bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cancer Knowledge and Related Practices: Results from the National Adolescent Student Health Survey
Authors: Portnoy Barry , Christenson Gregory M.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: The National Adolescent Student Health Survey (NASHS) provides information on student knowledge, attitudes, and self‐reported practices of eighth and 10th grade students in eight health areas. Data from the NASHS were reviewed relative to cancer risk factors, specifically, smoking, smokeless tobacco use, and nutrition. About 21% of 10th grade students reported smoking and a large percentage of both eighth and 10th grade students reported eating foods high in fat. The data indicate youth may be at increased risk for cancer and that much of that risk can be reduced by eliminating smoking and lowering dietary fat.
Making the Case for Cancer Prevention in the Schools
Authors: D'Onofrio Carol N.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Advances in scientific research indicate school‐based cancer prevention programs could substantially reduce the risk that children and youth will develop cancer in later life. Nevertheless, scientific evidence alone cannot make a winning case for cancer prevention in schools. This programmatic emphasis must be justified in relation to the school's role in achieving national health objectives and concepts of comprehensive health education. Problems in implementing school health education also must be addressed, but this will require confronting fundamental value conflicts concerning the mission of schools in American society. After examining these issues, the author concludes that the case for school‐based cancer prevention can best be advanced through collaboration with others who share a commitment to children and youth, but who differ in their specific concerns and agendas.
Differential Effectiveness of an Elementary School‐based Alcohol Misuse Prevention Program
Authors: Dielman T.E. , Shope Jean T. , Leech Sharon L. , Butchart Amy T.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: An elementary school social skills/peer pressure resistance curriculum for the prevention of alcohol misuse was developed, implemented, and evaluated. Schools were randomly assigned to curriculum and control groups, with half of each group pretested prior to intervention and all students posttested two months, 14 months, and 26 months following intervention. Students in grade five at the beginning of the study were randomly assigned to treatment, treatment plus booster, and control conditions. Students in grade six were randomly assigned to treatment and control conditions. Three way repeated measures analyses of covariance (treatment condition by type of prior drinking experience by occasion) were conducted for each grade level on indices of “frequency/quantity of alcohol use” and “total alcohol misuse.” Results indicated the intervention was effective in reducing the rate of increase of alcohol use and misuse among grade six students who entered the study with prior unsupervised as well as supervised alcohol use. After corrections for intraclass correlations on the dependent variables, the significant finding regarding the alcohol misuse variable was maintained.
A Preliminary Study of Social Issues in AIDS Prevention Among Adolescents
Authors: Ross Michael W. , Caudle Chris , Taylor Julie
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Educational efforts to prevent the spread of AIDS require a combination of accurate information and the application of that information to personal behavior. In this preliminary study, a scale was developed to evaluate the social and interpersonal skills of adolescents in AIDS‐related and non‐AIDS‐related interactions. The instrument was administered to 101 Australian students in grades 10 and 11 of an urban high school. Findings indicate ratings of AIDS‐related activities of the adolescents were not significantly different from their other social activities, suggesting levels of comfort and assertiveness among adolescents in AIDS‐related activities can be modified. Students felt most anxious about problems with sexually transmitted diseases or drug use, suggesting difficulty in dealing with the possible public disclosure of these stigmatized conditions. Data suggest both individual and group scores among adolescents may improve on the five dimensions of the scale following interventions to promote social and interpersonal skills designed to apply knowledge obtained from AIDS education.
Enhancing Children's Participation in Physical Activity
Authors: DeMarco Terri , Sidney Ken
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: The school's role in enhancing children's participation in physical activity, particularly activities considered vigorous, is examined in this article. Children often elect not to take physical education classes. Even students who take physical education frequently fail to show marked gains of fitness since the intensity, duration, and nature of activities are inadequate to elicit cardiorespiratory adaptations. However, the school can and should play a major role in promoting children's interest in aerobic physical activities. Furthermore, the school can sustain this involvement by encouraging students to enroll in physical education by teaching the value of regular, vigorous physical activity, and by providing opporiunities to engage daily in vigorous yet enjoyable activities. Recommendations are offered for increasing exercise participation and for improving children's attitudes toward physical activity within the school environment.
Black and White Adolescents' Perceptions of Their Weight
Authors: Desmond Sharon M. , Price James H. , Hallinan Christopher , Smith Daisy
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Black and white adolescents' perceptions of their weight were examined in this study. A 22‐item questionnaire on weight perceptions and weight control was administered to 341 adolescents from two inner city schools in the midwest (138 black and 193 white students). Students were classified as thin, normal, or heavy based on National Health Survey data on height and weight measurements for youth ages 12–17. Significant differences (p < .05) occurred in how the heavy black and white males and females perceived their weight in comparison to actual weight. All heavy white females perceived they were heavy, in comparison to only 40% of heavy black females; 78% of heavy white males labeled themselves heavy vs. 36% of heavy black males. Thin black and white females were dieting and exercising to lose weight and thin white males were exercising to lose weight. Black males were significantly more likely to believe emotions did not affect their weight when compared to white males. Black females believed exercise levels accounted for their weight, while white females attributed their weight to eating habits. Beliefs about exercise and eating contributed 23% to the variance found in perceived weight status of black males. White males believed access to food and their emotions accounted for their perceived weight. Leading sources of weight control information regardless of ethnicity were television, family members, friends and magazines for females; males used TV, family members, and athletic coaches.
An Alcohol Attitude Scale for Teenagers: A Short Form
Authors: Torabi Mohammad R.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Lack of valid measurement remains a major obstacle in research and evaluation of health education programs. An alcohol attitude scale for teen‐agers developed by the author was found to be a valid tool for researchers. However, because of the length of the scale, it was not a feasible device for practitioners in health education. In this study, a shorter form of the scale was developed. An alcohol attitude scale for teen‐agers, composed of 54 Likert‐type items, was reduced to produce a short form. Stepwise discriminant function analysis of the data identified 19 items that were the greatest discriminators between heavy drinking and nondrinking teen‐agers. For the purpose of cross‐validation, the short form of 19 items was administered to a representative sample of more than 1,250 teen‐agers in several midwest school districts. The collected data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate statistical methods for providing evidence of validity and reliability of the short form. Results demonstrated highly significant levels of internal consistency and discriminating power of items and the total scale. The short form of the attitude scale for teen‐agers was found to be a valid and reliable instrument for use as an alternative to the longer alcohol attitude scale from which it was derived.
The Impact of a Preschool Health Curriculum on Children's Health Knowledge
Authors: Hendricks Charlotte M. , Echols Danise , Nelson Gary D.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This evaluation assessed the effect of Hale and Hardy's Helpful Health Hints preschool health education curriculum on the health knowledge of children ages three‐six. The sample consisted of nine experimental preschool programs (n = 194) and three comparison preschool programs (n = 73). A picture identification test assessed children's pretest and posttest health knowledge of the five senses, safety, nutrition, dental health, personal responsibility, emotions, hygiene, and drugs/medicines. Posttest knowledge scores increased by 22% among experimental group preschool programs and 12% among comparison group preschool programs. Significant differences (p < .01) were found between experimental and comparison group students. Findings provide direction in research efforts to define conditions in which preschool health education is optimally effective.
Free Condoms in the Schools of Copenhagen, Denmark
Authors: Kjoller Susanne , Hansen Bente , Segest Erling
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Attitudes of ninth grade students and their classroom teachers toward using condoms as a preventive measure against contracting AIDS were studied. Students (N=438) and their teachers (N=28) in the council schools of the Municipality of Copenhagen were surveyed using a structured questionnaire. Overall, results demonstrated that the message regarding “safe sex” had been well understood. However, 42% of pupils reported not using a condom during their last sexual intercourse. Many pupils indicated difficulty in using condoms. A continuing need exists for advice to the young. An information campaign, with distribution of free condoms, was well accepted by pupils and teachers. Almost all (94%) pupils indicated they will use condoms more frequently in the future. This campaign differed from other efforts that focused more on general information. The importance of other strategies designed to alter behavior to reduce the risk of contracting AIDS is discussed.
Implementation of a Pilot School‐site Cholesterol Reduction Intervention
Authors: Resnicow Ken , Orlandi Mario A. , Vaccaro Donato , Wynder Ernst
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: A school‐based cholesterol reduction intervention was offered to primary grade students in two New York City public schools. Subjects were participating in the “Know Your Body” school health program which includes an annual cholesterol screening for all students. Students with total serum cholesterol values greater than 170 mg/dl were eligible for a workshop designed to teach students to identify the amount and type of fat and fiber in various foods and to recognize the negative health consequences of eating a diet high in cholesterol and saturated fat as well as the benefits of eating a diet high in complex carbohydrate and fiber. Thirty‐four students completed the five‐session behavioral group intervention. Following the workshop, mean total cholesterol for the 34 intervention participants fell 9.0% from baseline (196.9 mg/dl to 179.1 mg/dl). Cholesterol levels decreased 6.6% for a matched sample of comparison subjects (n = 118) participating only in the “Know Your Body” program. While several methodological limitations existed in this pilot study, the results suggest school‐site cholesterol reduction interventions for high‐risk individuals are feasible, cost‐effective, and potentially efficacious.
Self‐efficacy and AIDS Prevention for Pregnant Teens
Authors: Lawrance Lyn , Levy Susan R. , Rubinson Laurna
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: AIDS education, the only immediate solution to containment of AIDS, encourages active risk reduction among high‐risk populations. Self‐efficacy is a construct that can measure the likelihood preventive behaviors will be performed, and thus could be applied to identify specific areas where AIDS education should be augmented. In this study, pregnant, mostly black, teens (N = 58) attending an alternative school in a large, midwestern city completed a self‐efficacy scale to identify self‐perceived areas of vulnerability to participating in preventive behaviors and avoiding high‐risk behaviors concerning AIDS. The AIDS Self‐efficacy Scale identified four areas of greatest vulnerability: using condoms, discussing previous homosexual activity, discussing previous bisexual activity, and telling a partner about an experience with a bisexual. The last three situations result from an inability to discuss a partner's past sexual history, indicating a need to be very specific in these areas. School health interventions should recognize and deal with issues sexually active teens have identified as most difficult, particularly specific aspects of sexual histories, and provide these adolescents with prevention skills necessary to reduce high‐risk behaviors.
Impact of a School‐Based Workplace Health Promotion Program on Morale of Inner‐City Teachers
Authors: Allegrante John P. , Michela John L.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Results from an evaluation study designed to assess the impact of a school‐based, workplace health promotion program on the morale of inner‐city school teachers are reported. Teachers in 10 schools completed a questionnaire measuring components of morale prior to and following the opportunity to participate in a series of health promotion programs. Programs included stress management, nutrition education, healthy back, fitness, weight control, and recreational activities. Data also were collected on teachers from a comparison group of schools in the same district. Measures of teachers' pretest and posttest perceptions of the school environment, particularly in terms of perceived control over work activities and participation (ie, empowerment, p < .05) at posttest, indicated morale was enhanced in schools that implemented the program.
Are Health Educators Being Prepared to Provide HIV/AIDS Education?: A Survey of Selected Health Education Professional Preparation Programs
Authors: Quinn Sandra C. , Thomas Stephen B. , Smith Becky J.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Health education professional preparation programs were surveyed to determine the extent of HIV/AIDS education health educators are receiving. The survey also addressed content areas, skills being developed or enhanced, areas of deficiency in preparation programs, and areas in which national professional associations may assist in the preparation of AIDS educators. One hundred eight‐three surveys were mailed; 114 (68%) were completed and returned. Twenty‐one institutions reported planning a separate course on HIV/AIDS. Most were designing general service courses to reach a broad cross‐section of students. Twenty‐five institutions (23.8%) reported previously offering or currently offering a specific course on AIDS. One hundred two (89.5%) respondents reported HIV/AIDS warranted the attention and funding it had received. Thirty‐seven (35.2%) respondents reported AIDS education was of sufficient importance to influence hiring of faculty members in their departments. Survey findings demonstrate that current AIDS education courses targeted to the general student population may not be adequate in meeting the professional preparation needs of health educators charged to provide AIDS education.
Recommendations for Obtaining Cooperation to Conduct School‐based Research
Authors: Olds R. Scott , Symons Cynthia Wolford
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Recommendations for obtaining school cooperation to conduct school‐based research are offered. Step‐by‐step protocols are outlined to assist prospective researchers in their quest to gain access to the school environment. The principle reason for adhering to these recommendations is to ensure research that is methodical, thorough, and scrupulous so children will benefit from resultant educational programming.
Heart Healthy Cook‐offs in Home Economics Classes: An Evaluation with junior High School Students
Authors: Cans Kim M. , Levin Sarah , Lasater Thomas M. , Sennett Leslie Lee , Maroni Ann , Ronan Ann , Carleton Richard A.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: The Pawtucket Heart Health program works closely with the 23 parochial and public schools in Pawtucket, R.I., to educate students and teachers about heart health promotion. As part of that partnership, the PHHP developed a program to teach junior high school home economics students about nutrition, food purchasing techniques, and heart healthy cooking methods. In this Heart Healthy Cook‐off program, the PHHP distributes recipe guidelines to home economics teachers who instruct students in recipe modification, food preparation, and presentation. Students choose recipes and make heart healthy substitutions to lower fat and sodium content. Recipes are analyzed for nutrient content by the PHHP and returned to the students with suggestions for lowering fat and sodium if necessary. Final recipes are judged for heart healthiness by a nutritionist and for taste by a panel of judges. Prizes are awarded to students with winning recipes. Before and after the Cook‐offs, classes host a blood cholesterol SCORE (screening, counseling, and referral event) where students learn about their blood cholesterol level and its relationship to dietary intake. In 1988–1989, 105 junior high school students participated in the Cook‐off/SCORE program. Forty percent had elevated blood cholesterol levels of 170 mg/dl or above. A statistically significant decrease in blood cholesterol levels was observed during a 12‐week time period. The Cook‐off is a fun, effective program for teaching secondary school students about heart healthy eating habits.
Toward Building Defensible Extended Programs: Challenging the Assumptions of Educational Reform
Authors: Cleary Michael J. , Lowing Lawrence F.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Recent education reform proposals eventually will lead to lengthier professional preparation programs for school health educators. Many of the proposals are based on unwarranted assumptions and myths about teacher education as well as an idealized view of undergraduate liberal studies. In addition to using research findings to challenge these assumptions, trends in accreditation by the National Council on Accreditation of Teacher Education and alternative certification are analyzed. One possible extended program model is subsequently offered. (J Sch Health. 1990;60(10):487–492)
Evaluating the Statewide Dissemination of Smoking Prevention Curricula: Factors in Teacher Compliance
Authors: Perry Cheryl L. , Murray David M. , Griffin Gretchen
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: As part of a larger study to evaluate the impact of a state‐levied tax increase on tobacco products and the allocation of funds for smoking education, 81 schools were assigned randomly to one of four recommended smoking prevention programs for adolescents. The four programs differed in amount of program structure and extent of teacher training required. A one‐session observation was made of 106 teachers in the 81 schools to assess the percentage of time allocated to recommended activities — those based on the social influences model. Data suggest an explicit curriculum with designed activities and face‐to‐face teacher training results in greater compliance to prescribed program components. (J Sch Health. 1990;60(10):501–504)
Comprehensive Pediculosis Screening Programs for Elementary Schools
Authors: Clore Ellen Rudy , Longyear Leah Ann
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Pediculosis (head lice) is a major school and community health problem with an estimated 6–12 million cases annually resulting in $367 million a year in consumer costs, lost parental wages, and school system expenses. The greatest incidence is seen in children ages 5–12; however, the incidence in the 24–36 year old group is increasing due to their exposure to infested children. Developing comprehensive pediculosis screening programs in elementary schools provides an effective method for preventing epidemics from occurring by accomplishing early detection. These programs also promote primary health care and education among elementary schoolchildren, school officials, educators, and parents. An effective program includes screening the entire school three times a year: mid‐September, December, and near spring vacation, and enforcing a “No Nit” policy. Establishing a successful approach to control pediculosis results in decreased incidence and transmission, reduced absenteeism, and financial savings for parents and school districts.
Urban Black and White Adolescents' Physical Fitness Status and Perceptions of Exercise
Authors: Desmond Sharon M. , Price James H. , Lock Robyn S. , Smith Daisy , Stewart Paula W.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: The modified Harvard Step Test and a 70‐item questionnaire based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) were given to 257 high school students, 154 blacks, and 93 whites. Mean age of students was 16.0 years (SD = 1.1) for whites and 15.8 years (SD = 1.1) for blacks. Though more blacks than whites were in poor physical condition (51 % females and 27% males vs. 35% females and 16% males, respectively), the difference was not statistically significant. A high level of concurrence existed between individuals in good physical condition and those who stated they regularly exercised, but this agreement was more pronounced among white students (73% vs. 62% for black students). White students were significantly more knowledgeable than black students on the exercise knowledge subscale. No significant differences existed between black and white students on any other HBM subscales. When subscale scores for those in good versus poor physical condition were compared, significant differences were found on all subscales except the perceived benefits subscale. Analysis of individual questionnaire items which best predicted whether one was in poor or good physical condition found four items accounted for 38% of variance in black students, and seven items accounted for 52% of variance in white students.
A Professional Preparation Course on AIDS/HIV Infection
Authors: Dorman Steve M. , Collins M. Elizabeth , Brey Rebecca A.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This paper describes the conceptualization, development, planning, and implementation of a new professional preparation course entitled “AIDS/HIV Education: Issues and Strategies.” The 15‐week, campuswide course was offered through the Dept. of Health Science Education at the University of Florida during spring semester 1990. Though universities have been identified as providers of preservice education for future teachers and health professionals, current activities often have been deemed inadequate to meet the needs of those charged with providing AIDS/HIV education. This course was implemented to address an array of issues related to HIV education, ranging from epidemiological and biomedical information and educational strategies to examination of personal and ethical issues surrounding the disease. Delivery of a successful course and student reaction are discussed, along with recommendations for programs considering similar educational efforts. A detailed planned information packet is available from the authors.
Differences in AIDS Knowledge and Attitudes by Grade Level
Authors: Brown Larry K. , Nassau Jack H. , Barone Vincent J.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Grade‐related similarities and differences in AIDS knowledge and attitudes were assessed in 441 fifth, seventh, and tenth graders from one school district. Grade level was a significant variable (p < .01) on 53% of items. Grade‐related differences in knowledge were apparent when students responded to questions tapping information not covered widely in the media and in attitudes when personal engagement in behavior was implied. Cognitive and emotional factors related to developmental milestones were postulated to account for these differences. These findings need to be considered in planning and implementing AIDS prevention programs, especially as education is begun for younger children.
ACCESS: Keystones for School Health Promotion
Authors: Stone Elaine J.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This article provides a perspective on the three elements that traditionally constitute school health programs in the U.S. and describes a new model called ACCESS. Consisting of five major keystones, ACCESS provides an organizational structure for planning, implementing, and evaluating school health promotion programs. In addition, the model provides a reference point for international comparisons of school health.
Australia: Perspectives in School Health
Authors: Coonan Wayne , Owen Neville , Mendoza J.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Australia, a predominantly industrialized, urban‐based nation, has health problems similar to most developed countries. The federal and state relationship in Australia perpetuates a similarity between programs and practices across the country, especially in health and education. During the past decade, several research programs related to the primary prevention of Australia's major health issues were conducted. Determinants of program success have been established from these programs and their international counterparts. Guidelines and principles are discussed in the context of two recent health initiatives and are presented as indicative of current developments in Australia. For this article, a one‐in‐five sample of South Australian schools was surveyed regarding the health education programs and practices. Survey results and two initiatives are presented against a background of Australian health data.
Canada: Perspectives in School Health
Authors: Mutter Gordon W.R. , Ashworth Colleen , Cameron Helene
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Because education is the individual responsibility of 10 provinces and two northern territories, the quality of school health varies greatly across Canada. However, planned major events in the past few years have served as catalysts to begin considering a comprehensive approach to school health. The value of coordinating instruction in health with school services and the community environment is beginning to be realized. These long “overdue” developments are reviewed and summarized.
England and Wales: Perspectives in School Health
Authors: Nutbeam Don , Farley Peter , Smith Christopher
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: The main roots of health care and health education for young people in the United Kingdom are described. Contributions of the National Health Service to health screening and developmental assessment are described, primarily through the function of school health services. The development and future potential for effective school health education also is considered in the light of the impending introduction of a new national curriculum. The evaluation of the concept of the “health promoting school” is highlighted as a key area for future development, together with more emphasis on achieving a balance between health enhancement and educational outcomes to school health education. Greater priority for evaluation of school health education also is advocated.
Taiwan, R.O.C.: Perspectives in School Health
Authors: Chen W. William , Lee S.P. , Pigg R. Morgan , Huang Song‐Yuan , Yen Edwin H.W.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Continuous economic development and evolving social systems have created unique challenges for school health personnel in Taiwan. Due in part to economic growth and an improving health care system, average life expectancy has increased markedly for males and females since 1950. Traditional leading causes of death such as pneumonia, tuberculosis, and gastroenteritis have been replaced by accidents, neoplasms, and cardiovascular diseases. Schoolchildren suffer from various disorders that include hepatitis B, dental caries, and health problems related to scholastic pressure such as myopia, anxiety, and depression. However, new problems such as violence, substance use, and teen‐age pregnancy may develop in the future. In response to the challenge, an extensive school health program has emerged that emphasizes school health instruction, school health services, and a healthful school environment. Increased attention has focused on teacher preparation in health education, and a cooperative approach to school health promotion emphasizes school, community, and interagency cooperation. Prompted by the establishment in 1980 of the Graduate Institute of Health Education, National Taiwan Normal University, school‐based research initiatives have increased dramatically. Eighteen recommendations for further improvement are offered.
A Perspective on International School Health Education Research
Authors: Hopp Joyce W.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: The scope and content of school health education research conducted from 1984–1987 in countries outside the U.S. are examined. Both published and unpublished research were requested from sources identified by the American School Health Association's Council on International Health. One hundred eighty‐eight studies from 31 countries were reviewed and categorized. Countries that publish journals devoted to school health offer more opportunities for publishing research. Analysis of the studies revealed that individuals involved in school health face similar problems regardless of country. Cross‐country comparative studies serve as models for future research.
The Moving Children Project: A Conceptual, Process‐Oriented Model for Skills Development in Children
Authors: Elliot Margaret , Tehan James , Leach Kenneth
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: The Moving Children: Healthy Children (Moving Children) Project is a multidimensional conceptual model that provides elementary teachers a structure to incorporate mental and social concepts into a physical education program. The Moving Children Model focuses on four physical concepts which cover the full range of physical activity: body movement, object control, implement control, and game structure. The model helps children apply physical, mental, and social concepts to everyday situations. This objective is implemented by structuring the lesson to the environment and facilitating communication with follow‐up classroom dialogue and journal assignments. As a result, successful, experiential learning reinforces a life‐long attachment to movement and principles of health promotion.
School‐Based Cardiovascular Health Promotion: The Child and Adolescent Trial for Cardiovascular Health (CATCH)
Authors: Perry Cheryl L. , Stone Elaine J. , Parcel Guy S. , Ellison R. Curtis , Nader Philip R. , Webber Larry S. , Luepker Russell V.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: The Child and Adolescent Trial for Cardiovascular Health (CATCH) is a multisite intervention research study that builds on significant progress made in school health education research in the 1980s. The study has three phases: Phase I deals with study design, intervention, and measurement development, Phase II involves the main trial in 96 school'; in four states, and Phase III focuses on analysis. The intervention program targets third‐fifth grade students and focuses on multiple cardiovascular health behaviors, including eating habits, physical activity, and cigarette smoking. Classroom curricula, school environmental change, and family involvement programs are developed for each grade level and behavioral focus. This paper describes Phase II of CATCH with a rationale for cardiovascular health promotion with youth. The process of change that appears to be necessary for school‐based health promotion and that will be tested in CATCH are presented as a framework to guide these efforts.
Health Behavior Correlates of Depression in a Sample of High School Students
Authors: McDermott Robert J. , Hawkins Wesley E. , Marty Phillip J. , Littlefield Eliza Ames , Murray Susan , Williams Thomas K.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Frequency of symptoms of depression and selected health‐related practices and events were measured in a sample of 219 high school students. Students reported numerous symptoms of depression. Relative proportions of boys and girls reporting symptoms of depression were not significantly different. However, girls reported experiencing more severe depression than their male counterparts. Depression correlated significantly with several of the 22 health practices and states of affect examined. Both the determinants and manifestations of depression in adolescent cohorts require in‐depth investigation. Possible implications for school health personnel are discussed.
Parent Involvement in Cigarette Smoking Prevention: Two Pilot Evaluations of the “Unpuffables Program”
Authors: Perry Cheryl L. , Pirie Phyllis , Holder Wilhelmina , Halper Andrew , Dudovitz Bonnie
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Efforts to prevent the onset of cigarette smoking with young adolescents have been primarily successful in delaying onset, particularly with classroom curricula that emphasize social competencies. Maintenance of these reductions has been difficult to sustain into later adolescence, suggesting the need for programs to complement and supplement curricula. Since one group of adolescents more difficult to influence are those whose parents smoke, parental involvement in smoking prevention may be a powerful enhancer. This paper describes the “Unpuffables Program,” an activity package program around smoking, for preadolescents and their parents. Two pilot evaluation studies in Minnesota and Massachusetts focus on the feasibility of and receptivity to the “Unpuffables Program.” High awareness and participation rates were found in both settings. The program appears to provide an opportunity for smoking to be discussed at home, motivating smokers to consider cessation, and reinforcing nonsmoking parents' attitudes and behaviors.
Illuminating Negative Results in Evaluation of Smoking Prevention Programs
Authors: Kishchuk Natalie , O'Loughlin Jennifer , Paradis Sylvain , Masson Paule , Sacks‐Silver Gloria
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Evaluation of program implementation can help illuminate negative results of school‐based smoking prevention programs. In three conventional quasiexperimental evaluations, no statistically significant impacts of smoking prevention programs on children's knowledge, attitudes, intentions, or behavior were detected. Complementary evaluations of program implementation along several dimensions using naturalistic methods suggested reasons for null effects were different at each site. These data were used to form hypotheses and recommendations for future interventions.
Nutrition Messages in Language Arts and Mathematics Textbooks Used in English Elementary Schools in Montreal
Authors: Baron Vita
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This analysis examined references to foods mentioned in elementary school textbooks used in Montreal English schools. A study of 58 language arts and mathematics textbooks used in grades one‐six revealed 4,391 references to foods in words and pictures. A large proportion of the references were to sugar‐rich foods. Eating with peers was depicted more frequently than eating with family, while a surprising number of children were depicted consuming their food alone in texts used in grades one‐three. Results suggest that, because unintended information may influence children's nutritional habits, more attention should be directed at concomitant messages in elementary school textbooks.
Development of the Dental Health Assessment Profile
Authors: McCormack‐Brown Kelli R. , Vitello Elaine M. , McDermott Robert J. , Richardson Charles E.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Few instruments for assessing dental health knowledge, beliefs, and practices of young adolescents are available in the professional literature. In this study, a dental health profile to facilitate direct assessment of dental health knowledge, beliefs, and practices was developed. The 30‐item Dental Health Assessment Profile had adequate content validity, readability, and test‐retest reliability with junior high students.
Correlates of Health Facilitator Performance in a Tobacco Use Prevention Program: Implications for Recruitment
Authors: Young Russell L. , De Moor Carl , Wildey Marianne B. , Cully Stanley , Hovell Melbourne F. , Elder John P.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Tobacco use prevention programs vary by type of health facilitator used to deliver the intervention. Because program outcome may be related to the characteristics of a health facilitator, this study investigated the association between the characteristics of 29 college undergraduate health facilitators of an adolescent tobacco use prevention program with their scores on manageability and inclass performance scales. Results indicated health facilitators who rated themselves as outgoing, adventurous, analytical, and were older rated higher on the inclass performance scale. Facilitators who self‐reported they wanted an easy class, had lower grade point averages in their academic major, were less outgoing, and wanted to attend graduate school were rated higher on the manageability scale. Inclass performance scales and ratings on the manageability scale correlated negatively. Implications for health facilitator recruitment are discussed.
AIDS Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior Among Inner City, Junior High School Students
Authors: Siegel David , Krasnovsky Flora , Durbin Meg , Chesney Margaret , Lazarus Nancy
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: To gain information about AIDS knowledge, attitudes, and behavior of junior high school students, 1,967 students in three junior high schools in an inner city school district were surveyed. Ages of the participants ranged from 11–16 years, and 48% were male. Ethnically, 33% were Asian, 31% African‐American, 24% Latino, and 5% white. African‐American students had greater AIDS general knowledge than Asians and similar general knowledge to Latinos and whites. Most students wanted to be taught about AIDS in school. Misconceptions about casual contagion of AIDS were common. Students with these misconceptions were more likely to believe that students with AIDS should not be allowed to attend school. A high proportion of students had engaged in high‐risk behavior including sexual intercourse, drinking alcoholic beverages, and using street drugs. More boys than girls reported each of these activities. Of individuals having had sexual intercourse, a positive association was found between the belief that condoms are effective in preventing HIV infection and use of condoms. These findings support the possibility that improving knowledge about HIV transmission would result in more tolerance toward students with HIV infection and would result in less high‐risk behavior.
Utility of the PRECEDE Model in Differentiating Users and Nonusers of Smokeless Tobacco
Authors: Polcyn M. Marguerite , Price James H. , Jurs Stephen G. , Roberts Stephen M.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: The utility of the PRECEDE model in identifying factors associated with smokeless tobacco use among male adolescents was investigated. Users and triers were more likely than nonusers to be white, older than average age for their grade, receive below average grades in school, and have had no classroom instruction on adverse effects of smokeless tobacco use. The standard score means of users, triers, and nonusers differed significantly on six of seven PRECEDE model components: attitudes, beliefs, values, perceptions, reinforcing factors, and enabling factors. The standard score means of triers and nonusers, only, differed significantly for the knowledge component. A stepwise multiple regression analysis using all seven model components as predictor variables of smokeless tobacco use accounted for 47.9% of explained variance among users, triers, and nonusers. The values component was the most powerful predictor of smokeless tobacco use (35% of the explained variance). Discriminant function analysis demonstrated the seven components of the PRECEDE model instrument accurately classified 93.1% of users and nonusers.
Family History Fails to Detect the Majority of Children with High Capillary Blood Total Cholesterol
Authors: Davidson Dennis M. , Iftner Cynthia A. , Wong Nathan D. , Van Camp Josephine , Landry Sandra M. , Bradley Beverly J.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: To examine the predictive value of family history in detecting children with high blood cholesterol, finger‐stick screening was done in 1,118 children ages 9–10 whose parents provided parental and grandparental history of cardiovascular disease events and risk factors. Mean blood total cholesterol was 167.7 mg/dl with no significant gender or ethnic differences. Of 157 children with blood cholesterol 200 mg/dl or greater, only 61 (38.9%) had a family history of early myocardial infarction or hyperlipidemia; however, the prevalence of a positive family history varied from 2.8% in Vietnamese‐Americans to 38.5% in Spanish‐surnamed students to 52.6% in all other children. Adherence to current policies recommending screening only children with a positive family history will result in failing to detect a majority of children whose blood cholesterol levels exceed desirable levels for adults, particularly those from ethnic families recently arrived in the U.S.
Comprehensive School Health Programs in Texas Public Schools
Authors: Wiley David C. , James Gay , Jonas Judy , Crosman E. Dee
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: One goal of the Texas Comprehensive School Health Initiative (TCSHI) involves assessing the status of comprehensive school health (CSH) programs in Texas public schools. This project used a case study approach to establish baseline information regarding CSH programs in selected school districts across the state. Eight researchers were trained to use a case study instrument and procedures for conducting interviews. Seven school districts participated in the survey during fall 1990. Results indicated considerable concern and support for CSH programs but little coordination of programs was evident. Six districts were not organized to address health comprehensively. Generally, school districts were overwhelmed with other responsibilities, so CSH programming was not a priority. Results will be used to revise the survey instrument and further expand the data base. (J Sch Health. 1991;61(10):421–425)
Gender Differences in Psychosocial Determinants of Adolescent Smoking
Authors: Clayton Serena
Published: October 2009

Because of the social meaning smoking has acquired and because of different trends in male and female initiation rates, it is reasonable to suspect that different psychosocial factors predict smoking in teen‐age boys and girls. A literature review revealed external pressures such as peer and parental smoking are important for both boys and girls though their influence may be moderated differentially by age and type of smoking behavior assessed. Some data support the hypothesis that female smoking is associated with self‐confidence, social experience, and rebellion, whereas male smoking is associated with social insecurity. Overall, group differences such as gender and socioeconomic status are well‐documented in terms of smoking prevalence but underexplored in the area of psychosocial predictors. In this review, gender differences have been documented with sufficient frequency to warrant further attention to develop gender specific components of smoking prevention programs.
Effects of a Take‐Home Drug Prevention Program on Drug‐Related Communication and Beliefs of Parents and Children
Authors: Werch Chudley E. , Young Michael , Clark Margo , Garrett Carol , Hooks Sarah , Kersten Carolyn
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Five hundred and eleven fourth, fifth, and sixth grade students and their parents from six schools in northwest Arkansas participated in this study. Students were blocked on school and grade level, then assigned randomly by class to either the intervention Keep A Clear Mind (KACM) program or a waiting list control. KACM students received four weekly correspondence lessons designed to be completed at home with a parent. KACM students reported significantly less perceived peer use of alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana, as well as significantly less peer pressure susceptibility to experiment with cigarettes. Mothers in the KACM program reported significantly more recent and frequent communication with their children about refusing drugs, and significantly greater discussions with their children regarding how to resist peer pressure to use alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana. Intervention program fathers reported significantly more communication with their children concerning how to resist peer pressure to drink alcohol and use tobacco, and significantly greater motivation to help their children avoid drug use. No significant differences were found between groups on student intentions to use drugs. These data suggest a print medium that emphasizes parent‐child activities holds promise for accessing families and enhancing drug prevention communication.
Relationship of AIDS Education and Knowledge to AIDS‐Related Social Skills in Adolescents
Authors: Ross Michael W. , Caudle Chris , Taylor Julie
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: The AIDS Social Assertiveness Scale (ASAS) and a measure of AIDS knowledge were administered to 490 high school students from 10 South Australian schools selected across a range of public/private, rural/urban, and socioeconomic statuses. Age, grade, hours of AIDS education, and sexual experience (and condom use) also were ascertained. Data indicated the factor structure of the ASAS was similar to that obtained in a previous sample. A close association existed between both age and hours of AIDS education, and AIDS knowledge. Students from country and working class area schools were less knowledgeable about AIDS. These data suggest AIDS social assertiveness is measurable and that it is associated with AIDS knowledge, age, and previous sexual experience. AIDS knowledge in high school students differed between country and urban adolescents and between students in working and middle class areas, but AIDS education is associated with the same level of improvement in all schools sampled.
Innovation, Peer Teaching, and Multidisciplinary Collaboration: Outreach from a School‐Based Clinic
Authors: Pacheco Mario , Adelsheim Steven , Davis Lisa , Mancha Victor , Aime Leslie , Nelson Patsy , Derksen Dan , Kaufmann Arthur
Published: October 2009

The gum‐chewing 10th grade student with teased hair eyed the quiet line of seventh grade girls seated nervously across the table from her in the mid‐school library. The 10th grade student was their “teacher” for the next 30 minutes, leading a discussion about AIDS. “So,” she asked, chewing between phrases, “You girls know about latex condoms?” She then rattled off a series of questions and teaching points about AIDS — “African green monkeys,” “unprotected sex,” “shared needles.”

The 10th grade student was contributing to her inner city high school class project, run in conjunction with the school‐based clinic. She was sharing her special knowledge about AIDS, taught by the clinic staff, with younger children as a service to her community. What this novice teacher was lacking in professional delivery she made up for in enthusiasm for both her subject and for her important, new leadership role.