bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Infant Cardiac Orienting Responses Predict Later FASD in the Preschool Period
Authors: Kable Julie A. , Coles Claire D. , Jones Kenneth L. , Yevtushok Lyubov , Kulikovsky Yaroslav , Zymak‐Zakutnya Natalya , Dubchak Iryna , Akhmedzhanova Diana , Wertelecki Wladimir , Chambers Christina D ,   CIFASD
Published: December 2020

Background

Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) has been identified as one of the leading preventable causes of developmental disabilities, but early identification of those impacted has been challenging. This study evaluated the use of infant cardiac orienting responses (CORs), which assess neurophysiological encoding of environmental events and are sensitive to the impact of PAE, to predict later fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) status.

Methods

Mother–infant dyads from Ukraine were recruited during pregnancy based on the mother’s use of alcohol. Participants (n = 120) were then seen at 6 and 12 months when CORs were collected and in the preschool period when they were categorized as having (i) fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), (ii) partial FAS (pFAS), (iii) alcohol‐related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND), (iv) PAE and no diagnosis, or (v) no PAE and no diagnosis. To assess CORs, stimuli (auditory tones and pictures) were presented using a fixed‐trial habituation/dishabituation paradigm. Heart rate (HR) responses were aggregated across the first 3 habituation and dishabituation trials and converted to z‐scores relative to the sample’s mean response at each second by stimuli. Z‐scores greater than 1 were then counted by condition (habituation or dishabituation) to compute a total risk index.

Results

Significant group differences were found on total deviation scores of the CORs elicited from visual but not auditory stimuli. Those categorized as pFAS/FAS had significantly higher total deviation scores than did those categorized as ARND or as having no alcohol‐related diagnosis with or without a history of PAE. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of the visual response yielded an area under the curve value of 0.765 for predicting to pFAS/FAS status.

Conclusions

A score reflecting total deviation from typical HR during CORs elicited using visual stimuli in infancy may be useful in identifying individuals who need early intervention as a result of their PAE.
Influence of surrounding temperature and angle of file access on cyclic fatigue resistance of two single file nickel‐titanium instruments
Authors: La Rosa Giusy Rita Maria , Palermo Carlotta , Ferlito Sebastiano , Isola Gaetano , Indelicato Francesco , Pedullà Eugenio
Published: December 2020

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of surrounding temperature and angle of file access on cyclic fatigue resistance of F6 SkyTaper (F6ST) and One Curve (OC). 120 new files #25.06 were tested at two insertion angles (0° and 20°) at room (20°C ± 1°C) and body (35°C ± 1°C) temperatures in a 16‐mm stainless steel artificial canal (60° curvature and 5‐mm radius), using a customised device. Cyclic fatigue resistance was expressed as time to fracture (TtF) in seconds. Data were analysed statistically (P < 0.05). All instruments exhibited lower TtF at 35°C (P < 0.05). An access of 20° did not significantly influence the TtF of tested instruments, independently from the temperature. OC exhibited higher TtF of F6ST at 20°C with a 20° inclination (P < 0.05). Under the present conditions, F6ST and OC showed a significant reduction of cyclic fatigue resistance at body temperature. A file inclined insertion did not affect the cyclic fatigue resistance of tested instruments at both temperatures.
Tyligma gen. nov., a new Australian genus of planthopper and a key to the Australian genera of Cixiini (Hemiptera: Cixiidae)
Authors: Löcker Birgit , Holzinger Werner E
Published: December 2020

A new genus, Tyligma gen. nov., is created within Cixiini to accommodate the new species Tyligma dandavalex sp. nov. Tyligma is characterised by a swollen postclypeus and is closely related to the Australian genera Chidaea Emeljanov, 2000, and Leades Jacobi, 1928, but differs in the shape of the ventral ridge of the aedeagus in males and several other characters presented here. Occurring in the Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Queensland, and Victoria, the genus is restricted to eastern Australia. The species emerges in spring, feeding on native shrubs and small trees of Asteraceae and Myrtaceae and on the invasive West Palaearctic ash species Fraxinus angustifolia. In addition, we provide an updated key to the genera of Australian Cixiini.
Toxicity and persistence of permethrin‐impregnated clothing against the Australian paralysis tick, Ixodes holocyclus (Acari: Ixodidae)
Authors: Panthawong Amonrat , Chareonviriyaphap Theeraphap , Doggett Stephen L
Published: December 2020

Permethrin is a pyrethroid insecticide that has been widely used for the impregnation of fabrics to prevent the bites from arthropods such as mosquitoes and ticks. There are two types of permethrin impregnation: Do‐It‐Yourself (DIY) packs and pre‐impregnated fabrics. Both forms have been on sale for many years in Australia, however to date, no data are available regarding their efficacy against Ixodes holocyclus. The aims of this study were to test and compare the contact toxicity of a DIY product versus two pre‐impregnated fabrics (shirt and trousers) against I. holocyclus, and to test the efficacy of the fabrics after repeated laundering. All treated and untreated fabrics were tested before laundering (0 washes) and after 10, 30 and 50 washes. Five ticks were placed onto each test fabric for 2 min, with four replicates for a total of 20 ticks per test. Both knockdown and mortality of I. holocyclus ticks were recorded at 60 min and 24 h, respectively. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between knockdown and mortality in ticks exposed to each fabric product, before and after laundering. All of the unwashed treated fabrics were effective in causing 100% knockdown. With 10 washes, the percentage of knockdown with the pre‐impregnated shirt and trousers was 95% and 90%, respectively. The DIY product was less effective with only 15% knockdown. The levels of knockdown with the pre‐impregnated shirt and trousers further decreased with 30 washes to 70% and 20%, respectively, and then further declined to 45% and 20% with 50 washes. For the DIY product, knockdown was only 10% and 5% with 30 and 50 washes, respectively. There was minimal mortality recorded at 24 h even with the unwashed fabrics. This study indicated that the pre‐impregnated product was more effective in repelling I. holocyclus ticks than the DIY impregnation pack and the efficacy of this product degrades notably after 10 washes.
Cross‐sectional study of pigmented lesions of the head and neck in adults aged 40 years and above
Authors: Chiu Frank Po‐Chao , McLaren Dythea , Pool Louis , Shao Emily , De'Ambrosis Brian , Muir James
Published: December 2020

The diagnosis of junctional and lentiginous naevi on sun‐damaged skin of the head and neck in adults has been questioned in the literature, with the implication that these lesions should be classified as melanoma in situ. This could result in the overdiagnosis and overtreatment of non‐malignant lesions. We conducted a cross‐sectional study of the histopathological diagnosis of pigmented lesions biopsied from the head and neck of adults ≥40 years of age that were submitted to a large, Queensland‐based pathology centre over seven months. Out of 543 lesions assessed, 293 (54.0%) were flat and 250 (46.0%) were raised. Flat naevi consisted of junctional/lentiginous and compound naevi, either with or without dysplasia. Collectively, flat naevi had a prevalence slightly less than that of melanoma (15.0% versus 19.0% among flat lesions, respectively, and 8.1% versus 11.2% among all lesions, respectively). The mean age of biopsy for all junctional/lentiginous naevi was significantly greater than that of all compound naevi (65.0 years versus 52.2 years; P = 0.001). Junctional/lentiginous naevi were significantly more associated with the neck than intradermal naevi (P < 0.001). In conclusion, benign, flat naevi account for a significant proportion of head and neck lesions in adults ≥40 years of age, and their location alone should not outweigh their histopathology when reaching a diagnosis.
Carbon footprint of dermatologic surgery
Authors: Tan Eugene , Lim David
Published: December 2020

Healthcare is a potent emitter of greenhouse gases amounting up to 7% of total estimated greenhouse gas emissions (CO2e) for Australia. Australia has one of the highest incidences of skin cancer in the world but there is a paucity of data on the ecological impact of skin cancer excision/dermatologic surgery. The authors reviewed the various impact inventories in order to perform a life cycle assessment of skin cancer excision. A total of 8641 tonnes of estimated CO2e are produced from dermatologic surgery annually in Australia (6751 tonnes from private clinical rooms and 1890 tonnes from hospitals) and the waste generated contributes significantly to terrestrial ecotoxicity and acidification of land and water. Various means can be carried out to reduce this impact, ranging from simple behavioural changes to larger, policy changes.
miRNA 146b mediates the regulation of nucleolar size and activity in polyploid megakaryocytes
Authors: Chattopadhyaya Saran , Banerjee Subrata
Published: December 2020

Background Information

Megakaryocytes (MKs) follow a unique cell cycle duplication process, called endomitosis, resulting in polyploidisation of cells. It is hypothesised that polyploidy, as well as an increment in cytoplasm volume, allow more efficient platelets generation from MKs. Although polyploidy leads to an increase in the DNA amount, which impacts gene expression, little is known about ribosomal biogenesis in these polylobulated polyploid cells.

Results

The nucleolus acts as a hub for ribosomal biogenesis, which in turn governs the protein synthesis rate of the cells. We therefore estimated the size and activity of the nucleolus in polyploid cells during megakaryopoiesis in vitro. Polyploid megakaryocytic cell lines and in vitro cultured MKs, which were obtained from human cord blood‐derived CD 34+ cells, revealed that miRNA 146b regulated the activity of nucleolar and coiled‐body phosphoprotein 1, which plays an integral role in determining nucleolar size and activity. Additionally, miRNA‐146b was up‐regulated during endomitosis and was found to promote megakaryopoiesis.

Conclusion

We propose that miRNA 146b regulates not only nucleolar size and activity, but also megakaryopoiesis.

Significance

This study highlights the importance of nucleolar activity and miRNA in the progression of megakaryopoiesis and thrombopoiesis.
Lifetime depressive and current social anxiety are associated with problematic internet use in adolescents with ADHD: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Demirtaş Ozgur Onder , Alnak Alper , Coşkun Murat
Published: December 2020

Aim

To evaluate the relationships between problematic internet use (PIU) and psychiatric comorbid disorders and internet use habits in a clinical sample of adolescents with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Method

This cross‐sectional study included 95 adolescents with ADHD. Problematic behaviors and symptoms related to internet use were evaluated via Young’s Internet Addiction Scale (YIAS), and subjects with a YIAS score of ≥50 were categorized as PIU while those with a score of <50 were defined as normal internet use (NIU). The two groups were compared with respect to demographics and psychometric tests. While psychiatric disorders were examined by a semistructured instrument, self‐report and parent‐report scales were used to assess other individual and clinical characteristics of participants.

Results

33.7% (n = 32) of the participants were determined to have PIU. There was no gender (p = .058) or age (p = .426) difference between the PIU and NIU groups. Current presence of social phobia (p = .035) and history of major depressive disorder (p = .006) were more frequent in the PIU group than the NIU group. Multivariable regression analysis revealed that PIU was independently associated with online gaming (OR: 2.375, 95% CI: 1.532–3.681), e‐mail use (OR: 1.864, 95% CI: 1.170–2.971), social networking (OR: 1.834, 95% CI: 1.156–2.910), and Social Phobia Scale for Children and Adolescents (SPSCA) score (OR: 1.058, 95% CI: 1.020–1.098).

Conclusion

PIU may be common among adolescents with ADHD. The severity of social phobia and particular online activities (playing online games, e‐mailing, social networking) may be associated with a higher risk of PIU in adolescents with ADHD.
A review of the effects and molecular mechanisms of dimethylcurcumin (ASC‐J9) on androgen receptor‐related diseases
Authors: Hu Hang , Zhou Huan , Xu Defeng
Published: December 2020

Dimethylcurcumin (ASC‐J9) is a curcumin analogue capable of inhibiting prostate cancer cell proliferation. The mechanism is associated with the unique role of ASC‐J9 in enhancing androgen receptor (AR) degradation. So far, ASC‐J9 has been investigated in typical AR‐associated diseases such as prostate cancer, benign prostatic hypertrophy, bladder cancer, renal diseases, liver diseases, cardiovascular diseases, cutaneous wound, spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy, ovarian cancer and melanoma, exhibiting great potentials in disease control. In this review, the effects and molecular mechanisms of ASC‐J9 on various AR‐associated diseases are summarized. Importantly, the effects of ASC‐J9 and AR antagonists enzalutamide/bicalutamide on prostate cancer are compared in detail and crucial differences are highlighted. At last, the pharmacological effects of ASC‐J9 are summarized and the future applications of ASC‐J9 in AR‐associated disease control are discussed.
Occupational exposure to nickel, cobalt, and chromium in the Lithuanian hard metal industry
Authors: Linauskiene Kotryna , Dahlin Jacob , Ezerinskis Zilvinas , Isaksson Marléne , Sapolaite Justina , Malinauskiene Laura
Published: December 2020

Background

Metalworkers are said to have heavy exposure to metals, but the amount of released metal ions from alloys and deposition on the hands is unknown.

Objective

To analyze nickel, cobalt, and chromium in vitro release to the artificial sweat from nails and wire made of different alloys, and to test metal deposition on the fingers of metalworkers.

Material and Methods

Six different samples of nails and wire were kept in artificial sweat for 24 hours and one week, respectively. The metal release was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Eighty‐eight consecutive metal plant workers immersed their index fingers and thumbs in separate laboratory tubes filled with deionized water for 2 minutes. The sample analysis for metals was carried out with an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP‐MS).

Results

The average released concentration of Ni was 0.0012 μg/cm2, for Co it was 0.0007 μg/cm2, and for Cr 0.0037 μg/cm2 after 24 hours and 0.0135, 0.0029, and 0.0042 μg/cm2, respectively, after 1 week. There was a statistically significant increase in released concentration of Ni during one week: 0.0012 μg/cm2 vs 0.0135 μg/cm2 (P = .04). Medians of the detected Co amount on fingers reflected a statistically significant difference between workplaces: 0.004 μg/cm2 for metalworkers vs 0.001 μg/cm2 for office staff (P = .04).

Conclusion

Nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), and chromium (Cr) can be released in different concentrations from nails and wire. Detected Ni and Cr levels can elicit dermatitis in already sensitized patients. Co can be extracted from alloys even if not mentioned on material safety data sheets. The finger immersion technique was used for cobalt and chromium detection on fingers for the first time.
Determination of the minimal important difference for Dyspnoea‐12 questionnaire in patients with COPD, after pulmonary rehabilitation
Authors: Beaumont Marc , Le Garrec Mélanie , Péran Loic , Berriet Anne‐Cécile , Le Ber Catherine , Pichon Romain , Cabillic Michel
Published: December 2020

Introduction

The authors of the international task force about the management of Dyspnoea recommend assessing sensory and affective components of dyspnoea. The Dyspnoea‐12 questionnaire (D‐12) allows to assess both components of dyspnoea. D‐12 is valid and reliable but its sensitivity to pulmonary rehabilitation was not studied. The aim of this study was to estimate the minimal important difference (MID) for D‐12 in COPD patients undergoing a pulmonary rehabilitation programme (PRP).

Methods

Severe or very severe COPD patients undergoing a PRP were included. Dyspnoea was assessed using D‐12, MMRC dyspnoea scale, London chest of Activity of Daily Living questionnaire (LCADL). Quality of life was assessed using Saint‐George respiratory questionnaire (SGRQ) and COPD assessment Test (CAT); exercise capacity using 6‐Minute walk Test (6MWT) and 1‐minute sit to‐stand test (1STST). The MID was evaluated using distribution and anchor‐based methods.

Results

Sixty patients (age: 64.4 ± 8.2; FEV1 (%): 28.6 ± 8.1) were included. At the end of the PRP, patients had significantly decreased their dyspnoea measured with D‐12, MMRC, LCADL (D‐12:23.9 ± 8.9 to 17.6 ± 9.4; MMRC: 3 ± 0.7 to 2.2 ± 1.1, LCADL: 38 ± 13.9 to 31.6 ± 11; p < 0.0001). Using the distribution‐based analysis, MID of −2.67 (standard error of measurement) or −4.45 (standard deviation) was found. According to methodology, we could only use SGRQ as anchor. With SGRQ as anchor, the receiver operating characteristic curve identified MID for the change in D‐12 at −6.1 (sensibility: 58%, specificity: 79%). The correlation with SGRQ was modest (r = 0.33), so the calculated MID should be interpreted with caution.

Conclusion

D‐12 is a good tool to assess the decrease of dyspnoea after PR. We propose MID of −6 points. However, Future estimates of MID for the D‐12 should use anchors that are more strongly correlated with it.
Pharmacokinetics of Sugammadex Dosed by Actual and Ideal Body Weight in Patients With Morbid Obesity Undergoing Surgery
Authors: Mostoller Kate , Wrishko Rebecca , Maganti Lata , Herring W. Joseph , van Zutphen‐van Geffen Mariëlle
Published: December 2020

This analysis of a published study (NCT03346070) evaluated the pharmacokinetics (PKs) of sugammadex dosed by actual body weight (ABW) or ideal body weight (IBW) for reversal of moderate or deep neuromuscular block (M‐NMB or D‐NMB) in adults with morbid obesity. Adults with body mass index ≥ 40 kg/m2, ABW ≥ 100 kg, and American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Class 3 were stratified by NMB agent (rocuronium or vecuronium) and randomized 1:1:1:1:1 to (i) M‐NMB, sugammadex 2 mg/kg ABW; (ii) M‐NMB, sugammadex 2 mg/kg IBW; (iii) M‐NMB, neostigmine 5 mg + glycopyrrolate 1 mg; (iv) D‐NMB, sugammadex 4 mg/kg ABW; and (v) D‐NMB, sugammadex 4 mg/kg IBW. Plasma samples for sugammadex quantification were collected predose, 2, 5, 15, 60, and 120 minutes, and 4, 6 hours postdose. Natural log PK parameters were analyzed using linear fixed effect model with treatment, mode (ABW and IBW), and mode by treatment interaction as fixed terms. The sugammadex PK profile showed rapid distribution followed by monophasic decline consistent with a two‐compartment model examined by dose and mode. Absolute sugammadex exposures were ~ 50% higher in the ABW vs. IBW group; dose‐independent parameters (clearance and volume of distribution) and terminal half‐life remained constant. Sugammadex PK parameter values increased in dose‐dependent, linear manner following dosing by ABW or IBW, such that PK continues to be predictive across the clinical dose range. In conjunction with previously published results showing faster recovery with ABW vs. IBW dosing across NMB agent and depth of NMB, these PK findings continue to support dosing by ABW in patients with morbid obesity irrespective of depth of NMB.
A Randomized Phase I Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Recombinant Erwinia Asparaginase (JZP‐458) in Healthy Adult Volunteers
Authors: Lin Tong , Hernandez‐Illas Martha , Rey Andres , Jenkins Jack , Chandula Reddy , Silverman Jeffrey A. , Choi Mi Rim
Published: December 2020

L‐asparaginase has been an important component of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) therapy for over 40 years, and is standard therapy during ALL induction and consolidation treatment. L‐asparaginases are immunogenic and can induce hypersensitivity reactions; inability to receive asparaginase has been associated with poor patient outcomes. There are L‐asparaginases of varied bacterial origins, with the most commonly used being Escherichia coli (E. coli); therefore, to ensure that patients who develop hypersensitivity to E. coli‐derived asparaginases receive an adequate therapeutic course, alternative preparations are warranted. JZP‐458 is a recombinant Erwinia asparaginase produced using a novel Pseudomonas fluorescens expression platform that yields an enzyme with no immunologic cross‐reactivity to E. coli‐derived asparaginases. To evaluate the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics (PK) of a single dose of JZP‐458, a randomized, single‐center, open‐label, phase I study was conducted with JZP‐458 given via i.m. injection or i.v. infusion to healthy adult volunteers. At the highest doses tested for each route of administration (i.e., 25 mg/m2 i.m. and 37.5 mg/m2 i.v.), JZP‐458 achieved serum asparaginase activity (SAA) levels ≥ 0.1 IU/mL at 72 hours postdose for 100% of volunteers. Bioavailability for i.m. JZP‐458 was estimated at 36.8% based on SAA data. All dose levels were well‐tolerated, with no unanticipated adverse events (AEs), no serious AEs, and no grade 3 or higher AEs. Based on PK and safety data, the recommended JZP‐458 starting dose for the pivotal phase II/III study in adult and pediatric patients is 25 mg/m2 i.m. and 37.5 mg/m2 i.v. on a Monday/Wednesday/Friday dosing schedule.
Efficacy and safety of the pregnancy‐IVI, an intravenous insulin protocol for pregnancy, following antenatal betamethasone in type 1 and type 2 diabetes
Authors: Rowe Christopher W. , Watkins Brendan , Brown Karina , Delbridge Matthew , Addley Jordan , Woods Andrew , Wynne Katie
Published: December 2020

Aims

Hyperglycaemia following antenatal corticosteroids is common in women with diabetes in pregnancy, and validated algorithms to maintain pregnancy‐specific glucose targets are lacking. The Pregnancy‐IVI, an intravenous‐insulin (IVI) algorithm, has been validated in gestational diabetes; however, its performance in pre‐existing diabetes (Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes) is not known. We hypothesised that Pregnancy‐IVI would be superior to a generic Adult‐IVI protocol (prior standard of care) following betamethasone in women with pre‐existing diabetes.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study enrolled all women with pre‐existing diabetes at a tertiary centre receiving betamethasone and treated with IVI according to one of two protocols: Adult‐IVI (n = 73, 2014–2017) or Pregnancy‐IVI (n = 62, 2017–2020). The primary outcome was on‐IVI glycaemic time‐in‐range (capillary blood glucose (BGL) 3.8–7.0 mmol/L). Secondary outcomes included time with critical hyperglycaemia (BGL > 10 mmol/L); occurrence of maternal hypoglycaemia (BGL < 3.8 mmol/l) and incidence of neonatal hypoglycaemia (BGL ≤ 2.5 mmol/L). Analysis was stratified by diabetes type.

Results

Overall, Pregnancy‐IVI achieved a higher proportion of on‐IVI time‐in‐range (70%, IQR 56–78%) compared to Adult‐IVI (52%, IQR 41–69%, p < 0.0001). The duration of critical hyperglycaemia with Pregnancy‐IVI was also reduced (2% [IQR 0–7] vs 8% [IQR 4–17], p < 0.0001), without an increase in hypoglycaemia. Glycaemic variability was significantly reduced with Pregnancy‐IVI. No difference in the rate of neonatal hypoglycaemia was observed. The Pregnancy‐IVI was most effective in women with Type 1 diabetes.

Conclusion

The Pregnancy‐IVI algorithm is safe and effective when used following betamethasone in type 1 diabetes in pregnancy. Further study of women with type 2 diabetes is required.
Role of myocardial strain imaging in surveillance and management of cancer therapeutics‐related cardiac dysfunction: A systematic review
Authors: McGregor Pei‐Chun , Moura Filipe A. , Banchs Jose , Aragam Jayashri R.
Published: December 2020

Transthoracic echocardiography is the primary cardiac imaging modality for the detection of Cancer Therapeutics‐Related Cardiac Dysfunction (CTRCD) through evaluation of serial changes in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). However, LVEF assessment by standard methods including 3D Echo has important limitations including the fact that reduction in LVEF occurs late in the process of CTRCD. In contrast, by detecting early myocardial change, myocardial strain or deformation imaging has evolved to be a preferred parameter for detecting CTRCD. Peak systolic global longitudinal strain (GLS) by speckle‐tracking echocardiography (STE) has become an important prechemotherapy parameter that can independently predict subsequent adverse cardiac events as these abnormalities typically precede reduction in LVEF. While an absolute GLS measurement may be informative, a 10%‐15% early reduction in GLS by STE appears to be the most useful prognosticator for cardiotoxicity while on therapy. In this paper, we present a current systematic literature review of application of myocardial strain imaging in cancer patients performed following PRISMA guidelines using electronic databases from MEDLINE, Embase, and SCOPUS Library from their inception until June 11th 2020. This review demonstrates the incremental value of myocardial deformation imaging over traditional LVEF in detection and its clinical implication in management of CTRCD.
Links between paternal life history and offspring metabolic rate and body size during early life in masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou
Authors: Yamamoto Toshiaki , Kitanishi Shigeru , Sato Masato , Yagisawa Masaru , Kishi Daisuke
Published: December 2020

Offspring growth is greatly influenced by both the maternal and paternal genotypes. However, although the effects of maternal genotype on offspring growth are recognised widely, ecological studies of the paternal genotype have not focused on the links with physiological traits, especially at the embryo stage. In this study, we conducted three experiments to determine the effects of two contrasting paternal life history traits (anadromous males, which return to their natal rivers for spawning after migrating to the sea, and resident males, which mature in rivers without migrating to the sea) on offspring growth during early life based on the metabolic rate in masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou. In the first experiment, metabolic rates of fertilised eggs were compared between 24 half‐sibships. Results suggested that the metabolic rate of embryos was higher for the offspring of resident males than of anadromous males. In the second experiment, the body sizes of 133 half‐sibships at the yolk‐sac absorption stage were compared. The offspring from the resident males were larger, which could be related to metabolic rate differences at the embryo stage associated with paternal life history. In the third experiment, the differences in body size observed at the yolk‐sac absorption stage were positively correlated with growth after 60 days of fry rearing. Our findings, taken together with previous demonstrations that faster‐growing males tend to become younger resident males, are thus consistent with early growth and associated traits, such as metabolic rate, being heritable from the male parent to the offspring.
Dyadic Effects of Fluid Mindset on Psychological Growth in Immigrant Mothers and Their Children: Indirect Effect of Resilience
Authors: Qu Diyang , Huang Jiasheng , Kouros Chrystyna D. , Yu Nancy Xiaonan
Published: December 2020

Immigration research has recently investigated positive adaptation outcomes such as psychological growth. This study tested actor and partner effects between fluid mindset and psychological growth, mediated by resilience, in 200 migrant mother–child dyads from Mainland China to Hong Kong. Mothers’ fluid mindset had significant actor and partner effects on their own and their children’s psychological growth, whereas children’s fluid mindset showed an actor effect. For mothers and children, fluid mindset had significant actor indirect effects on psychological growth via resilience. Mothers’ fluid mindset had a significant partner indirect effect on children’s psychological growth via children’s resilience. The findings have implications for enhancing immigrants’ psychological growth by strengthening fluid mindset and considering mothers and children as the intervention unit in resilience programs.
Assessing the success of conservation efforts for a North American topminnow at risk of extinction from spatially variable mosquitofish invasions
Authors: Ennen Joshua R. , Kuhajda Bernard R. , Fix Shawna , Sweat Sarah C. , Zuber Brianna , Watts Allison V. , Mattingly Hayden T. , Cecala Kristen K.
Published: December 2020

Invasive species can cause population declines and extinctions of native species through several mechanisms including predation and competition. One such species, western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis), is an invasive, aggressive predator and competitor of numerous freshwater species around the world that has caused precipitous declines of native species.

The Barrens topminnow (Fundulus julisia) is a spring‐endemic fish of the south‐eastern U.S.A., and the western mosquitofish limits its recruitment via predation of smaller individuals but there is also potential for competition (i.e. interference competition) between the species in laboratory trials. All of these negative interactions probably contribute to the Barrens topminnow's precipitous decline since the 1980s and the listing of the species as endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in late 2019. Ongoing conservation measures for Barrens topminnow include long‐term monitoring of populations and reintroductions through stocking of hatchery‐reared individuals into numerous sites.

Here, we investigate trends in Barrens topminnow and western mosquitofish occupancy and abundance over an 8‐year period (three or four generations for Barrens topminnow) and assess the effectiveness of a stocking programme. We also included habitat covariates including distance to the nearest downstream confluence, stream order, and habitat size.

Our findings revealed significant range‐wide Barrens topminnow declines in both occupancy and abundance were occurring over the 8‐year period. These declines were associated with the presence of western mosquitofish. Overall, the stocking programme of hatchery‐reared individuals did not significantly enhance or restore populations of Barrens topminnow but had a negative effect on topminnow abundance when western mosquitofish were present.

The lack of a positive effect of stocking hatchery‐reared individuals on Barrens topminnow populations and the long‐term population declines of Barrens topminnow suggest that propagation and stocking alone are not effective at creating self‐sustaining populations of the Barrens topminnow. The presence of western mosquitofish does not currently appear to be compatible with long‐term persistence of topminnow populations. Moving forward, conservation strategies will be needed to create and maintain mosquitofish‐free habitats, which may include eradication of mosquitofish, construction of barriers, or other actions.
Bucerotidae from the early Miocene of Napak, Uganda (East Africa): the earliest hornbill with a modern‐type beak
Authors: Riamon Ségolène , Pickford Martin , Senut Brigitte , Louchart Antoine
Published: December 2020

Hornbills (Bucorvidae and Bucerotidae) are among the most recognizable groups of birds. Their large, curved beak topped by a casque is their most obvious feature. Here, we describe the earliest fossil of a hornbill, and more precisely a Bucerotidae, from the early Miocene of Napak, Uganda. This fossil is a proximal part of a maxilla that can be tentatively assigned to the genus Tockus and which attests to an ancient evolutionary origin of this particular beak shape. The new fossil, as well as several postcranial bones, represents the earliest record of the Bucerotidae dated to about 19 million years ago, and can serve as a calibration point in future molecular phylogenies.
Determinants of bidding behaviours on live broadcast auction platforms: Goal desire perspective
Authors: Wu ChienHsing , Kao Shu‐Chen , Lin Jia‐Sing
Published: December 2020

Based on the goal‐directed behaviour theory, this article presents a research model including aspects of goal desire, live perception and past behaviour to identify determinants of bidding intention on the live broadcast auction platform. Analyses were based on data from 476 subjects. Results show that bidding desire or motivational attitude, significantly influences bidding intention. Subjective norms, both positive (from bidding and winning) and negative (from bidding and not winning) anticipated emotions and that bidding attitude is significantly associated with bidding desire. Positive anticipated emotion has a significant effect on the groups with low frequency of viewing and messaging, but not in the high‐frequency group. Subjective norms have a significant effect on the group with no experience of bidding, but not on the experienced group. Perceived behavioural control has significant effects on the group with experience of messaging and bidding, but not on the group without experience. The research demonstrates the value of goal desire in the domain of modelling bidding behaviour for live broadcast auction platforms.
Germany’s next shutdown—Possible scenarios and outcomes
Authors: Barbarossa Maria Vittoria , Fuhrmann Jan
Published: December 2020

With the rapid increase of reported COVID‐19 cases, German policymakers announced a 4‐week “shutdown light” starting on November 2, 2020. Applying mathematical models, possible scenarios for the evolution of the outbreak in Germany are simulated. The results indicate that independent of the effectiveness of the current restrictive measures they might not be sufficient to mitigate the outbreak. Repeated shutdown periods or permanently applied measures over the winter could be successful alternatives.
The stage sensitivity of short‐term heat stress to lodging‐resistant traits and yield determination in canola (Brassica napus L.)
Authors: Wu Wei , Duncan Robert W. , Ma Bao–Luo
Published: December 2020

With the expected increase of abiotic stress under global climate change, significant research has been devoted to how abiotic stress will affect crop production. To date, there has been little research on the stage sensitivity of short‐term heat stress to crop lodging and yield determination in canola. This research was conducted in a controlled growth facility and aimed to examine root morphology, pod fertility, seed yield and crop lodging of two contrasting canola genotypes subjected to a short‐term heat stress (27.0/24.3°C, light/dark), imposed respectively at three growth stages, rosette vegetative stage (RVHT), early flowering stage (EFHT) and late flowering stage (LFHT), in comparison with non‐stressed control (CK) (23/17°C). The results demonstrate that heat stress imposed at RVHT and LFHT was less detrimental to seed yield and lodging resistance. However, EFHT showed significant adverse effects on both, which was further confirmed by redundancy analysis (RDA) and structural equation modelling (SEM). Compared with the CK, EFHT resulted in a yield loss of 43%, which was mainly due to poor pod fertility, less number of filled pods (−28%), decreased pollen viability (−38%) and a lower success ratio of filled pods (−29%). The taproot was found to be relatively tolerant to heat stress, but lateral roots were sensitive to heat stress at EFHT and LFHT. Root capacitance could be used as a non‐destructive method for evaluating lateral root morphology. Compared with the CK, EFHT displayed a high risk of stem lodging, as indicated by a 27% lower safety factor. This was mainly attributed to the reduced stem bending strength that was caused by the deterioration of stem mechanical properties under EFHT, as illustrated by SEM. Root lodging resistance was not altered by any stages of short‐term heat stress, as the taproot remained stable.
Defect formation and its effect on the thermodynamic properties of Pu2Zr2O7 pyrochlore: a first‐principles study
Authors: Shen Huahai , Li Menglu , Li Pengcheng , Xiao Haiyan , Zhang Haibin , Zu Xiaotao
Published: December 2020

In the past decades, pyrochlores, such as Gd2Zr2O7, have demonstrated great potential to immobilize nuclear wastes such as Pu, which results in the production of Pu2Zr2O7. Due to the high radioactivity of Pu, it is difficult to investigate the radiation response behavior of Pu2Zr2O7 and its physical properties of the damaged state experimentally. Consequently, few related data have been reported in the literature thus far. In this study, first‐principles calculations have been carried out to investigate the defect formation and its effect on the thermodynamic properties of Pu2Zr2O7. It reveals that PuZr antisite and O8a interstitial defects are very easy to form in Pu2Zr2O7. In particular, the O8a interstitial defect can be formed spontaneously, while it is mechanically unstable. When vacancy, interstitial or antisite defects are formed in Pu2Zr2O7, and the elastic moduli and Debye temperature are decreased. Besides, better ductility is resulted. As compared with other zirconate pyrochlores, such as Gd2Zr2O7, the Pu2Zr2O7 is suggested to be less resistant to radiation‐induced amorphization. This study demonstrates that the created defects due to self‐radiation from actinide decay have remarkable influences on the thermophysical properties of Pu2Zr2O7.
Living in limbo while one’s identity is changing: Patients’ existential experiences 6 months after a kidney transplantation with a living donor
Authors: Kristensen Ingrid Villadsen , Birkelund Regner , Henriksen Jette , Norlyk Annelise
Published: December 2020

Aim

To investigate patients’ existential experiences in everyday life after a kidney transplantation with a living donor.

Design

A qualitative study anchored in a hermeneutic‐phenomenological approach inspired by Ricoeur's theory of narrative and interpretation.

Method

Eleven patient interviews were conducted approximately 6 months after a kidney transplantation with a living donor. The interviews were conducted between August 2017–May 2019. Analysis and interpretation are based on Ricoeur's theory of interpretation.

Results

Four themes were identified: Experiencing bodily vulnerability while getting back to life; Feeling guilt while experiencing gratitude; Living in limbo while one's identity is changing; and Facing the future with hope while having reservations.

Conclusion

This study reveals that patients experience multifaceted existential challenges in their everyday lives during the transition of the kidney transplantation process. Post‐surgery complications for donors lead to feelings of guilt in patients; plus, they must adapt to a new existence, including a new identity. The patients feel they are in limbo, as they experience their existence as uncertain and their identity as unknown.

Impact

The study highlights a need for developing a rehabilitation programme to address the individual and various existential challenges faced by patients who need to undergo a kidney transplantation.
Educational needs of patients and caregivers living with sickle cell disease results in development of web‐based patient decision aid
Authors: Ross Diana , Sinha Cynthia , Bakshi Nitya , Krishnamurti Lakshmanan
Published: December 2020

Aims

We performed an assessment to understand perceived decisional needs among those living with sickle cell disease. Additionally, we desired understanding of their preferred methods and quality of learning and sought guidance in development of a web‐based patient decision aid.

Design

The purpose of this qualitative study was to determine ways patients and caregivers receive education about sickle cell disease and available therapies. We sought to understand preferences for education, quality of current knowledge and information they would like to obtain.

Methods

Recruitment for the initial needs assessment occurred between October 2013 ‐April 2014. Further recruitment for clarification of internet‐based searches occurred between January 2015 ‐September 2016. We conducted a total of 201 semi‐structured qualitative interviews with patients and caregivers.

Results

Six themes emerged: healthcare provider education is good but does not meet all the learning needs of the patient/caregiver; patients/caregivers feel a strong desire to seek information about treatment options on their own; adult patients and parents diverged in their core objectives in seeking information: quality of life (QOL) was the major outcome of interest in considering potential treatment options; experience of peers is preferred source for learning about treatment options; and educational needs may be supplemented with a web‐based interactive educational tool.

Conclusion

Patients with sickle cell disease and their caregivers are motivated by a desire to improve QOL in seeking treatment options and use many methods to seek education to supplement what they learn from their healthcare providers and may benefit from the use of a web‐based decision aid.

Impact

Educational needs of patients/caregivers with sickle cell disease were identified and provide the basis to inform the design of educational strategies for them. Nurses and others can assist with learning needs by sharing the website and answering questions that arise.
Challenges to conducting randomised controlled trials with adults with intellectual disabilities: Experiences of international experts
Authors: Mulhall Peter , Taggart Laurence , McAloon Toni , Coates Vivien
Published: December 2020

Background

Globally, conducting randomised controlled trials can be a complex endeavour. The complexity increases when including participants with cognitive or intellectual disabilities. A fuller understanding of the barriers and challenges that can be expected in such trials may help researchers to make their trials more inclusive for people with disabilities.

Method

Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with twelve international trial experts.

Results

Eight themes emerged relating to challenges linked to: 1) participant co‐morbidities, 2) participant ability levels, 3) ethics and consent, 4) the RCT methodology, 5) gatekeeping, 6) staff turnover, 7) lack of technical understanding and 8) attitudes and perceptions.

Conclusion

Conducting trials with cognitively disabled participants can pose unique challenges although many can be overcome with ‘reasonable adjustments’. Challenges that are harder to overcome are attitudes and perceptions that people (professional staff, funding bodies, carers or fellow researchers) hold towards the utility of conducting trials with cognitively disabled populations.
The occurrence of peri‐implant mucositis associated with the shift of submucosal microbiome in patients with a history of periodontitis during the first two years
Authors: Lu Hongye , Yan Xia , Zhu Bin , Zhang Li , Feng Xianghui , Piao Muzi , Huang Baoxin , Wang Xiane , Zhang Haidong , Wang Qi , Meng Huanxin
Published: December 2020

Aim

To investigate the dynamic changes of peri‐implant microbiome in patients with a history of periodontitis and to construct a microbial prediction model.

Materials and methods

The prospective study was performed at one month (T1), one year (T2) and two years (T3) after restoration. Clinical examinations [probing depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BOP), suppuration (SUP)], radiographic examinations and sample collection were conducted at three timepoints. Peri‐implant sulcular fluid (PISF) was collected and analysed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) was used to identify differences.

Results

Totally, 168 subjects were assessed for eligibility. Twenty‐two patients were recruited in the longitudinal study. Eventually, 67 PISF samples from 24 implants of 12 patients were collected and analysed. Peri‐implant microbiome showed increasing diversity and complexity over time. Disease‐associated genera Porphyromonas, Tannerella, Treponema and Prevotella dramatically increased from T1 to T3. The prediction model for clinical suppuration at T1 showed a high accuracy of 90%.

Conclusion

The dysbiosis of peri‐implant microbiome increased with time during the two‐year observation in patients with a history of periodontitis. Genera of Porphyromonas, Tannerella, Treponema and Prevotella were biomarkers of peri‐implant mucositis. Microbiota at the early stage could predict subsequent microbial dysbiosis and clinical suppuration.
Annual Research Review: A multilevel bioecological analysis of factors influencing the mental health and psychosocial well‐being of refugee children
Authors: Arakelyan Stella , Ager Alastair
Published: December 2020

Background

This paper revisits the themes of an influential 1993 review regarding the factors shaping the mental health and psychosocial well‐being of refugees to take stock of developments in the evidence base and conceptualisation of issues for refugee children over the last 25 years.

Methods

The study deployed a systematic search strategy. This initially identified 784 papers, which was reduced to 65 studies following application of inclusion and exclusion criteria. We used a later iteration of Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological model of human development – the PPCT model – to consolidate evidence.

Results

We identify a range of risk and protective factors operating at individual, familial, community and institutional and policy levels that influence outcomes for refugee children. The dynamics shaping the interaction of these influences are linked to the life course principles of socio‐historical time and developmental age, proximal processes and child agency.

Conclusions

Actions at individual, familial, community, school, institutional and policy levels all have potential traction on mental health and psychosocial well‐being of refugee children. However, evidence suggests that greatest impact will be secured by multilevel interventions addressing synergies between ecological systems, approaches engaging proximal processes (including parenting programmes) and interventions facilitating the agency of the developing refugee child.