bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integrated nutrient management in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)-wheat (Triticum aestivum) sequence on Ver tisol
Authors: Y.D. CHARJAN  , C.B. GAIKWAD
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted under irrigated condition on intergrated nutrient management system for cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) - wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.) sequence on Vertisol at Rahuri, during 1999-2000 and 2000-2001. Application of 100% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) recorded significantly higher seed-cotton yield (20.68 qlha), stalk yield (47.76 qlha ), nutrient uptake and soil available NPK after cotton over 75% RDF. Similarly, wheat grain yield (45.68 qlha), straw yield (58.1 1 qlha), wheat-equiva- lent yield (109.03 qlha), net monetary returns, benefit : cost ratio, nutrient uptake and soil-available NPK after wheat were recorded highest with 100% RDF to cotton. Application of 10 tonnes FYMIha to cotton recorded the highest cotton wheat and wheat-equivalent yield, nutrient uptake and soil-available NPK after cotton and wheat. However, it was at par with treatment green-manure + Azotobacter+ phosphate-solubilizing bacteria except for P uptake in cotton. The later treatment gave the highest net monetary returns and benefit : cost ratio. Application of 75% RDF to wheat gave grain and straw yields, wheats equivalent grain yield, nutrient uptake and soil-available NPK after wheat at par with 100% RDF, but the higher net monetary returns and benefit : cost ratio (Rs 2.20). Af- ter sequence the net gain of soil-available N was increased with decrease levels of fertilizer and manures to cot- ton and increased with increased levels of fertilizer to wheat. The magnitude was increased with increased levels of fertilizer and manures with respect to net gain of soil available P. While net loss of soil-available K, the magni- tude of reduction was decreased with increased levels of fertilizer and manure.
Performance of jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana)-based hortipasture system in relation to pruning intensities and grass-legume associations under rainfed conditions
Authors: S.N. RAM  , SUNlL KUMAR  , M.M. ROY
Published: December 2023

An experiment was conducted during 2001-02 and 2002-03 on sandy-loam soil to study the productivity of ber or jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk.)-based hortipasture system in relation to pruning intensities and grass - legume associations under rainfed conditions. Pruning of secondary branches of trees at 20 cm length from base recorded significantly higher dry matter and crude protein yields of pasture than pruning at 60 cm length. However, dry leaf forage yield, fruit yield and fuel wood were significantly increased when pruning of secondary branches was done at 40 cm length than 20 cm length. lntercropping of Guinea grass (Panicum maximum Jacq.) with Caribbean stylo (Stylosanthes hamata Taub.) gave significantly higher dry forage and crude protein yields compared to other grass-legume combinations.Dry leaf forage yield and fuel wood production were not signifi- cantly influenced with different pasture combinations. However, significantly higher fruit yield was recorded un- der natural pasture than other grass-legume intercroppings.
Influence of conjuctive use of organic and inorganic source of nutrients in rice (Oryza sativa) on crop growth, yield components, yield and soil fertility in rice- sunflower (Helianthus annuus) sequence
Authors: E. ARUNA  , SHAlK MOHAMMAD
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was carried out during 2001 and 2002 at Agricultural College Farm, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, to study the effect of conjunctive use of nutrients in rice on rice (Oryza sativa L.)-sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cropping system. Rice fertilized with 75% recommended level of 120 kg Nlha and supplemented with 25% N through organic sources removed more N,P and K from the soil and gave significantly more seed yield (39.57 qlha) than by the application of N through the fertilizer alone. The yield was increased to 43.67 and 42.91 qlha by substituting 25% N through the bulky organic manure of FYM and vermicompost. The substitution of 25% N through green leaf manures, viz. Gliricidia and sunnhemp, increased the production to 41.83 and 43.90 qlha. Plant height, capitulum diarr ster, filled seedslcapitulim and seed yield of sunflower were significantly reduced by reducing the level of fertilize~s to 75 or 50 % of the recommended level of 80, 50 and 30 kglha NPK. The crop gave mean seed yield of 8.18 qlha with the recommended level of 120 kg Nlha to preceding rice through the fer- tilizer. But the residual fertility of nutrients by the application of 75% N through fertilizer and rest through FYM or vermicompost to rice significantly increased the seed yield of sunflower to 9.23 and 9.14 qlha respectively. Sub- stitution of 25% N through Gliricidia or sunnhemp to rice also significantly increased the seed yield of succeed- ing sunflower to 8.82 and 8.70 qlha. The soil-available N, P and K was also more by the conjuctive source of fer- tilizer and organic manures applied to rice in rice-sunflower cropping system compared to the initial values.
Enhancing productivity and sustainability of sugarcane plant-ratoon system through planting geometry, dual-porpose legume intercropping and nitrogen nutrition
Authors: A.K. SINGH  , MENHI LAL  , T.K. SRlVASTAVA
Published: December 2023

An effect of intercropped dual-purpose legumes in spring sugarcane plant-ratoon system was studied during 1997-98 to 1999-2000 at the Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research, Lucknow. The yield of sugarcane inter- cropped with cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] (67.0 tonneslha) and greengram (Phaseolus radiatus L.) (68.5 tonneslha) was comparable to that intercropped with Sesbania for green-manuring (72.2 tonneslha). Sig- nificantly highest cane-equivalent yield (80.3 tonneslha), sugar-equivalent yield (9.47 tonneslha), net monetary returns (Rs 33,341lha) and nitrogen addition (71.6 kglha) to the soil through incorporation of green biomass was recorded with sugarcane + cowpea intercropping system. Population density of 125% gave significantly higher number of millable canes (1 19,40O/ha), cane yield (73.7 tonneslha) and cane-equivalent yield (78.7 tonneslha). However, normal planting was found remunerative (Rs 36,696lha). The growth and yield parameters of sugar- cane as well as monetary returns significantly increased by application of 150 kg Nlha. Sugarcane + cowpea in- tercropping system proved highly productive and most economical. Cropping system x N level interaction indi- cated that sugarcane + cowpea as well as sugarcane + greengram were equally productive at higher level of N (1 50 kg Nlha). There was significant increase in number of millable canes, cane yield and sugar yield of ratoon from counter part plant crop intercropped with cowpea and greengram. Key words : ' I . Intercropping, Dual-purpose legumes, Nitrogen nutrition, Planting density
Efficacy of oryzalin on weeds and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Authors: R.P. SINGH  , DHIMAN MUKHERJEE  , R.K. SINGH
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the winter (rabq season of 2000-01 and 2001-02 to assess the effi- cacy of oryzalin, trisulfuron and pendimethalin as pre-emergence, and dicamba as post-emergence in late-sown wheat (Trticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.). All herbicidal treatments reduced the density and dry weight of both narrow and broad-leaf weeds significantly from weedy check. Pre-emergence application of oryzalin at 1.25 kgha had minimum population and dry weight of weeds than other herbicides and doses. Dicamba at 0.025 kg1 ha was the most effective against broad-leaf weeds. Trisulfuron at 0.020 kglha proved more effective than it's lower dose (0.01 5 kgha) and controlled both narrow and broad-leaf weeds. Negative correlation (r = -0.82) was observed between weed biomass and grain yield of wheat. Oryzalin 1.25 kglha was most effective in enhancing yield attributes and had maximum grain (27.48 qlha) and straw yields (49.21 qlha). Amongst the weed-control treatments, an application of oryzalin at 1.25 kglha recorded the maximum net returns (Rs 27,713) and benefit:cost ratio (2.7).
Nutrient utilization by winter maize (Zea mays) and weeds as influenced by integrated weed management
Authors: S.P. SINHA  , S.M. PRASAD  , S.J. SlNGH
Published: December 2023

An experiment was carried out during the winter seasons of 1998-98 and 1999-2000 at Pusa with 14 weed- management practices to study the nutrient-depletion patterns by winter maize (Zea mays L.) and associated weeds. Amongst the weed-management practices, nutrient depletion by weeds was minimum under hand-weed- ing and maximum (22.97 kg N, 4.87 kg P20, and 27.57 kg K20/ha) in weedy condition, whereas total nutrient up- take by winter maize was maximum (169.41 kg N, 55.67 kg, P20, and 60.77 kg K20/ha) under the treatment alachlor + French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) as smother crop followed by hand-weeding (137.70 kg N, 44.15 kg P20, and 106.22 kg, K20/ha). The nutrient uptake by crop in weedy condition was least. Chemical weeding checked nutrient drain by weeds significantly compared with weedy check.
Influence of row spacing and seed rate on seed yield of lentil (Lens culinaris) under different sowing dates
Authors: INDERJIT SINGH  , VIRENDER SARDANA  , H.S. SEKHON
Published: December 2023

A field experiment Was conducted on sandy-loam soil of Gurdaspur during the winter season (rabr) of 1998- 2000 to study the effect of different sowing dates, row spacings and seed rates on productivity of lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus). There was a significant reduction in seed yield with delay in sowing from 10 November to 10 December. Lentil sown on 10 November (1 4.6 qlha) outyielded the crop sown on 25 November and 10 Decem- ber by a margin of 12.8% and 90.1% respectively. The crop sown on 10 November recorded higher net income (Rs 1,8261ha) and benefit : cost ratio (0.23) than 25 November-sown crop which in turn recorded Rs 5,797lha higher net returns and 0.75 higher benefit : cost ratio. Row spacing of 20 cm (1 2.3 qlha) resulted in 4.2% and 9.5% more seed yield than closer (17.5 cm) and wider (22.5 cm) row spacings respectively. Row spacing of 20 cm recorded Rs 680 and Rs 1,047lha higher net returns and benefit : cost ratio to the tune of 0.10 and 0.12 over row spacings of 17.5 cm and 22.5 cm respectively. Seed rate of 37.5 kglha gave 8.2% more seed yield than 45 kg seedlha which in turn recorded 5.4% more seed yield than 50 kg seedlha. Similarly, seed rate of 37.5 kglha recorded higher net income and benefit : cost ratio than higher seed rates. Significantly higher mean seed yield was obtained in lentil sown on 10 November at 20 cm row spacing (15.7qlha) and that sown on 10 November using 37.5 kg seedlha (15.9 qlha). Seed yield (1 3.6 qlha) of lentil sown at row spacing of 20 cm using 37.5 kg seedlha was significantly higher than all other combinations of seed rates and row spacings.
Nutrient management in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)-based cropping systems
Authors: A.N. GIRI  , M.N. DESHMUKH  , S.B. GORE
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted on clayey soils during the rainy seasons of 1999-2003 at Parbhani, to study nutrient management in cotton (Grossypium hirsutum L.)-based intercropping systems. Sole cotton re- corded significantly higher seed-cotton yield than cotton + blackgram (Phaseolus mungo L.) and cotton + soy- bean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] intercropping systems. However, highest and significant cotton-equivalent yields were recorded in cotton + blackgram intercropping, followed by cotton + soybean than sole crop of cotton. Fur- ther, yield of seed cotton, intercrop and cotton equivalent were enhanced significantly with every higher fertilizer level and highest values were recorded with 100% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF). The performance of cotton + blackgram (1:l) with 100% RDF was better than all the treatments for cotton-equivalent yield and net monetary returns. The uptake of NPK by cotton was significantly more under sole cotton and cotton intercropped with blackgram than the cotton intercropped with soybean. Application of 100% RDF recorded significantly higher NPK uptake by cotton than 75% and 50% RDF. Key words : + blackgram/soybean intercropping, Cotton-equivalent yield Cotton
Comparative performance of sole and intercrop of oat (Avena sativa) and Persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum) under alkali water irrigation
Authors: ASHOK KUMAR  , P.C. SHARMA  , LALITA BATRA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the winter (rabi) seasons 2002-03 and 2003-04 to study the perfor- mance of sole and intercrop of oat (Avena sativa L.) and Persian clover or shaftal (Trifolium resupinatum L.) un- der alkali water irrigation. Application of gypsum 2 tonnestha significantly enhanced the green forage yield in all the cuts and total yield over no-gypsum treatment. Sole crop of Persian clover (95.7 tonnestha) gave significantly higher total green forage yield than oat (45.4 tonnestha). The yield of Persian clover was significantly improved in the first cut when grown in association with oat at different ratios. Higher green forage yield per day was ob- tained when oat was harvested for 1 cut only at 75 days than Persian clover and its mixtures. Application of gyp- sum improved the crude protein and calcium content of crops. Persian clover alone showed significantly higher concentration of N (crude protein), Na, Ca, Mg and P, while in oat only the K concentration was higher. Further, there was significant increase in the K content and decrease in Na content of Persian clover when grown in as- sociation with oat in different ratios.
Growth and yield of rice (Oryza cultivars under various sativa) methods and times of sowing
Authors: MS. GILL  , ASHWANI KUMAR  , PARDEEP KUMAR
Published: December 2023

A field investigation was carried out during the rainy season (kharif) 2001 and 2002 at the Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, to establish the agronomic management practices for direct-seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.) in loamy sand soils. The treatments included 2 methods of sowing (direct sowing and transplanting), 3 times of sowing (1 June, 10 June and 20 June - the corresponding transplanting on each date, was made 25 days after sowing) and 4 cultivars ('PR 11 l', 'PR 115', 'PR 11 6' and 'IR 64'). The rainfall received during crop season (June to October) of first year was 847 mm and 332.7 mm during second year. Dry-matter accumulation, leaf-area in- dex, effective tillers etc. under direct seeding were significantly more than transplanted rice. The productivity un- der direct-seeded paddy accrued was = 53 qlha (during first year 65 qlha while in second year 40 qlha) in loamy sand soil. The direct-seeded crop matured 10 days earlier than transplanted crop. The water productivity in di- rect-seeded rice ranged between 0.40 and 0.46 kg grain/m3 irrigation water, while under transplanting, it varied between 0.29 and 0.39 kg grain/m3 irrigation water; clearly showing the more water-use efficiency. The maxi- mum productivity was obtained when direct-seeded crop was raised on 10 June and short-duration, early-matur- ing 'PR 11 5' variety excelled other medium- and long-duration varieties in all growth and yield determinants.
Response of summer groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) to moisture stress, organic manure and fertilizer with and without gypsum under lateritic soil of West Bengal
Authors: D. DUlTA  , S.S. MONDAL
Published: December 2023

Response of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cv 'TAG 24' to moisture stress and application of organic ma- nure (FYM) and fertilizer with and without gypsum was studied during the summer seasons of 2002 and 2003 at the Regional Research Station, B.C.K.V., Jhargram (West Bengal) under acid lateritic soils. Pooled analysis of data indicated that moisture stress at vegetative stage (10-30 days after sowing) gave 33.53% higher pod yield than that at flowering stage (30-50 DAS), but this moisture stress at vegetative stage was on a par with no mois- ture stress for pod yield, yield attributes, oil content and nutrient uptake. The highest use of water was recorded with no moisture-stress treatment. Maximum water-use efficiency (WUE) was obtained under moisture stress during vegetative stage. Organic manuring with farmyard manure @ 7.5 tonnestha resulted in better yield at- tributes, yield, oil content, nutrient uptake and WUE than the control. Recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF), i.e. 30 kg Ntha, 60 kg P,O,/ha and 40 kg K,O/ha when applied with gypsum 500 kgtha significantly increased the pod yield, showing an increase of 17.1 9 and 11.54% over 100% and 125% RDF alone respectively. However, both 100% and 125% RDF were at par with or without gypsum application. Nutrient uptake and oil content were also influenced with increase in fertilizer level in combination with gypsum. Benefit: cost ratio was found higher with moisture stress at vegetative stage and application of 7.5 tonnes FYMtha or 100% RDF + 500 kg gypsumlha respectively.
Integrated nutrient management under hybrid rice-(Oryza sativa) hybrid rice cropping sequence
Authors: S. MAITI  , M. SAHA  , H. BANERJEE  , S. PAL
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during both rainy (kharif) (2002 and 2003) and summer (boro) seasons (2003 and 2004) at the Regional Research Station, New Alluvial Zone, to study the effect of organic and inor- , ganic sources of plant nutrients applied singly and in combination on rainy season hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.) , and their residual effect on the succeeding summer season hybrid rice, receiving recommended doses of fertiliz- ers. Growth attributes, yield components and grain yields increased with the increase in doses of chemical fertil- izers alone as well as in combination with 5 tonnes FYMIha in both the rainy seasons. Similar trend of result was observed in boro also. In hybrid rice-hybrid rice cropping system, the application of 125% recommended doses of fertilizer along with 5 tonnes FYMIha during rainy season followed by 100% recommended doses of fertilizer during summer season gave higher grain yield (12.0 tonneslha), net return (Rs 15,8481ha) and return1Re invest- ment (Rs 1.34) compared with that of 100% recommended doses of fertilizer in both the seasons (1 0.45 tonnesl ha) grain yield, Rs 10,004lha net return and Rs 1.23 return1Re investment. The status of organic carbon, nitro- gen, phosphorus and potassium in the soil increased over the initial values after four consecutive croppings where FYM was applied in the rainy season.
Effect of integrated nitrogen management techniques on productivity, nitrogen uptake, N-use efficiency, economics and energetics of rice (Oryza sativa)-Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) sequence
Authors: P.K. ROUL  , S.K. SARAWGI  , G.K. SHRIVASTAV  , DEEPAK KUMAR
Published: December 2023

A field study was conducted during 2000-01 and 2001-02 at the lndira Gandhi Agricultural University, Raipur, to evaluate the productivity, N uptake, N-use efficiency, economics and energetics of rice (Oryza sativa L.)-Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. & Coss.] cropping system under different nitrogen management techniques. The total productivity of the cropping system in terms of rice-yield equivalent was the highest under 100% recom- mended dose of nitrogen (RDN) blended with FYM applied in rainy (kharif) (1 13.28 qlha) and winter (rabo seasons (102.12 qlha). The N uptake and N-use efficiency for rice and Indian mustard crops were also higher under 100% RDN blended with FYM. Highest net returns and benefit : cost ratio were also observed under 100% RDN blended with FYM applied in rainy and also in winter season. This treatment could bring in 31.9 and 3.8% higher net re- turns over 100% RDN when applied in rainy season and winter season respectively. The 100% RDN belnded with FYM applied in rainy or winter season showed the higher energy output values and application of this treatment in rainy season also recorded the highest energy-use efficiency and output:input ratio. However, in winter energy-use efficiency and output : input ratio under this treatment were low. 1 Key words: Blending, Azospirillum, Productivity, Net return, Benefit : cost ratio, Energy-use efficiency
Effect of intercrop and crop geometry on productivity, economics, energetics and soil-fertility status of maize (Zea mays)-based intercropping systems
Authors: A.K. PADHI  , R.K. PANIGRAHI
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conduced during the rainy seasons of 2003 and 2004 at Kalimela, Orissa, to study the effect of intercrops and crop geometry on productivity, economics, energetics and soil-fertility status of maize (Zea mays L.)-based intercropping systems under rainfed condition. lntercrop blackgram (Phaseolus mungo L.) followed by soybean [Glycine max (L). Merr.] was found better than groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.), whereas the row ratio 1:1, followed by 2:2 proved better than 2:l with respect to productivity, economics and energy out- put. Maize with soybean and blackgram with maize significantly recorded he highest maize-grain equivalent yield of 25.7 and 11.8qlha at 1:l row ratio respectively. Among various intercropping systems, maize+blackgram at 1 :I row ratio significantly achieved the maximum maize-grain equivalent yield (37.5 qlha), land-equivalent ra- tio (1.68), area-time equivalent ratio (1.61), monetary advantage index (9,102), net return (Rs 10,51 Ilha), return1 rupee invested (1.84) and energy output (144.2, 1000 MJIha) compared to sole maize and blackgram. Maize+soybean at 1:l row ratio closely followed this system on the above aspects. Groundnut proved compat- ible, remunerative and less competitive with maize at 2:2 ratio rather than at 1 :I and 2:l row ratios. Intercropping increased available soil N and decreased both soil P and K compared to initial and available soil N, P and K content after sole maize at both the systems of sowing. Available soil N, P and K content varied with the kind of intercrops. However, maize+soybean followed by maize+blackgram recorded the highest available soil N at 1:l row ratio and available soil P and K at 2:l row ratio among various intercropping systems.
Effect of row ratio and fertility levels on productivity, economics and nutrient uptake in maize (Zea mays) + soybean (Glycine mar) intercropping system
Authors: O.P. MEENA  , B.L. GAUR  , P. SlNGH
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy seasons of 2003 and 2004 at Udaipur, to study the effect of row ratios and fertility levels on maize (Zea mays L.) + soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] inercropping system in south Rajasthan. The highest maize-equivalent yield was observed with 2:2 maize + soybean intercropping sown at 30 at 30 cm distance with each other. Application of 75% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) to maize (90 kg Nlha and 40 kg Plha) and 50% to soybean (60 kg Nlha and 40 kg Plha) significantly increased their re- spective yields, maize-equivalent yield, net returns and benefit : cost ratios over 50% RDF in maize and no fertil- izer in soybean. The nutrient uptake by maize was highest with 1 :I ratio, while by soybean it was with 3:3 ratios. Increasing levels of fertility to maize and soybean up to 100% recommended dose increased the total nutrient uptake significantly over 75 and 50% in the both crops in intercropping system.
Weed management in spring-planted sugarcane (Saccharurn oficinarurn)-based intercropping systems
Authors: M.S. BHULLAR  , A. KAMBOJ  , G.P. SINGH
Published: December 2023

Field studies were conducted during spring seasons of 2000-01, 2001-02 and 2002-03 on a sandy loam soil to evaluate relative profitability of intercropping spring-planted sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) with greengram [Phaseolus radiatus (L.) Wilczek], blackgram [Phaseolus mungo (L.) Hepper] and okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) in 1:l ratio as compared to its sole cultivation and to assess the efficacy in these intercropping systems. Four weed-control treatments, viz. unweeded control, two hand-hoeings (30 days after sowing and after harvest of intercrops), pendimethalin @ 0.75 kglha as pre-emergence and trifluralin @ 1.0 kg1 ha as pre-plant to intercrops. These were tested in randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. The data of 3 years showed that intercropping of okra reduced the cane yield by 8.1% compared with sole sugar- cane. However, this intercropping system recorded the highest mean cane-equivalent yield (74.2 tonneslha) as well as net returns (Rs 37,461lha) among the cropping systems. The net returns under sole sugarcane yere R s 24,9501ha. Uncontrolled growth of weeds reduced the yield of sole sugarcane by 26.7%. One pre-emergence application of pendimethalin @ 0.75 kglha or pre-plant incorporation of trifluralin @ 1.0 kglha recorded effec- tive control of annual weeds and gave cane yield, intercrop yield and net returns comparable to two hand- hoeings. These herbicides, however, did not show their herbicidal effect on Cyperus rotundus.
Effect of integrated nutrient management on yield and yield-attributing characters of wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Authors: TULASA RAM  , MS. MIR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy (kharif) season of 2002 and 2003 to study the effect of dif- ferent levels of organic manure (FYM) and inorganic fertilizers with different biofertilizer strains on wheat (Tn'ti- cum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.). Application of 10 tonnes FYM + 120 kg Nlha significantly increased plant height, effective tillerslm row length, grainslspike, grain and straw yields over the control and 10 tonnes FYM + 100 kg Nlha during both the years. Both biofertilizers, i.e. Azospirillum and Azotobacter, significantly enhanced all the growth parameters and grain and straw yields over the control. Combined application of Azospirillum + Azotobacter showed significant improvement over their individual application.
Production potential and energy budgeting of soybean (Glycine max) varieties as influenced by weed-management practices under different crop geometries
Authors: N. PANDYA  , G.S. CHOUHAN  , V. NEPALIA
Published: December 2023

A study was undertaken during the rainy season of 2001 and 2002 on clay loam alkaline soil at Udaipur (Rajasthan), to evaluate effect of weed control on production potential and energy budgeting of soybean [Gly- cine max (L.) Merr.] varieties grown in different crop geometris. Variety 'JS 335' recorded the maximum seed yield, additional net returns, energy gain and energy-use efficiency (EUE) compared with 'NRC 37' and 'JS 71- 05'. There were no significant differences in density of grassy and broad-leaf weeds at 40, 60 days after sowing and at harvest among the varieties. Crop geometry could not affect the weed as well as crop parameters. All the weed-control treatments resulted in significant reduction in density of grassy weeds and helped in significant en- hancement in soybean yield. Two hand-weedings 20 and 40 days after sowing and pre-emergence (PE) applica- tion of clomazone 1.0 kg/ha + hand-weeding at 40 days after sowing treatments registered around 88% weed- control efficiency in controlling grassy as well as brod leaf weeds. Higher seed yield, additional net returns, en- ergy gain and EUE were recorded with 2 hand-weedings, followed by clomazone 1.0 kglha PE + hand-weeding at 40 days after sowing.
Effect of genotype, seedling age and row spacing on performance of transplanted African mustard (Brassica carinata) under late-sown conditions
Authors: THAKAR SINGH  , KALU SINGH DAHIYA  , M.S. SlDHU
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the winter (rabi) seasons of 2001-02 and 2002-03 at Ludhiana, to evaluate the performance of transplanted African mustard (Brassica carinata A. Braun) under late sown condi- tions. Genotype 'PC 5-17' gave 5% higher seed yield than 'PC 5'. Leaf-area index, secondary brancheslplant, siliquaelplant, oil content, oil yield and net returns were significantly more in genotype 'PC 5-17' compared to 'PC 5'. The row spacing of 20, 30 and 40 cm resulted in similar seed yield during both the years. Transplanting of 45 days old seedlings resulted in 34.5% higher seed yield than direct seeding. Transplanting of seedlings of 30 and 60 days age also gave 27.8 and 33.5% respectively higher seed yield than direct seeding. Leaf-area index, number of primary and secondary brancheslplant, siliquaelplant, oil yield, protein yield and net returns were sig- nificantly higher in transplanted crop than direct-seeded ones.
Weed control in sunflower (Helianthus annuus) under temperate conditions of Kashmir valley
Authors: D. K. SlNGH  , K.N. SlNGH
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy (kharif) seasons of 2003 and 2004 under irrigated temper- ate conditions on weed control studies in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) on silty clay-loam soil of Shalimar, Jammu and Kashmir. Seven weed-control treatments consisted of unweeded check, Pendimethalin 1 kgtha, Fluchloralin 1 kglha, lsoproturon 0.75 kgtha, 1 hand-weeding at 20 days after sowing, 2 hand-weedings at 20 and 35 days after sowing and weed-free check. Pre-emergence application of Pendimethalin and pre-plant in- corporation of Fluchloralin effectively controlled the weeds and resulted in better growth, development and yield of sunflower. Pre-emergence application of Pendimathalin resulted in 75% higher yield and additional returns (Rs 9,195) over weedy check.
Weed dynamies and control of weeds in relation to management practices under sugarcane {Saccharurn species complex hybrid) multi-ratooning system
Authors: T. K. SRIVASTAVA  , R.S. CHAUHAN
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 2001-2005 at Lucknow, to assess the effect of cultural, mechanical and chemical weed-control measures on weed control, sugarcane ratoon yield and weed population dynamics in multi-ratooning system under the conditions of north-Indian sub-tropics. Losses caused to weeds in first and second ratoon yields were 32.7 and 45.9/0, respectively. Treatments applied in the first ratoon significantly in- creased yield, and highest ratoon yield (67.1 tonneslha) was recorded either with mulching and hoeing in alter- nate inter-row spaces or with initial cultivation, followed by glyphosate spray @ 1.0 kglha 30 days after ratoon initiation. Residual effects of the treatments on weeds and crop yield in second ratoon was also significant. The highest second ratoon yield (48.6 tonneslha) was obtained as residual effect of mulching and hoeing in alternate inter-row spaces done in the first ratoon. Effect of treatments on weed population dynamics was evident from re- duced abundance of grasses (less than 5) both in first and second ratoons under all the treatments compared to weedy check (abundance index for grasses 5). Adoption of weed-control measures caused occupation of field by grasses, broad-leaf weeds and sedges, whereas in weedy check grasses were most abundant in first as well as second ratoon.
Effect of moisture conservation and fertility on Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) and lentil (Lens culinaris) intercropping system under rainfed conditions
Authors: TEEKAM SlNGH  , K.S. RANA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted in the winter season of 2003-04 and 2004-05 to study the effect of inter- cropping, moisture-conservation practices and fertility levels on the growth, yield and N and P uptake of rainfed 'Pusa Barani' lndian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj. & Cosson] and 'L 7473' lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus). lndian mustard paired row (30190 cm) + lentil (2 rows) intercropping system proved more productive, as it gave 3.7 qlha extra seed yield of lentil without reducing significantly dry-matter accumulation, yield attributes and the seed yield of lndian mustard. Moisture-conservation practices increased the growth parameters and total N and P uptake. FYM + organic mulch + kaolin spray (6%) increased the seed yield of lndian mustard and lentil by 14.0 and 14.3% respectively. Dry-matter accumulation and yield attributes of lndian mustard and lentil and leaf-area index were recorded significantly higher with 50% and 100% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF). The N and P uptake of lndian mustard and lentil increased significantly with the application of 50% RDF and 100% RDF. The maximum increment in seed yield of lndian mustard and lentil was recorded with 100% fertility level and it was 19.9 and 25.3% higher over the control respectively. The moisture-conservation practice of FYM + organic mulch + kaolin spray (6%) recorded highest water-use efficiency (1 0.1 kglha-mm) over the control. Key words : Intercropping, Moisture conservation, ~ertilit~,Yield, Mustard, Lentil, Water-use efficiency
Effect of establishment method, fertility level and weed-management practices on aromatic rice (Oryza sativa)
Authors: PARMEET SlNGH  , S.S. SlNGH
Published: December 2023

An experiment was conducted during rainy season of 2003 and 2004 at Agronomy Research Farm, Allahabad Agricultural Institute-Deemed University to assess the effect of establishment method, fertility level and weed-management practice on rice (Orgza sativa L.). The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design, comprising two establishment methods (direct wet seeding and transplanting); three levels of N, P,05 and K,O, viz. 80 : 40 : 40; 100 : 50 : 50 and 120 : 60 : 60 kglha; and four weed-management practices, viz. anilofos @ 0.4 kg a ilha, butachor @ 1.5 kg a ilha, two hand-weedings (at 30 and 60 DAS) and a weedy check. These 24 treatments, were replicated thrice. Transplanting method recorded higher grain yield than direct seed- ing. The yield increased with the increase in fertility level and reached maximum with 120 : 60 : 60 kglha N, P,05 and K,O/ha. Two hand-weedings registered higher grain and straw yields with respect to weed-management practices. Amongst all the interactions, the maximum grain yield was observed in direct seeded and transplanted plots treated with two hand-weedings and higher fertilizer dose of 120 : 60 : 60 kglha N, P,05 and K,O, and were at par. However, higher net profit and benefit: cost ratio (BCR) were observed in transplanted plots treated with 120 : 60 : 60 kglha N, P,05 and K,O and anilofos @ 0.4 kg ailha. The maximum weed-control efficiency was ob- served in transplanted rice, low fertility and anilofos @ 0.4 kg ailha treatments. The maximum weed index was observed in weedy check plots.
Effect of phosphorus on drought mitigation and productivity of rainfed upland rice (Oryza sativa)
Authors: R. K. SlNGH  , C.V. SlNGH
Published: December 2023

The effect of phosphorus application at varying rates, viz. 0, 12, 24, 48 and 96 kg/ha, was studied on drought mitigation and productivity of two upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties ('Vandana' and 'Annada') during 1999, 2000 and 2001 under rainfed upland condition at Hazaribag in Jharkhand. Phosphorus was applied basal through single superphosphate along with common doses of N, K, Zn and Mg. The effects of P rates, and interac- tion effects between P rates and varieties were significant in the drought year only (2000). Reduction in grain yield due to drought in no-P plots was 27.4% in 'Vandana' and 58.4% in 'Annada' in comparison with normal rainfall year (1 999). The grain yield of 'Annada' and 'Vandana' decreased by 11.7 and 25.4 at 24 kg Plha, and by 2.5 and 5.2 at 48 kg P/ha respectively. Maximum P-use efficiency was achieved at 24 kg P/ha in both the variet- ies. Concentration of P in grain and straw was also reduced due to drought in 2000 at low P application com- pared with that in 1999. Differences in agronomic P-use efficiency were apparent due to varieties. Agronomic P- use efficiency was 38.1 kg graintkg P in 'Annada' compared with 15.5 kg graintkg applied P in 'Vandana'. How- ever, differences due to varieties in relative effect of drought stress (RDS) and available soil P were marginal. It was concluded that the application of P @ 24 kglha helped in reducing the effect of drought as well as in in- creasing the rice productivity and P-use efficiency of rainfed upland rice.
Effect of crop establishment method and weed-management practice on rice (Oryza sativa) and associated weeds
Authors: VlVEK YADAV  , BHAGWAN SlNGH
Published: December 2023

An experiment was conduced during rainy (kharif) season of 2003 and 2004 to find out the best weed-control practice and crop-establishment method of rice (Oryza saiva L.). Mean plant height was highest (83 cm) in zero tillage. Highest value of leaf-area index (3.28) was recorded in transplanting, as well as the highest mean grain yield (55 qlha), the latter being 45.5, 4.5, 26.7 per cent more than that in dry seeding, drum seeding and zero till- age respectively. Among weed-management practices, herbicide + two hand-weedings gave the highest grain yield (60.96 qlha), and transplanting and herbicide + two hand-weedings gave the highest straw yield. The popu- lation as well as dry weight of weeds were higher in dry seeding and zero tillage. The highest weed-control effi- ciency (70.80%) was recorded in herbicide + two hand-weedings, followed by two hand-weedings, the highest net profit (Rs 22,3441ha) was obtained from the combination of drum seeding with herbicide + two hand- weedings. However, the highest value of benefit: cost ratio (1.66) was recorded in the treatment with drum seed- ing with two hand-weedings.
Effect of weed control and nutrient management on soybean (Glyeine max) productivity
Authors: PRATAP SINGH  , V. NEPALIA  , S.S. TOMAR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at Kota during rainy season of 2002 and 2003 to evaluate the effect of her- bicides and their mixtures and of fertility levels on the extent of weed control and productivity of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr]. Two hand-weedings at 30 and 45 days after sowing (DAS), alachlor applied pre-emergence @ 2 kglha + hand-weeding (HW) at 30 DAS and tank mixture of chlorimuron ethyl + fenoxaprop-p-ethyl (9+70 and 6+50 glha) as post-emergence reduced the weed density and dry matter at 50 and 70 DAS. These treatments also recorded significantly higher podslplant, !000-seed weight, seed yield and net return of soybean crop. Low- est NPK uptake by weeds was recorded by two hand-weedings and the maximum NPK uptake by the crop under alachlor 2 kglha + HW at 30 DAS, two hand weedings and chlorimuron ethyl + fenoxaprop-p-ethyl (9+70 glha) treatments. Fertility levels did not influence the weed density, but a decrease in fertilizer application to 75% of recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) reduced the dry matter of weeds. The yield and net returns decreased on reducing the rate of fertilizer application. KO significant influence on NPK uptake by weeds was registered by ap- plying 125% RDF, but nutrient uptake by crop increased significantly.
Yield parameters of cassava (Manihot esculenta) as affected by method of addition of organic matter in two consecutive minor seasons of Sri Lanka
Authors: U.R. SANGAKKARA  , S.P. NISSANKA
Published: December 2023

A study was carried out at the experimental farm, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, to evaluate the influ- ence of 2 organic materials [rice (Olyza sativa L.) straw and Gliricidia leaves, applied as a surface mulch or in- corporated at planting on soil moisture, growth and yields of cassava [Manihot esculenta (L.) Crantz] planted in 2 dry seasons (2002 and 2003) and the rainfall-utilization efficiency by this crop. Application of straw or Gliricidia leaves as a mulch increased the soil-moisture contents and enhanced vegetative growth, yield components, yields, harvest indices of cassava and rainfall-use efficiency in both seasons compared to incorporation of or- ganic matter. The mean yield increment owing to the straw mulch were 46% and 54% in the 2 seasons and 25% due to Gliricidia in both seasons respectively. Incorporation of straw and Gliricidia reduced yields by 14-16% and 8% respectively, compared with surface application. The benefit of rice straw was greater owing to its ability to maintain greater soil-moisture content in the minor dry season.
Zinc nutrition in tropical tuber crops: A review
Authors: K. SUSAN JOHN  , P.S. ANJU  , G. SUJA JEENA MATHEW  , Y.S. SHIVAY
Published: December 2023

Tropical tuber crops are known for their biological efficiency, climate, soil and pest resilience, quantity and quality starch for the preparation of several industrial value added products. Their inherent yield potential results in the uptake of substantial quantum of nutrients from the soil necessitating their replenishment through external sources. In addition to the major and secondary nutrients, the micronutrient requirement of these groups of crops are very high though deficiency disorders are manifested in extreme cases. Depletion of Zn noticed under continu- ous cultivation of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) over 14 years under a permanent manurial experiment re- sulted in the initiation of Zn-nutrition studies in tropical tuber crops. Extensive studies conducted in the Zn-nutrition of tropical tuber crops especially cassava, sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam] and elephant foot yam [Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson] including Zn content in the different plant parts of other tuber crops over the growth period, Zn status of the soils of the State, Zn in value-added fertilizers developed for el- ephant foot yam and enriched manure prepared from cassava starch factory solid waste, sorption characteristics of Zn, significance of the low-input management strategy involving soil test-based application of Zn for cassava and results of the on-farm trials conducted in some of the above studies are reviewed in this paper.
Comparative performance of organic and conventional management practices on productivity and profitability of coriander (Coriandrum sativum)radish (Raphanus sativus) system
Authors: RAJIV
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 201516 and 201617 in sandy loam soil Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, to study the comparative performance of organic and conventional management practices in coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.)radish (Raphanus sativus L.) system. Conventional management practices comprising integrated use of organic amendments, nutrients through chemical fertilizers and plant protection with chemicals were compared with organic management practices which comprised of nutrient and pest management through organic amend- ments and practices. Experiment consisted of 7 treatments laid out in randomized block design. Pooled analysis revealed that, application of vermicompost equivalent to 100% recommended dose of nitrogen + IIHR microbial consortium @ 12.5 kg/ha (plant protection with organic methods) resulted in significantly higher coriander fresh green leaves yield of 9.26 t/ha and radish root yield of 36.32 t/ha. It was followed by conventional practices (rec- ommended FYM + fertilizer + plant protection with chemicals) + IIHR microbial consortium @ 12.5 kg/ha. Return per rupee invested ( 3.69) and per day return ( 1,854/ha) of the sequence were also maximum with application of vermicompost equivalent to 100% recommended dose of nitrogen + IIHR microbial consortium @ 12.5 kg/ha (plant protection with organic methods).
Influence of conservation agriculture-based management practices on phenology, productivity, profitability and soil health in banana (Musa spp.) + elephant foot yam (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius) system
Authors: K. REMYA  , G. SUJA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 201416 at Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala to develop sustainable in- tensification package for Gajendra elephant foot yam [Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson] in Ro- busta banana (Musa spp.)-based system using resource conservation practices. Five treatments, comprising con- servation organic (T ), conservation chemical (T ), cconventional chemical (T ), conventional (package of prac- 1 2 3 tices (PoP)) as control (T ) and organic management + conventional tillage (T ), were replicated 4 times in ran- 4 5 domized block design. Growth, yield, soil physico-chemical-biological properties, system productivity and profit- ability of different treatments were studied. Combined analysis of yield indicated that the average corm yield of el- ephant foot yam was not significantly influenced by treatments, but conservation chemical practice resulted in 13.55% higher yield than conventional POP. Conservation chemical management resulted in the highest bunch yield (44.76 t/ha) of banana, which was on par with all other practices (3940 t/ha), except organic package (29.48 t/ha). Banana yield under conservation chemical management was 12.97% higher than the conventional PoP. In both the years, higher pH was noticed under conservation organic management, which was on a par with organic package. The conservation chemical treatment enhanced the available K content, which was at par with PoP and conservation organic at the end of 2 years. The exchangeable Ca, Mg, available Mn and Zn status were signifi- cantly higher and at par under conservation organic and conventional organic treatments. All the other soil param- eters, bulk density, particle density, water-holding capacity, porosity, organic C, EC, available N, P, CEC, popula- tion of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes, activity of soil enzymes, viz. dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase and ure- ase were unaffected by the different management practices. In terms of banana + elephant foot yam system, the conservation chemical management proved to be the most productive (+13% over PoP) and profitable (+32%) as revealed from the highest total tuber-equivalent yield (45.34 t/ha), production efficiency (151.13 kg/ha/day), gross income ( 1,360,170/ha), net income ( 866,421/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (2.75).
Effect of spacing and nutrient sources on system of finger millet (Eleusine coracana) intensification
Authors: S. NATARAJAN  , M. GANAPATHY  , K. ARIVAZHAGAN  , V. SRINIVASU
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 20152017 at Melakachirapattu Village, Thiruvannamalai district, Tamil Nadu to evaluate the effect of different plant spacing and certain nutrient sources, on growth and yield of Co (RA) 14 Var. of finger millet (Eleusine coracana Qaertn.). The experiment was laid out in a thrice replicated ran- domized block design (factorial technique). Planting at different spacing of 30 cm 10 cm, 20 cm 20 cm, 25 cm 25 cm and 30 cm 30 cm were the levels of the first factor, whereas different sources of nutrients, viz. 100% recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF), 100% poultry manure (PM), 50% RDF + 50% PM, and 75% RDF + 25% PM were the levels in the second factor. The treatment with 100% RDF was satisfied through urea, single super- phosphate (SSP), muriate of potash (MOP). Among the different spacings 30 cm 30 cm and 25 cm 25 cm be- ing at par with one another recorded significantly the maximum grain yield of 3.4 t/ha. The lowest grain yield (2.4 t/ ha) was recorded with 20 cm 20 cm. Among the different sources of nutrients, invariably for all the characters, 100% RDF and 75% RDF + 25% PM were at par with one another that performed the best. The second-best treat- ment was 50% RDF + 50% PM and the poorest performer was 100% PM. The highest grain yield (3.7 t/ha) was recorded with 100% RDF and at par with 75% RDF + 25% PM, while 100% PM resulted in the lowest yield of 2.1 t/ ha. Interaction effect being significant, the grain yield was maximum with 30 cm 30 cm and 75% RDF + 25% PM (4.4 t/ha) and the lowest was grain yield of 1.4 t/ha was recorded with 20 cm 20 cm and 100% PM. The highest benefit: cost ratio of 3.0 was recorded with 75% RDF + 25% PM and it was same with 100% RDF.