bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nonrestrictive modifiers in non-parenthetical positions
Authors: Morzycki Marcin
Published: November 2023

The systematic but often subtle semantic differences between prenominal and post nominal adjectives first noted by Bolinger (1967) in many respects remain poorly understood. There remains a similar murkiness surrounding some of the systematic but often subtle semantic differences between preverbal and post verbal adverbs, of the sort noted by Jackendoff (1972), Bellert (1977), Ernst (1984, 2002), and Cinque (1994), among many others. This chapter focuses on one difference of this sort that occurs in both these murky domains: for both adjectives and adverbs, nonrestrictive interpretations are possible without resort to parenthetical intonation only in pre-head positions.
Deconstructing categories: finiteness in a functional-typological perspective
Authors: Cristofaro Sonia
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines the notion of finiteness in a functional-typological perspective, with particular regard to the status of finiteness and nonfiniteness as cross-constructionally and cross-linguistically relevant categories. Finiteness and nonfiniteness, as de fined in functionally oriented theories of grammar, do not correspond to internally consistent classes. As the various properties that are taken as distinctive for finiteness and nonfiniteness do not always combine with the same properties from one construction to another, finiteness and nonfiniteness encompass a variety of entities that are similar with respect to some properties but differ with respect to other properties.
In what ways can finite and nonfinite clauses differ? Evidence from Russian
Authors: Perlmutter David M
Published: November 2023

In what ways can finite and nonfinite clauses differ in a given language? To what extent do different languages manifest different contrasts between finite and nonfinite clauses? This chapter addresses these questions with respect to Russian, which displays striking contrasts between clauses headed by an infinitive and clauses headed by a finite verb. I apply the labels ‘nonfinite’ and ‘infinitival’ to the former and ‘finite’ to the latter.1 Our first—descriptive—goal is to document two such contrasts between finite and nonfinite clauses in Russian. we describe two constructions—the Unspecified Human Subject (UHS) construction and the unspecified they construction—and show that they have opposite distributions.
What role for Euro-citizens?
Authors: Olsen Johan P
Published: November 2023

Since Maastricht, democratic issues have increasingly preoccupied citizens, politicians and academics. Democratic themes have become a more central part of the EU agenda and it is commonplace to assume the existence of a democratic deficit. A former president of the Commission, Romano Prodi, has even spoken of ‘the democratic malaise that the Union is suffering’ (Prodi 2001b: 3). It is observed that many citizens feel alienated from the Union, that the current disenchantment has to be counteracted, and that the Union has to be brought closer to its citizens (Commission 2001a, b; Prodi 2001b; Commission 2005). According to the Commission, the Union ‘will no longer be judged solely by its ability to remove barriers to trade or to complete an internal market; its legitimacy today depends on involvement and participation’ (Commission 2001a: 18).
The triumph of Orangism
Authors: Claydon Tony , Speck W A
Published: November 2023

king of England, Scotland, and Ireland, and prince of Orange, was born in the Binnenh of Palace in The Hague on 14 November 1650 NS. He was the posthumous and only child of William II, prince of Orange (1626–1650), who had died from smallpox eight days before he was born, and of his consort, Mary (1631–1660), eldest daughter of Charles I and princess royal of England. He was baptized Willem Hendrik (William Henry) on 15 January 1651 NS.
Double-Loop Learning in a Classroom Setting
Authors: Argyris Chris
Published: November 2023

I begin with some fundamental assumptions about how human beings strive to make sense of the context in which they are embedded. Next, I present some observations from cases written by participants in our session. Inferences are then made that begin to answer the questions raised at the outset. The concepts of single- and double-loop learning are introduced. A theory of action is presented that explains the problems described above.
Wilderness Experience in Education for Ecology
Authors: Reason Peter
Published: November 2023

At least since the 1980s, and possibly long before that, humanity has been running an ecological deficit with the earth. The activities of humans are fast overwhelming the self-regulating capacity of the planet of which we are a part (see, for example, WWF 2004: 2–4). The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) reveals that approximately 60 per cent of the ecosystem services that support life on earth—such as fresh water, capture fisheries, air and water regulation, and the regulation of regional climate, natural hazards, and pests—are being degraded or used unsustainably and that this ‘could grow significantly worse in the next 50 years’.
Work Orientations and Managerial Practices An Experiential and Theoretical Learning Event
Authors: Watson Tony
Published: November 2023

The set of events which are to be reported and reflected upon here were those experienced by undergraduate students taking a final-year module on work organization and management. The students attended a lecture and a seminar each week for twelve weeks. The seminars for two of the fifteen student groups were run by me and I gave the twelve lectures, these all being closely tied to the module textbook which I had developed and tested in modules with a variety of different types of student.
Introduction
Authors: Waterhouse Norman
Published: November 2023

The specialty of plastic surgery aims to restore form and function to damaged, diseased, or abnormal tissues. It has no boundaries—a plastic surgeon might operate on a crushed hand, a cancer on the face, and a birth defect of the bladder in the same day.

Plastic surgery techniques have been practised since antiquity. Our modern methods of reconstructing the nose are similar to those described in India, 3000 years ago. The establishment of plastic surgery as a formal discipline is, however, a recent development, stimulated by the injuries of modern warfare. The rifles used in the First World War fired low-velocity bullets that were sufficient to cause tissue damage, splinter bone, and tear away flesh, but unlike high-velocity bullets, would not cause the energy waves that result in instant death. As a result many young men survived the war with appalling facial injuries. Independently, surgeons in France (Morestin), England (Gillies), and Germany (Esser), began to develop techniques and procedures to reconstruct the face. These included methods of moving skin and tissue from one place to another and replacing and building up tissue where it had been lost or damaged. The repair and reconstruction of damaged tissue was also applied to limb injuries and burns.
Facelift surgery
Authors: Waterhouse Norman
Published: November 2023

Facelift surgery is highly effective in reversing many features of the ageing face.

Heavy smokers are not suitable for facelift surgery.

To achieve a natural result, surgery to the eye and brow area may also be required.

The term ‘facelift’ is perhaps the most commonly used word associated with cosmetic surgery. It has entered the language to the degree that it is widely applied to describe restoration or rejuvenation of everything from buildings to institutions. Paradoxically, its meaning in cosmetic surgery is frequently poorly understood and used inappropriately.
Designing Process Studies
Authors: Van de Ven Andrew H
Published: November 2023

There is a growing interest in understanding processes of change and development in individuals, groups, organizations, and other social entities. Process studies are undertaken to examine research questions dealing with how things change and develop over time. Chapter 5 reviewed the philosophical assumptions underlying process research and how they differ from variance models. This chapter discusses some of the operational issues and decisions involved in designing process models to either develop or test a process theory.
The Formalities for Entry into a Regulated Agreement
Authors: Neville Stephen
Published: November 2023

This information must be provided by the time of the agreement and it must be confirmed in writing. If the bank’s agreement is tacit, and the account remains overdrawn for more than three months, the bank must inform the customer in writing no later than seven days after the end of that three-month period of the annual rate of interest and the charges applicable.13 Accordingly, customers are not required to sign regulated agreements when banks grant overdrafts on current accounts. The CCA 1974 does not define ‘current account’, but it is likely to be restricted to running-accounts from which withdrawals can be made by cheque or debit card.14 In Coutts v Sebestyen,15 the court considered a defence raised by Gabriel Oscar Sebestyen that his overdraft fell outside this exemption and was therefore wholly unenforceable against him. He had opened a current account at Coutts with an agreed overdraft limit of £2,000, but in six months had built up an unauthorized overdraft of over £18,000. Two days after the overdraft exceeded the agreed limit, the bank wrote to inform him that a 26 per cent interest rate applied to drawings that exceeded the limit.
Early Settlement and Termination
Authors: Smith J M W
Published: November 2023

The debtor under a regulated credit agreement has the right, by virtue of section 94 of the Consumer Credit Act (CCA) 1974, to discharge his indebtedness at any time by giving written notice1 to the creditor and paying all amounts payable under the agreement, less, where applicable, the statutory rebate provided for by section 95. If it is a hire-purchase agreement, the debtor may, at the same time, exercise the option to purchase the goods. If the debtor’s indebtedness under a regulated credit agreement is fully discharged, whether voluntarily or on early termination under the terms of the agreement or at the creditor’s option, he is automatically discharged, as is any relative of his, from any liability under a linked transaction, other than liability for a debt which has already become payable. However, this does not apply to a linked transaction which is itself an agreement providing the debtor or his relative with credit6 or to a linked transaction which is excluded from such automatic discharge by regulations made under the CCA 1974. There is authority that, at common law, provision in a loan agreement for acceleration of the debtor’s payment obligations, so that, on the happening of certain events, he may become immediately liable to pay the full amount that was to have been payable over a future period, including interest in respect of that future period, is valid and enforceable, whether or not the trigger for acceleration is the debtor’s breach of contract.
Nuernberg Trial and Aggressive War
Authors: Glueck Sheldon
Published: November 2023

On August 8, 1945, the four major Powers entered into an executive agreement, in which they provided for the establishment of an ad hoc International Military Tribunal for the trial of war criminals whose offenses ‘have no particular geographical location,’ and, in an Annex to the agreement, set forth a Charter for the ‘Constitution of the International Military Tribunal.’
The Nuremberg Trial and the Modern Principles of International Criminal Law
Authors: Vabres Henri Donnedieu de
Published: November 2023

On 8 August 1945—barely two years ago—an agreement was reached on the constitution of the International Military Tribunal for Major War Criminals. A few months earlier, the United Nations Charter, devised by the representatives of the nations that emerged victorious from the Second World War, had established the principles of a new society of states. Appended to the Agreement was a Charter governing the structure and functioning of the International Military Tribunal.
The future
Authors: Matthews David
Published: November 2023

The future for someone with diabetes is much brighter today than it ever was before. The therapeutic advances mean that we now understand the crucial need for ongoing care in diabetes. Glucose control is much easier with modern therapies, and the use of agents to keep blood pressure and blood fats under control means that the long-term risks of diabetes are reducing year on year. The dangers of smoking (with or without diabetes) have become much more apparent in recent years, with the realization that continuing smokers have a 1 in 2 chance of dying of smoking-related disease; so there is a concerted campaign on that front as well.

All this shows that the outlook is rosier than it ever was. However, the real questions about a cure remain unanswered. In type 1 diabetes, although we know a huge amount about how autoimmunity works—essentially how the body makes a mistake over what is self and what is not—we still do not know enough about how to stop the process of destruction of the beta-cells. Similarly, in type 2 diabetes, we know that the beta-cells are not working hard enough to produce the insulin we need, yet we have only a few clues about the processes involved in their progressive failure.
How Down syndrome comes about
Authors: Selikowitz Mark
Published: November 2023

Down syndrome comes about when there is an extra number 21 chromosome. This additional chromosome, because of the genes it contains, causes an excessive amount of certain proteins to be formed in the cell. All children with Down syndrome have the extra critical portion of chromosome 21 in their cells. But the amount of chromosome 21 present, and the way in which the error comes about, can take one of three forms. When parents are told that their newborn baby has Down syndrome, one of the first questions they ask is ‘ How did this happen?’ Thanks to advances in the field of genetics, we can go a long way towards answering this question.
Assessment
Authors: Selikowitz Mark
Published: November 2023

It is important for each child with Down syndrome to have her unique needs appraised in a regular and thorough way. An assessment is a process whereby a professional or group of professionals evaluate a child’ s abilities at a particular time, and make recommendations based on her needs. Assessments should begin when your child is about 4 months of age and continue at 6–12-monthly intervals until she enters school. Every child with Down syndrome has individual strengths and weaknesses. No single intervention or educational plan will be suitable for all. It is there- fore necessary for each child’ s unique needs to be appraised in a regular and thorough way.
Early intervention and pre-school groups
Authors: Selikowitz Mark
Published: November 2023

Children with Down syndrome who receive early intervention generally function better than those who do not. Early intervention should be viewed as a worthwhile, but not indispensable, adjunct to the more important learning experience that you give your child through normal parenting. You know your own child and your family’ s needs better than anyone else. You should try to find a programme that suits your needs, and never agree to participate in any intervention that does not feel right for you and your family.
Future pregnancies
Authors: Selikowitz Mark
Published: November 2023

This chapter is written for those parents who want to calculate their chance of having another child with Down syndrome, and who want information about prenatal tests, so that they can make an informed decision. The chance of having another child with Down syndrome will depend on whether your child has the common trisomy 21, a translocation, or mosaicism. Only amniocentesis and chorionic villus biopsy can establish with certainty whether a fetus has Down syndrome. Non-invasive screening tests are now available; they detect an increased risk but are not completely reliable. One of the concerns shared by many parents who have had a child with Down syndrome is whether they will have further children with the syndrome. Parents also wonder whether their other children have an increased chance of having a child with the condition.
How is a diagnosis of CFS/ME made?
Authors: Campling Frankie , Sharpe Michael
Published: November 2023

A diagnosis of CFS/ME is made on the basis of what the patient says—that is on their symptoms and the history of their illness. There are no findings on examination (clinical signs) in CFS/ME and so far there is no medical test. A full history, physical examination, and laboratory investigations or ‘tests’ are important, however, to exclude other conditions that could be causing the symptoms.
A gradual increase in activity
Authors: Campling Frankie , Sharpe Michael
Published: November 2023

There are two stages in achieving an increase in what you can do. The first is to stabilize your current level of activity and to look at all the other ways in which you can help your body, such as relaxation, better sleep, good diet, and pain management. Once you have put into practice some of the things we have talked about in the previous chapters and have adjusted to a level of physical and mental activity that you can manage each day, you can move onto the next stage. This is to start increasing your activities gradually.
What gets in the way of being sensible?
Authors: Campling Frankie , Sharpe Michael
Published: November 2023

You may decide that a pacing programme is a good idea, but it is very likely that you will find that sticking to it is not that easy. You will probably find things get in the way—some coming from outside pressures, but some coming from your own beliefs and emotions. Clinical experience and research both show that identifying the things that stop you pacing yourself as well as you could is extremely important in this kind of self-help programme. When you know what these barriers are, you can look for ways round them.
Thinking about the future
Authors: Campling Frankie , Sharpe Michael
Published: November 2023

You may feel so stuck in your present problems that it is hard to envisage a better future, but the possibility is certainly there. If your health improves, you would begin to see things opening up, some of which could seem pretty scary. If you have been ill for some time, getting back into the world, perhaps coming off benefits and going back to work, can seem very daunting. There are likely to be problems about being better just as there have been problems about being ill. The more you can be clear about what the problems might be and what you might be able to do about them, the less scary it will be.
Thinking about therapies and therapists, both medical and complementary/ alternative
Authors: Campling Frankie , Sharpe Michael
Published: November 2023

As we said in Chapter 8, there is no ‘magic bullet’ that will cure CFS/ME. However, most people would still like to believe that there must be a simple treatment out there that will at least help, and so they keep on looking. Making a choice between the enormous varieties of therapies available can be extremely difficult. We hope that what follows will help in making that choice.
The Decline of the Nobility
Authors: Rush Michael
Published: November 2023

The impact of the aristocracy on and in Europe has been long and profound, economically and socially and in the exercise of power and inﬂuence. Indeed, it is probably difficult to exaggerate the historical importance of the nobility in European society. Even powerful, so-called absolute monarchs ruled with and through the nobility. Ownership of land and, moreover, control of those who worked on the land gave the nobility immense economic power, but noble power and inﬂuence extended well beyond the economic sphere, intertwining with the social and the political.
Cleavage Representation in European Parliamentary History
Authors: Best Heinrich
Published: November 2023

More than thirty years ago Stein Rokkan set the agenda for the discipline of comparative politics by assigning to it a double task: the accumulation and evaluation of information about past and present systems of government and the construction and testing of parsimonious models for the explanation of variations in the development, structuring, and performance of such systems (1967; 1999: 95).
Paths of Institutional Development and Elite Transformations
Authors: Cotta Maurizio , Verzichelli Luca
Published: November 2023

The time period covered by the DATACUBE is that during which most of the European countries have accomplished the democratization of their political system. According to the distinction proposed by Robert Dahl (1970), this has meant reaching high levels of liberalization (i.e. freedom of public contestation) and universalizing the electoral inclusion of adult citizens; or, if we prefer to put it in Rokkan”s words, overcoming the thresholds of legitimation, incorporation, and of executive power.
Asthma, Allergy, and the Mind
Authors: Jackson Mark
Published: November 2023

On 7 December 1889, an American inventor, Frederick Augustus Roe, obtained a patent for a device that was designed both to cure and to prevent not only the deadly strain of influenza that was sweeping across Europe from Russia, but also a wide range of other respiratory complaints, including catarrh, bronchitis, coughs and colds, croup, whooping cough, hay fever, and asthma. Sold from offices in Hanover Square in London for ten shillings, the Carbolic Smoke Ball comprised a hollow ball of India rubber containing carbolic acid powder. When the ball was compressed, a cloud of particles was forced through a fine muslin or silk diaphragm to be inhaled by the consumer.
Epilogue
Authors: Jackson Mark
Published: November 2023

It was on 31 December 2005 that Conall suffered probably his worst attack of asthma. Siobhán and I had travelled with our three children, Ciara, Riordan, and Conall, from Devon to South Wales to celebrate the dawning of a new year with Siobhan’s sister and her family. Within an hour or two of arriving in Porthcawl, and perhaps triggered by contact with his cousins’ cats or by the excitement of the occasion, Conall was struggling to breathe.
All About Language
Authors: Blake Barry J
Published: November 2023

In clear, congenial style Barry Blake explains how language works. He describes the make-up of words and how they're built from sounds and signs and put together in phrases and sentences. He examines the dynamics of conversation and the relations between the sound and meaning. He shows how languages help their users connect to each other and to the world, how they vary around the world, why they never stop changing, and that no two people speak a language in the same way. He looks at how language is acquired by infant children, how it relates to thought, and its operations in the brain. He investigates current trends and issues such as the levelling of linguistic class differences and the rise of new secret or in-group languages such as argot and teenspeak. He describes the history of writing from its origins to digital diffusion, and ends by looking at how language might have originated and then evolved among our distant hominid and primate ancestors. Language is crucial to every aspect of our lives whether we're thinking, talking, or dreaming. Barry Blake reveals the wonders that lie beneath the surface of everyday communication, enriching his exposition with a unique blend of anecdote and humour. His engaging guide is for everyone curious about language or who needs to know more about it.
Compound and complex sentences
Authors: Blake Barry J
Published: November 2023

The following sentence contains two strings each of which qualifies as a sentence as described up to this point. The two strings are bracketed.

[Virginia went to Richmond] and[Vanessa stayed in Bloomsbury].

It is a compound sentence. It contains two independent sentences or independent clauses. The word clause refers to a sentence that is part of a larger sentence.

Now look at the following sentences, each of which contains two clauses, an independent main clause and a dependent or subordinate clause.
Labour Law and Industrial Relations
Authors: Ewing Keith
Published: November 2023

This chapter considers the contribution of law to the development of industrial relations, and conversely the contribution of industrial relations to the development of the law. The workplace of the twenty-first century is much more highly regulated by law than at any time in the past, with both employers and trade unions subject to detailed legal restrictions. But this should not detract from the reality that the State has intervened to regulate the employment relationship from the day that the first worker provided his service for the benefit of another. In this chapter, one aim is to focus on the changing nature of State intervention and the changing techniques of State intervention in the period since 1906 until the end of the first Blair administration. In this way a clear pattern of continuity in the development of the current British ‘system’ clearly emerges.
Post-modernism and Industrial Relations
Authors: Eldridge John
Published: November 2023

To parody Marx: a spectre is haunting Europe—the spectre of post-modernism. Indeed its haunting presence goes well beyond Europe. But the substance of spectres is not always easy to identify. So it is with post-modernism. Is it a condition? A method? A theory? A perspective? It is elusive yet all pervasive. Even so, when it comes to the sphere of industrial relations, discussions of post-modernism are not so much in evidence. One exception to this is John Kelly’s Rethinking Industrial Relations (Kelly 1998) which includes a chapter-Post-modernism and the End of the Labour Movement. The chapter is subtitled—a critique-and so it is. After a useful survey of some of the economic, cultural, political, and philosophical strands in post modern thinking he concludes: ‘There are so many holes in the post-modern case that there is a genuine puzzle as to why it was ever taken so seriously.
Citizenship, Subjecthood, Nationality: Concepts of Belonging in the Age of Modern Nation States
Authors: Gosewinkel Dieter
Published: November 2023

Political concepts are concepts of legitimation; this fact is well established. For example, Jurgen Habermas states that the German word for ‘citizenship’ or ‘citoyennete’, ‘Staatsbiirgerschaft’, has been defined to date by lawyers. As a result, the concept has acquired the exclusively legal meaning of a formal, legally defined relationship of adherence to the state, for which the German term is ‘Staatsangehorigkeit.’ He observes with satisfaction that this concept recently has been expanded to include the sense of a ‘Staatsbiirgerstatus’ defined by civil and political rights. He greets this development as an adaptation to a ‘Western’ (comprising Western Europe and the USA)—that is, republican and constitutional-tradition of the concept of citizenship (Habermas 1993: 638). In Habermas’s view, this adaptation would permit an understanding of the core of German ‘Staatsbiirgerschaft’ as a set of rights intended to secure the political participation and communication of autonomous individuals.
Citizenship under Regime Competition: The Case of the ‘European Works Councils’
Authors: Streeck Wolfgang
Published: November 2023

As European integration progresses, expectations are waning that it will culminate in a supranational state replicating the post-war European nation state on a larger scale.1 But as yet little attention has been devoted to the question of what this implies for integrated Europe, and what in particular it portends for the role of European nation states, and of statehood in Europe generally, vis-á-vis European societies and citizens. In part this may have ideological reasons. ‘Euro-optimists’, which include most students of European integration, tend to minimize the significance of the disappearance of the supranational state perspective. Rather than dwell on what is not happening, they prefer to deal with what is. For the rest, a tacit assumption has become widely accepted that the old neo-functionalist vision of a ‘United States of Europe’ was not meant to be taken literally in the first place, and that what¬ ever emerges in its stead can be regarded without much questioning as its functional equivalent. It is here that the debate on European integration links up with contemporary discussions about the state. While empirical observations of a decline of state capacity in developed industrial societies are widely shared, they are often accompanied by assurances that this is not really a loss as other, non-state mechanisms of governance-and indeed normatively preferable ones-are waiting to fill the gap.
Cost-Benefit Analysis and Environmental Policy
Authors: Pearce* David
Published: November 2023

The theoretical foundations of cost-benefit analysis (CBA) are well established, although no practitioner should pretend that all the problems are resolved. Essentially, CBA compares the gains and losses associated with an investment project (a road, railway line, port, urban expansion, etc.) or with a policy, e.g. the setting of an environmental standard. Gains and losses are defined in terms of increments and decrements of human wellbeing (or welfare, or utility) and, in tum, these are measured as follows: individuals’ willingness to pay for a gain or willingness to pay to avoid a loss; or individuals’ willingness to accept compensation to tolerate a loss or to go without a benefit. These willingness-to-pay and willingness-to-accept concepts correspond to the measures of consumer surplus formalized by Hicks (1943).
Transport and the Environment
Authors: Nash* Chris
Published: November 2023

Transport was one of the first sectors in which the importance of externalities was recognized with respect to traffic congestion, and the proposed solution in the form of a Pigouvian tax formulated. More recently, more attention has shifted to environmental effects as externalities. Here, there are a wide variety of effects, as listed in Table 1. Transport is a very significant source of most of these pollutants.
Miscellaneous Nuisances In Other Legislation
Authors: Malcolm Rosalind , Pointing John
Published: November 2023

Some miscellaneous statutory nuisances under section 79(1)(h) of the Environmental Protection Act 1990 (‘EPA 1990’) remain from the Public Health Act 1936 and from the Mines and Quarries Act 1954. In none of these is the defence of “best practicable means’ available.1 The miscellaneous statutory nuisances comprise nuisances from: watercourses;tents, vans, sheds and similar structures used for human habitation; domestic water supply; and unfenced abandoned mines and quarries.
Between Large Firms and Marginal Local Economies: The Making of Systems of Local Governance in France
Authors: Aniello Valeria , Gales Patrick Le
Published: November 2023

Once upon a time the French model of capitalism and its economic success were either despised or hailed as the state-centred French exception. In that post-war period, the modernization of the economy was led by the state and its elites, which organized economic development and ran most of the national champions. Local economies were not an issue. Some disappeared, some remained hidden, and a dozen interesting cases remained rather strong.
Credit Cycles
Authors: Kiyotaki Nobuhiro , Hardman-Moore John
Published: November 2023

This chapter is a theoretical study into how credit constraints interact with aggregate economic activity over the business cycle. In particular, for an economy in which credit limits are endogenously determined, we investigate how relatively small, temporary shocks to technology or income distribution might generate large, persistent fluctuations in output and asset prices. Also we ask whether sector-specific shocks can be contagious, in the sense that their effects spill over to other sectors and get amplified through time.
The Growth of New Ventures: Analysis After Penrose
Authors: Garnsey Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

Despite the intense interest generated by new venture activity and the growth of new firms in recent years, the entrepreneurial venture remains an under-theorised area in the economic and management literature. With the emergence of microeconomic theory in the 1930s, academic study of the entrepreneur became a marginal area, arousing little interest even among those working in the tradition of Schumpeter (Nelson, 1995).1 In economic textbooks, the entrepreneur stiil receives scant mention (Baretto, 1989).2
The University in the ‘Global’ Economy
Authors: Miyoshi Masao
Published: November 2023

Higher education is undergoing a rapid sea change. Everyone knows and senses it, but few try to comprehend its scope or imagine its future. This two-part chapter makes some guesses by observing recent events and recalling the bygone past. Part 1 describes the quickening conversion of learning into intellectual property and of the university into the global corporation in today’s research universities in the United States—and, increasingly, everywhere else. Part 2 puzzles over the failure of the humanities at this moment as a supposed agency of criticism and intervention.
The Jurisdiction of the Community Courts Reconsidered
Authors: Craig Paul
Published: November 2023

This chapter will reconsider the jurisdiction of the Community courts. The inquiry is timely given the need to think more generally about the Community’s institutional structure in the light of expansion. There have also been two important papers which directly address key issues concerning the Community’s judicial architecture. One has been written by those currently in the ECJ and CFI, and will be referred to hereafter as ‘the Courts’ paper’. The other was produced by a Working Party composed largely of former judges of the ECJ at the behest of the Commission. The Chairman was Ole Due and it will be referred to as ‘the Due Report’.
Between National and International Governance: Geopolitics, Strategizing Actors, and Sector Coordination in Electrical Engineering in the Interwar Era
Authors: glimstedt henrik
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we follow the continuous efforts from the 1890s to the Second World War of a transnational community in electrical engineering to construct a world market through cartelization of oligopoly. What the argument reveals is that the process of internationalization in this period was highly political, driven by individual actors and firms aiming to construct a specific set of market relationships. The chapter therefore reinforces the need to have both a political and an historical perspective on processes of internationalization. Forms of markets and international economic coordination emerge from the actions of individuals and firms seeking to deal with complex technological, economic, and political environments. In order to grasp these processes, it is necessary to examine the interactions between national and international forms of social embeddedness and how these give rise to forms of transnational communities (within and across firms).
Political Foundations for Separating Ownership from Control
Authors: Roe Mark J
Published: November 2023

The public firm, with dispersed stockholders in deep liquid securities markets, dominates business in the United States of America. Despite its pervasiveness, it has wee-known infirmities, namely in the fragile des that bind managers to shareholders. If shareholders strongly fear managers’ disloyalty or incompetence, they will invest warily; if sufficiently fearful, they will not invest at all, and other ownership structures will prevail. But the core problems of binding managers to shareholders in the USA have shrunk to acceptable levels; investors are not so afraid of managers that they refuse to invest. Indeed, these problems have been handled so well that we fail to recognize the political prerequisites to resolving them and tying American managers to dispersed stockholders.
Complete Separation of Ownership and Control: The Structure-Regime and Other Defensive Mechanisms in the Netherlands
Authors: Moerland Pieter W
Published: November 2023

The Dutch system of corporate supervision is currently in the throes of reform. The unique Dutch ‘structure-regime’. which separates ownership and control, has been legally pre scribed for ‘large’ companies since 1971. In this system, supervisory boards are granted considerable power, which is usually the prerogative of the shareholders at the annual meeting. The co-optation system grants also the supervisory board the right to appoint and dis miss its own members. An important policy debate was sparked by the report of the Dutch Corporate Governance committee (1997)1 (hereinafter the Peters Committee) which questioned the need and role of the structure-regime and other aspects of the Dutch corporate governance system.
Employee Stock Option Grants and Firm Performance in the Netherlands
Authors: Duffhues Piet , Kabir Rezaul , Mertens Gerard , Roosenboom Peter
Published: November 2023

Although executive stock options—the right granted to management and/or employees to buy a company’s stock at a pre-specified price during a specified length of time—have become a well-established part of management compensation in the USA (Hall and Liebman 1998; Murphy 1999), their use has permeated Continental Europe only recently. Listed companies in the Netherlands started to use this form of compensation extensively as of the mid-l 990s. The idea underlying the use of stock options is that they can tum paid managers into owners, thus aligning their interests with those of shareholders. As a result, company managers will be more motivated to strive towards firms’ financial-markets-related performance. Moreover, these stock-based compensation plans may not only strengthen the link between compensation and performance for existing recipients, but can also assist a firm in bringing talented new staff onboard. This appears especially relevant in high-tech sector firms.
Polish
Authors: Mańczak-Wohlfeld Elzbíeta
Published: November 2023

The author discusses the so-called double plural of loanwords in Polish, illustrating the phenomenon with some borrowings taken from different languages, including English, Hebrew, etc.
Distribution in Japan
Authors: Miwa Yoshiro , Nishimura Kiyohiko G , Mark Ramseyer J
Published: November 2023

Several years have passed since the ‘store wars’ over barriers to foreign products at Japanese distribution firms. Yet among English-speaking readers, how these firms operate remains a puzzle. In this book, the best Japanese scholars in their fields attempt to unravel that puzzle. Avoiding culture-based explanations, they employ a systematic and rigorous economic logic—yet, since they also avoid mathematical notation, the argument remains accessible to generalist readers. Collectively, the authors make four basic points: * Within a country, distribution is less similar than it appears. Not only does it vary enormously across industries, but it often varies within a given industry as well. * Across countries, distribution is less diverse than it appears. Although appearances sometimes suggest major cross-national contrasts, on more careful analysis the differences often disappear. * Distribution sometimes depends on the product involved. Because distribution functions as the principal means by which manufacturers acquire information about consumer preferences, the character of distribution can depend crucially both on demand patterns and on manufacturing technology. * In the absence of regulatory intervention, distribution generally will be efficient and non-exclusionary. Regulation usually introduces inefficiency and often creates barriers to entry. Importantly, however, the targets of exclusion will less often involve foreign than domestic competitors. To illustrate these points, the authors draw on both analyses that cross various sectors and analyses that are specific to sectors; they study both regulated and unregulated industries; they describe industries with extensive imports, industries with extensive exports, and industries with neither; they examine the effect of technological change; and they introduce a variety of case studies, from agriculture and automobiles to electrical appliances and apparel.
Japanese Distribution: Background, Issues, Examples
Authors: Miwa Yoshiro , Mark Ramseyer J
Published: November 2023

Call it the bad boy of the Japanese economy. A sultry worker, it refuses to perform at the levels of its manufacturing peers. A sore loser, it stays in business by buying politicians, manipulating bureaucrats, and cheating every which way. A poor player generally, it struts and frets its hour upon the stage—and then is heard from again and yet again.
International Financial Centres, 1958-1971: Competitiveness and Complementarity
Authors: Schenk Catherine R
Published: November 2023

Measuring the competitiveness of international financial centres has proved difficult for economists. Nevertheless, there is a substantial literature that seeks to rank international financial centres either through time or in a single period. The measures include the number of foreign banks, amount of foreign deposits held by financial institutions, and the ranking of financial centres by a sample of bankers and economists. All these approaches assume that one financial centre can be compared with another on the same terms, and then that some judgement can be made on this basis about their relative influence. Some efforts have been made to introduce a functional approach to ranking to account for the differences between financial centres in savings-rich countries compared to importers of capital or offshore centres.
Cosmopolitanism and the Social Experience of Cities
Authors: Sennett Richard
Published: November 2023

Cosmopolitanism has a very different cast when you think about it in terms, not so much of political theory, but of social experience and particularly in terms of the social experience of cities. The dynamics of what we mean by cosmopolitanism, its opposites and its internal contradictions are very differently structured. Once you actually take an institution like the city, the link between cosmopolitan and cosmopolitanism is obviously a very particular one.
An ecology of distributed knowledge work
Authors: Boland Richard ℱ , R. ℱ
Published: November 2023

Representing, designing, and implementing are, in a sense, the ‘stuff’ of which distributed knowledge work is made. Because representations are being created and interpreted by actors at many levels of a distributed system, it is a multi-layered hern1eneutic process. Because designs of the system are always being enacted and evaluated, it is a path-creating, innovative process. And because implementations of the system are continuously being produced and reproduced, it is a process of responsible human agency. At any moment, any of the actors could interpret their situation differently, could resist the prescribed path, or could intervene to change accepted practices.
Choreographing Time and Management: Traditions, Developments, and Opportunities
Authors: Adam Barbara , Whipp Richard , Sabelis Ida
Published: November 2023

Time is an essential feature of social and organizational life. It is our prime organizing tool. People use time in order to create, shape, and order their worlds. And yet, despite its importance, we take our time values and uses of time largely for granted. This not only applies to one’s daily life but is also true for academic theory and business practice alike. Making Time is concerned to bring time to the forefront of management theory and practice. It seeks, accordingly, to make explicit what are currently the many implicit temporal assumptions that underpin management thought and action.
Time and Management as a Morality Tale, or ‘What’s Wrong with Linear Time, Damn It?’
Authors: Rehn Alf
Published: November 2023

Although it seems that time has been actively discussed in the social sciences ever since the sudden proliferation of ‘seminal’ books in the 1960s (Fraisse 1963; Moore 1963; De Grazia 1964; Gurvitch 1964; Sorokin 1964), the 1990s and onwards have quite clearly been a period with an abundant interest directed towards the temporal. It has also been a period when time studies have filtered into popular culture, with a number of books on time selling fairly well to the general public (e.g. Lightman 1993; Gleick 1999; Griffiths 1999). Time has become a ‘topic’, something you might even hear politicians ponder, and the multifaceted nature of time is no longer discussed merely in the halls of academia but in magazines and on ‘Oprah’. And in all these arenas, just as in scholarly writing on the issue of time as a social phenomenon, the consensus is astounding. There is not merely one time, that rigid linear flow of clock time, but a veritable plethora of times and rhythms and flows and what not. In a sense, talking about social time has truly become part of the ongoing moralization that we call culture.
Interpretative Times: The Timescape of Managerial Decision Making
Authors: Keenoy Tom , Oswick Cliff , Anthony Peter , Grant David , Mangham Iain
Published: November 2023

This discursive fragment is taken from a conversation between a small group of senior academics conducted intermittently over a period of about fourteen weeks. Their task was to reconstruct or—perhaps more accurately—attempt to ‘relive’ a critical incident they had been involved in before reconstituting it as a thirty-minute script. Our task in this chapter—which, from a different per spective, replicates what the academics were doing—is to reconstruct what they said during that process in order to illustrate the significance of ‘time’ in the decision-making process. In particular, we attempt to identify the timescape (Adam 1996) of decision making with a view to reinforming our understanding of how organizational decisions are shaped and formulated.
Organized Uncertainty
Authors: Power Michael
Published: November 2023

Since the mid-1990s risk management has undergone a dramatic expansion in its reach and significance, being transformed from an aspect of management control to become a benchmark of good governance for banks, hospitals, schools, charities and many other organizations. Numerous standards for risk management practice have been produced by a variety of transnational organizations. While these many designs and blueprints are accompanied by ideals of enterprise, value production, and good governance, it is argued that the rise of risk management has also coincided with an intensification of auditing and control processes. The legalization and bureacratization of organizational life has increased because risk management has created new demands for proof and evidence of action. In turn, these demands have generated new risks to reputation. In short, this important book traces the rise of the managerial concept of risk and the different logics and values which underpin it, showing that it has much less to do with real dangers and opportunities than might be thought, and more to do with organizational accountability and legitimacy.
The law of Human Rights
Authors: Clayton Richard , Tomlinson Hugh
Published: November 2023

This second supplement to the highly-acclaimed The Law of Human Rights, published in October 2000, brings the work fully up to date to July 2002. It includes all the relevant case-law as the Human Rights Act continues to be tested out in the courts and is an essential purchase for those who have already bought the Main Work. The Main Work and Second Updating Supplement are also available together as a set (ISBN 0199258228).