bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electrical characteristics and thermal stability of Ti contact to p‐GaN
Authors: Tan C. K. , Aziz A. Abdul , Hassan Z. , Yam F. K. , Hudeish A. Y.
Published: May 2006

The Schottky barrier height (SBH), ΦB of the diodes were characterized by I‐V‐T method (energy activation plot and modified Norde plot) in the range of 300 K‐373 K ambient for various annealing temperatures (500‐1000 °C) in N2 gas flow. The ratio of kT E oo ≈ 1, large A **and large deviation of X from general value indicate that the mixed thermionic emission with thermionic field emission are most possible to be occurred as current transport mechanism. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
AlGaN/GaN high‐electron‐mobility transistors on sapphire with Fe‐doped GaN buffer layer by MOVPE
Authors: Aggerstam T. , Sjödin M. , Lourdudoss S.
Published: May 2006

A simple AlGaN/GaN HEMT structure without any interlayer on Fe‐doped GaN (GaN:Fe) grown by LP‐MOVPE in one single run on sapphire is demonstrated. The surface segregation of Fe in GaN occurring during growth is identified. Hall measurements yield 2DEG (two dimensional electron gas) mobilities of 1700 and 10700 cm2/Vs and sheet carrier concentrations of 5.1x1012 and 5.7x1012 cm–2 at 300 K and 20 K, respectively. Good pinch‐off current‐voltage (I D‐V D) characteristics is observed from AlGaN/GaN HEMTs. A maximum drain current density of 0.6 A/mm and a peak extrinsic transconductance of 200 mS/mm have been observed. The HEMT structure yields very good device isolation as indicated by an isolation current of ≤1 nA at 20 V. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Polarity and microstructure in InN thin layers grown by MOVPE
Authors: Kuwano N. , Nakahara Y. , Amano H.
Published: May 2006

Microstructures in InN grown on sapphire (0001) and yttria‐stabilized zirconia (YSZ) (111) by metal‐organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) were analyzed by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in order to clarify the growth process. Special attention was paid to the selectivity of the crystal polarity of InN. The InN thin films grown on sapphire after nitridation has a flat surface while those grown on YSZ has hillocks on the surface. The crystal polarity was determined by comparing the experimentally observed intensity distribution in convergent beam electron diffraction (CBED) disks with those simulated by the Broch‐wave method. It was found that the InN grown on the sapphire has a nitrogen‐polarity and the one on YSZ has a mixture of In‐ and N‐polarities. The effect of surface‐nitridation of sapphire on the growth process is also discussed (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Modifying optical properties of InGaN quantum wells by a large piezoelectric polarization
Authors: Gotoh H. , Tawara T. , Kobayashi Y. , Kobayashi N. , Yamauchi Y. , Makimoto T. , Saitoh T.
Published: May 2006

Piezoelectric effects on PL properties are clarified in InGaN quantum wells (QWs) of 1–10 nm wide at 17 K. An extremely large change in PL peak energy (up to 200 meV) and PL decay time (two orders of magnitude) are found in a 10 nm‐wide QW with increasing excitation intensity. We compare the distinctive characteristics of the field effects with QCSE in GaAs QWs and discuss possible optical device functions. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Wavelet Methods for the Detection of Anomalies and their Application to Network Traffic Analysis
Authors: Kwon D. W. , Ko K. , Vannucci M. , Reddy A. L. N. , Kim S.
Published: May 2006

Here we develop an integrated tool for the online detection of network anomalies. We consider statistical change point detection algorithms, for both local changes in the variance and for the detection of jumps, and propose modified versions of these algorithms based on moving window techniques. We investigate performances on simulated data and on network traffic data with several superimposed attacks. All detection methods are based on wavelet packet transforms. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adolescent risk behaviors and religion: Findings from a national study
Authors: Sinha Jill W. , Cnaan Ram A. , Gelles Richard J.
Published: May 2006

Too few studies have assessed the relationship between youth risk behaviors and religiosity using measures which captured the varied extent to which youth are engaged in religion. This study applied three measures of religiosity and risk behaviors. In addition, this study ascertained information about youths’ participation in religious activities from a parent or caretaker. Based on a national random sample of 2004 teens (ages 11–18), this study indicates that youth perceive religion as important, are active in religious worship and activities, and further shows that perceived importance of religion as well as participation in religious activities are associated with decreased risk behaviors. Looking at ten risk behaviors, religiosity variables were consistently associated with reduced risk behaviors in the areas of: smoking, alcohol use, truancy, sexual activity, marijuana use, and depression. In the case of these six risk variables, religiosity variables were significantly associated with reduced risk behaviors when controlling for family background variables and self‐esteem. The study highlights the importance of further understanding the relationship between religious variables, background variables, self‐esteem, and youth risk behaviors.
Profiles and portfolios of adolescent school‐based extracurricular activity participation
Authors: Feldman A.F. , Matjasko J.L.
Published: May 2006

The current study presented a new description of adolescent school‐based activity participation, in the form of mutually exclusive activity portfolios, and described the kinds of youth that participate in each portfolio. These portfolios included (1) Sports Only, (2) Academics Only, (3) School Only, (4) Performance Only, (5) Multiple Activities, and (6) Non‐Participation. Findings indicated that youth demographic characteristics and school size differentiated between different kinds of activity participation as well as nonparticipation. More detailed activity portfolios were also identified that were complex and demonstrate the difficulty of examining participation beyond larger, more inclusive groupings. The Multiple Activity portfolio emerged as a unique group worthy of further examination. Characteristics of non‐participators included: lower socioeconomic status, lower grades, and attended larger schools. Hispanic adolescents were also less likely to participate in school‐based extracurricular activities. Findings from this study inform ecological models of adolescent development as well as school and social policy.
The genealogy of lean production
Authors: Holweg Matthias
Published: May 2006

Lean production not only successfully challenged the accepted mass production practices in the automotive industry, significantly shifting the trade‐off between productivity and quality, but it also led to a rethinking of a wide range of manufacturing and service operations beyond the high‐volume repetitive manufacturing environment. The book ‘The machine that changed the World’ that introduced the term ‘lean production’ in 1990 has become one of the most widely cited references in operations management over the last decade. Despite the fact that the just‐in‐time (JIT) manufacturing concept had been known for almost a decade prior, the book played a key role in disseminating the concept outside of Japan. While the technical aspects of lean production have been widely discussed, this paper sets out to investigate the evolution of the research at the MIT International Motor Vehicle Program (IMVP) that led to the conception of the term ‘lean production’. Furthermore, the paper investigates why – despite the pre‐existing knowledge of JIT – the program was so influential in promoting the lean production concept. Based on iterating series of interviews with the key authors, contributors and researchers of the time, this paper presents an historical account of the research that led to the formulation and dissemination of one of the most influential manufacturing paradigms of recent times.
Marcus Pereira's Música Popular do Brasil: beyond folklore?
Authors: STROUD SEAN
Published: May 2006

If Brazilian and international audiences now have a far broader view of the range of the musical tradition in Brazil, and particularly the heterogeneous richness of the regional tradition of popular music in that country, it is largely due to the pioneering work of Marcus Pereira. Following the example of Cecil Sharp and Alan Lomax, the Brazilian collector of popular music and culture set out in the mid 1970s to independently produce a series of recordings of regional popular music entitled Música Popular do Brasil. This huge project is important for three main reasons. First, in a climate of uncompromising political and artistic censorship, Pereira attempted to bring to the fore elements of a cultural and political debate that had polarised Brazil in the early 1960s: a debate that was abruptly terminated by the military dictatorship that seized power in 1964. Second, Música Popular do Brasil demonstrates the beginning of an awareness of a new, more complex relationship between traditional, largely rural popular culture and the increasingly urbanised Brazilian society of the mid-1970s. Finally, at a time when popular music in Brazil was increasingly orientated towards influences emanating from abroad, Marcus Pereira dramatically bucked the trend and re-introduced the Brazilian public to aspects of the regional, rural tradition of popular music and culture that would have a huge influence in Brazilian popular music over the last three decades of the twentieth century.
Ionospheric GPS total electron content (TEC) disturbances triggered by the 26 December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami
Authors: Liu Jann‐Yenq , Tsai Yi‐Ben , Ma Kuo‐Fong , Chen Yuh‐Ing , Tsai Ho‐Fang , Lin Chien‐Hung , Kamogawa Masashi , Lee Chien‐Ping
Published: May 2006

Tsunami ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) of the 26 December 2004 Mw 9.3 Sumatra earthquake are detected by the total electron content (TEC) of ground‐based receivers of the global positioning system (GPS) in the Indian Ocean area. It is found that the tsunami waves triggered atmospheric disturbances near the sea surface, which then traveled upward with an average velocity of about 730 m/s (2700 km/hr) into the ionosphere and significantly disturbed the electron density within it. Results further show that the TIDs, which have maximum height of about 8.6–17.2 km, periods of 10–20 min, and horizontal wavelengths of 120–240 km, travel away from the epicenter with an average horizontal speed of about 700 km/hr (190 m/s) in the ionosphere.
Performance of a second‐order moments advection scheme in an Ocean General Circulation Model
Authors: Hofmann M. , Morales Maqueda M. A.
Published: May 2006

The reliability of Ocean General Circulation Models (OGCMs) strongly depends on the quality of their tracer advection schemes. For the sake of simplicity and computing time, tracer advection schemes most commonly used in large‐scale OGCMs tend to be low‐order schemes, which suffer from spurious numerical diffusion and dispersion that result in distorted solutions. The application of high‐order schemes would reduce numerical errors, but at a considerable cost in terms of computing time. An alternative to the use of high‐order methods is the implementation of algorithms that take into account the sub‐grid distribution of tracers. One such method is the Second‐Order Moments (SOM) scheme of Prather (1986), which is more accurate than a fourth‐order scheme, but at the time consumption of a second‐order algorithm. This article presents results from coarse‐resolution, global‐ocean simulations with very low explicit diapycnal mixing, in which active and passive tracers were advected with the SOM method. We compare the performance of the method with that of more traditional schemes, namely, the FCT (flux corrected transport) and QUICKer (quadratic upstream interpolation for convective kinematics) schemes. In general, the use of the SOM method significantly improves tracer distributions and transports compared to FCT and QUICKer, thus leading to a better representation of ocean currents, notably boundary currents and frontal systems. While model simulations employing the FCT and QUICKer schemes recreate a global overturning circulation with strong upwelling occurring in low latitudes, the SOM simulations admit a circulation pattern closer to that known as the “reconfigured conveyor belt” (Toggweiler and Samuels, 1993), in which the bulk of the global ocean upwelling occurs in the Southern Ocean.
Ammonium transport and reaction in contaminated groundwater: Application of isotope tracers and isotope fractionation studies
Authors: Böhlke J. K. , Smith Richard L. , Miller Daniel N.
Published: May 2006

Ammonium (NH4+) is a major constituent of many contaminated groundwaters, but its movement through aquifers is complex and poorly documented. In this study, processes affecting NH4+ movement in a treated wastewater plume were studied by a combination of techniques including large‐scale monitoring of NH4+ distribution; isotopic analyses of coexisting aqueous NH4+, NO3−, N2, and sorbed NH4+; and in situ natural gradient 15NH4+ tracer tests with numerical simulations of 15NH4+, 15NO3−, and 15N2 breakthrough data. Combined results indicate that the main mass of NH4+ was moving downgradient at a rate about 0.25 times the groundwater velocity. Retardation factors and groundwater ages indicate that much of the NH4+ in the plume was recharged early in the history of the wastewater disposal. NO3− and excess N2 gas, which were related to each other by denitrification near the plume source, were moving downgradient more rapidly and were largely unrelated to coexisting NH4+. The δ15N data indicate areas of the plume affected by nitrification (substantial isotope fractionation) and sorption (no isotope fractionation). There was no conclusive evidence for NH4+‐consuming reactions (nitrification or anammox) in the anoxic core of the plume. Nitrification occurred along the upper boundary of the plume but was limited by a low rate of transverse dispersive mixing of wastewater NH4+ and O2 from overlying uncontaminated groundwater. Without induced vertical mixing or displacement of plume water with oxic groundwater from upgradient sources, the main mass of NH4+ could reach a discharge area without substantial reaction long after the more mobile wastewater constituents are gone. Multiple approaches including in situ isotopic tracers and fractionation studies provided critical information about processes affecting NH4+ movement and N speciation.
Observation of dihalide elimination upon electron attachment to oxalyl chloride and oxalyl bromide, 300–550K
Authors: Van Doren Jane M. , Hogan Kathleen B. , Miller Thomas M. , Viggiano A. A.
Published: May 2006

Rate coefficients have been measured for electron attachment to oxalyl chloride [ClC(O)C(O)Cl] and oxalyl bromide [BrC(O)C(O)Br] in He gas at 133Pa pressure over the temperature range of 300–550K. With oxalyl chloride, the major ion product of attachment is Cl2− at all temperatures (66% at 300K); its importance increases slightly as temperature increases. Two other product ions formed are Cl− (18% at 300K) and the phosgene anion CCl2O− (16% at 300K) and appear to arise from a common mechanism. With oxalyl bromide, the Br2− channel represents almost half of the ion product of attachment, independent of temperature. Br− accounts for the remainder. For oxalyl chloride, the attachment rate coefficient is small [(1.8±0.5)×10−8cm3s−1 at 300K], and increases with temperature. The attachment rate coefficient for oxalyl bromide [(1.3±0.4)×10−7cm3s−1 at 300K] is nearly collisional and increases only slightly with temperature. Stable parent anions C2Cl2O2− and C2Br2O2− and adduct anions Cl−(C2Cl2O2) and Br−(C2Br3O2) were observed but are not primary attachment products. G2 and G3 theories were applied to determine geometries of products and energetics of the electron attachment and ion-molecule reactions studied. Electron attachment to both oxalyl halide molecules leads to a shorter C–C bond and longer C–Cl bond in the anions formed. Trans and gauche conformers of the neutral and anionic oxalyl halide species have similar energies and are more stable than the cis conformer, which lies 100–200meV higher in energy. For C2Cl2O2, C2Cl2O2−, and C2Br2O2−, the trans conformer is the most stable conformation. The calculations are ambiguous as to the oxalyl bromide geometry (trans or gauche), the result depending on the theoretical method and basis set. The cis conformers for C2Cl2O2 and C2Br2O2 are transition states. In contrast, the cis conformers of the anionic oxalyl halide molecules are stable, lying 131meV above trans-C2Cl2O2− and 179meV above trans-C2Br2O2−. Chien et al. [J. Phys. Chem. A 103, 7918 (1999)] and Kim et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 122, 234313 (2005)] found that the potential energy surface for rotation about the C–C bond in C2Cl2O2 is “extremely flat.” Our computational data indicate that the analogous torsional surfaces for C2Br2O2, C2Cl2O2−, and C2Br2O2− are similarly flat. The electron affinity of oxalyl chloride, oxalyl bromide, and phosgene were calculated to be 1.91eV (G3), and 2.00eV (G2), and 1.17eV (G3), respectively.
Motion in Kaluza-Klein type theories
Authors: Kahil M. E.
Published: May 2006

Path and path deviation equations for charged, spinning and spinning charged objects in different versions of Kaluza-Klein (KK) theory using a modified Bazanski Lagrangian have been derived. The significance of motion in five dimensions, especially for a charged spinning object, has been examined. We have also extended the modified Bazanski approach to derive the path and path deviation equations of a test particle in a version of non-symmetric KK theory.
Evolution of electronic structure and spectral evaluation in single-crystal Mn3O4 nanorods
Authors: Chen Zhiwen , Lai Joseph K. L. , Shek Chan-Hung
Published: May 2006

Single-crystal Mn3O4 nanorods with tetragonal structure have been successfully prepared by a chemical reaction route. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-resolution TEM studies prove that the single-crystal Mn3O4 nanorod is smooth and straight, and that the geometrical shape is structurally perfect. We investigated the electronic characteristics of Mn3O4 nanorods by various spectral evaluations. The present study confirms that the hybridization between oxygen 2p and manganese 3d orbits plays an important role when considering electronic structures of Mn3O4 nanorods.
Aligned hexagonal coaxial-shaped ZnO nanocolumns on steel alloy by thermal evaporation
Authors: Umar A. , Hahn Y. B.
Published: May 2006

Single-crystalline, hexagonal coaxial-shaped ZnO nanocolumns have been synthesized in a large quantity on steel alloy substrate via catalyst-free thermal evaporation of metallic zinc powder at 490°C. The optical-phonon E2 mode at 437cm−1 in Raman spectrum and a strong UV emission at 381nm in photoluminescence spectrum showed that the synthesized ZnO nanocolumns have a good crystal quality, with a wurtzite hexagonal phase and exhibited a good optical property. A layer-by-layer three-step growth mechanism was proposed for the formation of hexagonal coaxial-shaped ZnO nanocolumns.
High-pressure x-ray diffraction study of the giant dielectric constant material CaCu3Ti4O12: Evidence of stiff grain surface
Authors: Ma Yanzhang , Liu Jianjun , Gao Chunxiao , Mei W. N. , White Allen D. , Rasty Jahan
Published: May 2006

We measured the high-pressure x-ray diffraction of the giant dielectric constant material CaCu3Ti4O12 (CCTO) under both hydrostatic and uniaxial compressions. We found that the cubic structure of CCTO is stable up to 57GPa. Nevertheless we observed that CCTO has unusual compression behaviors under hydrostatic pressure. Specifically, the volume reduction is less than that under uniaxial compression below 25GPa, above it the volume reduction starts to approach and finally reaches the same value as that under the uniaxial compression at about 30GPa. We explained these remarkable phenomena by using the model that the samples are composed of grains that have shells stiffer than the cores.
Single-mode distributed-feedback interband cascade laser for the midwave infrared
Authors: Kim C. S. , Kim M. , Bewley W. W. , Lindle J. R. , Canedy C. L. , Vurgaftman I. , Meyer J. R.
Published: May 2006

Continuous-wave single-mode emission near λ=3.42μm is obtained from a distributed-feedback (DFB) interband cascade laser. The low-loss DFB mode in the 15-μm-wide ridge is resonant with the gain peak at 110K, where the maximum single-mode output power is 3mW. The instrument-limited linewidth is ⩽0.5Å, and the wavelength is linearly tunable over a 4nm range by varying the temperature from 110to125K (0.28nm∕K), or over 0.6nm by varying the current from 60to83mA (0.031nm∕mA).
Motor cortex maps articulatory features of speech sounds
Authors: Pulvermüller Friedemann , Huss Martina , Kherif Ferath , Moscoso del Prado Martin Fermin , Hauk Olaf , Shtyrov Yury
Published: May 2006

The processing of spoken language has been attributed to areas in the superior temporal lobe, where speech stimuli elicit the greatest activation. However, neurobiological and psycholinguistic models have long postulated that knowledge about the articulatory features of individual phonemes has an important role in their perception and in speech comprehension. To probe the possible involvement of specific motor circuits in the speech-perception process, we used event-related functional MRI and presented experimental subjects with spoken syllables, including [p] and [t] sounds, which are produced by movements of the lips or tongue, respectively. Physically similar nonlinguistic signal-correlated noise patterns were used as control stimuli. In localizer experiments, subjects had to silently articulate the same syllables and, in a second task, move their lips or tongue. Speech perception most strongly activated superior temporal cortex. Crucially, however, distinct motor regions in the precentral gyrus sparked by articulatory movements of the lips and tongue were also differentially activated in a somatotopic manner when subjects listened to the lip- or tongue-related phonemes. This sound-related somatotopic activation in precentral gyrus shows that, during speech perception, specific motor circuits are recruited that reflect phonetic distinctive features of the speech sounds encountered, thus providing direct neuroimaging support for specific links between the phonological mechanisms for speech perception and production.
Nuclear trafficking of
Drosophila
Frizzled-2 during synapse development requires the PDZ protein dGRIP
Authors: Ataman Bulent , Ashley James , Gorczyca David , Gorczyca Michael , Mathew Dennis , Wichmann Carolin , Sigrist Stephan J. , Budnik Vivian
Published: May 2006

The Wingless pathway plays an essential role during synapse development. Recent studies at
Drosophila
glutamatergic synapses suggest that Wingless is secreted by motor neuron terminals and binds to postsynaptic
Drosophila
Frizzled-2 (DFz2) receptors. DFz2 is, in turn, endocytosed and transported to the muscle perinuclear area, where it is cleaved, and the C-terminal fragment is imported into the nucleus, presumably to regulate transcription during synapse growth. Alterations in this pathway interfere with the formation of new synaptic boutons and lead to aberrant synaptic structures. Here, we show that the 7 PDZ protein dGRIP is necessary for the trafficking of DFz2 to the nucleus. dGRIP is localized to Golgi and trafficking vesicles, and
dgrip
mutants mimic the synaptic phenotypes observed in
wg
and
dfz2
mutants. DFz2 and dGRIP colocalize in trafficking vesicles, and a severe decrease in dGRIP levels prevents the transport of endocytosed DFz2 receptors to the nucleus. Moreover, coimmunoprecipitation experiments in transfected cells and yeast two-hybrid assays suggest that the C terminus of DFz2 interacts directly with the PDZ domains 4 and 5. These results provide a mechanism by which DFz2 is transported from the postsynaptic membrane to the postsynaptic nucleus during synapse formation and implicate dGRIP as an essential molecule in the transport of this signal.
μ Opioid receptor A118G polymorphism in association with striatal opioid neuropeptide gene expression in heroin abusers
Authors: Drakenberg Katarina , Nikoshkov Andrej , Horváth Monika Cs , Fagergren Pernilla , Gharibyan Anna , Saarelainen Kati , Rahman Sadia , Nylander Ingrid , Bakalkin Georgy , Rajs Jovan , Keller Eva , Hurd Yasmin L.
Published: May 2006

μ Opioid receptors are critical for heroin dependence, and A118G SNP of the μ opioid receptor gene (OPRM1) has been linked with heroin abuse. In our population of European Caucasians (n= 118), ≈90% of 118G allelic carriers were heroin users. Postmortem brain analyses showed theOPRM1genotype associated with transcription, translation, and processing of the human striatal opioid neuropeptide system. Whereas down-regulation of preproenkephalin and preprodynorphin genes was evident in all heroin users, the effects were exaggerated in 118G subjects and were most prominent for preproenkephalin in the nucleus accumbens shell. Reduced opioid neuropeptide transcription was accompanied by increased dynorphin and enkephalin peptide concentrations exclusively in 118G heroin subjects, suggesting that the peptide processing is associated with theOPRM1genotype. Abnormal gene expression related to peptide convertase and ubiquitin/proteosome regulation was also evident in heroin users. Taken together, alterations in opioid neuropeptide systems might underlie enhanced opiate abuse vulnerability apparent in 118G individuals.
Milk as a food for growth? The insulin-like growth factors link
Authors: Rogers Imogen , Emmett Pauline , Gunnell David , Dunger David , Holly Jeff ,   ALSPAC Study Team
Published: May 2006

Objective

The mechanisms underlying the association of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and leg length (a marker of prepubertal growth) with cancer risk are uncertain. One hypothesis is that diet in early childhood might provide the link. The aim of the present study was to examine the association between early diet – in particular, the intakes of cows' milk and dairy products – and height, leg length and IGF-I levels at age 7–8 years.

Subjects

Children participating in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children.

Design

Diet was assessed using a 3-day unweighed food record. Anthropometry, IGF-I and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) were measured by standard methods.

Results

Data on both diet and height were available for 744 children (404 boys) and on diet and IGF for 538 (295 boys). After adjusting for energy, both cows' milk and dairy product intakes were positively associated with IGF-I (P=0.040 and 0.027, respectively) and IGFBP-3 levels (P=0.082 and 0.067, respectively). These associations persisted on adjustment for potential confounders, but were abolished on controlling for protein intake. In energy-adjusted models there was only weak evidence of associations of milk and dairy product intakes with anthropometry. In boys only, dairy product intake was positively associated with leg length (equivalent to a 0.058 (0.002, 0.114) standard deviation score increase in leg length per 100 g increase in daily intake).

Conclusions

These data provide some evidence that variation in childhood milk and dairy product intakes underlies associations of leg length, IGF-I and cancer risk. The association appears to be due to the protein content of milk.
Telomerase flies the coop: the telomerase RNA component as a viral-encoded oncogene
Authors: Artandi Steven E.
Published: May 2006

Telomerase, the enzyme that elongates our telomeres, is crucial for cancer development based on extensive analyses of human cells, human cancers, and mouse models. New data now suggest that a viral telomerase RNA gene encoded by Marek's disease virus (MDV), an oncogenic herpesvirus of chickens, promotes tumor formation. These findings highlight the importance of telomerase in cancer and raise new questions regarding the mechanisms by which the telomerase RNA component supports tumorigenesis.
Enterprise Education Experience: A Manual for School‐based In‐service Training
Authors: Cotton Judi
Published: May 2006

The Enterprise Education Experience Manual was developed by Durham
University Business School. It gives practical help and advice to those
within schools whose task it is to organise in‐service training for
their staff. The manual was produced in order to disseminate nationally
successful work in partnership with northern schools
Enterprise in Higher Education: Work in Progress Looking Back Over the First Three Years
Authors: Elton Lewis
Published: May 2006

A personal view of the progress of the Enterprise in Higher
Education Initiative in its first three years and an outlook into the
future is presented. It is argued that the Initiative has achieved a
great deal with very limited means, but that much of this is due to the
work of enthusiasts, both among academics and employers, of whom there
is a strictly limited supply. Whether the Initiative can succeed in the
long run will depend on the enthusiasts, together with top management,
achieving sufficient institutional change to make the work acceptable
also to other people.
HRM: A Case of the Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing?
Authors: Keenoy Tom
Published: May 2006

Paradoxically, the emergence of Human Resource
Management (HRM) represents both a challenge
and an opportunity to the practice of personnel
management. Conventional personnel management
is being out‐moded to be superseded by an
approach to employees which seemingly promises
to put “people issues” at the centre of strategic
decision making. The debate about HRM has
been confused and confusing because it has failed
to clearly identify the distinctive forms of
management – as well as personnel – practice
to which the term HRM has been applied. This
confusion only serves to mask the important moral
issues HRM poses for personnel practitioners.
The Decentralisation of Industrial Relations? – Recent Research Considered
Authors: Kinnie Nicholas
Published: May 2006

Changes are taking place in collective bargaining
arrangements and management structures for
industrial relations. The Warwick Survey,
confirming the findings of previous research,
shows that the apparent moves towards the
decentralisation of industrial relations are in
practice more complex than they first appear. The
survey results are consistent with earlier studies
into the extensive activities of head office
managers in the affairs of establishments in what
are ostensibly decentralised companies. However,
they provide little support for existing research
into how employees perceive these changes since
the emphasis is on the contrast of view between
managers at different levels in the organisation.
This points to the need for the development of
theory in this area.
Corporate Strategy and Corporate Culture: The View from the Checkout
Authors: Ogbonna Emmanuel , Wilkinson Barry
Published: May 2006

Strategy and culture in British supermarkets are
dealt with in a second article, this time from the
viewpoint of the checkout. Attempts to create a
customer care ethos include instilling a corporate
philosophy. For checkout staff this means smiling
and meaning it. The staff see it differently;
compliance may mean just “putting on an act”.
Their response is discussed within the broader
context of internal resistance to change and
market factors beyond company control.
Fairness of Pay Incentives: Industrial Employees in Israel
Authors: Dornstein Miriam
Published: May 2006

It is widely agreed that employees’ attitudes
towards pay incentives are an important
determinant of their effectiveness. The perceived
fairness of pay incentives and their determinants
are examined. Based on theories dealing with the
fairness evaluation of rewards, a number of
hypotheses are formulated proposing that
employees’ judgements of the fairness of pay
incentives will be partly determined by their
attitudes towards work and certain situational and
personal background factors. The findings
generally support these hypotheses. They indicate
that the fairness judgements of pay incentive
schemes and the considerations underlying such
judgements are determined, among other things,
by work motivation and by personal background
characteristics such as age, education, number
of dependants, organisational tenure and country
of origin.
Personnel Management: Defence, Retrenchment, Advance?
Authors: Clark Ian , Clark Tim
Published: May 2006

It has recently been argued that the use of external consultants is
indicative of a crisis in personnel management. However, the use of
consultants, of whatever type, has not been adequately explained for a
number of reasons. The reasons underlying the increasing usage of
external consultants by personnel is a form of defence, allowing it to
shed some activities thereby strengthening its position within the
organisation. To illustrate this argument the reasons for the growth in
the use of a particular type of consultant by personnel –
executive recruitment consultancies – are considered. The results
reported draw on two major surveys. The first was directed at executive
consultancies whereas the second was directed at corporate personnel
directors in the Times 100 companies. Response rates of 42 per
cent and 55 per cent were achieved.
Productive Efficiency and the Employment Relationship – The Case of Quality Circles
Authors: Wilson Fiona
Published: May 2006

The argument in this article is put from the standpoint that employers continually need to exercise control in order to realise the capacity of employees at work. One technique for achieving this is the quality circle, a mechanism which is often celebrated in much of the managerial literature. Based on research in a US‐owned company in the vehicle industry, a number of the assumptions which underpin the activity of quality circles are unearthed; in particular, whether employees will automatically be willing to contribute their ideas in the context of inequality in the employment relationship is questioned.
Workers′ Objectives in Quality Improvement
Authors: Brossard Michel
Published: May 2006

The purpose of the article is to show, through a
case study, that the reasons motivating members
and non‐members of a quality circle to improve
quality are not limited to those formulated in the
literature. We thereby concur with Fiona Wilson
who, in an article published in a recent issue of
Employee Relations, showed that the psychological
reward is not enough. In the workshops under
study, members and non‐members obtained
better working conditions – for example lay‐offs
have stopped, transfer of employees from one
workshop to another or from one job station to
another is a thing of the past – by improving
quality through the direct impact that their action
was having on the organisation′s position in the
market and, consequently, on the increase of
production volumes.
REFLECTIONS ON A MANAGEMENT COURSE
Authors: Rehahn Anne
Published: May 2006

The author completed a part‐time education
management course in 1989. This case study
illustrates some of the difficulties
encountered within the research process such
as allocation of time and role conflict. The
article concludes by discussing how some of
the benefits have contributed to her role as a
manager of a specialist library service.
High alumina cement concrete in construction
Authors: Pratt P.L.
Published: May 2006

Discusses the use of high alumina cement concrete (HAC) in the
construction industry, highlighting both its advantages and
disadvantages. Outlines its strengths and uses, and analyses the
materials science of HAC concentrating on composition, hydration and
attempts to avoid conversion. Examines the Imperial College experience
with HAC and its implications for surveyors.
A Case Study in Crisis Management: The Perrier Recall
Authors: Barton Laurence
Published: May 2006

In February 1990, French‐based Perrier
voluntarily recalled 70 million bottles of water
products after detecting abnormal traces of
benzene. In addition to management problems
associated with regulators, a scrutinising press
and the consuming public, this industrial crisis led
to at least $40 million in lost sales. The stock value
of Perrier also declined markedly due to the recall.
Company officials acted quickly to contain the
damage by launching a public relations campaign;
however, residual damage in retail and restaurant
sales persist.
Impact of Domestic Recession on Export Marketing Behaviour
Authors: Rao C.P. , Krishna Erramilli M. , Ganesh Gopala K.
Published: May 2006

Why does a recession in the domestic market lead to a modification
of the firm′s export marketing behaviour? Based on an empirical study
which investigated the behaviour of United States exporters during the
1980‐82 recession, evidence is provided which suggests that many firms
which were adversely affected by the recession intensified their
exports, and that these firms significantly modified their export
marketing activities. The evidence also suggests that exporting firms
change their export destinations during recessions. Finally, the factors
which facilitated and inhibited export expansion during the recession
are also examined.
Foreign Market Servicing by Multinationals: An Integrated
Treatment
Authors: Buckley Peter , Pass C.L. , Prescott Kate
Published: May 2006

In conventional international business literature, the marketing
and transport functions are either ignored or assumed to be governed by
the same factors that determine production. An attempt is made to
introduce the integration that is long overdue. The factors which
determine the decisions of location and internalisation are examined,
and analysis is made of the important role played by information flows
in the planning of an integrated channel system. The conclusion is that
simplistic categorisations are too crude, and that an integrated
treatment, recognising the interdependencies and cost implications of
each function, is essential for a complete conceptualisation of the
foreign market servicing decision.
Retailers and International Markets: Motives for Expansion
Authors: Alexander Nicholas
Published: May 2006

Multinational retail operations are becoming an increasingly
important element in the modern retail environment. Until recently,
multinational organisations have been limited in number, particularly
because of the inhibiting cultural and organisational problems
associated with international retail operations. The under‐researched
issue of the motivations which lie behind multinational retail
operations is addressed by discussing the findings of earlier relevant
research and presenting the findings of a survey carried out among
leading United Kingdom multinational retailers. An investigation is made
of the motivating factors behind international expansion and the
significance of problems encountered. The survey suggests retailers′
attitudes to international operations changed during the 1980s and this
has important implications for future developments in multinational
retailing.
Using Personal Values to Define Segments in an
International Tourism Market
Authors: Muller Thomas E.
Published: May 2006

This study of 429 United States pleasure visitors to Canada
demonstrates that research based on personal values can be fruitfully
applied to the segmentation of international tourism markets. The
relative importance attached by a visitor to 16 attributes which
describe the touristic attractiveness of a foreign city were used as
clustering variables. Three major segments were found, with each segment
possessing a unique personal‐value profile. These value profiles were
meaningful and distinctive enough to offer the international tourism
marketer actionable portraits on which to base product development and
marketing communication strategies that match a segment′s personal‐value
orientations.
Evaluation of New Financial Services
Authors: Easingwood Chris , Percival Jeffrey
Published: May 2006

That it may be an over‐simplification to evaluate
new financial products using direct financial
measures only is demonstrated. A number of non‐direct
benefits are also derived through the
introduction of successful new financial services.
These, in order of importance, are improved
company reputation, increased likelihood that
existing customers will purchase more existing
products, better company new product
development skills, purchase of existing products
by the new users of the product, improved loyalty
and helping redirect the company in a new
direction. The aggregate value of these non‐direct
benefits was found to be nearly equivalent to the
value of direct benefits, with important implications
for the new service development process.
Success Factors for New Consumer Financial Services
Authors: Easingwood Christopher J. , Storey Chris
Published: May 2006

A study of the characteristics of successful new consumer financial
products is described. The first stage of the investigation involved the
identification of financial product attributes possibly associated with
success. A total of 43 were found. Information was then collected on
these attributes for 77 new financial products and was simplified by
grouping into nine distinct factors. The article describes all nine
factors in detail with illustrations. Four of the factors are
particularly associated with success. They are: “overall
quality” (the product, the delivery system, after‐sales service,
the organisation′s reputation for quality); having a differentiated
product (being first, being innovative); product fit and internal
marketing (the new product complementing existing products and receiving
the support of staff); and use of technology.
Quality Improvement in China
Authors: Dian‐Xiang Liu , Willborn Walter
Published: May 2006

Quality control of products and services has been recognised in China as an important mainspring for economic reform and growth. The recently implemented consultation and reward programme for quality improvement has had some positive impact. But effective quality control systems in individual enterprises along with modern management methods still need to be properly established. China welcomes external technical exchanges. In an international co‐operative research and development project we studied computer‐interactive auditing and international quality programme registration. This is to induce and guide management towards improved quality and exporting capacity.
Introducing Stress and Stress Management to Managers
Authors: Hart Kenneth E.
Published: May 2006

The major costs of stress‐related illness and the hidden costs of
absenteeism, reduced productivity, impaired decision‐making ability and
early retirement are reviewed. The causes and effects of stress are
discussed and ways of managing stress are proposed which include
psychological and behavioural techniques.
THE OPQ AND THE BIG FIVE
Authors: Stanton N.A. , Mathews G. , Graham N.C. , Brimelow C.
Published: May 2006

This article is an executive summary of a full scientific paper
that appeared in the journal Personality & Individual
Differences. A study was conducted to examine the factor structure
of the Occupational Personality Questionnaire (OPQ) on a sample of 94
British undergraduates. The results indicated that five factors should
be extracted, providing further evidence for the “Big Five”
structural model of personality. This lends support for the use of the
OPQ Pentagon model (Extroversion, Vigorous, Methodical, Emotional
Stability and Abstract), but use of the Concept model (containing 30
scales) cannot be recommended.
The Environmental Audit: Green‐gauge or Whitewash?
Authors: Gray Rob , Collison David
Published: May 2006

Environmental audit, although a widely used term, can cover a
multitude of different activities. In any of its guises, though, it is
still a prerequisite to taking a serious position on environmental
issues. The different definitions of, and approaches to, environmental
audit are outlined and the pressures which encourage their use are
discussed. However, UK companies are not yet adopting a substantial
response to the environmental crisis when perhaps as many as 80 per cent
of the UK′s largest companies have yet to undertake an initial
environmental audit.
The Role of Training in Total Quality Implementation
Authors: Walley Paul , Kowalski Emil
Published: May 2006

Recent research shows that, despite a number of companies claiming
success for their total quality (TQ) programmes, most programmes are
failing to achieve their objectives because of a number of
implementation failings. Describes the TQ programme in the UK sales
region of Hewlett‐Packard (HP UKSR) which, after a slow start, is being
implemented with a high degree of success. A sample of the company′s
employees completed a questionnaire requiring their motivation for TQ
training. This revealed that they had attended the training course
because of management pressure and the identification of one specific
work‐related problem, which could potentially be solved using TQ
techniques. In general, employees were not motivated by factors such as
the company′s competitive environment. Recommends that TQ training
programmes emphasize the company′s objectives of the programme, and
guide participants in the selection of TQ projects. Sees the role of
facilitators as important in order to achieve participation in TQ in the
long term, since training possibly provides only short‐term motivation.
Balancing Work and Family Responsibilities: Gender‐Equity
and Organisational Change
Authors: Rapoport Rhona , Rapoport Robert N.
Published: May 2006

Social, economic and demographic forces, fuelling new efforts to
recruit, retain and develop women in the workforce, are examined.
Transnational perspectives and policies such as “parental
leave” and “career breaks” are explored, with
particular reference to differing attitudes in Sweden, the UK and the
US. It is argued that greater concern for helping workers achieve a more
satisfactory balance between responsibilities may result in increasing
gender equity.
How Organisational Culture Can Help to Institutionalise the
Spirit of Innovation in Entrepreneurial Ventures
Authors: Russell Robert D.
Published: May 2006

Managing the process of growth in a successful small business is a
critically important task for the entrepreneur. Both the academic and
practitioner press are full of advice to the entrepreneur about how to
handle this process. This advice, if accepted, tends to create
organisations that are more formal and bureaucratic than the
entrepreneurial organisation. Too frequently, the consequence of this
bureaucratisation is that the innovative spirit which contributed to
much of the success of the entrepreneurial organisation is diminished.
It is contended that innovation and the entrepreneurial spirit do not
need to be diminished by the transformations necessitated by successful
growth. By managing the growing organisation′s culture while
institutionalising structural changes, the entrepreneur can maintain the
entrepreneurial spirit within the business as well as successfully
manage growth.
Outsider Contributions to the Development and Change of
Business Ventures
Authors: Chrisman James J. , Carsrud Alan L.
Published: May 2006

How pre‐venture and established business clients perceived the
value of the strategic, administrative and operating assistance provided
by the Small Business Development Centre (SBDC) is investigated. For
both groups the results suggest that clients who received strategic
assistance perceived the value of SBDC consulting to be greater than
those who did not.