bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Infrared routing and switching with tunable spectral bandwidth using arrays of metallic nanoantennas
Authors: Sadeghi Seyed M , Knox Harrison , Roberts Dustin T , Gutha Rithvik R , Sharp Christina , Hatef Ali
Published: August 2024

We study infrared routing and switching with tunable spectral bandwidth using in-plane scattering of light by flat Au nanoantenna arrays. The base dimensions of these nanoantennas are approximately 250 by 850 nm, while their heights vary from 20 to 150 nm. Our results show that, with the increase in height, the arrays become more efficient scatterers while their spectra broaden within the 1–1.6 µm range. Our findings demonstrate that such processes strongly depend on the incident light polarization. For a given polarization, the incident light is efficiently scattered in only two opposite directions along the plane of the arrays, with insignificant transmission. Switching such a polarization by 90∘, however, suppresses this process, allowing the light to mostly pass through the arrays with minimal scattering. These unique characteristics suggest a tunable beam splitter application in the 1–1.6 µm range and even longer wavelengths.
Thermal energy and electro-osmotic for biomimetic artificial olfactory cilia in tri-hybrid nanofluids: entropy-defying approaches
Authors: Fatima Nahid , Saidani Taoufik , Ijaz Nouman , Saleem Najma , Zeeshan Ahmad
Published: August 2024

Biomimetic artificial olfactory cilia have demonstrated potential in identifying specific volatile organic compounds linked to various diseases, including certain cancers, metabolic disorders, and respiratory conditions. These sensors may facilitate non-invasive disease diagnosis and monitoring. Cilia Motility is the coordinated movement of cilia, which are hair-like projections present on the surface of particular cells in different species. Cilia serve an important part in several biological functions, including motility, fluid movement, and sensory reception. Cilia motility is a complicated process that requires the coordinated interaction of structural components and molecular pathways. Cilia are made up of a highly structured structure known as the axoneme, which is made up of microtubules grouped in a unique pattern. The axoneme is made up of nine outer doublet microtubules and a core pair of singlet microtubules. This arrangement offers structural support and serves as a scaffold for the proteins involved in ciliary movement. Our latest endeavors investigate these Multiphysics phenomena in ciliary beating flows that are inspired by biology, utilizing copper, gold, and titania nanoparticles. We examine their functions in biological systems such as peristaltic transport computationally. Our models give precise two- and three-dimensional velocity, temperature, and concentration solutions by integrating transverse magnetohydrodynamics with laser heating. Furthermore, at the channel wall expressions, the skin friction coefficient, Sherwood number, Nusselt number and optimization of entropy generation are acquired and analyzed. Important properties of the velocity and scalar profiles are revealed by a thorough analysis of dimensionless parameters. The simplified examination provides more insight into the trapping patterns that result from the complex interaction between nanofluid rheology and optics. These findings greatly contribute to our knowledge and improvement of nanofluidic transport technologies in a variety of fields supporting industry, sustainability, and medicine. Our combined computational and experimental methodology clarifies the complex dynamics in these systems and provides design guidance for the engineering of improved fluidic devices that make use of multifunctional nanomaterial interfaces and peristaltic motion.
Implementation of matrix compression in the coupling of JOREK to realistic 3D conducting wall structures
Authors: Cipolletta F , Schwarz N , Hoelzl M , Ventre S , Isernia N , Rubinacci G , Soba A , Mantsinen M J ,   the JOREK Team
Published: August 2024

JOREK is an advanced non-linear simulation code for studying MHD instabilities in magnetically confined fusion plasmas and their control and/or mitigation. A free-boundary and resistive wall extension was introduced via coupling to the STARWALL and CARIDDI codes, both able to provide dense response matrices describing the electromagnetic interactions between plasma and conducting structures. For detailed CAD representations of the conducting structures and high resolutions for the plasma region, memory and computing time limitations restrict the possibility of simulating the ITER tokamak. In the present work, the Singular Value Decomposition provided by routines from the ScaLAPACK library has been successfully applied to compress some of the dense response matrices and thus optimize memory usage. This is demonstrated for simulations of Tearing Mode and Vertical Displacement Event instabilities. An outlook to future applications on large production cases and further extensions of the method are discussed.
Dynamics of Airyprime beams with higher-order spectral phase modulation in the fractional Schrödinger equation
Authors: Zhao Shoukui , Li Juncen , Li Tianqi , Huang Xianwei , Bai Yanfeng , Fu Xiquan
Published: August 2024

In this paper, the effects of spectral phase modulation on propagation characteristics of Airyprime beams modeled by fractional Schrödinger equation are studied, and the propagation dynamics of Airyprime beams are analyzed. It is found that the second and third-order spectral phase modulation significantly affect the beams dynamics. For the second-order spectral phase modulation, an increase in the Lévy index leads to a forward shift of the peak position, and the peak intensity increases for the positive spectral modulation coefficient, while the opposite tendency of the peak intensity is found for the negative spectral modulation coefficient. In addition, the appearance of multiple peaks depends on the positive modulation coefficient. For the third-order spectral phase modulation, the peak intensity increases under the larger spectral phase modulation coefficient with the backward shift of the maximum peak position, and an increase of the Lévy index results in the forward shift of the focusing position. The results show potential applications of Airyprime beams in various fields such as optical controlling and manipulation.
Lie symmetries, exact solutions and conservation laws of time fractional Boussinesq–Burgers system in ocean waves
Authors: Yu Jicheng , Feng Yuqiang
Published: August 2024

In this paper, the Lie symmetry analysis method is applied to the time-fractional Boussinesq–Burgers system which is used to describe shallow water waves near an ocean coast or in a lake. We obtain all the Lie symmetries admitted by the system and use them to reduce the fractional partial differential equations with a Riemann–Liouville fractional derivative to some fractional ordinary differential equations with an Erdélyi–Kober fractional derivative, thereby getting some exact solutions of the reduced equations. For power series solutions, we prove their convergence and show the dynamic analysis of their truncated graphs. In addition, the new conservation theorem and the generalization of Noether operators are developed to construct the conservation laws for the equations studied.
Neural networks for estimation of divertor conditions in DIII-D using C III imaging
Authors: Boyer M.D. , Scotti F. , Gajaraj V.
Published: August 2024

Deep learning approaches have been applied to images of C III emission in the lower divertor of DIII-D to develop models for estimating the level of detachment and magnetic configuration (X-point location and strike point radial location). The poloidal distance from the target to the C III emission front is used to represent the level of detachment. The models perform well on a test dataset not used in training, achieving F
1 scores as high as 0.99 for detachment state classification and root mean squared error (RMSE) as low as 2 cm for front location regression. Predictions for shots with intermittent reattachment are studied, with class activation mapping used to aid in interpretation of the model predictions. Based on the success of these models, a third model was trained to predict the X-point location and strike point radial position from C III images. Though the dataset covers only a small range of possible magnetic configurations, the model shows promising results, achieving RMSE around 1 cm for the test data.
Use of differential plasma rotation to prevent disruptive tearing mode onset from 3-wave coupling
Authors: Richner N.J. , Bardóczi L. , Callen J.D. , La Haye R.J. , Logan N.C. , Strait E.J.
Published: August 2024

Plasma differential rotation is found to be capable of preventing disruptive neoclassical tearing modes (NTMs) seeded by nonlinear three-wave coupling. As tearing modes degrade confinement and can lead to disruptions, stabilization strategies are crucial to the successful operation of future devices. In ITER-relevant scenarios on DIII-D, rotationally coupled

m

/

n

= 1/1 and 3/2 modes have been observed to drive 2/1 islands through three-wave coupling. The frequency of the driven 2/1 mode is set by matching conditions and the frequencies of the driving modes. When the driven mode frequency matches the local plasma rotation frequency, e.g. at low differential rotation, the driven 2/1 island can grow into a disruptive NTM. Using neutral beam torque as an actuator to scan the differential rotation, these experiments demonstrate that a sufficiently large frequency mismatch prevents destabilization of disruptive 2/1 NTMs by three-wave coupling. This work indicates that differential rotation can be used as an actuator to prevent NTMs seeded by three-wave coupling.
Visual simulation of UAV mission planning schemes
Authors: Xie Wei , Tian Ye , Chang Qi , Zhang Dong , Zheng Wenquan
Published: August 2024

To effectively assess the rationality of trajectory planning for small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) executing search missions in complex terrain areas, we suggest using the STK (System Tool Kit) software to evaluate the reconnaissance effectiveness of UAVs. Firstly, the STK software is employed to calculate and analyze the coverage characteristics of UAV sensors in the target area. Secondly, the connectivity of UAV-to-GPS satellite communication links is evaluated. Lastly, the effectiveness of communication links such as UAV-to-ground control stations is examined. Simulation results indicate that STK enables multi-angle analysis and assessment of route planning effectiveness. The computed results are accurate, the display is intuitive, and the operation is simple and fast, making it suitable for evaluating and analyzing the rationality of UAV search and rescue route planning schemes in complex terrain conditions. This, in turn, provides reliable and effective data support for optimizing UAV route planning.
Research on the design laws of stealth structures for typical components of aircraft leading edges
Authors: Xia Liang , Lan Xuhui , Chen Jinsong , Chen Xin , Wang Ran , Wu Jiaxun
Published: August 2024

Considering the design of stealth structures for typical components of aircraft leading edges, this article selects typical aircraft’s leading edge structures. Firstly, the stealth mechanism of the aircraft’s leading edge structure is analyzed. Then, by adjusting the height, length, and angle of the leading edge structure item by item, the relationship between RCS value changes and the stealth performance of typical components of the leading edge is studied from the perspective of metal electromagnetic characteristics. Finally, the design rules of stealth structures for typical components of aircraft leading edges are summarized, providing support for the design of aircraft stealth structures.
Mechanism analysis and improvement methods of NTF defects in use for civil aircraft
Authors: Zhou Qin , Huang Caolin , Zou Zhaoliang
Published: August 2024

The NTF defects in use are raised, including NTF telegraphing, waving, shrinking, bubbling, etc. NTF installation and materials are illustrated, and the mechanism of NTF defects in use is analyzed and clarified, which noted that floor surface, floor deformation, peripheral squeezing, and seat tracks are related to NTF defects in use. Based on mechanism analysis and practical situations, the improvement methods are proposed and verified to be effective.
Simulation analysis of effective reflector area extension in umbrella antennas
Authors: Zhang Lei , Ma Xiaofei , Fan Yesen
Published: August 2024

The umbrella antenna, renowned for its high precision, rigidity, and reliability in deployment and retraction, is one of the most widely used spatial deployable antenna configurations in spacecraft. Traditional designs typically include an indented boundary rope net to counteract the inward force exerted by the metal mesh. However, this design choice, unfortunately, reduces the reflector’s effective area, subsequently decreasing the antenna’s gain. This paper offers a comprehensive summary and analysis of methods aimed at enhancing the effective reflective surface area of umbrella antennas. Through modeling and simulation, the study explores an umbrella antenna design enhanced with additional boundary support, detailing the expansion at the boundary through varying numbers of rib tubes. A comparative analysis of the effective reflective surface area before and after the expansion demonstrates that the incorporation of supporting structures significantly increases the utilization rate of the reflector’s geometric area.
Effect of compressibility on instability of boundary layer over a spinning cone in hypersonic flow
Authors: Gu Yiyang , Dong Hao , Liu Shicheng , Jiang Yinglei
Published: August 2024

Spinning vehicles achieve gyroscopic effects by rotating around their axis. However, transition significantly influences the stability of flight. In this work, a study of instability on the unstable modes in boundary layers over a rotating cone with a 7° half-apex angle in hypersonic flows is presented with linear instability analysis (LST). To quantify the effect of compressibility, Mach numbers (5-10) are considered, and a higher rotational velocity is considered for analysis of centrifugal mode. MMM, CFM, and CM shift towards low frequency, low streamwise, and circumferential wavenumbers. Also, the maximum amplification rate of MMM, CFM, and CM decreases with Mach number, suggesting a stabilizing effect of compressibility on the boundary layer over a spinning cone in hypersonic flows.
Impact analysis of rocket gas jet on offshore platform
Authors: Xu Jun , Gui Hongbin , Zhao Weidong , Gong Qingtao , Zhang Yan
Published: August 2024

To prevent the high-temperature and high-pressure impact jet from breaking the surface structure of the launching platform during the launch of the rocket at sea, the impact effect of the gas jet of the sea rocket launch on the launch platform deserves to be studied. This paper considers the motion attitude of the launch platform in seawater and the presence of multiple gases in the rocket exhaust jet. Based on the realizable k-ε turbulence model, the numerical model of the gas jet impacting on the launch platform from the sea launch is built, and the finite volume method is used to discretize the control equations, aiming to obtain the impact cloud image of the gas jet of the rocket at different launch heights and different launch angles on the launch platform surface and to analyze the change of the impact pressure history. The results show that the initial launch height and launch angle of the rocket have a great influence on the peak impact pressure on the surface of the launch platform. The impact effect of the gas jet is mainly related to the relative position of the launch platform surface in the Mach disk. Reasonable changes in the launching angle can effectively reduce the impact of the gas jet on the launch platform and provide technical references for the launch of the rocket at sea.
Inflight monitoring of ASO-S satellite during the year 2023
Authors: Jiang Hu , Deng Lei , Zhu Cheng , Zhang Zhe , Bai Xianyong , Huang Yu , Dai Shuang , Cai Jiji , Fan Chengcheng
Published: August 2024

Advanced Space-based Solar Observatory Satellite (ASO-S) is a space project sponsored by the Chinese Academy of Sciences; its goal is to monitor solar activities during the 25th solar cycle. Data from ASO-S is open to all scientists who are interested in it. It is expected to collect raw scientific observations of the Sun, which probably lead to more discoveries about the Sun. As the core members of the ASO-S mission, the authors of this paper have privileged rights to handle the first-hand data from ASO-S. Based on the raw data transmitted from ASO-S, the authors focus on the orbit variation with time, quick-look products of 3 main payloads. First, the authors collect the precision orbit elements provided by the onboard GNSS receivers; with the help of professional orbit analysis software, as of Dec. 14, 2023, orbit altitude and local time of descending node are derived. Second, three quick-look products from three different payloads are derived by means of preliminary image processing techniques. Based on the above-mentioned analyses, it has shown that the orbit for ASO-S is slightly changing and stable, which has little influence on ASO-S mission operation; quick-look product quality indicates that the status of payloads is healthy, which can support ASO-S mission to run smoothly and continuously during the rest of its lifespan.
Free vibration exploration of axially functionally graded carbon nanotube-reinforced beams through an innovative perturbative methodology
Authors: Chen Chen , Zhou Lilin , Ye Tianyu , Li Daokui
Published: August 2024

Axially functionally graded (AFG) carbon nanotube-reinforced composite (CNTRC) emerges as a promising solution for tailoring the stiffness and strength of various beam-like structures. Applications range from optimizing the weight-to-strength ratio of airplane wings to fine-tuning the frequency of micro-beam sensors, and even alleviating stresses induced by centrifugal forces or temperature gradients in turbine blades. However, the challenge of solving variable coefficient partial differential equations (VCPDEs) arising from the axial material gradient limits conventional methods to numerical and simulation techniques. In this study, a novel perturbation approach (PA) customized for AFG-CNTRC is highlighted for solving the problem analytically, simply, and precisely. First, the vibration model of an AFG-CNTRC beam is established according to the Euler-Bernoulli theory (EBT). Second, the vibration governing equations are solved by the PA and the state space method (SSM) analytically. Finally, the adaptivity and accuracy of the PA are validated and the effects of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) distribution patterns are analyzed. It is found that increasing CNT content at either end will increase the natural frequency for symmetric boundary conditions (BCs). The frequency decreases with the degree of nonlinearity distribution of CNTs. The frequency under the C-F BC exhibits low sensitivity to parameter effects.
Numerical study of natural laminar flow based on CRM NLF test
Authors: Yang Xinyu , Zhong Yuan
Published: August 2024

The laminar flow design is increasingly important to recent aircraft development. This research aims to study the natural laminar flow phenomenon using computational flow dynamics (CFD) methods for wing-body geometry. We introduce a workflow with mesh generation and solver choices to simulate the natural laminar flow. The transition prediction results are validated by the results of the Common Research Model Natural Laminar Flow (CRM NLF) wind tunnel test. Based on the wind tunnel experiments for the laminar CRM model, we show that the numerical calculation can reveal the laminar flow mechanism. Most saliently, the laminar simulation results fit quantitatively to CRM NLF data regarding transition front and pressure distribution. The study would pave the way for future aircraft design to enhance the reliability of laminar flow performance evaluations.
Hysteresis modeling of piezoelectric actuators based on neural network considering load and environmental stiffness
Authors: Zhu Binkai , Zhou Mengde , Ren Yuhang , Zhang Xinyu , Zhao Qi , Wu Wei , Liu Wei
Published: August 2024

Piezoelectric actuators (PA) are widely used in the field of aircraft wind tunnel testing due to their high displacement resolution and fast response speed. However, the displacement exhibits hysteresis and the characteristics shift under time-varying loads, making it challenging to enhance precision, ultimately leading to distorted test results. To solve this problem, a novel modeling method of PA hysteresis based on NARXNN (Nonlinear Auto-Regressive model with Exogenous Inputs Neural Network) considering load and environmental stiffness is proposed in this paper. In this method, hysteresis modeling of PA based on NARXNN is established considering time-varying load and environmental stiffness as the extended inputs. The hyperparameters of the neural network were optimized based on the particle swarm optimization (PSO). Experimental results show that the RMSE of the hysteresis model considering load and environmental stiffness is reduced by 74.86%-99.69% compared with the classic PI (Prandtl-Ishlinskii) model, which verifies the accuracy and adaptability of the NARXNN modeling method.
Research on welding technology of ultra light RF coaxial cable components for aerospace applications
Authors: Xie Qian , Wang Shuaibo , Cai Libing , Zhao Min , Huang Hongyu
Published: August 2024

With the development of space satellite models towards miniaturization, the demand for weight reduction of subsystems and single equipment has increased sharply. As RF cable components serve as microwave link transmission channels, the large amount of satellite usage puts higher requirements on their lightweight. This article proposes a high reliability welding process method for the silver plated aramid fiber outer shielding layer of ultra light RF coaxial cables, which addresses issues such as poor solder wettability and low solder filling rate. This improves the solderability of the silver plated aramid fiber shielding layer, increasing the solder filling rate from the original 60% to over 90%, meeting the quality control requirements of solder joints in aerospace cable components, and achieving batch stable welding of ultra light RF cable components with high reliability and high solder filling rate.
Operation optimization of hydrogen-containing energy storage cogeneration type microgrid based on improved dung beetle algorithm
Authors: Wang Bowen , Zhao Bingyan
Published: August 2024

An enhanced dung beetle optimization algorithm is used to solve the comprehensive optimization model of a cogeneration microgrid with hydrogen storage, with the optimization objective of minimizing the microgrid’s overall operation cost. The model is intended to address the issue of low thermal energy utilization efficiency of the hydrogen energy system of a cogeneration microgrid with hydrogen storage. The findings demonstrate that the suggested plan may more effectively satisfy the thermoelectric load requirements of the microgrid and guarantee the microgrid’s steady and independent operation, thereby fulfilling the objectives of energy conservation and emission reduction.
Research on accelerated corrosion of 0Cr18Ni9 stainless steel in marine atmospheric environment of the South China Sea
Authors: Ding Kangkang , Fan Lin , Duan Tigang , Peng Wenshan , Xin Yonglei , Hou Jian , Sun Mingxian
Published: August 2024

The corrosion problem of metal materials in the South China Sea is serious. In order to meet the needs of rapid construction and development of islands and reefs in the South China Sea, it is necessary to establish a rapid evaluation method for the environmental adaptability of materials, which can provide effective guidance for material selection and corrosion control in marine engineering design. According to the atmospheric environment characteristics of islands and reefs in the South China Sea, an accelerated corrosion environment spectrum was designed, and then the atmospheric corrosion behavior in the South China Sea and the indoor accelerated corrosion test environment was studied. The correlation between indoor and outdoor corrosion was verified based on grey correlation analysis, and the prediction model of atmospheric corrosion based on indoor accelerated test results was established. The results show that the corrosion morphology, corrosion type and corrosion kinetic laws of 0Cr18Ni9 stainless steel under the indoor and outdoor test conditions had high similarity. Also, their correlation degree reached 0.8052, further indicating a good correlation between indoor and outdoor corrosion. The established prediction model had a relatively high accuracy (Level 2), and its prediction error to outdoor corrosion result was less than 26.13%.
Nonequilibrium phase transitions in a 2D ferromagnetic spins with effective interactions
Authors: Wordofa Tola Dagne , Bekele Mulugeta
Published: August 2024

The study of nonequilibrium steady-state (NESS) in the Ising model offers rich insights into the properties of complex systems far from equilibrium. This paper explores the nature of NESS phase transitions (PTs) in a two-dimensional (2D) ferromagnetic Ising model on a square lattice under effective interactions using Monte Carlo (MC) algorithms. It requires extensive MC simulations using the modified Metropolis and Glauber update rules. Using an appropriate definition of an effective parameter h helps to qualify the modified update rules. For

|
h

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>
1

, the analytical solution shows that the nature of the PT (including the critical temperature) is independent of h. Furthermore, for

−
1
<
h
<
1

, we study the steady-state properties of PTs using numerical methods. Therefore, we performed simulations for different lattice sizes and measured relevant physical quantities. From the data, we determined the numerical results of the transition temperature and relevant critical exponents for various values of h by applying finite-size scaling (FSS). We found that the FSS analysis of the exponents is consistent with the analytical values of the equilibrium 2D Ising model.
Lipid nanoparticles: a sustainable solution for crop disease management
Authors: Pathak Abhishek , Mandal Neetesh , Upadhyaya Devanshi Chandel , Joshi Neha , Upadhyaya Chandrama Prakash
Published: August 2024

The global challenge of achieving sustainable agricultural productivity and ensuring food security is exacerbated by the threat of phytopathogens and pests, which cause substantial damage and result in annual production losses of approximately 20%–40%, amounting to around 40 billion US dollars worldwide. Current reliance on conventional pesticides for crop disease management not only poses risks to human, animal, and environmental health but also contributes to the development of resistant pathogens. In response to this pressing issue, innovative technologies utilizing nanomaterials offer a promising alternative. These nanomaterials including lipid based nanoparticles (LNPs) can encapsulate and deliver pesticidal active ingredients in a controlled and targeted manner, presenting opportunities to enhance efficacy and efficiency while minimizing environmental impact. This approach represents a crucial step towards sustainable agriculture, preserving agro-ecosystem resilience and ensuring global food security. This review aims to provide an overview of the current state of knowledge regarding the use of LNPs in agriculture, with a focus on their applications for crop disease management.
Specifying and Testing the Critical Time Intervention Model
Authors: Herman Daniel B , Susser Ezra S , Conover Sarah A , Valencia Elie
Published: August 2024

This chapter describes the rationale, initial specification, and testing of Critical Time Intervention (CTI) in two randomized trials with unhoused men and women following discharge from institutional settings in New York. Through a decade of work in the nascent homelessness services sector, the authors observed that while considerable attention had so far rightfully focused on designing innovative outreach approaches intended to successfully engage homeless persons on the streets and shelters, few focused systematically on the transition to community care. While engagement and treatment programs must effectively build close, trusting relationships with clients, this often leads to clients depending on program staff to meet a wide range of needs. In contrast, the transition process must help clients move toward greater autonomy and reliance on other sources of support in the community. This underdeveloped stage of service delivery became the focus of the new CTI model.
Model Description
Authors: Herman Daniel B , Susser Ezra S , Conover Sarah A
Published: August 2024

Critical Time Intervention (CTI) is a time-limited, evidence-based model of care coordination for vulnerable people during a critical period of transition in their lives. The aim is to facilitate community integration and continuity of support by helping clients to build enduring ties to their community and support systems during this critical time. As clients are adjusting to their new situation, the CTI team mobilizes and strengthens a network of resources that are meant to endure after CTI ends. The composition of CTI teams can vary, but they almost always include a CTI worker (or occasionally a pair of workers) who has the primary relationship with the client. It is a phase-based model that specifies for each phase the essential tasks that will help clients successfully navigate the “transitioning” process. By the end of the intervention, clients should have the skills and resources they need to support their progress toward recovery.
Toward a Conceptual Framework for Critical and Time-Sensitive Interventions
Authors: Mandiberg James M , Herman Daniel B , Susser Ezra S
Published: August 2024

Since the original development of Critical Time Intervention (CTI), thinking evolved as further experience and knowledge about the timing of interventions accrued. Together with others, the authors have sought to develop a more general conceptual framework about time-specific interventions. In this chapter, they put forth a tentative schema that represents their current thinking. First, they briefly consider the complexity of seemingly simple concepts of developmental stages and sensitive windows for development and their implications for social interventions. They also differentiate CTIs from time-sensitive interventions. Next, they argue that current trends in human services systems have greatly increased the need for time-sensitive interventions. Finally, they present an organizational context for time-sensitive interventions based upon issues of coordinated care and discuss the use of CTI and other time-sensitive and sequenced interventions in a range of human service contexts.
The Puzzle of One Law and Three Formulations
Authors: Zinkin Melissa
Published: August 2024

This chapter discusses the following puzzle: on the one hand, Kant writes in Groundwork II that there is only a single categorical imperative, but, on the other hand, he provides three formulations of this imperative. It argues that the three formulas correspond to the three logical principles of reason that Kant discusses in the Appendix to the first Critique, which constitute a systematic unity: homogeneity, specification, and continuity. Kant writes that the difference among the three formulas is “subjectively rather than objectively practical,” and this difference, therefore, has a practical function with regard to subjectively motivating us to act. This is why Kant says that the three formulations together bring an idea of reason “closer to . . . feeling.” By “feeling,” Kant is referring to his discussion in the Metaphysics of Morals of “the mind’s receptivity to duty as such”: moral feeling, conscience, self-respect, and love of human beings.
Autonomy and the Kingdom of Ends
Authors: Zinkin Melissa
Published: August 2024

This chapter discusses Kant’s Formula of Autonomy and argues that what it means to “comprehend the maxims of one’s choice as a universal law in the same willing” is to think through one’s maxim for oneself in order to comprehend what in it can be made universal. To be autonomous is thus to self-legislate in the sense that one makes the objective moral law one’s own subjective law. It is to have a deep conviction that what one is doing is right and to have self-respect. This chapter also argues that to be member in the Kingdom of Ends is to comprehend that what is most deep about my own particular self is also what is universal for all rational beings and what makes me feel solidarity with them: systematic rational thought. In this way, the feeling of the mind’s receptivity to duty is “love of human beings.”
Conclusion
Authors: Zinkin Melissa
Published: August 2024

The conclusion connects the first and second parts of the book. Once we see that for Kant reason is the faculty of systematic cognition, we can see the importance of the Critique of the Power of Judgment for Kant’s overall philosophical system. Our capacity for systematic judgment, be it theoretical or practical, is what is the “unity of reason,” and is the source of our humanity. The conclusion discusses the role that the humanities play in cultivating our humanity by presenting us with objects that we find to be deep and which make us think, such as objects of wonder.
Consequences
Authors: Toft Monica Duffy
Published: August 2024

Civil wars are devastating. Ten times more people have died in civil wars than interstate conflicts since the end of the Cold War in 1991. While the effects vary from civil war to civil war, the damage is deleterious to countries and the people living in them. But these are just the immediate consequences of civil wars, as there are also long-lasting effects that can plague countries and people for years after the fighting officially stops. Old rivalries and longstanding problems don’t magically end when one side wins or a temporary truce or compromise peace agreement are reached.
The past, present, and future of civil wars
Authors: Toft Monica Duffy
Published: August 2024

A lot has been learned about civil wars in the last several decades. Once scholars and policy-makers turned their attention away from the Cold War and the strategies for avoiding nuclear war between great powers, research on civil wars gained momentum. There now is a pretty good understanding of the common risk factors for war and how and why wars start. While there is a decent appreciation for where civil wars are possible, even likely, policy-makers are not very good at predicting when a new civil war will begin with any precision. There are simply too many factors to consider and insufficient knowledge about unique local settings, situations, and individuals to be as accurate as policy-makers would like. Deeper understandings of countries, cultures, and identities should inform future scholarship.
Icon and iconoclast
Authors: Clark Heather
Published: August 2024

This chapter introduces Sylvia Plath, who is the best-known American woman poet of the 20th century. It explains that her poems and fiction, such as her 1963 novel The Bell Jar, Journal, and Letters, are widely taught in high schools and universities across the English-speaking world. Thus, her name is regularly invoked in popular culture as a reference for rebellion, feminism, and depression. The chapter highlights Plath’s representations of gender and power before considering the notion of confessionalism, politics, and madness within her works. It discusses how biographers often misrepresent Plath’s mental illness, which harmed her legacy by reducing Plath to a “mad” poet.
Rebirth and resurrection
Authors: Clark Heather
Published: August 2024

This chapter describes how Sylvia Plath met Ted Hughes, while providing an overview of her written works throughout their relationship. It explains how Plath and Hughes married in secret since Plath was worried she would lose her Fulbright Fellowship money if college officials learned she was married. Moreover, the couple were determined to write a new kind of poetry, in a bolder voice, that would stand apart from what they read in the pages of the British journals. Plath accepted a teaching position at Smith College in 1957 while Hughes taught at the University of Massachusetts before moving back to England a couple of years later. The chapter notes the cracks in Plath and Hughes’s marriage after she suffered a miscarriage and an appendectomy.
“The blood jet is poetry”—Devon, London, and Ariel
Authors: Clark Heather
Published: August 2024

This chapter explores Sylvia Plath’s works while staying in Devon, where the space and solitude benefited her work. It details the writing of Three Women, describing how Plath was determined to use her experience of childbirth and motherhood in her work. Plath was beginning to tear away the veil of propriety to reveal those parts of women’s experience that were left unspoken, or silenced. However, Plath’s illness and Ted Hughes’s absence affected her emotional volatility and creative inspiration, resulting in her best-known poems of Ariel. In 1963, Plath moved to London with her children and worked on the publication of The Bell Jar. The chapter details Plath’s death by self-inflicted carbon monoxide poisoning, her poems that she felt were written on the edge of madness, and her burial in West Yorkshire.
Étienne Parent, the Demise of the Mixed Constitution, and the Rise of Liberalism of Government in French Canada
Authors: Bédard-Rubin Jean-Christophe
Published: August 2024

Between the adoption of the Act of Union in 1840 and the British North America Act in 1867, French-Canadian elites had to reconceptualize the nature and virtues of the British constitutional system. Étienne Parent, an early defender of the ‘mixed constitution’ and one of the most influential thinkers among French-Canadian reformists, turned to the civil service to give the new constitutional regime a stable foundation. His theory of the ‘sovereignty of intelligence’ borrowed French liberal ideas to build a distinct model of constitutionalism out of British constitutional institutions. Parent’s thought also exemplifies how the idea that the constitution is the principal integrative force of the polity continued to shape French-Canadian constitutional imaginary in the mid-nineteenth century. Recovering this dynamic and historical approach to constitutionalism sheds light on this distinct constitutional model, obscured by the later influence of AV Dicey and his retrospective interpretation of nineteenth-century constitutionalism. Putting the emphasis on the administration, Parent’s theory of the ‘sovereignty of intelligence’ offered a form of government liberalism which differed from the liberalism associated with parliamentary sovereignty, and republicanism and popular sovereignty. In many respects, Parent participated directly in the consolidation of the constitutional model he defended, and his thought allows us to recapture the synergy and generative tension between the cabinet and the civil service that endures in the contemporary constitutional practices of Westminster parliamentary systems.
Tinea capitis in older people: clinical experience of 36 cases over 10 years
Authors: Bonifaz Alexandro , Chacón-Ruiz María Alejandra , Araiza Javier , Fierro-Arias Leonel , Moreno-López Luis Miguel , Chandler David
Published: August 2024

Tinea capitis in older people is rare. Here, we describe our experience of 36 cases of tinea capitis in older individuals over a 10-year period. We present clinical, mycological and treatment characteristics.
Associations between thyroid function, thyroid diseases, and primary aldosteronism
Authors: Maiturouzi Mayire , Zhu Qing , Zhang Delian , Luo Qin , Wang Menghui , Cai Xintian , Heizhati Mulalibieke , Cai Li , Wu Ting , Liu Shasha , Dang Yujie , Aimudula Adilakezi , Hong Jing , Li Nanfang
Published: August 2024

Objective

Previous studies focusing on primary aldosteronism (PA) and thyroid diseases were controversial. Hence, this study aimed to examine associations between thyroid function, thyroid diseases, and PA and its subtypes.

Design and Methods

This was a cross-sectional study, which enrolled 1023 patients with PA and 6138 patients with essential hypertension (EH) admitted to Hypertension Center of People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region from August 2011 to June 2022. All patients with PA were accurately classified into aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA) and idiopathic hyperaldosteronism (IHA) by adrenal vein sampling (AVS). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to assess the relationship of thyroid function, thyroid nodules, and PA and its subtypes.

Results

A total of 7161 patients (327 APA and 696 IHA, and 6138 EH) were included with a mean age of 48.20 ± 8.83 years. PA patients and PA subtypes showed lower FT4, FT3, TT4, TT3, and prevalence of positive TPOAb, meanwhile higher prevalence of thyroid nodules than EH patients (PA: 56.10%, IHA: 56.90%, APA: 54.80%, and EH: 48.90%, respectively). PA (adjusted OR: 1.290, 95% CI: 1.035-1.607, P = .02) and its subtype (IHA) (adjusted OR: 1.316, 95% CI: 1.005-1.724, P = .04) were significantly associated with thyroid nodules. Compared to patients with lower plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) levels (<12 ng/dL), patients with PAC levels ≥ 12 ng/dL presented a higher prevalence of thyroid nodules.

Conclusions

PA patients had lower thyroid function and higher prevalence of thyroid nodules compared to EH patients. Therefore, the screening of thyroid function and thyroid nodules may be indispensable for PA patients.
Primary unilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia with concomitant glucocorticoid and androgen excess and KDM1A inactivation
Authors: Elhassan Yasir S , Appenzeller Silke , Landwehr Laura-Sophie , Lippert Juliane , Popat Dillon , Gilligan Lorna C , Abdi Lida , Goh Edwina , Diaz-Cano Salvador , Kircher Stefan , Gramlich Susanne , Sutcliffe Robert P , Thangaratinam Shakila , Chan Li F , Fassnacht Martin , Arlt Wiebke , Ronchi Cristina L
Published: August 2024

Background

Primary bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia (PBMAH) is a rare cause of Cushing's syndrome. Individuals with PBMAH and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP)-dependent Cushing's syndrome due to ectopic expression of the GIP receptor (GIPR) typically harbor inactivating KDM1A sequence variants. Primary unilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia (PUMAH) with concomitant glucocorticoid and androgen excess has never been encountered or studied.

Methods

We investigated a woman with a large, heterogeneous adrenal mass and severe adrenocorticotropic hormone-independent glucocorticoid and androgen excess, a biochemical presentation typically suggestive of adrenocortical carcinoma. The patient presented during pregnancy (22nd week of gestation) and reported an 18-month history of oligomenorrhea, hirsutism, and weight gain. We undertook an exploratory study with detailed histopathological and genetic analysis of the resected adrenal mass and leukocyte DNA collected from the patient and her parents.

Results

Histopathology revealed benign macronodular adrenal hyperplasia. Imaging showed a persistently normal contralateral adrenal gland. Whole-exome sequencing of 4 representative nodules detected KDM1A germline variants, benign NM_001009999.3:c.136G > A:p.G46S, and likely pathogenic NM_001009999.3:exon6:c.865_866del:p.R289Dfs*7. Copy number variation analysis demonstrated an additional somatic loss of the KDM1A wild-type allele on chromosome 1p36.12 in all nodules. RNA sequencing of a representative nodule showed low/absent KDM1A expression and increased GIPR expression compared with 52 unilateral sporadic adenomas and 4 normal adrenal glands. Luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin receptor expression was normal. Sanger sequencing confirmed heterozygous KDM1A variants in both parents (father: p.R289Dfs*7 and mother: p.G46S) who showed no clinical features suggestive of glucocorticoid or androgen excess.

Conclusions

We investigated the first PUMAH associated with severe Cushing's syndrome and concomitant androgen excess, suggesting pathogenic mechanisms involving KDM1A.
Conventional steroids vs. dual-release hydrocortisone on metabolic, cardiovascular, and bone outcomes in adrenal insufficiency: a 10-year study
Authors: Guarnotta Valentina , Di Stefano Claudia , Tomasello Laura , Maniscalco Laura , Pizzolanti Giuseppe , Arnaldi Giorgio , Giordano Carla
Published: August 2024

Objective

Adrenal insufficiency (AI) is characterized by increased mortality compared to general population, mainly due to cardiovascular disease. Conventional glucocorticoid (GC) replacement therapy has a role in determining the increased mortality risk. Primary outcome of the current study was to evaluate the impact of 10 years of conventional GCs and DR-HC on body weight changes in treatment-naive patients with AI. Secondary outcomes were changes from baseline to 5 and 10 years in anthropometric and metabolic profile, insulin sensitivity, cardiovascular, and bone parameters.

Design and methods

We prospectively randomized 42 patients to conventional GCs (cortisone acetate or hydrocortisone) and 44 to DR-HC (1:1). Anthropometric, metabolic, cardiovascular, and bone parameters were evaluated at baseline and after 5 and 10 years of follow-up. This trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov NCT06260462.

Results

At 10 years of follow-up, patients with conventional GCs had significantly higher values of BMI (P = .031), waist circumference (P = .047), systolic blood pressure (P = .039), total and LDL cholesterol (P = .041 and P = .042), HbA1c (P = .040), HOMA-IR (P = .006), AUC2h of glucose (P < .001), thickness of the interventricular septum in diastole and of the posterior wall (both P < .001) and significantly lower values of oral disposition index (P = .001) and ISI-Matsuda (P < .001), lumbar spine T score (P = .036), and femoral neck Z score (P = .026), compared to patients treated with DR-HC.

Conclusions

In patients with treatment-naive AI, 10 years of conventional GC treatment is associated with a worsening of metabolic, insulin-sensitivity, cardiac, and bone outcomes, while DR-HC had no impact on them achieving a lower risk of developing comorbidities.
Can my writing be polished further? When ChatGPT meets human touch
Authors: Lee Yoo-Jean
Published: August 2024

Recent attention on ChatGPT, a prominent AI language model, highlights its potential in assisting EFL writing. Although ChatGPT’s capabilities involve grammar correction, vocabulary enrichment and sentence structuring, its full potential alongside human scaffolding in EFL writing classrooms remains unexplored. This study aims to fill this gap by adopting the cognitive process model of writing as a theoretical framework. Four groups of 19 EFL learners were engaged in think-aloud sessions and interviews. The collaborative writing process with ChatGPT progressed through iterative stages of planning, translating, and reviewing, incorporating various embedded subprocesses. Guidance from the teacher and collaborative work among peers facilitated the effective use of ChatGPT for writing refinement by creating an environment of emotional reassurance and enhancing metacognitive awareness among the learners. The findings emphasise the importance of collaborative work, orchestrated by the teacher and peers in using ChatGPT in the EFL writing class.