bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The impact of oil price change on the Public budget and balance of payments in Iraq during the period (1990-2021)
Authors: Ali Mahmood Soran , Mahsum Faraj Mardin
Published: August 2022

Iraq is one of those countries that relies heavily on oil income to mobilize funds and maintain external balance. Oil’s increase or fall has a direct impact on Iraq’s public budget and balance of payments, as well as the country’s development. This study intends to explain how to calculate the impact of changing oil prices on Iraq’s Public budget and balance of payments over time (19902021-). The research relied on a descriptive and analytical methodology based on time series data, as well as the employment of (FMOLS, DOLS) and (OLS) approaches, to achieve this purpose. Finally, the study came to several conclusions, including: Despite the wars and political and security instability, oil prices had a positive impact on both the general budget and the balance of payments in Iraq, as the rise in oil prices contributed positively to the general budget and balance of payments during the period (1990202-), and as a result, Iraq needs to work on economic diversification and diversify its sources of revenue.
Measuring and analyzing the impact of population growth on the labor force and unemployment in Iraq During the period(1990 - 2020)
Authors: Amir Raouf Sazan
Published: August 2022

The relationship between population growth and the labor force has become of great importance, as it affects development, because the high population growth that is accompanied by an increase in the numbers of the human force, which contributes to the high rate of unemployment as well as impeding the process of economic and social development, and from this point of view revolves the subject of the current study about Population growth and its impact on the labor force and unemployment. To achieve this, the standard analytical method was relied on using a set of models (CONNT INTEGER DATA, FMOLS), and in the end, a conclusion was reached, which is that population growth has a negative impact on the labor force and unemployment. Accordingly, it is necessary for the government and the concerned authorities to pay great attention to the issue of high population growth and to limit it.
Knowledge Management Strategies, forecasting methods and expert system within Small and Medium-sized enterprises: an applied study in Fakir Company
Authors: Samin Ahme Najih , Burhan Mohammed Tebin
Published: August 2022

The purpose of the current study is to develop an idea for the establishment of a database as an expert system which could support the order decisions of managers of retail shops in the Kurdistan region of Iraq. To understand the theoretical underpinnings of smart systems and the accumulation of knowledge, much of the previous research on the topic has been reviewed. The data were collected from different retail stores that had been selling Fakir Products. To analyze the data, researchers developed basic forecasting methods, which mainly included moving average, weighted moving average, exponential smoothing, and exponential smoothing with trend adjustment. The results showed that methods were successful only in a few cases while the majorities were not. The reasons for the emergence of the current study results are due to firstly; the number of data was very limited with the models failed to develop a path to follow. Secondly, the monthly sales in the investigated area were limited, thereby; the average absolute error rate was significantly affected by a single error.
Corpus-Aided Language Learning for Chinese EFL Learners
Authors: Park Eunjeong
Published: August 2022

Effective language instruction is essential for ESL/EFL students’ language development and improvement. Language researchers, educators, and professionals have investigated the preliminary impact of input that has been purposefully maneuvered to implement language instruction. It seems that effective language instruction has been explored from teachers' perspectives. However, learners’ perceptions of language learning seem to be under-researched. For this reason, this study aims at exploring EFL learners’ perceptions of corpus-aided instruction through qualitative research. Thirty-seven Chinese EFL college students at a Midwestern university in the United States participated in this study. Writing conferences and interviews were collected and analyzed through thematic analysis. Findings showed that the Chinese EFL learners felt corpus-aided instruction was helpful in terms of two things: (1) clarifying logic and (2) organizing the structure in academic writing. However, they also reported some challenges in corpus-aided instruction. This study offers new insight into the usefulness of corpus-aided instruction by drawing much-needed attention to EFL learners' L2 writing development and improvement. Based on the preliminary findings, suggestions and implications are discussed.
A Machine Intelligent Framework for Detection of Rice Leaf Diseases in Field Using IoT Based Unmanned Aerial Vehicle System
Authors: Bhoi Sourav Kumar , Prasad K Krishna , Thinakaran Rajermani
Published: August 2022

Rice is an important food in our day-to-day life. It has rich sources of carbohydrates that are highly essential for body growth and development. Rice is an important crop in agriculture, where it enhances a country’s economy. However, if rice plants arediseased and not monitored regularly then the crop in the field is wasted and it reduces the proper production rate. Therefore, there should be a mechanism which regularly monitors the crop in a field to detect any disease to rice plant. In this paper, a framework is proposed for identification of rice leaf disease using IoT based Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) system. Here, the UAV monitors an entire field, capture the images and sends the images to the machine intelligent cloud for detection of rice leaf diseases. The cloud is installed with a proposed stacking classifier that classify the diseased rice plant images received from UAV into different categories. The dataset of these rice leaf diseases is collected from Kaggle source. The performance of the stacking classifier installed at the cloud is evaluated using Python based Orange 3.26 tool. It is observed form the results that stacking classifier outperforms the conventional machine learning models in detecting the actual disease with a classification accuracy (CA) of 86.7%.
SEGMENTATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF COVID-19 MEDICAL IMAGES USING DEEP NEURAL NETWORK
Authors: M Sreejith
Published: August 2022

Corona Virus Disease-2019 (COVID-19), caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Corona Virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a highly contagious disease that has affected the lives of millions around the world. Chest X-Ray (CXR) and Computed Tomography (CT) imaging modalities are widely used to obtain a fast and accurate diagnosis of COVID-19. However, manual identification of the infection through radio images is extremely challenging because it is time-consuming and highly prone to human errors. Artificial Intelligence (AI)-techniques have shown potential and are being exploited further in the development of automated and accurate solutions for COVID-19 detection. In this project, try to establish a new deep convolutional neural network tailored for segmenting the chest CT images with COVID-19 infections as well as the entire lung from chest CT images, referred to as COVID-SegNet. Besides using local binary pattern for feature extraction and its classification using DAENN. Inspired by the observation that the boundary of the infected lung can be enhanced by adjusting the global intensity, in the proposed deep CNN, introduce a feature variation block which adaptively adjusts the global properties of the features for segmenting COVID-19 infection. The proposed FV block can enhance the capability of feature representation effectively and adaptively for diverse cases. We fuse features at different scales by proposing Progressive Atrous Spatial Pyramid Pooling to handle the sophisticated infection areas with diverse appearance and shapes. The proposed method achieves state-of-the-art performance. Dice similarity coefficients are 0.987 and 0.726 for lung and COVID-19 segmentation, respectively. The proposed network enhances the segmentation ability of the COVID-19 infection, makes the connection with other techniques and contributes to the development of remedying COVID-19 infection Keywords—: Coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia, COVID-19, deep learning, segmentation, multi-scale feature
PENDIDIKAN HUKUM HINDU MEMBENTUK MORALITAS MANUSIA HINDU DALAM INTERAKSI SOSIAL
Authors: Kastama I Made
Published: August 2022

The purpose of this paper is to explain Hindu law education to shape Hindu human morality, where Hindu law is a rule of law that is mostly contained in the Manawadharmasastra and a tradition passed down from generation to generation known as Sadacara. This writing use normative legal method, namely library research to obtain the secondary data. The data collected through studies literature with study and analyze data in accordance with the problem. The study results show Hindu law education made guidelines in social interactions neither for religious ceremony nor social activity committed by members of Hindu community by studying Hindu law books through non-formal education. Hindu community members become more discipline in thinking, speaking and acting (Tri Kaya Parisuda). The obedience against the rules of Hindu law becomes an obligation that must be carried out voluntarily, to maintain social order and avoid conflicts that exist in society.Keywords: Hindu Law Education, Social Interaction
KORELASI PEMBELAJARAN FLIPPED CLASSROOM DENGAN TAKSONOMI BLOOM
Authors: Suardipa I Putu , Sedana I Made
Published: August 2022

Flipped classroom is recommended learning when the teacher is preparing to carry out synchronous and asynchronous learning activities because of its effectiveness. This effectiveness is obtained because the flipped classroom is supported by four pillars of innovative learning: flexible environment, learning culture, intentional content, and professional educator, based on a constructivist learning approach and the design involved can activate and develop thinking skills in the realm of Bloom's taxonomy. The correlation that appears in the study above gives place to the Flipped classroom by assigning students to know and understand the content of lessons outside the classroom by using higher order thinking skills (HOTs) in Bloom's Taxonomy as a guardian of activities. Bloom's Taxonomy content in the Flipped Classroom model has a reverse direction, in the Flipped Classroom model step by emphasizing on students to create a product first, then students reconstruct understanding by trying to criticize to be evaluated (evaluating) in the application, then look at the details the strengths and weaknesses of the resulting product (analyzing) so that students apply the best working strategy (applying) by gaining new understanding (understanding) and being able to remember all previous learning. After students have "capital" understanding of the content, learning moves to face-to-face classes with activities aimed at clarifying, strengthening and deepening understanding as well as developing the skills acquired.Keywords: Flipped Classroom, Bloom Taxonomy
KESETARAAN WARGA NEGARA DALAM TRADISI PERKAWINAN NYENTANA KAJIAN FILSAFAT HINDU
Authors: Gunawijaya I Wayan Titra
Published: August 2022

Penelitian ini berupaya mendeksripsikan eksistensi tradisi perkawinan nyentana di tengah-tengah masyarakat patriarkhi sebagai upaya mewujudkan kesetaraan warga negara. Melalui upaya ini diharapkan menjadi solusi dalam mewujudkan tujuan Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan (citizenship education) yaitu untuk membentuk warga negara yang baik dan cerdas salah satunya diwujudkan dengan sikap tidak membedakan status, kedudukan, dan gender seseorang. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Pengumpulan data menggunakan teknik observasi, wawancara, dan studi dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perkawinan nyentana itu muncul sebagai upaya mewujudkan kesetaraan dan keadilan gender sesuai dengan konvensi CEDAW dan undang-undang nomor 1 tahun 1974. Hal ini dikarenakan pada tradisi perkawinan nyentana memungkinkan seorang perempuan berkedudukan sebagai purusa (memiliki kekuasaan tertinggi) di tengah-tengah masyarakat patriarkhi selain itu keluarga yang hanya memiliki anak perempuan diberi hak yang sama dengan keluarga yang memiliki anak laki-laki untuk melanjutkan keturunannya dalam prinsip patriarkhi.
NILAI-NILAI PENDIDIKAN KARAKTER DALAM GAGURITAN WATUGANGGA
Authors: Gatriyani Ni Putu
Published: August 2022

Gaguritan Watugangga is one of the literary works full of with the value of character education. However, the lack of public knowledge against geguritan causes this geguritan not to be familiar among the people Balinese people. The purpose of this research is to describe the formal structure, narrative structure and character education values contained in the in Gaguritan Watunggangga. This type of research is literary research, with an intrinsic approach and mimesis. The types of data collected are primary data and secondary data with qualitative data. While the method used in data collection is a method of recording documents. Data analyzed by descriptive method with induction and argumentation techniques. Based on the discussion of the research results, it is concluded that: 1) The formal structure in Gaguritan Watugangga, namely: (1) the literary code that building Gaguritan Watugangga is a pupuh of 75 stanzas consisting of 8 (eight) types of pupuh, namely Pupuh Sinom, Pupuh Ginada, Pupuh Semarandana, Pupuh Pucung, Pupuh Pangkur, Pupuh Durma, Pupuh Ginanti, and Pupuh Maskumambang; (2) the variety of languages used, namely Kawi and Balinese language (basa jabag rough, base andap, base alus sor, and base alus singgih); and (3) language style consists of affirmative figure of speech (tautology and esclamation) and comparative figure of speech (hyperbole). 2) Narrative structure in Gaguritan Watugangga, namely: (1) a synopsis (Telling about the Watugangga who looking for his father named Sang Anoman); (2) the theme is a child who is looking for his father; (3) characters and characterizations, namely Sang Watugangga (a human fish, handsome, dignified, brave, honest, and responsible), Sang Rama (a king who is patient, noble and forgiving), Sang Anoman (faithful, obedient, hardworking and powerful), Mother Sang Watugangga (a big fish, dear and loves his son), Detya Narayama (a cunning giant, agitator and a liar), and Sang Sugriwa (a loyal, obedient and ape-man respect for the leader); (4) the grooves used are mixed grooves; (5) background, namely in Mount Himawan, Tasiktala, Ganges River, forest, Cretatala, Mount Swela, and the road; (6) mandate, which is selective in making friends, don't arrogant, think before doing something, and stay calm in the situation however. 3) The value of character education contained in Gaguritan Watunggangga, namely: religious values, discipline, hard work, curiosity, honesty, friendship, peace-loving, and tolerance
Impacts of IFRS on the company ESPO S.A. for the period 2014 to 2016
Authors: Ascanio esús David Velásquez
Published: August 2022

In Colombia, accounting processes have evolved in response to global trends, which is why this article will present the impacts of the implementation of IFRS in organizations, having as a reference the Empresa de ServiciosPúblicos de Ocaña S.A., hereinafter ESPO. S.A. This article is made up of five sections, namely, firstly, it exposes the reader of the situation in context, secondly, the theoretical framework of IFRS is presented; thirdly, the methodological framework is presented; the fourth section is dedicated to the results in which the most significant aspects of the implementation of IFRS in the study company will be detailed and finally the conclusions are drawn up as a final section.
Jag skulle säga i svenskt samtalsspråk
Authors: Tolvanen Eveliina
Published: August 2022

This study focuses on the previously uninvestigated Swedish construction jag skulle säga ‘I would say’ in talk-in-interaction. In a similar way to phrases such as the English I think, jag skulle säga can be deployed both as a main clause with a clausal or a phrasal object, and in contexts where it has similarities with discourse markers. In addition to its literal meaning, jag skulle säga can have a pragmatic function that allows the speaker to say something while at the same time presenting it as hypothetical or tentative. The aim of the study is to investigate the function(s) of jag skulle säga in Swedish talk-in-interaction. The theoretical framework of the study consists mainly of Interactional Linguistics (e.g., Couper-Kuhlen & Selting 2018). The data includes both everyday and institutional interactions in Swedish from Finland and Sweden. The research methods include a grammatical and sequential analysis of the TCUs where jag skulle säga occurs, and a further analysis of the larger interactional contexts of said TCUs.
The results show that jag skulle säga is, in general, quite rare, and is slightly more common in Finland-Swedish interactions than in the Sweden-Swedish data. In addition, jag skulle säga occurs in three main types of interactional contexts: in second-position answers after a question and a first answer, in certain first-position turns after a question and in epistemically asymmetrical contexts, where the speaker gives an approximation of something. Finally, jag skulle säga has a relatively stable epistemic function, namely to mark that an utterance is based on the individual speaker’s epistemic access (and in some cases primacy), while the speaker also implies that other people with epistemic access to the topic might phrase it differently. Therefore, the use of jag skulle säga also reduces the obligation of the co-participants to agree with said utterances.
Determinants of the Export Efficiency of Vietnam’s Textiles and Garments to EU Countries – A Stochastic Frontier Gravity Approach
Authors: Vinh Dang Quang , Phuong Le Ha
Published: August 2022

While free trade agreements (FTAs) can provide access to new markets, it is not automatic that producers of home countries can export to the maximum level that can be predicted by market size and level of trade liberalization. Hence, it is necessary to know the level of export efficiency and its determinants if countries want to maximize the benefits of their global integration efforts. Textiles and garments are important exports and growth drivers of Vietnam, but their export efficiency has not been studied before. This paper aims to bridge this gap in the literature by estimating the export efficiency of Vietnam's textile and garment exports to 28 EU countries and identifying its determinants, which are both behind and beyond the borders. This paper uses a panel data of Vietnam’s textile and garment exports to 28 EU countries over the period from 2007–2019 and a stochastic frontier gravity model (SFGM) with the one-step estimation method for empirical analysis. Its findings suggest that the efficiency of Vietnam’s textile and garment exports to EU countries is relatively low but it increases over the period of study. Regarding determinants of efficiency, the paper found that infrastructure, technology readiness, and quality of institutions have significant impacts on the efficiency to various degrees and at different significance levels.
La función de la biblioteca escolar en la construcción de la sociedad lectora
Authors: Marzal Miguel Ángel
Published: August 2022

El estudio de análisis detiene su argumentación en tres factores que permiten reflexionar sobre el modo en que las bibliotecas escolares colaboran para el impulso de una sociedad lectora en el siglo XXI, a partir de la formulación de tres preguntas de investigación: qué lectura debemos considerar contando con los caracteres y propiedades de los contenidos para ser leídos, y que condicionan los hábitos del lector y los modos de seguir su comportamiento; qué tipo de biblioteca escolar, como espacio físico y digital apropiado para acoger y promocionar acciones, planes y actividades que sean eficaces en un nuevo tipo de lectura para la información y conocimiento; qué alfabetización o multialfabetizaciones son necesarias contemplar en las bibliotecas escolares para atender unas competencias lecto-escritoras que atiendan a los desafíos propios del Ciberespacio.
Activated carbon synthesized from bamboo shoots for supercapacitor application
Authors: Ponken Dr.Tanachai
Published: August 2022

Carbon powder was synthesized from bamboo shoots by chemical activation. The porous carbon powders were activated by potassium hydroxide (KOH) with a ratio of carbon powder (C) and KOH (C : KOH) of 1 : 1, 1 : 2, 1 : 3, and 1 : 4 by weight, respectively. Structure, morphological properties, and the porosity of activated carbon powders were investigated by XRD, EDX, SEM, and BET. The electrochemical performances were measured by charge/discharge (CD) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) techniques. Specific surface areas increased to1,017,1,162,1,257,and1,012m2 g−1 forC:KOHratiosof1:1,1:2,1:3,and1:4, respectively. Specific capacitances were 11.30, 26.60, 50.50, and 40.50 F g–1 for the C : KOH ratios of 1 : 1, 1 : 2, 1 : 3, and 1 : 4, respectively. The activated carbon electrode with a C: KOH ratio of 1 : 3 sintered at 600 °C displayed the highest specific capacitance value of 50.5 F g–1. It should be a good candidate material for high-performance supercapacitor electrodes.
MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN READING SISWA DENGAN METODE PHONICS APPROACH PADA SISWA KELAS TUJUH (VII) MTS NW TANAK BEAK BARAT
Authors: Rosyidi Ahmad Zuhri , Suryadi Hendra , Paris Atika Salman , Yulandari Evi safitri
Published: August 2022

Reading ability is an important skill that has to be acquired by students, especially in English. Regardless of that fact, we from Institut Pendidikan Nusantara Global team took initiative to conduct training that can assist students to overcome students reading ability by the theme Teaching Reading—Based Phonics Approach. This activity is carried out at the seventh graders (VII) of MTs NW Tanak Beak Barat. The methods we used in this community service are observation, socialization with the school stockholders, and doing the program. The result of this program is that there is an improvement in students’ reading ability at the seventh graders (VII) of MTs NW Tanak Beak Barat. In addition, there is an improvement in the students’ motivation after learning English through Phonics—Based Approach, so that students are not pressured and enjoy the learning activity.
Ferramenta para análise do desempenho acústico das edificações para fins de financiamento imobiliário
Authors: Righi Paulo César R. , Meller Gabriela , Paixão Dinara X.
Published: August 2022

A necessidade habitacional brasileira é suprida, em grande parte, por meio de obras financiadas por instituições de crédito imobiliário, as quais recebem como garantia o próprio imóvel financiado. As empresas financiadoras analisam os projetos dos empreendimentos, com critérios técnicos próprios, para concessão dos subsídios e do enquadramento nos programas de habitação. Nas análises para concessão de crédito não estão contemplados os parâmetros acústicos das edificações. O presente artigo mostra o desenvolvimento de uma ferramenta, composta por duas planilhas eletrônicas, cuja finalidade é subsidiar as análises técnicas do crédito imobiliário, pelas instituições financiadoras, possibilitando que sejam privilegiados os empreendimentos residenciais com melhor desempenho acústico. O banco de dados, que pode ser complementado pelos usuários, utiliza valores de isolamento acústico determinados em ensaios de laboratório e em campo, os quais representam grande parte dos elementos construtivos empregados no País. Esses valores são oriundos de livros e de trabalhos acadêmicos sobre o tema. A partir do relatório de resultados das planilhas eletrônicas geradas no trabalho, pode ser verificado o atendimento à norma ABNT NBR 15575:13 e o respectivo nível de desempenho acústico (mínimo, intermediário, superior) dos sistemas de paredes de vedação internas e externas, sistemas de pisos e sistemas de coberturas acessíveis das edificações habitacionais. A utilização das planilhas eletrônicas pelos setores de análise de crédito imobiliário para verificação da qualificação dos empreendimentos quanto aos parâmetros acústicos, pode ser um importante instrumento para que os investidores obtenham retorno de seus investimentos e que exista uma melhoria nos índices de satisfação dos consumidores.
Técnica rápida para geração de aurilizações utilizando redes neurais artificiais
Authors: Otsuka Taminato Filipe , A. Tenenbaum Roberto , S. G. Melo Viviane
Published: August 2022

Um dos objetivos do desenvolvimento e do aperfeiçoamento de técnicas numéricas em sistemas de geração de realidade virtual acústica e produção de aurilizações fidedignas, consiste na redução do custo computacional e, simultaneamente, garantir a qualidade sonora da simulação. Neste artigo, é apresentada uma nova técnica para modelar as funções de transferência associadas à cabeça humana, necessárias ao cômputo das respostas impulsivas biauriculares. São utilizadas redes neurais artificiais do tipo funções de base radial. Um conjunto dessas redes é treinado e testado de modo a cobrir todo o espaço auditivo no entorno da cabeça. Cada rede neural para uma dada direção tem como entrada o espectro da frente de onda sonora que atinge o receptor e, como saída, a resposta impulsiva associada à cabeça humana filtrada, para a direção correspondente. Desse modo, trabalha-se diretamente no domínio do tempo, contornando-se a necessidade de convoluções com uma redução do custo computacional em cerca de 90%. A técnica proposta é comparada com o método das convoluções, tanto no domínio do tempo como no domínio da frequência. Os resultados simulados demonstram a eficiência da técnica proposta, com valores de correlação bem próximos de um. Para validar o resultado, testes preliminares utilizando índices de articulação para comparar a percepção da fala em uma sala real e na mesma sala simulada computacionalmente utilizando a modelagem das respostas impulsivas filtradas aqui descrita foram conduzidos, com resultados plenamente satisfatórios.
Despedida e paixão em Farewell de Carlos Drummond de Andrade
Authors: Araújo Fernanda Martines de , Martins Geraldo Vicente
Published: August 2022

Objetivou-se identificar e descrever procedimentos linguísticos que se constituem como importantes no arranjo que confere literariedade aos textos, investigando os mecanismos responsáveis pela construção dos sentidos em poemas do livro Farewell, de Carlos Drummond de Andrade. As análises foram norteadas pelos postulados da teoria semiótica discursiva de Greimas, precisamente a análise do percurso gerativo de sentido. Nesse sentido, conciliaram-se elementos figurativos e temáticos relacionados ao campo da despedida e da paixão. Assim, preocupados com os efeitos de sentido, constatamos na análise do nível discursivo pela sintaxe que as categorias de pessoa, espaço e tempo são instauradas predominantemente por meio de debreagens enunciativas; pela semântica, levantaram-se elementos temáticos e figurativos, os quais levaram à depreensão de traços voltados ao campo da despedida e da paixão. Concluiu-se que as marcas de pessoa, espaço e tempo apontam para efeitos de sentido que privilegiam a subjetividade, enquanto os traços semânticos valorizam conteúdos passionais, recursos que contribuem para a concepção do eu lírico que neles se manifesta.
Medicinal plant use and adherence problems to TB treatment
Authors: Gbeasor-Komlanvi F. A. , Sadio A. J. , Adama O. I. , Zida-Compaore W. I. C. , Tchankoni M. K. , Adjoh K. S. , Dogo F. , Ekouevi D. K.
Published: August 2022

BACKGROUND: Good adherence is essential in the treatment of TB. The aim of this study was to describe medication consumption patterns and to assess factors associated with adherence to TB treatment among TB patients in Lomé, Togo.METHODS: A cross-sectional study
was conducted among TB patients in 10 health structures in Lomé from September 2019 to January 2020. TB patients aged ≥18 years and under treatment for at least 2 months were eligible for this study. Adherence to TB treatment was assessed using the Girerd compliance test.RESULTS:
A total of 195 TB patients (61.5% male) with a median age of 35 years (IQR 27–44) were recruited. TB-HIV coinfection was 11.3%. Polypharmacy (≥5 medications/day) and using medicinal plants were observed in respectively 6.2% and 42.6% of patients. Prevalence of TB treatment adherence
problems was 68.2% (95% CI 61.2–74.7). Being <35 years (aOR 2.79; P = 0.005) and taking medicinal plants (aOR 4.31; P < 0.001) were associated with TB treatment adherence problems.CONCLUSION: Treatment adherence problems, a major obstacle to TB elimination,
are highly prevalent in TB patients in Lomé, and were associated with the use of medicinal plants. Reasons for the use of medicinal plants should be documented in order to propose appropriate interventions to reinforce adherence to TB treatment.
Paediatric TB care in the United Kingdom
Authors: Duret A. , Olgemoeller F. , Ferreras-Antolin L. , Whittaker E. , Cohen J. M.
Published: August 2022

BACKGROUND: Care of patients with paediatric TB is delivered in a variety of settings by different clinicians in the United Kingdom. Paediatric practices vary in size. Guidelines on managing children with TB differ in recommendations. These factors contribute to variations in
practice.OBJECTIVE: To describe practice among UK professionals caring for children exposed to or infected with TB, and their investigation and treatment.METHODS: From 81 NHS (National Health Service) clinical services, 114 individuals responded to a web-based questionnaire.RESULTS:
We describe variation in several areas of practice, with important differences between smaller and larger centres. Most respondents go beyond National Institute for Health & Care Excellence guidance and screen child contacts of extrapulmonary TB. Most respondents would presume pulmonary
TB exposed children aged under 2 years to be infected. They would not rely on immunological investigations to rule out infection. There was wide variety in approaches to microbiological diagnosis, and in the use of laboratory investigations to monitor treatment. Many respondents felt unclear
on how to manage newborns exposed to TB, or children exposed to multidrug-resistant TB.CONCLUSION: These findings support the case for further developing regional networks providing evidence and consensus-based care for children with TB.
Uptake of the lateral flow urine LAM test in Europe and Central Asia
Authors: Kraef C. , Yedilbayev A. , Seguy N. , Bentzon A. , Podlekareva D. , Cirillo D. M. , van der Werf M. J. , Kirk O.
Published: August 2022

INTRODUCTION: Since 2015 (updated in 2019), the WHO has recommended to include the commercial lateral flow urine lipoarabinomannan TB test (LF-LAM), AlereLAM, in the diagnostic toolkit for severely ill people living with HIV.METHODS: To assess the current use and barriers
to the implementation of the test, we conducted an electronic survey among national focal points and managers of TB and HIV programmes in the 53 Member States of the WHO European Region and a European network of clinicians working in TB and HIV medicine.RESULTS: In all, 45 individual
responses (37 countries) were received from programme managers and focal points and 17 responses (14 countries) from clinicians. Only eight countries reported adopting LF-LAM policies, with only four currently using the AlereLAM (Armenia, Belarus, Ukraine and Uzbekistan). The most commonly
reported barriers to implementing the test were the small number of eligible patients (with HIV-TB co-infections), the test not being included in the TB or HIV programme´s mandate and lack of budget allocation.CONCLUSION: Consistent with findings from high TB burden countries
in Africa and Asia, the survey demonstrated that uptake of AlereLAM is almost non-existent. Addressing the identified barriers and the intrinsic limitations of the test could help to increase the use of the test.
Factors associated with screening failure and study withdrawal in multidrug-resistant TB
Authors: Schwalb A. , Cachay R. , Wright A. , Phillips P. P. J. , Kaur P. , Diacon A. H. , Ugarte-Gil C. , Mitnick C. D. , Sterling T. R. , Gotuzzo E. , Horsburgh C. R.
Published: August 2022

SETTING: Multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) clinical trial in Lima, Peru and Cape Town, South Africa.OBJECTIVE: To identify baseline factors associated with screening failure and study withdrawal in an MDR-TB clinical trial.DESIGN: We screened patients for
a randomized, blinded, Phase II trial which assessed culture conversion over the first 6 months of treatment with varying doses of levofloxacin plus an optimized background regimen (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01918397). We identified factors for screening failure and study withdrawal using Poisson
regression to calculate prevalence ratios and Cox proportional hazard regression to calculate hazard ratios. We adjusted for factors with P < 0.2.RESULTS: Of the 255 patients screened, 144 (56.5%) failed screening. The most common reason for screening failure was an unsuitable
resistance profile on sputum-based molecular susceptibility testing (n = 105, 72.9%). No significant baseline predictors of screening failure were identified in the multivariable model. Of the 111 who were enrolled, 33 (30%) failed to complete treatment, mostly for non-adherence and
consent withdrawal. No baseline factors predicted study withdrawal in the multivariable model.CONCLUSION: No baseline factors were independently associated with either screening failure or study withdrawal in this secondary analysis of a MDR-TB clinical trial.
The Reconceptualization of the City’s Ugliness Between the 1950s and 1970s in the British, Italian, and Australian Milieus
Authors: Charitonidou Marianna
Published: August 2022

The paper examines the reorientations of the appreciation of ugliness within different national contexts in a comparative or relational frame, juxtaposing the British, Italian, and Australian milieus, and to relate them to the ways in which the transformation of the urban fabric and the effect of suburbanization were perceived in the aforementioned national contexts. Special attention is paid to the production and dissemination of the ways the city’s uglification was conceptualized between the 1950s and 1970s. Pivotal for the issues that this paper addresses are Ian Nairn’s Outrage: On the Disfigurement of Town and Countryside (1956) Robin Boyd’s Australian Ugliness (1960), and the way the phenomenon of urban expansion is treated in these books in comparison with other books from the four national contexts under study, such as Ludovico Quaroni’s La torre di Babele (1967) and Reyner Banham’s The New Brutalism: Ethic Or Aesthetic? (1966).
The Advent of Modern Construction Techniques in Iran: Trans-Iranian Railway Stations (1933-1938)
Authors: Moghassemi Golshan , Akhgar Peyman
Published: August 2022

It was only in the early 20th century that the concept of ‘architect’, as defined in Europe, was introduced in Iran. During the nineteenth century, Iranian architects were traditional master builders (me’mars) who would learn architecture after years of working with a master. This unique change in the conception of architecture in Iran took place during the interwar period. In 1926, when Reza Shah founded the Pahlavi dynasty, his policies toward rapid modernisation transformed the way architectural design and practice was performed in Iran. Among Reza Shah’s earliest programs was the construction of numerous railway stations, extended from north to south, and for that, he invited Western-educated architects and European companies to Iran. The architecture of railway stations became one among the earliest examples of Iranian modern architecture, leading to the introduction of modern materials such as reinforced concrete to Iran. By considering Reza Shah’s nationalist policies and progressive agenda, this article investigates the architecture of railway stations, illuminating how their construction paved the way for the arrival of modern architecture and the development of construction technology in 1930s Iran.
Fresh Air and Sunshine: The Health Aspects of Sleepouts, Sunrooms, and Sundecks in South Australian Architecture of the 1930s
Authors: Collins Julie
Published: August 2022

This paper examines the development of infrastructures for outdoor advertising and debates over visual ‘oversaturation’ in the built environment. It begins with the boom in posters that came in the 19th century with a plethora of new manufactured goods and the attempts by civic officials to create structures that would extend cities’ available surface area for the placement of ads. It then charts the rise of building-top ‘sky signs,’ articulated billboards, kiosks, and digital media facades while detailing the policy initiatives meant to regulate these ad surfaces. This work builds on ongoing research into the development of signage technologies in Sydney and Melbourne, the measurement and regulation of ‘visual pollution’, and the promotion of entertainment and nightlife in precincts defined by neon and historic signage.
Written into Existence: Publications and the Perceived Narratives of Gregory Burgess’s Architecture
Authors: Webster Dillon
Published: August 2022

This research contributes to the influential work of Melbourne-based Architect, Gregory Burgess. Awarded the RAIA Gold Medal in 2004, Burgess is best known for celebrating human values through design and for his spiritual methodologies, organic aesthetic, and work with Indigenous landowners. While Burgess has initiated very little writing, his work has been the focus of numerous articles published within a variety of journals, newsletters, magazines, and books including those from the construction industry which are often overlooked in journalistic reviews. This paper investigates discussions of architecture in publications through lenses such as intended audiences and physical medium, which consequentially develop narratives and form perceived relationships between an architectural project, an architect, and reader. Conducted as archival research within Gregory Burgess’s anthology of saved publications, the examination and cataloguing of over 230 publications that mention him and his work date from 1979-2013. The breadth of the collection provides publications which range from local timber fabrication companies to Russian journals reviewing organic architecture, the majority in which the architect and the work was discussed without consultation from the design team. As a robust collection was maintained by the architect himself, general issues of discovering and accessing publications including those which fall within the digital dark age can be accessed and provide a fuller historical perception of the built work.

The discussions of and narratives formed within this literature portray Burgess and his work in conscientious manners through the written word targeted for specific audiences: the construction industry, the trained architect, and members of the general public. Often, rather than contributing to architectural journalism or critique in a meaningful way, prominent projects and their broader themes become a vehicle for the author to promote their own voice and ideas. The findings argue that the different relationships an author has experiencing an architectural space demonstrates a broader picture of the architectural industry and the ways that historical publications can generate a perception of a designer and their designs.
Designing a Critical Voice: Discourse and the Victorian Architectural Students Society (VASS), 1907-1961
Authors: Goad Philip
Published: August 2022

Students are a necessary part of the architecture profession. Their training and preparation have long been key to maintaining the business and culture of architecture, and in doing so perpetuating traditional territories that control the institutionalisation of a profession. Students have also created their own associations, often mirroring, and at the instigation of, their parent organizations. More often than not though, in addition to acting as social binders and playing out the role of disciplinary ‘club’, these associations have developed a critical voice, urging change and injecting critique: in short, setting the basis for the framing of a local discourse.

Using its publications as primary source material, this paper explores the critical activities of the Victorian Architectural Students Society (VASS), which developed under the auspices of the Royal Victorian Institute of Architects (RVIA). VASS published its annual from 1908, which evolved by 1932 to become Lines and, then additionally in 1939, students Robin Boyd and Roy Simpson expanded VASS’s publishing remit, producing the oft-controversial fold-away pamphlet Smudges that infamously gave ‘blots’ and ‘bouquets’ to new buildings. In 1947, VASS published Victorian Modern, Australia’s first polemical history of modern architecture and in 1952, it was the first publisher of the influential journal, Architecture and Arts. This paper examines the shifting ambitions of VASS, its chief protagonists, the role of graphics and the deft blending of the social, satirical and the critical that eventually framed and shaped Victoria’s architecture culture after World War II.
Four Melbourne Architects (1979): The Creation of Contemporary Perceptions for Australian Architecture
Authors: Day Kristen , Campbell Erin
Published: August 2022

In 1979, Peter Corrigan conceived the idea for the ‘Four Melbourne Architects’ exhibition to be held at South Yarra’s Powell Street Gallery. Corrigan led the charge to draw a line between a new generation of architectural practitioners with a fresh design agenda and the conservative practices represented by the Royal Australian Institute of Architects (RAIA). This exhibition, along with the establishment of the Half Time Club and the launch of Transition Magazine, provided platforms for a lively and vigorous profession.

The ‘Four Melbourne Architects’—Greg Burgess, Peter Crone, Norman Day and Edmond and Corrigan—were diverse in their approach to architectural design yet shared common concerns of the post-Whitlam generation. The research for this paper examines the documentation between the four architects as they prepared their exhibition, recording the projects exhibited, along with critical reviews of the exhibition. Interviews have been undertaken with the surviving architects involved and people who attended the exhibition. Four Melbourne Architects was the first of many exhibitions during that period, which became one of many vehicles for public engagement with early postmodernism and those creating it, where collaboration, inclusion, and connectivity informed designers. That process activated a search for a contemporary Australian identity leading to the development of the ‘Melbourne School’.
Producing the House: The Commonwealth Experimental Building Station and Housing Research
Authors: Miller-Yeaman Renee
Published: August 2022

Established during the Second World War, the Commonwealth Experimental Building Station (CEBS) researched new building technologies with an emphasis on housing construction. The CEBS experimented with materials and design prototypes in collaboration with both industry and the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), which later became the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO). Based in North Ryde, Sydney, the CEBS was associated with the Department of Post-War Reconstruction during the Second World War and then moved to the Department of Works and Housing. The paper introduces the CEBS’s initial aims through its housing research and design experimentation with built prototypes in Sydney during the 1940s. This research into house design, positioned at the edge of innovation, is situated in the wider housing context of the period. Federally funded building research was predicated by the Commonwealth of Australia’s housing shortage during and extending beyond the Second World War. Due to a lack of traditional materials such as bricks and timber from the war effort, the agency trialled developing low-cost, prefabricated concrete and steel houses. These housing experiments are considered in connection to cultural framings of home and its physicality in circulation at the time. After the Second World War, the detached suburban house gained momentum in the political and cultural vernacular as the ideal house for ownership. By examining the CEBS’s activities in connection to this background, the paper asks how the nation-state developed mass-production systems to enable government-sponsored agencies to produce more housing for more people but also how understandings of house and home surround and influence innovation in design.
The Sandstone Squarehouses of Macarthur: The Ultra Vires Blockhouses of Sydney Basin’s Dispossession
Authors: Deane Saul
Published: August 2022

South of Campbelltown, wedged between Sydney’s two great rivers, where the Georges and the Nepean almost meet is Macarthur. In the early 1810s, to go beyond Campbelltown was to leave the authority of colonial Sydney - a colonial ultra vires frontier. Here are squarehouses that date from the mid-1810s, some were built during the height of Sydney’s frontier wars, before the 1816 Appin Massacre, which secured colonial control over all of Macarthur.

These squarehouses are archaeologically intriguing as they are almost square, not large, have thick sandstone walls, some have ‘slot openings’ and others small openings. Were these squarehouses built with a defensive premise in mind, the openings for use as ‘gunloops’ as much as ventilation? If so they would be architectural evidence of the frontier wars.

The suggestion is that these small squarehouses, often overlooked as just an outbuilding in the homestead aggregation, were among the first buildings built on a property. If built on contested land, its presence would have acted as notification of a land claim, while its physical structure provided a bolthole from which one could defend life and property - a private blockhouse.

Blockhouses existed right across the British settler empire, with common standards constructed for defence in frontier areas from South Africa to New Zealand, Canada and the United States. So it should be no surprise to find them at the beginning of colonial NSW and yet it is, and this raises questions as to why this distinctive colonial structure is missing in Australia.

The placement of these squarehouses and the prospect of their loops - their surveillance isovists over creeks and valleys, would provide historical insight into the colonial consolidation of these landscapes.