bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Common variation inNCAN, a risk factor for bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, influences local cortical folding in schizophrenia
Authors: Schultz C. C. , Mühleisen T. W. , Nenadic I. , Koch K. , Wagner G. , Schachtzabel C. , Siedek F. , Nöthen M. M. , Rietschel M. , Deufel T. , Kiehntopf M. , Cichon S. , Reichenbach J. R. , Sauer H. , Schlösser R. G. M.
Published: June 2013

Background

Recent studies have provided strong evidence that variation in the gene neurocan (NCAN, rs1064395) is a common risk factor for bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia. However, the possible relevance ofNCANvariation to disease mechanisms in the human brain has not yet been explored. Thus, to identify a putative pathomechanism, we tested whether the risk allele has an influence on cortical thickness and folding in a well-characterized sample of patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls.

Method

Sixty-three patients and 65 controls underwent T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and were genotyped for the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs1064395. Folding and thickness were analysed on a node-by-node basis using a surface-based approach (FreeSurfer).

Results

In patients,NCANrisk status (defined by AA and AG carriers) was found to be associated with higher folding in the right lateral occipital region and at a trend level for the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Controls did not show any association (p > 0.05). For cortical thickness, there was no significant effect in either patients or controls.

Conclusions

This study is the first to describe an effect of theNCANrisk variant on brain structure. Our data show that theNCANrisk allele influences cortical folding in the occipital and prefrontal cortex, which may establish disease susceptibility during neurodevelopment. The findings suggest thatNCANis involved in visual processing and top-down cognitive functioning. Both major cognitive processes are known to be disturbed in schizophrenia. Moreover, our study reveals new evidence for a specific genetic influence on local cortical folding in schizophrenia.
Advanced paternal age at birth: phenotypic and etiologic associations with eating pathology in offspring
Authors: Racine S. E. , Culbert K. M. , Burt S. A. , Klump K. L.
Published: June 2013

Background

Advanced paternal age at birth has been linked to several psychiatric disorders in offspring (e.g. schizophrenia) and genetic mechanisms are thought to underlie these associations. This study is the first to investigate whether advanced paternal age at birth is associated with eating disorder risk using a twin study design capable of examining both phenotypic and genetic associations.

Method

In a large, population-based sample of female twins aged 8–17 years in mid-puberty or beyond (n = 1722), we investigated whether advanced paternal age was positively associated with disordered eating symptoms and an eating disorder history [i.e. anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN) or binge eating disorder (BED)] in offspring. Biometric twin models examined whether genetic and/or environmental factors underlie paternal age effects for disordered eating symptoms.

Results

Advanced paternal age was positively associated with disordered eating symptoms and an eating disorder history, where the highest level of pathology was observed in offspring born to fathers ⩾40 years old. The results were not accounted for by maternal age at birth, body mass index (BMI), socio-economic status (SES), fertility treatment or parental psychiatric history. Twin models indicated decreased genetic, and increased environmental, effects on disordered eating with advanced paternal age.

Conclusions

Advanced paternal age increased risk for the full spectrum of eating pathology, independent of several important covariates. However, contrary to leading hypotheses, environmental rather than genetic factors accounted for paternal age–disordered eating associations. These data highlight the need to explore novel (potentially environmental) mechanisms underlying the effects of advanced paternal age on offspring eating disorder risk.
The association between cannabis use and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies
Authors: Lev-Ran S. , Roerecke M. , Le Foll B. , George T. P. , McKenzie K. , Rehm J.
Published: June 2013

Background

Longitudinal studies reporting the association between cannabis use and developing depression provide mixed results. The objective of this study was to establish the extent to which different patterns of use of cannabis are associated with the development of depression using meta-analysis of longitudinal studies.

Method

Peer-reviewed publications reporting the risk of developing depression in cannabis users were located using searches of EMBASE, Medline, PsychINFO and ISI Web of Science. Only longitudinal studies that controlled for depression at baseline were included. Data on several study characteristics, including measures of cannabis use, measures of depression and control variables, were extracted. Odds ratios (ORs) were extracted by age and length of follow-up.

Results

After screening for 4764 articles, 57 articles were selected for full-text review, of which 14 were included in the quantitative analysis (total number of subjects = 76058). The OR for cannabis users developing depression compared with controls was 1.17 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05–1.30]. The OR for heavy cannabis users developing depression was 1.62 (95% CI 1.21–2.16), compared with non-users or light users. Meta-regression revealed no significant differences in effect based on age of subjects and marginal difference in effect based on length of follow-up in the individual studies. There was large heterogeneity in the number and type of control variables in the different studies.

Conclusions

Cannabis use, and particularly heavy cannabis use, may be associated with an increased risk for developing depressive disorders. There is need for further longitudinal exploration of the association between cannabis use and developing depression, particularly taking into account cumulative exposure to cannabis and potentially significant confounding factors.
How do forward models work? And why would you want them?
Authors: Bowers Jeffrey
Published: June 2013

The project of coordinating perception, comprehension, and motor control is an exciting one, but I found it hard to follow some of Pickering & Garrod's (P&G's) arguments as presented. Consequently, my comment is not so much a disagreement with P&G but a query about the logic of forward models: It is not clear how they are supposed to work, nor why they are needed in this (or many other) contexts, and toward that end I present an alternative idea.
Toward a unified account of comprehension and production in language development
Authors: McCauley Stewart M. , Christiansen Morten H.
Published: June 2013

Although Pickering & Garrod (P&G) argue convincingly for a unified system for language comprehension and production, they fail to explain how such a system might develop. Using a recent computational model of language acquisition as an example, we sketch a developmental perspective on the integration of comprehension and production. We conclude that only through development can we fully understand the intertwined nature of comprehension and production in adult processing.
A developmental perspective on the integration of language production and comprehension
Authors: Krishnan Saloni
Published: June 2013

The integration of language production and comprehension processes may be more specific in terms of developmental timing than Pickering & Garrod (P&G) discuss in their target article. Developmental studies do reveal links between production and comprehension, but also demonstrate that the integration of these skills changes over time. Production-comprehension links occur within specific language skills and specific time windows.
Exploring the Contribution of Mycobacteria Characteristics in Their Interaction with Human Macrophages
Authors: Silva Carla , Perdigao Joao , Alverca Elsa , de Matos António P. Alves , Carvalho Patricia A. , Portugal Isabel , Jordao Luisa
Published: June 2013

Tuberculosis (TB) is a major health problem. The emergence of multidrug resistant (MDR)Mycobacterium tuberculosis(Mtb) isolates confounds treatment strategies. In Portugal, cases of MDR-TB are reported annually with an increased incidence noted in Lisbon. The majority of these MDR-TB cases are due to closely related mycobacteria known collectively as theLisboafamily and Q1 cluster. Genetic determinants linked to drug resistance have been exhaustively studied resulting in the identification of family and cluster specific mutations. Nevertheless, little is known about other factors involved in development of mycobacteria drug resistance. Here, we complement genetic analysis with the study of morphological and structural features of theLisboafamily and Q1 cluster isolates by using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. This analysis allowed the identification of structural differences, such as cell envelope thickness, between Mtb clinical isolates that are correlated with antibiotic resistance. The infection of human monocyte derived macrophages allowed us to document the relative selective advantage of theLisboafamily isolates over other circulating Mtb isolates.
A multi-method approach to study robustness of social–ecological systems: the case of small-scale irrigation systems
Authors: JANSSEN MARCO A. , ANDERIES JOHN M.
Published: June 2013

Elinor Ostrom was a leader in using multiple methods to perform institutional analysis. In this paper, we discuss how a multi-method approach she pioneered may be used to study the robustness of social–ecological systems. We synthesize lessons learned from a series of studies on small-scale irrigation systems in which we use case-study analysis, experimental methods in laboratory and field settings, and mathematical models. The accumulated insights show the importance of creating institutional arrangements that fit the human ecology within the biophysical constraints of the system. The examples of work based on multiple methods approaches presented here highlight several lessons. For example, experimental work helps us better understand the details of how the ability to maintain trust relationships, low levels of inequality, and low transaction costs of coordination are critical for success. Likewise, the integration of case-study analysis and modeling helps us better understand how systems that can leverage biophysical characteristics to help address challenges of monitoring, sanctioning, and coordination may be able to increase their chances of success.
On banning autonomous weapon systems: human rights, automation, and the dehumanization of lethal decision-making
Authors: Asaro Peter
Published: June 2013

This article considers the recent literature concerned with establishing an international prohibition on autonomous weapon systems. It seeks to address concerns expressed by some scholars that such a ban might be problematic for various reasons. It argues in favour of a theoretical foundation for such a ban based on human rights and humanitarian principles that are not only moral, but also legal ones. In particular, an implicit requirement for human judgement can be found in international humanitarian law governing armed conflict. Indeed, this requirement is implicit in the principles of distinction, proportionality, and military necessity that are found in international treaties, such as the 1949 Geneva Conventions, and firmly established in international customary law. Similar principles are also implicit in international human rights law, which ensures certain human rights for all people, regardless of national origins or local laws, at all times. I argue that the human rights to life and due process, and the limited conditions under which they can be overridden, imply a specific duty with respect to a broad range of automated and autonomous technologies. In particular, there is a duty upon individuals and states in peacetime, as well as combatants, military organizations, and states in armed conflict situations, not to delegate to a machine or automated process the authority or capability to initiate the use of lethal force independently of human determinations of its moral and legal legitimacy in each and every case. I argue that it would be beneficial to establish this duty as an international norm, and express this with a treaty, before the emergence of a broad range of automated and autonomous weapons systems begin to appear that are likely to pose grave threats to the basic rights of individuals.
‘Excessive’ ambiguity: analysing and refining the proportionality standard
Authors: Wright Jason D.
Published: June 2013

This article analyses the jus in bello proportionality standard under international humanitarian law to assist judge advocates and practitioners in achieving a measure of clarity as to what constitutes ‘excessive’ collateral damage when planning or executing an attack on a legitimate military objective when incidental harm to civilians is expected. Applying international humanitarian law, the author analyses existing US practice to evidence the need for states to adopt further institutional mechanisms and methodologies to clarify targeting principles and proportionality assessments. A subjective-objective standard for determining ‘excessive’ collateral damage is proposed, along with a seven-step targeting methodology that is readily applicable to the US, and all other state and non-state actors engaged in the conduct of hostilities.
US Environmental Protection Agency's Design for the Environment (DfE) Alternatives Assessment Program
Authors: Davies Clive , Adams Melanie , Connor Emily , Sommer Elizabeth , Baier‐Anderson Caroline , Lavoie Emma , Romano Laura , DiFiore David
Published: June 2013

Design for the Environment (DfE) Chemical Alternatives Assessments (CAA) are an approach to chemical substitution used to evaluate chemicals targeted by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for action. CAAs have helped stakeholders consider the health and environmental profiles of chemicals along with the more traditional factors of cost and performance as they choose alternatives. Recent improvements to the CAA methodology and criteria for differentiating chemicals have enhanced transparency and made the methodology implementable by parties outside the EPA. DfE is working to harmonize methodologies for CAA in the USA and plans to begin working with other countries on harmonization. Harmonization would have a number of benefits, introducing efficiencies by reducing the need for redundant assessments, and making it possible to have a central data repository where those conducting CAAs and those choosing safer chemicals can go for information.
NGO Initiatives in the EU – Identifying Substances of Very High Concern (SVHCs) and Driving Safer Chemical Substitutes in Response to REACH
Authors: Ligthart Jerker J.
Published: June 2013

Tens of thousands of man‐made chemicals have been developed over the last few decades. Many are used in everyday products, from toys, textiles and paints to shampoo, electronic equipment and building materials. The problem is that we know little about their short‐ and long‐term effects on our health and on the environment. But we do know enough to understand that many of the chemicals in widespread use today are hazardous. However, in order to control the use of hazardous substances properly, one first needs to identify which substances should actually be prioritised, then different strategies can be used to promote the substitution of hazardous chemicals with safer alternatives. REACH, the new European Chemicals regulation, provides a legal framework both for the identification of hazardous substances and for substitution. This chapter outline show ChemSec, as an environmental non‐governmental organisation (NGO), has been influencing the phase out of hazardous chemicals together with key stakeholders such as policy makers, progressive companies and financial investors. ChemSec has 10 years of experience in encouraging the development of chemicals management by offering an open dialogue, and also concrete tools with an emphasis on identifying hazardous substances through the SIN List and more recently promoting the use of safer alternatives via SUBSPORT. The chapter also give a broad overview of the steps that NGOs take to influence and encourage companies and regulators both to strengthen chemicals regulation and to push them to perform better on all levels.
The transport of carboxylic acids and important role of the Jen1p transporter during the development of yeast colonies
Authors: Paiva Sandra , Strachotová Dita , Kučerová Helena , Hlaváček Otakar , Mota Sandra , Casal Margarida , Palková Zdena , Váchová Libuše
Published: June 2013

On solid substrates, yeast colonies pass through distinct developmental phases characterized by the changes in pH of their surroundings from acidic to nearly alkaline and vice versa. At the beginning of the alkali phase colonies start to produce ammonia, which functions as a quorum-sensing molecule inducing the reprogramming of cell metabolism. Such reprogramming includes, among others, the activation of several plasma membrane transporters and is connected with colony differentiation. In the present study, we show that colony cells can use two transport mechanisms to import lactic acid: a ‘saturable’ component of the transport, which requires the presence of a functional Jen1p transporter, and a ‘non-saturable’ component (diffusion) that is independent of Jen1p. During colony development, the efficiency of both transport components changes similarly in central and outer colonial cells. Although the lactate uptake capacity of central cells gradually decreases during colony development, the lactate uptake capacity of outer cells peaks during the alkali phase and is also kept relatively high in the second acidic phase. This lactate uptake profile correlates with the localization of the Jen1p transporter to the plasma membrane of colony cells. Both lactic acid uptake mechanisms are diminished in sok2 colonies where JEN1 expression is decreased. The Sok2p transcription factor may therefore be involved in the regulation of non-saturable lactic acid uptake in yeast colonies.
Vortex methods to answer the need for improved understanding and modelling of tip‐loss factors
Authors: Branlard Emmanuel , Dixon Kristian , Gaunaa Mac
Published: June 2013

Standard blade element momentum (BEM) codes use Prandtl's tip‐loss correction which relies on simplified vortex theory under the assumption of optimal operating condition and no wake expansion. The various tip‐loss functions found in the literature are listed. A simple comparison between them shows important differences in Annual Energy Production which reveal a large uncertainty in current BEM‐based computations. A new tip‐loss correction for implementation in BEM codes has been developed using a lifting‐line code to account for the effect of wake expansion, roll‐up and distortion under many operating conditions. A database of tip‐loss corrections is established for further use in BEM codes. This model is closer to the physics of the flow and hence, a better assessment of the performance of wind turbines by this method is expected.
A novel compact double pulse forming lines
Authors: Yang Jian-Hua , Gao Jing-Ming , Shu Ting , Luo Hao-Fei , Lin Jia-Jing
Published: June 2013

Novel double pulse forming lines (PFLs) are fabricated with two separate coaxial single PFLs with the same dimensions with each inner cylinder of the PFL negatively charged to improve the breakdown voltage of PFL and the energy storage density of de-ionized water. A spiral line is adopted for the single PFL to raise the impedance of the PFL and prolongs the pulse duration. Ethylene glycol is mixed with de-ionized water to raise the leakage resistance and the impedance of the single PFL. A double structure is adopted to reduce the breakdown voltage requirement of the transformer and the switch. At the same time, the double structure is an advantage to raise the impedance of the PFL.
Multiple states of finger propagation in partially occluded tubes
Authors: Hazel A. L. , Pailha M. , Cox S. J. , Juel A.
Published: June 2013

Recent experiments by Pailha et al. [Phys. Fluids 24, 021702 (2012)10.1063/1.3682772] uncovered a rich array of propagation modes when air displaces oil from axially uniform tubes that have local variations in flow resistance within their cross-sections. The behaviour is particularly surprising because only a single, symmetric mode has been observed in tubes of regular cross-section, e.g., circular, elliptical, rectangular, and polygonal. In this paper, we present experimental results describing a new mode, an asymmetric localised air finger, that persists in the limit of zero propagation speed. We show that the experimental observations are consistent with a model based on capillary static calculations within the tube's cross-section, and the observed bistability is a consequence of the existence of multiple solutions to the Young–Laplace equations. The model also provides an upper bound for the previously reported symmetry-breaking bifurcation [A. de Lózar, A. Heap, F. Box, A. L. Hazel, and A. Juel, Phys. Fluids 21, 101702 (2009)10.1063/1.3247879].
Coarse-grained spin density-functional theory: Infinite-volume limit via the hyperfinite
Authors: Lammert Paul E.
Published: June 2013

Coarse-grained spin density functional theory (SDFT) is a version of SDFT which works with number/spin densities specified to a limited resolution — averages over cells of a regular spatial partition — and external potentials constant on the cells. This coarse-grained setting facilitates a rigorous investigation of the mathematical foundations which goes well beyond what is currently possible in the conventional formulation. Problems of existence, uniqueness, and regularity of representing potentials in the coarse-grained SDFT setting are here studied using techniques of (Robinsonian) nonstandard analysis. Every density which is nowhere spin-saturated is V-representable, and the set of representing potentials is the functional derivative, in an appropriate generalized sense, of the Lieb internal energy functional. Quasi-continuity and closure properties of the set-valued representing potentials map are also established. The extent of possible non-uniqueness is similar to that found in non-rigorous studies of the conventional theory, namely non-uniqueness can occur for states of collinear magnetization which are eigenstates of Sz.
Thermocapillary instability of irradiated transparent liquid films on absorbing solid substrates
Authors: Saeki Fumihiro , Fukui Shigehisa , Matsuoka Hiroshige
Published: June 2013

The thermocapillary instability of irradiated transparent liquid films on absorbing solid substrates is investigated by means of linear stability analysis. Under such circumstances, incident light passes through a film and is absorbed by the substrate, and the film is then heated by the heat influx across the interface with the substrate. The optical absorption in the substrate is affected by optical reflection. The energy reflectance varies periodically with the film thickness due to optical interference between light waves reflected from the gas-liquid and liquid-solid interfaces. The periodic variation of the reflectance strongly affects the film stability, which also varies periodically with the film thickness. Characteristic scales of the instability are also affected by the substrate thickness and incident light intensity. While qualitative aspects of the stability can be easily obtained from the analysis based on a simplified model that is derived under the thin-substrate assumption, the quantitative evaluation for the case of substrates of moderate to large thickness should be based on a more generalized model that allows for substrates of arbitrary thickness.
Components of multifractality in the central England temperature anomaly series
Authors: de Souza Jeferson , Duarte Queirós Sílvio M. , Grimm Alice M.
Published: June 2013

We study the multifractal nature of the Central England Temperature (CET) anomaly, a time series that spans more than 200 years. The data are analyzed in two ways: as a single set and by using a sliding window of 11 years. In both cases, we quantify the width of the multifractal spectrum as well as its components, which are defined by the deviations from the Gaussian distribution and the dependence between measurements. The results of the first approach show that the key contribution to the multifractal structure comes from the dynamical dependencies, mainly weak ones, followed by a residual contribution of the deviations from the Gaussian. The sliding window approach indicates that the peaks in the evolution of the non-Gaussian contribution occur almost at the same dates associated with climate changes that were determined in previous works using component analysis methods. Moreover, the strong non-Gaussian contribution from the 1960 s onwards is in agreement with global results recently presented.
Effects of sequential tungsten and helium ion implantation on nano-indentation hardness of tungsten
Authors: Armstrong D. E. J. , Edmondson P. D. , Roberts S. G.
Published: June 2013

To simulate neutron and helium damage in a fusion reactor first wall sequential self-ion implantation up to 13 dpa followed by helium-ion implantation up to 3000 appm was performed to produce damaged layers of ∼2 μm depth in pure tungsten. The hardness of these layers was measured using nanoindentation and was studied using transmission electron microscopy. Substantial hardness increases were seen in helium implanted regions, with smaller hardness increases in regions which had already been self-ion implanted, thus, containing pre-existing dislocation loops. This suggests that, for the same helium content, helium trapped in distributed vacancies gives stronger hardening than helium trapped in vacancies condensed into dislocation loops.
Nonlinear damping for vibration isolation of microsystems using shear thickening fluid
Authors: Iyer S. S. , Vedad-Ghavami R. , Lee H. , Liger M. , Kavehpour H. P. , Candler R. N.
Published: June 2013

This work reports the measurement and analysis of nonlinear damping of micro-scale actuators immersed in shear thickening fluids (STFs). A power-law damping term is added to the linear second-order model to account for the shear-dependent viscosity of the fluid. This nonlinear model is substantiated by measurements of oscillatory motion of a torsional microactuator. At high actuation forces, the vibration velocity amplitude saturates. The model accurately predicts the nonlinear damping characteristics of the STF using a power-law index extracted from independent rheology experiments. This result reveals the potential to use STFs as adaptive, passive dampers for vibration isolation of microelectromechanical systems.
Elliptical magnetic mirror generated via resistivity gradients for fast ignition inertial confinement fusion
Authors: Robinson A. P. L. , Schmitz H.
Published: June 2013

The elliptical magnetic mirror scheme for guiding fast electrons for Fast Ignition proposed by Schmitz et al. (Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 54, 085016 (2012)) is studied for conditions on the multi-kJ scale which are much closer to full-scale Fast Ignition. When scaled up, the elliptical mirror scheme is still highly beneficial to Fast Ignition. An increase in the coupling efficiency by a factor of 3–4 is found over a wide range of fast electron divergence half-angles.
Ultraviolet laser diodes grown on semipolar (202¯1) GaN substrates by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Sawicka M. , Muziol G. , Turski H. , Grzanka S. , Grzanka E. , Smalc-Koziorowska J. , Weyher J. L. , Chèze C. , Albrecht M. , Kucharski R. , Perlin P. , Skierbiszewski C.
Published: June 2013

We demonstrate ultra-violet laser diodes emitting at 388 nm grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy on semipolar (202¯1)GaN substrates under metal-rich conditions. The threshold current density and voltage of 13.2 kA/cm2 and 10.8 V were measured at room temperature for devices with the laser ridge waveguide oriented along the [1¯21¯0] direction. We show smooth, atomically flat surface morphology after growth. The excellent structural quality of the laser heterostructure was corroborated by transmission electron microscopy.
Crucial role played by interface and oxygen content in magnetic properties of ultrathin manganite films
Authors: Wang Cong , Jin Kui-juan , Gu Lin , Lu Hui-bin , Li Shan-ming , Zhou Wen-jia , Zhao Rui-qiang , Guo Hai-zhong , He Meng , Yang Guo-zhen
Published: June 2013

Unusual magnetic properties are found in ultrathin La0.9Sr0.1MnO3 films by systematically investigating the films with the thicknesses varying from 200 to 6 unit cells. Post annealing in oxygen can significantly enhance the Curie temperature and saturation magnetization by complementing oxygen vacancies. We observe that oxygen vacancies around the surfaces are much more than those close to the interfaces using an aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy for both the as-grown and post-annealed ultrathin films. The Curie temperature up to 325 K, much higher than that of the bulk, is found in the annealed films with the thickness of 50 unit cells.
Factors affecting ammonia-oxidising microorganisms and potential nitrification rates in southern Australian agricultural soils
Authors: O'Sullivan Cathryn A. , Wakelin Steven A. , Fillery Ian R. P. , Roper Margaret M.
Published: June 2013

Ammonia-oxidising archaea (AOA) have recently been described as having an important role in soil nitrification. However, published data on factors which influence their distribution and their impact on a soil’s potential nitrification rates (PNR) are sparse, particularly compared with the amount of information available regarding ammonia-oxidising bacteria (AOB). This study had two aims. First, to investigate which environmental factors affect the AOA : AOB ratio in soils from two agricultural regions, and second, to explore whether the abundance of either AOA or AOB correlated with PNR. Samples were collected from 45 sites within the cropping regions of Western Australia and South Australia. Soils were tested for pH, NH4+/NO3–, organic carbon (C), total nitrogen (N), C : N ratio, PNR, and electrical conductivity. Climate data were obtained from the Queensland Climate Change Centre for Excellence SILO website. Abundances of AOA and AOB were measured using real-time PCR quantification of the gene encoding the ammonia monooxygenase enzyme (amoA). Multivariate statistical analysis was applied to assess correlations between PNR, soil properties, and abundance of AOA or AOB. In the majority samples AOA were present, but their abundance, and the AOA : AOB ratio, varied considerably between sites. Multivariate analysis showed that the distribution of AOA and AOB and the AOA : AOB ratio were strongly correlated with climatic and seasonal factors. Sites where samples were collected during dry, hot periods tended to be AOA-dominated, whereas samples collected during cool, wet periods tended to be AOB-dominated or have equal abundances of AOA and AOB. The PNRs were correlated with total N content, organic C content, and soil pH. There was no clear correlation between AOA or AOB and PNR. This study shows that both AOA and AOB are widespread in Western Australian and South Australian soils and their abundance and ratio are affected by climate and season. It also shows that PNR is more strongly influenced by soil fertility factors than by the AOA : AOB ratio.
Creating a ‘new space’
Authors: Finnis Katerina
Published: June 2013

This paper, located in the traditions of Interactional Sociolinguistics (Gumperz 1982) and Social Constructionism (Berger and Luckmann 1966), explores code-switching and identity practices amongst British-born Greek-Cypriots. The speakers, members of a Greek-Cypriot youth organization, are fluent in English and (with varying levels of fluency) speak the Greek-Cypriot Dialect. Qualitative analyses of recordings of natural speech during youth community meetings and a social event show how a new ‘third space’ becomes reified through code-switching practices. By skillfully manipulating languages and styles, speakers draw on Greek-Cypriot cultural resources to accomplish two inter-related things. First, by displaying knowledge of familiar Greek-Cypriot cultural frames, they establish themselves as different from mainstream British society and establish solidarity as an in-group. Secondly, by using these frames in non-serious contexts, and at times mocking cultural attitudes and stereotypes, they challenge and re-appropriate their inherited Greek-Cypriot identity, thereby constructing the identity of British-born Greek-Cypriot youth.
From a restricted to full linguistic space
Authors: Williams Christopher
Published: June 2013

This study analyzes the long-term reasons why Udmurt occupies a restricted linguistic space in the post-Soviet state – the low status of Udmurt, due to Soviet language and other policies; urbanization; population shifts; myths and stereotypes about Udmurts; making Russian compulsory after 1938 – and the consequences of this for the fate of the Udmurt language today (relatively few native speakers). The central argument is that Udmurts have not overcome the Stalinist legacy, which led to the reversal of Lenin’s ‘affirmative action’ policy on non-Russian languages. This stems from the failure of the elites in the Udmurt Republic to pursue an ethnic mobilization strategy to promote the Udmurt language in contemporary Russia. Drawing upon language planning and ethnic policy elsewhere in Russia (Tatarstan) and in the UK (Wales), this article outlines ways to raise the status of Udmurt without generating inter-ethnic conflict, thereby creating a ‘space for all’.
Cyclin-dependent kinases regulate splice-specific targeting of dynamin-related protein 1 to microtubules
Authors: Strack Stefan , Wilson Theodore J. , Cribbs J. Thomas
Published: June 2013

Fission and fusion reactions determine mitochondrial morphology and function. Dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) is a guanosine triphosphate–hydrolyzing mechanoenzyme important for mitochondrial fission and programmed cell death. Drp1 is subject to alternative splicing of three exons with previously unknown functional significance. Here, we report that splice variants including the third but excluding the second alternative exon (x01) localized to and copurified with microtubule bundles as dynamic polymers that resemble fission complexes on mitochondria. A major isoform in immune cells, Drp1-x01 required oligomeric assembly and Arg residues in alternative exon 3 for microtubule targeting. Drp1-x01 stabilized and bundled microtubules and attenuated staurosporine-induced mitochondrial fragmentation and apoptosis. Phosphorylation of a conserved Ser residue adjacent to the microtubule-binding exon released Drp1-x01 from microtubules and promoted mitochondrial fragmentation in a splice form–specific manner. Phosphorylation by Cdk1 contributed to dissociation of Drp1-x01 from mitotic microtubules, whereas Cdk5-mediated phosphorylation modulated Drp1-x01 targeting to interphase microtubules. Thus, alternative splicing generates a latent, cytoskeletal pool of Drp1 that is selectively mobilized by cyclin-dependent kinase signaling.
Physical limits of cell migration: Control by ECM space and nuclear deformation and tuning by proteolysis and traction force
Authors: Wolf Katarina , te Lindert Mariska , Krause Marina , Alexander Stephanie , te Riet Joost , Willis Amanda L. , Hoffman Robert M. , Figdor Carl G. , Weiss Stephen J. , Friedl Peter
Published: June 2013

Cell migration through 3D tissue depends on a physicochemical balance between cell deformability and physical tissue constraints. Migration rates are further governed by the capacity to degrade ECM by proteolytic enzymes, particularly matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and integrin- and actomyosin-mediated mechanocoupling. Yet, how these parameters cooperate when space is confined remains unclear. Using MMP-degradable collagen lattices or nondegradable substrates of varying porosity, we quantitatively identify the limits of cell migration by physical arrest. MMP-independent migration declined as linear function of pore size and with deformation of the nucleus, with arrest reached at 10% of the nuclear cross section (tumor cells, 7 µm2; T cells, 4 µm2; neutrophils, 2 µm2). Residual migration under space restriction strongly depended upon MMP-dependent ECM cleavage by enlarging matrix pore diameters, and integrin- and actomyosin-dependent force generation, which jointly propelled the nucleus. The limits of interstitial cell migration thus depend upon scaffold porosity and deformation of the nucleus, with pericellular collagenolysis and mechanocoupling as modulators.
Imaging cell biology in live animals: Ready for prime time
Authors: Weigert Roberto , Porat-Shliom Natalie , Amornphimoltham Panomwat
Published: June 2013

Time-lapse fluorescence microscopy is one of the main tools used to image subcellular structures in living cells. Yet for decades it has been applied primarily to in vitro model systems. Thanks to the most recent advancements in intravital microscopy, this approach has finally been extended to live rodents. This represents a major breakthrough that will provide unprecedented new opportunities to study mammalian cell biology in vivo and has already provided new insight in the fields of neurobiology, immunology, and cancer biology.
Managing climate change adaptation in forests: a case study from the U.S. Southwest
Authors: Kerhoulas Lucy P. , Kolb Thomas E. , Hurteau Matthew D. , Koch George W.
Published: June 2013

Forest mortality related to climate change is an increasingly common global phenomenon. We provide a case study of the U.S. Southwest to investigate the interactions among forest restoration treatments that alter stand density, tree growth and drought resistance in trees of different size classes.

Using cores taken from five positions in large trees (coarse roots, breast height, base of live crown, midcrown branch and treetop) and breast height in small trees, we investigated how radial growth response to thinning and precipitation availability varied in 72 ponderosa pinesPinus ponderosaDougl. in northern Arizona.

Ten years after thinning, growth of small trees did not respond significantly to thinning, whereas growth of large trees increased following moderate and heaving thinning, and this response was similar across within‐tree core sample positions.

The intensity of thinning treatment did not significantly affect dry‐year growth in small trees. In large trees, dry‐year growth after thinning was maintained at pre‐thinning levels in moderate and heavy thinning treatments but decreased in the light thinning and control treatments.

Synthesis and applications. Our findings indicate that more aggressive thinning treatments used for forest restoration stimulate growth throughout large residual trees from coarse roots to branches and also improve drought resistance, providing a greater resilience to future climate‐related stress. These responses to treatment are more pronounced in large trees than small trees. Forest thinning is therefore recommended in systems that are likely to experience increased temperature and decreased precipitation as a result of climate change.
Synthesis and 3D‐QSARAnalysis of 2‐Chloroquinoline Derivatives asH37RVMTBInhibitors
Authors: Khunt Ranjan C. , Khedkar Vijay M. , Coutinho Evans C.
Published: June 2013

Frequency oftuberculosisis progressively increasing worldwide. New emerging strains of bacilli that are emerging are resistant to the currently available drugs which make this issue more alarming. In this regard, a series of substituted quinolinyl chalcones, quinolinyl pyrimidines, and pyridines were synthesized and evaluated for their antitubercular activityin vitroagainstMycobacterium tuberculosisH37RV. To establish the role of the 2‐chloroquinoline nucleus as a pharmacophoric group and study its influence on the antimycobacterial activity, a 3D‐QSARstudy based onCoMFAandCoMSIAwas undertaken on this set of 2‐chloroquinoline derivatives. Statistically significant models that are able to well correlate the antimycobacterial activity with the chemical structures of the 2‐chloroquinolines have been developed. The contour maps resulting from the bestCoMFAandCoMSIAmodels were used to identify the structural features relevant to the biological activity in this series of analogs. Further analysis of these interaction‐field contour maps also showed a high level of internal consistency. The information obtained from the field 3‐Dcontour maps may be fruitfully utilized in the design of more potent 2‐chloroquinoline‐based analogs as potential antitubercular candidates.
THE TWO‐WAY RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GOVERNMENT SPENDING AND CORRUPTION AND ITS EFFECTS ON ECONOMIC GROWTH
Authors: DZHUMASHEV RATBEK
Published: June 2013

The existing empirical evidence suggests that in low‐income economies, an increase in government spending leads to a reduction of growth. This article aims to explain this empirical fact by considering a growth model that incorporates a two‐way relationship between corruption and government spending. That is, government spending gives rise to corruption and rent seeking, which feeds back by distorting the structure and size of government spending. In addition, the cost of corruption depends on the wage rate. Therefore, in low‐income economies, increases in government spending tend to generate larger social losses caused by a higher level of rent dissipation and a concomitant rise in corruption and government inefficiency. Consequently, in such economies, an increase in government spending is more likely to result in a decline of economic growth. (JEL H3, O11, O41)
SPORTS, EXERCISE, AND LENGTH OF STAY IN HOSPITALS: IS THERE A DIFFERENTIAL EFFECT FOR THE CHRONICALLY ILL PEOPLE?
Authors: SARI NAZMI
Published: June 2013

This paper examines the effects of sports and exercise on hospital stays for males and females by various chronic conditions using a panel dataset from Canada. The results suggest that moderately active and active individuals have shorter hospital stays than inactive individuals. On average, individuals with moderate to higher amount of physical activity stay 36% to 39% less than inactive individuals. Physical activity has consistent impact on hospital stays for the entire population as well as subgroup of people with or without chronic conditions. However, its effect is substantially larger for people with chronic conditions, especially for those who have diabetes, cancer, high blood pressure, heart disease, and stroke. The paper also suggests that additional exercise once moderate level of exercise is achieved does not generate substantially large benefits in the form of shorter hospital stays. Hence, it provides additional evidence to support the recent physical activity guidelines for adults that highlight health benefits of moderate amount of regular physical activity. (JEL I1)
Self‐reported non‐severe hypoglycaemic events in Europe
Authors: Östenson C. G. , Geelhoed‐Duijvestijn P. , Lahtela J. , Weitgasser R. , Markert Jensen M. , Pedersen‐Bjergaard U.
Published: June 2013

Aims

Hypoglycaemia presents a barrier to optimum diabetes management but data are limited on the frequency of hypoglycaemia incidents outside of clinical trials. The present study investigated the rates of self‐reported non‐severe hypoglycaemic events, hypoglycaemia awareness and physician discussion of events in people with Type 1 diabetes mellitus or insulin‐treated Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Methods

People in seven European countries aged >15 years with Type 1 diabetes or insulin–treated Type 2 diabetes (basal‐only, basal‐bolus and other insulin regimens) were recruited via consumer panels, nurses, telephone recruitment and family referrals. Respondents completed four online questionnaires. The first questionnaire collected background information on demographics and hypoglycaemia‐related behaviour, whilst all four questionnaires collected data on non‐severe hypoglycaemic events in the preceding 7 days.

Results

Analysis was based on 11 440 respondent‐weeks from 3827 respondents. All participants completed the first questionnaire and 57% completed all four. The mean number of events/respondent–week was 1.8 (Type 1 diabetes) and 0.4–0.7 (Type 2 diabetes, with different insulin treatments) corresponding to annual event rates of 94 and 21–36, respectively. A total of 63% of respondents with Type 1 diabetes and 49–64% of respondents with Type 2 diabetes, treated with different insulin regimens, who experienced hypoglycaemic events, reported impaired hypoglycaemia awareness or unawareness. A high proportion of respondents rarely or never informed their general practitioner/specialist about hypoglycaemia: 65% (Type 1 diabetes) and 50–59% (Type 2 diabetes). Overall, 16% of respondents with Type 1 diabetes and 26% of respondents with Type 2 diabetes reported not being asked about hypoglycaemia during routine appointments.

Conclusion

Non‐severe hypoglycaemic events are common amongst people with Type 1 diabetes and insulin–treated Type 2 diabetes in real‐world settings. Many rarely or never inform their general practitioner/specialist about their hypoglycaemia and the real burden of hypoglycaemia may be underestimated.
Patient time costs attributable to healthcare use in diabetes: results from the population‐based KORA survey in Germany
Authors: Icks A. , Claessen H. , Strassburger K. , Waldeyer R. , Chernyak N. , Jülich F. , Rathmann W. , Thorand B. , Meisinger C. , Huth C. , Rückert I.‐M. , Schunk M. , Giani G. , Holle R.
Published: June 2013

Aims

Patient time costs have been described to be substantial; however, data are highly limited. We estimated patient time costs attributable to outpatient and inpatient care in study participants with diagnosed diabetes, previously undetected diabetes, impaired glucose regulation and normal glucose tolerance.

Methods

Using data of the population‐based KORA S4 study (55–74 years, random sample of n = 350), we identified participants' stage of glucose tolerance by oral glucose tolerance test. To estimate mean patient time costs per year (crude and standardized with respect to age and sex), we used data regarding time spent with ambulatory visits including travel and waiting time and with hospital stays (time valued at a 2011 net wage rate of €20.63/h). The observation period was 24 weeks and data were extrapolated to 1 year.

Results

Eighty‐nine to 97% of participants in the four groups (diagnosed diabetes, undetected diabetes, impaired glucose regulation and normal glucose tolerance.) had at least one physician contact and 4–14% at least one hospital admission during the observation period. Patient time [h/year (95% CI)] was 102.0 (33.7–254.8), 53.8 (15.0–236.7), 59.3 (25.1–146.8) and 28.6 (21.1–43.7), respectively. Age–sex standardized patient time costs per year (95% CI) were €2447.1 (804.5–6143.6), €880.4 (259.1–3606.7), €1151.6 (454.6–2957.6) and €589.2 (435.8–904.8).

Conclusions

Patient time costs were substantial—even higher than medication costs in the same study population. They are higher in participants with diagnosed diabetes, but also in those with undetected diabetes and impaired glucose regulation compared with those with normal glucose tolerance. Research is needed in larger populations to receive more precise and certain estimates that can be used in health economic evaluation.