bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Non-Covalent Combinations of Lanthanide(III) Ion and Two DNA Oligomers for Sequence-Selective RNA Scission
Authors: Kuzuya Akinori , Akai Masahiko , Komiyama Makoto
Published: October 2003

By using non-covalent combinations of Lu(III) ion and two DNA oligomers, each of which is complementary with a part of RNA, the RNA is sequence-selectively hydrolyzed. When all the ribonucleotides, except for three consecutive ones, form base-pairs with the DNA oligomers, the selective scission occurs at the 3′-side of the middle of these three non-pairing ribonucleotides.
Chemical Modification of Carbon Hexagonal Plane by Ligand Exchange Reaction of Ferrocene
Authors: Miyake Mikio , Yasuda Koji , Kashihara Takayuki , Teranishi Toshiharu
Published: October 2003

Introduction of the functional groups to the carbon hexagonal plane of the sp2-carbon, which may provide the novel properties to carbon materials, proceeds by the ligand exchange reaction of ferrocene with the sp2-carbon.
Excimer Fluorescence from anti-[2.3](2,7)Phenanthrenophane
Authors: Nakamura Yosuke , Fujii Takahiro , Sugita Sachiko , Nishimura Jun
Published: October 2003

In the [2.3](2,7)phenanthrenophanes prepared by the intramolecular [2 + 2] photocycloaddition of 1,3-bis(7-vinyl-2-phenanthryl)propane, excimer fluorescence was observed for not only syn- but also anti-isomer, though the maximal position of the latter was slightly blue-shifted relative to the former.
Aggregation of DNA-Modified Nanospheres Depending on Added Polynucleotides
Authors: Ihara Toshio , Kurohara Kenta , Jyo Akinori
Published: October 2003

DNA oligomer, dT20 , was immobilized onto the organic nanospheres. The spheres aggregated only in the presence of complementary RNA under a special set of conditions. The aggregation was pseudo-reversible for the temperature change. The techniques of the polynucleotide-directed aggregation should be useful for constructing the structure having mesoscopic dimensions.
N2O Oxidation of Phosphines Catalyzed by Low-Valent Nickel Complexes
Authors: Yamada Tohru , Suzuki Kyosuke , Hashimoto Kentaro , Ikeno Taketo
Published: October 2003

In the presence of a catalytic amount of the nickel(0) complex derived from Ni(acac)2 or NiCl2 with DIBAL or BuLi, nitrous oxide (N2O) was captured and activated to oxidize phosphine(III) into the corresponding phosphine oxide. Bidentate phosphines, for example, 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane (dppp), were employed as effective ligands for N2O oxidation and were recovered after the reaction.
Mechanism of Thermal Isomerization of Azobenzene in Zeolite Cavities
Authors: Kuriyama Yasunao , Oishi Shigero
Published: October 2003

The life time of cis-azobenzene in zeolite supercage is twenty times longer than that in benzene at room temperature. The kinetic studies indicate that the thermal isomerization proceeds through inversion mechanism. Activation parameters show that the zeolite nanospace gives the same environment as that of gas phase.
Solvents and Molecular Weights of Nitrated Poly(p-phenylene) and Poly(pyridine-2,5-diyl)
Authors: Yamamoto Takakazu , Choi Byoung-Ki , Takeuchi Masataka , Kubota Kenji
Published: October 2003

Poly(p-phenylene), PPP, becomes soluble by nitration and two types of nitrated PPPs give an Mn of 5800 ± 400 in the GPC analysis. Poly(pyridine-2,5-diyl), PPy, has been found to be soluble in hexafluoro-i-propanol, and its GPC analysis gives an Mn and Mw of 6800 and 23000, respectively.
Contribution of Methyls in Retinal Side Chain to Regioselective Photoisomerization of Retinochromes
Authors: Tsujimoto Kazuo , Sugiura Jun’ichirou , Takemori Nobuaki , Mizukami Taku
Published: October 2003

All-trans-9-demethyl-11-methylretinal was synthesized to elucidate the chromophoric interaction between hydrophobic part in retinochrome and 9-methyl substituent of retinal. Photoirradiation of its pigment efficiently gave the 11-cis-isomer in 90% regioselectivity, whereas that of 9-demethylretinochrome provided the 11-cis isomer in 49% selectivity. Structural contribution to regiospecific photoisomerization was proved, in comparison with the other retinochrome analogues, that 9- or 11-methyl substituent is a requisite for highly regioselective photoisomerization, but 13-methyl group is not.
Efficient Electrochemical N-Glycosylation of Silylated Pyrimidines with Protected Arylthioriboses in the Presence of a Catalytic Amount of NBS or Br2
Authors: Nokami Junzo , Osafune Masahiro , Ito Yuichiro , Miyake Fumiaki , Sumida Shin-ichi , Torii Sigeru
Published: October 2003

Electrolysis of silylated pyrimidines with protected arylthioribose, in the presence of a catalytic amount of NBS or Br2 as a mediator in an undivided cell, gave the corresponding N-glycosides (nucleosides) in good yield.
Enantio-Differentiating Hydrogenation of Methyl 2-Furoylacetate and Its Analogs over Tartaric Acid-Modified Raney Nickel
Authors: Nakagawa Satoshi , Haruna Noriko , Acosta Delicia E , Endo Tadateru , Sugimura Takashi , Tai Akira
Published: October 2003

Hydrogenation of methyl 2-furoylacetate over TA-MRNi reduced the three unsaturated bonds to give methyl tetrahydro-2-furoylacetate, the enantiomeric excess (ee) of which at the 3-position was 77%, whereas the 4-position was racemic. Under the same conditions, the substrate of 4-methoxycarbonyl analogue was resulted in hydrogenation of only the ketone moiety to give the corresponding chiral sec-alcohol having a furan ring in 69% ee.
Magnetic-field Induced Orientation of Paraffin
Authors: Kimura Tsunehisa , Yamato Masafumi , Koshimizu Wataru , Kawai Takahiko
Published: October 2003

Paraffin aligns in the magnetic field (9T) during crystallization from melt, forming crystallites oriented with respect to the magnetic field. Discussion is made about the anisotropic structure responsible for the magnetic orientation.
The Facilitated Ion-Transfer of Lauryltrimethyl and Hexadecyltrimethylammonium Cations by Dibenzo Crown Ethers across the Water | 1,2-Dichloroethane Interface
Authors: Bakshi Mandeep Singh , Doe Hidekazu , Sakurada Norio , Arakawa Ryuichi
Published: October 2003

The transfer of lauryltrimethylammonium (LTA+) and hexadecyltrimethyl-ammonium (HTA+) cations facilitated by dibenzo-15-crown-5 (DB15C5), DB18C6 and DB21C7, from aqueous phase to 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) phase were studied. In the presence of DB15C5, ambiguous wave was observed which became somewhat prominent in the presence of DB18C6 and then irreversible in the presence of DB21C7. Such waves have been attributed to the facilitated transfer of LTA+ and HTA+ cations across the interface in the form of surfactant ion-crown ether (CR) complexes. On the basis of electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (ESI-MS) measurements, the stoichiometry of such a complex has been proposed to be 1:1. It has also been observed by interfacial tension (γ) measurements that the facilitated transfer becomes irreversible once the immiscible interface is fully occupied by the adsorption of amphiphilic surfactant monomers.
Preparation of Cationic Gold Nanoparticles and Their Monolayer Formation on an Anionic Amphiphile Layer
Authors: Yonezawa Tetsu , Onoue Shin-ya , Kunitake Toyoki
Published: October 2003

Reduction of AuCl4− by sodium borohydride in the presence of quaternary ammonium disulfide gave an aqueous dispersion of cationic gold particles in nano-dimension. These cationic nanoparticles could be assembled effectively on an anionic amphiphile layer with a close-packed structure.
New Bis(salicylaldiminato) Titanium Complexes for Ethylene Polymerization
Authors: Matsui Shigekazu , Tohi Yasushi , Mitani Makoto , Saito Junji , Makio Haruyuki , Tanaka Hidetsugu , Nitabaru Masatoshi , Nakano Takashi , Fujita Terunori
Published: October 2003

New bis(salicylaldiminato) titanium complexes were synthesized and investigated as ethylene polymerization catalysts. These complexes, when activated with methylalumoxane, exhibited one of the highest activities displayed by group 4 transition metal complexes having no cyclopentadienyl ligand(s).
Novel Dinuclear Manganese(III) Complexes with Tridentate and Bridging Tetradentate Schiff Base Ligands: Preparation, Properties and Catalase-like Function
Authors: Nakamura Toshio , Niwa Kenshin , Fujiwara Manabu , Matsushita Takayuki
Published: October 2003

Novel dinuclear manganese(III) complexes, MnIII2(N-PhO-sal)2(X-sal-m-xylylene) (X = H, 3-MeO) have been prepared by the ligand substitution reaction and characterized, where N-PhOH-salH and X-sal-m-xylyleneH2 denote N-2-hydroxyphenylsalicylideneamine and N,N′-di-substituted-salicylidene-m-xylylenediamine, respectively. These complexes have been found to decompose hydrogen peroxide catalytically (H2O2 /Mn < 100), cycling their oxidation levels between Mn2 (III,III) and Mn2 (II,II) with dioxygen evolution.
A Regio- and Stereoselective Platinum(0)-Catalyzed Hydroboration of Allenes Controlled by Phosphine Ligands
Authors: Yamamoto Yasunori , Fujikawa Ryou , Yamada Akihiko , Miyaura Norio
Published: October 2003

The hydroboration of terminal allenes with pinacolborane was carried out at 50 °C in the presence of a Pt(dba)2/2PR3 catalyst. The formation of one of three possible monohydroboration products was regioselectively synthesized by choosing an appropriate phosphine ligand.
Synthesis of Tetrathiafluvalene Derivatives with Photochromic Diarylethene Moieties
Authors: Uchida Kingo , Masuda Go , Aoi Yoshifumi , Nakayama Koji , Irie Masahiro
Published: October 2003

Tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) derivatives with diarylethene moieties have been synthesized. A derivative having 2,4,5-trimethylthiophene rings as the aryl groups showed photochromism, while a derivative with 2,5-dimethylthiophene rings did not show any color change by UV irradiation. The different reactivity was ascribed to the difference in the conformation of thiophene rings in the two derivatives.
Preparation and Properties of Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Thin Films Containing Polysilane Segments from Polysilane-methacrylate Copolymers
Authors: Matsukawa Kimihiro , Fukui Shouji , Higashi Nobuyuki , Niwa Masazo , Inoue Hiroshi
Published: October 2003

Photo-radical copolymerization of 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane was carried out by using polymethylphenylsilane as a macro-photoinitiator to form polysilanemethacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane copolymers. Organic-inorganic hybrid thin films with highly dispersed polysilane segments were successfully prepared from the copolymers by a sol-gel method. Refractive index and surface morphology of the hybrid thin films were found to change by UV irradiation.
Synthesis of New Paramagnetic Heterodinuclear Complexes with Dithiolene Bridging Ligands, (Ph2C2S2)Fe(Cp′Ru)(μ-Ph2C2S2)2 (Cp′ = η5-C5H4SiMe3(CpS1), η5-C5Me5(Cp*)), by Replacement of a Metal Fragment
Authors: Kuge Katsuaki , Inomata Shinji , Tobita Hiromi , Ogino Hiroshi
Published: October 2003

Thermal reactions of (Ph2C2S2)4Fe2 with Cp′2Ru2(CO)4 (Cp′ = η5-C5H4SiMe3, η5-C5Me5 (Cp*)) gave new paramagnetic heterodinuclear complexes (Ph2C2S2)Fe(Cp′Ru)(μ-Ph2C2S2)2 bridged by two dithiolene ligands.
Nonlinear Optical Properties of Some Cholesterol Based Liquid Crystals
Authors: George Mathew , Das Suresh
Published: October 2003

Nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of some azobenzene linked cholesterol derivatives have been described. The presence of donor and acceptor moieties imparts electrooptical and NLO properties to these molecules. Their NLO properties have been studied by electric field poling as well as hyper-Rayleigh scattering techniques. Few of these compounds exhibited NLO activity comparable to that of quartz.
The Ruthenium-Catalyzed Addition of C-H Bonds in Aromatic Nitriles to Olefins
Authors: Kakiuchi Fumitoshi , Sonoda Motohiro , Tsujimoto Takuya , Chatani Naoto , Murai Shinji
Published: October 2003

The reaction of aromatic nitriles with triethoxyvinylsilane proceeded in the presence of a Ru(H)2(CO)(PPh3)3-catalyst to give the corresponding C-H/olefin coupling products in high yields. The nitrile group is capable of directing the ruthenium to the ortho C-H bond via π-bonded mode.
Luminescence Retrieval of [Ru(bpy)2(HNOIP)]2+: A Novel Molecular “Light Switch” for DNA
Authors: Liu Jin-Gang , Ye Bao-Hui , Chao Hui , Zhen Qi-Xiong , Ji Liang-Nian
Published: October 2003

A novel molecular “light switch”, [Ru(bpy)2(HNOIP)]2+ (HNOIP = 2-(2-hydroxy-5-nitrophenyl)imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline), for DNA was developed. In aqueous solution the suppressed luminescence can be revived by the presence of Poly[dA]·Poly[dT], Poly[dG]·Poly[dC] and calf thymus DNA.
Unexpected Discovery of a Novel Organic Gel System Comprised of [60]Fullerene-containing Amphiphiles
Authors: Oishi Kei , Ishi-i Tsutomu , Sano Masahito , Shinkai Seiji
Published: October 2003

A [60]fullerene-containing amphiphile bearing two ammonium groups was synthesized. When the methanol solution was left at room temperature for a few days, it was totally transformed into an organic gel. The transformation process was fully characterized by transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. This is the first example for the [60]fullerene-containing organic gel.
Relationship between Morphology and Na+ Content of Langmuir-Blodgett Mesoscopic Tapes Induced by a Change of pH
Authors: Sano Masahito , Kamino Ayumi , Shinkai Seiji
Published: October 2003

Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films of a short chain carboxyazobenzene derivative on mica exhibit nearly straight tape structures 1 nm thick, 80 nm wide, and over several μm long at pH 7.0. Lowering pH causes the tapes to be wavy and irregular without coagulation. The fraction of straight tapes at a constant salt concentration increases smoothly till pH 7, then drops sharply. Above 8, no transfer occurs. The fraction of Na per molecule in the film also increases with pH and becomes 0.5 at pH 7. The wavy tapes are found to become straight even with a slight ionization. An importance of the charge distribution rather than the total charge density is suggested.
Hydrothermal Synthesis of Ruthenium-Substituted Heteropolyanion, [SiW11O39Ru(III)(H2O)]5− as a Water Soluble Oxidation Catalyst
Authors: Higashijima Michio
Published: October 2003

Tris(acetylacetonate)ruthenium, Ru(acac)3, successfully reacts with the lacunary heteropolyoxometalate, K8[SiW11O39] under hydrothermal conditions (6 MPa nitrogen at 200 °C), to give the mono-substituted heteropolyanion, [SiW11O39Ru(III)(H2O)]5−. The heteropolyanion shows notable activity on the air oxidation of alkylaromatics at 200 °C in water as solvent.
Self-Assembled Monolayers of Non-Heme Diiron(III) Model Complexes on Au(111) Electrode: Synthesis and Proton-Coupled Redox Behavior in Water
Authors: Inomata Tomohiko , Abe Masaaki , Kondo Toshihiro , Umakoshi Keisuke , Uosaki Kohei , Sasaki Yoichi
Published: October 2003

Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of non-heme diiron(III) biomimetic complexes have been prepared on Au(111) electrode surfaces to explore redox properties of diiron centers in aqueous solution in a wide pH range. The diiron(III) SAMs exhibited the proton-coupled electron-transfer reaction (1H+/1e−) in water.
Carbon as an Intermediate during the Carbon Dioxide Reforming of Methane over Zirconia-Supported High Nickel Loading Catalysts
Authors: Li Xinsheng , Chang Jong-San , Park Sang-Eon
Published: October 2003

Ni/ZrO2 catalysts with more than 10wt % Ni loading give a birth of a large amount of carbon deposition, but the carbon plays as an intermediate to react with CO2, which is contributed to both high activity and good stability towards carbon dioxide reforming of methane.
Low-temperature Methanol Synthesis Catalyzed over Pd/CeO2
Authors: Matsumura Yasuyuki , Shen Wen-Jie , Ichihashi Yuichi , Okumura Mitsutaka
Published: October 2003

Methanol is effectively synthesized from carbon monoxide and hydrogen at a reaction temperature as low as 170 °C over Pd/CeO2 in which the palladium species are cationic after reduction with hydrogen at 300 °C.
Pore Size Control of High Surface-Area Silica by Use of Citric Acid
Authors: Takahashi Ryoji , Sato Satoshi , Sodesawa Toshiaki , Kawakita Machiko
Published: October 2003

Pore size and pore volume of an amorphous silica with high specific surface area, ca. 1000 m2g−1, can be controlled in meso scale by using citric acid as a template in sol-gel reaction of tetraethoxysilane.
Selective Intercalation of Aromatic Molecules into Alkyltrimethylammonium Ion-Intercalated Graphite Oxide
Authors: Matsuo Yoshiaki , Hatase Kazuya , Sugie Yosohiro
Published: October 2003

Selective intercalation of aromatic molecules into alkyltrimethylammonium-intercalated graphite oxide (GO) was investigated. While pyrene, phenanthrene and azobenzene intercalate into cetyltrimethylammonium-intercalated GO and the repeat distance along c-axis increases drastically, anthracene does not intercalate.
Synthesis and Structure of Novel Oxalate-Bridged Hexanuclear Lanthanide(III)-Chromium(III) Complexes
Authors: Zhang Xing , Cui Yong , Zheng Fakun , Huang Jinshun
Published: October 2003

Hexanuclear lanthanide(III)-chromium(III) complexes [Ln2(μ-ox){Cr(bipy)(μ-ox)(ox)}4(H2O)6]·13H2O (Ln = Pr 1, Gd 2) (bipy = 2,2′-bipyridine and ox = oxalate dianion) have been synthesized by reaction of [Cr(bipy)(ox)2]− building blocks with Ln(III) ions. The structure of 1 has been determined by X-ray crystallography.
Neoilludins A and B, New Bioactive Components from Lampteromyces japonicus
Authors: Kuramoto Makoto , Tsukihara Takuya , Ono Noboru
Published: October 2003

Neoilludins A and B were isolated from Lampteromyces japonicus, and their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis. Their relative stereochemistries were also clarified by detailed analysis of proton-proton coupling constants and NOE experiments. These compounds are cytotoxic and exhibit antibacterial activity.
High Temperature in situ Raman Spectroscopy of Oxide Species in Molten (Li+K) Carbonate Eutectic
Authors: Itoh Takashi , Abe Koji , Hisamitsu Yasunari , Mohamedi Mohamed , Nishizawa Matsuhiko , Abe Takayuki , Tomczyk Piotr , Uchida Isamu
Published: October 2003

In situ Raman spectra of active oxygen species present in solutions of potassium superoxide (KO2) in (62 + 38) mol% (Li + K)2CO3 eutectic at 650 °C were observed. We have attempted to obtain vibrational spectra of these entities by surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technique.
Specific Binding of l-Alanine onto a Monolayer Composed of Polyallylamine Containing Poly(l-alanine) Graft Chains
Authors: Higuchi Masahiro , Taguchi Kazuhiro , Kinoshita Takatoshi
Published: October 2003

Polyallylamine having poly(l-alanine) as hydrophobic graft chains, (PAAgPAla), formed a monolayer at an air-water interface. The morphology of the monolayer was found to be strongly dependent on the aqueous pH. In the alkaline condition, the PAAgPAla formed a stable monolayer in which the graft polypeptide chains self-assembled at the interface to yield active domains specifically interact with aqueous l-alanine compared with its d-isomer.
Template Effect of Cholesterol-based Organogels on Sol-Gel Polymerization Creates Novel Silica with a Helical Structure
Authors: Ono Yoshiyuki , Nakashima Kazuaki , Sano Masahito , Hojo Junichi , Shinkai Seiji
Published: October 2003

The helical structure was introduced into the silica for the first time utilizing a template effect of a cholesterol-based organogel system. It was shown that the cationic charge dilutely distributed in the organogel fibers plays an essential role.
Poly[2-(4′-decyloxylphenyl)-1,4-phenylenevinylene]: A Novel Soluble Phenyl-Substituted Poly(p-phenylenevinylene) Derivative as Electroluminescent Material
Authors: Pei Jian , Yu Wang-Lin , Huang Wei , Heeger Alan J
Published: October 2003

A novel soluble phenyl-substituted PPV derivative, poly[2-(4′-decyloxylphenyl)-1,4-phenylenevinylene (DOP-PPV), is synthesized, which has PL quantum efficiency of 40% and emits bright green light from single layer light-emitting diode devices (ITO/DOP-PPV/Ca or Al) with the emission maximum at 520 nm and external quantum efficiency of ca. 0.3%.
Direct Reactions of Zirconacyclopentadienes with Halosilanes as a Convenient Synthetic Method for Siloles
Authors: Kanno Ken-ichiro , Kira Mitsuo
Published: October 2003

Direct reactions of 1,1-bis(cyclopentadienyl)zirconacyclopentadienes with various halosilanes afford the corresponding siloles in excellent yields. The reactions are very sensitive to the steric bulkiness of both zirconacyclopentadienes and halosilanes.
Health services research and development in practice: An Australian experience
Authors: Eagar Kathy , Cromwell David , Owen Alan , Senior Kate , Gordon Robert , Green Janette
Published: October 2003

While there is a growing literature on how health services research can inform health policy decisions, the practical challenge is for health services researchers to develop an effective interface with health policy-making processes and to produce outputs that lead to outcomes. The experience of the Centre for Health Service Development at the University of Wollongong, Australia, is used to illustrate the issues so commonly described in the literature and to reflect on our experience of trying to remain viable while producing relevant and valid research. A case study in a specific policy area - namely, the development of case-mix classifications and information systems to inform policy and funding in the subacute and non-acute hospital and community care sectors - is used as a practical example of the research-policy interface.
Toward a communicative perspective of collaborating in research: The case of the researcher-decision-maker partnership
Authors: Golden-Biddle Karen , Reay Trish , Petz Steve , Witt Christine , Casebeer Ann , Pablo Amy , Hinings C R (Bob)
Published: October 2003

In the shift to a post-industrial order, the production and use of knowledge is gaining greater importance in a world beyond science. Particularly in the health sciences, research foundations are emphasising the importance of translating research results into practice and are experimenting with various strategies to achieve this outcome, including requiring practitioners to become part of funded research teams. In this paper, we present a case of a partnership between researchers and decision-makers in Canada who collaborated on an investigation of implementing change in health care organisations. Grounded in this case and recent empirical work, we propose that such research collaborations can be best understood from a communicative perspective and as involving four key elements: relational stance that researchers and decision-makers assume toward each other; purpose at hand that situates occasions for developing and using knowledge; knowledge-sharing practices for translating knowledge; and forums in which researchers and practitioners access knowledge. Our analyses suggest that partnerships are most effective when researchers see the value of contextualising their work and decision-makers see how this work can help them accomplish their purpose at hand.
Partnership experiences: Involving decision-makers in the research process
Authors: Ross Suzanne , Lavis John , Rodriguez Charo , Woodside Jennifer , Denis Jean-Louis
Published: October 2003

Objectives

To describe researchers’ experiences with involving health system managers and public policy-makers (i.e. decision-makers) in the research process, and decision-makers’ experiences with the research process, including their assessments of the benefits and costs of the involvement, and their recommendations for facilitating it.

Methods

We conducted semi-structured interviews with principal investigators and research staff for the seven research programmes funded by the Canadian Health Services Research Foundation in the 1999 and 2000 competition years, and with the decision-makers they involved in the research programmes.

Results

We identify three models of decision-maker involvement - formal supporter, responsive audience, and integral partner - each of which yielded important contributions to the research process. Four factors - the stage of the research process, time commitment required, alignment between decision-maker expertise and programme needs, and an existing relationship between the researcher and decision-maker - influenced the role played by decision-makers.

Conclusions

While on balance a beneficial experience, the further promotion of decision-maker involvement in the research process should involve helping researchers and decision-makers identify strategic opportunities for decision-maker involvement and support the costs associated with the involvement. Consideration should also be given to undertaking and evaluating interactions between researchers and decision-makers outside of the research process.
Creating a new articulation between research and practice through policy? The views and experiences of researchers and practitioners
Authors: Denis Jean-Louis , Lehoux Pascale , Hivon Myriam , Champagne François
Published: October 2003

Objectives

In 1990, the Quebec Social Research Council - a body financing social research in Quebec, Canada -launched a new policy encouraging the development of social research units within health care organizations. Through financial incentives, it encouraged the implementation of long-term collaborations between researchers and practitioners with the purpose of transforming both scientific knowledge production and professional practices. This paper examines the perceptions of researchers and practitioners regarding the attributes and the usefulness of this collaborative research policy.

Methods

A self-administered survey was sent to all the researchers (n = 146; response rate 78.1%) and practitioners (n = 204; response rate 44.1%) involved in the 21 collaborative research teams funded in 1998. T-tests were performed in order to assess the difference between the perceptions of researchers and practitioners in five key dimensions of collaborative research.

Results

The results showed that, contrary to expectations, researchers and practitioners shared fairly similar views regarding the various dimensions of collaborative research. They both agreed that their involvement within collaborative research teams had contributed to the development of new skills and practices but had not facilitated their participation in external activities nor their involvement in networks and organizations that influence environments in which public policies and practices are deployed. They also both encountered some difficulties in putting the dimensions that they highly valued into practice.

Conclusions

Collaborative research within health care organizations succeeded in fostering the implementation of new modes of knowledge production and intervention. Nevertheless, special attention needs to be given to the development of strategies to reduce the discrepancies between values and practices.
Novel mode of knowledge production? Producers and consumers in health services research
Authors: Ferlie Ewan , Wood Martin
Published: October 2003

Objectives

To investigate (1) what type of knowledge production characterizes health services research -academically based (mode 1) or socially distributed (mode 2); (2) how leaders in health services research link to users of the research; (3) how this research is influenced by its funding base; and (4) the development and dissemination strategies of investigators.

Methods

Four purposively selected case studies of contrasting health services research groups generated early propositions (70 interviews). These led to a postal survey of key stakeholder groups in one English National Health Service region (199 responses, 53% response rate).

Results

Health services research in the UK is characterized by: a mix of mode 1 and mode 2 output indicators; strong external relationship building by group leaders; a powerful driver from external finance; and extensive dissemination and development activity.

Conclusions

Health services researchers may have to operate in both modes. Mode 1 retains considerable defensive power, so there are limits to the extent to which mode 2 research may develop.
Increasing research impact through partnerships: Evidence from outside health care
Authors: Walter Isabel , Davies Huw , Nutley Sandra
Published: October 2003

There is growing interest in using closer partnerships between researchers and research users to increase the appropriate application of research evidence in policy and practice. While this supplement reports and assesses a number of these initiatives in health care, this article reviews the evidence in support of partnerships from elsewhere. Drawing on a substantial cross-sector review of research impact initiatives, we extract lessons for health care from partnership evaluations in social care, education and criminal justice services. A reasonable and robust evidence base supports the use of partnerships as one means of increasing research uptake. Although requiring substantial investments of time, resources and commitment, and suffering from a number of possible pitfalls, we conclude that such partnerships offer great potential for increasing research use.
Sharing and expanding academic and practitioner knowledge in health care
Authors: Bartunek Jean , Trullen Jordi , Bonet Eduard , Sauquet Alfonso
Published: October 2003

The purpose of this paper is to expand understanding of academic-practitioner knowledge-sharing in the service of enhanced knowledge creation in health care. To this end, we describe the tacit and explicit knowledge of academics and practitioners and how this knowledge exists within their communities of practice. We also discuss benefits of, difficulties with, and some underlying dynamics of academic-practitioner knowledge-sharing. We then propose what might be done, based on appreciation of these dynamics, to foster joint knowledge-sharing and knowledge creation. We illustrate our arguments with examples from health care settings.
Hydrocarbon Accumulation Control by Predominant Migration Pathways
Authors: Pang Xiongqi , Lerche Ian , Zhou Haiyan , Jiang Zhengxue
Published: October 2003

Geological analysis and physical analogy experiments indicate that, under geological conditions, hydrocarbon tends to migrate along a path of least resistance and attempt to follow the largest buoyancy component. There are four generalized modes of possible transport. First, hydrocarbons tends to migrate along the pathways with high porosity and permeability, and with a large grade difference relative to surrounding rocks (grade difference predominance); second, hydrocarbons tends to migrate in the opposite direction in overlying formations to the nadir of the sedimentation centre (divided syncline predominance); third, hydrocarbons tends to migrate in the direction of lower fluid pressure (fluid pressure predominance); fourth, hydrocarbons tends to migrate in the direction vertical to buoyancy (flow direction predominance). This paper reports on field observations in the Daqing oilfield area of China and also on physical analog experiments used to illuminate the four basic modes of transport. Under geological conditions, the hydrocarbon migration pathways are controlled by these four basic modes, which can be used to predict the directions of hydrocarbons migration and select favourable exploration locations.
Risking Basin Analysis Results II. The Influence of Erosion Uncertainties
Authors: Lerche I.
Published: October 2003

This paper considers erosion variables and their uncertainties in terms of their influence on outputs of interest in basin analysis calculations. While one often knows with some considerable precision the initial deposition time and final end time of an erosion event, one does not know (as opposed to surmise) when erosion commenced during that time interval, nor does one know the amount of material that was deposited and later removed, nor does one know the lithologic properties of the eroded material. All three of these factors can be of importance in basin development. Using a recently developed extremely fast Excel burial history program, in conjunction with the very fast Monte Carlo program Crystal Ball, one can now rapidly sort out various uncertain factors for their influence on burial history outputs.

Two sets of examples illustrate how one can determine which parameters associated with an erosion event dominate in their impact on basin analysis uncertainties. The first example allows the amount of material to be eroded and the time of erosion onset to be variable, while retaining the lithological properties of the eroded material, and investigates which of the two factors has the most dominant influence on oil and gas charge with time. Cumulative probabilities of obtaining oil and gas charges are given as well as relative contributions to variance from the two variables. By changing the underlying distributions from which the erosion amount and the onset timing are chosen, one also changes the cumulative probability of oil and gas charges as well as the relative contributions. This relative sensitivity is also examined.

The second illustration sets the erosion amount and onset timing at fixed values but allows uncertainty in lithological properties of the material to be eroded, extreme examples use uncertainty in permeability representative of typical shale and sand lithologies, as well as the power index connecting permeability to porosity. The main concern in this example is to investigate the uncertainty in depth to overpressure isobars immediately after erosion, and to identify which of the lithological parameters is causing the largest effect. This problem is related to the fracture development of a basin with concomitant loss of generated hydrocarbons by such fracturing.

The illustrations have been chosen for their simplicity of presentation so that one can see immediately the effects of uncertainties in parameters related to erosion events to the relative importance, relative contributions and relative sensitivity of basin outputs of interest, such as hydrocarbon charge and overpressure development and associated fracturing.
Biomass Co-Firing for Coal-Fired Boilers
Authors: Demirbaş Ayhan
Published: October 2003

In this study ground biomass and pulverized coal were used for co-firing test. The tests of co-firing of coal and biomass were carried out in a bench-scale bubbling fluidized bed combustor. Biomass is an attractive and sustainable renewable fuel to supplement coal combustion in utility boilers. Coal co-firing was successful with up to a 20% biomass mix boilers. Coal and biomass fuels are quite different in composition. Ash composition for the biomass is fundamentally different from ash composition for the coal. Chlorine in the biomass may affect operation by corrosion. Ash deposits reduce heat transfer and may also result in severe corrosion at high temperatures. Biomass and coal blend combustion is a promising combustion technology; however, significant development work is required before large-scale implementation can be realized. Issues related to successful implementation of coal biomass blend combustion are identified. Co-firing of coal and biomass is an effective method of control NOx. Formation of NOx decreases with the increase of biomass fraction.
A Novel Dye-Doped Sol–Gel Silica Sorbent for the Removal of Cobalt
Authors: Khan Aslam , Ahmed Shujaat , Mahmood Farzana , Khokhar M. Younas
Published: October 2003

A TAR [4-(2-thiazolylazo)resorcinol] doped sol–gel silica sorbent (red colour, porous, stable, hard, non-swelling) was prepared, characterized and investigated for the removal of Co(II) from aqueous solutions. The kinetics, adsorption isotherm, equilibration time and effect of pH on such removal were studied to optimize the conditions necessary for large-scale application. Rapid equilibration was observed with adsorption equilibria being attained within 10 min. The adsorption of cobalt ions onto the plain (undoped) sol–gel silica was negligible. The maximum adsorption of Co(II) ions onto the TAR-doped sol–gel silica from single solutions was 12.6 mmol/g. The TAR-doped sol–gel silica could be regenerated by washing with a 0.1 M HCl solution to give a maximum regeneration value as high as 98.5%. The TAR-doped sol–gel silica could be used for more than three consecutive adsorption/desorption cycles without experiencing any considerable loss of adsorption capacity. The adsorption process and the nature of the Co–TAR complex were discussed.
Adsorption of Thallium(I) Ions on Titania Particle Surfaces in Aqueous Media
Authors: Kajitvichyanukul P. , Chenthamarakshan C.R. , Rajeshwar K. , Qasim S.R.
Published: October 2003

A description is given of the modification of the adsorption of Tl(I) on a titania (Degussa P-25) surface by the presence of organic or inorganic co-additives in aqueous suspensions. The addition of oxalate, formate, acetate and phosphate anions (the latter at low levels below ~0.03 M) increased Tl(I) adsorption while the phosphate anion (at levels > ~0.03 M) inhibited Tl(I) adsorption. A surface complexation model comprising the titania surface sites, the anchor co-additives and bound Tl(I) species was invoked to explain the adsorption enhancement observed. The data presented build upon and complement those acquired earlier showing how metal ion adsorption on a TiO2 surface is strongly influenced by co-additives in the aqueous medium.
The Effect of Calcium Doping on the Surface and Catalytic Properties of Cobaltic Oxide Catalysts
Authors: Deraz Nasr-Allah M.
Published: October 2003

The effects of calcium oxide doping (0.75, 1.5 and 3 mol% CaO) and calcination temperature (400, 500, 600 and 700°C) on different surface properties of Co3O4 were investigated. The structural properties of pure and doped oxide samples were determined by XRD methods, the textural properties were investigated via the adsorption of nitrogen at −196°C while the hydrogen peroxide decomposition activity of the investigated solids was determined by oxygen gasometric measurement of the reaction kinetics at 20–40°C.

The dissolution of calcium ions in the Co3O4 lattice at temperatures in the range 400–600°C was accompanied by a marked decrease in the mean hydraulic radii (rh) and an increase in the surface area (SBET) and total pore volume (Vp) of the prepared oxide samples. In contrast, doping at 700°C brought about a decrease in the SBET and Vp values of the investigated solids. The catalytic activity for H2O2 decomposition on cobaltic oxide calcined at 400–700°C was found to decrease considerably on doping with CaO.

The activation energy for sintering (ΔEs) of the pure and doped solids was determined from the variation in their SBET values as a function of the calcination temperature of these solids. Calcium oxide treatment resulted in a 50% increase in the activation energy of sintering of cobaltic oxide solid calcined at 400–600°C. This increase reflects the role of CaO doping in hindering the sintering of cobaltic oxide.
Kinetics and Equilibrium Study of Cadmium Ion Sorption onto Date Pits — An Agricultural Waste
Authors: Banat Fawzi , Al-Asheh Sameer , Al-Makhadmeh Leema
Published: October 2003

Activated carbons derived from date pits obtained as a surplus agricultural solid waste and natural date pits were used for the adsorption of cadmium ions from water. The effect of contact time, pH, temperature, cadmium ion concentration, sorbent dose, salinity, as well as the activation temperature on the removal of cadmium ions by date pits was studied. The maximum adsorption capacity of date pits for cadmium ions was obtained using the linear Langmuir isotherm model and used as a basis for comparative purposes. Three sorption kinetic models were used for explaining the probable mechanisms of cadmium ion uptake. The kinetic data for the adsorption process obeyed a second-order rate equation.
Removal of Cu(II) from Aqueous Solution Using a Micaceous Mineral of Kenyan Origin
Authors: Attahiru Stephen , Shiundu Paul M. , Onyari John M. , Mathu Eliud M.
Published: October 2003

A micaceous mineral (MicaM) available locally in Kenya was utilized as an inexpensive and effective adsorbent for the removal of Cu2+ ions from aqueous solution. The effects of contact time, pH, temperature, adsorbate and adsorbent concentrations, and the concentration of electrolyte on the removal of Cu2+ ions were studied. Maximum removal of Cu2+ ions occurred over the pH range 4.0–7.0. The adsorption of Cu2+ ions increased with an increase in the dose ratio of mineral to Cu2+ ion concentration and decreased with adsorbent particle size. Isotherm analysis of the adsorption data obtained at 25°C showed that the adsorption of Cu2+ ions on MicaM followed both the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The uptake of Cu2+ ions increased on increasing the pH of the solution from 1.5 to 7.0 as well as on increasing the temperature from 25°C to 60°C. An adsorption capacity of 0.850 g/g was achieved for MicaM towards the Cu2+ ion. This study has demonstrated that locally abundant micaceous mineral can be used as an effective adsorbent for the treatment of waters containing Cu2+ ions without any prior chemical pretreatment.
Computational Wind Tunnel Analyses for Large Domes Using CFD Theory
Authors: Horr A.M. , Safi M. , Alavinasab S.A.
Published: October 2003

Dynamic response of large complex dome structures under wind loading is important in terms of performance and safety. Conventional methods of wind loading calculation have been used successfully in codes to analyse large space structures. The method can be performed by approximating the air pressure, induced by wind, on the surfaces of structures. Although this replaces a wind loading test using a complicated wind tunnel test for any structural systems, the accuracy of the method, in the case of complex geometry structures, is a matter of consideration. Hence, it is desirable to search for a procedure with more accuracy and reliability. In this respect, attention is paid to advanced computational fluid dynamics (CFD), which benefits from the accurate mathematical differential equations. The use of the advanced CFD analysis can help engineers to design a complex structure, like a large dome, with a lower cost and lower weight. Using a computer program, the proposed formulation has been used to create a computational wind tunnel to derive the pressure loading on structures.
Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease in the Elderly
Authors: Dornbrook-Lavender Kimberly A , Pieper John A , Roth Mary T
Published: October 2003

OBJECTIVE:

To review relevant literature supporting the use of antihypertensive agents, lipid-lowering agents (i.e., statins), and aspirin therapy for the primary prevention of coronary heart disease (CHD) in an elderly patient population (age ≥65 y).

DATA SOURCES:

A MEDLINE search (1988–January 2003) was conducted.

STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION:

Primary and tertiary literature involving the uses of antihypertensives, statins, and aspirin therapy in the elderly were reviewed.

DATA SYNTHESIS:

Mortality due to CHD in the US population has decreased 40–50% over the last 30 years; however, CHD remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in elderly persons. As the population continues to age, the number of older adults eligible for primary prevention will rise. The American Heart Association clinical practice guidelines for the primary prevention of CHD were updated in 2002; however, they are based on findings from clinical trials that enrolled predominantly middle-aged white men. The recommendations for elderly individuals are predominantly extrapolated from subgroup analyses of randomized clinical trials or cohort studies. This literature suggests that elderly persons are candidates for primary prevention measures and experience reductions in coronary events when treated with appropriate therapies.

CONCLUSIONS:

Data suggest that use of antihypertensives, statins, and aspirin therapy in the elderly appears effective to an extent similar to, and often greater than, that observed in younger patients. We believe these agents should be prescribed to all appropriate high-risk elderly patients. Ongoing and future studies will more clearly elucidate the benefits of primary prevention therapy, particularly in persons ≥75 years of age.
Treatment of Pediatric Idiopathic Pulmonary Hemosiderosis with Low-Dose Cyclophosphamide
Authors: Huang Shiou-Huei , Lee Ping-Yu , Niu Chen-Kuang
Published: October 2003

OBJECTIVE:

To report the safety and efficacy of long-term, low-dose cyclophosphamide therapy in a child with idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis (IPH).

CASE SUMMARY:

A 7-year-old boy diagnosed with IPH 4 years previously was initially prescribed prednisolone. Because he only had a transient response to prednisolone, oral cyclophosphamide 2 mg/kg/d was later added. A dramatic improvement was noted during the subsequent follow-up. One year after cyclophosphamide therapy, the patient suddenly developed thrombocytopenia (platelet count 75 times 103/mm3), with the platelet count decreasing to 10 times 103/mm3 over the following 10 months. Cyclophosphamide was tapered to an alternating daily dosage of 1 mg/kg. The tapering resulted in a subsequent increase in the platelet count, which was maintained between 20 and 50 times 103/mm3 without occurrence of petechiae or spontaneous bleeding. Under this reduced dosing regimen, the disease has remained in remission for >1 year.

DISCUSSION:

Due to the low prevalence of IPH, only limited data document the safety and efficacy of immunosuppressive therapy in treating this disease. Although our patient showed a good response to low-dose cyclophosphamide, he developed thrombocytopenia with its use. The mechanism is unclear, but it may be similar to that of high-dose cyclophosphamide-induced myelosuppression. Due to the development of thrombocytopenia, the use of cyclophosphamide was maintained under a reduced dosing regimen. The benefit of long-term immunosuppressive therapy is controversial, and more clinical evidence is required to support its continued usage.

CONCLUSIONS:

Long-term, low-dose cyclophosphamide is effective in treating childhood IPH, but caution should be exercised due to the possible development of thrombocytopenia. Periodic monitoring of the platelet count in long-term treatment is recommended.
Treatment of Impending Tumor Lysis with Single-Dose Rasburicase
Authors: Lee Anselm CW , Li Chak H , So Kwan T , Chan Regina
Published: October 2003

OBJECTIVE:

To report the experience of using rasburicase as a single-dose treatment for childhood leukemia presenting with hyperuricemia.

CASE SUMMARIES:

Three children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia presenting with hyperuricemia received rasburicase as a single intravenous dose just prior to the start of chemotherapy. This was followed by rapid reduction of serum uric acid levels within 24 hours, which remained low throughout induction therapy while allopurinol and hydration therapy without urinary alkalinization ensued. Subclinical tumor lysis was evidenced by the appearance of hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia in all cases and hyperkalemia in 1 patient. These abnormalities were transient, and each patient's renal function gradually improved from pretreatment baseline without requiring dialysis.

DISCUSSION:

Our experience suggests that hyperuricemia in children at risk for tumor lysis can be managed with a briefer regimen of rasburicase than the recommended 5- to 7-day course.

CONCLUSIONS:

A shorter course of rasburicase treatment, including single-dose injection, is feasible and will improve the cost-effectiveness profile of the otherwise expensive compound.