bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intraspecific variation in responses to aposematic prey in a jumping spider (Phidippus regius)
Authors: Powell Erin C. , Taylor Lisa A.
Published: September 2020

Aposematic signals often allow chemically defended prey to avoid attack from generalist predators, including jumping spiders. However, not all individual predators in a population behave in the same way. Here, in laboratory trials, we document that most individual Phidippus regius jumping spiders attack and reject chemically defended milkweed bugs (Oncopeltus fasciatus), immediately releasing them unharmed. However, a small number of individuals within the population kill and completely consume these presumably toxic prey items. This phenomenon was infrequent with only 14% of our sample (17/122) consuming the milkweed bugs over the course of the study. Individuals that killed and consumed bugs often did so repeatedly; specifically, individuals that consumed a bug in their first test were more likely to kill a bug in their second test and also tended to consume them again. We explored what might drive some (but not all) individuals to consume these bugs and found that neither sex, sexual maturity, body size, laboratory housing type, nor being wild‐caught or being laboratory‐reared, predicted milkweed bug consumption. Consuming bugs had no negative effects on spider mass or body condition; contrary to expectations, individuals that consumed milkweed bugs actually gained more body mass and increased in body condition. We discuss potential behavioural and physiological variation between individuals that may drive these rare behaviours and the implications for the evolution of prey defences.
Recent and rapid anthropogenic habitat fragmentation increases extinction risk for freshwater biodiversity
Authors: Brauer Chris J. , Beheregaray Luciano B.
Published: September 2020

Anthropogenic habitat fragmentation is often implicated as driving the current global extinction crisis, particularly in freshwater ecosystems. The genetic signal of recent population isolation can be confounded by the complex spatial arrangement of dendritic river systems. Consequently, many populations may presently be managed separately based on an incorrect assumption that they have evolved in isolation. Integrating landscape genomics data with models of connectivity that account for landscape structure, we show that the cumulative effects of multiple in‐stream barriers have contributed to the recent decline of a freshwater fish from the Murray–Darling Basin, Australia. In addition, individual‐based eco‐evolutionary simulations further demonstrate that contemporary inferences about population isolation are consistent with the 160‐year time frame since construction of in‐stream barriers began in the region. Our findings suggest that the impact of very recent fragmentation may be often underestimated for freshwater biodiversity. We argue that proactive conservation measures to reconnect many riverine populations are urgently needed.
Freehand magnetic needle guidance technology for intra‐articular cervical injection in horses
Authors: Crecente P. , Argüelles D. , Cifuentes M.
Published: September 2020

The use of ultrasound‐guided injections is a widely known and well‐established procedure in equine medicine not only for intra‐articular procedures but also for treating injuries affecting soft tissues. The aim of this study was to compare the conventional ultrasound‐guided technique (CUGT) with a modified ultrasound‐guided magnetic navigation technique (MUGT) in the articular process joints spaces of the cervical vertebrae. The aforementioned techniques were compared by measuring the degree of difficulty, the time employed and the success of the procedure (injecting blue methylene into the articular process joints spaces of cadavers to allow us to know whether the procedure was successful). Neck specimens from 11 cadavers were used to conduct this study. To compare the two different techniques, the articular process joints spaces of 11 specimens were injected bilaterally using ultrasound guidance, using one technique on each side. One millilitre of methylene blue was injected into the C2‐C3, C3‐C4, C4‐C5 and C5‐C6 articular process joints; then, these joints were dissected to verify the success rate of the injections. The results were similar regarding the success rate of the procedure; however, there were differences in the time employed (25.0 s median runtime for MUGT vs. 32.1 s median runtime for CUGT) and the degree of difficulty (1.3 attempts on average for MUGT vs. 2.4 attempts on average for CUGT). According to the results of this study, MUGT involved less difficulty and slightly less time employed to inject the cervical articular processes joints than CUGT; however, further studies in live horses are needed to assess the efficiency of this method, and studies in other joints or soft tissues are needed to validate the method. This new technique could also improve other equine ultrasound‐guided procedures, such as nerve blocks, ultrasound‐guided tendon/joints treatments or other articular injections.
When large marine predators feed on fisheries catches: Global patterns of the depredation conflict and directions for coexistence
Authors: Tixier Paul , Lea Mary‐Anne , Hindell Mark A. , Welsford Dirk , Mazé Camille , Gourguet Sophie , Arnould John P. Y.
Published: September 2020

The sustainable mitigation of human–wildlife conflicts has become a major societal and environmental challenge globally. Among these conflicts, large marine predators feeding on fisheries catches, a behaviour termed “depredation,” has emerged concomitantly with the expansion of the world’s fisheries. Depredation poses threats to both the socio‐economic viability of fisheries and species conservation, stressing the need for mitigation. This review synthesizes the extent and socio‐ecological impacts of depredation by sharks and marine mammals across the world, and the various approaches used to minimize it. Depredation was reported in 214 fisheries between 1979 and 2019 (70% post‐2000) and affected fleets from 44 countries, in all sectors (commercial, artisanal and recreational), and in all major fishing techniques (nets, traps and hook‐and‐lines). A total of 68 predator species were involved in depredation (20 odontocetes, 21 pinnipeds and 27 sharks), and most (73%) were subject to either by‐catch and/or retaliatory killing from fishers when interacting with gear. Impacts on fishers were primarily associated with catch losses and gear damage but often lacked assessments. Deterrence was a major mitigation approach but also the least effective. Gear modifications or behavioural adaptation by fishers were more promising. This review highlights the need for improved monitoring, and interdisciplinary and integrated research to quantify the determinants and impacts of depredation in the socio‐ecological dimension. More importantly, as the conflict is likely to escalate, efforts directed towards changing perceptions and integrating knowledge through adaptive co‐management are raised as key directions towards coexistence between fisheries and large marine predators.
Interparental Relationship Adjustment, Parenting, and Offspring’s Cigarette Smoking at the 10‐Year Follow‐up
Authors: Zhao Xiang , Prandstetter Katharina , Jansen Elena , Hahlweg Kurt , Schulz Wolfgang , Foran Heather M.
Published: September 2020

Familial influences on children’s cigarette smoking have been established, yet little is known about whether these influences in childhood relate to offspring’s smoking behavior in adolescence. Drawing on prior work showing that children’s emotional and behavioral problems (i.e., internalizing and externalizing behavior problems) are influenced by both interparental and parent–child relationships, we examined whether children’s emotional and behavioral problems would further predict their smoking behavior in adolescence. Two hundred and twenty‐one families were followed from early childhood (Mage = 4.05 years) to the 10‐year follow‐up. Interparental relationship adjustment and disagreement, dysfunctional parenting, and children’s emotional and behavioral problems were reported by both mothers and fathers. Adolescents’ self‐reported cigarette smoking status was assessed along with other demographic variables. Using structural equation modeling, the hypothesis was only supported based on mothers’ reports, suggesting that early couple relationship adjustment and parenting relate to children’s emotional and behavioral problems, which associate with smoking behavior in adolescence. When the hypothesized model was tested with emotional and behavioral problems separately, only behavioral problems were related to adolescent smoking for both parents. Findings from this study support models of family environment and children’s behavioral problems, providing evidence of the long‐term links with adolescent cigarette smoking behaviors. Further family‐focused research and preventive work, for instance, testing the combination of partner support and parent training, are needed.
A Voice for Children in Guardianship Proceedings
Authors: McGuire Mollie
Published: September 2020

This paper argues that children in guardianship proceedings—specifically cases with allegations of abuse, neglect, or dependency; and cases that are contested—should be appointed a GAL. Many children in guardianship cases in probate court face issues similar to those that children in juvenile court face, and yet, they are denied the right to an advocate as well as many other important due process protections that are available in juvenile court. Critics of probate court have suggested a variety of solutions, including outright abolition of guardianship cases in probate court.7 Because wholesale reform such as abolition may not be financially or politically feasible, this paper suggest a smaller, more concrete solution—namely, the appointment of a GAL for children in guardianship proceedings when allegations of abuse, neglect, or dependency are present, or when the guardianship is contested.
Proteases and pseudoproteases in parasitic arthropods of clinical importance
Authors: Fernando Deepani Darshika , Fischer Katja
Published: September 2020

Parasitic arthropods feed on blood or skin tissue and share comparable repertoires of proteases involved in haematophagy, digestion, egg development and immunity. While proteolytically active proteases of multiple classes dominate, an increasing number of pseudoproteases have been discovered that have no proteolytic function but are pharmacologically active biomolecules, evolved to carry out alternative functions as regulatory, antihaemostatic, anti‐inflammatory or immunomodulatory compounds. In this review, we provide an overview of proteases and pseudoproteases from clinically important arthropod parasites. Many of these act in central biological pathways of parasite survival and host–parasite interaction and may be potential targets for therapeutic interventions.
“I have turned into a foreman here at home”: Families and work–life balance in times of COVID‐19 in a gender equality paradise
Authors: Hjálmsdóttir Andrea , Bjarnadóttir Valgerður S.
Published: September 2020

This article explores the gendered realities of work–life balance in Iceland during the COVID‐19 pandemic, in particular how these societal changes reflect and affect the gendered division of unpaid labor, such as childcare and household chores. The study draws on open‐ended real‐time diary entries, collected for 2 weeks during the peak of the pandemic in Iceland. The entries represent the voices of 37 mothers in heteronormative relationships. The findings imply that, during the pandemic, the mothers took on greater mental work than before. They also described intense emotional labor, as they tried to keep everyone calm and safe. The division of tasks at home lay on their shoulders, causing them stress and frustration. The findings suggest that, even in a country that has been at the top of the Gender Gap Index for several years, an unprecedented situation like COVID‐19 can reveal and exaggerate strong gender norms and expectations toward mothers.
Understanding, ownership, or resistance: Explaining persistent gender inequality in public services
Authors: Colley Linda , Williamson Sue , Foley Meraiah
Published: September 2020

Gender inequality persists in the public services in many Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development countries, despite decades of policy and strategic initiatives designed to promote greater equality. Resistance to gender equality, characterized by opposition to change or support for the status quo, has emerged as one potential explanation for the disconnection between policies and outcomes. This article explores whether concepts of resistance assist to explain slow progress towards gender equality in our study of four Australian public sector jurisdictions, where we asked middle managers about their understanding of, and action towards, gender equality. We found that managers were committed to gender equality and held a general understanding of their jurisdiction's gender equality policies, but lacked a deeper understanding of how organizations and human resource practice are gendered, which impeded translating commitment into action. This resulted in various levels of resistance and an unwillingness or inability to operationalize policies and strategies. This indicates that public services have progressed from identifying the problem to not knowing how to operationalize solutions. Our research contributes to the resistance literature, showing the existence of the various forms of gender equality resistance, which can impede action. A further contribution is that our research did not find differences between the approaches of male and female managers in gender‐balanced organizations, with both equally aware of the policies but demonstrating similar levels and types of resistance.
No‐Purge Groundwater Sampling for PFAS
Authors: Armstrong Melissa , Seitz Matthew J. , Beetle‐Moorcroft Fern , Lipson David S.
Published: September 2020

Article impact statement: A no‐purge groundwater sampling method for PFAS using disposable bailers is demonstrated to be effective to a 95% degree of confidence.
Multicenter study on the consciousness‐regaining effect of a newly developed artificial liver support system in acute liver failure: An on‐line continuous hemodiafiltration system
Authors: Takikawa Yasuhiro , Kakisaka Keisuke , Suzuki Yuji , Ido Akio , Shimamura Tsuyoshi , Nishida Osamu , Oda Shigeto , Shimosegawa Tooru
Published: September 2020

Aim

Acute liver failure (ALF) patients with coma need to be revived not only for spontaneous recovery but also as a bridge to liver transplantation. We developed a new high‐volume plasma purification system using an on‐line continuous hemodiafiltration (CHDF) system, and evaluated its safety and efficacy in a multicenter study.

Methods

A single arm interventional study using the new apparatus was undertaken in the six major liver centers in Japan. The primary end‐point was the proportion of patients who regained consciousness within 10 days, which was compared with a historical control (47%). Nine ALF patients were enrolled and treated with the new machine. One patient was excluded because of the need for artificial respiration support according to the established protocol.

Results

Seven of eight (87.5%) patients regained consciousness during the on‐line CHDF session, with five of those seven waking within 4 days. After waking, one patient spontaneously recovered, three received liver transplantation, two died of liver failure, and one died of another disease. The plasma ammonia levels significantly decreased after the start of on‐line CHDF from 182.5 ± 64.8 μg/dL (mean ± SD) on day 0 to 87.0 ± 38.9 μg/dL on the last day of the session (P < 0.001). Similarly, the plasma glutamine level also significantly decreased from 2069 ± 1234 μmol/L to 628 ± 193 μmol/L. Although seven severe adverse events occurred during on‐line‐CHDF, no causal relationship with liver support was recognized.

Conclusions

The newly developed on‐line CHDF system showed high efficacy for regain of consciousness and excellent therapeutic safety for managing ALF.
The effect of heat treatment on tensile properties of 2D C/SiC composites
Authors: Mei Hui , Lu Mingyang , Zhou Shixiang , Cheng Laifei
Published: September 2020

Two‐dimensional (2D) carbon fiber reinforced silicon carbide (C/SiC) composites with different initial strength were prepared by chemical vapor infiltration (CVI). After tensile property testing, results exhibited that as the heat‐treatment temperature (HTT) increases to 1900°C, the tensile strength and toughness of the low strength specimen (LSS) increased by 110% and 530%, while the high strength specimen (HSS) increased by 5.4% and 550%, respectively. As observed from morphologies, the heat treatment increases the graphitization of the amorphous PyC interphase, which leads to the weakening of interfacial bonding strength (IBS). Meanwhile, the defects arising from heat treatment cause thermal residual stress relaxation. Therefore, the tensile strength and toughness of LSS with relatively high initial IBS increase significantly as HTT increases. For HSS with moderate initial IBS, the heat treatment slightly improves the tensile strength, but significantly improves the toughness. Consequently, the post‐heat‐treatment tensile properties of 2D C/SiC composites can be regulated by varying HTTs and different initial strength.
Effect of Al contained in polymer‐derived SiC crystals on creating stable crystal grain boundaries
Authors: Usukawa Ryutaro , Ishikawa Toshihiro
Published: September 2020

Si‐Al‐C‐O materials are well‐known as a good precursor material for obtaining a dense, excellent heat‐resistant SiC polycrystalline materials. Although it has been found that the aluminum contained in Si‐Al‐C‐O materials plays an important role in obtaining dense SiC materials, its actual behavior during heat‐treatment processes has not been investigated. In this study, we investigated the behavior of aluminum contained in the SiC crystals, during the densification of SiC crystals produced from the Si‐Al‐C‐O material. A part of the aluminum contained in the SiC crystals plays an important role in creating a thermodynamically stable grain boundary by the diffusional transportation of aluminum to the SiC grain boundaries at temperatures above 1700°C. Subsequently, most of the aluminum disappeared during the heat treatment at higher temperatures (~1900°C); as a consequence, a dense SiC solid solution with uniformly distributed residual aluminum (0.15wt%) was formed without a secondary phase at the grain boundary.
Viscosity and crystallization of bioactive glasses from 45S5 to 13‐93
Authors: Coon Erin , Whittier Alana M. , Abel Brett M. , Stapleton Erika L. , Miller Ryan , Fu Qiang
Published: September 2020

There has been increasing interest in the use of bioactive glasses for soft and hard tissue regeneration due to their excellent ability in supporting angiogenesis and osteogenesis. Silicate 45S5 glass, discovered by Hench in 1969, remains as the “Gold Standard” in this material family. However, the ability to form 45S5 into complex 3D shapes is challenging due to its tendency to crystallize upon sintering. Another silicate 13‐93 glass shows better processing characteristics through viscous flow sintering. Our work attempts to provide a comprehensive understanding of the viscosity and crystallization kinetics on these two glasses and two intermediates between them (designated as 48S1T and 50S2T). Viscosity analysis reveals a low liquidus viscosity and a high fragility index for all four compositions, making it necessary to use a traditional sintering process to produce structures of desired, complex shape. Nonisothermal crystallization kinetics study using differential scanning calorimetry indicates that the two intermediates show better thermal stability than the 45S5 glass and approach that of 13‐93 glass. A gradual change in physical properties, thermal stability, and phase assemblage was noticed with the composition transitioning from 45S5 to 13‐93. Results from this work suggest the promising attributes in both intermediates 48S1T and 50S2T compositions, making them attractive candidates for further studies for wide biomedical applications.
High yield of glucose from cassava starch hydrolysis by poly(4‐vinylpyridine) hydrochloride
Authors: Ramanandraibe Voahangy , Rakotondramanga Maonja Finaritra , Alson Hervé Fidèle , Andriamirijatsimanadinosoa Jean Vareine , Andrianjafy Tovo Mbolatiana , Metay Estelle , Lemaire Marc
Published: September 2020

Cassava is an abundant and cheap source of starch which is largely used to produce sugar and dextrin. In this work, Hydrolysis of cassava starch using some active catalysts: poly(4‐vinylpyridine) hydrochloride (PVP, HCl), green clay activated with HCl, Amberlyst 36, Montmorillonite KSF, zeolite and HCl were investigated. Temperature, reaction time, concentration of starch and catalyst amount were the parameters considered during each experience. The catalyst precursor (PVP, HCl) showed to be an efficient, selective, recyclable and gave a high yield of glucose syrup (82%) with 95% of total reducing sugar without pretreatment process. Reactions were carried out at 95 °C with various concentrations of starch, up to 600 g L−1. The consumable glucose syrup obtained with this process was similar to the commercial reference. A small quantity (2%–3%) of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) was the only by‐product and it could be extracted with ethyl acetate. Bio‐fermentation of the non‐treated hydrolysate gave a good yield of ethanol (93%) after only 12 h.
Comparative analysis of physicochemical, rheological, sensory and flavour properties of yoghurts using a new probiotic Bacillus coagulans 13002 with traditional yoghurt starter
Authors: Zhao Shan , Zhou Qin‐yu , Huang Yan‐yan , Nan Shu‐gang , Liu Dong‐mei
Published: September 2020

Bacillus coagulans 13002 (13002) as a new potential starter was incorporated into the yoghurts for fermentation in this study. We compared three groups of yoghurt, including Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus (SL), 13002 (BCS), and 13002 and SL (BCS + SL). Compared with the combination of SL and BCS, the group of BCS + SL exhibited better flavour, higher titratable acidity, cohesiveness and richer volatile compounds, suggesting that the combination of BCS and SL was more efficient to produce the best sensory properties of yoghurt (P < 0.05). The production of volatile compounds in fermentation with and without the addition of BCS was mainly affected by aldehydes, ketones, esters and hydrocarbons, respectively. Furthermore, BCS additions into traditional starters resulted in increasing organic acids and speeding up the usage of sucrose and lactose during the fermentation period of yoghurt. Our study suggested that BCS is a favourable starter supplement for improving the quality of probiotic yoghurts.
Development of low‐fat chicken bologna sausages enriched with inulin, oat fibre or psyllium
Authors: Ferjančič Blaž , Kugler Saša , Korošec Mojca , Polak Tomaž , Bertoncelj Jasna
Published: September 2020

Growing demand for healthy meat products and the contemporary focus on the role of dietary fibre in nutrition have resulted in the development of reformulated meat products. This study investigated the enrichment of chicken bologna type sausages with 3% and 6% inulin, oat fibre or psyllium, while decreasing the fat content. Enrichment with 3% inulin or oat fibre was most suitable due to the comparable colour (a*: 10.96 vs. 10.16 for control, b*: 9.28 vs. 8.94 for control), texture parameters (adhesiveness: 0.26 N vs. 0.38 N for control, gumminess: 55.51N vs. 54.74 N for control, cohesiveness: 0.72 vs. 0.70 for control, hardness: 77.45 N vs. 78.03 N for control, springiness 0.94 vs. 0.93 for control, resilience: 0.39 vs. 0.37 for control, chewiness: 52.16 N vs. 50.93 N for control) and sensory properties to the control. Psyllium was less suitable regardless of the amount added to the bologna type chicken sausages. Enrichment with 6% dietary fibre had negative effects on the instrumental and sensory parameters. Sensory evaluation by consumers showed comparable acceptability for chicken bologna type sausages enriched with 3% inulin or oat fibre; however, sausages enriched with psyllium or 6% inulin or oat fibre were less acceptable.
The Sysmex XN‐L (XN‐350) hematology analyzer offers a compact solution for laboratories in niche diagnostics
Authors: Khartabil Tania A. , de Frankrijker Magda M. , de Rijke Yolanda B. , Russcher Henk
Published: September 2020

Introduction

In 2015, Sysmex launched a new series of hematology analyzers (XN‐L Series) designed to fulfill the needs of niche laboratories in areas such as pediatrics, dialysis, neurology, and oncology while providing a compact solution. In this study, we evaluate the whole blood and body fluid modes of one of these analyzers, the XN‐350.

Methods

A total of 300 residual EDTA samples were measured on the XN‐350 in whole blood mode and the XN‐1000 to evaluate method comparison, flagging sensitivity, repeatability, reproducibility, linearity, carryover, and stability. In addition, 191 samples were obtained and processed in body fluid mode which included, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), ascites, synovial, and pleural fluid to perform method comparison, repeatability, reproducibility, linearity, limit of quantitation, and carryover studies.

Results

Strong agreement was shown between the XN‐350 and XN‐1000 for both whole blood and body fluid modes in results and flagging. Linearity results in both modes on the XN‐350 showed a high R2 value (>.99). For WBC, RBC, HGB, and PLT, the carryover results were well within the predetermined criteria of ≤0.5% for whole blood and ≤0.3% for CSF. Repeatability and reproducibility were acceptable for both modes, and there were no significant deviations present in stability for whole blood. In addition, there was high agreement in all body fluid types evaluated.

Conclusion

The performance of the XN‐350 is comparable to the XN‐1000 in both whole blood and body fluid modes, making it a reliable alternative to larger analyzers for smaller, niche laboratories.
The roles of temperamental inhibition in affective and cognitive empathy in Chinese toddlers
Authors: Zhai Shuyi , Lu Chenxin , Han Jinjing , Du Shuiyun , Wu Weiyang , He Jie
Published: September 2020

Empathy, crucial to harmonious interpersonal relationships and moral development, has both affective and cognitive components. Previous studies found that toddlers’ temperamental inhibition may influence their empathy, but mainly focused on emotional response to others’ distress. Little is known about whether inhibited children's poor empathy is due to high reactivity and social withdrawal when sharing others’ affective states, such as distress (affective empathy), or to a difficulty in comprehending and inferring others’ perspective (cognitive empathy). The current study investigated the role of behavioral inhibition (BI) in affective empathy (response to pain simulation) and cognitive empathy (performance in perspective‐taking task) among 163 Chinese toddlers and tested in both only and non‐only children. Correlation analyses showed that BI was only negatively associated with affective empathy. The relation between BI and cognitive empathy was moderated by self‐regulation and inhibited children who were low in self‐regulation presented low cognitive empathy. Additionally, only children presented advanced cognitive empathy but poorer affective empathy than non‐only children. These findings imply different roles of BI in affective versus cognitive empathy in early childhood. Although highly inhibited children rarely show positive social expression toward others’ distress, caution is needed in inferring that they lack a capacity for cognitive empathy.
Online consultation and emergency management in paediatric dentistry during the COVID‐19 epidemic in Wuhan: A retrospective study
Authors: Yang Fengjiao , Yu Lintong , Qin Danchen , Hua Fang , Song Guangtai
Published: September 2020

Background

The COVID‐19 pandemic posed a great challenge to paediatric dentistry, which confronted with the restriction of service and resource shortage.

Aim

To retrospectively analyse the information of children's dental online health consultation during the COVID‐19 pandemic in China, and to provide methods to distinguish between dental emergencies and non‐emergencies as well as their management.

Design

We collected all the online consultation information in Dept. of Paediatric dentistry, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, from 2 February to 31 March 2020, and extracted the information of age, gender, reason for consultation, description of symptom, and preliminary diagnosis of the children.

Results

A total of 474 online consultations of paediatric dentistry were included within 59 days during lockdown, and 190 (40.1%) were dental emergencies and 284 (59.9%) non‐emergencies. Of 190 emergency consultations, 186 (97.9%) showed swelling, pain, and trauma with or without systemic symptoms. Among 284 non‐emergency consultations, retained primary teeth (n = 126) and orthodontic consultation (n = 53) were the most common reasons for consultation.

Conclusion

The paediatric emergency and non‐emergency problems should be clearly distinguished and sufficient instructions provided in the special period of COVID‐19. Priorities also should be set to deal with urgent conditions after the release of lockdown.
Pathways to anterior open bite after changing of pacifier sucking habit in preschool children: A cohort study
Authors: Moraes Renita Baldo , Knorst Jessica Klöckner , Pfeifer Alana Beatriz Redel , Vargas‐Ferreira Fabiana , Ardenghi Thiago Machado
Published: September 2020

Background

Pacifier use is a major cause of anterior open bite (AOB), which negatively impacts the quality of life of children affected.

Aim

To assess the direct and indirect pathways related to pacifier sucking habit and AOB in preschool children.

Design

This 2‐year cohort study evaluated a random sample of preschool children (2‐5 years of age) from Southern Brazil. Caregivers answered a questionnaire addressing socio‐economic and behavioural characteristics. Anterior open bite was recorded following the criteria recommended by Foster and Hamilton. Structural equation model was performed to assess the direct and indirect pathways among variables at baseline (T1) to predict the AOB at follow‐up (T2).

Results

Regarding the AOB, 407 children were evaluated at T1 and 187 at T2. The prevalence of AOB was 32.9% at baseline and 16.0% at follow‐up. The presence of AOB at follow‐up was directly affected by the change in pacifier sucking habit from T1 to T2. Considering the indirect paths, the AOB at T1 influenced the AOB in T2 via a change of pacifier sucking habit.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that the non‐habit of sucking pacifiers is a fundamental strategy for the prevention of AOB as well as the promotion of health in childhood.
Atomic and micro‐structure features of nanoporous aluminosilicate glasses from reactive molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Mahadevan Thiruvilla S. , Du Jincheng
Published: September 2020

Long‐term chemical durability of borosilicate glasses that makes them a widely accepted form of nuclear waste disposal is achieved through the formation of a porous aluminosilicate gel layer that provides passivity and limits the transport of water to the reaction front. Detailed understanding of the porous silicate gel layer is thus critical in elucidating the corrosion mechanism of these glasses and to design of new glass composition for waste immobilization and other applications. In this paper, we use the diffuse charge reactive potential to generate porous aluminosilicate glass structures with compositions equivalent to the gel layers formed at the glass‐water interface with an aim to understand the processing condition on the microstructure and atomic structure of these systems. We demonstrate the use of the charge scaling techniques is an effective approach to generate these porous structures with controllable pore mophologies. After initial validation of the potentials and calcium aluminosilicate glass structures using neutron diffraction, we created gel structures with compositions similar to well‐known model nuclear waste borosilicate glasses. The porosities and the pore size distribution bear a strong correlation to the processing temperature, as well as to the local atomic structure. Thus, by controlling the processing parameters, the generated porous structures can be customized to closely resemble gel structures due to borosilicate glass corrosion. These results provide insights of the micro‐ and atomic structure features of the porous aluminosilicate glasses and on the optimal procedure to generate porous structures that can be comparable to experimentally observed gel layer structures thus to elaborate on the correlations between the structure and phenomena in glass‐water interactions.
Development and validation of an instrument to assess work support needs of adults with intellectual disabilities in sheltered employment
Authors: Wong Shyh Shin , Ong Kuei Rong , Teo Clara Hui Xin , Ng Jing Yi , Gwee Ai Jia , Toh Alison Yiling
Published: September 2020

Background

The Work Support Profile (WSP) is a brief assessment instrument that enables staff supporting adults with disabilities to provide calibrated and individualized support for specific work tasks. This paper sought to examine the psychometric properties of WSP for people with disabilities.

Method

A pilot study was conducted with 239 sheltered workshop employees diagnosed mainly with intellectual disability to explore the structure of this assessment tool, and provide initial evidence of its psychometric properties. Subsequently, a larger‐scale study captured a nationwide profile of 761 sheltered workshop employees with intellectual disability.

Results

Across both studies, factor analyses yielded a conceptually acceptable 5‐factor structure with 33 items accounting for approximately 65% of the variance. Furthermore, the reliability, convergent and discriminant validity of WSP can be considered adequate.

Conclusion

Results provide preliminary evidence that WSP is a psychometrically adequate tool for assessing the work support needs of adults with disabilities on given work tasks.
STAT3 isoforms differentially affect ACE2 expression: A potential target for COVID‐19 therapy
Authors: Shamir Inbal , Abutbul‐Amitai Mor , Abbas‐Egbariya Haya , Pasmanik‐Chor Metsada , Paret Gideon , Nevo‐Caspi Yael
Published: September 2020

The SARS‐coronavirus 2 is the aetiologic agent COVID‐19. ACE2 has been identified as a cell entry receptor for the virus. Therefore, trying to understand how the gene is controlled has become a major goal. We silenced the expression of STAT3α and STAT3β, and found that while silencing STAT3α causes an increase in ACE2 expression, silencing STAT3β causes the opposite effect. Studying the role of STAT3 in ACE2 expression will shed light on the molecular events that contribute to the progression of the disease and that the different roles of STAT3α and STAT3β in that context must be taken in consideration. Our results place STAT3 in line with additional potential therapeutic targets for treating COVID‐19 patients.
Empowering nurses and residents to improve telemetry stewardship in the academic care setting
Authors: Duffy Eamon , Niessen Timothy , Perrin Keisha , Apfel Ariella , Bertram Amanda , Keller Sara C. , Feldman Leonard S. , Pahwa Amit K.
Published: September 2020

Aims and Objectives

Inappropriate use of telemetry frequently occurs in the inpatient, non‐intensive care unit setting. Telemetry practice standards have attempted to guide appropriate use and limit the overuse of this important resource with limited success. Clinical‐effectiveness studies have thus far not included care settings in which resident‐physicians are the primary caregivers.

Methods

We implemented two interventions on general internal medicine units of an academic hospital. The first intervention, or nurse‐discontinuation protocol, allowed nurses to trigger the discontinuation of telemetry once the appropriate duration had passed according to practice standards. The second intervention, or physician‐discontinuation protocol, instituted a best‐practice advisory that notified the resident‐physician via the electronic medical record when the appropriate telemetry duration for each patient had elapsed and suggested termination of telemetry. Data collection spanned 8 months following the implementation of the nurse‐discontinuation protocol and 12 months following the physician‐discontinuation protocol.

Results

During the control period, the average time spent on telemetry was 86.29 hours/patient/month. During the nurse‐discontinuation protocol, patients spent, on average, 70.86 hours/patient/month on telemetry. During the physician‐discontinuation protocol, patients spent, on average, 81.6 hours/patient/month on telemetry. During the nurse‐discontinuation protocol, there was no significant change in the likelihood that a patient was placed on telemetry throughout their admission when compared with the control period. During the physician‐discontinuation protocol, there was a significant decrease of 56.1% in the likelihood that a patient would be put on telemetry when compared with the control time period.

Conclusions

These findings expand our understanding of telemetry use in the academic care setting in which trainees serve as the primary caregivers. Furthermore, these findings represent an important addition to the telemetry and patient monitoring literature by demonstrating the impact that nurse‐managed protocols can have on telemetry use and by highlighting effective strategies to improve telemetry use by physicians in training.
Allogeneic cortical struts and bone granules for challenging alveolar reconstructions: An innovative approach toward an established technique
Authors: Würdinger Robert , Donkiewicz Phil
Published: September 2020

Objective

The shell technique is a well‐established procedure for GBR with which extensive osseous defects can be predictably restored by using cortical bone struts harvested from various intraoral aspects. Recent publications have demonstrated comparable results for autologous and allogeneic bone grafts, whereas the evidence on allogeneic cortical struts remains limited.

Clinical considerations

In this case series, we demonstrate the regeneration of five complex alveolar bone defects in four patients with subsequent insertion of fixed dental implants. In all cases, cortical struts made from human donor bone were applied in combination with allogeneic bone granules and collagen membranes.

Conclusions

Similar to autologous cortical shells, the allogeneic struts functioned by creating an immobile container with which the osseous defects in all patients could be successfully restored, enabling placement of dental implants in accordance with the treatment plan. Even when the containers were solely filled with allogeneic granules, vascularized healthy tissue was present at re‐entry, demonstrating the vast potential of these materials for applications in dentistry.

Clinical significance

Especially when it comes to regeneration of complex alveolar bone defects, autologous bone grafts are often outlined as the only treatment modality. Here we show that innovative biomaterials like allogeneic bone grafts hold the potential to mimic the functions of autologous bone transplants and provide excellent clinical results without the requirement of a second surgical side for bone harvesting and no risk of donor‐site morbidity.
A novel carbamide peroxide polymeric nanoparticle bleaching gel: Color change and hydrogen peroxide penetration inside the pulp cavity
Authors: Favoreto Michael W. , Madureira Mariniella P. , Hass Viviane , Maran Bianca M. , Parreiras Sibelli O. , Borges Christiane P. F. , Reis Alessandra , Loguercio Alessandro D.
Published: September 2020

Objective

This study evaluated the hydrogen peroxide (HP) penetration inside the pulp cavity and the color change of teeth submitted to the 15% carbamide peroxide (CP) nanoparticle bleaching gel at several application times.

Materials and methods

Premolars were divided into nine groups (n = 6) according to 15% CP bleaching agents (nanoparticle and commercial) and to application times (15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes). A negative control was exposed to ultra‐purified water. After a whitening procedure, the HP concentration (μg/mL) inside the pulp cavity was assessed via spectrophotometry. The color change (ΔE* and ΔE00*) was evaluated with a spectrophotometer. Data were analyzed via two‐way ANOVA and Tukey (α = 0.05).

Results

A lower concentration of HP was detected for CP nanoparticle gel after 30 and 45 minutes of whitening procedure (P = .001). The bleaching groups promoted a higher color change (ΔE* and ΔE00*) regardless of the application time (P = .0001).

Conclusions

The CP nanoparticle gel reduced HP inside the pulp cavity, and showed effective bleaching compared with CP commercial gel.

Clinical significance

Using 15% carbamide peroxide nanoparticle bleaching gel decreased the HP penetration inside the pulp cavity and may decrease bleaching‐induced tooth sensitivity in at‐home bleaching.
Fracture load of CAD/CAM ultrathin occlusal veneers luted to enamel or dentin
Authors: Valenzuela Eneida Beatriz Sanfelice , Andrade Jonas Pereira , da Cunha Patrícia Fernandes Jerzewski Sotero , Bittencourt Hélio Radke , Spohr Ana Maria
Published: September 2020

Objectives

To evaluate, in vitro, the fracture load of IPS e.max CAD occlusal veneers at thicknesses of either 0.3 or 0.6 mm luted to enamel or dentin.

Materials and methods

Fifty human molars were randomly distributed into five groups (n = 10): G1 ‐ healthy teeth (control); G2‐0.3‐mm‐thick veneers luted to enamel; G3‐0.6‐mm‐thick veneers luted to enamel; G4‐0.3‐mm‐thick veneers luted to dentin; and G5‐0.6‐mm‐thick veneers luted to dentin. After the luting procedures, the specimens were immersed in distilled water at 37°C for 24 hours and then subjected to mechanical loading (106 cycles at 200 N load). The specimens were subjected to a fracture load test in a universal testing machine. Two‐way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 0.05) were used to analyze data.

Results

Only the thickness factor was significant (P = .002). Values of fracture load followed by distinct letters represent significant differences (P < .05): G1 (3204 N ± 730)ab; G2 (3144 N ± 729)ab; G3 (2489 N ± 606)b; G4 (3591 N ± 776)a; and G5 (2770 N ± 598)ab.

Conclusion

IPS e.max ultrathin occlusal veneers luted to enamel or dentin obtained fracture load comparable to that of the healthy tooth.

Clinical significance

IPS e.max CAD ultrathin occlusal veneers at 0.3 or 0.6‐mm‐thick seem to provide good perspectives in relation to the clinical use.
Multi‐objective optimization of mechanical oil extraction fromCamellia oleiferaseeds using Kriging regression andNSGA‐II
Authors: Huang Shuai , Hu Youmin , Li Fengcheng , Jin Wenwen , Wu Bo
Published: September 2020

The objective of this study is to optimize the mechanical extraction process of crude camellia oil regarding yield and quality. The effects of process parameters namely applied pressure (10–45 MPa), heating temperature (40–100°C), heating time (10–40 min), and moisture content (0–9%) on oil yield, free fatty acid (FFA), and peroxide value (PV) were investigated by modeling the oil extraction process using Kriging regression (KR) models; optimum process parameters were then determined via non‐dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA‐II). The results showed that KR model is effective to predict the yield (R2= 0.9595 and A‐RMSE = 1.94), FFA (R2= 0.9983 and A‐RMSE = 0.0517), and PV (R2= 0.8733 and A‐RMSE = 0.0358). The relationship between process parameters and each objective is non‐linear. In addition, the maximum yield (42.20%) and best quality parameters (minimum FFA = 0.2917 KOH mg/g and minimum PV = 0.1316 g/100 g) are contradictory, which suggested applying Pareto‐optimal front to balance the three objectives to a satisfied degree.

Practical Applications

Heating temperature, applied pressure, heating time and moisture content are primary operating conditions affecting the yield and quality of mechanically extracted fats and oil. Selecting the suitable values of these parameters can therefore improve the oil yield and oil quality. This could be realized by process optimization based on experimental and mathematical modeling method. The KR model and NSGA‐II were, therefore, adopted to optimize the process parameters to obtain maximum yield, minimum FFA and PV. In addition, parametric analysis was conducted to give insight into the effects of process parameters on the yield and quality, which is beneficial to understand the mechanism behind the mechanical extraction of camellia oil. The Pareto‐optimal front obtained from NSGA‐II provides engineers with several decision parameters to design the equipment and to obtain better end products more efficiently.
Imaging adult C. elegans live using light‐sheet microscopy
Authors: VAN KRUGTEN J. , TARIS K.‐K.H. , PETERMAN ERWIN J.G.
Published: September 2020

Live observation of biological phenomena in the context of living organisms can provide important insights in the mechanisms of these phenomena. However, the spatially complex and dynamic physiology of multicellular organisms can be a challenging environment to make observations with fluorescence microscopy. Due to the illumination of out‐of‐focus planes, confocal and particularly widefield fluorescence microscopy suffer from low signal‐to‐background ratio (SBR), photo toxicity and bleaching of fluorescent probes. In light‐sheet microscopy (LSM), solely the focal plane of the detection objective is illuminated, minimising out‐of‐focus fluorescence and photobleaching, thereby enhancing SBR, allowing for low laser intensities and longer acquisition periods. Here we present a straightforward light‐sheet microscope with a 1.0‐NA detection objective and a fast sample‐positioning stage that allows for four degrees of freedom. By imaging the sensory cilia and nervous system of living young adult C. elegans, we demonstrate that the instrument is well suited for relatively fast, volumetric imaging of larger (hundreds of micrometres cubed) living samples. These experiments demonstrate that such an instrument provides a valuable addition to commonly used widefield and confocal fluorescence microscopes.

Lay description

In fluorescence microscopy, sharp images can only be obtained when the light obtained from the section of the image that is in focus is not overwhelmed by light emerging from elsewhere. In this paper, we present a light‐sheet fluorescence microscope, based on the OpenSPIM initiative, with a magnification of 90× and a sensitive sample positioning stage that allows for fast controlled linear movement and rotation. In a light‐sheet microscope (LSM), the sample is illuminated from the side, compared to the direction of detection, limiting illumination only to the part of the sample that is imaged in the focal plane (general resources: Wikipedia or MicroscopyU). This does not only limit background noise, but also reduces damage to the sample due to phototoxicity. This makes a LSM particularly suitable for imaging living samples at high resolution, in three dimensions, over long periods of time.

Our instrument was specifically designed for imaging adult C. elegans nematodes. We show here how the instrument compares to a standard epifluorescence microscope, imaging neuronal structures in the animals. The instrument proved well suited for fast volumetric imaging of larger cellular structures such as C. elegans neuronal cell bodies. Our experiments show that the instrument provides a valuable addition to widefield and confocal fluorescence microscopes commonly used to image adult C. elegans.