bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Fiber Material and Wetting Medium on Capillary Forces in Wet Fibrous Assemblies
Authors: Skelton John
Published: January 2017

The effects of changes in wetting liquid and in fiber material on the magnitude of interfiber capillary forces in a wet fibrous assembly were investigated, and the results are shown to be in reasonable agreement with theoretical predictions.
Control of the Output from a High-Intensity Xenon Arc Lamp
Authors: Cooney J. D. , Wiles D. M.
Published: January 2017

The emission spectrum of a xenon high-pressure arc lamp provides a reasonable approximation to the ultraviolet-visible region of terrestrial sunlight. This lamp has therefore been employed in a variety of laboratory testing equipment designed to predict the useful outdoor lifetime of plastics, textiles, dyes, asphalt, etc. Several methods of operation (ASTM and Atlas) of an Atlas 6000W xenon arc Weather-Ometer have been examined, and the necessity of monitoring intensities at both ultraviolet (at 340 nm) and visible (at 420 nm) wavelengths is illustrated. Lamp aging has been found to be the main factor in decreasing lamp intensity. Xenon lamp control at intensities similar to noon summer sunlight at 340 nm gives short lamp lifetimes of approximately 400 h. Operation of the arc at lower wattages (3500–5000W) has been found to provide a stable lamp intensity for much longer periods—approximately 2000 h.
Activation Energies of Light Fading of Dyes in Polymers
Authors: Shah C. D. , Srinivasan R.
Published: January 2017

Activation energies of fading of three different dye-fiber systems have been measured by fading at different temperatures: (i) three acid dyes on gelatin film, (the behavior of wool is expected to be similar to that for gelatin); (ii) four reactive dyes on Cellophane film; and (iii) three reactive dyes on nylon film. Activation energies of fading range between about 3 and 18 kcal/mole and depend on the nature of the substrate and the class of the dye.

Activation energy values are found to decrease with loosening of the structure of the fiber, e.g. wool, which gives low values. Fading of wool seems to be almost insensitive to wide variations in humidity. Activation energy values of disperse dyes on nylon and disperse reactive dyes (Procinyl) on the same substrate are about the same, which tends to show that the reactive type of dye-fiber bond is not effective in lightfastness.
An Examination of the Mechanism of Solvent-Assisted Dyeing by Surface-Tension and Monolayer Measurements
Authors: Giles Charles H. , McIver Norman
Published: January 2017

Surface-tension measurements of three wool-reactive dyes in water-benzyl alcohol mixture show that, contrary to previous hypotheses, the presence of the organic solvent depresses the concentration of dye at the interface with air, and most probably with wool. It is suggested that this effect accelerates dye diffusion into the fiber by reducing “drag” of diffusing dye molecules in the intermolecular channels of the fiber.

Determination of surface pressure/area relationships and surface-film viscosity measurements at measured times after spreading protein monolayers on acid solutions of the same dyes in pure water and solutions of dimethyl formamide, methanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, and benzyl alcohol, respectively, shows that the presence of solvent accelerates covalent bond formation between dye and protein. It is suggested that the solvent shields hydrophobic regions of the protein and allows easier access of the dye to the reactive polar groups in the protein; also, it may retard the side reaction of dye with water. This accelerative action may not be important in dyeing with nonreactive dyes, because the ion-ion reaction between these and the fiber is probably much more rapid than the covalent bond formation of the reactive dyes. It is suggested that to accelerate dyeing, dyebath assistants should be surface-active but not likely to form mixed micelles with dye.
Effects of Various Suessen Heat Setting Variables on Thermal Stress Analysis Measurement
Authors: Rodgers James E.
Published: January 2017

A thermal stress analysis (TSA) technique had previously been developed to determine the heat history and effective heat set temperature of Suessen heat set nylon 66 carpet yarns. In this investigation, the Kanebo KE-2L thermal stress tester was used with yarns heat set with the standard and energy conservation package (ECP) Suessen units. In each sample set, the greige carpet yarns had been subjected to changes in heat set temperature, flyer speed, and steam pressure. The KE-2L accurately measured the effective heat set temperature and heat history of the yarn samples. Low standard errors of prediction and high multiple coefficients of determination ( R2) between the TSA-determined and Suessen heat set temperatures were obtained for both the standard and ECP Suessen yarns. The major Suessen heat setting variable influencing the TSA results is heat set temperature. For the standard Suessen yarns, flyer speed and steam pressure influences on the TSA results were minor and nonsignificant. For the ECP Suessen yarns, the small changes induced in the yarn from flyer speed and a heat set temperature/steam pressure interaction were significant, though still minor, and were measured by the TSA.
Prediction of Warp-Breakage Rate in Weaving
Authors: Aggarwal S. K. , Subramanian T. A.
Published: January 2017

Earlier work at ATIRA has shown that there exists a quantitative relationship between warp-breakage rate and grey cotton yarn quality. This work attempts to restructure the earlier formula in such a way that it can be used to predict individually the relative contributions of three factors: the general inadequacy of yarn to withstand the load, stretch, and abrasion imposed on it during weaving; the obstruction or tensile/abrasive failure of thick places; and the failure or obstruction of knots and other miscellaneous faults. The formula has also been extended to blend yarns, and the accuracy of prediction is quite high.
Role of Nonkeratinous Proteins in Crimp Formation of Wool Fibers by Draft and Immediate Relaxation
Authors: Umehara Ryo , Shibata Yutaka , Masuda Yoshihiko , Ito Hiraku , Miyamoto Takeaki , Inagaki Hiroshi
Published: January 2017

The role of nonkeratinous proteins in the crimp formation of wool fibers by draft and immediate relaxation was investigated. For this purpose, Australian Shropshire wool fibers were treated with formic acid and pronase (proteolytic enzyme) to modify the nonkeratinous proteins. Formic acid is known to remove some of the intercellular cement, one of the nonkeratinous proteins, from the cell membrane complex, while pronase removes all nonkeratinous proteins. Little crimp formation occurred in the wool fibers treated with formic acid and pronase, indicating that the nonkeratinous proteins, especially the intercellular cement of the cell membrane complex, play an important role in the crimp formation of wool fibers by the draft and immediate relaxation process. A similar effect on crimp formation also occurred when the wool fibers were steamed in a relaxed state.
Analysis of Refractive Index Distribution in Anisotropic Polymeric Fibers with Regular and Irregular Transverse Sectional Shapes
Authors: Hamza A. A. , Fouda I. M. , El-Farhaty K. A.
Published: January 2017

Three different techniques, the Becke-line method, two beam-interference microscopy, and the application of multiple-beam Fizeau fringes in transmission and reflection, were used to measure the refractive indices for light vibrating parallel and perpendicular to the axis of regular and irregular cross sections. The fibers were bicomponent (nylon 6 and 66), Perlon (polyamide 6), and nylon 6 fibers from an Egyptian manufacturer. Two different formulas were used to determine the indices of refraction for each layer of inhomogeneous fibers. The birefringence and Cauchy constants were also determined. This experimental work demonstrates the potential applications of these two mathematical formulas to obtain accurate results. The advantages of the methods are discussed using microinterferograms.
Sublimation Transfer Printing of Polyester/Cotton Blends
Authors: Chavan R. B. , Langer M. Hanif
Published: January 2017

Sublimation transfer printing of polyester is a well established technique. For successful transfer printing of PET/cotton blends, however, it is necessary to provide a suitable pretreatment to impart disperse dye affinity to the cotton component. This paper reports attempts to synthesize a crosslinking agent based on the reaction product of melamine formaldehyde/polyethylene glycol 200. The fabric was treated with this product by pad-dry application; curing and transfer printing were simultaneous. The performance of the synthesized product in terms of dye transfer, wash and light fastness, and its effect on physical properties of the transfer printed fabric was compared with the commercial melamine formaldehyde resin.
‘Opening for business’? Neoliberalism and the cultural politics of modernising planning in Scotland
Authors: Inch Andy
Published: January 2017

In this paper I explore how the culture of land-use planning in Scotland has been targeted as an object of modernising reform, exploring how ‘culture change’ initiatives played a prominent role in stabilising a new settlement around ‘open for business’ planning between 2006 and 2012, containing potential tensions between diverse goals to make planning more efficient, inclusive and integrative. This highlights the potentially significant role of governance cultures in containing tensions and securing consent to processes of state restructuring. I therefore argue that greater empirical attentiveness to the cultural micro-politics of state restructuring can improve understanding of complex, contemporary dynamics of change, and the contested role of the neoliberal hegemonic project in reshaping urban governance. I conclude by arguing that the continued power of neoliberal critiques of the inefficiency of land-use planning indicate a need to acknowledge and engage contemporary cultural battles over the purposes of planning and urban governance.
Mapping urban networks through inter-firm service relationships: The case of China
Authors: Pan Fenghua , Bi Wenkai , Lenzer James , Zhao Simon
Published: January 2017

Literature on how cities get connected through networks of firms has been increasing in recent years. In particular, advanced producer service (APS) firms are being widely used to build intra-firm linkages to establish urban networks. In contrast to studies applying intra-firm networks, this study proposes an alternative strategy to build urban networks based on inter-firm service provision relationships during the process of initial public offering (IPO) in which APS firms – including securities, law firms and accounting firms – provide professional services for firms aiming to be publicly listed. Based on service provision connections between APS firms and their clients, this study provides fresh insights on urban networks in China. The results show that Beijing, Shenzhen and Shanghai strategically hold dominant positions within Chinese urban networks and they are the lead command and financial centres within the country. Particularly, Beijing has overwhelmingly more influence over other cities. The urban networks are embedded in China’s unique institutional context where market and state power together have shaped these networks. Since the urban network is built up based on real economic linkages, the findings might have further implications for policy-making and could contribute to ongoing debates regarding financial centres in China. It implies that connections between firms based on real economic activities can be an effective way to construct urban networks in future research.
The state of education in rural India: Problems and prospects
Authors: Singh J. P.
Published: January 2017

Based on the 1991 census this paper has sought to analyse the nature and level of infrastructure available for promoting education in different states of India, more particularly in their rural areas. The study has tried to explain reasons for the low level of literacy in rural areas across different states of the Indian Union. It has been contended in the paper that it is quite an uphill task for the government to achieve education for all in rural areas in near future, considering the lack of adequate facilities for education. In addition, the task is difficult also because of rapid rise in population, resulting from a faster rate of decline in mortality than fertility. Rapid growth in population has largely hindered the government's sustained effort to fulfil the constitutional obligation of providing compulsory and free education to all children in the age group of 6-14. In addition rapid rise in population other factors such as poor commitment for the cause of universal education, inefficient bureaucracy, resource crunch and poverty are no less accountable for the low level of literacy in rural India.
Gender based violence : A study of Ajmer city
Authors: Thakur Laxmi
Published: January 2017

Around the world at least one woman in every three has been beaten or otherwise abused in her lifetime. Most often the abuser is a member of her own family. Increasingly, gender-based violence is recognized as a major public health concern and violation of human rights. In the present study an attempt has been made to study the interrelationship between husband's violence and educational level of wives; husband's violence and occupational status of wives with various types of tortures and causes of violence against women. It is observed through obtained data from the Ajmer city of Rajasthan that education and occupation are playing an important positive role, which suggests that women development, reproductive rights and empowerment are main key factors to reduce gender based violence.
Reaching reproductive health knowledge to rural adolescents in Bangladesh: Learning from BRAC
Authors: Rashid Sabina Faiz , Chowdhury A. M. R. , Khan Shamsher
Published: January 2017

BRAC, a local non-governmental organisation is providing reproductive health knowledge for rural adolescents belonging to poor families. There productive curriculum covers a wide range of issue from puberty reproduction and menstruation, marriage and pregnancy, STDs and AIDS, family planning and birth control, are recruited and trained. Classes are taught to both male and female adolescents. An important aspect of implementation is the involvement of stakeholders (teachers, students, parents, religious leaders and community members) in selecting location of schools and deciding school management committees. To ensure effective implementation, a system of supervising and monitoring is in place. The strengths of the programme are many-there is an emphasis on community involvement, the introduction of basic knowledge on reproductive matters and links have been created whereby students, teachers and programme staff act as referrals to health centres and other formal health facilities for community members. Some weaknesses are identified, such as, monitoring constraints, insufficient training, teaching hours and teaching aids, and a lack of awareness of interactive teaching methods. Cultural considerations hinder female teachers from teaching adolescents boys freely. Some of the challenges to the programme are the conservative cultural environment and religious opposition in some areas. Currently the programme is on in 803 schools, covering a population of 27,175 rural adolescents.
Social change and female criminality in India
Authors: Pattanaik J. K. , Mishra N. N.
Published: January 2017

Viewed in the context of development and social change, the concept of female criminality is a recent phenomenon both in developed and Third World countries including India. Female criminality is a product of varied socio-economic-cultural and environmental factors resulting out of rapid industrialization, westernization and urbanization. Currently because of its increasing rate, it has drawn the attention of psychologists, sociologists and criminologists both at the International and national scene. Not only it has given a strong blow to our social and cultural heritage but also affected the social structure of Indian society. Against this background, the present paper focusses attention on various causes of female criminality in India and its consequences upon our society. With the help of various theoretical models the authors have analysed the various factors which make women crime prone. Finally, some significant and relevant suggestion have been provided to prevent and control the increasing trend.
Schooling for the urban poor: Insights from a slum study
Authors: Chugh Sunita
Published: January 2017

Empirical data from Sanjay Colony, a slum settlement in Delhi, shows, through micro statistics, that the inability of parents to bear expenses on books, uniforms and stationery was a significant cause of low enrolment and high dropout in this area. Parents had make these school related expenditures, which was difficult, as most of them were engaged in the unorganised sector with irregular jobs and low salaries. Another constraint is that there is only one primary school in the area, which is not able to cater to the needs of all children of the 6-10 years of age group. Also, in the absence of a middle school in the near vicinity, parents fear for the safety of their children who would have to commute long distances to attend school and be exposed to dangers such as having to cross busy roads en route. Moreover, most of the families of Sanjay Colony are migrants from neighbouring States, and children who accompany their parents to their native places for holidays tend to overstay, with the result that their names get struck off the rolls. It is however noteworthy that parents here want to educate their children, boys and girls both, but are deterred by crumbling infrastructure and want schooling facilities at an easily accessible distance.
Factors influencing utilisation of adolescent maternal care: An explorative study
Authors: Rahman M. Mizanur , Kabir M. , Shahidullah M.
Published: January 2017

Cross sectional data collected from rural and urban areas of Bangladesh to assess the pattern of utilisation of maternal care and the factors influencing it showed that about 58% of the adolescent mothers did not receive any maternal care during pregnancy. In multivariate logistic regression, the level of education of the mothers was significantly associated with antenatal care-seeking, but did not predict utilisation of delivery care. It was complications during delivery that compelled mothers to take care from qualified persons; otherwise they preferred delivery by non-qualified birth attendants. A variety of societal factors such as gender inequality and intra household power imbalance are likely to have been at work, which suggests that care providers and policy makers need to consider not only the resources of the health care system, but also knowledge and attitudes of women, their families, and the community.
Correlates of access to higher education in Jammu & Kashmir
Authors: Mujoo R. K.
Published: January 2017

In Jammu and Kashmir, the participation of Muslims in education in general, and in higher education in particular, remains low in comparison to that of their Hindu counterparts, even in the Kashmir valley, where Muslims constitute about 95% of the population. This is attributable to the tradition of higher education and white collar occupation among the Hindus and the kingly patronage they enjoyed for over two hundred years before the coming of independence and democracy.

While in the Kashmir Valley, there is mainly one caste group among Hindus, i.e., Brahmins, in the Jammu region, Hindus exhibit an elaborate caste system and the scene of higher education is dominated disproportionately by upper caste Hindus. Moreover, the beneficiaries of free higher education in the State are mainly urbanités who form a very a small proportion of the population compared to the population inhabiting rural areas.
Hinduism in the diaspora
Authors: Sahoo Ajaya Kumar
Published: January 2017

For Indian immigrants in foreign lands, religion came to be identified with ethnicity and identity. Hinduisms avatars in the diaspora include both the priestly as well as folk varieties, and also, hybrid, syncretic forms that developed in some parts of the world such as the Caribbean. Though sectarianisms have been transplanted too, non-sectarian, universalisée strains, whose antecedents can be traced back to social reformers like Raja Rammohan Roy, Swami Dayananda Saraswati, Vivekananda and Ramakrishna, have been gaining ground. Ironically, though, by linking Indian community identity with Hindusim, other religious groups like Muslims have come to be alienated.
Subhasini Nag versus Hindustan Lever Limited
Authors: Bartia Amiya Kumar
Published: January 2017

The Self Help Group (SHG) is about inculcating the saving habit among the poor, mobilising their money and making micro entrepreneurship viable and sustainable. Unfortunately, there are indications that corporate houses use the potential of the SHG as a marketing channel to establish their brands. As a consequence, the already existing micro enterprises of the poor are jeopardised. This report depicts a case such as this in a village of Orissa.
Perspectives on India's right to information bill
Authors: Seth Mahendra Kumar , Parida Baman
Published: January 2017

The importance of the right to information for disadvantaged people in India is underscored, in the context of some current issues on information needs of disadvantaged people. The role of media and the government is emphasised.
Hinduism in the diaspora: A select bibliography
Authors: Sahoo Ajaya Kumar
Published: January 2017

Hinduism the third largest religion in the world after Christianity and Islam, has been carried far beyond its country of origin by waves of emigrants. In this bibliographical compilation, the major works (such as edited books, articles and monographs) published over the last few years on Hinduism in the diaspora have been listed. Since the sources and disciplines are varied, not all the published materials could be accessed. It is hoped that the compilation will fulfil its objective of providing background knowledge to new scholars as well as academicians pursuing research on Hinduism in the diaspora.
The reluctant guarantee
Authors: R. Venugopal K.
Published: January 2017

One year of implementation of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, which is of great importance to the poor is nearing completion. In view of this the subject is topical and relevant. It is vital to analyse critically the problems in the law itself. The author traces a comparative account of the Employment Assurance Scheme and NREGA. Many shortcomings of the NREGA are pointed out. It is argued that the crucial provisions in NREGA 2005 undermine the proclaimed guarantee and it would be idle to pretend that this Act would change the geography of poverty in India. The author treats this analysis of NREGA as a mode of raising our voices on behalf of the poor to expand their rights.
Farm sector, non-farm employment and rural livelihood: A study
Authors: Sinha Archana
Published: January 2017

In India, about 60 per cent of the total workforce is engaged in the farm sector, contributing about 25 per cent of the national income. This reflects on the existence of widespread poverty in this sector. It is well known that agricultural growth stimulates non-farm activities through backward and forward linkages. Against this background a major goal of development planning in India is to eliminate poverty and unemployment through reducing the extent of dependence on agriculture. The developmental factors like modernisation of agriculture and its commercialisation, increased demand for non-agricultural goods and services, growing literacy, urbanisation, have tried to pull the labour force away from farm the sector to more lucrative non-farm activities. At the same time, distress factors like poverty; unemployment, underemployment and natural calamities like drought have tried to push the rural workforce away from the farm sector to various non-farm activities to supplement their income. In the rural areas of the country, there has been a decline in the share of agriculture in the workforce. While agriculture is unquestionably the dominant source of employment in rural India, non-agricultural activities are by no means insignificant. To understand the nature and extent of occupational diversification particularly that of rural women and of marginalised communities, the Indian Social Institute1, New Delhi conducted a micro-level study in this area in 2001.
Population policy and programme in India: A review
Authors: Srinivasan Sukayna
Published: January 2017

The paper reviews the population policy and programme at national level since its inception. It brings forward the achievements as well as shortcomings of the policies and programmes and goes on to show how despite the abolition of ‘target approach’ the programmes still have the same orientation.
Combined Fluphenazine and Lidocaine for Pain Relief in Head and Neck Cancers
Authors: Desai Pradeep M , Desai Kanchan P
Published: January 2017

A successful method of treating intractable neoplastic pain in 12 cases is discussed. A completely new method was tried combining long-acting phenothiazine and lidocaine to achieve long-lasting pain relief. This combination gave pain relief which lasted for weeks. A possible explanation of the mechanism is offered.
Analysis of a Simplified Concentration Sputum Smear Technique for Pulmonary Tuberculosis Diagnosis in Rural Hospitals
Authors: Garay J E
Published: January 2017

Rural hospitals in Africa face the challenge of an increasing number of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) cases, much of it related with the AIDS pandemic. The main diagnostic tool in these hospitals is the direct sputum smears. Sensitivity of direct sputum smears is low, especially in cases of AIDS related PTB. Several concentration methods have been described but none is routinely used in Zimbabwe. Fluorescence microscopy of auramine stained samples increases sensitivity and saves laboratory time but it is not an appropriate technique for rural African hospitals. In a rural hospital of southwest Zimbabwe, we studied the sensitivity and appropriateness of a simplified concentration method. The sensitivity against culture was significantly higher with the concentration method (80%) than with the classical direct smear method (57%). However, when sputum is not adequate (with high number of squamous epithelial cells, meaning upper airway origin), the sensitivity of this method is low. A combination of both methods is proposed to increase the sensitivity of PTB diagnosis in rural hospitals.
Maternal Mortality Estimated Using the Sisterhood Method in Gulu District, Uganda
Authors: Orach Christopher Garimoi
Published: January 2017

A community-based retrospective maternal mortality study using the Sisterhood method was conducted in Gulu district between February and March 1996. The objectives were to estimate the magnitude of and identify factors associated with maternal mortality in the district. Atotal of 5522 adult respondents, randomly selected from 27 parishes, of the five counties in the district were interviewed.

Between 1960–1996 324 maternal deaths occurred in the sisterhood sample. The maternal mortality rate (MMR) was estimated to be 662 per 100 000 deliveries [95% confidence interval (CI) 421–839 per 100 deliveries]. The leading causes of maternal death were: haemorrhage 45.1%; obstructed labour 26.2%; puerperal sepsis 9.6%; anaemia 2.2%; AIDS 2.2%; and gunshot wounds (GSW) 1.0%.

Factors associated with maternal mortality included: age − 31.8% of the mothers who died were below 20 years; education − 57.1% had no formal education; 65% of the mothers had delivered at home, 50.6% had been attended to by untrained traditional birth attendants (TBAs), while 37.8% were attended to by relatives.

The MMR was found to be 1.3 times higher than the estimated national MMR of 500 per 100 000 deliveries.

Most maternal deaths (80.9%) were due to preventable causes, being related to low socioeconomic status and low-level education of women in the district. The intractable civil war in the district was a major underlying and contributory factor to the high maternal mortality in the area. A multifaceted approach to reduce maternal mortality in the district should target improving the socioeconomic conditions in the district with special emphasis on encouraging and supporting female education. Intensive education on maternal healthcare in antenatal clinics be conducted targeting husbands/spouses and relatives who care for the prenatal/pregnant and postnatal mothers. There is need for more trained TBAs per village who should be given effective support supervision. Ambulance transport services, motor and bicycle be made available at the district and community levels. At a national level the security situation should be improved in the district.
Can Plasma Fructosamine Substitute for Glycated Haemoglobin (HbA1c) Estimation in the Assessment of Diabetic Control?
Authors: Malik M , Gill G V , Pugh R N H , Bakir A , Hossain M
Published: January 2017

The ‘gold standard’ marker of overall glycaemic control in diabetes mellitus is the level of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c). It is, however, an expensive and technically difficult assay and is rarely appropriate to tropical laboratories. Plasma fructosamine measurement is cheaper and easier, though it reflects shorter-term glycaemia. We have measured both indices of control in a group of 154 diabetic patients. There was close correlation between the two measurements (=0.6506, P < 0.001), but many patients with abnormal HbA1c levels had normal fructosamine levels. This resulted in an assay sensitivity (compared with HbA1c as gold standard) of only 30%, though specificity was 98%. We conclude that fructosamine measurement cannot be regarded as a substitute for HbA1c determination.
Drawover Anaesthesia for Cleft Palate and Lip Surgery in Pokhara, Nepal
Authors: Liu E H C , Richard B M
Published: January 2017

We describe our experience and problems with 335 children who had general anaesthesia for cleft palate and lip surgery. Drawover anaesthesia using halothane and trichloroethylene was easy to use and safe. The main early postoperative problems were airway obstruction and bleeding. Later postoperative care in the ward was hampered by the lack of nursing care and monitoring.
The Effect of Qat Chewing on Blood Pressure and Heart Rate in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Hassan Nageeb A G M , Gunaid Abdullah A , Abdo-Rabbo Ahmed A , Abdel-Kader Zaki Y , Al-Mansoob Mohamed A K , Awad Amin Y , Murray-Lyon Iain M
Published: January 2017

The leaves of the Qat plant ( Catha edulis Forsk., Celastraceae) which contain amphetamine like compounds are widely chewed in Yemen and East Africa for their pleasurable stimulant properties. There are also a number of unwanted side-effects and this paper studies the effect on heart rate and blood pressure in 80 healthy volunteers. During a 3-h period of chewing fresh Qat leaves there was a significant and progressive rise in systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate, and levels had not returned to baseline 1h after chewing had ceased. Further studies are needed on possible cardiovascular morbidity associated with regular Qat chewing.
Life after Multidrug Therapy: The Managerial Implications in Leprosy Control in Kaduna State, Nigeria
Authors: Awofeso Niyi
Published: January 2017

Multidrug therapy (MDT) represents a most effective technology for the chemotherapy of leprosy. This has created a belief that elimination of leprosy through MDT is a possibility.

However, the managerial implications of MDT are not always appreciated. This study highlights major managerial implications of MDT implementation using the Kaduna State Leprosy Control (Nigeria) as a focal point.
Estimating Coverage of a Community-Based Home Care Programme
Authors: Drew R S , Mgombane G , Nyaruwa T , Foster G
Published: January 2017

The Family AIDS Caring Trust (FACT) was formed in Mutare, Zimbabwe's third largest city, in 1987. FACT'S home care programme started in 1992. The programme operates in the urban area of Mutare which contains three townships with a population of 131 367. The area employs a trained nurse as a coordinator and four assistants, each assigned a zone within the city, who carry out the bulk of the visits.

As part of an evaluation of the programme we attempted to estimate its coverage using different models. Using these models the FACT programme has a coverage of between 2.5%–23%. It is important that all home care programmes think in terms of coverage and do not simply strive to provide high quality services to a few patients.
A Report of 27 Cases of Congenital Short Colon with an Imperforate Anus: So-Called ‘Pouch Colon Syndrome’
Authors: Budhiraja S , Pandit S K , Rattan K N
Published: January 2017

This is a retrospective study of 27 cases of congenital short colon with anorectal malformation (pouch colon syndrome) treated during the last 5 years (from January 1991 to December 1995). The radiological feature of enormously dilated colonic pouch occupying more than half the width of abdomen was diagnostic in almost all cases. Excision of pouch and end enterostomy was associated with maximum survival (92.3%) in good risk patients. Proximal diverting enterostomy with decompression and irrigation of pouch is a preferable alternative to pouch colostomy in poor risk patients. Tapering coloplasty and colostomy should be reserved only for types I and II cases of pouch colon.
The Princeton Trilogy Revisited: How Have Racial Stereotypes Changed in South Africa?
Authors: Talbot Kirsten , Durrheim Kevin
Published: January 2017

We investigate how the content of racial stereotypes has changed in response to the profound social and political transformation in South Africa. Following the theorizing in previous work, we expected stereotypes to have changed in response to changing intergroup relations. We replicated a classic stereotype study with a matched sample, and extended the research to include an analysis of stereotype uniformity and contrasts between personal and cultural stereotypes. The results showed that a new language of group difference had emerged, but that many of the representations and trends observed in that study have persisted. The favourability comparisons over time do not suggest that racial stereotypes are fading in South Africa. We found mixed support for the hypothesis that cultural stereotypes will remain relatively stable over time while personal stereotypes may undergo revision. In sum, the research shows that the racial stereotypes have a remarkable inertia, even in the face of dramatic historical change.
Psychosocial Variables Related to the International Professional Mobility of Congolese and Moroccan Executives
Authors: Mokounkolo René , Pasquier Daniel , Fouquereau Evelyne , Dumond Georges
Published: January 2017

Taking a sociocognitive approach, the aims of our research were to identify the links between Psychosocial variables and the international professional mobility of Moroccan and Congolese executives, and to examine the extent to which this desire can be explained by a hypothetical model, setting the explanatory psychosocial variables and the explained variable in a nomological space. The investigation was conducted through a set of questionnaires completed by 63 Congolese and 128 Moroccan executives. The results identify the executives who are satisfied with their present career and their life in general and who believe in the advantages of a national career, and those who express a desire for change and believe in the advantages of an international career. The former aspire to a sedentary life, while the latter show a tendency towards mobility. The discussion underlines the relevance of this sociocognitive approach and method based on nomological space to explain these results. It also raises management issues regarding the international mobility of African executives in a context of accelerated globalization.
Talking South African Fathers: A Critical Examination of Men's Constructions and Experiences of Fatherhood and Fatherlessness
Authors: Ratele Kopano , Shefer Tamara , Clowes Lindsay
Published: January 2017

The absence of biological fathers in South Africa has been constructed as a problem for children of both sexes but more so for boy-children. Arguably the dominant discourse in this respect has demonized non-nuclear, female-headed households. Fathers are constructed as either absent or ‘bad’. Thus it has become important to explore more closely how male care-givers have been experienced by groups of men in South Africa. This article examines discourses of fatherhood and fatherlessness by drawing on qualitative interviews with a group of 29 men who speak about their reported experiences and understandings of being fathered or growing up without biological fathers. Two major and intertwined subjugated discourses about adult men's experiences of being fathered that counterbalance the prevailing discourses about meaning of fatherhood and fatherlessness became evident, namely, ‘being always there’ and ‘talking fatherhood’. The importance of the experience of fatherhood as ‘being there’, which relates to a quality of time and relationship between child and father rather than physical time together, is illustrated. It is not only biological fathers who can ‘be there’ for their sons but also social fathers, other significant male role models and father figures who step in at different times in participants' lives when biological fathers are unavailable for whatever reason. Second, many positive experiences of fathers or father figures that resist a traditional role of authority and control and subscribe to more nurturant and non-violent forms of care, represented as ‘talking’ fathers, are underlined. If we are to better understand the impact of colonial and apartheid history and its legacy on family life in contemporary society, there is a need for more historically and contextually informed studies on the meaning of fatherhood and fatherlessness.
An Exploration of Flexibility/Rigidity as Relational Quality of African Migrants in South Africa as New Cultural and Social Environment
Authors: Chigeza Shingairai , Roos Vera
Published: January 2017

This article attempts to draw attention to the interpersonal interactions of African migrants and to how the relational quality, namely, flexibility/rigidity, could potentially facilitate or limit their acculturation in South Africa. The study on which the article is based is part of a larger international research project on the commonalities and differences in the way that intergenerational relations, citizenship and belonging play out in three countries: The United Kingdom, France and South Africa. Ten families and 24 individual participants (men and women in the age range 18–59) from different African countries who had migrated to South Africa were selected through purposive sampling. The data were obtained through in-depth personal interviews that were thematically analysed using a secondary data analysis approach. Although more relational qualities would provide a comprehensive description of migrants' interpersonal styles, the relational quality of flexibility/rigidity of migrants who participated in this research, ranged on a continuum from being too flexible to being too close and some were in between. Migrants who were flexible could associate themselves with the new cultural and social environment and expand their behavioural repertoire. The migrants in the study, who were too flexible and too close, experienced discomfort. The study findings can be used as baseline for further research to support the adjustment of migrants in South Africa.
Adventure-Based Experiences during Professional Training in Psychology: A Follow-up Study
Authors: Human Lourens
Published: January 2017

Postgraduate counselling psychology training at the University of Pretoria (UP), South Africa (SA), is done according to the researcher-practitioner model. An important aspect that is addressed during the unfolding of the postgraduate counselling psychology programme is professional development, which consists of professional practice and personal growth. Professional practice addresses the legislative context of practising psychology in SA, while personal growth focuses on the “person” of the postgraduate counselling psychology students. During the programme personal growth is addressed through supervision, counselling and an adventure experience. The purpose of this research is to describe the personal growth of 19 students through an adventure experience in the province of KwaZulu-Natal, SA. The students participated in various adventure activities (archery, obstacle course, sea kayaking, sea rafting, abseiling), as well as in eight group debriefing sessions. At the end of the adventure experience the students reflected in writing on their adventure experience. The research was conducted from a descriptive phenomenological position and the written reflections analysed according to the Duquesne Phenomenological Research Method (DPRM). From the analysis it seems that the essence of the students' personal growth pertained to students growing in awareness; challenging their boundaries; discovering uniqueness, creating trust amongst one another and demonstrating the ability to collectively establish group cohesion.
Empathy and Personal Experiences of Trainees in an Emotional Literacy and Persona Doll Programme in South Africa
Authors: Barnfather Nikki , Amod Zaytoon
Published: January 2017

South Africa's young children face many devastating problems that can hamper their emotional and social development. As a result, the Emotional Literacy and Persona Doll programme is an attempt to intervene in the emotional development of young children. The Persona Dolls are used as an educational and therapeutic tool to encourage and develop emotional expression, management and emotional literacy in young children. Previous studies have shown positive effects of the programme with children. However, the development of the trainees and practitioners who use these dolls has yet to be researched. Therefore, this research study is an assessment of the development of empathy, and the personal experiences of trainees who underwent the emotional literacy and Persona Doll training programme in South Africa. This was done through the Interpersonal Reactivity Index and a thematic content analysis of the participants' feelings, experiences, and thoughts in a journal, process notes, and an evaluation form. There was a total of 14 participants, including newly trained psychologists, social workers and teachers. Although the quantitative results did not show any significance in terms of an improvement in empathy, the qualitative results demonstrated that the participants found that they were more able to think and talk about their own emotions, and the emotions of others. Furthermore, the group of participants learned important skills of reflection and containment, which they believe they can now use and which they are using in their work with others, and their families.
The Ububele Baby Mat Project: A Community-Based Parent-Infant Intervention at Primary Health Care Clinics in Alexandra Township, Johannesburg
Authors: Frost Katharine
Published: January 2017

This paper describes the Ububele Baby Mat Project – a community parent-infant mental health intervention offered at primary health care clinics in Alexandra (an impoverished township in Johannesburg, South Africa). The paper traces the project's history and theoretical underpinnings. At its core, the Baby Mat Project aims to support the caregiving component (parents/caregivers and their support structures) of the attachment system, through a focus on reflective functioning, observation and direct communication with the infant. The facilitating of wondering, mhlawumbe in isiZulu, encourages deeper thought about the meaning of the presenting problem, which is usually of a seemingly concrete nature. An in situ example illustrates the process of a Baby Mat session.
Dialogic Reading and Child Language Growth — Combating Developmental Risk in South Africa
Authors: Vally Zahir
Published: January 2017

The issue of inadequate child cognitive stimulation requires immediate remediation given its widespread prevalence in developing countries. “Dialogic book-sharing” is now recognised as a potent means for stimulating the development of a range of important early cognitive and language skills in children; including receptive and expressive vocabulary, abstract language, the syntactic quality and complexity of sentence construction, emergent literacy skills, literal and inferential language, and oral Narrative skills. This article is a review of the current research base on sharing books with young children. It reveals widespread application of this sort of intervention in the developed world, with Programmes having been run by training individual parents or as groups in classroom settings. While implementation in poor, developing countries remains scant, there is a clear rationale for testing the applicability of dialogic reading in Africa as there is established evidence that South African children are at a clear cognitive disadvantage to their peers in developed countries. The dialogic reading programme, its components, and implementation issues are discussed with a review of the major empirical findings. It is further argued that this type of intervention poses much potential for addressing the documented loss of developmental potential in South Africa (SA).
The psychology of forgiveness and its importance in South Africa
Authors: Worthington Everett L , Cowden Richard G
Published: January 2017

The purpose of this qualitative review is to stimulate empirical research on forgiveness within South Africa (and other portions of Africa). The article explores a Western understanding of the psychology of forgiveness, including its definition as distinct from reconciliation, its sequelae, and its predictors. Findings are examined with particular emphasis on differences between research in more Westernised societies (i.e., United States and Western Europe), where most of the forgiveness research has historically occurred, and research in South Africa. A culturally sensitive approach to the study of forgiveness and reconciliation in South Africa was utilised, and the extant research on forgiveness in South Africa was briefly reviewed. The article informs emergent forgiveness researchers about ways to effectively launch Africa-centric studies and outlines future directions in the field to researchers who are already involved in conducting forgiveness research. Thus, a research agenda is suggested for making an impact on the field of forgiveness, on forgiveness in Africa, (particularly) on forgiveness research in South Africa, and on reconciliation and the furthering of peace.
Sovereignty, Pluralism, and Regular War: Wolff and Vattel’s Enlightenment Critique of Just War
Authors: Kalmanovitz Pablo
Published: January 2017

Since its early origins, just war discourse has had two contrasting functions: it has sought to speak law and morals to power, and thus to restrain the use of force, but it has also served to authorize and legitimize the use of force. Critical voices have recently alerted to the increasing use of authorization and legitimization in a broader context of hegemonic and unilateral appropriations of just war discourse. In this article, I show that such critiques of just war have a long history, and reconstruct the powerful challenge that two of the foremost international jurists of the Enlightenment—Christian Wolff and Emer de Vattel—mounted against early modern accounts of just war. Their neglected theory of “regular war” helps us to recover a sense of what a truly pluralist and anti-hegemonic doctrine of ius ad bellum may look like, and reveals a deep tension in the just war tradition between the criteria of political authority and just cause.