bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perivascular Epithelioid Cell Tumor of the Heart in a Child
Authors: Tai Yanhong , Wei Lixin , Shi Huaiyin
Published: December 2010

We report a case of cardiac perivascular epithelioid cell tumor (PEComa) that occurred in a 10-year-old girl. The patient presented with cardiac murmur and increasing dyspnea. A solid mass was detected in the left atrioventricular groove by sonography and chest computed tomography. Histologic examination revealed a tumor composed of spindle and epithelioid cells, exhibiting either a clear or a slightly eosinophilic cytoplasm and a bland nucleus. Intranuclear pseudoinclusions and calcifications could be found occasionally. Immunohistochemically, tumor cells were positive for HMB45, melan-A, and smooth muscle actin. We regard this case as a PEComa of uncertain malignant potential. The patient remains disease free at her 18-month follow up. To the best of our knowledge, this is the 3rd report of cardiac PEComa and the 1st report of cardiac PEComa affecting a child.
Swiss Biotech – An Overview of the Industry and the Key Stakeholders 2010
Authors: Alexakis Domenico P.
Published: December 2010

This article presents the stakeholders of the Swiss Biotechnology sector. From academia to industry, from TechTransfer initiatives to state impulse programs, the sector has developed rapidly in the last years. Public Private Partnerships such as Life Science Clusters and collaborations
between industry associations have proven to be an essential part for sustainable success for our national GDP. The author has extensive experience in the various sub-sectors.
Swiss Industrial Biocatalysis Consortium (SIBC)
Authors: Wirz Beat , Kittelmann Matthias , Meyer Hans-Peter , Wohlgemuth Roland
Published: December 2010

Taking up the common challenges in biocatalysis, a group of industrialists decided to react with a bottom-up solution, and created the Swiss Industrial Biocatalysis Consortium (SIBC). The Swiss Industrial Biocatalysis Consortium is a pre-competitive working group to better implement
and utilize existing know-how and resources in biocatalysis, and to influence and shape the economic and educational political environment.Recent examples of activities are outlined.
Thromboembolic Conditions, Aetiology Diagnosis and Treatment in Dogs and Cats
Authors: Konečný Filip
Published: December 2010

In veterinary medicine, thrombo-embolism (TE) is an under-appreciated medical condition that requires immediate recognition. Since TE is multifactorial and its mode of presentation may vary, veterinarians face great difficulties in making a definitive diagnosis in a timely manner. In addition, most of the underlying conditions that give rise to TE are life-threatening and an aggressive diagnostic and therapeutic approach is required. Not only does the diagnosis and treatment of this condition require the collaboration of many specialties, the costs of therapy can be excessive with a high risk of recurrence. As such, owners have to be thoroughly informed before the therapy commences. While TE has been well-characterized in humans and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, little information of similar quality is available in veterinary medicine. In addition, TE in animals is distinct from its human counterpart and we cannot simply adapt what is known from human clinical trials. With the promise of improvements in imaging modalities that improve our diagnostic capabilities, the window of opportunity to treat TE increases. This article focuses on aetiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of dogs and cats affected by TE.
Review of An Academic Skating on Thin Ice
Authors: Tonkin Elizabeth
Published: December 2010

Peter Worsley (2008), An Academic Skating on Thin Ice (Oxford & New York: Berghahn), 296 pp., Hb: $39.95/£22.00, ISBN-13: 978-1-8454-5370-1.
Synthesis of Threo-(±)-9,9-Dibenzoylsecoisolariciresinol and its Isomer
Authors: Xia Yamu , Wen Yanling
Published: December 2010

The total synthesis of threo-(±)-9,9-dibenzoylsecoisolariciresinol and its isomer based on two Stobbe reactions as C–C bond-forming steps used a protected vanillin and diethyl; succinate to give the skeleton of lignan, followed by reduction to afford threo- and meso-(±)-secoisolariciresinol Both were treated with benzoyl chloride to obtain the natural product threo-(±)-9,9-dibenzoylsecoisolariciresinol and Its isomer meso-(±)-9,9-dibenzoylsecoisolariciresinol for the first time.
Synthesis, Structure and Photoluminescence of [N-ethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium][CdBr4] with N-ethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium Generated in situ
Authors: Chen Wentong , Yao Zhongliang , Huang Jinshun , Liu Dongsheng , Ying Shaoming , Liu Jiuhui
Published: December 2010

A new viologen(4,4′-bipyridinium)-based complex [ N-ethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium][CdBr4], in which N-ethyl-4,4′-bipyri-dinium ( EQ2+) has been generated in situ, has been synthesised via hydrothermal reaction and structurally characterised by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. [ N-ethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium][CdBr4] features an isolated structure, based on an N-ethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium moiety and a cadmium atom terminally bound by four bromine atoms. Photoluminescence investigation reveals a broad and intense emission in blue region, which may originated from π → π* charge-transfer interaction of the N-ethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium moiety.
Conversion of CO2 into Cyclic Carbonates in the Presence of Metal Complexes as Catalysts
Authors: Kilic Ahmet , Durgun Mustafa , Ulusoy Mahmut , Tas Esref
Published: December 2010

The sterically hindered salicylaldimine ligands N,N‘-(1,5-diaminonaphthalene)-3,5-but2-salicylaldimine (L1), N,N‘-(2,7-diaminofluaren)-3,5-but2-salicylaldimine (L2) and N,N‘-(1,8-diaminonaphthaline)-3,5-but2-salicylaldimine (L3) have been synthesised by the condensation of 1,5-diaminonaphthalene, 2,7-diaminofluarene, and 1,8-diaminonaphthaline with 3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylaldehyde, respectively. Dinuclear M(II) complexes of L1 and L2 and mononuclear M(II) complexes of L3 have been prepared using Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II), and Mn(II) salts and characterised. The synthesised sterically-hindered, salen-type complexes were tested as catalysts for the formation of cyclic carbonates from CO2 and liquid epoxides (propylene oxide, epichlorohydrine, 1,2-epoxybutane and styrene oxide), which served as both reactant and solvent. Ligand structure and the type of metal centre have a marked influence on the catalytic activity. Mn(II) complexes showed the highest catalytic activity.
Synthesis and Binding Properties of a New Fluorescent Molecular Clip Based on 2-ethyl Cyanoacrylate
Authors: Zhang Dehua
Published: December 2010

A new fluorescent molecular clip based on 2-ethyl cyanoacrylate has been synthesised and its binding properties investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy to show that it can selectively bind Fe3+ with fluorescence quenching.
A Dissymmetric, Singly Phenoxido-Bridged Cu∥ Dinuclear Coordination Compound: Synthesis, Characterisation, Magnetic and Computational Study
Authors: Datta Amitabha , Chuang Nien-Tsu , Liao Fu-Xing , Hu Ching-Han , Huang Wen-Yen , Huang Jui-Hsien , Das Kuheli , Gamez Patrick , Costa José Sánchez
Published: December 2010

A singly phenoxido-bridged dinuclear Cu∥ complex, [Cu2(L)2(SCN)2(H2O)], has been obtained from a Schiff-base ligand (2-[{[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]imino}methyl]-6-methoxyphenol), generated by condensation of o-vanillin with N,N-dimethylethane-1,2-diamine. The Cu(II) complex has been fully characterised by analytical, spectroscopic, magnetic susceptibility and EPR measurements and DFT calculations, as well as single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. It consists of two geometrically distinct square-pyramidal and octahedral copper(II) centres, exhibiting N2O3 and N4O2 donor sets. In the dimeric unit, the copper atoms are connected by a μ2-phenolato oxygen atom, belonging to one bridging Schiff-base ligand. Variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements indicate strong antiferromagnetic exchange interactions between the Cu(II) centres, with a 2 J value of −89(1) cm−1.
Synthesis, spectroscopic characterisation, electron microscopic study and thermogravimetric analysis of a phosphorus-containing dendrimer with phloroglucinol as a core unit
Authors: Dadapeer Echchukattula , Raju Chamarthi Naga
Published: December 2010

A phosphorus-containing dendrimer of up to four generations with phloroglucinol as a core unit was synthesised using a divergent growth method. A repetitive synthetic sequence of several types of reactions was performed by using P(O)Cl3, 3-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde and p-phenylenediamine for the synthesis of this dendritic molecule G4 involving simple condensation reactions. This Schiff's base macromolecule possesses 12 imine bonds and 6-OH groups on the periphery. The structures of the intermediate generations G1, G2, G3 were confirmed by IR, 1H, 13C, 31P NMR and LC/EI MS. The final dendrimer G4 was characterised by IR, 1H, 13C, 31P NMR, Maldi-tof mass spectrometer and C, H, N analysis. The scanning electronic microscopic study and thermogravimetric analysis were also performed for the final dendrimer (G4).
Enhanced Creep Resistance via Ion Exchange Processes in Al/Mgal2O4 Composites
Authors: Zuliani F. , Choudhury R. , Sbaizero O. , De Vita A.
Published: December 2010

Discontinuously reinforced aluminium (DRA) composites were prepared by a novel ion exchange process in which the reinforcing phase, aluminium oxide, was introduced by exchanging the magnesium ions in magnesium aluminate spinel with aluminium [1]. The exchange reaction occurs by the diffusion of magnesium and aluminium ions across the interface in opposite directions. The process led to the formation of DRA composites with a remarkable resistance to high temperature deformation. We present an ab-initio density functional study of the coherent cube-on-cube interfaces between spinel (MgAl2O4) and Al metal and relevant X-ray diffraction studies of the DRA composite. We find that the presence of surface electric dipoles near the interface, originated by the ion exchange process, leads to a lowering of the Al/MgAl2O4 interface toughness, and an increased residual surface stress, which does not support the hypothesis that the ion exchange process is directly responsible for the increased creep resistance of the DRA composite. We propose instead that deep diffusion of the Al atoms into MgAl2O4, resulting in the formation of γ-Al2O3 nanograins, is the mechanism that impedes dislocation movement and thus increases the interface toughness.
Kinetic Investigation of Silica Gel Chemically Modified by Ethylenediamine Bis(Methylene Phosphonic Acid) for Adsorption of Au(Iii)
Authors: Tian Yuan , Yin Ping , Qu Rongjun , Ji Chunnuan , Sun Yanzhi , Xu Qiang , Yu Zhongxi
Published: December 2010

A novel hybrid material, silica gel chemically modified by ethylenediamine bis(methylene phosphonic acid) (denoted as SH-E-P), has been developed, and FT-IR analysis demonstrated that methylene phosphonic acid groups had been grafted successfully onto the surface of the silica gel. A detailed kinetic investigation of the adsorption of Au(III) onto SH-E-P is reported in this study. The results showed that SH-E-P could reach its saturation adsorption capacity within 4h, with an excellent adsorption capacity for Au(III) of 453.83 mg g−1 when the initial solution concentration was 2.0 mmol L−1 at 35°C. Moreover, the adsorption kinetics can be closely modelled by a pseudo second-order rate equation. The thermodynamic parameters Δ G, Δ H and Δ S were - 19.52 kJ mol−1, 4.84 kJ mol−1, and 79.43 J K−1 mol−1, respectively. It can be concluded that the adsorption of Au(III) on SH-E-P is a spontaneous, endothermic process controlled by film diffusion, which results in its higher adsorption capacity at higher temperatures.
Catalytic Incineration of Ethylbenzene over Monolith-Supported Metal Oxide Catalyst
Authors: Özçelik Tuğba Gunmen , Atalay SüHeyda
Published: December 2010

Catalytic incineration of ethylbenzene has been investigated over metal oxide catalysts coated on monolith supports. Co3O4, Cr2O3 and a mixed form of these were prepared and tested. Studies were carried out at 1 atm pressure in a fixed-bed reactor with 865% excess air. Prior experiments were conducted without catalyst from which it was found that 46% of ethylbenzene was converted at the maximum temperature tested, i.e. 400°C. All the catalysts produced higher conversion rates than that of the homogeneous experiments; nevertheless, with none of these was complete combustion of ethylbenzene achieved. The maximum conversions obtained were 76% over Cr2O3 and 74% over Co3O4 at 400°C. The adsorption of hydrocarbons and other products on the catalysts was investigated. Both Cr2O3 and Co3O4 catalysts were analysed by infrared spectroscopy, both before and after the catalyst testing experiments.
Kinetic and Mechanistic Aspects of the Chromic Acid Oxidation of D-Galactose in the Presence and Absence of Picolinic Acid Catalyst in Aqueous Micellar Acid Media
Authors: Das Asim K. , Islam Monirul , Das Ruhi , Kar Dalia
Published: December 2010

The kinetics and mechanism of the chromic acid oxidation of D-galactose in the presence and absence of picolinic acid (PA) in aqueous acid media have been determined under the conditions, [D — galactose]T ≥ [CrVI]T at different temperatures. Under the kinetic conditions, HCrO4- has been found kinetically active in the absence of PA while in the PA catalysed path, a CrVI - PA complex has been established as the active oxidant. In the PA-catalysed path, the CrVI - PA complex receives a nucleophilic attack by the substrate to form a ternary complex which subsequently undergoes a redox decomposition through a two-electron transfer leading to a lactone (oxidised product) and a CrIV - PA complex. Then the CrIV -PA complex participates further in the oxidation of D-galactose and ultimately is converted into a CrIII - PA complex. In the uncatalysed path, a CrVI - substrate ester experiences an acid catalysed redox decomposition (2e-transfer) at the rate-determining step. The uncatalysed path shows a second-order dependence on [H+]. Under the experimental conditions, both paths show first-order dependences on [D-galactose]T and [CrVI]T. The PA-catalysed path is first-order in [PA]T. These observations remain unaltered in the presence of externally added surfactants. The effect of surfactants like N-cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC, a cationic surfactant) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS, an anionic surfactant), on both the uncatalysed and PA-catalysed paths have been studied. CPC retards both the uncatalysed and PA-catalysed path, while SDS accelerates the reactions. The observed micellar effects have been explained by considering the hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions between the reactants and surfactants.
The Growth of the Glacier Crystal
Authors: Seligman Gerald
Published: December 2010

This paper concludes the earlier researches of the author and his colleagues on the development of glacier ice from the snow crystal. It traces the crystal growth down to the end of the glacier and records the distribution of large crystals in glacier tongues. Various agencies are suggested which might help in the proposed investigation of the mechanisms of growth of the crystals of glacier ice.
Pressure Release and Glacial Erosion
Authors: Lewis W. V.
Published: December 2010

Two tunnels were dug through a small cirque glacier to the rock wall behind (a) the névé, and (b) the lower glacier. The upper tunnel revealed shattering of the rock wall due to the freezing of melt water. The bedrock at the end of the lower tunnel was both smoothed and fractured. The problem is to account for the fracturing of the resistant gneiss where the temperature remains at 0° C. throughout the year. The solution offered is that the release of pressure beneath a thick glacier immediately downstream from a roche moutonnée, or from a small steep step, enables the stresses locked within the gneiss to crack the rock. These stresses result from the gradual removal of the overburden, since the gneiss consolidated under the pressure of thousands of metres of rock strata. The glacier can later remove the jointed and broken rock.
Studies in Glacier Physics on the Penny Ice Cap, Baffin Island, 1953: Part II: Portable Ice-Boring Equipment
Authors: Ward W. H.
Published: December 2010

The construction and use of some portable ice-boring equipment are described. The total weight of equipment for boring to a depth of 20 m. is about 36 kg. The weight increases by 1 kg. for each extra metre of depth.
Investigations in Vestspitsbergen
Authors: Dineley D. L.
Published: December 2010

Deep, partly snow-filled gullies cutting the sea cliffs of part of the Vestspitsbergen strandflat are noted. They do not appear to have been cut by streams, and it is suggested that a process of frost action and snowpatch erosion has been largely responsible for their formation.

A short note on glacial recession in part of Vestspitsbergen is added.
Results of Preliminary Experiments on the Plasticity of Ice Crystals
Authors: Steinemann Samuel
Published: December 2010

The growth of single crystals of ice for the study of plasticity has to be done with care, since a disturbing lineage structure is easily generated. The orientation of specimens can be found from growth figures (dendrites) and Tyndall’s “flowers”; these give thea-axis, as the branches in both cases point in the [1120] direction. Slip occurs on the basal plane without following a definite glide direction. In pure shear two stages of creep exist, the first for a glide of 10–20 per cent in an undeformed crystal, the second for greater shears having a higher creep velocity. Both stages obey the law,nbeing 2.3–4 in the first case and 1.3–1.8 in the second. The deformed state above the transition remains stable and no recrystallization takes place in pure shear. Restoration of the undeformed state by recrystallization occurs only in inhomogeneously deformed parts. This observation may have an influence in interpreting measurements of glacier movements and tests on polycrystalline specimens in the laboratory.
Internal Temperatures of a Cold Glacier and Conclusions Therefrom
Authors: Fisher Joel E.
Published: December 2010

Description of a horizontal tunnel driven through a cold, steeply sloping glacier, altitude 14,000 feet (4267 m.) on Monte Rosa, from its surface right through to bedrock, a distance of 302 feet (42 m.). Temperatures found deep within this cold glacier were 18° F. (−7.78° C.) compared with 8° F. (−13.33° C.) near its surface, and again near contact with its rock bed. This internal heat is interpreted as heat supplied from the interior of the earth, and as indicative of existence of ice at pressure-melting-point in all cold ice glaciers, if thickness of ice is sufficient. Existence of such an underlay of ice at pressure-melting-point, varying in distribution with varying supply of internal heat, is shown to explain (1) cirque erosion, (2) uniform elevation of cirques in any one region, (3) existence of extrusion flow under certain conditions, and (4) control of cycles of continental glaciation, under extreme limits.
Some Observations on the Banding of Glacier Ice
Authors: Untersteiner N.
Published: December 2010

The distribution of fine banding (foliation) on the surface of a flat glacier tongue was studied. The conclusions reached are that fine banding seems to be neither of sedimentary origin nor to be the representation of a straightforward stress system. In the present case, foliation seems to be connected with ice falls.

Other bands definitely not belonging to the fine banding system were plotted irrespective of their outward appearance. Statistically, their preferred spacial directions correspond to the directions of either maximum shear stress or maximum normal stress (tension).
Observations of Freeze-Up and Break-Up of the Yukon River at Beaver, Alaska
Authors: Williams R. John
Published: December 2010

Observations of fall freeze-up and spring break-up, important to subarctic hydrology and to local economy, were made at the Yukon River town of Beaver, Alaska, September 1949 to June 1950. On October 15, with river temperature at 0° C., the freezing together of floating ice crystals formed thin ice pans that gradually thickened. Falling river level and increasingly heavy ice concentration choked off all but main channels. On 25 October ice jammed downstream and produced a continuous ice cover and a temporary rise of about 1 m. at Beaver. After 26 October the river resumed its drop in level until April. Freeze-up appears governed by local channel, current and weather conditions and lacks systematic progression either upstream or downstream.

Spring thaw beginning in late April thawed snow cover and weakened river ice. In early May the river began to rise slowly, but at an increasing rate, until 13 May when ice was nearly free from shore. On 14 May, after a rise of about 3 m. in 24 hours, the ice broke and moved downstream as the flood crest passed Beaver. Downstream progression of break-up is delayed by local ice jams, the chief cause of disastrous river floods, and is advanced by early break-up of large tributaries.
Measurements of Ablation and Heat Balance On Alpine Glaciers: With some remarks on the cause of glacier recession in the Alps
Authors: Hoinkes H.
Published: December 2010

Measurements of heat balance and ablation on glaciers of the Eastern Alps carried out during a total of 45 days since the summer of 1950 indicate that in flat glaciated areas at approximately 3000 m. above sea level 81 to 84 per cent of the energy causing ablation is supplied by short wave radiation from the sun and sky. Only 16 to 19 per cent come from the air in the form of actual and latent heat. On glacier tongues at altitudes of approximately 2300 m. the percentage of ablation caused by radiation is only 58 to 65 per cent. This is primarily the result of the shortened duration of sunshine in the deeper valleys. The supply of perceptible and latent heat from the air can, at most, reach a value of 15 to 30 per cent on glacier tongues. Evaporation from the ice and heat supply by liquid precipitation are negligible during the normal ablation period (June till September).

It is to be expected therefore that the alpine glaciers will primarily react to variations of radiation and albedo during the months of June to September. The effects of changing summer temperatures are considered insufficient to cause the vast changes of the ice-cover. The variations of the duration of summer sunshine and the number of days with snowfall as a rough indication of albedo, respectively, are in perfect agreement with the behaviour of alpine glaciers during the last sixty years.
The Grinnell and Terra Nivea Ice Caps, Baffin Island
Authors: Mercer J. H.
Published: December 2010

The Grinnell and Terra Nivea Ice Caps are the southernmost in eastern North America. The Grinnell Ice Cap reaches an altitude of 870 m. (2854 ft.). The general tendency is for slight retreat, but one large glacier is advancing. The equilibrium line is considerably lower than on the Penny Ice Cap to the north. Both firn and superimposed ice are important in the economy.
Glaciers of the Washington Cascade and Olympic Mountains; Their Present Activity and its Relation to Local Climatic Trends
Authors: Hubley Richard C.
Published: December 2010

Between 1953 and 1955, 73 glaciers in the Olympic and Cascade Mountains of Washington State have been investigated to determine their present activity. 50 of these glaciers are now advancing at rates from 3 to 100 m. or more per annum. Of the remaining 23, 22 glaciers either demonstrate clear evidence of increasing thickness, or have remained so heavily snow-covered at the end of the ablation season that it has not been possible to locate their limits.

The present glacier growth, which appears to have started about 12 years ago, represents a radical change from conditions during the previous 20 years when glaciers of the Olympics and Cascades without exception were shrinking rapidly. An analysis of local climatic data demonstrates a present trend toward a cooler, wetter climate in western Washington. The ten year running mean annual temperature at Tatoosh Island off the Washington coast has decreased approximately o 8° C. from the period 1934–1943 to the period 1945–1954. In the same interval of time the ten year running mean annual precipitation at Tatoosh has increased about 38 cm., and during the last decade has reached its highest value since the period 1898–1907.
Problems of Sea Ice Research
Authors: Nusser Franz
Published: December 2010

Sea ice research has reached a critical point in its development. In place of a geographical statistical trend there is now a geophysical approach. Whereas the main problem has been the explanation of the phenomena of sea ice in space and time, more and more attention is being devoted to the connexion between the state of the ice and the changing conditions in the water and the air.
Mapping of the Topography of Continental Ice by Inversion of Satellite-altimeter Data
Authors: Remy F. , Mazzega P. , Houry S. , Brossier C. , Minster J.F.
Published: December 2010

Satellite-altimeter data over ice sheets provide the best tool for mapping their topography and its possible climatic variations. However, these data are affected by measurement errors, orbit errors, and slope errors. We develop here a three-step inversion technique which accommodates the a priori information on the expected topography and correctly handles and propagates the data errors: it estimates first a large-scale reference surface, then maps the residuals related to undulations, and finally iteratively corrects the slope error. The method is tested on overlapping small fragments of the Antarctic ice sheet, using a sub-set of Seasat data. Finally, a topographic map of Terre Adélie is produced. Over areas of small slopes, the a posteriori error should be of the order of 0.4 m. Using ERS-I data, it is therefore expected that climatic variations in the ice-sheet topography since the introduction of Seasat will be observable.
Ice-Shelf Response to Ice-stream Discharge Fluctuations: III. The Effects of Ice-stream Imbalance on the Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica
Authors: Macayeal Douglas R.
Published: December 2010

A numerical simulation of the Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica, in which discharge from Ice Streams A-E is changed suddenly between extreme states, is used to investigate ice-shelf thickness and flow anomalies generated by ice-stream transience. At one extreme, ice-stream discharge rates specified as model boundary conditions are balanced individually with snow accumulation in the ice-stream catchment areas. At the other, discharge rates are fixed at current observed values which widely depart from mass balance. The simulated ice-shelf evolution between initial and final steady states suggests that ice-thickness and velocity fields adjust to new ice-stream conditions over a relatively short time span (approximately 500 years). In contrast, transitory geometrics of medial moraines and relict-crevasse bands persist over a longer time span (up to 2000 years). Contortions of medial moraines and relict-crevasse bands thus may provide a useful long-term history of past ice-stream activity. The past stoppage of Ice Stream C, for example, should be evident today in some medial moraine trajectories even if the stoppage occurred over 1000 years ago. Ice-shelf thickness fluctuations induced by ice-stream activity are generally restricted to the neighborhood of the grounding line. These fluctuations may constitute a trigger for ice-rise formation near ice-stream outlets.
Force Budget: I. Theory and Numerical Methods
Authors: Van Der Veen C.J. , Whillans I.M.
Published: December 2010

A practical method is developed for calculating stresses and velocities at depth using field measurements of the geometry and surface velocity of glaciers. To do this, it is convenient to partition full stresses into lithostatic and resistive components. The horizontal gradient in vertically integrated lithostatic stress is the driving stress and it describes the horizontal action of gravity. The horizontal resistive stress gradients describe the reactions. Resistive stresses are simply related to deviatoric stresses and hence to strain-rates through a constitutive relation.

A numerical scheme can be used to calculate stresses and velocities from surface velocities and slope, and from ice thickness. There is no mathematical requirement that the variations in these quantities be small.
18O Concentrations In Sea Ice Of The Weddell Sea, Antarctica
Authors: Lange Μ.A. , Schlosser P. , Ackley S.F , Wadhams P. , Dieckmann G.S.
Published: December 2010

We present data on ice texture, salinity, and δ18O obtained from identical sections of ice cores during the Winter Weddell Sea Project 1986 on RV Polarstern from July through August 1986, in the longitude range between 5°W. and 7°E. We find no uniquely definable relationship between δ18O values and ice texture in a particular section. However, most of the snow ice as well as some sections of frazil ice are found to have negative δ18O concentrations. This is due to varying degrees of admixtures of meteoric ice (snow) and sea-water during formation of snow ice. In contrast to common assumptions, our results seem to indicate that a snow cover contributes positively to sea-ice growth rather than slowing down the overall growth rate. Based on a simple model, we have estimated the contributions of meteoric ice (mean of 3 ± 3%) and the combined meteoric ice/sea-water fraction (a minimum of 7 ± 6%) to the total ice thickness for the majority of the sampled floes. Although this is only a moderate contribution to the overall mass balance, in the absence of congelation growth it nevertheless enhances ice growth in general. This hypothesis is independently supported by our snow- and ice-thickness data (Wadhams and others, 1987), which demonstrate that the depression of the snow/ice interface below the water line (i.e. a negative freeboard) and the formation of snow ice is a common occurrence in the Weddell Sea. Therefore, we hypothesize that the major part of the observed apparent increase in ice thickness between our inbound and outbound tracks of WWSP’86 may not be derived from “regular”, thermodynamically driven congelation growth, but rather from the snow-ice component in floes of the Weddell Sea.
A Subglacial Boundary-layer Regelation Mechanism
Authors: Shoemaker E.M.
Published: December 2010

Heat input to basal ice at subglacial low-pressure regions, such as exist on the lee side of bed bumps including regions of ice-bed separation, is shown to melt basal ice internally in a narrow boundary layer at most centimeters thick. Before ice at the ice-bed interface can begin to melt, the heat input Q must exceed a critical value Q*. Q* increases rapidly with an increase in the difference ΔΡ between the nominal (global) overburden pressure and the magnitude of the (local) normal stress acting between the ice and bed or ice and water pocket. Because of the non-linear nature of the flow law, the thickness of the boundary layer decreases rapidly with increasing ΔΡ. The ice in the boundary layer is likely to be soft with a high water content. Under certain conditions, a regelation cycle may exist between the boundary layer and the water in a subglacial cavity. The boundary layer is sufficiently narrow that the processes can reach steady state while ice traverses subglacial low-pressure regions of length the order of 0.01–0.1 m. The regelation phenomenon may preserve or aid the formation of narrow debris-rich ice layers at the base of temperate glaciers.
Hot-water Drilling And Bore-hole Closure In Cold Ice
Authors: Humphrey Neil , Echelmeyer Keith
Published: December 2010

Drilling bore holes in deep, cold ice masses by hot-water methods and maintaining these holes with sufficient diameter to allow down-hole experimentation poses a major obstacle to the investigation of conditions beneath ice sheets and ice streams. Closure of the water-filled holes by refreezing is the dominant difficulty. In this paper, we describe calculations of heat transfer from the drilling system to the ice and the subsequent time-dependent motion of the phase boundary defining the bore-hole wall. Results are presented with the view of optimizing the bore-hole radius at depth for a fixed drill performance and a variable rate of drilling.

Calculation of melting/refreezing rates at the bore-hole wall requires the use of a one-dimensional, time-dependent numerical heat-flow model with a distorting mesh which follows the changing hole size. The delay of hole closure is discussed with a view to keeping holes open long enough to allow instruments to be lowered to the glacier bed, while realizing that drilling-system performance may be marginal because of logisitical and/or expenditure constraints. The relative merits of drilling a large hole, which is very time consuming with a small drill, and the use of water-soluble antifreezes, which have a history of creating plugs of ice slush, are discussed. A method of creating a stable hole filled with antifreeze in which ice slush does not occur is described.

The recent application of these theoretical ideas to the planning and implementation of successful hot-water drilling programs in Antarctica and Greenland is also presented.
Hybrid Dielectric-Metallic Back Reflector for Amorphous Silicon Solar Cells
Authors: Mutitu James G. , Shi Shouyuan , Barnett Allen , Prather Dennis W.
Published: December 2010

In this paper, we present the design and fabrication of hybrid dielectric-metallic back surface reflectors, for applications in thin film amorphous silicon solar cells. Standard multilayer distributed Bragg reflectors, require a large number of layers in order to achieve high reflectance characteristics. As it turns out, the addition of a metallic layer, to the base of such a multilayer mirror, enables a reduction in the number of dielectric layers needed to attain high reflectance performance. This paper explores the design, experimental realization and opportunities, in thin film amorphous silicon solar cells, afforded by such hybrid dielectric-metallic back surface reflectors.
Synthesis and Biological Activity of trans-Tiliroside Derivatives as Potent Anti-Diabetic Agents
Authors: Zhu Yujin , Zhang Yanjun , Liu Yi , Chu Hongwan , Duan Hongquan
Published: December 2010

A set of novel trans-tiliroside derivatives were synthesized. The structures of the derivatives were identified by their IR, 1H-NMR, and MS spectra analysis. Their anti-diabetic activities were evaluated on the insulin resistant (IR) HepG2 cell model. As a result, compounds 7a, 7c, 7h, and trans-tiliroside exhibited significant glucose consumption-enhancing effects in IR-HepG2 cells compared with the positive control (metformin). This research provides useful clues for further design and discovery of anti-diabetic agents.
Lengua, prestigio y prejuicios linguisticos : Algunas consideraciones sobre el espanol
Authors: Gonzalez Cruz Isabel
Published: December 2010

This paper deals with some aspects of the important relationship between language and prestige, and the social and psychological factors it involves. The concept of prestige plays a significant role in the various processes of language change, and it seems to be closely related to other concepts such as power, status, social class, linguistic use or grammatical acceptability. However, the difficulties to define it — either as an attitude or as a particular behaviour — and to describe the characteristics of those prestigious groups still remain. In connexion with this, we will discuss the idea of a prestigious standard variety of a language, Spanish, which arises, surrounded by a series of contradictions : apparently, the phonetic features shared by an overwhelming majority of the speakers of this worldwide language have traditionally been regarded as deviations from the Castilian (standard) norm, and involve different attitudes and reactions. References will be made to some data provided by the analysis of the speech of some of the characters in two short comedies, El genio alegre (1907), and Puebla de las mujeres (1912), written by S. and J. Alvarez Quintero, two popular Spanish comedian playwriters who were very successful in depicting the habits of their contemporary Spanish society in the first three decades of this century. The stigmatized features of one of the Spanish dialects were encoded in the speech of the low-class characters in these comedies, which clearly indicates the social connotations involved in certain sounds. Divergence between pronunciation and orthography, that is textual language, seems to establish the idea of correction, and, hence, of the prestigious and standard variety of a language.
Science, an Ally of Feminism ? Isabelle Gatti de Gamond on Women and Science
Authors: Wils Kaat
Published: December 2010

Cet essai analyse la façon dont Isabelle Gatti de Gamond (1839-1905), l'une des principales féministes belges du XIXe siècle, définissait les rapports entre les femmes et la science.

Même si les revendications effectives de Gatti de Gamond étaient très radicales, son discours sur la femme partageait les motifs du discours générique qui était dominant dans la culture de la deuxième moitié du XIXe siècle. Sa représentation des rapports entre les sexes supposait une différence fondamentale entre l'homme et la femme, une équivalence ou une « égalité dans la différence », plutôt qu'une égalité tout court.

Pendant la première partie de sa carrière, Gatti de Gamond resta proche d'une vision traditionnelle et assez abstraite de la différence sexuelle, une différence située surtout au niveau de la mission et de la destinée féminine et masculine, inscrite dans une différence, interprétée métaphysiquement, de "nature". Plus tard, la différence entre les sexes fut définie en fonction d'une distinction établie scientifiquement. Il s'agissait notamment d'une différence sexuelle enracinée biologiquement, mais légitimée et fortifiée par une division sociologique entre les sexes. Même son exaltation romantique de la femme trouvait place dans cette image scientiste, non seulement parce qu'elle partait des mêmes oppositions sexuées, mais aussi parce que l'œuvre sociologique dont Gatti de Gamond s'inspirait, possédait un fort potentiel nostalgique. Sa pensée sur la relation entre les femmes et la science partageait les mêmes prémisses. Elle se basait sur des frontières strictes entre les champs de connaissance et les approches cognitives masculines d'une part, féminines de l'autre, même si les femmes bénéficiaient de la possibilité de surpasser quelques-unes de ces frontières et d'exercer, intellectuellement ou moralement, une influence salutaire.
Forgotten Intersections. Wilhelmina Drucker, Early Feminism, and the Dutch-Belgian Connection
Authors: Everard Myriam , Aerts Mieke
Published: December 2010

Aux Pays-Bas, Wilhelmina Drucker (1847-1925) est considérée comme une des féministes les plus importantes de son temps. Néanmoins, ses rapports avec le féminisme belge sont largement ignorés et, dans l'historiographie belge, sa vie et son œuvre restent presqu'inconnus.

En plus d'une esquisse détaillée de la vie de Drucker et de sa pensée féministe-socialiste, cet article présente également une analyse des recherches nouvelles sur les années 1890, l'époque du Congrès de Bruxelles de la Seconde Internationale, tout en soulignant l'importance des rapports entre Drucker et Marie Popelin, Emilie Claeys et Louis Frank. Ainsi l'article montre que, sans doute, Drucker a joué un rôle décisif dans la création des premiers mouvements féministes belges.

En conclusion, l'attention est attirée vers quelques pistes de recherches prometteuses relatives aux rapports néerlando-belges ainsi qu'aux interdépendances historiques du libéralisme, socialisme et féminisme à la fin du XIXe siècle.
Les malaises de l'Histoire coloniale
Authors: Stengers Jean
Published: December 2010

Spreker onderzoekt om welke redenen de koloniale geschiedschrijving, die vroeger over een werkelijk gezag beschikte, thans haar wetenschappelijk krediet ernstig geschokt zag. Zij werd betwist door de historici meer in het bijzonder voor wat Afrika betreft, die een geschiedenis van de Afrikaanse volkeren, op zichzelf beschouwd, verkozen ; nog scherper werd ze betwist door diegenen die thans, op politiek en moreel vlak, het verschijnsel zelf van de kolonisatie verwerpen. Maar welk oordeel men er ook over velt, de kolonisatie was een belangrijk feit in de evolutie van een groot deel van de wereld, en elk feit heeft het recht zijn geschiedschrijvers te vinden. Zowel de verdediging, die men zo vaak in het verleden hoorde, als de aanklacht die men thans zo vaak hoort, moeten plaats maken voor de sereniteit van het wetenschappelijk onderzoek.
Entre l'« Occidental » et l'« Indien ».
Authors: Losonczy Anne-Marie , Mesturini Cappo Silvia
Published: December 2010

Le texte explore une dimension particulière des pratiques religieuses en migration. Le phénomène chamanique constitue aujourd’hui un paysage multi-site, dessiné par des déplacements réguliers de spécialistes rituels et de pratiquants et par le constant essaimage et reconfiguration des pratiques. Ces passages et installations transcontinentaux marquent les communautés locales dans le sens d’une reformulation de leurs propres pratiques à usage interne ou régional. Le chamanisme dans sa version transcontinentale se structure selon un continuum organisationnel qui encadre, permet et reproduit des itinéraires, reliant les territoires du chamanisme dit « ethnique » et les recompositions urbaines tant à l’échelle nationale qu’internationale. Ce continuum s’appuie effectivement sur le croisement de « chamanismes urbains » nationaux et internationaux qui se construisent en regardant vers « l’indigène » comme lieu-ressource à revaloriser. Dès lors, il s’agira d’interroger le rôle moteur de la compétence chamanique désormais classée comme « savoir », dans la remise en question de hiérarchies sociales à portée nationale et internationale issues de la colonisation.
Mondialisation de la Virgen de Urkupiña ?
Authors: Baby-Collin Virginie , Sassone Susana
Published: December 2010

L’article met en relation la manière dont les processus de reproduction, de circulation, d’adaptation et de territorialisation du religieux en migration se donnent à voir au sein des espaces urbains. La dévotion à la Vierge d’Urkupiña, originaire de Cochabamba, est l’une des expressions de la religiosité populaire bolivienne qui s’est diffusée dans le monde, à la faveur de la migration bolivienne. Nous analysons les célébrations religieuses et les fêtes qui y sont associées, au sein des communautés boliviennes de Buenos Aires (Argentine) et de Madrid (Espagne), deux villes clés de cette migration, à partir de méthodes qualitatives (observations de terrain, entretiens, média ethniques et nationaux, sources Internet). Cette confrontation permet d’interroger, à la fois, les pratiques religieuses dans leur circulation entre origine et destination, entre Sud et Sud, entre Sud et Nord, mais aussi les modes de construction des territorialités migrantes dans les métropoles, ainsi que les enjeux pluriels qu’elles révèlent.
Les traces des absences et des retours : les empreintes de la migration sur le paysage religieux mexicain
Authors: Odgers-Ortiz Olga
Published: December 2010

La relation entre religion et migration a été principalement abordée à partir de la perspective des sociétés « d’accueil ». Que ce soit en s’attachant aux religions transnationales observables dans les grandes métropoles multiculturelles, ou bien en analysant la capacité des immigrants à adapter leur pratique religieuse dans un nouveau cadre de vie, l’accent est mis sur les lieux d’arrivée, laissant en deuxième terme l’examen des conséquences des réseaux migratoires transnationaux dans les pays d’origine. À partir des sources statistiques disponibles et du travail ethnographique réalisé dans le champ migratoire Mexique/États-Unis, cet article s’interroge sur les conséquences de l’intensification des flux migratoires dans le paysage religieux mexicain. Nous faisons l’hypothèse que l’empreinte de la migration peut être observée au moins sur trois registres : la relation entre les réseaux migratoires et l’accélération du processus de pluralisation religieuse, l’importance de la pratique religieuse dans la réorganisation de l’espace de vie des migrants – lieux d’accueil, d’arrivée et de circulation –, et finalement la transformation dans la perception de la diversité religieuse et des attitudes de tolérance ou d’intolérance religieuse.
Les nouvelles figures religieuses de la migration africaine au Caire
Authors: Bava Sophie , Picard Julie
Published: December 2010

Depuis la fin des années 1980, la capitale égyptienne est devenue le lieu de passage de nombreux migrants subsahariens. Provenant initialement du Soudan et des pays de la Corne de l’Afrique, aujourd’hui leurs origines se diversifient. Ces migrants présentent des profils socio-économiques, culturels et religieux de plus en plus variés. Qu’ils soient chrétiens ou musulmans, il n’est pas rare que les croyances et expériences religieuses, durant leur période de transit prolongé au Caire, deviennent une véritable ressource spirituelle, matérielle, voire une vocation. Dans ce contexte, nous pouvons postuler que les migrants subsahariens sont à l’origine de l’activation d’un marché religieux original en Égypte. L’observation de récurrences au sein des parcours religieux nous permet aujourd’hui d’identifier une nouvelle figure de la migration africaine : le migrant religieux. Cette figure pose aujourd’hui les questions essentielles de la relation religion–migration comme celle de la place du migrant dans la société d’accueil, celle des religions transnationales, des réseaux religieux dans les processus migratoires, de la manière dont les pratiques religieuses des migrants se reconfigurent tout au long des parcours migratoires et bien entendu, du rôle des parcours religieux dans le retour au pays.
Proximal Tubule Cell Hypothesis for Cardiorenal Syndrome in Diabetes
Authors: Saito Akihiko , Kaseda Ryohei , Hosojima Michihiro , Sato Hiroyoshi
Published: December 2010

Incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is remarkably high among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), even in the early microalbuminuric stages with normal glomerular filtration rates. Proximal tubule cells (PTCs) mediate metabolism and urinary excretion of vasculotoxic substances via apical and basolateral receptors and transporters. These cells also retrieve vasculoprotective substances from circulation or synthesize them for release into the circulation. PTCs are also involved in the uptake of sodium and phosphate, which are critical for hemodynamic regulation and maintaining the mineral balance, respectively. Dysregulation of PTC functions in CKD is likely to be associated with the development of CVD and is linked to the progression to end-stage renal disease. In particular, PTC dysfunction occurs early in diabetic nephropathy, a leading cause of CKD. It is therefore important to elucidate the mechanisms of PTC dysfunction to develop therapeutic strategies for treating cardiorenal syndrome in diabetes.
Orbital Metastasis as a Presenting Feature of Carcinoma Thyroid
Authors: Krishnamurthy Arvind , Vaidhyanathan Anitha , Majhi Urmila
Published: December 2010

Orbital metastasis of systemic cancer is rare and has fascinated the attention of both oncologist and ophthalmologists ever since the first description of a case report by Horner in 1864. The clinical characteristics of tumors metastatic to the orbit are related to primary tumor biology, and vary substantially among various primary types. The common known primary sites include breast, lung, prostate, and melanoma. Carcinoma thyroid metastasizing to the orbit has been reported mainly in isolated case reports, the histological variant in a majority of the cases being follicular carcinoma. We report a rare case of a follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (FVPTC) that presented with metastasis to the orbit with intracranial and extracranial subcutaneous tissues at the time of diagnosis.