bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Multimoment Bulk Microphysics Parameterization. Part I: Analysis of the Role of the Spectral Shape Parameter
Authors: Milbrandt J. A. , Yau M. K.
Published: October 2005

With increasing computer power, explicit microphysics schemes are becoming increasingly important in atmospheric models. Many schemes have followed the approach of Kessler in which one moment of the hydrometeor size distribution, proportional to the mass content, is predicted. More recently, the two-moment method has been introduced in which both the mass and the total number concentration of the hydrometeor categories are independently predicted.

In bulk schemes, the size spectrum of each hydrometeor category is often described by a three-parameter gamma distribution function, N(D) = N0Dαe−λD. Two-moment schemes generally treat N0 and λ as prognostic parameters while holding α constant. In this paper, the role of the spectral shape parameter, α, is investigated by examining its effects on sedimentation and microphysical growth rates. An approach is introduced for a two-moment scheme where α is allowed to vary diagnostically as a function of the mean-mass diameter. Comparisons are made between calculations using various bulk approaches—a one-moment, a two-moment, and a three-moment method—and an analytic bin model. It is found that the size-sorting mechanism, which exists in a bulk scheme when different fall velocities are applied to advect the different predicted moments, is significantly different amongst the schemes. The shape parameter plays an important role in determining the rate of size sorting. Likewise, instantaneous growth rates related to the moments are shown to be significantly affected by this parameter.
Humidity Halos Surrounding Small Cumulus Clouds in a Tropical Environment
Authors: Laird Neil F.
Published: October 2005

A large dataset of aircraft cloud traverses from the Small Cumulus Microphysics Study (SCMS) was used to add to the existing knowledge of humidity halo characteristics for small cumulus clouds in a tropical environment. The findings from this investigation show a larger frequency of observed humidity halos than earlier studies. Regardless of the radial direction with respect to shear, humidity halos were observed with a frequency of 77%–90%. The difference in frequency of halo occurrences between upshear and downshear regions was much smaller than previously reported observations. These findings likely resulted from the absence of a strong vertical wind shear environment.

SCMS cumuli had a mean cloud diameter (i.e., in-cloud traverse distance) of 1.1 km and mean halo lengths of about 0.6, 0.7, and 0.8 cloud radii for upshear, cross-shear, and downshear regions, respectively. Humidity halos of less than one cloud radius were observed during about 70% of SCMS aircraft traverses. Approximately 98% of humidity halos had radial lengths of less than four cloud radii. Although considerable differences were not observed between upshear and downshear halo lengths for clouds of similar age, large increases in the frequency and length of halos occurred with an increase in cloud age.
Mesoscale Observations of the Genesis of Hurricane Dolly (1996)
Authors: Reasor Paul D. , Montgomery Michael T. , Bosart Lance F.
Published: October 2005

Recent numerical studies of tropical cyclone genesis suggest a new paradigm for how the surface vortex is established based on a highly nonaxisymmetric mechanism involving the interaction of low-level cyclonic circulations generated by deep cumulonimbus convection. A reexamination of mesoscale observations during the genesis of Hurricane Guillermo (1991) confirms the presence of multiple cyclonic circulations. More recently, airborne Doppler radar wind observations during the genesis of Atlantic Hurricane Dolly (1996) also reveal multiple lower-to-middle-tropospheric mesoscale cyclonic circulations during sequential 15–20-min compositing periods.

A particularly well-organized, but initially weak (mean tangential wind of 7 m s−1), low-level cyclonic vortex embedded within the pre-Dolly tropical disturbance is observed coincident with deep, vertically penetrating cumulonimbus convection. The earliest observations of this vortex show the peak circulation near 2-km height with a mean diameter of 30–40 km. The circulation undergoes a slight intensification over a 2-h period, with the maximum tangential winds ultimately peaking below 1-km height. Approximately 18 h after these observations Dolly is classified as a hurricane by the National Hurricane Center.

A synthesis of observations during the early development of Dolly supports a stochastic view of tropical cyclone genesis in which multiple lower-to-middle-tropospheric mesoscale cyclonic circulations are involved in building the surface cyclonic circulation. It is suggested that, in particular, the interaction of low-level circulations generated by a series of deep cumulonimbus convective events, like the one documented here, within an environment of elevated cyclonic vorticity was instrumental to the formation of the Dolly surface vortex.
Predictability Studies of the Intraseasonal Oscillation with the ECHAM5 GCM
Authors: Liess Stefan , Waliser Duane E. , Schubert Siegfried D.
Published: October 2005

Our ability to predict active and break periods of the Asian summer monsoon is intimately tied to our ability to predict the intraseasonal oscillation (ISO). The present study analyzes the upper limit of potential predictability of the northern summer ISO, as it is simulated by the ECHAM5 atmospheric general circulation model forced with climatological SSTs. The leading extended empirical orthogonal functions of precipitation, computed from a 10-yr control simulation, are used to define four different phases of the ISO. Fourteen-member ensembles of 90-day hindcasts are run for each phase of the three strongest ISO events identified in the 10-yr control run. Initial conditions for each ensemble are created from the control simulation using a breeding method.

The signal-to-noise ratio is analyzed over a region that covers the core of the Asian summer monsoon activity. Over Southeast Asia, the upper limit for predictability of precipitation and 200-hPa zonal wind is about 27 and 33 days, respectively. Over India, values of more than 15 days occur for both variables. A spatial analysis of the different phases of the ISO reveals that the predictability follows the eastward- and northward-propagating ISO during the active and break phases of the monsoon. Precipitation reveals increased predictability at the end of the convective phase. Analogous, 200-hPa zonal wind shows strongest predictability during low and easterly anomalies. This potential predictability is considerably higher than for numerical forecasts of typical weather variations, particularly for the Tropics, indicating that useful forecasts of monsoon active and break events may be possible with lead times of more than two weeks for precipitation and the dynamics. A closer look at the breeding method used here to initialize the hindcasts shows the importance of appropriate ensemble experiment designs.
Intercomparison between GOME Ozone Profiles Retrieved by Neural Network Inversion Schemes and ILAS Products
Authors: Del Frate F. , Iapaolo M. F. , Casadio S.
Published: October 2005

The Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) is a spectrometer boarded on the European Space Agency (ESA) Remote Sensing Satellite (ERS)-2, which measures, in a nadir-viewing geometry, the solar radiation that is scattered by the earth’s atmosphere. Measurements are performed in the wavelength range of 240–790 nm, with a spectral resolution of 0.2–0.4 nm. Vertical ozone profiles can be retrieved from observations of the backscattered light using neural network inversion schemes, which are able to provide real-time estimations with an accuracy that is comparable with the accuracy obtained by means of traditional optimal estimation (OE) methods, which are high-computation demanding and generally offline.

In this study, neural network–estimated profiles have been compared to the ozone profiles that are retrieved by the Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer (ILAS) boarded on the Japanese Advanced Earth Observing Satellite (ADEOS). From November 1996 to June 1997 more than 3000 coincident profiles have been found in the northern and southern high-latitude regions of the globe. The relative difference between GOME and ILAS profiles over the entire dataset and over subsets corresponding to different measurement and seasonal conditions have been calculated, and the results have been critically discussed.
GPS–Cellular Drifter Technology for Coastal Ocean Observing Systems
Authors: Ohlmann J. Carter , White Peter F. , Sybrandy Andrew L. , Niiler P. Peter
Published: October 2005

A drifter for observing small spatial and temporal scales of motion in the coastal zone is presented. The drifter uses GPS to determine its position, and the Mobitex terrestrial cellular communications system to transmit the position data in near–real time. This configuration allows position data with order meter accuracy to be sampled every few minutes and transmitted inexpensively. Near-real-time transmission of highly accurate position data enables the drifters to be retrieved and redeployed, further increasing economy. Drifter slip measurements indicate that the drifter follows water to within ∼1–2 cm s−1 during light wind periods. Slip values >1 cm s−1 are aligned with the direction of surface wave propagation and are 180° out of phase, so that the drifter “walks” down waves. Nearly 200 drifter tracks collected off the Santa Barbara, California, coast show comparisons with high-frequency (HF) radar observations of near-surface currents that improve by roughly 50% when the average drifter values are computed from more than 25 observations within a 2-km square HF radar bin. The improvement is the result of drifter resolution of subgrid-scale eddies that are included in time–space-averaged HF radar fields. The average eddy kinetic energy on 2-km space and hour time scales is 25 cm2 s−2, when computed for bins with more than 25 drifter observations. Comparisons with trajectories that are computed from HF radar data show mean separation velocities of 5 and 9 cm s−1 in the along- and across-shore directions, respectively. The drifters resolve scales of motion that are not present in HF radar fields, and are thus complementary to HF radar in coastal ocean observing systems.
Recycling Behavior
Authors: Meneses Gonzalo Díaz , Palacio Asunción Beerli
Published: October 2005

This work centers on the study of consumer recycling roles to examine the sociodemographic and psychographic profile of the distribution of recycling tasks and roles within the household. With this aim in mind, an empirical work was carried out, the results of which suggest that recycling behavior is multidimensional and comprises the undertaking of different roles with different sociodemographic and psychographic causal characteristics. The practical implications of these results can be applied in the implementation of segmentation policies that consider recycling behavior as the product on offer in a discriminate fashion depending on the role to be promoted among the population.
Reliability and Validity of the Revised Experiences in Close Relationships (ECR-R) Self-Report Measure of Adult Romantic Attachment
Authors: Sibley Chris G. , Fischer Ronald , Liu James H.
Published: October 2005

Three studies examine the psychometric properties (i.e., the test-retest reliability, convergent, and discriminant validity) of Fraley, Waller, and Brennan’s Revised Experiences in Close Relationships (ECR-R) self-report measure of romantic attachment anxiety (model of self) and avoidance (model of others). Longitudinal analyses suggest that the ECR-R provided highly stable indicators of latent attachment during a 3-week period (85% shared variance). Hierarchical linear modeling analyses further validated the ECR-R, suggesting that it explained between 30% to 40% of the between-person variation in social interaction diary ratings of attachment-related emotions experienced during interactions with a romantic partner and only 5% to 15% of that in interactions with family and friends. Guidelines are offered regarding the conditions where highly reliable and precise measures of romantic attachment, such as the ECR-R, are deemed necessary and where shorter, albeit slightly less reliable measures, such as Bartholomew and Horowitz’s Relationship Questionnaire, may also be viable.
How I See Me Depends on How I See We: The Role of Attachment Style in Social Comparison
Authors: Gabriel Shira , Carvallo Mauricio , Dean Kristy K. , Tippin Brooke , Renaud Jeanette
Published: October 2005

The self-concept is a social, flexible construct that shifts in response to the salience of a relationship partner. Three related experiments found that the tendency to pursue closeness in relationships (as measured by attachment style) served as a moderator of the shift. Specifically, individuals who avoid closeness in relationships became less similar to salient friends via contrast effects, whereas those who pursued closeness in relationships became more similar to salient friends via assimilation effects. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for the nature of the self-concept and the importance of friendships.
On Attributing Negative Motives to Others Who Disagree With Our Opinions
Authors: Reeder Glenn D. , Pryor John B. , Wohl Michael J. A. , Griswell Michael L.
Published: October 2005

The research explores the tendency for people to attribute negative motives to others who hold an attitude position that is discrepant from their own. In Studies 1 and 2, American and Canadian respondents indicated their perceptions of U.S. President Bush’s motives for initiating war in Iraq. Consistent with the proposed bias, respondents who disagreed with the war attributed more selfish motivations than did those who supported the war. Study 3 revealed a similar bias when respondents rated the motives of the general citizenry concerning their attitudes about the war, and Study 4 provided evidence of the bias on different attitudinal issues (e.g., abortion and gay marriage). Study 4 also indicated that biased attributions of motive were primarily confined to respondents who were highly involved in the attitude issue. Discussion centers on naïve realism, social identity concerns, and attitude justification as relevant underlying theoretical factors.
Correlates and Consequences of Exposure to Video Game Violence: Hostile Personality, Empathy, and Aggressive Behavior
Authors: Bartholow Bruce D. , Sestir Marc A. , Davis Edward B.
Published: October 2005

Research has shown that exposure to violent video games causes increases in aggression, but the mechanisms of this effect have remained elusive. Also, potential differences in short-term and long-term exposure are not well understood. An initial correlational study shows that video game violence exposure (VVE) is positively correlated with self-reports of aggressive behavior and that this relation is robust to controlling for multiple aspects of personality. A lab experiment showed that individuals low in VVE behave more aggressively after playing a violent video game than after a nonviolent game but that those high in VVE display relatively high levels of aggression regardless of game content. Mediational analyses show that trait hostility, empathy, and hostile perceptions partially account for the VVE effect on aggression. These findings suggest that repeated exposure to video game violence increases aggressive behavior in part via changes in cognitive and personality factors associated with desensitization.
Interpersonal Consequences of Seeking Self-Esteem
Authors: Park Lora E. , Crocker Jennifer
Published: October 2005

This study examines the interactive effects of self-esteem, contingencies of self-worth, and ego threat on supportiveness and liking. Targets high or low in self-esteem and academic contingency receive failure test feedback or no evaluative feedback. Then, targets interact with another participant who discloses a personal problem; afterward, both participants complete questionnaires assessing targets’ supportiveness and liking. High self-esteem, highly contingent targets feel less supportive and like partners less after interacting under threat than under no threat. Partners, in turn, perceive these targets to be less supportive and less likeable. Low self-esteem, highly contingent targets show the reverse pattern, although these findings do not reach statistical significance. Further analyses reveal that the interpersonal effects of ego threat were caused by threats in a specific domain of contingency (e.g., academics) rather than being a contingent person in general or having external or internal contingent self-worth. Implications for self-esteem and interpersonal processes are discussed.
On Your Marks, Get Stereotyped, Go!
Authors: Rasmussen Ricky , Esgate Anthony , Turner David
Published: October 2005

Novice coaches made rating judgments concerning factors contributing to the success of Black and White sprinters. Stereotypical judgments under conditions of sparse knowledge, as provided by facial photographs of unknown athletes from disciplines other than the coaches' own, were predicted. Such judgments attribute success of Whites to environmental factors and success of Blacks to biological factors. Rated items consisted of four statements consistent with a Black stereotype and four consistent with a White stereotype. Analyses indicated an interaction between color of target and type of items such that color-consistent items received higher ratings for both Black and White targets. These findings appear to imply that stereotyping persists within the novice coach population, despite its level of sophistication. Implications of this are discussed.
Let's Kick Racism Out of Football— and the Lefties Too!
Authors: Ruddock Andy
Published: October 2005

This article examines how the empirical study of football fans can inform contemporary debates in critical audience research, particularly around issues of pleasure and cultural citizenship. In January 2003, West Ham United signs Lee Bowyer; a controversial move, given the accusations of racism surrounding the player. Although football is often championed as a potent arena for debate and negotiation in cultural politics, Web-based responses to Bowyer among West Hamfans demonstrate how these issues can be subordinated within essentially conservative discourses of belonging. This is due, in part, to structural similarities between fandom and populism, stressing negative modes of identification and desire to return to a mythic past. Consequently, pleasure and politics coexist but do not meet in a West Ham supporting vernacular that has little to say about racism.
Organizing Women
Authors: Bronfenbrenner Kate
Published: October 2005

This article examines the intersection of gender and union strategies and how that has played out in labor’s continued efforts at revitalization through organizing. Using a combination of macro Bureau of Labor Statistics and National Labor Relations Board data along with findings from an in-depth survey of 412 National Labor Relations Board election campaigns, the research examines the impact of company characteristics, bargaining union demographics, and employer and union tactics across bargaining in units where women predominate, in mixed units, and in units where men predominate. The article concludes that although women continue to make up the majority of new workers being organized (despite some notable exceptions), most unions organizing women workers continue to run fairly weak ineffectual campaigns. Women also remain seriously underrepresented in staff and leadership positions in most unions. Most important, there are entire sectors, such as finance and insurance and much of the retail sector, where women predominate but have been almost untouched by organizing.
The Impact of Institutional Collaborations on the Earnings of Adult Workforce Education Completers
Authors: Hawley Joshua D. , Sommers Dixie , Meléndez Edwin
Published: October 2005

This article reports findings from a mixed-methods study of the impact of collaborations between adult education organizations and nonprofit or business partners on the earnings of program participants. The project uses survey data collected from a network of state-sponsored educational institutions and unemployment insurance data from program participants. Findings from the study emphasize that collaboration between adult workforce institutions and business, government, or nonprofit partners increases the earnings of adult training participants. The effects differ for men and women. These results were estimated using regression analysis, which related changes in quarterly earnings to two aspects of institutional collaboration: the intensity of collaboration and employer involvement.
Bilingualism for the Children: Implementing a Dual-Language Program in an English-Only State
Authors: Combs Mary Carol , Evans Carol , Fletcher Todd , Parra Elena , Jiménez Alicia
Published: October 2005

In November 2000, Arizona voters passed Proposition 203, a law that replaced bilingual education with a 1-year program known as Structured English Immersion (SEI). Although SEI has little support in the educational or applied linguistics research literature, all English-language learners (ELLs) in Arizona are automatically placed in SEI classrooms. This article examines the effects of SEI on the teachers, administrators, and students at an urban school serving a large number of ELLs. The study found that SEI teachers are largely unaware of the model and unprepared to teach it effectively, that training in SEI strategies has been haphazard, that interpretation of the law's waiver system by State education officials has seriously reduced the number of students eligible for the school's dual-language program, and that forcing English learners into SEI is traumatizing some of them and distressing their parents. The study raises questions about the civil rights implications of the law.
Revisiting the Bilingual Debate From the Perspectives of Parents: Policy, Practice, and Matches or Mismatches
Authors: Stritikus Tom T. , Garcia Eugene
Published: October 2005

This article asks two basic questions about educational policy and practice for English-language-learner (ELL) students: First, antibilingual education initiatives imply a subtractive view of teaching and learning; what are parents' views and/or beliefs regarding these policies? Second, how do these views and/ or beliefs align with research and best practices regarding the education of ELL students? To answer these questions, we draw from two separate sources: the research literature regarding what are the best practices for ELL students, and a statewide survey of parent public opinion regarding education in Arizona, which similar to California, passed a voter initiative in 2000 to end bilingual education. By considering parental opinions and the extant research, we might improve our chances of meeting the needs of culturally and linguistically diverse students.
An Emergency Department Approach to Drug Treatment of Hypertensive Urgency and Emergency
Authors: Rynn Kevin O. , Hughes Frank L. , Faley Brian
Published: October 2005

Patients who present with hypertensive urgency or emergency require immediate attention to assess the severity of illness. Guidelines from the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure are available but do little to address the management of acute elevations in blood pressure. Various treatment options, both old and new, exist to manage these patients in the emergency department. Decisions on therapy are patient specific and depend on the underlying cause of elevated blood pressure. This article sets out to describe specific patient presentations and reviews current available options in the management of hypertensive urgencies and emergencies.
Initial Appraisal of Acute Coronary Syndromes
Authors: Aazami Roshanak
Published: October 2005

Acute coronary syndrome remains a daunting health care problem in the United States. One third of emergency department patients with chest pain will eventually have a diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome. During the past decade, there have been many advances in the treatment of acute coronary syndrome as well as a widespread movement in emergency medicine to streamline the process of its treatment. Goals of emergency department care include rapid identification of patients with acute myocardial infarction, exclusion of causes of nonischemic chest pain, stratification of patients with acute coronary ischemia into low-risk and high-risk groups, and initiation of pharmacologic treatments. These goals will be discussed in this review, with particular emphasis on pharmacologic treatments.
Sources of Conflict Between Friends in Russia and the United States
Authors: Sheets Virgil L. , Lugar Robyn
Published: October 2005

This article examines intradyadic sources of conflict that end friendships in Russia and the United States. Based on a survey of students at comparable universities in the two countries, it was found that Russians rated most, but not all, of a series of vignettes as more likely to end a friendship than Americans. The situation most likely to end a Russian friendship was a betrayal of confidence, but keeping secrets from a friend was more likely to end American friendships. Russian participants also reported that betrayals of confidence were the most frequent source of conflict ending prior friendships. Gender differences in responses to the vignettes are also described. Several explanations for these patterns are offered, and the need for additional research on the processes of friendship development and dissolution in the two countries is noted.
Reflection of Women’s Status in Speech Frequency: A Four-Culture Study
Authors: Munroe Robert L.
Published: October 2005

The premises of this investigation were rooted in two cross-cultural trends: variation in male dominance (and thus in women’s overall position) and the typically strong domestic status of women. In a four-culture study built around these regularities, this article’s goal was to discover whether women’s speech frequency in the home setting—that is, in the sphere of their greatest influence—would be affected by their gender status. It was found that overall higher status for women was accompanied by greater relative frequency of speaking by mothers (vis-à-vis fathers). Also, mothers were the most frequent speakers among 12 different classes of speakers (mothers, teen males, etc.) in three of the samples, but fathers spoke most frequently among Kenyan Logoli, where women’s gender status was the lowest. The results may provide an impetus to further sociolinguistic research on speech in the home setting.
Understanding and Treating Feelings of Shame in Children Who Have Experienced Maltreatment
Authors: Deblinger Esther , Runyon Melissa K.
Published: October 2005

Feelings of shame have been found to be an important mediating factor in influencing a child's recovery from abuse. This article conceptualizes the development and maintenance of shame in the aftermath of experiencing child sexual and/or physical abuse. Research is reviewed that may shed light on the impact of shame and dysfunctional attributions with a view toward understanding how this type of painful emotional suffering can be prevented and/or treated. Trauma-focused interventions that have demonstrated efficacy in helping children overcome feelings of shame are described. Directions for future research that may further our understanding of the development, impact, and treatment of feelings of shame are suggested.
The Relation of Child Maltreatment to Shame and Guilt Among Adolescents: Psychological Routes to Depression and Delinquency
Authors: Stuewig Jeffrey , McCloskey Laura A.
Published: October 2005

In a longitudinal study of children followed for 8 years into adolescence, the authors investigated how different forms of maltreatment (i.e., harsh parenting, sexual abuse, witnessing domestic violence) in childhood and parenting during adolescence influenced adolescents' shame- and guilt-proneness. Furthermore, the authors examined whether diminished feelings of guilt or heightened feelings of shame were related to delinquent behavior or depression in late adolescence. Results showed that whereas harsh parenting in childhood was related to shame proneness in adolescence, this relationship was mediated by parental rejection in adolescence. Findings confirmed that youth with rejecting parents were more shame-prone and less guilt-prone than other youth. Furthermore, shame-proneness was associated with higher depression when measured 2 years later and guilt-proneness was linked to less delinquent behavior. Results suggest that, as mediators, shame and guilt may provide useful focal points for intervention and prevention efforts in reducing adolescent depression and delinquency.
Shame in Child Maltreatment: Contributions and Caveats
Authors: Berliner Lucy
Published: October 2005

This special section is a collection of papers that investigates the role of shame in children with abuse histories. Relationships are found between abuse-specific shame or general shame proneness and a variety of outcomes. However, the relationships are not consistent. The utility of these findings will be enhanced by studies that use common measurement approaches and address similar outcomes, as well specific tests of intervention approaches that target shame.
Mapping Shame and Its Functions in Relationships
Authors: Ferguson Tamara J.
Published: October 2005

Articles in this issue examine how experiences of shame, together with its effects on anger, are involved in maltreatment's sequelae. Authors identify mechanisms through which these emotions result from, and adversely affect, victims' concurrent and later adjustment. Using Leary's (1999) analysis of similar paradoxes in research concerning self-esteem, this commentary pinpoints dilemmas and consequences implied in this special issue regarding shame. These include whether shame should be accentuated as the central emotional mediator or moderator in maltreatment sequelae, inferring particular attributions, regulatory goals, or consequences based on extant measures of shame and construing these as outcomes or causes in maltreatment sequelae. Questions are raised concerning the diverse functions of shame, alone and in combination with anger or guilt, the steps needed to reveal these various functions, and their implications for therapeutic interventions with survivors of abuse. Adopting this approach acknowledges that expressions of shame may sometimes help victims negotiate relational hazards and treats shame as a signal or coeffect in maltreatment sequelae.
Battered Mothers Speak Out
Authors: Slote Kim Y. , Cuthbert Carrie , Mesh Cynthia J. , Driggers Monica G. , Bancroft Lundy , Silverman Jay G.
Published: October 2005

This article describes the work of the Battered Mothers’ Testimony Project, a multiyear effort that documented human rights violations against battered women and their children in the Massachusetts family court system. This article (a) presents the Battered Mothers’ Testimony Project’s participatory human rights methodology as an alternative model for research and activism on violence against women and children in the United States, (b) summarizes the authors’ findings and human rights analysis of how the Massachusetts family courts handled custody and visitation in specified cases involving partner and child abuse, and (c) discusses U.S. obligations under international human rights law and the value of a human rights approach to violence against women and children in the United States.
The Framing Safety Project
Authors: Frohmann Lisa
Published: October 2005

This article describes the Framing Safety Project that the author developed to do collaborative, community action/education research with battered women about the meaning of safety in their lives. The project is built on the use of participant-generated photographs and photo-elicitation interviews as methods for exploring with women, in support group settings, the meanings of violence in their lives and their approaches to creating safer spaces. Although visual sociologists have used variations of these methods, particularly to study the experiences of children, the author combines them in a uniquely feminist approach that leads from the women’s photography and interviews to a community education and action component. The author describes the process of developing and implementing this project with Mexican and South Asian immigrant women and discusses the ways in which its methodological approach serves to amplify the voices of silenced women, and to offer opportunities for community education and social action.
Walking, Emotion, and Dwelling
Authors: Bendiner-Viani Gabrielle
Published: October 2005

This article uses photography and ethnography to understand and represent residents’ emotional-phenomenological experiences of walks through their neighborhood. It addresses how narratives of the personal and the social structure individuals’ experiences of familiar public spaces. A diverse group of residents gave the author their personal tours of emotionally significant neighborhood places. The author then continued these conversations with participants using photographs of these ordinary sites. The article addresses how these personal stories layer on public spaces and build aspects of psychologist Kurt Lewin’s situational, emotional and individual-specific life space, as well as constructing senses of dwelling and Heideggerian lifeworld. To consider ways in which people build senses of home in public spaces, the article looks at ordinary things to which people give little reflective attention yet that often support deep connections to place.
Visualizing Antarctica as a Place in Time
Authors: Yusoff Kathryn
Published: October 2005

This article presents a chronogeographic account of the Antarctic spatialities that are inflected through the image of the RADARSAT map. Focusing on time as a spatializing operation within the visual geography of globalizing and globally available cartographies, the author questions the multiple geographies that must be considered in a geopolitical account of such a mapping. The subject of this topology is the “event” of the NASA RADARSAT map of Antarctica exhibiting the effects of global warming as a scientific and media event on the Web. Specifically the RADARSAT map documents destruction and also renders it innocuous through technologies of distance. This realization of geopolitical imperatives through scientific visualization reveals particular tensions and operations within Antarctic and global visual cultures. As a narrative cartography, it exhibits how geographic information systems operate in a plurality of visual regimes. The author concludes that the politics of visualizing Antarctica is embedded in the histories of its media production and in this reveals how time has a chronogeographic operation.
“Are We There Yet?”
Authors: Message Kylie
Published: October 2005

This article explores the way that the themes of cultural memory and commemoration are embodied by the photographs of New Zealand artist Natalie Robertson. Robertson photographs the official, mass-produced road signs that exist throughout the New Zealand landscape. Because she conducts her photographic activity at night, the signs come to appear as luminous effigies of the past, whereby the names adorning their surfaces appear as strange and at times uncanny reminders to passersby of the land’s original ownership and affiliations. This nocturnal focus enables Robertson to show that despite pointing to actual roadways (which tend for the most part to be subsumed within our everyday mode of consciousness), the signs she represents also work to acknowledge and commemorate a history that remains obscured by mainstream conceptions, understandings, and experiences of place.
Logos or the Resonance of Branding
Authors: Chmielewska Ella
Published: October 2005

This article inquires into the specificity of the local impact of global visual language. It focuses on the contemporary visual landscape of Warsaw and discusses the consequences of the palpable presence of the English language on the surface of the city. Through a close reading of brand names in their contexts, two questions are probed: How does the historical and symbolic meaning of place change through the presence and form of these logos? What is the effect of their linguistically foreign idiom on the local language?
Mentoring and Human Resource Development: Where We Are and Where We Need to Go
Authors: Hezlett Sarah A. , Gibson Sharon K.
Published: October 2005

The problem and the solution. Although mentoring theory, research, and practice have begun to mature, relatively few articles on mentoring have appeared in the human resource development (HRD) literature. The purpose of this article is to examine past theory, research, and practice on mentoring through the lens of HRD, in order to identify gaps in what is known about mentoring that are relevant to HRD professionals. After reviewing core aspects of mentoring central to all domains of HRD, the authors summarize key issues that have been studied regarding mentoring and career development, organization development, and training and development, proposing new directions for future research. The authors conclude with a research agenda that identifies where researchers need to go with mentoring research and HRD to better inform the practice of mentoring in organizations.
The Roles of Protégé Race, Gender, and Proactive Socialization Attempts on Peer Mentoring
Authors: Thomas Kecia M. , Hu Changya , Gewin Amanda G. , Bingham Kecia , Yanchus Nancy
Published: October 2005

The problem and the solution. A within-subjects design was used to examine the roles of newcomer race, gender, and proactive socialization attempts on potential mentors’ willingness to engage in peer mentoring. In this laboratory study, 110 White college students participated. Participants were encouraged to participate as mentors in a new peer mentoring program and were provided with the profiles of 12 potential protégés and asked to evaluate each. Results of repeated-measure ANOVA suggested that female participants were more likely to provide mentoring than were male participants and that mentors were more agreeable to mentoring those who were high in proactive socialization attempts regardless of protégés’ race or gender. However, protégé demographic characteristics did influence access to peer mentoring for protégés depicted as low or moderate in proactivity. A discussion of these findings and their implications for human resource development research and practice are offered.
Protégés’ Learning in Mentoring Relationships: A Review of the Literature and an Exploratory Case Study
Authors: Hezlett Sarah A.
Published: October 2005

The problem and the solution. This study addresses the gap in the literature on learning and mentoring. A descriptive case study was conducted to explore what and how protégés learn from their mentors. Participants were cooperative education students and interns who were assigned mentors while working for a large public agency. Consistent with the dynamic process model of formal mentoring, protégés’ learning outcomes included cognitive, skill-based, and affective learning. Protégés primarily learned through observation, explanations from their mentors, and interactions with their mentors but also used other processes to learn from their mentors. Certain learning outcomes were associated with particular learning methods. The favorability of learning experiences (positive/neutral vs. negative) also was explored. Implications for human resource development professionals involve using mentoring to support diverse organizational interventions, aligning formal mentoring policies and practices with program goals, and preparing mentors and protégés for their roles. Recommendations for future research are suggested.
Virtual Mentoring and HRD
Authors: Bierema Laura L. , Hill Janette R.
Published: October 2005

The problem and the solution. The purpose of this article is to explore virtual mentoring and discuss its implications for human resource development (HRD) as an individual and career development intervention. The authors recognize virtual mentoring as an alternative to traditional mentoring that is easier to manage, less costly, unconstrained by geography or time, faster, and more egalitarian than traditional mentoring. This article defines, compares, and contrasts traditional and virtual mentoring. It discusses the benefits and challenges of using computer-mediated communication for mentoring purposes. It concludes with a discussion of how human resource development professionals can facilitate virtual mentoring in the global knowledge age. Key implications for HRD include using virtual mentoring as a lifelong education tool, educating mentors and protégés, supporting a multicultural workforce, and building knowledge.
Ethical Issues in Mentoring: The Role of HRD
Authors: McDonald Kimberly S. , Hite Linda M.
Published: October 2005

The problem and the solution. Although the benefits of mentoring relationships have been well documented, these relationships may become dysfunctional. There are a number of ethical issues to be considered in the mentoring process. In this article, some of the most common ones are grouped into three interrelated categories: cultural replication, access, and power. They are analyzed in terms of how human resource development can take an interventionist stance to address these ethical concerns. Four specific initiatives are presented to alleviate the potential for these dilemmas to arise and to promote healthy, productive relationships: organizational analysis, recruitment/selection, training, and follow-up/evaluation.
The Transformation of Enculturated Consciousness in the Teachings of Jesus
Authors: Spear Stephen B.
Published: October 2005

Biblical scholars have portrayed Jesus as a teacher who confronted the enculturated consciousness of his listeners. Jesus knew that the journey to the kingdom of God begins with an inward turn, the first step in the transcendence of an outer-dominated, conventional, and sociocentric worldview. He therefore adopted a transformational teaching style designed to move the enculturated consciousness of his listeners from a conventional to a postconventional, worldcentric embrace of humanity. The parable of the Good Samaritan serves as an example of Jesus' transformational intentions and methodology.
Toward Integrally Informed Theories of Transformative Learning
Authors: Gunnlaugson Olen
Published: October 2005

This article investigates possibilities for advancing beyond the shortcomings of deconstructive postmodern perspectives shaping transformative learning (TL) theory. The author introduces Ken Wilber's integral metatheory and explores four recommendations to inspire future “integrally informed” theories of TL. Intending to supplement existing integrative, holistic, and integral perspectives within the literature, this article also raises a number of questions to invite other scholar-practitioners to contemplate how we might proceed with building frameworks of TL theory that are more comprehensive, balanced, and inclusive.
Integral Transformative Education
Authors: Ferrer Jorge N. , Romero Marina T. , Albareda Ramon V.
Published: October 2005

An increasing consensus is emerging among holistic educators about the need for an integral education that incorporates all human dimensions—body, vital, heart, mind, and spirit—into learning and inquiry. Most contemporary attempts at implementing this vision, however, fall back into “cognicentrism” in that they essentially focus on the use of the mind and its intellectual capabilities. This article introduces a participatory approach to integral transformative learning in which all human dimensions are invited to cocreatively participate in the unfolding of the educational process. The metaphor of the four seasons is used to illustrate this multidimensional approach and to suggest concrete ways in which learners can support the various stages of the integral creative cycle. After identifying three central challenges of integral education— lopsided development, mental pride, and anti-intellectualism—the article concludes with some reflections about the importance of reconnecting education with its transformative and spiritual dimensions.
The Transtheoretical Model of the Stages of Change and the Phases of Transformative Learning
Authors: Moore Mitchell J.
Published: October 2005

Prochaska and colleagues' transtheoretical model (TTM) describes a sequential progression of six stages individuals advance through as they commence the self-change process of altering behaviors. Mezirow and his associates offer 10 phases of perspective transformation from their theory of transformative learning, known as transformational learning theory (TLT). This theory explains how adults interpret life experiences, make meaning, and change a belief, an attitude, or an entire perspective. A change in perspective is personally emancipating in that one is freed from previously held beliefs, attitudes, values, and feelings that have constricted and distorted one's life. Both theories offer schemes of learning, changing, and growing for people seeking to make meaningful, life-transforming changes. This article provides a brief overview of each model and attempts to integrate these models to explain the process of transformational, or emancipatory, change.
How to drain without lymphatics? Dendritic cells migrate from the cerebrospinal fluid to the B-cell follicles of cervical lymph nodes
Authors: Hatterer Eric , Davoust Nathalie , Didier-Bazes Marianne , Vuaillat Carine , Malcus Christophe , Belin Marie-Françoise , Nataf Serge
Published: October 2005

The lack of draining lymphatic vessels in the central nervous system (CNS) contributes to the so-called “CNS immune privilege.” However, despite such a unique anatomic feature, dendritic cells (DCs) are able to migrate from the CNS to cervical lymph nodes through a yet unknown pathway. In this report, labeled bone marrow-derived myeloid DCs were injected stereotaxically into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or brain parenchyma of normal rats. We found that DCs injected within brain parenchyma migrate little from their site of injection and do not reach cervical lymph nodes. In contrast, intra-CSF-injected DCs either reach cervical lymph nodes or, for a minority of them, infiltrate the subventricular zone, where neural stem cells reside. Surprisingly, DCs that reach cervical lymph nodes preferentially target B-cell follicles rather than T-cell-rich areas. This report sheds a new light on the specific role exerted by CSF-infiltrating DCs in the control of CNS-targeted immune responses. (Blood. 2006; 107:806-812)