bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of the Planting Location (Elevation) on the Composition of Fatty Acids in Olive Oil
Authors: Al-Shdiefat Saleh Mohammad Msallam
Published: January 2019

In Jordan there are different environments and altitudes that have an effect on olive oil properties and fatty acid composition, which therefore affect its quality. Taking into account that there are no previous similar studies in this field, this study investigates the ratios and composition of the main fatty acids in mixed olive oil from different areas in Jordan (above and below the sea level); namely the Jordan Valley, Subaihi, Kufranja and Madaba areas where the elevation ranges between (-230 m) below sea level and (+785 m) above sea level. The study measures the impact of the location of olive orchards on the fatty acid composition of olive oil and of its quality. Three olive oil samples were collected from the “Nabali Muhasan” and “Baladi” varieties from each area. They were analyzed in the National Agriculture Research Center (NARC) laboratories using GAS Chromatography. The results showed that the ratios of fatty acids are significantly affected by the degree of above elevation of the olive trees sea level. This confirms the impact of the geographical and climatic environment, which is reflected on the olive oil quality due to differences in the ratios of fatty acids in the four planting areas. This shows that the mean concentration of the fatty acids in the olive oil in these four planting areas is not equal. In general, there is a significant difference in the fatty acid concentrations compared to the standard concentration because of the planting location of olive trees, given that olive oil fatty acids in each location work together in a balanced integrative relationship.
Drought Stresses on Seed Germination and Early Growth of Maize and Sorghum
Authors: Queiroz Mariana S. , Oliveira Carlos E. S. , Steiner Fábio , Zuffo Alan M. , Zoz Tiago , Vendruscolo Eduardo P. , Silva Mennes V. , Mello Bruna F. F. R. , Cabral Rogério C. , Menis Flavio T.
Published: January 2019

Seeds of maize (Zea mays L.) and sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.] were submitted to different osmotic potential levels induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG) with the objective of evaluating the effects of drought stress on seed germination and early seedling growth. Seeds were arranged in paper rolls and soaked in PEG solutions prepared with osmotic potentials 0.0 (control), -0.2, -0.4, and -0.8 MPa and kept into a seed germinator, at 25 °C for 18 days. A completely randomized design in a 2 × 4 factorial scheme with four replications of 50 seeds each was used. The results showed that by increasing of the osmotic potential level, germinated seed number, germination rate index, root and shoot length, shoot and root dry matter, and seedling vigor index (SVI) decreased, while mean germination time (MGT) and root: shoot ratio (RSR) increased in both crops. Additionally, the maize was more susceptible than sorghum to drought stress, with germination response declining more rapidly with decreasing osmotic potential. Sorghum crop tolerates water stress of up to -0.2 MPa, without reducing germination of the seeds; however, the growth of shoots and roots are inhibited. Drought stress limits the process of seed germination and early growth of maize seedlings.
Effect of Manganese on Growth and Nodulation of Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia (Benth.)
Authors: Abreu Marcos G. P. de , Filho Paulo F. Mendes , Garcia Kaio G. V. , Silva Junior José M. T. da , Albuquerque Gustavo H. da S. , Araujo James M. , Tavella Leonardo B.
Published: January 2019

Soil pollution by heavy metals is mainly caused by poor management of tailings generated by mining during exploration and processing of metals. Given the concern about the soil environment, this study aimed to evaluate the tolerance and effectiveness of isolates of rhizobium strains native to soils of Mn2+-mining areas in association with Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia (Benth.) cultivated under increasing concentrations of Mn2+. Isolates of rhizobium strains, obtained from Mn-mining area, were authenticated and morphologically characterized. Effect of Mn2+ on the growth and nodulation of M. caesalpiniaefolia was subsequently evaluated. We obtained 14 isolates which were similar, differing only in the form of colonies. Mn2+ did not inhibit the symbiotic process between isolates and plant species. The isolates from mining area showed higher efficiency than native strains. All isolates are Mn2+-tolerant, and those from mining area can increase the tolerance of M. caesalpiniaefolia to excess Mn2+ in the soil.
First Record of Hemiberlesia musae Takagi & Yamamoto, 1974 and Duplachionaspis divergens (Green, 1899) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) on Sugarcane in Greenhouse in Brazil
Authors: Monteiro Gabriel G. , Wolff Vera R. dos S. , Peronti Ana Lúcia B. G. , Martinelli Nilza M. , Anjos Ivan A. dos
Published: January 2019

The armored scales Hemiberlesia musae Takagi and Yamamoto, 1974 and Duplachionaspis divergens (Green, 1899) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) were collected on the base of the stem and on leaves of sugarcane plants, Saccharum spp. (Poales: Poaceae), cultivated in plastic pots in greenhouses in the municipalities of Jaboticabal and Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, respectively. This is the first report of D. divergens in Brazil and H. musae on Saccharum host plants.
Favourable and Unfavourable Effect of Homogeneous Static Magnetic Field on Germination of Zea mays L (Maize) Seeds
Authors: Torres J. , Aranzazu-Osorio J. , Restrepo-Parra E.
Published: January 2019

The effect of homogeneous static magnetic stimulation on Zea mays L. (maize) seeds and its potential utility as a tool in biotechnological development for the improvement of maize seeds was studied. The values of magnetic flux density that influenced the biological development of some plant species of the Poaceae family were determined from a literature review. ICA V-305 variety corn seeds were exposed to seven values of magnetic flux density between 50.0 mT and 250.0 mT, with homogeneity of 98.4% and at (1.0, 3.0, 5.0 and 7.0) min exposure times. The mean germination time (MGT), index of germination speed (VGer) and germination rate (Gmax) were evaluated as responses. The magnetic flux density of 50.0 mT with a one-minute exposure time recorded the largest reduction (12.4%) in the MGT while the germination rate for the same treatment increased by 17.4% with respect to the control. No significant effects of the magnetic treatment were recorded for the Gmáx . The magnetic treatment of seeds with homogeneous static fields does not have as favourable a response as the treatments with fields with magnetic gradients, that is to say, using toroidal magnets.
Subjective and Objective Evaluation of the Functional Condition after a Single Lateral Sprain of the Ankle in Athletes
Authors: Mojza Karolina , Krzak Krzysztof , Bączkowicz Dawid
Published: January 2019

Background. Ankle sprains can lead to functional deficits. However, few papers have investigated deficits following a single lateral ankle sprain as either assessed subjectively by the patient (e.g., with questionnaires) or measured objectively (e.g., by evaluation of postural stability). This paper aims to provide subjective and objective assessment of functional status in athletes after a single lateral ankle sprain.
Material and methods. A lateral ankle sprain group (LAS) consisted of 20 athletes after a single lateral ankle sprain (mean age 23 ± 1.78 years). A control group (CTRL) comprised 20 athletes with no history of injury (mean age 22.5 ± 2.67 years). Subjective assessment was based on the Foot and Ankle Disability Index questionnaire (FADI-Q). A Biodex Balance System SD dynamic platform was used to assess postural stability. Static and dynamic testing was performed in single-leg stance.
Results. Statistically significant differences were noted during the comparison of the LAS and CTRL groups in FADI-Q in the following parts: FADI (p=0,017) and FADI TOTAL (p=0,049). Moreover, statistically significant differences were noted in the LAS group between subjects with instability (N-STAB) and without instability (STAB) of the ankle in the parts FADI (p=0,006), FADI SPORT (p=0,011) and FADI TOTAL (p=0,002). During static and dynamic postural stability testing, no significant differences were found between sprained and healthy limbs, between the LAS and CTRL groups, or between the STAB and N-STAB groups.
Conclusions. 1. A deterioration of subjective functional status after a single lateral ankle sprain was revealed. 2. A single ankle sprain is associated with a high risk of developing functional instability. 3. There were no differences in objective functional status between the groups.
The Right of Nations to Self-Determination in the Context of the Regaining of Independence by Poland — an International-Law Analysis
Authors: Andrzejczak-Świątek Małgorzata
Published: January 2019

This article aims to show the problem of self-determination of the people in the light of contemporary standards of international law, as well as to compare them with the factual and legal basis of regaining independence by Poland in 1918. The principle of the right of people to self-determination as one of the basic rules of international law was proclaimed only after World War II, however, concepts conferring on the population living in a given territory to decide about themselves appeared before the French Revolution. The issue of the right to self-determination of people is extremely complex — after World War II, there was
in this respect the development of treaty guarantees concluded with international agreements for the system of human rights protection, which sanctioned this right as the only subjective collective right. On the other hand, the practice of contemporary states on this issue is not uniform and largely depends on the acceptance of the facts by the international community. From the point of view of developing the right to self-determination of people, and thus the right to independence, the case of Poland is extremely interesting not only because of the historical and political background, but also because it can be treated as a precedent in international law in the context of recognition and acceptance of independence by the state.
From Questioning Notes to Audiovisual Videoconferencing — Refl ections on the Evolution of the Model of Hearing a Witness Against the Background of the
Solutions Adopted in the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1928 and 1997
Authors: Choromańska Agnieszka
Published: January 2019

The paper addresses legal solutions concerning the model of witness interviewing. The discussion is of comparative nature, as it refers both to the regulations contained in the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1928, as well as to the provisions of the current criminal procedure. It aims at a synthetic analysis of key changes in the model of interviewing a witness taking into consideration historical factors, as well as their impact on the current shape of the provisions in the Criminal Procedure Regulation. While reviewing legal solutions, the author pays special attention to the process of questioning at a distance supported by devices
enabling simultaneous image and sound transmission. This issue is discussed in many aspects, taking into account the views of the doctrine and the analysis of case law. Apart from the assessment of the current legal status in genere, the paper also presents the proposals of solutions in the subject matter.
Computational Developmental Psychology
Authors: Shultz Thomas R.
Published: January 2019

An overview of the emerging discipline of computational developmental psychology, emphasizing the use of constructivist neural networks.

Despite decades of scientific research, the core issues of child development remain too complex to be explained by traditional verbal theories. These issues include structure and transition, representation and processing, innate and experiential determinants of development, stages of development, the purpose and end of development, and the relation between knowledge and learning. In this book Thomas Shultz shows how computational modeling can be used to capture these complex phenomena, and in so doing he lays the foundation for a new subfield of developmental psychology, computational developmental psychology.

A principal approach in developmental thinking is the constructivist one. Constructivism is the Piagetian view that the child builds new cognitive structures by using current mental structures to understand new events. In this book Shultz features constructivist models employing networks that grow as well as learn. This allows models to implement synaptogenesis and neurogenesis in a way that allows qualitative changes in processing mechanisms. The book's appendices provide additional background on the mathematical concepts used, and a companion Web site contains easy-to-use computational packages.

Bradford Books imprint
Globalization and the Poor Periphery before 1950
Authors: Williamson Jeffrey G.
Published: January 2019

A leading authority on economic globalization argues that industrialization in the core countries of northwest Europe and its overseas settlements combined with a worldwide revolution in transportation to produce deindustrialization and an antiglobal backlash in industrially lagging poorer countries.

In Globalization and the Poor Periphery before 1950 Jeffrey Williamson examines globalization through the lens of both the economist and the historian, analyzing its economic impact on industrially lagging poor countries in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Williamson argues that industrialization in the core countries of northwest Europe and their overseas settlements, combined with a worldwide revolution in transportation, created an antiglobal backlash in the periphery, the poorer countries of eastern and southern Europe, the Middle East, Africa, Asia, and Latin America.

During the "first global century," from about 1820 to 1913, and the antiglobal autarkic interwar period from 1914 to 1940, new methods of transportation integrated world commodity markets and caused a boom in trade between the core and the periphery. Rapid productivity growth, which lowered the price of manufactured goods, led to a soaring demand in the core countries for raw materials supplied by the periphery. When the boom turned into bust, after almost a century and a half, the gap in living standards between the core and the periphery was even wider than it had been at the beginning of the cycle. The periphery, argues Williamson, obeyed the laws of motion of the international economy. Synthesizing and summarizing fifteen years of Williamson's pioneering work on globalization, the book documents these laws of motion in the periphery, assesses their distribution and growth consequences, and examines the response of trade policy in these regions.
Reconstructing the Cognitive World
Authors: Wheeler Michael
Published: January 2019

In Reconstructing the Cognitive World, Michael Wheeler argues that we should turn away from the generically Cartesian philosophical foundations of much contemporary cognitive science research and proposes instead a Heideggerian approach. Wheeler begins with an interpretation of Descartes. He defines Cartesian psychology as a conceptual framework of explanatory principles and shows how each of these principles is part of the deep assumptions of orthodox cognitive science (both classical and connectionist). Wheeler then turns to Heidegger's radically non-Cartesian account of everyday cognition, which, he argues, can be used to articulate the philosophical foundations of a genuinely non-Cartesian cognitive science. Finding that Heidegger's critique of Cartesian thinking falls short, even when supported by Hubert Dreyfus's influential critique of orthodox artificial intelligence, Wheeler suggests a new Heideggerian approach. He points to recent research in "embodied-embedded" cognitive science and proposes a Heideggerian framework to identify, amplify, and clarify the underlying philosophical foundations of this new work. He focuses much of his investigation on recent work in artificial intelligence-oriented robotics, discussing, among other topics, the nature and status of representational explanation, and whether (and to what extent) cognition is computation rather than a noncomputational phenomenon best described in the language of dynamical systems theory.

Wheeler's argument draws on analytic philosophy, continental philosophy, and empirical work to "reconstruct" the philosophical foundations of cognitive science in a time of a fundamental shift away from a generically Cartesian approach. His analysis demonstrates that Heideggerian continental philosophy and naturalistic cognitive science need not be mutually exclusive and shows further that a Heideggerian framework can act as the "conceptual glue" for new work in cognitive science.

Bradford Books imprint
Varieties of Meaning
Authors: Millikan Ruth Garrett
Published: January 2019

Many different things are said to have meaning: people mean to do various things; tools and other artifacts are meant for various things; people mean various things by using words and sentences; natural signs mean things; representations in people's minds also presumably mean things. In Varieties of Meaning, Ruth Garrett Millikan argues that these different kinds of meaning can be understood only in relation to each other.

What does meaning in the sense of purpose (when something is said to be meant for something) have to do with meaning in the sense of representing or signifying? Millikan argues that the explicit human purposes, explicit human intentions, are represented purposes. They do not merely represent purposes; they possess the purposes that they represent. She argues further that things that signify, intentional signs such as sentences, are distinguished from natural signs by having purpose essentially; therefore, unlike natural signs, intentional signs can misrepresent or be false.

Part I discusses "Purposes and Cross-Purposes"—what purposes are, the purposes of people, of their behaviors, of their body parts, of their artifacts, and of the signs they use. Part II then describes a previously unrecognized kind of natural sign, "locally recurrent" natural signs, and several varieties of intentional signs, and discusses the ways in which representations themselves are represented. Part III offers a novel interpretation of the way language is understood and of the relation between semantics and pragmatics. Part IV discusses perception and thought, exploring stages in the development of inner representations, from the simplest organisms whose behavior is governed by perception-action cycles to the perceptions and intentional attitudes of humans.

Bradford Books imprint
Russia
Authors: Gaidar Yegor
Published: January 2019

An important Russian economist and politician takes a long view of economic history and Russia's development.

It is not so easy to take the long view of socioeconomic history when you are participating in a revolution. For that reason, Russian economist Yegor Gaidar put aside an early version of this work to take up a series of government positions—as Minister of Finance and as Boris Yeltsin's acting Prime Minister—in the early 1990s. In government, Gaidar shepherded Russia through its transition to a market economy after years of socialism. Once out of government, Gaidar turned again to his consideration of Russia's economic history and long-term economic and political challenges. This book, revised and updated shortly before his death in 2009, is the result.

Gaidar's account of long-term socioeconomic trends puts his country in historical context and outlines problems faced by Russia (and other developing economies) that more developed countries have already encountered: aging population, migration, evolution of the system of social protection, changes in the armed forces, and balancing stability and flexibility in democratic institutions.

This is not a memoir, but, Gaidar points out, neither is it “written from the position of a man who spent his entire life in a research institute.” Gaidar's “long view” is inevitably informed and enriched by his experience in government at a watershed moment in history.
Changes in bone density and bone quality caused by single fasting for 96 hours in rats
Authors: Hisatomi Yuko , Kugino Kenji
Published: January 2019

Background

Young women occasionally engage in dietary restrictions accompanied by fasting for the purpose of losing weight, but such restrictions have various effects on body functions. The recent increase in the number of people suffering from osteoporosis has become a major social problem mainly in industrialized countries.Therefore, we think it is important to understand the effects of fasting on bone vulnerability, especially to bone quality.

Methods

Animals used male Wister rats weighing 130 g (6 weeks of age), and were divided into a control group (n = 5) and a fasting group (n = 6). The experimental period was 14 days, the control group had ad libitum food throughout the experimental period, the fasted group was fasted for 4 days, and than, had ad libitum food for 10 days. In this study, parameters related to bone fragility due to three-dimensional bone architecture were determined on Contrast enhanced micro-CT images of the lumbar spine and were used as a method for the evaluation of bone quality. In addition, a time-course observation of each individual was carried out during the fasting period and later upon resuming food intake. Cross-sectional images of all vertebrae were obtained from radiographic computed tomography and were analyzed by using Latheta software ver. 3.0 (Hitachi-Aloka Medical, Nagasaki, Japan). The region of interest that was misrecognized in each cross-sectional image was made consistent with the anatomical structure by carrying out corrections manually and by identifying the cortical bone areas and cancellous bone areas.

Results

Our findings showed that while single fasting for 96 h did not cause any major change in the macroscopic morphology of bone, it caused a marked decrease in bone density. In addition, the minimum cross-sectional moment, which indicated the “strength against bending” as well as the polar moment that indicated the “strength against torsion” were both lower than in non-fasted rats. Further, after resumption of feeding, bone mineral content in the fasting group recovered rapidly and starting at day 4 after resumption of feeding, there was no difference with the control group. On the other hand, the values of the minimum cross-sectional moment and polar moment did not recover, and the difference with the control group increased during the feeding period.

Discussion

On the basis of this study, the authors estimate that the fasting-induced decrease in bone minimum cross-sectional moment and polar moment may have been due to changes affecting some factors involved in bone quality, and thus could be useful as a parameter in future studies aimed at elucidating bone quality. At least, in the case where bone change accompanied with a change in macroscopic distribution of mineral components occurs, the values of minimum cross-sectional moment and polar moment are considered to be bone parameters that will provide valuable information to elucidate bone quality.
Social network analysis for the assessment of pig, cattle and buffalo movement in Xayabouli, Lao PDR
Authors: Poolkhet Chaithep , Kasemsuwan Suwicha , Phiphakhavong Sithong , Phouangsouvanh Intha , Vongxay Khamphouth , Shin Man Sub , Kalpravidh Wantanee , Hinrichs Jan
Published: January 2019

The aim of this study is to understand the role that the movement patterns of pigs, cattle and buffalo play in the spread of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). A cross-sectional survey consisting of a questionnaire was used in a hotspot area for FMD: Xayabouli Province, Lao People’s Democratic Republic. A total of 189 respondents were interviewed. We found that the key players in this network were people who were involved with more than one species of animal or occupation (multipurpose occupational node), which represents the highest number of activities of animals moved off the holding (shown with the highest out-degree centrality) and a high likelihood of being an intermediary between others (shown with the highest betweenness centrality). Moreover, the results show that the animals moved to and away from each node had few connections. Some nodes (such as traders) always received animals from the same group of cattle owners at different times. The subgroup connection within this network has many weak components, which means a connection in this network shows that some people can be reached by others, but most people were not. In this way, the number of connections present in the network was low when we defined the proportion of observed connections with all possible connections (density). These findings indicate that the network might not be busy; only one type of node is dominant which enables increased control of disease spread. We recommend that the relevant authorities implement control measures regarding the key players, which is the best way to effectively control the spread of infectious diseases.
ESTÁGIO SUPERVISIONADO DE LÍNGUA INGLESA: EXPERIÊNCIAS SIGNIFICATIVAS PARA A CONSTRUÇÃO DE CONHECIMENTO SOBRE PRÁTICA DOCENTE (ENGLISH LANGUAGE SUPERVISED PRACTICUM: MEANINGFUL EXPERIENCES TO KNOWLEDGE CONSTRUCTION ON TEACHING PRACTICE)
Authors: Ifa Sérgio
Published: January 2019

Neste artigo, objetivo descrever e interpretar as experiências educativas e significativas que um aluno-professor registrou em seu relatório final de Estágio Supervisionado em Língua Inglesa 1. Apesar de um contexto triste, desfavorável e desanimador para que os licenciados se tornem professores, as experiências aqui relatadas buscam, pelo contrário, valorizar a construção de conhecimentos teórico-metodológicos sobre a prática docente e considerá-las como plausíveis e possíveis no ensino-aprendizagem de escola pública.
SOBRE NOMINALIZAÇÕES EM –MENTO E ASPECTO LEXICAL
Authors: Figueiredo Maria Cristina , Reis Raísa , Alves Daniela , Ferreira Carla Elisa
Published: January 2019

Neste trabalho, discutimos o papel do aspecto lexical, aktionsart, (VENDLER, 1967, SMITH, 1997) na leitura final de nominalizações a partir da adjunção do sufixo –mento a bases verbais, considerando os pressupostos teóricos da Morfologia Distribuída (HALLE; MARANTZ, 1993, 1994; MARANTZ, 1997; SIDDIQI, 2009). Assumindo que as informações abstratas, fonético-fonológicas e semânticas das palavras estão distribuídas em três listas distintas, propomos que os traços de aspecto (dinamicidade, telicidade e duração) se constituem traços formais independentes e, assim como as raízes, estão armazenados na Lista 1. No curso da derivação, esses traços são combinados em um núcleo de uma projeção funcional, AspP, e interferem na leitura das nominalizações em -mento.
TU DORIMA ESTÁ CALATO, ¡PUES!: UMA ABORDAGEM OTIMALISTA DA METÁTESE NO ARGOT PERUANO
Authors: Ramírez Thayssa Taranto , Gonçalves Carlos Alexandre
Published: January 2019

O presente artigo tem por objetivo analisar o fenômeno da metátese na jeringa peruana com base na Teoria da Otimalidade (TO), em sua versão dita clássica (PRINCE & SMOLENSKY, 1993). A metátese (ali conhecida como vesre) é um processo formal que consiste no reordenamento de sílabas/segmentos de uma palavra para, no argot, (a) encobrir seu significado, (b) imprimir-lhe novos sentidos ou (c) brincar com sua forma. Como exemplo, observamos a utilização de “yapla” e “dorima” em lugar de playa [praia] e marido [cônjuge]. Neste texto, analisamos, com base em restrições universais ordenadas em uma hierarquia de relevância, palavras trissílabas extraídas de um jornal popular peruano: o Ajá, mais especificamente, a “coluna de fofocas” Ya fuiste. Quanto aos resultados, observamos que as formas de superfície são trocaicas, não apresentam rimas ramificadas na sílaba final nem onsets complexos; além disso, violam minimamente a relação de contiguidade entre sílabas. Desse modo, concluímos que o referido processo apresenta regularidade, sendo, portanto, passível de exame com os instrumentos da TO, desde que as demandas de marcação sobreponham as de fidelidade num ranqueamento que reflete bem o conflito entre essas duas principais famílias de restrição.
Apresentação
Authors: Vasconcellos Lisa Carvalho , Lima Rachel Esteves
Published: January 2019

Apresentação do volume 49 (2014/1) da Revista Estudos Linguísticos e Literários.
MORFOLOGIA E LÉXICO ATACAM AS PALAVRAS (Morphology and lexicon attack the words)
Authors: Santana Braulino Pereira de
Published: January 2019

A morfologia e o léxico atuam para preparar uma palavra para que ela seja deslocada de um lugar para outro na mente até chegar a uma sentença. Neste artigo, discutimos os esforços que cabem a cada um desses sistemas da língua para efetuar suas tarefas. Ao longo do percurso, observamos intersecções entre esses dois sistemas, e as funções que cabem a cada um deles individualmente.
Hearing impairment after subarachnoid hemorrhage
Authors: Campbell Nicci , Verschuur Carl , Mitchell Sophie , McCaffrey Orlaith , Deane Lewis , Taylor Hannah , Smith Rory , Foulkes Lesley , Glazier James , Darekar Angela , Haacke Mark E. , Bulters Diederik , Galea Ian
Published: January 2019

Background

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) survivors experience significant neurological disability, some of which is under‐recognized by neurovascular clinical teams. We set out to objectively determine the occurrence of hearing impairment after SAH, characterize its peripheral and/or central origin, and investigate likely pathological correlates.

Methods

In a case‐control study (n = 41), participants were asked about new onset hearing difficulty 3 months post‐SAH, compared with pre‐SAH. Formal audiological assessment included otoscopy, pure tone audiometry, a questionnaire identifying symptoms of peripheral hearing loss and/or auditory processing disorder, and a test of speech understanding in noise. A separate cohort (n = 21) underwent quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) of the auditory cortex 6 months after SAH, for correlation with hearing difficulty.

Results

Twenty three percent of SAH patients reported hearing difficulty that was new in onset post‐SAH. SAH patients had poorer pure tone thresholds compared to controls. The proportion of patients with peripheral hearing loss as defined by the World Health Organization and British Audiological Society was however not increased, compared to controls. All SAH patients experienced symptoms of auditory processing disorder post‐SAH, with speech‐in‐noise test scores significantly worse versus controls. Iron deposition in the auditory cortex was higher in patients reporting hearing difficulty versus those who did not.

Conclusion

This study firmly establishes hearing impairment as a frequent clinical feature after SAH. It primarily consists of an auditory processing disorder, mechanistically linked to iron deposition in the auditory cortex. Neurovascular teams should inquire about hearing, and refer SAH patients for audiological assessment and management.
Improving Cancer Vaccine Efficiency by Nanomedicine
Authors: Cai Junyu , Wang Hao , Wang Dangge , Li Yaping
Published: January 2019

Cancer vaccines, which have been widely investigated in the past few decades, are one of the most attractive strategies for cancer immunotherapy. Through the precise delivery of antigens and adjuvants to lymphoid organs or lymphocytes via nanotechnology, innate and adaptive immunity can be boosted to prevent the growth and relapse of malignant tumors. Indeed, nanomedicine offers great opportunities to improve the efficiency of vaccines. Various functional platforms are used to deliver small molecules, peptides, nucleic acids, and even whole cell antigens to the target area of interest, achieving enhanced antitumor immunity and durable therapeutic benefits. Herein, the recent progress in cancer vaccines based on nanotechnology is summarized. Novel platforms used for delivering tumor antigens, promoting adjuvant functions, and combining other therapeutic strategies are discussed. Moreover, possible striving directions and major challenges of nanomedicine for vaccination are also reviewed.
MAPK‐Targeted Drug Delivered by a pH‐Sensitive MSNP Nanocarrier Synergizes with PD‐1 Blockade in Melanoma without T‐Cell Suppression
Authors: Liu Xiaowei , Feng Yanlin , Xu Guangchao , Chen Yang , Luo Ya , Song Jinen , Bao Yu , Yang Jiqiao , Yu Chune , Li Yanna , Ye Haoyu , Ke Bowen , Chen Bo , Hu Jianping , Xu Jie , Meng Huan , Zhang Haiyuan , Shi Hubing
Published: January 2019

The combination of BRAF/MEK‐targeted therapy with immune checkpoint blockade is regarded as a promising regimen for patients with metastatic melanoma due to their complementary advantages. However, MEK‐inhibitor‐induced T‐cell toxicity impedes effective cooperation. In this experiment, a pH‐responsive on‐demand controlled release mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNPs) system is designed. Fluorescein‐isothiocyanate‐loaded MSNP can be specifically delivered into tumor cells rather than T‐cells. MEK‐inhibitor‐loaded MSNP avoids proliferative and functional inhibitions of T‐cells, while preserving growth suppression of tumor cells in vitro. In an in vivo model, MSNP encapsulation reverses the MEK‐inhibitor‐induced suppression of activated CD8+ T‐cells, and enhances the secretion of INF‐γ and IL‐2. The combination of BRAF inhibitor plus MSNP‐loaded MEK inhibitor and anti‐PD‐1 antibody synergistically inhibits tumor growth via promoting robust immune‐related antitumor response. This work provides a novel and generalized framework for combining T‐cell‐impaired targeted therapy and immune checkpoint blockade by using a nanoparticle‐based delivery system.
Bowtie‐Shaped NiCo2O4 Catalysts for Low‐Temperature Methane Combustion
Authors: Dai Yiling , Kumar Vanama Pavan , Zhu Chujie , Wang Haiyan , Smith Kevin J. , Wolf Michael O. , MacLachlan Mark J.
Published: January 2019

Bowtie‐shaped NiCo2O4 nanostructures are prepared using a hydrothermal method. Variation of the synthesis parameters, including reaction time, additives, and calcination temperature, allows an understanding of the origin of the bowtie‐shaped structure to be developed. Methane oxidation experiments performed using temperature‐programed oxidation (TPO) show that the new materials, which do not contain precious metals, have excellent activity for low‐temperature methane combustion, with 100% conversion at ≈410 °C (gas hourly space velocity (GHSV): 90 000 mL (STP) g−1 h−1). The structure–activity relationships of the bowtie‐shaped nanostructures are explored.
Polarized THz Emission from In‐Plane Dipoles in Monolayer Tungsten Disulfide by Linear and Circular Optical Rectification
Authors: Zhang Longhui , Huang Yuanyuan , Zhu Lipeng , Yao Zehan , Zhao Qiyi , Du Wanyi , He Yuhang , Xu Xinlong
Published: January 2019

Recent advances in the development of polarized terahertz (THz) emission from nanomaterials have not only opened up a new “TeraNano” interdiscipline but also provided a new tool for nonlinear optical process research. Herein, THz radiation mechanism of monolayer tungsten disulfide (WS2) is first investigated by both linear and circular polarization laser excitations at room temperature. The results reveal that polarized THz emission is dominated by the optical rectification based on in‐plane nonlinear dipoles, which is totally different from that of bulk WS2. The mechanism is verified by the azimuthal angle and pump polarization angle dependence of THz emission in both experiment and theory. Furthermore, controllably elliptically polarized THz emission is observed with the maximum ellipticity of ≈0.52 based on nonresonant nonlinear process under the circularly polarized excitation. A clear understanding of THz radiation mechanism of 2D materials will facilitate further design, optimization, and polarization control of integrable 2D THz optoelectronics.
Rotavirus is associated with decompensated diarrhea among young rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Wang Kuo‐Yang , Christe Kari L. , Yee JoAnn , Roberts Jeffrey A. , Ardeshir Amir
Published: January 2019

Diarrhea with secondary decompensation is the main cause of morbidity and mortality in captive young rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) colonies. Approximately 25% of diarrhea cases with secondary decompensation are considered to be idiopathic chronic diarrhea. The purpose of this study was to investigate the suspected but not systematically examined association between rotavirus infection and diarrhea with secondary decompensation among young rhesus macaques at the California National Primate Research Center (CNPRC). Blood and stool samples were collected from 89 randomly selected young animals (age range: 6 months to 1.5 years) and were tested for the presence of rotavirus antibody, and rotavirus antigen, respectively, using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA's). Test and clinical data were analyzed using Fisher's exact tests and multivariate logistic regression model. Our analysis indicates that rotavirus is endemic among young outdoor‐housed rhesus macaques at the CNPRC. Although the relationship between detectable rotavirus antigen in stool and symptomatic diarrhea with secondary decompensation was not significant, there was a significant association between rotavirus seropositivity and a history of diarrhea with secondary decompensation within the past 6 months. While our cross‐sectional and case‐control study suggests an association between rotavirus infection and diarrhea with secondary decompensation among captive rhesus macaques, more extensive longitudinal studies on larger cohorts and with more intensive sample collection are needed to confirm these findings.
Formation of papillary mucosa folds and enhancement of epithelial barrier in odontogenic sinusitis
Authors: Zhang Yuan , Lan Feng , Li Ying , Wang Chengshuo , Zhang Luo
Published: January 2019

Background

Odontogenic sinusitis (OS) presents more satisfactory therapeutic effect after endoscopic surgery compared with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) of other origin. The aim of the present study was to investigate the clinical characteristics, morphological features, and epithelial barrier function of sinus mucosa of OS and discuss the possible relationship with good prognosis.

Methods

A total of 25 subjects with OS, 7 CRS without nasal polyps (CRSsNP), 10 CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), and 9 control subjects were recruited. The biopsy specimens were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for general observation of cytomorphologic features. Epithelial tight junctions (TJs) protein claudin‐4 expression was determined to evaluate the epithelial barrier integrity by using immunofluorescence and Image‐Pro Plus software analysis. The representative cytokine profiles regarding T helper 1 (Th1) (interferon [IFN]‐γ), Th2 (interleukin [IL]‐5), and Th17 (IL‐17) were examined by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR).

Results

Extensively small papillary protrusions could be seen in the maxillary sinus mucosa of OS patients under nasal endoscopy, similar to the morphological behavior, which also presented as papillary folds in the surface of the epithelium. The epithelium in OS kept an increased claudin‐4 expression compared with that seen in CRSsNP, CRSwNP, and control subjects. The inflammatory pattern analysis demonstrated that OS belonged to the lymphocyte and plasma cell‐dominant cellular phenotypes, whereas IL‐17 was dominant compared with IFN‐γ as well as IL‐5.

Conclusion

The odontogenic infections might induce the formation of papillary mucosa folds and enhance the epithelial TJ barrier function. OS exhibited as lymphocyte and plasma cell–dominant cellular phenotypes and Th17 cytokine profiles.
The formation of fibrous structure of polyamide 6 induced by the three‐step forming process and its prominent reinforcement in nitrile rubber
Authors: Cai Ziqing , Jia Zhenyu , Wang Tao
Published: January 2019

Nitrile rubber (NBR) blends with excellent performance have always been a hot research topic in petroleum field. Due to the excellent performance and compatibility of polyamide 6 (PA6), it provides an opportunity for the preparation of high‐performance NBR/PA6 blends. In this article, NBR/PA6 blends were prepared by the three‐step molding process. Experimentally, it was found that PA6 has a prominent reinforcement effect in NBR matrix. The variation of this mechanical property was investigated from different aspects of the crystal structure, crystallinities, phase morphology, and so on. It can be cleared that the formation of fibrous structure of PA6 phase is the main factor for reinforcement of the polymer blends. Meanwhile, the formation mechanism of the special phase structure induced by the three‐step process is deeply expounded and its structural evolution schematic is established. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47472.
A high‐throughput method of analyzing multiple plant defensive compounds in minimized sample mass
Authors: Jack Chandra N. , Rowe Shawna L. , Porter Stephanie S. , Friesen Maren L.
Published: January 2019

Premise of the Study

Current methods for quantifying herbivore‐induced alterations in plant biochemistry are often unusable by researchers due to practical constraints. We present a cost‐effective, high‐throughput protocol to quantify multiple biochemical responses from small plant tissue samples using spectrophotometric techniques.

Methods and Results

Using Solanum lycopersicum and Medicago polymorpha leaves pre‐ and post‐herbivory, we demonstrate that our protocol quantifies common plant defense responses: peroxidase production, polyphenol oxidase production, reactive oxygen species production, total protein production, and trypsin‐like protease inhibition activity.

Conclusions

Current protocols can require 500 mg of tissue, but our assays detect activity in less than 10 mg. Our protocol takes two people 6 h to run any of the assays on 300 samples in triplicate, or all of the assays on 20 samples. Our protocol enables researchers to plan complex experiments that compare local versus systemic plant responses, quantify environmental and genetic variation, and measure population‐level variation.
The role of alexithymia in parent–child interaction and in the emotional ability of children with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Costa Andreia P. , Steffgen Georges , Vögele Claus
Published: January 2019

Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have more emotional difficulties than typically developing (TD) children. Of all the factors that impact children's emotional development, parents, and the way they interact with their children, are of crucial importance. The present study compared the amount of parent–child interactions among 35 dyads of parents and their children with ASD and 41 dyads of parents and their TD children, aged between 3 and 13 years, during a frustration‐eliciting situation. We further examined whether children's alexithymia is linked to parent–child interactions and whether parent–child interactions are linked to children's emotional difficulties. We found that parents of children with ASD interacted significantly less with their children than parents of TD children. This reduced interaction was better explained by children's alexithymia than by children's ASD diagnosis. Finally, parent–child interaction mediated the relationship between children's ASD diagnosis and children's emotion regulation ability, as well as some aspects of children's emotional reactivity but only if not accounting for children's alexithymia levels. Our results demonstrate the determinant role children's alexithymia plays on parent–child interactions and on how these interactions are linked to children's difficulties in emotion regulation and emotional reactivity. Results are discussed in light of how parent–child interactions and the emotional ability of children with ASD can be improved by targeting children's alexithymia. Autism Res 2019, 12: 458–468 © 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Lay Summary

In the present research, we found that parents of children with autism interact less with their children compared to parents of typically developing children. We also found that this decreased interaction is linked to children's difficulties to recognize, describe, and distinguish emotions, a triad of difficulties known as alexithymia. Furthermore, parents' interaction with their children explains emotional reactivity and emotion regulation problems in children with autism. However, if we take into consideration children's alexithymia, then parents' interaction with their children is not related to their children's emotional difficulties in reactivity and regulation. Therefore, to improve the interaction between parents and their children with autism, and the emotional development of these children, we recommend interventions that teach children with autism how to recognize, describe, and distinguish emotions in themselves and others.
Trihalomethanes: Concentrations, Cancer Risks, and Regulations
Authors: Cotruvo Joseph A. , Amato Heather
Published: January 2019

While the association between total trihalomethanes and drinking‐water cancer risks remains debatable, managing disinfection byproducts with surrogates continues to be an appropriate and practical method for maintaining drinking water quality.
Disseminating technology in global surgery
Authors: Bolton W S , Aruparayil N , Quyn A , Scott J , Wood A , Bundu I , Gnanaraj J , Brown J M , Jayne D G
Published: January 2019

Background

Effective dissemination of technology in global surgery is vital to realize universal health coverage by 2030. Challenges include a lack of human resource, infrastructure and finance. Understanding these challenges, and exploring opportunities and solutions to overcome them, are essential to improve global surgical care.

Methods

This review focuses on technologies and medical devices aimed at improving surgical care and training in low- and middle-income countries. The key considerations in the development of new technologies are described, along with strategies for evaluation and wider dissemination. Notable examples of where the dissemination of a new surgical technology has achieved impact are included.

Results

Employing the principles of frugal and responsible innovation, and aligning evaluation and development to high scientific standards help overcome some of the challenges in disseminating technology in global surgery. Exemplars of effective dissemination include low-cost laparoscopes, gasless laparoscopic techniques and innovative training programmes for laparoscopic surgery; low-cost and versatile external fixation devices for fractures; the LifeBox pulse oximeter project; and the use of immersive technologies in simulation, training and surgical care delivery.

Conclusion

Core strategies to facilitate technology dissemination in global surgery include leveraging international funding, interdisciplinary collaboration involving all key stakeholders, and frugal scientific design, development and evaluation.