bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rhesus Monkey Platelet Kinetics and Storage
Authors: Button L. N. , Jacobson M. S. , Kevy S. V.
Published: September 2010

Rhesus monkey platelets that are separated, 51Cr labeled, and transfused provide yields, 1/2; time and survivals similar to those obtained in man. Rhesus platelets prepared and stored at room temperature for three days have 93 per cent of the yield of fresh platelets. When prepared and stored at 4C, the yield is only 54 per cent of fresh platelets. Rhesus repeatedly transfused with platelets from random unmatched donors always have a significant decrease in the platelet 1/2; time and survival. This was observed after the second homologous transfusion in one and after the third in others. The rhesus provides an excellent platelet model with thrombocyte responses mimicking those of man.
Frozen Autologous Platelets in the Supportive Care of Patients with Leukemia
Authors: Schiffer C. A. , Buchholz D. H. , Aisner J. , Wolff J. H. , Wiernik P. H.
Published: September 2010

Multiple units of platelet concentrate obtained by intensive plateletpheresis of patients with leukemia in remission were pooled and frozen using 4 to 5 per cent dimethylsulfoxide and retransfused during periods of thrombocytopenia. Plateletpheresis was well tolerated by all donors and an average platelet yield per unit of 0.99 × 1011 (n = 155) was obtained. The results of 107 transfusions to 36 patients are presented. An average of 32.4 per cent of the platelets were lost during the freeze‐thaw process. Freezing loss was lowest at a freezing rate of one degree C per minute, at a lower final concentration of platelets, and when polyolefin bags were used. The mean corrected posttransfusion count increment was 6,400/μl (range 600–19,000 xm2/1011 platelets transfused). In vivo results did not correlate with freezing rate but were statistically significantly better at lower platelet (approximately 0.16 × 1011 platelets/10 ml) concentrations. Eleven patients, including some who were refractory to random donor platelets were supported entirely with autologous platelets during reinduction therapy for leukemia. When administered prophylactically the autologous platelets seemed to prevent hemorrhage during periods of thrombocytopenia although in most patients bleeding times were not corrected posttransfusion. This study demonstrates that frozen autologous platelets can be used in the supportive care of thrombocytopenic patients. Further technical improvements are necessary before platelet freezing becomes practical for widespread use.
Fate in Humans of the Plasticizer, Di‐2‐Ethylhexyl Phthalate, Arising from Transfusion of Platelets Stored in Vinyl Plastic Bags
Authors: Rubin R. J. , Schiffer C. A.
Published: September 2010

Platelet concentrates were shown to contain 18 to 38 mg/dl of a phthalate plasticizer (DEHP) which arose by migration from the vinyl plastic packs in which the platelets were prepared and stored. Transfusion of these platelets into six adult patients with leukemia resulted in peak blood plasma levels of DEHP ranging from 0.34 to 0.83 mg/dl (approximately 0.02 mg/dl plasma per mg DEHP administered per square meter of surface area). The blood levels fell monoexponentially with a mean rate of 2.83 per cent per minute and a half‐life of 28.0 minutes. Urine was assayed by a method that would measure unchanged DEHP as well as all phthalic acid‐containing metabolites. In two patients, at most 60 and 90 per cent of the infused dose, respectively, was excreted in the urine collected for 24 hours posttransfusion. These estimates, however, could be high due to the simultaneous excretion of DEHP remaining from previous transfusions or arising from uncontrolled environmental exposures.
Ultrastructural Damage of Leukocytes Procured by the Leukopak: Vulnerability of Leukocytes to Mechanical Injury
Authors: Ts'ao C. , Ruder E. A.
Published: September 2010

Because of the often observed undesired effects in patients transfused with leukocytes collected by continuous filtration leukapheresis (CFL), we have investigated the morphology of these cells in the hope that such studies may help evaluate their in vivo functions. Aliquots of CFL samples, procured by the Fenwal Leukopak and taken before and after tapping the filters, were examined. Leukocytes prepared by dextran sedimentation served as controls and were used to demonstrate the vulnerability of these cells to mechanical injury. The morphology of leukocytes harvested by filtration leukapheresis was markedly altered, ranging from formation of cytoplasmic projections and vacuoles to disintegration of entire cells. The severe changes were only observed in samples collected after the filters were tapped. The number of cells involved varied from donor to donor. In some cases more than half of the examined leukocytes showed signs of damage. Dextran sedimentation leukocytes retained their normal ultra‐structure. However, substantial injuries were inflicted on dextran sedimentation collected leukocytes following brief periods of vortexing. Our results indicate that leukocytes are quite vulnerable to mechanical injury, and the major cause of damage found in Leukopak‐isolated leukocytes is the tapping of the filters. The toxic reactions in some recipients transfused with Leukopak‐collected leukocyte preparations may result from materials released from disrupted leukocytes. We believe that the employment of the continuous filtration to procure leukocytes with the present procedure should be reviewed.
Preparation of Antihemophilic Factor from Indated Plasma
Authors: Wickerhauser M.
Published: September 2010

Four large‐scale batches of Antihemophilic Factor (AHF, factor VIII) were prepared from plasma derived from 4 to 6‐day‐old blood applying a method developed for preparation of AHF from fresh frozen plasma. The AHF product was 6 to 9‐fold concentrated over plasma with 7 to 10‐fold purification and a recovery of 100 to 140 factor VIII units per liter of starting plasma. In terms of purity and yield, this is about half that of AHF obtained from fresh frozen plasma. The AHF concentrate was free of detectable thrombin and plasmin and the solubility of the dry product was comparable to that of the product derived from fresh plasma but the hemoglobin content was slightly increased. After further fractionation with polyethylene glycol (PEG 4000), a highly soluble AHF product 100‐fold purified, and 30‐fold concentrated, was obtained with 60% factor VIII recovery, which corresponds to a final yield of 60 to 85 factor VIII units per liter of starting plasma.
Anti‐Rd (Radin) Following the Transfusion of a Radin Positive Unit of Blood
Authors: Winn L. C. , Eska P. L. , Grindon A. J.
Published: September 2010

Anti‐Rd (Radin) was first described in association with five cases of hemolytic disease of the newborn. The authors report an anti‐Rd that was demonstrated following the transfusion of a Radin positive unit of blood. The antibody appears to be of the IgC immunoglobulin class and increased in titer following the transfusion.
Additional Studies Concerning the Metabolism of Packed Erythrocytes in CPD Adenine
Authors: Bensinger T. A. , Zuck T. F.
Published: September 2010

Studies concerning the relationship between glucose level, hematocrit to which cells were packed (within three hours of initial collection) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentration were undertaken in CPD supplemented with adenine (0.25 mM final concentration). It was found that apparently adequate ATP levels could be maintained in 90 per cent hematocrit packed units at 42 days only if glucose was present in amounts 1.5 times or greater than that provided by CPD. Less tight packing of the units to 70 and 80 per cent hematocrit maintained ATP at greater than 50 per cent of the initial level for a full 42 days of storage when 1.25 times the usual glucose concentration was present in the initial anticoagulant. No difference in 2,3‐diphosphoglycerate or pH was found in any of the modified media under study.
Optimizing Recovery of Platelets in Platelet Rich Plasma by the Simplex Strategy
Authors: Reiss R. F. , Katz A. J.
Published: September 2010

A Simplex is an empirical, geometric feedback strategy which progressively programs a series of experiments according to the results of the preceeding experiments. It leads to definition of conditions which maximize or minimize the result of experiments in two or more variables. When applied to study a laboratory method it dictates simultaneous variation of the conditions of an experiment, differing from the usual approach in which variables are altered sequentially and arbitrarily. A two variable Simplex (force and duration of centrifugation) has been applied to maximize platelet recovery in platelet rich plasma (PRP). The technique of Simplex is described. Maximal recovery of platelets in PRP was reached by centrifugation at 2160 ×g for 2.7 minutes.

To confirm the correctness of this result, platelet concentrates were prepared from PRP's separated by three different methods: 1) conditions determined by Simplex, 2) American National Red Cross recommended method (2820 ×g for two minutes), and 3) Canadian Red Cross recommended method (995 ×g for nine minutes). Mean recovery of 78 per cent was obtained by Simplex, significantly higher than 61 per cent with the American National Red Cross method (p > .005) and higher than 69 per cent with the Canadian Red Cross method. Simplex strategy is recommended as a simple, powerful technique for determining optimal experimental or laboratory conditions.
Motivation of Voluntary Plasmapheresis Donors
Authors: Cataldo J. F. , Cohen E. , Morganti J. B.
Published: September 2010

A totally voluntary plasmapheresis program recruits 900 individual donors per year at a cancer research institute, where 500 to 900 units of platelets are transfused each month. Staff and donors use a film and brochures to recruit donors from the local community. Television and radio spots, with donor recognition pins, certificates, receptions, and picnics are utilized. Donor motivation was studied by use of: 1) California Psychological Inventory‐measures a variety of “normal” personality traits; 2) Study of values—measures theoretical, economic, aesthetic, social, political, religious values; 3) Internal‐External Control Scale—measures degree to which a person blames self vs. external events for what happens to him; 4) Faith in People Scale—measures individual's confidence in his fellow man; 5) Anomia Scale—measure of feelings of self‐to‐others alienation; 6) Mach IV Scale—measure of persons tendency to manipulate others; and 7) Biographical Data Form. Results are presented for 25 male donor subjects studied, as they compare with normative data for the scales used. Donors appeared to have the same traits as do the general population, but appeared lower in Machiavellianism than non‐plasmapheresis donors. Prospective study plans include additional subjects to provide appropriate control groups.
The Maximum Surgical Blood Order Schedule and Surgical Blood Use in the United States
Authors: Friedman B. A. , Oberman H. A. , Chadwick A. R. , Kingdon K. I.
Published: September 2010

The outdating of units of blood can be reduced by decreasing the amount of time they spend in an assigned or crossmatched status. This reduction can be achieved in a hospital by establishing a maximum surgical blood order schedule (MSBOS) which reduces the excessive number of units of blood crossmatched preoperatively for patients undergoing elective surgery. The various steps which occurred in the development of a MSBOS in a large general hospital are detailed and the projected reduction in the number of crossmatched units which can be achieved with the MSBOS is illustrated. The projected number of units of blood transfused to patients during their hospitalization for 50 common primary surgical procedures in the United States during 1974 is presented as a basis for defining maximum blood orders for each procedure.
The Phenotypes En(a−), Wr(a−b−), and En(a+), Wr(a+b−), and Further Studies on the Wright and En Blood Group Systems
Authors: Issitt P. D. , Pavone B. G. , Wagstaff W. , Goldfinger D.
Published: September 2010

In 1975, we showed18,19 an En(a–) blood sample to be phenotypically Wr(a−b−). In the current report, we describe tests that show that three En(a–) members of a single family, not believed to be related to the family of the previously tested En(a–) person, are also Wr(a−b−). They have red blood cells that neither react with nor adsorb anti‐Wra or anti‐Wrb. In addition, we have shown that the red blood cells of six EnaEn heterozygotes, in the family tested, are Wr(a−b+) but carry only a single dose of Wrb antigen. Tests on anti‐Ena have shown conclusively that one example is a mixture of separable anti‐Ena and anti‐Wrb and that a second example may well contain the same two antibodies. By various methods, we have demonstrated that the red blood cells of the only known Wr(a + b–) individual are En(a+) and do not display any of the physicochemical abberations of the En(a–) phenotype. It is further shown that neuraminidase and trypsin do not denature the Wra or Wrb antigens in vitro, but that the protease ficin does have a limited ability to denature Wrb. Additional observations on the first reported1 example of anti‐Wrb are included.

These various findings have been considered in the light of gene linkage of, or gene interaction between, the En and Wright system genes. It is concluded that the evidence does not exclude the possibility that En is a silent allele at the WraWrb locus so that the genotype EnEn (or WrWr) might result in the phenotype En(a –), Wr(a –b –). However, it is also pointed out that the evidence equally well supports the postulation that the Wra and Wrb genes are unable to function in the absence of an Ena gene. If this latter theory is proved correct, the interaction between Ena and the Wright genes can be thought of as similar to that between the H and ABO, 23 or X'r and CDE genes.24

It is pointed out that if En is a silent allele at the MN locus (current evidence on this point is not conclusive.6,8,9) En and Wr cannot be synonymous for it is known that the Wra and M and N genes segregate independently.2,13,21,35 Location of En at the MN locus would not, however, refute the theory that Wra and Wrb cannot function in the absence of En.

Finally, it is pointed out that the supposed anti‐Wrb is probably just what its name implies but that even if this assumption is later disproved, the high incidence antigen defined by the antibody presently called anti‐Wrb is unequivocally associated with Ena.
Identification of a C4 Subcomponent on C3d‐Coated Erythrocytes
Authors: Michael J. M. , Moore J. A. , Chaplin H.
Published: September 2010

Test erythrocytes (E) used to evaluate anti‐complement (C‘) antiglobulin sera have not been adequately standardized. This report describes a previously unrecognized C4‐derived antigen (temporarily called X‐Ag) found on E generally believed to be coated only with the C3d subcomponent of C3. X‐Ag occurred on all E coated in vitro with C’ by low ionic strength‐sucrose or cold agglutinin methods and on E from ten of ten patients whose cells had been C coated in vivo. It was not removed by incubating these cells with trypsin or fresh compatible serum. This antigen was found on “C4‐only‐coated” red blood cells made with normal or congenitally C2‐deficient serum but not on cells similarly prepared with congenitally C4‐deficient serum. It was not identified on E coated with C‘via the alternate pathway, normal trypsinized cells, nor cells coated only with IgG. Absorption experiments utilizing purified complement components and subcomponents and C200 Sephadex fractions of normal human serum strongly suggest that X‐Ag is a subcomponent of C4 (C4d). These results show that at least one C’ subcomponent other than C3d occurs on both in vitro and in vivo C3d‐coated erythrocytes and must be taken into account when such cells are used to evaluate antiglobulin reagents.
Hemolytic Transfusion Reactions Caused by Failure of Commercial Antiglobulin Reagents To Detect Complement
Authors: Sherwood G. K. , Haynes B. F. , Rosse W. F.
Published: September 2010

Two definite acute hemolytic transfusion reactions occurred in a patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia in blastic crisis. Both suspect units were entirely compatible by routine crossmatch using commercial antiglobulin sera. However, both units were clearly incompatible using our own specific anti‐C3 antiserum in the antiglobulin reaction phase of the crossmatch. Subsequently it was possible to predict in vivo compatibility using our anti‐C3 antiserum in vitro. This case adds new evidence for the inadequacy of anticomplement activity in commercial antisera.
Serologic Activity of Fatty Acid Dependent Antibodies in Albumin‐Free Systems
Authors: Beck M. L. , Edwards R. L. , Pierce S. R. , Hicklin B. L. , Bayer W. L.
Published: September 2010

Fatty acid dependent agglutinin (FADA) refers to serum with the special ability to cause agglutination of red blood cells in the presence of certain fatty acids. The agglutinating mechanism is unclear. It has been proposed that the agglutinin reacts with albumin that has been conformationallly altered by sodium caprylate and that the immune complex is passively adsorbed onto red blood cells. This report presents data that contradicts the proposal assigning a specific role to albumin in the agglutinating mechanism. FADA were isolated by column chromatography of resolubilized euglobulin preparations. No evidence of contamination with albumin was obtained in those IgM fractions possessing FADA activity. We propose, as an alternative explanation, that the serologic activity of FADA depends upon the interaction of IgM agglutinins with haptenic fatty acids.
Fibrinolysis and Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation in Open Heart Surgery
Authors: Umlas J.
Published: September 2010

Fibrinolysis and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) have been implicated as the cause or contributing mechanisms for hemorrhage during and after cardiopulmonary bypass. Even when unassociated with hemorrhage, both processes have been thought to be common occurences during open heart surgery. In order to measure the degree to which these mechanisms occur, fibrin split products (FSP) were measured simultaneously in blood and chest tube drainage of open heart surgical patients. In addition, serial measurements of platelets and fibrinogen were also measured in the blood of these patients. It is concluded that fibrinolysis invariably occurs to a high degree in the chest postoperatively but with few systemic manifestations and that fibrinolysis and/or DIC are rare causes of a hemorrhagic diathesis after cardiopulmonary bypass.
Use and Analysis of Saline Washed Red Blood Cells
Authors: Wooten M.J. O'Connor
Published: September 2010

Data collected from SO saline washed units of red blood cells shows that units washed with one liter of 0.9 per cent NaCl on an IBM cell processor have an average hematocrit of 72.2 per cent, with 84.7 per cent of the white blood cells removed, and only 0.6 per cent of the original total protein remaining. The red blood cell recovery is 85.5 per cent. Other advantages include low extracellular potassium and reduction in supernatant hemoglobin, metabolic waste products, debris, and nonviable cells. Over 1500 washed units have been transfused, with an average of 150 per month. The clinical response has been very favorable with only one suspected reaction reported since the use of washed cells, and no reported cases of hepatitis.
Transfusion‐Induced Malaria from an Asymptomatic Carrier
Authors: Najem G. R. , Sulzer A. J.
Published: September 2010

An asymptomatic malaria carrier who satisfied the currently recommended standards and criteria of the American Association of Blood Banks for blood donation was the source of the transfusion‐induced malaria in this study. The risk of transfusion‐induced malaria remains a very real threat in the United States. Any case of unexplained fever following transfusion should be considered as possibly caused by malaria. Delay of the proper diagnosis may be due to unfamiliarity of medical personnel with diagnostic criteria for malaria. Persons who give a history of having resided for long periods in malarious regions, even though they have remained asymptomatic for many years while residing in a malaria free area may still carry the more persistent malarial species and, therefore, should be rejected as donors of whole blood.
Two-sided bounds on minimum-error quantum measurement, on the reversibility of quantum dynamics, and on maximum overlap using directional iterates
Authors: Tyson Jon
Published: September 2010

In a unified framework, we estimate the following quantities of interest in quantum information theory: (1) the minimum-error distinguishability of arbitrary ensembles of mixed quantum states; (2) the approximate reversibility of quantum dynamics in terms of entanglement fidelity (This is referred to as “channel-adapted quantum error recovery” when applied to the composition of an encoding operation and a noise channel.); (3) the maximum overlap between a bipartite pure quantum state and a bipartite mixed-state that may be achieved by applying a local quantum operation to one part of the mixed-state; and (4) the conditional min-entropy of bipartite quantum states. A refined version of the author’s techniques [J. Tyson, J. Math. Phys. 50, 032016 (2009)] for bounding the first quantity is employed to give two-sided estimates of the remaining three quantities. We obtain a closed-form approximate reversal channel. Using a state-dependent Kraus decomposition, our reversal may be interpreted as a quadratically weighted version of that of Barnum and Knill [J. Math. Phys. 43, 2097 (2002)]. The relationship between our reversal and Barnum and Knill’s is therefore similar to the relationship between Holevo’s asymptotically optimal measurement [A. S. Kholevo, Theor. Probab. Appl. 23, 411 (1978)] and the “pretty good” measurement of Belavkin [Stochastics 1, 315 (1975)] and Hausladen and Wootters [J. Mod. Opt. 41, 2385 (1994)]. In particular, we obtain relatively simple reversibility estimates without negative matrix-powers at no cost in tightness of our bounds. Our recovery operation is found to significantly outperform the so-called “transpose channel” in the simple case of depolarizing noise acting on half of a maximally entangled state. Furthermore, our overlap results allow the entangled input state and the output target state to differ, thus obtaining estimates in a somewhat more general setting. Using a result of König et al. [IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory 55, 4337 (2009)], our maximum overlap estimate is used to bound the conditional min-entropy of arbitrary bipartite states. Our primary tool is “small angle” initialization of an abstract generalization of the iterative schemes of Ježek et al. [Phys. Rev. A 65, 060301 (2002)], Ježek et al. [Phys. Rev. A 68, 012305 (2003)], and Reimpell and Werner [Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 080501 (2005)]. The monotonicity result of Reimpell [Ph.D. thesis, Technishe Universität, 2007] follows in greater generality.
Impact of InGaAs surface nitridation on interface properties of InGaAs metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitors using electron cyclotron resonance plasma sputtering SiO2
Authors: Hoshii T. , Yokoyama M. , Yamada H. , Hata M. , Yasuda T. , Takenaka M. , Takagi S.
Published: September 2010

We perform InGaAs surface nitridation using electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma and study the effect on interface properties of ECR-sputtered SiO2/InGaAs metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) capacitors. We demonstrate that the InGaAs surface nitridation, combined with in situ ECR SiO2 sputtering and annealing, effectively reduces the interface state density (Dit) of SiO2/InGaAs MOS capacitors and realizes a minimum Dit value of as low as 2×1011 cm−2 eV−1. It is found from x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses of the MOS interfaces that the MOS interfaces have almost no As oxides and that the nitridation and the subsequent annealing can reduce Ga oxides of InGaAs surfaces and form Ga–N bonds at the surfaces. It is suggested from the comparison in C-V and XPS data with and without nitridation that the Ga–N bond formation can be a key for the reduction in Dit, in addition to the suppression of Ga oxides and As oxides.
Direct observation of preferential heating near grain boundaries in patterned silicide films
Authors: Cannaerts M. , Volodin A. , Van Haesendonck C. , Chamirian O. , Maex K. , Smeets D. , Vantomme A.
Published: September 2010

Heat generation in silicide stripes is studied using scanning thermal expansion microscopy. Local hot spots in the lithographically patterned silicide stripes can be imaged with high spatial resolution (around 20 nm). On the micrometer scale the enhancement of temperature can be linked to pronounced depressions appearing in the film topography, resulting in current crowding. On the submicrometer scale hot spots appear that do not correlate with large thickness variations and can be accounted for by crystallographic silicide grain boundaries with a locally enhanced resistivity. Our experimental approach, which enables to monitor local heating with submicrometer spatial resolution, provides a sensitive method to monitor device reliability.
Three-dimensional localized coherent structures of surface turbulence. III. Experiment and model validation
Authors: Demekhin E. A. , Kalaidin E. N. , Selin A. S.
Published: September 2010

The paper continues a series of publications devoted to the three-dimensional (3D) nonlinear localized coherent structures on the surface of vertically falling liquid films. The work is primarily focused on experimental investigations. We study: (i) instabilities and transitions leading to 3D coherent structures and (ii) characteristics of these structures. Some nonstationary effects are also studied numerically. Our experimental results, as well as the results of other investigators, are in a good agreement with our theoretical and numerical predictions.
Structural and atoms-in-molecules analysis of hydrogen-bond network around nitroxides in liquid water
Authors: Houriez Céline , Masella Michel , Ferré Nicolas
Published: September 2010

In this study, we investigated the hydrogen-bond network patterns involving the NO moieties of five small nitroxides in liquid water by analyzing nanosecond scale molecular dynamics trajectories. To this end, we implemented two types of hydrogen-bond definitions, based on electronic structure, using Bader’s atoms-in-molecules analysis and based on geometric criteria. In each definition framework, the nitroxide/water hydrogen-bond networks appear very variable from a nitroxide to another. Moreover, each definition clearly leads to a different picture of nitroxide hydration. For instance, the electronic structure-based definition predicts a number of hydrogen bonds around the nitroxide NO moiety usually larger than geometric structure-based ones. One particularly interesting result is that the strength of a nitroxide/water hydrogen bond does not depend on its linearity, leading us to question the relevance of geometric definition based on angular cutoffs to study this type of hydrogen bond. Moreover, none of the hydrogen-bond definitions we consider in the present study is able to quantitatively correlate the strength of nitroxide/water hydrogen-bond networks with the aqueous nitroxide spin properties. This clearly exhibits that the hydrogen-bonding concept is not reliable enough to draw quantitative conclusions concerning such properties.
Breakup mechanisms of electrostatic atomization of corn oil and diesel fuel
Authors: Malkawi G. , Yarin A. L. , Mashayek F.
Published: September 2010

High-viscosity organic oils may be considered as an alternative to the ordinary diesel fuel. These organic oils and the diesel fuel are all Newtonian liquids; however, viscosity values of the organic oils are more than 20 times higher than that of the diesel fuel. In the present work, the electrostatic atomization of corn oil jets is studied and compared to the electrostatic atomization of diesel fuel jets. The experimental data revealed that in addition to the varicose breakup of straight jets, bending modes set in and grow in conjunction with the varicose undulations. Bending instability, kindred to the aerodynamically-driven bending instability of high-speed liquid jets moving in air, and to the electrically-driven bending instability of polymer jets in electrospinning, is significantly more pronounced in the case of the highly-viscous corn oil jets than in diesel jets. The experimental results are interpreted using the theory of bending instability developed previously for electrospinning.
The early stage dissolution of Ni and the nucleation of Ni–Sn intermetallic compound at the interface during the soldering of Sn–3.5Ag on a Ni substrate
Authors: Lin Yu-Wei , Lin Kwang-Lung
Published: September 2010

The early stage soldering reaction, reflow for 5 s at 250 °C followed by a liquid nitrogen quench, of Sn–3.5Ag on an electroplated Ni substrate gives rise to a Ni dissolution zone, an amorphous Ni–Sn diffusion zone, and nuclei of NiSn intermetallic compound within the interfacial region. The nucleation of NiSn takes place at the interface between the dissolution zone and the amorphous diffusion zone as well as within the amorphous Ni–Sn diffusion zone, producing 10 nm nanocrystallites. High resolution transmission electron microscope observations indicate that NiSn is the preliminary intermetallic compound that forms during the soldering reaction.
Structure and photoluminescence of ultrathin films of SnO2 nanoparticles synthesized by means of pulsed laser deposition
Authors: Gaidi M. , Hajjaji A. , Smirani R. , Bessais B. , El Khakani M. A.
Published: September 2010

Tin oxide (SnO2) ultrathin films were deposited by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) onto SiO2/Si and quartz substrates, at various nominal thicknesses ranging from isolated nanoparticles (NPs) to ∼300 nm-thick films, under an oxygen background pressure of 10 mTorr. The microstructural and surface morphologies of the NP-based SnO2 films were characterized by x-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy, as a function of their nominal film thickness. The PLD-SnO2 films were found to be composed of NPs (in the 1–6 nm range), whose size increases with the film thickness. The energy band gap, as determined from the absorption edge, was found to shift to higher values with decreasing the film thickness (i.e., decreasing the NPs size). It was found that an annealing at 700 °C under O2 ambient is a prerequisite to get a photoluminescence (PL) emission from the PLD-SnO2 films. The PL of the annealed SnO2 films was found to consist of two broad emission bands, regardless of the SnO2 film thickness. The first band is composed of 3 PL subbands peaking at 3.20, 3.01, and 2.90 eV, while the second one is centered on 2.48 eV. In spite of the observed band-gap widening (as confirmed by theoretical calculation), we show that surface state (e.g., oxygen vacancies) dominate completely the PL emission of SnO2 NPs, which becomes more luminescent as the NPs size decreases while the PL energy remains unchanged. The PL properties of the PLD-SnO2 NPs are discussed in terms of defects and/or oxygen vacancies related transitions.
A simple design of an artificial electromagnetic black hole
Authors: Lu Wanli , Jin JunFeng , Lin Zhifang , Chen Huanyang
Published: September 2010

We conduct a rigorous study on the properties of an artificial electromagnetic black hole for transverse magnetic modes. A multilayered structure of such a black hole is then proposed as a reduced variety for easy experimental implementations. An actual design of composite materials based on the effective medium theory is given with only five kinds of real isotropic materials. The finite element method confirms the functionality of such a simple design.
Room-temperature infrared photoluminescence from sputter-deposited InN films
Authors: Sasaoka Takashi , Mori Masaki , Miyazaki Takayuki , Adachi Sadao
Published: September 2010

Wurtzite InN films are deposited on Si(100) and glass substrates by reactive rf-magnetron sputtering at a substrate temperature of 300 °C. The InN films have high electron concentrations of n∼4×1020 cm−3 at 300 K. The optical band-gap energy is determined to be ∼1.4 eV at 300 K. This value is considerably smaller than the previously reported value of ∼2 eV in sputter-deposited InN films. Strong infrared photoluminescence (PL) with a peak at ∼1.3 eV is also observed at room temperature. Thermal annealing in dry N2 atmosphere at 600 °C changes the deposited film from wurtzite InN to a cubic In2O3 that still exhibits PL emission but in the visible spectral region (∼2 eV).
Turn-on delay and Auger recombination in long-wavelength vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers
Authors: Volet N. , Kapon E.
Published: September 2010

Measuring the turn-on delay of diode lasers provides useful information on carrier recombination dynamics, particularly Auger recombination, essential for their design for high-speed modulation and power-efficient performance. Here we present a rigorous, comprehensive relationship between the time delay and the Auger recombination coefficient. We demonstrate the application of this formulation by extracting this coefficient for AlGaInAs/InP quantum wells incorporated in long-wavelength vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers.
Effect of O2 adsorption on electron scattering at Cu(001) surfaces
Authors: Chawla J. S. , Zahid F. , Guo H. , Gall D.
Published: September 2010

The electrical resistance of epitaxial Cu(001) sequentially increases, decreases, and again increases when exposed to 10−3–105 Pa s of O2. This is attributed to partial specular surface scattering for smooth clean Cu(001) and for the surface with a complete adsorbed monolayer, but diffuse scattering at partial coverage and after chemical oxidation. A model relates the surface coverage to the specularity parameter and finds adatom and advacancy scattering cross-sections of 0.8±0.2 and 0.06±0.03 nm2, which are qualitatively validated by nonequilibrium ab initio transport simulations. The rates for resistance change are proportional to the O2 partial pressure.
Efficient stochastic thermostatting of path integral molecular dynamics
Authors: Ceriotti Michele , Parrinello Michele , Markland Thomas E. , Manolopoulos David E.
Published: September 2010

The path integral molecular dynamics (PIMD) method provides a convenient way to compute the quantum mechanical structural and thermodynamic properties of condensed phase systems at the expense of introducing an additional set of high frequency normal modes on top of the physical vibrations of the system. Efficiently sampling such a wide range of frequencies provides a considerable thermostatting challenge. Here we introduce a simple stochastic path integral Langevin equation (PILE) thermostat which exploits an analytic knowledge of the free path integral normal mode frequencies. We also apply a recently developed colored noise thermostat based on a generalized Langevin equation (GLE), which automatically achieves a similar, frequency-optimized sampling. The sampling efficiencies of these thermostats are compared with that of the more conventional Nosé–Hoover chain (NHC) thermostat for a number of physically relevant properties of the liquid water and hydrogen-in-palladium systems. In nearly every case, the new PILE thermostat is found to perform just as well as the NHC thermostat while allowing for a computationally more efficient implementation. The GLE thermostat also proves to be very robust delivering a near-optimum sampling efficiency in all of the cases considered. We suspect that these simple stochastic thermostats will therefore find useful application in many future PIMD simulations.
Optimized surface-emitting photonic-crystal terahertz quantum cascade lasers with reduced resonator dimensions
Authors: Sevin Gregoire , Fowler Daivid , Xu Gangyi , Julien Francois H. , Colombelli Raffaele , Khanna Suraj P. , Linfield Edmund H. , Davies A. Giles
Published: September 2010

Terahertz frequency photonic-crystal quantum cascade lasers allow directional and controllable surface emission while at the same time functioning efficiently well above liquid nitrogen temperature. Through an in-depth understanding of the mechanism underlying surface emission, we demonstrate optimized devices with significantly reduced absolute threshold currents. We are able to reduce the device surface area by more than a factor of two, while maintaining angularly narrow, single-lobed surface emission with a divergence of ≈10°×10°. The devices emit at ∼2.8–2.9 THz, with maximum operating temperatures in the range 80–150 K.
Role of graphene/substrate interface on the local transport properties of the two-dimensional electron gas
Authors: Sonde S. , Giannazzo F. , Vecchio C. , Yakimova R. , Rimini E. , Raineri V.
Published: September 2010

The electron mean free path (lgr) is “locally” evaluated by scanning capacitance spectroscopy on graphene obtained with different preparation methods and on different substrates, i.e., graphene exfoliated from highly oriented pyrolitic graphite (HOPG) and deposited (DG) on 4H-SiC(0001) and on SiO2 and epitaxial graphene grown on 4H-SiC(0001) (EG). lgr in DG on SiC was more than four times larger than in DG on SiO2. The improved mean free path is explained by the higher permittivity of SiC compared to SiO2, yielding a better dielectric screening of charged-impurities, and by the weaker coupling of graphene two-dimensional-electron-gas with surface polar phonons of SiC. On the other hand, lgr on EG is on average ∼0.4 times that on DG-SiC and exhibits large variations from point to point, due to the presence of a laterally inhomogeneous positively charged layer at EG/SiC interface.
Efficiency enhancement in small molecule bulk heterojunction organic solar cells via additive
Authors: Fan Haijun , Shang Huixia , Li Yongfang , Zhan Xiaowei
Published: September 2010

Improved performance of small molecule bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic solar cells based on 4,7-bis(2-triphenylamino-3-dodecyl-thiophene-5-yl)-benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (TTBTT)/PC71BM (1:3, w/w) blend has been obtained by using 1,8-octanedithiol (ODT) as a processing additive. Based on the analysis of absorption spectrum, charge transport, and film morphology, the 30% enhancement in power conversion efficiency (PCE) via 1% ODT addition is attributed to aggregated domain formation, enhanced absorption, improved hole mobility, and more balanced charge transport. Finally, a PCE as high as 2.86% was achieved, which is among the top reported for solution-processed small molecule BHJ organic solar cells.
Gd
@
Au
15
: A magic magnetic gold cluster for cancer therapy and bioimaging
Authors: Yadav Brahm Deo , Kumar Vijay
Published: September 2010

We report from ab initio calculations a magic magnetic cage cluster of gold, Gd@Au15, obtained by doping of a Gd atom in gold clusters. It has a highest occupied molecular orbital-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital gap of 1.31 eV within the generalized gradient approximation that makes it a potential candidate for cancer therapy with an additional attractive feature that its large magnetic moment of 7 μB could be beneficial for magnetic resonance imaging.
Dual cylindrical metallic grating-cladding polymer hollow waveguide for terahertz transmission with low loss
Authors: Tian Dongbin , Zhang Huaiwu , Wen Qiye , Wang Zhiguo , Li Sheng , Chen Zhongjun , Guo Xuejiao
Published: September 2010

In this paper, a dual cylindrical metallic grating-cladding polymer hollow terahertz waveguide is proposed for the transmission of a wavelength range between 100 μm and 1.5 mm with low loss. The waveguide is comprised of copper cylindrical gratings embedded in both sides of hollow high-density polyethylene tubing. Numerical calculation shows that the dual cylindrical metallic grating-cladding polymer hollow waveguide can guide terahertz waves in the central air core with excellent mode qualities, and experimental results confirm that the attenuation constant of linear polarization HE11 mode can be reduced to 0.62 dB/m.
Fabrication of freestanding, microperforated membranes and their applications in microfluidics
Authors: Zheng Yizhe , Dai Wen , Ryan Declan , Wu Hongkai
Published: September 2010

This manuscript describes a convenient method for the fabrication of freestanding, microperforated membranes in photocurable polymers using only one step of photolithography. We used photosensitive prepolymers to make the membranes and photolithography to define the micropatterns. We demonstrated the fabrication of single- and multilayer microperforated membranes in SU-8 photoresist and Norland Optical Adhesive prepolymer. These membranes can be used to pattern surfaces in various materials and to fabricate complex three-dimensional microfluidic channel structures.
Air-stable n-type organic thin-film transistor array and high gain complementary inverter on flexible substrate
Authors: Fujisaki Yoshihide , Nakajima Yoshiki , Kumaki Daisuke , Yamamoto Toshihiro , Tokito Shizuo , Kono Takahiro , Nishida Jun-ichi , Yamashita Yoshiro
Published: September 2010

Air-stable n-type organic thin-film transistor (TFT) arrays and a complementary inverter circuit were fabricated on a flexible substrate. A benzobis(thiadiazole) (BBT) derivative-based TFT showed excellent air- stability and performances such as an electron mobility of over 0.1 cm2/V s, a large ON/OFF ratio over 108 when combined with a cross-linkable olefin-type polymer gate dielectric. In addition, an organic complementary inverter that combined the BBT derivative and a pentacene TFT demonstrated a sharp switching behavior and a high gain of over 150. We attribute these excellent characteristics to a combination of the low-lying lowest unoccupied molecular orbital level of n-type semiconductor material and the low interface trap of the gate dielectric.
A numerical method for designing acoustic cloak with homogeneous metamaterials
Authors: Zhu Weiren , Ding Changlin , Zhao Xiaopeng
Published: September 2010

Based on the form invariance of Helmholtz equation, we present a rhombic acoustic cloak constructed with homogeneous metamaterials. In free space, the proposed cloak can effectively conceal an object inside under a given incident direction. Another application, namely carpet cloak, was also demonstrated by full wave simulations. The proposed cloak provided great convenience in the fabrication process due to the spatially uniform of relative density and modulus tensors.
Hiding levitating objects above a ground plane
Authors: Zhang Jingjing , Luo Yu , Mortensen Niels Asger
Published: September 2010

An approach to hiding objects levitating above a conducting sheet is suggested in this paper. The proposed device makes use of isotropic negative-refractive-index materials without extreme material parameters, and creates an illusion of a remote conducting sheet. Numerical simulations are performed to investigate the performance of this cloak in two-dimensional and three-dimensional cases.
Graphene and graphene oxide nanogap electrodes fabricated by atomic force microscopy nanolithography
Authors: He Yudong , Dong Huanli , Li Tao , Wang Chengliang , Shao Wei , Zhang Yajie , Jiang Lang , Hu Wenping
Published: September 2010

Nanogap electrodes have been studied intensively both as ideal research tools for molecular electronics and fundamental building blocks for nanodevices. Here, graphene and graphene oxide nanogap electrodes with gap width below 10 nm were fabricated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) nanolithography. It provides a simple and convenient way to fabricate nanogap electrodes and transfer the nanogap electrodes onto any required substrate. As a preliminary demonstration, organic field-effect transistors and organic photoswitchers based on the nanogap electrodes were fabricated, which all exhibited high performance, indicating the great prospect of the nanogap electrodes and the AFM nanolithography technique for molecular electronics.
Tunnel barrier parameters derivation from normalized differential conductance in Hg/organic monomolecular layer-Si junctions
Authors: Godet C. , Fadjie-Djomkam A. B. , Ababou-Girard S. , Solal F.
Published: September 2010

The shape of tunnel barrier junctions is derived from experimental current density versus bias, J(V), using the normalized differential conductance, NDC=d log J/d log V, to discriminate barrier height, ΦT, and barrier width, dT, effects. Parameterization of the Simmons model for a rectangular tunnel barrier, with NDC≈dTV/(ΦT-qV)1/2, provides physical (dT,ΦT) values for Hg∥monomolecular layer—n Si(111) junctions incorporating functionalized n-alkyl layers covalently bonded to silicon.
Phase change memory cell using Ge2Sb2Te5 and softly broken-down TiO2 films for multilevel operation
Authors: Choi Byung Joon , Choi Seol , Eom Taeyong , Rha Sang Ho , Kim Kyung Min , Hwang Cheol Seong
Published: September 2010

A phase change memory cell was fabricated by stacking plasma-enhanced cyclic chemical-vapor-deposited Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST) and atomic layer deposited TiO2 thin films. Different pairs of resistance states were obtained by controlling the current flow, which can be used to achieve higher memory density by multilevel operation. The multiresistance states of the stacked cell were explained by the resistance switching phenomena of TiO2 and the thermoelectric phase change properties of GST. The phase change characteristics of GST could be altered by controlling the degree of filament formation in the TiO2 layer, which eventually changed the phase change volume in the GST.
Investigation of single and multidomain Pb(In0.5Nb0.5)O3–Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbTiO3 crystals with mm2 symmetry
Authors: Zhang Shujun , Li Fei , Luo Jun , Xia Ru , Hackenberger Wesley , Shrout Thomas R.
Published: September 2010

The piezoelectric properties of Pb(In0.5Nb0.5)O3–Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbTiO3 crystals with various engineered domain configurations were investigated. Rhombohedral and monoclinic/orthorhombic crystals poled along their crystallographic [011] directions were found to possess macroscopic mm2 symmetry, with “2R” and “1O” domain, respectively. Crystals with the “2R” domain configuration were found to exhibit high extensional piezoelectric coefficients d33 (∼1300 pC/N) and d32 (∼−1680 pC/N), while crystals with the “1O” configuration possessed high shear coefficients d15 (∼3500 pC/N) and d24 (∼2070 pC/N), with relatively low extensional piezoelectric coefficients d33 (∼340 pC/N) and d32 (∼−260 pC/N). The observed results were explained by “polarization rotation” model, as related to their respective domain configurations.
Linking hopping conductivity to giant dielectric permittivity in oxides
Authors: Artemenko A. , Elissalde C. , Chung U.-C. , Estournès C. , Mornet S. , Bykov I. , Maglione M.
Published: September 2010

With the promise of electronics breakthrough, giant dielectric permittivity materials are under deep investigations. In most of the oxides where such behavior was observed, charged defects at interfaces are quoted for such giant behavior to occur but the underlying conduction and localization mechanisms are not well known. Comparing macroscopic dielectric relaxation to microscopic dynamics of charged defects resulting from electron paramagnetic resonance investigations we identify the actual charged defects in the case of BaTiO3 ceramics and composites. This link between the thermal activation at these two complementary scales may be extended to the numerous oxides were giant dielectric behavior was found.
Fast imaging with alternative signal for dynamic atomic force microscopy
Authors: Lee Chibum , Salapaka Srinivasa M.
Published: September 2010

In this paper, a method for imaging in amplitude-modulation atomic force microscopy is developed which enables accurate sample-profile imaging even at high scanning speeds where existing methods that use the actuator input signal fail. The central concept is to use a model of the vertical positioning actuator to compensate for the artifacts introduced due to its compliance in high scanning frequencies. We provide experiments that compare sample-profile estimates from our method with the existing methods and demonstrate significant improvement (by 70%) in the estimation bandwidth. The proposed design allows for specifying a trade-off between the sample-profile estimation error and estimation bandwidth.