bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
« Pourquoi une présence au bureau de quinze heures par jour ? » Rapports au temps et genre dans la haute fonction publique
Authors: Favier Elsa
Published: June 2015

Résumé Cet article envisage les rapports au temps comme situés dans l’espace social et comme des éléments variables notamment selon la classe et le genre. Dans ce portrait des rapports au temps, observés dans le cadre d’entretiens avec des anciens élèves de l’ÉNA, on montre que la hiérarchie des postes est pour eux une hiérarchie inverse au contrôle sur le temps qu’ils permettent. Réussir, c’est avoir des dispositions à la gestion du temps qui permettent, en dépit d’un contexte temporel caractérisé par l’exigence d’une grande disponibilité pour le travail, de ne pas avoir à arbitrer entre le travail professionnel et le reste de la vie. La situation dans laquelle sont prises les femmes ayant des enfants les contraint dans l’expression de cet « aristocratisme temporel ».
Défis et enjeux de la place des femmes a l’ÉNA
Authors: Loiseau Nathalie
Published: June 2015

Résumé Partant du constat que l’ÉNA connait un taux relativement faible de féminisation dans ses promotions, l’article identifie plusieurs facteurs en amont de la formation. L‘absence de parité parmi les élèves résulte notamment d’un nombre insuffisant de candidates mais interroge aussi la nature des épreuves de sélection. Il souligne en revanche la réussite du parcours des femmes une fois entrées à l’ÉNA. Prenant acte de ce déséquilibre représentatif, l’article vient à expliquer certaines des mesures mises en œuvre par l’ÉNA pour rééquilibrer son recrutement.
Le dernier maillon dans la chaîne des inégalités ? Les particularités du profil des élèves de l’ÉNA
Authors: Larat Fabrice
Published: June 2015

Résumé Les concours d’accès à l’École nationale d’administration, caractérisés par un haut degré de sélectivité, sont destinés à assurer un recrutement méritocratique de la haute fonction publique. Pourtant le profil des admis présente aujourd’hui comme hier certaines particularités qui reflètent, au moins en partie, l’existence d’inégales chances d’accès. Cela étant, une analyse contextualisée des données récentes montre que ces inégalités ne sont pas propres à l’ÉNA. Elles s’insèrent dans une succession de paliers de sélection tout au long du parcours scolaire et des études supérieures. Les concours d’accès à l’ÉNA ainsi que le classement de sortie n’en représentent que l’étape ultime.
Vingt-cinq ans de troisième concours à l’ÉNA un exemple reussi de diversification de la haute fonction publique ?
Authors: Duthil Gilles , de Lorgeril Nicolas
Published: June 2015

Résumé Après la courte expérience de la troisième voie à l’ÉNA entre 1983 et 1986, le troisième concours de l’ÉNA a permis de recruter depuis 1990, plus de 200 professionnels issus du privé et de la société civile, afin d’élargir l’éventail des profils de la haute fonction publique. Contrairement aux pronostics pessimistes, cette nouvelle voie de recrutement a atteint ses objectifs de sélection (sélectivité, diversité socio‑professionnelle…), comme d’intégration. L’impact en termes de diversification, et plus précisément, d’hybridation, reste toutefois limité et les dispositifs d’accompagnement au niveau des ressources humaines ne sont pas toujours adaptés. Aujourd’hui comme hier, l’État qui souhaite favoriser la diversification de la haute fonction publique doit travailler sur un projet plus global d’attractivité des cadres issus du privé et ne peut se contenter du statu quo que représentent les troisièmes concours.
Aerobic exercise produces changes in plasma IL-6 but not IL-1b in four-beat gaited horses
Authors: Ferreira L.M.C. , Melo S.K.M. , Diniz A.I.A. , Vaz S.G. , Abreu J.M.G. , Manso H.E.C.C.C. , Filho H.C. Manso
Published: June 2015

Exercise is an important stressor and is correlated with cytokine production in several tissues. There is little information about changes in interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1b in four-beat gaited horses during a typical aerobic exercise challenge. The objective of this research was to characterise changes in plasma IL-6, IL-1b, cortisol and other blood biomarkers in four-beat gaited horses after a marcha simulation test. We subjected 12 fit horses (approximately 5 years old and 390 kg) to the marcha simulation test (MST) (i.e. a 10 min warm-up, 30 min at marcha and 15 min cool down). Blood samples were collected before the MST, immediately after the MST and 15 and 120 min after the MST (i.e. recovery). Results were analysed with One Way Repeated Measures ANOVA and a Tukey tests with P≤0.05 and Pearson correlation test. The highest value of plasma IL-6 was observed immediately after MST (6.85 pg/ml) (P≥0.05). IL-1 and cortisol did not change (P≥0.05). However, creatine kinase (CK) and aspartate aminotransferase, nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA), glycerol, total cholesterol and glucose were elevated immediately after the MST and at 15 min after the MST (P≤0.05). No change was observed in alanine aminotransferase and triglycerides (P>0.05). Medium correlation was observed between NEFA and glycerol (R=0.64) and glycerol and triglycerides (R=0.50). In conclusion, an increase in IL-6 immediately that occurred after marcha simulation test was associated with elevated concentrations of several energetic metabolites (NEFA, glycerol and glucose). This metabolic adaption may contributed to the horses’ performance during their typical aerobic exercise and was not associated with significant elevation in IL-1b, CK, and cortisol in healthy trained four-beat gaited horses.
Who Controls Whom?
Authors: Rosli Ainurul , Robinson Peter
Published: June 2015

This chapter looks into the importance of having a clear identity of a boundary spanner in determining the role of the partners in a university-industry knowledge transfer programme. It highlights issues around the relationship between the business and the graduate as the boundary spanner, where the university's level of control differs between two programmes: Knowledge Transfer Partnership (KTP) and Knowledge Exchange and Enterprise Network (KEEN) programme. The four case studies illustrate interesting points since the university is the employer for the KTPs associate and the business is the employer for the KEEN associate, whilst successful KTP and KEEN projects rely on a full understanding of the role of the graduate within the business.
Cultural Capital and Industrial Cluster Competitiveness
Authors: Sebayang Asnita Frida , Rutten Roel , Irawati Dessy
Published: June 2015

This chapter explains how cultural capital affects the competitiveness of Indonesia's Cibaduyut footwear cluster. Cultural capital are norms and values affecting community behaviour that in turn affect cluster innovation, market share, and productivity. Small family businesses with a long tradition of stability and pursuing family interests dominate the cluster. Consequently, despite strong norms and values emphasizing working hard and honesty, (in)formal cluster rules promote self-interest rather than collective action. This results in a non-innovative business-as-usual attitude, hampers collective investments in human resource development and the adoption of new production technologies, leaving the cluster with low productivity and inferior product quality, restricting it to domestic markets. It also leaves the small business vulnerable to large trading companies on which they depend for international market access. The pursuit of low prices rather than quality plays small firms against each other, thus further hampering innovation and restricting the cluster's ability to expand internationally.
Identifying the Key Success Factors of Innovation for Improving the New Product Development Process
Authors: Relich Marcin , Šujanová Jana
Published: June 2015

This chapter is concerned with the study of success factors identification in product innovation. The critical success factors are identified on the basis of project management software database and questionnaires concerning communication and quality management in new product development. The model of measuring innovation includes the indicators connected with the fields such as research and development, purchasing and materials management, manufacturing, sales and marketing, and communication. The proposed methodology enables merger of objective indices and subjective judgments with the use of fuzzy logic. In order to identify the relationships between product success and project environment parameters, the artificial neural networks are used.
Knowledge Transfer between Universities and Knowledge Intensive Business Services
Authors: Ferreira João J. , Fernandes Cristina , Raposo Mário L.
Published: June 2015

In this chapter, the authors study the importance of regional entrepreneurship as well as the characteristics of location, and show that the basis for creation of new firms is knowledge, thus giving emphasis to broadcasters (spillovers) of knowledge coming from universities and other R&D institutions. Thus, the knowledge generated arises from the collaboration between companies and public research institutions (Audretsch & Lehmann, 2005). Here, the authors specifically address the KIBS to the extent that they are creators, users, and transmitters of intensive knowledge. This shows the importance of the study of cooperation between universities and firms, especially KIBS. In this sense, the empirical results demonstrate that cooperation between KIBS and universities occurs independent of their location (rural or urban) and typology (professional or technological). The authors furthermore find that rural KIBS have increased their levels of graduate employment faster than their urban KIBS peers.
Exploring How Institutions Influence Social and Commercial Entrepreneurship
Authors: Ferri Elisabeth , Urbano David
Published: June 2015

The purpose of this chapter is to analyse the institutional factors that condition entrepreneurial activity, distinguishing between social and commercial entrepreneurship and using institutional theory as conceptual framework. We statistically test our hypotheses through linear regression models in a global setting using a sample of 43 countries and data from Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, Doing Business, and Worldwide Governance Indicators (2009). Compared with commercial entrepreneurship we find that social entrepreneurship is positively influenced by education level whereas the minimum capital requirements do not affect the social entrepreneurial process in contrast to commercial entrepreneurship. In addition, the results suggest that role models and fear of failure influence social entrepreneurship. This study contributes theoretically (advancing in the literature with an integrated model that relates institutions and entrepreneurial activity considering the relationship between social and commercial entrepreneurial activity) and practically (for the design of policies to foster both social and commercial entrepreneurship).
The Challenges of Smart Specialization Strategies and the Role of Entrepreneurial Universities
Authors: Santos Domingos , Caseiro Nuno
Published: June 2015

This chapter explores the relation between the concepts of entrepreneurial universities (EU) within the framework of Smart Specialization Strategies (S3). The latter is arising as a new competitive paradigm and universities can be of great importance for its successful implementation because of their contribution both as a partner institution, policy actor and producer of knowledge and social capital that can affect the potential for economic growth and development of regions. The links and contributions of both dimensions are presented and explored. As a final point, the concept of entrepreneurial ecosystem is presented as a consequence and future development of the dynamics resulting S3 and entrepreneurial universities interactions.
Social Entrepreneurship and Social Innovation
Authors: Cunha Jorge , Benneworth Paul , Oliveira Pedro
Published: June 2015

In the last two decades, a renewed interest on the concepts of social innovation and social entrepreneurship has emerged. In fact, a large body of theoretical developments that occurred in the fields of innovation, territorial development, social economics, and public governance (among others) have emphasised the need to adopt new approaches to new (or emerging) problems, such as: climate change; chronic diseases; increasing inequalities in income distribution; high rates of unemployment (particularly among young people); the impact of ageing population; and mass urbanisation and social exclusion phenomenon. This chapter aims at contributing to this literature by making an attempt to distinguish both concepts: social innovation and social entrepreneurship. For that purpose, the definition of each of these concepts, their main features as well as their major differences are presented. Finally, the role that HEIs might play in promoting social innovation and social entrepreneurship initiatives is also discussed.
A Continuance Model for Optimized Participation in Virtual Communities
Authors: Shanmugam Mohana , Jusoh Yusmadi Yah
Published: June 2015

The social commerce wave has opened up vast opportunities in emerging markets through virtual communities' participation. This chapter investigates the constructs and theories from the social psychology perspective looking into the intention and behaviour prospect by extending the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) and integrating the Social Support Theory (SST) to purport a continuance model for virtual communities' optimized participation in Malaysia. The model uncovers that the emotional and informational constructs of the SST and constructs of the TPB as well as perceived value optimizes participation. This chapter also establishes a continuance model and illustrates how theory from the social psychology literature positions the constructs of SST, TPB and perceived value in enhancing the participation of virtual communities. The SEM-PLS method used to analyse the data shows that the intention and behaviour of the virtual communities determine users' participation level. Furthermore, this chapter seeks to enlighten our knowledge on virtual communities and tap into the social commerce capabilities.
The Role of Ethical Leadership in Ethical Organizations
Authors: Kasemsap Kijpokin
Published: June 2015

This chapter reveals the role of ethical leadership in ethical organizations, thus illustrating the theoretical and practical overviews of ethical leadership, organizational ethical culture, and organizational ethical climate; the significance of organizational ethical climate in organizational performance; and the significance of ethical leadership and organizational ethical culture in ethical organizations. The utilization of ethical leadership is crucial for ethical organizations that seek to serve suppliers and customers, increase business performance, strengthen competitiveness, and achieve continuous success in global business. Therefore, it is essential for ethical organizations to explore their ethical leadership applications, promote a strategic plan to systematically evaluate their practical advancements, and urgently respond to the ethical leadership needs of organizational members in ethical organizations. Applying ethical leadership in ethical organizations will greatly improve organizational performance and reach business goals in the social media age.
Effective Mentorship, Effective Communication
Authors: Kelly Stephanie , Morrow Jennifer Ann , Skolits Gary
Published: June 2015

This chapter explores the ethical and perceptual concerns related to communication between mentors and mentees. The chapter first explores the importance of the mentor-mentee relationships, considering both physical and psychological obligations that when breached can lead to unethical mentoring. The body of effective mentorship research is summarized using a learning taxonomy to conclude characteristics and responsibilities of an effective mentor. Finally, drawing from both communication and educational psychology literature, the analysis of both mentor and mentee practices and responsibilities culminates in research grounded, pragmatic advice for both parties.
Challenges in Ethics Education
Authors: Anyansi-Archibong Chi
Published: June 2015

Ethics, broadly defined, is having the integrity to act in a moral and civil manner. It calls for both organizations and individuals to act responsibly and with some trust. This chapter describes a collaborative and cooperative initiative to assess the effectiveness of research ethics education. A pre- and post-survey of over 200 graduate researchers in seven doctoral offering institutions of the North Carolina University System who participated in the open seminar research ethics course showed significant improvement on knowledge and attitude about ethics but did not show improvement in ethical reasoning skills assessment. Compared to the control group, these findings lead researchers to the conclusions that effective ethics education and training may be improved by developing programs that create a community of supportive peers and mentors rather than individual training designed to effect compliance regulations and codes of conduct.
Ethical Issues Underlying the Instructor's Manual for Teaching with Cases
Authors: Sherman Herbert , Dinur Adva Rachel
Published: June 2015

This second chapter on case research explores the ethical underpinnings of the writing order of the case/IM, IM authorship and validity, testing the case with a class, and students' plagiarism as well as access to the Internet and the IM. This is then followed by Section 4, entitled “Publish or Perish: The Value of Case Publication,” which addresses the perceived value of publishing teaching cases as well as how the demands for increased publishing (as well as the increased number of publishing outlets) may lead to more pragmatic and perhaps unethical actions by case authors.
An Overview of Radio Frequency Fingerprinting for Low-End Devices
Authors: Rehman Saeed Ur , Alam Shafiq , Ardekani Iman T.
Published: June 2015

RF fingerprinting is proposed as a means of providing an additional layer of security for wireless devices. A masquerading or impersonation attacks can be prevented by establishing the identity of wireless transmitter using unique transmitter RF fingerprint. Unique RF fingerprints are attributable to the analog components (digital-to-analog converters, band-pass filters, frequency mixers and power amplifiers) present in the RF front ends of transmitters. Most of the previous researches have reported promising results with an accuracy of up to 99% using high-end receivers (e.g. Giga-sampling rate oscilloscopes, spectrum and vector signal analysers) to validate the proposed techniques. However, practical implementation of RF fingerprinting would require validation with low-end (low-cost) devices that also suffers from impairments due to the presence of analog components in the front end of its receiver. This articles provides the analysis and implementation of RF fingerprinting using low-cost receivers and challenges associated with it.
MIMO-Based Secret Key Generation Strategies
Authors: Chen Kan , Natarajan Bala
Published: June 2015

Over the last decade, physical layer secret key generation (PHY-SKG) techniques that exploit reciprocity of wireless channels have attracted considerable interest among researchers in the field of wireless communication. Compared to traditional cryptographic methods, PHY-SKG techniques offer the following advantages: a computationally bounded adversary does not need to be assumed; PHY-SKG avoids the requirement of key management, and secret keys can be dynamically replenished. Additionally, PHY-SKG can enhance existing security schemes because it operates independently of higher layer security schemes. However, a key drawback of PHY-SKG is low secret key generation rate (SKGR), a critical performance metric. Therefore, the role of advanced network technologies (e.g., multiple input multiple output (MIMO) and cooperative MIMO) must be explored to enhance SKGR. This paper describes how MIMO and cooperative MIMO techniques can enhance SKGR.
A Method for Determination of Penicillin G Residue in Waste Penicillium chrysogenum Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Wang Pu , Liu Hui Ling , Wang Bing , Cheng Xiu Wen , Chen Qing Hua , Fu Huan
Published: June 2015

In this study, a rapid and selective method has been developed to determine PENG residues in waste penicillium chrysogenum by using SPE cleanup strategy followed by HPLC. Furthermore, some parameters which influenced the extraction efficiency including extraction mode, solvent and time, while washing solution and eluting solution for SPE were systematically investigated. It should be noted that the extraction process was carried out in a single step by mixing the extraction solvent acetonitrile: formic acid in aqueous solution and chrysogenum samples under ultrasound. The SPE procedure was conducted using Oasis HLB as the clean up cartridge, n-hexane as washing solution, and mixture of acetonitrile and methanol as eluting solution. Under the optimized conditions, the linear of PENG are in the range of 0.1-2000 μg/mL, with the correlation was R2>0.99. In addition, the recoveries of PENG in these samples at three fortification levels of 800-1800mg/kg were 74.98% to 113.47% are obtained, respectively. Moreover, a limits of detection (0.006 mg/kg) and quantification (0.02 mg/kg) could be achieved.
Temporal and Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Nitrate Nitrogen in Leachate of the Semi-Aerobic Landfill Treatment
Authors: Pang Xiang Rui , Chen Dan , Wang Xiao Long , Huang Qi Fei , Zhang Zheng An , Wang Jie , Zhang Jia Qi , Zuo Chen He , Li Hai Qiang
Published: June 2015

Contrast experiment was developed on the semi-aerobic and anaerobic landfill treatment. Leachate nitrate nitrogen concentrations in different landfill layers spatially were monitored regularly in two landfill equipments, and variations and differences of leachate nitrate nitrogen concentration of different landfills were discussed. The results showed that differences on the variation characteristics of nitrate nitrogen concentration in space and time were obvious in the landfill treatments with different structures. In 73 weeks of monitoring period, nitrate nitrogen concentration in the middle and the lower layer of semi-aerobic landfill treatment was in turn stable within 55.40 mg/L and 40.80 mg/L; The concentration fluctuations in both layers were small in general. Nitrate nitrogen concentration decreased respectively to 9.26 mg/L, 6.82 mg/L and 4.69 mg/L at the 73th week from 28.51 mg/L, 4.44 mg/L and 5.85 mg/L at the initial landfill stage in the lower , middle and the upper layer of anaerobic landfill treatment. When degradation of the landfill treatments went into relatively stable stage, nitrate nitrogen concentration in the upper, middle and the lower layer of semi-aerobic landfill treatment was located respectively in 30-240 mg/L, 2.5-11.0 mg/L and 5.5-13.5 mg/L respectively, and the spatial distribution difference of nitrate nitrogen concentration in the upper layer of semi-aerobic landfill treatment was relatively big, but those of the middle and the lower layer were relatively small, and they were both lower than the upper layer. Nitrate nitrogen concentration in the upper, middle and the lower layer of anaerobic landfill treatment was located in 1.6-7.4 mg/L, 3.8-7.2 mg/L and 7.5-15 mg/L respectively, and showing a performance of spatial nitrate nitrogen concentration that was the lower layer> the middle layer >the upper layer. Under the experimental conditions, seim-aerobic landfill treatment was favorable to the nitrification and denitrification of leachate in contrast with the anaerobic landfill treatment.
Research on the Influence of Kitchen Waste Separation on MSW Incineration
Authors: Liang Xuan Ye , Tang Jun , Xu Jie , Gu Xue Feng , Yin Feng Chao , Liang Feng , Li Ai Min
Published: June 2015

With the acceleration of urbanization and industrialization, the amount of MSW in China generated is growing fast, while the pollutants generated in the disposal process of MSW has gradually attracted people’s attention. This paper presents the generation and composition status of MSW in China, summarizing the problems during MSW incineration disposal, providing an assumption of kitchen waste separation and using heat balance calculation to analysis the impact of kitchen waste separation on MSW incineration. Results shows that after kitchen waste separated from MSW, the amount of MSW reduced obviously, moisture content dropped, calorific value improved, auxiliary fuel is not need to ensure the proper incineration process and combustion efficiency improved; meanwhile, the generation of greenhouse gases and air pollutants is reduced significantly. Overall, the separation of kitchen waste not only reduced the difficulty and handling stress of MSW incineration, but also improved the incineration efficiency, reduced the generation of pollutants during incineration process.
Analysis of Physical and Chemical Features of Sintering Dust and Study of Recycling Treatment
Authors: Pei Bin , Zhan Guang , Guo Zhan Cheng , Gao Jin Tao
Published: June 2015

Several physical and chemical detection methods were used to study the basic properties of sintering dust collected from Baogang Steel Corporation. The result shows that the major constituents of the electrostatic precipitator dust (ESP dust) were KCl, NaCl, Fe2O3 and Fe3O4. Water leaching experiment on the sintering dust had shown that the KCl in the ESP dust could be separated and recovered by water leaching and fractional crystallization. Component analysis of leaching solution showed that the massive calcium sulfate in the leaching solution should be removed first in order to obtain the pure potassium salt. In order to provide theoretical guidance to inhibit the dissolution of calcium ions from the sintering dust, the water leaching experiment of ESP dust and the dissolution behavior of CaSO4 in the potassium chloride, sodium chloride, potassium sulfate and their mixed salt solution were studied. Result showed that, a lower liquid-solid ratio should be chosen in the leaching process to inhibit the dissolution of calcium sulfate dehydrate. Using sodium carbonate solution as a precipitating agent, the influences of the concentration of sodium carbonate solution, reaction temperature, stirring speed on the preparation of the spherical calcium carbonate were studied. Spherical calcium carbonate with good dispersing performance and grain size distribution in nanometer range of less than 10μm was obtained. The production technology of potassium sulfate by double decomposition was sutdied, the results showed that over 80% and 12.76% of the recovery rate of potassium sulfate and potassium chloride ammonium compound fertilizer could be obtained. Furthermore, a potassium recovery process with joint production of spherical calcium carbonate and potassium sulfate was designed. This process is technically viable and considerable in economic benefit.
Preparation Thermal Insulation Masonry Mortar Using Regeneration Light Sand
Authors: Cao Su Gai , Li Pei Xin , Zhao Feng Qing , Zhang Zhi Guo
Published: June 2015

In this paper, ecotype cementing materials (with steel slag, mineral slag etc. as the main raw materials), waste aerated concrete, regeneration light sand and etc. were used as the main materials to prepare thermal insulation masonry mortar. Then the impacts of materials on the mortar’s performances such as strength, density and thermal conductivity were analyzed. At last, it obtained the optimal mixture ratio to prepare thermal insulation masonry mortar with a strength degree of M5. This kind of mortar used a lot of solid wastes as raw materials but with many advantages such as light weight, low thermal conductivity and low cost, all of this made it became a new environmental friendly thermal insulation masonry mortar.
Evaluating Solidification Characteristics of Textile Dyeing Sludge with Addition of Portland Cement and Attapulgite
Authors: Zhang Rui , Ren Hong Qiang , Ding Li Li , Geng Jin Ju , Xu Ke , Zhang Yan , Yu Qi Sheng
Published: June 2015

Cement-based solidification/stabilization (S/S) has been considered as an effective method to deal with hazardous wastes such as textile dyeing sludge. In this study, sludge from textile wastewater treatment plant was solidified by Portland cement and attapulgite at different mass ratios (sludge 0.1~0.8, cement 0.1~0.8, attapulgite 0.1~0.8), and the characteristics of the solidified blocks were evaluated. The maximum unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of 15.8 MPa was obtained at 28 d when the mass ratio of attapulgite, sludge and cement was 0.1:0.1:0.8, while in toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) test, relatively low concentrations of COD (100~150mg/L) in the leachate were found when the mass ratio was set to 0.3:0.1:0.6. Results of XRD and SEM/EDS indicated the existence of calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) in the solidified blocks. ANOVA results proved that the quadratic model could be utilized to characterize the relationship between COD of the leachate and the components in the mixture.
In Situ Transesterification of Sewage Sludge for Biodiesel Production
Authors: Zhu Fen Fen , Qi Juan Juan , Wei Xiang , Zhao Lu Yao , Xiong Yi Qun
Published: June 2015

To develop new clean energy has become an urgent task for many countries forced by the energy and environment crisis. To make biodiesel from sewage sludge is one of the solutions. In this study, biodiesel production from sewage sludge by in situ transesterification was discussed. The solvent is methanol and catalyst is sulfuric acid. In-situ transesterification, has many merits over conventional transesterification reaction such as it simply the procedure by skipping the step of lipid extraction and as a result cost can be saved. That is, the steps — sludge dissolved, lipid extraction and transesterification reactions — take place simultaneously. Methanol acts as an extraction solvent and as an esterification reagent as well. Experiments were conducted to determine the optimal parameters of in-situ transesterification for maximizing the yield of biodiesel, which are methanol to sludge mass ratio, acid concentration and temperature. The optimum synthesis condition was determined by orthogonal test L16 (43), and it was found that an optimum biodiesel yield can be obtained from sewage sludge by in-situ transesterification (16.6%) at methanol to sludge mass ratio 10:1(w/w), H2SO4 concentration 5% (v/v), and temperature 65°C. Temperature, H2SO4 concentration, and methanol to sludge mass ratio in sequence had significant influence on FAMEs yield. The FAMEs in the product were analyzed by GC-MS and the purity can be higher than 96%.
A Review of Thiocyanate Hydrometallurgy for the Recovery of Gold
Authors: Ma Chuan Jing , Li Jing Ying , Liu Ren Jie
Published: June 2015

Over the past century, numbers of hydrometallurgical processing technologies have been conducted for gold leaching in mining and second resource, such as cyanidation, being with high toxicity and low reaction rate, and non-cyanide---thiosulphate leaching and thiourea leaching, etc, having relatively high reagent consumption. Recently, ammonium thiocyanate was selected as leaching reagent in the laboratory study. Just as some papers shown, thiocyanate can be complexed tightly with Au+ or Au3+ to form water-soluble complexes according to the dynamic and thermodynamic system of thiocyanate gold and regenerated or obtained as a by-product in technological processes. And the extraction process is affected by many factors, such as thiocyanate concentration, oxidant concentration, liquid-solid ratio, temperature, and reaction time, especially pH and the category of oxidants, which can be chosen properly to make the method extensively applied in industrialization. Recent studies have shown that the gold leaching with thiocyanate under alkaline conditions is also viable using oxygen as oxidant. Then this article compares and analyzes the use of different oxidants in acid or alkali environment reaching a 96% leaching efficiency and the techniques of gold recycle from thiocyanate gold solutions. However, as the restriction for post-processing cost of thiocyanate and the strict requirement for the equipment in the acidic conditions or high pressure conditions, additional research should be directed towards making incorporation with other extraction methods perfectly. Two development tendencies are presented in this paper: (1) as additive; (2) as the lixiviant under alkaline or neutral conditions.
A Novel Route for Copper Recovery from Waste Printed Circuit Boards via Mechanochemistry
Authors: Ou Zhi Yuan , Li Jin Hui
Published: June 2015

This paper mainly introduces a novel route for copper recovery from waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs) via mechanochemistry. Copper in the crust is most commonly present as copper-iron-sulfide and copper-sulfide minerals (about 80%) and there exist many methods to extract copper from cooper ores in mineral engineering. It seems an alternative to transform the metallic components in obsolete materials to their corresponding compounds common in nature. By means of mechanochemistry, copper and sulfur were verified to form into copper sulfide in the model experiment, where, meanwhile, the optimal ball milling time was determined (20 minutes). In the real experiment, WPCB fragments and sulfur were mixed and ground for 20 minutes, no copper was detected by XRD analysis but copper sulfide was left. After leaching in sulfuric acid (3M) and hydrogen peroxide (30 wt%), the yield of copper reached nearly 95% and, also, resin was conserved for further utilization. This paper, for the first time, reports the green recovery route combining mechanical activation and sulfurization and may provide an alternative in other studies of metal recovery.
Bio-Extraction of Metals as Secondary Resources from E-Waste
Authors: Singh Narendra , Li Jin Hui
Published: June 2015

Electronic waste is widespread across the globe comprises wide range of elements, growing exponential recent years and even categorized as hazardous if the elements like lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, selenium, and hexavalent chromium etc. are present beyond the permissible quantities. They may also be important secondary resources if processed in eco-friendly manner for secured supply of contained metals. Bio-extraction of metals from E-waste with microbes such as bacteria and fungi is being increasingly explored to meet the twin objectives of resource recycling and pollution mitigation. This review focuses on the biological extraction techniques including an assessment has been made to quantify the different E-waste and their metal compositions, microbes used, metal leaching efficiency etc. and proposes that the biological recovery allows the cycling of metals by a process close to natural biogeochemical cycles reducing the demand for resources such as ores, energy, or landfill space.
The Research on Recovery Network Optimization of Medical Waste
Authors: He Zheng Gang , Liu Sha
Published: June 2015

Medical waste is one of the major hazardous wastes. Not only the costs (distance) but security issue also should be taken into consideration when we build the recovery network of medical waste. Load-balance can decrease transportation risk efficiently. From this point of view, we formulate a vehicle routing problem with balance constraints (VRPBC), where both costs and transportation risk are considered, to minimize the total distance and make the loads among recovery vehicles balanced. The results of the model also tell managers the number of the recovery vehicles they need to arrange and their travel path.The model is solved by using improved genetic algorithm (GA). This method can avoid dropping into local optimum by adding reverse evolution operation after crossover operation. Finally, the real data is collected from Jinniu District of Chengdu and the results show that VRPBC model can balance the load among all the vehicles efficiently. When imbalance penalty is between 0.06 and 0.1, the loads in each vehicle are totally balanced and the total distance is only 9.15% above the solution produced by VRP model.
A Research on the Recycling of PVC Waste by “Three-Rail Green Cycle”
Authors: Sun Ye
Published: June 2015

Based on the hazardous effect of PVC incineration, the perception of public and the condition of waste management, PVC should be considered as recessive deleterious substance in our life. An investigation about the perception and ways of disposal of PVC has got 1096 efficative questionnaires to analyze.The investigated group includes residents which mainly consist of students in 25 high schools and dozens of communities in 9 districts or counties in Tianjin. At the same time, the production, sale, management, recycling, and treatment link of PVC plastics has been investigated. Base on the results and the current circumstances in China, the"three-rail green cycle"system to recycle PVC waste is recommended,and high school students may help promote the system.
Utilization of Organic Waste and Residues – General Aspects and Innovative Solutions
Authors: Nelles Michael , Gruenes Jennifer , Rensberg Nadja , Schuech Andrea
Published: June 2015

Due to the foreseeable changes in the framework for bioenergy and especially for the use of energy crops, the organic waste and residuals becomes the focus of attention. Approximately two-third of the available total (organic) residue potential in Germany is already energetically used, whereby the thermal recovery with the use of waste wood preponderates. Approximately one-third of the total technical potential of biogas (including energy crops) consists of fermentable waste and residuals such as manure, industrial and municipal organic waste. The anaerobic digestion of biowaste and green waste also plays an increasingly major role in practice. The potential of agricultural residues as co-products (straw) and manure is slowly tapped for biogas production.
Study on General Industrial Solid Waste Situation and its Resource Utilization in Kunming in Recent Years
Authors: Qiu Cheng , Ye Chun Li , Yang Li Yong , Ye Chang Bing
Published: June 2015

With rapid industrialization, continuous economic development, increasing population and living standards, the amount of general industrial solid waste generated in Kunming has increased continuously from 2001 to 2011. In 2013, the total general industrial solid waste generation was 33.19 million tons, deceased by 9.59% over 2011. The disposal and comprehensive use amount of general industrial solid waste in Kunming has increased dramatically from 2001 to 2013, and the disposal and comprehensive use rate of industrial solid waste increased fast from 64.39% in 2002 to 97.68% in 2013,but the comprehensive use rate of general industrial solid waste has not increased largely. Kunming’s general industrial solid waste treatment capacity has obvious difference from generation capacity, the produced industrial solid waste each year has the utilization of nearly 40%, with about 60% of the solid waste we cannot use. The disposal and comprehensive use rate of general industrial solid waste is different in different region of Kunming. Although the resource utilization of general industrial solid waste has made some progress in Kunming, the technical level is still very low compared with developed region, specially, the comprehensive utilization rate of phosphogypsum and tailings was not beyond 17% in 2013. Thereafter, much still can be done to improve the treatment and disposal of industrial solid waste in Kunming.
Current Situation of E-Waste Issues in Mongolia
Authors: Ganjuurjav Erdenebayasgalan , Gantsolmon Khulan , Byambadorj Battuvshin , Nayantai Enkhtuya , Bayarsaikhan Govigerel , Duvjir Suvd , Surenjav Unursaikhan
Published: June 2015

Mongolia is a consumer of e-products and their parts are imported from abroad. Currently, e-waste represents the biggest and fastest growing manufacturing waste. The objectives of this study are collecting and analyzing data from statistical reports of Mongolia and comparing them to other countries, and recommending an infrastructure of e-waste management in the existing legal environment. Thereby, all data was published by governmental entities and central statistical bureaus. An e-product, such as computers and TV’s are leading by their imported quantity in Mongolia. The e-waste is becoming one of the most challenging environmental issues because of its tendency to be incompatible for reuse and recycling. However, up to now, a main portion of e-waste is utilized through re-using (45.1%) and disposing (31.9%), and fewer amounts are recycled (23.0%) as was estimated in a study supported with the Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Japan, 2010. In conclusion, Mongolia needs to establish e-waste management by implementing core activities such as adapting experiences from high developed countries, harmonizing the corporation between in governmental entities and supporting business activities of recyclers and retailers. The green development policy was approved by the Mongolian Parliament in June, 2014. According to this new policy, it is needed to be applied recycling incentives to raise the environmental awareness of all stakeholders.
Application and Prospection of Internet of Things Technology in Waste Management
Authors: Song Ruo Chen , Sun Xiao Fei , Zheng Yang , Hu Hua Long , Li Jin Hui
Published: June 2015

the application of Internet of things (IoT) technology in solid waste management was analyzed, including key areas such as municipal solid waste (MSW), medical waste, hazardous waste, and waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) management. Elaborates further in various fields of the main form of application and the application level at this stage. Also briefly analyses the trend and the direction of the development of the application.
Thermogravimetric Experimental Study on Combustion Performance of Co-Firing of Sludge, Coal and Biomass in Micro-Oxygen-Rich Environment
Authors: Fang Li Jun , Cao Tong , Liu Hong Kun , Li Chang
Published: June 2015

In order to study the combustion characteristics of sludge, coal, biomass and the mixed sample in micro-oxygen-rich environment (simulating micro-oxygen-rich environment with 30%O2/70%CO2), thermogravimetric analysis method is used in the paper. The experimental results show that under the micro-oxygen-rich environment, sludge has low ignition temperature, the average burning rate, burnout rate and flammability index, so combustion performance of sludge alone is poor and the weightlessness is more obvious in 200~600°C. But after mixing coal or biomass, combustion performance of sludge is improved. We use comprehensive application of flammability index and burnout characteristics index to determine the best mixing ratio is about 65% of sludge and coal, about 45% of sludge and biomass. Comprehensive combustion characteristic index may not be suitable for determining combustion performance of the sludge and its samples by comparison to S under the optimum mixing ratio of the sample and there are some errors. Biomass activation energy is the largest, the activation energy of sludge minimal. But the activation energy of the mixed sample doesn’t change regularly with the increase of sludge mixing proportion. So there is a deviation that we determine the mixing characteristics by a simple comparison of the activation energy of the samples. This paper provides a theoretical and data support for the selection and calculation of combustion parameters of mixed sludge and resource utilization of sludge.
Health needs assessment in patients assisted by a pharmaceutical non-profit charitable organisation: a preliminary pharmacoepidemiological survey based on the analysis of drug dispensation within Italy’s Banco Farmaceutico
Authors: Bini Silvia , Rigamonti Antonello E. , Fiorini Francesco , Bertazzi Pietro A. , Fiorini Gian Francesco , Cella Silvano G.
Published: June 2015

We performed a health needs assessment of the vulnerable population cared for by the Banco Farmaceutico, an Italian non-profit charitable organisation that supplies medicines for many centres belonging to different charities. Drug dispensed in the first half of 2014 by a representative sample of these centres were examined. An independently conducted telephone interview on our centres complemented this data. Adult males and migrants constituted the majority of the user population, and the most dispensed drugs were those for the respiratory system. Of all patients, 40% presented with a chronic problem and more than half needed polypharmacy. Users seek help spontaneously in 70% of the cases, with the centres being able to meet 80% of the existing demand. Patients that could not be managed were referred to local hospitals or collaborating doctors and reasons were explored. We believe our study to be a first attempt to characterise a growing population that is also increasingly represented in emergency departments and internal medicine wards. It is also an evaluation of the quality of data collected by charitable institutions, highlighting a significant need for improvement as they could be the only basis to monitor the health needs of this type of population.
Survival and ice nucleation activity of bacteria as aerosols in a cloud simulation chamber
Authors: Amato P. , Joly M. , Schaupp C. , Attard E. , Möhler O. , Morris C. E. , Brunet Y. , Delort A.-M.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. The residence time of bacterial cells in the atmosphere is predictable by numerical models. However, estimations of their aerial dispersion as living entities are limited by a lack of information concerning survival rates and behavior in relation to atmospheric water. Here we investigate the viability and ice nucleation (IN) activity of typical atmospheric ice nucleation active bacteria (Pseudomonas syringae and P. fluorescens) when airborne in a cloud simulation chamber (AIDA, Karlsruhe, Germany). Cell suspensions were sprayed into the chamber and aerosol samples were collected by impingement at designated times over a total duration of up to 18 h, and at some occasions after dissipation of a cloud formed by depressurization. Aerosol concentration was monitored simultaneously by online instruments. The cultivability of airborne cells decreased exponentially over time with a half-life time of 250 ± 30 min (about 3.5 to 4.5 h). In contrast, IN activity remained unchanged for several hours after aerosolization, demonstrating that IN activity was maintained after cell death. Interestingly, the relative abundance of IN active cells still airborne in the chamber was strongly decreased after cloud formation and dissipation. This illustrates the preferential precipitation of IN active cells by wet processes. Our results indicate that from 106 cells aerosolized from a surface, one would survive the average duration of its atmospheric journey estimated at 3.4 days. Statistically, this corresponds to the emission of 1 cell that achieves dissemination every ~ 33 min m−2 of cultivated crops fields, a strong source of airborne bacteria. Based on the observed survival rates, depending on wind speed, the trajectory endpoint could be situated several hundreds to thousands of kilometers from the emission source. These results should improve the representation of the aerial dissemination of bacteria in numeric models.