bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
El Dr. Seuss en la encrucijada de la forma y el contenido en castellano
Authors: Badenes Guillermo , Coisson Josefina
Published: January 2021

El dilema de preservar la forma o el contenido ha sido discutido in extenso en los estudios traductológicos durante gran parte del siglo XX. Hayes (1975) confiaba en el sentido común del traductor al momento de encarar el arte de la traducción literaria. Por su parte, con un enfoque más descriptivo, Ben-Ari (1992) y Shavit (1992) estudiaron las características específicas de la literatura infantil traducida del alemán al hebreo revisando variables históricas y entendiendo la fuerza canónica de ciertos libros dentro del catálogo del sistema estudiado. En inglés, como en castellano, la literatura infantil carece en cierta medida de importancia canónica. Sin embargo, existen ejemplos específicos (tal el caso de las obras de grandes autores ingleses del siglo XIX como Lewis Carroll, Stevenson, o C. S. Lewis) que lograron adquirir estatus canónico. Como el epítome de la escritura periférica, la traducción (en este caso la traducción de literatura infantil) deviene una práctica periférica de una literatura periférica. Si consideramos que en el polisistema las obras tienden a ir y venir de posiciones centrales a posiciones periféricas y viceversa, podemos concluir que es importante abrir espacios a culturas alternativas, y que la traducción puede tener un papel preponderante en este proceso. Este trabajo analiza las estrategias utilizadas por tres traductores diferentes de tres obras de la serie de Dr. Seuss. Nuestros hallazgos persiguen hacer foco en las ideas de Hayes, Ben-Ari y Shavit centrados en la literatura para niños.
NASMIJANO BEZUMLJE U IZVANBRODSKOM DNEVNIKU SLOBODANA NOVAKA
Authors: Gligora Dragan
Published: January 2021

SMILING INSANITY IN OUTBOARD LOG BOOK BY SLOBODAN NOVAK

The paper argues that the starting point of Novak’s novel Outboard Log Book is a
“twisted” world based on a paradox, which influences the main elements and strategies of narration. Due to this “twisted” feature of the novel, which is determined
mostly politically and ideologically, the “disturbed perspective” prevails in the text.
Since the basic strategy in the novel is the pun, i.e. world play, whose symbolism
and meanings interconnect the plot, composition, narration, and the signifiers. The
character of Magistar, transformed into a fool and an outcast in this upside-down
world, can oppose the ideology and language as its main stronghold, only with
“silence ideology” (known from previous Novak’s novels We Should Think Further,
Southern Thoughts, and It Should Die Logically.), or he can try “to undermine it with
the language itself”. When the world cannot be interpreted by language, almost all
its functions are lost. What remains is the poetic function that becomes embedded
in irony. The paradigmatic syntagm a shell that makes a noise embodies the individuality and further justifies literariness. However, it becomes obvious that even
that “pledge” of art can be both disruptive and contradictory. The protagonist’s
return to the island signals a circular structure of the key narrative strand, as well
as his journey. Puns, playing with paradoxes, twists and replacements, as well as
“the aspiration for logical dying” “are reconciled” at the end of the third part of
the novel entitled Necropolis, which is visible in the “equalization of the opposing
worlds”, and in finding a solution to the problem of temporality.
THE SYMBOLIC FUNCTION OF IMPERIAL SIGNS AND IMAGES IN THE LITERARY WORK OF ISMAIL KADARE
Authors: Meminaj Margilena , Zisi Roland
Published: January 2021

THE SYMBOLIC FUNCTION OF IMPERIAL SIGNS AND IMAGES IN THE LITERARY WORK OF ISMAIL KADARE

The literary work of Ismail Kadare is overloaded with signs, images and what this essay terms “imperial figures.” Imperial figures in our usage of the signs of empires marked upon the past, often continue to resonate in the present. Kadare’s poetry, and even more his prose, overwhelms the reader with structures, symbols, details and imperial subjects. In their entirety, these signs of historical, ideological and cultural character originate from various Roman, Ottoman, fascist and communist sources, and deliberately intrigue reading from the socio-political aspect, which is oriented through allusive, confrontational and propositional mechanisms. Our study analyses the literary functions of imperial signs and images in some of the author’s novels. By assuming that the implication of imperial images and signs in Kadare’s books is a characteristic of his style, we also aim to explore, through the investigation of specific examples, the essence of literary intent and perceptual projection which stems from their frequent use. The paper shows that Kadare draws deeply from cultureembedded values, invoking the reader’s desire to make meaning or interpret signs and images in order to associate his fictionalized imperial signs with his depiction of Albania’s history.
Lavr Evgenija Vodolazkina kao roman o vječnoj ljubavi
Authors: Benčić Živa
Published: January 2021

EUGENE VODOLAZKIN’S LAURUS AS A NOVELA ABOUT ETERNAL LOVE

Even though in Eugene Vodolazkin’s hybrid novel Laurus, the hagiographic and love storylines are inseparable, this paper focuses mainly on the topic of love, or more precisely, on the concept of eternal love. The paper seeks to demonstrate that in his understanding of love, Vodolazkin is inspired, on the one hand, by Vladimir Solovyov and Nikolai Berdyaev’s Christian-Platonist rendering of Eros, and, on the other, by the Orthodox-theological interpretation of passion as sin. In any case, the semantic field of “love”, as seen by Vodolazkin in his novel, includes passion and compassion and unquestionable permanence. The meaning of the adjective “eternal” in “eternal love” first points to the meaning of the Christian concept of eternity. The meaning of the adjective is further discussed and clarified in the framework of Vodolazkin’s metaphysical assumptions about the irrelevance or absence of time.
"Iz ormara na police": O odrastanju i izlasku iz ormara u hrvatskoj queer književnosti
Authors: Stepanović Natalija Iva
Published: January 2021

“OUT OF THE CLOSET, ONTO THE BOOKSHELF”: ON GROWING UP
AND COMING OUT IN CROATIAN QUEER LITERATURE

In the contemporary Croatian queer prose, growing up is represented as a process
with uncertain outcomes. Contemporary writers do not describe gay and lesbian
identities as already shaped, finalized, and unquestionably different from heterosexuality. Their poetics have many predecessors, Bildungsroman, the 19th-century genre
that, despite conventional epilogues, depicts youth as a period of the adventure and
overturn, being the oldest one. The second important influence are foreign coming
out novels (texts that describe the articulation of gay and lesbian identities in the
family and community) or narratives of affirmation, and the third Yugoslav young
adult prose. The publication of the Croatian queer prose has increased dramatically since the first Gay Pride in Zagreb (2002) and the Queer Zagreb festival the
following year. In the short story collection Poqureene priče [The queered stories]
(2004) growing up is one of the prevailing topics with eventually popularized motifs
such as coming out, moving away / traveling, cultural signifiers of gay identity, and
crossings of sexual orientation with gender and class. Writing in the first person is
also very popular. Vladimir Stojsavljević’s oeuvre is important because the author
depicts growing up in three contexts, during Yugoslavia, in the war-time, and in
post-transition, and texts by Nora Verde are a novelty because she writes about
queer women as belonging to lesbian community. Young authors Mirta Maslać
and Viktorija Božina reveal an interesting autobiographical discourse and share a
tendency towards using diverse cultural references. This paper aims to show how
the encounter of local gay and lesbian culture, foreign fiction, and already present
genres has shaped the current texts about queer identity that manage to avoid writing
about sexuality within simplistic, binary oppositions.
Antički i mitološki motivi u zbirci Carmina Burana
Authors: Čanković Tomislav
Published: January 2021

ANTIQUE AND MYTHOLOGICAL MOTIFS IN CARMINA BURANA

This paper discusses the function, purpose, place and formal characteristics of the
Greek and Roman mythological motifs in the poems that are part of Carmina Burana,
a medieval collection of poetry dating from the first half of the 13th century. Different relations established between the aforementioned motifs and lyrical subjects
are also examined, as well as how these motifs fit into the context of the individual
poem and the entirety of Carmina Burana. The paper focuses exclusively on the
motifs which belong to the ancient Greek and Roman traditions, and not on those
of the Judeo-Christian provenance, although the latter are numerous in their own
right. Also, as Publius Ovidius Naso is often regarded as the main influence on the
goliards, traces of his works and militaristic concepts of love visible in the poems
of Carmina Burana are also highlighted and examined. The focus of this paper is
on those poems which belong to the basic thematic elements usually attributed
to the goliards, including tavern, wine, gambling, physical love and satirical and
anticlerical overtones.
Istraživanje dugog trajanja (o prijevodu knjige M. Bahtina na hrvatski jezik)
Authors: Lugarić Vukas Danijela
Published: January 2021

Prikaz knjige: Mihail M. Bahtin, Problemi poetike Dostojevskoga. Prevele Zdenka Matek Šmit i Eugenija Ćuto. Zadar: Sveučilište u Zadru. 2020. 263 str.
¿Nuevas o viejas masculinidades? El rol masculino dominante entre los adolescentes españoles
Authors: Martínez Avidad Mayra , Pérez López Alba
Published: January 2021

A pesar de los nuevos valores en torno a la igualdad de género, no queda claro que éstos hayan conseguido cambios sustantivos en el modelo de masculinidad de las nuevas generaciones. La presente investigación se propone indagar en qué medida ha cambiado el rol de género de unos varones que han crecido y han sido educados en una sociedad supuestamente más igualitaria. Para ello se ha utilizado una metodología cualitativa basada en grupos de discusión y entrevistas semi-estructuradas con adolescentes que se encuentran en los últimos cursos de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria. En general se observa una persistencia del rol masculino patriarcal, con algunas variaciones también destacables, consecuencia de algunos cambios sociales que han transformado las relaciones entre sexos.
El auge del gusto conservador convencional: clase, consumo y política en Turquía
Authors: Akçaoğlu Aksu , Karademir Hazir Irmak
Published: January 2021

En este artículo, nuestro objetivo es utilizar los conceptos de Bourdieu para comprender la emergencia de un gusto conservador / islámico en el contexto de las recientes transformaciones políticas de Turquía. Para hacerlo, primero nos centraremos en las raíces históricas del fenómeno, la fuerte conexión entre la política y el consumo en Turquía, con el fin de abordar los impactos de la reciente transformación del conservadurismo político en el gusto conservador. En segundo lugar, describimos la forma actual del gusto conservador convencional como la elección de un estilo elegante y religioso, a través del análisis de contenido de tres revistas de moda conservadoras. Por último, recurriendo a una investigación de campo realizada en Ankara, presentamos ejemplos concretos de cómo se incorpora el gusto conservador y se utiliza para realizar la distinción de clase dentro y más allá de las fracciones conservadoras de la sociedad.
Identidad, Juventud y Crisis: el concepto de crisis en las teorías sobre la juventud
Authors: Feixa Pàmpols Carles
Published: January 2021

El artículo se propone reconstruir algunas narrativas teóricas sobre la juventud, articuladas en torno al concepto de crisis. Para ello, repasa las aportaciones de cinco autores del siglo XX, provenientes de distintas disciplinas, escuelas teóricas y coyunturas de crisis: Erik H. Erikson (1968) y su teoría sobre la juventud como “crisis normativa”; Stanley G. Hall (1904) y su teoría sobre la adolescencia como fase de “tempestad y estímulo”; Antonio Gramsci (1929-31) y su teoría sobre juventud, hegemonía y crisis de autoridad; Margaret Mead (1970) y su teoría sobre la capacidad prefigurativa de la crisis juvenil; Dick Hebdige (1979) y su teoría sobre el punk como metáfora de la crisis. El artículo concluye preguntándose qué elementos de estas teorías deben descartarse y cuáles pueden rescatarse, para comprender la metamorfosis de la condición juvenil tras las secuelas de la última crisis y para diseñar políticas públicas y privadas más efectivas para enfrentarla. El texto incorpora un postscriptum sobre la crisis del coronavirus.
The Contentious Politics of Social Policy expansion in Latin America
Authors: Guzmán-Concha César , Ciccia Rossella
Published: January 2021

Latin America witnessed a resurgence of protests during the 1990s and early 2000s. Citizens took to the streets to protest against the liberalization of public services and rising levels of inequalities and poverty. This situation partly changed in the decade of the 2000s when the region experienced a period of sustained social policy expansion intended to extend protections to formerly excluded groups. Did popular mobilization have an influence on the turn toward universalism in Latin American social policy? This paper explores this question by looking at the relationship between protest, the strength of the Left and the adoption of expansive reforms in healthcare, conditional cash transfers and noncontributory pensions. The findings bring support to the idea that protest is a relevant aspect of the politics of social policy reform, although its effects are both sensitive to other characteristics of the political environment and the particular policy dimension considered.
Causes of «failures» on MRI T2* and CT brain perfusion, the analysis of our own experience
Authors: Sukhanov V. A. , Chernova O. N. , Vazhenin A. V.
Published: January 2021

Introduction. We examined the experience of performing perfusion studies of the brain, and analyzed the errors in the procedure and interpretation of studies. The data obtained made possible to understand better the reasons that led to errors and how to avoid them in future practice. Purpose: to reduce the number of perfusion studies of the brain, which interpretation is not possible or might be performed with errors. Objectives: to analyze the reasons that led to the inability to analyze the perfusion or difficulties in interpretation of the data obtained, to divide them into groups of factors that influenced the study. To develop an algorithm to reduce the number of «unsuccessful» studies. Materials and methods: retrospectively evaluated 275 CT and MRI studies of brain perfusion performed between 2017 and 2019. Results: the result of this study was a reduction of the number of uninformative studies and errors in the interpretation of correctly obtained data. Conclusion: monitoring the MRI and CT perfusion studies allows to avoid uninformative studies. The standardization of the examination method allows to evaluate the dynamics of changes, regardless of modality.
Ultrasound examination of peripheral nerve injuries in patients with limb injuries in the early post-traumatic or postoperative periods
Authors: Mazhorova I. I. , Trofimova E. Yu. , Khamidova L. T. , Titov R. S. , Bogolyubsky Yu. A. , Evgrafov P. G.
Published: January 2021

Introduction. In the early hours and days after traumatic or surgical event it is essential to determine type of peripheral nerve injury accurately.Objective. To assess performance of diagnostic ultrasound (US) in patients with traumatic and intraoperative nerve injuries during the early hours and days after trauma or surgery.Materials and methods. 106 patients with clinical signs of extremity nerve injuries were included into the study. A total of 113 limb nerves were investigated with US.Results. US sensitivity in the detection of complete nerve rupture was 100% (95% CI: 39,8-100%), specificity — 99,0% (94,7100,0%); for nerve compression with the bone sensitivity was 100% (66,4-100%), specificity — 100% (96,3-100%); for nerve compression with fixation devices sensitivity was 100% (66,4-100%), specificity — 100% (15,8-100%) и 100% (88,4-100%).

Conclusion. Nerve US is a reliable method for the evaluation of extremity nerve injury, the method can be recommended for use in the early hours and days after trauma or surgery.
Analysis of the primary incidence of conscript military personnel of the Navy and Russian Ground Forces over the last 10 years (2010–2019)
Authors: Evdokimov V. I. , Sivashchenko P. P.
Published: January 2021

The purpose of the study is to analyze the primary incidence of conscript military personnel of the Navy and Ground Forces over the last 10 years from 2010–2019.Methodology. We conducted a selective statistical analysis of medical reports on the health status of personnel and the activities of the medical service in the form of 3/MED of military units, in which served about 80% of the total number of conscript military personnel of the Navy and Russian Ground Forces. The primary incidence of conscript military personnel was correlated with the chapters of the International Classiﬁcation of Diseases, 10 th revision (ICD-10).Results and their discussion. The average annual incidence rate of conscript military personnel for the Navy amounted to 1143,4–59,1‰, of the Ground Forces was higher at the level of trends — 1345,9–86,1‰. The dynamics of the primary incidence of conscript military personnel of the Navy showed a decrease in data, the Ground Forces — resembled an inverted U-curve with maximum rates in 2013–2014. The leading chapters of diseases of the primary incidence of the Russian Navy and the Army were respiratory diseases (X chapter), skin and subcutaneous tissue diseases (XII chapter), some infectious and parasitic diseases (chapter I), digestive diseases (XI chapter) and bone disease -muscular system and connective tissue (XIII chapter). The total contribution of these classes to the structure was 83,9 and 84,5%, respectively. Indicators of primary morbidity of acute respiratory infections of the upper respiratory tract (J00–J06), infections of the skin and subcutaneous tissue (L00–L08), and other acute lower respiratory infections were of a different signiﬁcance for the conscripts of the Russian Navy and the Ground Forces of rank 1–6 respiratory tract (J20–J22), ﬂu and pneumonia (J10–J18), diseases of the esophagus, stomach and duodenum (K20–K31) and viral infections characterized by lesions of the skin and mucous membranes (B00–B09). The distinctive features of the primary morbidity of military personnel of the Navy and Ground Forces by disease classes and leading nosologies are revealed. The total contribution of the listed nosologies (groups in chapters) to the structure was 71,3 and 73,2%, respectively.
Столетию основания Высших художественно-технических мастерских посвящается
Authors: Ермоленко Елена
Published: January 2021

В статье освещены мероприятия и события как иллю­страции структурной характеристики и фундаментальной роли выдающейся архитектурно-художественной школы ВХУТЕМАС. Педагоги Высших художественно-технических мастерских, в числе которых А. Веснин, Н. Ладовский, И. Леонидов, К. Мельников, А. Щусев, Э. Лисицкий, В. Тат­лин и многие другие, оказали колоссальное влияние на становление и развитие мировой архитектуры и искусства XX-XXI веков. Закономерно, что юбилейные мероприятия прошли под эгидой Комиссии Российской Федерации по делам ЮНЕСКО. В мероприятиях приняли участие высшие архитектурные школы России, зарубежные исследовате­ли из Германии, Италии, США и других стран, Российская академия художеств, Российская академия архитектуры и строительных наук, Союз архитекторов России и Союз мо­сковских архитекторов. В Музее Москвы, Музее архитектуры им. А. Щусева и на других площадках организованы вы­ставки, посвящённые становлению школы, организации и методике учебного процесса во ВХУТЕМАСе.
Interaction of Citizens with Regulatory Enforcement and Inspection Bodies: Status and Key Trends
Authors: Yuzhakov V. N. , Dobrolyubova E. I.
Published: January 2021

The objective of the paper is to evaluate the status and trends of citizen interactions with regulatory enforcement and inspection bodies in the framework of inspection reform.

The key method used was a representative sociological survey conducted in 35 Russian regions in March 2020. The survey allowed for collecting citizen evaluations on personal experience related to facing 10 major risks to public values (in the areas of personal safety from crime, food and non-food product safety, fire and technical safety of buildings and constructions, environmental safety, risks related to medical services and drugs, transport safety, risks related to financial services and misuse of personal data).

The results demonstrate that some 49.5 percent of Russian citizens have faced the need to protect themselves from the above risks for the past 2 years. Out of them, 44.9 percent of respondents applied for protection to regulatory enforcement and inspection authorities. Only 44.2 percent of respondents that had applied to regulatory enforcement and inspection authorities for protection of public values fully attained their objectives (i.e. managed to prevent the threat or have violations eliminated and the damage reimbursed).

Comparing these results to those obtained from the previous surveys demonstrates that implementation of the inspection reform has not yet made any significant effect on improving the quality of interaction between citizen and regulatory enforcement and inspection authorities. To improve the quality of such interactions special measures should be undertaken for improving the use of feedback mechanisms for planning inspection activities. Responses to citizen applications should be controlled not only in terms of timeliness but also in terms of substance. Timely review and reaction to citizen applications as well as more involvement in damage reimbursement processes on the part of regulatory enforcement and inspection authorities are also recommended. Broader use of digital technologies for interactions between citizen and regulatory enforcement and inspection authorities could also help improve the quality of these interactions and contribute to increasing the public trust to these authorities.
Roads that We Did Not Choose or Foreign Policy Results of 2020
Authors: Shamahov V. A.
Published: January 2021

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Migratory fish bone in the pharynx, a report of 2 cases
Authors: Xu Shuyi , Li Xiaomin , Peng Yue , Yang Jing , Liu Qianxu , Guo Jiefeng , Yu Zhijian
Published: January 2021

Fish bones have a risk of damaging the mucosa when lodged in the
pharynx. Fish bones migrated into surrounding tissues is relatively
unusual. We present 2 cases of patients who ingested fish bone, which
migrated into retropharyngeal space and hypopharynx. All fish bones were
removed without complications.
Geometric Hashing and ΑΙ-Quantum Deep Learning functional similarities on Remdesivir, drug synergies to treat COVID-19 in Practice.
Authors: Grigoriadis Ioannis
Published: January 2021

Νovel SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) of the family Coronaviridae
starting in China and spreading around the world is an enveloped,
positive-sense, single-stranded RNA of the genus betacoronavirus
encoding the SARS-COV-2 (2019-NCOV, Coronavirus Disease 2019. Remdesivir
drug, or GS-5734 lead compound, first described in 2016 as a potential
anti-viral agent for Ebola diseade and has also being researched as a
potential therapeutic agent against the severe acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the coronavirus that causes
coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Computer-aided drug design (CADD),
Structure and Ligand based Drug Repositioning strategies based on
parallel docking methodologies have been widely used for both modern
drug development and drug repurposing to find effective treatments
against this disease. Quantum mechanics, molecular mechanics, molecular
dynamics (MD), and combinations have shown superior performance to other
drug design approaches providing an unprecedented opportunity in the
rational drug development fields and for the developing of innovative
drug repositioning methods. We tested 18 phytochemical small molecule
libraries and predicted their synergies in COVID-19 (2019- NCOV), to
devise therapeutic strategies, repurpose existing ones in order to
counteract highly pathogenic SARS-CoV-2 infection. We anticipate that
our geometry hashing driven quantum deep learing similarity approaches
which is based on separated pairs of short consecutive matching
fragments, can be used for the development of anticoronaviral drug
combinations in large scale HTS screenings, and to maximize the safety
and efficacy of the Remdesivir, Colchicine and Ursolic acid drugs
already known to induce synergy with potential therapeutic value or drug
repositioning to COVID-19 patients.
Tension Orbit secondary to a carious primary molar- A case report.
Authors: Jaisani Mehul , Dongol Ashok , Acharya Pradeep , Yadav Anjani , Pasvan Chandrakant , Rai Siddhartha , Pande Rikta , Koirala Bnadhana , Lavaju Poonam , Shah Shankar , laverick sean
Published: January 2021

In this case report we present a case of a eight years old boy who
presented with progressive orbital cellulitis causing endangered vision
secondary to carious primary maxillary molar. The patient was
appropriately managed with intravenous antibiotics, steroids and
surgical decompression. Significant morbidity was overcome by
multi-specialty team approach.
Expanding forests in alpine regions: space-for-time indicates a corresponding shift in belowground fungal communities
Authors: Tonjer Lea-Rebekka , Thoen Ella , Morgado Luis , Botnen Synnøve Smebye , Mundra Sunil , Nybakken Line , Bryn Anders , Kauserud Håvard
Published: January 2021

Climate change causes upward shift of forest lines worldwide, with
consequences on soil biota and carbon (C). Using a space-for-time
approach, we analyse compositional changes in the soil biota across the
forest line ecotone, an important transition zone between different
ecosystems. We collected soil samples along transects stretching from
subalpine mountain birch forests to low-alpine vegetation. Soil fungi
and micro-eukaryotes were surveyed using DNA metabarcoding of the 18S
and ITS2 markers, while ergosterol was used to quantify fungal biomass.
We observed a strong shift in the soil biota across the forest line
ecotone: Below the forest line, there were higher proportions of
basidiomycetes and mucoromycetes, including ectomycorrhizal and
saprotrophic fungi. Above, we observed relatively more root-associated
ascomycetes, including Archaeorhizomycetes, ericoid mycorrhizal fungi
and dark septate endophytes. Ergosterol and percentage C content in soil
strongly and positively correlated with the abundance of root-associated
ascomycetes. The predominance of ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungi
below the forest line likely promote high C turnover, while
root-associated ascomycetes above the forest line may enhance C
sequestration. With further rise in forest lines, there will be a
corresponding shift in the belowground biota linked to C sequestration
processes.
Validation of the Montgomery-Åsberg depression rating scale in depressed patients in Serbia
Authors: Mihajlovic Goran , Vojvodic Petar , Vojvodic Jovana , Andonov Ana , Hinic Darko
Published: January 2021

Introduction/Objective. The aim of this study was the validation of the Montgomery?Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) in patients in Serbia suffering from depression. Methods. Both test and retest situations have been conducted on 162 adult patients with major depressive disorder, and on 110 individuals that have not shown any type of mental disorder (control group). The sample included 58.8% male and 41.2% female participants, age between 20 and 79 years (M = 42.26, SD = 11.53) with no differences between groups in terms of participants? sex and age. The following instruments were used: MADRS, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, and Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Results. MADRS has shown good psychometric characteristics: internal consistency, test-retest reliability, concurrent validity, and its discriminatory validity is adequate. Study also confirmed the onedimensionality of the instrument. Statistically significant differences between the groups, in terms age and education, have been identified, but the effects of the differences were small. Conclusion. The MADRS scale has shown good psychometric characteristics in our study; thus, it may be used for the assessment of depressed states in Serbian patients.
Diagnostic performances and clinical usefulness of comprehensive non-commercial software for renogram analysis: Values of renal output efficiency and normalized residual activity in suspected kidney outflow obstruction
Authors: Beatovic Slobodanka , Radulovic Marija , Durutovic Otas , Veljkovic Milos , Saponjski Jelena , Artiko Vera , Sobic-Saranovic Dragana
Published: January 2021

Introduction/Objective. Nuclear Medicine Section of IAEA has developed the software for dynamic renal scintigraphy, which allows calculation of advanced parameters of drainage: renal output efficiency (OE) and normalized residual activity (NORA). The aim of this study was to validate IAEA software by comparing results of parameters of renal drainage in normal subjects against their established reference values and to assess diagnostic accuracy of OE and NORA in distinguishing between obstruction/unobstruction. Methods. Fifty-five patients with suspected obstruction and 36 kidney donors were investigated. Group A consisted of 24 obstructed kidneys, Group B of 37 kidneys with dilated urinary tract, and Group C of 72 normal kidneys. Forty-minute acquisition was applied. Furosemide was administered after 20 minutes. Post-micturition image was acquired at 50 minutes. The analyzed parameters were as follows: OE at 20 minutes (OE20) and at the end of the furosemide test (OE40), NORA at 20 minutes (NORA20) and after micturition (NORAPM). One-way ANOVA was used for evaluating the differences between the groups. Ability of OE40 and NORAPM to distinguish between obstruction/unobstruction was determined by ROC curve analysis. The sensitivity, specificity, area under the curve, and cut-off values were analyzed. Results. Excellent agreement of our results with established OE and NORA values was found. The difference between the groups was significant for OE20, OE40, NORA20, and NORAPM (p < 0.001). Cut-off values for obstruction were 82% and 0.11 for OE40 and NORAPM, respectively. Conclusion. IAEA software gives reliable analysis of diuretic renography and helps to better diagnose obstruction. IAEA should be encouraged to produce final version of the software and to release it online.
Translation mistakes? (Barlaam et Joasaph, cod. Athon. Iviron 463)
Authors: Egedi-Kovacs Emese
Published: January 2021

The marginal Old French translation in a codex kept on Mount Athos, Iviron ?
463, is a remarkably precise translation of the Greek main text, the
abridged version of the romance- hagiography Barlaam and Josaphat. Now and
then, however, minor spelling mistakes and mistranslations are part of the
text, nevertheless, with more careful analysis, these do not appear to be
mistakes at all. In this study, examples for such instances are discussed:
the author of the paper lists transcriptions/readings which are different
from the Greek original and seem to be mistakes at first glance, but the
translator?s deliberate intent can be assumed in the mentioned cases, and
therefore, they can provide valuable data about the social and cultural
background of the unknown translator of the Iviron-manuscript and about the
historical and social context of the translation.
Management of Patients with Genetic Predisposition to Breast Cancer
Authors: Euhus David M , O’Donnell Maureen
Published: January 2021

Commercialization of massive parallel sequencing and reversal of patent protection for raw DNA sequences have fueled competition in the genetic testing marketplace, leading to lower costs and abundant choices for consumers. Multigene panel testing will identify a pathogenic mutation in 4 to 12% of familial high-risk patients who have tested negative for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation. BRCA1 and BRCA2 are still the genes most frequently implicated in hereditary breast cancer predisposition.  PALB2, CHEK2, and ATM are the next most common. Variants of uncertain clinical significance are reported for 20 to 40% of tests. This is likely to improve as data accumulate. Average cancer risk can be estimated for most of the genes, but this should be adjusted up or down based on family history for management decisions. Most patients with a pathologic mutation in any of the breast cancer predisposition genes meet the criteria for enhanced surveillance with magnetic resonance imaging. Risk-reducing surgery is considered for the highest-risk patients. The results of a genetic test can influence management decisions for the newly diagnosed breast cancer patient. 

This review contains 4 figures, 7 tables and 51 references
Key Words: breast cancer, chemoprevention, enhanced surveillance, hereditary predisposition, multigene panels, risk-reducing mastectomy, risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy
Management of Metastatic Sarcoma
Authors: Allard-Picou Ayana , Katz Steven C
Published: January 2021

Approximately 12,310 soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) were diagnosed in 2016. These tumors originate from mesenchymal cells throughout the body and account for less than 1% of all newly diagnosed cancers in adults. STSs comprise a heterogeneous group of tumors, with over 50 different histologic subtypes categorized based on the presumptive tissue of origin, each with varying individual characteristics and varying patterns of behavior. Most commonly, they originate in the extremity followed by the trunk as the second most common site of primary lesions. The likelihood of metastatic spread is highly variable among histologic subtype and primary disease site. Distant hematogenous metastases occur in up to 50% of patients with high-grade sarcomas but in only 5% of patients with low-grade sarcomas. Most metastases occur within 2 years following initial diagnosis. The risk of metastasis is dependent on several prognostic factors, including tumor depth, tumor size, and mitotic rate. The role of surgery in the management of metastatic disease is governed by careful patient selection in the context of a multidisciplinary plan including systemic treatment. Selection of patients for resection of sarcoma metastases is most appropriately based on consideration of factors associated with long-term survival. We review the role of surgery in the management of STS metastases, rational selection of patients for resection, and strategies for integrating surgery into multidisciplinary treatment planning for patients with metastatic STS. 

This review contains 3 figures, 3 tables and 60 references
Key words: gastrointestinal stromal tumor, hepatic sarcoma metastases, metastatic sarcoma, pulmonary sarcoma metastases, retroperitoneal sarcoma, sarcoma, soft tissue sarcoma, surgical resection of sarcoma metastases
Pediatric Tumors: Extraskeletal Ewing Sarcoma
Authors: Groundland John , Shaw Sara
Published: January 2021

Extraskeletal Ewing sarcoma is a rare clinical entity under the umbrella of the Ewing sarcoma family of tumors. The pathogenesis of the tumor has yet to be fully described, but a gene rearrangement and the resultant fusion protein characterize the molecular basis of the disease. Current therapy centers on cytotoxic chemotherapy and local control, either through surgical resection or therapeutic radiation. Survival data specific to extraskeletal Ewing sarcoma are limited due to the rare nature and varied presentation of the disease but parallel those of skeletally based Ewing sarcoma.

This review contains 14 figures, 5 tables and 50 references. 
Key words: CD 99, Ewing sarcoma, EWS-FLI1, extraskeletal Ewing sarcoma, pediatric soft tissue sarcoma, t(11;22)
ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Reed Grant William , Cannon Christopher Paul
Published: January 2021

Patients with acute coronary syndrome fall into two groups: those with unstable angina or non—ST segment elevation (formerly non—Q wave) myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) and those with acute ST segment elevation (formerly Q wave) myocardial infarction (STEMI). STEMI is the focus of this chapter. The epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and complications of STEMI are elaborated. Reperfusion therapy (including time to reperfusion; diagnostic coronary angiography; primary, facilitated, rescue, and late percutaneous coronary intervention [PCI]; thrombolytic therapy and choice of thrombolytic agent; early invasive strategy; coronary artery bypass grafting; and therapeutic hypothermia), medical therapy (including aspirin, P2Y12 inhibitors, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, anticoagulants, nitrates, beta blockers, inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, oxygen, analgesia, lipid-lowering therapy, prophylactic antiarrhythmics, and magnesium), risk stratification, secondary prevention, and post-STEMI care are also covered. Tables delineate classifications of MI as defined by proximal cause of myocardial ischemia, Killip classification of acute MI and mortality rates, differential diagnosis of ST segment elevation, contraindications for administering thrombolytic agents, and major recommendations for antithrombotic therapy in patients with STEMI treated with primary PCI and thrombolysis. Algorithms indicate a diagnostic approach to acute coronary syndromes and corresponding pathology and reperfusion strategies. Electrocardiogram changes in STEMI and corresponding territory of myocardium are depicted. A variety of graphs are included.
This review contains 11 highly rendered figures, 6 tables, and 151 references.
Molecular and Cellular Mediators of the Inflammatory Response
Authors: Makley Amy T. , Goodman Michael D. , Pritts Timothy A
Published: January 2021

Inflammation is a highly complex process involving vascular, neurogenic, humoral, and cellular responses. Although the descriptive features of acute inflammation have long been known (i.e., heat, redness, pain, swelling), a single satisfactory definition of this phenomenon is still lacking. Successful therapy for inflammation rests not only on investigating the type of injury, but also on the timing of the intervention. This review focuses on humoral and cellular responses to injury, defining essential and interrelated inflammatory pathways. Systemic inflammatory response system (SIRS), in relation to sepsis syndrome, is defined by the global proinflammatory physiologic response to a stimulus. In contrast, compensatory antiinflammatory response (CARS) results from a predominant antiinflammatory response to an insult, also causing immunosuppression and increased susceptibility to infection. Also discussed are the roles of cytokines, adhesion molecules, inflammatory cells such as neutrophils, mast cells, and lymphocytes, extracellular vesicles, sphingolipids, reactive oxygen metabolites, nitric oxide, the complement cascade, and eicosanoids. Therapeutic implications and trials are examined in relation to cytokines in SIRS and CARS, activated protein C, and inflammatory bowel disease.
This review contains 11 figures, 4 tables, and 79 references.
Appropriate Antibiotic Selection and Use for Intensive Care Unit Patients, Part II: Factors Influencing Therapeutic Levels, Toxicity, and Allergic Reactions
Authors: Pino Richard M , Paras Molly , Shenoy Erica S
Published: January 2021

The effective dose of an antibiotic administered to a patient in an intensive care unit is based on multiple factors. The antibiotic dose for each patient must be tailored based on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic principles. Antibiotic levels can vary during the course of therapy with changes in organ function that may affect the volume of distribution. Antibiotic dose adjustments are necessary to ensure that the appropriate tissue levels are reached to achieve bacterial killing while side effects are minimized. This review discusses the factors that may affect antibiotic levels and the rationales for dosing, barriers to effective treatment, and common side effects.
Key words: antibiotics, antibiotic toxicity, intensive care unit, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics
Management of Extremity Fractures and Complications
Authors: Lee Tim H , Inaba Kenji
Published: January 2021

Trauma-associated extremity injuries are common and may lead to significant morbidity and mortality and can even be immediately life threatening. A thorough understanding of the management principles for traumatic extremity injuries is essential. Proper management of traumatic extremity fractures can mitigate development of detrimental inflammatory and infectious sequelae and preserve function. Gram-positive antibiotic prophylaxis with débridement and washout within 24 hours of injury is supported for all open fractures, with broader antibiotic coverage against gram-negative bacteria supported for Gustilo-Anderson type III open fractures. Extremity vascular injury in civilian trauma is rare but must be promptly identified to prevent irreversible limb ischemia. Rhabdomyolysis and compartment syndrome are feared complications of severe extremity trauma. Aggressive volume resuscitation for rhabdomyolysis is widely accepted to support renal function. When compartment syndrome is suspected, maintaining extremity perfusion is critical, and fasciotomy may be necessary for compartmental decompression. The mangled extremity can threaten limb viability, function, rehabilitation potential, and, in some cases, life. It is best treated in a multidisciplinary setting with the decision to salvage or amputate based on careful expert consensus evaluation.
This review contains 4 figures, 5 tables, and 88 figures.
Key words: compartment syndrome, extremity injury, extremity vascular injury, open fracture, mangled extremity, rhabdomyolysis, tourniquet use, trauma
Surgical Critical Care of Special Populations (Pregnant, Geriatric, Pediatric)
Authors: Knowlton Lisa Marie , Chao Stephanie D , Thorson Chad M , Staudenmayer Kristan L
Published: January 2021

This review covers the specialized care of populations who present different management challenges when critically injured. The text is divided into three sections: pregnant, geriatric, and pediatric patients. For each population, the discussion focuses on the unique diagnostic and treatment algorithms that the surgical intensivist must consider. In addition to management of trauma in these special populations, other common diagnoses warranting surgical intensive care unit (ICU) admission are reviewed. Current guidelines on diagnostic imaging and medication safety are outlined. Injury prevention and outcomes improvement are an essential component of optimizing trauma care. The epidemiology of traumatic injury within each specialized population is included in this review. Outcomes are discussed in depth, particularly with respect to the geriatric ICU patient, including a section on barriers to disposition, decision-making capacity, and end-of-life care in the surgical ICU.  
This review contains 2 figures, 4 tables, and 72 references.
Key words: end of life in the ICU, geriatric trauma, injury prevention, pediatric trauma, pregnancy
Inhalation Injury
Authors: Subramanian Madhu , Hodgman Erica I , Wolf Steven E
Published: January 2021

Among those who have been burned in fires, inhalation injury is common from high-temperature air in the upper airway and inhaled toxins in smoke, causing metabolic poisoning and chemical burns in the trachea and lower airways. The diagnosis of inhalation injury is difficult as it is often based on qualitative measures in the history and physical examination, although measurement of carboxyhemoglobin and untoward acidosis are effective indirect measures. The use of CT for diagnosis is also playing a greater role. Treatment is generally supportive with airway and ventilator support, including the use of volumetric diffuse respiration and occasionally hydrogen cyanide antidotes. Inhalation injury is contributory to morbidity and mortality in the severely burned but is often a signal of the severity of the burns as well. This review discusses the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of inhalation injury, with an emphasis on potential complications. 
 
This review contains 1 figure, 4 tables and 159 references
Key words: airway pressure release ventilation, bronchodilator therapy, carbon monoxide poisoning, cyanide poisoning, inhalation injury
Brain Death
Authors: Seshadri Anupamaa , Salim Ali
Published: January 2021

The concept of “brain death” is one that has been controversial over time, requiring the development of clear guidelines to diagnose and give prognoses for patients after devastating neurologic injury. This review discusses the history of the definition of brain death, as well as the most recent guidelines and practice parameters on the determination of brain death in both the adult and pediatric populations. We provide specific and detailed instructions on the various clinical tests required, including the brain death neurologic examination and the apnea test, and discuss pitfalls in the diagnosis of brain death. This review also considers the most recent literature and guidelines as to the role of confirmatory tests making this diagnosis. 
Key Words: apnea test, brain death, brainstem reflex, death examination
Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer
Authors: Kleiman David A , Weiser Martin R.
Published: January 2021

Locally advanced rectal cancer is a complex disease that requires a multidisciplinary treatment team to carefully evaluate each patient before prescribing a treatment plan. The current standard of care in the United States is multimodal therapy, consisting of chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery. Commonly, this involves neoadjuvant long-course chemoradiation, followed by total mesorectal excision and then adjuvant systemic chemotherapy. However, alternative regimens using chemotherapy first, followed by chemoradiation and then surgery (total neoadjuvant therapy), may allow for better tolerance of therapy. Short-course radiation is also acceptable but is rarely used in the United States. Minimally invasive surgical techniques such as laparoscopy, robotic surgery, and transanal total mesorectal excision offer several potential advantages over conventional open surgery, but their oncologic equivalence has not been determined. The role of nonoperative management for locally advanced rectal cancer is still evolving, and additional studies are needed to improve patient selection and evaluate long-term outcomes of a watch-and-wait approach. 

This review contains 1 figure, 2 table and 58 references
Key words: colorectal cancer, locally advanced rectal cancer, minimally invasive surgery, nonoperative management, radical proctectomy, robotic surgery, total mesorectal excision, total neoadjuvant therapy, transanal total mesorectal excision, watch and wait
Small Intestine: Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Baumgartner Joel M , Banerjee Sudeep , Sicklick Jason K
Published: January 2021

Adenocarcinoma is the second most common nonduodenal small bowel tumor. Small bowel adenocarcinoma has risk factors similar to those of colorectal adenocarcinoma but is rarer and less well understood. Diagnosis relies on advanced imaging techniques as well as endoscopy or enteroscopy for tissue diagnosis. Aggressive biology and vague symptoms in early disease cause a majority of patients to present with late-stage disease. Adenocarcinomas with lymph node involvement should be treated with resection and systemic chemotherapy. In contrast, systemic chemotherapy alone should be employed in cases with distant metastases unless the primary tumor is bleeding, perforated, or causing a bowel obstruction.
 
This review contains 4 figures, 5 tables and 17 references
Key words: adenocarcinoma, chemotherapy, enteroscopy, hereditary syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, lymph node, mesentery, small bowel