bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Is 0.6T magnetic resonance mammography adequate in the detection of breast cancer?
Authors: Marklund M. , Moller J. M. , Burchardt A. J. , Bentzon N. , Balslev E. , Sletting S. , Nolsoe C. P.
Published: June 2006

Purpose: To evaluate whether relevant diagnostic information can be achieved when using magnetic resonance mammography (MRM) on mid-field as a supplement to conventional imaging and clinical examination in women with primary breast cancer.

Material and Methods: 30 women (55 breasts containing 49 malignant tumors) planned for uni- or bilateral mastectomy were examined with dynamic MRM on mid-field, 0.6T. The women were examined with mammography (M) and ultrasonography (US) prior to MRM. The descriptions of the conventional examinations were evaluated retrospectively, whereas the MRM was evaluated prospectively, with knowledge of the M+US findings. Imaging findings suggesting malignancy were registered and correlated with pathology after mastectomy. A home-made rating system for evaluation of the detected lesions was tested.

Results: MRM detected seven additional malignant tumors, failed to detect three lesions and characterized four as gray-zone lesions according to the rating system. Sensitivity of finding the tumors with M+US was 79.0%, with a PPV for malignant tumors of 84.4%. One breast in which MRM found a malignant tumor had not initially been examined with US. Sensitivity with MRM was 91.6%, with a positive predictive value of malignant tumors of 97.7%.

Conclusion: MRM on mid-field seems to improve the detection of cancers when used as a supplement to M+US in women with primary breast cancer. We believe that the results are fair compared to MRM on high-field, although further research and refinement are needed.
Ectopic pregnancy – the leash sign. a new sign on transvaginal Doppler ultrasound
Authors: Ramanan R. V. , Gajaraj J.
Published: June 2006

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of transvaginal Doppler ultrasound in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy.

Material and Methods: Over a period of 3 years, 100 women with signs suggestive of a possible ectopic pregnancy were evaluated with endovaginal sonography and Doppler. The fallopian tubes were examined for the presence of low-resistance arterial flow.

Results: Of the 100 cases, 19 women had ectopic pregnancies. It was observed that all cases of ectopic pregnancies had a typical eccentric leash of vessels on color Doppler that showed a low resistance placental type of flow on spectral Doppler.

Conclusion: We propose a new reliable sign of ectopic pregnancy called the leash sign. This sign has a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 99%, a positive predictive value of 95% and negative predictive value of 100%, thus helping in the diagnosis of early ectopic pregnancy, and resulting in earlier treatment with reduced morbidity and mortality.
Multiple Signaling Pathways Regulate Yeast Cell Death during the Response to Mating Pheromones
Authors: Zhang Nan-Nan , Dudgeon Drew D. , Paliwal Saurabh , Levchenko Andre , Grote Eric , Cunningham Kyle W.
Published: June 2006

Mating pheromones promote cellular differentiation and fusion of yeast cells with those of the opposite mating type. In the absence of a suitable partner, high concentrations of mating pheromones induced rapid cell death in ∼25% of the population of clonal cultures independent of cell age. Rapid cell death required Fig1, a transmembrane protein homologous to PMP-22/EMP/MP20/Claudin proteins, but did not require its Ca2+influx activity. Rapid cell death also required cell wall degradation, which was inhibited in some surviving cells by the activation of a negative feedback loop involving the MAP kinase Slt2/Mpk1. Mutants lacking Slt2/Mpk1 or its upstream regulators also underwent a second slower wave of cell death that was independent of Fig1 and dependent on much lower concentrations of pheromones. A third wave of cell death that was independent of Fig1 and Slt2/Mpk1 was observed in mutants and conditions that eliminate calcineurin signaling. All three waves of cell death appeared independent of the caspase-like protein Mca1 and lacked certain “hallmarks” of apoptosis. Though all three waves of cell death were preceded by accumulation of reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial respiration was only required for the slowest wave in calcineurin-deficient cells. These findings suggest that yeast cells can die by necrosis-like mechanisms during the response to mating pheromones if essential response pathways are lacking or if mating is attempted in the absence of a partner.
The Philosophy of the Young Kant
Authors: Schönfeld Martin
Published: June 2006

The Philosophy of the Young Kant: The Precritical Project is a study of Kant’s early writings and their context. Although Kant’s career spanned more than half a century-from the first texts in 1746 to his final notes in 1801, only his late and “critical” writings, from 1781 to 1790, have received attention. Kant’s pre-critical writings, by contrast, remain largely unknown. The Philosophy of the Young Kant tries to fill this gap by tracing his early pursuits: part I deals with Kant’s starting point and original question, the nature of energy; part II explores his quest for an answer, the “pre-critical project” of the 1750s; and part III traces the climax of the project in the 1760s and Kant’s crisis. Kant explored the interplay of force and continuum, the evolution from chaos to complexity, the ontological commercium of power points, and the dynamic patterns of matter, space, and autonomy. These early efforts had been widely dismissed as incoherent and misguided. But Kant’s pre-critical ideas actually form a coherent project, a long-term endeavor of combining a verifiable account of physical nature with fitting conceptions of purpose, freedom, and God. In retrospect, his early ideas anticipated numerous fundamental discoveries in fields as diverse as climate studies, ecology, particle physics, and cosmology. The book concludes that Kant’s pre-critical project is more timely and informative than expected, and that an acquaintance with his radically innovative starting point is indispensable for an appreciation of the depth of his oeuvre.
t w o The True Estimation of Living Forces Kant's Theory of Dynamics
Authors: Schöneld Martin
Published: June 2006

This chapter explores the text and contentions of Kant’s first book, Thoughts on the True Estimation of Living Forces (1747). Section 1 describes how Kant’s debut turned into a debacle. Section 2 discusses Kant’s dynamic ontology, such as his ideas on substantial interaction and energetic space. Section 3 analyzes Kant’s experimental and kinematic appraisals, which form the bulk of his first book. Section 4 describes Kant’s proposed synthesis of Cartesian momentum and Leibnizian energy as “true estimation” of force.
s i x The New Elucidation The Struggle for Freedom
Authors: Schöneld Martin
Published: June 2006

This chapter explores Kant’s doctoral dissertation, New Elucidation of the First Principles of Metaphysical Cognition (1755). Section 1 examines the context of the thesis and Kant’s monist contention that reality involves a consistent and coherent structure. Section 2 discusses the problem of causality arising from a consistent reality — How can there be free actions and lawful processes in one and the same world? Section 3 explores the principles of succession and coexistence in Kant’s ontology. Section 4 analyzes Kant’s compatibilist solution of the problem of causality and his attempt at deducing freedom from the individual power of resistance.
s e v e n The Physical Monadology and theElements of Nature
Authors: Schöneld Martin
Published: June 2006

This chapter explores Kant’s professorial thesis, The Joint Use of Metaphysics and Geometry in Natural Philosophy, the First Example of Which Contains the Physical Monadology (1756). Section 1 describes Euler’s problem that Kant sets out to solve — How can indivisible, unextended points make up divisible and extended bodies? Section 2 discusses Kant’s dynamic solution: his conception of “activity spheres” as ultimate and energetic constituents of matter. Section 3 examines Kant’s argument for combining qualitative-conceptual and quantitative-empirical perspectives, and its role in the pre-critical project.
Explaining Militarization at Waco
Authors: Wright Stuart A.
Published: June 2006

This essay examines how the Branch Davidians — a small religious group following a peaceful lifestyle in rural Texas — came to be perceived as a dangerous community that required an aggressive and sustained military-like response from authorities to subdue them. The Davidians were brought to the attention of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms through the sustained efforts of apostates and other interest groups. This led to a siege in which most of the members died. The analysis focuses on the “logic” by which the situation was so dramatically militarized.
Soka Gakkai: Searching for the Mainstream
Authors: Kisala Robert
Published: June 2006

This essay examines the conflict-ridden history of the Soka Gakkai, the largest new religious movement in Japan with over eight million members in that country and over one million members abroad. Three sources of conflict are covered: Soka Gakkai’s aggressive proselytizing activities, its political activities, and its pacifist stance, which are connected to the biography of founder Makiguchi Tsunesaburo and to the exclusivist interpretation of its heritage from the Buddhist teacher Nichiren. In conflict with both the Japanese government during the Second World War and the larger Nichiren Buddhist tradition, the movement’s political power and militaristic missionary work are the most significant contributors to the bad press and popular suspicion it has generated.
Notes on the Aumist Religion
Authors: Zoccatelli PierLuigi
Published: June 2006

This essay describes how Aumism’s original Hindu identity was transformed into a universalism that seemed to blend Christianity, Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism, Islam, and Judaism as a consequence of founder Gilbert Bourdin’s self-identification as the Cosmoplanetary Messiah. However, this apparent syncretism is less significant than the role that esoteric, occult traditions play in Aumism, and that constitute a “second pillar” on which Aumism has gradually been constructed as a separate “tradition.” Both historically, in terms of Bourdin’s background in esoteric study, and sociologically, in terms of the background of a majority of members, Aumism is an esoteric group, which is a fundamental type, distinct from religious movements and cult movements.
Inventing L. Ron Hubbard
Authors: Christensen Dorthe Refslund
Published: June 2006

More than a decade after his death, the work and person of L. Ron Hubbard remain at the very core of the Church of Scientology. The steps that were taken both before and after Hubbard’s passing are partly responsible for the ease with which the church navigated the potential crisis that could have been initiated by Hubbard’s death. The most important of these initiatives is the hagiographic production, the most significant attempt by the church to continually renew interest in Hubbard and thereby his religion, by pointing to him as the ultimate source and legitimizing resource. This essay analyzes part of such a hagiographic account. The analysis of the hagiography will be placed in perspective by introducing other church initiatives to promote and protect Hubbard and Scientology, and will include introductions to basic Scientological ideas, practices, and important parts of the church’s literature.
The Solar Temple “Transits”: Beyond the Millennialist Hypothesis
Authors: Lewis James R.
Published: June 2006

This essay examines the Order of the Solar Temple, focusing on founder Joseph Di Mambro. His idiosyncracies provide keys for understanding the Solar Temple’s dramatic final “transit.” The focus on Di Mambro then feeds into a broader analysis of the three primary suicide cults examined by contemporary scholars: the People’s Temple, the Solar Temple, and Heaven’s Gate. It is argued that millennialism and external provocation are not as central for understanding suicide groups as previous analysts have suggested. Instead, a leader with failing health along with other factors characteristic of intensive religious groups are more important in predicting which groups are predisposed to suicide.
“Come On Up, and I Will Show Thee”
Authors: Chryssides George D.
Published: June 2006

This essay examines the worldview of the Heaven’s Gate in terms of the concept of postmodernity. After the mass suicide of 1997, the group provoked controversy as an example of a “suicide cult” equivalent to the People’s Temple, the Branch Davidians, and the Solar Temple. However, a closer look at the radical physicalistic interpretation of the Book of Revelation presented by Marshall Applewhite and Bonnie Nettles shows that the actions undertaken make sense in light of the group’s worldview. The group’s idiosyncratic use of science fiction and Christianity also parallels the construction of meaning in a postmodern society.
Tilopa'sTreasury of Couplets
Authors: Jackson Roger R.
Published: June 2006

A translation of verses by Tilopa is presented.
Cartesian Skeptics
Authors: Broughton Janet
Published: June 2006

This essay contrasts Descartes with three skeptical figures: the Doubting Pyrrhonist, the Agrippan Pyrrhonist, and the Cartesian Skeptic. It argues that the meditator in Descartes’s Meditations is different from all three of these skeptics. Seeing the distinctive character of the meditator helps us understand how Descartes could have hoped to meet the challenge of skepticism.
Democracy in Iran
Authors: Gheissari Ali , Nasr Vali
Published: June 2006

Recently Iran has once again been in the headlines. Reputed to be developing nuclear weapons, the future of Iraq's next-door neighbor is a matter of grave concern both for the stability of the region and for the safety of the global community. President George W. Bush labeled it part of the “Axis of Evil,” and has railed against the country's authoritarian leadership. Yet as Bush trumpets the spread of democracy throughout the Middle East, few note that Iran has one of the longest-running experiences with democracy in the region. This book looks at the political history of Iran in the modern era, and offers an in-depth analysis of the prospects for democracy to flourish there. After having produced the only successful Islamist challenge to the state, a revolution, and an Islamic Republic, Iran is now poised to produce a genuine and indigenous democratic movement in the Muslim world. Democracy in Iran is neither a sudden development nor a western import. The concept of democracy in Iran today may appear to be a reaction to authoritarianism, but it is an old idea with a complex history, one that is tightly interwoven with the main forces that have shaped Iranian society and politics, institutions, identities, and interests. This book seeks to understand why democracy failed to grow roots and lost ground to an autocratic Iranian state. Why was democracy absent from the ideological debates of the 1960s and 1970s? Most important, why has it now become a powerful social, political, and intellectual force? How have modernization, social change, economic growth, and the experience of the revolution converged to make this possible?
An Islamic Developmental State? 1989–1997
Authors: Gheissari Ali , Nasr Vali
Published: June 2006

This chapter examines the shift from revolution to state-building and details how socioeconomic challenges, on the one hand, and memories of state and intellectual capital produced by the Pahlavi period, on the other, coalesced to shape the postrevolutionary state. Topics covered include successors to Khomeini, consolidation of new order, contending with socioeconomic challenges, social consequences of economic changes, and privatization and private sector growth.
Epilogue
Authors: Gheissari Ali , Nasr Vali
Published: June 2006

This chapter focuses on Iran's prospects for a democratic state. It is argued that the context for the democracy debate in Iran and the drive for democracy's realization have been strengthened by demographic changes; decentralization of authority in the form of increased importance of municipal and provincial constituencies; and the decade-long experience with civil society activism, voting, and mobilization of the population during electoral campaigns. However, Iranian politics has not as yet removed the main obstacles to democratization and state-building and the quest for social and individual freedoms have not converged in a linear process of political change. In the absence of a framework that would bind democracy to state-building, the goals of the latter have impeded the development of the former. The struggle between the two will shape state and society and will determine the pace and direction of Iran's progress toward the goal of a democratic state.
Introduction
Authors: Morey Melanie M. , Piderit John J.
Published: June 2006

This chapter describes the current cultural context, both secular and Catholic, in which Catholic colleges and universities operate. It establishes the claims of these institutions their Catholic identity and mission distinguishes them within the landscape of American higher education. The data from the first phase of a national study of Catholic higher education that led to the more extensive second phase are analyzed. The design and methodology of both the first and second phases of the study are also discussed.
The Catholic Tradition
Authors: Morey Melanie M. , Piderit John J.
Published: June 2006

This chapter provides a brief introduction to three umbrella terms: the Catholic intellectual tradition, the Catholic moral tradition, and Catholic social teaching. It begins with a historical look at the emergence of universities and the position of theology, philosophy, and the other liberal arts in these institutions. Using this as a foundation, it highlights what is meant by “Catholic intellectual tradition”. The Catholic intellectual tradition is further specified by identifying four theological or philosophical themes that recur in a Catholic analysis of academic areas. The Catholic moral tradition is invoked through a brief presentation of natural law, which is then used to suggest approaches Catholic institutions should take toward substance abuse and sexual intimacy on campus. Catholic universities are encouraged to become clearer about policy, and more specific about the amount and type of Catholic content students are expected to learn and retain during their years in a Catholic college or university. The concluding section explores the significance of cultural illiteracy and shadow cultures.
Institutional Culture
Authors: Morey Melanie M. , Piderit John J.
Published: June 2006

This chapter discusses how a pervasive institutional culture at Catholic colleges and universities has eroded in the absence of highly visible, knowledgeable, and committed nuns, brothers, and priests. It defines what a critical mass of knowledgeable and committed Catholic faculty members means for each of the four models of Catholic colleges and universities. It offers strategies for developing visible clusters of committed and knowledgeable faculty and administrators who can serve as religious cultural catalysts on each of the four types of campuses.
two The ‘Migration Crisis’ and the Genesis of Europe's New Diversity
Authors: Schierup Carl-Ulrik
Published: June 2006

In the early 1990s, politicians, media, and public opinion perceived the growing entries of migrants and asylum seekers to Western and southern Europe as a ‘migration crisis’ likely to threaten economic prosperity and national identity. In fact, migration declined in the mid-1990s, only to grow again at the beginning of the new century. At the same time, descendents of earlier migrants formed visible new minorities. The growing porosity of borders and diversity of populations coincided with a fundamental change in the character of welfare states and class relations in Europe. This chapter charts the ‘turning points’ in the process that has undermined traditional ideas of monocultural identities, discusses the challenges this poses for European societies, and examines a range of approaches to managing migration and diversity.
six Germany: Immigration and Social Exclusion in a Declining Welfare State
Authors: Schierup Carl-Ulrik
Published: June 2006

Germany has had the largest immigration of any European country: a mixture of ‘return’ of ethnic Germans and systematic recruitment of ‘temporary guestworkers’. The migrants stayed on and formed new ethnic minorities after recruitment was stopped in 1973. Yet the official line until the 1990s was that Germany was ‘not a country of immigration’. The resulting processes of ethnic segmentation and social exclusion coincided with a crisis of Germany’s strong ‘social state’, based on a regulated labour market, comprehensive social insurance, collective wage bargaining, and full employment. Exposure to global competition caused chronic unemployment, undermining the financial basis for the welfare state. The result has been a simultaneous crisis of national identity and the welfare state, with the pluralistic federal system apparently incapable of making the reforms needed to restart the economy and prevent the growth of inequality.
seven Economic Miracle and Political Limbo: Italy and Its ‘Extracommunitarians’
Authors: Schierup Carl-Ulrik
Published: June 2006

To grasp Italy’s experience of migration, welfare, and citizenship, it is necessary to first understand the convoluted relationship between formal legislation and central directives on the one hand, and their interpretation and implementation in a decentralized and clientilistic political-administrative setting on the other. Added to this is the complexity of Italy’s division into major regions that are still very different in terms of economy, political culture, and social structure and, consequently, in terms of the modes in which immigrants become incorporated into economy and society. This refers in particular to the traditional north-south divide, which has not vanished during the last three decades of economic restructuring and political change, but has taken on partially new forms. The chapter presents data on the growth of immigration in Italy. It draws a cursory sketch of the specific character of the Italian conservative-corporatist welfare state and the discontents produced by its merger with Italy’s post-Fordist political economy and labour market. It describes the growing structural dependency of the Italian economy on migrant labour and discusses the segmentation of the labour market in relation to the major regional divisions. The chapter closes with a discussion of vagaries of policy formation and the current political struggles in Italy over immigration.
nine ‘Bloody Subcontracting’ in the Network Society: Migration and Post‐Fordist Restructuring across the European Union
Authors: Schierup Carl-Ulrik
Published: June 2006

This chapter discusses the emergence of downgraded and informal sectors of European labour markets staffed by socially marginal migrants and ethnic minorities. These parts of the economy and the labour market seem to represent a ‘pre-modern’ regression in terms of organization and management. Yet the processes through which this occurs are part and parcel of advanced capitalist strategies of deregulation for the enhancement of ‘flexibility’ in terms of a networked economy and society and a fragmented labour market. This point is illustrated by case studies of industrial restructuring from Britain, the Netherlands, Spain, and Portugal. These examples exhibit advanced corporate strategies heading the ongoing restructuring of the political economy and European societies, and reflect processes typical for different economic sectors. The cases also demonstrate the impact of the different national institutional contexts and welfare regimes in which these strategies of restructuring are embedded.
Rethinking Difference
Authors: Dodson Debra L.
Published: June 2006

This chapter acknowledges the compelling evidence that women in public office make a difference, even as it explores the controversies that often lurk beneath the surface of such assertions: the probabilistic rather than deterministic nature of the relationship between descriptive and substantive representation of women; the contested legitimacy of women representing women; and disagreement about what it means to represent women. To that end, the chapter explores the need to develop theoretical and empirical models that recognize diversity, to take actions out of a contextual vacuum, to re-examine the appropriateness of the empirical models that structure the analysis, to confront (and ultimately counteract) institutional and cultural pressures that call into question the legitimacy of women representing women, and to acknowledge the conceptual weaknesses that belie the tendency to treat gender difference as a synonym for substantive representation of women.
Representing Women: The Elite to Elite Connection
Authors: Dodson Debra L.
Published: June 2006

This chapter deconstructs women’s words of connection to women, focusing on the connection women members of Congress feel towards other political women. Content analysis of transcripts shows that women members of Congress seem to conceptualize political women as a group with shared experiences and comradery, common concerns, and/or interrelated fates. However, the data also show that beneath the veneer of unity and connectedness revealed in women’s words is considerable complexity, driven not only by individual level forces — ideology, life experiences, race, etc. — but also shaped by the institutional environment of Congress and the constraints posed by its partisan structure.
Representing Women: The Constituency Connection
Authors: Dodson Debra L.
Published: June 2006

The analysis of women’s self-described roles as representatives of women finds both convincing evidence of consensus among women members over time and across parties as well as an abundance of complexity, pointing once again to the importance of going beyond what women say to other factors that give practical meaning to their words: perceptions of women as a group, resentment of perceived gender-related problems facing women, commitment to advancing women, and differences in the relative priority of working on behalf of women. Deconstructing ‘women’ and ‘women’s issues’ reveals differences in meanings that may contribute to different actions on different issues, benefiting different women. A closer look at partisan differences in the institutional and extra-institutional environments reveals challenges and opportunities for surrogate representation of women, which contribute to disunity among women in practice and perhaps diversity in the way feminist protest is manifested.
Difference, Negotiation, and Constraints in the Policy Process
Authors: Dodson Debra L.
Published: June 2006

The ratings of ten interest groups, along with party unity and presidential support scores, are analyzed to explore the broader evidence of change and stability in gender difference and women’s impact across the strikingly different environments of the 103rd and 104th Congresses. Although the results suggest that increased descriptive representation will enhance substantive representation of women, these findings of gender difference coexist with evidence that descriptive representation might not necessarily contribute to increased substantive representation of women. Gender differences narrowed in the 104th, primarily due to the influx of a new cohort of Republican women who were in some cases even more conservative than their male colleagues, but also due to ‘conversion’ effects, as veteran Republican women shifted rightward in an institutional environment where the cost of difference increased. With Democratic men on average being more feminist/liberal than Republican women on average, the question is raised whether substantive representation of women would be better served by increasing the proportional presence of Democrats (regardless of gender) or by increasing women’s presence regardless of party.
Health Care Reform: The Convergence of the Politics of Presence and the Politics of Ideas
Authors: Dodson Debra L.
Published: June 2006

This chapter deconstructs gender differences to explore the contested issues surrounding gender difference, when the politics of presence converged with partisan politics in the struggle over health care reform during the Democratic-controlled 103rd Congress. The impact of the institutional environment on women’s agenda and actions, along with differences in environmental pressures across parties and committees, are explored. The analysis attempts to move beyond the simple question of whether women make a difference to an understanding of how political environments, structured by partisanship and steeped in masculinist values, affect and can be affected by the feminale. The case study suggests that one cannot truly understand gender differences in an institutional vacuum, even as it forces us to confront the relationship between gender difference and substantive representation of women, and to consider the value of the concept of feminist protest in understanding partisan differences in gender difference and women’s impact.
1 The Religious Development of Ireland 1560–1770
Authors: Yates Nigel
Published: June 2006

This chapter outlines the religious development of Ireland between the Reformation and the late 18th centuries, and explains the failure of the Reformation in Ireland. It argues that the religious geography of Ireland was settled by the early 18th century and has remained unchanged since then.
Pastoral Care and Public Worship in Ireland 1770–1850
Authors: Yates Nigel
Published: June 2006

This chapter examines the pastoral functions of the churches in Ireland. It considers the educational and social background of the clergy, the role of the laity, public worship, and the principle elements of the programmes of religious reform in Ireland. The chapter is arranged thematically, and not on the basis of denominational divisions.
Irish Religious Developments in a British and European Context
Authors: Yates Nigel
Published: June 2006

This chapter brings the main themes and arguments of the book together, and sets them in the context of religious developments in other parts of the British Isles and mainland Europe. It shows how the religious problems of Ireland, and the solutions adopted to deal with them, were replicated in other churches.
Health and the Good Society
Authors: Cribb Alan
Published: June 2006

The goals of healthcare and health policy, and the health-related dilemmas facing policy makers, professionals, and citizens are analysed and debated in a range of disciplines, including public health, sociology, and applied philosophy. The book's core argument is that clinical ethics needs to be understood in the context of public health ethics. This entails healthcare ethics embracing ‘the social dimension’ of health in two overlapping senses: first, the various respects in which health experiences and outcomes are socially determined; and second, the ways in which health-related goods are better understood as social rather then purely individual goods. This broader approach to the ethics of healthcare includes a concern with the social construction of both healthcare goods and the roles, ideals, and obligations of agents; that is to say it focuses upon the ‘value field’ of health-related action and not only upon the ethics of action within this value field. This book thus ‘opens up’ the agenda of healthcare ethics both methodologically and substantively: it argues that population-oriented perspectives are central to all healthcare ethics, and that everybody has some share of responsibility for securing health-related goods including the good of greater health equality. One of its major conclusions is that the rather limited tradition of health education policy and practice needs a complete re-think.
Participating in Health Decisions: Patient and Community Empowerment
Authors: Cribb Alan
Published: June 2006

This chapter focuses on one of the most important dimensions of the diffusion of the health agenda: the opening up of levels of ‘involvement’ in healthcare and policy. It reviews the nature and ethical significance of participation in both healthcare and health policy. It considers the relationship between participation at the levels of care and policy, including the relationship between people participating as patients and as citizens. The discussion is designed not only to highlight the central ethical importance of participation, but also to specify the reasons it falls far short of an ‘ethical panacea’. Participation has to be understood as only one element in a complex nexus of competing healthcare goods.
Towards a Socially Reflexive Healthcare Ethics
Authors: Cribb Alan
Published: June 2006

This chapter seeks to pull together the arguments and implications of the book. In particular, it wants to ask how we — individually and collectively — ought to understand and debate the major questions of public-health policy. It focuses on the methodological implications of the arguments, i.e., their implications for the direction of healthcare ethics. It is argued that we each have some responsibility to divide our attention between our immediate ‘role-related’ obligations and the wider evaluation and construction of the social frameworks that define these roles and associated ‘ethical positions’. One aspect of this broader responsibility is seeking to understand the value field of health-related action: of the ways in which health-related goods are socially constructed and produced, and of the scope for changing these things.
Making the Health Agenda
Authors: Cribb Alan
Published: June 2006

This chapter looks at the shape of the health agenda. In other words, it considers some of the health-policy choices we face, whether as legislators, managers, health professionals, or as individual citizens. Topics discussed include the drive of globalization, the drive of biomedicine, competing ideas in healthcare, and realizing health as a social good.
2 A Christian Theatre
Authors: Conybeare Catherine
Published: June 2006

This chapter explores the idea of the dialogues as spectaculum. Licentius cast the dialogues as such, and Augustine picks up on the notion that these are texts to be watched, not read. If they are indeed presented in some way as a theatrical event before us, the readers, the following questions are raised: How are we, the audience, engaged in the action? How is the dramatis personae selected, described, stage managed? What is the relationship here between reality and action?
3 Theology for Lunch
Authors: Conybeare Catherine
Published: June 2006

This chapter explores the ways in which Augustine uses the flexibility of his genre. The starting point is a simple one: the fact that he chooses to include his mother Monnica in these works. This leads to the following questions: such as Why did he include his mother? What is her function in the dialogues? And what are the theological implications of the role she performs?
4 A Really Liberal Education
Authors: Conybeare Catherine
Published: June 2006

De Ordine is the most episodic of the dialogues, beginning as a discussion about the ordering of the universe, and narrates a dramatic dawn conversion. The second book of De Ordine moves into a discussion of memory, and then sketches for a programme of Christianized liberal disciplines. However, this programme is abruptly deflected at the end of the dialogue, with the suggestion that one need only live well and accept religious authority to gain knowledge of God. The philosophical material is elementary, and the structure of the discussion repeatedly disrupted; it is from within the disruptions that the innovative moves take place. This chapter discusses these innovations: the role played by Augustine’s mother, and the insights which she seems to prompt, especially those following from a serious commitment to an inclusive Christianity, and those which assign value to temporary or shifting things.
Doubt Truth to be a Liar
Authors: Priest Graham
Published: June 2006

The Law of Non-Contradiction has been high orthodoxy in Western philosophy since Aristotle. The so-called Law has been the subject of radical challenge in recent years by dialetheism, the view that some contradictions are indeed true. Many philosophers have taken the Law to be central to many of our most important philosophical concepts. This book mounts the case against this view. Starting with an analysis of Aristotle on the Law, it discusses the nature of truth, rationality, negation, and logic itself, and argues that the Law is inessential to all of these things. The book develops Priest’s earlier ideas in In Contradiction.
Aristotle on the Law of Non-Contradiction
Authors: Priest Graham
Published: June 2006

This chapter analyzes and criticizes the argument of Aristotle in Metaphysics, Book Gamma, against those who would violate the Law of Non-Contradiction, together with what a number of later commentators have made of them.
Consistency and the Empirical Sciences
Authors: Priest Graham
Published: June 2006

This chapter discusses the role of inconsistency in the empirical sciences. It distinguishes the various ways in which contradictions may occur in the corpus of science, and argues that while a contradiction may make revision desirable in some contexts, this may not be the case in others. The possibility of producing scientific theories based on a paraconsistent logic may well increase the power of scientific theorizing.
Logical Pluralism
Authors: Priest Graham
Published: June 2006

This chapter distinguishes between various senses in which one might be a pluralist about logic. In several of these, pluralism is uncontentiously correct. The difficult issue is whether there are different accounts of validity that are equally correct. It argues for logical monism in this regard.
1 Liberal Foundations
Authors: Clayton Matthew
Published: June 2006

This chapter sets out the liberal ideals of justice and legitimacy that form the basis of the conception of upbringing defended in later chapters. It begins with a summary of Rawls’s conception of political morality, then discusses the different dimensions of liberal autonomy and summarizes Rawls’s case for anti-perfectionist justice. Section 3 considers certain objections to Rawls’s political liberalism and against Rawls, asserting the view that autonomy should be treated as valuable in non-political lives. Section 4 sets out a conception of advantage with which to judge the demands of justice, drawing on Rawls’s account of the interests of citizens and Dworkin’s hypothetical insurance scheme. Finally, the questions addressed in later chapters are clarified by reference to recent discussions of the issue of the site of political morality offered by G.A. Cohen and Andrew Williams.
3 Parents and Public Reason
Authors: Clayton Matthew
Published: June 2006

Can parents legitimately enrol their child into controversial religious practices or disputed conceptions of human well being? Many liberals assert that they can, provided that this enrolment does not jeopardize the child’s development of autonomy. This chapter defends the view that the ideal of individual autonomy supports a negative answer to the question. It draws a distinction between autonomy as an end-state to be achieved, and autonomy as a precondition for legitimate enrolment into controversial ethical practices. The argument begins with a defence of the view that parental conduct must conform to certain aspects of Rawls’s ideal of public reason, since it is relevantly like political activity. The intrinsic and instrumental merits of the precondition conception of autonomy are discussed. The chapter closes with a critique of certain arguments for enrolment, which emphasize intimacy or the child’s development of the capacity for autonomous judgement.
Emerging Markets and Financial Globalization
Authors: Mauro Paolo , Sussman Nathan , Yafeh Yishay
Published: June 2006

This book provides the first comparative analysis of the determinants of sovereign bond spreads in the first era of financial globalization and bond finance (1870-1913) and today (1994-2002). Drawing on a newly-collected data set on bond yields, macroeconomic variables, and news of various categories for a panel of emerging markets, it is shown that news about wars or episodes of politically-motivated violence are significant and robust determinants of spreads; fiscal variables also play a role. In contrast, news about institutional reforms seldom have a rapid and significant impact. There are also important differences between the two eras: country-specific fundamentals accounted for a greater share of variation in spreads during the pre-WWI period than they do today. Crises shared by more than one country are common now, but were rare in the past. The mechanisms for addressing sovereign defaults in the previous era of globalization are discussed and some lessons for today are drawn.
International Capital Flows in the Previous Era of Globalization: An Overview and Outline of the Book and its Objectives
Authors: Mauro Paolo , Sussman Nathan , Yafeh Yishay
Published: June 2006

This chapter provides an overview of the book and discusses the objectives and arguments set out in the following chapters. It starts by giving a brief history of international capital flows in the period of globalization before the First World War. This book attempts, as this chapter explains, to shed light on today's international financial environment by comparing it with that of 1870–1913. The overarching objective of the book is to enrich the current debate on the design and reform of the international financial system and architecture, by drawing on the evidence from an earlier period of globalization. The chapter finishes by outlining the chapters that follow.
News and Sharp Changes in Bond Spreads
Authors: Mauro Paolo , Sussman Nathan , Yafeh Yishay
Published: June 2006

This chapter relates sharp changes in spreads on sovereign bonds of emerging economies to news articles in the London Times and the Investor’s Monthly Manual for the period 1870-1913, and to news articles in the Financial Times for the 1994-2002 period. News articles are classified into several categories (good economic news, bad economic news, news on institutional reforms, news on instability and wars, etc.). The first part of the analysis identifies the types of news that caused sharp changes in bond spreads. The second part identifies dates of sharp changes in spreads and attempts to find news items that explain them. It is shown that the relationship between news and spread changes was stronger in the period before 1913 than it is today. The category of news that matters most is instability and wars, followed by economic news. Despite the importance attached to institutional changes today, news about investor friendly reforms typically have little impact on bond spreads.
Co-movement of Spreads: Fundamentals or Investor Behavior?
Authors: Mauro Paolo , Sussman Nathan , Yafeh Yishay
Published: June 2006

This chapter focuses on co-movement of spreads across different countries, and on the frequency of crises shared by more than one country — contagion. Overall, co-movement of spreads among emerging markets was far higher in the 1990s than during the pre-World War I era. Sharp changes in spreads (or crises, defined in a number of ways) during the 1990s typically affected many countries at the same time, whereas global crises were virtually non-existent in the historical sample. An examination of whether co-movement was driven by common economic fundamentals showed that emerging markets in the past were more different from each other than their counterparts are today: they tended to specialize in a small number of export commodities. Differences in co-movement between the two periods were not driven solely by economic fundamentals, and may be accounted for by differences in investor behavior, particularly the presence of large investment funds today versus many individual investors in the past.
Sovereign Defaults and the Corporation of Foreign Bondholders
Authors: Mauro Paolo , Sussman Nathan , Yafeh Yishay
Published: June 2006

This chapter analyzes the operations of the Corporation of Foreign Bondholders (CFB) — an association of British investors holding bonds issued by foreign governments — between 1870 and 1913. It describes the coordination among creditors fostered by the CFB and evaluates its successes and failures. It is shown that a revamped creditor association might facilitate creditor coordination today and facilitate sovereign debt crisis resolution. The CFB may have had an easier time than a comparable body would have today.
3 Overview of the Common Rule and Subpart D
Authors: Ross Lainie Friedman
Published: June 2006

The Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 45 part 46, Federal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects, were developed based on reports published by the National Commission (for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research). Subpart A of 45 CFR 46 is known as the Common Rule since it has been adopted by sixteen federal agencies and departments of the US government. Subpart D provides additional protections for research involving children. This chapter examines in detail 45 CFR Part 46 as it applies to children subjects. It argues that even after 20 years, the regulations to protect human subjects remain quite viable and useful, although a few modifications may be necessary.
5 Informed Consent in Pediatric Research
Authors: Ross Lainie Friedman
Published: June 2006

This chapter presents an overview of the informed consent requirements and waivers in pediatric research under current federal regulations. These consent policies were adopted by the Food and Drug Administration in April 2001 with the exception of parental waivers under Code of Federal Regulations section 46.408. The moral bases for these requirements are examined: whether the current policies are consistent with these moral foundations, and if not, how the policies should be modified.
6 Phase I Research and the Meaning of ‘Prospect of Direct Benefit’
Authors: Ross Lainie Friedman
Published: June 2006

This chapter examines the issue of whether phase I pediatric oncology trials offer the prospect of direct benefit. Phase I research is carried out to determine toxicity; the possibility of direct benefit is secondary to the objectives of the study. Focusing exclusively on whether phase I trials could be interpreted as offering the prospect of direct benefit fails to acknowledge the moral relevance of the researchers’ intent. If intentions matter, then phase I studies cannot be said to offer the prospect of direct benefit.
8 Payment in Pediatric Research
Authors: Ross Lainie Friedman
Published: June 2006

This chapter examines the ethics of payment in pediatric research that does not offer the prospect of direct benefit (nontherapeutic research). It addresses the ethical objection that payment perverts motivation, and that this can have two adverse consequences: it may distort the voluntariness of the parent’s permission and the child’s assent; and it may lead to an unjust recruitment or selection of subjects. It is argued that it is morally permissible to provide payment for participation in pediatric research. Related issues that need to be resolved to decide what is a fair price for the participation of children in nontherapeutic research are discussed.
10 Minimizing Risks: Diabetes Research in Newborns
Authors: Ross Lainie Friedman
Published: June 2006

This chapter examines the meta-ethical question regarding subject selection in newborn screening for diabetes. Data show that over 90% of parents give permission for diabetes screening of their newborns in the US and abroad. It is argued that prediction research in newborns has potentially serious psychosocial implications, especially when it is introduced into the unsuspecting general population, and research designs must account for them. Recommendations are proposed that balance the need for research access with protection, to minimize harm to infants and their families.