bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Trichomonad Species and Strains by PCR Fingerprinting
Authors: VAN̂ÁĈOVÁ ŜTÊPÁNKA , TACHEZY JAN , KULDA JAROSLAV , FLEGR JAROSLAV
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT. The random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique was used for phylogenetic analysis of trichomonads, for intraspecies genealogical study of Trichomonas vaginalis strains, and for assessment of intrastrain polymorphism in Trichomonas vaginalis. The phylogenetic tree for 12 trichomonad species showed certain discrepancies with current models of trichomonad evolution. However, it shows that RAPD traits retain phylogenetically relevant information. The results of intraspecies analyses of 18 Trichomonas vaginalis strains suggested some concordance between the genetic relationship of strains and their geographic origin. They also suggested a concordance between the strain genetic relationships and the resistance to metronidazole. A concordance was also found with respect to the severity of disease observed in donor patients but not with the results of laboratory virulence assays. No concordance was found between genetic relationship of strains and strain infection with a dsRNA Trichomonas vaginalis virus (TVV). The latter suggests that TVV might be transmitted horizontally among Trichomonas vaginalis populations. The identity of RAPD patterns of clones isolated from in vitro cultures and those of the cultures reisolated independently from the same patient within a period of six weeks suggests that individual Trichomonas vaginalis strains are not polymorphic and that the RAPD patterns are stable. Therefore, the RAPD technique seems useful for addressing various clinically relevant issues.
Bradyzoite‐Induced Murine Toxoplasmosis: Stage Conversion, Pathogenesis, and Tissue Cyst Formation in Mice Fed Bradvzoites of ‐ Different Strains of Toxoplasma gondii
Authors: DUBEY J. P.
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT.The development of Toxoplasma gondii was studied in mice fed bradyzoites. At one hour after oral inoculation (HAI), bradyzoites were found in cells of the surface epithelium and the lamina propria of the small intestine, primarily the ileum. Division into two tachyzoites was first observed at 18 HA1 in the intestine. At 24 HAI, organisms were also seen in mesenteric lymph nodes. Organisms were first detected in the brain at six days after oral inoculation with bradyzoites (DAI) but not consistently until 10 DAI. Immunohistochemical staining with bradyzoite specific (BAG‐5 antigen) anti‐serum showed that bradyzoites retained their BAG‐5 reactivity even after the first division into two tachyzoites in the intestine at 18 HAL BAG‐5 positive organisms were not seen 2–5 DAI. BAG‐5 antigens reappeared in T. gondii at 6 DAI. Whole mice and individual tissues of mice fed bradyzoites were bioassayed in cats and mice for the presence of bradyzoites. Feces of cats fed murine tissues were examined for oocyst shedding for short prepatent periods. Bradyzoites were present in the intestines of mice up to 12 HA1 but not at 18 HAI, and tachyzoites and not bradyzoites disseminated to other tissues from the intestine. Bradyzoites were again detected 6 DAI. Using the mouse bioassay, T. gondii was first detected in peripheral blood at 24 HA1 and more consistently at 48 HAL Using a pepsin‐digestion procedure and mouse bioassay, organisms were demonstrated in many tissues of mice 15 and 49 DAI.
Development, Characterization and Future Prospects of Monoclonal Antibodies Against Spores of Glugea atherinae (Protozoa‐Microsporidia‐Fish Parasites)
Authors: POMPORT‐CASTILLON CECILE , GASC CHARLES , ROMESTAND BERNARD
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT. Monoclonal antibodies against spores of Glugea atherinae were obtained after lymphocytic hybridization made from immunized mouse splenocytes. Screening using an indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), revealed seven monoclonal antibodies with an intense but variable reaction with the spores of fish microsporidia, and a moderate reaction with those of an insect microsporidium (Nosema sp.). The reaction was weaker with spores of Encephalitozoon intestinalis found in HIV' patients. FITC and Dot Blot confirmed the majority of these results. After biotinylation of the seven antibodies, inhibition tests allowed the localization of two different recognition domains on the spores of Glugea atherinae. The multiple antigenic determinants and their probable polysaccharide nature seem to be in accord with the class IgM of the antibodies produced. This work confirms the potential of these antibodies for microsporidian taxonomy and diagnosis, especially the use of Mabs 12F9 and 12H5 for detection of spores in stools of HIV+ patients.
Comparison of Intraoral and Percutaneous Approaches for Infraorbital Nerve Block
Authors: Lynch Michael T. , Syverud Scott A. , Schwab Robert A. , Jenkins J. Matthew , Edlich Richard
Published: August 2010

Objective: The infraorbital nerve block is frequently used during repair of facial lacerations; both percutaneous and intraoral approaches are used. The authors compared the two techniques for pain of administration and anesthetic effectiveness.

Methods: A prospective, randomized, single‐blind, crossover study was conducted using 12 healthy volunteers, aged 25–41 years. No patient had prior experience with infraorbital nerve anesthesia, lidocaine allergy, active oral/facial infection, or previous facial fractures. Bilateral infraorbital nerve blocks were done using the intraoral technique on one side and the percutaneous technique on the other. Both techniques were used by the same investigator and were carried out with 27‐gauge needles and 2.5 mL of 2% buffered lidocaine at room temperature injected over 20 seconds. The oral mucosa was topically anesthetized with viscous lidocaine for 1 minute prior to intraoral injection. The orders of the blocks and sides of the face anesthetized were randomized. Pain of injection, anesthetic efficacy (anesthesia of upper lip), time to anesthetic onset, and duration of anesthesia were evaluated.

Results: By visual‐analog pain scale scores, there was less pain by the intraoral approach, although this difference did not achieve significance (p = 0.08). Overall, nine of the 12 subjects considered the intraoral technique less painful than the percutaneous approach (p = 0.14). The intraoral approach produced upper‐lip anesthesia in 12 of 12 subjects, versus nine of 12 for the percutaneous technique (p = 0.25) The duration of anesthesia was longer with the intraoral approach (1.6 ± 0.8 hours versus 0.9 ± 0.4 hours) than with the percutaneous approach (p = 0.04). The two techniques were similar in times to anesthetic onset.

Conclusion: The intraoral approach to the infraorbital nerve block after adjunctive topical anesthesia appeared at least as effective in producing upper‐lip anesthesia as the percutaneous approach without adjunctive topical anesthesia. Although the volunteers subjectively preferred the intraoral approach and visual‐analog pain scores were lower for this approach, these differences did not achieve statistical significance. The intraoral approach was associated with a longer duration of upper‐lip anesthesia.
Trace Element Analysis of Rough Diamond by LA‐ICP‐MS: A Case of Source Discrimination?*,†
Authors: Dalpé Claude , Hudon Pierre , Ballantyne David J. , Williams Darrell , Marcotte Denis
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  Current profiling of rough diamond source is performed using different physical and/or morphological techniques that require strong knowledge and experience in the field. More recently, chemical impurities have been used to discriminate diamond source and with the advance of laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS) empirical profiling of rough diamonds is possible to some extent. In this study, we present a LA‐ICP‐MS methodology that we developed for analyzing ultra‐trace element impurities in rough diamond for origin determination (“profiling”). Diamonds from two sources were analyzed by LA‐ICP‐MS and were statistically classified by accepted methods. For the two diamond populations analyzed in this study, binomial logistic regression produced a better overall correct classification than linear discriminant analysis. The results suggest that an anticipated matrix match reference material would improve the robustness of our methodology for forensic applications.
Periodontal disease and type diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents
Authors: Pinson Marion , Hoffman William H. , Garnick Jerry J. , Litaker Mark S.
Published: August 2010

Abstract This study compared the periodontal status of a juvenile diabetic study group with that of a non‐diabetic control group similar in age and sex. The study group consisted of 26 type I diabetic patients with an average age of 13.42 years and 24 control subjects of similar age. The diabetic subjects were evaluated with glycosylated hemoglobin (GHb) to obtain a measure of diabetic control. Clinical periodontal evaluations were performed for all teeth in each subject, and consisted of the plaque index, gingival fluid flow, gingival index, probing depths, clinical attachment levels, recession, and bleeding on probing. Analysis of the data demonstrated no statistically significant differences in the overall means for the 2 groups for average attachment loss, probing depths, recession, gingival index, plaque index, gingival fluid flow, or bleeding on probing. There was no significant association between the level of control of diabetes (GHb) and clinical variables. However, comparisons based on site‐specific measurements showed the gingival index to be somewhat higher among the diabetics (p=0.0002), and examination of interaction effect plots showed the diabetic group to have higher average gingival index for most teeth and higher or the same plaque index levels on all teeth relative to controls. Thus, a young study population with type 1 diabetes mellitus was found to have significantly increased severity of inflammatory gingival disease compared to controls of similar age.
The microbiota of osseointegrated implants in patients with a history of periodontal disease
Authors: Mombelli Andrea , Marxer Michael , Gaberthüel Thomas , Grander Ueli , Lang Niklaus P.
Published: August 2010

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the presence of suspected periodontal pathogens in the peri‐implant microflora of osseointegrated implants exposed 3 and 6 months to the oral environment of patients previously treated for periodontal disease. Subgingival microbial samples were taken in the deepest residual pocket of each quadrant in 10 patients before placement of ITI implants and in 10 patients before abutment connection of Brånemark implants. The samples were cultured using continuous anaerobic techniques. 4 patients were positive for P. gingivalis, 13 for P. intermedia, 2 for A. actinomycetemcomitans, 16 for Fusobacterium, 1 for C rectus and 12 showed microscopic evidence of spirochetes. After 3 and 6 months exposure of the implants to the oral environment, one sample was obtained from the peri‐implant sulcus in each patient. P. gingivalis was found in 2 patients in the peri‐implant samples after 3 and 6 months. 6 peri‐implant samples were positive for P. intermedia after 3 months, 7 after 6 months. Fusobacterium was present in 13 peri‐implant samples after 3, and in 12 samples after 6 months. 4 patients showed evidence of for C rectus after 3 months, 2 after 6 months. Spirochetes were seen in 3 peri‐implant samples after 3 and in 5 after 6 months. None of the implants were found to be colonized by A. actinomycetemcomitans, although the organism was detected on teeth in 1 individual. Similar distribution patterns were noted for ITI and BrÅnemark type implants. In comparison to fully edentulous and periodontally healthy individuals, the patients of this study showed a high peri‐implant prevalence of anaerobic putative periodontal pathogens 3 to 6 months after exposure of the implants to the oral environment.
A comparison of partial and full mouth scoring of plaque and gingivitis in oral hygiene studies
Authors: Bentley Carolyn D. , Disney Judith A.
Published: August 2010

Abstract The clinical testing necessary to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of new toothbrushes is complex and expensive. Any modification of methodology that could reduce complexity and cost without compromising quality would benefit both investigators and the public. Results from an 8‐week toothbrush study were assessed for the use of partial as compared to full‐mouth evaluations. The potential utility of an objective, minimally‐invasive bleeding index for the evaluation of gingivitis was also tested. 2 partial evaluations, half‐mouth and molar/anteriors, revealed decrements in modified gingival index (MGI), bleeding index and plaque index that were statistically significant and similar in magnitude to those derived from full‐mouth examinations. % decrements in MGI and bleeding index based on the Ramfjord teeth were not significant statistically. Results for the new sulcular bleeding index were essentially similar to those for the MGI. However, the bleeding index offered the advantage of improved objectivity for use in both white and non‐white subjects. These results suggest that partial evaluations and the new bleeding index may be useful elements in the design of toothbrush efficacy studies.
The effectiveness of an electronic toothbrush in the removal of established plaque and treatment of gingivitis
Authors: Van der Weijden G. A. , Timmerman M. F. , Reijerse E. , Mantel M. S. , Van der Velden U.
Published: August 2010

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of an electronic toothbrush on established plaque and gingivitis in a 5‐month clinical trial. This electronic toothbrush sends approximately a 0.15 mA current through the brushhead which presumedly enhances the efficacy of the brush in plaque elimination. For this study, 80 volunteers (non‐dental University students) were selected on the basis of having moderate gingival inflammation. At baseline, plaque and bleeding upon probing were assessed on the vestibular, mesio‐vestibular, disto‐vestibular and lingual surfaces using the “half‐mouth” design. After 2‐months and 5‐months, these clinical indices were again recorded. At each assessment, the participants received a new brushhead. All baseline indices appeared to be well‐balanced. A mean Silness and Löe plaque score of 1.70 and 1.64 were found in the control and test groups, respectively. Little change was observed from baseline to 5‐months. The Quigley and Hein plaque index behaved comparably. The mean bleeding upon probing score at baseline was 1.43 and 1.39 for the control and test group, respectively. Little to no improvement was observed in the course of this study. No beneficial effect could be shown for this ‘electronic’ design of manual toothbrush.
Elimination of Elyzol® 25% Dentalgel matrix from periodontal pockets
Authors: Stoltze Kaj
Published: August 2010

Abstract Elyzo® 25% Dentalgel (EDG) which is developed for use in the treatment of periodontitis is a suspension of metronidazole benzoate (40%) in a mixture of glyceryl monooleate (GMO) and triglyceride (sesame oil). Metronidazole can be detected in the periodontal pockets 24–36 h after application. The aim of the present study was to estimate the period of time that the gel matrix persists on periodontal pockets after 1 application of EDG. 12 patients were included in the study. From each patient, 1 sample was taken before and immeditely after, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12 and 24 h after application. Subgingival scaling followed by absorption of gingival crevicular fluid with filter paper was used for sampling. The sampling unit was 1 tooth. Each sample was assayed for the amount of GMO and oleic acid (a degradation product of GMO) by means of high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection. To allow determination of the GMO dose applied into the pockets and to estimate the recovery rate of the sampling method, 1 tooth in each patient was selected for sampling as soon as the gel had set, i.e., about 10 min after application. Only in 1 patient was a detectable amount of GMO within the pocket revealed 24 h after application. This amount was approximately 0.5% of the mean GMO dose applied around 1 tooth. GMO was found no longer than 12 h in the remaining patients.
Periodontal repair in dogs: evaluation of the natural disease model
Authors: Haney J. Marc , Zimmerman Grenith J. , Wikesjö Ulf M. E.
Published: August 2010

Abstract Animal models are frequently consulted for histometric analysis of periodontal reconstructive therapy. Such models include surgical, periodontitis‐simulating and natural disease defects in canines or non‐human primates. Our studies suggest that homogeneity in defect height is critical for sensitivity of surgical and periodontitis‐simulating supraalveolar defect models in discriminating treatment effects. We herein evaluate this model aspect for natural disease defects. Buccal‐lingual histologic sections from the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th mandibular premolar teeth (P2, P3, P4) from 6 aged beagle dogs with advanced natural periodontal disease were used. Defect heights from the reduced alveolar bone to the cemento‐enamel junction were recorded in central step‐serial sections at the buccal and lingual surfaces of the mesial and distal roots for the premolar teeth. Mean defect height, standard deviation and coefficient of variation were calculated for tooth types and jaw quadrants, separately, and for all teeth. Confidence intervals were calculated for teeth in left and right jaw quadrants. Mean defect height and standard deviation for left and right jaw quadrants was 3.6±0.9 and 3.3±0.6 mm for P2. 3.3±.9 and 2.3±0.9 mm for P3, and 3.3±1.0 and 4.5±1.6 mm for P4. respectively. Coefficient of variation for defects for left and right jaw quadrants was 26 and 40%, respectively. Using confidence intervals for mean differences between jaw quadrants, it was determined that a mean treatment effect may be as large as 0.8, 1.1 and 1.9 mm for P2. P3 and P4, respectively, before being detected as statistically significant (p≤0.05, N=6). With the apparent variation in defect baseline, it is suggested that natural disease defects have limited potential in discriminating treatment effects following periodontal reconstructive therapy.
Granulocyte elastase in gingival crevicular fluid: improved monitoring of the site‐specific response to treatment in patients with destructive periodontitis
Authors: Jin L.J. , Söder P.‐Ö. , Asman B. , Bergström K.
Published: August 2010

Abstract In 13 patients with severe destructive periodontitis. the response to periodontal therapy was estimated by granulocyte elastase level in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). 62 sites were classified according to changes of probing depths (PD) and quantitative bone height (BH%) before and after 5–year regular maintenance treatment: (i) 17 consistently healthy sites with no changes of PD and BH%; (ii) 6 initially healthy sites with deterioration in PD and BH%; (iii) 14 diseased sites with improvement in PD and BH%; (iv) 25 diseased sites with no improvement in PD and BH%. GCF was collected by an intracrevicular washing system. The released elastase in the supernatants (EA‐S) and the cell‐bound elastase in the pellets (EA‐P) were determined with a low molecular weight substrate specific for granulocyte elastase. The ratio of EA‐S and EA‐P (S/P‐ratio) was used as a relative measure of elastase released by the granulocytes present. The sites classified as diseased with no improvement or initially healthy but deteriorating, had significantly higher EA‐S, EA‐P and S/P‐ratios than the consistently healthy sites or diseased but improving sites (p < 0.01). Both EA‐S and S/P‐ratio showed strongly positive correlations with the current levels of gingival inflammation and periodontal destruction (p < 0.001). The present study suggests that increased elastase level is associated with disease progression, and may be used to monitor the response to longitudinal maintenance therapy.
Role of periosteum in the formation of jaw bone
Authors: Kostopoulos L. , Karring T.
Published: August 2010

Abstract The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the bone‐forming capacity of the outer (fibrous) and inner (cambium) layer of the mandibular periosteum in skeletally mature rats. The experiment was carried out in 25 rats. The mandibular ramus was exposed on one side (experimental side) after elevation of a muscle‐periosteal flap. A teflon capsule was placed with its opening facing the periosteum at the subsurface of the raised muscle‐periosteal flap after suturing. In the contralateral side serving as control, the periosteum of the lateral aspect of the mandibular ramus was left intact. This time the teflon capsule was placed with its opening facing the periosteum left behind at the ramus. The histological analysis demonstrated that in all experimental and control specimens, some bone was produced at 7 days after operation. In the experimental specimens, however, both the incidence and the amount of newly‐formed bone in the teflon capsules gradually decreased from 7 to 120 days, while increasing in the control capsules placed over the periosteum. At 120 days, the mean amount of new bone produced in the experimental capsules was 3% (range 0–15%) of the total space created by the capsule, while it was 68% (range 41–85%) for the control capsules. The results demonstrated that substantial amounts of bone can be produced predictably by the placement of an occlusive teflon capsule facing mandibular covered with periosteum. Bone produced from the periosteum and without continuity with existing bone becomes resorbed with time.
The influence of surface roughness and surface‐free energy on supra‐ and subgingival plaque formation in man
Authors: Quirynen M. , Bollen C. M. L.
Published: August 2010

Abstract In the oral cavity, an open growth system, bacterial adhesion to the non‐shedding surfaces is for most bacteria the only way to survive. This adhesion occurs in 4 phases: the transport of the bacterium to the surface, the initial adhesion with a reversible and irreversible stage, the attachment by specific interactions, and finally the colonization in order to form a biofilm. Different hard surfaces are available in the oral cavity (teeth, filling materials, dental implants, or prostheses), all with different surface characteristics. In a healthy situation, a dynamic equilibrium exists on these surfaces between the forces of retention and those of removal. However, an increased bacterial accumulation often results in a shift toward disease. 2 mechanisms favour the retention of dental plaque: adhesion and stagnation. The aim of this review is to examine the influence of the surface roughness and the surface free energy in the adhesion process. Both in vitro and in vivo studies underline the importance of both variables in supragingival plaque formation. Rough surfaces will promote plaque formation and maturation, and high‐energy surfaces are known to collect more plaque, to bind the plaque more strongly and to select specific bacteria. Although both variables interact with each other, the influence of surface roughness overrules that of the surface free energy. For the subgingival environment, with more facilities for microorganisms to survive, the importance of surface characteristics dramatically decreases. However, the influence of surface roughness and surface‐free energy on supragingival plaque justifies the demand for smooth surfaces with a low surface‐free energy in order to minimise plaque formation, thereby reducing the occurrence of caries and periodontitis.
Site progression of loss of attachment over 5 years in 14‐to 19‐year‐old adolescents
Authors: Clerehugh V. , Worthington H. V. , Lennon M. A. , Chandler R.
Published: August 2010

Abstract The aims of this study were (1) to monitor the progression and patterns of progression of loss of attachment ≥1 mm on a site basis over a 5‐year period in adolescents, and (2) to relate the presence of oral deposits and inflammation to the subsequent development and progression of loss of attachment on a site basis. 167 subjects were examined at ages 14, 16 and 19 years. Loss of attachment ≥1 mm, plaque, subgingival calculus, gingival bleeding and gingival colour change were assessed on the mesiobuccal sites of the 1st molars, 1st premolars and central incisors. Each site was treated separately in the analysis to avoid the problem of within‐subject site dependence. Sites were classed as progressing, non‐progressing or fluctuating according to the probing attachment level measurements at each of the 3 examinations. During the 5 years of this study, a total of 542 sites in 128 subjects progressed: 1136 sites in 162 subjects did not progress; 43 sites in 30 subjects had fluctuating attachment level measurements. Sites which subsequently progressed had significantly more plaque, subgingival calculus and gingival inflammation than non‐progressing sites at the baseline examination and throughout the study (p<0.001). Between 55‐57% of the maxillary 1st molars and 46‐49% of the mandibular incisors progressed. In contrast, there was no progression of loss of attachment on over 80% of the maxillary central incisors and mandibular 1st premolars.
Tetracyclines in the management of periodontal diseases
Authors: Seymour R. A. , Heasman P. A.
Published: August 2010

Abstract Periodontal diseases essentially comprise a group of oral infections whose primary aetiological factor is dental plaque. Removal of the cause (and its effects) is the primary aim of both non‐surgical and surgical treatment regimens, although the infective nature of the diseases has led to the widespread use of antimicrobials as an adjunct to mechanical debridement. The tetracyclines are primarily bacteriostatic agents that are effective against many Gram‐negative species including putative periodontopathogens such as Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (A.a.). The proven efficacy of this group of drugs in the management of periodontal diseases may be related not only to their antibacterial actions, but to a number of additional properties that have been recently identified. These include collagenase inhibition, anti‐inflammatory actions, inhibition of bone resorption and their ability to promote the attachment of fibroblasts to root surfaces. Consequently, tetracyclines have also been used as an adjunct to bone grafting in periodontal defects, and as agents for “conditioning” root surfaces to enhance the regeneration of periodontal tissues. When tetracyclines are taken orally, consideration must be given both to the potential unwanted effects and to interactions with other drugs that are taken concurrently. Such problems are minimised however, when the drugs are incorporated into controlled, slow‐release formulations which are currently being researched and marketed for intra‐oral use.
In vitro cleavage of serum complement protein C3: a comparison between patients with adult periodontitis and periodontally healthy persons
Authors: Monefeldt Kari , Helgeland Kristen , Tollefsen Tore
Published: August 2010

Abstract This study tested the hypothesis that in vitro cleavage of C3 could be triggered with similar ease in serum samples from patients with adult periodontitis (n= 26) as in samples from periodontally healthy subjects (n= 13). A lipoteichoic acid, a lipopolysaccharide and an aggregated IgG served as activators of complement. On the average, the periodontitis group generated significantly (p<0.01) more C3d activation fragments than did the healthy group, as judged from rocket immunoelectrophoresis measurements. Cleavage of C4 and factor B were then assayed through immunoblotting, without prior purification of the sera. C4c fragments were seen in all activated samples, the healthy group causing significantly (p<0.05) more C4 conversion than did the periodontitis group. Cleavage of factor B, taken as a measure of soluble amplification convertase formation, was about equal between the groups. We inferred therefore that the 2 groups produced comparable amounts of C3b. The results suggested, however, that periodontitis sera favour breakdown of the opsonin C3b, most likely by activating the regulatory proteins factor H and I. Lipoteichoic acid, causing moderate depletion of C4 and factor B. produced significantly (p<0.01) more C3d fragments than the other two activators examined. It may be that complement activation is down‐regulated in periodontitis sera, perhaps at the expense of adequate local opsonic function.
Clinical, microbiological and host defense parameters associated with a case of localized prepubertal periodontitis
Authors: Yoshida‐Minami Ichie , Kishimoto Keiko , Suzuki Atsuko , Fujiwara Taku , Shintani Seikou , Morisaki Ichijiro , Sobue Shizuo , Miyamoto Manabu , Nagai Atsushi , Kurihara Hidemi , Murayama Yoji , Ooshima Takashi
Published: August 2010

Abstract A 4‐year‐old Japanese boy was referred to Osaka University Dental Hospital because of severe mobility and pain of the right lower primary canine. The canine had severe bone loss and a pocket depth exceeding 5‐6 mm. The left lower canine showed slight mobility and moderate alveolar bone loss. The other primary teeth showed no pathogenic findings. The subgingival microflora from the right lower canine was dominated by gram‐negative rods, especially capnocytophaga and fusobacterium, while actinomyces sp. were the most common gram‐positive bacteria. While neutrophil functions of the patient were within the normal ranges of healthy subjects, some lymphocyte functions such as IL‐2 production and IgG and IgM syntheses were lower in the patient. 7 months after the extraction of the right lower primary canine, the patient complained of pain around the right lower primary lateral incisor. In 3‐4 weeks, the alveolar bone was lost rapidly and mobility of the lower anterior teeth increased significantly. The primary lateral incisor was extracted and the other primary teeth were treated by scaling and systemic and local administration of antibiotics. After treatment, the lower anterior teeth became less mobile and the gram‐positive cocci predominated.
Comparison between 3 triclosan dentifrices on plaque, gingivitis and salivary microflora
Authors: Renvert S. , Birkhed D.
Published: August 2010

Abstract 3 triclosan‐containing dentifrices were compared in a 6‐month, un‐supervised tooth brushing study. The effects on plaque, gingival bleeding and certain salivary micro‐organisms (mutans streptococci, lactobacilli, total counts of streptococci and total counts of micro‐organisms) were evaluated. 123 subjects were divided into 4 groups according to severity of gingival bleeding index. 112 subjects completed the study. Following a 4‐week pre‐experimental period, using a sodium monofluorophosphate dentifrice (placebo), the subjects were assigned to use one of 3 triclosan‐containing dentifrices, available on the Swedish market: Colgate Paradent (a triclosan/copolymer dentifrice) (n=26); Pepsodent Gum Health (a triclosan/zinc citrate dentifrice) (n=31); Dentosal Friskt Tandkött (a triclosan/pyrophosphate dentifrice) (n=28); or to continue with the placebo (n=21). The results revealed that Colgate Paradent reduced baseline plaque values by 39% (Quigley and Hein) over the 6‐month experimental period. The corresponding values for the other modalities were: a reduction of 6% for Pepsodent Gum Health, an increase of 5% for Dentosal Friskt Tandkött. and an increase of 2% for placebo. A significant difference in the plaque levels (p<0.05) was found between Colgate Paradent and Pepsodent Gum Health and between Colgate Paradent and placebo. The gingival bleeding index was improved in all 4 groups. A significant difference (p<0.05) was found with respect to bleeding between Colgate Paradent and placebo (p<0.05) at the 3‐month registration. A statistically significant increase over time in total number of streptococci and total colony forming units were found for the Dentosal, Pepsodent and placebo groups, but not for Colgate. To conclude, this study seems to verify that a dentifrice containing a combination of triclosan and copolymer is effective in reducing supra‐gingival plaque formation and gingival bleeding without causing major shifts in the salivary microflora.
An evaluation of the effects of an Nd:YAG laser on subgingival calculus, dentine and cementum
Authors: Radvar M. , Creanor S. L. , Gilmour W. H. , Payne A. P. , McGadey J. , Foye R. H. , Whitters C. J. , Kinane D. F.
Published: August 2010

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Nd:YAG laser treatment on subgingival calculus, cementum and dentine, in vitro at different power settings and durations. The study included 2 experiments. In the 1st experiment, 32 extracted teeth with calculus were divided into 8 laser treatment groups. Each tooth was treated on 2, 3 or 4 sites. In the 2nd experiment. 3 extracted cementum covered teeth and 3 extracted root planed teeth with exposed dentine were selected. 1 surface of each tooth was subjected to 8 different laser treatments. In both experiments, all specimens were assessed using scanning electron microscopy. Micrographs were taken from each treated site at X100 and X750 magnifications. An arbitrary scale (from 0 to 3) was used to score the degree of damage caused by the laser. Generally, the laser caused greater damage on calculus than either cementum or dentine. Linear regression analysis showed that higher total energy input caused a greater mean damage score on calculus (R2= 66%, p<0.001). 3‐way analysis of variance showed that for calculus, the power setting, number of pulses per second and the duration of exposure contributed independently to the mean damage score in an additive way. Cementum specimens were not affected by treatment 1 (50 mJ. 10 pps, 1 s). treatment 2 (50 mJ, 10 pps, 5 s), and treatment 5 (50 mJ, 20 pps, 1 s). Dentine specimens were not affected by treatment 1 (50 mJ, 10 pps, 1 s). The results also showed that there was variability in susceptibility of different teeth and different parts of each tooth which was true for calculus, cementum and dentine.
The effect of plaque control in subjects with shallow pockets and high prevalence of periodontal pathogens
Authors: Al‐Yahfoufi Zoubeida , Mombelli Andrea , Wicki Andreas , Lang Niklaus P.
Published: August 2010

Abstract In a previous study, it was shown that professional tooth cleaning 3X a week had a significant influence on the subgingival microbiota of shallow pockets. The purpose of this investigation was to study the effect of a single episode of full‐mouth supragingival cleaning and oral hygiene instructions in subjects with minimal periodontal disease but high prevalence of putative periodontal pathogens. 10 subjects from Arabic countries, aged between 22 and 48 years, which had previously not been exposed to any dental care other than extractions and fillings, were selected for this trial. DNA probe analysis of subgingival samples, taken in the deepest pocket of each quadrant, showed presence of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia in all patients, and presence of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in 5 individuals. 85% of all samples were P. gingivalis‐positive, 83% were positive for P. intermedia and 43% were A. actinomycetemcomitans‐positive. 4 weeks after treatment, subgingival microbiological samples were again taken in the same sites. In 8 patients. P. gingivalis could still be detected after treatment. However, the number of P. gingivalis positive samples was reduced from 85% to 38%, and the bacterial counts in positive samples were markedly lower than at baseline. P. intermedia‐positive samples were obtained from 7 patients after treatment. 33% of all samples were still positive, but showed markedly reduced bacterial counts. 4 patients still yielded A. actinomycetem comitans‐positive samples after treatment. Here, the number of positive samples was reduced to 15%, and the bacterial counts were barely exceeding the detection limit. Concomitantly, the % of pockets deeper than 3 mm was reduced from 13% to 3% and the percentage of sites bleeding upon probing was reduced from 68% to 20%. This study demonstrated a considerable, although not maximal clinical and microbiological effect of supragingival plaque control in subjects with high prevalence of periodontal pathogens but minimal periodontal disease.
Substance loss caused by scaling with different sonic scaler inserts – an in vitro study
Authors: Kocher Thomas , Fanghänel Jutta , Sawaf Hassem , Litz Rüdiger
Published: August 2010

Background, aims: Depending on the phase of periodontal treatment, power‐driven inserts with different power levels are necessary: during initial treatment and flap operations, it must be possible to remove calculus which firmly adheres to the root surface with great efficiency; in contrast, gentle root‐surface instrumentation has a high priority during maintenance treatment. Recently, modified sonic scaler inserts have been introduced: diamond‐coated inserts for open flap operations and slim probe‐shaped sonic scaler inserts for deplaqueing during maintenance.

Method: We compared the substance removal by these inserts to that of a conventional insert. In a bench system which allows application force, stroke height, and width and frequency of instrumentation to be monitored and also permits assessment of the topography before and after instrumentation (yielding depth removal and removed volume), we instrumented aluminum rods in triplicate and bovine roots in a 5‐fold repetition.

Results: With high application forces (1.0 N), the diamond‐coated inserts removed 30 to 50% more substance than the conventional one. Except for the slim inserts, there was a significant linear relationship between increasing force and removed volume. Probe‐shaped inserts do not remove considerable substance even with increasing pressures.

Conclusions: Diamond‐coated inserts remove tooth substance very effectively and must thus be handled with care: more pressure effects more removal. Probe‐shaped inserts can be used without risk during maintenance visits.
The reproducibility of methods of assessment for cervical dentine hypersensitivity
Authors: Ide M. , Wilson R. F. , Ashley F. P.
Published: August 2010

Background: Many agents and toothpaste formulations have been proposed for treatment of dentine hypersensitivity. However, studies have reported equivocal or contradictory results, potentially related to a lack of clinical efficacy for agents being tested, poor study design or the use of assessment techniques which are unable to distinguish longitudinal changes in dentine hypersensitivity.

Aim: To investigate the reproducibility of commonly used measurement protocols for dentine hypersensitivity on single or multiple teeth. In addition, newly‐developed controlled air and cold fluid stimuli were investigated.

Methods and Materials: Standardised pain stimulation techniques were used in 2 investigations with 63 and 42 subjects, respectively. The reproducibility of perceived hypersensitivity before and following stimulation was recorded over time periods of 14 and 2 days, respectively, using visual analogue scales and threshold techniques.

Results: Subject demographics resembled those reported in other hypersensitivity investigations. Analysis using several measures of reproducibility indicated that subject‐based reproducibility was limited, even when the stimuli were standardised. However, the data are consistent with the findings of investigations on pain assessment in other fields.

Conclusions: The reproducibility of subjects in clinical trials of dentine hypersensitivity may therefore contribute to difficulties in establishing treatment efficacy of agents in clinical trials.
Microassay for the detection of elastase activity in the gingival crevice
Authors: Herrmann Jens Martin , Gonzáles José Roberto , Boedeker Rolf Hasso , Vonholdt Julia , Meyle Joerg
Published: August 2010

Background, aims: A new microassay for the detection of elastase activity (EA) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) has been established. GCF was collected with Periopaper® strips and quantified in a Periotron®.

Methods: Enzyme activity was measured in a microtiter plate reader, using a fluorometric assay. To ensure quality and precision of the assay, recovery rates were determined at different activities with a recovery of >90%. In a 2nd step, stability of the enzyme was investigated during storage at room temperature, +4 °C, −22 °C, −88 °C. GCF samples retained elastase activity of almost 100% after a storage of 3 days at −22 °C. In a group of 12 healthy volunteers, elastase activity was assayed throughout an 18 day experimental gingivitis protocol.

Results: Median activity increased from 481 μU/μl at baseline to 1444 μU/μl at day 18, which was accompanied by the development of the signs of gingivitis. The increase of EA during the experimental phase of the study was highly significant (p<0.001) and correlated well with the increasing severity of gingivitis.

Conclusion: The data suggest that elastase activity in GCF is an excellent quantitative measure of gingival inflammation.
The effect of toothpaste on the propensity of chlorhexidine and cetyl pyridinium chloride to produce staining in vitro: a possible predictor of inactivation
Authors: Sheen S. , Owens J. , Addy M.
Published: August 2010

Background/aims: Cationic antiseptics such as chlorhexidine (CHX) and cetyl pyridinium chloride (CPC) interact with dietary chromogens to produce extrinsic stain, and this can be used as a measure of activity of products. The aim of these studies in vitro was to determine if toothpaste influenced the tea staining effects of CHX and CPC as a predictor of action in vivo.

Method: Clear acrylic specimens were soaked in pooled human saliva followed by sequential 2‐min soaks in pairs of agents, namely 0.05% CHX, 0.05% CPC, 0.2% CHX, water (W) and toothpaste slurry (TP). The combinations were; TP/CHX, CHX/TP, TP/CPC, CPC/TP, W/CHX, CHX/W, W/CPC, CPC/W, TP/W, W/TP, W/W. These treatments were followed by a 60 min soak in tea. Optical density readings were taken at baseline and after each of 8 cycles.

Results: In the separate CHX and CPC studies by comparison with W/CHX, TP/0.05% CHX had little effect on staining, but TP/0.2% CHX showed a reduction in staining of 18%. 0.05% CHX/TP reduced staining by >40%, and 0.2% CHX by >78%. TP/CPC reduced staining by >26% and CPC/TP by 80%. Water after 0.2% CHX, 0.05% CHX and CPC reduced staining by 18%, 13% and 17% respectively. Little staining was seen with TP and W combinations. The data for CHX are in agreement with a study in vivo except TP followed by CHX reduced the activity of CHX.

Conclusion: Toothpaste appears to adversely affect the activity of CHX and CPC particularly if used immediately after the antiseptics. The data further supports the concept of separating the use of antiseptics until sometime after the use of toothpaste, and the idea of developing mouthwash friendly toothpastes.
The influence of margins of restorations on the periodontal tissues over 26 years
Authors: Schätzle Marc , Lang Niklaus P. , Ånerud Åge , Boysen Hans , Bürgin Walter , Löe Harald
Published: August 2010

Aim: The purpose of this investigation was to examine the long‐term relationship between dental restorations and periodontal health.

Material and Methods: The data derived from a 26‐year longitudinal study of a group of Scandinavian middle‐class males characterized by good to moderate oral hygiene and regular dental check‐ups. At each of 7 examinations between 1969 and 1995, the mesial and buccal surfaces were scored for dental, restorative and periodontal parameters. The mesial sites of premolars and molars of 160 participants were observed during 26 years (1969–1995). A control group with 615 sound surfaces or filling margins located more than 1 mm from the gingival margin in all 7 surveys was compared with a test cohort with 98 surfaces which were sound or had filling margins located more than 1 mm from the gingival margin at baseline (1969) and had a subgingival filling margin 2 years after (1971).

Results and conclusions: The study confirmed the long held concept that restorations placed below the gingival margin are detrimental to gingival and periodontal health. In addition, this study suggests that the increased loss of attachment found in teeth with subgingival restorations started slowly and could be detected clinically 1 to 3 years after the fabrication and placement of the restorations. A subsequent “burn‐out” effect was suggested.
Orthodontic movement in bone defects augmented with Bio‐Oss®
Authors: Araújo M. G. , Carmagnola D. , Berglundh T. , Thilander B. , Lindhe J.
Published: August 2010

Objective: To study if it was possible to move, by orthodontic means, a tooth into an area of the jaw that had been augmented with Bio‐Oss®.

Material and Methods: 5 beagle dogs were used. The 1st, 2nd, and 4th mandibular premolars on each side were removed. The defect at the left 4th premolar site was filled with a biomaterial (Bio‐Oss®) while the corresponding defect in the right side was left for spontaneous healing. 3 months later, an orthodontic device was inserted in each side of the mandible. The device was designed to allow distal, bodily movement of the 3rd premolars. When the experimental teeth had been moved into the extraction sites of the 4th premolars, the animals were sacrificed and biopsies of the premolar‐molar regions of the mandible sampled. The tissues were prepared for histological analysis using standard procedures. In the sections, 3 zones were identified: zone A=the bone tissue within the distal portion of the previous extraction site (4th premolar), zone B=the pressure side of the 3rd premolar, zone C=the tension side of the 3rd premolar. The area occupied by mineralized bone, Bio‐Oss® particles and bone marrow was determined by a point counting procedure. The width of the periodontal ligament as well as the percentage of the root surface (in zone B) that exhibited resorption was determined.

Results: The findings demonstrated that it was possible to move a tooth into an area of an alveolar ridge that 3 months previously had been augmented with a biomaterial. It was also demonstrated that 12 months after grafting, Bio‐Oss® particles remained as inactive filler material in the not utilized part of zone A. The biomaterial was not present in zone C but present in small amounts in zone B.

Conclusion: During the orthodontic tooth movement the graft material (Bio‐Oss®) was degraded and eliminated from the part of the alveolar ridge that was utilized for the experiment. In the non‐utilized part of the ridge the biomaterial, however, remained as a seemingly inactive filler material.
A study to assess the plaque inhibitory action of a newly formulated triclosan toothpaste
Authors: Moran J. , Addy M. , Newcombe R. G. , Marlow I.
Published: August 2010

Background/aims: Triclosan containing toothpastes have been noted for their potential to inhibit plaque and gingival inflammation. The aim of this study was to determine whether a toothpaste containing triclosan and an enhanced fluoride system would inhibit de novo plaque formation beyond that of a non‐triclosan, conventional fluoride toothpaste.

Methods: This study used a 4‐day plaque regrowth model in which 24 volunteers used toothpaste rinses as the only form of oral hygiene. Following a prophylaxis and a single brushing with the toothpastes, 2× daily rinsing with toothpaste slurries was used over the following 96 h.

Results: After 24 h, there was no difference in plaque area between the triclosan paste and its control paste. After 96 h, a reduction in plaque score of 5% was noted for the test toothpaste compared to the control paste which was statistically significant (p=0.028). For plaque area this reduction was increased to 16%, which was also significant (p=0.006).

Conclusions: These findings would appear to warrant further investigation into the potential value of the paste in inhibiting both plaque and gingivitis.