bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nursing and Theatre Collaborate: An End-of-Life Simulation Using Forum Theatre
Authors: Tuxbury Janis S. , Wall McCauley Patricia M. , Lement Wendy
Published: June 2012

End-of-life care is an essential part of undergraduate nursing education. However, students may not have the opportunity to be exposed to an actual end-of-life situation during clinical rotations. A pilot project was implemented to evaluate the use of forum theatre to teach end-of-life care to undergraduate nursing students. A simulation used live actors, with theatre faculty and students playing the roles of a hospice patient, family members, and nursing students providing end-of-life care. Additional nursing students were participant observers. Using forum theatre methods, students identified important moments that occurred during the simulation and suggested alternative actions for those moments. The simulation was repeated using those alternatives and was evaluated by the students. Group debriefing was provided by nursing faculty with all students. A reflective journal entry was completed by all students. Project outcomes indicated that forum theatre was an effective teaching method for the topic of end-of-life care.
Time-Lapse Photography of Munitions at Ordnance Reef
Authors: Davis Logan , Flores Kyle , Main Erin , Rognstad Mark , Edwards Margo
Published: June 2012

AbstractOrdnance Reef, located just off the west coast of the island of O’ahu, Hawaii, is a shallow-water site (∼6-10 m water depth) where conventional munitions were disposed following World War II. Over the past decade, the site has been extensively mapped and
sampled by the U.S. Army and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) using a wide variety of techniques. In the summer of 2011 at Ordnance Reef, we deployed an underwater time-lapse camera that was developed as part of a student science fair project to capture images of the
interaction between the ocean environment and two munitions over an approximately 24-h period. During the deployment, the system photographed 10 species in the vicinity of munitions, three of which came into direct contact with munitions casings. Our project demonstrates that time-lapse photography
could potentially be an inexpensive and effective approach for documenting the effects of munitions on the ocean environment and its residents.
Design and Application of a Junction Box for Cabled Ocean Observatories
Authors: Chen Yanhu , Yang Canjun , Li Dejun , Jin Bo , Chen Ying
Published: June 2012

AbstractCabled ocean observatories enabling large amounts of power and two-way communication bandwidth for underwater experiments are a future approach for studying the oceans. On April 21, 2011, at Monterey Bay, California, USA, a network node composed of a junction box
(JBox) and three scientific instruments was deployed at the Monterey Accelerated Research System (MARS) site for a 6-month uninterrupted sea trial. The JBox is a facility that can provide multiple wet-mateable connections for various instruments. Each connection can draw 500 W of power and
has 10/100 Mbit/s network communication. The current study presents the design and construction of the JBox with focus on the following aspects: a power distribution system with high reliability; a flexible springloaded mechanical structure for heat dissipation; communication that incorporates
various data protocols; and self-protection against faults like over-current, short fault, ground fault, and flooding. The deployment and operation of the JBox is described. The sea trial results show that the technologies and methods applied on the JBox and the deploying approach are applicable
and worthy of consideration for long-term cabled ocean observatories.
Studies on Environmental Effects of Underwater Chemical Munitions in the Southern Adriatic Sea (Mediterranean Sea)
Authors: Alcaro Luigi , Torre Camilla Della , Petochi Tommaso , Sammarini Valerio , Matiddi Marco , Corsi Ilaria , Baroni Davide , Giordano Pierpaolo , Marino Giovanna , Focardi Silvano , Amato Ezio
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe present paper shows the multidisciplinary approach used to assess the ecotoxicity of chemical munitions lying on the seabed in the Southern Adriatic Sea where aerial bombs charged with mustard agent and organoarsenic chemical warfare agents (CWAs) have been dumped.Sampling
activities and laboratory analyses have been carried out on two sentinel species, the blackbelly rosefish, Helicolenus dactylopterus, and the European conger, Conger conger, collected in a CWA dumping site 35 nm from the coast of Apulia, Italy, and from a reference site. Fish
were analyzed through an ecotoxicological approach, integrating chemical analysis and biological responses.Degradation products of the blister agents bis-(2-chloroethyl)sulphide, commonly known as mustard agent or yperite (also called sulfur or sulfur mustard), were found in sediment
samples collected nearby aerial bombs. Although no evidence of these compounds was detected in tissues of either fish, levels of heavy metals (arsenic and mercury), potentially released by rusted chemical weapons, were significantly higher in sediment and fish from the CWA site compared to
the reference site. Severe external and internal lesions were observed in fish captured in the CWA site, with congers displaying small to large skin ulcers along the body. Health assessment index (HAI) values, as well as spleen melano-macrophages centres and CYP1A ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase
activity were higher in fish from the CWA site, indicating a chronic state of illness and environment degradation.The working procedures and analyses performed during these surveys could be suitable for future biomonitoring studies in other CWA dumping sites.
Ministerial formation of theological students through distance education
Authors: Naidoo Marilyn
Published: June 2012

Ministerial formation is a multifaceted activity involving critical thinking, the acquisition of knowledge, skills development, religious identity formation and the development of ministerial and spiritual maturity expected of church ministers. Education is not merely the accumulation of a prescribed set of academic credits but includes the holistic formation of all aspects of the individual. However, theological educators are concerned about the capacity to foster such values and skills in the distance and electronic environment. Some see distance education as ‘distancing’ the students in more significant ways than simply geographic distance. These issues are of fundamental importance for they reflect the deeper convictions of theologians that distance education may not be a suitable medium for ministerial formation. This article creates a conceptual map of the theological and pedagogical challenges for ministerial formation and highlights how the possibility of formation is being carried out in the distance-learning environment.
Risk-factor profiles for chronic diseases of lifestyle and metabolic syndrome in an urban and rural setting in South Africa
Authors: Van Zyl Sanet , Van der Merwe Lynette J , Walsh Corinna M. , Groenewald Andries J. , Van Rooyen Francois C.
Published: June 2012

Background: Chronic lifestyle diseases share similar modifiable risk factors, including hypertension, tobacco smoking, diabetes, obesity, hyperlipidaemia and physical inactivity. Metabolic syndrome refers to the cluster of risk factors that increases the risk for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and cardiovascular disease. Objectives: The study aimed to assess health status and identify distinct risk-factor profiles for both chronic lifestyle diseases and metabolic syndrome in rural and urban communities in central South Africa.Methods: The investigation formed part of the Assuring Health for All in the Free State (AHAFS) study. During interviews by trained researchers, household socio-demographic and health information, diet, risk factors (i.e. history of hypertension and/or diabetes) and habits (e.g. smoking and inadequate physical activity levels) were determined. Adult participants underwent anthropometric evaluation, medical examination and blood sampling.Results: The risk-factor profile for chronic lifestyle diseases revealed that self-reported hypertension and physical inactivity were ranked the highest risk factor for the rural and urban groups respectively. The cumulative risk-factor profile showed that 40.1% of the rural and 34.4% of the urban study population had three or more risk factors for chronic lifestyle diseases. Furthermore, 52.2% of rural and 39.7% of urban participants had three or more risk factors for metabolic syndrome.Conclusion: This study confirmed that the worldwide increase in the prevalence of chronic lifestyle diseases can be attributed to a more sedentary lifestyle, especially illustrated in the urban study population, and increasing obesity. The rural study population had a higher prevalence of risk factors for metabolic syndrome.
Bite-to-hospital time and morbidity in victims of viper bite in a rural hospital in Nigeria
Authors: Ogunfowokan Oluwagbenga
Published: June 2012

Background: Mortality amongst in-hospital patients bitten by carpet viper in northern Nigeria has reduced, related to use of a monospecific ovine Fab snake antivenom. However, many victims survive with temporary or permanent morbidity. Objectives: Study objectives were to: (1) determine and score the morbidity caused by carpet viper bite; and (2) find the relationship between bite-to-hospital time and morbidity amongst victims of carpet viper bite.Method: A prospective study was conducted in a rural hospital in north-central Nigeria. The morbidities scored were oedema, tenderness, prolonged whole-blood clotting time, blister, ulcer, need for blood transfusion, coma, hypotension, convulsion, length of hospital stay, need for disarticulation, and need for skin graft. A score of one was given to each objective sign. The bite-to-hospital time of 233 subjects was obtained. Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis was done.Results: Most of the subjects (150 or 64%) came to the hospital within 6 hours of the snake bite, with 2 (1%) arriving within 1 hour. The median bite-to-hospital time was 5 hours, with a range of 0.5–216 hours. Major morbidities were oedema, seen in 212 (91.0%; 95% CI 86.6–94.3%); incoagulable blood, seen in 205 (88%; 95% CI 83.1–91.9%), and tenderness, seen in 201 (86.3%; 95% CI 81.2–90.4%). The mean morbidity score was 8 ± 4. For every unit increase in logged bite-to-hospital time, the morbidity score increased by 1.85 (p < 0.001).Conclusion: Morbidity caused by carpet viper bite is high in Zamko, north-central Nigeria, and correlates with increasing bite-to-hospital time.
Measurement Error in Performance Studies of Health Information Technology: Lessons from the Management Literature
Authors: Avgar A.C. , Pronovost P.J. , Litwin A.S.
Published: June 2012

Just as researchers and clinicians struggle to pin down the benefits attendant to health information technology (IT), management scholars have long labored to identify the performance effects arising from new technologies and from other organizational innovations, namely the reorganization of work and the devolution of decision-making authority. This paper applies lessons from that literature to theorize the likely sources of measurement error that yield the weak statistical relationship between measures of health IT and various performance outcomes. In so doing, it complements the evaluation literature’s more conceptual examination of health IT’s limited performance impact. The paper focuses on seven issues, in particular, that likely bias downward the estimated performance effects of health IT. They are 1.) negative self-selection, 2.) omitted or unobserved variables, 3.) mis-measured contextual variables, 4.) mismeasured health IT variables, 5.) lack of attention to the specific stage of the adoption-to-use continuum being examined, 6.) too short of a time horizon, and 7.) inappropriate units-of-analysis. The authors offer ways to counter these challenges. Looking forward more broadly, they suggest that researchers take an organizationally-grounded approach that privileges internal validity over generalizability. This focus on statistical and empirical issues in health IT-performance studies should be complemented by a focus on theoretical issues, in particular, the ways that health IT creates value and apportions it to various stakeholders.
Rhinomanometric Assessment of Nasal Airflow in Deviated Nasal Septum
Authors: Sharma Vinit Kumar
Published: June 2012

Objective

The present study was carried out to study rhinomanometrically the nasal airflow in cases of deviated nasal septum and to compare rhinomanometric improvement following surgery with relief in subjective sensation of nasal airflow.

Materials and methods

This study was carried out in our institute from October 2009 to January 2011 including the cases of deviated nasal septum. A total number of 45 patients of deviated nasal symptoms were included in this study. Preoperative and postoperative assessment of nasal airflow were also assessed by rhinomanometry. Twenty cases were kept in control group to compare the nasal airflow.

Results

Good correlation was found between rhinomanometric results and improvement in subjective airflow sensation in patients who underwent septoplasty.

Conclusion

Usual methods of nasal examination, rhinomanometry seems to be of much more importance in understanding nasal airflow and selecting patients for operative intervention than previously thought.

How to cite this article

Sharma VK, Sharma R. Rhinomanometric Assessment of Nasal Airflow in Deviated Nasal Septum. Clin Rhinol Int J 2012;5(1):17-18.
Sinonasal Mucormycosis: A Series of Seven Cases
Authors: Babu S Vinaya , Venkatesh U , Prasannaraj Thomas , Shivaprakash KV , Prathima S
Published: June 2012

Mucormycosis is the disease caused by the fungus of the order mucorales. Rhizopus species are the most common causative organisms. It is often associated with compromised immunity and poor prognosis. Farmers constitute the high risk group and peak incidence is observed during the monsoons which correspond to the agricultural practices in South India. Preventive measures such as the use of a face mask during agricultural activities may decrease the risk of acquiring this debilitating illness. We present series of seven cases of sinonasal mucormycosis.

How to cite this article

Babu SV, Venkatesh U, Prasannaraj T, Shivaprakash KV, Prathima S. Sinonasal Mucormycosis: A Series of Seven Cases. Clin Rhinol Int J 2012;5(1):25-27.
Rhinosporidiosis: Endoscopic Excision and Review of Literature
Authors: Gupta Manish
Published: June 2012

Objective

To show that endoscopic excision of rhinosporidiosis carries less risk of recurrence.

Materials and methods

Five consecutive patients of rhinosporidiosis were placed for endoscopic excision. The various sized mass were excised completely with safe margin under better illumination, magnification and hemostasis using 30° endoscope with camera and monitor. All the patients were started on dapsone therapy after surgery for 3 months.

Results

There was no recurrence seen on an average 1 year follow-up.

Conclusion

The nasal endoscope plays an important role in localization of site of origin and ensures complete excision with no complications and recurrence. Thus, endoscopic technique of rhinosporidiosis excision is recommended.

How to cite this article

Gupta M. Rhinosporidiosis: Endoscopic Excision and Review of Literature. Clin Rhinol Int J 2012;5(1): 32-34.
Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction after Zygoma Fracture Reduction with Inferior Orbital Margin Fixation
Authors: Kaur Upinder , Singh Charanjeet
Published: June 2012

Injuries of lacrimal passages are common in accidental mid-facial trauma and surgical trauma like Caldwell-Luc operation, orbital decompression and orbital floor repair. Reduction and fixation of midfacial fractures have not been reported till now to cause any injury to the lacrimal passages. We present a case of fracture zygoma who developed epiphora after reduction and fixation of the inferior orbital margin by a miniplate.

How to cite this article

Kaur U, Singh C. Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction after Zygoma Fracture Reduction with Inferior Orbital Margin Fixation. Clin Rhinol Int J 2012;5(1):44-45.
Peripheral Giant Cell Granuloma
Authors: Chopra Neha , Puri Sanjeev , Chopra Hemant
Published: June 2012

The peripheral giant cell granuloma (PGCG), also known as osteoclastoma, giant cell reparative granuloma, giant cell epulis or giant cell hyperplasia, is a relatively frequent reactive benign exophytic lesion of the oral cavity originating from the periosteum or periodontal membrane following local irritation or chronic trauma. PGCG manifests as a red-purple nodule consisting of multinucleated giant cells in a background of mononuclear stromal cells and extravasated red blood cells located in the region of the gums or edentulous alveolar margins, fundamentally in the lower jaw. The lesion can develop at any age, though it is more common between the fifth and sixth decades of life, and shows a slight female predilection. PGCG is a soft tissue lesion that very rarely affects the underlying bone, though the latter may suffer superficial erosion. Here, we present a case of PGCG who presented with the chief complaint of nasal blockade with a palatal mass.

How to cite this article

Chopra H, Puri S, Chopra N. Peripheral Giant Cell Granuloma. Clin Rhinol Int J 2012;5(1):46-48.
Evaluation of Head and Spinal Cord Injury Care in Ecuador using the IATSIC/WHO Essential Guidelines for Trauma Care
Authors: Johnston EM , Mora FE , Rodas EB , Salamea JC , Ivatury RR
Published: June 2012

Background

Neurological trauma represents a major cause of global death and disability, with low and middle income countries representing the greatest burden of disease. The goal of this study was to assess the capability of Ecuadorian hospitals to manage head and spinal cord injury utilizing the International Association for Trauma Surgery and Intensive Care (IATSIC)/World Health Organization (WHO) Guidelines for Essential Trauma Care (EsTC).

Materials and methods

Site visits were performed at 24 hospitals in 7 provinces of southeastern Ecuador. The 23 human and physical resources required for management of head injury (HI) and spinal injury (SI) were evaluated using EsTC criteria. Resource capabilities were graded as 3 (adequate, >90%), 2 (partially adequate, >50%), 1 (inadequate, <50%), or 0 (absent).

Results

Five tertiary (TH) and 12 general (GH) public hospitals were included in the final assessment. Initial assessment of neurological injuries was at least partially adequate for HI (100% TH/GH) and partially adequate for SI (100%TH, 83.3% GH). Maintenance of normotension and oxygenation to prevent secondary neurological injury was partially adequate in TH (100% HI/SI) and inadequate in GH (only 58.3% were partially adequate for HI and 67.7% for SI). Surgical capabilities for treatment of neurological injuries were partially adequate with wide variability in TH. Familiarity or compliance with AANS guidelines and international classifi cation systems for HI and SI were absent at all facilities. CT and MRI capabilities were universally inadequate.

Conclusion

Based on WHO/IATSIC EsTC guidelines, signifi cant improvement in physical and human resources is needed for proper management of neurologically injured patients in Southeastern Ecuador.

How to cite this article

Aboutanos MB, Johnston EM, Mora FE, Rodas EB, Salamea JC, Ivatury RR. Evaluation of Head and Spinal Cord Injury Care in Ecuador using the IATSIC/WHO Essential Guidelines for Trauma Care. Panam J Trauma Critical Care Emerg Surg 2012;1(1):6-11.
Injury Prevention Implications in an Ethnically Mixed Population: A Study of 764 Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Parchani Ashok , Maull Kimball I , Sheikh Nissar , Sebastian Mark
Published: June 2012

Objective

We hypothesized that an analysis of the demographic profile of patients who suffered moderate and severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) would identify wide variation in injury mechanism by age and ethnicity. The objective is to utilize this data to target injury prevention programs for specific population.

Methods

All head injured patients admitted to the trauma ICU were studied (N = 764). Standard demographic data, nationality, and mechanism of injury were determined. All patients had moderate to severe TBI. Demographics were cross referenced with injury mechanism, nationality and age of exposure.

Results

Head injuries were more common in males, the expatriate population, and the age group from 21 to 40 years. Motor vehicle collision (MVC) was the most common injury mechanism followed by fall from height (FFH) with profound ethnic differences in both ages affected and populations at risk. Struck by falling objects (SFO) was the third most common injury mechanism. TBI mortality improved over the period of study, declining from 21 to 17%.

Conclusion

Prevention or reduction in TBI severity has profound implications for improving public health and reducing TBI-related health care costs. The defining of populations at risk by nationality, injury mechanism and peak age of exposure can provide a model for coordinated regional or national injury prevention programs.

How to cite this article

Parchani A, Maull KI, Sheikh N, Sebastian M. Injury Prevention Implications in an Ethnically Mixed Population: A Study of 764 Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury. Panam J Trauma Critical Care Emerg Surg 2012; 1(1):27-32.
Laparoscopia en trauma
Authors: Uribe Carlos H Morales , Flórez Oscar Henao
Published: June 2012

La laparoscopia se ha aplicado a la mayoría de los procedimientos abdominales y ha llegado a ser la técnica de elección para múltiples procedimientos en cirugía electiva. El uso de la laparoscopia en pacientes traumatizados se ha desarrollado de una manera lenta debido a factores inherentes al trauma mismo y a ciertas limitaciones en la técnica laparoscópica.

En la presente revisión presentamos aspectos técnicos de la evaluación laparoscópica de la cavidad abdominal de los pacientes con trauma y se discuten sus aplicaciones como método diagnóstico y terapéutico.
Toracotomia En El Servicio De Urgencias
Authors: Suárez Ignacio Del Río , Mendoza Alberto Espinosa , Méndez Ricardo Montero
Published: June 2012

Objetivo

Presentar el caso de una toracotomía de emergencia realizada en el servicio de urgencias por una lesión exanguinante de ventrículo izquierdo por instrumento punzocortante.

Sede

Hospital de 2° nivel de atención. Hospital General la Villa, SSDF.

Diseño

Reporte de caso.

Descripción del caso

Paciente masculino de 40 años, ingresa al servicio de urgencias por presentar heridas por instrumento punzocortante en cuello, hemitórax derecho e izquierdo (en área de Murdock), esta última con sangrado abundante, presenta paro cardiorespiratorio (presenciado) por lo cual se decide realizar toracotomía en el servicio de urgencia ante la sospecha de lesión cardiaca, encontrando lesión perforante de pericardio y penetrante de ventrículo izquierdo. Se realiza rafi a cardiaca para control de la hemorragia, así como masaje cardiaco directo durante los periodos de paro cardiorespiratorio, presentando recuperación hemodinámica y trasladándose al quirófano en donde bajo anestesia general se concluye procedimiento quirúrgico realizando rafi a de lesión pulmonar, toracotomía exploradora, secado de cavidad y colocación de drenajes, pasa al servicio de terapia intensiva con signos vitales dentro de parámetros normales.

Conclusión

La toracotomía en el servicio de urgencias es un procedimiento útil en pacientes seleccionados, en condiciones extremas, para realizar control de lesiones y preservar la vida.
Airborne measurements of trace gases and aerosols over the London metropolitan region
Authors: McMeeking G. R. , Bart M. , Chazette P. , Haywood J. M. , Hopkins J. R. , McQuaid J. B. , Morgan W. T. , Raut J.-C. , Ryder C. L. , Savage N. , Turnbull K. , Coe H.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. The Emissions around the M25 motorway (EM25) campaign took place over the megacity of London in the United Kingdom in June 2009 with the aim of characterising trace gas and aerosol composition and properties entering and emitted from the urban region. It featured two mobile platforms, the UK BAe-146 Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements (FAAM) research aircraft and a ground-based mobile lidar van, both travelling in circuits around London, roughly following the path of the M25 motorway circling the city. We present an overview of findings from the project, which took place during typical UK summertime pollution conditions. Emission ratios of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to acetylene and carbon monoxide emitted from the London region were consistent with measurements in and downwind of other large urban areas and indicated traffic and associated fuel evaporation were major sources. Sub-micron aerosol composition was dominated by secondary species including sulphate (24% of sub-micron mass in the London plume and 29% in the non-plume regional aerosol), nitrate (24% plume; 20% regional) and organic aerosol (29% plume; 31% regional). The primary sub-micron aerosol emissions from London were minor compared to the larger regional background, with only limited increases in aerosol mass in the urban plume compared to the background (~12% mass increase on average). Black carbon mass was the major exception and more than doubled in the urban plume, leading to a decrease in the single scattering albedo from 0.91 in the regional aerosol to 0.86 in the London plume, on average. Our observations indicated that regional aerosol plays a major role on aerosol concentrations around London, at least during typical summertime conditions, meaning future efforts to reduce PM levels in London must account for regional as well as local aerosol sources.
Influence of transport and mixing in autumn on stratospheric ozone variability over the Arctic in early winter
Authors: Blessmann D. , Wohltmann I. , Rex M.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. Early winter ozone mixing ratios in the Arctic middle stratosphere show a fair amount of interannual variability. We show that ozone variability in early January is caused by dynamical processes during Arctic polar vortex formation in autumn (September to December). Observational data from satellites and ozone sondes are used in conjunction with simulations of the Chemistry and Transport Model ATLAS to examine the relationship between the meridional and vertical origin of air enclosed in the polar vortex and its ozone amount. For this, we use a set of artificial model tracers to deduce the origin of the air masses in the vortex in January in latitude and altitude in September. High vortex mean ozone mixing ratios are related to a high fraction of air from low latitudes enclosed in the vortex and a high fraction of air that experienced small net subsidence. As a measure for the strength of the Brewer-Dobson circulation and meridional mixing in autumn, we use the Eliassen-Palm flux through the mid-latitude tropopause averaged from August to November. In the lower stratosphere, this quantity correlates well with both the ozone amount in early winter and the origin of air enclosed in the vortex.
Predictive model of magnetosheath plasma flow and its validation against Cluster and THEMIS data
Authors: Soucek J. , Escoubet C. P.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. An analytical model of magnetosheath plasma flow is described and compared with a large dataset of magnetosheath ion flow velocity measurements from Cluster and THEMIS spacecraft. The model is based on previous works by Kobel and Flückiger (1994) and Génot et al. (2011) and has been modified to overcome the restrictions of these models on the shape of model magnetopause and bow shock. Our model is compatible with any parabolic bow shock model and arbitrary magnetopause model. The model is relatively simple to implement and computationally inexpensive, and its only inputs are upstream solar wind parameters. Comparison with observed data yields a good correspondence: median error in the direction of flow velocity is comparable with the instrumental error, and flow magnitude is predicted with a reasonable accuracy (relative error in flow speed was less than 25% for 86.5% of observations).
Technical Note: Enhanced reactivity of nitrogenous organohalogen formation from plant litter to bacteria
Authors: Wang J. J. , Ng T. W. , Zhang Q. , Yang X. B. , Dahlgren R. A. , Chow A. T. , Wong P. K.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. C1/C2 organohalogens (organohalogens with one or two carbon atoms) can have significant environmental toxicity and ecological impact, such as carcinogenesis, ozone depletion and global warming. Natural halogenation processes have been identified for a wide range of natural organic matter, including soils, plant and animal debris, algae, and fungi. Yet, few have considered these organohalogens generated from the ubiquitous bacteria, one of the largest biomass pools on Earth. Here, we report and confirm the formation of chloroform (CHCl3) dichloro-acetonitrile (CHCl2CN), chloral hydrate (CCl3CH(OH)2) and their brominated analogues by direct halogenation of seven strains of common bacteria and nine cellular monomers. Comparing different major C stocks during litter decomposition stages in terrestrial ecosystems, from plant litter, decomposed litter, to bacteria, increasing reactivity for nitrogenous organohalogen yield was observed with decreasing C/N ratio. Our results raise the possibility that natural halogenation of bacteria represents a significant and overlooked contribution to global organohalogen burdens. As bacteria are decomposers that alter the C quality by transforming organic matter pools from high to low C/N ratio and constitute a large organic N pool, the bacterial activity is expected to affect the C, N, and halogen cycling through natural halogenation reactions.
Comparative analysis of the influence of climate change and nitrogen deposition on carbon sequestration in forest ecosystems in European Russia: simulation modelling approach
Authors: Komarov A. S. , Shanin V. N.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. An individual-based simulation model, EFIMOD, was used to simulate the response of forest ecosystems to additional nitrogen deposition. The general scheme of the model includes forest growth depending on nitrogen uptake by plants and mineralization of soil organic matter. The mineralization rate is dependent on nitrogen content in litter and forest floor horizons. Three large forest areas in Central European Russia with a total area of about 17 000 km2 in distinct environmental conditions were chosen. Simulations were carried out with two climatic scenarios (stable climate and climate change) and different levels of nitrogen deposition. The simulations showed that increased nitrogen deposition leads to increased productivity of trees, increased organic matter content in organic soil horizons, and an increased portion of deciduous tree species. For the climate change scenario, the same effects on productivity and shifts in species composition were predicted but there was a negative effect on the accumulation of organic matter in soil.
Measuring the biosphere-atmosphere exchange of total reactive nitrogen by eddy covariance
Authors: Ammann C. , Wolff V. , Marx O. , Brümmer C. , Neftel A.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. The (net) exchange of reactive nitrogen (Nr) with the atmosphere is an important driver for ecosystem productivity and greenhouse gas exchange. The exchange of airborne Nr includes various trace compounds that usually require different specific measurement techniques, and up to now fast response instruments suitable for eddy covariance measurements are only available for few of these compounds. Here we present eddy covariance flux measurements with a recently introduced converter (TRANC) for the sum of all Nr compounds (∑Nr). Measurements were performed over a managed grassland field with phases of net emission and net deposition of ∑Nr and alternating dominance of oxidized (NOx) and reduced species (NH3). Spectral analysis of the eddy covariance data exhibited the existence of covariance function peaks at a reasonable time lag related to the sampling tube residence time under stationary conditions. Using ogive analysis, the high-frequency damping was quantified to 19–26% for a low measurement height of 1.2 m and to about 10% for 4.8 m measurement height. ∑Nr concentrations and fluxes were compared to parallel NO and NO2 measurements by dynamic chambers and NH3 measurements by the aerodynamic gradient technique. The average concentration results indicate that close-to-full conversion of the main compounds NO2 and NH3 was generally obtained by the TRANC system. With an optimised sample inlet also the fluxes of these compounds were recovered fairly including net deposition and net emission phases. The study shows that the TRANC system is suitable for fast response measurements of oxidized and reduced nitrogen compounds and can be used for continuous eddy covariance flux measurements of total reactive nitrogen.
The Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature version 2.1 (MEGAN2.1): an extended and updated framework for modeling biogenic emissions
Authors: Guenther A. B. , Jiang X. , Heald C. L. , Sakulyanontvittaya T. , Duhl T. , Emmons L. K. , Wang X.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. The Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature version 2.1 (MEGAN2.1) is a modeling framework for estimating fluxes of 147 biogenic compounds between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere using simple mechanistic algorithms to account for the major known processes controlling biogenic emissions. It is available as an offline code and has also been coupled into land surface models and atmospheric chemistry models. MEGAN2.1 is an update from the previous versions including MEGAN2.0 for isoprene emissions and MEGAN2.04, which estimates emissions of 138 compounds. Isoprene comprises about half of the estimated total global biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emission of 1 Pg (1000 Tg or 1015 g). Another 10 compounds including methanol, ethanol, acetaldehyde, acetone, α-pinene, β-pinene, t−β-ocimene, limonene, ethene, and propene together contribute another 30% of the estimated emission. An additional 20 compounds (mostly terpenoids) are associated with another 17% of the total emission with the remaining 3% distributed among 125 compounds. Emissions of 41 monoterpenes and 32 sesquiterpenes together comprise about 15% and 3%, respectively, of the total global BVOC emission. Tropical trees cover about 18% of the global land surface and are estimated to be responsible for 60% of terpenoid emissions and 48% of other VOC emissions. Other trees cover about the same area but are estimated to contribute only about 10% of total emissions. The magnitude of the emissions estimated with MEGAN2.1 are within the range of estimates reported using other approaches and much of the differences between reported values can be attributed to landcover and meteorological driving variables. The offline version of MEGAN2.1 source code and driving variables is available from http://acd.ucar.edu/~guenther/MEGAN/MEGAN.htm and the version integrated into the Community Land Model version 4 (CLM4) can be downloaded from http://www.cesm.ucar.edu/.
Joint impact of rainfall and tidal level on flood risk in a coastal city with a complex river network: a case study for Fuzhou city, China
Authors: Lian J. J. , Xu K. , Ma C.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. Coastal cities are particularly vulnerable to flood under the combined effect of multivariable variables, such as heavy rainfall, high sea level and large waves. For better assessment and management of flood risk the combined effect and joint probability should be considered. This paper aims to study the joint impact of rainfall and tidal level on flood risk by estimating the combined risk degree of flood and the joint flood probability. The area of case study is a typical coastal city in China, which has a complex river system. The flood in this city is mainly caused by inundation of river system. In this paper, the combined risk degree of flood is assessed by analyzing the behavior of the complex river network of the city under the combined effect of rainfall and tidal level with diverse return periods. The hydraulic model of the complex drainage network is established using HEC-RAS and verified by comparing the simulation results with the observed data during Typhoon "Longwang". The joint distribution and combined risk probability of rainfall and tidal level are estimated using the optimal copula function. The work carried out in this paper would facilitate assessment of flood risk significantly, which can be referred for the similar cities.
Evaluation of Release-05 GRACE time-variable gravity coefficients over the Ocean
Authors: Chambers D. P. , Bonin J. A.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. The latest release of GRACE gravity field coefficients (Release-05, or RL05) are evaluated for ocean applications. Data have been processed using the current methodology for Release-04 (RL04) coefficients, and have been compared to output from two different ocean models. Results indicate that RL05 data from the three Science Data Centers – the Center for Space Research (CSR), GeoForschungsZentrum (GFZ), and Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) – are more consistent than the previous RL04 data. Moreover, the variance of residuals with the output of an ocean model is 50–60% lower for RL05 data than for RL04 data. A more optimized destriping algorithm is also tested, which improves the results slightly. By comparing the GRACE maps with two different ocean models, we can better estimate the uncertainty in the RL05 maps. We find the standard error to be about 1 cm (equivalent water thickness) in the low- and mid-latitudes, and between 1.5 and 2 cm in the polar and sub-polar oceans, which is comparable to estimated uncertainty for the output from the ocean models.
User-generated online content 2: Policy implications
Authors: McNally Michael B. , Trosow Samuel E. , Wong Lola , Whippey Caroline , Burkell Jacquelyn , McKenzie Pamela J.
Published: June 2012

This paper examines the policy dimensions of user–generated content (UGC). It argues that policy–makers must create a policy environment that both balances both creator and end user’s rights and allows for the flourishing of UGC production and distribution because of both its economic and cultural value and ability to stimulate innovation. This paper emphasizes that UGC is an important creative outlet because it possesses either or both originality and transformativity. It discusses the multitude of means through which UGC generates value, serves as a medium for cultural expression and allows innovative activity. Despite the importance of UGC numerous barriers exist to inhibit its production including private ordering mechanisms such as licenses and technological protection measures and both major branches of intellectual property law (patents and copyrights). This paper reviews the current policy framework for UGC in the U.S., U.K., and E.U. before presenting a case study of the proposed UGC exception in Canadian copyright law. It concludes by discussing the how policy–makers can create a flourishing UGC environment and provides specific policy recommendations.
The relationship between Internet user type and user performance when carrying out simple vs. complex search tasks
Authors: Singer Georg , Pruulmann-Vengerfeldt Pille , Norbisrath Ulrich , Lewandowski Dirk
Published: June 2012

It is widely known that people become better at an activity if they perform this activity long and often. Yet, the question is whether being active in related areas like communicating online, writing blog articles or commenting on community forums have an impact on a person’s ability to perform Web searches, is still unanswered. Web searching has become a key task conducted online; in this paper we present our findings on whether the user type, which categorises a person’s online activities, has an impact on her or his search capabilities. We show (1) the characteristics of different user types when carrying out simple search tasks; (2) their characteristics when carrying out complex search tasks; and, (3) the significantly different user type characteristics between simple and complex search tasks. The results are based on an experiment with 56 ordinary Web users in a laboratory environment. The Search–Logger study framework was used to analyze and measure user behavior when carrying out a set of 12 predefined search tasks. Our findings include the fact that depending on task type (simple or complex) significant differences can be observed between users of different types.
Technology hype versus enduring uses: A longitudinal study of Internet use among early adopters in an African city
Authors: Burrell Jenna
Published: June 2012

This paper considers a set of early adopters of the Internet first encountered by the author in the Internet cafés of Accra, Ghana. The analysis draws from long–term ethnographic research and paired interviews with key informants separated by a six–year interval to identify and explain different trajectories of changing use of the Internet over time. Changes in use followed one of three general patterns: (1) intensification, (2) reorientation, or (3) discontinuance. These changes were linked to the life circumstances of individual users, their immediate social context of use, as well as broader societal shifts in the perception of the Internet in Ghana. This article critiques an implicit theory of technology in society in socio–economic development work targeting low–income countries like Ghana by showing how assessments of technology’s efficacy by users are culturally shaped and prone to change over time.
An Inverse Design Method for Cascades for Low-Reynolds Number Flow
Authors: Böhle Martin
Published: June 2012

Inverse design of cascades for low Reynolds number can be applied for the aerodynamic development of fans and compressors. The present contribution describes a complete design procedure by taking into account the transition from laminar to turbulent boundary layer flow. A shape factor distribution is prescribed along the suction surface of the blades. The inverse boundary layer calculation is performed by the application of a finite difference method. On the pressure side the velocity distribution is prescribed in such a way that the given flow angles in front of and behind the cascade are realized. An inverse calculation based on potential theory is applied in order to determine the geometry of the cascade. At the end of the present contribution a cascade is designed by the described inverse design procedure and the flow is simulated by the application of CFD.
Validation of Yoruba Version of Family Burden Interview Schedule (Y-FBIS) on Caregivers of Schizophrenia Patients
Authors: Lasebikan Victor Olufolahan
Published: June 2012

Objective. To validate the Yoruba version of Family Burden Interview Schedule (Y-FBIS) for assessing the burden on caregivers of persons with schizophrenia. Methods. Three hundred and sixty-eight dyads of persons with schizophrenia and their caregivers were recruited from a psychiatric outpatient clinic. The (Y-FBIS) and the Yoruba version of the GHQ-12 (Y-GHQ-12) were applied to the caregivers. Patients’ level of social functioning was assessed using the Global Assessment of Functioning scale. Results. All (368) caregivers were used for tests of internal consistency, 180 for interrater reliability, and another 180 for test-retest reliability. Internal consistency of the Y-FBIS was demonstrated by a significant Cronbach α of between 0.62 and 0.82 for each item. Concurrent validity of the Y-FBIS was illustrated by its significant positive correlation with Y-GHQ-12 (
, ). Split-half reliability was 0.849. Intraclass correlation coefficient for the total score of Y-FBIS was 0.849 at 95% confidence interval. Test-retest reliability of individual scales ranged from 0.780 to 0.874 and was 0.830 for total objective scale score. Convergent validity was shown by the significant positive correlation () between the objective burden score and subjective burden score of Y-FBIS. ROC curve area was 0.981. Conclusion. The Y-FBIS is a valid, reliable, and sensitive instrument for assessing the burden on caregivers of persons with schizophrenia in Nigeria.
Multicultural Intensity: The Case of Jewish and Arab Students
Authors: Shamai Shmuel , Hager Tamar
Published: June 2012

This paper introduces a new methodology for measuring multicultural levels/intensity based on a study on attitudes towards multiculturalism conducted among college students in Israel. We developed an innovative methodological tool, “multicultural intensity,” that is composed of 8 different scales: the presence of two nationalities and cultures in the college; social friendships between Arabs and Jews on campus; studying in joint classes; ways of providing assistance to students for whom Hebrew is not their mother tongue; legitimization to deal with political and social topics within the academy; classroom curriculum; multicultural tools; reality and political views toward the Arab minority in Israel. We found that Arab and Druze groups manifested more support for multicultural policies than Jewish groups.
The paper suggests that “multicultural intensity” will enable researchers and practitioners to collect knowledge as to the success/failure of multicultural policies and programs among various audiences and subsequently could improve their implementation.
Associations of Body Mass Index (Maternal BMI) and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus with Neonatal and Maternal Pregnancy Outcomes in a Multicentre European Database (Diabetes and Pregnancy Vitamin D and Lifestyle Intervention for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Prevention)
Authors: Vellinga Akke , Zawiejska A. , Harreiter J. , Buckley B. , Di Cianni G. , Lapolla A. , Corcoy R. , Simmons D. , Adelantado J. M. , Damm P. , Desoye G. , Devlieger R. , Hill D. , Kautzky-Willer A. , Klemetti M. , Mathiesen E. , Rebollo P. , Snoek F. , Tikkanen M. , Timmerman D. , van Assche A. , van Poppel M. , Wender-Oegowska E. , Dunne F.
Published: June 2012

Objective. Assess the impact of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) and obesity on neonatal and maternal pregnancy outcomes. Methods. Cross-sectional data (3343 pregnancies) from seven European centres were included in a multilevel analysis of the association between GDM/obesity and caesarean section, macrosomia and neonatal morbidities. Results. Comparison of databases identified reporting differences between countries due to the inclusion of true population based samples or pregnancies from specialised tertiary centres, resulting in higher prevalences of GDM for some countries. The analysis showed that obesity and GDM were independent risk factors of perinatal complications. Only BMI had a dose-dependent effect on the risk of macrosomia and caesarean section. Both obesity (BMI > 30 kg/m2) and GDM were independent risk factors of neonatal morbidities. Conclusions. Obesity and GDM were independent risk factors of perinatal complications. The effect of the worldwide obesity and diabetes epidemic is extending to the next generation.