bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implementing Program Equity: Raising the Stakes for Educational Policy and Practice
Authors: Adams Jacob E.
Published: March 2007

This article suggests some consequences of program equity for educational policy and practice. Consequences are described in terms of needed investments in policy and practice-the stakes-that are risked in order to achieve high minimum levels of student performance. Stakes go up for policy and practice both because program equity demands support for high minimum performance outcomes, along with a new and more challenging implementation standard, and because delivering these outcomes requires that implementing decisions and actions be coordinated across a fragmented educational system. Program equity implementation thus requires simultaneous top-down and bottom-up change strategies that promote goal alignment, capacity building, and direct support for change. Implementation contributions of various policy instruments and professional practices are explored. A new implementation structure-teacher networks-is proposed as a means of linking and managing top and bottom change strategies. The potential of networks rests on their ability to combine externally developed standards with classroom experiences to produce the incremental learning that improves both policy and practice, feeding back the problems of new standards to central authorities and facilitating teachers' learning and instructional practice.
The Existence of Parental Choice in the Netherlands
Authors: Dronkers Jaap
Published: March 2007

Parental choice of a private or public school for children has existed in the Netherlands since the start of this century. All school sectors (public, Protestant, Catholic) are subjected to strong control of equal examinations, salary, capital investments, and so forth by the national government. In the start of this century, parental choice of a school was mostly dominated by religious ties, but in the second half of this century, the Dutch society became more or less irreligious. At least nine mechanisms can explain the existence of religious schools in a less religious society: (a) community of churches, (b) educational administration, (c) student intake, (d) financial differences, (e) deliberate educational choice, (f) educational conservatism, (g) religious values, (h) political protection, and (i) refusal of certain pupils.
Measuring School Choice Using Indicators
Authors: Archbald Doug
Published: March 2007

School choice is becoming an increasingly common policy in school districts, although it remains controversial and its outcomes are not well understood. This article argues that we need better definitions and measures of the practices and policies that create school choice and that this can contribute to a clearer understanding of the nature of school choice and to more effective planning and evaluation. This article proposes system (district)-level indicators of school choice that operationalize the concept of "school choice. " The types of indicators presented here could produce valuable inter district comparative information on processes and outcomes of school choice.
Moderate Secularism: Constructing a Language of Possibility for Religion in Public Education
Authors: Curry Barbara K. , Houser Neil O.
Published: March 2007

People often resist that which they fear or misunderstand. When this resistance precludes the reflection and compromise needed to promote societal well-being, it becomes a legitimate focus of social education. Nowhere has the fear been greater or the resistance more rigid than in the debate over religion in public education. This article examines the current status of religion in education and considers the implications for policy making and practice. A brief history of religion in education and two recent cases challenging educational policy are used to frame the discussion. The article concludes with a proposal for a "moderate secularism, " an alternative approach to policy and practice based on a language of possibility for addressing religion in public education.
"Parachute Kids" in Southern California: The Educational Experience of Chinese Children in Transnational Families
Authors: Zhou Min
Published: March 2007

"Parachute kids " are a highly select group of foreign students who have come to the United States to seek a better education in American elementary or high schools. Upon arrival in America, these children were typically between ages 8 and 17; many were admitted on F-i student visas; some were on B-2 visitor visas but later adjusted to F-i student visas. To the extent that they are in their preteens or teens in search of self-identities, however, the parachute kids and other similarly situated immigrant children are subject to similar demands and pressures imposed on them by their families, their American peers, and the host society. This article discusses how parachute kids as a social group have come about and provides an analysis of the risks inherent in transnational families. In an attempt to sort out possible factors influencing the educational experience of parachute kids, the article also seeks to highlight policy implications for educating America's new second generation.
Respiratory Disorders of the Elderly
Authors: Lone Amista A.
Published: March 2007

Elderly are at increased risk for developing pulmonary disease over time. There has been an increase in the prevalence of and mortality from COPD and asthma in the industrialized world. In addition to the increase in these pulmonary diseases there are changes in the pulmonary function of the elderly due to structural changes with age, changes in gas exchange and changes in ventilatory response. This article reviews the epidemiology, diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy of asthma and briefly discusses the epidemiology and therapy of COPD with the emphasis on our elderly population.
The Pharmacotherapy of Human Aggression: A Review
Authors: Caley Charles F.
Published: March 2007

Aggression is a common treatment problem that may be associated with several disorders including schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, acute mania/bipolar disorder, personality disorders, substance abuse disorders, medical disorders, neurological disorders, and medication misadventures. Aggression is not a linear entity, it is a multidimensional problem influenced by a patient's environment and biological, psychological, and/or neurological status. It follows that if one has a multidimensional treatment problem, then a compre hensive treatment plan must be used to achieve optimal management. The comprehensive treatment of aggression should include a thorough baseline evaluation, regular objective measurement of aggression severity using a rating scale (eg, Overt Aggression Scale), psychological interventions, behavioral interventions, pharmacotherapy and, if necessary, seclusion and/or restraint. The pharmacotherapy of aggres sion includes the traditional antipsychotics and benzodiazepines, which are most commonly used; other pharmacotherapies frequently selected include the β-blockers, carbamazepine, and lithium. Despite these pharmacotherapeutic options and despite a pharmacological rationale for each one, the medications used for the treatment of aggression are at least in part nonspecific for aggression. The nonspecificity of these pharmacotherapies is best exemplified by the common use of multiple drug regimens. This may then lead to drug misadventures either in the form of drug-drug interactions, adverse effects, or toxicity. The serenics are a class of phenylpiperazine compounds that have exhibited some promise as being more selective anti- aggression drugs. Eltoprazine, the first member of this new class, is in early phases of human investigation. Copyright © 1996 by W.B. Saunders Company
Designer Drugs of Abuse
Authors: Barone Joseph A. , Shermock Kenneth M.
Published: March 2007

Designer drugs of abuse represent a major health risk to those who use them. The toxic effects of these agents are very dangerous when they are correctly identified, but they are especially dangerous because they are often misidentified by emergency room personnel. The three groups of designer drugs are the opiates, amphetamine derivatives and phencyclidine derivatives. Amphetamine derivatives such as MDMA and MDA can cause fatal sequelae including hyperthermia, hypertension, and seizures. No specific antidote exists for these agents. Therefore, their widespread use in certain areas is a major concern. The opiate derivatives M PPP, MPTP and the fentanyl analogues produce a wide range of toxic effects. These agents are much more potent than heroin, and are sometimes sold as heroin unknowingly to the user. The results have been catastrophic, with many fatalities. Arylhexylamines such as phencyclidine and ketamine are becoming more popular as agents of abuse. These drugs may result in fatal toxicity resulting from cardiac arrest, hypertensive emergency, or status epilepticus. Familiarity with the signs and symptoms of toxicity from the designer drugs will expedite the care of these patients.
Companionship, Loss, and Taking Risks
Authors: Jackson Christina
Published: March 2007

This article describes personal and professional encounters in the life of a nurse who reflects on holism and its place in these experiences. In an attempt to grow and care for ourselves and others, holistic principles such as intention, caring presence, attention to environment, and rituals can provide structure, inspiration, and comfort.
Roots and Wings
Authors: Lawson Karen L. , Horneffer Karen J.
Published: March 2007

The overwhelming supply and demand for holistic health information and services suggest the need for integrative medical centers to offer experientially based educational programs. Seventeen individuals participated in a pilot of a 12-week multidisciplinary program titled Roots and Wings. Self-reported pre- and post measures were completed by 11 participants and indicated promising outcomes across the dimensions of physical, emotional, and spiritual health. Participants had a statistically significant decrease in physical and psychological symptoms and an increase in daily spiritual experiences. Statistically significant positive changes were also found for psychological attitudes and health locus of control in addition to indicators of behavior, satisfaction and attitudes relevant to the goals of Roots and Wings. The content of the program and the implications of these findings for nurse educators are discussed.
Journey to Holism
Authors: Slater Victoria E. , Maloney Joseph P. , Krau Stephen D. , Eckert Carol A.
Published: March 2007

The journey to holism is the result of a grounded theory study of 18 members of the American Holistic Nurses’ Association. Participants were prompted to “Tell me about holistic nursing” and replies revealed a seven-step process to becoming a holistic nurse. The process is an expansion of Van Gennep’s three-stage theory of rites of passage, which involves separation, marginality/liminality, and reintegration. The expanded process begins with separation from mainstream nursing and concludes with reintegration into nursing as a holistic nurse. The marginality/liminality step shows five active steps: gathering information to quell the distress of the separation, applying that information to others, changing focus to self-care, applying the information to self, and increasing self-knowledge. This article describes the process and presents data to support the conclusion that the growth of a holistic nurse follows a recognizable course.
The Role of Neuroticism in the Association Between Performance-Based and Self-Reported Measures of Mobility
Authors: Jang Yuri , Mortimer James A. , Haley William E. , Graves Amy Borenstein
Published: March 2007

Objective: The present study examined the role of neuroticism in older individuals’ self-reports of mobility. The authors hypothesized that neuroticism would modify the association between performance-based and self-reported measures of mobility. Method: Using a stratified sample of 459 community-dwelling elders, a hierarchical regression analysis was conducted to assess the effects of physical performance and neuroticism in predicting self-reported mobility. Results: Composite measures of lower body performance and self-reported mobility had a moderate correlation. In the regression model of self-reported mobility, neuroticism had both a direct effect and an interaction effect with physical performance. Discussion: Given a certain level of physical performance, individuals who scored high on neuroticism were more likely to report disability. Also, the combination of poor performance and high neuroticism increased self-reported disability. The findings suggest that neuroticism may play an important role in subjective perception and should be considered in the interpretation of data based on self-reports.
The Cost of Recruiting Alzheimer’s Disease Caregivers for Research
Authors: Tarlow Barbara Amelotte , Mahoney Diane Feeney
Published: March 2007

Objectives:This study examined the cost and outcomes associated with multiple recruitment strategies used to enroll participants in an Alzheimer’s disease (AD) caregiver study. Methods:Recruitment data were collected as part of an AD caregiving intervention study and examined for number of referrals and participants, yield, personnel cost, materials cost, total cost, and cost per participant. Results:Recruitment rates varied by method implemented and referral source. Overall, 100 participants were enrolled for a total cost of $10,127, yielding an average per participant cost of $101.00. The Formal Recruitment Method, used at agencies with large participant pools, emerged as the most cost-effective strategy. Discussion:Recruitment costs varied greatly, depending on the referral sites and their available pool of participants. Substantial time, money, and personnel need to be budgeted for recruitment efforts given the expected costs, the competing pressures in the health care region, and the variability of participant response.
Age and Patterns of HMO Satisfaction
Authors: Ward Russell A.
Published: March 2007

Consumerism and increasing complexity in health care options highlight the importance of health care satisfaction. Patterns and sources of satisfaction are assessed for health maintenance organizations (HMOs), a relatively novel option, using national survey data. Particular attention is paid to age differences, because HMO Medicare coverage is a recent development and older people generally express little HMO familiarity or receptivity. Higher satisfaction is expressed by HMO members than by nonmembers for both younger and older persons. HMO satisfaction is higher for older than for younger members, a pattern at odds with nonmember attitudes about HMOs. Member satisfaction is a function of the nature of patient/provider ties and related attitudes, as it is among nonmembers. Importance of a "regular" provider is particularly evident among older HMO members. Patterns of HMO satisfaction among older members likely reflects both cohort differences and age-associated patterns of health and related attitudes.
Trading Off Longer Life for Worsening Health
Authors: Olshansky S. Jay , Rudberg Mark A. , Carnes Bruce A. , Cassel Christine K. , Brody Jacob A.
Published: March 2007

This article demonstrates and explains why future declines in mortality will have a diminishing effect on the metric of life expectancy but a large impact on the size of future elderly cohorts. Additionally, the article addresses a hypothesis in which it is argued that morbidity and disability will decline and become compressed into a shorter duration of time before death. Although studies have demonstrated that declining mortality can lead to worsening health, what is missing from the literature is a formal mechanistic hypothesis that describes why this phenomenon takes place. Two primary mechanisms are identified. One is based on arguments in which medical technology is identified to improve the survival of those with disabling conditions; the other is that declining mortality from fatal diseases leads to a shift in the distribution of causes of disability from fatal to nonfatal diseases of aging. Procedures for testing this hypothesis are discussed.
In Search of Psychological Benefits
Authors: Gitlin Laura N. , Lawton M. Powell , Windsor-Landsberg Lisa A. , Kleban Morton H. , Sands Laura P. , Posner Joel
Published: March 2007

This study assessed the short-term psychological effects of an exercise training program for 267 healthy elderly volunteers randomly assigned to either a bicycle group that trained three times a week for 4 months or an attention control group that met once a week during the 4-month period. A second aim was to identify predictors of favorable change in either physiological performance in stress-test parameters or in behavioral attributes at the conclusion of training. Psychological assessment procedures included indicators of basic mental health, perceived quality of life, and activity level. One-way repeated-measure multivariate analysis of variance tests revealed only one significant univariate interaction effect: The exercising group showed significantly greater improvement in an index tapping report of feeling better from pretest to posttest as compared to controls. The directions of change for all other measures were uniformly in favor of exercisers but did not approach statistical significance. Behavioral and psychological variables were also found to be irrelevant in predicting improvement in physiological performance at Time 2. These data suggest that exercise program effects on psychological and behavioral indicators were very modest for older adults with very high levels of functioning.
Good Health
Authors: Strain Laurel A.
Published: March 2007

Although the gerontological literature abounds with references to health status, the meaning of good health to older adults is not readily apparent. Drawing on data from a random sample of 743 individuals aged 65 and over residing in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, perceived definitions of the concept for age peers and for younger age groups are examined. These definitions include a general feeling of well-being, the absence of symptoms, and being able to do usual activities. The extent of congruency in the definitions for different age groups is also considered. Attempts to identify associated sociodemographic characteristics, health status, and health beliefs are largely unsuccessful, although one's own health situations appears important to consider. The relationship between various definitions and perceived health status, life satisfaction, and service utilization are explored. Directions for future research are discussed.
OTC Drug Use in an HMO
Authors: Johnson Richard E. , Reed L. Douglas
Published: March 2007

The study described the self-reported use of over-the-counter (OTC) drugs among older adult and younger adult HMO members, and identified the factors associated with their use. The study population was 1,642 HMO members aged 65 and over, and 3,417 members 18 through 64 years of age. Sources of data were a mail questionnaire, and automated outpatient pharmacy, and visit data. The findings showed the elderly were less likely to use most kinds of common OTC drugs. They also used them less intensely, and were less likely to use OTC drugs in conjunction with prescription drugs, than young adults. For both age groups, OTC drug use did not appear to be a substitute for formal medical services. The major factors associated with the use of OTCs in both age groups were female gender and increased bodily pain.
Use of Community-Based Long-Term Care Services by Older Adults
Authors: Johnson Robert J. , Wolinsky Fredric D.
Published: March 2007

This study uses a previously validated model of disease, disability, functional limitations, and perceived health to predict the use of long-term care (LTC) services in and out of the home. The focus is on (a) the direct effects of the structure of health status on the use of LTC services, (b) how the use of LTC services differs by race and sex, and (c) how the use of LTC services varies by in-home and out-of-home location. The findings indicate that different dimensions of health status affect in-home health services for White men and women, compared to Black women. Basic ADLs are significant predictors among Whites but not among Black females. In addition, sociodemographic and socioeconomic factors are more important influences on the use of out-of-home services than are health status variables. Some of these effects indicate that LTC services are being used by the special groups to which they are targeted (e.g., those living alone). The failure to find other effects (e.g., dependence on social security for income) indicates that the LTC services are not being used more by some targeted groups (e.g., the poor). These findings suggest that simply expanding the supply of LTC services could exacerbate the existing disparities in service use.
Child Care Center Quality Differences: The Role of Profit Status, Client Preferences, and Trust
Authors: Morris John R. , Helburn Suzanne W.
Published: March 2007

This study uses the Cost, Quality, and Child Outcomes in Child Care Centers data set to investigate the view that in a mixed industry providing complex services to poorly informed customers, for-profit producers provide lower quality than nonprofit producers by skimping on quality characteristics that buyers cannot easily observe. Results indicateno significant difference between for-profit and nonprofit centers in overall quality or in their tendency to skimp, except in North Carolina with its less stringent licensing requirements. When for-profit and nonprofit sectors are subdivided by ownership, however, for-profit chains and nonprofit centers operated by churches or community agencies produce significantly lower hard-to-observe quality than other nonprofit subsectors. In North Carolina, all for-profits, especially chains, produce lower hard-to-observe quality, suggesting that for-profit firms take advantage of low state licensing standards. These results indicate the importance of subdividing for-profit and nonprofit sectors to gain insight into industry performance, to design effective public policy, and to address the underlying problems of information asymmetry in the industry.
Mission-Driven Philanthropy: What do We Want to Accomplish and How do We do It?
Authors: Stauber Karl N.
Published: March 2007

This article explores a series of issues the Northwest Area Foundation has considered as part of its strategic planning process. The Foundation engaged in intensive strategic planning from 1996 to 1998 and has continued to focus on strategic alignment since that time. This has led to major changes in how the foundation is governed, does its work, and identifies its potential partners.
The Civic Core in Canada: Disproportionality in Charitable Giving, Volunteering, and Civic Participation
Authors: Reed Paul B. , Selbee L. Kevin
Published: March 2007

Three principal modes of civic involvement are volunteering, giving to charities, and participating in civic associations. The authors investigate how total effort is distributed in the Canadian population among these three behaviors. Their results show that in each area, there is a small group of individuals who is responsible for the majority of contributory effort. When activity in the three areas is considered all together, the authors find a remarkably high degree of concentration. Six percent of Canadian adults account for 35% to 42% of all civic involvement. This group of individuals represents the “civic core” in Canada. The implications of the existence of a small but dedicated civic core for the voluntary domain and for patterns of citizen engagement are discussed.
Collaborative Windows and Organizational Governance: Exploring the Formation and Demise of Social Service Partnerships
Authors: Takahashi Lois M. , Smutny Gayla
Published: March 2007

For collaboratives to form, this article argues that a collaborative window (the confluence of problem, policy, organizational, and social/political/economic streams) must open, and a collaborative entrepreneur must act (recognizing the window and bringing together appropriate partners). This article argues that because collaborations form in response to particular collaborative windows, the initial governance structures developed will correspond to the conditions characterizing the window. Because initial governance structures are difficult to change and the conditions that characterized the collaborative window shift when the window closes, social service partnerships have built into them the seeds for their short-term demise. To illustrate this argument, a case study is presented of three small, community-based organizations that partnered to provide social services for persons living with HIV and AIDS in Orange County, California. The implications of this case study for understanding the potential long-term impacts of collaborations are discussed.
Philanthropic Styles in the United States: Toward a Theory of Regional Differences
Authors: Schneider John C.
Published: March 2007

Our understanding of American philanthropy lacks a well-developed regional dimension despite the prevalence of regionalism in so much of American history and life. The value in exploring regional patterns in giving and volunteering among Americans lies in its practical application for the management and development of nonprofit organizations. A review of the rich literature on American regionalism yields at least one model-Daniel Elazar's delineation of political cultures-that investigators might employ to uncover regional variations in the ways in which Americans approach and practice philanthropy. Distinctive philanthropic cultures are hypothesized based on Elazar's paradigm and are offered as a regional overlay on current mappings of place-to-place differences.
Rationality and Politics: What Really Goes on When Funders Evaluate the Performance of Fundees?
Authors: Tassie Bill , Murray Vic , Cutt James , Bragg Denise
Published: March 2007

This article provides an in-depth case study of the process by which a funder evaluates the performance of a client nonprofit agency in the social services sector. The connection between the evaluation and the subsequent funding decision is also explored. A framework for uncovering the basic dimensions of the evaluation process is presented and applied to the evaluator-evaluatee relationship studied. Various points at which perceptions of the relationship got distorted are identified. The evaluation process was found to be a subtle and complex interaction of formally rational methods and nonformal subjective judgments. The implications of these findings for practical improvements to the evaluation process are discussed.
Women as Volunteers and Activists
Authors: Caputo Richard K.
Published: March 2007

This study used logistic regression analysis on data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience to identify characteristics associated with the likelihood of female volunteers' engaging in activities to change social conditions and with the likelihood of female activists' being volunteers. Results suggested that volunteers are more likely to be activists to the extent that they perceive what they do as making a difference. Furthermore, they are likely to be found in organizations reflecting their own affinity for activism. Work decreases the extent to which women volunteer but does not affect their propensity for activism. Prior volunteer experience partially offsets some of the decreased time devoted to voluntarism due to work. Implications regarding the relationship between voluntarism and activism and for promoting voluntary activism in general are discussed.
Counting Latino Nonprofits: A New Strategy for Finding Data
Authors: Cortés Michael
Published: March 2007

Surprisingly little data is available on Latino nonprofits in the United States. The author describes a new content analysis strategy for extracting Latino subsets from large data sets that lack Hispanic identifiers. The strategy was used to generate statistics on Latino nonprofits from data on tax-exempt organizations compiled by the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (IRS). Findings indicate that Latino nonprofits comprise less than four tenths of 1% of all tax-exempt organizations. A relatively high proportion (two thirds) of all Latino nonprofits recognized by the IRS are recognized under I.R.C. ß 501(c)(3). Half of all Latino nonprofits are less than 10 years old. Latino nonprofits tend not to affiliate with other organizations. They are concentrated in the southwestern United States. Popular activities among Latino nonprofits are programs for veterans, scholarship and educational programs, and promotion of business and commerce. Rare activities include youthservices, legislative and political activities, litigation, and legal aid.
Organizational Forms and Architectural Space: Building Meaning in Charitable Organizations in New York City, 1770 to 1920
Authors: Guerra-Pearson Francesca
Published: March 2007

Over the past 15 years, organizational theory and nonprofit scholarship have enjoyed a remarkable renaissance, yet both perspectives still lack a clear understanding of organizational forms. This article suggests ways of tracing the development and differentiation of organizational forms through empirical analyses of the built environment and argues that this approach offers valuable insight into the history of nonprofit charitable organizations, public-private partnerships, and citizen participation in a developing democracy. The mainfocus is on how charitable practices operated within buildings and how different buildings used by charitable organizations in the 19th century limited and defined social service provision. Investigating the ways in which early organizational struggles over space influenced, constrained, and/or enabled organizational institutionalization can lead to greater understandings of American civil society.
Where Did the Serious Study of Philanthropy Come From, Anyway?
Authors: Katz Stanley N.
Published: March 2007

This article gives a brief account of the historical development of the systematic academic study of the field of philanthropy from the point of view of one of the original investigators in the field. It attempts to identify the institutional factors (in the field of philanthropy, within the universities, and among funding agencies) that have determined the current nature of research on philanthropy. Finally, it points out some of the leading problems in the further development of philanthropy as a research field, especially those of cooperative relations between researchers and philanthropic practitioners.
What Good Schools can Do About Bullying
Authors: SMITH PETER K. , SHU SHU
Published: March 2007

Action against bullying in schools has been quite extensive over the last decade. The article reports a survey of 2308 pupils aged 10-14 years, from 19 schools across England. Frequencies of being bullied and of bullying others suggest some decline from earlier findings, which may reflect positive results achieved by schools concerned about the issue. Victims report a variety of coping strategies, varying with age. Bullies report often feeling that the victim deserved it, a response especially marked in older boys. A `culture of silence' still persists in that 30 percent of victims had told no one of the bullying. However, for those who had told, the outcome was usually seen as positive, although there was a small risk of things getting worse especially when teachers were told. Findings are discussed in terms of the opportunities and challenges facing schools as they work to develop effective anti-bullying policies and strategies.
Legal and Social Ties Between Children and Cohabiting Fathers
Authors: OTTOSEN MAI HEIDE
Published: March 2007

The article examines whether legal ties between the members in the nuclear family affect the father-child relationship after domestic breakup. Data were taken from a sample of 419 younger Danish children from previous marital unions, and consensual unions with either sole or joint legal custody before family dissolution. The study found no evidence that civil status as a single factor could explain possible differences in the post-separation organization of parenting, but a sole legal custody arrangement from the child's birth may disfavour cohabiting fathers as future residential parents. The results further suggested that father's potential as breadwinner together with his involvement in preseparation childcare care constitutive elements of modern fatherhood.
Childhood Disability and Disabled Childhoods
Authors: PRIESTLEY MARK
Published: March 2007

Existing research approaches to childhood disability have compounded a view of disabled children as passive and dependent. Moreover, the voices of disabled children themselves have frequently been excluded. Research agendas have been preoccupied with impairment, vulnerability and service usage. As a consequence, they have often concealed the role of disabled children as social actors, negotiating complex identities within a disabling environment. In order to understand the experience of disabled children it is necessary to engage simultaneously with new approaches to disability and with new approaches to childhood.
Leasing the Ivory Tower at a Social Justice University
Authors: Fox Julia D.
Published: March 2007

This article is a case study of the financial ties between Freeport-McMoRan Corporation and Loyola University, New Orleans. Freeport is a large transnational corporation that has a deplorable domestic and international environmental and human rights record in West Papua Loyola University is a so-called social justice university that is advertised as an independent university that fosters critical thinking. The following analysis centers on Freeport's endowment of the environmental communication chair at Loyola and how Freeport constrained the internal operations of the university when faculty members and students protested the investment. It is argued that Freeport's investment in a social justice university provides a public relations function of greenwashing and human rights sterilization.
Do Corporations Rule the World? And does it Matter?
Authors: Korten David C.
Published: March 2007

The real power of world rule resides with the global financial markets that dominate the decisions of both corporations and governments, demanding ever greaterfinancial returns to shareholders regardless of the cost to society. The costly reality is masked by increases in stock market and GDP indices that create the illusion of increasing prosperity even as global capitalism destroys the real capital on which our well-being depends. The key to resolving our crisis of growing inequality, environmental devastation, and economic instability is to recognize that there are real and attractive alternatives to the new global capitalism that have nothing in common with the failed models of socialism. One of the more promising involves restoring democracy and putting in place the conditions necessary for the market's healthy function.
Game Theory and Juries
Authors: Margolis Howard
Published: March 2007

Recent work on game theory and juries reaches the startling result that making convictions easier (by easing the requirement for unanimity) would make false convictions rarer. Only the guilty would be put at increased risk. The note explains why the result is contingent on a quirk in the mathematical analysis.
Elite Interaction and Constitution Building in Consociational Democracies
Authors: Tsebelis George
Published: March 2007

This paper uses game theory to provide a common framework to address three questions: (a) Under what conditions is it possible for political elites in segmented societies to pursue accommodating strategies? (b) If elites choose such strategies over long periods of time, why do their followers continue to vote for them? (c) How can political institutions promote accommodating behavior?

The essence of the argument is that political elites perceive the political situation as a game of chicken, while the masses may see it as a prisoners' dilemma or deadlock. When elites take into account electoral considerations, a weighting scheme determines the nature of the composite game. This game need not be symmetric with respect to the ranking of payoffs of the different players. The framework explains not only the major independent variable of the consociational democracies literature concerning the accommodating behavior of elites, it explains one of the major criticisms against this literature as well: the phenomenon of elite-intitiated conflict. The same game theoretic framework is used to explain how Belgian institutions work.
Petit and Térouanne's Comparisons of Distributions in Electoral Studies
Authors: Shively W. Phillips
Published: March 2007

The Petit/Térouanne technique addresses an important question, with interesting applications. Unfortunately, as developed here it is only trivially useful because it rules out by definition all of the difficult, ambiguous cases that make the question important. Further implications are explored.
The Political Economy of Development
Authors: Pourgerami Abbas
Published: March 2007

Based on data from 106 developing countries in 1986, empirical results of a system of simultaneous equations support the hypothesis that socio-economic development facilitates democratic change and that countries with democratic political systems can achieve rapid economic growth. The coexistence of poverty and lack of freedom in most developing countries should not constitute a `cruel choice' between economic development and political democracy.
A Spatial Theory of Ideology
Authors: Hinich Melvin J. , Munger Michael C.
Published: March 2007

In the spatial model of politics voters choose the candidates closest to them in weighted Euclidean distance, and candidates seek to compete by positioning and repositioning themselves in and n-dimensional policy space. This model has recently come under attack from a number of scholars who assert its depiction of politics is unrealistic. Still these critiques retain the character of the original model. We offer a more radical alternative: an explicitly neo-Downsian spatial model of ideology specifying the linkage between ideological messages and policy positions. After indicating the importance of ideology as a theory, a formula depiction is offered and an illustrative empirical application is provided.
Are Equilibrium Strategies Unaffected by Incentives?
Authors: Hirshleifer Jack , Rasmusen Eric
Published: March 2007

In a mixed-strategy Nash equilibrium, changing one player's payoffs affects only the other player's equilibrium strategy mix. This `Payoff Irrelevance Proposition' (PIP) appears to undercut the main foundations of economic policy analysis since, allegedly, equilibrium behavior will not respond to changes in incentives. We show, in contrast, that: (1) When the policy-maker has the first move in a sequential-move game, the PIP does not hold. (2) Even in a simultaneous-move game, the PIP holds only when the policy space is discrete, and for sufficiently small payoff revisions. Thus, incentives do generally affect behavior in equilibrium.
Some Methodological Problems in Comparative Politics
Authors: Faure Andrew Murray
Published: March 2007

This article attempts to highlight the logical fabric of comparison in comparative politics. The framework encompassing various views on the nature of comparison includes epistemological notions that underlie comparative analysis such as the contexts of discovery and justification in science, as well as the role of logic within these contexts. These various views on the nature of comparison range from (1) the MSSD (Most Similar Systems Design) to (2) the MDSD (Most Different Systems Design); (3) the possibility of mirror-imagng these designs; (4) the notion that comparison is such an intrinsic part of science that it cannot deserve special status; (5) the notion that comparison is of such divergent nature that it cannot be classified; and (6) the view that comparison should be regarded as a debate over the strategic employment of scientific method. In closing, a general conclusion on the locus and role of methodology in comparative politics is offered.
Voting Power under the EU Constitution
Authors: Lane Jan-Erik , Mæland Reinert
Published: March 2007

Decision making rules in the EU Council of Ministers need to be revised in light of enlargements since 1958. Under the qualified majority rules, the more countries join, the less the voting power of the large states, leading necessarily to coalition-building process, two possible examples of which are described. The situation would be less paradoxical if the EU were to adopt a single rule, the simple majority vote.
The President and the Executive
Authors: Schrire Robert
Published: March 2007

This article traces the evolution of the executive and illustrates the historical relationship between the perceived interests of the ruling political elites and the evolution of executive power. The scope and powers of the executive are examined during the two key phases of political evolution: National Party monopoly rule (1948-1990) and the interim constitution (1994-). In the conclusions the present constitutional trends which will shape the final constitution are analysed.
A historical interpretation of deceptive experiments in American psychology
Authors: Herrera C.D.
Published: March 2007

In debate over the ethics of deceptive experiments in American psy chology, commentators often provide an inaccurate history of these experiments. This happens especially where writers portray experi mental deception as a necessary accompaniment to human experiments, rather than a conscious choice based on values attached to persons and scientific inquiry. Compounding the error, commentators typically give a misleading portrayal of psychologists' attitudes and procedures. Commentators frequently cite Stanley Milgram's work in the 1960s as a harbinger of changed attitudes towards deception, and suggest that today's psychologists abide by more enlightened ethical practices. It is difficult to find evidence to support this portrayal.
Who speaks? Who writes?
Authors: Burke Sean
Published: March 2007

This paper argues that the concepts of writing and authorship in Plato are associated with monologism and absence rather than presence. The Phaedrus objects to writing precisely insofar as it creates that unre sponsive figure in the field of discursive which we have subsequently called the 'author'. The dialectical preference for question-and-answer is designed to resist anything resembling an author from entering the field of knowledge: the Socratic method resists monologism on epistemological and ethical grounds. However, the Platonic dialogues are split in their signature between a Socrates who speaks and a Socrates who writes. As the Platonic oeuvre increases, so it moves from graphic representation of the oral methods of Socrates to the status of a writing in its own terms. The Phaedrus is a crucial statement in this cultural tran sition. So, far from simply condemning writing, the dialogue accepts Plato's growth as an author of written compositions and his growing sense of himself as an author. What tradition has registered as 'the Socratic problem' can be reviewed according to this competition between the orality of the master and the writerly practices of his pupil. Between dialogism and monologism, speech and writing, absence and presence, Socrates and Plato, the concept of the author is generated. The Plato of the Phaedrus wants to grasp, to theorize, this new figure emerg ing on the chirographic horizons, one whom he would recognize less in Socrates, 'Homer' or Pythagoras than in the mirror of his own text.
Sex and status in Scottish Enlightenment social science: John Millar and the sociology of gender roles
Authors: Olson Richard
Published: March 2007

John Millar's Origin of the Distinction of Ranks (1771) contains one of the first extensive and systematic discussions of the status of women in different societies. In this paper I attempt to show first that a combi nation of circumstances associated with the teaching of moral philos ophy at Glasgow and with the reform of Scots law undertaken by Lord Kames made the status of women a critical problem for Millar. Second, I attempt to demonstrate that Millar drew heavily upon the resources of associationist psychology to explain how female status changed from hunting to pastoral to agricultural to commercial societies and that in doing so he diverged substantially from the perspectives developed by his mentor, Adam Smith. Finally, in view of Millar's extraordinarily positive reputation throughout Europe prior to the French Revolution and in view of the potential relevance of his analysis to early feminism and to mid-19th-century anthropological discussions of early matri archy, I seek to account for why his work was virtually ignored from around 1802 to 1960.
Coming to terms with Bangkok's environmental problems
Authors: Phantumvanit Dhira , Liengcharernsit Winai
Published: March 2007

Coming to terms with Bangkok's environmental problems concentrates on those associated with water: its supply and quality; the high levels of pollution in parts of the Chao Phraya river; subsidence and flooding; and measures to resolve these problems. It also discusses air and noise pollution, the environment in workplaces and the collection and disposal of solid wastes.
A sustainable planet?
Authors: Ward Barbara
Published: March 2007

A sustainable planet? is drawn from the writings of Barbara Ward. The paper discusses the historical legacy that accounts for global underdevelopment and the lack of a global cooperative system. It stresses the social and political causes of both a lack of development and environmental exploitation and, through such an analysis, argues that solutions are possible.
District planning with community parlicipation in Peru: the work of the institute of local democracy IPADEL
Authors: Dawson Elsa
Published: March 2007

District planning with community participation in Peru: the work of the Institute of Local Democracy IPADEL describes two projects undertaken by this institute. The first sought to promote the involvement of low-income communities in decision-making about the design of their district's development plan; the second worked with a low-income community in designing, implementing and maintaining systems to improve water supply and provision for sanitation, washing and the collection and disposal of household garbage.
Environmental management and urban development issues and options for Third World cities
Authors: Leitmann Josef , Bartone Carl , Bernstein Janis
Published: March 2007

Environmental management and urban development: issues and options for Third World cities outlines a strategic approach to defining and addressing environmental problems in urban development. It is based on research, case study preparation and analysis undertaken by the environment component of the UNDP/World Bank/UNCHS (Habitat) Urban Management Programme.
Supporting shelter and community improvements for low-income families in Central America
Authors:   Cooperative Housing Foundation, Cooperative Housing Foundation, P.O. Box 91280, Washington, D.C. 20090-1280, U.S.A. Tel: 301-5874700; Fax: 301-587-2626.
Published: March 2007

Financing shelter and community improvements for low-income families in Central America describes the Cooperative Housing Foundation's shelterfinance and community development programme in Central America. Local NGOs in six countries in the region have been supported in their capacity to deliver credit and provide a range of shelter solutions for low-income families.
A public health approach to the violence epidemic in the United States
Authors: Cohen Larry , Swift Susan
Published: March 2007

A public health approach to the violence epidemic in the United-States describes the dimensions and root causes of the problem with violence in the United States. After defining the problem and who is affected, the paper criticizes the dominant policy and describes an alternative, community based, public health approach to violence prevention that the authors are currently helping to implement in Northern California.