bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Putting Civil Society in Its Place
Authors: Jessop Bob
Published: May 2021

This book interprets civil society both as a shifting horizon of action and as an ensemble of governance arrangements with diverse agents rather than as a fixed reality with a definite substance. Its focus is not so much on civil society as it is on governance, metagovernance, and their forms of failure. These phenomena are examined from a governance theoretical viewpoint concerned with the coordination through self-organizing networks, partnerships and other forms of reflexive collaboration and, relatedly, in terms of an alleged ‘shift from government to governance’ in the polity and similar shifts from hierarchical authority to networked or ‘heterarchical’ coordination in many other social fields. After exploring these themes, the book presents the two phases of the WISERD civil society research programme and locates it in terms of Marx, Gramsci, and Foucault. The book then presents Bob Jessop’s own case studies of the role of governance in tackling economic and social problems and the limits and failures of economic and social policy in various styles of governance. It concludes with remarks on the struggle to integrate civil society into governance, and the power of social networks and solidarity within civil society. It thereby provides a comprehensive review of the factors that influence their success and identifies lessons for future social innovation.
Introduction
Authors: Jessop Bob
Published: May 2021

This book locates how civil society organizations, partnerships, and associations are being mobilized in response to market failure and state failure. This is related to critical governance studies and explores two political strategies that seek to recontextualize the significance of civil society. One strategy is individual and collective self-responsibilization to lighten the governance burdens of local and central states. The other is collective self-emancipation through social innovation, community mobilization, and creating the commons to limit or escape the constraints of market and state. Thus, governance can be located at the intersection of networks and solidarity as alternatives to market exchange and hierarchical command. The book will juxtapose 'romantic public irony' to fatalism, stoicism, cynicism, or opportunism.
The governance of complexity and the complexity of governance
Authors: Jessop Bob
Published: May 2021

Civil society exists at the intersection of networks and solidarity as opposed to markets or command and its agents have the potential to guide markets and state action. It may serve as a means of self-responsibilization as well as self-emancipation. It comprises a heterogeneous set of institutional orders and pluralistic set of agents, many of which are operationally autonomous and resistant to control from outside – whether through market forces, top-down command by the state or horizontal networking. This chapter presents the theoretical background to interest in governance, shows the etymological roots of the concept, offers some reasons for the explosion of interest in governance in the 1960s and 1970s, and describes the main features of governance practices.
Locating civil society in Marx and Gramsci
Authors: Jessop Bob
Published: May 2021

This chapter explores the origins and aims of the two phases of the WISERD; research programme on civil society. It examines the first phase research agenda and some research results on: locality, community and civil society; individuals, institutions and governance; economic austerity, social enterprise and inequality; generation, life course and social participation. It also outlines the second phase concern with frontiers of civic exclusion and expansion; polarization, austerity and civic deficit; contentious politics of civic gain; material resources, social innovations and civil repair; and data infrastructure and data integration. The influence of David Lockwood’s account of civic stratification is also explored.
The multispatial governance of social and economic policy
Authors: Jessop Bob
Published: May 2021

This chapter distinguishes Foucault’s approach from the work of Anglo-Foucauldian scholars. The latter adopted a microsocial perspective, focused on the programmes and rationalities of government that work across multiple alliances between different actors, and argued for bottom-up civil society responsibilization. Foucault was not only state-phobic but also suspicious of political action based on civil society. His theoretical interests shifted from the micro-physics of disciplinary society and its anatomo-politics of the body to the more general strategic codification of a plurality of discourses, practices, technologies of power, and institutional ensembles around a specific governmental rationality concerned with the social body (bio-power) in a consolidated capitalist society. This is reflected in the statification of government and the governmentalization of the state. This led to his analyses of sovereignty, territorial statehood, and state power and the role of civil society in this regard and to less well-substantiated claims about their articulation to the logic of capital accumulation.
Conclusions
Authors: Jessop Bob
Published: May 2021

This chapter explores ways of putting civil society in its place and relates them to Gramscian and/or Foucauldian notions that civil society is not only an integral part of the changing exercise of state power but also offers opportunities for resistance. It explores the enlightenment triangle of market, state, and civil society; six possible framings of civil society as a research object; and the approaches of different disciplinary traditions. It then considers five trends and counter-trends in the development of civil society and how changes in the capitalist market economy, state forms, and civil society impact the identities and interests of civil society actors. Next, the analysis turns to the scope for resistance. Finally, the chapter reflects on the limits of the WISERD project on civil society when seen from these perspectives.
The evidence: the power of fairness
Authors: Hough Mike
Published: May 2021

This chapter summarises some of the key evidence showing that procedural justice strategies are effective ways of securing people’s compliance and cooperation within policing. According to surveys such as the European Social Survey (ESS) and the International Self Report Delinquency Study (ISRD), both adults and teenagers value fairness, and fair treatment motivates people to cooperate with each other and comply with what others want of them. Treating people fairly is by no means the only way of getting them to do things. Instrumental strategies – offering inducements, rewards and punishments – can often work equally well. However, strategies of this sort have larger financial and social costs. In the final analysis, both individuals and organisations have to make choices about the ways in which we get people to behave as we wish. Choices between normative and instrumental strategies are partly instrumental, but they are also unavoidably normative or ethical ones.
Closing thoughts
Authors: Hough Mike
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses some question raised, but not fully answered, in earlier chapters. The first is whether we require police to behave morally, or ethically. It argues that the distinction between ethical and moral behaviour is a significant one, and that police officers should be assesses against ethical standards of behaviour rather than their moral reasoning. Secondly there are questions relating to the risks of coupling policing and the law too closely to public morality. The chapter argues that there are boundaries between criminal law and public morality that the police should be very cautious about crossing. Finally the chapter stresses the importance of foregrounding the normative foundations upon which procedural justice theory is built, which are best analysed within frameworks of human rights, social rights and democratic values. This will mitigate the risk that the procedural justice approach will be seen simply as a series of behavioural tricks and shortcuts for securing compliance.
Being an outsider
Authors: Batsleer Janet , Duggan James
Published: May 2021

Places that pride themselves on their sense of community and belonging can be very lonely places for those who do not fit in. These issues of inclusion/exclusion are illustrated in accounts of experience of growing up with a sense of being an outsider, including stories of growing up with a disability in a town where it is assumed you will not therefore be able to cope with mainstream schooling; growing up LGBT in an area with strong conservative religious views; being a foreigner in a segregated and low paid form of employment; trying to keep away from low level criminal activity in a neighbourhood where this has become the norm. These themes are explored in relation to segregation; stigma; racism; and the meaning of difference.
Being left out
Authors: Batsleer Janet , Duggan James
Published: May 2021

This chapter presents the experience of being left out and not fitting in from a variety of perspectives and draws on the thinking of Audre Lorde and subsequent queer theory to reframe difference as a resource. Ranging from the ways in which children and young people are horrid to one another to the ways in which adults maintain control of groups by harnessing the power of exclusion, it focuses on the micopolitics of exclusion and control. Even when norms seem to have shifted to a greater inclusivity and acceptance of ‘difference’ the experience of being ‘the only one’ in a group is still a lonely one and can be made more so when it is mobilised by others in the interests of retaining power and control. Examples here are of young people exploring non-normative gender and sexuality; of autism; and of young people being cold-shouldered without knowing why.
Online spaces and connection
Authors: Batsleer Janet , Duggan James
Published: May 2021

This chapter works challenges sensationalising media narratives that claim a deterministic relationship between youth engagement with social media and loneliness. Instead the chapter attempts to contextualise the emphasis on social media in terms of historical shifts in communication technology, as an aspect of young people’s lives, and uses of the Internet more broadly. Evidence is presented of young people’s experiences in managing the pressures of living life online and FOMO or the Fear of Missing Out. The chapter concludes with the description of an arts project developed as part of the project’s legacy to co-produce an online resource to help young people navigate FOMO.
Civil Society and the Family
Authors: Muddiman Esther , Power Sally , Taylor Chris
Published: May 2021

The relationship between the family and civil society has always been complex, with the family often regarded as separate from, or even oppositional to, civil society. Taking a fresh empirical approach, this book reveals how such separation underestimates the important role the family plays in civil society. Considering the impact of family events, dinner table debates, intergenerational transmission of virtues and the role of the mother, this enlightening book draws on survey data from 1000 young people, a sample of their parents and grandparents, and extended family interviews, to uncover how civil engagement, activism and political participation are inherited and fostered within the home.
Starting points
Authors: Muddiman Esther , Power Sally , Taylor Chris
Published: May 2021

This chapter provides an overview of the relationship between civil society and the family. Despite the family's central role in social, cultural (and biological) reproduction, it is largely absent from the majority of contemporary literature on civil society. This is surprising given the continued importance of family life in the routines and responsibilities of individuals around the world. Ideas (or ideals) about family life colour one's decisions about where to work, where to live and how to spend one's time and money. This book explores the extent to which family relationships and connections can help in understanding civic and political engagement. Exploring the relationship between civil society and the family is important not only to fill a gap in the literature, but also because the family will become an increasingly important agent of social change.
The challenges of researching the ‘private sphere’ of the family
Authors: Muddiman Esther , Power Sally , Taylor Chris
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines the challenges of, and opportunities afforded by, undertaking research with families. The home is normally regarded as an intensely private place, and it is rare for a non-family member to be given insights into family practices, allegiances, and ruptures. The chapter then outlines the study's mixed-methods approach, which combines a multigenerational questionnaire with numerous conversations with parents and grandparents, as well as a family tree mapping exercise. The study combines these methods to explore the extent to which the 'relational, embedded and connected' nature of everyday life contributes to the inheritance or abandonment of particular forms of civic engagement. The chapter also introduces the study participants. Although predominantly white, the families vary significantly in terms of their household make-up and socioeconomic circumstances. The chapter concludes with some caveats that should help one to contextualise and interpret the empirical research presented in the following chapters.
The upward transmission of civic ‘virtues’
Authors: Muddiman Esther , Power Sally , Taylor Chris
Published: May 2021

This chapter explores the significance of younger generations in changing their parents' and grandparents' perspectives, moving beyond common conceptualisations of the one-directional sharing of values and practices from older to younger generations. Drawing on the interview data, it focuses on the synergistic learning experiences described by parents and grandparents. The chapter looks at how conversations with younger generations can prompt reflection on deeply held values and attitudes, and can contribute to a shift in perspectives. Most notably, it details how the rising prominence of environmental concerns has been brought to the attention of older family members, and how environmentalism is brought into the family home via knowledges and practices learnt by younger family members in the classroom. The chapter also considers how discussions with children and grandchildren present an opportunity for parents and grandparents to 'update' their perspectives on gender and sexuality.
Introduction: local government in England and the twin crises of austerity and housing
Authors: Morphet Janice , Clifford Ben
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses how local authorities are drawing on their powers, resources, cultures, and experiences to address challenges in the Conservative Party's austerity policy and promote their financial security for the future. It refers to England's the central government that enabled and encouraged greater delivery of housing by the private sector as a solution to the housing crisis. It also talks about the local planning system that shifted its focus to the provision of housing land for private developers. The chapter elaborates how local authorities were synonymous with housing regulation and provision for a hundred years until 1980. It mentions local communities that expect councils to be the main providers of housing in their communities.
Local government, housing and planning in the UK: a history
Authors: Morphet Janice , Clifford Ben
Published: May 2021

This chapter focuses on the role and history of local government in the United Kingdom, which are inextricably linked with housing provision and delivery in its administrative areas. It reviews the period since 1980 wherein the local government's housing role was lessened and almost removed, particularly in England. It also explains the intentional changes in the perceived level of strength of the local government through the removal of the housing function in order to reduce the centrality of its relationship to its community and its local spending power. The chapter mentions former Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, who intended to undermine the local government's core support from Labour voters. It explains the history of the provision of the local authority that demonstrates how it has always been a contractual relationship offered by the government.
Challenging austerity: why have local authorities been taking their own action?
Authors: Morphet Janice , Clifford Ben
Published: May 2021

This chapter looks at local authorities in England that have been intimately involved in the twin crises of super-austerity and housing over the past decade. It discusses the context of the resilient and adaptive system of the local government in England, wherein the authorities' pushback against austerity favoured their own direct action in delivering housing. It also highlights the local authorities' direct role in housing delivery and considers what has motivated them to get engaged in direct delivery. The chapter covers the local authorities' frustrations at private developers within the planning system. It examines how the forms of provision that deal with homelessness, and housing and income generation are enabled legislatively.
Overcoming austerity effects through local authority direct action?
Authors: Morphet Janice , Clifford Ben
Published: May 2021

This chapter deals with the application of austerity since 2010 as a political act designed to transform the way in which local authorities in the United Kingdom operate and are funded. It explains how the local authorities have been dependent on government funding as the UK is considered as one of the most centralised states in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). It also recounts how the UK government in 2010 decided that the Revenue Support Grant (RSG) funding paid to councils would be removed through annual tapering to zero by 2020. The chapter probes the intention of the UK government to replace RSG with each of the council's retention of 75 per cent of the local business rates. It analyses the system of local government funding that operated until local government reorganisation in 1974.
Doing participation
Authors: Križ Katrin
Published: May 2021

This chapter analyses when and how child protection caseworkers reported doing participation in their everyday practice. The term 'doing participation' refers to the range of possible participation, from minimal participation by listening to a child's opinions and reflections without taking them into consideration to promoting genuine participation in decision-making. The chapter examines to what degree the study participants facilitated genuine participation, defined as children's opinions being heard and weighed in decision-making. The study participants discussed included the removal of children from home, support services, foster care placements, and children's contact with their parent(s) while in care. There are three ways in which the study participants reported doing participation: giving information, facilitating participation, and gathering information. Almost half of the total sample reported facilitating children's genuine participation.
From front-line defence to back‑foot retreat: the diminishment of local government’s role in social health outcomes
Authors: Bennett Michael
Published: May 2021

This chapter investigates the diminishment of local government's role in social health outcomes. The 20th century led to radical improvements in public health across England and the United Kingdom (UK). Modern local government in the UK was born out of a growing concern about the links between social conditions and the state of public health. Yet while 'social determinants of health' has become a global discipline, local government has ceded its role over the last decade as its capacity has withered during the time of austerity. The COVID-19 crisis of 2020 has shown the capacity of local government to mobilise anew around public health issues, but its fundamental fiscal and constitutional weaknesses show that a new settlement is needed more than ever.
Public health and local government in Wales: every policy a health policy – a collaborative agenda
Authors: Farrell Catherine , Law Jennifer , Thomas Steve
Published: May 2021

This chapter focuses on public health in Wales and the context within which it is delivered. As a devolved service, health policy and the wider public policy legislative framework are the responsibility of the devolved Welsh Government tasked under the Government of Wales Act 2006 with developing and implementing policy, exercising executive functions, and making subordinate legislation. The chapter outlines the organisations involved and the context of the policy in Wales. It also explores the political drive for more collaboration between different organisations as a mechanism for the delivery of better services. The chapter then examines a unique piece of legislation in Wales, the Well-Being of Future Generations Act 2015 (WFG Act), and identifies how this may influence the work of local authorities and other organisations in relation to health and its social determinants. It draws on the available evidence on how this is working so far and looks at two key policy areas jointly driven by the Cymru Well Wales partnership: 'Adverse Childhood Experiences' and 'The first 1,000 days'.
Steadying the swinging pendulum – how might we accommodate competing approaches to public service delivery?
Authors: Ball Nigel
Published: May 2021

This chapter reflects on the challenge of accommodating competing approaches to public service delivery. Discourse around the social determinants of health is skewed towards the parts of the population whose adverse social circumstances harm their health the most. Local authorities are much closer to the complexities of service delivery than central government departments, and thus have an instrumental role to play in efforts to support these groups. They do not play this role alone — it is shared with other local delivery agencies, such as Sustainability and Transformation Partnerships in the National Health Service (NHS), as well as private providers and local community groups. There has always been much debate around what role each of these actors should play, and how they might interact with one another so as to create masterful theatre rather than a depressing farce. This question continues to be the focus of much policymaking, experimentation, and debate. The chapter then considers the West London Zone for Children and Young People, a cross-sector delivery partnership. It also explores some of the intersecting themes across other efforts, drawing on research from the Government Outcomes Lab.
Democratic commitments to sustainable progression
Authors: Pearson Gordon
Published: May 2021

Democratic commitments to progress for all have long been made. The necessary aims must include responsibility for environmental stewardship to ensure that a sustainable planet earth is passed down to succeeding generations. Commitments are also made to achieving universal human rights to freedom from the five giant evils of society: squalor, ignorance, want, idleness and disease. All people must also enjoy equal opportunities irrespective of race, gender, religion or belief, age, disability or sexual orientation, and societies must achieve some measure of social balance. Politicians have long made such heroic statements of intent, but actual achievement has fallen far short of those commitments. They can only be achieved by the effective operation of all three layers of the real economy, nominated here as the social-infrastructural, progressive-competitive and technological-revolutionary layers. Each layer is briefly outlined, together with the essential roles they must play in economic progression without destruction. Recognition of the interdependence of all humanity and the early stirrings of a rising rebellion against the status quo are noted.
Cruelty as policy
Authors: Rees Stuart
Published: May 2021

This chapter assesses four ways cruelties have been formed and fomented in policies. It moves from cruelty as a deliberate motive to situations where it looks as though the architects of policies enabled cruelties to take place but did not direct them. Then come the denials and deception: who could possibly think that countries such as the United States, Russia, Israel, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Indonesia, Iran, or Myanmar would indulge in human rights abuses such as collective punishments, ethnic cleansing, floggings, torture, arbitrary imprisonment, targeted killings, and executions? Finally, there is collusion. Alliances are made with countries which commit cruelties but their allies behave as though this is nothing to do with them. When the United States ignores Israeli cruelty to Palestinian children, that is collusion. The European Union and the United Nations may also collude by silence which encourages perpetrators.
Humanity on a bonfire
Authors: Rees Stuart
Published: May 2021

This chapter argues that in analyses of cruelty, if the rules and niceties of social commentary and academic rigour are removed, the chequered picture of subtle and not-so-subtle differences in cruelty is lost. Instead, there emerges a stark, almost universal picture of human rights being derided and any respect for a common humanity thrown on a bonfire, literally in some cases. That trend shows the danger of not paying serious attention to cruelty as policy. The chapter contends that humanity would benefit from admissions that cruelty is present in the motives of policy makers, in the hate-filled attitudes of religious and political extremists, and in the cowardly indifference of media commentators. If cruelty is acknowledged to be significant in a range of values and policies, crucial to the operation of bureaucracies and in the conduct of international relations, there is a responsibility to ensure that such conduct is exposed, challenged, and eliminated.
Introduction
Authors: Marinari Angela
Published: May 2021

This chapter explains the book’s premise – that it is possible to expand the scope of restorative justice for survivors of sexual abuse by asking – does it have to be with the abuser?
It presents the researcher’s definition of restorative justice for sexual abuse. The use of interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) to conduct feminist research in collaboration with a specialist sexual abuse charity is discussed. This chapter includes a diagrammatic portrayal of the stages of this IPA study as well as showing how these stages are covered within the text.
Restorative justice and survivors’ justice needs
Authors: Marinari Angela
Published: May 2021

This chapter contains the most relevant academic knowledge relating to this study of restorative justice and survivors’ justice needs. This provides an accessible introduction to the evidence underpinning this study, while introducing readers less familiar with restorative justice to its main principles and its application in cases of sexual abuse. The author presents her own definition of restorative justice for sexual abuse, and in doing so shows it is theoretically and conceptually possible to conduct restorative justice processes with enablers of abuse. This chapter concludes with a discussion of the research which illuminates survivors’ justice needs, and how restorative justice can fulfil them.
Gathering voices
Authors: Marinari Angela
Published: May 2021

This interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) study draws on survivors’ voices, gathered using assisted questionnaires and interviews, and this chapter explains this process. Each participant is introduced, with brief details of their case and circumstances. The strength of their emotions towards others involved in their abuse are presented along with their initial considerations of their interest in restorative justice processes, as they described in their assisted questionnaires. There are also details of the semi-structured interviews from which the extensive quotes in this IPA study are drawn. This provides the contextual information necessary for the research findings to be understood, grounded as they are in the participants’ lived experiences.
Towards a Written Constitution
Authors: Bulmer W. Elliot
Published: May 2021

This chapter makes a case for a new written constitution. It introduces a possible definition of a constitution that was suggested by Lord Bolingbroke in 1733, which states that the constitution is whole assemblage of laws, institutions, traditions, customs and practices that embody how Britain is governed. It also provides another definition that looks at the British constitution in terms of the Hanoverian settlement, which was altered by subsequent statutes and conventions. The chapter emphasizes how a written constitution does not need to be contained in one document but must have a bounded set of such laws that are distinguished from other laws and whose status as the supreme and fundamental law is known, declared and explicit. It cites Canada's constitution, which includes the Constitution Act 1867, the Constitution Act 1982, and a list of other statutes and orders-in-council specified in a schedule to the 1982 Act.
Some Objections Answered
Authors: Bulmer W. Elliot
Published: May 2021

This chapter provides answers to some common objections to the case for a new written constitution. It refers to the argument against written constitutions that state they are unnecessary or insufficient for a flourishing democratic state. It reviews cases where seemingly well-intentioned democratic written constitutions have failed and were unable to contain or withstand the forces of oligarchy or authoritarian populism. The chapter talks about the German Constitution of 1919 as the most notorious example of such a failed constitution, which ultimately could not save the Weimar Republic from Adolf Hitler and Nazi tyranny. It claims that many of the European constitutions of that era suffered a similar fate as inter-war Germany, such as the Polish Constitution of 1921 that failed to provide a stable foundation for democracy and was replaced in 1935 by an authoritarian constitution concentrating power in the hands of the President.
Parliament II: Privileges, Organization and Procedures
Authors: Bulmer W. Elliot
Published: May 2021

This chapter delves into the privileges of parliament as an integral part of the Westminster System, going back to Article 9 of the Bill of Rights 1689. It lists freedom of speech, the immunity of members from legal liability for statements made in the House, and the freedom of each House to order its own affairs without interference by the Crown as the privileges of Parliament. It also refers to Westminster Model constitutions that replicate privileges in the parliament by directly specifying and enumerating them in the constitution, or by conferring on parliament the power to determine its own privileges. The chapter cites the Constitution of Trinidad & Tobago as a typical example that applies the privileges of the House of Commons. It discusses how the constitution gives parliament the power to prescribe the powers, privileges, and immunities of each House.
Case II.2: Recreating Knowledge for Social Change: Convergences between Public Sociology, Feminist Theory and Praxis of Refugee and Asylum-Seeking Women’s Integration in Scotland
Authors: Lovin C. Laura
Published: May 2021

The explorations in this chapter are guided by shared affinities between public sociology and feminist theory. Whereas public sociology is committed to dialogic knowledge production, bringing sociological theory into conversation with the voices of marginalised groups, feminist examinations of social, political, economic and cultural practices that produce racialised, gendered and sexualised subject positions have produced analytical categories that enhance understandings of relations of domination and subordination as well as subsequent policy making and service delivery. Together, public sociology and feminist theory share a commitment to unveiling power structures through knowledge that is collaborative, inclusive and relevant to individual and collective efforts to create social change. In my explorations, I use textual data gathered from project reports produced by the Scottish Refugee Council (SRC) and the Refugee Women’s Strategic Group (RWSG) between 2011 and 2016 to analyse their efforts toward refugee and asylum seeker integration in Scotland. ...
Dialogue II: ‘Really Useful’ Public Sociology Knowledge
Authors: Scandrett Eurig , Ellison Marion , Lovin C. Laura
Published: May 2021

This dialogue includes an engagement between the author and two of the case contributors, both of whom are operating at the boundaries of policy sociology. Whilst this has perhaps underrepresented those working in other spheres of knowledge co-production – research, art, behaviour – it has allowed a focus on the kinds of knowledge that find their ways into the process of policy development and, more generally, what knowledge is valued in the public sphere....
Dialogue III: Public Sociology Practices, Privatising Universities
Authors: Scandrett Eurig , Crowther Jim , Hutchings Sharon , Johnson Karl , Shaw Mae , Wånggren Lena
Published: May 2021

As a dialogue, this section engaged a wider range of participants than previous attempts. The email invitation to respond to the provocation and cases generated responses from contributors to four of the six cases, interestingly reflecting the contexts of England and Scotland; early career and recently retired academics, on more or less precarious contracts; and in ancient and modern universities. To what extent is public sociology as educational practice sustainable, even possible, within the neoliberal university? The challenges of engaging with integrity in educational practice within the neoliberal university, however that is mediated and experienced, has prompted an engaging and impassioned debate which will undoubtedly continue. Moreover, the personal cost of public sociology as educational practice has also been articulated. The context of the neoliberal university makes public sociology, and indeed educational practice with any integrity, a constant battle: exhausting, upsetting and demoralising. The medium of email exchange has mediated the emotional content, but the experience of rage, and tears, and indignation, is clearly shared by the dialogical participants....
Brewing Up Race
Authors: Chapman Nathaniel G. , Brunsma David L.
Published: May 2021

This chapter provides an overview of the whiteness of craft beer. When one looks at the deep history of beer and its origin stories in the 'new world,' one realizes that beer in the United States has always been bound up with race, racism, and the construction of white institutions and identities. Given the very quick and meteoric rise of the craft beer industry, especially in the United States, as well as the myopic scholarly focus on economic and historical trends in the industry, there is an urgent need to take stock of the intersectional inequalities that such realities gloss over. The chapter then outlines the book's guiding theoretical perspectives. These include race and the founding of the United States; racial ideology and the boundaries of Americanity; the production of (beer as) culture; and cultural diversity and brewing.
The Making of the (White) Craft Beer Industry
Authors: Chapman Nathaniel G. , Brunsma David L.
Published: May 2021

This chapter focuses on the post-Prohibition era up until craft beer arises as a response. Understanding how beer became racialized helps one to grapple with the continuities of its whiteness and the maintenance of racist practices within the beer industry writ large. The chapter looks at the historical and contemporary (re)construction of the craft beer response, largely through a critical look at the relationality of the three-tier distribution system and its structural and cultural linkages to race, racism, and racial exclusion in the industry as homebrewing arose (again) and craft was emerging. Additionally, it considers the role of actors at each level of the three-tier system in order to fully understand how exposure to craft beer through industry employment, marketing, and consumption contributes to and is the product of the racialization of beer. The respondents helped cast the three-tier distribution system in a whole new light as it plays out on the ground to make and keep the craft beer industry and culture white.
Exposure, Marketing, and Access: Malt Liquor and the Racialization of Taste
Authors: Chapman Nathaniel G. , Brunsma David L.
Published: May 2021

This chapter investigates how the lack of diversity and representation in the craft beer industry has led to the systematic exclusion of black people from beer consumption. One way to do this is to focus on the use of racially targeted marketing to sell cheaper products of lesser quality to communities of color; malt liquor is a critical case. Another way is to interrogate the ways in which the contemporary craft beer industry has appropriated black culture and iconography to sell beer to white people. The issue of representation, both socially and culturally, is of key importance in looking at the marketing of beer. According to interview data, the issue of representation is a major barrier in preventing black, other minority, and female participation in craft beer and its cultures. Given this reality, it is not surprising at all that most significant efforts to diversify the beer industry have mostly been led by consumers.
Entering Bio-Communities of Practice
Authors: Carter Shannon K. , Reyes-Foster Beatriz M.
Published: May 2021

This chapter looks at concepts in milk-sharing communities through the singular concept of bio-community of practice. It explains how bio-community connotes a self-contained, homogenous, singular entity wherein the plural bio-communities becomes open-ended, multiple, and heterogeneous. It also identifies people who engaged in milk-sharing in environments that fostered a variety of connections and practices and often belonged to several different social networks that sometimes overlapped. The chapter refers to localized relationships of milk-sharing communities that take place within several broader, overlapping networks organized by geographic location. It analyses relationships of biointimacy that are established when a donor and recipient meet in person and the donor's biological material is transferred from one person to another.
Human Trafficking
Authors: Mackenzie Simon
Published: May 2021

This chapter addresses human trafficking in four sections: the nature and extent of the harm; the structure of human trafficking (considered in terms of source, transit and market); regulation and control; and finally a discussion about human trafficking as illicit business. The definitions and common types of human trafficking are reviewed, along with observations on how human trafficking occurs, including drivers, structures and routines. Interview studies with human traffickers are considered in the final section. The first-hand testimonies of traffickers are used to further develop the overall theoretical premise of the book: that when thinking and talking about trafficking, including human trafficking, participants use a framework of illicit business enterprise that has rationalising, neutralising and compartmentalising effects for them.
Arms Trafficking
Authors: Mackenzie Simon
Published: May 2021

This chapter addresses arms trafficking in four sections: the nature and extent of the harm; the structure of arms trafficking (considered in terms of source, transit and demand); regulation and control; and finally a discussion about arms trafficking as business enterprise. The various routines and usual patterns of arms trafficking are reviewed, including vulnerable stockpiles, markets in military weapons, state involvement, and large-scale trafficking, as well as consumer markets and small-time smuggling. The structure of arms trafficking networks is considered, looking at facilitators and brokers as well as the central players such as notorious high-level traffickers like Viktor Bout. Regulation and prosecution is shown to be challenging, with various factors inherent to this form of trafficking adding up to severe difficulties for those who aim to control the problem. As with other chapters, the final section works through the business aspects of arms trafficking, integrating emotional and cultural considerations into the cold economics of the crime, to give us a rounded view of the supply and demand dynamics in markets for illegal weapons.
Antiquities Trafficking
Authors: Mackenzie Simon
Published: May 2021

This chapter addresses antiquities trafficking in four sections: the nature and extent of the harm; the structure of antiquities trafficking (considered in terms of source, transit and demand); regulation and control; and finally a discussion about antiquities trafficking as business enterprise. The historical and economic harm of antiquities trafficking is explained, and the market is examined as grey, in that looted objects are fed into legitimate supply chains in the public marketplace. The structure and main players in the antiquities market are discussed, including looters, dealers, collectors, auction houses and museums. Current systems of regulation include international treaties, domestic property and criminal laws, self-regulatory codes, and campaigns that focus on public awareness. The final section of the chapter details the techniques of neutralisation and processes of denial that characterise the way ‘business talk’ permeates the antiquities market, providing a narrative structure of justification and excuse of harmful behaviour that focuses on the benefits of international trade, private property ownership, and entrepreneurial dealing.
Introduction
Authors: Galt Frances C.
Published: May 2021

This chapter establishes the original contribution of the book by addressing why this research is necessary, where it sits within the existing literature and how this research has been conducted. Firstly, this chapter illustrates the timeliness of the book with reference to women’s renewed activism against sexual harassment and gender discrimination in the film and television industries and in the trade union movement. Secondly, this chapter explains the rationale for its focus and establishes the three central themes which underpin the book’s analysis of the relationship between women and trade unions in the British film and television industries: the operation of a gendered union structure, women’s union activism, and the relationship between class and gender in the labour movement. Thirdly, this chapter surveys existing literature in the fields of Women’s Labour History, Industrial Relations Scholarship and Women’s Film and Television History. Fourthly, this chapter details the methodological approach of this project, which combines archival research with oral history. Finally, this chapter outlines the structure of the book.
St Paul among the Criminologists
Authors: Pycroft Aaron
Published: May 2021

Paul of Tarsus has become a key figure in post-modern philosophical debates. Whilst an object of scorn for Nietzsche in the death of God debate, Paul has re-emerged as a locus of inquiry within the religious turn in continental philosophy and the ‘death of the death of God discourse.’ This chapter, in examining some potential relationships between philosophy, theology and criminology, addresses the question of what Paul’s own experience of grace offers in addressing the aftermath of crime. Further, it is argued that an analysis of Pauline theology and its context challenges dominant and punitive narratives and is an essential resource for critical criminology to speak at a collective level.
The ‘Quality of Mercy’ in Probation Practice
Authors: Burke Lol
Published: May 2021

The creation of the Probation Service in England and Wales could be seen as an expression of public theology in action. The evangelism of Victorian life was an important factor in shaping the early practices of probation through the work of the Police Court Missionaries, employed by the Church of England Temperance Society. In his seminal quartet of essays, Bill McWilliams describes the period 1876-1936 as one of ‘special pleading’ (McWilliams 1983:129-147). ‘Mercy’ was the concept which provided the key to understanding the missionaries’ place in the courts, and in particular their social enquiry practice. Mercy stood between the offender, the missionary and the sentencer, and it was mercy which made sense of their relationships. In this chapter the author considers if the concept of mercy still has salience in contemporary probation practice and argues for a re-assertion of the humanitarian sentiments that guided the early work of the Police Court Missionaries.
The Ins and Outs of Signals of Forgiveness in Restorative Justice
Authors: Shapland Joanna
Published: May 2021

Forgiveness has at least two parties involved: the person who has harmed and the person who has been harmed. In restorative justice it is the dyadic interaction between the harmed and the harmer, facilitated by the mediator/facilitator which is central: the communication in terms of questions and judgements about the past, willingness to interact in the present and intent for the future. Yet there is a potential army of others waiting in the wings and potentially 'hearing' that communication: supporters and those close to both harmer and harmed, the community or communities into which the harmer (and the harmed) need to re-find their place, and powerful voices (such as the media) on what is seen to be the moral order of those communities. It has been said that a criminal offence causes ripples of concern and potentially fear spreading out from the offence into the community. Can and should forgiveness be seen similarly - and what effects may this ‘forgiveness ripple’ have on the person harmed, the person who has harmed and the community?
Conclusions
Authors: Millie Andrew
Published: May 2021

Through the various contributions to this book some common themes have emerged. In this concluding chapter these themes are brought together in proposing a form of criminal justice framed within the context of hope, mercy and restoration, that radically challenges the retributive orthodoxy. This may be accused of utopianism; yet, it is suggested that shifts in emphasis are possible that demonstrate love. Through the various contributions a common theme of dignity emerged, that those who encounter criminal justice agencies are met with respect, irrespective of what they have done. Furthermore, that hope ought to be offered rather than pain, mercy is given rather than cruelty, and restoration to community becomes an over-riding concern, rather than retribution. A way forward for greater cross-disciplinary learning between criminology and public theology is proposed.