bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Получение и свойства твердых дисперсий субстанций медамина и албендазола с водорастворимыми полимерами
Authors: Халиков Салават Самадович , Локшин Борис Вениаминович , Ильин Михаил Михайлович
Published: August 2020

Методом механохимической технологии получены твердые дисперсии медамина и албендазола с водорастворимыми полимерами (ПВП, арабиногалактан) для повышения водорастворимости плохо растворимых субстанций противоглистных препаратов. Анализ твердых дисперсий систем «ЛВ:полимер» на растворимость показал, что этот показатель зависит как от природы ЛВ, так и полимера. Показана возможность увеличения водорастворимости медамина более чем в 50 раз, а субстанции албендазола в 27 раз варьированием времени их совместной механообработки с полимерами. ИК-спектральные исследования и сравнение их с литературными данными позволили предположить образование межмолекулярных комплексов. Предложенные методы механохимической технологии получения твердых дисперсий позволяют создавать инновационные противоглистные препараты для медицины и ветеринарии с повышенной растворимостью. Полученные твердые дисперсии имеют ряд преимуществ перед обычными лекарственными формами, в частности, они получаются в одну стадию, для их приготовления не требуется добавление вспомогательных добавок (диспергаторы, ПАВы, смачиватели и пр.), они удобны в применении и дешевле по себестоимости.
Development of Composition and Study of the Anti-Allergic Properties of Fludigel
Authors: Филатова Альбина Васильевна , Тураев А. С. , Выпова Н. Л.
Published: August 2020

Для лечения аллергии, осложненной грибковой инфекцией, разработана технология получения композиции Флудигеля, в состав которой входит иммуномодулятор «Тимоптин», антигистаминное средство дифенгидрамин и противогрибковое средство флуконазол. Исследование специфической активности Флудигеля на модели контактного дерматита, осложненного грибковой инфекцией, показало высокую активность на уровне комбинированной гормональной мази «Тридерм». Сравнительная оценка комплекса показателей по физико-механическим свойствам, биологической активности гелевой композиции свидетельствует о целесообразности проведения клинических исследований разработанной лекарственной формы в дерматологии.
Гепатопротекторная и антиоксидантная активность 8,8-диметил-5-п-толил-3,4,7,8-тетрагидро-2H-пиридо[4,3,2-de]-циннолин-3-она
Authors: Зыкова Cветлана Сергеевна , Шуров Сергей Николаевич , Родин И. А. , Кощаев А. Г. , Данчук М. С. , Чернобровкина А. П. , Безматерных Ксения Викторовна , Смирнова Галина Васильевна , Октябрьский Олег Николаевич , Коханов М. А.
Published: August 2020

Гепатопротекторную активность соединения 8,8-диметил-5-п-толил-3,4,7,8-тетрагидро-2H-пиридо[4,3,2-de]циннолин-3-она изучали in vivo на модели острого токсического гепатита, индуцируемого тетрахлорметаном. Установлено, что данное соединение влияет на показатели, определяющие уровень свободно-радикального окисления (СРО): малоновый диальдегид (МДА) и диеновые конъюгаты (ДК), а также активность ключевых антиоксидантных ферментов — супероксиддисмутазы (СОД) и каталазы. Гепатопротекторную активность анализировали по уровню активности ферментов — аланинаминотрансферазы (АлАТ) и аспартатаминотрансферазы (АсАТ), щелочной фосфатазы, а также уровня билирубина. Для определения механизма антиоксидантной активности было изучено влияние данного соединения на уровень экспрессии антиоксидантного гена katG, кодирующего каталазу-гидропероксидазу I, и гена sodA, кодирующего Mn-супероксиддисмутазу. Показано, что 8,8-диметил-5-п-толил-3,4,7,8-тетрагидро-2H-пиридо[4,3,2-de]циннолин-3-он обладает антиоксидантной активностью за счет повышения уровня супероксиддисмутазы и каталазы.
Валидация методики количественного определения паклитаксела в составе адресной системы доставки на основе наночастиц сополимера молочной и гликолевой кислот методом УФ-спектрометрии
Authors: Сокол Мария Б. , Сычева Юлия В. , Яббаров Никита Г. , Заболотский Артур И. , Моллаев Мурад Д. , Фаустова Мария Р. , Терещенко Оксана Г. , Фомичева Маргарита В. , Никольская Елена Д.
Published: August 2020

Разработан метод количественного определения паклитаксела в составе конъюгата наночастиц на основе сополимера молочной и гликолевой кислот и белковой векторной молекулы (рекомбинантным третьим доменом альфа-фетопротеина) с помощью УФ-спектрометрии. Определение паклитаксела проводили при длине волны (260 ± 2) нм. Доказаны специфичность, линейность (R2 = 0,9948) в диапазоне 80 – 120 % от номинального значения содержания паклитаксела в полимерной форме (0,18 мг/мл), а также правильность и прецизионность метода. Разработанная методика может быть рекомендована для включения в нормативно-техническую документацию для контроля качества конъюгата наночастиц паклитаксела с векторной белковой молекулой.
Применение фотогенерированного йода для количественного определения водорастворимых антиоксидантов
Authors: Турусова Елена В. , Насакин Олег Е.
Published: August 2020

Разработана фотохимическая методика определения водорастворимых антиоксидантов, основанная на титровании аналита фотогенерированным йодом, полученным в результате облучения вспомогательного раствора, содержащего йодид калия, сенсебилизатор при рН 5,6. Так как содержание титранта в растворе контролировали вольтамперометрическим методом, стабилизация тока в ячейке свидетельствовала о полноте протекания реакции. Данная методика удовлетворяет параметрам валидации по показателям: линейность, прецизионность, правильность. Ее применение в аналитической практике позволяет снизить не только время единичного определения за счет отсуствия необходимости проведения стандартизации растворов и выполнения рутинного анализа, но и стоимость единичного анализа, так как не требует применения дорогостоящего оборудования и реактивов.
Гидролитическая стабильность водных растворов салицина
Authors: Нехорошев Сергей Викторович , Нехорошева Александра Викторовна , Сабутова Азиза Байрамалиевна , Ботиров Эркин Хожиакбарович , Дренин Алексей Анатольевич , Слепченко Галина Борисовна , Горников Николай Викторович
Published: August 2020

Изучена кинетика химической реакции кислотного гидролиза салицина в водных растворах. Содержание салицина в реакционной массе определяли методом ВЭЖХ с УФ-детектированием. Обнаружено, что скорость гидролиза салицина в большей степени зависит от кислотности среды, чем от температуры. Установлена зависимость константы скорости гидролиза салицина от температуры и кислотности раствора. Максимальная реакционная способность салицина наблюдается в водных растворах при температуре 90 °C и рН менее 1,0. Препараты салицина могут храниться более 1 года без заметного разложения при комнатной температуре и рН более 2,0.
Микологический анализ как способ эффективного контроля производства лекарственных средств: расследование случая заражения препарата иммуноглобулина
Authors: Богомолова Евгения Валентиновна , Волобуев Сергей Викторович
Published: August 2020

Исследовали случай производственного заражения микроскопическими грибами препарата рекомбинантного человеческого иммуноглобулина в виде раствора для инъекций. Во флаконах присутствовали хлопьевидные фрагменты грибного мицелия. Исследование проводили методами световой микроскопии, посева, ДНК-анализа. Были идентифицированы 3 изолята: Cladosporium cladosporioides (обитатель растительных остатков и почвы), Fomitopsis pinicola (дереворазрушающий гриб), и сумчатый гриб из порядка Helotiales (сапротрофы и паразиты древесных растений). Попадание таких видов в фармацевтический препарат не могло быть результатом биозаражения производственной линии, а очевидно было вызвано внешней контаминацией. Таким образом, было установлено, что в помещения розлива стерильного препарата попадает уличный воздух. Проведенное на производстве внутреннее расследование позволило установить, что сотрудниками однократно были грубо нарушены правила асептики, в помещении розлива препарата было приоткрыто окно. Точная видовая идентификация грибных контаминантов позволила избежать простоя предприятия и установить причину проблемы.
Отсутствие антипролиферативной активности у 6-замещенных поликарбонитрильных производных 3-азабицикло[3.1.0]гексана
Authors: Бардасов Иван Николаевич , Алексеева Анастасия Юрьевна , Ершов Олег Вячеславович , Марьясов Максим Андреевич
Published: August 2020

Исследована антипролиферативная активность 6-замещенных поликарбонитрильных производных 3-азабицикло[3.1.0]гексана. Установлено, что активность веществ напрямую связана с наличием заместителя в положении 6. Так, 6-замещенные производные 3-азабицикло[3.1.0]гексана не обладают антипролиферативной активностью и могут представлять интерес только в качестве потенциальных противокашлевых, гипогликемических препаратов.
A Patriarchal “Blessing of Release” for the See of Kyiv Dated 1686
Authors: Tchentsova Vera
Published: August 2020

The discovery of copies of two texts of the synodal decisions of the Patriarchate of Constantinople concerning the metropolitan see of Kyiv dated 1686, in a manuscript from Athens (MIET/ ΙΠΑ, 22, fol. 202r–204r), presents historians with an opportunity to compare it with their Russian translations done in the 17th century and to identify their possible models. Such a model could be found in the “synodal chrysobull” of 1655 conceding specific rights of church administration to Athanasius Vellerianos, metropolitan of Philadelphia, beyond the borders of his proper diocese (Hellenic Institute in Venice, n. 15 A). In the same way, while experiencing difficulties in carrying out pastoral care in the eparchy of Kyiv, the patriarchate of Constantinople conceded the rights to consecrate the church hierarchy of this see to the patriarchs of Moscow, insisting, however, on the precedence of the ecumenical patriarch in the commemorations during the liturgy.
Iosif “Syllogistikos”
Authors: Goldfrank David
Published: August 2020

Iosif Volotskii’s practical and rhetorical mastery of logic was a major factor in its pedagogical and polemical effectiveness. This logic pervades his Prosvetitel’ (Book against the Novgorod Heretics) in the structure of each discourse, grouping of the discourses, ordering of subjects and themes within and among the discourses, hypothetical heretical objections and Orthodox refutations, sequencing of proof texts, application of syllogistic literary devices, explicit epistemological principles, emphasis on and variety of proofs, enthymematic presentation of both the major heretical doctrines and the Orthodox correctives, and overall syllogistic interconnectedness. The numerous formal refutations in Discourse 11 partially explains its division into four chapters, while the greater unity of discourse structure of the theological Discourses 1–11, in contrast to the more prosecutorial Discourses 12–16, speaks in favor of the chronological primacy of the brief redaction. The positive theology and ethics are presented as a coherent whole, as is the binary opposition of legitimate ruler, pastor or pious layman vs. the tyrant, “wolf,” or lay heretic. The reliability of Prosvetitel’ as a source for dissidence remains questionable, but its pedagogical utility for Orthodox Muscovites is indisputable.
Conceptualizing New Jerusalem
Authors: Kain Kevin M.
Published: August 2020

This essay re-conceptualizes Muscovite notions of New Jerusalem, by considering the practice of historical replication, including hierotopy, as a religious-political ideology. It explains why and how Tsar Fedor Alekseevich adopted and advanced the replication of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher at the Resurrection “New Jerusalem” Monastery, founded by Patriarch Nikon and his father Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich, despite the ecumenical patriarchs’ condemnation of Nikon and his monastery in 1666 and eschatological fears promoted by Old Believers. Fedor resurrected the New Jerusalem idea in order to solidify his inheritance of the Muscovite throne and the Constantinian legacy in connection with the First Russo-Turkish War of 1676–1681. The tsar embraced the “Byzantine-New Jerusalem scenario,” according to which Muscovite rulers who scored military victories through the power of the True Cross in St. Constantine’s image were obliged to preform churchwardenship (ktitorstvo) in imitation of the Byzantine emperor, including the embellishment of the prototypical Jerusalem church and its replications in Russia. The investigation of Tsar Fedor Alekseevich’s Byzantine-New Jerusalem scenario reveals the non-linear, non-logical type of thinking that advanced political goals, including the establishment of the legitimacy of the tsar and his dynasty. This article highlights and qualifies the strategy of historical repetition, in which the icon reproduces the prototype in real, not metaphoric, terms.
The Gender Troubles of Feofan Prokopovich
Authors: Marker Gary
Published: August 2020

This essay constitutes a close reading of the works of Feofan Prokopovich that touch upon gender and womanhood. Interpretively it is informed by Judith Butler’s book Gender Trouble, specifically by her model of gender-as-performance. Prokopovich’s writings conveyed a negative characterization of holy women and Russian women of power, a combination of glaring silences and Scholastic dual codes that in toto denied the association of womanhood with glory or wisdom. In this he stood apart from other East Slavic Orthodox homilists of his day, even though they too invariably associated virtue with masculinity (muzhestvo). For Prokopovich, wisdom, strength, constancy, etc., were innately masculine. Women, by contrast, were weak, inconstant, non-rational, and guided by emotion. His sermons nominally in praise of Catherine I and Anna Ioannovna were suffused with narrative gestures that, to those attuned to the nuances of Scholastic rhetoric, ran entirely counter to their nominal message. Several panegyrics to Anna, for example, made no mention of her at all, a practice in sharp contrast to his sermons to male rulers, which typically placed the honoree firmly in the foreground. Even more startling is his singularly minimalist approach to Mary, for whom he composed almost no sermons and whose presence he barely mentioned in tracts where one would have expected otherwise. This essay concludes that this attitude reflected both his personal preferences and influence that Protestant Pietism had on his thinking.
The Cornucopia in the Minefield
Authors: Spock Jennifer B.
Published: August 2020

The study of monasticism in Russia has found new acolytes since the dissolution of the Soviet Union. With the separation of the Soviet republics, religion became, and continues to become, a vibrant subfield of Russian studies. This article examines the problems inherent in attempting to grasp the day-to-day life of monks and monasteries given their individual characteristics, social classes, roles, and the wide variety, yet often limited scope, of various texts and material objects that can be used as sources. The vast source base is an embarrassment of riches in one sense, but problematic in another as prescriptive and normative texts must be understood in context. One important element that has not been directly addressed is the cacophony of sound, the interruptions, and the distractions of the constant activity of expanding cloisters in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. How did monks maintain their spiritual path and pious duties when on service expeditions outside the monastery: when engaged in salt-production, fishing, trade, rent-collecting, or other activities outside its walls? How intrusive were building projects, which abounded in the period, or even efforts to adorn the churches? How strict was oversight, or how weak? Such questions still need answers and can only be fully understood by integrating diverse source bases. This article uses Solovki, Holy Trinity, and Kirillov monasteries to exemplify the problems that remain in understanding the daily lives of monastics and their adherents within and without the confines of the cloister.
Old Institutions against Old Institutionalism
Authors: Vladimirovich Topychkanov Andrey
Published: August 2020

This review article examines the historiographic analysis of the circumstances under which appeared the reference guide by D.V. Liseitsev, N.M. Rogozhin, and Iu.M. Eskin, Prikazy Moskovskogo gosudarstva XVI–XVII vekov: Slovar’-spravochnik [Governmental Chancelleries of the Muscovite State in the 16th–17th Centuries] (Moscow and St Petersburg, 2015). This analysis has uncovered two tendencies in the study of Muscovite chancelleries: the formal-legalist, and the practical, which respectively can be attributed to old and new approaches to the study of institutions. The former tendency focuses on formal institutions with precise legal foundations and their particular structure, range of functions, and jurisdictions. The latter treats the Muscovite chancelleries as a dynamic system formed and changed by practical interactions. The authors of the reference guide used the formal-legalist approach to the study of the chancelleries developed by the State School of Russian historiography and were faced with the inherent limitations of its methodology, which works better in the study of rational bureaucratic institutions than in the study of old institutions that arose before the Muscovite administrative apparatus was rationalized. This article argues that the study of old pre-rationalized institutions requires a new institutional approach focused on practice.
Is Putin an Ism?
Authors: Sakwa Richard
Published: August 2020

The Putin phenomenon represents a complex and dynamic interaction between the character of the man, his policies and leadership style. After over two decades in office, we can ask whether there is such a thing as ‘Putinism’, and if so, what are its main features? What are the criteria to be considered an ‘ism’? At the minimum, it requires some sort of ‘grand strategy’ that underpins policy in domestic and foreign policy, and which unites the two. A grand strategy is defined as some deep structure in domestic and foreign policy that transcends individual leaders and which has some overarching purpose. Putinism in this paper is considered a ‘passive revolution’, allowing a profound transformation to take place in society while the polity remains relatively static. One of the main criticisms levelled against Putin is that he is brilliant at tactics, above all in factional maneuvering, but lacks an over-arching vision of where Russia should go. This paper assesses whether Putin is ultimately an ephemeral phenomenon, or whether the era with which his name is associated will endure in history as a distinctive style of rule.
Putin and the Incompleteness of Putinism
Authors: Robinson Neil
Published: August 2020

What constitutes Putinism, in particular its ideological nature, have become major issues of debate in the last few years. This discussion has been characterized by a tendency either to overestimate the role of ideology in the Russian political system, to see it as being akin to the role played by ideology in the USSR, or to discount the role of ideology quite heavily. This article argues that neither of these positions is correct and that we need a more nuanced appreciation of Putin’s role as an ideologist and of the role of ideology in the era of Putin. The article argues that there is a difference between ideological discourses produced to support the regime and those produced at the apex of the regime by Putin. This difference means that Putinism is incomplete as an ideological system. It is ideological but not to the point where ideology has institutionalized and a bind on Putin.
Russia’s Constitutional Reforms of 2020
Authors: Teague Elizabeth
Published: August 2020

In January 2020, Russian President Putin proposed a number of potentially very significant amendments to the constitution of the Russian Federation. In March 2020, these were formally approved by parliament and signed by the president. In a nationwide vote held on 25 June – 1 July, just under 78 percent of those who voted did so in favour of the amendments, 21 percent voted against, while turnout was just under 68 percent. The amendments, which entered into force on 4 July, strengthened the powers of the Russian president, increased the powers of the center over regional and local governments, and reduced the independence of the courts. They asserted that the Russian constitution should take precedence over decisions reached by international institutions. Not least, they opened the possibility for Putin to remain in office following the expiry of his current presidential term in 2024. To be more precise, they enabled Putin to avoid becoming a lame duck and to keep the elite in suspense over what he would eventually decide to do in 2024. They also provided him with security should he decide to leave office.
Federal and Subnational Elections in Russia: Coherence and Divergence in Electoral Outcomes
Authors: Turovsky Rostislav , Sukhova Marina
Published: August 2020

This article examines the differences between Russian voting at federal elections and regional legislature elections, both combined and conducted independently. The authors analyse these differences, their character and their dynamics as an important characteristic of the nationalisation of the party system. They also test hypotheses about a higher level of oppositional voting and competitiveness in subnational elections, in accordance with the theory of second-order elections, as well as the strategic nature of voting at federal elections, by contrast with expressive voting during subnational campaigns. The empirical study is based on calculating the differences in votes for leading Russian parties at subnational elections and at federal elections (simultaneous, preceding and following) from 2003, when mandatory voting on party lists was widespread among the regions, to 2019. The level of competitiveness is measured in a similar way, by calculating the effective number of parties. The study indicates a low level of autonomy of regional party systems, in many ways caused by the fact that the law made it impossible to create regional parties, and then also by the 2005 ban on creation of regional blocs. The strong connection between federal and regional elections in Russia clearly underlines the fluid and asynchronic nature of its electoral dynamics, where subnational elections typically predetermine the results of the following federal campaigns. At the same time, the formal success of the nationalisation of the party system, achieved by increasing the homogeneity of voting at the 2016 and 2018 federal elections, is not reflected by the opposing process of desynchronisation between federal and regional elections after Putin’s third-term election. There is also a clear rise in the scale of the differences between the two. At the same time, the study demonstrates the potential presence in Russia of features common to subnational elections in many countries: their greater support for the opposition and presence of affective voting. However, there is a clear exception to this trend during the period of maximum mobilisation of the loyal electorate at the subnational elections immediately following the accession of Crimea in 2014–2015, and such tendencies are generally restrained by the conditions of electoral authoritarianism.
La questione degli schiavi còrsi al concilio di Pisa (1135)
Authors: Forlani Filippo
Published: August 2020

This paper analyzes canon 3 of the council of Pisa of 1135, with which the trade in persons is prohibited, pointing out that this prohibition must be considered valid also for the sale of inhabitants of Corsica, be they men or women. After having drawn up a general overview of the council, it will focus on the text of the third canon to understand the reasons that led the council fathers to deal with the subject of slavery, firmly defending the Corsican population, considered as a “minority” victim of a political and economic system. As we will try to show, the text of this canon is a unicum of its kind and is fully inserted within the panorama of the Church’s teaching on the subject of slavery, adding a new piece to the mosaic of what was already known about the work of the ecclesiastical institution on this subject.
Gli hussiti come (mancata) minoranza conciliare al Concilio di Basilea (1431–1433)
Authors: Cadili Alberto
Published: August 2020

In 1433 the hussite delegation in Basle wanted to discuss the Four Articles according to the pacts of Eger (the “judge of Eger”), i.e. primarily according to the Bible. The delegates insisted on persuading the other party or on being persuaded by it; they weren’t willing to become a conciliar minority because the decision-making processes were based on the majority-principle. Furthermore, the Council offered a different “judge”: It was the Council itself, because the infallible Church beheld the “monopoly” of the Bible exegesis and transmitted this monopoly to the Synod. In this way it became less relevant to discuss the specific topics of the Four Articles. The Hussites, however, remained outside this doctrine, which was fundamental for the legitimacy of the conciliar decision-making process: they didn’t recognize this new judge and didn’t subdue to him.
Synode, Katholikentage und die protestantische Minderheit im langen 19. Jahrhundert in Ungarn
Authors: Bárány Zsófia , Klestenitz Tibor
Published: August 2020

The study explores how Catholic prelates, priests and politicians evaluated the connections of their Church with the Protestants. It investigates the documents of the last national synod of Hungary (1822), the provincial synod of Kalocsa (1863), and the regional and national Catholic Congresses (1893–1913). In the first part of the century, some intellectuals aimed to create a union between Catholics and Protestants to strengthen the Hungarian nation, and their ideas had some influence even on the preparation work on the synods of the period. At the end of the century, the question of the mixed marriages overshadowed the relations between the denominations, but the Catholic leaders of the People’s Party tried to preserve the opportunity of the political cooperation with the Protestants.
150 Jahre lang gelungene Propaganda – Augustin Theiner und die Geschäftsordnung des Tridentinums
Authors: von Teuffenbach Alexandra
Published: August 2020

For 150 years it has been alleged that Augustin Theiner had been dismissed as Prefect of the Vatican Archives because he had given the rules of procedure of the Council of Trent to the bishops of the council minority. Thus writes the Augsburg’s “Allgemeine Zeitung” in June 1870, and in consequence many other newspapers. The eyewitnesses are far from agreement. Other reasons may have led to the dismissal. Historians, however, have considered the newspaper’s account to be true. But Trento’s rules of procedure were already widely known. So it seems unlikely that the Pope, who in 1867 made Trent’s documents available to a group of cardinals and consultors, would deprive Theiner of the keys simply because he had shown this well known documents to the bishops of the minority.
Jesus, der Herzenskenner
Authors: Weihs Alexander
Published: August 2020

Im narrativen Zentrum der Erzählung von der Heilung des Gelähmten (Mk 2,1–12) ist in Mk 2,6 und 2,8 gleich zweifach das Motiv des Herzens (griechisch: καρδία) angesprochen. Der hier vorliegende Beitrag vertritt die These, dass von einer angemessenen Interpretation dieses Sachverhalts wichtige Impulse für das Verständnis des Gesamttextes ausgehen können. Motivanalytisch verdienen dabei sowohl das Moment der Herzenskenntnis als auch die anthropologische Grundanschauung vom Herzen als Mitte des Menschen besondere Beachtung. Die in den analytischen Detailschritten erzielten Ergebnisse werden zum einen hinsichtlich ihrer Bedeutsamkeit für den direkten Erzählzusammenhang entfaltet, zum anderen im Horizont des Makrokontextes des Evangeliums reflektiert.
„Der Felsen aber war Christus“ (1 Kor 10,4)
Authors: Lanzinger Daniel
Published: August 2020

This article examines Paul’s enigmatic statement that “the rock was Christ” (1 Cor 10:4) from the perspective of ancient understandings and habits of allegorical interpretation. Paul’s use of the exodus story can be addressed as an exemplum type of allegory, as described by Quintilian and applied for exegetical purposes by Heraclitus and Philo. In contrast to previous scholarship, it is shown that the employment of different tenses in allegorical formulas is a matter of style rather than of content so that Paul’s use of ἦν instead ἐστίν does not contradict the fact that it is meant to designate the allegorical sense of the term “rock”.
Das lange Haar in 1 Kor 11,14–15a
Authors: Friesen Marcel
Published: August 2020

In der Forschung konnte bisher nicht eindeutig geklärt werden, welche Bedeutung das lange Haar der Frau in 1 Kor 11,14–15a hat. So behauptet David Gill – gefolgt von Eckard Schnabel und David Garland –, dass das lange Haar der Frau sowohl in der griechisch-römischen Antike als auch in 1 Kor 11 als Symbol der Beziehung einer Ehefrau zu ihrem Mann zu verstehen sei. Diese These soll sowohl historisch als auch literarisch für den Kontext von 1 Kor 11,13–15 durch eine Reevaluation der paulinischen Argumentation im Kontext der antikeren Haarmode sowie der populären Naturphilosophie geprüft werden. Dabei wird sich herausstellen, dass die These von Gill sowohl historisch betrachtet als auch für den Kontext von 1 Kor 11 unplausibel ist und Paulus das lange Haar als ein Geschlechtsrollensymbol der Frau verstand.
Prophet am Ende
Authors: Schiller Johannes
Published: August 2020

In the context of the Book of Jeremiah the highly complex texts of Jer 19,1–21,10 serve as an exilic-postexilic reflexion of the catastrophe. At the same time, however, a detailed analysis shows that a lot of text features allow a different interpretation – in view of the approaching war and the current danger of extinction.
„A little Drama“ (G. M. Tucker)
Authors: Casagrande Alessandro
Published: August 2020

The use of a narrative imperfect in Am 7:10–17 after 7:1–9 and the abrupt shift to 8:1–3 frequently compelled critics to determine its literary form. For diachronic studies defining classifications include ‘third-party report’ and ‘apophthegma’. By contrast, synchronic studies emphasize the contextual integration of Am 7:10–17 and concentrate on a narrative analysis. Within this focus it is striking, that the passage is often associated with a ‘drama’ but without assessing the methodological ramifications of such a claim. The present article takes this ‘synchronic gap’ up and relates it to approaches to view drama as a possible genre for prophetic books. In doing so, a reading of Am 7:10–17 as part of a narrator-mediated discourse using a dramatic mode shows that the passage can be deemed an entrance with three speeches integrated into the wider context of 7:1–8:3. Particularly the classification of 7:10a, 12aα, 14aα as narrator’s discourse using a dramatic mode makes this claim plausible.
Paulinisches Marketing zwischen Inkulturation und Ironie. Argumentationsstrategien in der Areopagrede (Apg 17,22b–31)
Authors: Schumacher Thomas
Published: August 2020

This contribution discusses the understanding of inculturation that is operative for Luke’s Paul in the Areopagus speech. It combines philological analysis of conspicuous features of the text with an evaluation of archeological data to situate the Areopagus speech within the socio-cultural context of Athens. An interpretation of verse 31 is proposed that does not include reference to an eschatological event and which could help to clarify the often discussed soteriological and christological difficulties of the argumention. Thus it becomes evident that the adopted stance of the Lukan Paul before the Areopagus is marked by ironic inversions and anti-imperial critique.
Hundert Jahre Formgeschichte: Ein Tribut an die Begründer
Authors: Klauck Hans-Josef
Published: August 2020

A hundred years ago, in 1919–1922, the groundbreaking works on form-criticism appeared, mainly independent of each other. This means that it is time for a retrospect and an evaluation. The article starts with the forerunners, especially Johann Gottlieb Herder and Hermann Gunkel, but also some others. Then main paragraphs are devoted to each of the five protagonists: Martin Dibelius, Karl Ludwig Schmidt, Rudolph Bultmann, Martin Albertz and Georg Bertram. Their foundational form-critical studies are discussed and contextualized within their lives and their literary output. In the case of Dibelius, more attention than usual is given to the important differences between the first (1919) and the second edition (1933) of his “Formgeschichte” that was decisive for creating the terminology. The little known political options that Bertram favored are criticized. The final section draws some lines from the early 20th century to the present days.
„Und ob ich schon wanderte im finstern Tal“
Authors: Emmendörffer Michael
Published: August 2020

Focussing on V 4 with its motif of the “darkest valley” (NIB) the dynamics, theological coherence and background motives of Psalm 23 are laid out. Comparison with the newly edited Ancient Near Eastern prayer Sb19319 from second millennium b.c.e. Susa brings several parallel elements to light. Some theses on Old Testament concepts of death conclude the article.
Deutsche Pädagogik zwischen Kriegsverherrlichung und Friedenssehnsucht
Authors: Böhm Winfried
Published: August 2020

German Philosophy of Education between Preparation for War and Desire for Peace

From both a historical and critical perspective, the article reconstructs the problematic transition of German Philosophy of Education from an enlightened to a romantic thinking as well as from the state’s political concept of orientation to that of the people in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This reveals a strange fluctuation of pedagogy in theory and practice between a latent preparation for war on the one hand and a vague longing for peace on the other hand.
Pädagogische Ganzheit, Krieg und Frieden
Authors: Oelkers Jürgen
Published: August 2020

Education for Wholeness, War and Peace

›Wholeness‹ is a topic in educational theory since the Baroque age. In 19th century political concepts of ›wholeness‹ came into being. The article asks what happened to educational theories that were bound to concepts like ›volk‹, ›race‹, ›nation‹ or ›the world‹. Those theories appeared before, during and after World War I. The topics were ›war‹ and ›peace‹ and the rhetorics of wholeness were used on both sides. Because of that, educational theory should abandon the suggestive language of wholeness.
Politische Bildung in Zeiten des Rechtspopulismus
Authors: Görtler Michael
Published: August 2020

Political Education in Times of right-wing Populism. Pedagogical and Didactical Approaches to Deal with a current Threat to Peace

Right-wing populism challenges the societies in Europe. The rise of such movements and parties are a threat to peace and democracy in Germany. This article focuses the possibilities as well as the boundaries of political education under the current circumstances. To this end, it discusses theoretical explanations based on approaches in peace education, political didactics and social sciences to deal with right-wing populism in practice.
Das Regime des Ästhetischen
Authors: Lohwasser Diana
Published: August 2020

The Regime of the Aesthetic

As a preliminary, the text deals with the question of what can be understood by a regime of the aesthetic. The aesthetic regime generates patterns of perception that guide people in their behavior and actions. The regime of the aesthetic oscillates between social regression and emancipation. The regression of the individual aesthetic perception of the world and of the self is evident in all areas of social life. Through the mass media, the aesthetic regime has the ability to manipulate people and influence perceptions and judgment. The ability of the self to defend itself against manipulation regresses. The adoption of given perception, explanation and assessment systems makes life easier than having to question contexts. The difficult task is to emancipate oneself from the regressive aesthetic regime. Referred to Rancière, it requires an ›emancipated viewer‹ capable of emancipating itself from the assigned structures of an aesthetic regime. This endeavor represents an infinite task.
Lernprozesse beim Übergang in neue berufliche Kontexte
Authors: Amling Steffen
Published: August 2020

Learning during the Transition to a new Professional Context. Empirical Analyses and Theoretical Considerations using the Example of Professional Politics

The article presents empirical analyses and theoretical considerations on the learning processes that occur during the transition to a new professional context. The research is based upon narrative interviews with German politicians who became member of the German Federal Parliament (Bundestag) for the first time. Following a reconstructive perspective, the analyses show that there are considerable differences either with regard to what aspects of their new professional environments the politicians perceive as an irritation to their occupational routines that initiate a learning process, as with regard to the forms of knowledge that are subsequently subject to changes; not least, the analyses indicate differences in their modes or ways of learning, too. It is argued that reflecting on these different levels of analysis is helpful to shape further research into workplace learning.
Zum Einsatz von Definitionen in Pädagogik und Erziehungswissenschaft
Authors: Mikhail Thomas
Published: August 2020

On the Use of Definitions in Pedagogy and Educational Science. A Historical Journey with Systematic Intent

In the academic genre of pedagogy and educational science, definitions were used from the very beginning. The question is if it is possible to differentiate between types of definitions within the history of these sciences. To answer this question the paper revives two different types of traditional definitions in order to generate a typology of definition usage. The typology can be used as a heuristic instrument for further systematic and historical research.
Nutzen und Nutzlosigkeit des Definierens
Authors: Ladenthin Volker
Published: August 2020

Use and Uselessness of Defining

Is it possible to define terms? The author distinguishes between word, term and concept. Words change historically; their meaning is deduced from the context. Terms are defined by convention of arbitrariness. Ultimately, concepts cannot be defined because the defining concepts would have to be redefined. That, however, is a regression to infinity.
Definitionen als pragmatische Erläuterungen
Authors: Nerowski Christian
Published: August 2020

Definitions as Pragmatic Explanations. An Analytical Perspective

This article takes an analytical perspective on ›definitions‹ in educational science. After a delineation of the analytical perspective as a pragmatic practice of explanation, two common types of definition are described and illustrated using the concept ›instruction‹ [›Unterricht‹]: the concept analysis, which aims at naming the individually necessary and jointly sufficient properties of a concept; and the concept explication, which aims at the formulation of a precise term that is fruitful for further research but only similar to everyday language. Finally, it will be discussed in which respect explication and analysis can be considered a pragmatic explanation. For this purpose, explanation is understood as a social process: not definitions explain a term, but a person uses definitions in order to explain a term to a group of addressees for a specific purpose. For this aim, conceptual analysis and concept explication may serve as possible orientations.
Zur Funktion unscharfer Begriffe
Authors: Scheunpflug Annette , Affolderbach Martin
Published: August 2020

On the Function of Fuzzy Terms. A Plea for a Reflexive Look at Explications

Concepts are commonly used to describe words which are, beyond a singular object, connected with an idea. This paper argues that concepts should not only be understood by a precise definition, but also with a reflexive view of their implications. Thus, the blurriness of terms fulfils important functions, including the role of communicative connectivity. This observation is discussed in regard to its meaning for educational research.
Zwischen Definition und Empirie
Authors: Borgstede Matthias
Published: August 2020

Between Definition and Empirical Research. Theoretical Problems of Questionnaire Design

Within the field of quantitative educational science, theoretical terms are often defined operationally by scales or questionnaires, which have been constructed using the formal background of Classical Test Theory. This article takes a critical perspective on the current modus operandi of scale construction.

It is argued that classical quality criteria (reliability, validity, and objectivity) are usually represented by empirical correlations between scales or items of a scale. Apart from some theoretical inconsistencies, using these criteria (e.g. Chronbach’s Alpha) to optimize a scale results in a set of items with high intercorrelations, regardless of their content or meaning.

Because high inter-item correlations are neither necessary nor sufficient for an adequate operational definition, the utility of the classical approach to scale construction is questioned on a fundamental level. It is further argued that operational definitions do not pose a statistical problem in the first place, but a theoretical problem. Hence, we do not need a method to optimize scales for high inter-item-correlations, but rather a way to translate theoretical terms (which may be inherently vague) to empirically observable phenomena. This is accomplished by the semantic approach to psychological tests by Buntins, Buntins and Eggert (2016), which provides a formal alternative to classical quality criteria.
De-Finition
Authors: Ode Erik
Published: August 2020

De-Finition. Poststructuralist Objections to the Limitation of the Other

The metaphysic tradition always tried to structure the world by definitions and scientific terms. Since poststructuralist authors like Derrida, Foucault and Deleuze have claimed the ›death of the subject‹ educational research cannot ignore the critical objections to its own methods. Definitions and identifications may be a violation of the other’s right to stay different and undefined. This article tries to discuss the scientific limitations of the other in a pedagogical, ethical and political perspective.
Kosmopolitismus – Anmerkungen zu einem Ideal historisch-politischer Bildung
Authors: Wigger Lothar
Published: August 2020

Cosmopolitism – Comments on an Ideal of Historical and Political Education

In regard to the crisis of supranational institutions and tendencies of renationalization in the present, the article discusses traditional and current concepts of cosmopolitism. Starting with the opposite theories of world peace and state sovereignty in the philosophies of Kant and Hegel and the confirmation of these theories by the reality of the states, concepts of updating Kant and Hegel are discussed. Contrary to a morally based education towards cosmopolitanism, the importance of historical knowledge in a world of conflicts is finally pointed out.
Über die eigenlogische Normativität der Erziehung und ihre Bezüge zu anderen Normativitätsansprüchen
Authors: Benner Dietrich
Published: August 2020

A Concept of a self-logical Normativity of Education and their Relations to other Normativity Claims

The essay develops the concept of a self-logical normativity of education. It identifies pedagogical action as a transformational practice with its own forms of action and causality. The theoretical and practical significance of this concept is finally explained in the film »Elternschule« by distinguishing between pedagogical and therapeutical action and practice.
Was sollen und was müssen Familien?
Authors: Krinninger Dominik
Published: August 2020

Pedagogical Perspectives on Societal Normalizations and on Immanent Normative Structures of the Family

This paper examines normative aspects of the family as an educational sphere from two perspectives. With regard to discourse-analytical studies, it discusses the social normative of a family responsibility for the academic success of children. In contrast, along systematic concepts of recognition, the differentiated internal logic of the family is emphasized, in which social recognition and caring love are intertwined. In the relation of both perspectives it becomes clear that current expectations forced by education policy ignore important characteristics of families.
Formierung des pädagogisch organisierten Systems des lebenslangen Lernens: Von der Auflösung normativer Ordnungen zur neuen Normalität?
Authors: Nittel Dieter , Meyer Nikolaus
Published: August 2020

Formation of the Pedagogically Organised System of Lifelong Learning: From the Disbandment of Normative Systems to the New Normality?

The authors link the thesis of the successive disbandment of normative systems in the educational system to a very specific perspective. More precisely: to a specific notion of unity and wholeness. The argumentation begins with Habermas’ critique of the communication-theoretical concept of systems. This social philosopher is indirectly recognised as the ›godfather‹ of the presented theoretical understanding of the system. The concept of a pedagogically organised system of lifelong learning will then be defined, and the real historical consequences will be indicated.
Bildung, Unterricht und Respekt
Authors: Rucker Thomas
Published: August 2020

›Bildung‹, Teaching and Respect. On the Justification of a Non-Affirmative General Didactics

In this article, I will first show that non-affirmative didactics offer a specific account of teaching. From this point of view, teaching is described with regard to the purpose of ›Bildung‹, i.e. the development of the ability to judge for oneself in the relationship with resistant objects. I will then develop a justication of non-affirmative general didactics with regard to the notion of pedagogical respect which can be specified by the principles of self-determination, ›Bildsamkeit‹ and dialog.
Präzision und Kontingenz
Authors: Müller Stefan , Nerowski Christian
Published: August 2020

Precision and Contingency. An Area of Tension in the Assignment of Scientific Concepts

Given the fact that the scientific discourse on education is based on educational- scientific concepts, it is surprising that the methodology of the assignment of these concepts is hardly addressed and reflected. This article raises a tension of the requirements of concepts in educational science between precision, accuracy and exactness on the one hand; and contingency, openness, and dynamics on the other hand. In this article we reject attempts to resolve the tension to only one side, which would mean to give preference to either precision or contingency and neglect the other side. In contrast we sketch a model for the assignment of educational-scientific concepts that unites both sides of the tension: If precision is understood as a requirement for the concept as a product, and the consideration of contingency is understood as a requirement for the process of the assignment, it is possible to assign concepts that both are precise and consider their contingency.
Eltern als Anwälte?
Authors: Brumlik Micha
Published: August 2020

Parents as Lawyers? Limits of a Metaphor

The paper checks the validity of the metaphor of »parents as lawyers«. It begins with a kantian approach concerning the necessary duties of autonomous persons towards not yet autonomous parents under the special relation of parenthood. So it outlines, what the theory of ethiccal advocacy has to say about the relation of parents and children. The paper finally asks, whether overprotective parental behavior contradicts those duties and thereby asks, whether the methaphor of parents as lawyers is valid at all.