bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal Analysis of Associations Between Reasons for Electronic Cigarette Use and Change in Smoking Status Among Adults in the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study
Authors: Soule Eric K , Plunk Andrew D , Harrell Paul T , Hayes Rashelle B , Edwards Kathryn C
Published: January 2019

Introduction

Electronic cigarette (ECIG) use and changes in cigarette smoking status may be influenced by self-reported reasons for using ECIGs.

Methods

We analyzed adult current and former cigarette smokers who were also current or former ECIG users at wave 1 (n = 3044) using wave 1 and wave 2 Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study data (2013–2015). Prevalence of reporting 13 reasons for ECIG use at wave 1 was examined and weighted logistic regressions were conducted predicting smoking status changes from wave 1 to wave 2.

Results

Reasons for ECIG use ranged from 18.1% (people in the media or public figures use them) to 82.5% (they might be less harmful to people around me than cigarettes). From wave 1 to wave 2, 27.2% of former smokers (n = 249) became current smokers and 11.6% of current smokers (n = 246) became former smokers. Among wave 1 former smokers, using ECIGs because of the availability of flavors (AOR = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.39–0.85) or because they don’t smell (AOR = 0.64, 95% CI = 0.42–0.97) was associated with lower odds of relapse to smoking, but using ECIGs because using them helps people quit smoking (AOR = 1.55, 95% CI = 1.01–2.38) was associated with greater odds of relapse. Among wave 1 current smokers, using ECIGs because they can be used where smoking is not allowed (AOR = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.38–0.85) was associated with reduced odds of quitting cigarettes.

Conclusions

Some reasons for ECIG use are associated with changes in self-reported smoking status. Researchers should examine ECIG user characteristics when assessing associations between ECIG use and smoking status transitions.

Implications

Given that certain reasons for ECIG use, such as using ECIGs in locations are where smoking is not allowed, may inhibit smoking reduction, policies may be developed to prevent ECIG use in locations where smoking is banned. In addition, because certain reasons for ECIG use may aid in relapse prevention, such as availability of desired flavors, efforts should be made to identify ECIG device characteristics that are appealing to smokers but not youth or nontobacco users. These results provide support for future research on reasons for ECIG use to inform regulatory policies.
John Cook Wilson
Authors: Longworth Guy
Published: January 2019

John Cook Wilson (b. 1849–d. 1915) was Wykeham Professor of Logic at the University of Oxford. He made a number of contributions in various areas of philosophy, including important work on knowledge, metaphysics, perception, logic, probability, and the interpretation of Plato and Aristotle. His most distinctive doctrines concerned knowledge. He held, first, that knowledge (or its exercises, in cases of what he called “apprehension”) is a primitive notion distinct from, and excluding, other mental states like belief or opinion. And he held, second, that what is known must obtain independently of its being known. The combination of those two doctrines formed the basis of what has come to be known as Oxford Realism, a family of views about knowledge and reality that builds on Cook Wilson’s articulation and defense of the two doctrines. Although Cook Wilson’s own work is no longer widely read, it has exerted an important influence on later work in epistemology via works in the broad Oxford Realist tradition, including works such as Prichard 1950 (cited under Knowledge) and Austin 1962, Hinton 1973, Snowdon 1980–1981 (cited under Legacy), McDowell 1982, Travis 1989, and Williamson 2000 (all cited under Legacy).
Medieval Optics
Authors: Denery Dallas G.
Published: January 2019

Medieval optics, also known as perspectivist optics from the mid-13th century on, offered a complete theory of human cognition. Whereas modern optics limits itself to the study of the behavior and properties of light, perspectivist optics sought to explain how human beings perceive and then understand the world around them. The perspectivists contended that vision proceeds through a process of intromission, in other words, we see objects in the world because information from those objects, called “species,” reach and then reproduce themselves within the eye and then throughout the various faculties of human the brain. Prior to the 13th-century popularization of perspectivist optics, most European and Christian thinkers believed vision occurred through a process of extramission, in which vision depended on visual rays extending out from the eyes to the things in the world. Medieval optics derives largely from the work of Alhacen (b. c. 965–d. c. 1040), the 12th-century Arabic thinker. In The Book of Optics, translated into Latin in 1200 as De aspectibus, Alhacen (Ibn al-Haytham) wove together the mathematical and geometrical aspects of Ptolemy’s extramission account of vision, Galen’s physiological account of the eye, and ideas about light from such Arabic thinkers as Alkindi (b. c. 801–d. c. 873), to create a sophisticated intromissionist account of vision. The Franciscan Roger Bacon (b. c. 1219–d. c. 1292), working from the Latin translation, borrowed all of these ideas for his own treatise, Perspectiva, and combined them with Avicenna’s Aristotelian-influenced faculty psychology. If not terribly original, Bacon’s treatise, along with works by his fellow Franciscan John Pecham (b. c. 1230–d. c. 1292), and the Silesian cleric Witelo (b. c. 1230–d. c. 1300), proved tremendously influential. Perspectivist ideas filtered into scholastic debates about natural causation and physics, cognition, epistemology, the Eucharist, and, even, the beatific vision. Various religious and pastoral treatises bear the imprint of perspectivist ideas, as do works by such renowned medieval authors as Jean de Meun (b. c. 1240–d. c. 1305), Dante (b. c. 1265–d. c. 1321), and Chaucer (b. c. 1343–d. c. 1400). Perspectivist ideas may even have played a part in the development of illusionistic painting in Italy, beginning with Giotto’s early-14th-century frescos at the Arena Chapel in Padua and culminating with Alberti’s 1435 treatise, On Painting. It was only in the early 17th century, with the publication of Johannes Kepler’s Emendations to Witelo, that the tradition of medieval optics as a comprehensive account of human cognition came to an end. Kepler (b. 1571–d. 1630) reimagined the eye as a camera obscura with a lens to focus light on the retina, effectively separating the study of optics from the study of cognition. The modern science of optics was born.
Migrant Detention and Incarceration
Authors: Alvear Enrique , Macías-Rojas Patrisia
Published: January 2019

Over the last 30 years, the detention of irregular immigrants, undocumented workers, and the incarceration of immigration “offenders” has been on the rise. After 9/11, the social construction of immigrants as a source of “danger” reached a new scale, and the mechanisms through which immigration enforcement reproduces the criminal justice system became even more sophisticated. This article discusses the expansion of migrant detention in the overall “punitive turn” of immigration enforcement, the frequent tension between the state’s practices of power and detainees’ human rights, and the ways through which the securitization of migration replicates the commonsense link among immigration, crime, and national (in)security. This article starts with the complex distinction between migrant detention and incarceration as two different but related state enforcement apparatuses. While detention is a form of “administrative confinement” characterized by a deprivation of liberty for immigration-related civil offenses, incarceration refers to a deprivation of liberty for violations of criminal statutes. Based on detainees’ experiences, this article further examines whether migrant detention should (or not) be conceptualized as punishment, its importation of carceral tactics, and the increasing punitiveness of detention in the 21st century. Global capitalism has made the expansion of migrant detention possible. The privatization of detention has not only brought an extension of institutions, means, agents, and enforcement facilities, but it has also produced enormous profits for corporations, transforming detention into a profitable private business. At the micro level, the privatization also creates a complex geography of detention, a set of politics of carceral time and space, and a tension between mobility and immobility. Overall, the article reviews the most prominent trends in migrant detention in the northwestern hemisphere and in jurisdictions usually neglected by the mainstream literature. The article pays attention to global trends in detention across the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, and northwestern Europe and also reviews understudied regions such as Australia, Indonesia, Greece, Sweden, Malta, and Norway, among others. The explicit effort to expand the mainstream literature’s Euro-American bias is here developed to problematize and expand the naturalized boundaries of immigration enforcement scholarship. At the same time, this bibliography emphasizes the need for developing more intersectional approaches on migrant detention particularly attentive to factors such as race/ethnicity, class, and gender. The authors would like to thank Mary Bosworth, Cesar Hernandez, David Hernandez, Nicholas de Genova, Amanda McDonald, and the reviewer for their insightful feedback on earlier drafts of this article. Any mistakes and shortcomings are our own.
Margaret Beaufort
Authors: Fletcher Stella
Published: January 2019

Courtesy of her father and husbands, the subject of this article was known by a succession of titles during her lifetime. Born in 1443, she was the only child of John Beaufort, duke of Somerset, making her Lady Margaret Beaufort. The duke died in 1444, leaving her as an extremely valuable commodity in the aristocratic marriage market. In 1450 she was hastily contracted to another child, John de la Pole, a “de futuro” arrangement that was easily annulled three years later. At nine she was married to Henry VI’s half-brother Edmund Tudor, earl of Richmond, and at thirteen she was widowed before giving birth to her only child, Henry, who was therefore earl of Richmond from birth. In 1458 she was married again, to Sir Henry Stafford. Though her birth and kinship made Margaret a natural Lancastrian, Stafford fought on the Yorkist side at the battle of Barnet in 1471 and died of his wounds. Margaret’s final marriage (1472) was to the northern magnate Thomas Stanley, Baron Stanley and king of Mann. In 1483 she schemed for the overthrow of the Yorkist Richard III and in 1485 her son Henry returned from exile in Brittany and France, defeated Richard in battle, and became King Henry VII, the implication being that Margaret had renounced her own claim to the throne in order to secure his. The new king’s stepfather became earl of Derby, making Margaret a countess twice over, though the status she assumed was that of queen dowager. For convenience, she was known as “the king’s mother.” She died in 1509, having survived her son by ten weeks. This bibliography surveys Reference Works, Overviews, Primary Sources, Journals, and Collections of Papers, before Margaret Beaufort’s life and times are explored in the next two sections. Dynasties and Dynasticism approaches her by means of the families into which she was born or married. Biographies and Studies are of Margaret herself. Personal piety was the thread that tied together her dealings with her social inferiors, whom she clothed and fed, instructed in the faith by means of the printed word, and for whose benefit she endowed preachers and lecturers to teach the Christian message, together with colleges for the training of future priests. Those various activities are dealt with in the sections devoted to Domestic and Regional Patronage, Books, and Universities, though it is true that her small wimpled figure has tended to loom larger in the published histories of Cambridge than in those of Oxford.
Henry VII
Authors: Fletcher Stella
Published: January 2019

On his father’s side Henry VII (1457–1509), king of England and lord of Ireland, was a great-grandson of Charles VI of France. On his mother’s he was merely a great-great-great-grandson of Edward III of England, and that through the initially illegitimate Beaufort line, but such was the royal and aristocratic bloodshed of the Wars of the Roses that Henry, earl of Richmond, was able to make a bid for the crown in 1485 and was victorious in battle over the last of the Yorkist kings, Richard III. The Yorkist cause did not vanish overnight and the early years of Henry’s reign were punctuated by revolts in the name of one or another pretender to the throne. That opposition was steadily worn down by Henry’s command of government and diplomacy so that, after a reign of almost twenty-four years, he was (probably) the first English king to die of natural causes since 1422. The facts of his life and reign can be found in any number of Reference Works and their significance appreciated by means of Overviews. Contemporary Sources range from state papers to celebratory poetry. Lives and Times chart his Evolving Reputation from the 16th to the 20th century before focusing on the wealth of Modern Biographies. Journals and Collections of Papers are both rich sources of information. This bibliography then assumes a thematic character, focusing first on Rebels and Pretenders, a category that included Henry himself in 1485 and the Yorkist figureheads Lambert Simnel and Perkin Warbeck thereafter. Most of the detailed literature on Henry’s reign concerns the relationship between the King and His Subjects and so extensive is it that a sub-division is required, though it does not follow that there is or can be a hard and fast distinction between Ministers and Officials, on the one hand, and Nobles and Citizens, on the other. These two sub-sections together lead to consideration of Henry’s style of Kingship. Easier to separate from the greater whole are works dealing with Wales and Ireland. Foreign Policy meshes together Henry’s dealings with popes and secular princes because they tended to form a strategic whole. There may be no “Religion” section, but the king’s piety is not ignored. It tended to be expressed in terms of building, not least in the Lady Chapel at Westminster Abbey, and is therefore grouped with his secular patronage as Christian Culture and Court Culture.
Comparative Political Economy of Resource Extraction
Authors: Arce Moises , Siefkas Adrian
Published: January 2019

The bulk of the existing literature on the resource curse emphasizes the pervasive and negative outcomes that are typically associated with a country’s abundance of natural resources, such as poor governance, low levels of economic development, civil war, and dictatorship. The worldwide correlation between natural resource wealth and autocratic governance is well-known, and scholars have tried to explain this outcome in a variety of ways. One explanation is rentier state theory, which argues that resource wealth inhibits the growth of civil society because resource (oil) rents allow governments to relieve social pressures through a mix of low taxes and patronage spending. Oil rents thus undermine citizens’ motivation to mobilize, demand representation, or hold political leaders accountable. However, while much of the resource curse literature focuses on the adverse effects of oil wealth, oil makes up only one portion of extractive industries. A growing comparative political economy literature focuses on resource extraction (e.g., precious metals like gold and silver; base metals like copper; and energy resources like coal and uranium) and explains why it leads to conflict among local populations, corporations, and national governments. The extraction of these resources has the opposite effect of oil in that it tends to generate political activity as opposed to political apathy or quiescence. By political activity, we mean the different mobilizations and collective action strategies of challengers near the extractive frontier. While the literature treats this political activity as conflict, it is nonetheless distinct from the resource–civil war debate from the resource curse literature. Case studies and quantitative research support the observation that mineral wealth leads to conflict. The quantitative literature examines the variation of resource (mineral) conflicts cross-nationally and subnationally. Some studies have examined the relationship between mineral wealth and conflict; other studies have explored the relationship between geo-referenced extractive areas and conflict. Mineral extraction is different from oil extraction in terms of the labor intensity of extraction processes, the state ownership of the resource, and the amount of revenue each resource generates. Conflicts over mineral wealth can occur at different stages along the commodity chain: the point of resource access (e.g., when agricultural producers and extractive industries clash over land and water use), the extraction stage itself (e.g., when extractive industries are expanded), the processing and transportation of oil and minerals, and the waste management stage (e.g., the failure of tailing dams or oil pipelines). This comparative political economy literature has also begun to explore the consequences of conflicts, which can result in different political interactions between local communities and corporations, the extension of consultation rights as well as other participatory practices at the grassroots level.
Using Ethnography in Educational Research
Authors: Mills David
Published: January 2019

The ethnographic study of education combines participatory research methodologies, theoretical engagement, and a richly descriptive genre of writing to depict the lived, everyday complexities of learning in all its forms. The etymological roots of ethnography—“writing the people”—underscore the field’s commitment to writing and to analytical holism. An ethnographic sensibility is key to understanding the power-laden subjectivities created in both formal education and informal learning practices. Education is ubiquitous, and there are many approaches to its ethnographic study. Participant observation is integral to many—but not all—ethnographers. Researchers use a range of qualitative methods (including sensory, visual, and creative approaches) to immerse themselves in, and make sense of, educational cultures. Ethnographic approaches have diffused from their early roots in anthropology and sociology across the social sciences. This bibliography suggests some general overviews of this diverse field, and highlights a range of relevant work. The most insightful ethnographies are book-length monographs, providing authors the opportunity to link together the empirical with broader questions of power and difference. Working across a range of learning fields, ethnographers are united by their careful attention to the everyday, the unexpected and the implicit. They highlight education’s role in generating and reproducing inequalities, at the same time as offering emancipatory possibilities. Any review is inevitably partial. Rather than using theoretical categories, the bibliography is roughly sorted by educational type, with sections on parenting, classrooms, schooling, and students. Further sections highlight innovative ethnographic work on informal learning and educational policies.
Adherence and Communication
Authors: Snyder Morgan , Haskard-Zolnierek Kelly
Published: January 2019

Patient adherence is the extent to which an individual follows the treatment regimen that was prescribed during a medical visit. It is estimated that 25 percent to 50 percent of patients are nonadherent, with varying rates across different conditions and treatment regimens. Nonadherence is a widespread problem and can negatively influence health outcomes, including disease progression and worsening of symptoms. In addition to negatively influencing health, nonadherence can also be costly. It is estimated that several hundred billion dollars spent on health care annually in the United States is due to nonadherence. Many different factors play into whether a patient is adherent, including complexity of the regimen, side effects, mental health, level of social support, and cost. A significant factor that is known to influence adherence is the quality of provider-patient communication. Health-care providers play an important role in promoting adherence for their patients, through educating patients about their disease and regimens, sharing decisions about the course of treatment with the patient, conveying the important implications of adherence, and providing support when patients face barriers to adherence. Communication during the medical visit plays an important role in determining whether a patient will adhere. This article will provide an overview of the literature on communication and adherence, focusing on topics such as information giving, shared decision making, nonverbal communication, trust, empathy, patient-centered communication, and health literacy.
Semantic Memory
Authors: Jones Michael N. , Avery Johnathan
Published: January 2019

Semantic memory refers to our general world knowledge that encompasses memory for concepts, facts, and the meanings of words and other symbolic units that constitute formal communication systems such as language or math. In the classic hierarchical view of memory, declarative memory was subdivided into two independent modules: episodic memory, which is our autobiographical store of individual events, and semantic memory, which is our general store of abstracted knowledge. However, more recent theoretical accounts have greatly reduced the independence of these two memory systems, and episodic memory is typically viewed as a gateway to semantic memory accessed through the process of abstraction. Modern accounts view semantic memory as deeply rooted in sensorimotor experience, abstracted across many episodic memories to highlight the stable characteristics and mute the idiosyncratic ones. A great deal of research in neuroscience has focused on both how the brain creates semantic memories and what brain regions share the responsibility for storage and retrieval of semantic knowledge. These include many classic experiments that studied the behavior of individuals with brain damage and various types of semantic disorders but also more modern studies that employ neuroimaging techniques to study how the brain creates and stores semantic memories. Classically, semantic memory had been treated as a miscellaneous area of study for anything in declarative memory that was not clearly within the realm of episodic memory, and formal models of meaning in memory did not advance at the pace of models of episodic memory. However, recent developments in neural networks and corpus-based tools for modeling text have greatly increased the sophistication of models of semantic memory. There now exist several good computational accounts to explain how humans transform first-order experience with the world into deep semantic representations and how these representations are retrieved and used in meaning-based behavioral tasks. The purpose of this article is to provide the reader with the more salient publications, reviews, and themes of major advances in the various subfields of semantic memory over the past forty-five years. For more in-depth coverage, we refer the reader to the manuscripts in the General Overviews section.
Nineteenth-Century Literature
Authors: Lamas Carmen E.
Published: January 2019

Research on 19th-century Latina/o literature offers readers a burgeoning and flourishing field of study. Nevertheless, while scholars have made multiple critical interventions in the study of 19th-century Latina/o literature, the field simultaneously remains ripe for new research because of the depth and breadth of the subject and its continually expanding literary and historical archive. Three major factors define the study of 19th-century Latina/o literature and differentiate it from other areas of study. First, while Latina/os did write in English during the 19th century, many works were also written in Spanish and other languages. This was due to the transamerican, transnational and transatlantic experiences of many of the writers in question. Consequently, while these writings have been excerpted and translated in anthologies, the corpus by and large remains unpublished and untranslated. A second factor concerns the terminology used to refer to Latina/os of the 19th century. Latina/o and Hispanic are both terms in general use in the 20th-century, each with its own historical and contextual demarcations. Both have proven to be insufficient inasmuch as they are insufficiently precise, and as a result different terms have been coined to identify the authors and figures under study. This terminological issue signals the indispensability of a thorough knowledge of the historical and political concerns of the countries from which the authors in question originate. To understand and contextualize the lived realities of Latina/os of the 19th century and the literature they produced, readers must situate the writers within not only US history, but Latin American, European, African, Asian and indigenous histories as well, since these authors negotiated the political realities of varying nations, geographies, and peoples concurrently, while also negotiating multiple racial and ethnic experiences. As the researcher, student, or general reader explores and studies 19th-century Latina/o literature, he or she will find that academic and historically defined terms are challenged by the 19th-century archive and by the lived experiences of the individuals who produced it. A third variable is genre. While those interested in 19th-century Latina/o literature will encounter such traditional literary genres as novels, short stories, poetry, drama, and essays, they must also take into account more diverse sources such as newspapers, pamphlets, political tracts, broadsides, government documents, diplomatic records, speeches, travel diaries, journals, Spanish readers and grammar books, personal correspondence, maps, and corridos. In short, those interested in the literary manifestations of Latina/os in the 19th century will find a vast and growing archive of materials that document not only the literary history of Latina/os, but also the experiences and cultural expressions of Latina/o communities of that era.
Diversity of Phytophthora, Pythium, and Phytopythium Species in Recycled Irrigation Water in a Container Nursery
Authors: Redekar Neelam R. , Eberhart Joyce L. , Parke Jennifer L.
Published: January 2019

Recycling of irrigation water increases disease risks due to spread of waterborne oomycete plant pathogens such as Phytophthora, Pythium, and Phytopythium. A comprehensive metabarcoding study was conducted to determine spatial and temporal dynamics of oomycete communities present in irrigation water collected from a creek (main water source), a pond, retention reservoirs, a chlorinated water reservoir, and runoff channels within a commercial container nursery in Oregon over the course of 1 year. Two methods, filtration and leaf baiting, were compared for the detection of oomycete communities. Oomycete communities in recycled irrigation water were less diverse but highly enriched with biologically active plant pathogens as compared with the creek water. The filtration method captured a larger portion of oomycete diversity, while leaf baiting was more selective for plant-associated oomycete species of Phytophthora and a few Pythium and Phytopythium species. Seasonality strongly influenced oomycete diversity in irrigation water and detection with leaf baiting. Phytophthora was the major colonizer of leaf baits in winter, while all three genera were equally abundant on leaf baits in summer. The metabarcoding approach was highly effective in studying oomycete ecology, however, it failed to distinguish some closely related species. We developed a custom oomycete internal transcribed spacer (ITS)1 reference database containing shorter sequences flanked by ITS6 and ITS7 primers used in metabarcoding and used it to assemble a list of indistinguishable species complexes and clusters to improve identification. The predominant bait-colonizing species detected in recycled irrigation water were the Phytophthora citricola-complex, Phytophthora syringae, Phytophthora parsiana-cluster, Phytophthora chlamydospora, Phytophthora gonapodyides, Phytophthora irrigata, Phytophthora taxon Oaksoil-cluster, Phytophthora citrophthora-cluster, Phytophthora megasperma-cluster, Pythium chondricola-complex, Pythium dissotocum-cluster, and Phytopythium litorale.
Plant Viruses Transmitted in Two Different Modes Produce Differing Effects on Small RNA-Mediated Processes in Their Aphid Vector
Authors: Pinheiro Patricia V. , Wilson Jennifer R. , Xu Yi , Zheng Yi , Rebelo Ana Rita , Fattah-Hosseini Somayeh , Kruse Angela , Dos Silva Rogerio Santos , Xu Yimin , Kramer Matthew , Giovannoni James , Fei Zhangjun , Gray Stewart , Heck Michelle
Published: January 2019

Transmission of plant viruses by aphids involves multitrophic interactions among host plants, aphid vectors, and plant viruses. Here, we used small RNA (sRNA) sequencing to visualize the sRNA response of Myzus persicae to two plant viruses that M. persicae transmits in different modes: the nonpersistent Potato virus Y (PVY) versus the persistent Potato leafroll virus (PLRV). Aphids exposed to PLRV produced significantly less 22 mers aligned to the aphid genome, and an abundance of 26 to 27 mers, many of which were predicted to be piRNA. Additionally, expression of Buchnera aphidicola tRNA-derived sRNAs was influenced by PLRV and, to a lesser extent, PVY, suggesting that plant viruses alter the aphid-endosymbiont relationship. Finally, aphids exposed to PLRV-infected plants generated an abundance of unusually long sRNAs and a reduced number of 22 mers against an aphid virus, Myzus persicae densovirus (MpDNV) and had higher MpDNV titer. Expression of the PLRV silencing suppressor P0 in plants recapitulated the increase in MpDNV titer in the absence of PLRV infection. Our results show that plant viruses transmitted in two different modes cause distinct effects on their vector with regards to post-transcriptional gene regulation, symbiosis with Buchnera, and the antiviral immune response of aphids to an aphid-infecting densovirus.
Informal Clinical Integration in Medicare Accountable Care Organizations and Mortality Following Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery
Authors: Kim Dennie , Funk Russell J. , Yan Phyllis , Nallamothu Brahmajee K. , Zaheer Aks , Hollingsworth John M.
Published: January 2019

Background:

Accountable care organizations’ (ACOs’) focus on formal clinical integration to improve outcomes overlooks actual patterns of provider interactions around shared patients.

Objective:

To determine whether such informal clinical integration relates to a health system’s performance in an ACO.

Research Design:

We analyzed national Medicare data (2008–2014), identifying beneficiaries who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). After determining which physicians delivered care to them, we aggregated across episodes to construct physician networks for each health system. We used network analysis to measure each system’s level of informal clinical integration (defined by cross-specialty ties). We fit regression models to examine the association between a health system’s CABG mortality rate and ACO participation, conditional on informal clinical integration.

Subjects:

Beneficiaries age 66 and older undergoing CABG.

Measures:

Ninety-day CABG mortality.

Results:

Over the study period, 3385 beneficiaries were treated in 161 ACO-participating health systems. The remaining 49,854 were treated in 875 nonparticipating systems or one of the 161 ACO-participating systems before the ACO start date. ACO systems with higher levels of informal clinical integration had lower CABG mortality rates than nonparticipating ones (2.8% versus 5.5%; P<0.01); however, there was no difference based on ACO participation for health systems with lower to relatively moderate informal clinical integration. Regression results corroborate this finding (coefficient for interaction between ACO participation and informal clinical integration level is −0.25; P=0.01).

Conclusions:

Formal clinical integration through ACO participation may be insufficient to improve outcomes. Health systems with higher informal clinical integration may benefit more from ACO participation.
Spatial synchrony in vegetation response
Authors: Weissman Haim , Michael Yaron , Shnerb Nadav M.
Published: January 2019

Spatial synchrony is ubiquitous in nature, and its decrease with the distance is an important feature that affects the viability of spatially structured populations. Here we present an empirical study of spatial synchrony in terrestrial vegetation using large scale remote sensing data. The decrease of synchrony with distance, as expressed by the correlation in rate of abundance change at a given time lag, is characterized using a power-law function with stretched-exponential cutoff. The range of these correlations appears to decrease when precipitation increases and to increase over time. The relevance of these results to the viability of populations is discussed.
Microtubule bundling by MAP65-1 protects against severing by inhibiting the binding of katanin
Authors: Burkart Graham M , Dixit Ram
Published: January 2019

The microtubule-severing enzyme katanin regulates the organization and turnover of microtubule arrays by the localized breakdown of microtubule polymers. In land plants, katanin (KTN1) activity is essential for the formation of linearly organized cortical microtubule arrays which determine the axis of cell expansion. Cell biological studies have shown that even though KTN1 binds to the sidewalls of single and bundled microtubules, severing activity is restricted to microtubule crossover and nucleation sites, indicating that cells contain protective mechanisms to prevent indiscriminate microtubule severing. Here, we show that the microtubule bundling protein MAP65-1 inhibits KTN1-mediated microtubule severingin vitro. Severing is inhibited at bundled microtubule segments and the severing rate of non-bundled microtubules is reduced by MAP65-1 in a concentration-dependent manner. Using various MAP65-1 mutant proteins, we demonstrate that efficient crosslinking of microtubules is crucial for this protective effect and that microtubule binding alone is not sufficient. Reduced severing due to microtubule bundling by MAP65-1 correlated to decreased binding of KTN1 to these microtubules. Taken together, our work reveals that crosslinking of microtubules by MAP65-1 confers resistance to severing by inhibiting the binding of katanin and identifies the structural features of MAP65-1 that are important for this activity.

Highlight Summary

Cortical microtubule bundles resist severingin vivo. Here, we show that crosslinking of microtubules by MAP65-1 inhibits severing in a dose-dependent manner by preventing katanin from binding to these microtubules.
Metabolic Modeling of Cystic Fibrosis Airway Communities Predicts Mechanisms of Pathogen Dominance
Authors: Henson Michael A. , Orazi Giulia , Phalak Poonam , O’Toole George A.
Published: January 2019

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a fatal genetic disease characterized by chronic lung infections due to aberrant mucus production and the inability to clear invading pathogens. The traditional view that CF infections are caused by a single pathogen has been replaced by the realization that the CF lung usually is colonized by a complex community of bacteria, fungi and viruses. To help unravel the complex interplay between the CF lung environment and the infecting microbial community, we developed a community metabolic model comprised of the 17 most abundant bacterial taxa, which account for >95% of reads across samples, from three published studies in which 75 sputum samples from 46 adult CF patients were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The community model was able to correctly predict high abundances of the “rare” pathogens Enterobacteriaceae, Burkholderia and Achromobacter in three patients whose polymicrobial infections were dominated by these pathogens. With these three pathogens were removed, the model correctly predicted that the remaining 43 patients would be dominated by Pseudomonas and/or Streptococcus. This dominance was predicted to be driven by relatively high monoculture growth rates of Pseudomonas and Streptococcus as well as their ability to efficiently consume amino acids, organic acids and alcohols secreted by other community members. Sample-by-sample heterogeneity of community composition could be qualitatively captured through random variation of the simulated metabolic environment, suggesting that experimental studies directly linking CF lung metabolomics and 16S sequencing could provide important insights into disease progression and treatment efficacy.

Importance

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disease in which chronic airway infections and lung inflammation result in respiratory failure. CF airway infections are usually caused by bacterial communities that are difficult to eradicate with available antibiotics. Using species abundance data for clinically stable adult CF patients assimilated from three published studies, we developed a metabolic model of CF airway communities to better understand the interactions between bacterial species and between the bacterial community and the lung environment. Our model predicted that clinically-observed CF pathogens could establish dominance over other community members across a range of lung nutrient conditions. Heterogeneity of species abundances across 75 patient samples could be predicted by assuming that sample-to-sample heterogeneity was attributable to random variations in the CF nutrient environment. Our model predictions provide new insights into the metabolic determinants of pathogen dominance in the CF lung and could facilitate the development of improved treatment strategies.
Locating a transgene integration site by nanopore sequencing
Authors: Nicholls Peter K. , Bellott Daniel W. , Cho Ting-Jan , Pyntikova Tatyana , Page David C.
Published: January 2019

The introduction of foreign DNA into cells and organisms has facilitated much of modern biological research, and it promises to become equally important in clinical practice. Locating sites of foreign DNA incorporation in mammalian genomes has proven burdensome, so the genomic location of most transgenes remains unknown. To address this challenge, we applied nanopore sequencing in search of the site of integration ofTg(Pou5f1-EGFP)2Mnm(also known asOct4:EGFP), a widely used fluorescent reporter in mouse germ line research. Using this nanopore-based approach, we identified the site ofOct4:EGFPtransgene integration near the telomere of Chromosome 9. This methodology simultaneously yielded an estimate of transgene copy number, provided direct evidence of transgene inversions, revealed contaminatingE. coligenomic DNA within the transgene array, validated the integrity of neighboring genes, and enabled definitive genotyping. We suggest that such an approach provides a rapid, cost-effective method for identifying and analyzing transgene integration sites.
Mechanism of microtubule plus-end tracking by the plant-specific SPR1 protein and its development as a versatile plus-end marker
Authors: Balkunde Rachappa , Foroughi Layla , Ewan Eric , Emenecker Ryan , Cavalli Valeria , Dixit Ram
Published: January 2019

The dynamics and functions of microtubule plus-ends are governed by microtubule plus-end tracking proteins (+TIPs). Here, we report that the diminutiveArabidopsis thalianaSPIRAL1 (SPR1) protein, which regulates directional cell expansion, is an autonomous +TIP. Usingin vitroreconstitution experiments and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, we demonstrate that the conserved N-terminal domain of SPR1 and its GGG motif are necessary for +TIP activity, whereas the conserved C-terminal domain and its PGGG motif are not. In addition, we show that the N-and C-terminal domains, either separated or in tandem, are sufficient for +TIP activity and do not significantly perturb microtubule plus-end dynamics compared to full-length SPR1. We also found that exogenously expressed SPR1-GFP and NC-GFP label microtubule plus-ends in animal cells. These data establish SPR1 as a new type of intrinsic +TIP and demonstrate its utility as a universal microtubule plus-end marker.
HDAC and MAPK/ERK Inhibitors Cooperate to Reduce Viability and Stemness in Medulloblastoma
Authors: da Cunha Jaeger Mariane , Ghisleni Eduarda Chiesa , Cardoso Paula Schoproni , Siniglaglia Marialva , Falcon Tiago , Brunetto André T. , Brunetto Algemir L. , de Farias Caroline Brunetto , Taylor Michael D. , Nör Carolina , Ramaswamy Vijay , Roesler Rafael
Published: January 2019

Medulloblastoma (MB), which originates from embryonic neural stem cells (NSCs) or neural precursors in the developing cerebellum, is the most common malignant brain tumor of childhood. Recurrent and metastatic disease is the principal cause of death and may be related to resistance within cancer stem cells (CSCs). Chromatin state is involved in maintaining signaling pathways related to stemness, and inhibition of histone deacetylase enzymes (HDAC) has emerged as an experimental therapeutic strategy to target this cell population. Here, we observed antitumor actions and changes in stemness induced by HDAC inhibition in MB. Analyses of tumor samples from patients with MB showed that the stemness markersBMI1andCD133are expressed in all molecular subgroups of MB. The HDAC inhibitor (HDACi) NaB reduced cell viability and expression ofBMI1andCD133and increased acetylation in human MB cells. Enrichment analysis of genes associated withCD133orBMI1expression showed mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/ERK signaling as the most enriched processes in MB tumors. MAPK/ERK inhibition reduced expression of the stemness markers, hindered MB neurosphere formation, and its antiproliferative effect was enhanced by combination with NaB. These results suggest that combining HDAC and MAPK/ERK inhibitors may be a novel and more effective approach in reducing MB proliferation when compared to single-drug treatments, through modulation of the stemness phenotype of MB cells.
Involvement of birth weight and body composition on autonomic recovery following aerobic exercise in children: A prospective, observational and analytical study
Authors: Spada Juliana Edwiges Martinez , Oliveira Fernando R. , Garner David M. , Valenti Vitor E.
Published: January 2019

Birth weight (BW) can be used to assess the health status of the newborn. However, its impacts on later in life regarding heart rate (HR) variability (HRV) is not totally clear. We aimed to analyze the involvement of BW and body composition on HRV recovery following aerobic exercise in children. The study was conducted in healthy children 9 to 11 years of age (40 females and 27 males) divided into two groups: G1 (BW < 3400 grams, N = 33) and G2 (BW > 3400 grams, N = 34). The volunteers completed an experimental protocol of submaximal aerobic exercise on a treadmill and remained seated for 30 minutes after exercise. Systolic (SAP) and diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), respiratory rate (f) and HRV were analyzed before and during recovery from exercise. SAP and f were significantly decreased 30 minutes after exercise compared to 1 minute after exercise in G1 and G2. Mean HR, high frequency band of spectral analysis (HF), root mean square of successive interbeat intervals difference, SD1 index and mean lenght were diminished 0 to 5 minutes after exercise compared to rest in G2 while maximum lenght increased 0 to 5 minutes after exercise compared to resting in G2. Linear regression revealed association of fat percentage and BW with nonlinear HRV recovery. In conclusion, autonomic recovery after exercise was somewhat delayed in children with high BW. BW and fat percentage slightly influence HRV recovery.
Corrosion behaviors of X70 steel under direct current interference
Authors: Wang Jun , Li Zili , Cui Gan , Liu JianGuo , Kong Chuanping , Wang Long , Gao Ge , Guo Jian
Published: January 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to study the corrosion behaviors of X70 steel under direct current (DC) interference at 0-1,200 A/m2in simulated soil solution.

Design/methodology/approach

The Tafel polarization curves of X70 steel under DC interference were tested using electrochemical method, the corrosion rate was calculated using weight-loss method and the change in steel surface was analyzed by optical microscopy.

Findings

The results showed that E-I polarization curves under 200-1,200 A/m2interference were linear; with an increase in the DC density, the corrosion potential of X70 steel shifted positively, solution pH after the weight-loss tests increased and corrosion rate increased linearly. A mathematical relationship between polarization resistance Rp and current density was established. Corrosion morphology indicated that pitting corrosion and crevice corrosion occurred on the X70 steel under DC interference in simulated soil solution.

Originality/value

All tests were conducted at a relative higher DC density (200-1,200 A/m2). The linear fitting method is proposed to fit data of Tafel polarization curves under DC interference. This study provides guidelines for safe operation of X70 steel pipelines.
Nationality diversity and leader–Member exchange at multiple levels of analysis
Authors: Pichler Shaun , Livingston Beth , Yu Andrew , Varma Arup , Budhwar Pawan , Shukla Arti
Published: January 2019

Purpose

The diversity literature has yet to investigate relationships between diversity and leader–member exchanges (LMX) at multiple levels of analysis. The purpose of this paper is to test a multilevel model of nationality diversity and LMX. In doing so, the authors investigate the role of surface- and deep-level diversity as related to leader–member exchange differentiation (LMXD) and relative LMX (RLMX), and hence to subordinate job performance.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors test a multilevel model of diversity and LMX using multisource survey data from subordinates nesting within supervisors. The authors do so in a context where diversity in nationality is pervasive and plays a key role in LMXs, i.e., a multinational organization in Dubai. The authors tested the cross-level moderated model using MPlus.

Findings

The results suggest surface-level similarity is more important to RLMX than deep-level similarity. The relationship between surface-level similarity and RLMX is moderated by workgroup nationality diversity. When workgroups are more diverse, there is a positive relationship between dyadic nationality similarity and RLMX; when workgroups are less diverse, similarity in nationality matters less. Moreover, LMXD at the workgroup level moderates the relationship between RLMX and performance at the individual level.

Originality/value

This study is one of very few to examine both diversity and LMX at multiple levels of analysis. This is the first study to test the workgroup diversity as a cross-level moderator of the relationship between deep-level similarity and LMX. The results challenge the prevailing notion that that deep-level similarity is more strongly related to LMX than surface-level diversity.