bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of segmentation ontology reveals the similarities and differences in connectivity onto L2/3 neurons in mouse V1
Authors: Brown Alexander P. Y. , Cossell Lee , Strom Molly , Tyson Adam L. , Vélez-Fort Mateo , Margrie Troy W.
Published: March 2021

Quantitatively comparing brain-wide connectivity of different types of neuron is of vital importance in understanding the function of the mammalian cortex. Here we have designed an analytical approach to examine and compare datasets from hierarchical segmentation ontologies, and applied it to long-range presynaptic connectivity onto excitatory and inhibitory neurons, mainly located in layer 2/3 (L2/3), of mouse primary visual cortex (V1). We find that the origins of long-range connections onto these two general cell classes—as well as their proportions—are quite similar, in contrast to the inputs on to a cell type in L6. These anatomical data suggest that distal inputs received by the general excitatory and inhibitory classes of neuron in L2/3 overlap considerably.
Identification of candidate genes and pathways in retinopathy of prematurity by whole exome sequencing of preterm infants enriched in phenotypic extremes
Authors: Kim Sang Jin , Sonmez Kemal , Swan Ryan , Campbell J. Peter , Ostmo Susan , Chan R. V. Paul , Nagiel Aaron , Drenser Kimberly A. , Berrocal Audina M. , Horowitz Jason D. , Li Xiaohui , Chen Yii-Der Ida , Taylor Kent D. , Simmons Charles , Rotter Jerome I. , Chiang Michael F. ,   Imaging and Informatics in Retinopathy of Prematurity (i-ROP) Research Consortium, Chiang Michael F. , Ostmo Susan , Kim Sang Jin , Sonmez Kemal , Campbell J. Peter , Chan R. V. Paul , Jonas Karyn , Horowitz Jason , Coki Osode , Eccles Cheryl-Ann , Sarna Leora , Orlin Anton , Berrocal Audina , Negron Catherin , Denser Kimberly , Cumming Kristi , Osentoski Tammy , Check Tammy , Zajechowski Mary , Lee Thomas , Kruger Evan , McGovern Kathryn , Simmons Charles , Murthy Raghu , Galvis Sharon , Rotter Jerome , Chen Ida , Li Xiaohui , Taylor Kent , Roll Kaye , Kalpathy-Cramer Jayashree , Erdogmus Deniz , Ioannidis Stratis , Martinez-Castellanos Maria Ana , Salinas-Longoria Samantha , Romero Rafael , Arriola Andrea , Olguin-Manriquez Francisco , Meraz-Gutierrez Miroslava , Dulanto-Reinoso Carlos M. , Montero-Mendoza Cristina
Published: March 2021

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a vasoproliferative retinal disease affecting premature infants. In addition to prematurity itself and oxygen treatment, genetic factors have been suggested to predispose to ROP. We aimed to identify potentially pathogenic genes and biological pathways associated with ROP by analyzing variants from whole exome sequencing (WES) data of premature infants. As part of a multicenter ROP cohort study, 100 non-Hispanic Caucasian preterm infants enriched in phenotypic extremes were subjected to WES. Gene-based testing was done on coding nonsynonymous variants. Genes showing enrichment of qualifying variants in severe ROP compared to mild or no ROP from gene-based tests with adjustment for gestational age and birth weight were selected for gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). Mean BW of included infants with pre-plus, type-1 or type 2 ROP including aggressive posterior ROP (n = 58) and mild or no ROP (n = 42) were 744 g and 995 g, respectively. No single genes reached genome-wide significance that could account for a severe phenotype. GSEA identified two significantly associated pathways (smooth endoplasmic reticulum and vitamin C metabolism) after correction for multiple tests. WES of premature infants revealed potential pathways that may be important in the pathogenesis of ROP and in further genetic studies.
Innovative granular formulation of Metarhizium robertsii microsclerotia and blastospores for cattle tick control
Authors: Marciano Allan Felipe , Mascarin Gabriel Moura , Franco Renato Felipe Ferreira , Golo Patrícia Silva , Jaronski Stefan T. , Fernandes Éverton Kort Kamp , Bittencourt Vânia Rita Elias Pinheiro
Published: March 2021

The tick Rhipicephalus microplus poses a serious threat to the cattle industry, resulting in economic losses aggravated by tick resistance to chemical acaricides. Strains of Metarhizium spp., a well-known group of entomopathogenic fungi, can contribute to managing this ectoparasite. We explored two novel granular, microsclerotia- or blastospores-based formulations of Metarhizium robertsii for R. microplus control under semi-field conditions. Fungal persistence in soil was also observed for 336 days. The experiment used pots of Urochloa decumbens cv. Basilisk grass, treated with 0.25 or 0.5 mg of granular formulation/cm2 (25 or 50 kg/ha) applied to the soil surface prior to transferring engorged tick females onto the treated soil. The fungal granules yielded more conidia with subsequent sporulation under controlled indoor conditions than in the outdoor environment, where the levels of fungus rapidly declined over time. Metarhizium-root colonization ranged from 25 to 66.7% depending on the propagule and rate. Fungal formulations significantly reduced the number of tick larvae during the humid season, reaching at least 64.8% relative efficacy. Microsclerotia or blastospores-granular formulations of M. robertsii can reduce the impact of R. microplus, and thus prove to be a promising tool in the control of ticks.
Horizontal bone augmentation and simultaneous implant placement using xenogeneic bone rings technique: a retrospective clinical study
Authors: Ding Yude , Wang Lianfei , Su Kuiwei , Gao Jinxing , Li Xiao , Cheng Gang
Published: March 2021

This study evaluated the use of bone ring technique with xenogeneic bone grafts in treating horizontal alveolar bone defects. In total, 11 patients in need of horizontal bone augmentation treatment before implant placement were included in this retrospective study. All patients received simultaneous bone augmentation surgery and implant placement with xenogeneic bone ring grafts. We evaluated the postoperative efficacy of the bone ring technique with xenogeneic bone grafts using radiographical and clinical parameters. Survival rates of implants were 100%. Cone-beam computed tomography revealed that the xenogeneic bone ring graft had significantly sufficient horizontal bone augmentation below the implant neck platform to 0 mm, 1 mm, 2 mm, and 3 mm. It could also provide an excellent peri-implant tissue condition during the 1-year follow-up after loading. The bone ring technique with xenogeneic bone ring graft could increase and maintain horizontal bone mass in the region of the implant neck platforms in serious horizontal bone defects.
Interaction between Borrelia miyamotoi variable major proteins Vlp15/16 and Vlp18 with plasminogen and complement
Authors: Schmidt Frederik L. , Sürth Valerie , Berg Tim K. , Lin Yi-Pin , Hovius Joppe W. , Kraiczy Peter
Published: March 2021

Borrelia miyamotoi, a relapsing fever spirochete transmitted by Ixodid ticks causes B. miyamotoi disease (BMD). To evade the human host´s immune response, relapsing fever borreliae, including B. miyamotoi, produce distinct variable major proteins. Here, we investigated Vsp1, Vlp15/16, and Vlp18 all of which are currently being evaluated as antigens for the serodiagnosis of BMD. Comparative analyses identified Vlp15/16 but not Vsp1 and Vlp18 as a plasminogen-interacting protein of B. miyamotoi. Furthermore, Vlp15/16 bound plasminogen in a dose-dependent fashion with high affinity. Binding of plasminogen to Vlp15/16 was significantly inhibited by the lysine analog tranexamic acid suggesting that the protein–protein interaction is mediated by lysine residues. By contrast, ionic strength did not have an effect on binding of plasminogen to Vlp15/16. Of relevance, plasminogen bound to the borrelial protein cleaved the chromogenic substrate S-2251 upon conversion by urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPa), demonstrating it retained its physiological activity. Interestingly, further analyses revealed a complement inhibitory activity of Vlp15/16 and Vlp18 on the alternative pathway by a Factor H-independent mechanism. More importantly, both borrelial proteins protect serum sensitive Borrelia garinii cells from complement-mediated lysis suggesting multiple roles of these two variable major proteins in immune evasion of B. miyamotoi.
Geographical distribution and regional differences in 532 clinical isolates of rapidly growing mycobacterial species in Japan
Authors: Kamada Keisuke , Yoshida Atsushi , Iguchi Shigekazu , Arai Yuko , Uzawa Yutaka , Konno Satoshi , Shimojima Masahiro , Kikuchi Ken
Published: March 2021

Infectious diseases caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are increasingly becoming a major global problem. Additionally, Mycobacteroides abscessus subsp. abscessus (MAB) infections are refractory to macrolides. This study was conducted to investigate the epidemiology of rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM) species isolated from clinical specimens in Japan and assess differences in the regional distribution of lower respiratory specimens (LRS)- and non-lower respiratory specimens (NLRS)-derived species. 532 strains (427 LRS, 92 NLRS and 15 unknown specimens) were isolated in nine areas of Japan. We collected 418 specimens from Bio Medical Laboratories (BML), Inc., and 114 specimens from 45 hospitals in Japan. Their epidemiological differences were examined according to the specimen type, region, and climate. Fifteen species were identified. The proportion of M. abscessus group (MAG) strains was significantly lower in NLRS than in LRS (35.9% vs. 68.4%). The proportion of MAG strains was higher in northern Japan than in other regions (83.7% vs. 60.5%). Variations in strain abundance among RGM species was evident in regions with a mean annual temperature below 15 °C. We conclude that the proportions of MAG strains differed between NLRS and LRS in Japan. In addition, the mean annual temperature likely influenced the distribution of RGM species.
COVID-19 salivary Raman fingerprint: innovative approach for the detection of current and past SARS-CoV-2 infections
Authors: Carlomagno C. , Bertazioli D. , Gualerzi A. , Picciolini S. , Banfi P. I. , Lax A. , Messina E. , Navarro J. , Bianchi L. , Caronni A. , Marenco F. , Monteleone S. , Arienti C. , Bedoni M.
Published: March 2021

The pandemic of COVID-19 is continuously spreading, becoming a worldwide emergency. Early and fast identification of subjects with a current or past infection must be achieved to slow down the epidemiological widening. Here we report a Raman-based approach for the analysis of saliva, able to significantly discriminate the signal of patients with a current infection by COVID-19 from healthy subjects and/or subjects with a past infection. Our results demonstrated the differences in saliva biochemical composition of the three experimental groups, with modifications grouped in specific attributable spectral regions. The Raman-based classification model was able to discriminate the signal collected from COVID-19 patients with accuracy, precision, sensitivity and specificity of more than 95%. In order to translate this discrimination from the signal-level to the patient-level, we developed a Deep Learning model obtaining accuracy in the range 89–92%. These findings have implications for the creation of a potential Raman-based diagnostic tool, using saliva as minimal invasive and highly informative biofluid, demonstrating the efficacy of the classification model.
Oscillations in deep-open-cells during winter Mediterranean cyclones
Authors: Liu Huan , Koren Ilan , Altaratz Orit , Heiblum Reuven H. , Khain Pavel , Ouyang Xiaoran , Guo Jianping
Published: March 2021

Open cloud cells can be described in ideal form as connected clouds that surround spots of isolated clear skies in their centers. This cloud pattern is typically associated with marine stratocumulus (MSc) that form in the oceanic boundary layer. However, it can form in deeper convective clouds as well. Here, we focus on deep-open-cells (with tops reaching up to ~5–7 km) that form in the post-frontal regions of winter Mediterranean cyclones, and examine their properties and evolution. Using a Lagrangian analysis of satellite data, we show that deep-open-cells have a larger equivalent diameter (~58 ± 18 km) and oscillate with a longer periodicity (~3.5 ± 1 h) compared to shallow MSc. A numerical simulation of one Cyprus low event reveals that precipitation-generated convergence and divergence dynamic patterns are the main driver of the open cells’ organization and oscillations. Thus, our findings generalize the mechanism attributed to the behavior of shallow marine cells to deeper convective systems.
Identification of genetic factors influencing metabolic dysregulation and retinal support for MacTel, a retinal disorder
Authors: Bonelli Roberto , Jackson Victoria E. , Prasad Aravind , Munro Jacob E. , Farashi Samaneh , Heeren Tjebo F. C. , Pontikos Nikolas , Scheppke Lea , Friedlander Martin ,   MacTel Consortium, Egan Catherine A. , Allikmets Rando , Ansell Brendan R. E. , Bahlo Melanie
Published: March 2021

Macular Telangiectasia Type 2 (MacTel) is a rare degenerative retinal disease with complex genetic architecture. We performed a genome-wide association study on 1,067 MacTel patients and 3,799 controls, which identified eight novel genome-wide significant loci (p < 5 × 10−8), and confirmed all three previously reported loci. Using MAGMA, eQTL and transcriptome-wide association analysis, we prioritised 48 genes implicated in serine-glycine biosynthesis, metabolite transport, and retinal vasculature and thickness. Mendelian randomization indicated a likely causative role of serine (FDR = 3.9 × 10−47) and glycine depletion (FDR = 0.006) as well as alanine abundance (FDR = 0.009). Polygenic risk scoring achieved an accuracy of 0.74 and was associated in UKBiobank with retinal damage (p = 0.009). This represents the largest genetic study on MacTel to date and further highlights genetically-induced systemic and tissue-specific metabolic dysregulation in MacTel patients, which impinges on retinal health.
Author Correction: Progerinin, an optimized progerin-lamin A binding inhibitor, ameliorates premature senescence phenotypes of Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome
Authors: Kang So-mi , Yoon Min-Ho , Ahn Jinsook , Kim Ji-Eun , Kim So Young , Kang Seock Yong , Joo Jeongmin , Park Soyoung , Cho Jung-Hyun , Woo Tae-Gyun , Oh Ah-Young , Chung Kyu Jin , An So Yon , Hwang Tae Sung , Lee Soo Yong , Kim Jeong-Su , Ha Nam-Chul , Song Gyu-Yong , Park Bum-Joon
Published: March 2021

A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-021-01843-6
Rational design of interface refining through Ti4+/Zr4+ diffusion/doping and TiO2/ZrO2 surface crowning of ZnFe2O4 nanocorals for photoelectrochemical water splitting
Authors: Kim Sarang , Mahadik Mahadeo A. , Periyasamy Anushkkaran , Chae Weon-Sik , Ryu Jungho , Choi Sun Hee , Jang Jum Suk
Published: March 2021

The interplay between diffusion/doping and surface passivation of TZF NCs exhibits a breakthrough photocurrent density of 0.73 mA cm−2 (1.23 V vs. RHE) with 98% stability over 10 h in the TZF/Al2O3/CoOx photoanode.
Metal- and halide-free, solid-state polymeric water vapor sorbents for efficient water-sorption-driven cooling and atmospheric water harvesting
Authors: Wu Mengchun , Li Renyuan , Shi Yusuf , Altunkaya Mustafa , Aleid Sara , Zhang Chenlin , Wang Wenbin , Wang Peng
Published: March 2021

Metal- and halide-free, solid-state polymeric water vapor sorbents are developed with improved water sorption capacity, reduced corrosivity, and solid state, leading to efficient water-sorption-driven cooling and atmospheric water harvesting.
Fabrication of TiO2 microspikes for highly efficient intracellular delivery by pulse laser-assisted photoporation
Authors: Mohan L. , Kar Srabani , Mahapatra Pallab Sinha , Nagai Moeto , Santra Tuhin Subhra
Published: March 2021

The introduction of foreign cargo into living cells with high delivery efficiency and cell viability by laser asisted photoporation on TiO2 microspikes platform.
CRISPR technology incorporating amplification strategies: molecular assays for nucleic acids, proteins, and small molecules
Authors: Feng Wei , Newbigging Ashley M. , Tao Jeffrey , Cao Yiren , Peng Hanyong , Le Connie , Wu Jinjun , Pang Bo , Li Juan , Tyrrell D. Lorne , Zhang Hongquan , Le X. Chris
Published: March 2021

Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated (Cas) protein systems revolutionize genome engineering and advance analytical chemistry and diagnostic technology.
Effective 3D open-channel nanostructures of a MgMn2O4 positive electrode for rechargeable Mg batteries operated at room temperature
Authors: Sone Kazuki , Hayashi Yoshihiro , Mandai Toshihiko , Yagi Shunsuke , Oaki Yuya , Imai Hiroaki
Published: March 2021

Room-temperature operations of rechargeable Mg coin-cell batteries have been achieved using a spinel MgMn2O4 powder having a large specific surface area > 200 m2 g–1 and more than 90% porosity with a triple-tiered 3D open-channel network.
Synthesis, molecular docking calculation, fluorescence and bioimaging of mitochondria-targeted ratiometric fluorescent probes for sensing hypochlorite in vivo
Authors: Huang Ling , Su Wanting , Zhao Yuping , Zhan Jingting , Lin Weiying
Published: March 2021

A novel mitochondria-targeted ratio fluorescent probe Mi-OCl-RP was constructed. High binding energy may explain the mitochondria selectivity of the probe. The probe has excellent spectral properties and as a robust tool for monitoring OCl−in vivo.
An organic–inorganic hybrid semiconductor for flexible thin film transistors using molecular layer deposition
Authors: Lee Seung-Hwan , Jeong Hyun-Jun , Han Ki-Lim , Baek GeonHo , Park Jin-Seong
Published: March 2021

Indium oxide/indicone hybrid film, grown via in situ ALD and MLD processes, was used as an active layer in a flexible TFT. The hybrid TFT showed no significant changes in device performance, even after 200 000 rolling cycles.
Controllable synthesis of two adenosine 5′-monophosphate nucleotide coordination polymersviapH regulation: crystal structure and chirality
Authors: Song Wen-jing , Su Hao , Zhou Pei , Zhu Yan-hong , Khan Maroof Ahmad , Song Jian-biao , Li Hui
Published: March 2021

Two Na2AMP ternary complexes were synthesized based on precise pH regulation, and the two complexes exhibited different chiral signals.
Stabilization and solidification of brine water containing selenium, chromium, copper, and mercury utilizing a microwave enabled sol–gel process
Authors: Kearns Alex , Bansal Meenakshi , Kalbfleisch Theodore , Keller Aaron , Ellison Kirk , Chauhan Rajat , Ghorbanian Mahyar , Gupta Gautam
Published: March 2021

Solidification/stabilization of wastewater from a coal-fired power plant, burning bituminous and sub-bituminous coals via sol–gel synthesized from tetramethyl orthosilicate (TMOS) (top) and demonstration of TMOS chemical fixation mechanism (below).
State-of-the-art developments in carbon-based metal nanocomposites as a catalyst: photocatalysis
Authors: Khan Mohammad Ehtisham
Published: March 2021

Schematic representation of the mechanism of charge transfer between silver nanoparticles and graphitic-carbon nitride for photocatalysis.
Polymer-supported synthesis of N-substituted anthranilates as the building blocks for preparation of N-arylated 3-hydroxyquinolin-4(1H)-ones
Authors: Krajčovičová Soňa , Hlaváč Jan , Vychodilová Kristýna
Published: March 2021

Fast and simple access to N-arylated 3-hydroxyquinolin-4(1H)-ones starting from easily available 1-methyl-2-iodoterephthalate and variously substituted anilines is presented.
Lead-free organic–inorganic hybrid semiconductors and NLO switches tuned by dimensional design
Authors: Shen Hong-Yi , He Lei , Shi Ping-Ping , Ye Qiong
Published: March 2021

Two organic–inorganic hybrid materials exhibit functional regulation by introducing homochiral cations and different reagent ratios.
Repenser le modèle de développement agricole du Maroc pour l’ère post Covid-19
Authors: Sraïri Mohamed Taher
Published: March 2021

Le secteur agricole constitue une activité importante au Maroc, représentant 14 % du produit national brut et employant 40 % de la population active. Avec l’émergence de la pandémie de la Covid-19, il a été ébranlé par des incertitudes économiques et par la distanciation physique qui a accentué les contraintes du travail. Toutefois, l’agriculture s’est imposée comme une activité cruciale, puisqu’elle a continué à assurer l’approvisionnement alimentaire à des prix abordables. La pandémie, qui s’est déclarée en une année très sèche, a offert une opportunité pour réviser les principales contraintes auxquelles fait face le secteur agricole : manque d’eau et faible rémunération du travail. Elle a aussi attiré l’attention de l’opinion publique sur les quantités importantes de denrées vivrières importées. La balance des paiements des produits alimentaires demeure négative, malgré des exportations de produits agricoles mises en relief par le discours officiel. En outre, des études récentes ont montré que ces dernières dépendent avant tout d’usages accrus et souvent déraisonnables d’eau souterraine, malgré les subventions à la conversion des systèmes d’irrigation gravitaire vers le goutte-à-goutte. Des suivis d’exploitations ont démontré que ces subventions ont généré une expansion de la surface irriguée avec des cultures à besoins hydriques élevés. Cette situation doit être considérée comme l’opposé de l’objectif recherché : une amélioration de la valorisation de l’eau. Il faut donc reconnaître que l’agriculture de l’ère post Covid-19 devra être différente. Un changement de paradigme doit s’opérer où la valorisation de l’eau pluviale figurera dans les priorités, de concert avec la souveraineté alimentaire. Il doit englober différentes dimensions, comme la préservation de l’environnement, le développement du monde rural et de systèmes alimentaires durables, mais aussi garantir l’inclusion sociale et de meilleures rémunérations du travail agricole, afin d’assurer son attractivité et réduire l’exode rural.
Surgical uprighting of impacted mandibular second molar: a narrative review
Authors: Sangha Tarnjit Kaur , Sangha Sukhneet Kaur , Hanna Brandon , Tayab Tabassum , Padala Soumya
Published: March 2021

Early diagnosis of impacted mandibular second molar (MM2) is critical since treatment at a later stage can be complicated. It often requires a multidisciplinary approach. Surgical uprighting of impacted MM2 appears to be a safe, effective, and a reliable alternative to conventional orthodontic mechanics with minimal risk of morbidity or pulpo-periodontal problems. Timely diagnosis is critical and factors affecting treatment outcomes must be assessed for a successful outcome. Although surgical uprighting or repositioning is the most commonly prescribed option for MM2 management, there isn't a review of literature that discusses the etiology, assessment, and surgical management of impacted MM2 with an emphasis on surgical uprighting technique and comparing various factors that affect the outcome.
HbA1c in der Diabetesdiagnostik
Authors: Landgraf Rüdiger
Published: March 2021

Glykiertes Hämoglobin (HbA1c) ist ein Maß für die Stoffwechseleinstellung und als Prädiktor für die Entwicklung diabetischer Komplikationen und als primärer Endpunkt für Interventionsstudien eingeführt. Seit 2010 wird HbA1c auch als ein Diagnoseinstrument von vielen Fachgesellschaften und Organisationen wie der WHO und IDF eingesetzt. Trotz Standardisierung (IFCC-Standard) und Verbesserung der Bestimmungsmethoden, die insbesondere für die Diagnostik von großer Bedeutung sind, schwankt die Messgenauigkeit erheblich und erst kürzlich hat die Bundesärztekammer die Richtlinien (Rili-BÄK) für die analytische Richtigkeit und Präzision der HbA1c-Messung deutlich verschärft. HbA1c als ein zu Glukoseparametern alternativer/alleiniger Laborparameter ist für die Diabetesdiagnose zu wenig sensitiv. Zahlreiche Störfaktoren und unzählige in der Routinediagnostik kaum zu überschauende und zum Teil kaum bestimmbare Einflussfaktoren limitieren den Einsatz von HbA1c als Diagnoseinstrument. Der HbA1c- Schwellenwert von ≥ 48 mmol/mol Hb (≥ 6,5 %) ist ein expertenkonsentierter, viel zu hoher Wert, um in der Frühphase einen manifesten Diabetes auszuschließen. Daher sollten immer Glukoseparameter plus HbA1c gleichzeitig zur Diagnostik bestimmt werden.
Wechselwirkungen zwischen neuroendokrinem System und Immunsystem bei chronisch-entzündlichen Systemerkrankungen
Authors: Günther Florian , Fleck Martin , Straub Rainer
Published: March 2021

Hormonelle und neuronale Signalwege können die Manifestation einer chronisch-entzündlichen Systemerkrankung entweder begünstigen oder verhindern. Bei bereits manifester Erkrankung modulieren Hormone und Neurotransmitter den Krankheitsverlauf, in dem sie die Krankheitsaktivität erhöhen oder abschwächen. Beispiele hierfür sind der entzündungshemmende Einfluss der körpereigenen und exogenen Glukokortikoide und die entzündungsfördernden Effekte von Stress bei chronisch-entzündlichen Systemerkrankungen. Bei chronisch-entzündlichen Systemerkrankungen ringt das aktivierte Immunsystem mit dem Gehirn und anderen Organsystemen um Energie, was zu vielfältigen Erkrankungsfolgen und Folgeerkrankungen führt: „sickness behaviour“ mit Fatigue-Symptomatik und depressiven Symptomen, Schlafstörungen, Anorexie, Fehl- und Mangelernährung, Knochenabbau, Muskelabbau und kachektische Fettsucht, Insulinresistenz mit Hyperinsulinämie (begleitet von einer Resistenz gegenüber dem Insulin-like growth factor 1), Dyslipidämie, Veränderungen der Steroidhormonachsen, Störungen der Hypothalamus-Hypophysen-Gonaden-Achse, erhöhter Sympathikotonus, herabgesetzte Aktivität des parasympathischen Nervensystems, arterielle Hypertonie und Volumenbelastung, Entzündungsanämie und zirkadiane Rhythmik der Symptomausprägung. Diese für die Patienten gravierenden Folgeerkrankungen, welche den chronisch-entzündlichen Systemerkrankungen inhärent sind, sollten konsequent therapiert werden.
The forming mechanism of spontaneous emission noise flux radiated from hydrogen-like atoms by means of vibrational Hamiltonian
Authors: Jahanpanah J.
Published: March 2021

The main goal of this article is to investigate the origin of spontaneous emission radiation by applying a new method. In this method, the vibrational Hamiltonian of hydrogen-like atoms (HLAs) is first constructed in accordance with the Hamiltonian of a simple harmonic oscillator. The Hamiltonian is then used to derive the vibrational motion equations of HLAs in a Heisenberg picture. The Langevin equation will ultimately be formed by adding the dissipative term and fluctuating (Langevin) force according to the fluctuation–dissipation theorem. The solution of the Langevin equation provides the exact data on the fluctuations that occur for the electron position during its rather fast vibrational oscillations. On the other hand, the fluctuations in the position of the oscillating electron, in turn, lead to the fluctuations in its potential and kinetic energies so that the appearance of the potential and kinetic noise fluxes is vulnerable. It is finally demonstrated that the potential and kinetic noise fluxes commonly act as an internal source of producing the external noise flux emitted from HLAs in the form of spontaneous emission with a Lorentzian profile. In contrast with all previous procedures, no ambient effect has been involved to describe the forming mechanism of spontaneous emission for the first time.
Comparative studies on the structural, magnetic, and optical properties of perovskite Ln0.67Ca0.33MnO3 (Ln = La, Pr, Nd, and Sm) manganite nanoparticles synthesized by sol–gel method
Authors: Xia Weiren , Leng Kai , Tang Qingkai , Yang Li , Xie Yuting , Wu Zhiwei , Zhu Xinhua
Published: March 2021

Comparative studies of the structural, magnetic, and optical properties of the sol–gel synthesized Ln0.67Ca0.33MnO3 (Ln = La, Pr, Nd, and Sm) nanoparticles were carried out focusing on the effect of the A-site average cation size ⟨rA⟩. Rietveld refinements of x-ray diffraction data demonstrate all nanoparticles crystallize in an orthorhombic crystal structure (Pnma space group). Their unit cell volumes and the Mn–O–Mn bond angle decreased with reducing ⟨rA⟩, whereas the Mn–O bond length increased. The morphologies of nanoparticles evolved from spherical to irregular shapes, and their single-crystalline nature was confirmed by HRTEM images. Infrared spectra identified the stretching mode of the Mn–O bond near 600 cm−1, and the softening of this phonon mode as reducing ⟨rA⟩ is ascribed to the elongation of the Mn–O bond length. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveals the mixed Mn3+ and Mn4+ cations with a content ratio of Mn3+/Mn4+ = 2:1, divalent Ca cations, and trivalent rare earth Ln cations in all nanoparticles and oxygen element existing as lattice oxygen and chemically absorbed oxygen. The La0.67Ca0.33MnO3 nanoparticles exhibited ferromagnetic behavior, whereas Ln0.67Ca0.33MnO3 (Ln = Pr, Nd, and Sm) nanoparticles displayed antiferromagnetic behavior and strong exchange bias effect. Temperature dependence of dc magnetizations suggests the spin-glass behavior established in the La0.67Ca0.33MnO3 nanoparticles, while magnetic cluster-glass behavior formed in the Ln0.67Ca0.33MnO3 (Ln = Pr, Nd, and Sm) nanoparticles, in which the charge-ordered and antiferromagnetic phases were completely suppressed. Electronic bandgaps of the nanoparticles were about 1.55 eV–1.66 eV, which was ascribed to the electronic charge transfer between two eg bands of the Mn cation with up-spins and down-spins separated by Hund’s coupling energy.
Dysregulation of myelin synthesis and actomyosin function underlies aberrant myelin in CMT4B1 neuropathy
Authors: Guerrero-Valero Marta , Grandi Federica , Cipriani Silvia , Alberizzi Valeria , Di Guardo Roberta , Chicanne Gaetan , Sawade Linda , Bianchi Francesca , Del Carro Ubaldo , De Curtis Ivan , Pareyson Davide , Parman Yesim , Schenone Angelo , Haucke Volker , Payrastre Bernard , Bolino Alessandra
Published: March 2021

Significance

Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 4B1 (CMT4B1) is a very severe demyelinating neuropathy with childhood onset, characterized by myelin outfoldings, a pathological aberrant form of myelination. This morphology may be the consequence of an excessive longitudinal growth of the myelinated internode during postnatal nerve development. We first demonstrated that loss of MTMR2 (Myotubularin-related 2) phosphatase causes CMT4B1. MTMR2 dephosphorylates phospholipids, important regulators of membrane trafficking, which is a key process in Schwann cells, the myelinating cells in the PNS. However, why loss of MTMR2 provokes CMT4B1 remains to be assessed. Here we propose a mechanism by which MTMR2, by regulating PtdIns(3,5)P2phosphoinositide levels, coordinates myelin synthesis and RhoA/myosin II-dependent cytoskeletal dynamics necessary to expand the membrane and promote myelin growth.
Is guanxi belief predicted by system-justifying ideologies? Exploring the relationship of guanxi belief with meritocratic ideology, social dominance orientation and right-wing authoritarianism (¿Son las ideologías justificativas del sistema predictoras de la creencia en el guanxi? Exploramos la relación de la práctica guanxi con la ideología meritocrática, la orientación a la dominación social y el autoritarismo de derecha)
Authors: Liu Haoxin , Wang Tulips-Yiwen , Bernardo Allan B. I.
Published: March 2021

Some scholars view guanxi as having an important role in social transactions in Chinese societies, while others view guanxi as a problematic practice associated with unfairness and inequality. We propose that the belief in guanxi is a societal norm that is part of the social system in Chinese society, and that belief in guanxi as a social norm is associated with Chinese people’s system-justifying beliefs. Chinese university students completed scales on guanxi belief, meritocratic ideology (MI), social dominance orientation (SDO), right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) and their subjective socioeconomic status. Regression analysis indicated that guanxi belief has significant positive relationships with the other three system-justifying ideologies, supporting the proposal that guanxi belief is part of the societal systems supported by people who hold hierarchy-enhancing ideologies.
Study of transverse spherocity and azimuthal anisotropy in Pb–Pb collisions at

sNN=5.02

TeV using a multi-phase transport model
Authors: Mallick Neelkamal , Sahoo Raghunath , Tripathy Sushanta , Ortiz Antonio
Published: March 2021

Transverse spherocity is an event shape observable having a unique capability to separate the events based on their geometrical shapes. Recent results from experiments at the LHC suggest that transverse spherocity is an important event classifier in small collision systems. In this work, we use transverse spherocity for the first time in heavy-ion collisions and perform an extensive study on azimuthal anisotropy of charged particles produced in Pb–Pb collisions at

s

NN

=
5.02

TeV using a multi-phase transport model (AMPT). The azimuthal anisotropy is estimated using the two-particle correlation method, which suppresses the non-flow effects significantly with an appropriate pseudorapidity gap of particle pairs. The results from AMPT are compared with estimations from PYTHIA8 (Angantyr) model and it is found that with the chosen pseudorapidity gap, the residual non-flow effects become negligible. We found that the high spherocity events have nearly zero elliptic flow while low spherocity events contribute significantly to elliptic flow of spherocity-integrated events.
Real-space parallel density matrix renormalization group with adaptive boundaries*
Authors: Chen Fu-Zhou , Cheng Chen , Luo Hong-Gang
Published: March 2021

We propose an improved real-space parallel strategy for the density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) method, where boundaries of separate regions are adaptively distributed during DMRG sweeps. Our scheme greatly improves the parallel efficiency with shorter waiting time between two adjacent tasks, compared with the original real-space parallel DMRG with fixed boundaries. We implement our new strategy based on the message passing interface (MPI), and dynamically control the number of kept states according to the truncation error in each DMRG step. We study the performance of the new parallel strategy by calculating the ground state of a spin-cluster chain and a quantum chemical Hamiltonian of the water molecule. The maximum parallel efficiencies for these two models are 91% and 76% in 4 nodes, which are much higher than the real-space parallel DMRG with fixed boundaries.
Wave–particle duality relation with a quantum N-path beamsplitter*
Authors: Wang Dong-Yang , Wu Jun-Jie , Wang Yi-Zhi , Liu Yong , Huang An-Qi , Yu Chun-Lin , Yang Xue-Jun
Published: March 2021

The wave–particle duality relation derived by Englert sets an upper bound of the extractable information from wave and particle properties in a two-path interferometer. Surprisingly, previous studies demonstrated that the introduction of a quantum beamsplitter in the interferometer could break the limitation of this upper bound, due to interference between wave and particle states. Along the other line, a lot of efforts have been made to generalize this relation from the two-path setup to the N-path case. Thus, it is an interesting question that whether a quantum N-path beamsplitter can break the limitation as well. This paper systemically studies the model of a quantum N-path beamsplitter, and finds that the generalized wave–particle duality relation between interference visibility and path distinguishability is also broken in certain situations. We further study the maximal extractable information’s reliance on the interference between wave and particle properties, and derive a quantitative description. We then propose an experimental methodology to verify the break of the limitation. Our work reflects the effect of quantum superposition on wave–particle duality, and exhibits a new aspect of the relation between visibility and path distinguishability in N-path interference. Moreover, it implies the observer’s influence on wave–particle duality.
Fabrication and non-destructive characterization of through-plastic-via (TPV) in flexible hybrid electronics
Authors: Sondhi Kartik , Avuthu Sai Guruva Reddy , Richstein Jörg , Fan Z Hugh , Nishida Toshikazu
Published: March 2021

Flexible hybrid electronics (FHE) have been gaining interest in recent years as this technology has the potential to become a low-cost, mechanically pliable sister technology for multilayer printed circuit boards (PCBs). One of the limitations of rigid PCB is low endurance to mechanical bending, this limitation poses a threat to the efficacy for wearable applications. During bending, a substrate experiences both compressive and tensile stress. These stresses are similar in magnitude but opposite in direction. This difference in directionality creates a non-linear stress gradient in a via which impacts the structural integrity, endurance and bending reliability of a circuit during its operation. Additionally, as flexible substrates can be bent to a higher bending radius, the magnitude of maximum extrinsic stresses observed on flexible substrates could be higher than the stress observed on rigid substrates. Hence, the reliability and mechanical compliance of through-hole-plastic-vias for reliable flexible circuits need to be understood. In this study, we have developed a process to create vias on flexible substrates using a rapid commercial laser (Nd-YaG laser) to study the effects on via resistance due to three different variables—bending stresses, via diameter and via length. A novel non-destructive approach (CT-scanner) was used to scan the via structures and determine the filling for all via diameters from 50 to 450 µm and via lengths of 7, 10 mils. Two different configurations of vias were used to measure and analyze the effect of mechanical cycling on via resistance and via filling. This demonstration of electrical and mechanical testing of vias and novel methodologies for via filling, and via electrical resistance can contribute to better design and fabrication guidelines of multi-layer FHE circuits.
On complete reducibility of tensor products of simple modules over simple algebraic groups
Authors: Gruber Jonathan
Published: March 2021

Let

G
G

be a simply connected simple algebraic group over an algebraically closed field

k
k

of characteristic

p
>
0

p>0

. The category of rational

G
G

-modules is not semisimple. We consider the question of when the tensor product of two simple

G
G

-modules

L
(
λ
)

L(\lambda )

and 

L
(
μ
)

L(\mu )

is completely reducible. Using some technical results about weakly maximal vectors (i.e. maximal vectors for the action of the Frobenius kernel

G
1

G_1

of

G
G

) in tensor products, we obtain a reduction to the case where the highest weights

λ
\lambda

and 

μ
\mu

are

p
p

-restricted. In this case, we also prove that

L
(
λ
)
⊗
L
(
μ
)

L(\lambda )\otimes L(\mu )

is completely reducible as a

G
G

-module if and only if

L
(
λ
)
⊗
L
(
μ
)

L(\lambda )\otimes L(\mu )

is completely reducible as a

G
1

G_1

-module.
Spontaneous migration of a falling bullet in the cerebellum reveals the importance of intraoperative skull X-ray
Authors: Hammed Ali , Mahfoud Moufid , Sulaiman Alaa
Published: March 2021

Cranial gunshot wounds (CGSWs) are the most lethal types of the cranial traumas and they are usually mortal. Falling bullets or gravitational bullets are the ones that move under the effect of the gravity force after the muzzle force diminished. CGSWs constitute a major clinical challenge for neurosurgeons dealing with trauma in both the military and civil experience. We report the case of a 21-year-old man with a falling bullet wound to the head. The decision of surgical treatment of a bullet injury is difficult if it is in close proximity to vital structures; removal of the bullet may cause significant neurological damage; however, migration can lead to a worsening of the neurological status of the patient. Before surgical removal of any intracranial bullet, as valuable information, it is recommended that a plain skull X-ray be obtained after final positioning of the head.
Urban waste no replacement for natural foods—Marabou storks in Botswana
Authors: Francis R J , Kingsford R T , Murray-Hudson M , Brandis K J
Published: March 2021

We compared diets of marabou storks Leptoptilos crumenifer foraging from urban landfills and natural areas in northern Botswana using stable isotope analyses and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry on moulted feathers. There were significant differences in the diet of marabous foraging from natural areas compared to urban waste sites, reflected by lower δ13C and less enriched δ15N concentrations in those feeding at landfills, suggesting a shift in trophic niche. Feathers from birds foraging at landfills also had significantly higher concentrations of chromium, lead, nickel, and zinc and lower levels of cadmium and potassium than feathers sampled from natural areas. We also analysed marabou regurgitant (42 kg, naturally expelled indigestible food resources) from the Kasane landfill site. More than half was plastic, with single regurgitants weighing up to 125 g. Urban waste stored in open air landfills is altering some marabou diets, affecting their natural trophic niche, resulting in the consumption (and regurgitation) of large amounts of plastic, and exposing marabou to potentially chronic levels of trace metals. Despite the marabou’s apparent resilience to this behavioural shift, it could have long-term effects on the population of the marabou stork, particularly considering Botswana has some of the few regular marabou breeding colonies in southern Africa.
What Is Psychosis?
Authors: Broussard Beth , Compton Michael T.
Published: March 2021

This first chapter explains what psychosis is. Psychosis is a treatable mental illness. For many people with first-episode psychosis, symptoms begin to clear up partially or completely within weeks of starting treatment. Although the symptoms of psychosis may be frightening to the individual and his or her family, there are treatments for these symptoms. First-episode psychosis is the period of time when a person first begins to experience psychosis. It is during this time that young people and their families need detailed information about the initial evaluation and treatment. People who get into treatment earlier often do better. In many places, specialty treatment programs now exist that specifically focus on first-episode psychosis. Those programs often provide treatments designed to help young people get back on track in terms of school and work goals.
Knowing Your Early Warning Signs and Preventing a Relapse
Authors: Broussard Beth , Compton Michael T.
Published: March 2021

This chapter explains early warning signs, which are mild symptoms that occur before another episode of illness, or a relapse. To help prevent a relapse, young people can stick with treatment, watch for early warning signs, and work with their mental health professional to intervene promptly. Young people can identify their unique warning signs by thinking back to the time just before the first episode to identify the two or three early warning signs that they should watch for. Family, friends, and mental health professionals can help identify the changes they observed as well. Open communication between the young person and his or her family, friends, and mental health professionals is important when early warning signs start to occur. By carefully monitoring early warning signs, young people, their families, and their mental health professionals can work together to help lessen the severity of any future episode of psychosis that a person may have—or prevent a relapse altogether.
10-Year Outcomes After Monitoring, Surgery, or Radiotherapy
Authors: Dahm Philipp
Published: March 2021

This chapter provides a summary of the landmark Prostate Testing for Cancer and Treatment (ProtecT) trial, a three-armed randomized controlled trial of men with clinically localized prostate cancer mostly diagnosed through prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening comparing radical prostatectomy to radiation therapy or active monitoring. Active monitoring consisted mostly of regular PSA testing. After 10 years of follow-up, very few deaths from prostate cancer occurred, underscoring the very low risk of death from prostate cancer in patients diagnosed by PSA screening irrespective of treatment approach.
Adjuvant Radiotherapy for Pathologically Advanced Prostate Cancer
Authors: Dahm Philipp
Published: March 2021

This chapter summarizes the design, findings, and implications of a landmark trial of adjuvant radiation comparing men who had undergone radical prostatectomy with adverse pathological features (extracapsular tumor extension, positive surgical margins, and/or seminal vesicle invasion) and who were randomized to adjuvant local radiation therapy versus expectant management. Studies results favored adjuvant radiation therapy in terms of both metastasis-free survival and overall survival.
Intermittent Versus Continuous Androgen Deprivation in Prostate Cancer
Authors: Sathianathen Niranjan , Dahm Philipp
Published: March 2021

This chapter summarizes the findings of an important non-inferiority trial comparing intermittent androgen-deprivation therapy to continuous systemic androgen-deprivation therapy. The results favored continuous androgen-deprivation therapy to a small degree but favored intermittent therapy in terms of potency and mental health. This and similar trials have informed the potential trade-offs of intermittent versus continuous therapy.
Chemohormonal Therapy in Metastatic Hormone-Sensitive Prostate Cancer
Authors: Dahm Philipp
Published: March 2021

This chapter summarizes the findings of the landmark Chemohormonal Therapy Versus Androgen Ablation Randomized Trial for Extensive Disease in Prostate Cancer (CHAARTED) trial conducted in men with metastatic, hormone-sensitive prostate cancer comparing docetaxel therapy plus systemic androgen-deprivation therapy to androgen-deprivation therapy alone. It demonstrated improved median overall survival and median time to progression in the chemotherapy arm at the price of some increased severe adverse events.
The EORTC Intergroup Phase 3 Study Comparing the Oncological Outcome of Elective Nephron-Sparing Surgery and Radical Nephrectomy for Low-Stage Renal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Weight Christopher
Published: March 2021

This chapter summarizes the findings of a notable non-inferiority trial comparing nephron-sparing surgery to radical nephrectomy for small renal masses suspected to be renal cell carcinoma. Overall survival results favored radical nephrectomy and progression-free survival was largely similar. Its findings remain controversial but suggest that the assumed benefits of nephron-sparing surgery over radical nephrectomy based on non-randomized studies may have been overstated and that in many cases both approaches may have similar outcomes.
Nephrectomy Followed by Interferon Alfa-2b Compared With Interferon Alfa-2b Alone for Metastatic Renal Cell Cancer
Authors: Weight Christopher
Published: March 2021

This chapter summarizes the findings of a landmark trial of cytoreductive nephrectomy in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma performed in the interferon era. All enrolled patients had a good performance status. It found overall survival extended by about 3 months in the cytoreductive-nephrectomy-plus-interferon arm versus the interferon-only arm.
Nivolumab Versus Everolimus in Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Weight Christopher
Published: March 2021

This chapter summarizes the findings of the landmark CheckMate 025 trial for the new class of drugs of immune checkpoint blockade in advanced renal cell cancer. The trial randomized patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma who had failed antiangiogenic therapy to systemic therapy with nivolumab versus everolimus and found improved overall survival and fewer treatment-related adverse events in the nivolumab arm.