bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AN EXAMINATION OF IMMUNE SERUM LIPOIDS FOR THE COMPLEMENT FIXING ANTIBODIES OF TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Hambleton A.
Published: April 2011

Lipoids which were extracted from immune tuberculosis serum at low temperatures by various procedures and solvents were examined by the tuberculo-complement-fixation test; antibodies were not found in the lipoid fractions, but were retained with the protein fraction of the serum. The use of desorbents, benzoic acid in alcohol, or saponin,—during the extraction, or the preliminary destruction of serum proteins by trypsin, did not result in antibodies being detected in the lipoid fractions. These results conform with other evidence which suggests that antibodies are protein in nature.
VIBRATIONS IN SOLID RODS AND DISKS
Authors: Field Geo. S.
Published: April 2011

I. A method is described for producing on the screen of a cathode ray oscillograph a curve showing the oscillations occurring in a solid rod or disk as the result of impact. These curves are usually quite complex, as they represent combinations of several different modes of vibration. They may be analyzed, however, so that for any specimen the various component frequencies may be determined. This has been done for a great number of rods and disks, and the experimental frequencies so obtained have been compared with those calculated from theory. A discussion of the results is given.II. The solutions given by Love (5, p. 291) for the general equations of vibration applicable to transverse waves in cylindrical rods are examined, and it is shown that they do not apply to comparatively short rods. Other solutions of the same simple form are considered, and the conclusion is finally reached that a much more complex solution will be required to satisfy all the boundary conditions.
THE SOLUBILITY OF LIME IN WATER AND THE SPECIFIC CONDUCTIVITIES OF ITS SATURATED SOLUTIONS
Authors: Grieve A. D. , Gurd G. W. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

The specific conductivities of saturated solutions of calcium hydroxide have been measured from 0° to 130 °C. Special precautions were taken to eliminate errors due to impurities. The degree of dissociation and so called dissociation constants have been calculated for these solutions from 0° to 100 °C. These data have been used to calculate a new set of solubility data for calcium hydroxide at temperatures from 0° to 25 °C. Solubilities of calcium hydroxide have been measured over this temperature interval by an indirect method, and the results are in fair agreement with the calculated values.
β-ANTHRONYL-β-PHENYL-PROPIONIC ACID AND ITS DERIVATIVES SYNTHESIS OF THE γ-ANTHRONYL-α-HYDRINDONE
Authors: Gagnon Paul E. , Gravel Lucien
Published: April 2011

Benzaldehyde and o-chlorbenzaldehyde were readily condensed with ethyl and methyl malonate, giving rise to unsaturated esters. The esters were condensed with anthrone in alcoholic solution in the presence of piperidine. Hydrolysis of the product with sulphuric acid yielded β-anthronyl-β-phenyl-propionic acid. The chloride of this acid was formed by the action of phosphorus pentachloride. Two tautomeric derivatives of γ-anthronyl-α-hydrindone result from the action of aluminium chloride on β-anthronyl-β-phenyl-propionyl chloride. No benzanthrone derivatives were formed.The action of bromine on the two tautomeric forms of γ-anthronyl-α-hydrindone gave rise to one monobromide only, and oxidation of the two tautomers yielded only anthraquinone and phthalic acid.The method of preparation of β-anthronyl-β-phenylpropionic acid has been improved and the following compounds have been described, as far as the authors are aware, for the first time: the dimethyl and diethyl esters of o-chlor-benzylidene - malonic acid and anthrone - o - chlorbenzylidene - malonic acid; anthrone - benzylidene - diethyl - malonate; β-anthronyl - β- (o - chlorphenyl) - propionic acid; the silver salt, chloride, amide, anilide, methyl and ethyl esters of β-anthronyl-β-phenyl-propionic acid; γ-anthronyl-α-hydrindone (enolic and ketonic forms); γ-anthronyl-β-brom-α-hydrindone; and the hydrazone hydrate, phenylhydrazone, oxime and semicarbazone of γ-anthronyl-α-hydrindone.
NEMATODE INFESTATION SYMPTOMS ON BARLEY AS A MEANS OF DETERMINING THE EFFICIENCY OF CHEMICALS AS LETHAL AGENTS AGAINST TYLENCHUS DIPSACI KUHN
Authors: Newton W. , Hastings R. J. , Bosher J. E.
Published: April 2011

Barley is suggested as a detector crop for the presence of living nematodes, Tylenchus dipsaci, in soil, owing to rapid development of nematode disease symptoms on barley.A satisfactory source of inoculum consists of the white masses of coiled nematodes that can be seen when the basal plate is removed from badly diseased narcissus bulbs. These masses remain viable for six months or longer when removed from the bulbs.Low temperatures and high light conditions favor the development of the nematode disease symptoms in barley seedlings, after nematodes are transferred from narcissus bulb to autoclaved soil planted with barley. Such barley seedlings were broad-leaved and stocky. Under low light and high temperatures, conditions that favor the development of spindly seedlings, the nematode disease symptoms are inconspicuous or absent.Few chemicals appear to be lethal to the bulb nematode. Of 100 tested only phenol, silver nitrate, and potassium or sodium bisulphite were lethal at dilute concentrations.
PYROLYSIS OF THE LOWER PARAFFINS: II. THE PRODUCTION OF OLEFINES IN BAFFLED QUARTZ TUBES
Authors: Cambron Adrien , Bayley Colin H.
Published: April 2011

The pyrolysis of the lower paraffins in externally heated quartz tubes has been studied under conditions of streamline and turbulent flow. It has been found possible to produce a high degree of turbulence in the flow of paraffin gases through tubes heated to a high temperature. It has been shown that when the pyrolysis is carried out under conditions of turbulent flow the yields of olefines obtained at a given temperature are greatly increased over those obtained in an open tube. It is further shown that under conditions of turbulent flow higher rates of conversion of the lower paraffins to olefines are possible since the temperatures at which side reactions begin to be noticeable are considerably higher under the above conditions than when the gas flow is streamline.
THE EFFECT OF AGING AND HEAT ON THE CHROMOSOMAL MUTATION RATES IN MAIZE AND BARLEY
Authors: Peto F. H.
Published: April 2011

The recent discovery by Navashin (3), that the chromosomal mutation rate in Crepis was influenced by aging of the seed, has been corroborated by observations on the mutation rate of corn plants grown from seed of various ages.A very high chromosomal mutation rate in barley was induced by heat treatments of seed under various conditions of humidity. The most common type of aberration resulting from these treatments appeared to be fracture of the chromosomes either at the attachment constriction, the secondary constriction or the point of attachment of the trabants. The reattachment of fragments to other chromosomes was observed in two instances.Considerable importance is attached to the discovery that a large proportion of the mutant cells are eliminated during the growth of the plant. The principle that only the fittest survive seems equally true of cells as of individuals and groups of plants or animals.
A STUDY IN THE RELATIVE CONSTANCY OF HIVE BEES AND WILD BEES IN POLLEN GATHERING
Authors: Brittain W. H. , Newton Dorothy E.
Published: April 2011

The chief purpose of the investigations described in this paper was to determine the relative pollen constancy of the various insect pollinators of the apple. In addition to the hive bee, these proved to be solitary bees belonging to the genera Halictus and Andrena, with Bremidae and various Diptera playing a minor role. It is pointed out that apparent flower constancy depends a great deal upon availability and that almost any result may be obtained by choosing certain periods in which to make tests. The results, based on analyses of the pollen loads of bees captured in apple blossoms, place the hive bee first as regards the number of pure loads, followed by Halictus, with Andrena a poor third. Taking into consideration the results of the entire season, and the analyses of bees from different sources of pollen, Halictus came first in these particular tests, but the difference is not considered significant. The supposed superiority of the hive bee from the standpoint of constancy does not appear to have been proved. Both Halictus and the hive bee, however, evidenced a significant superiority over the Andrena species studied.
CHEMICAL STUDIES ON APPALACHIAN UPLAND PODSOL SOILS: I. CONDITIONS GOVERNING BASE-EXCHANGE RELATIONS
Authors: Shaw G. T. , McKibbin R. R.
Published: April 2011

The base-exchange properties and the constituent materials of the base-exchange complexes of Quebec Appalachian upland podsol soils have been studied. It has been shown that the "availability" of the acid semihumified organic matter has played the most important part in bringing about existing conditions in these soils. Organic matter is dominating the processes through which these podsol soils pass in their progress from a slightly leached to a severely leached condition. The inorganic base-exchange complexes are superseded by organic complexes. The more "available" iron and aluminium present in these soils the less is their base-exchange capacity. The inorganic base-exchange complexes are unstable under the strongly acidic soil conditions. The restoration of fertility to these soils must be approached through modification of their organic-matter conditions.
THE VAPOR PRESSURE OF VINYL ACETATE
Authors: Marsden J. , Cuthbertson A. C.
Published: April 2011

This paper presents the results of the measurement of the vapor pressure of vinyl acetate, over the temperature range from 0 °C. to the normal boiling point. The determinations were carried out on vacuum distilled samples with an isoteniscope, differing slightly in detail from that used by Smith and Menzies(7).The normal boiling point is 72.5 °C. The molecular heat of evaporation has been found to be 8211 calories. The equation which represents the results is[Formula: see text]Trouton's constant and the critical temperature have been found to be 23.8 and 228.3 °C.
THE ACTION OF CARBON DISULPHIDE ON ALUMINA GEL
Authors: Munro L. A. , McCubbin J. W.
Published: April 2011

The authors have investigated the yellow color observed when carbon disulphide was adsorbed by c.p. alumina at room temperature. The color is due to by-products of the reactions of carbon disulphide with residual water in the gel. The investigators of the CS2 + H2O reaction at higher temperature attribute the yellow to sulphur or aluminium sulphide. The color formed at room temperature is not due to either of these. The reaction products consist largely of hydrogen sulphide, water, and carbon dioxide, with small amounts of carbonyl sulphide and carbon monoxide. The yellow coloration has been found to be a mixture of sodium sulphide, sodium hydrosulphide, and sodium polysulphide. A mechanism is proposed for its formation.
TELIOSPORE DEVELOPMENT IN THE PUCCINIASTREAE
Authors: Pady S. M.
Published: April 2011

The genera that constitute the Pucciniastreae display a wide variation in the type of teliospore produced, as well as in the time and place of production. From the standpoint of development, however, there is a general situation that is common. In all genera primordial cells are formed from enlarged hyphal cells of the mycelium. These give rise to teliospore initials which are in the epidermal cells in Calyptospora, Milesia, Hyalopsora and Thecopsora, and are subepidermal in the other genera. These initials divide to form the mature teliospores, which are thick or thin walled, and few to many-celled. In all cases the teliospore is the product of a single primordial cell.The teliospores of Calyptospora goeppertiana are formed from a perennial mycelium, which causes a witches' broom and hypertrophied stems on species of Vaccinium. The mycelium gives rise to primordial cells in the cortex just below the epidermis. Each primordial cell pierces the host wall above and the contents pass in to form the initial, which by growth and division becomes the teliospore. The mature teliospores are one- to four-celled, with a thickened, dark brown wall. Development is not simultaneous, but progressive, and the teliospores are first formed in the basal parts, moving slowly upward until every cell of the hypertrophied portion of the stem is completely filled. In four species of Milesia the method of development is similar. The spores, however, are thin walled, and are formed in the epidermal cells of the overwintered fronds of their fern hosts. Thecopsora vacciniorum is similar to Milesia in many respects. The teliospores are intra-epidermal, thin walled and multicellular. In Pucciniastrum the teliospores are subepidermal, and arise from primordial cells, as in Calyptospora, Milesia and Thecopsora. The teliospore initials are closely packed, and the mature spores may form extended crusts. The simplest type of development is found in Uredinopsis, which is generally considered to be the most primitive of the fern rusts. Primordial cells are formed in the same way as in the other genera. These round up to form the initials, and cross walls are laid down to give the mature spores.From these studies two possible lines of development are suggested, both beginning with Uredinopsis. One line would lead through the intra-epidermal forms, as Milesia, Calyptospora, etc., and the other through the subepidermal genera, as Pucciniastrum and Melampsoridium.
A COMPARISON OF VARIOUS HARVESTING METHODS IN RESPECT TO MOISTURE AND GRADE OF THE GRAIN
Authors: Larmour R. K. , Geddes W. F. , Cameron D.
Published: April 2011

In a moisture and grade survey of grain harvested by various methods in western Canada during the 1932–1933 season it was found that straight-combined wheat showed a greater percentage of tough and damp samples than either stook-threshed or swath-combined samples. Of 401 stook-threshed samples 3% were tough or damp; of 416 straight-combined samples 22% were tough and 3% damp; and of 211 swath-combined samples 8% were tough and 1% damp.With respect to grade, it was found that as a result of exposure to rains the average grade lowering was least for stooked grain and greatest for swath-combined grain.
A FURTHER NOTE ON CATALASE ACTIVITY AS A MEASURE OF SEED VIABILITY
Authors: Leggatt C. W.
Published: April 2011

Application of statistical methods to the results of an investigation previously published has shown that viability, in the case of common wheat, may be estimated fairly closely from a determination of total and thermostable catalase; a determination which may be completed within the course of a few hours as compared with the regular germination test requiring 12 days. Much work is yet required, however, to put this method on a practical routine basis.It is believed that some further light is thrown upon the biochemistry of ripening in the wheat kernel.
COMPETITIVE EFFICIENCY OF WEEDS AND CEREAL CROPS
Authors: Pavlychenko T. K. , Harrington J. B.
Published: April 2011

The results of a study of the competing abilities of certain weeds and crop plants are presented. Characteristics studied as possible indicators of competitive efficiency were development of assimilation surface, stomatal number, readiness and uniformity of seed germination and distribution and penetration of root systems.It is shown that success in competition depends on readiness and uniformity of germination under adverse moisture conditions, the ability to develop a large assimilation surface in the early seedling stage, the possession of a large number of stomata and a root system with a large mass of fibre close to the surface but with its main roots penetrating deeply.Cereal crops were classified in the order of competing ability as follows:— barley, rye, wheat and oats, flax. Brassica arvensis and Avena falua were the most vigorous competitors among the weeds studied.
CHEMICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE CORMS OF ARISAEMA TRIPHYLLUM (L.) SCHOTT
Authors: Marion Léo
Published: April 2011

The dried and ground corms lost 5% of their weight when extracted with petroleum ether, and a further 0.9% on subsequent extraction with methanol. Besides a trace of an essential oil, the methanol extract yielded water-soluble and water-insoluble portions. The former contained an acid, C5H8O5, m.p. 184 °C.; i-inositol, C6H6(OH)6, m.p. 224 °C.; a sugar forming phenylglucosazone; and a crystalline substance, (C6H10O6 or C7H12O7), m.p. 120 °C., exhibiting the properties of a lactone. In the water-insoluble portion combined with the petroleum ether extract, the following substances have been found present: myricyl alcohol, C30H62O, m.p. 82–83 °C.; a new sterol, arisaesterol, C36H64O2, m.p. 135 °C.; phytosterolin, C31H52O6, m.p. 297 °C.; and a mixture of fatty acids.
THE CAUSES OF THE CYTOLOGICAL RESULTS OBTAINED IN SPECIES CROSSES IN WHEAT
Authors: Thompson W. P.
Published: April 2011

There are several possible causes of the absence or low frequency of many chromosomal and genetic types in crosses between 42- and 28-chromosome species of wheat. The actual effects of these possible causes are:1. Pre-gametic causes — effect small. Among pollen grains which develop normally all chromosomal types are found but not quite in theoretical proportions; those with chromosome numbers intermediate between the 14 and 21 of the parents are somewhat deficient. Intermediate numbers are more abundant among retarded grains.2. Gametic(a) Male(1) Outright abortion of pollen grains — 5 to 10%.(2) Retardation of development — 25 to 30%.(3) Failure of pollen germination — the above 25 or 35%, plus probably as much more.(4) Competition and selective fertilization — impossible to determine accurately but probably some effect.(b) Female — very little. Apparently nearly all female gametes are capable of functioning but 50% usually remain unfertilized.3. Endospermic — abortion and abnormal development cause important effects particularly in relation to female gametes but they cannot be separated completely from possible direct embryonic effects.4. Embryonic — about half the embryos abort before the seed is ripe and at least half the F2seeds usually fail to germinate. These are in part and may be wholly endospermic effects.The gametic and endospermic influences are such as to reduce the proportion of plants with chromosome combinations intermediate between those of the parents.
ON THE PREVALENCE OF PATHOGENIC FORMS OF HELMINTHOSPORIUM SATIVUM AND FUSARIUM CULMORUM IN THE SOIL OF WHEAT FIELDS AND ITS RELATION TO THE ROOT ROT PROBLEM
Authors: Sanford G. B. , Broadfoot W. C.
Published: April 2011

A total of 227 isolates of Helminthosporium sativum and 286 of Fusarium sp. (culmorum type) were obtained from the diseased crown tissue of wheat stubble in five fields located in the black soil belt of central Alberta, and an attempt was made to determine their relative virulence on wheat seedlings and on mature plants. The experiment was carried out under greenhouse conditions, with a range of soil temperature. Sterilized, artificially infested soil in open pot culture was used. The results indicated that the Helminthosporium isolates were as a rule moderately to weakly pathogenic, and that most of the Fusarium isolates were only weakly pathogenic to wheat plants in the seedling stage. Some isolates of each pathogen exhibited extreme virulence, but judging from the results on seedling plants, virulent strains were rather rare in the fields studied. On mature plants both fungi showed about equal degrees of virulence, which was on the whole weak, and the results were not considered significant for the purpose of the study. More isolates of the greater degrees of virulence were obtained from certain fields than from others. In view of the great susceptibility of seedling plants in sterilized re-infested soil and the variable results, presumably caused by association effects of contaminants of the soil in open pot culture, it was concluded that the object of the study could not be attained by means of data based on the seedling stage, or by the technique employed. The possibility of significant results being secured in sterilized re-infested soil, protected from contamination, and based only on mature plants, is discussed in relation to the root rot problem.
TRICHOGRAMMA MINUTUM RILEY AS A PARASITE OF THE ORIENTAL FRUIT MOTH (LASPEYRESIA MOLESTA BUSCK.) IN ONTARIO
Authors: Steenburgh W. E. Van
Published: April 2011

The investigations described in this paper were carried out during the period 1928–1933, and deal with the egg parasite, Trichogramma minutum Riley, with special reference to its field of usefulness in the biological control of the oriental fruit moth (Laspeyresia molesta Busck.) in Ontario. This cosmopolitan parasite is a factor of considerable importance in regulating the abundance of the fruit moth in southern New Jersey, but appears to be of little practical significance in the natural control of the pest in Ontario. Under certain conditions of weather and host abundance, parasitism may be increased materially by the liberation of Trichogramma in the orchards but, in general, the results are not dependable. A large number of experiments were conducted utilizing three biological races of the species. The technique employed in the work and the results obtained are given as well as a number of important observations on the habits and biology of the parasite.
NOTES ON THE CHLORIDES OF DIMETHYLANHYDRACETONE-BENZIL
Authors: Allen C. F. H. , Spanagel E. W.
Published: April 2011

Some of the reactions of the tertiary chloride, obtained as a primary product by the action of thionyl or acetyl chloride on β, β-dimethylanhydracetonebenzil, are described.
NOTES ON CERCARIAL DERMATITIS WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF THE CAUSATIVE ORGANISMS, CERCARIA WARDLEI N.SP., CERCARIA BAJKOVI N.SP., AND THE PARTHENOGENIC STAGE OF CERCARIA ELVAE MILLER
Authors: McLeod J. A.
Published: April 2011

This paper records an investigation of cercarial dermatitis, commonly known as swimmer's itch or slough itch, observed on bathers in Clear Lake, Manitoba. The infestation is manifest by the presence of erythematous papules and causes severe itching.As a result of a survey for animal parasites in the lake, and experimental infestations with all forms it has been found that the disease may be caused by Cercaria elvae Miller, a brevifurcate distome cercaria, or by either of two pharyngeal longifurcate distome cercariae, Cercaria wardlei n. sp. and Cercaria bajkovi n. sp. Clinical and pathological notes on the disease are given.
THE EFFECT OF A MAGNETIC FIELD ON THE LINEAR RATE OF CRYSTALLIZATION
Authors: Steacie E. W. R. , Stevens C. F. B.
Published: April 2011

An investigation has been made of the effect of a magnetic field of about 5000 gauss on the linear rate of crystallization from supersaturated solutions of sodium thiosulphate and nickel sulphate. The field had no appreciable effect in the case of sodium thiosulphate. Nickel sulphate showed a slightly increased rate of crystallization in the field.
A MATHEMATICAL TREATMENT OF A THEORY OF RUBBER STRUCTURE
Authors: Griffith T. R.
Published: April 2011

The theory that the elasticity of rubber is due to the heat vibrations of very long chain molecules, bound to one another at occasional points along their length, but able to move freely relatively to one another at all other points, is susceptible of mathematical treatment. In the present treatment it is assumed that the rubber molecule has a restricted rotation about the axis formed by joining two adjacent junction points.A stress-strain curve has been developed mathematically on this assumption, and this curve, which is a reasonably close approximation to the curve obtained experimentally, serves as a standard with which to compare the rubber stress-strain curve and as a starting point for further mathematical work on the structure of rubber. The discrepancy between the mathematical and the experimental curve is explained on the very probable assumption that there is a wave motion or other vibration along the length of the rotating chain, as well as a rotation of the chain as a whole.An explanation of the peculiar S-shape of the beginning of the experimental stress-strain curve develops automatically from the mathematically deduced relation between stress and strain, and it is also shown why the S-shape appears to vanish when the calculation of the stress is based on the actual cross section of the stretched rubber.In addition, the following values, calculated from the above assumption and X-ray data, of certain constants, were obtained:(i) The average distance between junction points.(ii) The average length of molecular chain between junction points and, incidentally, the ratio between the number of freely swinging carbon atoms and those bound at junction points. This gives the number of freely swinging carbon atoms on the molecular chain between junction points and an idea of the length of the rubber molecule.(iii) The quantity of kinetic energy per cubic centimetre causing the elastic effect in rubber.(iv) The percentage of sulphur necessary to form the junction points in vulcanized rubber and, consequently, the minimum quantity of sulphur needed for vulcanization, both for hard and soft rubber. This minimum agrees closely with practical experiment.
NUCLEAR MOMENTS OF ANTIMONY ISOTOPES—DISCUSSION OF LANDÉ'S THEORY
Authors: Crawford M. F. , Bateson S.
Published: April 2011

Hyperfine structures in the Sb IV spectrum have been investigated. Analysis of the hyperfine patterns shows that the I-values of Sb121 and Sb123 are [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] respectively, in agreement with those deduced by Badami from Sb II. The magnetic moments of Sb121 and Sb123, calculated from the hyperfine separations in Sb IV, are 4.0 and 3.2 proton magnetons respectively. For antimony the ratio of the g(I) factors is g(I)121/g(I)123 = 1.82 ±.02. The application of the Landé g(I) formula to this accurate ratio leads to a value gs = 3 for the magnetic factor of the proton spin, instead of gs = 4 as found by Landé. The value gs = 3 gives slightly better general agreement between the observed and the calculated g(I) factors than is obtained for gs = 4. However, since no specific value of gs will satisfy the accurate ratio criterion for all the Zodd, Modd isotopes to which the test can be applied, it is concluded that the theory is incomplete.
ON THE THEORY OF THE X-RAY DETERMINATION OF ELASTIC SCATTERING OF CATHODE RAYS
Authors: Froman Darol K.
Published: April 2011

This paper is a continuation of Bubb's (1) theoretical work which relates the energies and momenta of cathode rays to the properties of X-ray photons produced by them. Bubb's results are used to determine a scattering function for the cathode rays in a target in terms of the intensities of X-rays of minimum wave-length emergent from the target at various angles to the incident cathode-ray stream. It is shown that the self-consistency of Bubb's results can be tested by measurements of the intensities of two components of these X-rays polarized in mutually perpendicular planes. Mention is made of an experiment now in progress designed to test Bubb's theory by an absolute measurement using a gaseous instead of a solid target.
NOTE SUR LES ÉMULSIONS DE LA TRIÉTHANOLAMINE AVEC LE KÉROSÈNE ET DES HUILES LUBRIFIANTES MINÉRALES
Authors: Risi J. , Bernard H.
Published: April 2011

not available
ON A METHOD FOR MEASURING THE RESISTANCE OF VEGETAL TISSUES
Authors: Prat Henri
Published: April 2011

A method is described whereby numerical evaluations are introduced in the study of properties which in the past have been expressed qualitatively, namely, mechanical resistance and stages of maturation of vegetal tissues.The building and operation of the apparatus are described. The results obtained in the case of growing and adult cereal straws are given. These reveal some important features in the mechanical construction of the culms of grasses.
STUDIES ON THE DEHULLING OF BARLEY KERNELS WITH SULPHURIC ACID AND ON THE INHERITANCE OF REACTION TO COVERED SMUT USTILAGO HORDEI (Pers.) K. & S. INFECTION IN CROSSES BETWEEN GLABRON AND TREBI BARLEYS
Authors: Johnston W. H.
Published: April 2011

The use of concentrated sulphuric acid for dehulling seeds of barley hybrids in order to induce infection by Ustilago hordei (Pers.) K. & S., involved complications which made exact analysis of the reaction of the hybrids impossible. Although the hull showed a high degree of resistance to decomposition by the acid and appeared to afford the embryo sufficient protection against acid injury, there were wide fluctuations in degree of emergence of plants from treated seeds, both of hybrid and parent material. Much of the mortality among treated seeds was due to mechanical injury incurred before treatment. There was considerable seedling injury from infection by Penicillium spp. This was probably augmented by unfavorable germinating conditions. Increased severity of infection by U. hordei, due to the removal of the hull resulted in extreme distortion of seedlings and consequent failure to emerge.Genetic studies were made on the F3 of reciprocal crosses of Glabron, highly resistant, and Trebi, moderately resistant to the form of pathogen used. Infection percentages exhibited by the parents were regained in some F3 lines and the hybrids showed little tendency towards greater susceptibility than the parents. Segregation for reaction to covered smut was not sufficiently clear to establish the inheritance of this character.Slight correlation was demonstrated between smut reaction and height of plant, but none between smut reaction and barbing of awns or earliness of heading. The development of strains combining earliness, smooth awns, and resistance to covered smut should present no great difficulty.
RAPID DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE IN GRAIN: III. CALIBRATION AND COMPARISON OF ELECTRICAL MOISTURE METERS WITH VACUUM OVEN FOR AMBER DURUM WHEAT, BARLEY AND OATS
Authors: Cook W. H. , Hopkins J. W. , Geddes W. F.
Published: April 2011

The previous study has been extended to include durum wheat, barley and oats. The hand-operated Tag-Heppenstall meter was found to be unsatisfactory with these grains, as they would not feed into the roller electrodes in a suitable manner. The Burton-Pitt gave erratic results with these grains and it was only possible to calibrate this meter over a limited moisture range, and even over this range it was more inaccurate than the other meters. Qualitatively the calibration curves for these three grains, in the Limbrick and motor Tag-Heppenstall, were similar to those previously obtained with hard red spring wheat. The actual resistance and the slope of the curves were, however, somewhat different for the different grains. The standard error of prediction shows that the motor-operated Tag-Heppenstall was the most accurate meter for use with durum wheat and barley, while the Limbrick was superior with oats. With the limited number of samples available it was impossible to detect any significant difference between the temperature coefficients, in any particular meter, of the different grains. When converted to a moisture basis the correction factors were practically the same as for hard red spring wheat.The results from the entire investigation show that the Brown-Duvel method is more accurate than the 130 °C. air oven method with all grains studied. The motor-operated Tag-Heppenstall meter is as accurate as the Brown-Duvel with hard red spring wheat, over the moisture range 11.0 to 17.0%, and is superior to the air oven method over this limited range. Otherwise the rapid analytical methods are more accurate than any of the moisture meters tested with any of the grains. The meters fall in the following order of decreasing accuracy over the moisture range 11.0 to 17.0%:–with hard red spring wheat; motor Tag-Heppenstall, Limbrick, hand Tag-Heppenstall, Burton-Pitt and Davies: with durum wheat and barley; motor Tag-Heppenstall, Limbrick and Burton-Pitt: and with oats; Limbrick, Burton-Pitt and motor Tag-Heppenstall. Where a meter is not mentioned no tests were made, the instrument having been omitted because it gave no promise of practical utility.
INFLUENCE OF CYSTEINE ON THE PRODUCTION OF HAEMOTOXIN OF CL. WELCHII
Authors: Orr J. H. , Reed G. B.
Published: April 2011

It has been shown that the addition of 0.1% or more of cysteine to Robertson's chopped meat media completely inhibits the production of haemotoxin by Cl. welchii and that H2S has a similar effect. The effect is shown to be related to the metabolism of the organisms and not to a direct reaction with the formed toxin. The addition of these concentrations of cysteine was shown to have little effect upon the oxidation-reduction potential of sterile media but a marked effect upon the oxidation-reduction potential of cultures during the most active growth period. Beef muscle media low in cystine were shown to give a good yield and fish muscle relatively high in cystine was shown to give a poor yield of haemotoxin.
DERIVATIVES OF SUBSTITUTED SUCCINIC ACIDS: I. THE ACTION OF ALKALINE SODIUM HYPOBROMITE ON 1,2-DIPHENYLSUCCINAMIDE AND 3,4-DIPHENYLSUCCINIMIDE
Authors: McRae John A. , Townshend Alvin S.
Published: April 2011

The application of the Hofmann reaction for the preparation of amines from amides to 1:2-diphenylsuccinamide has led to none of the expected substances, but to diphenylacetic acid as the principal product of the reaction. The isolation of this substance indicates that at some stage a rearrangement has occurred. The mechanism of the rearrangement is obscure but oxidation to a 1,2-dihydroxydiamide may be the first stage. This is supported by the conversion of diphenylsuccinimide into diphenylmaleic anhydride by alkaline sodium hypobromite.Various derivatives of diphenylsuccinic acid, which were obtained in unsuccessful attempts to prepare in quantity other 1:2-diarylsuccinamides, are described.
THE PREPARATION AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ALIPHATIC ACETYLENES
Authors: Morehouse F. R. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

This paper deals with the preparation and determination of the physical properties of the lower members of the acetylene series—methyl, ethyl, dimethyl and propyl acetylenes. A comprehensive determination of the physical properties of these compounds has been made and the results have been interpreted along with similar data obtained for the paraffin and olefine series. The acetylenes have been found to differ from the paraffins and olefines. The difference is attributed to the polarity of the acetylenes as a group. This is further substantiated by a comparison of the properties of the two isomeric acetylenes, dimethyl and ethyl acetylenes.
β-[3-NITROPHENYL]-β-[ANTHRON-(9)-YL-(10)]-PROPIONIC ACID AND ITS DERIVATIVES
Authors: Vachon Alexandre , Gagnon Paul E. , Kane John
Published: April 2011

β-[3-Nitrophenvl]-β-[anthron-(9)-yl-(10)]-propionic acid, unlike β-phenyl-β-[anthron-(9)-yl-(10]-propionic acid (2, 3), was not found to undergo cyclisation to form a hydrindone derivative when treated with aluminium chloride. Treatment with concentrated sulphuric acid caused the formation of β-[3-nitrophenyl]-β-[(10)-oxy-anthron-(9)-yl-(10)]-propionic acid. The lactone of this acid was then formed together with Bz-1′-oxy-3′(3-nitrophenyl)-1-9-benzanthrone.The following compounds have been prepared, as far as the authors are aware, for the first time: 3-nitrobenzylidene-dimethyl-malonate; the dimethyl and diethyl esters of β-[3-nitrophenyl]-β-[anthron-(9)-yl-(10)]-isosuccinic acid; β-[3-nitrophenyl]-β-[anthron-(9)-yl-(10)]-propionic acid; the chloride and ethyl ester of β-[3-nitrophenyl]-β-[anthron-(9)-yl-(10)]-propionic acid; β-[3-nitrophenyl]-β-[(10)-oxy-anthron-(9)-yl-(10)]-propionic acid and its lactone; and Bz-1′-oxy-Bz-3′(3-nitrophenyl)-1-9-benzanthrone.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS FRACTIONS OF BRUCELLA ABORTUS: I. PREPARATION, TOXICITY AND BIOCHEMICAL NATURE OF ALCOHOLIC PRECIPITATE
Authors: Gwatkin Ronald
Published: April 2011

Alcoholic precipitates were prepared from shaken and filtered suspensions of Brucella abortus. These precipitates were highly toxic for guinea pigs by intraperitoneal injection. The toxic and antigenic fraction was water soluble. Filtration did not modify the toxic effect. Dialysis removed some of the lethal substance in one trial but did not affect the suspension in a subsequent experiment. Varying volumes of alcohol did not affect the toxic and antigenic qualities of the precipitate. Preparation of these precipitates on several occasions gave rise to symptoms simulating undulant fever in a hypersensitive human subject. Preliminary biochemical examination suggested that the precipitate consisted almost entirely of carbohydrates.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS FRACTIONS OF BRUCELLA ABORTUS: III. IMMUNITY EXPERIMENTS WITH ALCOHOLIC PRECIPITATE
Authors: Gwatkin Ronald
Published: April 2011

Brucella antiserum protected guinea pigs against intraperitoneal injections of alcoholic precipitate. After absorption with Brucella abortus this serum was not protective. Normal serum also failed to modify the toxicity of the precipitate. Alcoholic precipitate was as efficient as whole culture in removing antibodies in vitro, as judged by serological tests. Intraperitoneal injections of precipitate in small animals stimulated agglutinin production and opsonocytophagic activity, but did not protect guinea pigs against infection by eye with Brucella abortus or prevent abortions in infected animals. Oral administration of precipitate did not give rise to symptoms in guinea pigs.
INFLUENCE OF WEATHER CONDITIONS ON THE NITROGEN CONTENT OF WHEAT
Authors: Hopkins J. W.
Published: April 2011

A statistical study of results from experimental plots of Marquis wheat grown annually (though not on the same soil) at five points in Saskatchewan and Alberta indicates that there was a significant negative correlation between the amount of rainfall during the growing season and the nitrogen content of wheat. The main effect of rainfall was exerted during May and June. The data do not justify the conclusion that the amount of rain falling in July or August, or the amount of pre-seasonal precipitation, modified the nitrogen content significantly. Mean maximum temperature for July or August failed to show a significant correlation with nitrogen content, but may not be a satisfactory measure of the temperature conditions actually experienced by the crop.It is suggested that the preponderating effect of early rainfall may be due to the fact that it stimulates tillering and vegetative development generally. The available nitrogen must thus be distributed amongst an increased number of culms, whilst at the same time the total leaf area devoted to the production of carbohydrates is augmented.
EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT ON THE VISCOSITY OF GLUTEN DISPERSED IN ALKALI, ACID AND NEUTRAL SOLVENTS
Authors: Cook W. H. , Rose R. C.
Published: April 2011

The viscosity of gluten dispersions in sodium hydroxide and acetic acid always decreased during heat treatment, the magnitude of the decrease being much larger in the former than in the latter solvent. Dispersions in urea solution decreased to a fixed viscosity level at temperatures below 70 °C., but at higher temperatures the initial viscosity decrease of dilute dispersions was followed by an increase, then again by a decrease. At 60 °C., dispersions in sodium salicylate increased in viscosity throughout the period of heat treatment, but at 80 °C. the viscosity increased to a maximum and then fell off. This qualitative difference in the viscosity changes at temperatures above and below 70 °C. in the neutral solvents, was the only evidence obtained to indicate that dispersed gluten undergoes any sudden change in character at a certain temperature, comparable to the so-called "coagulation point" of albumins. The results indicate that the changes occurring below 70 °C. can be attributed mainly to the action of the solvent on the protein.
SOME FACTORS IN THE DIFFERENT CHROMOSOME SETS OF COMMON WHEAT
Authors: Thompson W. P. , Arnason T. J. , Love R. M.
Published: April 2011

In crosses between 21-chromosome (vulgare) and 14-chromosome (emmer) wheats many hybrid lines which had only 14 pairs of chromosomes were identified and were then studied from the standpoint of their emmer and vulgare characters. Any vulgare character which appears in such lines must be determined by genes in the primary set of 14 chromosomes which mate in F1 with those of emmer. Vulgare characters not appearing in such lines are determined by genes in the secondary set of 7 which remain unmated in F1. In this way it has been determined that 7 of the 19 characters studied in durum crosses and 9 of the 21 studied in dicoccum crosses are determined by genes in the primary set of 14 (for list see Table II). For several other vulgare characters it has been shown that necessary genes are in both the primary 14 and the secondary 7 (Table III). There is little to indicate that genes determining important species-distinguishing characters are concentrated in the secondary set of 7, as is implied in the theory that vulgare wheat has resulted from the crossing of an emmer with Aegilops and that the set of 7 is derived from Aegilops and homologous with a set in that genus. Evidence in regard to the mode of inheritance of certain characters is given.
MEASUREMENT OF DIELECTRIC CONSTANT OF ELECTROLYTES
Authors: McKay R. W.
Published: April 2011

An apparatus for measuring the dielectric constant of conducting solutions by voltage resonance is described. The theory of the circuit and the sources of error are discussed. The design of the apparatus is such as to eliminate errors other than those due to inductance of cell leads, for which a correction is made.Measurements have been made on solutions of sodium chloride, hydrogen chloride, potassium sulphate, magnesium sulphate, copper sulphate and potassium ferrocyanide, at 23.0 °C. and 2 × 106 cycles frequency. An increase in dielectric constant with concentration greater than that predicted by Debye and Falkenhagen has been found in all cases. The results are compared with those of other workers. Graphs are given of the results obtained.
INFLUENCE OF WILD AND CULTIVATED PLANTS ON THE MULTIPLICATION, SURVIVAL AND SPREAD OF CEREAL FOOT-ROTTING FUNGI IN THE SOIL
Authors: Padwick G. W.
Published: April 2011

Using the severity of infection of wheat seedlings as a measure of soil infestation, it is shown that susceptible grasses such as Agropyron tenerum, A. cristatum, A. repens and Bromus inermis encourage the multiplication and survival of inoculum of the take-all fungus Ophiobolus graminis in both sterilized and unsterilized soil. The same grasses also aided the survival of Helminthosporium sativum in sterilized soil. In these experiments, however, only one, namely B. inermis, appeared to favor the survival of Fusarium graminearum.The fungus O. graminis, which failed to spread laterally to any appreciable extent in bare, unsterilized black loam soil of the Edmonton district of Alberta, was able to do so when such soil was occupied by living, susceptible plants.
THE OIDIA OF PSILOCYBE COPROPHILA AND THE PAIRING REACTIONS OF MONOSPOROUS MYCELIA
Authors: Brodie Harold J.
Published: April 2011

By isolating thirty monosporous mycelia and pairing them, the agaric Psilocybe coprophila Fr. has been shown to be heterothallic and bipolar, confirming the report of Miss Kathryn Gilmore (1926). Contrary to the statement of Miss Gilmore, no oidia were found on the diploid mycelia although they are abundant on the haplophytes. The diplophytes are frequently "impure", hyphae devoid of clamp connections and are found intermingled with hyphae bearing clamp connections. The possibility of the clamp-connection-free hyphae being haploid and of the development of oidia on these haploid hyphae is suggested as an explanation of the statement of Miss Gilmore that oidia occur on the diplophyte of this fungus.No mutual repulsion between haploid mycelia was observed. This is negative evidence in support of the prediction of Vandendries and Brodie that their barrage phenomenon would not be found in bipolar but only in tetrapolar hymenomycetes.
THE MEASUREMENT OF SOME THERMAL PROPERTIES OF DEUTERIUM OXIDE, AND THEIR INTERPRETATION
Authors: Brown R. S. , Barnes W. H. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

Values for the heat capacities of solid deuterium oxide and the resulting liquid, from initial temperatures between 4 °C. and − 78.5 °C. to a final temperature of 25.0 °C, have been determined. The specific heats of the solid over the temperature range 0 to − 70 °C. have been measured. The latent heat of fusion of deuterium oxide has been determined. The specific heat of liquid deuterium oxide is shown to be greater than that of water in the temperature region in which measurements were made. A comparison of the thermal properties of deuterium oxide with those of hydrogen oxide has been made, and certain points of interest are indicated.
NOTE ON THE VARIATIONS IN AREA AND IN STAINING INTENSITY OF RED BLOOD CELLS AND ON THEIR CORRELATION
Authors: Savage Alfred , Goulden C. H. , Isa J. M.
Published: April 2011

By means of a laborious technique, based on the use of a projection microscope and a sensitive electric photometer, it has been shown that both the areas and transparencies of stained red blood cells may be determined. From the few observations completed, it appears that, statistically, these attributes are positively correlated in normal human blood and their regression line is straight. In pernicious anemia the A/T correlation is negative. Cases of secondary anemia may show either positive or negative A/T correlations. The pathological blood specimens studied all showed non-linear A/T regression lines.
A PLOTTER FOR HIGH OBLIQUE AIR PHOTOGRAPHS
Authors: Burns E. L. M. , Field R. H.
Published: April 2011

A machine for plotting maps from high oblique air photographs has been developed under the direction of the Associate Committee for Survey Research. It is designed for use in mapping to the small scales which meet ordinary Canadian requirements, and is not intended to compete with the more elaborate machines now in use for large-scale mapping.A short description of the plotter is given, and is followed by an account of two experiments, in the first of which it was used to produce a contoured map by a method that involved establishing the position of the camera at exposure from control points fixed by ground survey. In the second experiment the planimetry of a typical area in northern Canada was plotted, with no control other than altimeter elevations of the aircraft, and the elevation of a large lake. The time expended on these experiments was recorded, but in view of the experimental nature of the work and the need shown for minor improvements in the machine, these results are not a true measure of the efficiency that may be developed in practical mapping.
DIRECTION FINDING OF ATMOSPHERICS
Authors: Henderson John T.
Published: April 2011

The results of one summer's observation with a cathode ray direction finder and an automatic recorder to locate the bearings of atmospherics are given and discussed.It appears that storm areas or areas of low barometric pressure are responsible for many of the observed atmospherics. The feasibility of utilizing the method as a means of weather forecasting is suggested.
AN X-RAY POWDER CAMERA FOR SPECIMENS AT VARIOUS KNOWN TEMPERATURES
Authors: Barnes W. H. , Hampton W. F.
Published: April 2011

An X-ray camera designed specifically for pin-hole photographs of frozen gelatin gels at temperatures between 0° and −60 °C. is described. The novel feature of the camera is the method of mounting the specimen on the surface of a copper block, the temperature of which depends on a controllable circulation of acetone at a controllable temperature. The adaptability of the camera to modifications required by specific conditions of specimen or temperature other than those for which it was primarily designed is pointed out. It is shown that the camera appears to be suitable for the study of a great variety of materials over a considerable temperature range both below and above 0 °C., whenever a single crystal spectrograph, or an ionization spectrometer, is not required.