bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dental Management of the Myasthenic Patient
Authors: Lotia S. , Randall C. , Dawson L.J. , Longman L.P.
Published: August 2017

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an auto-immune disorder of neuromuscular transmission which results in weakness and fatigue of skeletal muscles. The defect in neuromuscular transmission is most commonly seen in the muscles of the eyes, face, neck and shoulders but, in some patients, the respiratory muscles are involved. Patients with this condition may present with problems that necessitate special consideration when managing their dental treatment. Patients who are only mildly affected by MG can be treated in general dental practice for routine care. There are no contra-indications to the use of local anaesthetic agents and the presence of a vasoconstrictor is desirable. More severely affected patients and those who are very anxious about dental treatment should be cared for within the hospital environment. In these patients, respiratory muscles may be affected and, as a result, a myasthenic crisis may arise which requires assisted ventilation and, in some cases, intubation. Those patients who are fearful of the dental environment are likely to be emotionally stressed during such times and this increases the risk of a myasthenic crisis; sedation techniques can be beneficial in this group of patients.
Alzheimer's Disease and Oral Care
Authors: Frenkel Heather
Published: August 2017

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the commonest form of dementia, closely associated with age, but also with other causative factors. AD affects half a million people in the UK, and presents dentists with numerous behavioural and clinical challenges. The aetiology, diagnosis and medical treatment for persons with AD are discussed, together with communication strategies and issues related to families and care-givers. Realistic dental treatment planning for patients in early, moderate and late stage AD is considered in conjunction with relevant ethical issues. Dentists have the potential to improve markedly the quality of life for people with AD.
Management of Dental Patients on Warfarin Therapy in a Primary Care Setting
Authors: Chugani Vikram
Published: August 2017

The surgical management of patients on anticoagulant therapy is often poorly understood in all fields of medicine (not just dentistry).

Until now there has been no uniform approach to managing these patients and much of the advice routinely given by medical practitioners and haematologists has fallen behind the recent evidence.

Many medical conditions from atrial fibrillation to prosthetic heart valves predispose patients to venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism (Table 1). In order to prevent these complications, these patients are normally placed on an anticoagulant. By far the most common one in use is Warfarin, which is a derivative of 4 hydroxycoumarin.
Book Review
Authors: Winstanley R.B.
Published: August 2017

Goldfingered – Gold Alloy Restorations in Dental Practice. The Dental Channel Ltd. The general CPD version is available free of charge to all NHS practitioners. Full details are available from The Dental Channel website ( www.dental-channel.co.uk/goldfinger.htm )
The ‘Combination Syndrome’ Revisited
Authors: Lynch Christopher D. , Finbarr Allen P.
Published: August 2017

The ‘combination syndrome’ may present a considerable clinical and technical challenge to the dental practitioner. This clinical scenario classically relates to changes found in the mouth following use of a maxillary complete denture that has opposed natural mandibular anterior teeth.

While this condition was first recognized over 30 years ago, the associated difficulties still pervade the practice of prosthetic dentistry today. The purpose of this article is to describe treatment of two patients who exhibited clinical features of this condition, and review some of the relevant literature on this condition.
Retirement of Board Member
Authors: Burke F.J. Trevor
Published: August 2017

To celebrate the retirement of Editorial Board Member Professor Edwina Kidd from GKT (Guy's Campus), a celebratory conference was held on Thursday, 2nd September 2004 at Guy's. The speakers were eminent in the work for which Professor Kidd is world famous, namely, cariology. The day commenced with a presentation by Professor Ole Fejerskov from Denmark, in which he traced the history of cariology. A quote from him is applicable to all who practice dentistry:
Providing a Numerical Measure of Oral Health – Can it be Done and How Accurate is it?
Authors: Delargy Siobhan
Published: August 2017

An Index of Oral Health (OHX) was developed by Burke and Wilson1 in the mid 90s. Use of the index involves assessing patient comfort and satisfaction in addition to the assessment of caries, periodontal disease, toothwear, mucosa, occlusion and dentures, where appropriate. On completion of this structured examination, the clinician arrives at an overall oral health index (OHX) for the patient, which is expressed as a fraction of the maximum achievable score.

The index was modified by Denplan UK by amending the calculations to produce the Oral Health Score (OHS).

The Reproducibility of the OHX and OHS was tested at Birmingham Dental Hospital and School during 2001 and 2002 and was found to be satisfactory. The dentists' opinions on the OHX and OHS were assessed by means of questionnaires. Most of the dentists felt that both were easy to use.
Advances in Fixed Appliance Orthodontics
Authors: Currie L. , Gillgrass T.J.
Published: August 2017

In 1992, Postlethwaite1 wrote an article for Dental Update entitled ‘Advances in fixed appliance design and use’. In the subsequent years there have been, as in most dental specialties, huge advances in materials. These have resulted in improved efficiency, convenience and simplicity in using fixed appliance orthodontics. This article is intended to be an update in these advances over the last 10 years.
Mentoring and Personal Development Planning in Postgraduate Dental Education: A Review
Authors: Spicer Richard M.
Published: August 2017

Mentoring and Personal Development Plans (PDPs) are educational tools that have been piloted in postgraduate medical education in recent years. Along with another educational tool, performance appraisal, they have been introduced nationally as part of the recent General Medical Practitioner contract of April 2003. In the light of the compulsory Continuing Professional Development and Lifelong Learning Schemes introduced recently by the General Dental Council for all dentists, mentoring and PDPs will surely have important roles to play in postgraduate dental education in the future. This article reviews the roles that mentoring and PDPs have played in postgraduate education recently.
Mental Nerve Anaesthesia; A Complication of Sickle Cell Crisis during Childbirth
Authors: Stevenson Helen , Boardman Charlotte , Chu Patrick , Field Anne
Published: August 2017

This report describes the case of an Afro-Caribbean lady diagnosed with sickle cell anaemia, who presented with permanent mental nerve anaesthesia as a result of a sickle cell crisis during childbirth.
Mandibular Lateral Incisor-Canine Transposition: A Case Report
Authors: Houghton Nadine , Morris David
Published: August 2017

Tooth transposition is a rare dental anomaly which is characterized by an interchange in the position of two adjacent permanent teeth on the same side of the dental arch. Tooth transpositions occur less often in the mandibular arch than in the maxilla and with less variety. Early diagnosis and detection of a developing transposition is based on both clinical and radiographic examination. When detected early, interceptive treatment may resolve the developing problem. This paper discusses a patient who presented with a mandibular permanent lateral incisor-canine transposition.
Are Your Dental Nurses Stressed?
Authors: Carrotte Peter
Published: August 2017

Relaxing your Patients – Seven Keys to Successfully Growing your Practice. C. Duval. British Dental Nurses Journal 2003; 4: 14–15.
All You Wanted to Know About Ni-Ti Instruments but Were Afraid to Ask!
Authors: Carrotte Peter
Published: August 2017

Clinical Techniques in Endodontics. Nickel-Titanium Usage and Breakage: An Update. J. Wolcott. Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry 2003; 24: 852–859.
Making the Most of Audit
Authors: Miller Alasdair G. , Dowler Frances J.
Published: August 2017

This article explores the steps in making the most of audits conducted in primary dental care. Audit is the principle method of measuring consistency in quality assurance systems and so is an essential part of clinical governance.
Oral Health Needs of the Head and Neck Radiotherapy Patient: 2. Oral and Dental Care Before, During and After Radiotherapy
Authors: Omer Osama , MacCarthy Denise , Nunn June , Cotter Edward
Published: August 2017

Head and neck cancer represents a heterogeneous group of neoplasms affecting a number of sites in the aerodigestive tract, histologically primarily epithelial in type. Most are sensitive to a treatment regime of ablative surgery followed by radiotherapy. The incidence of head and neck cancers is approximately 11.8 per 100, 000 population and is the 8th commonest cancer in males and the 16th in females. Treatment comprises ablative surgery with, in 60% of cases, radiotherapy. The oral and dental sequelae of such treatment, and their management, is described.
Periodontal Disease and the Ageing Patient
Authors: Milward Michael , Cooper Paul
Published: August 2017

The UK's population is getting older and the number of older individuals retaining their teeth is increasing. Greater demands are therefore being placed on general dental practitioners for periodontal therapy. Many factors, including the ageing process itself, impact directly or indirectly on periodontal health. This article discusses these factors, their interrelationship and their relevance to clinical management of periodontal disease in older patients.
An Overview of Bleaching Techniques: 3. In-Surgery or Power Bleaching
Authors: Sulieman M.
Published: August 2017

The use of in-surgery bleaching techniques has increased recently within the profession following the introduction of various new systems. Many dentists and patients alike prefer the in-surgery procedures to lighten teeth as it takes the responsibility for the procedure firmly away from the patient to the dentist; a situation with which both sides may be more comfortable.

This article will review various in-surgery or power bleaching procedures. In addition, it will detail the procedure involved and how and when to combine bleaching techniques.
Radicular Cyst Arising from a Traumatized Primary Incisor: A Case Report of a Rare Complication that Emphasizes the Need for Regular
Authors: Smith Alastair T.F. , Cowpe Jonathan G.
Published: August 2017

Radicular cysts associated with the deciduous dentition are rare.1 The literature is sparse regarding cysts associated with primary incisor teeth, which is surprising given the frequency with which these teeth are traumatized. Most cases reported involve molar teeth associated with apical infection following on from caries. A case of a 3-year-old boy who developed a large radicular cyst associated with a previously traumatized upper primary incisor is reported.
Book Review
Authors: Gibson Clive J.
Published: August 2017

Ethical Questions in Dentistry 2nd edn. By James T. Rule and Robert M. Veatch. Quintessence Publishing Co., New Malden, 2004 (320pp., £21.00). ISBN 0-86715-443-8.
An Introduction to Dentists with Special Interests
Authors: Miller Alasdair G
Published: August 2017

The Chief Dental Officer of England, Professor Raman Bedi, introduced the concept of Dentists with Special Interests (DwSI) for the NHS in England at the Dentistry 2004 Conference in Bournemouth in May 2004. The Department of Health and the Faculty of General Dental Practitioners (UK) (FGDP(UK)) later published details,1 which represents the dental version of a scheme which operates in primary medical care. The Chief Dental Officer announced that the Faculty of General Dental Practitioners (UK) would be co-ordinating the development of the initial set of competencies for DwSls. These will be made available to Primary Care Trusts (PCTs) in the spring of 2005 to assist them in commissioning DwSI services in their locality.
Trends in Indirect Dentistry: Introduction
Authors: Burke FJ Trevor
Published: August 2017

Indirect restorations play a major role in the restoration of teeth. Clinicians generally place crowns for functional reasons in posterior teeth and to replace lost and/or weakened tooth substance, while, in anterior teeth, indirect restorations such as crowns and veneers may be placed to improve or restore aesthetics. In this respect, the clinician today has a wide range of tooth-coloured materials at his/her disposal in contrast to 30 years ago when aluminous porcelain had just been introduced and methyl-methacrylate was used for crowning teeth. Contemporary materials for indirect dentistry now include a wide range of resin-based composite variants and an array of ceramic materials, many of which now utilize computer-aided design and manufacture. While there was little change in the luting cements used for indirect restorations for many years, resin luting materials, which are available in a wide range of shades, are now used to facilitate the placement of thin ceramic restorations such as dentine-bonded crowns and porcelain laminate veneers. Adhesive resin cements, without the drawbacks of etching and bonding, are now available and should increase the use of resin-luting materials.
Trends in Indirect Dentistry: 1. Case Selection
Authors: Bateman Geoff , Tomson Phillip
Published: August 2017

Indirect restorations can provide a conservative, functional and aesthetic method for managing a patient's dentition. These restorations, however, are only as good as the environment in which they are placed. Many restorations, though technically satisfactory, may fail because assessment and subsequent treatment planning has been unsatisfactory. This article presents a philosophy of case selection mindful of factors related to the patient, operator and oral environment. The wrong treatment, however skilfully executed, may invite failure.
Book Review
Authors: Hogg Christopher
Published: August 2017

Risk Management in Orthodontics: Experts' Guide to Malpractice. TM Graber, T Eliades, AE Athanasiou (eds). Quintessence Books, Chicago, USA, 2004 (238pp., £78h/b). ISBN 0-86715-431–4.
Bell's Palsy
Authors: Curtis Adrian
Published: August 2017

Recent developments in Bell's Palsy. JN Holland, GM Weiner. British Medical Journal 2004; 329:553–557.
Are You Proud of Your Radiographs?
Authors: Carrotte Peter
Published: August 2017

Image quality of digital and film radiographs in applications sent to the Dental Insurance Office in Sweden for treatment approval. H Hellén-Halme, PM Johansson, J Håkansson and A Petersson. Swedish Dental Journal 2004; 28:77-84
Incisor Toothwear Caused by a Dietary Habit Involving Chillies – A Case Report
Authors: Antonarakis Gregory S , Addy Liam D
Published: August 2017

Toothwear cases can vary dramatically in their presentation, with some displaying quite peculiar patterns. This case report outlines a patient's unusual eating habit that had led to a localized pattern of toothwear affecting his maxillary and mandibular central incisors. The patient had a habit of eating fresh chillies between his incisors after most evening meals; this was followed by immediate toothbrushing, which he had done for many years. This case illustrates that, not only is diet analysis important in identifying aetiological factors in toothwear cases, but also dietary habits.
Should We Dispose of Disposable Trays for Crown and Bridge Work?
Authors: Carrotte Peter
Published: August 2017

Distortion of disposable plastic stock trays when used with putty vinyl polysiloxane impression materials. GC Cho and WWL Chee. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 2004; 92:354-358.
Severe External Root Resorption Arrested by Conventional Endodontic Treatment
Authors: Aqrabawi Jamal , Jamani Kifah
Published: August 2017

A case is presented of inflammatory external root resorption detected on radiographic examination. Conventional endodontic treatment, including calcium hydroxide dressing for two weeks and obturation of the root canal system using the vertical compaction of warm gutta-percha technique was a simple and effective treatment modality for arresting the resorptive process and maintaining the integrity of the patient dentition.
‘Double’ Teeth – A Diagnostic Conundrum
Authors: Uÿs Herman , Morris David
Published: August 2017

A ‘double’ tooth is an uncommon dental developmental anomaly that can occur in the deciduous and/or permanent dentition. It is not always possible to differentiate clinically between fusion and gemination. Clinical and radiographic examination, as well as a histological assessment, can help to differentiate between fusion and gemination. A case of fusion in the deciduous dentition is presented to demonstrate the diagnostic differences but also, more importantly, to draw attention to the potential impact of ‘double’ teeth on the developing secondary dentition and its future management.
Three Cases of First Permanent Molar Extractions where Extraction of the Adjacent Second Deciduous Molar is also Indicated
Authors: Conway M L , Petrucci DI
Published: August 2017

Appropriately timed extraction of a carious first permanent molar can result in favourable mesial drift of the second permanent molar when space is not required for orthodontic treatment. However, when the second deciduous molar adjacent to the extracted tooth is not removed, distal drift of the unerupted second premolar may occur.
Oral Health Needs of the Head and Neck Radiotherapy Patient: 1. Epidemiology, Effects of Radiotherapy and Role of the GDP in Diagnosis
Authors: MacCarthy Denise , Omer Osama , Nunn June , Cotter Edward
Published: August 2017

Head and neck cancer represents a heterogeneous group of neoplasms affecting a number of sites in the aerodigestive tract, histologically primarily epithelial in type. Most are sensitive to a treatment regime of ablative surgery followed by radiotherapy. The incidence in Ireland of head and neck cancers is approximately 11.8 per 100, 000 population and is the 8th commonest cancer in males and the 16th in females. Many of these cancers will manifest with oral signs and symptoms thus placing the GDP in the unique position of being able to detect and positively influence outcomes: the GDP also has a vital, proactive role to play in supportive care before, during and following surgery and radiotherapy.
Book Review
Authors: Coomaraswamy Kris
Published: August 2017

Paediatric Dentistry 3rd edn. By RR Welbury, MS Duggal and MT Hosey, eds. Oxford: Oxford Medical Publications, 2005 (443pp. p/b, £39.95). ISBN 978-0-19-8565833.
Book Review
Authors: Lewis Amy
Published: August 2017

Radiography and Radiology for Dental Nurses. By Eric Whaites. London: Elsevier Church Livingstone (£14.99, 21.95 EUR). ISBN 0-443-102139.
Peripheral Ameloblastoma: A Case Report
Authors: Hayes Mairéad I , Prince Sharon E
Published: August 2017

Peripheral ameloblastoma is an uncommon pathological variant of the more usual intraosseous central ameloblastoma. It most typically presents as a localized soft tissue mass occurring in the tooth-bearing areas of the jaws and is often provisionally diagnosed as an epulis. In this paper, a 43-year-old male presented with a three-year history of a painful, slowly enlarging gingival swelling. There was no evidence of bony involvement on radiographs but it was revealed histologically to be a peripheral ameloblastoma.

Treatment was by wide local excision, including a bony margin, and primary closure. Long-term follow-up is imperative owing to possible recurrence and malignant potential.
Oral Mucosal Ulceration due to Ferrous Sulphate Tablets: Report of a Case
Authors: Jones Terry A , Parmar Satyesh C
Published: August 2017

Recurrent oral ulceration due to underlying iron-deficiency anaemia is already recognized. However, this case report describes a 78-year-old lady who developed severe ulceration of the tongue and floor of the mouth as a result of the treatment of iron-deficiency anaemia with ferrous sulphate tablets. Withdrawal of the ferrous sulphate tablets and replacement with ferrous fumarate syrup led to resolution of the lesion.
Aspects of Human Disease
Authors: Scully Crispian , Chaudhry Shahid I
Published: August 2017

This series outlines, briefly, the clinical presentation, diagnosis and management of the 31 chronic medical problems which are most common and important in the developed countries, but space also precludes coverage of acute infections and most malignant disease.
Maintenance of Osseointegrated Implant Prostheses
Authors: Palmer Richard M , Pleasance Christine
Published: August 2017

Implant-retained prostheses need to be re-evaluated on a regular basis. This should include review of the effectiveness of oral hygiene procedures to maintain soft tissue health, evaluation of the integrity and function of the prosthetic superstructure and comparison of radiographic bone levels at appropriate intervals.
Manual versus Powered Toothbrushes: What is the Evidence?
Authors: Davies Robin M
Published: August 2017

Powered toothbrushes are a significant segment of the oral care market. Numerous clinical trials have compared the effectiveness of manual and powered toothbrushes for their effectiveness in improving oral health and the results are often conflicting. Recent Systematic Reviews by the Cochrane Oral Health Group have distilled this information and provided unbiased conclusions, namely that: powered toothbrushes with an oscillating rotating action are more effective than manual toothbrushes in reducing plaque and gingivitis; other types of powered toothbrushes produced less consistent reductions in plaque and gingivitis than manual brushes. Further studies are required to determine the relative effectiveness of manual and powered toothbrushes in improving the status of patients with periodontitis.
A Review of the Current Uses of Botox for Dentally-Related Procedures
Authors: Bhogal Preetpal Singh , Hutton Alison , Monaghan Andrew
Published: August 2017

Botox is the most widely used abbreviation for botulinum toxin type A (BtA). This drug has received wide coverage in the press and media for its cosmetic advantages, especially in the facial region. The clinician may be aware of the many courses becoming available and aimed at dentists to start using it in the cosmetic context. This paper intends to provide a basic understanding of the many functional uses of the drug in the orofacial region that may be relevant to everyday practice.
Cleidocranial Dysplasia – A Late Diagnosis
Authors: Nayar Suresh , Bishop Karl
Published: August 2017

Cleidocranial dysplasia is a rare congenital disorder of bone characterized by abnormalities of clavicle, skull and dentition. There are features which are pathognomic for this condition and diagnosis can usually be made early in life. This report presents a case that was diagnosed very late in life, with a resultant compromised dental state, and discusses current treatment modalities and the differential diagnosis with another condition with which this was mistaken.
Immediate and Early Replacement Implants and Restorations
Authors: Palmer Richard M , Palmer Paul J , Baker Paul
Published: August 2017

There have been rapid developments in dental implant treatment protocols to reduce the time between implant placement and restoration. Implants may be placed immediately following tooth extraction or following a period of healing to allow resolution of residual infection or sufficient bone and soft tissue healing. Early restoration and loading of implants has to be carefully controlled to avoid increased failure and complications. Advantages and disadvantages of the various techniques are described.
Vital Tooth Bleaching in Dental Practice: 1. Professional Bleaching
Authors: Pretty I A , Ellwood R P , Brunton P A , Aminian A
Published: August 2017

As dental health improves, with the concurrent drop in the provision of basic restorative care, patients are now asking their dentists to provide aesthetic treatments rather than the treatment of disease. Tooth bleaching is one such treatment that is frequently described in consumer magazines and television shows, driving consumer interest in this, apparently, benign therapy. This three-part series demonstrates the techniques that can be employed, within the dental practice or under the supervision of a clinician, those systems that can be bought by patients over the counter and, finally, a discussion of the biological effects of peroxide-containing solutions and the legal position on such products in the UK.
Aspects of Human Disease
Authors: Scully Crispian , Chaudhry Shahid I
Published: August 2017

This series outlines, briefly, the clinical presentation, diagnosis and management of the 30 chronic medical problems which are most common and important in the developed countries, but space also precludes coverage of acute infections and most malignant disease.
Allergic Contact Stomatitis from Colophony
Authors: Sharma Paul R.
Published: August 2017

Colophony isan ubiquitous contact sensitizer which may be present in dental materials, such as periodontal dressings, impression materials, cements, fix adhesives and varnishes. Exposure to a sensitizer in a hypersensitive person may initiate an allergic contact dermatitis/stomatitis. This usually occurs after direct skin/mucosa contact with the sensitizer.

This paper reports the case of a colophony hypersensitive male who developed contact stomatitis after dental treatment with a colophony-containing product.
Science Supports Art
Authors: Ashley Paul
Published: August 2017

Survival of ART and amalgam restorations in permanent teeth of children after 6.3 years. JE Frencken, D Taifour, MA van't Hof. Journal of Dental Research 2006; 85(7): 622-626.
Book Review
Authors: Ricketts David
Published: August 2017

Principles of Operative Dentistry. By AJE Qualtrough, JD Satterthwaite, LA Morrow and PA Brunton. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2005 (192pp., £24.99 p/b). ISBN 9781405118217.
Biodegradable Fixation in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Authors: Coombes Darryl M , Shelley Michael J , McKenzie Jeremy , Sneddon Kenneth J
Published: August 2017

Fixation of the maxillofacial skeleton following trauma or osteotomy surgery has been achieved by the use of titanium plates and screws for the past two decades. Advances in materials science has enabled the development of biodegradable or resorbable plates and screws for internal fixation of the maxillofacial skeleton. This paper presents the biochemistry of resorbable materials and our early experiences in their clinical applications.
Management of the Anxious Patient: What Treatments are Available?
Authors: Mellor Anthony
Published: August 2017

Fear of the dentist is a common phenomenon. There are many ways of dealing with anxious patients and this review aims to present the most common methods available to general dental practitioners.
Dental Management of a Child Patient with Noonan's Syndrome
Authors: Sharma Paul R , MacFadyen Una M , Fung Diane E
Published: August 2017

This case report describes a 9-year-old Caucasian girl who required comprehensive dental treatment under general anaesthesia but gave a history of Noonan's syndrome. The patient was extremely needle phobic. Because of the association between Noonan's syndrome and underlying coagulopathies, for which no previous investigations were evident, dental treatment had to be postponed pending further investigation. The patient was referred to a haematologist and underwent coagulation screening, which revealed the presence of von Willebrand's disease. The patient was prescribed Desmopressin to raise plasma levels of factor VIII: C and von Willebrand's factor (VWF) in order that dental treatment, including extractions, could be carried out under an in-patient general anaesthetic.
Maximize your Bond Strengths?
Authors: Carrotte Peter
Published: August 2017

Immediate dentine sealing improves bond strength of indirect restorations. P Magne, TH Kim, D Cascione and TE Donovan. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 2005; 94: 511-519.
The Effects of Antihypertensive Medication on Dental Treatment
Authors: Gibson Richard M , Meechan John G
Published: August 2017

Hypertension is a medical problem that impacts on health worldwide. A number of different medications are used to treat hypertension. These drugs can affect the mouth and perioral structures and impact upon dental management. It is therefore important that dentists are aware of the side-effects and relevant drug interactions that occur in patients on antihypertensive medication.
Book Review
Authors: Morse Greg
Published: August 2017

A Guide to General Dental Practice. Edited by Nick Priest, Hardev Seehra and Murray Wallace. Abingdon: Radcliffe Publishing Ltd, 2006. (£19.95). ISBN 1-84619-087-8.
Book Review
Authors: Brocklebank Laetitia
Published: August 2017

Panoramic Radiology. By Vivian E Rushton and John Rout. New Maiden:Quintessence Books, 2006 (145pp., £28 h/b). ISBN 1-85097-080-7.
Conservative Aesthetic Techniques for Discoloured Teeth: 2. Micro-abrasion and Composite
Authors: Nixon Peter J , Robinson Stephen , Gahan Matthew , Chan Martin FW-Y
Published: August 2017

The first article in this series discussed the minimal intervention approach to discoloured teeth, starting with dental bleaching. This second article goes on to explain the technique of microabrasion and the use of direct composite techniques.
Demolition Experts: Management of the Parafunctional Patient: 1. Diagnosis and Prevention
Authors: Porter Richard , Poyser Neil , Briggs Peter , Kelleher Martin
Published: August 2017

The first part of this paper discusses the clinical problems associated with providing predictable restorative dental care for parafunctional patients. The identification of patients with this problem is important, as is patient understanding and the optimization of preventive approaches, all of which are considered. In the second part, restorative strategies will be presented.
Is the Resorption External or Internal?
Authors: Patel Shanon , Ford Thomas Pitt
Published: August 2017

Resorption of teeth is reviewed from a diagnostic perspective to clarify the confusion as to whether it is external or internal. The key features of the various types (external surface, transient apical breakdown, external inflammatory, external replacement, external cervical and internal) are described and illustrated by cases. Management and appropriate treatment is dependent on the correct diagnosis.
Diagnostic Dilemma of an Ulcer in a Child
Authors: Albadri S , Mackie IC
Published: August 2017

Careful history-taking and examination are important in diagnosing self-inflicted injuries, which are often very difficult to diagnose and manage. We describe a case of a misdiagnosed traumatic ulcer in a 9-year-old boy which meant that he went through months of pain and discomfort, missed school, was admitted to hospital and had a series of unnecessary investigations.
Book Review
Authors: Stone Paul
Published: August 2017

Surgical Manual of Implant Dentistry. By D Buser, JY Cho and ABK Yeo. New Maiden: Quintessence Books, 2007 (136pp. h/b, £50). ISBN 978-0-86715-379-8.
Are Dental Implants as Successful as is Claimed?
Authors: Carrotte Peter
Published: August 2017

Success or failure of dental implants? A literature review with treatment considerations. JA Porter and JA von Fraunhofer. General Dentistry 2005; 5: 423–431.
Book Review
Authors: Walmsley AD
Published: August 2017

The Power of Ultrasonics. By Fridus van der Weijden. New Maiden: Quintessence Books, 2007 (80pp. p/b, £28). ISBN 978-2-912550-51-4.
Referrals in Oral Medicine
Authors: Scully Crispian , Porter Stephen R
Published: August 2017

This invited article offers dentists and dental care professionals an understanding of the most appropriate and effective way of referring patients for specialist care in oral medicine, hence enabling them to offer more effective care to patients, as well as avoiding misunderstandings.
Book Review
Authors: Hill Kirsty B
Published: August 2017

Hypnosis and Communication in Dental Practice. By David Simons, Cath Potter, Graham Temple. New Maiden: Quintessence Books, 2007 (296pp.h/b, £38). ISBN 978-1-85097-116-0.
The Application of Photodynamic Therapy in the Head and Neck
Authors: Jerjes Waseem , Upile Tahwinder , Betz Christian S , El Maaytah Mohammed , Abbas Syedda , Wright Anthony , Hopper Colin
Published: August 2017

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is considered to be a minimally invasive treatment modality which shows great promise in premalignant and malignant conditions of the head and neck. This therapy can be applied before or after any of the conventional treatment modalities (ie surgery, radiotherapy or chemotherapy) and the treatment can be repeated as much as is needed at the same site. PDT uses photosensitizing drugs that are activated by exposure to light of a specific wavelength. Illumination of the suspected premalignant or malignant site by light at the activating wavelength results in cellular destruction by a non-free radical oxidative process.

Most photosensitizers are administered systemically, although some can be applied topically in the treatment of skin cancer. Recent developments in photosensitizers and light delivery systems have substantially reduced treatment times and residual photosensitivity, while increasing the achievable depth of necrosis. Compared with standard approaches, PDT can achieve equivalent or greater efficacy in the treatment of premalignant and malignant lesions in the head and neck, with greatly reduced morbidity and disfigurement.

The technique is simple, can commonly be carried out in outpatient clinics, and is highly acceptable to patients. It can be repeated to debulk large tumours progressively, and it can also be applied through interstitial light delivery to large solid tumours.
Periodontics: 6. The Management of Gingival Recession
Authors: Allen E , Irwin C , Ziada H , Mullally B , Byrne PJ
Published: August 2017

Gingival recession is a common condition affecting the dentition. This paper describes the aetiology of gingival recession and discusses the appropriate management of this condition.
Dental Update: CPD Update
Authors: Burke FJT
Published: August 2017

In response to timings from readers and greater editorial content by increasing the number of pages, Dental Update will, from January 2007, offer 4 hours of verifiable CPD rather than the 2.5 hours previously given.
Early Childhood Caries – A Review
Authors: Misra S , Tahmassebi JF , Brosnan M
Published: August 2017

Early childhood caries (ECC) is rampant caries of the primary dentition of infants and toddlers. It represents a serious problem in dentistry as it progresses rapidly and affects young children. There is a need to identify risk factors for ECC so that targeted, cost-effective interventions can be designed. The literature indicates that immediate intervention is necessary to prevent further dental destruction, as well as more widespread health problems.
Cultural Aspects of Tobacco Use
Authors: Anwar S , Williams SA
Published: August 2017

Tobacco is used worldwide, but culture shapes the specific methods and patterns of its use, with implications for uptake, continuation and cessation. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the range of tobacco use which occurs worldwide, in the context of cultural and social norms. Many of these practices are relevant to the UK, some having been brought here by migrants, with consequences for general and oral health.
Spontaneous Regression of Bilateral Dentigerous Cysts: A Case Report
Authors: Chew Yun Shane , Aghabeigi Behnam
Published: August 2017

A dentigerous cyst is the most common developmental odontogenic cyst and believed to be slowly progressive in nature. This case report describes an incidental finding of spontaneous regression of bilateral dentigerous cysts associated with lower impacted third molars in a 30-year-old, fully dentate female. Together with three other similar reports, a few possible explanations are postulated and the understanding of natural history of dentigerous cysts is questioned.
The Significance of Alcohol Misuse in the Dental Patient
Authors: Kwasnicki A , Longman L , Wilkinson G
Published: August 2017

This paper presents a general overview of the consequences of alcohol use and misuse in dental patients. Current guidelines for sensible drinking, screening tools for alcohol use and medical problems associated with alcohol misuse are highlighted. The dental management and oral sequaelae of alcohol misuse and dependency are also discussed.
Managing Malocclusion in the Mixed Dentition: Six Keys to Success Part 2
Authors: Fleming PS , Johal A , DiBiase AT
Published: August 2017

Regular recall strategies ensure the general dental practitioner is ideally placed to recognize, manage and correct many occlusal problems in the mixed dentition phase. The first paper focused on recognition of normal and abnormal occlusal development, cessation of habits and correction of crossbites. This paper considers management of leeway space, highlights the importance of palpation of unerupted maxillary canines, and discusses the need for judicious removal of primary teeth (Keys 4-6).
Endodontic Length Determination – What Lengths Should We Go To?
Authors: Robinson Stephen , Brunton Paul A
Published: August 2017

There is much controversy in the dental literature and among clinicians regarding the ideal length of preparation in endodontic treatment and how this should be determined. The differing opinions are summarized and the methods of length determination described, along with their advantages and disadvantages. Practitioners are encouraged to familiarize themselves with all the available techniques and select the most appropriate for each case.
International Standards and the Dental Practitioner
Authors: Jacobsen Peter
Published: August 2017

The relationship between dental practice and international standards is described together with an account of the way in which standards are drafted and published. The United Kingdom participates in the process through the British Standards Institution, which is a Member Body of the International Standards Organization and the European Standards Committee. Some of the standards relevant to dental practice are quoted to demonstrate their importance. The principles of the regulatory processes used in Europe in relation to the Medical Device Directive and CE marking are discussed.
Periodontics: 10. Maintenance in Periodontal Therapy
Authors: Allen E , Ziada H , Irwin CR , Mullally B , Byrne PJ
Published: August 2017

Maintenance periodontal therapy is essential for the long-term stabilization of periodontal disease. An individualized programme of maintenance requirements, based on patient risk assessment for disease progression, is important, as is the need for teamwork in long-term patient management.
Influence of Fractured Instruments on the Success Rate of Endodontic Treatment
Authors: Simon Stephane , Machtou Pierre , Tomson Phillip , Adams Nick , Lumley Philip
Published: August 2017

The fracture of an instrument is a recognized complication in endodontics. The immediate response to a fractured instrument is frequently to regard the treatment as a failure. Several factors must, however, be taken into account to evaluate the prognosis of the tooth in this situation. The objective of the endodontic treatment with or without a fractured instrument remains the same, namely to disinfect the root canal system and prevent its recontamination. The time at which file fracture occurred during treatment and the degree of canal infection should be considered when determining the potential effect of instrument fracture on treatment outcome. Patients must be informed about an instrument fracturing in their tooth for ethical and legal reasons. The aim of this paper is to attempt to place fractured instruments in context, not to provide an in depth description of fractured instrument management techniques.
How Well Bonded are Your Fibre Posts?
Authors: Carrotte Peter
Published: August 2017

The effect of dowel space on the bond strengths of fibre posts. Perdagao J, Gomes G, Augusto V. Journal of Prosthodontics 2007; 16: 154–164.
An Update on Oral Hygiene Products and Techniques
Authors: Laing Emma , Ashley Paul , Gill Daljit , Naini Farhad
Published: August 2017

The aim of this article is to update the reader on oral hygiene products and techniques. The evidence relating to the range of toothbrushing, interdental cleaning products and chemotherapeutic agents currently on the market will be discussed. It will be seen that choice of many of the oral hygiene products currently on the market is still largely a matter of personal preference.
Does Toothpaste Really Prevent Bad Breath?
Authors: Carrotte Peter
Published: August 2017

Clinical effectiveness of a dentifrice containing triclosan and a copolymer for controlling breath odour. Sharma NC, Galustians HJ, Qaqish J, Galustians A, Rustogi K, Petrone ME, Chaknis P, Garcia L, Volpe AR, Proskin HM. American Journal of Dentistry 2007; 20: 79–82.
Dermatitis Artefacta of the Lip in an Adolescent
Authors: Collard MM , Hunter ML , Motley RJ , Lewis MAO
Published: August 2017

Self-inflicted trauma is found in several patient groups including those with learning and developmental delay, the very young and those suffering from psychiatric disturbance. The diagnosis of artefactual disease can only be made when all possible organic disease has been excluded by specific investigations.

The case presented is that of a 15-year-old girl complaining of persistent bleeding and crusting of her lips. Investigations provided no real information as to the cause of the allegedly spontaneous bleeding. The diagnosis of artefactual disease was finally decided upon and a referral to a child and adolescent psychiatrist made.
Book Review
Authors: Seymour Robin
Published: August 2017

Contemporary Periodontal Surgery: An Illustrated Guide to the Art Behind the Science. By Geoffrey Bateman, Shuva Saha and Iain LC Chapple. London: Quintessence Publishing Co Ltd (204 pp. h/b, £28). ISBN 978-1-85097-123-8.
Electrosurgery: A Technique for Achieving Aesthetic and Retentive Resin-Bonded Bridges
Authors: Elder Andrew RJ , Djemal Serpil
Published: August 2017

Resin-bonded bridges can provide an aesthetic option for fixed replacement of teeth. To achieve the appearance of a natural tooth, the pontic tooth must have the correct emergence profile. This paper describes the use of electrosurgery for tissue removal and ridge recontouring. The soft tissues overlying the edentulous ridge can be sculpted prior to resin-bonded bridge placement to improve the emergence profile of the pontic and the bridge's cleansability. Hyperplastic palatal gingival tissues can be excised to maximize bridge retainer coverage over the cingulum area.
Evidence Base for Ceramic Onlays Clinical Evaluation of All-Ceramic Onlays: A 4-Year Retrospective Study.
Authors: Carrotte Peter
Published: August 2017

Naeselius K, Amelund C-F, Molin MK. International Journal of Prosthodontics 2008; 21: 40–44.
Decision-making for Children with Traumatized Permanent Incisors: A Holistic Approach
Authors: Rodd Helen D , Murray Alison M , Yesudian Grainne , Lewis Benjamin RK
Published: August 2017

Traumatic injury to permanent central incisors is a common occurrence in childhood and adolescence. It is of paramount importance that expedient and appropriate care is provided to ensure an optimum short- and long-term outcome for injured teeth and, importantly, the patients themselves. Treatment planning should thus adopt a holistic approach, taking into account a number of patient- and dental-related factors. Multidisciplinary care, involving paediatric dentistry, orthodontics or oral and maxillofacial surgery may be indicated. Decisions should also be informed by a sound understanding of the exact nature and prognosis of the presenting dental injury.
How Long should a Shortened Dental Arch be?
Authors: Allen PF
Published: August 2017

Increasing numbers of older adults are retaining teeth into old age. Many of these patients refuse to wear removable partial dentures, and have a high prevalence of dental disease and heavily restored teeth. The shortened dental arch (SDA) concept is a potentially cost-effective way of managing older, partially dentate adults. However, case selection is critical and long term preservation of a functional dentition may not be possible in certain patients. This paper highlights the critical treatment planning issues and outlines treatment strategies aimed at avoiding occlusal instability in patients with shortened dental arches.
Direct or Indirect Composite Restorations?
Authors: Carrotte Peter
Published: August 2017

Gingival seal of deep Class II direct and indirect composite restorations. Kenyon BJ, Frederickson D, Hagge MS. American Journal of Dentistry 2007; 20: 3–6.
Diagnosis and Management of Supernumerary Teeth
Authors: Shah Ashish , Gill Daljit S , Tredwin Christopher , Naini Farhad B
Published: August 2017

Supernumerary teeth can present in various forms and in any region of the mandible or maxilla, but have a predisposition for the anterior maxilla. They can cause a variety of complications in the developing dentition. This article reviews the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis and options for the management of supernumerary teeth.
Resin-Retained Bridges: Fibre-Reinforced versus Metal
Authors: Burke FJ Trevor
Published: August 2017

Resin-retained bridges (RRBs) have become an accepted part of the restorative dentist's armamentarium. Despite disadvantages, such as more frequent rates of debonding than conventionally-luted bridges, RRBs hold advantages such as their minimally invasive preparation and reduced cost, along with good patient acceptance. RRBs have traditionally been formed of a metal framework with porcelain coverage: most recently, fibre-reinforced RRBs (FRRRBs) have become available, using fibres to reinforce a laboratory composite material. They may also be formed intra-orally. This paper discusses the current status of indirectly-placed FRRRBs, their principal advantages being their improved aesthetics because they are tooth-coloured, and a principal disadvantage being a lack of long-term clinical research.
Severe Laryngeal Injuries Masked by Fractured Mandible
Authors: Tohill Roisin M , Gupta Deepanshu K
Published: August 2017

A 17-year-old male was referred to the maxillofacial department regarding a fractured mandible. Airway compromise was suspected as a result of neck swelling, stridor, haemoptysis and surgical emphysema. Severe laryngeal injuries were diagnosed, including a fractured hyoid. His treatment and outcomes are summarized, with discussion of aetiology, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of laryngeal injuries, including urgent airway management, if necessary. The risks and complications of delayed diagnosis and treatment are discussed, particularly if symptoms are delayed or the injury is masked by facial fractures. A high index of suspicion and thorough examination are emphasized in all head and neck trauma patients.
Methadone: Dental Risks and Preventive Action
Authors: Nathwani Neil S , Gallagher Jennifer E
Published: August 2017

For some time dentists have successfully promoted the benefits of sugar-free medications. There are now over 180 sugar-free medicines manufactured and prescribed. Methadone, used in the rehabilitation of drug-users, is available as a sugar-free preparation; however, the sugar-based version is most often used. This article examines the content of methadone, explains some of the reasons for prescribing patterns and explores how a multi-disciplinary approach can be used to help methadone users with their rehabilitation and minimize risks to oral health. The wider public health and health policy implications of methadone use are discussed and the available literature reviewed.