bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sonographic Detection of Extracapsular Extension in Papillary Thyroid Cancer
Authors: Kamaya Aya , Tahvildari Ali M. , Patel Bhavik N. , Willmann Juergen K. , Jeffrey R. Brooke , Desser Terry S.
Published: November 2015

Objectives

To identify and evaluate sonographic features suggestive of extracapsular extension in papillary thyroid cancer.

Methods

Three board‐certified radiologists blinded to the final pathologic tumor stage reviewed sonograms of pathologically proven cases of papillary thyroid cancer for the presence of extracapsular extension. The radiologists evaluated the following features: capsular abutment, bulging of the normal thyroid contour, loss of the echogenic capsule, and vascularity extending beyond the capsule.

Results

A total of 129 cases of pathologically proven thyroid cancer were identified. Of these, 51 were excluded because of lack of preoperative sonography, and 16 were excluded because of pathologic findings showing anaplastic carcinoma, follicular carcinoma, or microcarcinoma (<10 mm). The final analysis group consisted of 62 patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma, 16 of whom had pathologically proven extracapsular extension. The presence of capsular abutment had 100% sensitivity for detection of extracapsular extension. Conversely, lack of capsular abutment had a 100% negative predictive value (NPV) for excluding extracapsular extension. Contour bulging had 88% sensitivity for detection of extracapsular extension and when absent had an 87% NPV. Loss of the echogenic capsule was the best predictor of the presence of extracapsular extension, with an odds ratio of 10.23 (P = .034). This sonographic finding had 75% sensitivity, 65% specificity, and an 88% NPV. Vascularity beyond the capsule had 89% specificity but sensitivity of only 25%.

Conclusions

Sonographic features of capsular abutment, contour bulging, and loss of the echogenic thyroid capsule have excellent predictive value for excluding or detecting extracapsular extension and may help in biopsy selection, surgical planning, and treatment of patients with papillary thyroid cancer.
The role of methylphenidate in depression
Authors: May Meghan Ellinger , VandenBerg Amy
Published: November 2015

Introduction

Depression is a burdening disease state where up to 30% of individuals do not respond to first-line treatment. Adjunctive use of psychostimulants has been investigated for the treatment of depression in patient populations, including those with treatment-resistant depression or terminal illness. The purpose of this paper is to present a review of the literature on the efficacy of using methylphenidate to manage depression.

Methods

A search was conducted in PubMed, Ovid/MEDLINE, and PsychINFO using the following key words: psychostimulants, stimulants, methylphenidate, alternative therapy, depression, and major depressive disorder. All reports included were published before June 30, 2015.

Results

For this review 10 reports, including randomized controlled, case series, and retrospective chart review studies, were identified and assessed. Patient populations studied included patients with treatment-resistant depression, patients with terminal illness, geriatric patients, and patients with miscellaneous indications, such as history of stroke and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), or acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). For treatment-resistant depression, treatment differences for fatigue and apathy in favor of methylphenidate were found, but no difference was found for response rates in depression. Additionally, in palliative care and hospice patients, methylphenidate was found to improve fatigue and depressive symptoms. Patients with other conditions (poststroke and HIV patients) achieved some relief of depressive symptoms.

Conclusion

The efficacy data for methylphenidate in depression are limited, with inconsistent results in specific patient populations that limit external validity. At this time, it should not be recommended as first-line treatment in depression. Future research should be developed focusing on long-term safety and efficacy in nonspecialized patient populations.
MicroRNAs implicated in canine diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma prognosis
Authors: Elshafie Nelly O. , Gribskov Michael , Lichti Nathanael I. , Sayedahmed Ekramy E. , Childress Michael O. , Pires dos Santos Andrea
Published: September 2024

Diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most prevalent subtype of non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in domestic dogs, with many similarities to its human counterpart. The progression of the disease is rapid, and treatment must be initiated early to achieve cancer remission and extend life. This study examined the relationship between progression‐free survival (PFS) and microRNA (miRNA) expression in dogs with DLBCL. miRNAs are small non‐coding RNA molecules that typically regulate gene expression post‐transcriptionally. They are involved in several pathophysiological processes, including the growth and progression of cancer. Based on the analysis of small RNA sequencing (sRNA‐seq) data, we validated a group of miRNAs in lymph nodes from 44 DLBCL‐affected dogs with known outcomes. We used quantitative PCR to quantify their expression and report a specific subset of miRNAs is associated with decreased PFS in dogs with DLBCL. The miR‐192‐5p and miR‐16‐5p expression were significantly downregulated in dogs with increased PFS. These results indicate that miRNA profiling may potentially identify dogs with DLBCL that will experience poor outcomes following treatment. Identifying specific miRNAs that correlate with the progression of canine DLBCL could aid the development of individualized treatment regimens for dogs.
Unveiling the Nanoscale Dielectric Gap and Its Influence on Ferroelectric Polarization Switching in Scanning Probe Microscopy
Authors: Eom Seongmun , Kavle Pravin , Kang Deokyoung , Kim Yeongyu , Martin Lane W. , Hong Seungbum
Published: September 2024

The dielectric gap between the scanning probe microscopy (SPM) tip and the surface of a ferroelectric using conductive atomic force microscopy and piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) is investigated. While the gap functions as a dielectric layer, it also allows tunneling current to inject charges into the ferroelectric when a critical loading force between 10–20 µN is applied to a tip with a radius of 25 nm under a bias voltage of 0.5 V. It is observed that the permittivity of the dielectric gap determines the coercive voltage measured by the piezoresponse hysteresis loop. While such studies done in air often produce coercive voltages much larger than those studied for the same materials in capacitor‐based studies, the use of high permittivity media such as water (ɛr = 79) or silicone oil (ɛr = 2.1‐2.8) produces coercive fields that more closely match those measured in conventional capacitor‐based polarization hysteresis loop measurements. Furthermore, using water as a dielectric medium in PFM imaging enhances the accuracy in extracting the amplitude and phase data from periodically poled lithium niobate crystals. These findings provide insight into the nanoscale phenomena of polarization switching instigated by the SPM tip and provide a pathway to improved quantitative studies.
Ingestible Sensor Based on Fluorescent Gold Nanoparticles and Molecularly Imprinted Polymers on Thread for Localized Quantification of Escherichia Coli in the Gastrointestinal Tract
Authors: Khachornsakkul Kawin , Del‐Rio‐Ruiz Ruben , Zeng Wenxin , Martins dos Santos Danilo , da Silva Debora Regina Romualdo , Widmer Giovanni , Sonkusale Sameer
Published: September 2024

The small intestinal (SI) microbiota plays an important role in human health and disease. Current methods based on fecal analysis do not provide an accurate representation of the SI microbiome. This article introduces an ingestible sensor for the quantification of Escherichia coli (E. coli) in the SI by developing the fluorescent thread‐based ingestible pill analytical device (TPAD) using fluorescent gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) coupled with molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). Quantitative detection lies in the change in fluorescence signal on thread as proportional to target bacteria concentrations using a smartphone. Utilizing a pH‐sensitive enteric coating, this device facilitates localized sampling of the SI microbiome. Hydrophilic beads are employed to autonomously seal the device after sampling, offering a self‐locking mechanism. The sensor demonstrates a linear range for E. coli detection between 2.0 × 103 and 14.0 × 103 CFU mL−1 with an R2 of 0.9975 and a detection limit (LOD) of 400.0 × 102 CFU mL−1. The sensor also shows remarkable precision and acceptable accuracy for monitoring E. coli levels in in vivo animal studies compared to commercially available test kits. The developed TPAD, therefore, offers a novel, low‐cost, and non‐invasive method for rapidly diagnosing gastrointestinal (GI)‐related medical conditions and studying host–microbiome interactions.
Fluorine Doping Modulating Pore Structure and Adsorption Capability of Carbon Matrix Boosting Potassium Storage Performance of Red Phosphorus Anode
Authors: Wang Dongjiao , Zhang Limou , Fu Yujun , Sun Zhefei , Wang Ting , Shi Yujie , Yang Gang , Ma Runze , Liu Zijiang , Wu Liang , Zhang Qiaobao , Wu Ying , He Deyan
Published: September 2024

The application of alloying‐typed red phosphorus (red P) anode in potassium‐ion batteries (KIBs) with ultra‐high theoretical capacity is hindered by the limited capacity and fast capacity decay due to poor electronic conductivity and huge volume change. Herein, a facile and efficient strategy of fluorine (F) doping is innovatively developed to modulate the pore structure of carbon matrix (F‐CNS) to encapsulate red P with enhanced potassium storage capability. Theoretical calculations reveal that F doping induces additional defects within the carbon layer, which facilitates P4 molecules embedding into the F‐doping‐induced micropores, enhances the adsorption ability toward K atoms and P4 molecules, and improves electrochemical kinetics assisted with more charge transfer obtained from the electron density difference, thus enabling robust potassium storage capability for such unique Red P@F‐CNS anode. Accordingly, the Red P@F‐CNS anode demonstrates outstanding cycling stability (90% capacity retention after 800 cycles at 2A g−1), and the potassium‐ion full cell (Red P@F‐CNS//KFeHCF) exhibits exceptional long‐term cycling performance (129 mAh g−1 after 2500 cycles at 5 A g−1 with only 0.014% decay per cycle). In situ characterizations confirm the superior structural integrity of the carbon‐based matrix. This study offers a rational design principle for engineering high‐performance carbon‐supported alloying‐typed anodes for KIBs.
Microstructural Tuning of High‐Performance Bacterial Cellulose Anion Exchange Membranes via Constrained In Situ Polymerization and Double Chemical Cross‐Linking
Authors: Wang Chuanzheng , Zhou Zhengyuan , Zhou Tianchi , Luo Xi , Gao Aiqin , Zhou Yongnan , Yang Xiaohui , Li Ziyin , Yang Qun , Qiao Jinli
Published: September 2024

High electrochemical and durability anion exchange membranes (AEMs) are a vital material for Flexible zinc‐air batteries (F‐ZAB) and AEM water electrolysis (AEMWE) to achieve green economy and environmental protection. However, the existing AEMs possess the disadvantages of a complicated preparation process, poor homogeneity, and unsatisfactory electrochemical performance. Here, a novel alkaline exchange membrane is synthesized using bacterial cellulose (BC) as the matrix, incorporating constrained in situ Poly (diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) polymerization and double chemical cross‐linking techniques. By adjusting the microstructure, a unique long‐range order and dense internal structure to address the issue of loose bonding between PDDA and BC is established and achieve the purpose of rapid OH− conduction. The membranes exhibit excellent application properties, with excellent ionic conductivity (145.12 mS cm−1) and superb mechanical strength (73.26 MPa). Consequently, the membrane is assembled into the F‐ZAB, and the unprecedented power density of 258.7 mW cm−2 can be achieved at room temperature. Moreover, the membrane also can reach 3.0 A cm−2 at 2.3 V, indicating good prospects in the field of water electrolysis in 6 m KOH. The approach paves a new path for manufacturing AEMs for green energy and environmental applications.
Hydrogel‐Based Functional Materials for Thermoelectric Applications: Progress and Perspectives
Authors: Zhang Chenyang , Shi Xiao‐Lei , Liu Qingyi , Chen Zhi‐Gang
Published: September 2024

Hydrogels are renowned for their complex structures and unique physicochemical properties, establishing them as key materials in bioenergy harvesting applications. They are used in various applications, including triboelectric nanogenerators, piezoelectric, hydraulic, thermoelectric, and biofuel cells. Among these, hydrogels as key materials for thermoelectric applications represent a technology capable of continuously converting biological energy (thermal energy) into electrical energy. This technology shows great potential and commercial value in body monitoring, energy storage, and human‐machine interaction applications. Given its rapid development, a timely review focusing on the research progress of hydrogels and their composites in thermoelectric technology is presented. This review discusses various types of hydrogels used for thermoelectric power generation and refrigeration, their unique properties, strategies for enhancing their thermoelectric performance, and their applications in the field. Finally, the remaining challenges and feasible strategies are identified for improving the efficiency, stability, application range, and system‐level integration of next‐generation hydrogels for thermoelectric applications.
Advanced Optical‐Thermal Integrated Flexible Tactile Sensor for High‐Fine Recognition of Liquid Property in Non‐Contact Mode
Authors: Xu Jingyi , Peng Lu , Yuan Shen , Li Shengzhao , Zhu Hao , Fu Lei , Zhang Ting , Li Tie
Published: September 2024

Flexible sensors have been applied to accurately identify the basic features of various solid objects. However, a significant obstacle is the accurate identification of liquids, due to it is impossible to exert force directly on those. Here, an optical‐thermal flexible tactile sensor is designed for liquid recognition, which integrates PEDOT:PSS/SrTiO3 thermoelectric foam and ZnS‐CaZnOS mechanoluminescent (ML) film coated with thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), enabling the simultaneous detection of thermal and optical changes with low interference, via its exceptional mechanical stimuli‐caused light and superior thermoelectric voltage, respectively. In addition, the TPU coating imparts the device with excellent hydrophobic and oleophobic properties, enhancing its durability in complex conditions. This flexible sensor, possessing high stability under thermal and mechanical cycles, can distinguish different pure solvents and turbid suspensions, achieving a high‐fine recognition accuracy of 95% and 97.5%, respectively, with the aid of the fusion algorithm of multimodal sensory data based on the thermal and optical outputs. This capability of the device can underscore the practical utility of humanoid robots to identify hazardous liquids in some scenarios like safety inspection and kitchen condiments, which addresses the critical gaps in current sensory technologies by providing a robust, sensitive, and multifunctional strategy for accurate liquid recognition.
Modulating the Coordination Environment of Co Single‐Atom Catalysts: Impact on Lithium‐Sulfur Battery Performance
Authors: Li Yi , Chen Zhaoyang , Zhong Xin‐Yu , Mei Tiehan , Li Zhao , Yue Liang , Yang Jin‐Lin , Fan Hong Jin , Xu Maowen
Published: September 2024

The coordination environment is crucial to the electrocatalytic activity of single‐atom catalysts (SACs). Although substituting N atoms in traditional transition metal‐nitrogen (TM‐N4) configuration with other non‐metal atoms has been reported, its specific role in sulfur electrochemical reactions has not been sufficiently investigated. Herein, a Co‐P2N2 SACs configuration is fabricated to investigate the mechanistic differences compared to Co‐N4 in sulfur reduction/oxidation. This configuration enhances the electron transfer with Li2S6, where the electrons tend to aggregate between P and Li atoms as two separate parts rather than a single merged zone as observed in symmetric Co‐N4 SACs. This process facilitates polysulfide decomposition and promotes Li2S nucleation/oxidation. Furthermore, the CoPNC interlayer effectively suppresses cell self‐discharge and Li anode corrosion due to polysulfide shuttling. Li‐Li symmetrical cell incorporated with the CoPNC interlayer achieves a prolonged lifespan exceeding 1000 h, and Li‐S full cell delivers a discharge capacity of more than 1500 mAh g−1. This research provides insights into how the geometric configuration of SACs influences the performance of conversion‐type batteries.
Polyoxometalate Initiated In situ Conformal Coating of Multifunctional Hybrid Artificial Layers for High Performance Zinc Metal Anodes
Authors: Byun Jin Suk , Kim Won Il , Baek Sang Ha , Hao Fu , Kim Haewon , Chung Yongchul G. , Li Ling‐Xuan , Zhang Rui , Park Ho Seok
Published: September 2024

Aqueous zinc (Zn) metal batteries are very attractive owing to the high theoretical capacity (820 mAh g−1), meritable electrode potential (−0.76 V vs SHE), low cost, and environmental friendliness of Zn metal anodes. However, the dendrite formation, corrosion, and water decomposition on Zn metal anodes should be resolved for their practical applications. Herein, conformally coated multifunctional organic/inorganic hybrid artificial layers are demonstrated for the reversible and stable Zn deposition. These hybrid layers are synthesized through polyoxometalate (POM) initiated polymerization into poly(1,3‐dioxolane) (Poly(DOL)) and directly coated onto the Zn surface. Moreover, POM acted as chemical bridge connecting Poly(DOL) with Zn metal anode to construct mechanically robust layers with a thickness of ≈40 nm. The fast and selective Zn2+ ion transport of multifunctional POM/Poly(DOL) hybrid layer (POMDOL) and their preferential growth into (002) crystalline plane are attributed to the reversible Zn deposition. Accordingly, POMDOL coated Zn (PDOLZn) anodes achieves an extended cycling period up to 2,876 hours with a cumulative capacity of 29 Ah g−1 at 20 mA cm−2 and 1 mAh cm−2. Moreover, depth of discharge (DOD) of 40% is achieved. Consequently, the PDOLZn || β‐MnO2 full cells delivered the high specific capacity of 245 mAh g−1 and long‐term stability over 1 000 cycles.
Collagen‐Mediated Solvent Sheathing and Derived Interfacial Manipulation Toward Ultrahigh‐Rate Zn Anodes
Authors: Gao Jinyu , Qiu Bin , Huang Jie , Wen Jiaming , Yang Ming , Zhang Peixin , He Chuanxin , Mi Hongwei
Published: September 2024

The zinc (Zn) anode in zinc‐ion batteries suffers from potential defects such as wild dendrite growth, severe Zn corrosion, and violent hydrogen evolution reaction, inducing erratic interfacial charge transfer kinetics, which eventually leads to electrochemical failure. Here, collagen, a biomacromolecule, is added to achieve the reconstruction of the electrolyte hydrogen‐bonding network and the modification of the derived Zn interface. Benefiting from the electronegativity advantage of amino groups (‐NH2) in collagen, the Zn (002) crystal plane is preferentially exposed and the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) rich in ZnF2 and Zn3N2 promotes the rapid charge transfer of Zn anode. Thence, an impressive cumulative capacity of 7,500 mAh cm−2 at 30 mA cm−2 is achieved and the assembled Zn|VO2 cell exhibited robust cycle reversibility even when subject to a maximum current of 100 A g−1 and an ultra‐long cycle life of 20,000 cycles at 50 A g−1, with a single‐cycle capacity loss as low as 0.0021%. Such a convenient strategy of solvent sheathing regulation and derived interfacial manipulation opening up a promising universal approach toward long‐life and high‐rate Zn anodes.
Decellularized Biohybrid Nerve Promotes Motor Axon Projections
Authors: Mehta Abijeet Singh , Zhang Sophia L. , Xie Xinran , Khanna Shreyaa , Tropp Joshua , Ji Xudong , Daso Rachel E. , Franz Colin K. , Jordan Sumannas W. , Rivnay Jonathan
Published: September 2024

Developing nerve grafts with intact mesostructures, superior conductivity, minimal immunogenicity, and improved tissue integration is essential for the treatment and restoration of neurological dysfunctions. A key factor is promoting directed axon growth into the grafts. To achieve this, biohybrid nerves are developed using decellularized rat sciatic nerve modified by in situ polymerization of poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT). Nine biohybrid nerves are compared with varying polymerization conditions and cycles, selecting the best candidate through material characterization. These results show that a 1:1 ratio of FeCl3 oxidant to ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) monomer, cycled twice, provides superior conductivity (>0.2 mS cm−1), mechanical alignment, intact mesostructures, and high compatibility with cells and blood. To test the biohybrid nerve's effectiveness in promoting motor axon growth, human Spinal Cord Spheroids (hSCSs) derived from HUES 3 Hb9:GFP cells are used, with motor axons labeled with green fluorescent protein (GFP). Seeding hSCS onto one end of the conduit allows motor axon outgrowth into the biohybrid nerve. The construct effectively promotes directed motor axon growth, which improves significantly after seeding the grafts with Schwann cells. This study presents a promising approach for reconstructing axonal tracts in humans.
An Ultrasensitive Molecularly Imprinted Point‐Of‐Care Electrochemical Sensor for Detection of Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein
Authors: Li Yixuan , Luo Liuxiong , Senicar Lenart , Asrosa Rica , Kizilates Burcu , Xing Kaizhong , Torres Elias , Xu Lizhou , Li Danyang , Graham Neil , Heslegrave Amanda , Zetterberg Henrik , Sharp David J. , Li Bing
Published: September 2024

Accurate assessment of neurological disease through monitoring of biomarkers has been made possible using the antibody‐based assays. But these assays suffer from expensive development of antibody probes, reliance on complicated equipments, and high maintenance costs. Here, using the novel reduced graphene oxide/polydopamine‐molecularly imprinted polymer (rGO/PDA‐MIP) as the probe layer, a robust electrochemical sensing platform is demonstrated for the ultrasensitive detection of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a biomarker for a range of neurological diseases. A miniaturized integrated circuit readout system is developed to interface with the electrochemical sensor, which empowers it with the potential to be used as a point‐of‐care (POC) diagnostic tool in primary clinical settings. This innovative platform demonstrated good sensitivity, selectivity, and stability, with imprinting factor evaluated as 2.8. A record low limit‐of‐detection (LoD) is down to 754.5 ag mL−1, with a wide dynamic range from 1 to 106 fg mL−1. The sensing platform is validated through the analysis of GFAP in clinical plasma samples, yielding a recovery rate range of 81.6–108.8% compared to Single Molecule Array (Simoa). This cost‐effective and user‐friendly sensing platform holds the potential to be deployed in primary and resource‐limited clinical settings for the assessment of neurological diseases.
Silicon Clathrate‐Supported Catalysts with Low Work Functions for Ammonia Synthesis
Authors: Al Maksoud Walid , Bacha Raza Ullah Shah , Pixius Jan‐Malte , Viswanathan M. , Vaishnav Yuvraj , Rai Rohit K. , Hedhili Mohamed N. , Wang Qingxiao , Kobayashi Yoji
Published: September 2024

Diamond‐type silicon has a work function of ≈4.8 eV, and conventional n‐ or p‐type doping modifies the value only between 4.6 and 5.05 eV. Here, it is shown that the alkali clathrates AxSi46 have substantially lower work functions approaching 2.6 eV, with clear trends between alkali electropositivity and clathrate cage size. The low work function enables alkali clathrates such as K8Si46 to be effective Haber‐Bosch catalyst supports for NH3 synthesis. The catalytic properties of Si, Ge, and Sn‐based clathrates are investigated while supporting Fe and Ru on the surface. The activity largely scales with the work function, and low activation energies below 60 kJ mol−1 are observed due to strong electron donation effects from the support. Ru metal and Sn clathrates seem to be unsuitable for stability issues. Compared to other similar hydride/electride catalysts, the simple structure and composition combined with stability in air/water make a systematic study of these clathrates possible and open the door to other electron‐rich Zintl phases and related intermetallics as low‐work function materials suitable for catalysis. The observed low work function may also have implications for other existing electronic applications.
Reviving Sodium Tunnel Oxide Cathodes Based on Structural Modulation and Sodium Compensation Strategy Toward Practical Sodium‐Ion Cylindrical Battery
Authors: Liu Hanxiao , Kong Lingyi , Wang Hongrui , Li Jiayang , Wang Jingqiang , Zhu Yanfang , Li Hongwei , Jian Zhuangchun , Jia Xinbei , Su Yu , Zhang Shilin , Mao Jianfeng , Chen Shuangqiang , Liu Yang , Chou Shulei , Xiao Yao
Published: September 2024

As a typical tunnel oxide, Na0.44MnO2 features excellent electrochemical performance and outstanding structural stability, making it a promising cathode for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). However, it suffers from undesirable challenges such as surface residual alkali, multiple voltage plateaus, and low initial charge specific capacity. Herein, an internal and external synergistic modulation strategy is adopted by replacing part of the Mn with Ti to optimize the bulk phase and construct a Ti‐containing epitaxial stabilization layer, resulting in reduced surface residual alkali, excellent Na+ transport kinetics and improved water/air stability. Specifically, the Na0.44Mn0.85Ti0.15O2 using water‐soluble carboxymethyl cellulose as a binder can realize a capacity retention rate of 94.30% after 1,000 cycles at 2C, and excellent stability is further verified in kilogram large‐up applications. In addition, taking advantage of the rich Na content in Prussian blue analog (PBA), PBA‐Na0.44Mn1‐xTixO2 composites are designed to compensate for the insufficient Na in the tunnel oxide and are matched with hard carbon to achieve the preparation of coin full cell and 18650 cylindrical battery with satisfactory electrochemical performance. This work enables the application of tunnel oxides cathode for SIBs in 18650 cylindrical batteries for the first time and promotes the commercialization of SIBs.
Identifying Highly Active and Selective Cobalt X‐Ides for Electrocatalytic Hydrogenation of Quinoline
Authors: Du Han , Wang Tianyi , Li Meng , Yin Zitong , Lv Ransheng , Zhang Muzhe , Wu Xiangrui , Tang Yawen , Li Hao , Fu Gengtao
Published: September 2024

Earth‐abundant Co X‐ides are emerging as promising catalysts for the electrocatalytic hydrogenation of quinoline (ECHQ), yet challenging due to the limited fundamental understanding of ECHQ mechanism on Co X‐ides. This work identifies the catalytic performance differences of Co X‐ides in ECHQ and provides significant insights into the catalytic mechanism of ECHQ. Among selected Co X‐ides, the Co3O4 presents the best ECHQ performance with a high conversion of 98.2% and 100% selectivity at ambient conditions. The Co3O4 sites present a higher proportion of 2‐coordinated hydrogen‐bonded water at the interface than other Co X‐ides at a low negative potential, which enhances the kinetics of subsequent water dissociation to produce H*. An ideal 1,4/2,3‐H* addition pathway on Co3O4 surface with a spontaneous desorption of 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroquinoline is demonstrated through operando tracing and theoretical calculations. In comparison, the Co9S8 sites display the lowest ECHQ performance due to the high thermodynamic barrier in the H* formation step, which suppresses subsequent hydrogenation; while the ECHQ on Co(OH)F and CoP sites undergo the 1,2,3,4‐ and 4,3/1,2‐H* addition pathway respectively with the high desorption barriers and thus low conversion of quinoline. Moreover, the Co3O4 presents a wide substrate scope and allows excellent conversion of other quinoline derivatives and N‐heterocyclic substrates.
Solar Cells on Multicrystalline Silicon Thin Films Converted from Low‐Cost Soda‐Lime Glass
Authors: Schall Ingrid , Jia Guobin , Brückner Uwe , Gawlik Annett , Strelow Christian , Krügener Jan , Tan Ditian , Fahrbach Michael , Ebbinghaus Stefan G. , Plentz Jonathan , Peiner Erwin
Published: September 2024

Fabrication and characterization of solar cells based on multicrystalline silicon (mc‐Si) thin films are described and synthesized from low‐cost soda‐lime glass (SLG). The aluminothermic redox reaction of the silicon oxide in SLG during low‐temperature annealing at 600 – 650 °C leads to an mc‐Si thin film with large grains of lateral dimensions in the millimeter range, and moderate p‐type conductivity with an average Al acceptor concentration between 5 × 1016 and 1.2 × 1017 cm−3 in the bulk. A residual composite layer of mainly alumina and unreacted Al forms beneath the mc‐Si thin film as the second product of the crystalline silicon synthesis (CSS) process, which can be used as rear contact in a vertical solar cell design. The mc‐Si absorber (≈10 µm) is thin enough that the diffusion length given by a minority carrier lifetime of ≈1 µs exceeds the path length to the top contact several times. Homojunction and heterojunction diodes have been fabricated on the mc‐Si thin films and show great potential of CSS for the realization of high‐performance solar cells.
DIB‐BOT: An Open‐Source Hardware Approach for Plate‐Integrated Droplet Interface Bilayer Deposition
Authors: Mason Alexander F , Wickham Shelley FJ , Baker Matthew AB
Published: September 2024

Droplet interface bilayers (DIBs) offer a controlled lipid environment for studying membrane‐bound processes, with applications in artificial cells, biosensing, and biophysics. Current DIB fabrication faces challenges due to time‐consuming processes and specialized equipment, limiting scale‐up and hindering statistical significance in single‐molecule assays. This research introduces “DIB‐BOT,” an open‐source solution combining a nanoinjector and a 3D printer. DIB‐BOT enables rapid, reproducible DIB fabrication, overcoming manual limitations. Using off‐the‐shelf components, DIB‐BOT ensures high spatial reproducibility, minimal user input, and scalable experiments. The system's utility is demonstrated through pairwise droplet assembly and a fluorescence plate‐reader assay. Compared to manual fabrication, DIB‐BOT shows a 10‐fold reduction in droplet volume error, a threefold reduction in positional error, and 100% droplet yield. This method lowers entry barriers to DIB research, expanding its applications and enhancing data quality.
Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence and Beyond. Photophysics and Material Design Strategies.
Authors: Yersin Hartmut , Monkowius Uwe
Published: September 2024

This review focuses on thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). Photophysical properties of Cu(I) complexes and unique organic molecules are addressed. Investigations, based on temperature‐dependent emission studies, micro‐ to femto‐second time‐resolved spectroscopy investigations, quantum mechanical considerations, state‐of‐art calculations, and organic light‐emitting diodes (OLED) device studies, address exciton harvesting mechanisms and photophysical impact of the energy gap ΔE(S1–T1) and spin‐orbit coupling (SOC). We disclose relationship between (i) ΔE(S1–T1) and transition rate k(S1–S0); (ii) SOC, phosphorescence, and intersystem crossing (ISC); (iii) internal/external rigidity, luminescence quantum yield, excitation self‐trapping, and concentration quenching; (iv) environment polarity and state energy tuning, as well as (v) SOC and combined ambient‐temperature TADF/phosphorescence, zero‐field splitting, and spin‐lattice relaxation (at T = 1.2 K). These studies guide us to milestone Cu(I) complexes. Moreover, we demonstrate that fast ISC in organic molecules requires state mixing with an additional, energetically close triplet state. Thus, a guide structure for unique organic TADF molecules with ultra‐fast ISC and reverse‐ISC rates (>109 s−1) combined with ΔE(S1–T1)<10 cm−1 (<1 meV) is presented allowing for ultra‐fast singlet‐triplet equilibrated fluorescence with sub‐microsecond decay. First OLEDs fabricated show high external quantum efficiency of ≈19%. Based on this breakthrough material class, a new exciton harvesting mechanism, the direct singlet harvesting (DSH), is presented.
Realizing the Kinetic Origin of Hydrogen Evolution for Aqueous Zinc Metal Batteries
Authors: Rana Ashutosh , Roy Kingshuk , Heil Joseph N , Nguyen James H. , Renault Christophe , Tackett Brian M. , Dick Jeffrey E.
Published: September 2024

The commercialization of zinc metal batteries (ZMBs) for large‐scale energy storage is hindered by challenges such as dendrite formation, the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), and passivation/corrosion, which lead to poor stability of zinc metal anodes. HER is a primary contributor to this instability, and despite efforts to enhance ZMB cyclability, a significant knowledge gap remains regarding the origin of HER in these systems. Prior works, based primarily on theoretical calculations with minimal experimental support, suggest that HER originates from Zn2⁺‐solvated water. For the first time, by employing scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), and electrochemical mass spectrometry (ECMS), in real‐time the inherently intertwined nature of Zn electrodeposition and H₂ liberation is revealed, both exhibiting the same onset potential in voltammetry. The findings show that water molecules surrounding Zn2⁺ ions undergo reduction simultaneously during Zn2⁺ deposition. Additionally, ECMS conducted under chronopotentiometric/galvanostatic conditions at battery‐relevant current densities elucidates why elevated electrolyte concentrations enhance the prolonged cyclability of ZMBs. Understanding the origin of HER opens avenues for developing high‐performance, reliable aqueous ZMBs, addressing key challenges in their commercialization and advancing their technological capabilities.
Robust Nitrogen/Sulfur Co‐Doped Carbon Frameworks as Multifunctional Coating Layer on Si Anodes Toward Superior Lithium Storage
Authors: Yu Yuanyuan , Yang Chen , Jiang Yan , Shang Zhoutai , Zhu Jiadeng , Zhang Junhua , Jiang Mengjin
Published: September 2024

Silicon (Si)‐based anodes hold great potential for next‐generation lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) due to their exceptional theoretical capacity. However, their practical application is hindered by the notably substantial volume expansion and unstable electrode/electrolyte interfaces during cycling, leading to rapid capacity degradation. To address these challenges, we have engineered a porous nitrogen/sulfur co‐doped carbon layer (CBPOD) to uniformly encapsulate Si, providing a multifunctional protective coating. This innovative design effectively passivates the electrode/electrolyte interface and mitigates the volumetric expansion of Si. The N/S co‐doping framework significantly enhances electronic and ionic conductivity. Furthermore, the carbonization process augments the elastic modulus of CBPOD and reconstructs the Si‐CBPOD interface, facilitating the formation of robust chemical bonds. These features collectively contribute to the high performance of the Si‐CBPOD anodes, which demonstrate a high reversible capacity of 1110.8 mAh g−1 after 1000 cycles at 4 A g−1 and an energy density of 574 Wh kg−1 with a capacity retention of over 75.6% after 300 cycles at 0.2 C. This study underscores the substantial potential of the CBPOD protective layer in enhancing the performance of Si anodes, providing a pathway for the development of composite materials with superior volumetric energy density and prolonged cyclic stability, thereby advancing high‐performance LIBs.
Emergency department visits for heat‐related illness among workers: Occupational health surveillance using Washington syndromic surveillance data
Authors: Wuellner Sara , Turner Kali , Spector June T.
Published: September 2024

Background

Information on worker occupation and industry is critical to understanding the occupational risks of heat‐related illness (HRI), yet few syndromic surveillance systems capture these key data elements. This study evaluates the work data reported through Washington syndromic surveillance for its utility in characterizing HRI ED visits by industry and occupation.

Methods

Standard industry and occupation codes were assigned to employer name and occupation descriptions reported in Washington ED visit records maintained within the state's syndromic surveillance system, for visits involving HRI in 2020–2022. HRI ED visits involving workplace heat exposure were identified based on discharge diagnoses or on keywords in the triage note or chief complaint fields. HRI ED visits were summarized by patient characteristics, and visit rates were calculated by industry and occupation.

Results

Employer name or occupation descriptions were reported in 21.5% of HRI ED records among patients age 16 and older, and in 41.2% of records with mention of heat exposure at work. Twice as many records were classified for industry as for occupation. Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting and transportation and warehousing had the highest rates of HRI ED visits. Specific industries with the highest rates included support activities for agriculture and forestry, the postal service, and fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty food manufacturing.

Conclusion

Syndromic surveillance data are a valuable source of occupational health surveillance information when work characteristics are reported, enhancing our understanding of the occupational risks of injuries and illnesses.
Technical note: A biological anthropologist's guide for applying microbiome science to studies of human and non‐human primates
Authors: Manus Melissa B. , Lucore Jordan , Kuthyar Sahana , Moy Madelyn , Savo Sardaro Maria Luisa , Amato Katherine R.
Published: September 2024

A central goal of biological anthropology is connecting environmental variation to differences in host physiology, biology, health, and evolution. The microbiome represents a valuable pathway for studying how variation in host environments impacts health outcomes. While there are many resources for learning about methods related to microbiome sample collection, laboratory analyses, and genetic sequencing, there are fewer dedicated to helping researchers navigate the dense portfolio of bioinformatics and statistical approaches for analyzing microbiome data. Those that do exist are rarely related to questions in biological anthropology and instead are often focused on human biomedicine. To address this gap, we expand on existing tutorials and provide a “road map” to aid biological anthropologists in understanding, selecting, and deploying the data analysis and visualization methods that are most appropriate for their specific research questions. Leveraging an existing dataset of fecal samples and survey data collected from wild geladas living in Simien Mountains National Park in Ethiopia (Baniel et al., 2021), this paper guides researchers toward answering three questions related to variation in the gut microbiome across host and environmental factors. By providing explanations, examples, and a reproducible workflow for different analytic methods, we move beyond the theoretical benefits of considering the microbiome within anthropological research and instead present researchers with a guide for applying microbiome science to their work. This paper makes microbiome science more accessible to biological anthropologists and paves the way for continued research into the microbiome's role in the ecology, evolution, and health of human and non‐human primates.
Hyaluronic Acid Influences Amino Acid Metabolism via Differential L‐Type Amino Acid Transporter 1 Expression in the U87‐Malignant Glioma Cell Line
Authors: Bale Ashwin A. , Thammineni Swaroop , Bhargava Rohit , Harley Brendan
Published: September 2024

The glioblastoma (GBM) tumor microenvironment is heterogeneous, complex, and being increasingly understood as a significant contributor to tumor progression. In brain tumors, the extracellular matrix contains a large concentration of hyaluronic acid (HA) that makes it important to study its role in cancer progression. In particular, abnormal accumulation of HA is observed in gliomas and is often associated with poor prognosis. In addition, HA is a polymer and its molecular weight (MW) distribution may influence tumor cell activity. Herein, the influence of the MW of HA on tumor cell metabolism is evaluated. A 2D cell culture approach is used to expose the U87‐MG (medium glucose [MG]) cell line to different HA MWs (10, 60, and 500 kDa) and glucose concentrations (0, 5.5, and 25 mm). Notably, it is found that HA influences GBM amino acid metabolism via reduction in LAT1 transporter protein expression. Also an influence on mitochondrial respiration levels and a difference in the accumulation of some key products of cell metabolic activity (lactic acid, glutamic acid, and succinic acid) are reported. Overall, in these results, it is indicated that HA MW can influence GBM metabolic state, with implications for cell invasion and tumor progression.
Highly Efficient Near‐Infrared Luminescent Radicals with Emission Peaks over 750 nm
Authors: Wu Chunxiao , Lu Chen , Yu Shilong , Zhang Minzhe , Zhang Houyu , Zhang Ming , Li Feng
Published: September 2024

Purely organic molecules exhibiting near‐infrared (NIR) emission possess considerable potential for applications in both biological and optoelectronic technological domains, owing to their inherent advantages such as cost‐effectiveness, biocompatibility, and facile chemical modifiability. However, the repertoire of such molecules with emission peaks exceeding 750 nm and concurrently demonstrating high photoluminescence quantum efficiency (PLQE) remains relatively scarce due to the energy gap law. Herein, we report two open‐shell NIR radical emitters, denoted as DMNA‐Cz‐BTM and DMNA‐PyID‐BTM, achieved through the strategic integration of a donor group (DMNA) onto the Cz‐BTM and PyID‐BTM frameworks, respectively. We found that the donor‐acceptor molecular structure allows the two designed radical emitters to exhibit a charge‐transfer excited state and spatially separated electron and hole levels with non‐bonding characteristics. Thus, the high‐frequency vibrations are effectively suppressed. Besides, the reduction of low‐frequency vibrations is observed. Collectively, the non‐radiative decay channel is significantly suppressed, leading to exceptional NIR PLQE values. Specifically, DMNA‐Cz‐BTM manifests an emission peak at 758 nm alongside a PLQE of 55 %, whereas DMNA‐PyID‐BTM exhibits an emission peak at 778 nm with a PLQE of 66 %. Notably, these represent the pinnacle of PLQE among metal‐free organic NIR emitters with emission peaks surpassing 750 nm.
Rebound methaemoglobinaemia secondary to intentional sodium nitrite ingestion
Authors: Dalziel J. , Urwin D. , Band G. , Dey S. , Barker T. , Frank R.
Published: September 2024

We report a case of rebounding severe methaemoglobinaemia secondary to sodium nitrite ingestion, despite several administrations of methylene blue. The patient's clinical course was characterised by a series of alternating improvements and deteriorations and proved challenging for treating clinicians. On discussion with poisoning experts, it was hypothesised that a small amount of sodium nitrite remained in the gastrointestinal tract leading to prolonged absorption of the causative agent. Methaemoglobin levels returned to normal following the administration of multi‐dose activated charcoal via a nasogastric tube 30 h after the initial presentation to hospital.
Structural, spectroscopic, fluorescent, and computational studies of binuclear copper (II) and zinc (II) complexes with an asymmetric salamo‐type ligand
Authors: Chai Zhi‐Lei , Li‐Tong  , Zhang Hai‐Wei , Wang Li , Dong Wen‐Kui
Published: September 2024

Salamo‐type ligand H2L was designed and synthesized and reacted with Cu (II) and Zn (II) acetate, respectively, to obtain two binuclear Cu (II) and Zn (II) complexes: [Cu2(L)2]·2CH3OH (1) and [Zn2(L)2] (2) having the same coordination number but distinct geometries. Complex 1 is a Cu (II) complex containing two crystalline ethanol molecules, where two Cu (II) atoms are surrounded by two utterly deprotonated (L)2− parts, forming slightly twisted tetragonal pyramidal configurations of pentacoordinate. In complex 2, two utterly deprotonated (L)2− parts surround two Zn (II) atoms, forming pentadentate twisted triangular bipyramidal configurations. The complexes were elucidated via IR analyses and ultraviolet spectroscopy. Using DFT theoretical calculation, MEPs, IRI, and Hirshfeld surface analysis to investigate further the molecular interactions and reaction sites. Ultimately, the fluorescence characteristics of H2L and its complexes 1 and 2 were discussed.
Diversity and Epitope Spreading of Anti–RNA Polymerase III Antibodies in Systemic Sclerosis: A Potential Biomarker for Skin and Lung Involvement
Authors: Kotani Hirohito , Matsuda Kazuki M. , Yamaguchi Kei , Ono Chihiro , Kogo Emi , Ogawa Koji , Kobayashi Yuki , Hisamoto Teruyoshi , Kawanabe Ruriko , Kuzumi Ai , Fukasawa Takemichi , Yoshizaki‐Ogawa Asako , Goshima Naoki , Sato Shinichi , Yoshizaki Ayumi
Published: September 2024

Objective

Epitope spreading (ES), involving autoantibodies, plays a crucial role in the development and persistence of autoimmune reactions in various autoimmune diseases. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between ES of anti–RNA polymerase III (RNAP III) antibodies (ARAs) and the clinical manifestations of systemic sclerosis (SSc).

Methods

We investigated whether intermolecular ES occurs in the subunits of the RNAP III complex and whether intramolecular ES targets the major antigen, RNA polymerase III subunit A (RPC1), in patients with SSc. To achieve this, we synthesized 17 full‐length subunit proteins of the RNAP III complex and 5 truncated forms of RPC1 in vitro using a wheat germ cell‐free translation system. Subsequently, we prepared antigen‐binding plates and measured autoantibodies in the serum of patients with SSc.

Results

Autoantibodies against different RNAP III complex subunits were found in patients who were ARA‐positive with SSc. The intermolecular ES indicators significantly correlated with the modified Rodnan skin thickness score (mRSS) and surfactant protein‐D, a biomarker of interstitial lung disease. However, the extent of disease on high‐resolution computed tomography or pulmonary function tests did not show any significant correlation. Intramolecular ES indicator against RPC1 were significantly correlated with mRSS and renal crisis. Furthermore, longitudinal assessment of ES in RNAP III complex subunits correlated with mRSS and exhibited potential as a disease activity biomarker.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate a correlation between ES levels and the severity of skin sclerosis or the risk of other complications in SSc. This study suggests that measuring ES in SSc serves as a novel biomarker for disease activity.

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