bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rational budgeting approach as a nutrient management tool for mixed crop-swine farms in Korea
Authors: Reza Arif , Shim Soomin , Kim Seungsoo , Ahn Sungil , Won Seunggun , Ra Changsix
Published: December 2019

Objective: Due to rapid economic return, mixed crop-swine farming systems in Korea have become more intensive. Intensive farming practices often cause nutrient surpluses and lead to environmental pollution. Nutrient budgets can be used to evaluate the environmental impact and as a regulatory policy instrument for nutrient management. This study was conducted to select a nutrient budgeting approach applicable to the mixed crop-swine farms in Korea and suggest an effective manure treatment method to reduce on-farm nutrient production.Methods: In this study, we compared current and ideal gross nutrient balance (GNB) approaches of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and soil system budget (SSB) approach with reference to on-farm manure treatment processes. Data obtained from farm census and published literature were used to develop the farm nutrient budgets.Results: The average nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) surpluses were approximately 11 times and over 7 times respectively higher in the GNB approaches than the SSB. After solid-liquid separation of manure, during liquid composting a change in aeration method from intermittent to continuous reduced the N and P loading about 50% and 47%, respectively. Although changing in solid composting method from turning only to turning+aeration improved the N removal efficiency by 30.5%, not much improvement in P removal efficiency was observed.Conclusion: Although the GNB approaches depict the impact of nutrients produced in the mixed crop-swine farms on the overall agricultural environment, the SSB approach shows the partitioning among different nutrient loss pathways and storage of nutrients within the soil system; thus, can help design sustainable nutrient management plans for the mixed cropswine farms. The study also suggests that continuous aeration for liquid composting and turning+aeration for solid composting can reduce nutrient loading to the soil.
Effects of body weight and fiber sources on fiber digestibility and short chain fatty acid concentration in growing pigs
Authors: Zhao Jinbiao , Liu Xuzhou , Zhang Yi , Liu Ling , Wang Junjun , Zhang Shuai
Published: December 2019

Objective: The study was conducted to determine the effects of body weight (BW) and fiber sources on nutrient digestibility, fiber fermentation and short chain fatty acids (SCFA) concentration in different intestinal segments of growing pigs fed high-fiber diets.Methods: Nine barrows with initial BW of 25.17±0.73 kg and 9 barrows with initial BW of 63.47±2.18 kg were allotted to a duplicate 9×2 Youden Square design with 3 dietary treatments and 2 periods. The dietary treatments were formulated with 3 different high-fiber ingredients: corn bran, sugar beet pulp, and soybean hulls, respectively. Each diet was fed to 3 barrows with different stage of BW in each period.Results: There were no differences in the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of most nutrients between pigs at different BW stages. Pigs at 60 kg had greater (p<0.05) apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of total dietary fiber (TDF), soluble dietary fiber (SDF) and insoluble dietary fiber (IDF), and had greater (p<0.05) hindgut disappearance of IDF and cellulose than pigs at 25 kg. The acetate, propionate and total SCFA concentrations in ileal digesta and feces of pigs at 60 kg were greater (p<0.05) than those of pigs at 25 kg. In addition, fiber sources affected (p<0.05) the AID of gross energy (GE), organic matter (OM), ether extract (EE), crude protein, SDF and hemicellulose, the hindgut disappearance and ATTD of dietary fiber components, the lactate and propionate concentrations in ileal digesta and the butyrate, valerate and total SCFA concentrations in feces. There were interactions (p<0.05) between BW and fiber sources on the AID of GE, OM, EE, SDF, hemicellulose, the ATTD of EE, TDF, and IDF, and the hindgut disappearance of SDF and hemicellulose.Conclusion: Increasing BW mainly improved the digestibility of dietary fiber fractions, and the dietary fiber sources influenced the digestibility of almost all the dietary nutrients in growing pigs.
Serum adipokines play different roles in type I and II ketosis
Authors: Shen Liuhong , Zhu Yingkun , Xiao Jinbang , Qian Bolin , You Liuchao , Zhang Yue , Yu Shumin , Zong Xiaolan , Cao Suizhong
Published: December 2019

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the differences in several serum adipokines in perinatal dairy cows with type I and II ketosis, and the correlations between these adipokines and the two types of ketosis.Methods: Serum adiponectin (ADP), leptin (LEP), resistin, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels, and energy balance indicators related to ketosis were measured. Type I and II ketosis were distinguished by serum glucose (Glu) and Y values and the correlations between adipokines in the two types of ketosis were analyzed.Results: β-Hydroxybutyric acid of type I ketosis cows was significantly negatively correlated with insulin (INS) and LEP and had a significant positive correlation with serum ADP. In type II ketosis cows, ADP and LEP were significantly negatively correlated, and INS and resistin were significantly positively correlated. Revised quantitative INS sensitivity check index (RQUICKI) values had a significantly positive correlation with ADP and had a very significant and significant negative correlation with resistin, TNF-α, and IL-6. ADP was significantly negatively correlated with resistin and TNF-α, LEP had a significantly positive correlation with TNF-α, and a significantly positive correlation was shown among resistin, IL-6, and TNF-α. There was also a significant positive correlation between IL-6 and TNF-α.Conclusion: INS, ADP, and LEP might exert biological influences to help the body recover from negative energy balance, whereas resistin, TNF-α, and IL-6 in type II ketosis cows exacerbated INS resistance and inhibited the production and secretion of ADP, weakened INS sensitivity, and liver protection function, and aggravated ketosis.
The investigation of combined ventilation-biofilter systems using recycled treated wastewater on odor reduction efficiency
Authors: Febrisiantosa Andi , Choi Hong L. , Renggaman Anriansyah , Sudiarto Sartika I. A. , Lee Joonhee
Published: December 2019

Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the performance of odor abatement by using two different ventilation-biofilter systems with recycled stablized swine wastewater.Methods: The performance of odor removal efficiency was evaluated using two different ventilation-biofilter-recycled wastewater arrangements. A recirculating air-flow ventilation system connected to a vertical biofilter (M1) and a plug-flow ventilation system connected to a horizontal biofilter (M2) were installed. Water dripping over the surface of the biofilter was recycled at a flow rate of 0.83 L/h in summer and 0.58 L/h in winter to reduce odorous compounds and particulate matter (PM). The experiments were performed for 64 days with M1 and M2 to investigate how these two ventilation-biofilter systems influenced the reduction of odor compounds in the model houses. Odorous compounds, NH3 and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were analyzed, and microclimatic variables such as temperature, humidity, and PM were monitored.Results: Ammonia concentration inside M1 was about 41% higher on average than that in M2. PM and total suspended particles (TSPs) inside M1 were about 62.2% and 69.9%, respectively, higher than those in M2. TSPs in the model house were positively correlated with the concentration of NH3 and VOCs.Conclusion: M2 emitted lower concentration of odorous compounds than M1. Moreover, M2 could maintain the optimum temperature condition for a swine house during the cooler season. The plug-flow ventilation–horizontal biofilter system could be used for pig houses to minimize air pollution produced by swine farming activities and maintain optimum microclimate conditions for pigs.
Aesthetic Rationality
Authors: Frank William A. ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: December 2019

Despite Newman’s negligible direct familiarity with the works and thought of John Duns Scotus, there has been recent discussion of affinities between the two along a range of philosophical approaches and sensibilities. These notes introduce the thesis that both Scotus and Newman share a disposition to appeal to aesthetic rationality when it comes to asserting certain basic truths critical to Christian understanding. Recent Scotus studies have demonstrated the deep and pervasive presence of the aesthetic dimension in Duns Scotus’s thought. In the latter half of this paper I argue for the importance of aesthetic rationality in understanding Newman’s illative sense, which is perhaps his most important contribution to philosophical thought.
Цифровая экономика
Authors: Ковалев Сергей Протасович ,   Lobachevsky State University Press
Published: December 2019

Сформулировано полезное назначение цифро-вой экономики для массовых хозяйственных субъектов, состоящее в радикальном повышении доступности экономических эффектов посредст-вом внедрения цифровых технологий и плат-форменных решений. Предложен экосистемный подход как средство снижения законодательных и технологических рисков недостижения полез-ного назначения. Показаны полезные эффекты цифровой трансформации для заинтересован-ных сторон на примере энергетики, которая пе-рестраивается по аналогии с сетью Интернет в сеть ячеек, инкапсулирующих функции генера-ции, потребления, хранения энергоресурсов.
Цифровая экономика образования
Authors: Смирнова Ольга Михайловна ,   Lobachevsky State University Press
Published: December 2019

В статье рассматривается вопрос о том, каким образом высшее образование будет развиваться в рамках цифровой экономики. Как связаны со-временные рыночные механизмы и риски выбо-ра модели образования в условиях глобальной цифровизации? Поднимается проблема цифро-вого технооптимизма, технопессимизма, техно-реализма в сфере высшего образования. Опре-деляется приоритетная область риска для циф-рового бизнеса – она находится в сфере образо-вания, то есть там, где готовят будущих специа-листов для работы в цифровом бизнесе. Важ-нейшая проблема цифровой экономики образо-вания – принятие объективности риска. Возрас-тает риск неконтролируемого влияния киберси-стемы и цифровой платформы на самого челове-ка. Рост рисков в связи с продвижением высоко-технологичных интеллектуальных платформ со-провождается последующим отказом от иссле-дования гуманитарных проблем. Политический выбор модели экономики образования приво-дит к резким различиям в способах финансиро-вания высших учебных заведений. Цифровая оп-тимизация экономики образования сегодня на-ходится в точке бифуркации.
Глобальный и локальный масштабы анализа цифровых трансформаций
Authors: Герасимова Ирина Алексеевна ,   Lobachevsky State University Press
Published: December 2019

В данной статье предлагается различать мас-штабы анализа цифровых трансформаций экономики и общества – глобальный и ло-кальный. Постулируется взаимосвязь разных масштабов исследования. Автор обращает внимание на необходимость согласования языков различных дисциплин. Возрастающая сложность и непредсказуемость изменений социального пространства в общественном сознании воспринимается как вызов. Фило-софская категория «неопределенности» при-обретает черты составного теоретического конструкта («онто-эпистема»). Дискутируется проблема места и роли инструментального интеллекта в социальных практиках, обсуж-даются вызовы цифровых трансформаций об-щества в контексте когнитивной эволюции.
Почему экономисты не убедительны?
Authors: Остиллио Томмазо ,   Lobachevsky State University Press
Published: December 2019

В данной статье рассматривается идея об эпи-стемологических ограничениях экономики, по крайней мере, относительно двух основных аспектов: во-первых, экономика не справляет-ся с неопределенностью так же эффективно, как естественные науки; во-вторых, экономика предполагает, что рациональные модели мак-симизации полезности реальны только в тер-минах обеспечения вычетов в рамках эконо-мических моделей. Исходя из этого, утвер-ждается, что высокий уровень абстрагирова-ния от реальности экономики ограничивает объяснения ее постоянно меняющейся онто-логии, то есть рынков. В частности, демонст-рируется очевидность эпистемологических ог-раничений экономики на основе двух приме-ров из современной практики, а именно: за-мещения физического труда машинами с ИИ и введения так называемого безусловного ос-новного дохода (БОД), то есть правительст-венных выплат тем гражданам, чья работа была заменена машинами. Автор постулирует, что если бы экономика достигла уровня, когда машины управляют частным или государст-венным бизнесом, а люди получают только БОД, подобная ситуация представляла бы со-бой предельный случай для экономики. В самом деле, как показывает автор, хотя ма-шины и являются идеальным примером ра-циональных максимизаторов полезности, в подобной предельной ситуации стандартная экономическая теория, скорее всего, не спо-собна предсказывать долгосрочные экономи-ческие последствия.
Распределенное познание – аналитика и проблематизация концепта
Authors: Шиповалова Лада Владимировна ,   Lobachevsky State University Press
Published: December 2019

В статье осуществляется анализ понятия рас-пределенного познания, возникшего в науке на стыке когнитивных, антропологических и этнографических исследований в конце XX ве-ка. Прежде всего, проводится различение данного концепта и родственных ему – рас-пределенное знание, ситуационное познание, расширенное сознание и коллективное по-знание; также со ссылкой на работы Эдвина Хатчинса определяются его основные содер-жательные элементы. Далее описываются ис-следовательские контексты, задающие акту-альность данного термина: неклассической эпистемологии, исследований современной технонауки и цифровых технологий. Две за-вершающие части статьи обращаются к про-блемам, характеризующим данное понятие по существу, а также его применение к некото-рым областям. При раскрытии проблем при-менения данного концепта акцент делается на пересечении поля его релевантности, а также областей исследования научной, политиче-ской коммуникации и современных цифровых трансформаций. Это пересечение демонстри-рует возможные границы использования дан-ного концепта, а также ставит новые вопросы, служащие его развитию. Особое внимание к этому концепту обусловлено его возможно-стью быть посредником между когнитивными, эпистемическими, а также культурными и со-циально-политическими контекстами иссле-дования познания.
Ship Repair and Maintenance Management: Application of PERT Analysis on a Tanker Vessel
Authors: Turan Eda , Asar Ridvan
Published: December 2019

The costs in shipbuilding and ship repair and maintenance activities are massive and need several materials in the same production phase. Construction without planning is not rational, and any mistake in the planning phase will cause major loss of time, quality, and financial resources. Planning in ship repair and maintenance yards is more complicated than new building shipyards because the duration time is limited. In this study, 200-m-long tanker’s repair and maintenance period has been planned by program evaluation and review technique analysis in light of the data acquired from X shipyard in Turkey to reflect critical activities that affect the total duration time.
Interspecific differences of stridulatory signals in three species of bark beetles from the genus Polygraphus Er. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) inhabiting the island of Sakhalin
Authors: Kerchev Ivan Andreevich
Published: December 2019

Stridulatory signals are involved in conspecific interactions between bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae). In this study, we compared the qualitative profiles of acoustic signals in three species from the genus Polygraphus Er. Sympatry can be periodically observed in two of them – P. proximus and P. subopacus. Sporadically they occur on the same plants. P. nigrielytris colonize distinctly different host plant species; however, on the island of Sakhalin it inhabits the same biotopes. The purpose of the study is to identify species-specific parameters and the extent of differences in stridulatory signals of these species. Airborne signals produced during the contact of males of the same species were experimentally recorded. Among tested parameters of stridulatory signals, as the most species-specific were noted: chirp duration, number of tooth-strikes per chirp, and intertooth-strike interval.
Unstructured regions in IRE1α specify BiP-mediated destabilisation of the luminal domain dimer and repression of the UPR
Authors: Amin-Wetzel Niko , Neidhardt Lisa , Yan Yahui , Mayer Matthias P , Ron David
Published: December 2019

Coupling of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress to dimerisation-dependent activation of the UPR transducer IRE1 is incompletely understood. Whilst the luminal co-chaperone ERdj4 promotes a complex between the Hsp70 BiP and IRE1’s stress-sensing luminal domain (IRE1LD) that favours the latter’s monomeric inactive state and loss of ERdj4 de-represses IRE1, evidence linking these cellular and in vitro observations is presently lacking. We report that enforced loading of endogenous BiP onto endogenous IRE1α repressed UPR signalling in CHO cells and deletions in the IRE1α locus that de-repressed the UPR in cells, encode flexible regions of IRE1LD that mediated BiP-induced monomerisation in vitro. Changes in the hydrogen exchange mass spectrometry profile of IRE1LD induced by ERdj4 and BiP confirmed monomerisation and were consistent with active destabilisation of the IRE1LD dimer. Together, these observations support a competition model whereby waning ER stress passively partitions ERdj4 and BiP to IRE1LD to initiate active repression of UPR signalling.
Theoretical and Experimental Study of the Distribution of Stress Waves in Linear Viscoelastic Media
Authors: Olali N. V. , Orukari M. A. , Zazymko N. M. , Malezhyk M. P.
Published: December 2019

The influence of viscoelastic properties of an optically sensitive epoxy material on the propagation of pressure waves in a rod was carried out. In the article of determination of the visco-elastic operator, the theoretical relations for the case of propagation of longitudinal waves are obtained based on the results of a photoelastic experiment. The noticeable difference between the experimental data and the calculation at the pulse end can be explained by the change in the propagation velocity of the Fourier decomposition component of the real impulse.
Physical Attributes of Soil in Different Forest Cover in South of Tocantins
Authors: Junior Josué Luiz Marinho , Oliveira Marcileia Dias de , Dias João Lucas Aires , Filho Renisson Neponuceno de Araújo , Neto José de Oliveira Melo , Gonçalves Saulo Boldrini , Filho Moacyr Cunha , Piscoya Victor Casimiro , Fernandes Milton Marques , Holanda Francisco Sandro Rodrigues , Pedrotti Alceu , Filho Raimundo Rodrigues Gomes , Souza Priscila Bezerra de
Published: December 2019

Eucalyptus planting represents 72.7% of the total area of planted trees in Brazil, and is constantly growing in the Cerrado biome. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the physical qualities of soil under Eucalyptus sp. and a fragment of cerrado sensu stricto. The study was conducted at the experimental farm of the Federal University of Tocantins, campus Gurupi, TO, on the coordinates 11º 46’ 25’’ latitude S and 49º 02’ 54’’ longitude W, in soil classified as Plinthosol petric. The collections were performed in the layer with a depth of 0–20 cm, with eleven repetitions for each area. The attributes evaluated were: soil texture, density (DS), particle density (PD) and total porosity (TP). The soil granulometric composition in the two studied areas was predominant of the sandy fraction. The values of DS, PD and TP did not show significant differences by Tukey test (5%), which assumes that the change of cover from cerrado sensu stricto to forest planted with Eucalyptus sp. does not favor physical problems for the soil under study.
Further Analyses of Trends in Malaria Diagnoses and Incidence Rates (2014-2018) in Edo State, Nigeria
Authors: Ebomwonyi A. , Omorogie A. O. , Noutcha M. A. E. , Abajue M. C. , Okiwelu S. N.
Published: December 2019

Background: The United Nations Inter-Agency and Expert Group on Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), established incidence rate as one of the indicators for monitoring progress on Malaria control. Data on malaria incidence rates in Edo State, Nigeria, 2006-2013 were published in 2015. The current study focused on incidence rates, 2014-2018. In addition, trends in malaria diagnoses were also investigated.

Methods: Records of numbers of patients from the 18 Local Government Areas (LGAs) complaining of malaria, at LGA Health Centres, State Hospitals, etc. were obtained from the Department of Disease Control, State Ministry of Health, Benin City. Patients were placed in 3 categories: Fever, without malaria confirmation, confirmed uncomplicated, confirmed severe. Human population records over the 5-year period were obtained from the Nigeria Population Commission, Benin City. Incidence rates were calculated and relative proportions of patients in the 3 categories determined.

Results: The numbers of fever cases, without malaria confirmation, varied across LGAs and constituted 58.00-68.00% of all fever cases annually. In confirmed cases of malaria, most were uncomplicated. The highest numbers of confirmed cases were in Egor and Oredo LGAs. The pattern was similar in uncomplicated and severe cases. The ratios of uncomplicated and severe cases of malaria varied significantly (p<0.05) annually. Malaria incidence rates varied among LGAs in each of the years: 2014 (0.75-5.48%), in 2015 (0.24-2.55%), in 2016 (1.44-5.21%), in 2017 (1.17-9.69%), in 2018 (0.63-4.03%). However, these differences were not significant (p>0.05). In the period 2014-2018, malaria incidence rates of 5.00% and above were recorded only 5times across LGAs: Egor, 2014 (5.48%); Esan Central, 2016 (5.14%; Ovia southwest, 2016 (5.21%), 2017 (9.69%); Uhunmwnde, 2017 (5.05%).

Conclusion: The decline in malaria incidence rates, 2014-2018, over the 2006-2013 data indicates progress. However, there are still daunting challenges which have been detailed in the text. These results also highlight the need for malaria test confirmation rather than utilizing fever as the exclusive symptom for malaria. All stakeholders must intensify efforts to ensure that this downward trend in malaria incidence rates is sustained.
A Study on Low Cost Post Harvest Storage Techniques to Extend the Shelf Life of Citrus Fruits and Vegetables
Authors: Ishaque Fahmida , Hossain Md. Altaf , Sarker Md. Abdur Rashid , Mia Md. Yunus , Dhrubo Atik Shahriar , Uddin Gazi Tamiz , Rahman Md. Hafizur
Published: December 2019

An attempt was made to develop low cost porous evaporative cooling storage structures for extending the shelf life of citrus fruits and vegetables at the Sylhet Agricultural University campus, Bangladesh. Clay soil, bamboo and straw were used as a wall material. Sand, clay, zeolite, rice husk and charcoal etc. were used as a pad material. But the mixture of sand and clay was found as the most efficient pad materials for lowering temperature. Porous evaporative cooling storage structure (PECSS) was developed to reduce the problems of post-harvest losses at farmer level. It is eco-friendly and no energy requirements for storage of vegetables and fruits. PECSS improves the quality and productivity of vegetables and citrus fruits by reducing temperature, prolonging shelf life and reducing post-harvest losses respectively. The study revealed that shelf life of egg-plant (Solanum melongena) was 11 days in PECSS condition and it was 6 days in ambient condition. Therefore, weight loss was 4.07% for PECSS and 11.84% in room condition respectively. Storage life of Ladies finger (Abelmoschus esculentus) was 6 days more in PECSS condition than room condition. Weight loss was 6.62% in PECSS condition and 17.47% loss in ambient condition. In case of Malabar Spinach (Basella alba) it was 6 days for PECSS condition and 3 days for room condition and weight loss was found to be 9.48% and 16.17% respectively. The shelf life of stem amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus) was 5 days in PECSS condition and 2 days in ambient condition. Weight loss was found 7.05% at PECSS condition and 28.62% as in-room condition. By chemical analysis for fruits lemon (Citrus limon) and orange (Citrus sinensis) found that pH and TSS were increased both ambient and PECSS condition but in PECSS condition this rate was less than ambient condition. Vitamin C, percentage juice content, citric acid values all were decrease at both condition but in PECSS condition its rate was the less ambient condition. There is scope for intensive study to improve the firmness of the porous evaporative cooling storage structure (PECSS) to reduce the storage loss of vegetables and citrus fruits for different region and its suitability for large scale design.
Mislocalized cytoplasmic p27 activates PAK1‐mediated metastasis and is a prognostic factor in osteosarcoma
Authors: Chen Xiang , Cates Justin M. M. , Du Yu-Chen , Jain Antrix , Jung Sung Yun , Li Xiao-Nan , Hicks John M. , Man Tsz‐Kwong
Published: December 2019

The development of pulmonary metastasis is the leading cause of death in osteosarcoma (OS), which is the most common malignant bone tumor in children. We have previously reported that the tumor suppressor p27 (KIP1, CDKN1B) is frequently mislocalized to the cytoplasm of OS. However, its prognostic significance and metastatic mechanism are still elusive. Here, we show that cytoplasmic p27 significantly correlated with a higher metastatic status and poorer survival of OS patients (n = 136, P < 0.05), highlighting the clinical significance of p27 mislocalization in OS. Mechanistically, cytoplasmic p27 is co‐immunoprecipitated with p21‐activated kinase 1 (PAK1), which resulted in higher PAK1 phosphorylations, actin polymerization, and cell motility in p27‐mislocalized OS cells. Silencing PAK1 expression in different p27‐mislocalized OS cell lines decreased the migratory and adhesion abilities in vitro, as well as the development of pulmonary metastases in vivo. Similar PAK1‐dependent motility was also observed in other p27‐mislocalized cancer cell lines. In summary, our study suggests that cytoplasmic p27‐mediated PAK1 activation is crucial for OS metastasis. A biomarker‐guided targeted therapeutic approach for metastatic OS and other cancers harboring p27 mislocalization can be developed, where cytoplasmic p27 is used for risk stratification and PAK1 can be exploited as a potential therapeutic target.
Assessment of Writing
Authors: Cushing Sara T.
Published: December 2019

This entry provides a brief overview of important issues in assessing writing, particularly in second language contexts. Globalization and instant electronic communication have brought an increased need to teach and assess writing for a wide range of purposes. After discussing various purposes for assessing writing, the entry provides an overview of the relationship between first and second language writing. Next follows a discussion on research and practical considerations in designing writing assessment tasks and scoring procedures. Finally, some recent trends in writing assessment are discussed, particularly with regard to the use of technology in administering and scoring writing tests.
Council of
E
urope Language Policy and Planning
Authors: Martyniuk Waldemar
Published: December 2019

The Council of Europe, an intergovernmental organization encompassing 47 European states and based in Strasbourg, France, offers a concept of plurilingual and intercultural education. According to this concept, skills in all languages available to the learners should be taken into account and developed further in a lifelong learning process to ensure development of individuals and benefit for the society they live in and contribute to. Council of Europe policy attaches particular importance to the development of plurilingualism—the lifelong enhancement of the individual's linguistic repertoire. Within its Language Policy Programme, the Council of Europe has developed a range of instruments for the implementation of plurilingual and intercultural education. The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages provides a common basis and a common language for the elaboration of syllabi, curriculum guidelines, textbooks, and teacher‐training programs, and for relating examinations to one another. Many countries including those outside Europe have used the publication of the CFER—available by 2018 in 40 languages—to stimulate curriculum and examination reforms across a range of educational sectors. The Council of Europe is also offering guidelines and tools regarding the linguistic integration of migrant children in education systems and the linguistic integration of adult migrants. The European Centre for Modern Languages (ECML), a Council of Europe Partial Agreement based in Graz, Austria, offers support for the implementation of Council of Europe policies at classroom level.
Linguaculture
Authors: Risager Karen
Published: December 2019

This entry presents the concept of linguaculture (or languaculture) by following the history of the concept from the 1980s until today. The concept focuses on and specifies the relationship between language and culture. Originally it was introduced by linguistic anthropologists (Friedrich and Agar) to encompass the single universe of language and (the verbal aspects of) culture (e.g., rural southern Vermont linguaculture). Later it was taken up by language and culture educationalists (Risager and others) to designate the cultural dimensions of language in a globalized world characterized by migrations of people from one cultural context to another, and including situations where the language in question is being learned as a second or foreign language.

Linguaculture has three interrelated dimensions: the semantic–pragmatic dimension, the poetic dimension, and the identity dimension. These dimensions are traditionally studied in relation to languages used as mother tongues or first languages, for instance in cross‐cultural semantics or in cultural linguistics. But in an educational perspective it should be emphasized that the dimensions are transformed in the processes of learning languages as second or foreign languages.
Third Language Acquisition
Authors: Cenoz Jasone
Published: December 2019

Is it the same to acquire a second language or a third language? Does the second language play a role in third language acquisition? Are we more expert learners if we have already learned a second language? These are fascinating questions considering that multilingualism is spread all over the world. This entry discusses the issues examined in third language acquisition research in order to answer these questions. The entry has three sections. The first section defines the scope and focus of this research area. The second gives an idea of the different situations in which a third language or an additional language is learned. Finally, the third section discusses some of the main findings.
Using the First Language and Code Switching in Second Language Classrooms
Authors: Arnett Katy
Published: December 2019

Questions about the use of learners' first language (L1) in the second/foreign language (SL/FL) classroom have been inspired by the methods of language teaching in favor at a particular time, and the beliefs and experiences of the teachers and the students in the classroom. The way in which the L1 is marked or otherwise positioned in the classroom has evolved, more recently intersecting with the ideas of translanguaging. The majority of research since 2000 has largely argued for or otherwise demonstrated benefit of L1 use.
Enhancing the R‐ISS classification of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma by quantifying circulating clonal plasma cells
Authors: Gonsalves Wilson I. , Jevremovic Dragan , Nandakumar Bharat , Dispenzieri Angela , Buadi Francis K. , Dingli David , Lacy Martha Q. , Hayman Suzanne R. , Kapoor Prashant , Leung Nelson , Fonder Amie , Hobbs Miriam , Hwa Yi Lisa , Muchtar Eli , Warsame Rahma , Kourelis Taxiarchis V. , Russell Stephen , Lust John A. , Lin Yi , Go Ronald S. , Siddiqui Mustaqeem A. , Kyle Robert A. , Gertz Morie A. , Rajkumar S. Vincent , Kumar Shaji K.
Published: December 2019

Our prior studies identified the prognostic significance of quantifying cPCs by multiparametric flow cytometry (MFC) in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM) patients. We evaluated if a similar quantification of cPCs could add prognostic value to the current R‐ISS classification of 556 consecutive NDMM patients seen at the Mayo Clinic, Rochester from 2009 to 2017. Those patients that had ≥5 cPCs/μL and either R‐ISS stage I or stage II disease were re‐classified as R‐ISS IIB stage for the purposes of this study. The median time to next therapy (TTNT) and overall survival (OS) for patients with ≥5 cPCs/μL at diagnosis was as follows: R‐ISS I (N = 110) ‐ 40 months and not reached; R‐ISS II (N = 69) ‐ 30 and 72 months; R‐ISS IIB (N = 96) ‐ 21 and 45 months and R‐ISS III (N = 281) ‐ 20 and 47 months respectively. Finally, ≥ 5 cPCs/μL retained its adverse prognostic significance in a multivariable model for TTNT and OS. Hence, quantifying cPCs by MFC can potentially enhance the R‐ISS classification of a subset of NDMM patients with stage I and II disease by identifying those patients with a worse than expected survival outcome.
Asian primates in fragments: Understanding causes and consequences of fragmentation, and predicting primate population viability
Authors: Boonratana Ramesh
Published: December 2019

Ongoing efforts to conserve the Asian primates are severely challenged by increasing rates of habitat loss and fragmentation. Underlying drivers such as rapid economic and population growth throughout much of South, East, and Southeast Asia have confined several populations of Asian primates to isolated fragments. Conservation efforts for these primates are partly hampered by a poor understanding of fragmentation, resulting in an inability to draw up effective long‐term conservation responses. In this manuscript, I show that fragmentation can be understood better when treated both as stress and a threat. Moreover, despite a myriad of causes of fragmentation reported, most are broad descriptions or subject to various interpretations. Here I describe the use of the IUCN‐CMP Unified Classifications of Direct Threats Version 3.2, a convenient and universal tool, for more precise identification of the causes and consequences of fragmentation for Asian primates. I further describe the interrelated variables influencing the persistence of Asian primates in fragments, and the conditions affecting these variables.
Toward Quantum Paraelectric, Paraelastic, and Paramagnetic 2D Materials
Authors: Barraza‐Lopez Salvador
Published: December 2019

Quantum fluctuations are known to affect the finite‐temperature properties of materials made out of light elements such as hydrogen and helium. More recently, it has also been realized that quantum effects may play a role on structural transformations of ferroic materials containing heavier atoms, provided the energy barrier separating two different phases is small when compared to thermal fluctuations. Herein, 2D ferroelectric and ferroelastic materials are showcased as potential candidates to experience quantum effects on their structural conformation at liquid helium temperatures. A brief literature overview of the path integral molecular dynamics approach, which could be useful for the discovery of quantum paraelectric, paraelastic, and paramagnetic behavior in 2D materials, is also provided.
Study of Anti‐Apoptotic mechanism of Ruthenium (II)Polypyridyl Complexes via RT‐PCR and DNA binding
Authors: Vuradi Ravi Kumar , Nambigari Navaneetha , Pendyala Pushpanjali , Gopu Srinivas , Kotha Laxma Reddy , G Deepika , M Vinoda Rani , Sirasani Satyanarayana
Published: December 2019

A set of novel mononuclear polypyridyl complexes of Ru (II) with N – N donar ligands 1, 10 phenanthroline (phen), 2, 2′ bipyridine (bpy), 4, 4′‐dimethyl 2, 2′ bipyridine (dmb) and an intercalating ligand (bnpip = 2‐(4‐butoxy‐3‐nitrophenyl)‐1H‐imidazo [4,5‐f] [1,10] phenanthroline) have been synthesized and characterized by various spectral methods. The RT ‐ PCR assays suggest that ruthenium (II) complexes inhibit MCF‐7, breast cancer cell line by inducing apoptosis via inhibition of cell cycle check points cyclin D, cyclin E and also upregulation of caspase 8 (protein involved in late Apoptosis). Further the binding potency of Ru (II) complexes were investigated using various spectroscopic techniques like UV–visible, fluorescence and viscosity studies. The complex binds to DNA in an intercalative mode as confirmed by viscosity data with differential binding strength. All complexes show cleavage of the pBR322 DNA through a singlet oxygen production. Theoretical evidence via docking of the complex with DNA reveals the significant residues of binding as guanine.
Combination of α‐Fe2O3, CdS and reduced graphene oxide: high‐performance and recyclable visible light photocatalysis
Authors: Lei Yun , Chen Yanguang , Yu Pengfei , He Guangyu , Zhu Yuanjie , Chen Haiqun
Published: December 2019

A magnetic heterogeneous α‐Fe2O3/CdS‐RGO (RGO: reduced graphene oxide) composite photocatalyst was synthesized using the one‐step hydrothermal method. The α‐Fe2O3 and CdS nanoparticles with a diameter range of 20~60 nm were synchronously loaded/distributed on the surface of RGO. The as‐synthesized α‐Fe2O3/CdS‐RGO nanocomposites were analyzed using X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform‐infrared spectra, BET surface area, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, UV–Vis diffusive reflectance spectra and Raman spectroscopy. Compared with the pure CdS, α‐Fe2O3 and α‐Fe2O3/CdS nanoparticles, the α‐Fe2O3/CdS‐RGO nanocomposites expanded the adsorption range of visible‐light, and showed significant photocatalytic performance and cyclic stability for degradation of methylene blue in visible light. Also, the remarkable catalytic performances mainly depend on its special structure of the α‐Fe2O3/CdS‐RGO, which enabled the effective separation of the electron–hole pairs. These attractive features make the α‐Fe2O3/CdS‐RGO nanocomposite to be a photocatalyst with great application potential in water pollutants treatment.
Effect of liquid plasticizers on crystallization of PCL in soft PVC/PCL/plasticizer blends
Authors: Xu Yang , Xiong Ying , Guo Shaoyun
Published: December 2019

In this work, poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) and liquid plasticizer were combined used to plasticize poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), and the possibility of using PVC/PCL/plasticizer blends to fabricate soft PVC with enhanced migration resistance was investigated. Through partial replacement of liquid plasticizers in soft PVC by equal quantity of PCL, flexibility was maintained while extraction loss of plasticizer by organic solvent was reduced significantly. Furthermore, crystallization of PCL in PVC/PCL/plasticizer blends with low PCL content was observed, and crystallization rate of PCL was found to be influenced by plasticizer contents and structures. For instance, crystallization rate of PCL in PVC/PCL/diisononyl phthalate (DINP) (100/40/100) was 3.7 times faster than in PVC/PCL/DINP (100/40/80), while crystallization rate of PCL in PVC/PCL/dioctyl adipate(DOA)(100/40/100) was 8.3 times faster than in PVC/PCL/diisononyl cyclohexane‐1,2‐dicarboxylate (DINCH) (100/40/100). Low‐field 1H NMR test manifested that different crystallization rate of PCL in PVC/PCL/plasticizer blends with different plasticizer structures was triggered by difference in plasticizers' compatibility with PVC, that is, the number of interaction point between PVC and plasticizers. It is concluded that PCL crystallization favored by liquid plasticizers in PVC/PCL/plasticizer blends was induced by interaction competition between PVC/plasticizer and PVC/PCL. As plasticizer content increases or its compatibility with PVC decreases, interaction competition becomes more intense and consequently faster crystallization of PCL occurs. Thus, to obtain soft PVC products with improve migration resistance while avoiding PCL crystallization, the total content of plasticizer (including both liquid plasticizer and PCL) should be lower than 66 phr (40 wt %). © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48803.
Congenital fibular dystrophisms conform to embryonic arterial dysgenesis
Authors: Hootnick David R.
Published: December 2019

The congenital short limb (CSL) with fibular deficiency has traditionally been graded by plain radiography. The most popular orthopedic classification sorts the fibular dysmorphologies into three radiographic groupings: IA (thinned), IB (proximally truncated), or II (absent). In contrast, the soft tissues have been relatively neglected. Since bone formation of the fibula progresses from the anlage, a scaffolding cartilage mold intermediate, cartilage transformation to bone is dependent upon timely embryonic arterial invasion. Absences of the requisite arteries predicate specific skeletal dysmorphologies. The usual arterial supply of the fibula is comprised primarily of the anterior tibialis artery (ATA), which uniquely supplies the proximal portion of the fibula, and also joins the peroneal artery (PA) in supplying the mid to distal fibular shaft. Combinations of the two nutrient arteries allow four potential variations of fibular vascular supply, among which the ATA and PA conjoin to supply the normal fibula and variably supply the three dysmorphic fibular models. The IA and IB deformities conform, respectively, to the absences of the PA and the ATA. Combined ATA and PA absences present in the radiographically “absent” fibula. Thus, each of the four fibular (dys)morphologies conforms to a specific embryonic pattern of arterial development. The term “dystrophism” most accurately characterizes such malformed long bones.
Research leadership flow determinants and the role of proximity in research collaborations
Authors: He Chaocheng , Wu Jiang , Zhang Qingpeng
Published: December 2019

Characterizing the leadership in research is important to revealing the interaction pattern and organizational structure through research collaboration. This research defines the leadership role based on the corresponding author's affiliation, and presents the first quantitative research on the factors and evolution of 5 proximity dimensions (geographical, cognitive, institutional, social, and economic) of research leadership. The data to capture research leadership consist of a set of multi‐institution articles in the fields of “Life Sciences & Biomedicine,” “Technology,” “Physical Sciences,” “Social Sciences,” and “Humanities & Arts” during 2013–2017 from the Web of Science Core Citation Database. A Tobit regression‐based gravity model indicates that the mass of research leadership of both the leading and participating institutions and the geographical, cognitive, institutional, social, and economic proximities are important factors for the flow of research leadership among Chinese institutions. In general, the effect of these proximities for research leadership flow has been declining recently. The outcome of this research sheds light on the leadership evolution and flow among Chinese institutions, and thus can provide evidence and support for grant allocation policies to facilitate scientific research and collaborations.
The association analysis between CYP24A1 genetic polymorphisms and the risk of ischemic stroke in Chinese Han population
Authors: Yang Wei , Ma Fenghui , Wang Li , He Xue , Zhang Hengxun , Zheng Jianwen , Wang Yuhe , Jin Tianbo , Yuan Dongya , He Yongjun
Published: December 2019

Aims

Stroke is a complicated neurological disease and the second leading cause of death in the world. We aimed to investigate the association between CYP24A1 genetic polymorphisms and ischemic stroke risk.

Methods

In this case–control study, four single‐nucleotide polymorphisms of CYP24A1 were selected and genotyped by MassARRAY platform in Chinese Han population. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated via logistic regression analysis with adjustment in genetic models.

Results

Our results indicated that CYP24A1 variant (rs1570669) was associated with the decreased risk of ischemic stroke (OR = 0.60, p < .001). Stratification analysis showed that the rs6068816 could enhance the ischemic stroke risk by 1.64 times (OR = 1.64, p = .028), while rs1570669 played protective role (OR = 0.63, p = .044) in age >64 years. The rs2762934 had an increased ischemic stroke susceptibility (OR = 1.62, p = .033); however, rs1570669 might reduce stroke risk (OR = 0.61, p = .015) in age ≤64 years. The rs1570669 depressed ischemic stroke susceptibility both in female and male patients (OR = 0.46, p = .002; OR = 0.69, p = .033, respectively), and rs2296241 would weaken the risk in male (OR = 0.63, p = .012). The rs1570669 was associated with decreased risk of ischemic stroke with hypertension (OR = 0.56, p = .042).

Conclusion

Our study gave the evidences that CYP24A1 genetic polymorphisms were significantly associated with ischemic stroke patients, which would provide useful information of assessment or possible diagnostic markers for ischemic stroke.
Noncovalent Spin‐Labeling of DNA and RNA Triplexes
Authors: Kamble Nilesh , Wolfrum Manpreet , Halbritter Thomas , Sigurdsson Snorri T. , Richert Clemens
Published: December 2019

Studying nucleic acids often requires labeling. Many labeling approaches require covalent bonds between the nucleic acid and the label, which complicates experimental procedures. Noncovalent labeling avoids the need for highly specific reagents and reaction conditions, and the effort of purifying bioconjugates. Among the least invasive techniques for studying biomacromolecules are NMR and EPR. Here, we report noncovalent labeling of DNA and RNA triplexes with spin labels that are nucleobase derivatives. Spectroscopic signals indicating strong binding were detected in EPR experiments in the cold, and filtration assays showed micromolar dissociation constants for complexes between a guanine‐derived label and triplex motifs containing a single‐nucleotide gap in the oligopurine strand. The advantages and challenges of noncovalent labeling via this approach that complements techniques relying on covalent links are discussed.