bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hermenéutica objetiva: el caso de Emilio Betti
Authors: Pérez-Lasserre Diego
Published: August 2020

En el presente trabajo defenderemos que, en su teoría de la interpretación, Emilio Betti toma como base una estructura ontológica de la comprensión humana que resulta inadecuada. En particular, justificaremos que, si bien Betti reconoce ciertas estructuras existenciales del ser humano (como la historicidad), su afán de objetividad en la interpretación lo lleva a utilizar una dicotomía epistemológica de sujeto-objeto propia del positivismo cientificista que el autor intentaba superar a través de su trabajo. Nuestro mapa de ruta para intentar justificar lo anterior es el siguiente: comenzaremos analizando la estructura del conocimiento según Betti; luego revisaremos lo que nos dice sobre las formas representativas y los cánones de interpretación, para luego terminar por hacer explícitos los problemas y las insuficiencias en el pensamiento del jurista italiano.
الدَّوْرُ التَّشْرِيعِيُّ للسُّلْطَةِ التَّنفِيذِيَّةِ فِي ظِلِّ الدُّسْتُورِ القَطَرِيّ- دِرَاسَة مُقَارنَة
Authors: الخاطر آمنه محمد , مختار نوح مهند
Published: August 2020

ملخص

شهدت النُّظُم السِّيَاسِيَّة الحديثة تراجعًا كبيرًا لدور البرلمان، مما أدى إلى هيمنة السُّلْطَة التَّنفِيذِيَّة وتدخلها في المجال التَّشْرِيعِيّ، فتقوم هذه الرسالة على توضيح الدَّوْر المهم للسُّلْطَة التَّنفِيذِيَّة في العَمَلِيَّة التَّشْرِيعِيَّة من خلال تحديد المجال والأدوات التَّشْرِيعِيَّة المحجوزة للقَانُون واللَّوَائِح في دولة قطر وجُمْهُورِيَّة فرنسا وجُمْهُورِيَّة مصر العَرَبِيَّة. كما عملت على تحديد السُّلطَات المختصة التي تمارس العَمَلِيَّة التَّشْرِيعِيَّة على سلم السُّلْطَة التَّنفِيذِيَّة وفقًا لدستور كل دولة من الدول محل المقارنة وقَوَانِينها.
efectiva protección de los consumidores. Un nuevo aporte del Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea a la integración europea
Authors: Prado Prado Gabriela
Published: August 2020

En el marco de la protección de los derechos de los consumidores, este trabajo aborda los principales efectos que la jurisprudencia del Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea ha provocado respecto de aquellos afectados por cláusulas abusivas en sus contratos hipotecarios. Para ello, se plantea la existencia de dos efectos jurídicos relevantes en dicha jurisprudencia: por una parte, el reforzamiento del principio de efectividad procesal en la declaración de nulidad de dichas cláusulas y, por otra, el fin de la incertidumbre sobre los efectos restitutorios que origina dicha declaración. Así, luego del análisis de estos efectos, el trabajo concluye que dicha jurisprudencia ha reforzado progresivamente la protección de los consumidores, aportando al proceso de integración europea.
Proyección territorial y lugares sagrados: el rol legitimador de la religión en Arabia Saudita
Authors: Mesa Castaño Santiago
Published: August 2020

Basándose en la historia de Arabia Saudita y la fijación territorial del mismo, el presente trabajo desarrolla marcos analíticos en donde la religión se consolida como un elemento de análisis de la geografía política. A partir de estos, se toma en cuenta el manejo estratégico de la religión como base fundamental en la unificación territorial e identidad nacional, especialmente en el rol saudí de ser el guardián de los territorios sagrados para el islam, la importancia de esta tarea parte de la justificación de su existencia y legitimidad frente a la comunidad musulmana global.
Gobernanza, participación y eficiencia en la preparación de REDD+ de Argentina y Chile
Authors: González Joel Hernán
Published: August 2020

El presente artículo tiene por objetivo analizar comparativamente los casos de Argentina y Chile respecto a la etapa de preparación del mecanismo de Reducción de Emisiones provenientes de la Deforestación y Degradación Forestal (REDD+) entre 2008 y 2018. Se adopta para el artículo el enfoque teórico de la Gobernanza. Como parte de la gobernanza se identifican los conceptos de “participación” y “eficiencia” los cuales guían el análisis de casos propuesto. Metodológicamente se trata de un análisis de casos comparativo con método cualitativo recurriendo al análisis de documentos, archivos e informes clave intercambiado por los actores estatales y no estatales de relevancia en materia climática y forestal.
Activistas transnacionales en contextos de represión: el caso de los activistas de derechos humanos y la política exterior norteamericana durante la dictadura militar argentina (1976–1979)
Authors: Avenburg Alejandro
Published: August 2020

Este trabajo analiza los roles ejercidos por las redes transnacionales de defensa de Derechos Humanos durante la última dictadura militar argentina (1976-1983) y su impacto en la política de la administración Carter hacia este país. En particular, se analiza el rol de dichos actores como proveedores de información sobre violaciones a los Derechos Humanos y como proveedores de atribución sobre las responsabilidades dentro del gobierno militar argentino. Para ello, se utilizan documentos desclasificados del Departamento de Estado y entrevistas con miembros de los organismos de Derechos Humanos y funcionarios de la administración norteamericana. Se muestra que la distinción entre información sobre violaciones a los Derechos Humanos e información sobre las responsabilidades dentro del gobierno represivo es analíticamente relevante y que, en determinados casos, puede llevar a posiciones contradictorias en la diplomacia de las naciones promotoras de derechos.
Is concept mapping favourable for undergraduates with different learning styles?
Authors: Wong Julia S.W. , Anderson Baaska , Gough Martin
Published: August 2020

Background and objective: Concept mapping is a powerful metacognition and visual learning tool. However, human beings are born to understand and perceive the world using five basic senses. According to Neil Fleming’s VARK model, there are five different types of sensory modality groups which include visual, auditory, read/write, kinaesthetic and mixed modality. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of CM on students’ overall academic performance among visual, auditory, read/write, kinaesthetic and multi-modal dominant learners.Methods: This was a cross-sectional quantitative research study. The participants were nursing undergraduates in a private higher education institute and enrolled in the same course offered in the spring and summer semesters. At the beginning of the semester, the VARK questionnaire version 7.8 was used to identify students’ sensory modality groups. Concept mapping was adopted for teaching the course. After the semester, students’ overall academic performance was used to compare the differences between different sensory modality groups.Results: The mean grades of the spring students were: visual (M = 80.80, SD = 7.30), aural (M = 81.49, SD = 4.19), read/write (M = 81.16, SD = 8.69), kinaesthetic (M = 78.27, SD = 7.56) and multimodal (M = 79.56, SD = 7.65). The means grade of summer students were: visual (M = 74.68, SD = 8.59), aural (M = 78.79, SD = 9.38), read/write (M = 74.89, SD = 3.87), kinaesthetic (M = 77.10, SD = 9.69) and multimodal (M = 75.96, SD = 9.74). After comparing the average grades between different sensory modality groups in both spring and summer semesters using One-way ANOVA testing, there were no statistically significant differences found.Conclusions: The results of this study show that teaching with animated CM in PowerPoints and co-construction of CM seems to be applicable to learners with different sensory modality groups.
Best Practices for Inclusivity of Deaf/deaf/Hard of Hearing Students in the Synchronous Online Classroom
Authors: Carpenter Elisabeth A. Counselman , Meltzer Ariel , Marquart Matthea
Published: August 2020

This case study discusses the current gap in knowledge of how to best support Deaf/deaf/Hard of Hearing learners in online classrooms in higher education and shares important recommendations for instructors, course designers and program administrators. Written from both the student and instructor perspective, this case study explores current trends in online higher education, data on the experience of Deaf/deaf/Hard of Hearing students and current options for improving inclusivity in the online classroom as well as specific issues related to content delivery are examined. Best practices and implications for practice that address meeting the needs and improving accessibility for Deaf/deaf/Hard-of-Hearing learners are reviewed.
Gender Differences in Using Apology Strategies in Jordanian Spoken Arabic
Authors: Al-Sallal Rawan E. , Ahmed Madani O.
Published: August 2020

This study investigated apology strategies used in Jordanian spoken Arabic. The main purpose was to find whether gender plays a role in selecting apology strategies related to different situations. A modified version of Harb’s discourse questionnaire was employed for collecting the data. The participants included 20 males and 20 females. The data were codified and classified using Cross-Cultural Speech Act Realization Patterns (CCSARP), by Blum-Kulka and Olshtain (1984). Both qualitative and quantitative approach was used in analysing the collected data. The findings of the study demonstrate that there are more similarities than differences between females and males in the use of apology strategies. In addition, it was found that both groups tend to use multiple apology strategies in the same utterance; however, their strategies vary in frequency. The results demonstrated that there is no substantial quantitative difference in the use of apology strategies between Jordanian males and females. Further research employing a multi-factor framework (age, gender, education) of addressees is needed.
Spreken is zilver, zwijgen is fout
Authors: Kahn Ph.S.
Published: August 2020

Spreken is zilver, zwijgen is fout. Over het wetsvoorstel Zwijgcontracten in de zorg

Na een lange discussie in de Kamer heeft de minister de knoop doorgehakt door een wetsvoorstel in consultatie te brengen waarmee zwijgcontracten in de zorg nietig worden verklaard. Civielrechtelijk en bestuursrechtelijk bestaan al mogelijkheden om zulke bedingen aan te vechten. In dit artikel worden deze besproken. Na een aantal incidenten heerst breed de opvatting dat dergelijke bedingen maatschappelijk onaanvaardbaar zijn en in strijd met (de bedoeling van) wet- en regelgeving. Door het wetsvoorstel wordt iedere twijfel hierover weggenomen en worden contractuele bedingen over het zwijgen over incidenten in de zorg verboden. Het veld zit niet te wachten op een wettelijk verbod. Hier lijkt vooral sprake van symboolwetgeving.
Naar een Wet op de bekwaamheden in de zorg?
Authors: Gevers J.K.M.
Published: August 2020

Naar een Wet op de bekwaamheden in de zorg? Kanttekeningen bij een advies van de RVS

In het advies van de Raad voor Volksgezondheid en Samenleving wordt aanbevolen de Wet BIG om te vormen tot een Wet op de bekwaamheden in de zorg. De minister wil mede op basis van het advies een bredere verkenning organiseren naar de toekomst van de wet. In deze bijdrage wordt het advies kritisch besproken. Het heeft sterke kanten, maar ook zwakkere. Geconcludeerd wordt dat meer nodig is om tot een heldere toekomstvisie te komen.
‘No peace without justice.’ Een reactie op Christopher Marshall
Authors: Geeraets Vincent , Veraart Wouter
Published: August 2020

No peace without justice – A reply to Christopher Marshall

This article outlines two points of criticism related to Christopher Marshall’s discussion of a relational justice of care. First, addressing the needs of the parties involved in a criminal justice case finds its appropriate place in the post-trial stage. In the pre-trial and trial stages, protecting the legal rights and equal treatment of suspects should take priority over caring for suspects. Secondly, if the outcome of the restorative encounter in the pre-trial stages has a bearing on the verdict of the judge, the encounter may risk to lose its authenticity. The offender may have reason to believe that a socially appropriate performance will be rewarded with less punishment.
Herstelrecht en gedeelde betrokkenheid
Authors: Pattyn Bart
Published: August 2020

Restorative justice and mutual involvement

Christopher Marshalls is convinced that restorative justice has to do with care for relational involvement. That view is intuitively convincing but not particularly clear. Recent psychological and philosophical research has recently devoted much attention to notions such as ‘collective intentionality’ (Searle, Tomasello) and ‘joint commitment’ (Gilbert). This kind of research is situated and discussed in this paper. We indicate how the restoration of mutual involvement can be reinterpreted from the perspective of this research. This exercise shows that caring for relationships should not be interpreted in a sentimental way. In law and in restorative justice, it does not have to be the intention to enter into more personal relationships with each other. Rather, it is the intention to make it possible once again to develop mutual understanding, respect and compassion from our common universal human commitment.
Results of quantitative and qualitative analyses of traditional prescription “Lonlunsemberu-13”
Authors: Tsagaanbaatar Nyamdemberel , Chimedtseren Chimedragchaa
Published: August 2020

Traditional prescription Lonlunsemberu-13 has been widely used in traditional Mongolian medicine to treat gastro intestinal dyspepsia. The purpose of this study was to determine biologically active substances in the Traditional prescription Lonlunsemberu-13 as a primary research. We screened for phenolic compounds, flavonoids, coumarins and alkaloids using a TLC method, and then we have determined those biologically active substances content by the UV/Vis spectrophotometric method. We identified the gallic acid, rutin, quercetin, apigenin, luteolin, isofraxidin and piperine in the traditional prescription. The result revealed that “Lonlunsemberu-13” consisted 4.38% ±1.9 of total phenolic compounds, 0.63% ±0.17 flavonoids, 2.45% ±0.28 of coumarins and 0.83% ±0.064 alkaloids.
A person with disability in strategies for solving social problems – analysis of records in perspective of Urie Bronfenbrenner’s theory
Authors: Mrózek Sebastian
Published: August 2020

The article consists of four parts. The first contains the characteristics of communal Strategies for solving social problems. It includes a discussion of the fundamental assumptions and functions of the types of strategies which play a part in social policy – with particular emphasis on the needs and situation of people with disabilities. The second part of study introduces the most important assumptions of the bioecological theory of Urie Bronfenbrenner’s systems. Through the prism of this theory, research material has been collected and ordered. The merits of the study are captured in the part three. In its scope, it includes tabular systems ordered in accordance with the assumptions of the bio-ecological system theory, containing records and the resulting activities implemented by communes for the social inclusion of people with disabilities. The whole text ends with the conclusions presented in the fourth part. The purpose of the study is a qualitative analysis of the Strategy for solving social problems of communes that are part of the Żywiec and Cieszyn counties. It will make it possible to recognize records and the resulting inclusion activities for people with disabilities. The purpose is also to consider these entries based on the bioecological theory of Urie Bronfenbrenner’s systems and recognition what levels distinguished in the theory mentioned above are present in strategies and what actions result from them. This will also allow for partial verification of the role taken by municipalities – the smallest local government units in creating a culture of inclusion and a friendly space for people with disabilities.
Book Reviews Acta Orientalia 37
Authors: Orientalia Acta
Published: August 2020

Book reviews in Acta Orientalia 37
Medical Commentary on Pheby, J. (2020). the abyss is the self, and it is beautiful. EJPCH 8 (2) 251-253
Authors: Pheby Derek
Published: August 2020

No abstract
Medical Commentary on Pheby, J. (2020). docility of mind, nobility of soul, sublimity of spirit EJPCH 8 (2) 255-257
Authors: Pheby Derek
Published: August 2020

No abstract
Analysis of Large Mega Millions Rollovers
Authors: Lee Sukhun , Han Ki C , Suk David Y , Sung Hyunmo
Published: August 2020

From May 17, 2002 to December 30, 2014, there were 1,318 Mega Millions drawings and 153 were winning drawings.  In 148 out of 153 winning drawings, there was no winner(s) in the first drawing and the jackpot prize was rolled over and added to the next drawing.  Since the Mega Millions does not have a rollover limit, this process continues until there is an eventual winning ticket. If there are no winners over a month, the jackpot prize will approach $100 million.  As the jackpot prize approaches $100 million, significantly larger additional cash flows into the lottery.  Based on the analysis of 29 large Mega Millions winning drawings (jackpot prize ≥ $100 million), we report the following findings.  First, significantly larger additional money flows into the lottery as the jackpot prize gets larger, and over 90% of the additional cash inflow is spent on Mega Millions tickets.  Second, for the entire sample there does not appear to be reallocating of funds taking place within lottery games.  However, when total sales declines or changes in Mega Millions sales is greater than changes in total lottery sales, a small amount of money (less than $0.20 per capita) being transferred from Instant Games to Mega Millions appears to take place.  Third, zip-codes with a higher average family income or residents with more years of schooling experience a significantly higher demand for Mega Millions tickets.  In addition, as the percentage of white or Asian-Americans in an area increase, the demand for Mega Millions increases by a significant amount.  Lastly, as the jackpot prize gets larger, lottery players from all income levels spend more money on Mega Millions, but over 80% of the additional money comes from consumers belonging to the upper-middle or higher income brackets.
The Mathematics of Baccarat Edge Sorting
Authors: Dalton Teresa , Hannum Robert
Published: August 2020

AbstractEdge sorting is a form of advantage play that involves a pre-deal sorting of cards based on imperfections or markings on the backs of playing cards. When successfully executed, the edge sorting advantage play in baccarat allows player to know, prior to making bets, whether each of the first four cards to be played will be “big” or “small” cards. With this knowledge, the player can then make the appropriate bet that will maximize expected return and in so doing enjoy a significant advantage. The definition of big and small cards can vary; the particular big-small classification scheme employed will determine the exact advantage obtained. The purpose of this paper is to identify the player’s optimal big-small classification and associated advantage for the following four situations: (1) big-small knowledge of the first four cards when using only the main bets—Player, Banker, and Tie; (2) big-small knowledge of the first four cards when Player and Banker Pair bets are also available; (3) big-small knowledge of the first card only when using only the main bets; and (4) big-small knowledge of the first card only when Player and Banker Pair bets are also available.
IMPERFECT MARKET-MAKER COMPETITION, HETEROGENEOUS EXPECTATIONS, AND THE FAVOURITE-LONGSHOT BIAS IN WAGERING MARKETS
Authors: Hurley William , McDonough Lawrence
Published: August 2020

In the study of wagering markets, it is generally the case that the objective probabilities of various contestants (horses, teams, etc.) winning do not match those implied by the betting. More often than not favourites are underbet and longshots overbet, although some studies have found the reverse. We offer an explanation in the case where there is imperfect competition among book-makers and heterogeneous expectations among bettors.
BETTING MARKET: Rank Dependent Expected Utility
Authors: Llorente Loreto
Published: August 2020

In Pelota matches, games with two mutually exclusive and exhaustive outcomes, bets on the winner are made through a middleman who receives 16% of the finally paid amount. The classical decision theory of expected utility maximization can not explain this market assuming bettors are identical. Llorente and Aizpurua (2007) explain the existence of bets in the market under Quiggin’s rank dependent expected utility (RDEU) model. They find that bettors have to be optimistic in order to explain the existence of a bet. Analyzing the way odds are fixed in the market Llorente (2006) finds that assuming equal return on bets there are inefficiencies in the market. In this paper we show that, given an assumption that bettors are rank dependent expected utility maximizers, these inefficiencies tend to disappear.
The Luck of the Texan: An Empirical Analysis of Texas Lottery Games
Authors: Depken II Craig A , Dorasil Paul R.
Published: August 2020

This paper provides an empirical analysis of the relationships between three popular lottery games in the state of Texas: Lotto Texas, Texas Two Step, and the multi-state Mega Millions game.  The analysis suggests complementarity between the Lotto Texas and Mega Millions; habitual players tend to play relatively safer games; the 2006 Lotto Texas rule change decreased revenue substantially; and that only at low effective ticket prices do players purchase more tickets for high stakes/low odds games.  We simulate the effective prices at which two games would sell the same number of tickets in the state of Texas. The results suggest that Mega Millions and Lotto Texas are expected to sell more tickets than Texas Two Step, and that Lotto Texas is expected to sell more tickets than Mega Millions at all feasible price levels.
Informed Choice and Gambling: Principles for Consumer Protection
Authors: Blaszczynski Alex , Ladouceur Robert , Nower Lia , Shaffer Howard
Published: August 2020

It is well-established that problem gambling results, in part, from erroneous perceptions about the probability of winning. While individuals retain the ultimate responsibility over gambling choices and level of participation, optimal decision-making depends, among other factors, on the availability of reliable, comprehensive information. From a public health perspective, the gaming industry, in collaboration with government and the community, must ensure that individuals receive sufficient information to enable them to make responsible gambling choices.  This paper reviews key decision-making models and posits four primary goals that will lead to optimal choices in gambling: (a) the provision of relevant and objective information; (b) elucidation of the benefits of responsible gambling as well as potential social and personal costs of excessive gambling; (c) additional materials targeted to specific gambling subgroups; and (d) the use of a variety of communication mediums to disseminate materials. Implications for further research and public information campaigns are discussed.
Individual Risk Propensity and Risk Background
Authors: Moore Winston , Bernard April , Iyare Osaretin
Published: August 2020

The paper considers the role that socio-psychological and socio-cultural factors play in individual decisions to take risk.  The study employs four main measures of risk propensity: the mean probability of engaging in an investment, insurance or everyday gamble and the amount that would be invested in a hypothetical lottery.  The study finds that gender had a significant influence on the probability of engaging in investment and everyday risk decisions, but a relatively insignificant impact on insurance decisions.  The most important risk background variables were experience in making gambling decisions and confidence in making investment decisions.  Similar results are obtained when the lottery-type measure of risk was employed.
INTERNET SPORTS BOOKS OPERATING IN AN INEFFICIENT MARKETPLACE
Authors: Diemer George
Published: August 2020

This research challenges widely accepted theories regarding sports gambling and the bookmaking industry.  Specifically, the assertions by Strumpf (2003) and Levitt (2004) that risk-seeking bookmakers maximize profit rather than minimize exposure is tested. To do so, this research focuses on an area that few scholars have explored: internet sports books.  A unique data set to analyze the dynamics of competition in NFL gambling industry is used along with a different estimation technique than other scholars have used: cluster analysis. The results of cluster analysis offer insight into the data structure. An alternate hypothesis regarding the workings of the industry are tested to better understand this data structure.
NEW EVIDENCE ON THE LINK BETWEEN GOVERNMENT SUBSIDIES AND WAGERING
Authors: De Gennaro Ramon
Published: August 2020

The total volume of wagering on horse racing is important because it affects both racetrack and state revenues.  This paper uses both daily data and data from individual races to explore the influence of a particular government subsidy, the sire stakes, on the racing industry.  Previous work using daily data has found that this subsidy has no statistically reliable influence on the volume of wagering and that it amounts to a direct transfer from taxpayers to the breeding industry.  My much larger sample of daily data produces the same result, but using new data from individual races, the results differ:  I find a small but statistically significant increase in wagering on subsidized races.  The increase is probably just too small to be detected in daily data. My results suggest, though, that the economic significance of the increase is almost surely too little to recoup the government’s investment fully.  For subsidized races to be a good use of taxpayers’ money, then either taxpayers must derive other benefits or else the state must generate additional revenue because of the subsidy.  I list several possible avenues to make that argument.  I also suggest public goods that the industry might produce.
NEW EVIDENCE ON CONSUMER SPENDING ON GAMBLING
Authors: Humphreys Brad
Published: August 2020

Characteristics of households who participate in gambling markets in the US, and the determinants of household expenditure on gambling, are investigated using data from the Consumer Expenditure Survey (CEX). I estimate empirical models of participation in gambling markets and gambling expenditure using Tobit and double hurdle estimators. A likelihood ratio test rejects Tobit in favor of the double hurdle model. The double hurdle model estimates show that key explanatory variables affect participation and expenditure with different signs. Tobit, which is widely used in the literature, forces the signs to be identical, calling into question empirical regularities reported in this literature.
THE FINANCIAL RETURNS TO CASINO AMENITIES
Authors: Walker Douglas M , Bryant Lonnie L
Published: August 2020

Casinos offer an increasing array of amenities (e.g., hotels, restaurants, shows, shopping, and other entertainment). Yet, little information exists on the financial returns to various amenities. We utilize financial returns and casino company department revenue and expenditure data from 24 public casino firms over 23 quarters (2004.1-2009.3) to analyze the returns on investment from various casino amenities. Our findings indicate that investments in expanding casino space and hotels have negative returns; investment in food and beverage has a neutral impact; but investment in other types of entertainment has a positive return.
LOTTERY AS A RETAIL PRODUCT
Authors: Han Ki C , Lee Sukhun , Suk David Y
Published: August 2020

In this study we examine whether the volume of lottery sales is positively related to the volume of other retail product sales.  We find that retail sales are more significantly related to lottery sales than to any other macroeconomic variables.  This result is consistent with the hypothesis that the lottery is similar to any other retail good.  Among the retail products we include in our data, lottery sales are most correlated with the sales of food and beverage products.  The results show that there is a unique aspect that distinguishes the lottery from other retail products.  The most intriguing result is that lottery sales are inversely related to the level of income, meaning that people with lower income tend to participate in more lotteries, which can be interpreted as the lottery’s income supplementary function.  We also find that lottery sales are mainly determined by the residents earning between $10,000 and $50,000 a year, implying that the lottery does not appeal equally to all income groups.  Finally, lottery sales are negatively related to the number of African-American residents, positively related to the number of Hispanic residents, and negatively related to the number of White residents.  These results suggest that the lottery appeals differently to people of different ethnicities.
FORECASTING NATIONAL FOOTBALL LEAGUE GAME OUTCOMES RELATIVE TO BETTING SPREADS
Authors: Mallios William
Published: August 2020

Cointegrated time processes measuring NFL playoff game performances relative to the betting spreads are graphed in terms of candlestick charts and forecast in terms of autoregressive systems with time varying coefficients. Coefficients are modeled in terms of linear regressions on lagged shocks. Estimation is non Bayesian. Forecasts provide measures of market efficiency/inefficiency and outcome volatility. Risk assessment utilizes GARCH-type modeling in estimating volatility. Applications are presented for the New York Giants 2012 playoff games based on a data backlog of three years.
DOES INTERNATIONAL SIMULCAST WAGERING REDUCE LIVE HANDLE AT CANADIAN RACETRACKS?
Authors: Humphreys Brad , Soebbing Brian P
Published: August 2020

Consumer interest in horse racing has declined significantly in North America.  In an attempt to reverse this decline, additional gambling opportunities, including simulcast betting, have been added at race tracks. This paper investigates the impact of simulcast betting on live racing handle at Canadian horse racetracks. Using data from the 18 largest Canadian racetracks over the period 1999 through 2006, IV results indicate that increases in remote wagering opportunities in Canada lead to small positive increases in live handle. Simulcast betting opportunities do not cannibalize live wagering, rather they increase live wagering.
PROFITING ON INEFFICIENCIES IN BETTING DERIVATIVE MARKETS: THE CASE OF UEFA EURO 2012
Authors: Cortis Dominic , Hales Steve , Bezzina Frank
Published: August 2020

This paper investigates whether it is possible to profit from market inefficiencies on betting exchanges during short tournaments. We describe how a Monte Carlo simulation method, with an inbuilt noise parameter applied on '1X2' markets, can be used to determine odds for derivative markets. In cases of mismatch between model and market odds, a modified Kelly strategy is proposed to determine the percentage of own funds placed against the market. When this proposal is applied to the UEFA European Nations association football tournament 2012, two important findings emerge: (a) a profit of circa 12% of allocated funds was generated, and (b) the profit is not contingent on the noise parameter, thus indicating the possibility of arbitrage between different betting markets. The proposed method can be extended to other sports provided the competition consists of a group stage held over a short period of time.
ASSESSMENT TOOL TO MEASURE AND EVALUATE THE RISK POTENTIAL OF GAMBLING PRODUCTS ASTERIG
Authors: Blanco Carlos , Blaszczynski Alex , Clement Reiner , Derevensky Jeffrey , Goudriaan Anna E. , Hodgins David C , Van Holst Ruth J. , Ibanez Angela , Martins Silvia S. , Moersen Chantal , Molinaro Sabrina , Parke Adrian , Peren Franz W , Petry Nancy M. , Wardle Heather
Published: August 2020

Although most individuals who gamble do so without any adverse consequences, some individuals develop a recurrent, maladaptive pattern of gambling behaviour, often called pathological gambling or gambling disorder, that is associated with financial losses, disruption of family and interpersonal relationships, and co-occurring psychiatric disorders. Identifying whether different types of gambling modalities vary in their ability to lead to maladaptive patterns of gambling behaviour is essential to develop public policies that seek to balance access to gambling opportunities with minimizing risk for the potential adverse consequences of gambling behaviour. Until recently, assessing the risk potential of different types of gambling products was nearly impossible. ASTERIG, initially developed in Germany in 2006-2010, is an assessment tool to measure and to evaluate the risk potential of any gambling product based on scores on ten dimensions. In doing so, it also allows a comparison to be drawn between the addictive potential of different gambling products. Furthermore, the tool highlights where the specific risk potential of each specific gambling product lies. This makes it a valuable tool at the legislative, case law, and administrative levels as it allows the risk potential of individual gambling products to be identified and to be compared globally and across 10 different dimensions of risk potential. We note that specific gambling products should always be evaluated rather than product groups (lotteries, slot machines) or providers, as there may be variations among those product groups that impact their risk potential. For example, slot machines may vary on the amount of jackpot, which may influence their risk potential.
Profiting from arbitrage and odds biases of the European football gambling market
Authors: Constantinou Anthony Costa , Fenton Norman Elliott
Published: August 2020

A gambling market is usually described as being inefficient if there are one or more betting strategies that generate profit, at a consistent rate, as a consequence of exploiting market flaws. This paper examines the online European football gambling market based on 14 European football leagues over a period of seven years, from season 2005/06 to 2011/12 inclusive, and takes into consideration the odds provided by numerous bookmaking firms. Contrary to common misconceptions, we demonstrate that the accuracy of bookmakers' odds has not improved over this period. More importantly, our results question market efficiency by demonstrating high profitability on the basis of consistent odds biases and numerous arbitrage opportunities.
AN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL REVIEW OF GAMBLING IN GREAT BRITAIN
Authors: Forrest David
Published: August 2020

The paper considers the nature and scale of the benefits and costs of gambling, with special reference to machine gaming. Although the industry is argued to be unlikely to have a significant macroeconomic impact, evidence is consistent with it generating considerable benefits to individual (responsible) consumers, whether measured by consumer surplus or through the pattern of responses to a wellbeing question. At the same time, a minority of users of gaming facilities, problem gamblers, appear to make consistently flawed decisions such that those with gambling disorder experience exceptionally low wellbeing.  Public policy and regulatory decisions should consider the effects, on the margin, on both the net benefits to recreational gamblers and the net costs to problem gamblers. Many policy decisions may involve a trade-off between the welfare of recreational gamblers and the welfare of problem gamblers. Contemporary interest in targeted policies appears to represent an attempt to avoid the need to confront such a trade-off by searching for policies which are aimed very explicitly at problem gamblers alone.
A CRITICAL EXAMINATION OF THE LINK BETWEEN GAMING MACHINES AND GAMBLING-RELATED HARM
Authors: Blaszczynski Alex
Published: August 2020

It remains irrefutable that electronic gaming machines are associated with gambling-related harms. Although research on electronic gaming machines has predominantly focussed on their structural characteristics and to a lesser extent, situational variables contributing to the emergence of gambling-related harms, the precise causal mechanisms of these variables in the aetiology of gambling disorders remains inconclusive. In addition, it remains debatable as to whether or not electronic gaming machines have higher rates of problem gambling as a proportion of participants compared to other forms. Contributing to this state of uncertainty are methodological difficulties related to jurisdictional differences in the geographical location, distribution, density, and configuration of machines (payback percentages and volatility), socio-cultural and demographic features, and availability of and involvement in other gambling modes typically associated with gambling disorders. In addition, questionnaire and survey items have tended to elicit information on preferred or identified problem forms of gambling. Accordingly, gambling-related harms tend to be attributed to such identified forms without taking into consideration intensity (expenditure and frequency) and involvement in gambling modes in aggregate. It is therefore postulated that directing attention to electronic gaming machines over other forms equally capable of causing harm is not an optimal approach to harm minimisation. It may prove to be more fruitful to investigate the complex interaction between cultural/social values, accessibility and availability of all gambling products in aggregate within a community and the factors that promote participation in multiple forms rather than a narrow focus on a limited range of products.
DOES SIZE REALLY MATTER? A REVIEW OF THE ROLE OF STAKE AND PRIZE LEVELS IN RELATION TO GAMBLING-RELATED HARM
Authors: Parke Jonathan , Parke Adrian
Published: August 2020

Regulatory and industry decisions influencing commercial gambling activities require clear understanding of the role that stakes and prizes play in the development and facilitation of gambling-related harm. Although industry proponents argue for increases in stakes and prizes to meet market demands, regulators remain cautious about the potential implication for gambling-related harm, while industry opponents generally condemn relaxing aspects of gambling policies. To inform this debate, this paper provides a critical examination of the relevant literature. From the review, it is concluded that limitations of the existing literature restrict our ability to draw definitive conclusions regarding the effects of stake and prize variables. Most studies contain multiple, methodological limitations, the most significant of which are diluted risk and reward scenarios used in analogue research settings not reflective of real gambling situations. In addition, there is a lack of conceptual clarity regarding many constructs, particularly the parameters defining jackpots, and the interactive nature and effect of the differing configurations of game parameters and environments are often not taken into consideration when investigating changes to one or more variables. Notwithstanding these limitations, there is sufficient evidence to suggest that stake and prize levels merit consideration in relation to harm minimisation efforts. However, substantial knowledge gaps currently exist, particularly in relation to understanding staking and prize thresholds for risky behaviour, how the impact of stakes and prizes change depending on the configuration and interaction of other game characteristics, and the role of individual and situational determinants. Based on the potential risk factors and the implications for commercial appeal, a player-focussed harm minimisation response may hold the most promise for future research and evaluation in jurisdictions where gambling is a legal and legitimate leisure activity.
THE IMPACTS OF DEMAND AND SUPPLY ELASTICITIES ON GAMBLING TAX CHOICES
Authors: Gu Xinhua , Tam Pui Sun
Published: August 2020

This study shows that whether a tax is heavy for local casinos in terms of economy-wide efficiency hinges on how much of the tax can be passed on to tourists. The division of the tax burden between casinos and tourists is affected by the relative elasticity of demand versus supply and tourists’ income factors. We find that gaming tax incidence is robust across different market structures. An uncompetitive casino industry may be more favorable for tax efficiency than its competitive counterpart. Policy choice between tax rates is observed to rest on the economic incidence of a statutory tax. We provide the economic rationale behind why a high tax is imposed inMacaoand a lenient tax is adopted inLas Vegas.
INTRODUCTION
Authors: Etches Marc W. , Rigbye Jane
Published: August 2020

In this special issue, critical consideration is given to existing knowledge and understanding regarding harm minimisation in gambling. While the reviews have been written with the British context in mind, we consider that most matters will have some relevance at an international level also. Papers in this issue also consider operational and regulatory matters through identifying priority areas for research and offering initial guidance on how existing research findings could be applied in operator-based approaches to harm minimisation. It should be noted that concurrent work is being done in Great Britain by both the regulator and industry in response to concerns about the impacts of gambling individually and in local communities. The regulator has recently reviewed social responsibility provisions found within its License Conditions and Codes of Practice (LCCP), and this has established where greater degrees of player protection or player monitoring need to be mandated. In classifying approaches according to their source of implementation and management, the papers in this special issue examine the evidence by considering a specific category of harm minimisation that has been referred to here as ‘operator-based’ harm minimisation. The four papers consider the issues in relation to facilitating awareness and control among consumers engaging in gambling; to restricting access to gambling products; and to ensuring that marketing functions operate in a transparent and responsible way.
THE ANTECEDENTS OF GAMBLING BEHAVIOUR FROM A SOCIAL MARKETING PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Vergura Donata Tania , Luceri Beatrice
Published: August 2020

This paper investigates Italian gamblers’ behaviour with particular reference to the intensity of participation and economic involvement. Despite the high incidence of gambling among the Italian population, studies aimed at investigating gambling behaviour are lacking. Therefore, the objective of the paper is to identify the main factors that promote and maintain such behaviour. A survey was conducted using a sample of regular and occasional gamblers. Regression analysis showed that socio-demographic characteristics (gender, income and level of education) significantly affect gambling involvement. In addition, the use of the online channel, the self-limitation of budget and the habit of getting rid of coins received as change - an aspect of gambling behaviour never analysed in the literature - are important predictors of the intensity of participation and level of spending. The study integrates previous findings on the consumer purchasing process. The results are useful for designing social marketing strategies aimed at reducing the demand and promoting responsible gambling.
GAMBLING DEMAND: A META-ANALYSIS OF THE PRICE ELASTICITY
Authors: Gallet Craig Arthur
Published: August 2020

Many studies have examined the demand for gambling, providing roughly 200 estimates of the price elasticity associated with horse racing, casino gaming, and the lottery.  Treating these price elasticities as observations of the dependent variable in a meta-regression model, several features of the literature are found to influence the price responsiveness of gambling.  For instance, the price elasticity of casino gambling is lowest in absolute value, while the price elasticities of horse racing and the lottery are of similar value.  Also, not only are there regional differences in the price elasticity of gambling, but other model features, such as the functional form of gambling demand, are found to influence the price elasticities.
WHO PLAYS THE LOTTERY? FINDINGS FROM NEW JERSEY LOTTERY SALES
Authors: Suk David , Han Ki C , Lee Sukhun , Sung Hyun Mo
Published: August 2020

Despite the very unfavorable odds and low payout ratios, many people play lottery games all over the world, and the number of participants is growing.  While surveys and empirical tests have been performed to characterize the demographics of lottery players, there is still no consensus on who they are.  The present study aims to provide an in-depth and clearer profile of said participants.  The analysis is based on New Jersey lottery sales from 2001 to 2010.  Our findings indicate that the typical lottery consumer in the state of NJ would be (1) male or female with a greater participation by females, (2) in his/her 20s to late-30s, or senior citizens in their 70s, (3) a minority, (4) a high school graduate with no further educational degree, (5) from a below-average income family, (6) and a home renter instead of a home owner.  As for lottery game preferences, African-Americans and Hispanics have a strong preference for both the Instant Match and Mega Millions.  Lastly, it appears that the economic climate has little effect on the socio-demographic factors influencing lottery purchasing behavior.
Developing a Profile of Lotto Players in Korea
Authors: Lee Sukhun , Sung Hyunmo
Published: August 2020

Given the potential impact lottery gambling has on individual lives, especially on low-income earners and adolescents, extensive studies have been conducted to develop a comprehensive profile of lottery participants in North America, Europe and to a lesser extent, East Asia.  However, studies on the characteristics of Korean lottery participants are missing in the literature even though in 2013, Korea’s Lotto lottery sales were around US$3.035 billion and ranked 22nd in terms of worldwide total lottery sales.  Using Lotto lottery sales and corresponding socio-demographic data, the current study developed a profile of lottery participants in Korea.   The findings indicate that the typical lottery consumer in Korea would be an individual whose income falls in the middle to below middle-income brackets and has at most a high school degree.  In addition, both widows and widowers are major participants in lottery gambling.  However, married, higher-income, and college-educated individuals are not active participants in the Lotto.  The above profile is similar to that of lottery players around the globe.  However, there are two differences between the profiles of Korean players and those from the rest of the world. First, males around the globe (except Thailand) are more active lottery participants than females.  However, in Korea, there does not appear to be a significant difference in participation rates by gender.  Second, people in their mid-20s to mid-60s have the highest participation rate around the globe.  Korean society, in contrast, has no one age group that dominates lottery sales.