bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Standardized Numbers in the Byzantine Army
Authors: Treadgold Warren
Published: December 2004

Many of the statistics that appear in sources for Byzantine armies and their pay show a pattern of roundness and uniformity. While some scholars have taken this as evidence that the statistics are unreliable, the consistency of the pattern indicates that the Byzantine army, like the Roman army, deliberately preferred standardized numbers. Such standardization offered great advantages in mustering, deploying, and paying a large and well-organized force without the help of modern methods of record keeping. Other medieval armies, and the Byzantine army after the eleventh century, did without such standardization because they were smaller and more loosely organized.
`For Kaiser and Reich': The Identity and Fate of the German Volunteers, 1914-1918
Authors: Watson Alex
Published: December 2004

Historiography on the volunteers has maintained that most were young, aggressive, ‘war enthused’ men from the Wilhelmine educated elite, who quickly became disillusioned or broke down when faced with war’s ghastly realities. By analysing a sample of 2584 volunteers from 36 units, examining unpublished letters and diaries, and studying the volunteers’ battle performance, this article questions these beliefs. It argues that in fact volunteers came from a wide urban background, that most were motivated to enlist by defensive patriotism, not aggressive ‘war enthusiasm’, and that military ill-preparedness, not unrealistic combat expectations, accounts for the volunteers’ high psychiatric casualty rates.
The Royal Navy and the Lessons of the Invergordon Mutiny
Authors: Bell Christopher M.
Published: December 2004

This article examines the Royal Navy’s efforts to understand the underlying causes of the Invergordon mutiny. Previous studies of this event have tended to focus on the Admiralty’s attempt to conceal its own failures by finding scapegoats in the Atlantic Fleet. However, the navy’s treatment of the senior personnel involved in the mutiny is less important than its efforts to identify and correct systemic problems within the service that were believed to be undermining the foundations of naval discipline. The Invergordon mutiny was regarded by most naval officers as evidence of a collective failure by the officer corps to gain the confidence of the lower deck. Class tensions undoubtedly existed within the navy during this period, but they were not a significant factor in the mutiny, and were not regarded as matters requiring the navy’s urgent attention. Instead, the Admiralty sought ways to develop the leadership skills of its junior officers and non-commissioned officers so that future crises could be dealt with before they escalated to the point of mutiny.
The body, the gaze and the theorist: remarks on a strategic distinction
Authors: Lossau Julia
Published: December 2004

While emotions have become a relevant, even fashionable topic in Anglo-American geography in recent years, German-speaking scholars are more reluctant to take on board the lessons of emotional and sensual perception. This reluctance became especially obvious in 2001, when the German-speaking realm witnessed an unusually fierce debate over the value of the aesthetic for the discipline’s system of thought. While the protagonists of emotional and aesthetic thinking celebrated an increasing significance of the ‘softer’ and more bodily aspects of knowledge, the antagonists criticized what they regard as a return to the traditional paradigm of Landschaftsgeographie and its conservative ideology. While fully sympathetic to the critique of an allegedly aesthetic ‘geomantic geography’, this paper demonstrates that considering questions of aesthetics does not necessarily imply a revitalization of ancient paradigms, but can lead instead to a challenging of formerly taken-for-granted epistemological foundations. To achieve this goal, this paper summarizes the German debate, highlighting the antagonists’ distinction between a cognitive and scientific realm, on the one hand, and an aesthetic, pre-scientific or everyday realm, on the other. The deconstruction of this distinction leads to a more complex notion of the relations between aesthetic and cognitive spheres, or between the body and the gaze. The acknowledgement of this complexity can, in turn, be regarded as a point of departure for ways of thinking between the body and the gaze. Broadening the perspective towards such an in-between point of view does not only reveal certain absences within the dominant approaches to German-speaking geography, but provides a critical appraisal of some lines of argument within the Anglo-American preoccupation with the emotions.
Nature, art and indifference
Authors: Bartram Rob
Published: December 2004

This paper explores possibilities associated with contemporary explanations of nature through a consideration of the nature-based art of Damien Hirst. I argue that this art poses fresh and challenging questions with the potential to destabilize dominant explanations of nature. His art affords nature the transformative qualities that rupture both its unproblematical differentiation from society and the belief that nature can be represented as an objectified truth through art. We can best explore these ideas in relation to Hirst’s art by ‘using’ an interpretative strategy akin to Baudrillard’s ‘mysterious rules of indifference’ - the exploration of art’s capacity to activate and trigger metaphors, motifs and plays on meaning that form the ebb and flow of the cultural sign system, where attention is paid to the relational order between the components of meaning, rather than the material composition of specific objects. I argue that we should reconceptualize nature in terms of its alterity and undecidability, cultivating explanations based on indifference so that we do not succumb to the seduction of locating the meaning of nature.
Modulation of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Status by Chemotherapy in Patients With Locally Advanced Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer Is Rare
Authors: De Pas Tommaso , Pelosi Giuseppe , de Braud Filippo , Veronesi Giulia , Curigliano Giuseppe , Leon Maria Elena , Danesi Romano , Noberasco Cristina , d’Aiuto Massimiliano , Catalano Gianpiero , Viale Giuseppe , Spaggiari Lorenzo
Published: December 2004

Purpose

To determine whether epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression in non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is modulated by chemotherapy and to assess the agreement of EGFR status between mediastinal nodes and the primary tumor after chemotherapy.

Patients and Methods

Patients with NSCLC stage IIIa/b pN2/3 confirmed by mediastinoscopy or mediastinostomy were treated with at least three cycles of chemotherapy before undergoing surgery. EGFR expression was evaluated on mediastinal nodes at the time of initial diagnosis and on both the primary tumor and residual metastatic nodes after treatment.

Results

EGFR expression determined on 138 of 164 patients who underwent mediastinoscopy or mediastinostomy was 0 (22 patients), 1+ (27 patients), 2+ (28 patients), and 3+ (61 patients). Fifty-four patients of 164 received chemotherapy followed by surgery. Of the 89 of 138 patients with EGFR score of 2+/3+ at the time of diagnosis, 34 patients underwent surgery after induction chemotherapy. None changed to zero EGFR immunoreactivity, with 29 patients (88%) maintaining a score of 2+/3+. Of the 22 of 138 patients with no EGFR expression at the time of diagnosis, six underwent surgical resection after induction chemotherapy. Of these six patients, four changed their EGFR expression from an EGFR score of 0 to 2+/3+. After treatment, the agreement of EGFR status between tumor and nodes in the subgroup of patients with EGFR score 2+/3+ was 89% to 92%.

Conclusion

Our data suggest a very good agreement of EGFR status before and after chemotherapy in EGFR-positive NSCLC. Induction chemotherapy can induce EGFR expression in occasional EGFR-negative tumors.
Randomized Parallel Study of Doxorubicin Plus Paclitaxel and Doxorubicin Plus Cyclophosphamide As Neoadjuvant Treatment of Patients With Breast Cancer
Authors: Diéras Véronique , Fumoleau Pierre , Romieu Gilles , Tubiana-Hulin Michèle , Namer Moïse , Mauriac Louis , Guastalla Jean-Paul , Pujade-Lauraine Eric , Kerbrat Pierre , Maillart Philippe , Pénault-Llorca Frédérique , Buyse Marc , Pouillart Pierre
Published: December 2004

Purpose

This randomized, noncomparative, parallel-group study was designed to evaluate the pathologic complete response (pCR) rate of combined doxorubicin plus paclitaxel (AP) and doxorubicin plus cyclophosphamide (AC) as neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with previously untreated breast cancer who were unsuitable for conservative surgery.

Patients and Methods

A total of 200 patients with T2-3, N0-1, M0 disease were randomly assigned in a 2:1 ratio to receive preoperative chemotherapy with either doxorubicin 60 mg/m2 plus paclitaxel 200 mg/m2 as a 3-hour infusion (AP) or doxorubicin 60 mg/m2 plus cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m2 (AC) every 3 weeks for 4 courses followed by surgery.

Results

A pCR (eradication of invasive carcinoma in tumor and in axillary lymph nodes) was found in 16% and 10% of patients in the AP and AC arms, respectively, by study center pathologists, and in 8% and 6% of patients, respectively, by independent pathologists. Patients with pCRs tended to have unifocal disease, tumors with negative hormonal receptor status, and less differentiation (Scarff, Bloom, and Richardson scale grade 3). Breast-conserving surgery was performed in 58% and 45% of patients in the AP and AC arms, respectively. An objective clinical response was achieved in 89% of patients in the AP arm and 70% in the AC arm. At a median follow-up of 31 months, disease-free survival (DFS) was higher in patients who reached pCR versus those without pCR (91% v 70%).

Conclusion

The encouraging pathologic and clinical responses of patients with breast cancer after neoadjuvant chemotherapy with doxorubicin plus paclitaxel warrant additional investigation of paclitaxel in the neoadjuvant setting of breast cancer management.
Chemotherapy Use, Outcomes, and Costs for Older Persons With Advanced Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Evidence From Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results–Medicare
Authors: Ramsey Scott D. , Howlader Nadia , Etzioni Ruth D. , Donato Bonnie
Published: December 2004

Purpose

There is limited published documentation regarding US community patterns of care for older patients with advanced non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) –Medicare database, we examined community treatment patterns for advanced NSCLC, focusing on chemotherapy.

Methods

Patients with locally advanced or metastatic (TNM system stages IIIb and IV) NSCLC diagnosed between January 1, 1994, and December 31, 1999, were stratified based on chemotherapy agents received during the first 3 months following diagnosis. Cox proportional hazards models were used to compare survival, controlling for age, sex, race, noncancer comorbidity, stage at diagnosis, SEER region, and receipt of cancer-related surgery or radiation therapy in the first 3 months following diagnosis. Lifetime medical costs were calculated for each group.

Results

14,875 patients met inclusion criteria: 7,411 (49.8%) stage III and 7,464 (50.2%) stage IV at diagnosis. Thirty-one percent received chemotherapy, 8% received surgery, and 53% received radiation therapy either as initial or adjuvant treatment. Persons ≥ 75 years of age, females, African Americans, and those with more than one comorbidity were significantly less likely to receive chemotherapy (P < .01). Survival was inferior for those who did not receive a platinum-containing agent (P < .01). Lifetime costs were highest for those receiving platinum + taxane combinations, exceeding other regimens by more than $10,000 per patient.

Conclusion

Chemotherapy prolongs survival in community settings, but is underutilized for persons with advanced NSCLC. Reasons for lower use in minorities and variation across regions deserve further study.
Prediction of TP53 Status for Primary Cisplatin, Fluorouracil, and Leucovorin Chemotherapy in Ethmoid Sinus Intestinal-Type Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Licitra L. , Suardi S. , Bossi P. , Locati L.D. , Mariani L. , Quattrone P. , Lo Vullo S. , Oggionni M. , Olmi P. , Cantù G. , Pierotti M.A. , Pilotti S.
Published: December 2004

Purpose

To assess the role of TP53 status in predicting pathologic complete remission after primary chemotherapy in patients with ethmoidal intestinal-type adenocarcinoma (ITAC).

Patients and Methods

Thirty patients with ethmoidal ITAC enrolled onto a phase II study received chemotherapy with cisplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin (PFL) followed by surgery and radiation. On surgical specimens, absence of viable tumor cells was defined as pathologic complete remission (pCR). TP53 status/p53 function, analyzed on pretreatment biopsies, were retrospectively correlated with pathologic results and patient outcome.

Results

Twelve patients achieved a pCR; 18 patients did not (overall response rate, 40%). In patients with wild-type (wt) TP53 or functional p53 protein, the pCRs were 83% and 80%, respectively; in patients with mutated TP53 or impaired p53 protein, pCRs were 11% and 0%, respectively (P ≤ .0001). At a median 55-month follow-up, all pCR patients were disease-free; 44% of nonresponding patients experienced relapse (P = .0061).

Conclusion

The results indicate the existence of two genetic ITAC subgroups, defined by differences in TP53 mutational status or protein functionality, that strongly influence pathologic response to primary chemotherapy and, ultimately, prognosis. PFL seems to be highly effective in terms of pCR and disease-free survival in the presence of a wt or a still-efficient p53 protein, even when encoded by a mutated TP53 gene (eg, early-stop codon mutation), but ineffective in ITACs carrying a disabled p53 protein. Whether this model is extensible to other head and neck cancers needs appropriate investigation.
Moderate Increase of Secondary Hematologic Malignancies After Myeloablative Radiochemotherapy and Autologous Stem-Cell Transplantation in Patients With Indolent Lymphoma: Results of a Prospective Randomized Trial of the German Low Grade Lymphoma Study Group
Authors: Lenz Georg , Dreyling Martin , Schiegnitz Eva , Haferlach Torsten , Hasford Joerg , Unterhalt Michael , Hiddemann Wolfgang
Published: December 2004

Purpose

An increased risk of therapy-related myelodysplastic syndrome (t-MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (t-AML) after high-dose therapy and autologous stem-cell transplantation (ASCT) for malignant lymphoma has been described by several studies, reporting a highly variable incidence ranging from 1% to 12%. To assess this risk more precisely, the German Low Grade Lymphoma Study Group investigated the incidence of t-MDS/t-AML after ASCT on the basis of a randomized comparison of ASCT versus interferon alfa (IFN-α) maintenance in indolent lymphoma.

Patients and Methods

Between 1996 and 2002, 440 patients with indolent lymphoma were randomly assigned after a cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone–like induction therapy regimen to myeloablative radiochemotherapy followed by ASCT or IFN-α. The incidence of secondary hematologic malignancies was determined by standardized follow-up of all study patients. Bone marrow samples from patients with proven or suspected t-MDS/t-AML were centrally reviewed.

Results

After a median follow-up of 44 months, 431 patients were assessable. Five of 195 patients developed a secondary hematologic malignancy after ASCT. Two of these patients developed a secondary AML. Accordingly, the estimated 5-year risk for secondary hematologic neoplasias after ASCT was 3.8%. In contrast, in the IFN-α arm, the 5-year risk of hematologic neoplasias was 0.0% (P = .0248).

Conclusion

The data of this randomized trial demonstrate an increased risk of secondary hematologic malignancies after myeloablative radiochemotherapy and ASCT compared with conventional chemotherapy. However, as ASCT significantly improves progression-free survival, it is currently not evident to what extent the higher rate of t-MDS/t-AML will diminish the benefit of ASCT in indolent lymphoma.
Feasibility and Response to Induction Chemotherapy Intensified With High-Dose Methotrexate for Young Children With Newly Diagnosed High-Risk Disseminated Medulloblastoma
Authors: Chi Susan N. , Gardner Sharon L. , Levy Adam S. , Knopp Edmond A. , Miller Douglas C. , Wisoff Jeffrey H. , Weiner Howard L. , Finlay Jonathan L.
Published: December 2004

Purpose

To evaluate the feasibility of and response rate to an intensified induction chemotherapy regimen for young children with newly diagnosed high-risk or disseminated medulloblastomas.

Patients and Methods

From January 1997 to March 2003, 21 patients with high-risk or disseminated medulloblastoma were enrolled. After maximal surgical resection, patients were treated with five cycles of vincristine (0.05 mg/kg/wk × three doses per cycle for three cycles), cisplatin (3.5 mg/kg per cycle), etoposide (4 mg/kg/d × 2 days per cycle), cyclophosphamide (65 mg/kg/d × 2 days per cycle) with mesna, and methotrexate (400 mg/kg per cycle) with leucovorin rescue. Following induction chemotherapy, eligible patients underwent a single myeloablative chemotherapy cycle with autologous stem-cell rescue.

Results

Significant toxicities of this intensified regimen, including gastrointestinal and infectious toxicities, are described. Among the 21 patients enrolled, there were 17 complete responses (81%), two partial responses, one stable disease, and one progressive disease. The 3-year event-free survival and overall survival are 49% (95% CI, 27% to 72%) and 60% (95% CI, 36% to 84%), respectively.

Conclusion

This intensified induction chemotherapy regimen is feasible and tolerable. With the majority of patients with disseminated medulloblastoma having M2 or M3 disease at diagnosis, the encouraging high response rate of this intensified induction regimen suggests that such an addition of methotrexate should be explored in future studies.
Drug-herb interactions with herbal medicines for menopause
Authors: Huntley Alyson
Published: December 2004

Herbal medicine is one of most popular choices of complementary therapies for women, particularly as an alternative treatment for menopausal symptoms. The most commonly used herbal medicines for the menopause is probably black cohosh ( Actaea/Cimcifuga racemosa); other preparations used include red clover ( Trifolium pratense), dong quai ( Angelica sinesis) and evening primrose ( Oenothera biennis). Some of these herbal medicines have a very good safety profile with little or no suggestion of interaction with conventional drugs. For others, there are many and significant drug-herb interactions. This article outlines the major known and theoretical drug-herb interactions of herbal medicines thought to be of benefit for menopausal symptoms, as well as discussing the implications for the medical profession.
Sleep and the menopause
Authors: Polo-Kantola Päivi , Erkkola Risto
Published: December 2004

Sleep problems and their consequences are a serious public health issue, imposing a substantial burden on the individual and society. Although sleep occupies one-third of our lives and can be considered to be an important subject, sleep medicine is a young speciality and problems are poorly investigated. Sleeping problems are frequently reported during the menopausal transition. Subjectively women find that hormone replacement therapy (HRT) significantly improves sleep quality. Thus, HRT can be considered as a first-line therapy for insomnia. However, in some cases insomnia coincides with the menopause transition and cannot be considered to result from ovarian failure. Depressive mood, stress and behavioural factors, as well as restless legs and periodic limb movement syndromes may be the underlying cause. Thus, if no relief with HRT has been achieved after a few months, other aetiologies should be explored.
Will climate change really affect our health? Results from a European assessment
Authors: Kovats R Sari
Published: December 2004

Climate hazards such as floods and heat waves are known to affect health. The frequency and intensity of such events may change with global climate change. Our knowledge of the health impacts of such events is now increasing. Heat waves are associated with significant excess mortality, even in the UK population, and this is concentrated in the elderly. Social factors are also important in an individual's risk of dying during a heat wave. Floods may cause long-term psychological consequences. Our current capacity to address the health impacts of such events is, however, limited. There is a need for research to improve the effectiveness of interventions in the near term, as well as assess the adaptation strategies needed to address climate change in the long term.
PMS in the perimenopause
Authors: Hassan Ismail , Ismail Khaled MK , O'Brien Shaughn
Published: December 2004

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and the perimenopause are each difficult conditions to manage. When they co-exist the difficulty is more than doubled. Understanding and recognising the differences and the similarities between these conditions should enable clinicians to provide appropriate treatment and significantly improve women's quality of life. Distinction between the two can be difficult. Anecdotally women seem more prone to PMS symptoms during the perimenopause, or at least they tolerate the symptoms less well. Symptoms of the perimenopause arise from falling oestrogen levels with irregular ovulation, resulting in symptoms of oestrogen lack and heavy irregular periods. Symptoms of the perimenopause are thus relieved by the administration of oestrogen. Premenstrual syndrome frequently results when ovulation occurs. PMS appears to be due directly to the progesterone produced following ovulation in women who have enhanced sensitivity to this steroid. Treatment can thus be achieved by suppressing ovulation or reducing progesterone sensitivity; the latter seems achievable by the administration of selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors. Ovulation can be suppressed by a variety of methods and oestrogen is an approach which is frequently employed. This will also effectively treat menopausal symptoms. The main problem with using oestrogen is that a progestogen must be administered to prevent endometrial neoplasia; this can result in a return of the PMS symptoms. This article reviews the difficulties encountered in women with both disorders and provides a suggested management strategy.
Multiattribute Structure for QALYs
Authors: Hazen Gordon
Published: December 2004

Health status is inherently a multiattribute construct. We examine multiattribute utility decompositions for the quality-adjusted life year (QALY) utility model commonly employed in medical decision and cost-effectiveness analyses. We consider several independence conditions on preference, including the classical notions of preferential independence and utility independence, as well as new related notions of standard-gamble independence and time-tradeoff independence. The latter conditions are helpful in simplifying standard-gamble utility assessment procedures and time-tradeoff assessment procedures in the presence of multiple health attributes. Under the QALY model, all these conditions are equivalent and result in a purely multiplicative decomposition of utility over health states.
Bargaining with Search as an Outside Option: The Impact of the Buyer's Future Availability
Authors: Baucells Manel , Lippman Steven A.
Published: December 2004

This paper seeks prescriptive advice for a seller whose outside option is to sell an asset via search, while facing a potential buyer whose outside option is to walk away. In the basic model, the buyer and seller efficiently split the gains from agreement, and the future availability of the buyer is irrelevant. We compare the buyer's threat of committing to never buy the asset versus the threat of delaying the agreement until the arrival of the next offer. Surprisingly, this restriction has no effect on the payoffs, even if the buyer's future availability is uncertain.

In contrast, when informational frictions force the seller to use an actual offer rather than the expected return from search as an outside option, enormous changes in the dynamics and outcome ensue: Sale of the asset ceases to be instantaneous, and the seller might solicit several offers prior to sale. Both the payoffs and the probability that the sale is made to the buyer depend crucially on that buyer's future availability. Longer availability is beneficial to the seller and, contrary to intuition, need not be harmful to the buyer.
Dynamic Version of the Economic Lot Size Model
Authors: Wagner Harvey M. , Whitin Thomson M.
Published: December 2004

A forward algorithm for a solution to the following dynamic version of the economic lot size model is given: allowing the possibility of demands for a single item, inventory holding charges, and setup costs to vary over N periods, we desire a minimum total cost inventory management scheme which satisfies known demand in every period. Disjoint planning horizons are shown to be possible which eliminate the necessity of having data for the full N periods.
The Lagrangian Relaxation Method for Solving Integer Programming Problems
Authors: Fisher Marshall L.
Published: December 2004

(This article originally appeared in Management Science, January 1981, Volume 27, Number 1, pp. 1–18, published by The Institute of Management Sciences.)

One of the most computationally useful ideas of the 1970s is the observation that many hard integer programming problems can be viewed as easy problems complicated by a relatively small set of side constraints. Dualizing the side constraints produces a Lagrangian problem that is easy to solve and whose optimal value is a lower bound (for minimization problems) on the optimal value of the original problem. The Lagrangian problem can thus be used in place of a linear programming relaxation to provide bounds in a branch and bound algorithm. This approach has led to dramatically improved algorithms for a number of important problems in the areas of routing, location, scheduling, assignment and set covering. This paper is a review of Lagrangian relaxation based on what has been learned in the last decade.
A New Product Growth for Model Consumer Durables
Authors: Bass Frank M.
Published: December 2004

(This article originally appeared in Management Science, January 1969, Volume 15, Number 5, pp. 215–227, published by The Institute of Management Sciences.)

A growth model for the timing of initial purchase of new products is developed and tested empirically against data for eleven consumer durables. The basic assumption of the model is that the timing of a consumer's initial purchase is related to the number of previous buyers. A behavioral rationale for the model is offered in terms of innovative and imitative behavior. The model yields good predictions of the sales peak and the timing of the peak when applied to historical data. A long-range forecast is developed for the sales of color television sets.
Optimal Policies for a Multi-Echelon Inventory Problem
Authors: Clark Andrew J. , Scarf Herbert
Published: December 2004

(This article originally appeared in Management Science, July 1960, Volume 6, Number 4, pp. 475–490, published by The Institute of Management Sciences.)
Jobshop-Like Queueing Systems
Authors: Jackson James R.
Published: December 2004

(This article originally appeared in Management Science, November 1963, Volume 10, Number 1, pp. 131–142, published by The Institute of Management Sciences.)

The equilibrium joint probability distribution of queue lengths is obtained for a broad class of jobshop-like “networks of waiting lines,” where the mean arrival rate of customers depends almost arbitrarily upon the number already present, and the mean service rate at each service center depends almost arbitrarily upon the queue length there. This extension of the author's earlier work is motivated by the observation that real production systems are usually subject to influences which make for increased stability by tending, as the amount of work-in-process grows, to reduce the rate at which new work is injected or to increase the rate at which processing takes place.
A Suggested Computation for Maximal Multi-Commodity Network Flows
Authors: Ford L. R. , Fulkerson D. R.
Published: December 2004

(This article originally appeared in Management Science, October 1958, Volume 5, Number 1, pp. 97–101, published by The Institute of Management Sciences.)

A simplex computation for an arc-chain formulation of the maximal multi-commodity network flow problem is proposed. Since the number of variables in this formulation is too large to be dealt with explicitly, the computation treats non-basic variables implicitly by replacing the usual method of determining a vector to enter the basis with several applications of a combinatorial algorithm for finding a shortest chain joining a pair of points in a network.
Games with Incomplete Information Played by “Bayesian” Players, I–III: Part I. The Basic Model
Authors: Harsanyi John C.
Published: December 2004

(This article originally appeared in Management Science, November 1967, Volume 14, Number 3, pp. 159–182, published by The Institute of Management Sciences.)

The paper develops a new theory for the analysis of games with incomplete information where the players are uncertain about some important parameters of the game situation, such as the payoff functions, the strategies available to various players, the information other players have about the game, etc. However, each player has a subjective probability distribution over the alternative possibilities.

In most of the paper it is assumed that these probability distributions entertained by the different players are mutually “consistent,” in the sense that they can be regarded as conditional probability distributions derived from a certain “basic probability distribution” over the parameters unknown to the various players. But later the theory is extended also to cases where the different players' subjective probability distributions fail to satisfy this consistency assumption.

In cases where the consistency assumption holds, the original game can be replaced by a game where nature first conducts a lottery in accordance with the basic probability distribution, and the outcome of this lottery will decide which particular subgame will be played, i.e., what the actual values of the relevant parameters will be in the game. Yet, each player will receive only partial information about the outcome of the lottery, and about the values of these parameters. However, every player will know the “basic probability distribution” governing the lottery. Thus, technically, the resulting game will be a game with complete information. It is called the Bayes-equivalent of the original game. Part I of the paper describes the basic model and discusses various intuitive interpretations for the latter. Part II shows that the Nash equilibrium points of the Bayes-equivalent game yield “Bayesian equilibrium points” for the original game. Finally, Part III considers the main properties of the “basic probability distribution.”
Are Physicians “Easy Marks”? Quantifying the Effects of Detailing and Sampling on New Prescriptions
Authors: Mizik Natalie , Jacobson Robert
Published: December 2004

Much public attention and considerable controversy surround pharmaceutical marketing practices and their impact on physicians. However, views on the matter have largely been shaped by anecdotal evidence or results from analyses with insufficient controls. Making use of a dynamic fixed-effects distributed lag regression model, we empirically assess the role that two central components of pharmaceutical marketing practices (namely, detailing and sampling) have on physician prescribing behavior. Key differentiating features of our model include its ability to (i) capture persistence in the prescribing process and decompose it into own-growth and competitive-stealing effects, (ii) estimate an unrestricted decay structure of the promotional effects over time, and (iii) control for physician-specific effects that, if not taken into account, induce biased coefficient estimates of detailing and sampling effects. Based on pooled time series cross-sectional data involving three drugs, 24 monthly observations, and 74,075 individual physicians (more than 2 million observations in total), we find that detailing and free drug samples have positive and statistically significant effects on the number of new prescriptions issued by a physician. However, we find that the magnitudes of the effects are modest.
Research Note: Additional Learning and Implications on the Role of Informative Advertising
Authors: Soberman David A.
Published: December 2004

Observers argue that evidence for the persuasive role of advertising comes from competitive categories where increases in advertising lead to higher average prices. Conversely, others claim that advertising serves a purely informational role. Here, higher levels of advertising lead to better-informed consumers and this should increase competition and stimulate lower prices. The objective of this study is to neither confirm nor refute either of these perspectives. It is rather to show that increases in informative advertising alone can lead to both higher or lower prices. I further show that the direction of this relationship depends on the level of differentiation between competing firms. Similar to Grossman and Shapiro (1984), I examine conditions where the differences between competing products are small, but I also examine conditions where the differences are significant. The role of advertising is to inform consumers about individual products and higher advertising for a product means that more of the potential market knows about it. Higher levels of advertising increase the relative importance of fully informed consumers compared to partially informed consumers. This dynamic is the basis for explaining why informative advertising can push prices either up or down in a uniformly distributed spatial market.
The Misalignment of Product Architecture and Organizational Structure in Complex Product Development
Authors: Sosa Manuel E. , Eppinger Steven D. , Rowles Craig M.
Published: December 2004

Product architecture knowledge is typically embedded in the communication patterns of established development organizations. While this enables the development of products using the existing architecture, it hinders the organization's ability to implement novel architectures, especially for complex products. Structured methods addressing this issue are lacking, as previous research has studied complex product development from two separate perspectives: product architecture and organizational structure. Our research integrates these viewpoints with a structured approach to study how design interfaces in the product architecture map onto communication patterns within the development organization. We investigate how organizational and system boundaries, design interface strength, indirect interactions, and system modularity impact the alignment of design interfaces and team interactions. We hypothesize and test how these factors explain the existence of the following cases: (1) known design interfaces not addressed by team interactions, and (2) observed team interactions not predicted by design interfaces. Our results offer important insights to managers dealing with interdependences across organizational and functional boundaries. In particular, we show how boundary effects moderate the impact of design interface strength and indirect team interactions, and are contingent on system modularity. The research uses data collected from a large commercial aircraft engine development process.
Ten Most Influential Papers of Management Science's First Fifty Years
Authors: Hopp Wallace J.
Published: December 2004

In this issue, we reproduce 10 of the most important papers published in Management Science from 1954 to 2003. Each paper is followed by a commentary by the author(s) and other scholars that offers insights into the background, creation, or subsequent impact of the paper.
Comments on “A New Product Growth for Model Consumer Durables The Bass Model”
Authors: Bass Frank M.
Published: December 2004

The paper that I authored and that was published in Management Science in 1969 (Bass 1969) has become widely known as the “Bass Model” (see Morrison and Raju 2004). The model of the diffusion of new products and technologies developed in the paper is one of the most widely applied models in management science. It was especially gratifying for me to learn that INFORMS members have voted the “Bass Model” paper as one of the Top 10 Most Influential Papers published in the 50-year history of Management Science in connection with the 50th anniversary of the journal. In this commentary on the paper I shall discuss some background and history of the development of the paper, the reasons why the model has been influential, some important extensions of the model, some examples of applications, and some examples of the frontiers of research involving the Bass Model. In the current period, in which there is much discussion about the marketing of applications of management science methods and practice, I hope that this commentary will be useful in providing insights about some of the properties of models that will be applied.
Simulation of the New Product Development Process for Performance Improvement
Authors: Bhuiyan Nadia , Gerwin Donald , Thomson Vince
Published: December 2004

This paper explores the linkages between key features of the new product development (NPD) process and NPD performance and suggests ways of designing the process to improve performance. Using a stochastic computer model, we examine, under varying uncertainty conditions, how the key features of overlapping and functional interaction affect the performance measures of development time and effort (total person-days for a project). Findings indicate that, first and foremost, whether or not overlapping occurs, increasing functional interaction eventually leads to a trade-off between development time and effort. Second, an “early-start-in-the-dark” approach of increasing overlapping with no functional interaction is inferior even to an “over-the-wall” approach. Third, increasing overlapping when some functional interaction exists is beneficial in low uncertainty and harmful in high uncertainty. Fourth, concurrent engineering (CE) is appropriate under low uncertainty, while a type of sequential engineering (SE), different than the “over-the-wall” approach, should be used under high uncertainty, and last, dedicated teams are suitable under high, and not low, uncertainty. We developed the model with the aid of a company and validated it against a published account of five case studies.
Weaving Nets to Catch the Wind: The Legal and Regulatory Issues concerning the Development of Robust and Efficient International Electronic Financial Infrastructure
Authors: Gannon Stefan
Published: December 2004

This article discusses the role of robust and efficient payment and settlement systems as an integral part of the financial infrastructure. It examines some of the legal and regulatory issues concerning the development of such systems. In particular, the ways in which legal risk in a payment and settlement system can be reduced are explored. Issues relating to the use of collateral in a payment and settlement system and disaster recovery approaches to prevent and recover system failures are also briefly discussed.
Recognition of Spyridia griffithsiana comb. nov. (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta): a taxon previously misidentified as Spyridia filamentosa from Europe
Authors: Zuccarello Giuseppe C. , Prud'homme van Reine Willem F. , Stegenga Herre
Published: December 2004

Spyridia filamentosa is a commonly encountered species, especially in tropical and warm temperate locations. Molecular data, based on three genetic regions, plus morphological investigation of samples from the northeastern Atlantic reveal that samples identified as S. filamentosa from this area are distinct. Genetically these samples are more closely related to S. clavata than other S. filamentosa samples. Morphologically, the northeastern Atlantic Ocean samples are distinguishable by two (or occasionally one) small axial cells that lack cortication near the base of the determinate branches. Investigation of type material reveals that these samples should be recognized as Spyridia griffithsiana (J.E. Smith) Zuccarello, Prud'homme van Reine et Stegenga comb. nov. and that specimens of this new combination are found throughout the northeastern Atlantic Ocean and into the western Mediterranean Sea. Phylogeographic relationships within S. filamentosa show a complex distribution pattern. Samples from the same location can be in different evolutionary lineages (Cape Verde and Canary Islands). While some lineages seem to be confined to particular ocean basins, other lineages have a much wider distribution.
Journey to the Spirit Land
Authors: Galanti Geri‐Ann
Published: December 2004

Journey to the Spiritual Lands. By Wallace W. Zane. 1999. New York: Oxford University Press.
Struggling for Survival: Workers, Women, and Class on a Nicaraguan State
Authors: Harrell Bill Jack
Published: December 2004

Struggling for Survival: Workers, Women, and Class on. Nicaraguan State Farm. Gary Ruchwarger. Boulder Westview Press, 1989. ix. 128. $19.95
To Work and To Weep: Women in Fishing Economies
Authors: DeRoche Constance P.
Published: December 2004

Jane Nadel Klein and Dona Lee Davis eds. 1988 To Work and To Weep: Women in Fishing Economies. St. John's, Nfld.: Institute of Social and Economic Research, xii. 320 pp.
Doing Comparable Worth: Gender, Class and Pay Equity
Authors: Hall Ellen M.
Published: December 2004

Joan Acker. 1989 Doing Comparable Worth: Gender, Class and Pay Equity. Temple University Press.
Dialectics and Cender: Anthropological Approaches
Authors: Gamst Frederick C.
Published: December 2004

Dialectics and Cender: Anthropological Approaches. Richard R. Randolph. David M. Schneider. and May N. Diaz. eds., Boulder, CO: Westview, 1988, xiv. 351 pp.
Book Reviews
Authors: Angelo Larian
Published: December 2004

job Saving Strategies, Workers Buyouts and QWL. Arthur Hockner. Cherlyn S. Granrose. Judith Goode. Elaine Simon. and Eileen Appelbaum. W.E. UPJOHN INSTITUTE for Employment Research, 1988.
Power, Culture and Knowledge: Comparative Studies of Corporate Structures
Authors: Durrenberger E. Paul
Published: December 2004

Corporate Futures: The Diffusion of the Culturally Sensitive Corporate Form. George E. Marcus. editor. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998.

Envisioning Power: Ideologies of Dominance and Crisis. Eric R. Wolf. Berkeley, University of California Press, 1999.
Global Issues and the Anthropology of Work: Health Care Needs and Rights of International Labor Migrants
Authors: Grünenfelder‐Elliker Barbara
Published: December 2004

Health and Social Services among International Labor Migrants:. Comparative Perspective. Antonio Ugalde and Gilberto Cardenas. eds. Austin: CMAS Books, University of Texas Press, 1997.
Book Reviews
Authors: Sikkink Lynn , Levinger David , DeRoche Constance P.
Published: December 2004

Women and Social Movements in Latin America. Lynn Stephen. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1997.

Gender and Career in Science and Engineering. Julia Evetts. London: Taylor & Francis, 1996.

In the Wake of the Giant: Multinational Restructuring and Uneven Development in. New England Community. Max M. Kirsch. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1998.
Salvage Fisheries Ethnography
Authors: Griffith David
Published: December 2004

The Bay Shrimpers of Texas: Rural Fishermen in. Global Economy. Robert Lee Maril. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1995. $35.00 hardcover, $17.95 paperback.

Gulf Coast Soundings: People and Policy in the Mississippi Shrimp Industry. E. Paul Durrenberger. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1996. $29.95 hardcover, $17.95 paperback
All Anybody Ever Wanted of Me Was to Work: The Memoirs of Edith Bradley Rendleman
Authors: Krai Karla
Published: December 2004

All Anybody Ever Wanted of Me Was to Work: The Memoirs of Edith Bradley Rendleman. Jane Adams. ed. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1996. $39.95 hardcover, $19.95 paperback.
Promises to Keep: Collective Bargaining in California Agriculture
Authors: Truex Gregory F.
Published: December 2004

Promises to Keep: Collective Bargaining in California Agriculture. Philip L. Martin. Ames: Iowa State University Press. Hardcover $49.95.
CAFO Controversy in the Texas Panhandle Region: The Environmental Crisis of Hog Production
Authors: Constance Douglas H. , Bonanno Alessandro
Published: December 2004

Hog odor is the most divisive issue ever in agriculture, damaging the fabric of rural society and disenfranchising pork producers from their communities. [R. Douglas Hurt, Director of the Center for Agriculture History and Rural Studies, Iowa State University quoted in Smith 1998:1]
Siberia, Siberia
Authors: Stevens Carol B.
Published: December 2004

Siberia, Siberia. Valentin Rasputin. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1996.
River of Promise, River of Peril: The Politics of Managing the Missouri River
Authors: Kozak David L.
Published: December 2004

River of Promise, River of Peril: The Politics of Managing the Missouri River. John E. Thorson. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1994.
Community, State, and Market on the North Atlantic Rim: Challenges to Modernity in the Fisheries
Authors: Durrenberger E. Paul
Published: December 2004

Community, State, and Market on the North Atlantic Rim: Challenges to Modernity in the Fisheries. Richard Apostle. Gene Barrett. Petter Holm. Svein Jentoft. Leigh Mazany. Bonnie McCay. and Knut Mikalsen. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998.
The Origins of Agriculture in the Lowland Neotropics
Authors: Stothert Karen E.
Published: December 2004

The Origins of Agriculture in the Lowland Neotropics. Dolores R. Piperno and Deborah M. Pearsall. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 1998
Preserving the Family Farm: Women, Community, and the Foundations of Agribusiness in the Midwest, 1900‐1940
Authors: Anderson Jan
Published: December 2004

Preserving the Family Farm: Women, Community, and the Foundations of Agribusiness in the Midwest, 1900‐1940. Mary C. Neth. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press, 1995.
The Social Causes of Environmental Destruction in Latin America
Authors: Alstatt Kristoffer E.
Published: December 2004

The Social Causes of Environmental Destruction in Latin America. Michael Painter and William H. Durham. eds. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1995.
The Subsistence Perspective:Beyond The Globalized Economy
Authors: Srinivas K. Ravi
Published: December 2004

The Subsistence Perspective: Beyond The Globalized Economy. Veronkia Bennholdt‐Thomsen and Maria Mies. New York: Zed Books, 2000.
Refuse Thy Name: Sexual Repression, Boundary Maintenance, and the Perpetuation of Privilege
Authors: Field Karen L.
Published: December 2004

This article challenges certain current formulations which allege that women are innately less inclined to seek sexual variety than men, and that women are innately “nurturant” and “emotional.” A comparison of women's sexual behavior in communal and class societies leads to the conclusion that these apparent differences between the sexes are culturally imposed, rather than biological in origin. A cultural interpretation is offered to explain the greater repression of female sexuality in class societies, emphasizing the use of sexual repression in the maintenance of social boundaries between classes and gender‐castes. American capitalist society provides a clear illustration of such use–doctrines of “innate” female monogamy, nurturance, and emotionality tend to be most intensely promulgated when there is low demand for women in the wage labor force. By promoting the redomestication of female labor, such ideologies serve to perpetuate upper class and male privilege.