bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Russian Intelligentsia: Taming Nihilism in the Stalin Period
Authors: Vinogradov Vladimir
Published: February 2020

This essay represents a fragment of a text devoted to issues of figurative representation in Soviet and Russian cinema. It briefly analyzes the evolution of the image of the scientist during the period of Stalinist cinema. The authors theoretical reasoning is based on the definition of nihilism given by Nikolai Berdyaev in his essay Russian Socialism and Nihilism.
In their policy towards the intelligentsia, including the policy in the sphere of cinema, the Soviet authorities used those attributes of nihilism which constituted the main essence of the Russian and Soviet intelligentsia. The author discusses four periods in the history of Soviet cinema: the 1920s, the 1930s, the World War II period and the consequent period of malokartinye (film scarcity). Beginning with the film Congestion (1919), an attempt had been made to convince representatives of the intelligentsia that the Soviet form of government carried the ideas of freedom, equality and fraternity, so there was no more reason for nihilistic attitudes towards reality as to a world ruled by evil. In the 1930s, the Soviet culture formed a full-fledged positive image of a scientist who accepted Soviet power. A most important domestic political task was outlined: the state was to carry out a tremendous job of bringing up its own Soviet intelligentsia and scientists who would not be tainted by the wrong nihilism of their pre-revolutionary predecessors. If it ever arose, nihilism was to be tightly controlled and transformed into the search for scientific truth and intransigence towards the enemies of the Soviet regime. During the World War II (the Great Patriotic War), intellectuals became the highest embodiment of spiritual aspirations and the denial of everything hostile to the nation; it may be said that their faith was deemed as an achievement comparable to the faith of Christian martyrs. And in the post-war period and the period film scarcity, cinema renewed the demonstration of the possibility of an ideal relationship between the scientists, the intelligentsia and the Soviet government. Film representation system included images of what the Soviet government gave to the scientists (and, more broadly, to the intelligentsia) and of their debt of gratitude for everything given to them.
Peningkatan Sifat Fungsional Bekasam Menggunakan Starter Lactobacillus acidophilus
Authors: Lestari Susi , Rinto Rinto , Huriyah Siti Balqis
Published: February 2020

Kualitas bekasam dapat ditingkatkan dengan menggunakan starter bakteri asam laktat (BAL) untuk mengontrol proses fermentasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penambahan starter Lactobacillus acidophilus pada proses fermentasi bekasam terhadap karakteristik mikrobiologi, kimia dan sensoris, serta mengkaji sifat fungsional (kandungan lovastatin) dari bekasam ikan seluang (Rasbora argyrotaenia) yang telah diberi perlakuan penambahan starter L. acidophilus. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) dengan empat taraf perlakuan (0, 10^5, 10^7, 10^9 CFU/mL). Masing-masing perlakuan dilakukan pengulangan sebanyak 3 kali, dengan ulangan sebagai kelompok. Parameter yang diamati meliputi analisis total BAL, kimia, dan sensoris mutu hedonik. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa perbedaan konsentrasi penambahan starter L. acidophilus dalam pembuatan bekasam ikan seluang berpengaruh nyata terhadap kadar protein, N-amino dan lovastatin bekasam. Starter L. acidophillus bisa ditambahkan dalam pembuatan bekasam sampai dengan konsentrasi 10^7 CFU/mL untuk meningkatkan kandungan lovastatin.
The Effect of Reinforcement and Punishment on Employee Performance
Authors:   IIUM, Asadullah ABM , Juhdi Nurita Binti , Islam Md Nazrul , Ahmed Alim Al Ayub ,   Jiujiang University, Abdullah ABM ,   Sajida Foundation
Published: February 2020

There is a direct reciprocal relationship between the employee and the organization. The employee behavior is very important for any organization whose culture greatly influences the former. This study examines the behavioral theories and modern theories that aim at motivating the employee to increase his performance by reinforcements and punishments. Based on the study, an attempt has been made to deeply explore the internal and external factors influencing employee’s behavior. Firstly a case study of external factors on employee behavior has been studied considering the behavioral theory. Secondly, a case study of internal factors on employee behavior have been studied considering modern theory and rejecting the behavioral theory. The results of this investigation from both the cases portray that reinforcement and punishment significantly influence motivation, values, decision making, tackling conflicts and overall performance of the employee.
Location-Based Services
Authors:   FPT University, Hoi Huynh Tan , Truong Le Vu ,   FPT University
Published: February 2020

In the current information technology trend, GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and GPS (Global Positioning Systems) are potential systems providing convenient, valuable services. They are a fundamental base in location-based services (LBS). LBS is an object positioning and monitoring system with a major combination of advanced technologies such as mobile communications, GPS technology, GIS and the Internet. The article consists of two sections in which the overview of the LBS system is presented first, followed by the introduction of the LBS system structure used to build the VTS - Vehicle Tracking System at Dong A Bank.
CARACTERIZACIÓN DE LOS FACTORES DE RIESGO QUÍMICO Y BIOLÓGICO, EN LOS LABORATORIOS DE MORFOLOGÍA Y MICROBIOLOGÍA DE UNA UNIVERSIDAD
Authors: Coronell Macías William , Rojas Archila Guillermo , Arrazola David Mónica
Published: February 2020

Introducción: La exposición a agentes biológicos y químicos, en laboratorios, representan un alto nivel de riesgo para la salud e integridad de las personas y constituyen un aspecto importante en el establecimiento de un adecuado Programa de Bioseguridad. Objetivos: la presente investigación es caracterizar los factores de riesgo químico y biológico en los laboratorios de morfología y microbiología de una Universidad, mediante un estudio de enfoque empírico analítico de tipo descriptivo y transversal, donde se identificó los factores de riesgo y las condiciones de bioseguridad de los laboratorios, implementando las directrices de la GTC 45: 2012, a fin de evaluar los niveles de riesgo del factor químico y biológico, empleando la metodología de la OMS y Normas Técnicas del INSHT de España, para categorizar los agentes patógenos por grupos de riesgo, establecer los niveles de contención actual de los laboratorios y definir los efectos de mayor prevalencia en la salud y/o el medio ambiente. Resultados: Se identificaron 36 factores de riesgo biológico (FRB) y 63 Factores de Riesgo Químico (FRQ). El laboratorio de Microbiología presentó 2 agentes con Nivel de Riesgo (NR) I y 10 NR II, del cual 10.1% son no aceptables y 21.3% aceptables con controles, 96% de los agentes biológicos pertenecen al Grupo de Riesgo (GR) 2 y 4% al GR 3. El laboratorio de Morfología mostró 16.67% de factores en NR I y II, el 10% corresponde a FRQ, 40% son no aceptables, 67%
Alprazolam Una Alternativa Terapéutica en Urgencia Hipertensiva
Authors: Rodríguez Arbeláez Oswaldo , Rey Puente Joanny , Rojano Rada Jairo
Published: February 2020

Objetivo: Comparar la terapia combinada de captopril mas alprazolam versus captopril mas placebo en el manejo de urgencia hipertensiva (UH). Método: Es un ensayo clínico, uncéntrico, doble ciego, semialeatorizado, en edades comprendidas entre 45 y 80 años con UH que cumplían los criterios del JNC VII, atendidos en el servicio de emergencia entre Agosto 2017 – Febrero del 2018, distribuidos en grupo A (Control, n=41) y grupo B (experimental, n= 55) los cuales recibieron captopril mas placebo y alprazolam y captopril respectivamente. Resultados: Hubo predominio del género femenino en ambos grupos, y también el grado de ansiedad leve fue la más frecuente. En el grupo experimental hubo un descenso significativo a los 30, 60 y 90 minutos de la PAM de - 19%, -24 y -27% con una P 0.0000, en PAS  a los 30 minutos era de  -17%, 60 minutos de -22% y 90 minutos -26%, y en la PAD en los intervalos de tiempo antes citado  fue -21%,  -26% y  -28%. Con una reducción igual o mayor a 25% de la presión arterial media en el grupo B, luego de 90 min de tratamiento. Según el RR aquellos que recibieron el tratamiento experimental tuvieron cerca de 7,5 veces más probabilidades de disminuir la presión arterial de forma efectiva a los 90 min, el NNT indica que es necesario tratar únicamente a 2 pacientes para que uno se beneficie. Conclusión: Acorde con estos resultados podemos discernir que el uso del alprazolam puede ser una alternativa terapéutica en la urgencia hipertensiva.
Medicina Familiar en el Perú: experiencias y remembranza
Authors: Reyes Castillo José Simón , Goicochea Ríos Evelyn del Socorro
Published: February 2020

En la Residencia de la Especialidad de Medicina Familiar se aprende a reconocer a los enfermos como personas y no como un conjunto de afecciones, a relacionarse con personas de manera global en sus distintas ciclos de vida, a solucionar casi la totalidad de la consulta en Atención Primaria (AP) y congruentemente mermar la cantidad de referencias; siendo así, una especialidad orientada en la AP, ofrece vigilancia integral al enfermo y su familia en el entorno de la colectividad, la cual en nuestro país se inició en 1989. El ejercicio de la Medicina Familiar demanda de una permuta del modelo biomédico al biopsicosocial y sujetarse en soportes como el ser cabal, continua, coordinada en la asistencia y consejo a la familia. En la actualidad esta materia, al igual que la AP en salud, son más importantes que antes.
KONTEYNER HATLARININ FİNANSAL PERFORMANSLARININ OPERASYONEL NİTELİKLER ÜZERİNDEN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ
Authors: ÇALIŞKAN Aylin , ÖZTÜRKOĞLU Yücel
Published: February 2020

Lojistik aktivitelerinin can damarı olarak nitelendirilen konteyner
taşımacılığı yoğun rekabet ortamı, yüksek maliyet ve karlılığın azalması
sebebiyle farklı stratejiler geliştirmeye mecbur kalmıştır. Özellikle son
yıllarda, konteyner hatları çözümü stratejik birleşmelerde ve gemi
paylaşımlarında aramaktadır. Ancak bu çözümler navlun oranlarının ve operasyon
içeriklerinin birbirine benzer hale gelmesine yol açmıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı
farklılaşma imkânı tanımaya konu olabilecek konteyner taşımacılığı
operasyonlarının ve operasyon sürecinin konteyner hatlarının finansal
performansına etkilerini incelemektir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda Türkiye’de bulunan
ancak tüm dünyada faaliyet gösteren uluslararası 104 konteyner hattı acentesi
temsilcilerinden veriler toplanmış ve kısmi en küçük kareler yol analizi yöntemi
uygulanmıştır. Analizler sonucunda finansal performans üzerinde en büyük ve
anlamlı etkinin operasyon sürecine, en düşük ve anlamlı etkinin ise temel
operasyonlara ait olduğu görülmüştür.
Changes in rainfall patterns on the upper Ecuadorian Andean mountains: Analysis of extreme precipitation, ENSO effects and shifts of annual rainfall variation
Authors: Lima Guamán Paulina Rosana , Santamaría Carrera Jorge Luis , Flor Margarita
Published: February 2020

Rainfall in the upstream drainage area of the Ecuadorian Andean Mountains (EAM) is an important source of water supply in populated areas. Managing water resource projects depend on rainfall-runoff variation. Even though, it is difficult to understand the mechanism that controls rainfall variation because of the influence of several global and local hydrological processes, this type of research is needed to improve the management of water resources. Understanding these processes is complex due to inaccessibility to these remote zones leading to inefficacy in the monitoring of these gauge stations. Furthermore, there are reports that exposed that climatic anomalies are affecting rainfall-runoff processes around the world. These climate changes cause two main problems in urban infrastructure. First, the occurrence of extreme precipitation events increasing the risk of flooding. Second, changes on annual rainfall variation that could lead to water scarcity in the management of water resource projects. This study focuses on improving the understanding of rainfall trends at EAM and its implications in the management of water resources. The results indicate that 71% of extreme precipitation events were registered in the second period of the last twenty years (1995 - 2015) with severe short rainfall events, during ENSO years in the EAM, threatening hydraulic facilities.
INTEGRO-DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS EMBODYING POWERS OF A DIFFERENTIAL OPERATOR
Authors: Parasidis I. N. , Providas E.
Published: February 2020

We establish solvability and correctness criteria for two Fredholm type linear integro-diﬀerential operators B2, B4 encompassing up to second and fourth powers, respectively, of a diﬀerential operator A�with aknown inverse I = A�1. We also derive explicit solution formulae to corresponding initial and boundary value problems by using the inverse of the diﬀerential operator. The approach is based on the theory of the extensions of linear operators in Banach spaces. Three example problems for ordinary and partial integro-diﬀerential operators are solved.
PROBLEMS OF DIFFERENTIAL AND TOPOLOGICAL DIAGNOSTICS. PART II. PROBLEM OF DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSTICS
Authors: Shamolin M. V.
Published: February 2020

Proposed work is the second in the cycle, therefore, we present the classiﬁcation of malfunctions and introduce the concept of reference malfunctions that can occur in the control system of the object and in the neighborhoods of these malfunctions. The simplest possible approaches to mathematical modeling of malfunctions and their neighborhoods are formulated, and the problem of nondegeneracy of reference malfunctions is discussed in detail. The concept of diagnostic space is introduced, and its mathematical structure is deﬁned. We also prepare the material for the consideration of the problem of diﬀerential diagnostics.
THE SOLUTION OF CAUCHY PROBLEM FOR THE HYPERBOLIC DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF THE FOURTH ORDER BY THE RIMAN METHOD
Authors: Yakovleva Ju. O. , Tarasenko A. V.
Published: February 2020

In the article the Cauchy problem for the one system of the diﬀerential equations of the fourth order is received in the plane of two independent variables. This system of the hyperbolic diﬀerential equations of the fourth order does not contain derivatives less than the fourth order. The regular solution of the Cauchy problem for the system of the hyperbolic diﬀerential equations of the fourth order is explicitly built. The solution of the Cauchy problem for the system of the hyperbolic diﬀerential equations of the fourth order is found by the Riman method. In the paper the matrix of Riman for the system of the hyperbolic diﬀerential equations of the fourth order is constructed also. The matrix of Riman is expressed through hypergeometrical functions of matrix argument.
Ziemia święta – „piąta Ewangelia” w odniesieniu do pielgrzymowania
Authors: Ostrowski Maciej , Wiater-Kawecka Anna
Published: February 2020

„Piątą Ewangelią” nazywa się materialne i niematerialne pamiątki z terenu współczesnej Ziemi Świętej – budowle, krajobrazy, przyrodę, zwyczaje pielęgnowane do dziś, atmosferę społeczną – pozwalające lepiej zrozumieć natchnione teksty biblijne. Autorzy udowadniają słuszność terminu. Wykazują, że choć stosuje się go głównie w duszpasterstwie pielgrzymów, nie jest on pozbawiony teologicznych podstaw. Człowiek przeżywa swą wiarę także w sferze cielesnej. Zmysłowe doznania związane z pobytem w Ziemi Świętej pomagają mu w docieraniu do spraw duchowych i formują jego wiarę. Artykuł ilustruje poruszaną kwestię kilkoma praktycznymi przykładami. W ostatnich akapitach sformułowano postulaty pastoralne, pokazując, w jaki sposób można skutecznie wykorzystać w duszpasterstwie pielgrzymów przeżycie spotkania z krajem, w którym miały miejsce biblijne wydarzenia.
Depresión y factores asociados en mujeres adolescentes embarazadas y no embarazadas en Medellín (Colombia) 2009. Estudio de corte transversal
Authors: Bonilla-Sepúlveda Óscar Alejandro
Published: February 2020

Objetivo: conocer la prevalencia de trastorno depresivo en dos grupos poblacionales de mujeres adolescentes, definir su perfil epidemiológico y su asociación con embarazo.Metodología: el presente es un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal que incluyó 125 adolescentes embarazadas atendidas en el Hospital Luz Castro de Gutiérrez en el año 2009 y 125 adolescentes no embarazadas estudiantes del colegio Jorge Eliécer Gaitán de la ciudad de Medellín(Colombia). Las participantes respondieron una encuesta de Zung para diagnóstico de depresión.Resultados: en las adolescentes embarazadas, la prevalencia de depresión fue del 32,8%, mientras que en el grupo de estudiantes no embarazadas fue del 16,8%. Se describen los factores de riesgo en los dos grupos.Conclusiones: la depresión es un problema de salud frecuente en el grupo de mujeres adolescentes embarazadas en el Hospital Luz Castro de Gutiérrez en Medellín (Colombia).
Penanaman Sengon Dalam Gerakan Penghijauan Di Desa Sukoharjo, Kecamatan Tirtomoyo, Kabupaten Wonogiri
Authors: Widijanto Hery , Suwarto Suwarto
Published: February 2020

Kegiatan pengabdian ini bertujuan untuk memperkenalkan metode konservasi secara vegetatif untuk usaha menekan erosi dan melestarikan sumberdaya lahan melalui penghijauan dengan tanaman sengon. Kegiatan ini bekerjasama dengan dua mitra yaitu: (1) Kelompok Tani "Ngudi Mulyo", dan (2) Kelompok Tani "Ngudi Tani I" yang berlokasi di Desa Sukoharjo, Tirtomoyo, Wonogiri. Bidang usaha yang dikembangkan oleh dua mitra tersebut adalah pertanian lahan kering. Permasalahan yang dihadapi oleh kedua mitra adalah kondisi  lahan yang berbukit dan bergelombang serta semakin  lama mengalami degradasi karena erosi yang cukup tinggi. Dalam kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat ini diperkenalkan kepada petani cara vegetatif untuk usaha menekan erosi dan melestarikan sumberdaya lahan melalui penghijauan dengan tanaman sengon. Kegiatan yang dilakukan meliputi: persiapan (koordinasi), pengadaan bibit, pupuk, alat, dan sosialisasi tentang metode konservasi tanah secara vegetatif untuk usaha menekan erosi dan melestarikan  sumberdaya  lahan  melalui  penghijauan  dengan  tanaman  sengon. Pasca sosialisasi dan pemberian bibit sengon dilakukan monitoring terkait penanaman dan pemeliharaan. Hasil kegiatan menunjukkan antusias masyarakat dalam mengikuti sosialisasi dan melaksanakan penanaman bibit sengon untuk penghijauan di tanah warga.

 
Peningkatan Kualitas Sari Buah Naga Super Red (Hylocereus Costaricencis) Melalui Introduksi Teknik Ekstrasi dan Aplikasi Enzim Pektinase di Desa Krikilan, Masaran, Sragen, Jawa Tengah
Authors: Widowati Esti , Amanto Bambang Sigit
Published: February 2020

Kegiatan ini merupakan bentuk kerjasama lanjutan dengan Kelompok Tani Wana Bekti dan UKM Wana Bekti Handayani di Masaran Sragen Jawa Tengah. Permasalahan yang dihadapi mitra terkait produk sari buah naga super red adalah diperlukannya teknologi untuk memperbaiki kualitas sari buah yang cenderung memisah selama penyimpanan walaupun sudah melalui proses peyaringan. Daya jual produk ini menjadi rendah dan bukan menjadi produk utama UKM karena konsumen yang menganggap produk ini tidak layak konsumsi jika memisah secara visual. Oleh karena itu sebagai solusi aplikatif terhadap masalah tersebut, kegiatan ini mengintroduksikan teknologi ekstraksi sari buah dan aplikasi enzim pektinase yaitu poligalakturonase 0,1% yang mampu mengklarifikasi sari buah sehingga mempertahankan tekstur sari buah tampak homogen. Dampak langsung mitra adalah produk sari buah semakin berkualitas sehingga meningkatkan daya jual produk tersebut.
Alcohol Industry Involvement in the Moderate Alcohol and Cardiovascular Health Trial
Authors: Mitchell Gemma , Lesch Matthew , McCambridge Jim
Published: February 2020

The National Institutes of Health stopped the worldwide Moderate Alcohol and Cardiovascular Health (MACH) trial in 2018 because of institutional failings that led to the biased design of this major study. Drawing on e-mail correspondence among officials, researchers, and alcohol companies, we provide the first, to our knowledge, detailed analysis of alcohol industry involvement in the MACH trial.

Alcohol companies agreed to fund the MACH trial to advance their commercial interests rather than to help answer a major scientific question. Alcohol industry executives seized opportunities presented by discussions of the MACH trial to try to influence this study and wider public health, research, and policy decision-making.

The process of soliciting research funding from corporations, which included convincing alcohol companies that the study design supported their commercial interests, was intrinsically biased. Thus, the three parties—research funding officials, researchers, and industry executives—coproduced the biased trial design. A detailed understanding of this episode will be helpful in advancing efforts to protect public health research from biases associated with corporate donations.
Health Conditions, Outcomes, and Service Access Among Filipino, Vietnamese, Chinese, Japanese, and Korean Adults in California, 2011–2017
Authors: Adia Alexander C. , Nazareno Jennifer , Operario Don , Ponce Ninez A.
Published: February 2020

Objectives. To determine the impact of data disaggregation on the ability to identify health disparities and needs for future research for Filipino, Vietnamese, Chinese, Japanese, and Korean adults in California.

Methods. Using available data from the 2011–2017 California Health Interview Survey, we conducted bivariate and multivariable analyses to assess disparities in health conditions, outcomes, and service access compared with non-Hispanic Whites for Asians as an overall group and for each individual subgroup.

Results. As an aggregate category, Asians appeared healthier than did non-Hispanic Whites on most indicators. However, every Asian subgroup had at least 1 disparity disguised by aggregation. Filipinos had the most disparities, with higher prevalence of fair or poor health, being obese or overweight, and having high blood pressure, diabetes, or asthma compared with non-Hispanic Whites (P < .05) in multivariable analyses.

Conclusions. Failure to disaggregate health data for individual Asian subgroups disguises disparities and leads to inaccurate conclusions about needs for interventions and research.
Racialized youth in the public library: Systemic racism through a critical theory lens
Authors: Matthews Amber
Published: February 2020

Public libraries are on the frontline of serving underprivileged groups like racialized youth and help them to mitigate social inequities that manifest in negative outcomes like education gaps, underemployment and access to safe and affordable housing. Although racialized youth account for half of the youth population in Canadian cities like Toronto, their experience in public libraries is an unstudied area of Canadian LIS scholarly and professional research. Existing research approaches youth as a homogenous group in terms of age and biological stages and does not account for race, class, and urbanism.  However, racialized youth face different challenges in which race and systemic racism are a facet of everyday life.  This work aims to reverse racial neutrality in public libraries by demonstrating how ambivalence about race perpetuates systemic inequalities and the disengagement of racialized youth. It draws on interdisciplinary research to show how the race-blind approach is not reflective of the needs of communities being served. Using a Critical Race Theory (CRT) framework, it shows that public libraries can implement processes to gather race-specific data under the recently-implemented Anti-Racism Act (2017). This will provide a contextual understanding of the racial make-up of users and provide a valuable frame of reference to support efforts to build stronger and more effective relationships.
STRATEGI KOMUNIKASI INOVASI DALAM PERUBAHAN SISTEM PERTANIAN JAGUNG HIBRIDA MADURA-3 DI KABUPATEN PAMEKASAN
Authors: Sofyan Imam
Published: February 2020

Bertani jagung menjadi budaya sekaligus kebutuhan bagi masyarakat Madura, tidak saja sebagai penyedia sumber makanan khas, melainkan juga penopang perekonomian masyarakat lokal. Hal tersebut, mendorong perlunya pendekatan komunikasi penyuluhan untuk mengajak masyarakat petani berpindah dari sistem pertanian jagung biasa ke jagung hibrida Madura-3 guna peningkatan produktifitas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memaparkan strategi komunikasi dalam penyebaran inovasi jagung hibrida M3 pada petani Madura. Setting penelitian mengambil petani jagung lokal di wilayah kecamatan Pasean Pamekasan. Dengan metode deskriptif, data digali melalui wawancara dan observasi semi partisipatoris terhadap kelompok-kelompok tani. Hasil penelitian menggambarkan bahwa proses komunikasi inovasi dilakukan melalui empat tahapan, yakni sosialisasi, peran poktan, demoplot, dan pendampingan. Penerusan pesan berjalan melalui konteks saluran komunikasi interpersonal, kelompok, opinion leader, gethok tular. Selanjutnya pola penerimaan inovasi oleh petani berlangsung lewat pendampingan, bimtek dan pemanfaatan rumah pertanian.
Action Learning Perlindungan Mata Air Berbasis Masyarakat di Kabupaten Madiun
Authors: Badami Kaswan , Amzeri Achmad , Wicaksono Drajat , Anam Khoirul , Firdaus Nur Kholis
Published: February 2020

Kerusakan lingkungan yang mengguncang keseimbangan hubungan antar unsur dalam ekosistem mengakibatkan terjadinya kelangkaan air, lahan menjadi gersang, erosi tanah, dan pemanasan suhu yang diakibatkan oleh banyaknya alih fungsi lahan. Tujuan dari action learning ini adalah (i) meningkatkan kesadaran masyarakat dan membina suasana dalam melindungi serta memelihara sumber mata air; (ii) membantu masyarakat dalam membentuk kelompok kerja sumber mata air sebagai garda terdepan dalam melakukan assessment kondisi sumber mata air dan daerah aliran sir di wilayahnya; (iii) memberikan pengetahuan tentang kegiatan pemetaan potensi dan permasalahan secara swadaya. Pelaksanaan kegiatan Action Learning di Kabupaten Madiun dilakukan pada tanggal 13-20 April 2016. Lokasi pelaksanaan Action Learning ini adalah Desa Ketandan Kecamatan Dagangan Kabupaten Madiun. Secara umum pelaksanaan Action Learning di Kabupaten Madiun dilakukan melalui beberapa tahapan, yaitu perijinan, persiapan, pembukaan acara dan penjelasan, penyajian materi dan diskusi kelompok (FGD) serta kegiatan di lapangan. Beberapa masalah pokok tentang kondisi mata air yang ada di lokasi kegiatan antara lain adalah (1) alih fungsi kawasan hutan menjadi lahan pertanian; (2) beberapa mata air tercemar oleh limbah ternak; (3) volume pemanenan air yang relatif kecil; (4) perlu adanya upaya untuk menjaga kelestarian hutan; (5) perlu adanya kemitraan dengan CSR untuk pelestarian lingkungan dan kawasan hutan.
Interpretaciones gráficas de la Geographia de Ptolomeo: los primeros mapas de la península Ibérica y su aproximación al territorio extremeño
Authors: León Pérez Ruperto , Gámiz Gordo Antonio
Published: February 2020

La Geographia de Ptolomeo es un importante y conocido tratado del siglo II que ha sido objeto de numerosos estudios. Sin embargo, los mapas basados en ella, conservados en muchos códices datados entre los siglos XIII y XV, apenas han sido analizados atendiendo al conjunto de sus criterios de representación. Tras una amplia tarea de localización y revisión de dichos documentos gráficos, se han considerado cuatro grupos de códices, según los mapas incluidos. Se han seleccionado algunos de ellos con el objetivo de analizar las convenciones gráficas usadas en estas primeras representaciones de la península Ibérica: referencias espaciales –meridianos, paralelos y climas–, configuración territorial –relieve, hidrografía y divisiones del territorio–, elementos singulares –hitos y espacio marítimo– y rotulación. Después, el análisis se completa centrándose en el territorio de la actual Extremadura, atendiendo a la toponimia de sus núcleos de población y a su posición relativa. Conjugando ambas escalas se aporta una inédita aproximación a los elocuentes criterios de representación seguidos. Éstos constituyeron un primitivo lenguaje cartográfico, con signos que se usaron de forma flexible en cada códice y que tuvieron una gran influencia en incontables mapas de siglos posteriores.
The Effect of Capillary Pressure and Gravity on Two-Phase Fluid Flow in a Porous Medium
Authors: Fayers F.J. , Sheldon J.W.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Vol. 216, 1959, pages 147–155.

INTRODUCTION

It has been a matter of concern to the petroleum industry to determine what effect the capillary term has on saturation profiles, since these profiles determine ultimate economic oil recovery. In their original solution of the non-capillary two-phase flow problem, Buckley and Leverett showed that solutions of the two-phase flow equations became multiple-valued in saturation. Since it is physically unrealistic for saturation to have more than one value at a given position, Buckley and Leverett resolved this difficulty by introducing a saturation discontinuity or "shock". They evaluated the strength and position of the shock from material balance considerations.

Recently Sheldon, Zondek and Cardwell have demonstrated that the method of characteristics can be used to solve this and related problems. Owing to capillarity it is physically unlikely that saturation shocks occur in an oil reservoir. Buckley and Leverett suggested that the effects of interfacial tensions should be included in the fluid flow equations, if the solutions are to give continuous single-valued saturation distributions. An analogy to this problem is encountered in the theory of supersonic compressible flow where the introduction of the viscous term eliminates shock behavior. However, the mathematical form of the capillary term in the porous medium fluid flow equations differs from the viscosity term in the Navier-Stokes equation. This paper demonstrates that capillarity does eliminate the triple-valued behavior and indicates the magnitude of capillary and gravity effects on the saturation profile for a variety of systems.
Effects of Pore and Confining Pressures on Failure Characteristics of Sedimentary Rocks
Authors: Robinson L.H.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 216, 1959, pages 26–32.

Triaxial compression tests have been performed to determine the strength characteristics of limestone, sandstone and shale rocks subjected to controlled stress conditions. This control was exercised by varying the liquid pressures within and around a plastic-encased rock specimen. The pressure in the pores of the rock was varied throughout the range from atmospheric to 15,000 psig; the external pressure was changed over the same range with various positive pressure differences between it and the internal pressure. The data show that the rock strength increased and the mode of failure changed as the pressure surrounding the rock became greater than the pressure in the pores of the rock. These observations and the results of microbit drilling experiments indicate that the increased rock strength under pressure may be an important effect in reducing drilling rate, but that other factors are probably of even greater importance.

Introduction

A large part of the research conducted to reduce the cost of drilling is directed toward improving present drilling technology and developing new drilling methods. In spite of the fact that drilling is essentially the act of making rocks fail, many details of the mechanism of failure are not known. It seems probable, therefore, that continuing studies of the fundamentals of rock failure can lay a foundation for future improvements in drilling technology.

One of the factors which affects rock failure is the stress applied to the rock. This effect has been known for many years. As an example, stress studies have been published by engineers concerned with the strength characteristics of concrete in large dams. More recently, a number of investigators have explored the effects of stress on the strength of geologic formations and the geologic implications of their findings. During the last few years some research on rock strengths has also been conducted in an attempt to gain additional insight into the factors which affect rock drillability.

In determining the strength characteristics of rocks under different stress conditions, investigators have conventionally used triaxial compression equipment, wherein a jacketed rock cylinder is uniformly loaded from all directions and then compressed longitudinally.
Phenomena Affecting Drilling Rates at Depth
Authors: Garnier A.J. , van Lingen N.H.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 216, 1959, pages 232–239.

Rock downhole is known to be less drillable than when brought to the surface. This must be ascribed mainly to the presence under downhole conditions of a pressure differential across already made chips, which hinders their being lifted. The pressure differential has partly a static and partly a dynamic origin. Balling-up of bits is another consequence of this pressure differential.

Reduction in penetration rate owing to an increase in the strength of the rock is goverend by the difference between the mud pressure and the pressure of the formation pore liquid. Rotationally symmetric geostatic stresses have no effect on drillability.

Fracture of rock when drilling will be brittle in most cases.

The above is supported by laboratory drilling experiments with drag bits and roller bits at elevated mud, pore, and confining pressures on rocks differing in strength and permeability.

Introduction

In oil well drilling drillability of rock is found to decrease with increasing depth of the hole. Naturally deep rock will be more compacted and, therefore, harder to drill than shallow rock of the same type. However, apart from this the drillability of a sample of deep and compacted rock brought to the surface is generally much higher than in its original location downhole. In view of the economic implications of this reduction in drillability, it seems worthwhile to analyze its causes.

The origin clearly has to be sought in the difference of environment. The only conceivable factors would seem to be the presence of mud under pressure, the pressure of the formation pore liquid, and the overburden of the rock.

Down the borehole the rock is compressed triaxially by mud pressure and overburden. It is well known that the strength of rock is increased when confined by external pressure. Various authors have, therefore, ascribed the difference in drillability mainly to the strengthening of rock by triaxial compression.

Another factor, mentioned by Bobo and Hoch, is that forces, including "pressure differential forces", tend to hold a dislodged particle in place. However, the conditions determining their magnitude are not clarified nor is their effect on drilling rate assessed.
In Situ Combustion Process - Results of a Five-Well Field Experiment in Southern Oklahoma
Authors: Moss J.T. , White P.D. , McNiel J.S.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 216, 1959, pages 55–64.

Introduction

Results of experimental work on the in situ combustion process were first published in this country in 1953 when Kuhn and Koch described results of a three-well test in Jefferson County, Okla. Shortly thereafter Grant and Szasz described field studies in Nowata County, Okla., in which several modifications of the basic combustion process were investigated by injection of various oxidizing gas mixtures other than air. In the past five years speculation concerning this method of oil recovery has continued, with a number of interesting papers on various aspects of in situ combustion appearing in the literature. However, only one of these provided actual engineering information on pattern-type field experiments.

The primary objectives of the Oklahoma three-well test were to check operation of specially designed electrical ignition equipment and evaluate problems associated with initiation of combustion in a natural oil sand reservoir. Immediately following successful completion of this test in the Pontotoc sand, plans were activated for a second field experiment to be conducted in the same sand a short distance away. The objective of this second field test was to establish a relationship between field observations and information derived from laboratory experimentation and computations. Secondary objectives of the test were to develop operating techniques and define operating problems, and to obtain information that would assist in the economic and engineering appraisals of the process. Careful planning was required since this test was designed with the hope of providing basic information on the characteristics and operation of a combustion drive. It was necessary to include test facilities which would not only permit precise control and measurement of the process variables but would also provide sufficient flexibility of control to insure the course of the test under a wide range of conditions. In order to accomplish these objectives elaborate instrumentation and several control wells were included in the design of the test installation. This type installation was felt to be well suited for an experimental study, but was in no respect intended as a counterpart of a commercial-scale operation.
Effect of Gas Saturation on Static Pressure Calculations from Two-Phase Pressure Build-Up Curves
Authors: Cook Robert E.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 216, 1959, pages 49–54.

This paper presents results of a study to determine to what extent errors in estimated free gas saturation affect the results of static pressure calculations from build-up curves in two-phase systems. Use is made of the method of pressure build-up curve analysis developed by Miller, Dyes and Hutchinson, with modifications for two-phase flow advanced by Perrine. Combined fluid compressibility of gas-oil mixtures is included, with special attention given to the discontinuity that occurs in fluid compressibility at the saturation pressure and its effect on static pressure calculations from build-up curves. The sensitivity of static pressure calculations to errors in gas saturation is considered over wide ranges of formation and fluid properties and reservoir pressure conditions.

It is concluded from this study that for analyses of two-phase pressure build-up curves (1) the use of undersaturated crude compressibility data, even when producing GOR's are at or near solution values, will result in very significant negative errors in calculated static pressure, and (2) except for large values of buildup curve slope and/or very low crude gravities, rather large errors in calculated gas saturation can be tolerated without significant effect on calculated static pressures.

The conclusions are qualified as referring only to the effects of gas saturation and exclude possible errors in the numerous other factors that enter into the analysis of pressure build-up curves.

Introduction

As part of the analysis of basic data for several major Eocene reservoirs in the Bolivar Coastal field (Western Venezuela), it was necessary to analyze a large number of pressure build-up curves for oil permeability and static reservoir pressure. From performance data it became apparent that gravity segregation is very active in these reservoirs. As a result of this performance it was recognized that the free gas saturation within the oil leg of the reservoirs would be small but would be subject to certain errors in calculation due to the inaccuracy of relative permeability data in the low gas saturation region. Since all of the various methods of build-up curve analysis were originally derived for single-phase, constant compressibility systems, and since the presence of a small but rather indeterminate gas saturation would greatly affect the reservoir fluid compressibility, a study was undertaken to investigate the effect of gas saturation on the results of two-phase pressure build-up analyses.
Sonic Logging
Authors: Tixier M.P , Alger R.P. , Doh C.A.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 216, 1959, pages 106–114.

The principle, the equipment and field operation of sonic logging are described. The two-receiver system produces logs independent of hole size and mud. Field experience is given and forms the basis for the interpretation of the log. The derivation of porosity values from measured velocities is discussed, according to the type of formations (hard formations, compacted sands, and unconsolidated formations). The time-average equation proposed by M.R.J. Wyllie, A.R. Gregory and L.W. Gardner is used as a basis for the computation of porosity in limestones, cemented sandstones and compacted sands. Variations in the lithologic character of limestones do not seem to change the porosity calibration markedly. The compaction of sands is related to the compaction of shale adjacent to them; and, thus, the shale velocity is used for the establishment of empirical relations for the computation of porosity in unconsolidated formations. Various formulas are tentatively presented to account for shale and fluid content.

Field experience demonstrates that considerable attenuation of sonic energy takes place in unconsolidated formations, particularly when gas bearing, and in fractured formations. Unusually large attenuation produces skipped cycles, a feature easily recognized. The application of sonic logging to structural studies is featured, showing its possible integration with the dipmeter. Correlation and its application to the interpretation of seismic surveys are reviewed.The paper is illustrated with field examples.

Introduction

Sonic logging is the recording of the time required for a sound wave to traverse a definite length of formation. Sonic travel-times are inversely proportional to the speed of sound in the various formations.The speed of sound in subsurface formations depends upon the elastic properties of the rock matrix, the porosity of the formations and their fluid content and pressure. Below the "weathered" or low-velocity layer extending from 50 to 100 ft or so below the surface, sound velocities may range from about 6,000 ft/sec in shallow shales to as much as 24,000 ft/sec in dolomites. In hard formations (well cemented and/or compacted), the sonic log reflects the amount of fluid in the formations; hence, it correlates well with their porosity.
Some Effects of Invasion on the SP Curve
Authors: Segesman F. , Tixier M.P.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 216, 1959, pages 138–146.

Explanations based on theory and laboratory tests are offered for certain unusual features of SP logs which may befog their interpretation, namely the "sawtooth" SP and the reduction or increase of SP with time.

The sawtooth SP is frequently seen in SP recordings of thick, very permeable water sands of the Louisiana Gull Coast. Using SP data from a resistor network analog, this anomaly is explained on the basis of a thin shale streak within the sand, under which the invading filtrate accumulates by gravity segregation. The electromotive force then appearing across the shale streak gives rise to the anomalous SP.

Reduction of the SP on successive logging runs has often been observed in very permeable sands when, as indicated by the resistivity curves, the invasion depth has been reduced to practically zero. Laboratory results verify that this phenomenon may be due to the presence of an electromotive force across the mud cake when the fluids on either side differ in activity.

Also, there is, in some cases, an increase of SP deflection on successive logging runs, because the emf initially present across the mud cake disappears as the somewhat saline water just behind the mud cake is progressively flushed out by the invading filtrate. Field examples and laboratory data are presented.

Introduction

Some unusual features are frequently observed on certain SP logs which make interpretation difficult. The purpose of this paper is to offer explanations of several cases of interest. All of these are related to the conditions of invasion. The cases to be discussed are as follows.

(1)The sawtooth SP anomaly which is frequently seen within the thick, highly permeable saltwater sands of the Louisiana Gulf Coast.

(2)Reduction of the SP deflection from the usual sand line in very permeable sections when the depth of invasion is practically nil. As will be explained, such a reduction is attributable to a membrane electromotive force across the mud cake.

(3) An increase of the SP with time just after the formation is drilled as a result of progressive flushing of the invaded zone.
Fosterton Field - An Unusual Problem of Bottom Water Coning and Volumetric Water Invasion Efficiency
Authors: Elkins Lincoln F.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 216, 1959, pages 130–137.

Water coning into wells with bottom water present in the Fosterton field, when their oil recovery was only 0.1 to 1.5 per cent of oil in place below the lowest perforation, confirms lack of shale barriers to vertical flow which also are not apparent in cores and electric logs. Low contrast of vertical and horizontal permeability, high mobility ratio between oil and water zone and possible rate effects due to gravity combine to prevent easy analysis of water invasion pattern and efficiency by analogy or intuition. Theoretical analysis of performance including these factors using a new direct numerical solution of potential distribution in a network led to unanticipated indications that water would underrun the entire oil reservoir with low volumetric coverage if supplied through natural influx or peripheral water injection below the oil-water contact. An unusual pattern of water injection is to be adopted in this recently unitized pool to provide more uniform water flooding in that two-thirds of the oil reservoir not underlain by bottom water.

Introduction

The Fosterton field, Southwestern Saskatchewan, Canada, was discovered in Jan., 1952. It produces at a depth of 3,100 ft from a pinch-out of the Roseray sand at the Lower Cretaceous-Jurassic unconformity. The field, covering 2,500 acres, contains 54 wells on 40-acre spacing. Development was essentially complete in June, 1954, but significant production did not start until May, 1955, when a pipeline outlet became available. Within one year rapid increases in gas-oil ratio and early encroachment of water created operating problems in the down-structure eastern half of the field and raised serious questions about reservoir performance and ultimate recovery. This paper describes the unusual behavior Of water encroachment on both well and reservoir base and the analyses made to interpret it. The field was unitized July 1, 1958, for water flooding.