bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High internal phase emulsions stabilized by fluorescent phycocyanin for improved stability and bioaccessibility of β‐carotene
Authors: Cheng Yu , Sun Xiaolin , Zhang Zhong , Li Wenjun , Yuan Li , Yang Xingbin
Published: September 2024

BACKGROUND

High internal phase emulsions (HIPE) are distinguished from ordinary emulsions by higher oil‐phase percentage and better storage stability. Recently, HIPE stabilized with protein‐based particles has received more attention. However, organic precipitation, chemical cross‐linking and thermal denaturation are often needed to stabilize emulsions with natural proteins, and there is an urgent need to reduce the pollution of organic reagents.

RESULTS

HIPE loaded with β‐carotene stabilized by phycocyanin was prepared under mild conditions. It demonstrated strong stability in terms of temperature and storage, as evidenced by its 94.17% retention rate and 81.06% bioavailability. This stability was ascribed to the efficient defense against heat and UV rays, which was probably associated with the oil‐droplet environment and interfacial protection of phycocyanin. It is speculated that the possible main interaction site between phycocyanin and sorbitol exists near amino acids 110 to 120 of the B chain. The hydrogen bond and hydrophobic interaction between them make the phycocyanin fully adsorbed on the oil–water interface when sorbitol is stable, forming a strong oil–water structure, which increases the stability of the emulsion.

CONCLUSION

The outstanding fluorescence characteristics provide a feasible alternative for fluorescent emulsions to distribute and trace active compounds in vitro. HIPE loaded with β‐carotene might have potential as a 3D printing material for edible functional foods. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Characterization of the extracellular proteases from Bacillus inaquosorum strain E1‐8 and its application in the preparation of hydrolysates from plant and animal proteins with antioxidant, antifreeze and anti‐browning properties
Authors: Liu Zhiyun , Lin Huawei , Zhu Xiaolong , Wu Xueying , Wu Chenxi , Obajemihi Obafemi Ibitayo , Liu Xinyi , Su Wenrui , Liu Guangchao , Li Yang , Xu Xingfeng , Yang Jie , Sun Qingjie
Published: September 2024

BACKGROUND

Bacillus inaquosorum strains is widely recognized for their plant‐growth‐promoting and biocontrol capabilities, yet their roles in protease production remain unclear. The present study aimed to comprehensively assess the protease‐producing performance of B. inaquosorum strain E1‐8, at the same time as exploring the novel application of agricultural Bacillus proteases in the preparation of protein hydrolysates for fresh‐cut fruits preservation.

RESULTS

First, genomic sequencing revealed the diversity of E1‐8 proteases, indicating 15 putative extracellular proteases. Subsequently, the fermentation conditions for E1‐8 protease production were optimized, with sweet potato powder and soybean meal identified as the most suitable carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively, resulting in a maximum protease activity of 321.48 U mL−1. Upon culturing the strain under these optimized conditions, only an S8 family serine protease and an M48 family metalloprotease were revealed by secretomic analysis and protease inhibitor assays. Additionally, the optimal protease conditions for generating protein hydrolysates from soy, pea, fish and porcine proteins were determined. The molecular weight of the hydrolysates primarily ranged from 2000 to 180 Da, with a total of 17 amino acids identified. The application of these hydrolysates demonstrated a 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (i.e. DPPH) scavenging activity ranging from 58.64% to 84.12%, significantly reducing of the melting peaks and the freezing points. Furthermore, the browning index of apple slices stored at 4 °C decreased by 14.81% to 22.15% on the second day, and similar effects were observed in fresh‐cut banana stored at 4 °C for 7 days.

CONCLUSION

The protein hydrolysates obtained exhibit remarkable antioxidant, antifreeze and anti‐browning properties for fresh‐cut fruits. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Studying how dry extract can affect the aroma release and perception in different red wine styles
Authors: Piombino Paola , Lisanti Maria Tiziana , Pittari Elisabetta , Gambuti Angelita , Moio Luigi
Published: September 2024

BACKGROUND

Four red wine matrices representing different red wine styles with the same VOCs (volatile organic compounds), were obtained by enriching a bleed wine with increasing amounts of deodorized dry extract obtained from the pressed wine of the same vinification. The release of VOCs was determined by solid phase micro‐extraction‐gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (SPME‐GC–MS), in conditions mimicking those applied during sensory assessments.

RESULTS

Results show that even though the perception of the overall odor intensity was not significantly influenced by the matrix, this latter modulated the odor profiles: at rising wine dry extract, fruity, floral odors decreased, while dehydrated fruit, woody‐toasty, vegetal‐earthy notes increased. These changes cannot be fully explained by the observed significant influence of the matrix on the release of VOCs or by their correlations with the considered matrix components (ethanol, residual sugars, phenolics, pH), but findings suggest that perceptual interactions are involved.

CONCLUSION

This study could be useful in pressing and blending management for wine aroma quality also considering wine compositional trends under the current climate change context. © 2024 The Author(s). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Construction of amine‐rich coating utilizing amine curing reaction of triglycidyl isocyanate with triethylenetetramine on the surface of poly(styrene‐divinylbenzene) microspheres for preparation of anion exchange stationary phase
Authors: Liu Junwei , Yan Yuqi , Li Haojie , Zhang Shiting , Wang Guoqing , Sun Yu‐an , Zhu Yan
Published: September 2024

Epoxy resins, as important thermosetting polymers, exhibit excellent adhesion to various substrates. In view of this, reticulate coating of triglycidyl isocyanate with triethylenetetramine was introduced onto the surface of poly(styrene‐divinylbenzene) utilizing amine curing reaction to obtain poly(styrene‐divinylbenzene)@triglycidyl isocyanate‐triethylenetetramine composite microspheres. The amino groups and epoxy groups of triglycidyl isocyanate‐triethylenetetramine endowed poly(styrene‐divinylbenzene) with good reactivity, which could be quaternized under mild conditions to obtain an anion exchange chromatographic stationary phase. The quaternized poly(styrene‐divinylbenzene)@triglycidyl isocyanate‐triethylenetetramine was characterized by scanning electron microscope, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, N2 adsorption‐desorption experiment, et al. The chromatographic performance of the customized column was evaluated by separating seven conventional anions, organic weak acids, and carbohydrates. Poly(styrene‐divinylbenzene)@triglycidyl isocyanate‐triethylenetetramine possesses the uniform size of poly(styrene‐divinylbenzene) microspheres and good reactivity of triglycidyl isocyanate‐triethylenetetramine, which offers a flexible strategy for the preparation of anion exchange stationary phase. The column exhibits excellent chemical and mechanical stability and chromatographic performance. Finally, the column was successfully applied for the determination of nitrite in pickles.
Impact of Sonographer Experience, Insonation Angle, and Bladder Filling on Uterine Artery Doppler Measurements in the First Trimester of Pregnancy
Authors: Einig Sabrina , Monod Cécile , Baumann Hanna , Butenschön Annkathrin , Engesser‐Mussbah Jasmin , Reina Hubertina , Schoetzau Andreas , Mosimann Beatrice , Manegold‐Brauer Gwendolin
Published: September 2024

Objective

To investigate the influence of different measurement conditions and ultrasound training level on uterine artery pulsatility index (UtA‐PI) measurements as required for combined first trimester preeclampsia (PE) screening.

Methods

This was a prospective study of consecutive patients with singleton pregnancies presenting for an ultrasound examination between 11 and 14 weeks' gestation. UtA‐PI measurements were conducted by residents in training and repeated by experienced sonographers thereafter. UtA‐PI measurements were conducted under different examination conditions. First, the trainee sonographers performed transabdominal sagittal and transverse UtA‐PI measurements without bladder filling. These measurements were then repeated by the expert sonographers. Additionally, the expert sonographers also performed transvaginal UtA‐PI measurements and transabdominal measurements with bladder filling. Statistical analysis was conducted with the statistical software R and included descriptive statistics as well as 2‐sided paired t tests.

Results

A total of 100 women were included in the study. Mean age was 31.7 ± 4.92 years and mean gestational week was 12.5 ± 0.53 weeks. A total of 56% were nulliparous and 44% were parous. UtA‐PI was significantly lower if performed by a sonographer in training versus an experienced sonographer (P = .031). No significant difference was observed in comparing transverse and sagittal techniques (P = .241). There was also no significant difference in transabominal versus transvaginal measurements (P = .806) and with an empty versus full bladder (P = .444).

Conclusion

Experience of sonographer has a significant impact on UtA‐PI. Supervised onsite training is necessary to improve reliability and consistency of UtA‐PI measurements and make PE screening reliable for implementation in a universal screening setting.
Identifying temperature refuges in Utah using temperature, biota, and habitat data
Authors: Hammill Edd , Berkeley Lorelle , Lindsey Sarah , Wheeler Mindy , Thompson Paul
Published: September 2024

Understanding where on landscapes to make investments, such as designating protected areas, is a critical component of biodiversity management. Locations for management actions should achieve current management objectives while also having the best chance of continued success in the future. Climate change has the potential to undermine biodiversity management, as it may lead to substantial changes in environmental conditions that are outside local managers' control. Following changes in environmental conditions, areas on the landscape may become unsuitable for the species or habitats that the initial actions were intended to benefit. The potential for local actions to be undermined by global‐scale threats makes it essential to account for and minimize exposure to temperature change. We present a series of analyses identifying priority areas for wildlife and habitat management. We conducted our analyses using a systematic landscape planning approach that identifies areas within species' ranges or current distributions of key habitats that are predicted to be less affected by future temperature change. We used the ranges of 142 animal and 149 plant species identified as species of greatest conservation need (SGCN) together with the distributions of 14 terrestrial and 19 aquatic key habitats in Utah, USA. We measured temperature change in 2 ways: as changes in mean annual temperature between 2020 and the year 2100 (temperature difference) and by quantifying how far a species range or habitat would have to shift to maintain its current temperature envelope (climate velocity). We identified the sub‐watersheds with hydrologic unit code 12 (HUC 12) that collectively encompassed the ranges of our SGCNs and key habitats while minimizing overall exposure to temperature change. These high priority HUC 12s represented areas that were not only hotspots for SGCNs and key habitats but also acted as temperature refugia, where management actions are likely to be robust to temperature change. We hope that our identification of high‐priority HUC 12s will help inform and guide future management actions to improve their long‐term outcomes.
Divergent Effects of Grazing Intensity on Soil Nutrient Fractions in Alpine Meadows
Authors: Mipam Tserang Donko , Jiang Ao , Jing Luhuai , Zhang Sihu , Yi Wei , Zhao Chen , Ai Yi , Tian Liming
Published: September 2024

Large herbivore grazing plays a key role in regulating ecosystem functioning and nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. However, the effects and mechanisms of large herbivore grazing intensity on soil nutrient fractions remain largely unclear in alpine grasslands. Here, we determine 20 indicator variables associated with soil nutrient fractions (e.g., particulate organic carbon, POC; mineral‐associated organic carbon, MAOC) to investigate how grazing intensity on labile fractions through a well‐controlled grazing experiment in an alpine meadow on the eastern Tibetan Plateau. Our results show that microbial biomass carbon, dissolved organic carbon, light fraction organic carbon, microbial biomass nitrogen and phosphorus, total potassium, and available potassium significantly decrease with increased grazing intensity, whereas other fractions (e.g., POC, MAOC, dissolved organic nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, available nitrogen, etc.) have marginal or non‐significant responses to grazing intensity. Further analysis reveals that above‐and below‐ground biomass, soil moisture, and soil pH jointly determine the grazing effects on soil nutrient fractions, without the impact of species richness. Moreover, correlation analyses indicate that grazing intensity decouples carbon and nitrogen from phosphorus and potassium in alpine meadows. Collectively, our results emphasize the importance of grazing intensity effects on nutrient cycling in alpine grasslands and incorporate the impacts of grazing intensity into terrestrial ecosystem models may help accurately predict carbon sequestration potential in grazinglands.
On a family of sparse exponential sums
Authors: Garaev Moubariz Z. , Rudnick Zeev , Shparlinski Igor E.
Published: September 2024

We investigate exponential sums modulo primes whose phase function is a sparse polynomial, with exponents growing with the prime. In particular, such sums model those which appear in the study of the quantum cat map. While they are not amenable to treatment by algebro‐geometric methods such as Weil's bounds, Bourgain gave a nontrivial estimate for these and more general sums. In this work, we obtain explicit bounds with reasonable savings over various types of averaging. We also initiate the study of the value distribution of these sums.
Enhancing Fire Safety and Softness: Efficacy of Ethanolamine Polyphosphate as a Fire Retardant for Textiles
Authors: Li Hongyang , Wang Cheng , Chen Hengqi , Oliver Susan , Wang Wei , Lei Lei
Published: September 2024

The rising awareness of fire safety among consumers has driven the demand for fire retardants (FRs) that are both cost‐effective and efficient across various industries, particularly in textiles. Traditional FRs often compromise fabric softness, resulting in undesirable tactile texture and stiffness changes. While the external addition of softeners can mitigate the stiffness, it may introduce issues such as a greasy texture and increased flammability. This study introduces ethanolamine polyphosphate (EAPP), an innovative organic polyphosphate, as an effective fire retardant that preserves the softness of textiles. Comprehensive evaluations are conducted on EAPP‐treated textiles, revealing significant improvements in fire retardancy without compromising fabric quality. EAPP treatment (15 wt.% aqueous solutions) increases the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of pure cotton textiles from 17% to 36% and significantly reduces the peak heat release rate (pHRR) and total smoke rate (TSR) as measured by cone calorimetry. Unlike conventional FR products that form FR‐salt crystal particles on the fabric surface after drying, EAPP forms a smooth FR protective layer on the fabric, enhancing mechanical fastness and maintaining tactile qualities. These findings highlight EAPP's potential as a non‐washing durable, spray‐on fire retardant solution for textiles, combining safety with user comfort.
Unique Core−Shell Structured Polyaniline Nanofibers Toward Ultrahigh−Rate Flexible All−Solid−State Supercapacitor
Authors: Hu Shuo , Qin Jiawei , Shen Yueying , Du Houlin , Qin Zongyi
Published: September 2024

Promoting charge storage and fast charging capability simultaneously is a long–standing challenge for supercapacitors. A facile flowing seed polymerization is adopted to prepare polyaniline (PANI) nanofibers, in which phytic acid (PA) doped oligomers are first produced as the seeds for promoting the highly oriented growth of PANI nanofibers accompanying with the copolymerization of m−aminobenzene sulfonic acid (ASA) and aniline occurred on the surface of PANI nanofibers, as a result, unique core−shell structured PANI nanofibers are continuously fabricated. Benefitting from compact nanofiber structure, excellent dispersion, and self–doping effect, as–prepared PANI nanofibers exhibit a specific capacitance of 671.2 F g−1 at 2 A g−1 and ultrahigh rate capability of 93.1% from 2 to 100 A g−1. Then assembled all–solid–state supercapacitor can deliver the highest energy density of 28.3 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 320.2 W kg−1 with remarkable rate capability (81.2% from 1 to 20 A g−1), cycle stability (77.5% after 5000 cycles) as well as light weight and flexibility. It is highly desirable that the present green and scalable approach can be further applied to fabricate other unique core–shell structured PANI nanofibers with appealing potentials in energy storage devices.
Tripartite evolutionary game and simulation of solvency supervision under C‐ROSS II based on prospect theory
Authors: Li Shilong , Tong Zhijie
Published: September 2024

This paper focuses on the implementation of “C‐ROSS II” and utilizes an evolutionary game model to investigate regulatory issues. Based on prospect theory, a three‐party evolutionary game model is constructed among regulatory agencies, insurance companies, and consumers with incomplete rationality, examining evolutionary stability strategies. Meanwhile, considering the different attitudes of policyholders in the face of loss and return, the heterogeneous risk preference is analyzed by changing the prospect parameters. The results show that increases in penalty amounts, positive incentives, and consumer sensitivity to losses will promote the evolution of the system to the optimal stable equilibrium point. However, rises in brand incomes and rectification costs, as well as decreases in capital costs, will decrease the probability of regulatory authorities enforcing strict supervision.
Solvability of a Hadamard fractional boundary value problem with multi‐term integral and Hadamard fractional derivative boundary conditions
Authors: Senlik Cerdik Tugba
Published: September 2024

In the present paper, we construct the existence of nontrivial solutions to a new kind of Hadamard fractional boundary value problem on an unbounded domain. With the contribution of some fixed point theorems in cone and the corresponding Green function, we ensure sufficient conditions for the Hadamard fractional boundary value problem. Also, the paper concludes with two examples to demonstrate our results.
Dual‐stage semantic segmentation of endoscopic surgical instruments
Authors: Chen Wenxin , Wang Kaifeng , Song Xinya , Xie Dongsheng , Li Xue , Islam Mobarakol , Li Changsheng , Duan Xingguang
Published: September 2024

Background

Endoscopic instrument segmentation is essential for ensuring the safety of robotic‐assisted spinal endoscopic surgeries. However, due to the narrow operative region, intricate surrounding tissues, and limited visibility, achieving instrument segmentation within the endoscopic view remains challenging.

Purpose

This work aims to devise a method to segment surgical instruments in endoscopic video. By designing an endoscopic image classification model, features of frames before and after the video are extracted to achieve continuous and precise segmentation of instruments in endoscopic videos.

Methods

Deep learning techniques serve as the algorithmic core for constructing the convolutional neural network proposed in this study. The method comprises dual stages: image classification and instrument segmentation. MobileViT is employed for image classification, enabling the extraction of key features of different instruments and generating classification results. DeepLabv3+ is utilized for instrument segmentation. By training on distinct instruments separately, corresponding model parameters are obtained. Lastly, a flag caching mechanism along with a blur detection module is designed to effectively utilize the image features in consecutive frames. By incorporating specific parameters into the segmentation model, better segmentation of surgical instruments can be achieved in endoscopic videos.

Results

The classification and segmentation models are evaluated on an endoscopic image dataset. In the dataset used for instrument segmentation, the training set consists of 7456 images, the validation set consists of 829 images, and the test set consists of 921 images. In the dataset used for image classification, the training set consists of 2400 images and the validation set consists of 600 images. The image classification model achieves an accuracy of 70% on the validation set. For the segmentation model, experiments are conducted on two common surgical instruments, and the mean Intersection over Union (mIoU) exceeds 98%. Furthermore, the proposed video segmentation method is tested using videos collected during surgeries, validating the effectiveness of the flag caching mechanism and blur detection module.

Conclusions

Experimental results on the dataset demonstrate that the dual‐stage video processing method excels in performing instrument segmentation tasks under endoscopic conditions. This advancement is significant for enhancing the intelligence level of robotic‐assisted spinal endoscopic surgeries.
The impact of isoflurane anesthesia on brain metabolism in mice: An MRI and electroencephalography study
Authors: Wei Zhiliang , Roh Seung‐Eon , Yang Xiuli , Wang Wenshen , Wang Jiekang , Chen Lin , Li Yuguo , Bibic Adnan , Lu Hanzhang
Published: September 2024

Isoflurane is one of the most widely used anesthetic agents in rodent imaging studies. However, the impact of isoflurane on brain metabolism has not been fully characterized to date, primarily due to a scarcity of noninvasive technologies to quantitatively measure the brain's metabolic rate in vivo. In this study, using noncontrast MRI techniques, we dynamically measured cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) under varying doses of isoflurane anesthesia in mice. Concurrently, systemic parameters of heart and respiration rates were recorded alongside CMRO2. Additionally, electroencephalogram (EEG) recording was used to identify changes in neuronal activities under the same anesthetic regimen employed in the MRI experiments. We found suppression of the CMRO2 by isoflurane in a dose‐dependent manner, concomitant with a diminished high‐frequency EEG activity. The degree of metabolic suppression by isoflurane was strongly correlated with the respiration rate, which offers a potential approach to calibrate CMRO2 measurements. Furthermore, the metabolic level associated with neural responses of the somatosensory and motor cortices in mice was estimated as 308.2 μmol/100 g/min. These findings may facilitate the integration of metabolic parameters into future studies involving animal disease models and anesthesia usage.
A visual guide for the Brabant index to score dental macrowear quantity and direction
Authors: Olszewski Judyta , Hemingway Jason , Gibbon Victoria E.
Published: September 2024

This study aimed to reduce subjectivity bias in scoring dental macrowear quantity and direction using the Brabant index, which previously relied solely on written descriptions. To achieve this, we present a new, optimized visual guide incorporating buccal and lingual scores. The optimization process involved conceptualizing and illustrating a visual guide using Holocene southern African hunter‐gatherer and herder teeth, featuring both buccal and lingual scores for multicuspid teeth. The guide was hand‐drawn using a stippling technique and digitized to depict surface details for each wear stage and tooth type. We conducted intra‐ and inter‐observer assessments to evaluate the optimized method using both the original and optimized Brabant indices. Statistical analysis was performed in R using Cohen's kappa for direction and Cohen's weighted kappa for quantity. Intra‐observer results for the original method yielded kappa values of 0.84 for direction and 0.94 for quantity, while the optimized version both resulted in improved values of 0.99. Inter‐observer results revealed some differences between an inexperienced and an experienced observer. The inexperienced observer achieved kappa scores of 0.20 for direction and 0.86 for quantity with the original method, and 0.17 and 0.80, respectively, with the optimized version. The experienced observer's results using the original index were 0.66 for direction and 0.89 for quantity, and 0.75 and 0.96, respectively, with the optimized version. These findings demonstrate that the optimized method enhances data reliability for experienced observers, highlighting the value of a published visual guide and multicuspid scoring adjustments. However, reduced or unappreciable changes in accuracies for the inexperienced observer illustrate the need for dental expertise when scoring for dental wear, even with a modified method.
Effect of Halide Anions on Electrochemical CO2 Reduction in Non‐Aqueous Choline Solutions using Ag and Au Electrodes
Authors: Farahmandazad Hengameh , Asperti Simone , Kortlever Ruud , Goetheer Earl , de Jong Wiebren
Published: September 2024

In this study, the effect of halide anions on the selectivity of the CO2 reduction reaction to CO was investigated in choline‐based ethylene glycol solutions containing different halides (ChCl : EG, ChBr : EG, ChI : EG). The CO2RR was studied using silver (Ag) and gold (Au) electrodes in a compact H‐cell. Our findings reveal that chloride effectively suppresses the hydrogen evolution reaction and enhances the selectivity of carbon monoxide production on both Ag and Au electrodes, with relatively high selectivity values of 84 % and 62 %, respectively. Additionally, the effect of varying ethylene glycol content in the choline chloride‐containing electrolyte (ChCl : EG 1 : X, X=2, 3, 4) was investigated to improve the current density during CO2RR on the Ag electrode. We observed that a mole ratio of 1 : 4 exhibited the highest current density with a comparable faradaic efficiency toward CO. Notably, an evident surface reconstruction process took place on the Ag surface in the presence of Cl− ions, whereas on Au, this phenomenon was less pronounced. Overall, this study provides new insights into anion‐induced surface restructuring of Ag and Au electrodes during CO2RR, and its consequences on the reduction performance on such surfaces in non‐aqueous electrolytes.
Identifying Key Causal Factors of “Outsourcing Failure” in Government Procurement of Public Service Based on Interval Type‐2 Fuzzy DEMATEL‐Prospect Theory
Authors: Xu Lan , Wang Yaofei
Published: September 2024

Accurately identifying the key causal factors of “outsourcing failure” in government procurement of public service (GPPS) is the focus when constructing its corrective mechanism. The research process and contributions of this paper unfold in two parts: First, based on the structure‐process‐outcome (SPO) model, from the three dimensions of structure, process and outcome, constructing a library of factors causing “outsourcing failure” in GPPS. Then aiming at the ambiguity, uncertainty, and risk preference of decision makers in the decision‐making process, this study proposes a method to identify the key causal factors of “outsourcing failure” in GPPS based on interval type‐2 fuzzy decision‐making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL)‐prospect theory. We take government procurement of home‐based care services in Jiangsu Province as an example. The results show that nine key causal factors were identified. Further, targeted correction suggestions are proposed to provide strong support and reference for improving the effect of GPPS outsourcing.
Synthesis, characterization, and optimization of dual‐responsivePAMAMnanodendrimers for improved dispersive solid‐phase extraction of cancer agents from complex biological samples
Authors: Mahdavijalal Mohammadreza , Ahmad Panahi Homayon , Moniri Elham , Torabi Fard Niloufar
Published: September 2024

Levels of anticancer agents in cancer patients' body fluids are typically measured to adjust drug dosages or improve treatment results. The goal of this research is to present a new method for extracting bicalutamide (BCT) from biological samples using a responsive polymeric nanoadsorbent that reacts to temperature and near‐infrared radiation (NIR). To achieve this, the surface layers of tungsten disulfide nanosheets are modified using poly (N‐vinylcaprolactam) and three generations of polymeric dendrimers. The adsorbent product is then characterized using thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and X‐ray diffraction techniques. The drug loading operation on the proposed adsorbent is studied through central composite design and response surface strategy, with optimization for temperature (25–45°C), pH (5–9), and contact time (2–18 min). Nonlinear kinetic and adsorption isotherm analysis results show the best fit with Langmuir and pseudo‐second‐order models. The drug release process from the BCT‐loaded adsorbent is investigated via an HPLC‐UV system under both NIR‐irradiated and non‐irradiated conditions. The suggested method demonstrates remarkable recovery rates for BCT spikes from urine (95.23%) and plasma (93.33%), respectively. Overall, the recommended strategy can be regarded as a potent analytical tool for evaluating BCT in complex biosamples.
Preparation and characterization of crystalline poly(L‐lactic acid)/silica nanocomposite films with high ductility and gas barrier properties
Authors: Jiang Wei , Yun Xueyan , Guo Jiushi , Hu Jian , Song Lijun , Pan Pengju , Dong Tungalag
Published: September 2024

Incorporating inorganic particles is a common approach to preparing polymeric materials with desirable physical properties and processability. However, this often results in increased brittleness, necessitating methods to improve melt strength and toughness. In this study, in situ polymerization was employed to functionalize silica nanoparticles with the silane coupling agent (3‐aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES) as a core. A flexible chain segment, poly(butylene itaconate) (PBI), was then introduced as a “rubbery” intermediate layer, resulting in a core‐shell structure of poly(L‐lactic‐co‐butanediol itaconate) nano‐silica copolymer films (PLBISiO2) with both branched and “rubbery” structures. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) confirmed the formation of macromolecular chains, with the molecular weight (Mn) of PLBI increasing from 59,638 to 74,306 g/mol. This significant increase supports the “rubbery” core‐shell structure. When 0.5% SiO2 was added, the T5% of the film increased by 40°C, significantly improving thermal stability. Additionally, the elongation at break increased to 265.7%, while retaining the original tensile strength. Dynamic rheology experiments further confirmed the generation of branched or “rubbery” core‐shell structures, and a doubling of gas barrier properties was observed with increased silica nanoparticles, suggesting potential applications in food packaging or biopharmaceuticals.

Highlights

Nanocomposites with core‐shell structure and improved mechanical properties.

Dynamic rheology experiments confirmed the formation of the core‐shell structure.

Significantly improved gas barrier properties due to core‐shell structure.
The influence of the distribution angle of graphene oxide on the mechanical properties and non‐reciprocity of composites
Authors: Xia Zhangwei , Guo Zhangxin , Chen Qi , Niu Weijing , Liang Jianguo , Chai Gin Boay , Wu Wenyun
Published: September 2024

This study used molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the effects of the distribution angle of graphene oxide (GO) on the mechanical properties and non‐reciprocity of composite materials. The results of uniaxial tensile tests indicated that the mechanical properties of the composites are optimal when the distribution angles of GO are at 30° and 45°. The 30° model has an elastic modulus of 5.79 MPa, which is higher compared to the other models. The 80° model, however, has much lower mechanical properties, with a modulus of 1.42 MPa lower than the 30° model. Similarly, the 50° model also exhibits poorer mechanical properties with an elastic modulus of 4.42 MPa. Additionally, the 50° model is 24% lower than the 45° model. Through simulations of shearing in different directions and with different strain rates, it was found that the sensitivity of different GO distribution angles to strain rates varies. When the distribution angle is at 45°, the mechanical non‐reciprocity of the composite material is more pronounced.

Highlights

Explored the mechanical properties of GO/PA66 composites at the molecular level.

Revealed the microscopic mechanism of interaction between GO and PA66.

The effect of GO distribution angle on uniaxial tensile properties was studied.

Studied the mechanism of the effect of GO distribution angle on non‐reciprocity.
Two‐stage annealing method for short carbon fiber‐reinforced nylon 6 in fused filament fabrication
Authors: Liu Bin , Xin Bo , Zhu Wenfu , Zhang Bo , Pang Yijian
Published: September 2024

The mechanical properties of short carbon fiber‐reinforced nylon 6 (CF‐PA6) components formed by fused filament fabrication (FFF) are significantly affected by the process parameters of additive manufacturing and heat treatment. In this study, the effects of printing speed, carbon fiber aspect ratio, and annealing temperature on fiber orientation were investigated by observation of single‐layer‐single‐fiber samples. Furthermore, a two‐stage annealing process was proposed to increase the tensile modulus of CF‐PA6 based on the correlation analysis results between the degree of fiber alignment and the variation of tensile modulus. According to the calculation of the Pearson correlation coefficient, the tensile modulus was highly correlated with the degree of fiber alignment under different printing speeds and fiber aspect ratios. The variation in tensile modulus and fiber orientation was also consistent when the annealing temperature was lower than the crystallization temperature. Conversely, the variation of tensile modulus and fiber orientation were opposite, as the annealing temperature was higher than the crystallization temperature because of the influence of crystallinity. Through increasing the degree of fiber alignment and crystallinity of the parts, the proposed two‐stage annealing method could increase the tensile modulus of the parts to 9.0 GPa, which was 16.81% higher than that of single‐temperature annealing.

Highlights

The effects of annealing temperature, carbon fiber aspect ratio and printing speed on fiber orientation were illustrated.

The relationship between the degree of fiber alignment and the variation of tensile modulus was established.

The proposed two‐stage annealing method, considering fiber orientation and crystallinity, significantly increased the tensile modulus of CF270‐PA6 parts from 7.7 to 9.0 GPa.

The quantitative analysis of the fiber orientation is realized by the statistical analysis of the plane fiber orientation angle of the single‐layer‐single‐fiber sample.
Effect of iron‐containing fillers on heat release kinetics and strength properties of polyester resin
Authors: Savotchenko Sergey , Kovaleva Ekaterina
Published: September 2024

The influence of filling by iron‐containing fillers on the heat release kinetics and mechanical properties of industrial unsaturated polyester resin PN‐1 is investigated experimentally. The iron ore concentrate, electrostatic precipitator dust, high alumina cement grade HAC‐1, shavings made of cast iron, fine grade sand are used as fillers. To improve the strength characteristics of polyester resin composites the small amount (0.2–1.0 wt%) of organosilicon additives such as synthetic silicone rubber, tris(trimethylsiloxy) phenylsilane, octamethyl cyclotetrasiloxane are used. The heat release kinetics is studied for different ratios between accelerator (cobalt naphthenate) and initiator (cyclohexanone peroxide). The time to reach the maximum temperature of the heat release is significantly reduced when a large amount of iron ore concentrate is used as filler. The temperature of maximum heat release decreases and the time to reach it increases when adding electrostatic precipitator dust in small amount of 5 wt% to the high filled by iron ore concentrate (295 wt%) composite system. The optimum in strength indicators associated with the ratio of different fractions in systems consisting of two fillers of different properties and granulometric composition is found. The highest values of compressive strength in the cement–iron ore concentrate and sand–iron ore concentrate systems are observed. An increase in the strength characteristics of composites by 15%–20% with organosilicon additive introduction is observed. The addition of the silicone rubber increases the strength properties of samples the most among all additives considered.

Highlights

Effect of filling by iron‐containing fillers on the heat release kinetics and mechanical properties of polyester resin is found.

The time to reach the maximum temperature of the heat release is significantly reduced when the resin is filled by a large amount of iron ore concentrate.

The temperature of maximum heat release decreases when the electrostatic precipitator dust in small amount is added to the high filled by iron ore concentrate.

An increase in the strength characteristics of composites by 15–20% with introduction of organosilicon additives is observed.
Fluorinated boron nitride nanosheets for high thermal conductivity and low dielectric constant silicone rubber composites
Authors: Pan Zihao , Li Qing , Hu Dechao , Ma Wenshi
Published: September 2024

Increasing miniaturization and integration of microelectronic devices have led to an unprecedented attention on heat dissipation and signal transmission of electronic equipment. However, the mostly used method to enhance the thermal conductivity of polymers by adding thermally conductive fillers usually results in the increase of dielectric constant (Dk). It was still challenging to synergistically achieve low Dk and high thermal conductivity of polymer‐matrix composites. Herein, hydroxylated boron nitride nanosheet (BNNS‐OH) with a high yield of 35.67% was prepared by the liquid ultrasonic exfoliation under the assistance of sodium cholate (SC), and grafted with (1H,1H,2H,2H‐perfluorodecyl) trimethoxy silane to prepare fluorinated boron nitride nanosheets (F‐BNNS), which can uniformly disperse in liquid silicone rubber (LSR) and reduce the Dk of LSR composites. The thermal conductivity of LSR composites with 20 wt% F‐BNNS reached 0.489 W·m−1·K−1, showing an increase of 307.35% in comparison with pure LSR (0.12 W·m−1·K−1). Meantime, the Dk of as‐obtained LSR/F‐BNNS (20 wt%) composites is reduced from 3.4 to 2.6, and the dielectric loss (Df) is less than 0.012. The facile and rational design of fluorinated BNNS offers a new insight for the high‐end electronic packaging materials.

Highlights

A new method of exfoliation and fluorinated treatment of h‐BN was proposed.

The LSR composites achieved an ultralow Dk of 2.63 via fluorinated BNNS.

Thermal conductivity of LSR composites increased by 307.35% than pure LSR.
Effect of novel aluminium titanate on mechanical, thermal and ablation performance behavior of carbon fiber reinforced phenolic resin composites
Authors: Basingala Praveen Kumar , Neigapula Venkata Swamy Naidu
Published: September 2024

Thermal Protection Systems (TPS) protect re‐entry space vehicles from the harsh heating they encounter when hypersonically flying through a planet or the earth's atmosphere. Carbon fiber‐reinforced phenolic resin composites were widely used for the thermal barrier structure of aerospace re‐entry vehicles. A Novel Aluminium Titanate (Al2TiO5/AT) micro powder‐modified Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) based Carbon Fiber Fabric‐Resorcinol Phenol Formaldehyde Resin (C‐PR) (AT‐C‐PR) composites are well prepared to meet the requirements of TPS. The AT may act as an insulating layer and anti‐ablative material due to its excellent thermal shock resistance in TPS. To understand the effectiveness of AT content on density, barcol hardness, interfacial interactions, thermal conductivity, and thermal stability, the C‐PR composites were produced with and without loading of AT with various weight percentages, namely 0 wt% (C‐PR), 1,3, and 5 wt% (AT‐C‐PR) by hot compression molding method. The microstructural and elemental change of the composites were analyzed by microscopic and spectroscopic studies. Results suggested that the Interlaminar Shear Strength (ILSS) of the composites was increased by about 14% at 1 wt% of AT loading. Mass, Linear Ablation Rates (MAR, LAR), and back‐face temperature of C‐PR and AT‐C‐PR composites were decreased to 0.15128 g/s, 0.01233 mm/s, and 405°C, respectively by loading of AT up to 1 wt%. The thermally ablated composites were also evaluated for their crystallographic phase changes. The work provided an effective way to improve the thermo‐mechanical and ablation performance characteristics of the AT‐C‐PR composites that can be potentially used in TPS of re‐entry vehicles.

Highlights

This investigation utilized innovative Al2TiO5/Aluminium Titanate (AT) ceramic powder as a filler in reinforcing Phenolic Resin (PR) with PAN‐based Carbon Fiber (C). It examined the impact of various loadings of AT in C‐PR composites (AT‐C‐PR) on their physical, mechanical, thermal, and anti‐ablation properties.

The AT‐C‐PR composites exhibit reduced density, lower thermal conductivity, and enhanced ILSS (31 MPa) compared to the C‐PR composites.

Optimal ablation resistance and thermal stability were achieved with a loading of 1 wt% AT (Mass Ablation Rate: 0.15128 g/s and Linear Ablation Rate: 0.01233 mm/s) compared to the C‐PR composites.

Microstructural and elemental analysis of the composites were conducted using microscopy and energy‐dispersive spectroscopy, revealing the presence of oxides and carbides on the ablated surface.

The phase transition and alterations in microstructure, coupled with the oxidation of AT, have enhanced the ablation resistance and reduced the back face temperature of different weight percentages of AT‐C‐PR composites, such as 1 wt% AT (413°C), compared to the C‐PR composites (704°C).
Older Adult Self‐Harm: A Descriptive Study
Authors: Waykar Vijayendra , Esiwe Collins , Asghar Zahid , Gussy Mark
Published: September 2024

Self‐harm is a public health problem and is associated with higher suicidal intent and greater suicidal risk in older adults. This retrospective cross‐sectional study examines psychosocial characteristics, service provision and outcomes in patients attending a mental health liaison service (MHLS) with self‐harm attempt in Lincolnshire. The authors also investigate demographic, psychiatric and clinical factors related to self‐harm and discharge destination.
Nasogastric Tube Feeding in Dementia: An Ethical Consideration
Authors: Rodrigues Leslie , Hein Su Mon , Benjamin Benson
Published: September 2024

As dementia advances, it can present with a challenge to those individuals who require aid with feeding. Assessing the efficacy of nasogastric (NG) feeding on improving survival outcomes can be challenging and there is a lack of studies in clinical research. This article aims to highlight the ethical considerations and challenges in NG feeding in patients with dementia.
Conditionally Discharged Restricted Patients in a General Adult Community Mental Health Setting
Authors: Saleem Muhammad , Kelbrick Marlene , Halim Zakaria , Adesola Adekunle , Nkire Joel , Ansari Saba , Paduret Gabriela
Published: September 2024

Little is known about the proportion and patient profile of conditionally discharged patients supervised by general adult community mental health teams (CMHTs). In this study, the authors evaluate the number of patients and their demographic, clinical and risk profile, and current practice in terms of supervision and structures. Supervision in the community is time‐ and resource‐intensive. There is a need for NHS Trusts to ensure adequate support and structures, supervision, training and joint working opportunity with forensic services to ensure safe quality care.
Appraising the causal effects of circulating micronutrients on liver cirrhosis: Evidence from large‐scale Mendelian randomization analysis
Authors: Lin Junlong , Chen Jialin , Li Zhichao , Qian Baifeng , Hua Yunpeng
Published: September 2024

Aims

Observational research has identified links between micronutrient levels and chronic liver disease. However, the lack of randomized controlled experiments has impeded the ability to establish a cause‐and‐effect connection regarding micronutrients and cirrhosis of the liver. This Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis aimed to examine the causal impact of micronutrients on liver cirrhosis.

Methods

We selected genetic instrumental variables related to 12 micronutrients from genome‐wide studies on individuals of European descent, covering an array of over 9,851,867 single nucleotide polymorphisms and 460,351 participants. Data from patients with cirrhosis in the FinnGen database (https://www.finngen.fi/fi) were used. A two‐sample MR approach was employed to establish genetically causal estimates. Primary analyses used random effects and inverse variance weighted (IVW) methods, with additional sensitivity analyses for validation. MR–Egger intercept analysis and Cochran's Q test assessed horizontal pleiotropy and heterogeneity. Furthermore, multivariable Mendelian randomization (MVMR) was conducted to address potential confounding variables.

Results

IVW and weighted median methods showed that most micronutrients included were not significantly associated with a genetic susceptibility to liver cirrhosis. However, MR analysis demonstrated a significant association between circulating vitamin D levels and a reduced risk of liver cirrhosis (odds ratio IVW = 0.53, p < 0.010). The MR–Egger intercept showed no evidence of horizontal pleiotropy (p = 0.178), whereas Cochran's Q test found no heterogeneity (p = 0.799). Furthermore, MVMR analysis confirmed vitamin D was identified as a factor that independently mitigates the risk of liver cirrhosis.

Conclusion

This research constitutes the most comprehensive MR investigation in this field, providing evidence supporting a protective link between circulating vitamin D levels and cirrhosis incidence. It suggests that maintaining sufficient vitamin D could be a cost‐effective strategy for early intervention in liver cirrhosis.
Gastric cancer: beyond the bug
Authors: Greener Mark
Published: September 2024

Gastric malignancies will probably never attract the same attention as breast, prostate or lung carcinomas. Yet their prognosis is often bleak. But recent advances raise the prospect of transforming outcomes in this notoriously difficult‐to‐treat malignancy into a cancer manageable by precision medicine.