bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estandarización de la metodología para el conteo cromosómico en especies del género Polylepis en el Ecuador
Authors: Lamina Quija , Salcedo Segovia , Jadán M , Proaño K
Published: October 2017

El género Polylepis incluye 26 especies de árboles y arbustos que habitan desde Venezuela hasta la parte central de Argentina. Los bosques de Polylepisconstituyen en su mayor parte la vegetación natural de los Andes con una fauna y flora sumamente especializada y de gran importancia ecológica. En las últimas décadas, varios intentos de clarificar su filogenia a través de técnicas moleculares no han tenido éxito. Debido posiblemente a la frecuente hibridización; otras  hipótesis se centran en la poliploidía, la cual no ha sido analizada con éxito, debido a la falta de protocolos en el área de citogenética. Esta investigación presenta por primera vez una metodología estandarizada para la visualización y conteo de cromosomas, asàcomo para la obtención de fases celulares en las especies del género Polylepis. Se utilizaron meristemos radiculares y botones florales para estandarizar la metodología. Adicionalmente, fueron llevados a cabo estudios del ciclo celular para determinar la hora apropiada de recolección de las muestras. Las placas preparadas permitieron obtener los números cromosómicos de las especies de Polylepis presentes en el Ecuador, los cuales revelan por primera vez la presencia de poliplodía dentro del género, proceso muy importante dentro de la diversificación de las especies.
Control de nemátodos en maracuyá usando benzimidazoles en ácidos húmicos
Authors: Soria Carlos
Published: October 2017

Los nemátodos son un problema fitosanitario en los cultivos de maracuyá. Su presencia se asocia, generalmente, con el aparecimiento de nódulos radiculares que obstruyen el flujo savial, disminuyen la vida de la planta y afectan considerablemente su producción. Del estudio fitonemático del maracuyá, se descubresu susceptibilidad al ataque de géneros polifitófagos encontrados, como Meloidogyne, Helicotylenchus y Rotylenchus. Los benzimidazoles son compuestos orgánicos cíclicos nitrogenados con actividad antiparasitaria. Bioterr de Labitech, un nematicida formulado con derivados de benzimidazol, nos permitió estudiar su efecto novedoso en el control de nemátodos, más aún, si se administra acompañado de ácidos húmicos (Orgánica, Labitech), conocidos como modificadores de los corpúsculos de suelo y como acarreadores moleculares, en presencia de saprófitos poco afectados por el benzimidazol. Los controles indicaron una infección significativa con nemátodos, algunos, formadores de nódulos radiculares, pocas raicillas nuevas, menor peso radicular y menor producción. Mientras que en los cultivos tratados, se observó lo contrario: disminución significativa de nemátodos, presencia de más raicillas, mayor peso radicular y aumento significativo de la producción.
La gastrulación de Epipedobates anthonyi (Anura: Dendrobatidae)
Authors: Montenegro Paola , M. del Pino Eugenia
Published: October 2017

Se describe la morfología externa e interna de la gástrula de la rana dendrobátida ecuatoriana, Epipedobates anthonyi. Los huevos tienen pigmento oscuro en el polo animal, su diámetro es de 2 mm en promedio y las posturas contienen entre 8 a 45 huevos. El tiempo requerido desde el inicio hasta culminar la gastrulación es de 1,5 días. La gástrula de E. anthonyi se caracterizó por la formación de un labio dorsal prominente en la región subecuatorial del embrión. El alargamiento del arquenterón estuvo retardado hasta después de terminar la gastrulación y las células que se acumularon en los labios del blastoporo formaron un prominente collar circumblastoporal. La gástrula de E. anthonyi comparte las características morfológicas observadas en otra rana dendrobátida, Colostethus (=Epipedobates) machalilla. Este estudio ha permitido una mejor comprensión de la gastrulación en ranas dendrobátidas y provee conocimientos adicionales sobre la biología de un miembro de la fauna ecuatoriana
Identificación y caracterización de carbohidratos y proteínas en las secreciones del dorso y del pie del molusco Limax flavus
Authors: Astudillo Yanara , Soria Carlos A
Published: October 2017

Adultos del molusco Limax flavus recolectados de los jardines de Quito, Ecuador, fueron adaptados al laboratorio después de lo cual se desarrolló una metodología para obtener muestras de sus secreciones tanto del dorso como del pie; la concentración total de carbohidratos y de proteínas de estas secreciones fueron analizadas con orcinol sulfúrico y ácido bicinconínico BCA respectivamente.

En las secreciones del dorso se encontró un promedio de 17875 μg de carbohidratos y 19228 μg de proteína por cada muestra de secreción liofilizada, en contraste con 1297 μg de carbohidratos y 3187 μg de proteínas por muestra liofilizada del pie, es decir 14 veces más carbohidratos y 6 veces más proteínas presentes en promedio en las secreciones del dorso comparadas con las encontradas en las secreciones del pie. La caracterización de las proteínas se hizo con electroforesis en gel de poliacrilamida con sodio dodecyl sulfato SDS-Page utilizando muestras procesadas con cloroformo. Se identificaron bandas proteicas de diferentes pesos moleculares en las secreciones del dorso y del pie en un rango que va desde 304 a 6 kD. Se reporta que las secreciones del dorso de L. flavus contienen carbohidratos y proteínas más concentrados, pegajosos y con más número de bandas, comparado con las encontradas en las muestras del pie
Caracterización de la región variable de integrones clase 1 en aislados clínicos de Klebsiella pneumoniae resistentes a carbapenemes
Authors: Yauri María Fernanda , Alcocer Iliana , Rodríguez-Riglos Mercedes
Published: October 2017

Los integrones son estructuras observadas con frecuencia en bacilos Gram negativos, especialmen¬te entre los miembros de la familia Enterobacteriaceae. Se estudió la presencia de integrones clase 1 y su relación con la resistencia bacteriana. La presencia de integrones fue estudiada por medio de la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) y secuenciación. Se analizaron treinta aislados resistentes a carbapenemes de Klebsiella pneumoniae que fueron positivos para el gen de la integrasa 1 (intI1). En veintiseis de estos aislados se amplificaron regiones variables de alrededor de 2 000 pares de bases. El patrón común de genes obtenidos mediante el análisis de estas re¬giones fue (dfrA12 - orfF - aadA2). La presencia de estas plataformas que promueven la diversidad genética provee a las bacterias de resistencia a una amplia gama de antibióticos. La alta prevalencia de integrones observadas entre estos aislados funciona como fuente de difusión de determinantes de resistencia.
Caracterización in vitro de Trichoderma spp., y modelo matemático de su antagonismo en presencia de Moniliophthora perniciosa
Authors: Párraga Vélez Johan , Cañadas López Álvaro , Fajardo Navarrete Piero , Rade Loor Diana , Andrade Candell Joffre
Published: October 2017

Para optimizar el uso práctico de un agente de control biológico es esencial entender cómo las condiciones físicas afectan la sobrevivencia, crecimiento y reproducción de estos agentes. Trichoderma ha sido descrito como un agente de control biológico eficaz. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue realizar la caracterización morfológica, determinación del crecimiento y el establecimiento de la capacidad antagónica de aislados nativos de Trichoderma spp., a nivel in vitro frente al fitopatógeno Moniliophthora perniciosa (ex Crinipellis perniciosa) a través de modelos matemáticos. Esta investigación fue conducida en la Estación Experimental Portoviejo (EEP) del Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIAP). Consecuentemente, se identificaron 12 aislados de Trichoderma spp., en función de sus características morfológicas. El aislado A1 que, mostró un fuerte aroma a coco, una alta tasa de crecimiento inicial en cultivo puro y una morfología plana, resultó ser el más efectivo a la hora de inhibir el desarrollo de M. perniciosa. La determinación de modelos matemáticos que describen el crecimiento micelial de M. perniciosa ante la presencia antagónica de los aislados de Trichoderma spp., permitiría una rápida identificación, caracterización de aislados de Trichoderma spp., y su aplicación práctica.
FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI KEPUTUSAN PEMBELIAN PRODUK ASURANSI SYARI'AH
Authors: Ismanto Kuat
Published: October 2017

Penelitian ini ingin membuktikan pengaruh religiusitas terhadap keputusan pembelian asuransi syariah, dengan marketing mix sebagai variabel moderator. Aspek marketing mix yang diambil meliputi lokasi, harga, promosi, dan produk. Data diperoleh melalui penyebaran kuesioner kepada 76 peserta dengan skala likert. Hasil penelitian menujukkan bahwa faktor religiusitas, dengan menempatkan marketing mix sebagai variabel moderator, semakin menguatkan keputusan pembelian dibanding tanpa marketing mix.
PERILAKU PRODUKSI INDUSTRI BATIK KOTA PEKALONGAN MENURUT ETIKA PRODUKSI ISLAM
Authors: T Tamamudin
Published: October 2017

Pekalongan dikenal sebagai kota yang perekonomiannya berbasis pada industri batik, Untuk kualitas batik dikota pekalongan tergolong sangat baik, ini dibuktikan dengan adanya sebagian industry batik dipekalongan yang sudah mengekspor hasil produksinya ke berbagai negara. Etika sangat penting untuk diterapkan dalam proses produksi untuk meminimalisir kegiatan produksi yang salah yang menimbulkan kerugian. Sifat tamak manusia dan kecintaan akan terhadap dunia merupakan salah satu hal yang membuat manusia bertindak tidak sesuai dengan aturan atau etika, sehingga aturan nilai dan norma memiliki posisi yang sangat penting dalam mengontrol tindakan agar tidak menimbulkan kemudhorotan bagi manusia lain, Dalam menjalankan industri batik, perusahaan selalu berusaha menjalankan prinsip keseimbangan dalam segala aspek, keseimbangan merupakan kunci keberlangsungan hidup perusahaan. Kata kunci : Batik, etika Produksi
KEBIJAKAN DISTRIBUSI DALAM PEMBANGUNAN EKONOMI ISLAM
Authors: Aprianto Naerul Edwin Kiky
Published: October 2017

Pertumbuhan ekonomi tidak terlepas dari keadilan distribusi bagi setiap individu. Namun pada realitanya, nampak terjadi ketidakadilan dan ketimpangan dalam pendistribusian pendapatan dan kekayaan, sehingga berdampak pada peningkatan jumlah kemiskinan. Kebijakan distribusi dalam Islam menjunjung tinggi nilai-nilai keadilan yang didasarkan pada al-Qurâ€™an, yakni agar kekayaan tidak beredar hanya pada satu kelompok saja. Untuk itu, tulisan ini menyimpulkan bahwa kebijakan distribusi dalam pembangunan ekonomi Islam menekankan pada penghapusan sistem bunga (ribawi) yang hanya menguntungkan pihak yang bermodal dan berakibat pada penumpukan harta pada golongan tertentu. Selain itu, masyarakat dituntut untuk menyadari akan peran pentingnya menciptakan keadilan distribusi dan mempersempit kesenjangan ekonomi dengan menunaikan zakat, infak, sedekah, wakaf dan waris, sehingga dapat dioptimalkan sebagai sumber pembiayaan pembangunan ekonomi. Kemudian, yang tidak kalah penting dalam kebijakan distribusi adalah dengan mengoptimalkan sukuk sebagai sumber pembiayaan pembangunan negara dalam rangka meningkatkan pelayanan publik, sehingga hasilnya dapat dirasakan oleh seluruh lapisan masyarakat
PERJUANGAN IDEOLOGI DALAM FATWA
Authors: BISYRI MOCHAMMAD HASAN
Published: October 2017

This article analyzes the ideological struggle in the fatwas of the Muhammadiyah Legal Affairs Committee.Ideology contained in Fatwas Tarjih different ideologies that are in the mainstream of Islamic law (fiqh) in the society.In general, Fiqh give attention to men (dominant groups), while Muhammadiyah fatwa Tarjih attention to marginalized groups.The emergence of such a fatwa is not simply due to the proposition (Nas), but there is a certain ideology that strives for, which is to defend the marginalized groups. They are women and children who have often become victims in under the hand marriage and illegal divorce.
Kejahatan Seksual Pedofilia dalam Perspektif Hukum Pidana dan Islam
Authors: Setiawan Eko
Published: October 2017

Kejahatan seksual pedofilia akan berdampak negative bagi anak. Bukan hanya merusak masa depan secara fisik saja, tetapi juga akan merusak mental dan kejiwaan anak, seperti gangguan depresi berat dapat terbawa kelak hingga dewasa. Apalagi kebanyakan penderita pedofilia disebabkan karena dirinya pernah menjadi korban pelecehan seksual serupa pada masa kanak-kanak. Tindak pidana pedofilia sangat merugikan korban dan masyarakat luas. Oleh karena itu, korban membutuhkan perhatian dan perlindungan hukum. Hukum di Indonesia yang menjerat pelaku praktek pedofilia tidaklah serius. Sehingga hukuman bagi kaum pedofil tidak setimpal dengan apa yang telah diperbuat dan resiko rusaknya masa depan para korban. Selain itu, perlindungan dari masyarakat bagi korban pedofil juga sangat kurang.
ISLAMIC BRANDING, RELIGIUSITAS DAN KEPUTUSAN KONSUMEN TERHADAP PRODUK
Authors: Nasrullah Muhammad
Published: October 2017

Abstract: Islamic branding practices have recently been the main discussions within practitioners' and academicians' discussions in the recent years. Several experts reported that Islamic branding concept has attracted interests of many companies. Muslim consumers are to be more selective in consuming their products. The labelling of halal may not always guarantee that the product is. This study aims at finding out how Islamic branding influences consumers' decision and whether consumers' religiosity correlates with Islamic branding and their decision in choosing products. The population of this research consists of lecturers, staffs and students of STAIN Pekalongan. The samples of this research are 113 randomly chosen participants. A 5-scale Likert questionnaire was used in this study and was then analysed using double linear regression model. The results indicated that Islamic branded has the power of 9.4 % in influencing customers' decision. Meanwhile, 90.6 % of customers' decision was influenced by other factors. Additionally, religiosity as the moderating variable weakens the correlation between Islamic branding variables and customers' decision. Abstrak: Praktik Islamic branding telah mendapatkan perhatian yang cukup luas di kalangan akademisi dan praktisi dalam beberapa tahun terakhir. Beberapa ahli mengemukakan bahwa konsep Islamic branding semakin diminati oleh para produsen. Konsumen muslim dituntut selektif dalam memilih produk untuk dikonsumsi. Label halal pada bungkus produk belum tentu menjamin kehalalan produk. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui apakah Islamic branding berpengaruh terhadap keputusan konsumen dan apakah religiusitas memperkuat hubungan Islamic branding dan keputusan konsumen dalam mengkonsumsi produk. Populasi penelitian ini adalah civitas akademika (dosen, tenaga kependidikan dan mahasiswa) STAIN Pekalongan. Sampel penelitian diambil secara acak sejumlah 113 responden. Data penelitian berasal dari kuesioner yang dibuat dengan skala Likert dan dianalisis dengan menggunakan regresi linear berganda. Hasil uji regresi sederhana menunjukkan nilai adjusted R square variabel Islamic branding sebesar 0,094, hal ini berarti bahwa Islamic branding memiliki pengaruh kontribusi terhadap keputusan konsumen pada sebuah produk sebesar 9,4%. Sebesar 90,6% keputusan konsumen dipengaruhi oleh faktor-faktor lain. Nilai signifikansi 0,01 di bawah 0,05, hal ini berarti bahwa Islamic branding berpengaruh signifikan terhadap keputusan konsumen untuk membeli sebuah produk. Hasil regresi linier berganda dengan religiusitas sebagai variabel moderating menunjukkan bahwa adjusted R square sebesar 0,094, sedangkan nilai adjusted R square pada regresi sederhana menunjukkan nilai 0,082. Hal ini mengindikasikan bahwa religiusitas sebagai variabel moderating memperlemah hubungan antara variabel Islamic branding dengan keputusan konsumen.
LEGAL CULTURE OF WOMEN IN GENDER BUDGETING (A Review of Context Bumirejo Pekalongan)
Authors: Rismawati Shinta Dewi
Published: October 2017

Anggaran Responsif Gender (ARG) adalah salah satu alat kebijakan publik yang dapat mendorong perubahan sosial secara massif yaitu terwujudnya berkeadilan gender,Â  dan perempuan memiliki potensi untuk mewarnainya, tetapi realitasnya tidak demikian. Tujuan paper ini adalah mengungkapkan fakta tentang nilai-nilai serta faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan partisipasi perempuan dalam perencanaan anggaran responsif gender di KelurahanÂ  Bumirejo yangÂ  masih rendah, padahal jumlah perempuannya lebih banyak dibanding laki-laki. Fakta ini menarik dalam prespektif teori budaya hukum dan teori pertukaran sosial. Analisis memperlihatkan bahwa budaya hukum bernuansa negatif, karena ada nilai-nilai budaya serta pertimbangan individu berbasis pada dimensi rasionalisasi untung rugi perempuan itu sendiri. Adanya konflik serta pertarungan ideologi maupun nilai-nilai praxis tertentu yang dikukuhi. Mereka memandang keikutsertaan dalam musrenbang adalah kegiatan yang mubazir (sia-sia), mereka bukan siapa-siapa dan aspirasinya sudah terwakili oleh PKK. Sedangkan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi adalah kuatnya budaya patriarkhi dan rasionalitas pertimbangan untung rugi dari aspek finansial (ekonomi). Riset ini bertradisi penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan socio legal. Riset ini mengunakan sumber data primer maupun skunder yang diperoleh melalui obvervasi, wawancara mendalam serta studi dokumentasi. Untuk mengecek keabsahan data digunakan triangulasi sumber data dan metode dan analisisnya dengan mengunakan model interaktif.
TABUNGAN: IMPLEMENTASI AKAD WADIâ€™AH ATAU QARD? (Kajian Praktik Wadiâ€™ah di Perbankan Indonesia)
Authors: Afif Mufti
Published: October 2017

There are no discussion about banking usury in classic Fikh books, because there were no banks, which nowadays they are needed by society to save their worth. As the research of classic Fiqh, there are differences in ulamasâ€™ instructions, based on their understanding. However, they agree to state that bank interest is a usury or forbidden in Islam. Qardul Hasan is another term of qard, that is interpreted by the most of Indonesian people as social engagement, or bequest. Financial department must be careful in understanding the instructions, related to the implementation in the real life. Banks and financial departments claim that money saving is as akad wadiâ€™ah yad dhamanah, whereas the meaning of dhomanah is responsibility. Fiqh ulamas decide that actually, wadiâ€™ah is responsible. Yad dhamanah is irresponsible.
MEREFLEKSIKAN TEORI PEMASARAN KE DALAM PRAKTIK PEMASARAN SYARIAH
Authors: Tamamudin Tamamudin
Published: October 2017

Marketing has undergone rapid development since the 1990s. Until now, marketing is not only known as a practical element but marketing is also known as one of the disciplines. In other words, marketing has elements of the scientific method that can produce marketing theories. However, marketing does not have a general theory that can explain all aspects related to marketing itself. The fact that marketing continues to play an important role in corporate strategy in several companies indicate that there is an opportunity and take a real approach to build marketing competence as a source of competitive advantage. Business practices and marketing today is experiencing a shift or a transformation from an intellectual level (rational), to the emotional, spiritual, and finally to. On the intellectual level (rational), marketers will address the functional-technical marketing by using a number of marketing variables that exist, such as the marketing mix (marketing mix), market segmentation, targeting, branding, positioning.
Folk Toys and Games for Children: Cultural Heritage of Vietnam
Authors: Nhi Vu Hong
Published: October 2017

Folk toys and games are elements of folklore, created by the people, which contain tangible and intangible cultures of profound value from various communities, regions, or countries. In this article the author analyzes the importance of the role of folk toys for children in educating them about their traditional culture, creative and aesthetic values, and promoting personal skills as well as community cohesion. Folk toys also contribute to the economy of many trade villages, thereby contributing to social and economic development.Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 4, Issue-4: 223-231
Sound and Silence: The Politics of Reading Early Twentieth-Century Lynching Poetry
Authors: Morris Davis Maggie E.
Published: October 2017

Reading five late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century lynching poems chronologically, this article argues that pre-1920 lynching poetry focuses on the white audience, and after 1920, it focuses on the black body. (A curious concomitance, the 1920s was the first decade in which the number of African Americans executed exceeded the number lynched.) In Paul Laurence Dunbar's “The Haunted Oak,” Leslie Pinckney Hill's “So Quietly,” and Claude McKay's “The Lynching,” the victim is silent, and instead critique of the lynch mob is privileged. Using Hortense Spillers's distinction between body and flesh, this article argues that these poems objectify black bodies to represent violent white racism. None unleash the terrors of miscegenation on the Southern psyche or discuss the sexual humiliation of the lynched to preserve virginal whiteness. After the historical shift from lynching to execution, Jean Toomer's “Portrait in Georgia” and Langston Hughes's “Three Songs about Lynching” create corporeal tension between sound and silence. Instead of wordless black bodies, the bodies of these poems either speak or choose silence, becoming flesh. Symbiotic race relations lead to problematic definitions of self when the power and relative position of whiteness determines the autonomy of the lynched corpse.
Black Women and State-Sanctioned Violence: A History of Victimization and Exclusion
Authors: Willingham Breea C.
Published: October 2017

Black women and girls continue to battle the intersecting oppressions of race, gender, and justice while living in a society that routinely derogates them and while being victimized by a criminal justice system that was never designed to protect them. This is most evident in their experiences as victims of police violence, including being beaten, raped, or shot to death. This state-sanctioned violence continues decades after the legal end of slavery, and it characterizes the sustained impact race and gender have on black women's experiences with the criminal justice system. This article examines the violence black women have historically endured as subjects of terror or objects for white men, and how this violence is perpetuated in the same way today through interactions with police. I argue that the contemporary state-sanctioned violence black women and girls experience is a manifestation of their continued victimization, dehumanization, and social exclusion, and is a function of the systemic racism that permeates the American criminal injustice system.
Work Quickly but Think Slowly
Authors: Quirt Brian
Published: October 2017

Brian Quirt reviews the history, impact, and current activities related to Nightswimming’s Pure Research program in the context of his own creative practice. The article examines the program’s impact in light of current partnerships with four Nordic theatre research organizations, relating performance lab work conducted in 2016 in Reykjavik, Iceland, to Quirt’s own practice as a dramaturg and theatremaker. The article assesses Nightswimming’s ongoing efforts to archive past research projects, disseminate the results, and by examining the impact of those projects on participating artists, strategize about future Pure Research iterations. Most importantly, the article explores the relationship between Pure Research’s commitment to ‘pure’ performance research, and how its activities and discoveries have had significant impact on how Nightswimming initiates new creative projects and designs the creation process for those works in development. The article refers to a previous CTR article devoted to Pure Research, published in CTR 119 (Summer 2004) also written by Quirt.
Rhythm and Rumination: A Three-Course Conversation
Authors: Doonan Natalie
Published: October 2017

This article examines “specific productions” or products as these notions are called into question through artistic research. It reports on a pedagogical experiment that I conducted with a group of eighty students at Concordia University in the fall of 2016. Through writing, photography, and video, I document and reflect upon the relationships between pedagogy, research, and artistic production. These samples show that there are problems with attempting to distinguish between everyday acts and finished works. The process documented in the article calls into question the boundaries that we imagine between educating and artistic research. It does so by demonstrating the creative role of the educator in eliciting dialogue through the senses and in directing dialogue through attention to rhythm.
The Invisible Opportunity: All the Light We Cannot See (in Research)
Authors: Watkin Jessica
Published: October 2017

This article articulates the growth that occurs in graduate school when the author comes to terms with their disability as being a positive contribution to their scholarly work by using it in practice-based and embodied research. It explores a project which illuminated the possibilities of embodied research by renegotiating the emphasis of visual performance on stage and by claiming space in graduate life to work with disability to bring new perspectives to scholarly work.
Planning Approaches in Contracted Fixed-Route Bus Transit Service in the United States: Private Sector’s Role in the Planning Process and Its Influence on Performance Outcomes
Authors: Mendez Joel , Brown Jeffrey R.
Published: October 2017

This study explored the role of planning approaches implemented by agencies that contracted a significant portion of fixed-route bus service and related those planning approaches to service performance. Of particular interest are the rationale behind agency decisions of where to situate planning functions, the role of the contractor in the planning process, and the implications of planning approaches on service cost, quality, and efficiency. Eight cases focused on U.S. transit agencies located in major metropolitan areas that contracted more than 20% of their fixed-route bus service. The authors utilized a combination of agency documents, National Transit Database data, and respondent interviews to uncover the planning approaches employed by each agency and to relate them to key performance indicators. The results show that agencies that do not contract planning functions do so to retain maximum control and oversight of bus service, the role of the contractor in the planning process is augmented as the proportion of contracted service increases, and agencies that employ a strategy with heightened levels of contractor interaction are more likely to experience positive performance outcomes.
Downsizing Strategy for Cars, Beijing for People Not for Cars: Planning for People
Authors: Farooq Asim , Xie Mowen , Williams Edward J. , Gahlot Vimal Kr. , Yan Du , Yi Zhou
Published: October 2017

Beijing, the capital of China, is increasing enormously relative to its economy, pollution, population and dependency on private vehicles. Most of the Chinese cities are built and being built as a car-centric city. Six million cars are registered in Beijing, and with passage of time the attraction of private vehicles increases. Increasing in infrastructure the selection towards private vehicle is boosting. Municipality of Beijing is busy to use the conventional ways to solve the congestion problem rather than the smart solution, what megacities need to adopt. Beijing is second-worst in length of communing time.   This paper addresses the traffic congestion problem in the central part of the Beijing by using “Mixed Use Small Block Concept”, where the network of roads spreads like veins in a human body, and the accessibility around center is dependent on vehicle. The aim is to recover the areas from cars and give it to residential and improve their accessibility by changing the mode of travel from car to walking and cycling, and provide clear boundaries and redesign the area by using Small Block Mixed use concept. Combining the public transportation, urban planning design and Non-Motorized Transportation priority will lead the city towards livability.The right to access every building in the city by private motorcars actually the right to destroy the city.” Mumford.
Are We Sleeping Enough?
Authors: Parvin Rukhsana
Published: October 2017

Abstract not availableJ Enam Med Col 2017; 7(3): 120-121
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Associated Risk Factors in Patients Attending Diabetic Association Medical College Hospital in Faridpur
Authors: Begum Poly , Shaha Dipti Rani , Walid Khalifa Mahmud
Published: October 2017

Background: The prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is increasing all over the world and varies widely depending on the region of the country, dietary habits and socio-economic status. The prevalence of GDM with its associated risk factors has important health complications for both mother and child.Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of GDM and risk factors associated with it in women attending Diabetic Association Medical College Hospital in Faridpur for ante-natal care.Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, screening for GDM was performed in 303 pregnant women. Women who consented to participate underwent a standardized 2-hour 75 gm oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). A proforma containing general information on demographic characteristics, socio-economic status, education level, parity, family history of diabetes and past history of GDM etc. was filled in. American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria for 75 gm 2-hour OGTT was used for diagnosing GDM.Results: A total of 303 women participated in the study and GDM was diagnosed in 22 (7.3%) women. A single abnormal value was observed in additional 33 (10.89%) women. On bivariate analysis risk factors found to be significantly associated with GDM were age, household income, parity, educational level, socio-economic status, hypertension, BMI, weight gain, acanthosis nigricans, family history of diabetes and past history of GDM; but on multivariate analysis only upper middle class and presence of acanthosis nigricans were found to be significantly associated with GDM.Conclusion: This study demonstrates a high prevalence of GDM in Bangladesh. These estimates for GDM may help for new suggestions to prevent and manage gestational diabetes.J Enam Med Col 2017; 7(3): 126-133
Bacterial Aetiology and Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Community-Acquired Urinary Tract Infections in Children in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Bangladesh
Authors: Sharmin Lazina , Akter Shaheen
Published: October 2017

Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) in children are among the most common bacterial infections. Community-acquired urinary tract infections (CAUTI) are often treated empirically with broad-spectrum antibiotics. Pattern of aetiologic agents and their antibiotic sensitivity may vary according to geographical and regional location. So, knowledge of antibiotic resistance trends is important for improving evidence-based recommendations for empirical treatment of UTIs.Objectives: To determine the common bacterial aetiologies of CAUTIs and their antibiotic resistance patterns in a tertiary care hospital, Savar.Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted at Enam Medical College Hospital, Savar from May 2016 to April 2017. We collected clean-catch mid-stream urine samples from 257 patients having clinical diagnosis of UTI and submitted to the clinical microbiology laboratory for culture and sensitivity.Results: A total of 120 (46.7%) samples were positive for bacterial growth. Escherichia coli (79%) was the most common pathogen, followed by Klebsiella spp. (14%). Bacterial isolates showed high prevalence of resistance to multiple antibiotics. Resistance against amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, co-trimoxazole and ciprofloxacin was higher compared to newer quinolones and aminoglycosides.Conclusion: Esch. coli and Klebsiella spp. were the predominant bacterial pathogens. The resistance pattern to commonly prescribed antibiotics was quite high and alarming.J Enam Med Col 2017; 7(3): 134-139
Color Doppler Imaging of Cerebral-Umbilical Pulsatility Ratio in Intrauterine Growth Retardation
Authors: Islam Iftadul , Yasmin Tarana , Rubaiat Laila , Arephin Syed Shamsul , Hossain Mohammad Mahbub , Asfia Azizi
Published: October 2017

Background: Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) refers to a condition in which a fetus is unable to achieve its genetically determined potential size. IUGR may also be defined as growth at the 10th or less percentile for weight of the all fetuses at that gestational age. It has long been recognized that impaired fetoplacental perfusion is associated with intrauterine growth retardation. Ultrasonography with Color Doppler has provided a new tool for this purpose.Objective: To evaluate the role of Color Doppler ultrasonography in the diagnosis of IUGR.Materials and Methods: This prospective study was carried out in the department of Radiology & Imaging of Dhaka Medical College Hospital within a period of January 2010 to September 2011 on 90 patients aged between 17?35 years who were clinically suspected as cases of IUGR or previously USG diagnosed cases of IUGR.Results: The highest incidence of IUGR was found in the age group between 21?25 years. The mean gestational age at birth was 33.2 ± 3.5 weeks and mean birth weight 1.3 ± 6.2 kg in case of abnormal cerebral-umbilical (C/U) ratio group. According to cerebral-umbilical pulsatility index (PI) value 65 cases (72.2%) were diagnosed as abnormal and 25 (27.8%) as normal flow pattern. Perinatal findings showed that 67 were small for gestational age (SGA) and 23 had normal birth weight. The validity of cerebral-umbilical PI ratio for diagnosis of IUGR was studied by calculating sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, PPV and NPV.Conclusion: In this study Color Doppler findings of cerebral-umbilical vessels and the validity tests reveal that Color Doppler evaluation of middle cerebral artery (MCA) and umbilical artery (UA) PI ratio is an useful modality in diagnosis of IUGR.J Enam Med Col 2017; 7(3): 140-145
Congenital Diverticulum at the Proximal Part of Penile Urethra with Secondary Calculus
Authors: Haque Mir Ehteshamul , Fatima Kaniz , Ullah Rahmat , Biswas Md Mamun Ali
Published: October 2017

Voiding dysfunction and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in children due to congenital anomalies of urogenital system is common, but congenital anterior urethral diverticulum (CAUD) in male is very rare. Sometimes the problem is associated with anterior urethral valve. CAUD with secondary stone is rare. Here we report a case of a 12-year-old male child with obstructive symptoms. It was treated by excision of diverticulum, removal of stone and primary repair.J Enam Med Col 2017; 7(3): 162-164
Women at Work: Innkeeping in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland 1790–1840
Authors: Mackay Theresa
Published: October 2017

Between 1790 and 1840 Scotland's Highlands and Islands saw a rise in the number of travellers due to transportation changes, war on the Continent, and popular fiction. Consequently, the number of inns increased in response to this shift in local travel patterns and influx of visitors. By examining where the growth in inns happened, who managed them, and what services were offered, this article argues that the Highlands and Islands economy was both complex and commercial. It establishes that rural women were innkeepers of multifaceted hospitality operations responding to market demands and enabling economic diversity in their communities, the result of which was the hospitality infrastructure for tourism.
Evolutionary Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm for Solving NP-Hard No-Wait Flow Shop Scheduling Problems
Authors: Bewoor Laxmi , Chandra Prakash V. , Sapkal Sagar
Published: October 2017

The no-wait flow shop is a flowshop in which the scheduling of jobs is continuous and simultaneous through all machines without waiting for any consecutive machines. The scheduling of a no-wait flow shop requires finding an appropriate sequence of jobs for scheduling, which in turn reduces total processing time. The classical brute force method for finding the probabilities of scheduling for improving the utilization of resources may become trapped in local optima, and this problem can hence be observed as a typical NP-hard combinatorial optimization problem that requires finding a near optimal solution with heuristic and metaheuristic techniques. This paper proposes an effective hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) metaheuristic algorithm for solving no-wait flow shop scheduling problems with the objective of minimizing the total flow time of jobs. This Proposed Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization (PHPSO) algorithm presents a solution by the random key representation rule for converting the continuous position information values of particles to a discrete job permutation. The proposed algorithm initializes population efficiently with the Nawaz-Enscore-Ham (NEH) heuristic technique and uses an evolutionary search guided by the mechanism of PSO, as well as simulated annealing based on a local neighborhood search to avoid getting stuck in local optima and to provide the appropriate balance of global exploration and local exploitation. Extensive computational experiments are carried out based on Taillard’s benchmark suite. Computational results and comparisons with existing metaheuristics show that the PHPSO algorithm outperforms the existing methods in terms of quality search and robustness for the problem considered. The improvement in solution quality is confirmed by statistical tests of significance.
On the Origin of Superoxide Dismutase: An Evolutionary Perspective of Superoxide-Mediated Redox Signaling
Authors: Case Adam
Published: October 2017

The field of free radical biology originated with the discovery of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in 1969. Over the last 5 decades, a plethora of research has been performed in species ranging from bacteria to mammals that has elucidated the molecular reaction, subcellular location, and specific isoforms of SOD. However, while humans have only begun to study this class of enzymes over the past 50 years, it has been estimated that these enzymes have existed for billions of years, and may be some of the original enzymes found in primitive life. As life evolved over this expanse of time, these enzymes have taken on new and different functional roles potentially in contrast to how they were originally derived. Herein, examination of the evolutionary history of these enzymes provides both an explanation and further inquiries into the modern-day role of SOD in physiology and disease.
Artificial RNA Motifs Expand the Programmable Assembly between RNA Modules of a Bimolecular Ribozyme Leading to Application to RNA Nanostructure Design
Authors: Rahman Md. , Matsumura Shigeyoshi , Ikawa Yoshiya
Published: October 2017

A bimolecular ribozyme consisting of a core ribozyme (ΔP5 RNA) and an activator module (P5abc RNA) has been used as a platform to design assembled RNA nanostructures. The tight and specific assembly between the P5abc and ΔP5 modules depends on two sets of intermodule interactions. The interface between P5abc and ΔP5 must be controlled when designing RNA nanostructures. To expand the repertoire of molecular recognition in the P5abc/ΔP5 interface, we modified the interface by replacing the parent tertiary interactions in the interface with artificial interactions. The engineered P5abc/ΔP5 interfaces were characterized biochemically to identify those suitable for nanostructure design. The new interfaces were used to construct 2D-square and 1D-array RNA nanostructures.
In Vitro and In Vivo Biological Activities of Cissus adnata (Roxb.)
Authors: Shoibe Mohammed , Chy Md. , Alam Morshed , Adnan Md. , Islam Md. , Nihar Shababa , Rahman Nishat , Suez Ehsan
Published: October 2017

This study was conducted to evaluate the in vitro polyphenol content, antioxidant, cytotoxic, antibacterial, anthelmintic properties, and in vivo antinociceptive activity of the ethanol extract of Cissus adnata leaves (EECA) in different experimental models. Polyphenol contents were investigated using spectrophotometric techniques. Antioxidant activity was determined by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) radical-scavenging, ferric reducing power, and total antioxidant capacity assays. Cytotoxicity was determined by brine shrimp lethality bioassay and disc diffusion method was used for the antibacterial activity. Anthelmintic activity was studied using aquarium worm (Tubifex tubifex) whereas antinociceptive activity was evaluated in mice by acetic acid and formalin test. Phytochemical screening of EECA revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, phenols, terpenoids, saponins, and tannins. EECA showed strong antioxidant activity with high polyphenol contents. It was observed that EECA possessed significant antibacterial activity with a low toxicity profile. EECA also demonstrated dose-dependent and statistically significant anthelmintic and antinociceptive activities. Our study shows that ethanol extract of C. adnata leaves possess strong antioxidant, antibacterial, anthelmintic and antinociceptive activities with lower toxicity. Further studies are needed to identify bioactive phytomolecules and to understand the mechanism of such actions better.
Intellectual Functioning in Offspring of Parents with Bipolar Disorder: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Klimes-Dougan Bonnie , Jeong Jake , Kennedy Kevin , Allen Timothy
Published: October 2017

Impaired intellectual functioning is an important risk factor for the emergence of severe mental illness. Unlike many other forms of mental disorder however, the association between bipolar disorder and intellectual deficits is unclear. In this narrative review, we examine the current evidence on intellectual functioning in children and adolescents at risk for developing bipolar disorder. The results are based on 18 independent, peer-reviewed publications from 1980 to 2017 that met criteria for this study. The findings yielded no consistent evidence of lower or higher intellectual quotient (IQ) in offspring of parents diagnosed with bipolar disorder. Some tentative evidence was found for lower performance IQ in offspring of bipolar parents as compared to controls. It is recommended that future research examine variability in intellectual functioning and potential moderators. These findings demonstrate the need to examine how intellectual functioning unfolds across development given the potential role of IQ as a marker of vulnerability or resilience in youth at high risk for affective disorders.
MoS2 Decorated Carbon Nanofibers as Efficient and Durable Electrocatalyst for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Zhang C. , Wang Z. , Bhoyate S. , Morey T. , Neria Brooks , Vasiraju Venkata , Gupta Gautam , Palchoudhury Soubantika , Kahol P. , Mishra S. , Perez Felio , Gupta Ram
Published: October 2017

Hydrogen is an efficient fuel which can be generated via water splitting, however hydrogen evolution occurs at high overpotential, and efficient hydrogen evolution catalysts are desired to replace state-of-the-art catalysts such as platinum. Here, we report an advanced electrocatalyst that has low overpotential, efficient charge transfers kinetics, low Tafel slope and durable. Carbon nanofibers (CNFs), obtained by carbonizing electrospun fibers, were decorated with MoS2 using a facile hydrothermal method. The imaging of catalyst reveals a flower like morphology that allows for exposure of edge sulfur sites to maximize the HER process. HER activity of MoS2 decorated over CNFs was compared with MoS2 without CNFs and with commercial MoS2. MoS2 grown over CNFs and MoS2-synthesized produced about 374 and 98 times higher current density at −0.30 V (vs. Reversible Hydrogen Electrode, RHE) compared with the MoS2-commercial sample, respectively. MoS2-commercial, MoS2-synthesized and MoS2 grown over CNFs showed a Tafel slope of 165, 79 and 60 mV/decade, capacitance of 0.99, 5.87 and 15.66 mF/cm2, and turnover frequency of 0.013, 0.025 and 0.54 s−1, respectively. The enhanced performance of MoS2-CNFs is due to large electroactive surface area, more exposure of edge sulfur to the electrolyte, and easy charge transfer from MoS2 to the electrode through conducting CNFs.
Novel Molecular Challenges in Targeting Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase in ALK-Expressing Human Cancers
Authors: Alshareef Abdulraheem
Published: October 2017

Targeting anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), a receptor tyrosine kinase receptor initially identified as a potent oncogenic driver in anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL) in the form of nucleophosmin (NPM)-ALK fusion protein, using tyrosine kinase inhibitors has shown to be a promising therapeutic approach for ALK-expressing tumors. However, clinical resistance to ALK inhibitors invariably occurs, and the molecular mechanisms are incompletely understood. Recent studies have clearly shown that clinical resistance to ALK inhibitors is a multifactorial and complex mechanism. While few of the mechanisms of clinical resistance to ALK inhibitors such as gene mutation are well known, there are others that are not well covered. In this review, the molecular mechanisms of cancer stem cells in mediating resistance to ALK inhibitors as well as the current understanding of the molecular challenges in targeting ALK in ALK-expressing human cancers will be discussed.
Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Supported on Macro-Mesoporous Aluminosilicates for Catalytic Steam Gasification of Heavy Oil Fractions for On-Site Upgrading
Authors: López Daniel , Giraldo Lady J. , Salazar Juan P. , Zapata Dioni M. , Ortega Diana C. , Franco Camilo A. , Cortés Farid B.
Published: October 2017

Catalytic steam gasification of extra-heavy oil (EHO) fractions was studied using functionalized aluminosilicates, with NiO, MoO3, and/or CoO nanoparticles with the aim of evaluating the synergistic effect between active phase and the support in heavy oil on-site upgrading. Catalysts were characterized by chemical composition through X-ray Fluorescence, surface area, and pore size distribution through N2 adsorption/desorption, catalyst acidity by temperature programmed desorption (TPD), and metal dispersion by pulse H2 chemisorption. Batch adsorption experiments and catalytic steam gasification of adsorbed heavy fractions was carried out by thermogravimetric analysis and were performed with heavy oil model solutions of asphaltenes and resins (R–A) in toluene. Effective activation energy estimation was used to determine the catalytic effect of the catalyst in steam gasification of Colombian EHO. Additionally, R–A decomposition under inert atmosphere was conducted for the evaluation of oil components reactions with active phases and steam atmosphere. The presence of a bimetallic active phase Inc.reases the decomposition of the heavy compounds at low temperature by an increase in the aliphatic chains decomposition and the dissociation of heteroatoms bonds. Also, coke formation after steam gasification process is reduced by the application of the bimetallic catalyst yielding a conversion greater than 93%.