bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
STRATIGRAPHY AND STRUCTURE IN THE BLACK COMBE INLIER, ENGLISH LAKE DISTRICT
Authors: Helm D. G.
Published: December 2009

The two-fold stratigraphical division of the Skiddaw Group and the simple outcrop pattern proposed by earlier workers are both shown to be oversimplifications. Three formations are recognized each of which has a rather complicated outcrop. The sequence of pelite, silty pelite and minor amounts of greywacke, accumulated in the Caledonian geosyncline during Arenig or Llanvirn times. The Skiddaw Group appears to be unconformably overlain by the Borrowdale Volcanic Group. The basal rocks of the volcanic sequence are essentially sub-aerial.

The pre-Carboniferous rocks have been subjected to multiple deformation. Six groups of minor structures have been recognized in the Skiddaw Group, namely, D
1
, D
2
, D
3
, D
4
, D
5
and D
6
; only the D
1
, D
2
and D
4
minor structures, however, are persistently developed. Larger-scale folds may have been produced during the D
1
and D
2
movements.

Evidence presented suggests that following the D
2
deformation, during late-Llanvirn or early-Llandeilo times or both, the rocks of the Skiddaw Group were uplifted and eroded. After the deposition of the Borrowdale Volcanic Group D
4
movements produced the north-easterly trending, end-Silurian anticline in the volcanic sequence and brought the Skiddaw Group to its present structural level.
DERIVED COCCOLITHS IN THE BRIDLINGTON CRAG
Authors: Black M.
Published: December 2009

The fine fractions of the Bridlington Crag contain numerous coccoliths, mostly in a good state of preservation. There are no Pleistocene or Tertiary species, and the whole assemblage consists of re-worked Cretaceous and late Jurassic forms which could without exception have been derived from the Speeton and Kimmeridge clays of Filey Bay and the Flamborough Chalk. No other part of the North Sea basin would be likely to supply such an assemblage, free from Tertiary contamination, and it is suggested that the Bridlington Crag was originally deposited not far from the present coast north of Flamborough Head.
THE METHOD OF OPENING, ORIENTATION AND MORPHOLOGY OF THE TREMADOCIAN ACRITARCH,
ACANTHODIACRODIUM UBUI
MARTIN
Authors: Lister T. R.
Published: December 2009

A study of large populations of
Acanthodiacrodium ubui
Martin from the Habberley Shales (Tremadoc) of Shropshire reveals the presence of cyst-openings which vary in position and shape in different specimens. These openings exercise a disruptive effect on individuals and the resultant breakage patterns suggest that they are related to a complex set of sutures, one or more of which may be operative in a given cyst. Reconstruction of the suture pattern reveals a tabulate organism capable of orientation.
A DEEP BOREHOLE AT HARTON ON THE MARGIN OF THE NORTHUMBRIAN TROUGH
Authors: Ridd M. F. , Walker D. B. , Jones J. M.
Published: December 2009

The deep Harton borehole on the north Durham coast penetrated 73 metres of Permian beds underlain by Coal Measures (367 metres), Millstone Grit (98 metres), Upper Limestone Group (341 metres), Middle Limestone Group (410 metres), an un-named limestone group (76 metres), and an un-named sandstone group (302 metres). In addition three quartz-dolerite intrusive bodies totalling 99 metres in thickness were present. The hole reached a total depth of 1,769 metres (5,804 feet) without reaching the base of the Carboniferous.

The rank and texture of coal seams in the succession have been altered by the igneous intrusions and there is evidence that the lower coals had attained anthracitic rank before the bottom intrusion, or possibly before all of the intrusions, had been emplaced.

Until Harton No. 1 was drilled it was believed on the evidence of a gravity survey that the borehole would penetrate an Alston Block type of succession and that the boundary between the block and the Northumbrian Trough coincided with the Ninety Fathom Fault, six kilometres (4 miles) north of the borehole. However, the thickness of the Lower Carboniferous succession and its lithology indicate that Harton No. 1 was drilled in the Northumbrian Trough. The boundary between block and trough is probably gradational and not a sharp boundary such as occurs over the Stublick Fault farther west.
THE AGE AND RELATIONSHIPS OF THE TRIASSIC ROCKS ASSIGNED TO THE LOWER PART OF THE KEUPER IN NORTH NOTTINGHAMSHIRE, NORTH-WEST LINCOLNSHIRE AND SOUTH YORKSHIRE
Authors: Smith E. G. , Warrington G.
Published: December 2009

The stratigraphy of the Green Beds and Waterstones and of the Keuper Marl up to and including the Clarborough Beds, is described from outcrop and borehole sections mainly in north Nottinghamshire and north-west Lincolnshire. These three formations represent distinct facies, and lithostratigraphical evidence, confirmed by palynological studies, establishes that each facies is diachronous and that the first two pass laterally northwards and eastwards into the Keuper Marl. The Green Beds vary in age from late Scythian in the north to Anisian in the south. The Waterstones may have a late Scythian component at their northern limit but are apparently entirely post-Scythian in the south.

The Keuper Marl includes rocks of late Scythian and Anisian age in the north, but is entirely of post-Anisian age in the south. The existence of a stratigraphical break at the base of the so-called Keuper is supported by this evidence though it must now be regarded as intra- rather than post-Scythian and may well be the equivalent of the Hardegsen Disconformity of the Continent.

There is no evidence that the gypsum and anhydrite horizons in the lower part of the Keuper are diachronous; indeed, the Clarborough Beds appear to be synchronous throughout the area and the other significant evaporite horizon (within the Green Beds) is everywhere of late Scythian age.
THE LATE WEICHSELIAN SEQUENCE IN THE VALE OF YORK
Authors: Gaunt G. D. , Jarvis R. A. , Matthews B.
Published: December 2009

Three recent radiocarbon dates can be used to provide an outline chronology and correlation for a sequence of late Weichselian and early Flandrian environments in the Vale of York.
THE PETROGRAPHY OF THE MANSFIELD MARINE BAND CYCLOTHEM AT TINSLEY PARK, SHEFFIELD
Authors: Taylor R. K.
Published: December 2009

The Mansfield (Aegir) Marine Band cyclothem in the Tinsley Park area exhibits the “classical” lithological sequence: marine band, non-marine shale and mudstone, siltstone and sandstone, rootlet bed, coal. Differences between two marine band sections, which occur within a kilometre and a half of one another, are attributed to sedimentological variations across a delta front.

Authigenic free silica and clay minerals are quantitatively insignificant compared with the ubiquitous detrital complement. Apart from the well-known non-detrital minerals, pyrite and siderite (as well as a collophanous mineral, and in one section, ankerite), only zircon, rutile and apatite were significant heavy minerals in the marine strata. Other heavy mineral species are more common in the upper part of the cycle. Rutile in the cyclothem is believed to be dominantly (though indirectly) detrital whereas the morphology of apatite is more in keeping with a non-detrital origin. In general, many mineralogical features are consistent with a relatively mature suite of sediments.

Brief reference is also made to the possibility that the neighbouring Don Monocline was a developing structure which may have influenced deposition.
COCCOLITHS OF THE SPEETON CLAY AND SUTTERBY MARL
Authors: Black Maurice
Published: December 2009

The Speeton Clay (Berriasian to Lower Albian) contains a much fuller succession of early Cretaceous coccoliths than has been described from beds of this age elsewhere. Most of the species are confined to the Lower Cretaceous and belong to three families which show a vigorous diversification in the Speeton Clay. Many of the rarer species are the forerunners of forms that are abundant in the Upper Cretaceous.

There is a substantial break between Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous assemblages, with very few species crossing the boundary. In the Berriasian beds a new flora begins to develop, very largely from Jurassic families. Most of these early forms are confined to the Speeton Clay and the first substantial appearance of Gault species is not until the Hauterivian; only a few of these continue into the Upper Cretaceous.

When the Speeton assemblages are compared from an ecological point of view with communities living in modern seas, they are found to resemble most closely those of a land-locked gulf drawing its plankton, with some impoverishment, from the open ocean.

Four new families, eleven new genera and forty-five new species are proposed.
THE ORDOVICIAN ROCKS OF THE COUNTRY BETWEEN DWYGYFYLCHI AND DOLGARROG, CAERNARVONSHIRE
Authors: Stevenson I. P.
Published: December 2009

The lowest beds described are slates and grits underlying the Conway Volcanic Group and of probable early Caradoc age. The Conway Volcanic Group comprises thick rhyolite lavas below and rhyolitic tuffs above; andesitic tuffs are present in the south-west. The succeeding grits and slates of the Glanrafon Beds yield shelly faunas which are mainly of Soudleyan age, with Harnagian beds possibly present at the base and Longvillian probably present at the top. The overlying Crafnant Volcanic Group includes rhyolitic tuffs and basic crystal pumice tuffs, with interbedded slates. Basic pyroclastic rocks near the top of the group are considered to have been erupted from a vent near Dolgarrog. The volcanic rocks are everywhere overlain by black slates and, in addition, thin northwards and pass laterally into them. The highest Ordovician beds are thick Ashgillian mudstones with a brachiopod–trilobite fauna including
Christiana tenuicincta.
The intrusive augite dolerites of the area are feebly cleaved in places.
LINOPROTONIA,
A NEW GENUS OF LOWER CARBONIFEROUS PRODUCTOID
Authors: Ferguson J.
Published: December 2009

Productus hemisphaericus
J. Sowerby is redescribed and designated type species of the new genus
Linoprotonia. Productus corrugatohemisphericus
(Vaughan) is also redescribed and referred to the genus, together with
Linoprotonia ashfellensis
sp. nov. which is common in north-west England and has often been erroneously referred to
P. corrugatohemisphericus.
Other previously described Lower Carboniferous species showing similar external form to
Linoproductus
are considered to belong in the new genus
Linoprotonia.

An attempt is made to show the relationship between these Lower Carboniferous forms and the gigantoproductids, linoproductids and striatiferids. It is suggested that these genera may form a phylogenetic lineage.
THE STRATIGRAPHY AND BIVALVE FAUNA OF THE KELLAWAYS BEDS (CALLOVIAN) AROUND SOUTH CAVE AND NEWBALD, EAST YORKSHIRE
Authors: Walker K. G.
Published: December 2009

The stratigraphy and palaeontology of the Kellaways Beds are described, with special emphasis on the bivalve fauna. Thirty-seven species from twenty-three families are identified; some of these species show a stratigraphical range greater than that previously recorded.
A BARYTE-GALENA VEIN IN THE MAGNESIAN LIMESTONE AT WHITWELL, DERBYSHIRE
Authors: Ineson P. R. , Richardson R. T. , Wood G. H.
Published: December 2009

Temporary sections at Whitwell, Derbyshire, have exposed a baryte-galena vein within the Lower Magnesian Limestone. Massive, crystalline, pink and purple varieties of baryte are the principal components of the vein. Extensive metasomatic wall-rock alteration of oolitic limestone to baryte-dolomite rock has occurred.
SOME GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ORDOVICIAN AND CALEDONIAN ACID INTRUSIONS OF LLEYN, NORTH WALES
Authors: Tremlett W. E.
Published: December 2009

Using twenty-four intrusions for which there is field evidence of age, the geochemical characteristics of the Upper Ordovician acid intrusive rocks of Lleyn are compared with those of similar rocks emplaced during the late phases of the Caledonian orogeny (probably Lower Devonian in age). The two groups of rocks are found to be quite distinct in several geochemical characteristics whilst they are largely different, with only a limited area of overlap, in many others. Using these geochemical characteristics an age is suggested for each of seven intrusions which lack field evidence.
CALEDONIAN IGNEOUS ROCKS BENEATH CENTRAL AND EASTERN ENGLAND
Authors: Le Bas M. J.
Published: December 2009

The paper presents petrographical data and chemical analyses on the dioritic, tonalitic and granodioritic igneous rocks of the Midlands, which appear to be emplaced in argillaceous sediments of Lower Palaeozoic age. It is deduced that a subordinate Caledonian igneous-tectonic mountain belt lies buried, mostly beneath Trias and later rocks, along a WNW-ESE direction through the Midlands of England and that it may extend to the Brabant Massif of Belgium.
THE WENLOCK AND LOWER LUDLOW STRATA OF THE AUSTWICK AND HORTON-IN-RIBBLESDALE INLIER OF NORTH-WEST YORKSHIRE
Authors: McCabe P. J.
Published: December 2009

The newly defined Arcow Formation between the Austwick Formation below and the Horton Formation above is correlated with the Middle Coldwell Beds of the Lake District on the basis of lithological and faunal similarities. The discovery of graptolites of high Wenlock age in the top of the Austwick Formation supports this correlation.
SECTIONS THROUGH THE SKIDDAW–BORROWDALE UNCONFORMITY IN EASTERN LAKELAND
Authors: Wadge A. J.
Published: December 2009

Four sections are described through the controversial junction between the Skiddaw Group and the Borrowdale Volcanic Group within the Lower Ordovician sequence of eastern Lakeland. An angular unconformity between the groups is exposed in Matterdale Beck and at Causeway Foot. At Matter-dale, the underlying Skiddaw beds, yielding Lower Llanvirn graptolites, are interbedded with volcanics older than the Borrowdale volcanic sequence. Coarse Borrowdale conglomerates overlie the unconformity and are succeeded by andesites. At Low Rigg, the field relations suggest that the Threlkeld Micro-granite is pre-Borrowdale in age.

The distribution of graptolite faunas within the Skiddaw outcrop supports the view of a regional unconformity, and suggests that a pre-Borrowdale anticline was developed similar in position and trend to the later Skiddaw Anticline.
THE AGE OF THE BRIDLINGTON CRAG
Authors: Reid P. C. , Downie C.
Published: December 2009

A palynological analysis of the Bridlington Crag has given a rich assemblage of dinoflagellate cysts and pollen which indicates that the deposit is of Middle Pleistocene, Pastonian age.
THE ORIGIN OF THE PERMIAN MIDDLE AND UPPER POTASH DEPOSITS OF YORKSHIRE: AN ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS
Authors: Smith D. B.
Published: December 2009

The Upper Permian evaporites of Yorkshire previously have been regarded as precipitates on the floor of a barred basin. However, many of them are closely associated with carbonate and clastic deposits which bear unambiguous evidence of shallow-water origin, and some of the evaporites themselves have features now widely regarded as indicative of deposition at or near mean sea level. It is therefore inferred that the Middle and Upper Potash deposits of the region were also formed close to sea level, and the paper puts forward a mechanism, based on Recent partial analogues, by which bitterns could have reached sufficiently high concentrations to lead to large-scale deposition of potassium and magnesium salts in a salt flat environment. The suggested mechanism is based on a hypothesis of repeated precipitation and solution of such salts in a stable one-way system which permitted long-continued concentration of bitterns. It appears to be equally applicable to many other ancient potash deposits.
SEDIMENTATION IN THE LOWER NAMURIAN ROCKS OF THE NORTH STAFFORDSHIRE BASIN
Authors: Trewin N. H. , Holdsworth B. K.
Published: December 2009

The E
1a
–E
2a
(inclusive) succession of the North Staffordshire Basin exhibits a crudely rhythmic sequence with units of calcareous siltstone lithofacies, units of siderite-bearing protoquartzitic sandstone lithofacies and typical marine bands of thicker-shelled goniatite faunal phase. The eastern and western margins of the basin are marked by total or partial disappearance of the silt-stone and protoquartzite lithofacies; the southern margin is unpreserved. The protoquartzite lithofacies exhibits sandstone-rich and sandstone-poor sub-types, interpreted as proximal and distal turbidites respectively. The flows originated to the south of the basin, probably on the fronts of periodically advancing deltas. The calcareous siltstones were deposited in a more fully marine environment by intermittent waning currents, similar in some, but not all, respects to turbidity currents. Supply was probably from the west and north-west. The rhythmic sequence is explained as a response to sea-level oscillation during a period of unusually strong differential movement between the North Staffordshire Basin and its margins.
THE MARKET WEIGHTON STRUCTURE: TECTONICS, SEDIMENTATION AND DIAGENESIS DURING THE CRETACEOUS
Authors: Jeans C. V.
Published: December 2009

Published evidence and a detailed study of seven sections have demonstrated that during Cretaceous times the Market Weighton Structure was well-defined and played a prominent role in the sedimentation, preservation and diagenesis of the Lower and mid-Cretaceous rocks of east Yorkshire. It is suggested that the northern margin of the structure is the eastward extension of the Gilling Fault. Movement on this fault of some hundreds of metres, throwing down to the north, occurred during the Lower Cretaceous and allowed the deposition and preservation of the Speeton Clay. Earth tremors, associated with this movement, were probably responsible for the characteristic structures in the Breccia-Nodule Band in the Red Chalk at Speeton. Limited post-Cretaceous movement along the same fault is responsible for the Contortion Zone running east-west across the Chalk of the Yorkshire Wolds. The southern margin of the structure is well defined and is situated between Market Weighton and South Cave; it may have also been fault-controlled at depth, but it played only a minor role in controlling Lower and mid-Cretaceous sedimentation.
WENLOCK AND LUDLOW SEDIMENTATION IN THE AUSTWICK AND HORTON-IN-RIBBLESDALE INLIER, NORTH-WEST YORKSHIRE
Authors: McCabe P. J. , Waugh B.
Published: December 2009

The Wenlock and Ludlow rocks of the Austwick and Horton-in-Ribblesdale Inlier are the result of turbidite and pelagic sedimentation in the Silurian geosyncline. The Austwick Formation consists of units of several fine-grained greywacke turbidites alternating with units of mudstones. The turbidites exhibit typical Bouma sequences. However, whilst possessing many distal features they have a high proximality index based on Bouma divisions. Palaeo-current data indicate flow towards the north-west for the turbidity currents, whilst the turbidites actually thin north-eastwards. The mudstones show evidence of reworking by bottom currents. Bioturbation, although uncommon in this formation, is persistent throughout the area in one bed.

The Arcow Formation consists of distal calcareous turbidites with a highly bioturbated pelitic division. Current ripple lamination indicates a palaeo-current from the north-west, and the beds thin and die out towards the west. Siltstones and mudstones deposited by normal pelagic processes, by bottom currents and by extremely weak turbidity currents make up the Horton Formation. The turbidites of the Studfold Formation were deposited by currents from the north-west. They are poorly exposed but are very similar to those of the Austwick Formation.
THE PALAEOECOLOGY OF THE FAUNA OVER THE PARK MINE (WESTPHALIAN B) NEAR WIGAN, LANCASHIRE
Authors: Heath R. J.
Published: December 2009

The cyclothem above the Park Mine (Lower
similis-pulchra
Zone) at the Amberswood opencast site near Wigan is composed of mudstones which can be divided into two parts of almost equal thickness. The lower half, dark grey in colour, contains abundant bivalves, mostly referable to the genera
Anthracosia
and
Naiadites.
The upper part is light grey and contains macroscopic plant debris, bivalves only occurring at the base. The variation shown by six assemblages of
Anthracosia
is demonstrated by means of a new type of diagram. The degree of water turbulence is determined by studying the percentage disarticulation, the orientation of shells, and the lithology of the sediments. It is concluded that an alteration in the growth pattern of
Anthracosia
and a shift of the entire size range to smaller values correlate with the change from a sulphate zone at the base to a carbonate zone above, together with increasing coarseness in texture and reduced carbon content. All the changes in fauna and sediment may be brought about by the gradual filling and freshening of a lagoon.
TRANSGRESSIONS AND REGRESSIONS IN THE DINANTIAN: A NEW SYNTHESIS OF BRITISH DINANTIAN STRATIGRAPHY
Authors: Ramsbottom W. H. C.
Published: December 2009

In the area between the Southern Uplands of Scotland and the Mendip Hills the Dinantian succession below the D
1
Zone is shown to comprise four major cycles each characterized by transgressive and regressive phases recognized by changes in lithology and fauna. The transgressive phases on the shelf areas are represented by bioclastic limestones, and the regressive phases by oolitic limestones and calcite mudstones, the latter often dolomitized and containing stromatolites and interpreted as the early stages of evaporite deposition. Regressions are indicated also by the frequent presence of pebble-beds, breccias and non-sequences in the marginal areas of deposition, indicating that there was an actual lowering of sea level rather than a mere filling-up of the areas of deposition. Dolomitization of limestones underlying the regressive phases is a common feature, and it is suggested that this is a consequence of the evaporation induced by regressions and that it offers an explanation of the distribution of many of the dolomitic limestones of the Carboniferous Limestone. The major cycles are traced and correlated throughout the area. Each major cycle can be shown to include a number of minor transgressions and regressions when it is traced into the Northumberland Trough where minor cyclicity occurs throughout. Above the base of the D
1
Zone this minor cyclicity becomes evident over the whole area. It is concluded that the major influence on Dinantian sedimentation (apart from any due to local tectonic effects) was repeated eustatic change in sea level, and in support it is shown that similar changes in sea level have taken place in extra-British areas. It is suggested that various stratigraphical breaks and unconformities, hitherto regarded as of tectonic origin, can be more easily explained by regressions.

The recognition of these cycles provides an improved means of chronostratigraphical division of the Dinantian. Each major transgression brings with it distinctive faunas and a new scheme for the division of the Dinantian is proposed, which necessitates at least partial abandonment of the Vaughanian Zones, and their replacement by divisions based on the major cycles.
THE LOESS OF EASTERN YORKSHIRE AND LINCOLNSHIRE
Authors: Catt J. A. , Weir A. H. , Madgett P. A.
Published: December 2009

Thin, silty, superficial deposits cover parts of the Yorkshire and Lincolnshire Wolds outside the Late Devensian glacial limit, and also occur on the Hambleton Hills. Their particle size distribution and mineralogy suggest that they are composed mainly of loess derived from the Devensian glacial debris. On the Yorkshire Wolds the loess was deposited before the ice reached its extreme limit, as it is incorporated in a chalky, flinty head beneath the till. The silty deposits are probably the decalcified residues of similar head deposits formed extensively in Late Devensian times.
DAVIDSONINA
(
CYRTINA
)
SEPTOSA
(PHILLIPS) AND THE STRUCTURE OF THE VISÉAN GREAT SCAR LIMESTONE NORTH OF SETTLE, YORKSHIRE
Authors: Doughty P. S.
Published: December 2009

Remapping of the Viséan Carboniferous Limestone between the South/Middle and North Craven faults in the vicinity of Settle is described. In addition to the usual mapping methods, bedding plane patterns and joint densities were also employed. The resulting map shows significant differences from others made this century, notably in the absence of major faults in the area between the Craven Faults. These faults were postulated on the assumption that only a single
Davidsonina septosa
biostrome occurred within the limestones. However, recent work has shown that this species occurs on at least four horizons in the succession which also includes a further biostrome lacking this index fossil.
A RADIOCARBON DATE RELATING TO LAKE HUMBER
Authors: Gaunt G. D.
Published: December 2009

A bone fragment which yielded an age of 21,835 radiocarbon years was found in association with Older Littoral Sand and Gravel near Brantingham, East Yorkshire, indicating that at this date Lake Humber either had not yet developed or had just reached its initial short-lived high-level phase.
THE RUBIDIUM–STRONTIUM AGE AND FIELD RELATIONS OF THE THRELKELD MICROGRANITE
Authors: Wadge A. J. , Harding R. R. , Darbyshire D. P. F.
Published: December 2009

A Rb/Sr age of 445 ± 15 m.y. has been determined for the Threlkeld Microgranite, which is thus the oldest dated intrusion in the Lake District. In Bramcrag Quarry, the microgranite is intruded into the basal sediments of the Borrowdale Volcanic Group. It is thought to have been emplaced at the base of the volcanic pile towards the end of Borrowdale volcanism in earliest Caradoc times.
EVIDENCE FOR ABANDONED RIVER COURSES IN THE WEST OF THE VALE OF YORK
Authors: Johnson P. G.
Published: December 2009

A number of abandoned river courses, most of which have been completely infilled by glacial deposits, can be detected in the west of the Vale of York. These courses enable a reconstruction to be made of an eastward draining pattern of rivers in preglacial time. The electrical resistivity technique was extremely valuable in providing data where there was a lack of borehole records.
FACIES AND TIME IN DEVONIAN TROPICAL AREAS
Authors: House M. R.
Published: December 2009

Europe, North America and Australia are thought, largely on palaeo-magnetic evidence, to have been mostly within the tropics during Devonian times. The marine rocks of some of these areas are reviewed to elucidate the age, nature and extent of facies movements and transgressions of the period, especially in relation to cratonic centres. It is shown that a pattern of increasingly successful transgressions followed the late Silurian Caledonian orogeny and culminated in the transgressions of the late Devonian.

Evidence for the international correlation of these movements is analyzed. Lower Devonian movements, broadly general in northern Europe, can tentatively be recognized in the Appalachian area, but evidence does not permit convincing correlation elsewhere. The early mid-Devonian transgression, which brought a substantial facies change in Western Europe, is the date given for the major transgression across the Russian platform; of about the same age are the extensive equivalents of the Onondaga Limestone in the eastern U.S.A. There is broad evidence of transgressional Middle Devonian in western U.S.A. and Canada, but it is not so precisely dated. The transgression close to the Middle–Upper Devonian boundary is the clearest dated internationally and the onset falls in the early
lunulicosta
Zone almost everywhere; this is the Frasnian transgression of Russia and the Taghanic onlap of the U.S.A. Local areas show slightly later, or earlier commencement. Late Frasnian and early Famennian times together covered a general period of deepening and this movement terminated reef and massive limestone deposition almost everywhere except in Australia.

Certain orogenic effects (Acadian and Antler movements, etc.) change local regimes but do not mask entirely the evidence of global eustatic change. Of all the explanatory mechanisms, that of volumetric changes at spreading plate margins seems the simplest cause for large-scale, and perhaps many small-scale, facies change patterns.
SMALL-SCALE FOLDS IN THE PERMIAN ROCKS OF SOUTH YORKSHIRE
Authors: Briggs D. J. , Hartnup R.
Published: December 2009

A gas pipeline trench, cut into the Upper Magnesian Limestone near Tickhill, South Yorkshire, revealed four small anticlinal structures where Middle Permian Marl has broken through the limestone to the surface. The features are described and their possible modes of formation reviewed.
A RECORRELATION OF THE YOREDALE LIMESTONES (UPPER VISÉAN) OF THE ALSTON BLOCK WITH THOSE OF THE NORTHUMBERLAND TROUGH
Authors: Holliday D. W. , Burgess I. C. , Frost D. V.
Published: December 2009

The paper presents a revised and detailed correlation of Yoredale limestones, from the Jew Limestone to the Great Limestone, from the Alston area across Northumberland into southern Scotland. Stratigraphical and micro-palaeontological evidence suggests that the Scar Limestone of Alston is the lateral equivalent of the “Five-Yard” Limestone of Greenhead and consequently of the Eelwell Limestone of north-east Northumberland. Lower in the sequence the Jew Limestone appears to split northwards into the Oxford and Barrasford limestones of Northumberland. Apart from a narrow area of thicker strata on the southern margin of the Northumberland Trough, the higher Yoredale beds in the trough do not exceed greatly in thickness those of the Alston Block.
POTASSIUM–ARGON AGES FROM THE GRAPHITE DEPOSITS AND RELATED ROCKS OF SEATHWAITE, CUMBRIA
Authors: Mitchell J. G. , Ineson P. R.
Published: December 2009

Potassium–argon ages are reported from the Seathwaite graphite mine, Borrowdale, Cumbria. The age of cooling of the Steel Fell Diabase which contains the graphite veins is 382 Ma, while mineral ages of chlorite and illite from wallrock and vein matrix suggest an age of 376 Ma for the emplacement of the graphite. The late Caledonian age of the vein could temporally relate it to the similarly-trending copper-bearing veins of the Vale of Newlands.
A BOREHOLE SECTION ACROSS THE BARREMIAN-APTIAN BOUNDARY (LOWER CRETACEOUS) AT SKEGNESS, LINCOLNSHIRE
Authors: Gallois R. W.
Published: December 2009

The Sutterby Marl (Upper Aptian) in a cored borehole sequence at Skegness, Lincolnshire, disconformably overlies clay containing a basal Aptian ammonite fauna (
Prodeshayesites bodei
Subzone of the
P. fissicostatus
Zone). The junction of this latter clay, here termed the Skegness Clay, with the underlying Roach (Barremian) is conformable and provides the best section across the Barremian-Aptian boundary described to date in Britain.
THE DEVENSIAN MAXIMUM ICE LIMIT IN THE VALE OF YORK
Authors: Gaunt G. D.
Published: December 2009

Small discontinuous deposits of sand and gravel extending south-east from near Selby to the southern part of the Isle of Axholme are, on the basis of their lithology, stratigraphic context and topographic expression, considered to be ice-marginal sediments formed in the high-level phase of Lake Humber by a tongue of Devensian ice which extended into the south-eastern part of the Vale of York.
THE ORIGIN OF LEUCODIORITES ASSOCIATED WITH THE APPINITIC INTRUSIONS OF COUNTY DONEGAL
Authors: French W. J.
Published: December 2009

The appinitic intrusions of Donegal contain rocks varying in composition from ultrabasic to acid which broadly conform with the calc-alkaline association and compare closely with the Scottish Caledonian intrusives. The Kilkenny School mass is a member of this suite of intrusions but contains a series of igneous rocks which are atypical of the Caledonian association. These rocks vary from diorite to plagioclasite. The mechanism for their formation is discussed and it is concluded that gravitational differentiation provides the main generative process but that assimilation of metadolerite has complicated the petrography and rock chemistry.
NEW OUTCROPS OF AMPTHILL CLAY NORTH OF MARKET WEIGHTON, NORTH YORKSHIRE, AND THEIR STRUCTURAL IMPLICATIONS
Authors: Wright C. D.
Published: December 2009

Significant outcrops of Ampthill Clay occur beneath the Upper Calcareous Grit Formation south-east of Malton and some 24 km north-north-west of Market Weighton. A marginal facies of the Ampthill Clay is here named the Limekilns Member. Marked overstep of the Ampthill Clay Formation by the Upper Calcareous Grit Formation extends the major discontinuity in the upper part of the
Gregoryceras transversarium
Zone elsewhere in Europe to the Yorkshire Corallian basin. The unconformity previously mapped beneath ‘Kimmeridge Clay’ lies at the base of the Ampthill Clay. Minor cyclic sedimentation within the Limekilns Member and the Upper Calcareous Grit Formation is described and related to local movements along a prominent fault line which marks the northern edge of the East Midland basement shelf; the fault line extends from Gilling through the Howardian Hills and the Wolds to Flamborough Head on the coast. Sediments indicate that the Market Weighton structure had little (if any) influence on Upper Oxfordian facies in the area and that the northern margin of the Ampthill Clay Basin lay along the Gilling-Flamborough fault-line and not at the axis of the Market Weighton hinge.
THE STRATIGRAPHY OF THE LOWER KIMMERIDGE CLAY OF EASTERN ENGLAND
Authors: Gallois R. W. , Cox Beris M.
Published: December 2009

Cored borehole sequences in the Wash area of eastern England show that the Lower Kimmeridge Clay can be divided into 35 distinctive beds, based on a combination of lithological and faunal characters. Each of these beds can be recognised over an area of 10 by 30 km and many of them even in the Warlingham borehole, Surrey, and the Dorset type sections, some 180 and 300 km distant respectively. This stratigraphical subdivision therefore provides a standard for the Lower Kimmeridge Clay of eastern and southern England. The ammonite genus
Xenostephanus
is recorded from the upper
cymodoce
Zone and precise ranges are recorded for species of
Amoeboceras, Aulacostephanus, Aspidoceras
and
Sutneria.
HYDROCARBONS IN CLEVELAND — AN EARLY PROPOSAL BY P. F. KENDALL
Authors: Kent Sir Peter
Published: December 2009

A recommendation by P. F. Kendall, made in 1921, for drilling for petroleum in the Cleveland Anticline at Robin Hood’s Bay, is of historical interest and is here reproduced in full. It shows an understanding of Yorkshire stratigraphy and structure and its implications quite notable for that time.
A FORAMINIFERAL MARKER HORIZON IN THE AMPTHILL CLAY (UPPER JURASSIC) OF EASTERN ENGLAND
Authors: Medd A. W.
Published: December 2009

The foraminifer
Glomospira gordialis
(Jones & Parker) occurs in flood proportions over a limited stratigraphical range in the Ampthill Clay, and its horizon provides a useful marker. The incoming represents a significant change in the foraminiferal assemblages, from calcareous to arenaceous forms.
THE STRUCTURE OF THE CONCEALED PRE-CARBONIFEROUS BASEMENT OF THE DERBYSHIRE DOME FROM GRAVITY DATA
Authors: Maroof S. I.
Published: December 2009

Bouguer anomalies over the Derbyshire Dome indicate a positive structural relief for the pre-Carboniferous basement, and their qualitative and quantitative interpretations show that the basement reaches its maximum elevation towards the southern edge of the dome. The Bouguer map contours in the central area suggest that the surface of the basement there may be at a greater depth than in both the northern and southern parts. It is also inferred from the gravity models that the basement is at a shallower depth to the west of the limestone outcrop than to the east and that its eastern margin has a comparatively steeper slope. Lateral extensions of the basement beyond the area of the dome are postulated, based on the existence of features with positive Bouguer anomalies.
A RELICT KARST FEATURE IN THE HAMBLETON HILLS, NORTH YORKSHIRE
Authors: Cooper R. G. , Halliwell R. A.
Published: December 2009

Interpretation of cave remnants recently discovered at Boltby Quarry in the Hambleton Hills suggest the existence of a landscape and associated ground-waters strikingly different to the present day situation in the North Yorkshire Moors.
THE PLEISTOCENE CONTEXT OF FAUNAL REMAINS AND ARTEFACTS DISCOVERED AT WELTON-LE-WOLD, LINCOLNSHIRE
Authors: Alabaster C. , Straw A.
Published: December 2009

Quarry sections at Welton-le-Wold, Lincolnshire, reveal up to 13 m of glacial tills overlying some 8 m of silts, sands and flint gravels. The gravels are the source of a sparse fauna of straight-tusked elephant, deer and horse, and of four Acheulean handaxes. The sub-till deposits, here designated the Welton Gravels, display two divisions. The upper was deposited by periglacial aeolian and niveo-fluvial processes, whilst the lower contains more water-bedded sands. Derived Lower Cretaceous materials are common. The youngest of the overlying tills is of Devensian age, while the Galcethorpe Till and the Welton Till (newly designated) are probably Wolstonian and form part of the Older Drift of the Lincolnshire Wolds. The faunal and artefact assemblages of the Welton Gravels have a Hoxnian affinity, and therefore the gravels were emplaced as valley-floor sediments during early Wolstonian or late Hoxnian times. They confirm the pre-Wolstonian existence of a valley draining eastwards through the Welton-le-Wold area from a head located in the eastern Wolds and possibly on Lower Cretaceous rocks.
RADIOCARBON DATING VERSUS THE LEEDS
HIPPOPOTAMUS—
A CAUTIONARY TALE
Authors: Harkness D. D. , Gaunt G. D. , Nunney J. H.
Published: December 2009

The
Hippopotamus
remains found near Leeds in 1852 are generally attributed to the Ipswichian (last) interglacial Stage, but certain features suggest that they could have been animals imported in historic times and subsequently buried. It was decided to resolve this issue by radiocarbon assay, which in theory should have been a simple matter. However, three assays on one of the bones produced unacceptable mid-Devensian (mid-last glacial) dates despite increasingly stringent decontamination procedures, the third attempt being supposedly proof against all natural and artificial contamination. A possible explanation for these results is given, and the interglacial age of the remains finally vindicated by an ‘infinite’ radiocarbon date obtained from a molar.
GROWTH FAULTING AND SANDSTONE DEPOSITION IN THE NAMURIAN OF THE STANTON SYNCLINE, DERBYSHIRE
Authors: Chisholm J. I.
Published: December 2009

Growth faulting during the deposition of the upper leaf of the Ashover Grit is believed to account for the presence of tilted bodies of sandstone, some of unusual thickness, that lie discordantly among undisturbed strata. In the best-exposed example, at Birchover, the position of the growth fault has been proved in boreholes and can be mapped at the surface. In the upper part of the structure, where the fault cuts sandstone, the fault plane dips steeply in the direction of fluviatile palaeocurrent flow and effects a downthrow in the same direction: the strata on the downthrown side are tilted towards the fault plane. The lower part of the fault plane flattens off in the underlying mudstone to a near-horizontal attitude and appears to have resulted in a slide-like displacement of the strata in the direction of palaeocurrent flow. A localized wedge of sandstone was deposited during the fault movement along the downthrown side of the steep, upper, part of the fault and accounts for the extra thickness of sandstone associated with the structure. Other examples, not so well exposed as that at Birchover, show many of the same features. A complex example at Stanton Lees can only be accounted for by a combination of growth faulting and contemporaneous erosion.
VOLCANIC AND EROSIVE EVENTS ON AN UPPER VISÉAN CARBONATE PLATFORM, NORTH DERBYSHIRE
Authors: Walkden G. M.
Published: December 2009

Re-examination of erosive, sedimentary and volcanic phenomena within D zone (Upper Viséan) limestones of the Millers Dale area, North Derbyshire, has prompted the modification of previous suggestions on the sequence of events around the D
1
/D
2
boundary. Major erosive features hither to regarded as channels are attributed to karstic solution, indicating lengthy subaerial exposure of at least the northern part of the Derbyshire carbonate platform at the end of D
1
. Minor tectonic activity seems to have culminated in early D
2
times with the development of an unconformity and further karstic erosion which confined the lowest D
2
minor cycle (the Station Quarry Beds) to an incipient syncline in the region of Millers Dale.

The ensuing Upper Millers Dale Lava was extruded across this early D
2
erosive surface as a succession of subaerial rather than submarine flows as previously thought, but its final extension at the eastern end of Millers Dale may have been in the form of a flow-foot breccia after an interval of partial inundation of the lava and local sedimentation. Stratigraphical similarity between Millers Dale and the platform margin to the north suggests a correlation between the Station Quarry Beds and the isolated P
1a
incursion at the base of D
2
in Pindale.
PALYNOLOGICAL DIVISION OF THE NAMURIAN OF NORTHERN ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND
Authors: Owens B. , Neves R. , Gueinn K. J. , Mishell D. R. F. , Sabry H. S. M. Z. , Williams J. E.
Published: December 2009

Studies carried out during the last decade have permitted the establishment of palynological zonal schemes for the Dinantian and Westphalian series in Britain. The present paper proposes a series of five concurrent assemblage range zones for the Namurian deposits of northern England and Scotland based on the results obtained from a number of widely-spaced sections. The scheme is defined so as to facilitate the establishment of one continuous set of palynologically defined zones for the entire Carboniferous deposits in Britain.

The principal components of each of the zones are documented and details of local stratigraphical distribution are supplied. Attempts have been made to integrate the principal macropalaeontological data in order that this zonal scheme can be equated with others defined on different biostratigraphical criteria.
INTERTIDAL SEDIMENTS AND TRACE FOSSILS FROM THE WATERSTONES (SCYTHIAN–ANISIAN?) AT DARESBURY, CHESHIRE
Authors: IRELAND R. J. , POLLARD J. E. , STEEL R. J. , THOMPSON D. B.
Published: December 2009

In a facies and trace fossil analysis of the Waterstones in North Cheshire, five gradational lithofacies are recognised: A—discontinuous bodies composed of lenticular units of cross-bedded, medium to fine sandstone: B—thin-bedded, muddy, fine sandstone with interbedded shale: C—thinner sandstones interlaminated with flaser-bedded siltstone or mudstone: D—shale: E—silty mudstone (‘marl’). Trace fossils described are:
Thalassinoides
cf.
suevicus, Diplocraterion luniforme, Arenicolites
sp., cf. ‘
Scoyenia?’ triadica, Planolites, Isopodichnus,
looped trails and vertebrate footprints. This ichnocoenosis can be assigned primarily to the
Skolithos
—
Glossifungites
ichnofacies, which represents the earliest stratigraphical evidence of marine conditions so far described from the English Trias. The
Scoyenia
ichnofacies is represented also.

The depositional environment was intertidal. Various sub-environments are recognised: lower and middle intertidal sandflat (lithofacies B and C), high intertidal mudflat to possibly impersistent sabkha (lithofacies E) and sand bars in tidal flat channels (lithofacies A).

This interpretation supports the importance of the Röt marine transgression in the Waterstones and suggests general regression into the overlying Keuper Marls.
SEDIMENTOLOGICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CONTROL OF WESTPHALIAN B PLANT ASSEMBLAGES FROM WEST YORKSHIRE
Authors: Scott A. C.
Published: December 2009

The lowest Middle Coal Measures (Upper Carboniferous, Westphalian B) at five localities in West Yorkshire (Swillington, Thorpe, Lodge Hill, Pugneys and Lowther North) expose strata from the Thornhill rock to the Two Foot Marine Band. The sections show three major facies associations interpreted as representing lake, delta and floodplain. These are divided into nine subfacies associations, each characterised by its particular lithology, sedimentary structures, fauna and flora. Facies 1A, medium grey and fissile black shales with non-marine bivalves and
Lepidodendron
leafy shoots, is interpreted as lacustrine/prodelta clays. Facies 1B, upward-coarsening silty shales to silts containing rare
Calamites,
represents distributary mouthbar sequences. Facies 2A, erosionally based sheet sands showing small scale trough cross bedding with horizons of comminuted plant debris, is interpreted as a proximal distributary mouthbar. Facies 2B is dominated by laminated silty shales with thin units of silty sandstone, contains abundant comminuted plant debris, and represents interdistributary lake deposits. Rarely, Facies 2A and 2B are overlain by a thin coal seam rich in
Calamites,
Facies 2C, which represents marginal swamp deposits. Facies 3A consists of thick coals and seatearths which were formed mainly by lycopods (shown by the palynology) and were dominated by different groups in succession; the facies is broadly interpreted as the “swamp-association”. Facies 3B, poorly laminated shales with abundant plants (often species rich) and thin siltstones, represents true floodplain/crevasse splay deposits. Facies 3C, thick, variable, upward-fining sandstones showing lateral accretion surfaces, is interpreted as pointbar deposits of meandering rivers which often have silty shale plugs. Abandoned channels are frequently filled with silty shales (Facies 3D) and have slumped banks, and often contain large contorted fronds of fern-like foliage.

The fossil plant assemblages are in part related to the sedimentary environment in which they are found and in part to the communities from which they have come. Preliminary reconstruction of the sedimentary environment allows hypotheses of the original plant communities to be made. The differences between the flora forming the coal and the flora found in other lithologies are emphasised.
LATERAL PERSISTENCE OF BEDS WITHIN THE GREAT LIMESTONE (NAMURIAN, E
1
) OF WEARDALE
Authors: Fairbairn R. A.
Published: December 2009

The widespread lateral persistence of individual beds (posts) of the Great Limestone (Namurian, E
1
) of Weardale, long suggested by quarry workers, has been confirmed. Variations in thickness and fauna of the posts have been recorded throughout Weardale. Several areas where the Great Limestone is abnormally thin have been noted.
SIZE, SHAPE AND DENSITY SORTING OF BEACH MATERIAL ALONG THE HOLDERNESS COAST, YORKSHIRE
Authors: WINKELMOLEN A. M.
Published: December 2009

The results of investigations on the size, shape and density distribution in samples collected from the boulder clays, beach and offshore zone of Holderness are presented. None of the data indicate the existence of major north—south drift along the coast as previously thought. Many beach and offshore samples have a bi- or tri-modal size distribution whilst the shape density data show that most sands consist of different truncated populations which must have undergone a very complex history. The beach sands have a distinctly lag character compared to the boulder clays, their main source material, so that most selection processes must have occurred in the offshore area in zones parallel to the beach.

It is postulated that erosion of the cliffs and subsequent withdrawal of the material from the beach are achieved mainly during storms from the east. The strong undertow transports the mobilised material towards the shallow and somewhat deeper offshore waters but only a fraction of it re-enters the beach as prograding bars during moderate conditions. The inability of westerly winds to produce sufficiently large waves causes the sediment balance to be strongly negative. Material reaching the deeper offshore zone may be removed by tidal currents, probably with a net component to the north.

The properties of the Spurn Head sands are best explained in terms of the continuous withdrawal of the spit over its own sediment, in which wind action also plays a part.