bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HISTOENZYMOLOGY OF THE DEVELOPING RAT SPINAL CORD
Authors: SCHOENEN J.
Published: May 2008

Using histochemical methods the activity of acetylcholinesterase, acid phosphatase and various dehydrogenases was investigated in the developing rat spinal cord. At the ninth embryonic day (E9) only the activity of the lactate dehydrogenase slow‐moving isoenzymes was prominent in spinal neurons. Between E13 and E15 an increase was observed in the activity of most of the dehydrogenases and of acid phosphatase in motoneurons and posterior root ganglion cells. Between E15 and E17 acetylcholinesterase activity increased markedly. On E17 and E20, this enzyme was also detectable in anterior and posterior roots and in neurons of the intermediate grey matter. On E20, although all grey matter neurons were cytologically fully differentiated, their enzymatic content was found to be still incomplete. The prominent acid phosphatase reaction within laminae I and II, which is characteristic of the adult rat, was absent in the fetal spinal cord. These findings indicate that the spinal cord metabolism is predominantly anaerobic during the first two‐thirds of gestation. The histoenzymological maturation of grey‐matter neurons is delayed in comparison to their cytological differentiation. Furthermore, the ontogenesis of motoneuronal acetylcholinesterase activity correlates well with the development of motor activities in the rat fetus.
KINETICS OF CELL PROLIFERATION IN THE POSTNATAL RAT DENTATE GYRUS
Authors: LEWIS P. D.
Published: May 2008

Cell cycle parameters in the dentate gyrus of the postnatal rat hippocampus were measured, using the method of percentage labelled mitoses. In animals aged 1, 6 and 12 days, cell cycle times range from 15‐1 to 17‐7 h, S phase duration from 10‐1 to 11‐7 h, length of the G2 phase from 2–5 to 3‐3 h and G1 from 1‐1 to 2–4 h. These figures are similar to those obtained for other precursor cell populations in the brain. On the day after birth the labelling index in the dentate hilus is 4–5% and estimated turnover time 220 h, while on day 6 the labelling index is 3–7% and estimated turnover time 310 h. It is calculated that precursor cells outnumber granule cells by at least 3:1 at birth and 2:1 by day 6.
FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF MYELIN LIPIDS (CEREBROSIDES, SULPHATIDES AND SPHINGOMYELIN) FROM NORMAL HUMAN SURAL NERVE, AND CHANGES IN PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY
Authors: HEIPERTZ R. , PILZ H. , SEIDEL D. , KLAUKE W. , GOEBEL H. H.
Published: May 2008

Fatty acids of cerebrosides, sulphatides and sphingomyelin from normal human sural nerve, by comparison with brain, show a diminution of long‐chained fatty acids as well as unsaturated fatty acids. The findings in brachial plexus are intermediate. In cases of peripheral neuropathy from various causes sphingomyelin fatty acid composition reveals pronounced loss of long‐chained fatty acids, a phenomenon that is probably unspecific and may be associated with all forms of demyelination. Problems associated with the limited amount of nervous tissue available from biopsy specimens are discussed.
GENERAL DISEASE IN 120 NECROPSY‐PROVEN CASES OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
Authors: ALLEN INGRID V. , MILLAR J. H. D. , HUTCHINSON M. J.
Published: May 2008

The general pathology in 120 necropsy‐proven cases of multiple sclerosis has been compared with that of matched neurological and general controls. There was no significant difference in the incidence of coronary thrombosis, myocardial infarction, cerebral haemorrhage, thyroid atrophy and splenic haemosiderosis. There was also no significant difference in malignancy in the three groups. The implications of these findings with particular reference to immunopathology are discussed. 74% of patients with multiple sclerosis died from complications of the disease: 26% died from apparently unrelated diseases.
LYSOSOMAL STORAGE IN SWAINSONA SPP. TOXICOSIS: AN INDUCED MANNOSIDOSIS
Authors: DORLING P. R. , HUXTABLE C. R. , VOGEL P.
Published: May 2008

Ingestion of Swainsona spp. by grazing livestock results in a chronic disease characterized by neurological disturbances and intense vacuolation of cells in most organs. Experiments were carried out using Swainsona canescens and evidence is presented to show that tissues from affected animals contain high levels of mannose‐rich oligosaccharides and that the plant contains an inhibitor of lysosomal α‐mannosidase. It is concluded that ingestion of Swainsona induces a lysosomal storage disease, biochemically and morphologically similar to genetically determined mannosidosis. The role of this process in relation to Swainsona toxicosis is discussed.
BUCKTHORN NEUROPATHY: EFFECTS OF INTRANEURAL INJECTION OF KARWINSKIA HUMBOLDTIANA TOXIN
Authors: MITCHELL J. , WELLERR R. O. , EVANS H. , ARAI I. , JR G. D. DAVES
Published: May 2008

Ingestion of the endocarp of the coyotillo fruit, Karwinskia humboldtiana, a shrub of the buckthorn family, causes ‘Buckthorn neuropathy’ in man and animals. Two neurotoxic compounds T496 and T544 were isolated from the endocarp and each toxin was dissolved in sesame oil and injected into the sciatic nerve of rats. The nerves were subsequently examined by teasing and as sections by light and electron microscopy. During the first 3–4 days after injection, oil droplets, probably containing toxin, were observed in the cytoplasm of Schwann cells with intact myelin sheaths. Clinical signs of weakness in the limb first appeared at 5–6 days and were accompanied by segmental demyelination mainly of the larger fibres. These observations suggest that the toxins have a primary action on Schwann cell metabolism. The results of local injection of purified toxins are discussed in relation to reports of nerve damage in animals following oral administration of the endocarp where intramyelin vacuole formation and segmental demyelination are prominent features.
STUDIES OF CULTURED HUMAN AND SIMIAN FETAL BRAIN CELLS
Authors: OSTER‐GRANITE MARY LOU , NARAYAN O. , JOHNSON R. T. , HERNDON R. M.
Published: May 2008

Both simian virus 40 (SV40) and BK viruses infected and lysed not only oligodendroblasts and astrocytes, but also neuroblasts and epithelioid or mesenchymal cells in cultures of fetal brain cells derived from human, rhesus, and cynomolgus hosts. Lytic infections of these four cell types differed ultrastructurally in the amount and arrangement of virions in the nucleus, the extent of nuclear membrane redundancy, the presence of nuclear virion arrays, and the amounts of virions in the cytoplasm. However, major differences were not noted between SV40 and BK viruses, nor between different species of origin or region of brain explanted. Modified astrocytic cells persisted in cultures from all three sources after infection by either virus. These cells stained for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and polyomavirus tumour (T) antigen, but did not subculture indefinitely.
EFFECTS OF THIOPHENE ON THE PURKINJE CELL DENDRITIC TREE: A QUANTITATIVE GOLGI STUDY
Authors: BRADLEY P. , BERRY M.
Published: May 2008

Bradley P. & Berry M. (1979) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology5, 9–16

Effects of thiophene on the Purkinje cell dendritic tree: a quantitative Golgi study

A quantitative analysis was made of alterations in the dendritic organisation of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum of the adult rat following the administration of the degranulating agent, thiophene. This substance completely eliminated the granule cell population in a number of regions of cerebellar cortex. Purkinje cell dendritic trees in these regions were markedly reduced in size when compared with control cells and provided evidence for a non‐random loss of dendritic segments. Other dendritic abnormalities were noted. These results were discussed in relation to current theories of neuronal maintenance, and the feasibility of using toxic degranulating agents, such as thiophene, was considered.
UNATTACHED PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS IN A CEREBELLAR NEUROBLASTOMA IN THE HUMAN
Authors: HIRANO ASAO , SHIN WOO‐YUNG
Published: May 2008

Hirano A. & Shin W.‐Y. (1979) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology5, 63–70

Unattached presynaptic terminals in a cerebellar neuroblastoma in the human

Many unattached presynaptic terminals were seen in a cerebellar neuroblastoma removed from a 3‐year‐old boy. It was concluded that presynaptic terminals may develop without the immediate influence of a postsynaptic mate on a one‐to‐one basis.
THE EARLY ULTRASTRUCTURAL ALTERATIONS IN THE RABBIT CEREBRAL AND CEREBELLAR CORTEX AFTER COMPRESSION ISCHAEMIA
Authors: KALIMO H. , PALJÄRVI L. , VAPALAHTI M.
Published: May 2008

The early ultrastructural alterations in the rabbit cerebral and cerebellar cortex after compression ischaemia

The ultrastructural alterations in the rabbit cerebral and cerebellar cortex resulting from 30 minutes complete, permanent cerebral ischaemia were studied. The ischaemia was induced by raising the intracranial pressure (ICP) above the systolic arterial pressure (compression ischaemia). Immediately after releasing the ICP the brain was fixed by intravascular glutaraldehyde perfusion. Samples from the cerebral and cerebellar cortex were processed for electron microscopy. The ultrastructural changes were relatively minor; there was a generalised, slight intracellular oedema, most prominent in the subpial area; the nuclear chromatin was clumped, the endo. plasmic reticulum and cisternae of the golgi apparatus became somewhat dilated, the inner matrix of the slightly swollen mitochondria showed increased electron lucency, and microtubules and ribosomes began to loose their compact structure. These changes, unaccompanied by any extensive volumetric change of any cellular compartment, agree well with the recently presented hypothesis of two different types of anoxic‐ischaemic nerve cell injury. This cellular reaction to complete, permanent compression ischaemia represents the type of injury that is seen resulting from ischaemic insults during which no flow of fluid irrigates the ischsemically injured cells.
RAT CNS IN EXPERIMENTAL CHRONIC SERUM SICKNESS: INTEGRITY OF THE ZONULAE OCCLUDENTES OF THE CHOROID PLEXUS EPITHELIUM AND BRAIN ENDOTHELIUM IN EXPERIMENTAL CHRONIC SERUM SICKNESS
Authors: PERESS NANCY S. , TOMPKINS D. C.
Published: May 2008

Rat CNS in experimental chronic serum sickness: integrity of the zonulae occludentes of the choroid plexus epithelium and brain endothelium in experimental chronic serum sickness

The present study is an extensive systematic immunofluorescence and labelled electron microscopic investigation of chronic rat serum sickness brains. It is specifically directed at discerning effects of chronic serum sickness upon the zonulae occludentes of both the choroid plexus epithelium and the intra‐cerebral endothelium. Although the choroid plexus is a known site of complex entrapment in systemic immune complex disorders, comprehensive immune studies of the CNS parenchymal vasculature have not yet been reported in either experimental or spontaneous immune complex disease. We examined by direct immunofluorescence techniques over 70 blocks of experimental chronic serum sickness brains taken from 16 animals with severe glomerular disease and found them to be uniformly negative for the presence of immune deposits. No horseradish peroxidase was seen beyond the restricting zonulae occludentes of either the choroid plexus or the cerebral endothelium in tissue from three seriously affected animals. These structural barriers retained their integrity despite the extensive cizculation and deposition of complexes and complement induced in the experimental model and the associated release of vasoactive substances.
OSTEOMALACIC MYOPATHY: AN EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH
Authors: SWASH M. , SCHWARTZ M. S. , SARGEANT MARGARET K.
Published: May 2008

Osteomalacic myopathy: an experimental approach

Attempts to induce osteomalacic myopathy in the rat and the morphological and biochemical features of these animals are described.
PIGMENT‐FILLED APPENDAGES OF THE SMALL SPINY NEURONS: A SEVERE PATHOLOGICAL CHANGE OF THE STRIATUM IN NEURONAL CEROID LIPOFUSCINOSIS
Authors: BRAAK H. , BRAAK E. , GULLOTTA F. , GOEBELT H. H.
Published: May 2008

Pigment‐filled appendages of the small spiny neurons: a severe pathological change of the striatum in neuronal ceroid lipofusrinosis

In neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, the small spinous nerve cells of the striatum show a conspicuous pathological change in that they develop spindle‐shaped and pigment‐filled appendages of the soma. The axon emerges from the tip of these expansions, the volume of which often exceeds that of the cell body. The aspiny neurons of the striatum do not show this alteration. The pigment‐filled expansions close to the axon may be considered an early sign of neuronal degeneration. The small spinous nerve cell is the predominant cell type of the striatum which receives inputs from various sources. Its slowly progressive destruction might account for extra‐pyramidal motor disturbances in the course of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis.
THE FRAGILITY OF CEREBRAL LYSOSOMES IN MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
Authors: McKEOWN STEPHANIE R. , ALLEN INGRID V.
Published: May 2008

The fragility of cerebral lysosomes in multiple sclerosis

The possibility that cerebral lysosomes in the white matter from patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) are more fragile than in normal controls was investigated in tissue obtained at necropsy. In the MS cases no differences were found in results from samples obtained from histologically distinct areas of white matter, i.e. plaque, periplaque and macroscopically normal white matter. However, in comparison to white matter from a group of controls, certain differences were found. Firstly, the cerebral lysosomes in MS white matter appeared to be more fragile than those in the control cases. Secondly, the remaining intact lysosomes in MS cases showed different characteristics from those obtained in control cases. These results, in the light of earlier experiments in rat brain, were interpreted as further evidence of a greater fragility in the cerebral lysosomes from MS cases. The implications of these results in relation to current thinking on the aetiology of MS are discussed.
A QUANTITATIVE HISTOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF ACUTE TRIETHYL LEAD POISONING ON THE ADULT MOUSE BRAIN
Authors: STURROCK R. R.
Published: May 2008

A quantitative histological study of the effects of acute trithyl lead poisoning on the adult mouse brain

The effects of a single injection of triethyl lead chloride on the mouse brain was studied 1, 3, 5, 7 and 30 days postinjection using quantitative histological techniques. The total number of glia in the anterior commissure was significantly reduced following injection but by 30 days postinjection had returned to normal. The number of neurons and the number of glia in the indusium griseum did not change significantly. The number of mitotic cells in the subependymal layer fell slightly from 1 to 3 days postinjection then returned to normal 5 days postinjection. The number of pyknotic cells in the subependymal layer did not appear to change following injection. In the anterior commissure the number of mitotic cells fell significantly from 1 to 3 days postinjection and then increased significantly at 5 days postinjection. A similar increase in mitosis was found at 5 days post‐injection in the indusium griseum. At 7 days postinjection a significant decrease occurred in pyknotic cells in the anterior commissure and indusium griseum. Changes in the percentage of each type of glial cell present were found 30 days post‐injection. This suggests that although the total number of glia may return to normal the number of each type of glial cell present changes following injection of triethyl lead. There was no evidence of cerebral oedema following triethyl lead injection either at the light or electron microscopic level.
THE BLOOD‐NERVE BARRIER AND RECONSTITUTION OF THE PERINEURIUM FOLLOWING NERVE GRAFTING
Authors: AHMED A. M. , WELLER R. O.
Published: May 2008

The blood‐nerve barrier and reconstitution of the perineurium following nerve grafting

Sural nerve autografts were performed on intact rat sural nerves and on sural nerves excised proximal to the site of grafting. The effect of the presence or absence of regenerating axons upon reconstitution of the perineurium at the graft junctions and upon re‐establishment of the blood‐nerve barrier to horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were studied over the succeeding 3–24 weeks. Compartmentation of the nerve fascicle occurred at the graft junctions where the perineurium was damaged. Each compartment contained Schwann cells with or without axons and was surrounded by elongated fibroblast‐like cells which resembled perineurial cells in the longer surviving animals. It was concluded that, (a) compartments form in a nerve at the site of perineurial damage even in the absence of axons; (b) although compartmentation may be a mechanism for perineurial regeneration and reconstitution of the blood‐nerve barrier, blood vessels and the cell layers forming compartments at graft junctions remain permeable to HRP for at least 6 months; and (c) the intact perineurium around the distal stump of a denervated nerve is permeable to HRP but the endoneurial blood vessels are not.
FINE STRUCTURE OF MUSCLE IN HUuMAN DISUSE ATROPHY: SIGNIFICANCE OF PROXIMAL MUSCLE INVOLVEMENT IN MUSCLE DISORDERS*
Authors: DASTUR DARAB K. , GAGRAT BOMI M. , MANGHANI DAYA K.
Published: May 2008

Abstracts Dastur D.K., Gagrat B.M. & Manghani D.K. (1979) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology5, 85–101

Fine structure of muscle in human disuse atrophy: significance of proximal muscle involvement in muscle disorders

The universal occurrence of weakness of skeletal musculature on disuse, however produced, and the paucity of published reports on the fine structural changes in human disuse atrophy, prompted the present investigation. The quadriceps muscle of a leg immobilized in plaster cast (for fracture) and of the opposite non‐immobilized limb was biopsied in four adult males, after periods of immobilization from 50 to 75 days. These 8 muscle specimens were examined for histopathological changes, and muscle fibre diameters were measured by micrometry from paraffin sections. The histograms revealed a larger proportion of small fibres (<20 μm) and a smaller proportion of large fibres (> 40μm) in the immobilized limb compared to the opposite. Thus, light microscopy showed only atrophic changes. This was confirmed by elec‐tronmicroscopy, where atrophy of few to several muscle fibres was seen in the form of loss of myofibrils, collapse and folding of the basement membrane and prominence of glycogen or muscle nuclei. The atrophic change was more severe in the immobilized limbs, but it was also noticeable in all the non‐immobilized limbs. Degenerative changes, especially disorganization and breakdown of myofibrils, and fragmentation of plasma membrane, were also seen in occasional atrophied muscle fibres, again more frequently in the immobilized limb. Lipofuscin was often found accumulated in muscle fibres and occasionally in endothelial cells of intramuscular blood vessels; the latter showed prominent pinocytotic vesicles or thickened basement membrane. It is concluded that both atrophy and degeneration of fibres of proximal muscles can occur as non‐specific consequences of disuse of the limb in man, that degeneration is a later and more severe change, that muscles even of the non‐immobilized leg are subjected to disuse atrophy during bed‐rest, and that the proximal muscles in man seem to have a natural susceptibility to atrophy and degeneration in any muscular disorder.
BASAL MEMBRANE LABYRINTHS IN THE HEALING STAGES OF CHICK NUTRITIONAL ENCEPHALOPATHY
Authors: SANDBANK U. , BUBIS J. J. , BARTOV I. , DROR I. , BUDOWSKI P. , WOLMAN M.
Published: May 2008

Basal membrane labyrinths in the healing stages of chick nutritional encephalopathy

Chicks were fed a diet rich in oxidized oil and deficient in a‐tocopherol. As soon as nutritional encephalopathy developed the animals were immediately put on to a normal diet, and kept alive for up to 166 days. Examination of the cerebellum showed multiple foci of healed encephalomalacia with EM appearance of basal membrane labyrinths between astroglial cells and around blood vessels. The possible origin of the basement membrane material in this condition was considered and compared with similar formations in normal animals, in CNS tumour explants, and after portacaval anastomosis as well as after spinal cord lesions.
A NOTE ON THE PLOIDY OF PURKINJE CELLS; SEX CHROMATIN IN FIELD VOLE (Microtus agrestis) AND MAN
Authors: LEWIS P. D. , EVANS D. J.
Published: May 2008

A note on the ploidy of Purkinje cells: sex chromatin in field vole (Microtus agrestis) and man

Examination of sex chromatin bodies in Purkinje cell nuclei suggests only a diploid chromosomal content: there is no increase in number or size above that seen in diploid cells.
TRANSPORT OF MICROPEROXIDASE ACROSS SEGMENTS OF CEREBRAL ARTERIOLES UNDER NORMAL CONDITIONS
Authors: WESTERGAARD E.
Published: May 2008

Westergaard E. (1980) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 6, 267–277

Transport of microperidoxase across segments of cerebral arterioles under normal conditions

Microperoxidase, injected intravenously into mice, was allowed to circulate in the blood stream for 1 min to 1 h. The amount of reaction product in the walls of cerebral arterioles was most pronounced after circulation of 40 mg peroxidase for one min, the maximum dose used. The peroxidase was transported across the endothelium in a few segments of cerebral arterioles, lying on the surface of the brain or restricted to regions of the brain parenchyma. Reaction product was observed in vesicles: 1 open to the vessel lumen, 2 freely situated in the cytoplasm of endothelial cells, and 3 open to the subendothelial basement membrane. The endothelial cells did not show leaky plasma membranes. Channels or chains of vesicles, simultaneously open to the vessel lumen and the subendothelial basement membrane, were not seen, nor were fenestrae found. Furthermore, reaction product never formed a continuous column from the first luminal to the first abluminal tight junctions between two adjacent endothelial cells. From these observations, it is suggested that vesicular transfer of intravenously injected microperoxidase may occur under normal conditions across the endothelium in segments of cerebral arterioles.
IMMUNOGENETIC STUDIES OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS PATIENTS IN CAITHNESS COUNTY, SCOTLAND
Authors: ROBERTSON P. , WARD P. , BROSTOFF J. , PACK S. , FESTENSTEIN H. , SACKS J. , ROSENBERG R. A. , PETERS E. , STENNING P. , ZABRISKIE J. B.
Published: May 2008

Robertson P., Ward P., Brostoff J., Pack S., Festenstein H., Sacks J., Rosenberg R.A., Peters E., Stenning P. & Zabriskie J.B. (1980) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 6, 299–305

Immunogenetic studies of multiple sclerosis patients in Caithness County, Scotland

The present report indicates that there is an increased frequency of HLA‐B7 in multiple sclerosis patients compared to unrelated controls and unaffected siblings. HLA‐A3 was not significantly increased. The increased frequency of certain HLA antigens was not reflected in increased titres of serum measles antibodies in this group. In contrast to our previous studies, there were only minimal differences in the cellular response to measles antigen in multiple sclerosis patients as compared to siblings and unrelated controls.
FURTHER STUDIES OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM IN CANINE GIANT AXONAL NEUROPATHY
Authors: GRIFFITHS I. R. , DUNCAN I. D. , McCULLOCH M. , CARMICHAEL S.
Published: May 2008

Griffiths I.R., Duncan I.D., McCulloch M. & Carmichael S. (1980) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 6, 421–432

Further studies of the central nervous system in canine giant axonal neuropathy

The CNS of three further cases of canine giant axonal neuropathy (GAN) were examined. The axonal swellings were present in the distal portions of the spinal long tracts and their terminations in the cerebellar vermis; in the distal optic pathways; the nuclei of the habenulo‐interpeduncular tract; certain thalamic relay nuclei and the cerebral cortex. The swellings were present both paranodally and internodally with the myelin sheath being attenuated or even absent. Excessive numbers of disordered 10 nm neurofilaments were the main constituent although mitochondria, membranous bodies, glycogen bodies and amorphous electron dense material also accumulated, particularly in the fasciculus gracilis. The neurotubules tended to form small sub‐axolemmal or intra‐axonal islands. Complex interdigitations of oligodendrog‐lia and axolemma were found in the affected areas. A small number of fibres in the rostral fasciculus gracilis showed marked proliferation of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum which may represent abortive attempts at regeneration. A small proportion of astrocytic processes were markedly enlarged with excessive whorling of the glial filaments. The accumulation of these various organelles in the non‐terminal axon in the absence of mechanical obstruction suggests a defect in axoplasmic transport which may result from an energy failure as suggested in toxic neuropathies. The significance and pathogenesis of the glial filamentous changes and those reported in other cells in human GAN is at present uncertain.
THE EFFECTS OF THYROIDECTOMY ON THE EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLES OF THE RAT: A HISTOCHEMICAL STUDY
Authors: VITA G. F. , MASTAGLIA F. L.
Published: May 2008

VAccepted for publication ita G.F. & Mastaglia F.L. (1980) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology

The effects of thyroidectomy on the extraocular muscles of the rat: a histochemical study

The effects of thyroidectomy on the metabolic properties of the rat extraocular muscles have been studied using histochemical techniques. Six months after removal of the thyroid gland a significant increase in the proportion of Type 1 fibres was found in the central zone of the superior rectus (SR) and in the levator palpebrae superioris muscles, but not in the medial rectus (MR) or superior oblique (SO) muscles. Other changes included an increased proportion of Type 2a fibres and reduced proportions of Type 2a and 2b fibres in the central zone of the SR, and an increased proportion of type 2a, and a reduced proportion of Type 2a' fibres in the peripheral zone of the SR, MR and SO. In addition, there was a mild hypertrophy of Type 1 fibres in the MR, and a mild atrophy of Type 2 fibres in each of the muscles studied. The physiological significance of these findings is discussed.
HISTOCHEMICAL STUDY ON OXIDATIVE ENZYME ACTIVITY IN THE BRAIN, PARTICULARLY OF ASTROCYTES, IN SPONTANEOUSLY HYPERTENSIVE RATS
Authors: HANAKITA JUNYA , HAZAMA FUMITADA , AMANO SHIGERU , YAMADA EIJI , HANDA HAJIME
Published: May 2008

Hanakita J., Hazama F., Amano S., Yamada E. & Handa H. (1980)

Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 6, 471–482

Histochemical study on oxidative enzyme activity in the brain, particularly of astrocytes, in spontaneously hypertensive rats

In order to obtain indirect information concerning brain oedema or increased vascular permeability under hypertensive conditions, the enzyme responses of astrocytes in the brains of spontaneously hypertensive rats were histo‐chemically investigated. Reactions for oxidative enzymes, such as NADH2‐, NADPH2‐tetrazolium reductases and succinate dehydrogenase were performed on SHR brains of various ages. In the hypertensive rats, proliferation, hypertrophy and increased enzyme activity were observed in astrocytes, particularly in the white matter. This activation of astrocytes appeared at 12 13 weeks‐of‐age and increased with advancing age. These findings suggest that increased vascular permeability of the materials in the smaller molecules begins in the early stage of the development of hypertension before the breakdown of the blood‐brain barrier. Many degenerating astrocytes, showing clasmatodendritic changes, were observed in severely oedematous regions or around cystic foci in the white matter. The changes in astrocytic function seem to be related to the development of the parenchymal changes, particularly of the white matter in the chronic hypertensive state.
CORTICAL ORGANIZATION OF THE POSTERO‐MEDIAL BARREL‐SUBFIELD IN MICE AND ITS REORGANIZATION AFTER DESTRUCTION OF VIBRISSAL FOLLICLES AFTER BIRTH
Authors: PIDOUX B. , DIEBLER M. F. , SAVY CL. , FARKAS E. , VERLEY R.
Published: May 2008

Pidoux B., Diebler M. F., Savy CL, Farkas E. & Verley R. 1980 Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 6, 93–107

Cortical organization of the postero‐medial barrel‐subfield in mice and its reorganization after destruction of vibrissal follicles after birth

The postero‐medial barrel‐subfield (PMBSF) of the SI cortex of normal adult mice contains clusters of cells called ‘barrels’. Each barrel histochemically shows increased activity of succinate, lactate, and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase and also GABA‐T activity. Some neuronal perikarya in the barrel walls show GABA‐T activity. Mitochondrial a‐GPDH and AChE show equal activities in the hollows and in the walls of the barrels. On this cortical vibrissa field, the contralateral and ipsilateral vibrissae project somatotopi‐cally in a way which coincides with the barrels. The mystacial vibrissae and the common fur of the muzzle project to different loci. The cortical surface area for the normal fur is 0–025 mm2, whereas the cortical vibrissal area is 10 mm2. In mice with lesioned whisker pads the succinate‐dehydrogenase activity of the IVth layer in the vibrissal area becomes a continuous sheet similar to the adjacent IVth layer, the thickness of the cortex is relatively preserved, and the total enzyme activities, biochemically assayed, are unchanged. These features can be explained by a functional substitution. In mice with whisker pads lesioned since birth, the vibrissal area can still be identified by the projections from ipsilateral vibrissae (undamaged side). This vibrissal area, and this alone, is found to be invaded by projections from the contralateral common fur of the muzzle. Experimental data suggest that the compensatory process may result from an invasion of the vibrissal area by a new set of ascending fibers, and not merely from axonal sprouting either at the periphery or at the cortical level.
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE EXTRACELLULAR ENVIRONMENT ON THE REGENERATION OF THE NORMAL AND DYSTROPHIC MOUSE MUSCLEIN VITRO
Authors: WEST M. R. , PARSONS R.
Published: May 2008

West M.R. & Parsons R. 1980 Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 6,181–194

An investigation of the influence of the extracellular environment on the regeneration of the normal and dystrophic mouse muscle in vitro

The regenerative response of normal and dystrophic muscle cultured with fetal spinal cord has been investigated. Nearly all the normal muscle explants regenerated, but the dystrophic muscle gave a much more varied response as only 30% regenerated, and 38% showed total explant degradation with loss of all recognisable muscle elements. Forty‐five % of the dystrophic explants, produced ‘pseudostraps’ in which there was an apparent block of myoblast fusion. Cultures in which cellular contact between spinal cord tissue and the normal or dystrophic muscle was prevented showed less regeneration than when it was allowed. However, the incidence of regeneration in these cultures was much higher than when the muscle was cultured in isolation. Direct cellular contact between the cord and the muscle is, therefore, not necessary to initiate regeneration which is presumably mediated in these cultures by changes in the chemical environment. This is substantiated by the almost complete absence of regeneration in cultures of muscle alone, where the fibres were shown to be devoid of nuclei within 5 days. The experiments have shown that under our conditions, a myogenic defect is apparent in the dystrophic muscle. This does not exlude a possible neuronal involvement in the aetiology of the disease, although we have no evidence to support it.
OVINE CEROID‐LIPOFUSCINOSIS: A MODEL OF BATTEN'S DISEASE
Authors: JOLLY R. D. , JANMAAT A. , WEST D. M. , MORRISON I.
Published: May 2008

Jolly R.D., Janmaat A., West D.M. & Morrison I. 1980 Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 6,195–209

Ovine ceroid‐lipofuscinosis: a model of Batten's disease

An inherited neurological disease of sheep was characterized by the intracellular accumulation of autofiuorescent lipopigments in neurones and a wide variety of other cells within the body. The staining, fluorescent, ultrastruc‐tural and physical characteristics of the storage material were similar to those found in a heterogeneous group of storage diseases of children known as Batten's disease or the ceroid‐lipofuscinoses. The ovine disease did not exactly fit any of the main human entities, but had features in common with both the late infantile and juvenile forms. It was concluded that this was a useful model for studying the pathogenesis of this type of storage disease and for therapeutic trials. A flock of sheep is maintained for this purpose.
SOME RECENT ADVANCES IN THE CLINICAL ASPECTS OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
Authors: TALLIS R. C.
Published: May 2008

Tallis R.C. (1980) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 6,325–335

Annotation. Some recent advances in the clinical aspects of multiple sclerosis Recent work on the clinical aspects of multiple sclerosis is reviewed with particular regard to symptomatology: New approaches to clinical symptoms and the identification of more subtle impairments are illustrated by recent studies of visual function in M.S. patients; pathophysiology: It is now widely appreciated that the dysfunction observed in patients is not determined solely by histologically demonstrable demyelination. The function of the demye‐linated neuron is highly variable, being dependent upon factors which may change from day to day. Recent ideas about ‘neuro‐electric blocking factors’ and other factors that may influence demyelinated neurons and hence symptoms are discussed; diagnosis: tests on C.S.F., electro‐physiological and psychophysiological tests and computer tomography as aids to diagnosis and the controversy over ‘specific’ blood tests are reviewed; course and prognosis: Long term follow‐up studies confirm that, in a significant proportion of cases, the course of M.S. may be benign and have identified some early prognostic indices; Treatment: The results of trials of symptomatic (spinal cord stimulation) and would‐be curative therapies (such as dietary supplementation with poly‐unsaturated fatty acids and immunosuppression) are briefly discussed.
HISTOCHEMICAL AND ULTRASTRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF THE MITOCHONDRIAL CHANGES IN A FAMILIAL MITOCHONDRIAL MYOPATHY
Authors: TASSIN S. , WALTER G. F. , BRUCHER J. M. , ROUSSEAU J. J.
Published: May 2008

Tassin S., Walter G.F., Brucher J.M. & Rousseau J.J. (1980) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 6, 337–347.

Histochemical and ultrastructural analysis of the mitochondrial changes in a familial mitochondrial myopathy

Two familial cases of progressive external ophthalmoplegia with involvement of pharyngeal and distal muscles are presented. ‘Ragged‐red’ fibres were found in both cases. Excessive amounts of RNA, as evidenced by the acridine orange‐induced fluorescence, were noted in many muscle fibres, mostly in the ‘ragged‐red’ fibres. At the ultrastructural level, numerous mitochondrial changes with paracrystalline formations were noted. Those formations were observed in three forms and a three‐dimensional reconstruction is proposed which suggests that the paracrystalline formations consist of undulating parallel leaflets joined along the top of the undulations. Small transverse bridges between neighbouring cristae and between cristae and paracrystalline formations are also emphasized. All those mitochondrial abnormalities are thought to represent the morphological expression of a biochemical deficiency in the inner membrane. They are interpreted thus: firstly, the biochemical defect leads to a multiplication of the mitochondria with increase in their volume and proliferation of the cristae in order to improve energy production; secondly, bridges between the modified inner membranes induce attachment of the neighbouring cristae and result in paracrystalline formations.
SCHWANN CELL MULTIPLICATION IN TREMBLER MICE
Authors: PERKINS C. S. , AGUAYO A. J. , BRAY G. M.
Published: May 2008

Peripheral nerves of the mutant mouse Trembler are characterized by a severe myelin deficit and an increased number of Schwann cells. On the basis of radioautographic and quantitative morphologic investigations, the present study documents: i an abnormal persistence of post‐natal Schwann cell proliferation in Trembler mouse nerves which, in unaffected animals, are composed of myelinated fibres; ii normal morphology, numbers and proliferation of Schwann cells in the unmyelinated (Remak) fibres of Trembler mice; and iii replication of the increased rate of Schwann cell multiplication as well as the myelin deficit, when segments of Trembler sciatic nerves are transplanted into the sciatic nerves of normal mice. Thus, the continued proliferation of Trembler Schwann cells must be related to the primary inability of these cells to produce and maintain a normal myelin sheath; axonal or general systemic abnormalities do not appear to play a major role in the pathogenesis of these disorders in the Trembler mouse.
CHRONOLOGICAL STUDY OF OLIGODENDROGLIAL ALTERATIONS AND MYELINATION IN QUAKING MICE
Authors: NAGARA HITOSHI , SUZUKI KINUKO
Published: May 2008

Chronological morphological investigation was carried out in the spinal cord of quaking mice from day 3 to day 130. Numbers of myelinated fibres were far fewer in quaking mice at day 3 compared to controls. However, when the animals became older, myelination progressed and numbers of myelinated fibres increased although myelin sheaths remained far thinner than the size of axons. Many oligodendroglia during day 5 to 15 in quaking mice revealed prominent dilation and proliferation of smooth walled vesicles and cisterns but after 20 days, such changes were no longer observed. Tortuous bizarre oligodendroglial processes, aberrant myelination and myelin figures were very prominent around day 5–15, but such changes also gradually subsided. Density of glial cells during pre‐myelination gliosis was similar in both quaking and control mice. However, glial cell population decreased far slower pace than controls when myelination progressed. Thus, glial cell density remained proportionally higher in quaking than controls although the density declined with age in both.
RADIAL COMPONENT OF CENTRAL MYELIN IN NORMAL AND QUAKING MICE
Authors: NAGARA HITOSHI , SUZUKI KINUKO
Published: May 2008

Radial component of myelin sheaths was investigated in C57BL and quaking mice. In immature myelinated fibres of C57BL mice, more than one group of radial component were observed in the several regions of myelin sheaths while in mature fibres, one group of radial component was localized between the internal mesaxon and outer tongue process which were situated within 90° of each other. In thinly myelinated fibres of adult quaking mice, numerous groups of radial component were found at random distance and directions but they were always closely related to the cytoplasmic islands of oligodendroglia. Even in quaking mice, small well myelinated fibres showed normal mature pattern of radial component. Possible functional significance of radial component was briefly discussed.
CREUTZFELDT‐JACOB DISEASE: A GOLGI STUDY
Authors: FERRER I. , COSTA F. , VECIANA J. M. GRAU
Published: May 2008

A cerebral biopsy of a patient with Creutzfeldt‐Jacob (C‐J) disease was examined with the Golgi method. Distortion of soma and neuronal processes associated with vacuolization of the neuropil was observed. The main findings were decreased numbers of basal dendrites and of branches of the apical dendrite of the pyramidal cells, marked loss of synaptic spines, and varicosities in the proximal segment of some apical and basal dendrites. These changes, though non‐specific, may be interpreted as the result of deafferentation, although primary reactions related to C‐J disease cannot be ruled out. These changes underline the intense disruption of intracortical connections which takes place in this condition in addition to the neuronal loss.
MYELIN BASIC PROTEIN AND GLIAL FIBRILLARY ACIDIC PROTEIN IN HUMAN FETAL BRAIN*
Authors: BORIT A. , McINTOSH G. C.
Published: May 2008

We demonstrated myelin basic protein (MBP) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in tissue sections of routinely‐processed premature human brain employing the peroxidase‐antiperoxidase (PAP) method. The MBP immunostain delineated oligodendroglia before the appearance of myelin sheaths. The GFAP immunostain indicated that in addition to the stellate astrocyte, bouquet‐shaped glia and radial glia are also astrocytic in nature. The bouquet‐shaped glia may be the normal counterpart for the gemistocytic astrocyte. The glia limitans stained with GFAP beginning with our first specimen. Small numbers of ependymal cells also contained cytoplasmic. GFAP.
INTRACYTOPLASMIC ROD‐LIKE INCLUSIONS IN CAUDATE NUCLEUS
Authors: KAWANO N. , HOROUPIAN D. S.
Published: May 2008

A number of intraneuronal inclusion bodies have been described as incidental findings, but the intraeytoplasmic rod‐like inclusions in the caudate nucleus are not widely known. They were called ‘alcoholic hyaline‐like bodies’, because they were first reported in two patients with chronic alcoholism and the inclusions were likened to Mallory bodies of alcoholic liver. However, we have found that their prevalence was not significantly different in alcholics with or without liver damage, in individuals with miscellaneous neurological disorders and in a control group of patients without neurological or hepatic disease. It was therefore concluded that these inclusions represent a non‐specific finding.
ANNOTATION: AUTOMATED MICROSCOPY
Authors: ROSEN D.
Published: May 2008

Rosen D. (1981) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 7, 331–340 Annotation. Automated microscopy

A number of automated microscopes are now commercially available. The principles of operation of such apparatus are briefly sketched and the main processes in the automation of picture acquisition and analysis are outlined. Examples are given of the automated examination of micrographs of nerves and muscles. The limitations of automated microscopy at the present time are stressed, but it is argued that the apparatus can be usefully employed for simple counting and sizing tasks while improved capabilities are being developed.
FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS AND PATHOGENETIC CONSIDERATIONS OF THE NEUROPATHY IN THE SPONTANEOUSLY DIABETIC BB‐WISTAR RAT
Authors: SIMA ANDERS A. F. , HAY KAZUKO
Published: May 2008

Sima A.A.F. & Hay K. (1981) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 7, 341–350

Functional aspects and pathogenetic considerations of the neuropathy in the spontaneously diabetic BB‐Wistar rat

Electrophysiological features were studied longitudinally in the spontaneously diabetic insulin‐dependent, BB‐Wistar rat. These were correlated in time with the state of the patency of the protective barriers in peripheral nerves. Motor nerve conduction velocity was significantly slowed only 3 weeks after the onset of the diabetes. When ultrastructural changes began, the maximal conduction velocity was further diminished. The amplitudes of evoked muscle potentials and distal latencies were significantly altered in diabetic rats. No change in the permeability of the blood‐nerve barrier could be demonstrated before, during or after the onset of the nerve conduction defect. The possible pathogenetic mechanisms are discussed and a possible mechanism is suggested, namely a reduced availability of energy to axons in diabetes.
COMPARISON BETWEEN THE EARLY CHANGES IN ISONIAZID INTOXICATION AND THE CHROMATOLYTIC RESPONSE TO NERVE LIGATION IN SPINAL GANGLION CELLS OF THE RAT
Authors: JONES H. B. , CAVANAGH J. B.
Published: May 2008

Jones H.B. & Cavanagh J.B. (1981) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 7, 489–501

Comparison between the early changes in isoniazid intoxication and the chromatolytic response to nerve ligation in spinal ganglion cells of the rat

The early effects of acute isoniazid intoxication and the early responses of the neuron to axotomy have been compared in lumbar spinal ganglion cells in the rat. The cells were studied by light and electron microscopy during the 4 days after a single oral dose (2g/kg) of isoniazid and for four days after application of a tight ligature to the sciatic nerve at the level of the sciatic notch. After axotomy a greater proportion of cells showed changes visible by light and electron microscopy than after INH. Small dark neurons were affected more rapidly and more severely by both insults than the large light cells as evidenced principally by changes in their ribosomal organization. Large light cells showed little response to INH. The first response to axotomy was visible about 12 h after injury. The response to INH began 24 h after the single oral dose. The early cell responses to INH therefore apparently precede axon degeneration which is first seen 72 h later and are thus probably a direct toxic effect.
EFFECTS OF HALOPERIDOL ON CELL PROLIFERATION IN THE EARLY POSTNATAL RAT BRAIN
Authors: BACKHOUSE B. , BAROCHOVSKY O. , MALIK C. , PATEL A. J. , LEWIS P. D.
Published: May 2008

Backhouse B., Barochovsky C, Malik C, Patel A.J. & Lewis P.D. (1982) Neuropathology and Applied Neurology 8, 109–116

Effects of haloperidol on cell proliferation in the early postnatal rat brain

Haloperidol, a widely used neuroleptic, produced a significant depression of the rate of [3H]thymidine incorporation into the DNA of 11‐day‐old rat brain. The reduction of in‐vivo DNA synthesis rate was detectable by 4 h after subcutaneous injection of a single dose of haloperidol (20 mg/kg) and through the period 10–24 h after drug treatment the rate was less than 50% of that of controls in the forebrain. [3H]Thymidine incorporation returned to control values by 32 h. The effect on the cerebellum was similar but less pronounced. The depression was dose‐dependent and a half‐maximal effect was produced with haloperidol doses of 5–10 mg/kg. Parallel histological studies on treated rats suggested prolongation of the DNA synthesis phase of the cell cycle in the forebrain subependymal layer, associated with an increase in turnover time of about 15%.
COMPLETE CEREBRAL ISCHAEMIA IN THE RAT: AN ULTRASTRUCTURAL AND STEREOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE DISTAL STRATUM RADIATUM IN THE HIPPOCAMPAL CA‐1 REGION
Authors: LUBITZ D. K. J. EKSTRÖM VON , DIEMER N. H.
Published: May 2008

Ekström von Lubitz D.K.J. & Diemer N.H. (1982) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 8, 197–215

Complete cerebral ischaemia in the rat: an ultrastructural and stereological analysis of the distal stratum radiatum in the hippocampal CA‐1 region

An ultrastructural study and a stereological analysis of the distal stratum radiatum in the hippocampal CA‐1 region of the rat were performed after 10 min of complete cerebral ischaemia followed by 10, 20 and 60 min of blood reflow periods. Post‐ischaemic changes were mainly limited to the region of synaptic terminals which showed either clumping or dispersion of the synaptic vesicle pools and damage to synaptic membranes. Presynaptic terminals and astrocytes were swollen after 10 and 20 min of reflow, but this abated after 60 min. Mitochondria in neurons showed varying degrees of swelling, but in astrocytes their structure was normal. There were no changes in capillaries. After 20 and 60 min of blood reflow, disruption of cell membranes was observed, mainly in the vicinity of the synaptic terminals. The size of the extracellular space diminished by approximately 30% in all three ischaemic groups. The data show that synaptic terminals are a primary and early target in the development of postischaemic nerve cell damage.