bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Equilibrium reconstruction of DIII-D plasmas using predictive modeling of the pressure profile
Authors: Kinsey J. E. , Lao L. L. , Meneghini O. , Candy J. , Snyder P. B. , Staebler G. M.
Published: June 2022

New workflows have been developed for predictive modeling of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equilibrium in tokamak plasmas. The goal of this work is to predict the MHD equilibrium in tokamak discharges without having measurements of the kinetic profiles. The workflows include a cold start tool, which constructs all the profiles and power flows needed by transport codes; a Grad–Shafranov equilibrium solver; and various codes for the sources and sinks. For validation purposes, a database of DIII-D tokamak discharges has been constructed that is comprised of scans in the plasma current, toroidal magnetic field, and triangularity. Initial efforts focused on developing a workflow utilizing an empirically derived pressure model tuned to DIII-D discharges with monotonic safety factor profiles. This workflow shows good agreement with experimental kinetic equilibrium calculations, but is limited in that it is a single fluid (equal ion and electron temperatures) model and lacks H-mode pedestal predictions. The best agreement with the H-mode database is obtained using a theory-based workflow utilizing pressure profile predictions from a coupled TGLF turbulent transport and EPED pedestal models together with external magnetics and Motional Stark Effect (MSE) data to construct the equilibrium. Here, we obtain an average root mean square error of 5.1% in the safety factor profile when comparing the predicted and experimental kinetic equilibrium. We also find good agreement with the plasma stored energy, internal inductance, and pressure profiles. Including MSE data in the theory-based workflow results in noticeably improved agreement with the q-profiles in high triangularity discharges in comparison with the results obtained with magnetic data only. The predictive equilibrium workflow is expected to have wide applications in experimental planning, between-shot analysis, and reactor studies.
Machine learning approaches for biomolecular, biophysical, and biomaterials research
Authors: Rickert Carolin A. , Lieleg Oliver
Published: June 2022

A fluent conversation with a virtual assistant, person-tailored news feeds, and deep-fake images created within seconds—all those things that have been unthinkable for a long time are now a part of our everyday lives. What these examples have in common is that they are realized by different means of machine learning (ML), a technology that has fundamentally changed many aspects of the modern world. The possibility to process enormous amount of data in multi-hierarchical, digital constructs has paved the way not only for creating intelligent systems but also for obtaining surprising new insight into many scientific problems. However, in the different areas of biosciences, which typically rely heavily on the collection of time-consuming experimental data, applying ML methods is a bit more challenging: Here, difficulties can arise from small datasets and the inherent, broad variability, and complexity associated with studying biological objects and phenomena. In this Review, we give an overview of commonly used ML algorithms (which are often referred to as “machines”) and learning strategies as well as their applications in different bio-disciplines such as molecular biology, drug development, biophysics, and biomaterials science. We highlight how selected research questions from those fields were successfully translated into machine readable formats, discuss typical problems that can arise in this context, and provide an overview of how to resolve those encountered difficulties.
Large dynamic range, high resolution optical heterodyne readout for high velocity slip events
Authors: Forsyth Perry W. F. , Hayward Kathryn S. , Roberts Lyle E. , Cox Stephen F. , Shaddock Daniel A. , Slagmolen Bram J. J.
Published: June 2022

We present a free-space optical displacement sensor for measuring geological slip event displacements within a laboratory setting. This sensor utilizes a fiberized Mach-Zehnder based optical heterodyne system coupled with a digital phase lock loop, providing a large dynamic range (multiple centimeters), high displacement resolution (with an amplitude spectral density of <10−10 m/Hz for frequencies above 100 Hz), and high velocity tracking capabilities (up to 4.96 m/s). This displacement sensor is used to increase the displacement and the time sensitivity for measuring laboratory-scale earthquakes induced in geological samples by using a triaxial compression apparatus. The sensor architecture provides an improved displacement and time resolution for the millisecond-duration slip events, at high containment and loading pressure and high temperatures. Alternatively, the sensor implementation can be used for other non-contact displacement readouts that required high velocity tracking with low noise and large dynamic range sensing. We use 13 high-velocity slip events in Fontainebleau sandstone to show the large dynamic range displacement tracking ability and displacement amplitude spectral densities to demonstrate the optical readout’s unique sensing capabilities.
Adapting reservoir computing to solve the Schrödinger equation
Authors: Domingo L. , Borondo J. , Borondo F.
Published: June 2022

Reservoir computing is a machine learning algorithm that excels at predicting the evolution of time series, in particular, dynamical systems. Moreover, it has also shown superb performance at solving partial differential equations. In this work, we adapt this methodology to integrate the time-dependent Schrödinger equation, propagating an initial wavefunction in time. Since such wavefunctions are complex-valued high-dimensional arrays, the reservoir computing formalism needs to be extended to cope with complex-valued data. Furthermore, we propose a multi-step learning strategy that avoids overfitting the training data. We illustrate the performance of our adapted reservoir computing method by application to four standard problems in molecular vibrational dynamics.
An end-to-end deep learning approach for extracting stochastic dynamical systems with
α
-stable Lévy noise
Authors: Fang Cheng , Lu Yubin , Gao Ting , Duan Jinqiao
Published: June 2022

Recently, extracting data-driven governing laws of dynamical systems through deep learning frameworks has gained much attention in various fields. Moreover, a growing amount of research work tends to transfer deterministic dynamical systems to stochastic dynamical systems, especially those driven by non-Gaussian multiplicative noise. However, many log-likelihood based algorithms that work well for Gaussian cases cannot be directly extended to non-Gaussian scenarios, which could have high errors and low convergence issues. In this work, we overcome some of these challenges and identify stochastic dynamical systems driven by α-stable Lévy noise from only random pairwise data. Our innovations include (1) designing a deep learning approach to learn both drift and diffusion coefficients for Lévy induced noise with α across all values, (2) learning complex multiplicative noise without restrictions on small noise intensity, and (3) proposing an end-to-end complete framework for stochastic system identification under a general input data assumption, that is, an α-stable random variable. Finally, numerical experiments and comparisons with the non-local Kramers–Moyal formulas with the moment generating function confirm the effectiveness of our method.
The contribution of intermolecular spin interactions to the London dispersion forces between chiral molecules
Authors: Geyer M. , Gutierrez R. , Mujica V. , Silva J. F. Rivas , Dianat A. , Cuniberti G.
Published: June 2022

Dispersion interactions are one of the components of van der Waals (vdW) forces that play a key role in the understanding of intermolecular interactions in many physical, chemical, and biological processes. The theory of dispersion forces was developed by London in the early years of quantum mechanics. However, it was only in the 1960s that it was recognized that for molecules lacking an inversion center, such as chiral and helical molecules, there are chirality-sensitive corrections to the dispersion forces proportional to the rotatory power known from the theory of circular dichroism and with the same distance scaling law R−6 as the London energy. The discovery of the chirality-induced spin selectivity effect in recent years has led to an additional twist in the study of chiral molecular systems, showing a close relation between spin and molecular geometry. Motivated by it, we propose in this investigation to describe the mutual induction of charge and spin-density fluctuations in a pair A–B of chiral molecules by a simple physical model. The model assumes that the same fluctuating electric fields responsible for vdW forces can induce a magnetic response via a Rashba-like term so that a spin–orbit field acting on molecule B is generated by the electric field arising from charge density fluctuations in molecule A (and vice versa). Within a second-order perturbative approach, these contributions manifest as an effective intermolecular exchange interaction. Although expected to be weaker than the standard London forces, these interactions display the same R−6 distance scaling.
Numerical investigation on movement of triple points on oblique detonation surfaces
Authors: Yang Pengfei , Li Haoyang , Chen Zheng , Wang Chun , Teng Honghui
Published: June 2022

A normal detonation wave in a gaseous mixture is a transient, multidimensional structure containing triple points (TPs) that collide in pairs and then propagate oppositely. However, the TPs on an oblique detonation wave (ODW) almost propagate along the same direction in most studies. In this study, the reactive Euler equations coupled with a two-step induction–reaction kinetic model are used to solve a two-dimensional wedge-induced ODW. Two novel movement patterns are observed in most cases. Results show that the TPs of the ODW can propagate upstream and even stand on the wave surface. The movement patterns of TPs include downstream, upstream, and steady according to their propagation direction relative to the wedge. We find that the ratio of the post-ODW flow speed Uτ to the transverse wave speed UT dominates the TP movement types. When the speed ratio Uτ/UT is approximately equal to 1, the TPs can stand on the wave surface. Above unity, downstream TPs form, and upstream TPs correspond to a value smaller than 1. Furthermore, the inflow Mach number has little influence on UT, while Uτ changes significantly. This is largely due to the high sensitivity of the ODW angle to the inflow. The high heat release rate benefits upstream TPs, and steady TPs form under a large wedge angle. The results are confirmed by varying the inflow Mach number, wedge angle, and chemical parameters.
A dielectric embedded reflectarray for high-power microwave application
Authors: Zhao Xu-hao , Xu Liang , Zhang Jian-de , Yuan Cheng-wei , Zhang Qiang , Sun Yun-fei
Published: June 2022

To solve the problem of the large axial size of high-power microwave (HPM) reflectarray antenna and difficulty in vacuum packaging, a dielectric is introduced in the design of the antenna element. On this basis, a dielectric embedded metasurface reflectarray antenna (DEMRA) with high power handling capacity and wide-range beam scanning capability is proposed and fabricated. Compared with traditional HPM antennas, the DEMRA does not need to be sealed and can work directly in open-air conditions. The DEMRA can realize free regulation of the radiation beam within a cone angle of 90° and has a power handling capacity of 1 GW/m2. As verification, a protype working at 10 GHz is fabricated and low-power experiments are carried out. Experimental results are consistent with the simulation, proving that the DEMRA has a bandwidth exceeding 600 MHz. During the scanning process, the aperture efficiency is always higher than 48.98%, and the side lobe level remains below −15 dB. At the same time, the cross-polarization component is less than −15 dB, while the main lobe-axis ratio remains within 4.5 dB, confirming its beam scanning capability.
Optimized finite-time performance of endoreversible quantum Carnot machine working with a squeezed bath
Authors: Liu Haoguang , He Jizhou , Wang Jianhui
Published: June 2022

We consider a quantum endoreversible Carnot engine cycle and its inverse operation–Carnot refrigeration cycle, working between a hot bath of inverse temperature βh and a cold bath at inverse temperature βc. For the engine model, the hot bath is constructed to be squeezed, whereas for the refrigeration cycle, the cold bath is set to be squeezed. In the high-temperature limit, we analyze efficiency at maximum power and coefficient of performance at maximum figure of merit, revealing the effects of the times allocated to two thermal-contact and two adiabatic processes on the machine performance. We show that, when the total time spent along the two adiabatic processes is negligible, the efficiency at maximum power reaches its upper bound, which can be analytically expressed in terms of squeezing parameter r: ηana∗=1−sech[2r]1−ηC, with the Carnot efficiency ηC=1−βh/βc and the coefficient of performance at maximum figure of merit is bounded from the upper side by the analytical function: εana∗=1+εCsech[2r](1+εC)−εC−1, where εC=βh/(βc−βh).
Modified Poisson–Boltzmann theory for polyelectrolytes in monovalent salt solutions with finite-size ions
Authors: Vahid Hossein , Scacchi Alberto , Yang Xiang , Ala-Nissila Tapio , Sammalkorpi Maria
Published: June 2022

We present a soft-potential-enhanced Poisson–Boltzmann (SPB) theory to efficiently capture ion distributions and electrostatic potential around rodlike charged macromolecules. The SPB model is calibrated with a coarse-grained particle-based model for polyelectrolytes (PEs) in monovalent salt solutions as well as compared to a full atomistic molecular dynamics simulation with the explicit solvent. We demonstrate that our modification enables the SPB theory to accurately predict monovalent ion distributions around a rodlike PE in a wide range of ion and charge distribution conditions in the weak-coupling regime. These include excess salt concentrations up to 1M and ion sizes ranging from small ions, such as Na+ or Cl−, to softer and larger ions with a size comparable to the PE diameter. The work provides a simple way to implement an enhancement that effectively captures the influence of ion size and species into the PB theory in the context of PEs in aqueous salt solutions.
Diffusion mechanisms of DNA in agarose gels: NMR studies and Monte Carlo simulations
Authors: Bochert Ida , Günther Jan-Philipp , Fischer Peer , Majer Günter
Published: June 2022

We report on the diffusion mechanism of short, single-stranded DNA molecules with up to 100 nucleobases in agarose gels with concentrations of up to 2.0% with the aim to characterize the DNA–agarose interaction. The diffusion coefficients were measured directly, i.e., without any model assumptions, by pulsed field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance (PFG-NMR). We find that the diffusion coefficient decreases, as expected, with an increase in both DNA strand length and gel concentration. In addition, we performed Monte Carlo simulations of particle diffusion in a model network of polymer chains, considering our experimental conditions. Together, the Monte Carlo simulations and the PFG-NMR results show that the decrease in diffusion coefficients in the presence of the agarose gel is due to a temporary adhesion of the DNA molecules to the surface of gel fibers. The average adhesion time to a given gel fiber increases with the length of the DNA strands but is independent of the number of gel fibers. The corresponding magnitude of the binding enthalpies of DNA strands to gel fibers indicates that a mixture of van der Waals interactions and hydrogen bonding contributes to the decreased diffusion of DNA in agarose gels.
Hard-core attractive Yukawa fluid global isomorphism with the lattice gas model
Authors: Katts A. , Kulinskii V. L.
Published: June 2022

In this work, we study the global isomorphism between the liquid–vapor equilibrium of the hardcore attractive Yukawa fluid (HCAYF) and that of the Lattice Gas (LG) model of the Ising-like type. The applicability of the global isomorphism transformation and the dependence of its parameters on the screening length of the Yukawa potential are discussed. These parameters determine both the slope of the rectilinear diameter of the liquid–vapor binodal and the Zeno-element, which are the core ingredients of the fluid–LG isomorphism. We compare the Zeno-element parameters with the virial Zeno-line parameters, which are commonly used in the literature for the formulation of generalized law of the correspondent states. It is demonstrated that the Zeno-element parameters appear to be sensitive to the liquid state instability when the interaction potential becomes too short-ranged, while the virial ones do not show any peculiarities connected with this specific of the HCAYF.
Ultra-high quality perfect absorber based on quasi bound states in the continuum
Authors: Wan Shun , Qin Chunhua , Wang Keda , Li Yicheng , Guan Chunying , Lv Bo , Li Wenjia , Shi Jinhui
Published: June 2022

Ultra-high-quality perfect optical absorption structures based on quasi-bound states in the continuum (quasi-BICs) are investigated and numerically demonstrated. When the radiation rate of the magnetic dipole quasi-BICs resonance is equal to the dissipate loss rate of the system, the critical coupling condition is satisfied and the perfect absorption (nearly 100%) is obtained. The ultra-high-quality factor (1.7 × 105) perfect absorption in the proposed design is mainly attributed to the extremely low external leakage loss rate of quasi-BIC and relatively small intrinsic absorption loss rate in the constituent materials. The structure exhibits excellent sensing properties with a sensitivity of 108 nm/RIU and ultra-high FOM of ∼12013. The proposed scheme is of importance in potential biosensing applications.
Tip-induced domain growth on the non-polar cut of lithium niobate with various stoichiometry deviations
Authors: Greshnyakov E. D. , Turygin A. P. , Pryakhina V. I. , Shur V. Ya.
Published: June 2022

Appearance of wedge-like domains during local switching by a biased tip of a scanning probe microscope (SPM) was studied in non-polar cut plates of lithium niobate (LN) with the spatial distribution of the deviation of Li concentration from stoichiometry composition (ΔcLi) created by vapor transport equilibration. The voltage dependences of the domain sizes were measured in the areas of LN plates with various values of ΔcLi. It was shown that the domain length increased linearly with the voltage, while the domain base width demonstrated a square root voltage dependence. The obtained dependence of the base width was attributed to the spatial distribution of the polar component of the external field produced by a biased SPM tip. The obtained results were considered in terms of the kinetic approach to domain growth. The growth of wedge-like domains was attributed to step generation and kink motion. The velocities of the base growth and kink motion were defined by the excess of the local value of superposition of the polar components of an external field produced by a biased tip, depolarization field, and screening fields over the threshold values. The average length of the elementary steps at the domain walls revealed from the domain length to width ratio demonstrated the square root voltage dependence. It was revealed that the domain length and the width of the base inversely depended on ΔcLi. The obtained dependences of the domain growth parameters on the composition allow for improving the periodical poling technique used for the fabrication of the nonlinear optical devices.
Perspectives on spintronics with surface acoustic waves
Authors: Puebla J. , Hwang Y. , Maekawa S. , Otani Y.
Published: June 2022

Surface acoustic waves (SAWs) are elastic waves propagating on the surface of solids with the amplitude decaying into the solid. The well-established fabrication of compact SAW devices, together with well-defined resonance frequencies, places SAWs as an attractive route to manipulate the magnetization states in spintronics, all of which is made possible by the magnetostriction and magnetoelastic effects. Here, we review the basic characteristics of SAW devices and their interaction out-of-resonance and in-resonance with the magnetization in thin films. We describe our own recent results in this research field and closely related works and provide our perspectives moving forward.
Ultralow contents of AgNbO3 fibers induced high energy storage density in ferroelectric polymer nanocomposites
Authors: Zhu Wenfu , Zhao Wei , Kang Jiaqian , Zhang Pengxiang , Li Yun , Chen Qi , Yao Zishuo , Pan Zhongbin , Zhao Yingtao , Hong Jiawang , Wang Xueyun
Published: June 2022

Polymer dielectric films have been widely used in electronic and power systems due to their unique dielectric properties, processing properties, and excellent cost performance. Although the dielectric constant of dielectric polymers can be improved by adding high contents of ceramic fillers, this approach comes at the expense of the breakdown strength (Eb). This work is inspired by the idea that high-aspect-ratio fibers can induce a larger electric dipole moment without sacrificing too much Eb compared to zero-dimensional nanoparticles, thereby effectively improving the energy storage performance of the composites. We synthesized antiferroelectric AgNbO3 (ANO) fibers by using an in situ topotactic transition reaction which were then introduced into the polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) matrix for energy storage applications. The results show that the nanocomposite film with an ultralow loading of 0.4 wt. % ANO fibers achieves a high discharge energy density of 12.97 J cm−3 at 490 MV m−1. Nanocomposites based on ultralow content ANO fibers show great promise as one-dimensional antiferroelectric fillers for high energy density capacitor applications.
Shock-wave structure in non-polar diatomic and polyatomic dense gases under rotation and vibration
Authors: Khapra Divya , Patel Arvind
Published: June 2022

This study investigates the effect of rotation and vibration on the structure of shock waves in moderately dense diatomic and polyatomic non-polar gases using the one-temperature Navier–Stokes–Fourier approach. The modified Enskog equation of state of the gas is taken to include the denseness and shielding effects. The specific heat at constant volume has been taken to be temperature-dependent. The shear viscosity, the bulk viscosity, and the thermal conductivity have been assumed to follow the temperature-dependent power-law model. Nitrogen and oxygen gas have been taken as the test cases for diatomic gases while carbon dioxide was taken for the polyatomic gases. The implicit system of equations is derived and solved numerically for density and temperature. The inclusion of denseness, rotational, and vibrational modes of molecular motion have a significant effect on the density and temperature profiles, the inverse shock thickness, the bulk to shear viscosity ratio, and the molar specific heat at constant pressure. The gas having a low characteristic vibrational temperature has been found to have a high value of inverse shock thickness. The inverse shock thickness, the bulk to shear viscosity ratio, and the molar specific heat at constant pressure for nitrogen and carbon dioxide are found to be in good agreement with the experimental values.
Erminnie A. Smith (1836–1886)
Authors: Kilarski Marcin
Published: June 2022

In this paper I discuss the varied contributions of Erminnie Adele Smith (1836–1886), a linguist, ethnologist, and geologist, who has a significant but underestimated place in the history of the study of North American languages. Among others, Smith was among the first scholars to collaborate extensively with Indigenous consultants and the first woman in the history of Western linguistics who published works on grammatical gender. Such achievements point to the need to reconsider her life and work in the context of the reception of the first generation of women in American anthropology as well as the study of gender in Iroquoian languages since the mid-19th century.
Source language difficulties in learner translation
Authors: Kunilovskaya Maria , Ilyushchenya Tatyana , Morgoun Natalia , Mitkov Ruslan
Published: June 2022

This study uses an error-annotated, mass-media subset of a sentence-aligned, multi-parallel learner translator corpus to reveal source-language items that are challenging in English–Russian translation. Our data includes multiple translations of the most challenging source sentences, drawn from a large collection of student translations on the basis of error statistics. This sample was subjected to manual contrastive-comparative analysis, which resulted in a list of English items that were difficult for students. The outcome of the analysis was compared to the topics discussed in translation textbooks that are recommended for BA and specialist-degree students in Russia. We discuss items that deserve more prominence in training as well as items that call for improvements to traditional learning activities. This study presents evidence that a more empirically motivated design of the practical translation syllabus as part of translator education is required.
The reception of Wüster’s General Theory of Terminology
Authors: Humbley John
Published: June 2022

Eugen Wüster is generally credited with founding modern Terminology theory. Over time, his legacy has been evaluated from various points of view, each new approach positioning itself against what came to be known as the General Theory of Terminology. Reappraisal came in particular from Socioterminology, Sociocognitive, Communicative and Textual Terminology and from Translation Studies. While some approaches set out to build on Wüster’s principles, most sought to distance themselves from them. It is argued that his contribution can only be properly assessed by placing his activities in their historical context and by recognizing that theory was only one part of Wüster’s achievement: he is at least as important for having embedded terminology in areas such as standardization and specialized communication.
Multidimensionality
Authors: Bowker Lynne
Published: June 2022

Multidimensionality is a phenomenon of conceptual classification that arises when concepts are classified in more than one way within a concept system according to different characteristics. Because multidimensionality can be complex and cause information overload, early terminologists focused on the most common dimension. In the 1990s, knowledge-based approaches emerged, partly inspired by cognitive science models. Technological advances offered the possibility of managing multiple inheritance and generating graphical representations, making it easier to work with multidimensionality. Corpus-based techniques that used lexical knowledge patterns to uncover conceptual relations soon followed. Terminologists have thus incorporated multidimensionality into successive terminological knowledge bases, offering richer representations of multiple dimensions and a more holistic understanding of concepts. These resources also explore ways of addressing information overload.
Causes of terminological variation
Authors: Freixa Judit
Published: June 2022

The aim of studying terminological variation is to understand the reasons for the existence of several denominations for the same concept in specialised texts. Based on Freixa (2006), this article resumes the study of the causes of terminological variation and updates the proposal with a literature review of the research on this topic in recent years. We first situate terminological variation as a natural and necessary feature of terminological units. We then give an overview of the advances in studying and representing variation and its causes. This leads to the main part of the article, which reviews the different causes of variation and provides new nuances and examples in light of the literature reviewed.
Diachronic variation
Authors: Dury Pascaline
Published: June 2022

The use of the diachronic perspective to study specialised terms and concepts is a research area which has long been under-exploited in Terminology. Until very recently, studies on specialised terminologies were carried out only from a synchronic perspective, which is still predominant, although the use of the diachronic perspective is now less marginal. Specialised diachrony, i.e., the many changes occurring in terms and concepts over time should be considered as an integral part of term variation. Moreover, it gives access to terminological knowledge which is not often described when studied in synchrony, and it also provides knowledge about the conceptual structuring of specialised fields.
Terminology and equivalence
Authors: León-Araúz Pilar
Published: June 2022

Equivalence has not attracted as much interest as other issues in Terminology. Nevertheless, terminological equivalence can be understood from different perspectives: (1) equivalence at the concept, term or textual level; (2) degree of equivalence (from full to zero equivalence); (3) interlinguistic or intralinguistic equivalence; (4) equivalence based on the syntactic structure of terminological correspondences; (5) equivalence depending on the solution found for each equivalence-related problem; or (6) discovered or created equivalence. This chapter addresses equivalence from different theoretical approaches and their impact on the practice of terminography by analyzing different equivalence-related problems, terminographic methods and products.
Comparative study on CCTIG welding and PCTIG welding of GH4169 under the same heat input
Authors: Liu Yongjun , Zhang Siyuan , Guo Chengcheng , Long Tianxin , Li Jun
Published: June 2022

GH4169 is a nickel-based superalloy, but high welding heat input and the harmful precipitates of the Laves phase seriously affect the mechanical properties of the welding joint. In this study, constant current tungsten inert gas welding (CCTIG) and pulsed current tungsten inert gas welding (PCTIG) were used to weld the GH4169 alloy sheet under the same heat input. After welding, the relationship between microstructure and comprehensive mechanical properties was analyzed. According to the results, under the same heat input: (1) The PCTIG welded joint has narrower weld and denser microstructure. (2) The pulse current improved the segregation of Nb element at the weld, and then reduced the precipitation of the Laves phase. (3) Pulse current improved the comprehensive mechanical properties of weld metal. The tensile strength and elongation were increased by 18% and 79% respectively.
Barriers and Facilitators to Changing Drinking and Receiving Alcohol-Related Care: Interviews with Veterans Health Administration Primary Care Patients who Indicated Interest but Did Not Enroll in An Alcohol Care Management Intervention Trial
Authors: Frost Madeline C. , Matson Theresa E. , Richards Julie E. , Lee Amy K. , Achtmeyer Carol E. , Bradley Katharine A. , Williams Emily C.
Published: June 2022

Background: Most people with alcohol use disorder do not receive treatment, and primary care (PC)-based management of alcohol use disorder is a key strategy to close this gap. Understanding PC patients’ perspectives on changing drinking and receiving alcohol-related care is important for this goal, particularly among those who decline alcohol-related care. This study examined perspectives on barriers and facilitators to changing drinking and receiving alcohol-related care among Veterans Health Administration (VA) PC patients who indicated interest but did not enroll in the Choosing Healthier drinking Options In primary CarE trial (CHOICE), which tested a PC-based alcohol care management intervention. Methods: VA PC patients with frequent heavy drinking who indicated interest in CHOICE but did not enroll were invited to participate. Twenty-seven patients completed in-person, semi-structured interviews. Interview transcripts were analyzed using iterative deductive and inductive content analysis. Results: Participants were mostly men (96%) and White (59%), and the mean age was 48. Seventy-four percent met criteria for alcohol use disorder, and the median number of past-week standard drinks was 41.5. Participants reported fewer alcohol-related problems, lower importance of/readiness to change drinking, and higher confidence in their ability to change than patients who enrolled in the CHOICE trial. Barriers fell into 5 domains: drinking fulfills need(s); reducing drinking or treatment is not needed; treatment is not effective/not acceptable; alcohol-related stigma; and practical barriers. Facilitators fell into 4 domains: reasons to change drinking; social support; treatment is acceptable/meets patients’ needs; and practical facilitators. Participants discussed how Veteran identity and military experiences impacted drinking and willingness to receive care, which amplified multiple barriers/facilitators. Conclusions: This study identified barriers and facilitators to changing drinking and receiving alcohol-related care among VA PC patients who indicated interest but did not enroll in an alcohol care management trial. Findings can inform patient-centered interventions and support clinicians in engaging patients in care.
Commentary Article: Opioid use Disorder Cascade of Care Framework Design: A Roadmap
Authors: Williams Arthur Robin , Johnson Kimberly A. , Thomas Cindy Parks , Reif Sharon , Socías M. Eugenia , Henry Brandy F. , Neighbors Charles , Gordon Adam J. , Horgan Constance , Nosyk Bohdan , Drexler Karen , Krawczyk Noa , Gonsalves Gregg S. , Hadland Scott E. , Stein Bradley D. , Fishman Marc , Kelley A. Taylor , Pincus Harold A. , Olfson Mark
Published: June 2022

Unintentional overdose deaths, most involving opioids, have eclipsed all other causes of US deaths for individuals less than 50 years of age. An estimated 2.4 to 5 million individuals have opioid use disorder (OUD) yet a minority receive treatment in a given year. Medications for OUD (MOUD) are the gold standard treatment for OUD however early dropout remains a major challenge for improving clinical outcomes. A Cascade of Care (CoC) framework, first popularized as a public health accountability strategy to stem the spread of HIV, has been adapted specifically for OUD. The CoC framework has been promoted by the NIH and several states and jurisdictions for organizing quality improvement efforts through clinical, policy, and administrative levers to improve OUD treatment initiation and retention. This roadmap details CoC design domains based on available data and potential linkages as individual state agencies and health systems typically rely on limited datasets subject to diverse legal and regulatory requirements constraining options for evaluations. Both graphical decision trees and catalogued studies are provided to help guide efforts by state agencies and health systems to improve data collection and monitoring efforts under the OUD CoC framework.
CD4+ T helper 2 cells suppress breast cancer by inducing terminal differentiation
Authors: Boieri Margherita , Malishkevich Anna , Guennoun Ranya , Marchese Emanuela , Kroon Sanne , Trerice Kathryn E. , Awad Mary , Park Jong Ho , Iyer Sowmya , Kreuzer Johannes , Haas Wilhelm , Rivera Miguel N. , Demehri Shadmehr
Published: June 2022

Cancer immunology research is largely focused on the role of cytotoxic immune responses against advanced cancers. Herein, we demonstrate that CD4+ T helper (Th2) cells directly block spontaneous breast carcinogenesis by inducing the terminal differentiation of the cancer cells. Th2 cell immunity, stimulated by thymic stromal lymphopoietin, caused the epigenetic reprogramming of the tumor cells, activating mammary gland differentiation and suppressing epithelial–mesenchymal transition. Th2 polarization was required for this tumor antigen–specific immunity, which persisted in the absence of CD8+ T and B cells. Th2 cells directly blocked breast carcinogenesis by secreting IL-3, IL-5, and GM-CSF, which signaled to their common receptor expressed on breast tumor cells. Importantly, Th2 cell immunity permanently reverted high-grade breast tumors into low-grade, fibrocystic-like structures. Our findings reveal a critical role for CD4+ Th2 cells in immunity against breast cancer, which is mediated by terminal differentiation as a distinct effector mechanism for cancer immunoprevention and therapy.
On dynamical behavior for optical solitons sustained by the perturbed Chen–Lee–Liu model
Authors: Tarla Sibel , Ali Karmina K , Yilmazer Resat , Osman M S
Published: June 2022

This study investigates the perturbed Chen–Lee–Liu model that represents the propagation of an optical pulse in plasma and optical fiber. The generalized exponential rational function method is used for this purpose. As a result, we obtain some non-trivial solutions such as the optical singular, periodic, hyperbolic, exponential, trigonometric soliton solutions. We aim to express the pulse propagation of the generated solutions, by taking specific values for the free parameters existed in the obtained solutions. The obtained results show that the generalized exponential rational function technique is applicable, simple and effective to get the solutions of nonlinear engineering and physical problems. Moreover, the acquired solutions display rich dynamical evolutions that are important in practical applications.
Campath, clones and the cause of autoimmunity
Authors: Coles Alasdair
Published: June 2022

This scientific commentary refers to ‘Alemtuzumab-induced immune phenotype and repertoire changes: implications for secondary autoimmunity’ by Ruck et al. (https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awac064).
New reasons for biologists to write with a formal language
Authors: Rodriguez-Esteban Raul
Published: June 2022

Current biological writing is afflicted by the use of ambiguous names, convoluted sentences, vague statements and narrative-fitted storylines. This represents a challenge for biological research in general and in particular for fields such as biological database curation and text mining, which have been tasked to cope with exponentially growing content. Improving the quality of biological writing by encouraging unambiguity and precision would foster expository discipline and machine reasoning. More specifically, the routine inclusion of formal languages in biological writing would improve our ability to describe, compile and model biology.
Smooth sailing: market integration, agglomeration, and productivity growth in interwar Brazil
Authors: Badia-Miró Marc , Carreras-MarÍn Anna , Huberman Michael
Published: June 2022

Leveraging an original dataset on coastal shipping and invoking a new economic geography framework, we study the effects of domestic and international trade costs on industrial concentration and productivity growth in interwar Brazil. In the great wave of globalization before 1914, international trade costs were low and domestic costs high. Economic activity was dispersed along the coastline. The interwar period saw a reversal: international costs surged and domestic costs declined. Economic activity was increasingly concentrated in São Paulo. Agglomeration economies enabled productivity growth in the 1930s, mostly in durable and capital goods.
Two-dimensional variational mode decomposition for seismic record denoising
Authors: Zhang Xingli , Chen Yan , Jia Ruisheng , Lu Xinming
Published: June 2022

Seismic signal denoising is the main task of seismic data processing. This study proposes a novel method for the denoising seismic record on the basis of a two-dimensional variational mode decomposition (2D-VMD) algorithm and permutation entropy (PE). 2D-VMD is a recently introduced adaptive signal decomposition method in which $K$ and $\alpha $ are important decomposing parameters to determine the number of modes, and have a predictable effect on the nature of detected modes. We present a novel method to address the problems of selecting appropriate $K$ and $\alpha $ values and apply these values to the proposed method. First, for a 2D seismic signal, the 2D-VMD method can decompose it into $K$ modes with specific direction and vibration characteristics. Next, the PE value of each mode is calculated. Random noise components are eliminated according to the PE value. Finally, the signal components are reconstructed to acquire the denoised seismic signal. Experimental and simulation results indicate that the proposed method has remarkable denoising effect on synthetic and real seismic signals. We hope that this new method can inspire and help evaluate new ideas in this field.
A Unique Mitochondrial Gene Block Inversion in Antarctic Trematomin Fishes: A Cautionary Tale
Authors: Patel Selina , Evans Clive W , Stuckey Alex , Matzke Nicholas J , Millar Craig D
Published: June 2022

Many Antarctic notothenioid fishes have major rearrangements in their mitochondrial (mt) genomes. Here, we report the complete mt genomes of 3 trematomin notothenioids: the bald notothen (Trematomus (Pagothenia) borchgrevinki), the spotted notothen (T. nicolai), and the emerald notothen (T. bernacchii). The 3 mt genomes were sequenced using next-generation Illumina technology, and the assemblies verified by Sanger sequencing. When compared with the canonical mt gene order of the Antarctic silverfish (Pleuragramma antarctica), we found a large gene inversion in the 3 trematomin mt genomes that included tRNAIle, ND1, tRNALeu2, 16S, tRNAVal, 12S, tRNAPhe, and the control region. The trematomin mt genomes contained 3 intergenic spacers, which are thought to be the remnants of previous gene and control region duplications. All control regions included the characteristic conserved regulatory sequence motifs. Although short-read next-generation DNA sequencing technology has allowed the rapid and cost-effective sequencing of a large number of complete mt genomes, it is essential in all cases to verify the assembly in order to prevent the publication and use of erroneous data.
Process intensification at the expression system level for the production of 1-phosphate aldolase in antibiotic-free E. coli fed-batch cultures
Authors: Pasini Martina , Fernández-Castané Alfred , Caminal Gloria , Overton Tim W , Ferrer Pau
Published: June 2022

To successfully design expression systems for industrial biotechnology and biopharmaceutical applications; plasmid stability, efficient synthesis of the desired product and the use of selection markers acceptable to regulatory bodies are of utmost importance. In this work we demonstrate the application of a set of IPTG-inducible protein expression systems -- harboring different features namely, antibiotic vs auxotrophy marker; two-plasmids vs single plasmid expression system; expression levels of the repressor protein (LacI) and the auxotrophic marker (glyA) -- in high-cell density cultures to evaluate their suitability in bioprocess conditions that resemble industrial settings. Results revealed that the first generation of engineered strain showed a 50% reduction in the production of the model recombinant protein fuculose-1-phosphate aldolase (FucA) compared to the reference system from QIAGEN. The over-transcription of glyA was found to be a major factor responsible for the metabolic burden. The second- and third-generation of expression systems presented an increase in FucA production and advantageous features. In particular, the third-generation expression system is antibiotic-free, autotrophy-selection based and single-plasmid and, is capable to produce FucA at similar levels compared to the original commercial expression system. These new tools open new avenues for high-yield and robust expression of recombinant proteins in E. coli.
Of Two-Tailed Lizards: Spells, Folk-Knowledge, and Navigating Manila, 1620–1650
Authors: Findley David Max
Published: June 2022

Although seventeenth-century Manila has been anointed the birthplace of global trade and its diversity is well-established, how individuals navigated that milieu is only recently coming to light. To elucidate how various persons experienced Manila, this article assembles and analyzes nearly one hundred denunciations of sorcery (hechicería) made to the Philippine branch of the Inquisition between ca. 1620 and 1650. The hexes and spells sold in this period promised material and physical benefits. Individuals purchased or learned about spells primarily from Indigenous Philippine peoples, but also from Manila’s Moluccan, Indian, and Japanese residents who either imitated Philippine hexes or marketed their own, distinct spells. This exchange took place outside Manila’s city walls, in the sprawling city of Extramuros, where frequent interactions between diverse peoples facilitated exchange and even contributed to the emergence of novel, hybridized hexes mixing Catholic invocations and Philippine rituals. Cumulatively, what these denunciations of a minor crime capture is the everyday interactions between diverse peoples that defined Manila. In the process, they establish how residents experienced and navigated the world’s first global city.
The role of magnetic fields in the stability and fragmentation of filamentary molecular clouds: two case studies at OMC-3 and OMC-4
Authors: Li Pak Shing , Lopez-Rodriguez Enrique , Soam Archana , Klein Richard I
Published: June 2022

We present the stability analysis of two regions, OMC-3 and OMC-4, in the massive and long molecular cloud complex of Orion A. We obtained 214 $\mu$m HAWC + /SOFIA polarization data, and we make use of archival data for the column density and C18O (1–0) emission line. We find clear depolarization in both observed regions and that the polarization fraction is anticorrelated with the column density and the polarization-angle dispersion function. We find that the filamentary cloud and dense clumps in OMC-3 are magnetically supercritical and strongly subvirial. This region should be in the gravitational collapse phase and is consistent with many young stellar objects (YSOs) forming in the region. Our histogram of relative orientation (HRO) analysis shows that the magnetic field is dynamically sub-dominant in the dense gas structures of OMC-3. We present the first polarization map of OMC-4. We find that the observed region is generally magnetically subcritical except for an elongated dense core, which could be a result of projection effect of a filamentary structure aligned close to the line of sight. The relative large velocity dispersion and the unusual positive shape parameters at high column densities in the HROs analysis suggest that our viewing angle may be close to axes of filamentary substructures in OMC-4. The dominating strong magnetic field in OMC-4 is unfavourable for star formation and is consistent with much fewer YSOs than in OMC-3.