bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Translating Prewar Culture into Film: The Double Vision of Suzuki Seijun's Zigeunerweisen
Authors: DiNitto Rachel
Published: May 2005

Stylistically breaking from his 1960s Nikkatsu films, cult director Suzuki Seijun entered Japan's pre-World War II era with Zigeunerweisen (1980). Suzuki forgoes conventional narrative to set up a world of random associations and misleading mismatches and recreates the unevenness and double life of the culturally shifting prewar era. From his position in late postwar Japan, he questions the nature of representation and the discourse of authenticity surrounding history and culture in the 1920s and 1930s. His deliberateness in this comments on the process of representation, the function of nostalgia, and the definition of modernity itself, as Suzuki translates prewar culture into film.
Protection Versus Flexibility: The Civil Service Reform Act, Competing Administrative Doctrines, and the Roots of Contemporary Public Management Debate
Authors: Moynihan Donald P.
Published: May 2005

The year 2003 marks the twentieth-fifth anniversary of the Civil Service Reform Act (CSRA) of 1978, a late chapter in the development of the American administrative state and the most significant reform of the civil service system since its creation through the Pendleton Act of 1883. The Act made a number of enduring contributions to the personnel system of the federal government. Given the recursive nature of public management debate, there is considerable policy importance in trying to understand the original basis of decisions on legislation that have shaped the federal government over the last twenty-five years, and the CSRA has recently been the subject of renewed interest. More important, the CSRA was a rare and relatively important shift in the beliefs and attitudes—the administrative doctrine—that shape the evolution of the administrative state. Significantly, the debate during the CSRA saw the emergence of deep divisions within administrative doctrine, divisions that continue to shape public management policymaking.
The Culture of Politics: The Politics of Culture
Authors: Freeman Joanne B.
Published: May 2005

In a way, there is an unspoken subtext to this “state-of-the-field” panel on political history. For at least some of us, there is a whisper of uneasiness associated with this topic, a small internal voice concerned about the health and survival of political history. In the relatively recent past, the flowering of social history challenged and eventually toppled the dominance of political history—a fine development, given that in the long reach of history politics is only part of the story. Unfortunately, this shift of balance left some scholars with a bad taste in their mouths. Some social historians have retained a lingering antipathy toward political history as a looming presence—an elite-driven, chronologically organized, “imperalist” narrative that threatens to subsume scholarship once again. Some political historians, in turn, feel besieged by social history and its seeming focus on minority and underprivileged populations to the exclusion of much else. Both of these emotionalized outlooks rest on distorted and exaggerated assumptions. But for many political historians, the end result is a current of nervous tension about the place of their field in the larger scheme of historical scholarship.
The History of Childhood Policy: A Philippic's Wish List
Authors: Sealander Judith
Published: May 2005

As late as the 1970s, only a handful of scholars called themselves children's historians. Thirty years later, much had changed. Though nobody possessed an accurate headcount, a new historical field had emerged, with a burgeoning literature, Web sites, and specialized societies.
History and Political Science: Together Again?
Authors: Zelizer Julian E.
Published: May 2005

There was a period in America when the political science and history disciplines were not that far apart. Both approaches to analyzing civil society had evolved out of an old Anglo-American tradition where these two subjects, along with philosophy and literature, were all considered in relationship to one another. During the formative years of the American research university, which took place at the turn of the twentieth century, both disciplines shared common founding fathers. A classic example was Charles Beard, whose influence spanned both areas of scholarship. Indeed, it was a breakaway faction of the American Historical Association that formed the American Political Science Association.
The Agency That Kept Going: The Late New Deal SEC and Shareholder Democracy
Authors: Nicholas Phil
Published: May 2005

Discussions of New Deal policymaking suggest that many reforms were enacted from 1933 to 1937, but after this the New Deal ended. Although this analysis provides a generally accurate portrayal of presidential-congressional power relations, it overlooks the ability of some federal agencies to advance policies opposed by political and economic elites, and assumes that the plight of government agencies is always closely tied to the fortunes of elected leaders. The history of the Securities and Exchange Commission provides a somewhat different story. The SEC continued to pursue policies opposed by the securities industry despite increased political opposition in the late New Deal. This was due largely to the liberal-reformist ideology held by a large number of SEC commissioners and staff. They believed the agency should adopt a more mandate-driven approach and issue greater numbers of regulations than the SEC had in the early New Deal. As a result of the commissioners he appointed, President Franklin Roosevelt was largely responsible for this change in SEC policymaking.
The Literary and the Historical: Reflections on a Jewish Memoir
Authors: Petrovsky-Shtern Yohanan
Published: May 2005

Journey to a Nineteenth-Century Shtetl: The Memoirs of Yekhezkel Kotik. Edited with an Introduction and Notes by David Assaf. Translated from the Yiddish by Margaret Birstein and edited by Sharon Makover-Assaf.
Horses, Silver, and Cowries: Yunnan in Global Perspective
Authors: Yang Bin
Published: May 2005

Through examination of the horse trade, silver exports, and cowry monetary system of Yunnan, currently a province in southwestern China, this paper seeks to place Yunnan in global perspective. Furthermore, by considering Yunnan's cross-regional trade networks as routes parallel to the overland Silk Roads and the maritime Silk Roads, the paper adds new dimensions to the understanding of Eurasian communications. Finally, consideration of world-system perspectives will shed some light on contemporary world-system debates.
State Formation and Periodization in Inner Asian History
Authors: Di Cosmo Nicola
Published: May 2005

The history of empires created by inner Asian peoples bears direct relevance to the
conceptualization of world history down to the early modern period, as their impact on
surrounding civilizations resulted in long-lasting demographic, economic, and political
changes. This essay explores the basic mechanisms of state formation in inner Asia
and presents an argument for the periodization of inner Asian history based on the
incremental ability of inner Asian empires to extract from outside sources the wealth
necessary for the maintenance of political and military state apparatus. On this basis, the
essay proposes a four-phase periodization, including ages of tribute empires (209 B.C.-
A.D. 551), trade-tribute empires (551Ð907), dual-administration empires (907Ð1259),
and direct-taxation empires (1260Ð1796).
Early Modern India and World History
Authors: Richards John F
Published: May 2005

The early modern period in world history, roughly 1500-1800, was marked by several worldwide processes of change unprecedented in their scope and intensity. The term early modern—which is not Eurocentric—should be applied to this period in South Asian history. The society of the Indian subcontinent shared directly in the massive processes of change that influenced societies throughout the world.
Nationalisms: An Invitation to Comparative Analysis
Authors: Stearns Peter N
Published: May 2005

Analytical treatment of nationalism, of the sort needed to frame world history teaching and comparative research, requires extension beyond historical accounts of specific episodes and the many available social science generalizations that tend to homogenize the phenomenon. Two points are crucial. The first is the historicity of nationalism as it moved away from traditional cultural definitions and political loyalties. The second is comparison of different types of nationalisms--or, more properly, different balances among complex components--in historical context. The comparative approach particularly engages most nationalisms as blends of innovation and conservative forces and, in the twentieth century, as sites for complex negotiations between westernizing and traditional emphases. These features reveal nationalism as a reflection of diverse civilizational histories, while raising questions about renewed competition with nationalism as a loyalty in the late twentieth century.
World History and the Rise and Fall of the West
Authors: McNeill William Hardy
Published: May 2005

This article seeks how best to understand the history of humankind as a whole by
emphasizing communications and transportation networks. It summarizes the principal
consequences of major changes in the range and carrying capacity of these networks,
with reflections on the role of the West in recent centuries. During these centuries
Europeans enjoyed a brief experience of world dominance, thanks to an initial monopoly
of modern forms of mechanically powered transport and electrical communication,
only to see their dominant position decline as other peoples have caught up with them
in our own time.
Subjects and Interface Delay in Child Spanish and Catalan
Authors: Grinstead John
Published: May 2005

I observe that in an earlystage of child Catalan and Spanish, no overt subjects are used. At
this same age and MEAN LENGTH OF UTTERANCE (MLU), child speakers of overt subject languages
such as French, German, Dutch, and English use at least some overt subjects optionally. I explain
this crosslinguistic variation bysuggesting that the adult target grammars vary with respect to
the position in which overt subjects are realized. In the overt subject languages, subjects are
realized in the canonical specifier-of-IP position, whereas in the null subject languages (such as
Catalan and Spanish), subjects are located in a topic/focus position, which becomes accessible
onlylater in development. As evidence for this, I show that overt subjects, fronted objects, and
WH-questions begin to be used at the same point in development in child Catalan and Spanish. I
also argue that subject agreement constitutes an incorporated pronominal subject in Catalan and
Spanish and that children converge on this parametric option veryearly . The inabilityof child
Spanish- and Catalan-speakers to use discourse-pragmatic information is explained as a delayin
the development of the interface between grammar and discourse-pragmatics.
On the Grammatical Status of Names
Authors: Anderson John M. (John Mathieson)
Published: May 2005

This article focuses on the relatively neglected grammar of names, including their morphosyntax,
which has not aroused the kind of interest and controversy associated with the (putative)
semantics of names. It also focuses on a few Indo-European languages (French, Greek, and
particularly English), but refers to a wider range of language types. While not an exhaustive
account of the variations in name syntax and morphology, significant variation is nevertheless
encountered and analyzed. The suggested universal aspects have some plausibility. I propose that
names belong universally, with pronouns and determiners, to a category of determinative. The
behavior of names as vocatives and in predications of nomination suggests that they are, unlike
pronouns and determiners, inherently neither definite nor indefinite. Moreover, in such circumstances
names do not function as regular arguments of the predicator; they do not bear a specified
semantic relation to the predicator: they are either EXTRASENTENTIAL or appositive. In order to
figure as arguments in other types of predication, and be assigned a specified semantic relation,
names must acquire definiteness. Languages differ in whether definiteness is signaled overtly or
not: in English, for instance, definite names are not distinguished in form from nondefinite,
whereas in Greek definite use of a name is marked by an accompanying article. Other languages
vary.
The English Resultative as a Family of Constructions
Authors: Goldberg Adele E , Jackendoff Ray
Published: May 2005

English resultative expressions have been a major focus of research on the syntax-semantics
interface. We argue in this article that a family of related constructions is required to account for
their distribution. We demonstrate that a number of generalizations follow from the semantics of
the constructions we posit: the syntactic argument structure of the sentence is predicted by general
principles of argument linking; and the aspectual structure of the sentence is determined by the
aspectual structure of the constructional subevent, which is in turn predictable from general principles
correlating event structure with change, extension, motion, and paths. Finally, the semantics
and syntax of resultatives explain the possibilities for temporal relations between the two subevents.
While these generalizations clearly exist, there is also a great deal of idiosyncrasy involved
in resultatives. Many idiosyncratic instances and small subclasses of the construction must be
learned and stored individually. This account serves to justify aspects of what we share in our
overall vision of grammar, whatwe might call the CONSTRUCTIONAL view. To the extent that our
treatment of the resultative can be stated only within the constructional view, it serves as evidence
for this view as a whole.
The Perceptual Acquisition of Phonological Contrasts
Authors: Pater Joe , Stager Christine , Werker Janet Feldman
Published: May 2005

Stager and Werker (1997) show that fourteen-month-olds engaged in a word-learning task fail
to respond to a switch between the minimal pair [bI] and [dI], though they do respond to a switch
between [lIf] and [nim] in the same task. In this article we show that the [bI]/[dI] results extend
to stimuli that respect English phonotactics ([bIn] vs. [dIn]), to a voicing contrast ([pIn] vs. [bIn]),
and to voicing and place combined ([pIn] vs. [dIn]). Our interpretation of these results is that
when a phonological contrast like place or voicing is first acquired, it remains only partially
integrated and can be lost under the processing demands of word learning. We formalize partial
integration in terms of unranked optimality-theoretic constraints and discuss the predictions of
this account for further research.
Semantics and Pragmatics of English Verbal Dependent Coordination
Authors: Whitman Neal
Published: May 2005

This article investigates coordination of verbal adjuncts and complements in English, considering
coordinations of adjunct with adjunct, complement with complement, and adjunct with complement,
for both non-WH and WH elements, using the conjunctions or, and, and but. Previous analyses
have never to my knowledge covered all of these cases. It is shown that syntactic or (compositional)
semantic constraints on coordination fail to cover all the facts, as do ambiguity-based explanations.
Better (though still incomplete) coverage is provided by an analysis based on event semantics
and neo-Gricean conversational implicature.
Most
Authors: Ariel Mira
Published: May 2005

Ever since Horn 1972, it has been a received view that the lexical meaning of scalar quantifiers specifies only a lower bound. Most, it is assumed, codes 'more than half', also covering 'all'. To account for most's common interpretation, 'more than half but less than all', linguists have assumed a 'not all' implicature. I argue that the implicature analysis cannot account for most of the discourse data, and that the upper bound on most is independent of a 'not all' implicature. Furthermore, based on questionnaire results, I propose a different semantics-pragmatics division of labor. Most denotes 'a proper subset which is the largest subset given any partitioning of the complement subsets'. Thus, most's lexical meaning does provide an upper bound, but pragmatic inferences may nonetheless sometimes render its use compatible with states of affairs in which 'all' is true.
Directionality and (Un)natural Classes in Syncretism
Authors: Baerman Matthew
Published: May 2005

Syncretism,where a single form corresponds to multiple morphosyntactic functions, is pervasive in languages with inflectionalmorphology. Its interpretation highlights the contrast between different views of the status of morphology. For some, morphology lacks independent structure, and syncretism reflects the internal structure of morphosyntactic features. For others, morphological structure is autonomous, and syncretism provides direct evidence of this. In this article, I discuss two phenomena that argue for the second view. DIRECTIONAL EFFECTS and UNNATURAL CLASSES of values resist attempts to reduce them to epiphenomena of more general rule types and require purely morphological devices for their expression.
Nominal Tense in Crosslinguistic Perspective
Authors: Nordlinger Rachel , Sadler Louisa
Published: May 2005

It is a general assumption in linguistic theory that the categories of tense, aspect, and mood (TAM) are inflectional categories of verbal classes only. In a number of languages around the world, however, nominals and other NP constituents are also inflected for these categories. In this article we provide a comprehensive survey of tense/aspect/mood marking on NP constituents across the world's languages. Two distinct types are identified: PROPOSITIONAL NOMINAL TAM, whereby the nominal carries TAM information relevant to the whole proposition, and INDEPENDENT NOMINAL TAM, in which the TAM information encoded on the nominal is relevant only to the NP on which it is markedÑindependent of the TAM of the clause as a whole. We illustrate these different types and their various properties using data from a wide range of languages showing that, while certainly unusual, the phenomenon of nominal tense/aspect/mood marking is far less marginal than is standardly assumed. Nominal TAM inflection must be accepted as a real possibility in universal grammatical structure, having significant implications for many aspects of linguistic theory.
Savarin/BalZac: Du gout des excitants sur liecriture moderne
Authors: Dubois Philippe C
Published: May 2005

This article offers a comparative analysis of the pairing of two critical texts on food: the 1839 re-edition of Brillat-Savarin's Physiologie du goût, and Balzac's Traité des excitants modernes, which appeared at the end of Brillat-Savarin's book. Situated within the burgeoning gastronomic context of the time, Balzac's renowned obsession with the culinary is examined as a creative decoction made at the intersection of alimentation, generation, and textual production. (in French PCD)
The Mystery of Austronesian Final Consonant Loss
Authors: Blevins Juliette
Published: May 2005

Within Evolutionary Phonology, recurrent sound patterns are argued to be a direct consequence of recurrent types of phonetically based sound change. Common phonological alternations like final obstruent devoicing, placeassimilation, intervocalic consonant lenition, and unstressed vowel deletion are shown to be the direct result of phonologization of well-documented articulatory and perceptual phonetic effects. Synchronic markedness constraints of structuralist, generativist, and optimality approaches are abandoned, and replaced, for the most part, with historical phonetic explanations that are independently necessary. Under the general Evolutionary Phonology approach, any recurrent sound pattern, like Austronesian final consonant loss, that does not lend itself to phonetic explanation is problematic.
The Higher Phylogeny of Austronesian and the Position of Tai-Kadai
Authors: Sagart Laurent
Published: May 2005

This paper presents a new higher phylogeny for the Austronesian family, based on three independent lines of evidence: the observation of a hierarchy of implications among the numerals from 5 to 10 in the languages of Formosa and in PMP; the finding that the numerals *pitu '7', *walu '8', and *Siwa '9' can be derived from longer additive expressions meaning 5+2, 5+3, and 5+4, preserved in Pazeh, using only six sound changes; and the observation that the phylogeny that can be extracted from these and other innovations—mostly changes in the basic vocabulary—evinces a coherent spatial pattern, whereby an initial Austronesian settlement in NW Taiwan expanded unidirectionally counterclockwise along the coastal plain, circling the island in a millennium or so. In the proposed phylogeny, Malayo-Polynesian is a branch of Muic, a taxon that also includes NE Formosan (Kavalan plus Ketagalan). The ancestor language, Muish, is deemed to have been spoken in or near NE Formosa. Further evidence that the Tai-Kadai languages, contrary to common sense, are a subgroup of Austronesian (specifically: a branch of Muic, coordinate with PMP and NE Formosan) is presented.
Phonation Types in Javanese
Authors: Thurgood Ela
Published: May 2005

The somewhat misnamed breathy voiced vowels of Javanese have been retermed "slack voiced" by Ladefoged and Maddieson (1996). This paper extends the analysis of Javanese vowels to a wider range of vowels, describes in precise detail what the acoustic characteristics of Javanese slack voice are, and examines the acoustic characteristics of the "emphatic" voice quality often used in Javanese—the acoustic qualities of which are usually associated with what is more typically called breathy voice. I find that it is necessary to extend the range of voice qualities found in Javanese from stiff and slack to include the distinct breathy voice used for emphasis.
The Department of Geography at the University of California, Santa Barbara: History, Curriculum, and Pedagogy
Authors: Clarke Keith C. , Baumgart Susanna R
Published: May 2005

While the Association of American Geographers celebrates its 100th anniversary in 2004, the Department of Geography at the University of California, Santa Barbara, celebrates its 30th. This paper is a summary of the history of the department, as gleaned from written records and interviews with many of the protagonists. Included is a discussion of the curricula for the BA, BS, MA, and PhD programs, with special attention paid to the pedagogy of approach. The paper concludes with an examination of the highlights of the department's mission statement, which shows the common departmental philosophy toward the discipline and the highly interdisciplinary treatment of geography at UCSB.
Zhu Xi's Prayers to the Spirit of Confucius and Claim to the Transmission of the Way
Authors: Tillman Hoyt Cleveland
Published: May 2005

What philosophical and historical insights might be gained by juxtaposing and linking two distinct areas of Zhu Xi's comments, those on guishen (conventionally glossed as ghosts or spirits) and those on the transmission and succession of the Way (daotong)? There is considerable evidence that he regarded canonical rites for ancestors and teachers as insufficiently satisfying, and thus he sought enhanced communion with the dead. His statements about spirits and especially his prayers to Confucius' spirit served to enhance his confidence that he had gained the transmission of Confucius' dao and that nothing being passed down to him had been lost. In the rituals and prayers to Confucius, Zhu Xi also projected himself as mediator between his students and Confucius' spirit. After hearing such prayers and participating in the ritual sacrifices, Zhu's students would become more convinced of his special status in the transmission of the Way. This inquiry into these spiritual and philosophical issues ultimately demonstrates the compelling importance of Zhu's practical concerns.
Zen Language in Our Time: The Case of Pojo Chinul's Huatou Meditation
Authors: Park Jin Y.
Published: May 2005

Zen philosophy of language is discussed by exploring the concepts of live anddeadwords,involvement with meaningand involvement with words, and the three mysterious gates as they are employed in Pojo Chinul's huatou meditation. A comparison is made betweenthe Zenuse of language and Merleau-Ponty's philosophy of visibility, Julia Kristeva's idea of the semiotic and the symbolic, and Kierkegaard's concept of anxiety, in an attempt to provide a paradigm to understand the Zen Buddhist vision.
International Retirement Migration: Retired Europeans Living on the Costa Del Sol, Spain
Authors: Rodriguez Vicente , Fernandez-Mayoralas Gloria , Rojo Fermina
Published: May 2005

This paper aims to establish the singularity of the European retired who have moved to live on the Costa del Sol, Spain. To study this topic it was necessary, first, to discuss the constrains that arise when this 'migration' is under close scrutiny; secondly, to depict the geographical model of retired Europeans who move to Spain; and, thirdly, to carry out an ad hoc survey to ascertain the reasons for this residential movement, the advantages and disadvantages of living in Spain after retirement, and the influence on several aspects of the economic and social activity on the receiving area. The survey fieldwork was conducted in April-May 1996. Nonlinear canonical correlation analysis is applied to identify the relationships among demographic and perceptual variables. The results show that nationality and, to a lesser extent, age and academic level are the most important variables for grouping retired Europeans on the Costa del Sol according to their statements. The pleasant
Mediterranean climate, the lower cost of living and the informal Spanish lifestyle were the main pull factors of living in Spain, the language acting as the greatest disadvantage. As the retired relate these conditions to life in Spain, a strong relationship with tourist areas is highlighted when the geographical distribution is described.
Fertility and Contraception - An Analysis with National Level Data
Authors: Sufian Abu Jafar Mohammad
Published: May 2005

Analyses of data from recent demographic surveys reveal that fertility has declined quite significantly in many countries, and most demographers and population analysts agree that a large part of this decline may be attributed to an increase in the use of contraception among couples of reproductive age. There is a direct linkage between the use of contraception and fertility decline, and this paper attempts to uncover the correlates of the use of contraception, and hence of fertility decline, by analyzing national level data from 93 countries of Sub-Saharan Africa, Near East and North Africa, Asia and Pacific, Latin America and Caribbean, and East Europe and Central Asian Republics.
The data were taken from Population Reports (vol. 27(2), July 1999:24-27), and from the 1997 World Population Data Sheet. The main variable of interest is the percentage of couples using contraception which has been collapsed into three groups of countries: group 1 (low rates of use), group 2 (medium rates of use), and group 3 (high rates of use). The technique called canonical discriminant analysis has been used to identify those variables that discriminate among the groups most.
The analysis shows that the total fertility rate is the most influential variable in discriminating among the groups of countries with low (group 1), medium (group 2), and high (group 3) rates of the use of contraception, followed by the percentage of children under 15 years of age, human development index, urban population, population growth rate, gross national product, and child mortality, in that order.
Policy implications are discussed.
Diary of a Dissertation Writer: Journals as a Map to a Discipline
Authors: Van der Meer Carolyne
Published: May 2005

Scholarly publishing is rarely examined as a global contributor to a
field of research. But its value as a map to the evolution of a discipline
can be inestimable. The output of journals can be the key to understanding
shifts in perspective and, in the case described in the following essay,
may ultimately provide an overview of an instance in the development of
Canadian literature.
Robert E. Lee, 'Race,' Representation and Redevelopment along Richmond, Virginia's Canal Walk
Authors: Leib Jonathan I
Published: May 2005

The past decade has witnessed numerous disputes
concerning the South's symbolic landscapes.
While many of these debates have centered on
whether and where to add Civil Rights icons or
remove Confederate ones, a debate took place in
Richmond, Virginia in 1999 over whether to add
a new Confederate symbol to the landscape of this
African-American majority city. That year the city
opened its new Canal Walk development project,
aimed at revitalizing the city's waterfront. Among
the historical displays along the Canal Walk was
a large portrait of Robert E. Lee. The debate centered
on whether Lee, "the white South's favorite
icon," should hang on the Canal Walk's floodwall,
or whether the portrait should be removed because
it represented an affront to African Americans
as a reminder of the Civil War and slavery.
The Lee mural dispute thus continues the debate
in Richmond and the South over public memory,
the Civil War, power, and symbolic landscapes.
Saintly Mimesis, Contagion, and Empathy in the Thought of Rene Girard, Edith Stein, and Simone Weil
Authors: Astell Ann W
Published: May 2005

"Empathy" and "contagion" are semantically related in their
common reference to the suffering of infectious disease,
spiritual and physical. How exactly do they differ as inter-personal
phenomena? René Girard establishes a link between mimetic behavior
and the contagious transference of emotion that spreads through groups
of people, resulting in victimage. Jewish philosophers Edith Stein and
Simone Weil distinguish such an emotional transference from genuine
empathy, which involves a different, ethical stance and a saintly
imitation. Empathy for the afflicted individual, in fact, makes one
immune to the contagion that too often results in scapegoating.
The Acculturation of the Kindertransport Children: Intergenerational Dialogue on the Kindertransport Experience
Authors: Barnett Ruth
Published: May 2005

Dialogue in the lives of the first, second, and third generation of the Kindertransport is the focus of this essay, in which the author first highlights background factors in understanding the "narrative history" as distinct from the "factual history" of the Kindertransport. This is followed by an exploration of insights into the role that dialogue in various forms, including its absence, may have played in the pre-separation and post-separation phases of the Kindertransportees' lives. The author looks at a few general features in the dialogue of Kindertransportees with each other and then at some central themes in intergenerational dialogue between first, second, and third generations of the Kindertransport. Ultimately the text suggests that what can be learned from such dialogues might be of use to research and to those involved in the care of separated children today.
Integration and Formation of Identity: Exile Schools in Great Britain
Authors: Feidel-Mertz Hildegard , Hammel Andrea
Published: May 2005

Teachers and educators who were forced out of Germany after 1933 on political grounds or as a result of their Jewish ancestry founded more than 20 schools in exile worldwide. These were largely boarding schools oriented towards the German progressive educational reform tradition of Landerziehungsheime (literally "countryside educational homes"). They all had one common task: to support the uprooted and confused refugee children as they developed a new and complex identity, and as they came to terms with an alien environment. Using the example of two schools supported by the Quakers and influenced by their philosophy of tolerance, the author illustrates how this task was performed. The contribution of the directorship and staff of these two schools in solving the problems connected with the Kindertransport is illuminated.
"It Is Usually She": The Role of British Women in the Rescue and Care of the Kindertransport Kinder
Authors: Oldfield Sybil
Published: May 2005

This paper examines the invaluable contributions of women volunteers to the success of the emigration and resettling of the Kindertransport children. The author portrays the work of the politician Eleanor Rathbone, the Quaker interventionist Bertha Bracey, the Headmistress of Bunce Court School Anna Essinger, three chairwomen of the regional and local committees of the Refugee Children's Movement (RCM), namely Greta Burkill, Professor Edith Morley, and Ruth Simmons, the RCM Treasurer Elaine Blond, Lola Hahn Warburg, a refugee herself, who intervened in the case of difficulties between Kindertransport children and foster parents, and Dorothy Hardisty, the general secretary of the RCM.
Connecting with the Great Jewish Time: Abba Kovner's Something about Whales
Authors: Raizen Esther
Published: May 2005

Something about Whales, a children's book written by Abba Kovner, is an allegory dealing with calamity, survival, bereavement, and remembrance. The paper positions the book in the scholarly discussion of Kovner's work, highlighting the manner in which the molding of the protagonist and the shaping of the locale anchor the work in Kovner's poetics, and tracing its thematic roots to Kovner's world view and his concept of Jewish continuity. The paper also discusses Something about Whales in the context of Holocaust representation in children's literature, with reference to strategic decisions and composition choices involved in producing such literature for very young readers.
The Silent Film Era: Silent Films, NAD Films, and the Deaf Community's Response
Authors: Schuchman John S.
Published: May 2005

Older citizens who are deaf or hard of hearing recall the years of silent films (18931929) as a "golden era" in the cultural history of the American Deaf community. It was golden for several reasons. First, this period represents the one brief time that deaf and hard of hearing citizens had comparatively equal access to motion pictures—a cultural and popular medium that the United States and Hollywood have exported to the rest of the world. The second reason this period was golden was that motion picture technology demonstrated a new tool for those deaf people who used sign language. Before the development of motion pictures, deaf people could depict sign language only in static forms of communication: text, drawings, and photographs. This was crucial because the era of silent films (18931929) happened at the same time as an intense campaign against sign language in America. One of the ways that the Deaf community challenged this assault on its language was through the use of motion picture technology. The third and final reason that older members of the Deaf community nostalgically view the silent film years as golden is the postsilent-film reaction: Amateur deaf filmmakers began to make sign-language entertainment films.
Translation Challenges and Strategies: The ASL Translation of a Computer-Based, Psychiatric Diagnostic Interview
Authors: Montoya Louise A , Egnatovitch Reginald , Eckhardt Elizabeth A , Goldstein Marjorie T , Goldstein Richard A , Steinberg A. G. (Annie G.)
Published: May 2005

This article describes the translation goals, challenges, strategies, and solutions employed in the development of a computer-based, self- administered, psychiatric diagnostic instrument, the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for the Deaf (D-DIS-IV) in American Sign Language (ASL) with English captions. The article analyzes the impact of the differences between ASL and English as well as the influence upon psychiatric content of the life experiences of respondents with normal hearing and deafness. The authors describe solutions for bridging these differences in the translation of a self-administered, computer-based, psychiatric diagnostic interview.
The Cultural Construction of Linguistic Incompetence through Schooling: Deaf Education and the Transformation of the Linguistic Environment in Bali, Indonesia
Authors: Branson Jan , Miller Don
Published: May 2005

This article examines the impact of teaching strategies on the linguistic competence of students in a school for deaf pupils in Bali, Indonesia. In particular, the article examines the effect of the use of a signed version of Indonesian on the linguistic participation of students in their native communities. The school's teaching strategies are based on Western models transferred to Indonesia via the training of Indonesian teachers in the West and the presence of Western experts in Indonesia. Indonesian education administrators have implemented this expertise without questioning its value and appropriateness. Moreover, proponents of nationalism have imposed the use of the national language, Indonesian, in education, regardless of the fact that Indonesian is rarely used in the villages that many deaf students return to. These factors exert a particularly forceful and disabling, symbolic violence on the school's pupils.
Building Liberal Identities in 19th Century Madrid: The Role of Middle Class Material Culture
Authors: Cruz Jesus
Published: May 2005

In recent years, most historians have abandoned the idea that the revolutions that shook the Atlantic world between 1776 and 1848 were the work of a single social class. A number of studies on the social composition of the groups that ignited and propelled the different revolutionary processes demonstrate the diversity of conditions and social backgrounds of the revolutionaries. However, this revisionism is posing new questions as to why these contingencies in Europe and the Americas decided to mobilize, to construct new liberal national states, and how they carried it out.

Spain is a good sample case for this historiographical inquiry. At present, few historians accept the idea that the series of upheavals that brought about a new liberal state during the 19th century resulted from the exclusive pressure of a national bourgeoisie. Recent scholarship has revisited the classic bourgeois revolution paradigm by presenting liberalism as an ideology that captivated the imagination of Spaniards of a variety of social ranks, with special impact among urban middle and popular groups. But if Spanish scholars are providing better explanations regarding who embraced liberal ideas and facilitated their spread, the answers for the “why” and “how” this process occurred are, in my opinion, less convincing.
Liturgy, Devotion, and Religious Reform in Eighteenth-Century Mexico City
Authors: Larkin Brian R.
Published: May 2005

On February 16, 1696, Doña Inés Velarde, the widow of Capitán Don Miguel de Vera, a former notary of the Mexico City Cabildo, redacted her will before Juan de Condarco y Caceres, a notary public in New Spain’s capital. Despite the typhus (matlazáhuatl) epidemic that ravaged the city in that year, Doña Inés was in good health. She had carefully prepared for the pious act of will writing, issuing over thirty meticulously designed religious directives in her last will and testament. Two directives in particular reveal much about colonial Mexican religious sensibilities. In the thirty-seventh clause of her twenty-page will, she founded a perpetual act of charity with the capital of 3,000 pesos.
In the Name of the Inquisition: The Portuguese Inquisition and Delegated Authority in Colonial Pernambuco, Brazil
Authors: Wadsworth James E.
Published: May 2005

When the Portuguese Inquisition officially began in the year 1536, Brazil inhabited only the extreme margins of the Portuguese Empire and elicited little concern from the Inquisitors in Lisbon. Royal authority only became permanently established in 1549 in the person of Tomé de Sousa as governor-general of Brazil. The establishment of ecclesiastical authority over Brazil occurred about the same time through the padroado real, or royal patronage. The Order of Christ (whose grand master was the king himself) and the Mesa da Consciência e Ordens administered the royal patronage in the colony. The Church in Brazil remained directly subordinate to the archbishopric of Funchal on Madeira until the first diocese was established in Bahia in 1551. Pernambuco did not become a diocese until 1676 when Bahia became an archbishopric. Throughout the entire colonial period Bahia remained the only archbishopric in Brazil, although six bishoprics were eventually established. For Pernambuco, this meant that until 1676 the highest local ecclesiastical officials were the vicars general, the rectors of the Jesuit College, and the priors of the Benedictine, Franciscan, and Carmelite convents.
Missionaries and Moralization for the Franciscan Province of Santa Elena: The Dilemma of an Exported Reform
Authors: Cabrera Arelis Rivero
Published: May 2005

The exact date on which the first Franciscan friars arrived in Cuba remains unknown, but it was certainly during an early phase of the conquest. Regardless of the exact moment in which the friars disembarked on the island, it is important to note that it marked the beginning of a long history, a history almost condemned to obscurity and from time to time the object of harsh criticism and impassioned indulgence, and more often recorded through partial constructions than through investigation and reasoning. Perhaps because of the complexity of its peculiarities and/or for certain socio-political determining factors that will not be analyzed at this time, Cuba has been one of the marginalized territories of the American ecclesiastical historiography. Nevertheless, in recent years, interest in ecclesiastical themes has grown incrementally among some scholars who, striving to fill the voids, have opened new lines of research and venture to investigate the older documents of the archive.
Creating the Virgin of Guadalupe: The Cloth, the Artist, and Sources in Sixteenth-Century New Spain
Authors: Peterson Jeanette Favrot
Published: May 2005

It was in 1531 that, according to the apparition legend first recorded over a hundred years later in 1648, Juan Diego’s visionary experience of the Virgin of Guadalupe was miraculously mapped onto histilma(tilmatliin Nahuatl) or woven cloak. This painted cloth, hereafter referred to as the tilma image, is said to be the same relic venerated today in the basilica of the Virgin of Guadalupe in Mexico City (fig. 1). However, no sacred image is invented from whole cloth, to use a highly appropriate metaphor here, and the Mexican Virgin of Guadalupe is no exception. Moreover, its very materiality makes it vulnerable to the passage of time, the laws of physics and human intervention. As an object of human craft produced post-Conquest, it has a traceable genealogy within the combustible mix of art modes, mixed media and theological tracts found circulating in early colonial New Spain.
Spontaneous Recovery from Extinction Depends on the Reconsolidation of the Acquisition Memory in an Appetitive Learning Paradigm in the Honeybee (Apis mellifera)
Authors: Stollhoff Nicola , Menzel Randolf , Eisenhardt Dorothea
Published: May 2005

Memory retrieval initiates two consolidation processes: consolidation of an extinction memory and reconsolidation of the acquisition memory. The strength of the consolidation processes depends on both the strength of the acquisition memory and the strength of retrieval trials and is correlated with its sensitivity to inhibition. We demonstrate that in the honeybee (Apis mellifera), memory retrieval of a consolidated appetitive olfactory memory leads to both consolidation processes, depending on the number of retrieval trials. Spontaneous recovery from extinction is induced by many (five), but not by few (one and two), retrieval trials. Spontaneous recovery is blocked by emetine, an inhibitor of protein synthesis. We conclude that reconsolidation of the acquisition memory underlies spontaneous recovery.
The Genomic Response to Retinal Disease and Injury: Evidence for Endothelin Signaling from Photoreceptors to Glia
Authors: Rattner Amir , Nathans Jeremy
Published: May 2005

Regardless of proximal cause, photoreceptor injury or disease almost invariably leads to the activation of Muller cells, the principal glial cells in the retina. This observation implies the existence of signaling systems that inform Muller cells of the health status of photoreceptors. It further suggests that diverse types of photoreceptor damage elicit a limited range of biochemical responses. Using the mouse retina, we show by microarray, RNA blot, andin situhybridization that the genomic responses to both light damage and inherited photoreceptor degeneration involve a relatively small number of genes and that the genes activated by these two insults overlap substantially with one another and with the genes activated by retinal detachment. Among the induced transcripts, those coding for endothelin2 (Edn2) are unusual in that they are localized to photoreceptors and are also highly induced in all of the tested models of photoreceptor disease or injury. Acute light damage also leads to a >10-fold increase in endothelin receptor B (Ednrb) in Muller cells 24 h after injury. These observations suggest that photoreceptor-derived EDN2 functions as a general stress signal, that EDN2 signals to Muller cells by binding to EDNRB, and that Muller cells can increase their sensitivity to EDN2 as part of the injury response.
Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule-Secreting Transgenic Mice Display Abnormalities in GABAergic Interneurons and Alterations in Behavior
Authors: Pillai-Nair Neeta , Panicker Anitha K. , Rodriguiz Ramona M. , Gilmore Kelly L. , Demyanenko Galina P. , Huang Josh Z. , Wetsel William C. , Maness Patricia F.
Published: May 2005

The extracellular region of the transmembrane neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM-EC) is shed as a soluble fragment at elevated levels in the schizophrenic brain. A novel transgenic mouse line was generated to identify consequences on cortical development and function of expressing soluble NCAM-EC from the neuron-specific enolase promoter in the developing and mature neocortex and hippocampus. NCAM-EC transgenic mice exhibited a striking reduction in synaptic puncta of GABAergic interneurons in the cingulate, frontal association cortex, and amygdala but not hippocampus, as shown by decreased immunolabeling of glutamic acid decarboxylase-65 (GAD65), GAD67, and GABA transporter 1. Interneuron cell density was unaltered in the transgenic mice. Affected subpopulations of interneurons included basket interneurons evident in NCAM-EC transgenic mice intercrossed with a reporter line expressing green fluorescent protein and by parvalbumin staining. In addition, there appeared to be a reduction in excitatory synapses, as revealed by synaptophysin staining and apical dendritic spine density of cortical pyramidal cells. Behavioral analyses demonstrated higher basal locomotor activity of NCAM-EC mice and enhanced responses to amphetamine and (+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine maleate compared with wild-type controls. Transgenic mice were deficient in prepulse inhibition, which was restored by clozapine but not by haloperidol. Additionally, NCAM-EC mice were impaired in contextual and cued fear conditioning. These results suggested that elevated shedding of NCAM perturbs synaptic connectivity of GABAergic interneurons and produces abnormal behaviors that may be relevant to schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric disorders.