bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of molecular weight on thermal and mechanical properties of bisphenol A‐based phthalonitrile resins
Authors: Butler Tristan , Bunton Caleb , Ryou Heonjune , Dyatkin Boris , Weise Nickolaus , Laskoski Matthew
Published: October 2021

This effort assesses the correlation between chemical structures and performance‐essential thermal, mechanical, and long‐term stability properties of cross‐linked thermosets. Resins of different molecular weights were prepared from the Bisphenol A based PEEK™‐like oligomeric phthalonitrile (BisA). Differential scanning calorimetry, which was used to investigate curing thermodynamics, indicated that BisA resins demonstrated positive correlation between increasing oligomer molecular weight and both resulting melting points and cure initiation conditions. Characterization of thermal properties using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated a similar molecular weight trend, with char yields ranging between 57% and 73%. Rheological studies of BisA of different molecular weights indicated significant viscosity increases in phthalonitriles that cross‐linked from oligomers with higher molecular weights. Moreover, the n = 1 chain length resin exhibited a gel point at 100°C lower than the n = 25 oligomer. Analysis of hardness of these cured polymers indicated that the resin cross‐linked using the n = 1 oligomer was most brittle, while the thermoset derived from the n = 4 BisA demonstrated highest hardness. Aging of cured phthalonitriles indicated that the n = 10 remained most stable in long‐duration high‐temperature environments. This study suggests the use of preparing BisA thermosets from oligomers with different molecular weights as an effective strategy for improving toughness, albeit at the tradeoff of lower thermal stabilities.
Emulsion templated polymer monoliths containing cellulose nanocrystals: Synthesis and adsorption properties
Authors: Eslek Ali , Kekevi Burcu , Mert Hatice Hande , Mert Emine Hilal
Published: October 2021

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) loaded hierarchical macroporous polymer monoliths were synthesized through high internal phase emulsion (HIPE) templating. For this purpose, unmodified CNCs were used as nanofiller in various amounts during HIPE preparation. The effect of CNCs loading on the hierarchical pore structure and mechanical properties was investigated. It was demonstrated that mechanical strength was significantly improved by CNCs loading. In order to reveal an application field, adsorptive property of resulting monoliths was investigated against Nile blue dye. The results showed that the maximum adsorption capacity of cationic Nile blue was 54% for the neat monolith, while it was 70% for the monolith prepared by 9 wt% CNCs loading. Meanwhile, the kinetic evaluation of the experimental adsorption data revealed that the adsorption follows pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model and it is consistent with Freundlich isotherm.
Synthesis and structural characterization of N,N,N‐trimethyl chitosan
Authors: Kang Yu , Liu Zhi , Long Yingyun , Wang Baolong , Yang Xu , Sha Di , Shi Kai , Ji Xiangling , Li Bai , Liu Yonggang
Published: October 2021

N,N,N‐trimethyl chitosan (TMC) with molar mass 29 ~ 136 kg/mol and degree of quaternization 70% ~ 82% was synthesized from chitosan via N,N‐dimethyl chitosan (DMC) by a two‐step method. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) coupled with multiangle laser light scattering was employed to characterize the molar mass and chain conformation of DMC and TMC. Nearly no degradation was found for DMC, but degradation by ~50% was observed from TMC. Apart from degradation, the shift of SEC peak toward higher elution volume for N‐methylated chitosan was attributed to the increase in chain flexibility. It was shown that chitosan, DMC, and TMC took a random coil conformation in 200 mM acetate buffer, with persistence length decreased from 10 nm for chitosan, to 5.7 nm for DMC and 3.2 nm for TMC. The significant increase in chain flexibility upon N‐methylation is most probably due to the breakage of intramolecular hydrogen bonds between chitosan repeating units.
Musculoskeletal ultrasound training encourages self‐directed learning and increases confidence for clinical and anatomical appreciation of first‐year medical students
Authors: Brown Casey C. , Arrington Shalynn D. , Olson Jay F. , Finch Charles A. , Nydam Randall L.
Published: October 2021

Best‐practice guidelines have incorporated ultrasound in diagnostic and procedural medicine. Due to this demand, the Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine initiated a comprehensive integration of ultrasound into its first‐year anatomy course attended by more than 280 students. Ultrasound workshops were developed to enhance student conceptualization of musculoskeletal (MSK) anatomy through visualizing clinically important anatomical relationships, a simulated lumbar puncture during the back unit, carpal tunnel and shoulder evaluations during the upper limb unit, and plantar fascia, calcaneal tendon, and tarsal tunnel evaluations during the lower limb unit. A 5‐point Likert scale survey evaluated if ultrasound improved students' self‐perceived anatomical and clinical comprehension of relevant anatomy, improved students' ability to orient to ultrasound imagery, and prompted further independent investigation of the anatomical area. Ultrasound examination questions were added to the anatomy examinations. Two‐tailed one‐sample t‐tests for the back, upper limb, and lower limb units were found to be significant across all Likert survey categories (P < 0.001). Positive student responses to the Likert survey in conjunction with examination question average of 84.3% (±10.3) demonstrated that the ultrasound workshops are beneficial to student education. Ultrasound enhances medical students' clinical and anatomical comprehension and ability to orient to ultrasound imagery for MSK anatomy. This study supports early ultrasound education as a mechanism to encourage students' independent learning as evidenced by many undertaking voluntary investigation of clinical concerns associated with MSK anatomy. This study establishes the successful integration of MSK ultrasound into a large medical school program and its benefit to student clinical education.
A contextualization of editorial misconduct in the library and information science academic information ecosystem
Authors: Green Lucy Santos , Johnston Melissa P.
Published: October 2021

In the last decade, one of the most effective tools applied in combating the erosion of public trust in academic research has been an increased level of transparency in the peer review and editorial process. Publicly available publication ethics guidelines and policies are vital in creating a transparent process that prevents unethical research, publication misconduct, manipulation of the communication of research to practitioners, and the erosion of public trust. This study investigated how these unethical practices, specifically those coded as editorial misconduct, bring the authenticity and integrity of the library and information science academic research digital record into question. Employing a multi‐layered approach, including key informant interviews, researchers determined the frequency and the content of ethical publishing policies and procedures in library and information science journals; exploring the ways the lack of, or nonadherence to these policies and procedures impacted library and information science researchers in instances of editorial misconduct.
Academic achievement and needs of school‐aged children born with selected congenital anomalies: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Glinianaia Svetlana V. , McLean Ashleigh , Moffat Malcolm , Shenfine Rebekka , Armaroli Annarita , Rankin Judith
Published: October 2021

Children with congenital anomalies have poorer intellectual and cognitive development compared to their peers, but evidence for academic achievement using objective measures is lacking. We aimed to summarize and synthesize evidence on academic outcomes and special education needs (SEN) of school‐aged children born with selected major structural congenital anomalies. Electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, PsycINFO, CINAHL, ProQuest Natural Science and Education Collections), reference lists and citations for 1990–2020 were systematically searched. We included original‐research articles on academic achievement in children with non‐syndromic congenital anomalies that involved school test results, standardized tests and/or SEN data. Random‐effects meta‐analyses were performed to estimate pooled mean test scores in mathematics and/or reading where possible and pooled odds ratios (ORs) for SEN in children with severe congenital heart defects (CHDs) and children with orofacial clefts (OFCs). Thirty‐nine eligible studies (n = 21,066 children) were synthesized narratively. Sixteen studies were included in meta‐analyses. Children with non‐syndromic congenital anomalies were at a higher risk of academic underachievement than controls across school levels. Children with severe CHD (pooled OR = 2.32, 95% CI: 1.90, 2.82), and children with OFC (OR = 1.38 (95% CI: 1.20, 1.57), OR = 3.07 (95% CI: 2.65, 3.56), and OR = 3.96 (95% CI: 3.31, 4.72) for children with cleft lip, cleft palate and cleft lip/palate, respectively) had significantly higher ORs for SEN than controls. Children with non‐syndromic congenital anomalies underperform academically and have higher SEN rates compared to their peers. Early monitoring and development of differential SEN are important to promote academic progress in these children.
FERM domain‐containing protein 6 exerts a tumor‐inhibiting role in thyroid cancer by antagonizing oncogenic YAP1
Authors: Wang Wei , Zhao Chang'an , Quan Fang , Zhang Pengfei , Shao Yuan , Liu Lifeng
Published: October 2021

The emerging role of FERM domain‐containing protein 6 (FRMD6) in cancer progression has been revealed in several malignancies. However, its relevance on thyroid cancer is not well understood. This work evaluated the possible role and mechanism of FRMD6 in thyroid cancer. We demonstrated that FRMD6 expression was downregulated in thyroid cancer by analyzing the Cancer Genome Atlas data. Remarkable reductions in FRMD6 expression were also confirmed in the clinical specimens and cell lines of thyroid cancer. The upregulation of FRMD6 restrained the proliferation, epithelial–mesenchymal transition, and invasion of thyroid cancer. Moreover, FRMD6 overexpression significantly increased the apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Further molecular research demonstrated that the overexpression of FRMD6 increased the phosphorylation levels of mammalian STE20‐like protein kinase 1, large tumor suppressor 1, and Yes‐associated protein 1 (YAP1) and prohibited the activation of YAP1. The re‐expression of constitutively active YAP1 strikingly reversed FRMD6‐induced tumor‐inhibiting effects. Thyroid cancer cells overexpressing FRMD6 had a weakened ability to form xenograft tumors in vivo in nude mice. Overall, the overexpression of FRMD6 produces remarkable tumor‐inhibiting effects in thyroid cancer by inhibiting oncogenic YAP1.
Folding dynamics of polymorphic G‐quadruplex structures
Authors: Grün J. Tassilo , Schwalbe Harald
Published: October 2021

G‐quadruplexes (G4), found in numerous places within the human genome, are involved in essential processes of cell regulation. Chromosomal DNA G4s are involved for example, in replication and transcription as first steps of gene expression. Hence, they influence a plethora of downstream processes. G4s possess an intricate structure that differs from canonical B‐form DNA. Identical DNA G4 sequences can adopt multiple long‐lived conformations, a phenomenon known as G4 polymorphism. A detailed understanding of the molecular mechanisms that drive G4 folding is essential to understand their ambivalent regulatory roles. Disentangling the inherent dynamic and polymorphic nature of G4 structures thus is key to unravel their biological functions and make them amenable as molecular targets in novel therapeutic approaches. We here review recent experimental approaches to monitor G4 folding and discuss structural aspects for possible folding pathways. Substantial progress in the understanding of G4 folding within the recent years now allows drawing comprehensive models of the complex folding energy landscape of G4s that we herein evaluate based on computational and experimental evidence.
How can firms access bank finance for circular business model innovation?
Authors: Toxopeus Helen , Achterberg Elisa , Polzin Friedemann
Published: October 2021

Access to bank finance has emerged as a key challenge for firms engaged in circular business model innovation (circular BMI), both in practice and in the academic literature. Through interviews, focus groups and archival documents, we document the experience of firms accessing finance for circular BMI and assess bank willingness to lend to firms that engage in circular BMI. Our findings offer potential strategies for firms who look for external (bank) finance to realise circular BMI. Using a case study‐based theory‐refining approach, we identify three core strategies that firms can use to obtain bank finance for circular BMI. First, firms can signal future cash flow expectations by aiming to secure customer contracts and preorders. Second, relationship building with banks, suppliers and customers improves the banks' risk perception of firms. Third, firms can design standardised, long‐lasting circular assets that can serve as bank collateral, especially once secondary markets develop, overcoming the difficulty of lending based on innovative, firm‐specific assets.
Volumetric burden of metastatic lesions drives outcomes in patients with extracranial oligometastatic disease
Authors: Cao Yilin , Chen Hanbo , Sahgal Arjun , Erler Darby , Badellino Serena , Biswas Tithi , Dagan Roi , Foote Matthew C. , Louie Alexander V. , Poon Ian , Ricardi Umberto , Redmond Kristin J.
Published: October 2021

Background

We hypothesized that the total volume of metastases at initial oligometastatic (OM) presentation to stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) is an important prognostic factor that can refine the definition of OM disease.

Methods

Patients with extracranial oligometastatic cancer (≤5 lesions) treated with SBRT were included in an international multi‐institutional database. Multivariable Cox and competing risks regression models were used to determine the relationship between distant progression‐free survival (DPFS), widespread progression (WSP), and overall survival (OS) with the total planning target volume (PTV) at initial OM presentation to SBRT. All models were adjusted for histology, pre‐SBRT systemic therapy, osseous‐only lesions, and number of metastases.

Results

In total, 961 patients were included. The median follow‐up was 24.4 months (IQR: 13.8–37.5). Total PTV had a significant effect on DPFS in the first 18 months after SBRT and was most profound in the first 6 months, when each twofold increase in total PTV conferred a 40.6% increased risk of distant progression (p < 0.001). Each twofold increase in total PTV increased the risk of WSP by 45.4% in the first 6 months (p < 0.001). Total PTV had a significant effect on OS in the first 2 years after SBRT, with each twofold PTV change increasing the risk of death by 60.7% during the first 6 months (p < 0.001) and by 34% thereafter (p < 0.001). Exploratory gross tumor volume (GTV) analysis confirmed the PTV‐based observations.

Conclusion

The total volumetric burden of metastases at initial OM presentation to SBRT is strongly and independently prognostic for the risk of distant and widespread progression and survival. We propose that this metric should drive the definition of OM disease and guide treatment decision‐making.
Safety of thoracic radiotherapy after PD‐(L)1 inhibitor treatment in patients with lung cancer
Authors: Chen Yu , Liu Xinchao , Huang Zhaoqin , Zhao Kaikai , Wang Yao , Ren Fei , Yu Jinming , Meng Xiangjiao
Published: October 2021

Background

The safety of thoracic radiotherapy (TRT) after programmed death 1/programmed death ligand 1 (PD‐(L)1) inhibitor treatment in patients with lung cancer was scarcely reported. This retrospective study was conducted to evaluate the incidence, severity, and risk factors of symptomatic treatment‐related pneumonitis in patients with lung cancer who received this sequential combination.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective study of a cohort of patients with lung cancer who received TRT after at least two cycles of PD‐(L)1 inhibitor treatment between January 2018 and August 2020. Treatment‐related pneumonitis was evaluated and analyzed to illustrate the safety profile of this sequential combination. Potential risk factors were explored by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses.

Results

Among the 828 patients with prior PD‐(L)1 inhibitor treatment, 96 patients receiving subsequent TRT were included in the analysis. Of these, 49 patients (51%) received radical TRT while 47 patients (49%) received palliative TRT. The median total dose was 52 Gy (IQR 50–60 Gy). The median time from the initiation of PD‐(L)1 inhibitor treatment to TRT was 4.8 months (1.6–14.1 months) with most of the patients (74%) administering no less than four cycles of PD‐(L)1 inhibitor. During follow‐up, 47 patients (48.96%) developed symptomatic treatment‐related pneumonitis (grade 2 n = 28, grade ≥3 n = 19) while six patients (6.25%) suffered from fatal toxicity. The median time of pneumonitis onset after completion of TRT was 35 days (0–177 days) with six patients developing during TRT. Pulmonary emphysema and lung V20 were demonstrated to be independent risk factors of symptomatic pneumonitis (OR: 5.67, 95% CI: 1.66–19.37, p = 0.006; OR: 3.49, 95% CI: 1.41–8.66, p = 0.007, respectively).

Conclusion

TRT after PD‐(L)1 inhibitor treatment resulted in significantly increased incidence and severity of treatment‐related pneumonitis in patients with lung cancer. Intensive attention should be emphasized to the safety of this sequential combination in clinical practice.
Outcomes of intravascular ultrasound versus optical coherence tomography guided percutaneous coronary angiography: A meta regression‐based analysis
Authors: Sattar Yasar , Abdul Razzack Aminah , Kompella Ritika , Alhajri Noora , Arshad Junaid , Ullah Waqas , Zghouzi Mohamed , Mir Tanveer , Power David , Qureshi Waqas T. , Aljaroudi Wael , Elgendy Islam Y. , Mamas Mamas A. , Alraies M. Chadi
Published: October 2021

Background

Studies comparing clinical outcomes with intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) versus optical coherence tomography (OCT) guidance for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients presenting with coronary artery disease, including stable angina or acute coronary syndrome, are limited.

Methods

We performed a detailed search of electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane) for randomized controlled trials and observational studies that compared cardiovascular outcomes of IVUS versus OCT. Data were aggregated for the primary outcome measure using the random‐effects model as pooled risk ratio (RR). The primary outcome of interest was major adverse cardiac events (MACE), cardiac mortality, and all‐cause mortality. Secondary outcomes included myocardial infarction (MI), stent thrombosis (ST), target lesion revascularization (TLR), and stroke.

Results

A total of seven studies met the inclusion criteria, comprising 5917 patients (OCT n = 2075; IVUS n = 3842). OCT‐PCI versus IVUS‐guided PCI comparison yielded no statistically significant results for all the outcomes; MACE (RR 0.78; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.57–1.09; p = 0.14), cardiac mortality (RR 0.97; 95% CI, 0.27–3.46; p = 0.96), all‐cause mortality (RR 0.74; 95% CI, 0.39–1.39; p = 0.35), MI (RR 1.27; 95% CI, 0.52–3.07; p = 0.60), ST (RR 0.70; 95% CI, 0.13–3.61; p = 0.67), TLR (RR 1.09; 95% CI, 0.53–2.25; p = 0.81), and stroke (RR 2.32; 95% CI, 0.42–12.90; p = 0.34). Furthermore, there was no effect modification on meta‐regression including demographics, comorbidities, lesion location, lesion length, and stent type.

Conclusions

In this meta‐analysis, OCT‐guided PCI was associated with no difference in clinical outcomes compared with IVUS‐guided PCI.
Concomitant autoimmune hemolytic anemia and pulmonary embolism associated with mild COVID‐19: A case report
Authors: Al‐Mashdali Abdulrahman F. , Ata Yaser M. , Yassin Mohamed A.
Published: October 2021

Despite its rarity, AIHA can be associated with COVID‐19. It should be suspected in a patient with recent COVID‐19 presenting with unexplained anemia.
A facet measure of money madness: A preliminary analyses of a new questionnaire
Authors: Furnham Adrian , Horne George
Published: October 2021

This study reports on the development of a new, facet level questionnaire to measure “money madness” based on a well‐established, four‐factor model. It reviews the papers currently available to researchers on those with “money troubles” such as financial distress. In this study, 256 adult participants from diverse backgrounds, who were recruited online, completed a 52‐item questionnaire designed to measure three facets of each of the four money factors: Security, Power, Love, and Freedom. They also completed a financial literacy questionnaire which had two factors. The internal reliability of the four money factors was satisfactory but this was not the case for all the facets. Factor analysis partly confirmed the hypothesized structure. Regressions indicated that associating money with power was the best predictor of financial literacy. The use of a facet or factor measure and necessary future theoretical and psychometric developments are discussed.
The prognostic impact of left ventricular thrombus resolution after acute coronary syndrome and risk modulation via antithrombotic treatment strategies
Authors: Hofer Felix , Kazem Niema , Schweitzer Ronny , Horvat Patricia , Winter Max‐Paul , Koller Lorenz , Hengstenberg Christian , Sulzgruber Patrick , Niessner Alexander
Published: October 2021

Background

Left ventricular thrombus (LVT) is a rare but dreaded complication during the acute phase of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). However, profound data on long‐term outcome and associated antithrombotic treatment strategies of this highly vulnerable patient population are scarce in current literature.

Methods

Patients presenting with ACS were screened for presence of LVT and subsequently included within a prospective clinical registry. All‐cause mortality and the composite of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) and thromboembolic events were defined as primary and secondary endpoint.

Results

Within 43 patients presenting with LVT, thrombus resolution during patient follow‐up was observed in 27 individuals (62.8%). Patients that reached a resolution of LVT experienced lower incidence rates of death (−23.9%; p = .022), MACE (−37.8%; p = .005), and thromboembolic events (−35.2%; p = .008). Even after adjustment for clinical variables, thrombus resolution showed an independent inverse association with all‐cause death with a hazard ratio (HR) of 0.14 (95% CI: 0.03–0.75; p = .021) and as well with MACE with a HR of 0.22 (95% CI: 0.07–0.68; p = .008) and thromboembolic events with a HR of 0.22 (95% CI: 0.06–0.75; p = .015). Triple antithrombotic therapy (TAT) with ticagrelor/prasugrel showed a strong and independent association with thrombus resolution with an adjusted HR of 3.25 (95% CI: 1.22–8.68; p = .019) compared to other strategies.

Conclusion

The presented data indicate a poor outcome of ACS patients experiencing LVT. In terms of a personalized risk stratification, thrombus resolution has a strong protective impact on both all‐cause death and MACE with the potential to tailor treatment decisions—including an intensified antithrombotic treatment approach—in this patient population.
Genetic and morphological characterization of the freshwater mussel clubshell species complex (Pleurobema clava and Pleurobema oviforme) to inform conservation planning
Authors: Morrison Cheryl L. , Johnson Nathan A. , Jones Jess W. , Eackles Michael S. , Aunins Aaron W. , Fitzgerald Daniel B. , Hallerman Eric M. , King Tim L.
Published: October 2021

The shell morphologies of the freshwater mussel species Pleurobema clava (federally endangered) and Pleurobema oviforme (species of concern) are similar, causing considerable taxonomic confusion between the two species over the last 100 years. While P. clava was historically widespread throughout the Ohio River basin and tributaries to the lower Laurentian Great Lakes, P. oviforme was confined to the Tennessee and the upper Cumberland River basins. We used two mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genes, 13 novel nuclear DNA microsatellite markers, and shell morphometrics to help resolve this taxonomic confusion. Evidence for a single species was apparent in phylogenetic analyses of each mtDNA gene, revealing monophyletic relationships with minimal differentiation and shared haplotypes. Analyses of microsatellites showed significant genetic structuring, with four main genetic clusters detected, respectively, in the upper Ohio River basin, the lower Ohio River and Great Lakes, and upper Tennessee River basin, and a fourth genetic cluster, which included geographically intermediate populations in the Ohio and Tennessee river basins. While principal components analysis (PCA) of morphometric variables (i.e., length, height, width, and weight) showed significant differences in shell shape, only 3% of the variance in shell shape was explained by nominal species. Using Linear Discriminant and Random Forest (RF) analyses, correct classification rates for the two species' shell forms were 65.5% and 83.2%, respectively. Random Forest classification rates for some populations were higher; for example, for North Fork Holston (HOLS), it was >90%. While nuclear DNA and shell morphology indicate that the HOLS population is strongly differentiated, perhaps indicative of cryptic biodiversity, we consider the presence of a single widespread species the most likely biological scenario for many of the investigated populations based on our mtDNA dataset. However, additional sampling of P. oviforme populations at nuclear loci is needed to corroborate this finding.
On the Relation of Entropy and Enthalpy of Fusion in Triglycerides
Authors: Seilert Julia , Rudolph‐Flöter Susanne , Flöter Eckhard
Published: October 2021

This contribution presents an extensive literature survey of the calorimetric properties, namely enthalpy and entropy of fusion, of alkyl‐based molecules. Building on the well‐known linear correlation of the named properties to the carbon number in n‐alkanes, saturated fatty acids (FA), and saturated monoacid triglycerides (TAGs), the calorimetric properties of TAGs are reviewed. No straightforward correlation using a single ordering parameter, i.e., carbon number, can be derived for TAGs. This is not surprising due to the complexity of this particular class of molecules differing in alkyl‐chain distribution over the glycerol backbone and chain saturation. A linear correlation of enthalpy and entropy of fusion is evident for molecule classes for which both properties correlate linearly with the carbon number, e.g., n‐alkanes. Despite the complexity of TAGs, it is possible to establish a linear correlation between enthalpy and entropy of fusion even though no underlying single ordering parameter can be identified. A linear fit reveals discrepancies between saturated and unsaturated molecules but independence of polymorphic forms and chain length differences in mixed‐acid TAGs. Moreover, the slopes of the linear fits for data on n‐alkanes, saturated FA, and saturated mono‐acid TAGs are found to be in the vicinity of the melting temperature of polyethylene.
Increasing pit‐planting density of rice varieties with different panicle types to improves sink characteristics and rice yield under alternate wetting and drying irrigation
Authors: Jiang Shuochen , Du Bin , Wu Qixia , Zhang Haiwei , Zhu Jianqiang
Published: October 2021

The Chinese government regards ensuring food security and developing water‐saving agriculture as an important national strategy and that carrying out relevant research has important practical significance and production application value. A two‐year field experiment was conducted to explore the compensation potential in rice yield by using rice varieties with different panicle size under two water management regimes (conventional water management or CWM and alternate wetting and drying or AWD). The results showed that the large panicle rice variety resulted in greater yield, crop water productivity, spikelet density, dry matter accumulation and translocation, and photosynthesis. Compared with the CWM, the AWD had little effect on rice yield. However, with an appropriate planting density, the AWD achieved a greater grain yield compared with the CWM. Moreover, the AWD increased crop water productivity and the grain‐filling efficiency. The loss of spikelets under the AWD could be compensated by increasing the planting density. Although AWD reduced tillering number, it increased the photosynthetic rate, dry matter accumulation and its translocation to grain, and leaf area index. In addition, the adverse effects on rice growth and the yield caused by the AWD could be alleviated by increasing planting density of rice. Therefore, an appropriate planting density can be used to save water and maintain high grain yield of rice under alternate wetting and drying.
Cell‐based hybrid adaptive mesh refinement algorithm for immersed boundary method
Authors: Saravanan Vignesh , Choung Hanahchim , Lee Soogab
Published: October 2021

This article proposes a hybrid adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) algorithm for the immersed boundary method (IBM) combination, and the AMR code is split into mesh and physics codes to optimize each part individually. The uniform parent grid solver is used for AMR grids by constructing hanging cells for the high‐order extension. The restrictive spatial refinement in a fully threaded tree (FTT) data structure is explored, and a simplified stencil search algorithm for hanging cells construction is introduced, including current and following child AMR level cells, if any. The proposed AMR method was applied to IBM, which offers flexibility in treating complex geometries in the Cartesian grid, leading to algorithmic simplicity and computational efficiency. Local near immersed boundary refinement is proposed to avoid complex and computationally expensive IBM and AMR algorithms near the solid bodies. Finally, a high‐order flux scheme extension at AMR level transition cells and the proposed method's applicability for steady and transient flows are demonstrated. Besides state and flux variables storage, the proposed hybrid AMR method's additional cost is 4.5 words/cell instead of 3.5 words/cell for 2D and 3.75 words/cell instead of 2.75 words/cell for 3D compared to the conventional FTT‐based AMR method. By comparing the uniform grid, the AMR final grid distribution shows that the optimal cell distribution based on flow physics reduces the cells required by more than 40% to resolve the complex flow features in less computational time. The enhanced performance and accuracy of the proposed AMR method in resolving different scale flow features are validated through benchmark problems.
Tropical Asian mega‐delta ponds: Important and threatened socio‐ecological systems
Authors: Moorhouse Heather L. , Roberts Lucy R. , McGowan Suzanne , Panizzo Virginia N. , Barker Philip , Salehin Mashfiqus , Do Thu Nga , Nguyen Thanh Phong , Rahman Mohammad Feisal , Ghosh Tuhin , Das Sourav , Hackney Christopher , Salgado Jorge , Roy Manoj , Opel Aftab , Henderson Andrew C. G. , Large Andy R. G.
Published: October 2021

This paper uses multimedia to showcase the narratives and lived experiences of those who live and work in tropical Asian mega‐deltas, and as such is the first journal article of its kind in the field of Regional Geography. Using videos, photography and audio this paper describes the characteristics of ponds and their place in the intrinsically connected human‐environmental fabric of these delta regions. The aim is to bring to life descriptive inventories and provide greater weight in support of our conclusion that tropical Asian mega‐delta ponds are important and threatened systems. River deltas comprise just 1% of land cover worldwide but support the livelihoods of more than 500 million people. Delta research has historically focused on the major river channels and the socio‐ecological role of ponds has been overlooked despite their large number and surface area. Ponds are intrinsically linked to daily life (potable water, sanitation, bathing, washing), industry (aquaculture, agriculture) and the natural‐cultural heritage (religion, folklore) of deltas. In contrast to the larger river channels, ponds are likely to be significant stores and processors of nutrients, including carbon, and pollutants at annual to decadal scales, on account of their heavy anthropogenic use and smaller individual sizes. Consequently, they are severely polluted water sources and pose significant public health risks. In this review, we use case studies from three Asian mega‐deltas (the Red River Delta and the Mekong River Delta, Vietnam, and the Ganges‐Brahmaputra‐Meghna Delta, India and Bangladesh) to highlight the importance of Asian mega‐delta ponds as important socio‐ecological systems in their own right. We discuss future environmental challenges, knowledge gaps on the ecological function and biodiversity of these habitats, management and policy practices, and the capacity of ponds to achieve the UN Sustainable Development Goals.
Ablation of arginyl‐tRNA‐protein transferase in oligodendrocytes impairs central nervous system myelination
Authors: Palandri Anabela , Bonnet Laura Vanesa , Farias Maria Gimena , Hallak Marta Elena , Galiano Mauricio Raul
Published: October 2021

Addition of arginine (Arg) from tRNA can cause major alterations of structure and function of protein substrates. This post‐translational modification, termed protein arginylation, is mediated by the enzyme arginyl‐tRNA‐protein transferase 1 (Ate1). Arginylation plays essential roles in a variety of cellular processes, including cell migration, apoptosis, and cytoskeletal organization. Ate1 is associated with neuronal functions such as neurogenesis and neurite growth. However, the role of Ate1 in glial development, including oligodendrocyte (OL) differentiation and myelination processes in the central nervous system, is poorly understood. The present study revealed a peak in Ate1 protein expression during myelination process in primary cultured OLs. Post‐transcriptional downregulation of Ate1 reduced the number of OL processes, and branching complexity, in vitro. We conditionally ablated Ate1 from OLs in mice using 2′,3′‐cyclic nucleotide 3′‐phosphodiesterase‐Cre promoter (“Ate1‐KO” mice), to assess the role of Ate1 in OL function and axonal myelination in vivo. Immunostaining for OL differentiation markers revealed a notable reduction of mature OLs in corpus callosum of 14‐day‐old Ate1‐KO, but no changes in spinal cord, in comparison with wild‐type controls. Local proliferation of OL precursor cells was elevated in corpus callosum of 21‐day‐old Ate1‐KO, but was unchanged in spinal cord. Five‐month‐old Ate1‐KO displayed reductions of mature OL number and myelin thickness, with alterations of motor behaviors. Our findings, taken together, demonstrate that Ate1 helps maintain proper OL differentiation and myelination in corpus callosum in vivo, and that protein arginylation plays an essential role in developmental myelination.
Lipoprotein Z, a hepatotoxic lipoprotein, predicts outcome in alcohol‐associated hepatitis
Authors: Hu Kunpeng , Perez‐Matos Maria C. , Argemi Josepmaria , Vilar‐Gomez Eduardo , Shalaurova Irina , Bullitt Esther , Landeen Lee , Sugahara Go , Deng Huiyan , Mathur Karan , Tran Stephanie , Cai Huimei , He Hanchang , Yalcin Yusuf , Vieira Barbosa Joana , Ventura‐Cots Meritxell , Marx Katherine , Gad Aniket P. , Niezen Sebastian , Izunza Barba Sofia , Ang Lay‐Hong , Popov Yury V. , Fricker Zachary , Lai Michelle , Curry Michael , Afdhal Nezam , Szabo Gyongyi , Mukamal Kenneth J. , Sanyal Arun J. , Otvos James D. , Malik Raza , Saito Takeshi , Connelly Margery A. , Chalasani Naga P. , Bataller Ramon , Jiang Z. Gordon
Published: October 2021

Background and Aims

Lipoprotein Z (LP‐Z) is an abnormal free cholesterol (FC)–enriched LDL‐like particle discovered from patients with cholestatic liver disease. This study aims to define the diagnostic value of LP‐Z in alcohol‐associated hepatitis (AH) and interrogate the biology behind its formation.

Approach and Results

We measured serum levels of LP‐Z using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, a well‐established clinical assay. Serum levels of LP‐Z were significantly elevated in four AH cohorts compared with control groups, including heavy drinkers and patients with cirrhosis. We defined a Z‐index, calculated by the ratio of LP‐Z to total apolipoprotein B–containing lipoproteins, representing the degree of deviation from normal VLDL metabolism. A high Z‐index was associated with 90‐day mortality independent from the Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease (MELD) and provided added prognosticative value. Both a Z‐index ≤ 0.6 and a decline of Z‐index by ≥0.1 in 2 weeks predicted 90‐day survival. RNA‐sequencing analyses of liver tissues demonstrated an inverse association in the expression of enzymes responsible for the extrahepatic conversion of VLDL to LDL and AH disease severity, which was further confirmed by the measurement of serum enzyme activity. To evaluate whether the FC in LP‐Z could contribute to the pathogenesis of AH, we found significantly altered FC levels in liver explant of patients with AH. Furthermore, FC in reconstituted LP‐Z particles caused direct toxicity to human hepatocytes in a concentration‐dependent manner, supporting a pathogenic role of FC in LP‐Z.

Conclusions

Impaired lipoprotein metabolism in AH leads to the accumulation of LP‐Z in the circulation, which is hepatotoxic from excessive FC. A Z‐index ≤ 0.6 predicts 90‐day survival independent from conventional biomarkers for disease prognostication.
Probability and amount of medicines expenditure according to health insurance status in Kenya: A household survey in eight counties
Authors: Wirtz Veronika J. , Servan‐Mori Edson , Mungai John , Mboya John , Rockers Peter C. , Onyango Monica A. , Kiragu Zana Wangari , Laing Richard
Published: October 2021

Background

National and county governments in Kenya have introduced various health insurance schemes to protect households against financial hardship as a result of large health expenditure. This study examines the relationship between health insurance and medicine expenditure in eight counties in Kenya.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study of collected primary data via household survey in eight counties was performed. Three measures of medicine expenditure were analysed: the probability of any out‐of‐pocket expenditure (OOPE) on medicines in the last 4 weeks; amount of OOPE on medicines; and OOPE on medicines as a proportion of total OOPE on health.

Results

Out of the 452 individuals, those with health insurance (n = 225) were significantly different from individuals without health insurance (n = 227): overall, they were older, had a higher level of educational attainment and possessed more assets. Adjusting for covariates, individuals with health insurance had a reduced probability of OOPE on medicines (0.40, CI95% 0.197–0.827) and spent proportionally less on medicines out of total health expenditure (0.50, CI95% 0.301–0.926).

Conclusions

Kenya has made great strides to scale up Universal Health Coverage including access to medicines. Prioritising enrollment of low‐income individuals with non‐communicable diseases can accelerate access to medicines and financial protection.
Optimizing brief, focused assessment of priority symptoms and concerns in recurrent and/or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: Content validation of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy/National Comprehensive Cancer Network Head and Neck Symptom Index‐10 (FHNSI‐10)
Authors: Shaunfield Sara , Yount Susan E , Boyken Lara , Agulnik Mark , Samant Sandeep , Cella David
Published: October 2021

Background and Aims

Patients with recurrent and/or metastatic (R/M) squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) experience vast disease and treatment burdens. Brief, focused instruments are needed to assess patient‐reported priority symptoms and concerns as targeted outcome assessments for use in clinical research. Although the instrument was developed based on expert and patient input and is psychometrically valid, the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy (FACT)/National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) Head and Neck Symptom Index‐10 (FHNSI‐10) has yet to undergo content validation from the perspective of R/M SCCHN patients to evaluate its use as a brief symptom‐focused targeted endpoint assessment for use in clinical research.

Methods

Interviews conducted with R/M SCCHN patients explored priority symptoms and concerns, followed by cognitive debriefing of the FHNSI‐10 to evaluate face validity. Transcripts were analyzed, and results were mapped to the FHNSI‐10. In accordance with published recommendations, expert input from the original development and published literature was considered for content validity assessment.

Results

A total of 18 patients participated in a concept elicitation interview; saturation was obtained at interview 17. Most (83%) were undergoing active treatment, male (94%), white (72%), and did not have a college degree (67%). The most commonly mentioned symptoms were lumps/swelling, pain, sore throat, difficulty swallowing, and voice changes. For all items, ≥75% reported each question was relevant to their R/M SCCHN experience and 94% reported the instrument captured their experiences with R/M SCCHN.

Conclusion

Results provide support for the content validity of the FHNSI‐10, inasmuch as all 10 items were spontaneously reported and considered relevant to R/M SCCHN. Content validity might be enhanced by adding cough and hearing impairment items; however, the existing FHNSI‐10 covers the majority of symptoms uncovered in interviews with a small sample of R/M SCCHN patients.
Hall and ion‐slip effects on MHD natural convective flow past an unbounded vertical porous channel with thermodiffusion
Authors: Narasimha Rao N. S. L. V. , Gangadhar Kotha
Published: October 2021

The consequences of Soret in addition to Dufour of natural convection heat and mass transfer for the unsteady three‐dimensional boundary layer flow through a perpendicular condition of the existence of viscous dissipation, invariable suction, Hall as well as ion slip consequences into relation. The prevailing partial differential equation is dissolved digitally utilizing the implicit Crank–Nicolson finite difference method. The velocity, temperature, as well as concentration dispensations, is addressed computationally and demonstrated by the graphs. Numerical values of the Nusselt number, skin friction as well as Sherwoods numbers nearby the plate are discussed for a choice of values of substantial parameters and are displayed in a tabular manner. It is noticed that the temperature of the fluid diminishes with higher Prandtl numbers. The resulting velocity diminishes with the growing Hartmann number. Rotation, Soret, and Dufour parameters strengthen the velocity and momentum boundary layer thickness. The velocity intensifies through growing Hall and ion‐slip parameters and the revoke trend is acquired with enhancement in suction parameter.
Roles of IL‐1 and IL‐10 family cytokines in the progression of systemic lupus erythematosus: Friends or foes?
Authors: Wu Yi‐Rou , Hsing Chung‐Hsi , Chiu Chiao‐Juno , Huang Hsin‐Yi , Hsu Yu‐Hsiang
Published: October 2021

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease of unknown etiology that can affect nearly every organ system in the body. Besides genetic and environmental factors, unbalanced pro‐inflammatory and anti‐inflammatory cytokines contribute to immune dysregulation, trigger an inflammatory response, and induce tissue and organ damage. Inflammatory responses in SLE can be promoted and/or maintained by the availability of cytokines that are overproduced systemically and/or in local tissues. Several key cytokines have been considered potential targets for the reduction of chronic inflammation in SLE. Recent studies indicated that dysregulated production of several cytokines, including those of the IL‐1 family and IL‐10 family, orchestrate immune activation and self‐tolerance, play critical roles in the pathogenesis of SLE. Among IL‐1 family cytokines, IL‐1, IL‐18, IL‐33, IL‐36, IL‐37, and IL‐38 had been the most thoroughly investigated in SLE. Additionally, IL‐10 family cytokines, IL‐10, IL‐20, IL‐22, IL‐26, IL‐28, and IL‐29 are dysregulated in SLE. Therefore, a better understanding of the initiation and progression of SLE may provide suitable novel targets for therapeutic intervention. In this review, we discuss the involvement of inflammation in the pathogenesis of SLE, with a focus on IL‐1 family and IL‐10 family cytokines, and highlight pathophysiological approaches and therapeutic potential for treating SLE.
Incidence of psycho‐social well‐being in a rural community of South Africa
Authors: Koen Vicki , Robertson Neville , Tsabedze Wandile
Published: October 2021

This article explores the incidence of psychosocial well‐being within Lokaleng; a rural community located in the North West province of South Africa. While the community is unique, it shares similarities with many other rural communities in South Africa, such as being deprived of various resources and being impoverished, indicating a need to explore the incidence of psychosocial well‐being in this community as there has been no research on this phenomenon in this community specifically. A quantitative, cross‐sectional design was employed. A purposive sample of adult community members (n = 189) completed a battery of validated questionnaires and data were analyzed with the IBM SPSS Statistics 26 software package. The results are indicative that the sample experienced lower levels of psychosocial well‐being, which supports similar findings of other South African studies that rural communities tend to report lower levels of psychosocial well‐being.
N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) differentially affects arterial medial calcification and bone formation: The role ofl‐cysteine and hydrogen sulphide
Authors: Bourne Lucie E. , Patel Jessal J. , Davies Bethan K. , Neven Ellen , Verhulst Anja , D'Haese Patrick C. , Wheeler‐Jones Caroline P. D. , Orriss Isabel R.
Published: October 2021

Arterial medial calcification (AMC) is the deposition of calcium phosphate in the arteries. AMC is widely thought to share similarities with physiological bone formation; however, emerging evidence suggests several key differences between these processes.N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) displays antioxidant properties and can generate hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and glutathione (GSH) from its deacetylation tol‐cysteine. This study found that NAC exerts divergent effects in vitro, increasing osteoblast differentiation and bone formation by up to 5.5‐fold but reducing vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) calcification and cell death by up to 80%. In vivo, NAC reduced AMC in a site‐specific manner by 25% but had no effect on the bone. The actions ofl‐cysteine and H2S mimicked those of NAC; however, the effects of H2S were much less efficacious than NAC andl‐cysteine. Pharmacological inhibition of H2S‐generating enzymes did not alter the actions of NAC orl‐cysteine; endogenous production of H2S was also unaffected. In contrast, NAC andl‐cysteine increased GSH levels in calcifying VSMCs and osteoblasts by up to 3‐fold. This suggests that the beneficial actions of NAC are likely to be mediated via the breakdown ofl‐cysteine and the subsequent GSH generation. Together, these data show that while the molecular mechanisms driving the actions of NAC appear similar, the downstream effects on cell function differ significantly between osteoblasts and calcifying VSMCs. The ability of NAC to exert these differential actions further supports the notion that there are differences between the development of pathological AMC and physiological bone formation. NAC could represent a therapeutic option for treating AMC without exerting negative effects on bone.