bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Continuity Equation for an Embedded System
Authors: Englman Robert
Published: April 2011

By a special representation of the number density operator and working
with a modulus-phase formalism we obtain the dissipative current, needed
to ensure particle number (or charge) conservation in the conducting system
coupled to an environment. This generalizes and simplifies previous derivations
aimed at the Lindblad type of master equations. In addition to a part
depending linearly on the Hamiltonian current, we obtain also a pseudo-curl
contribution to the dissipative current.
The Emergence of non Abelian Gauge Field Theory from the Born - Oppenheimer Treatment
Authors: Yahalom Asher
Published: April 2011

The study of non Abelian gauge theories is thought to be in the realm of quantum
field theory, having to do mainly with the study of elementary particle
phenomena. The non Abelian gauge theory widely known as the ”standard
model” describes correctly all elementary particles and forces except gravity.

Our goal here is to show that non Abelian gauge theories appear also in
physical settings in which the field need not be quantized (second quantization).
Hence they can be considered as classical fields which are the subject
of this book. In particular it will be shown that those fields appear in the
study of molecular systems is the frame work of the Born - Oppenheimer
theory.
Index
Authors: Yahalom Asher
Published: April 2011

Full text available
Determinant Sectors of CO2 Emissions in Spain: An Input-Output Analysis Approach
Authors: Alcantara Vicent
Published: April 2011

The aim of this paper is to develop a first analysis of the relationships between the productive structure
of the Spanish economy and CO2 emissions, the most important of the greenhouse gases sent to the atmosphere.
After presenting the methodology of interest, which allows a joint ex-post analysis of demand and supply
multipliers, we arrive at some relevant findings that in turn permit a detailed study of the above mentioned
relationships. Finally, the determinant sectors in the emission of this gas are established.
Hybrid IO Analysis of CO2 Emissions: An Application to the Portuguese Economy
Authors: Cruz Luis , Barata Eduardo
Published: April 2011

Since the late 1980s, global climate change issues gained an ever-growing attention. The seriousness of
the greenhouse effect is now widely recognized as one of the hottest topics in the world agenda. This poses
important challenges. For one, global warming is a serious threat, pushing a shift of our mindset from economic
growth to more eclectic approaches towards the sustainability of the resources base. Second, we lack effective
mechanisms for decision making and policy implementation that encompass the complex interactions between
environmental and economic activities.

The Leontief input-output model has been applied for macro environmental analysis since the 1970s. Using data
for the Portuguese economy, this paper explores an extended environmental input–output model to study
environment and economy interactions in order to support strategies that respect and promote a balanced
management of the dynamics between energy supply, environmental protection and economic growth.

Thus, from the empirical analysis of primary energy flows, sets of energy intensity coefficients by industry, as
well as the energy requirements attributable to given vectors of final demand, are estimated. Then, sources of
anthropogenic CO2 Portuguese emissions and the share of sectors in total emissions are identified, relating this
pollution with the use of fossil fuels. Besides, ‘CO2 responsibility’, which takes into account the CO2 content of
imports, is estimated. The sectoral CO2 emissions and CO2 responsibilities are compared and these two notions
are linked to foreign trade. Accordingly, a summary of the key lessons learned and a discussion of their policy
relevance will be offered.
Measuring the Air Pollution of Tourism: An Input-Output Model for the Campania Region
Authors: Llop Maria , Sabena Simona
Published: April 2011

In recent decades, travel and tourism have come to represent a major economic growth sector. To
better understand the impact of tourism activity, research on tourism development is undertaken in various fields,
involving both theoretical and applied models. The aim of this chapter is to establish a method for analysing the
impact of regional tourism development and the associated environmental consequences. The method employed
here uses an input-output model with income generated by the tourism sector and emissions released into the
atmosphere. The model is applied to the Italian region of Campania, an area with high cultural value, and is used
to calculate the emission multipliers of regional activities and to simulate changes in tourist demand and its
subsequent effects on regional income and regional emissions.
Attitudes Towards Money
Authors: Galanter Eugene , Moskowitz Howard , Silcher Matthias
Published: April 2011

People differ from each other in how they perceive their current finances, the state of their financial
futures, and their attitudes toward money. We show in this chapter that one can easily measure these attitudes
using broad surveys. We also show, however, that we need to go deeper than just measuring attitudes. Knowing a
lot about the person tells us a lot about the person, but does not predict attitudes. We do not learn about what
makes a person’s mind ‘tick’, what is the algebra of the mind. For that we need experiments, and it is to the world
of experimentation we will next turn to make our discoveries.
The Price of Grace: Donations, Charities, and the Mind
Authors: Galanter Eugene , Moskowitz Howard , Silcher Matthias
Published: April 2011

In this chapter we will look how to understand the mind of the donor in the same way that we
understand other economic aspects. The principles are the same. The most exciting thing, however, is that we
now have a tool to better understand the donor’s mind, in terms of exactly what to say, and how much that
statement is likely to be worth.
Who’s Happy and How Much Do They Earn? - Happiness, Part 2
Authors: Galanter Eugene , Moskowitz Howard , Silcher Matthias
Published: April 2011

What do people earn? Our first lesson from this chapter is that people can guess other people’s salary
from the information about how they live. Of course, in this particular study we never told anyone the salary, so
there is no ‘right or wrong’. And, when we balance the respondents in terms of ages, we see similar results from
men and women. Where we see differences is when we break out the respondents by how they describe their
salaries versus the salaries of their friends. Those with lower salaries impute others as having lower salaries.
Salaries as happiness: There seems to be a link between the perceived happiness of people (based on the vignette)
and the salary that they are presumed to have. The relation is clearer for women than it is for men. With women,
there is a far more linear relation between perceived happiness of people in the vignette and the salary earned.
The Appropriate ‘Price’ of a Sensory Experience
Authors: Galanter Eugene , Moskowitz Howard , Silcher Matthias
Published: April 2011

In this chapter we explore the dollar value of sensory experience. In order to add reality to the
exploration we position the task as the premium one would pay or not pay for a specific set of sensory
experiences to be offered by a specific hotel. The data suggest that there are certain experiences that are simply
worth more. It appeared that sound and touch are the most likely experiences to justify higher prices. Instead of
looking for general segments, we use a more targeted approach with a systematic exploration, trying to
understand which sensory experiences hotel customers prefer in terms of interest and their willingness to pay.
Not all Culture Comes from Yogurt... Putting a Price on Visiting Art Exhibitions
Authors: Gofman Alex
Published: April 2011

Attracting young people to attend an exhibition is not an easy task as one has to deal with their existing
preferences and try to find a right combination of messages to increase the probability to attend an exhibition and
hopefully their propensity to pay more for the admission. In Europe, many students enjoy advantages of free or
deeply discounted admission to exhibitions. Americans might learn from this. It may turn out that the future of
museums must be in free admission. For museums to survive and thrive they may have to go back to a world
where exhibitions are paid for by advertisers, rather than by the consuming public or funded by a subscription
model, paid up front, rather than on an ‘as you go’ basis. Our data certainly suggest that this subscription model is
better; there is very little of a specific nature to create a burning passion in the young museum visitor.
Index
Authors: Galanter Eugene , Moskowitz Howard , Silcher Matthias
Published: April 2011

Full text available.
A Variance-Components Model for Distance-Matrix Phylogenetic Reconstruction
Authors: Gilks Walter R , Nye Tom M.W. , Lio Pietro
Published: March 2011

Phylogenetic trees describe evolutionary relationships between related organisms (taxa). One approach to estimating phylogenetic trees supposes that a matrix of estimated evolutionary distances between taxa is available. Agglomerative methods have been proposed in which closely related taxon-pairs are successively combined to form ancestral taxa. Several of these computationally efficient agglomerative algorithms involve steps to reduce the variance in estimated distances. We propose an agglomerative phylogenetic method which focuses on statistical modeling of variance components in distance estimates. We consider how these variance components evolve during the agglomerative process. Our method simultaneously produces two topologically identical rooted trees, one tree having branch lengths proportional to elapsed time, and the other having branch lengths proportional to underlying evolutionary divergence. The method models two major sources of variation which have been separately discussed in the literature: noise, reflecting inaccuracies in measuring divergences, and distortion, reflecting randomness in the amounts of divergence in different parts of the tree. The methodology is based on successive hierarchical generalized least-squares regressions. It involves only means, variances and covariances of distance estimates, thereby avoiding full distributional assumptions. Exploitation of the algebraic structure of the estimation leads to an algorithm with computational complexity comparable to the leading published agglomerative methods. A parametric bootstrap procedure allows full uncertainty in the phylogenetic reconstruction to be assessed. Software implementing the methodology may be freely downloaded from StatTree.
Bringing Community Health Nursing Education to Life with Serious Games
Authors: Hogan Michelle , Kapralos Bill , Cristancho Sayra , Finney Ken , Dubrowski Adam
Published: April 2011

The ever changing needs of society have created a much needed shift in health care delivery from that of hospital to community. However, the role and process of community health nursing is foreign to most nursing students as the majority of nursing curricula continue to relate experiences and examples of nursing to the more familiar role of “nurse clinician.” In contrast to undergraduate nursing programs where the use of simulation and technology has been widely adopted to emphasize the role of the nurse clinician, the use of such technology hasn’t been widely used to address the learning needs of community health nursing students. Here, we present a descriptive paper on the development of an interactive, virtual learning environment (serious game) for acquisition of community health nursing skills. The serious game primarily presents a learner-centered, experiential learning and problem-based learning approach, addressing the learning needs of today’s students.
The Clinician and Estimation of Glomerular Filtration Rate by Creatinine-based Formulas
Authors: Botev Rossini , Mallié Jean-Pierre , Wetzels Jack F.M. , Couchoud Cécile , Schück Otto
Published: April 2011

The GFR has a paramount diagnostic and staging role in the Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative Clinical Practice Guidelines for Chronic Kidney Disease (K/DOQI-CKD). The most widely used serum creatinine-based formulas in adults for estimated GFR (eGFR) are the Cockcroft-Gault (CG) and Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study (MDRD). Recently, a new Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation has been developed. Review of the literature revealed that CG and MDRD formulas correctly assigned overall only 64% and 62%, respectively, of the subjects to their actual K/DOQI-CKD classification's GFR groups as determined by measured GFR (mGFR). This suggests that approximately 10 million (38%) subjects may have been misclassified on the basis of estimated CKD prevalence of 26.3 million adults in the United States. The purpose of this review is to help the clinician understand the limitations of using eGFR in daily practice. We also elaborate upon issues such as the differences among markers of mGFR, the validity of adjusting GFR for body surface area in certain populations, the limited data on boundaries for normal mGFR according to age, gender, and race, the need for calibration of a wide spectrum of serum creatinine measurements, the lack of actual eGFR value above 60 ml/min per 1.73 m2 and reference for normal mGFR in the clinical laboratories' reports, and the performance evaluation of the eGFR formulas. Several pitfalls have to be overcome before we can reliably determine health and disease in daily nephrology practice to preserve the first rule of practicing medicine: primum non nocere.
Renal Function in Type 2 Diabetes with Rosiglitazone, Metformin, and Glyburide Monotherapy
Authors: Lachin John M. , Viberti Giancarlo , Zinman Bernard , Haffner Steven M. , Aftring R. Paul , Paul Gitanjali , Kravitz Barbara G. , Herman William H. , Holman Rury R. , Kahn Steven E.
Published: April 2011

Background and objectives

In ADOPT (A Diabetes Outcomes Prevention Trial), initial monotherapy with rosiglitazone provided more durable glycemic control than metformin or glyburide in patients with recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Herein, we examine differences in albumin excretion, renal function (estimated GFR), and BP over 5 years between treatment groups.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

A total of 4351 recently diagnosed, drug-naïve patients with type 2 diabetes were treated and followed for up to 5 years with rosiglitazone, metformin, or glyburide and were examined with periodic assessments of albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR), modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD)-estimated GFR, and BP.

Results

The ACR rose slowly with metformin. It fell with rosiglitazone and less so with glyburide over the first 2 years, and then rose slowly over time. Estimated GFR (eGFR) with all therapies rose into the high normal range over the first 3 to 4 years, more so with rosiglitazone, and then declined, more so with glyburide. Systolic BP was stable over time, values with rosiglitazone being lower, and diastolic BP declined over time, more so with rosiglitazone than with metformin or glyburide. There was no difference among groups in the incidence of emergent albuminuria (ACR ≥30 mg/g), hypertension, or impaired eGFR (<60 ml/min per 1.73 m2).

Conclusions

Over a 5-year period, initial monotherapy with rosiglitazone retards the rise of ACR compared with metformin, preserves eGFR compared with glyburide, and lowers BP relative to both comparators.
Research results of long-term use of new line of machines and tools for land surface and depth arrangement
Authors: Ercegovic Djuro , Gligorevic Kosta , Kovacevic Dusan , Raicevic Dragisa , Vukic Djukan , Oljaca Mico , Pajic Milos , Radojevic Rade
Published: March 2011

This paper presents the results of the application of the machines and tools
for new technologies in plant production for two years of research. The
comparative analysis of the influence of new technologies and new types of
machines was done, and also the effect of conventional tillage systems on
several agricultural crops (sunflower, commercial maize and wheat). During
the experiment, we analyzed the effects of application of new line of
machines to: physical properties of soil, morphological features of crops,
use of energy and yield, and we also analyzed the economic aspects of the
application. On the control plots, a conventional tillage system was
simultaneously applied for comparative analysis of the previously mentioned
factors. Trials were conducted on production plots of Maize Research
Institute ?Zemun Polje? in Krnjesevci from October 2008 until July 2010.
Archives of the SASA Institute of Musicology: Collection of documents, autographs, copies, old editions of music printing and photographs
Authors: Vasic Aleksandar
Published: April 2011

Institute of Musicology of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts in
Belgrade possesses a comprehensive collection of manuscripts, copies and
rare editions of Serbian music. The collection also contains textual
documents, photographs and objects important for the national musical
history. This study presents a history, review of the content and structure
of the Institute?s Archive. Attention is focused on the most important
documents in the Collection, also on the structure of users. Finally, author speaks about the actual problems in the Institute?s Archive.
Microfilms and photographs of neumatic manuscripts in the SASA Institute of Musicology Archives
Authors: Peno Vesna
Published: April 2011

Microfilms of neumatic MSS, and photographs of some folia taken from neumed
codices kept at the SASA Institute of Musicology Archives, are represented
in this paper. In the microfilms, there are mainly heirmologia from
Byzantine and late-Byzantine period and sticherarios and antologies as well.
The selected folia from the Chilandar manuscripts, primarily with the Greek text, constitute the collection of photographs.
Detection and Severity Classifications of Sarbanes-Oxley Section 404 Internal Control Deficiencies
Authors: Bedard Jean C. , Graham Lynford
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACT: We examine detection and severity classification of internal control deficiencies (ICD) identified under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. While the cost/benefit balance of auditor testing of internal controls is highly controversial, prior research has not examined auditor versus client detection of ICD, nor has it examined factors auditors consider in judging ICD severity. We find that auditors detect about three-fourths of unremediated ICD, usually though control testing. This finding contrasts with extant research inferring control deficiency detection effectiveness from publicly available data, underscoring the value of Section 404 auditor testing in improving financial reporting quality. Auditors judge greater severity when a misstatement has already occurred. In the absence of a misstatement, severity is contingent on client and ICD characteristics, implying a more complex and nuanced judgment process without objective evidence of control failure. We also find that clients often underestimate ICD severity, but this tendency is lower among well-controlled companies with a well-designed Section 404 process.
Long-Term Effects of Irbesartan Treatment and Smoking on Nucleic Acid Oxidation in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Microalbuminuria
Authors: Broedbaek Kasper , Henriksen Trine , Weimann Allan , Petersen Morten , Andersen Jon T. , Afzal Shoaib , Jimenez-Solem Espen , Persson Frederik , Parving Hans-Henrik , Rossing Peter , Poulsen Henrik E.
Published: April 2011

OBJECTIVE

We tested whether long-term treatment with the angiotensin II receptor antagonist irbesartan reduces nucleic acid oxidation in patients with type 2 diabetes and microalbuminuria.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

The Irbesartan in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Microalbuminuria (IRMA 2) study was a 2-year multicenter randomized double-blind trial comparing irbesartan (150 and 300 mg once daily) with placebo. We studied a subgroup of 50 patients where urine samples were available for analysis of albumin and the oxidatively modified guanine nucleosides 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine (8-oxoGuo).

RESULTS

During the 2-year trial, no significant differences in 8-oxodG and 8-oxoGuo excretions between placebo and irbesartan treatment were seen. 8-oxodG and albumin excretion decreased with time (P = 0.0004 and P < 0.0001, respectively), whereas treatment-related differences were shown for albumin excretion (P = 0.0008) only, as previously reported. Important secondary findings were significant associations between changes in 8-oxodG excretion and changes in albumin excretion and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). During the study period, 8-oxodG excretion decreased by 3 and 26% in smokers and nonsmokers, respectively (P = 0.015), and urinary albumin excretion decreased 22% in smokers and 58% in nonsmokers (P = 0.011).

CONCLUSIONS

Irbesartan treatment was not significantly more effective than placebo in reducing nucleic acid oxidation. The results indicate that DNA oxidation in diabetes patients is reduced by various components in the treatment of diabetes where glycemic control seems to be important and addition of angiotensin II receptor antagonists does not lead to any substantial additional reduction. Furthermore, the reductions in DNA oxidation and albumin excretion seem to be counteracted by smoking.
First-Trimester Circulating 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels and Development of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Makgoba Mahlatse , Nelson Scott M. , Savvidou Makrina , Messow Claudia-Martina , Nicolaides Kypros , Sattar Naveed
Published: April 2011

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the association between first-trimester maternal serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH-D) as measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and development of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We conducted a case-control study involving 248 women in the first-trimester of pregnancy, 90 of whom developed GDM and 158 remained normoglycemic.

RESULTS

Although booking 25-OH-D levels correlated negatively with 2-h glucose post-oral glucose tolerance test and positively with HDL cholesterol, as well as with ethnicity, obesity, and smoking (all P < 0.05), there were no statistically significant differences in baseline maternal mean 25-OH-D levels between those who subsequently developed GDM, 18.9 ng/mL (SD 10.7) and those who remained normoglycemic, 19.0 ng/mL (10.7) (P = 0.874), even after adjustment for possible confounders including sampling month (P = 0.784).

CONCLUSIONS

Our large and well-phenotyped prospective study did not find evidence of an association between first-trimester maternal levels of 25-OH-D and subsequent development of GDM.
Effect of differences in tendon properties on functionality of the passive stay apparatus in horses
Authors: Gussekloo Sander W. S. , Lankester Jerta , Kersten Wim , Back Willem
Published: April 2011

Objective—To determine the effect of differences in structural and mechanical tendon properties on functionality of the passive stay apparatus in horses.

Sample—5 forelimbs each from nondwarf Friesians, dwarf Friesians, and ponies.

Procedures—Harvested forelimbs were loaded to test the passive stay apparatus. Tendons that stabilize the distal portion of the limb (superficial digital flexor tendon, deep digital flexor tendon, and tendo interosseus [suspensory ligament]) were isolated, and force-elongation data were obtained. Bone lengths, initial tendon lengths, and initial tendon cross-sectional areas were measured, and Young moduli were calculated. A model was used to determine whether joint angles could be explained by these 4 factors only.

Results—Dwarf limbs were unable to stand passively under loading because tendons that prevent overextension of the distal limb joints were too long and compliant to prevent over-extension. Tendon properties of limbs of nondwarf Friesians appeared to be intermediate between those of ponies and dwarf Friesians.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Dysfunction of the passive stay apparatus in dwarf Friesians could be related to differences in structural and material properties of the tendons that result in hyperextension of the joints under loading. Nondwarf Friesians had intermediate tendon properties, which might be a breed-specific variation. Results indicated that certain tendon properties were associated with load failure of the stay apparatus and provided additional information about the functionality and requirements of the passive stay apparatus.
Changes in hoof surface strain distribution in response to moderate exercise in Standardbreds
Authors: Faramarzi Babak , Cruz Antonio M. , Sears William C.
Published: April 2011

Objective—To quantify changes in hoof wall strain distribution associated with exercise and time in Standardbreds.

Animals—18 young adult Standardbreds.

Procedures—9 horses were exercised 4 d/wk for 30 to 45 minutes at a medium trot for 4 months; 9 nonexercised horses served as the control group. Rosette strain gauges were used to measure the principal surface strains at the toe, lateral quarter of the hoof wall (LQ), and medial quarter of the hoof wall (MQ) of the right forefoot at the beginning and end of the experiment. Midstance maximal (msϵ1) and minimal (msϵ2) principal and peak minimal principal (pkϵ2) surface strains were measured; SDs of each of those variables were also calculated. Results were compared through ANOVA of time and exercise effects between and within the groups.

Results—Both the exercised and nonexercised groups had changes in strain distribution in their hooves over time. The msϵ1 did not change significantly with exercise; however, it changed significantly in both groups at both hoof quarters over time. At the beginning of the study, mean msϵ2 and pkϵ2 values were significantly higher in the exercised group than in the control group at the MQ and LQ but not at the toe. At the end of the study, these values were significantly higher in the control group than in the exercised group at the toe but not at the MQ or LQ.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Detected changes in hoof wall surface strain may indicate the ability of hoof capsule material to respond to exercise. A better understanding of hoof adaptation to applied forces may allow implementation of proper trimming and shoeing techniques to promote adaptation to exercise loads in horses.
Topographic and age-dependent distribution of subchondral bone density in the elbow joints of clinically normal dogs
Authors: Dickomeit Mark Jan , Böttcher Peter , Hecht Silke , Liebich Hans-Georg , Maierl Johann
Published: April 2011

Objective—To investigate topographic and age-dependent adaptation of subchondral bone density in the elbow joints of healthy dogs by means of computed tomographic osteoabsorptiometry (CTOAM).

Animals—42 elbow joints of 29 clinically normal dogs of various breeds and ages.

Procedures—Subchondral bone densities of the humeral, radial, and ulnar joint surfaces of the elbow relative to a water-hydroxyapatite phantom were assessed by means of CTOAM. Distribution patterns in juvenile, adult, and geriatric dogs (age, < 1 year, 1 to 8 years, and > 8 years, respectively) were determined and compared within and among groups.

Results—An area of increased subchondral bone density was detected in the humerus distomedially and cranially on the trochlea and in the olecranon fossa. The ulna had maximum bone densities on the anconeal and medial coronoid processes. Increased bone density was detected in the craniomedial region of the joint surface of the radius. A significant age-dependent increase in subchondral bone density was revealed in elbow joint surfaces of the radius, ulna, and humerus. Mean subchondral bone density of the radius was significantly less than that of the ulna in paired comparisons for all dogs combined and in adult and geriatric, but not juvenile, dog groups.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—An age-dependent increase in subchondral bone density at the elbow joint was revealed. Maximal relative subchondral bone densities were detected consistently at the medial coronoid process and central aspect of the humeral trochlea, regions that are commonly affected in dogs with elbow dysplasia.
Glucose and insulin dynamics associated with continuous rate infusion of dextrose solution or dextrose solution and insulin in healthy and endotoxin-exposed horses
Authors: Han Janet H. , McKenzie Harold C. , McCutcheon L. Jill , Geor Raymond J.
Published: April 2011

Objective—To investigate the effects of a continuous rate infusion (CRI) of dextrose solution or dextrose solution and insulin on glucose and insulin concentrations in healthy and endotoxin-exposed horses.

Animals—9 adult mares.

Procedures—During phase 1, treatments consisted of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (control group; n = 4) or 20% dextrose solution (group 1; 4) administered IV as a 360-minute CRI. During phase 2, treatments consisted of 360-minute CRIs of 20% dextrose solution and insulin administered simultaneously at 367.6 mg/kg/h (30 kcal/kg/d) and 0.07 U/kg/h, respectively, in healthy horses (group 2; n = 4) or horses administered 35 ng of lipopolysaccharide/kg, IV, 24 hours before starting the dextrose solution and insulin CRIs (group 3; 4). A balanced crossover study design was used in both phases. Blood samples were collected for measurement of plasma glucose and insulin concentrations.

Results—Infusion of dextrose solution alone resulted in hyperglycemia for most of the 360-minute CRI. Insulin concentration increased significantly in group 1, compared with that in the control group. Mean insulin concentration of group 2 was significantly higher throughout most of the infusion period, compared with concentrations of the control group and group 1. Mean glucose concentration did not differ significantly between groups 2 and 3.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Insulin infusion at a rate of 0.07 U/kg/h was found to be effective for the prevention of hyperglycemia when administered concurrently with dextrose solution. This rate was considered to be safe because horses did not become hypoglycemic during infusions of dextrose solution.
Molecular, histologic, and trace mineral characterization of metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joint hyperextension in juvenile llamas
Authors: Semevolos Stacy A. , Reed Shannon K.
Published: April 2011

Objective—To evaluate molecular and histologic characteristics of the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT), deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT), and suspensory ligament (SL) and assess trace-mineral concentrations in serum, liver, and hair of juvenile llamas with metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joint hyperextension.

Animals—12 juvenile llamas (6 with bilateral hyperextension of metacarpophalangeal joints, metatarsophalangeal joints, or both and 6 clinically normal control llamas).

Procedures—Radiography and ultrasonography of metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal regions were performed. Llamas were euthanized, and SDFT, DDFT, and SL samples were collected for histologic evaluation of collagen and elastin content and orientation, proteoglycan content, and collagen type III immunohistochemistry. Total RNA was isolated from SL tissue, and gene expression of collagen types I and III, lysyl oxidase, and matrix metalloproteinase-13 was evaluated via real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR assay. Liver, serum, and hair samples were evaluated for trace mineral content.

Results—Collagen type III gene expression and proteoglycan content were significantly increased in SL samples of affected juvenile llamas, compared with those of control llamas. No difference was detected in collagen and elastin content and orientation or in gene expression of collagen type I, lysyl oxidase, or matrix metalloproteinase-13 between groups. Affected llamas had significantly increased serum molybdenum and decreased liver cobalt concentrations, compared with values for control llamas.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Increased collagen type III gene expression and proteoglycan content in SL samples of affected juvenile llamas provided evidence of ongoing SL matrix repair. Trace mineral differences may have been attributable to dietary imbalances in affected llamas.
In vitro effect of carprofen and meloxicam on the conductance and permeability to mannitol and the histologic appearance of the gastric mucosa of dogs
Authors: Hicks Merrin A. , Hosgood Giselle L. , Morgan Timothy W. , Briere Catherine A. , McConnico Rebecca S.
Published: April 2011

Objective—To evaluate the effects of carprofen and meloxicam on conductance and permeability to mannitol and on the histologic appearance of sections of canine gastric mucosa.

Sample—Gastric mucosa from 6 mature mixed-breed dogs.

Procedures—Sections of gastric mucosa were mounted in Ussing chambers, and carprofen (40 or 400μg/mL [CAR40 and CAR400, respectively]), meloxicam (8 or 80μg/mL [MEL8 and MEL80, respectively]), or no drug (controls) was added to the bathing solution. For all sections, conductance was calculated every 15 minutes for 240 minutes and flux of mannitol was calculated for 3 consecutive 1-hour periods; histologic examination was performed after the experiment. The area under the conductance-time curve for each chamber was calculated. Values of conductance × time, flux of mannitol, and the frequency distribution of histologic findings were analyzed for treatment effects.

Results—For CAR400- and MEL80-treated sections, conductance X time was significantly higher than that for control and MEL8-treated sections. The effect of CAR40 treatment was not different from that of any other treatment. Over the three 1-hour periods, mannitol flux increased significantly in MEL80-, CAR40-, and CAR400-treated sections but not in MEL8- treated or control sections. Major histologic changes including epithelial cell sloughing were limited to the CAR400-treated sections.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In the gastric mucosa of dogs, carprofen and meloxicam increased in vitro conductance and permeability to mannitol. At a concentration of 400 μg/mL, carprofen caused sloughing of epithelial cells. Carprofen and meloxicam appear to compromise gastric mucosal integrity and barrier function in dogs.
Urodynamic evaluation of female cats with idiopathic cystitis
Authors: Wu Christine H. , Buffington C. A. Tony , Fraser Matthew O. , Westropp Jodi L.
Published: April 2011

Objective—To compare values of urodynamic measurements of cats with idiopathic cystitis (IC) with previously published data for healthy female cats.

Animals—11 female cats with IC.

Procedures—2 sequential cystometrograms and 2 urethral pressure profiles were obtained for each cat. All tracings were evaluated for evidence of overactive urinary bladder (OAB). Maximum urethral pressure (MUP), maximum urethral closure pressure (MUCP), and functional profile length were recorded.

Results—Only 3 cats had obvious micturition events. None of the 11 cats had evidence of OAB. Although not significant, threshold pressure was lower in cats with IC than in healthy cats (mean ± SD, 89.0 ± 12.0 cm H2O vs 75.7 ± 16.3 cm H2O, respectively); however, the total volume infused was significantly lower in cats with IC (4.8 ± 2.1 mL/kg vs 8.3 ± 3.2 mL/kg). The MUCP was significantly higher in cats with IC than in healthy cats (158.0 ± 47.7 cm H2O vs 88.9 ± 23.9 cm H2O, respectively). The MUP was also significantly higher in all portions of the urethra in cats with IC.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—No evidence of OAB was identified in any cat evaluated; therefore, medications used to target this abnormality did not appear justified. The high MUCP in cats with IC suggested that α1-adrenoceptor antagonists or skeletal muscle relaxants may be useful in this disease, and if these data were applicable to male cats, then α1-adrenoceptor antagonism may help prevent recurrent obstructive IC. Further studies are indicated to determine the effects, if any, these drugs might have in cats with IC.
Impact of the Purdue University School of Veterinary Medicine's Boiler Vet Camp on participants' knowledge of veterinary medicine
Authors: Weisman James L. , Amass Sandra F. , Warren Joshua D.
Published: April 2011

Objective—To assess whether Boiler Vet Camp, a 7-day residential summer camp for students entering eighth or ninth grade in the fall, would increase participants' understanding of career options in the veterinary profession, increase understanding of the science of veterinary medicine, or increase the number of students stating that they intended to apply to the Purdue University School of Veterinary Medicine.

Design—Survey.

Sample—48 individuals attending the 2009 Boiler Vet Camp.

Procedures—Information on participant demographics was obtained from camp applications. A questionnaire was administered on the first and sixth days of camp, and results were analyzed to identify changes in responses over time.

Results—More campers correctly answered questions designed to evaluate knowledge of the veterinary profession and 10 of 12 questions designed to evaluate specific knowledge of the science of veterinary medicine on day 6, compared with day 1. Remarkable differences were not observed among gender or race-ethnicity groups for these questions. There was no significant difference between percentages of campers who stated that they would apply to Purdue before and after camp. Significantly more Caucasian campers stated they would apply to Purdue on both day 1 and day 6, compared with campers from under-represented minority groups.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that the Boiler Vet Camp accomplished 2 of its 3 planned objectives, suggesting that such camps can be successfully used to increase knowledge of the veterinary profession among middle school students. Reasons for the low percentage of participants from underrepresented minorities who indicated they would apply to the Purdue University School of Veterinary Medicine require further exploration.
Duration of clinical signs prior to total hip replacement in dogs
Authors: Lockwood Abigail A. , Liska William D.
Published: April 2011

Objective—To compare the duration of clinical signs in dogs prior to total hip replacement (THR) for 2 time periods and to determine whether a previous THR influenced the duration of clinical signs prior to THR of the contralateral hip joint.

Design—Retrospective cohort study.

Animals—833 dogs that underwent unilateral THR (334 dogs between 1992 and 2000 [group 1] and 499 dogs between 2001 and 2009 [group 2]; part 1) and 272 dogs that underwent staged bilateral THR between 1992 and 2009 (part 2).

Procedures—Duration of pelvic limb lameness prior to THR was recorded in an in-house data registry. Mean duration of clinical signs was determined for both groups of dogs in part 1. For part 2, duration of clinical signs prior to the first THR was compared with the interval between surgeries in dogs that underwent bilateral THR.

Results—In part 1, duration of clinical signs was significantly longer for group 2 dogs than for group 1 dogs. In part 2, the duration of clinical signs prior to the first THR was significantly longer than the interval between surgeries.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Between 1992 and 2009, the duration of clinical signs prior to THR in dogs increased significantly. In dogs that underwent bilateral THR, the interval between surgeries was shorter than the duration of clinical signs before the first THR. Developments in medical treatments of osteoarthritis, surgical preferences, and veterinarian recommendations may influence the interval between initial clinical signs and surgery.
Ocular lesions associated with systemic hypertension in dogs: 65 cases (2005–2007)
Authors: LeBlanc Nicole L. , Stepien Rebecca L. , Bentley Ellison
Published: April 2011

Objective—To characterize ocular findings in hypertensive dogs, determine prevalence of hypertension in dogs with ocular disease suggestive of hypertension, and examine possible relationships between degree of hypertension and ocular disease.

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—65 dogs initially referred for blood pressure measurement (n = 22), ophthalmic examination (25), or both (18).

Procedures—Medical records were reviewed to identify dogs examined at the teaching hospital that underwent a complete ophthalmic examination and blood pressure measurement within a 24-hour period between January 1, 2005, and December 31, 2007. Signalment, history, blood pressure measurements, ophthalmic examination findings, and any vasoactive drug treatments were recorded. Ocular lesions considered likely to be associated with systemic hypertension included retinal hemorrhage, retinal detachment, hyphema, tortuous vessels, and subretinal edema.

Results—Of the 65 dogs, 42 were hypertensive (systolic blood pressure ≥ 160 mm Hg) and 23 were normotensive. Sixty-two percent (26/42) of hypertensive dogs had ≥ 1 type of ocular lesion identified. Retinal hemorrhage was the most common ocular lesion in hypertensive dogs (17/42 [40%]). The presence of ≥ 1 type of ocular lesion had moderate sensitivity and specificity of 62% and 61 %, respectively, for identification of hypertension. Fifteen of the 25 (60%) dogs referred for blood pressure measurement after initial ophthalmic examination were found to be hypertensive.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Ocular lesions are common in dogs with systemic hypertension. Dogs with hypertension or diseases associated with hypertension should be monitored carefully for evidence of ocular target organ damage, and hypertension should be systematically ruled out in dogs with characteristic ocular lesions.
Synthesis, characterization and crystal structure analysis of a novel oxo-centered mixed-metal complex containing unsaturated bridging carboxylates
Authors: Yazdanbakhsh Mohammad , Lotfian Nahid , Tavakkoli Haman , Boese Roland
Published: March 2011

A novel oxo-centered trinuclear mixed-metal carboxylate complex with unsaturated bridging ligands [Fe2Cr(µ3-O)(C3H3O2)6(H2O)3]·NO3·4H2O has been synthesized and characterized by means of Elemental analyses, Infrared spectroscopy and Crystal structure analysis. The compound crystallizes isotypically in the monoclinic space group type P21/c. In the compound, each M(III) cation is coordinated by six O atoms from four unsaturated carboxylate groups as bridging ligands, one water molecule as the terminal ligand, and a µ3-oxygen atom in the center of an equilateral triangle. The infrared spectra show resolved bands arising from νasym(COO) and νsym(COO) vibration of bridging carboxylate ligands along with those of νasym(M2M′O) vibration in the complex. The difference between symmetrical and asymmetrical (COO) ligands indicate that the acrylate bridge is present in the structure of complex.
Study of MOCVD growth of InGaAsSb/AlGaAsSb/GaSb heterostructures using two different aluminium precursors TMAl and DMEAAl
Authors: Wesołowski M. , Strupiński W. , Motyka M. , Sęk G. , Dumiszewska E. , Caban P. , Jasik A. , Wójcik A. , Pierściński K. , Pierścińska D.
Published: March 2011

The antimonide laser heterostructures growth technology using MBE epitaxy is currently well-developed, while MOVPE method is still being improved. It is known that the principal problem for MOVPE is the oxygen and carbon contamination of aluminium containing waveguides and claddings. The solution would be to apply a proper aluminium precursor. In this study we present the results of metal-organic epitaxy of In- and Al-containing layers and quantum well structures composing antimonide lasers devices. Special emphasis was put on the aluminium precursor and its relation to AlGaSb and AlGaAsSb materials properties. The crystalline quality of the layers grown with two different Al precursors was compared, very good structural quality films were obtained. The results suggested a substantial influence of precursors pre-reactions on the epitaxial process. The oxygen contamination was measured by SIMS, which confirmed its dependence on the precursor choice. We also optimised the GaSb substrate thermal treatment to deposit high quality GaSb homoepitaxial layers. Quaternary InGaAsSb layers were obtained even within the predicted miscibility gap, when arsenic content reached high above 10% values. InGa(As)Sb/AlGa(As)Sb quantum wells were grown and their optical properties were characterised by photoluminescence and photoreflectance spectroscopy. Type-I quantum wells showed a fundamental optical transition in the 1.9–2.1 μm range at room temperature. The epitaxial technology of the structures was subjected to an optimisation procedure. The investigated layers and heterostructures can be considered for application in laser devices.
Opaque Allomorphy in OT: Candidate Chains vs. Derivational Optimality Theory
Authors: Rydzewski Paweł
Published: April 2011

Opaque Allomorphy in OT: Candidate Chains vs. Derivational Optimality Theory

This article investigates the opacity in allomorphic processes in the masculine nominative plural of Polish nouns. It is shown that the discussed cases of allomorphy are opaque. Subsequently, it is examined whether Optimality Theory can account for the opacity in the Polish data and concluded that parallel evaluation is unable to handle the relevant examples. Next, the problem is reanalyzed within the theory of candidate chains in order to determine whether the theory is capable of providing a non-derivational account. However, this version of Optimality Theory fails to achieve the attested output. It is concluded that candidate chains are unable to handle the opaque generalizations. Finally, the non-derivational account is juxtaposed with Derivational Optimality Theory in order to prove that Optimality Theory must admit derivational levels.
A Logic-Based Approach to Problems in Pragmatics
Authors: Seuren Pieter
Published: April 2011

A Logic-Based Approach to Problems in Pragmatics

After an exposé of the programme involved, it is shown that the Gricean maxims fail to do their job in so far as they are meant to account for the well-known problem of natural intuitions of logical entailment that deviate from standard modern logic. It is argued that there is no reason why natural logical and ontological intuitions should conform to standard logic, because standard logic is based on mathematics while natural logical and ontological intuitions derive from a cognitive system in people's minds (supported by their brain structures). A proposal is then put forward to try a totally different strategy, via (a) a grammatical reduction of surface sentences to their logico-semantic form and (b) via logic itself, in particular the notion of natural logic, based on a natural ontology and a natural set theory. Since any logical system is fully defined by (a) its ontology and its overarching notions and axioms regarding truth, (b) the meanings of its operators, and (c) the ranges of its variables, logical systems can be devised that deviate from modern logic in any or all of the above respects, as long as they remain consistent. This allows one, as an empirical enterprise, to devise a natural logic, which is as sound as standard logic but corresponds better with natural intuitions. It is hypothesised that at least two varieties of natural logic must be assumed in order to account for natural logical and ontological intuitions, since culture and scholastic education have elevated modern societies to a higher level of functionality and refinement. These two systems correspond, with corrections and additions, to Hamilton's 19th-century logic and to the classic Square of Opposition, respectively. Finally, an evaluation is presented, comparing the empirical success rates of the systems envisaged.