bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Matrix metalloproteinases‐I, ‐3 and ‐8 and myeloperoxidase in saliva of patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection
Authors: Mellanen L , Ingman T , Lähdevirta J , Lauhio A , Ainamo A , Konttinen YT , Sukura A , Salo T , Sorsa T
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐sero‐positive patients have frequently severe gingival inflammation andlor attachment loss. In addition many infectious diseases affect their periodontium with varying clinical manifestations. Matrix metalloproteinases seem to play a key role in physiological periodontal remodelling and pathological tissue destruction, The aim of the present study was to characterize the presence, molecular forms, cellular sources, activities, and relative amounts of fibroblast‐type (matrix metalloproteinase [MMPJ‐I) and neutrophil (MMP‐8) collagenases, as well as their potential activator stromelysin‐I (MMP‐3) and myeloperoxidase in saliva of HIV‐seropositive patients at different phases of HIV‐infection. HIV‐seronegative, healthy, age‐matched patients served as controls.

PATIENTS AND METHODS: Saliva samples were characterized by Western blotting using antibodies specific for MMP‐I, MMP‐3 and MMP‐8. Interstitial collagenase activities were measured using quantitative sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis/laser densitometry assay. Myeloperoxidase was analysed using quantitative dot blotting. RESULTS: Clinical and microbiological evaluation of HIV‐seropositive patients' periodontium showed the presence of putative periodontopathogens ie Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (Ao), Porphyromonos gingivalis (Pg), Prevotella intermedia (Pi), Peptostreptococcus micros (Psm) and Campylobacter rectus (Cr) in their periodontal pockets. The amount of Candida increased with the severity of HIV‐infection. Clinical and microbiological findings of HIV‐seropositive patients suggested that they have a tendency to develop periodontal disease. Interstitial collagenase activities were found to be increased in saliva of different phases of HIV‐infected patients compared to the controls. Independent of the phase of HIV‐
Dental students' knowledge and compliance in cross infection control procedures at a UK dental hospital
Authors: Ogden GR , Bahrami M. , Sivarajasingam V. , Phillips G.
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVES: To assess the knowledge and clinical practice of dental students in infection control procedures at a UK dental hospital.

DESIGN: A questionnaire concerning various aspects of infection control was completed by all clinical dental students under examination conditions. Their actual clinical practice was later observed and certain aspects recorded.

SETTING: A UK dental hospital.

SUBJECTS: One hundred and eleven dental students from three clinical years completed the questionnaire. Clinical practice for all 3 years was observed in a total of 280 treatment events.

METHODS: The questionnaire was marked by two of the authors and observations recorded by another author. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Degree of compliance with recognised policy for infection control.

RESULTS: Knowledge of infection control procedures was variable particularly concerning duties usually undertaken by the dental nurse. The suggested high compliance with masks and eye protection was not always apparent in clinical practice, although virtually all students washed their hands prior to donning gloves, which were worn by all students.

CONCLUSION: There can be marked differences between what students say they would do and what they actually do in clinical practice. The topic of infection control requires a pro‐active approach throughout the course, since results for the final year were not significantly different from the other clinical yearS. Ways of improving compliance are discussed.
Role for the S‐layer of Campylobacter rectus ATCC33238 in complement mediated killing and phagocytic killing by leukocytes from guinea pig and human peripheral blood
Authors: Okuda K. , Kigure T. , Yamada S. , Kaneko T. , Ishihara K. , Miura T. , Kato T. , Takazoe I.
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: The role of the S‐layer of Campylobacter rectus ATCC 33238 in complement‐mediated killing and interaction with leukocytes of the intraperitoneal cavity from guinea pigs and human peripheral blood was studied in vitro.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Rabbit polyclonal anti‐serum to whole C.rectus cells, a monoclonal antibody which recognizes 150KDa S‐layer protein antigen and a monoclonal antibody against lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were prepared. Sensitivities of C.rectus cells against complement mediated killing and phagocytic killing by peritoneal leukocytes of guinea pig and human peripheral leukocytes were examined in the presence or absence of a specific antibody.

RESULTS: C.rectus ATCC 33238 cells were moderately sensitive to complement mediated killing in the presence of rabbit polyclonal antibody against whole cells, and slightly sensitive in the presence of monoclonal antibody against S‐layer. Ingestion and phagocytic killing of C.rec‐tus cells by leukocytes were enhanced by the rabbit anti‐serum and monoclonal antibody against S‐layer, but not by the monoclonal antibody against LPS, pre‐immune rabbit serum or control asciteS. Viability of leukocytes was dependent on the number of ingested C.rectus cellS. CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrates that S‐layer possessing C.rectus cells are resistant to complement mediated killing and phagocytic killing by leukocytes in the absence of specific antibody.
Potentially malignant epithelial oral lesions: discrepancies between clinical and histological diagnosis
Authors: Onofre MA , Sposto MR , Navarro CM , Motta MESFM , Turatti E. , Almeida RT
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the discrepancy index between the clinical and histological diagnosis and the prevalence of epithelial dysplasia and carcinoma in 45 patients with potentially malignant epithelial oral lesions (PMEL).PATIENTS AND METHODS: We submitted 45 patients with PMEL to clinical examination and obtained a biopsy from each. The results of histological diagnosis were compared to the clinical diagnosis.

RESULTS: Clinical diagnosis showed that the most common PMEL was leukoplakia followed by lichen planus and by actinic cheilitis associated with leukoplakia. The most common site was the buccal mucosa. Histological diagnosis revealed that 46.7% of the PMEL were lichen planus. The discrepancy index between clinical and histological diagnosis was 24.4%. The higher discrepancy index occurred among leukoplakias. The prevalence of epithelial dysplasia and carcinoma was 17.8%.

CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that all PMEL should be submitted to a microscopic analysis because the discrepancy between clinical and histological diagnosis was present in a quarter of these lesionS. Otherwise, the epithelial dysplasia and carcinoma were more frequent in the leukoplakias.
Priming response to inflammatory mediators in hyperreactive peripheral neutrophils from adult periodontitis
Authors: Gustafsson A. , Åsman B. , Bergstrom K.
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVES: To study the response to in vitro priming of peripheral neutrophils from patients with periodontitis compared to healthy controlS. Peripheral neutrophils from these patients had shown increased production of oxygen radicals after activation with opsonized bacteria and a difference in priming response could suggest an explanation for this hyperreactivity.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Peripheral neutrophils from a group of patients with periodontitis and from age‐and sex‐matched controls were preincubated with tumor necrosis factor α, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), formylmethionyl‐leucyl‐phenylalanine and the tetra peptide arginyl‐glycyl‐aspartate‐serine. After preincubation, the cells were activated with gammaglobulin opsonized‐bacteria, i.e., a FcγR‐stimulation. The priming effect was assessed as the production of oxygen radicals and as the degranulation or primary granules.

RESULTS: Showed that the patients had a slightly lower responsiveness to priming than had the controls. This difference in priming response was most pronounced when measured as degranulation of primary granules after preincubation with LPS and 20 min of activation.

CONCLUSIONS: This study shows no difference in response to priming, with optimal concentrations of inflammatory mediators, between peripheral neutrophils from patients with adult periodontitis and healthy controls.
A prospective study of oral lesions and their predictive value for progression of HIV disease
Authors: Begg MD , Lamster IB , Panageas KS , Mitchell‐Lewis D. , Phelan JA , Grbic JT
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: This report evaluates and compares individual oral lesions and combinations of lesions in predicting progression‐free survival in a seroprevalent cohort of men and women with HIV infection. DESIGN: This was a prospective study of HIV‐infected patients, initially AIDS‐free, followed for approximately 30 months.

SETTING: Patients were volunteers examined at an academic medical center and at an inner‐city hospital in New York. Participants identified themselves as homosexual men or as injection drug users (IDU).OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome being assessed is time from a baseline oral examination until the development of an AIDS‐defining condition or death from any cause within 12 months of the last study visit. Correlation is measured by relative risk (RR).RESULTS: While oral lesions were not predictive of progression among subjects with CD4s=200, they were highly predictive of progression among those with CD4<200.For subjects with CD4<200, the only individual lesion that was significantly associated with progression‐free survival was oral candidiasis (RR=4.12, P= 0.009).Positivity for one or more lesions in a set demonstrated greater prognostic value among those with CD4<200, with RR's of 6.03 (P= 0.018) for the set consisting of oral candidiasis, hairy leukoplakia, and necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (NUG), and 8.77 (P= 0.036) for the set consisting of the above lesions plus linear gingival erythema (LGE).Analysis by cohort suggested that the improvement in correlation was stronger in homosexual men than in IDU, but this question could not be resolved conclusively with these data.

CONCLUSIONS: Lesion sets might be better prognosti‐cators of progression‐free survival than individual lesions among HIV‐infected subjects with CD4<200.Prognostic value of the core lesion set (oral candidiasis and hairy leukoplakia) was enhanced by the addition of other lesions (NUG and LGE) not usually included in HIV staging systems. These results suggest that staging systems for HIV might be improved by the inclusion of other, survival‐related oral lesions.
Cancer‐promoting effect of Taiwan betel quid in hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis
Authors: Lin LM , Chen YK , Lai DR , Huang YL , Chen HR
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the cancer‐promoting effect of Taiwan betel quid in hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two hundred and fifty‐two non‐inbred mate adult Syrian golden hamsters were randomly divided into six groups, each containing forty‐two animalS. A treatment regimen over a 14‐week experimental period was employed with six animals per group being killed at seven different periods (every 2 weeks). The right buccal pouch of each animal was painted three times a week with various combinations of 7, 12‐dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA), Taiwan betel quid extract, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and mineral oil.

RESULT: Both the number and size of tumors in animals concurrently treated with DMBA and betel quid were significantly higher than those in animals treated with DMBA alone in each killing period of 8, 10, 12 and 14 weekS. No visible tumors but hyperkeratosis and acanthosis were observed in pouches treated with betel quid alone for all killing periods.

CONCLUSION: Our results indicate Taiwan betel quid may be a co‐carcinogen in human oral carcinogenesis, if extrapolation can be made from the current animal study.
Surgical emphysema: an unusual complication of punch biopsy
Authors: Staines K , Felix DH
Published: August 2010

Punch biopsies are frequently used in the diagnosis of oral disease and are associated with few complications. We report a case of surgical emphysema following this procedure.
Plaque formation and gingivitis after supervised mouthrinsing with 0.2% delmopinol hydrochloride, 0.2% chlorhexidine digluconate and placebo for 6 months
Authors: Lang NP , Hase JC , Grassi M , Hämmerle CHF , Weigel C , Kelty E , Frutig F
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVES AND METHODS: A double‐blind, randomized, 6‐month clinical trial with parallel group design in 162 patients with gingivitis divided into three rinsing groups was conducted in order to study the efficacy and safety of a flavoured solution of delmopinol hydrochloride 2 mg ml“‘ (0.2% w/v, Decapinol Mouthwash”®) used for supervised mouthrinsing in one rinsing group, in comparison with chlorhexidine digluconate 2 mg ml‐1 (0.2% w/v, Hibitane Dental’a, b) in a second rinsing group, and placebo in the third group. The criteria of the Plaque Index (PI) were used to assess plaque formation. Bleeding on probing (BOP) to the bottom of the pocket with a standard pressure was used as the primary gingivitis assessment. The occurrence of supragingival dental calculus and extrinsic tooth staining were also assessed. In addition, patients were asked to report adverse events at each visit.

RESULTS: Delmopinol and chlorhexidine exhibited lower scores of the mean PI and the BOP percentage than placebo, both at the 3‐month and 6‐month examinations. Furthermore, both active solutions showed a higher extent of staining of the teeth than placebo during these two observation periods. Rinsing with chlorhexidine resulted in more dental calculus than placebo after 6 months. Chlorhexidine showed lower scores for plaque formation and gingivitis development but higher scores of supragingival dental calculus (after 6 months) and tooth staining than did delmopinol. Both active solutions were reported by the patients–approximately to the same extent but more frequently than placebo–to induce taste alterations and a transient anaesthetic sensation of the oral mucosa. However, subjective staining of the teeth and tongue was reported by 16% of the delmopinol patients, but by 86% of the patients rinsing with chlorhexidine for 6 months. Furthermore, 24% of the patients in the chlorhexidine group, 9% in the delmopinol group and 4% in the placebo group wished to withdraw from treatment.

CONCLUSIONS: The results from this clinical trial indicate that supervised rinsing with 0.2% delmopinol hydrochloride or with 0.2% chlorhexidine digluconate twice daily for 60 s as a supplement to normal mechanical oral hygiene procedures resulted in less plaque formation and gingivitis than rinsing with placebo. Although chlorhexidine was more effective than delmopinol regarding plaque formation and gingivitis, it was considered by the patients as less tolerable.
An overview of the complexities and subtleties of immunohistochemistry
Authors: Mighell AJ , Hume WJ , Robinson PA
Published: August 2010

Immunohistochemistry has the potential to be a powerful research tool. However, immunohistochemical studies are frequently undertaken without regard to the complexities and subtleties of these useful techniques. This review aims to address the problems and limitations that are often encountered, and the procedures that should be considered in both the planning and interpretation of immunohistochemical studies. Particular reference is made to the generation of functionally different protein isoforms from a single gene by alternative splicing and post‐translational modifications, primary antibody selection, the effects of tissue manipulation such as fixation and antigen retrieval, the need for appropriate controls and interpretation of staining patterns.
Hyaluronan and CD44 expression in minor salivary gland tumors
Authors: Xing R , Regezi JA , Stern M , Shuster S , Stern R
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVES: Hyaluronan (HA) and CD44 are most likely associated with tumor invasion and metastasis. Malignancies with different degrees of aggressiveness may express different levels and patterns of HA and CD44. The aim of this project was to examine the distribution of HA and CD44 in minor salivary gland tumors to determine if staining could be correlated with biologic behavior or tumor type.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Biotinylated hyaluronan binding protein as a probe for HA and monoclonal antibodies specific for CD44 were used to stain classic examples of the five most commonly encountered minor salivary gland tumors: monomorphic adenomas, pleomorphic adenomas, polymorphous low grade adenocarcinomas, mucoepidermoid carcinomas, and adenoid cystic carcinomas.

RESULTS:

Tumor cells of monomorphic adenomas were negative for both HA and CD44, and tumor capsules were intensely HA‐positive. Pleomorphic adenomas exhibited HA and CD44 positivity in both mesenchymal and epithelial components, and HA in capsular tissues. All malignant salivary gland tumors expressed similar intense HA in tumor stroma. HA staining was more intense in stroma than in parenchymal cells. Tumor cells of most adenoid cystic carcinomas were HA‐positive, while most polymorphous low grade adenocarcinomas were HA‐negative. HA was uniformly distributed throughout supporting stroma of high and low grade malignancies, except for two polymorphous low grade adenocarcinomas (PLGAs) in which HA was more intense at the invading edge of the tumors. CD44 expression was seen only in tumor cells (not stroma) of malignancies, and was of similar intensity in both low and high grade tumors.

CONCLUSIONS:

Differences in the expression of HA and CD44 among different types of salivary gland tumors were noted. These findings, however, could not be correlated with known biologic behaviors of the tumor groups studied. Immunohistochemical staining of salivary gland tumors for HA and CD44 may be useful in separating monomorphic adenoma, polymorphous low grade adenocarcinoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma, lesions that may be difficult to distinguish with routine light microscopy.
Burkitt‐like lymphoma presenting as a periodontal disease in AIDS patients: a report of two cases
Authors: Nittayananta W , Apinawatavomgul S , Chungpanich S , Pongpanich S , Kietthubthew S
Published: August 2010

Burkitt‐like lymphoma of the oral cavity is relatively uncommon in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The lesion usually appears as a solitary ulcerated mass with rapid onset. Some may present initially as gingival inflammation which delays final diagnosis and treatment. This report describes the presentations of multifocal intraoral Burkitt‐like lymphoma in two Thai heterosexual men with AIDS. The clinical features and the radiographic findings in both cases mimicked a periodontal disease, showing extensive widening of the periodontal ligament space and loss of lamina dura in all segments of the molar teeth. The patients eventually died 5 and 14 months after they were diagnosed with HIV infection.
Oral hairy leukoplakia in a patient with acute lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Nicolatou O. , Nikolatos G. , Fisfis M. , Belegrati M. , Papadaki T. , Oikonomaki E. , Kalmantis T.
Published: August 2010

The first case of oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL) in an HIV‐negative 56‐year‐old patient with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) is reported. A white plaque was observed while the patient was in complete remission which followed the chemotherapeutic scheme. The clinical and histopathologic findings were typical for OHL and the polymerase chain reaction method was positive for Epstein‐Barr virus DNA.Underdiagnosis and underreporting of OHL in patients with a malignant haematolog‐ical disease and the apparent different environmental factors to which these non‐AIDS patients have been exposed, probably constitute some of the reasons for the very few OHL cases reported in these patients.
Prostaglandin E2 levels in blood plasma and in crevicular fluid of advanced periodontitis patients before and after surgical therapy
Authors: Leibur E , Tuhkanen A , Pintson Ü , Söder P‐Ö
Published: August 2010

AIM: The aim of the study was to determine PGE2 levels in venous blood plasma (VBP), gingival blood plasma (GBP) and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in advanced periodontal patients before and after 6 months surgical treatment.

PATIENTS AND METHODS: There were 12 patients aged 28–45 years and seven healthy subjects as controls included into the study. Clinical parameters such as PLI, GI, BI, PD, AL and bone height % from radiographs were recorded before and after treatment. PGE2 levels were determined by radioimmunoassay (125 I RIA Kit, NEN®).

RESULTS: Before treatment the mean VBP, GBP and GCF PGE2 levels in periodontal patients were higher than healthy controls (P < 0.001, Student's t‐test). Six months after treatment the mean levels of PGE2 in VBP, GBP and GCF were significantly reduced in patients with improvement of clinical and roentgenological parameters (P < 0.001, Student's t‐test).

CONCLUSIONS: It can be concluded that PGE2 is involved in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. The inflamed periodontal tissues may produce significant amount of PGE2 and the degree of inflammation might be determined by the ratios of PGE2. The lower levels of PGE2 in blood plasma and in gingival crevicular fluid after treatment are signs of improvement of periodontal disease.
Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology: Bcl‐2 expression in sequential biopsies of potentially malignant oral mucosal lesions assessed by immunocytochemistry
Authors: McAlinden RL , Maxwell P , Napier S , Hamilton P , Cowan CG , Lundy FT , Lamey P‐J , Marley JJ
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: To examine, for the first time Bcl‐2 expression in sequential (autogenous) oral mucosal biopsies taken from the same sites in a gender, risk‐factor matched, Caucasoid sample, over a 21‐year period.

DESIGN: Retrospective immunocytochemical longitudinal study of archival serial biopsies.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Computer records were used to identify biopsy specimens derived from 12 patients. These were divided into four groups: (1) Histologically innocuous lesions which remained histologically innocuous. (2) Dysplastic lesions which remained dysplastic. (3) Histologically innocuous lesions which later progressed to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). (4) Dysplastic lesions which later progressed to SCC. This represented 65 biopsies in total. Bcl‐2 expression was studied using mouse antihuman BCL‐2 oncoprotein clone 124 (Dako, Denmark).

RESULTS: Generally, there was a lack of Bcl‐2 immuno‐reactivity in the epithelium, with one exception in dysplastic epithelium from a group (3) patient.

CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that in our series, Bcl‐2 is not expressed early in oral premalignant lesions and appears to contradict previous reports. Possible explanations for this disparity are considered.
Anxiety‐related behavioral inhibition in rats: a model to examine mechanisms underlying the risk to develop stress‐related psychopathology
Authors: Qi C. , Roseboom P. H. , Nanda S. A. , Lane J. C. , Speers J. M. , Kalin N. H.
Published: August 2010

Behavioral inhibition (BI) is an adaptive defensive response to threat; however, children who display extreme BI as a stable trait are at risk for development of anxiety disorders and depression. The present study validates a rodent model of BI based on an ethologically relevant predator exposure paradigm. We show that individual differences in rat BI are stable and trait‐like from adolescence into adulthood. Using in situ hybridization to quantify expression of the immediate early genes homer1a and fos as measures of neuronal activation, we show that individual differences in BI are correlated with the activation of various stress‐responsive brain regions that include the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and CA3 region of the hippocampus. Further supporting the concept that threat‐induced BI in rodents reflects levels of anxiety, we also show that BI is decreased by administration of the anxiolytic, diazepam. Finally, we developed criteria for identifying extreme BI animals that are stable in their expression of high levels of BI and also show that high BI (HBI) individuals exhibit maladaptive appetitive responses following stress exposure. These findings support the use of predator threat as a stimulus and HBI rats as a model to study mechanisms underlying extreme and stable BI in humans.
MicroRNA‐23a promotes the growth of gastric adenocarcinoma cell line MGC803 and downregulates interleukin‐6 receptor
Authors: Zhu Li‐Hua , Liu Tao , Tang Hua , Tian Rui‐Qing , Su Chang , Liu Min , Li Xin
Published: August 2010

MicroRNAs are an evolutionarily conserved class of endogenous noncoding RNAs that modulate gene expression at the post‐transcriptional level. Recently, microRNA‐23a (miR‐23a) has been found to function as a growth‐promoting and antiapoptotic factor in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Our previous study showed that miR‐23a was significantly upregulated in gastric adenocarcinoma tissues. In this study, we found that miR‐23a promoted the proliferative potential of gastric adenocarcinoma cell line MGC803. We also identified IL6R as a direct target gene for miR‐23a using a fluorescent reporter assay. The mRNA and protein levels of IL6R were both inversely correlated with the miR‐23a expression level. Our results demonstrate that miR‐23a can target IL6R and promote the growth activity of gastric adenocarcinoma cells in vitro. The downregulation of IL6R by miR‐23a may explain why the suppression of miR‐23a can inhibit gastric cancer cell proliferation.
Diabetic foot infections in the elderly: primary amputation versus ‘foot‐sparing surgery’. A case report
Authors: Leon Luis R. , Psalms Shemuel B , Walters Jodi
Published: August 2010

Renal failure diabetic patients who present with lower extremity gangrene represent one of the most difficult problems encountered in a typical vascular practice. We report the hospital course and management of a 74‐year‐old male patient with such comorbidities, affected by a non healing ulcer that progressed into a large plantar abscess. Our case unfortunately mirrors a common method of evaluation and therapy of patients with such comorbidities and sets up the stage for a very controversial subject.
Prevalence of Erectile Dysfunction in Systolic Heart Failure Patients in a Developing Country: Tbilisi, Georgia, Eastern Europe
Authors: Hebert Kathy , Anand Jatin , Trahan Pat , Delgado Maria , Greene Joseph , Julian Elyse , Cuomo Jason , Gogichaishvili Ilia , Nozadze Nino , Dias Andre , Arcement Lee
Published: August 2010

Introduction

In the past decade, there has been an increasing amount of published information regarding erectile dysfunction (ED) and heart failure (HF) in economically advanced, westernized populations. However, there is a paucity of data regarding ED and HF in developing countries. The country of Georgia is categorized as a lower-middle-income country (LMIC) with an emerging and developing economy.

Aim

To examine the prevalence of ED in patients with HF from a developing and LMIC and assess the association with depression.

Methods

We conducted an observational, cross-sectional study that included male patients 18 years of age or older with an ejection fraction ≤40% by echocardiogram in a heart failure disease management program in Tbilisi, Georgia. The Sexual Health Inventory for Men (SHIM) survey was used to categorize men according to degree of ED. Baseline clinical characteristics known to be associated with ED, such as New York Heart Association functional classification, were also documented.

Main Outcome Measures

The SHIM survey and the nine-question Patient Health Questionnaire.

Results

The prevalence of ED was found to be 61.7%. Patients with ED were generally older, had more peripheral vascular disease, and had greater levels of depression than those without ED.

Conclusions

There is a high prevalence of ED in patients with HF living in Tbilisi, Georgia. In comparison to previously published data on HF populations, our Georgian population showed lesser degrees of ED. More research is needed to better explain the causality for lower prevalence of ED, but explanations may include lower degrees of diabetes and aspects of treatment such as beta-blocker medication. Health care providers in LMICs should screen all of their male HF patients for ED and provide appropriate therapy.
Calculation of Elapsed Decimal Time for Tracing Studies
Authors: Field Malcolm S.
Published: August 2010

Calculation of time of travel from tracing studies in hydrologic systems is critical to establishing pollutant arrival times from points of inflow to points outflow, calculating subsurface flow velocities, and determining other important transport parameters such as longitudinal dispersion. In addition, breakthrough curve modeling demands accurate time of travel calculations if model results are to have any realistic meaning. However, accurate time of travel calculations are very difficult for long tracer tests in which sampling schedules are not consistent, or when there are major disruptions such as may occur when adverse weather conditions cause automatic sampling equipment to fail. Long and inconsistent sampling times may be accurately converted to decimal times of travel by converting the conventionally recorded Coordinated Universal Time for sampling date and time event to a baseline time standard. By converting to a baseline time standard, all recorded dates and times are linked to the established baseline standard so that each succeeding sampling date and time are correctly determined relative to the previous sampling date and time and to the injection date and time.
Reduction of hydraulic conductivity and reactivity in zero‐valent iron columns by oxygen and TNT
Authors: Johnson R.L. , Tratnyek P.G. , Miehr R. , Thoms R.B. , Bandstra J.Z.
Published: August 2010

The degradation of 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene (TNT) and other explosives by zero‐valent iron (ZVI) is rapid and, as a result, potentially useful for both ex situ ground water “pump‐and‐treat” systems and in situ permeable reactive barriers. However, the usefulness of ZVI in either configuration may be limited by reaction‐induced reduction in both hydraulic conductivity (K) and reactivity (as represented by the surface area–normalized rate constant, ksa). The impacts of dissolved oxygen and TNT on K and ksa are examined here using field and laboratory columns. The data suggest that K reduction in ZVI columns can be significant when dissolved oxygen is present. However, when TNT is present at approximately the same concentration (10 mg/L), it does not cause significant reduction in K. In contrast, TNT causes a significant reduction in ksa, while dissolved oxygen appears to have relatively little impact on the reactivity of the columns toward TNT.
Interpreting DNAPL saturations in a laboratory‐scale injection using one‐ and two‐dimensional modeling of GPR data
Authors: Johnson Raymond H. , Poeter Eileen P.
Published: August 2010

Ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) is used to track a dense non–aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) injection in a laboratory sand tank. Before modeling, the GPR data provide a qualitative image of DNAPL saturation and movement. One‐dimensional (1D) GPR modeling provides a quantitative interpretation of DNAPL volume within a given thickness during and after the injection. DNAPL saturation in sublayers of a specified thickness could not be quantified because calibration of the 1D GPR model is nonunique when both permittivity and depth of multiple layers are unknown. One‐dimensional GPR modeling of the sand tank indicates geometric interferences in a small portion of the tank. These influences are removed from the interpretation using an alternate matching target. Two‐dimensional (2D) GPR modeling provides a qualitative interpretation of the DNAPL distribution through pattern matching and tests for possible 2D influences that are not accounted for in the 1D GPR modeling. Accurate quantitative interpretation of DNAPL volumes using GPR modeling requires (1) identification of a suitable target that produces a strong reflection and is not subject to any geometric interference; (2) knowledge of the exact depth of that target; and (3) use of two‐way radar‐wave travel times through the medium to the target to determine the permittivity of the intervening material, which eliminates reliance on signal amplitude. With geologic conditions that are suitable for GPR surveys (i.e., shallow depths, low electrical conductivities, and a known reflective target), the procedures in this laboratory study can be adapted to a field site to delineate shallow DNAPL source zones.
Bioremediation of cis‐DCE at a Sulfidogenic Site by Amendment with Propionate
Authors: Hoelen T.P. , Cunningham J.A. , Hopkins G.D. , Lebrón C.A. , Reinhard M.
Published: August 2010

The technical feasibility of in situ reductive dechlorination of cis‐dichloroethene (cDCE) and vinyl chloride (VC) was demonstrated at a sulfidogenic ground water site. Preceding laboratory studies had indicated that dechlorination at the site was limited by the supply of electron donors, that dechlorinating activity was sparsely and heterogeneously distributed, and that dechlorination was strongly enhanced by mixing sediments from multiple locations at the site. Based on these observations, the remediation strategy consisted of amending the ground water with sodium propionate solution using a pair of recirculation wells as a mixing device. This strategy was able to overcome the sparse initial distribution of biological activity by creating a treatment zone. Dechlorination and sulfate reduction commenced within 10 and 4 d, respectively, after propionate amendment began. Dechlorination efficiency increased during the 2 months of continuous operation. By the end of the 2 months, treatment converted ∼1000 μg/L cDCE nearly stoichiometrically into ethene, with only low concentrations of VC remaining. More than 90% of chlorinated ethenes were removed as the ground water traveled from one well to the other (travel time of ∼1 to 2 weeks). Near‐complete removal of ∼250 mg/L sulfate accompanied the rapid dechlorination, but no methanogenesis was observed. Aquifer clogging in the vicinity of the propionate injection wells became evident after ∼40 d of propionate amendment and was attributed to the growth of sulfate‐reducing bacteria and/or the formation of insoluble metal sulfides. Clogging was mitigated by pulsed amendment of the propionate solution.
Sampling in the Smear Zone: Evaluation of Nondissolved Bias and Associated BTEX, MTBE, and TPH Concentrations in Ground Water Samples*
Authors: Zemo Dawn A.
Published: August 2010

At fuel release sites, source zone characterization and monitoring for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes, methyl‐tert‐butyl‐ether, and total petroleum hydrocarbons as gasoline (TPHg) typically involve interpreting ground water data from grab (screening) samples and/or monitoring wells within the “smear zone,” where the soil pores contain both separate‐phase petroleum and dissolved‐phase constituents. Because the samples are collected within the smear zone, the ground water concentrations can be biased high by contributions from entrained nondissolved petroleum. The nondissolved bias is often not recognized by data users and can lead to erroneous interpretations and inputs for fate and transport modeling, mass flux calculations, risk assessments, etc., which can result in increased requirements for remediation or increased claims for damages in litigation. Ground water sample concentrations can be evaluated for potential bias by nondissolved petroleum using a phased approach that begins with comparison of the data to effective solubility concentrations for ethylbenzene, xylenes, and TPH derived from laboratory partitioning studies using fresh fuels. To reflect the reduction in effective solubility that results from weathering of the source, the ground water sample concentrations can also be compared to concentrations for samples that were collected with entrained sheen. In this data set of 47 gasoline release sites, the frequency of nondissolved bias in the reported ground water monitoring data ranged from 0.4% to 86%, depending on which concentration criterion was used as an indicator. If exceedances of the average concentration values for the laboratory partitioning and the sheen data are used, the frequency ranged from 9% to 20%. Also, reproducibility for duplicates collected from monitoring wells in the smear zone was unacceptable more than half of the time. This evaluation shows that a significant percentage of ground water monitoring data collected from the smear zone is unreliable for characterizing dissolved concentrations of petroleum constituents.
The Political Economy of Social Cost Analysis in Sino—American Disputes over Intellectual Property Rights
Authors: Cheung Gordon C.K.
Published: August 2010

“Human Genius is the source of all works of art and invention. These works are the guarantee of a life worthy of men. It is the duty of the State to ensure with diligence the protection of the arts and inventions.”

Arpad Bogsch1
Sharing the Benefits of Biodiversity
Authors: Dutfield Graham
Published: August 2010

“Patents shield the collective interests of all participants.”

Jeff Kushan1

“…there is no ‘bioprospecting’ only ‘biopiracy’.”

Pat Mooney2
Agricultural Biotechnology InnovationsversusIntellectual Property Rights
Authors: Boyd Shari L. , Kerr William A. , Perdikis Nicholas
Published: August 2010

“U.S. creativity and ingenuity improves the lives of people all over the world. American innovators, like our scientists, artists and writers, rely on intellectual property protection to safeguard their inventions and creations. Strong ipr protection should also be a priority for other countries because it will help them attract investment and technology.”

Robert B. Zoellick1
President's report
Authors: Reid Ralph J.
Published: August 2010

The following report was presented at the Annual General Meeting of the ASE Inc. in Brisbane on May 17th.
Burnley Sewage‐Treatment Works: Design and Operation of a High‐Rate Nitrifying Filter
Authors: HILL B. , TODDINGTON R. , CHALLENGER P.
Published: August 2010

The paper deals with the planning, construction, operation and performance of the purpose‐built nitrifying filter from its commissioning in August 1986 to the present day. Burnley sewage‐treatment works consists of inlet screens, Dorr detritors, primary sedimentation tanks, surface‐aeration activated sludge units, and final settlement; sludge is digested and tankered to farmland.

The filter was designed and built following the closure of several local works and subsequent diversion of flows to Burnley. It was realized that the increased volume from the extended Burnley works would reduce the dilution of the effluent by the River Calder. This would result in a deterioration in the quality of the river. As a consequence an ammonia standard of 14 mg/l was imposed on the works following the completion of the nitrifying filter.
Risk Control of Pension Fund Management in China
Authors: Qian Xiaoyan , Zhu Chunling
Published: August 2010

Based on an analysis of China's current pension system, the present paper indicates that risk control of pension fund management is a serious policy challenge for the Chinese Government. Although some reform efforts have been made, there are still serious institutional and capital market risks that are difficult to overcome but are key in the success of China's pension reform. To ensure a smooth transition in pension reform, China not only needs to build a better institutional framework and facilitate capital market development, but also raise the risk awareness of individual pensioners.
Revealed Comparative Advantage, Intra‐industry Trade and the US Manufacturing Trade Deficit with China
Authors: Shen Guobing , Gu Anthony Yanxiang
Published: August 2010

This paper uses 4‐digit SITC data to identify groups of manufactured goods exported from China to the USA that have strong or rising comparative advantages. We find that most of the trades are inter‐industry, with only a small portion being vertical intra‐industry trades (IIT). Our results confirm that Sino‐US trade is complementary. We construct an imbalanced index of IIT, and identify the goods groups that aggravate and reduce the US trade deficit with China. We suggest an approach for calculating a dynamic IIT index that might mitigate the aggregation bias of the existing methodologies. Our improved index reveals that the dynamic imbalances of US‐Chinese IIT in manufactured goods are worse than their static IIT imbalances, which means that it would be difficult to correct the deficit of US trade with China in the following couple of years. Adjusting and improving the structures of industries and products is China's major task for sustainable trade growth.
Comparison of Entrepreneurship Environment for Executives between State‐owned and Private Enterprises in China
Authors: Zhu Min , Camp Robert C. , Ashamalla Maali , Garg Raj
Published: August 2010

This research aims at exploring the differences in the effects of environment on entrepreneurship growth between state‐owned enterprises and private businesses. Through executive investigation, reasons are provided for better performance of private businesses. Environmental factors, including economic, legal, technological, cultural and social factors, which influence entrepreneurship growth, are examined to determine differences between state‐owned enterprise and private business executives. It is found that the methods of executive assignment to managerial posts determine executives’effort towards entrepreneurship.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE BIOLOGY OF Macrobrachium americanum BATE FROM A POND ENVIRONMENT IN PANAMA3
Authors: Smitherman R. O. , Moss D. D. , Diaz Enrique L.
Published: August 2010

Observations on the biology of Macrobrachium americanum from a 0.61‐ha pond on the Pacific slope of central Panama were made from 1970 to 1973. Specimens were transported to Auburn University in 1970, and their growth rate and cold tolerance were observed in ponds. Fecundity and early life of larvae were studied in the laboratory.

Spawning in the Panama pond occurred June to November, with a peak in September when 55% of all captured females had eggs. Methods for determining sex of immature prawns were devised. Length‐weight relationships for the population were determined.

Feeding experiments in aquaria, and the wide variety of plant and animal materials used successfully as bait, indicated the omnivorous food habits of Macrobrachium americanum.

Recaptures of identifiable specimens suggested territorality. The importance of space to individua adult shrimp was further indicated by the positive correlation of number of specimens captured with area of trap bottom.
GROWTH AND YIELD OF PINK SHRIMP (Penaeus duorarum BURKENROAD) IN A FEEDING EXPERIMENT IN PONDS1
Authors: Caillouet C. W. , Norris J. P. , Herald E. J. , Tabb D. C.
Published: August 2010

A feeding experiment was conducted with pink shrimp (Penaeus duorarum Burkenroad) in ponds at Turkey Point in southeast Florida during May‐October 1972. Postlarval shrimp were stocked at two densities (75,000 and 150,000 per ha), and two foods (wheat bran and Central Soya Master Mix Catfish Developer 934) were tested. Two feeding levels (averaging 19 kg/ha/day and 12 kg/ha/day) were tested with wheat bran, but the catfish food was fed only at the higher level.

Best shrimp growth was achieved at the lower stocking density with both foods. Shrimp stocked at 75,000 her ha and fed catfish food grew the fastest and attained an average weight (heads‐on) near 8 g in 92 days. Only these were allowed to grow for another 64 days and reached an average weight of 12.5 g with 50% survival (from stocking). Survival ranged from 75–94% in shrimp harvested 90–92 days after stocking. With wheat bran, the largest average size attained in 92 days was near 6 g.

Best yields of shrimp (heads‐on) were obtained at the higher stocking density with both foods. The highest yield, 555 kg/ha, after 90 days was achieved with catfish food and at a stocking density of 150,000 per ha. Shrimp stocked at 75,000 per ha and grown on catfish food for 156 days yielded 472 kg/ha. The highest yield obtained in 91 days with wheat bran as food was 402 kg/ha.

With wheat bran as food, better growth and better yield were obtained at the higher feeding level (averaging 19 kg/ha/day) than at the lower (averaging 12 kg/ha/day). Catfish food was fed only at the higher level.
AMINO‐ACIDS ESSENTIAL FOR THE GROWTH OF YOUNG GREEN SEA TURTLES (Chelonia mydas)
Authors: Wood James R.
Published: August 2010

The development of a completely defined amino acid test diet suitable for hatchling sea turtles is briefly discussed. The results of a series of experiments designed to determine the nutritionally essential amino acids required by the hatchling green sea turtle, Chelonia mydas, are presented. Of the 18 amino acids of nutritional significance, nine are shown to be clearly essential, eight are shown to be clearly non‐essential, and one amino acid is shown to be possibly semi‐essential. Possible relationships of the reported results to the protein and amino acid requirements of turtle age classes other than hatchlings are mentioned. Directions of future research and implications for the development of commercial turtle feeds are suggested.
Effects of Substrate Type and Other Factors on the Growth, Survival, and Cannibalism of Juvenile Homarus Americanus in Mass Rearing Systems1
Authors: Van Olst Jon C. , Carlberg James M. , Ford Richard F.
Published: August 2010

Mass rearing experiments were conducted as part of our effort to develop effective techniques for commercial culture of the American lobster (Homarus americanus) from the post‐larval stage to adult market size. A preliminary study on effects of food dose level in mass rearing systems is described. An experiment was conducted to determine effects of substrate or shelter type on growth, survival, and cannibalism in juveniles. Fourth‐stage larvae were stocked at densities of 210–317/m2in mass rearing tanks with four different substrate types. After 6 months, the mean density of survivors and the mean carapace length for lobsters held in each substrate were: PVC tubes, 22/m2, 14.4 mm; rock, 24/m2, 13.9 mm; oyster shell, 30/m2, 15.0 mm; sand, 6/m2, 17.3 mm. Mortalities in in these tanks were attributed primarily to cannibalism. Based on the survivorship data, oyster shell appears to be the best culture substrate of those considered for reducing cannibalism and assuring high carrying capacity. Growth rates and aggression, as measured by claw loss, were found to be similar in all substrates tested.
An Economically Optimum Aquaculture Facility1
Authors: Botsford Louis W. , Schuur A. M. , Shleser Robert , Rauch H. E.s
Published: August 2010

A method for determination of optima 1 values of control variables in an aquaculture facility has been presented previously (Botsford et al., 1974a). This paper describes major improvements in the optimization approach and use of the approach in design and evaluation of culture systems. Added features of the optimization approach include determination of optimum market size, discrete rather than continuous space allotment, and a new waste treatment model. In addition, recent experimental results and proposed physical system designs have been incorporated in the model enabling more accurate optimization and more realistic predictions. The influence of geographic location, changes in cost of various components, and effects of experimental uncertainty of biological parameters on optimal values of control variables and final costs are described. The numerical results presented are for the American lobster (Homarus americanus); however, the techniques of analysis used may be applied to culture of other species.