bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of grass functional diversity on invasion success by exotic grasses in Cerrado grasslands
Authors: Mazzochini Guilherme G. , Lira‐Martins Demétrius , de Barros Fernanda V. , Oliveira Ana C. C. , Xavier Rafael O. , Furtado Mariana N. , Verona Larissa S. , Viani Ricardo A. G. , Rowland Lucy , Oliveira Rafael S.
Published: December 2023

Invasive species pose significant challenges to successful restoration efforts worldwide. A strategy to reduce invasions is to establish communities consisting of species with varied ecological strategies. These strategies typically align along the conservative and plant size axes, and more recently, along a below‐ground collaboration axis. However, we lack understanding of how the diverse ecological strategies of Cerrado grass species, their combinations and their interactions with soil conditions can mitigate invasions.

Here, we investigated how native grass communities composed by species with different ecological strategies affect the invasion success in two soil types of abandoned pastures in the Cerrado. Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that greater above‐ and below‐ground functional diversity reduces exotic species invasion. We also evaluated whether the isolated effects of native species on invasion were positive or negative.

We installed an experiment with species richness ranging from zero to eight native grass species. In November 2019, we sowed species combinations to create communities composed by species with different ecological strategies. We quantified the above‐ground biomass of exotic species as a measure of invasion. To characterize the species ecological strategies, we measured five functional traits.

Functional diversity of maximum height and specific root length (SRL) had the highest predictive power; however, the most parsimonious model included only SRL diversity, which represents the collaboration axis. Native above‐ground biomass was also negatively related to exotic species biomass. Furthermore, invasion was greater in less stressful soil conditions but did not interact with diversity. The effect of native species varied from facilitation to competition, with the annual fast‐growing native species favouring invasion.

Synthesis and applications. Our results show that greater functional diversity of combined above‐ and below‐ground traits reduces invasion success, shedding light on an underexplored role of specific root length diversity. The competitive and facilitative effects of different native species highlight the need for careful selection of the species to be used in restoration programmes. Furthermore, the absence of interaction between diversity and soil types highlights the need for an integrated management of the functional composition and edaphic factors to increase resistance to invasion in these Neotropical grass communities.
Mechanism of action of anthocyanin on the detoxification of foodborne contaminants—A review of recent literature
Authors: Jiang Yan , Li Xusheng , Zhang Yulin , Wu Biyu , Li Yuxi , Tian Lingmin , Sun Jianxia , Bai Weibin
Published: December 2023

Foodborne contaminants refer to substances that are present in food and threaten food safety. Due to the progress in detection technology and the rising concerns regarding public health, there has been a surge in research focusing on the dangers posed by foodborne contaminants. These studies aim to explore and implement strategies that are both safe and efficient in mitigating the associated risks. Anthocyanins, a class of flavonoids, are abundantly present in various plant species, such as blueberries, grapes, purple sweet potatoes, cherries, mulberries, and others. Numerous epidemiological and nutritional intervention studies have provided evidence indicating that the consumption of anthocyanins through dietary intake offers a range of protective effects against the detrimental impact of foodborne contaminants. The present study aims to differentiate between two distinct subclasses of foodborne contaminants: those that are generated during the processing of food and those that originate from the surrounding environment. Furthermore, the impact of anthocyanins on foodborne contaminants was also summarized based on a review of articles published within the last 10 years. However, further investigation is warranted regarding the mechanism by which anthocyanins target foodborne contaminants, as well as the potential impact of individual variations in response. Additionally, it is important to note that there is currently a dearth of clinical research examining the efficacy of anthocyanins as an intervention for mitigating the effects of foodborne pollutants. Thus, by exploring the detoxification effect and mechanism of anthocyanins on foodborne pollutants, this review thereby provides evidence, supporting the utilization of anthocyanin‐rich diets as a means to mitigate the detrimental effects of foodborne contaminants.
Elaboration of dimensional quality in 3D‐printed food: Key factors in process steps
Authors: Wen Yaxin , Che Quang Tuan , Wang Shaoyun , Park Hyun Jin , Kim Hyun Woo
Published: December 2023

Three‐dimensional (3D) printing has been applied to produce food products with intricate and fancy shapes. Dimensional quality, such as dimensional stability, surface smoothness, shape fidelity, and resolution, are essential for the attractive appearance of 3D‐printed food. Various methods have been extensively studied and proposed to control the dimensional quality of printed foods, but few papers focused on comprehensively and deeply summarizing the key factors of the dimensional quality of printed products at each stage—before, during, and after printing—of the 3D printing process. Therefore, the effects of pretreatment, printing parameters and rheological properties, and cooking and storage on the dimensional quality of the printed foods are summarized, and solutions are also provided for improving the dimensional quality of the printed products at each step. Before printing, incorporating additives or applying physical, chemical, or biological pretreatments can improve the dimensional quality of carbohydrate‐based, protein‐based, or lipid‐based printed food. During printing, controlling the printing parameters and modifying the rheological properties of inks can affect the shape of printed products. Furthermore, post‐processing is essential for some printed foods. After printing, changing formulations, incorporating additives, and selecting post‐processing methods and conditions may help achieve the desired shape of 3D‐printed or 4D‐printed products during cooking. Additives help in the storage stability of printed food. Finally, various opportunities have been proposed to regulate the dimensional properties of 3D‐printed structures. This review provides detailed guidelines for researchers and users of 3D printers to produce various printed foods with the desired shapes and appearances.
Association between hyponatremia, inflammation, and mortality in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis: A nationwide observations
Authors: Erdogan Bulent , Ata Naim , Caglayan Murat , Gözükara Melih Gaffar , Gemcioglu Emin , Sokmen Fevzi Coskun , Yilmaz Nuray , Celik Osman , Ayvali Mustafa Okan , Ulgu Mustafa Mahir , Birinci Suayip
Published: December 2023

Introduction

Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte disorder often present in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate the effect of hyponatremia on mortality in patients undergoing PD.

Methods

The health records of adult individuals with an inserted PD catheter identified via the centralized national e‐health database were used.

Results

The mean age of the 846 patients included in the study was 52.48 years (±14.6). The mean sodium level was 136.51 mEq/L. Sodium levels <137 mEq/L were associated with higher death risk independent of comorbidities. There was a 0.821 times less reduction in mortality for each mEq /L increase in serum sodium.

Conclusion

Our study provides evidence that monitoring and adjusting serum sodium levels is crucial in managing PD patients with hyponatremia, as low serum sodium level was found to be a significant and independent predictor of mortality.
Working upstream: A statewide analysis of individual and contextual risk factors for future juvenile justice involvement among youth receiving prevention services
Authors: Sheppard Keller G. , Hernandez Jorge L. , Butts Jovontae , Mendonca Orlando , Orange Julie C.
Published: December 2023

Research Summary

Juvenile justice agencies are increasing their emphasis on early intervention and prevention services as a growing body of research evinces their effectiveness and cost efficiency. The present study analyzed the relationship between individual risk factors, contextual risk factors, and future juvenile justice involvement for 30,328 Florida youth residing in 3309 census tracts served by prevention programs. A series of two‐level logistic regressions indicated that several distinct criminological domains (e.g., aggression, relationships, family, substance use, and attitudes/behaviors) predict future juvenile justice system involvement. However, education‐related risk factors are among the most consequential for all youth, especially older youth. Concerning community context, neighborhood disadvantage directly affects system involvement, but only for youth under 12.

Policy Implications

These findings indicate the importance of addressing highly consequential risk factors—especially educational deficits—of youth in early intervention and prevention programs while also recognizing the impact of their social environments. Agencies attempting to work upstream with prevention services may benefit from prioritizing educational services and allocating resources to highly disadvantaged communities for early intervention programming.
Accounting for Inflation: The Dog That Didn't Bark
Authors: Ball Ray
Published: December 2023

A fundamental flaw in the methods that academics and practitioner bodies have proposed to account for price changes is that they assume the real and monetary sectors are independent. This is the logic of classical macroeconomics pre‐Keynes/Friedman, which long since has been discredited by theory and evidence. Both economy‐wide and idiosyncratic shocks to firms’ factor prices are unlikely to be positively correlated with their financial strengths, as assumed by the price adjustment methods that have been proposed. This helps explain the historical reluctance of governments and regulatory bodies to embrace proposed accounting standards that require firms to adjust their financial statements for either general or firm‐specific price changes. For example, firms then would tend to report stronger balance sheets at a time of weakened financial positions.
Composite haemangioendothelioma with neuroendocrine marker differentiation presenting as a pink–brown nodule
Authors: Jones Chelsea Morgan Ellen , Nieweg Omgo E. , Isaacs Frank , Cheung Karen
Published: December 2023

We report a case of a 55‐year‐old female with an asymptomatic pink–brown nodule. Histological examination demonstrated a composite haemangioendothelioma with positive synaptophysin staining.
Effect of albumin infusion on oxidative albumin modification and albumin binding capacity in chronic liver failure
Authors: Stauber Rudolf E. , Paar Margret , Balazs Irina , Horvath Angela , Feldbacher Nicole , Posch Andreas , Rainer Florian , Stadlbauer Vanessa , Oettl Karl
Published: December 2023

Oxidative albumin modification and impaired albumin binding function have been described both in chronic liver failure and for therapeutic albumin solutions. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of albumin infusion on redox state and binding function of circulating albumin. We studied 20 patients with cirrhosis who routinely received albumin infusions for prevention of post‐paracentesis circulatory dysfunction or treatment of hepatorenal syndrome. We measured albumin fractions by redox state of cysteine‐34 and albumin binding properties using dansylsarcosine as site II ligand. Therapeutic albumin solutions showed high contents of human nonmercaptalbumin‐1 and human nonmercaptalbumin‐2, exceeding the respective values in our patients with decompensated cirrhosis. An initial protocol for the first nine patients sampled at baseline, 24 h and 48 h after albumin infusion revealed no significant changes of oxidized albumin species or albumin binding properties. However, a modified protocol for the remaining 11 patients sampled at baseline, <1 h after and 24 h after albumin infusion revealed short‐lived changes of oxidized albumin species while no changes in albumin binding properties were observed. In conclusion, therapeutic albumin infusion transiently changed albumin redox state but did not improve binding function of circulating albumin in chronic liver failure.
Impact of COVID‐19 on ophthalmic medical access during successive waves: Demographics, disease factors, and wave locations
Authors: Lee Kwanghyun , Park Young Min , Choi Jung‐Kyu , Lee Jaekwang
Published: December 2023

Background

The coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) pandemic significantly impacted medical care, including ophthalmology. This study aimed to identify factors associated with reduced ophthalmic medical access during the pandemic.

Methods

This nationwide population‐based cohort study analysed South Korean health insurance claims data from January 2019 to November 2021. Outpatient visits and surgeries for age‐related macular degeneration, cataract, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and retinal detachment during the two pandemic waves were compared with those in the non‐pandemic period. Poisson regression was used to estimate incidence rate ratios and changes in outpatient visits and surgeries between waves concerning patient age, sex, residential location, and health insurance type.

Results

Outpatient visits for five eye diseases decreased in the first wave (0.733–0.985, P < 0.001). In the second wave, only outpatient visits for age‐related macular degeneration, cataract, and glaucoma decreased (0.754, 0.878, and 0.874, respectively, all P < 0.001). Age‐related macular degeneration, cataract, and glaucoma surgeries were significantly reduced in the first wave (0.829, P < 0.001; 0.836, P < 0.001; 0.904, P = 0.030, respectively). Age‐related macular degeneration (0.852) and cataract (0.716) surgeries dropped in the second wave. Women and elderly (>65 years) patients curtailed outpatient visits and surgeries more throughout the pandemic and were less resilient during the second wave. Wave location was also related to outpatient visits and surgeries.

Conclusions

The COVID‐19 pandemic decreased outpatient visits and surgeries for eye diseases, with more significant impact on women, older patients, and those residing near wave locations. These findings can inform healthcare policies to minimise future pandemic impacts on healthcare delivery.
Impact of weight loss and weight gain trajectories on body composition in a population at high risk of type 2 diabetes: A prospective cohort analysis
Authors: Yates T. , Biddle G. J. H. , Henson J. , Edwardson C. L. , Arsenyadis F. , Goff L. M. , Papamargaritis D. , Webb D. R. , Khunti K. , Davies M. J.
Published: December 2023

Aim

In a primary care population at high risk of type 2 diabetes, 24‐month weight change trajectories were used to investigate the impact of weight cycling on fat mass (FM) and fat‐free mass (FFM).

Materials and Methods

Cohort data from the Walking Away from Type 2 Diabetes trial was used, which recruited adults at‐risk of type 2 diabetes from primary care in 2009/10. Annual weight change trajectories based on weight loss/gain of ≥5% were assessed over two 24‐month periods. Body composition was measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Repeated measures were analysed using generalized estimating equations with participants contributing up to two 24‐month observation periods.

Results

In total, 622 participants were included (average age = 63.6 years, body mass index = 32.0 kg/m2, 35.4% women), contributing 1163 observations. Most observations (69.2%) were from those that maintained their body weight, with no change to FM or FFM. A minority (4.6% of observations) lost over 5% of body weight between baseline and 12 months, which was then regained between 12 and 24 months. These individuals regained FM to baseline levels, but lost 1.50 (0.66, 2.35) kg FFM, adjusted for confounders. In contrast, those that gained weight between baseline and 12 months but lost weight between 12 and 24 months (5.5% of observations) had a net gain in FM of 1.70 (0.27, 3.12) kg with no change to FFM.

Conclusion

Weight cycling may be associated with a progressive loss in FFM and/or gain in FM in those with overweight and obesity at‐risk of type 2 diabetes.
Identifying eating disorders at the earliest opportunity: Testing the reliability of an online eating disorder screener (IOI‐S) in primary care and youth mental health settings
Authors: Bryant E. , Spielman K. , Burton A. L. , Ong S. H. , Livney J. , Corry S. , Maguire S.
Published: December 2023

Aim

Eating disorders (EDs) are associated with significant disease burden and unacceptably high mortality rates. Early intervention significantly improves prognosis and can prevent chronic suffering; however, large numbers of people with the illness are not being identified or managed in primary healthcare. The current study aimed to test the reliability of the face‐to‐face, clinician delivery of a previously validated, co‐designed, online screening tool for eating disorders.

Methods

Individuals aged 14 and over who read, English were recruited from the community in either primary care (general practice) settings or headspace youth mental health centres. They completed the InsideOut Institute Screener (IOI‐S) face‐to‐face, delivered verbally by the study researcher clinician and then online by self‐report. The primary outcome was test‐retest reliability as measured by two‐way mixed effects model Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) with absolute agreement.

Results

A total of 83 participants aged 14–81 (M 36.2) completed the study in New South Wales and the Northern Territory, Australia, between April and November 2022. The ICC between successive iterations of the test was significantly positive (0.980), demonstrating strong internal validity and test–retest reliability of the scale.

Conclusions

The IOI‐S is an adaptive 6‐item screening tool designed to ‘start a conversation’ and determine risk using gentle language conceived by individuals with lived experience. Originally designed for online use, the current study broadens its versatility to clinical settings. The screener performs equally well when delivered face‐to‐face in clinical practice. In conjunction with increased practitioner education and improved treatment referral pathways, broad implementation of the screener in early healthcare settings can support timely identification and intervention for those with EDs.
Impact of post‐stroke aphasia on functional communication, quality of life, perception of health and depression: A case–control study
Authors: Bueno‐Guerra Nereida , Provencio Marta , Tarifa‐Rodríguez Aida , Navarro Ana , Sempere‐Iborra Cristian , Jordi Pablo , de Celis‐Ruiz Elena , Alonso de Leciñana María , Martín‐Alonso Marta , Rigual Ricardo , Ruiz‐Ares Gerardo , Rodríguez‐Pardo Jorge , Virués‐Ortega Javier , Fuentes Blanca
Published: December 2023

Background and purpose

Post‐stroke aphasia is associated with a reduced quality of life (QoL) and higher risk of depression. Few studies have addressed the effect of coping with aphasia. Our aim is to evaluate the impact of post‐stroke aphasia on self‐reported QoL and symptoms of depression.

Methods

This was a cross‐sectional prospective case–control study. Cases involved patients with post‐stroke aphasia included in the DULCINEA trial (NCT04289493). Healthy controls were recruited using snowball sampling. All subjects completed the following questionnaires: General Health Questionnaire (GHQ‐12), Stroke Aphasia Quality of Life Scale (SAQOL‐39), Communicative Activity Log (CAL) and Stroke Aphasic Depression Questionnaire (SADQ‐10).

Results

Twenty‐three patients (eight women; mean age 62.9 years) and 73 controls (42 women; mean age 53.7 years) were included. Cases scored lower than controls in perception of health (GHQ‐12: median 3 [IQR 1; 6] vs. 0 [IQR 0; 2]) and perception of QoL (SAQOL‐39: median 3.6 [IQR 3.3; 40] vs. 4.6 [IQR 4.2; 4.8]). Functional communication (CAL: median 135 [IQR 122; 148] vs. 94 [IQR 74; 103]) and SAQOL‐39 communication subscale (median 2.7 [IQR 2.1; 3.2] vs. 4.8 [IQR 4.6; 5.0]) were also significantly lower in the case group. Notably, cases reported fewer depressive symptoms than controls (SADQ‐10: median 11 [IQR 9; 15] vs. 13 [IQR 11; 16]; p = 0.016). A mediational analysis revealed that the relationship between post‐stroke aphasia and depression was not mediated by functional communication.

Conclusions

Although communication difficulties impact the QoL of patients with post‐stroke aphasia, such patients report fewer depressive symptoms on the SADQ‐10 scale than healthy people, with no differences in scores related to social participation.
Effects of aridification on soil total carbon pools in China's drylands
Authors: Ren Zhuobing , Li Changjia , Fu Bojie , Wang Shuai , Stringer Lindsay C.
Published: December 2023

Drylands are important carbon pools and are highly vulnerable to climate change, particularly in the context of increasing aridity. However, there has been limited research on the effects of aridification on soil total carbon including soil organic carbon and soil inorganic carbon, which hinders comprehensive understanding and projection of soil carbon dynamics in drylands. To determine the response of soil total carbon to aridification, and to understand how aridification drives soil total carbon variation along the aridity gradient through different ecosystem attributes, we measured soil organic carbon, inorganic carbon and total carbon across a ~4000 km aridity gradient in the drylands of northern China. Distribution patterns of organic carbon, inorganic carbon, and total carbon at different sites along the aridity gradient were analyzed. Results showed that soil organic carbon and inorganic carbon had a complementary relationship, that is, an increase in soil inorganic carbon positively compensated for the decrease in organic carbon in semiarid to hyperarid regions. Soil total carbon exhibited a nonlinear change with increasing aridity, and the effect of aridity on total carbon shifted from negative to positive at an aridity level of 0.71. In less arid regions, aridification leads to a decrease in total carbon, mainly through a decrease in organic carbon, whereas in more arid regions, aridification promotes an increase in inorganic carbon and thus an increase in total carbon. Our study highlights the importance of soil inorganic carbon to total carbon and the different effects of aridity on soil carbon pools in drylands. Soil total carbon needs to be considered when developing measures to conserve the terrestrial carbon sink.
Synergistic polyploidization and long‐distance dispersal enable the global diversification of yellowcress herbs
Authors: Han Ting‐Shen , Yu Chih‐Chieh , Zheng Quan‐Jing , Kimura Seisuke , Onstein Renske E. , Xing Yao‐Wu
Published: December 2023

Aim

Long‐distance dispersal (LDD) plays an important role in shaping the distribution of global biodiversity. Polyploidy could favour invasion and thereby facilitate LDD. However, how and to what extent polyploidy interacts with LDD remain unclear. Here, we test the putative role of polyploidy in the global dispersal of a cosmopolitan genus Rorippa.

Location

Global.

Time Period

Late Miocene to present.

Major Taxa Studied

Rorippa Scop., Brassicaceae.

Methods

We traced the biogeographical and speciation history for 17 diploids and 41 polyploids of Rorippa using variation from plastid genomes and multiple nuclear loci. The ploidy role in dispersal rate difference was demonstrated using trait‐dependent biogeographical modelling.

Results

LDD shaped the amphitropical disjunction of Rorippa, during which polyploids showed higher dispersal rates than those of diploids, with 5.6× increase under the best‐fitted model. Five diploids and 21 polyploids were identified as products of transoceanic speciation events. Polyploidy‐involved LDD was more common in terms of polyploidization following LDD than those preceding LDD.

Main Conclusions

We demonstrate that polyploidy would be not only a driver but also a responder of LDD in Rorippa, highlighting a synergistic relationship between them. Our results provide a framework to uncover the biogeographical consequences of polyploidization and the joint roles of polyploidy and LDD in shaping the distribution of biodiversity.
Definition and clinical management of haemodialysis central venous catheter local infections (exit site and tunnel infection): An international consensus assessment
Authors: Cobo‐Sánchez José Luis , Blanco‐Mavillard Ian , Mancebo‐Salas Noelia , Pelayo‐Alonso Raquel , Gancedo‐González Zulema , De Pedro‐Gómez Joan Ernest
Published: December 2023

Aim

To evaluate the relevance of signs and symptoms for the clinical identification of ESI and TI in HD‐CVC, by means of international expert consensus, and to reach a consensus on a definition and clinical management (CM) for these infections.

Background

A recent systematic review showed a high heterogeneity in the signs/symptoms used for determining exit site infection (ESI) and tunnel infection (TI) of haemodialysis central venous catheter (HD‐CVC).

Design

A modified Delphi ranking process was carried out between November 2020 and March 2021, consisting of four rounds using an online questionnaire with a panel of 26 experts from 12 countries.

Methods

Experts responded on the level of relevance for the identification of ESI and TI, based on a list of 22 signs/symptoms obtained from a previous systematic review, using a 4‐point Likert‐type scale. After reaching consensus on the signs/symptoms, they followed the same method to reach consensus on the CM. The STROBE Checklist was used to report this study.

Results

A high degree of consensus was reached to identify the presence of ESI based on nine signs/symptoms: presence of pain at the exit site (ES) during interdialysis period, with fever ≥38°C do not suspect other cause, local signs at the ES (inflammation, induration, swelling, hyperemia/erythema ≥2 cm from ES) and obvious abscess or purulent exudate at ES; and of TI. Likewise, 5 cm were agreed upon.

Conclusion

This Delphi study provides international expert consensus definitions of ESI and TI in HD‐CVC, laying the groundwork for the validation of an HD‐CVC ES clinical assessment scale for early identification of ESI.

Relevance to Clinical Practice

In addition, this study provides a series of attitudes to consensual clinics regarding signs/symptoms of local infections in HD‐CVC, which may be useful as expert opinion in clinical practice guidelines, when there is insufficient scientific evidence.
Sleep, circadian activity patterns and postpartum depression: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of actigraphy studies
Authors: Sobol Małgorzata , Błachnio Agata , Meisner Michał , Szyszkowska Joanna , Jankowski Konrad S.
Published: December 2023

Transition to motherhood is a period full of challenges and demands. In this review, we focused on the associations of sleep and circadian activity patterns during and after pregnancy with postpartum mental health factors. A systematic review and meta‐analysis were conducted (PROSPERO reference 316,505). A search for articles was performed using PsycARTICLES, PsycINFO, PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, Cochrane, DARE, hand search, and citation tracking. The search was meant to identify peer‐reviewed, experimental and observational studies reporting on women over 18 years old that assessed sleep and circadian activity patterns during pregnancy or postpartum using actigraphy, and investigated postpartum mental health factors. Nineteen relevant publications were selected. Postpartum total sleep at night was the indicator that was most closely related to the psychological functioning of women after childbirth. The results of the systematic review indicated that postpartum total sleep at night was related to postpartum fatigue, and the results of the meta‐analysis suggested that total sleep at night was most strongly linked with postpartum depression. More studies are needed to estimate the associations of sleep–wake rhythm during pregnancy and in the postpartum period with postpartum mental health factors.
Talking Like Opposition Parties? Electoral Proximity and Language Styles Employed by Coalition Partners in a Mixed Member Majoritarian System
Authors: Ishima Hideo
Published: December 2023

Extant literature has shown that political parties that form a coalition government face one major dilemma; that is, they must govern together but fight elections separately. Thus, coalition members tend to commit to a differentiated strategy as an election approaches. However, existing research has mainly focused on empirical findings from countries with proportional representation and few measures for direct criticism from partners. In order to test the theory, this study examines parliamentary speeches from Japan's mixed member majoritarian context. It uses a supervised machine learning method for measuring confrontational attitudes toward governments irrespective of their ideologies. The results of this study show that on average, while a coalition partner may present a slightly hostile attitude toward governments in parliamentary speeches, this effect is not influenced by election proximity. This may imply that incentives for managing coalitions could differ in majoritarian‐centered electoral systems.
Micronutrient gaps during the complementary feeding period in seven countries in Southeast Asia: A Comprehensive Nutrient Gap Assessment
Authors: White Jessica M. , Drummond Elizabeth , Bijalwan Vasundhara , Singhkumarwong Anusara , Betigeri Arvind , Blankenship Jessica
Published: December 2023

The complementary feeding period is a critical stage of child development when micronutrient needs are high and challenging to meet. Understanding if specific micronutrient gaps exist during this period is critical for effective programming. A Comprehensive Nutrient Gap Assessment (CONGA) was conducted in seven countries in Southeast Asia to estimate gaps in micronutrients commonly lacking in the diets of children aged 6–23 months and to establish the certainty of available evidence for each identified gap. Sixty‐eight evidence sources were identified during this analysis, and 310 micronutrient‐specific data points were identified across all seven countries. Data points varied in recency, representativeness and evidence type. The CONGA methodology enabled the estimation of a gap burden rating for each micronutrient in each country, as well as a rating of their evidence certainty. Micronutrient gaps were identified in vitamin D, zinc and iron and a potential gap was identified in calcium during the complementary feeding period in the region. Evidence relevant to intake and deficiency of folate, vitamin B12, thiamine, niacin, vitamin C and vitamin B6 was limited across the region. Proven strategies to address these gaps include increasing the availability and consumption of nutrient‐dense foods, micronutrient supplementation, large‐scale fortification of staple foods and condiments and point‐of‐use fortification through multiple micronutrient powders and fortified speciality foods. More recent data on micronutrient availability, intake and deficiency is urgently needed in Southeast Asia.
Benchmarking the nutrient composition and labelling practices of commercially produced ready‐to‐eat purées and meals for older infants and young children across seven Southeast Asian countries
Authors: Bassetti Eleonora , Blankenship Jessica , White Jessica M. , Mulder Anzélle , Threapleton Diane , Pries Alissa M.
Published: December 2023

Commercially produced complementary foods (CPCF), including ready‐to‐eat CPCF purées and meals, are gaining popularity among caregivers of older infants and young children (IYC) as a convenient alternative to home‐prepared foods in low and middle‐income countries. However, there is growing concern regarding the suitability of these products for older IYC, as they can contain high levels of sugar and/or sodium. Given the rapidly evolving market in Southeast Asia, it is crucial to monitor the appropriate composition and promotion of CPCF in the region. This study examined the nutrient composition and labelling practices of CPCF purées and meals sold in 2021 in the capital cities of seven Southeast Asian countries: Phnom Penh (Cambodia), Jakarta (Indonesia), Manila (Philippines), Bangkok (Thailand), Vientiane (Lao PDR), Hanoi (Viet Nam), Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia). The study adapted a nutrient profiling model from the WHO Regional Office for Europe to determine the proportion of products suitable for promotion for older IYC. The proportion of CPCF purées and meals that would require a high sugar front‐of‐pack warning based on the percentage energy from total sugar was also determined. Of the 459 CPCF purées/meals assessed, only 37.7% of the products met all nutrient composition requirements and none met all labelling requirements. In addition, most CPCF purées and meals were identified as having high total sugar content. To ensure that older IYC consume appropriate CPCF products, Southeast Asian countries need to implement and enforce regulations concerning the nutrient composition and labelling practices of CPCF purées and meals.
Overpromoted and underregulated: National binding legal measures related to commercially produced complementary foods in seven Southeast Asian countries are not fully aligned with available guidance
Authors: Blankenship Jessica , Nguyen Tuan , White Jessica M. , Badham Jane , Zambrano Paul , Vu Duong , Nguyen Ha‐Anh , Cashin Jennifer , Kupka Roland
Published: December 2023

The market for commercially produced complementary foods (CPCF) is rapidly expanding in Southeast Asia; however, the existence and content of mandatory national policies, standards and legislation (binding legal measures) for CPCF in the region is unclear. To assess the status of national binding legal measures for CPCF in Southeast Asia, a legal and policy desk review was conducted in seven countries (Cambodia, Laos People's Democratic Republic, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand and Viet Nam). The alignment of the national binding legal measures relevant to CPCF was assessed against guidance on CPCF nutrient composition and labelling requirements provided by Codex Alimentarius and the World Health Organization (WHO). Each of the seven countries had at least two national binding legal measures related to the nutrient composition or labelling of CPCF; however, there was limited alignment with the guidance from Codex and WHO. No country was fully aligned with the three CPCF‐specific Codex standards/guidelines and only one country was in full alignment with the recommendations related to the protection of breastfeeding from the ‘WHO Guidance on ending the inappropriate promotion of foods for infants and young children’. The findings of the review indicate that the existing national binding legal measures are insufficient to ensure that the CPCF sold as suitable for older infants and young children are nutritionally adequate and labelled in a responsible manner that does not mislead caregivers. Improved and enforced national binding legal measures for CPCF, in alignment with global guidance, are required to ensure that countries protect, promote and support optimal nutrition for children 6–36 months of age.
Formulation and acceptability of local nutrient‐dense foods for young children: A formative study for the Child Health, Agriculture and Integrated Nutrition (CHAIN) Trial in rural Zimbabwe
Authors: Chagwena Dexter T. , Fernando Shamiso , Tavengwa Naume V. , Sithole Shadreck , Nyachowe Chandiwana , Njovo Handrea , Datta Kavita , Brown Tim , Humphrey Jean H. , Prendergast Andrew J. , Smith Laura E.
Published: December 2023

Stunting affects almost one‐quarter of children globally, leading to reduced human capacity and increased long‐term risk of chronic disease. Despite intensive infant and young child feeding (IYCF) interventions, many children do not meet their requirements for essential nutrients. This study aimed to assess the feasibility of implementing an IYCF intervention utilizing nutrient‐dense powders from egg, biofortified sugar beans and Moringa oleifera leaf in rural Zimbabwe. A mixed‐methods formative study was conducted comprising the following: (i) a recipe formulation trial, (ii) trials of improved practices to assess acceptability of the intervention, and (iii) a participatory message formulation process to develop counselling modules for the IYCF‐plus intervention. Twenty‐seven mother–baby pairs were recruited between November 2019 and April 2020. Key domains affecting IYCF practices that emerged were time, emotional and physical space, cultural and religious beliefs, indigenous knowledge systems and gender dynamics. Household observations and sensory evaluation indicated high acceptability of the new ingredients. Recipe formulation and participatory message formulation by participants instilled community ownership and served to demystify existing misconceptions about the new food products. Families noted the potential for intervention sustainability because the foods could be grown locally. Supplementing complementary foods with nutrient‐dense local food ingredients as powders has the potential to sustainably address nutrient‐gaps in the diets of young children living in rural lower‐ and middle‐income countries. Comprehensive IYCF counselling utilizing a gender‐lens approach, family support and indigenous knowledge systems or resources are key elements to support positive behaviour change in complementary feeding interventions.
Nutritional status of school‐age children (5–19 years) in South Asia: A scoping review
Authors: Choedon Tashi , Brennan Eilise , Joe William , Lelijveld Natasha , Huse Oliver , Zorbas Christina , Backholer Kathryn , Murira Zivai , Wrottesley Stephanie V. , Sethi Vani
Published: December 2023

Information on malnutrition for school‐age children and adolescents (5–19 years) in South Asia is fragmented and inconsistent, which limits the prioritization of nutrition policies, programmes and research for this age group. This scoping review aimed to synthesize existing evidence on the burden of malnutrition for children and adolescents aged 5–19 years in South Asia, and on interventions to improve their nutritional status. Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Medline and Google Scholar were systematically searched for articles published between January 2016 and November 2022. Eligible studies reported the prevalence of undernutrition, overweight/obesity, micronutrient deficiencies and unhealthy dietary intakes, and interventions that aimed to address these in South Asia. In total, 296 articles met our inclusion criteria. Evidence revealed widespread, yet heterogeneous, prevalence of undernutrition among South Asian children and adolescents: thinness (1.9%–88.8%), wasting (3%–48%), underweight (9.5%–84.4%) and stunting (3.7%–71.7%). A triple burden of malnutrition was evident: the prevalence of overweight and obesity ranged from 0.2% to 73% and 0% to 38% (with rapidly rising trends), respectively, alongside persistent micronutrient deficiencies. Diets often failed to meet nutritional requirements and high levels of fast‐food consumption were reported. Education, fortification, supplementation and school feeding programmes demonstrated beneficial effects on nutritional status. Comprehensive and regular monitoring of all forms of malnutrition among children and adolescents, across all countries in South Asia is required. Further, more large‐scale intervention research is needed to ensure policy and programmes effectively target and address malnutrition among children and adolescents in South Asia.
Commentary on Articles CC-2000, CC-3000 and CC-4000
Authors:   Commentary Task Group
Published: December 2023

This commentary discusses some of the considerations of the joint ACI-ASME Committee in developing the provisions of ACI Standard 359 and ASME B&PVC Section III, Division 2, Subsection CC, Articles CC-2000, CC-3000, and CC-4000 on nuclear construction in the 2021 version of the code. This edition adds commentary for Articles CC-2000 and CC-4000. Emphasis is given to the explanation of provisions that may be unfamiliar to code users. Comments on specific provisions are made under the corresponding paragraph numbers of the code. The figures and appendices referred to in this commentary occur only in the commentary so that their numbering has no parallel in the code.

Because the code is written and intended for use as a legal document, it does not present background details or suggestions for carrying out its requirements or intent. It is the intent of this commentary to at least partially fill this need. This commentary also directs attention to other documents that provide suggestions for carrying out the requirements and intent of the code. However, neither those documents nor this commentary are to be considered as a part of the code.
Temperature effects on electrospray current from an externally wetted EMI-Im ionic liquid ion source
Authors: Fujiwara Yukio
Published: December 2023

Ionic liquid ion sources are expected to be used in a wide range of applications such as space electric propulsion and focused ion beam micromachining. It is known that the backstreaming of secondary charged species generated by ion beam impacts can cause unexpected temperature rise and chemical changes in ionic liquids. This paper reports on results of heating experiments using a sharp needle emitter wetted with an ionic liquid, 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide, at temperatures in a range from room temperature to 120 °C. Current measurements show that positive and negative electrospray currents from the heated emitter increased as the temperature increased. Time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometric measurements reveal that the beam composition changed significantly with increasing temperature, indicating that charged droplets as well as ions were emitted from the heated emitter. The TOF data show that a significant fraction of the current is due to droplets at higher temperatures. On the basis of the results obtained, the size and charge of the emitted droplets are discussed. The beam is roughly estimated to contain charged droplets with a diameter of around 20 nm at 120 °C.
Between Profit and Purpose: Employee Responses to Financial and Social Logics in Women’s Sport
Authors: Isard Risa F. , Melton E. Nicole , Delia Elizabeth B. , Nite Calvin
Published: December 2023

Recent market growth in women’s sport has happened as fans increasingly support brands that embrace social issues, suggesting that women’s sport houses multiple logics (financial and social) that may be compatible. The purpose of this study is to explore employees’ perspectives of the logics in women’s sport and how these influence their workplace experiences. Using a case study design, we interviewed 15 women’s sport employees. We observed that they navigate both financial and social logics, which they see as compatible. This understanding of a complementary relationship has both behavioral (e.g., collaboration) and emotional (e.g., collective anxiety) consequences for employees. Notably, collective anxiety is simultaneously associated with negative effects and positive coping mechanisms, demonstrating its complexity in shaping individuals’ actions. This research advances understanding of how employees respond to multiple logics and the effects of this process. Insights from this study can help women’s sport managers better support workers.
Preservice Physical Education Teachers’ Perceptions of Health-Related Fitness Self-Testing in a Teaching Methods Course
Authors: Liu Xiaolu , Liu Jingwen , Gurvitch Rachel
Published: December 2023

Purpose: This study explored how preservice physical education teachers (PPETs) perceive health-related fitness testing (HRFT) administered in a self-testing format with the aim to enhance their HRFT learning and better prepare them for future HRFT implementation. Methods: The study utilized a constructive phenomenological research design. A total of 11 PPETs participated in the study. Data were collected through a focus group interview, individual interviews, observation and field notes, and written assignments. Two researchers analyzed the data in NVivo 12. Results: Three findings were concluded from the data. First, the administration of self-testing engaged PPETs in active learning of HRFT. Second, PPETs reported positive attitudes toward self-testing when their needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness were satisfied. Lastly, PPETs identified challenges and proposed suggestions for completing and administrating HRFT. Conclusions: Self-testing may be used as an alternative approach to preparing PPETs for HRFT. More research is needed to examine the effectiveness and reliability of self-testing in educational settings.
Stepping Back, Stepping Up, and Stepping Forward: Exploring One Teacher’s Evolving Approach to Teaching Social and Emotional Learning in High School Physical Education
Authors: Howley Donal , Dyson Ben , Baek Seunghyun
Published: December 2023

Purpose: Utilizing social constructivist learning theory and a conceptual framework for Social and Emotional Learning (SEL), this self-study explores how I as a teacher-researcher intentionally evolved my approach to teaching SEL in a high school Physical Education setting. Method: Data were collected over twenty 75-min lessons over 15 weeks. One critical friend interview, 20 postteaching reflections, 18 observations, and 22 journal entries were conducted. A deductive and inductive approach utilizing the Miles, Huberman, and Saldana Framework for Qualitative Data Analysis was implemented. Results: Findings demonstrate how aligning my teaching with a contemporary framework led to a more explicit and intentional focus on SEL within my already utilized repertoire of pedagogies. Discussion/Conclusion: Incorporating self-study structure as a teacher-researcher led me to understand how I evolved and felt better equipped to teach for targeted SEL competencies and skills to further compliment the teaching of core Physical Education content.
The history of Coast Salish “woolly dogs” revealed by ancient genomics and Indigenous Knowledge
Authors: Lin Audrey T. , Hammond-Kaarremaa Liz , Liu Hsiao-Lei , Stantis Chris , McKechnie Iain , Pavel Michael , Pavel Susan sa'hLa mitSa , Wyss Senaqwila Sen̓áḵw , Sparrow Debra qwasen , Carr Karen , Aninta Sabhrina Gita , Perri Angela , Hartt Jonathan , Bergström Anders , Carmagnini Alberto , Charlton Sophy , Dalén Love , Feuerborn Tatiana R. , France Christine A. M. , Gopalakrishnan Shyam , Grimes Vaughan , Harris Alex , Kavich Gwénaëlle , Sacks Benjamin N. , Sinding Mikkel-Holger S. , Skoglund Pontus , Stanton David W. G. , Ostrander Elaine A. , Larson Greger , Armstrong Chelsey G. , Frantz Laurent A. F. , Hawkins Melissa T. R. , Kistler Logan
Published: December 2023

Ancestral Coast Salish societies in the Pacific Northwest kept long-haired “woolly dogs” that were bred and cared for over millennia. However, the dog wool–weaving tradition declined during the 19th century, and the population was lost. In this study, we analyzed genomic and isotopic data from a preserved woolly dog pelt from “Mutton,” collected in 1859. Mutton is the only known example of an Indigenous North American dog with dominant precolonial ancestry postdating the onset of settler colonialism. We identified candidate genetic variants potentially linked with their distinct woolly phenotype. We integrated these data with interviews from Coast Salish Elders, Knowledge Keepers, and weavers about shared traditional knowledge and memories surrounding woolly dogs, their importance within Coast Salish societies, and how colonial policies led directly to their disappearance.