bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantifying sensitivity to droughts – an experimental modeling approach
Authors: Staudinger M. , Weiler M. , Seibert J.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Meteorological droughts like those in summer 2003 or spring 2011 in Europe are expected to become more frequent in the future. Although the spatial extent of these drought events was large, not all regions were affected in the same way. Many catchments reacted strongly to the meteorological droughts showing low levels of streamflow and groundwater, while others hardly reacted. The extent of the hydrological drought for specific catchments was also different between these two historical events due to different initial conditions and drought propagation processes. This leads to the important question of how to detect and quantify the sensitivity of a catchment to meteorological droughts. To assess this question we designed hydrological model experiments using a conceptual rainfall–runoff model. Two drought scenarios were constructed by selecting precipitation and temperature observations based on certain criteria: one scenario was a modest but constant progression of drying based on sorting the years of observations according to annual precipitation amounts. The other scenario was a more extreme progression of drying based on selecting months from different years, forming a year with the wettest months through to a year with the driest months. Both scenarios retained the typical intra-annual seasonality for the region. The sensitivity of 24 Swiss catchments to these scenarios was evaluated by analyzing the simulated discharge time series and modeled storages. Mean catchment elevation, slope and size were found to be the main controls on the sensitivity of catchment discharge to precipitation. Generally, catchments at higher elevation and with steeper slopes seemed to be less sensitive to meteorological droughts than catchments at lower elevations with less steep slopes.
Recuperando la economía: entre la cuestión social y la intervención social
Authors: Coraggio José Luis , Arancibia Inés
Published: July 2014

Nos planteamos un conjunto de interrogantes en torno a la intervención del Trabajo Social. La mayoría de estas reflexiones surgen de la problematización de las políticas sociales en Argentina y América Latina, pero los aspectos conceptuales son pertinentes para los países cuyas políticas sociales estén dando paso a intervenciones más integrales o en cualquier sociedad donde profesionales de la intervención social se sientan convocados a repensar sus prácticas de desde una perspectiva socioeconómica. Se propone, como marco, la cuestión social entendida como un proceso abierto de construcción social, para luego interrogarnos sobre el sentido que cobran y pueden cobrar las políticas sociales cuando atraviesan las experiencias locales de trabajo autogestionado y asociado de los sectores populares. Los trabajadores sociales que se insertan cotidianamente en «el territorio» poseen distintas herramientas de intervención para transformar la realidad. Pero es el sentido que las orienta lo que merece transformarse. En esa búsqueda proponemos volver a poner en el centro las dimensiones pretendidamente escindidas de «lo social», como la economía y la política, no de forma desinteresada, sino desde la perspectiva política de avanzar hacia una sociedad más democrática y más justa en la producción y distribución de la riqueza.
La exclusión social en el Área Metropolitana de Monterrey: procesos sociales y trayectorias vitales
Authors: García Justicia Javier José
Published: July 2014

La superación de la pobreza está bloqueada por las dinámicas de exclusión social. Ésta cuestiona la premisa de la movilidad ascendente. El acoplamiento de factores de exclusión socioeconómica, sociocultural y sociopolítica, aunado a una fuerte segregación espacial, tiende a reforzar, potenciar y perpetuar las formas de pobreza y desigualdad más extremas y persistentes. En el caso específico del Área Metropolitana de Monterrey, los mecanismos que generan principalmente los procesos de exclusión social son los relativos a los ámbitos cultural-simbólico y al político-institucional, reflejados en el debilitamiento de las redes sociales, el no reconocimiento de los derechos sociales y el acceso a la ciudadanía, la discriminación, la dominación cultural y la cultura de la superioridad, aunado a la debilidad de las políticas públicas para hacer frente a las diferentes situaciones de exclusión.
Trabajo Social en Suecia, tendencias generales y el caso particular de los niños migrantes
Authors: Montesino Norma , Righard Erica
Published: July 2014

La reestructuración del Estado de bienestar sueco y el aumento de las desigualdades son transformaciones sociales ocurridas durante los tres últimos decenios. Suecia ha perdido su posición de liderazgo en los rankings internacionales sobre igualdad social. Nuevas formas de entender y abordar los problemas sociales permiten la privatización de los servicios sociales, antes públicos. Además, cambios demográficos como el aumento de la movilidad internacional y la complejidad en la dinámica de los problemas sociales exigen nuevas respuestas de los servicios sociales, lo que tiene claras implicaciones para el Trabajo Social, que surgió como una actividad delimitada territorialmente por las fronteras nacionales. El caso de los niños migrantes es un ejemplo, ya que expresa claramente esas nuevas problemáticas y muestra diversas y contradictorias respuestas desde los servicios de protección de la infancia. En este artículo discutimos las respuestas que dan los trabajadores sociales en la atención de casos y las respuestas institucionalizadas desde los hogares de acogida. En esos lugares detectamos el fracaso de las formas institucionalizadas de protección de la infancia. En la atención de casos individuales vemos surgir respuestas que, dentro de los marcos de la legalidad, cuestionan una tradición de lealtad y subordinación a la autoridad en la historia del Trabajo Social en Suecia. Respuestas aparte, vemos también surgir organizaciones que cuestionan políticas represivas e intentan trabajar desde una perspectiva que toma en cuenta las problemáticas que afectan a los niños migrantes.
Experiencia y reflexiones acerca de la protección de menores en el Reino Unido
Authors: López Jiménez Marta
Published: July 2014

Este artículo narra algunas de mis experiencias como trabajadora social en el Reino Unido. Abordaré la visión que en este contexto se tiene de esta profesión y de sus profesionales, como punto de partida para la reflexión acerca de aspectos concretos en la intervención social y el día a día de una trabajadora social, en un campo tan especifico como es el de la protección de menores. El artículo no pretende ser una generalización acerca de la intervención social en el Reino Unido, sino que pretende poner un ejemplo y abrir campos de reflexión acerca de las construcciones sociales y dinámicas que se generan sobre el Trabajo Social y su praxis en un campo tan particular como es el de la protección de menores.
El trabajo social «judío»y su contribución a la configuración del Trabajo Social general como profesión y disciplina. Una primera aproximación científico-filosófica
Authors: Hidalgo Lavié Alfredo
Published: July 2014

Los orígenes del Trabajo Social tradicionalmente se han vinculado, fuera de nuestras fronteras, con el pensamiento protestante. La diversidad de corrientes cristianas en particular y de confesiones religiosas en general constituye una seña de identidad específicamente americana. La religión no es sólo una concepción de la vida que determina pautas de comportamiento, también es una forma de pensar, cuyo procedimiento puede o no puede permitir la innovación y la creatividad, además de la explicación. La influencia del pensamiento judío en el devenir del Trabajo Social invita a abordar esta cuestión diletante: ¿por qué el Trabajo Social pre-profesional se desarrolló de ese modo?
Trabajo Social en un centro de Servicios Sociales: una familia con 70 gatos
Authors: Santos Santos Lucía , Chans Pousada Juan Carlos , Cantero Saiz Araceli , Hamparzoumian Montilla Iefkine
Published: July 2014

Este artículo comparte una experiencia de intervención familiar con dos personas adultas, madre e hija, inmersas en una situación crítica de aislamiento y vulnerabilidad social. El contexto institucional de la intervención, se sitúa en una Unidad de Trabajo Social de Zona de un Centro de Servicios Sociales de una gran ciudad. La demanda de intervención proviene de una comunidad de vecinos. Al hilo de la narración del caso, se analizan las posibilidades de un Trabajo Social centrado en las capacidades de la familia, la importancia del encuentro y la relación con las personas expuestas a la situación que se describe. Se enfatiza en la necesidad de promover intervenciones programadas de seguimiento, que reduzcan las actuaciones de urgencia de los profesionales. Todo ello en un momento histórico, marcado por unas condiciones sociopolíticas que enfrentan al sistema público de Servicios Sociales a una amenaza de desmantelamiento hasta ahora inéditos.
The Bitter Cry: materiales para una genealogía de la identidad profesional de las pioneras del Trabajo Social en Inglaterra y los Estados Unidos
Authors: Álvarez-Uría Rico Fernando , Parra Contreras Pilar
Published: July 2014

Al revisar el proceso de institucionalización del Trabajo Social en Inglaterra y Estados Unidos, durante el primer tercio del siglo XX, se vuelven problemáticas algunas concepciones estereotipadas y sesgadas de la identidad profesional de los trabajadores sociales que siguen estando operativas. Para dar cuenta de la génesis de la profesión, más que apelar al deus ex machina de los nombres propios, en este artículo tratamos de objetivar en la historia social e intelectual las condiciones que contribuyeron a su formación. La crítica histórica permite de este modo sacar a la luz las aportaciones de un amplio colectivo de mujeres pioneras, como el círculo de Toynbee Hall, quienes sustituyeron el case work por el social work a partir de la nueva ciencia social. Estas mujeres abordaron la cuestión social, crearon nuevas técnicas de observación, y se comprometieron en favor de la reforma social. En los actuales tiempos de incertidumbre, el generoso compromiso social y político de las primeras trabajadoras sociales resulta especialmente ejemplar.
Insects Associated With Tea and Their Identification at Ntri (Shinkiari) Mansehra, Pakistan
Authors: Ullah Hamid , Muhammad Ibrar , Ullah Waheed , Parveen Farzana , Aslam Sohail
Published: July 2014

Tea plants are visited by different types of insects including tea pests and pollinator. The objective of the study was to identify tea associated insects in National Tea Research Institute (NTRI), Mansehra, Pakistan during April-June 2012. A collection of tea associated insects was made during April-June 2012 in Tea Experimental Garden (TEG), NTRI, Mansehra, Pakistan. A total of 128 samples were collected from TEG randomly. During the present research, 10 species were identified. Species collected were brush-footed butterfly, Argynnis hyperbius (Linnaeus, 1763); painted lady, Vanessa cardui (Linnaeus, 1758), Lucerne butterfly, Colias electo (Linnaeus, 1763)( Nymphalidae); small cabbage white butterfly, Pieris rapae (Linnaeus, 1758), white cabbage butterfly, Pieris brassicae (Linnaeus, 1758)( Pieridae); Asiatic honey bee, Apis cerana Fabricius, 1793, Western honey bee, Apis mellifera Linnaeus, 1758(Apidae); seven-spot ladybird Coccinella septempunctata (Linnaeus, 1758)( Coccinellidae); blue marsh hawk Orthetrum glaucum (Brauer, 1865), Crimson-tailed marsh hawk, Orthetrum pruinosum neglectum (Rambur, 1842)( Libellulidae). Different numbers of individuals were collected of each species. Seventeen individuals of P. brassicae, 16 of C. septempunctata, 15 of P. rapae, 14 of C. electo, 13 of V. cardui and A. cerana, 10 of A. mellifera, 9 of O. pruinosum neglectum and 7 of O. glaucum.It is concluded that there is a diversity to explain tea associated insects in NTRI, Mansehra, Pakistan.
A Queer and Embodied Translation: Ethics of Difference and Erotics of Distance
Authors: Lacayo Aarón
Published: July 2014

This paper explores a way of reading Luce Irigaray's philosophy of sexual difference alongside contemporary queer and translation theory. Scholarship involving Irigaray and translation has dealt chiefly with the translation of her work by others and not with her potential contributions to translation studies. Although she does not write about the particular act of translation, I consider how Irigaray's concept of difference—especially her concern for autonomy and distance—allows us to rethink translation as a queer practice toward an embodied futurity. I characterize the act of translation as a queer encounter between a bodily text and an infinite number of unknown, possible others. Such erotics of distance adds a somatic queer layer to translation studies already marked by cultural, political, and textual differences. From this perspective, translation appears as an open community of new possibilities rather than a hierarchical practice based on fidelity and failures. I theorize translation in relation to five elements of sexual difference: corporeal density, irreducibility, futurity, the interval, and its remainder. I conclude with a literary example of the relationship between poetry, translation, and architecture by way of my Spanish translation of an “art card” by the American conceptual artist Gordon Matta-Clark (1943–1978).
Strategies of Translating Sexualities as Part of the Secularization of Eighteenth- and Early Nineteenth-Century Russia
Authors: Tyulenev Sergey
Published: July 2014

This article considers one of the understudied areas of Russian translation history—the role translation played in introducing works of verbal art with a distinct sexual component as part of the program of westernization of eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century Russia. The purpose is to look at the broad spectrum of translation strategies that were used in order to introduce sexuality as a literary theme into a new secularized Russia spanning from bowdlerized to faithful renderings, and thereby liberalize social mores and challenge dominant systemic discourse. With the help of Luhmann's social systems theory, translation is shown to be both a means of enriching the nascent Russian literary subsystem with established masterpieces of Greco-Roman antiquity and western European vernacular literatures and, at the same time, not infrequently forcing unpalatable manifestations of sexuality into the target system's set of values. The author analyzes the vicissitudes of translations of Sappho's Second Ode and Pushkin's use of translation text in his attempt to challenge the official religious and state establishment in some of his controversial poetic works, notably An Imitation of the Arabic, Monk, and Gavriiliada.
Life, Death, Renewal
Authors: Sciabarra Chris Matthew
Published: July 2014

This essay discusses the passing of two figures important to Ayn Rand studies: Allan Gotthelf and Barbara Branden. It also contextualizes some of the essays published in the current issue.
Ayn Rand Society Philosophical Studies
Authors: Seddon Fred
Published: July 2014

This article reviews the first two works featuring essays derived from talks given before the Ayn Rand Society, an affiliated group of the American Philosophical Association, Eastern Division. The books are both edited by the late Allan Gotthelf (editor) and James G. Lennox (associate editor), each dealing with a different aspect of Ayn Rand's philosophy. The first is a study in Ayn Rand's normative theory (Metaethics, Egoism, and Virtue: Studies in Ayn Rand's Normative Theory) and the second offers reflections on Rand's theory of knowledge (Concepts and Their Role in Knowledge: Reflections on Objectivist Epistemology).
Effects of Drying Techniques on Murtilla Fruit Polyphenols and Antioxidant Activity
Authors: Alfaro Susana , Mutis Ana , Quiroz Andres , Seguel Ivette , Scheuermann Erick
Published: July 2014

‘Murtilla’ (Ugni molinae Turcz) is a native Chilean species that belongs to the Myrtaceae family. It produces a small, globular fruit with pleasant flavor and recognized antioxidant activity. Convective hot-air and freeze drying are important techniques for fruit preservation, but their effect on murtilla fruit polyphenols and antioxidant activity has not yet been studied simultaneously. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of convective hot-air drying at 65 and 80 ºC and freeze drying on total polyphenol content (TPC), total anthocyanin content (TAC), polyphenols and anthocyanins of the Red Pearl-INIA variety of fresh murtilla fruits as measured by HPLC and antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS). The freeze dried fruit retained higher values for TPC (2192.4 mg/100 g d.w.), TAC (13.4 mg/100 g d.w.), polyphenols (79.02 mg/100 g d.w. by HPLC) and anthocyanins (0.188 mg/100 g d.w. by HPLC) than the murtilla dried by convective hot-air at both 65 and 80 ºC. The application of all treatments showed a positive increase in the DPPH (2945.4 to 3677.6 ?mol TE/100 g d.w.) and ABTS (2664.8 to 3397.2 ?mol TE/100 g d.w.) antioxidant activity of the dried murtilla compared to the DPPH (2111.1 ?mol TE/100 g d.w.) and ABTS (2247.8 ?mol TE/100 g d.w.) of the fresh fruit. Freeze drying was the best technique for the retention of polyphenols and antioxidant activity from the fresh murtilla fruit. Therefore, freeze drying is recommended over convective hot-air drying at 65 and 80 ºC when these bioactive compounds need to be preserved.
Roselle Calyces Particle Size Effect on the Physicochemical and Phytochemicals Characteristics
Authors: Cid-Ortega Sandro , Guerrero-Beltran Jose Angel
Published: July 2014

The effect of average particle size (APS), type of solvent, and extraction times (ET) on the physicochemical (moisture, pH, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity, color, water activity (aw), density), and phytochemical (total anthocyanins and phenols content)propertiesin Hibiscus sabdariffa (Roselle) calyces was analyzed. The phytochemical properties evaluation was performed using a factorial design 2×3×3: two APS (median diameters, d50, of 0.55 ± 0.016 (fine powder) and 0.97 ± 0.034 (ground powder) mm), three solvents (water, 2% citric acid, and 50% ethanol) and three ET (30, 45, and 60 min). All extractions were performed at 50 °C. The APS was determined by sieve analysis using Tyler sieves of different number of mesh. Regarding physicochemical properties, no significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed in moisture content, pH, and titratable acidity; however, the 0.55 mm fine powder (FP) of Hibiscus calyces had lower aw(0.37±0.01) and higher TSS (5.53±0.05%) than the 0.97 mm ground powder (GP). The extracts obtained fromGP showed a deeper red color than those of FP. The best combination of independent variables, in order to obtain the highest concentration of anthocyanins (451.4±28.1 mg/100 g d.s.) and total phenols (2016.2 ± 159.8 mg/100 g d.s.) were APS of 0.55 mm, 50% ethanol, and ETof 30 min.
The Natural Cycle: WHY Economic Fluctuations are Inevitable. A Schumpeterian Extension of the Austrian Business Cycle Theory
Authors: Ferlito Carmelo
Published: July 2014

The conventional version of Austrian business cycle theory focuses on a temporary imbalance between natural and monetary rates of interest. When, because of the role of monetary authorities in defining the monetary rate, the two values are in a situation of imbalance, the resulting expansion stage is followed by a recession. On the other hand, if instead the expansive phase arises without any interference by monetary authorities but through re-adaptation of the productive structure to a modified structure of temporal preferences, a period of sustainable growth begins that will not be followed by a crisis. The purpose of this essay is to demonstrate, on the other hand, that because of profit-expectations and the combined action of Schumpeterian elements (imitations-speculations and the â€˜creation of money' by banks), even a so-called â€˜sustainable' boom will be affected by a liquidation and settling crisis. What distinguishes the latter situation from the conventional case of imbalance between monetary and natural rates is not the onset or otherwise of a crisis but, rather, its intensity and duration. We will define as natural an economic cycle characterised by a stage of expansion considered to be â€˜sustainable' in the Austrian theory but followed by an inevitable readjustment crisis.
Quantitative determinants of aerobic glycolysis identify flux through the enzyme GAPDH as a limiting step
Authors: Shestov Alexander A , Liu Xiaojing , Ser Zheng , Cluntun Ahmad A , Hung Yin P , Huang Lei , Kim Dongsung , Le Anne , Yellen Gary , Albeck John G , Locasale Jason W
Published: July 2014

Aerobic glycolysis or the Warburg Effect (WE) is characterized by the increased metabolism of glucose to lactate. It remains unknown what quantitative changes to the activity of metabolism are necessary and sufficient for this phenotype. We developed a computational model of glycolysis and an integrated analysis using metabolic control analysis (MCA), metabolomics data, and statistical simulations. We identified and confirmed a novel mode of regulation specific to aerobic glycolysis where flux through GAPDH, the enzyme separating lower and upper glycolysis, is the rate-limiting step in the pathway and the levels of fructose (1,6) bisphosphate (FBP), are predictive of the rate and control points in glycolysis. Strikingly, negative flux control was found and confirmed for several steps thought to be rate-limiting in glycolysis. Together, these findings enumerate the biochemical determinants of the WE and suggest strategies for identifying the contexts in which agents that target glycolysis might be most effective.
Inferring deep ocean tidal energy dissipation from the global high‐resolution data‐assimilative HAMTIDE model
Authors: Taguchi E. , Stammer D. , Zahel W.
Published: July 2014

Energy dissipation rates of eight major semidiurnal and diurnal tidal constituents are inferred using a barotropic data assimilative tide model with 7.5' spatial resolution. Dynamical residuals and dynamical residual power, estimated through the assimilation procedure as a correction for model uncertainties, constitute an essential contribution to deep‐ocean and shallow‐seas dissipation rates. Resulting total dissipation rates amount to 3.54 TW, of which 2.44 TW (69%) are accounted for by the
component alone. Concentrating on the deep ocean (> 1000 m water depth), the dissipation by all eight constituents amounts to 1.42 TW, and 0.93 TW just for the
component. These results are higher by 19% and 38% than dissipation rates estimated by Egbert and Ray (2003), respectively. Of the globally dissipated
energy, 1.24 TW are estimated to arise from bottom drag and eddy turbulence, 1.20 TW from residual power. For just the deep ocean, respective numbers amount to 0.10 TW for bottom drag and eddy turbulence, 1.07 TW for barotropic‐to‐baroclinic energy conversion due to the internal wave drag. Interpreting negative residual power −0.24 TW as a potential tidal energy source, a net surface‐to‐internal tide
energy conversion would amount to 0.83 TW.
Numerical assessment of potential impacts of hydraulically fractured Bowland Shale on overlying aquifers
Authors: Cai Zuansi , Ofterdinger Ulrich
Published: July 2014

Natural gas extracted from hydraulically fractured shale formations potentially has a big impact on the global energy landscape. However, there are concerns of potential environmental impacts of hydraulic fracturing of the shale formations, particularly those related to water quality. To evaluate the potential impact of hydraulically fractured shale on overlying aquifers, we conduct realizations of numerical modeling simulations to assess fluid flow and chloride transport from a synthetic Bowland Shale over a period of 11,000 years. The synthetic fractured shale was represented by a three‐dimensional discrete fracture model that was developed by using the data from a Bowland Shale gas exploration in Lancashire, UK. Chloride mass exchange between fractures and the rock matrix was fully accounted for in the model. The assessment was carried out to investigate fluid and chloride mass fluxes before, during, and after hydraulic fracturing of the Bowland Shale. Impacts of the upward fracture height and aperture, as well as hydraulic conductivity of the multilayered bedrock system, are also included this assessment. This modeling revealed that the hydraulically fractured Bowland Shale is unlikely to pose a risk to its overlying groundwater quality when the induced fracture aperture is ≤200 µm. With the fracture aperture ≥1000 µm, the upward chloride flux becomes very sensitive to the upward fracture height growth and hydraulic conductivity of the multilayered bedrock system. In the extremely unlikely event of the upward fracture growth directly connecting the shale formation to the overlying Sherwood Sandstone aquifer with the fracture aperture ≥1000 µm, the upward chloride mass flux could potentially pose risks to the overlying aquifer in 100 years. The model study also revealed that the upward mass flux is significantly intercepted by the horizontal mass flux within a high permeable layer between the Bowland Shale and its overlying aquifers, reducing further upward flux toward the overlying aquifers.
Identifying sampling locations for field‐scale soil moisture estimation using K‐means clustering
Authors: Van Arkel Zach , Kaleita Amy L.
Published: July 2014

Identifying and understanding the impact of field‐scale soil moisture patterns is currently limited by the time and resources required to do sufficient monitoring. This study uses K‐means clustering to find critical sampling points to estimate field‐scale near‐surface soil moisture. Points within the field are clustered based upon topographic and soils data and the points representing the center of those clusters are identified as the critical sampling points. Soil moisture observations at 42 sites across the growing seasons of 4 years were collected several times per week. Using soil moisture observations at the critical sampling points and the number of points within each cluster, a weighted average is found and used as the estimated mean field‐scale soil moisture. Field‐scale soil moisture estimations from this method are compared to the rank stability approach (RSA) to find optimal sampling locations based upon temporal soil moisture data. The clustering approach on soil and topography data resulted in field‐scale average moisture estimates that were as good or better than RSA, but without the need for exhaustive presampling of soil moisture. Using an electromagnetic inductance map as a proxy for soils data significantly improved the estimates over those obtained based on topography alone.
Character of seismic motion at a location of a gas hydrate‐bearing mud volcano on the SW Barents Sea margin
Authors: Franek Peter , Mienert Jürgen , Buenz Stefan , Géli Louis
Published: July 2014

The Håkon Mosby mud volcano (HMMV) at 1270 m water depth on the SW Barents Sea slope has been intensively studied since its discovery in 1989. A variety of sensors monitored morphological, hydrological, geochemical, and biological parameters in the HMMV area. An ocean bottom seismometer deployment allowed us to register seismic motion for 2 years, from October 2008 to October 2010. The analysis of seismic records documents two types of seismic signals. The first type are harmonic tremors with frequency peaks around 4–5 and 8–10 Hz that occur in swarms. Their origin could be from fluid flow circulation or resonant vibrations of gas bubbles or from delayed movement of fluid‐rich sediments in the conduit or in a deeper pseudo‐mud chamber of the HMMV. Because swarms occur with a periodicity of ~ 6 h, tide‐related effects are suspected to influence the mechanism originating the tremors. The second type of signals are regional earthquakes that were in 15 cases recognized in seismic records. The activity of harmonic tremors was not significantly affected by earthquakes.
Rapid erosion of the Southern African Plateau as it climbs over a mantle superswell
Authors: Braun Jean , Guillocheau François , Robin Cécile , Baby Guillaume , Jelsma Hielke
Published: July 2014

We present new sedimentary flux data confirming that a large pulse of erosion affected the Southern African Plateau in the Late Cretaceous and is likely to be related to a major uplift episode of the plateau. This short phase of erosion (i.e., less than 30 Myr in duration) has commonly been difficult to reconcile with a mantle origin for the plateau anomalous uplift: given its size, the rise of the African superplume is likely to have lasted much longer. Here we demonstrate by using a simple model for fluvial erosion that tilting of the continent as it rides over a wide dynamic topography high cannot only cause rapid uplift of the plateau but also trigger continent‐wide drainage reorganization, leading to substantial denudation in a relatively short amount of time. The amplitude and short duration of the sedimentary pulse are best reproduced by assuming a strong erodibility contrast between the Karoo sedimentary and volcanic rocks and the underlying basement. We also present a new compilation of paleoclimate indicators that shows a transition from arid to very humid conditions approximately at the onset of the documented erosional pulse, suggesting that climate may have also played a role in triggering the denudation. The diachronism of the sedimentary flux between the eastern and western margins of the plateau and the temporal and geographic coincidence between the uplift and kimberlite eruptions are, however, better explained by our tilt hypothesis driven by the migration of the continent over a fixed source of mantle upwelling.
Cloud properties and radiative effects of the Asian summer monsoon derived from A‐Train data
Authors: Berry Elizabeth , Mace Gerald G.
Published: July 2014

Using A‐Train satellite data, we investigate the distribution of clouds and their microphysical and radiative properties in Southeast Asia during the summer monsoon. We find an approximate balance in the top of the atmosphere (TOA) cloud radiative effect, which is largely due to commonly occurring cirrus layers that warm the atmosphere, and less frequent deep layers, which produce a strong cooling at the surface. The distribution of ice water path (IWP) in these layers, obtained from the 2C‐ICE CloudSat data product, is highly skewed with a mean value of 440 g m−2 and a median of 24 g m−2. We evaluate the fraction of the total IWP observed by CloudSat and CALIPSO individually and find that both instruments are necessary for describing the overall IWP statistics and particularly the values that are most important to cirrus radiative impact. In examining how cloud radiative effects at the TOA vary as a function of IWP, we find that cirrus with IWP less than 200 g m−2 produce a net warming in the study region. Weighting the distribution of radiative effect by the frequency of occurrence of IWP values, we determine that cirrus with IWP around 20 g m−2 contribute most to heating at the TOA. We conclude that the mean IWP is a poor diagnostic of radiative impact. We suggest that climate model intercomparisons with data should focus on the median IWP because that statistic is more descriptive of the cirrus that contribute most to the radiative impacts of tropical ice clouds.
Restricting 32–128 km horizontal scales hardly affects the MJO in the Superparameterized Community Atmosphere Model v.3.0 but the number of cloud‐resolving grid columns constrains vertical mixing
Authors: Pritchard Michael S. , Bretherton Christopher S. , DeMott Charlotte A.
Published: July 2014

The effects of artificially restricting the 32–128 km horizontal scale regime on MJO dynamics in the Superparameterized Community Atmosphere Model v.3.0 have been explored through reducing the extent of its embedded cloud resolving model (CRM) arrays. Two and four‐fold reductions in CRM extent (from 128 to 64 km and 32 km) produce statistical composite MJO signatures with spatial scale, zonal phase speed, and intrinsic wind‐convection anomaly structure that are all remarkably similar to the standard SPCAM's MJO. This suggests that the physics of mesoscale convective organization on 32–128 km scales are not critical to MJO dynamics in SPCAM and that reducing CRM extent may be a viable strategy for 400% more computationally efficient analysis of superparameterized MJO dynamics. However several unexpected basic state responses caution that extreme CRM domain reduction can lead to systematic mean state issues in superparameterized models. We hypothesize that an artificial limit on the efficiency of vertical updraft mixing is set by the number of grid columns available for compensating subsidence in the embedded CRM arrays. This can lead to reduced moisture ventilation supporting too much liquid cloud and thus an overly strong cloud shortwave radiative forcing, particularly in regions of deep convection.
Detection of Concealment in an Information‐Gathering Interview
Authors: Vrij Aldert , Mann Samantha , Jundi Shyma , Hillman Jackie , Hope Lorraine
Published: July 2014

Deception researchers have suggested that when truth tellers and liars carry out the same activities, verbal differences in reporting such activities are unlikely to occur. We argue that liars will report these activities in less detail than truth tellers, due to a tendency to be less forthcoming with information relating to their deception. In the present experiment, truth tellers and liars carried out the same activities for benevolent (truth tellers) or malevolent (liars) reasons and were asked to report these activities in a free recall phase and in a cued recall phase. In the cued recall phase, half of the participants were asked to recall the information with their eyes closed. Liars' accounts were less detailed than truth tellers' accounts in the free recall phases of the interview. Eye closure resulted in the reporting of more detail by truth tellers and liars. The theoretical and applied implications of these findings are discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electronic Instabilities Leading to Electroformation of Binary Metal Oxide‐based Resistive Switches
Authors: Sharma Abhishek A. , Noman Mohammad , Abdelmoula Mohamed , Skowronski Marek , Bain James A.
Published: July 2014

Oxide‐based resistive switching devices are a leading contender for the next generation memories. Before use, each device has to go through a conditioning process called electroformation which has been suggested to be initiated by the accumulation of oxygen vacancies. Here, experimental evidence is presented which shows that both Ta2O5‐x‐ and TiO2‐x‐based crossbar devices, exhibit characteristic electronic instability leading to a reversible constriction of the current flow to a narrow filament prior to permanent change. Thus, it is asserted, electroformation is initiated through purely electronic and reversible events, to be followed later by structural changes in the material, like oxygen vacancy redistribution. Furthermore, the electronic instability responsible for electroformation also gives rise to negative differential resistance (NDR) and that this characteristics appears to involve two distinct mechanisms: a thermal one in which Joule heating causes resistance to decrease as current increases and a second electronic mechanism that appears not to require Joule heating for NDR. Using a combination of thermometry and thermal modeling, a self‐consistent temperature and filament radius as a function of power are found for the 5 μm cross‐bar devices. In the thermal NDR regime, the filament appears to be ∼500 nm in diameter and has a peak temperature of ∼300 °C, while in the adiabatic regime, the estimated filament diameter is much smaller (<50 nm) and the maximum temperature inside it exceeds 800 °C.
Photoluminescent Porous Si/SiO2 Core/Shell Nanoparticles Prepared by Borate Oxidation
Authors: Joo Jinmyoung , Cruz Jose F. , Vijayakumar Sanahan , Grondek Joel , Sailor Michael J.
Published: July 2014

A systematic study on the activation of photoluminescence from luminescent porous silicon nanoparticles (LPSiNPs) by oxidation in aqueous media containing sodium tetraborate (borax) is presented. The treatment promotes surface oxidation of the porous silicon skeleton and consequently generates an electronically passivated material. Photoluminescence is ascribed to quantum confinement effects and to defects localized at the Si‐SiO2 interface, and the strong photoluminescence is attributed to passivation of nonradiative surface defects. The oxidation treatment (carried out at 20 °C) generates a gradual blue shift of the photoluminescence peak wavelength (from 800 nm to 630 nm), while the bandwidth remains relatively constant (≈210 nm). During the treatment period, the external quantum yield (λex = 365 nm) of photoluminescence increases to a maximum value of 23% after 200 min, and then it decreases at longer treatment times. The decrease in photoluminescence intensity at longer times is attributed to degradation and dissolution of the nanoparticles, which is inhibited at higher nanoparticle concentrations or by addition of free silicic acid.
Functionalized TiO2 Based Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Wu Shuilin , Weng Zhengyang , Liu Xiangmei , Yeung K.W. K. , Chu Paul. K.
Published: July 2014

As baby boomers age, diabetes mellitus, cancer, osteoarthritis, cardiovascular diseases, and orthopedic disorders are more widespread and the demand for better biomedical devices and functional biomaterials is increasing rapidly. Owing to the good biocompatibility, chemical stability, catalytic efficiency, plasticity, mechanical properties, as well as strength‐to‐weight ratio, titanium dioxide (TiO2) based nanostructured materials are playing important roles in tissue reconstruction and diagnosis of these diseases. Here, recent advance in the research of nanostructured TiO2 based biomaterials pertaining to bone tissue engineering, intravascular stents, drug delivery systems, and biosensors is described.
Elastomeric Tiles for the Fabrication of Inflatable Structures
Authors: Morin Stephen A. , Kwok Sen Wai , Lessing Joshua , Ting Jason , Shepherd Robert F. , Stokes Adam A. , Whitesides George M.
Published: July 2014

This paper describes the fabrication of 3D soft, inflatable structures from thin, 2D tiles fabricated from elastomeric polymers. The tiles are connected using soft joints that increase the surface area available for gluing them together, and mechanically reinforce the structures to withstand the tensile forces associated with pneumatic actuation. The ability of the elastomeric polymer to withstand large deformations without failure makes it possible to explore and implement new joint designs, for example “double‐taper dovetail joints,” that cannot be used with hard materials. This approach simplifies the fabrication of soft structures comprising materials with different physical properties (e.g., stiffness, electrical conductivity, optical transparency), and provides the methods required to “program” the response of these structures to mechanical (e.g., pneumatic pressurization) and other physical (e.g., electrical) stimuli. The flexibility and modularity of this approach is demonstrated in a set of soft structures that expanded or buckled into distinct, predictable shapes when inflated or deflated. These structures combine easily to form extended systems with motions dependent on the configurations of the selected components, and, when fabricated with electrically conductive tiles, electronic circuits with pneumatically active elements. This approach to the fabrication of hollow, 3D structures provides routes to new soft actuators.
Carbon Nanotube Pullout, Interfacial Properties, and Toughening in Ceramic Nanocomposites: Mechanistic Insights from Single Fiber Pullout Analysis
Authors: Kessman A. J. , Zhang J. , Vasudevan S. , Lou J. , Sheldon B. W.
Published: July 2014

While debonding and subsequent pullout at fiber‐matrix interfaces can improve fracture toughness in ceramic nanocomposites, the magnitudes of these contributions are currently the subject of ongoing debate. To provide quantitative insight into these mechanisms, ceramic matrix nanocomposites were fabricated with a polymer‐derived ceramic matrix, using multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) that exhibit relatively long pullout lengths. In situ micromechanical pullout tests on individual MWCNTs were used to directly measure the strength of the fiber‐matrix interface. Similar pullout lengths were also observed in bulk and thin film composites, where the fracture toughness of the composite films was measured and found to be higher than that of the matrix material. The interfacial properties from the micromechanical test and the pullout lengths from the composite films were then used to estimate the energy release rates for fiber debonding and pullout. Based on the observed MWCNT and composite failure mechanisms, these results are discussed in terms of their relation to previous estimates of toughening in MWCNT‐ceramic nanocomposites, and in terms of design possibilities for further fracture toughness improvements.
Effects of Fiber Spinning on the Morphology, Rheology, Thermal, and Mechanical Properties of Poly(trimethylene terephthalate)/Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Blends
Authors: Arasteh Rouhollah , Naderi Ali , Kaptan Navid , Maleknia Laleh , Akhlaghi Shahin , Nazockdast Hosein
Published: July 2014

The morphology, thermal behavior, rheological, and mechanical properties of poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT)/poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) blend fibers were investigated. The scanning electron microscopy studies revealed the formation of a microfibrillar network of the PET within the PTT matrix after the fiber‐spinning process. Differential scanning calorimetry results demonstrated that although the thermal characteristics of the amorphous phase were unaffected by the fiber‐spinning process, the melting and crystallization behavior of the blends was altered by the elongation flow imposed during the melt spinning. The viscoelastic behavior of the PTT/PET blends was also studied by a steady shear rate and dynamic sweep rheological experiments before and after the spinning process. The induced morphology and crystallization reordering resulting from the fibrillation process are shown to have a remarkable effect on the complex viscosity profile of the PTT/PET fibers, particularly in the blend containing 30 wt% PET. The mechanical testing showed that tenacity and Young's modulus of the PTT fibers increased with the addition of PET up to 30 wt%.
The relationship between BMI and dietary intake of primary school children from a rural area of South Africa: The Ellisras longitudinal study
Authors: Van Den Ende C. , Twisk J.W.R. , Monyeki K.D.
Published: July 2014

Objectives

To investigate the relationship between dietary intake and BMI of primary school children from a rural area of South Africa cross‐sectionally. Both under and over nutrition remain major health problems in South Africa. In rural areas, where especially undernutrition leads to child morbidity and mortality, determinants should be detected.

Methods

Data was used from 825 children (421 boys, 404 girls), aged 6–12 years, participating in the Ellisras Longitudinal Growth study. Height and weight were measured in accordance with the protocol of the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry. Internationally recommended cut‐off points for body mass index (BMI) were used. Dietary intake was measured using the 24 h recall method. In general, boys and girls from Ellisras had dietary intake levels lower than or according to dietary guidelines.

Results

A singular linear regression model showed a significant association between monounsaturated fat and BMI. The multiple model demonstrated that total fat (B = 0.05, CI: 0.019–0.082), monounsaturated fat (B = −0.093, CI: −0.160 to −0.026) and polyunsaturated fat (B = 0.056, CI: 0.09–0.02) predict BMI.

Conclusion

This study supports previous findings about BMI and dietary trends in rural areas of South Africa. Despite low fat intake of the subjects, this macronutrient appeared to predict BMI most strongly. More research is needed; however, to further examine how healthy their lifestyle is nowadays with respect to diet and into what extent the nutrition transition has reached this area. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 26:701–706, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Distal Xq28 microdeletions: Clarification of the spectrum of contiguous gene deletions involving ABCD1, BCAP31, and SLC6A8 with a new case and review of the literature
Authors: Calhoun Amy R.U.L. , Raymond Gerald V.
Published: July 2014

The contiguous ABCD1/DXS1375E (BCAP31) deletion syndrome (CADDS) is a rare X‐linked contiguous gene deletion syndrome with a severe clinical phenotype that includes marked delays, significant growth failure, liver dysfunction, and early death. The X‐linked creatine transporter deficiency is a considerably more common and a cause of X‐linked intellectual disability; however, multi‐exon deletions of the creatine transporter are rare. We report the fifth case of CADDS, who also has a deletion of the X‐linked creatine transporter. We also review reported cases of deletions in this region in order to clarify the clinical spectrum of contiguous microdeletions in this region. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Backen, Altern, Diabetes: eine kurze Geschichte der Maillard‐Reaktion
Authors: Hellwig Michael , Henle Thomas
Published: July 2014

Die 1912 erstmals von dem französischen Biochemiker Louis‐Camille Maillard beschriebene Reaktion reduzierender Kohlenhydrate mit Aminokomponenten ist verantwortlich für den Geruch, den Geschmack und das Aussehen thermisch verarbeiteter Lebensmittel. Die Erkenntnis, dass entsprechende nicht‐enzymatische Umsetzungen auch im Organismus auftreten, führte zur intensiven Erforschung der pathophysiologischen Bedeutung der Maillard‐Reaktion bei Diabetes und Alterungsprozessen. Alimentäre Maillard‐Produkte werden einerseits als “Glycotoxine” und damit als Ernährungsrisiko, andererseits jedoch auch vermehrt im Hinblick auf positive Wirkungen im menschlichen Körper diskutiert. In unserem Aufsatz geben wir einen Überblick zu den wichtigsten Erkenntnissen der Maillard‐Forschung seit ihrer Erstbeschreibung und zeigen, dass die komplexe Reaktion auch nach über hundert Jahren nichts an interdisziplinärer Aktualität verloren hat.
Tunneling Assists the 1,2‐Hydrogen Shift in N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes
Authors: Karmakar Sharmistha , Datta Ayan
Published: July 2014

At room temperature, 1,2‐hydrogen‐transfer reactions of N‐heterocyclic carbenes, like the imidazol‐2‐ylidene to give imidazole is shown to occurr almost entirely (>90 %) by quantum mechanical tunneling (QMT). At 60 K in an Ar matrix, for the 2, 3‐dihydrothiazol‐2‐ylidene→thiazole transformation, QMT is shown to increase the rate about 105 times. Calculations including small‐curvature tunneling show that the barrier for intermolecular 1,2‐hydrogen‐transfer reaction is small, and QMT leads to a reduced rate of the forward reaction because of nonclassical reflections even at room temperature. A small barrier also leads to smaller kinetic isotope effects because of efficient QMT by both H and D. QMT does not always lead to faster reactions or larger KIE values, particularly when the barrier is small.