bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Silverless Photography—Optical Image Recordings by Means of Photoelectrochemical Processes
Authors: Yoneyama Hiroshi
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Area‐selective Photoinduced Deposition on Semiconductor Electrodes

Deposition on Semiconductor Electrodes with External Bias

Deposition on Semiconductor Surfaces with no External Bias

Image Formations Using Photoinduced Electrochromism

Electrochromic Materials

Photoinduced Electrochromism of Semiconductive Oxides

Combined Systems of Electrochromic Materials and Semiconductor Electrodes

Composites Made of Electrochromic Materials and Semiconductor Powders

Image Formation with the Use of a Dye as the Photosensitizer
Molecular Hydrogen, Hydride, and Dihydrogen Complexes
Authors: Pickett Christopher J.
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Molecular Hydrogen

Hydride and Dihydrogen Complexes
Molecular Nitrogen and Dinitrogen Complexes
Authors: Pickett Christopher J.
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Molecular Nitrogen

Nitrogen Hydrides: Ammonia and Hydrazine

Dinitrogen Complexes of the Transition Metals
Nitrogen Oxides and Oxyanions
Authors: Inzelt György , Horányi György
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Fundamentals

Practical and Theoretical Importance of the Field

Electrochemical Transformations ofNO2−,NO3−(HNO2,HNO3)

Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Detection ofNO

Reactions ofN2O

Acknowledgment
Practical Aspects of Preparative Scale Electrolysis
Authors: Jörissen Jakob
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Target and Scale of the Investigations

Principles of Electrochemical Cell Operation

Essential Definitions for Electroorganic Reactions

Controlling of the Electrochemical Reaction Rate by Electrode Potential and Cell Current

General Correlations between Electrode Potential and Current Density

Operation with Constant Cell Current (Galvanostatic Operation)

Operation with Constant Electrode Potential (Potentiostatic Operation)

Undivided or Divided Cells

Batch Operation or Flow‐through Cells

Components of Electroorganic Reaction Systems

Electrodes

Examples of Electrode Materials

Examples of Electrode Types and their Special Properties

Electrolytes

Solvents

Supporting Electrolytes

Examples of Electrolytes

Cell Separators

Porous Materials

Ion‐exchange Membranes

Electrochemical Cells

Requirements in Electrochemical Cells

Uniform Current Density

Uniform Mixing and Mass Transfer

Temperature Control

Construction Materials

Mass and Charge Balancing

Electrode Potential Measurement

Examples of Electrochemical Cells

“
H
‐cell”

Beaker Glass Cells

Flow‐through Cells

Industrial Scale Cells
Quartz Crystal Microbalance (
QCM
)
Authors: Shimazu Katsuaki
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Self‐assembled Monolayer (
SAM
)

Construction of Well‐ordered
SAMs

Self‐assembly

Postassembly Derivation of
SAM
Surfaces

Layer‐by‐layer Growth of Multilayers

Reductive Desorption

Evaluation of End‐group Functions

Redox Properties

Acid/Base Properties and Reactions

Molecular Recognition on
SAM

Application for Sensors

Polymeric Film Electrodes

Conducting Polymers

Electrosynthesis

Redox (Doping/Undoping)

Redox Polymers

Break‐in Process

Redox

Inorganic Films

Clay‐modified Electrodes

Oxide Films

Prussian Blue and its Analogs
Oxygen Electrocatalysis
Authors: Kobayashi Nagao
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are
Analysis and detection of incipient faults in post‐fault systems subject to adaptive fault‐tolerant control
Authors: Chen Wen , Chowdhury Fahmida N.
Published: December 2007

This paper presents an effective scheme for detecting incipient faults in post‐fault systems (PFSs) subject to adaptive fault‐tolerant control (AFTC). Through a survey of existing techniques, it is shown that the adaptivity of the AFTC counteracts the effect of an incipient fault in the PFS. This makes some of the conventional fault‐detection strategies, such as Beard–Jones detection filters and adaptive observers, ineffective in this situation. It is shown that the unknown input observer (UIO) is an effective tool; hence, the UIO is designed to decouple the incipient fault from the AFTC such that the fault‐detection residual is sensitive only to the incipient fault. Extensive simulation study is presented using an aircraft example to test three fault‐detection approaches; it is demonstrated that the UIO is the most effective tool in detecting the incipient fault in a PFS subject to AFTC. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Models of moisture diffusion through vinyl ester/clay nanocomposites
Authors: Liu Q. , De Kee D. , Gupta R. K.
Published: December 2007

Three different theories dealing with mass transport through polymer‐clay nanocomposites are discussed. The first one is a Langmuir type model; the second one is a Drozdov type model and the third one is a mesoscopic model. The Langmuir and Drozdov type models address adsorption of the solvent on the clay particles, while the mesoscopic model relates the viscoelastic properties of the polymer chains to the diffusion process. Experimental results of water moisture through vinyl ester nanocomposites made with two different clay particles are modeled and discussed. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Behaviors of the bubble, cloud, and emulsion phases in a fluidized bed
Authors: Andreux R. , Chaouki J.
Published: December 2007

An intrusive bioptical probe provides radial profiles of the PDF (probability density function) of the bubble, the cloud, and the emulsion phases behaviors in a fluidized bed of Geldart‐A particles. The fluidizing velocity ranges between 0.20 and 0.80 m/s. The bed porosity, the overall averaged bubble chords and velocities are well‐predicted by correlations of the literature. The cloud thickness is closely related to the bubble chord. The amount of gas traveling through the bubble phase never exceeds 15–20% of the total gas flow rate. The averaged porosity of the bubble, the cloud and the emulsion phases is of 88–92%, 65–70%, and 50–55%, respectively. The reduced bubble porosity distribution obeys a constant normal law over the fluidizing velocity range. Each distribution of the reduced bubble chord and velocity, and of the reduced cloud thickness obey a constant log normal law over the fluidizing velocity range. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
A comparison of “Train‐the‐Trainer” and expert training modalities for hearing protection use in construction
Authors: Trabeau Maggie , Neitzel Richard , Meischke Hendrika , Daniell William E. , Seixas Noah S.
Published: December 2007

Background

Few assessments have been conducted on the impact of a “Train‐the‐Trainer” (T3) approach for training delivery. The present study compared the effectiveness of a noise induced hearing loss (NIHL) prevention training delivered using “Train‐the‐Trainer” and expert trainer modalities.

Methods

Participating construction companies were assigned to the Train‐the‐Trainer or expert trainer modalities. Workers were recruited from each company and then trained. The effectiveness of the modalities was assessed through the use of surveys. The accuracy of self‐reported hearing protection device (HPD) use was also evaluated through on‐site observation.

Results

Post‐training scores for hearing conservation knowledge, perceived barriers, and current and intended future use of HPDs improved significantly for both training modalities. Subjects trained by T3 trainers significantly increased their beliefs regarding general susceptibility to NIHL, desire to prevent NIHL, and ability to recognize, and control hazardous noise exposures. The expert‐trained groups significantly increased their beliefs regarding the benefits of HPD use and ability to ask for help with HPDs. The only changes that were significantly different between modalities were in general susceptibility to NIHL and effective use of HPDs. However, these beliefs differed significantly between subjects in the two‐modality groups prior to training. Self‐reported HPD use was poorly correlated with observed use, calling into question the validity of survey‐based HPD use measures in this context.

Conclusions

The training improved beliefs regarding HPD use, increased workers' hearing conservation knowledge, and increased self‐reported HPD use. The effectiveness of the training was not found to be dependent on training modality. Am. J. Ind. Med. 51:130–137, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Shared occupational risks for transitional cell cancer of the bladder and renal pelvis among men and women in Sweden
Authors: Wilson Robin Taylor , Donahue Mark , Gridley Gloria , Adami Johanna , ghormli Laure El , Dosemeci Mustafa
Published: December 2007

Background

Unlike cancer of the bladder, cancer of the renal pelvis is not considered an occupational cancer and little is known about risks among women.

Methods

Using the Swedish national census and cancer registry‐linked data (1971–1989), we identified transitional cell cancers of the renal pelvis (N = 1,374) and bladder (N = 21,591). Correlation between cancer sites for the standardized incidence ratios (SIR) were determined using Pearson's coefficient of the log SIR. Relative risks of job exposure matrix variables were calculated using Poisson regression.

Results

Both cancer sites were significantly elevated among women and men employed in the machine/electronics industry, sedentary work, and indoor work, and men in the metal industry. The highest proportion of the bladder (12%) and renal pelvis (14%) cancers occurred among men employed in shop and construction metal work. Risks by industry were more correlated among women (r = 0.49, P = 0.002) than men (r = 0.24, P = 0.04). Cancers of the renal pelvis were elevated in several occupational and industry groups for which there was no elevated bladder cancer risk.

Conclusion

Cancers of the renal pelvis and bladder share common occupational risk factors that may be more frequent among women. In addition, there may be some jobs that pose an increased risk specifically for cancer of the renal pelvis but not bladder. Am. J. Ind. Med. 51:83–99, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Skeletal pathology in Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii in Kibale National Park, Uganda
Authors: Carter Melinda L. , Pontzer Herman , Wrangham Richard W. , Peterhans Julian Kerbis
Published: December 2007

The ecological pressures shaping chimpanzee anatomy and behavior are the subject of much discussion in primatology and paleoanthropology, yet empirical data on fundamental parameters including body size, morbidity, and mortality are rare for wild chimpanzees. Here, we present skeletal pathology and body size data for 20 (19 crania, 12 postcrania) chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) from Kibale National Park, Uganda. We compare these data with other East African populations, especially Gombe National Park. Estimated body size for Kibale chimpanzees was similar to other East African populations and significantly larger than Gombe chimpanzees. The high rates of trauma and other skeletal pathology evident in the Kibale chimpanzee skeletons were similar to those in the Gombe skeletal sample. Much of the major skeletal trauma in the Kibale skeletons was attributable to falls, although other pathologies were noted as well, including apparent injuries from snares, degenerative arthritis, and minor congenital abnormalities. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Copolymerization of carbon dioxide and epoxides with a novel effective Zn–Ni double‐metal cyanide complex
Authors: Chen Shang , Xiao Zhuobing , Ma Mingyou
Published: December 2007

A novel double‐metal cyanide complex based on Zn[Ni(CN)4] was prepared and used as a catalyst for the copolymerizations of carbon dioxide and propylene oxide (PO) and carbon dioxide and cyclohexene oxide (CHO). The copolymers were characterized by IR and 1H‐NMR, and the effects of temperature, pressure, solvent, and preparative methods for the catalysts on catalytic activity and composition of the copolymer were investigated. The results show that this novel catalyst exhibited its highest catalytic efficiency at about 500 g/g of Zn[Ni(CN)4] for PO and CO2, whereas the catalytic efficiency for CHO and CO2 was merely between 5.6 and 22.5 g/g of Zn[Ni(CN)4]. The molar fraction of carbonate linkages for PO–CO2 and CHO–CO2 copolymers reached about 0.6 and 0.3, respectively. The results show that a lower temperature and a higher CO2 pressure were favorable for the incorporation of CO2 into the copolymer, and the nonpolar solvents were better media for copolymerization. As a complexing agent, glycol ether exhibited better promoting effects on catalytic efficiency among those investigated, but the catalysts prepared by different complexing agents showed no significant differences in the compositions of the copolymers. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Kinetic study of the urethane and urea reactions of isophorone diisocyanate
Authors: Han J. L. , Yu C. H. , Lin Y. H. , Hsieh K. H.
Published: December 2007

Kinetic studies of the catalyzed urethane reactions between isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) and alcohols and of the urea reactions between an isocyanate‐terminated prepolymer [IPDI–PPG2000–IPDI, where PPG2000 is poly(propylene glycol) with a number‐average molecular weight of 2000 g/mol] and water in the bulk state were performed with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Dibutyltin dilaurate was used as the catalyst for the urethane reaction, and various tertiary amines were used as catalysts for the urea reactions. The reactions were followed through the monitoring of the change in the intensity of the absorbance band for NCO stretching at 2270 cm−1 in the FTIR spectra; the activation parameters were determined through the evaluation of the kinetic data obtained at various temperatures (within the range of 30–60°C). The kinetic data indicated that the catalyzed isocyanate/alcohol and isocyanate/water reactions both followed second‐order kinetics during their initial stages but later followed third‐order kinetics resulting from the autocatalytic effects of hydrogen bonding between the hydroxyl groups and the newly formed urethane and urea groups. Furthermore, activation energies of 64.88 and about 80 kJ/mol for the isocyanate/alcohol and isocyanate/water reactions, respectively, indicated that the urea‐forming reactions were more sensitive to the reaction temperature than the urethane‐forming reactions. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008
Copolymerization of methyl methacrylate with 4‐vinylpyridine initiated by a novel Ni(II)α‐Benzoinoxime complex
Authors: Harrar‐Ferfera Hafida
Published: December 2007

Copolymerizations of methyl methacrylate (MMA) with 4‐vinylpyridine (4VP) were performed from different monomer feed ratios in 1,4‐dioxan at 30°C under free radical initiation experimental conditions, using Ni(II)α‐Benzoinoxime complex as initiator. The obtained copolymers (PMMA4VP) were examined by FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopies. The composition of these copolymers was calculated, using 1H NMR spectra and elemental analysis. Monomer reactivity ratios were estimated from Fineman–Ross (FR, rm = 0.550, rv = 1.165) and Kelen–Tudos (KT, rm = 0.559, rv = 1.286) linearization methods, as well as nonlinear error in variables model (EVM) method using the RREVM computer program (RREVM, rm = 0.559, rv = 1.264). These values suggest that MMA‐4VP pair copolymerizes randomly. 1H NMR spectra provide information about the stereochemistry of the copolymers in terms of sequence distributions and configurations. These results showed that the age of the Ni complex has an impact not only on its activity towards polymerization reactions but also on the features of the corresponding copolymers, whereas the chemical composition was insensitive to this prominent factor. The mechanism of MMA‐4VP copolymerization is consistent with a radical process as supported by microstructure and molecular weight distribution studies. Thermal behaviours of these copolymers were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008
Relationship between gas transport properties and fractional free volume determined from dielectric constant in polyimide films containing the hexafluoroisopropylidene group
Authors: Miyata Sou , Sato Shuichi , Nagai Kazukiyo , Nakagawa Tsutomu , Kudo Katsutoshi
Published: December 2007

The dielectric constant and gas transport properties (i.e., permeability, diffusivity, and solubility) in 2,2′‐bis(3,4‐dicarboxyphenyl)hexafluoropropane dianhydride (6FDA)‐based polyimides were systematically investigated in terms of their polymer fractional free volumes (FFVs) at 30°C. The permeability and diffusion coefficients of the 6FDA‐based polyimide films to hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, methane, and carbon dioxide were correlated with their FFVs estimated using van Krevelen's group contribution method. There appeared, however, small linear correlation coefficients. Linear correlations were also observed between the gas transport properties and dielectric constant of these polyimides. This study described FFVas a function of the dielectric constant based on the Clausius‐Mossotti equation. It was found that the gas permeability and diffusion coefficients of these 6FDA‐based polyimide films increased as their dielectric constant‐based FFV increased. A better linear relationship was observed between the gas transport properties and the FFV determined from the polymer dielectric constant in comparison to that estimated using the group contribution method. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008
Thermal and morphological behavior of irradiated composite materials based on injection‐moulded recycled polyethylene terephthalate
Authors: Hassan Medhat M. , Mahmoud Ghada. A. , Ali Magdy A. , Hegazy El‐Sayed A.
Published: December 2007

The effect of gamma irradiation and short glass fiber (SGF) on the thermal and morphological behavior of the recycled poly (ethylene terephthalate) (rPET) in the presence of reactive additive (epoxy resin, 2 wt %) has been investigated. Characterization of the resulted composites to evaluate the effect of incorporation the SGF and irradiation by means of differential scanning calorimetry, X‐ray diffraction, thermal gravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that the SGF and epoxy resin behave as nucleating agents for the crystallization of rPET. A noticeable increase in the rPET thermal stability in the presence of both SGF and epoxy resin has been observed. Furthermore, the rPET melting temperature (Tm) slightly decrease in the presence of the SGF and remains nearly constant with the incorporation of the epoxy resin. On the other hand, the rPET crystallinity percent (X%) decreases in the presence of SGF and gamma irradiation. The SEM showed that a layer of epoxy resin was coated onto the SGF in the rPET matrix. This coating layer raises the interfacial shear strength between the fiber and polymer matrix and also increases with gamma irradiation. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008
Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of Quinolone‐Based Compounds Containing a Coumarin Moiety
Authors: Emami Saeed , Foroumadi Alireza , Faramarzi Mohammad A. , Samadi Nasrin
Published: December 2007

A new series of quinolone‐based compounds containing a coumarin moiety have been synthesized and studied for their antibacterial activity against a panel of gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacteria, including methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The results of the antibacterial evaluation of N‐[2‐(coumarin‐3‐yl)ethyl]piperazinyl quinolone derivatives in comparison with parent quinolones (norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and enoxacin) indicated that N‐[2‐(coumarin‐3‐yl)‐2‐oxoethyl]ciprofloxacin derivative (compound 8b) showed comparable or more potent antibacterial activity with respect to the reference drugs against the test strains. Generally, in both gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacteria, better results are obtained with cyclopropyl at the N‐1 position of the quinolone ring and 2‐oxo‐ on the ethyl spacer of coumarin and piperazine rings.
Synthesis, Antimycobacterial and Antifungal Evaluation of 3‐Arylaminopyrazine‐2,5‐dicarbonitriles
Authors: Palek Lukáš , Dvořák Jaroslav , Svobodová Michaela , Buchta Vladimír , Jampílek Josef , Doležal Martin
Published: December 2007

This paper describes preparation and biological evaluation of pyrazinamide analogues. Pyrazinamide with its simple structure gives a good opportunity for further modification regarding an increase of its antimycobacterial activity. We prepared a series of compounds derived from pyrazine‐2,5‐dicarbonitrile with arylamino substitution in position 3. All compounds were assayed in vitro against major Mycobacterium and various Fungi species. The best activity was found in 3‐{[3‐(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]amino}pyrazine‐2,5‐dicarbonitrile 11 with the value of 6.25 μmol–1 against M. tuberculosis H37Rv and moderate activity against minor Mycobacterium pathogens.
A knowledge management model: Implications for enhancing quality in health care
Authors: Orzano A. John , McInerney Claire R. , Scharf Davida , Tallia Alfred F. , Crabtree Benjamin F.
Published: December 2007

Improving health care delivery is a pressing societal goal, and information scientists have a role in effecting change. Information science research has led to understanding theories and practices of information use within the informing professions, but information science and one of its subspecialties, Knowledge Management (KM), also have the potential to influence and enhance other professional disciplines. This concept paper makes the argument that KM is a beneficial framework to help health care clinicians manage their practices and ultimately administer quality care to their patients. The central argument is predicated on the assumption that medicine is a knowledge‐based profession and that finding, sharing, and developing clinicians' knowledge is necessary for effective primary health care practice. The authors make the case that in an environment of a burgeoning body of health care research and the adoption of technology tools, physicians can benefit from understanding effective KM practice. The model as presented here borrows from recent information science scholarship in KM and is intended to inform intervention protocols for effective KM to improve quality of care.
The shifting balance of intellectual trade in information studies
Authors: Cronin Blaise , Meho Lokman I.
Published: December 2007

The authors describe a large‐scale, longitudinal citation analysis of intellectual trading between information studies and cognate disciplines. The results of their investigation reveal the extent to which information studies draws on and, in turn, contributes to the ideational substrates of other academic domains. Their data show that the field has become a more successful exporter of ideas as well as less introverted than was previously the case. In the last decade, information studies has begun to contribute significantly to the literatures of such disciplines as computer science and engineering on the one hand and business and management on the other, while also drawing more heavily on those same literatures.
Bias in jury selection: justifying prohibited peremptory challenges
Authors: Norton Michael I. , Sommers Samuel R. , Brauner Sara
Published: December 2007

The United States Supreme Court has restricted attorneys from considering the gender and race of potential jurors in their use of peremptory challenges—the practice by which jurors may be removed from a jury without explanation or evidence of potential bias. We propose that forbidding peremptories based on social category information not only fails to decrease biased jury selection, but also encourages attorneys to search—successfully—for neutral justifications for their biased decisions. In Study 1, participants who acted as prosecutors in a jury selection paradigm eliminated female jurors more often than male jurors, but then justified these biased choices by citing gender‐neutral information. Troublingly, Study 2 showed that explicit instructions against the use of gender failed to eliminate selection bias, and in fact resulted in even more elaborate justifications. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Guilty, not guilty, or …? multiple options in jury verdict choices
Authors: Smithson Michael , Deady Sara , Gracik Lavinia
Published: December 2007

Three studies investigate the role and impact of alternative verdicts to the conventional choice between conviction and acquittal. The primary focus is on the Not Proven option, with a lesser charge alternative included for comparisons. The results contradict a commonly held view that the Not Proven option attracts jurors away from returning a conviction. Instead, Not Proven more often supplants outright acquittals. Judged probabilities of guilt from jurors returning Not Proven are mid‐range, in contrast to the markedly higher probabilities given by those returning conviction of a lesser charge (manslaughter) and lower probabilities from those returning an acquittal. Jurors returning Not Proven report greater decisional difficulty and conflict than those returning any other verdict, including conviction on a lesser charge. No direct evidence is found that third options function as a decision‐avoidant alternative to conviction or acquittal. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design, synthesis, conformational and membrane ion transport studies of proline‐adamantane hybrid cyclic depsipeptides
Authors: Karle Isabella L. , Ranganathan Darshan , Kumar Mittapalli Gopi , Nagaraj Ramakrishnan
Published: December 2007

The design, synthesis, conformational, crystallographic, and ion transport studies of 30‐membered, proline containing depsipeptides that incorporate the rigid low molecular weight lipophilic adamantane (Adm) building blocks are reported. The adamantyl groups provide the desired membrane permeability and conformational constraint for efficient transport in lipid membranes. The novel cyclic depsipeptides are: c[AdmC(O)Pro OCH2 CHRNHC(O)ProC(O) AdmC(O)ProC(O)NHCHRCH2 OProC(O)] where RH for A and RCONHAdm for B. Crystal structure analysis of A established that the two peptide segments are identical in formula and in conformation and that the peptides are bonded to the interleaving Adm at the 1 and 3 positions. However, the complete ring is highly asymmetric in shape since bonds for both Peptide‐Adm‐Peptide segments have the syn‐anti motif. Torsional angles for the connecting bonds to Adm are −162°, +71° and −169°, −48°. The irregular clamshell shape of the molecule has three internal CO moieties directed in a manner that could provide three Na+O ligands. While A exhibited negligible transport of Na+ ions across membranes, peptide B endowed with two additional adamantanes in the periphery did transport Na+ ions from outside to inside. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 89: 471–478, 2008.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Mismatch repair protein expression in Amsterdam II criteria-positive patients in Taiwan
Authors: Chen J R , Chiang J M , Changchien C R , Chen J S , Tang R P , Wang J Y
Published: December 2007

Background

Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) is characterized genetically by germline mutations in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) has high sensitivity and specificity for identifying MMR-deficient tumours. This study investigated the clinical presentations and frequency of HNPCC in Taiwan by combined Amsterdam II criteria (AC-II) and IHC.

Methods

In 1995–2003, 7108 patients with primary colorectal cancer registered in Chang Gung Memorial Hospital's Colorectal Cancer Registry were screened using AC-II. Tumour specimens were analysed for MMR protein expression by IHC, and relevant clinicopathological details were documented.

Results

Some 83 patients fulfilled the AC-II. Clinicopathologically, 43 patients (52 per cent) had proximal tumours, ten (12 per cent) had poorly differentiated cancers, 17 (20 per cent) had mucinous adenocarcinoma and 51 (61 per cent) had stage I–II tumours. Seventeen patients developed second primary colonic and extracolonic cancers over a mean 7·2-year follow-up. Immunohistochemically, 58 patients were MMR protein deficient. They had a significantly earlier age of onset (P < 0·001), more proximal tumour location (P = 0·002), less advanced tumour stage (P = 0·008) and more second primary cancers (P = 0·017) compared with MMR-competent patients.

Conclusion

These data show significant differences in clinical features between MMR protein-deficient and MMR competent subgroups.
‘Mr. MASS motivations himself’: explaining Dr. Ernest Dichter
Authors: Fullerton Ronald A.
Published: December 2007

During the 1950s and into the 1960s no marketing consultant was better known than Dr. Ernest Dichter (1907–1993). Business leaders, advertising professionals, journalists, and even academics attributed to Dichter near‐magical powers to penetrate to the very heart of consumer motivations with his unique psychoanalytic version of ‘Motivation Research’. Social critics saw him as a menace to free societies.

Much of what he claimed, however, was inaccurate and needs to be critically checked against other sources, as will be done here, where archival and other primary sources are evaluated to explore Dichter's career and his legacy.

Dichter exploited the esteem of psychoanalysis yet was not particularly well versed in it himself. He was hardly the ‘father’ of Motivation Research (MR) but rather took from its originators without acknowledgement. His work represented only part of MR.

On the positive side, Dichter's creative and intuitive approach enabled him to portray consumer behavior in ways that celebrated mass affluence, enriched popular mythology, and still influences advertising creatives.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cinemusical meanings in motion pictures: commerce, art, and Brando loyalty … or … De Niro, My God, To Thee
Authors: Holbrook Morris B.
Published: December 2007

The theme of art‐versus‐commerce has surfaced in many motion pictures but serves here to juxtapose three otherwise disparate films that draw upon the power of jazz as a force toward the dramatic development of character, plot, central themes, and other cinemusical meanings. Specifically, via the significance of its ambi‐diegetic music, New York, New York (1977) shows the elevation of artistic integrity (Robert De Niro as Jimmy Doyle) over commercialism (Liza Minnelli as Francine Evans). In Heart Beat (1980), the raw honesty of a committed‐but‐doomed creative genius (Art Pepper) provides nondiegetic music that signifies the self‐destructive degradation of a key protagonist (Nick Nolte as Neal Cassady). Finally, in The Score (2001), the appealing nature of diegetic jazz in a cinemusically‐enriched nightclub environment helps to explain why a soon‐to‐be‐ reformed criminal (Robert De Niro, again, as Nick Wells) would risk everything in collaboration with two bizarre partners (Marlon Brando as Max Baron and Ed Norton as Jack Teller) in hopes of a payoff big enough to allow him to retire from a lucrative career in crime in order to run his legitimate jazz venue and to settle down with his true love (Angela Bassett as Diane Boesman).

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Food for thought: a study of food consumption in postmodern US culture
Authors: Kniazeva Maria , Venkatesh Alladi
Published: December 2007

The objective of this research is to examine the symbolic meanings of contemporary food consumption and provide an in‐depth understanding of related practices. Specifically, we view food as a prominent cultural category representative of postmodernism and approach our study using a postmodern perspective. The paper provides an insight into how US consumers relate to food and highlights the symbolic dimension of food in a culture that is often depicted as highly individualistic. Offering a theoretical framework rooted in an ethnographic account of food consumption we uncover its postmodern complexities that take into account social, cultural, and contextual dimensions. Food is discussed in the context of relationships, desire, and a globalized commodity.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Disulfide Symmetric Dimers as Stable Pre‐Hapten Forms for Bioconjugation: A Strategy to Prepare Immunoreagents for the Detection of Sulfophenyl Carboxylate Residues in Environmental Samples
Authors: Estévez M.‐Carmen , Galve Roger , Sánchez‐Baeza Francisco , Marco M.‐Pilar
Published: December 2007

A convenient, generic synthesis of bioconjugates from haptens with a thiol group has been established. The corresponding haptens are synthesized as stable symmetric dimmers through a disulfide bond that is reduced immediately before conjugation with the aid of a di(n‐butyl)phenylphosphine polystyrene (DBPP) resin. This strategy was used to prepare haptenized biomolecules and to raise antibodies against short‐alkyl‐chain sulfophenyl carboxylates (X‐Cz‐SPCs;Xis the position of the benzylic group andzis the alkyl‐chain length) formed after degradation of the widely used domestic and industrial linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LASs) surfactants. Because of the complexity of the LASs technical mixture, homologous and pseudo‐heterologous immunization strategies have been studied with the aim of broadening antibody recognition of the SPC family. With this purpose, two types of immunizing haptens have been synthesized and used to prepare bioconjugates and raise antibodies. Type‐A bioconjugates (SPCA–protein) were prepared by synthesizing type‐A haptens as stable symmetric dimers, generically 2,2′‐dithiobis[5‐{4‐(N‐ethylsulfamoyl)}phenylalkanoic acids] (X‐Cz‐S‐SPC). On the other hand, type‐B bioconjugates (SPCB–protein) were prepared by treating the carboxylic groups of the corresponding 4‐sulfophenylalkanoic acids (X‐Cz‐SPC) with the amino groups of the lysine residues by using classical carbodiimide procedures. Type‐A haptens produced antibodies with a much higher avidity for the target analyte. Under competitive immunochemical configurations (As112/2‐C5–ovalbumin), these antibodies can reach a limit of detection (LOD) of 40 ng L−1with an IC50 value of 200 ng L−1for 3‐C6‐SPC, which opens up the possibility of trace contamination of edible waters by surfactants with 3‐C6‐SPC as a marker of LAS pollution. A comparative study of the properties of the three families of polyclonal antibodies produced revealed that antibodies raised through pseudo‐heterologous immunization strategies produced antibodies with a broader specificity versus the SPC family. These results indicate that this approach could be useful in avoiding synthetic difficulties associated with preparing haptens that preserve all the most important chemical functionalities of the molecule.
Trialkylammoniododecaborates: Anions for Ionic Liquids with Potassium, Lithium and Protons as Cations
Authors: Justus Eugen , Rischka Klaus , Wishart James F. , Werner Kristina , Gabel Detlef
Published: December 2007

Herein we report a new class of low‐melting ionic liquids (IL) that consist of N,N,N‐trialkylammonioundecahydrododecaborates(1−) as the anion and a range of cations. The cations include the common cations of conventional ILs such as tetraalkylammonium, N‐alkylpyridinium, and N‐methyl‐N′‐alkylimidazolium. In addition, their salts with lithium, potassium, and proton cations also exist as ILs. Pulse radiolysis studies indicate that the anions do not react with solvated electrons.
Stereochemical comparison of nebivolol with other β‐blockers
Authors: Siebert Carsten D. , Hänsicke André , Nagel Thomas
Published: December 2007

β‐Blockers are widely used in the treatment of cardiovascular disease and act by antagonizing the effects of adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine) on β‐adrenergic receptors. All β‐blockers currently used in the treatment of cardiovascular disease contain at least one chiral center and, while most are marketed as racemates, their cardiac antihypertensive activity generally resides in the S‐enantiomer. Nebivolol is a third generation β‐blocker that is highly selective for the β1‐adrenoceptor. The nebivolol molecule contains four chiral centers and is marketed as a racemate of (+)‐nebivolol (SRRR‐configuration) and (−)‐nebivolol (RSSS‐configuration). Nebivolol differs from all other β‐blockers with a hydroxypropanolamine substructure in that its cardiac antihypertensive activity resides in the R‐enantiomer at the hydroxy group, whereas all other β‐blockers have antihypertensive activity in the S‐enantiomer. Two of the four chiral centers in nebivolol are part of a ring structure and the increased rigidity of this structure may be related to nebivolol's divergence from the standard pharmacophore model of β‐blockers. Chirality, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development and Validation of a Noninvasive Method to Estimate Cardiac Output Using Cuff Sphygmomanometry
Authors: Chio Shiu‐Shin , Tsai Jeffrey J. , Hsu Yen‐Ming , Lapointe Jeffrey C. , Huynh‐Covey Thao , Kwan Oi Ling B. , DeMaria Anthony N.
Published: December 2007

Background

Obtaining cardiac output (CO) measurements noninvasively during routine blood pressure recording can improve hypertension management. A new method has been developed that estimates cardiac output using pulse‐waveform analysis (PWA) from a brachial cuff sphygmomanometer. This study evaluates the ability of PWA to track changes in CO as derived by Doppler ultrasound during dobutamine stimulation.

Hypothesis

This study aims to validate the PWA CO estimation over a wide CO range as would be obtained by dobutamine stimulation during Doppler ultrasound evaluation.

Method

A total of 48 patients undergoing standard dobutamine stress echocardiography testing for accepted clinical indications were enrolled. Among them, 44 patients (age 36–83, 18 females, 26 males) with good waveform data for analyses provided estimates of CO in this study. Noninvasive measurements of CO were performed using both Doppler ultrasound recordings and PWA techniques simultaneously at each stage of dobutamine infusion.

Results

A total of 207 simultaneous pulse‐waveform analyses and Doppler measurements were taken during dobutamine stress on 44 cardiac patients. Linear regression analysis revealed good intra‐patient correlation between pulse‐waveform analysis and Doppler at different dobutamine‐induced CO with coefficients from r = 0.69 to 0.98 (p < 0.05). Analysis of all patients yielded an overall correlation of r = 0.82 (p < 0.001, bias = 0.4 L/min, standard deviation = 1.8 L/min).

Conclusion

The CO measured noninvasively from a sphygmomanometer using this PWA method correlates well with those of Doppler through a range of dobutamine‐stimulated levels. The CO by PWA should be useful for monitoring hemodynamic changes in hypertensive and cardiac patients during routine blood pressure measurement. Copyright © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mammography screening of women in their 40s
Authors: Calvocoressi Lisa , Sun Albert , Kasl Stanislav V. , Claus Elizabeth B. , Jones Beth A.
Published: December 2007

BACKGROUND.

In March 1997, the American Cancer Society (ACS) updated its recommended mammography screening interval for women ages 40–49 years from once every 1 to 2 years to once every year. At the same time, the National Cancer Institute (NCI), which had previously not recommended routine screening of women in their 40s, began recommending screening at 1 to 2‐year intervals. These events occurred during the data collection phase of a prospective study of mammography screening and, thereby, provided an unexpected opportunity to examine the potential influences of changing guidelines on women's beliefs about how frequently they should obtain screening exams.

METHODS.

This analysis included 1451 African American and white women ages 40‐79 years, who obtained an “index” screening exam between October 1996 and January 1998. In baseline and 2‐year follow‐up telephone interviews, respondents provided information on demographic, socioeconomic, health history, medical care, behavioral and psychosocial factors, and on how frequently they believed women of their age should obtain screening mammograms.

RESULTS.

After the ACS and NCI announcements of new screening guidelines for women in their 40s, a significant increase in endorsement of annual screening among women ages 40–49 years was observed, consistent with the ACS recommendation for annual screening in that age group. No increase in endorsement of annual screening among women ages 50 years and older was evident during the same time period.

CONCLUSIONS.

Women's beliefs about how frequently they should obtain mammography screenings appear to change in response to changes in recommendations of high‐profile health organizations, particularly when those recommendations call for an increase in screening. Cancer 2008. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Twenty‐year disease and treatment‐associated mortality rates of patients with Hodgkin lymphoma of clinical stages IIIB and IV prospectively treated with 3‐month anthracycline‐based chemotherapy followed by extended high‐dose radiation
Authors: Sénécal Delphine , Jais Jean‐Philippe , Desablens Bernard , Berthou Christian , Casassus Philippe , Moles Marie‐Pierre , Delwail Vincent , Gastinne Thomas , Colonna Pierre , Andrieu Jean‐Marie
Published: December 2007

BACKGROUND.

In 1981, the authors developed an original strategy combining 3 cycles of doxorubicin (adriamycin), bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine (ABVD) or ABVD‐like chemotherapy and extended high‐dose radiation for treating patients with clinical stages IIIB and IV Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). In the current study, the authors analyzed the 20‐year results of this treatment as applied to 213 patients according to 2 successive trials.

METHODS.

All patients who responded to chemotherapy received extended high‐dose radiation. The rates of complete remission (CR), freedom from disease progression (FFP), HL‐specific survival (HLSS), second tumors and cardiac events, freedom from treatment‐associated mortality (FFTM), overall survival (OS), and event‐free survival were calculated.

RESULTS.

In December 2006, the median follow‐up of the surviving patients exceeded 13 years; 102 patients (48%) achieved a CR after chemotherapy and 178 patients (84%) did so after radiotherapy. The rates of FFP (61%, quasi‐stable after 6 years) and HLSS (81.6%, stable after 12 years) were found to be significantly higher in patients who achieved a CR after chemotherapy. The incidence of hematologic malignancies was 10.9% (with 10 of 12 events occurring within the first 7 years). The rates of solid tumors (32.4%), cardiac events (33.4%), and FFTM (65.6%) did not reach any plateau by 20 years and were found to be significantly associated with patient age. The 20‐year OS rate was 48%.

CONCLUSIONS.

This combined modality treatment gave long‐term results similar to those obtained using 6 to 8 cycles of ABVD. Response to the initial brief chemotherapy administration was found to be predictive of the FFP and HLSS rates. The low rate of FFTM was the result of extended high‐dose radiation. The results of the current study should help to design future trials for treating patients with advanced stages of HL. Cancer 2008. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Atypical expression of Drosophila gustatory receptor genes in sensory and central neurons
Authors: Thorne Natasha , Amrein Hubert
Published: December 2007

Members of the Drosophila gustatory receptor (Gr) gene family are generally expressed in chemosensory neurons and are known to mediate the perception of sugars, bitter substrates, CO2, and pheromones. The Gr gene family consists of 68 members, many of which are organized in gene clusters of up to six genes, yet only expression of about 15 Gr genes has been characterized in detail prior to this study. Here we describe the first comprehensive expression analysis of six highly conserved Gr genes, Gr28a and Gr28b.a to Gr28b.e. Four of these Gr genes are not only expressed in the characteristic pattern associated with previously analyzed Gr genes—chemosensory neurons of the gustatory and olfactory system—but several other types of sensory neurons and neurons in the brain. Specifically, we show that several of the Gr28 genes are expressed in abdominal multidendritic neurons, putative hygroreceptive neurons of the arista, neurons associated with the Johnston's organ, peripheral proprioceptive neurons in the legs, neurons in the larval and adult brain, and oenocytes. Thus, our findings suggest that some Gr genes are utilized in nongustatory roles in the nervous system and tissues involved in proprioception, hygroreception, and other sensory modalities. It is also possible that the Gr28 genes have chemosensory roles in the detection of internal ligands. J. Comp. Neurol. 506:548–568, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
N‐cadherin expression in palisade nerve endings of rat vellus hairs
Authors: Kaidoh Toshiyuki , Inoué Takao
Published: December 2007

Palisade nerve endings (PNs) are mechanoreceptors around vellus hairs of mammals. Each lanceolate nerve ending (LN) of the PN is characterized by a sensory nerve ending symmetrically sandwiched by two processes of type II terminal Schwann cells (tSCIIs). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the structural organization of the PN are poorly understood. Electron microscopy showed that adherens junctions appeared to adhere to the sensory nerve ending and tSCII processes, so we examined the location of the N‐cadherin adhesion system in PNs of rat vellus hairs by using immunoelectron microscopy. N‐cadherin localized near both ends of the cell boundary between sensory nerve ending and tSCII processes, which corresponded to the sites of adherens junctions. We further found cadherin‐associated proteins, α‐ and β‐catenins, at the linings of adherens junctions. Three‐dimensional reconstruction of immunoelectron microscopic serial thin sections showed four linear arrays of N‐cadherin arranged longitudinally along the LN beneath the four longitudinal borders of two tSCII processes. In contrast, sensory nerve fibers just proximal to the LNs formed common unmyelinated nerve fibers, in which N‐cadherin was located mainly at the mesaxon of type I terminal Schwann cells (tSCIs). These results suggest that the four linear arrays of N‐cadherin‐mediated junctions adhere the sensory nerve ending and tSCII processes side by side to form the characteristic structure of the LN, and the structural differences between the LNs and the proximal unmyelinated nerve fibers possibly are due to the difference in the pattern of N‐cadherin expression between sensory nerve endings and tSCII or tSCI processes. J. Comp. Neurol. 506:525–534, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Formation and Physicochemical Features of Hybrid Threadlike Micelles in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Nakamura Kenji , Shikata Toshiyuki
Published: December 2007

We investigate the construction of long, stable hybrid threadlike micelles consisting of polyelectrolytes and oppositely charged surfactants in aqueous solution and examine the physicochemical features such as their structure and viscoelastic behavior in aqueous solution. The most important point for their construction is the careful control of interactions, especially electrostatic interactions, caused between the surfactants and polyelectrolytes. Incorporated polyelectrolytes are fully extended in these hybrid threadlike micelles irrespective of the molecular weight of the polymer. The viscoelastic behavior of the hybrid threadlike micellar solution is similar to that of ordinary threadlike micellar systems consisting of low‐molecular‐weight substances. However, the inclusion of polymers in the micelles causes differences in their mechanical properties.