bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Freezing dynamics of genuine entanglement and loss of genuine nonlocality under collective dephasing
Authors: Ali Mazhar
Published: April 2017

We study the dynamics of genuine multipartite entanglement for quantum systems upto four qubits interacting with general collective dephasing process. Using a computable entanglement monotone for multipartite systems, we observe the feature of freezing dynamics of genuine entanglement for three and four qubits entangled states. We compare the dynamics with that of random states and find that most states exibit this feature. We then study the effects of collective dephasing on genuine nonlocality and find out that although quantum states remain genuinely entangled yet their genuine nonlocality is lost in a finite time. We show the sensitivity of asymptotic states being genuinely entangled by mixing white noise.
Who owns the social web?
Authors: Marshall Catherine C. , Shipman Frank M.
Published: April 2017

User attitudes toward online intellectual property reveal how far social norms have strayed from legal notions of ownership.
Toward a ban on lethal autonomous weapons
Authors: Wallach Wendell
Published: April 2017

A 10-point plan toward fashioning a proposal to ban some---if not all---lethal autonomous weapons.
Research for practice
Authors: Bailis Peter , Narayanan Arvind , Miller Andrew , Han Song
Published: April 2017

Expert-curated guides to the best of CS research.
MongoDB's JavaScript fuzzer
Authors: Guo Robert
Published: April 2017

The fuzzer is for those edge cases that your testing did not catch.
Bionics in competition
Authors: Kirkpatrick Keith
Published: April 2017

Developers of innovative assistive devices compete as a means of networking with each other.
In Praise of Workforce and Inclusion
Authors: Petter Stacie , Stafford Tom
Published: April 2017

In this issue of The Data Base for Advances in Information Systems, we are reminded of one of the key reasons why we engage in MIS research: to study ways in which technology management serves the enterprise. This connotes the notion of Work and the value of Workforces. This special issue, from the ACM SIGMIS Computers and People Research (CPR) Conference, provides a rich and impactful illumination on the nature of the technological workforce, both in terms of its composition and its management. This is vital research within our field. In this issue, we have a sampling of workforce research that focuses on computers and people issues in two broad ways: ensuring broad participation in the technology workforce through inclusion and informing wise managerial guidance of technological workforces. We typically call the former area of inquiry "inclusion research," while referring to the latter as "workforce research." They are really part and parcel of the same important underlying notion: what can we do to better manage the technological function in the firm, such that work proceeds effectively, productively, profitably?
A Research Agenda for Social Inclusion in Information Systems
Authors: Trauth Eileen
Published: April 2017

This research agenda for social inclusion in the information systems (IS) field reflects on its emergence and considers the possibilities and pitfalls for future research. This background information will be useful to students and scholars who are interested in conducting social inclusion research, and to readers who are not conducting social inclusion research themselves but who want to support those who do. The publication of this research agenda is also an opportunity to record institutional knowledge about social inclusion research in the information systems field. The focus is on both information systems and technology developers, and on those who use and are affected by information technology. In view of strong voices emerging that would drown out the message of social inclusion, it is all the more important that members of the IS field strengthen their commitment to this research area. In considering social inclusion work going forward, it is important to remember that this research topic is ultimately action-oriented. To resist the forces that would suppress social inclusion in the IT field and in society, it is more important than ever to situate our work "on the ground" so that the real lives of real people will permeate our research. This orientation has implications for the research methods employed as well as for the actions and interventions that follow.
Making Black Lives Matter in the Information Technology Profession
Authors: Joshi K.D. , Trauth Eileen , Kvasny Lynette , Morgan Allison J. , Payton Fay Cobb
Published: April 2017

Despite lucrative career opportunities in information technology (IT), representation of Blacks in IT occupations is abysmal. IT careers are a viable source of economic advancement for Blacks who as a group face significant entry and advancement barriers in the labor market. We argue that the information systems (IS) community can make Black lives matter in IT by advancing their opportunities in this occupational space in an equitable manner. Such advancements require a dialogue within the IS community about the following: What can the IS community do to foster greater inclusion of Blacks in IT profession? To begin this dialogue, a panel of five IS scholars, Drs. K. D. Joshi, Eileen Trauth, Lynette Kvasny, Allison J. Morgan, and Fay Cobb Payton, who participated in the panel organized at SIGMIS CPR 2016 in Washington, D.C. (Trauth et al. 2016b), share their perspectives on making Black lives matter in the information technology profession. An agenda is proposed that calls on IS scholars to conduct research on issues discussed in this paper and appeals to IT practitioners and educators to foster greater inclusion of Blacks in the IT profession.
Black Men in IT
Authors: Cain Curtis C. , Trauth Eileen
Published: April 2017

This paper considers issues related to the diversity of the information technology (IT) workforce, inclusive of IT education and the cultural phenomenon that currently exists about Black men's underrepresentation in IT and the degree to which they identify with the IT field within the United States of America. We use autoethnography to examine the insights from the first author's lived experiences and entrance into the IT workforce to identify individual and group themes that exist, relate them to existing literature, and provide evidence of those obstacles being overcome using the Individual Differences Theory of Gender and IT. The purpose of this research is to provide a perspective, through an autoethnographic account, and application of theory that highlight factors that support or undermine the achievement of Black men completing IT degrees and entering the workforce. Methodologically, autoethnography has not been widely adopted within the information systems (IS) discipline but we provide evidence that it is a viable approach for discussing lived experiences utilizing an exemplar and supporting research for evaluating autoethnography. As scholars, even those with no direct affiliation with the impacted group, we have a duty to ensure that we are being as inclusive as possible, understand and appreciate the value of diversity, and are taking an active role in cultivating and empowering our students to enter, and remain, in the IT workforce.
Developmental changes in contractile responses to cholinergic stimuli: role of calcium sensitization and related pathways
Authors: Im Young Jae , Lee Jung Keun , Lee Sun Hee , Oh Seung-June , Park Kwanjin
Published: April 2017

This study was performed to analyze the developmental changes in bladder response to cholinergic stimulation in detail, highlighting calcium sensitization (CS) and its related pathways. Rats were divided into three groups in accordance with reported time of developmental milestones (newborns, days 1–4; youngsters, days 5–14; and grown-ups, days 15–28). Following cholinergic stimulation (carbachol, 5 µM), the contractile response to detrusor was analyzed with respect to three phases (initial phasic, tonic, and superimposed phasic contractions). Contractile responses were analyzed by their dynamic and kinetic aspects. The responses were further compared in varying external calcium concentrations and in the presence of inhibitors of protein kinase C (PKC) and Rho kinase (ROCK), which are involved in CS. The responses of newborns contrasted with the others by their short and brisk initial phasic contractions, prominent tonic contractions, and delayed participation of irregular superimposed phasic contractions. With development, phasic contractions became prominent, and tonic contractions diminished. These developmental changes in phasic contractions were reproduced when exposed to increasing calcium concentrations. Application of specific inhibitors and molecular phasic analysis revealed that PKC was functional in tonic contractions of the newborns, whereas ROCK took over its role with development. Within a few days of birth, rats’ bladders experienced drastic changes in contractile mechanisms. This included dominance of phasic contractions over tonic contractions due to increased calcium dependence and the maturational shift of the calcium sensitivity mechanism from PKC to ROCK.
Modulation of long-latency afferent inhibition by the amplitude of sensory afferent volley
Authors: Turco Claudia V. , El-Sayes Jenin , Fassett Hunter J. , Chen Robert , Nelson Aimee J.
Published: April 2017

Long-latency afferent inhibition (LAI) is the inhibition of the transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) motor-evoked potentials (MEP) by the sensory afferent volley following electrical stimulation of a peripheral nerve. It is unknown how the activation of sensory afferent fibers relates to the magnitude of LAI. This study investigated the relationship between LAI and the sensory nerve action potentials (SNAP) from the median nerve (MN) and the digital nerves (DN) of the second digit. LAI was obtained by delivering nerve stimulation 200 ms before a TMS pulse delivered over the motor cortex. Experiment 1 assessed the magnitude of LAI following stimulation of the contralateral MN or DN using nerve stimulus intensities relative to the maximum SNAP (SNAPmax) of that nerve and two TMS intensities (0.5- and 1-mV MEP). Results indicate that MN LAI is maximal at ~50% SNAPmax, when presumably all sensory afferents are recruited for TMS of 0.5-mV MEP. For DN, LAI appears at ~50% SNAPmax and does not increase with further recruitment of sensory afferents. Experiment 2 investigated the magnitude of LAI following ipsilateral nerve stimulation at intensities relative to SNAPmax. Results show minimal LAI evoked by ipsilateral MN and no LAI following ipsilateral DN stimulation. Implications for future studies investigating LAI include adjusting nerve stimulation to 50% SNAPmax to obtain maximal LAI. Additionally, MN LAI can be used as a marker for neurological disease or injury by using a nerve stimulation intensity that can evoke a depth of LAI capable of increasing or decreasing.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first investigation of the relationship between long-latency afferent inhibition (LAI) and the sensory afferent volley. Differences exist between median and digital nerve LAI. For the median nerve, LAI increases until all sensory fibers are presumably recruited. In contrast, digital nerve LAI does not increase with the recruitment of additional sensory fibers but rather is present when a given volume of sensory afferent fibers is recruited (~50% of maximum sensory nerve action potential). This novel data provide practical guidelines and contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms underlying LAI.
Delay-Induced Oscillations in a Competitor-Competitor-Mutualist Lotka-Volterra Model
Authors: Xu Changjin
Published: April 2017

This paper deals with a competitor-competitor-mutualist Lotka-Volterra model. A series of sufficient criteria guaranteeing the stability and the occurrence of Hopf bifurcation for the model are obtained. Several concrete formulae determine the properties of bifurcating periodic solutions by applying the normal form theory and the center manifold principle. Computer simulations are given to support the theoretical predictions. At last, biological meaning and a conclusion are presented.
Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Cactus Pear (Opuntia) Seed Oils
Authors: Ramírez-Moreno Esther , Cariño-Cortés Raquel , Cruz-Cansino Nelly del Socorro , Delgado-Olivares Luis , Ariza-Ortega José Alberto , Montañez-Izquierdo Vanessa Yelina , Hernández-Herrero María Manuela , Filardo-Kerstupp Tomás
Published: April 2017

Seed oils from two Mexican varieties of cactus pear (green: Opuntia albicarpa and red: Opuntia ficus indica) were extracted with different solvents (hexane, ethanol, and ethyl acetate) to evaluate their antioxidant activity. The seed oil with higher antioxidant activity was selected to evaluate antimicrobial activity. The fatty acid profile was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Oil from green cactus pear seeds obtained with ethanol and ethyl acetate exhibited higher antioxidant activity (p<0.05) of 323 and 316 μmol TE/20 mg (p < 0.05), respectively, compared to red cactus pear seed oil (≈274 and 247 μmol TE/20 mg with ethyl acetate and ethanol, resp.). The oil obtained with ethanol and higher antioxidant activity was used to determine the antimicrobial activity. Both cactus pear oils produced a microbial inhibition zone in most of the microorganisms evaluated, particularly Saccharomyces cerevisiae which had similar diameter (38–40 mm). The oil fatty acids profiles of both varieties were similar and exhibited a high content of linoleic acid, while two fatty acids (linolenic and behenic) found in red cactus pear were not observed in the green variety.
Best Proximity Point Results for Some Contractive Mappings in Uniform Spaces
Authors: Olisama Victoria , Olaleru Johnson , Akewe Hudson
Published: April 2017

We introduce the concept of Jav‐distance (an analogue of b‐metric), ϕp‐proximal contraction, and ϕp‐proximal cyclic contraction for non‐self‐mappings in Hausdorff uniform spaces. We investigate the existence and uniqueness of best proximity points for these modified contractive mappings. The results obtained extended and generalised some fixed and best proximity points results in literature. Examples are given to validate the main results.
Physical Activity Modulates Common Neuroplasticity Substrates in Major Depressive and Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Phillips Cristy
Published: April 2017

Mood disorders (MDs) are chronic, recurrent mental diseases that affect millions of individuals worldwide. Although the biogenic amine model has provided some clinical utility, a need remains to better understand the interrelated mechanisms that contribute to neuroplasticity deficits in MDs and the means by which various therapeutics mitigate them. Of those therapeutics being investigated, physical activity (PA) has shown clear and consistent promise. Accordingly, the aims of this review are to (1) explicate key modulators, processes, and interactions that impinge upon multiple susceptibility points to effectuate neuroplasticity deficits in MDs; (2) explore the putative mechanisms by which PA mitigates these features; (3) review protocols used to induce the positive effects of PA in MDs; and (4) highlight implications for clinicians and researchers.
Getting “Inside” Type I IFNs: Type I IFNs in Intracellular Bacterial Infections
Authors: Snyder Deann T. , Hedges Jodi F. , Jutila Mark A.
Published: April 2017

Type I interferons represent a unique and complex group of cytokines, serving many purposes during innate and adaptive immunity. Discovered in the context of viral infections, type I IFNs are now known to have myriad effects in infectious and autoimmune disease settings. Type I IFN signaling during bacterial infections is dependent on many factors including whether the infecting bacterium is intracellular or extracellular, as different signaling pathways are activated. As such, the repercussions of type I IFN induction can positively or negatively impact the disease outcome. This review focuses on type I IFN induction and downstream consequences during infection with the following intracellular bacteria:Chlamydia trachomatis,Listeria monocytogenes,Mycobacterium tuberculosis,Salmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium,Francisella tularensis,Brucella abortus,Legionella pneumophila, andCoxiella burnetii. Intracellular bacterial infections are unique because the bacteria must avoid, circumvent, and even co-opt microbial “sensing” mechanisms in order to reside and replicate within a host cell. Furthermore, life inside a host cell makes intracellular bacteria more difficult to target with antibiotics. Because type I IFNs are important immune effectors, modulating this pathway may improve disease outcomes. But first, it is critical to understand the context-dependent effects of the type I IFN pathway in intracellular bacterial infections.
Synergistic Action of Presynaptic Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors and Adenosine Receptors in Developmental Axonal Competition at the Neuromuscular Junction
Authors: Nadal Laura , Garcia Neus , Hurtado Erica , Simó Anna , Tomàs Marta , Lanuza Maria Angel , Cilleros Victor , Tomàs Josep Maria
Published: April 2017

The development of the nervous system involves the initial overproduction of synapses, which promotes connectivity. Hebbian competition between axons with different activities leads to the loss of roughly half of the overproduced elements and this refines connectivity. We used quantitative immunohistochemistry to investigate, in the postnatal day 7 (P7) to P9 neuromuscular junctions, the involvement of muscarinic receptors (muscarinic acetylcholine autoreceptors and the M1, M2, and M4 subtypes) and adenosine receptors (A1 and A2A subtypes) in the control of axonal elimination after the mouse levator auris longus muscle had been exposed to selective antagonists in vivo. In a previous study we analyzed the role of each of the individual receptors. Here we investigate the additive or occlusive effects of their inhibitors and thus the existence of synergistic activity between the receptors. The main results show that the A2A, M1, M4, and A1 receptors (in this order of ability) delayed axonal elimination at P7. M4 produces some occlusion of the M1 pathway and some addition to the A1 pathway, which suggests that they cooperate. M2 receptors may modulate (by allowing a permissive action) the other receptors, mainly M4 and A1. The continued action of these receptors (now including M2 but not M4) finally promotes axonal loss at P9. All 4 receptors (M2, M1, A1, and A2A, in this order of ability) are necessary. The M4 receptor (which in itself does not affect axon loss) seems to modulate the other receptors. We found a synergistic action between the M1, A1, and A2A receptors, which show an additive effect, whereas the potent M2 effect is largely independent of the other receptors (though can be modulated by M4). At P9, there is a full mutual dependence between the A1 and A2A receptors in regulating axon loss. In summary, postnatal axonal elimination is a regulated multireceptor mechanism that involves the cooperation of several muscarinic and adenosine receptor subtypes.
Successful Management of Decitabine prior to Full-Dose Idarubicin and Cytarabine in the Treatment of Refractory/Recurrent Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Authors: Zhao Hongyu , Xu Li , Yang Yongjian , Shao Jianhua , Chen Ping , Dong Xuebin , Gu Linping , Li Daqi
Published: April 2017

Aims: To investigate the safety and efficacy of the triple therapy of decitabine, idarubicin, and cytarabine in the treatment of refractory or recurrent acute myeloid leukemia (R/R AML). Methods: We conducted a single-center retrospective study in which decitabine treatment was administered prior to full-dose idarubicin and cytarabine (D-IA) for 21 R/R AML patients. Results: After 1 cycle of D-IA, 10/21 (47.6%) patients experienced a complete remission (CR) and 2/21 (9.5%) showed a partial response. There was a 1-month response rate (RR) in 12/21 patients (57.14%); these patients achieved CR after 2 cycles of D-IA. Five of these 12 (40%) patients then received sequential allogeneic stem cell transplantation. At the last follow-up date, 9/21 (42.8%) patients had survived, and 7/21 (33.3%) were in continuous CR. Hematological toxicity and infections were the most prominent toxicities of this regimen. Other toxicities included nausea, vomiting, bleeding, and liver enzyme abnormalities. No mortalities were recorded due to treatment-related toxicity during remission. Conclusions: The combination was well tolerated, and the RR was encouraging. Our study suggests that D-IA may offer a novel and potentially effective treatment regimen for R/R AML patients.
KLK4 Gene and Dental Decay: Replication in a South Brazilian Population
Authors: Cavallari Tayla , Tetu Moyses Simone , Moyses Samuel Jorge , Iani Werneck Renata
Published: April 2017

Objective: The objective of this research was to identify and replicate the participation of KLK4 gene polymorphisms in the susceptibility to dental decay. Methods: A total of 200 patients were recruited using ICDAS criteria - 100 of them with dental caries and 100 with no history of the disease. Buccal cells were collected and the DNA was extracted and amplified using PCR. Results: During the descriptive analysis, the variables ethnicity, biofilm, and gingivitis and the markers rs2242670 and rs2978642 were statistically significant. In the multivariate analysis, the marker rs2242670 and the variable biofilm maintained statistical significance. Conclusion: Genetic variations in the KLK4 gene may contribute to dental decay.
Use of Phosphorus Binders among Non-Dialysis Chronic Kidney Disease Patients and Mortality Outcomes
Authors: Bhandari Simran K. , Liu In-Lu A. , Kujubu Dean A. , Huynh Trung , Behayaa Hind , Kovesdy Csaba P. , Kalantar-Zadeh Kamyar , Jacobsen Steven J. , Sim John J.
Published: April 2017

Background: Whether the benefits of phosphorus binders extend to those without end stage renal disease is uncertain. Among a large diverse non-dialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD) population with hyperphosphatemia, we sought to evaluate phosphorus binder use and compare mortality risk between patients prescribed and not prescribed binders. Methods: A retrospective cohort study within an integrated health system (January 1, 1998 - December 31, 2012) among CKD patients (age ≥18) was performed. Non-dialysis CKD patients with 2 separate estimated glomerular filtrate rate (eGFR) <30 mL/min/1.73 m2 and serum phosphorus ≥5.0 mg/dL within 180 days of eGFR were included. Multivariable cox proportional hazards and inverse probability of treatment-weighted models were used to estimate mortality hazard ratios (HRs) for patients who received phosphorus binders compared to no binders. Results: Among 10,165 study patients, 2,733 subjects (27%) received phosphorus binders. Compared to the no-phosphorus-binder group, the binder group had mortality HRs (95% CI) of 0.86 (0.79-0.94) and 0.86 (0.80-0.93) using traditional multivariable and inverse probability of treatment-weighted models respectively. Sensitivity analyses removing patients who were prescribed binders >180 days after index date revealed no difference in mortality between those with binders and with no binders. Conclusion: Our findings from a real-world clinical environment revealed that 27% of hyperphosphatemic non-dialysis CKD patients were prescribed binders. They also had lower risk of mortality compared to those not prescribed phosphorus binders. However, the lower mortality risk was not observed when we accounted for immortal time bias. Whether phosphorus binder use in CKD improves survival remains to be determined.
Butterfly diversity (Lepidoptera: Rhophalocera) associated with nectar feeding on Ziziphus mauritiana Lamarck (Rosales: Rhamnaceae) flowers in Chuadanga, Bangladesh
Authors: Shihan Tahsinur Rahman
Published: April 2017

A study was conducted during the flowering season of Ziziphus mauritiana from September 2015 to October 2015 in Belgachi Railgate Para, Chuadanga, Bangladesh.  The study recorded 265 individuals of 39 butterfly species belonging to five families and 32 genera nectar feeding on Z. mauritiana flowers.  Amongst the families, Lycaenidae was dominant with 33.33% (n=13).  Amongst the species Parnara bada (Moore, 1878) (Hesperiidae) was the most dominant species followed by Ypthima baldus (Fabricius, 1775) (Nymphalidae).  Virachola isocrates (Fabricius, 1793) (Lycaenidae) spent the maximum time (60–120 sec) nectar feeding on Z. mauritiana amongst the 39 species sampled.
Cold War Dilemmas, Superpower Influence, and Regional Interests: Greece and the Palestinian Question, 1947–1949
Authors: Koumas Manolis
Published: April 2017

This article discusses official attitudes toward the creation of the state of Israel from the eruption of the postwar international crisis in Palestine until the end of Arab-Israeli War of 1948–1949. In 1947–1949, Greek policy toward the Middle East was determined by a mix of regional, political, and ideological factors: the Greek security problem during the early Cold War era, including the Greek civil war; the existence of the Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem; the Greek government's need to take into account the position of the Greek diaspora community in Egypt; commercial interests in the Eastern Mediterranean; anti-Semitism; the need to secure Arab votes in support of the Greek question before the United Nations; and relations between Greece and its new superpower patron, the United States. Greek decisions were dominated by Cold War needs, but the United States did not impose policy on its junior partner.
Evidence for a behavioural syndrome and negative social assortment by exploratory personality in the communally nesting rodent, Octodon degus
Authors: Chock Rachel Y. , Wey Tina W. , Ebensperger Luis A. , Hayes Loren D.
Published: April 2017

Recent research in behavioural ecology has revealed the structure of animal personality and connections to ecologically and evolutionarily important traits. Personality is hypothesized to influence social interactions through individual behavioural differences or personality-based dyadic interactions. We describe the structure of personality traits and ask if two traits, boldness and exploration, play a role in the strength or pattern of social associations in a wild population of degus, a rodent that often lives communally with unrelated conspecifics. Boldness was repeatable in both adults and juveniles, but exploration was only repeatable in adults. We found evidence for a behavioural syndrome between exploration and boldness in adult degus. We documented negative assortment by exploratory personality type; more exploratory animals shared burrows with less exploratory animals. However, tendency towards boldness and exploration were not predictive of association strength. Our results highlight a potential connection between personality and social structure in a communally nesting species.
A new species of the genus Hippolyte (Decapoda: Caridea: Hippolytidae) from South China Sea and Singapore
Authors: ZHIBIN GAN , XINZHENG LI
Published: April 2017

A new species of hippolytid shrimp, Hippolyte ngi n. sp., is described and illustrated based on specimens collected from the Indo-West Pacific region. The new species clearly belongs to the ‘Hippolyte ventricosa H. Milne Edwards, 1837’ species complex, but is distinguished from its congeners by the dactylus of the last three pereiopods, the position of the hepatic spine, the proportions of the segments of the antennular peduncle, and other subtle but constant features.
Two new species of Protonemura (Plecoptera: Nemouridae) from China, with biogeographical notes on the genus
Authors: LI WEIHAI , MURÁNYI DÁVID , YANG DING
Published: April 2017

Two new species of the genus Protonemura (Plecoptera: Nemouridae: Amphinemurinae) are described from China, P. bifurcata sp. n. from a holotype male from Taiwan and P. datongensis sp. n. from males and females collected in Datong County of the high altitude Tibetan Plateau of Qinghai Province, China. The new taxa are compared with related congeners respectively. A new combination, Indonemoura filigera (Kawai) comb. n, is proposed for Protonemura filigera Kawai, 1969. The distribution of Protonemura in the East Palaearctic and the Oriental Region is discussed and mapped.
Crystallization behavior and mechanical properties of poly(lactic acid) complex fiber toughened by carbon nanotube nanocapsules
Authors: Liu Shu-qiang , Wu Gai-hong , Xiao Yun-chao , Guo Hong-xia , Shao Fen-juan
Published: April 2017

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) fiber, owing to its biocompatibility and biodegradability, could be widely used in many related industrial areas. However, high brittleness has been the main obstacle to expanding its applications. So in this paper, carbon nanotube (CNT) nanocapsules were designed to toughen PLA and further reported their effect on the crystallization behavior and mechanical properties of PLA complex fiber. These designed CNT nanocapsules successfully solved the agglomeration of CNTs within the PLA matrix as well as the compatibility issue. In addition, the morphological, mechanical, optical and thermal properties of PLA complex fibers were also studied. The addition of CNT nanocapsules obviously improved the crystallization behavior of PLA fiber. Furthermore, compared with pure PLA, the tensile strength of PLA complex fiber was enhanced by 30.62% and the elongation by 32.2%, so the designed CNT nanocapsules could be used as a toughener for PLA fiber. This research benefits the extension of PLA applications where toughness is an important factor.
Unfree labour after the Maoist Revolution in western Nepal
Authors: Hoffmann Michael
Published: April 2017

What does ‘unfree labour’ mean in a post-revolutionary context? Based on an ethnographic fieldwork undertaken between 2008 and 2009 in the far-western lowlands of Nepal, this article argues that the brick kiln owners on the Nepal–India border continued their attempts to bind labour by handing out advances and delaying payments, despite the fact that the state had prohibited all forms of bonded labour under the Bonded Labour Abolition Act of 2001. However, the employers and the workers accepted this system of unfree labour only as long as it remained within certain boundaries. I conclude by suggesting that the Maoist Revolution should be judged as a partial revolution: although it addressed some inequalities, it neglected others due to an ideologically narrow framing of the meaning of unfree labour.
Rumination, Depression, and Gender in Early Adolescence: A Longitudinal Study of a Bidirectional Model
Authors: Krause Elizabeth D. , Vélez Clorinda E. , Woo Rebecca , Hoffmann Brittany , Freres Derek R. , Abenavoli Rachel M. , Gillham Jane E.
Published: April 2017

Recent research suggests that rumination may represent both a risk factor for and consequence of depression, especially among female samples. Nevertheless, few longitudinal studies have examined a reciprocal model of rumination and depression in early adolescence, just before rates of depression diverge by gender. The present study evaluated a cross-lagged path model of rumination and depression in a sample of 408 early adolescents. Gender moderation was also examined. Support was found for a longitudinal bidirectional model of rumination and depression but only among girls. For boys, increased rumination emerged as a consequence, not as a predictor, of depression symptoms. In early adolescence, rumination may be a greater risk factor for depression among girls than boys, whereas depression may be a significant vulnerability factor for increased rumination among both boys and girls. Why rumination may be more maladaptive for girls than boys is discussed within a psychosocial and developmental framework.
Nonhuman citizens on trial: The ecological politics of a beaver reintroduction
Authors: Crowley Sarah L , Hinchliffe Steve , McDonald Robbie A
Published: April 2017

Wildlife reintroductions can unsettle social and ecological norms, and are often controversial. In this paper, we examine the recent (re)introduction of Eurasian beavers to England, to analyse responses to an unauthorised release of a formerly resident species. Although the statutory response to the introduction was to attempt to reassert ecological and political order by recapturing the beavers, this action was strongly opposed by a diverse collective, united and made powerful by a common goal: to protect England’s ‘new’ nonhuman residents. We show how this clash of state resolve and public dissent produced an uneasy compromise in the form of a formal, licensed ‘beaver reintroduction trial’, in which the new beaver residents have been allowed to remain, but under surveillance. We propose that although the trial is unorthodox and risky, there is an opportunity for it to be treated as a ‘wild experiment’ through which a more open-ended, experimental approach to co-inhabiting with wildlife might be attempted.
L'analité et Les Composantes Anales Du Vécu Corporel
Authors: Chasseguet-Smirgel J.
Published: April 2017

States of depersonalization are linked by the author to a premature development of anal functions, under the stress of early frustrations.

Reactivations of the primary trauma in later conflicts mobilize the poorly integrated anal components of the adult personality, which regresses to a pre-anal stage of undifferentiation of the ego. The persistent and unfulfilled need for a pre-ambivalent and conflictless relationship characterized by fusion with the object is thus revealed in the symptoms presented by the patient.

Clinical material is reported, with emphasis on the technical implications of these psychogenetic factors and theoretical concepts in the psychoanalytic-treatment of such cases.
Administration and Therapy
Authors: Christie Paul
Published: April 2017

A condensed survey of the last century's developments in the processes of administration and therapy has been presented. Those developments, though superficially leading to an increasing separation or even antagonism between the two functions, have been shown to share the characteristics of ORGANIC behaviour, PERSONAL emphasis, and CREATIVITY. From this protrayal there emerges a number of theses and questions (including the significance of cyclic phenomena, the challenge of the objective-subjective distinction, the need for clearer understanding of the roles of therapist and administrator, and the problem of the ideal size and administrative structure of a mental hospital) which would appear to offer fruitful avenues of future investigation.
Some Effects of Tranylcypromine and Trifluoperazine on Electrocortical Activity (EEG Activation)
Authors: Ling George M.
Published: April 2017

In the deafferented cat devoid of the complicating effect of extraneous pharmacological agents (anaesthesia, muscle relaxants) the intra-innominate administration of tranylcypromine elicits immediate EEG activation. With high doses (7.5 mg/kg), EEG activation is immediate, intense, and persists for several hours. With lower doses (2.5 mg/kg) this effect is transient (20 seconds), giving way to a long period of deactivation (35–45 minutes), which in turn is followed by a secondary period of activation.

The immediate EEG activating response of tranylcypromine appears to be a direct effect, the secondary delayed phase of EEG activation appears to be an indirect action, such as might be expected from the retarded inactivation of central amines.

Trifluoperazine (2 mg/kg) elicits EEG deactivation with characteristics similar to those observed following the administration of “equi-deactivating” doses of chlorpromazine (5 mg/kg). When both trifluoperazine (2 mg/kg) and tranylcypromine (7.5 mg/kg) are introduced simultaneously, the activating effects of the latter dominate the earlier phases of the recording.

Preliminary experiments in some preparations in which gross unilateral lesions have been made in the mesencephalic tegmentum raises the possibility that this subcortical area may be a possible site for the arousal effect observed following the administration of tranylcypromine.
Health Insurance Prepayment for Psychotherapy in Private Psychiatric Practice
Authors: Richman Alex , Bezeredi Tibor
Published: April 2017

1. Routine data, available in a prepaid medical insurance plan, may be used to describe the amount and pattern of psychiatric services utilized.

2. Married females were twice as likely as married males to be seen by a psychiatrist.

3. 14% of referrals did not receive subsequent psychotherapy.

4. Psychotherapy is terminable; “new” patients receiving psychotherapy had a median number of seven interviews.

5. There is considerable variation in the patterns of practice of psychotherapy by individual psychiatrists.

6. 377% of employed patients had changed jobs or were unemployed within two years of referral to a psychiatrist.

7. Further case and population studies are recommended.

“Within the past fifty years, history has shown us the transition of medical services from a preventive service to one more specifically related to treatment of diseases in individual patients. I have suggested that we are now entering a phase in which psychiatry and its ramifications will play a major role …”

“… The problem of providing and paying for these services is a different problem from that which we have faced in the past and calls for the cooperation of the profession, voluntary insurance and Government.

“I believe that to meet this problem our voluntary programmes must be more willing to experiment.” (26)
Depression, or Depressions?
Authors: Muncie Wendell
Published: April 2017

The author contends that all depressions have much more in common than they do in differences. He postulates that many depressions rest on an event, either near or far in time, which brings home to the victim the futility of striving. Such striving is derived from an effort, at an early age, to please parental figures and has been incorporated as a significant element in character formation. The difference between reactive and endogenous depressions rests in the relative degree of immediacy of the provocative factor. The relative effectiveness of electroshock in endogenous, as opposed to reactive, depression does not invalidate this thesis. Treatment of all depressions rests, primarily, on the one best known item of the natural history of depression, namely, its natural recover-ability. With this as a basis, psychotherapy is helpful in ridding the patient of the guilt associated with his inability to strive towards those goals which have always guaranteed his self-approbation. This furnishes a foundation for mental hygiene for the patient after the recovery period is achieved.
Article
Authors: Déom P. , Roy Abbé R. , Girouard Abbé A.
Published: April 2017

The introduction states first of all that the purpose of the Doréa Institute is the training of children entrusted to its care. Later, the establishment of a Follow-up Centre was provided to give to young retardates the care which will facilitate their integration into society. Finally, a Social Service was set up to play a very important role with the child, the family and also with the Institution's specialists. The Social Service is also active outside the Institution as the mental retardate, remaining a weak subject in spite of the complete training he has received, needs to feel secure with people he has known while in the Institution and for that reason, a Follow-up Centre was organized in Montreal.

The Follow-up Service then organized a “Home and School” Centre where young people may talk about their experiences and their problems. During one year, the last-year students of the Doréa Institute spend some time in a small industry to acquire the real experience in a work environment.

Everyone works, under the direction of a psychiatrist towards the orientation of former students. As there is a shortage of professional Social Workers, we have, with the help of resourceful people in society, set up three voluntary services. Such services are: (1) an Employment Committee; (2) a Parents' Committee and (3) an Education and Recreation Committee.
A Study of the Effects of Alcohol on Mental Functions
Authors: Hutchison H. C. , Tuchtie M. , Gray K. G. , Steinberg D.
Published: April 2017

In the case of a legal defence of drunkenness, it is common practice to call a psychiatrist to examine the accused and to give an opinion of his mental state at the time of the commission of the alleged offence. While clinical experience indicates that impairment may occur at relatively low concentrations of alcohol in the bloodstream, and that mental functions are not uniformly affected, there is surprisingly little experimental work to support this observation.

The present study was undertaken to determine the effects of a blood alcohol concentration of approximately 1.0 parts per 1,000 on mental functions. The subjects were eight non-psychotic males of average intelligence referred to the Forensic Services for mental examination. All were volunteers. The amount of alcohol in the bloodstream was measured by the Breathalyzer, and equivalent tests of general orientation and personal history; attention (digit span); abstract thinking (similarities test); learning efficiency (paired verbal associates) were administered before the intake of alcohol and when the blood alcohol concentration had reached 1.0 parts per 1,000. A test of retention was given, consisting of having the subjects identify and repeat the titles of TAT cards 24 hours after having described and titled them in an alcohol-free state and at the 1.0 level of blood alcohol respectively.

It was found that the experimental condition, i.e. a mean blood alcohol concentration of 1.0 parts per 1,000, had no effect upon the subjects' accuracy of information relating to personal identity and orientation in time and place.

The subjects' performances on the tests of attention, abstract thinking; and learning efficiency were adversely affected by the alcohol condition. Of the two retention measures, recognition and recall, only the latter was affected to a statistically significant degree.

A subsequent matching of a complete log of actual events occurring during the alcohol condition, with the subjects' recall of them 24 hours later, revealed vagueness; and of three subjects taken to the 2.0 parts per 1,000 level, two could not recall quite significant events occurring at higher concentration than 1.2 and 1.5 parts per 1,000. One of these subjects related the content of a conversation with the experimentor in a highly confabulatory manner.

The findings are taken to support the clinical observation that mental functions are not uniformly affected by alcohol, and that impairment can occur at relatively low concentrations of blood alcohol.
Ontario's Community Mental Health Program
Authors: Henderson H. W.
Published: April 2017

Future planning and development of psychiatric services in Ontario is based on the concept of community psychiatric centres. The implementation of this program will require:

1) the utilization of general hospitals and mental hospitals to provide a more complete and comprehensive system of community psychiatric services;

2) increasing concern with the standards of care in psychiatric facilities across the Province;

3) continued and increasing involvement of local agencies and services in the community mental health effort;

4) the identification of priorities of need that will assure most effective utilization of the available professional staff.

It is to be expected that efforts made to consolidate our gains, will bring issues such as these into sharper focus. As the administrative responsibility for clinical services is shifted from a central to a local authority, psychiatrists will look to their professional association more and more to represent their interests. It is to be hoped that those identified with Government will continue to respect the interest and concern of the organized profession with these problems, which must be resolved in order to further advance the practice of psychiatry in this Province.
Paranoid Schizophrenia in a Patient with Klinefelter's Syndrome
Authors: Bond I. K. , Margulies A. I.
Published: April 2017

A case is described of a classic Klinefelter's syndrome associated with a florid attack of schizophrenia. The patient also possessed normal intelligence and had exhibited interesting psychosexual deviations. The authors are of the opinion that the concurrence of Klinefelter's syndrome with schizophrenia is purely coincidental.
Aggression
Authors: Mccaldon R. J.
Published: April 2017

Aggression as a basic drive was considered by Freud to arise from the Death Instinct i.e. it was viewed as a counter-drive to libido. Objectors to this theory view aggression as normal if it tends to preserve the individual and the species, and pathological if it does not. They regard aggression, not as a basic drive, but as an outgrowth of frustration in goal-attainment. Elements of pathological aggression include deprivation, inadequacy, and conditioned hostility. The overt, antisocial act may be precipitated by anything which, symbolically or actually, seems to intensify the above factors. Aggression is most intense toward individuals who can either gratify or frustrate basic needs, i.e. family and friends. Elements of aggression may be seen in a great many situations; a few of these are examined.
The Doctors' vs the Nurses' View of Emotional Disturbance
Authors: Wilson Murray , Meyer Eugene
Published: April 2017

1) Doctors and nurses selecting emotionally disturbed patients from the same population concurred in only about one-third of cases.

2) Nurses tended to select more seriously ill patients with organically impaired brain function, while the resident physician selected younger, less seriously ill patients.

3) These discrepancies are best understood in terms of how the patient's total pattern of behaviour intrudes itself and provokes uncertainty in the different roles of physician and nurse.
Psychotherapy —A Medical Procedure?
Authors: Werry J. S.
Published: April 2017

The present status of psychotherapy has been reviewed and it has been pointed out that this treatment is unavailable to most psychiatric patients because the number of psychotherapists is inadequate. Also the social backgrounds of psychotherapists are largely inappropriate for the understanding of a large proportion of their patients. The number of patients receiving psychotherapy could be increased by several measures such as brief psychotherapy, de-emphasizing of psychotherapy as a treatment procedure, more stringent indications for psychotherapy, and the use of less highly trained psychotherapists, since there is no evidence that much of the present training (especially the prespecialization training) of psychotherapists is relevant. The concept of psychotherapy as a medical treatment is challenged on the grounds that medical training is largely irrelevant both in the formulation of theoretical concepts useful in psychotherapy and in enhancing therapeutic effectiveness.