bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studi Komparatif Hukuman Mati Berdasarkan Alkitab Dan Sistem Hukum Pidana Di Indonesia
Authors: Kandou Metsie , Ibrahim Ibrahim
Published: July 2024

Abstract:The idea of the death penalty is still a hot and interesting topic to discuss. There is an impact in the execution of the death penalty, where the death penalty is closely related to the right to life or human rights. The purpose of this study is to see a comparison of the death penalty from the legal view in Indonesia and the Biblical view. This study uses qualitative research methods that are descriptive. This research is based on data with references from various journals and books as sources in this paper. The results of this study show that the positive law of the State of Indonesia still recognizes and applies the death penalty. The death penalty is carried out through rigorous and meticulous procedures, considering the various reasons why the death penalty is a last resort for convicting people who commit serious crimes. From a Biblical perspective, law enforcement must not violate the value of justice. God is very concerned about the value of justice, so when judges choose someone who commits a serious offense, they must consider these elements and principles of justice. If God were truly just, He would not let those who make mistakes go unpunished. It is possible for further studies to find the best alternative as punishment for perpetrators of crimes as much as possible, but on the other hand does not eliminate and still respect the right to life of every individual.Keywords: comparative; Law; Punishment; Die; Bible; PunishmentAbstrak: Gagasan mengenai hukuman mati sampai saat ini masih menjadi topik yang hangat dan menarik untuk dibahas. Adanya dampak dalam eksekusi hukuman mati, dimana hukuman mati sangat berkaitan erat dengan hak hidup atau hak asasi manusia. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat perbandingan hukuman mati dari pandangan hukum di Indonesia dan pandangan Alkitab. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif yang bersifat deskriptif. Penelitian ini didasarkan pada data-data dengan acuan dari berbagai jurnal dan buku-buku sebagai sumber dalam tulisan ini. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa hukum positif Negara Indonesia masih mengakui dan menerapkan hukuman mati. Hukuman mati dilaksanakan melalui prosedur yang ketat dan cermat, mempertimbangkan berbagai alasan mengapa hukuman mati menjadi pilihan terakhir untuk memvonis orang yang melakukan kejahatan berat. Dari perspektif Alkitab, Penegakan hukum tidak boleh melanggar nilai keadilan. Allah sangat memperhatikan nilai keadilan, jadi ketika hakim memilih seseorang yang melakukan pelanggaran berat, mereka harus mempertimbangkan elemen dan prinsip keadilan ini. Jika Allah benar-benar adil, Dia tidak akan membiarkan orang yang melakukan kesalahan bebas dari hukuman. Dimungkinkan adanya kajian lanjutan untuk mencari alternatif terbaik sebagai ganjaran hukuman bagi pelaku kejahatan semaksimal mungkin, namun di sisi lain tidak menghilangkan dan tetap menghormati  hak hidup setiap individu.
Menyongsong Inovasi: Peningkatan Kreativitas Guru Pendidikan Agama Kristen untuk Meningkatkan Kualitas Belajar Siswa
Authors: Manang Erson Umbu Ndula , Bria Selfiana , Nessi Yohanes
Published: July 2024

Abstract: This study examines the impact of increasing creativity and innovation among Christian Religious Education (PAK) teachers on the quality of student learning. PAK teachers with high levels of creativity and innovation can create engaging and meaningful learning experiences for students through the application of innovative teaching methods, diverse approaches, and the use of technology in instruction. The results of the study indicate that the enhancement of creativity and innovation among PAK teachers has a positive effect on the quality of student learning. Creative and innovative teaching encourages active student participation in the learning process, enhances interest in PAK subjects, and deepens understanding of religious values. Additionally, creative and innovative PAK teachers can help students develop critical thinking skills, creativity, and problem-solving abilities through interactive approaches such as group discussions, creative projects, and simulations, all of which increase student engagement in the learning process. This research provides a strong foundation for the development of more effective teaching strategies and approaches to improve the quality of student learning in Christian Religious Education subjects.Keywords: Creativity and Innovation, Impact on Student Learning QualitAbstrak : Penelitian  ini mengkaji  dampak peningkatan kreativitas dan inovasi guru Pendidikan Agama Kristen terhadap mutu pembelajaran siswa. Guru PAK yang memiliki tingkat kreativitas dan inovasi yang tinggi dapat menciptakan pengalaman belajar yang menarik dan bermakna bagi siswa melalui penerapan metode pengajaran yang inovatif, pendekatan yang variatif, dan penggunaan teknologi dalam pembelajaran. Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan kreativitas dan inovasi guru PAK berdampak positif terhadap mutu pembelajaran siswa. Pengajaran yang kreatif dan inovatif mendorong partisipasi aktif siswa dalam proses pembelajaran, meningkatkan minat terhadap mata pelajaran PAK, dan memperdalam pemahaman nilai-nilai agama. Selain itu, guru PAK yang kreatif dan inovatif juga dapat membantu siswa mengembangkan kemampuan berpikir kritis, kreativitas, dan keterampilan pemecahan masalah melalui pendekatan interaktif seperti diskusi kelompok, proyek kreatif, dan simulasi, yang semuanya meningkatkan keterlibatan siswa dalam proses pembelajaran. Penelitian ini memberikan landasan yang kuat untuk pengembangan strategi dan pendekatan pembelajaran yang lebih efektif dalam meningkatkan mutu pembelajaran siswa pada mata pelajaran Agama Kristen. Kata kunci: Kreativitas dan Inovasi, Dampak Bagi Kualitas Belajar Siswa
Inheritance and Integration: Modern University Sports in a Fusion of Cultures
Authors: Dunworthy Lucinda , Ashford Theresa
Published: July 2024

By employing literature review, comparative analysis, and historical analysis methods, this study examines and compares the characteristics and value orientations of Chinese and Western sports cultures. The findings reveal that due to cultural differences, Western competitive sports have long dominated university campuses, while traditional Chinese sports have been marginalized or neglected in universities. Such an approach to university sports overlooks the cultural psychological values of the participants, casting doubt on the development, effectiveness, and innovation of university sports. The study concludes that, amidst the collision and interaction of these two distinct sports cultures, Chinese university sports should both inherit the traditional Chinese sports culture and draw on the essence of Western competitive sports culture. By integrating the cultural structures and value orientations of both into an organic system, a new perspective on Chinese university sports can be established, meeting the trends of modern development in Chinese university sports.
Research on the path of University Sports Culture construction under the New Normal of education
Authors: Zhang Xiaotao , Cai Luoying , Gao Fu
Published: July 2024

As our country fully enters the new normal, higher education is also facing new situations and challenges for innovative development, and the transformation and upgrading of education have become a topic of general concern. Universities are not only educational environments but also important cultural environments. University education is not only about imparting knowledge, but also about cultivating comprehensive qualities, which is the main direction of university education. However, China's higher education has long neglected the role of sports culture, which is not in line with the development of the times. Under this new normal of education, the construction of university sports culture has been given a new mission. How to build a university sports culture that meets the needs of the times is particularly important. Universities are also continuously carrying out reform practices, establishing new goals that adapt to the requirements of the times, exploring new paths, in order to create a good sports culture atmosphere and cultivate outstanding talents with comprehensive qualities and all-round development.
La paridad de poder adquisitiva en los análisis de razonabilidad de precios
Authors: Azofeifa Chacón Carlos
Published: July 2024

En Costa Rica, la contratación pública se rige por un proceso normativo que establece el análisis de razonabilidad de precios como un requerimiento para seleccionar la mejor oferta. La metodología que se utiliza comprende distintas fuentes de información en las que se pueden obtener referencias de precios, incluyendo los precios internacionales. Sin embargo, al momento de ajustar estos últimos al contexto nacional, se presentan algunas barreras, como el aspecto espacial y temporal. Para corregir estos desajustes podría emplearse el concepto de “paridad de poder adquisitiva”, que provee la teoría económica para entender cómo emplear esta herramienta en el análisis de razonabilidad de precios.
Investigating the DC Performance of Ni/Au and Pt/Au Schottky Gate Contacts on GaN HEMTs for Ku band Applications
Authors:   Department of Electronic Science, University of Delhi, Delhi, India, Sehra Khushwant , Malik Amit , Laishram Robert , Rawal D. S. , Saxena Manoj ,   Solid State Physics Laboratory, Defence Research & Development Organization, Delhi, India,   Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
Published: July 2024

This manuscript investigates the DC performance of Ni/Au and Pt/Au Schottky Gate contacts on 150 nm AlGaN/GaN HEMTs for Ku band applications. Comparison in terms of the short channel effects (SCEs), in particularly the drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL), demonstrate the long-term stability of Ni/Au Schottky contacts for mm-wave applications. To assess the reliability of the Schottky metal scheme, the fabricated devices were subjected to a high gate reverse bias step stress of – 30 V with a step of – 5 V. A higher degree of ON–state resistance (RON) degradation for the Pt/Au Schottky contact evinces remarkable performance of Ni/Au Schottky contacts for mm-Wave applications.
Socio-economic impact of privatization of public enterprises in the Philippines
Authors: Tano Isagani
Published: July 2024

This study explores the socio-economic impacts of privatizing public enterprises in the Philippines. Using a qualitative research design, it examines how privatization has influenced operational efficiency, investment, income distribution, and regional disparities. Findings indicate that while privatization has improved efficiency and attracted investments, it has also led to income inequality and accessibility issues, particularly in rural areas. Recommendations include implementing targeted policies to address income distribution, enhancing regulatory frameworks, promoting regional development projects, investing in skill enhancement programs, and encouraging public-private partnerships.
Morphological variation among cowries (Gastropoda: Cypraeidae) using geometric morphometrics and correlation analysis based on distances
Authors: Espina-Patiluna Ma. Lotus , Demayo Cesar
Published: July 2024

Cowries (Cypraeidae) are popular among shell collectors because of their beauty and relative availability. Some species of cowry have high collection values among shell markets, however this has led to an increase number of species and unnecessary proliferation of taxonomic names with little information on their morphology. Thus, this study was conducted to describe morphological variations among cowry shells obtained along Sindangan Bay, Philippines. The shell morphological attributes (e.g. shell shape, color, bands, banding pattern), morphometric characters (e.g. shell length, width, height, number of teeth, etc.), and shape were characterized using the relative warp scores generated from the outline and landmark-based geometric morphometric analysis (GM) and correlation analysis based on distances (CORIANDIS). Sixteen (16) morphological and ten (10) meristic characters of 113 samples from the seven Cypraeidae species were examined and analyzed. The variations on color, banding pattern, lateral margins, dorsal/transverse line, spire, teeth, size and shape of the shell were mainly observed. Relative warp analysis showed significant shell shape variation among Cypraeidae species. Correlation analysis based on distances showed morphological, size, and shape differences among Cypraeidae species. As revealed in correlation analysis, the observed variation in size was significantly correlated with shape. The observed differences could be due to many factors including genetic, biotic and abiotic factors; developmental processes and physiology in responses of the organisms to a unique environment. Thus, geometric morphometrics and CORIANDIS helped us understand the nature of diversity in the family Cypraeidae species. Further studies on environmental heterogeneity, species position within the population’s distribution, and the genetic basis of the observed phenotypic diversity are necessary. Such emphasis can lead to additional information in the systematic studies on species of family Cypraeidae.
MAQASID SYARI’AH MENURUT ABDUL WAHAB KHALAF
Authors: Deski Ahmad
Published: July 2024

Maqashid syariah merupakan topik yang menarik untuk dibahas oleh peneliti. Pemikiran terkait maqashid al syari'ah tidak bisa dilepaskan dari konsep mashalah dalam aturan hukum. Keduanya seperti koin memiliki dua sisi yang tidak bisa dipisahkan satu sama lain. Abd al Malik al Juwaini (w.478) diklaim sebagai pelopor teori ini. Para mufti setelah abad pertengahan juga tidak kalah concern untuk membahas masalah maqasih syariah, termasuk Abdul Wahab Khalaf yang lahir pada tahun 1888 M di sebuah desa bernama Khufruziyat. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan penelitian kepustakaan dengan menggunakan deskriptif dan analisis. Menurut Abdul Wahab Khalaf, Maqashid syariah terbagi menjadi tiga bagian yaitu al dharuriyat, al hajiyat, dan al tahsiniyat. Al Dharuriyat dibagi menjadi lima bagian seperti melindungi agama, jiwa, pikiran, kehormatan, dan harta. Yang dimaksud dengan al hajiyat adalah sesuatu yang dibutuhkan oleh manusia seperti sifat gegabah dan kelapangan. Al hajiyat dibagi menjadi tiga bagian yaitu ibadah, muamalah dan hukum. Al Tahsiniyat adalah sesuatu yang menuntut muru'ah, etika dan segala sesuatu berdasarkan manhaj yang benar. Al-tahsiniyat berarti akhlak dan kebiasaan yang baik.
HAZF HURUF NIDA يا PADA LAFADZ DOA MENGGUNAKAN KATA ربّ DALAM ALQURAN
Authors: Saputra Indra , Sa'adiyah Hurriyatus
Published: July 2024

Prayer is a worship that is highly recommended in Islam, in the rules of the Arabic language there is a special letter that is used for prayer, namely the letter يا, this letter is called the letter nida. In some verses this letter is not written down or mazuf. In addition to the rules of language, the reason for the removal of the nida letter is also a reason in terms of balaghah, which states the closeness of Allah to His servants. This research method uses a descriptive and analytical library research approach. The main sources for this research are Arabic grammar books and other supporting Arabic language books.
IMPLEMENTASI KURIKULUM MUATAN LOKAL TILAWAH DAN TAHFHIZUL QUR’AN DALAM MENINGKATKAN HASIL PEMBELAJARAN AL-QUR’AN HADITS DI PPMTI BAYUR AGAM
Authors: Mulia Elvira
Published: July 2024

The curriculum is a set of plans and arrangements regarding the objectives, content and teaching materials as well as the methods used as guidelines for the implementation of learning activities to achieve certain goals. Local content is part of the structure and content of the curriculum contained in the Content Standards in the curriculum at the education unit level. By applying the local content curriculum Tilawah and Tahfidzul Qur'an, the students' learning value of Al-Qur'an Hadith is achieved at school. In fact, there are still many students who have not been able to memorize the Qur'an properly and correctly, especially understanding Recitation and Tahfidzul Qur'an, but in learning the Qur'an, Hadith is still weak. In this study, researchers used qualitative methods. This study discusses how the Implementation of Local Content Curriculum Recitation and Tahfidzul Qur'an in Improving Learning Outcomes of Al-Qur'an Hadith at PPMTI Bayur, Tanjung Raya District, Agam Regency. So that in the application of the existing local content of Tilawah and Tahfidzul Qur'an it can help the value of learning Al-Qur'an Hadith for students at PPMTI Bayur. The Tahfidz program in local content subjects here is one of the graduation requirements for PPMTI Bayur students.
Capturing constructs in a post-covid world: a research note on the remote administration of repertory grids
Authors: Yamnitsky Eugene , Jankowicz Devi
Published: July 2024

This paper reviews the remote administration of Repertory Grid technique in which Excel spread sheet and videoconferencing software with screen sharing capabilities were utilized. The experience and quality of results of remote and direct administration are compared and discussed; possible advantages of remote over direct administration are examined. This approach differs from remote computer-based administration methods reviewed in the literature hitherto; it is hoped that this paper will be of value to researchers who may need to adjust to the new post-COVID-19 conditions, where direct administration of Repertory Grid may not be possible due to travel restriction and social distancing limitations.
Changes of the dermatology department in the last 20 years in the light of the history of the Kaposi Mór Teaching Hospital in Somogy County
Authors: Fábos Beáta ,   Somogy County Mór Kaposi Teaching Hospital, Department of Dermatology, Kaposvár
Published: July 2024

The history of the Department of Dermatology of Somogy County Kaposi Mór Teaching Hospital is -well-documented and is closely connected to the foundation of the Kaposi Mór Teaching Hospital in Somogy County. The Hospital was named for the memorable dermatologist Mór Kaposi who was born here and attached deeply to Kaposvár. Our hospital, and our department too have witnessed severe bloody events during the centuries, which have left their traces on the structure of the hospital and the patient care. The article summarizes the conditions that had created the grounding for the progression of the consecutive years. We have to pay tribute and acknowledge the efforts and hard work of our predecessors. Difficulies endured by the hospital throughout the decades provide us with a strong sense of belonging, strenght, inspiration and endurance during our daily work. We want to draw inspiration and strength from all of those.
Examination of the relationship between pigmentation, UV addiction and vitamin D
Authors: Nagy Benedek ,   Semmelweis University, Faculty of Medicine Department of Dermatology Venereology and Dermatooncology, Péter Petra Nikolett , Csábi Zsófia Erzsébet , Ascsillán Anna , Kemény Lajos Vince
Published: July 2024

In the following paper, the Authors aim to describe the complex relationship between pigmentation, UV addiction and vitamin D and their evolutionary connections based on recent advances in research. It has been long suggested that prolonged UV exposure can induce addiction and a dependence-like state in some individuals, with β-endorphin released from keratinocytes in response to UV. An evolutionary benefit of UV addiction may be the promotion of vitamin D synthesis following chronic UV exposure. Vitamin D synthesis was also an evolutionary driver of the lighter skin in the Northern Hemisphere, so presumably the UV-induced addictive pleasant sensation may have once similarly facilitated the maximisation of vitamin D synthesis by increasing time spent under the sun. However, excessive UV exposure increases the risk of many skin cancers, so it is important to better understand vitamin D, pigmentation and the pleasurable effects that follow UV radiation.
What’s new in the treatment of hair loss?
Authors: Friedman-Cserhalmi Péter ,   The Skin Center Dermatology Group, New City New York, Németh Krisztián
Published: July 2024

More and more patients worldwide are being diagnosed with hair loss problems. Until recently, the therapeutic options for alopecia were limited, but in recent years a growing number of new therapeutic modalities have emerged, offering hope for more effective treatment of hair loss. In this article, we review the most effective topical and systemic treatment modalities currently in use, ranging from Janus Kinase Inhibitors (JAKi), Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) treatment, to anti-androgen and minoxidil treatment.
Combined corticosteroid and etanercept therapy in toxic epidermal necrolysis
Authors: Koszorú Kamilla ,   Semmelweis University, Faculty of Medicine Department of Dermatology Venereology and Dermatooncology, Hidvégi Bernadett , Sárdy Miklós , Róbert Lili , Kemény Lajos Vince , Hársing Judit , Makó Sarolta , Czintner Dóra , Blága Kincső , Holló Péter
Published: July 2024

The authors present the case of a 34-year-old female patient hospitalized for lamotrigine-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). The initial clinical presentation suggested TEN with cutaneous, oral, and genital mucosal involvement, which was later confirmed by histopathological examination. Because of the progression observed with the high-dose systemic corticosteroid treatment, etanercept was added to the therapy on the second day of hospitalization. The patient received a total of 2x50 mg etanercept subcutaneously, three days apart. The corticosteroid dose could be gradually reduced, the progression of disease stopped, and no adverse effects were observed. Due to the rarity of the disease, there is little evidence on therapeutic options for TEN. To our knowledge, the treatment was provisioned by licensing of Health Authorities our case was the first in Hungary to apply the TNF-α inhibitor etanercept in TEN and our results support the available data in the literature that the combination of corticosteroids with etanercept may be a safe and effective treatment in TEN and may reduce the dose of corticosteroids and recovery time.
Ren (benevolence), panoramic painting and sensus communis: cosmomedia and political philosophy in late 19th century China
Authors: Tang Hongfeng
Published: July 2024

There existed a worldview of cosmomedia in late 19th century China that integrated classical Confucian and Daoist ideas with western media like aether and panoramic painting. Cosmomedia is a kind of organic media thinking based on sensus communis (common sense) among people and induction between heaven and mankind, thereby generating moral obligations, and becoming the foundation for the political philosophy of Kang Youwei, Tan Sitong and other reformist intellectuals. It constitutes a kind of medial power to unify things, people, and the world and supports the political imagination of great harmony (Da tong). The loss of distance brought about by the virtual image media-like panorama or aether, echoes the traditional belief of the unbearable heart, confirms the existence of sensus communis and, thus, makes the world of great harmony possible.
A Case Study Assessing the Integration of Nuclear Safety and Security in Facilities using a Monte Carlo Simulation aided Analytical Hierarchy Process
Authors: Thomas Theodore , Rane Shraddha , Harris Jason
Published: July 2024

Nuclear safety and security are essential in all operations using nuclear and radioactive materials. Even though both elements are important, the evolution of these programs has not developed at the same rate. As such, their integration has been met with challenges. This study analyzed the potential for synergy across different criteria and settings when integrating nuclear safety and security. The criteria included eight points where overlap could be identified between nuclear safety and security. Three work settings—industrial, medical, and research—were evaluated. Responses were collected from nine individuals who worked with nuclear materials in various capacities and different nuclear work settings. The individuals rated the eight criteria and three work settings based on the analytical hierarchy process. These results were then used in a Monte Carlo simulation that applied a beta-program evaluation review technique distribution to determine points with the greatest potential for synergy. The culture criterion was rated as having the greatest potential for synergy, thereby indicating that the integration of nuclear safety and nuclear security would provide the greatest benefit with this criterion. The analytical hierarchy process assisted with the Monte Carlo simulation and determined that the industrial setting ranked the highest in synergy potential—also indicating this setting would see the greatest benefit in integrating nuclear safety and security.
Safety and Security Analysis of VVER-1200 Reactor Pressure Vessel Under Pressurized Thermal Shock
Authors: Karim Mohammed , Datta Debashis , Hossain Altab
Published: July 2024

The reactor pressure vessel (RPV) is an important component of a nuclear power plant and of great concern to safety and security globally. Thus, the thermal system of an RPV should be ensured properly through an evaluation system that closely monitors and considers its integrity. This article describes the thermomechanical analyses for a pressurized thermal shock (PTS) scenario of a VVER-1200 RPV owing to a loss of coolant accident (LOCA) and activation of the emergency core cooling system (ECCS). The LOCA transient and activation of ECCS are modeled using ANSYS simulation software. From the analyses of the emergency core cooling injection owing to a LOCA in a PTS scenario, the transient flow distribution and the temperature profile evolution in the RPV wall are evaluated. Subsequently, the stress history in different situations for this transient was computed using thermal loads to show the safety of the VVER-1200.
Rozmiary nieprzystosowania społecznego młodzieży "nie uczącej się i nie pracującej" badanej w latach 1967/1968 i 1968/1969
Authors: Zofia Ostrihanska  , Helena Kołakowska-Przełomiec  , Stanisław Batawia  , Anna Kossowska  , Maria Marek
Published: July 2024

Publikacja posiada następującą strukturę: Wstęp I . Zofia Ostrihańśka: Kryteria nieprzystosowania społęcznego dzieci i młodzieży II. Helena Kołakowska-Przełomiec: Wyniki badań 432 chłopców "nie uczących się i nie pracujacych" III. Zofia Ostrihanska, Anna Kossowska: Wyniki badań 110 dziewcząt "nie uczących się i nie pracujących" IV. Maria Marek: Wyniki badań poziomu wiadomości szkolnych młodzieży "nie uczących się i nie pracującej" Streszczenie wyników badań i wnioski
Recydywiści alkoholicy w wieku 35–41 lat o późnym początku przestępczości
Authors: Stanisław Batawia  , Stanisław Szelhaus
Published: July 2024

Publikacja posiada następującą strukturę: I. Stanisław Batawia: Problematyka wczesnego alkoholizmu II. Stanisław Szelhaus: Wyniki badań recydywistów alkoholików o początku przestępczości po ukończeniu 25 lat
Przestępstwa stwierdzone w latach 1965–1969 oraz osoby podejrzane o ich dokonanie (na podstawie danych statystyki milicyjno-prokuratorskich)
Authors: Andrzej Mościskier  , Edward Syzduł
Published: July 2024

The publication compiles data from police records on offences discovered in 1.965 – 1969 and the persons suspected of them.
Dalsze losy nieletnich i młodocianych sprawców przestępstw
Authors: Stanisław Batawia  , Ewa Żabczyńska  , Adam Strzembosz  , Teodor Szymanowski
Published: July 2024

Publikacja posiada następującą strukturę: Wstęp I. Ewa Żabczyńska: Dalsze losy 100 chłopców mających sprawy o kradzieże w wieku 10-11 lat II. Adam Strzembosz: Rozmiary recydywy u nieletnich podsądnych sprawców krażeży III. Teodor Szymanowski: Rozmiary recydywy u młodocianych więźniów po upływie 10 lat od ich zwolnienia z zakładów karnych
Przestępstwa stwierdzone w latach 1970-1974 oraz osoby podejrzane o ich dokonanie
Authors: Andrzej Mościskier  , Edward Syzduł
Published: July 2024

The publication compiles data from police records on the offences cleared up in Poland in 1970—1974 and the persons suspected of them. In view of the legislation changes that have taken place in Poland in the meantime, a comparison of the data presented now with those of 1965— 1969 and published in volume five of the Archives of Criminology is very difficult. In Poland since 1970 a new Penal Code has been in force and since 1972 a Contravention Code. On the basis of the latter some petty offences (to which a theft of a property worth less than 500 zlotys was included) were recognized as petty misdemeanours.
"Wykluczenie społeczne": popularne pojęcie we współczesnej kryminologii. Wykluczenie społeczne i przestępczość w Europie Środkowej i Wschodniej
Authors: Miklós Lévay
Published: July 2024

The paper deals with two issues. One is the content of the concept of ‘social exclusion', including the components of the concept, the most important measures of the European Union to combat social exclusion as a social phenomenon, certain conclusions in the professional literature as to the relation between social exclusion and crime, as well as the significance of this concept and its relevant research in the development of criminorogical thinking. The second topic of the paper is the relation between social exclusion and crime in the former socialist countries, particularly in the countries that joined the European Union on 1 May 2004. The author evaluates the significance of 'social exclusion’ as a concept and of the related research for the development of criminology thinking, concluding that there are three prevailing criminology perspectives: a. the social perspective, b. the individual perspective and c. the situational perspective. In his attempt to answer the question of whether the former socialist countries of Central and Eastern Europe were inclusive or exclusive societies, the author finds that the features of exclusive and inclusive societies coexist in the societies of late modernity, including the countries of the CEE region. However, of importance here are the proportions and the main tendencies. In this respect, the paper can be read to say that the features of an exclusive society are present in the countries of the region to an extent giving rise to serious concern. In addition, the fear is that certain global and regional processes and challenges will further strengthen these qualities. At the global level, the neo-liberal economic policy and the presence of interntional terrorism together with the responses to be given can have particurarly adverse effects on the character of the society. At the European Union level, the great challenge is to reduce the economic and social differences between the member states. If the EU does not succeed in meeting this objective fairly soon, it risks having a new periphery of the East and Central European States. Therefore, criminology must give priority attention in this social-cultural situation to social justice and to the investigation of phenomena such as social exclusion hindering its prevalence.
Molestowanie seksualne jako forma dyskryminacji ze względu na płeć
Authors: Agnieszka Jasiakiewicz
Published: July 2024

The opinions presenting sexual harassment as a form of sex-based discrimination appeared long before such a regulation was introduced. Today, both in legal acts and in the doctrine, sexual harassment is considered to be a sex-based discrimination. The same opinion is voiced by the legal practice of many countries. The paper aims at presenting the basic aspects of this problem and at reviewing the legal practice of these countries.
Wczesna przestępczość nieletnich i jej skutki
Authors: Witold Klaus
Published: July 2024

The object of study was prohibited acts committed by children up to 13 years  old which caused a reaction of the justice system. The results of the research deny a common belief, also popularised by the mass media that the age of juveniles who committed serious crimes is rapidly falling down. In fact, in most cases we deal with petit crimes.
Zachowania korupcyjne osadzonych (wstępne wyniki badań)
Authors: Emil W. Pływaczewski  , Grażyna B. Szczygieł
Published: July 2024

An analysis of the research questionnaires shows that most respondents (64%) think corruption is a significant problem of the Prison Service. Twenty-eight respondents (14%) quoted having received a corruption offer from a convict. If we consider the fact that one out of 7 respondents received a corruption offer and every second respondent thinks corruption is a significant issue, such an assessment does not reflect the experience of most people who deemed corruption a significant issue, but rather their feelings of threat or concern. Certainly, such feelings might be influenced by the multitude of such information in the media. In the newspapers, and inthe Penitentiary Forum which reaches every Prison Service member in particular, there are detailed accounts of specific cases of corrupt practices that were uncovered. As concerns corruption offers, we have to underline that they were twice more frequently addressed to warders than to counsellors. As stated in the survey, 19 warders and 9 counsellors admitted having received such offers. The fact that corruption offers were more often addressed at warders than counsellors might be explained to some extent by the fact that prisoners have more contact with the warders than the counsellors (prison yard, baths).
Cyberterroryzm – nowe zagrożenie dla bezpieczeństwa
Authors: Sebastian Serwiak
Published: July 2024

The face of terrorism is changing. Even the motivations do not remain the same as 10–20 years ago. Now, we are facing the emergence of a new category of an offensive gear unknown before. Intelligent networks, telecommunications infrastructure, security procedures and computer equipment once designed and expected to serve and protect people have become terrorist weapons. States and nations are currently almost powerless against this new and destructive phenomenon. The procedures and methods of countering terrorism, which world's specialists have created and perfected over the past decades, are ineffective against this enemy. That is because this enemy does not attack us with trucks loaded with explosives, neither with dynamite strapped to the bodies of fanatics, nor gas canisters. This enemy attacks us with ones and zeros using our own infrastructure. Nowadays, cyberspace is constantly under assault. Cyber spies, saboteurs, and thrill seekers hack into computer systems, sabotage data and applications, launch computer viruses and worms, steal and trade secrets, conduct fraudulent transactions and what is worse, remotely influence the physical world around us. Unfortunately, the cases where operations of waste dump management system, power grid or telecommunication services were affected, are no longer political fiction. Moreover, these attacks are being facilitated with increasingly powerful and easy-to-use software tools, which are available from many FTP servers in the Internet. The existing threat to water dams, land and air traffic control systems, electric power distribution structure and many other hidden but vulnerabte points of the western civilisation is the nightmare of our times. This paper aims at outlining the main trends of terrorism in our technologically-dependent society. It also presents both the known and potential ways the Internet may serve as a weapon for the next generation of terrorists.
Międzywojenna polska debata kryminologiczna-poszukiwanie społecznych przyczyn przestępczości i sposobów jej zwalczania
Authors: Mateusz Rodak
Published: July 2024

This article is an attempt of a summary of the debate, pending in Poland in the interwar period, on the issues related to the etiology and methods of preventing and / or controlling crime. Analyzing these two highly interrelated and interdependent problems, the author decided to take into consideration the clear-cut division in criminology prevailing in the interwar period and to reflect it in the structure of the article. Thus, the text is divided into two parts. The first part discusses the causes of crime, the second the criminal policy. However, the text is not an analysis of all the causes of crime. The author focuses on discussion of the interwar views on the social causes of crime held by persons or institutions related, on various different levels, to criminology. Accordingly, the section on criminal policy includes response to crimes being, at least in theory, a result of social causes. The autor of the article faced the problem to attempt to collect and present ideas on social causes and method of preventing and / or combating crime published in the interwar period. The study covers articles and books, in which the above-mentioned problems have been discussed both by scientists (criminologists, lawyers, doctors, psychologists, and sociologists) and laymen (journalists, publicists, community workers, and politicians). In this text, the attempts to analyze the opinions expressed by the latter of the aforementioned groups is a significantly new thing. The views of people not directly related to the academic community at that time were rarely taken into the consideration while discussing criminological theoretical considerations of the interwar period. The point of departure of this text is assumption of the thesis that in the interwar debate on the broad issue of crime, the views which favoured social factors in generating crime were significantly dominant. It should be recalled that on the other side of the dispute there remained a theory of special importance of so-called endogenous factors. It was argued that the specific psycho - physical construction of a man makes him predisposed to become a criminal. This was an aftermath of a C. Lombroso’s theory, already modified in the interwar period. It should be noted that his theory in Poland was not received unquestioningly. However, the dispute between supporters of exogenous and endogenous factors took place in interwar Poland. A strong trend was a school trying to combine the two trends, taking into account the reasons of both parties as typically they did not exclude. This should be regarded as a unique achievement of the Polish criminology of the interwar period.
Czynny żal jako instrument polityki kryminalnej i karnej
Authors: Olga Sitarz
Published: July 2024

The object of the analysis are the institution known in the criminal law as active repentance and other similar normative institutions, which are sometimes referred to by scientists as active repentance in its broad sense or as quasi-active repentance. I was interested in the behavior of the perpetrator after commitment of an offence as a factor affecting the extent of perpetrator’s criminal liability in the context of criminal and penal policy (legally permissible modification of criminal responsibility in individual cases). Even a brief review of the institutions of active repentance in the Polish criminal law (regulated in the general and specific chapters of the Penal Code) allows to state that there is no uniformity, consistency, and rationality in shaping of this substantial instrument of criminal and penal policy. Sometimes one may have an impression that the issue of active repentance was regulated quite accidentally, not as a part of the comprehensive, rational criminal policy pursued by the entire criminal justice system. Since the key question is whether the established and accepted objectives and functions of punishment and / or criminal law can be achieved without a punishment, therefore the first part of the article is devoted to theories and functions of the penalty in conjunction with the reasons and functions attributed to active repentance. The different functions of an active repentance – to increase the efficiency – require some specific element in the design of this institution to be taken into consideration. These variables may be: if the benefits gained by the repentant are facultative or mandatory, the extent of the benefits, additional requirements imposed on the offender related to his conduct, an indication of a shorter or longer time limit to meet the statutory requirements and / or conditions related to repentant’s motivation, directory of the deeds in which the perpetrator can use the benefits arising from his active repentance, and indirectly also the place and method of regulation. Whether these variables should include consent of the victim, with all its consequences, probably also needs to be taken into consideration. Referring to the presented features of active repentance, by operating with the indicated variables, one can attempt to construct a variety of models of active repentance appropriate for performance of specific functions. Assuming its preventive function, active repentance should be provided for the widest range of crimes possible. Preferably, active repentance should be described clearly and precisely in the general part of the Criminal Code. Benefits provided for the accused person should be as wide as possible and always obligatory. Effective preventive function enforces the need to spread this instrument, especially the profits associated with it.
Prawne możliwości walki ze zjawiskiem stalkingu - czy w prawie polskim konieczna jest penalizacja prześladowania?
Authors: Dagmara Woźniakowska-Fajst
Published: July 2024

The article concerns the phenomenon of stalking, or emotional persecution. It also presents legal solutions concerning stalking in the countries where this type of behavior is penalized, and includes a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of criminalization of stalking in Poland. In contrast with the admiration, stalking is a behavior which a victim does not wish. Stalking is an English verb denoting a quiet human or animal tracking in order to capture or kill. In accordance to the definition of an American psychologist J. Reid Meloy, stalking is a form of malicious and repeated harassing and annoying of another person which increases his or her feeling of threat. Stalking, just like domestic violence, and mobbing are classified as so-called "emotional violence", by which we understand “interference in the psyche of another person directed against his or her emotions, resulting both immediate and delayed negative effects”. Emotional violence is never a single event. Stalking most often exhibits in such behaviors as: calls, silent calls, night calls, wandering in the vicinity of victim's home, making contact through a third party, questioning about the victim in his or her surroundings, persisting at the door / home / work, sending letters, e-mails, text messages, and gifts, placing postal orders in victim's name, tracking and following the victim, slander (distributing false information and rumors), burglary to victims house or car, stealing victim's belongings, harassing victim's family and friends, as well as attacking and assaulting them. The main problem with providing an adequate legal protection to a victim of a stalker lies in the fact that some of these behaviors are criminal, and some are not prohibited by law, nevertheless if repeated, they carry severe consequences for the victim which cannot be counteracted by means of criminal law. The tragedy of stalking victims lies in the fact that a persecutor may intimidate his victims and force them to change habits and plans, to live in constant fear. Stalker often causes huge mental suffering through actions which, under Polish law, are legally indifferent. What is also important is that actions of a stalker do not have to result from his or her wrongful intentions or desire to annoy the victim (in many law systems malicious intention of the stalker is a sine qua non for criminalization of stalking). Sometimes the persecutor acts with good intentions (the desire to win the love of a loved one), nevertheless behavior of the stalker is frightening for the victim. Results of a study taken to estimate the scale of stalking differ between countries where such studies have been conducted. This discrepancy is probably influenced by the definition assumed by researchers, research methodology, sample size and selection, but also by the different temperament of the inhabitants of these countries.
"Kryminalne" aspekty przestępczości podatkowej
Authors: Leszek Wilk
Published: July 2024

There is a common opinion that fiscal offence has no criminal character but is merely an administrative offence and consists only of petty deeds of little social noxiousness. This opinion is not accurate with regard to basic types of tax crimes which very often are varieties of common frauds or forgery that may seriously endanger financial transactions of a country or local government. They are characterised by the fact that the tax procedures and legal structures are faked or falsely initiated and employed to commit or de facto to camouflage offences of criminal character. One example could be tax fraud involving simulation of a series of transactions which have no real economic of commercial significance and serve to fake alleged tax obligations and to initiate the procedure of VAT and ultimately to obtain from the Treasury substantial amounts of unjust VAT refunds under false pretences. These are in fact ordinary criminal offenses committed with the use of tax refund procedures. Possibility of moving VAT free goods between countries of the European Union with the lack of adequate monitoring mechanisms in the Member States resulted in a dangerous increase in the number of organized frauds, which are simply regarded as a mechanism “embedded” in the EU VAT system. They are referred to as tax carousels or carousel frauds. Tax law, its mechanisms, and its procedures are sometimes used not only for this type of criminal extortion of property from the tax authorities but also as for a so-called money laundering and legalization of illegal incomes. Generally, tax offences shows more and more close links with strictly criminal offences, it is becoming more and more organised, professionalism of the perpetrators is increasing, and even a growth in brutalization of such crimes can observed. This should change a traditional approach to tax crime.