bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Review of Hereditary and Acquired Coagulation Disorders in the Aetiology of Ischaemic Stroke
Authors: Lau Lonneke M.L. de , Leebeek Frank W.G. , Maat Moniek P.M. de , Koudstaal Peter J. , Dippel Diederik W. J.
Published: September 2010

The diagnostic workup in patients with ischaemic stroke often includes testing for prothrombotic conditions. However, the clinical relevance of coagulation abnormalities in ischaemic stroke is uncertain. Therefore, we reviewed what is presently known about the association between inherited and acquired coagulation disorders and ischaemic stroke, with a special emphasis on the methodological aspects. Good-quality data in this field are scarce, and most studies fall short on epidemiological criteria for causal inference. While inherited coagulation disorders are recognised risk factors for venous thrombosis, there is no substantial evidence for an association with arterial ischaemic stroke. Possible exceptions are the prothrombin G20210A mutation in adults and protein C deficiency in children. There is proof of an association between the antiphospholipid syndrome and ischaemic stroke, but the clinical significance of isolated mildly elevated antiphospholipid antibody titres is unclear. Evidence also suggests significant associations of increased homocysteine and fibrinogen concentrations with ischaemic stroke, but whether these associations are causal is still debated. Data on other acquired coagulation abnormalities are insufficient to allow conclusions regarding causality. For most coagulation disorders, a causal relation with ischaemic stroke has not been definitely established. Hence, at present, there is no valid indication for testing all patients with ischaemic stroke for these conditions. Large prospective population-based studies allowing the evaluation of interactive and subgroup effects are required to appreciate the role of coagulation disorders in the pathophysiology of arterial ischaemic stroke and to guide the management of individual patients.
Stroke Training and Education for Health and Social Care Staff: a Partnership between the NHS and the Voluntary Sector
Authors: Reid Lynn
Published: September 2010

Following the Scottish Stroke Services Audit published in 1999, Chest Heart and Stroke Scotland (CHSS) commissioned the Scottish Association of Health Councils to undertake a survey of patient and carers' views of Scottish stroke services. Survey results suggested stroke carers perceived that staff caring for stroke survivors often showed a lack of awareness of the specific challenges that stroke presented. The report recommended that Chest Heart and Stroke Scotland should work with professional bodies to develop awareness training for staff working in stroke care.
Regulatory impact on insect biotechnology and pest management
Authors: WOZNIAK Chris A.
Published: September 2010

The application of insect biotechnology is promising for the development of environmentally compatible pest management solutions. As we have refined and enhanced genetic engineering techniques in several insect species that cause significant economic loss and public health injury, it has become clear that insect biotechnology will move forward as one of the key tools of pest management in agriculture and in the human environment. Well characterized genetic elements can be manipulated toward specific aims and maintain a viable insect, albeit one with diminished capacity to exchange genetic material, vector a virus or bacterium, or complete its life cycle. Despite this degree of knowledge and precision, there remain unanswered questions regarding environmental fate, release and public acceptance of this technology. The uncertainty surrounding any novel technology inevitably increases the level of regulatory scrutiny associated with its use. Although the term “insect biotechnology” has many connotations, it certainly includes the genetic modification of symbiotic or commensally associated microbes as a means of delivering a trait (e.g. a toxin) to manage plant and human diseases and insect pests. The distinction between this paratransgenic approach and direct genetic modification of insect pests is an important one biologically as well as from a regulatory standpoint. The regulatory framework for microbial applications to agriculture is in many instances in place; however, we must strive to forge the development of guidelines and regulations that will foster deployment of insect biotechnologies.
U4 snRNA variants of Bombyx mori
Authors: SMAIL Shamayra S. , HERRERA Rene J.
Published: September 2010

It is known that the spliceosome's catalytic core is composed of U2, U6 and U5 small nuclear (sn)RNAs. U6 is chaperoned and held inactive by intermolecular base‐pair interactions by the U4 snRNA molecule until its incorporation into the spliceosomal complex. In previous studies, a number of variant forms of U1, U2 and U6 were detected in the silk moth Bombyx mori. Considering U4's unique role as a modulator of U6's activity, the aim of the present study was to determine if the multiplicity of U6 variants observed in B. mori is complemented in U4. Five U4 variants were identified in the B. mori Whole Genome Shotgun (WGS) database and were used to design internal U4 snRNA primers. These oligonucleotides were subsequently used to create four U4 reverse transcription (RT)‐polymerase chain reaction (PCR) libraries with RNA extracted from the silk gland of B. mori. Two major U4 variants were identified from these libraries. The majority of the variation among genomic and transcript‐derived U4 variant sequences is located in stem‐loop II and III as well as at the 3′‐end. No differences between the isoforms are located in the critical U4/U6 intermolecular binding regions. Sequence comparison analyses based on U4 intraspecific and interspecific variability delineate several evolutionarily conserved regions.
Historical review and surveillance of Japanese encephalitis, Republic of Korea, 2002–2004
Authors: KIM Heung Chul , TURELL Michael J. , O’GUINN Monica L. , LEE John S. , CHONG Sung Tae , JU Young Ran , KLEIN Terry A.
Published: September 2010

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), transmitted by culicine mosquitoes, is endemic throughout much of South‐East Asia, extending to the Korean Peninsula. The zoonotic cycle is from large water birds to culicine mosquitoes, with swine as an amplifying host and man as an incidental host.Culex tritaeniorhynchus, the primary JEV vector in the Republic of Korea, populations peak in late August through to early September when most cases of Japanese encephalitis (JE) are reported.Cx. tritaeniorhynchuswere observed near the Demilitarized Zone in each of the years that mosquitoes were assayed for JEV. Each year that vector mosquitoes were assayed for JEV, minimum field infection rates (number of JEV positive mosquites/1000Cx. tritaeniorhynchusassayed) ranged from 0.31 to 3.27. The epidemiology of JE has been recorded in Korea for more than half a century, from 1949 to 2005. During a major epidemic in 1949, there were 5616 cases and 2729 deaths reported, with levels persisting near epidemic levels of 1000 cases annually thereafter until 1969. Following the introduction and government mandated mass immunization in 1971, JE decreased dramatically. Since 1984, 0–6 cases of JE have been reported each year. However, continued evidence of mosquitoes positive for JEV indicates that JE continues to be a civilian and military health threat to immunocompromised persons in Korea, as well as non‐immune US soldiers, civilians and their family members.
First records of two species of the genus Brachionycha Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in China
Authors: YANG Qing‐Yin , LI Cheng‐De , HAN Hui‐Lin
Published: September 2010

Two species of the genus Brachionycha Hübner –B. nubeculosa (Esper) and B. albicilia Sugi – are recorded for the first time from China. The adults and genital characteristics of the species are briefly redescribed with illustrations, and their distributions are given.
New species of the genus Skiapus Morley (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Campopleginae) from Korea
Authors: LEE Jong‐Wook , CHOI Won‐Young
Published: September 2010

Skiapus baeki Lee is described from Korea: this is the first record of this genus from the Palaearctic Region. We provide a description of the new species and a key to the species of the genus Skiapus.
Distribution of Nosema meligethi (Microsporida) in populations of Meligethes aeneus (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) in Turkey
Authors: YAMAN Mustafa
Published: September 2010

This is the first study on Nosema meligethi in populations of Meligethes aeneus in Turkey. In total, four of the 2020 beetles studied were infected with the parasite, giving an infection average of 0.2% in Turkey. Infection was observed in two of the eight localities investigated, and the infection rates in these localities were similar: 2.94 and 2.86%. N. meligethi infection was not observed in 1676 beetles (83% of the total studied) from five localities, including the main Brassica oleracea growing area, where chemical pesticides are commonly used. Three hundred and forty‐four beetles (17% of the total studied) were collected from three localities from uncultivated areas where there is no chemical pesticide application; infection was found in beetles from two of these localities. This study confirms that pesticide usage at sampling sites may play a role in the occurrence of N. meligethi, because the samples from which Nosema was detected originated from areas in which pesticides are not used.
Establishing a method to predict the outcome of vestibular schwannoma surgery based on one's own results
Authors: Hastan D. , Godefroy W.P. , Malessy M.J.A. , Van Der Mey A.G.L.
Published: September 2010

Objectives:  To establish a prognostication method based on our own results of vestibular schwannoma surgery.

Design:  Retrospective data analysis.

Setting:  Tertiary referral centre.

Participants:  141 ambulatory patients operated for unilateral vestibular schwannoma by the translabyrinthine approach in the period 1996‐‐2003.

Main outcome measures:  Facial impairment defined by House Brackmann grade III–VI, and the relation with tumor size.

Results:  For our institution we found that in a range of tumor sizes the tumor size of 17.5 mm was the cut‐off point associated with highest sensitivity and specificity values available concerning the prediction of facial impairment, these were 0.86 and 0.61. Compared to a random cut‐off point (11 mm), this leads to 36% more accurate predictions.

Conclusions:  By establishing sensitivity and specificity values of predictions, one is aware of the rate of false predictions. By Receiver Operating Curve analysis the rate of false predictions can be minimised. In vestibular schwannoma surgery this leads to more precise predictions concerning outcome, as we have demonstrated for the facial function.
Results of endoscopic tracheoplasty for treating tracheostomy‐related airway stenosis
Authors: Nouraei S.A.R. , Kapoor K.V. , Nouraei S.M. , Ghufoor K. , Howard D.J. , Sandhu G.S.
Published: September 2010

Keypoints

Post‐tracheostomy ‘lambdoid’ deformity of the trachea is a specific and uncommon variant of adult post‐intubation laryngotracheal stenosis, in which airway obstruction is caused by inward collapse of over‐resected tracheal cartilage as a result of post‐decannulation stomal contracture.

We evaluated the results of endoscopic tracheoplasty as an alternative to open tracheal resection in 11 patients treated for this condition between 2004 and 2006.

Patients were treated with endoscopic CO2 laser resection, dilatation and endotracheal mitomycin C application. Suspension micro‐laryngo‐tracheoscopy and high‐frequency supraglottic jet ventilation were used. Eleven patients with an average age of 56 years and lesion height and distance from glottis respectively of 11 ± 5 mm and 35 ± 12 mm were treated.

The median number of treatments fell from four at the start of the series to two at the end (P = 0.08). The average follow‐up was 17 ± 8 months and all patients were cured with no cases of dysphagia or dysphonia. Almost all patients achieved and maintained a Medical Research Council Dyspnoea Scale of I or II.

Endoscopic tracheoplasty is an effective treatment for this condition. It achieves a successful outcome while avoiding the operative risks, prolonged hospitalisation, and morbidity that is associated with tracheal resection. We recommend it as the standard of care for treating patients with this injury.
Symptoms experienced by patients with peripheral vestibular disorders: evaluation of the Vertigo Symptom Scale for clinical application
Authors: Faag C. , Bergenius J. , Forsberg C. , Langius‐Eklöf A.
Published: September 2010

Objectives:  To describe symptoms during an episode of dizziness in a sample of patients suffering from peripheral vestibular disorders and to compare them with the items in the Vertigo Symptom Scale.

Design:  A descriptive study from a sample of patients with peripheral vestibular disorders.

Setting:  Patients visiting a department of audiology at a university hospital.

Participants:  Twenty patients with peripheral vestibular disorders. The inclusion criteria were that the patient had had at least three spontaneous attacks of vertigo and/or was constantly unsteady during the last 3 months for at least 75% of the time when awake.

Main outcome measures:  Patients were instructed to complete a diary where they recorded symptoms that arose during an episode of dizziness. These symptoms were compared with the content of the Vertigo Symptom Scale.

Results:  The most frequent symptoms as mentioned by the patients in their diaries were a feeling that things are spinning or moving around, nausea, feeling unsteady/about to lose one’s balance, fatigue, headache, a feeling as if the ground you walk on is distant and ear‐related such as tinnitus and a feeling of pressure in the ear. Pain in the heart or chest region, a heavy feeling in the arms or legs, pain in the lower part of the back and excessive sweating were not mentioned at all or by very few patients. Analysis showed that some of the symptoms included in the Vertigo Symptom Scale occurred less during an episode of dizziness than others in this sample of patients with peripheral vestibular disorders.

Conclusion:  It was found that the Vertigo Symptom Scale is an adequate base but may need to be developed for use in patients diagnosed with peripheral vestibular symptoms to be able to evaluate care and treatment.
Transient auditory dysfunction – a description and study of prevalence
Authors: Patel K. , Almond M. , Rejali D.
Published: September 2010

Background.  Transient Auditory Dysfunction (TAD) is a previously undescribed symptom complex of unknown cause. It is characterised by sensoneural hearing loss (unilateral or bilateral) and tinnitus, which develops over a minute, resolves completely within minutes and is not accompanied by vestibular symptoms. The condition was brought to our attention as the senior author himself experiences the symptoms. The aim of the current study was to define TAD, find its prevalence and discuss its significance.

Method.  200 healthy subjects between the ages of 16 and 49 years with no pre existing medical or otological conditions were surveyed using a questionnaire.

Results.  41 subjects (20.5% ± 2.86% (mean ± se; n = 200) reported experiencing symptoms of TAD. The mean number of episodes was 5.9 times per month, the mean duration was 41 s and 80% experienced concomitant tinnitus. 50% had bilateral symptoms.

Conclusion.  TAD is a common finding in a healthy population. This may have implications on the pathogenesis of sudden onset sensoneural hearing loss. Further longitudinal studies and detailed audiological evaluation of patients with TAD is required to ascertain the significance, aetiology and pathophysiology of this condition.
Critical periods and the developmental origins of disease: an epigenetic perspective of schizophrenia
Authors: Perrin Mary , Kleinhaus Karine , Messinger Julie , Malaspina Dolores
Published: September 2010

Epigenetics holds promise to explain some puzzles concerning the risk and course of psychiatric disorders. Epigenetic information is essential as a set of operating instructions for the genome, which is heritable with DNA. The epigenetic regulation of gene expression can plausibly be influenced by the environment of one's ancestors, prenatal exposures, and by early life events. Some epigenetic mechanisms may alter neurophysiology throughout life by programming gene expression, perhaps in anticipation of certain life experiences. These epigenetic signals are only meta‐stable and may be perturbed by stochastic events, errors, or by environmental toxins. This introduction considers the possibility that epigenetic change that may occur as paternal age advances or during fetal adversity may be causally related to the susceptibility for schizophrenia.
Using Media to Teach About Language
Authors: Reaser Jeffrey
Published: September 2010

The number of documentaries being made about language has recently increased. Many of these have tremendous value in informal educational settings, but using them in classroom contexts in the United States often proves somewhat tricky. There are concerns about curricular fit, educational goals, potentially incendiary portrayals of topics, etc. High‐stakes testing further reduces the likelihood that language‐related documentaries will be used in schools, especially among populations who may benefit most from exposure to sociolinguistic perspectives. This article offers an evaluation of the usefulness of recent and older media in teaching about language in formal educational contexts. From this review emerges an incipient roadmap for adapting media so that it will be attractive to teachers and improve the likelihood that teachers will be successful incorporating said media in their classrooms.
Just Urban Food Systems: A New Direction for Food Access and Urban Social Justice
Authors: Bedore Melanie
Published: September 2010

Food geography has exploded as a subfield of human geography in recent years; however, normative ideas of justice are not always explicitly addressed. The concept of a ‘just urban food system’ can incorporate ideals of justice into the issue of declining retail food accessibility for low‐income urban communities –‘food deserts’– which have yet to be analysed through a lens of justice. In this article, I review geographers’ and planners’ research on changing urban food landscapes; I also discuss ways that food scholars have implicitly and explicitly addressed normative frameworks, such as food justice, food democracy, food sovereignty and the moral economy. I conclude with three potential research agendas to encourage research on the just urban food system: collective consumption, urban public/private property struggles and the just city.
Chemical Characteristics of Low‐Fat Soymilk Prepared by Low‐Speed Centrifugal Fractionation of the Raw Soymilk
Authors: Liu Zhi‐Sheng , Chang Sam K. C.
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  Large oil–protein particles (2 to 60 μm) were found in raw soymilk (or water extract of soybean), which was prepared in specific conditions. The large particles could be separated by sedimentation by centrifuging raw soymilk for 5 to 30 min at a low gravitational force ranging from 96 to 2410 × g. Chemical analysis showed that 80% to 90% of the total lipids and 30% to 40% of the total proteins were located in the precipitated fraction. The supernatant fraction had a dramatically higher protein‐to‐lipid ratio than the whole soymilk. The ratio of 11S/7S proteins and the ratio of 11S acidic/basic subunits were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the precipitate than that either in the whole soymilk or in the supernatant. Besides centrifuging conditions, other factors, including soymilk concentration, grinding method, soybean variety, and soybean storage, also significantly (P < 0.05) affected the centrifugal fractionation. This study showed that low‐speed centrifugation facilitated the separation of oil‐protein particles from raw soymilk, and can be used as an innovative method for preparing low‐fat soymilk and 11S protein‐enriched ingredients. The findings also increased our understanding of the association or aggregation between proteins and lipids in raw soymilk after grinding.

Practical Application:  Soymilk has become a popular beverage in the Western world due to its health benefits. Consumer demands for low‐fat and organic foods have been increasing in the recent years. Currently, there are no alternative methods for manufacturing low‐fat soymilk from whole soybeans. We found that most, if not all, of lipids in the raw soymilk were located in large particles, which could be separated by low‐speed centrifugation. This centrifugal fractionation was investigated by varying processing parameters, soybean varieties, and soybean storage conditions. The approach has potential to be used for manufacturing low‐fat soymilk. This study also has increased our understanding of the interactions between lipid and protein in raw soymilk.
Serum antibody responses in sheep after natural infection with Bacteroides nodosus
Authors: Whittington RJ , Marshall DJ , Walker RI , Turner MJ
Published: September 2010

Soluble outer membrane protein of Bacteroides nodosus extracted with potassium thiocyanate (KSCN) was employed as antigen in an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect serum antibody in sheep naturally infected with a heterologous serogroup. Serum antibody responses in 55 sheep were monitored for 2 years and maximum levels were directly related to the severity of clinical foot lesions. Serum antibody levels rose 2 weeks after foot lesions developed and declined within several months of resolution of lesions. After the first footrot transmission period, antibody levels persisted significantly (P<0.001) longer in sheep that did not become affected in the next transmission period compared with sheep in which footrot recurred. Antibody response did not appear to result in resolution of foot lesions.

ELISA using KSCN antigen gave similar results to whole cell ELISA where cells prepared from an homologous serogroup were used as antigen. Both these assays were more sensitive than ELISA in which heterologous whole cell antigen was used. Proteins extracted from the outer membrane of B. nodosus, which are known to be immunogenic in natural infection and common to different serogroups of B. nodosus, appear to be useful antigens for serological investigations of ovine footrot.
Psychoeducational multi‐family group treatment with adolescents at high risk for developing psychosis
Authors: O'Brien Mary P. , Zinberg Jamie L. , Bearden Carrie E. , Daley Melita , Niendam Tara A. , Kopelowicz Alex , Cannon Tyrone D.
Published: September 2010

Aim: In this study, we investigate the feasibility and acceptability of a 9‐month psychoeducational multi‐family group (PMFG) intervention for adolescents who are at ultra‐high–risk (UHR) for developing psychosis.

Methods: The treatment programme was adapted from those previously shown to be effective in patients with established psychotic illness, but emphasizes content relevant to adolescence and to a pre‐onset phase of illness.

Results: Participants report that psychoeducational presentations are highly useful, they attend the PMFG group sessions regularly and report feeling comfortable in meetings and benefiting from them, and adolescents demonstrate improvement in symptoms and functional outcome.

Conclusions: This study was not a randomized controlled trial and multiple interventions were introduced simultaneously; thus, changes in outcome cannot be attributed to the PMFG intervention per se. Nonetheless, these results establish the acceptability of PMFG to adolescents and families, and encourage further research into the potential positive impact of PMFG with this at‐risk population.
Early intervention service for psychosis: views from primary care
Authors: Renwick Laoise , Gavin Blanaid , McGlade Nicola , Lacey Paul , Goggins Ray , Jackson Deirdre , Turner Niall , Foley Sharon , McWilliams Stephen , Behan Caragh , Lawlor Elizabeth , Cullen Walter , O'Callaghan Eadbhard
Published: September 2010

Aim: Although General Practitioners (GPs) have a pivotal role in early detection and treatment of psychosis, there is sparse information on their views of early intervention (EI) services and how information related to EI should be delivered.

Method: Since inception, DETECT (Dublin East Treatment and Early Care Team), Ireland's pilot EI project, mailed information packs and provided information through the local GP continuing medical education (CME) network. After 1 year, we surveyed GPs within DETECT's catchment area for their views on the service being provided.

Results: One hundred and twenty‐six (36%) responded and 80% found the EI service very/extremely useful. GPs reported that the combination of CME session and information packs were more useful than information packs alone. Those who attended CME meetings were significantly more likely to refer suspected cases (P < 0.01) and more likely to find the service useful (P < 0.001).

Conclusion: The EI service for psychosis is well‐received among GPs. Information about EI delivered through CME appears to have a greater impact on referral rates and satisfaction levels than mailed information.
REVIEW: Curcumin and Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Hamaguchi Tsuyoshi , Ono Kenjiro , Yamada Masahito
Published: September 2010

Curcumin has a long history of use as a traditional remedy and food in Asia. Many studies have reported that curcumin has various beneficial properties, such as antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and antitumor. Because of the reported effects of curcumin on tumors, many clinical trials have been performed to elucidate curcumin's effects on cancers. Recent reports have suggested therapeutic potential of curcumin in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In in vitro studies, curcumin has been reported to inhibit amyloid‐β‐protein (Aβ) aggregation, and Aβ‐induced inflammation, as well as the activities of β‐secretase and acetylcholinesterase. In in vivo studies, oral administration of curcumin has resulted in the inhibition of Aβ deposition, Aβ oligomerization, and tau phosphorylation in the brains of AD animal models, and improvements in behavioral impairment in animal models. These findings suggest that curcumin might be one of the most promising compounds for the development of AD therapies. At present, four clinical trials concerning the effects of curcumin on AD has been conducted. Two of them that were performed in China and USA have been reported no significant differences in changes in cognitive function between placebo and curcumin groups, and no results have been reported from two other clinical studies. Additional trials are necessary to determine the clinical usefulness of curcumin in the prevention and treatment of AD.
REVIEW: Patient, Treatment, and Systems‐Level Factors in Bipolar Disorder Nonadherence: A Summary of the Literature
Authors: Busby Katherine Kovalski , Sajatovic Martha
Published: September 2010

This is a review of adherence determinants in bipolar disorder based on published prospective studies. Patient, treatment, and systems‐level adherence determinants are summarized. The review concludes with recommendations on approaches that may minimize nonadherence. MEDLINE, PsychINFO, and the Cochrane Database were searched using key terms of adherence, compliance, or persistence, combined with terms of bipolar disorder, bipolar depression, or mania. Publications were filtered for randomized clinical trials (RCTs). Due to low yields of RCTs, we additionally included prospective nonrandomized clinical and epidemiologic studies, and prospective studies of severe mental illness that had a focus on adherence as an outcome and reported data separately for bipolar disorder. A targeted review of the broader bipolar literature provided background for concluding remarks. Twenty‐two publications were identified describing RCTs with a specific population of bipolar disorder and a measure of adherence. Additional prospective nonrandomized studies were also identified. Studies identified three major categories of factors important to adherence: patient, treatment, and systems‐associated factors. Patient factors include selected demographic features, symptom severity and phase of illness, presence of past suicide attempts, psychiatric comorbidity, illness and treatment duration, and relationship with providers. Treatment factors include type and intensity of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy. Systems‐level factors include differential levels of care access and costs. There is an overall lack of RCTs, and few prospective studies, on patient and systems‐related determinants of adherence. Treatment‐related determinants of adherence have the most evidence to date; however, would benefit from larger studies with diverse populations. Careful assessment of treatment adherence (including partial adherence) should be included in all prospective bipolar treatment studies, and studies should be conducted to prospectively evaluate interventions to minimize nonadherence.
Pelagic Manganese Nodules—A New Type of Oncolites
Authors: Lizeng Bian , Chengyi Lin , Fusheng Zhang , An Du De‘ , Jianlin Chen , Huadi Shen
Published: September 2010

Pelagic manganese nodules from the East Pacific Ocean have been studied using polarizing, scanning electron and transmission electron microscopes. It has been revealed that the manganese nodules are composed of cores and stromatolite coatings. The structures and textures of these nodules are peculiar to oncolite. Consequently, the pelagic manganese nodules are manganese oncolites. Based on the stromatolites in the coatings, the manganese oncolites from the East Pacific Ocean can be divided into two types. One is smooth on surface and dense inside. Its coatings are composed mainly of Minima. The other has a knobby surface and is loose internally. Its coatings consist mainly of Admirabilis. The TEM investigation has also revealed that the constructors of the manganese oncolites are ultra–microbes. The Minima is constructed by Miniactinomyces chinensis sp. no v. and the Admirabilis is built by Spirisosphaerospora pacifica sp. nov.
Supergene Geochemistry of Gold and Oxidation Zone of the Sain Us Gold Deposit in the Inner Mongolian Arid Region
Authors: Mintao Ma , Guangyue Guan
Published: September 2010

The Sain Us gold deposit is a typical auriferous sulphide quartz vein deposit in the Inner Mongolian arid steppe climatic region. The oxidation zone has been controlled by the arid climate since the beginning of the Holocene. Gold supergene evolution is characterized by enlargement of gold grains, complication of the gold form, raising of the gold grade and increase, of the gold fineness; besides, gold and silver have two enrichment peaks at the same depth, which is in sharp contrast to the unimodal enrichment of gold and silver and the occurrence of gold above and silver below in a humid climatic region. Sun pumping is the main cause for the bimodal enrichment of gold and silver. Illite 2 M1 is one of the main causes for the upper enrichment peak of gold and silver.
Sequence Stratigraphy of the Permian–Triassia Boundary Section of Changxing, Zhejiang, Southern China
Authors: Kexin Zhang , Jinnan Tong , Hongfu Yin , Shunbao Wu
Published: September 2010

Three third–order sequences and about one hundred high–frequency cycles or Milankovitch cycles within the Late Permian Changxingian to Early Triassic Griesbachian are identified in the Meishan Section of Changxing, Zhejiang Province, southern China, the candidate stratotype section of the global Permo–Triassic boundary, based on a detailed study of the biological, ecological and high—resolution allochthonous cyclic events, microfacies and depositional systems. Furthermore, the stacking pattern of the depositional systems across various Changxingian and Griesbachian sedimentary facies of the Lower Yangtze and the sequence stratigraphic framework are outlined with the Meishan section as the principal section. In this paper the habitat types of fossil biota are applied to semiquantitative palaeobathymetry and the study of relative sea level changes.
The Background of Regional Lead Isotopic Compositions and Its Application in the Lower and Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River and Neighbouring Areas
Authors: Zhendong Ma , Guangxiang Shan
Published: September 2010

The paper systematically deals with the background of regional isotopic compositions in the lower and middle reaches of the Yangtze River and neighbouring areas. It is shown that the lead isotopic compositions of different geological formations and units are controlled by the primary mantle heterogeneity, dynamic process of crust—mantle interchange, abundances of uranium, thorium and lead of various layers of the earth and timing. Studies on the background of regional isotopic compositions may offer significant information for geochemical regionalization, tracing of sources of ore–forming materials, and regional prognosis of ore deposits.
Spatial–temporal Frame, Evolution and Mineralization of the Northern Qilian Metallogenic Province
Authors: Haitian Sun , Jieren Wu , Jinping Li
Published: September 2010

Four metallogenic epochs occurred in different tectonic environments during the evolution of the Northern Qilian metallogenic province through the geological time. The Middle Proterozoic metallogenic epoch witnessed the tectonic environment of crustal breakup caused by mantle diapirism, in which ultramafic–mafic rocks were intruded along deep fault belts and the superlarge Jinchuan magmatic Cu–Ni sulphide deposit was formed. In the Middle–Late Proterozoic metallogenic epoch the crust was further broken to form an intracontinental rift, in which the Chenjiamiao style massive Cu–Fe sulphide deposits hosted by basic volcanic tuff were formed in the lower volcano–sedimentary sequence, while the large sedex type Jingtieshan style Fe–Cu deposits were formed within the upper abyssal carbon–rich argillaceous sedimentary sequence. The Early Palaeozoic saw the aulacogen environment, within which the Baiyinchang style superlarge massive base and precious metal sulphide deposits hosted by quartz keratophyric tuff were formed in the Middle–Late Cambrian rifted island arc and the massive Cu–Zn sulphide deposits and magmatic chromite deposits associated with the ophiolite suite were formed in the Early–Middle Ordovician, and the Honggou style massive Cu–Fe sulphide deposits hosted by spilite were formed in the Late Ordovician back–arc basin environment. In the Late Palaeozoic–Meso–Cenozoic, the metallogenic province went into an intracontinental orogenic stage characterized by compressive tectonic environment, in which there occurred carbonate–quartz vein type and tectono–alteration gold deposits associated with ductile–shear structures.
Palaeotemperatures and Diagenetic Phases of the Upper Triassic Oil—bearing Sandstones in the Eastern Part of the Ordos Basin
Authors: Yiqun Liu , Qiao Feng , Wenhou Li
Published: September 2010

The maximum palaeotemperature of oil–bearing sandstones in the Upper Triassic in the eastern Ordos basin has been determined by using many methods including the vitrinite reflectance, fluid inclusion, apatite fission track, illite crystallinity, chlorite polytype and diagenetic change of authigenic minerals. The thermal gradient in the Late Mesozoic was about 2.9–3.0°C/100 m. The Upper Triassic was in a mature stage of organic matter and hydrocarbon began to be generated and migrated during this period. The palaeotemperatures of oil–bearing sandstones were in the range of 88–110°C; those for the generation and migration of oil ranged from 112 to 122°C. The thickness of the denuded strata overlying the Upper Triassic was 2465–2750 m. The present burial depth of oil–bearing sandstones is generally from 400 to 1200 m. At a depth of ca. 1900 m, the temperature may reach 140°C. Bebw this depth, organic matter was supermature and mainly generated gas.
Elemental Geochemical Anomaly in the Sinian Doushantuo Formation‐Dengying Formation Boundary in Miaohe, Hubei
Authors: Jian YANG , Lianfang DING
Published: September 2010

Abstract: No research has been made on such a lower rank boundary as the Sinian Doushantuo Formation‐Dengying Formation boundary in the eastern region of the Yangtze Gorges. Elemental geochemical determination has revealed anomalies of REE and other trace elements around the boundary, which have relatively high contents than those in its overlying and underlying beds. The authors therefore think that a catastrophic event once occurred in the Miaohe area at the end of the Doushantuoan Period, which caused the mass extinction of the Miaohe biota.
On Palaeozoic Tectonics in the Alxa Region, Inner Mongolia, China
Authors: Tairan WU , Guoqi HE , Chen ZHANG
Published: September 2010

Abstract: Two ophiolitic mélange belts in the Late Carboniferous formations have been discovered recently in the Alxa region. One is in the Engger Us fault and possesses properties of oceanic crust. The other is in the Badain Jaran fault and shows properties of a back‐arc basin. These two faults, together with the Yagan fault, constitute the important boundaries of tectonic units in the Alax region. The four tectonic units delimited by these faults are different in rock assemblages, metamorphism and geochemistry. They reflect the nature of tectonic environments in which they are found. The tectonic units may be traced and correlated to the eastern and western neighbouring areas. The formation and evolution process of the units and their interaction in the Alxa region may be described in terms of the evolution of the Palaeo‐Mongolian Ocean and its continental margins.
Mechanism and Modes of Microbial Minerogenesis of Polymetallic Nodules on the Ocean Floor
Authors: Baorui YAN , Xigen ZHANG , Dehua LIANG , Dongyu XU , Yifen LIU , Wei ZHANG
Published: September 2010

Abstract: This paper presents a quantitative analysis of the relations of the occurrence of polymetallic nodules with the geochemical actions of microbes in the seawater, pore water and sediments at the bottom of the eastern Pacific Ocean basin. Emphasis is laid on the relations of the activity intensity and biochemical transformation rate of aerobic bacteria (iron bacteria, Thiobacillus thioparus, halobacteria and manganese—oxidizing bacteria) and anaerobic bacteria (sulphate—reducing bacteria, denitrifying bacteria, Thiobacillus denitrificans) with mineralization. The experimental research on the migration and accumulation of ore‐forming elements caused by microbial and chemical actions shows that the microbes have changed the conditions of oxidation and reduction in the system, and their effect on the element precipitation is much stronger than the chemical actions and accelerates the enrichment of Fe and Ma It demonstrates that the microbes can change the environment to promote the accumulation of ore‐forming elements, thus leading to indirect mineralization.

It is first found under the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) that there are fossil microbes of various sizes and forms in the shells of polymetallic nodules, and even ultramicrofossil bacteria at the cores. On the walls of some mineralized microbes there are sheaths of Fe and Mn oxides. After the death of the microbes, their bodies are accumulated on the interface of seawater‐sediments and form polymetallic nodules. Microstructures of polymetallic nodules formed by microbes are also discussed, and two modes of microbial minerogenesis of polymetallic nodules, both direct and indirect, are suggested in the paper.
On the Mechanism of Transformation from Primary Ores into Oxidized Ores in Finely Disseminated Gold Deposits
Authors: Xianfan LIU , Shijun NI , Jingfu JIN , Qiuxia LU , Xingchun ZHANG
Published: September 2010

Abstract: This paper, taking the finely disseminated gold deposits in southwestern Guizhou and northwestern Guangxi as examples, discusses the difference between the occurrence of primary ores and that of oxidized ores, analyzes the occurrence mechanism in terms of crystallochemistry and geochemistry, and especially studies the chemical model for supergene leaching transformation of clay minerals in the two types of ores. This study proposes a new idea for dressing and smelting technology for primary gold ores.
Meso‐Cenozoic Evolution of the Tanlu Fault and Formation of Sedimentary Basins
Authors: Weifeng WANG , Qiang JIN , Zongjin MA
Published: September 2010

Abstract: There are a group of large and medium‐scale Meso‐Cenozoic petroliferous basins along both sides of the Tanlu fault or within the fault zone, e.g., the Songliao basin, the Bohai Bay basin and the Subei‐Yellow Sea basin. As shown by studies of the structural types, sedimentary formations, volcanic activities, tectonic evolution as well as the time‐space relationship between the Tanlu fault zone and the basins, the formation and distribution of the basins are controlled by the movement of the Tanlu fault. This paper presents an analysis of the tectono‐geometric, kinematic and geodynamic features of the basins on the basis of integrated geological‐geophysical data, and an exploration into the internal relations between the fault and the basins as well as the formation mechanism and geodynamic processes of the basins.
Chaos Dynamic Behaviour of Mineralization
Authors: Tuhua MA , Xingsheng ZHU , Changjiang LI
Published: September 2010

Abstract: In this paper a nonlinear dynamic model for the distribution of element content and mineralization in the crust is suggested and the iteration relationship formula of this model coincides with the logistic equation. This shows that mineralization related with migration and enrichment of elements is in chaos, thus resulting in fractal structures of element content and ore reserves and their spatial distribution in the crust.
Time Sequence of Himalayan Endogenetic Mineralization on the East Side of the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau
Authors: Junlie LUO , Yuchuan CHEN , Denghong WANG
Published: September 2010

Abstract  Among the endogenetic deposits in the Sanjiang area and at the west margin of the Yangtze platform, Himalayan deposits are the most important and contribute a large proportion of the resources of superlarge deposits. Among the controlled resources of this region, 84% of copper resources, 67% of Pb‐Zn, 31% of Ag, 77% of gold and 24% of tin come from Himalayan deposits on the east side of the Qinghai‐Tibet plateau. Himalayan endogenetic mineralization shows a relatively complete sequence evolution in the Sanjiang area and on the west margin of the Yangtze platform. Mineralization is manifested by gold deposits related to K‐rich lamprophyre, REE deposits related to alkalic complexes and Cu‐Au‐polymetallic deposits related to alkaline porphyry. Six sequences of mineralization evolution since 65 Ma B.P. in the Sanjiang area and on the west side of the Yangtze platform can be recognized. Himalayan endogenetic mineralization on the east side of the Qinghai‐Tibet plateau reached its peak before the Oligocene, corresponding to episodes I and II of the intracontinental orogenic cycle. Afterwards, mineralization waned obviously.
Cenozoic Mineralization in China, as a Key to Past Mineralization and a Clue to Future Prospecting
Authors: Denghong WANG , Yuchuan CHEN , Jue XU , Jianmin YANG , Chunji XUE , Shenghao YAN
Published: September 2010

Abstract  Many Cenozoic metal deposits have been found during the past decade. Among them, the Fuwan Ag deposit in Guangdong is the largest Ag deposit in China. Besides, the largest Cu deposit of China in Yulong, Tibet, the largest Pb‐Zn deposit of China in Jinding, Yunnan, and the largest Au deposit of China in Jinguashi, Taiwan, were also formed in the Cenozoic. Why so many important “present” deposits formed during such a short period of geological history is the key problem. The major reason is that different tectonic settings control different kinds of magmatic activity and mineralization at the same time. In southwestern China, porphyry‐type Cu deposits such as Yulong were formed during the early stage of the Himalayan orogeny, sediment‐hosted Pb‐Zn deposits such as Jinding were formed within intermontane basins related to deep faults, and carbonatite‐related deposits such as the Maoniuping REE deposit and alkalic magmatic rock‐related deposits such as the Beiya Au deposit originated from the mantle source. In southeastern China, the Fuwan Ag deposit was related to continental rifting which was triggered by the mantle plume. In Taiwan, the Jinguashi Au deposit was formed during the subduction process of an oceanic plate beneath a continental plate. Besides, the features such as the diversification, inheritance, large size, deep source of metals and fluids of the Cenozoic (Present or Recent) mineralization can be used as a key to the search for past deposits.
Hot‐Water Deposition of Pyritic Stromatolite and Its Relation to Biomineralization
Authors: Xuehui XIA , Changtao LIU , Zhongmo LI
Published: September 2010

Abstract  Pyritic stromatolite, a rich pyrite ore, is scattered as reef masses in sedex deposits of the Proterozoic Yanshan rift trough. The pyritic stromatolite consists of a core and alternating concentric rims of light colloidal pyrite and dark organic materials. The concentric rims are cemented together by trichomes highly similar to the trichomic microorganisms inhabiting substantively around the black chimneys on the current sea beds while the core is composed chiefly of groups of thermophilous sulphur bacteria. Biomarkers for the molecules of pyritic stromatolite include pristane, phytane, regular isoprenoids paraffin, methyl‐heptadecyl, and so on. This study reveals the existence of methane‐yielding bacteria in the pyritic stromatolite and reflects the evolution of thermophilous thallophyta.

Long pulsation of mineralizing thermal solutions venting up along contemporaneous faults in rift troughs contributed greatly not just to the reproduction of thermophilous organisms living around the vents, but to their adsorption of Fe2+ from the solutions in a reducing environment. Pyritic stromatolite constantly took shape through metabolism and reduction of these organisms. Owing to the uneven development of the organic communities close to the vents or the hydrothermal plumes, pyritic stromatolite occurred eventually as scattered reef masses. This mineralizing mechanism may be summarized as the following procedure: flowing of hydrothermal fluids associated with submarine exhalatio→adsorption and metabolism of thermophilous micro‐organisms→reduction of organic materials→formation of deposits of pyritic stromatolite.
Analysis of Ore‐Controlling Structures of the Xincheng‐Hexi Gold Deposit, Shandong Province, China
Authors: Shibin LEI
Published: September 2010

Abstract  Based on quantitative and semi‐quantitative mathematical and mechanical analysis of the shape, motion, structural factors, stress field and deformation field of the ore‐hosting faults in the Xincheng‐Hexi gold deposit, the ore‐controlling features of faults and mineralization mechanism are discussed. It is concluded that the mineralization is controlled by the main faults, subsidiary fractures, joint density, mechanical features and deformation of the faults. The ore bodies are mainly located in the lower part of the convex crest and upper part of the concave trough of the main undulating fault surface. Mineralization is positively correlated to the development of subsidiary fractures and joints, which correspond to zones of low internal stress and high body strain and shear strain. They are favourable positions for mineralization and alteration.
Metallogenic Features and Metalogenic Model of Laterite Gold Deposits in Southern China
Authors: Dajing CHEN , Mingshou YANG
Published: September 2010

Abstract  The modern laterite gold deposits in southern China, which belong to reworked laterite deposits, can be further divided into three subclasses and seven types. Their geological features, ore‐forming conditions and regularities are discussed. A geologic‐geochemical metallogenic model for laterite gold deposits has been established.