bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Protein oxidation in muscle foods: A review
Authors: Lund Marianne N. , Heinonen Marina , Baron Caroline P. , Estévez Mario
Published: December 2010

Protein oxidation in living tissues is known to play an essential role in the pathogenesis of relevant degenerative diseases, whereas the occurrence and impact of protein oxidation (Pox) in food systems have been ignored for decades. Currently, the increasing interest among food scientists in this topic has led to highlight the influence that Pox may have on meat quality and human nutrition. Recent studies have contributed to solid scientific knowledge regarding basic oxidation mechanisms, and in advanced methodologies to accurately assess Pox in food systems. Some of these studies have provided insight into the reactions involved in the oxidative modifications undergone by muscle proteins. Moreover, a variety of products derived from oxidized muscle proteins, including cross‐links and carbonyls, have been identified. The impact of oxidation on protein functionality and on specific meat quality traits has also been addressed. Some other recent studies have shed light on the complex interaction mechanisms between myofibrillar proteins and certain redox‐active compounds such as tocopherols and phenolic compounds. This paper is devoted to review the most relevant findings on the occurrence and consequences of Pox in muscle foods. The efficiency of different anti‐oxidant strategies against the oxidation of muscle proteins is also reported.
Effect of polysiloxane and silane‐modified SiO2 on a novel intumescent flame retardant polypropylene system
Authors: Gao Suliang , Li Bin , Bai Peng , Zhang Shengqiang
Published: December 2010

The effects of polysiloxane and silane‐modified SiO2 (M‐SiO2) on properties of intumescent flame retardant polypropylene (IFR‐PP) have been studied. The results demonstrate that both polysiloxane and M‐SiO2 could effectively enhance the flame retardancy of the IFR‐PP, despite only 20 wt% loading of IFRs. Remarkably, the polysiloxane can clearly improve the water resistance of IFR‐PP. It can obtain UL‐94 V‐0 rating, and its LOI remains over 34% after the water treatment. The surface tension data, XPS data, and SEM sufficiently prove that the some of polysiloxane transfers to the IFR‐PP surface during processing. The TGA data show that the polysiloxane more effectively enhances the thermal stability of the IFR‐PP at high temperature and increases the char residue. The CONE results reveal that the polysiloxane can clearly change the decomposition behavior of PP and markedly reduce flammability parameters. The homogenous and compact intumescent char layers further confirm that polysiloxane is a very effective silicon‐containing additive for the flame retardancy and water resistance of the IFR‐PP. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adsorption properties for metal ions of waste poly(p‐phenylene terephthalamide) fiber after chemical modification
Authors: Qu Rongjun , Sun Xiaoying , Sun Changmei , Ji Chunnuan , Wang Chunhua
Published: December 2010

Waste poly(p‐phenylene terephthalamide) fibers (PPTA) were chemically modified through nitration and nitro‐reduction reactions to obtain nitro‐ and amino‐containing fibers and used as adsorbents for metal ions. The structures of the modified fibers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric (TG) analysis. Metal ions, such as Ni2+, Pb2+, Cu2+, and Hg2+, were used to determine the adsorption capacities of the PPTA fibers before and after modification in aqueous solutions. The results showed that the modification improved the adsorption capability of fibers and extraction ratio of metal ions significantly. The adsorption mechanism of modified PPTA fibers for metal ions was proposed. The adsorption processes of Ni2+, Pb2+, and Cu2+ followed well a pseudosecond‐order model onto PPTA‐NH2. The Langmuir and Freundlich models were employed to fit the isothermal adsorption. The results revealed that the linear Langmuir isotherm model is better‐fit model to predict the experimental data. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, characterization, and properties of semifluorinated organo‐soluble new aromatic polyamides
Authors: Bera Debaditya , Dasgupta Barnali , Chatterjee Shyambo , Maji Samarendra , Banerjee Susanta
Published: December 2010

A series of organo‐soluble new polyamides were synthesized by the direct polycondensation of different semifluorinated aromatic diamines, namely 4,4‐bis[3'‐trifluoromethyl‐4'(4“‐amino benzoxy)benzyl]biphenyl; 4,4”‐bis(aminophenoxy)‐3'3“‐trifluoromethyl terphenyl; 1,3‐bis[3'‐trifluoromethyl‐4'(4”‐amino benzoxy)benzyl]benzene; 2,6‐bis(3'‐trifluoromethyl‐p‐aminobiphenyl ether)pyridine; and 2,5‐bis(3'‐trifluoromethyl‐p‐aminobiphenyl ether)thiophene with 5‐t‐butyl‐isophthalic acid. The polymers were fully characterized by elemental analysis and IR, NMR spectroscopies. The synthesized polyamides were soluble in several organic solvents such as 1‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone, N,N‐dimethylformamide, N,N‐dimethylacetamide, tetrahydrofuran, and dimethyl sulfoxide at room temperature. They showed inherent viscosities of 0.42–0.63 dl/g. The polyamides exhibited weight‐average molecular weights of up to 233,000, which depended on the exact repeating unit structure. The polyamides synthesized from 4,4‐bis[3'‐trifluoromethyl‐4'(4”‐amino benzoxy)benzyl]biphenyl and 5‐t‐butyl isophthalic acid exhibited highest glass‐transition temperatures 261°C (evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry) in nitrogen. These polyamides showed good thermal stability up to 475°C for a 10% weight loss in air. The polyamides films were clear and flexible in nature with tensile strengths of up to 88 MPa, modulus of elasticity of up to 1.81 GPa, and elongations at break of up to 25%, which depended on the exact repeating unit structure. X‐ray diffraction measurements indicated that these polyamides were amorphous in nature. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Correlation between impact strength and fracture surface fractal dimension of ABS filled with hollow glass beads
Authors: Liang J. Z. , Wu C. B. , Wei Z. C.
Published: December 2010

The hollow glass bead (HGB) filled poly(acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene) copolymer (ABS) composites were prepared by means of a twin‐screw extruder. The HGB surface of was treated using a silane coupling agent, and the filler volume fraction was range from 0 to 15%. The impact strength (σI) of the ABS/HGB composites was measured at room temperature. On the basis of the impact fracture surface SEM photograph, the impact fracture surface fractal dimension (Ds) of the composites was measured, respectively, by means of the pixel‐covering method and projective‐covering method and an image processing software, to investigate the relationship between the Ds and σI of the composites. The results showed that the σI was related closely to Ds: σI increased with an increase of Ds, and the relationship between them could be described by an exponential function. Furthermore, the Ds measured by the pixel‐covering method were from 1.6232 to 1.7313, while those measured by the projective‐covering method were from 2.5174 to 2.5752. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physiological activities of chitosan and N‐trimethyl chitosan chloride in U937 and 3T3‐L1 cells
Authors: Ozhan Aytekin A. , Morimura Shigeru , Kida Kenji
Published: December 2010

Chitosan (CH) is a biopolymer with biocompatible, biodegradable, and bioactive properties. N,N,N‐trimethyl chitosan chloride (TMC) is a quaternized form of CH that is highly cationic and more water soluble than unmodified CH. The physiological activities of CHs with different molecular weights (Mw) and degrees of TMCs quaternization were investigated in U937 and 3T3‐L1 cell lines. 1H‐NMR spectrometry and size exclusion chromatography were used for characterization of the biopolymers. The half inhibition concentration (IC50) of DPPH‐radical‐scavenging activity was below 0.9 mg/m with quaternized CHs. The IC50 values of chitooligosaccharides, low‐ and medium‐molecular‐weight CHs were 8.4, 10.9, and 13.9 mg/ml, respectively. High‐molecular‐weight CHs and TMCs showed apoptotic activity on U937 cells. T41, a TMC of 549 kDa with a 41% degree of quaternization (DQ), yielded 30.7% apoptotic cell death in U937 at 20 µg/ml and effectively repressed cell differentiation and triglyceride accumulation in 3T3‐L1. Depolymerized CHs reduced triglyceride accumulation but also caused cell differentiation. TMCs showed repressor activity to both cell differentiation and triglyceride accumulation. Increasing the molecular weight of CHs and TMCs generally resulted in increased physiological activity. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Self‐assembled two‐dimensional porous network in aqueous solution based on perylene diimide phenylacetylene oligomer
Authors: Weissman Haim , Ustinov Alona , Shimoni Eyal , Cohen Sidney R. , Rybtchinski Boris
Published: December 2010

Two‐dimensional porous networks self‐assembled in solution are rare, while maintaining the solution‐phase network structure upon casting on solid supports presents a major challenge. We report on oligoarylacetylene bearing amphiphilic perylene diimide moieties that self‐assemble into a two‐dimensional porous network in aqueous solution that can be cast on surfaces, while maintaining the porous structure. The networks were characterized by cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo‐TEM and cryo‐SEM), and by atomic force microscopy, revealing formation of thin porous films (4‐nm thick). The network can be cast on various solid surfaces, preserving its solution‐phase structure. The design motif utilizing an oligoarylacetylene backbone with interacting amphiphilic pendants appears to be of wide utility for formation of novel assembly patterns. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phase I study of tandem high‐dose chemotherapy with autologous peripheral blood stem cell rescue for children with recurrent brain tumors: A pediatric blood and marrow transplant consortium study
Authors: Gilman Andrew L. , Jacobsen Chad , Bunin Nancy , Levine John , Goldman Fred , Bendel Anne , Joyce Michael , Anderson Peter , Rozans Marta , Wall Donna A. , MacDonald Tobey J. , Simon Steve , Kadota Richard P.
Published: December 2010

Background

High‐dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell rescue (HDC/SCR) has produced responses and prolonged survival for some children with recurrent brain tumors, but is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. A Phase I trial of two cycles of HDC/SCR for recurrent brain tumors in children was performed to determine the maximum tolerated doses for a novel regimen.

Procedures

Two cycles of HDC/SCR were given. Cycle 1 included thiotepa and carmustine given on days −5, −4, and −3. Four to six weeks later, patients received cycle 2 which included thiotepa and carboplatin given on days −5, −4, and −3. Autologous peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) were infused on day 0 of each cycle.

Results

Thirty‐two patients were treated and 25 patients received both cycles of HDC/SCR. Common toxicities included mucositis, emesis, diarrhea, anorexia, and pancytopenia. Eight of 32 (25%) assessable children died from regimen‐related toxicity. Pulmonary failure occurred in seven patients. Seven patients had grade 3–4 neurotoxicity. The 3‐year event‐free survival (EFS) was 25%.

Conclusions

We determined the maximum tolerated regimen to be thiotepa 600 mg/m2 and carmustine 300 mg/m2 followed by thiotepa 600 mg/m2 and carboplatin 1,200 mg/m2. Pulmonary toxicity was considerable. The toxic death rate was similar to other trials of HDC/SCR for children with recurrent brain tumors performed during the same time period. The regimen resulted in prolonged time to progression for a significant number of patients and long‐term survival for some patients with recurrent medulloblastoma and rhabdoid tumor. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011; 57: 506–513. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The association between smoking and subsequent repeated use of prescribed opioids among adolescents and young adults—a population‐based cohort study
Authors: Log Tomas , Hartz Ingeborg , Handal Marte , Tverdal Aage , Furu Kari , Skurtveit Svetlana
Published: December 2010

Background

The use of prescribed opioids for chronic non‐cancer pain is increasing in many countries. It is, therefore, important to investigate predictors for repeated use of opioids in young non‐cancer patients.

Objective

The aim of this study was to prospectively evaluate adolescent smoking and its association with repeated use of prescription opioids in adolescents/young adults without cancer.

Methods

The study population consisted of 11,809 15–16 year old participants (86% participation rate) in the Norwegian Youth Health Surveys carried out in 2000–2003. The exposure variable, self reported smoking status, was registered in the youth surveys along with potential confounders. Repeated use of opioids, defined as 4+ prescriptions recorded in the nationwide Norwegian Prescription Database during 2004–2008, was used as outcome measure.

Results

Among the participants included in our study, 161 had redeemed 4+ prescriptions for opioids. Daily adolescent smoking was associated with repeated use of opioids with an adjusted OR of 2.2 (95% CI 1.3–3.5).

Conclusions

Daily smoking at 15–16 years of age was associated with increased risk of incident repeated use of prescribed opioids later in life. Our study suggests that smoking dependence in adolescents may predict longer lasting and/or higher levels of opioid use. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microcavity effects in ensembles of silicon quantum dots coupled to high‐Q resonators
Authors: Bianucci Pablo , Zhi Yanyan , Marsiglio Frank , Silverstone Josh , Meldrum Al
Published: December 2010

Microcavities can be used to control the spectral properties of ensembles of quantum dots. In this work, spherical microcavities with quality (Q) factors as high as 3 × 108 in air were coated with a layer of fluorescent silicon quantum dots. After coating, the transmission Q factors decreased to approximately 106 or slightly lower, while the luminescence Q‐factors (QPL) reached a maximum of ∼4000. While these are the highest QPL values yet reported for Si QDs, QPL was always orders of magnitude lower than the intrinsic cavity Q. One reason for the difference has its origin in the quantum dot emission linewidth, which is associated only with the QPL and not with the cold cavity (intrinsic) Q. Essentially, the Q factor in luminescence experiments arises from the spontaneous emission rate enhancements or suppressions experienced by the dot in the cavity. We developed a general model to calculate the luminescence spectrum and decay dynamics for an inhomogeneously broadened ensemble of quantum dots with arbitrary emission linewidths weakly coupled to an optical cavity. Using this model and comparing it with experiment, we show that the respective values of the luminescence quality factors and the cold cavity quality factors can be used to determine an effective quantum dot emission linewidth without the need for single particle spectroscopy. In the case of Si quantum dots, the room temperature emission linewidth may be as small as a few meV at room temperature.
The magnetic and structural properties of Co2MnSi Heusler alloy thin films on the orientation of Ge substrate
Authors: Nahid M. A. I. , Oogane M. , Naganuma H. , Ando Y.
Published: December 2010

The structural and magnetic properties of Co2MnSi films on different oriented n‐Ge substrates were compared. The orientation of the substrates changed the growth of the film. Therefore, a significant change of magnetization of Co2MnSi films was noticed depending on the orientation of the Ge substrates.
Accelerating GW calculations with optimal polarizability basis
Authors: Umari P. , Qian X. , Marzari N. , Stenuit G. , Giacomazzi L. , Baroni S.
Published: December 2010

We present a method for accelerating GW quasi‐particle (QP) calculations. This is achieved through the introduction of optimal basis sets for representing polarizability matrices. First the real‐space products of Wannier like orbitals are constructed and then optimal basis sets are obtained through singular value decomposition. Our method is validated by calculating the vertical ionization energies of the benzene molecule and the band structure of crystalline silicon. Its potentialities are illustrated by calculating the QP spectrum of a model structure of vitreous silica. Finally, we apply our method for studying the electronic structure properties of a model of quasi‐stoichiometric amorphous silicon nitride and of its point defects.
SiO2 in density functional theory and beyond
Authors: Martin‐Samos L. , Bussi G. , Ruini A. , Molinari E. , Caldas M. J.
Published: December 2010

We present the first‐principle electronic structure calculation on an amorphous material including many‐body corrections within the GW approximation. We show that the inclusion of the local field effects in the exchange–correlation potential is crucial to quantitatively describe amorphous systems and defect states. We show that the mobility gap of amorphous silica coincides with the band gap of quartz, contrary to the traditional picture and the densityfunctional theory results.
Electrostatic interactions between charged defects in supercells
Authors: Freysoldt Christoph , Neugebauer Jörg , Van de Walle Chris G.
Published: December 2010

Most theoretical calculations for point defects employ the supercell approach. The supercell consists of a few dozen or 100 atoms of the bulk material with a single defect, and is subject to periodic boundary conditions. However, the large density and periodic arrangement of the defects introduce artifacts. They need to be corrected for to extrapolate to the isolated‐defect limit. This is particularly important for electrostatic interactions between charged defects, which decay only very slowly (asymptotically like L−1) with increasing supercell lattice constant L. In this paper, we summarize the underlying electrostatics in condensed matter. A novel defect scheme is derived from this analysis. It overcomes limitations of previous schemes with respect to applicability, systematic improvement, and formal justification. Good performance is demonstrated for vacancies in diamond and GaAs.
Growth Process of Goss Grains during Secondary Recrystallization of Grain‐oriented Electrical Steels
Authors: Mao W. , Guo W. , Li Y.
Published: December 2010

The coarsening behaviour of Goss grains in grain oriented electrical steel during annealing after cold rolling was investigated. The results show that the coarsening resistance of fine second phase particles was reduced inside the surface grains. This induced particle coarsening and the reduction of particle density. The reduction of particle density was grain orientation dependent because of the elastic anisotropy of ferrite. Experimental results also revealed that some small surface Goss grains exhibited higher particle density than their neighbouring grains. This may account for the higher coarsening resistance of fine particles and be responsible for the stronger pinning effect on the migration of grain boundaries. Therefore, these Goss grains may have grown at the expense of smaller neighbouring grains and most were very unlikely to be consumed by large neighbouring grains during secondary recrystallization annealing. When their sizes became even larger, they consumed the large grains in turn and consequently formed a strong Goss texture.
Computational Thermodynamic Study of Inclusions Formation in the Continuous Casting of SAE 8620 Steel
Authors: Bielefeldt W. V. , Vilela A. C. F.
Published: December 2010

The general purpose of this work is a thermodynamic study of non‐metallic inclusions in the CC tundish for SAE 8620 steel. Specific purposes are: (1) Obtaining the phases formed and their composition in inclusions by applying computational thermodynamics for SAE 8620 steel; (2) Establishing conditions of steel composition for the improvement of SAE 8620 castability, including the plant validation in terms of the castability index. Thermodynamic studies were performed with the commercial software FactSage and databases. Simulations were carried out by the global chemical composition of SAE 8620 steel in the CC tundish, resulting in both steel composition and non‐metallic inclusions (oxides and sulphides) at the desired temperature. Furthermore, results showed both different solid oxides and liquid phase formation in inclusions by varying calcium content in the steel. Thus, it was possible to determine the inclusion composition as a function of aluminium and calcium content of SAE 8620 steel, and moreover, to establish a range of calcium content in which the inclusions are predominantly formed by liquid phase. In addition, the percentages of liquid and solid phase in inclusions, as well as, oxide compositions could be calculated.
Numerical Evaluation of Blast Furnace Performance under Top Gas Recycling and Lower Temperature Operation
Authors: Chu M. , Yagi J.‐I.
Published: December 2010

The new process of top gas recycling by hot reducing gas (HRG) injection has been developed in this study in order to overcome the disadvantageous problems under the lower temperature operation, to enhance the utilization of top gas carbon and to reduce carbon dioxide emission of blast furnaces. Numerical evaluation of blast furnace top gas recirculation together with lower‐temperature operation was performed by means of a multi‐fluid blast furnace model. The simulation results show that, (1) under the lower temperature operation, the shaft injection, or simultaneous shaft and tuyere injection of hot reducing gas is effective to increase the heat supply and to enrich the reduction atmosphere in the shaft zone, to improve the reduction of iron burdens, and enhance the efficiency of the shaft zone. (2) If top gas is recirculated by HRG on the basis of lower temperature operation, a highly efficient low‐carbon blast furnace is obtained. The productivity of the furnace shows a remarkable increase and the total reducing agent rate shows a considerable decrease. Furthermore, the top gas carbon utilization is enhanced and the carbon dioxide emission rate is lowered. (3) Generally, shaft efficiency, carbon emission and heat efficiency under simultaneous tuyere and shaft injection are comparatively better than in the other two methods of single injection.
Deformation Analysis for the Rotary Draw Bending Process of Circular Tubes: Stress Distribution and Wall Thinning
Authors: Daxin E. , Liu Yafei , Feng Huaibei
Published: December 2010

Rotary draw bending is a CNC tube bending process widely used in industry. Compared with pure bending, rotary draw bending involves a much more complex loading condition. In addition to the bending moment, an axial force is generated in the process even if no drawing force is externally applied. Taking this axial force into account, this paper presents an analysis of tube bending. The stress distribution and wall thinning are calculated. Calculations are compared with experimental and numerical results and a good agreement is shown.
Comparison of Tearing Energy of Interstitial‐Free (IF) and Low‐Carbon (LC) Steel Sheets
Authors: Askariani A. , Mahmudi R. , Pishbin M.H.
Published: December 2010

Tearing energies of interstitial‐free (IF) and low‐carbon (LC) steel sheets, having different mechanical characteristics, were studied by the multiple tensile testing (MTT) method. The results showed that while plastic deformation energy was primarily controlled by the strain hardening exponent, tearing energy was directly related to the neck breadth parameter, which depends on the strain hardening, terminus strain rate sensitivity, and plastic anisotropy of the tested sheets. It was found that IF steel with lower strength and higher uniform elongation exhibits higher plastic deformation energy and lower tearing energy than the LC steel. The correlation between tearing energy and mechanical properties of the materials were analysed. The tearing energies obtained for the LC sheets were comparable to those of mild steel sheets reported in the literature.
Recovery of Chromium from AOD‐Converter Slags
Authors: Adamczyk B. , Brenneis R. , Adam C. , Mudersbach D.
Published: December 2010

Slags from the production of high‐alloyed steel contain both chemically bound chromium (mainly as Cr2O3) in the mineral fraction and elemental chromium in the metallic remainders. Thermochemical post treatment of the slag in an electric arc furnace under reducing conditions enables the nearly complete recovery of the total amount of chromium in form of a metallic alloy. The best results were achieved by resistance melting (submerged electrodes) with addition of a reducing agent into the melt. The efficiencies of the reducing agents carbon, aluminium, silicon (as ferrosilicon) and silicon carbide were investigated and compared. As aluminium is the strongest reducing agent, it is less selective and reduces much more SiO2 than Cr2O3. While SiC shows only low reactivity because of its high thermal resistance, carbon and silicon had the highest reducing potentials: More than 97% of the chemically bound chromium can be recovered by application of these reducing agents. Due to the high temperature required for the reduction of the chromium compounds, the reduction of SiO2 as an undesired side reaction cannot be avoided. However, compared with mechanical procedures that are limited to the recovery of the metallic remainders, the total chromium recovery can be significantly increased by the described reductive melting procedure.
Design methods of integral‐lift tubular steel scaffolds for high‐rise building construction
Authors: Yue F. , Li G. Q. , Yuan Y.
Published: December 2010

In this paper, we discuss the design and calculation methods of integral‐lift scaffolds under condition of operating, climbing up/down and falling. Dead loads, construction live loads and wind loads for integral‐lift scaffolds are given in this paper. The key factors such as additional load factor κ are introduced and defined for recommendation as well. Load and resistance factor design method based on probability theory is introduced for the design of the main load‐bearing structures. Herein, the additional partial safety factor of material strength γ′m is introduced specifically for scaffolding frames which are often frequently reused under poor outdoor conditions. Some important checking methods proposed specifically for integral‐lift scaffolds such as checking of anti‐slide strength of couplers and anti‐overturning analyses are also presented. Meanwhile, allowable strength design method is suggested in the design of the lifting equipments, suspending rods and slings. The proposed methods in this paper will be useful guidelines for safe design of integral‐lift scaffolds. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parameter optimization and structural design of tuned mass damper for shanghai centre tower
Authors: Lu Xilin , Chen Junru
Published: December 2010

With a height of 632 m, Shanghai centre tower (SHC), located in Lujiazui district of Shanghai, will be the highest building in China. A tuned mass damper (TMD) system will be set in the upper part to control the structural wind‐induced response. The optimum control parameters of TMD were obtained through different optimization cases of TMD system parameters for wind vibration control. Then, Based on the conceptual design of SHC TMD system, theoretical analysis and formula derivation of dual pendulum systems, which is an improved form of traditional pendulum systems, was carried out, and the fundamental design method and process of dual pendulum systems is proposed in the paper. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design and behaviour of a reinforced concrete high‐rise tube building with belt walls
Authors: Shin Myoungsu , Kang Thomas H.‐K. , LaFave James M. , Grossman Jacob S.
Published: December 2010

This paper discusses modelling, analysis and design issues for a 55‐storey hotel building recently planned for New York City, USA. The lateral force resistance of the investigated building primarily makes use of exterior reinforced concrete shear walls in one direction and exterior reinforced concrete moment frames in the other direction, in which tube action credited to the connection of the walls and frames was designed to play a significant role in the lateral stiffness and strength. In addition, a full‐storey belt wall system, enclosing the entire perimeter of the building at approximately the mid‐height, is expected to provide a considerable contribution to the lateral force resistance. In this paper, the contribution of tube action and the belt wall system to structural behaviour is investigated in terms of quantitative measures such as lateral drift, building dynamic properties and flange frame contribution to overturning moment resistance. In addition, axial force distribution among the various vertical members under lateral forces is discussed for each of the two principal building directions. Finally, the seismic behaviour of the investigated building is qualitatively discussed in order to propose a seismic force‐resisting system classification into which this concrete tube system would fit. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cs10Tl6SiO4, Cs10Tl6GeO4, and Cs10Tl6SnO3 – First Oxotetrelate Thallides, Double Salts Containing “Hypoelectronic” [Tl6]6– Clusters
Authors: Saltykov Vyacheslav , Nuss Jürgen , Jansen Martin
Published: December 2010

Cs10Tl6TtO4 (Tt = Si, Ge) and Cs10Tl6SnO3 were synthesized by the reaction of appropriate starting materials at 623–673 K, followed by fast cooling or quenching to room temperature, in arc‐welded tantalum ampoules. According to single‐crystal X‐ray analyses, the compounds crystallize in new structure types (Cs10Tl6TtO4 (Tt = Si, Ge), P21/c and Cs10Tl6SnO3, Pnma), consisting of [Tl6]6– clusters, which can be characterized as distorted octahedra compressed along one of the fourfold axes of an originally unperturbed octahedron, and [SiO4]4–, [GeO4]4– or [SnO3]4– anions. The oxotetrelate thallides can be regarded as “double salts”, which consist of Cs6Tl6 on one side and respective oxosilicates, ‐germanates and ‐stannates on the other, showing almost not any direct interaction between the two anionic moieties, as might be expressed e.g. by the formula [Cs6Tl6][Cs4SiO4]. In contrast to the silicon and germanium compounds, where the oxidation state of the tetrel atom is unambiguously 4+, for the threefold coordinated tin atom in Cs10Tl6SnO3 an oxidation state of 2+ has to be assumed. Thus, the latter reveal further evidence that the so called “hypoelectronic” [Tl6]6– cluster does not require additional electrons and is intrinsically stable. The distortion of [Tl6]6– can be understood in terms of the Jahn–Teller theorem. According to magnetic measurements all title compounds are diamagnetic.
From genes to ecosystems: a genetic basis to ecosystem services
Authors: Bailey Joseph K.
Published: December 2010

Ecosystems provide services, many of which are regulated through species interactions. Emerging research in the fields of community and ecosystem genetics indicate that genetic variation in one species can influence species interactions and affect subsequent patterns of energy flow and nutrient cycles. Because there can be a genetic basis to community‐ and ecosystem‐level processes, evolutionary processes that alter standing genetic variation can have extended consequences that matter to patterns of biodiversity and ecosystem function that exist on the landscape. Here we explore some emerging areas of research in the field of community and ecosystem genetics and discuss the general importance of this approach to evolutionary ecology.
Spam filtering: how the dimensionality reduction affects the accuracy of Naive Bayes classifiers
Authors: Almeida Tiago A. , Almeida Jurandy , Yamakami Akebo
Published: December 2010

E-mail spam has become an increasingly important problem with a big economic impact in society. Fortunately, there are different approaches allowing to automatically detect and remove most of those messages, and the best-known techniques are based on Bayesian decision theory. However, such probabilistic approaches often suffer from a well-known difficulty: the high dimensionality of the feature space. Many term-selection methods have been proposed for avoiding the curse of dimensionality. Nevertheless, it is still unclear how the performance of Naive Bayes spam filters depends on the scheme applied for reducing the dimensionality of the feature space. In this paper, we study the performance of many term-selection techniques with several different models of Naive Bayes spam filters. Our experiments were diligently designed to ensure statistically sound results. Moreover, we perform an analysis concerning the measurements usually employed to evaluate the quality of spam filters. Finally, we also investigate the benefits of using the Matthews correlation coefficient as a measure of performance.
Anatomical Variations of Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve During Thyroid Surgery: How to Identify and Handle the Variations With Intraoperative Neuromonitoring
Authors: Chiang Feng‐Yu , Lu I‐Cheng , Chen Hui‐Chun , Chen Hsiu‐Ya , Tsai Cheng‐Jing , Hsiao Pi‐Jung , Lee Ka‐Wo , Wu Che‐Wei
Published: December 2010

Recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) palsy is the most common and serious complication after thyroid surgery. Visual identification of the RLN during thyroid surgery has been shown to be associated with lower rates of palsy, and although it has been recommended as the gold standard for RLN treatment, it does not guarantee success against postoperative vocal cord paralysis. Anatomical variations of the RLN, such as extra‐laryngeal branches, distorted RLN, intertwining between branches of the RLN and inferior thyroid artery, and non‐recurrent laryngeal nerve, can be a potential cause of nerve injury due to visual misidentification. Therefore, intraoperative verification of functional and anatomical RLN integrity is a prerequisite for a safe thyroid operation. In this article, we review the literature and demonstrate how to identify and handle the anatomical variations of the RLN with the application of intraoperative neuromonitoring in the form of high resolution photography, which can be informative for thyroid surgeons. Anatomical variations of the RLN cannot be predicted preoperatively and might be associated with higher rates of RLN injury. The RLN injury caused by visual misidentification can be rare if the nerve is definitely identified early with intraoperative neuromonitoring.
Right Thoracotomy for Carinal Resection With Left Thoracoscopic Pneumonectomy as a New Approach for Left Sleeve Pneumonectomy: A Case Report
Authors: Yen Yi‐Ting , Lai Wu‐Wei
Published: December 2010

A 43‐year‐old woman, with a history of asthma that had been treated for the previous 3 years, was diagnosed with an endobronchial tumor, based on chest computed tomography. A biopsy proved the tumor to be adenoid cystic carcinoma. For carinal involvement and submucosal extension in the left main bronchus, rigid bronchoscopy was done to maintain airway patency, and then a left sleeve pneumonectomy was done via a right thoracotomy and left video‐assisted thoracoscopic surgery. The distance between the tumor‐free left main bronchus and the carina was large; therefore, preservation of the left lung would have compromised the healing of the carinal tracheobronchoplasty and led to life‐threatening complications. This case revealed that endobronchial lesions should be highly suspected after treatment for asthma fails. It also highlighted that, because the carina naturally deviates to the right, combined right thoracotomy and left video‐assisted thoracoscopic surgery for left sleeve pneumonectomy provides an anatomical advantage for carinal tracheobronchoplasty. Furthermore, the combination reduces the postoperative physiological burden that could be caused by bilateral thoracotomy.
n-6 Fatty acid-specific and mixed polyunsaturate dietary interventions have different effects on CHD risk: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Authors: Ramsden Christopher E. , Hibbeln Joseph R. , Majchrzak Sharon F. , Davis John M.
Published: December 2010

Randomised controlled trials (RCT) of mixedn-6 andn-3 PUFA diets, and meta-analyses of their CHD outcomes, have been considered decisive evidence in specifically advising consumption of ‘at least 5–10 % of energy asn-6 PUFA’. Here we (1) performed an extensive literature search and extracted detailed dietary and outcome data enabling a critical examination of all RCT that increased PUFA and reported relevant CHD outcomes; (2) determined if dietary interventions increasedn-6 PUFA with specificity, or increased bothn-3 andn-6 PUFA (i.e. mixedn-3/n-6 PUFA diets); (3) compared mixedn-3/n-6 PUFA ton-6 specific PUFA diets on relevant CHD outcomes in meta-analyses; (4) evaluated the potential confounding role oftrans-fatty acids (TFA).n-3 PUFA intakes were increased substantially in four of eight datasets, and then-6 PUFA linoleic acid was raised with specificity in four datasets.n-3 andn-6 PUFA replaced a combination of TFA and SFA in all eight datasets. For non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI)+CHD death, the pooled risk reduction for mixedn-3/n-6 PUFA diets was 22 % (risk ratio (RR) 0·78; 95 % CI 0·65, 0·93) compared to an increased risk of 13 % forn-6 specific PUFA diets (RR 1·13; 95 % CI 0·84, 1·53). Risk of non-fatal MI+CHD death was significantly higher inn-6 specific PUFA diets compared to mixedn-3/n-6 PUFA diets (P = 0·02). RCT that substitutedn-6 PUFA for TFA and SFA without simultaneously increasingn-3 PUFA produced an increase in risk of death that approached statistical significance (RR 1·16; 95 % CI 0·95, 1·42). Advice to specifically increasen-6 PUFA intake, based on mixedn-3/n-6 RCT data, is unlikely to provide the intended benefits, and may actually increase the risks of CHD and death.
The Brazilian and Italian Labor Courts: Comparative Notes
Authors: da Silva Fernando Teixeira
Published: December 2010

This article compares the Brazilian Labor Court, created in 1939, and the Italian Magistratura del Lavoro, instituted in 1926 by the government of Mussolini, to “harmonize” the conflicts between labor and capital through judicial means. The text problematizes the Brazilian intellectual tradition which sees the Labor Court either as a typically national product or as the transcription of an international model. It demonstrates that current polemics are fixed within the ambit of the “national problem” such as it was formulated in the 1930s. The approach adopted does not concentrate exclusively on the formal apparatus of juridical structure, but interrogates its functioning over time in different historical conjunctures. The main goal of the article is to understand the Labor Court as an institutional recourse historically appropriated by different subjects, in particular by workers, who gave the courts differentiated political meanings.
Industrial Life in a Limiting Landscape: An Environmental Interpretation of Stalinist Social Conditions in the Far North
Authors: Bruno Andy
Published: December 2010

This paper offers an environmental history of a group of forced migrants who were sent to work on a Soviet industrial project in the far north during the 1930s. As part of the drive to industrialize the country rapidly, the Soviet state deported thousands of peasants who had been declared class enemies to the previously desolate Khibiny Mountains in order to serve as the labor force for a new socialist mining town. These forced migrants became known as “special settlers”. I argue that the integration of the environment as a dynamic force in the social history of Stalinism enriches current explanations for why the Soviet state was often unable to carry out its intentions during industrialization. I also maintain that through the pursuit of the global process of industrialization, the Soviet government contributed to making the special settlers in the Khibiny Mountains vulnerable to natural hazards.
Hydro-businesses: National and Global Demands on the São Francisco River Basin Environment of Brazil
Authors: Nascimento Lucigleide Nery , Becker Mimi Larsen
Published: December 2010

The São Francisco River provided very obvious, close-by forms of sustenance for local communities. Beginning in the mid-1950s, the river became the place for large hydro-electric facilities, large-scale flooding, and population resettlement. A decade later, the federal government began working on pilot irrigation projects that would lead to areas described today as the Brazilian California. Hydro-power for Brazilian cities such as Recife and Salvador and irrigation for grapes and mangoes destined for the United States and Europe are among the eco-system services this river supplies. The purpose of federal policies for the north-east went beyond mitigation of the consequences of droughts, the hydraulic approach, and started to follow an economic approach based upon development; as a consequence, river and user came to be distant from one another. The two major intensive uses of the river, electricity and irrigation, threaten the long-term sustainability of this system.
Promoting norms to limit violence in crisis situations: challenges, strategies and alliances
Authors: Harroff-Tavel Marion
Published: December 2010

In Somalia, a group of young actors, musicians and scriptwriters are working on a play which is to be produced, filmed and distributed in the form of a video throughout the country. One scene shows a young militiaman boasting of how he has terrorized the population and the reaction of the woman he loves. She evokes the suffering caused by his conduct and refuses to marry a man who has disregarded the code of honour of his clan. This creative work contains a message for young militiamen about the effect of unbridled violence on both its victims and its perpetrators.
Intramammary inoculation ofPanax ginsengextract in cows at drying off enhances early mammary involution
Authors: Dallard Bibiana E , Baravalle Celina , Andreotti Carolina , Ortega Hugo H , Neder Verónica , Calvinho Luis F
Published: December 2010

This study was designed to evaluate the effects of a single intramammary infusion ofPanax ginsengextract on cell proliferation and death mechanism in bovine mammary gland during early involution. Eight mammary quarters from six non-pregnant cows in late lactation were infused with 10 ml of ginseng solution (3 mg/ml), six quarters were treated with 10 ml of placebo (vehicle alone) and six quarters were maintained as uninoculated controls. Milking was interrupted after infusion. Animals included in the three groups were slaughtered 7 d after inoculation and samples for histological analysis were taken. Morphometric analysis showed a significant increase in percentages of mammary tissue area occupied by stroma in ginseng-treated quarters compared with controls. A significant increase of immunostained area for bax protein and active caspase-3 was observed in ginseng-treated quarters compared with controls, whereas no differences were observed for bcl-2 immunostaining. Expression of bax mRNA was significantly higher in ginseng-treated quarters than in controls. The bax/bcl-2 ratio indicated a significant predominance of bax over bcl-2 mRNA expression in ginseng-treated quarters compared with controls. The rise of epithelial and stromal cell apoptosis in situ by TUNEL was more marked in quarters treated with ginseng than in controls. Ginseng inoculation had no effect on the number of epithelial and stromal proliferating cells labelled with Ki-67 antibody. Ratio of apoptotic to proliferating cells was higher in quarters treated with ginseng compared with controls, indicating a net loss of cells in parenchymal components. Also, the intramammary inoculation of ginseng extract at drying off increased the rate of mammary cell apoptosis without inhibiting cell proliferation. Taken together, these changes are indicative of mammary regression enhancement during early involution.
Mastitis and the shape of the lactation curve in Norwegian dairy cows
Authors: Andersen Fredrik , Østerås Olav , Reksen Olav , Gröhn Yrjo T
Published: December 2010

An investigation of the shape of the lactation curve and the mastitis incidence was conducted to identify whether management interventions of the lactation curve constitute a potential for reducing incidence of mastitis at herd level. Lactation curves were estimated to describe the variation of daily milk yield during the 305-d lactation period in Norwegian Red cows. Associations between mastitis incidence at herd level and lactation curve characteristics such as production level at onset of lactation, magnitude and time of peak milk yield, and increase and decrease of milk yield rates were studied. Data from 250 303 lactations occurring during 2005 and 2006 from 14 766 herds were obtained from the Norwegian Dairy Herd Recording System. Besides veterinary treatments, the records included information on monthly test-day milk yields. The shapes of the lactation curves at herd level were parameterized using a modified Wilmink model in two separate mixed model analyses. In the first analysis a subset of lactations with no records of veterinary treatments was used. Lactation curves from herds with high (>0·31 cases/305-d lactation) and low (<0·07 cases/305-d lactation) herd mastitis incidence rate were parameterized and compared for three separate strata of parity. The result showed that high herd mastitis incidence rate was associated with a low intercept (P<0·05), a steep slope before peak milk yield (P<0·01) and a rapid decline after peak milk yield (P<0·01). In the second analysis a subset of high-yielding lactations with veterinary treatments of mastitis only and lactations with no records of veterinary treatment were compared. This was done to investigate whether the findings at herd level were also reflected at cow level. These results showed that lactation curves from lactations with mastitis cases were associated with a steep slope before peak milk yield (P<0·05) in second and later parities and a rapid decline after peak milk yield (P<0·01) in all three parity groups.
Production of high-intensity proton fluxes by a 2ω Nd:glass laser beam
Authors: Badziak J. , Jabłoński S. , Parys P. , Szydłowski A. , Fuchs J. , Mancic A.
Published: December 2010

The results of numerical and experimental studies of high-intensity proton beam generation using a 2ω or 1ω Nd:glass laser beam irradiating a thin hydrogen-rich target are reported. The effect of the laser wavelength (λ), intensity (IL) and pulse duration as well as the target thickness, and the preplasma density gradient scale length on proton beam parameters, and the laser-protons energy conversion efficiency were examined by particle-in-cell simulations. Both the simulations and measurements, performed on the LULI 100 TW laser facility atILup to 2 × 1019W/cm2, prove that at theILλ2product fixed, the 2ω laser driver can produce proton beams of intensity, current density and energy fluence significantly higher than the ones which could be achieved using the 1ω driver. In particular, atILλ2~(0.5–1) × 1020Wcm−2µm2the 2ω picosecond driver makes it possible to generate multi-MeV proton beams of intensity and current density in excess of 1021W/cm2and 1014A/cm2, respectively, with the conversion efficiency above 10%.
Enhancement of monoenergetic proton beamsviacone substrate in high intensity laser pulse-double layer target interactions
Authors: Zhou Weimin , Gu Yuqiu , Hong Wei , Cao Leifeng , Zhao Zongqing , Ding Yongkun , Zhang Baohan , Cai Hongbo , Mima Kunioki
Published: December 2010

A scheme capable of enhancing the energy of monoenergetic protons in high intensity laser-plasma interactions is proposed and demonstrated by two dimensional particle-in-cell simulations. The focusing of laser light pulse and the guiding of surface currentviathe highZmaterial cone-shaped substrate increase the temperature of hot electrons, which are responsible for the electrostatic field accelerating protons. Moreover, the sub-micron proton layer coated on the cone-shaped substrate makes the total proton beam experience the same accelerating field, thus the monochromaticity is maintained. Compared to the normal film double layer target, the energy of monoenergetic proton beams can be improved about three times.