bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clinico-Anatomical Studies of Frontal Lobe Function Based on Leucotomy Material
Authors: Meyer A. , McLardy T.
Published: August 2008

The present paper is based upon the investigation of 95 brains of patients dying some time after leucotomy, and mainly, though not exclusively, upon the 45 cases in which the survival period was more than 5 months (up to 5 years). In a third of the total material and in about half of the 45 cases with survival longer than 5 months a full microscopical investigation has been carried out or is nearing completion. Eventually all the informative cases will have been so examined, but investigation by serial sections of considerable parts of the brain is a time-consuming undertaking. An unfortunately irremediable defect in our material is the unevenness and incompleteness of the clinical, physiological and psychological investigations of the patients. Obviously only limited correlation studies can be carried out on such material. Again, the number of fully recovered cases in our material is small, in fact only some four (Nos. 66, 71, 10 and 18) of the total could be classed as such. The reason for this is that fully recovered patients are likely to die from intercurrent disease outside mental hospitals, when it is difficult to procure a post-mortem.
Observations in Electrically-Produced Epileptic Convulsions. Part III: The Post-Convulsive Decerebrate State
Authors: Klein R. , Early D. F.
Published: August 2008

For a few seconds after the convulsion has ceased, whilst the patient is cyanosed and the breathing forced, there is complete flaccidity of all the body muscles. The first sign of muscular activity is a contraction of the masseter muscle, which holds the mouth tightly closed. This is followed by rigidity of a definite pattern; in its complete form the neck is retracted, the mouth closed, the shoulder flexed and adducted, the elbow flexed and the forearm pronated, the hip, knee and ankle joint are extended. Wrists, fingers and toes are invariably flaccid, offering no resistance to passive movements. In the extreme forms of rigidity the extension in the lower limbs is so intense that it is impossible to overcome it by force.
Convulsive Treatment in 56 Tuberculous Mental Patients
Authors: Jentoft Bjarne
Published: August 2008

Of the various pathological states mentioned as contraindications against convulsive treatment in mental disease, tuberculosis and other affections of the lungs rank among the most important. It may generally be considered less dangerous than insulin coma therapy (which has been observed to activate pulmonary tuberculosis), but many authors warn against it. Very few, how–ever, have actually published observations of exacerbations of the tuberculous process consequent to convulsive therapy.
Comparison of the Intelligence Quotient with Behaviour
Authors: Rudolf G. de M.
Published: August 2008

Comparison of different tests performed on the same individual is of value in showing whether tests purporting to be testing the same properties are, in fact, doing so, and also in determining whether certain psychological characteristics tend to occur concurrently in the same subjects. Previous work (Rudolf, 1948) has shown that the accumulation of general knowledge based on the environment and excluding school work, as shown by the I.Q. obtained by the use of Kent's test, correlates highly with the I.Q. obtained by the use of the Stanford Revision of the Binet-Simon, the coefficient being + 0·7499 ± 0·019. With a test of reasoning, Raven's Progressive Matrices (Group), the correlation-coefficient of the Kent Test was less impressive, being + 0·2686 ± 0·038. These results suggest that the accumulation of knowledge of the environment is not markedly dependent on, or connected with, the powers of reasoning.
Dynamic Factors in Aphasia
Authors: Klein R.
Published: August 2008

The close relation of aphasia to lesions of particular brain areas may be responsible for the fact that factors other than lingual in their effects upon aphasic reactions have long been neglected. Pierre Marie (1906) came to the conclusion that in true aphasia the defect in language is regularly accompanied by a general intellectual defect. This opinion found little recognition; his statement was too general, and was not found to be in agreement with clinical experience. Head (1926) made a more elaborate attempt to break with the traditional ideas when he introduced the conception of symbolic expression and formulation, and viewed the clinical pictures of aphasia which came under his observation from a more general angle. Goldstein (1924, 1926), in applying the Gestalt conception to aphasic disorders, brought the brain function as a whole into the picture. He found the basis of aphasie disorders in the inability of figure-background formation and categorical behaviour. Such extra-lingual factors have consequently been considered in the analysis of particular cases by several authors (Woerkom, 1925, 1931), Bowman and Gruenbaum (1925), Klein (1929, 1931, 1932). Demonstrated on two aphasic patients, they are also the subject of this paper.
Observations on Foreign-Body Swallowing in Prisons
Authors: Landers John J.
Published: August 2008

The swallowing of foreign bodies is more prevalent in prisons than in mental hospitals. Is it that there is something in the prison environment which causes some prisoners to swallow foreign bodies, or should the clue be sought for in the personalities of the swallowers? A few prison swallowers are insane, the great majority are not.
The Treatment of Mental Defectives with Thiamine
Authors: Rudolf G. de M.
Published: August 2008

Thiamine or aneurine has for many years been known as the anti-neuritic vitamin, although action of this substance in organic nervous trouble is not established. Less well-known is its action on the higher cerebral processes, but results of investigations appear to show that it has a definite effect on these. M. V. Dias (1947) found that the application of thiamine hydrochloride solution to the motor cortex of unanaesthetized dogs produced clonic contractions of the appropriate muscles, and Harrell (1946) reports striking psychological results on normal children.
The Depersonalization Syndrome: Report of a Case
Authors: Bockner Sidney
Published: August 2008

This paper presents an example of the depersonalization syndrome as experienced and described by an intelligent patient. Considering the frequency of its occurrence, this syndrome has not been as often recognized nor as adequately described as would be expected. The syndrome was first described by Mayer-Gross (1935), later by Gordon (1936), Shorvon (1946, 1947) and Tayleur Stockings (1947). The psychopathology of depersonalization was given in analytical terms by Oberndorf (1935, 1936) and Feigenbaum (1937); Galdston has recently discussed this aspect (1947). As a symptom of organic brain disease, depersonalization offers an interesting field in the long-disputed question of body-mind relationship. Reidl (1942) described this symptom in a case of carbon monoxide poisoning, and Brock and Weisel (1942) discussed its occurrence in organic cerebral disease. Guttman and Maclay (1936) described the interesting relationship between mescaline intoxication and depersonalization. Cerebral anatomical localization was discussed in an anatomico-clinical study by Dide (1938).
Slowing of the Alpha-Rhythm of the Electroencephalogram and its Association with Mental Deterioration and Epilepsy
Authors: Stoller Alan
Published: August 2008

There are few studies relating electroencephalographic characters with mental deterioration. Romano and Engel (1) (2) made an EEG and clinical study of “delirium” which they defined as the “toxic-infective state or psychosis associated with somatic disease” which was accompanied by “fluctuation in the level of awareness” and “intellectual, emotional and motor regressive behaviour”; the group included cases of chronic and acute cardiac decompensation, chronic alcoholism, hypertensive states, and severe Addison's disease. These authors considered that the EEG changes could be graded into three main groups, in order of severity: firstly,” decrease in frequency,” with increase of slow 4–7 frequencies and normal blocking responses to visual attention; next, “disorganization,” with irregular slow 2–7 frequencies and poor blocking responses; and finally,” reorganization at a lower energy level,” with moderately high voltage slow 3–7 c./sec. activity, few or no normal frequencies, and absent blocking response to visual attention. This latter stage was, in some cases, found to be irreversible. Previously, Engel and Margolin (3) had published the results of an investigation into the effect of both oxygen and glucose-deprivation on the human electro-encephalogram. Both these conditions produced bursts of diffuse generalized 3–6 c./sec. activity which, in those cases with an acute onset, reverted to normal rhythms as clinical improvement occurred. However, 4 patients with chronic cerebral anoxaemia were examined (end-stages of chronic bronchitis with right-sided heart-failure) in whom the EEG abnormalities persisted; at an early stage, activity with a frequency of 5–6 c./sec. appeared, and still later the records became completely disorganized. There was one patient who ultimately recovered whose EEG showed a regular dominant alpha rhythm with a frequency of 7.5 to 8 c./sec. It had already been noticed that, in a few cases where the EEG had apparently returned to normal in prolonged anoxic and hypoglycaemic cases, there yet remained some degree of intellectual deficit on psychological testing. Hill (4) had observed that a type of EEG with a slower dominant alpha-rhythm than the normal 8–13 c./sec. (i.e. a rhythm at 6–8c./sec.) was frequently associated with mental deterioration. An investigation was accordingly instituted to determine to what degree mental deterioration and slowing of the dominant rhythm in the post-central areas (alpha-rhythm) were associated.
Experimental Studies on Frontal Lobe Functions in Monkeys in Relation to Leucotomy
Authors: Freudenberg R. K. , Glees P. , Obrador S. , Foss B. , Williams M.
Published: August 2008

Prefrontal leucotomy as an operative method of treatment for mental disease greatly stimulated research into the functions of the frontal lobes. The operation was a direct result of the observation of Fulton and Jacobsen (1935) that rage reactions seen in monkeys in the course of increasingly difficult experimental tasks do not occur after extirpation of the frontal lobes.
The Role and Future of Psychotherapy Within Psychiatry
Authors: Rickman John
Published: August 2008

1. It may be well to begin by delimiting the term psychotherapy; to me it has two aspects:—

(a) It is a procedure of verbal interchange between patient and doctor in which the phenomena presented by the patient to the doctor during interview are interpreted by the doctor to the patient—to the end that the patient's mental pain shall be relieved (by the interpretation) and he shall have an increased understanding and mastery of the impulse-laden, unresolved, emotional conflicts in his own personal past experience, and a better insight into his own personality.
Tuberculosis in a Mental Hospital. Five Years' Mass Radiography
Authors: Early Donal F.
Published: August 2008

In a previous paper (Early, 1946) I reported and commented on the preliminary mass radiography survey in the Bristol Mental Hospital in December, 1944. Each year since then the entire patient population has been subjected to mass radiography and in this paper the results of this work will be reported.
Recent Developments in Industrial Selection Techniques
Authors: Porteous William S.
Published: August 2008

This paper is chiefly concerned with the recent developments in industrial selection techniques at these works. However, below its chocolate covering, I hope you will find that its centre, although still recognisably confectionery, contains ingredients, varied in origin and possible other use, possessing, if properly masticated and adequately digested, fundamental values not specific to chocolate.
The Treatment of Mental Defectives with Aneurin for One Year
Authors: Rudolf G. de M.
Published: August 2008

In a previous article (Rudolf, 1949) an account was given of the results of treatment of 90 defectives with 3 mgms. of aneurin daily for a period of six months. The patients had been resident in Hortham Colony for periods of from 3 to 17 years. None had shown any improvement for at least one year prior to the beginning of the treatment.
The Pattern of Friendliness and Dominance in a Therapeutic Group
Authors: Taylor F. Kräupl
Published: August 2008

The complex interpersonal relationships which establish themselves when people meet and interact reveal a number of bipolar aspects or trends, such as liking—dislike, competition—co-operation, dominance—subordination, identification—counter-identification, and others. Of these the relationships of friendliness and dominance have been selected for study, not because they are considered of greater intrinsic importance for the dynamics or therapeutic efficacy of groups than other interpersonal trends, but because they are accessible to a fair degree of measurement and numerical handling. They can thus render impressions which have been gained through group observation more definite and reliable; they may even correct them or point to aspects which had escaped notice.
Aspects of Thematic Apperception Testing: Depression
Authors: Valentine Max , Robin Ashley A.
Published: August 2008

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) of Murray first appeared in 1935; it consists of a series of pictures on cards, 20 of which are shown to the subject with an injunction to make up a short story based on what the people in the pictures are doing, thinking or feeling, and what he thinks the outcome will be. The theory is, of course, that the subject will “project” into his responses his own attitudes, moods, drives, desires, etc., and the TAT has for this reason been called a fantasy test (Masserman, 1947). Elaborate scoring methods have been developed with a high degree of inter-examiner correlation (see Murray, 1938; Rapaport, 1946; Rotter, 1940; Tomkins, 1947; Wyatt, 1947), but they are rather too complex and time-consuming for ordinary clinical purposes and all too often the examiner may fall back on a method of intuitive interpretation, evaluating responses in the light of his psychopathological knowledge and experience—that is, using experience derived from free association in a situation that is designed primarily to produce a controlled associative process. It would not, of course, be the first time that a scientific solecism had been the means of justifying a therapeutic end, but here there are two logical errors. First, the facts are being selected to fit the theory, and as Harrison (1943) says, “the analyst may project into his interpretations his private personality theories or even his own personality”; second, the experimental findings are not being evaluated against normal controls. The intuitive method is thus seen to be personal, subjective and unstandardized. The aim of psychometrics, however, is the measurement of personality factors, and measurement, says Carr (1925), must be “impersonal, objective and standard.”
The Effect of Prefrontal Leucotomy on the Psychogalvanic Response
Authors: Ashby W. Ross , Bassett M.
Published: August 2008

Though it is now generally accepted that prefrontal leucotomy has an effect on the subject's behaviour, its mode of action and the intermediate stages of its effect are still obscure. Some evidence, which has been sufficiently reviewed elsewhere (Meyer and McLardy, 1949; Fleming, 1944), suggests that the operation acts by lessening emotional drive: the retrograde degeneration which usually occurs in the dorso-medial and anterior thalamic nuclei points to this. Clinically, however, the belief rests on little more than impressions. In order to obtain more objective evidence, we have used the psychogalvanic response, not because it measures emotional change with fidelity, but because it is one of the few objective tests available. Though its precise relation to emotional change is still not clear, that it does have some relation has been demonstrated repeatedly. We have therefore attempted to compare the sizes of the response before and after the operation.
Active Imagination During the Use of the Rorschach Method
Authors: Wellisch E.
Published: August 2008

The Rorschach personality test is based on the stirrings of imagination. The interpretation of the structureless inkblots by the tested person stimulates his imagination in such a way that he projects his inner thoughts into the responses. Imagination is not merely one of the functions of a personality, but it is an expression of the personality as a whole. Medieval thinkers have described this by calling imagination “the star of man,” by which they meant the essence of his personality. This is the reason why the Rorschach method is a valid test for the assessing of personality.
Disorders of Temporal Judgment Associated with Amnesic States
Authors: Williams Moyra , Zangwill O. L.
Published: August 2008

It is widely recognized that judgment of time may be grossly disturbed in amnesic states of organic origin. Korsakoff (1890), in his classic exposition of the syndrome which has come to bear his name, pointed out that memory for time is often more severely affected than memory for events, and that temporal reference may remain markedly defective, even after remission of the psychosis. Thus one of his patients was able to recall recent events with fair accuracy, but was unable to state whether a given event had occurred yesterday or three years before. After recovery, moreover, this patient presented disturbances in the temporal sphere as the most outspoken residual symptom. Korsakoff further observed that defects of temporal localization might appear as the most prominent manifestation in mild cases of the amnesic syndrome. It would seem, then, that disorders of time judgment form an integral part of this syndrome and may well reflect a disturbance of memory at its highest levels of psychological organization.
Causes of Neurotic Breakdown in British Service Personnel Stationed in the Far East in Peacetime
Authors: Silverman Maurice
Published: August 2008

Tredgold (1948) points out that the “importance of studying the mental health of British troops in the Far East … is unlikely to have diminished with the end of the war,” and he emphasizes that “as long as conscription exists, the mental health of the young man doing his military service will be of great importance to the welfare of the community.” For this latter reason the writer has thought it desirable to report some of the experience he gained during 1948. At that time, he was one of the two psychiatrists stationed in Singapore who dealt with the vast majority of the psychiatric casualties that occurred in the Far East.
A Factorial Study of Physical Constitution in Women
Authors: Rees Linford
Published: August 2008

The assessment of body build as an integral part of the total personality is now accepted as an important procedure in the practice of clinical psychiatry. Body build has been found to influence symptomatology, mental status, course and prognosis in neurotic and psychotic disorders (Betz, 1942; Mauz, 1930; Kisselew, 1931; Freudenberg, 1941; Rees, 1945, 1947). Whereas the delineation of physical types has now become an objective procedure by the use of anthropometric indices (Rees, 1949), it has long been recognized that the differentiation of physical types in women is much more difficult. Kretschmer (1921) pointed out that the types of physique described by him were less easily diagnosed in women, and Sheldon (1940) pays comparatively little attention to the variations of female body build.
Illusion or Illumination: A Study of the Religious Process
Authors: Kimber W. J. T.
Published: August 2008

There are few, I suppose, who would disagree with the view that we are passing through a period of social and cultural disintegration.
Function and Training of the Clinical Psychologist
Authors: Eysenck H. J.
Published: August 2008

The past ten years have seen a spectacular increase in the number of psychologists who have elected to take up the type of work usually referred to as “clinical,” This increase has been most marked in the U.S.A., where now some 25 per cent. of the members of the American Psychological Association are employed in this field, and where Government regulations and training schemes set up under the V.A. (Veterans' Administration) make it almost certain that within a few years clinical psychology will constitute the main field of employment for psychologists (1). In Canada, too, there has been a similar growth, leading to all the problems of registration and certification which are currently being tackled in the United States (2). In this country, while psychologists have occasionally been employed in hospitals for the mentally ill, the development of “clinical psychology” in any formal sense may be said to have started in 1947 with the foundation of the Psychological Department at the Institute of Psychiatry (Maudsley Hospital), one of whose objects was to give a course of training in clinical psychology to graduate students of psychology (7).
Migraine and Psychopathic Behaviour
Authors: Coleman Stanley
Published: August 2008

The man, B. T—, who is the subject of this short paper, is an ex-service man aged 32. On 4 October, 1949, he was charged at Quarter Sessions on 20 counts of stealing from the offertory boxes of churches. He was put on probation on condition that he entered this hospital. Previously he had committed 68 similar offences, and has been in prison for 8 months. In 1939 he suffered a head injury and since then has had attacks of headache, vomiting and visual disturbance from time to time.
Electronarcosis: A Safe Technique for Routine Administration Under Anaesthesia and Eulissen (Decamethonium Iodide or C.10)
Authors: Harris Cyril R.
Published: August 2008

Electronarcosis (E.L.N.) is a state of unconsciousness brought about by the passage of an electric current through the forebrain. The current has a much lower milliamperage than that which is used in electro-convulsive therapy (E.C.T).
The Galactose Tolerance Test in Phenylketonuria
Authors: Cowie Valerie A.
Published: August 2008

In cases where there is known to be a disturbance of metabolism it is natural to speculate upon the possible site of dysfunction in the organs and tissues of the body.

In phenylketonuria the basic biochemical error is a disordered metabolism of phenylalanine, the patient being unable to dispose of this substance at a normal rate (Jervis et al., 1940). The phenylpyruvic acid in the urine of phenylketonuric patients is derived from a deamination of phenylalanine in the kidney.
Parieto-Occipital Syndrome Following Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
Authors: Steele G. D. F. , Hegarty A. B.
Published: August 2008

Suicidal attempts by coal-gas poisoning are very common. Carbon monoxide is a principal constituent of this gas, and can produce severe and permanent brain damage. It is surprising, therefore, to find so few cases of chronic organic psychosis attributed to this cause in mental hospital practice. Rosseter (1928) found only one example of permanent psychosis in 2,000 cases of carbon monoxide asphyxiation. Shillito, Drinker and Shaughnessy (1936) made a follow-up study of 21,000 cases of acute carbon monoxide poisoning. In only 43 of these were the after-effects sufficiently severe to warrant their admission to a mental hospital. Twenty-three subsequently recovered, 11 died, and 9 suffered permanent nervous and mental sequelae. They found that the ratio of psychosis following carbon monoxide poisoning to other psychoses was 1 in 2,000. Henderson and Gillespie (1944) could find only one such case in 5,000 consecutive admissions.
Observations on Elective Mutism in Children
Authors: Salfield D. J.
Published: August 2008

There is a distinct variety of mutism in children which Tramer (6) and others call “elective,” i.e. partial, occurring vis-à-vis certain persons only. The children are “sensitives” in Kretschmer's sense, i.e. they are timid, shy, susceptible to teasing and irony, and come from an insecure milieu; the abnormality is often familial.
A Case of Recurrent Psychosis Associated with Amphetamine Addiction
Authors: O'Flanagan P. M. , Taylor R. B.
Published: August 2008

Although psychotic attacks following overdoses of amphetamine are well known, the following case is reported because it appears unusual in that repeated attacks of mental illness, over a period of several years, have occurred following the ingestion of this drug.
A Comparison of Desoxyephedrine (Methedrine), and Electroshock in the Treatment of Depression
Authors: Monro A. B. , Conitzer H.
Published: August 2008

Early in 1950 we treated 34 depressed patients with desoxyephedrine, in an attempt to discover whether it is comparable in efficiency to electroshock in the treatment of depression in a substantial proportion of cases. We originally intended to treat approximately 100 consecutive depressed patients admitted to hospital, and to compare the results with those obtained in the previous 200 consecutive depressions treated by electroshock. The results, however, caused us to stop the experiment at a much earlier stage.
The Abilities of Adolescent and Adult High-Grade Male Defectives
Authors: Tizard J. , O'Connor N. , Crawford J. M.
Published: August 2008

During the first half of 1049 a battery of cognitive and personality tests was given to a sample of 104 adolescent and adult high-grade male defectives resident in Darenth Park, Dartford. The testing was carried out by N. O'Connor and the writer, in collaboration with Dr. J. M. Crawford, Deputy Superintendent of Darenth Park. The following report presents a summary of the cognitive and motor test findings, and discusses some of their implications.
Frontal Block
Authors: Lindsay J. S. B.
Published: August 2008

There appears to have been little investigation of the effects of local anaesthetic infiltration of the brain. Occasional reports mention the possibility of such procedures for diagnostic purposes.
The Therapeutic Factors of Group-Analytical Treatment
Authors: Taylor F. Kräupl
Published: August 2008

The term “therapeutic factor” will be used to denote any agency which is potentially capable of producing such changes in the personality of a patient that an alleviation or cure of clinical symptoms may result. Such agencies originate either in the environment of the patient or in his organism. In psychotherapy we are primarily concerned with environmental agencies, namely those which are introduced, regulated and controlled by the therapist, and which are therapeutic only if the patient responds to them in a manner that is conducive to producing the desired changes in his personality. We can therefore distinguish three elements in a therapeutic process: environmental factors, responses by the patient, and ultimate personality changes.
Meningiomas with Dementia As the First and Presenting Feature
Authors: Sachs Ernest
Published: August 2008

The purpose of this paper is to call to the attention of neurologists, psychiatrists and neurosurgeons a group of meningiomas with dementia as the earliest and presenting symptom. The diagnosis in these cases is apt to be missed, especially if the patient is in the arteriosclerotic or presenile age-group. This is equally true of other tumours, but the practical importance of early diagnosis of meningiomas is that with the removal of the tumour the patient usually recovers from the mental illness.
Insulin Coma Therapy of Schizophrenia: Some Critical Remarks on Dr. Sakel's Report
Authors: Mayer-Gross W.
Published: August 2008

From Dr. Sakel's address there emerge two questions regarding the indications for insulin treatment in the psychoses which are worth discussing on this occasion:

(1) General indications for the treatment: Should every case of schizophrenia undergo insulin therapy, i.e., be admitted to a hospital as soon as the illness has been diagnosed ?

(2) Special indications and procedure: What is the role of convulsions in insulin therapy ? What proof is there of the presumed antagonism between coma and convulsion ? Are there any facts supporting the idea that insulin fixes the results of convulsion therapy ?
Indications for Shock Therapy
Authors: Dax E. C.
Published: August 2008

It is time the term “shock therapy “was dropped. Its meaning is not clear, we constantly attempt to avoid shock to our patients, it is not always therapy and the term does not do us much good in the eyes of our colleagues or the public.
Studies in Schizophrenia
Authors: Bullock F. N. , Clancey I. W. , Fleischhacker H. H.
Published: August 2008

The diagnosis, aetiology and treatment of schizophrenia are still outstanding among the most important, complicated and least understood problems of psychiatry.
The Usefulness of the Rorschach Test for Diagnosis, Prognosis and Epicrisis, Mainly in Child Guidance Treatment
Authors: Salfield D. J.
Published: August 2008

This paper is based on 66 child guidance cases. Children under 7 years were excluded because my Rorschach experience with them is too slight. All had psychotherapeutic treatment, mainly analytical, some had purely permissive play therapy, some combined this with analytical treatment. A few were treated indirectly through therapy of the parents. I have included some adults, parents of clinic cases, and one teacher.
Experimental Studies of a Perceptual Anomaly. I. Initial Experiments
Authors: Shapiro M. B.
Published: August 2008

It was noticed that, during the performance of the Kohs Blocks Test, a few patients would in some cases make the model correctly, but misoriented. Illustration i gives an example of such a phenomenon. The patient had to reproduce the design shown with four Kohs Blocks. His reproduction is shown. The pattern has been correctly reproduced, but has been misoriented by 45°. The pattern was never in fact misoriented to a greater extent than this.
Childhood Schizophrenia and Mental Deficiency
Authors: Richards B. W.
Published: August 2008

In 1933 Potter expressed the opinion that a careful psychiatric study of patients in institutions for mental defectives “might demonstrate that schizophrenia in children is not as rare as is now generally believed.” Similarly in 1938 O. Lay wrote: “It is possible that many cases exist in institutions for the feebleminded, in which the disorders have been assumed to have existed from birth, and that a close examination would reveal that in the earliest years the patient's development was normal.”
Mental Diseases Peculiar to Certain Cultures: A Survey of Comparative Psychiatry
Authors: Yap P.-M.
Published: August 2008

Modern psychiatry has developed in Western Europe, largely under French and German aegis, and latterly in the United States. It is pertinent to ask, since it deals with human behaviour in all its variety, if the concepts, working principles and empirically derived conclusions of psychiatry possess universal validity, wherever it might be practised. As one instance of the influence of cultural environment on psychiatric symptomatology (and also psychiatric practice), we may point to the “hysterogenic points “so often found in French hysterics by the Salpêtrière school of neurologists, who could provoke an hysterical attack or sometimes abort one by pressing on these points. Just across the Channel in England, among English hysterics, these phenomena could not be reproduced; they were, of course, special features of the disease, exhibited only in the atmosphere created by Charcot and his colleagues at that period. The psychiatrist in cultures farther removed from the civilization of Western Europe may well have reason to pause and ask if the principles and practice of orthodox psychiatry possess the same degree of truth or usefulness elsewhere than in Western Europe or America.
Fifty Cases of Epilepsy Treated with “Tridione.”
Authors: Hoenig J.
Published: August 2008

Tridione is established as by far the most powerful drug in the control ofpetit mal.Many of its clinical aspects, therapeutic as well as toxic, are as yet not clear. In spite of this there is a remarkable absence of reports on the use of it in controlled clinical experiments.
Desoxycortone Acetate and Ascorbic Acid in the Treatment of Schizophrenia
Authors: Rees Linford , King G. M.
Published: August 2008

During recent years there has been a revival of interest in the possible role of the adrenal cortex in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
The Inheritance of Neuroticism: An Experimental Study
Authors: Eysenck H. J. , Prell D. B.
Published: August 2008

It is commonly believed that heredity plays a considerable part in the determination of an individual's personality. If we accept the well-known definition of personality as “the integrated organization of all the cognitive, affective, conative and physical characteristics of an individual as it manifests itself in focal distinctness to others,” we might expect that much research endeavour would have been dedicated to the discovery of hereditary influences on the cognitive, affective, conative and physical characteristics of the individual. A certain amount of such research there has been, but its emphasis has been curiously lopsided; we have some studies into inheritance of physical characteristics, and numerous studies into the inheritance of cognitive characteristics, but there has been little worth-while research into the conative and affective sides of personality.
Note on the Assumptions Underlying Holzinger's h2 Statistic
Authors: May Joan
Published: August 2008

Holzinger set up his equations to show the combination of the factors—nature (A), nurture (B), and error(E)—which go to make up a score obtained by a particular twin on a particular test. If iX1 and iX2 are the twins in an identical pair and fX1 and fX2 are the twins in a fraternal pair then: —
Psychoses in Childhood
Authors: Creak Mildred
Published: August 2008

In the early literature of mental defect there are allusions to behaviour, shown by defective children, which would now tend to be regarded as psychotic. This is probably one factor which has led psychiatrists into thinking of psychosis in childhood as an exceedingly rare occurrence. It now seems at least possible, if not probable, that many cases of early psychosis have been missed because the end-result has been equated with mental defect. In a sense it could be so classed since psychotic children are very often rendered ineducable by reason of their disorder, which sometimes seems to date “from birth” (Kanner, 1943), and in others certainly arises at an early age. However, the term “arrested development of mind” is less applicable, since the mind of the psychotic child appears to develop in a distorted and unbalanced way, showing some faculties to be absent and others apparently developed in a precocious manner (Bender, 1947).
An Evaluation of the Rorschach Test As a Prognostic Aid in the Treatment of Schizophrenia by Insulin Coma Therapy, Electronarcosis, Electroconvulsive Therapy and Leucotomy
Authors: Rees W. Linford , Jones A. M.
Published: August 2008

The possibility of using the Rorschach test to predict outcome of insulin coma treatment of schizophrenia has been investigated by Piotrowski (1938, 1939 and 1941).
Quantitative Evaluation of Psycho-Social Phenomena in Small Groups
Authors: Taylor F. Kräupl
Published: August 2008

The widespread use of group treatment as one of the modern methods of psychotherapy has provided us with an opportunity to study psycho-social phenomena in a fairly uniform social setting.
Cytochrome C in Senile and Arteriosclerotic Dementia
Authors: Forster W. , Bradford E. J. G.
Published: August 2008

Cytochrome, an intracellular enzyme widely distributed in all oxygen-using tissues, consists of a mixture of three haemochromogen-like substances referred to as a, b, and c. Of these cytochrome c has been isolated and is available commercially. In living cells cytochrome can be seen spectroscopically to be undergoing alternate oxidation and reduction. It plays an important part in tissue respiration, the respiratory activity of a cell being indeed proportional to its cytochrome content.
The Presidential Address
Authors: McCowan P. K.
Published: August 2008

In the first place I would like to thank the Association for the great honour they have seen fit to do me in appointing me their President for the ensuing year. It is indeed a great honour and a sobering experience to occupy a presidential chair which has been filled in the past by such illustrious psychiatrists as Conolly, Maudsley, Crichton-Browne, Clouston, Mercier and Mott, to mention only a few. Not least amongst these names, one day I am sure will rank that of my immediate predecessor, Dr. Drury.
Clinical, Biochemical and Physiological Studies in Cases of Recurrent Schizophrenia
Authors: Rowntree Donald W. , Kay W. W.
Published: August 2008

During the clinical observation of a female patient suffering from recurrent schizophrenic attacks, it was noticed that each psychotic episode was associated with the appearance of acne, and also that during remissions the patient showed an unusual craving for salt. These observations, together with the automatic disturbances characteristic of the onset of attacks, suggested that the adrenal cortex might play a part in the metabolic changes in this type of case, particularly the changes in nitrogen balance which have been demonstrated by Gjessing (1932, 1938). The work here reported was therefore primarily concerned with investigating the possible relationship between adrenal cortex activity and nitrogen metabolism in two patients of this type.
Reflections on One Hundred Capital Cases Submitted to Electroencephalography
Authors: Hill Denis , Pond D. A.
Published: August 2008

During the last eight years the E.E.G.'s of over 100 persons awaiting trial on charges of murder have been examined, at first at Sutton and since 1947 at the Maudsley Hospital. While a few cases were seen during the war, the majority of these prisoners have been examined since the end of hostilities and about 50 of them between 1948-1950. It is difficult to assess to what extent this group constitutes a cross-section of the murderer population. During the four years 1945-48 inclusive some 300 prisoners were committed for trial at Assizes over the whole country on the charge of murder and this is the stage at which the majority of our subjects have been examined. Some 50 prisoners were examined during this period so that approximately one-sixth of all cases have been seen here. There were no formal criteria of selection, which was usually made by the prison medical officers, but inevitably there has been a greater concentration within the group of individuals suspected of epilepsy or brain disease. Nevertheless, in the last two years the majority of prisoners accused of murder in the London area and home counties have been examined. At the time when the examinations were made, we were supplied in each case with full clinical details and some information regarding the alleged crime by the prison medical officer. By far the largest number of such prisoners has come to us from Brixton Prison. We are greatly indebted to Dr. J. C. Matheson, Dr. Hugh Grierson, Dr. F. H. Taylor, as well as to medical officers of other prisons throughout the country, who have given us all the information available and have collaborated with us in an invaluable way in our investigations.
Problems in the Diagnosis and Classification of Mental Disorder in Old Age; with a Study of Case Material
Authors: Roth Martin , Morrissey J. D.
Published: August 2008

Recent statistics of old age mental disorder have drawn an alarming picture of rising rates of admission to mental hospitals in many parts of the world. One of the predictions made on the basis of such statistics has been that old age psychoses might, in due course, relegate schizophrenia to second place in number of admissions. There are, however, dangers in drawing conclusions about a complicated problem, such as mental disorder in old age, on statistical grounds alone. Before the figures can be properly evaluated more detailed information about the social, economic and, above all, clinical aspects of the problem will be required than is available at present.
The Aetiology of Schizophrenia in Childhood
Authors: Eickhoff Louise F. W.
Published: August 2008

The aetiology and significance of schizophrenia in childhood is still so obscure that it is profitable to analyse fully every case that is diagnosed. In the United States of America, where cases appear to occur more frequently, the picture of full-blown childhood schizophrenia has been well drawn by Bender, Kanner, Szurek and others, but the descriptions are more of the whole forest and the details of the individual tree are missed in the whole. Excellent individual studies certainly are made, but the significance is often not understood, as if the workers were more used to macroscopic than to microscopic studies, but an unforgettable demonstration of the gross pathology and clinical picture of childhood schizophrenia is given at the Langley Porter Clinic in San Francisco. The over-all impression is one of emotional fixation at the infant to toddler level. In a variety of cases all stages may be shown from the oral to the anal level of erotism, from the delight and practice of bodily movements at rest and in space, to the experiments and flights in fantasy of the later period. Play is also at the toddler or earlier level—one child of ten years came offering everyone cups of imaginary coffee to drink—and there is the same lack of team spirit, the same failure to make groups of more than two for any length of time, the same mischievous exploratory tendency, the same perseveration tendency with any trick, the same range of comfort mechanisms from thumb-sucking to rocking and masturbation, the same range of speech from babble to sentences as is found in any nursery and nursery school, although the chronological age-range may be five to fifteen years instead of six months to five years.
Dreams in Sand
Authors: Eickhoff Louise F. W.
Published: August 2008

The inadequacy of verbal development is the most striking handicap to the analysis of children. In the young child, under seven years, many concepts such as “happy,” “sad,” and “worried” are frequently not recognized at all; the child's very vocabulary is too limited for expressive purposes. Even as late as pre-adolescence the child may fail to correlate its inner experiences with its vocabulary. Besides the limitation of vocabulary due to intellectual immaturity there is also the Super-Ego's restraining action on what may be expressed verbally, in cold blood, and the younger the child the greater is this restraint. Most children, however, given an adequate medium other than words, are richly expressive of themselves but, unfortunately, it is now the adult who is inadequate and frequently fails to understand the language that the child is using, or, understanding it, cannot express himself in it. He “interprets” for the child in the more adult language of words, and sometimes even at a more adult level of erotic and emotional development than the child's. When this happens the child usually demonstrates its inability to correlate the inner experience which it is expressing in its own language with the adult's verbal interpretation. It either takes no notice or is frankly puzzled, or gives up its expression as if stunned by the unexpected.
An Attempted Correlation Between Clinical and Psychometric Findings in Senile-Arteriosclerotic Dementia
Authors: Pinkerton Philip , Kelly Joseph
Published: August 2008

Recent research from psychological, psychiatric and social viewpoints has emphasized the importance to the whole community of the aged population, and has stressed in particular that the changing proportion of aged to working populations is bringing with it problems of great urgency.
The Psychiatric Aspects of Temporal Arteritis
Authors: Vereker R.
Published: August 2008

Temporal arteritis, also called giant cell arteritis, or cranial arteritis, was first described in 1932 by Horton and Magath. This syndrome is caused by a reversible inflammation of the cranial arteries, especially the temporal arteries (which are visibly inflamed), causing headache, mental and neurological disturbances as well as general toxic signs, and almost always occurring after the age of fifty-five years.

Pathology.—In the arteries involved there is a subacute inflammation of the adventitia and media with focal necrosis of the media, fragmentation and destruction of the internal elastic lamina with gross hypertrophy of the intima, often leading to occlusion of the vessel. In many cases giant cells are found in the media. Besides the cranial arteries other vessels are sometimes involved, e.g., the carotids (Scott and Maxwell 1941; Gilmour 1941), subclavian, coronary and femoral arteries (Cookeet al., 1946), post-auricular (Dick and Freeman 1940).

Aetiologyis unknown. There is no evidence of tuberculosis or syphilis. A low-grade bacterial or virus infection of the arteries has been postulated, but repeated bacteriological examinations of the biopsied arteries have failed to isolate any organisms. The predilection which the condition shows for the temporal and cranial arteries is unexplained.
An Investigation of the Adrenocortical Response of Mental Patients to E.C.T. and Insulin Hypoglycaemia
Authors: Shattock F. Mackenzie , Micklem Lorna P.
Published: August 2008

Somatic disturbances in schizophrenia include metabolic, circulatory and endocrine changes frequently associated with disorders of the pituitary gland and adrenal cortex. Depression of the metabolic rate is often severe (Hoskins, 1932), the systolic blood-pressure is sometimes as low as 80 mm. Hg (Hoskins, 1934; Rheingold, 1939; Shattock, 1950), and the pulse pressure only a few millimetres. Peripheral vascular deficiency and atrophy of the tissues (Bleuler, 1920; Mapother, 1924; Minski, 1937; Shattock, 1950), asthenia and various cutaneous changes are common; amenorrhoea is almost the rule.

It is remarkable that these disturbances are reversible, and that they are relieved or greatly alleviated during mental remission. Physical health is restored during a spontaneous remission, and a gradual improvement can be observed during a course of insulin comas. Sometimes a dramatic recovery follows electroconvulsion when this initiates a mental remission; somatic improvement is then rapid and the vascular deficiency may be relieved within a few hours (Shattock, 1950). Unfortunately these remissions are often brief, and as relapses become more frequent after repeated treatment, physical and mental deterioration may be noticeable a few days after the initial improvement. The point of interest is a concordance of physical and mental changes, and not the therapeutic value of E.C.T. used as an adjunct to insulin treatment or as a means of moderating extreme restlessness in chronic patients.
The Effect of Sex Hormones in Oligophrenia
Authors: Rudolf G. de M.
Published: August 2008

The intelligence, as measured by standard tests, ceases growing after about 14 or 16 years of age, and slowly decreases from about 25 or 30 years of age (Wechsler, 1945). The sex glands are developing as the intelligence ceases to develop.

In view of these observations, consideration was given to the possibility that the defective developed mentally to a degree below the normal because too great a quantity of the appropriate sex hormones was circulating in the blood stream. In consequence, the opposite hormone was administered, stilboestral being given to males and pernandren to females.