bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Great Place to Make a Show
Authors: Winkler Kevin
Published: November 2021

Tommy Tune’s skill in reassembling a musical’s various elements into a new entity was pushed to an extreme with Grand Hotel. He chopped up, or spliced, the book (by Luther Davis) and songs (by George Forrest and Robert Wright) into a mosaic of melody, movement, and dialogue that conveyed the simultaneous urgent, heated activities of a hotel staff and guests. Tune workshopped Grand Hotel not in a rehearsal studio, but in a dilapidated hotel whose once-elegant ballroom evoked the ambiance of the show’s setting, 1928 Berlin. His desire for nonstop movement, with no waiting for set pieces to arrive, led him to utilize more than forty gold chairs that could be endlessly configured to create a suite of rooms, a hallway, or a bank of telephone operators. Grand Hotel’s direction and staging became inseparable from its book and musical program. It was more tightly choreographed than any previous Tune musical, with the theatrical equivalents of filmic quick cuts and dissolves. Tune was acknowledged as the last of the superstar director-choreographers, and Grand Hotel was one of the most strikingly staged musicals of its era. But there was grumbling that Tune’s dazzling stagecraft was in service of weak material and, moreover, that he preferred it that way, allowing him to come to the rescue and deliver a hit through his superior staging skills. The star of any Tommy Tune musical now appeared to be Tommy Tune.
Song and Dance Man
Authors: Winkler Kevin
Published: November 2021

With the back-to-back successes of Grand Hotel and The Will Rogers Follies, no one would have imagined that these would be the final Tommy Tune hits seen on Broadway. A series of flops (1994’s garish, vulgar The Best Little Whorehouse Goes Public, the antithesis of the elegant simplicity of his earlier work) and stillborn projects (1995’s Busker Alley, whose pre-Broadway tour collapsed when Tune broke his foot, and the abandoned Irving Berlin jukebox musical Easter Parade in the late 1990s) tarnished Tune’s status as a director who could rescue any show from disaster. In the years when he was one of Broadway’s most consistently inventive and successful directors of musicals, Tune had continued his performing career. Now, he increasingly spent more time on stage. His intimate, convivial “new vaudeville” act, built around Tune’s easygoing vocals and smooth tapping, featured songs by the Gershwins, Cole Porter, Irving Berlin, and other golden-age composers and underscored his affinity for music of an early time. The act proved remarkably flexible and durable, playing nightclubs and concert halls across the country and the world for more than thirty years. His enthusiasm for touring brought him a unique kind of celebrity. For many, he became the quintessential “Broadway Baby,” a man who summoned the spirit and continuity of the theater, even for those with little knowledge of the art form.
Epilogue
Authors: Winkler Kevin
Published: November 2021

By the time Tommy Tune received a special Tony Award for Lifetime Achievement in 2015, he had inspired a new generation of director-choreographers, including Susan Stroman, Jerry Mitchell, and Casey Nicholaw. They successfully adapted Tune’s seamless staging concepts, his use of show business motifs, and his ability to move forward by drawing on the past to a new, faster-paced era. Well into his seventies, Tune continued to create shows with precision and detail, but now they were of a much smaller scale and featured a cast of one. His solo traveling act took on a biographical air, with recollections of his theatrical past performed on a bare stage with just a small platform for dancing, a ladder, and evocative lighting. It was the simplicity and elegance of Nine, Grand Hotel, and My One and Only stripped to their most elemental form. For Tune, everything was still choreography, but on a diminutive scale.
Getting Started and Selecting a Topic
Authors: Schwartz Seth J.
Published: November 2021

This chapter provides guidance on the scientific method, the process of choosing a research area, and methods for narrowing down one’s interests and developing testable hypotheses. The chapter covers how to conduct literature searches, identify key journals and authors, and keep tabs on one’s chosen field of study. The role of theory is also emphasized; theory serves as an organizing set of postulates and ideas about how the various constructs being studied are connected and relate to one another. Readers are guided in establishing lines of research, where one study sets up the next. Important stumbling blocks are covered, including hypotheses that are not specific enough, questions that have already been examined, and literature searches that are either too broad or too narrow.
Chart Chicks and Gear Girls
Authors: Apolloni Alexandra M.
Published: November 2021

This chapter situates the voices of 1960s young women pop singers in a broader landscape of representations of young, white femininity and the historiography of 1960s British pop, Swinging London, and British girlhood. Drawing primarily on music magazines and fashion and entertainment magazines produced for young women in the 1960s (including titles such as Boyfriend, Fabulous, Honey, Mirabelle, and Petticoat) it shows how music was construed as a key element of modern, youthful, white femininity and self-expression. The chapter connects stories told about girl pop singers and popular narratives about young women seeking independence and shows how these stories are ultimately about attaining access to voice. These narratives about young women’s voices shaped music industry attitudes toward young women as consumers and producers of music, in turn shaping the kinds of musical opportunities that were available to girl and young woman singers.
“A Girl in a Million, Just Like a Million”
Authors: Apolloni Alexandra M.
Published: November 2021

Sandie Shaw’s singing was inconsistent: often breathy, out of tune, and uncertain. Reception of her performances reveals that, to listeners and critics, these qualities made her seem like an ordinary girl navigating the path to adulthood. For Shaw, ordinariness was a selling point, a crucial part of her performing persona. This chapter examines what it meant for Sandie Shaw to sound “ordinary,” and how the sound of ordinariness was part of a performance of whiteness. The chapter opens with discussion of the sound of Shaw’s voice in the context of adolescent vocal change and the conflicting implications of emotional expression. This discussion then informs readings of a series of episodes in Shaw’s career: her early career appearance on the TV program Shindig!, her 1967 Eurovision performances and the controversy regarding her respectability that informed them, her 1968 TV program The Sandie Shaw Supplement, and, finally, her 1969 self-produced cover record Reviewing the Situation.
Sex, Freedom, and Marianne Faithfull’s Voice in the Afterlight of the 1960s
Authors: Apolloni Alexandra M.
Published: November 2021

At the outset of her career, Marianne Faithfull’s voice was a folky soprano, a sonic emblem of 1960s youthfulness. By the end of the decade, in the wake of scandal and drug use, it had transformed. This chapter examines these vocal changes in the context of changing rock culture’s gendered constructions of freedom. It looks at Faithfull’s performances—and public reactions to them—at three particular moments in her career: her early recordings of songs like “As Tears Go By,” which construe her as an ingenue; her late-1960s performances of “Sister Morphine,” which reveal how rock’s politics of authenticity proved exclusionary to women; and recent albums like Horses and High Heels (2011) and Negative Capability (2018). The chapter shows how her vocal performances of trauma become a means of asserting musical authenticity, both subverting and reinforcing the ideas of rock authenticity that shaped her early career.
“Beings of an Inferior Order”
Authors: Irons Peter
Published: November 2021

This chapter discusses the role of the legal system, including the Supreme Court, in upholding the constitutionality of slavery. It first examines the case of Prigg v. Pennsylvania in 1842, in which the Supreme Court reversed the conviction in state court of Edward Prigg, a professional slave-catcher, for kidnapping Margaret Morgan, who escaped from slavery in Maryland to the free state of Pennsylvania. Ruling that state officials could not hinder enforcement of the federal Fugitive Slave Act of 1793, the Court also held that state officials could decline to aid slave-catchers, leading to mass demonstrations in Boston over the “rendition” of escaped slaves George Latimer and Anthony Burns. The chapter includes a recounting of the infamous Supreme Court decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford in 1857, in which Chief Justice Roger Taney held that no Black person was a citizen and that Blacks were “an inferior order of beings” who had “no rights that the white man was bound to respect.” The chapter concludes with a discussion of the impact of the Dred Scott ruling on the presidential campaign of 1860, in which Abraham Lincoln denounced the decision and provoked the slave states to secede from the Union and launch the Civil War.
“Fighting for White Supremacy”
Authors: Irons Peter
Published: November 2021

This chapter covers the years of Reconstruction from 1865 until its end in 1877. It discusses adoption of the Thirteenth Amendment, abolishing slavery, President Lincoln’s assassination after praising the amendment’s granting of Black voting rights, adoption of the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868, granting Blacks the “equal protection of the laws,” and adoption of the Fifteenth Amendment in 1869, providing federal enforcement of Black voting rights. Congress also established the Freedmen’s Bureau to assist newly freed Blacks, especially in setting up schools for Black children, although only one-fifth actually attended school. It also discusses the violent White resistance to Black voting, led by hooded nightriders of the Ku Klux Klan, and the massacre on Easter Sunday in 1873 of some two hundred Blacks in Colfax, Louisiana, murdered by Whites after Blacks were elected as sheriff and other officials. Three White men were convicted of participation in the massacre, but the Supreme Court reversed the convictions in United States v. Cruikshank in 1876, opening the door to the end of Reconstruction after the “stolen election” that year ended with Rutherford Hayes as a Republican president who capitulated to southern demands that federal troops withdraw from slave states, paving the way for Black disenfranchisement and restoration of White control.
“The Foul Odors of Blacks”
Authors: Irons Peter
Published: November 2021

This chapter covers the post-Reconstruction period and the Supreme Court’s rejection of laws to protect Blacks’ use of “public accommodations” on an equal basis with Whites, and the Court’s later upholding of Jim Crow laws that required segregation of Blacks and Whites. Congress had passed the Civil Rights Act of 1875, barring discrimination against Blacks’ access to places such as restaurants, theaters, hotels, and railway coaches. Ruling in 1883 in five cases from Kansas, California, Tennessee, New York, and Missouri under the caption of Civil Rights Cases, the Court struck down the “public accommodations” provision, holding that “private” businesses could not be regulated without a showing of “state action” in their operation. This ruling drew a sharp dissent from Justice John Marshall Harlan, who argued that businesses serving the public are subject to regulation. The chapter also recounts violent White resistance to Black voting, with South Carolina senator “Pitchfork Ben” Tillman as leader of a White group known as Red Shirts in murdering Blacks. The chapter concludes with discussion of Plessy v. Ferguson in 1895, holding that Louisiana could provide “separate but equal” railway coaches for Blacks and Whites, over another solitary dissent by Justice Harlan, arguing the Constitution is “color-blind” and protects Blacks from state-imposed discrimination.
“I Thanked God Right Then and There”
Authors: Irons Peter
Published: November 2021

This chapter tells the stories of the Black parents and children who challenged school segregation in the five cases decided by the Supreme Court in 1954 under the caption Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. The first case, chosen by Thurgood Marshall to show the unequal facilities for Black and White students, came from the small town of Summerton, South Carolina, in which Black children walked to schools in former sharecroppers’ cabins while White children rode buses to schools with four times the funding of Black schools. The next case, in rural Prince Edward County, Virginia, began with a strike by Black high school students to protest conditions at their overcrowded schools, where classes were held in unheated tar-paper shacks. The third case challenged segregation in the nation’s capital, led by a Black parent whose daughter was turned away from the all-White junior high nearest her home and sent to an overcrowded all-Black school. The fourth case, from New Castle County, Delaware, began when two Black mothers each protested the inferior schools their children were forced to attend. The final, and most famous, case began in Topeka, Kansas, whose four elementary schools were the only ones segregated in the state, when a father tried to enroll his nine-year-old daughter in the all-White school nearest her home rather than the Black school, a long walk and bus ride away. A federal appeals court cited the Plessy case as binding precedent but almost invited the Supreme Court to overrule it.
“Two Cities—One White, the Other Black”
Authors: Irons Peter
Published: November 2021

This chapter looks at Black struggles for equal rights during the 1960s and 1970s, first assessing the impact of the Vietnam War on Blacks, with Muhammad Ali drawing the link between the war and the denial of civil rights to Blacks. The chapter looks closely at the sit-in movement that started in the 1940s and spread across the country, followed by convoys of buses in Freedom Rides marked by White mob violence, beatings, and hundreds of arrests. Activists from the Congress of Racial Equality and the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee launched a “Freedom Summer” campaign in 1964 to register Black voters in Deep South states; the fierce White resistance included the murders of more than twenty Black and White volunteers. The chapter then shifts focus to Detroit, as the city became progressively more Black with the flight of several hundred thousand Whites from city to suburbs. The racial segregation of Black children in Detroit schools, while the suburban schools were virtually all-White, led to an NAACP lawsuit that resulted in a judicial order for large-scale busing between Detroit and its suburbs. This case, Milliken v. Bradley, ended in 1974 with a 5–4 Supreme Court decision that banned busing across school district lines, with a passionate dissent by Justice Thurgood Marshall; that year also saw violent White resistance to a busing order in Boston.
“The Basic Minimal Skills”
Authors: Irons Peter
Published: November 2021

This chapter looks at the impact of segregated housing and schools on the performance of Black children on tests of academic skills, finding them lagging far behind White children. It shows that majority-Black school districts receive significantly less funding for education than majority-White districts. It then discusses in detail the 1973 Supreme Court case of San Antonio School District v. Rodriguez, brought by Demetrio Rodriguez and other Hispanic parents of children in the Edgewood district of San Antonio, Texas, whose schools received less funding than majority-White districts because of state laws that based school funding largely on property taxes. Statistics showed that poor and largely Hispanic and Black districts with low property values could not match the funding of affluent White districts. The Supreme Court ruled 5–4 against this challenge, with Justice Lewis Powell writing for the majority in stating that Texas (and other states) need provide minority students only with “the basic minimal skills” to participate in civic affairs, with a passionate dissent by Justice Thurgood Marshall. The chapter then returns to Detroit, where Black students came in last in the nation in test scores; more than two-thirds could not even grasp fundamental skills in reading and arithmetic. This barrier to advanced education and good jobs stems from the systemic racism that places Black children far behind Whites in school readiness, raising the question: How can Blacks catch up with Whites when they start so far behind?
Introduction: Aim and Scope of the Book and Its Structure
Authors: Lantschner Emma
Published: November 2021

The introduction lays out the two main aims pursued by the research carried out in the book, its methodology, and its structure. One aim is to investigate how implementation and compliance with norms and policies relating to equality and non-discrimination adopted in the course of EU enlargement could be improved and the likelihood of sustainability (or continuation) of reforms after enhanced accession be enhanced. The central hypothesis is that conditionality is not able to achieve these goals and that reflexive governance is the mode of governance most conducive to an effective and sustainable implementation of the equality acquis through its emphasis on cooperation between all relevant actors and a reflexive learning process. A case study on Croatia has revealed that the lack of consistent and transparent monitoring, as well as insufficient attention to the pooling of results and learning from successes and failures, are among the elements of reflexive governance that have not yet been sufficiently developed. The second aim of this research is, therefore, to make a contribution to both these issues. On the basis of a comparative review of transposition and practical implementation of selected parts of the RED and the EED in EU Member States, it identifies good practices and challenges in the implementation and enforcement of the selected policy options. Drawing from this, indicators are proposed, on the basis of which the progress in the transposition and practical implementation of the EU acquis in the field of equality and non-discrimination can be evaluated.
The Development of the EU Non-Discrimination Regime
Authors: Lantschner Emma
Published: November 2021

In Chapter 1 the development of the EU non-discrimination regime is introduced, first in terms of legal developments. It recapitulates the steps starting from the founding Treaties, which only dealt with discrimination on the grounds of nationality and gender, up until the Treaty of Amsterdam, introducing the competence for the discrimination grounds of racial or ethnic origin, religion or belief, age, disability, and sexual orientation, and the adoption of the two Directives which are the focus of the book: Directive 2000/43/EC and Directive 2000/78/EC. It also points at financial instruments and institutions set up in parallel to support the implementation of these Directives and the recent adoption of a series of Strategic Documents and Action Plans in the Commission’s attempts to achieve a Union of equality. The second sub-chapter then discusses the shift from non-discrimination to substantive equality on the basis of the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) and the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) and closes with some considerations regarding the different levels of impact of EU anti-discrimination law in national constitutional systems.
Killing Ourselves
Authors: Hill, Jr. Thomas E.
Published: November 2021

This essay notes varying definitions of suicide, reviews different perspectives on the morality of suicide, and describes a modified Kantian alternative that emphasizes human dignity. Then a relevant ideal of appreciation is introduced, going beyond the Kantian value of functioning as a rational agent. Appreciation of the good things in life is an ideal attitude that may give reasons for self-preservation even as rational agency diminishes, and it is not the same as wanting pleasure or comfort. The essay comments briefly on the special concerns relevant to public policies permitting assisted suicide.
Problems for Alternative Analyses
Authors: Whittle Ann
Published: November 2021

In this chapter, an inference to the best explanation for a contextualist account of regulative freedom is completed by arguing that this analysis has significant advantages over other views. The chapter begins by looking at rival contextualist analyses, offered by Hawthorne and Rieber. After this, the contextualist account is compared to incompatibilist and compatibilist invariant analyses. In particular, the chapter offers a critical discussion of some recent developments of compatibilist analyses’ of freedom, namely, a new conditional analysis, List’s account of agential possibilities and dispositional compatibilism. It is argued that, in all cases, a contextualist account of regulative freedom is preferable.
Conclusion
Authors: Whittle Ann
Published: November 2021

The conclusion summarizes the book’s key themes and argument. In addition, the limits of the conclusion is highlighted. If the argument offered is correct, then contextualism is a foundational element within a theory of freedom and moral responsibility, but it is not a complete theory in and of itself. In particular, the theory leaves unresolved the question of what it is an agent deserves. Does an agent deserve blame in light of their wrongdoing? Are punitive sanctions appropriate? Despite these limitations, however, the significant implications of the argument for how we should go about thinking about these difficult questions are outlined.
Face-to-face meetings
Authors: Rosillo-López Cristina
Published: November 2021

Chapter 3 questions how necessary it was for a senator to be present at Rome if he wanted to be an active player in this world of conversation and meetings (spoiler: very necessary). Senators had to work hard to stay well informed about the senatorial agenda, the issues that were present and the opinions of their most influential peers. All this demanded lots of time: visiting people was crucial, a social protocol that had its own rules. They reproduced such patterns when they stayed in their villae. Despite all the letters that have arrived to us, the chapter argues that if they could, senators and their entourages preferred to meet face-to-face than to establish contact through writing. This chapter also analyses the so-called ‘conference of Luca’ within this wider perspective. I argue that the notion that hundreds of senators travelled to the city while Pompey, Caesar and Crassus met is a historiographical myth.
Tsoukalis and the Political Economy of European Integration
Authors: Koutsiaras Nikos
Published: November 2021

This chapter is a review study of Loukas Tsoukalis’ published work on the political economy of European integration. A reverse chronological order is followed, its benchmarks being provided by Tsoukalis’ books; his journal articles and chapters in edited volumes are also reviewed, albeit selectively. Tsoukalis’ main research interests lie with the issues of money, monetary unification, and macroeconomic policy in the EU (and the euro area). Tsoukalis has especially been concerned with structural asymmetries, macroeconomic imbalances, and economic and social inequalities frustrating the European project, while being also reinforced by European economic integration and globalization. Yet, he has never confined his research within the limits of conventional economic analysis. Tsoukalis has, instead, sought to make sense of the political perplexities inherent in European economic integration; and he has constantly looked at the bigger picture. At the methodological level, Tsoukalis has been rather sceptical of mainstream economic theory; and he has often set himself free from the rigours of formal methodology, while having adopted an empirical approach. Sometimes he has embraced a normative rather than strictly analytical perspective, thereby articulating policy suggestions—and feeding ideas into the European political discourse. Tsoukalis has, thus, been influenced by Keynes’ ideal stereotype of economists as men of affairs: philosophers, politicians, and pragmatists. Above all, Loukas Tsoukalis has unequivocally been making the case for European integration, while also taking into account objective constraints and subjective sensibilities—a European idealist and a realist at one and the same time.
The End of Multilateralism?
Authors: Woods Ngaire
Published: November 2021

The international system is rapidly being reshaped by the growing strategic rivalry between the USA and China. They are competing for control over resources (and access to resources and markets) as well as for dominance of the new technologies which will define economic power. They are also vying for control over the rules of the game. As China seeks more influence in international cooperation, the USA is turning sharply away from multilateralism, acting unilaterally in security, economic policy, and global health. Existing international organizations will likely be marginalized or used as pawns in the superpower competition. The consequences for Europe are profound. This chapter uses history to explore the ways multilateralism can be reinvented against this backdrop, and with what consequences for Europe.
Making the Turn to Kant
Authors: Herman Barbara
Published: November 2021

Introducing Part Two of the book, this chapter sets the program for a revisionary interpretation of Kant’s ethics, broadly understood. The new interpretation aims to defuse standard objections, to offer a compelling reading of key texts, and to justify its method by giving us a better moral theory, in both Kant’s terms and ours. A first task for a moral theory with ambitions of application is to make a case for its value to those whom it would direct. For Kantian morality it is the creation of a morally shaped social environment made and managed over time by free, equal, and self-directing persons, an environment suited to the expression of their human rational nature: a moral habitat. To suit such a project, theorizing about moral practice should be hermeneutical, abstract first principles interpreted to render intelligible what morality is actually like for moral agents and moral subjects. We should come to see our duties as vehicles for habitat construction.
Tracking Value and Extending Duties
Authors: Herman Barbara
Published: November 2021

This chapter shows how both perfect and imperfect duties require both agents and institutions to take responsibility for tracking moral value across their respective contexts of right and duty. The casuistry that belongs to perfect duties is contrasted with the exercise of discretion essential to acting on an imperfect duty. A defense of juridical imperfect duties is offered. Citizens and officials of the state acting under the auspices of a juridical right or duty may need to exercise the kind of discretion that is the mark of an imperfect duty. Questions about moral change in the content and locus of duties are introduced.
The Nature of Appearances
Authors: McCain Kevin , Moretti Luca
Published: November 2021

This chapter defends the view that seemings are experiences which have phenomenal force. It then examines different kinds of seemings and explains why some seemings have the potential to provide more justification than others. Three broad classes of seemings (and some variations among members of these classes) are distinguished: mere seemings, paired appearances, and presentational appearances. It is suggested that the strongest (i.e., most justifying) variety of seemings is the last one: those that have what Elijah Chudnoff calls “presentational phenomenology.” These seemings present the truth-maker for their content to the agent. Paired appearances––i.e., appearances that incorporate or are accompanied by sensations but lack presentational phenomenology––are less justifying. Finally, mere seemings—those that lack both sensations and presentational phenomenology––are the least justifying (though, it is argued, they still bestow a very weak positive epistemic status upon their contents).
Phenomenal Explanationism
Authors: McCain Kevin , Moretti Luca
Published: November 2021

This chapter incorporates a sophisticated version of PC (one that draws on the distinctions between kinds of appearances that explained in Chapter 3) into a broader explanationist framework to produce the view that is defended in this book: Phenomenal Explanationism (PE). Explanationism is an account of evidential support, i.e., of how and when evidence supports particular doxastic attitudes toward propositions. However, on its own, Explanationism does not say what evidence is or when one has a particular bit of information as evidence. This is true even when Explanationism is construed, as this chapter does, in terms of mentalist evidentialism. As a theory of evidential support, mentalist Explanationism leaves open which mental states constitute one’s evidence. Explanationism can thus be readily combined with different theories of evidence and evidence possession. If PC is understood as a theory of basic evidence, the sophisticated version of PC can be combined with Explanationism. This chapter introduces a specific version of Explanationism and describes how this variant of PC can be incorporated into it to produce PE. It also describes how PE accounts for both non-inferential and inferential justification (both deductive and inductive). Finally, it explores how PE overcomes the challenges to PC raised in Chapter 2.
Competition and Credit Control
Authors: Copley Jack
Published: November 2021

This chapter explores the 1971 Competition and Credit Control financial liberalization, which saw the British state relinquish most of its direct controls over credit creation and instead rely on interest rates to govern lending. In the 1960s, Britain’s worsening trade performance had resulted in a series of currency crises, to which Harold Wilson’s government responded in 1967 by devaluing sterling. In aid of devaluation, the government enacted a series of contractionary measures. An important element of this disciplining strategy was the tightening of monetary policy through state-imposed lending ceilings. However, people proved resistant to this reduction in their living standards, and thus endeavoured to combat income losses by extending their bank borrowing. Further, due to falling profitability, companies faced a liquidity crisis that threatened to derail the export recovery. As such, the state authorities sought to use the lending ceilings to both restrict credit to persons and extend credit to companies. This hybrid disciplining/palliation strategy was extremely difficult to operate with the blunt monetary instruments at hand. In addition, the lending ceilings were becoming increasingly politicized. Consequently, the Treasury and Bank sought to discover a better system of monetary governance. It was the Bank that designed the uniquely arm’s-length CCC proposals. Yet these proposals were accepted by the Treasury and government in significant part because they appeared to offer a depoliticized mechanism through which the state could redistribute credit resources from persons to companies in aid of augmenting Britain’s world market competitiveness in a moment of intensifying crisis.
Geology Emerges as a Science
Authors: Ervin-Blankenheim Elisabeth
Published: November 2021

This chapter discusses the development of American geology. Starting with Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Silliman, and Louis Agassiz, who spent the latter portion of his career in the United States and proceeding to geological greats such as John Wesley Powell and others, the New World offered unique insights impacting how geology advanced. This difference is related to the immense size of the continent, its wealth of resources, and the variable geologic settings found within. The geologic principles discovered in Europe and other parts of the world were applied to North America as the continent was explored. Contributions to the growing field of geology from American and Canadian geologists of the time, including the further understanding of glacial periods, advancements in mineralogy, and exploration of the natural wonders and economic minerals of North America, including the westward expansion and further study of coal deposits and paleobotany.
Plate Tectonics
Authors: Ervin-Blankenheim Elisabeth
Published: November 2021

This chapter illustrates the most significant revolution in the understanding of the Earth discovered in the last 75 years, plate tectonics. The theory of plate tectonics is the second overarching precept of the field of geology (after the geologic time scale). Plate tectonics and its history as a theory are traced in this chapter. Early explorers and others had noticed the apparent fit in the shapes of the continents, but these ideas were not explicitly stated until Alfred Wegener detailed his evidence for the drift of the continents, though he had no viable mechanism on how the drift would have occurred. World War II technology, including sonar and radar, allowed scientists to understand the ocean floor. Rather than a flat, featureless plain, they found a vast undersea mountain range known as the mid-oceanic ridge that wraps around the world like seams on a baseball. Harry Hess proposed a new mechanism for continental drift through mantle convection cells, causing seafloor spreading. These ideas were confirmed by magnetic surveys and subsequent research, leading to the theory of plate tectonics. A final section looks at the maturation of the theory as geologists continue to learn more details about the movement and intricacies of the tectonic plates.
Life on the Earth
Authors: Ervin-Blankenheim Elisabeth
Published: November 2021

Change in life forms over the long span of the Earth’s history, and the theory of evolution are discussed in chapter 7. Along with the tenets of geologic time (chapters 3 and 4) and plate tectonics (chapters 5 and 6), evolution encompasses another foundational idea in geology. This chapter examines the history of evolutionary thought and theory, starting with Charles Darwin and his work on natural selection. The historic “Bone Wars” that occurred with the discovery of the dinosaur fossils is an example of how fossils are used and sometimes misused to unravel the evolution of a significant branch in the Earth’s history of life. So too, the story of horses and their ancestors is portrayed in the Cenozoic era, as early equine ancestor species responded in their body size and tooth and foot structure to changes in climate and the opening of grasslands. The number and variety of life forms waxes and wanes over geologic time, through evolution and sometimes extinction events, only to re-emerge over eons, eras, periods, and epochs, leading to pulses of biodiversity in the fossil record. The theory of evolution was forged after the work by Darwin and others by later developments in molecular biology and DNA research which support modern evolutionary theory.
The Biography of the Earth
Authors: Ervin-Blankenheim Elisabeth
Published: November 2021

The way the planet has changed through geologic time, and life on it, the account of the Earth, is the topic of this and the next three chapters, starting in this chapter with the Precambrian Supereon. The overarching principles of geologic time, plate tectonics, and evolution worked dynamically to create the biography of the planet. This chapter traces back to the recesses of the geologic record and early Earth, from its birth and the formation of the Moon through seven-eighths of its existence, a huge span of time. Early life forms emerged during this supereon in the Archean Eon and had a profound influence on other Earth systems. Life interacted and changed the chemistry of the atmosphere through photosynthesis, so much so that the changes are thought to have sent planetary systems over an edge into multiple “Snowball Earth” episodes when most of the planet froze over. In addition to the beginning of organic life and climate, the emergence and configuration of the continents during the Precambrian are covered. Events of this supereon set the stage for the burgeoning of life forms in the next eon, the Phanerozoic.
The Biography of the Earth
Authors: Ervin-Blankenheim Elisabeth
Published: November 2021

The story of the Phanerozoic Eon continues in this chapter with the Mesozoic Era. The first period in the Mesozoic, the Triassic, was bookended by two extinction events, the one at the beginning, discussed in the prior chapter at the end of the Permian Period, the Great Dying, and then another at the end of the period, related to the further breakup of Pangea. Dinosaurs evolved and diversified during the Mesozoic to occupy nearly each and every ecological niche on the planet, with large dinosaurs and small dinosaurs, ones that flew, those that ate vegetation, and those that preyed upon the herbivores—making this time a dino-dominated age. In the late Jurassic Period, small mammals, many of them insectivores, were starting to become prevalent. The era ended with a “big bang” of a different type than is theorized as the start of the universe—with the Chicxulub asteroid impact 66 million years ago that ended the lives of most of the dinosaurs, the non-avian lines, and opened up new ecological niches for the next “masters of the universe,” the mammals.
“God, If You Want Me To”
Authors: Pitt Richard N.
Published: November 2021

This chapter begins answering the main question of the book: why people decide to start a church. The experience of a calling, where God explicitly pushes or pulls someone to make this choice, is seen as a fundamental element. The calling experiences of founding pastors differ in terms of the method, specificity, and scope. While some clergy describe distinct revelatory moments when they believe God called them into ministry and then charged them with planting a new church, many seem to suggest that God called them gradually through prayer, exhortation by family and fellow clergy, and both positive and negative experiences in intrepreneurial ministry. We discover that God’s role in the decision to plant a church was not always clear. Nevertheless, whatever the method of the call, founders are nearly unanimous in their attribution of it: it was God’s plan all along.
“Missions and Momentum”
Authors: Pitt Richard N.
Published: November 2021

This chapter engages founders—aspiring, new, and seasoned—in a simple question: “In a city full of churches, why did we need yours? What’s your product?” Their varied answers to this question fall into three broad frameworks that characterize their assertions about their public benefit and their orientations toward their consumers. Those orientations—client-centeredness, comrade-centeredness, and convert-centeredness—serve as ideal cases for what they claim drives (or in older congregations drove) their belief that they could meet latent demands in their communities. The penultimate section of this chapter describes the difficulty founders have maintaining the vision and values they started their church with, a difficulty exacerbated by the religious ecologies their churches are embedded in and the changing priorities of their spiritually and materially maturing memberships. Like their secular nonprofit peers, churches are vulnerable to mission drift, vision hijacks, and vision stalls.
A Quest for Beauty
Authors: Jacobsen Thomas
Published: November 2021

In this chapter, the functional neuroimaging study of aesthetic judgment of beauty, reported in Jacobsen and colleagues, is reviewed from the experimenters’ point of view. Based on a framework for the psychology of aesthetics, the multifactorial determination of aesthetic judgment is discussed, along with implications for experimental design in neuroaesthetics. The selection of dependent and independent variables, as well as the control of influencing factors on aesthetic judgment, are discussed with respect to the design of the particular study. The 2006 study is also discussed with respect to contemporary neurocognitive psychology of aesthetics or neuroaesthetics.
An Eye for the Impossible
Authors: Cross Emily S.
Published: November 2021

The embodied simulation account of aesthetics, proposed by Freedberg and Gallese, assigns a pivotal role to an observer’s body in aesthetic appreciation of an artwork. While originally focused on visual artworks (such as paintings and sculpture), this theory clearly also holds great relevance to the performing arts, in particular dance. In this chapter, the author describes how she was inspired by this theory, as well as earlier work using dance as stimuli and dancers as participants to explore the relationship between embodiment, perception, and brain activity from a non-artistic perspective, to examine how observers’ physical abilities (or lack thereof) shape dance preferences. The author describes her team’s work demonstrating that dance-naïve participants are most drawn to highly complex, impressive dance movements impossible for observers to embody or perform themselves and how engagement of brain regions implicated in translating perception into action appear to be involved in this process.
Why Is Cyber Risk an Issue?
Authors: Falco Gregory , Rosenbach Eric
Published: November 2021

The question “Why is cyber risk an issue?” pinpoints the leadership challenge that cyber risk poses. The chapter begins with a WannaCry case study that demonstrates how cyberattacks can impact every aspect of organizations given the pervasive nature of digital systems. The chapter describes how leadership must address cyber risk by analyzing the organization’s unique threats, its vulnerabilities, and the impact an attack can have on the organization. It describes how mitigation measures minimize cyber vulnerabilities and maximize an organization’s ability to respond to cyberattacks. It emphasizes that leadership must strategically manage cyber risk through carefully selected mitigations. This chapter introduces how an Embedded Endurance cyber risk strategy offers a systems-level approach to mitigating cyber risk by addressing interdependent components of the organization’s risk and preparing for the inevitability of cyber threats over the long term, and details real-world Embedded Endurance cyber risk strategy experiences.
Compassionate Reasoning
Authors: Gopin Marc
Published: November 2021

This book presents the case for Compassionate Reasoning as a moral and psychosocial skill for the positive transformation of individuals and societies. It has been developed from a reservoir of moral philosophical, cultural, and religious wisdom traditions over the centuries, combined with compassion neuroscience, contemporary approaches to conflict resolution, public health methodologies, and positive psychological approaches to social change. There is an urgent need for human civilization to invest in the broad-based cultivation of compassionate thoughts, feelings, and especially habits. This skill is then combined with moral reasoning to move the self and others toward less anger and fear, more joy and care in the pursuit of reasonable policies that build peaceful families, communities, and societies. There are many people who work for the sake of others, and tend to be kinder, more reasonable, more self-controlled, and more goal-oriented to peace. They are united by a set of moral values and the emotional skills to put those values into practice. The aim of this book is to articulate the best combination of those values and skills that lead to personal and communal sustainability, not burnout and self-destruction. The book pivots on the observable difference in the mind—and proven in neuroscience imaging experiments—between destructive empathic distress on the one hand, and on the other, joyful, constructive, compassionate care. Facing existential threats to life on the planet, humans can and must make such skills universally sustainable and ingrained.
Basics of Curriculum
Authors: Regelski Thomas A.
Published: November 2021

This chapter considers the basics of curriculum. It is concerned to overcome the taken-for-granted idea that “curriculum” is the sum total of activities and of ensemble concert literature. Therefore, it particularly distinguishes a “curriculum,” as described in the following pages from a “program.” It provides accounts of four different kinds of curriculum: formal (written) curriculum, instructed (or “delivered”) curriculum, action (learned praxical) curriculum. Also covered is the unavoidable conditions in each school and class or the “hidden curriculum.” A substantial critique of “methodolatry” and ‘delivery methods’ follows to establish two basic themes visited often in the rest of the text. Finally, an overview of the following chapters is offered.
Why Study Religion?
Authors: Miller Richard B.
Published: November 2021

This book asks, can the study of religion be justified? It poses this question on the view that scholarship in religion, especially work in “theory and method,” is preoccupied with matters of methodological procedure and is thus inarticulate about the goals that can justify the study of religion and motivate scholarship in the field. For that reason, it insists, the field suffers from a crisis of rationale. The book identifies six prevailing methodologies in the field, each of which it critically examines as symptomatic of this crisis, on the way toward offering an alternative framework for thinking about purposes for studying religion. Shadowing these methodologies is a Weberian scientific ideal for studying religion, one that privileges value-neutrality. This ideal poses obstacles to making justificatory claims on behalf of studying religion and fortifies a repressive conscience about thinking normatively within the field’s regime of truth. After making these points, the book describes an alternative framework, Critical Humanism, especially how it theorizes about the ends rather than the means of humanistic scholarship and offers a basis for thinking about the ethics of religious studies as held together by four values: post-critical reasoning, social criticism, cross-cultural fluency, and environmental responsibility. Ordered to such purposes, the book argues, the study of religion can imagine itself as a valuable and desirable enterprise so that scholars of religion can relax their commitment to matters of methodological procedure and avow the values of studying religion.
What Reason Wrought
Authors: Wellman Kathleen
Published: November 2021

This chapter recognizes scholarly debates about the Enlightenment; some indict the movement for failing to live up to its ideals. Nonetheless, the Founding Fathers were traditionally understood to have been shaped by Enlightenment values. These curricula reject that understanding. They repudiate Enlightenment values, including secularism, tolerance, the social sciences, social reform, internationalism, and those values’ possible influence on the new nation. The curricula instead indict the Enlightenment as godless and reject its appreciation of reason and science as threats to the authority of the Bible. The genuine eighteenth-century Enlightenment is, for these curricula, the religious revival known as the Great Awakening. These textbooks also assert that France’s commitment to humanism warranted divine punishment in the French Revolution, and that its reprehensible politics differentiate it from American virtues. This chapter concludes with some implications of what rejecting the Enlightenment entails for modern America culture.