bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploring Healthcare Workers’ Knowledge and Perspectives on Behavioral Risk Factors Contributing to Non-Communicable Diseases: A Qualitative Study in Bushbuckridge, Ehlanzeni District, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa
Authors: Pilusa Thabo D. , Ntimana Cairo B. , Maphakela Mahlodi P. , Maimela Eric
Published: February 2025

Healthcare workers have been the backbone of information regarding behavioral risk factors and non-communicable diseases that have caused morbidity and mortality globally over the past decades. The study explores the knowledge of healthcare workers about behavioral risk factors contributing to non-communicable diseases. The study utilized a qualitative, explorative, and descriptive design. Data were collected through a semi-structured interview guide, involving eight healthcare workers from Bushbuckridge. Purposive sampling was used to select the participants. Healthcare workers were interviewed at their convenience, such as at lunch or as per their appointment time. Using thematic analysis, the researchers were able to systematically organize and interpret the data presented in the themes. Two themes and seven subthemes emerged regarding the knowledge of healthcare workers about behavioral risk factors contributing to non-communicable diseases. These themes, identified through deductive analysis, include behavioral risk factors and health system factors. The study found that a lack of seminars or training in the management of chronic disorders has left healthcare providers in Bushbuckridge with less information about behavioral risk factors related to non-communicable diseases. However, these findings reflect the perspectives of a small sample and require further investigation through broader qualitative and quantitative research to determine their generalizability and potential systemic implications.
Primary Motives and Barriers to Physical Activity Participation Among Students Registered at a Semi-Rural University: A Mixed-Methods Study
Authors: Radebe Silindokuhle Sanele , Breukelman Gerrit Jan , Joubert Anné S. , Millard Lourens
Published: February 2025

Physical inactivity among university students remains a global health concern, especially in semi-rural settings where unique barriers such as limited facilities, cultural norms, and inadequate transportation persist. This study aimed to identify the primary motivations and barriers to physical activity participation among students at a semi-rural university, providing insights for tailored interventions. A mixed-methods explanatory sequential design was used. In the quantitative phase, 414 questionnaires were distributed across four faculties, with 328 completed responses analysed using t-tests and factor analysis. The qualitative phase involved semi-structured interviews with 23 students, analysed through conventional content analysis. The quantitative findings revealed key motivators for physical activity, which included enjoyment (mean = 4.51, p < 0.001), social interaction (mean = 3.99, p < 0.001), and health benefits (mean = 3.27, p = 0.001). However, for barriers, heavy academic workload reached statistical significance (mean = 3.88, p < 0.001). In contrast, qualitative data uncovered additional barriers such as insufficient facilities and poor communication, which were not captured in the quantitative phase. Factor analysis identified four constructs for motivations (e.g., coaching, social, health, enjoyment) and barriers (e.g., club processes, excuses, external factors, lack of interest). Qualitative data corroborated these findings, highlighting issues such as insufficient visibility of physical activity programs, time barriers, and inconsistent coaching quality. This study underscores the importance of addressing structural barriers, such as upgrading facilities, improving communication strategies, and enhancing coaching quality, to increase physical activity participation. By implementing strategic interventions, universities can foster inclusive environments that better support students’ well-being and engagement, ultimately promoting healthier lifestyles among university populations.
Age-Specific Mortality Forecasting in Kazakhstan: Alternative Approaches to the Lee–Carter Model
Authors: Koichubekov Berik , Omarkulov Bauyrzhan , Mukhanova Meruyert , Zakirova Rimma
Published: February 2025

Age-specific mortality forecasting in Kazakhstan plays a crucial role in public health planning and healthcare management. By predicting mortality rates across different age groups, policymakers, healthcare providers, and researchers can make informed decisions that improve health outcomes and allocate resources more effectively. We analyzed Kazakhstan’s annual mortality data from 1991 to 2023. The Lee–Carter model and its extensions were used to predict mortality. But they did not give satisfactory results for predicting mortality. Including external socio-economic factors in the model did not improve the forecasting accuracy. The accuracy of the forecast increased with a separate analysis of the subpopulations of children and adults. This was because, since 1991 in the children subpopulation there has been a pronounced linear downward trend, while in the adult subpopulation the global trend in mortality dynamics is nonlinear. As a result, it is possible to make forecasts for 7 years with a high degree of accuracy (error < 10%) and forecast for the 8th, 9th, and 10th years with a “good” degree of accuracy (error 10–20%). In 2024–2033, a further mortality decline is expected in most age groups. Only in groups over 80 years old is a slight increase in mortality predicted in the coming year, but then a downward trend will be observed again.
Genome-Wide Identification of the WUSCHEL-Related Homeobox (WOX) Gene Family in Barley Reveals the Potential Role of HvWOX8 in Salt Tolerance
Authors: Zhang Wenqi , Huang Linli , Zhou Longhua , Zong Yingjie , Gao Runhong , Li Yingbo , Liu Chenghong
Published: February 2025

The WUSCHEL-related homeobox (WOX) belongs to a plant-specific transcription factor gene family that plays crucial roles in plant growth and development. Barley ranks as the fourth global cereal crop and is recognized as a model crop for the study of cereal genetics. However, genome-wide characterization, functional validation, and stress-related studies of the WOX gene family in barley remain limited, hindering efforts to leverage their potential for improving salt tolerance and regeneration efficiency in breeding programs. In this study, we identified 12 HvWOX genes assigned from chromosome 1 to chromosome 5. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these HvWOX genes can be classified into three clades (WUS, ancient, and intermediate). Gene structure analysis revealed that the exon numbers of HvWOX genes varied in the WUS and intermediate clades but were highly conserved in the ancient clade. Tissue-specific analysis revealed that the most common HvWOX genes were highly expressed in reproductive tissues such as anthers or ovaries. Cis-element analysis suggested that there were multiple stress- and hormone-responsive elements in the HvWOX gene promoters. In addition, overexpression of HvWOX8 in Arabidopsis significantly enhanced root elongation under salt stress (50–100 mM NaCl), suggesting its direct role in salt tolerance. Transcriptomic analysis further revealed that HvWOX8 modulates hormone signaling and electron transfer pathways during ATP synthesis under stress conditions. In conclusion, our results provided a comprehensive understanding of the gene characteristics, expression patterns, and potential roles of barley WOX genes.
Patient Controlled Intravenous Analgesia with Oxycodone or Sufentanil After Hip Surgery: Study Protocol for a Multi-Centered, Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Liao Chenxi , Zhu Haibei , Zhong Jie , Lai Xingning , Zhang Boyi , Liao Ren
Published: February 2025

Background: Patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) after hip surgery should be focused on sufficient analgesia, recovery, and the risk of adverse effects. Sufentanil PCIA offers effective analgesia but with obvious side effects. Oxycodone, a semi-synthetic opioid, is reported to have good analgesic effects with fewer adverse effects compared to strong opioids. We hypothesize that in hip surgery, compared with sufentanil PCIA, oxycodone PCIA in an equipotent dose to sufentanil could achieve similar postoperative analgesia while reducing the incidence of adverse effects associated with strong opioids. Methods: This multi-centered, randomized, controlled open-label clinical trial compares the efficacy of oxycodone and sufentanil for PCIA in hip surgery patients. Results: A total of 570 subjects will be randomly allocated in a 1:1 ratio into either the oxycodone group or sufentanil group. The primary outcome is the resting numerical rating scale (NRS) pain scores at 2 h after surgery. The secondary outcomes include the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), NRS pain scores on movement, complications, mobilization time, length of hospital stay, total in-hospital cost, etc. Conclusions: This trial will provide evidence for the choice of PCIA in hip surgery by comparing the analgesic efficacy and side effects of oxycodone and sufentanil, serving as a foundation for postoperative pain management guidelines and recommendations. Trial Registration: Clinical Trials NCT03685188.
Endoscopic Treatment of Bouveret Syndrome with Combined Laser and Mechanical Lithotripsy: A Case Report
Authors: Parisi Stefanie , D’Agostino Dario , Di Bartolo Concetta Elisabetta , Petruzzellis Carlo , Scamporrino Alessandra , Piro Salvatore , Catarella Domenico
Published: February 2025

Background: Bouveret syndrome is a complication of cholelithiasis, characterized by the migration of a large gallstone from the gallbladder to a part of the stomach or intestine through a bilio-enteric fistula. This condition results in a rare form of gallstone ileus, presenting signs and symptoms of gastric outlet obstruction. Methods: This case report aims to present a rare instance of Bouveret syndrome in a 64-year-old woman who presented to our emergency department with recurrent epigastric pain and vomiting for over 2 months. After a CT scan, an esophagogastroscopy was performed following a multidisciplinary discussion. An endoscopic evaluation revealed a large (4 cm) gallstone found in the proximal duodenum using an endoscope. We then inserted the holmium laser fiber system through a standard ERCP catheter, passing it through the endoscope’s working channel. By positioning the holmium laser fiber within the catheter, we stabilized the energy on the gallstone, which was then fragmented into smaller pieces after administering pulse energy. Results: In this case report, we successfully treated Bouveret syndrome using endoscopic laser lithotripsy combined with mechanical lithotripsy, avoiding traditional surgery. Conclusions: The endoscopic approach that combines laser and mechanical lithotripsy appears effective in fragmenting large gallstones into smaller pieces, facilitating their passage through the digestive tract and resolving the obstruction.
Circulating Biomarkers of Thyroid Cancer: An Appraisal
Authors: Codrich Marta , Biasotto Alessia , D’Aurizio Federica
Published: February 2025

Thyroid cancer is the most prevalent endocrine cancer. The prognosis depends on the type and stage at diagnosis. Thyroid cancer treatments involve surgery, possibly followed by additional therapeutic options such as hormone therapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy and chemotherapy. Besides the well-known thyroid tumor biomarkers, new circulating biomarkers are now emerging. Advances in genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic technologies have allowed the development of novel tumor biomarkers. This review explores the current literature data to critically analyze the benefits and limitations of routinely measured circulating biomarkers for the diagnosis and monitoring of thyroid cancer. The review also sheds light on new circulating biomarkers, focusing on the challenges of their use in the clinical management of thyroid cancer, underlining the need for the identification of a new generation of circulating biomarkers.
Isoflurane vs. Propofol Sedation in Patients with Severe Stroke: A Clinical Proof-of-Concept-Study
Authors: Worm André , Claudi Christian , Braun Svea R. , Schenker Marisa , Meyer Anneke , Moeller Leona , Simon Ole J. , Timmermann Lars , Mrochen Anne , Diel Norma J. , Juenemann Martin , Huttner Hagen B. , Schramm Patrick
Published: February 2025

Background: Severe strokes often require deep sedation, yet the optimal sedation regimen remains unclear. This comparative study compared the efficacy of achieving target sedation depth using inhaled (isoflurane) versus intravenous (propofol) sedation. Methods: This prospective, observational, proof-of-concept study was conducted between July 2022 and June 2023 at two University Hospitals with dedicated neurological intensive care units. We included conservatively treated patients with severe space-occupying strokes (ischemic or haemorrhagic) requiring deep sedation. Patients received either inhaled or intravenous sedation. Sedation targets were defined in the morning rounds using the Richmond-Agitation-Sedation-Scale and were assessed at two subsequent time points (7 p.m. and 7 a.m.) during hospital stay. The primary outcome was the number of days where the predefined sedation target was achieved at both time points, comparing between the two sedation regimens. Secondary and safety outcomes included the incidence of delirium, pneumonia, functional outcomes, mortality, and vasopressor doses. Results: Seventy-nine patients (age 71 [63–81] years, 31 female) were included. Patients sedated with isoflurane achieved the sedation target significantly more often, with 182/444 (41%) compared to 80/497 (16%) assessments in patients sedated with propofol (RR 1.4; 95%-CI: 1.3–1.6). This effect was consistent across all sedation stages, specifically in the deep sedation targets (RR 1.5; 95%-CI: 1.2–1.9) and no-sedation target (RR 5.1; 95%-CI: 2.8–9.4). Secondary and safety outcomes revealed no significant differences. Conclusions: Isoflurane sedation offers a benefit for invasively ventilated stroke patients with respect to sedation targets. Specifically, isoflurane facilitates faster awakening when transitioning from deep sedation to awakening. These data encourage further confirmatory studies for specific stroke-patient groups.
The Impact of Pleural Effusion on Long-Term Mortality in Patients Undergoing Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation
Authors: Esin Fatma , Bozkurt Hakan , Palac Berkay , Akar Bahadır , Kiris Tuncay , Özdemir Emre , Karaca Mustafa
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Pleural effusions may be seen in patients with severe AS complicated by hemodynamically significant heart failure. However, there are no data on the association between pleural effusion and long-term mortality in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). This study aimed to assess the impact of pre-procedural pleural effusion on long-term mortality in these patients. Methods: A retrospective, single-center analysis was conducted on 401 patients who underwent TAVI between January 2010 and December 2023. The patients were categorized into two groups based on the presence of pleural effusion, which was assessed via pre-procedural imaging using thoracic computed tomography (CT). Results: Pleural effusion was present in 158 patients (39.4%). The patients with pleural effusion had significantly higher long-term mortality rates compared to those without pleural effusion (46.2% vs. 24.3%, p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis identified pleural effusion as an independent predictor of long-term mortality (HR: 1.568, 95% CI: 1.065–2.308, p = 0.023). Also, the patients with pleural effusions had a higher long-term mortality rate compared with those without pleural effusions (log-rank p < 0.001). Conclusions: Pre-procedural pleural effusion is independently associated with increased long-term mortality in TAVI patients. Early recognition and management of pleural effusion are critical for optimizing outcomes in this high-risk population.
Economic and Socio-Cultural Development Dimension—Two Lake-Protected Areas’ Sustainability: A Case of Hungary and Serbia
Authors: Tabak Brankica , Trišić Igor , Štetić Snežana , Nechita Florin , Ilić Mirjana , Obadović Milica , Dobrescu Ada Ioana
Published: February 2025

The Balaton Uplands National Park (BUNP) and Palić Nature Park (PNP) have significant tourism potential for the development of specific tourism forms. These lake destinations offer not just natural features but also a developed infrastructure and a variety of events that are important to the ethno-social values of the local population. In this paper, the sociocultural and economic aspects of these locations are studied. Researching these two dimensions of sustainable tourism development (STuD) is important for tourism planning, growth, and control of STuD. This article’s research focuses on socio-cultural and economic elements that are critical to the growth of tourism (ToD). They are analyzed through revenue, employment, visitor spending, cultural and culinary marketing, events, and other aspects of this eco-sensitive tourist attraction. The study’s noteworthy findings demonstrate the importance of economic and socio-cultural elements for ToD and their substantial influence on the institutional and environmental aspects of sustainability. The quantitative method involved surveying visitors to these two protected areas. A total of 810 visitors participated in this research. Respondents expressed the importance of these two sustainability groups. Also, the results of the research indicate that economic and socio-cultural factors influence the respondents’ satisfaction to a significant extent. The research findings may be significant in the creation of plans for the growth of tourism.
Effects of Habitat Loss and Fragmentation on the Occurrence of Alouatta guariba in Brazil
Authors: Repullés Katia , Galán-Acedo Carmen
Published: February 2025

Habitat loss is considered a major global threat to biodiversity. Yet, the effects of fragmentation are strongly debated, with studies showing positive, negative, or null effects on species. Understanding the effects of fragmentation has key conservation implications as negative effects prioritize large, contiguous habitats; null or weak effects highlight the protection of all habitat patches, regardless of their size; and positive effects support the preservation of small patches. This information is particularly important for highly threatened species with declining populations, such as primates. In this study, we assessed the independent effects of habitat amount (forest cover) and fragmentation (patch density) on the patch occurrence of the brown howler monkey (Alouatta guariba) across 956 forest patches in Brazil, using data from 53 studies. We found that both forest cover and patch density positively, but non-significantly, affect the occurrence of the brown howler monkey in forest patches. Weak effects of forest cover on patch occurrence are likely due to the ability of howlers to cope with habitat loss, although the long-term consequences of habitat destruction are considered negative for the species. Weak effects of fragmentation underscore the importance of maintaining both small and large forest patches for the conservation of the brown howler monkey.
Introduction to the Special Issue Syntax and Discourse at the Crossroads
Authors: Ojea Ana
Published: February 2025

This Issue features eleven papers that explore significant aspects of the syntax–discourse interface using empirical data from different languages (English, German, Spanish, French, and Italian) and their variants [...]
Identification and Characterization of Microplastics in Human Cervicovaginal Lavage Fluids Using Raman Spectroscopy: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Shim Yoojin , Min Hyunjin
Published: February 2025

Microplastics have been detected in various human organs, and studies on their impact on human health are ongoing. However, few studies have researched microplastics in the cervicovaginal area. In this study, we aimed to assess their presence in human cervicovaginal lavage fluid. This prospective study was conducted at a single tertiary medical center, enrolling 10 participants aged 27–49 years. Human cervicovaginal lavage fluid samples were collected from the patients by a single skilled obstetrician. Raman spectroscopy was used to analyze and characterize microplastic particles detected in the samples. Ninety-one microplastic particles were detected in 10 samples. More than 50% of the microplastic particles were identified in a single patient who regularly used menstrual cups. The mean number of microplastics was 9.10 ± 14.96 per 10 g sample. Most of the microplastics were <50 μm in size, and polypropylene and polystyrene were the most predominant types. Raman analysis detected microplastic particles in human cervicovaginal lavage fluids, suggesting that the human cervicovaginal area is exposed to microplastics. The number of detected particles varied significantly among individuals. This study highlights the need for further research on the effects of microplastics on the female reproductive system using cervicovaginal lavage fluid.
Effects of Intermittent Versus Continuous Small-Sided Games on Athletic Performance in Male Youth Soccer Players: A Pilot Study
Authors: Pancar Zarife , Akay Mehmet Kaan , İlhan Muhammet Taha , Karaday Emre , Karaca Burak , Ulema Mustafa Sencer , Taşdoğan Ali Muhittin , Makaracı Yücel , González-Fernández Francisco Tomás
Published: February 2025

Adjusting the design of small-sided games and selecting the appropriate format can significantly enhance training outcomes and player development in soccer. The aim of the study was to compare the effects of intermittent small-sided games (ISSG) and continuous small-sided games (CSSG) on athletic performance metrics in male soccer players. This pilot study was conducted using a parallel group pre-test and post-test design, with 16 male youth soccer players randomly assigned to two groups: the ISSG group (n = 8, Mean age = 16.50 ± 0.53 years) and the CSSG group (n = 8, Mean age = 16.63 ± 0.52 years), ensuring a balance in pre-test performance and playing positions. The ISSG protocol began with 4 min sets in week one, progressively increasing to 7 min by week four, with 2 min rest intervals. The CSSG protocol involved continuous play, starting at 16 min and progressing to 28 min over the same period. Players underwent pre- and post-tests, with a 4-week training period. Performance metrics assessed included body composition, a 30 m sprint test, agility, horizontal jump, aerobic and anaerobic capacity, and static balance. Training intensity was monitored using the CR-10 Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion scale throughout the training period. Both groups exhibited improvements in horizontal jump, agility, aerobic and anaerobic power, and static balance, with no significant between-group differences. Sprint performance did not significantly improve in either group. The CSSG group reported higher RPE values and experienced a reduction in body mass index. Our findings demonstrate that both ISSG and CSSG resulted in similar improvements in athletic performance metrics in male youth soccer players. Coaches and practitioners can choose the most appropriate training method based on specific objectives, session duration, and player fatigue levels, thereby optimizing training outcomes.
Tuberous Sclerosis Complex: New Insights into Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Breakthroughs
Authors: Jurca Aurora Alexandra , Jurca Alexandru Daniel , Petchesi Codruta Diana , Bembea Dan , Jurca Claudia Maria , Severin Emilia , Jurca Sanziana , Vesa Cosmin Mihai
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a rare, autosomal dominant genetic disorder caused by mutations in the TSC1 and TSC2 genes, which disrupt the regulation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, a critical regulator of cellular growth. The disorder presents as a multisystem condition, with benign tumors (hamartomas) developing in organs such as the brain, skin, heart, kidneys, and lungs, leading to significant clinical variability and impact on quality of life. This review aims to summarize recent advances in the understanding of TSC pathogenesis and clinical variability and evaluate the therapeutic breakthroughs in targeted treatments. Methods: A narrative review was conducted using various available databases. We applied objective evaluation metrics, such as the impact factor of the journals and the citation count, to assess the quality of the studies. Results: Targeted therapies, particularly mTOR inhibitors (mTORis), have shown efficacy in reducing hamartoma size, improving neuropsychiatric symptoms, and enhancing patient outcomes. Despite these advances, variability in disease expression poses challenges in diagnosis and individualized management strategies. Conclusions: Challenges such as early diagnosis, optimizing long-term outcomes, and addressing residual unmet needs remain critical. Future research should prioritize precision medicine approaches and patient-centered care models within centers of expertise to improve treatment efficacy and quality of life for individuals with TSC.
Effect of Coal Tar Components and Thermal Polycondensation Conditions on the Formation of Mesophase Pitch
Authors: Zhang Lei , Zhao Haocheng , Zhang Lei , Song Ruikang , Wang Qi , Liu Ziqing
Published: February 2025

This study focuses on the preparation of mesophase pitch via the thermal polycondensation of heavy components from low-temperature coal tar. By altering the coal tar composition through distillation, we investigated the impact of various coal tar components and reaction conditions on the properties of the resulting mesophase pitch. Techniques such as infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, optical structure analysis, and family-component analysis were employed to analyze both the coal tar and mesophase pitch. The primary objective was to provide a comprehensive understanding of mesophase pitch preparation and the underlying transformation mechanisms of coal tar at the molecular, chemical, and functional group levels. Our findings revealed that mesophase pitch formation was driven by a combination of chemical reactions and physical processes. Increasing the distillation temperature reduced the number of alkyl substituents, shortened chain lengths, and promoted greater aromatic condensation. The optimal mesophase pitch content was achieved at a distillation temperature of 360 °C, a reaction temperature of 400 °C, and a holding time of 12 h, resulting in a predominantly inlaid structure. This work addresses a gap in the understanding of coal tar transformation, highlighting how the interplay between distillation temperature and reaction conditions affects the structural properties of mesophase pitch, with implications for improving its production and applications in carbon materials.
Thermal Stability and Irradiation Resistance of (CrFeTiTa)70W30 and VFeTiTaW High Entropy Alloys
Authors: Pereira André , Martins Ricardo , Monteiro Bernardo , Correia José B. , Galatanu Andrei , Catarino Norberto , Belec Petra J. , Dias Marta
Published: February 2025

Nuclear fusion is a promising energy source. The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor aims to study the feasibility of tokamak-type reactors and test technologies and materials for commercial use. One major challenge is developing materials for the reactor’s divertor, which supports high thermal flux. Tungsten was chosen as the plasma-facing material, while a CuCrZr alloy will be used in the cooling pipes. However, the gradient between the working temperatures of these materials requires the use of a thermal barrier interlayer between them. To this end, refractory high-entropy (CrFeTiTa)70W30 and VFeTiTaW alloys were prepared by mechanical alloying and sintering, and their thermal and irradiation resistance was evaluated. Both alloys showed phase growth after annealing at 1100 °C for 8 days, being more pronounced for higher temperatures (1300 °C and 1500 °C). The VFeTiTaW alloy presented greater phase growth, suggesting lower microstructural stability, however, no new phases were formed. Both (as-sintered) alloys were irradiated with Ar+ (150 keV) with a fluence of 2.4 × 1020 at/m2, as well as He+ (10 keV) and D+ (5 keV) both with a fluence of 5 × 1021 at/m2. The morphology of the surface of both samples was analyzed before and after irradiation showing no severe morphologic changes, indicating high irradiation resistance. Additionally, the VFeTiTaW alloy presented a lower deuterium retention (8.58%) when compared to (CrFeTiTa)70W30 alloy (14.41%).
Shortening the Saturation Time of PBAT Sheet Foaming via the Pre-Introducing of Microporous Structures
Authors: Tian Fangwei , Jiang Junjie , Li Yaozong , Huang Hanyi , Wang Yushu , Qin Ziwei , Zhai Wentao
Published: February 2025

Poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) foam sheets prepared by foaming supercritical fluids are characterized by high resilience, homogeneous cellular structure, and well-defined biodegradability. However, the inert chemical structure and the rigid hard segments restrict the diffusion of CO2 within the PBAT matrix, resulting in extremely long gas saturation times as long as 9 h at a thickness of 12 mm. In this study, microporous structures were pre-introduced into the PBAT matrix to provide a fast gas diffusion pathway during the saturation process. After 2 h of saturation, PBAT foam sheets with expansion ratio of 10 to 13.8 times were prepared. The interaction of CO2 with PBAT was systematically investigated, and the CO2 sorption process was evaluated kinetically and thermodynamically using the Fickian diffusion theory. The solubility and diffusion rate of CO2 in pretreated PBAT sheets with different microporous sizes and densities were investigated, and the effects of pretreatment strategies on the foaming behavior and cell structure of PBAT foam sheets were discussed. The introduction of a microporous structure not only reduces saturation time but also enhances solubility, enabling the successful preparation of soft foams with high expansion ratios and resilience. After undergoing foaming treatment, the PBAT pretreated sheets with a 10 μm microporous structure and a density of 0.45 g/cm3 demonstrated improved mechanical properties: their hardness decreased to 35 C while resilience increased to 58%, reflecting enhanced elastic recovery capabilities. The pretreatment method, which increases the diffusion rate of CO2 in PBAT sheets, offers a straightforward approach that provides valuable insights into achieving rapid and efficient foaming of thick PBAT sheets in industrial applications.
Borel–Cantelli Lemma for Capacities
Authors: Kao Chunyu , Zong Gaofeng
Published: February 2025

In this paper, we investigate the second Borel–Cantelli lemma for capacity without the assumption of independence for events. We obtain a sufficient condition under which the second Borel–Cantelli lemma for capacity holds. Our results are natural extensions of the classical Borel–Cantelli lemma. However, the proof is different from the existing literature.
Vitamin D Deficiency Does Not Impair Diastolic Function in Elite Athletes
Authors: Özkan Ömer , Yakut İdris , Dönmez Gürhan , Korkusuz Feza
Published: February 2025

Background and Objectives: Regular exercise is known to induce cardiovascular adaptations collectively referred to as “athlete’s heart”. While previous research has explored the morphological and functional cardiac adaptations in athletes, the relationship between vitamin D (25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D]) levels and echocardiographic parameters remains underexplored. This study aims to assess the association between 25(OH)D levels and structural and functional cardiac parameters using electrocardiographic (ECG) and echocardiographic evaluations in athletes. Materials and Methods: This case–control study included 93 male athletes, categorized into professional (n = 68) and recreational (n = 25) groups. Professional athletes were further divided into football (n = 19), weightlifting (n = 22), and running (n = 27) subgroups. Serum 25(OH)D levels were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Standard 12-lead ECG and transthoracic echocardiography were performed to assess cardiac structure and function. Data were analyzed using statistical tests that were appropriate for normal and non-normal distributions, with a significance level set at p < 0.05. Results: Athletes exhibited higher left ventricular interventricular septum (IVS) thickness and left ventricular posterior wall thickness (LVPWd) compared to the control group. Significant differences in diastolic function parameters, including early (E) and late (A) diastolic filling velocities and the E/A ratio, were observed among athlete subgroups. The weightlifting group showed lower end-systolic diameter (ESD) values than the football group. However, no statistically significant relationship was found between 25(OH)D levels and echocardiographic diastolic parameters. While more than half of the athletes had insufficient 25(OH)D levels (<30 ng/mL), their average values were higher than those reported in previous studies. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that 25(OH)D levels do not significantly influence echocardiographic diastolic parameters in athletes. However, notable differences in structural and functional cardiac findings were observed among different sports disciplines. These findings contribute to the understanding of cardiac adaptations in athletes and suggest that 25(OH)D may not play a crucial role in diastolic function. Further research is needed to explore the long-term effects of vitamin D on athletic cardiac performance.
Surface Characteristics and Fatigue Resistance of Ultrasonic Rolling-Treated 20Cr1Mo1V1A Valve Stem
Authors: Lan Shuailing , Chen Fan , Bie Wenbo , Qi Meng , Zhang Zhiyuan
Published: February 2025

The valve stem made of 20CrMo1V1A has low surface resistance and high susceptibility to corrosion, significantly curtailing its service life. To address these issues, a high-quality ultrasonic rolling (USR) technology was applied to the 20CrMo1V1A stainless steel valve stem to enhance its corrosion resistance and mechanical properties. Subsequently, fatigue and corrosion tests were conducted on the valve stem. The results indicate that USR produces surfaces with a roughness average (Ra) of 0.3 μm and a gradient nanostructure on the valve stem surface. This unique microstructural modification resulted in a 27% improvement in surface hardness and nearly a three-fold grain size reduction. Additionally, the friction coefficient and electrochemical corrosion rate dropped by 47% and 32%, respectively. Therefore, USR was applicable for enhancing multiple properties of valve components as an additional final processing step for achieving high-performance valve stems.
Efficacy and Safety of Modified Bismuth Quadruple Therapy for First-Line Helicobacter pylori Eradication: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Cho Jun-Hyung , Jin So-Young
Published: February 2025

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of adding bismuth to conventional triple therapy (modified bismuth quadruple therapy [mBQT]) for Helicobacter pylori treatment-naïve patients in an era of increasing eradication failure. We performed a comprehensive literature search up to December 2024 using PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library to investigate mBQT’s benefits. The comparative treatments were as follows: (1) triple therapy without bismuth (TT), (2) non-BQTs (sequential and concomitant), and (3) classic BQT (cBQT) containing metronidazole and tetracycline. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were analyzed to compare eradication rates, adverse drug events, and patient compliance between the mBQT and comparison groups. In total, 9162 and 8449 patients from 43 trials in 35 RCTs were included in the intention-to-treat and per-protocol analyses, respectively. The mBQT group had a superior pooled eradication rate compared to the TT group (84.8% vs. 74.1%, p < 0.00001, and odds ratio [OR] = 2.02 [1.61–2.55]). The mBQT showed a similar eradication rate to the non-BQT and cBQT groups (80.8% vs. 80.2%, p = 0.55, and OR = 1.09 [0.83–1.43] in the non-BQT group; 81.5% vs. 83.0%, p = 0.36, and OR = 0.84 [0.59–1.21] in the cBQT group). Regarding adverse drug events, there was no significant difference between the mBQT and comparison groups (25.4% vs. 27.5%, p = 0.53, and OR = 0.95 [0.80–1.12]). The subgroup analysis showed that patient adherence to mBQT was significantly higher than to cBQT (96.4% vs. 93.3%, p = 0.004, and OR = 1.83 [1.21–2.77]). Our meta-analysis showed that mBQT was an effective and tolerable first-line therapy for H. pylori eradication.
Utilization of the Finer Particle Fraction of Arsenic-Bearing Excavated Rock Mixed with Iron-Based Adsorbent as Sorption Layer
Authors: Ishigami Daisuke , Arima Takahiko , Shinohara Satoshi , Kamijima Yutaka , Ito Keijirou , Suzuki Tasuma , Nakajima Keita , Mufalo Walubita , Igarashi Toshifumi
Published: February 2025

Excavated rocks generated during tunnel construction may pose an environmental hazard due to the release of acidic leachate containing potentially toxic elements (PTEs). Addressing this concern requires strategic countermeasures against mitigating the release of PTEs. This study investigated the efficacy of a novel approach for managing altered excavated rocks that generate acidic leachates with elevated arsenic (As) by utilizing the finer altered rock as a base material for the sorption layer. The proposed method involves classifying the altered excavated rocks into coarse (9.5–37.5 mm) and finer (<9.5 mm) fractions, with the finer fractions incorporated with iron (Fe)-based adsorbent to form a bottom sorption layer for the disposal of coarser rock samples. Leaching behavior and As immobilization efficiency were assessed through shaking, stirring leaching tests, batch sorption tests, and column tests under varying particle size fractions of the rock samples. Results indicate that altered finer rock fractions exhibit increased As leaching under shaking conditions due to enhanced dissolution. The addition of >1% of Fe-based adsorbent to the finer rock in the sorption layer effectively suppressed As leaching concentration, meeting the management criterion of <0.3 mg/L for specially controlled contaminated soils in Japan. Batch sorption tests using the finer rock samples with the Fe-based adsorbent confirmed their efficacy as effective adsorbents. This efficacy was further elucidated in column experiments consisting of the coarse rock samples and fine altered rock samples mixed with the Fe based adsorbent at the bottom as a sorption layer. Results showed that the sorption layer effectively decreased the As leached from the rock layer, utilizing the altered excavated fine rock as a base material in the sorption layer. This approach highlights the potential for repurposing excavated rocks as sorption media, enabling sustainable management strategies for As-contaminated rocks. This study provides an innovative framework for integrating adsorption-based remediation, contributing to sustainable countermeasure strategies for excavated rocks.
Assessing the Role of Dark Sweet Cherry (Prunus avium L.) Consumption on Cognitive Function, Neuropeptides, and Circadian Rhythm in Obesity: Results from a Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Arbizu Shirley , Mertens-Talcott Susanne U. , Talcott Stephen , Riviere Aaron , Riechman Steven E. , Noratto Giuliana D.
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Obesity is linked to a higher risk of cognitive impairment. The objective of this single blind randomized trial was to evaluate the impact of dark sweet cherry (DSC) intake on cognitive function in obese adults. Methods: Participants (body mass index (BMI): 30–40 kg/m2, >18 years, without chronic diseases and/or antibiotic use) consumed 200 mL of DSC drink with 3 g of cherry powder (n = 19) or an isocaloric placebo drink (n = 21) twice daily for 30 days. Cognitive function was assessed at Day 1 (D1) and Day 30 (D30) using standardized cognitive tests and the NeuroTracker (NT) 3D training program. Blood biomarkers related to cognitive health (neurotensin, substance p, and oxytocin) and circadian rhythm (melatonin and cortisol) were assessed at D1 and D30 using a Luminex multiplex bead-based immunoassay. Results: DSC supplementation significantly improved working memory and concentration, as indicated by higher scores in the digit span forward (DSF, p = 0.006) and backward (DSB, p = 0.01) tests. However, processing speed, sustained attention, and visual spatial skills, assessed through the trail making (TMT) and digit symbol substitution (DSST) tests, as well as visual cognitive performance (VCP) evaluated by the NT program, showed no significant differences between groups. Neurotensin, associated with cognitive deficits, increased in both cherry and placebo groups but was significant only in the placebo group (p = 0.007). Similarly, melatonin increased in both groups, reaching significance only in the placebo group (p = 0.02), and it correlated positively with IFNγ, suggesting a compensatory response to inflammation. Conclusions: These findings suggest DSC supplementation may enhance specific cognitive functions in obese adults. Further clinical trials are needed to confirm these results.
Dietary Guidance, Sensory, Health and Safety Considerations When Choosing Low and No-Calorie Sweeteners
Authors: Sievenpiper John L. , Purkayastha Sidd , Grotz V. Lee , Mora Margaux , Zhou Jing , Hennings Katherine , Goody Cynthia M. , Germana Kristen
Published: February 2025

The growing global focus on the adverse health conditions associated with excessive sugar consumption has prompted health and policy organizations as well as the public to take a more mindful approach to health and wellness. In response, food and beverage companies have proactively innovated and reformulated their product portfolios to incorporate low and no-calorie sweeteners (LNCSs) as viable alternatives to sugar. LNCSs offer an effective and safe approach to delivering sweetness to foods and beverages and reducing calories and sugar intake while contributing to the enjoyment of eating. The objective of this paper is to enhance the understanding of LNCSs segmentation and definitions, dietary consumption and reduction guidance, front-of-package labeling, taste and sensory perception and physiology, metabolic efficacy and impact, as well as the overall safety of LNCSs and sugar.
Medium-Chain Fatty Acids Selectively Sensitize Cancer Cells to Ferroptosis by Inducing CD36 and ACSL4
Authors: Han Kai , Li Jiaxuan , Yin Shutao , Hu Hongbo , Zhao Chong
Published: February 2025

Background: Inducing ferroptosis in cancer cells is a promising therapeutic strategy. It has been shown that certain types of fatty acids can induce ferroptosis in multiple types of cancer cells. Methods: Here, we employed crystal violet staining and CCK8 to assess cell viability, a Liperfluo probe and commercial kit to measure lipid peroxides, and western blotting and RNA interference to detect protein levels. Results: This study demonstrates for the first time that the medium-chain fatty acids lauric acid (LA-m), octanoic acid (OA-m), and decanoic acid (DA-m) selectively sensitize various cancer cell types to ferroptosis induced by either RSL3, a well-known inducer of ferroptosis, or linoleic acid (LA-l), a ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). Mechanistically, the ferroptosis-sensitizing effect of medium-chain fatty acids is associated with their ability to upregulate cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) and acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4 (ACSL4) expression. Conclusions: These findings suggest that medium-chain fatty acids could be developed as novel ferroptosis sensitizers to enhance ferroptosis-based cancer therapy.
Human Milk Microbiota Across Lactation Stages and Free Glutamate Concentrations in Healthy Ecuadorian Women
Authors: Baldeon Manuel E. , Cardenas Paul , Arevalo Valentina , Prado-Vivar Belen , Uchimiya Mario , Peña Lizbeth , Benitez Andrea Denisse , Suárez-Jaramillo Andrés , Edison Arthur S. , Herrera Alonso , Arturo Linda , Fornasini Marco
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: There is limited information on human milk (HM) microbiome composition and function in Latin America. Also, interactions between HM constituents and its microbiome have received partial attention. Objective: To characterize the HM microbiota composition considering lactation stages (colostrum, transition, and mature HM) and free glutamate concentrations in Ecuadorian mothers. Methods: We recruited 20 mothers that gave birth to normal full-term babies and donated colostrum, transition, and mature milk. Samples were assessed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing by Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT). Free glutamate concentrations were measured by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Results: For each lactation stage and in order of frequency, the majority of ASVs were assigned to Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, (Firmicutes); Escherichia, Acinetobacter, (Proteobacteria); Corynebacterium, Lactobacillus, Cutibacterium, (Actinobacteriota); Chryseobacterium, and Flavobacterium (Bacteroidota). Alfa diversity was similar in HM samples and tended to be higher in milk intended for male infants. We observed significant differences in qualitative β-diversity metrics between samples with low and high glutamate concentrations. Functional predictions of HM microbiota demonstrated the presence of polyamine biosynthesis II super pathway in samples with high glutamate concentrations. Conclusions: The core bacterial components of the HM microbiota in Ecuadorian women were similar to those reported from different parts of the world, with variations at the genus level. Free glutamate dynamics in HM need to be studied considering maternal production and bacterial metabolism to better understand HM composition for optimal infant nutrition.
Unraveling the Dynamics of Human Filarial Infections: Immunological Responses, Host Manifestations, and Pathogen Biology
Authors: Rajamanickam Anuradha , Babu Subash
Published: February 2025

Lymphatic filariasis (LF), or elephantiasis, is a neglected tropical disease caused by filarial worms, primarily Wuchereria bancrofti, transmitted through mosquito bites. It often begins in childhood but may not show symptoms until later, leaving many individuals asymptomatic for long periods. LF disrupts the lymphatic system, causing severe swelling in the limbs and genitals, leading to deformities and disabilities. The World Health Organization estimates that around 51 million people are affected globally, with 36 million suffering from chronic conditions like lymphedema and hydrocele. In 2021, approximately 882.5 million people in 44 countries required preventive chemotherapy, making LF the second leading parasitic cause of disability, significantly impacting socioeconomic status. The immune response to filarial parasites is complex, involving both innate and adaptive immune cells. A key feature of LF immunology is the antigen-specific Th2 response, expansion of IL-10-producing CD4+ T cells, and a muted Th1 response. This T cell hypo-responsiveness is crucial for sustaining long-term infections with high parasite densities. While the correlates of protective immunity are not fully understood—due in part to a lack of suitable animal models—T cells, particularly CD4+ Th2 cells, and B cells, play essential roles in immune protection. Moreover, host immune responses contribute to the disease’s pathological manifestations. A failure to induce T cell hypo-responsiveness can lead to exaggerated inflammatory conditions such as lymphedema, hydrocele, and elephantiasis. Filarial infections also induce bystander effects on various immune responses, impacting responses to other infectious agents. This intricate immune interplay offers valuable insights into the regulation of immune responses to chronic infections. This review explores recent immunological research on lymphatic filarial worms, highlighting their effects on both innate and adaptive immune responses in humans and the mechanisms underlying this neglected tropical disease.