bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Role of Wheat and Egg Constituents in the Formation of a Covalent and Non‐covalent Protein Network in Fresh and Cooked Egg Noodles
Authors: Lambrecht Marlies A. , Rombouts Ine , Nivelle Mieke A. , Delcour Jan A.
Published: November 2016

Noodles of constant protein content and flour‐to‐egg protein ratio were made with whole egg, egg white, or egg yolk. The optimal cooking time, water absorption, and cooking loss of salted whole egg noodles was respectively lower and higher than of egg white and egg yolk noodles. However, cooked whole egg noodles showed the best Kieffer‐rig extensibility. Differences in noodle properties were linked to protein network formation. Disulfide bonds in whole egg noodles developed faster and to a larger extent during cooking than in egg yolk noodles but slower and to a lower extent than in egg white noodles. The balance between the rate of protein cross‐linking and starch swelling determines cooked noodle properties. Ionic and hydrophobic protein interactions increase the optimum cooking time and total work in Kieffer‐rig extensibility testing of fresh noodles. Hydrogen bonds and covalent cross‐links are probably the main determinants of the extensibility of cooked noodles.
Sensory Quality Preservation of Coated Walnuts
Authors: Grosso Antonella L. , Asensio Claudia M. , Grosso Nelson R. , Nepote Valeria
Published: November 2016

The objective of this study was to evaluate the sensory stability of coated walnuts during storage. Four walnut samples were prepared: uncoated (NC), and samples coated with carboxymethyl cellulose (NCMC), methyl cellulose (NMC), or whey protein (NPS). The samples were stored at room temperature for 210 d and were periodically removed from storage to perform a sensory descriptive analysis. A consumer acceptance test was carried out on the fresh product (storage day 0) to evaluate flavor. All samples exhibited significant differences in their sensory attributes initially and after storage. Intensity ratings for oxidized and cardboard flavors increased during storage. NC showed the highest oxidized and cardboard intensity ratings (39 and 22, respectively) and NMC exhibited the lowest intensity ratings for these negative attributes (8 and 17, respectively) after 210 d of storage. Alternatively, the intensity ratings for sweetness and walnut flavors were decreased for all samples. NMC had the lowest decrease at the end of storage for these positive attributes (75.86 in walnut flavor and 12.09 in sweetness). The results of this study suggest a protective effect of the use of an edible coating to preserve sensory attributes during storage, especially for samples coated with MC. The results of the acceptance test showed that addition of the coating negatively affected the flavor acceptance for NMC and NCMC coated walnuts. Edible coatings help to preserve sensory attributes in walnuts, improving their shelf‐life, however, these coatings may affect consumer acceptance in some cases.
Glimpsing the Devil's Tale? Towards a Visual Narratology of the Fantastic in Illustrated Editions of Cazotte's Le Diable amoureux
Authors: Hensher Jonathan
Published: November 2016

This article considers the illustration of Jacques Cazotte's prototypical fantastic novella Le Diable amoureux from its publication in 1772 through to the twentieth century. Setting out and applying a theoretical approach based on narratological models proposed by Gérard Genette and subsequent theorists, it examines the role of the ‘spectator’ embedded within images in generating narrative ambiguity and provoking the hesitation on the part of the reader/viewer that Tzvetan Todorov identified as the key feature of the fantastic. The different types of spectator are defined and their interaction with textual narration analysed.
The burden of nonadherence among adults with asthma: a role for shared decision‐making
Authors: Pollard S. , Bansback N. , FitzGerld J. M. , Bryan S.
Published: November 2016

A shared approach to decision‐making framework has been suggested for chronic disease management especially where multiple treatment options exist. Shared decision‐making (SDM) requires that both physician and patients are actively engaged in the decision‐making process, including information exchange; expressing treatment preferences; as well as agreement over the final treatment decision. Although SDM appears well supported by patients, practitioners and policymakers alike, the current challenge is to determine how best to make SDM a reality in everyday clinical practice. Within the context of asthma, adherence rates are poor and are linked to outcomes such as reduced asthma control, increased symptoms, healthcare expenditures, and lower patient quality of life. It has been suggested that SDM can improve treatment adherence and that ignoring patients’ personal goals and preferences may result in reduced rates of adherence. Furthermore, understanding predictors of poor treatment adherence is a necessary step toward developing effective strategies to improve the patient‐reported and clinically important outcomes. Here, we describe why a shared approach to treatment decision‐making for asthma has the potential to be an effective tool for improving adherence, with associated clinical and patient‐related outcomes. In addition, we explore insights into the reasons why SDM has not been implemented into routine clinical practice.
Inalienable performances, mutable heirlooms: Dance, cultural inheritance, and political transformation in the Republic of Guinea
Authors: COHEN ADRIENNE J.
Published: November 2016

Dance in the Republic of Guinea is an object of cultural transmission that magnifies the inherent contingency of social reproduction and the plasticity of the heirloom. Long connected to the vicissitudes of Guinean politics, dance was violently appropriated by the postindependence socialist state (1958–84) as a tool of nation building. In postsocialist Guinea, where the nation‐state has relinquished its stake in the performing arts, young practitioners create new improvisational forms that emblematize shifting models of ideal personhood. Novel dance forms incite tension about intergenerational trust and cultural inheritance in a social context in which neither the heirloom nor the cultural identity it signals remains stable. [dance, inheritance, inalienability, personhood, postsocialism, Republic of Guinea, West Africa]

La danse en République de Guinée sert de véhicule de transmission culturelle qui démontre la nature contingente de la reproduction sociale et la nature plastique de l'héritage culturelle. Longtemps liée aux vicissitudes de la politique guinéenne, la danse fut violemment appropriée par l’état socialiste pendant la période qui suivit l'indépendance (1958–84) comme outil pour la construction de la nation. En Guinée postsocialiste, où l′État‐nation a abandonné son mécénat des arts du spectacle, de jeunes danseurs créent des nouvelles formes d'improvisation qui révèlent des chagemements dans la conceptualisation de l'identité individuelle. Ces nouvelles formes de danse suscitent des problèmes de confiance entre les générations par rapport à la succession culturelle, dans un contexte où ni l'héritage ni l'identité culturelle sont stables. [danse, héritage culturel, inaliénabilité, notion de personne, postsocialisme, République de Guinée, Afrique de l'Ouest]

Kabi a rakuya, fare nun mangɛya nu e boore malima la République de Guinée bɔxi ma. Première République waxati (1958–1984), La Guinée mangasanyi nu fare xa fe rawalima alako ɲama xa lan e boore ma, mangasanyi xa nɔ mixie mafa a mabiri. Kabi Sékou Touré xa waxati raɲɔnyi, mangasanyi mu artistya tide to alɔ singe ra. Kɔnɔ mixi wuyaxie bara naatɛ tongo fare xa fe ma, alako e xa nɔ masenyi tife ɲama ma duniɲɛigiri xa fe ma. Artiste tagi, lanlanteya mu na temui birin mixi mɔxie nun mixi mɔxitaree tagi. Naamunyie na masarafe; to maɲɔxunyi mu lanxi xɔrɔ maɲɔxunyi ma. Ɲama ki fan masarafe. Birin xa na kolon fare saabui ra. [fare, kɛɛ, lanyi, mixiya, postsocialisme, République de Guinée, Afrique de l'Ouest]
Between the ethical and the right thing: How (not) to be corrupt in Indonesian bureaucracy in an age of good governance
Authors: TIDEY SYLVIA
Published: November 2016

Is it possible to be corrupt yet ethical? Or good but unethical? In one of Indonesia's most corrupt towns, the answers to these questions are far from clear for young elite civil servants, who must navigate the moral‐ethical landscape of post‐Suharto bureaucracy. For them, anticorruption efforts heighten uncertainty regarding what corruption is and facilitate slippage between various constructions of ethical selfhood. The uncertainty arises at the intersection of local moral economies, national ideologies of state building, the particular global morality of anticorruption, and a conception of the good that inspires neoliberal ideas on governance. Finding themselves at this intersection, young civil servants can find no unambiguous contrast between being “good” and “corrupt.” [corruption, anticorruption, good governance, civil service, morality, ethics, Indonesia]

Apakah mungkin seseorang yang melakukan praktek korupsi akan tetapi pada saat yang bersamaan menjadi seseorang yang etis? Atau sebaliknya; apakah mungkin menjadi seseorang yang baik akan tetapi juga tidak etis? Di suatu kota yang paling korup di Indonesia, jawaban terhadap pertanyaan di atas sangatlah tidak jelas dan sulit untuk diterangkan bagi elit Pegawai Negeri Sipil (PNS) muda, yang harus menavigasi tatanan moral dan etika dalam tubuh birokrasi pasca kekuasaan Soeharto. Bagi mereka, upaya gerakan antikorupsi justru meningkatkan ketidakjelasan tentang apa itu korupsi dan mempermudah tergelincir di antara beragam konstruksi dan makna etika. Ketidakjelasan itu timbul pada saat terjadi persinggungan antara ekonomi moral lokal, ideologi nasional tentang pembentukan negara, nilai moralitas antikorupsi global dan konsepsi tentang kebaikan, yang menginspirasi ide‐ide neoliberalisme tentang pemerintahan. Bagi PNS yang berada di tengah‐tengah persimpangan ini, mereka menemukan ketiadaan batas yang jelas antar menjadi “baik” dan “korup”. [korupsi, anti korupsi, good governance, Pamong Praja, moralitas, etika, Indonesia]
Market's end: Fair‐trade social premiums as development in Dominica
Authors: MOBERG MARK
Published: November 2016

On the island of Dominica, in the eastern Caribbean, the sale of fair‐trade bananas generates “social premiums” to fund projects that the government can no longer afford because of structural adjustment. Promoted as a means of democratic decision‐making, social premiums operate in an “awkward zone of engagement” between development policy and local practice. Their uses are constrained by fair‐trade certification, as well as by the gender, class, and political nexus of farmers’ groups and communities. As a development strategy and system of governance, fair trade invokes universal narratives of democracy and pluralism, but its effects are expressed through local dispositions of identity and material practice, as well as competitive “ethical” markets. For farmers, global competition and rigid certification standards signal an impending “market's end,” the closure of their last alternative as agriculturalists. [fair trade,social premium,Great Recession,neoliberal development,governmentality,Dominica,Caribbean]

Nan zile Dominica nan Karayib la, peman sosyal ki soti nan ekspòtasyon bannann selon pratik komès ekitab finanse pwojè avèk ki gouvènman an pa ka koresponn poutèt ajisteman estriktirèl yo. Yo fè yo pase pou fason pou fè desizyon demokratik, men peman sosyal opere nan yon “zòn angajman dwòl” ki ant politik devlopman ak pratik lokal. Jan yo sèvi a jwenn limitasyon nan kesyon sètifikasyon komès ekitab, ak tout kesyon sèks, klas avèk kontèks politik gwoup fèmye yo ak kominote yo. Kòm estrateji devlopman ak sistèm gouvènans, komès ekitab sèvi ak diskou demokrasi ak “pliralis”, men efè li soti nan idantite lokal avèk pratik materyèl, ansanm ak konpetitisyon nan mache lokal. Pou fèmye yo, konpetisyon global avèk estanda sètifikasyon twò sevè anonse “fen yon mache” ki san lè rive, pwen final nan dènye posibilite yo kòm agrikiltè. [komès ekitab,peman sosyal,Gwo Resesyon,devlopman neoliberal,gouvernementalité,Dominica,Karayib]
Documenting subjects: Performativity and audit culture in food production in northern Italy
Authors: CAVANAUGH JILLIAN R.
Published: November 2016

Linguistic labor in both verbal and documentary forms is essential to contemporary capitalist production, occurring across commodity‐chain processes and helping to produce particular neoliberal worker‐selves. In the case of food production, linguistic labor in the form of documentation is required at every stage of production to ensure food safety. These documents performatively constitute and effectively govern what they purport to depict. But they also exist in dynamic tension with moments of economic sociability, that is, consequential verbal interactions that permeate the production process. Such interactions may or may not be represented by the documents. In northern Italy the interplay between documents and sociability helps to produce notions like food safety and highlights the complex constraints and creativities that characterize modern food production. [documents, subjectivity, neoliberalism, audit culture, meat, food production, Italy]

Il lavoro linguistico—sia nella forma verbale che in quella documentaria, che ha luogo nella catena produttiva e che contribuisce a generare specifici “lavoratori‐persone”, propri del neoliberalismo—è essenziale nella produzione capitalista contemporanea. Nel caso della produzione alimentare il lavoro linguistico, sotto forma di documentazione, è obbligatorio in tutte le fasi di produzione per assicurare la sicurezza alimentare. Questi documenti costituiscono performativamente quello che affermano di rappresentare e lo regolano efficacemente. Ma allo stesso tempo si trovano in un rapporto di tensione dinamica con i momenti di sociabilità economica, cioè, con le normali interazioni verbali che pervadono i processi di produzione. Queste interazioni possono o meno essere rappresentate dai documenti. Nel Nord d'Italia, il rapporto tra documenti e sociabilità aiuta a produrre nozioni come quella di sicurezza alimentare ed evidenzia i limiti e la creatività della produzione alimentare moderna. [documenti, soggettività, neoliberalismo, cultura dell'audit, carne, produzione alimentare, Italia]
Expert evidence on trial: Social researchers in the international criminal courtroom
Authors: WILSON RICHARD ASHBY
Published: November 2016

Social researchers often feature as expert witnesses in international criminal trials, and they can exert a strong influence on a court's understandings of mass atrocities. Analysis of over 400 expert appearances shows that, overall, international judges prefer experts who use scientific methods, but when social researchers are called, courts favor qualitative researchers over quantitative ones. In two international speech‐crimes trials, a language expert was preferred to a quantitative sociologist because the former did not challenge the sovereignty of judges or the status hierarchy of the courtroom. When excluding quantitative experts, judges cite “common sense” as the basis of facticity and knowledge. The prevailing epistemological framework at international criminal tribunals results from the knowledge strategies of legal actors operating in a structurally fragile context.
The treatment of bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy with clindamycin to reduce the risk of infection‐related preterm birth: a response to the Danish Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology guideline group's clinical recommendations
Authors: Lamont Ronald F. , Keelan Jeffrey A. , Larsson Per G. , Jørgensen Jan S.
Published: November 2016

Preterm birth is the major cause of perinatal mortality and morbidity worldwide. Infection/inflammation is responsible for a significant percentage of preterm birth, particularly at early gestations. A recent clinical recommendation by a guidelines group of the Danish Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology advised against the use of clindamycin for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy to reduce the risk of spontaneous preterm birth based on lack of evidence of efficacy. We believe that the evidence for the use of clindamycin for this indication is robust and that this recommendation was reached erroneously on the basis of flawed inclusion criteria: the inclusion of an unpublished study with poorly diagnosed bacterial vaginosis and the exclusion of an important pivotal study on the use of clindamycin in early pregnancy for the prevention of preterm birth. Had these errors been corrected, the conclusions would have been different.
Cytokine and chemokine tear levels in patients with uveitis
Authors: Carreño Ester , Portero Alejandro , Herreras José M. , García‐Vázquez Carmen , Whitcup Scott M. , Stern Michael E. , Calonge Margarita , Enríquez‐de‐Salamanca Amalia
Published: November 2016

Purpose

To determine whether the levels of cytokines and chemokines in tears differ in uveitis patients and healthy subjects.

Methods

Ninety‐two uveitis patients (mean age 46.4 years) and 157 control healthy subjects (mean age 49.5 years) were recruited. Subjects with ocular surface diseases such as dry eye were excluded from the study. Using multiplex bead‐based assays, tears (4 μl) were analysed for the concentration of interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐1RA, IL‐2, IL‐6, IL‐7, IL‐8/CXCL8, IL‐10, IL‐12p70, IL‐15, IL‐17A, IL‐23, epidermal growth factor (EGF), fractalkine/CX3CL1, interferon‐γ, IP‐10/CXCL10, monocyte chemo‐attractant protein (MCP)‐1/CCL2, tumour necrosis factor‐α, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1, TGF‐β2 and TGF‐β3. Tear molecule levels were compared between the groups and among the different forms of uveitis and disease severity.

Results

Epidermal growth factor, IL‐1RA, IL‐7, IL‐8/CXCL8, IP‐10/CXCL10, MCP‐1/CCL2, TGF‐β2 and VEGF were detected in more than 75% of the samples in both groups. Statistically significant differences in percentage of detection between control and patient groups were found for IL‐23, IL‐1β, IL‐15, EGF, fractalkine/CX3CL1 and MCP‐1/CCL2. The concentrations of IL‐1RA, IL‐8/CXCL8, fractalkine/CX3CL1, IP‐10/CXCL10, VEGF and TGF‐β2 in uveitis tear samples were elevated compared to controls (p < 0.05). Significant differences in tear levels of those molecules and also EGF were also present depending on the anatomic classification of uveitis.

Conclusion

There were significant differences in the levels of several cytokines and chemokines in tears of patients with uveitis compared with healthy subjects. These results can help understand the underlying pathophysiology of the uveitis and could potentially aid in diagnosis.
Decreased Activity and Genetic Polymorphisms ofCYP2C19 in Behçet's Disease
Authors: Goktas Mustafa Tugrul , Karaca Ragip Ozgur , Kalkisim Said , Cevik Lokman , Kilic Levent , Akdogan Ali , Babaoglu Melih O. , Bozkurt Atilla , Bertilsson Leif , Yasar Umit
Published: November 2016

Behçet's disease (BD) is a systemic autoimmune disorder. Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) are responsible for various drug metabolism reactions as well as those of endogenous substances which may be associated with autoimmune disease susceptibility. Recently, we reported that in patients withBD,CYP2C9 seems to be down‐regulated due to inflammation. In the same Turkish patients withBD, we investigated whether alsoCYP2C19 activity is decreased. Lansoprazole (30 mg) was given as a probe drug to evaluateCYP2C19 activity in 59 patients withBDand 27 healthy control volunteers. AnHPLCmethod was used to determine plasma lansoprazole and its metabolite, 5‐hydroxy lansoprazole, concentrations. The genotyping forCYP2C19 *2, *3and*17polymorphisms was made usingPCR‐RFLP. The median lansoprazole/5‐hydroxy lansoprazole metabolic ratio (MR) in patients withBDwas 2.6‐fold higher as compared to the healthy control group (p = 0.001, 22.6 (1.3–26) and 8.8 (0.5–140) as median and range, respectively). TheCYP2C19*17*17genotype frequency was found to be significantly less in theBDgroup as compared to the healthy controls (1.7%versus14.8% in controls,p = 0.01). Additionally, colchicine treatment did not affect theCYP2C19 enzyme activity in six patients (p = 0.43). In conclusion, the patients withBDhad lowerCYP2C19 enzyme activity and lower frequency of theCYP2C19*17allele as compared to those of the healthy controls. Further studies are warranted on the mechanisms underlying this relation. This study should also be applied to other autoimmune diseases similarly characterized by local or systemic inflammation.
Regional Gradients in Institutional Cesarean Delivery Rates: Evidence from Five Countries in Asia
Authors: Sepehri Ardeshir , Guliani Harminder
Published: November 2016

Background

Although the influence of the type of institutional setting on the risk of cesarean birth is well documented, less is known about the regional variations in institution‐specific cesarean rates within countries. Our purpose was to examine regional variations in cesarean rates across public and private facilities in five Asian countries with a sizeable private sector: Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Pakistan, and the Philippines.

Methods

Demographic Health Survey data and a hierarchical model were used to assess regional variations in the mode of delivery while controlling for a wide range of socioeconomic, demographic, and maternal risk factors.

Results

The risk of cesarean birth was greater in a private facility than in a government hospital by 36–48 percent in India and Indonesia and by 130 percent in Bangladesh. Regional gradients in cesarean birth were found to be steeper for deliveries in private facilities than in government hospitals in India, Indonesia, and the Philippines. The residents of India's high‐use states were 55 percent more likely to undergo a cesarean delivery in a government hospital and 83 percent more likely in a private facility than their counterparts in the medium‐use states. Similarly, compared to the residents of the Philippines's medium‐use provinces, giving birth in a government facility increased the likelihood of a cesarean delivery by 84 percent and by 173 percent in a private facility.

Conclusions

Large regional variations in cesarean rates suggest the need for more informed clinical decision making with respect to the selection of cases for cesarean delivery and the establishment of well‐developed guidelines and standards at the provincial or state levels.
AMBRA1, a novel α‐synuclein‐binding protein, is implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple system atrophy
Authors: Miki Yasuo , Tanji Kunikazu , Mori Fumiaki , Tatara Yota , Utsumi Jun , Sasaki Hidenao , Kakita Akiyoshi , Takahashi Hitoshi , Fimia Gian Maria , Wakabayashi Koichi
Published: November 2016

The accumulation of abnormal α‐synuclein is the major histopathological feature of Lewy body disease and multiple system atrophy (MSA), which are referred to as synucleinopathies. Cytoplasmic degradation systems, such as the autophagy‐lysosome and proteasome pathways, are involved in their pathogenesis. Autophagy is tightly regulated by several upstream proteins including UNC‐51‐like kinase 1/2, beclin1, vacuolar protein sorting‐associated protein 34 and autophagy/beclin1 regulator 1 (AMBRA1). Recently, we revealed that both cortical and brainstem‐type Lewy bodies were immunopositive for several upstream proteins of autophagy. Therefore, we conducted the present study to elucidate the role of upstream proteins of autophagy in the pathogenesis of MSA. Pathological and biochemical analyses using human brain samples revealed that AMBRA1 is a component of the pathological hallmarks of MSA and upstream proteins of autophagy are impaired in the MSA brain. In vitro and in vivo analyses revealed a ninefold stronger affinity of AMBRA1 with α‐synuclein phosphorylated at serine 129 compared with non‐phosphorylated α‐synuclein. Furthermore, a weak but significant correlation between AMBRA1 overexpression and reduction of abnormal α‐synuclein was observed. Silencing AMBRA1 function caused aggregates of α‐synuclein in the cytoplasm of mouse primary cultured neurons, which was simulated by the treatment of Bafilomycin, an autophagy inhibitor. Our results demonstrated for the first time that AMBRA1 is a novel hub binding protein of α‐synuclein and plays a central role in the pathogenesis of MSA through the degradative dynamics of α‐synuclein. These results raise the possibility that molecular modulation targeting AMBRA1 can be a promising candidate for the treatment of synucleinopathies.
Engaging on the ‘front line’: exploring how family support teams construct meaning in their work with young mothers
Authors: Leese Maggie
Published: November 2016

This paper explores the provision of family support services for young mothers within a Sure Start Children's Centre, drawing on data collected within a larger study. It identifies how the family support team attempted to build supportive relationships with young mothers between the ages of 16 and 19 years. The findings presented here draw on narrative interviews (n = 10) and focus group interviews (n = 2) with the family support team that included early years workers, family support workers and their managers. The findings captured how the participants actively resisted the stigma (Goffman 1963) of teenage motherhood in order to support young mothers in gaining the necessary skills and knowledge to care for their child. Drawing on the findings, this paper argues that the building of a supportive relationship enables a young mother to construct positive counter‐narratives about her parenting experience. This suggests that the family \to offer informal early support to young mothers who are at risk of more formal intervention. However, the complexity of this task should not be underestimated because in doing this, the family support team must at all times ensure the well‐being and safety of the child.
Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Biogenesis in Neurodegenerative diseases: Pathogenesis and Treatment
Authors: Golpich Mojtaba , Amini Elham , Mohamed Zahurin , Azman Ali Raymond , Mohamed Ibrahim Norlinah , Ahmadiani Abolhassan
Published: November 2016

Neurodegenerative diseases are a heterogeneous group of disorders that are incurable and characterized by the progressive degeneration of the function and structure of the central nervous system (CNS) for reasons that are not yet understood. Neurodegeneration is the umbrella term for the progressive death of nerve cells and loss of brain tissue. Because of their high energy requirements, neurons are especially vulnerable to injury and death from dysfunctional mitochondria. Widespread damage to mitochondria causes cells to die because they can no longer produce enough energy. Several lines of pathological and physiological evidence reveal that impaired mitochondrial function and dynamics play crucial roles in aging and pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. As mitochondria are the major intracellular organelles that regulate both cell survival and death, they are highly considered as a potential target for pharmacological‐based therapies. The purpose of this review was to present the current status of our knowledge and understanding of the involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction in pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and the importance of mitochondrial biogenesis as a potential novel therapeutic target for their treatment. Likewise, we highlight a concise overview of the key roles of mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC.) complexes as well as mitochondrial biogenesis regulators regarding those diseases.
Not Only Size Matters: Early‐Talker and Late‐Talker Vocabularies Support Different Word‐Learning Biases in Babies and Networks
Authors: Colunga Eliana , Sims Clare E.
Published: November 2016

In typical development, word learning goes from slow and laborious to fast and seemingly effortless. Typically developing 2‐year‐olds seem to intuit the whole range of things in a category from hearing a single instance named—they have word‐learning biases. This is not the case for children with relatively small vocabularies (late talkers). We present a computational model that accounts for the emergence of word‐learning biases in children at both ends of the vocabulary spectrum based solely on vocabulary structure. The results of Experiment 1 show that late‐talkers' and early‐talkers' noun vocabularies have different structures and that neural networks trained on the vocabularies of individual late talkers acquire different word‐learning biases than those trained on early‐talker vocabularies. These models make novel predictions about the word‐learning biases in these two populations. Experiment 2 tests these predictions on late‐ and early‐talking toddlers in a novel noun generalization task.
The demand for residential domestic service in the London of 1901†
Authors: Outram Quentin
Published: November 2016

This article concerns the effect of income and other variables on the demand for residential domestic service in London in 1901 and presents the first estimated model of the demand for residential service known to the author. It uses previously unexploited data consisting of the incomes and household details of some 500 civil servants. An extension of Becker's model of household production is set out and an ordered probit statistical model of servant demand is estimated. The results confirm the importance of income but also show that the demographic composition of the household was of significance. These results are interpreted in terms of age‐ and gender‐related differences in the supply of labour and the demand for market goods. The results are consistent with the view that middle‐class Edwardian households should be understood as sites of production as well as consumption. A comparison of the statistical results with contemporary recommendations in manuals of household management suggests that those recommendations were typically over‐optimistic. The article presents a ‘ready reckoner’ whereby household income may be estimated from the number of resident servants, but caution in its use is urged.
Reflections on the Field of Higher Education: time, space and sub‐fields
Authors: Yokoyama Keiko
Published: November 2016

The objective of this study is to define the field of higher education and clarify its identity. It examines three analytical dimensions which, it proposes, shape the field: knowledge, approach and community. It argues that contextual knowledge around the issue of higher education has defined the field but has not determined techniques that are specific to it. The core elements of these three dimensions— contextual knowledge, the diversity in approaches and the multi‐disciplinary and loosely coupled community—suggest diversity in the field and in its identity rather than coherence and consolidation. The two dimensions of approach and community partially relate to the development of the field as a product of efforts to solve financial and management problems caused by the expansion of higher education after World War II in the US, and, in terms of experience, in Europe where expansion came much later, increasing public interest in higher education.
Migration highways and migration barriers created by host–parasite interactions
Authors: Zhang Quan‐Guo , Buckling Angus
Published: November 2016

Co‐evolving parasites may play a key role in host migration and population structure. Using co‐evolving bacteria and viruses, we test general hypotheses as to how co‐evolving parasites affect the success of passive host migration between habitats that can support different intensities of host–parasite interactions. First, we show that parasites aid migration from areas of intense to weak co‐evolutionary interactions and impede migration in the opposite direction, as a result of intraspecific apparent competition mediated via parasites. Second, when habitats show qualitative difference such that some environments support parasite persistence while others do not, different population regulation forces (either parasitism or competitive exclusion) will reduce the success of migration in both directions. Our study shows that co‐evolution with parasites can predictably homogenises or isolates host populations, depending on heterogeneity of abiotic conditions, with the second scenario constituting a novel type of ‘isolation by adaptation’.
The caspase‐activated DNase: apoptosis and beyond
Authors: Larsen Brian D. , Sørensen Claus S.
Published: November 2016

Organismal development and function requires multiple and accurate signal transduction pathways to ensure that proper balance between cell proliferation, differentiation, inactivation, and death is achieved. Cell death via apoptotic caspase signal transduction is extensively characterized and integral to this balance. Importantly, the view of apoptotic signal transduction has expanded over the previous decades. Subapoptotic caspase signaling has surfaced as mechanism that can promote the adoption of a range of cellular fates. An emerging mechanism of subapoptotic caspase signaling is the activation of the caspase‐activated DNase (CAD) through controlled cleavage of the inhibitor of CAD (ICAD). CAD‐induced DNA breaks incite a DNA damage response, frequently invoking p53 signaling, that transduces a change in cell fate. Cell differentiation and senescence are fates demonstrated to arise from CAD‐induced DNA breaks. Furthermore, an apparent consequence of CAD activity is also emerging, as a potential source of oncogenic mutations. This review will discuss the mechanisms underlying CAD‐induced DNA breaks and highlight how CAD activity promotes diverse cell fates.
Chinese L2 Learners’ Depth of Vocabulary Knowledge and Its Role in Reading Comprehension
Authors: Zhang Dongbo , Yang Xuexue
Published: November 2016

Using a Chinese Word Associates Test (WAT‐C), this study examined the vocabulary depth of second language learners of Chinese and its contribution to the learners’ reading comprehension. Results showed no significant effects of word frequency, word class (i.e., adjectives vs. verbs), and type of association relationships (i.e., paradigmatic vs. syntagmatic) on learners’ WAT‐C performance. More important, vocabulary depth was found to be a significant and unique predictor of reading comprehension over and above vocabulary size. On the other hand, the relative contributions of vocabulary depth and size depended on what types of texts were read and what comprehension skills were assessed. Specifically, for the long passage comprehension task with questions testing literal comprehension, vocabulary size was a more important predictor, whereas for the short passage comprehension task with questions testing inferencing, vocabulary depth was a more important predictor. These findings were discussed in light of the different levels of lexical complexity between the short and long passages and the different cognitive processing demands the questions of the two comprehension tasks placed on learners.
Substratum simplification reduces beta diversity of stream algal communities
Authors: Petsch Danielle K. , Schneck Fabiana , Melo Adriano S.
Published: November 2016

Reduced species richness with increased habitat simplification is a well‐known relationship in community ecology. However, habitat simplification can also lead to a reduction in beta diversity if the loss of species is not random. We tested the hypothesis that beta diversity of periphytic algae is lower among simple than among complex substrata.

We conducted a field experiment using simple (smooth) and complex (rough) artificial substrata colonised by periphytic algae to calculate beta diversity among each substratum type. We initially estimated beta diversity using the Jaccard dissimilarity index and its turnover component. As species richness differed between substratum types, we also employed the Raup–Crick dissimilarity index that estimates beta diversity by resampling from the species pool. We also deconstructed the total dataset into three functional groups based on the position occupied by each species within the periphytic matrix (low‐profile, high‐profile and motile functional groups).

Beta diversity estimated using both Jaccard dissimilarity and its turnover component was higher among simplified substrata for the all‐species dataset and for high‐profile and motile groups. However, after taking into account the differences in species richness between substratum types using the Raup–Crick index, beta diversity was higher among complex substrata than among simple ones for the total dataset and for the low‐profile group.

We emphasise that differences in species richness must be considered for the quantification of beta diversity, because this might confound the dissimilarity identified and, consequently, lead to erroneous conclusions.

The higher beta diversity among complex substrata might be the result of priority effects, in which early colonists constrain the establishment of later arriving species, causing each patch to harbour a distinct species composition. Furthermore, algae life strategies may be an important driver of beta diversity among simple and among complex substrata, as periphytic algae position in the biofilm may affect their susceptibility to shear stress. On the one hand, stochasticity in colonisation history on complex substrata may have driven high beta diversity for the low‐profile group among this type of substratum. On the other hand, the reduced set of high‐profile and motile species on simple habitats may have driven these species to more occasional and rare occurrence, increasing beta diversity among this type of substratum and resulting in similar beta diversity among both types of substrata.

Priority effects should be most frequent on complex substrata. However, only a reduced set of species might survive on simple substrata, occupying most of the available patches and causing beta diversity reduction.
Clinical significance of preoperative renal function and gross hematuria for intravesical recurrence after radical nephroureterectomy for upper tract urothelial carcinoma
Authors: Hashimoto Takeshi , Nakashima Jun , Kashima Takeshi , Hirasawa Yosuke , Shimodaira Kenji , Gondo Tatsuo , Nakagami Yoshihiro , Namiki Kazunori , Horiguchi Yutaka , Ohno Yoshio , Ohori Makoto , Tachibana Masaaki
Published: November 2016

Objectives

To investigate the predictive values of perioperative factors and to develop a nomogram for intravesical recurrence after radical nephroureterectomy in patients with upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of 144 patients who underwent radical nephroureterectomy from 1996 to 2014 was carried out. The actuarial probabilities of the intravesical recurrence‐free survival rate were calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Prognostic indicators for intravesical recurrence were identified using competing‐risks regression analyses.

Results

Intravesical recurrence occurred in 63 patients during the follow‐up period. The intravesical recurrence‐free survival rates at 1, 3, and 5 years were 65.7%, 50.6% and 47.1%, respectively. In univariate analysis, the presence of gross hematuria (P = 0.028) and the preoperative serum creatinine level (P = 0.033) were significantly associated with intravesical recurrence. In multivariate analysis, the presence of gross hematuria (subdistribution hazard ratio 2.03, 95% CI 1.145–3.496; P = 0.013) and the preoperative serum creatinine level (subdistribution hazard ratio 3.15, 95% CI 1.161–3.534; P = 0.021) were independent predictors for intravesical recurrence after radical nephroureterectomy. Accordingly, a nomogram based on the model was developed. The concordance index of this model was 0.632.

Conclusion

The presence of gross hematuria and preoperative serum creatinine levels seem to be independent predictors for intravesical recurrence after radical nephroureterectomy. Our nomogram developed based on these factors might aid in appropriate patient selection for clinical trials of novel therapeutic interventions, including administration of intravesical chemotherapy.
Species delineation in the Capitella species complex (Annelida: Capitellidae): geographic and genetic variation in the northern Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Hilliard Justin , Hajduk Marissa , Schulze Anja
Published: November 2016

Capitella capitata was traditionally used as a biological indicator species due to its ubiquitous distribution and high densities in disturbed and polluted marine and estuarine sediments. Based on allozyme and developmental studies, it is now clear that C. capitata is a species complex consisting of multiple distinct lineages worldwide, including the recently described C. teleta, a model species for spiralian development. The coast of the northern Gulf of Mexico, with its numerous bays and estuaries and frequently occurring natural and anthropogenic disturbances, provides an appropriate region for such studies. We sequenced a fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene for individuals of C. cf. capitata and C. cf. aciculata (distinguished by acicular spines on the first two chaetigers) collected from Texas and Florida coasts and analyzed them in conjunction with data available in GenBank. Our results indicate the presence of a Gulf of Mexico clade that is distinct from populations in Canada and the Indo‐Pacific. Populations in the northern Gulf of Mexico are structured geographically, with support for Texas and Florida clades, and there do not seem to be clear boundaries between C. cf. capitata and C. cf. aciculata. This is corroborated by the fact that multiple specimens were morphologically intermediate between the two species. In future studies, we aim to clarify whether the intermediate morphologies represent ontogenetic stages, neutral morphological variation, phenotypic plasticity, or sexual dimorphism in a single species or whether several lineages with incomplete reproductive barriers are present.
Explaining global‐scale diversification patterns in actinopterygian fishes
Authors: Tedesco Pablo A. , Paradis Emmanuel , Lévêque Christian , Hugueny Bernard
Published: November 2016

Aim

Factors that isolate populations and reduce gene flow are considered key drivers of speciation and possibly diversification. Here we analyse the diversification rates of nearly 80% of the actinopterygian fish families in relation to biological traits and habitat factors associated with isolation and fragmentation levels.

Location

Global.

Methods

Net diversification rate for each family was estimated using the method‐of‐moments estimator for stem‐group ages. Phylogenetic generalized least‐squares analysis (PGLS), controlling for the non‐independence between clades due to phylogeny, was applied with diversification rate as the response variable to test the effects of mean body size, proportions of strictly freshwater, reef‐associated and migratory species and including the median latitudinal distribution and range of each family.

Results

After accounting for the phylogenetic relatedness of families and for their latitudinal distribution, we found strong support in agreement with our isolation and fragmentation hypotheses: predominance of freshwater dependence, reef‐association, small body size or non‐migratory behaviour in families is related to more rapid rates of diversification. We also found a highly significant and positive effect of latitudinal range and no clear effect of median latitude.

Main conclusions

This analysis suggests that factors related to the physical fragmentation of habitats and to lower dispersal ability of species have played an important role in the diversification processes of the most diverse group of vertebrates.
Slow Gait Speed and Risk of Long‐Term Nursing Home Residence in Older Women, Adjusting for Competing Risk of Mortality: Results from the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures
Authors: Lyons Jennifer G. , Ensrud Kristine E. , Schousboe John T. , McCulloch Charles E. , Taylor Brent C. , Heeren Timothy C. , Stuver Sherri O. , Fredman Lisa
Published: November 2016

Objectives

To determine whether slow gait speed increases the risk of costly long‐term nursing home residence when accounting for death as a competing risk remains unknown.

Design

Longitudinal cohort study using proportional hazards models to predict long‐term nursing home residence and subdistribution models with death as a competing risk.

Setting

Community‐based prospective cohort study.

Participants

Older women (mean age 76.3) participating in the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures who were also enrolled in Medicare fee‐for‐service plans (N = 3,755).

Measurements

Gait speed was measured on a straight 6‐m course and averaged over two trials. Long‐term nursing home residence was defined using a validated algorithm based on Medicare Part B claims for nursing home–related care.

Results

Participants were followed until long‐term nursing home residence, disenrollment from Medicare plan, death, or December 31, 2010. Over the follow‐up period (median 11 years), 881 participants (23%) experienced long‐term nursing home residence, and 1,013 (27%) died before experiencing this outcome. Slow walkers (55% of participants with gait speed <1 m/s) were significantly more likely than fast walkers to reside in a nursing home long‐term (adjusted hazards ratio (aHR) = 1.79, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.54–2.09). Associations were attenuated in subdistribution models (aHR = 1.52, 95% CI = 1.30–1.77) but remained statistically significant.

Conclusion

Older community‐dwelling women with slow gait speed are more likely to experience long‐term nursing home residence, as well as mortality without long‐term residence. Ignoring the competing mortality risk may overestimate long‐term care needs and costs.
Association Between Chewing Difficulty and Symptoms of Depression in Adults: Results from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Authors: Shin Hye‐Sun , Ahn Yong‐Soon , Lim Do‐Seon
Published: November 2016

Objectives

To assess the association between chewing difficulty and symptoms of depression in a representative sample of the Korean population.

Design

Cross‐sectional.

Setting

Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES).

Participants

KNHANES participants (N = 5,158).

Measurements

Chewing difficulty was assessed according to the self‐reported presence of chewing problems using a structured questionnaire. Symptoms of depression were defined as having feelings of sadness or depression consecutively over 2 weeks during the last 12 months. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to determine the adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the associations between chewing difficulty and symptoms of depression, adjusted for age; sex; monthly household income; education; number of teeth; number of decayed, missing, or filled permanent teeth; periodontitis; state of dentition; tooth brushing frequency; regular dental visits; smoking status; alcohol consumption; hypertension; diabetes mellitus; and obesity. The interaction effects between chewing difficulty and confounders were evaluated, and age‐ and sex‐stratified analyses were performed.

Results

There was a significant positive association between chewing difficulty and symptoms of depression in the fully adjusted model (AOR = 1.86, 95% CI = 1.48–2.33). The strength of the association was highest in men aged 60 and older (AOR = 3.28, 95% CI = 1.54–7.00).

Conclusion

Chewing difficulty was independently associated with symptoms of depression in a representative sample of Korean adults.