bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Information support of management of the land resources of the Russian Federation
Authors: Demyanova A D , Schastlivetskaya E A , Lipski S A
Published: November 2019

Informational support is an integral part of effective land management. At the present stage, the Unified State Register of Real Estate (hereinafter - EGRN) is an informational database, which management decisions are based on. However, the quantity and quality of the information contained in the EGRN is not enough to pursue an effective management policy related to the country’s land resources. This work presents a model of interaction between various informational systems, which allow adjusting and supplementing the EGRN database, thereby ensuring an increase in the quality of management related to the country’s land resources.
Monitoring the process of bioremediation and revegetation of a phosphogypsum waste stack by remote sensing
Authors: Ermolaev N R , Belobrov V P , Yudin S A , Torochkov E L
Published: November 2019

Production of phosphorus-containing fertilizers is related with the problem of reclamation of phosphogypsum dumps formed during the processing of Apatite-nepheline ore. In this regard, some attention should be paid to biological remediation as the most effective ecological method. Biological reclamation is one of the ways to protect the environment in the formation of phosphogypsum dumps. In this article, we propose a method for assessing the effectiveness of remediation using phyto monitoring using satellite data, which are used as the results of remote sensing. The proposed method allows estimating the volume and state of biomass of plants forming vegetation cover on the surface of man-made massif.
Information support for sustainable development of coastal areas of the Far East
Authors: Lepekhin P P , Stolyarov V M , Ivanova N A , Savinova S V
Published: November 2019

The article considers problems and prospects of reducing the risks of occurrence of emergency situations of natural and technogenic character in the coastal river areas, as well as the usage for operational informing of the population of a comprehensive system that includes Federal, regional and local information centres. It is shown that the solution of the problem is based on the formation of information about emergency situations, their consequences, the state of radiation, chemical, medical, biological, explosive, fire and environmental safety in these areas, taking into account the coastal and transboundary situation to ensure their sustainable development. The authors defined the indicators and presented a strategy for collecting information and proposed a comprehensive system of support for management decisions aimed at preventing natural and man-made emergencies for the river coastal territory (RCT) of the Far East regions.
Sustainable development of the Amur river coastal areas
Authors: Murasheva A A , Khlystun V N , Lebedev P P , Lepekhin P P , Vdovenko A V
Published: November 2019

The sustainable development of the coastal areas of the Amur River is considered as an integrated use of the natural-technical system consisting of a set of interrelated elements aimed at ensuring the state of socio-economic sustainability of the coastal areas of the rivers of the Far Eastern Federal District as a whole. The improvement of the integrated management mechanisms was considered on the basis of a comprehensive system analysis of the coastal areas of the Amur River. This analysis was carried out in several stages, using elements aimed at ensuring the sustainability of the development of the coastal areas of the rivers of the Amur River basin.
Methods of land management when locating tea plantations
Authors: Papaskiri T V , Peng Yu , Kasyanov A E , Semochkin V N , Ananicheva E P , Volkov I V
Published: November 2019

The article deals with the issues of modernization of land management as an economic branch. Due to digitalization of the economy, modernization is aimed at creating a digital land management system. The article analyzes land management methods used for location of tea plantations. The potential of the tea industry in China and other leading tea producing countries was analyzed.
Prediction of agricultural land use
Authors: Rasskazova A , Sinits Yu
Published: November 2019

In the article the authors examined the role of forecasting in the system of agricultural land use management. Particular attention was paid to the choice of a method for predicting agricultural land use. The classification of formalized methods of agricultural land use forecasting was highlighted, which include extrapolation and modeling methods. The authors examined the features of each forecasting method and the possibility of its use for predicting agricultural land use. The experience of forecasting agricultural land use in India is considered. The study was based on the work of Russian and foreign scientists like A.A. Varalamov, S.A. Galchenko, A. Pankrats, S. Makridakis and others.
Protection of coastal territories of Russian water reservoirs using land management methods
Authors: Sorokina O A , Petrova L E , Dontsov A V , Fedorinov A V , Antropov D V
Published: November 2019

The article discusses protection methods for coastal areas of large Russian reservoirs from flooding. The object is the Saratov water reservoir which has a significant destructive effect on the adjacent territories. The methods of land monitoring and land management are applied to protect real estate objects from flooding. Recommendations for improving territorial planning schemes of municipalities adjacent to reservoirs are suggested.
Digital land management: new approaches and technologies
Authors: Volkov S N , Cherkashina E V , Shapovalov D A
Published: November 2019

The article analyzes problems of implementation of the “digital agriculture” program. The role of modern land management in implementing tasks of effective land management is described. Opportunities of modern departmental information systems when addressing issues of geographic information support of the agro-industrial complex are considered. New approaches and digital land management technologies providing a significant (up to 30%) increase in the efficiency of land use were suggested. The need for training the staff under digitalization of the industry was emphasized.
Current geoecological status of the specially protected natural area “Crane Homeland” (based on materials proposed by the Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the Moscow Region)
Authors: Lukianova T S , Shirokova V A , Khutorova A O , Yurova Yu D
Published: November 2019

The article describes the current state of the geoecosystem of the reserve “Crane Homeland”. The authors take into consideration the consequences of improper drainage land-reclamation carried out in past decades in Apsarevskoe tract and Dubna water-swamp complex. Cutting down and uprooting the forest strip along the river Dubna in the vicinity of the Island village have led to the destruction of bird (Cyanistes cyanus) nests. In addition, the article points to poaching and spring fires occurred in a number of other places.
Current state of the specially protected natural area “Novosurinsky” in Mozhaisk District of Moscow Region
Authors: Lukianova T S , Shirokova V A , Khutorova A O , Yurova Yu D
Published: November 2019

This article is devoted to the description of the status of the specially protected natural area “Novosurinsky” in Mozhaisk district of Moscow region. The study of the reserve requires constant monitoring of its territory. Despite the strict requirements for the protection of the ecosystem, its preservation and maintenance of the ecological balance, there are negative impacts in the form of littering in the studied reserve. The arrival of vehicles and their unhindered movement lead to violations of soil and vegetation. In connection with careless handling of fire, arson of dry grass and forest litter, fires occur.
Relationship Between Compositions of Grey Hair-Grass (Corynephorus Canescens (L.) P. Beauv.) Tissues and Soil Properties During Primary Vegetation Succession
Authors: Rahmonov Oimahmad , Rozkowski Jacek , Szymczyk Artur
Published: November 2019

This study focuses on the concentration of trace-, microelement- and organic components in initial horizons of sandy soil (Arenosole) and of the tissues of Corynephorus canescens, a pioneer species typical of unstable environments that initiates pedogenic processes by enriching poor quartz sand in organic- and mineral matter from its own tissues. Soil samples were taken from a root-zone humus horizon (A) averaging ∼15 cm in thickness and from parent rock. Concentrations of Ca, Mg, K, Na, Fe, Si, Al, Zn, Mn, Co, Cd, Pb, Sr, Mo, C, N and P in plant material and soil were analyzed. High concentrations of Si (6368±16.3 mg·kg-1), K (2310±165.2), Ca (302±24.6 mg·kg-1), Fe (2196±316.3) are found in the above-ground part of the plant whereas Si (9150±20), Fe (5948± 43), K 3752±3.21) and Al (2370±52.6 mg·kg-1) dominate in the roots. Soil organic carbon (OC) contents in the humus horizon and in parent rock are 0.276±0.041 and 0.206±0.041%, respectively. The concentration of nitrogen in the humus horizon shows a high (0.92) correlation with OC. The soil shows both acid (4.2±0.51 in KCl) and low-acid (5.1±0.23 in H2O) characteristics. Heavy-metal contents differ significantly among the study sites. Organic compounds of Corynephorus canescens and of soil organic matter (SOM) were investigated by pyrolysis-GC/MS (Py-GC/MS). In the organic content of the grey hair-grass tissues, typical compounds such as normal chain aliphatics (29%), and furane- and pyrane derivatives (12%), dominate. Nitrogen-containing substances such as amines, nitro compounds, heterocycles and amines are also important (27%). The main ecopedological role of C. canescens involves the fixing of loose sand thanks to its well-developed root system. The xeromorphic structure of stems and leaves allows it to function in such extreme open areas of unstable ground and high insolation. The initial stage of the formation of a humus horizon involving Corynephores canescens is documented.
Application of Extended Habitat Suitability Curves for Depth in Nitrica River
Authors: Ivan Peter , Stefunkova Zuzana
Published: November 2019

This study assesses the impact of basic stream abiotic parameters on the quality of aquatic habitat and inserts them to the aquatic habitat quality assessment of the mountain and piedmont streams. The created methodology was applied on the Nitrica River. The study is based on the objectification and modification of parameters of habitat suitability curve for the depth. The habitat suitability curve is one of the many basic parts of the Instream Flow Incremental Methodology (IFIM). IFIM is the methodology where the quality of aquatic habitat is interpreted according to a bioindication. The bioindication is provided by ichthyofauna. For this study, the minnow (Phoxinus phoxinus) was chosen as a bioindicator. The main reason for selecting the minnow as a bioindicator was that there was a sufficient frequency during the ichthyologic survey on the studied river. The basic result from the field measurement is the habitat suitability curve for depth. This measured habitat suitability curve is not adequate to describe the aquatic habitat. The suitability curve derived from just one measurement does not take into account the fact that the increase in flow has not changed the quality of the habitat until the time when the fish starts to be flushed out of the environment. This is the reason why this scientific research was oriented on the modification of habitat suitability curve for a wider range of flow. The evaluation was done by the System of Environmental Flow Analysis (SEFA). SEFA is a new software that implements the substance of the IFIM. The modification of the habitat suitability curve is applied on the Nitrica River.
Analysis of Maximum Runoff Volumes with Different Time Durations of Flood Waves: A Case Study on Topl’a River in Slovakia
Authors: Mitkova Veronika Bacova , Pekarova Pavla
Published: November 2019

In applied hydrology, it is problematic to assign the flood wave volume values with a certain probability of exceedance to given corresponding T-year discharges. This dependence is highly irregular, and requires knowledge the flood wave course of the given probability. For this reason, this work deals with the determination of the annual maximum discharge volumes on the Topl’a River for the time duration of 2-, 5-, 10-, and 15-days (Vtmax). The series of 84 years (1931-2015) mean daily discharges of the Topl’a River at Hanušovce above Topl’a station was used as input data to calculate the maximum annual volumes of runoff of the Topl’a River. Subsequently, the theoretical curves of exceedance of the maximal discharge volumes Vtmax
were determined by the Log-Pearson distribution of the Type III. This type of probability distribution is used to estimate maximum (extreme) values across a range of natural processes. The results showed relatively small differences in estimated T-year volumes when compared to other types of theoretical distribution functions used in hydrological extreme analyses in Slovakia (Gamma, Log-normal, etc.). The second part of our work was focused on the bivariate analysis of the relationship between T-year maximum volumes with different duration and peak discharges by the three Archimedean copula functions (Clayton, Gumbel-Hougaard and Frank). The LPIII distribution was used as marginal probability distribution function. Subsequently joint and conditional return periods of the T-year maximum annual flows and T-year maximum volumes with different time duration were calculated. The first one defines joint return periods as the return periods using one random variable equalling or exceeding a certain magnitude and/or using another random variable equalling or exceeding another certain magnitude. The second one is conditional return periods for one random variable, given that another random variable equals or exceeds a specific magnitude.
Thermoelectrical Element of Earth’s Crust
Authors: Dmitriev Arkadiy Nikolaevich
Published: November 2019

A model of the natural thermoelectric element was developed. The basis of the element is long-lived deep faults with graphite ores inside, which provide continuous electrical connection between the upper part of Earth’s crust and the mantle. Temperature difference between them can reach 1000 °C and more because of the geothermogradient. That is why thermopower and thermoelectrical currents, which move directly upwards to arise (from the hot end to the cold one), appear in the geothermogradient because of the Seebeck effect. That is the reason why natural electric potentials of high intensity up to -2…-10 V are registered over graphite ores because of the presence of thermpower. Electrical characteristics of the geothermoelectric element of the Earth’s crust (thermoelectrical current, its density, total natural potential) were quantified. There is found a mathematical solution which allows to calculate the temperature of the geothermoelectrical element’s lower part, which is directly related to the overheated area of the deep tectonic process. There is also suggested a method of watching the dynamics of the total electric potential which is registered in the upper part of the geothermoelectrical element. Eventually, systematical observations over those total potentials can help to study tense zones of Earth and control the dynamics of thermal deep processes, which are often related to volcanic activity and seismic events. As a result, the resources of the geophysical method of the natural electric field can broaden greatly. It can help science to study directly both the dynamics of deep thermal processes of the Earth’s crust and its areas related to sources of tensions of exogenous and endogenous nature.
Predicting Weathering Characteristics of Carbonate Rocks Under Different Geo-Environmental Conditions
Authors: Arman Hasan , Hussein Saber , Abouhaligah Haneen Edhar Y , Osman Malaz , Baloch Moza A , Hag Diab Bakri Abdelrahman , Algaishi Hamdan Abdo Ali
Published: November 2019

Rock moisture content, temperature and physical and chemical conditions of water in the rock mass vary under different geoenvironmental conditions. These factors are critical in the mechanical and chemical disintegration of rocks with time. Changes in weathering characteristics of a rock mass correlate with major changes in shear strength and deformability of rocks. Therefore, durability is an important parameter for rocks and weathered rocks in predicting and assessing long term problems in their use for engineering purposes. Carbonate rocks are generally considered as durable strong rocks. It is important to test this claim in the UAE, where carbonate rocks are the main available rock materials in many locations e.g. in Al Ain city. The slake durability index (SDI), with tests involving several cycles of wetting and drying, is widely recognized and has been used to measure the durability of weathered rocks. Carbonate rocks in the Jabel Hafit mountain, Al Ain region, have highly fractured and cavernous surface and near surface structures. In this study, degradability of samples from three different carbonate sequences: the Rus, Dammam, and Asmari Formations, were studied petrographically, mineralogically and texturally before and after slaking. A number of slaking tests were performed on twenty-one rock samples, seven from each rock formation, in order to investigate the effects of various geoenvironmental conditions on carbonate rocks weatherability at various pH levels 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14. Detailed mineralogical examinations, rock thin sections, Scanning Electronic Microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD) were employed to reveal the relationship between mineralogy and weathering characteristics of rocks on the representative rock samples, before and after the slake durability tests. Furthermore, the index properties of all samples such as unit weights (dry, γd and saturated, γsat), the water absorption (Wa
), the porosity (n), void ratio (e) and the specific gravities (GS,(OD), GS,(SSD), GS,(A)) were measured. The study reveals that the weathering characteristics of carbonate rocks under different geoenvironmental conditions is strongly controlled by the mineralogical composition and textural features of the rocks. The impact of slaking fluid in the degradability of limestone is very limited due to chemical reaction of CaCO3 especially in lower pH level acidic fluid, which reduced the bonding strength between grains. The findings will certainly help to resolve durability problems associated with engineering applications such as tunnels, slope stability, and etc. in the region and elsewhere.
A Thorough Study for PAHs in Dump Materials from Open-pit Lignite Mining, Maritsa Iztok Basin, Bulgaria
Authors: Marinov Stefan , Stefanova Maya , Milakovska Zlatka , Bechtel Achim
Published: November 2019

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in six samples from Bulgarian Lignite Dumps Maritsa Iztok are tracked and amounts are determined. For isolation of soluble organic matter (SOM) ca: 40 g of powdered dump samples were Soxhlet extracted by chloroform. After asphaltenes precipitation, maltenes were separated via column chromatography. The first two fractions were further analyzed. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was applied to appreciate organic matter sources and to identify and quantify PAHs in the samples. The set of PAHs determined pointed out that 3 and 4 ring unsubstituted PAHs as dominant in the dump extracts. Total organic carbon (TOC) values of the samples varied in the range 1.18-5.63 wt.%. Phenanthrene + Methylphenanthrene amounts were in the range 0.44-2.98 mg/kg TOC, while for Fluoranthene + Pyrene were in the range 0.06-0.52 mg/kg TOC. Total amounts of PAHs varied in the range 7-41 microg/kg sample. Values were compared with the legislation norms for PAHs in soils. All magnitudes were under the regulation norms for harmful substances in soil published by the Bulgarian National Legislation (2008). In conclusion, the study is in an equivocal proof for the negligible amounts of PAHs in dump materials from Maritsa Iztok lignite mining. However, their amounts in dumps should be measured and monitored bearing in mind the huge territories covered by these waste materials of mining industry.
Description Criteria for Eocene Alveolinids: Examples from Inner Western Anatolia
Authors: Bozkurt Alper , Gormus Muhittin
Published: November 2019

Anatomical and morphological features which are used to describe alveolinid species, and their changes during Eocene are the subjects of this study. Changes in some of these features in time and place are important when interpreting geological history of the species. Thus, preliminary results of an ongoing research on Eocene of Inner Western Anatolia are exampled herein, and the relationship between the species is tried to be interpreted. Faunal associations and environmental characteristics of the species are mentioned. The obtained data show that the most important criteria for describing of alveolinids are as follows: test shape, index of elongation, flosculinisation, and coiling types throughout ontogeny. In addition, shape and size of septula and chamberlets, axial thickening, shape and size of the protoconch, and the ratio between the thickness of basal layer and the height of chamber are also important to be considered.
Proposal of Prevention Measures Against Drought in Urban Areas
Authors: Soltesz Andrej , Cervenanska Michaela , Zivcicova Katarina , Mydla Jakub , Bucek Daniel , Honti Richard
Published: November 2019

The creation of the adaptation strategy on impacts of the climate change in urban area comes out from assumption that the adaptation is not just a single shot but a cyclic dynamic process which has to be systematic and coordinated taking into account the necessity and effectiveness. Those cities which are or will be able to integrate the adaptation into planning process will better resist to reality which is affording the new period of climate change. One of those cities is the Trnava City in Slovakia. The analysis of the present climate change in the Trnava City and its surrounding assumes growing trend of temperature increase during the year and especially the increased extremeness. The combination of temperature and precipitation trends will affect the soil moisture and changes of run-off regimes of rivers. The main goal of proposal of water retention measures on the Trnavka River flowing through the city is the improvement of the water level by retaining the water what should attract public places and to cool down the air in the residential area of the city. The research was concentrated on evaluation of possible realisation of such water retention measures from water quantity and quality point of view. The solution consisted in design of several inflatable rubber weirs, its analysis and prognosis of water level and discharge regime in the Trnavka River using mathematical modelling connected with field measurements and updated detailed geodetic survey.
Main Features of Yakutites from the Ebelyakh Placer
Authors: Ugapeva Sargylana , Afanasiev Valentine , Pavlushin Anton , Eliseev Aleksandr
Published: November 2019

Yakutites (polycrystalline diamonds with lonsdaleite admixture) from the Ebelyakh placer (Yakutia, Russia) have been studied by optical microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and neutron diffraction in order to reveal their difference from tagamite-hosted diamonds of the Popigai impact crater. The yakutite aggregates are 2.0 mm to 13.0 mm in size and have a shapeless morphology or sometimes preserve hexagonal contours of primary graphite. Raman spectra are characterized by a broadened line in the region of cubic 3C diamond, which is interpreted as the sum of spectra from cubic 3C diamond and three peaks related to Lonsdaleite: 1338 (E1g), 1280 (A1g) and 1224 (E2g). On the surface of yakutites revealed the presence of a silicate glass film. The main elements are iron, silicon from the surrounding silicate matter. Neutron stress diffractometry showed the content of diamond and Lonsdaleite in the sample of yakutite by 50%, two cases of preferential orientation of two phases were recorded: (110) diamond // (110) Lonsdaleite; (111) diamond // (001) Lonsdaleite. Both yakutites and tagamite-hosted diamonds are of impact origin and share similarity in the phase composition consisting of more abundant diamond and subordinate amounts of lonsdaleite. Differences between them depend on the place of their formation. Yakutites were formed in the epicenter of the explosion and were thrown out of the crater at a distance of more than 550 km in radial directions, and from the vertical ejection - they got back to the crater. In tagamites, impact diamonds were formed simultaneously with the rock melting due to the shock wave that came from the epicenter. The presence of a silicate glass film on the surface of yakutites indicates that they were hardened after ejection from the crater. Yakutites represent distinct mineral fraction outside the crater. They are found as placers along with common diamonds and other detritus. Within the crater they are genetically related to suevites – tuffaceous component of the impactites and enter the crater placers due to the physical weathering of suevites. Tagamite diamonds practically do not occur in the crater placers, because tagamite is a very hard rock and in the absence of chemical weathering these diamonds can’t be released. Thus, diamonds from tagamites and yakutites, having a common impact nature, differ in some properties determined by the place of formation and post-impact history.
Effect of Sodium Boron Hydride (NaBH4) on Waste Polyethylene Terephthalate Pyrolysis
Authors: Olam Mikail , Karaca Huseyin
Published: November 2019

Polyethylene terephthalate, which is used in many applications today, is very important in terms of nature and source in order to ensure recycling by appropriate methods after use. Because polyethylene terephthalate is a durable and long-lasting thermoplastic which is resistant to many environmental influences. Recovering residual plastics has become mandatory. In this study, the conversion of waste plastic to a new liquid fuel by polyethylene terephthalate (PET) pyrolysis method was investigated. Sodium boron hydride (NaBH4) was used as both catalyst and hydrogen donor in the pyrolysis experiments. Pyrolysis experiments were carried out in a batch reactor under catalytic and non-catalytic conditions, reaction time of 15-90 minutes, reaction temperature of 325-425 °C, solid/solvent ratio of 1/4 and initial nitrogen gas pressure of 20 bar. According to the results obtained, the most suitable reaction temperature was found to be 375-425 °C and the reaction time was 30 minutes. At the reaction times of 30 minutes, the maximum total conversion in non-catalytic conditions of waste polyethylene terephthalate samples was 53.1% at 400 °C reaction temperature and the highest oil + gas yield was 43.7% at 425 °C reaction temperature. In the pyrolysis of polyethylene terephthalate samples in the presence of sodium boron hydride, the maximum total conversion was 55.3% at 400 °C reaction temperature and the highest oil + gas yield was 44.6% at 425 °C reaction temperature. As a result, it can be argued that sodium boron hydride used in pyrolysis experiments of waste polyethylene terephthalate acts as both catalytic and hydrogen donor.
Typomorphism of fine placer gold and potential primary sources of the Anabar mineral subprovince (North-eastern Siberian Platform)
Authors: Gerasimov Boris
Published: November 2019

Typomorphic features of placer gold of the Anabar and Bolshaya Kuonamka river basins are studied with the aim of determining its indicators and forecasting potential primary sources. All analytical work was carried out in the department of physico-chemical methods of analysis IGABM SB RAS. A detailed study of the morphology, surface microrelief, photographing was performed on a JSM - 6480 LV scanning (microscope) microscope of JEOL company with Oxford Instruments analytical prefixes (wave and energy dispersive spectrometers). Gold fineness is determined on Camebax-micro X-ray microanalyzer a «Cameca» firms. It is shown that the main sources for the gold are auriferous reservoir rocks of Neogene-Quaternary age. The indicator typomorphic features of the gold include a small size (-0.5 mm), scaly and platy forms, rough shagreen surface with casts of minerals pressing, and high fineness (900-999%o). The most highly informative feature is a strongly modified internal structure of the gold showing evidence of granulation and recrystallization. Autochthonous gold of ore habit is also found. Characteristic features of this type of gold are a very small size (-0,2 mm), angular-cloddy forms of individual particles, rough porous surface, widely ranging fineness (535 to 999% ), heterogeneous chemical composition, and a complex, multi-phase internal structure. This indicates the presence of neighboring primary sources. Hydrothermal-metasomatic formations with disseminated gold-sulfide mineralization, discovered at the places of tectonic jointing of carbonate rocks, developed in fault zones could be such sources. Considering epigenetic mineral associations, quartz-potassium feldspar and quartz hydrothermal-metasomatic formations are identified. Ore mineralization of disseminated type is represented by (in decreasing order) pyrite, gold, chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite and silver. Gold is found in native form and in association with pyrite (quartz metasomatites) and potassium feldspar metasomatites). Thus, as a result of performed studies, indicator typomorphic features of autochthonous fine gold are identified. Near-fault hydrothermal-metasomatic formations with gold-sulfide disseminated mineralization are discovered in the studied area for the first time and examined.
Practical Application of a Horizontal Intraplate Velocity Field Model for the Territory of Bulgaria
Authors: Tsanovski Yuri , Danchev Tsocho
Published: November 2019

The Republic of Bulgaria is situated on the edge of the Eurasian tectonic plate. This is defined by active tectonic and seismic activity, which is an issue in the implementation of the official coordinate reference system in the country - the ETRS89, as far as precise solutions are concerned. The reason is that the intraplate, relative to Eurasia, tectonic movements south of Stara Planina are about 5 times larger than those north of it. Over a period of time (about 10 years), the coordinate errors of the points from a static network become bigger than the uncertainties of GNSS measurements and thus limit their potential. Thanks to the presence of networks of continuously operating reference GNSS stations (CORS networks), and advanced methods of processing and analysis of the results, it is possible to monitor the crustal deformations with sufficient precision. A model of horizontal intraplate velocities was developed based on measurements from different epochs of the CORS networks operating on the territory of Bulgaria. Precise coordinates and velocities of the stations were estimated using the Bernese GNSS Software v5.2, and the deformation modeling was performed using a method of determining parameters of local deformation and Euler poles of distinctive tectonic blocks to which the country is divided according to the authors. This paper presents the practical applicability of this model for interpolation the velocities of stations from static networks and verification of the official results for the points of the National GPS Network. The results are encouraging for the practical realization of ETRS89 on the territory of Bulgaria.
Varieties of Impactites and Impact Diamonds of the Kara Meteorite Crater (Pay-Khoy, Russia)
Authors: Shumilova Tatyana , Maximenko Nadezhda , Zubov Alexandr , Kovalchuk Natalya , Ulyashev Vasily , Kis Viktoria
Published: November 2019

Impact diamonds are technical material with valuable mechanical properties. Despite of a quite long story from their discovery and huge diamond storages at the Popigai astrobleme (Siberia, Russia) they were not involved into industrial production, first of all because of remoteness of objects, complexity of extraction and economically more favourable synthesis of technical diamonds in the seventies of the past century. However, due to the high hardness of impact diamonds and also to the high demand of new carbon materials, including nanomaterials, the interest towards this type of natural diamonds is significantly increased in the recent years. Although the mentioned Popigai astrobleme is situated in a remote part of Russia it has been studied in more details. At the same time, the less known Kara giant meteorite crater (Pay-Khoy, Russia) is situated essentially closer to the industrial infrastructure of the European part of Russia. This astrobleme, similarly to Popigai, is enriched in impact diamonds as well. But, till recent years it was not deeply studied using modern analytical methods. During our studies in 2015 and 2017 at the territory of the Kara meteorite crater we have distinguished and described 5 varieties of impactites – bulk melt impactites which form cover-like and thick dike bodies; melt ultrahigh-pressure vein bodies and at least 3 types of suevites formed after specific sedimentary target rocks. These varieties have typomorphic features regarding the crystallinity and mineral composition. It was found that all of them have high concentration of microdiamonds formed by high-pressure high temperature pyrolysis mechanism from precursor materials like coal and organic relicts. Using a set of modern mineralogical methods we have found two principal types of diamond morphologies within the Kara impactites – sugar-like after coal diamonds and diamond paramorphs after organic relicts. The Kara diamonds have several accompanying carbon substances including newly formed graphite, glass-like carbon and probably carbyne. The studied diamondiferous Kara impactites provide an essentially novel knowledge of impact processes in sedimentary targets.
Characteristics of Sediments in a Changing Environmental Conditions in Vistula Lagoon (Poland)
Authors: Szymczak Ewa
Published: November 2019

The Vistula Lagoon has been evolving since its formation in the late Atlantic period. At the beginning, the changes were mainly driven by the stabilization of the Baltic Sea level, and the development of hydrographic network. Later on, anthropogenic activities have become an important factor. Hydrotechnical works conducted at the turn of the 20th century, aimed at regulating the outflow of the Vistula River waters, have significantly limited the riverine input into the lagoon. In the past, the Vistula Lagoon contained freshwater and was constantly filing with sediments that made the basin shallow. With time, the lagoon has filled with brackish water, while its area became subjected to strong interactions between the driving forces of marine and terrestrial origin. As a result, the regime of sedimentation processes in the lagoon have been changed. The interpretation of sedimentation conditions for clastic sediments was based on the analysis of grain-size parameters that had been determined on the samples of bottom sediments and suspension collected in November 2016. The obtained results were compared to the pertinent data on bottom sediments collected by the Polish Geological Institute National Research Institute in 1994. Significant contrasts in particle size distributions were found. Also, the conducted study allowed the determination of underlying causes of these changes. Due to the shallow depth of the Vistula Lagoon, the sedimentation processes in this basin are significantly influenced by resuspension phenomenon. Resuspension is responsible for the differentiation and redistribution of sediment that originates from various sources, on the bottom of the basin. The process takes place in shallower areas, but this study indicates that its effectiveness increases in the deeper areas of the lagoon, which manifests itself in the replacement of clayey silt with silt. In connection with the plans of the Polish side of the cross-cutting of the Vistula Spit, the sedimentation conditions of Vistula Lagoon will be changed.
Kimberlite Genesis According to Data on Hot Accretion of the Earth
Authors: Shkodzinskiy Vladimir
Published: November 2019

Analysis of modern geological and planetological data indicates hot accretion of the Earth. Impact melting during its formation led to origin of layered global magma ocean. Kimberlites were from residual melts of its lower peridotite latyer. This explains high content of meltphylic (lithophylic) components in kimberlites. Prolonged cooling and crystallization of magma ocean from top to bottom in the Earth’s history is the cause of mainly the Phanerozoic age of kimberlites. Moving apart of lithosphere and products of magma ocean fractionation contained therein when oceanic areas are formed, explains absence of kimberlites in these areas and Clifford rule nature. Low temperature of kimberlite magmas and high content of volatile component in them was caused by formation from residual melts. Increased temperature of crystallization of volatile-poor melts and emission of volatile components from magmas at shallow stages of upwelling led to solidification of upper parts of magmatic columns and their explosion during further upwelling under impact of high pressure of gas phase preserved by solidification. This explains the fact that, kimberlites formed mostly explosion pipes, and that kimberlite lavas are lacking. Diamonds were crystallized as a result of carbon accumulation in residual melt. Evolution of its composition during crystallization from peridotite through eclogite to kimberlite was responsible for existence of xenoliths of the same composition in kimberlites and inclusions in diamonds, and decrease of their average isotope age in this sequence. Degree of the saturation of the melt with carbon during its fractionation increased. Due to that, layer growth was followed by radial one, and morphology of originating diamond crystals was evolved from octahedrons to dodecahedrons and then to cubes and aggregates, and sculptures were formed on them. Accumulation of meltphylic components in residual melts is causes increase of nitrogen, light carbon isotope and other admixtures content in later diamonds.
Reliability of the Digital Sea Bottom Model Sourced by Multibeam Echosounder in Shallow Water
Authors: Makar Artur
Published: November 2019

Reliability of Digital Terrain Model created with geospatial data is a parameter in evaluation of its quality that takes into consideration both the method as well as the quality of data. Bathymetric surveys – dynamic measurements of a moving transducer of a singlebeam or multibeam echosounder used for depth measurements in water are a string of interrelated phenomena that determine the quality (accuracy) of geospatial coordinates. Inclusion of all factors influencing the accuracy of measurements, such as echosounder’s calibration, is a prerequisite for minimisation of systematic measurement errors. Random and gross errors are inevitable, and are eliminated during the cleaning process of geospatial data. High reliability, preliminarily filtered cloud of data is the initial source of the data for the creation of the Digital Sea Bottom Model. Comparison of two models using interpolation methods on the basis of discrete data carries the risk of the outcome being blurry. Cell size optimization on the basis of echosounder beams geometry is one of the essential parameters in quality assessment – two surface models comparison. Dynamic calibration of multibeam echosounder, based on the comparison of depths of outer edges of the bathymetric swath, is carried out utilizing raw data. Correct spatial orientation of echosounder’s head(s), due to the angular regulation of the echosounder’s head, minimizes discrepancies and increases the reliability of the data that is to be used to create the Digital Sea Bottom Model. This article presents the results of the analysis of accuracy of DSBM created with geospatial data acquired by multibeam echosounder, based on the calibration soundings that are the enabling stage for hydrographic surveys using MBES. The data used was recorded by R2Sonic multibeam echosounder in shallow waters (up to 30m depth), deriving from general rules of depths carting on nautical charts.
Testing and Developing the Macroseismic Intensity Attenuation Relationships for the Vrancea (Romania) Crustal Earthquakes
Authors: Petruta Constantin Angela , Iren-Adelina Moldovan , Raluca Partheniu , Florinela Manea Elena , Constantin Ionescu
Published: November 2019

A correct seismic hazard assessment and intensity-based shake maps of a seismic zone depend on the determination of parameters that emphasize the distribution and the macroseismic intensity attenuation for that seismogenic zone. Due to the reduced number of strong ground motion records, macroseismic intensity information available for previous earthquakes which have occurred in studied area were the only source of information utilized for developing attenuation relationship for that zone. The aim of this paper is to test the existing equations published for various crustal seismic sources and develop a new macroseismic intensity attenuation law for the Vrancea crustal seismic source. The Vrancea crustal seismogenic zone had experienced moderate earthquakes in the past with magnitudes which did not exceed 5.9 [1] and macroseismic maralps had been constructed by various authors for these earthquakes representing intensity pattern and decrease of this parameter with distance on different azimuths. Some of the selected attenuation laws were tested for different values of epicentral intensity and with reference to eight directions. The input data consist of macroseismic intensities collected for 4 small and moderate earthquakes (Mw ≥ 3.9) that had occurred during the last hundred years with epicentral/maximum intensity in the range IV to VI MSK degrees. The seismic events used to verify the attenuation laws were selected based on the magnitude and number of macroseismic observations collected for each event. Using this data, attenuation relationships of macroseismic intensity with distance will be tested and modified. The deduced attenuation equation might be used for rapid intensity assessment of the potential future earthquakes occurred in this seismic zone.
Economical Aspect of Sensitive Flat Roof Renovation
Authors: Kervitcer Marek , Beckovsky David , Janda Lukas , Tichomirov Vladimir
Published: November 2019

The authors have been working for a long time on the development of sophisticated flat roof renovation that would allow renovation without the need of removing the existing roof layers and so will have a positive environmental impact. The solution is based on the detailed hydrothermal analysis of flat roof and using the potential of the original materials. Subsequently, new layers of the flat roof with optimal parameters for a certain case and possibly other construction modifications are designed. The aim of the development is to create a methodology to achieve equilibrium humidity by perforation of the original waterproof layer. In the paper, the authors describe the key points of this methodology. However, the paper focuses on the economic aspect that this sophisticated renovation brings. Economic evaluation is described through two methodological approaches. The authors compare the developed method with the method involving renovation of flat roofs with the need of removing the existing roof layers. The comparison takes into account the use of different materials for waterproofing and thermal insulation. In order to determine the costs, the authors used the building software to create budgets. The presented economic evaluation confirms the essence of the developed method.
Patterns of Forming the Urban Surface Deposited Sediments
Authors: Seleznev Andrian , Yarmoshenko Ilia , Malinovsky Georgy , Rudakov Maxim , Ryanskaya Anastasia , Kiseleva Daria , Gulyaeva Tamara
Published: November 2019

The contemporary sedimentation processes participate in the formation of fluxes of the solid substances in an urban area, forming together a source of pollution, transit and depositing media. The patterns of forming the urban surface deposited sediments were determined on the example of Russian metropolis Nizhny Novgorod. Two schemes of the research were implemented in residential districts of the city in the summer field season 2018. The first research design scheme represented a detailed survey of residential quarters of the city. It included a collection of 25 samples of environmental compartments from five residential quarters with multi-storey buildings. The sampling was conducted in various functional landscape parts at the courtyard and facade areas. Each sample was separated into particle size fractions. Chemical and mineral analysis was performed in each granulometric subsample of the collected samples. The second scheme represented the urban geochemical study based on sampling the sediments from local surface depressed zones of microrelief in the city. The 40 samples were collected at the territory of the city on an irregular grid. The sampling was carried out in residential areas in blocks with multi-storey buildings. One sample represented a combined sample of sediments from local surface zones of microrelief by 3-5 localizations from the area of the block. Chemical analysis of the collected samples was conducted. The maximum content of dust (0.002-0.01 mm) 39% was found in soil, while the lower mean dust content was found in the samples of sediment from local surface depressed zones of microrelief (30 %) and in the road deposited sediments (30 %). The mineral composition of soil and sediment in Nizhny Novgorod is represented by quartz sand (approx. 55 %). In the samples of sediments, the minerals’ content is basically characteristic for acid and metasomatic rocks. Building materials’ content in the sediments reaches up to 20%. The maximum organic matter content was found in fine dust fraction 2-10 microns 21% in soils and 5% on the roads. Differentiation of the mineral content in the samples is observed for the various particle size fractions and different functional parts of the quarters. The highest content of metals of anthropogenic association (such as Pb, Zn and Cu) was found in the dust fraction. The Pb and Zn concentrations in samples of sediment of depressed areas of microrelief and road dust were significantly lower than in the soil.