bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Subordinating Intelligence
Authors: Oakley David P.
Published: September 2019

Since September 11, 2001 (9/11), the US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and Department of Defense (DoD) have operated together in Afghanistan, Iraq, and elsewhere during counterterrorism operations. Although the global war on terrorism provided a common purpose, it was actions taken in the late 1980s and 1990s that set the foundation for their current relationship. Driven by the post–Cold War environment and lessons learned, policy makers made military support the Intelligence Community’s top priority. In response, the CIA and DoD instituted changes that altered their relationship. While congressional debates over the Intelligence Community’s future were occurring, the CIA and DoD were expanding their relationship during operations. By the late 1990s, some policy makers and national security professionals became concerned that intelligence support to military operations had gone too far, weakening long-term analysis. Despite concerns, no major changes to intelligence organization or priorities were implemented. These concerns were forgotten after 9/11, as the United States fought two wars and policy makers fixated on terrorism. The DoD/CIA operational relationship has led to successes, but the CIA’s counterterrorism and military support requirements place a significant burden on the organization. As the sole independent US intelligence organization, the CIA was conceived to separate intelligence collection from the institutions that develop and execute policy. Its increased focus on support to military operations weakens this separation, reduces its focus on strategic issues, and risks subordination to the DoD. The CIA and DoD are the ones affected by this evolving relationship, but policy makers’ preference for military force and the militarization of foreign policy has led both organizations down this path.
The Gulf War
Authors: Oakley David P.
Published: September 2019

The attention given General Norman Schwarzkopf’s comments on intelligence shortfalls and the concepts developed to support military operations resulted in Operation Desert Storm being a catalyst for changes in the DoD/CIA relationship. Although similar critiques of intelligence were heard following Operations Urgent Fury and Just Cause, the Desert Storm critiques received more attention and resulted in significant policy and organizational changes. Desert Storm also introduced technologies and concepts that became prominent following 9/11. Concepts such as “fusion center” and “operationalization of intelligence” surfaced during Desert Storm. These concepts matured following 9/11, when the length and type of operations made them necessary and technology made them possible. Desert Storm–era professionals deserve credit for strengthening the intelligence and operations link while also weakening service and interagency parochialism. Intelligence support to military operations during Desert Storm was not error free, but intelligence professionals deserve credit for their effort, ingenuity, teamwork, and support.
The Gulf War’S Aftermath
Authors: Oakley David P.
Published: September 2019

Desert Storm generated significant support for defense reform. This momentum was due in part to the timing of the war and the celebrity status General Schwarzkopf enjoyed following the US victory. With the end of the Cold War on the horizon and domestic pressure building to embrace the “peace dividend,” the conditions were set for policy makers and national security organizations to be more receptive to change. Schwarzkopf’s popularity ensured that any critiques he made were taken seriously and their legitimacy little questioned. Despite Schwarzkopf’s complaints being misplaced and later partially recanted, his words were embraced by policy makers and were influential in building the momentum for change. In this regard, Schwarzkopf can be both criticized for his uninformed criticism of the Intelligence Community and credited for the change his comments helped generate.
Training Model Soldiers at the Whampoa Military Academy
Authors: Xu Yan
Published: September 2019

The first chapter introduces the history of the Whampoa Military Academy by relaying how it began, the intentions behind its foundation, and how cadets were taught civic education. Xu notes how the academy regularly delved into cadets’ personal lives by reading their correspondence and eavesdropping on conversations. Xu continues by examining the speeches and lectures to the cadets of the academy as well as the commandant Chiang Kai-shek’s efforts to build additional branch campuses during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Much of Chiang’s efforts to increase morale within the cadets’ ranks celebrated physical sacrifice as heroic and dutiful, therefore, corroborating in the creation of a specific soldier figure during this time. The memoirs of Whampoa graduates reveal that Chiang’s intentions were not fully achieved since the discourse of the soldier figure constructed by Chiang was confronted or resisted by some Whampoa cadets and provincial warlords
Wartime Soldier Support by Urban Intellectuals and Professionals
Authors: Xu Yan
Published: September 2019

The third chapter shifts to the social perspective by examining depictions of soldiers through war reportage and documents by the urban intellectuals and professionals involved with soldier support activities. Xu analyzes how those urban forces both collaborated with and complicated the heroic rhetoric of the soldier figure constructed by the Chinese Nationalist government. At the forefront, miserable treatment, mental desperation, violent misbehavior, and lack of education became the direct impression of soldiers from the urban publics. Xu further argues that the creation of soldier images different from those in the Nationalist rhetoric revealed the intention of these urban forces to advocate for their political influence as propaganda workers, social mobilizers, and army educators.
Creating Gendered Images of the Soldier Figure in Literary Works
Authors: Xu Yan
Published: September 2019

The fourth chapter operates as a deviation from the previous chapter by looking at a literary perspective of the soldier image through works by writers with direct army or combat experiences. Moreover, this chapter also aims to examine how these writers managed to assert their own influence as social critics, to achieve personal independence, and to advocate for women’s political participation. Xu offers a close reading of three different literary works, including one by a female soldier who had studied at Whampoa Military Academy, in order to critically inspect the gendered images of soldiers and advocate for the participation of women within the political and social sphere of the time.
Conclusion
Authors: Xu Yan
Published: September 2019

Xu concludes the book by emphasizing how pivotal the soldier figure was as the ideological base for Chinese Nationalists and Communists to justify their legitimacy and rule, asserting their political influences and voices by creating an ideal for the nation to look to. Furthermore, Xu notes that the various forces aiding in constructing the soldier figure revealed the existence of diverse trajectories of state-society relations in modern China, summarizing each chapter’s analysis in a culmination of the different forces at work.
Wise Man?
Authors: Trauschweizer Ingo
Published: September 2019

In the final chapter I widen the chronology to consider Taylor’s advice and commentary into the 1980s. Taylor appeared as a “Wise Man” in deliberations on Vietnam; he was one of the final holdouts who thought the president should stay the course even after the Tet Offensive. He remained a liberal Cold War hawk in his public commentaries throughout the 1970s, when he became a member of the Committee on the Present Danger. In his 1984 testimony before a congressional committee that would ultimately craft the 1986 Goldwater-Nichols Act, Taylor stated that the JCS could not be reformed—the committee needed to be torn down. He remained consistent: he preferred one general to command the armed forces and offer powerful advice aligned with the president’s foreign policy.
Origins of Marine Corps Aviation
Authors: Johnson Wray R. , Johnson Wray R.
Published: September 2019

This chapter explores the advent of aviation in the US Marine Corps, beginning with the determination of Alfred A. Cunningham to excite the Corps’ interest in the possibilities of heavier-than-air powered flight. This is followed by an examination of the employment of Marine Corps aviation in World War I, including predeployment training and combat operations. The chapter concludes by addressing the import of this experience, especially with regard to the development of Marine Corps aviation in the small wars era.
Proving Ground
Authors: Johnson Wray R. , Johnson Wray R.
Published: September 2019

This chapter examines the US Marine Corps’ experience during the occupation of Haiti from 1915 to 1934. The chapter provides background to the intervention and a discussion of initial military operations against Haitian caco irregulars, followed by a detailed examination of the introduction and employment of Marine Corps aviation. A key theme is adaptation and innovation, given that the tactics employed during World War I were not well suited to the intervention and later occupation. The chapter concludes with Haitianization and the withdrawal of the marines, including aviation, in 1934.
Marine Corps Aviation Comes of Age
Authors: Johnson Wray R. , Johnson Wray R.
Published: September 2019

This chapter brings US Marine Corps aviation into the modern age, using the intervention in Nicaragua in 1927 as a backdrop. The chapter provides background to the intervention, followed by a detailed examination of the transformation of Marine Corps aviation, including the introduction of modern aircraft, more fully developed tactics such as dive-bombing, and the innovative use of transportation aviation. Highlights include the rise of Augusto Sandino as insurgent leader, the first unassisted air attack on an enemy position, the maturation of air-ground operations, and the employment of Marine Corps aviation during Nicaraguan elections in 1928 and 1934, as well as disaster relief operations following a devastating earthquake in Managua in 1931.
Ridley Scott
Authors: LoBrutto Vincent
Published: September 2019

This, the first biography of film director Ridley Scott, investigates the life and moving-image work of a major cinema artist. Ridley Scott is a supreme visualist who applies artistry to telling motion picture narratives. The influence of his early work in commercials, television projects, short films, and music videos is explored. The arc of his life experience is examined to provide a total picture of the man, with emphasis on the look and content of his films. Each Ridley Scott film is presented from a series of views: conception, production, postproduction, critical and social reactions, box office results, and impact on his long and continuing career. Scott’s ability to make and release feature films on a regular timetable and run a multifaceted production company at the same time reveals his stamina and work ethic. Thematic patterns in Ridley Scott’s filmography give further insight into his artistic personality; he repeatedly examines subjects such as war, the nature of the male of the species, and the strength of women. Scott deals with these themes through hands-on collaboration with screenwriters and film craft artists such as the director of photography, production designer, and editor. The book embraces the concept that Ridley Scott is a complex artist driven to apply his art in a constant flow of projects. This biography will fill in many gaps of the life and films of this British-born director, who is known and respected by audiences, film critics, and scholars all over the globe.
Columbus Days
Authors: LoBrutto Vincent
Published: September 2019

In 1992, on the five hundredth anniversary of the world-changing voyage of Christopher Columbus, Ridley Scott created a movie that showed the personal side of the explorer. Extensive research was poured into the project as well as insights from Columbus’s diary, which was inherited by his son. The production was lavish and exotic. The culture of the people who lived where Columbus landed is portrayed with realism and authenticity. The performances, especially that of Gérard Depardieu, are engaging. Ridley Scott captures history with meticulous location shooting and intricate lighting and composition that define the period. The film did not get great reviews and box office was unimpressive. Controversy over who Christopher Columbus really was and what he actually accomplished continues to swirl, but 1492: Conquest of Paradise brings layers of insight into his life and larger-than-life personality.
Ridley Scott’s Spartacus
Authors: LoBrutto Vincent
Published: September 2019

Ridley Scott ventured into what was once known as the “sand and sandals” genre with a film inspired by Stanley Kubrick’s Spartacus. This film marked the first of many performances by Russell Crowe in a Ridley Scott film; here he appeared as Maximus, a man who fell from grace as a soldier to become a slave gladiator greatly popular with the crowds. Scott and his production designer Arthur Max diligently re-created ancient Rome utilizing partial sets and state-of-the-art digital technology. Gladiator was a huge box office hit and was heavily nominated at the Academy Awards, winning for Best Picture, Best Actor (Crowe), Best Costumes, and Best Visual Effects. The film embraced many themes, including power and class distinction, and portrayed the brutality of the Coliseum like never before.
I Spy
Authors: LoBrutto Vincent
Published: September 2019

In Body of Lies Ridley Scott explores the relentless clash of ideologies and religion in the Middle East. This realistic spy movie doesn’t take the usual dashing and romantic approach; it is gritty and violent. Roger Ferris, played by Leonardo DiCaprio, is on dangerous ground differentiating those who want to help him from those who want to kill him. To further complicate his life, his CIA boss, Ed Hoffman, portrayed by Russell Crowe, who communicates with his operative primarily via telephonic communication, is working against Ferris behind his back for his own political and personal purposes. Although the film has a logic of its own, audiences found it confusing and critics gave it mostly negative reviews.
At Law
Authors: LoBrutto Vincent
Published: September 2019

Ridley Scott was an ardent admirer of noted author Cormac McCarthy. He had earlier come close to adapting one of McCarthy’s novels, Blood Meridian, but in the end found it difficult to translate to the screen and also believed it contained too much graphic violence. When Scott learned that Cormac McCarthy had written his first original screenplay, The Counselor, a deal was struck. The film tells the story of an unnamed lawyer who becomes financially involved with a drug cartel―with a disastrous outcome when the deal goes wrong and the cartel sets about its bloody revenge. The Counselor is a dark and grim film with some violent set pieces that are difficult to watch. The film was poorly received by audiences and critics.
True Crime Again
Authors: LoBrutto Vincent
Published: September 2019

This film follows the real-life story of the kidnapping of mega-rich John Paul Getty’s grandson, who was held in a remote area in Italy. Kevin Spacey was cast and filmed as Getty. After the film was complete, a major scandal broke out concerning allegations of the actor’s sexual misconduct. Scott made the difficult decision to remake the parts of the movie in which Spacey had appeared, an extensive undertaking. Veteran actor Christopher Plummer took on the role. Scott was applauded for his moral stance and for pulling off a major cinematic feat―he completed the reshoots and editing just before the release date.
The American Mission Comes to Korea
Authors: Fields David P.
Published: September 2019

Chapter 1 examines the importance of American missionaries both to US-Korean relations and to the transmission of the American mission from one society to the other. This chapter describes Rhee’s first encounter with the American mission via American missionaries, how he came to realize the potential of invoking the American mission for his own personal and nationalistic aspirations, and how such invocations were essential to him establishing himself as a leader of exiled Koreans in the United States.
The Atlantic War, 1939–1945
Authors: Milner Marc
Published: September 2019

This chapter by Marc Milner challenges the popular perception of the "Battle of the Atlantic" as a shooting war, and the notion that Allied strategy was impaired by the depredations of Germany's U-boats. He asserts that the Atlantic war of 1939-45 is better understood like the great maritime wars of the age of sail, in which battle played a small part in the larger struggle for resource accumulation and the application of power ashore. The British and Canadians understood the Atlantic war in precisely this way, and focused on avoidance of the enemy as their primary method of defending shipping. In contrast, the USN followed a Mahanian concept of naval warfare in which destruction of the enemy was the underlying concept of escort operations. In this "new" paradigm, the Allied (really British) victory over the U-boats in 1943 was not something that could be achieved quickly. Rather, like the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805, it was the culmination of a long process that forced the enemy to stand and fight in a campaign he had already lost.
“Immobilized by Reason of Repair” and by the Choice “Between Lithgow and Hitler”
Authors: Smith Kevin
Published: September 2019

This chapter by Kevin Smith examines Britain's survival in the Second World War and how it depended upon maintaining its lines of maritime communications for overseas supplies. Obsession with anti-submarine warfare obscures examination of complementary British managerial efforts to maximize merchant shipping capacity – especially through the key task of rapid, thorough repair of damaged cargo vessels. An examination of the comparative cost to shipping capacity imposed by submarine attacks and by repair delays illustrates the need to integrate our analysis of the managerial and martial aspects of maritime warfare by suggesting that even after acknowledging the permanent loss of sunken ships, the much larger volume of ships immobilized by reason of repair imposed a comparable reduction in cargo capacity. Consequently, Britain's dependence upon American allocations of newly-built cargo vessels was exacerbated. One especially important impediment to repairing ships (and a legacy of the Great Depression) was bitter class conflict between shipyard workers and shipbuilders, especially the Admiralty Controller of Merchant Shipbuilding and Repair – as well as between that Controller and the Minister of Labour. This chapter suggests new avenues toward situating maritime warfare in a broader context.
The Fleet Air Arm and Trade Defense, 1939–1944
Authors: Jones Ben
Published: September 2019

This chapter by Ben Jones examines the efforts of the Fleet Air Arm to assist in the defense of Britain's sea-borne trade, especially in the Atlantic and Arctic, between 1939–1944. It assesses early setbacks, the hunting for surface raiders, and the options considered to deploy aircraft at sea in defense of convoys. In the early war years, the Fleet Air Arm was thinly-spread and lacked the resources for trade defense. Due to a lack of other assets, the Royal Navy was forced to employ its escort carriers for a range of duties, rather than just trade defense, and the arguments with the Americans over their employment will be explored. Finally, the effectiveness of the Fleet Air Arm's aircraft in the anti-submarine role is assessed in terms of their design, the types of operations they undertook, and the weapons they carried. There is a comparison between the success of the escort carriers of the British and American navies in the anti-submarine role and an explanation of why the latter achieved greater success.
Intolerance and Argument Expression
Authors: Cross Ben ,   Department of Philosophy, Florida State University
Published: September 2019

Most philosophers seem to think that argument expression is not normally a form of intolerance. Call this the ‘argument-friendly view’ of intolerance. In this article, I argue that the case for the argument-friendly view is much weaker than commonly thought. I consider three possible arguments for the argument-friendly view and conclude that all three fail. This leaves us with a choice: either reject the argument-friendly view, or accept it as a feature of the concept of tolerance which has no rational basis apart from our everyday usage of the term.
Re-Excavating Jerusalem
Authors: Prag Kay
Published: September 2019

Re-excavating Jerusalem: Archival Archaeology is concerned with the archaeology and history of Jerusalem. It is a story of ongoing crises, of adaptations, inheritance and cultural transmission over many centuries under successive rulers, where each generation owed a cultural debt to its predecessors, from the Bronze Age to the modern world. It is not a summary history of occupation over four millennia, but rather a reflection of events as revealed in a major programme of archaeological excavation conducted by Dame Kathleen Kenyon in the 1960s, which is still in process of publication. The excavation archive has an ongoing relevance, even though knowledge of the city and its inhabitants has increased over the decades since then, revealing fresh insights to set against contemporary work. The preservation of such archives has great importance for future historians. Among topics addressed are the nature of a dispersed settlement pattern in the 2nd millennium BC; a fresh look at the vexed problems of the biblical accounts of the work of David and Solomon and the development of the city in the 10th and 9th centuries BC; the nature of the fortifications of the town re-established by Nehemiah in the 5th century BC; some evidence of the Roman occupation following the almost total destruction of the city in AD 70; and an exploration within the Islamic city during the 12th to 15th centuries. The latter illustrates the endless interest in Jerusalem shown by the outside world.
Introduction Film history meets translation history: The lure of the archive
Authors: Cornu Jean-François
Published: September 2019

This introductory chapter highlights how film translation history is a new discipline, a coming together of film history and translation history. It provides a definition of film translation as encompassing all the conventional modes of film translation of the silent and talking periods. Because of the polysemiotic nature of the film medium, film translation includes related interventions of all kinds, such as editing changes and image and sound manipulation. The chapter also emphasises how this volume is driven by a multidisciplinary and international approach to film translation history, and contributes to scholarship seeking to transnationalise film history. It details the aims and structure of the book, and shows how crucial archival and access issues are to understanding the evolution of film translation, and to raising awareness about the nature of the films we watch and listen to.
Disambiguating the Perceptual Assumption
Authors: Corns Jennifer
Published: September 2019

Deroy and Auvray together with Ptito et al. have argued against what they dub ‘the perceptual assumption’, which they claim underlies all previous research into sensory substitution devices (SSDs). In this chapter, I argue that the perceptual assumption needs to be disambiguated in three distinct ways: (A) SSD use is best modelled as a known, ‘natural’ modality; (B) SSD use is best modelled as a unique sensory modality full stop; and (C) SSD use is best modelled as a perceptual process. Different theorists are variously committed to these distinct claims. More importantly, evaluating A, B, or C for rejection depends on distinct evidence of difference between SSD use and (A) each natural modality, (B) any modality, and (C) perceptual processing. I argue that even if the offered evidence of difference for A–C is granted, Auvray and Deroy’s advocated rejections are not entailed; it remains to be shown that the identified differences undermine the appropriate use of the corresponding models.
Sensory Substitution and Perceptual Learning
Authors: Connolly Kevin
Published: September 2019

When a user integrates a sensory substitution device into her life, the process involves perceptual learning, that is, ‘relatively long-lasting changes to an organism’s perceptual system that improve its ability to respond to its environment’. In this chapter, I explore ways in which the extensive literature on perceptual learning can be applied to help improve sensory substitution devices. I then use these findings to answer a philosophical question. Much of the philosophical debate surrounding sensory substitution devices concerns what happens after perceptual learning occurs. In particular, should the resultant perceptual experience be classified in the substituted modality (as vision), in the substituting modality (as auditory or tactile), or in a new sense modality? I propose a novel empirical test to help resolve this philosophical debate.
Sensory Substitution and Non-Sensory Feelings
Authors: Suarez David , Acosta-Navas Diana , Baysan Umut , Connolly Kevin
Published: September 2019

One limitation of sensory substitution devices (SSDs) is their inability to reproduce the non-sensory feelings that are normally associated with visual experiences, especially hedonic responses. This is sometimes reported to cause SSD users frustration and it is unclear that improvements in acuity, bandwidth, or training will resolve the issue. We offer a novel solution. Researchers can produce hedonic responses by eliciting these feelings artificially, pairing distal objects that should be pleasurable to pleasurable outputs from the SSD. We outline two strategies for accomplishing this: first, by means of a prefixed, hardwired association of distal objects to SSD outputs; and second, by means of a flexible, feedback-based association created by subject-directed matching of distal objects to SSD outputs. We evaluate both strategies, and argue that the feedback-based strategy is more promising. Researchers could use this strategy to help the blind, allowing them to take pleasure in objects they perceive using SSDs.
The Politics of Numbers: Beyond Methodological Challenges in Research on Forced Labour
Authors: Phillips Nicola
Published: September 2019

This Chapter develops the argument that the challenges of researching forced labour are not simply methodological or practical, but also intrinsically and intensely political, and that this politics of numbers is too often overlooked. The Chapter considers the politics of quantification with a focus on the twin issues of ‘what is counted’ and ‘where you look’. It considers the politics of how data on forced labour are used, exploring political uses of data both in abstract terms and in concrete domestic and international contexts, and reflects on the challenges thereby posed for future research on forced labour at the global level.
The Visualization of the Orlando Furioso
Authors: Bolzoni Lina
Published: September 2019

Orlando Furioso by Ludovico Ariosto, published in 1516 (and later in 1521 and 1532), very quickly became a bestseller, the first great classic of modernity. An important part of this success was due to the fact that illustrations began to be produced for the poem almost immediately. We will see how the early illustrated editions of the Orlando Furioso clearly attempted to influence its reception and the memory of the reader, while at the same time addressing the themes and narrative structure of the text. This essay will analyse the enduring popularity of the visual imagery of the poem, beginning with the emblems that frame the text in the editions prepared for publication by the author himself and concluding with an example of video art that reinterprets the illustrations from the Valgrisi edition published in 1556.
The Furioso in Translation
Authors: McLaughlin Martin
Published: September 2019

The year 1974, the 500th anniversary of Ariosto’s birth, inaugurated an unprecedented upsurge of interest in the Orlando Furioso both in Italy and in English-speaking countries. In the UK Peter Brand published the first post-war English monograph on the poet. The same year also saw the publication of Guido Waldman’s prose translation of the poem for Oxford University Press, while Barbara Reynolds’ two-volume verse translation for Penguin appeared in 1973 and 1977. This chapter asks what sort of Furioso do British readers encounter in these two twentieth-century translations? There is as yet no substantial comparison of these two versions, so this essay attempts to fill that gap by sampling the renderings of some problematic erotic episodes from Ariosto’s epic. What emerges is a range of translation errors, omissions and euphemisms but also some intelligent, felicitous solutions that combine intertextual allusions to British culture, the British imaginary and its literary traditions.
The Orlando Furioso, Writing and the Construction of Meaning
Authors: Gardini Nicola
Published: September 2019

Nicola Gardini explores the notion of semantic truth in Orlando Furioso. It demonstrates that writing works as the ideal space for the expression of truth. Yet, as is characteristic of Ariosto, writing does not come across as a one-sided notion, that is, the ultimate guarantee of truth. Indeed, Ariosto tells us it can lie just like everyday speech or other kinds of verbal practice, including slander and magic. Resting on linguists’ opposition between referential and relational semantics (which Richard Waswo also investigated in one of his books) and exploring the two kinds of semantics respectively in Zerbino’s and others’ scripts and Saint John’s attack on the truthfulness of ancient poets, Gardini argues that literary writing is thematized in Orlando Furioso as ultimately resisting direct referentiality, while not denying the ideal of truth altogether. Ariosto shows that poetry creates meaning relationally, that is, through hermeneutic challenges and ironic strategies.
Tony Harrison’s Polygonal Ode to Delphi
Authors: Taplin Oliver
Published: September 2019

This chapter sets out to map the leading themes and motifs in Tony Harrison’s recent long poem, Polygons (2015). It particularly traces the poets alluded to, and the places around Delphi which recur in vivid evocation. These are woven together to create a highly personal response to a locality that has meant a great deal to the poet, incorporating his work there, which included Trackers; his close collaborations with Jocelyn Herbert; the loving companionship of Sian Thomas; Mount Parnassus, especially Melpomene the Muse of tragedy; the addictive and restorative qualities of the waters of Castalia. The news of the death of Seamus Heaney, which reached him at Delphi in 2013 leads him to elegiac thoughts on his own survival and mortality. The overarching claim is that this poem has many of the characteristics of Tony Harrison’s most creative Poetry.
Tony Harrison: Nigeria, Masque and Masks
Authors: Bower Rachel
Published: September 2019

Rachel Bower pays unprecedented attention to Aikin Mata, the version of Aristophanes’ bawdy comedy Lysistrata that Harrison wrote and produced with the Irish poet, James Simmons, when they were teaching at Ahmadu Bello University in Northern Nigeria in 1965. She argues that this encounter with indigenous African performance idioms has had a lasting influence on his later creative practice as well as the emergence of intercultural approaches in world theatre more widely.
The Only Tone for Terror: Tony Harrison and the Gorgon’s Gaze
Authors: Stead Henry
Published: September 2019

This chapter introduces the reader to Tony Harrison’s audiovisual poetry, composed for and broadcast on British television through the late 1980s and 1990s. Harrison has to date made twelve full documentary film-poems, and one film-poem feature, entitled Prometheus (1998). They all brim with the darker side of European history, current affairs and class politics, and explore what limits of what poetry might do, and how it might do it, in the televisual age. The chapter sets Harrison’s film poetry in its cultural context by paying attention to the poet’s major influences in the experimental medium (John Grierson’s GPO film unit and early Soviet filmmaking), before homing in on his 1992 film-poem The Gaze of the Gorgon as a species of social psychotherapy. The act of gazing at the Medusa-like and thus usually petrifying image of twentieth-century atrocity is offered here not as a ‘dope’ to mankind, but a stimulant towards its cure. The film-poem draws explicitly on Nietzsche’s concept of ‘Dionysiac art’ and Simone Weil’s pacifist notion of ‘force’, and Robert Jay Lifton’s work on trauma and the holocaust. Harrison’s hugely ambitious and uniquely accessible film-poems are currently publically unavailable. Are they the ‘missing link’ in the evolution of contemporary film and video poetry?
Name Changes of Individuals
Authors: Corsten Thomas
Published: September 2019

The practice of changing the name of an individual is attested in ancient literature, papyri and inscriptions, which constitute the basis for the present analysis. These changes can be divided into different groups, among which the following are singled: name changes of slaves; name changes as a consequence of changes in status or of “Hellenisation” and “Romanisation”; name changes in cases of conversion from one religion to another, in particular by Christians. The aim of the paper is to examine some examples of each kind and to find out the possible reasons for the substitution of one name by a new one.
Être femme et immigrante : l’intégration socioéconomique des femmes en région nordique au Québec
Authors: Castro Carol , Villeneuve Patrick
Published: September 2019

Cette recherche qualitative vise à mieux comprendre les facteursqui favorisent ou qui entravent l’intégrationsocioéconomique des femmes immigrantes en région nordiqueau Québec. Résultats : le discours des femmesinterviewées montre que les facteurs ayant facilité leurintégration, après quelques années en solabitibien, sont : le fait de suivre des cours de langue, lavalidation de leurs diplômes, le fait d’être encouple, la présence d’un réseau d’amis,l’intégration des enfants et la sécuritééconomique procurée par leur conjoint. Àl’inverse, les obstacles ayant nui à cetteintégration sont : les barrières linguistiques, unmanque de formations variées pour les femmes immigrantes enrégion et la non-disponibilité des certains servicesmédicaux de troisième ligne. Conclusion : cetteétude démontre la nécessité de porter uneattention particulière à l’exosystème (parex. le monde du travail ainsi que l’organisation des servicessociaux, communautaires et éducatifs) et au macrosystème(les valeurs et normes de la société d’accueil)afin que les femmes immigrantes en région nordique connaissentune intégration plus harmonieuse.
Intervention sociojudiciaire en violence conjugale : état des connaissances
Authors: Lalande Célyne , Gauthier Sonia , Damant Dominique
Published: September 2019

Dans le présent article, la recension des écrits effectuée dans le cadre d’une recherche au sujet de l’intervention sociojudiciaire en violence conjugale sera présentée. Nous désignons par « intervention sociojudiciaire » l’ensemble des services spécialisés, mécanismes de concertation et systèmes de réponse coordonnée en violence conjugale où des interventions psychosociales et judiciaires sont liées. En vue de mieux connaître ces pratiques, nous tracerons d’abord l’évolution de la réponse sociale à la violence conjugale ailleurs et au Québec. Ensuite, le portrait général de l’intervention sociojudiciaire en matière de violence conjugale sera brossé en portant une attention particulière à son actualisation au Québec. Enfin, les impacts connus de ces interventions seront exposés par le biais d’une synthèse des études les ayant évaluées.
Before the bond
Authors: Hines Claire
Published: September 2019

This chapter begins by recognising the apparent coincidence that both James Bond and Playboy magazine first entered popular culture in 1953. It goes on to make the case that this can in fact be explained with reference to the publishing industry, certain influences on the lives and imaginations of creators Ian Fleming and Hugh Hefner, and the social and cultural climate of the post-war era. The strong coincidence of Fleming’s first Bond novel, Casino Royale, and Hefner’s Playboy being published in the same year, though on opposite sides of the Atlantic, appears less accidental when understood within the wider context of the 1950s, as do the changes that were made to the pre-existing literary formulas of the spy thriller and the men’s magazine. Looking at the post-war contexts of Britain and America, the chapter demonstrates that the early Bond novels and Playboy negotiated aspects of the changing social and cultural circumstances in similar ways, creating a playboy lifestyle fantasy that celebrated independence from the traditional breadwinner ideal.
‘Qui fait la France?’ New configurations of Frenchness in contemporary urban fiction
Authors: Puig Steve
Published: September 2019

This essay traces the change in focus from beur literature in the 1980s to urban literature in the 1990s onwards. Whereas beur literature showed characters torn between their original culture and their adopted culture, urban literature presents characters claiming and asserting their belonging to France and refusing to be confined to racist stereotypes. Relying on a collection of short stories entitled Chroniques d’une société annoncée published in 2005 by a group of writers named Qui Fait la France?, Puig shows how the short stories give fresh and different representations of people living in the banlieue.
The immigrant in Abdellatif Kechiche’s cinematic work: transcending the question of origins
Authors: Mrabet Emna
Published: September 2019

This chapter examines Abdellatif Kechiche’s movies La faute à Voltaire (2000), L’Esquive (2002) et La graine et le mulet (2007) which tell the stories of three characters of Maghrebi origins from three different generations: Krimo (L’Esquive), Jallel (La faute à Voltaire) and Slimane (La graine et le mulet). It examines how, from narrative and cinematographic perspectives, a three-generation time span produces characters and communities whose characteristics, idiosyncrasies and quest differ from one another. Furthermore, the article points out the different cultural references displayed by the film director, who anchors his characters within a culturally hybrid environment, thereby attempting to thwart the traps of communitarianism and to transcend the question of origins
Unearthing the father’s secret: postmemory and identity in harki and pied noir narratives
Authors: Machelidon Véronique
Published: September 2019

Focusing on memories of the Algerian War of Independence, this article follows historian Benjamin Stora’s call to find common memorial spaces and bridge the gap between different memory groups involved in a traumatic past. It compares two literary works from different postcolonial constituencies, one written by a harki daughter, Dalila Kerchouche, and the other by a pied-noir son, Thierry Galdeano, both of which have at their core the search for the father’s secret linked to his role in the war. The discovery of the father’s mystery takes each narrator-protagonist on a postmemorial quest that results in personal growth, helping the two protagonists find their identity and place within French society. The article argues that only the pied noir son performs the reconciliation between harki and pied noir experiences, thus pointing to the possible creation of the sort of memorial bridge that can end the individual trauma and collective amnesia that are the postcolonial legacies of the Algerian War of Independence.
Rewriting the memory of immigration: Samuel Zaoui’s Saint Denis bout du monde
Authors: Breton Mireille Le
Published: September 2019

This article reflects on the memory of North-African immigration in twentieth-century France, and focuses more particularly on the fate of the chibanis, the first generation of immigrants who came from Algeria to work in France during the economic boom of the post WWII era. Grounded in the works of historians of memory Nora and Ricoeur, this chapter analyzes how Samuel Zaoui’s novel Saint Denis Bout du monde portrays first-generation immigrants in a new light. Indeed, moving away from the traditional, largely negative, stories of loss, the novel partakes of new narratives of regaining and repairing, what Susan Ireland calls ‘a kind of Narrative recovery.’ The novel can be read as the story of the forgotten generation, which repairs collective amnesia as it regains memory, in order to reconcile itself with the past. This article goes further to show how a new narrative of reconciliation is able to trigger the shift in the episteme of migrant literature.
Manufacturing and selling meat
Authors: Lever John , Fischer Johan
Published: September 2019

This chapter explores the manufacture and production of kosher and halal meat (both red meat and poultry) in London and Manchester in the UK and also Denmark with specific reference to audits/inspections, legislation, networking, product innovation and certification. The reason for focusing on the UK in particular is, firstly, the UK has large Jewish and expanding Muslim communities as well as some well-known kosher and halal certification bodies. At the same time this market is far more complex than the market in Denmark.
Halal consumers
Authors: Lever John , Fischer Johan
Published: September 2019

In this chapter we explore how Muslim consumers in the UK and Denmark understand and practice halal consumption in their everyday lives. The specific focus is how consumers make sense of buying/eating meat and non-meat products. Another important theme explored is how Muslim consumers understand and practice everyday (halal) food consumption in the UK and Denmark.
Particular skills: warrant officers in the Royal Navy, 1775–1815
Authors: Wilson Evan
Published: September 2019

Historians of the Royal Navy in the age of sail have focused their attention on two groups of men: the commissioned officers and the lower deck. Few have bothered to study the men in the middle: the warrant officers, whose particular skills were necessary on board. Masters, pursers, chaplains, and surgeons—the warrant officers of wardroom rank—straddled the civilian and military worlds. They therefore provide a unique window into both the Royal Navy’s command structure and the continuing significance and evolution of social status boundaries in Georgian Britain. This paper focuses on warrant officers during the half-decade following the battle of Trafalgar, when British manpower resources were stretched thinly and exhausted from more than a decade of operations. Between 1805 and 1808, the Admiralty enacted a series of reforms designed to alleviate some of these problems. To make a career as a warrant officer more attractive, the reforms granted surgeons uniforms, increased surgeons’, pursers’, and masters’ pay, and gave all of them a larger share of the prize money spoils. The reforms acknowledged, both implicitly and explicitly, that warrant officers sat uncomfortably in the naval hierarchy. They were crucial to the Navy’s operations, but they lacked the social prestige and promotion prospects of commissioned officers. The reforms suggest that naval administrators were finally beginning to recognize the significance and social standing of warrant officers.
Salt water in the blood: race, indigenous naval recruitment and British colonialism, 1934–41
Authors: Spence Daniel Owen
Published: September 2019

The British Empire reached its greatest extent at the end of the First World War, but the Royal Navy’s ability to uphold Britain’s global interests was limited by economic downturn and the 1922 Washington Naval Treaty. To mitigate this imperial overstretch, over 40,000 Asian, African, Caribbean and Pacific sailors were recruited into colonial navies and reserves by the time of the Second World War. These units physically and psychologically fortified British colonialism against internal and external dissidents, indoctrinating imperial discourses of power that reinforced racialised systems of hierarchy and control; ‘Anglo-Saxonism’ and ‘Orientalism’ delineated chains-of-command where paternalistic British officers instructed ‘native’ ratings in their ‘civilising mission’ to ‘develop’ the ‘character’ of a ‘modern’ navy. ‘Martial race’ theory, which ethnically categorised ‘natural’ soldiers, served to ‘divide and rule’ by promoting imperially-loyal groups over those threatening the status quo, and for naval recruiters a distinctly ‘seafaring race’ theory evolved around maritime semantics with a similar imperial purpose. Utilising transnational research which reconciles ‘official’ and ‘subaltern’ sources from the Caribbean, Africa, and Asia, this chapter examines the social and cultural impact of naval-indigenous interactions upon racial identities, colonial ethnic relations, imperial power and decolonisation at the end of the British Empire.
‘What is the British Navy doing?’ The Royal Navy’s image problem in War Illustrated magazine
Authors: Rayner Jonathan
Published: September 2019

This paper examines the problematic representation of the Royal Navy and its war roles in the popular magazine War Illustrated, between the outbreak of the First World War and the Battle of Jutland. The difficulties affecting the illustration of the Navy’s contribution and responsibilities within the mushrooming conflict are fore-grounded in this publication, which records and depicts the war’s events through reportage, editorials, photography and the work of war artists. Against a backdrop of failure and stalemate in the battles on land, the magazine’s negotiation of conflicting requirements of propaganda, politics and patriotic investment in the Navy produces a complex, critical portrait of the Senior Service in the years before the focal point of its war role and image, at the anticipated fleet-to-fleet encounter at Jutland.
The gentleman's mistress
Authors: Thornton Tim , Carlton Katharine
Published: September 2019

This is an exploration of the extent and implications of the pre- and extra-marital relationships of the gentry and nobility in the period 1450–1640 in the north of England. It challenges assumptions about the extent to which such activity declined in the period in question, and hence about the impact of Protestantism and other changes to the culture of the elite. The book is a major contribution to the literature on marriage and sexual relationships, on family and kinship and their impacts on wider social networks, and on gender.