bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Representational Theory of Mind
Authors: FODOR J. A.
Published: March 2007

This article is a lecture extracted from a chapter in a forthcoming book discussing the nature of concepts. It summarizes the representational theory of mind, which provides the theoretical framework for that discussion and for much contemporary research in cognitive science.
Dimensions of Value and the Aims of Social Inquiry
Authors: KANE ROBERT
Published: March 2007

The articles in this issue of the American Behavioral Scientist present a critique of mainstream social science and outline an alternative hermeneutic or interpretive approach to human science inquiry. This hermeneutic view (a) stresses that the cultural embeddedness of all human endeavors, including social science, prevents us from ever obtaining a strictly objective or value-neutral account of human behavior. It also (b) claims that social inquiry can lead to a better understanding of the good life or what ends are worth striving for by humans. But why does rejecting objectivity not undermine any claim to a better understanding of what is truly good or worthwhile? This article explores how both cultural or historical embeddedness and claims to understanding the good might be harmonized within a conception of four broad dimensions of human values or valuing: elementary value experiences, purposive human activity, pursuit of the excellence of various forms of life, and the human sense of what is worthy from every point of view. A number of implications of this framework for human science inquiry are discussed.
Purchase-of-Service Contracting, Voluntary Organizations, and Civil Society
Authors: NOWLAND-FOREMAN GARTH
Published: March 2007

Governments around the world are making increasing use of contracting “technologies” to purchase services from voluntary organizations—both in privatizing (contracting out) previously government-provided services and in reining in (contracting in) more autonomous voluntary sector services previously supported by grants-in-aid. If voluntary organizations are as much about participation as provision, what is the impact on civil society of the widespread adoption of this funding technology? Voluntary organizations are frequently idealized as producing civic “golden eggs” of community resource mobilization and more appropriate and accessible services, as well as providing avenues for citizen participation and involvement. But does the tightening control of government funding contracts risk killing the goose that is laying these golden eggs?
Futures Praxis
Authors: WILDMAN PAUL
Published: March 2007

This article outlines some of the ideas, insights, and strategies arising from developing and teaching for two years a multimedia, on-line, World Wide Web futures studies course designed for interactive learning. Praxis links to consulting are also outlined. The content area of futures studies at the master's level and delivery via the Web are in line with a key strategic direction in university development, namely, moving from a classroom-teaching to an “elsewhere-learning” organization. Principles of future learning experiences via consulting and course development for on-line WWW delivery are discussed.
Cocreating a Futures Studies Course With Unionists
Authors: SHOSTAK ARTHUR
Published: March 2007

Since 1988, the author has taught futuristics at the AFL-CIO George Meany Center for Labor Studies. First, the author highlights positive historical matters of which the union co-learners have little or no prior knowledge. Second, he reviews recent successes of major unions to emphasize the long-range planning entailed and to identify such planning as a key component of futuristics. Third, he highlights the democratic dimension in futuristics, emphasizing their responsibility for becoming major players in helping to decide our futures. Fourth, he puts special emphasis on mind-boggling matters, the better to get unionists to reassess their unexamined assumptions and take an open-mind approach. Fifth, he explains the tools in futuristics for gathering data, assessing impacts of developments, evaluating forecasts, and learning from fate. Sixth, he uses readings that are engaging, clear, short, and relevant. Finally, he discusses how a 21st-century cyberunion might employ futuristics, infotech, services, and traditions.
The Chicago Response to Urban Problems
Authors: MAYFIELD LOOMIS , HELLWIG MAUREEN , BANKS BRIAN
Published: March 2007

University-community relationships are sometimes marked by division and hostility. Key problems in the relationship include the assumed objectivity of the academy and the real estate interests of universities. The history and description of these relationships in Chicago indicates that there are other historical trends that have led to fruitful partnerships, including the strength and diversity of community groups and change and diversity in university students and personnel. This article uses the examples of the UIC Neighborhoods Initiative at the University of Illinois at Chicago and the Policy Research Action Group to show how strong, viable collaborations can occur. Their experiences point to a new research model and some key lessons learned on how to use collaborative partnerships to enhance the way society deals with today's urban problems.
Industry-Specific Corporate Responsibility With an International Dimension
Authors: Matasar Ann B. , Pavelka Deborah D.
Published: March 2007

The Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) requires U.S. banks to make loans available in low- and middle-income sectors of their communities. Vaguely worded and unevenly enforced, CRA has created a major dilemma for banks because their CRA ratings are open to public scrutiny and used by regulators in determining whether to permit a bank to expand its products, services, or geo- graphic presence. Ironically, foreign banks doing business in the United States have been able to avoid the impact of CRA because of legal privileges that are now disappearing. As Depression era-banking laws are set aside so that American banks can regain their international competitiveness, foreign banks in the United States will be forced to comply with CRA to take full advantage of the new opportunities available in the American banking arena. Based on current evidence, it appears that CRA may be a major stumbling block in the path of future foreign bank expansion in the United States.
An Appalachian Coda:
Authors: Frederick William C.
Published: March 2007

This article briefly characterizes the core values of business as manifestations of natural processes. They include the values of economizing, power-aggrandizing, ecologizing, technologizing, and X-factor, with each separate value cluster a response to identifiable forces of nature. The inconsistencies and contradictions between these various value systems are reconciled by resorting to two kinds of normative phenomena: the rationality and creativity found within the techno-symbolic value cluster, and a global culture of ethics.
Democracy, Regional Market Integration, and Foreign Direct Investment
Authors: Schuler Douglas A. , Brown David S.
Published: March 2007

Regional integration over the past decade has facilitated a huge flow of foreign direct investment (FDI) into Latin America. Less is known, however, about why these newforeign enterprises decided to enter specific markets. This study investigates three recent investments in Costa Rica: two by U.S.-based multinational corporations (MNCs) and another by an MNC based in Spain. The behavior of these MNCs is examined in their initial bargaining and subsequent operations. Through the lens of political economy, this study concludes that Costa Rica’s stable democratic institutions and formalized economic links through multilateral and regional trade and investment accords constitute an advanced factor of comparative advantage that attracted foreign investment to Costa Rica and induced the MNCs to become responsive to host country interests.
Explaining Variation in the Use of European Litigation Strategies
Authors: ALTER KAREN J. , VARGAS JEANNETTE
Published: March 2007

Through the examination of one of the most successful cases of a European Community (EC) law litigation strategy, this article develops a general framework for understanding when and how the EC legal system will be successfully used by domestic groups to challenge national policy. The authors show how the European legal system actually shifted the domestic balance of power in favor of equality actors, allowing a previously weak domestic group to influence the United Kingdom's gender equality policy at the height of Conservative Party rule. Expanding beyond the British case, the article develops a series of hypotheses about when the EC legal tool is likely to be used by groups to influence national policy, hypotheses that could account for cross-national variation in the impact of European Court of Justice jurisprudence on domestic policy in areas outside of equality policy.
The Relationship Between the Liberal Ethos and Quality of Life
Authors: EMIZET KISANGANI N. F.
Published: March 2007

This research examines the positive influence of democracy and economic liberalism on citizens' quality of life (QOL). The statistical analysis relies on extreme-bounds analysis, the Tobit-maximum likelihood estimator, and robust two-stage least squares to test this hypothesis. The relationship between democracy and QOL is a parabolic inverted U-shaped curve, so that democracy first enhances QOL and over time it hampers it. On the other hand, QOL strengthens democracy. QOL suffers from a market economy in middle-income countries. Openness to trade enhances QOL everywhere but sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East. A market economy consolidates democracy everywhere else but sub-Saharan Africa. Openness enhances democracy around the globe, except in Latin America and the Middle East. Economic development and QOL exhibit a reciprocal normal U-shaped curve, whereas democracy and economic development are linearly dependent. These contradictory results cast some doubt on the pursuit of both democracy and a liberal economy in fostering development. The current pursuit of the liberal ethos can be destructive, and it is time to modify our vision of the future.
Party Realignment and Voter Transition in Italy, 1987-1996
Authors: WELLHOFER E. SPENCER
Published: March 2007

Between 1987 and 1996, the Italian party system experienced a major realignment. The political alternatives that dominated the postwar period dissolved, and new party and voter alignments emerged. This analysis employs a recently compiled data archive and a new ecological inference technique to examine voter transitions during the period. The disintegration of the ruling party coalition and the appearance of new party alternatives from the center of the analysis. The research highlights the importance of nonvoters, a relatively recent phenomenon in Italian elections, as a precursor of pending party change as well as holding the key to a resolution of the current flux. The new ecological analysis technique generates more robust results than previous techniques and also avoids the pitfalls of survey research.
Why Free Trade “Losers” Support Free Trade
Authors: KINGSTONE PETER R.
Published: March 2007

The “rush to free trade” that began in Latin America in the 1980s remains inadequately explained. Among several puzzles connected with this shift, the degree of support for free trade among industrialists especially stands out. This article argues that the inability to account for industrialists' behavior lies in political economy's tendency to derive preferences from market position. Instead, the author argues that contextual factors shape preferences and behavior. He makes the argument by examining Brazilian industrialists, a “least likely” group to endorse the policy shift. The author provides evidence that Brazilian industrialists supported commercial liberalization despite real distributive consequences. Factors that help explain support include the effects of economic crisis, bundling of free trade with other desirable policies, the prevalence of adjustment options, and the absence of a distinct class of losers. The author relies on survey evidence, business rankings, and documentary evidence to make his case.
Asian Strikes Against Transnationals
Authors: KOWALEWSKI DAVID
Published: March 2007

Third World nonelites face considerable difficulty in attempting to enhance their welfare and security values. The present study examines 52 labor-actions taken against transnational enterprises (TNEs) in underdeveloped Asian countries, in order to determine the correlates of concessions and repressions meted out to workers. Hypotheses deriving from three perspectives—modernization, labor-mobilization, and dependency—are tested. The findings suggest that export-dependence, investment-incentives for TNEs, intervention by Asian public officials, number of worker demands, and foreign labor support are the most influential variables in affecting labor-action outcomes. An integrative model is then developed and tested.
Consequences of Military and Civilian Rule in Argentina
Authors: LOONEY ROBERT E. , FREDERIKSEN P. C.
Published: March 2007

This article examines whether budget allocations to nondefense programs in Argentina between 1961 and 1982 are dependent on the share to defense, the political regime, or both. Multiple regression equations are estimated and include the defense share, two control variables, and political dummies to test for changes in the intercept and slope of the equation as the regimes change. Regimes are differentiated between (a) the first civilian and first military (b) the Peronists, and (c) the second military.
Political Transitions in Greece and Argentina
Authors: MOUZELIS NICOS
Published: March 2007

In this article an attempt is made both to utilize the economistic, reductionist features of Marxist political theory and to suggest conceptual tools for overcoming such features. The utility of the conceptual framework proposed is demonstrated by applying it to the analysis of political developments in two late-industrializing societies: Argentina and Greece.
Value Formation and Postmaterialism
Authors: TRUMP THOMAS M.
Published: March 2007

The argument that the rise of postmaterialist values is bringing about fundamental changes in Western societies is based on a theory devised by Ronald Inglehart that has not received thorough testing. This article presents a rigorous test of his theory employing data collected from secondary school students in the United States and West Germany. The test consists of two parts: (a) an analysis of the relationship between a measure of Maslow's need hierarchy and values, and (b) an assessment of the relationship between economic conditions, measured at the macro and micro levels, and both the need hierarchy and values. A relatively strong relationship was found between the need hierarchy and values among the German sample, whereas a weak relationship was found among the American sample. The mixed nature of this finding suggests that this theoretical relationship may not exist, or at least not develop during childhood, in all Western nations. More important, the data indicate, in contrast to theoretical expectations, that economic conditions are not strongly related to either psychological needs or to values. Based on this finding, the theoretical explanation for the development of postmaterialist values is drawn into question.
The Disposition to Secede
Authors: EMIZET KISANGANI N. , HESLI VICKI L.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to identify the conditions that set the stage for the secessionist movements within the Soviet Union. Using the statistical procedures of discriminant and regression analysis, the following thesis is tested: Secessionist movements are undertaken for the reason of emancipation from economic exploitation, for the purpose of maintaining or preserving an endangered culture, or for the purpose of achieving redress from some form of political grievance. An evaluation of the parameters produced by estimating linear regression models indicates that high levels of social and economic development together with concentrated populations are the structural factors that provide the contextual environments most conducive to early demands for sovereignty. Other factors that are related to separatism are pervasive international ties, Christian traditions, and relatively small populations and territory. The analysis serves to challenge widely held assumptions that a reaction against Russian settlement in minority enclaves, state-sponsored efforts at Russification, and relative deprivation were prime motivators behind secessionist activity.
State Crises and Nationalities Conflict in Sri Lanka and Yugoslavia
Authors: BOSE SUMANTRA
Published: March 2007

State disintegration and nationalities conflict has emerged as perhaps the central concern of intellectuals and policymakers throughout the contemporary world. This article undertakes, within a theoretical and conceptual framework, a comparative analysis of the causation of state crises and nationalities conflict in two particularly stark, but apparently disparate, cases: Sri Lanka and the former Yugoslavia. The author emphatically denies that the eruption of protracted civil war in these countries is due to preexisting ethnic animosities between peoples. Instead, he takes a dynamic view of the concept of the nation and explains the formation (and transformation) of nationalist constituencies and sentiments in Sri Lanka and Yugoslavia in terms of a process of dialectical interaction between the modern state and diverse civil societies. The state crises in Sri Lanka and Yugoslavia, he argues, can be best understood through a critical focus on how centralist, unitarist strategic elites at the helm of state apparatuses in these countries have, over the past several decades, engendered growing political opposition.
The Sickle or the Rose?
Authors: ISHIYAMA JOHN T.
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on the development and “success” of the ex-communist parties in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. It begins by testing the effects of several commonly cited variables that have been employed to explain the development and achievements of the ex-communist parties in post-communist politics. Second, it offers an alternative explanation that focuses on regime type, the presence of left-wing competitors, and the success of the ex-communist parties, and identifies three modal patterns of development: ex-communist parties that emerged from patrimonial communist systems (as in Russia and Bulgaria), ex-communist parties that emerged from national consensus systems (as in Hungary and Poland), and ex-communist parties that emerged from bureaucratic authoritarian systems (as in the Czech Republic). According to the author, ex-communist parties that evolved from national consensus regimes are more likely to survive the passage of time than those that emerged from other types of regimes.
International Relations as a Cultural System:
Authors: ERIKSEN THOMAS HYLLAND , NEUMANN IVER B.
Published: March 2007

The article presents a comprehensive agenda for research, where models of thought and research methods originating from social anthropology are applied to the field of international relations, which has traditionally been the domain mainly of political scientists. We suggest a number of possible anthropological approaches to the investigation of cultural aspects of international relations in the contemporary world. The aim is, on the one hand, to contribute new analytical perspectives to international relations, and, on the other hand, to open up a new field of inquiry in anthropology. A tactical intent can be added to our theoretical concern with cultural issues in international relations. It is already a standard argument of the international relations masters of ceremony that the growing body of epistemologically grounded critique may be intellectually stimulating, but that there is no need to change the traditional research agenda before the new voices have proven themselves in empirical work. Some of the new voices may see no need to rise to that challenge. For those who might just consider it, however, the suggestions made here may prove to be of some relevance.
Conflict Transformation in the CSCE: Learning and Institutionalization
Authors: LEATHERMAN JANIE
Published: March 2007

This article develops a framework of analysis for studying institutional approaches to conflict transformation. It draws on E. Haas's model of organizational learning. It argues that the consensus decision rule, third parties (especially the neutral and non-aligned countries, the (N + N)), and non-state actors are important factors in promoting learning and the institutionalization of the CSCE. This has entailed an incremental process of expanding commitments and developing the institutional competency and effectiveness of the CSCE. Non-state actors such as epistemic communities, transnational coalitions and opposition movements play a key role spanning the domestic-international contexts and advancing the `domestication' and effectiveness of the CSCE. Over time, these interactive forces have contributed to the transformation of East-West relations. The conclusions show that the CSCE has moved from its long-range strategy of promoting peaceful change between the blocs, to conflict prevention and crisis management. A number of mechanisms have been developed for these purposes. Whether they are effective remains to be seen.
Security in the Barents Region
Authors: ERIKSSON JOHN
Published: March 2007

This article analyses the new Norwegian security thinking as realized in the establishment of the Barents Region. Two questions are asked: First, how can the security approach of the Barents initiative be conceptualized theoretically? Second, what are the practical implications of this approach? In answering these questions, three problems are focused on: (1) whether security is an issue or a dimension; (2) the unit problem; (3) the problem of change. `Traditionalist' and `revisionist' positions on each of these problems are elaborated and applied in an analysis of the Norwegian Barents initiative. In the Barents framework, Norway approaches security as a dimension rather than as a single issue. Furthermore, security is viewed as primarily concerning the state, but some rhetoric and potential implications indicate that also non-state communities, such as the Sámi people, can be approached as security subjects. Finally, rather than stability in the sense of the status quo, Norway seems to consider predictable change to be a basic aim of the Barents strategy.
College Students and Fast Food—
Authors: Knutson Bonnie J.
Published: March 2007

College students like their fast-food restaurants to be above all else clean, friendly, and inexpensive—yet no chain is positioning itself to be the cleanest or friendliest.
Hospitality Education at the Crossroads
Authors: Lewis Robert C.
Published: March 2007

As hospitality educators, it is our mandate to seek solutions, to do research, to get involved, to teach students new ideas and new ways of doing things, and to be visionaries of the industry. Yet, if we examine many of the courses we are teaching, we will probably find that the bulk of them emphasize the same concerns today as they did twenty years ago
On Teaching Interior Design
Authors: Penner Richard H.
Published: March 2007

Can good taste be taught? The author says yes, but maintains that it's only part of the picture in a successful design project. To teach students how to make design decisions intelligently, hospitality educators must integrate a wide range of subjects-from energy management to communications to financial analysis—into a single cohesive course of study
How Not to Automate Your Front Office
Authors: Alvarez Roy , Ferguson Dennis H. , Dunn Jerry
Published: March 2007

The experience of the New York Hilton is a lesson for all hoteliers who want to computer ize their operations
The Sheraton Palace
Authors: Knapp Frederic
Published: March 2007

San Francisco's Sheraton Palace Hotel has just completed a two-year, $1 50-million historical-preservation project, and all of that grand hotel's architectural details have been restored to their original, turn-of-the-century design. Part of the moti- vation was to reposition the aging hotel to capture a greater share of the most lucrative markets: corporate and conven- tion, for example, versus package tours. While the hotel now includes modern amenities such as a health spa, the original portions of the Palace today look almost exactly the way the hotel's architects planned them back in 1909, including a faithful restoration of the famous Garden Court's 8,000- square-foot art-glass ceiling. The entire hotel was gutted before actual construction began, and the 1989 earthquake caused some of the finish work to be redone. This article also looks at the historical restoration of London's Dorchester Hotel; the preservation of the Equinox Resort and the Publick House Historic Resort, in New England, and the renovation of the relatively young Seattle Doubletree Suites Hotel.
Ten Years Later
Authors: Woods Robert H.
Published: March 2007

Although the number of four-year hospitality programs in the United States increased fourfold in the ten years between 1982 and 1992, the overall description of the people teaching hospitality management has not changed radically in that period. The notable shifts include the growth in the proportion of female faculty members to a stillmeager one-third, the increased incidence of professors holding business degrees and a decline in liberal-arts majors, and the substantial retirement of the pre-babyboom generation of educators. The picture of hospitality educators comprises a large group in their 40s, many professors who have had fairly high-level experience in the industry before turning to teaching, and an academy with a smaller proportion of tenured faculty than ten years ago. Ironically, the percentage of doctoral-degree holders has not increased substantially, and the ethnic profile of hospitality educators remains overwhelmingly Caucasian. The demographic profile of educators in this survey casts doubt on the current belief that hospitality programs will need to hire many new doctoral candidates.
Hong Kong
Authors: Go Frank , Pine Ray , Yu Ricky
Published: March 2007

In 1993, 7.2 million international visitors came to Hong Kong, spending nearly US$6.8 billion, which money represents 6.5 percent of Hong Kong's gross domestic product. The authors identify the contribution of the hotel industry in developing tourism into a leading Hong Kong industry, pinpoint the reasons for the territory's predominant influence on Asia's hotel industry, and examine the challenges to the industry's future growth. They conclude with a vision statement in which they present Hong Kong in the 21st century as Asia's center of excellence for the export of hotel-management and tourism-development expertise to developing economies in the region.
Junket Reps and Casino Marketing
Authors: Makens James C. , Bowen John T.
Published: March 2007

All-expense-paid trips for gamblers, known as junkets, are part of casinos' marketing strategies. Independent "junket reps" act as the liaison between casinos and proven premium players, making all the arrangements and accompanying the players. Casinos assign a rating to each premium player based on the equation: (casino's theoretical win) = (player's average bet) x (hands per hour) x (hours played) x (house advantage). A player's rating is used in several ways to figure the rep's commission: flat fee, percentage of front money, commission on dead chips, commission on live chips, percentage of player's loss, or percentage of casino's theoretical win. Some casinos operate their own junkets, but junkets can be unprofitable or marginally profitable. Junkets may not be needed in peak seasons and on weekends; they can mean more bookkeeping and staff; and, as airfares rise, marginal costs increase. As competition intensifies and marketing strategies become more sophisticated, however, the competition for premium players will ensure the survival of junkets in some form.
A Profile of Convention-Services Professionals
Authors: Montgomery Rhonda J. , Rutherford Denney G.
Published: March 2007

The position of convention-services manager (CSM) crystallized in its present form in the 1980s, when many hotels focused strongly on the meetings business. The CSM's job is to ensure that meetings and conventions booked at a hotel are successful. Usually that means working across the hotel's departmental lines to achieve the desired result, but sometimes it means toning down the guests' expectations of what the hotel can deliver or even rewriting sales contracts. Although some hotels may accord the CSM position less consideration in the '90s than it had in the '80s, many CSMs have continued to drive toward professional status, including developing a professional association. In what is apparently the first such study of CSMs, the authors discovered what appears to be a division in the CSM ranks. About half of the CSMs studied considered themselves to be professionals and were members of the Association for Convention Operations Management, while the other half appeared to follow the hotel paradigm of viewing the position as a way station on the road to another hotel job or another career.
Smoke Gets in Your Eyes
Authors: Teeters Kenneth , Jones Thomas , Boatman Joe F.
Published: March 2007

Poor indoor-air quality has been identified as one of the five greatest environmental problems the public faces. For hospitality enterprises, the most problematic area of the entire air-quality debate is secondhand tobacco smoke, despite the industry's efforts to accommodate both smoking and nonsmoking customers by establishing smoking areas. There are four ways that air contaminants can be lessened: elimination, isolation, filtration, and dilution. The best approach is to eliminate the source, with isolation being a second-best choice. Filtration removes the gases and particulates given off by tobacco smoke while dilution is accomplished by increasing the exchange of outside and inside air. This paper presents the first known study of indoor-air quality at a casino-hotel. In each of 24 sampling areas, four measurements were taken under a variety of occupancy loads: temperature, relative humidity, carbon dioxide, and respirable particles. The findings led to a series of recommendations regarding air-handling units, outdoor-air intake and circulation, air dampers, exhaust filters, and idling vehicles.
A "4R" Environmental Model for Andaman and Nicobar
Authors: Khatri Niranjan
Published: March 2007

Because the ecosystems of mid-ocean archipelagos are relatively simple, it is easy to see improvements caused by favorable environmental practices. Working on a financial shoestring, the management of the Welcomgroup Bay Island hotel, at Port Blair on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, established an environmental-improvement program based on four "Rs": reduce, reuse, recycle, and rethink. For example, the resort dealt in turn with a shortage of potable water by altering its system to use seawater; soil erosion by mulching the ground with coconut husks; disposal of cooking oil by converting it into soap; and paper waste by shredding it and turning it into horticultural mulch. The resort also engaged its guests in an educational effort regarding the islands' fragile ecosystem. Beyond that, the hotel's management encouraged other operators on Andaman and Nicobar to follow ecologically sound policies. Among other outcomes, the Welcomgroup chain adopted the Port Blair property's environmental policies system-wide.
Lessons Staf Development
Authors: Donnellan Laurel
Published: March 2007

An effort by New York City-based Medallion Hotels to develop a company-wide culture of service excellence has meant a commitment to staff development. Medallion has established five core principles: developing employees for long-term careers; involving leaders in employees' development; integrating training and development into company communications; basing programs on guidelines, not rules; and investing heavily in training programs. The lessons learned along the way included ensuring that programs are assimilated into the culture, learning to assess management candidates' abilities before training, avoiding the inefficiencies of too much decentralization, keeping programs simple, and assessing training needs and priorities before committing money. Contrary to popular stereotype, the generation of people born in the late 1960s and 1970s are hard workers (not slackers) who strongly desire to make their mark in their jobs. A product of their times, the so-called Xers are accustomed to rapidly changing situations. Far from having a short attention span, Xers are able to absorb large, often jumbled volumes of information at high speed. They believe they can rely only on themselves and expect to do so in their jobs. Their loyalty is earned by managers who set the task, provide necessary information and guidance as requested, and stand back.
Go Green: An Environmental Checklist for the Lodging Industry
Authors: DeFran Agnes L.
Published: March 2007

This two-page environmental-procedures inventory can be incorporated into a hotel's self-inspection program. The inventory comprises checklists divided into three major categories (energy, solid waste, water) in nine areas of a hotel: guest rooms, public areas, housekeeping, administration, general maintenance, appliance purchases, laundry, grounds maintenance, and vehicle maintenance. The lists are seemingly over-specific in many cases because it is frequently possible to overlook the obvious.
Implementing Restaurant Revenue Management
Authors: Kimes Sheryl E.
Published: March 2007

Revenue management (or yield management) rests on a measure of the time involved in the guest-service cycle. Such a time-related measure raises complications for restaurants, because they explicitly sell meals, rather than a period of time at the table. Existing measures of restaurant success do not give restaurant managers an effective gauge for revenue management because they do not capture the time element. Instead, would-be restaurant revenue managers must gain control of the timing and duration of restaurants' meals. The timing depends mostly on guest arrival, which can sometimes by altered with price and menu promotions. Managing duration is complex and relies on control of food production and the service cycle. A time-based measure of restaurant operation is revenue per available seat-hour (RevPASH). That calculation is total revenue for a given period (e.g., meal period, day part, or day) divided by the product of the number of available seats and the length of the period in question. Managers must understand their operation's RevPASH patterns to develop strategies for augmenting revenue, whether those strategies involve shifting customer demand to shoulder periods or tightening the service cycle.
A Qualitative Analysis of Counseling Case Material
Authors: Blustein David L. , Fama Linda D. , White Sarah Finkelberg , Ketterson Timothy U. , Schaefer Bianca M. , Schwam Michelle Friedman , Sirin Selcuk Rogers , Skau Marianne
Published: March 2007

In this article, the case vignettes and discussants’ reactions from the series entitled “Getting Down to Cases” from the Career Development Quarterly were analyzed to identify themes pertaining to the overlap between work and interpersonal relationships. The most common theme, which was found in more than 50% of the cases, was the expression of interest on the part of the discussants for further information on the relationship lives of the clients. Other variant themes (i.e., themes that were identified in less than 50% but more than two of the cases) identified four areas pertaining to (a) the function of relational support in career development, (b) the motivational and conflictual nature of the work-relationship overlap, (c) the complexity of family roles in career decision making and work-based settings, and (d) the social and economic influences of the work/relationship interface. These findings were discussed in light of current theory and research.
Asian Cultural Values and the Counseling Process
Authors: Kim Bryan S. K. , Atkinson Donald R. , Umemoto Dawn
Published: March 2007

Based on values common to most Asian cultures, a set of propositions on the relationship between Asian cultural values and the counseling process is presented in the context of a current theory of acculturation/enculturation. Recommendations for future research relating Asian cultural values to the counseling process are offered in an attempt to stimulate more empirical attention in this area.
The Facets of Cultural Competence
Authors: Suzuki Lisa A. , McRae Mary B. , Short Ellen L.
Published: March 2007

Sue’s proposed model is based on a critique of the Eurocentric assumptions underlying current clinical practice and reflects his innovative thinking and unique synthesis of past research. The specific areas addressed in this article focus on an examination of the multidimensional model of cultural competence (MDCC) and issues related to the definition of competence and its measurement. Areas of needed elaboration in the model include complexities related to power hierarchies (i.e., authority, authorization, and leadership) and implications for training and practice. Particular emphasis is placed on the complexities of cultural competence and the important contributions of Sue’s MDCC as an important step in making cultural competence a reality in the practice of counseling psychology.
Understanding the Complexity of Clients’ Lives
Authors: Swanson Jane L.
Published: March 2007

This article discusses training issues related to the new paradigm proposed by Robitschek and DeBell, in which vocational topics in counseling psychology are viewed as primary issues and contextual factors in people’s lives. Specifically, the new paradigm is conceptualized as a truly integrative career-personal perspective in the training of delivery of counseling services. Existing literature regarding the overlap of career and social-emotional counseling is reviewed in the context of the new integrative paradigm, with particular focus on evidence related to foundational assumptions underlying the paradigm. Suggestions for how to implement a truly integrative career-personal perspective throughout graduate training are offered.
Stress Coping
Authors: Matheny Kenneth B. , Aycock David W. , Pugh James L. , Curlette William L. , Silva Cannella Kathleen A.
Published: March 2007

This article presents a two-pronged attempt to synthesize the research on stress coping: (1) a review of models and taxonomies of behaviors and resources related to stress coping and (2) a meta-analysis of recent experimental and quasi- experimental studies of stress coping. The review led to the construction of a taxonomy and, in conjunction with the meta-analysis, to a comprehensive model of stress coping in two parts (stress and coping). In the meta-analysis an unbiased effect size of .57 was obtained by comparing groups administered treatments to reduce stress with comparison groups. Social skills training, problem solving, cognitive restructuring, and relaxation training appeared to be among the more effective treatments. In comparing the frequency of treatments identified in the meta-analysis with those in the taxonomy, some treatment domains (such as problem solving) were well represented in the taxonomy but appeared infrequently in the meta-analysis. Implications for stress-coping treatment and research are offered.
Mental Health and Psychological Functioning of Dual-Career Families
Authors: Gilbert Lucia Albino , Rachlin Vicki
Published: March 2007

This article provides a general introduction to the dual-career family and considers factors important to the understanding of the rewards and stresses that characterize personal, marital, and family life. Key issues in the psychosocial development of women and men that are important to understanding dual-career marriages are identified. Life as a dual-career family is then described, and sources of stress and factors that promote effective coping are both considered. Crucial to these considerations are two "meta issues "—concepts of equity and the nature of society. Finally, recommendations are made about what the counseling psychologist can do in the areas of preventive and psychotherapeutic intervention and ongoing research.
Implications of Covariance Structure Analysis (LISREL) Versus Regression Models for Counseling Research
Authors: Kerwin Mary Louise E. , Howard George S. , Maxwell Scott E. , Borkowski John G.
Published: March 2007

The advent of new types of multivariate techniques, such as covariance structureanalysis, has the potential for reshaping research on counseling processes.Covariance structure analysis is more theory driven and confirmatory in naturethan regression analysis. Following a description of its strengths and weaknesses, adetailed example is provided showing how the use of covariance structure analysiscan improve research sophistication and theory development in counselingpsychology.
Cognitive Integration and Differentiation in Vocational Behavior
Authors: Neimeyer Greg J.
Published: March 2007

For nearly a quarter of a century, researchers have been concerned with the relationship between cognitive schemas and vocational behavior. Within this area, sustained research efforts have followed from Kelly's (1955) personal construct psychology, and this article reviews those efforts. Particular attention is focused on the traditional study of vocational differentiation and integration, as well as more recent efforts to combine these two variables into a structural model of vocational development. Theoretical, empirical, and practical developments of these efforts are reviewed and critiqued. Future directions and implications of this literature are also noted and discussed in relation to Kelly's (1955) original theory.
Two Conflicting Calls for Methodological Reform
Authors: Polkinghome Donald E.
Published: March 2007

Two significantly different calls for methodological reform in counseling psychology are currently being made. One call, termed the "new paradigm,>" proposes to replace the present quantitative methods with qualitative ones. The other call proposes a methodological diversity whereby qualitative methods supplement quantitative ones. These two calls are compared in terms of rhetoric, philosophy of science, and clinical utility. The comparisons result in preference for the call for diversity.
Research on the Sexual Victimization of Women
Authors: Frazier Patricia A. , Cohen B. Beth
Published: March 2007

The mental health effects of victimization of women comprise one of five priority research areas identified by the National Institute of Mental Health. However, little attention has been paid to this issue in counseling research. In this article, we review research on the prevalence and effects of three types of victimization of women: child sexual abuse, sexual assault, and sexual harassment. This research suggests that victimization is quite common among women and has serious detrimental effects on their mental health. We also present data indicating that victimization experiences are common among female counseling center clients. Several recommendations for counselor training in the area of victimization are offered.
Transforming Values into Actions
Authors: Howard George S. , Delgado Edward , Miller Deloria , Gubbins Sarah
Published: March 2007

Overconsumption of nonrenewable natural resources (and the resulting pollution that the waste of energy produces) represents important ways in which the industrialized nations put stress on the earth's ecosystems. Several technologies to make better use of electrical energy for lighting, heating, and cooling are now available but dramatically underused by consumers. Three studies are reported that consider strategies to measure the cost efficiency and to enhance the use of new energy-saving devices. The roles that psychologists might play in identifying and counteracting resistances to change are examined
Working with Children
Authors: Stern Marilyn , Newland Lori M.
Published: March 2007

The general purpose of this article is to provide a review of potential roles that counseling psychologists can assume in meeting the needs of children. Conceptualized within the method of intervention dimension, roles will be examined relative to different childhood stressors whose impact is influenced by a child's developmental stage. Examples are provided to illustrate the function of various roles in different contexts. Special attention is given to the topic of divorce, a prevalent stressor that often has a significant intra- and interpersonal impact on the children it affects.
Disability as Cultural Diversity
Authors: Henwood Patricia G. , Pope-Davis Donald B.
Published: March 2007

In recent years, the field of counseling has begun to push for a greater awareness and broader definition of cultural diversity. However, although ethnic/racial and gender diversity has been addressed, clients who have disabilities continue to be an overlooked population. This article addresses the disability of hearing impairments, and extends cultural diversity to this disability as a means of improving our work with clients who are hearing impaired Criteria for understanding hearing impairments are given, and methods of communication are presented Misconceptions about the deaf and the hard of hearing are discussed, with an emphasis on the special characteristics of this population. Issues in counseling the hearing impaired are outlined, focusing on communication dificulties, psychological assessment, and treatment techniques. Finally, recommendations regarding research, training, and practice are given.
Contemporary Attachment Theory
Authors: Lopez Frederick G.
Published: March 2007

Although originating from the study of infant development, attachment theory has recently been extended into domains of adult adjustment, and this emergent literature underscores the theory's promise as an integrative framework for inquiry and practice in counseling psychology. This article briefly reviews the theory's conceptual foundations and key empirical findings and traces important conceptual and methodological advances. Results of contemporary theory-guided studies of adult affect regulation, social competence, and intergenerational continuity are selectively reviewed Finally, implications of these findings for advancing an integrative understanding of healthy adult coping are considered.
Multicultural Counseling as the "Fourth Force"
Authors: Essandoh Pius K.
Published: March 2007

Recent contributors to the multicultural counseling debate seem to suggest that multicultural counseling has almost attained the status of a new paradigm, a new theory. This article examines the field of multicultural counseling as a new paradigm in counseling theory and suggests that although there has been a heightened awareness in multicultural counseling theory, the need to recognize the cultural and political context of human development in clinical practice has been very slow. It is argued that the progress made seems to be only in theory and research and that as scientist-practitioners, we need to work hard at supporting competent practice. A call is made to the profession for action.