bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Detecting and analyzing border gateway protocol blackholing activity
Authors: Farasat Talaya , Khan Akmal
Published: November 2020

DDoS attack is a traditional malicious attempt to make an authorized system or service inaccessible. Currently, BGP blackholing is an operational countermeasure that builds upon the capabilities of BGP to protect from DDoS attacks. BGP enables blackholing by leveraging the BGP community attribute. This paper presents the analysis of BGP blackholing activity and propose a machine learning‐based mechanism to detect BGP blackholing activity. In BGP blackholing analysis, we find that many networks, including Internet service providers (ISPs) and Internet exchange points (IXPs), offer BGP blackholing service to their customers. We collect networks' blackhole communities and make BGP blackhole communities dictionary. Within 3‐month period (from August to October, 2018), we find a significant number of BGP blackhole announcements (97,532) and distinct blackhole prefixes (8,120). Most of the blackhole prefixes are IPv4 (99.1%). Among IPv4 blackhole prefixes, mostly are /32 (79.9%). The daily patterns of BGP blackholing highlight that there is a variable number of blackhole announcements and distinct blackhole prefixes every day. Furthermore, we apply machine learning techniques to design a BGP blackholing detection mechanism based on support vector machine (SVM), decision tree, and long short‐term memory (LSTM) classifiers. The results are compared based on accuracy and F‐score. Experimental results show that LSTM achieves the best classification accuracy of 95.9% and F‐score of 97.2%. This work provides insights for network operators and researchers interested in BGP blackholing service and DDoS mitigation in the Internet.
Matrix‐free preconditioning for high‐orderH(curl) discretizations
Authors: Barker Andrew T. , Kolev Tzanio
Published: November 2020

The greater arithmetic intensity of high‐order finite element discretizations makes them attractive for implementation on next‐generation hardware, but assembly of high‐order finite element operators as matrices is prohibitively expensive. As a result, the development of general algebraic solvers for such operators has been an open research challenge. Fast matrix‐free application of high‐order operators has received significant attention in the literature in the context of Poisson‐type problems, but preconditioners and solvers for inverting more general operators are not very well‐developed. In this paper, we consider the problem of preconditioning a definite Maxwell operator at high polynomial order without assembling a matrix. We show that given efficient preconditioners for high‐orderH1finite element problems on the same mesh, efficientH(curl)preconditioners can be constructed in an auxiliary space framework. We demonstrate the resulting preconditioners in a practical setting with tensor‐product basis functions on an unstructured mesh of quadrilaterals. Our approach uses a sparsifiedH1solver constructed on a low‐order mesh of the nodal points of the underlying high‐order space, and we show that the resultingH(curl)preconditioner is effective at very high polynomial orders for two‐dimensional model problems with complicated geometry, varying piecewise constant coefficients, and curved elements. The resulting preconditioner scales with nearly optimalO(pd + 1)floating point operation count and optimalO(pd)memory transfer requirements, outperforming existing Maxwell preconditioners in the high‐order regime.
Exact solutions of (2 + 1)‐dimensional Schrödinger's hyperbolic equation using different techniques
Authors: Rehman Hamood Ur , Imran Muhammad Asjad , Ullah Naeem , Akgül Ali
Published: November 2020

In this paper, we derive new optical soliton solutions to (2 + 1)‐dimensional Schrödinger's hyperbolic equation using extended direct algebraic method and new extended hyperbolic function method. New acquired solutions have the form of bright, dark, combined dark‐bright, singular, and combined bright‐singular solitons solutions. These solutions reveal that our techniques are straightforward and dynamic. The solutions are also demonstrated through 3‐d and 2‐d plots to make clear the physical structures for such kind of model. The obtained results illustrate the power of the present method to determine soliton solution of nonlinear evolution equations.
Diversity of molecular targets and signaling pathways for CBD
Authors: de Almeida Douglas L. , Devi Lakshmi A.
Published: November 2020

Cannabidiol (CBD) is the second most abundant component of the Cannabis plant and is known to have effects distinct from Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Many studies that examined the behavioral effects of CBD concluded that it lacks the psychotomimetic effects attributed to THC. However, CBD was shown to have a broad spectrum of effects on several conditions such as anxiety, inflammation, neuropathic pain, and epilepsy. It is currently thought that CBD engages different targets and hence CBD’s effects are thought to be due to multiple molecular mechanisms of action. A well‐accepted set of targets include GPCRs and ion channels, with the serotonin 5‐HT1A receptor and the transient receptor potential cation channel TRPV1 channel being the two main targets. CBD has also been thought to target G protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) such as cannabinoid and opioid receptors. Other studies have suggested a role for additional GPCRs and ion channels as targets of CBD. Currently, the clinical efficacy of CBD is not completely understood. Evidence derived from randomized clinical trials, in vitro and in vivo models and real‐world observations support the use of CBD as a drug treatment option for anxiety, neuropathy, and many other conditions. Hence an understanding of the current status of the field as it relates to the targets for CBD is of great interest so, in this review, we include findings from recent studies that highlight these main targets.
Quantitative determination of proxalutamide in rat plasma and tissues using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Sang Hua , Wang Yu , Zhong Yunxi , Gu Shiyin , Wang Guangji , Sun Jianguo , Peng Ying
Published: November 2020

Rationale

Proxalutamide is a novel drug for the treatment of prostate cancer. However, to date, there are almost no reports on the pharmacokinetics of proxalutamide in vivo. This study developed a liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method to determine the concentrations of proxalutamide in biological samples for pharmacokinetic studies.

Methods

Chromatographic separation was achieved on a Kromasil 100‐5C8 column followed by gradient elution using a Shimadzu HPLC system. MS was performed in positive ion electrospray ionization mode using a SCIEX API 4000 triple quadrupole system. A simple and rapid one‐step protein precipitation method was used for sample processing, and a low sample volume of 10 μL was used for processing and analysis.

Results

The method was validated to show good selectivity, sensitivity, precision, and accuracy. Good linearity (r2 > 0.99) was observed for rat plasma (range: 2–5000 ng/mL) and rat tissue homogenates (range: 2–2000 ng/mL). The extraction recovery was above 98%, and no significant matrix effect was observed. This method was successfully applied to investigate the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of proxalutamide in rats.

Conclusions

A rapid and sensitive LC/MS/MS method was developed and validated to determine the quantity of proxalutamide in rat plasma and tissue homogenates and to further study the pharmacokinetic parameters of proxalutamide in a rat model. The results showed that proxalutamide had good oral bioavailability and wide tissue distribution in vivo.
An All‐Organic D‐A System for Visible‐Light‐Driven Overall Water Splitting
Authors: Mo Zhao , Di Jun , Yan Pengcheng , Lv Chade , Zhu Xingwang , Liu Daobin , Song Yanhua , Liu Chuntai , Yu Qing , Li Huaming , Lei Yucheng , Xu Hui , Yan Qingyu
Published: November 2020

Direct water splitting over photocatalysts is a prospective strategy to convert solar energy into hydrogen energy. Nevertheless, because of the undesirable electron accumulation at the surface, the overall water‐splitting efficiency is seriously restricted by the poor charge separation/transfer ability. Here, an all‐organic donor–acceptor (D‐A) system through crafting carbon rings units‐conjugated tubular graphitic carbon nitride (C‐TCN) is proposed. Through a range of characterizations and theoretical calculations, the incorporation of carbon rings units via continuous π‐conjugated bond builds a D‐A system, which can drive intramolecular charge transfer to realize highly efficient charge separation. More importantly, the tubular structure and the incorporated carbon rings units cause a significant downshift of the valence band, of which the potential is beneficial to the activation for O2 evolution. When serving as photocatalyst for overall water splitting, C‐TCN displays considerable performance with H2 and O2 production rates of 204.6 and 100.8 µmol g−1 h−1, respectively. The corresponding external quantum efficiency reaches 2.6% at 405 nm, and still remains 1.7% at 420 nm. This work demonstrates that the all‐organic D‐A system conceptualized from organic solar cell can offer promotional effect for overall water splitting by addressing the charge accumulation problem rooted in the hydrogen evolution reaction.
Single‐Atom Cu Catalysts for Enhanced Electrocatalytic Nitrate Reduction with Significant Alleviation of Nitrite Production
Authors: Zhu Tonghe , Chen Qiongshan , Liao Peng , Duan Weijian , Liang Sheng , Yan Zhang , Feng Chunhua
Published: November 2020

Metallic Cu is a well‐known electrocatalyst for nitrate reduction reaction (NO3RR), but it suffers from relatively low activity, poor stability, and inducing nitrite accumulation during the long‐term operation. Herein, it is found that Cu catalysts minimized at the single‐atom level can overcome the limitations of bulk materials in NO3RR. A metal‐nitrogen‐carbon (M‐N‐C) electrocatalyst composed of carbon nanosheets embedding isolated copper atoms coordinated with N, Cu‐N‐C‐800, is synthesized by pyrolysis of a Cu‐based metal–organic framework at 800 °C. In comparison with Cu nanoparticles and Cu plate‐800, kinetic measurements show that the Cu‐N‐C‐800 electrocatalyst is more active and stable and distinctly suppresses the release of nitrite intermediate into the solution. The combined results of experimental data and density functional theory calculations indicate that Cu bound with N (particularly Cu‐N2) is the key to favorable adsorption of NO3− and NO2−. This strong binding is responsible for the enhanced rate of nitrate conversion to the end products of ammonia and nitrogen. These findings highlight the promise of single‐atom Cu electrocatalysts for nitrate reduction with desirable performance.
Effective Internal and External Modulation of Nontraditional Intrinsic Luminescence
Authors: Lai Yueying , Zhu Tianwen , Geng Ting , Zheng Shuyuan , Yang Tianjia , Zhao Zihao , Xiao Guanjun , Zou Bo , Yuan Wang Zhang
Published: November 2020

The rational modulation of the nontraditional intrinsic luminescence (NTIL) of nonconventional luminophores remains difficult, on account of the limited understanding on the structure–property relationships and emission mechanisms. Herein, the effective modulation of NTIL is demonstrated based on a group of nonaromatic anhydrides and imides. Mutual bridging of isolated subgroups effectively promotes intramolecular through‐space conjugation (TSC), leading to red‐shifted emission, enhanced efficiency, and prolonged persistent room‐temperature phosphorescence (p‐RTP). The substitution of heteroatoms from oxygen to nitrogen drastically changes the TSC and enhances intermolecular interactions, resulting in enhanced emission efficiency. In addition, upon freezing, compression, or embedding into polymer matrices, the emission intensity and color remain well regulated. These results shed new light on the rational modulation of the NTIL and p‐RTP of nonconventional luminophores.
A Reactive Oxygen Species Scavenging and O2 Generating Injectable Hydrogel for Myocardial Infarction Treatment In vivo
Authors: Ding Jie , Yao Yuejun , Li Jiawei , Duan Yiyuan , Nakkala Jayachandra Reddy , Feng Xue , Cao Wangbei , Wang Yingchao , Hong Liangjie , Shen Liyin , Mao Zhengwei , Zhu Yang , Gao Changyou
Published: November 2020

The excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) and hypoxia deteriorate the inflammation‐related diseases such as myocardial infarction (MI), and thereby deter the normal tissue repair and recovery and further lead to severe fibrosis and malfunction of tissues and organs. In particular, the MI has become one of the leading causes of death nowadays. In this study, a novel type of injectable hydrogel with dual functions of ROS scavenging and O2 generating is fabricated for MI treatment in vivo. The hydrogel is formed within 3 s from the synthetic ROS‐cleavable hyperbranched polymers and methacrylate hyaluronic acid (HA‐MA) under UV‐irradiation. Addition of biocompatible and applicable catalase in vivo enables the further transition of H2O2, a major type of ROS, to O2 and H2O. Results of rat MI model demonstrate that this hydrogel can significantly remove excessive ROS, inhibit cell apoptosis, increase M2/M1 macrophage ratio, promote angiogenesis, reduce infarcted area, and improve cardiac functions. With the appropriate degradation rate, simple structure and composition without cell seeding, and very excellent MI therapeutic effect, this ROS scavenging and O2 generating hydrogel has a great promise to be applied clinically.
Evaluating the Vocabulary Coping Strategies of L2 Readers: An Eye Tracking Study
Authors: Prichard Caleb , Atkins Andrew
Published: November 2020

Research suggests that second language (L2) readers often lack strategic competence in dealing with unknown lexica. This mixed methods study of Japanese readers of English used eye tracking and other methods to empirically examine the use and efficacy of vocabulary coping strategies, including dictionary use, inferring meaning from context, and ignoring unknown words. The 16 novel words (pseudowords) in the text were linked to an online dictionary. In order to examine the effect of relevance and context cues on vocabulary coping strategies, half of the pseudowords were in sections relevant to the assigned research task and half were presented with clear context cues. The results reveal that participants relied on dictionary use even when the word was irrelevant and the meaning could be easily inferred. The data suggest that many participants considered relevance but not the presence of context cues when determining whether to look up a word. Eye tracking confirmed that participants tended to access dictionary links even before context cues were read. Overall, accessing numerous dictionary definitions nonselectively and viewing definitions for a short time were detrimental to task performance. One could argue that L2 readers should consider the context and relevance of words before dictionary use. However, further research on vocabulary coping strategies is needed involving different texts, tasks, and dictionary types.
Did We Respond Quickly Enough? How Policy‐Implementation Speed in Response to COVID‐19 Affects the Number of Fatal Cases in Europe
Authors: Stockenhuber Reinhold
Published: November 2020

The health crisis caused by COVID‐19 reached Europe by February 2020, with remarkable differences in its potency by nation (ECDC, 2020). This effectively caused variation in mitigation efforts in European countries, in opposition to the World Health Organization's recommendations to a common response. Highly contrasting policies were implemented by neighboring countries, from “stay‐at‐home” requirements to very light restrictions. Furthermore, the application time of these measures was extremely variable across Europe. This study investigated whether the stringency of containment policies and the implementation speed of 24 European countries may have affected the number of COVID‐19‐associated casualties. The overall stringency (i.e., the containment measures in place) fluctuated over time and by country, which prohibited a clear association with the mortality rate. Importantly, the implementation speed of these containment measures in response to the coronavirus had a strong effect on the successful mitigation of fatalities. The results also suggest that early adopters of strategies are likely to return to normal life more rapidly. Based on these data, the implementation of containment measures at the very early stages of a future health crisis is highly recommended to reduce the negative impact on society and improve the speed of recovery.
Petz map and Python’s lunch
Authors: Zhao Ying
Published: November 2020

Abstract

We look at the interior operator reconstruction from the point of view of Petz map and study its complexity. We show that Petz maps can be written as precursors under the condition of perfect recovery. When we have the entire boundary system its complexity is related to the volume/action of the wormhole from the bulk operator to the boundary. When we only have access to part of the system, Python’s lunch appears and its restricted complexity depends exponentially on the size of the subsystem one loses access to.
Long non-coding RNAs in lung cancer: implications for lineage plasticity-mediated TKI resistance
Authors: Liu Tongyan , Han Chencheng , Fang Panqi , Zhu Hongyu , Wang Siwei , Ma Zhifei , Zhang Quanli , Xia Wenjia , Wang Jie , Xu Lin , Yin Rong
Published: November 2020

The efficacy of targeted therapy in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has been impeded by various mechanisms of resistance. Besides the mutations in targeted oncogenes, reversible lineage plasticity has recently considered to play a role in the development of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) resistance in NSCLC. Lineage plasticity enables cells to transfer from one committed developmental pathway to another, and has been a trigger of tumor adaptation to adverse microenvironment conditions including exposure to various therapies. More importantly, besides somatic mutation, lineage plasticity has also been proposed as another source of intratumoural heterogeneity. Lineage plasticity can drive NSCLC cells to a new cell identity which no longer depends on the drug-targeted pathway. Histological transformation and epithelial–mesenchymal transition are two well-known pathways of lineage plasticity-mediated TKI resistance in NSCLC. In the last decade, increased re-biopsy practice upon disease recurrence has increased the recognition of lineage plasticity induced resistance in NSCLC and has improved our understanding of the underlying biology. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), the dark matter of the genome, are capable of regulating variant malignant processes of NSCLC like the invisible hands. Recent evidence suggests that lncRNAs are involved in TKI resistance in NSCLC, particularly in lineage plasticity-mediated resistance. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms of lncRNAs in regulating lineage plasticity and TKI resistance in NSCLC. We also discuss how understanding these themes can alter therapeutic strategies, including combination therapy approaches to overcome TKI resistance.
Complete Lymphadenectomy Around the Entire Superior Mesenteric Artery Improves Survival in Artery‐First Approach Pancreatoduodenectomy for T3 Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Kobayashi Shinjiro , Otsubo Takehito , Nakano Hiroshi , Koizumi Satoshi , Nakahara Kazunari
Published: November 2020

Background

Artery‐first approach pancreatoduodenectomy (AFA‐PD) is an important technique for treating pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). However, it remains unknown whether performing complete lymphadenectomy around the entire superior mesenteric artery (SMA) is associated with better outcomes. In this retrospective study, we aimed to investigate whether this approach improved overall and recurrence‐free survival in patients with PDAC.

Methods

We identified 88 patients with T3 PDAC who underwent PD at St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan, between April 2005 and October 2017. Two groups were defined: an “AFA‐PD group” (n = 45) who had undergone AFA‐PD in addition to complete lymphadenectomy around the entire SMA, and a “conventional PD group” (n = 43) in whom complete lymphadenectomy had not been performed (conventional group). Univariate and multivariate survival analyses were performed to identify risk factors for overall and disease‐free survival.

Results

The AFA‐PD group had a longer median survival time (40.3 vs. 22.6 months; p = 0.0140) and a higher 5‐year survival rate (40.3% vs. 5.9%, p = 0.005) than the conventional PD group. Multivariate analysis showed that AFA‐PD with complete lymphadenectomy around the entire SMA was an independent factor for improved overall survival (p = 0.022). Recurrences around the SMA were significantly less frequent in the AFA‐PD group than in the conventional group (22.2% vs. 44.2%, p = 0.041).

Conclusions

AFA‐PD with complete lymphadenectomy around the entire SMA can prevent recurrences around the SMA and may prolong overall survival in patients with PDAC.
The first records of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidae), a causative agent of human sparganosis, in Latvian wildlife
Authors: Bagrade Guna , Králová-Hromadová Ivica , Bazsalovicsová Eva , Radačovská Alžbeta , Kołodziej-Sobocińska Marta
Published: November 2020

Diphyllobothriid tapeworms of the genus Spirometra are causative agents of sparganosis, food-borne zoonotic parasitic disease. They have been recorded in broad spectrum of hosts, including humans, in all continents except Antarctica. Spirometra tapeworms have been intensively studied in several Asian countries; however, they have been rather neglected in Europe. The aim of this study was to provide a pilot screening of Spirometra spp. in Latvia, where data on sparganosis are not available. Tapeworms morphologically identified as diphyllobothriid species were isolated from grey wolves Canis lupus and Eurasian lynxes Lynx lynx from Latvia during the hunting periods 2013–2019. The parasites were subjected to molecular genotyping using sequences of the partial large (LSU rDNA; 615 bp) and small (SSU rDNA; 720 bp) subunits of the nuclear ribosomal RNA gene and complete (1566 bp) cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene of the mitochondrial DNA (cox1 mtDNA). Analyses of both ribosomal subunits of 13 tapeworms revealed no intraspecific variation within the respective rDNA subunits. On the other hand, sequence analysis of mitochondrial cox1 revealed intraspecific polymorphism displayed by 12 cox1 haplotypes. Comparison of the current data with sequences of the corresponding DNA regions deposited in the GenBank revealed 99.3–99.5% (LSU rDNA), 99.2% (SSU rDNA) and 99.6–100% (cox1 mtDNA) identity of studied tapeworms with Spirometra erinaceieuropaei, which provided the first confirmation of this diphyllobothriid tapeworm in Latvia. Since S. erinaceieuropaei is probably prevalent in Latvian wildlife and may also occur in other potential host species, further studies are needed in order to acquire complex data on its geographic distribution and transmission in the natural environment of Latvia, as well as on the spectrum of its intermediate, paratenic, and definitive hosts.
The basal dunite of the Precambrian mafic-ultramafic Näränkävaara intrusion: Petrogenetic considerations and implications to exploration
Authors: Järvinen Ville , Halkoaho Tapio , Konnunaho Jukka , Heinonen Jussi S. , Rämö O. Tapani
Published: November 2020

Several mafic-ultramafic layered intrusions were emplaced in the Fennoscandian Shield during wide-spread mantle-sourced magmatism at 2.5–2.4 Ga. The Näränkävaara intrusion (surface area 5 × 30 km2), northeastern Finland, contains a 1.5–2 km thick basal dunite (not dated), and a 1.5 km thick layered series (2436 ± 5 Ma). A newly discovered marginal series between the basal dunite and the layered series indicates that the basal dunite is older, and highlights the need for further study on their relationship. Along its southern basement contact, the basal dunite contains a 200–300 m thick zone of olivine ortho- and mesocumulates, but the bulk of it is composed of olivine adcumulates and lesser olivine-orthopyroxene heteradcumulates. Based on whole-rock geochemistry, the basal dunite is divided into a low-Fe zone (average FeOt 10.2 wt% and Ni 2250 ppm) and a high-Fe zone (average FeOt 12.5 wt% and Ni 1700 ppm). Both zones have high MgO (32–47 wt%) and varying Cr (830–5160 ppm) and Al2O3/TiO2 (16–26). Textural and geochemical layering is similar along the 30 km strike of the basal dunite. A LREE-enriched high-MgO basaltic parental magma composition (13–18 wt% MgO) is inferred for the basal dunite from olivine–melt mixing trends in orthocumulates. The dunite exhibits at least two geochemical reversals as well as abundant low-porosity adcumulates, poikilitic chromite, and bimodal olivine, suggesting formation in a high-volume open magmatic system. Significant similarity in major and trace element compositions with the Näränkävaara layered series and the Burakovsky intrusion and Vetreny belt extrusives in Russian Karelia suggests that the basal dunite belongs to the Fennoscandian 2.5–2.4 Ga mafic layered intrusions. An Archean komatiitic origin for the dunite body cannot be completely ruled out, however. Distinct Ni-depletion in olivine is found in the basal dunite from the low-Fe zone to the high-Fe zone (3200 versus 2200 ppm). This depletion does not correlate with Fo contents, which suggests that it is not related to olivine fractionation. The basal dunite may thus have potential for Ni-(Cu-Co-PGE) sulfide mineralization.
Arthropod spatial cognition
Authors: Pfeffer Sarah , Wolf Harald
Published: November 2020

The feats of arthropods, and of the well-studied insects and crustaceans in particular, have fascinated scientists and laymen alike for centuries. Arthropods show a diverse repertoire of cognitive feats, of often unexpected sophistication. Despite their smaller brains and resulting lower neuronal capacity, the cognitive abilities of arthropods are comparable to, or may even exceed, those of vertebrates, depending on the species compared. Miniature brains often provide parsimonious but smart solutions for complex behaviours or ecologically relevant problems. This makes arthropods inspiring subjects for basic research, bionics, and robotics. Investigations of arthropod spatial cognition have originally concentrated on the honeybee, an animal domesticated for several thousand years. Bees are easy to keep and handle, making this species amenable to experimental study. However, there are an estimated 5–10 million arthropod species worldwide, with a broad diversity of lifestyles, ecology, and cognitive abilities. This high diversity provides ample opportunity for comparative analyses. Comparative study, rather than focusing on single model species, is well suited to scrutinise the link between ecological niche, lifestyle, and cognitive competence. It also allows the discovery of general concepts that are transferable between distantly related groups of organisms. With species diversity and a comparative approach in mind, this special issue compiles four review articles and ten original research reports from a spectrum of arthropod species. These contributions range from the well-studied hymenopterans, and ants in particular, to chelicerates and crustaceans. They thus present a broad spectrum of glimpses into current research on arthropod spatial cognition, and together they cogently emphasise the merits of research into arthropod cognitive achievements.
Seismic response of a masonry church in Central Italy: the role of interventions on the roof
Authors: Sferrazza Papa Gessica , Tateo Vito , Parisi Maria Adelaide , Casolo Siro
Published: November 2020

The seismic response of a medieval church in Central Italy is analyzed considering the two roof configurations, i.e., reinforced concrete and timber roofs, that the church had in different periods of its existence. Structural interventions and changes are common in the churches of this territory, where frequent earthquakes put these buildings at risk. The church studied here, St. Salvatore in Acquapagana (Serravalle di Chienti, province of Macerata), was damaged by the 1997 Umbria-Marche and the 2016 Central Italy earthquakes. Between these two seismic events, the church was repaired, and the concrete roof was substituted with a lighter timber roof. To investigate the influence of this change on the seismic response, a study was performed at the building and façade macroelement scales using the finite element model and rigid body spring model, respectively. For each approach, the two roof configurations were considered, and two strong motion records, from September 26, 1997, and October 30, 2016, were applied. The results show that the concrete roof improves the box-like behavior, but it increases the vulnerability of the masonry structures, characterized by a limited tensile strength. Conversely, in the timber roof configuration, the most vulnerable areas of the structure are the intersections between structural elements.
Non-invasive measurement of pulse pressure variation using a finger-cuff method in obese patients having laparoscopic bariatric surgery
Authors: Flick Moritz , Schumann Roman , Hoppe Phillip , Bonney Iwona , Wesselink Wilbert , Saugel Bernd
Published: November 2020

Pulse pressure variation (PPV) is a dynamic cardiac preload variable used to predict fluid responsiveness. PPV can be measured non-invasively using innovative finger-cuff systems allowing for continuous arterial pressure waveform recording, e.g., the Nexfin system [BMEYE B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands; now Clearsight (Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, CA, USA)] (PPVFinger). However, the agreement between PPVFinger and PPV derived from an arterial catheter (PPVART) in obese patients having laparoscopic bariatric surgery is unknown. We compared PPVFinger and PPVART at 6 time points in 60 obese patients having laparoscopic bariatric surgery in a secondary analysis of a prospective method comparison study. We used Bland–Altman analysis to assess absolute agreement between PPVFinger and PPVART. The predictive agreement for fluid responsiveness between PPVFinger and PPVART was evaluated across three PPV categories (PPV < 9%, PPV 9–13%, PPV > 13%) as concordance rate of paired measurements and Cohen’s kappa. The overall mean of the differences between PPVFinger and PPVART was 0.5 ± 4.6% (95%-LoA − 8.6 to 9.6%) and the overall predictive agreement was 72.4% with a Cohen’s kappa of 0.53. The mean of the differences was − 0.7 ± 3.8% (95%-LoA − 8.1 to 6.7%) without pneumoperitoneum in horizontal position and 1.1 ± 4.8% (95%-LoA − 8.4 to 10.5%) during pneumoperitoneum in reverse-Trendelenburg position. The absolute agreement and predictive agreement between PPVFinger and PPVART are moderate in obese patients having laparoscopic bariatric surgery.
Korean video dataset for emotion recognition in the wild
Authors: Khanh Trinh Le Ba , Kim Soo-Hyung , Lee Gueesang , Yang Hyung-Jeong , Baek Eu-Tteum
Published: November 2020

Emotion recognition is one of the hottest fields in affective computing research. Recognizing emotions is an important task for facilitating communication between machines and humans. However, it is a very challenging task based on a lack of ethnically diverse databases. In particular, emotional expressions tend to be very dissimilar between Western and Eastern people. Therefore, diverse emotion databases are required for studying emotional expression. However, majority of the well-known emotion databases focus on Western people, which exhibit different characteristics compared to Eastern people. In this study, we constructed a novel emotion dataset containing more than 1200 video clips collected from Korean movies, called Korean Video Dataset for Emotion Recognition in the Wild (KVDERW). Which are similar to real-world conditions, with the goal of studying the emotions of Eastern people, particularly Korean people. Additionally, we developed a semi-automatic video emotion labelling tool that could be used to generate video clips and annotate the emotions in clips.
Kinetic compensation effect of isoconversional methods
Authors: Mianowski Andrzej , Radko Tomasz , Siudyga Tomasz
Published: November 2020

For experimental data obtained under different reaction/process conditions over time or temperature, the kinetic compensation effect (KCE) can be expected. Under dynamic (nonisothermal) conditions, at least two analytical pathways forming the KCE were found. Constant heating rate (q = const) and variable conversion degrees (α = var) lead to a vertical source of the KCE, called the isochronal effect. In turn, for a variable heating rate (q = var) and constant conversion degree (α = const), we can obtain an isoconversional compensation effect. In isothermal conditions (analyzed as polyisothermal), the KCE appears only as an isoconversional source of the compensating effect. The scattering of values for the determined isokinetic temperatures is evidence of a strong influence of the experimental conditions and the calculation methodology. The parameters of the Arrhenius law have been shown to allow the determination of the KCE and further the isokinetic temperature. In turn, using the Eyring equations for the same parameters, we can determine the enthalpy–entropy compensation (EEC) for the activation process and the compensation temperature, which is often treated as an isokinetic temperature. KCE effects have also been shown to be able to be amplified or dissipated, but isokinetic temperature is not a compensating quantity in the literal sense in isoconversional methods because$${T}_{iso}\to \infty .$$Tiso→∞.Thus, in isoconversional methods, isoconversional KCE values are characterized by strong variability of activation energy corresponding to the weak variation of the pre-exponential factor, which in practice means that$${\text{ln}}\mathit {A}\to {\text{const}}.$$lnA→const.This is completely in line with the classical Arrhenius law.
Combined visual and biochemical analyses confirm depositor and diet for Neolithic coprolites from Skara Brae
Authors: Romaniuk Andrzej A. , Panciroli Elsa , Buckley Michael , Pal Chowdhury Manasij , Willars Carla , Herman Jeremy S. , Troalen Lore G. , Shepherd Alexandra N. , Clarke David V. , Sheridan Alison , van Dongen Bart E. , Butler Ian B. , Bendrey Robin
Published: November 2020

Coprolites (fossilized faeces) can provide valuable insights into species’ diet and related habits. In archaeozoological contexts, they are a potential source of information on human-animal interactions as well as human and animal subsistence. However, despite a broad discussion on coprolites in archaeology, such finds are rarely subject to detailed examination by researchers, perhaps due to the destructive nature of traditional analytical methods. Here, we have examined coprolitic remains from the Neolithic (third millennium BCE) settlement at Skara Brae, Orkney, using a range of modern methods: X-ray computed tomography, scanning electron microscopy, lipid and protein analysis (shotgun proteomics of the coprolite matrix as well as collagen peptide mass fingerprinting of isolated bone fragments). This combined approach minimised destructiveness of sampling, leaving sufficient material for subsequent study, while providing more information than traditional morphological examination alone. Based on gross visual examination, coprolites were predominantly attributed to domestic dogs (Canis familiaris), with morphologically identified bone inclusions derived from domestic sheep (Ovis aries) and common voles (Microtus arvalis). Partial dissection of a coprolite provided bone samples containing protein markers akin to those of domestic sheep. Considering the predominance of vertebral and distal limb bone fragments, Skara Brae dogs were probably consuming human butchery or meal refuse, either routinely fed to them or scavenged. The presumably opportunistic consumption of rodents may also have played a role in pest control.
Konturen einer Weiterentwicklung der Didaktik für Sozialpädagogik
Authors: Sauerwein Markus N.
Published: November 2020

Angesichts des zunehmenden Einflusses von Scholarisierungsprozessen auf sozialpädagogische Arbeitsfelder und einer damit einhergehenden Kompetenzorientierung, diskutiert der Beitrag die hieraus resultierenden Herausforderungen für eine Didaktik der Sozialpädagogik. Es darf diagnostiziert werden, dass trotz eines immensen Bedarfs an Lehrkräften für Sozialpädagogik, die Didaktik der Sozialpädagogik überraschend wenig Aufmerksamkeit erhält, sowohl in wissenschaftlichen Publikationen aber auch in den Fachschulen für Sozialpädagogik, denn Sozialpädagogik wird zumeist fachfremd unterrichtet. Ein Überblick des gegenwärtigen Diskussionsstandes zeigt, dass zwar Unterrichtsprinzipien und Lehrmethoden einer Didaktik der Sozialpädagogik benannt werden, es aber an eine Qualitätsdiskussion fehlt. Auch findet kein Bezug auf dahinterliegende professionstheoretische Verständnisse statt. Der Beitrag greift dies auf und argumentiert, dass Kompetenzorientierung in der Erzieher*innen-Ausbildung zwar durchaus kritisch betrachtet werden kann, letztlich jedoch nicht zu ignorieren ist. Um hierauf angemessen zu reagieren, sollte die Didaktik der Sozialpädagogik schulpädagogische Konzepte zur Kenntnis nehmen, um eine spezifische sozialpädagogische Antwort auf die Kompetenzorientierung zu entwickeln. Diese könnte etwa in der Entwicklung ‚sozialpädagogischer Dimensionen guten Unterrichts‘ für Fachschulen für Erzieher*innen bestehen. Zudem sollten Kompetenzen nicht über standardisierte Tests erhoben werden, sondern in der Bearbeitung der Antinomien des beruflichen Handelns, die auf unterschiedlichen Niveaustufen erfolgen kann.
Multi-physics adjoint modeling of Earth structure: combining gravimetric, seismic, and geodynamic inversions
Authors: Reuber Georg S. , Simons Frederik J.
Published: November 2020

We discuss the resolving power of three geophysical imaging and inversion techniques, and their combination, for the reconstruction of material parameters in the Earth’s subsurface. The governing equations are those of Newton and Poisson for gravitational problems, the acoustic wave equation under Hookean elasticity for seismology, and the geodynamics equations of Stokes for incompressible steady-state flow in the mantle. The observables are the gravitational potential, the seismic displacement, and the surface velocity, all measured at the surface. The inversion parameters of interest are the mass density, the acoustic wave speed, and the viscosity. These systems of partial differential equations and their adjoints were implemented in a single Python code using the finite-element library FeNICS. To investigate the shape of the cost functions, we present a grid search in the parameter space for three end-member geological settings: a falling block, a subduction zone, and a mantle plume. The performance of a gradient-based inversion for each single observable separately, and in combination, is presented. We furthermore investigate the performance of a shape-optimizing inverse method, when the material is known, and an inversion that inverts for the material parameters of an anomaly with known shape.
Hydrogeochemical characterisation and appraisal of groundwater suitability for domestic and irrigational purposes in a semi-arid region, Karnataka state, India
Authors: Mohammed-Aslam M. A. , Rizvi Syed Shams
Published: November 2020

Hydrogeochemical investigations have been carried out in a semi-arid region of Aland taluk of Karnataka State, India. The analysis has been done to examine the quality of groundwater for drinking, domestic and irrigational purposes. In this concern, thirty-two groundwater samples were collected in pre-monsoon (April 2016) and post-monsoon season (November 2016), from the different location within the study area. These samples have been further analysed for different ions such as CO32−, HCO3−, NO3−, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+ Fe2+, SO42−, Clˉ and F− to evaluate the hydrochemical behaviour with SSP (sodium soluble percentage), SAR (sodium absorption ratio), % Na (percentage sodium), RSC (residual sodium carbonate), KR (Kelly’s ratio), PI (permeability index) and MH (magnesium hazards). These positive and negative ions have been further correlated with the maximum annual rainfall within the study area to find out the variations between these ions for the precipitation. Suitability of groundwater for drinking purposes around the catchment was not suitable except in a few places. Irrigational suitability of groundwater showed that the water is within the limit for irrigation except in a few locations. Wilcox diagram depicts that 90% of the pre-monsoon samples and 65% of the post-monsoon samples fell into excellent to good category zone. US salinity diagram explains that 71% of pre-monsoon samples belong to medium-salinity-hazard to low-sodium-content zones, whereas 50% of post-monsoon samples fall into high-salinity-hazard to low-sodium-content zone. Gibbs’s plot showed that the water–rock processes control the geochemistry of the Aland region in both monsoon seasons. Chadha’s diagram depicts that 56.25% of the groundwater samples fall under the subfield of Ca2+–Mg2+–Cl− water type with permanent hardness during pre-monsoon season, whereas 50% of groundwater samples falls under the subfield of Ca2+–Mg2+–HCO3− water type with temporary hardness during post-monsoon season.
The impact of the Chebyshev collocation method on solutions of the time-fractional Black–Scholes
Authors: Mesgarani H. , Beiranvand A. , Esmaeelzade Aghdam Y.
Published: November 2020

This paper presents a numerical solution of the temporal-fractional Black–Scholes equation governing European options (TFBSE-EO) in the finite domain so that the temporal derivative is the Caputo fractional derivative. For this goal, we firstly use linear interpolation with the$$(2-\alpha)$$(2-α)-order in time. Then, the Chebyshev collocation method based on the second kind is used for approximating the spatial derivative terms. Applying the energy method, we prove unconditional stability and convergence order. The precision and efficiency of the presented scheme are illustrated in two examples.
The Borderline Between Legitimate and Unfair Copying of Products – A Unified Scandinavian Approach?
Authors: Viken Monica
Published: November 2020

Freedom of imitation, outside the boundaries of intellectual property protection, can be considered as a prerequisite for free competition in a free market economy. The rules on unfair competition should therefore not serve to extend exclusive rights beyond their scope and term of protection. On the other hand, regulations within national law that prohibit the unfair copying of products may be justified in order to avoid market failure, being directed towards the optimizing of fair competition among honest traders. The borderline between these two opposite positions is regulated with different approaches in the European countries. This article considers the extent to which the public interest in free competition and the protection of a trader against unfair competition function together in a complementary manner under Scandinavian legislation. In the early 1970s, the Scandinavian countries developed a distinctive approach to regulations on unfair competition under the Marketing Laws. This article undertakes an investigation of these regulations relating to the borderline between legitimate and unfair copying as of 2020, revealing the extent to which there is a unified approach to copying in Scandinavia. Differences between the regulations will have influence on the legal relationship and conflicts among traders operating in all three countries, while a unified Scandinavian approach could serve as a robust solution for navigating the borderline between legitimate and unfair copying. Such analysis might also shed light on how a Scandinavian approach fits into a broader European perspective on this borderline. Thus, the aim of this article is to analyze potential different approaches to the tension between the marketing rules outside the boundaries of intellectual property protection and the principle of legitimate copying. Examination of this borderline can be connected to how the trader’s investments and behaviour are balanced against a market-oriented approach to copying.
Shared Curricula and Competencies in One Health and Health Professions Education
Authors: Larsen Roxanne J.
Published: November 2020

Globally, health professions education programs have similar course content and expectations for learners. One Health core competencies are shared by many health professions accreditation bodies. These competencies provide a framework which can guide professional programs in a world with emerging zoonotic diseases, a growing interface between humans and animals, and ongoing impacts from climate change. By focusing on shared outcomes, we can better prepare our learners for a more interdisciplinary practice of medicine and science. Fundamental courses, like gross anatomy, can be a uniting thread. A general overview of anatomy courses in medical and veterinary programs is provided.
Citizenship of persons with intellectual disabilities within the frame of inclusive research
Authors: Chalachanová Anna , Lid Inger Marie , Gjermestad Anita
Published: November 2020

This scoping review aims to explore the citizenship of people with intellectual disabilities and its expression in inclusive research. The deductive lens used is the general principles embedded in Article 3 of the UN’s Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. The review was conducted using the framework proposed by Arksey and O’Malley. Seven databases were searched for peer-reviewed journal articles dating from 2005 to 2019. Our key findings are: the term citizenship is seldom mentioned or explicitly discussed in the articles; the articles highlight a broad range of dimensions closely related to the exercise of citizenship. Citizenship in the articles is connected to participation, autonomy, decision-making, self-direction and inclusion in society. Articles also uncover violations of the rights and barriers to participation in the society; more attention needs to be paid to conceptualization and exploration of the citizenship of people with intellectual disabilities.Implications for further research. The citizenship of people with intellectual disabilities needs to get more attention regarding both the understanding of the concept of citizenship and its exercise, so that people with intellectual disabilities get a real chance to become equal partners in society and research.