bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Use of the 2‐Pyridinealdoxime/N,N′‐Donor Ligand Combination in Cobalt(III) Chemistry: Synthesis and Characterization of Two Cationic Mononuclear Cobalt(III) Complexes
Authors: Konidaris Konstantis F. , Raptopoulou Catherine P. , Psycharis Vassilis , Perlepes Spyros P. , Manessi-Zoupa Evy , Stamatatos Theocharis C.
Published: July 2010

The use of 2‐pyridinealdoxime (paoH)/N,N′‐donor ligand (L‐L) “blend” in cobalt chemistry has afforded two cationic mononuclear cobalt(III) complexes of the general type [Co(pao) 2(L‐L)] +, where L‐L = 1,10‐phenanthroline (phen) and 2,2′‐bipyridine (bpy). The CoCl2/paoH/L‐L (1 : 2 : 1) reaction system in MeOH gives complexes [CoIII(pao) 2(phen)]Cl·2H2O (1·2H2O) and [CoIII(pao) 2(bpy)]Cl·1.5MeOH (2·1.5MeOH). The structures of the complexes were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography. The CoIII ions are six‐coordinate, surrounded by three bidentate chelating ligands, that is, two pao− and one phen or bpy. The deprotonated oxygen atom of the pao− ligand remains uncoordinated and participates in hydrogen bonding with the solvate molecules. IR data of the complexes are discussed in terms of the nature of bonding and the known structures.
Synthesis, Structure, and Antiproliferative Activity of Three Gallium(III) Azole Complexes
Authors: Zanias Stergios , Papaefstathiou Giannis S. , Raptopoulou Catherine P. , Papazisis Konstantinos T. , Vala Vasiliki , Zambouli Dimitra , Kortsaris Alexandros H. , Kyriakidis Dimitrios A. , Zafiropoulos Theodoros F.
Published: July 2010

As part of our interest into the bioinorganic chemistry of gallium, gallium(III) complexes of the azole ligands 2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole (btd), 1,2,3‐benzotriazole (btaH), and 1‐methyl‐4,5‐diphenylimidazole (L) have been isolated. Reaction of btaH or btd with GaBr3 or GaCl3 resulted in the mononuclear complexes [GaBr3(btaH)2] (1) and [GaCl3(btd)2] (2), respectively, while treatment of GaCl3 with L resulted in the anionic complex (LH)2[GaCl4] (3). All three complexes were characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography and IR spectroscopy, while their antiproliferative activities were investigated against a series of human and mouse cancer cell lines.
New Affine Coherent States Based on Elements of Nonrenormalizable Scalar Field Models
Authors: Klauder John R.
Published: July 2010

Recent proposals for a nontrivial quantization of covariant, nonrenormalizable, self‐interacting, scalar quantum fields have emphasized the importance of quantum fields that obey affine commutation relations rather than canonical commutation relations. When formulated on a spacetime lattice, such models have a lattice version of the associated ground state, and this vector is used as the fiducial vector for the definition of the associated affine coherent states, thus ensuring that in the continuum limit, the affine field operators are compatible with the system Hamiltonian. In this article, we define and analyze the associated affine coherent states as well as briefly review the author′s approach to nontrivial formulations of such nonrenormalizable models.
CBID: A Scalable Method for Distributed Data Aggregation in WSNs
Authors: Mpitziopoulos Aristides , Gavalas Damianos , Konstantopoulos Charalampos , Pantziou Grammati
Published: July 2010

Mobile Agent (MA) technology has been recently proposed in Wireless Sensors Networks (WSNs) literature to answer the scalability problem of client/server model in data fusion applications. Herein we present CBID, a novel algorithm that calculates near-optimal routes for MAs that incrementally fuse the data as they visit the Sensor Nodes (SNs) while also enabling fast updates on the designed itineraries upon changes of network topology. CBID dispatches in parallel a number of MAs that sequentially visit sensor nodes arranged in tree structures and upon visiting an SN with two or more child SNs, the MAs (master MAs) clone of themselves with each clone (slave MA) visiting a tree branch. When all slave MAs return to that SN, they deliver their collected data to the master MA and are then disposed of. This results in a significant reduction of the overall energy expenditure and response time. Simulation results prove the high effectiveness of CBID in data fusion tasks compared to other alternative algorithms.
Analysis of a Nonlinear Aeroelastic System with Parametric Uncertainties Using Polynomial Chaos Expansion
Authors: Desai Ajit , Sarkar Sunetra
Published: July 2010

Aeroelastic stability remains an important concern for the design of modern structures
such as wind turbine rotors, more so with the use of increasingly flexible blades.
A nonlinear aeroelastic system has been considered in the present study with parametric
uncertainties. Uncertainties can occur due to any inherent randomness in
the system or modeling limitations, and so forth. Uncertainties can play a significant role in
the aeroelastic stability predictions in a nonlinear system. The analysis has been
put in a stochastic framework, and the propagation of system uncertainties has
been quantified in the aeroelastic response. A spectral uncertainty quantification
tool called Polynomial Chaos Expansion has been used. A projection‐based nonintrusive
Polynomial Chaos approach is shown to be much faster than its classical
Galerkin method based counterpart. Traditional Monte Carlo Simulation is used
as a reference solution. Effect of system randomness on the bifurcation behavior
and the flutter boundary has been presented. Stochastic bifurcation results and
bifurcation of probability density functions are also discussed.
Cosmic Strings and Their Induced Non‐Gaussianities in the Cosmic Microwave Background
Authors: Ringeval Christophe
Published: July 2010

Motivated by the fact that cosmological perturbations of inflationary quantum origin were born Gaussian, the search for non‐Gaussianities in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropies is considered as the privileged probe
of nonlinear physics in the early universe. Cosmic strings are active sources of gravitational perturbations and incessantly produce non‐Gaussian distortions in the CMB. Even if, on the currently observed angular scales, they can only contribute a
small fraction of the CMB angular power spectrum, cosmic strings could actually be the main source of its non‐Gaussianities. In this paper, after having reviewed the basic cosmological properties of a string network, we present the signatures Nambu‐Goto cosmic strings would induce in various observables ranging from the one‐point function of the temperature anisotropies to the bispectrum and trispectrum. It is shown that string imprints are significantly different than those expected from the primordial type of non‐Gaussianity and could therefore be easily distinguished.
Pt/Mesoporous Carbon Counter Electrode with a Low Pt Loading for High-Efficient Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Wang Guiqiang , Gu Junfeng , Zhuo Shuping
Published: July 2010

Pt/Mesoporous carbon counter electrodes with a low Pt loading for dye-sensitized solar cells were fabricated by coating Pt/mesoporous carbon on fluorine-doped tin oxide glass. Pt/mesoporous carbon samples were prepared by reducingH2PtCl6withNaBH4in mesoporous carbon and characterized byN2adsorption analysis, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The Pt particles deposited on mesoporous carbon support were found to be in uniform shape and narrow range of particle size. Low-Pt-loading Pt/mesoporous carbon counter electrode showed a high electrocatalytic activity for triiodide reduction. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurement displayed a low charge-transfer resistance of 1.2 Ωcm2for 1-Pt/mesoporous carbon counter electrode. Dye-sensitized solar cells based on the 1-Pt/mesoporous carbon counter electrode achieved an overall conversion efficiency of 6.62% under one sun illumination, which is higher than that of the cell with the conventional Pt counter electrode.
Clinical Features of Sarcomatoid Carcinoma (Carcinosarcoma) of the Urinary Bladder: Analysis of 221 Cases
Authors: Wang Jue , Wang Fen Wei , LaGrange Chad A. , Hemstreet III George P. , Kessinger Anne
Published: July 2010

Background. Urinary bladder sarcomatoid carcinoma (carcinosarcoma) is rare. The objective of this study was to examine the epidemiology, natural history, and prognostic factors of urinary bladder carcinosarcoma using population-based registry.Methods. The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program database was used to identify cases by tumor site and histology codes. The association between clinical and demographic characteristics and long-term survival was examined.Results. A total of 221 histology confirmed cases were identified between 1973 and 2004, this accounted for approximately 0.11% of all primary bladder tumors during the study period. Median age of the patients was 75 years (range 41–96). Of the patients with a known tumor stage , 72.5% had a regional or distant stage; 98.4% of patients with known histology grade , had poorly or undifferentiated histology. Multiple primary tumors were indentified in about 40% of study subjects. The majority of patients (95.9%) received cancer directed surgery, 35.8% had radical or partial cystectomy, 15.8% of patients received radiation therapy combination with surgery. The median overall survival was 14 months (95% CI 7–21 months). 1-, 5-, and 10-year cancer specific survival rate were 53.9%, 28.4% and 25.8%. In a multivariate analysis, only tumor stage was found to be a significant prognostic factor for disease-specific survival.Conclusions. Urinary bladder carcinosarcoma commonly presented as high grade, advanced stage and aggressive behavior with a poor prognosis. Emphasis on early detection, including identification of risk factors is needed to improve the outcome for patients with this malignancy.
The Proteomic Changes in Cynara Cardunculus L. var. altilis DC Following the Etiolation Phenomena Using De Novo Sequence Analysis
Authors: Guarino Carmine , De Simone Luciana , Santoro Simona , Caira Simonetta , Lilla Sergio , Calabrese Maria Grazia , Chianese Lina , Addeo Francesco
Published: July 2010

Etiolation of vegetables is a complex phenomenon implying qualitative and quantitative protein changes. The 2-DE protein profile of green and etiolated fleshy stalk samples has shown great differences in the 4–7 pH and 10 to 250 kDa mass range. Currently, a shortage of Cynara DNA or protein sequences has required the use of de novo sequencing and BLAST similarity searches for protein identification. Highlighted herein is an application of proteomics to the identification of proteins, which in a great part matched those from the Viridiplantae order. Quantitative evaluation, statistical analyses, and MALDI-TOF MS characterization of the resolved spots in green and etiolated samples of C. cardunculus enabled us to identify 46 out of 60 spots, containing 21 spots included conserved Viridiplantae domains.
The etiolation process is discussed in light of the identification of some proteins involved in specific biochemical and metabolic pathways.
Diagnostic Overlap between Fanconi Anemia and the Cohesinopathies: Roberts Syndrome and Warsaw Breakage Syndrome
Authors: van der Lelij Petra , Oostra Anneke B. , Rooimans Martin A. , Joenje Hans , de Winter Johan P.
Published: July 2010

Fanconi anemia (FA) is a recessively inherited disease characterized by multiple symptoms including growth retardation, skeletal abnormalities, and bone marrow failure. The FA diagnosis is complicated due to the fact that the clinical manifestations are both diverse and variable. A chromosomal breakage test using a DNA cross-linking agent, in which cells from an FA patient typically exhibit an extraordinarily sensitive response, has been considered the gold standard for the ultimate diagnosis of FA. In the majority of FA patients the test results are unambiguous, although in some cases the presence of hematopoietic mosaicism may complicate interpretation of the data. However, some diagnostic overlap with other syndromes has previously been noted in cases with Nijmegen breakage syndrome. Here we present results showing that misdiagnosis may also occur with patients suffering from two of the three currently known cohesinopathies, that is, Roberts syndrome (RBS) and Warsaw breakage syndrome (WABS). This complication may be avoided by scoring metaphase chromosomes—in addition to chromosomal breakage—for spontaneously occurring premature centromere division, which is characteristic for RBS and WABS, but not for FA.
Kinetic Studies and Mechanism of Hydrogen Peroxide Catalytic Decomposition by Cu(II) Complexes with Polyelectrolytes Derived from L‐Alanine and Glycylglycine
Authors: Skounas Spyridon , Methenitis Constantinos , Pneumatikakis George , Morcellet Michel
Published: July 2010

The catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide by Cu(II) complexes with polymers bearing L‐alanine (PAla) and glycylglycine (PGlygly) in their side chain was studied in alkaline aqueous media. The reactions were of pseudo‐first order with respect to [H2O2] and [L‐Cu(II)] (L stands for PAla or PGlygly) and the reaction rate was increased with pH increase. The energies of activation for the reactions were determined at pH 8.8, in a temperature range of 293–308 K. A suitable mechanism is proposed to account for the kinetic data, which involves the Cu(II)/Cu(I) redox pair, as has been demonstrated by ESR spectroscopy. The trend in catalytic efficiency is in the order PGlygly>PAla, due to differences in modes of complexation and in the conformation of the macromolecular ligands.
Development of 3D CAD/FEM Analysis System for Natural Teeth and Jaw Bone Constructed from X-Ray CT Images
Authors: Hasegawa Aki , Shinya Akikazu , Nakasone Yuji , Lassila Lippo V. J. , Vallittu Pekka K. , Shinya Akiyoshi
Published: July 2010

A three-dimensional finite element model of the lower first premolar, with the three layers of enamel, dentin, and pulp, and the mandible, with the two layers of cortical and cancellous bones, was directly constructed from noninvasively acquired CT images. This model was used to develop a system to analyze the stresses on the teeth and supporting bone structure during occlusion based on the finite element method and to examine the possibility of mechanical simulation.
Lethal Clostridium difficile Colitis Associated with Paclitaxel and Carboplatin Chemotherapy in Ovarian Carcinoma: Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Masciullo V. , Mainenti S. , Lorusso D. , Margariti P. A. , Scambia G.
Published: July 2010

Clostridium difficile colitis, although rare, could represent a serious complication following chemotherapy. Prior antibiotic use has been considered the single most important risk factor in the development of C. difficile infection. Recently, the association between antineoplastic therapy and C. difficile‐associated diarrhea in the absence of a prior antibiotic therapy has become more apparent. A 75‐year‐old woman with serous adenocarcinoma of the ovary developed lethal pancolitis caused by C. difficile after five cycles of paclitaxel‐ and carboplatin‐based chemotherapy. She presented with diarrhea, coffee‐ground emesis, and oliguria and was hospitalized immediately for aggressive treatment. Despite all the medical efforts, her condition worsened and she died after twenty days. We describe the second case reported of a patient developing a severe C. difficile colitis following chemotherapy without any recent antibiotic use and review the data of the literature, emphasizing the need to a prompt diagnosis and management that can significantly decrease the morbidity and life‐threatening complications associated with this infection.
Impacts of Oceanic Preexisting Conditions on Predictions of Typhoon Hai‐Tang in 2005
Authors: Wada Akiyoshi , Usui Norihisa
Published: July 2010

We investigated the impact of variations in oceanic preexisting conditions on predictions of Typhoon Hai‐Tang (2005) by using a coupled atmosphere‐ocean model with 6‐km horizontal resolution and providing the oceanic initial conditions on 12 July from 1997 to 2005 to the model. Variations in oceanic preexisting conditions caused variation in predicted central pressure of nearly 18 hPa at 72 h, whereas sea‐surface cooling (SSC) induced by Hai‐Tang caused a predicted central pressure difference of about 40 hPa. Warm‐core oceanic eddies up to a few hundred kilometers across and a deep mixed layer climatologically distributed in the western North Pacific led to high mixed‐layer heat potential, which increased latent heat flux, water vapor, and liquid water contents around Hai‐Tang′s center. These increases were closely associated with Hai‐Tang′s intensification. SSC negatively affected the eyewall, whereas variations in oceanic preexisting conditions remarkably affected spiral rainbands and the magnitude of SSC.
Multimodeling Control via System Balancing
Authors: Ratković Kovačević Nada , Škatarić Dobrila
Published: July 2010

A new approach in multimodeling strategy is proposed. Multimodel strategies in which control agents use different simplified models of the same system are being developed using balancing transformation and the corresponding order reduction concepts. Traditionally, the multimodeling concept was studied using the ideas of multitime scales (singular perturbations) and weak subsystem coupling. For all reduced‐order models obtained, a Linear Quadratic Gaussian (LQG) control problem was solved. Different order reduction techniques were compared based on the values of the optimized criteria for the closed‐loop case where the full‐order balanced model utilizes regulators calculated to be the optimal for various reduced‐order models. The results obtained were demonstrated on a real‐world example: a multiarea power system consisting of two identical areas, that is, two identical power plants.
Fishermen as a Suitable Population for HIV Intervention Trials
Authors: Kwena Zachary A. , Cohen Craig R. , Sang Norton M. , Ng'ayo Musa O. , Ochieng Jeremiah H. , Bukusi Elizabeth A.
Published: July 2010

Background. Suitable populations to sustain continued evaluation of HIV and sexually transmitted infection (STI) prevention interventions are required. We sought to determine whether fishermen are a suitable population for HIV intervention trials.Methods. In a cross-sectional descriptive survey, we selected 250 fishermen from proportional to size sampled boats. We collected socioeconomic and behavioral information, and specimens for HIV, herpes simplex virus (HSV-2), syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia and human papillomavirus (HPV) tests from consenting participants.Results. One third of the fishermen had concurrent sexual partnerships and two thirds were involved in transactional sex. About 70% were involved in extramarital sex with only one quarter using condoms in their three most recent sexual encounters. HIV prevalence was 26% and HSV-2 and HPV was 57%. Over 98% were willing to participate in a future HIV prevention clinical trial.Conclusion. Fishermen are a high-risk group for HIV/STI infections that may be suitable for HIV prevention trials. A cohort study would be useful to measure the incidence of HIV/STIs to ultimately determine the feasibility of enrolling this population in an HIV/STI prevention clinical trial.
Reprogramming Human Cancer Cells in the Mouse Mammary Gland
Authors: Bussard Karen M. , Boulanger Corinne A. , Booth Brian W. , Bruno Robert D. , Smith Gilbert H.
Published: July 2010

The tissue microenvironment directs stem/progenitor cell behavior. Cancer cells are also influenced by the microenvironment. It has been shown that, when placed into blastocysts, cancer cells respond to embryonic cues and differentiate according to the tissue type encountered during ontological development. Previously, we showed that the mouse mammary gland was capable of redirecting adult mouse testicular and neural stem/progenitor cells toward a mammary epithelial cell fate during gland regeneration. Here, we report that human embryonal carcinoma cells proliferate and produce differentiated mammary epithelial cell progeny when mixed with mouse mammary epithelial cells and inoculated into the epithelium-free mammary fat pads of athymic nude mice. Fluorescence in situ hybridization confirmed the presence of human cell progeny in the mammary outgrowths for human centromeric DNA, as well as immunochemistry for human-specific breast epithelial cytokeratins and human-specific milk proteins in impregnated transplant hosts. It was found that the number of human cells increased by 66- to 660-fold during mammary epithelial growth and expansion as determined by human cytokeratin expression. All features found in primary outgrowths were recapitulated in the secondary outgrowths from chimeric implants. These results show that human embryonal carcinoma–derived progeny interact with mouse mammary cells during mammary gland regeneration and are directed to differentiate into cells that exhibit diverse mammary epithelial cell phenotypes. This is the first demonstration that human cells are capable of recognizing the signals generated by the mouse mammary gland microenvironment present during gland regeneration in vivo. Cancer Res; 70(15); 6336–43. ©2010 AACR.
EGFRvIII Antibody–Conjugated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Magnetic Resonance Imaging–Guided Convection-Enhanced Delivery and Targeted Therapy of Glioblastoma
Authors: Hadjipanayis Costas G. , Machaidze Revaz , Kaluzova Milota , Wang Liya , Schuette Albert J. , Chen Hongwei , Wu Xinying , Mao Hui
Published: July 2010

The magnetic nanoparticle has emerged as a potential multifunctional clinical tool that can provide cancer cell detection by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast enhancement as well as targeted cancer cell therapy. A major barrier in the use of nanotechnology for brain tumor applications is the difficulty in delivering nanoparticles to intracranial tumors. Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONP; 10 nm in core size) conjugated to a purified antibody that selectively binds to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) deletion mutant (EGFRvIII) present on human glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cells were used for therapeutic targeting and MRI contrast enhancement of experimental glioblastoma, both in vitro and in vivo, after convection-enhanced delivery (CED). A significant decrease in glioblastoma cell survival was observed after nanoparticle treatment and no toxicity was observed with treatment of human astrocytes (P < 0.001). Lower EGFR phosphorylation was found in glioblastoma cells after EGFRvIIIAb-IONP treatment. Apoptosis was determined to be the mode of cell death after treatment of GBM cells and glioblastoma stem cell–containing neurospheres with EGFRvIIIAb-IONPs. MRI-guided CED of EGFRvIIIAb-IONPs allowed for the initial distribution of magnetic nanoparticles within or adjacent to intracranial human xenograft tumors and continued dispersion days later. A significant increase in animal survival was found after CED of magnetic nanoparticles (P < 0.01) in mice implanted with highly tumorigenic glioblastoma xenografts (U87ΔEGFRvIII). IONPs conjugated to an antibody specific to the EGFRvIII deletion mutant constitutively expressed by human glioblastoma tumors can provide selective MRI contrast enhancement of tumor cells and targeted therapy of infiltrative glioblastoma cells after CED. Cancer Res; 70(15); 6303–12. ©2010 AACR.
Effect of Chorionic Villus Sampling on Uterine Artery Doppler
Authors: Khalil Asma , Akolekar Ranjit , Syngelaki Argyro , Perez Penco Jose-Maria , Nicolaides Kypros H.
Published: July 2010

Introduction: The aim of this study was to examine the potential effect of chorionic villus sampling (CVS) on placental perfusion by examining the change in uterine artery pulsatility index (PI) between the first and second trimesters of pregnancy. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective screening study for pregnancy complications which included measurement of uterine artery PI at 11+0 to 13+6 weeks and at 20+0 to 24+6 weeks of gestation. In women at increased risk for fetal aneuploidies, CVS was performed. Uterine artery PI in the first and second trimesters, and the change in PI between the two examinations were compared between the CVS and non-CVS groups. Results: The study population included 8,822 singleton pregnancies, in 308 of which CVS was performed. In the CVS group, compared to the non-CVS group, the median uterine artery PI before CVS, corrected for gestational age, was higher in both the first and second trimesters of pregnancy, but the change in PI between the two examinations was not significantly different (p = 0.789). Conclusion: The performance of CVS in the first trimester is unlikely to interfere with normal placentation.
Clean Climbing, Carabiners, and Cultural Cultivation: Developing an Open-Systems Perspective of Culture
Authors: Harrison Spencer H. , Corley Kevin G.
Published: July 2010

In this inductive study, we explore the dynamics between Alpinista (a pseudonym), a company that designs and manufactures rock climbing and skiing gear, and the broader cultures within which the company is embedded. Our data pushed us toward the notion of “culture as toolkit,” a perspective that focuses on culture as a set of means or resources used to solve problems. By applying this perspective, we realized that Alpinista's cultural toolkit and the cultural register of the sports (the sum of the toolkits and cultural resources available for members in the environment) influence one another. To explain these dynamics, we induce a grounded model of cultural cultivation—practices that contribute to the intermingling of organizational and societal cultures—that describes cultural infusions (when the organization imports cultural materials and translates them) and cultural seeding (when the organization exports cultural materials into the environment). We describe which actors (both inside and outside of the organization) can be involved in these processes. The model that emerges from these data provides insight into the cultural dynamics present as organizational culture and broader societal cultures interact, providing insight on issues of organizational authenticity and the paradox of similarity and uniqueness.
Hot Lights and Cold Steel: Cultural and Political Toolkits for Practice Change in Surgery
Authors: Kellogg Katherine C.
Published: July 2010

One of the great paradoxes of organizational culture is that even when less powerful members in organizations have access to cultural tools (such as frames, identities, and tactics) that support change, they often do not use these tools to challenge traditional practices that disadvantage them. In this study, I compare data about work practice change from my own field study of an elite teaching hospital (conducted in the early 2000s) to previously reported data from field studies of two similar hospitals (one conducted in the 1970s and one in the 1990s). I demonstrate that although cultural toolkits supporting change may allow less powerful organization members to see traditional practices as running counter to their interests, they may not be able to significantly change traditional practices unless they also have access to what I call political toolkits (including tools such as staffing systems, accountability systems, and evaluation systems) that support change. Although cultural tools allow them to reinterpret practices that disadvantage them as unfair, political tools allow them to feel optimistic that others will help them effect change. Whereas cultural tools enable them to develop a “we” feeling with other reformers, political tools allow them to coordinate their change efforts. And although cultural tools provide them with a repertoire of contentious tactics, political tools afford them a sense of security that they can battle defenders of the status quo without ruining their careers. These findings contribute to our understanding of both the cultural construction of organizational life and social movement processes.
The Limits of Media Effects: Field Positions and Cultural Change in a Mutual Fund Market
Authors: Jonsson Stefan , Buhr Helena
Published: July 2010

Our paper examines how field structures moderate the effect of the business press on organizational outcomes. Prior research suggests that the business press shapes organizational outcomes, but the question of how these effects depend on organizations' positions in a field has attracted limited attention. We address this theoretical limitation in an analysis of how mutual funds in Sweden were affected by periods when the business press increased its negative coverage of mutual fund fees. First, we expect that negative coverage influences the way customers evaluate mutual funds. Second, banks have long occupied a dominant position in this market, and we thus expect banks to be less affected by the negative coverage of fees than other mutual fund managers. We find support for our argument in a longitudinal quantitative analysis of financial net flows into mutual funds. The findings indicate the value of contextualizing media effects and considering how field positions moderate the effects of cultural processes.
From Ojibwa to Dakota: Toward a Typology of Semantic Transformations in American Indian Languages
Authors: Désveaux Emmanuel , de Fornel Michel
Published: July 2010

In this article we propose a radical new typological approach to the diversity of North American languages that is directly inspired by Claude Lévi-Strauss’s Mythologiques and his concept of transformation. As with mythology, the semantic dimension of phenomena is crucial. A comparison between the grammars of an Algonquian and a Siouan language will serve as a first illustration of the logical transformations linking two language families that previously have been considered to be fundamentally distinct. A parallel appears between the results obtained and those stemming from a comparison between the principal ritual manifestations of Sioux culture and Subarctic Algonquian culture.
Language Diversity and Language Choice: A View from a Cameroon Market
Authors: Connell Bruce
Published: July 2010

The immediate goal of the research reported here is to explore constraints on choice of language in the market of a small, highly multilingual village in Cameroon. In so doing, insight is provided both on the language ecology of the region in which the village is situated and on conditions of multilingualism in rural Africa, where the large majority of such research has been urban-based. Two investigative methods are used. The first documents the language encounters of an individual visit to market; the second involves analyzing language choice in a large number of transactions over the course of a single market day. Fourteen different languages were recorded with two, the primary language of the village and the regional lingua franca, vying for predominance.
Stability in Subject-Verb Word Order: From Contemporary Arabian Peninsular Arabic to Biblical Aramaic
Authors: Owens Jonathan , Dodsworth Robin
Published: July 2010

This article differs from traditional treatments of subject-verb word order in Semitic in two respects. First, we take as our point of departure a detailed study of word order in contemporary Arabian Peninsular Arabic, which shows that the respective order of the subject and verb in that variety is determined by morpholexical and by discourse-immanent factors. From this starting point, we work backwards, applying the same analytical framework to subject-verb word order in Biblical Aramaic. Secondly, we use corpus-based quantitative methods and regression analysis to determine the degree of similarity between Arabian Peninsular Arabic and Biblical Aramaic. It emerges that, for all intents and purposes, subject-verb word order in Arabian Peninsular Arabic and Biblical Aramaic are governed by an identical set of morpholexical and discourse constraints. Historical explanations for these results are discussed; it is emphasized that, whether the patterns are due to common inheritance or to diffusion, a complex pattern of word order determination is sustained over at least 2,500 years of chronological time.
Decline and Decadence in Iraq and Syria after the Age of Avicenna?: 'Abd al-Laṭīf al-Baghdādī (1162-1231) between Myth and History
Authors: Joosse N. Peter , Pormann Peter E.
Published: July 2010

'Abd al-Laṭīf al-Baghdādī's (d. 1231) work Book of the Two Pieces ofAdvice (Kitāb al Nasīḥatayn) challenges the idea that Islamic medicine declined after the twelfth century AD. Moreover, it offers some interesting insights into the social history of medicine. 'Abd al-Laṭīf advocated using the framework of Greek medical epistemology to criticize the rationalist physicians of his day; he argued that female and itinerant practitioners, relying on experience, were superior to some rationalists. He lambasted contemporaneous medical education because it put too much faith in a restricted number of textbooks such as the Canon by Ibn Sīnā (Avicenna, d. 1037) or imperfect abridgments.
"Suitable Care of the African When Afflicted With Insanity": Race, Madness, and Social Order in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Summers Martin
Published: July 2010

This article examines the historical parallels and convergences between ideas of racial difference in the Anglo-American psychiatric community and concrete practices of inmate management in mental institutions in the postemancipation United States and colonial sub-Saharan Africa. It maps the theories and rhetoric of racial hierarchy that characterized psychiatrists' thought regarding the etiology of mental illness among people of African descent and the specific pathologies to which they were subject. Taking a closer look at Saint Elizabeths Hospital, a federal mental institution in Washington, D.C., the article explores the ways in which these theories of racial hierarchy translated into the actual management of black bodies. It ultimately argues that in order to fully comprehend the role of race in the history of the asylum in the United States, historians need to familiarize themselves with the history and historiography of colonial psychiatry.
Questioning the Medical Fringe: The "Cultural Doxy" of Catholic Hydropathy in Belgium, 1890-1914
Authors: Peeters Evert
Published: July 2010

The relationship between orthodox (mainstream) medicine and heterodox (fringe) medicine during the nineteenth century continues to puzzle historians of medicine. Though many have qualified the sharp antagonism between the two as a (biased) historical construct, it remains difficult to lay bare the common problems that structured mainstream and fringe. In this contribution on the reception of hydrotherapy in the Belgian fin de siècle, I attempt to rethink the oppositional character of nineteenth-century fringe medicine at an empirical level. In many ways, I argue, Belgian hydropaths were prototypical proponents of medical heterodoxy, as they defended neohumoralist medical conceptions and shared an integrated Catholic "cosmology." Their moderate critique of bacteriological science, however, also echoed the unease felt by many established physicians. In their pretheoretical beliefs about the healer's intuition, they voiced traditional conceptions that stemmed not from the fringe but from everyday bedside medicine. The popularity of hydrotherapy, I argue, reflected one of many attempts to save a common "cultural doxy" shared by established physicians and heterodox healers alike, in the wake of bacteriology's analysis and standardization.
Ethos in Testimony: The Case of Carré de Montgeron, a Jansenist and a Convulsionary in the Century of Enlightenment
Authors: Kahan Michèle Bokobza
Published: July 2010

The cultural and religious phenomena of the convulsionaries of Saint-Médard, linked to Parisian Jansenism, raises questions concerning the testimonial discourses and their procedures of validation and accreditation within the context of the eighteenth century in France. The article focuses on Carré de Montgeron’s corpus and examines the discursive modalities concerning the question of authenticity and the choices of rhetoric strategies used in order to legitimate irrational testimony within a hostile model of evidence that privileges rationality and objectivity. I argue that Montgeron intended not only to transmit a real life experience but tended towards the construction of “public opinion” that was likely to influence the course of political and religious events in France.
Displaying Materials: Porcelain and Natural History in the Duchess of Portland’s Museum
Authors: Sloboda Stacey
Published: July 2010

Porcelain in eighteenth-century aristocratic collections was associated with both the curious and the foreign. The Duchess of Portland’s Museum contained large amounts porcelain along with thousands of natural history specimens. The material and geographic plurality of the collection mirrored its totalizing claims to have a comprehensive display of the world’s natural and artificial materials. This essay explores the relationship between porcelain and natural history, arguing that Portland’s collection attempted to bridge conceptual distinctions between science and art in the eighteenth century, and that this project was particularly important to making sense of eighteenth-century female collecting practices and their sociable display.
“A Lock Upon My Lips”: The Melodrama of Silencing and Censorship in Thomas Holcroft’s Knave, or Not?
Authors: Garnai Amy
Published: July 2010

This article discusses Thomas Holcroft’s 1798 play, Knave, or Not? in the context of Holcroft’s attempt to negotiate the repressive cultural climate in the latter part of the 1790s. In looking at the different versions of the work—the Larpent manuscript, the staged version and the final published text—I examine the contemporary awareness that informs this play. This awareness resonates textually, in the transition from manuscript to stage and then to page, generically, in the movement between sentimental comedy and melodrama, and thematically, in its expression of relevant cultural issues, including Holcroft’s social critique and his concern with truth and perfectibility as ideological markers.
The Persistent Differentiation: The Swedish Education Commission’s Reform Work, 1724–1778
Authors: Kaiserfeld Thomas
Published: July 2010

The Swedish educational commission of the mid-eighteenth century has been understood through its suggestions to reform schools and as a tool of the government to take control of the universities in a time when they were liberated from the clergy. In this article, the ambition is to bring together these two sides of the commission’s work to give a more accurate image of its problems and solutions. Both pedagogy and policy influenced the purpose of the commission, to suggest educational differentiation and to coordinate higher education with more basic instruction for the creation of an educational system stretching from schools to universities.
“An Apostle for His Work” : The Death of Lieutenant Edward Michael Mckey
Authors: Bates Stephen
Published: July 2010

Lieutenant Edward Michael McKey delivered food and drink to Italian soldiers in the trenches during World War I. At Fossalta di Piave, on 16 June 1918, McKey became the first Red Cross man killed in Italy. Three weeks later, Lieutenant Ernest Hemingway was wounded in Fossalta while performing the same duties. First in a poem and then in A Farewell to Arms , Hemingway described battlefield deaths that resembled McKey’s. Using the papers of Captain Robert W. Bates, head of the Red Cross ambulance service in Italy, this article depicts McKey and his work in the canteen service.
The Ma (間)
of Hemingway: Interval, Absence, and Japanese Esthetics in In Our Time
Authors: Loots Christopher
Published: July 2010

Hemingway’s self-described “iceberg theory” has influenced decades of scholarship tracing various “things left out” of Hemingway’s work. But such scholarship, however locally efficacious, presumes that his textual absences and silences are information-rich fields which beg decoding through bio-historical or other literary analysis. By approaching In Our Time through a Japanese esthetic notion of ma , I offer a new way to understand the greater sublimity of Hemingway’s work. Silence, interval, and emptiness are not voids resulting from omissions, waiting to be filled with things-recovered, but are themselves the meaning of the work.
Hemingway's Byron: Romantic Posturing in the Age of Modernism
Authors: Hishmeh Richard
Published: July 2010

This essay explores the extent to which Hemingway might have modeled his life and art, and the slippages between the two, on those of Byron. Hemingway’s intensive reading of literary biography, marketing strategies employed to capitalize on images of the author as “Byronic hero,” and Hemingway’s engagement with Byron within Modernism are all considered. Finally, the essay reiterates how Hemingway’s calculated engagement with Byron and the Byronic remains a viable and lucrative marketing strategy today.
The Hemingways at Canterbury
Authors: Mandler Lou
Published: July 2010

Hemingway has been thoroughly examined as a writer, a rogue adventurer, a husband and a lover, and as a complicated, large personality, by turns cranky and charming. A less frequently viewed aspect of the Hemingway persona is that of father to teenaged sons. From 1942 to 1949, first Patrick and then Gregory Hemingway attended Canterbury School, a lay Catholic college prep school in New Milford, Connecticut. This essay explores their relationship with their father and their mother Pauline during that time as revealed in family letters and school records. The picture of the relationship is one of affection and concern, shot through with Hemingway wit, incisive comments, and abiding interests.
An Evening at the Kennedy White House: Fredric March Performs Hemingway’s Islands in the Stream
Authors: Cirino Marc
Published: July 2010

On Sunday night, 29 April 1962, President John F. Kennedy hosted a remarkable White House evening for a crowd of luminaries featuring forty-nine Nobel Prize winners from the Western Hemisphere. After remarks by the President and a dinner of beef Wellington, veteran actor Fredric March honored deceased Nobel Prize winners by reading excerpts of their work, including—at the suggestion of Hemingway’s widow Mary—an excerpt from the manuscript that would be published eight years later as Islands in the Stream . The event gave the literary world perhaps its first indication of how Hemingway’s unpublished output would be managed.
Killin’em with Kindness: “The Porter” and Hemingway’s Racial Cauldron
Authors: Dudley Marc
Published: July 2010

“The Porter” brings us close to the nightmare plaguing white America’s collective imagination during the 20th century’s formative years, when white and black collided and racial definition conflated. Hemingway’s piece about a young white boy, his father, and the African-American porter who serves them on an overnight train trip is an exploration of 20th century American race relations. Initially, Hemingway pushes the reader to see the world through the young boy’s eyes, through the bifurcated lens of racial stereotype. But through the black porter’s intervention, the reader comes to recognize that the lens of racial stereotype is imperfect, faulty even, and that notions of white supremacy and the color line are dangerous illusions.
“International Friend”: Ernest Hemingway in the Classified Documents of China’s Kuomintang
Authors: Yanagisawa Hideo
Published: July 2010

The Reference Library of the Kuomintang of China in Taipei has recently released a classified document titled “The Summary Reports of the Propaganda Operations Conducted by the International Department of the Ministry of Information from the beginning of 1938 to April of 1941.” This document lists foreign visitors to China—including Ernest Hemingway—referred to as “international friends” and expected to cooperate in spreading propaganda for the Kuomintang. This essay will examine the document’s contents and value as historical material, and then outline what the Kuomintang of China expected of “international friends.” In this Chinese context, we will reread Hemingway’s references to China and reconsider his political attitude, especially compared with those of other American journalists who, at the time, were also referred to as “international friends” of the Kuomintang.
Dawn Powell: Hemingway’s “Favorite Living Writer”
Authors: Kosiba Sara
Published: July 2010

Hemingway’s friendship with Dawn Powell (1896–1965) has not been examined in detail, although the two writers had a friendship that lasted several decades and was nourished by their many mutual friends, including Maxwell Perkins of Charles Scribner’s Sons. Introduced by John Herrmann and Josephine Herbst in 1926, they would correspond and follow each other’s careers off and on until Hemingway’s death (with Powell continuing to reflect on Hemingway even after his 1961 suicide). Powell would use her knowledge of Hemingway to create a fictional character. Their comments to and about each other provide new insights into their personalities and roles in 20th century American literature.
“Glow-in-the-Dark Authors:” Hemingway's Celebrity and Legacy in Under Kilimanjaro
Authors: Gizzo Suzanne Del
Published: July 2010

Under Kilimanjaro captures a vital moment in Hemingway's career-long struggle to balance his celebrity with his work as an artist, a struggle supercharged in the 1950s by his anxiety over his declining health and the status of his literary legacy. Ostensibly a book about the author's second African safari, Under Kilimanjaro also offers an oblique meditation on the conflicting priorities and demands of the literary marketplace. Hemingway criticized commodification, celebrity, and inauthentic interaction with other cultures throughout his oeuvre. But in Under Kilimanjaro , his critique of the rampant commodification of the African landscape and the experience of travel is tied into a very intimate critique of the commodification of his own image.
Between Pork and Productivity: The Collapse of the Liberal Democratic Party
Authors: Pempel T. J.
Published: July 2010

The Lower House election on August 30, 2009, saw a wrenching break from the familiar in Japanese politics. Fifty-four years of almost uninterrupted single-party rule by the conservative Liberal Democratic Party was shattered by the massive electoral win by the Democratic Party of Japan. This article contends that the results can be traced to the LDP's unresolved internal tensions between its productivity-oriented and its pork-oriented constituencies and the party's consequent inability to bring the country back to economic prosperity. For several years, the administration of Koizumi Jun'ichirō looked victorious in its efforts at reform and productivity, but his and the LDP's temporary win was quickly reversed by the LDP's pork constituency and mounting global economic difficulties. The 2009 electoral loss suggests that the Japanese political system will be fundamentally altered.
Knowledge Painfully Acquired: The Gulag Memoirs of a Japanese Humanist, 1945–49
Authors: Barshay Andrew E.
Published: July 2010

Over 600,000 soldiers of Japan's Kwantung Army were interned in the Soviet gulag following Japan's defeat in 1945. Their experiences are recounted in some 2,000 memoirs, of which Takasugi Ichirō's Kyokkō no kage ni (In the shadow of the northern lights, 1950) was among the first and most significant. In it, Takasugi interpreted both the phenomenon of Stalinism and his own role as a Japanese, and a Japanese soldier, in the history of his time. For Takasugi, the rival claims of ethnic versus class solidarity merely displaced one collectivism onto another: the point, he learned, was to transcend both.