bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Proteins‐Based Nanoparticles for Benznidazole Enteric Delivery
Authors: Pilicita Victor A. , Sonzogni Ana S. , Allasia Mariana , Borra Florencia , Minari Roque J. , Gonzalez Verónica D.G.
Published: October 2024

Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi), affects millions worldwide, particularly in Latin America. Despite its prevalence, treatment options remain limited. Current drugs, such as benznidazole, cause adverse effects possibly due to ineffective administration. In this context, nanoparticles offer a promising solution to target and control drug delivery by leading the effector site and minimizing side effects. This article focuses on zein‐casein‐based nanoparticles (Bioparticles, BP) coated with Eudragit L100‐55 (BP:EU) for enteric delivery of benznidazole. BP:EU structures are synthesized to minimize premature drug release in the stomach, promoting release in the small intestine. Physical characterization confirmed the successful synthesis of BP:EU and their pH‐responsive trigger for drug release. These findings suggest that this material can be a promising approach for Chagas disease treatment, addressing challenges in benznidazole delivery that can lead to improved therapeutic responses.
Degradation of Dyes Using Biologically Synthesized Nanoparticles by Aloe barbadensis Leaves Extract
Authors: Sharma Sandeep , Chawla Kanhaiya , Yadav Deepak Kumar , Lal Nathu , Rathore Bhupendra Singh , Lal Chhagan
Published: October 2024

Nanotechnology has enormous, economic, social, and environmental ramifications. Due to their capacity to survive in complex processes, inorganic nanomaterials like metal/metal oxides have received substantial study during the past decade. Nanoparticles have antibacterial, magnetic, electrical, and catalytic characteristics due to their greater surface area. There are several methods to develop nanoparticles but environment friendly behavior with no toxic byproducts attracts researchers toward biological process of nanoparticles. This work synthesizes copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles and zinc oxide (ZnO) with Aloe barbadensis (Aloe vera) leaves extract and successfully characterizes them with different analytical techniques. The catalytic activity of such nanoparticles tests over different cationic and anionic dyes like methylene blue (MB), methyl orange (MO), and methyl red (MR) for different intervals of time and reveals. The degradation efficiency of CuO nanoparticles for MB, MO, and MR dyes are 59.92%, 73.48%, and 73.10% respectively, and for ZnO nanoparticles it is 81.44%, 76.46%, and 63.30% for MB, MO, and MR dyes respectively under the exposure of sunlight for 8 h. The present work successfully develops an ecofriendly process of dye degradation by biologically synthesized nanoparticles.
Thermoelectroluminescence in Anthracene and Anthracene Doped With Acridine Phosphors
Authors: Mishra Ajai Kumar , Mishra Pragati , Pandey Janardan Prasad
Published: October 2024

In the present study, an effort is made to record the thermoelectroluminescence (TEL) glow curves and electroluminescence (EL) spectra for anthracene, acridine, and anthracene doped with acridine to determine the trap depth and escape frequency in these materials. For recording the TEL glow curves, the EL cell is heated at the study rate after 500 Vrms (RMS) of AC is supplied between the plates. At various field frequencies, the light output is recorded. To comprehend the luminescence processes and mechanisms in these films, three methods have been employed to determine the trap energy and escape frequency.
In Silico Investigation of Molecular Properties and Molecular Docking of Darunavir: An Anti‐HIV Drug
Authors: Kumar Shiv , Tiwari Gargi , Sharma Dipendra
Published: October 2024

A second‐generation HIV protease enzyme inhibitor, darunavir is used in combination therapy for patients with history of prior antiretroviral treatments. It inhibits the cleavage of HIV encoded gag‐pol polyprotein in cells contaminated by a virus and thereby hinders the development of mature and infectious new virions. In this paper, optimization of molecular geometry of darunavir has been obtained by Density Functional Theory based B3LYP and ωB97XD methods with 6–311+G(d,p) basis set. The electro‐optical, global reactivity descriptors, and UV–visible spectrum of the drug have been examined using both the functionals. Further, binding affinity of darunavir at different sites of protein receptor (PDB ID: 5b18) has been analyzed using molecular docking technique. Results have been used to discuss electro‐optical and electronic properties of the drug along with its binding affinities with protein receptors.
New Class of Ionic Liquid Crystal Proposed by Using Quantum Chemical Calculation
Authors: Pandey Anoop Kumar , Dubey Deen Dayal , Singh Vijay , Pandey Kamal Kumar , Dwivedi Apoorva
Published: October 2024

The current investigation conducts a thorough analysis of the nonlinear optical properties, binding characteristics, and electronic features of 1‐proplene‐3‐methylimidazolium (PMIM)‐X ionic liquid (IL) crystal. These findings reveal that the dissociation energy of PMIM‐X indicates a preference for ionic dissociation over neutral dissociation. Notably, the ionic dissociation energy shows an increasing trend with both the electron affinity (EA) and the size of X. In the process of forming the IL crystal PMIM‐X, this study observes a charge transfer from PMIM to X species. It is noteworthy that the extent of charge transfer intensifies with the increasing size of X. Additionally, the calculated energy gap exhibits a positive correlation with both EA and the size of X. Although these results suggest promising nonlinear optical behavior for PMIM‐X, it is crucial to acknowledge the limitations of the study. All calculations are conducted on single atoms in the gas phase, overlooking potential effects that may arise in the liquid phase or bulk conditions. Therefore, future investigations should consider these factors for a more comprehensive understanding of the behavior of PMIM‐X in practical applications.
Carb‐Loaded Passion: A Comprehensive Exploration of Carbohydrates in Shaping Aphrodisiac Effects
Authors: Chandra Phool , Porwal Mayur , Rastogi Vaibhav , Tyagi Siddhant Jai , Sharma Himanshu , Verma Anurag
Published: October 2024

The present overview discusses the putative aphrodisiac properties of carbohydrates. It comprehensively investigates the intricate interplay between the physiological systems that govern sexual arousal and the consumption of carbohydrates in the diet. One method to achieve this is by examining the historical origins of aphrodisiacs in various civilizations. It highlights the significance of carbohydrates as essential macronutrients and explores their function in crucial biochemical processes associated with libido and sexual response. In order to understand the impact of dietary carbs on sexual health, the study examines the correlation among sex hormones, insulin sensitivity, and blood glucose levels. To understand how particular diets high in carbohydrates can improve sexual arousal, performance and desire the analysis looks at scientific research informing that some diets have aphrodisiac properties. The present research examines the influence of carbohydrates on mood, stress levels, and overall well‐being to gain a deeper understanding of the psychological underpinnings of sexual function. The points elucidated in this analysis enhance the understanding of the complex interrelationships between dietary components, specifically carbs, and sexual health. Results have implications for lifestyle modifications aimed at improving sexual well‐being. The information contained here will also be beneficial to individuals and healthcare professionals who are looking for evidence‐based approaches to improve their sexual well‐being.
To Enhance the Performance of CI Engine with Using of Additives Based Hybrid Bio Fuel—A Review
Authors: Kumar Harish , Kumar Himansh
Published: October 2024

The growing demand of sustainable and environment friendly energy sources has spurred research and development efforts towards the integration of biofuels in various applications, particularly in internal combustion engines. Microemulsion technique is a new and innovative alternative to traditional fossil fuel that has gained a significant attention in recent years. This type of bio fuel is made by blending of small amount of biofuel and large amount of conventional diesel fuel. This review paper explores the potential of enhancing the performance of Compression ignition (CI) engines by incorporating additives into hybrid biofuels. The study focuses on the synergistic effects of combining traditional fossil fuels with bio‐derived components, such as ethanol, biodiesel, and other bio‐based additives. This review paper aim is to explore the performance of a 4‐stroke, single‐cylinder, direct injection Compression Ignition (CI) engine at different loads using different fuels blends like CNWEDB, BFNP150, PPNP150, and ME Diesel/Colza oil. The review outlines recent advancements in biofuel technology, including novel production methods and feedstock options, aiming to overcome limitations associated with conventional biofuels. The article aims to investigate the potential of vegetable oil in formulating MHBF, analyzing its performance and emissions in CI engines. The engine performance parameters viz., brake thermal efficiency brake specific fuel consumption have been reviewed and found that these values are comparable to the biodiesel blends with pure petrodiesel. At 60%, 80%, and full load condition the BTE of microemulsion diesel/colza oil is increasing while at 40%, 80%, and full load the BSFC is decreasing. Emissions reported by the various researchers, however, have a positive attribute with respect to NOx, CO, and UHC. At full load CO is decreasing and at all load conditions the value of UHC is decreasing. The paper concludes with a discussion on future research directions, emphasizing the need for continued innovation to address emerging issues and optimize the performance of CI engines for a sustainable and energy‐efficient future.
Alkali Metal‐Doped Fullerenes as Hydrogen Storage—A Quantum Chemical Investigation
Authors: Pandey Anoop Kumar , Singh Vijay , Dubey Deen Dayal , Pandey Kamal Kumar , Avaish Mohd , Dwivedi Apoorva
Published: October 2024

The quest for alternative energy sources has been spurred by the drawbacks and environmental risks of fossil fuels, with hydrogen emerging as a viable contender. But finding materials that can effectively store hydrogen with the best adsorption energy is a major obstacle to building a hydrogen‐based economy. As a result, a significant amount of research has been conducted worldwide to examine fullerene's (C60) potential for hydrogen adsorption. The results of extensive DFT calculations are presented here, pertaining to the adsorption of hydrogen molecules onto fullerenes doped with alkali metals, namely Rubidium (Rb), Ceasium (Cs), and Fransium (Fr). The study analyzes a number of parameters, such as global properties, electronic, optical, and surface annihilation energy. These analyses are performed using the Gaussian 09 simulation package with the 6–31G/B3LYP level of theory DFT methodology. The findings show that an exothermic process is involved in the adsorption of hydrogen onto fullerene doped alkali elements, as evidenced by the negative adsorption energy. The attractive interactions between the polarized dipole of hydrogen molecules and the surface dipole of doped fullerenes can be the cause of this exothermicity. These results imply that fullerenes decorated with alkali metals are promising as likely hydrogen storage media.
Density Functional Theory (DFT) Study on the Nontoxic Alternative of Bisphenol A (BPA) Derivatives: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Agarwal Parag , Kumar Anuj
Published: October 2024

Bisphenol A is an oil‐derived, large market volume chemical with a wide spectrum of applications in plastics, adhesives, and thermal papers. However, bisphenol A and its derivative are not considered safe due to its endocrine disrupting properties and reproductive toxicity. A nontoxic alternative of bisphenol analogus has been proposed in this study using plant biomass. A study of different DFT‐based QSAR approaches has been done to show the significance of the conceptual DFT‐based selected descriptors with different QSAR models in the prediction of toxicity and to establish meaningful correlations between the molecular structure of the proposed compounds and their toxicological properties. Multiple regression analysis and ANN model are also suggested to use to relate the biological activity with the global and local reactivity descriptors.
To Study the Effects of Microemulsion Based Hybrid Biofuel on Emission Characteristics of CI Engine: A Short Review
Authors: Anand Kul Bhushan , Kumar Himansh , Saxena Vishal
Published: October 2024

Microemulsion based fuels (MBF) have gained significant attention in recent years due to their potential to enhance combustion efficiency, reduce emissions, and improve overall engine performance. This research paper enlightens the effects of physiochemical properties on the emission characteristics of CI engine. The microemulsions are formulated using surfactants, co‐surfactants, water or alcohols, and fuel components. The effects of density, viscosity, calorific value, cold flow properties, and cetane number along with the stability and the multi‐component characteristics of (MBF) has been taken into consideration to examine its effects on Emission characteristics such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur oxides (SOx), carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matter (PM), and unburned hydrocarbons (UHC). Microemulsion‐based fuels lower emissions of NOx and PM, recognized to the more complete combustion. The review highlights various studies that have investigated the benefits of microemulsion fuels, including reduced emissions of different pollutants and thus reduce the adverse effect on environment.

In conclusion, microemulsion‐based fuels show likely physiochemical properties, as well as favorable emission characteristics, with reduced NOx, SOx, CO, PM, and UHC emissions. This study highlights the potential of microemulsion‐based fuels as environment friendly alternatives, flagging the way for further research.
Development of Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites: A Critical Review
Authors: Ranjan Alok , Singh Pavan Kumar
Published: October 2024

Fiber reinforced composites are made by reinforcing fibers in a polymeric matrix and shaping them to fit. Natural fibers, on the other hand, such as jute sisal, hemp, flax etc. are increasingly commonly utilized as reinforcements and perform similarly to artificial fibers. Man‐made fibers like as carbon, glass, and kevlar are utilized as reinforcements in the start and have shown to be the best in terms of characteristics, reinforcing capacity, and usefulness. Research investigations also show that when man‐made and natural reinforcements are combined in a hybrid form, the composite characteristics increase significantly. The composite material obtains all of the better qualities of individual fibers as a result of this combination, and when the composite is subjected to varying loads, each fiber gives its own maximal resistance. The chemical and physical properties are further enhanced by including particular reinforcements into polymer matrix composites, which provide whole new features (which has transformed the aerospace, marine, defence, and automobile industry). As a result, the composite would be better in all attributes. The current study provides a thorough examination of the different challenges concerning the synthesis and mechanical characterization of natural fiber reinforces hybrid polymer composites. Future difficulties, as well as areas of use for polymer matrix composites, have been investigated that may aid in the elimination of plastic waste and the reduction of environmental pollution.
Review of the Literature on the Thermal Stability and Conductivity of Solid Acid Fuel Cells
Authors: Singh Pushpanjali , Sharma Amit Kumar , Kumar Pawan
Published: October 2024

The fuel cell carries the promise of being ecologically beneficial and being one of the renewable energy choices. Solid acids have super‐protonic behavior, allowing them to act as conductors. It can operate at high temperatures. Hydration, on the other hand, can be employed to increase the solid acid and performance. Furthermore, the size of the electrolyte membrane influences the conductivity, stability, and crystal structure of the fuel cell solid acid compounds. Very few studies have been conducted on solid acid fuel cells, which are still being researched in order to make them feasible as well as a trustworthy alternative to clean renewable energy. This review presents an outline of the variables or attributes and current challenges that influence the technical efficacy and performance of the unique super‐protonic conductors for solid acid fuel cells.
Contamination Levels and Distribution of Pesticides in Crops and Its Hazardous Effects on Living Beings
Authors: Yadav Himanshu , Kumar Navneet
Published: October 2024

Farmers heavily treat crops with fertilizers and pesticides in an effort to maximize production. It causes a great deal of ecological destruction in addition to poor soil health. Crop poisoning can occasionally arise from the overuse of insecticides. Some well‐known pesticides, such as chlorpyrifos, carbofuran, and endrin, are members of the organophosphate, organochlorine, and carbamates families and remain in crops for extended periods of time. Remaining organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are thought to be endocrine disruptors and carcinogenic. A person's risk of developing endometriosis, hypopadias, cryptorchidism, and malignancies of the breast, lung, cervix, and prostate may increase if there is an accumulation of OCP in their body. Reports have also linked the effects of OCP exposure to human growth, cerebral development, and psychomotor development. Since they are no longer allowed to be manufactured or used, organochlorine insecticides have raised a great deal of concern because they can still be found in large quantities, even in remote locations. Living things become harmful over an extended period of time when exposed to such chemical residues. Pesticide overuse can have detrimental effects on the food chain and the ecosystem. It entirely changes the pH of the soil and lowers its fertility. Food products can become hazardous to humans if they are consumed soon after a pesticide application. This review study raises important concerns about crops treated with excessive pesticides that endanger human health.
Silver Oxide Nanoparticle Decorated Carbon Nanotube as Efficient Electron Gun
Authors: Parashar Mehak , Banerjee Diptonil
Published: October 2024

Although there have been numerous great field emission reports of pure and hybrid carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with ultra‐low turn‐on field and ultra‐high emission stability, practically all of the reports indicate concern about CNT manufacture on a large scale. This is due to the fact that CNT experiments require high pressure, temperature, metal catalysis, and an inert environment, and even after meeting all of these perfect conditions, the yield is quite low. Furthermore, as CNT is relatively inert in nature, it is nearly hard to make it reactive with any other metal without adequate functionalization. Keeping this in mind, this work reports the synthesis of CNT in amorphous form by a simple low‐temperature solid‐state reaction between ammonium chloride and ferrocene. The as‐synthesized CNT is further functionalized by silver oxide nanoparticle without additional functionalization. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) confirms the proper phase formation as well as the successful functionalization of the pure and hybrid sample, electron microscopic images confirm the successful functionalization of the as‐prepared CNT whereas Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic analysis gives the ideas about different bonding present in all the samples. It has been found that the hybrid sample gives much better field emission performance compare to the pure CNT with betterment in both turn‐on field and enhancement factor more than 100%. The betterment is believed to be due to the favorable band bending, larger number of emission sites, and sharp curvature of the silver particles.
Photoluminescence Quenching in Metal Doped Graphitic Carbon Nitride: Possibilities Toward Metal Sensors
Authors: Chauhan Karuna , Banerjee Diptonil , Srivastava Vishnu Prasad , Prabahar AE
Published: October 2024

The present work describes the synthesis of graphitic carbon nitride (GCN) via simple two‐step thermal decomposition of urea at a moderate temperature of 550 °C. The as‐synthesized GCN is further doped with transition metals like nickel, and both the pure and doped GCN are characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. XRD shows the perfect phase formation in the pure GCN, which also remains in the doped sample but with much lesser crystallinity. FESEM shows that after doping, the small chips‐like structure of GCN gets transformed to an elongated one. XPS confirms the successful doping by keeping the signature of both nickel 2P1/2 and 2P3/2 oxidation states in the spectra, whereas FTIR gave an idea about different bonding present in the sample. The pure sample, when irradiated with an excitation wavelength of 350 nm, gives an intense peak at 457 nm, which gets considerably quenched in the case of the doped sample. However, a new peak appears in the photoluminescence (PL) spectra of the doped sample at 624 nm. The quenching of PL intensity in the doped sample is assumed to be due to the fact that the dopant‐induced state traps the electron, hindering them from immediate recombination. This quenching of PL intensity generates the possibilities of sensing the presence of different metals and thus taking measurable steps for removing them. The CIE chromaticity diagrams for the doped and undoped samples confirm that the emission color changes from blue to cyan region after the doping.
Ion Conduction Mechanism in Polymer Blend Electrolyte Films
Authors: Kumar Kailash , Sharma Prabhakar , Dhapola Pawan Singh , Pandey Shri Prakash
Published: October 2024

This paper presents the development of the blend polymer solid electrolyte films (BPSE) for potential applications in electrochemical devices. Two host polymers, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), along with the salt KI, are employed to create the solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs). The synthesis involves varying the weight percentage of salt within the SPEs to investigate its impact on the material properties. Conductivity measurements are conducted using AC impedance spectroscopy, unveiling the conductivity behavior of the BPSEs. Additionally, surface morphology is characterized using polarized optical microscopy (POM) at 10 pixel resolution, offering a detailed examination of the film's microstructure. This comprehensive study not only contributes to the understanding of the fundamental properties of BPSEs but also opens avenues for their utilization in various electrochemical applications.
Synthesis of Graphene Oxide by Modified New Hummer Method
Authors: Chawla Kanhaiya , Pooja  , Sharma Sandeep , Lal Nathu , Rathore Bhupendra Singh , Lal Chhagan
Published: October 2024

Graphene oxide (GO) has been synthesized by modified new Hummer's method with the help of Graphite flakes with sodium nitrite due to its various applications in physical, chemical, and medical sciences. The structure and morphology of GO are characterized using XRD, FTIR, RAMAN spectroscopy, and SEM. The results confirm that the synthesized material is graphene oxide (GO). The synthesized graphene oxide is used in perovskite solar cell as ETL layer.
The filtering problem for stochastic systems driven by G‐Brownian motion
Authors: Yin Wensheng , He Yunshan , Ren Yong
Published: October 2024

This paper studies quasi‐sure exponential of triangular stochastic differential equations driven by
‐Brownian motion (
‐SDEs, in short) with the help of the stability of each diagonal subsystems by exponential martingale inequality and
‐stochastic analysis techniques. This result allows us to study the full‐order filtering problem of the stochastic systems driven
‐Brownian motion.
Kinetic Investigation of the Emulsion Polymerization of Vinylidene Fluoride
Authors: Hanamirian Burak , Agostini Azzurra , Chaduc Isabelle , Brinati Giulio , Kent Bradley , Storti Giuseppe , Sponchioni Mattia
Published: October 2024

Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) is among the most produced fluoropolymers, second only to polytetrafluoroethylene. Despite its popularity, the complex microstructural properties achieved during the polymerization are not well documented in the literature. In particular, available models only track the chain length distribution of the polymer, while neglecting the distribution of other important properties, affecting the final behavior of the product. In this work, a 2D kinetic model, evaluating not only the chain length but also the number of terminal double bonds (TDBs) per chain, is developed. The numerical solution of the model is achieved by fractionating the population of polymer chains into classes with a specific number of TDBs and using the method of moments for each class. The model results are compared with experimental evidences for the amount of produced polymer, moles of main chain‐ends, number, and weight average molecular weight as well as full molecular weight distribution. Based on this comparison, kinetic parameters are estimated by optimization using genetic algorithm. The model reliability is finally verified using additional experimental data at different temperatures and amounts of initiator.
Investigating the relationship between moral courage and caregiving behaviours among nurses working in COVID‐19 wards in Iran
Authors: Seyedfatemi Naima , Bahrami Raheleh , Hamidi Sajjad , Hamooleh Marjan Mardani , Khorin Zahra Siahmansour , Abbasi Zahra
Published: October 2024

Aim

To examine the correlation between moral courage and caregiving behaviour among nurses who are employed in the COVID‐19 ward in Iran.

Design

This study is a descriptive‐correlational and cross‐sectional research conducted in 2021 in the city of Tehran, Iran.

Methods

A total of 270 nurses employed in COVID‐19 wards, who had been working in these wards for at least 1 month, were recruited from XXX hospitals and XXX Hospital. Data collection was conducted from September to November 2021. The data collection tools included a demographic information form, the Caring Dimension Inventory (CDI‐25), and the Professional Moral Courage Scale (PMC). The designed questionnaire links were provided to the participants virtually through the Persian platform ‘Pars Line’ and via WhatsApp. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used to examine the relationship between moral courage and care behaviour.

Results

There was a significant difference in the mean of caring behaviour between the age groups (<30 and >40 years old), and the work experience groups (<5 years and >15 years) (p < 0.05). Ethical values also varied significantly between certain age and experience groups (p < 0.05), but no significant differences were found in ethical behaviour across most ages (30–40 years) and work experience categories (>10 years) (p > 0.05). The level of moral courage among the nurses was higher than the median score of the instrument (87.31 ± 10.37). Among the dimensions of moral courage, the highest score was related to the dimension of ethical factors (17.64 ± 2.64), and the lowest score was related to the dimension of multiple values (17.26 ± 2.78). The level of caring behaviours among the nurses was lower than the median score of the instrument (46.11 ± 10.84). Among the dimensions of caring behaviours, the highest score was related to physical‐technical behaviours (19.22 ± 5.27), and the lowest score was related to professional behaviours (1.35 ± 0.67). Based on the analysis, moral courage had a weak and inverse correlation with caring behaviours among nurses. The higher moral courage does not necessarily result in improved caregiving behaviours, emphasizing the need for further research to explore and address this relationship.

Patient

No Patient or Public Contribution.
Vein Visualisation Technology for Peripheral Intravenous Access in Paediatric Patients: A Clinical Decision‐Making Tool
Authors: Weathers Elizabeth , Cazzell Mary , Thompson Julie A. , Grieser Kathy , Caraveo Leticia
Published: October 2024

Aim

The aim of this study is to develop a clinical decision‐making tool to guide utilisation of vein visualisation technologies and enhance chances of successful peripheral intravenous catheter (PIVC) insertion, using data collected from a vascular access team in a large paediatric medical centre in the United States.

Design

Quantitative two‐phase, cluster analysis design.

Methods

The study consisted of the following two phases: (1) a quantitative retrospective chart review to evaluate clinician utilisation and preference for vein visualisation technologies and (2) a quantitative prospective design, including a post‐discharge retrospective chart review, to confirm utilisation of vein visualisation technologies and factors influencing clinician decision‐making.

Results

A total of 16 groups were created based on the cluster analysis and expert clinician input. The results of first‐attempt success analyses identified optimal device recommendations for each of the 16 patient groups. For patients older than 2 years old, the NIR device was more likely to result in first‐attempt success regardless of BMI or access site and the NIR device was most optimal for almost all categories of paediatric patients regardless of BMI or access site. The transilluminator was found to be the most optimal device to use with younger patients (< 2 years old) who are underweight.

Conclusion

Vein visualisation technology is recommended by professional nursing organisations to improve PIV access. Yet, adoption of this useful technology to aid selection of an optimal vein for insertion and visualisation during insertion is limited. This is the first study to develop a clinical decision‐making tool for vein visualisation technology in PIVC insertion.

Implications for the Profession and Patient Care

Vein visualisation technology allows for a rapid, thorough assessment of patients' vasculature to determine an optimal site for PIVC placement beyond what is visible to the naked eye or achievable using traditional methods. The tool was designed to guide healthcare professionals towards successful first attempt PIVC insertions, thereby improving patient outcomes and efficiency of care.

Patient or Public Contribution

None.
Sleep Disturbances in Health Professional Students During the COVID‐19 Pandemic: A Concept Analysis
Authors: Chen Pei , Cao Yuhao , Tanglai Wirampa , Zhu Bingqian , Fink Anne M. , Izci‐Balserak Bilgay
Published: October 2024

Aim

The aim is to delineate the concept of sleep disturbances in health professional students during the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Design

A concept analysis was conducted.

Methods

A systematic search was conducted for relevant articles published and performed from inception to July 5, 2024. Electronic databases searched included PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Embase and Web of Science. Rodgers' method of evolutionary concept analysis was used.

Results

A total of 50 pertinent articles were included in our analysis. Utilising inductive thematic analysis, this study identified attributes, antecedents and consequences of sleep disturbances. Important attributes included insomnia, disrupted sleep patterns, altered sleep duration/nocturnal sleep duration and poor sleep quality. Antecedents encompassed factors such as gender, age/grade levels, physical activity, screen time of digital production, mental health issues, COVID‐19‐related stressors, financial strain and academic stress. Consequences included both mental and physical health implications. By addressing sleep disturbances and promoting better sleep health among students, we can enhance their learning and performance, which could translate to improved patient care outcomes. Additionally, understanding and mitigating sleep disturbances can contribute to the development of a more resilient and effective health care workforce, capable of providing high‐quality care even during crises like the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Patient or Public Contribution

No patient or public contribution.
Can strategic integration of cultivated pasture legumes into temperate agricultural systems provide stability to honey bee populations and associated industries?
Authors: Wisdom Joanne J. M. , Kidd Daniel R. , Ryan Megan H. , Barbour Liz , Hockey Alistair , Cawthray Gregory R. , Foster Kevin J.
Published: October 2024

Societal Impact Statement

Humans and honey bees have a long history of interaction to yield valued products and services. However, honey bees are under pressure from changes in vegetation, agricultural practices and climate change. We investigate if pasture legumes can be harnessed to support honey bees. We use a diverse set of species that originated from the Mediterranean and western Europe but are now developed as commercial cultivars for the southern Australian livestock industries. We find that pasture legumes show great promise as a means to support honey bees and suggest that further targeted research is warranted.

Globally, humans and honey bees (Apis mellifera) have a long history of interaction and this is now under pressure. In temperate southern Australia, exotic honey bees rely on an unstable native floral resource base, yet a diverse set of exotic pasture legume species are sown as staple rotational or permanent crops. We investigated if these pasture legumes could be strategically used to support honey bee populations for the apiary and horticulture industries in this region.

A literature review on temperate pasture legumes and honey bees was undertaken and integrated with data from an Australian industry case study. Comparisons were made to the widely‐grown red clover (Trifolium pratense) and white clover (T. repens).

We found that many southern Australian pasture legumes could provide significant floral resources as well as enhanced temporal and spatial stability for honey bees due to phenological variability and broad adaptation. Honey bees will likely recognise and be attracted to their flowers and other characteristics are comparable, or potentially superior, to red and white clover, such as floret number per inflorescence, floret length, nectar volume and sucrose‐dominance and pollen protein. The floral resource diversity from pasture legume mixes could aid honey bee health and support pollinator services for adjacent crops.

We conclude that the exotic pasture legumes of temperate Australia show promise for development as a sown floral resource for honey bees. Globally, further investigation is merited to maximise benefits from the integration of a diverse range of pasture legumes into agricultural landscapes.
Selection for domestication favored taxa characterized by fast growth and tolerance of high intraspecific density
Authors: de Casas Rafael Rubio , Martín‐Brull Irene , Milla Ruben , Ocaña‐Calahorro Francisco J.
Published: October 2024

Societal Impact Statement

To understand why certain plants have been domesticated into crops, we need to recognize that the environmental conditions plants experience in wild populations are totally different from those of agricultural fields. In this study, we investigated whether the characteristics that promote growth and survival in these different environments may have influenced domestication. Our results revealed that ancestral crops were selected because they developed better than other plants in dense single‐species stands, with selection for increased yield likely occurring after domestication. These insights shed light on the origins of agriculture and offer valuable guidance for future crop breeding efforts.

In spite of a large history of research, it is still unclear which functional traits may have mediated plant domestication. Solving this problem requires consideration of the ecological and demographic disparities between natural plant populations and cultivated fields. Since population density tends to be higher in the latter, we hypothesized that traits facilitating growth and survival in dense, monospecific populations might have been relevant for initial domestication.

We investigated whether functional traits that respond to population density varied across three different domestication stages: undomesticated crop wild relatives, natural populations of crop progenitors, and landraces. To do this, we compared traits influencing competition (lodging; growth rate), resource acquisition (plant height; total aerial and root biomass) and yield (fruit number) in three annual legume crops—lentil, grasspea, and vetch—grown without resource limitation at three different densities.

Our results showed clear differences among species, likely reflective of the distinct uses of the crops and their domestication pathways. Nevertheless, undomesticated relatives consistently differed from crop progenitors and landraces, producing smaller, slower‐growing plants that were more prostrate and allocated less biomass to roots. The effect of selection under domestication on these vegetative traits appeared to be largely negligible. Conversely, landraces produced more fruits.

We conclude that early agriculturalists selected for domestication wild legumes that performed well in dense monocultures and were more effective in resource capture. Later domestication and breeding efforts likely had more significant effects on reproductive traits, such as fruit and seed production.
Proteomic Analysis of Fibroblasts Exposed to Resin Composite Release
Authors: Flottes Yohann , Dursun Elisabeth
Published: October 2024

Objective

To investigate the potential effects of products released by a resin composite on the proteome of human gingival fibroblasts.

Methods

Fifteen resin composite cylinders of a Bis‐GMA‐based resin composite (Tetric EvoCeram, Ivoclar) were made and placed in a culture medium for 24 h. Then, 30 mL of this medium was placed for 72 h in contact with human gingival fibroblasts and a second control group consisted of cells placed in culture medium only. Afterward, cells were collected, washed, and their proteins extracted. Three two‐dimensional electrophoresis were performed per condition. Image analysis of the gels was carried out to highlight the differential protein spots. These spots were then analyzed by an ESI/qTOF mass spectrometer. Finally, specific databases provided protein identification, their interactions, and the pathways where they are implicated.

Results

Delta2D software allowed the detection of 21 spots of different proteins. The MASCOT identified 28 proteins. Five proteins from four spots were upregulated, 23 proteins from 17 spots were downregulated. The UniProt database showed that all these proteins were involved in cellular architecture, structural modifications and quality control of proteins, cellular homeostasis, and metabolic pathways. The STRING database revealed the interactions between the regulated proteins. The GO enrichment analysis showed that 19 pathways were affected.

Significance

The products released from the resin composite tested led to changes in the fibroblast proteome. Under the conditions of this study, resin composite released products can cause early adverse effects on cells, but without complete inhibition of their cellular functions.
Deep learning in disease vector image identification
Authors: Bai Shaowen , Shi Liang , Yang Kun
Published: October 2024

Vector‐borne diseases (VBDs) represent a critical global public health concern, with approximately 80% of the world's population at risk of one or more VBD. Manual disease vector identification is time‐consuming and expert‐dependent, hindering disease control efforts. Deep learning (DL), widely used in image, text, and audio tasks, offers automation potential for disease vector identification. This paper explores the substantial potential of combining DL with disease vector identification. Our aim is to comprehensively summarize the current status of DL in disease vector identification, covering data collection, data preprocessing, model construction, evaluation methods, and applications in identification spanning from species classification to object detection and breeding site identification. We also discuss the challenges and possible prospects for DL in disease vector identification for further research. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Nano‐pesticide delivery system based on UiO‐66 with pH sensitivity for precise control of Spodoptera frugiperda
Authors: Hou Chaoqun , Wei Nuo , Liang Qianwei , Tan Yifei , Li Xiang , Feng Jianguo
Published: October 2024

BACKGROUND

Metal–organic frameworks have the advantages of easy synthesis, high loading capacity and good biocompatibility, making them essential materials for constructing pesticide nano‐delivery systems. In this study, a pH‐responsive nano‐controlled‐release formulation Chl@UiO‐66 was prepared using UiO‐66 as the nano‐scale carrier for adsorbing chlorantraniliprole (Chl).

RESULTS

The appearance, pesticide loading, release behaviour, insecticidal activity, long‐term control efficacy and safety of Chl@UiO‐66 for non‐target organisms were extensively evaluated. The results showed that the prepared Chl@UiO‐66 was a regular octahedron with a uniform particle size of 230 nm and pesticide loading of 15.62%. The release of pesticides under alkaline conditions was superior to that under acidic and neutral conditions, which showed pH‐responsive performance. Chl@UiO‐66 had an excellent ability to protect pesticides from ultraviolet degradation. Compared with chlorantraniliprole suspension concentrate, Chl@UiO‐66 had a better control effect against Spodoptera frugiperda and long‐term control efficacy. The prepared nano‐controlled‐release formulation had low toxicity to zebrafish, earthworms and human BEAS‐2B cells.

CONCLUSION

Chl@UiO‐66 is a new pesticide formulation with high efficacy and low toxicity that provides a smart controlled‐release solution. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
FG‐UNet: fine‐grained feature‐guided UNet for segmentation of weeds and crops in UAV images
Authors: Lin Jianwu , Zhang Xin , Qin Yongbin , Yang Shengxian , Wen Xingtian , Cernava Tomislav , Chen Xiaoyulong
Published: October 2024

BACKGROUND

Semantic segmentation of weed and crop images is a key component and prerequisite for automated weed management. For weeds in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) images, which are usually characterized by small size and easily confused with crops at early growth stages, existing semantic segmentation models have difficulties to extract sufficiently fine features. This leads to their limited performance in weed and crop segmentation of UAV images.

RESULTS

We proposed a fine‐grained feature‐guided UNet, named FG‐UNet, for weed and crop segmentation in UAV images. Specifically, there are two branches in FG‐UNet, namely the fine‐grained feature branch and the UNet branch. In the fine‐grained feature branch, a fine feature‐aware (FFA) module was designed to mine fine features in order to enhance the model's ability to segment small objects. In the UNet branch, we used an encoder–decoder structure to realize high‐level semantic feature extraction in images. In addition, a contextual feature fusion (CFF) module was designed for the fusion of the fine features and high‐level semantic features, thus enhancing the feature discrimination capability of the model. The experimental results showed that our proposed FG‐UNet, achieved state‐of‐the‐art performance compared to other semantic segmentation models, with mean intersection over union (MIOU) and mean pixel accuracy (MPA) of 88.06% and 92.37%, respectively.

CONCLUSION

The proposed method in this study lays a solid foundation for accurate detection and intelligent management of weeds. It will have a positive impact on the development of smart agriculture. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Temporal Patterns of Fish Occurrence in the Colorado River, Grand Canyon in Response to Temperature, Largescale Drought, and Newly Exposed Habitat
Authors: Hedden Crosby , Rogowski David L. , Boyer Jan , Mason‐Sarantopulos Lauren
Published: October 2024

Two large dams on the Colorado River, Glen Canyon and Hoover Dam, have profoundly altered the river within Grand Canyon. Owing to widespread drought and increased water usage throughout the Southwest, water levels in Lake Mead declined by over 40 m since 2000, exposing over 80 km of newly emerged riverine habitat in the western Grand Canyon that experiences higher water temperatures and increased turbidity relative to upstream portions of the Colorado River within the Grand Canyon. Our objective was to investigate how the probability of fish occurrence has changed within the Colorado River in Grand Canyon as abiotic conditions have shifted in relation to these altered environmental conditions. We used 22 years of long‐term fish monitoring data, from 2000 to 2022, on the mainstem of the Colorado River in the Grand Canyon to map the probability of occurrence based upon modeled water temperature for native and common nonnative salmonid species through space (river kilometer) and time in relation to declining water levels in Lake Mead. Our results suggest that native fish occurrence is strongly correlated with longitudinally increasing water temperature, while nonnative trout species were negatively correlated with increased water temperature downstream from the dam. Further, we found that nonnative trout species have experienced decreases in their probability of occurrence through time, while natives have experienced an increase in probability of occurrence. Information on distribution of fish prior to reservoir declines, and how the fish assemblage has shifted coincident with environmental changes, can help inform future management of native and nonnative fish in highly regulated river systems.
Water absorption from air and ammonia loss from urea fertilizers applied to grassland in southeastern United States
Authors: Cabrera Miguel L. , Franklin Dorcas , Kissel David
Published: October 2024

Information on water absorption from the air by urea fertilizers and on NH3 loss when applied to grasslands is limited. Urea application to grassland is typically broadcast (Bcast), whereas urea‐ammonium nitrate (UAN) is applied either Bcast or in bands (dribble). This work was conducted to (1) evaluate water absorption from the air by Bcast granular urea, Bcast UAN, and dribble UAN under laboratory conditions, and (2) compare NH3 losses from Bcast urea, Bcast UAN, and dribble UAN when applied to a grassland. Six field studies were conducted from 2017 to 2019. In the laboratory, Bcast UAN exposed to 100% relative humidity absorbed water from air at a faster rate than dribble UAN and Bcast urea. In the field, all three fertilizers lost similar amounts of NH3 when applied to relatively wet soil (> −0.1 MPa). In contrast, when the fertilizers were applied to dry soil (≤ −1.2 MPa), Bcast UAN lost the most NH3 (17.3% and 19.8%) likely because of its capacity to absorb water from the air. Also, at −1.2 MPa, dribble UAN lost more NH3 than Bcast urea (15.3 vs. 10.7%, p < 0.05), probably because the low osmotic potential of UAN (−55 MPa) allowed it to absorb water from the soil at a faster rate than urea could absorb water from the air. In contrast, when the soil water potential was −5.7 MPa, dribble UAN lost less NH3 than Bcast urea (4.4 vs. 17.3%, p < 0.05), likely because the low soil water potential reduced its water absorption.