bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of prolonged cultivation of SV40‐transformed mouse cells in bromodeoxyuridine or pretreatment with mitomycin C on rescue of SV40
Authors: Dubbs D. R. , Kit Saul
Published: February 2007

A series of clonal lines (mKS‐U) of mouse kidney cells transformed by UV‐irradiated SV40 have been propagated serially in medium containing 5‐bromodeoxyuridine (dBU). Most of the mKS‐U lines became resistant to dBU during serial passage and became deficient in thymidine (dT) kinase activity. The dT kinase‐deficient mKS‐U lines were unable to grow in medium containing HATG (10−4 M hypoxanthine, 10−5 M aminopterin, 4 × 10−5 M thymidine, and 10−5 M glycine; Littlefield, 1965) because they were unable to utilize exogenous thymidine as a source of thymidylate when de novo synthesis of thymidylate was blocked by aminopterin. Growth in dBU medium did not increase the buoyant density of the DNA of mKS‐U lines deficient in dT kinase activity, demonstrating that dBU was not incorporated into the DNA of the cells. These observations show that a heritable change had occurred in the dBU‐grown mKS‐U cell lines. However, two dBU‐adapted cell lines, mKS‐U1 (BU) and mKS‐U2 (BU), did retain appreciable dT kinase activity even after 97 and 98 passages in dBU. The DNAs from mKS‐U1 (BU) and mKS‐U2 (BU) grown in dBU had buoyant densities greater than those of the DNAs from mouse cells grown in medium lacking dBU and the mKS‐U1 (BU) and mKS‐U2 (BU) lines were able to grow normally in HATG medium.

Serial passage of poor, average, or good yielder transformed lines in dBU did not significantly change the frequency of induction of SV40 in fusion experiments with African green monkey kidney (CV‐1) cells. However, the SV40 rescued in fusion experiments with two poor yielders after serial passage in dBU tended to produce larger plaques than those rescued prior to passage in dBU. Serial passage in dBU did not permit rescue of SV40 from heterokaryons of the rare yielders or non‐yielders.

The SV40 antigen was present in all the cell lines, even after prolonged cultivation in dBU, indicating that the SV40 genome was retained.

Pretreatment of mKS‐U lines with mitomycin C prior to fusion with CV‐1 cells did not alter the virus yield from a good yielder, mKS‐U13, after fusion with CV‐1, and did not permit rescue of SV40 from rare or non‐yielder lines.
Possible association of embryonal antigen(S) with several primary 3‐methylcholanthrene‐induced murine sarcomas
Authors: Brawn R. James
Published: February 2007

Lymph‐node cells from pregnant BALB/c mice multiparous by BALB/c males, as compared to lymph‐node cells from age‐matched virgin female BALB/c mice, inhibit the in vitro colony formation of several lines of primary syngeneic strain female 3‐methyl‐cholanthrene‐induced murine sarcomas. Colony formation of normal female BALB/c or female BALB/c x C3H fibroblastic cells is not similarly inhibited.
Further studies on tumour‐producing activity in adult mice by embryonic tissue cultures exposed to a virus and grafted before manifestation of morphologic transformation
Authors: Kryukova I. N. , Obukh I. B. , Biryulina T. I. , Babkova O. V.
Published: February 2007

Experiments were carried out to test the possibility of tumour production in adult recipients of different mouse strains by syngeneic embryonic tissue cultures exposed to, and not transformed by several oncogenic viruses. Tumour‐producing effect of embryonic tissue cultures exposed to C‐Z strain of RSV was observed in 100% of A, C3H‐H2p, AKR, C57BL/Sn, CC57W and in a small proportion of CC57BR mice, but not in B10.D2 and BALB/c mice. However, introduction of infected embryonic tissue cultures, originating from the resistant strains of mice, into F1 hybrids between the opposite strains resulted in tumour production. It was demonstrated that resistance to tumour production of the three strains mentioned above was not mediated by the strong immune reaction against the cells introduced.

Tumour‐producing effect by infected but untransformed cells was also seen with the C‐Z strain in hamsters, with the S‐R strain of RSV in mice, and with the 5D strain in hamsters but not in mice.

Attempts to produce tumours in mice by the introduction of syngeneic embryonic tissue culture exposed to SV40 and neurotropic strain (WSN) of influenza A viruses were negative.
On the surface structure of murine ascites tumors. I. Interactions with various phytoagglutinins
Authors: Tomita Motowo , Osawa Toshiaki , Sakurai Yoshio , Ukita Tyunosin
Published: February 2007

Phytoagglutinins originating from various plants agglutinated murine tumor cells and erythrocytes to varying degrees; some strongly, some moderately, and some not at all. The agglutinability of Yoshida sarcoma cells (rat ascites tumor) by various phytoagglutinins was essentially similar to that of ascites hepatoma 66 cells (rat ascites tumor), and similarity of agglutinability was also found between Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells and leukemia 1210 cells, both of which were of murine origin. Since the phytoagglutinins react with the corresponding binding sites of cell surfaces in a similar manner to antibodies, the binding sites could be specified by the inhibition of the bindings after the addition of mono‐ or disaccharides. The treatment of Yoshida sarcoma cells with chemical reagents, hydrolytic enzymes or heat changed their agglutinability against the agglutinins. The extent to which their agglutinability was changed by these treatments, however, differed according to the kind of agglutinin used.
Cell‐mediated immunity against antigens common to human colonic carcinomas and fetal gut Epithelium
Authors: Hellström Ingegerd , Hellström Karl Erik , Shepard Thomas H.
Published: February 2007

Blood lymphocytes from human patients with adenocarcinomas of the colon inhibited colony formation of plated cells from colon carcinomas, but not of cells from normal adult colon mucosa, as compared to control lymphocytes from patients who did not have cancer or who had neoplasms other than colon carcinomas. Lymphocytes from patients with colon carcinomas also inhibited plated fetal gut and liver epithelial cells, while they did not inhibit fetal kidney cells. The data thus indicated that colon carcinomas, fetal gut and fetal liver cells have an antigen in common, absent from adult colon and fetal kidney, and that lymphocytes from patients with colonic carcinomas are immune to that antigen.
Demonstration of antigens related to colonic cancer in the human digestive system
Authors: Martin F. , Martin M. S.
Published: February 2007

Heteroimmunization of rabbits with saline or perchloric extracts of colonic cancers permits the detection of two cancer‐related antigens. These antigens may be demonstrated, by direct precipitin reaction, in saline extracts of colonic or rectal adenocarcinomata, of some gastric cancers, and of foetal gut, but not in saline extracts of the non‐cancerous adult digestive system. However, precipitin‐inhibition reaction shows these antigens in perchloric extracts of non‐cancerous colonic mucosa but their concentration is much weaker than in intestinal tumours. Detection of a small amount of these antigens in non‐cancerous colonic mucosa implies that they are cancer‐related, but not cancer‐specific. Identity of one of the antigens with Gold's carcinoembryonic antigen is discussed.
The formation of variants with a reversion of properties of transformed cells. V. Reversion to a limited life‐span
Authors: Rabinowitz Zelig , Sachs Leo
Published: February 2007

It has been shown that hamster cells transformed after treatment with the chemical carcinogen dimethylnitrosamine (DMNA) in which the transformed state has become a hereditary cellular property, can, like cells transformed by polyoma virus, produce a high frequency of variants with a reversion of properties of transformed cells. In contrast to variants from polyoma‐transformed cells, 81–93% of the variants from DMNA‐transformed cells, and from cells transformed by benzo (a) pyrene or X‐irradiation had again, like normal cells, acquired a limited life‐span in vitro. This termination of life‐span was intracellularly determined. The escape from the limited life‐span by some of these variants was due to a re‐reversion from the reverted to the transformed state. The results suggest that the persistence of the viral genome in variants from polyoma‐transformed cells prevented their reverting to a limited life‐span.
Cellular DNA synthesis in productive infection with adenoviruses
Authors: Takahashi Michiaki , Baba Koichi , Minekawa Yoshiichi
Published: February 2007

The effect of adenoviruses on cellular DNA synthesis in productive infection of hamster kidney cells and human embryonic lung cells was studied.

(1) Treatment with 5‐fluorouracil (FU) strongly reduced incorporation of 3H‐dT into DNA of uninfected hamster kidney cultures. Under such conditions, the amount of incorporation of 3H‐dT into DNA in FU‐treated Ad5‐infected cultures was about one‐third of that observed in untreated ones. Analysis by DNA‐DNA hybridization revealed that the major proportion of newly synthetized 3H‐DNA was cellular between 16 to 32 h after infection in FU‐treated infected cultures. Synthesis of viral DNA and infectious virus was slightly delayed and reduced in FU‐treated cells.

(2) With the aim of keeping the specific activities of 3H‐dT derivatives in acid‐soluble pools in cells as constant as possible, long‐term labelling of DNA with 3H‐dT after infection was carried out, in the presence of aminopterin, hypoxanthine and glycine to prevent endogenous biosynthesis of thymidylic acid. Incorporation of 3H‐dT into cellular DNA was much greater in infected than in uninfected cultures after labelling for 24 h. These results strongly suggest that cellular DNA synthesis was induced in productive infection of hamster kidney cells by Ad5.

(3) Infection of monolayer cultures of human embryo lung (HEL) cells with adenovirus types 2, 3, 4, 5 and 12 (Ad2, Ad3, Ad4, Ad5 and Ad12) resulted in productive infection with delayed cytopathic effect (CPE).

3H‐dT uptake into DNA was stimulated in contact‐inhibited HEL cells by infection. Apparent increase in incorporation of 3H‐dT into cellular DNA was detectable for a long period in infected cultures, suggesting that induction of cellular DNA synthesis took place by infection. Thus the time of appearance of CPE seems to be correlated with the period during which induction of cellular DNA synthesis is detectable.
Studies on the immune responses of BALB/c mice during tumor induction by mineral oil
Authors: Kripke Margaret L. , Weiss David W.
Published: February 2007

The immune responses to a number of different antigens were tested under the influence of mineral oil treatment in two strains of mice: BALB/c, which is susceptible to oncogenesis by intraperitoneal administration of oil, and C57Bl, which is resistant. A limited, but general, immunological depression was elicited by the oil treatment in the BALB/c, but not in the C57Bl, animals.

Immunogenicity studies on tumors induced by mineral oil in BALB/c mice suggest that this category of neoplasms also possesses tumor‐associated antigenicity.

The findings are discussed in relation to the role which may be played by dysfunction of the immune response in carcinogenic action.
Effect of 17‐β‐estradiol and testosterone on aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity in mouse tissues in vivo and in cell culture
Authors: Nebert D. W. , Bausserman L. L. , Bates R. R.
Published: February 2007

Initiation of skin tumors by 7,12‐dimethylbenz[a]anthracene is more effective during diestrus than during estrus and thus may be inhibited by estrogens. We therefore studied the effect of sex hormones on aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, an enzyme system which may be a common pathway in metabolizing both polycyclic hydrocarbons and steroids.

1. The hydroxylase system is present in mouse skin and liver and is inducible by the administration of polycyclic hydrocarbons such as 3‐methylcholanthrene and 7,12‐dimethylbenz[a]anthracene. The control and inducible enzyme activities are slightly lower in castrated male mice which have received subcutaneous implants of 17‐β‐estradiol.

2. In mouse fetal cell cultures, 17‐β‐estradiol in the growth medium prevents hydroxylase induction only at concentrations 6 to 60 times greater than the level of the polycyclic hydrocarbon inducer in the medium.

3. In a cell‐free in vitro system, both 17‐β‐estradiol and testosterone competitively inhibit polycyclic hydrocarbon hydroxylation, even at levels of steroid that are lower than that of the polycyclic hydrocarbon substrate. With the hydroxylase system from mouse liver, lung, kidney, adrenal and skin in the cell‐free system, 17‐β‐estradiol is generally more inhibitory than testosterone. This difference in inhibition between an estrogen and an androgen may be related to sex differences in the metabolism of drugs and in the susceptibility to carcinogenesis by polycyclic hydrocarbons.
Azo‐Dye binding to proteins and detoxication of p. dimethylaminoazobenzene in mouse and hamster liver
Authors: Decloitre Françoise , Meunier Michèle
Published: February 2007

We studied azodye binding to proteins, and at the same time azoreductase and NADPH‐cytochrome c reductase activities in the liver of IC and C3H mice and hamsters fed DAB over a long period. Sensitivity of C3H mice to the toxic effects of DAB and resistance of IC mice and hamsters were confirmed by histological examinations. After 2–3 weeks of DAB feeding, the amount of protein‐bound azo‐dyes was three times higher in C3H mice than in IC mice. For hamsters, limited azo‐dye binding to proteins increased gradually up to 6 weeks, then remained nearly constant. In control animals azoreductase activity was five times higher in IC mice than in C3H mice; activity of hamsters was intermediate. NADPH‐cytochrome c reductase activity was nearly the same in all three groups, and was in no way related to azoreductase activity. The sensitivity of C3H mice to the toxic effects of DAB could be explained by their weak azoreductase activity and high level of azodye binding to proteins. On the contrary, high azoreductase activity in IC mice would allow detoxication of DAB and prevent or delay its toxic effects. Resistance of hamsters could be linked to the small amount of protein‐bound azo‐dye; yet, it cannot be explained by their weak azoreductase activity and probably depends on other metabolic processes, which have been considered.
A prospective trial of the tnm classification of breast cancer by the regional cancer treatment centres in Ontario, 1960–1964
Authors: Mackay E. N. , Sellers A. H.
Published: February 2007

As its contribution to the 1960–64 clinical trial of the TNM Classification of breast cancer, The Ontario Cancer Treatment and Research Foundation reviewed in detail the distribution and 5‐year survival of 1,846 female patients classified according to TNM criteria. While further consideration of some aspects is required (for example, differentiation between skin infiltration and skin ulceration in T3, and the possible reallocation of certain T4 and N3 categories in stage IV), the UICC criteria in general appeared reasonably homogeneous within T and N categories, and sufficiently distinctive between categories. Summary tables showing statistically significant findings are given; basic tables for comparison or pooling with other series are available on request. The Ontario experience is strongly in favour of the general principles of the classification.
A dilute agar colony inhibition (CI) test for studying cell‐mediated immune responses against tumor cells
Authors: Heppner G. H. , Kopp J. S.
Published: February 2007

A modification of the Hellström method for measuring cell‐mediated immunity to tumor‐associated antigens is described using mouse mammary tumors as a model. Target tumor cells are incubated with lymphocytes for 1 h and then cloned by the dilute agar method. The number of surviving cell colonies following incubation with immune lymphocytes is compared to the number of surviving tumor cell colonies incubated with control lymphocytes. Significant inhibition is obtained with as few as 10 immune lymphocytes for every target cell. Serum from immune animals can be shown capable of blocking lymphocyte‐mediated inhibition of tumor colony formation. The data obtained with this method are very similar to those obtained with the Hellström test. The advantages and disadvantages of the modification, as compared to the Hellström test, are discussed.
Properties of transformed hamster cells containing sv40 tumor antigen in the cytoplasm
Authors: Richardson Linda S. , Butel Janet S.
Published: February 2007

The properties of hamster cells containing SV40 tumor (T) antigen in the cytoplasm, rather than the nucleus, were determined. Eight cell lines were established from eight tumors induced by hamster embryo fibroblasts transformed in vitro by PARA (2cT)‐adenovirus 7. Six cell lines contained only cytoplasmic SV40 T‐positive cells while two were a mixture of nuclear T‐positive and cytoplasmic T‐positive cells. All the cell lines contained SV40 S antigen, all caused the production of SV40 T antibody in vivo, and four elicited the production of adenovirus T antibody. The cell lines seem to have acquired an infinite life span in vitro. The localization of T antigen apparently can be a stable phenomenon because five of the cell lines have retained T antigen exclusively in the cytoplasm for over 40 passages in tissue culture. The cytoplasmic T antigen could be detected by complement fixation in addition to immunofluorescence. Cytoplasmic T‐positive cells were readily transplantable in vivo and contained SV40 TSTA demonstrable by both immunogenicity and immunosensitivity procedures. Two of the three cytoplasmic variants of PARA appear to be weakly oncogenic in newborn hamsters.
Effect of adenovirus type 12 on tumor induction by SV40 and para (defective SV40)
Authors: Butel Janet S. , Melnick Joseph L. , Tevethia Satvir S.
Published: February 2007

PARA (defective SV40) was transcapsidated from adenovirus type 7 to the highly oncogenic Huie strain of adenovirus type 12. This transfer of PARA to adenovirus 12 was found to hasten the appearance of SV40‐type tumors in hamsters inoculated as newborns; the tumors induced by the PARA‐adenovirus 12 population had a latent period of 5–7 weeks. All the induced tumors contained SV40 and adenovirus tumor antigens. Parental SV40 and PARA‐adenovirus 7 did not induce any tumors in the same time period. Artificial mixtures of adenovirus 12 and SV40 or adenovirus 12 and PARA‐adenovirus 7 did induce tumors with short latent periods (5–7 weeks). However, in contrast to tumors induced by PARA‐adenovirus 12, all the early appearing tumors induced by the mixtures of virus were, with one exception, devoid of SV40 tumor antigen and contained only adenovirus tumor antigen. Tumors induced by PARA‐adenovirus 12 carried SV40 transplantation antigen.
Distribution of intracisternal a‐particles in a variety of normal and neoplastic mouse tissues
Authors: Wivel Nelson A. , Smith Gilbert H.
Published: February 2007

Examination of various normal and neoplastic tissues reveals the presence of intracisternal A‐particles in five strains of mice and their hybrids. Cell types derived from all three embryonic germ layers contain these particles, and their presence in gonadal tissue of both sexes suggests that vertical transmission can take place. Intracisternal A‐particles are found in most of the tissues known to support the replication of mouse leukemia viruses and mammary tumor virus. Further, they have been shown to coexist in the same cell with C particles and intracytoplasmic A‐particles (mammary tumor virus precursors). Although it has not been possible to demonstrate biological activity associated with intracisternal A‐particles, there is the possibility that they represent the partial gene expression of one of the known oncogenic RNA viruses, and as such serve as a marker for an incomplete replication cycle.
Immunofluorescent study of alpha‐foetoprotein (αfp) in liver and liver tumours. I. Technique of αfp localization in tissue sections
Authors: Engelhardt N. V. , Goussev A. I. , Shipova L. Ja. , Abelev G. I.
Published: February 2007

Sections of paraffin‐embedded tissue blocks fixed by ethanol/acetic acid were found to be very suitable for immunofluorescent (IF) study of αfp. In paraffin blocks the antigen was preserved for at least 1 year. It was possible to prepare serial sections for routine histological examination and simultaneous IF localization of several antigens practically in the same cells.

Antibodies to αfp were obtained by glutaraldehyde immunosorbent technique. Their monospecificity was controlled by IF reaction on the αfp‐negative sections and by neutralization with pure αfp.

To differentiate αfp localization due to passive serum uptake from specific sites of αfp production or storage, a simultaneous study of αfp and γ‐globulin γG distribution was performed. Only the structures containing αfp without γG were regarded as specifically connected with αfp metabolism. These were liver parenchyma cells in foetal and newborn liver and tumour cells in human primary liver carcinoma.
The action of dna antagonists on epstein‐barr virus (EBV)‐associated early antigen (EA) in burkitt lymphoma lines
Authors: Gergely Lajos , Klein George , Ernberg Ingemar
Published: February 2007

The effect of two DNA antagonists (IUDR and Ara C) on EBV‐associated antigens was studied in two BL‐derived carrier culture lines (P3HR‐1 and Onesmas). Both drugs led to an accumulation of the early antigen (EA) from 2% in the untreated to 5–40% in the treated cultures. Ara C blocked the production of viral capsid antigen (VCA) whereas a small number of VCA + cells were still present after IUDR treatment. Reversion of Ara C‐induced DNA inhibition led to the appearance of VCA + cells, reaching a higher level than in the untreated control samples.

Combined immunofluorescence and autoradiography showed that the majority of VCA + cells incorporated H3‐thymidine. These facts are in line with the hypothesis that EA can be made in the absence of cellular DNA synthesis, whereas VCA production is dependent on the DNA synthesis.

The relationship between EA and two other EBV‐associated antigens, MA (membrane antigen) and VCA (viral capsid antigen) was studied by the two‐color immuno‐fluorescence technique. VCA + cells were EA+ and MA+. EA + VCA ‐ cells were partly MA + and partly MA‐. This is in good agreement with the corresponding findings on the EBV‐infected Raji cell system (Gergely et al., 1970a).
Antibody to human cell lines with and without ultrastructural evidence for epstein‐barr virus (ebv) infection in sera from patients with diverse viral illnesses
Authors: Beltran German , Northington James W. , Leiderman Eduardo , Mogabgab William J. , Stuckey Walter J.
Published: February 2007

One hundred and sixteen pairs of acute and convalescent sera from patients with diverse viral illnesses were studied for Epstein‐Barr virus (EB V) antibody by an indirect immunofluorescent technique using as antigen cells of the EB‐3 cell line known to harbor EBV particles. Sera of 23 patients with atypical pneumonia associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae were investigated similarly. We found low titers of antibody in 90% of the cases but failed to detect any significant increase of antibody in the convalescent sera. These results do not support the suggestion that the development of EBV antibody observed in infectious mononucleosis is due to non‐specific effects such as proliferation of lymphoid cells.

Subsequently, we reacted 31 sera with cells of four continuous cultures established from the buffy coat of patients with various types of leukemia (TU‐I through TU‐4). After repeated electron microscope examination, cells of these lines are known to be free of EBV particles, but harbor a tubular ultrastructure previously described by others in a variety of cell cultures. Although all 31 sera had reacted positively with EB‐3 cells, they failed to react with the TU cells. We interpreted this observation as indicating a lack of antigenic relationship between the tubular structures and EBV.
Carcinogenesis in tissue culture. XIII. Binding of 4‐nitroquinoline 1‐oxide‐3h to nucleic acids and proteins of l.P3 and JTC‐25.P3 cells
Authors: Andoh Toshiwo , Kato Keiko , Takaoka Toshiko , Katsuta Hajim
Published: February 2007

The effect of a chemical carcinogen, 4‐nitroquinoline 1‐oxide (4NQO), on two mammalian cell strains of tissue culture was investigated with special reference to its binding to macromolecular constituents of cells by the use of cell strains L.P3, a substrain of L‐929 mouse fibroblasts, and JTC‐25.P3, a substrain of rat liver cells transformed by Nagisa culture. Both substrains have been cultivated in a protein‐free synthetic medium. Population‐dependent inhibition of growth by 4NQO was detected. This was due to the population‐dependent incorporation of the carcinogen into cells, i.e. the lower the population density in a culture vessel, the higher was the amount of carcinogen incorporated into cells, resulting in the amplification of the inhibitory effect. On addition to culture medium, 4NQO‐3H was readily incorporated into the cold acid‐soluble pool of cells attaining the maximum within 30 min. This labelling value, however, gradually decreased during a few hours, more than 90% being metabolized and excreted into the medium. On the other hand, the binding of 4NQO‐3H to the cold acid‐insoluble macro‐molecular fraction rapidly reached the maximum within 30 min and was kept unreleased for several hours. On removal of the carcinogen from the medium, the value of the bound label decreased with a half‐life time of about 5 h. In binding to cellular proteins the carcinogen was found to have bound uniformly to every fraction of various soluble proteins but it was released from each fraction with a half‐life of approximately 5 h, as revealed by the fractionation on Sephadex G‐100 columns. Three successive additions of 4NQO‐3H to the medium brought about the binding of the carcinogen to tRNA, DNA and rRNA, molar ratios of the carcinogen to 10,000 nucleotides of each nucleic acid fraction being 2.6, 3.3, and 5.3, respectively. In 24 h of recovery incubation, specific activities in these nucleic acid fractions decreased to 27.4%, 39.1% and 22.0%, respectively.
Toxic effect of polyriboinosinic‐polyribocytidylic acid on mouse hemopoietic stem cells
Authors: Jullien Pierre , de Maeyer‐Guignard Jaqueline
Published: February 2007

Within a few hours following a single intraperitoneal injection of polyriboinosinic‐polyribocytidylic acid (poly I:poly C) into C3H/He mice, numbers of bone‐marrow and spleen‐colony‐forming cells are significantly decreased. The dose‐response curve obtained shows an exponential decrease of the surviving CFU with increasing amounts of poly I:poly C, up to 200 μg; with higher doses of poly I:poly C, no further decrease of CFU is observed. This suggests that poly I:poly C kills colony‐forming cells in replicating phase, and is devoid of activity on cells in resting phase. The lack of additive toxic effects observed when poly I:poly C and vinblastine sulfate are administred simultaneously is consistent with this hypothesis. The cytotoxic effect of the polynucleotide is related to its double‐strandedness and is not mediated by interferon present in the serum.
Cytotoxic effects of exogenous d‐galactosamine on experimental tumors
Authors: St‐Arneault G. , Walter L. , Bekesi J. G.
Published: February 2007

In the present work the carcinostatic effect of exogenous D‐galactosamine on Sarcoma‐180 and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells was examined in vitro. D‐galactosamine exhibited a powerful anti‐tumor effect on these tumor lines, resulting in a rapid loss of viability and transplantability. The toxic effect of D‐galactosamine was not altered by addition of glucose or pyruvate. The effects of galactosamine were evident histologically even before the cells became stainable by trypan blue.

The biochemical basis for the cytotoxic effect of galactosamine, at a concentration used for viability, transplantability and tissue‐culture study, was investigated. Galactosamine was taken up very rapidly by the tumor cells, reaching a steady state rate within 60 min. Fifty‐three μmoles of galactosamine were accumulated by 109 cells. About 98% of the intracellular acid‐soluble galactosamine was present in the non‐phosphorylated form. Galactosamine markedly inhibited the incorporation of thymidine‐14C into the DNA of Sarcoma‐180 ascites tumor cells. However, the effect of exogenous galactosamine on the incorporation of thymidine‐14C into normal tissues was significantly less than that into neoplastic tissues. It is significant that N‐acetylgalactosamine or D‐galactose did not alter the cell viability and these cells developed tumors when inoculated into mice.
Studies on the relationship between thymus regeneration and lymphoma prevention in c57bl/6 mice irradiated and injected with syngeneic spleen cells
Authors: Chen Louise
Published: February 2007

Adult syngeneic spleen cells, which protect against radiogenic lymphoma, failed to induce thymus recovery after irradiation. However, bone‐marrow cells, which afford the same protection against lymphoma induction, are effective in promoting thymus regeneration. Similar observations were made in the experiments on incorporation of 3H‐thymidine and 14C‐phenyl alanine into thymuses of mice irradiated and injected with spleen or bone‐marrow cells.

It appears that there are two different factors by which haematopoietic cells independently promote thymus regeneration and prevent lymphoma induction.
Ribosomal rna in avian leukosis virus particles
Authors: Obara Tadashi , Bolognesi Dani P. , Bauer Heinz
Published: February 2007

The RNAs of avian viruses originating from the plasma of leukemic chickens (AMV) or from tissue culture (MAV‐B) consisted of five distinct components with sedimentation constants of 62 s, 27 s, 17 s, 9 s, and 4–5 s. Whereas the 27 s and 17 s minor RNA components could be consistently recovered from large quantities of AMV, fractionation procedures as well as labelling conditions were found to be critical for their detection when the virus originated from tissue culture fluids. Sedimentation studies, base ratio analysis, and hybridization experiments all indicated that the 27 s and 17 s components probably represent ribosomal RNA, and the significance of the presence of cellular RNA in the virus particles is discussed.
Population surveys on the prevalence of thyroid cancer in a non‐endemic region, Nagano, Japan
Authors: Maruchi Nobuhiro , Furihata Rikio , Makiuchi Masao
Published: February 2007

For the purpose of evaluating the epidemiological situation of thyroid cancer in non‐endemic regions, the prevalence of thyroid cancer was studied in the general population in 15 areas of Nagano Prefecture, Japan.

In the survey, 59,106 subjects (representing 80.9% of the population) were examined for goiter. The total number of thyroid diseases detected was 2,098; i.e., 3.5% (1.4% for males and 5.4% for females) of the subjects examined. Non‐endemic diseases were prevalent. Of the cases detected, 633 were diagnosed as nodular goiter, with 472 cases requiring surgical treatment. Of these, operations were performed in 390 cases, while two cases of thyroid cancer were considered too advanced for surgery.

In the clinical and histological studies, 76 cases (16 males and 60 females) were diagnosed as having thyroid cancer. Most of the cancer cases detected in the survey consisted of papillary adenocarcinoma. The prevalence rate of thyroid cancer was 1.3 (0.6 for males and 1.9 for females) per 1,000 examined. The prevalence for females varied with area, though this variation was not significant in the case of males. The prevalence by age varied for both sexes, being greater in the thirties and above than in the under‐thirties.

It may be stated that the prevalence of thyroid cancer in the general population is as high as one per 1,000 subjects examined in non‐endemic regions, and that this is not merely a non‐representative case, but that a similarly high prevalence of thyroid cancer can be found in other non‐endemic regions.

Statistical comparison of the prevalence of thyroid cancer with its mortality or morbidity rate indicates a considerable difference between the two. The incidence of the latter was only approximately one hundredth of the former. Because of this low mortality, thyroid cancer is apt to be neglected, both clinically and epidemiologically, in comparison to other sites of cancer associated with a higher mortality rate.
Immunological studies on a hamster‐specific sarcoma virus
Authors: Bomford R.
Published: February 2007

A hamster‐specific sarcoma virus released from cells of a Harvey murine sarcoma virus (H‐MSV)‐induced hamster tumour is shown to have the hamster leukaemia virus group‐specific (gs) antigen, and hence to be a hamster leukaemia virirs (HaL V) pseudotype of the murine sarcoma virus, H‐MSV (HaLV). The hamster leukaemia virus gs antigen is not detectable in non‐producer H‐MSV (HaLV) transformed hamster cells or in Rous sarcoma virus, polyoma or SV40‐transformed cells. Five out of 6 transplanted hamster tumours were found to contain the HaLV gs antigen.
Glucose‐6‐phosphatase activity in rat liver parenchyma during azo‐dye carctnogenesis
Authors: Moulin Marie‐Christine , Daoust Roger
Published: February 2007

The glucose‐6‐phosphatase (C‐6‐Pase) activity was investigated by the Wachstein and Meisel method in preneoplastic rat liver parenchyma, as well as in normal liver and hepatomas induced by 4‐dimethylaminoazobenzene (DAB).

Normal liver shows a high G‐6‐Pase activity restricted to the cytoplasm of hepatocytes. At early stages of DAB feeding, the centrolobular degenerating zones give a coarser reaction while portal areas retain a normal activity. In cirrhotic liver, the intensity of the reaction varies greatly from one nodule of regeneration to another but is relatively uniform within each nodule.

Hyperbasophilic foci are found in nodules with either high or low G‐6‐Pase activity. The foci developing from highly active nodules show a loss of G‐6‐Pase activity and the tumors are negative.

It appears from these studies that a) the variations in G‐6‐Pase activity observed in regenerating nodules play no role in the development of hyperbasophilic foci and hepatomas, and b) the loss of activity occurring in hyperbasophilic foci and tumors probably represents a secondary feature of the neoplastic transformation.
Cancer in East African Indians
Authors: Chopra Saif , Templeton A. C.
Published: February 2007

An analysis of 586 cases of cancer occurring in Indians resident in East Africa is presented and compared with proportional rates found in Indians in India and Durban. The proportion of carcinoma of the breast is much higher in East Africa than in India or South Africa, particularly among Muslim women. The high rate of gastric and bronchial neoplasms seen in Durban is not found in East Africa. Indians in East Africa and Durban both show a markedly lower proportion of buccal neoplasms than that which pertains in India. Reasons for these variations are discussed, most of which are explicable in terms of differences in the environment.
In vivo and in vitro recovery of defective friend virus by various leukemia viruses
Authors: Fieldsteel A. Howard , Dawson Peter J. , Kurahara Carole
Published: February 2007

Friend virus‐induced reticulum cell sarcomas afler growth in tissue culture were shown to be free from infectious virus. Retrieval of infectious Friend virus could be accomplished with the aid of Moloney leukemia virus, Graffi leukemia virus, and the lymphatic leukemia virus associated with Friend virus, using both in vivo and in vitro techniques. On initial isolation, the pseudotypes differed from original Friend virus in their markedly reduced ability to induce Friend disease in other than newborn BALB/c mice. It was concluded that, although Friend virus may also exist in a non‐defective form, there was no evidence that the tumors contained other than helper‐dependent virus.
Isolement de particules virales intracytoplasmiques du type “A” a partir du lymphome murin induit par L'éthyluréthane
Authors: Kerckaert J. P. , Montreuil J. , Ch. Doyennette M. , Puvion F. , Vlaeminck M. N. , Demaille A. , Adenis L. , Driessens J.
Published: February 2007

Isolation of intracytoplasmic type “A” particles from murine lymphoma induced by ethyl‐urethan

The significance of naked intracytoplasmic “A” particles present in many cases of murine leukemias and mammary tumors is still unsettled and will become meaningful only after isolating these particles in pure form. Unfortunately, till now, type “A” particles were always isolated mixed with B and mainly C forms. From an urethaninduced lymphoma in Swiss mice, we were able to isolate these “A” particles by means of isopyknic centrifugation in caesium chloride. This rapid technique without any altering detergent produces intact particles. Both in vitro and in vivo electron microscopic aspects are the same. In our first bio‐assays, intraperitoneal injections of A‐fraction into newborn mice gave rise to many malignant mesenchymomes with polymorphic differentiation which were never observed spontaneously in the colony of Swiss mice used by the authors.
Elution of “blocking factors” from human tumors, capable of abrogating tumor‐cell destruction by specifically immune lymphocytes
Authors: Sjögren Hans Olov , Hellström Ingegerd , Bansal Subhash C. , Warner Glenn A. , Hellström Karl Erik
Published: February 2007

Sera from patients with growing neoplasms have been previously shown capable of specifically blocking the cytotoxic effect of lymphocytes immune to tumor‐associated antigens (TAA) of the respective patients' neoplasms. The present investigation demonstrates that a similar blocking activity can be eluted at pH 3.1 from human tumor tissues, obtained at surgery (seminomas and osteogenic sarcomas) and from tumor cells growing in ascites and pleural effusions (carcinomas of endometrium, breast and ovary). A high (MW above 100,000) and a low (MW below 100,000) molecular weight fraction can be separated from the eluates by ultrafiltration. Neither of these fractions could block lymphocyte‐mediated cytotoxicity in vitro when tested by itself, while a 1:1 mixture of them could. Blocking was also obtained when the tumor cells were first exposed to the high and then to the low molecular weight fractions, but not when the sequence was reversed. The observations obtained are analogous to previous findings in animal tumor systems and provide evidence that tumors growing in human patients are coated by “blocking factors”.
Cell‐mediated responses to tumour xenografts in mice
Authors: Simpson Elizabeth , Beverley P. C. L.
Published: February 2007

A micro‐cytotoxic assay has been used to follow the course of the cell‐mediated response to a tumour xenograft in normal and ALS‐treated mice. In normal mice a peak response was seen at day 10 in both lymph nodes and spleen. Further peaks of cytotoxic activity were seen at days 18 and 42 in the spleen. In ALS‐treated mice, in which the tumour grew progressively, the response was slightly delayed in both lymph nodes and spleen. Subsequently 10 out of 12 mice bearing progressively growing tumours, tested at times up to 83 days after tumour grafting, showed immunity in either lymph nodes, spleen or both.
Étude immunochimique et immunologique des tumeurs du cerveau humain
Authors: Delpech B. , Delpech A. , Clément J. , Laumonier R.
Published: February 2007

Brain tumours extracts have been studied against anti brain immune sera and antiglioblastoma immune sera. The common antigens that are present in all organs are present in tumour extracts, but the brain specific antigens studied were found in the extracts in a small quantity. Lactoferrin was also present in the tumour extracts. No “carcinoembryonic” antigen was detected. The antiglioblastoma immune sera were also able to detect an hepatosplenic antigen at a trace level in some tumours. The origin of this antigen and of lactoferrin is discussed. No anti‐tumour auto‐antibodies were detected, whereas a positive fluorescent staining was obtained in all tumours by using human sera containing anti nuclear antibodies.
In vitro study of cellular immunity against autochthonous human cancer
Authors: Segall Aneta , Weiler Odette , Genin Jean , Lacour Jean , Lacour Fanny
Published: February 2007

A study of cell‐mediated immunity has been undertaken in vitro by the leukocyte migration test (LMT) on 57 patients with operable carcinoma. Tumor extracts induced an inhibition of autologous leukocyte migration in 58% of the cases: 10 out of 17 lymphomas, 10 out of 15 malignant mesenchymal tumors, 8 out of 13 mammary carcinomas, 2 out of 4 melanomas, and 3 out of 8 various other tumors. Migration of mononuclear cells was especially inhibited but not that of neutrophils. Thus a previous sensitization of the lymphocytes by tumor antigen (s) has been shown. On the contrary, 9 extracts of benign and 17 extracts of normal tissue did not significantly inhibit the migration of autologous cells. Almost all tumor extracts were tested against allogeneic leukocytes from patients bearing the same or a histologically different type of tumor, or from healthy subjects (101 cases). Cross‐reactions were observed in five melanomas, in one case of Hodgkin's disease, and in one breast carcinoma. In all but two cases, inhibition of leukocyte migration did not occur in patients with a different type of tumor or in non‐cancerous patients.

It is too early to judge the possible prognostic value of a positive LMT showing a state of cellular hypersensitivity against tumor antigens. Only a survival time analysis and a wider follow‐up study of the “immunological balance” during the course of the disease can provide an answer.
Immunisation contre la tumeur a virus sv40; importance de la voie d'inoculation
Authors: Dubreuil R. , Difranco Et E. , Pavilanis V.
Published: February 2007

Adult Syrian hamsters were vaccinated with SV40 virus or with SV40 virus‐transformed cells (heterologous or gamma‐irradiated homologous cells) by the subcutaneous and intraperitoneal routes; this increases the resistance of the animals against subsequent transplantation of tumor cells. However, there was a much greater proportion of animals that developed tumors in those injected by the i.p. route, this being the case not only for the vaccinated groups but also for the control groups.

The injection of SV40‐transformed cells (heterologous or irradiated homologous cells) after the excision of transplanted tumors influenced the development of tumor recurrences and metastases. Here again, the treatment by the i.p. as compared to the s.c. route, was followed by a markedly higher rate of recurrences in the immunized as well as in the control groups.

The treatment by the s.c. route appears to affect primarily tumor recurrences and regional metastases, while the treatment by the i.p. route inhibits the development of later metastases, especially lung metastases.
Evolution of cell‐mediated antitumor immunity in mice bearing a syngeneic chemically induced tumor. Influence of tumor growth, surgical removal and treatment with irradiated tumor cells
Authors: Belehradek Jean , Barski Georges , Thonier Monique
Published: February 2007

The evolution of the specific cell‐mediated immune status was studied in C57BL/6 mice bearing a chemically induced syngeneic sarcoma, the TBL CL2 tumor. Peritoneal cells (PC) as the source of immunocompetent cells were repeatedly harvested from the same groups of mice checked in the in vitro colony growth inhibition tests (CGI) against target TBL CL2 cells.

Confirming our data previously reported from studies with other tumor‐host models, a characteristic evolution of the cell‐mediated immune status was observed. Ten days after tumor inoculation, the PC from the tumor‐bearing mice strongly inhibited the tumor target cells in the CGI test. This reactivity was, however, soon followed by an “eclipse” state of PC. This state continued, whenever checked, until the tumor‐bearer's death. On the contrary, surgical removal of the tumor 6 weeks after inoculation led to a reappearance of PC reactivity within about 2 months. This period was clearly shortened in animals receiving a post‐operative injection of irradiated cells of the TBL CL2 tumor. An in vivo study of tumor‐graft rejection revealed a fair degree of parallelism with the CGI tests: the tumor graft was rejected in animals bearing the first tumor for 10 days and having activated PC; the tumor graft was not rejected in animals bearing huge tumors and having PC in the “eclipsed” state.
Leukocyte adherence inhibition: A simple test for cell‐mediated tumour immunity and serum blocking factors
Authors: Halliday W. J. , Miller Susan
Published: February 2007

A proportion of peritoneal leukocytes from CBA mice adhered to glass haemacytometer surfaces and withstood a gentle washing. This proportion was reduced with cells taken from mice sensitized to a methylcholanthrene‐induced tumour, when the specific tumour antigen was added in the form of a soluble extract. The reaction of leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) may have an immunological basis similar to that of macrophage migration inhibition, but LAI is a much simpler procedure. Leukocytes were active in LAI when taken from animals bearing tumours and after tumour removal.

When serum from mice bearing a particular tumour was added to sensitized leukocytes in the presence of the specific tumour antigen, the inhibition of adherence was substantially relieved or blocked. LAI could thus be used to demonstrate both cellmediated immunity to tumours and blocking factors in serum by a brief, simple procedure. A potential application to human tumour immunology is indicated.
Evolution of complement‐fixing antibody titers with the development of burkitt's lymphoma
Authors: Sohier Roger , De‐Thé Guy
Published: February 2007

Sera of 29 patients with Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) were studied at different stages of the disease process for complement‐fixing (CF) activities against a soluble antigen extracted from a leukaemia‐derived and virus‐producing lymphoblastoid line (QIMR‐WIL line of Pope). The CF antibody activity was low (with a geometric mean titre (GMT) of 12.35) in sera from patients with controlled tumour, and high (GMT of 38) in patients with advanced or progressive tumours. Furthermore, in seven cases, the CF litres decreased with the regression of the tumour, and in five cases, the CF titres increased in parallel with the progression of the disease. This situation recalls that observed in acute viral infections, where CF antibodies disappear rapidly once the infection is controlled. CF and EA (early antigen (s)) antibodies should be studied in parallel on the same sera as a possible means for establishing prognosis in BL patients.
Antibodies to eb virus capsid antigen and to soluble antigen of lymphoblastoid cells in infectious mononucleosis patients
Authors: Vonka Vladimír , Vlčková Ivana , Závadová Hana , Kouba Karel , Lazovská Jana , Duben Josef
Published: February 2007

Sera from infectious mononucleosis patients aged 2 to 35 years and from normal subjects aged 11 to 35 years were examined for the presence of antibody to the EB virus capsid antigen (VCA) in the indirect immunofluorescence test, and for the presence of antibody reactive with the soluble (S) antigen of lymphoblastoid cell lines in the complement‐fixation test. Sera from all infectious mononucleosis patients taken either in the acute stage of the disease or up to 9 years after its onset contained VCA antibody. The sera taken in the acute stage of the disease were free of S antibody; out of 97 sera investigated only one was weakly reactive. Only one of the seven sera taken 4 to 5 months after the onset of the disease contained S antibody. After the 7th month following onset, the majority of the subjects possessed S antibody. These data indicate that the S antibody appears much later in the course of EB virus infection than the VCA antibody. The predominant majority of sera from subjects with no history of the disease possessed VCA antibody; most of these also possessed S antibody. The incidence of S antibody in these subjects and those who had been suffering from infectious mononucleosis 1 to 9 years previously were comparable.