bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Staging Behaviour in Screeching Elliptical Jets
Authors: Edgington-Mitchell Daniel , Honnery Damon R. , Soria Julio
Published: November 2015

The staging behaviour of jet screech in an elliptical nozzle with with an aspect ratio AR = 2.0 is examined across a range of pressure ratios. Acoustic measurements and high resolution imaging are used to assess the staging behaviour. Based on the frequency of the dominant screech tone, the jet staging behaviour can be separated into five distinct modes over the range of pressures studied. A statistical analysis of the schlieren images suggests that the first mode is varicose, the next three modes are flapping instabilities, and the final mode is helical in nature. A comparison of characteristic length scales in the jet is undertaken to explain the mode switches. A shift from the classical “weakest link” feedback model to an acoustic waveguide model, associated with a shift in characteristic length scale of the jet, is used to explain the discontinuous jumps in screech tone frequency. The results indicate that the different acoustic feedback mechanisms need not necessarily be associated with a particular instability mode shape.
Pedagogical Competence in Interaction with the Pupils´ Families
Authors: ��������  , Simakova Tatiana , ������  , Meychik Galina
Published: November 2015

The article shows transition actuality from paternalistic to the partner paradigm of cooperation school with families of student. The competence of the

teaching staff should play a key role in this transition. In the article there is a structure and content of pedagogical competence related to partnerships

with the families of the students on the basis of competence approach. Motivational, cognitive and operational components of competence are represented

by a set of indicators. The school administration and the teachers will be able to get an idea of the level of competence of partner interaction in this

pedagogical collective, based on the presented here structure and content of competence. In addition, this article provides methods for the formation of

the competence of the teacher in the educational institution.
A Simple Heuristic for Joint Inventory and Pricing Models with Lead Time and Backorders
Authors: Bernstein Fernando , Li Yang , Shang Kevin
Published: November 2015

We study a joint inventory and pricing problem in a single-stage system with a positive lead time. We consider both additive and multiplicative demand forms. This problem is, in general, intractable due to its computational complexity. We develop a simple heuristic that resolves this issue. The heuristic involves a myopic pricing policy that generates each period’s price as a function of the initial inventory level and a base-stock policy for inventory replenishment. In each period, the firm monitors its so-called price-deflated inventory position and places an order to reach a target base-stock level. The price-deflated inventory position weights the on-hand and pipeline inventory according to a factor that reflects the sensitivity of price to the net inventory level. To assess the effectiveness of our heuristic, we construct an upper bound to the exact system. The upper bound is based on an information-relaxation approach and involves a penalty function derived from the proposed heuristic. A numerical study suggests that the heuristic is near-optimal. The heuristic approach can be applied to a wide variety of inventory systems, such as systems with fixed ordering costs or fixed batch sizes. The heuristic enables us to explore the use of price as a lever to balance supply and demand. Our findings indicate that a responsive strategy (that effectively reduces the replenishment lead time) leads to a more stable pricing policy and that the value of dynamic pricing increases with lead time.

This paper was accepted by Martin Lariviere, operations management.
The Eleatic and the Indispensabilist
Authors: Marcus Russell
Published: November 2015

The debate over whether we should believe that mathematical objects exist quickly leads to the question of how to determine what we should believe.  Indispensabilists claim that we should believe in the existence of mathematical objects because of their ineliminable roles in scientific theory.  Eleatics argue that only objects with causal properties exist.  Mark Colyvan’s recent defenses of Quine’s indispensability argument against some contemporary eleatics attempt to provide reasons to favor the indispensabilist’s criterion.  I show that Colyvan’s argument is not decisive against the eleatic and sketch a way to capture the important intuitions behind both views.
Trends in research in which written texts are analyzed in terms of semiotics: Content analysis of graduate thesis within the periods of 1985-2014
Authors: Ercantürk Oğuz Kamil
Published: November 2015

This study, which aims to put forward a work of analysis in the field of semiotics, attempted to present graduate thesis works that examined written texts with the method of semiotics within a unity and thus aimed to facilitate access to the different studies that used the semiotic method. Within the scope of the study carried out on the basis of content analysis, 41 graduate thesis works, in which semiotic analysis methods were applied to written texts, were reached. The type and publication year of graduate thesis works, university, institution and department/discipline where the thesis was prepared, language of the published thesis works, population and sampling of theses and the type of written texts in the analyzed works were all determined in the analyzed thesis works by the help of a form used as a data collection tool. The obtained data were presented through frequency tables. It was seen that out of 41 graduate thesis works analyzed within the study, 26 of them were master’s thesis, 15 of them were doctoral dissertations, the number of thesis work were gradually increasing at present time, master’s thesis works and doctoral dissertations were prepared in 16 and 6 different universities respectively, and the majority of thesis works were prepared at social sciences institute and the department of French language and literature in French language. 48 different textbooks, works, author or poet and 211 texts were selected as the population/group of the study in the sampling graduate thesis works. In addition, it was understood that most of the written texts in these works were chosen from story, novel and fairy tale genres.
Epidemiological Study of Heart Failure in China
Authors: Guo Yang , Zhao Dong , Liu Jing
Published: November 2015

Heart failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome that results from any structural or functional impairment of ventricular filling or ejection of blood. HF is one of the most important and severe end stages of many cardiovascular diseases. Epidemiological studies of HF have focused mainly on the prevalence, incidence, mortality, fatality, and distribution and temporal trends of these indicators among different populations. This review highlights important epidemiological studies of HF in China.
The Stress Check Program: a new national policy for monitoring and screening psychosocial stress in the workplace in Japan
Authors: Kawakami Norito , Tsutsumi Akizumi
Published: November 2015

The Stress Check Program: a new national policy for monitoring and screening psychosocial stress in the workplace in Japan: Norito Kawakami, et al. Department of Mental Health, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo

Objective

The Japanese government launched a new occupational health policy called the Stress Check Program. This program mandates that all workplaces with 50 or more employees conduct the Stress Check Program for workers at least once a year. This article gives a brief overview and critical review of the program.

Methods

We reviewed relevant laws, guidelines, and manuals, as well as the policy development process. The policy and the components of the program were compared using available scientific evidence and trends in the management of psychosocial factors at work according to the policies and guidelines of international bodies and European countries.

Results

The process of program policy development was based on a discussion among employer and employee representatives, occupational health professionals, and mental health experts. Scientific evidence shows that mandated components of the program (i.e., feedback of stress survey results and physician's interview) may be ineffective. However, additional components recommended to employers, such as stress management skill provision and work environment improvement, in conjunction with the program may be effective in improving psychosocial stress at work. The Stress Check Program is unique compared with the global trend for psychosocial risk management because it focuses on the assessment of stress among individual workers.

Conclusion

The new program may be effective in improving worker mental health by facilitating the psychosocial risk management approach in Japan. Concerns regarding the program include mass leakage of collected information, and possible disadvantages for workers labeled as having high stress.
Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae, Hypsiboas beckeri: filling gap and description of its advertisement call
Authors: Acioli Ellen Cristina Serrão , Toledo Luís Felipe
Published: November 2015

None
Amphibia, Anura, Bufonidae, Dendrophryniscus berthalutzae: distribution extension and geographic distribution map
Authors: Fusinatto Luciana A. , Cruz Carlos A. G. , Garcia Paulo C. A.
Published: November 2015

None
Avifauna of Dinira National Park, Venezuela
Authors: Naveda-Rodríguez Adrián , Bisbal Francisco
Published: November 2015

This is a preliminary inventory of the avifauna of Dinira National Park (DNP), northeastern of Venezuelan Andes, a region that is poorly known ornithologically. In the field work (30 days), 127 bird species (10 orders, 41 families) were recorded, ca. 9 % of the total birds known to Venezuela. From them, just three corresponding to endemic species (2.4 %) whereas 14 (11.0 %) were migrants. Also, new important range extensions were documented, especially for some birds previously reported in Táchira and Mérida states (Merganetta armata and Dendrocincla tyrannina). From recorded species 33 are threatened in different levels, but only five of them are protected by Venezuelan laws.
A HISTÓRIA NATURAL DA DITADURA
Authors: Schollhammer Karl Erik
Published: November 2015

Resumo A partir da leitura de dois romances contemporâneos (K. - Relato de uma busca , de Bernardo Kucinski, e História natural da ditadura , de Teixeira Coelho), este ensaio analisa a relação da literatura brasileira recente comprometida com fatos históricos no contexto da ditadura militar. Irá arguir que tais romances refletem duas abordagens opostas ao desafio de dar conta de uma realidade de violência e repressão: uma adotando o prisma do testemunho subjetivo e outra se aprofundando no resgate dos elementos materiais de estruturas recursivas da história.
SOBRE CALENDÁRIOS E BIBLIOTECAS
Authors: Danziger Leila
Published: November 2015

Resumo A partir de dois trabalhos plásticos realizados a partir de calendários (Todos os dias de nossas vidas , 2013-2015) e livros (Bildung , 2014), proponho reflexões sobre o tempo, a memória, a história e, também, a convivência entre povos.
ENCAROÇADA DE ESTRELAS: ALGUNS POEMAS DE PAULO HENRIQUES BRITTO E A TRANSIÇÃO DEMOCRÁTICA
Authors: Zular Roberto
Published: November 2015

Resumo Este ensaio visa articular a poética de Paulo Henriques Britto com algumas questões que emergiram no bojo da transição democrática no Brasil.
Complicações do abortamento e assistência em maternidade pública integrada ao Programa Nacional Rede Cegonha
Authors: Adesse Leila , Silva Kátia Silveira da , Bonan Claudia , Fonseca Vania Matos
Published: November 2015

Objetivou-se descrever o perfil sociodemográfico, obstétrico e assistencial de todas as internações de abortamento em maio-agosto/2012, em emergência, em estudo transversal. Resultado: 20,5% eram adolescentes, 79,5% tinham mais de 20 anos de idade e 48,7% tinham a pele parda; 84,7% foram abortos não especificados e o tempo foi apropriado entre a classificação de risco e a internação em 36,6% dos casos. Há mudanças no perfil das complicações, com redução das infecções e aumento na porcentagem de adolescentes (20,5%). Na atenção diferenciada do Programa Rede Cegonha, a avaliação de risco acolheu 90% das mulheres em 30 minutos. O sub-registro do processo de abortamento persiste pela condição de ilegalidade e por dilemas ético-morais dos profissionais.
O beber feminino: socialização e solidão
Authors: Silva Maria das Graças Borges da , Lyra Tereza Maciel
Published: November 2015

Este estudo se propõe a conhecer o significado do beber entre mulheres que sofrem de alcoolismo e buscam tratamento através de um serviço especializado. Apresenta natureza qualitativa e é ancorado à teoria das representações sociais, utilizando questionário e entrevista em profundidade. As participantes revelam que o início do beber significa socialização e prazer, porém, com a dependência do álcool, ele acende o preconceito e afastamento das pessoas, gerando solidão devido à baixa tolerância social em relação ao hábito de mulheres beberem nocivamente. Elas ainda apontam uma percepção negativa desta dependência, sendo a solidão o significado mais representativo. E se sentem mais penalizadas do que os homens.
Análise da demanda atendida em unidade de urgência com classificação de risco
Authors: Feijó Vivian Biazon El Reda , Cordoni Junior Luiz , Souza Regina Kazue Tanno de , Dias Alexsandro Oliveira
Published: November 2015

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar a classificação de risco em serviço de urgência de um hospital. Foram amostrados 976 usuários que procuraram atendimento, cujos dados foram coletados nas fichas preconizadas pelo protocolo de atendimento médico. Predominaram pessoas do sexo masculino, na faixa etária de 20 a 59 anos, que procuraram o serviço em dias úteis e horário comercial. Foram considerados adequados à demanda para o atendimento no serviço de urgência 82,3% dos pacientes, com associação significativa entre adequação e as variáveis procedência e horário de atendimento. A implantação do protocolo contribuiu para a identificação dos casos mais graves e organização da demanda.
A realidade objetiva das Doenças e Agravos Não Transmissíveis na enfermagem
Authors: Souza Silvia Jaqueline Pereira de , Larocca Liliana Müller , Chaves Maria Marta Nolasco , Alessi Sandra Mara
Published: November 2015

Pesquisa qualitativa, tipo estudo de caso, fundamentada na Teoria da Intervenção Práxica da Enfermagem em Saúde Coletiva, com objetivo de conhecer a realidade objetiva das Doenças e Agravos Não Transmissíveis que acometem trabalhadores de enfermagem. Foram identificados nos discursos dos sujeitos dois gatilhos para o aparecimento de desgastes: a sobrecarga do trabalho e a deficiência de recursos humanos. O estudo forneceu subsídios à instituição para a elaboração de intervenções que melhorem as condições de saúde de seus trabalhadores por meio da reflexão da prática profissional em enfermagem.
Experimental infection of horses with Vaccinia virus
Authors: Barbosa Claudio Henrique Gonçalves , Sant'Ana Fabiano José Ferreira de , Cargnelutti Juliana Felipetto , Flores Eduardo Furtado , Teixeira Neto Antônio Raphael , Santana Rosália Bezerra de , Reis Junior Janildo Ludolf
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACT: Vaccinia virus (VACV) is the etiologic agent of bovine vaccinia, an emerging zoonotic disease with potential health issues for dairy herds and humans. VACV may occasionally infect other species, including horses. In this sense, an outbreak of VACV disease in horses was described in Pelotas, RS, in 2008, where a co-infection with two VACV strains (named Pelotas Virus 1 [P1V] and Pelotas Virus 2 [P2V]) was detected. Considering the rare occurrence of VACV infection in horses, the objective of this study was to investigate the susceptibility and pathogenesis of VACV infection in this species. Six adult horses were inoculated with VACV P1V or P2V (106.3TCID50/ml) through scarification of the nasolabial surface and monitored for virological and clinical aspects during 28 days. Four inoculated horses (4/6) developed mild lesions in the site of inoculation. Ulcers and scabs restricted to inoculated areas were observed between days 2 and 8 post-inoculation (pi). Microscopically there were acanthosis, ballooning degeneration of the stratum spinosum, necrosis and loss of the epidermis. Infiltration of neutrophils, macrophages and lymphocytes were observed in the dermis. Intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusions were infrequently observed in degenerate keratinocytes from adjacent necrotic areas. Virus shedding was detected between days 4 and 8 pi by PCR and virus isolation (infectious virus) from the lesions of one horse inoculated with P2V. No neutralizing antibodies were detected in inoculated animals at day 28 pi. In summary, inoculation of horses with VACV P1V and P2V isolates resulted in a low level of replication and at low frequency, with mild cutaneous lesions, when compared with the course of infection of other susceptible species to VACV. Therefore, horses possibly have a low potential for viral maintenance and transmission to other species, albeit being susceptible to VACV infection.
UN NIÑO EN ESTADO DE PAISAJE: ALLÁ LEJOS Y HACE TIEMPO DE GUILLERMO ENRIQUE HUDSON
Authors: Kanzepolsky Adriana
Published: November 2015

Resumen El presente artículo se interroga sobre la construcción de la memoria de infancia en Allá lejos y hace tiempo de Guillermo Enrique Hudson, concibiendo esta memoria, no tanto como una evocación de la temporalidad perdida sino de un espacio y un paisaje perdidos, el de la pampa, a mediados del siglo XIX. Leemos aquí las estrategias de construcción de aquello que Susan Stewart denomina "la enfermedad social de la nostalgia", así como la concepción de memoria que organiza esta autobiografía de infancia.
W OU A INVENÇÃO DA MEMÓRIA COMO INSCRIÇÃO DO SUJEITO
Authors: Ielpo Rodrigo
Published: November 2015

Resumo Em 1975, Georges Perec publica W ou le souvenir d'enfance, obra ao mesmo tempo ficcional e autobiográfica, na qual dois regimes diferentes de enunciação aparecem lado a lado. Em seu livro, Perec coloca em cena esse indecidível entre o imperativo de narrar o que ele não viveu e sua impossibilidade absoluta, desenvolvendo uma estratégia narrativa na qual, através da ficção, ele procura enfrentar sua falta de lembranças. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar o modo como esses dois regimes operam, permitindo a criação de um espaço duplo em que autor e narrador não cessam de se confundir em um jogo em que o sujeito só pode existir sob o risco de sua completa dissolução.
Cytotoxicity assays to evaluate tannery effluents treated by photoelectrooxidation
Authors: Jaeger N. , Moraes J. P. , Klauck C. R. , Gehlen G. , Rodrigues M. A. S. , Ziulkoski A. L.
Published: November 2015

The advanced oxidation process (AOP) is used to increase the treatment efficiency of effluents however, it is necessary to compare the toxicity of treated and untreated effluents to evaluate if the decontamination process does not cause any biological harm. Cultured cells have been previously used to assess the genotoxic and cytotoxic potential of various compounds. Hence, the aim of this work was to assess the applicability of cytotoxicity assays to evaluate the toxicity related to the AOP treatment. Samples of an industrial effluent were collected after their treatment by a conventional method. Cytotoxicity of standard and AOP treated effluents was assessed in CRIB and HEp-2 cell line using the MTT and neutral red assays. We observed decrease at cell viability in the both assays (50% MTT and 13% NRU) when cells were exposed to the AOP treatment in the highest concentration. Thus, cytotoxic assays in cultured cells can be explored as an useful method to evaluate toxicity as well as to optimize effluents treatment process.
Aspects of the ecology of Penelope superciliaris temminck, 1815 (Aves: Cracidae) in the Araripe National Forest, Ceará, Brazil
Authors: Thel T. N. , Teixeira P. H. R. , Lyra-Neves R. M. , Telino-Júnior W. R. , Ferreira J. M. R. , Azevedo-Júnior S. M.
Published: November 2015

Abstract Guans are large frugivorous birds that inhabit Neotropical forests and play a fundamental role in seed dispersal and forest regeneration. Despite their ecological importance, the natural populations of these birds are increasingly threatened by deforestation and hunting pressure. The present study was conducted in the Araripe National Forest, Ceará (Brazil), with the objective of estimating population parameters (density and total population size) in the Rusty-margined Guan (Penelope superciliaris) and the White-browed Guan (Penelope jacucaca), as well as providing data on their feeding ecology, including seasonal variation and fruit morphology. The study was based on the monthly collection of data between November, 2011, and October, 2012. Population parameters were estimated using line transect surveys, while feeding ecology was studied by direct observation, and the collection of plant and fecal samples. The estimated population density of P. superciliaris was 19.17 individuals/km2 (CV=13.98%), with a mean of 0.13 sightings per 10 km walked. Penelope jacucaca was not encountered during the surveys. A total of 14 plant species were recorded in the diet of P. superciliaris, 12 by direct observation, and two from fecal samples. Fruit diameter varied from 6.3±1.35 mm (Miconia albicans) to 29.9±1.7 mm (Psidium sp.). Yellow was the most frequent fruit color (41.6%, n=5), with two species each (16.6%) providing black, green, and red fruits. Fleshy fruits of the baccate (50.0%, n=6) and drupe (33.3%, n=4) types were the most consumed. The data on population parameters and feeding ecology collected in the present study provide an important database for the development of effective management strategies by environmental agencies for the conservation of the populations of the two guan species.
Lei de Terras de 1850: lições sobre os efeitos e os resultados de não se condenar “uma quinta parte da atual população agrícola”
Authors: Silva Marcio Antônio Both da
Published: November 2015

RESUMO O malogro da política de terras do Império talvez seja uma das ponderações mais repetidas na historiografia que, direta ou indiretamente, discutiu a Lei no 601 de 18 de setembro de 1850, a "Lei de Terras". Contudo, considero que o postulado do fracasso da legislação não dá conta de captar profundamente a complexidade da situação que foi legislada com base nos critérios dessa lei. Além de lhe dar um caráter absoluto, tal ponto de vista retira a dinamicidade do processo social e exige que o cumprimento de determinada legislação seja fiel àquilo que está expresso em seu texto. Neste artigo, portanto, partirei do princípio de que a Lei de Terras de 1850 "pegou", mas o fez de acordo com a lógica, o contexto, a realidade social e histórica que caracterizou a época e a nação em que foi formulada e aplicada.
Dinâmicas imobiliárias e políticas urbanas no centro de São Paulo: uma discussão sobre gentrificação na Mooca
Authors: Reina Michelly Lima , Comarú Francisco de Assis
Published: November 2015

Resumo O artigo visa realizar uma análise das dinâmicas imobiliárias e políticas urbanas na região central de São Paulo, particularmente no distrito da Mooca, na perspectiva de discutir em que medida está ocorrendo ou caminha-se para um processo de gentrificação. Realizou-se uma revisão bibliográfica com vistas a embasar a conceituação de gentrificação segundo análises realizadas em países do Norte. São apresentados e analisados dados de fontes secundárias, na forma de tabelas, mapas temáticos e gráficos que permitem uma leitura espacial importante. Visitas de campo e entrevistas com atores locais permitiram identificar uma tendência à elitização dos serviços e comércios. Nota-se que está em curso, uma dinâmica, ainda inconclusa, que, segundo informa a literatura, tem uma série de ingredientes do processo de gentrificação.
The Quaternary alluvial systems tract of the Pantanal Basin, Brazil
Authors: Assine Mario Luis , Merino Eder Renato , Pupim Fabiano do Nascimento , Macedo Hudson de Azevedo , Santos Mauricio Guerreiro Martinho dos
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACT The Pantanal Basin is an active sedimentary basin in central-west Brazil that consists of a complex alluvial systems tract characterized by the interaction between different river systems developed in one of the largest wetlands in the world. The Paraguay River is the trunk river system that drains the water and part of the sediment load received from areas outside of the basin. Depositional styles vary considerably along the river profiles throughout the basin, with the development of entrenched meandering belts, anastomosing reaches, and floodplain ponds. Paleodrainage patterns are preserved on the surface of abandoned lobes of fluvial fans, which also exhibit many degradational channels. Here, we propose a novel classification scheme according to which the geomorphology, hydrological regime and sedimentary dynamics of these fluvial systems are determined by the geology and geomorphology of the source areas. In this way, the following systems are recognized and described: (I) the Paraguay trunk-river plains; (II) fluvial fans sourced by the tablelands catchment area; (III) fluvial fans sourced by lowlands; and (IV) fluvial interfans. We highlight the importance of considering the influences of source areas when interpreting contrasting styles of fluvial architectures in the rock record.
Formulation design and characterization of a non-ionic surfactant based vesicular system for the sustained delivery of a new chondroprotective agent
Authors: Khan Muhammad Imran , Madni Asadullah , Ahmad Saeed , Mahmood Muhammad Ahmad , Rehman Mubashar , Ashfaq Muhammad
Published: November 2015

Diacerein is used for symptomatic relief and cartilage regeneration in osteoarthritis. Due to gastrointestinal side effects, poor aqueous solubility and low bioavailability, its clinical usage has been restricted. The objective of the present study was to enhance its dissolution profile and to attain sustained release by designing a novel delivery system based on niosomes. Five niosomal formulations (F1-F5) with non-ionic surfactant (sorbitan monostearate) and cholesterol in varying ratios of 5:5, 6:4, 7:3, 8:2 and 9:1 were developed by the reverse-phase evaporation technique. The size and polydispersivity index (PDI) were found in the range of 0.608 µm to 1.010 µm and 0.409 to 0.781, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the selected formulation (F3) revealed spherical vesicles, and 79.8% entrapment was achieved with F3 (7:3). Dissolution studies using the dialysis method showed sustained release behaviour for all formulations. The optimized surfactant-to-cholesterol concentration (7:3) in formulation F3sustained the drug-release time (T50%) up to 10 hours. Kinetic modelling exhibited a zero-order release (R2=0.9834) and the release exponent 'n' of the Korsmayer-Peppas model (n=0.90) confirmed non-fickian and anomalous release. The results of this study suggest that diacerein can be successfully entrapped into niosomes using sorbitan monostearate and that these niosomes have the potential to deliver diacerein efficiently at the absorption site.
A preliminary study of the anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects of crocin against gastric ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats
Authors: Mard Seyyed Ali , Nikraftar Zahra , Farbood Yaghoob , Mansouri Esrafil
Published: November 2015

The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of crocin on gastric mucosal lesions caused by ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats. Thirty-two male rats were randomly divided into sham, I/R, I/R + crocin pretreatment and crocin alone groups. To induce I/R lesions, the celiac artery was clamped for 30 min, and the clamp was then removed to allow reperfusion for 3 h. Crocin-pretreated rats received crocin (15 mg/kg, i.p.) 30 min prior to the induction of I/R injury. Samples of gastric mucosa were collected to quantify the protein expression of caspase-3, an apoptotic factor, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), a pro-inflammatory protein, by Western blot. Pretreatment with crocin decreased the total area of gastric lesions and decreased the protein expression levels of caspase-3 and iNOS induced by I/R injury. Our findings showed a protective effect of crocin in gastric mucosa against I/R injury. This effect of crocin was mainly mediated by reducing the protein expression of iNOS and caspase-3.
Mucoadhesive microemulsion of ibuprofen: design and evaluation for brain targeting efficiency through intranasal route
Authors: Mandal Surjyanarayan , Mandal Snigdha Das , Chuttani Krishna , Subudhi Bharat Bhushan
Published: November 2015

This study aimed at designing mucoadhesive microemulsion gel to enhance the brain uptake of Ibuprofen through intranasal route. Ibuprofen loaded mucoadhesive microemulsion (MMEI) was developed by incorporating polycarbophil as mucoadhesive polymer into Capmul MCM based optimal microemulsion (MEI) and was subjected to characterization, stability, mucoadhesion and naso-ciliotoxicity study. Brain uptake of ibuprofen via nasal route was studied by performing biodistribution study in Swiss albino rats. MEI was found to be transparent, stable and non ciliotoxic with 66.29 ± 4.15 nm, -20.9 ± 3.98 mV and 98.66 ± 1.01% as average globule size, zeta potential and drug content respectively. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) study revealed the narrow globule size distribution of MEI. Following single intranasal administration of MMEI and MEI at a dose of 2.86 mg/kg, uptake of ibuprofen in the olfactory bulb was around 3.0 and 1.7 folds compared with intravenous injection of ibuprofen solution (IDS). The ratios of AUC in brain tissues to that in plasma obtained after nasal administration of MMEI were significantly higher than those after intravenous administration of IDS. Findings of the present investigation revealed that the developed mucoadhesive microemulsion gel could be a promising approach for brain targeting of ibuprofen through intranasal route.
Effects of Preemergence Herbicides on Bell Pepper, Crop Injury, and Weed Management in Irrigated Chilean Fields
Authors: Figueroa Rodrigo , Pacheco Fernanda , Echaiz Connie , Cordovez Gabriela , Kuhn Nathalie
Published: November 2015

Bell pepper is an economically important vegetable crop that is often impaired by weeds. Management of weeds in bell pepper is required to minimize yield loss because this crop does not tolerate weed competition. Several herbicides have been reported as selective for bell pepper, but research supporting their use for weed control in this crop is limited. Several herbicides were screened in a greenhouse to assess effects on plant biomass, and eight were selected that appeared to be safe for bell pepper. These herbicides, in addition to oxadiargyl, were then evaluated at two different Chilean locations, using different application timings. We measured the effects on plant injury, fruit yield, and the need for additional hand weeding on transplanted bell peppers. The herbicides clomazone, napropamide, pendimethalin, andS-metolachlor caused minimal foliar chlorosis and necrosis but did not affect fruit yield at either location. Pretransplant-incorporated application (PTI) caused no effect on fruit yield from the herbicides evaluated, whereas applications 2 wk (POST2) and 8 wk (POST8) after transplanting reduced fruit yield significantly. For weed management, the best combination was PTI + POST2 + POST8, which reduced the hand-weeding time by 30% compared to the control, at both locations. Based on our results, clomazone, pendimethalin, andS-metolachlor were the most effective treatments applied after transplanting, whereas all herbicides tested were selective for bell pepper when applied and incorporated before transplanting. Results presented here provide new insight into herbicides that can be used to manage weeds in bell pepper and shows that timing of herbicide application is critical to prevent injury to this crop.
Change in Measured GFR Versus eGFR and CKD Outcomes
Authors: Ku Elaine , Xie Dawei , Shlipak Michael , Hyre Anderson Amanda , Chen Jing , Go Alan S. , He Jiang , Horwitz Edward J. , Rahman Mahboob , Ricardo Ana C. , Sondheimer James H. , Townsend Raymond R. , Hsu Chi-yuan ,   the CRIC Study Investigators
Published: November 2015

Measured GFR (mGFR) has long been considered the gold standard measure of kidney function, but recent studies have shown that mGFR is not consistently superior to eGFR in explaining CKD-related comorbidities. The associations between longitudinal changes in mGFR versus eGFR and adverse outcomes have not been examined. We analyzed a subset of 942 participants with CKD in the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort Study who had at least two mGFRs and two eGFRs determined concurrently by iothalamate and creatinine (eGFRcr) or cystatin C, respectively. We compared the associations between longitudinal changes in each measure of kidney function over 2 years and risks of ESRD, nonfatal cardiovascular events, and all-cause mortality using univariate Cox proportional hazards models. The associations for all outcomes except all-cause mortality associated most strongly with longitudinal decline in eGFRcr. Every 5-ml/min per 1.73 m2 decline in eGFRcr over 2 years associated with 1.54 (95% confidence interval, 1.44 to 1.66; P<0.001) times higher risk of ESRD and 1.23 (95% confidence interval, 1.12 to 1.34; P<0.001) times higher risk for cardiovascular events. All-cause mortality did not associate with longitudinal decline in mGFR or eGFR. When analyzed by tertiles of renal function decline, mGFR did not outperform eGFRcr in the association with any outcome. In conclusion, compared with declines in eGFR, declines in mGFR over a 2-year period, analyzed either as a continuous variable or in tertiles, did not consistently show enhanced association with risk of ESRD, cardiovascular events, or death.
ANÁLISE DA RECARGA NO SISTEMA AQUÍFERO GRANULAR E FISSURAL NA ÁREA DO CAMPUS PAMPULHA DA UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE MINAS GERAIS
Authors: Ribeiro João Pedro Marques , Velásquez Leila Nunes Menegasse , Carvalho Filho Carlos Alberto de , Fleming Peter Marshall
Published: November 2015

No presente estudo analisou-se a recarga no sistema aquífero existente na área do campus Pampulha da UFMG, em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. Este Sistema Aquífero é composto por dois aquíferos em um ambiente geológico com duas identidades litoestratigráficas distintas. Sendo, um aquífero granular, sobrejacente, caracterizado pelo manto de intemperismo, e um aquifero fraturado, subjacente, caracterizado por rochas do Complexo Belo Horizonte, principalmente gnaisses e granitos. A área de estudo possui uma rede de poços tubulares profundos e poços de monitoramento, formada por doze poços tubulares profundos e sete poços de monitoramento. Neste estudo a recarga foi qualificada a partir de premissas das principais variáveis que a influenciam, entre elas a precipitação, a litologia, a profundidade do nível potenciométrico e o relevo. O trabalho se baseou em dados pré-existentes advindos do monitoramento do nível d’água, realizado entre 1997 e 2000, em poços e piezômetros existentes na área de estudo. A análise estatística apontou a precipitação e a textura dos solos como os fatores que mais influenciam na recarga local. Foi constatado que há uma conexão hidráulica entre os dois aquíferos e, por conseguinte uma recarga indireta do aquífero superior para o basal.Palavras-chave: Recarga direta; monitoramento de nível d’água; conexão hidráulica; aqüíferos poroso e fraturado. Abstract: ANALYSIS ON RECHARGE OF AQUIFER SYSTEM GRANULAR AND FISSURE ON UFMG CAMPUS AREA, BELO HORIZONTE, MG. In the present paper we analyzed the existing aquifer recharge system in the campus area UFMG, in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. This aquifer system consists of two aquifers in a geological environment with two distinct lithostratigraphic identities. Being a granular aquifer, overlying, characterized by weathering mantle, and a fractured aquifer, underlying, characterized by rocks of the Complex Belo Horizonte, mainly gneisses and granites. The study area has a network of deep wells and monitoring wells, formed by twelve deep wells and seven monitoring wells. In this study the clearance was qualified from the premises of the main variables that influence it, including precipitation, lithology, depth of potentiometric level and relief. The work was based on pre-existing data obtained from the monitoring of the water level, conducted between 1997 and 2000 in existing wells and piezometers in the study area. The statistical analysis showed precipitation and soil texture as the factors that most influence in local recharge. It has been found that there is a hydraulic connection between the two aquifers and therefore an indirect upper aquifer recharge to baseline.Keywords: Recharge; water level monitoring; hydraulic connection; fractured and granular aquifer.
DEGRADAÇÃO DOS SOLOS AO LONGO DE UMA TRILHA DE DESTINO A ATRATIVOS DO MONUMENTO GEOTURÍSTICO SERRA DE SÃO JOSÉ, TIRADENTES, MINAS GERAIS, BRASIL.
Authors: Sena Ítalo Sousa de , Teixeira Hilton Wagner , Figueiredo Múcio do Amaral , Rocha Leonardo Cristian
Published: November 2015

O desenvolvimento dos ideais conservacionistas e o surgimento de modalidades turísticas como o ecoturismo e o geoturismo ampliou o interesse das populações urbanas por áreas naturais. Esse acréscimo de visitação em áreas de preservação ambiental é positivo em relação à divulgação dos patrimônios biótico e abiótico. Contudo, o acesso a este tipo de atrativo é feito principalmente através de trilhas, e a intensificação da utilização das mesmas podem atuar como vetores de propagação de diversos desequilíbrios ambientais, tais como exposição, compactação e erosão do solo. Para entender estes processos de degradação de trilhas foi utilizada como área de estudo a trilha do Carteiro, localizada na APA Serra São José, no município de Tiradentes, Minas Gerais. A análise se baseou na utilização do método de Área Seccional Transversal (AST), e cálculo das taxas de compactação do solo no leito e nas bordas da trilha. Foram separados diversos pontos de controle ao longo da trilha, onde foi aplicada a metodologia proposta. Trechos da trilha foram analisados, obtendo-se os valores de perda de solo em centímetros quadrados e as taxas de compactação em megapascal.Palavras-chave: Trilhas, geoturismo, ast, erosão e compactação do solo. Abstract: SOIL DEGRADATION ALONG A TRAIL DESTINATION ATTRACTIVES OF THE SERRA DE SÃO JOSÉ GEOTOURISTIC MONUMENT, TIRADENTES COUNTY, MINAS GERAIS STATE, BRAZIL. The development of conservation ideal and the rise of tourist modalities such as ecotourism and geotourism increased the interest of urban populations for natural areas. This increase visitation in areas of environmental preservation is positive with respect to the disclosure of biotic and abiotic heritage. However, access to this type of attraction is mostly done through trails, and the increasing use of them can act as vectors for the spread of many environmental disturbances, such as exposure, compaction and soil erosion. To understand these processes of degradation of trails was used as the study area of the Carteiro trail, located at Serra São José Environmental Protection Area, in the Tiradentes county, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The analysis is based on the use of the method of Cross Sectional Area (CSA), and estimation of soil compaction in the bed and on the edges of the trail. Were separated several checkpoints along the trail, where the methodology proposed was applied. These sections were analyzed, yielding values of soil loss in square centimeters and compaction rates in megapascals.Key-words: Trail, geoturism, csa, erosion and soil compaction.
Estudio de una población de Geonoma cuneata H. Wendl. ex Spruce, J. Linn Soc. en un bosque secundario en Matina de Limón, Costa Rica
Authors: Vallejos-Salazar Jonathan
Published: November 2015

Se estudió una población de Geonoma cuneata en un bosque húmedo Tropical transición a perhúmedo, ubicado en Matina de Limón, Costa Rica. Se establecieron cinco parcelas temporales de 25 m2 cada una, bajo un muestreo sistemático. Se determinó la densidad de la especie por parcela y se contó el número total de hojas presentes, sanas, secas y dañadas, con el objetivo de inferir en el manejo y aprovechamiento de la especie. Los resultados registran un promedio 9,2 (± 2,1) plantas por parcela. Cada planta presentó un promedio de 9,4 ± 4,6 hojas, de las cuales el 9% eran hojas secas (0,9 ± 1,0), el 83% eran hojas dañadas (7,8 ± 4,3), y el 7% (0,7 ± 1,0) correspondió a hojas sanas. Únicamente el 24% de las hojas sanas cumplió con los requerimientos dimensionales para su uso comercial.
Árboles del Valle Central de Costa Rica: reproducción Cas (Psidium friedrichthalianum (Berg) Ndzu)
Authors: Rojas-Rodríguez Freddy , Torres-Córdoba Gustavo
Published: November 2015

Se presenta una breve descripción del árbol de cas Psidium friedrichthalianum (Berg) Ndzu., información sobre fenología como base para la recolección de frutos, el manejo de las semillas, la viverización y el proceso de germinación.
Árboles del Valle Central de Costa Rica: reproducción Cedro australiano (Toona ciliata M. Roem)
Authors: Rojas-Rodríguez Freddy , Torres-Córdoba Gustavo
Published: November 2015

Se presenta una breve descripción del árbol cedro australiano Toona ciliata M. Roem, información sobre fenología como base para la recolección de frutos, el
manejo de las semillas, la viverización y el proceso de germinación.
Variación de la concentarción foliar de nutrimentos en Vochysia guatemalensis J.D Smith en plantaciones de la zona norte y caribe de Costa Rica.
Authors: Badilla-Valverde Yorleny , Murillo-Gamboa Olman
Published: November 2015

Vochysia guatemalensis conocido en Costa Rica comochancho blanco, es una especie nativa con buen desarrolloen plantaciones forestales. En Costa Rica es una de las especies nativas más utilizada en reforestación, pero no se cuenta con el paquete tecnológico suficiente para plantarla a gran escala. Uno de los factores necesarios para poder aumentar su tasa de reforestación, esconocer las concentraciones foliares de nutrimentos óptima para la especie. En el presente estudio se realizóun muestreo foliar de 35 árboles en donde se analizó la relación entre la variación de la concentración foliar de nutrimentos según la clase diamétrica y la posición de lahoja en la rama. Se encontró que según clase diamétricalos macronutrientes disminuyen en el siguiente orden N> K > Ca > Mg > S > P, excepto para la clase diamétricade 5,1-10,1 cm, en la que invirtieron la posición el K y Ca. Las concentraciones foliares de K, Fe y Mn, tienen un leve aumento al incrementar la clase diamétrica. Mientras que las concentraciones foliares de Fe y Mn difieren según la case diamétrica. Sus valores más altos se encontraron en la primera clase diamétrica (5,1-10,1 cm). La concentración foliar de N, es la única quese vio afectada por la posición de la hoja (follaje) en larama. Los niveles críticos foliares propuestos para la especie coinciden con los reportados en otras especies. En futuras investigaciones es importante aumentar eltamaño de muestra, ya que el coeficientes de variación en todos los nutrimentos fue mayor al 10%.
Costa Rica: lessons from 30 years of forest and environmental policy
Authors: Keenan Rod
Published: November 2015

As well as its recent success in World Cup football, Costa Rica is known for its mountains, beaches, forests and other natural landscapes and its 4.7 million people are considered the happiest people on the planet. The country is regarded as a world leader in policies to conserve, protect and sustainably manage forests. Despite its small size, it has high levels of biodiversity, particularly in its forests. High rates of deforestation and land degradation in the 1960s and 70s have been reversed to achieve an increase in forest cover over the last two decades to about 52% of the land area. How has this been achieved and what can other countries learn from the Costa Rican experience?.
Árboles del Valle Central de Costa Rica: reproducción Cirrí blanco (Tapirira mexicana Marchand)
Authors: Rojas-Rodríguez Freddy , Torres-Córdoba Gustavo
Published: November 2015

Se presenta una breve descripción del árbol cirrí blanco (Tapirira mexicana Marchand) información sobre fenología como base para la recolección de frutos, el manejo de las semillas, la viverización y el proceso de germinación.
Variación interanual de la floración y visita de abejas en cuatro especies de árboles de bosque seco en República Dominicana
Authors: May Tomas
Published: November 2015

Entre septiembre 2010 a agosto 2013, en los municipios Bánica y Pedro Santana, en el suroeste de la República Dominicana, se realizaron observaciones de la floración de cuatro especies de interés apícola presentes en el bosque seco de la República Dominicana: Guaiacum officinale, Bursera simaruba, Acacia scleroxylon y Zizyphus rignonii. Durante los tres años, el momento de inicio de la floración no varió o solamente varió en una o dos quincenas. La proporción de árboles que llegaron a florecer disminuyó sensiblemente en los 2012 y 2013, período con época seca muy intensa. La intensidad de la visita de abejas en las flores también disminuyó en ese período. Además, la duración de la floración de Bursera simaruba y Acacia scleroxylon fue afectada negativamente por un exceso de lluvia de marzo a mayo 2012. Como recomendación de amortiguamiento al cambio climático, se recomienda mantener una diversidad de especies vegetales de interés apícola con diferentes épocas de floración.
Árboles del Valle Central de Costa Rica: reproducción Aromo (Acacia farnesiana)
Authors: Rojas-Rodríguez Freddy , Torres-Córdoba Gustavo
Published: November 2015

Se presenta una breve descripción del árbol de aromo Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd., e información sobre fenología como base para la recolección de frutos, el manejo de las semillas, la viverización y el proceso de germinación.
A New Approach for Selecting Sand-Control Technique in Horizontal Openhole Completions
Authors: Parlar M.. , Tibbles R. J. , Gadiyar B.. , Stamm B..
Published: November 2015

Openhole sand-control technique selection has been a topic of interest since the late 1990s and was discussed most comprehensively in SPE 85504 (Price-Smith et al. 2003), which proposed guidelines for selection between standalone screens (SASs), α/β packing, and shunt-tube packing. Proposed guidelines were based on formation characteristics such as formation strength, particle-size distribution (PSD), mineralogy across the well path; risk factors involved in execution as well as reliability/longevity; and cost considerations. From a PSD standpoint, their guidelines were based on the criteria proposed earlier in SPE 39437 (Tiffin et al. 1998), whereas risk evaluation was based on the technologies available at that time. Since then, significant advancements were made in understanding sand-retention mechanisms and failure modes of SASs, and in technology development to extend the limits of openhole gravel packing. These combined with the field experience in the last decade certainly warrant re-examination of their guidelines, which is the objective of this paper.

In this paper, we begin with a critical review of the current sand-control technique-selection methodologies for openhole completions, including the way some of the risk factors are being evaluated to eliminate a given completion technique. On the basis of the technologies developed in the last decade, we propose a new approach for selecting sand-control technique, along with techniques/tools for proper evaluation of the risk factors. The proposed approach significantly extends the application limits of SASs and α/β packing compared with what was proposed in SPE 85504 (Price-Smith et al. 2003).