors: Siméant Johanna
Published: January 2013

Hunger strike can be defined as a public fast, combined with a claim aimed at confronting an adversary or an authority that is likely to satisfy this claim. Most of the time it endangers the health, and sometimes the life, of the hunger striker. British suffragettes and Irish nationalists are the two groups who had the most significant input into introducing hunger strikes within the repertoires of contention in modern nation‐states at the beginning of the twentieth century. Although the word appeared only in the nineteenth century, fasting as a form of protest has a longer history, either within the private sphere or in political matters. Significant precedents were the collective fasts of Virginia, Rhode Island, and Massachusetts performed against the United Kingdom before the American War of Independence.
Indigenous Movements inLatinAmerica
Authors: Richards Patricia , Gardner Jeffrey A.
Published: January 2013

Indigenous resistance has been a central aspect of Latin American history since the Spanish invasion, and in the late twentieth century, indigenous movements emerged as one of the most significant social actors in the region. This was related to the collapse of leftist class‐based politics as well as the use of extreme state violence against the indigenous in the context of civil wars and other struggles. Correspondingly, scholarship on the indigenous has shifted in focus from issues of cultural extinction and survival to the relationship of indigenous movements to nation‐states, transnational networks, issues internal to indigenous movements, and methodological challenges.
NorthernIreland Civil Rights Movement
Authors: Bosi Lorenzo
Published: January 2013

In October 1988,Fortnight, the leading and longstanding current sociopolitical affairs review in Northern Ireland, celebrated 20 years of the regional civil rights movement (hereafter, CRM), by offering a meticulous discussion on the topic. The editorial started like this: “For, warts and all, the Civil Rights Movement was the only moment this century when a politics that was defined by something other than unionism or nationalism seemed suddenly to be possible” (Fortnight, Oct. 1988: 3).
J
apanese “New” Religious Movements (1930–present)
Authors: Mizugaki Gentaro
Published: January 2013

The term new religious movements (NRMs) refers to religious movements that emerged worldwide in the twentieth century, as distinguished from institutionalized religions such as Christianity, Judaism, Buddhism, Islam, or unorganized folk religions.
Labor Protest in the
E
uropean
U
nion
Authors: Parks Louisa
Published: January 2013

The phenomenon of labor protest targeting the European Union remains relatively rare, yet the institutions of organized labor at the EU level (introduced below) have provided the infrastructure that protest requires—networks for communication (Gorges 1996: 310; Turner 1996: 327; on European Works Councils (EWCs), Erne 2008: 35). These in turn have helped overcome other obstacles to transnational protest (Gajewska 2008: 117; Parks 2009: 263). Imig and Tarrow, working with data from 1984 to 1997, note some increase in protest against the EU, and that 82.1 percent of these protests were by occupational groups (2001: 39), a trend that seems to be continuing.
M
ao
Z
edong (1893–1976)
Authors: Blecher Marc
Published: January 2013

More than any other political figure in history, Mao Zedong led his state in many ways as if it were still a revolutionary social and political movement. And his leadership did indeed kindle such movements as significant social and political forces, promoting genuine “uninterrupted revolution” even after the establishment of the People's Republic of China.
Apocalyptic and Millenarian Movements
Authors: Hall John R.
Published: January 2013

Scholars invoke the terms “millenarian,” “millennialist,” and “apocalyptic” to refer to movements and sects that embrace ideologies positing the (typically traumatic) end of one era, promising relief from the sufferings of this world and its present age, and purporting to give rise to salvation in a new “golden age,” “heaven on earth,” or realized utopian social order. The strikingly broad range of movements that adopt such ideologies includes peaceful conversionist movements and militant religious social movements undertaking “holy war,” anticolonial movements, agrarian movements, and modern revolutionary political movements. Moreover, movements vary widely in their scale of organization and significance—from those that attract little notice beyond their participants to movements within early Christianity, the Protestant Reformation, and contemporary Islam that have been civilizational, even world‐historical, in their consequences. Despite the ancient Middle Eastern origins of apocalypticism and millennialism, non‐Western religions and ideologies – for example, Buddhism–have on occasion provided independent inspiration for such movements. Sometimes too, non‐Western movements (for example, the nineteenth‐century Tai Ping Rebellion in China) have synthesized local cultural materials with millenarian Christian ideas. In short, as rich veins of case study and comparative research document, millenarian and apocalyptic movements vary in ideology, organizational form, scale, and trajectory. The broad range of cases poses an important theoretical challenge—whether to focus on shared characteristics, or alternatively, to theorize alternative types of such movements.
Moral Panics
Authors: Fillieule Olivier
Published: January 2013

The term “moral panics” (MPs) first appeared as an academic term at the beginning of the 1970s, in the well‐established field of sociology of deviance and labeling, along with the emerging sociology of mass media. It was the pioneering studies of Jock Young (1971), on the social meaning of drug use, and of Stanley Cohen (1972), on the media‐inspired confrontations between youths, which developed and effectively launched the concept of MPs to its present status as a central tool of sociological and media analysis, as well as a common phrase in popular discourse. Since then, the conceptualization of moral panics has benefited from several theoretical innovations. The original model drew mainly on symbolic interaction and labeling theory in relation to deviant behavior, but also on other theories, such as those interrogating collective behavior, social problems, and social movements. Ironically, the success of the concept has also resulted in loose or outdated theoretical applications (McRobbie & Thornton 1995; Cornwell & Linders 2002; Garland 2008) and increased questions about its efficacy (Ungar 2001; Hier 2008). However, the concept and theory of MPs retain all their pertinence and still offer us a heuristic analytical tool by which to study social movements.
N
ational
L
iberation
S
andinist
F
ront (
N
icaragua)
Authors: Puig Salvador Martí i
Published: January 2013

In July 1961 a group of young, radicalized Nicaraguans inspired by the experience of Cuba founded a guerrilla organization, the National Liberation Front (FLN), in order to take up arms against the Somoza regime. Later, after the first guerrilla campaigns, Carlos Fonseca, one of its founding leaders, added the epithet “Sandinista” to the organization's name, making it the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN), as of 1962. The main inspiration for the FSLN—as was the case with other Latin American guerrilla organizations—was the Cuban Revolution and the foco theory of guerilla warfare (
foquismo
). Yet, in the case of the FSLN, the nationalist and anti‐imperialist tradition started by Augusto César Sandino (1927–1933) also had an important influence.
N
azi Movement (
G
ermany)
Authors: Brustein William I.
Published: January 2013

Out of the chaos surrounding Germany's collapse at the end of World War I sprang the German Workers' Party. This party, which would eventually become the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP), was formed on January 5, 1919, in Munich under the leadership of Anton Drexler and Karl Harrer. One of the party's early recruits was Adolf Hitler. In a short space of time, Hitler made his presence felt, becoming the party's most popular orator. Between 1920 and 1921 Hitler established his complete authority over the party. He added the words “National Socialist” to the party's name and adopted the swastika as the party's symbol and flag, and in February 1920 the party issued its official 25‐point program. It called, among other things, for the union of all Germans within a greater Germany, repeal of the Treaties of Versailles and St. Germain, the establishment of colonies for Germany's surplus population, the exclusion of Jews from citizenship, the appointment of only competent citizens to official posts (without regard to party affiliation), state promotion of the welfare and economic activities of its citizens, an end to non‐German immigration, the improvement of national health and fitness levels through obligatory physical activities, and promotion of the common interest above self‐interest. With regard to economic issues, the party demanded abolition of the “thralldom of interest,” confiscation of war profits, nationalization of syndicates and trusts, introduction of profit sharing in industry, improved old‐age insurance, establishment and protection of a healthy middle class of artisans and merchants, implementation of land reform by means of “confiscation without compensation,” abolition of interest on mortgages, and prohibition of land speculation. The 25th and final point of the program called for the establishment of a powerful central government, along with diets and vocational chambers to implement the laws proclaimed by the Reich and the various German states.
N
eo‐
N
azi Movements in
E
urope and the
U
nited
S
tates
Authors: Simi Pete , Futrell Robert
Published: January 2013

Neo‐Nazism refers to groups that emerged after World War II advocating for the fascist, nationalist, white supremacist, and anti‐Semitic ideals of Nazi Germany. Neo‐Nazi political activity is now an international phenomenon with groups located in Germany, Russia, France, England, the US, Canada, South Africa, and other countries around the world. Neo‐Nazis embrace traditional Nazi symbolism, such as the swastika, describe themselves as national socialists, revere Adolf Hitler and the Third Reich, and promote eugenics to ensure the existence of a pure Aryan race.
ParisCommune
Authors: Offerlé Michel
Published: January 2013

The Paris Commune of the spring of 1871 was essentially an emergent and makeshift government that ruled Paris from late March to May 28, 1871. It emerged largely as the result of a series of interconnected events: the Franco‐Prussian War and France's defeat; the fall of the Second Empire associated with an uprising among discontented French workers and other Parisian residents; the siege of Paris by Prussian forces and their defeat; the attempt to restore order within Paris, which failed on March 18; and the flight of the government to Versailles. Following the March 26 municipal election (with a low participation of 230 000 out of 485 000 registered voters), the Commune assumed control of the city. However, its reign was short lived, as it ended on the afternoon of May 28, with the surrender of the last barricade after one week of fires and street fighting. This week of fighting, known as “La semaine sanglante” (the bloody week), resulted in an estimated 15 000 to 20 000 insurgents killed or summarily executed. The few communes in the provinces lasted but a few days (Gaillard 1971; Aminzade 1993). The 72 days of the Commune's existence have generated several thousands of books and articles (Lissagaray 1876; Le Quillec 2006), and it still generates scholarly inquiry and debate. The word “commune” is ambiguous: it harks back to the basic structure of the local French administration—a municipality (une commune); it evokes the insurrectional Commune of the 1792/1793 French Revolution; and it appears in ideologies of direct government from the 1850s onwards. The aim of the 1871 Commune was not merely governance; it was primarily military: to fight against the Versailles government (les “Versaillais”).
Peasant Movements
Authors: SinghaRoy Debal K.
Published: January 2013

This entry summarizes the dynamics of peasant movements in both historical and contemporary terms. It highlights the nature of peasants' political actions, the conditions that produce peasant movements, and the changing dimensions of peasants' movements in the pre‐ and posteconomic liberalization world.
Regionalist Movements
Authors: Bosi Lorenzo
Published: January 2013

Research on regionalist social movements lies at the intersection of two fields: studies of ethnic conflicts and studies of social movements. The term “regionalist movements” is used, in a broadly defined sense, to encompass a large spectrum of sociopolitical movements which share the claiming of sovereignty over a particular territory. They include activities that range from small‐scale, sporadic events to well‐developed campaigns that demand territorial rearrangements such as home rule, devolution, separatism, diaspora settlements, independence and/or secession. Cases in point, just to mention a few, are the Basques and the Catalans in Spain, the Welsh, the Scots, and the Northern Irish in Great Britain, the Corsicans and Bretons in France. One of the distinctive characteristics of the regionalist movement family is its internal diversity in relation not only to its goals, but also to its identity, ideology, organizational forms, and the repertoires used (Olzak 2004). Ethnic identity, for example, is not a requirement for regionalist mobilization. Nevertheless, it is usually instrumentally constructed and organized in the process of collective action as it helps to overcome the seemingly natural resistance of individuals to get involved in movement activities (Calhoun 1993; Johnston 1994). Thus many regionalist movements invoke ascribed characteristics such as culture and language, as well as histories of ethnic discrimination and systemic subordination from political and/or economic participation, which can be real or only perceived as such.
R
epublican
R
evolution of 1911 (
C
hina)
Authors: Tian Geng
Published: January 2013

The 1911 Republican Revolution ended over 2000 years of imperial rule in China. The revolution came to an end with the abdication of the Qing emperor and the rise of Yuan Shikai as the first president of the Republic of China. Traditional Chinese historiographies tended to highlight the leadership of the republicans in the revolution. However, the fall of the Qing Empire had its deeper roots not in the diffusion of republicanism but in changes upon three political actors: the Qing court, the provincial elites, and the New Armies modeled upon the modern German army after 1895. The 1911 revolution added a decisive blow to a falling empire.
R
ussian
R
evolution
Authors: Moschelkov Yevgenyi , Gubin Oleg
Published: January 2013

In search of new approaches, this entry analyzes the Russian Revolution in terms of grassroots mass mobilization, which—in one year—smashed
samoderzhavia
(the Russian czarist regime), then attempted to create a representative liberal democracy, but culminated in the Bolshevik power seizure. In 1917, the revolutionary social movement took a quite different turn than during the barricade militant uprising and civic unrests of 1905, which advanced Russia towards constitutional monarchy and were followed by economic expansion. World War I disrupted both processes and became a catalyst for the Russian Revolution. The hard core of the Russian Revolution constituted the causal chain of collective actions and events in the year of 1917, from the fall of
samoderzhavia
to the emergence and then Bolshevization of the soviets, to the power duality, and further on to the construction and failure of the liberal democracy, destroyed in the Bolshevik armed rebellion. Our approach differs from conceptualizations of the Russian Revolution as a prolonged process from 1917 to the end of civil war in 1924 (the official Soviet version) and even further on to the mid‐1930s (Fitzpatrick 2008). Also, we break with the idea, perpetuated in Soviet and Western scholarship, of three Russian revolutions: the 1905 Revolution, the February Bourgeoisie‐Democrat Revolution, and the October Socialist Revolution. The Russian Revolution began in February 1917, with the overthrow of
samoderzhavia
, and ended in January 1918, with the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly.
Citizen Peacebuilding Movements
Authors: Wehrenfennig Daniel
Published: January 2013

Citizen peacebuilding movements have been around for centuries but have gone through many transformations. They have had to deal with similar issues to other social movements, such as the challenge of keeping people involved long term and sustainably changing society. However, citizen peacebuilding movements face additional challenges which other social movements may not have to deal with.
Mass Society Theory
Authors: Buechler Steven M.
Published: January 2013

Mass society theory is a complex, multifaceted perspective. As applied to social movements, however, the basic idea is that people who are socially isolated are especially vulnerable to the appeals of extremist movements. The theory resonated with fears of fascist and communist movements in the 1930s and 1940s and reached its apogee in the late 1950s.
Strikes within theEuropean Context
Authors: Richards Andrew J.
Published: January 2013

Labor unions have always been, and remain, the principal agents of strike mobilization and organization. However, any assessment of strikes in contemporary Europe has to be placed in the context of the general decline of union power since the 1980s. During the last two decades of the twentieth century, the proportion of workers belonging to unions (or union density) fell across Europe, and continued to do so into the twenty‐first century, albeit more slowly. While long‐standing cross‐national differences in union density remained entrenched, the general trend everywhere was downward (table 1).
Tea Party Movement (
U
nited
S
tates)
Authors: Pullum Amanda
Published: January 2013

The Tea Party is a conservative movement in the US that surfaced in early 2009. Broadly defined, the Tea Party consists of a loose coalition of allied collective efforts aimed at reducing taxation, reining in the federal government's spending (e.g., bailout and stimulus monies), and opposing government involvement in health care and related social activities. However, many Tea Partiers have mobilized around additional conservative concerns, and it is difficult to provide a more precise goal or mission of the Tea Party because national and local Tea Party organizations differ considerably in their stated purposes. There are multiple national organizations, but no group is clearly dominant, and each of the local groups may have weak or no ties to the national organizations.
Transgender Movement
Authors: Stone Amy L.
Published: January 2013

The transgender movement in the US has been growing since its start in the late 1960s, focusing on issues such as violence, legal recognition, employment discrimination, media coverage, and poverty. “Transgenderist” was a term first used by transvestite pioneer Virginia Prince in 1978 to describe individuals who, like her, lived as a different gender without hormones or surgery (Valentine 2007). Since the late 1980s, “transgender” has come into common use as an umbrella term that includes individuals who identify as a gender other than the one they were assigned at birth or who otherwise vary from culturally conventional gender roles.
Solution‐Processed Nickel Oxide Hole Transport Layers in High Efficiency Polymer Photovoltaic Cells
Authors: Manders Jesse R. , Tsang Sai‐Wing , Hartel Michael J. , Lai Tzung‐Han , Chen Song , Amb Chad M. , Reynolds John R. , So Franky
Published: January 2013

The detailed characterization of solution‐derived nickel (II) oxide (NiO) hole‐transporting layer (HTL) films and their application in high efficiency organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells is reported. The NiO precursor solution is examined in situ to determine the chemical species present. Coordination complexes of monoethanolamine (MEA) with Ni in ethanol thermally decompose to form non‐stoichiometric NiO. Specifically, the [Ni(MEA)2(OAc)]+ ion is found to be the most prevalent species in the precursor solution. The defect‐induced Ni3+ ion, which is present in non‐stoichiometric NiO and signifies the p‐type conduction of NiO, as well as the dipolar nickel oxyhydroxide (NiOOH) species are confirmed using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells with a polymer/fullerene photoactive layer blend composed of poly‐dithienogermole‐thienopyrrolodione (pDTG‐TPD) and [6,6]‐phenyl‐C71‐butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) are fabricated using these solution‐processed NiO films. The resulting devices show an average power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 7.8%, which is a 15% improvement over devices utilizing a poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) HTL. The enhancement is due to the optical resonance in the solar cell and the hydrophobicity of NiO, which promotes a more homogeneous donor/acceptor morphology in the active layer at the NiO/BHJ interface. Finally, devices incorporating NiO as a HTL are more stable in air than devices using PEDOT:PSS.
A Functional DNase I Coating to Prevent Adhesion of Bacteria and the Formation of Biofilm
Authors: Swartjes Jan J. T. M. , Das Theerthankar , Sharifi Shahriar , Subbiahdoss Guruprakash , Sharma Prashant K. , Krom Bastiaan P. , Busscher Henk J. , van der Mei Henny C.
Published: January 2013

Biofilms are detrimental in many industrial and biomedical applications and prevention of biofilm formation has been a prime challenge for decades. Biofilms consist of communities of adhering bacteria, supported and protected by extracellular‐polymeric‐substances (EPS), the so‐called “house of biofilm organisms”. EPS consists of water, proteins, polysaccharides and extracellular‐DNA (eDNA). eDNA, being the longest molecule in EPS, connects the different EPS components and therewith holds an adhering biofilm together. eDNA is associated with bacterial cell surfaces by specific and non‐specific mechanisms, mediating binding of other biopolymers in EPS. eDNA therewith assists in facilitating adhesion, aggregation and maintenance of biofilm structure. Here, a new method is described to prevent biofilm formation on surfaces by applying a DNase I enzyme coating to polymethylmethacrylate, using dopamine as an intermediate. The intermediate coupling layer and final DNase I coating are characterized by water‐contact‐angle measurements and X‐ray photoelectron‐spectroscopy. The DNase I coating strongly reduces adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus (95%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (99%) and prevents biofilm formation up to 14 h, without affecting mammalian cell adhesion and proliferation. Also agarose‐gel‐electrophoresis indicates loss of enzyme activity between 8 and 24 h. This duration however, is similar to many local antibiotic‐delivery devices, which makes it an ideal coating for biomaterial implants and devices, known to fail due to biofilm formation with disastrous consequences for patients and high costs to the healthcare system. With threatening increases in antibiotic resistance, the DNase I coating may provide a timely, potent new approach to biofilm prevention on biomaterial implants and devices.
Conversion of Light to Electricity by Photoinduced Reversible pH Changes and Biomimetic Nanofluidic Channels
Authors: Wen Liping , Tian Ye , Guo Yongli , Ma Jie , Liu Weida , Jiang Lei
Published: January 2013

Inspired by living systems that have the inherent skill to convert solar energy into bioelectric signals with their light‐driven cross‐membrane proton pump, a photoelectric conversion system that can work in alkaline conditions based on photoinduced reversible pH changes by malachite green carbinol base and a smart gating hydroxide ion‐driven nanofluidic channel is demonstrated. In this system, solar energy can be considered as the only source of cross‐membrane proton motive force that induces diffusion potential and photocurrent flowing through the external circuit. The conversion performances are 0.00825% and 36%, which are calculated from the photoelectric conversion and Gibbs free energy diffusion, respectively. The results suggest that electric power generation and performance could be further optimized by selecting appropriate photosensitized molecules and enhancing the surface‐charge density as well as adopting the appropriate channel size. This facile, cost‐efficient, and environmentally friendly photoelectric conversion system has potential applications for future energy demands such as production of power for in vivo medical devices.
Practical Enantioselective Hydrogenation of α‐Aryl‐ and α‐Carboxyamidoethylenes by Rhodium(I)‐{1,2‐Bis[(o‐tert‐butoxyphenyl)(phenyl)phosphino]ethane}
Authors: Mohar Barbara , Stephan Michel
Published: January 2013

The rhodium(I)‐{1,2‐bis[(o‐tert‐butoxyphenyl)(phenyl)phosphino]ethane} [Rh(I)‐(t‐Bu‐SMS‐Phos)] catalyst system displayed prime efficiency in the hydrogenation of large series of α‐amidostyrenes and α‐amidoacrylates. Up to >99.9% enantiomeric excesses coupled with very high reaction rates were attained operating routinely under 1–10 bar of hydrogen at 22 °C in methanol. Examples include industrial substrates.
Organocatalytic Asymmetric Addition of Thiols to Trifluoromethylaldimine: An Efficient Approach to Chiral TrifluoromethylatedN,S‐Acetals
Authors: Fang Xin , Li Qing‐Hua , Tao Hai‐Yan , Wang Chun‐Jiang
Published: January 2013

The first organocatalytic asymmetric addition of thiols to trifluoromethylaldimine for the construction of chiral trifluoromethylatedN,S‐acetals has been achieved in high yields (up to 99%) and excellent enantioselectivities (up to 95%ee) with 1 mol% of a bifunctional organocatalyst.
Characteristics and associated anomalies in radial ray deficiencies in Finland—A population‐based study
Authors: Pakkasjärvi Niklas , Koskimies Eeva , Ritvanen Annukka , Nietosvaara Yrjänä , Mäkitie Outi
Published: January 2013

Upper‐limb defects with deficiencies of the radial ray have varying etiologies, with a low proportion of true Mendelian disorders. We carried out a population‐based study to elucidate the birth prevalence and clinical spectrum of radial ray deficiencies in Finland. We identified all births with radial ray deficiency reported to the Finnish Register of Congenital Malformations in 1993–2005. Altogether 138 cases were identified (123 live births), with a birth prevalence of 1.83 per 10,000 births and a live birth prevalence of 1.64 per 10,000 live births. The proportion of infant deaths was as high as 35%. The majority of the cases were associated with known syndromes or multiple anomalies; only 13% were true isolated radial ray deficiencies. The most common syndrome was trisomy 18, and the most common in multiple anomalies was VACTERL association. In 8.7% of cases an association between radial ray deficiency and heart anomaly was observed. The high proportion of cases with associated major anomalies indicates that radial ray deficiency can be regarded isolated only after thorough assessment of the various organ systems in an affected infant. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Jacobsen and Beckwith–Wiedemann syndromes in a child with mosaicism for partial 11pter trisomy and partial 11qter monosomy
Authors: Putoux Audrey , Labalme Audrey , André Jean‐Marie , Till Marianne , Schluth‐Bolard Caroline , Berard Jérôme , Bertrand Yves , Edery Patrick , Putet Guy , Sanlaville Damien
Published: January 2013

We report on a child with Jacobsen syndrome (JBS, OMIM 147791) and abnormalities consistent with Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome (BWS, OMIM 130650). The constitutional karyotype was apparently normal, but FISH analysis with probes specific for the short and long arms of chromosome 11 found 11qter deletion with 11pter trisomy in 80% of the cells studied. Array‐CGH identified breakpoints in the 11p15.3 and 11q24.1 regions consistent with Jacobsen and Beckwith–Wiedemann syndromes. We suggest that this chromosome imbalance results from a pericentric inversion of chromosome 11 inherited from the father, with mosaicism resulting from meiotic recombination of a paternal inversion followed by mitotic recombination during the first embryonic divisions. This hypothesis is supported by the results of microsatellite marker analysis. Three previous cases of pericentric inversion and recombination of chromosome 11 have been reported. Our case is unusual in that it combines the Jacobsen and Beckwith–Wiedemann syndromes with mosaicism. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Timing of diagnosis of 47,XXY and 48,XXYY: A survey of parent experiences
Authors: Visootsak Jeannie , Ayari Natalie , Howell Susan , Lazarus Joash , Tartaglia Nicole
Published: January 2013

47,XXY/Klinefelter syndrome is the most common sex chromosomal aneuploidy, yet 64% of males with this condition go undiagnosed. 48,XXYY is less common and there is less known about the diagnosis. The objective of this study is to describe the diagnosis experiences of parents of males with 47,XXY and 48,XXYY. Parents of 89 males with 47,XXY and 76 males with 48,XXYY completed a survey that gathered data about their experiences leading to a diagnosis, including the current age of the child, age at diagnosis, reasons for initial concern, and the specialists providing the diagnosis. In the 47,XXY cohort diagnosed postnatally, 59% presented with developmental delay, with a mean age at first parental concern of 5.2 years and mean age of diagnosis at 10.0 years. The remaining 41% presented with endocrinologic issues with a mean age at first concern of 19.1 years and mean age of diagnosis at 21.1 years. In the 48,XXYY group, 93% presented with developmental delay, with mean age at first parental concern of 2.4 years and mean age of diagnosis at 7.6 years. Hence, the average time from initial parental concern to diagnosis of 47,XXY or 48,XXYY ranges from 2 to 5 years, with those presenting with developmental issues having a longer lag to diagnosis compared to those presenting with endocrinologic issues. Increased awareness of the developmental, psychological, and medical features of 47,XXY and 48,XXYY is important to facilitate timely diagnosis and initiation of appropriate screenings and treatments that are important for optimal outcomes. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Genetics of the taste receptor T2R38 correlates with chronic rhinosinusitis necessitating surgical intervention
Authors: Adappa Nithin D. , Howland Timothy J. , Palmer James N. , Kennedy David W. , Doghramji Laurel , Lysenko Anna , Reed Danielle R. , Lee Robert J. , Cohen Noam A.
Published: January 2013

Background

We recently demonstrated the bitter taste receptor T2R38 upregulates sinonasal mucosal innate defense in response to gram‐negative quorum‐sensing molecules through increased nitric oxide production and mucociliary clearance. T2R38 was initially identified in the quest to understand the variability in bitter taste perception to the compound phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) and demonstrated to have polymorphisms generating diplotypes dividing people into PTC supertasters, heterozygotes (with variable PTC detection), and nontasters. We have further demonstrated that sinonasal epithelial cultures derived from supertasters significantly increase innate defenses in response to gram‐negative quorum‐sensing molecules compared with sinonasal cultures derived from heterozygotes and nontaster individuals. Based on this data, we hypothesize that supertasters are less likely to require sinus surgery compared with heterozygous or nontasters and that supertasters have improved surgical outcomes.

Methods

Banked sinonasal tissue samples from patients who had undergone primary functional endoscopic sinus surgery at the University of Pennsylvania or the Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center were genotyped for T2R38 and compared to the expected population distribution. Necessity for additional antibiotic therapy following the postoperative healing time frame was evaluated.

Results

A total of 28 patients were included in the study. Only 1 supertaster was identified (expected 5.6, p < 0.043). Additionally, 14 heterozygous and 13 nontaster patients were identified.

Conclusion

This pilot study investigating the genetics of the bitter taste receptor T2R38 in the context of primary sinonasal surgery demonstrates supertaster patients are less likely to need surgical intervention for chronic rhinosinusitis. Additional study is necessary to ascertain postsurgical outcomes.
Status and prospects of searches for neutrinoless double beta decay
Authors: Schwingenheuer Bernhard
Published: January 2013

The simultaneous beta decay of two neutrons in a nucleus without the emission of neutrinos (called neutrinoless double beta decay) is a lepton number violating process which is not allowed in the Standard Model of particle physics. More than a dozen experiments using different candidate isotopes and a variety of detection techniques are searching for this decay. Some (EXO‐200, Kamland‐Zen, and GERDA) started to take data recently. EXO and Kamland‐Zen have reported first limits of the half life for 136Xe. After a decade of little progress in this field, these results start to scrutinize the claim from part of the Heidelberg–Moscow collaboration to have observed this decay. The sensitivities of the different proposals are reviewed.