bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Expression of BAFF Is Controlled by IRF Transcription Factors
Authors: Sjöstrand Maria , Johansson Alina , Aqrawi Lara , Olsson Tomas , Wahren-Herlenius Marie , Espinosa Alexander
Published: November 2015

Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) are typically characterized by the presence of autoantibodies and an IFN-signature. The strength of the IFN-signature positively correlates with disease severity, suggesting that type I IFNs are active players in these diseases. BAFF is a cytokine critical for development and proper selection of B cells, and the targeting of BAFF has emerged as a successful treatment strategy of SLE. Previous reports have suggested that BAFF expression is directly induced by type I IFNs, but the precise mechanism for this remains unknown. In this article, we demonstrate that BAFF is a bona fide ISG and that IFN regulatory factors (IRFs) control the expression of BAFF. We identify IRF1 and IRF2 as positive regulators of BAFF transcription and IRF4 and IRF8 as potent repressors; in addition, we have mapped the precise binding site for these factors in the BAFF promoter. IFN-β injections induced BAFF expression mainly in neutrophils and monocytes, and BAFF expression in neutrophils from pSS patients strongly correlated with the strength of the IFN-signature. In summary, we show that BAFF expression is directly induced by type I IFNs via IRF1 and IRF2, whereas IRF4 and IRF8 are negative regulators of BAFF expression. These data suggest that type I IFN blockade in SLE and pSS patients will lead to downregulation of BAFF and a consequential reduction of autoreactive B cell clones and autoantibodies.
Nonclassical CD4+CD49b+ Regulatory T Cells as a Better Alternative to Conventional CD4+CD25+ T Cells To Dampen Arthritis Severity
Authors: Vicente Rita , Quentin Julie , Mausset-Bonnefont Anne-Laure , Chuchana Paul , Martire Delphine , Cren Maïlys , Jorgensen Christian , Louis-Plence Pascale
Published: November 2015

Promising immunotherapeutic strategies are emerging to restore tolerance in autoimmune diseases by triggering an increase in the number and/or the function of endogenous regulatory T (Treg) cells, which actively control pathological immune responses. Evidence suggests a remarkable heterogeneity in peripheral Treg cells that warrants their better characterization in terms of phenotype and suppressive function, to determine which subset may be optimally suitable for a given clinical situation. We found that repetitive injections of immature dendritic cells expanded Foxp3-negative CD49b+ Treg cells that displayed an effector memory phenotype. These expanded Treg cells were isolated ex vivo for transcriptome analysis and found to contain multiple transcripts of the canonical Treg signature shared mainly by CD25+ but also by other subphenotypes. We characterized the CD49b+ Treg cell phenotype, underscoring its similarities with the CD25+ Treg cell phenotype and highlighting some differential expression patterns for several markers, including lymphocyte activation gene 3, KLRG1, CD103, ICOS, CTLA-4, and granzyme B. Comparison of the CD25+ and CD49b+ Treg cells' suppressive mechanisms, in vitro and in vivo, revealed the latter's potent suppressive activity, which was partly dependent on IL-10 secretion. Altogether, our results strongly suggest that expression of several canonical Treg cell markers and suppressive function could be Foxp3 independent, and underscore the therapeutic potential of IL-10–secreting CD49b+ Treg cells in arthritis.
The IL-12 Response of Primary Human Dendritic Cells and Monocytes to Toxoplasma gondii Is Stimulated by Phagocytosis of Live Parasites Rather Than Host Cell Invasion
Authors: Tosh Kevin W. , Mittereder Lara , Bonne-Annee Sandra , Hieny Sara , Nutman Thomas B. , Singer Steven M. , Sher Alan , Jankovic Dragana
Published: November 2015

As a major natural host for Toxoplasma gondii, the mouse is widely used for the study of the immune response to this medically important protozoan parasite. However, murine innate recognition of toxoplasma depends on the interaction of parasite profilin with TLR11 and TLR12, two receptors that are functionally absent in humans. This raises the question of how human cells detect and respond to T. gondii. In this study, we show that primary monocytes and dendritic cells from peripheral blood of healthy donors produce IL-12 and other proinflammatory cytokines when exposed to toxoplasma tachyzoites. Cell fractionation studies determined that IL-12 and TNF-α secretion is limited to CD16+ monocytes and the CD1c+ subset of dendritic cells. In direct contrast to their murine counterparts, human myeloid cells fail to respond to soluble tachyzoite extracts and instead require contact with live parasites. Importantly, we found that tachyzoite phagocytosis, but not host cell invasion, is required for cytokine induction. Together these findings identify CD16+ monocytes and CD1c+ dendritic cells as the major myeloid subsets in human blood-producing innate cytokines in response to T. gondii and demonstrate an unappreciated requirement for phagocytosis of live parasites in that process. This form of pathogen sensing is distinct from that used by mice, possibly reflecting a direct involvement of rodents and not humans in the parasite life cycle.
TRPV4 Mechanosensitive Ion Channel Regulates Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Macrophage Phagocytosis
Authors: Scheraga Rachel G. , Abraham Susamma , Niese Kathryn A. , Southern Brian D. , Grove Lisa M. , Hite R. Duncan , McDonald Christine , Hamilton Thomas A. , Olman Mitchell A.
Published: November 2015

Macrophage phagocytosis of particles and pathogens is an essential aspect of innate host defense. Phagocytic function requires cytoskeletal rearrangements that depend on the interaction between macrophage surface receptors, particulates/pathogens, and the extracellular matrix. In the present study we determine the role of a mechanosensitive ion channel, transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4), in integrating the LPS and matrix stiffness signals to control macrophage phenotypic change for host defense and resolution from lung injury. We demonstrate that active TRPV4 mediates LPS-stimulated murine macrophage phagocytosis of nonopsonized particles (Escherichia coli) in vitro and opsonized particles (IgG-coated latex beads) in vitro and in vivo in intact mice. Intriguingly, matrix stiffness in the range seen in inflamed or fibrotic lung is required to sensitize the TRPV4 channel to mediate the LPS-induced increment in macrophage phagocytosis. Furthermore, TRPV4 is required for the LPS induction of anti-inflammatory/proresolution cytokines. These findings suggest that signaling through TRPV4, triggered by changes in extracellular matrix stiffness, cooperates with LPS-induced signals to mediate macrophage phagocytic function and lung injury resolution. These mechanisms are likely to be important in regulating macrophage function in the context of pulmonary infection and fibrosis.
A cGAS-Independent STING/IRF7 Pathway Mediates the Immunogenicity of DNA Vaccines
Authors: Suschak John J. , Wang Shixia , Fitzgerald Katherine A. , Lu Shan
Published: November 2015

It has been known since the discovery of DNA vaccines >20 y ago that DNA vaccines can function as adjuvants. Our recent study reported the involvement of Aim2 as the sensor of DNA vaccines in eliciting Ag-specific Ab responses. Our findings indicated the presence of previously unrecognized innate immune response pathways in addition to the TLR9 pathway, which is mainly activated by the CpG motifs of DNA vaccines. Our data further demonstrated the requirement of type I IFN in DNA vaccine–induced immune responses via the Aim2 pathway, but the exact downstream molecular mechanism was not characterized. In the present study, we investigated the roles of the putative DNA sensor cyclic GMP–AMP synthase (cGas), as well as the downstream IFN regulatory factors (IRF) 3 and 7 in type I IFN induction and Ag-specific immune responses elicited by DNA vaccination. Our results showed that DNA vaccine–induced, Irf7-dependent signaling, as part of the Sting pathway, was critical for generation of both innate cytokine signaling and Ag-specific B and T cell responses. In contrast, Irf3 was not as critical as expected in this pathway and, more surprisingly, immune responses elicited by DNA vaccines were not cGas-dependent in vivo. Data from this study provide more details on the innate immune mechanisms involved in DNA vaccination and further enrich our understanding on the potential utility of DNA vaccines in generating Ag-specific immune responses.
Regulatory T Cell Induction and Retention in the Lungs Drives Suppression of Detrimental Type 2 Th Cells During Pulmonary Cryptococcal Infection
Authors: Wiesner Darin L. , Smith Kyle D. , Kotov Dmitri I. , Nielsen Judith N. , Bohjanen Paul R. , Nielsen Kirsten
Published: November 2015

Lethal disease caused by the fungus Cryptococcus neoformans is a consequence of the combined failure to control pulmonary fungal replication and immunopathology caused by induced type 2 Th2 cell responses in animal models. In order to gain insights into immune regulatory networks, we examined the role of regulatory T (Treg) cells in suppression of Th2 cells using a mouse model of experimental cryptococcosis. Upon pulmonary infection with Cryptococcus, Treg cells accumulated in the lung parenchyma independently of priming in the draining lymph node. Using peptide–MHC class II molecules to identify Cryptococcus-specific Treg cells combined with genetic fate-mapping, we noted that a majority of the Treg cells found in the lungs were induced during the infection. Additionally, we found that Treg cells used the transcription factor, IFN regulatory factor 4, to dampen harmful Th2 cell responses, as well as mediate chemokine retention of Treg cells in the lungs. Taken together, induction and IFN regulatory factor 4–dependent localization of Treg cells in the lungs allow Treg cells to suppress the deleterious effects of Th2 cells during cryptococcal infection.
Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay for Identification of Five Human Plasmodium Species in Malaysia
Authors: Lau Yee-Ling , Lai Meng-Yee , Fong Mun-Yik , Jelip Jenarun , Mahmud Rohela
Published: November 2015

The lack of rapid, affordable, and accurate diagnostic tests represents the primary hurdle affecting malaria surveillance in resource- and expertise-limited areas. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a sensitive, rapid, and cheap diagnostic method. Five species-specific LAMP assays were developed based on 18S rRNA gene. Sensitivity and specificity of LAMP results were calculated as compared with microscopic examination and nested polymerase chain reaction. LAMP reactions were highly sensitive with the detection limit of one copy for Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium falciparum, and Plasmodium malariae and 10 copies for Plasmodium knowlesi and Plasmodium ovale. LAMP positively detected all human malaria species in all positive samples (N = 134; sensitivity = 100%) within 35 minutes. All negative samples were not amplified by LAMP (N = 67; specificity = 100%). LAMP successfully detected two samples with very low parasitemia. LAMP may offer a rapid, simple, and reliable test for the diagnosis of malaria in areas where malaria is prevalent.
Impact of gas-to-particle partitioning approaches on the simulated radiative effects of biogenic secondary organic aerosol
Authors: Scott C. E. , Spracklen D. V. , Pierce J. R. , Riipinen I. , D'Andrea S. D. , Rap A. , Carslaw K. S. , Forster P. M. , Artaxo P. , Kulmala M. , Rizzo L. V. , Swietlicki E. , Mann G. W. , Pringle K. J.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. The oxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) gives a range of products, from semi-volatile to extremely low-volatility compounds. To treat the interaction of these secondary organic vapours with the particle phase, global aerosol microphysics models generally use either a thermodynamic partitioning approach (assuming instant equilibrium between semi-volatile oxidation products and the particle phase) or a kinetic approach (accounting for the size dependence of condensation). We show that model treatment of the partitioning of biogenic organic vapours into the particle phase, and consequent distribution of material across the size distribution, controls the magnitude of the first aerosol indirect effect (AIE) due to biogenic secondary organic aerosol (SOA). With a kinetic partitioning approach, SOA is distributed according to the existing condensation sink, enhancing the growth of the smallest particles, i.e. those in the nucleation mode. This process tends to increase cloud droplet number concentrations in the presence of biogenic SOA. By contrast, an approach that distributes SOA according to pre-existing organic mass restricts the growth of the smallest particles, limiting the number that are able to form cloud droplets. With an organically mediated new particle formation mechanism, applying a mass-based rather than a kinetic approach to partitioning reduces our calculated global mean AIE due to biogenic SOA by 24 %. Our results suggest that the mechanisms driving organic partitioning need to be fully understood in order to accurately describe the climatic effects of SOA.
North Atlantic Oscillation model projections and influence on tracer transport
Authors: Bacer S. , Christoudias T. , Pozzer A.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) plays an important role in the climate variability of the Northern Hemisphere with significant consequences on pollutant transport. We study the influence of the NAO on the atmospheric dispersion of pollutants in the near past and in the future by considering simulations performed by the ECHAM/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry (EMAC) general circulation model. We analyze two model runs: a simulation with circulation dynamics nudged towards ERA-Interim reanalysis data over a period of 35 years (1979–2013) and a simulation with prescribed Sea Surface Temperature (SST) boundary conditions over 150 years (1950–2099). The model is shown to reproduce the NAO spatial and temporal variability and to be comparable with observations. We find that the decadal variability in the NAO, which has been pronounced since 1950s until 1990, will continue to dominate in the future considering decadal periods, although no significant trends are present in the long term projection (100–150 years horizon). We do not find in the model projections any significant temporal trend of the NAO for the future, meaning that neither positive or negative phases will dominate. Tracers with idealised decay and emissions are considered to investigate the NAO effects on transport; it is shown that during the positive phase of the NAO, the transport from North America towards northern Europe is stronger and pollutants are shifted northwards over the Arctic and southwards over the Mediterranean and North Africa, with two distinct areas of removal and stagnation of pollutants.
Characterizing Arctic sea ice topography using high-resolution IceBridge data
Authors: Petty A. A. , Tsamados M. C. , Kurtz N. T. , Farrell S. L. , Newman T. , Harbeck J. P. , Feltham D. L. , Richter-Menge J. A.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. We present an analysis of Arctic sea ice topography using high resolution, three-dimensional, surface elevation data from the Airborne Topographic Mapper, flown as part of NASA's Operation IceBridge mission. Surface features in the sea ice cover are detected using a newly developed surface feature picking algorithm. We derive information regarding the height, volume and geometry of surface features from 2009–2014 within the Beaufort/Chukchi and Central Arctic regions. The results are delineated by ice type to estimate the topographic variability across first-year and multi-year ice regimes. The results demonstrate that Arctic sea ice topography exhibits significant spatial variability, mainly driven by the increased surface feature height and volume (per unit area) of the multi-year ice that dominates the Central Arctic region. The multi-year ice topography exhibits greater interannual variability compared to the first-year ice regimes, which dominates the total ice topography variability across both regions. The ice topography also shows a clear coastal dependency, with the feature height and volume increasing as a function of proximity to the nearest coastline, especially north of Greenland and the Canadian Archipelago. A strong correlation between ice topography and ice thickness (from the IceBridge sea ice product) is found, using a square-root relationship. The results allude to the importance of ice deformation variability in the total sea ice mass balance, and provide crucial information regarding the tail of the ice thickness distribution across the western Arctic. Future research priorities associated with this new dataset are presented and discussed, especially in relation to calculations of atmospheric form drag.
Travelling wave solutions of nonlinear systems of PDEs by using the functional variable method
Authors: Aminikhah Hossein , Refahi Sheikhani Amir Hosein , Rezazadeh Hadi
Published: November 2015

In this paper, we will use the functional variable method to construct exact solutions of some nonlinear systems of partial differential equations, including, the (2+1)-dimensional Bogoyavlenskii’s breaking soliton equation, the WhithamBroer-Kaup-Like systems and the Kaup-Boussinesq system. This approach can also be applied to other nonlinear systems of partial differential equations which can be converted to a second-order ordinary differential equation through the travelling wave transformation.
Continuous wavelet transform on local fields
Authors: Pathak Ashish
Published: November 2015

The main objective of this paper is to define the mother wavelet on local fields and study the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) and some of their basic properties. its inversion formula, the Parseval relation and associated convolution are also studied.
Importation of Good Governance at Local Self-government Body in Bangladesh
Authors: Islam Fakhrul , Haque Md. Amdadul
Published: November 2015

The principle of good governance is difficult and controversial. Governance opens new space which provides a concept that allows us to discuss the role of government in coping with public issues and the contribution that other players may make. It opens one’s mind to the possibility that groups in society other than government. Good governance is responsive to the present and future needs of society. Strengthening local governance can be ensured through the importation of the component of good governance at the local level. This paper intent to  examine spaces where principles of good governance are required to apply to ensure better service delivery system at Union Parishad. This paper has been followed by social survey method. The data collection technique of this study has covered quantitative technique. Union Parishad as a local self government body ensuring community participations, people can approach and communicates clearly to their representatives and regularly issuing its progress report to the people for their transparency. Besides, dealing with convicted corruption was found most effective in manner.
A Framework for Results Based Management to The Public Sector in Egypt:Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Aly Wael Omran
Published: November 2015

Abstract:After the Second World War, the newly emerged independent third world countries faced immense problems such as poverty, illiteracy, poor health, low agriculture and industrial productivity and social instability. The idea of development administration was born with the above-stated pragmatic concern. Since then, third world countries strived to adopt development administration principles and techniques; in order to transform their conventional traditional public administration into modern development administration that can lead the prospective development.Such conventional public administration deals with regulatory aspects of administration such as law and order, judicial administration and revenue collection, development administration is concerned with the socio-economic developmental activities. Thus, traditional public administration is structure-oriented while developmental administration is action- oriented. Many third world countries failed in realizing such desired shift by converting its conventional public administration to effective development administration; able to achieve the intended national development via the formulation and the implementation of plans, policies, programs and projects necessary for sustainable development purposes. Such bad governance had led the people to go up against such government; as it happens lately in some Arab countries like Egypt and Tunisia.Therefore, the public sector in Egypt need to be deregulated, a new results-based management is a must; to hold managers accountable. This is a fundamental change: holding managers accountable for what they do, not how they do it. The public sector reform initiatives (especially the New Public management –NPM) have resulted in changing the accountability concept; from accountability in terms of procedural compliance to accountability in terms of efficiency and results (effectiveness and cost effectiveness).
Public Governance: Factors of Disclosure from the Municipalities of Southern Brazil
Authors: Machado Vagner Naysinger , Macagnan Clea Beatriz
Published: November 2015

Governance could be ‘good’ “when a State efficiently provides public goods of necessary quality to its citizens” (ONU, 2007). Public governance is guided by principles like transparency; that means disclosure information of public resources management. Considering this perspective, this study investigates the explanatory factors of the level of disclosure of the most populous municipalities in southern Brazil on their webpages published on the Internet. For such, we constructed a set of 86 indicators representing information, which were used to measure the level of disclosure of 100 among 101 cities with over 50,000 inhabitants in southern Brazil. The econometric analysis of the evidence indicates that the partisan affiliation of mayors, the level of revenues of municipalities and socioeconomic factors explain the level of disclosure of information about municipal management. Thus, the municipalities with high socioeconomic and collection indices have greater willingness to show public information, while municipalities where mayors are affiliated with the political party PSDB statistically have a tendency to show less information indicators examined in this study, compared to the other parties that make up this study sample.
Empirical Analysis of Teacher’s Accountability as an Instrument of Effective Policy Implementation in Nigeria
Authors: Yaro Ibrahim , Arshad Rozita Binti , Salleh Dani Bin
Published: November 2015

Accountability in discharging official duties is very essential as it increases effectiveness and efficiency in service delivery. As public servants teachers are expected to demonstrate high level commitment in the teaching and learning process as this will lead to the attainment of quality education. The paper pointed out that where secondary education is of good quality, right students will be admitted into tertiary institutions of learning and subsequently, competent graduates will be produced who will work in different capacities. Literate workforce is however capable of implementing government’s policies in a more effective and efficient manner. The research employs descriptive research analysis to analyze teacher’s accountability in secondary schools of Sokoto state, Nigeria. The results showed pleasing teacher’s accountability. The paper therefore recommends that the government should intensify efforts and put in place more appropriate mechanisms including motivation and constant training and re-training of the teachers in order to maintain the tempo as this will ensure the attainment of the much needed quality education and subsequently effective implementation of government policies.
Hyperglycemia is an independent predictor of in-hospital mortality in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury-a cohort study
Authors: Bohlke Maristela , Madeira Laura , Reichert Tulio , Geist Ana Carolina Brochado , Pereira Pedro Funari , Pereira Helena Rotta , Tragnago Gustavo , Caruso Paulo , Barcellos Franklin Correa
Published: November 2015

Introduction: The association of hyperglycemia with poor outcomes has been described in several settings, including in generalintensive care unit (ICU) patients. However, it is not clear whether this relationship is consistent for all critically ill patients. Ourstudy assessed the association of blood glucose (BG) with in-hospital mortality in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury(AKI).Methods: A cohort of critical care patients with AKI was followed up until death or hospital discharge. The associationof BG level with in-hospital mortality was analyzed with multivariate logistic regression analysis adjusted for demographic,socioeconomic, laboratory and clinical variables. Receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) analysis was used to assess the abilityof various levels of BG to predict in-hospital mortality.Results: One hundred patients were followed, with a mean age of 62.2 years, 49 male, 41 surgical, 34 diabetics and 63 withsepsis. Nineteen patients needed renal replacement therapy and 67 died during hospital stay. In the final multivariate model, age,glucose level and sepsis had an independent association with the outcome death. The threshold level of BG that maximized thecombined sensitivity and specificity for the prediction of in-hospital mortality by ROC analysis was 109 mg/dl. In the stratifiedanalysis, BG was an independent predictor of death only among non-diabetic patients.Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to describe an association between hyperglycemia and in-hospitalmortality in critically ill patients with AKI. Further studies are needed to confirm this finding and to assess the potential impact oftighter glucose control in this subpopulation.
Oude rechtskeuzes: de Erfrechtverordening en het overgangsrecht
Authors: Knot J.G.
Published: November 2015

Oude rechtskeuzes: de Erfrechtverordening en het overgangsrecht

De Erfrechtverordening is van toepassing op grensoverschrijdende nalatenschappen die op of na 17 augustus 2015 openvallen. De verordening staat het toe ten aanzien van het toepasselijke erfrecht een rechtskeuze uit te brengen. De vraag rijst echter hoe volgens de verordening moet worden omgegaan met een reeds vóór 17 augustus 2015 uitgebrachte rechtskeuze. Deze overgangsrechtelijke vraag is met name in Nederland van belang, omdat de rechtskeuzemogelijkheden hier te lande voorheen ruimer waren dan onder de verordening. Daar staat dan weer tegenover dat de oude Nederlandse rechtskeuze alleen ten aanzien van de vererving van de nalatenschap gold en niet ten aanzien van de afwikkeling. In deze bijdrage wordt bezien welke oude Nederlandse rechtskeuzes onder de verordening geldig (kunnen) zijn en wat precies de werkingsomvang van deze oude rechtskeuzes is.
“More than Meets the Eye”: A Guide to Interpreting the Descriptive Statistics and Correlation Matrices Reported in Management Research
Authors: Bedeian Arthur G.
Published: November 2015

The author of this essay wonders whether in teaching our students the latest analytic techniques we have neglected to emphasize the importance of understanding the most basic aspects of a study’s primary data. In response, he provides a 12-part answer to a fundamental question: “What information can be derived from reviewing the descriptive statistics and correlation matrix that appear in virtually every empirically based, nonexperimental paper published in the management discipline?” The seeming ubiquity of strained responses, to what many at first consider to be a vexed question about a mundane topic, leads the author to suggest that students at all levels, seasoned scholars, manuscript referees, and general consumers of management research may be unaware that the standard Table 1 in a traditional Results section reveals “more than meets the eye!”
Identification and classification of stakeholders in a brazilian professional soccer club
Authors: De Siqueira João Paulo Lara , Pajanian Flávio , Telles Renato
Published: November 2015

One initial step in the management of stakeholders is the identification and classification of these actors. This study sought to answer the research question: how managers of Brazilian professional soccer clubs identify and classify their stakeholders? For this purpose we used the theoretical framework Stakeholder Theory, developed by Freeman (1984) and other researchers. We used the method proposed by Almeida et al. (2000), which assesses the saliency through the concepts power, legitimacy, and urgency, which were proposed in the study by Mitchell et al. (1997). There were two propositions concerning the context of Brazilian soccer clubs: first, the urgency perceived by managers in demands of a stakeholder is high when his legitimacy is high; second, the most salient stakeholders for managers are those with high legitimacy. Stakeholders were studied as perceived by the managers of Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras. Three types of stakeholders were classified as demanding (sponsors, partners and the partner for the construction of the new stadium), and three as dependents (members, athletes of professional soccer team and media). Other stakeholders identified were classified as irrelevant, including fans and the organized groups of fans. In the specific case of these managers of this particular soccer club, the trend was the acceptance of both propositions.
Public policies assessment: construction of knowledge-based international literature
Authors: Medeiros da Rosa Marcelo , Rolim Ensslin Sandra , Petri Sérgio Murilo , Ensslin Leonardo
Published: November 2015

This research aims to identify the international scientific literature on the topic Public Policy Performance Assessment, enabling the construction of knowledge in research and identifying gaps for future research. For this, the present qualitative research used the ProKnow-C tool for selection and analysis of the characteristics defined by the authors. Based on 31 articles of the Portfolio, we could identify the journals Public Administration Review, Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, Public Administration, and Australian Journal of Public Administration as the most relevant works by the number of publications. From the 59 authors, two have two publications each: Carolyn J. Heinrich and Donald P. Moynihan . The Agency theory was the most used by the authors as basis of Performance Evaluation. The studies used the Public Policy Performance Assessment to analyze compliance of the indicators and process goals. We identified little occurrence of gaps of research that focus on the theory of stakeholders and surveys measuring the impact and effectiveness of public policies. Based on the results, we suggest the extension of studies that aim all stakeholders and impact assessment of public policies in order to improve the research related to the Public Policy Assessment, with a goal of proposing improvements for governmental actions.
Conceptualisation of social enterprise in the UK: a contemporary perspective
Authors: Mswaka Walter
Published: November 2015

The concept of social enterprise is increasingly gaining academic interest worldwide and is increasingly becoming an integral component of the mainstream economies of many countries, including the Unite Kingdom. Despite persistent interest from academics, the concept is relatively underdeveloped inherently complex and there are various aspects of social enterprise that remain largely under researched compared to conventional businesses. Given the advent of globalisation and increased competition social enterprises are under pressure to provide more innovative solutions to social problems that society in the UK faces. Through a comprehensive literature review of social enterprises, this paper scrutinises the evolution of these organisations as they adapt to changes in the environment in which they operates. The discussions show a cultural shift in the conceptualisation and practice of social enterprises in the country.
Panorama da Pesquisa em Marketing no Brasil: uma análise da produção funcionalista em periódicos Qualis Capes A2, B1 e B2.
Authors: Nascimento Ernandes Rodrigues do , De Oliveira Karla Karina , Freitas-da-Costa Marconi , Marques Rafaela Queiroz
Published: November 2015

Diante da tradio da pesquisa qualitativa ter abordagens paradigmticas construtivistas ou no funcionalistas, o questionamento principal deste artigo saber como se d a apropriao de critrios de qualidade na pesquisa funcionalista, tendo como objetivo principal apresentar um panorama dos artigos publicados nas revistas nacionais classificadas com Qualis A2, B1 e B2 dos anos de 2003 a 2013. Para este fim, a anlise debruou-se sobre os artigos que apresentavam em seu escopo caractersticas qualitativas funcionalistas, tendo como objetivo avaliar como esto sendo trabalhados os critrios de qualidade nas publicaes de marketing no Brasil, nos ltimos 11 anos.
Um Novo Olhar sobre o Planejamento de Marketing dos Produtos Populares: Estudo Exploratório com Empresas do Setor Eletroeletrônico no Brasil.
Authors: Assis Evange Elias , Serralvo Francisco Antonio , Prado Karen Perrotta Lopes de Almeida
Published: November 2015

O aumento do consumo de produtos eletroeletrnicos pela populao de menor renda representou uma oportunidade de crescimento para as empresas do setor. Este artigo tem como propsito central investigar como as empresas do setor eletroeletrnico planejam o marketing para produtos populares. O estudo, de carter exploratrio, foi realizado por meio de pesquisa bibliogrfica e pesquisa emprica a qual foi conduzida em duas fases combinando as abordagens qualitativa e quantitativa. A populao pesquisada consistiu em empresas associadas Associo Nacional dos Fabricantes de Produtos Eletroeletrnicos (ELETROS). Os resultados indicaram que em 87,5% dos casos o planejamento de marketing se concentra no produto. As empresas preocupam-se em diferenciar os produtos populares no mercado principalmente pelo design(87,5%) e inovao(62,5%). Neste contexto, parece que a oportunidade de crescimento das empresas do setor eletroeletrnico pode ser potencializada ao se implementarem planejamentos de marketing especficos para produtos populares. A inovao necessria em todos os processos, desde a elaborao do projeto de desenvolvimento do produto at a sua distribuio.
Negligência da Omissão: de Onde Tu Vens, Pra Onde Tu Vais?
Authors: Prado Rejane Alexandrina Domingues Pereira do , Lopes Evandro Luiz
Published: November 2015

Este ensaio tem como objetivo discutir a produo cientfica sobre negligncia da omisso de informaes, visando apresentar uma agenda de pesquisa referente ao tema a partir das direes indicadas pelo estado da arte das pesquisas sobre o fenmeno. O ensaio objetiva, ainda, apresentar e caracterizar as perspectivas tericas que prevalecem nessa produo. Por meio da reviso das produes acadmicas nacional e internacional, publicadas entre 1988 e 2014, foram selecionados todos os artigos encontrados, sendo estes, no total, 19 trabalhos. Identificou-se, portanto, que os estudos sobre o fenmeno da negligncia da omisso so ainda seminais e a literatura carece de pesquisas adicionais para melhor entendimento do fenmeno. Por meio do mtodo da leitura cientfica, todos os 19 artigos encontrados foram analisados e, ao final, prope-se uma agenda de pesquisa sobre o tema da negligncia da omisso, composta a partir dos gaps identificados nos estudos que trataram dessa temtica.
Interatividade quando Moderada por Esforço Cognitivo Aumenta a Memorização
Authors: Rossi George Bedinelli , Presti Renan
Published: November 2015

O mundo tecnolgico apresenta termos de interao que esto em constante movimento e que, diretamente ou no, exercem considervel influncia sobre a mente do homem. O estudo analisou o elo da Interatividade Multi-Dimensional no processo cognitivo e os elementos que mediam essa relao com a memria. O foco foi aprofundar o estudo sobre uma abordagem interativa especfica no caso, a Multi-Dimensional -, trazendo esclarecimentos sobre as variveis que atuam entre a interatividade e seus efeitos. O trabalho teve por objetivo esclarecer de que forma os relacionamentos epistmicos compem a Interatividade e a Memorizao. Para tal, foram usadas trs variveis na pesquisa: Interatividade, Esforo Cognitivo e Memria Explcita. A partir da anlise e relacionamento entre as variveis citadas, a compreenso de quais fatores so mais relevantes para atividades interativas foi o resultado obtido.
The Basics of Least Cost Analysis for Archaeological Applications
Authors: White Devin Alan
Published: November 2015

Least Cost Analysis (LCA) is a geospatially focused quantitative approach that can help archaeologists better understand how people may have moved across a landscape. At its core is the assumption that humans make decisions about movement as fully rational actors with complete knowledge of the landscape, attempting to minimize the cost of that movement as they travel from one location to another. LCA is most often used to construct a small number of hypothetical routes between locations of interest and, when used effectively, can even lead to the creation of entire transportation networks. Desktop GIS software packages, both commercial and open source, make running LCA relatively straightforward, but that does not necessarily mean that the output is informative or accurate. The following tutorial is designed to expose the reader to the foundational steps required to complete an LCA workflow, along with the scientific rationale behind each step and how to avoid potential pitfalls that one might run into along the way. Relevant literature is cited throughout the tutorial in order to provide context for the technical methods that underpin available tools, to suggest various ways that LCA can be used to solve archaeological problems, and to show the art of the possible.
Single-molecule fluorimetry and gating currents inspire an improved optical voltage indicator
Authors: Treger Jeremy S , Priest Michael F , Bezanilla Francisco
Published: November 2015

Voltage-sensing domains (VSDs) underlie the movement of voltage-gated ion channels, as well as the voltage-sensitive fluorescent responses observed from a common class of genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs). Despite the widespread use and potential utility of these GEVIs, the biophysical underpinnings of the relationship between VSD movement and fluorophore response remain unclear. We investigated the recently developed GEVI ArcLight, and its close variant Arclight', at both the single-molecule and macroscopic levels to better understand their characteristics and mechanisms of activity. These studies revealed a number of previously unobserved features of ArcLight's behavior, including millisecond-scale fluorescence fluctuations in single molecules as well as a previously unreported delay prior to macroscopic fluorescence onset. Finally, these mechanistic insights allowed us to improve the optical response of ArcLight to fast or repetitive pulses with the development of ArcLightning, a novel GEVI with improved kinetics.
Guanylate cyclase 1 relies on rhodopsin for intracellular stability and ciliary trafficking
Authors: Pearring Jillian N , Spencer William J , Lieu Eric C , Arshavsky Vadim Y
Published: November 2015

Sensory cilia are populated by a select group of signaling proteins that detect environmental stimuli. How these molecules are delivered to the sensory cilium and whether they rely on one another for specific transport remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated whether the visual pigment, rhodopsin, is critical for delivering other signaling proteins to the sensory cilium of photoreceptor cells, the outer segment. Rhodopsin is the most abundant outer segment protein and its proper transport is essential for formation of this organelle, suggesting that such a dependency might exist. Indeed, we demonstrated that guanylate cyclase-1, producing the cGMP second messenger in photoreceptors, requires rhodopsin for intracellular stability and outer segment delivery. We elucidated this dependency by showing that guanylate cyclase-1 is a novel rhodopsin-binding protein. These findings expand rhodopsin’s role in vision from being a visual pigment and major outer segment building block to directing trafficking of another key signaling protein.
Successful transition of High-Energy Physics publications into Gold OA – review of two years of SCOAP3
Authors: Kohls Alexander , Karlstrøm Nina
Published: November 2015

See video of the presentation.During its first two years of operation SCOAP3 funded some 8,000 articles via the transformation of ten existing High-Energy Physics journals into Gold Open Access at no costs for authors. SCOAP3, the Sponsoring Consortium for Open Access Publishing in Particle Physics started in January 2014 after several years of preparation. The initiative is a collaboration of some 3,000 libraries, research institutions and funding agencies from 45 countries and IGOs and is hosted at CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research. Alexander Kohls, the Operations Manager of SCOAP3 will present a review of the first two years of SCOAP3. The specific business model of the initiative ensures a central management of relations with the publishers, and efficient and easy to administer APC payment process and article compliance validation using a dedicated global repository. The presentation will show how SCOAP3 performed in terms of operational efforts, APCs and benefits for the scientific community. The compliance of publishers with policies will be analyzed and all aspects will be reviewed in context of comparable Open Access initiatives in Europe and its potential to expand into other fields. Nina Karlstrøm will add the view of a National Contact Point and present benefits and challenges for national organizations within the SCOAP3 network using her organization CRIStin as an example.
Dynamics in benthic community composition and influencing factors in an upwelling-exposed coral reef on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica
Authors: Stuhldreier Ines , Sánchez-Noguera Celeste , Roth Florian , Jiménez Carlos , Rixen Tim , Cortés Jorge , Wild Christian
Published: November 2015

Seasonal upwelling at the northern Pacific coast of Costa Rica offers the opportunity to investigate the effects of pronounced changes in key water parameters on fine-scale dynamics of local coral reef communities. This study monitored benthic community composition at Matapalo reef (10.539°N, 85.766°W) by weekly observations of permanent benthic quadrats from April 2013 to April 2014. Monitoring was accompanied by surveys of herbivore abundance and biomass and measurements of water temperature and inorganic nutrient concentrations. Findings revealed that the reef-building coralsPocilloporaspp. exhibited an exceptional rapid increase from 22 to 51% relative benthic cover. By contrast, turf algae cover decreased from 63 to 24%, resulting in a corresponding increase in crustose coralline algae cover. The macroalgaCaulerpa sertularioidescovered up to 15% of the reef in April 2013, disappeared after synchronized gamete release in May, and subsequently exhibited slow regrowth. Parallel monitoring of influencing factors suggest thatC. sertularioidescover was mainly regulated by their reproductive cycle, while that of turf algae was likely controlled by high abundances of herbivores. Upwelling events in February and March 2014 decreased mean daily seawater temperatures by up to 7 °C and increased nutrient concentrations up to 5- (phosphate) and 16-fold (nitrate) compared to mean values during the rest of the year. Changes in benthic community composition did not appear to correspond to the strong environmental changes, but rather shifted from turf algae to hard coral dominance over the entire year of observation. The exceptional high dynamic over the annual observation period encourages further research on the adaptation potential of coral reefs to environmental variability.
Spatial patterns of coral survivorship: impacts of adult proximity versus other drivers of localized mortality
Authors: Gibbs David A. , Hay Mark E.
Published: November 2015

Species-specific enemies may promote prey coexistence through negative distance- and density-dependent survival of juveniles near conspecific adults. We tested this mechanism by transplanting juvenile-sized fragments of the brooding coralsPocillopora damicornisandSeriatopora hystrix3, 12, 24 and 182 cm up- and down-current of conspecific adults and monitoring their survival and condition over time. We also characterized the spatial distribution ofP. damicornisandS. hystrixwithin replicate plots on three Fijian reef flats and measured the distribution of small colonies within 2 m of larger colonies of each species. Juvenile-sized transplants exhibited no differences in survivorship as a function of distance from adultP. damicornisorS. hystrix. Additionally, bothP. damicornisandS. hystrixwere aggregated rather than overdispersed on natural reefs. However, a pattern of juveniles being aggregated near adults while larger (and probably older) colonies were not suggests that greater mortality near large adults could occur over longer periods of time or that size-dependent mortality was occurring. While we found minimal evidence of greater mortality of small colonies near adult conspecifics in our transplant experiments, we did document hot-spots of species-specific corallivory. We detected spatially localized and temporally persistent predation onP. damicornisby the territorial triggerfishBalistapus undulatus. This patchy predation did not occur forS. hystrix. This variable selective regime in an otherwise more uniform environment could be one mechanism maintaining diversity of corals on Indo-Pacific reefs.
BasicHPLCTheory and Definitions: Retention, Thermodynamics, Selectivity, Zone Spreading, Kinetics, and Resolution
Authors: Fornstedt Torgny , Forssén Patrik , Westerlund Douglas
Published: November 2015

This chapter covers the basic aspects of liquid chromatography such as retention models, kinetics, band broadening, the plate height concept, and the dependence of separation performance on flow rate. Together, this will form a basis to understand how to predict and improve separation performance and resolution for different types ofHPLCsystems. We conclude the chapter with today's trends in liquid chromatography and explain how these trends are linked to the basic aspects covered earlier.
BasicLCMethod Development and Optimization
Authors: Samanidou Victoria F.
Published: November 2015

Chromatography is the main part of separation science that has been established over a century ago and since then it has been catering to the demands of many scientific areas, such as biological, pharmaceutical, food, forensic, environmental, and so on. High‐pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) is one of the most reliable analytical technologies in any analytical laboratory. It is, beyond any doubt, the most powerful weapon in an analyst's arsenal and the most useful tool toward any analytical challenge, no matter what the sample matrix is or how complicated it appears to be.

Analytes are separated as they are distributed between two phases, the mobile phase and the stationary phase. It may sound an easy task but an analyst knows that this is not true at all. Getting well‐resolved peaks within a rational time span is the ultimate goal. The whole procedure is called HPLC method development, and undoubtedly, it is a complicated process. The physicochemical properties of the analytes to be separated are the driving force of this procedure.

In this chapter, the principal factors that have to be investigated duringLCmethod development and optimization are discussed.