bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Associations between specific IgE sensitization to 26 respiratory allergen molecules and HLA class II alleles in the EGEA cohort
Authors: Gheerbrant Hubert , Guillien Alicia , Vernet Raphaël , Lupinek Christian , Pison Christophe , Pin Isabelle , Demenais Florence , Nadif Rachel , Bousquet Jean , Pickl Winfried F. , Valenta Rudolf , Bouzigon Emmanuelle , Siroux Valérie
Published: March 2021

Background

Allergy, the most frequent immune disorder affecting 30% of the world's population, is the consequence of immunoglobin E (IgE) sensitization to allergens. Among the genetic factors suspected to be involved in allergy, the HLA class‐II genomic region is a strong candidate.

Objective

To assess the association between HLA class‐II alleles and specific IgE (sIgE) sensitization to a large number of respiratory allergen molecules.

Methods

The analysis relied on 927 participants of the EGEA cohort, including 497 asthmatics. The study focuses on 26 aeroallergens recognized by sIgE in at least 5% of the study population (determined with the MEDALL chip with sIgE ≥ 0.3 ISU) and 23 imputed HLA class‐II alleles. For each sIgE sensitization and HLA class‐II allele, we fitted a logistic regression model accounting for familial dependence and adjusted for gender, age, and genetic principal components. p‐values were corrected for multiple comparisons (False Discovery Rate).

Results

Most of the 19 statistically significant associations observed regard pollen allergens (mugwort Art v 1, olive tree Ole e 1, timothy grass Phl p 2, Phl p 5 and plantain Pla l 1), three were mold allergen (Alternaria Alt a 1), and a single one regards house dust mite allergen (Der p 7). No association was observed with pet allergens. The strongest associations were found with mugwort Art v 1 (OR = 5.42 (95%CI, 3.30; 8.88), 4.14 (2.65; 6.47), 3.16 (1.88; 5.31) with DQB1*05:01, DQA1*01:01 and DRB1*01:01, respectively).

Conclusion

Our results support the important role of HLA class‐II alleles as immune response genes predisposing their carriers for sensitization to various major pollen allergens.
Labour’s Spatial Fix: State Socialist Hungary in the 1970s
Authors: Czirfusz Márton
Published: March 2021

Labour’s spatial fix has become a key term in labour geography scholarship in recent decades. The concept has been widely used to understand labour’s agency in its own social reproduction in different historical and geographical capitalist social formations. Departing from the position that state socialism was part of global capitalism, this paper applies the concept of labour’s spatial fix to the context of state socialist Hungary. The analysis differentiates between three dimensions of labour’s spatial fix in social reproduction: wage work (with particular attention given to female employment), income from the “second economy” and housing. The interrelatedness of these dimensions of labour’s spatial fix, as well as their different geographies, are shown in an analysis covering Hungary of the 1970s. It is argued that there is a need for more extensive research on how conditions for social reproduction are established in the concept of labour’s spatial fix.
Early delivery or expectant management for late preterm preeclampsia: A meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Chatzakis Christos , Liberis Anastasios , Zavlanos Apostolos , Petousis Stamatis , Tsakmaki Evangelia , Dinas Konstantinos , Sotiriadis Alexandros
Published: March 2021

Introduction

Currently, there is no consensus regarding the timing of delivery in women with non‐severe preeclampsia at the late preterm period. The aim of the present meta‐analysis is to compare expectant management with immediate delivery in pregnant women with preeclampsia between 34+0 and 36+6 gestational weeks, in terms of maternal and neonatal outcomes.

Material and methods

A search was conducted until October 1, 2020 and eligible studies were identified in MEDLINE, Scopus, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (Central), the US Registry of clinical trials (www.clinicaltrials.gov), and sources of gray literature without limitations concerning the publication dates and languages. Randomized controlled trials, comparing planned delivery vs expectant management in women with preeclampsia at 34–37 weeks were included. The primary outcomes were neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission and progression to eclampsia. Secondary outcomes were HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count) syndrome, severe preeclampsia, composite adverse maternal outcome (defined by the presence of any of the potential preeclampsia‐related complications, ranging from severe hypertension to maternal death), neonatal respiratory disease, and respiratory distress syndrome. Relative risks (RRs) and mean differences with 95% CI were used for the estimation of the effect sizes; the quality of the evidence was assessed per GRADE guidelines.

Results

The electronic search yielded 10 721 potential studies, of which six were fully reviewed and three (1773 participants) were included in the meta‐analysis. Immediate delivery increased the risk for NICU admission, (RR 1.23, 95% CI 1.05–1.45) and decreased the risk for the composite adverse maternal outcome (RR 0.86, 95% CI 0.78–0.93). There were no differences for eclampsia (RR 0.55, 95% CI 0.16–1.85), HELLP syndrome (RR 0.58, 95% CI 0.25–1.33), severe preeclampsia (RR 0.27, 95% CI 0.02–3.52), respiratory disease of neonate (RR 1.04, 95% CI 0.75–1.44), and respiratory distress syndrome (RR 2.3, 95% CI 0.73–7.25).

Conclusions

Immediate delivery of women with non‐severe preeclampsia at the period of late prematurity decreases the risk of a composite adverse maternal outcome by 14%, at the cost of an increase in NICU admissions by 23%. The overall quality of the evidence for these outcomes is high, indicating a high degree of certainty for the results.
Nuclear overexpression levels of MAGE‐A3 predict poor prognosis in patients with prostate cancer
Authors: khalvandi Azadeh , Abolhasani Maryam , Madjd Zahra , Shekarabi Mehdi , Kourosh‐Arami Masoumeh , Mohsenzadegan Monireh
Published: March 2021

Melanoma antigen gene A3 (MAGE‐A3) is one of the most immunogenic cancer testis antigens and is common in various types of cancers. In this study, for the first time, we performed immunohistochemical analysis to evaluate the expression of MAGE‐A3 in 153 prostate tissue samples including prostate cancer (PCa), benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and high‐grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HPIN). Increased both nuclear and cytoplasmic expression of MAGE‐A3 was significantly found in PCa tissues compared with both HPIN and BPH tissues (nuclear expression at p = 0.011, and cytoplasmic expression at p = 0.034; for both comparisons p < 0.0001, respectively). A significant correlation was observed between higher nuclear and cytoplasmic expressions of MAGE‐A3 with Gleason score (p < 0.0001 and 0.006, respectively). Increased expression of MAGE‐A3 was associated with shorter biochemical recurrence‐free survival (BCR‐FS) and disease‐free survival (DFS) of patients (p = 0.042 and = 0.0001, respectively). In multivariate analysis, nuclear expression of MAGE‐A3 and Gleason score (≤7 vs >7) was independent predictors of the DFS (both; p = 0.019). Nuclear expression of MAGE‐A3 was also significantly related to BCR‐FS (p = 0.015). MAGE‐A3 can be considered as a predictor for poor prognosis and an option for vaccine immunotherapy in patients with PCa.
Survival outcomes of elderly patients referred to the lower gastrointestinal 2‐week wait service
Authors: Hubbard Thomas J. E. , Pringle Heather , Bethune Robert , McDermott Frank D.
Published: March 2021

Aim

The benefit to elderly patients (≥80 years old) of referral to the resource‐intensive lower gastrointestinal 2‐week wait (LGI‐2WW) pathway is unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the survival outcome of elderly patients referred to a LGI‐2WW service.

Method

This study comprised a retrospective analysis of a prospectively gathered database of patients referred to a single‐centre LGI‐2WW service and conformed to STROBE guidelines. The primary outcome was all‐cause mortality. Statistical analysis was performed with the chi‐square test and Kaplan–Meier survival curves compared with the generalized log‐rank test.

Results

A total of 10 155 patients referred to the LGI‐2WW service between 1 January 2015 and 31 December 2018 were analysed; median follow‐up was 37.0 months (range 0–66 months). Six hundred and ninety one cancers were diagnosed (6.8% detection rate); 551 (80%) of these were lower GI cancers (LGICas) [517 (75%) colorectal; 34 (5%) anal]. Forty per cent of LGICas were diagnosed via the LGI‐2WW service. Patients aged ≥80 years with LGICa were more likely to be treated with palliative intent [age <80 years, 92/360 (26%) vs. age ≥80 years, 105/191 (55%); p < 0.001]. LGICa patients aged <85 years had a survival difference between those treated with curative intent (LGICa‐Cur) or palliative intent (LGICa‐Pal) (median survival for patients aged 80–84 years: LGICa‐Cur 57 months vs. LGICa‐Pal 15 months; p < 0.001). Patients aged ≥85 years did not have any survival difference by treatment intent (median survival for patients aged 85–89 years: LGICa‐Cur 31 months vs. LGICa‐Pal 16 months; p = 0.062; median survival for patients aged ≥90 years: LGICa‐Cur 14 months vs. LGICa‐Pal 16 months; p = 0.703).

Conclusion

Patients with LGICa aged ≥85 years have similar survival whether treated with curative or palliative intent. This can inform management discussions with patients and LGI‐2WW referral pathway prioritization approaches.
Influence of 4‐week or 12‐week glucocorticoid treatment on metabolic changes in patients with active moderate‐to‐severe thyroid‐associated ophthalmopathy
Authors: Chen Xiaoman , Abudukerimu Buatikamu , Li Qin , Li Qing , Qiao Jie , Lin Dongping , Sui Chunhua , Ye Lin , Zhai Hualing , Jiang Boren , Wang Ningjian , Jiang Mengda , Tao Xiaofeng , Shao Ziyang , Zhu Chenfang , Ma Yubo , Xiong Ping , Sun Jing , Zhou Huifang , Han Bing , Lu Yingli
Published: March 2021

Thyroid‐associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is a serious, progressive, vision‐threatening and difficult‐to‐treat organ‐specific autoimmune disease. The course, therapeutic effects and prognosis of moderate to severe TAO vary greatly. High‐dose intravenous glucocorticoid (IVGC) therapy is considered a first‐line treatment for active moderate‐to‐severe TAO, but there is still insufficient evidence regarding the treatment duration. Long‐term IVGC therapy can influence the metabolism of glucose, lipids, and bone. This study was designed to compare changes in metabolic and immunological indexes as well as the magnetic resonance imaging apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of the extraocular muscles after 4 and 12 weeks of IVGC therapy. Forty‐eight patients with active moderate‐to‐severe TAO were included in this retrospective cohort study. Metabolism and immunological indexes were measured before and after therapy. The ADC and clinical activity score (CAS) were used to evaluate the efficacy of treatment in these patients. We found that the patients in the 12‐week group had increased fasting plasma glucose (p = 0.004), glycated hemoglobin (p = 0.028), total cholesterol (p < 0.001), and low‐density lipoprotein (p < 0.001) after therapy. The patients in both groups had reduced bone metabolism markers after therapy. Thyroid peroxidase antibody and thyrotropin receptor antibody levels decreased after treatment in both groups (p < 0.001). A significant decrease in thyroglobulin antibody levels was found in the 4‐week group (p = 0.006). The change in the ADC was higher in the 4‐week group than in the 12‐week group (p = 0.014). However, there were no significant differences in CAS values between the two groups. Therefore, 4‐week IVGC therapy was recommended for patients with TAO with glucose and lipid disorders.
Exploratory window‐of‐opportunity trial to investigate the tumor pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of the IAP antagonist Debio 1143 in patients with head and neck cancer
Authors: Gomez‐Roca Carlos , Even Caroline , Le Tourneau Christophe , Basté Neus , Delord Jean‐Pierre , Sarini Jerome , Vergez Sebastien , Temam Stephane , Hoffmann Caroline , Rochaix Philippe , Borcoman Edith , Gavillet Bruno , Rouits Elisabeth , Ménétrey Annick , Brichory Franck , Purcea Daniela , Vuagniaux Gregoire , Zanna Claudio
Published: March 2021

Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) regulate apoptosis and modulate NF‐κB signaling thereby driving expression of genes involved in immune/inflammatory responses. The orally available IAP antagonist Debio 1143 has potential to enhance tumor response to chemoradiotherapy and/or immunotherapy. Patients with pre‐operative squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck (SCCHN) received: Debio 1143 monotherapy (200 mg/day [D]1–15 +/‐ 2); Debio 1143 (200 mg/day D1–15 +/‐ 2) plus cisplatin (40 mg/m2 D 1 and 8); cisplatin alone (40 mg/m2 D 1 and 8; EudraCT: 2014‐004655‐31). Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic effects were assessed in plasma and resected tumors. Primary end point; effect of Debio 1143 on cellular IAP‐1 (cIAP‐1). Levels of cIAP‐1/‐2, X‐linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), including CD8+ T cells, programmed cell death protein 1 (PD‐1), PD‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1), and gene expression were also analyzed. Twenty‐three of 26 patients completed treatment. In the Debio 1143 monotherapy cohort (n = 13), mean tumor concentrations of Debio 1143 were 18‐fold (maximum 55.2‐fold) greater than in plasma, exceeding the half‐maximal inhibitory concentration for cIAPs and XIAP by 100 to 1000‐fold, with significant engagement/degradation of cIAP‐1 (p < 0.05). Overall, levels of CD8+ TILs, PD‐1, and PD‐L1 positive immune cells increased significantly (p < 0.05) following Debio 1143 treatment. Changes were observed in the expression of genes related to NF‐κB signaling. Treatments were well‐tolerated. Debio 1143 penetrated SCCHN tumors, engaged cIAP‐1, and induced immune inflammatory changes in the tumor microenvironment. Based on the mode of action demonstrated here and in previous studies, these data support future combinations of Debio 1143 with immune‐checkpoint agents.
A pharmacokinetic simulation study to assess the performance of a sparse blood sampling approach to quantify early drug exposure
Authors: Sathe Abhishek G. , Brundage Richard C. , Ivaturi Vijay , Cloyd James C. , Chamberlain James M. , Elm Jordan J. , Silbergleit Robert , Kapur Jaideep , Coles Lisa D.
Published: March 2021

Estimating early exposure of drugs used for the treatment of emergent conditions is challenging because blood sampling to measure concentrations is difficult. The objective of this work was to evaluate predictive performance of two early concentrations and prior pharmacokinetic (PK) information for estimating early exposure. The performance of a modeling approach was compared with a noncompartmental analysis (NCA). A simulation study was performed using literature‐based models for phenytoin (PHT), levetiracetam (LEV), and valproic acid (VPA). These models were used to simulate rich concentration‐time profiles from 0 to 2 h. Profiles without residual unexplained variability (RUV) were used to obtain the true partial area under the curve (pAUC) until 2 h after the start of drug infusion. From the profiles with the RUV, two concentrations per patient were randomly selected. These concentrations were analyzed under a population model to obtain individual population PK (PopPK) pAUCs. The NCA pAUCs were calculated using a linear trapezoidal rule. Percent prediction errors (PPEs) for the PopPK pAUCs and NCA pAUCs were calculated. A PPE within ±20% of the true value was considered a success and the number of successes was obtained for 100 simulated datasets. For PHT, LEV, and VPA, respectively, the median value of the success statistics obtained using the PopPK approach of 81%, 92%, and 88% were significantly higher than the 72%, 80%, and 67% using the NCA approach (p < 0.05; Mann–Whitney U test). This study provides a means by which early exposure can be estimated with good precision from two concentrations and a PopPK approach. It can be applied to other settings in which early exposures are of interest.
Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of HBM9161, a novel FcRn inhibitor, in a phase I study for healthy Chinese volunteers
Authors: Yap Desmond Y. H. , Hai Jojo , Lee Paul C. H. , Zhou Xueying , Lee Michael , Zhang Yu , Wang Meng , Chen Xiaoxiang
Published: March 2021

Blockade of the binding between neonatal Fc receptor and IgG‐Fc reduces circulating IgG, and thus emerges as a potential therapy for IgG‐mediated autoimmune conditions. This was a double blind, randomized, single ascending dose study to evaluate the safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of HBM9161 (a fully humanized Fc receptor monoclonal antibody) in healthy Chinese volunteers. Subjects were randomized to receive a single s.c. dose of HBM9161 or placebo in a 3:1 ratio in 3 dosing cohorts (340 mg, 510 mg, or 680 mg, respectively), and then followed up for 85 days. Study end points included incidence of adverse event (AE), serum drug concentration, IgG and its subclasses, and anti‐drug antibodies (ADAs). Twenty‐four subjects were randomized. Dose‐dependent reduction of total IgG occurred rapidly from baseline to reach nadir at day 11, then recovered steadily from day 11 to day 85. The mean maximum percentage reductions from baseline total IgG were 21.0 ± 9.3%, 39.8 ± 5.13%, and 41.2 ± 10.4% for subjects receiving HBM9161 340 mg, 510 mg, and 680 mg, respectively. The exposure of HBM9161 (areas under the curve [AUCs] and peak plasma concentration [Cmax]) increased in a more than dose‐proportional manner at the dose examined. All reported AEs were mild in severity. The most reported AEs in the HBM9161 groups were influenza‐like illness and rash. Two subjects developed ADA during the study period. A single s.c. dose of HBM9161 results in sustained and dose‐dependent IgG reduction, and was well‐tolerated at a dose up to 680 mg in Chinese subjects. The data warrant further investigation of its effects in IgG‐mediated autoimmune disorders.
Identification of Corynespora cassiicola causing leaf spot on Syringa species
Authors: Wang Shuhe , Liu Huidi
Published: March 2021

Lilacs (Syringa spp.), a genus of trees and shrubs in the Oleaceae, are known for their beautiful, fragrant flowers and are widely cultivated as ornamentals. In September 2017, a new leaf spot disease was observed on S. oblata in the Sui and Tang Ruins Dynasties Botanical Garden in Luoyang, Henan Province, China. Leaf symptoms appeared as small brown lesions at earlier stages, which with age turned into suborbicular brown, faintly zonate and depressed. Fully mature lesions were mostly irregular to circular, concentric rings with taupe and dark brown bands. A total of 12 monoconidial isolates were obtained from S. oblata showing leaf symptoms. Colonies were grey to light brown and darker underneath on potato dextrose agar. Based upon morphological characteristics and multilocus phylogenetic analyses using ITS, TEF1 and RPB2 loci, isolates were identified as Corynespora cassiicola. Pathogenicity tests on leaves produced symptoms matching those described above and the fungus was re‐isolated, confirming Koch's postulates. This study represents the first report of C. cassiicola on lilacs in China.
Fecal microbiota transplantation ameliorates gut microbiota imbalance and intestinal barrier damage in rats with stress‐induced depressive‐like behavior
Authors: Rao Jingjing , Xie Ruining , Lin Li , Jiang Jian , Du Lei , Zeng Xindie , Li Gongying , Wang Chunmei , Qiao Yi
Published: March 2021

The gut–microbiota–brain axis is the most important complex and bidirectional pathway between the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system. This study investigated the potential of microbe‐induced gut‐to‐brain signaling to modulate the effect of stress on depressive‐like behavior, intestinal barrier, and neuroinflammation. Result showed that fecal microbiota transplantation increased the consumption of sucrose solutions and decreased the immobility time in forced swimming test. This treatment also increased Firmicutes and decreased Bacteroidetes and Desulfobacterota at phylum levels; reduced the loss of villi and epithelial cells; suppressed the inflammatory cell infiltration in the ileum; increased the expression of ZO‐1, occludin; protected the mucosal layer function; and suppressed the high levels of inflammasomes (NLRP3, ASC, caspase‐1, and IL‐1β) in rat brain. In summary, fecal microbiota transplantation improves the depressive‐like behavior, alters the gut microbiota imbalance, and alleviates the intestinal tract inflammation, intestinal mucosa disruption, and neuroinflammation in rats induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress.
Temporal dynamic and economic valuation of recreational fisheries of the lower Cuiabá River, Brazilian Pantanal
Authors: Massaroli Brayan Allan R. , Araújo Joisiane Mendes , Ortega Jean C. G. , Valle Nunes André , Mateus Lúcia , Silva Samuel Elias , Penha Jerry
Published: March 2021

Fisheries are the most common ecosystem service that fish provide to human populations, yet recreational fisheries are often overlooked when evaluating such services. Here, the socioeconomic profiles of fishers, the composition of their catches and catch per unit effort (CPUE) are described, to estimate the economic value of the recreational fishery on a stretch of the Cuiabá River in the Brazilian Pantanal. Questionnaires were used to obtain socioeconomic information and fishing yield from fishers for 2013 and 2014. Additionally, a census on the number of fishers and fishing platforms along the sampled region was conducted in 2018. This recreational fishery mostly involves middle class adult males, based mostly in the Cuiabá city metropolitan region. They invested, on average, US$41.1 (SD = US$16.5, median = $35.2) per fishing visit, catching around 19 fish species. Overall, mean CPUE from the recreational fishery was 42.20 fish/fisher.day (17.4 kg/fisher/day). Annual economic value of this recreational fishery was estimated at around US$1.8 million, which highlights the importance of this activity to the local economy. Greater environmental conservation efforts are recommend to ensure the long‐term viability of this ecosystem service.
Divergent above‐ and below‐ground biodiversity pathways mediate disturbance impacts on temperate forest multifunctionality
Authors: Yuan Zuoqiang , Ali Arshad , Loreau Michel , Ding Fang , Liu Shufang , Sanaei Anvar , Zhou Wangming , Ye Ji , Lin Fei , Fang Shuai , Hao Zhanqing , Wang Xugao , Le Bagousse‐Pinguet Yoann
Published: March 2021

Biodiversity plays a fundamental role in provisioning and regulating forest ecosystem functions and services. Above‐ground (plants) and below‐ground (soil microbes) biodiversity could have asynchronous change paces to human‐driven land‐use impacts. Yet, we know very little how they affect the provision of multiple forest functions related to carbon accumulation, water retention capacity and nutrient cycling simultaneously (i.e. ecosystem multifunctionality; EMF). We used a dataset of 22,000 temperate forest trees from 260 plots within 11 permanent forest sites in Northeastern China, which are recovering from three post‐logging disturbances. We assessed the direct and mediating effects of multiple attributes of plant biodiversity (taxonomic, phylogenetic, functional and stand structure) and soil biodiversity (bacteria and fungi) on EMF under the three disturbance levels. We found the highest EMF in highly disturbed rather than undisturbed mature forests. Plant taxonomic, phylogenetic, functional and stand structural diversity had both positive and negative effects on EMF, depending on how the EMF index was quantified, whereas soil microbial diversity exhibited a consistent positive impact. Biodiversity indices explained on average 45% (26%–58%) of the variation in EMF, whereas climate and disturbance together explained on average 7% (0.4%–15%). Our result highlighted that the tremendous effect of biodiversity on EMF, largely overpassing those of both climate and disturbance. While above‐ (β = 0.02–0.19) and below‐ground (β = 0.16–0.26) biodiversity had direct positive effects on EMF, their opposite mediating effects (β = −0.22 vs. β = 0.35 respectively) played as divergent pathways to human disturbance impacts on EMF. Our study sheds light on the need for integrative frameworks simultaneously considering above‐ and below‐ground attributes to grasp the global picture of biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning and services. Suitable management interventions could maintain both plant and soil microbial biodiversity, and thus guarantee a long‐term functioning and provisioning of ecosystem services in an increasing disturbance frequency world.
Potential benefits of liming to acid soils on climate change mitigation and food security
Authors: Wang Yan , Yao Zhisheng , Zhan Yang , Zheng Xunhua , Zhou Minghua , Yan Guangxuan , Wang Lin , Werner Christian , Butterbach‐Bahl Klaus
Published: March 2021

Globally, about 50% of all arable soils are classified as acidic. As crop and plant growth are significantly hampered under acidic soil conditions, many farmers, but increasingly as well forest managers, apply lime to raise the soil pH. Besides its direct effect on soil pH, liming also affects soil C and nutrient cycles and associated greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes. In this meta‐analysis, we reviewed 1570 observations reported in 121 field‐based studies worldwide, to assess liming effects on soil GHG fluxes and plant productivity. We found that liming significantly increases crop yield by 36.3%. Also, soil organic C (SOC) stocks were found to increase by 4.51% annually, though soil respiration is stimulated too (7.57%). Moreover, liming was found to reduce soil N2O emission by 21.3%, yield‐scaled N2O emission by 21.5%, and CH4 emission and yield‐scaled CH4 emission from rice paddies by 19.0% and 12.4%, respectively. Assuming that all acid agricultural soils are limed periodically, liming results in a total GHG balance benefit of 633−749 Tg CO2‐eq year−1 due to reductions in soil N2O emissions (0.60−0.67 Tg N2O‐N year−1) and paddy soil CH4 emissions (1.75−2.21 Tg CH4 year−1) and increases in SOC stocks (65.7–110 Tg C year−1). However, this comes at the cost of an additional CO2 release (c. 624–656 Tg CO2 year−1) deriving from lime mining, transport and application, and lime dissolution, so that the overall GHG balance is likely neutral. Nevertheless, liming of acid agricultural soils will increase yields by at least 6.64 × 108 Mg year−1, covering the food supply of 876 million people. Overall, our study shows for the first time that a general strategy of liming of acid agricultural soils is likely to result in an increasing sustainability of global agricultural production, indicating the potential benefit of liming acid soils for climate change mitigation and food security.
Practical considerations for nonfactor‐replacement therapies in the treatment of haemophilia with inhibitors
Authors: Jiménez‐Yuste Victor , Auerswald Günter , Benson Gary , Dolan Gerry , Hermans Cedric , Lambert Thierry , Ljung Rolf , Morfini Massimo , Santagostino Elena , Zupančić Šalek Silva
Published: March 2021

New therapeutic agents for haemophilia with inhibitors that are in development or already licensed are expected to provide transformative treatment options. Many of these new therapies are not based on simply replacing the missing factor; new strategies include bispecific antibody technology that mimics factor VIII coagulation function (emicizumab), and inhibition of anticoagulant proteins such as tissue factor pathway inhibitor (eg PF‐06741086) and antithrombin (eg fitusiran). These agents are administered subcutaneously and should significantly reduce treatment burden and increase the ability to deliver prophylaxis for patients. Limited real‐world data and validated practical guidance on these recently licensed/upcoming treatments resulted in the authors convening to discuss recommendations on their use. Emicizumab is currently the only licenced nonfactor therapy; thus, our recommendations focus on this product. Target candidates for emicizumab prophylaxis are difficult‐to‐treat patients with haemophilia A and inhibitors and/or venous access issues, frequent bleeds and target joints. In case of breakthrough bleeding while receiving emicizumab, patients still require treatment with bypassing agents; the adjunct treatment of choice is recombinant activated factor VII. This treatment is also recommended to prevent bleeds in patients with inhibitors undergoing surgery. Our recommendations on suitable laboratory assays and monitoring new products, as well as the benefit of patient‐reported outcomes (such as pain and physical activity levels), are included. We also briefly discuss future treatment options for patients with haemophilia B and inhibitors. Although these nonfactor treatments offer great promise, further data and real‐world evidence are needed.
Does religiosity matter for vice product consumption among Chinese individuals?
Authors: Mok Kathy I Man , Lam Desmond Chee Shiong
Published: March 2021

Religiosity defines the extrinsic utilitarian and intrinsic spiritual motivations of religious individuals. Many people have adopted vice product consumption, including addictive behaviours like alcohol drinking and gambling, in part to relieve daily pressure and tension. By applying the Theory of Planned Behaviour, this exploratory study examines the role of religiosity on Chinese individuals' alcohol drinking and gambling consumption urges via the mediating role of perceived (internal and external) behavioural control. Two separate studies were conducted, with a total of 1,010 respondents. The results showed a significant direct positive relationship between intrinsic religiosity and an individual's perceived behavioural control (both internal and external). There was no significant link between extrinsic religiosity and perceived behavioural control. Moreover, perceived internal behavioural control partially mediated the relationship between intrinsic religiosity and vice product consumption urges. These findings have meaningful implications for policymakers and social marketers.
Effect of thermal treatment on the antioxidant activity of egg white hydrolysate and the preparation of novel antioxidant peptides
Authors: Chen Yue , Han Peng , Ma Bin , Wang Xuefen , Ma Meihu , Qiu Ning , Fu Xing
Published: March 2021

Heat treatment will affect the nutritional properties and potential bioactivity of food materials. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of different thermal treatment (4, 56, 65 and 100 ℃) and in vitro gastrointestinal digestion on the antioxidant activity of egg white hydrolysate. The results demonstrated that egg white hydrolysate treated at 65 ℃ exhibited the highest antioxidant. Remarkably, the simulated digestion significantly increased antioxidant activity of egg white hydrolysate. Furthermore, we identified twenty‐four potential antioxidant peptides by performing mass spectrometry and bioinformatic analysis. Six peptides were selected based on the activity prediction score of the online tool. The results showed that P6 (ACPECPK) possessed the most outstanding antioxidant properties and had low cytotoxicity and allergenicity. Bioinformatics technology combined with biochemical assays may offer a way for discovering novel antioxidant peptides from different kinds of food under various heat treatment conditions.
Effects of japonica rice flour on the mesoscopic and microscopic properties of wheat dough protein
Authors: Chen Feng‐lian , Ma Zhan‐qian , Yang Yang , Tan Bin , Ren Li‐kun , Liu Xiao‐fei , Bian Xin , Wang Bing , Guo Xiao‐xue , Yang Jing , Zhang Na
Published: March 2021

The aim of this study was to study the effects of twelve varieties of japonica rice flour on the gluten protein composition and structure of wheat dough. Experimental results indicated that the addition of japonica rice flour significantly decreased the α‐helix structure in the gluten protein sample, but increased the random coil content, indicating that the protein secondary structure became more disordered. The ratio of α‐helix/β‐sheet structures in the dough supplemented with different varieties of japonica rice flour was decreased, contributing to improved dough stability. Increasing the proportion of japonica rice flour from 10% to 40% significantly decreased the sulfhydryl content of the mixed flour dough. However, the total sulfhydryl content was only positively correlated with the amount of Longdao 19 japonica rice flour, reaching a maximum of 25.34 mol g−1 at 40% japonica rice flour. The gluten structure of mixed flour dough typically forms a porous three‐dimensional network, with the Longdao 19, 20, 23 and 25, Longjing 31 and Mudanjiang 31 japonica rice flours leading to improved gluten protein networks. In summary, the supplementation of standard wheat flour with japonica rice flour can alter dough properties and gluten structure.
Biosynthesis and profiles of fatty acids, vitamin E and carotenoids during flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) seed capsule maturation
Authors: Wang Hong , Qiu Caisheng , Wang Yufu , Guo Xinbo
Published: March 2021

This study investigated the profiles of major fatty acids, vitamin E and carotenoids at metabolic and transcription levels in fibre flaxseed capsule at six mature stages. From 5 days after flowering (DAF) to 15 DAF, the percentages of α‐linolenic acid and oleic acid notably increased, whereas palmitic acid and linoleic acid dramatically decreased, and finally remained stable till S6. The content of γ‐tocopherol was progressively raised to the maximum at the last stage, while α‐tocopherol presented a gradually declining trend from 5 DAF to 40 DAF. The total carotenoids in flaxseed capsules decreased continuously, and lutein remained the abundant one throughout the maturation. The varied expression pattern of genes in fatty acid, vitamin E and carotenoid biosynthetic pathway could partly explain the changes of these components during flaxseed capsule maturation. These results suggested fibre flaxseed capsules could be an attractive source of liposoluble compounds for further food and nutraceutical applications.
Efficacy of re‐do urethroplasty for post‐traumatic urethral stricture: An analysis of the anatomical and functional outcomes
Authors: Tabei Tadashi , Horiguchi Akio , Ojima Kenichiro , Shinchi Masayuki , Kobayashi Kazuki , Ito Keiichi , Azuma Ryuichi
Published: March 2021

Objectives

To investigate the efficacy of re‐do urethroplasty for post‐traumatic urethral stricture in terms of anatomical and functional outcomes.

Methods

A total of 48 patients who underwent re‐do urethroplasty for post‐traumatic urethral stricture due to perineal trauma (n = 21) and pelvic fracture urethral injury (n = 27) between October 2010 and March 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were followed by uroflowmetry, post‐void residual volume assessment and 17‐Fr flexible cystoscopy after re‐do urethroplasty. Successful urethroplasty was defined as having a urethral caliber adequate for the passage of a cystoscope and requiring no additional treatments. Patients completed a validated patient‐reported outcome measure for urethral stricture surgery, including overall satisfaction, and the sexual health inventory for men.

Results

The type of re‐do urethroplasty was anastomotic urethroplasty in 45 (94%) patients and buccal mucosa urethroplasty in three (6%) patients. Urethroplasty was successful in 47 (98%) patients (median follow up 35 months, interquartile range 21–75). The patient‐reported outcome measure for urethral stricture surgery and Sexual Health Inventory for Men were assessed in 36 (75%) patients, and the mean lower urinary tract symptom‐specific quality of life, EuroQol‐5D and EuroQol‐visual analog scale scores improved from 2.86, 0.63 and 54.17 preoperatively to 0.78 (P < 0.001), 0.86 (P < 0.001) and 76.94 (P < 0.001) postoperatively, respectively. The pre‐ and postoperative mean Sexual Health Inventory for Men scores (5.92 and 4.94, respectively) did not significantly differ (P = 0.318). All 36 patients were satisfied with their urethroplasty outcomes, with 20 (56%) very satisfied patients.

Conclusions

Re‐do urethroplasty for post‐traumatic urethral stricture shows a high success rate and beneficial effects on both anatomical and functional outcomes.
Integration and the struggle to turn space into “our” place: Homemaking as a way beyond the stalemate of assimilationism vs transnationalism
Authors: Boccagni Paolo , Hondagneu‐Sotelo Pierrette
Published: March 2021

This article investigates homemaking as a set of practices and a perspective on migrants’ ways of local incorporation, with its own material, emotional and relational underpinnings. Homemaking has the potential to emerge as an original category of analysis in immigrant integration, moving beyond the contraposition between assimilationism and transnationalism. Based also on our ongoing research, both in the United States and in Europe, we argue for the significance of migrants’ interactions with specific local structures of opportunities, including people and institutions as much as the built and natural environment. The latter is a critical site where the meanings, opportunities and contents of integration are negotiated between immigrant newcomers and their local and transnational counterparts. Migrants’ stratified rights, opportunities and aspirations to make themselves at home open a promising research perspective on group relations, as embedded in everyday materialities. While integration is a multi‐dimensional and multi‐scalar effort, it still rests on place‐bound fields of inequalities and interaction within and between groups, and on underlying differences in views, emotions and practices of home. These are both a mirror of larger asymmetries of power and of the opportunities available to challenge them.
Trait characterization of genetic resources reveals useful variation for the improvement of cultivated Nordic red clover
Authors: Zanotto Stefano , Palmé Anna , Helgadóttir Áslaug , Daugstad Kristin , Isolahti Mika , Öhlund Linda , Marum Petter , Moen Maria Ahlin , Veteläinen Merja , Rognli Odd Arne , Ergon Åshild
Published: March 2021

Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) is the most important forage legume in the Nordic region, but its utilization is limited by poor persistency. The improvement of cultivated red clover can potentially take advantage of the numerous wild populations and landraces conserved in gene banks; however, there is often limited information available on the phenotypic and genetic characteristics of this material. We characterized 48 populations conserved at NordGen for a number of traits and compared them to commercial cultivars. The material was evaluated in field trials at four locations over two years and in an experiment under controlled conditions. Considerable variation was identified, with stem length, growth type and flowering date having the highest broad sense heritabilities. Traits related to plant size were strongly associated with late flowering and upright growth and differed between landraces/cultivars on the one hand and wild populations on the other. There was a large genotype by environment interaction on winter survival, which only partially correlated with freezing tolerance under controlled conditions. A majority of gene bank accessions exceeded the commercial cultivars in winter survival and freezing tolerance and can therefore be a genetic resource for future improvement of these traits. The phenotypic variation among accessions was associated with two main axes of climatic variation at the collection site. Petiole length of young plants under controlled conditions as well as plant size in the field increased with increasing summer temperature and decreasing summer precipitation, while number of leaves and an apparent vernalization requirement, recorded under controlled conditions, increased with decreasing annual and winter temperature. We discuss the implications these results have for collection, conservation and utilization of red clover genetic resources in the Nordic region.
Behind the scene: Critical role of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species in salt stress tolerance
Authors: Tomar Rupal Singh , Kataria Sunita , Jajoo Anjana
Published: March 2021

Salinity is one of the most important abiotic factors which affects plant growth and development and reduces crop productivity. Plants have stress tolerance ability to respond to a particular type of stress. For salt stress alleviation, plants retain specific mechanisms, such as activation of signalling cascades, ion channels, receptors, hormonal stimulation, ion exchange, osmolytes and antioxidant enzymes which are involved either directly or indirectly in plant protection. In plants, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are produced in different cell compartments and involved in the “oxidative signalling” mechanism. Based on the recent studies in signalling and mechanisms for salt tolerance in plant, we explored the role of the salt overly sensitive system (SOS) related to antiporters of plasma and mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades. Considering the importance of ROS and RNS, the present review has focused on different aspects and mechanisms that play key role in plants cell signalling network in response to salinity stress. In addition, this review highlights the differential expression of ROS, RNS and various antioxidative enzymes in C3, C4 and CAM plants. Moreover, the strategies for alleviation of salt stress such as magnetopriming, nanopriming, biopriming and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in plants to achieve improved salt tolerance in crops under field conditions and their effects through ROS and RNS is also discussed. We conclude the review with a discussion of unseen issues and suggestions for future researches.
Flash sintering produces eutectic microstructures in Al2O3–LaPO4 versus conventional microstructures in 8YSZ–LaPO4
Authors: Yang Yingjie , Mumm Daniel R. , Mecartney Martha L.
Published: March 2021

While monazite (LaPO4) does not flash sinter even at high fields of 1130 V/cm and temperatures of 1450°C, composite systems of 8YSZ–LaPO4 and Al2O3–LaPO4 have been found to more readily flash sinter. 8YSZ added to LaPO4 greatly lowered the furnace temperature for flash to 1100°C using a field of only 250 V/cm. In these experiments, ‐Al2O3 alone also did not flash sinter at 1450°C even with high fields of 1130 V/cm, but composites of Al2O3–LaPO4 powders flash sintered at 900‐1080 V/cm at 1450°C. Alumina–monazite (Al2O3–LaPO4) composites with compositions ranging from 25 vol% to 75 vol% Al2O3 were flash sintered with current limits from 2 to 25 mA/mm2. Microstructures were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). A eutectic microstructure was observed to form in all flash sintered Al2O3–LaPO4 composites. With higher power (higher current limits), eutectic structures with regular lamellar regions were found to coexist in the channeled region (where both the current and the temperature were the highest) with large hexagonal‐shaped ‐Al2O3 grains (up to 75 m) and large irregular LaPO4 grains. With lower power (lower current limits), an irregular eutectic microstructure was dominant, and there was minimal abnormal grain growth. These results indicate that Al2O3–LaPO4 is a eutectic‐forming system and the eutectic temperature was reached locally during flash sintering in regions. These eutectic microstructures with lamellar dimensions on the scale of 100 nm offer potential for improved mechanical properties.
Reply to “Comment on an article by Gonzaga et al. J Am Ceram Soc. 2020;103:6280‐6288”
Authors: Gonzaga Luiziana A. , Santana Vinicius T. , Bernardi Maria Inês B. , Hrubý Jakub , Neugebauer Petr , Mesquita Alexandre
Published: March 2021

In the “Comment on article by Gonzaga et al. J Am Ceram Soc. 2020;103:6280‐6288”, Paparazzo argues that the estimated value of Ce3+ amount in our CeO2 samples through X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis is ~10% and there is no dependence on the annealing temperature or Pr‐doping. However, a comparison of our XPS Ce 3d spectra with the reference presented by that author reveals characteristics in these spectra of higher at.%Ce3+ being consistent with values of around 24%. Furthermore, the intensity of the absorption in the region around the feature assigned as v′ in XPS Ce 3d spectra decreases as a function of Pr‐doping and annealing temperature, confirming different at.%Ce3+ for the samples due to these aspects.
Field of daydreams? Integrating mind wandering in the study of sluggish cognitive tempo and ADHD
Authors: Becker Stephen P. , Barkley Russell A.
Published: March 2021

In this editorial perspective, we consider the potential conceptual and empirical overlap between the research on mind wandering, particularly in its pathological extreme, and that on sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) as it has diverged from research on attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The more advanced state of research findings on the nature and correlates of mind wandering relative to that of SCT is used to suggest a variety of avenues of investigation into SCT, such as its phenomenology, positive and negative correlates, research methods, theory building, and potential to inform interventions. These and other avenues drawn from the field of mind wandering are likely to prove fruitful in further revealing the nature of SCT and its relationship to mind wandering.
Plant‐mediated effects on life history traits of entomovirus infected caterpillars ofSpodoptera exigua
Authors: Wang Jin‐Yan , Fan Neng‐Neng , Siemann Evan , Jiang Jie‐Xian , Wan Nian‐Feng
Published: March 2021

It has been reported that host plants are able to mediate the interactions between insect herbivores and entomoviruses, but how plants affect growth, development, detoxifying enzymes and metabolic enzymes of herbivores infected by entomoviruses has only rarely been studied so far. We compared growth, development duration, activity of a detoxifying enzyme (carboxylesterase) and a metabolic enzyme (acetylcholinesterase) of a caterpillar (Spodoptera exigua) infected with an entomovirus (SeMNPV) or left non‐infected that were fed one of four plants (Ipomoea aquatica,Brassica oleracea,Glycine maxorZea mays). Developmental duration was shorter but growth (length, mass) and enzyme activities were higher in NPV‐infected caterpillars fedI. aquaticaorB. oleraceathan those fedG. maxorZ. mays. This study suggests that host plants influence the growth impacts of entomoviruses on herbivores by affecting the enzymes of herbivores.
The Poor and the Rich: Preferences over Inflation and Unemployment
Authors: HOFSTETTER MARC , ROSAS JOSÉ NICOLÁS
Published: March 2021

What are the tradeoffs that the public is willing to accept between inflation and unemployment? We find that people dislike extra points of unemployment more than extra points of inflation. This is true for both Europe and Latin America. For the latter, the aversion to unemployment relative to inflation is much greater. Moreover, in both regions, the poor's distaste for extra points of unemployment relative to inflation is significantly greater than that of the rich. This result contributes to the literature on the costs of inflation and questions the commonly held view that prescribes strong anti‐inflationary postures as a way to implement policies consistent with the preferences of the poor.