bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Drying oils in printing inks
Authors: Bernstein I. M.
Published: May 2007

Conclusion

An analysis has been made of the historical position of the drying oils in the printing ink industry, of their current curtailed usage, and of the performance requirements of drying speed and minimized odor which have contributed to this curtailment. The situation from the long‐range viewpoint is a serious one. It is a challenge and opportunity alike for the oil chemist to understand in a fundamental sense the physics and chemistry to the process of film formation of the drying oils. The styrenated alkyds and the bisphenol‐epichlorhydrin esters point the way to the concept of film formation of dyring oil systems in which oxidation is not the dominant factor.
Synthetic detergents from animal fats. VIII. The ethenoxylation of fatty acids and alcohols
Authors: Wrigley A. N. , Smith F. D. , Stirton A. J.
Published: May 2007

A laboratory survey of the properties of a series of ethenoxylated fatty acids and alcohols containing about 10, 15, 20, 30, and 40 ethenoxy groups per molecule has brought together information on solubility, cloud point, surface and interfacial tension, detergency, and wetting, foaming and emulsifying properties.

Ethenoxylated alcohols were generally more soluble and had better wetting and foaming properties than the acids. Ethenoxylated acids had generally lower surface and interfacial tension values. Both types of nonionics appeared to be excellent emulsifying agents. Most of the ethenoxylated acids and alcohols were equally effective as built detergents. Built ethenoxylated oleic acid (n=10) and built hydroxy‐, dihydroxy‐, phenyl‐, and xylylstearic acids (n=20) were the best detergents.

Nonionic surface‐active agents derivable from animal fats appeared to have an optimum range in the average number of ethenoxy groups per molecule, with respect to certain properties. The optimum was in the range of about 14 to 18 for wetting properties, the foaming properties of ethenoxylated alcohols, and the interfacial tension of ethenoxylated acids. This range is about equal to the value suggested for adequate solubility [3 less than the number of carbon atoms in the parent alcohol (3)] but somewhat higher than the general rule for maximum detergency [2/3 the number of carbon atoms in the parent acid or alcohol (1,5)].

The rate of the reaction of octadecanol and stearic acid with ethylene oxide was compared. The alcohol reacted faster, in a non‐specific manner. The acidity of the carboxyl group of stearic acid promoted conversion to ethylene glycol monostearate before further ethenoxylation occurred. After disappearance of the carboxylic acid the rate of the reaction of the ethenoxylated acid approached that for octadecanol. A reaction mechanism consistent with these results is proposed.
Composition and properties of specialty surfactants
Authors: Stevens C. E.
Published: May 2007

Surfactant chemistry is now in a market‐development phase, New uses are being found and exploited for most of the numerous and diverse products that are being offered for sale. At the same time the total volume of products going, into established uses is increasing. In this marketing period the volume attained by each competitive type depends on its composite of functional and nonfunctional properties as well as on its cost. In many cases nonfunctional rather than functional properties determine which process of manufacture or which surfactant type will attain the predominant position in a given market.
The measurement of lather quickness
Authors: Becher Paul , Compa Russell E.
Published: May 2007

A method and an apparatus are described for the measurement of lather quickness of bar soaps and combinations. This method is capable of distinguishing differences in lather quickness as a function of soap stock composition, presence of additives, hardness, and temperature. Representative data obtained by the method are presented, and a theoretical interpretation of the test is given.
Reactors for hydrogenation of edible oils
Authors: Edvardsson Jonas , Irandoust Said
Published: May 2007

Due to the characteristics of the hydrogenation of edible oil, by far the most common type of reactor has been the batch‐type shurry hardener. Although continuous reactors offer several advantages compared to batch reactors, they are seldom used in the industry. This review paper describes the most commonly used full‐scale reactors, both batch and continuous. Several different laboratory reactors are also described. The experimental results obtained from those reactors indicate that it is possible to achieve selectivites and reaction rates in a continuous reactor as high as in a slurry batch reactor.
Improving the oxidative stability of polyunsaturated vegetable oils by blending with high‐oleic sunflower oil
Authors: Frankel E. N. , Huang S. W.
Published: May 2007

Mixing different proportions of high‐oleic sunflower oil (HOSO) with polyunsaturated vegetable oils provides a simple method to prepare more stable edible oils with a wide range of desired fatty acid composition. Oxidative stability of soybean, canola and corn oils, blended with different proportions of HOSO to lower the respective levels of linolenate and linoleate, was evaluated at 60°C. Oxidation was determined by two methods: peroxide value and volatiles (hexanal and propanal) by static headspace capillary gas chromatography. Determination of hexanal and propanal in mixtures of vegetable oils provided a sensitive index of linoleate and linolenate oxidation, respectively. Our evaluations demonstrated that all‐cis oil compositions of improved oxidative stability can be formulated by blening soybean, canola and corn oils with different proportions of HOSO. On the basis of peroxide values, a partially hydrogenated soybean oil containing 4.5% linolenate was more stable than the mixture of soybean oil and HOSO containing 4.5% linolenate. However, on the basis of volatile analysis, mixtures of soybean and HOSO containing 2.0 and 4.5% linolenate were equivalent or better in oxidative stability than the hydrogenated soybean oil. Mixtures of canola oil and HOSO containing 1 and 2% linolenate had the same or better oxidative stability than did the hydrogenated canola oil containing 1% linolenate. These studies suggest that we can obviate catalytic hydrogenation of linolenate‐containing vegetable oils by blending with HOSO.
Oilseed volatile analysis by supercritical fluid and thermal desorption methods
Authors: Snyder Janet M. , King Jerry W.
Published: May 2007

A knowledge of the volatile components present in an oil sample can provide important information relative to supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) process design, the current oxidative state of the oil, as well as the concentration and presence of important flavor volatiles in the oil. Volatile compounds from supercritical fluid‐extracted oils were analyzed by headspace gas chromatography (GC) methods to determine if there were differences in the volatile profiles when two different methods of desorption were used. Canola, corn, soybean and sunflower seeds were extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide at 8000 psi and 50°C. Tenax porous polymer traps, attached at the exhaust port of the SFE apparatus, were utilized to collect the volatile components during the extractions. The volatile compounds on the Tenax trap were desorbed onto a GC column by both thermal and supercritical fluid techniques. Desorption temperature for the thermal method was 150°C, while conditions for the SFE technique were 50°C and 2000 psi. The lower‐boiling volatiles from each oilseed were greater when desorbed by thermal means from the Tenax than by SFE; however, SFE desorbed the highermolecular weight compounds that were not removed by the thermal desorption method. Hexanal tended to be desorbed in comparable amounts by both methods. The SFE‐based desorption technique provides a unique analysis method for the determination of both volatile and semivolatile compounds, as well as executing desorption under nonoxidative, low‐temperature conditions that do not contribute to the degradation of lipid components.
Application of principal‐component analysis on near‐infrared spectroscopic data of vegetable oils for their classification
Authors: Sato Tetsuo
Published: May 2007

In the near‐infrared (NIR) spectra of oil, information about fatty acid composition is concentrated in the range of 1600–2200 nm. Principal‐component analysis (PCA) was applied on the standardized full NIR spectral data of this region for vegetable oils to totally capture the NIR spectral pattern. Nine varieties of vegetable oils (soybean, corn, cottonseed, olive, rice bran, peanut, rapeseed, sesame and coconut oil) could be successfully classified from their PCA scores. Examining the contribution of wavelengths to PCA scores showed that wavelengths with a high loading weight were assigned to characteristic absorption regions that correspond to specific fatty acid moieties. This classification is related to the fatty acid composition of an oil, and it can be carried out rapidly and easily after eigenvectors were obtained.
Water vapor permeability properties of edible whey protein‐lipid emulsion films
Authors: McHugh Tara Habig , Krochta John M.
Published: May 2007

The water vapor permeability (WVP) of whey protein emulsion films was investigated. The exponential effect of relative humidity on the WVP of whey protein films was reduced through lipid incorporation. Film orientation had a significant effect on WVP due to emulsion separation during film formation. Heat denaturation of whey proteins lowered emulsion film WVP. Increasing fatty acid and fatty alcohol chainlengths significantly reduced WVP, as did increasing lipid concentration. The WVPs of fatty acids, fatty alcohols and beeswax were compared in whey protein‐lipid emulsion films. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed the crystalline microstructure of lipid particles in emulsion films.
Stability ofd‐a‐tocopherol alone, in solvents, and in methyl esters of fatty acids
Authors: Lips H. J.
Published: May 2007

The stability ofd‐a‐tocopherol in stable solvents and in methyl esters of fatty acids varied with the stability of the medium and with the concentration of tocopherol. Pure tocopherol was less stable than tocopherol in solvents. The concentrations of tocopherol that were most effective in delaying rapid oxidation of the esters were also best for stability of tocopherol itself. The rate of destruction of tocopherol could not be described by simple kinetics.
A comparison of plant and grain wax from two varieties of sorghum
Authors: Cannon Cynthia , Kummerow Fred A.
Published: May 2007

A study was made of the wax from a forage and a grain type of sorghum taken at different stages in plant growth in order to compare the amount and the chemical composition of the wax laid down at different stages in the development of the plant. The sorghum leaf, grain, and stalk waxes were compared to each other and to carnauba and corn wax.

It was found that the grain and plant waxes of both types of sorghum were laid down throughout the growth of the plant. A constant level was reached about the time that the grain heads became apparent. There appeared to be definite chemical changes in the wax during the growth period studied. These changes were not necessarily similar from one part of the plant to another or from one variety to another. The waxes laid down on the leaf, grain, and stalk differed from each other in quantity and in chemical composition.
Conversion of dianilinogossypol to pure gossypol
Authors: King W. H. , Thurber F. H.
Published: May 2007

A procedure for the isolation of gossypol (in 86% yield) from dianilinogossypol, together with a procedure for the purification of gossypol, is recorded. Dianilinogossypol is hydrolyzed in alcoholic potassium hydroxide, and the hydrolysis mixture is rapidly cooled and acidified, whereupon the gossypol is precipitated while the aniline remains in solution as the salt. Directions are given for the separation of gossypol from unhydrolyzed dianilinogossypol through partition between aqueous alkali and chloroform.
Pilot plant studies on extracting cottonseed with methylene chloride
Authors: Johnson L. A. , Farnsworth J. T. , Sadek N. Z. , Chamkasem N. , Lusas E. W. , Reid B. L.
Published: May 2007

The practical feasibility of using methylene chloride to extract oil, aflatoxin and gossypol simultaneously from cottonseed flakes was demonstrated in a 56‐hr experimental run using a pilot‐scale, continuous extractor. Nine different trials varying in extraction time, solvent:flake ratio, flake preparation method and blending with 5% ethanol were evaluated. Residual oil contents were lower than typically achieved in extraction with hexane. Aflatoxin contents of the meals were reduced by 73–92% of the level in cottonseed meats, making possible the upgrading of a large portion of cottonseed meal that otherwise would exceed current action levels. Because gossypol also was extracted, it was possible to produce cottonseed meal that was well suited for use in poultry feeds, especially when a blend of 5% ethanol in methylene chloride was used. Meal desolventized easily, and residual levels of methylene chloride were generally less than 12 ppm. The oil was refined and bleached to acceptable quality standards, and no residual aflatoxin was detected in alkali‐refined oil.
Built‐in lubrication on cotton fabrics
Authors: Benerito Ruth R. , McKelvey John B. , Berni Ralph J.
Published: May 2007

Partial cotton esters of long chain fatty acids of low degrees of substitution (D.S.<0.20) have been prepared by a variety of methods. In particular, the effects of the introduction of a stearoyl or an oleoyl group into the cellulose matrix on fabric properties, such as softness of hand and wrinkle recovery, have been studied. Attempts have been made to compare fabric properties of partial esters of like D.S. prepared by various methods of esterification and effect of a chemically attached alkanoyl group with effect of the same group deposited or adsorbed on the surface of the cotton fabric. Consideration has been given to the size of the alkyl group, its orientation on the surface of the fiber and its hydrophobicity. Data indicate that resistance to abtasion of cottons chemically modified with long chain alkyl groups is reduced whenever the finished fabric has high dry wrinkle recovery. High dry wrinkle recovery is obtained after esterification of cotton in nonaqueous media. Improvement in resistance to abrasion is pronounced when the alkyl group has not been chemically combined with the cellulose matrix in the absence of water, and usually is obtained when the finished cottons possess only high wet wrinkle recovery.
The solubility of water in edible oils and fats above 100 C
Authors: Hilder M. H.
Published: May 2007

The solubilities of water in rapeseed and coconut oils have been determined at temperatures between 90 and 160 C. Oil samples were equilibrated with water vapor under conditions of constant temperature and humidity. The equilibrium water content was determined by means of the Karl Fischer titration method. Solubility was found to be independent of the type of oil when expressed in terms of the mole fraction, in agreement with previous work at temperatures below 100 C. An equation is given relating solubility and temperature between 0–250 C.
Surface active agents from isopropenyl esters: Acylation of isethionic acid and N‐methyltaurine
Authors: Bistline R. G. , Rothman E. S. , Serota S. , Stirton A. J. , Wrigley A. N.
Published: May 2007

Acylation of sodium isethionate with isopropenyl stearate at 200 C for 30 min gave a 95% yield of sodium 2‐sulfoethyl stearate, acetone being the only byproduct. Acylation of N‐methyltaurine at 200 C for 90 min gave a 95% yield of N‐methyl‐N‐(2‐sulfoethyl) stearamide sodium salt. Corresponding surface active derivatives were also prepared from pelargonic, lauric, myristic, palmitic, oleic, phenylstearic and hydrogenated tallow fatty acids from their respective isopropenyl esters. Detergency, foam height, wetting time, lime soap dispersing power, critical micelle concentration and other surfactant properties were evaluated. Optimum properties were found at the C14−C18 fatty acid chain length. Unsaturation or branching increased solubility. The 2‐sulfoethyl esters were similar to the N‐methyl‐N‐(2‐sulfoethyl) amides in foam height, wetting ability and lime soap dispersing power, superior to the N‐methyl‐N‐(2‐sulfoethyl) amides in detergency, but inferior in calcium stability and less stable to acid and alkali. Both compounds are readily biodegraded. The fatty isopropenyl ester synthesis has an advantage in yield and purity of the product and could increase the utilization of the 2‐sulfoethyl esters and N‐methyl‐N‐(2‐sulfoethyl) amides in many applications.
Tallow alkanolamides: Preparation and effect on surfactant solutions
Authors: Weil J. K. , Parris N. , Noble W. R. , Smith F. D. , Stirton A. J.
Published: May 2007

Oxyalkylation of N‐(2‐hydroxyethyl) amides and N,N‐bis‐(2‐hydroxyethyl) amides gave products which were valuable as detergent additives and detergent intermediates. Oxyalkylation of simple amides was difficult to carry out, and the product contained large quantities of unreacted amide which had an adverse effect on surfactant properties. Amides with short oxyalkyl chains and long fatty chains were not soluble by themselves but were solubilized by aqueous detergent solutions and had characteristic “Krafft Points.” This temperature, at which the mixed solution became clear, was independent of detergent used, amide to detergent ratio up to 1.4, total concentration, and water hardness. Krafft point of poorly soluble detergents such as sodium octadecyl sulfate and disodium α‐sulfostearate was lowered by mixing with alkanolamides. N,N‐Bis‐(hydroxyethyl)‐hexadecanamide and the oxyalkylated products of N,N‐bis‐(hydroxyethyl) hexadecanamide and N,N‐bis‐(hydroxyethyl) octadecanamide increased the viscosity of solutions of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate and sodium dodecyl sulfate in the same was as the N,N‐bis‐(hydroxyethyl) amide prepared from coconut oil. Foam stabilizing properties ere observed for some of oxyethylated amides. One per cent N,N‐bis‐(2‐hydroxyethyl) oleamide and 2‐(2‐hydroxyethoxy)‐ethyloleamide formed petrolatum‐water emulsions which were stable for more than a month.
Diels‐Alder adducts from safflower oil fatty acids
Authors: Balakrishna R. S. , Murthy B. G. K. , Aggarwal J. S.
Published: May 2007

Methyl esters of alkali‐isomerized safflower oil fatty acids after elaidinization with sulfur were treated with styrene in the presence of hydroquinone, with or without solvents. A combination of column chromatography and gas liquid chromatography techniques was employed for the estimation of the methyl esters of unreacted fatty acids, Diels‐Alder adduct and polymers in the reaction products. Maximum yield of the Diels‐Alder adduct (26.6%) was obtained when the elaidinized methyl esters of the fatty acids were treated with 1.5 moles of styrene per mole of linoleic acid in safflower oil fatty acids at 200–210 C for 6 hr. The methyl ester of the adduct was isolated in about 90% purity from the reaction product by vacuum distillation followed by solvent fractionation. The butyl ester of the adduct and the epoxy derivative of the methyl ester adduct were prepared and characterized.
Edible protein products from cruciferae seed meals
Authors: Sims R. P. A.
Published: May 2007

Rape, crambe and mustard seed are compared with respect to properties of the fixed oil, nature of the mustard oils and properties of the seed protein. Rapeseed (Brassica campestris andB. napus) has benefited greatly from plant breeding; the erucic acid content of the fixed oil and the level of glucosinolates can now be selected. Crambe seed (Crambe abyssinica), however, is still high in erucic acid and in glucosinolates. The glucosinolate patterns of the mustards are naturally simple. Procedures for preparing edible flours and isolates from rape, crambe and mustard seed are described. With mustard (B. hirta, juncea andnigra), the glucosinolate hydrolysis products are volatile and steamstripping yields a bland flour. With rape and crambe seeds, the intact glucosinolates must be removed; aqueous extraction is practicable. The physical, chemical and nutritional properties of some of the meals, flours and isolates prepared from cruciferae seed are described.
Lipids in Cruciferae: VIII. The fatty acid composition of seeds of some wild or partially domesticated species
Authors: Appelqvist L. ‐A.
Published: May 2007

A total of 75 seed samples of 29 species of Cruciferae have been analyzed for fatty acid composition by gas chromatography. All but three species contained erucic acid in the seed oils at levels ranging from 1% to 57%. Linolenic acid was present in all samples; the levels ranged from 2% to 55%. A considerable variation in fatty acid patterns was observed at the intraspecific level forSinapis arvensis. Species from five of the generas studied may have potential as new crops, namelyBarbarea, Conringia, Erysimum, Hesperis andSisymbrium.
Preparation of tertiary amine derivatives from commercially available alcohols and their properties as surfactants
Authors: Takehara Kikuo , Okajima Shigeaki , Agawa Toshio , Komori Saburo
Published: May 2007

Higher tertiary amines were prepared by transalkylation of triethylamine with commercially available alcohols such as Tergitol 15‐S‐3 and tridecyl alcohol. This reaction carried out at 250–300 C and 20 kg/cm2 initial hydrogen pressure, using Cu−Cr−Mn−O catalyst, gave about 80% yield of higher alkyl tertiary amines. Tertiary amine hydrochlorides, quaternary ammonium bromides and amine oxides were prepared from these tertiary amines. Specific surface tension, wetting power, foaming power and foam stability were measured. The characteristic properties with respect to tertiary amine derivatives containing ether linkages were observed. These products have excellent wetting power, reduced surface tension, low foaming power and unstable foam.
Simultaneous recovery of wax and oil from rice bran by filtration‐extraction
Authors: Pominski Joseph , Eaves P. H. , Vix H. L. E. , Gastrock E. A.
Published: May 2007

Hard rice waxes of high melting points have been obtained directly from rice bran while simultaneously producing oil. These waxes were produced by the following two methods. 1. selective cold hexane‐extraction of cooked rice bran to remove the oil, hot hexane‐extraction to remove the wax, chilling of the hot miscella and separation of the precipitated wax by centrifugation; 2. single hot hexane‐extraction of raw or cooked rice bran, hot water washing and chilling of the miscella, separation of the wax precipitate by settling or centrifugation, and multiple cold hexane‐washings of the wax. Wax can also be processed from rice oil settlings by the latter method after a miscella has been prepared. The cold extraction‐hot extraction method should be preferable as a process when conducted on a single continuous filtration‐extraction unit without reslurrying. Indications are that oil refining losses may be decreased by this method. Yields of rice wax varied from 0.22 to 0.31% of the original rice bran, or 1.29 to 1.82% of the extracted oil.
Influence of variety and environment on the iodine value of cottonseed oil
Authors: Stansbury Mack F. , Hoffpauir Carroll L. , Hopper T. H.
Published: May 2007

Data are reported on the variation of the iodine value of the oil from the seed of eight varieties of cotton grown at 13 locations during three years. Analysis of variance showed the influence of variety and of station‐years to be highly significant statistically. Iodine value was found to be negatively correlated with the temperatures. The highest correlation was obtained for the period of maturation (35 days before the bolls open) when the oil is being synthesized. The coefficients for the relations with mean temperatures were higher than those for maximum and minimum temperatures.

Simple correlations for the relations between iodine value of the oils from seed of individual varieties and mean temperatures during two periods of boll and seed development were negative and highly significant. For the maturation period (35 days before boll opening) and the combined periods for squaring, fiber elongation, and maturation (73 days before boll opening) the average reductions in iodine value per °F. increase in temperature were found to be 0.760 and 1.172 units, respectively. Of the eight varieties investigated, temperature influenced the iodine value of the oil least for Stoneville 2B and most for Coker Wilds.
Physical and functional properties of some higher alkyl polyglucosides
Authors: Hughes Francis A. , Lew Baak W.
Published: May 2007

The higher alkyl polyglucosides are a new class of nonionic surfactants which can be formulated to give properties ranging from soft greases to hard glassy water‐soluble solids melting from about 30 C to above 300 C and which are insoluble in common organic solvents. The aqueous solutions do not exhibit inverse solubility with temperature or concentration. They show low eye and skin irritation and a very low degree of toxicity (LD50 greater than 35 g/kg). They have a bland taste, are good foamers with low surface tension, are compatible with inorganic detergent builders, and are biodegradable. They show good functionality in various applications such as detergents, food emulsifiers, cosmetic surfactants, pharmaceutical granulating agents and industrial emulsifiers.
9‐Aminononanamide and nylon‐9 from azelaaldehydic derivatives of soybean oil
Authors: Kohlhase W. L. , Pryde E. H. , Cowan J. C.
Published: May 2007

9‐Aminononamide, a potential intermediate for nylon‐9, was prepared from soybean oil via alkyl soyate, aldehyde oil or soybean amides. All three routes involved various sequences for reductive ozonolysis, reductive amination and ammonolysis. The preferred route is through the alkyl soyates, although the other two have fewer steps. The amino amide is a water‐soluble, strongly basic solid that rapidly absorbs atmospheric carbon dioxide and is readily hydrolyzed to 9‐aminononanoic acid. Although the amino amide is selfpolymerizable in limited degree, the preferred monomer for nylon‐9 is the amino acid. Other new compounds prepared and characterized include azelaaldehydamide, bis(8‐carbamoyloctyl)amine; N‐(8‐carbamoyloctyl)‐8‐methoxycarbonyloctylamine; 9‐hydroxynonanamide; and dimers of the amino amide and the amino ester.
Thermal‐diffusion fractionation: Oils, fats, and some derivatives
Authors: Seelbach C. W. , Quackenbush F. W.
Published: May 2007

A number of fats and oils and derivatives there‐from were subjected to thermal diffusion in a column in which one plate was heated with low‐pressure steam and the other cooled with tap water. Triglyceride moved toward the top while glycerol and monoglyceride moved toward the bottom when mixtures containing all components were diffused. Mixed triglycerides showed no tendency to separate; neither did fatty‐acid mixtures which differed only in degree of unsaturation. However when a fatty acid mixture was brominated, subsequent separation was observed.

Marked color‐improvement was observed in the top fractions from various crude oils; the colored substances were concentrated exponentially in the bottom fractions. Polymeric substances from partly polymerized oils also concentrated toward the bottom. Some tentative generalizations on types of separations to be expected are discussed.
The rapid separation of aflatoxins on silica gel coated glass cylinders
Authors: Maing Il‐Young , Lillard H. S. , Ayres J. C.
Published: May 2007

A chromatographic method is described for the separation of aflatoxins on silica gel coated glass cylinders prepared with a chloroformacetone slurry. This can be done in 35–40 min compared with more than 2 hr for thin layer chromatography (TLC). This method is more rapid, economical and its sensitivity is comparable to TLC.
Extraction of lipids from cottonseed tissue: II. Ultrastructural effects of lipid extraction
Authors: Hensarling T. P. , Yatsu L. Y. , Jacks T. J.
Published: May 2007

Cottonseed tissue was extracted with chloroform‐methanol‐water, hexane‐acetone‐water, cyloroform‐methanol, hexane‐acetone, hexane and acetone, and then examine with an electron microscope. In all cases, contents of oil‐rich spherosomes were emptied and cell walls remained intact after lipid extraction. In addition, the two water‐containing solvents obtained disruption of intracellular structures. Severalford greater amounts of water‐soluble phophorus compounds were extracted with the water‐containing solvents than with their nonaqueous counterparts.
Distribution of tocopherols within the corn kernel
Authors: Grams G. W. , Blessin C. W. , Inglett G. E.
Published: May 2007

The concentration of tocols and tocotrienols in the germ, endosperm and pericarp of the corn kernel was determined after hand dissection of four dent corn hybrids—normal, early maturing, high oil and high lysine (opaque‐2). Among these hybrids the germ fraction contained 70–86% and the endosperm fraction contained 27–115 of the tocopherols extracted from the whole grain. The endosperm fractions contain all of the measurable tocotrienols occurring in whole corn. In the four hybrids analyzed, the germ fraction contained 94–96% of thea‐tocopherol extracted from the whole grain. Concentration ofa‐tocopherol was the highest in the germ fraction of the opaque‐2 hybrid.
Enzymatic determination of citrate in detergent products
Authors: Taraborelli J. A. , Upton R. P.
Published: May 2007

A routine analytical procedure employing enzyme methodology has been developed for the determination of the citrate content of commercial detergent products. The enzyme system used is based upon the selective cleavage of citrate by citrate lyase (citrate oxaloacetate lyase; EC 4.1.3.6). One of the products, oxaloacetate, is reduced to malate by malic dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37) with the simultaneous oxidation of reduced β‐nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide to β‐nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, oxidized form. The course of the reaction is measured spectrophotometrically. The decrease in absorbance at 340 nm caused by the formation of β‐nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, oxidized form, is directly proportional to the concentration of citrate. The accuracy of the method which was determined by recovering citrate spikes into citrate‐free detergent formulations is excellent. The precision of the method (±1.4% [two standard deviations relative to the average]) is adequate for an analysis of this type. Several commercial detergent products containing 10–20% trisodium citrate were assayed by this method.
Genetic studies of peanut proteins and oils
Authors: Tai Y. P. , Young Clyde T.
Published: May 2007

Six peanut cultivars (Chico, Argentine, Tennessee Red, Florunner, F334A‐B‐14, and Florida Jumbo) and their F2 seed populations were used to determine the inheritance of protein and oil contents. The results suggested that both protein and oil contents were quantitatively inherited. Calculated correlation coefficients between protein and oil contents were negative and varied from nonsignificant to highly significant in both parental and F2 populations. Three F2 populations, F334 × Tennessee Red, Florida Jumbo × Chico, and F334 × Argentine, plus their parents were studied for genetic behavior of amino acid and fatty acid compositions. The results indicate that these traits also were inherited quantitatively, and the peanuts had the capacity to give a transgressive segregation with some of the amino acids and fatty acids. Correlations among 18 amino acids plus 8 fatty acids suggested a complex system of genetic control among amino acid and fatty acid compositions within each of the peanut cultivars and their F2 progenies.
Solubility and refractometric studies with copper valerate and caproate in nonaqueous solutions
Authors: Mehrotra K. N. , Mehta V. P. , Nagar T. N.
Published: May 2007

The behavior of copper valerate and caproate in nonaqueous solutions has been investigated from solubility and refractometric methods. The apparent heat of solutions demonstrate the existence of micellar aggregates above the Krafft point. The refractive indices of soap solutions in hydrocarbons decrease whereas in alcohols increase with the increase in the soap concentration.
Long‐chain unsaturated alcohols from jojoba oil by sodium reduction
Authors: Molaison L. J. , O'Connor R. T. , Spadaro J. J.
Published: May 2007

Jojoba oil is a liquid wax composed essentially of C20 and C22 straight‐chain monoethylenic acids and alcohols in the form of esters. Sodium reduction of the wax fatty esters in jojoba oil yielded quantitatively a mixture of unsaturated, long‐chain alcohols from the acid moiety of the jojoba oil. Yields of about 91% were obtained in the laboratory‐scale experiments and 82 to 86 for the pilot‐plant experiments. Analytical data, including detailed infrared spectra information, are given for the resulting product alcohols.
Reactions of dienophiles with vegetable oils. I. Reactions of maleic esters with sulfur dioxide catalyst
Authors: Miller W. R. , Bell E. W. , Cowan J. C. , Teeter H. M.
Published: May 2007

Direct reactions of dibutyl and dimethyl maleate with safflower oil were investigated. When transformed into esters and distilled, the products are generally different from the Diels‐Alder adducts obtained fromtrans,trans‐9,11‐linoleic acid. The differences most probably result from the formation of one or more isomers of the known product, of the substituted succinate, of a transannular lactone, or of a mixture of these and other isomers. No definite assignments of structure can yet be made. In one experiment the Diels‐Alder adduct was obtained as the major product from the reaction of dimethyl maleate with safflower oil.

Reactions are best carried out by heating safflower oil to 290° while sweeping it with sulfur dioxide. The maleic ester is then added dropwise, and the product is transesterified and distilled. By this procedure a distillable adduct fraction is obtained in yields up to 70%, based on linoleate. Fumaric esters give similar results. Omission of the sulfur dioxide catalyst greatly reduces the yield.
Advance in fat research in Spain during the last fifty years
Authors: Moreno J. M. Martinez
Published: May 2007

Conclusion

This summary is necessarily a subjective apraisal, and there may be errors or omissions, for which we apologize.

The major point is that Spanish research work in the field of fats (and the same applies to many other fields) has always relied on outstanding figures, who possessed original ideas and developed them within possibilities, which were not indeed always very great. The shortage of material means and the isolation of the few existing research workers made our contribution necessarily small, compared with the work of the rest of the world, which brought about scientific knowledge on fats that we now possess. The almost exclusive concentration on problems connected with olive oil has also greatly limited our scope and also limited the knowledge of Spanish research work abroad.

For some years Spain has been launched on a program of complete renewal, both in this field and in other fields of scientific research, and is at present making a great effort to co‐ordinate and increase the material and human resources available for the study of fats.

Too little time has passed for the results of this effort to be evaluated, except in a few isolated cases, but we are working enthusiastically. And if we are able in 25 years to attend the Diamond Jubilee of the illustrious American Oil Chemists' Society, we hope we shall be able to report a greater amount of work and more results of real scientific importance than those to which I have drawn your attention.
Properties of the methylene group in 1,4‐Dienes. I. Catalytic polymerization of 1,4‐Pentadiene
Authors: Grummitt Oliver , Chudd C. C.
Published: May 2007

Attempts to obtain 1,3‐pentadiene from the uncatalyzed or catalyzed isomerization of 1,4‐pentadiene at 200–250° were not successful. Dimers and higher polymers were formed, presumably by conjugation and addition reactions. The activity of several catalysts was measured by the yields of polymer. Sodium hydroxide was most effective, followed by sulfur dioxide,beta‐chloroanthraquinone, anthraquinone‐beta‐carboxylic acid, and anthraquinone in order of decreasing activity. In 1,4 and 1,3‐pentadiene mixtures, anthraquinone and sulfur dioxide catalyze slightly the formation of high polymers, but sodium hydroxide catalyzes both total polymer and dimer. The quinones are believed to function in 1,4 to 1,3‐diene isomerization by a free radical mechanism, sulfur dioxide and sodium hydroxide by polar mechanisms. These results are related to the polymerization of non‐conjugated drying oils.
A comparison of commercially used phenolic antioxidants in edible animal fats
Authors: Gearhart W. M. , Stuckey B. N.
Published: May 2007

Butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, and propyl gallate were compared for antioxidant efficiency alone and in combination with each other in lard. A comparison of the physical properties of these three antioxidants was also made.

BHA was found to synergize with propyl gallate to produce the best all‐around antioxidant. The mixture of BHA and BHT produced the best carry‐through stability in lard, particularly when higher temperatures were used. Propyl gallate alone produces the best AOM stability in lard.
Alcoholic extraction of vegetable oils. I. Solubilities of cottonseed, peanut, sesame, and soybean oils in aqueous ethanol
Authors: Rao Rama Kanth , Krishna M. G. , Zaheer S. H. , Arnold L. K.
Published: May 2007

Solubilities of cottonseed, peanut, sesame, and soybean oils in aqueous alcoholic solutions at various temperatures were determined directly. Solubility curves for the four oils in aqueous alcoholic solutions are presented.

The critical solution temperaturesversus alcoholic concentrations data have been plotted and are in complete agreement with the previously published data of Japanese workers in each case. It is observed that the critical solution temperature increases with the moisture content of the alcohol, and in each case the relationship is linear. The pressure in the system also varies directly with the temperature, the maximum being approximately 20 p.s.i.g.
A simple iodine‐number refractometer for testing flaxseed and soybeans
Authors: Hunt W. Haward , Neustadt M. H. , Shurkus A. A. , Zeleny Lawrence
Published: May 2007

A simple, relatively inexpensive refractometer has been developed for use in testing flaxseed and soybeans for oil iodine number. The refractometer reads directly in iodine‐number units and the temperature correction thermometer is likewise calibrated to read directly in iodine‐number units. With this refractometer and a simple, hand‐operated laboratory hydraulic press, an operator with little technical training can test flaxseed or soybean samples for oil iodine numbers at the rate of about one test every five minutes. It is anticipated that this instrument will prove to be very useful in the routine testing of flaxseed, soybeans, and possibly certain other oil‐bearing seeds.
Peptization of soybean meal protein. Effect of method of dispersion and age of beans
Authors: Smith Allan K. , Belter Paul A. , Johnsen Vernon L.
Published: May 2007

Conclusions

From the data collected thus far on the dispersion of the nitrogen compounds of soybean meal, it is not feasible to recommend a procedure that will be equally suitable for all analytical situations.

The several factors influencing the dispersion of soybean meal protein in water, such as time, temperature, method of stirring, and pH value of the solution, emphasize the empirical nature of the determination and the need for selecting a standard procedure to suit a given need.

A 30‐minute water extraction at room temperature and at a water‐to‐meal ratio of 40∶1 will serve to differentiate between soybean meals that have had comparatively little denaturing treatment and in cases in which highly precise values are not required. When better check results are required, they can be obtained by using a longer extraction period.

The drastically denatured meals can be differentiated better by dispersion in sodium lauryl sulfate solution at pH 8.0 than by dispersion in water. The nature of the results indicate that further research with protein dispersing agents will lead to a better method than is now available.
Characterization of nonvolatile compounds formed during thermal oxidation of 1‐linoleyl‐2,3 distearin III. Evidence for presence of dimeric fatty acids
Authors: Perkins E. G. , Wantland L. R.
Published: May 2007

Pure 1‐linoleyl‐2,3‐distearin, which had been subjected to thermal oxidation at 200C, was separated into its polar fatty acid fraction by solvent partitioning. Further fractionation was achieved via thin layer chromatography and partition column chromatography. These data, as well as data obtained from combined gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry, indicated the presence of dimeric compounds.
Solubilization of orange OT and dimethylaminoazobenzene
Authors: Rigg M. Wesley , Liu Fred W. J.
Published: May 2007

Solubilization data have been obtained for aqueous solutions of Na‐laurate, K‐ laute, dodecylamine‐HCL, Tween 20, Span 20, N‐dodecyl‐alanine‐HCl, Na‐oleate, Tergitol 4, and Ultrawet K, using the water insoluble dyes, Orange OT, and dimethylaminoazobenzene as the solubilized substances. Results indicate that the dye solubility method is fairly reproducible. Filtration of samples was found to be an important part of the technique.

A slight excess of fatty acid or of alkali in Na‐ and K‐laurate solutions was found to have no appreciable effect on solubilization.

In agreement with Kolthoff's but not with Mc‐Bain's findings, the Na‐ and K‐laurates were found to yield the same solubilization of either DMAB or Orange OT, indicating that the solubilizing species in solution depends upon the nature of the long chain ion.

Agreement on solubilization for dodecylamine‐HCl with previous workers is poor.

The present work indicates no solubilization below the critical micelle concentration. The apparent solubilization reported by Kolthoff was attributed to suspended dye.

The use of solubilization data in the determination of critical micelle concentration is examined, and values are compared with previous works.
Production of gossypol from cottonseed gums. Preliminary cost study
Authors: Koltun S. P. , Decossas K. M. , Pominski Joseph , Pons W. A. , Patton E. L.
Published: May 2007

Based on operations of a hypothetical gossypol‐extraction plant, it is estimated that crude gossypol‐acetic acid can be produced at a cost of $2.64 per pound at an annual production of 113,500 lbs.; that pure gossypol‐acetic acid can be produced at a cost of $3.80 per pound at an annual production of 100,200 lbs; and that pure gossypol will cost $5.55 per pound at an annual production of 81,000 lbs. By marketing the phosphatides instead of returning them to the gums, the cost of producing pure gossypol will be $3.91 per pound at an annual production of 81,000 lbs. These costs were estimated by assuming that Phase I of the process would be accomplished simultaneously with oil mill‐extraction operations, and Phases II and III during remainder of the season.

It is readily apparent that gossypol or gossypol‐acetic acid as produced are not inexpensive chemicals and would probably have to be produced for specialized uses, such as pharmaceuticals and the like, where the cost of these chemicals would not be prohibitive. Should product evaluation research now under way establish specific uses for gossypol and its intermediates, a demand for sizeable quantities of these materials might result.
Pharmaceutical‐grade sterols from tall oil
Authors: Steiner Charles S. , Fritz Earle
Published: May 2007

A process has been developed for producing pharmaceutically‐pure sterols from tall oil pitch. The process consists of the propane fractionation of the pitch, saponification of the overhead fraction in methanol, fractional crystallization, centrifuging, washing, and drying. A plant to produce 1,000 lbs. of sterols per day was brought into operation.
Antioxidant activity of polar lipids from nitrite‐treated cooked and processed meats
Authors: Zubillaga M. P. , Maerker G.
Published: May 2007

Polar lipids having considerable antioxidant effect on linoleic acid have been isolated from nitrite‐treated, laboratory‐cooked ground pork and beef during and after four weeks’ storage at 4 C. The antioxidant activity of these polar lipids is 1.5–3 times greater than that of untreated meats. Antioxidatively active polar lipids have also been found in commercially processed, nitrite‐containing meats, including pepperoni, ham, frankfurters and bacon.

The antioxidant activity of active polar lipids was stable on storage and partially survived treatment with acids and bases and conversion to methyl esters. Separation of the active polar lipids or the active methyl esters by classes gave no fraction in which the antioxidant activity was highly concentrated; however, it seemed to be more highly associated with the polyunsaturates fraction of the methyl esters. Indications are that more than one antioxidant factor is involved and that at least one is associated with the acyl portion of the polar lipids.
Alcoholic extraction of vegetable oils. V. Pilot plant extraction of cottonseed by aqueous ethanol
Authors: Rao Rama Kanth , Arnold Lionel K.
Published: May 2007

Cottonseed flakes were extracted by aqueous ethanol in a countercurrent pilot plant unit to determine the effect of operating variables and the optimum operating conditions.

This investigation has shown that direct extraction of cottonseed, using aqueous ethanol as a solvent, is a feasible process in the type of equipment developed previously in this laboratory. The optimum operating conditions for the ethanol extraction of cottonseed have been established.

The pilot plant extractions have shown that in this process a prime quality of crude oil and lightcolored meal of good quality, with negligible free gossypol content, are obtained.
A modified indophenol‐xylene extraction method for the determination of ascorbic acid in soybeans
Authors: Weakley F. B. , McKinney L. L.
Published: May 2007

The indophenol‐xylene extraction method used to estimate ascorbic acid was modified to eliminate appreciable sulfhydryl interference encountered when extracts of soybeans are assayed for this vitamin. The sulfhydryl interference was eliminated by means ofp‐chloromercuribenzoic acid (p‐CMB). This reagent did not affect the indophenol color nor did it interfere in the estimation of true ascorbic acid. The ascorbic acid values for soybeans germinated up to four days, as determined by the modifiedmethod, were 15% to 54% lower than the values obtained by the standard procedure (15), in which sulfhydryl groups are not masked. Ungerminated soybeans assayed by the modified method contained no ascorbic acid. The vitamin appeared shortly after the start of germination and increased rapidly to 470 p.p.m. in four days. The ascorbic acid found was predominantly, if not all, in the reduced form. The ascorbic acid content of freshly harvested Kanrich green soybeans as determined by the modified method was 20–25% lower than that obtained by the nomal method. Present data indicate possible sulfhydryl interference in ascorbic acid values previously reported in soybean germination studies that employed indophenol methods of assay. Paper chromatography was used to establish the presence of ascorbic acid and sulfhydryl groups in acid extracts of the germinated soybeans.