bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Peripheral blood progenitor cell grafts contain high levels of platelet‐secreted mediators
Authors: Foss Brynjar , Abrahamsen Jenny Foss , Bruserud Øystein
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: The cytokine network in peripheral blood progenitor cell (PBPC) grafts may affect hematopoietic reconstitution or the risk of postransplant relapse of malignant disorders through effects on normal progenitor cells or contaminating malignant cells. Whether thrombopoietin (TPO), SCF, and platelet‐secreted mediators are parts of this network was investigated.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Peripheral blood and PBPC plasma samples were collected consecutively from patients with malignant disorders who underwent PBPC harvest. Blood samples were collected immediately before and after apheresis. Patients underwent mobilization by chemotherapy plus G–CSF, except for one patient who received only G‐CSF. Plasma levels were also determined for healthy controls.

RESULTS: PBPC grafts had greater levels of platelet‐secreted platelet factor 4 (PF4), β‐thromboglobulin, and platelet‐derived growth factor isoform AB, as compared with venous levels in patients and controls. Although platelet and PF4 levels in autografts were significantly correlated, the graft:blood ratio was higher for PF4 than for platelets. In both the patients' blood and the autografts, TPO levels were increased from the levels in normal controls. Blood and graft levels of SCF were within the normal range.

CONCLUSION: The cytokine network of PBPC autografts includes increased levels of TPO and several platelet‐derived mediators.
High‐titer screening PCR: a successful strategy for reducing the parvovirus B19 load in plasma pools for fractionation
Authors: Weimer Thomas , Streichert Sigrid , Watson Charles , Gröner Albrecht
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: Human parvovirus B19 (B19) is regarded as a potential risk factor for certain patient populations receiving plasma components.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The prevalence of B19 was determined in a limited plasma donor population. Conditions for high‐titer screening PCR were designed to allow the removal of plasma donations in the acute phase of infection with virus loads ≥107 genome equivalents per milliliter before manufacturing. Antithrombin III lots originating from screened plasma were compared to lots originating from untested plasma with respect to their B19 DNA load by a sensitive PCR assay.

RESULTS: B19 was shown to have a prevalence of about 1 per 800 plasma donations. Only a minority (1/8000) of occurrences were in the acute phase of infection. Removing plasma units with high virus load as determined by high‐titer screening PCR significantly decreased peak virus loads of plasma pools for fractionation. Together with a virus‐removal capacity of 10.4 log10 of the manufacturing process, this screening resulted in a final antithrombin III product that was nonreactive for B19 on PCR.

CONCLUSION: Combining the strategy of high‐titer screening PCR with the virus reduction capacity of the manufacturing process considerably increased the margin of B19 virus safety of antithrombin III. This strategy should have positive impact on other plasma components as well.
Three‐base deletion and one‐base insertion of the α(1,4)galactosyltransferase gene responsible for the p phenotype
Authors: Koda Yoshiro , Soejima Mikiko , Sato Hiroyuki , Maeda Yoshiaki , Kimura Hiroshi
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: Recently, an α(1,4)galactosyltransferase gene that is responsible for synthesis of Pk (Gb3) was isolated. The p individuals who did not express the Pk, P, and P1 antigens on RBC membranes were shown to lack the Pk (Gb3) synthase activity because of multiple distinct mutations in the α(1,4)galactosyltransferase gene.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: DNA sequences of the Pk (Gb3) synthase gene in three Japanese individuals with the p phenotype were analyzed.

RESULTS: One individual was found to be homozygous for an allele containing a three‐base deletion of CTTCTTC to CTTC from bases 237 through 243 in the coding region. The other two individuals were found to be homozygous for an allele containing a single cytosine insertion in a cytosine repeat at positions 1026 through 1029, resulting in a reading frame shift.

CONCLUSION: The p blood group phenotype is due to several distinct nonfunctional alleles without any predominant allele.
Trends in residual risk of transfusion‐transmitted viral infections in France between 1992 and 2000
Authors: Pillonel Josiane , Laperche Syria , Saura Christine , Desenclos Jean‐Claude , Couroucé Anne‐Marie ,   the Transfusion‐Transmissible Agents Working Group of the French Society of Blood Transfusion
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND : Monitoring trends in residual risks of transfusion‐transmitted viral infections (HIV, HTLV, HBV, and HCV) is important to assess improvements in blood safety. In France, theses trends were analyzed between 1992 and 2000.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS : As risk is predominantly associated with the window period, residual risks were estimated by multiplying incidence rates by the durations of the window periods. Incidence rates were calculated from the data collected by the blood transfusion centers belonging to the Transfusion‐Transmissible Agents Working Group, which currently collects more than 50 percent of the 2.5 million blood samples donated each year in France.

RESULTS : Trend analysis showed a significant decrease in residual risks for HCV (p = 0.01) and HBV (p < 0.001). Although residual risks decreased for HIV and HTLV, the trends were not significant. In 1998 through 2000, residual risks were estimated to be 1 in 470,000 donations for HBV, 1 in 860,000 for HCV, 1 in 1,370,000 for HIV, nil for HTLV, and 1 in 250,000 for the four viruses combined.

CONCLUSION S: In France, the current risk of a blood recipient becoming infected with a retrovirus or a hepatitis virus is extremely low. The implementation of NAT in July 2001 is predicted to reduce the residual risk to 1 in 2,700,000 donations for HIV and 1 in 8,300,000 for HCV.
Polymerized human Hb use in acute chest syndrome: a case report
Authors: Lanzkron Sophie , Moliterno Alison R. , Norris Edward J. , Gould Steven A. , Segal Jodi , Nuermberger Eric L. , Ness Paul M.
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: Acute chest syndrome (ACS) is a complication of sickle cell disease that can cause significant morbidity. Transfusion therapy has been shown to significantly increase oxygenation in patients with ACS and RBC exchange is considered the standard of care in patients at high risk of respiratory failure.

CASE REPORT: A patient with ACS and several high‐risk features, including thrombocytopenia, profound anemia, bilateral pulmonary infiltrates, staphylococcal sepsis, and pulmonary embolism is presented. The patient refused transfusion on religious grounds and received 12 units of human polymerized Hb solution (poly SFH‐P injection, PolyHeme, Northfield Laboratories) over the course of 13 days. The patient's respiratory status improved and she was discharged home without receiving RBC transfusions.

CONCLUSION: This is the first reported case that describes the use of PolyHeme in a patient with sickle cell disease, ACS, and sepsis. This therapy is thought to have been lifesaving for this patient.
Treatment for the decline of ionized calcium levels during peripheral blood progenitor cell harvesting
Authors: Kishimoto Masahiro , Ohto Hitoshi , Shikama Yayoi , Kikuta Atsushi , Kimijima Izo , Takenoshita Seiichi
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND : ACD‐A solution containing sodium citrate and citric acid is used as an anticoagulant agent during peripheral blood progenitor cell (PBPC) harvesting, and in rare cases can cause fatal citrate intoxication. The aim of this study was to establish effective methods for stabilizing ionized calcium (ICa) levels during PBPC harvesting.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS : ICa was measured during 46 apheresis procedures conducted in 26 patients. Four patients in four procedures were infused with calcium gluconate solution before PBPC harvesting; three patients in six procedures were infused with calcium gluconate when symptoms of citrate intoxication appeared; and four patients in five procedures received a continuous infusion. Five patients in five procedures took an isotonic sports drink containing calcium when hypocalcemic symptoms appeared. The ICa level, blood pressure, and pulse rate were measured.

RESULTS
: ICa declined rapidly from the preapheresis level of 1.081(±0.092) m
M
to 0.937(±0.081) m
M
(13.3%, p
<
0.0001) 10 minutes after the start of apheresis and continued to decline until the completion of the procedure. When patients received a continuous infusion of calcium during apheresis, ICa was relatively stabilized. ICa significantly rose (6.1 ± 3.6%, p
< 0.02) within 2 to 5 minutes after oral intake of an isotonic sports drink containing calcium and was maintained within normal range for 31 to 55 minutes.

CONCLUSION : An isotonic sports drink containing calcium has a quick stabilizing and a longer maintenance effect on ICa. Thus, we recommend the intake of an isotonic sports drink containing calcium as the easiest and best method for preventing hypocalcemia during apheresis.
Comparison of two leukapheresis programs for computerized collection of blood progenitor cells on a new cell separator
Authors: Schwella N. , Movassaghi K. , Scheding S. , Ahrens N. , Salama A.
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND : Peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPCs) can be collected on various cell separators. Two leukapheresis programs (LP‐MNC and LP‐PBSC‐Lym) were evaluated for computerized collection of PBPCs on a new cell separator.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS : Leukapheresis assisted by the LP‐MNC or LP‐PBSC‐Lym software was performed for the harvesting of PBPCs in 52 oncology patients after chemotherapy plus G–CSF treatment and in 18 healthy subjects after G–CSF mobilization alone.

RESULTS : A total of 38 components from 33 donors via LP‐MNC and 43 components from 37 donors via LP‐PBSC‐Lym were collected with a median of one (range, one to two) standard‐volume leukapheresis procedures (9.2‐13.3 L) per donor. There were no significant differences between the two groups concerning median counts of WBCs, CD34+ cells, CD34+ cell yields per harvest, and CD34+ cell yields of cumulative harvests. The blood cell counts after leukapheresis revealed that the LP‐MNC resulted in significantly higher platelet loss than LP‐PBSC‐Lym (p = 0.024): 35.9 percent (range, 19.2%‐66.1%) versus 29.7 percent (11.6%‐52.3%). Regarding the CD34+ cell collection efficiency, the LP‐MNC program was significantly better than the LP‐PBSC‐Lym program (p < 0.001): 77.5 percent (range, 35.5%‐98.9%) versus 58.3 percent (range, 20.4%‐98.9%). However, concentrates collected by the LP‐PBSC‐Lym program had significantly higher percentages of MNCs (p < 0.001) and CD34+ cells (p = 0.028) than harvests with the LP‐MNC program: 90 percent (range, 69%‐99%) versus 70 percent (range, 35%‐98%) and 1.2 percent (range, 0.2%‐7.3%) versus 0.7 percent (range, 0.2%‐6.0%), respectively. No leukapheresis‐related serious adverse events were seen, and time for hematopoietic engraftment was equivalent to data published in the literature.

CONCLUSION : The LP‐MNC program shows a significantly better CD34+ cell collection efficiency than the LP‐PBSC‐Lym program. However, collections with the LP‐MNC program result in PBPC components with a lower MNC and CD34+ cell concentrations and a higher apheresis‐related loss of patient's platelets.
From Savages and Barbarians to Primitives: Africa, Social Typologies, and History in Eighteenth–Century French Philosophy
Authors: Jacques T. Carlos
Published: March 2003

This article describes the conceptual framework (what I call a “style of reasoning”) within which knowledge about Africa was legitimized in eighteenth–century French philosophy. The article traces a shift or rupture in this conceptual framework which, at the end of the eighteenth century, led to the emergence of new conditions for knowledge legitimation that altered Europe’s perception of Africa. The article examines these two conceptual frameworks within the context of a discussion of the social theory of the time, which categorized Africans first as savages, and then, with the advent of our modern “style of reasoning,” as primitives. The argument used to demonstrate this change in categorizations is historical. (In the terminology of Michel Foucault, the paper is an “archaeological” investigation of knowledge about Africa.) The greater part of the article analyzes in detail the principal social theory of Enlightenment philosophy, the stadial theory of society, with the aim of demonstrating how it determined what could be affirmed about Africa. The shift in the perception of Africans from savages to primitives involved an epistemological change in how societies were grasped. The article provides a greater understanding of the constitution of Africa as a cognitive construct, which is not only of theoretical concern; this construct shaped Europe’s intervention in Africa, and continues to influence what we believe Africa is and should become.
How Real Is the Reality in Documentary Film?
Authors: Shapiro Ann‐Louise
Published: March 2003

Documentary film, in the words of Bill Nichols, is one of the “discourses of sobriety” that include science, economics, politics, and history—discourses that claim to describe the “real,” to tell the truth. Yet documentary film, in more obvious ways than does history, straddles the categories of fact and fiction, art and document, entertainment and knowledge. And the visual languages with which it operates have quite different effects than does the written text. In the following interview conducted during the winter of 1997, historian Ann‐Louise Shapiro raises questions about genre—the relationship of form to content and meaning—with documentary filmmaker Jill Godmilow.

In order to explore the possibilities and constraints of non‐fiction film as a medium for representing history, Godmilow was asked: What are the strategies and techniques by which documentary films make meaning? In representing historical events, how does a non‐fiction filmmaker think about accuracy? authenticity? invention? What are the criteria you have in mind when you call a film like The Wonderful, Horrible Life of Leni Riefenstahl“dishonest”? How does the tension between making art and making history affect documentary filmmaking? Should documentary filmmakers think of themselves, in the phrase of Ken Burns, as “tribal storytellers”? What kind of historical consciousness is produced by documentary film?
Salvaging Truth and Ethical Obligation from the Historicist Tide: Thomas Haskell’s Moderate Historicism
Authors: Toews John E.
Published: March 2003

Objectivity is Not Neutrality: Explanatory Schemes in History, byThomas L. Haskell
Same Difference in Indiaand Europe
Authors: Pinch William R.
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

Colonialism and its Forms of Knowledge: The British in India, by Bernard S. Cohn

Empire and Information: Intelligence Gathering and SocialCommunication in India, 1780–1870, by Christopher A. Bayly
On the Role of Mathematical Biology in Contemporary Historiography
Authors: Peña Alonso
Published: March 2003

This essay proposes that mathematical biology can be used as a fruitful exemplar for the introduction of scientific principles to history. After reviewing the antecedents of the application of mathematics to biology, in partiicular evolutionary biology, describe in detail a mathematical model of cultural diffusion based on an analogy with population genetics. Subsequently, as a case study, this model is used to investigate the dynamics of the early modern European witch‐crazes in Bavaria, England, Hungary, and Finland. In the second part of the article, I sketch the methodological significance of this type of “scientific history” and, in particular, I identify three lessons that mathematical biology can contribute to historiography. The first lesson is on the fundamental distinction between an agent's purposes and structural social processes. I argue that mathematical modeling can be fruitfully applied to describe social processes, while agents' purposes ought to be addressed following a hermeneutic tradition. The second lesson is on the aim of mathematical modeling. Here I argue that the object of modeling, rather than being the prediction or retrodiction of events (a deductive‐nomological approach), is the understanding of the factors involved in the dynamics of social processes (an analytic‐descriptive approach). Finally, the third lesson is on the new understanding of science after the collapse of the standard view. In summary, while mathematical modeling can provide an extremely powerful approach to clarify the dynamics of certain macro‐historical processes, scientific methods ought to be regarded as a complement to, not a substitute for, classical historiography.
Freedom and History
Authors: Gorman J. L.
Published: March 2003

Book reviewed in this article:

The Truth of History, by C. Behan McCullagh.
The Dynamics of Uncertainty
Authors: Morawski Jill G.
Published: March 2003

Book reviewed:

Bruce Mazlish, The Uncertain Sciences
Agency, Postmodernism, and the Causes of Change
Authors: Fitzhugh Michael L. , Leckie, Jr. William H.
Published: March 2003

This theme issue’s call for papers notes that “several prevalent and influential historical practices of the last thirty years have limited agency’s significance, . . . seeing the human as the patient of History rather than its agent.” The questions implicit in this statement are nowhere more urgent than in those practices collectively known as the “linguistic turn.” Yet such questions have been explored sparsely enough in relation to this movement that some adherents can still insist that the ideas they favor do not devalue agency, while many simply ignore the issue and incorporate agency as an integral part of their work. By examining a largely unremarked episode in Michel Foucault's highly influential thought and considering its connections to foundational assumptions of the linguistic turn, we seek to demonstrate in detail why the premises that underlie both structuralism and poststructuralism (the theoretical movements most deeply implicated in the direction the linguistic turn has taken in history) logically require the denial of agency as a causal force and ultimately compel the conclusion that no change can occur in realities as interpreted by humans. We illustrate the intractability of these logical problems by analyzing unsatisfactory defenses from some of the few linguistic‐turn historians who have discussed relevant issues, after which we conclude by suggesting that attention to current work in linguistics and cognitive science may help resolve such difficulties.
Art as Appearance: Two Comments on Arthur C. Danto's After the End of Art
Authors: Seel Martin R.
Published: March 2003

In his latest book about art Arthur Danto claims that aesthetic appearance—visuality in the visual arts—has become more and more irrelevant for most of contemporary art. This essay first immanently critiques the distinction between the aesthetic and artistic properties underlying this claim. Danto's claim about the irrelevance of the aesthetic is not compatible with the spirit of his own writings: what Danto denies in After the End of Art has been a cornerstone of his theoretical work since The Transfiguration of the Commonplace, namely, that the aesthetic is indeed both an elementary and a defining property of art. Examples ranging from Duchamp's Fountain to a recent installation by the Art & Language group are discussed to support this critique. Second, the essay defends Danto's contention that developing a “definition of art” is a sensible enterprise. But it turns out that Danto's (self‐ascribed) “essentialism” concerning art has no essentialist implications in any specific sense.
History, the Referent, and Narrative: Reflections on Postmodernism Now
Authors: Zagorin Perez
Published: March 2003

This essay surveys the present position of postmodernism with respect to the effect of its ideas upon historiography. For this purpose it looks at a number of writings by historians that have been a response to postmodernism including the recently published collection of articles, The Postmodern History Reader. The essay argues that, in contrast to scholars in the field of literary studies, the American historical profession has been much more resistant to postmodernist doctrines and that the latters' influence upon the thinking and practice of historians is not only fading but increasingly destined to fade. The essay also presents a critical discussion of the current philosophy of postmodernism in its bearing upon historiography, directed chiefly against its claim that the world has undergone an epochal transition from the modern to a postmodern age; its theory of language and linguistic idealism; its opposition to historical realism and denial of the actuality of the past as a possible object of reference; and its theory of historical narrative as unconstrained fictional construction. This discussion includes a consideration of the work of postmodernist thinkers such as J.‐F. Lyotard, of the recent books by David Roberts and Robert F. Berkhofer, Jr. which espouse a postmodernist theory of history, and of the narrativist theory of Hayden White. The essay also notes some of the reasons for postmodernism's appeal; and while it does not deny that postmodernist philosophy may have served a useful purpose in provoking historians to be more self‐critical and aware of their presuppositions and procedures, it maintains that its skeptical and politicized view of historical inquiry is deeply mistaken, out of accord with the way historians themselves think about their work, and incapable of providing an understanding of historiography as a form of thought engaged in the attainment of knowledge and understanding of the human past.
State Tax Policy, Labor, and Tax Revenue Feedback Effects
Authors: Berck Peter , Golan Elise , Smith* Bruce
Published: March 2003

A new computable general equilibrium model is used to predict the effects of tax rate changes on employment and other macrovariables in California. The model is dynamic in accounting for both migration and investment. The relative strength of migration, labor force participation, and investment in causing tax‐rate‐decrease‐induced growth is examined. The model is used to contrast expected effects of a tax rate increase with and without migration and investment.
Overt Employment Discrimination by Multinational Firms: Cultural and Economic Influences in a Developing Country
Authors: Lawler John J. , Bae Johngseok
Published: March 2003

An issue that has been explored only to a limited extent is the role that multinational firms might play in promoting or inhibiting employment discrimination based on gender in developing countries. This study focuses on this issue within the context of Thailand, a country that, until quite recently, had one of the world's fastest growing economies, driven to a large extent through investment by foreign multinational firms. The approach we take is to analyze the determinants of the inclusion of explicit gender restrictions in job announcements by both multinationals and Thai‐owned firms. Some job announcements restrict jobs to male or to female applicants, and some are silent on the issue of gender. Others specifically invite both male and female applicants. There are no laws in Thailand restricting gender‐based discrimination nor requiring “equal opportunity” language on the part of private employers.

The analysis examines the relationship of the cultural characteristics of the firm's home country, along with economic growth in the host country, with the likelihood of various gender‐based restrictions being placed in job announcements. We employ widely used measures of national culture developed by Hofstede.Empirical results demonstrate relationships between discrimination and certain of Hofstede's cultural dimensions. Economic growth was not found to have an impact on discrimination. Control variables in the study include dummy variables to control for occupation and the industry of the employee firm.
Institutional Reformation in Eastern Europe
Authors: Flanagan Robert J.
Published: March 2003

This paper outlines the industrial relations system under postwar central planning in eastern Europe, examines the changes in these industrial relations systems during the subsequent political and economic transitions, and evaluates the micro and macro impacts of the new institutions on labor market developments during the transitions.
The Wage Premium for Job Seniority During the 1980s and Early 1990s
Authors: Marcotte Dave E.
Published: March 2003

In this article I use Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) data to study whether the rewards for job tenure have fallen since the early 1980s. An upward‐sloping seniority‐wage profile is generally thought to be an important dimension of compensation during a career. However, recent interest in the incidence of layoffs and changes in the structure of firms gives rise to the possibility that employment contracts are less often being structured to reward tenure or that such contracts are more difficult to honor. Using a two‐stage estimator to attempt to control unmeasured individual and job match effects on wages, I find some evidence that the wage premium paid to senior workers has declined moderately. However, I find that these results are mildly sensitive to alternative methods of handling the relatively noisy PSID tenure data.
Inertia and Discrimination in the California State Civil Service
Authors: Kim* Marlene
Published: March 2003

Analysis of the California State Civil Service indicates that its occupational wage structure is very stable. Salaries established in 1931 continue to influence current wages, over 60 years later, even while controlling for market wages. This results from the California Civil Service's policy of maintaining the relative wage structure that was established initially in 1931 despite conflicting market wages. Because the California Civil Service explicitly lowered salaries for female‐dominated jobs when it established its initial salary structure, these jobs remained underpaid by $1.6 billion from 1973 to 1993. These findings support notions of wage rigidity and fairness in efficiency wage and institutional labor market theories.
The Intergenerational Transmission of “Intelligence”: Down the Slippery Slopes of The Bell Curve
Authors: Currie Janet , Thomas Duncan
Published: March 2003

Herrnstein and Murray report that conditional on maternal “intelligence” (AFQT scores), child test scores are little affected by variations in socioeconomic status. Using the same data, we demonstrate that their finding is very fragile. We explore the effect of adopting a more representative sample of children, including blacks and Latinos, allowing nonlinearities in the relationships, and incorporating richer measures of socioeconomic status. Making any one of these changes overturns their finding: Socioeconomic status and child test scores are positively ad significantly related. Evidence is presented suggesting AFQT scores are likely better markers for family background than “intelligence.”
The NELS Curve: Replicating The Bell Curve Analyses with the National Education Longitudinal Study
Authors: Levine David I. , Painter Gary
Published: March 2003

This study uses the National Educational Longitudinal Study of 1988 (NELS) to replicate both the analysis in The Bell Curve and that of several of its previous replications. We examine the relative importance of test scores and family background in predicting dropping out of high school, starting college, arrests, and out‐of‐wedlock fertility. Our results relax several arbitrary assumptions made in The Bell Curve. We strongly reject The Bell Curve's conclusion that family background is almost always less important than test scores in predicting outcomes. In addition, our analysis casts doubt on some of The Bell Curve's claims concerning reverse discrimination in education.
High‐Performance Workplaces, Training, and the Distribution of Skills
Authors: Whitfield Keith
Published: March 2003

Using a data set based on a nationally representative sample of British establishments, the analysis suggests that those exhibiting high‐performance work practices have higher levels of training and those with a comprehensive set of these (or bundle) exhibit much higher levels than those which do not. This mainly reflects a greater intensity rather than a greater breadth of training. There is little evidence that the presence of these practices at a workplacepromotes a polarization of skills.
Were Money Wages Always Rigid? A Look at the Reliability of Survey Evidence on Changes in Wage Rates
Authors: O'Brien Anthony Patrick
Published: March 2003

In recent years, the once conventional view that nominal wage rates were much more flexible before the Great Depression than after has been challenged. This challenge has been reinforced by several recent studies that are based on monthly wage data gathered by state labor bureaus. The surveys used by the state labor bureaus in gathering the data appear to have been biased toward the finding that wages have not changed. Hence inferences drawn from the data collected in these surveys are not reliable.
Consequences of Satisfaction with Pay Systems: Two Field Studies
Authors: Miceli Marcia P. , Mulvey Paul W.
Published: March 2003

Research on pay satisfaction has been criticized for inattention to determining whether its multiple dimensions have different consequences and for overreliance on cross‐sectional designs. Structural equation analyses of data from two field studies showed that satisfaction with pay systems, but not pay levels, led to greater perceived organizational support, which in turn affected employer commitment and organizational citizenship. Union commitment was a positive function of pay system satisfaction and a negative function of pay level satisfaction.
Arbitrator Acceptability: Does Justice Matter? Arbitrator Acceptability
Authors: Posthuma Richard A. , Dworkin James B. , Swift Maris Stella
Published: March 2003

There is virtually no theory‐based research that examines if arbitrator behaviors influence whether they will be chosen for future cases. This longitudinal field study uses organizational justice theory to predict the acceptability of arbitrators in dispute‐resolution processes involving labor and management representatives in actual cases. The data indicate that procedural justice is more important in predicting arbitrator acceptability in interest than in rights arbitration cases. Arbitrator distributive justice, procedural justice, and interactional justice are all related to acceptability of arbitrators. Procedural justice and interactional justice are differentially related to evaluation of arbitrators, suggesting that they are distinct constructs.
Hispanic Ethnicity, English‐Skill Investments, and Earnings
Authors: Dávila Alberto , Mora Marie T.
Published: March 2003

Analyzing synthetic cohorts in the 1980 and 1990 Public Use Microdata Samples, we find that Mexican‐Americans and other Hispanics acquired English fluency at a faster pace than Puerto Ricans and Cuban‐Americans during the 1980s. Additional results indicate that English‐skill investments differently influenced the earnings distributions of these ethnic groups.
The Employment Effects of Minimum Wages: Evidence from a Prespecified Research Design The Employment Effects of MinimumWages
Authors: Neumark David
Published: March 2003

This article presentsevidence on the employment effects of recent minimum wage increases from a prespecified research design that entailed committing to a detailed set of statistical analyses prior to “going to” the data. The limited data to which the prespecified research design can be applied may preclude finding many significant effects. Nonetheless, the evidence is most consistent with disemployment effects of minimum wages for younger, less‐skilled workers.
A Different Kind of Union: Balancing Co‐Management and Representation
Authors: Rubinstein Saul A.
Published: March 2003

Local unions engaging in co‐management and joint governance arrangements require new capacities and organizational forms to balance managerial responsibilities with representation of both the collective and individual interests of the membership. This article examines the evolution of the local union at General Motors' Saturn Corporation through the internal and external tensions created by the challenges faced in assuming these roles. A new model of local unionism, grounded in this experience and data, is outlined for further testing and research.
Hitting the Bricks: An International Comparative Study of Conflict on the Waterfront
Authors: Turnbull Peter , Sapsford David
Published: March 2003

Although many longshoremen have a deserved reputation for militancy, the waterfront has been remarkably peaceful in some countries. The propensity of longshoremen to strike is explored in an historical and international comparative context, looking beyond industry‐level variables to determine the nature and causes of industrial action. The incidence of strikes on the waterfront depended ultimately on the propriety of labor regulation, most notably the operation of different “dock labor schemes” in combination with union leadership, management policy, and the efficacy of dispute resolution procedures.
The Effects of Race and Worker Productivity on Performance Evaluations
Authors: Elvira Marta , Town Robert
Published: March 2003

Using personnel data from a large firm, we examine the role of race, supervisor’s race, and worker productivity on performance ratings for a diverse employee population. Controlling for worker productivity and other demographic variables, black employees receive lower ratings than whites. These differences in performance evaluations are associated with the racial composition of the subordinate‐supervisor pair. Racial differences between subordinate and supervisor lead to lower ratings for both black and white subordinates.
The Taylorization of Vladimir Ilich Lenin
Authors: Scoville James G.
Published: March 2003

In 1913, Lenin’s view of scientific management could only be termed scornful. By 1918, his views had changed dramatically: Importation of the Taylor system was fundamental to the success of the Revolution; without it, socialism would be impossible. I contend that the scientific claims of Taylorism meshed with Marxist claims to scientific socialism in the transformation of views.
Religious Brand Loyalty and Political Loyalties
Authors: Djupe Paul A.
Published: March 2003

Numerous works have detailed the breakdown of brand loyalty within society over the last forty years and its results. Whether examining political loyalties, religious loyalties, or loyalties to brands such as Lucky Strike cigarettes, each study has noted a lowering of traditional barriers to switchingbrands and the creation of a nation of individualist choosers (Friedman 1990). Here I attempt to suggest some connections between religious and political loyalties. Using the 1993 General Social Survey, I operationalize religious loyalty in four ways and suggest three mechanisms through which religious loyalty is connected to political loyalty: psychological ties, socialeties,and social circumstances. I find significant effects of different conceptions of religious loyalty encouraging party loyalties, steadfast voting, and loyalty to on party's presidential candidates across two elections.
Sifting Through Tradition: The Creation of Jewish Feminist Identities
Authors: Resnick Dufour Lynn
Published: March 2003

In recent decades, feminists have been questioning patriarchal religions. As a result, many find themselves ambivalent about their religious and spiritual identities. This paper presents a model of identity formation that addresses the processes by which potentially conflicted identities are integrated. This model is based on research about how women who identify themselves as both Jewish and feminist create unconflicted Jewish feminist identities. Through a process ofsifting through their available options, they have chosen to identify with only those aspects of Judaism and feminism that satisfy their feminist, religious, and perhaps most importantly, their spiritual, needs. Because these needs vary, what it means to be a Jewish feminist is not static. Three types of Jewish feminist identity—inclusionist, transformationist, and reinterpretationist—are identified.
Church‐Based Social Support and Religious Coping
Authors: Krause Neal , Ellison Christopher G. , Shaw Benjamin A. , Marcum John P. , Boardman Jason D.
Published: March 2003

The purpose of this study is twofold: to explore the nature of church‐based social support, and to see whether support received in religious settings is related to the use of religious coping methods. The data come from a nationwide survey of members of the Presbyterian Church USA. Three dimensions of religious support are examined in detail: emotional support from church members, spiritual support from church members, and emotional support from the pastor. These dimensions of support are used to evaluate an issue that has been largely overlooked in the literature—the relationship between religious support and religious coping. The findings reveal that people are especially inclined to use positive religious coping responses when they receive spiritual support from church members. Even though emotional support from the pastor also increases the use of religious coping methods, the relationship is not as strong. Finally, emotional support from church members has no effect.
Measuring Religious Commitment Among Catholics and Protestants: A New Approach
Authors: Mockabee Stephen T. , Monson Joseph Quin , Grant J. Tobin
Published: March 2003

Researchers using survey data to study religious commitment often create additive indices in which respondents receive a “point” on the scale for each behavior in which they engage, implicitly assuming that each activity is equally normative in each religious tradition. This has led some scholars to suggest that these scales can be “biased” in favor of evangelicals. In this paper, we introduce a unique series of survey questions asking respondents how important various activities are “for people of your religion”. We use these new measures to generate tradition‐specific weights for each component of a religious commitment scale according to the activity’s perceived importance. We then present a method for constructing scales when such “importance” items are not available, using the frequency of behavior within each religious tradition as a surrogate for importance. We find that constructing religious commitment scales that take into account the normative differences across religious traditions produces statistically significant differences in the levels of commitment by religious tradition, especially among Roman Catholics. However, the substantive significance is less evident. When various measures of religious commitment are included as independent variables in multivariate models of political attitudes, their performance is remarkably similar. It appears that the standard additive indices of religious commitment commonly utilized by scholars of religion and politics are adequate for most analyses of social and political attitudes.
Dimensions of the Mysticism Scale: Confirming the Three‐Factor Structure in the United States and Iran
Authors: Hood, Jr. Ralph W. , Ghorbani Nima , Watson P. J. , Ghramaleki Ahad Framarz , Bing Mark N. , Davison H. Kristl , Morris Ronald J. , Williamson W. Paul
Published: March 2003

In a mostly Christian American sample (N = 1,379), confirmatory factor analysis of Hood’s (1975) Mysticism Scale verified the existence of Stace’s (1960) introvertive and extrovertive dimensions of mystical phenomenology along with a separate interpretation factor. A second study confirmed the presence of these three factors in not only another group of Americans (N = 188), but also in a sample of Iranian Muslims (N = 185). Relationships of the introvertive and extrovertive factors with the interpretation factor were essentially identical across these two cultures, but the Americans displayed a stronger association between the two phenomenology factors. In both samples, the interpretation factor correlated positively with an intrinsic and negatively with an extrinsic religious orientation, and the introvertive factor predicted psychological dysfunction. Associations of the interpretation factor with relative mental health appeared only in the Iranians. These data offered general support for Stace’s phenomenology of mysticism, although the ineffability he linked with interpretation proved to be as much or even more a feature of the introvertive experience, as hypothesized by Hood.
Is There Private Information in the FX Market? The Tokyo Experiment
Authors: Ito Takatoshi , Lyons Richard K. , Melvin Michael T.
Published: March 2003

We provide evidence of private information in the foreign exchange market. The evidence comes from the introduction of trading in Tokyo over the lunch hour. Lunch‐return variance doubles with the introduction of trading, which cannot be due to public information since the flow of public information did not change with the trading rules. We then exploit microstructure theory to discriminate between the two alternatives: private information and mispricing. Four key results support the predictions of private‐information models. Three of these involve changes in the intraday volatility U‐shape. The fourth is that opening trade causes mispricing's share in variance to fall.
Credit Risk in Private Debt Portfolios
Authors: Carey Mark
Published: March 2003

Default, loss severity, and average loss rates for a large sample of privately placed bonds are presented and compared with loss experience for publicly issued bonds. The chance of very large portfolio losses is estimated and some determinants of such losses are analyzed. Results show ex ante riskier classes of private debt perform better on average than public debt. Both diversification and the riskiness of individual portfolio assets influence the bad tail of the portfolio loss distribution. Private placements are similar to corporate loans in that both are monitored private debt. The results are thus relevant to management and securitization of private debt portfolios generally.
How Costly is Financial (Not Economic) Distress? Evidence from Highly Leveraged Transactions that Became Distressed
Authors: Andrade Gregor , Kaplan Steven N.
Published: March 2003

This paper studies thirty‐one highly leveraged transactions (HLTs) that become financially, not economically, distressed. The net effect of the HLT and financial distress (from pretransaction to distress resolution, market‐ or industry‐adjusted) is to increase value slightly. This finding strongly suggests that, overall, the HLTs of the late 1980s created value. We present quantitative and qualitative estimates of the (direct and indirect) costs of financial distress and their determinants. We estimate financial distress costs to be 10 to 20 percent of firm value. For a subset of firms that do not experience an adverse economic shock, financial distress costs are negligible.
Relationship Banking, Liquidity, and Investment in the German Industrialization
Authors: Fohlin Caroline
Published: March 2003

Close bank relationships are thought to ameliorate firms' liquidity constraints—a phenomenon frequently measured by liquidity sensitivity of investment. Using German firms during the formative years of universal banking (1903–1913), this paper shows that, even controlling for selection bias, investment is more sensitive to internal liquidity for bank‐networked firms than unattached firms. The firm exhibiting the greatest liquidity sensitivity, however, faced no apparent liquidity constraint. The findings yield two implications: they support recent research rejecting a linear relationship between liquidity sensitivity and financing constraints, and they suggest that relationship banking provides no consistent lessening of firms' liquidity sensitivity.
Stock Returns, Dividend Yields, and Taxes
Authors: Naranjo Andy , Nimalendran M. , Ryngaert Mike
Published: March 2003

Using an improved measure of a common stock's annualized dividend yield, we document that risk‐adjusted NYSE stock returns increase in dividend yield during the period from 1963 to 1994. This relation between return and yield is robust to various specifications of multifactor asset pricing models that incorporate the Fama–French factors. The magnitude of the yield effect is too large to be explained by a “tax penalty” on dividend income and is not explained by previously documented anomalies. Interestingly, the effect is primarily driven by smaller market capitalization stocks and zero‐yield stocks.
Global Stock Markets in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Jorion Philippe , Goetzmann William N.
Published: March 2003

Long‐term estimates of expected return on equities are typically derived from U.S. data only. There are reasons to suspect that these estimates are subject to survivorship, as the United States is arguably the most successful capitalist system in the world. We collect a database of capital appreciation indexes for 39 markets going back to the 1920s. For 1921 to 1996, U.S. equities had the highest real return of all countries, at 4.3 percent, versus a median of 0.8 percent for other countries. The high equity premium obtained for U.S. equities appears to be the exception rather than the rule.
Do Industries Explain Momentum?
Authors: Moskowitz Tobias J. , Grinblatt Mark
Published: March 2003

This paper documents a strong and prevalent momentum effect in industry components of stock returns which accounts for much of the individual stock momentum anomaly. Specifically, momentum investment strategies, which buy past winning stocks and sell past losing stocks, are significantly less profitable once we control for industry momentum. By contrast, industry momentum investment strategies, which buy stocks from past winning industries and sell stocks from past losing industries, appear highly profitable, even after controlling for size, book‐to‐market equity, individual stock momentum, the cross‐sectional dispersion in mean returns, and potential microstructure influences.
Price Formation and Liquidity in the U.S. Treasury Market: The Response to Public Information
Authors: Fleming Michael J. , Remolona Eli M.
Published: March 2003

The arrival of public information in the U.S. Treasury market sets off a two‐stage adjustment process for prices, trading volume, and bid‐ask spreads. In a brief first stage, the release of a major macroeconomic announcement induces a sharp and nearly instantaneous price change with a reduction in trading volume, demonstrating that price reactions to public information do not require trading. The spread widens dramatically at announcement, evidently driven by inventory control concerns. In a prolonged second stage, trading volume surges, price volatility persists, and spreads remain moderately wide as investors trade to reconcile residual differences in their private views.
International Evidence on the Value of Corporate Diversification
Authors: Lins Karl , Servaes Henri
Published: March 2003

The valuation effect of diversification is examined for large samples of firms in Germany, Japan, and the United Kingdom for 1992 and 1994. We find no significant diversification discount in Germany, but a significant diversification discount of 10 percent in Japan and 15 percent in the U.K. Concentrated ownership in the hands of insiders enhances the valuation effect of diversification in Germany, but not in Japan or the U.K. For Japan, only firms with strong links to an industrial group have a diversification discount. These findings suggest that international differences in corporate governance affect the impact of diversification on shareholder wealth.