bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Propaganda institucional y régimen electoral : una aproximación desde el estudio de casos
Authors: Gálvez Muñoz Luis
Published: December 2014

En este trabajo se trata de mostrar la validez del tratamiento del caso para obtener conceptos correctos en el análisis jurídico. Concretamente, del caso de la campaña de información del INSS sobre la revalorización de las pensiones se extraen conclusiones sobre la propaganda electoral institucional.In this work one is to show the validity of the treatment of the case to obtain correct concepts in the legal analysis. Concretaly, of the case of the campaign of information of the INSS on the revaluation of the pensions conclusions are extracted on institutional the electoral advertiding.
Elecciones al Parlament 2010 : fin de ciclo en Cataluña
Authors: Delgado Ramos David
Published: December 2014

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La evolución de la forma de gobierno en Francia : ¿una vía hacia un presidencialismo neoparlamentario?
Authors: Ruiz Ruiz Juan José
Published: December 2014

En torno a la reforma constitucional francesa de 2008 existe un cierto consenso en cuanto a que ha supuesto un paso más en la evolución iniciada en el bienio 2000-01 con la reforma del quinquenato y la inversión de elecciones, y en cuanto a que viene a significar el inicio del fin del debate en torno a una VI República. Sin embargo sigue sin haber acuerdo respecto a si esta reforma acentúa el carácter hiperpresidencialista de la V República con la consolidación de una presidencia de legislatura, o si por el contrario existen elementos funcionales no muy diferentes a los de un neoparlamentarismo de investidura electiva. Aunque resulte cierto que en el plano estructural no sea posible afirmar que las recientes reformas permitan definir la forma de gobierno francesa tomando como referente el modelo neoparlamentario, no resulta del todo inútil examinar esta reciente evolución a partir de la finalidad que ha animado este proceso reformador. La razón es que en sus criterios inspiradores sí cabe apuntar ciertas semejanzas en la reciente evolución institucional de la V República con los fines que con el modelo neoparlamentario pretende perseguir, en particular, el rendimiento mayoritario de las instituciones.There is some consensus that revision on 2008 of French Constitution was a step in the evolution that began in the 2000-01 biennium with the quinquennat reform and the calendar inversion of elections, and that it comes to mean the beginning of the end of the debate around a Sixth Republic. But there is still no agreement on whether this reform accentuates the hyperpresidentialist character of the V Republic, with the consolidation of a «presidency of legislature», or if instead there are functional cleavages not unlike those of a neo-parliamentarism of elective investiture. Although from a structural point of view recent reforms doesn’t allow to define the French government taking the neoparlamentarian model as referent, a view from the purposes that had motivated the reform process then maybe useful. The reason is that there are certain similarities in the recent institutional evolution of the V Republic with the aims of neoparlamentarin model, more specifically, the majoritarian performance of institutions.
De Las Cortes de Cádiz a nuestra Primera Constitución : unavisión de Conjunto (España 1808-1812)
Authors: Ramírez Manuel
Published: December 2014

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Cádiz : apertura de España a la modernidad
Authors: Peña González José
Published: December 2014

Análisis de las causas que hicieron posible la Constitución de 1812, las consecuencias de las mismas, la incidencia de la guerra junto a un proceso revolucionario, el papel e los intelectuales en este proceso, las contradicciones del momento histórico y de sus protagonistas, y en cierto modo el planteamiento de lo que años mas tarde se conocería como el llamado «problema de España».Analysis of the causes which lead to the Constitution of 1812, their consequences, the incidence of war along with a revolutionary process, the role of intellectuals in this process, the contradictions of that historical time and its main characters. In a way, the beginning of what later on became known as «the Spanish problem».
Garantía moral vs garantía normativa de los derechosEn la Constitución de Cádiz y su protección mediante leyes sabias y justas
Authors: Ruiz Ruiz Juan José
Published: December 2014

El pensamiento iusracionalista en el que se basa el reconocimiento de los derechos constitucionales en la Constitución de 1812 entraba en conflicto con el concepto rousseauniano de la ley, expresado en el art. 4 CE. En efecto, desde una óptica iusracional parece que no se les debía aplicar a las leyes que debieran «conservar» los derechos individuales, como al resto de leyes, el mero criterio de conveniencia o utilidad para el bien público en función de cuál sea la voluntad general, sino que se antepone al legislador el contenido irreductible e indisponible de cada derecho. Al mismo tiempo, la ley en cuanto tal no podía ser injusta desde el punto de vista de su legitimidad, ya que ni en cuanto a su origen —al proceder de un consentimiento pactado—, ni en cuanto a su naturaleza —porque es todo el pueblo quien decreta sobre sí mismo—, podía decirse que una ley sea injusta, «puesto que nadie es injusto con respecto a sí mismo». Si la ley se presentaba como norma cuyos mandatos y prohibiciones son justos, dados sus atributos formales, procedimentales y materiales ¿qué sentido pudo tener exigir además que las leyes habían de ser sabias y justas? La respuesta es que frente al subjetivismo del voluntarismo contractualista ligado al concepto rousseauniano de ley, se alzaba el positivismo racionalista de una Constitución rígida. Esta oposición es la que trataba de resolver el art. 4 de la Constitución tratando de conciliar lo debido según la justicia moral y lo provechoso según lo conveniente o útil, lo que trataba de ventilar el art. 4 CE.Ius-rational thinking on which is based the recognition of constitutional rights in the Constitution of 1812 conflicted with Rousseau’s concept of law, expressed in art. 4 of Cadiz Constitution. Indeed, from the ius-rational standpoint, were not applicable to laws that should «preserve» the rights of individuals, the validity criterion of convenience or utility for the public good according to general will, as all other laws, but the unavailable and irreducible content of each right prefixed to legislator. At the same time, the law, as such, could not be unfair from the point of view of legitimacy, since neither in its origin —coming from a stipulated consent— either in its nature —because is all the people who enacted on themselves—, it could not be said that a law could be unjust, «since no one is wrong about himself.» If the law was presented as a norm which commands and prohibitions are fair, given their formal, procedural and material attributes, what sense might have to require in addition that the laws had to be wise and just? The answer is that against the subjectivism of Rousseau’s voluntarist contractualism linked to the concept of law, stood the rationalist positivism of a rigid constitution. This opposition is what article 4 of Cadiz Constitution was trying to solve, by means of try conciliation between what is due according to moral justice and what is good as convenient or useful.
El tratamiento religioso en la Constitución de Cádiz
Authors: Núñez Rivero Cayetano
Published: December 2014

El artículo analiza el tratamiento otorgado a la Religión católica en la Constitución de Cádiz. A este respecto, comienza destacando la importancia social de esta religión en la configuración de la nación española, que se refleja en la composición de la Cámara. Los miembros conservadores y clérigos debatieron con los liberales sobre el tratamiento que la Constitución debía dar a la religión católica. Se constata la dificultad de compatibilizar la confesionalidad católica de la Constitución de 1812 con los principios del Estado Liberal. Asimismo, se estudia la legislación en materia religiosa que se aprobó durante este periodo.The article explores the treatment given to the Catholic faith by the framers of the Constitution of Cadiz. At this respect, it starts by the social importance of this faith in the configuration of the Spanish nation, which is reflected in the composition of the chamber. Conservative and clergy members debated with the liberals on the treatment the constitution should give to the Catholic faith. The exclusive Catholic faith of the 1812 constitution and its difficult implementation within the principles of the Liberal State are remarked. It equally studies the legislation passed on religious matters by the ordinary legislature during this period.
La Diputación Permanente en la Constitución de Cádiz o el intento frustrado de crear un órgano con funciones de garantía constitucional
Authors: Alonso de Antonio Ángel Luis
Published: December 2014

La Diputación Permanente de la Constitución de 1812 es el órgano de continuidad parlamentaria para mantener la representación de la voluntad popular en los períodos en los que las Cortes no estuvieran trabajando en plenitud. Significó también un intento frustrado de establecer un mecanismo eficaz para garantizar el cumplimiento del propio texto constitucional y por tanto su defensa ante las violaciones por parte de otros órganos del Estado.The Permanent Delegation of the Constitution of 1812 is the parliamentary body to maintain continuity of the representation of popular will in the periods in which the courts were not working fully. It also meant an unsuccessful attempt to establish an effective mechanism to ensure compliance with the constitutional text itself and therefore its defense against violations by other state bodies.
En los orígenes de la historia peninsular contemporánea : ejército y liberalismo
Authors: Cuenca Toribio José Manuel
Published: December 2014

El trabajo versa sobre la compleja temática de las relaciones entre el poder civil y el poder militar en los orígenes de la España liberal. El numeroso sector militar de las Cortes de Cádiz, adicto mayoritariamente a la causa liberal, apoyó la puesta en marcha del programa reformista de ruptura con el Antiguo Régimen. La idea burguesa de ciudadanosoldado, garantía de sus conquistas político-sociales, impregna la regulación de las Milicias Nacionales en la Constitución de 1812. Sin embargo, la Carta Magna no resolvió la incardinación de las instituciones castrenses en un Estado de Derecho, sin violencia legal ni vejación institucional, como reflejo de una cultura ciudadana de cordial entendimiento de la naturaleza suprapartidista de las fuerzas armadas, quedando preterida esta nuclear tarea hasta la Constitución española de la II República.The work turns on complex thematic of the relations between the civil power and the military power in the origins of liberal Spain. The numerous military sector of Cortes of Cadiz, addict mainly to the liberal cause, supported the beginning of the reformist program of rupture with the Old Regime. The citizen-welding bourgeois idea of, guarantee of its conquests political-partner them, impregnates the regulation of the National Military services in the Constitution of 1812. Nevertheless, the Magna Carta did not solve the inclusion of the military institutions in a State of Right, without legal violence nor institutional humiliation, like reflection of a citizen culture of warm understanding of the suprapartisan nature of the Armed Forces, being preterida this nuclear task until the Spanish Constitution of II the Republic.
El municipio constitucional en la España de 1812
Authors: Orduña Rebollo Enrique
Published: December 2014

El artículo tiene por objeto el estudio de la institución municipal en la Constitución de Cádiz de 1812. Principia la exposición analizando el modelo de municipio propugnado por gobierno bonapartista caracterizado por el acendrado centralismo contrario a cualquier destello de autonomía municipal. El régimen municipal de la Carta Magna gaditana —Título VI— pretendía abolir los señoríos y la venta de oficios públicos, y las normas jurídicas —Decretos de 23 de mayo de 1812 y de 23 de junio de 1813— aprobadas después de la Constitución renovaron la Administración municipal tratando de lograr dos objetivos: la creación e instalación de Ayuntamientos constitucionales y la elección de los cargos junto con cuestiones de tipo procedimental y de funcionamiento que van recorriendo el camino de normalización constitucional de los Ayuntamientos, que se malograron con el regreso a España de Fernando VII y la subsiguiente derogación de la Constitución gaditana y la vuelta al absolutismo.The article aims to study the municipal institution in the Cadiz Constitution of 1812. Exposure begins by analyzing the model advocated by bonapartist government municipality characterized by the pure centralism against any glimmer of municipal autonomy. The municipal system of the Cadiz Constitution, Title VI, wished to abolish the estates and the sale of public offices, and legal regulations, decrees of May 23, 1812 and June 23, 1813 – adopted after the Constitution renewed the municipal administration trying to achieve two objectives: the creation and installation of constitutional councils and the election of the charges together with matters of a procedural nature and are operating following the path of constitutional normalization of the municipalities, who went wrong with the return to Spain Fernando VII and the subsequent repeal of the Cadiz Constitution and a return to absolutism.
La defensa de la Constitución en los orígenes del constitucionalismo hispánico : la «hiperrigidez» constitucional
Authors: Tajadura Tejada Javier
Published: December 2014

El objeto de este trabajo es exponer cómo en Cádiz entre los años 1810 y 1812 hicieron su aparición unos conceptos políticos revolucionarios (Constitución, Poder Constituyente, soberanía nacional), que dieron lugar a la utilización de un nuevo lenguaje, y a la elaboración y aprobación de la primera Constitución española. En el trabajo se expone cómo en ese contexto se fue plenamente consciente de la necesidad de defenderla como una norma superior emanada de la soberanía nacional. Se distinguió así el Poder Constituyente de los poderes constituidos y la supremacía de la constitución pretendió garantizarse mediante la rigidez, esto es, a través del establecimiento de un procedimiento específico para su reforma distinto del procedimiento legislativo ordinario. El estudio de este procedimiento, en la medida en que en él confluyen todos los nuevos conceptos jurídico-políticos de matriz revolucionaria francesa manejados en Cádiz, es el objeto principal del trabajo.The aim of this work is to explain how in Cadiz between 1810 and 1812 appeared some revolutionary concepts (Constitution, Constituent Power, National Sovereignty), which produced a new political language and allowed the adoption of the first Spanish Constitution. The paper explains how the authors tried to build a supreme law by ensuring its rigidity, in other words, through the establishment of a specific procedure for its reform. The study of this procedure, reveals the influence of the French Revolution and its legal and political concepts, in the first Spanish Constitution.
El impacto de los principios constitucionales gaditanosen el Perú
Authors: Paiva Goyburu Dante
Published: December 2014

El artículo tiene por objeto el estudio de la influencia de la Constitución de Cádiz de 1812 en la primera Constitución del Perú (1823) tras su independencia de la Monarquía Hispánica. La promulgación de la Carta Magna gaditana fue muy relevante en la independencia del Perú y del resto de la América española, porque sus principios liberales inspiraron el deseo de autonomía política y de autogobierno del pueblo latinoamericano en orden a libertarse del poder hegemónico de la metrópoli y constituirse en Estados soberanos. En el caso del Perú y en el de otros territorios indianos, la Constitución de Cádiz alentó las esperanzas de reformas que demandaban los criollos evaporadas tras la vuelta al absolutismo de Fernando VII, lo que constituyó un fuerte acicate para lograr la independencia política mediante la sublevación contra la Monarquía Hispánica. La Constitución peruana de 1823 experimentó una notable influencia de la Constitución de Cádiz ya que adoptó sus principios políticos liberales y hasta la estructura misma con la que se diseñó la gaditana fue replicada en nuestro país.The article intends the study of the influence of the Constitution of Cadiz of 1812 in the first Constitution of Peru (1823) after its independence of the Hispanic Monarchy. The promulgation of the Constitution of Cadiz was very excellent in the independence of the Peru and the rest of Spanish America, because their liberal principles inspired the desire of political autonomy and self-government of the Latin American town in sequence to free themselves of the hegemonic power of the metropolis and to constitute themselves in sovereign States. In the case of Peru and in the one of other Indian territories, the Constitution of Cadiz encouraged the hopes of reforms that the Creoles evaporated after the return to absolutism of Fernando VII demanded, which constituted a strong incentive to obtain political independence by means of the revolt against the Hispanic Monarchy. The Peruvian Constitution of 1823 experienced a remarkable influence of the Constitution of Cadiz since it adopted his liberal political principles and until the same structure with which it was designed the one of Cadiz was talked back in our country.
Doscientos años después : la influencia de la Constitución española de 1812 en las Constituciones latinoamericanas en vigor : una aproximación
Authors: Martínez Sospedra Manuel
Published: December 2014

El artículo tiene por objeto el estudio de la influencia de la Constitución de Cádiz de 1812 en las Constituciones latinoamericanas vigentes, incorporando el análisis de la Constitución americana de 1787 y la francesa de 1791. El estudio comparativo se realiza sobre la estructura de los textos constitucionales, la nacionalidad y la ciudadanía y el poder legislativo, ejecutivo y judicial. El estudio sostiene que, siquiera a título provisional, al menos una parte de la Constitución doceañista se halla en el trasfondo de una parte del Derecho Constitucional latinoamericano contemporáneo, aserto que habría que corroborar con una serie de estudios de caso para elevarla a definitiva.The article intends the study of the influence of the Constitution of Cadiz of 1812 in the effective Latin American Constitutions, incorporating the analysis of the american Constitution of the 1787 and french of 1791. The comparative study is made on the structure of constitutional texts, the nationality and the citizenship and the legislative, executive and judicial power. The study maintains that, at least for a reason or purpose provisional, at least one part of the Constitution of Cadiz is in background of a part of the Constitutional Right latin american contemporary, assertion that would be to corroborate with a series of case studies to elevate it to definitive.
Deberes jurídicos y convicciones morales en el ordenamiento español
Authors: Ciáurriz María José
Published: December 2014

Human rights literature has long been dealing with the issue of conscientious objection, which has recently been described, very adequately, as «a conflict between conscience and law». Based on this premise, this article brings this topic to a higher, more general level and refers to the moral convictions —of ethical or religious nature— that any individual may hold, and to the conduct that may follow such convictions in view of the legal duties imposed by the law on citizens. This is no doubt a universal problem: the consistence of human behavior as the product of personal ethics, and the related issue of how States are to respond when personal conscience and the existing legal order are incompatible. The author, as suggested in the title, deals with these matters in the context of Spanish Law, approaching conscientious objection as a multi-faceted issue. Special attention is paid to the actual/possible/ideal solution of a number of factual situations with a view to arriving at an outcome where no one is constrained to disregard his legal duties to the detriment of his freedom and personal rights. This work contemplates conscientious objection from a very up-to-date perspective, studying the relevant legal rules on the issue, which is presented as an ethical-legal conflict. In this type of situation, it is not legitimate to disregard the needs of any of the conflicting parties, as in a human rights framework all of them should be involved in fulfilling the twofold duty of abiding by the law and respecting one’s own conscience.
Parlamento, partidos y Estado autonómico: sobre la conveniencia de suprimir el Senado
Authors: Sáenz Royo Eva
Published: December 2014

Existe en la doctrina un acuerdo generalizado sobre la existencia de un déficit en la participación de las CCAA en las decisiones estatales. La aceptación de dicha premisa es lo que en última instancia justificaría la conversión del Senado en una cámara territorial. En estas líneas pondremos en duda la existencia de dicho déficit. Para ello se tratará de ver el peso específico que tienen los intereses territoriales en la legislación estatal aprobada en el Congreso. Por otra parte, trataremos también de analizar si realmente una modificación del Senado conseguiría una mejora sustancial de la participación autonómica deseada. Veremos como ambos análisis, individualmente considerados y en su conjunto, nos llevará a la misma conclusión: la conveniente supresión del Senado.In the doctrine an agreement generalized exists on the existence of a deficit in the participation of the autonomies in the state decisions. The acceptance of this premise is what in last instance would justify the conversion of the Senate in a territorial chamber. In this article we will question the existence of the above mentioned deficit. First we will see the specific weight that the territorial interests have in the state legislation approved in the Congress. On the other hand, we will try to analyze if a modification of the Senate would obtain a substantial improvement of the participation of the autonomies. We will see as both analyses, individually considered and in his set, it will take us to the same conclusion: the suitable suppression of the Senate.
Régimen constitucional del internamiento involuntario y urgente por trastorno mental
Authors: Sánchez Barrilao Juan Francisco
Published: December 2014

El presente trabajo aborda el régimen constitucional de los internamientos involuntarios y urgentes por trastorno mental como un supuesto de limitación de derechos fundamentales (especialmente, libertad personal); y, en particular, a la vista de la doctrina contenida en la Sentencia del Tribunal Constitucional 141/2012, dictada en resolución de un recurso de amparo al respecto. En tal sentido, se analiza el marco normativo de dichos internamientos (distinguiendo entre el estrictamente constitucional, el internacional y el meramente legal), su naturaleza (en relación al internamiento como tal, como respecto a la intervención judicial que ha de autorizarlo), sus concretas garantías (en especial, a la vista de la STC 141/2012), así como diversas cuestiones abiertas por la anterior Sentencia, no obstante, y que requieren de oportuna respuesta legal.The following piece of paper deals with the constitutional rule of the involuntary and urgent confinements due to mental disorder as restricting fundamental rights (especially, personal liberty) according to the principles established in the judgement of the Spanish Constitutional Court 141/2012. Accordingly, the legal frameworkof a such confinements is analysed (making a distinction among constitutional, international and legal rules), its nature (ref. both confinements itself, as the role of judge who must authorize), its specific guarantees (in accordance with the judgement STC 141/2012), as well as a variety of issues requiring a timely legal response.
Las garantías del debido proceso en la segunda instancia penal
Authors: Díaz Martínez Manuel
Published: December 2014

Estudio de las garantías de la segunda instancia en el proceso penal, tal y como han sido interpretadas por la jurisprudencia del TEDH y del TC, poniendo de manifiesto su incompatibilidad con el actual régimen legal, lo que ha convertido a nuestro actual sistema de recursos en una regulación meramente formal, carente de contenido, razón por la cual urge una reforma legislativa.A study of appeal guarantees in the second instance of criminal proceedings, as interpreted by the case law of both the ECHR and the SC, demonstrate their incompatibility with the current legal regime, with the result that the regulation of the Spanish criminal appeal system is a mere formality, devoid of content, which is reason enough for urgent legislative reform.
El derecho a un juicio justo en el Derecho de la Unión Europea: luces y sombras
Authors: Galera Susana
Published: December 2014

Este artículo se centra en uno de los derechos previstos por el artículo 47 de la Carta Europea de Derechos, el derecho a un juicio justo. No es una nueva aportación de la Carta, pues se trata de una garantía de que ha sido proporcionada por la legislación de la UE durante décadas. Primero apareció como un derecho procesal, más tarde fue reconocido como un principio general de la Unión Europea y finalmente fue incorporado a la Carta. Por lo tanto, este trabajo recuerda ese proceso de reconocimiento, prestando especial atención a los recursos judiciales de derecho de la UE y a algunas normas específicas de derecho derivado que afectan al contexto en que se desarrolla el derecho a un juicio justo. El artículo concluye subrayando, por un lado, las mejoras sobre el derecho a un juicio justo provocado por este proceso legal y, por otra parte, algunas lagunas en este ámbito que son ni recientes ni compatibles con la eficacia y la integridad de ese derecho, como lo exige la tradición del Estado de Derecho.This Article is focused on one of the rights provided for by Article 47 of the Charter, the right to a fair trial. It is not a new contribution of the Charter but a guarantee which has been provided by EU Law for decades. It first appeared as a procedural right, was later recognized as a general principle of the EU and was finally embodied in the Charter. Consequently this work recalls that process of recognition, paying special attention to the judicial remedies provided by EU law and to some specific rules of secondary —competition— law which affect the context on which the right to a fair trial is developed. The article concludes by underlining, on the one hand, the improvements on the right to a fair trial brought about by this legal process and, on the other hand, a few gaps on the issue which are neither recent nor consistent with the effectiveness and completeness of such right as it is required by the Rule of Law tradition.
Libertad de expresión y procedimiento parlamentario: ¿pueden una camiseta, un adhesivo, o una pancarta constituir un discurso parlamentario?
Authors: Flores Juberías Carlos
Published: December 2014

Resumen:¿Asistir a una sesión parlamentaria luciendo sobre la ropa un mensaje político claramente legible, es una manifestación de la libertad de expresión, o una interferencia inaceptable en el desarrollo de los debates parlamentarios, susceptible de alterar el orden en la cámara? ¿Debe permitirse que un miembro del Parlamento exprese su opinión en el hemiciclo luciendo pegatinas o adhesivos, mostrando octavillas, o desplegando pancartas?La reiteración de estos comportamientos, cada vez más habituales en nuestra vida parlamentaria, viene desde hace tiempo exigiendo del Derecho Parlamentario una respuesta que sea al mismo tiempo acorde con los principios de un Estado democrático, compatible con el fluido funcionamiento de una de sus más importantes instituciones, y susceptible de ser aplicada de manera coherente en nuestros diferentes legislativos. En el presente artículo se aventura por primera vez, y a partir del análisis de varios casos recientes, esta posible solución.Abstract:To attend a parliamentary sitting wearing clothes featuring a clearly readable political message, is a kind of manifestation of the freedom of speech, or an unacceptable interference in the development of the parliamentary debates, likely to alter the order in the house? Is it acceptable for a Member of Parliament to express his or her opinion within the hemicycle wearing pins o stickers, showing flyers or deploying banners?The reiteration of these behavior, increasingly common in our parliamentary life, has been demanding from Parliamentary Law an answer that is at the same time consistent with the principles of a democratic State, compatible with the fluid operation of one of its most important institutions, and suitable of being applied in a consistent manner in our different legislatures. In this article we propose for the first time, and on the basis of an analysis of several recent cases, this possible solution.
Los errores en las normas y su corrección en el Boletín Oficial del Estado: una práctica cuestionable
Authors: Vidal Marín Tomás
Published: December 2014

Resumen:La corrección de errores es una práctica muy frecuente en el ordenamiento jurídico español. El presente trabajo trata de poner de manifiesto los problemas que plantea la utilización de este instrumento, a través del cual se llega incluso a poner en cuestión la ordenación constitucional de las fuentes del Derecho.Abstract:Error correction is a common practice in the Spanish legal system. This paper attempts to highlight the problems arising from the use of this instrument, through which is put in question the constitutional ordination of the sources of law.
La Corte Suprema norteamericana y el federalismo del bienestar. A propósito del juicio de constitucionalidad de la reforma sanitaria
Authors: Vázquez Alonso Víctor J.
Published: December 2014

Resumen:El presente artículo estudia el debate doctrinal y judicial sobre la constitucionalidad de la reforma sanitaria aprobada por el Congreso de los Estados Unidos. Concretamente, tras exponer cuáles son los fundamentos de esta reforma, este trabajo se va a centrar en los nuevos perfiles del federalismo cooperativo americano que se deducen de la interpretación que hace la Corte Suprema en National Federation of Independent Business v. Sibelius, de tres cláusulas clave en la evolución del modelo de distribución territorial del poder en los Estados Unidos de América: la Commerce Clause, la Necessary and Proper Clause y la Spending and Taxing Clause. Este estudio también se aproximará al debate surgido en torno a cuál ha de ser el nivel de deferencia hacia el legislador por parte de los jueces, a la hora de aplicar las reglas del poder territorial en el juicio de constitucionalidad de determinadas leyes de especial significación democrática. Para finalizar, también se analizará, a la luz de las objeciones libertarias vertidas contra la reforma, cómo progresivamente las categorías del federalismo desplazan a las del Bill of Righs en la defensa de ciertas libertades económicas frente a determinados programas sociales federales.Abstract:This article studies the doctrinal and judicial debate on the constitutionality of the Health Care Reform passed by the U. S. Congress. After exposing the foundations of the reform, the article focuses on the new profiles of the American cooperative federalism that stem from the interpretation that the Supreme Court has done in the National Federation of Independent Business v. Sibelius of three key clauses for the evolution of the territorial distribution of powers in the U. S. A: the Commerce Clause, the Necessary and Proper Clause and the Spending and Taxing Clause. Furthermore, this article reflects on which should be the degree of deference of judges to the legislator when it comes to enforce the rules of territorial power in judging the constitutionality of laws with particular democratic relevance. In light of the libertarian criticism on the reform, the article ends with an analysis on how the categories of federalism are increasingly displacing the Bills of Rights in the defense of certain economic freedoms in front of federal social programs.
Una mirada al federalismo argentino: discurso y realidad
Authors: Bazán Víctor
Published: December 2014

Resumen:Básicamente, este trabajo intenta: (i) presentar la situación actual del federalismo argentino; (ii) examinar si en la realidad han quedado cumplidas las pautas establecidas por la reforma constitucional de 1994 para «fortalecerlo»; (iii) analizar algunas cuestiones de interés que emanan de la dinámica federal, por ejemplo: (a) acerca de si las constituciones provinciales pueden establecer más derechos que los contenidos en la Constitución nacional o dotar a los ya consagrados en ésta (y replicados en aquélla) de un caudal protectivo más fuerte, (b) sobre la «cláusula federal» incluida en determinados instrumentos internacionales sobre derechos humanos, como el Pacto de San José de Costa Rica, y (c) en relación con el impacto del control de convencionalidad en las relaciones federales; y, por último, (iv) visualizar las perspectivas que respecto del federalismo aparecen en el horizonte institucional de Argentina. Abstract:Basically, this paper attempts: (i) to present the current situation of argentine federalism; (ii) to examine whether in reality have been fulfilled the guidelines established by the constitutional reform of 1994 to «strengthen» it; (iii) to analyze some issues of interest arising from federal dynamics, for example: (a) whether provincial constitutions can establish more rights than those contained in the Federal Constitution or provide rights already enshrined in this (and replicated in those) a stronger protective flow; (b) about the «federal clause» included in certain international human rights instruments, such as the Inter-American Convention on Human Rights, and (c) in relation to the impact of the conventionality control in federal relations; and, finally, (iv) to try to capturing the perspectives of federalism contained in the argentinian institutional horizon.
DNA Evidence: Examining Police Officers’ Knowledge of Handling Procedures in a Mid-Size Department
Authors: Hauhart Robert C. , Menius Kimberly R.
Published: December 2014

Studies of policing dominate the criminal justice literature but very few studies report empirical data regarding police handling of evidence, specifically including DNA evidence. Given that evidence handling is crucial in the investigation and prosecution of criminal offenders, this gap in the literature is surprising. The present paper addresses the quality of evidence handling in a mid-size police department in the northwest United States. Three surveys - two of officers within the department and one of state crime lab managers who test and examine evidence samples provided to them by local police departments - suggest that police offers in this mid-size city are only modestly familiar with proper evidence handling procedures, including those procedures regarding the collection, packaging, transportation and submission of possible DNA evidence.
Divalent Transition Metals Substituted LaFeO3 Perovskite Catalyst for Nitrous Oxide Decomposition
Authors: Medkhali Asma H.A. , Narasimharao Katabathini , Basahel Sulaiman N. , Mokhtar Mohamed
Published: December 2014

Divalent transition metals substituted LaFeO3 type perovskite catalysts (LaFe0.95M0.05O3 with M= Cu2+ and Ni2+) were synthesized by hydrothermal method and characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), temperature programmed reduction with H2 (H2-TPR) and N2-physisorption techniques. The catalytic activity of the catalysts was tested for N2O decomposition reaction. Enhancement in the catalytic activity was observed after substitution of Cu and Ni metal ions into LaFeO3 framework. LaFe0.95Ni0.05O3 showed higher catalytic activity than LaFeO3 and LaFe0.95Cu0.05O3 catalysts. The plausible reason for the increased activity is that LaFe0.95Ni0.05O3 sample possessed high oxygen mobility than the other two samples.
Development of Porous Asymmetric Polyamide–Imide Torlon® Membranes for Physical CO2 Absorption and Separation
Authors: Sheikhi S. , Mansourizadeh A.
Published: December 2014

Porous flat-sheet polyamide–imide (PAI) membranes were prepared via a phase inversion method to evaluate CO2 absorption performance in the gas-liquid membrane contactors. Different amounts of polyethylene glycol (PEG-600) were introduced into the polymer solution to investigate the structure and performance of resulted membranes. The membranes were characterized in terms of gas permeation, contact angle measurement and CO2 absorption flux. By introducing 6 wt.% PEG into the polymer dope, N2 permeance of the membrane was significantly improved from 482 to 1320 GPU. Mean while, the effect of PEG on the measured water contact angle was in significant. From CO2 absorption test, the developed membrane presented about 90% higher CO2flux compared to the plain membrane at water flow rate of 70 ml/min. In conclusion, by introducing a polymeric non-solvent additive into the polymer dope, it is possible to enhance surface porosity (permeability) of PAI membranes, which is a key factor for CO2 absorption test.
Quantifying the processes controlling intraseasonal mixed‐layer temperature variability in the tropical Indian Ocean
Authors: Halkides D. J. , Waliser Duane E. , Lee Tong , Menemenlis Dimitris , Guan Bin
Published: November 2014

Spatial and temporal variation of processes that determine ocean mixed‐layer (ML) temperature (MLT) variability on the timescale of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) in the Tropical Indian Ocean (TIO) are examined in a heat‐conserving ocean state estimate for years 1993–2011. We introduce a new metric for representing spatial variability of the relative importance of processes. In general, horizontal advection is most important at the Equator. Subsurface processes and surface heat flux are more important away from the Equator, with surface heat flux being the more dominant factor. Analyses at key sites are discussed in the context of local dynamics and literature. At 0°, 80.5°E, for MLT events > 2 standard deviations, ocean dynamics account for more than two thirds of the net tendency during cooling and warming phases. Zonal advection alone accounts for ∼40% of the net tendency. Moderate events (1–2 standard deviations) show more differences between events, and some are dominated by surface heat flux. At 8°S, 67°E in the Seychelles‐Chagos Thermocline Ridge (SCTR) area, surface heat flux accounts for ∼70% of the tendency during strong cooling and warming phases; subsurface processes linked to ML depth (MLD) deepening (shoaling) during cooling (warming) account for ∼30%. MLT is more sensitive to subsurface processes in the SCTR, due to the thin MLD, thin barrier layer and raised thermocline. Results for 8°S, 67°E support assertions by Vialard et al. (2008) not previously confirmed due to measurement error that prevented budget closure and the small number of events studied. The roles of MLD, barrier layer thickness, and thermocline depth on different timescales are examined.
Detecting and understanding the accelerated sea level rise along the east coast of the United States during recent decades
Authors: Kenigson J. S. , Han W.
Published: November 2014

A “hot spot” of accelerated sea level rise has recently been detected between Cape Hatteras and Cape Cod. The acceleration in the long‐term trend, however, is difficult to isolate from transient acceleration due to variability, particularly the ∼60 year cycle associated with the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO). The Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) and Ensemble EMD (EEMD) methods have been used to isolate oscillations and provide robust acceleration estimates for the trend. Yet the reliability of these methods in detecting accelerated sea level rise, particularly given the limited lengths of tide gauge records, has not been fully tested. Here, the EMD and EEMD methods are applied to both tide gauge observations and synthetic sea level time series constructed as a sum of oscillations extracted from tide gauge records and trends with prescribed acceleration rates. The successively truncated synthetic and observed data are analyzed with (E)EMD, and estimates of the acceleration error based on the record length are produced. Generally, EEMD provides more stable acceleration estimates than EMD, and the error decreases as the record length increases, although not monotonically. Records exceeding two multidecadal oscillation periods in length provide superior estimates over shorter records. In addition, the AMO may have contributed significantly to the rapid acceleration detected in the hot spot during recent decades. These findings have important implications for improved detection of regional sea level acceleration in a warming climate.
The “winter predictability barrier” for IOD events and its error growth dynamics: Results from a fully coupled GCM
Authors: Feng Rong , Duan Wansuo , Mu Mu
Published: November 2014

Within the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Climate Model version 2p1 (GFDL CM2p1) coupled model, we find that the winter predictability barrier (WPB) exists in both the growing and decaying phases of positive Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) events, due to the effects of initial errors. The physical mechanism of the WPB, in which the initial errors show a significant seasonal‐dependent evolution with the fastest error growth in winter, is explored from the dynamical and thermodynamical viewpoints. In terms of dynamics, in the growing phase of pure positive IOD events, the vertical temperature advection associated with the reference state IOD events plays a dominant role in advancing the fastest error growth in winter; in terms of thermodynamics, the latent heat flux error and the shortwave radiation error lead to the fastest error growth in winter and favor the occurrence of the WPB. In the decaying phase of pure positive IOD events, the occurrence of the WPB is mainly due to the latent heat flux error since the dynamics play an insignificant role in advancing the fast error growth in winter. For positive IOD events accompanied by El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the physical mechanism of the WPB is similar to that for pure positive IOD events in both the growing and decaying phases, except that the shortwave radiation error has a different effect on the error growth in winter, which may be closely related to the perturbed atmospheric circulation in the tropical Indian Ocean associated with ENSO.
The vertical distribution of Martian aerosol particle size
Authors: Guzewich Scott D. , Smith Michael D. , Wolff Michael J.
Published: November 2014

Using approximately 410 limb‐viewing observations from the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM), we retrieve the vertical distribution of Martian dust and water ice aerosol particle sizes. We find that dust particles have an effective radius of 1.0 µm over much of the atmospheric column below 40 km throughout the Martian year. This includes the detached tropical dust layers detected in previous studies. Little to no variation with height is seen in dust particle size. Water ice clouds within the aphelion cloud belt exhibit a strong sorting of particle size with height, however, and the effective radii range from >3 µm below 20 km to near 1.0 µm at 40 km altitude. Conversely, water ice clouds in the seasonal polar hoods show a near‐uniform particle size with an effective radius of approximately 1.5 µm throughout the atmospheric column.
Radiocarbon profiles of the NW Pacific from the LGM and deglaciation: Evaluating ventilation metrics and the effect of uncertain surface reservoir ages
Authors: Cook Mea S. , Keigwin Lloyd D.
Published: November 2014

During the last deglaciation, the ventilation of the subarctic Pacific is hypothesized to have changed dramatically, including the rejuvenation of a poorly ventilated abyssal water mass that filled the deep ocean, and fluctuations in the strength of North Pacific intermediate and deep water formation at millennial timescales. Foraminiferal radiocarbon reconstructions of past ventilation changes in the Pacific are valuable but are hampered by poor carbonate preservation, low sediment accumulation rates, bias from bioturbation, and poorly constrained past surface reservoir age. In this study, we present paired benthic‐planktonic radiocarbon measurements from the Okhotsk Sea and Emperor Seamounts. We take advantage of large contemporaneous peaks in benthic abundances from the last glacial maximum, Bolling‐Allerod (BA), and early Holocene to produce time slices of radiocarbon from 1 to 4 km water depth. We explore the impact of uncertain surface reservoir age and evaluate several approaches to quantifying past ocean radiocarbon distribution using our NW Pacific data and a compilation of published data from the North Pacific. Both the calendar age and the absolute value of an ocean radiocarbon estimate depend on the assumed surface reservoir age. But for a time slice from a small geographical area with radiocarbon‐independent stratigraphic correlation between cores, the shape of a water column profile is independent of surface reservoir age. The NW Pacific profiles are similar in shape to the compilation profiles for the entire North Pacific, which suggests that deglacial surface reservoir age changes across the N Pacific did not diverge dramatically across the areas sampled. The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) profile >2 km spans a wide range of values, ranging from values similar to today to lower than today. However, by the BA the profile has a similar shape to today. Ultimately, local surface reservoir ages, end‐member water mass composition, and mixing ratios must each be constrained before a radiocarbon activity reconstruction can be used to confidently infer ventilation changes.
Multicentennial Agulhas leakage variability and links to North Atlantic climate during the past 80,000 years
Authors: Dyez Kelsey A. , Zahn Rainer , Hall Ian R.
Published: November 2014

New high‐resolution sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface salinity (SSS) estimates are presented from the Agulhas Bank slope in the Atlantic sector of the Agulhas Corridor using planktic foraminiferal (Globigerinoides ruber) δ18O and Mg/Ca‐derived SST. By focusing on the last 80,000 years, this is the first fine‐scale Agulhas leakage record that overlaps in time with much of the Greenland ice core record of abrupt climate changes in the North Atlantic region. The multicentennial profiles indicate instances of warm SST and/or increased SSS coincident with Northern Hemisphere cool periods, followed by Northern Hemisphere warming. These periods of enhanced SST and SSS in the Agulhas Corridor occur at the last glacial termination (T1) and during North Atlantic cold episodes associated with Heinrich (H) meltwater events. To a first‐order approximation, the timing of maximal salinity events in relation to periods of North Atlantic freshwater perturbation is consistent with the concept suggested by climate models that enhanced Agulhas leakage provides for buoyancy compensation and can potentially trigger increased convective activity in the North Atlantic, thereby restoring Atlantic overturning circulation after relatively weak states.