bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design and synthesis of cationic Aib‐containing antimicrobial peptides: conformational and biological studies
Authors: Zikou Sofia , Koukkou Anna‐Irini , Mastora Panorea , Sakarellos‐Daitsiotis Maria , Sakarellos Constantinos , Drainas Constantin , Panou‐Pomonis Eygenia
Published: June 2007

Development of antimicrobial peptides has attracted considerable attention in recent years due to the excessive use of antibiotics, which has led to multiresistant bacteria. Cationic amphiphilic Aib‐containing peptide models Ac‐(Aib‐Arg‐Aib‐Leu)n‐NH2, n = 1–4, and sequential cationic polypeptides (Arg‐X‐Gly)n, X = Ala, Val, Leu, were prepared and studied for their antimicrobial and hemolytic activity, as well as for their proteolytic stability. Ac‐(Aib‐Arg‐Aib‐Leu)n‐NH2, n = 2, 3 and the polypeptide (Arg‐Leu‐Gly)n exhibited significant antimicrobial activity, and they were nontoxic at their MIC values and resistant, in particular the Aib‐peptide models, to enzymatic degradation. The conformational characteristics of the peptide models were studied by circular dichroism (CD). Structure‐activity relationship studies revealed the importance of the amphipathic α‐helical conformation of the reported peptides in inducing antimicrobial effects. It is concluded that peptide models comprising cationic amino acids (Arg), helicogenic and noncoding residues (Aib) and/or hydrophobic and helix‐promoting components (Leu) may lead to the development of antimicrobial therapeutics. Copyright © 2007 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The construction of multi‐factor crossover designs in animal husbandry studies
Authors: Bate S.T. , Boxall J.
Published: June 2007

For ethical reasons it is important to try to obtain as much useful information as possible from an animal experiment whilst minimizing the number of animals used. Crossover designs, where applicable, provide an ideal framework for achieving this. If two or more treatment factors are included in the crossover design then the reduction in total animal usage can be considerable. In this paper we consider such designs, defined as multi‐factor crossover designs. The designs are applicable when there are several different treatment factors, each attlevels, to be applied to the experimental units. The motivation for investigating these designs was a study conducted at GlaxoSmithKline to determine the preference of male and female dogs fort=5 different types of bed andt=5 different bedding conditions. A construction method is given for forming universally optimal designs fortnot too large. Also given is an example for the special case where the number of treatment levelst=6. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The changes of magnetic properties of the perovskite‐type titanium oxides by the structural distortions: In the case of LaTiO3 and YTiO3
Authors: Onishi Taku
Published: June 2007

In the perovskite‐type titanium oxides, the changes of magnetic properties by GdFeO3‐type lattice distortion are observed. In this study, we have performed cluster model calculations based on the density functional theory method, and have obtained the effective exchange integral (Jab) in order to elucidate the magnetic change by the GdFeO3‐type lattice distortion. The components of deciding the orbital ordering and magnetic property have also been discussed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Post‐pubertal emergence of alterations in locomotor activity in stop null mice
Authors: Bégou Mélina , Brun Philippe , Bertrand Jean‐Baptiste , Job Didier , Schweitzer Annie , D'Amato Thierry , Saoud Mohamed , Andrieux Annie , Suaud‐Chagny Marie‐Françoise
Published: June 2007

Overt schizophrenia is preceded by a prodromal phase during which juvenile patients display attenuated schizophrenia‐related symptoms. Here, we have looked for evidence of a prodromal phase in juvenile STOP null mice, which, during adulthood, imitate features of schizophrenia. We have principally examined locomotor activity, which is abnormal in adult STOP null mice, and its apparent relationship with perturbed glutamatergic and dopaminergic transmission. When compared to corresponding wild‐type mice, juvenile STOP null mice did not exhibit the basal hyperlocomotion or locomotor hypersensitivity to mild stress observed in adult mice. Juvenile STOP null mice also lacked disturbed locomotor sensitivity to MK‐801, which was evident in adult mice. In contrast, juvenile STOP null mice exhibited a similar hypersensitivity to amphetamine as that found in adult mice. Thus, STOP null mice exhibited both a progression of locomotor activity defects over time and subtle alterations in the prepubertal period. We suggest that the pattern of locomotor disturbances observed in this study is related to altered dopaminergic reactivity in juvenile mice without major disturbance in glutamatergic transmission, whereas both neurotransmitter systems are impaired in adult mice. Synapse 61:689–697, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The fetal portal vein: normal blood flow development during the second half of human pregnancy
Authors: Kessler J. , Rasmussen S. , Kiserud T.
Published: June 2007

Objectives

The umbilical vein is the major source of blood for the fetal liver, but portal blood, which has not been measured directly in human fetuses, probably constitutes a physiologically important contribution. We aimed to establish a method for measuring blood flow in the fetal portal vein and to produce longitudinal reference ranges for diameter, blood flow velocities and volume blood flow during the second half of pregnancy.

Methods

After a pilot project to develop the measuring technique, 160 low‐risk pregnant women were recruited to a longitudinal study that included ultrasound examinations at 4–5‐week intervals starting at 20–22 weeks of gestation. The inner diameter (D) of the vessel was measured with a perpendicular insonation angle, and the time‐averaged maximum blood velocity (TAMXV) and weighted mean velocity (VWMEAN) were recorded with an insonation directed along the long axis of the vessel. Portal flow was calculated as: Q = π(D/2)2 × h × TAMXV (where h is a velocity profile parameter and equals 0.5). Portal flow was normalized for estimated fetal weight based on birth‐weight percentiles.

Results

The portal vein could be visualized and measured in 558/593 (94%) cases. Blood flow was pulsatile. D and TAMXV doubled during the second half of pregnancy (21–39 weeks), from 1.5 to 3.4 mm and from 8.4 to 14.9 cm/s, respectively. Correspondingly, the portal flow increased from 5 to 41 mL/min, and from 10 to 13 mL/min/kg when normalized for fetal weight. Similar results were achieved for VWMEAN.

Conclusion

Portal flow can be measured with a standardized technique. It increases during the second half of pregnancy, even when normalized for fetal weight, suggesting that it has increasing importance in the fetal liver circulation. Copyright © 2007 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the Transform Method of Solution of an External Crack Problem
Authors: Chakrabarti A. , Manivachakan K.
Published: June 2007

The breakdown of the usual method of Fourier transforms in the problem of an external line crack in a thin infinite elastic plate is discovered and the correct solution of this problem is derived using the concept of a generalised Fourier transform of a type discussed first by Golecki [1] in connection with Flamant's problem.
Entartungsbedingungen für Gleitflächennomogramme und Nomographierbarkeitsbedingungen für Fluchtebenennomogramme
Authors: Engeln‐Müllges G.
Published: June 2007

Es werden ein neuer Nomogrammtyp, das Fluchtebenennomogramm (FEN), zur Darstellung von Funktionensystemen xi = xi(u1, u2, u3), i = 1, 2, 3, behandelt und dazu die notwendigen und hinreichenden Nomographierbarkeitsbedingungen entwickelt. Ein FEN besteht aus sechs krummlinigen Raumkurven als Träger der Skalen für die ui und xi. Drei nichtkollineare Punkte auf den ui‐Skalen bestimmen eine Ableseebene, die die xi‐Skalen in je einem Punkt schneidet; die zugehörigen Werte ui, xi, i = 1, 2, 3, genügen dem Funktionensystem. Als Spezialfälle dieser allgemeinen FENe werden solche mit geradlinigen ui‐Oder/und xi− Skalen sowie solche mit zwei krummlinigen, in einer Ebene liegenden Skalen behandelt; dafür lassen sich die Skalenfunktionen vollständig ermitteln. Schließlich wird die Erweiterungsmöglichkeit auf Systeme von m Funktionen von je n reellen Veränderlichen (2 ≦ m ≦ n) skizziert.
Strudelströmungen als exakte Lösungen einer statistischen Wirbelgleichung oder der Bewegungsgleichungen von Navier‐Stokes
Authors: Schultz‐Piszachich W.
Published: June 2007

Ein Strudel mit spiralförmigen Stromlinien erstreckt sich ohne Nebenbedingungen bis ins Unendliche. In einem selbstkonsistenten Strömungsfeld werden die Stromlinien durch statistische Wechselwirkung aller Wirbel begrenzt. Jede Stromlinie endet mit einem maximalen Begrenzungsradius, wo eine andere Lösung beginnt. Solche Begrenzungsradien lassen sich bei einer entsprechenden Lösung der Bewegungsgleichungen von Navier‐Stokes nur mit äußeren Randbedingungen erzwingen. Wird ein Turbulenzelement als endliches Gebilde mit spiralförmigen Stromlinien aufgefaßt, so entsteht das Problem, die statistische Begrenzungseigenschaft auf die Lösung der hydrodynamischen Bewegungsgleichungen zu übertragen.
Theorie der Bewegung eines Radsatzes auf geradem Gleis mit stochastischen Gleislagefehlern
Authors: Renger A.
Published: June 2007

Für die Bewegung eines elastisch gefesselten Radsatzes wird eine Theorie erster Ordnung entwickelt, in der in Verallgemeinerung der Arbeit [1] von de Pater nicht nur das elastische Rad‐Schiene‐Kontaktproblem sondern auch stochastische Gleisunebenheiten berücksichtigt werden. Die Normalkraftschwankungen werden ebenfalls in Rechnung gestellt. Infolge der hochgradig nichtlinearen kinematischen Zwangsbedingungen entstehen auch im Rahmen einer Theorie erster Ordnung bereits nichtlineare Bewegungsgleichungen. Für den allgemeinen Fall erhalten wir ein System von vier gekoppelten nichtlinearen Gleichungen, das durch vier Zufallsfunktionen stochastisch erregt wird. Nach einer Linearisierung der Bewegungsgleichungen entkoppeln sich die symmetrischen von den lateralen Bewegungen. Die symmetrischen Bewegungen bleiben dann immer stabil und werden nur durch die Spurweitenfehlerfunktion stochastisch erregt. Im Gegensatz hierzu ergibt sich für die lateralen Bewegungen ein kombiniertes selbst‐ und stochastisch fremderregtes Schwingungssystem, wobei die Selbsterregung durch den elastischen Rollkontakt von Rad und Schiene und die stochastische Fremderregung durch die seitliche Richtungsfehlerfunktion und die gegenseitige Höhenlagefehlerfunktion des Gleiskörpers bedingt ist.
Diskrete Laplace‐Transformation. Ein zweckmäßiges Rechenverfahren für schwachgedämpfte Schwingungssysteme bei nichtperiodischer Erregung
Authors: Auersch L.
Published: June 2007

Die Laplace‐Transformation ist auch für die numerische Analyse von dynamischen Systemen gut geeignet. Ein entsprechendes Verfahren zur Berechnung von Systemantworten wird vorgestellt. Es werden dann eingehend die dabei möglichen Fehlerquellen untersucht, physikalisch anschauliche Fehleraussagen getroffen und daraus Vorschläge für die Ausführung des Verfahrens entwickelt. An einem mechanischen Beispiel wird die Nützlichkeit des Verfahrens und die Brauchbarkeit der Fehleraussagen demonstriert.
Effective Moduli of Particulate Solids
Authors: Phan‐Thien N. , Karihaloo B. L.
Published: June 2007

The overall elastic constants of a particulate composite material are theoretically estimated. The material is assumed to consist of a high concentration of randomly arranged, nearly rigid spherical particles embedded in an isotropic, elastic matrix. Initially, the load transfer problem between two neighbouring particles separated by a thin layer of matrix material is solved. The overall (effective) elastic constants of the composite are expressed in terms of the elastic constants of the matrix and individual particles.
Zur Lösung der Grundgleichungen des Fadens bei gleichförmiger Bewegung in einer Flüssigkeit
Authors: Hackmann W.
Published: June 2007

Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Anwendung des Gedankens der sukzessiven Approximation auf die Lösung der Grundgleichungen des in einer Flüssigkeit gleichförmig bewegten Fadens sowie daraus abgeleiteter diskretisierter Systeme. Es werden Existenz‐ und Eindeutigkeitsaussagen für die Lösungen dieser Systeme bei Vorliegen von Anfangsbedingungen sowie Aussagen zur Konvergenzgeschwindigkeit des Verfahrens hergeleitet. In den praktisch wichtigen Fällen weisen diese Ergebnisse im „glatten”︁ und im diskreten Fall eine hohe Übereinstimmung auf.
Konvergenzordnung bei Jacobi‐ähnlichen Verfahren
Authors: Kohaupt L.
Published: June 2007

Es wird die Konvergenzordnung für die Eigenwertnäherungen sowie für die Öffnung zwischen gewissen algebraischen Eigenräumen bei einer Klasse von Verfahren abgeschätzt, die dem Jacobischen Verfahren ähnlich sind.
Strömungen nicht‐newtonscher Flüssigkeiten
Authors: Böhme G.
Published: June 2007

Nicht‐newtonsche Flüssigkeiten wie Kunststoffschmelzen oder Polymerlösungen heben sich von newtonschen Flüssigkeiten im wesentlichen durch drei Merkmale ab: Sie besitzen nichtlineare Fließeigenschaften; in einer Scherströmung sind die Normalspannungen in verschiedenen Richtungen verschieden groß; und unter instationären Bedingungen treten neben viskosen auch elastische Stoffeigenschaften hervor, die mit einem Erinnerungsvermögen (Gedächtnis) der Flüssigkeit verknüpft sind. Da im Gegensatz zur klassischen Hyxdrodynamik die wirksamen Stoffeigenschaften entscheidend von der Strömungsform abhängen, sind kinematische Betrachtungen erforderlich, um die jeweils adäquaten Stoffgleichungen bereitzustellen, bevor eine Strömung im Detail analysiert werden kann. Am weitesten ist die Theorie für sogenannte viskosimetrische Strömungen entwickelt, die durch die Fließfunktion allein kontrolliert werden. Dies wird am Beispiel der Strömung in einer Reibungspumpe erläutert. Normalspannungserscheinungen, die sich in einer Sekundärsströmung äußern, Können durch eine Theorie für langsame und langsam veränderliche Strömungen erfaßt werden. Sie führt auf Potential‐ und Bipotential‐probleme, denen jeweils ein Minimalprinzip zugeordnet werden kann. Der Einfluß des Gedächtnisses wird anhand einer peristaltischen Strömung diskutiert.
Integralgleichungsmethoden bei direkten und inversen Randwertproblemen aus der Theorie akustischer und elektromagnetischer Schwingungen
Authors: Kress R.
Published: June 2007

Es wird berichtet über einige neuere Entwicklungen bei Integralgleichungsmethoden für Randwertaufgaben bei der zeitharmonischen Wellengleichung und den zeitharmonischen Maxwellschen Gleichungen, insbesondere im Hinblick auf ihre Verwendung für numerische Approximationen. Ferner wird exemplarisch die Anwendung von Integralgleichungen für inverse Randwertprobleme beschrieben, bei denen aus der Kenntnis der Strahlungscharakteristik Aussagen über Rand bzw. Randwerte zu erschließen sind.
On the Phase Boundary Motion in the Earth Due to Pressure and Temperature Excitations at the Earth's Surface
Authors: De T. K.
Published: June 2007

Assuming that a change of pressure and temperature brings out phase transitions inside the Earth, the motion of the phase boundary inside the Earth due to pressure and temperature excitations at the Earth's surface has been determined under linear approximation. It is shown in this paper that the solution of this Stefan‐like problem consists not only of the phase boundary motion due to pressure and temperature excitation at the Earth's surface but also of the phase boundary motion due to different thermal properties at the two phases. Moreover, the phases boundary motion due to temperature excitation is found to be dependent on the corresponding pressure excitation.
Singular Stresses in an Elastic Sphere Having an Annular Crack
Authors: Shindo Y. , Himemiya T.
Published: June 2007

This paper concerns the analysis of the singular stresses arising in an isotropic sphere having an annular crack. The analysis is valid not only for an annular crack but also for a penny‐shaped crack and a peripheral edge crack. The problem is first reduced to that of solving a singular integral equation of the first kind. By the way of expanding the unknown function into a Chebyshev polynomial for an annular and a penny‐shaped crack, and into a Jacobi polynomial for an edge crack, respectively, the singular integral equation is further reduced to the infinite system of algebraic equations for the determination of the unknown coefficients. The singular stresses are expressed in closed form and clarified numerically in detail.
Closed Form Solution to the Electrostatic Potential Problem for a Spherical Cap
Authors: Fabrikant V. I. , Sankar T. S. , Roytman L. M. , Swamy M. N. S.
Published: June 2007

The following electrostatic potential problem is considered: arbitrary potential distribution is given on a spherical cap, the electric charge distribution is to be determined. The closed form solution is obtained by a special integral representation of the kernel of governing integral equation. Two examples are considered: uniform potential distribution over a spherical cap, and the case of earthed conducting spherical cap in a uniform electrical field. The expressions for the electric charge distribution and the total charge are given. The general results of this paper may be also applied to the related problems of a fluid flow and thermoconductivity.
Boundary Layer Control in Pipes through Strong Injection
Authors: Yeung W. C.‐C. , Holt M.
Published: June 2007

In coal gasification, oxidation and sulfidization cause serious pipe corrosion. This paper attempts to determine the feasibility of reducing such corrosion by injecting steam at pipe entry to modify the boundary‐layer gas composition along pipe walls. The injection will form a thin layer on the inner wall, preventing, for a time, contact with the corrosive gases. (Turbulence will eventually force diffusion through the protective layer.) The gas products are assumed to be hydrogen sulfide and steam. The Method of Integral Relations is used to obtain the numerical solutions to the governing equations. With several different injectant lengths and velocities, the concentration of H2S along the pipe wall is calculated and is found low enough to prevent corrosion.
Stabilisierung von Bindungen über Zwangsimpulse
Authors: Baumgarte J.
Published: June 2007

Bei mechanischen Systemen mit geschwindigkeitsabhängigen Bindungen werden die aus dem Gaußschen Prinzip des kleinsten Zwanges resultierenden Zwangskräfte transformiert in Zwangsimpulse und restliche Zwangskräfte. Mit einer weiteren Transformation auf nicht klassische verallgemeinerte Impulse können die Nebenbedingungen direkt, also in nicht abgeleiteter Form erfüllt werden. Sie liegen damit stabilisiert vor. Das Fehlerverhalten bezüglich der Nebenbedingungen bei der numerischen Integration wird entscheidend verbessert. Außerdem wird über theoretische Betrachtungen gezeigt, welche Bedingungen vorliegen müssen, um nichtlineare, geschwindigkeitsabhängige Bindungen mit Lagrangeschen Multiplikatoren direkt in die Lagrange‐ bzw. Hamiltonfunktion einbauen zu können.
Dynamic Analysis of Multirigid‐Body System Based on the Gauss Principle
Authors: Lilov L. , Lorer M.
Published: June 2007

This paper on the basis of the Gauss principle an efficient computer oriented algorithm for solving the equations of motion of multibody mechanical system. No constraints on the type of the kinematic chain of the system are imposed, i.e. the system may contain an arbitrary number of “closed loops”. In the context of the investigation of the dynamics of the industrial manipulators, robots and similar mechanisms, the mechanical systems considered are linked rigid bodies with joints permitting relative rotation or translation. The successive computation is due to a suitable expression of the Gauss “leas constraint” and using of the powerful recently developed iterative programming methods for constraint and unconstrain minimization of a functional.
Remarks on Some Stability Questions Related to Restrained Systems
Authors: Risito C.
Published: June 2007

The stability study of a steady motion of the holonomic, scleronomic systems S and S̃, with n + m degrees of freedom, is reduced to that of the corresponding solution of the restrained system SR with n degrees of freedom.
Integral Equation Formulation for Nonlinear Bending of Plates — Formulation by Weighted Residual Method
Authors: Kamiya N. , Sawaki Y.
Published: June 2007

The present paper concerns a boundary integral equation formulation for finite deflection of elastic plates by virtue of coupled von Karman plate equations. To this end, we follow weighted residual technique which facilitates derivation scheme prominently. The equations govering deformations due to inplane displacements and bending are separately formulated by two‐dimensional plane stress elasticity and biharmonic equation in terms of deflection, respectively, and then the coupling is included through iteration calculation procedure. Thus, we may follow, for the most part, a familiar method known in problems with linear two‐dimensional elasticity and linear plate bending theory.
Kombinationswirbelfelder in realen Strömungen
Authors: Rannacher J.
Published: June 2007

Das vom Albringschen Turbulenzmodell infolge des Wirkens der nichtlinearen Glieder der Bewegungsgleichung vorausgesagte Aufspalten einer periodischen Bewegung in ein breites Spektrum zusätzlicher Wirbelfelder, die Kombinationswirbelfelder, wird in Strömungen experimentell bestätigt. Dieser Elementarvorgang der Turbulenz ist im Umschlagbereich freier Scherschichten, von Grenzschichten bei niedrigem Turbulenzgrad sowie bei fehlender Scherung der Grundströmung leicht nachweisbar. Bis zu 29 Kombinationswirbelfelder wurden im Frequenzspektrum festgestellt. Mit ihrem ersten Auftreten ist die Strömung turbulent.
Kovarianzanalyse von Schwingungssystemen unter gleichzeitiger periodischer und zufälliger Fremderregung
Authors: Heimann B.
Published: June 2007

Untersucht werden Schwingungsprobleme, deren Beschreibung auf Systeme gewöhnlicher Differentialgleichungen zurückgeführt werden kann. Dabei werden sowohl lineare als auch schwach nichtlineare Systeme behandelt, ferner Systeme mit zeitkonstanten und periodisch mit der Zeit veränderlichen Koeffizienten. Die Fremderregungen treten als additive Überlagerung von periodischen und zufälligen Anteilen auf. Kernstück der Arbeit ist die Ableitung eines Iterationsprozesses für das verkürzte System mit Hilfe von kanonischen Zerlegungen von Zufallsprozessen. Die Behandlung von nichtlinearen Problemen erfolgt mit Linearisierungsmethoden und zeigt die gegenseitige Abhängigkeit von Amplituden‐Frequenz‐Charakteristik der Mittelwertgleichung und Kovarianzmatrix des zentrierten Anteils. Abschließend werden qualitative Ergebnisse für den einfachen Schwinger angegeben, insbesondere wird die Wechselwirkung von selbst‐ und fremderregten Schwingungen am Beispiel des Van‐der‐Polschen Schwingers unter harmonischer und zufälliger Fremderregung behandelt.
On the Error Behavior of the Reduced Basis Technique for Nonlinear Finite Element Approximations
Authors: Fink J. P. , Rheinboldt W. C.
Published: June 2007

This paper provides a theoretical foundation for the reduced basis technique and gives mathematical reasons for its effectiveness. Some rather general results about the existence of solution curves for a large class of nonlinear problems are developed. These results are then used to derive estimates between an exact solution curve and its reduced basis approximation.
Zur Spannungskonzentration in beliebig dicken Platten
Authors: Neuber H.
Published: June 2007

Das Problem des kreisförmigen Loches mit geradlinigem Schlitz wird sowohl für die Kirchhoffsche als auch für die Reissnersche Plattentheorie gelöst. Aus beiden Ergebnissen wird eine Näherungsformel für die Erfassung des Einflusses der Plattendicke auf die Spannungskonzentration in gekerbten Platten aufgestellt.
Über Differenzenschemata für Differentialgleichungen mit dissipativen Gliedern
Authors: Vasilkov G. D.
Published: June 2007

Es wird ein Vergleich von durch Anwendung der quasianalytischen Interpolation gewonnenen Differenzenschemata für gewöhnliche Differentialgleichungen mit dissipativen Gliedern vorgenommen. Die mit Hilfe dieser Schemata ermittelten Lösungen von Modellaufgaben werden diskutiert. Es wird gezeigt, daß man diese Schemata zur Lösung von quasilinearen Gleichungen, von Systemen von Differentialgleichungen und außerdem von Evolutionsaufgaben, die durch partielle Differentialgleichungen beschrieben werden, anwenden kann.
Discrete Defect Corrections: Basic Ideas
Authors: Allgower E. , Böhmer K. , McCormick S.
Published: June 2007

In this paper we combine Newton methods, mesh refinement strategies, and discrete Newton methods to develop an efficien process for approximating the solutions of operator equations.
Approximation of Non‐Unique Solutions of a Homogeneous Elastic Plate Model
Authors: Labisch F. K.
Published: June 2007

A dual variational description for a von Kármán plate version, capable of a dual finite‐dimensional approximation of non‐unique solutions is constructed, investigated, and tested on a numerical example.
Bioterrorism diseases; critical care nursing
Authors: Bedison Nancy , Snyder Vickie
Published: June 2007

Bioterrorism diseases; critical care nursing
The New Politics of Old Age Policy
Authors: Marier Patrik
Published: June 2007

The New Politics of Old Age Policy, Robert H. Hudson, ed.,
Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 2005, pp. 309.

The New Politics of Old Age Policy presents a collection of
essays devoted to the policy and political challenges related to
population aging in the United States. This book will be of particular
interest for those seeking analyses of Social Security and health policies
(especially Medicare and Medicaid). With the exception of a few texts,
most contributions are rooted within the discipline of sociology, focusing
on how current policies and reform proposals accentuate (or decrease)
traditional cleavages based on gender, race and occupational status. With
few references made to current debates surrounding the “new”
politics of the welfare state, the engagement with the political science
literature is quite limited. Unfortunately, most chapters do not seek to
engage in debates outside the US borders, limiting this book's appeal
in Canada (the chapters written by Myles and Teles are noticeable
exceptions). Nonetheless, this book represents a good text for an upper
undergraduate and/or graduate comparative course on old age policy for
those seeking to study the United States.
Mémoires d'empire, de Romain Bertrand
Authors: Jourde Cédric
Published: June 2007

Mémoires d'empire, de Romain Bertrand

La petite maison des Éditions du Croquant, située au
cœur du massif des Bauges avec sa reine, la Dent de l'Arclusaz,
publie ici le troisième livre de Romain Bertrand, politologue
spécialiste de l'Asie du Sud-Est et de l'histoire
politique de la colonisation. Mémoires d'empire
analyse la controverse qui entoure la Loi (française) du 23
février 2005 portant sur le rôle positif de la colonisation
française.
La légitimité de l'État et du droit.
Autour de Max Weber.
Authors: Savard Jean-François
Published: June 2007

La légitimité de l'État et du droit.
Autour de Max Weber., Michel Coutu et Guy Rocher (dir),
Saint-Nicolas, Les Presses de l'Université Laval, 2005, 384
pages.

Bien que beaucoup d'ouvrages aient analysé les travaux de
Weber, très peu se sont intéressés au concept de
légitimité en soi, le considérant comme une notion
univoque. Ce manque de réflexion sur le concept de
légitimité constitue le point de départ de
l'ouvrage La légitimité de l'État et du
droit. Autour de Max Weber.
Le pouvoir et l'appartenance, Une approche structurale du
politique
Authors: Jolette Frédéric Mercure
Published: June 2007

Le pouvoir et l'appartenance, Une approche structurale du
politique, Lemieux, V. (2006), Les Presses de
l'Université Laval.

Vincent Lemieux expose ainsi le but de son ouvrage : “
présenter puis appliquer une approche structurale du politique,
inspirée principalement du structuralisme de Claude
Lévi-Strauss ” (p. 1). En terme d'anatomie
littéraire, le livre de Lemieux comporte 192 pages, 12
énoncés, 13 chapitres et un article en annexe
intitulé La théorie des coalitions et des
alliances. Les chapitres un à sept sont successivement des
définitions de la structure et du politique puis un raisonnement
formel et conceptuel menant à l'énoncé huit,
fondement du livre de Lemieux puisque constituant la thèse
scientifique et épistémologique défendue. Les quatre
chapitres suivants mettent “ cette modélisation et cette
visée explicative à l'épreuve, dans quatre
domaines du politique ” (p. 3), à savoir la
décentralisation, le clientélisme, la coordination dans les
partis et les réseaux dans la régulation des affaires
publiques. Nous résumerons ici l'approche en quatre temps de
Lemieux : la structure, le politique, le pouvoir et l'appartenance,
enfin les principes et les exemples.
Interactions involving intestinal nematodes of rodents: experimental and field studies
Authors: BEHNKE J. M. , BAJER A. , SINSKI E. , WAKELIN D.
Published: June 2007

Multiple species infections with parasitic helminths, including nematodes, are common in wild rodent populations. In this paper we first define different types of associations and review experimental evidence for different categories of interactions. We conclude that whilst laboratory experiments have demonstrated unequivocally that both synergistic and antagonistic interactions involving nematodes exist, field work utilizing wild rodents has generally led to the conclusion that interactions between nematode species play no, or at most a minor, role in shaping helminth component communities. Nevertheless, we emphasize that analysis of interactions between parasites in laboratory systems has been fruitful, has made a fundamental contribution to our understanding of the mechanisms underlying host-protective intestinal immune responses, and has provided a rationale for studies on polyparasitism in human beings and domestic animals. Finally, we consider the practical implications for transmission of zoonotic diseases to human communities and to their domestic animals, and we identify the questions that merit research priority.
Multiple helminth infections in children: impact and control
Authors: DRAKE L. J. , BUNDY D. A. P.
Published: June 2007

Parasitic worm infections are amongst the most widespread of all chronic human infections. It is estimated that there are more than 3 billion infections in the world today. In many low income countries it is often more common to be infected than not to be. Indeed, a child growing up in an endemic community can expect be infected soon after weaning, and to be infected and constantly reinfected for the rest of her or his life. Infection is most common amongst the poorest and most disadvantaged communities, and is typically most intense in children of school going age. As the risk of morbidity is directly related to intensity of infection, it follows that children are the most at risk from the morbid effects of disease. Multiparasite infections are also common in such communities and there is evidence that individuals harbouring such infections may suffer exacerbated morbidity, making children even more vulnerable. Thus, these infections pose a serious threat to the health and development of children in low income countries. For many years, the need to control these infections has lain uncontested, and with the advent of broad-spectrum anthelminthic drugs that are cheap, safe and simple to deliver, control has at last become a viable option for many communities. Furthermore, there is now increased emphasis being placed on a multispecies approach as a cost-effective mechanism to control the morbidity of virtually all the major helminthic infections of humans.
Phonological variation and Optimality Theory: Evidence from
word-initial vowel epenthesis in Vimeu Picard
Authors: Auger Julie
Published: June 2007

One striking feature of Vimeu Picard concerns the regular
insertion of epenthetic vowels in order to break up consonant
clusters and to syllabify word-initial and word-final consonants.
This corpus-based study focuses on word-initial epenthesis.
It provides quantitative evidence that vowel epenthesis applies
categorically in some environments and variably in others.
Probabilistic analysis demonstrates that the variable pattern
is constrained by a complex interplay of linguistic factors.
Following Labov (1972a, 1972b) and Antilla and Cho (1998), I
interpret such intricate grammatical conditioning as evidence
that this variation is a reflection of a grammatical competence
that generates both categorical and variable outputs, and I
propose an account within the framework of Optimality Theory.
An analysis of individual patterns of epenthesis by members
of the community reveals that, even though all speakers share
the same basic community grammar, their use of epenthesis differs
qualitatively as well as quantitatively. I show that individual
grammars can be derived from the community grammar, and that
Optimality Theory allows us to formalize the idea that individual
grammars constitute more specific versions of community grammars.
Basketball Jump Shooting Is Controlled Online by Vision
Authors: de Oliveira R. Ferraz , Huys R. , Oudejans R.R.D. , van de Langenberg R. , Beek P.J.
Published: June 2007

Abstract. An experiment was conducted to examine whether basketball jump shooting relies on online visual (i.e., dorsal stream-mediated) control rather than motor preprogramming. Seventeen expert basketball players (eight males and nine females) performed jump shots under normal vision and in three conditions in which movement initiation was delayed by zero, one, or two seconds relative to viewing the basket. Shots were evaluated in terms of both outcome and execution measures. Even though most shots still landed near the basket in the absence of vision, end-point accuracy was significantly better under normal visual conditions than under the delay conditions, where players tended to undershoot the basket. In addition, an overall decrease of inter-joint coordination strength and stability was found as a function of visual condition. Although these results do not exclude a role of motor preprogramming, they demonstrate that visual sensory information plays an important role in the continuous guidance of the basketball jump shot.
Telling Time from Analog and Digital Clocks
Authors: Korvorst Marjolein , Roelofs Ardi , Levelt Willem J.M.
Published: June 2007

Abstract. Does the naming of clocks always require conceptual preparation? To examine this question, speakers were presented with analog and digital clocks that had to be named in Dutch using either a relative (e.g., “quarter to four”) or an absolute (e.g., “three forty-five”) clock time expression format. Naming latencies showed evidence of conceptual preparation when speakers produced relative time expressions to analog and digital clocks, but not when they used absolute time expressions. These findings indicate that conceptual mediation is not always mandatory for telling time, but instead depends on clock time expression format, supporting a multiple-route account of Dutch clock time naming.
Global atmospheric chemistry: Integrating over fractional cloud cover
Authors: Neu Jessica L. , Prather Michael J. , Penner Joyce E.
Published: June 2007

A new approach defined here allows for the averaging of photochemistry over complex cloud fields within a grid square and can be readily implemented in current global models. As diagnosed from observations or meteorological models, fractional cloud cover with many overlying cloud layers can generate hundreds to thousands of different cloud profiles per grid square. We define a quadrature‐based method, applied here to the problem of averaging photolysis rates over this range of cloud patterns, which opens new opportunities for modeling in‐cloud chemistry in global models. We select up to four representative cloud profiles, optimizing the selection and weighting of each to minimize the difference in photolysis rates when compared with the integration over the entire set of cloud distributions. To implement our algorithm, we adapt the UCI fast‐JX photolysis code to the cloud statistics from the ECMWF forecast model at T42L40 resolution. For the tropics and midlatitudes, grid‐square‐averaged photolysis rates for O3, NO2, and NO3 using four representative atmospheres differ by at most 3.2% RMS from rates averaged over the hundreds or more cloudy atmospheres derived from a maximum‐random overlap scheme. Further, bias errors in both the free troposphere and the boundary layer are less than 1%. Similar errors are shown to be 10–20% for current approximation methods. Errors in the quadrature method are less than the uncertainty in the choice of maximum‐random overlap schemes. We apply the method to the averaging of photochemistry over different cloud profiles and outline extensions to heterogeneous cloud chemistry.
Ambient noise surface wave tomography of the Iberian Peninsula: Implications for shallow seismic structure
Authors: Villaseñor Antonio , Yang Yingjie , Ritzwoller Michael H. , Gallart Josep
Published: June 2007

We have obtained high resolution group velocity maps of Rayleigh waves at periods from 8 to 25 seconds across the Iberian Peninsula by cross‐correlating four months of ambient noise data recorded by 40 permanent broadband stations. Group velocity maps accurately image the main structural elements of the Iberian upper crust, including the Iberian Massif, Alpine orogens and major sedimentary basins. The Pyrenees and the Iberian Chain are imaged as relatively high group velocities, in contrast with the Betic Cordillera, which is characterized by low velocities. We explain these low velocities in the Betics by the presence of widespread intramontane basins created in an extensional episode simultaneous with north–south convergence between the African and Eurasian plates. The most prominent low velocity anomalies in the Iberian Peninsula are related to the Guadalquivir Basin, the flysch units of the Campo de Gibraltar, and the sediments of the Gulf of Cadiz.
Genes2Networks: Connecting Lists of Proteins by Using Background Literature-based Mammalian Networks
Authors: Posner Jeremy , Berger Seth , Ma'ayan Avi
Published: June 2007

In recent years, in-silico literature-based mammalian protein-protein interaction network datasets have been developed. These datasets contain binary interactions extracted manually from legacy experimental biomedical research literature. Placing lists of genes or proteins identified as significantly changing in multivariate experiments, in the context of background knowledge about binary interactions, can be used to place these genes or proteins in the context of pathways and protein complexes.Genes2Networks is a software system that integrates the content of ten mammalian literature-based interaction network datasets. Filtering to prune low-confidence interactions was implemented. Genes2Networks is delivered as a web-based service using AJAX. The system can be used to extract relevant subnetworks created from “seed” lists of human Entrez gene names. The output includes a dynamic linkable three color web-based network map, with a statistical analysis report that identifies significant intermediate nodes used to connect the seed list. Genes2Networks is available at http://actin.pharm.mssm.edu/genes2networks.Genes2Network is a powerful web-based software application tool that can help experimental biologists to interpret high-throughput experimental results used in genomics and proteomics studies where the output of these experiments is a list of significantly changing genes or proteins. The system can be used to find relationships between nodes from the seed list, and predict novel nodes that play a key role in a common function.
Social control of brain morphology in a eusocial mammal
Authors: Holmes Melissa M. , Rosen Greta J. , Jordan Cynthia L. , de Vries Geert J. , Goldman Bruce D. , Forger Nancy G.
Published: June 2007

Social status impacts reproductive behavior in diverse vertebrate species, but little is known about how it affects brain morphology. We explore this in the naked mole-rat, a species with the most rigidly organized reproductive hierarchy among mammals. Naked mole-rats live in large, subterranean colonies where breeding is restricted to a single female and small number of males. All other members of the colony, known as subordinates, are reproductively suppressed. Subordinates can become breeders if removed from the colony and placed with an opposite sex partner, but in nature most individuals never attain reproductive status. We examined the brains of breeding and subordinate naked mole-rats of both sexes, including several regions linked to reproduction and shown to be sexually dimorphic in other mammals. Stereological analyses revealed that neural morphology depends on status, such that breeders, regardless of sex, had more cells than subordinates in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus and a larger volume of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, paraventricular nucleus, and medial amygdala. Several other brain regions examined were unaffected. Surprisingly, males and females did not differ on any measure. These findings provide evidence that a change in social status triggers considerable neural remodeling and indicate that status, rather than sex, has a predominant role in determining neural structure in this remarkably social mammal.
Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase by human EGF receptor 2/EGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor protects cardiac cells
Authors: Spector Neil L. , Yarden Yosef , Smith Bradley , Lyass Ljuba , Trusk Patricia , Pry Karen , Hill Jason E. , Xia Wenle , Seger Rony , Bacus Sarah S.
Published: June 2007

The human EGF receptor (HER) 2 receptor tyrosine kinase is a survival factor for human cardiomyocytes, and its inhibition may explain the increased incidence of cardiomyopathy associated with the anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody trastuzumab (Genentech, South San Francisco, CA), particularly in patients with prior exposure to cardiotoxic chemotherapies e.g., anthracyclines. Here, we show that GW2974 (HER2/EGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor), but not trastuzumab, activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), initiating a metabolic stress response in human cardiomyocytes that protects against TNFα-induced cell death. GW2974 stimulates calcium dependent fatty acid oxidation
in vitro
and in the myocardium of GW2974-treated rodents. Calcium chelation or siRNA-targeted AMPK knockdown blocks GW2974 induced fatty acid oxidation. In addition, inhibition of AMPK by a specific inhibitor resulted in increased killing of cardiomyocytes. Elucidating the effects of HER2-targeted therapies on AMPK may predict for risk of cardiomyopathy and provide a novel HER2-targeted strategy designed to protect myocardium from the pro-apoptotic effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines released in response to cardiac injury by chemotherapy or acute ischemia.
Ionic effects on viral DNA packaging and portal motor function in bacteriophage φ29
Authors: Fuller Derek N. , Rickgauer John Peter , Jardine Paul J. , Grimes Shelley , Anderson Dwight L. , Smith Douglas E.
Published: June 2007

In many viruses, DNA is confined at such high density that its bending rigidity and electrostatic self-repulsion present a strong energy barrier in viral assembly. Therefore, a powerful molecular motor is needed to package the DNA into the viral capsid. Here, we investigate the role of electrostatic repulsion on single DNA packaging dynamics in bacteriophage φ29 via optical tweezers measurements. We show that ionic screening strongly affects the packing forces, confirming the importance of electrostatic repulsion. Separately, we find that ions affect the motor function. We separate these effects through constant force measurements and velocity versus load measurements at both low and high capsid filling. Regarding motor function, we find that eliminating free Mg
2+
blocks initiation of packaging. In contrast, Na
+
is not required, but it increases the motor velocity by up to 50% at low load. Regarding internal resistance, we find that the internal force was lowest when Mg
2+
was the dominant ion or with the addition of 1 mM Co
3+
. Forces resisting DNA confinement were up to ≈80% higher with Na
+
as the dominant counterion, and only ≈90% of the genome length could be packaged in this condition. The observed trend of the packing forces is in accord with that predicted by DNA charge-screening theory. However, the forces are up to six times higher than predicted by models that assume coaxial spooling of the DNA and interaction potentials derived from DNA condensation experiments. The forces are also severalfold higher than ejection forces measured with bacteriophage λ.
Impact of a Workshop on Motivation to Pursue a Career in Child and Adolescent Mental Health
Authors: Lucassen Mathijs F. G. , Robinson Elizabeth , Merry Sally N.
Published: June 2007

Objective: The aim of the present study was to determine whether a 3 h workshop on child and adolescent mental health positively influenced nursing, occupational therapy and social work students’ career intentions.

Method: Students participating in the study were asked to complete a questionnaire before and after attending the workshop and again at follow up. Post-workshop students and their educators were also asked to complete a questionnaire on the perceived quality of teaching. Career intentions scores were analysed using generalized mixed linear models. The quality of teaching data was analysed using Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U-tests.

Results: The workshops were attended by 373 students and had an immediate positive impact on students’ career intentions in relation to child and adolescent mental health. A repeated measures analysis showed an overall time effect (F2,546=16.29, p <0.0001). A multiple comparison test of this difference showed a highly significant positive increase in career intentions between pre-workshop and post-workshop ratings (p <0.0001), and the magnitude of this difference dropped between post-workshop assessment and follow up (p =0.004). However, there was no significant change between pre-workshop and follow-up ratings (p =0.43). The study also highlighted that a number of students consistently rated working in child and adolescent mental health very favourably.

Conclusions: The workshop did have a positive influence on students’ career intentions, but this change was not enduring. However, a number of students did indicate an interest in working in the area; and enhancing this interest while addressing the lack of training in this area would be worthwhile.