bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Briefing for accessibility in design
Authors: Ormerod Marcus G. , Newton Rita A.
Published: January 2007

Purpose

The aim of this paper is to report on a study that was undertaken into the practice and process of briefing within the UK. The purpose of the study was to assess the nature and extent to which accessible environments for new public buildings are considered at the briefing stage of the design process.

Design/methodology/approach

A questionnaire was distributed to 2,017 design practices in the UK, resulting in a usable response rate of 961 questionnaires.

Findings

The analysis of the questionnaires showed that, while designers are keen to ensure that buildings and their environments facilitate social inclusion, there are significant barriers to achieving this, particularly due to a lack of understanding of disability and how a person with a disability interacts with a building, and how the regulations and legislation can support this interaction rather than just providing minimum standards.

Practical implications

The implications of the research are that designers and clients are procuring buildings that are not fully inclusive, thereby excluding people from fully participating in the activities that are undertaken in that building.

Originality/value

The paper provides an insight into the relationship between designers and users by demonstrating that, while designers are keen to ensure that buildings and their environments facilitate social inclusion, there are significant barriers to achieving this.
Application of value management in project briefing
Authors: Yu Ann T.W. , Shen Qiping , Kelly John , Hunter Kirsty
Published: January 2007

Purpose

To describe a research project which seeks to establish a value management framework for project briefing to systematically identify and clarify client requirements, and represent these requirements precisely and explicitly to facilitate the design process.

Design/methodology/approach

Two research instruments are used: structured questionnaire survey to validate the theoretical framework established; and experiments to test the proposed value management framework with real‐life projects, supported by case studies.

Findings

The primary research findings of this project are the identification of 13 variables that have an impact on the briefing process, which form the basis of the theoretical framework. It is revealed that the theoretical foundation of the research supports the use of value management to the briefing process. Further validation will be completed by conducting questionnaire survey and real‐life case studies.

Originality/value

This paper improves comprehension of the nature, characteristics and problems of the briefing process. It also introduces the theoretical foundation of the research project and describes the process for the development of the value management framework for project briefing.
Briefing from a facilities management perspective
Authors: Kelly John , Hunter Kirsty , Shen Geoffrey , Yu Ann
Published: January 2007

Purpose

To identify the management tools and variables that impact briefing, assess the nature of current briefing practices, review the need for more structured techniques and determine the place of facilities management in briefing.

Design/methodology/approach

A detailed literature review to analyse and critique the briefing process was followed by a brainstorming session to explore relevant technical frameworks. A questionnaire survey investigated opinions of structured approaches to briefing.

Findings

The facilities manager operating within the strategic framework of the client organisation and having the necessary skills is a natural choice as brief writer. Facilities managers’ involvement is not strongly reflected in this research, indicating perhaps that they do not consider briefing a natural role or that they do not possess the skills for its undertaking. It is concluded that while briefing remains an unstructured investigative process, the skills for which are learned through experience, then architects and project managers will continue to dominate the activity.

Practical implications

Currently, briefing is unstructured, iterative, and uses a variety of media for its exposition. More formalised processes recognising strategic and project briefing are advocated in the literature. Options for improvement include a structured approach to investigative briefing and facilitated value management.

Originality/value

The limited involvement of facilities managers in briefing prompted this research. This paper identifies the structure and variables impacting the briefing process and concludes with options for formalised approaches to briefing.
Risk analysis of escape time from buildings
Authors: Wong L.T. , Fong N.K.
Published: January 2007

Purpose

To model the evacuation time from buildings in the event of emergencies based on occupant load, looking specifically at the exit width as a design parameter.

Design/methodology/approach

In this study, transient occupant loads from a simulation model based on a recent study of 34 offices in Hong Kong were used to evaluate the probable risk to evacuees in the case of an emergency evacuation. For this analysis the “door carrying capacity” approach was used, together with probability profiles for the occupant loads at certain exit flow rates. This paper investigates the occupant load profiles as well as the yearly and daily occupant load variations of some typical offices in Hong Kong and examines the fire safety implications of the office building designs from the perspective of the risk to evacuees.

Findings

The results show that the building occupant load, occupant‐load ratio, total exit width and specific flow rate at the exit significantly affect the risk to evacuees.

Research limitations/implications

The model parameters are not exhaustive and are determined from surveys in Hong Kong.

Practical implications

A useful source of reference in conducting risk assessment for safe egress design of office buildings for those involved in building design, operation and management.

Originality/value

This paper, taking account of exit design, occupant load and its variations using the door carrying capacity approach, presents a simple method to determine the probable risk to evacuees in offices.
The potential effects of variation orders on institutional building projects
Authors: Manzoor Arain Faisal , Sui Pheng Low
Published: January 2007

Purpose

To provide an in‐depth analysis of the potential effects of variations in institutional building projects, which would be helpful for building professionals in assessing and taking proactive measures for reducing the adverse impact of variations.

Design/methodology/approach

To achieve the study objectives, a questionnaire survey was carried out to collect information on potential effects of variations. Responses from 28 professionals working for a developer organization (a government agency) were analyzed. Furthermore, 26 face‐to‐face interviews using the questionnaires were also analyzed.

Findings

The results suggest that the most frequent effects of variations were increase in project costs, additional payments for contractor, progress affected but without any delay, completion schedule delay, increase in overhead expenses and rework and demolition. Recommendations were suggested based on the findings of the research and literature review.

Research limitations/implications

This paper presented only the developers' view of the effects of variation orders on institutional building projects in Singapore. Further works can be extended to survey the consultants and the contractors who have carried out these projects.

Practical implications

The study will benefit the professionals involved with institutional building projects. The professionals would learn about the downstream effects that may assist in the valuable evaluation of variation orders.

Originality/value

This is a timely study as the program of rebuilding and improving existing institutional buildings is currently underway in Singapore. A clearer view of the effects of variations on the projects will enable the project team to take advantage of beneficial variations. Furthermore, the findings can be used by future researchers to carry out studies on the management of variation orders in various other types of projects.
Radon emanation rates of common partition materials in Hong Kong
Authors: Mui K.W. , Wong L.T. , Au‐Yeung S.L.
Published: January 2007

Purpose

To determine the radon emanation rates of common partition materials in Hong Kong.

Design/methodology/approach

An initial slope of radon gas growth against time and a mass balance analysis can be used to quantify the magnitude of these rates from different types of partition materials. In particular, the radon‐222 emanations from boards of calcium silicate, gypsum and lightweight concrete were measured experimentally in a small impervious radon chamber.

Findings

The radon‐222 emanations from boards of calcium silicate, gypsum and lightweight concrete were measured experimentally in a small impervious radon chamber, and expressed as becquerels per square meter per hour of air (Bq m−2 hr−1). The rates found were 2.43, 0.22 and 0.46 Bq m−2 hr(1 respectively. Comparing with the emanation rate and the quantities of radon emitting construction materials in Hong Kong, these three partition materials have a low radon emitting level.

Research limitations/implications

The model parameters used in the study were not exhaustive and were determined from samples of materials used in Hong Kong.

Practical implications

A useful source of reference for determining the radon emanation rates of common partition materials used in building developments. The results can be used to identify the exposure risk of radon in buildings.

Originality/value

This paper proposes a mathematical model of radon emanation rates of common partition materials. The model offers practical helps to professionals planning, designing and managing the selection of building materials in buildings.
Managing stakeholder expectations in facility management using workplace planning and commitment making techniques
Authors: Pennanen Ari , Whelton Michael , Ballard Glenn
Published: January 2007

Purpose

To enable facility management to define workplace strategy basing on organizations strategy and operations.

Design/methodology/approach

In facility planning the workplace strategy process is subject to conditions of continuous change and uncertainty. The theory of workplace planning is constructed on the basis of production and commitment making concepts in order to link workplace to organization's general strategy. Workplace planning process includes computer‐aided applications for practical work. They measure owner needs such as user functions, geometrical and temporal needs, spatial performance and associated costs, thereby enabling activity‐based cost management.

Findings

The customer workplace is linked to a complex social system. Achieving a final commitment of an organization is an iterative process of commitments, withdrawals and new approaches. The workplace planning process displays evidence of supporting group collaboration in terms of fostering stakeholder engagement, developing high quality information, supporting innovation in the owner's functions, and the appropriate sharing of facility spaces among owner groups operating with limited resources. In the project case, the need for space (and life cycle costs) decreased 20 percent. All the activities can still be supported because of improved utilization.

Research limitations/implications

This research is concentrated on workplace needs, use and costs. It does not cover user operations efficiency or costs (like salaries, education etc.)

Originality/value

Workplace planning process and applications have been in practical use for several years. The results have been in concordance with case project findings.
Water seepage in multi‐storey buildings
Authors: Wong Joe T.Y. , Hui Eddie C.M.
Published: January 2007

Purpose

The objective is to address the major issues and suggest solutions to solve the water seepage and health related problems in residential buildings.

Design/methodology/approach

The methodology relies on a literature review on water damage in residential buildings with references to the vertical spread of SARS in a housing estate in Hong Kong. Working procedures for handling seepage complaints by Hong Kong government departments and their performance are examined.

Findings

The study found that individual departments have difficulties in identifying: the cause and source of seepage, and resolutions to the problem given the limited powers and legal constraints that exist. A holistic approach by individual departments is needed to address the issue. The proposed formation of Owners' Corporations, third party insurance and repair and maintenance sinking fund for old buildings would help solve the building defect and health related problems.

Practical implications

The suggestions in the study would help reduce and partly prevent the environmental nuisance and, more importantly, health risk. Residents are better prepared in the future for a possible return of SARS or other infectious disease.

Originality/value

Research on water damage is very scarce in Hong Kong. And perhaps this is the first of its kind. The study identifies the broader issue of maintaining and managing a high‐rise residential building. The building management and health related problems identified in the study should be noted in any policy addressing housing and health issues.
Left Brain Marketing Planning: a Forrester Research® viewpoint
Authors: Pickton David
Published: January 2007

Purpose

This viewpoint, based on research undertaken by Forrester Research, aims to assess the impact of technological change on consumer behaviour, especially media habits, and the implication this holds for marketing planners. Currently, it is believed that marketing planners are out of step with new customer behaviours growing out of the changing consumer technological environment. Left Brain Marketing Planning emphasises the need, opportunity and the means by which planners can adopt more analytical procedures to improve marketing planning by greater use of data‐driven approaches that permit the selection and allocation of marketing resources based on an holistic picture of customers across all points in the buying process.

Design/methodology/approach

A two stage approach adopted by Forrester Research. First, a marketing allocation tool was devised using Forrester's Consumer Technographics® data to understand how consumers interact with 13 media. These were used to index each medium against four marketer inputs: business goals, target audience, product type, and targeting approach. Second, interviews were conducted with marketers and agencies to understand current marketing planning processes and best practices and their response to the marketing allocation tool. Interviews were also held with marketing planning experts for additional perspectives around how they anticipate marketing planning will change over the next five years.

Findings

Principally, current marketing planning processes are based on traditional approaches that take too little account of the new realities brought about by technological change. The media selected in the marketing planning process do not reflect the media habits of today's consumers. New technology has changed customer behaviour and new technology holds the means by which this can be monitored and evaluated to assess the effectiveness of marketing plans as they are implemented. Changes need to be made, and the means are at hand to achieve such changes, that allow more analytical approaches to marketing planning in understanding what is happening in today's marketplaces and not just an emphasis on marketing metrics for the purpose of meeting internal financial imperatives.

Originality/value

There is much debate about the dynamics in marketing planning between creative approaches and a greater emphasis on marketing metrics to ensure greater marketing accountability. This paper highlights the importance of analytical approaches that do not, of themselves, limit creativity. While encouraging the use of measurement and analytical tools, the paper emphasises the need to use these throughout the planning process and exploit the facilities enabled by new technology to assist in the process of better understanding consumers and communications and buying processes.
Understanding the relationship between attribute performance and overall satisfaction
Authors: Busacca Bruno , Padula Giovanna
Published: January 2007

Purpose

There is a pressing need for practitioners to adopt viable analytic procedures that may help them optimize resource allocation to strengthen customer satisfaction. This paper reviews a range of procedures used for measuring customer satisfaction that are identified in the literature and tests which procedures might be more useful to practitioners.

Design/methodology/approach

Customer satisfaction measurement procedures developed in the literature are reviewed to assess the non‐linear and asymmetric relationship between attribute performance and overall satisfaction. A convergent validity test between the two measurement procedures that the review suggests are the most suitable for application in practice is then conducted to discover the relative merits of each. The test is based on an empirical investigation carried out in the mobile communication industry.

Findings

Two measurement procedures were identified as the most appropriate to practitioners, “regression with dummy variables” and the “Importance Grid”. These were compared using a convergent validity test, which revealed a lack convergent validity between the two. Discussion about the reliability of the two procedures and the implications for practice is provided. On balance, the regression with dummy variables was identified as the better approach.

Originality/value

The paper highlights the importance that recognition is given to the non‐linear and asymmetric response of customer satisfaction to the performance of different product/service attributes if appropriate decisions are to be made for allocating marketing resources. While research on customer satisfaction has emphasized the need to account for the non‐linear and asymmetric relationship between attribute performance and overall satisfaction, no effort has been made to disseminate these insights fully among practitioners. Since understanding the relationship between attribute performance and overall satisfaction is paramount if resource allocation to improve attribute performance is to be prioritized correctly, there is a pressing concern to move customer satisfaction programs closer to the theory predictions. A range of measurement procedures is reviewed and compared. Through this work, academics and practitioners may gain further insight into procedures for measuring customer satisfaction and an understanding of the relative benefits and limitations of the procedures that may be adopted.
The four Cs of customer loyalty
Authors: Rowley Jennifer
Published: January 2007

Purpose

To propose a categorisation of customer loyalty types to further increase our understanding of the nature of loyalty.

Design/methodology/approach

By segmenting customers who are both loyal in attitude and behaviour to a brand, a model is proposed that differentiates between customers whose loyalty is inertial, and those whose loyalty is positive.

Findings

Four categories of loyal customer are proposed: captive, convenience‐seekers, contented and committed. The behaviours and attitudes that can be expected of customers in these different categories are discussed. It is also suggested that customers in different categories will respond in different ways to triggers to switching. Further research that investigates customers' reasons for loyalty behaviour in relation to a portfolio of brands is recommended to validate the model and to enhance understanding and predictability of customer loyalty propensities.

Originality/value

There is agreement that loyals are important for the future of the business, and that this category is deserving of special attention. Since loyalty is key in customer development and profitability, it is important to understand the loyalty condition in more detail, and to use this understanding to develop further the relationship with customers in the loyal category. The model proposed here subdivides loyals in Dick and Basu's categorisation based on behaviour and attitudes. Four categories of loyalty are proposed: captive, contented, convenience‐seeker and committed. Each is described and discussed, and their management implications and research agendas identified. It is noted that any one individual is likely to exhibit the characteristics of each of these categories in relation to different products, services, outlets, and their associated brands. This is a speculative model at this stage of development, which is intended to provoke further thought about the nature of loyalty.
Predictors of consumer trust: likelihood to pay online
Authors: Black Gregory S.
Published: January 2007

Purpose

Using data relating to eBay transactions, investigates the economic, demographic, and geographic factors affecting willingness to pay for purchases online.

Design/methodology/approach

Carries out regression analysis of 3,386 eBay transactions, over a two‐year period, reported by two American sellers operating on the United States eBay site. In all auctions examined, consumers had the option of making payment online or by various traditional payment methods.

Findings

Analysis identifies several variables as reasonable predictors of the chosen payment method, including the value of the transaction, the buyer's gender, rural versus urban residence, and several other characteristics of the community in which the buyer lives.

Research limitations/implications

The general demographic, geographic, and economic variables of consumers can be used by researchers and planners to predict consumers' willingness to make online payments. The effect of income demands further investigation. Factors not identified – such as consumer personality and ethnicity or product category – might also influence this form of online consumer behaviour. The study is restricted to online consumer auction transactions in one country only.

Originality/value

Uses a larger sample than most previous studies of eBay to identify general demographic, geographic, and economic characteristics of an American sample of eBay consumers, which act as predictors of willingness to make online payments for purchases. Can be a departure point for further research in other countries.
Competitive intelligence activity: evidence from Greece
Authors: Priporas Constantinos‐Vasilios , Gatsoris Lampros , Zacharis Vassilis
Published: January 2007

Purpose

To investigate awareness, attitudes and implementation with respect to competitive intelligence (CI) in Greece.

Design/methodology/approach

In‐depth interviews with a sample of 50 well‐known companies around Thessaloniki, an area of strategic marketing importance in Greece, representing a reasonable cross section of types and sizes of enterprise.

Findings

For the present, adoption in Greece is well behind the USA, but roughly on a par with the UK. The reasons for slow adoption are: unawareness, lack of sufficiently competent staff and a shortage of experts available to train them, perceptions of the cost, and somewhat complacent satisfaction with the general market research activity of in‐house marketing departments. The focus is on short‐term customer satisfaction, rather than long‐term competitiveness.

Research limitations/implications

A deliberately limited exploratory study of a small sample in a highly localised setting. Recommendations are presented for further research.

Practical implications

In the turbulent business environments of the present day, CI can make a crucial strategic contribution to competitive success.

Originality/value

This study broadly confirms the findings and conclusions of previous research in the UK. It has clear value to strategic planning for marketing in Greece itself, but also in general.
Shelter in the storm: marketing strategy as moderated by the hostile environment
Authors: Ward Steven , Lewandowska Aleksandra
Published: January 2007

Purpose

To assess which components of the marketing orientation, along with the new measure societal marketing orientation, predict the performance of the firm and which are moderated by the environment.

Design/methodology/approach

Survey research in 1999 and hierarchical regression of 81 items.

Findings

Competitor‐based strategy has a more positive impact on firm's performance than the market‐based alternative. Its effectiveness is enhanced by the degree of competitive turbulence in the environment – as, for example, in Singapore in 1999. Societal marketing strategies, while morally appealing, are negatively associated with performance, and further negatively moderated by competitive hostility. The study found no support for the association between market orientation and performance.

Research limitations/implications

The findings are limited somewhat by the size and nature of the sample and the low response rate, though these compare well with other studies in the field. The research shows the importance of the business environment as a moderator of the performance of business strategies.

Practical implications

Marketing intelligence gatherers and strategists should take note that choice of an appropriate business strategy is moderated by the environment. Market‐based business strategies are not necessarily the most effective.

Originality/value

Apart from the main findings, introduces an important measure of a firm's societal orientation.
Marketing health‐enhancing foods: implications from the dairy sector
Authors: Armstrong Gillian , Farley Heather , Gray Jennifer , Durkin Mark
Published: January 2007

Purpose

To assess the potential for development in the agri‐food sector by investigating: consumer awareness of health‐enhancing foods; key influences on their perceptions of and attitudes towards these foods; their relevant purchasing behaviour in the context of the Northern Irish dairy products market. To develop recommendations for future segmentation and positioning strategies for health‐enhancing dairy foods.

Design/methodology/approach

Northern Ireland is a geographically discrete area of the United Kingdom, which relies heavily on the agri‐food industry in general, and the dairy sector in particular. A consumer questionnaire was adapted from previous studies. After two pilot studies with 30 and 50 consumers, 600 were administered face‐to‐face to a quota sample of male and female shoppers in six key supermarkets across Northern Ireland. Results were collated and analysed by SPSS. Descriptive parametric and non‐parametric statistics re‐reported in findings.

Findings

There is potential for the agri‐food industry to expand further, particularly in the case of added‐value food products, among which health‐enhancing foods should be treated as an important subset. However, a pre‐requisite is development of enhanced consumer segmentation and product positioning strategies.

Research limitations/implications

The findings and conclusions derive from one study of one specialist product type in one small national market. Generalisation should be possible, at least informally, but comparative studies are indicated.

Practical implications

The findings indicated a general lack of awareness of the health‐enhancing food concept and the level of (largely proven) health benefits of such products, which is a barrier to their wider adoption of these products. The key aims goals for marketing planners in this context are thus awareness generation and consumer education. The crucial segments of the general target audience and the core message to be conveyed, are both defined by the findings.

Originality/value

This study provides a research‐based foundation for a more proactive and informed marketing strategy in a particular context, potentially transferable to other market sectors and locations.
Green value added
Authors: Hartmann Patrick , Apaolaza Ibáñez Vanessa
Published: January 2007

Purpose

To provoke thought, and perhaps responses, to a radical view of “green marketing” and its place in society.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper is essentially an essay but, based on a careful review of the relevant literature, several empirical studies conducted by the authors themselves, and some practical experience in green marketing.

Findings

The key challenge for green marketers has been in the past and will be more so in the future to strengthen individuals' perception of the individual benefits to be gained from “going green” by adding more and stronger emotional values to green brands. Future green marketing research should extend its analysis to the emotional motivations and benefits associated with environmentally responsible consumption behaviour.

Research limitations/implications

This essay is not based on a specific empirical study; it expresses a personal point of view, albeit well grounded in theory and practice. Green branding is a promising topic for future research.

Practical implications

The propositions put and conclusions drawn can form the basis of a potentially valuable toolkit for those planning marketing and communication strategies for green products and services.

Originality/value

The role of emotional benefits, particularly those based on the hypothetical human affinity with nature, has scarcely been attended to until now, in the field of green marketing.
Engineering information modeling in databases: needs and constructions
Authors: Ma Z.M.
Published: January 2007

Purpose

To provide a selective bibliography for researchers and practitioners interested in database modeling of engineering information with sources which can help them develop engineering information systems.

Design/methodology/approach

Identifies the requirements for engineering information modeling and then investigates how current database models satisfy these requirements at two levels: conceptual data models and logical database models.

Findings

Presents the relationships among the conceptual data models and the logical database models for engineering information modeling viewed from database conceptual design.

Originality/value

Currently few papers provide comprehensive discussions about how current engineering information modeling can be supported by database technologies. This paper fills this gap. The contribution of the paper is to identify the direction of database study viewed from engineering applications and provide a guidance of information modeling for engineering design, manufacturing, and production management.
Securing industry‐wide EPCglobal Network with WS‐Security
Authors: Shih Dong‐Her , Sun Po‐Ling , Lin Binshan
Published: January 2007

Purpose

To provide the secure web services framework in an environment designed to integrate RFID system into the EPCglobal Network.

Design/methodology/approach

Utilizing web services helps maximize the value of information generated from RFID systems and, taking advantage of web services security (WSS) technology, to provide an XML‐based abstraction layer for established security technologies that delivers confidentiality, integrity, authentication, authorization, and non‐repudiation in EPCglobal Network.

Findings

This paper inspects four cases of trust relationships in one‐to‐one and one‐to‐many teamwork models that exemplify how the proposed WSS specifications being used in industry‐wide EPCglobal Network are envisioned. For each of these cases the different security strategies were proposed. Also a comparative view is given, of discussed security strategies which businesses may wish to consult.

Originality/value

This first proposed secure framework integrating web services and WSS technology to industry‐wide EPCglobal Network will provide business an integration and collaboration capabilities, which make it easier for trading partners to electronically share real‐time RFID data and conduct transactions in an accurate, complete, highly controlled, and secure environment.
Learning during the quality management process
Authors: Ruiz Moreno Antonia , García Morales Víctor , Lloréns Montes Francisco Javier
Published: January 2007

Purpose

The goal of this research is to provide a model of how service firms respond to their environment by developing both different quality management (QM) practices and organizational learning.

Design/methodology/approach

We review the different contributions to the study of the relationship between organizational learning and quality. Based on prior research, we propose a series of hypotheses concerning the influence in service firms of QM practices on organizational learning and the influence of the degree of implementation of the practices. Finally, we tested these hypotheses empirically using a sample of 127 service firms operating in the European Union.

Findings

The results of the investigation reveal first, a strong relationship exists among organizational learning and QM practices. Second, we verified that the relations between different QM practices and between QM practices and organizational learning are stronger in service firms with a high degree of implementation of these practices. Finally, we have verified that, although QM practices have been derived from the experience of consultants and practitioners in manufacturing, these practices can be transferred to services.

Research limitations/implications

The conclusions of this study may be subject to several limitations that suggest further possibilities for empirical research. First, survey data based on self‐reports may be subject to social desirability bias. Second, the conclusions established by our study should be interpreted with care when generalizing, since we have concentrated exclusively on the service sector. Third, the cross‐sectional nature of the research allows us to analyze only a specific situation in time of the organizations studied, not their overall conduct through time. Future research should place more emphasis on longitudinal studies.

Practical implications

We have obtained a model of QM practices that encourages learning in service organizations, enabling directors to manage service environments while taking into account their unique characteristics.

Originality/value

This paper identified a model of QM practices (Leadership, policy‐strategy, people, processes and partnerships resources) that encourages organizational learning in service organizations.
The effect of facility size on manufacturing structure and performance
Authors: Davis Robert A. , Vokurka Robert J.
Published: January 2007

Purpose

There has been considerable discussion over the last several years concerning the size of manufacturing facilities and their productivity. Anecdotal evidence suggests that smaller facilities are more productive than larger facilities since they tend to be more focused on a smaller set of products. The assumption is that as facilities become larger, they lose their focus by expanding their product mix and as a result, productivity suffers. Very little empirical evidence exists to support this idea.

Design/methodology/approach

In an attempt to bring some empirical clarity to this question, a study was conducted involving over 300 US manufacturing facilities of various sizes, as measured by number of employees. The performance level of each facility was estimated through the use of 29 performance indicators. A statistical analysis was conducted addressing the relationship between facility size and performance.

Findings

While some differences in operating characteristics between the two groups were found, only a few significant differences in performance were found. Results of this data analysis do not support the general suggestion that small facilities are more productive than larger facilities.

Research limitations/implications

Since respondents spanned all manufacturing industries, there may be some differences in certain industries that are not reflected due to the cross‐industry nature of this study. Also, the responses to the items were all perceptual based on a seven‐point Likert scale. There were no objective measures included because of the incomparability between industries, particularly for performance measures.

Originality/value

Results of this study can provide valuable insight into the relationship between facility size and productivity.
Adoption of web site and e‐commerce technology among Malaysian public companies
Authors: Akmaliah Adham Khairul , Ahmad Maisarah
Published: January 2007

Purpose

This study examines the adoption rates of web site and e‐commerce technology by all 562 Malaysian public listed companies, as of March 2004, testing the proposition that the number having web sites would approach 100 percent, and that most companies serving end customers would also have e‐commerce systems.

Design/methodology/approach

After identifying and testing company URLs for operability, contents of all operable sites were evaluated to determine whether they had incorporated e‐commerce systems for online transactions.

Findings

Of the 562 companies, only 62 percent (351) were found to have operable web sites; and of 351, 96 percent (336) were solely informational, leaving only 4 percent (15) that were equipped for e‐commerce transactions.

Research limitations/implications

Further research is needed on reasons and consequences for not adopting web site and e‐commerce technology, and on specific business contexts surrounding adoption decisions and related managerial challenges.

Practical implications

Analysis of findings and research literature strongly suggest that having a web site would give any public listed company a major advantage in the marketplace. The most effective web site implementation appears to require aligning new technology with company's strategic planning, integrating it into existing operations, using it to exploit new business opportunities and considering customer behavior theory when designing and implementing the web site interface.

Originality/value

As the first study to examine adoption of web site and e‐commerce technology by all currently existing Malaysian public listed companies, this provides a benchmark for further research on the subject.
Factors affecting intentions to purchase via the internet
Authors: May So W.C. , Danny Wong T.N. , Sculli Domenic
Published: January 2007

Purpose

To investigate web‐shopping behaviour in Hong Kong: identification of the general attitude towards web‐shopping; relationships between past web‐shopping experience, attitude towards web‐shopping, adoption decisions, search behaviour and web‐shopping intentions; and influences of promotional offers and product categories on web‐shopping intentions.

Design/methodology/approach

Relevant hypotheses were constructed and a web‐based questionnaire survey was than conducted using technically educated subjects. The proposed hypotheses were statistically tested and principal components analysis and structural equations were used to produce a structural model.

Findings

Web‐shopping intentions are directly affected by web‐search behaviour and web‐shopping adoption decisions, and are indirectly affected by web‐shopping attitudes, past web‐shopping experiences and past experience with the web. Web‐search behaviour was a stronger factor than adoption decision in terms of influencing web‐shopping intentions. The presence of promotional offers had a positive effect on web‐shopping intentions, and web‐shopping intentions were different for different product categories.

Research limitations/implications

The sample employed was composed of technically educated undergraduates and graduates and thus limiting generalizations to a higher levels.

Practical implications

Experienced internet users and experienced web‐shoppers are more likely to be potential future web‐shoppers. Those who have a general dislike for shopping and who tend to buy in a great haste when the purchase becomes absolutely necessary may eventually be another group to become web‐shoppers.

Originality/value

The primary value of this paper lies in extending the understanding of Hong Kong web‐shopper behaviour, and in developing an empirical model that can partly explain the processes leading to web‐shopping intentions.
Information systems offshore outsourcing
Authors: Gonzalez Reyes , Gasco Jose , Llopis Juan
Published: January 2007

Purpose

The present paper has as its aim to deepen in the study of information systems offshore outsourcing, proposing three essential steps to make this decision: weighing up the advantages and risks of offshore outsourcing; analysing the taxonomy of this phenomenon; and determining its current geography.

Design/methodology/approach

With that objective in mind, it was decided to base the research work on the literature about this topic and the review of reports and statistics coming from different sources (consultants, the press, public institutions, etc.).

Findings

Offshore outsourcing has grown vertiginously in recent years. Its advantages exceed even those of onshore outsourcing, though it also involves greater risks derived from the (cultural and physical) distance existing between customer and provider. Various types of services and customer‐provider relationships hide under the umbrella of offshore outsourcing; i.e. it is not a homogeneous phenomenon. The main offshore outsourcing customers can be found in the USA and Europe, mainly in the UK but also in other countries such as Germany and France. As for provider firms, most of them are located in Asia − outstandingly in India but also in China and Russia. At present, there are important providers scattered in other continents as well.

Originality/value

The conclusions suggest that the range of potential offshore outsourcing destinations must be widened and that the search for a provider cannot be based exclusively on cost savings; other considerations such as quality, security and proximity of the provider must also be taken into consideration. That is precisely the reason why the study of new countries like Spain as offshore outsourcing destinations is proposed.
The impact of information technology on the competitive advantage of logistics firms in China
Authors: Lai Fujun , Zhao Xiande , Wang Qiang
Published: January 2007

Purpose

This paper seeks to examine the impact of information technology (IT) on the competitive advantages of third‐party logistics (3PL) firms in China.

Design/methodology/approach

A questionnaire‐based mail survey was conducted in mainland China. Spline regressions were used to model the relationship between IT and competitive advantages.

Findings

This study found that IT could significantly influence a firm's competitive advantage, and the effects are nonlinear.

Research limitations/implications

The modeled relationship between IT and competitive advantages may not hold in different cultural environments and industrial settings. The sample size was small.

Practical implications

A higher IT focus may improve a firm's competitive advantage. To achieve competitive advantages efficiently, it is essential to integrate IT, align IT strategy and business strategy, obtain IT‐related management skills, and achieve IT competency. 3PL managers can expect competitive advantages from their investments in IT to begin showing up when the deployment of IT is higher than the average relative to competitors.

Originality/value

This paper is a pioneering study that investigates the relationship between IT and competitive advantages in 3PL firms; is a pioneering study on IT and its impact on competitive advantages in China's 3PL firms; and provides valuable guidance and insights for 3PL managers to improve competitive advantages using information technology.
Productivity/performance measurement
Authors: Phusavat Kongkiti , Photaranon Watcharapon
Published: January 2007

Purpose

To address two key problems facing the production department at the government pharmaceutical organization (GPO). They were a lack of productivity and performance measurement at the operational level, and a need to assess the functional readiness to undertake its own performance‐analysis work.

Design/methodology/approach

The decision was made to apply the multi‐factor productivity measurement model (MFPMM). This was due to its ability to link with existing data that had been generated by the accounting department, its explicit integration between productivity and financial performance (i.e. profitability) at the operational level, and its major features such as information on opportunity gain/loss.

Findings

For the GPO, it was quite clear that productivity improvement would represent the critical direction for the production department in the future. Based on its initial deployment at the Section 3 unit, the MFPMM was generally viewed as a suitable tool for measuring and providing necessary productivity/performance information.

Practical implications

The database management needed to be improved in order to ensure timely provision of data into the MFPMM. Furthermore, better performance‐analysis capability by the staffs was required. In other words, both technical and managerial aspects must be recognized in order to ensure the MFPMM success and sustainability.

Originality/value

This study generated insightful information into operational performance at the GPO. It was clear that productivity represented the basis for formulating future policy initiatives.
A multiple regression model for patent appraisal
Authors: Hou Jiang‐Liang , Lin Hsiu‐Yan
Published: January 2007

Purpose

Concerning the general patent trading mechanism, this paper proposes a systematic patent appraisal model to provide patent transferors and transferees a reasonable price suggestion of the target patent.

Design/methodology/approach

Based on the appraisal factors (including the patent transferor, patent transferee, patent features, and patent trading specifications) and regression model, a patent trading system is developed with an automatic patent appraisal function.

Findings

Based on the case study, it is found that the system performance is better if the non‐critical factors can be identified and dropped out from the appraisal model.

Practical implications

The proposed model and platform can enhance patent trading performance and, therefore, the enterprise R&D tasks can be accomplished more efficiently.

Originality/value

This study proposes quantitative models of patent appraisal factors and a multiple regression model for patent appraisal to present an automatic patent price determination mechanism.