bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pathology of chickens infected with avian nephoblastoma virus MAV-2(N)
Authors: Watts S L , Smith R E
Published: January 2020

A neophroblastoma-inducing myeloblastosis-associated virus, MAV-2(N), derived from avian myeloblastosis virus was characterized with respect to biochemical composition and avian pathogenesis. Purified fibroblast-grown virus contained the same size 35S ribonucleic acid and the same relative amounts of viral polypeptides as another myeloblastosis-associated virus inducing predominantly osteopetrosis MAV-2(O). Plaque-purified MAV-2(N) induced a 76 to 93% incidence of nephroblastoma and a 3 to 50% incidence of osteopetrosis in SPAFAS and line 15 x 7 chickens: the oncogenic spectrum and the onset of nephroblastoma varied with the line of chicken and the route of injection. Renal neoplasms were manifest in chickens older than 2 months and grew to a massive size. Furthermore, 29% of control chickens housed with MAV-2(N)-infected chickens demonstrated nephroblastoma. MAV-2(N)-infected chickens had growth rates and blood packed cell volumes comparable to those of uninfected chickens. Infected chickens 2 months of age had increased kidney, liver, and spleen weights; tumor-bearing chickens 3 to 4 months of age had increased liver, lung, brain, pancreas, and bone weights. The concentration of albumin was decreased and the concentration of gamma globulin was increased in the serum of MAV-2(N)-INFECTED CHICKENS. Analysis of the sera of nephroblastoma-bearing chickens for virus and antibody showed that three states existed: (i) high levels of neutralizing antibody, (ii) high levels of virus, and (iii) simultaneous presence of both at low levels. The pathological and virological features of MAV-2(N) which distinguish it from MAV-2(O) are discussed.
Effect of Dietary Essential Amino Acid Limitations upon Native Levels of Murine Serum Immunoglobulins, Transferrin, and Complement
Authors: Petro Thomas M. , Bhattacharjee J. K.
Published: January 2020

Effects of dietary essential amino acid (leucine, isoleucine, valine, or lysine) limitations upon the native levels of serum immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgM, and IgA, as well as transferrin, the third component of complement (C3), and albumin were determined in CF1 mice by the radial immunodiffusion technique. Male mice fed the control diet and the isoleucine- or valine-limited diets exhibited lower levels of serum IgG than the female mice fed the same diets. Levels of IgG in female experimental mice were not significantly different than those in female control mice. Serum IgM levels in male or female mice fed the experimental diets were higher than those in the control mice. Except for the mice fed the isoleucine-limited diet, serum IgA levels were higher in male and female mice fed the experimental diets than in mice fed the control diet. Serum transferrin levels were not significantly different in mice fed the experimental diets when compared with mice fed the control diet. However, the levels of transferrin found in the peritoneal exudates were lower in mice fed the isoleucine- or lysine-limited diets than in mice fed the control diet. In mice fed the isoleucine- and lysine-limited diets, the levels of serum C3 were significantly lower than those in control mice. These results indicate that the native levels of serum immunoglobulins are increased in some instances and that the levels of serum C3 and the transferrin in the peritoneal fluid are significantly decreased in certain dietary groups of mice.
Antiviral Cell-Mediated Immune Responses and Effect of Chromosome Polymorphism in
Herpesvirus saimiri
-Infected Monkeys
Authors: Neubauer Russell H. , Rabin Harvey , Dunn Frances E.
Published: January 2020

Herpesvirus saimiri
is a horizontally transmitted virus of squirrel monkeys (
Saimiri sciureus
) which, when inoculated into owl monkeys (
Aotus trivirgatus
), induces fatal malignant lymphoma in 75 to 80% of the animals. Previous immunological and virological studies have not indicated why 20 to 25% of inoculated owl monkeys develop a chronic, disease-free
H. saimiri
infection. In the present study, we examined two parameters to explain why certain owl monkeys are resistant to
H. saimiri
-induced disease. The first possibility was that the animals in which
H. saimiri
established a chronic infection were all of the same karyotypic class. In studying four such animals, we found that three of the seven known karyotyes were represented, indicating that chromosome polymorphism does not explain disease resistance. The second possibility examined was that animals which develop disease do so as a result of a failure in specific anti-
H. saimiri
cell-mediated immunity. Naturally infected squirrel monkeys exhibited long-lasting, virus-specific cell-mediated immunity in a lymphocyte proliferation assay, whereas such reactivity could not be demonstrated either in chronically infected owl monkeys or in an owl monkey with a primary
H. saimiri
infection. The failure of owl monkeys to respond to viral antigens was not due to a basic immunological defect, since these animals gave normal responses to heterologous cells and were capable of being sensitized with the protein antigen keyhole limpet hemocyanin.
Excretion of extracellular lipids by Streptococcus mutans BHT and FA-1
Authors: Cabacungan E , Pieringer R A
Published: January 2020

Streptococcus mutans BHT and FA-1, when grown to log phase on chemically defined medium containing [14C]glycerol, excreted 15% of the total biosynthesized 14C-lipid into the medium. When grown to early stationary phase, 28 to 33% of the 14C-lipid was found in the medium. The radioactive lipids of these varieties of S. mutans were identified as diacylglycerol, diglucosyl diacylglycerol (DGD), monoglucosyl diacylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and smaller amounts of two other lipids tentatively were identified as amino acyl-PG and glycerol phosphoryl-DGD. All lipids were found as extracellular and intracellular components from cells grown to either log or stationary phase. However, there were some shifts in the relative percentage of these lipids as the cells changed from log to stationary phase. For example, the intracellular lipid content of log-phase S. mutans BHT was composed of 49% PG and 19% DGD, but these percents shifted to 18% PG and 57% DGD when the cells were grown to stationary phase. However, the extracellular lipids of this organism contained 50 to 60% PG and 20% DGD in both log and stationary phases.
Immunoglobulin E antibodies against Staphylococcus aureus cell walls in the sera of patients with hyperimmunoglobulinemia E and recurrent staphylococcal infection
Authors: Schopfer K , Douglas S D , Wilkinson B J
Published: January 2020

The specificity of antistaphylococcal antibodies of the IgE class in five patients with hyperimmunoglobulinemia E and recurrent staphylococcal infection has been investigated. Purified cell walls were prepared from various staphylococcal strains, and serum immunoglobulin E binding was measured by using a solid-phase radioimmunoassay. Immunoglobulin E binding occurred only with cell walls from Staphylococcus aureus strains, including walls from a teichoic acid-deficient mutant. Immunoglobulin E did not bind to cell wall preparations from the coagulase-negative species S. capitis, S. sciuri subsp. lentus, S. simulans, S. xylosus, staphylococcal strains RB-11 and Armour, and from a group A streptococcus strain CS44. Since the glycan backbone and the tetrapeptide (pentapeptide) subunit of the peptidoglycan of all staphylococcal strains tested are believed to be identical, it is suggested that IgE binding is related to either the peptidoglycan interpeptide bridge or an unknown antigenic structure within the cell wall of S. aureus. The pathophysiological significance of antistaphylococcal immunoglobulin E antibodies in the disorder studied is at present unknown. The formation of immunoglobulin E antibodies to S. aureus cell wall components may be a manifestation of an aberrant immunological response to S. aureus related to the undue susceptibility to staphylococcal infections in these patients.
Sexual transmission of spotted fever group rickettsiae by infected male ticks: detection of rickettsiae in immature spermatozoa of Ixodes ricinus
Authors: Hayes S F , Burgdorfer W , Aeschlimann A
Published: January 2020

Electron microscopic evidence is provided showing that the newly described "Swiss agent," a spotted fever group rickettsia, is incorporated into the reproductive cells of its male tick vector, Ixodes ricinus. Rickettsiae were found in spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and maturing spermatids. The potential significance of these observations is briefly discussed in relation to published data on sexual transmission of rickettsiae by ticks.
Effects of Activated Macrophages on
Nocardia asteroides
Authors: Filice Gregory A. , Beaman Blaine L. , Remington Jack S.
Published: January 2020

The mechanism(s) of host resistance against
Nocardia asteroides
has not been well defined. Since disease due to
N. asteroides
frequently occurs in patients with impaired cell-mediated immunity, we studied the interaction of
N. asteroides
with activated and control mouse peritoneal macrophages. Activated macrophages were from mice infected with
Toxoplasma gondii
or injected with
Corynebacterium parvum. N. asteroides
in the early stationary phase (>99% in the coccobacillary form) was used for challenge of macrophage monolayers. Growth of two strains of
N. asteroides
was markedly inhibited in activated macrophages, whereas
N. asteroides
grew well in control macrophages. Quantitation of macrophage-associated
N. asteroides
indicated that activated macrophages killed 40 to 50% of
N. asteroides
within 6 h (
P
< 0.002). In control macrophage preparations, it appeared as if
Nocardia
filaments extended from within macrophages to the outside, and many of these filaments appeared to have extended to and then grown through neighboring macrophages. In activated macrophage preparations,
Nocardia
remained in the coccobacillary form in most macrophages. Control macrophage monolayers were almost completely overgrown with and destroyed by
Nocardia
20 h after challenge, whereas activated macrophage monolayers remained intact.
Nocardia
that grew in control macrophages were not acid-alcohol fast or only weakly so, whereas the few
Nocardia
that grew in activated macrophages were strongly acid-alcohol fast. Our results indicate that activated macrophages may be important in host defense against
N. asteroides.
Comparison of Escherichia coli fimbrial antigen F7 with type 1 fimbriae
Authors: Orskov I , Orskov F , Birch-Andersen A
Published: January 2020

Two Escherichia coli O6:K2:H1 strains, C1212 and C1214, isolated from urinary tract infections, were compared for their capacity to adhere to various cells. After growth on solid medium, only C1212 bacteria agglutinate human erythrocytes and attach to urinary epithelial cells. Both of these reactions are mannose resistant. In contrast, C1214 bacteria cause a mannose-sensitive agglutination of guinea pig erythrocytes, show a mannose-sensitive attachment to buccal epithelial cells, and attach to urinary mucus. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that C1214 bacteria possess type 1 fimbriae (mannose sensitive), which are not present in C1212 bacteria when this strain is grown on solid medium. The fimbriae of C1212 (mannose resistant) were also demonstrated by immunoelectron microscopy. We call these fimbriae demonstrated in C1212 the E. coli F7 antigen. Urinary mucus, and probably mucous material elsewhere, may function as a trap for Enterobacteriaceae with type 1 fimbriae by the specific adherence of such bacteria. We consider this a nonimmune resistance mechanism against disease caused by Enterobacteriaceae.
Adherence of Candida albicans and other Candida species to mucosal epithelial cells
Authors: King R D , Lee J C , Morris A L
Published: January 2020

To study the possible involvement of candidal adherence in mucosal colonization, we examined the in vitro adherence capabilities of seven Candida species. Adherence was evaluated by direct microscopic examination and by a quantitative radiometric adherence test. The results indicate that C. albicans adheres to vaginal and buccal epithelial cells to a significantly greater degree (P less than 0.01) than the other species tested. C. tropicalis and C. stellatoidea demonstrated moderate adherence capabilities, while C. parapsilosis adhered only to a slight degree. Other species failed to interact with isolated mucosal cells. These findings suggest that there is a relationship between the adherence capabilities of the Candida species and their abilities to colonize mucosal surfaces, since those species which adhere are those which most frequently colonize mucosal surfaces. C. albicans was found to be adherent under a variety of environmental conditions. Stationary-phase blastospores of C. albicans were found to be more adherent than logarithmic-phase yeasts, and larger blastospore cell-to-epithelial cell ratios resulted in greater adherence values. The actual number of adherent yeasts varied considerably when epithelial cells were obtained from different donors.
Streptococcus mutans
Adherence: Presumptive Evidence for Protein-Mediated Attachment Followed by Glucan-Dependent Cellular Accumulation
Authors: Staat Robert H. , Langley Sharon D. , Doyle R. J.
Published: January 2020

Adherence of
Streptococcus mutans
to smooth surfaces has been attributed to the production of sucrose-derived
d
-glucans. However, several studies indicate that the bacterium will adhere in the absence of sucrose. The present data confirmed that
S. mutans
adherence to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite beads in the absence of sucrose is described by the Langmuir equation. The nature of the sucrose-independent adherence was studied with the
Persea americana
agglutinin as a selective adherence inhibitor. Pretreatment of the bacterium with
P. americana
agglutinin caused a 10-fold reduction in adherence, and the inhibition was not reversed with the addition of sucrose. Pretreatment of
S. mutans
with proteases also reduced adherence, regardless of the sucrose content, whereas periodate oxidation and glucanohydrolase treatment of the bacteria reduced sucrose-mediated adherence to the levels found for sucrose-independent adherence. The
P. americana
agglutinin, glucanohydrolase, and pepsin pretreatment of the cells did not eliminate sucrose-induced agglutination. Scanning electron microscopy showed that short streptococcal chains were bound to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite crystals in the sucrose-independent system, whereas the presence of sucrose caused larger bacterial clumps to be found. A two-reaction model of
S. mutans
adherence was developed from these data. It is proposed that one reaction is attachment to the tooth pellicle which is mediated by cell-surface proteins rather than glucans or teichoic acids. The other reaction is cellular accumulation mediated by sucrose-derived
d
-glucans and cell surface lectins. A series of sequential adherence experiments with
P. americana
agglutinin as a selective inhibitor provided presumptive evidence for the validity of our model of
S. mutans
adherence.
Failure of Synthetic Polynucleotides to Affect the Immunogenicity of Mycobacterial Ribonucleic Acid and Ribosomal Protein Preparations
Authors: Youmans Anne S. , Youmans Guy P.
Published: January 2020

The synthetic polyribonucleotides adenylic acid (poly A), uridylic acid (poly U), cytidylic acid (poly C), and inosinic acid (poly I), whether single- or double-stranded (poly A:U, poly I:C), cannot replace mycobacterial ribonucleic acid (RNA) in the production of a high immune response in CF-1 mice against tuberculous disease. These conclusions are based on the results of several types of experiments. (i) Poly A and poly U, used either singly or in combination, did not increase the immunogenicity of mycobacterial RNA preparations whether emulsified in Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FIA) or not emulsified. (ii) Mycobacterial ribosomal protein, extracted with 2-chloroethanol, was not immunogenic; the addition of poly A:U to the protein did not produce an immune response and FIA did not affect these results. (iii) The RNA left after the protein was extracted was partially immunogenic when emulsified in FIA even though it was partially degraded. (iv) Mycobacterial RNA prepared with ethyl alcohol and partially degraded with ribonuclease had a significantly lower immunogenic activity, and the original higher immune response was not restored by the addition of poly A:U. (v) Mycobacterial RNA totally degraded by weak alkali was not immunogenic, the original immunogenic activity was not restored by the addition of poly A:U or poly I:C, and FIA again did not influence the results. These findings suggest that (i) protein, polypeptides, or other antigenic fragments, if present, are not the specific immunogens; and (ii) mycobacterial RNA is responsible for the high immunogenic activity of mycobacterial ribosomal and RNA preparations. In addition, since the double-stranded forms of these synthetic polynucleotides markedly potentiate the formation of circulating antibodies, these results also reemphasize the lack of correlation between conventional antibody formation and immunity against tuberculosis.
Protection Against Pneumococcal Infection by a Ribosomal Preparation
Authors: Thompson H. C. W. , Snyder I. S.
Published: January 2020

A subcellular extract prepared from nonencapsulated
Diplococcus pneumoniae
type 3 protected mice against a subsequent challenge with virulent
D. pneumoniae
types 1, 2, 3, and 7. Potency ratios ranged from 25 (type 3) to >1,175 (type 1). The immunity induced in mice by this preparation was best obtained by intraperitoneal inoculation followed by intravenous challenge. Mice immunized in this manner were protected up to 12 weeks and could withstand a challenge of several hundred LD
50
. The protection was destroyed by treatment of the preparation with ribonuclease and was decreased by treatment with protease. The preparation consisted of 60.5% ribonucleic acid, 29.1% protein, 6.3% deoxyribonucleic acid, and 4.0% hexose. Ultracentrifugation studies indicated that this extract had five constituents which are compatible with ribosomal material.
Acid Phosphatase Cytochemistry of Phagocytizing Leukocytes from Patients with Chronic Granulomatous Disease
Authors: Douglas Steven D. , Spicer S. S.
Published: January 2020

Studies of neutrophils and eosinophils from normal individuals, patients with chronic granulomatous disease of childhood, and their heterozygous mothers demonstrate degranulation and vacuolization during phagocytosis of opsonized
Escherichia coli
. Acid phosphatase reactivity is demonstrated in some primary granules of neutrophils and around crystalloids of some eosinophil granules and is comparable for cells from the three groups of individuals studied. Strong acid phosphatase reactivity is consistently demonstrated in phagocytic vacuoles of both cell types in cells from normal and affected individuals.
Mode of Action of Vibriocin: Initial Interaction with
Vibrio comma
Cells
Authors: Krol Peter M. , Farkas-Himsley H.
Published: January 2020

Certain metabolic requirements, upon initial interaction of sensitive cells with vibriocin, were a prerequisite for lethal activity. Transient “immunity” of these cells, manifested under suboptimal growth conditions, differed from the immunity of vibriocinogenic cells.
Phenol-Soluble Antigens from
Mycobacterium kansasii, Mycobacterium gastri
, and
Mycobacterium marinum
Authors: Wayne Lawrence G.
Published: January 2020

Many of the demonstrable antigens derived from mycobacteria are common to members of different species. Agglutination tests have yielded the most specific characterizations. An antigen which may be associated with the specific agglutination is soluble in phenol and can be extracted and separated from other antigens by use of this solvent. Phenol-soluble antigens have been extracted from representative cultures of
Mycobacterium kansasii, M. gastri
, and
M. marinum.
Most representatives of each of these species yielded an antigen which was characteristic of the species but was distinct from antigen derived from the other two species.
Passive Immunization Against Experimental
Pseudomonas
Infection: Correlation of Protection to Verder and Evans “O” Serotypes
Authors: Bass Joseph A. , McCoy John C.
Published: January 2020

Passive-protection tests were conducted in mice with antisera from rabbits immunized with formalinized or heat-killed cells or with an alcohol-precipitated fraction from the slime layer. Protection was conferred by antisera against the heatstable antigens and correlated well with agglutinin levels. Specificity was found to relate closely to the heat-stable “O” serotypes as defined by Verder and Evans.
Dissociation by Colchicine of the Hexose Monophosphate Shunt Activation from the Bactericidal Activity of the Leukocyte
Authors: DeChatelet Lawrence R. , Cooper M. Robert , McCall Charles E.
Published: January 2020

The effect of the in vitro addition of colchicine on various aspects of leukocyte metabolism was investigated. Colchicine in 6 m
m
concentration reduced the oxygen uptake of phagocytizing leukocytes to below the level of resting cells. A similar concentration of colchicine inhibited the increase in glucose-
1
-
14
C
oxidation by 90% and the quantitative nitroblue tetrazolium reduction by about 50%. Experiments with broken cell preparations indicate that the inhibition of the hexose monophosphate shunt is due to an inhibition of the activity of the shunt enzymes glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. In spite of these pronounced metabolic changes, the addition of 6 m
m
colchicine had no observable effect on the bactericidal activity of the leukocyte against three test organisms. These results support a mechanism for phagocytosis in which the hexose monophosphate-shunt activation is a secondary phenomenon which is not required for the actual killing process.
A Chromosomal Locus Which Controls the Ability of
Shigella flexneri
to Evoke Keratoconjunctivitis
Authors: Formal Samuel B. , Gemski P. , Baron L. S. , LaBrec E. H.
Published: January 2020

The primary step in the pathogenesis of bacillary dysentery is the penetration of intestinal epithelial cells by shigellae. Lacking this capacity,
Shigella flexneri
becomes avirulent. By means of intergeneric conjugation between various
Escherichia coli
K-12 Hfr strains and
S. flexneri
2a virulent recipients and by reciprocal transduction analysis with phage P1
vir
, we established a locus on the genome of
S. flexneri
2a which is necessary for the ability of this strain to penetrate epithelial cells as measured by the Sereney test for keratoconjunctivitis. This locus, termed
kcpA
(in reference to its involvement in provoking keratoconjunctivitis), has been positioned between the
lac
and
gal
chromosomal markers and is contransducible with the
purE
allele.
Chemotactic Activity Generated by Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B
Authors: Craig Charles P. , Normann Sigurd J. , McGann Virginia , Irvin William S.
Published: January 2020

Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) has significant toxicity for several mammalian species by both oral and parenteral routes. When highly purified SEB was incubated for 1 hr at 37 C with fresh serum from normal young adult men with little or no antibody activity for SEB, a factor(s) chemotactic for human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) was formed. Similar experiments using rabbit serum and autologous peritoneal PMN also demonstrated chemotactic activation. All chemotactic activity generated at 37 C was destroyed by heating at 56 C for 30 min. In human studies, precipitating antibody to SEB prevented generation of chemotactic activity by SEB. Based on heat lability and antibody sensitivity, the chemotactic factor(s) generated by SEB differs from that generated by endotoxin, and suggests a mechanism by which the PMN may participate in the pathophysiology of enterotoxemia.
Sensitization and Recall of Anti-
Brucella
Immunity in Guinea Pig Macrophages by Attenuated and Virulent
Brucella
Authors: Ralston Doris J. , Elberg Sanford S.
Published: January 2020

Peritoneal macrophages from guinea pigs vaccinated with strain Rev I of
Brucella melitensis
were only moderately activated thereby to limit, in an in vitro system, the intracellular growth of Rev I bacilli. Nevertheless, the appropriate memory cells had been primed, as demonstrated by the observation that reinfection of animals with virulent
B. melitensis
followed by intraperitoneal inoculation of mineral oil called forth macrophages in immunized guinea pigs which inhibited strongly the intracellular growth of brucellae. These macrophages slowed the growth of brucellae in the absence of immune serum. The intensity of the recall response was related to the challenge route and to the virulence of the challenge strain. After equal doses of attenuated or virulent brucellae, resistance was highest in macrophages recalled by the virulent strain. An important basis for the attenuation of the Rev I strain may lie in its initially low degree of macrophage activation during primary infection, although still retaining the capacity to prime stem cells. This property is associated with a protein found in fraction I, because 600 μg/ml in Freund's adjuvant primed guinea pigs so that challenge by strain 6015 evoked activated macrophages. This was seen microscopically as a reduced spread of infection in and amongst the macrophage population. Immune serum further reduced this spread and limited the number of viable intracellular brucellae.
Effect of 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene on Phagocytosis and Antibody Formation in Friend Virus Leukemia
Authors: Elliott Stephen C. , Schloss Gerd T.
Published: January 2020

BALB/c mice with Friend virus leukemia showed (i) a decreased carbon uptake by spleen and liver, observed histologically and measured by the corrected phagocytic index α, in spite of an increased total carbon clearance measured by the phagocytic index
K
, and (ii) a decreased serum hemolysin titer. Treatment with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) increased the carbon uptake by spleen and liver and the serum hemolysin titer. This corresponds to the previously described effect of DMBA on Friend virus leukemia as expressed in the blood picture and the delay in the neoplastic transformation of the spleen causing a prolonged latent period and survival time and a decreased spleen weight. DMBA alone had no effect on carbon clearance and serum hemolysin titer in normal mice.
Induction of Xanthine Oxidase by Virus Infections in Newborn Mice
Authors: Ziegler Donald W. , Hutchinson Harriet D. , Kissling Robert E.
Published: January 2020

In the liver tissue of newborn mice, xanthine oxidase activity is very low during the first 7 to 14 days of life. Infection of mice with several different viruses prematurely induced xanthine oxidase activity 2- to 10-fold in the liver tissue. Generally, overt signs of illness appeared after xanthine oxidase induction; however, some viruses induced the enzyme activity without causing morbidity or deaths. The elevated enzyme activity could not be correlated with alteration of either lactate dehydrogenase or glutamate-pyruvate transaminase. Likewise, there were no histological changes in the livers of infected animals when xanthine oxidase levels were abnormally elevated. These observations suggest that measurement of xanthine oxidase may be an effective method for the detection of subclinical or inapparent viral infections in either naturally infected newborn mice or in newborn mice inoculated with suspected virus-containing materials.
In Vivo and In Vitro Studies of Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity to
Toxoplasma gondii
in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Krahenbuhl J. L. , Blazkovec A. A. , Lysenko M. G.
Published: January 2020

Delayed-type hypersensitivity develops late in the course of human toxoplasmosis, and a positive skin test is of some value for implicating chronic or eliminating acute forms of toxoplasmosis as a cause of disease. Toxoplasma-infected guinea pigs were studied to determine the onset and development of delayed-type hypersensitivity. Both the toxoplasmin skin test and the in vitro macrophage migration inhibition technique indicated that delayed hypersensitivity to toxoplasma antigen existed as early as 1 week after infection. The mechanism responsible for the observed inhibition of macrophage migration in vitro appeared to be an inhibitory factor(s) released from sensitized lymphoid cells in the presence of antigen.
Partial Reassociation Between the Deoxyribonucleic Acids of
Neisseria lactamicus
and
Neisseria meningitidis
Authors: Weiss E. , Wilson N. N. , Schramek S. , Hill J. C.
Published: January 2020

The similarity in polynucleotide sequence of seven strains of
Neisseria lactamicus
to
N. meningitidis
and to each other was investigated. The per cent reassociation between single-stranded
N. lactamicus
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), immobilized on membrane filters, with labeled single-stranded DNA fragments derived from strain SD-6 (group C) of
N. meningitidis
varied from 75 to 56. With strain ATCC 23972 of
N. lactamicus
furnishing the labeled DNA fragments, reassociation was 72% with
N. meningitidis
, 31% with
N. subflava
, and 98 to 72% with the other strains of
N. lactamicus
. It is concluded that on the basis of DNA reassociation
N. lactamicus
can be distinguished from
N. meningitidis
and
N. subflava
, but constitutes a relatively heterogeneous species.
Antigenic Competition Between and Endotoxic Adjuvant and a Protein Antigen
Authors: Leong Daniel L. Y. , Rudbach Jon A.
Published: January 2020

Antigenic competition between bovine gamma globulin (BGG) and endotoxin from a smooth strain (S-ET) and a rough (R-ET) heptoseless mutant strain of
Salmonella minnesota
was studied in mice. Both endotoxins acted as adjuvants for enhancing the antibody response to BGG. However, other work showed that the R-ET had minimal antigenicity, and it was used as a control for the competition studies. Antigenic competition between BGG and endotoxin as expressed by a suppression of the antibody response to BGG could not be demonstrated when varying adjuvant doses of S-ET or R-ET were injected simultaneously with a small constant dose of BGG into normal mice. However, mice presensitized with S-ET several weeks before immunization with the S-ET and BGG combination produced anti-BGG levels which were four to eightfold lower than in normal mice. Nearly complete suppression of the anti-BGG response could be obtained in presensitized mice by reducing the BGG dose 10-fold or by increasing the adjuvant dose of endotoxin. Mice pretreated with R-ET and challenged with BGG plus S-ET or R-ET showed no depression of the anti-BGG response. These and other experiments confirmed the immunological basis of the competitive effect.
Inhibition by Estrone of the Antiviral Protection and Interferon Elicited by Interferon Inducers in Mice
Authors: Giron David J. , Allen Patton T. , Pindak Frank F. , Schmidt Jerome P.
Published: January 2020

The susceptibility of mice to infection with MM virus is markedly increased after treatment with the sex hormone estrone. Studies were undertaken to determine if either suppression of production or interference with the action of interferon was involved in this phenomenon. The protection of mice against MM virus infection by several interferon-inducing agents was partially impeded by estrone treatment either 24 hr before or 24 hr after the administration of the inducing agent. The titers of circulating interferon induced by each of the agents were lower in estrone-pretreated animals than in untreated controls. The protection of mice by exogenous L cell interferon was blocked only when the hormone was given prior to the interferon. It is concluded that the adverse activity of estrone is related to its ability to interfere with the action of interferon.
New Member of the Herpesvirus Group Isolated from Wild Cottontail Rabbits
Authors: Hinze Harry C.
Published: January 2020

A viral agent has been isolated from naturally infected wild cottontail rabbits (
Sylvilagus floridanus
). The virus appears to have the general physical, chemical, and biological properties of the herpesvirus group. It differs significantly in host range and antigenic structure from the previously recognized herpesviruses and is proposed as a new member of this group of viruses. The name of
Herpesvirus sylvilagus
is suggested for the agent.
Rapid Fluorescent-Antibody Conjugation Procedure
Authors: Peacock M. , Burgdorfer W. , Ormsbee R. A.
Published: January 2020

This note describes a technique developed for rapid preparation of specific and brilliant conjugates for direct staining of rickettsial agents in yolk-sac, tick, and vertebrate tissues.
Antibody Formation in Rabbits Adapted and Nonadapted to High Altitude
Authors: Brown George L. , Rothlauf Mary V. , Heinzerling Rollin H. , Myers Tony S.
Published: January 2020

Antibody formation in high-altitude-acclimatized and nonacclimatized rabbits was investigated at altitudes of 14,100 (Pikes Peak, Colo.) and 5,330 (Denver, Colo.). Serum pools representing samplings of primary response were titered before and after treatment with 2-mercaptoethanol. Peak titers of 2-mercaptoethanolresistant and -sensitive humoral antibodies were higher in the animals adapted to an altitude of 14,100 ft and in nonadapted animals than in animals maintained at 5,330 ft.
Medium-Dependent Activity of Immune Serum on
Brucella
-Infected Macrophages
Authors: Ralston Doris J. , Elberg Sanford S.
Published: January 2020

Medium constituents affect the inhibitory action of anti-
Brucella melitensis
serum during in vitro infection of oil-induced peritoneal macrophages of the guinea pig with
B. melitensis.
Metabolic Event Involved in the Bactericidal Activity of Normal Mouse Macrophages
Authors: Miller Thomas E.
Published: January 2020

The intracellular bactericidal activity of normal mouse peritoneal macrophages requires a viable, actively metabolizing cell. The killing mechanism is apparently dependent upon an intact respiratory electron chain since inhibition of activity is achieved by anaerobiosis, cyanide, antimycin A, or amytal. By way of contrast, inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis, the Krebs citric acid cycle, and the phosphogluconate oxidative pathway are without influence on this antibacterial activity. Various dyes and electron acceptors with selected reduction-oxidation values also inhibit killing. Although the bactericidal substance was not identified, the data are consistent with the hypothesis that the primary agent is hydrogen peroxide.
Bactericidal Effect and Serological Response of Blood and Secretions in Bovine Vibriosis
Authors: Carrier S. P. , Kramer T. T.
Published: January 2020

Udder infection of vaccinated heifers with
Vibrio fetus
var.
venerealis
led to an early and severe reaction consisting of local swelling, hyperthermia, and increased blood leukocyte counts. This reaction was absent or less pronounced in heifers not previously vaccinated. This was interpreted as an immediate hypersensitivity reaction elicited in the vaccinated heifers. Specific antibodies were found in udder exudate from vaccinated heifers. Immune serum and udder exudate were moderately bactericidal and had a strong immunosuppressive and opsonophagocytic effect in rabbits. Immune cervicovaginal mucus was neither bactericidal nor opsonophagocytic or immunosuppressive. This would suggest that antibodies found in cervicovaginal mucus are not protective. It appeared that the immediate hypersensitivity observed and the subsequent transfer of antibodies from serum to udder exudate would provide by analogy a possible explanation of the mechanisms of immunity to bovine vibriosis.
Tyzzer's Disease of Rabbits: Isolation and Propagation of
Bacillus piliformis
(Tyzzer) in Embryonated Eggs
Authors: Ganaway James R. , Allen Anton M. , Moore Thomas D.
Published: January 2020

Bacillus piliformis
(Tyzzer) was isolated from the liver of rabbits with Tyzzer's disease and serially passaged in embryonated hens' eggs. Weanling rabbits given the 32nd egg passage developed lesions typical of Tyzzer's disease and died.
B. piliformis
was reisolated from the liver of these rabbits in embryonated eggs. Outside the host cell, the motile vegetative phase appeared to be unstable, and no means was found to preserve its viability; the results of titrations were believed to be dependent upon the resistant stage or spore. The spore withstood repeated freeze and thaw and was resistant to heat treatment of 56 C for 1 hr but not 80 C for 0.5 hr. None of several antibacterial substances tested in embryonated eggs was completely inhibitory;
B. piliformis
was resistant to sulfamethazine and chloramphenicol. The taxonomic position of this pleomorphic, gram-negative, sporeforming, pathogenic bacterium which appears to grow only in certain cells of several species remains unresolved.
Purification and Properties of Staphylococcal Delta Hemolysin
Authors: Kreger Arnold S. , Kim Kwang-Shin , Zaboretzky Frank , Bernheimer Alan W.
Published: January 2020

Large amounts (200 mg per liter of culture supernatant fluid) of highly purified staphylococcal soluble delta hemolysin were obtained by adsorption to and selective elution from hydroxyapatite followed by exhaustive dialysis against water, concentration by polyvinylpyrrolidone or polyethylene glycol 20,000 dialysis, and a final water dialysis. No carbohydrate, phosphorus, or inactive 280-nm absorbing material was detected in the preparation; however, analysis by density gradient centrifugation, gel filtration, analytical ultracentrifugation, carboxymethyl cellulose chromatography, polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, and electron microscopy revealed that the lysin was molecularly heterogeneous. The preparation contained an acidic fibrous lysin (
S
20,w
of 11.9) and a basic lysin component composed of a population of granular aggregates of various sizes, with a maximum
S
20,w
of approximately 4.9. No other staphylococcal products were detected in the preparation. The lysin was active against erythrocytes from many animal species and acted synergistically with staphylococcal beta hemolysin against sheep erythrocytes. It was soluble in chloroform-methanol (2:1), was inactivated by various phospholipids, normal sera, and proteolytic enzymes, but was partially resistant to heat inactivation. Activity was not affected by Ca
2+
, Mg
2+
, citrate, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, or cysteine. The lysin preparation also disrupted bacterial protoplasts and spheroplasts, erythrocyte membranes, lysosomes, and lipid spherules, was growth-inhibitory for certain bacteria, and clarified egg yolk-agar. Large amounts produced dermonecrosis in rabbits and guinea pigs. The minimum lethal intravenous dose for mice and guinea pigs was approximately 110 and 30 mg/kg, respectively.
Delayed Hypersensitivity Induced in Guinea Pigs by 7, 12-Dimethylbenz(a) anthracene
Authors: Burger Denis R. , Irish Lawrence E. , Vetto R. Mark , Hinrichs David J.
Published: January 2020

A delayed hypersensitivity to 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene was elicited in guinea pigs after contact sensitization. This sensitivity was characterized by its time of appearance, histology, specificity, and transfer characteristics. The reaction had its maximal dermal reactivity 24 hr after challenge, was characterized by a mononuclear cell infiltration, demonstrated immunological specificity, and could be transferred with leukocytes to normal animals.
Mechanism of Action of Isoniazid on
Mycobacterium bovis
Strain BCG
Authors: McClatchy J. Kenneth
Published: January 2020

The mechanism of action of isoniazid (INH) on
Mycobacterium bovis
strain BCG was studied. The rates of synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), and protein after the addition of INH to growing cultures were followed by measuring the incorporation of
3
H-thymidine,
3
H-uridine, and
14
C-
l
-valine, respectively. After the addition of INH, the rate of DNA synthesis began to decrease and was abolished within 4 hr. RNA synthesis ceased after 6 hr, and protein synthesis was inhibited after 7 hr. Thus, it appears that inhibition of the synthesis of DNA is one of the earliest events after INH addition. The inhibition of the synthesis of DNA was further found to correspond to losses in viability of treated cultures. Degradation of preexisting DNA in INH-treated strain BCG was not detected.
Use of a Plating Method to Estimate Extracellular Protein Production by Staphylococci
Authors: Jay James M.
Published: January 2020

Employing 4% NZ-Amine type NAK medium fortified with thiamine and niacin and solidified with 0.75% agar, staphylococci were streaked onto this medium and incubated for 24 hr at 37 C. After the gentle removal of growth with cotton swabs, the plates were flooded with 25% trichloroacetic acid and allowed to stand for about 15 min, after which various degrees of protein precipitate were noted under the areas of growth. Organisms that produced the most intense precipitate or extracellular protein (ECP) were designated 4+, followed by 3+, 2+, and 1+ for those that produced progressively less ECP to 0 for those that produced none. Of 585 strains of coagulase-positive staphylococci tested, 91% produced 3 to 4+ ECP, whereas only 8.9% of 112 coagulase-negative strains produced these amounts. The NZ-Amine media including type A were far superior to five other media in permitting ECP production. Of other organisms examined, only the three salmonellae species tested produced ECP. Maximum visual quantities of ECP were produced between 22 and 24 hr at
p
H values between 6.6 and 7.0 and in the presence of <3% NaCl. The visual estimation of ECP production correlated well with the production of certain other specific extracellular products of staphylococci. This plate method provides a simple means of characterizing staphylococci on the basis of extracellular protein production.
Disruption of Bacterial Protoplasts and Spheroplasts by Staphylococcal Delta Hemolysin
Authors: Kreger Arnold S. , Bernheimer Alan W.
Published: January 2020

Fractionation of highly purified staphylococcal delta hemolysin by sucrose density gradient centrifugation, Sephadex G-150 and Bio-Gel A-5m gel filtration, carboxymethyl cellulose chromatography, and isoelectric focusing failed to separate the hemolytic, protoplast-lysing, and spheroplast-lysing activities of the preparation. The activities were reduced to a similar extent when delta hemolysin was treated with any of several phospholipids. The same was true when serum or proteolytic enzymes were used as inactivating agents. Cholesterol had no effect. The activities resisted heating at 80 C for 1 hr and were stable for at least 7 days at 5 C in 0.1
n
sodium hydroxide, 0.1
n
acetic acid, 6
m
guanidine hydrochloride, 8
m
urea, and 0.1% sodium lauryl sulfate.
Replication of Rabies Virus in Organized Cultures of Mammalian Neural Tissues
Authors: Matsumoto Seiichi , Yonezawa Takeshi
Published: January 2020

Organized cultures of dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord ganglion from rat and mouse were used as a model to study the pathogenesis of rabies infection in neural tissue. Two strains of fixed virus and one of street virus were used. Virus replication was similar to that detected in other rabies virus host cell systems, although virus yields remained in relatively low titer. Sequential observations of individual neurons in organized cultures revealed that cytopathic effects usually became evident at 3 days and progressed from cytoplasmic granulation to complete neuronolysis. It was shown by electron microscopy that a small percentage of the inclusion bodies, which appeared in the neurons as well as glial cells, were associated with virus assembly. These findings were similar, regardless of strain of virus employed. Previous experiments done in vivo have shown differences in the type of cytopathic effect produced by street virus and by fixed virus. It is thought that the combination of host cell system and strain of virus is important in determining the course of infection.
Chemical Structure and Immunological Specificity of the Streptococcal Group E Cell Wall Polysaccharide Antigen
Authors: Soprey Pandu , Slade Hutton D.
Published: January 2020

The streptococcal group E cell wall polysaccharide antigen was extracted from strain K129 cells with hot trichloroacetic acid and purified. It contained rhamnose and glucose in a 2:1 molar ratio, 2% protein, 1% phosphorus, and was free of muramic acid and glycerol. No type polysaccharide antigen was present. The reaction of specific group E rabbit antiserum with the polysaccharide was effectively inhibited by
d
-glucose and β-glucosides such as 1-methyl-β-
d
-glucose, cellobiose, and gentiobiose. The 1-methyl-α-
d
-glucose was one-half as effective as the beta isomer.
l
-Rhamnose and
N
-acetyl-
d
-glucosamine were ineffective. Partial acid hydrolysis of the antigen followed by chromatographic separation of the oligosaccharides resulted in the isolation and analysis of five fractions. These fractions were di-, tri-, and tetrasaccharides. A study of these fractions by chemical analysis, reduction with borohydride, inhibition of the antigen-antibody reaction, release of glucose by β-glucosidase, and other evidence indicate that β-
d
-glucose is the immunodominant sugar in the antigen. A glucose-rhamnose trisaccharide (1:2 molar ratio) was the most effective inhibitor of the precipitin reaction; the glucose was readily released by β-glucosidase, and one-half of the rhamnose was reduced with borohydride. This trisaccharide is considered to be a repeating unit in the native polysaccharide and probably has the following structure:
O
-β-
d
-glucosyl-(1-2)-
O
-α-
l
-rhamnosyl- (1-4)-
l
-rhamnose. A glucose-rhamnose disaccharide in which the hexose and pentose are linked as in the trisaccharide was an effective inhibitor of the precipitin reaction. Strain K129 cells do not appear to contain a type polysaccharide antigen.
Serum Bacteriostasis of
Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Ehrenkranz N. Joel , Elliott David F. , Zarco Romeo
Published: January 2020

Serum bacteriostasis of
Staphylococcus aureus
was characterized quantitatively and quantitatively. Bacteriostasis was proportional to the concentration of serum. Reproducibility was good; freezing and thawing did not materially affect the end point. Four of six different strains, including the propagating
S. aureus
strain for phage 73 which does not produce coagulase, were susceptible to serum bacteriostasis in similar titers; two were not susceptible at all. All six strains were effective inhibitors of bacteriostasis. Active and inactive coagulase were also inhibitors. In contrast to sensitive
S. aureus, S. epidermidis
and
Streptococcus salivarius
were not uniformly susceptible to bacteriostasis by different serums.
Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella montevideo, S. zymogenes
, and
Diplococcus pneumoniae
were not susceptible. Among gram-positive bacteria, only
D. pneumoniae
inhibited
S. aureus
bacteriostasis. Agglutinins of
S. aureus
and nonspecific substances such as lysozyme, β-lysin, C-reactive protein, and transferrin were not responsible for
S. aureus
serum bacteriostasis. After diethylaminoethyl column fractionation of serum, the bacteriostatic principle was eluted in proximity to blood group antibody; immunoglobulins A, G, and M appeared to be present in bacteriostatic fractions. It is suggested that
S. aureus
bacteriostasis by serum is due to natural antibody and that inhibitory reactions with pneumococci and coagulase are due to common antigens.