bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Concentration and purification of stearidonic, eicosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acids from cod liver oil and the marine microalgaIsochrysis galbana
Authors: Medina A. Robles , Giménez A. Giménez , Camacho F. García , Pérez J. A. Sánchez , Grima E. Molina , Gómez A. Contreras
Published: June 2007

n‐3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids (n‐3 PUFA) from the marine microalgaIsochrysis galbana were concentrated and purified by a two‐step process—formation of urea inclusion compounds followed by preparative high‐performance liquid chromatography. These methods had been developed previously with fatty acids from cod liver oil. By the urea inclusion compounds method, a mixture that contained 94% (w/w) stearidonic (SA), eicosapentaenoic (EPA), plus docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids (4:1 urea/fatty acid ratio and 4°C crystallization final temperature) was obtained from cod liver oil fatty acids. Further purification of SA, EPA, and DHA was achieved with reverse‐phase C18 columns. These isolations were scaled up to a semi‐preparative column. A PUFA concentrate was isolated fromI. galbana with methanol/water (80:20, w/w) or ethanol/water (70:30, w/w). With methanol/water, a 96% EPA fraction with 100% yield was obtained, as well as a 94% pure DHA fraction with a 94% yield. With ethanol/water as the mobile phase, EPA and DHA fractions obtained were 92% pure with yields of 84 and 88%, respectively.
Dehulling of canola by hydrothermal treatments
Authors: Thakor N. J. , Sokhansanj S. , McGregor I. , McCurdy S.
Published: June 2007

Hydrothermal pretreatments for loosening the hull of Westar canola (Brassica napus L.) to promote dehulling of the seeds were investigated. The samples tested had on average 14.5% hull on a mass basis. Conditioning treatments involved soaking the seeds in distilled water or exposing the seeds to saturated steam. The moistened seed was treated with one of the following drying methods: unheated‐air drying, infrared drying, and fluidized‐bed drying. The dried grain was milled in an abrasive dehuller to break the hulls loose. The hulls were removed from the mix by aspiration. The treated seeds yielded a minimum of 11.4% to a maximum of 14.9% of the seed mass as the hull fraction. Nontreated seeds yielded 9.4% of the seed mass in hull fraction after abrasive dehulling and aspiration. Among treatments, raising the moisture content of the whole seed from 6 to 15% by exposure to steam, followed by drying in a fluidized bed, resulted in the maximum percent dehulling efficiency. The hull fraction contained about 24% crude fiber, 18% oil, and 18% protein on a dry‐mass basis.
Solvent effects on phase transition behavior of canola oil sediment
Authors: Liu Hua , Biliaderis Costas G. , Przybylski Roman , Eskin N. A. Michael
Published: June 2007

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to study the melting and crystallization behavior of waxy sediment in canola oil and in mixtures (1:1, w/w) of oil and acetone or hexane under dynamic heating/cooling regimes. In the presence of a solvent, the DSC melting peak of sediment shifted to lower temperatures, suggesting that sediment was more soluble in the solvent/oil systems than in oil alone. This effect was greater with hexane than with acetone. The influence of a solvent on crystallization was more complex. With inclusion of hexane, the crystallization temperature of sediment was always lower than that in oil. With acetone, however, the crystallization temperature of sediment was slightly lower at high sediment content, but higher at low sediment content than in oil alone. The differences in melting and crystallization behavior of sediment in canola oil and the solvent/oil systems were attributed to solubility and viscosity effects. Variation in the crystalline solid structures of sediment was not evident from the melting enthalpies associated with the phase transformation.
Palm oil methyl esters as lubricant additive in a small diesel engine
Authors: Masjuki H. H. , Sapuan S. M.
Published: June 2007

Malaysian crude palm oil has been successfully converted to methyl esters, also known as palm oil diesel (POD), which is readily combustible in diesel engines. This paper presents and discusses the results of current studies on the performance and the effects of POD on the wear characteristics of tribological components of a small, four‐stroke diesel engine. Adding POD to commercial lubricating oil has enhanced the performance of such oils. Results obtained from this study show that the power output and brake specific fuel consumption of the engine, lubricated with commercial SAE 40 oil blended with POD, are comparable to those of 100% SAE 40 oil. Wear debris analysis shows that blends of POD and SAE 40 commercial lubricating oil increase the anti‐wear characteristics of the engine when compared to 100% SAE 40 lubricating oil.
Hydrophobic interactions in the purification of soybean lecithin
Authors: Camusso C. , Maroto B.
Published: June 2007

Phospholipids have a nonpolar fatty acyl chain and a polar head group, which give them unique physicochemical behavior. They form micellar structures with glycerides, as in the hydration of lecithin, where mixed bilayers of phospholipids and glycerides are formed. In hydrated lecithin, the 70:30 phospholipid/glyceride composition shows the maximum interaction energy and corresponds to the most stable mixed layer. During purification of commercial soybean lecithin (CSL) with acetone, it was observed that the triglyceride extraction curves corresponded to an exponential function shared by the acetone and phospholipid phases. During CSL purification, a fraction of the triglycerides was dissolved, and the rest remained attached to the phospholipids, thus making total separation by simple contact with the solvent impossible. The behavior of these glyceride‐phospholipid systems is controlled by such factors as Van der Waals forces, configurational entropy, and alterations in the structure of the adjacent water, similar to the hydrophobic interactions that exist between proteins and lipid chains in biological membranes. In this study, equilibrium plots for the phospholipid/triglyceride/acetone system were obtained and provided evidence of hydrophobic interaction.
Fat encapsulation in spray‐dried food powders
Authors: Fäldt Pia , Bergenståhl Björn
Published: June 2007

The surface composition of spray‐dried sodium caseinate/lactose emulsions having different oil phases were estimated using electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA), and the particle structure was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) both before and after storage under humid conditions. After spray‐drying, powders in which the oil phases consisting of fats with intermediate melting points, such as hardened coconut oil and butter fat, had the highest surface coverage of fat, approximately 34%. The powder with soybean oil as the oil phase had a surface coverage of fat of approximately 15%. The high‐melting hardened rapeseed oil was almost completely encapsulated after spray‐drying. After storage in a humid atmosphere, fat was released onto all the powder surfaces (surface fat after storage, between 50–65%) except for those with hardened rapeseed oil in which the fat remained encapsulated. These observations are consistent with the powder structure observed by SEM. The surface composition estimated by ESCA for spray‐dried sodium caseinate/lactose‐containing emulsions with different amounts of soybean oil and a constant lactose/sodium caseinate ratio showed an almost completely encapsulated oil‐phase after drying. Storage of these powders in a humid atmosphere leads to a release of fat onto the powder surface even if the soybean oil content is low (1% of the dry weight). Powders made from soybean oil emulsions with sodium caseinate alone exhibit a much lower degree of encapsulation than in the system where lactose is present.
Reactions of dioxiranes with selected oleochemicals
Authors: Sonnet P. E. , Lankin M. E. , McNeill G. P.
Published: June 2007

Reaction of fatty acids with dimethyldioxirane in acetone produces ketoacids in 9–12% yields in which the ketone carbonyl is distributed along the fatty chain. The n‐1 position appears to be preferred. Lactones of hydroxy fatty acids are oxidized by this reagent, but in low yields, to the corresponding ketoacids. Biphasic epoxidations with methylethyldioxirane in 2‐butanone were conducted with methyl oleate and methyl ricinoleate to give the corresponding expoxides in high yield, and olive oil and tallow were cleanly epoxidized by this procedure as well.
Chemical characterization of lysyl oxidase inhibitor from avocado seed oil
Authors: Rosenblat Gennady , Kagan Herbert M. , Shah Manzoor A. , Spiteller Gerchard , Neeman Itshak
Published: June 2007

The active factor of lysyl oxidase inhibition was separated from unsaponifiables of avocado seed oil and characterized by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. Results indicated the presence of furan‐containing lipids in the active factor mixture and also showed a structural difference compared to previously reported furan‐containing lipids of avocado which relates to the length of the hydrocarbon chain substituent. Another structural difference evinced was the availability of the hydroxyl group in the aliphatic moiety of the investigated substances. A purified mixture of furan‐containing compounds was testedin vitro for inhibitory activity on pure bovine aorta lysyl oxidase. It was shown that mixing furan‐containing lipids in Tween 80 reversibly inhibited pure bovine aorta lysyl oxidase activity against tritiated recombinant tropoelastin with the I50 value of inhibition of 105 µM. Thesein vitro studies suggested that the mixture of avocado seed oil furan‐containing lipids was not a substrate‐specific inhibitor of lysyl oxidase, and it might prove to be useful as a potential antifibrotic drug. Moreover, the unique chemistry of the studied compound for lysyl oxidase inhibition should enable the designing of new probes of the active site of this important enzyme.
Transesterification kinetics of triglycerides for a modified lipase inn‐hexane
Authors: Basheer S. , Snape J. B. , Mogi K. , Nakajima M.
Published: June 2007

A simple kinetic model for the transesterification of triglycerides catalyzed by a modified lipase inn‐hexane has been proposed. The model assumes that the enzyme has 1,3‐positional specificity and does not distinguish among the different fatty acid residues considered in this study. The model is based on material balances of consecutive second‐order reversible reactions and requires only one parameter that can easily be determined experimentally. The differential rate equations have been solved analytically to give explicit equations that link the concentrations of all possible triglycerides to the initial conditions and the reaction time. The model was in good agreement with experimental data for different biocatalyst concentrations with the same value of the specific rate constant. The same value of specific rate constant also gave a good fit with experimental data for an acidolysis reaction between a triglyceride and a fatty acid, implying that the modified lipase did not distinguish between free fatty acids and fatty acid residues attached to the 1 and 3 positions of glycerol backbone.
Enzymatic enrichment of C20cis‐5 polyunsaturated fatty acids fromBiota orientalis seed oil
Authors: Lie Ken Jie Marcel S. F. , Rahmatullah M. S. K. Syed
Published: June 2007

Enrichment ofcis‐5 polyunsaturated fatty acids [20:3(5c,11c,14c), 4.3% and 20:4(5c,11c,14c,17c), 11.3%] fromBiota orientalis seed oil was carried out by lipase‐catalyzed selective esterification and hydrolysis reactions. Lipases fromRhizomucor miehei (Lipozyme),Candida cylindracea and porcine pancreas were used. Lipozyme‐catalyzed esterification ofBiota fatty acids withn‐butanol inn‐hexane allowed 20:3 and 20:4 (as fatty acids) to be enriched to a maximum level of 52.9%, and in the presence ofC. cylindracea lipase 61.5% enrichment was achieved. Esterification with pancreatic lipase was poor with low levels of enrichment of 20:3 and 20:4 (22%). A multigram scale esterification of the free fatty acids fromBiota seed oil by repeated treatment of the isolated fatty acid fraction withn‐butanol inn‐hexane in the presence ofC. cylindracea lipase furnished an enrichment yield of 72.5% of a mixture of 20:3 and 20:4 fatty acids. Urea fractionation of the free fatty acids ofBiota oil gave an initial enriched fraction of 20:3 (9.5%) and 20:4 (25.2%) which, upon treatment withC. cylindracea lipase inn‐butanol andn‐hexane, gave an enriched fraction of 85.3% of 20:3 and 20:4 fatty acids. Partial hydrolysis of the triglycerides ofBiota oil byC. cylindracea lipase in potassium phosphate buffer at 25°C resulted in a 2.8‐fold enrichment ofcis‐5 polyunsaturated fatty acids (40.8% of 20:3 and 20:4) as contained in the unhydrolyzed acylglycerol fractions.
On the glyceride composition of animal fats
Authors: Quimby O. T. , Wille R. L. , Lutton E. S.
Published: June 2007

In agreement with comments of Hilditch but in contrast with certain other statements in the literature it is concluded that lard, beef tallow, and mutton tallow are non‐random in distribution of fatty acid chains among their glycerides. From thermal and x‐ray diffraction techniques applied to S3, S2U, SU2, and U3 fractions of these fats and to the various products of complete hydrogenation it is concluded that lard is composed largely of 2‐palmityl glycerides as proposed by Hilditch while the tallows are composed largely of 1‐palmityl glycerides.
Measurement of calcium ion suppression by protection of foam of sodium cetyl sulfate solutions
Authors: Ross John , Shedlovsky L. , Jakob C. W.
Published: June 2007

Relative protection of various compounds against calcium salts was determined by a pour‐foam test, using sodium cetyl sulfate as a foam‐producing indicator. The sensitivity of the test corresponds to less than 2 p.p.m. of calcium salt.

Some of the data are compared with similar tests, using sodium oleate as an indicator, and advantages of the cetyl sulfate test are noted.

The test is discussed from the point of view of a competition for calcium ion by the cetyl sulfate anion to precipitate calcium cetyl sulfate and by the compound tested to precipitate a calcium salt or form complex calcium ions.

On the basis of the equilibria involved an estimate is made of the approximate solubility of calcium cetyl sulfate in the salt solutions tested.
Paper chromatography of unsaturated fatty acid esters as their mercuric acetate addition compounds
Authors: Inouye Yoshiyuki , Noda Manjiro , Hirayama Osamu
Published: June 2007

A method is described by which unsaturated fatty acid esters can be separated and identified by reversed‐phase paper chromatography. The procedure is based upon the formation of the mercuric acetate addition compounds of the esters and the detection of the compounds on the chromatograms, using the sensitive color reaction with diphenylcarbazone. The application of this technique to the analysis of the component unsaturated acids of natural fats has been examined, and tetradecenoic acid in olive oil and hexadecenoic acid in linseed oil both formerly unidentified have been detected as the minor component acids by means of the method. The preliminary investigation on the absorption spectra of diphenylcarbazone complexes derived from the addition compounds has been made to bring the method into quantitative use.
Synthetic detergents from animal fats. IV. Sodium 9,10‐dichlorooctadecyl sulfates
Authors: Weil J. K. , Stirton A. J. , Maurer E. W.
Published: June 2007

Sodium 9,10‐dichlorooctadecyl sulfates were prepared by the addition of chlorine to oleyl and to elaidyl alcohols, and sulfation of the dichlorooctadecanols with chlorosulfonic acid. The sodium 9,10‐dichlorooctadecyl sulfates are readily soluble in water at 25°C and resemble sodium oleyl sulfate in detergent and surface‐active properties. Tallow alcohols can be chlorinated by the addition of chlorine and sulfated with one of the usual sulfating agents to produce an adequately soluble detergent and surface‐active agent.
The reduction of free gossypol in cottonseed flakes during solvent extraction
Authors: Arnold Lionel K. , Juhl William G.
Published: June 2007

Conclusions

Extraction with trichloroethylene was found to be an effective method of reducing the free gossypol content of flaked cottonseed meats. The reduction was found to be a function of both extraction temperature and residual extractables in the extracted meal. Because of the low temperatures involved the meal produced by this method has a higher soluble protein content than a meal in which the free gossypol is reduced by heat treatment.
Solvent extraction of fish offal
Authors: Arnold L. K. , Arvidson H. C.
Published: June 2007

Data are given which show the effect of the various extraction variables on the extraction of fish meal in both the laboratory and pilot plant. The use of wetting agents, although promising in the laboratory, does not appear to be of much value for pilot plant operation. A higher percentage of the oil components is removed by trichloroethylene under a given set of extracting conditions than with hexane. The mechanism of the extraction is believed to be one of surface‐washing for short extractions, and for longer extractions this washing process is supplemented by diffusion.
Adsorption of synthetic detergents affects use and waste disposal
Authors: Flett L. H. , Hoyt L. F. , Walter J. E.
Published: June 2007

In a brief discussion such as this, it is impossible to do more than touch some of the highlights. Facts have been pointed out which serve to explain some of the many anomalies which are all too common in the use of synthetic detergents. Much progress can still be made in the economical use of detergents by a precise understanding of the surface effects required and by proper choice of materials and conditions to achieve those results.
Fluorescence as a measure of brown substances in soybean lecithin
Authors: Scholfield C. R. , Dutton H. J.
Published: June 2007

The fluorescence of soybean lecithin increases in a linear fashion with an increase in brown substances. Since the measurement of fluorescence is simple and rapid, this measurement should prove a useful index of browning.
The inhibition of autoxidation by aromatic amines
Authors: Adamic K. , Bowman D. F. , Ingold K. U.
Published: June 2007

Recent work on the inhibition of autoxidation by aromatic amines is reviewed. The rate controlling step for the inhibition process is abstraction of the amino hydrogen by a peroxy radical. The rate of this reaction is increased by electron donating substituents attached to the aromatic ring. Nitroxide radicals may be produced in the reaction of peroxy radicals with secondary amino radicals. The efficiency of nitroxide formation is greater for tertiary than for secondary peroxy radicals because, in the latter case, the caged nitroxide and alkoxy radical may disproportionate to give a hydroxylamine and a carbonyl compound. Primary aromatic amines do not give nitroxides, presumably because the peroxy radical‐amino radical reaction gives an alcohol and a nitroso aromatic. The tertiary amine, N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethyl‐p‐phenylenediamine is shown to be a catalyst of autoxidation rather than an inhibitor, as has been previously reported. The products of the N‐phenyl‐2‐naphthylamine‐peroxy radical reaction have been identified.
Hydrogenation of triglycerides containing linolenic acids: II. Continuous hydrogenation of vegetable oils
Authors: Schmidt H. J.
Published: June 2007

In this study continuous hydrogenation of neutral oils, especially the selective hydrogenation of soybean oil, is described. The reactor is a column divided by a series of plates into a number of reaction chambers. Oil with suspended catalyst and hydrogen enters the column at the bottom and flows concurrently with hydrogen through it. The pressure in the reactor will adjust itself, depending on the activity and concentration of the catalyst and throughput of oil. The ratio of gas volume in the reactor to volume of the oil is very low, so that the iodine value of the hydrogenated product can be controlled to within 1.5 iodine unit.
Trapped radicals in dry lipid‐protein systems undergoing oxidation
Authors: Roubal William T.
Published: June 2007

Free radicals derived from perozidizing lipids in close association with proteins and other biomolecules have been implicated as being the principal reactants leading to polymerization of proteins and destruction of amino acids. The present study, which deals with lipid‐protein systems low in moisture, shows that radical derived from oxidizing lipid are readily trapped. Partial characterization of these radicals has been possible. The possibility that these radicals are the ones which participate in events leading to biological damage is explored.
Corrosion of alloys in tall oil distillation service
Authors: Templeton Harold C.
Published: June 2007

Plant corrosion tests of various metals and alloys in tall oil distillation streams present the effect of alloy composition on corrosion rate. Stream temperature, alloy composition and stream composition are correlated so as to provide a useful guide to material selection for tall oil distillation plants. Alloys exposed to corrosion test were iron or nickel base with chromium plus varying amounts of molybdenum. Molybdenum is the most important alloy addition in reducing the rate of corrosion attack, with corrosion attack at a very low rate, <.1 mil per year, at the 6% molybdenum level in the most aggressive stream tested, i.e., 85% fatty acids at 518F. The presence of chromium does not appear to be essential to obtaining good corrosion resistance to the more corrosive conditions. Corrosion rates increase with increasing temperature. The streams classed as high in fatty acids are much more corrosive than those which are classed as high in rosin acids. Vapor phase streams are more corrosive than liquid phase streams. Corrosion attack is normally from pitting. Most of the more corrosive conditions can be handled with an alloy containing 3% to 4% molybdenum (AISI Type 317), but some process conditions require higher molybdenum contents in order to obtain acceptable corrosion rates. Less corrosive streams can be handled with an alloy containing less than 3% molybdenum (AISI Type 316).
Some recently discovered constituents of animal fats
Authors: Hartman L.
Published: June 2007

A series of branched‐chain and odd‐numbered straight‐chain fatty acids has been recently isolated from ox, sheep, and butterfat. Substantial amounts oftrans‐unsaturated acids have been found in the depot fats of ruminants, but none or little in nonruminants. Mechanisms of the formation of all these constituents based on the activity of rumen bacteria are suggested.
A polarographic investigation of the kinetics of epoxidation of unsaturated fatty acid esters
Authors: Ricciuti Constantine , Silbert Leonard S. , Port William S.
Published: June 2007

A polarographic technique which uses a nonaqueous electrolytic solution consisting of 0.25M ammonium acetate in glacial acetic acid is a suitable medium for the investigation of the kinetics of fatty acid ester epoxidations. From the polarographic data the specific reaction rate constants for the perlauric acid epoxidation of vinyl laurate, methyl oleate, and vinyl oleate in benzene at 25°C. were found to be 12, 232, and 270 × 10−3 l./mole−1 min−1. The Arrhenius equation for the epoxidations of methyl oleate and vinyl oleate by perlauric acid can be expressed as
Copper‐hydrogenated soybean and linseed oils: Composition, organoleptic quality and oxidative stability
Authors: Cowan J. C. , Koritala S. , Warner K. , List G. R. , Moulton K. J. , Evans C. D.
Published: June 2007

Copper and nickel hydrogenations give a wide distribution of double bonds in the monoene fraction from both reduced soybean and linseed oils. With copper catalysts, high pressure hydrogenation reduces the extent of this double bond distribution when compared with low pressure hydrogenation. With nickel catalysts, some Δ17‐octadecenoate is formed but less than with a copper catalyst. In room odor evaluations, copper‐hydrogenated soybean (CuHSB) oil gave higher scores and lower fishy responses than nickel‐hydrogenated soybean oil after both had been exposed to fluorescent light. A mixture of CuHSB oil (33%) and peanut oil received room odor scores equal to or better than peanut oil alone, whether light exposed or not. Although hydrogenated products with remarkable stability to oxidation were obtained by copper hydrogenation of linseed oil, these oils have lower organoleptic stability when compared to nickel‐hydrogenated, winterized soybean oil.
Heat inactivation of trypsin inhibitor, lipoxygenase and urease in soybeans: Effect of acid and base additives
Authors: Baker E. C. , Mustakas G. C.
Published: June 2007

Effects of chemical additives on the heat inactivation of trypsin inhibitor (TI), lipoxygenase and urease in soybeans were investigated. The nutritional value of soybeans increases when antigrowth factors, such as TI, are inactivated. Inactivation of lipoxygenase enhances palatability and storage stability. Heat inactivation of antinutritional factors during immersion cooking of dry soymeats was studied without additives. Processing time was varied from 15 min to 2 hr over a temperature range of 120–212 F. The experiments were repeated, with the addition of NaOH or HCl to the cooking water. Without additives, lipoxygenase proved to be the most heat labile and TI, the least. With either acid or base additives, the initial inactivation of urease and lipoxygenase was accelerated significantly; however, while TI inactivation was accelerated by base, it was retarded by acid addition.
Thermal analysis of 1,2‐epoxypropyl esters of normal fatty acids
Authors: Fernández‐Martín F.
Published: June 2007

Seven members of this homologous series have been studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and their melting point, enthalpy and entropy of fusion obtained. The entropy change for each additional carbon‐carbon bond in the aliphatic acid chain closely observed the valueR ln 3, as expected for flexible molecules. IR spectra of crystalline glycidyl miristate, palmitate and stearate showed the typical band progression in the 1180–1350 cm−1 region and a doublet at ca. 720±10 cm−1. Glycidyl esters appeared to be free of polymorphism, since no differences in the behavior of solids crystallized from solvent or from the melt were observed either by DSC or by IR spectroscopy.
Composition of bovine milk lipids
Authors: Jensen Robert G.
Published: June 2007

Recent literature on the composition of milk lipids is reviewed and discussed. Many additional exotic fatty acids, mainly branched chain, keto, hydroxy and isomers containing double bonds, have been identified, often with the aid of mass spectrometry. It is estimated that ca. 500 fatty acids have been found in milk lipids. Components of lipid classes have been isolated and their structure determined, e.g., glucosyl and lactosyl ceramide, sphingomyelin, ether lipids, etc. The fatty acid composition of “protected” milk is discussed. This milk, obtained from cows fed polyunsaturated oils encapsulated with formaldehyde‐treated casein, contains about five times more linoleic acid than regular milk. The future of research on milk lipids is promising, as there are still many intriguing problems of separation and identification.
Triglyceride structure of milk fats
Authors: Kuksis A. , Marai L. , Myher J. J.
Published: June 2007

The enantiomeric nature of the triglycerides of bovine milk fat was reinvestigated by determining the stereospecific distribution of fatty acids in rearranged butterfat, following partial hydrolysis with pancreatic lipase, and in certain molecular distillates of native butterfat, following Grignard degradation. The results with rearranged butterfat confirmed the validity of pancreatic lipase hydrolysis as a means of generating representative diglycerides from milk fat triglycerides. The Grignard degradation and lipolysis gave identical distributions for fatty acids when included as part of the assay system in the stereospecific analysis. Characteristically, butyric acid and the other short chain acids occupied the 3 position in the native butterfat, while in the rearranged oil they were distributed more or less randomly. Gas chromatographic analysis of the short chain glycerides on polyester columns allowed an effective resolution of butyryl, caproyl and caprylyl glycerides of identical numbers of total acyl carbons and double bonds. The method was especially well suited for resolution of the 2,3‐diglycerides, which were recovered either as the more polar fraction from thin layer chromatography of the X‐1,2‐diacylglycerols, or by acetolysis of the residual phenolphosphatides resulting from phospholipase A digestion. It was shown that butyric acid in the 3 position was preferentially paired with myristic, palmitic and oleic acid in the 2 position, and palmitic and oleic acid in the 1 position, which was also characteristic of the other short chain acids.
Sperm whale oil analysis by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry
Authors: Spencer G. F. , Tallent W. H.
Published: June 2007

Gas liquid chromatography of winterized sperm oil showed that its wax esters with even carbon numbers range from C24 to C42 and are present in quantities resembling a normal distribution curve with C34 as the mean. Between these even‐numbered wax esters, ones with odd chain lengths were eluted. Triglycerides, similarly present in a normal distribution pattern, ranged from C42 to C58 and also included traces of odd chain species. The component acids and alcohols were analyzed by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry, and double bond positions in the monoenoid components were established. Branched chain and odd chain constituents, both saturated and unsaturated, were detected among both alcohols and acids. These moieties, when combined with those having even chains, are responsible for the wax esters and triglycerides with odd carbon numbers.
Determination of rhodium on commercial carbon‐ and alumina‐supported catalysts
Authors: List G. R. , Friedrich J. P. , Kwolek W. F. , Evans C. D.
Published: June 2007

Methods are described to determine metallic rhodium on small smaples of either carbon or alumina catalyst supports. After the catalysts were digested with hot mineral acids, the solutions were analyzed by an established colorimetric method and results were compared with those from an atomic absorption procedure. Statistical analysis showed that the two methods were equal in precision with a combined standard deviation of 0.08 for a 5.0% rhodium catalyst.
Dietary fat composition and tocopherol requirement: IV. Safety of polyunsaturated fats
Authors: Alfin‐Slater R. B. , Wells P. , Aftergood L. , Melnick D.
Published: June 2007

In a long‐term multigeneration study, conducted in our laboratories for 32‐years, with occasional longevity and histopathological evaluations included, rats of our own inbred strain (originally of Wistar derivation) were fed semisynthetic diets comprising whole wheat, skim milk powder, and fat in the form of margarine products. The total source of tocopherols was the dietary fat itself. Saturated fatty acid content (S) remained relatively constant at about 20% of the fat and total tocopherol level also remained constant at about 0.12% of the fat. Polyunsaturated fatty acid (P) content, however, progressively increased almost fourfold, from 7.5% to 28.5% and alphatocopherol levels decreased to one‐half level, from 0.033% to 0.016% of the fat. Hence, the ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids to alpha‐tocopherol content changed markedly from 227∶1 to 1780∶1, with other factors (relative to fat composition) held constant during the 32‐year period of feedings and observations. Fat level in the diet increased over the years from 9.2% to 16.0% or from about 21% to about 33% of the caloric intake. Thus, quality and quantity of the fat in the diet progressively changed, and the impact of these changes was evaluated by comparing biological performances of the successive generations. Growth and reproduction and lactation performances were noted to be regularly satisfactory and comparable from generation to generation throughout the experimental period. Longevity studies conducted on arbitrarily selected generations also provided data showing no deleterious effects associated with a dietary change. Histopathological examinations of tissue revealed minimal myocarditis and no malignant tumors which could be attributed to a dietary factor. No vitamin E deficiencies were observed. Even the in vitro peroxide hemolysis values for the red blood cells of the animals, fed the diets containing the higher levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids, were low, indicating that the dietary fats provided sufficient absorbable tocopherol to protect the potentially oxidizable unsaturated fatty acids in the erythrocyte membrane. Biochemical data reflected responses to aging and not to any specific diet fed. It is concluded that a diet providing as much as 33% of the calories as a fat, the latter containing up to 28.5% polyunsaturated fatty acids, substantially of the essential fatty acid type, with a P/S ratio of up to 1.6∶1 and a polyunsaturated fatty acid to alphatocopherol ratio as high as 1780∶1] produces no undesirable effects in the rat.
Bleaching of vegetable oils. II. Conversions of methyl oleate and linoleate
Authors: van den Bosch G.
Published: June 2007

Methyl oleate and linoleate were treated with 10% acid activated clay at 90–100 C for 1–50 hr with and without admission of air. Positional and geometric isomers of fatty acid esters were found. Polar compounds were detected having one or more functional groups with respect to the starting esters. Preparative thin layer chromatography and gas liquid chromatography were used in isolating the compounds, while IR, NMR, mass spectroscopy, and gas liquid chromatography analysis were employed for identification. The unsaturation of the isolated isomers was present at carbon atoms 5–11. The polar compounds were, among others, 9‐ and 10‐keto octadecanoic methyl esters, isomeric keto octadecenoic methyl esters, isomeric epoxy octadecanoic methyl esters, 9‐ and 10‐hydroxy octadecanoic methyl esters, and some mono methyl ester dicarbonic acids. It may be concluded that geometric, as well as positional, isomerization occurs and that small amounts of compounds with one or more functional groups are formed when unsaturated fatty acids were treated with acid‐activated clay.
Air and water pollution control in crude tall oil manufacture in the pulp and paper industry
Authors: Krumbein J. P. , Adams A. B.
Published: June 2007

Pollution preventive measures should be built into the process when a new mill is designed; corrective measures must be taken on existing mills. For air pollution control, these measures consist essentially of enclosing all vessels that contain the black liquor from which the tall oil is recovered. Hoods are placed over storage tanks, sumps, heat exchangers, and other liquor‐containing vessels. The hoods must be vented to a ductwork system that brings the off‐gases to a central point for disposition. Typical devices to remove the offensive odors and particulate matter in the off‐gases are wet scrubbers and incinerators. Evaporation can be used to concentrate liquids containing small amounts of contaminants to much smaller volumes and to concentrations that permit incineration. The lime kiln and recovery boiler of the typical Kraft mill commonly are used to burn the odorous gases, thus destroying the odors completely. Sometimes a separate incinerator is required. Water pollution is best prevented by careful design and operation of the various tall oil removal equipment, such as soap skimmers, level controls, and valving systems. In spite of great care in design and operation, some tall oil will enter the wastewater stream. The effluent treatment plant must be designed to take care of this residual biochemical oxygen demand load and, in some cases, provide for color reduction in the treated effluent.
Tall oil soap skimming—the state of the art
Authors: Krumbein J. P. , Ellerbe R. W.
Published: June 2007

This paper calls attention to the increased interest in tall oil production within the past 5 years and the simultaneous increase in the market price of tall oil. It points out that tall oil has grown from a relatively unknown product to a well established commodity of considerable commercial importance, which has given kraft pulp mills a renewed interest in soap skimming. This paper also covers the state of the art in soap skimming.
Recycle of tall oil plant waste water effluent
Authors: Krumbein J. P. , Ouchi Sakuko , Katayama Akira , Bress D. F.
Published: June 2007

Increasingly stricter specifications for plant effluents, may now require tertiary treatment to meet water soluble chemical oxygen demand and biochemical oxygen demand limits. This paper describes a system in which the effluent water from a tall oil plant is treated and recycled to the process instead of being treated and discharged.
Variations in total amino acid content of peanut meal
Authors: Young C. T. , Waller G. R. , Hammons R. O.
Published: June 2007

The amino acid levels of oil‐free peanut meal prepared from 16 varieties of peanuts that had 24–30% protein content of the kernels were examined. Nearly two‐fold variations in the limiting essential amino acids (lysine, isoleucine, methionine, threonine, and valine) were found and are reported. Data for the remaining amino acids also are included. Utilization of these variations in amino acid composition should assist the development of peanut protein of improved quality. An analytical procedure to measure amino acid composition of peanut meal with a high precision on duplicate samples and which requires 15 hr for hydrolysis for best accuracy is described.
Improved preparation of 9,10,12,13‐tetrahydroxystearic acids fromanti‐cis,cis‐9,10,12,13‐diepoxystearic acid
Authors: Khuddus Mohammed A. , Usui Yutaka , Swern Daniel
Published: June 2007

A mixture of isomeric 9,10,12,13‐tetrahydroxystearic acids (threo, threo, threo andthreo, erythro, threo) can be prepared fromanti‐cis, cis‐9,10,12,13‐diepoxystearic acid in over 80% yield by way of the intermediate di(hydroxy‐alkoxysulfonium) salts and in ca. 68% yield by way of the intermediate di(hydroxy‐formate) esters obtained by acid‐catalyzed epoxide ring opening with dimethyl sulfoxide and formic acid, respectively. Mechanisms and stereochemistry of formation of the two isomers are discussed. Factors that influence the formation of cyclic products in competition with tetrahydroxystearic acids also are described. The key to the greatly improved yield of tetrahydroxystearic acids over prior literature procedures is avoiding water during ring opening of the protonated epoxide, as even small quantities of water cause marked reduction in yields of tetrahydroxystearic acids.
Variability in oil content among heads and seeds within heads of sunflowers (Helianthus annuus L.)
Authors: Fick G. G. N. , Zimmerman D. C.
Published: June 2007

Oil contents were determined by nuclear magnetic resonance on four samples, each consisting of six seeds, from each of three ring positions (outer, middle, and inner) for 10 heads from each of two open‐pollinated varieties and two inbred lines of sunflowers. The largest source of variability for three of the entries was due to differences among heads. Variability due to seed position in the head was the largest for the fourth entry. When averaged over all entries, % oil was the highest for seeds samples from the middle ring position. In studies in which oil content is determined on single seeds or small samples, error variation can be reduced by sampling from either of the outer two ring positions, rather than sampling from the inner position or at random.
Quantitative analysis of polymerized fatty acids using gel permeation chromatography
Authors: Harris W. C. , Crowell E. P. , Burnett B. B.
Published: June 2007

The acid clay catalyzed dimerization of tall oil fatty acids and oleic acid yields commercial products which are complex mixtures of monomers, dimers, trimers, and higher polymers of various structures. Analyses for monomer, dimer, and trimer concentrations are important to ensure good quality control and reproducible end use performance. Techniques for direct determination of monomer, dimer, and trimer acids by gel permeation chromatography are presented. The components are separated using Bio Beads SX‐2 gel. Heptanoic acid is used as an internal standard. The standard deviations for determination of dimer, trimer, and monomer are 1.0, 0.4, and 0.2% respectively. Calibration was accomplished using dimer and trimer fractions isolated from a preparative scale chromatographic system. It is suggested that a measure of higher polymeric acids can be obtained by difference after correction for neutral materials.
Spot and color tests for detection ofArgemone mexicana seed oil
Authors: Mohiuddin M. M. , Zaidi H. R.
Published: June 2007

The presence of sanguinarine and dihydrosanguinarine alkaloids imparts toxic properties to argemone oil. Since it has been reported to be a common adulterant in mustard and gingili oils, its detection is important. Spot tests have been developed for the detection of adulteration of edible oils with argemone oil. Some inorganic ions and organic substances have been found to be suitable spotting agents. Acidified ceric ammonium nitrate and sodium nitrite solutions develop bright orange color with argemone oil.
Separation and determination of mono‐, Di‐, and triglycerides in monoglyceride concentrates
Authors: Quinlin Patricia , Weiser Herman J.
Published: June 2007

Monoglyceride concentrates are quantitatively separated into mono‐, di‐, and triglyceride components on silica gel columns by an adsorption chromatographic technique. The separated glycerides are determined gravimetrically. The adsorption on silica gel is dependent on the number of hydroxyl groups in the molecule, and the influence of unsaturation and chain length is minimized. Combinations of benzene and ethyl ether are used for elution, thus preventing isomerization, which frequently results when polar solvents such as alcohols are used.

The procedure for the chromatographic separation is simple and straightforward. The equipment used is easily obtainable. The silica gel adsorbent requires only adjustment of its water content before use.

Mixtures of both saturated and unsaturated glycerides and those having different fatty acid chain length have been separated. Known mixtures have also been analyzed. For a known mixture containing 15% tripalmitin, 45% distearin, and 38% monopalmitin the average deviations from the calculated values were 0.4%, 0.2%, and 0.6%, respectively
Theory and practice of resin‐catalyzed epoxidation
Authors: Chadwick A. F. , Barlow D. O. , D'Addieco A. A. , Wallace J. G.
Published: June 2007

Commercial polystyrene sulfonic acid resins have been shown to be effective in catalyzing epoxidation of unsaturated fatty esters with hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid because they catalyze peracid formation but do not promote by‐product formation when used under proper conditions. Special resins with less cross‐linkage have been shown to yield mostly by‐products.

Best catalyst life has been obtained with a special resin prepared with a low metal content.

A continuous process based on the cascade principle has been demonstrated in the laboratory. The problem of resin re‐use for both continuous and batch processes can best be solved by using the optimum 10–15% based on oil weight and by replacing about 10% of the resin after each use.
Binding of gossypol under conditions of complete rupture of the pigment glands
Authors: King W. H. , Frampton Vernon L. , Altschul A. M.
Published: June 2007

The “free” gossypol of cooked cottonseed meats is composed of gossypol and of “gossypol‐like pigments,” which are soluble in 70% aqueous acetone. The “gossypol‐like pigments” may account for 30 to 100% of the “free” gossypol as determined by the A.O.C.S. method.

Thorough comminution, followed by prolonged cooking, results in reduction of all the pigments in cotton‐seed meats. “Free” gossypol is not completely eliminated, but the gossypol level, as determined by the benzene transfer method, may be reduced to zero.

“Gossypol‐like pigments” are converted into gossypol by the action of hot aqueous hydrochloric acid.

Good agreement is observed between the data for “total” gossypol, as determined through the use of the A.O.C.S. oxalic acid method and through the use of hot aniline.
Solubilities of fatty acids and derivatives in acetone
Authors: Privett O. S. , Breault E. , Covell J. B. , Norcia L. N. , Lundberg W. O.
Published: June 2007

An improved “synthetic” method of determining solubilities has been described which combines simplicity with accuracy.

Saturated fatty acids with even numbers of carbons from C6 to C18 and oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids, their methyl esters, their simple triglycerides and their corresponding alcohols have been prepared in purified form. The solubilities in acetone of their most stable forms have been determined from ordinary room temperatures down to about −70°C. or to temperatures where they are only slightly soluble.

The precipitation of unstable polymorphs from solutions was observed in the case of palmityl alcohol.
Separation and evaluation of components of lactylated emulsifiers
Authors: Fett Helen
Published: June 2007

The composition of glycerol lactopalmitates was determined by analysis of fractions obtained from chromatographic separation on silicic acid. These fractions, when incorporated into shortenings and test baked in white cakes, showed that the most active components are those containing 2 free hydroxyl groups. Further breakdown of individual fractions indicates that, when these hydroxyl groups are located on the lactic acid portion of the molecule rather than on the glycerol portion, they are more effective in emulsification.
Further studies of detergency correlation
Authors: Mankowich A. M.
Published: June 2007

The significance of the relationships of the linearity constants of a previously reported detergency‐micellar solubilization function (1) to surfactant HLB (hydrophile‐lipophile balance), boundary tensions, and soil dipole moment was extended, first, by demonstrating their existence in systems of four homologous surfactants with one soil or four classes of soil with one surfactant, and second, by showing in every case that they are probably physical rather than random because they contain fewer constants than the number of points (four) used in their derivation.

A study of a series of surfactant‐soil systems consisting of a family of polyoxyethylated nonyl phenols and a family of saturated fatty acid soils (12舑18 carbon) revealed linearity of the R‐log (M/CMC) and surfactant HLB‐log (M/CMC) functions for values of R (ethylene oxide mole ratio) between 15舑50 and 10舑100, respectively (M=surfactant concentration giving ca 100% removal of 16 and 18 carbon fatty acids, and CMC=critical micelle concentration). The validity of the semi‐logarithmic functions was confirmed by the fact that they indicated linearity between R and surfactant HLB as previously reported (2). Abnormally high nonyl phenol adduct concentrations (2.7舑3.8%) were required to give good fatty acid removal. It was suggested that the initial decrease in detergency with increase of fatty acid soil HLB from 6.5舑9.8, followed by increasing detergency as the soil HLB continued to increase to 11.25, was due to differences in the relative magnitudes of the soilsubstrate adhesive forces and micellar solubilization existing in the soil HLB range.

Sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate was a good detergent of the saturated fatty acids, soil removal being independent of soil HLB for the 12舑18 carbon acids. The fatty acid soaps were poor detergents of these soils.

A 舠net ethylene oxide solubilizing power舡 method of computing HLB was proposed, based on known polar group hydrophobe‐solubilizing values.