bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characteristics predicting recommendation for familial breast cancer referral in a cohort of women from primary care
Authors: Lee Siang Ing , Qureshi Nadeem , Dutton Brittany , Kai Joe , Weng Stephen
Published: January 2020

Family history of breast and related cancers can indicate increased breast cancer (BC) risk. In national familial breast cancer (FBC) guidelines, the risk is stratified to guide referral decisions. We aimed to identify characteristics associated with the recommendation for referral in a large cohort of women undergoing FBC risk assessment in a recent primary care study. Demographic, family history, psychological and behavioural factors were collected with family history questionnaires, psychological questionnaires and manual data extraction from general practice electronic health records. Participants were women aged 30–60 with no previous history of breast or ovarian cancer. Data from 1127 women were analysed with stepwise logistic regression. Two multivariable logistic models were developed to predict recommendations for referral: using the entire cohort (n = 1127) and in a subgroup with uncertain risks (n = 168). Model performance was assessed by the area under the receiver operating curve (AUC). In all 1127 women, a multivariable model incorporating five family history components (BC aged < 40, bilateral BC, prostate cancer, first degree relative with ovarian cancer, paternal family history of BC) and having a mammogram in the last 3 years, performed well (AUC = 0.86). For the 168 uncertain risk women, only paternal family history of BC remained significant (AUC = 0.71). Clinicians should pay particular attention to these five family history components when assessing FBC risk, especially prostate cancer which is not in the current national guidelines.
Global mapping of live cell mechanical features using PeakForce QNM AFM
Authors: Hu Jinrong , Chen Shenbao , Huang Dandan , Zhang Yan , Lü Shouqin , Long Mian
Published: January 2020

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been widely used to acquire surface topography upon different scanning modes and to quantify mechanical properties of a cell using single-point ramp force mode. However, these traditional measurements need massive force curves originating from multiple points of a cell to exclude the potential errors resulted from limited and factitious selections of testing points, making the measurements time-consuming and highly localized. PeakForce Quantitative NanoMechanics (PF QNM) is a high-speed (faster by 3–4 order of magnitude) and global surface mechanical property mapping method with high spatial resolution, overcoming the drawbacks of traditional ramp mode especially used for a live cell with high heterogeneity. In this protocol, we elaborated how to run PF QNM measurements for live cells and relevant modification may be needed when extending this method to other cell-like soft materials.
Kant’s Conception of Moral Strength
Authors: Vujošević Marijana
Published: January 2020

Most scholars assume that Kantian moral strength is needed only when it comes to following maxims. However, accounts based on this assumption can be challenged by Kant’s claim that virtue, as moral strength of the human will, can never become a habit because its maxims must be freely adopted in new situations. Even some accounts that are not based on this assumption fail to meet this challenge. By drawing on my interpretation of the Kantian capacity for self-control, I propose a twofold account of moral strength that can accommodate Kant’s point that maxims of virtue must always be freely adopted.
Plato on the Enslavement of Reason
Authors: Johnstone Mark A.
Published: January 2020

InRepublic8–9, Socrates describes four main kinds of vicious people, all of whose souls are “ruled” by an element other than reason, and in some of whom reason is said to be “enslaved.” What role does reason play in such souls? In this paper, I argue, based onRepublic8–9 and related passages, and in contrast to some common alternative views, that for Plato the “enslavement” of reason consists in this: instead of determining for itself what is good, reason is forced to desire and pursueasgood a goal determined by the soul’s ruler.
Frailty and adverse outcomes in older adults being discharged from the emergency department: A prospective cohort study
Authors: Afilalo Jonathan , Mottillo Salvatore , Xue Xiaoqing , Colacone Antoinette , Morais José A. , Delaney J. Scott , Afilalo Marc
Published: January 2020

Background

A growing number of frail older adults are treated in the emergency department (ED) and discharged home. There is an unmet need to identify older adults that are predisposed to functional decline and repeat ED visits so as to target them with proactive interventions.

Methods

A prospective cohort study was conducted in patients 75 years or older who were being discharged from the ED. The objective was to test the value of frailty screening tests, namely 5-meter gait speed and handgrip strength, to predict repeat ED visits at 1 and 6 months and functional decline at 1 month using multivariable logistic regression.

Results

After excluding 7 patients lost to follow-up, 150 patients were available for analysis. The mean age was 81.1 ± 4.9 years with 51% females, 13% arriving by ambulance, and 67% having at least two comorbid conditions. At ED discharge, 41% of patients were found to have slow gait speed, whereas 23% had weak handgrip strength. After adjustment, only slow gait speed was independently associated with functional decline at 1 month (odds ratio [OR] 1.39 per 0.1 meters/second decrement, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.12 to 1.72) and repeat ED visits at 6 months (OR 1.20 per 0.1 meters/second decrement, 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.42).

Conclusions

Gait speed can be feasibly measured at the time of ED discharge to identify frail older adults at risk for early functional decline and subsequent return to the ED. Conversely, grip strength was not found to be associated with functional decline or ED visits.
Mapping Stakeholder Perspectives on Engagement in Concussion Research to Theory
Authors: Hunt Cindy , de Saint-Rome Miranda , Di Salle Carol , Michalak Alicja , Wilcock Ruth , Baker Andrew
Published: January 2020

Background:

Involving stakeholders has been acknowledged as a way to improve quality and relevance in health research. The mechanisms that support effective research engagement with stakeholders have not been studied in the area of concussion. Concussion is a large public health concern worldwide with billions of dollars spent on health care services and research with improvements in care and service delivery not moving forward as quickly as desired. Enabling effective stakeholder engagement could improve concussion research and care.

Objective:

The aim of the study was to identify potential benefits, challenges, and motivators to engaging in research by gathering the perspectives of adults with lived experience of concussion.

Methods:

A thematic analysis of qualitative responses collected from a convenience sample attending a provincial brain injury conference (n = 60) was undertaken using open coding followed by axial coding.

Results:

Four themes regarding benefits to engagement emerged: first-hand account, meaningful recovery, research relevance, and better understanding of gaps. Three forces inhibited engagement: environmental barriers, injury-related constraints, and personal deterrents. Four enablers supported engagement: focus on positive impact, build connections, create a supportive environment, and provide financial assistance.

Conclusions:

Understanding stakeholder’s perspectives on research engagement is an important issue that may serve to improve research quality. There may be unique nuances at play with injury-specific stakeholders that require researchers to consider a balance between reducing inhibitors while supporting enablers. These findings are preliminary and limited. Nevertheless, they provide needed insight and guidance for ongoing investigation regarding improvement of stakeholder engagement in concussion research.
Depression among TB patients and associated factors in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal
Authors: Shrestha P. , Subba U. K. , Brouwer M. , Sweetland A. C.
Published: January 2020

Introduction

When tuberculosis (TB) and depression co-occur, there is greater risk for comorbidities, disability, suffering, and health-related costs. Depression is also associated with poor treatment adherence in patients with TB. The major aim of this study was to assess the symptoms of depression and associated factors among TB patients currently receiving directly observed treatment short-course (DOTS) treatment.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted among TB patients currently undergoing treatment in 27 DOTS centers in three districts of Kathmandu Valley. The study included 250 TB patients within 2 months of treatment initiation, aged 18 years and above. The previously validated Nepali Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) was used to screen for depression and semi-structured interviews were conducted to collect socio-demographic information and other factors related to TB and/or depression. Data analysis was conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics version 20.

Results

The study found the mean PHQ Score to be 2.84 (s.d. 4.92, range 0–25). Among the respondents, 10% (n = 25) had PHQ-9 scores ⩾10, suggestive of probable depression. Multivariate linear regression indicated that depressive symptoms were significantly associated with being separated/widowed/divorced (p = 0.000) and having lower education (0.003). In addition, smoking (p = 0.02), alcohol use (p = 0.001), and experience of side effects from TB medications (p = 0.001) were risk factors for higher PHQ-9 scores.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that patients on TB treatment have higher risk of depression and efforts should be made by the National Tuberculosis Program to address this issue.
The bilingual [dis]advantage
Authors: BAILEY CASSANDRA , VENTA AMANDA , LANGLEY HILLARY
Published: January 2020

Most assessments of cognitive abilities are language bound (e.g., directions presented orally or written), even when not assessing linguistic ability. Understanding the relationship between bilingual language acquisition and outcomes on tests of cognitive abilities is critical, given the reliance on intelligence assessment for learning disability accommodations and intellectual disability diagnoses. Research has been mixed regarding the presence of a bilingual advantage or disadvantage on cognitive performance. Thus, the purpose of this review is to examine differences between several types of language users (i.e., early/late, simultaneous/sequential, English dominant / Spanish dominant/balanced), focusing on the relation between level of language acquisition and use and implications for outcomes on tests of cognitive abilities. To conduct the systematic review, guidelines from the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) were used (Liberati et al., 2009). Fifty-two articles met eligibility criteria and are included in this review. Results from the systematic review suggest that bilinguals perform differently than monolinguals in several domains and may be considered neurologically unlike monolinguals. The paper concludes by advocating for the need for appropriate assessment instruments and norms specific for bilingual speakers, as currently available measures cannot reliably and accurately differentiate monolinguals with a language impairment from typically developing bilinguals.
Political attitudes vary with detection of androstenone
Authors: Friesen Amanda , Gruszczynski Mike , Smith Kevin B. , Alford John R.
Published: January 2020

Building on a growing body of research suggesting that political attitudes are part of broader individual and biological orientations, we test whether the detection of the hormone androstenone is predictive of political attitudes. The particular social chemical analyzed in this study is androstenone, a nonandrogenic steroid found in the sweat and saliva of many mammals, including humans. A primary reason for scholarly interest in odor detection is that it varies so dramatically from person to person. Using participants’ self-reported perceptions of androstenone intensity, together with a battery of survey items testing social and political preferences and orientations, this research supports the idea that perceptions of androstenone intensity relate to political orientations—most notably, preferences for social order—lending further support to theories positing the influence of underlying biological traits on sociopolitical attitudes and behaviors.
Eustachian tube dysfunction in candidates for surgery for obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome
Authors: Ungar O J , Rosenzweig E , Betito H Rotem , Cavel O , Oron Y , Handzel O
Published: January 2020

Background

Defining the risk factors for Eustachian tube dysfunction can facilitate its prevention. It is hypothesised that Eustachian tube dysfunction as measured by the Eustachian Tube Dysfunction Questionnaire-7 is associated with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome.

Methods

The questionnaire was systematically translated into Hebrew and validated in the accepted manner. This questionnaire was applied to obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome patients before and after expansion sphincter pharyngoplasty, in pre-set time intervals. The results were compared to those of controls from the general population.

Results

Thirty-one patients (males:females = 19:12) were enrolled in the obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome group. Mean age was 43 years (range, 31–55 years) and mean body mass index was 28 kg/m2 (range, 27–30 kg/m2). Median apnoea-hypopnea index (pre-operatively) was 34 events per hour. The questionnaire scores in expansion sphincter pharyngoplasty candidates were significantly worse than in controls (p < 0.001). Expansion sphincter pharyngoplasty did not change Eustachian tube function in the long term, but was associated with additional self-limiting Eustachian tube dysfunction in the first two post-operative months.

Conclusion

Eustachian tube dysfunction is significantly worse in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome compared to controls. Expansion sphincter pharyngoplasty is not associated with Eustachian tube function improvement.
Do patients benefit from physiotherapy for shoulder dysfunction following neck dissection? A systematic review
Authors: Harris A S
Published: January 2020

Objective

Accessory nerve palsy affects a proportion of patients following neck dissection, and results in shoulder dysfunction and regional pain. This project aimed to establish the evidence supporting post-operative physiotherapy for the shoulder following neck dissection.

Method

A systematic review was conducted of prospective trials investigating the efficacy of rehabilitation for shoulder or upper limb dysfunction and pain following any type of neck dissection.

Results

A total of 820 papers were identified; through a staged review process, 7 trials were found that fulfilled the inclusion criteria. These included three randomised, controlled trials and four non-randomised studies. Five out of the seven trials demonstrated a statistically significant benefit of physiotherapy.

Conclusion

Current evidence shows a benefit from physiotherapy in patients with shoulder dysfunction following neck dissection. Some evidence suggests progressive resistance is superior to other types of physiotherapy. Long-term benefit and cost efficacy have not been studied.
Knowledge of the audiological effects, symptoms and practices related to personal listening devices of health sciences students at a South African university
Authors: Seedat R Y , Ehlers R , Lee Y , Mung'omba C , Plaatjies K , Prins M , Randeree M , Zakhura M , Joubert G
Published: January 2020

Objective

This study aimed to determine the knowledge of first year health sciences students at a South African university regarding hearing loss and symptoms attributable to personal listening devices and their practices concerning the use of personal listening devices.

Method

This was a cross-sectional study carried out using an anonymous self-administered questionnaire.

Results

Of 336 students, 269 (80.1 per cent) completed the questionnaire. While most participants could identify symptoms that could be caused by extensive use of personal listening devices, almost 30 per cent did not know that it could cause permanent hearing loss. Personal listening devices were used by 90.7 per cent of participants, with 77.8 per cent having used them for more than five years. Use was at a high volume in 14.9 per cent of participants and for more than 2 hours per day in 52.7 per cent.

Conclusion

The findings indicate the need for an educational programme to inform students as to safe listening practices when using personal listening devices.
Air flight barotrauma and meningitis: causality seems real
Authors: Džupová O , Beneš J
Published: January 2020

Background

Barotrauma to the middle-ear cavity and paranasal sinuses is a relatively common flight-related health problem. Occasionally, it may result in severe mechanical or infectious intracranial complications; these have been rarely reported to date.

Objective

Four cases of acute bacterial meningitis following air travel are presented, and its pathogenesis is briefly described.

Conclusion

Neurological symptoms occurring after air flight should prompt proper investigation. Otitis media and sinusitis are common primary focuses of bacterial meningitis. Severe complications of air flight barotrauma may be underreported.
High diversity of fish ectoparasitic monogeneans (Dactylogyrus) in the Iberian Peninsula: a case of adaptive radiation?
Authors: Benovics Michal , Desdevises Yves , Šanda Radek , Vukić Jasna , Scheifler Mathilde , Doadrio Ignacio , Sousa-Santos Carla , Šimková Andrea
Published: January 2020

The epicontinental fauna of the Iberian Peninsula is strongly influenced by its geographical history. As the possibilities for dispersion of organisms into and from this region were (and still are) limited, the local fauna consists almost exclusively of endemic species. Almost all Iberian freshwater fishes of the families Leuciscidae and Cyprinidae are endemic and on-going research on these taxa continually uncovers new species. Nevertheless, information on their host-specific parasites remains scarce. In this study, we investigate the diversity and phylogenetic relationships in monogeneans of the genus Dactylogyrus (gill ectoparasites specific to cyprinoid fish) in the Iberian Peninsula. Twenty-two species were collected and identified from 19 host species belonging to Cyprinidae and Leuciscidae. A high degree of endemism was observed, with 21 Dactylogyrus species reported from Iberia only and a single species, D. borealis, also reported from other European regions. Phylogenetic analysis split the endemic Iberian Dactylogyrus into two well-supported clades, the first encompassing Dactylogyrus parasitizing endemic Luciobarbus spp. only, and the second including all Dactylogyrus species of endemic leuciscids and four species of endemic cyprinids. Species delimitation analysis suggests a remarkable diversity and existence of a multitude of cryptic Dactylogyrus species parasitizing endemic leuciscids (Squalius spp. and representatives of Chondrostoma s.l.). These results suggest a rapid adaptive radiation of Dactylogyrus in this geographically isolated region, closely associated with their cyprinoid hosts. Moreover, phylogenetic analysis supports that Dactylogyrus parasites colonized the Iberian Peninsula through multiple dispersion events.
Blurring and Bridging: The Role of Volunteers in Dementia Care within Homes and Communities
Authors: MCCALL VIKKI , MCCABE LOUISE , RUTHERFORD ALASDAIR , BU FEIFEI , WILSON MICHAEL , WOOLVIN MIKE
Published: January 2020

Policy makers across the political spectrum have extolled the virtues of volunteering in achieving social policy aims. Yet little is known about the role that volunteering plays in addressing one of the significant challenges of an ageing population: the provision of care and support to people with dementia. We combine organisational survey data, secondary social survey data, and in-depth interviews with people with dementia, family carers and volunteers in order to better understand the context, role and challenges in which volunteers support people with dementia. Social policies connecting volunteering and dementia care in homes and communities often remain separate and disconnected and our paper draws on the concept of policy ‘assemblages’ to suggest that dementia care is a dynamic mixture of formal and informal volunteering activities that bridge and blur traditional policy boundaries. Linking home and community environments is a key motivation, benefit and outcome for volunteers, carers and those living with dementia. The paper calls to widen the definition and investigation of volunteering in social policy to include and support informal volunteering activity.
New Work, Wissensmanagement und Organisationsentwicklung
Authors: Löhr Michael
Published: January 2020

Zusammenfassung. Die Arbeitswelt verändert sich. Fortlaufend. Mal mehr, mal weniger schnell. Aber eines Tages wird sie eine andere sein. Unternehmen verändern sich, weil sie es wollen und weil sie es müssen. Wer weiterhin für Arbeitnehmer attraktiv sein möchte, dem bleibt nichts anderes übrig. Dass es in Deutschland und der Schweiz an Fachkräften im Gesundheitswesen mangelt, ist kein Geheimnis. Daher müssen sich Institutionen wie Krankenhäuser Gedanken darüber machen, wie sie in Zeiten von New Work mithalten und als Arbeitgeber attraktiv bleiben können. Ein Plädoyer für Selbstführung, Ganzheit und evolutionären Sinn.
Machine Learning Reveals the Seismic Signature of Eruptive Behavior at Piton de la Fournaise Volcano
Authors: Ren C. X. , Peltier A. , Ferrazzini V. , Rouet‐Leduc B. , Johnson P. A. , Brenguier F.
Published: January 2020

Volcanic tremor is key to our understanding of active magmatic systems, but due to its complexity, there is still a debate concerning its origins and how it can be used to characterize eruptive dynamics. In this study we leverage machine learning techniques using 6 years of continuous seismic data from the Piton de la Fournaise volcano (La Réunion island) to describe specific patterns of seismic signals recorded during eruptions. These results unveil what we interpret as signals associated with various eruptive dynamics of the volcano, including the effusion of a large volume of lava during the August–October 2015 eruption as well as the closing of the eruptive vent during the September–November 2018 eruption. The machine learning workflow we describe can easily be applied to other active volcanoes, potentially leading to an enhanced understanding of the temporal and spatial evolution of volcanic eruptions.
Observed Tightening of Tropical Ascent in Recent Decades and Linkage to Regional Precipitation Changes
Authors: Su Hui , Wu Longtao , Zhai Chengxing , Jiang Jonathan H. , Neelin J. David , Yung Yuk L.
Published: January 2020

Climate models predict that the tropical ascending region should tighten under global warming, but observational quantification of the tightening rate is limited. Here we show that the observed spatial extent of the relatively moist, rainy and cloudy regions in the tropics associated with large‐scale ascent has been decreasing at a rate of −1%/decade (−5%/K) from 1979 to 2016, resulting from combined effects of interdecadal variability and anthropogenic forcings, with the former contributing more than the latter. The tightening of tropical ascent is associated with an increase in the occurrence frequency of extremely strong ascent, leading to an increase in the average precipitation rate in the top 1% of monthly rainfall in the tropics. At the margins of the convective zones such as the Southeast Amazonia region, the contraction of large‐scale ascent is related to a long‐term drying trend about −3.2%/decade in the past 38 years.
A Nonequilibrium Thermodynamic Approach for Surface Energy Balance Closure
Authors: Li Peiyuan , Wang Zhi‐Hua
Published: January 2020

The surface energy imbalance, viz. that the turbulent dissipation does not fully account for available energy, has for long been an outstanding challenge in geophysical studies. In this study, we developed a novel approach based on nonequilibrium thermodynamics by representing the atmospheric boundary layer as a heat engine. In addition, an analytically tractable approach was used to estimate the ground heat flux based on Green's function approach, which in turn determines the available energy that drives the atmospheric heat engine. The proposed model was evaluated using heat fluxes measured by eight AmeriFlux eddy covariance towers with atmospheric temperature profiles recorded at adjacent radiosonde sites. The surface energy balance closure can be improved by ~11% over various landscapes, by including the estimated power production from the atmospheric heat engine.
The Carbonate Geochemistry of Enceladus' Ocean
Authors: Glein Christopher R. , Waite J. Hunter
Published: January 2020

The plume composition at Enceladus contains clues about conditions and processes in the interior. We present new geochemical interpretations of Cassini mass spectrometry data from the plume gas and salt‐rich ice grains. It is found that self‐consistency between the data sets can be achieved with a derived range of 10−4.6 to 10−3.2 for the activity of CO2 in Enceladus' ocean. This range is compatible with long‐term buffering by reduced or oxidized seafloor rocks containing quartz, talc, and carbonate minerals in the MgO–FeO–SiO2–CO2–H2O system. Reaction path modeling shows that these types of rocks can be produced from accreted CO2‐rich fluids reacting with hydrous chondritic rocks over an intermediate regime of carbonation. These results, together with previous findings of silica and H2 at Enceladus, support the hypothesis of a heterogeneous structure for the rocky core (carbonated upper layer, serpentinized interior), which provides a geochemical gradient for habitability.
Stochastic Parameterizations and the Climate Response to External Forcing: An Experiment With EC‐Earth
Authors: Meccia Virna L. , Fabiano Federico , Davini Paolo , Corti Susanna
Published: January 2020

The impacts of including stochastic physics schemes (SPS) in the atmospheric component of the EC‐Earth climate model is studied by analyzing coupled simulations from 1850 to 2160. Sea ice in the Arctic retreats more slowly when SPS are included. An abrupt loss of winter sea ice is simulated 10 years later if the SPS are activated. However, this abrupt collapse is associated with a global surface air temperature (GSAT) of 17.4 ± 0.35 °C in all the cases. While the transient climate sensitivity is smaller if SPS are included up to the end of the 21st century, the opposite occurs in a warmer climate and in the absence of Arctic sea ice all the year‐round. These results are explained by the skewed interaction between stochastic perturbations and the process of condensation. Under a warmer climate, tropical convection is enhanced with SPS leading to the formation of high‐level clouds, which further increases GSAT.
The Discharge Preceding the Intense Reillumination in Positive Leader Steps Under the Slow Varying Ambient Electric Field
Authors: Huang Shengxin , Chen Weijiang , Pei Zhehao , Fu Zhong , Wang Liufang , He Tianyu , Li Zhijun , Gu Jianwei , Bian Kai , Xiang Nianwen , Wang Yu
Published: January 2020

Under the slow varying ambient electric field, positive leader propagation exhibits steps characterized by intense reilluminations and abrupt elongations. These steps are currently not well understood. In this work, we investigate these steps in laboratory atmospheric discharges, using a high‐speed video camera and a synchronized electrical parameter measurement system. The discharge, emitting weak light and preceding the intense reillumination, is discovered. This finding suggests that the leader channel actually restarts and extends forward before the intense reillumination, which deepens our understanding of the dynamic process of the positive leader step. The discharge before the intense reillumination contributes to the corona inception from the electrode, leading to the intense reillumination of the leader channel and the emergence of an intense corona streamer burst from the leader tip.
The 3‐D Spatial Distribution of Shear Strain Energy Changes Associated With the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake Sequence, Southwest Japan
Authors: Noda Akemi , Saito Tatsuhiko , Fukuyama Eiichi , Terakawa Toshiko , Tanaka Sachiko , Matsu'ura Mitsuhiro
Published: January 2020

Shear strain energy is an essential physical quantity governing earthquake generation. To calculate the shear strain energy changes due to an earthquake, we need both coseismic stress changes and background crustal stress. The orientation of the background stress can be estimated from earthquake focal mechanisms, but its absolute level is still uncertain. Assuming the level of the background deviatoric stress to be frictional strength in the crust, we evaluated the three‐dimensional distribution of shear strain energy changes associated with the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake sequence, southwest Japan. Its spatial patterns strongly depend on the background stress level. From the energy balance of shear faulting, we proposed that the volume integral of the shear strain energy changes could constrain the background deviatoric stress level. It should be >14 MPa at 10‐km depth at the very least. We showed that approximately 75% of aftershocks occurred where the shear strain energy increased.
A Multiple Algorithm Approach to the Analysis of GNSS Coordinate Time Series for Detecting Geohazards and Anomalies
Authors: Habboub Mohammed , Psimoulis Panos A. , Bingley Richard , Rothacher Markus
Published: January 2020

In this study, a multiple algorithm approach to the analysis of GNSS coordinate time series for detecting geohazards and anomalies is proposed. This multiple algorithm approach includes the novel use of spatial and temporal analyses. In the spatial analysis algorithm, the spatial autoregressive model was used, assuming that the GNSS coordinate time series from a network of stations are spatially dependent. Whereas in the temporal analysis algorithm, it is assumed that the GNSS coordinate time series of a single station is temporally dependent and an artificial neural network is used to extract this dependency as a nonparametric model. This multiple algorithm approach was examined using (i) the BIGF network of GNSS stations in the British Isles and (ii) the GNSS stations of the GEONET network in Japan for the Tohoku‐Oki 2011 Mw9.0 earthquake. It was demonstrated in these case studies that this multiple algorithm approach can be used to detect the effect of a geohazard such as an earthquake on the GNSS network coordinate time series and to detect regional anomalies in the GNSS coordinate time series of a network. The spatial analysis algorithm seemed to be more suitable to detect coordinate offsets in the low‐frequency component and/or variations in the long‐term trends of the GNSS coordinate time series, while it is less reliable in detecting sudden large magnitude coordinate offsets due to earthquakes, as the effects at one station propagate to nearby stations. In contrast, the temporal analysis algorithm detects coordinate offsets in the high‐frequency component which makes it effective in detecting sudden large coordinate offsets in the GNSS coordinate time series such as those due to earthquakes. Thus, it was shown the complementary of the temporal and spatial analysis algorithms and their successful application for the magnitude and frequency content of the anomalies in the two case studies.
Mechanisms for the Asymmetric Motion of Submerged Aquatic Vegetation in Waves: A Consistent‐Mass Cable Model
Authors: Zhu Longhuan , Zou Qing‐Ping , Huguenard Kimberly , Fredriksson David W.
Published: January 2020

Submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) provides primary products for the food web, as well as shelter and nursery for many juvenile species. SAV can also attenuate waves, stabilize the seabed, and improve water quality. These environmental services are influenced by the dynamic motion of SAV. In this paper, a consistent‐mass cable model was developed to investigate flow interaction with a flexible vegetation blade. Compared with previous vegetation models, the cable model showed improvements in simulating blade motions in waves with and without currents, especially for “second‐normal‐mode‐like” blade motion. Wave asymmetry would cause blade motion to be asymmetric. However, asymmetric blade motion may also occur in symmetric waves. Results indicate that the asymmetric blade motion in symmetric waves is induced by two major mechanisms: (i) the spatial asymmetry of the encountered wave orbital velocities (wave motion relative to blade) due to blade displacements and (ii) the asymmetric action on the blade by vertical wave orbital velocities. Consequently, the blade motion is asymmetric even underneath symmetric waves unless (i) blade length (
) is much smaller than the wavelength (
), (ii) blade length is much smaller than the water depth (
) in finite water depth waves, or (iii) water depth is much smaller than the wavelength (
). Peak asymmetric blade motion occurs as
increases to a critical value. The peak asymmetry increases with wave height and blade length but decreases with increasing blade flexural rigidity. Blade motion characteristics play an important role in wave‐vegetation interaction, wave‐driven currents, wave‐attenuation capacity, breakage of vegetation and ecosystem services.
Climatology and the Interannual Variability of the High‐Temperature Extremes in Taiwan
Authors: Wu Yi‐chao , Chu Jung‐Lien , Yu Yi‐Chiang
Published: January 2020

This study analyzed the temporal/spatial distribution of the high‐temperature extremes (HTEs) in Taiwan. Three major weather types for HTEs were identified: the southerly/southwesterly (S/SW) (47.6%), western North Pacific subtropical high (SH) (35.9%), and tropical cyclone (16.5%). The S/SW type features anomalous warm advection in lower atmosphere and anomalous subsidence in all the altitudes around Taiwan. Different from the S/SW type, the SH type warms the surface primarily with increasing downward shortwave radiation. In June, the S/SW type was the most common. In July, both the S/SW and SH types dominated. In August, the tropical cyclone and SH types were more common. The subseasonal variation of extreme hot days (EHDs) for these three weather types is examined. Taipei and Dawu were two HTE hot spots in Taiwan. EHDs in Taipei occurred mostly in July and August, with the SH being the major type. Most EHDs in Dawu occurred in June, with the S/SW being the predominant type. These differences likely resulted from not only the subseasonal monsoon variation but also geographical differences. The interannual variability of the summer EHDs in Taiwan was found to be related to the phase and intensity of the El Niño‐southern oscillation events. The number of EHDs increased in the El Niño decaying summers and decreased in the La Niña decaying summers. The correlation between the number of summer EHDs and the Niño 3.4 SST anomaly reaches its peak in the previous winter (November/December). The associated mechanisms were discussed in the article.
Blockade of IL-6 signaling prevents paclitaxel-induced neuropathy in C57Bl/6 mice
Authors: Huehnchen Petra , Muenzfeld Hannah , Boehmerle Wolfgang , Endres Matthias
Published: January 2020

The microtubule-stabilizing agent paclitaxel frequently leads to chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIN), which further increases the burden of disease and often necessitates treatment limitations. The pathophysiology of CIN appears to involve both “upstream” effects including altered intracellular calcium signaling and activation of calcium dependent proteases such as calpain as well as subsequent “downstream” neuro-inflammatory reactions with cytokine release and macrophage infiltration of dorsal root ganglia. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether these processes are linked by the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6). We observed that paclitaxel exposure induced IL-6 synthesis in cultured sensory neurons from postnatal Wistar rats, which could be prevented by co-treatment with a calpain inhibitor. This suggests a calcium dependent process. We demonstrate that adult C57BL/6 mice deficient in IL-6 are protected from developing functional and histological changes of paclitaxel-induced neuropathy. Furthermore, pretreatment with an IL-6-neutralizing antibody resulted in the prevention of paclitaxel-induced neuropathy in C57BL/6 mice. Electrophysiological data from our preclinical model was adequately reflected by measurements of patients undergoing paclitaxel therapy for ovarian cancer. In this cohort, measured Il-6 levels correlated with the severity of neuropathy. Our findings demonstrate that IL-6 plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of paclitaxel-induced neuropathy per se and that pharmacological or genetic interference with this signaling pathway prevents the development of this potentially debilitating adverse effect. These findings provide a rationale for a clinical trial with IL-6 neutralizing antibodies to prevent dose-limiting neurotoxic adverse effects of paclitaxel chemotherapy.
Cross-talk between autophagy and apoptosis regulates testicular injury/recovery induced by cadmium via PI3K with mTOR-independent pathway
Authors: Wang Mei , Wang Xiao-fei , Li Ya-min , Chen Na , Fan Yan , Huang Wen-kai , Hu Shi-fu , Rao Meng , Zhang Yuan-zhen , Su Ping
Published: January 2020

Autophagy and apoptosis are two major modes of cell death. A balanced interplay between both is vital for phagocytic clearance of apoptotic testicular cells. Here, generating a SD rats model-treated with cadmium (Cd) to mimic environmental exposure on human, we show that autophagy and apoptosis present synchronous change trends in Cd-induced testicular injury/self-recovery. Further, the cross-talk of autophagy and apoptosis is investigated in four testicular cell lines (GC-1/GC-2/TM3/TM4 cells) respectively. Results reveal that Cd-exposure for five consecutive weeks induces reproductive toxicity in male rats. After one cycle of spermatogenesis within 8 weeks without Cd, toxic effects are ameliorated significantly. In vitro, we find that PI3K inhibitor 3-MA regulates apoptosis by inhibiting autophagy with mTOR-independent pathway in Cd-treated testicular cells. Conclusively, cross-talk between autophagy and apoptosis regulates testicular injury/recovery induced by Cd via PI3K with mTOR-independent pathway.
Genomic prediction for hastening and improving efficiency of forward selection in conifer polycross mating designs: an example from white spruce
Authors: Lenz Patrick R. N. , Nadeau Simon , Azaiez Aïda , Gérardi Sébastien , Deslauriers Marie , Perron Martin , Isabel Nathalie , Beaulieu Jean , Bousquet Jean
Published: January 2020

Genomic selection (GS) has a large potential for improving the prediction accuracy of breeding values and significantly reducing the length of breeding cycles. In this context, the choice of mating designs becomes critical to improve the efficiency of breeding operations and to obtain the largest genetic gains per time unit. Polycross mating designs have been traditionally used in tree and plant breeding to perform backward selection of the female parents. The possibility to use genetic markers for paternity identification and for building genomic prediction models should allow for a broader use of polycross tests in forward selection schemes. We compared the accuracies of genomic predictions of offspring’s breeding values from a polycross and a full-sib (partial diallel) mating design with similar genetic background in white spruce (Picea glauca). Trees were phenotyped for growth and wood quality traits, and genotyped for 4092 SNPs representing as many gene loci distributed across the 12 spruce chromosomes. For the polycross progeny test, heritability estimates were smaller, but more precise using the genomic BLUP (GBLUP) model as compared with pedigree-based models accounting for the maternal pedigree or for the reconstructed full pedigree. Cross-validations showed that GBLUP predictions were 22–52% more accurate than predictions based on the maternal pedigree, and 5–7% more accurate than predictions using the reconstructed full pedigree. The accuracies of GBLUP predictions were high and in the same range for most traits between the polycross (0.61–0.70) and full-sib progeny tests (0.61–0.74). However, higher genetic gains per time unit were expected from the polycross mating design given the shorter time needed to conduct crosses. Considering the operational advantages of the polycross design in terms of easier handling of crosses and lower associated costs for test establishment, we believe that this mating scheme offers great opportunities for the development and operational application of forward GS.
Environmental arginine controls multinuclear giant cell metabolism and formation
Authors: Brunner Julia S. , Vulliard Loan , Hofmann Melanie , Kieler Markus , Lercher Alexander , Vogel Andrea , Russier Marion , Brüggenthies Johanna B. , Kerndl Martina , Saferding Victoria , Niederreiter Birgit , Junza Alexandra , Frauenstein Annika , Scholtysek Carina , Mikami Yohei , Klavins Kristaps , Krönke Gerhard , Bergthaler Andreas , O’Shea John J. , Weichhart Thomas , Meissner Felix , Smolen Josef S. , Cheng Paul , Yanes Oscar , Menche Jörg , Murray Peter J. , Sharif Omar , Blüml Stephan , Schabbauer Gernot
Published: January 2020

Multinucleated giant cells (MGCs) are implicated in many diseases including schistosomiasis, sarcoidosis and arthritis. MGC generation is energy intensive to enforce membrane fusion and cytoplasmic expansion. Using receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand (RANKL) induced osteoclastogenesis to model MGC formation, here we report RANKL cellular programming requires extracellular arginine. Systemic arginine restriction improves outcome in multiple murine arthritis models and its removal induces preosteoclast metabolic quiescence, associated with impaired tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle function and metabolite induction. Effects of arginine deprivation on osteoclastogenesis are independent of mTORC1 activity or global transcriptional and translational inhibition. Arginine scarcity also dampens generation of IL-4 induced MGCs. Strikingly, in extracellular arginine absence, both cell types display flexibility as their formation can be restored with select arginine precursors. These data establish how environmental amino acids control the metabolic fate of polykaryons and suggest metabolic ways to manipulate MGC-associated pathologies and bone remodelling.
No detectable Weddell Sea Antarctic Bottom Water export during the Last and Penultimate Glacial Maximum
Authors: Huang Huang , Gutjahr Marcus , Eisenhauer Anton , Kuhn Gerhard
Published: January 2020

Weddell Sea-derived Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) is one of the most important deep water masses in the Southern Hemisphere occupying large portions of the deep Southern Ocean (SO) today. While substantial changes in SO-overturning circulation were previously suggested, the state of Weddell Sea AABW export during glacial climates remains poorly understood. Here we report seawater-derived Nd and Pb isotope records that provide evidence for the absence of Weddell Sea-derived AABW in the Atlantic sector of the SO during the last two glacial maxima. Increasing delivery of Antarctic Pb to regions outside the Weddell Sea traced SO frontal displacements during both glacial terminations. The export of Weddell Sea-derived AABW resumed late during glacial terminations, coinciding with the last major atmospheric CO2 rise in the transition to the Holocene and the Eemian. Our new records lend strong support for a previously inferred AABW overturning stagnation event during the peak Eemian interglacial.
Structural basis of subtype-selective competitive antagonism for GluN2C/2D-containing NMDA receptors
Authors: Wang Jue Xiang , Irvine Mark W. , Burnell Erica S. , Sapkota Kiran , Thatcher Robert J. , Li Minjun , Simorowski Noriko , Volianskis Arturas , Collingridge Graham L. , Monaghan Daniel T. , Jane David E. , Furukawa Hiro
Published: January 2020

N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) play critical roles in the central nervous system. Their heterotetrameric composition generates subtypes with distinct functional properties and spatio-temporal distribution in the brain, raising the possibility for subtype-specific targeting by pharmacological means for treatment of neurological diseases. While specific compounds for GluN2A and GluN2B-containing NMDARs are well established, those that target GluN2C and GluN2D are currently underdeveloped with low potency and uncharacterized binding modes. Here, using electrophysiology and X-ray crystallography, we show that UBP791 ((2S*,3R*)-1-(7-(2-carboxyethyl)phenanthrene-2-carbonyl)piperazine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid) inhibits GluN2C/2D with 40-fold selectivity over GluN2A-containing receptors, and that a methionine and a lysine residue in the ligand binding pocket (GluN2D-Met763/Lys766, GluN2C-Met736/Lys739) are the critical molecular elements for the subtype-specific binding. These findings led to development of UBP1700 ((2S*,3R*)-1-(7-(2-carboxyvinyl)phenanthrene-2-carbonyl)piperazine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid) which shows over 50-fold GluN2C/2D-selectivity over GluN2A with potencies in the low nanomolar range. Our study shows that the l-glutamate binding site can be targeted for GluN2C/2D-specific inhibition.
Optimizing motor decision-making through competition with opponents
Authors: Ota Keiji , Tanae Mamoru , Ishii Kotaro , Takiyama Ken
Published: January 2020

Although optimal decision-making is essential for sports performance and fine motor control, it has been repeatedly confirmed that humans show a strong risk-seeking bias, selecting a risky strategy over an optimal solution. Despite such evidence, the ideal method to promote optimal decision-making remains unclear. Here, we propose that interactions with other people can influence motor decision-making and improve risk-seeking bias. We developed a competitive reaching game (a variant of the “chicken game”) in which aiming for greater rewards increased the risk of no reward and subjects competed for the total reward with their opponent. The game resembles situations in sports, such as a penalty kick in soccer, service in tennis, the strike zone in baseball, or take-off in ski jumping. In five different experiments, we demonstrated that, at the beginning of the competitive game, the subjects robustly switched their risk-seeking strategy to a risk-averse strategy. Following the reversal of the strategy, the subjects achieved optimal decision-making when competing with risk-averse opponents. This optimality was achieved by a non-linear influence of an opponent’s decisions on a subject’s decisions. These results suggest that interactions with others can alter human motor decision strategies and that competition with a risk-averse opponent is key for optimizing motor decision-making.