bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Field-scale Spatial Variability of Electrical Conductivity of the Inland, Salt-affected Soils of Northeast Thailand
Authors: PHONTUSANG Porntip , KATAWATIN Roengsak , PANNANGPETCH Krirk , LERDSUWANSRI Rattana , KINGPAIBOON Sununtha , WONGPICHET Kitti
Published: November 2020

Salt-affected soil maps for Northeast Thailand focus on the percentage of salt crusts. Investigation was done to find the field-scale spatial variability of the electrical conductivity of saturation extract (ECe) in salt-affected areas (percentage salt crusts: very severely = class 1; severely = class 2, and moderately = class 3). Two study sites were selected for each class (n = 6). Soil samples (n = 100) were collected at each site using stratified, systematic, unaligned sampling, and analyzed for ECe. Variations in ECe were assessed using basic statistics and geostatistics. At the field-scale, in every class, the best-fit semivariogram model generated was satisfactory (R2 > 0.8). Interpretation from the relevant model parameters (i.e., nugget, sill, and effective range), together with the interpolated (kriged) maps, demonstrated that the characteristics of spatial variability of soil ECe were inconsistent, even between different sites of the same salt-affected soil class. In general, various degrees of small-scale variation were observed, very high variation of ECe was common, spatial dependence was strong to moderate, while the spatial distribution pattern was in distinctive patches. The size of patches depended on the effective range at each site. This study also revealed that the class 1 areas were entirely, very strongly saline (ECes range, 56.70 and 433.00 dS·m-1), whereas the areas of class 3 were non-saline to moderately saline (range, 0.11 - 5.26 dS·m-1). Class 2 areas were much more complex; the soils varied from non-saline to very strongly saline (range, 0.16 - 49.00 dS·m-1). Information on the nature and characteristics in the spatial variability of soil ECe is useful for developing strategies for management of salt-affected soils in precision agriculture in this region.
A Study on ACE, ACTN3, and VDR Genes Polymorphism in Thai Weightlifters
Authors: PIMJAN Luckhana , ONGVARRASOPONE Chalermporn , CHANTRATITA Wasun , POLPRAMOOL Chumpol , CHERDRUNGSI Pipat , BANGRAK Phuwadol , YIMLAMAI Tossaporn
Published: November 2020

In order to excel in sport, apart from the correct training, the genetic combination of an individual may also be a factor in making an elite athlete. Weightlifting, as a popular sport, has a unique bio-mechanism dealing with muscle performance. The current study investigated the polymorphisms of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), the a-actinin-3 (ACTN3), and the vitamin D receptor (VDR) genes (individually or in combination) in Thai weightlifters. A total of 117 male and female national and junior Thai weightlifters, and 99 healthy sedentary people were recruited for this study. Genotyping was analyzed by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Polymerase Chain Reaction - Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). When compared to the junior and non-athletes group, the genotype and allele frequencies of ACE (DD), ACTN3 (RR), and VDR (ff) were more frequent in both male and female national weightlifters. In addition, the genotype combinations between ACE (DD) + VDR (ff), ACE (DD) + ACTN3 RR, and ACTN3 RR + VDR ff presented highly in both genders of national weightlifters. Taken together, our results suggest that the ACTN3 and VDR genotype, individually or in combination, may influence muscle performance in weightlifters, appearing to significantly contribute to better weightlifting performance.
Loss of Dystrobrevin Causes Muscle Degeneration and a Short Lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: SUPHAMUNGMEE Worawit , JATTUJAN Prapaporn , MEEMON Krai
Published: November 2020

Duchene’s muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an inherited disorder in an X-linked recessive manner. Lack of dystrophin causes progressive muscle degeneration. Dystrophin structurally connects to actin filaments at the N-terminus while the C-terminus interacts with an integral domain of the dystroglycan complex. Among the associated molecules, dystrobrevin acts as a modulator protein exerting dystrophin's function for strengthening the cell stability. Previous data has reported the delayed muscle degeneration following an overexpression of the dystrobrevin (dyb) gene in the DMD-phenotype C. elegans, whose dystrophin (dys) gene was missing. This finding indicates the role of a modulator protein, rather than dystrophin, to maintain the cell integrity. The present study aims to investigate the phenotypes of C. elegans, due to dyb- or dys-deficiency. When compared with the wild-type, the dyb-deficient worms exhibited uncoordinated locomotion and lysis of the muscular layer in the body wall and internal organs as well as those observed in the dys-deficient worms. The ultrastructure of both mutant worms appeared severe muscle degeneration, decrease of the mitochondria, and replacement of fibrotic tissue, particularly the dys-mutant which was even more severe. Additionally, a shorter lifespan was observed with a 17 % reduction (p < 0.05) in dyb-deficient worms and 27 % reduction (p < 0.05) in dys-deficient worms when compared to wild-type. It is speculated that dystrobrevin may stabilize the cell through interaction with other protein complexes at the plasma membrane while it also binds to dystrophin. Therefore, the loss of dystrobrevin is also sufficient to disrupt the signaling pathway and causes muscle degeneration.
Seed Production and Seedling Establishment of Parah Trees in Khao Nan National Park, Thailand
Authors: CHAROENSUK Anun , JAROENSUTASINEE Mullica , JAROENSUTASINEE Krisanadej
Published: November 2020

Parah (Elateriospermum tapos Blume) is a native species of southern Thailand, and is a dominant tree in Khao Nan National Park. There have been few studies of Parah seeds or of seedling establishment. Biotic and abiotic environmental factors interact with seeds and may affect the future of tree populations. This is the first study to determine the factors affecting seeds and seedlings of Parah trees in Khao Nan National Park, Thailand, during 2014 - 2016. We tested 3 factors: (1) parental tree diameter at breast height (DBH), (2) altitude, and (3) distance from the main road. We studied seeds collected from trees, seeds harvested by humans, seed predation, seeds left on the forest floor, and rotten seeds. We measured seed weight, seed size, seedling height, and seedling root collar diameter (RCD). Our results showed that the number of seeds and seedlings per tree, seed weight, seed size, seed harvesting, seed predation, seeds left on the forest floor, rotten seeds, and seedling height varied between the years of study. There was no difference in seeds harvested by humans from 2014 - 2016. The number of seeds per tree and seeds harvested by humans were positively associated with parental tree DBH in 2015 and 2016. The number of seeds left on the forest floor was positively associated with parental tree DBH, and distance from the main road, but was negatively associated with altitude, in 2015, and there was no association in 2016. The number of seeds predated by frugivores was positively associated with altitude in 2016. The number of seedlings per tree was positively associated with distance from the main road. Seedling height was positively associated with distance from the main road, and negatively associated with tree DBH in 2015 and altitude in both years. We found significant results which led to the conclusion that seed production and seeds harvested by humans were positively associated with parental tree size.
Evaluation of Antifungal Activity of Antagonistic Bacteria against Butt Rot Disease Pathogen of Pineapple
Authors: NURNADIRAH Mat Nawi , NENI Kartini Che Mohd Ramli , YUZIAH Mohd Yunus Nor
Published: November 2020

Butt rot disease, caused by Thielaviopsis paradoxa (De Seynes) Hohn., is one of the major diseases in pineapple cultivation in Malaysia. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the antifungal effect of antagonist bacteria against T. paradoxa, a causal agent of butt rot disease, and to observe the mechanism of antifungal activity of tested antagonist bacteria microscopically. In this study, in vitro antifungal potential of 5 antagonist bacteria, namely B1, B2, B3, B4, and B5, were isolated from infected and non-infected soil samples and evaluated using dual culture method against T. paradoxa. The mechanisms of antifungal activities of antagonist bacteria against the pathogen were microscopically observed. All of the bacteria showed inhibitory effects against the pathogenic fungi. B1 bacteria showed the highest inhibitory potential, with 73 % inhibition, followed by B2, B3, B4, and B5, with 71, 57, 56, and 48 % of inhibition compared to control, respectively. The results also showed that B2, B3, and B4 bacteria exhibited positive inhibition towards the pathogen, with more than 50 % percentage inhibition. The development of a new product for use as a biocontrol agent, used as an additional control or used in combination with existing ones, may reduce dependency on chemical control and increase antagonistic activity efficiency.
A Low Cost and Simple Lab-on-a-Chip for Spectrophotometric Determination of Ethanol
Authors: SOMSAENG Thanyaluck , PUMSA-ARD Kem , JITTANGPRASERT Piyada
Published: November 2020

A simple lab-on-a-chip system was developed for the rapid determination of ethanol in different sample matrices, including gasohol and various alcoholic beverages. The colorimetric detection of ethanol using a spectrophotometer was based on the reaction between ethanol with 0.12 M ceric ammonium nitrate in acidic medium to produce a red colored product which gave a maximum absorption at 470 nm. A non-lithographic method was used for creating lab-on-a-chip molds to reduce  manufacturing cost and preparation steps. The lab-on-a-chip device was fabricated from polydimethylsiloxane which consisted of a simple Y-shaped working channel. Under optimum conditions, a linear calibration graph was obtained in the concentration range of 0.20 - 20 % (v/v) (r2> 0.999). The limit of detection (3 SD) and limit of quantification (10 SD) were 0.039 and 0.13 % (v/v), respectively. The precision reported in terms of relative standard deviation (RSD) values was less than 1.40 % (n = 15). To demonstrate the lab-on-a-chip’s performance, the determination of ethanol in gasohol and various alcoholic beverages was applied. The results obtained from the developed method compared with a standard gas chromatographic method were well correlated using the paired t-test and linear regression test. The results indicate that the proposed method has shown potential to extend the use of this simple lab-on-a-chip analytical device, due to its simplicity, low cost, lower reagent and sample consumption and high analytical performance. Moreover, the method of fabrication would be an additive manufacturing technique featuring a low equipment cost with no need for clean rooms.
Activated Carbon for Food Packaging Application: Review
Authors: CHAEMSANIT Siriporn , MATAN Narumol , MATAN Nirundorn
Published: November 2020

Recently, several types of food packaging have been developed which are able to prolong shelf-life of, and maintain the quality and safety of, products. Many kinds of material have been applied to food packaging, in the forms of film, sachets, or pads, to protect, eliminate, or inhibit undesirable changes in food. Based on the increasing concern about environmental sustainability, there have been many attempts to develop a natural biodegradable food packaging. Activated carbon as a multifunctional material is an interesting alternative choice. Apart from its ability to naturally degrade, non-toxicity, and low cost, it possesses remarkable adsorption potential. Its abilities are versatile, and could be used in various application purposes. Thus, its ability strongly depends on its pore structure and surface chemistry. Although it has been known for its effect on hydrophobic substances, the modification of pore size and surface property of activated carbon could improve its affinity to hydrophilic substances. Two means of activated carbon applications in food packaging were classified, according to its adsorption and releasing ability. The first mean is the application of activated carbon for the emission of antimicrobial agents in the vapor phase and nanoparticles inside food packaging. The second mean is the application of activated carbon for scavenging of factors affecting food quality inside packaging, such as water vapor, oxygen, ethylene, and odor. In this paper, the adsorption-releasing mechanism of activated carbon on some of the antimicrobial agents and vapor phase substances are discussed. Additionally, the potential role of activated carbon in food packaging is summarized.
Applications of Scientific Data to the Studies of Ancient Tambralinga’s Agriculture and Brick Monuments in Sichon
Authors: NOONSUK Wannasarn
Published: November 2020

This article goes beyond the historical narratives to apply scientific methods to the archaeological studies of the ancient kingdom of Tambralinga in Southern Thailand. Its objectives are (1) to examine the geography related to agriculture and settlement pattern using data from ground surveys, aerial photographs, and Geographical Information System, (2) to determine the dates of some important brick shrines using data from the themoluminescence dating technique, and (3) to reveal the layout of the ancient Khao Kha religious complex using the data from the Structure-from-Motion technology in the area of Sichon District, Nakhon Si Thammarat Province. It proposes that the ancient communities of approximately the 6th to 11th centuries CE lived in the areas suitable for wet-rice cultivation, with sufficient supply of water and alluvial soils. It may also be hypothesized, based on the calculation of the amount of rice produced in the floodplain, the density and dates of brick shrines, and the complicated layout and massiveness of the Khao Kha religious complex, that this area between the Tha Khwai, Tha Chieo, and Tha Thon rivers in Sichon District was one of the most significant centers in the Tambralinga Kingdom.
Antimalarial, Anti-hemolytic, Hepatoprotective, and Nephroprotective Activities of Gynostemma pentaphyllum Leaf Extract in Plasmodium berghei Infection in Mice
Authors: SOMSAK Voravuth , NAKINCHAT Somrudee
Published: November 2020

Malaria is still a major problem around the world, especially in tropical and sub-tropical zones. Malaria-associated hemolysis and liver and renal injuries have been reported to be causes of death in malaria cases. In this respect, finding plant extracts which have a protective effect against these pathologies induced by malaria are urgently needed. The present study aimed to evaluate the antimalarial, anti-hemolytic, hepatoprotective, and nephroprotective properties of Gynostemma pentaphyllum leaf extract (GPE) in Plasmodium berghei infected mice. ICR mice were infected intraperitoneally with 1´107 parasitized erythrocytes of P. berghei ANKA (PbANKA), and given the extract (100, 500, and 1000 mg/kg) orally for 4-consecutive days. Parasitemia, packed cell volume (PCV), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and creatinine levels were measured. The results showed that during PbANKA infection in mice, parasitemia was increased from day 1 - 14 post-infection with hemolysis, as indicated by the reduction of PCV. Moreover, liver and renal damage during malaria infection were observed, as indicated by the marked increase of ALT and creatinine levels in infected mice. Interestingly, these pathologies induced by PbANKA infection were protected and maintained at normal levels in PbANKA infected mice treated with GPE in a dose-dependent manner. The highest activity was found at a dose of 1000 mg/kg of GPE. No effects on PCV, ALT, or creatinine levels were observed in normal mice treated with 1000 mg/kg of GPE. Moreover, GPE exerted a dose-dependent reduction of parasitemia against PbANKA, with percent inhibitions of 57.6, 78.4, and 89.6 % at doses of 100, 500, and 1000 mg/kg of GPE, respectively. It can be concluded that GPE exerted antimalarial, anti-hemolytic, hepatoprotective, and nephroprotective activities against PbANKA infection in mice.
Protective Effects of Thunbergia laurifolia (Linn.) on Organophosphorous (chlorpyrifos)-Induced Cholinesterase Dysfunction
Authors: TAYEH Malatee , NAWARAT Jirapat , PHYU Moe Pwint , TANGPONG Jitbanjong
Published: November 2020

Orgnophosphorous (chyloryrifos) has been widely used for pest control. It is considered to be functionally irreversible inhibitor of cholinesterase (ChE), since the time necessary to liberate the enzyme from inhibition may be in excess of time required for the synthesis of new ChE. This study was designed to investigate the effects of total phenolic content, total antioxidant capacity and free radical scavenging activities in cell free system present in Thunbergia laurifolia (Linn.) (TL) and further examined for their ability against chloripyrifos induced ChE dysfunction in vitro (blood and brain of mice) studies. The results showed that TL has the highest phenolic content, which is significant positive correlation with its antioxidant activity (R2=0.99). Besides, the fifty percent of inhibitory concentration of TL on scavenging free radical activities (IC50) for hydroxyl, superoxide and hydrogen peroxide radical in cell free system were 1.47±0.02, 2.23±0.08 and 1.66±0.09 mg/mL, respectively. We found TL showed a potential inhibition of chloripyrifos-induced ChE dysfunction in a concentration dependent manner. These data suggest that TL exhibits an anti-oxidant and at least in part neuroprotective properties against chloripyrifos-induced ChE alteration. We strongly believe that these antioxidant constituents are prospective novel nutriceuticals.
Plant-based Therapy - How does it Work on Parasites?
Authors: AZMAN Nadiah Syafiqah Binti Nor , MAHBOOB Tooba , TIAN-CHYE Tan , SAMUDI Chandramathi , NISSAPATORN Veeranoot , WIART Christophe
Published: November 2020

Parasites remain one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality in the tropical landscape. Of these, granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE), leishmaniasis and malaria are 3 common parasitic diseases which can be fatal if left untreated. The available drugs seem to be ineffective as resistant strains have emerged in recent years. It is timely for medicinal plants have been given much attention as an alternative for the available chemotherapeutic drugs. This review was conducted to evaluate the anti-parasitic effects of medicinal plants from different parts of the world. It was found that large numbers of plants showed strong anti-parasitic potential; Clerodendrum rotundifolium Oliv. leaves water fraction, Clerodendrum rotundifolium Oliv. leaves methanol fraction and Microglossa pyrifolia showed strong anti-malarial activity with IC50 of 0.01, 0.02 and 0.05 µg/ml in vitro. Limouni olive is a strong amoebicidal agent with IC50 of 5.11 µg/ml. Ethanol extracts from H. stignocarpa leaves (4.69 µg/ml), J. cuspidifolia leaves (10.96 µg/ml) and Jacaranda caroba leaves (13.22 µg/ml) showed strong activity against Leishmania spp. with IC50 values lower than 25 µg/ml. In conclusion, these promising results suggest that future research on medicinal plants needs to be done to identify its active constituents, cytotoxicity, effectivity and feasibility to be utilized against infections caused by these parasites. Furthermore, phytochemical investigations should be undertaken to achieve the effectiveness of therapeutic agents particularly in limited resource settings.
The Hematological Alteration of Patients Parasitized by Plasmodium vivax
Authors: KOTEPUI Manas , PHUNPHUECH Bhukdee , PHIWKLAM Nuoil , UTHAISAR Kwuntida
Published: November 2020

Malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax has placed huge burdens on the health, longevity, and general prosperity of large sections of the human population. In this study, the clinical profiles of patients infected with P. vivax in western Thailand were analyzed. A retrospective cross-sectional study of malaria cases resulting in hospitalization between 2013 and 2015 was collected. Clinical characteristics, diagnoses, and parasitological results on admission, age, and gender were mined from medical records at the laboratory unit, Phop Phra Hospital, located in endemic areas of Tak Province, Thailand. The results revealed that patients infected with P. vivax (276 cases) showed high monocyte counts during the initial stage of infection and continuously lower counts during the later stage of infection (p = 0.021). Low basophil counts during the initial stage of infection and continuously higher counts during the later stage of infection were also found (p = 0.033). Patients with many stages of P. vivax showed lower lymphocyte and basophil counts (p value = 0.011, 0.01), respectively. In conclusion, this study indicated the hematological alteration of patients infected with P. vivax. Alterations of monocyte and basophil counts during different stages of P. vivax infection were frequently found. In addition, many stages of P. vivax in the blood of patients were associated with lower lymphocyte counts. This information contributes to a better understanding of the pathological characteristics of P. vivax infection.
A Pilot Study on Antimalarial Effects of Moringa oleifera Leaf Extract in Plasmodium berghei Infection in Mice
Authors: NAKINCHAT Somrudee , SOMSAK Voravuth
Published: November 2020

The emergence and spread of antimalarial drug resistance of Plasmodium parasites, as well as hypoglycemia, during malaria infection, and subsequent death, are critical problems in malaria-endemic areas. Hence, finding new compounds, especially plant extracts having antimalarial and anti-hypoglycemic activities, are urgently needed. The present study aimed to investigate the antimalarial and anti-hypoglycemic effects of Moringa oleifera leaf extract in Plasmodium berghei infection in mice. Aqueous crude extract of M. oleifera leaves was freshly prepared and used for an efficacy test in vivo. Groups of ICR mice (5 mice in each) were infected with 1´107 infected red blood cells of P. berghei ANKA by intraperitoneal injection and given the extract orally with doses of 100, 500, and 1000 mg/kg for 4 consecutive days. Parasitemia and plasma glucose levels were subsequently measured. The results showed that M. oleifera leaf extract presented significant (p < 0.001) inhibition of parasitemia in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, this extract exerted anti-hypoglycemia effects in infected mice in a dose-dependent manner. The highest degrees of activity were found at a dose of 1000 mg/kg of the extract. Additionally, no effect on plasma glucose was found in normal mice treated with this extract. It can be concluded that aqueous crude extract of M. oleifera leaves exerted antimalarial and anti-hypoglycemic effects in P. berghei infection in mice.
Effects of jujube fruit extract on peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation, cytokine productions and intracellular hydrogen peroxide level
Authors: BARUSRUX Sahapat , PHIBOONCHAIYANAN Preeyaporn Plaimee , KHAMPHIO Munthipha , WEERAPREEYAKUL Natthida , SIRIAMORNPUN Sirithon
Published: November 2020

Background: Ziziphus genus (jujube) is a fruit, which is commonly found and used in Eastern traditional medicine for various conditions. Immunomodulation and anti-oxidant activities of jujube fruit extract are reported. This study aimed to observe immunomodulation effects of green (unripe) and ripe jujube fruit extract on peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) proliferation by carboxyfluorescein diacetate (CFSE) fluorescence, cytokine profiling by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and intracellular H2O2 level by dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) fluorescence. Results: Treatments of PBMC with both green and ripe pulp extracts resulted in non-significant increases, about 1.01 - 1.15 times, in PBMC proliferation compared to the untreated group (p > 0.05). The pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-1β) and regulatory Th2 cytokine (IL-10) levels were significantly higher in PBMC treated with ripe jujube fruit extract than in the cells stimulated with green jujube extract (p < 0.05). Th1 cytokine (IFN-γ) level was not significantly different between the ripe and green jujube extract. A higher percentage of intracellular H2O2 reduction was observed in PBMC treated with the green pulp extract compared to the ripe pulp extract (p < 0.05). Conclusions: This study provides practical information about an effect of jujube staging on some cytokine inductions. The reduction of intracellular oxidative stress seems to involve these cytokine induction phenomena.
Adsorption of Diazo Dye C.I. Acid Red 97 from Aqueous Solution onto Yemen Natural Clay: Equilibrium and Thermodynamic Studies
Authors: Al-Wahbi Abdulrakib
Published: November 2020

The equilibrium adsorption of diazo dye C.I. Acid Red 97 (AR97) from aqueous solutions onto Yemen natural clay has been studied as a function of temperature and particle size range. The equilibrium data were correlated using Langmuir, Fruendlich, Temkin, Redlich-Peterson, and Sips isotherm models. Thermodynamic parameters such as standard enthalpy (ΔHº), standard entropy (ΔSº) and standard Gibbs free energy (ΔGº) were calculated. It was found that the adsorption capacity of clay for AR97 decreases with increasing temperature and particle size range. The results show that Fruendlich and Sips isotherm models best fit the experimental data over the whole concentration range. The maximum adsorption capacity for Yemen natural clay was 196.7 (mg.g-1 ). The value of ΔHº was -20.5 (kJ.g-mol−1) indicating that the adsorption of AR79 onto Yemen natural clay is characterized by physical adsorption. ΔGº values obtained were all negatives indicating a spontaneous adsorption process
Corrosion Fatigue Crack Growth Rates of Sensitized AA5456-H116: Contribution of Stress Corrosion Cracking
Authors: Schrock David J. , Akman Allison M. , Locke Jenifer S. (Warner)
Published: November 2020

The interplay between stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and corrosion fatigue was investigated for AA5456-H116 to determine the source of the inverse relationship between fatigue loading (f) and fatigue crack growth rates (da/dN). Sensitization in 5xxx series aluminum alloys refers to the precipitation of β on α-aluminum grain boundaries, which can occur in high-Mg 5xxx alloys after sufficient exposure to temperatures as low as 40°C. Recent research has established that da/dN in sensitized 5xxx series aluminum alloys can be inversely dependent on f. The severity of the inverse relationship between da/dN and f has been attributed to sensitization level, alloy composition, and temper. In this work, the effect that Kmax has on corrosion fatigue da/dN was quantified using fracture mechanics-based experiments conducted at different maximum stress intensity factors (Kmax) but the same ΔK in 3.5 wt% NaCl. Results suggest that the severity of the inverse relationship between da/dN and f (i.e., the slope of the da/dN vs. f trend) is governed by the magnitude of Kmax in relation to the threshold stress intensity factor for SCC (KISCC). In addition, results show that an inverse f-dependence, albeit with a lower slope, can exist even when Kmax is less than KISCC; in other words, absent SCC. This low-slope corrosion fatigue behavior may have been driven by an enhanced rate of hydrogen embrittlement facilitated by the more aggressive local crack tip environment present at progressively lower loading frequencies during corrosion of highly sensitized microstructures.
Asian Chemists speak with one voice
Authors: Keinan Ehud
Published: November 2020

Dear Reader, the newly born AsiaChem magazine echoes the voice of the Federation of Asian Chemical Societies (FACS). We believe that this biannual, free-access magazine will attract worldwide attention because it comprises diverse articles on cutting-edge science, history, essays, interviews, and anything that would interest the broad readership within the chemical sciences. All articles are authored by scientists who were born in Asian countries or actively working in Asia. Thus, eight FACS countries, including Australia, China, India, Israel, Jordan, South Korea, Taiwan, and Turkey, are represented in this inaugural issue.
FACS in the 21st century
Authors: Hwu Jih-Ru , Winkler Dave
Published: November 2020

FACS is ideally positioned to be a powerful, inclusive, an outward-facing federation of chemical and allied societies in the Asia Pacific region. The Federation promotes networking and collaboration within the region and strong engagement in the broader international chemical community. Over the past three years, FACS has been refocused to capture these opportunities by the restructuring of three critical aspects of the FACS operations.
Comparison of published palaeoclimate records suitable for reconstructing annual to sub-decadal hydroclimatic variability in eastern Australia: implications for water resource management and planning
Authors: Flack Anna L. , Kiem Anthony S. , Vance Tessa R. , Tozer Carly R. , Roberts Jason L.
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Knowledge of past, current, and future hydroclimatic risk
is of great importance. However, like many other countries, Australia's
observed hydroclimate records are at best only ∼ 120 years
long (i.e. from ∼ 1900 to the present) but are typically less than
∼ 50 years long. Therefore, recent research has focused on
developing longer hydroclimate records based on palaeoclimate information
from a variety of different sources. Here we review and compare the insights emerging from 11 published palaeoclimate records that are relevant for annual to sub-decadal hydroclimatic variability in eastern Australia over the last ∼ 1000 years. The sources of palaeoclimate information include ice cores, tree rings, cave deposits, and lake sediment deposits. The published palaeoclimate information was then analysed to determine when (and where) there was agreement (or uncertainty) about the timing of wet and dry epochs in the pre-instrumental period (1000–1899). The occurrence,
frequency, duration, and spatial extent of pre-instrumental wet and dry
epochs was then compared to wet and dry epochs since 1900. The results show
that instrumental records (∼ 1900–present) underestimate (or
at least misrepresent) the full range of rainfall variability that has
occurred, and is possible, in eastern Australia. Even more disturbing is the suggestion, based on insights from the published palaeoclimate data
analysed, that 71 % of the pre-instrumental period appears to have no
equivalent in the instrumental period. This implies that the majority of the past 1000 years was unlike anything encountered in the period that informs water infrastructure, planning, and policy in Australia. A case study, using a typical water storage reservoir in eastern Australia, demonstrates that current water resource infrastructure and management strategies would not cope under the range of pre-instrumental conditions that this study suggests has occurred. When coupled with projected impacts of climate change and growing demands, these results highlight some major challenges for water resource management and infrastructure. Though our case study location is eastern Australia, these challenges, and the limitations associated with current methods that depend on instrumental records that are too short to realistically characterise interannual to multi-decadal variability, also apply globally.
The Role of Apoptosis in Detrusor Contractility
Authors: Kim Su Jin
Published: November 2020

Apoptosis has been found in bladder affected by various types of voiding dysfunction. In animal studies, higher levels of apoptosis were observed in conditions of both detrusor overactivity and underactivity than in normal bladders. However, it has been difficult to establish the exact underlying mechanism of apoptosis in these conditions and to find new therapeutic targets because the causes of voiding dysfunction are diverse and the coexistence of various types of voiding problems is common. Furthermore, the lack of studies of the human detrusor contributes to our incomplete understanding of these issues. Therefore, this revies discuss the role of apoptosis in detrusor contractility based on previous studies.
Polydeoxyribonucleotide Ameliorates Inflammation and Apoptosis in Achilles Tendon-Injury Rats
Authors: Rho Jeong Ho , Ko Il-Gyu , Jin Jun-Jang , Hwang Lakkyong , Kim Sang-Hoon , Chung Jun-Young , Hwang Tae-Jun , Han Jin Hee
Published: November 2020

Purpose: Adenosine A2A receptor agonist polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN) possesses an anti-inflammatory effect and suppress apoptotic cell death in several disorders. In this current study, the effect of PDRN on inflammation and apoptosis in rats with Achilles tendon injury was investigated.Methods: von Frey filament test and plantar test were conducted for the determination of pain threshold. Analysis of histological alterations was conducted by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Immunohistochemistry for cleaved caspase-3-positive cells and cleaved caspase-9-positive cells was done. Enzyme-linked immunoassay was used to detect the concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and cyclic adenosine-3’,5’-monophosphate (cAMP). Western blot was conducted to detect the protein levels of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), protein kinase A (PKA), Bcl-2-associated X (Bax), and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2).Results: PDRN treatment relieved mechanical allodynia and alleviated thermal hyperalgesia after Achilles tendon injury. TNF-α and IL-6 concentrations were decreased by PDRN application. PDRN injection significantly enhanced cAMP concentration and phosphorylated CREB versus CREB ratio, showing cAMP-PKA-CREB pathway was activated by PDRN application. PDRN treatment inhibited percentages of cleaved caspase-3-positive cells and caspase-9-posiive cells and the suppressed Bax versus Bcl-2 ratio in Achilles tendon injury rats.Conclusions: PDRN is probably believed to have a good effect on pain and inflammation in the urogenital organs. PDRN may be used as a new treatment for Achilles tendon injury.
Protective Effect of Polydeoxyribonucleotide Against CCl4-Induced Acute Liver Injury in Mice
Authors: Lee Seunghwan , Won Kyu Yeoun , Joo Sunhyung
Published: November 2020

Purpose: Polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN) is a substance known to suppress inflammation and accelerate wound healing. In this experiment, the effect of PDRN treatment on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-evoked acute liver injury (ALI) was investigated using mice.Methods: We analyzed the levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and conducted hematoxylin and eosin staining in accompany with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling staining. Western blot analysis was also conducted to assess the expressions of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, adenosine A2A receptor, Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2). The mice were received intraperitoneal injection of 10-mL/kg CCl4, 4 times, once every 2 days. The mice in the PDRN treatment groups received intraperitoneal injection of 200-μL distilled water comprising each concentration of PDRN for 7 days starting 1 day after first CCl4 injection.Results: ALT and AST concentrations in the serum were reduced and TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 expressions were decreased by PDRN injection in CCl4-evoked ALI mice. PDRN injection suppressed Bax versus Bcl-2 ratio and reduced the percentage of TUNE-positive cells in CCl4-evoked ALI mice. PDRN injection overexpressed adenosine A2A receptor in CCl4-evoked ALI mice.Conclusions: The therapeutic efficacy of PDRN also can be expected for CCl4-evoked acute urogenital injury in addition to ALI. The current research suggests that PDRN may be used for the therapeutic agent of CCl4-evoked ALI.
Evaluation of PTEN Inhibitor Following Spinal Cord Injury on Recovery of Voiding Efficiency and Motor Function Observed by Regeneration in Spinal Cord
Authors: Cho Young Sam , Kim Su Jin , Kim Khae Hawn
Published: November 2020

Purpose: Neurogenic bladder (NB) associated with spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious health problem. However, no effective treatment has been developed for SCI patients with NB. Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) inhibitors have been proposed as a promising option for inducing neural regeneration. Therefore, we investigated the effects of a tissue gene nerve (TGN), PTEN inhibitor, on voiding function, motor function, and the expression of growth factors after SCI.Methods: In this experiment, female rats were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=10 in each group): the sham-operation group, the SCI-induced group, and the SCI-induced and TGN-treated group. Cystometry; the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) scale test; the ladder walking test; hematoxylin and eosin staining; and Western blotting for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and nerve growth factor (NGF) were performed to evaluate functional and molecular changes.Results: After SCI, the rats exhibited decreased walking ability according to the BBB scale test and impaired coordinative function according to the ladder walking test. The PTEN inhibitor promoted enhanced walking ability and coordinative function. Cystometry showed voiding impairment after SCI and improved voiding function was observed after PTEN treatment. Overexpression of VEGF, BDNF, and NGF were observed after SCI. Administration of PTEN inhibitors significantly attenuated the overexpression of growth factors due to SCI.Conclusion: PTEN inhibitor treatment diminished the overexpression of growth factors and promoted the repair of damaged tissue. PTEN inhibitor-treated rats also showed improved motor function and improved voiding function. Therefore, we suggest TGN as a new therapeutic agent that can be applied after SCI.
Can Parents Be Attributed to Their Subsidiary Performance? A Multi-Level Analysis for Performance Determinants of Multinational Enterprises in Pakistan
Authors: Zahra Nayab , Siddiqui Danish Ahmed
Published: November 2020

International firms are highly sensitive to the performance of their subsidiaries and want to understand the factors behind their monetary success. Thus, numerous strategies are employed by these International firms to explore subsidiaries’ performance determinants; usually, these include subsidiary level attributes, ignoring the parent’s impact along with its country. To address this gap we construct a multi-level research that focuses the subsidiary, parent attributes along with countries’ Governance Indicators while predicting the determinants of subsidiary performance in Pakistan.We use two different levels i.e. parent & subsidiary level; multi-level analysis approach with HLM (Hierarchical Linear Model) in this research paper. Governance indicators of both parents and subsidiaries were taken explanatory factors along with Market growth, size, Performance, R & D, capital structure as well as asset management policies of parent. Subsidiary level factors included parents’ ownership, size, equity, and capital investment. 26 multinational companies listed on Pakistan Stock Exchange were included. Data was taken from the year 2012 to 2018. Selected companies cover around ten sectors of Pakistan Stock Exchange.The study revealed that on both levels; parents and subsidiaries, Governance institutions are more influencing factors rather than companies’ own attributes. We recommend that before investing in a country, international businesses should take into account Governance institutions (by World Bank); more than their own attributes.Originality/value - This study contributes to the existing approaches to determining subsidiary performance through adding Governance institutions and parent level attributes. Especially it explores the determinants of subsidiary performance in a developing country; Pakistan in the Asia continent.
Seismic strengthening of existing reinforced concrete buildings in Japan
Authors: Sugano Shunsuke
Published: November 2020

A number of reinforced concrete buildings, damaged by recent severe earthquakes, required extensive repair and also strengthening. The Tokachi-oki Earthquake of 1968 heavily damaged a large number of low rise buildings. Some of these were strengthened by the addition of structural walls. These buildings are still in use. Because of the lack of guidelines, the design as well as the construction for strengthening was based on engineering judgment alone. The destructive 1978 Miyagiken-oki Earthquake was also followed by the strengthening of a number of buildings. However, in this case materials and techniques for construction were specifically selected and the design was based on experimental or analytical investigations or on guidelines, where these were available.
Nailed moment joints in timber structures
Authors: Bryant A. H. , Gibson J. A. , Mitchell T. N. , Thurston S. J.
Published: November 2020

The development, design and testing of a nailed steel side-plate joint for the transfer of bending moments in timber structures is described.
The Expression of Efflux Pump Genes in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Strains Isolated from Blood Cultures in Iran
Authors: Bostanmaneshrad Arezoo , Nowroozi Jamileh , Eslami Gita , Hashemi Ali
Published: November 2020

Background: Efflux pump is a significant resistance mechanism in Staphylococcus aureus. A total of 100 patients with bacteremia from Shahid Beheshti University Hospitals of Tehran in Iran were tested for the expression of efflux pump genes, contributing to S. aureus antimicrobial resistance. Objectives: This study was conducted to identify antibiotic resistance pattern, and to evaluate the inhibitory effect of efflux pump, MIC of ciprofloxacin, and expression levels of norA, norB, and norC efflux pump genes in the presence of an efflux pump inhibitor against MDR S. aureus. Methods: A total of 100 MRSA isolates were investigated in different hospitals of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences from April 2017 - 2018. Owing to new consensus guidelines from the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), both the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test and micro-dilution method were used to evaluate antimicrobial susceptibility. Efflux pump activity using carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) was identified as a chemical efflux pump inhibitor. E-test was used to determine vancomycin-resistant antibiotic. Broth micro-dilution method for S. aureus isolates resistant to ciprofloxacin has been developed for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ciprofloxacin and CCCP and their composition. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to investigate the expression level of norA, norB, and norC efflux pump genes. Results: A total of 38 of 45 MRSA isolates (84.4%) showed resistance to ciprofloxacin. Moreover, 100% of isolates had the norA and norB genes. Further, 95% of S. aureus isolates had the norC gene. According to this study, ciprofloxacin MIC has decreased by CCCP compared to ciprofloxacin. There was an increase in the expression level of norA, norB, and norC efflux pump genes in methicillin-resistant and ciprofloxacin-resistant S. aureus strains based on RT- PCR. In this study, four different spA types were obtained as the most prevalent type of spA by t037and t790 (23.3%) and t030 (14.1%) and t044 (12.2%). Conclusions: This study indicates that the prevalence of ciprofloxacin-resistant S. aureus strains has a rising trend among MRSA clinical isolates. The ability of S. aureus isolates to be converted into drug-resistant strains using efflux pump mechanism has become a widespread concern.
The Predictive Role of Body Image and Sexual Function in Quality of Life After Modified Radical Mastectomy Regarding the Mediating Role of Emotion; A Cross Sectional Study
Authors: Pirnia Bijan , Homayounfar Nasrin , Hosseini Nasim , Ebrahimi Farshid , Haj Sadeghi Zahra , Malekanmehr Parastoo
Published: November 2020

Background: Mastectomy has negative effects on body image, sexual function, and quality of life (QOL). Additionally, maladaptive emotion regulation strategy is considered a trans-diagnostic mechanism underlying the psychiatric syndrome in these patients. Objectives: The predictive role of body image and sexual function in QOL regarding the mediating role of difficulty in emotion regulation has not been studied yet. Methods: In a correlational study, from March to December 2016, among patients undergoing modified radical mastectomy (MRM) at Early-stage Breast Cancer (BC), 90 patients were selected, using respondent-driven sampling (RDS). To collect the data, the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ), the Persian language version of the Female Sexual Function Index (P-FSFI), QOL questionnaire, and Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scales (DERS) were used. Data were analyzed through Pearson's correlation coefficient, regression analysis, and path analysis, using AMOS and SPSS software version 22 and the significance criterion was considered 0.05. Results: Data analysis showed a direct relationship between body image and sexual function with QOL, and it had an inverse relationship with difficulty in emotion regulation (P < 0.01). Also, body image, sexual function, and difficulty in emotion regulation were predictors of QOL (P < 0.01). Besides, in predicting QOL based on sexual function and body image, the difficulty in emotion regulation has a mediating role (P < 0.01). Conclusions: In patients with breast cancer under mastectomy, proper sexual function, sexual attraction depending on body image, and QOL were influenced by emotion regulation. Reducing the difficulty in emotion regulation through emotion-focused interventions can improve QOL in patients.
Resting-State Electroencephalographic Coherence in Recently Abstinent Methamphetamine Users
Authors: Shafiee-Kandjani Ali Reza , Jahan Ali , Moghadam-Salimi Maryam , Fakhari Ali , Nazari Mohammad Ali , Sadeghpour Sona
Published: November 2020

Background: Long-term use of Methamphetamine (MA) can impose some deficits by its toxicity on the brain structure and function. It can also alter brain electrical activity and cortico-cortical neural connections. The coherence index of electroencephalography reflects the temporal integration of electrical oscillations between different sites of the brain and could be affected by the chronic use of MA. Objectives: In this study, we aimed to compare quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) coherence as an index of brain connectivity between methamphetamine users and healthy people. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, 18 patients with methamphetamine abstinence and 18 healthy people with no history of psychiatric illness were evaluated. Electroencephalography was recorded during eyes-open and eyes-closed states for each group, and then, the analysis for coherence between different twin electrodes was performed. The evaluation was done on occipital, temporal, frontal, and parietal lobes. Repeated-measures ANOVA and t-test were conducted for statistical analysis (P < 0.05). Results: Coherence differences in frontal, temporal, and occipital lobes were not significant while coherence was significantly different in parietal lobes between the groups (P = 0.03), so that a decrease in C3-CZ electrode coherence in both delta and theta bands in methamphetamine users was significant (P = 0.03 and P = 0.01, respectively). Conclusions: It was revealed that brain coherence could be changed after the chronic use of MA, especially in slow waves. This could be an indicator of structural and functional damage in the neuronal population and show less regional integration in cortical areas in MA users, possibly due to substance toxicity.