bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pathobiology of Hodgkin Lymphoma
Authors: Piccaluga Pier Paolo , Agostinelli Claudio , Gazzola Anna , Tripodo Claudio , Bacci Francesco , Sabattini Elena , Sista Maria Teresa , Mannu Claudia , Sapienza Maria Rosaria , Rossi Maura , Laginestra Maria Antonella , Sagramoso-Sacchetti Carlo A. , Righi Simona , Pileri Stefano A.
Published: December 2010

Despite its well-known histological and clinical features, Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) has recently been the object of intense research activity, leading to a better understanding of its phenotype, molecular characteristics, histogenesis, and possible mechanisms of lymphomagenesis. There is complete consensus on the B-cell derivation of the tumor in most cases, and on the relevance of Epstein-Barr virus infection and defective cytokinesis in at least a proportion of patients. The REAL/WHO classification recognizes a basic distinction between lymphocyte predominance HL (LP-HL) and classic HL (cHL), reflecting the differences in clinical presentation and behavior, morphology, phenotype, and molecular features. cHL has been classified into four subtypes: lymphocyte rich, nodular sclerosing, with mixed cellularity, and lymphocyte depleted. The borders between cHL and anaplastic large-cell lymphoma have become sharper, whereas those between LP-HL and T-cell-rich B-cell lymphoma remain ill defined. Treatments adjusted to the pathobiological characteristics of the tumor in at-risk patients have been proposed and are on the way to being applied.
Pathologic Reassessment of Prostate Cancer Surgical Specimens Before Molecular Retrospective Studies
Authors: Fromont Gaelle , Validire Pierre , Prapotnich Dominique , Rozet François , Vallancien Guy , Cussenot Olivier , Cathelineau Xavier
Published: December 2010

Purpose: The retrospective use of prostate cancer tissue is crucial to design tumor marker prognostic studies. We hypothesize that comparison between recent and more historical cases could introduce biases due to stage and grade migration upon time.

Design: We reviewed 544 margin-free specimens from patients treated for clinically localized prostate cancer by radical prostatectomy between 2000 and 2005. One hundred and ninty-two patients that underwent biochemical recurrence after surgery were matched with 352 patients without progression, according to pretreatment prostate specific antigen, Gleason score, pathologic stage, and follow-up duration (at least 36 months).

Results: The reassessment led to histopathologic reclassification of standard prognostic variables in 15% of cases, including modifications in the Gleason score (n = 63), pathologic stage (n = 12), and margin status (n = 30). Most discrepancies with the initial reports are explained either by differences in the scoring system upon time, or by the exam of additional tissues sections. The impact of reclassification led to increase adverse prognostic factors more frequently in the group of patients with progression (Chi2, P < 0.0001).

Conclusion: Careful reassessment of prostate cancer samples should be mandatory before molecular prognostic studies to ensure a more uniform pathologic evaluation, and might be reported in the “recommendations for tumor markers prognostic studies” (REMARK). Clin Cancer Res; 17(4); 836–40. ©2010 AACR.
ENMD-2076 Is an Orally Active Kinase Inhibitor with Antiangiogenic and Antiproliferative Mechanisms of Action
Authors: Fletcher Graham C. , Brokx Richard D. , Denny Trisha A. , Hembrough Todd A. , Plum Stacy M. , Fogler William E. , Sidor Carolyn F. , Bray Mark R.
Published: December 2010

ENMD-2076 is a novel orally active, small molecule kinase inhibitor with a mechanism of action involving several pathways key to tumor growth and survival: angiogenesis, proliferation, and the cell cycle. ENMD-2076 has selective activity against the mitotic kinase Aurora A, as well as kinases involved in angiogenesis (VEGFRs, FGFRs). ENMD-2076 inhibited the growth in vitro of a wide range of human solid tumor and hematopoietic cancer cell lines with IC50 values ranging from 0.025 to 0.7 μmol/L. ENMD-2076 was also shown to induce regression or complete inhibition of tumor growth in vivo at well-tolerated doses in tumor xenograft models derived from breast, colon, melanoma, leukemia, and multiple myeloma cell lines. Pharmacodynamic experiments in vivo showed that in addition to inhibiting Aurora A, single doses of ENMD-2076 had sustained inhibitory effects on the activation of Flt3 as well as the angiogenic tyrosine kinases, VEGFR2/KDR and FGFR1 and 2. ENMD-2076 was shown to prevent the formation of new blood vessels and regress formed vessels in vivo at doses equivalent to those that gave substantial activity in tumor xenograft models. These results indicate that ENMD-2076 is a well-tolerated, orally active multitarget kinase inhibitor with a unique antiangiogenic/antiproliferative profile and provides strong preclinical support for use as a therapeutic for human cancers. Several phase 1 studies involving ENMD-2076 have been recently completed, and the compound is currently being evaluated in a phase 2 clinical trial in patients with platinum-resistant ovarian cancer. Mol Cancer Ther; 10(1); 126–37. ©2010 AACR.
Academic Giftedness and Alcohol Use in Early Adolescence
Authors: Peairs Kristen F. , Eichen Dawn , Putallaz Martha , Costanzo Philip R. , Grimes Christina L.
Published: December 2010

Adolescence is a period of development particularly vulnerable to the effects of alcohol use, with recent studies underscoring alcohol’s effects on adolescent brain development. Despite the alarming rates and consequences of adolescent alcohol use, gifted adolescents are often overlooked as being at risk for early alcohol use. Although gifted adolescents may possess protective factors that likely inhibit the use of alcohol, some gifted youth may be vulnerable to initiating alcohol use during adolescence as experimenting with alcohol may be one way gifted youth choose to compensate for the social price (whether real or perceived) of their academic talents. To address the dearth of research on alcohol use among gifted adolescents the current study (a) examined the extent to which gifted adolescents use alcohol relative to their nongifted peers and (b) examined the adjustment profile of gifted adolescents who had tried alcohol relative to nongifted adolescents who tried alcohol as well as gifted and nongifted abstainers. More than 300 students in seventh grade (42.5% gifted) participated in the present study. Results indicated gifted students have, in fact, tried alcohol at rates that do not differ from nongifted students. Although trying alcohol was generally associated with negative adjustment, giftedness served as a moderating factor such that gifted students who had tried alcohol were less at risk than their nongifted peers. However, evidence also suggests that gifted adolescents who tried alcohol may be a part of a peer context that promotes substance use, which may place these youth at risk for adjustment difficulties in the future.

Putting the Research to Use

This research demonstrates that a fruitful line of future research would focus on examining the potential mechanisms underlying alcohol use among gifted youth. Individual differences with regard to endorsing a high desirability of gaining social acceptance or fitting in with non-gifted peers or distancing oneself from a “gifted” image may explain why some gifted students use alcohol and others do not. Until the underlying reasons of alcohol use/experimentation among gifted adolescents are better understood and researched further, it is not clear whether current prevention and intervention programs are effective for this subgroup of adolescents.
Elasticity of woven fabrics made of polytri-methylene terephthalate/ polyethylene terephthalate bicomponent filaments
Authors: Jin Luo  , Wang Fu-Mei , Dan Li  , Bugao Xu
Published: December 2010

Polytri-methylene terephthalate (PTT)/polyethylene terephthalate (PET) filaments are self-crimping, highly elastic polyester bicomponent fibers. In this paper we studied the influences of important structural variables on the elasticity of woven fabrics made of PTT/PET weft filaments by testing 33 samples with different weave structures, PTT/PET contents, weft densities, and yarn twists. Fabric elasticity is described by two parameters: fabric strain and resilience in tensile testing. The experimental results indicate that twill and satin weaves have greater potentials in obtaining high elasticity than a plain weave. Fabric elasticity increases with the increase of the PTT/PET content in the weft yarn, but the change becomes insignificant after the PTT/PET content exceeds 66.7%. Increase in weft density has a negative effect on fabric elasticity, while the weft twist limits crimp formation of PTT/PET filaments and thus undermines the fabric’s elasticity noticeably. The PTT/PET filaments in fabrics can only realize about 6% of the elastic potential of the original PTT/PET filaments, because the crimp configurations of the filaments are dictated by not only the shrinkage differential of the two components, but also the weave structure and the yarn twist.
Single and multiple yarn pull-outs on aramid woven fabric structures
Authors: Bilisik Kadir , Korkmaz Mahmut
Published: December 2010

The aim of this study was to understand the pull-out properties of para-aramid woven fabrics. Para-aramid Twaron CT714 and CT716 woven fabrics were used to conduct the pull-out tests. Twaron CT714 and CT716 woven fabrics have low and high fabric densities, respectively.

A previously developed yarn pull-out fixture was improved to test various fabric sample dimensions. Data generated from the single and multiple yarn pull-out tests using various dimensions of CT714 and CT716 woven fabrics included fabric pull-out forces, yarn crimp extensions in the fabrics and fabric displacements.

Yarn pull-out forces depend on fabric density, fabric sample dimensions and number of pulled ends in the fabric. Results showed that the multiple yarn pull-out force was higher than that of the single yarn pull-out test. Single and multiple yarn pull-out forces in Twaron CT716 (tight fabric) were higher than those of Twaron CT714 (loose fabric). Yarn crimp extension in Twaron CT714 and CT716 fabrics depends on crimp ratios in the warp and weft directions in the fabrics and on fabric density. High crimp ratio fabrics showed high yarn crimp extension in the fabric compared to that of low crimp ratio fabrics. Wide and long fabric samples also showed high yarn crimp extension compared to that of the narrow and short fabric samples. Fabric displacement in Twaron CT714 and CT718 fabrics depends on fabric sample dimensions and the number of pulled yarns. Wide and long fabric samples showed high fabric displacement compared to that of the narrow and short fabric samples. Fabric displacement resulting from the multiple yarn pull-out test was also higher than that of the single yarn pull-out test.

Future research will concentrate on the development of the analytical relations between pull-out and yarn-fabric structural parameters which could result in a ballistically better fabric structure for use in soft ballistic applications.
Message, Perception, and the Beijing Olympics: Impact of Differential Media Exposure on Perceived Opinion Diversity
Authors: Ning Wang  , Zhongshi Guo  , Fei Shen
Published: December 2010

This study investigates the effects of media exposure on individuals’ perception of opinion diversity and the psychological mechanisms underlying such effects. We compare the differential contributions of monopolistic with pluralistic media messages and test two conceptual models: The first delineates a mechanism of direct impact of media exposure on opinion perception; the second specifies a mechanism that relates to social projection effects. Using data from telephone interviews of a random sample of 595 Chinese citizens, we find that perceived opinion diversity is positively related to exposure to pluralistic media messages and negatively related to exposure to monopolistic media messages. Furthermore, opinion extremity is found to mediate such relationships.
Not Doing Is Not the Opposite of Doing: Implications for Attitudinal Models of Behavioral Prediction
Authors: Richetin Juliette , Conner Mark , Perugini Marco
Published: December 2010

This study argues for and tests the prediction that cognitions about not performing a behavior are not simple opposites of cognitions about performing the same behavior because they rely on separate goals. Three behaviors (i.e., eating meat, doing vigorous physical activity, and breastfeeding) are examined, for which performing and not performing are means to different goals. In the context of the theory of planned behavior, the discriminant validity of constructs related to performing and not performing behaviors is tested. Moreover, the simultaneous validities of perceived behavioral control over doing and not doing for the prediction of both intentions and the incremental validity of both intentions in predicting behavior are investigated. Results show that the constructs related to performing and not performing a behavior independently contribute to the prediction of intentions and behaviors. Implications of considering separable motivational systems underlying doing and not doing are discussed.
Of Virtual Victims and Victimized Virtues: Differential Effects of Experienced Aggression in Video Games on Social Cooperation
Authors: Rothmund Tobias , Gollwitzer Mario , Klimmt Christoph
Published: December 2010

Two experimental studies were used to investigate how interacting with aggressive virtual characters in video games affects trust and cooperation of players. Study 1 demonstrates that experiencing virtual aggression from a victim’s perspective can impair players’ investments in a subsequent common goods dilemma situation. This effect is mediated by reduced expectations of trust in the cooperativeness of interaction partners. In Study 2 the same effect was replicated by using a different cooperation task and by investigating the moderating role of justice sensitivity from a victim’s perspective as a dispositional factor. Participants transferred less money to an unknown partner in a trust game after exposure to aggressive nonplayer characters in a video game. This effect was stronger for people high in victim sensitivity. Results of both studies can be interpreted in line with the sensitivity to mean intentions model and add to the body of research on violent media effects.
Trait Social Anxiety and Physiological Activation: Cardiovascular Threat During Social Interaction
Authors: Shimizu Mitsuru , Seery Mark D. , Weisbuch Max , Lupien Shannon P.
Published: December 2010

Physiological activation is thought to be a part of the constellation of responses that accompany social anxiety, but evidence regarding the nature of such activation is mixed. In two studies, the relationship between trait social anxiety and responses during social interaction was explored using on-line cardiovascular indexes of threat. Across Studies 1 and 2, women higher in trait social anxiety exhibited cardiovascular responses consistent with greater threat during the social interaction than those lower in social anxiety. Retrospective self-reports (Studies 1 and 2), as well as partner ratings and interaction behavior (Study 2), also revealed consistent differences as a function of trait social anxiety. Study 2 added male participants, among whom a divergence emerged between results for physiological measures and other responses. These findings have implications for understanding physiological as well as psychological processes among people with social anxiety during social interaction.
Exceptions to the Rule: Exceptional Health Among the Disadvantaged
Authors: Dupre Matthew E. , George Linda K.
Published: December 2010

Countless studies show that socioeconomic status (SES) is strongly related to morbidity and mortality. However, few studies consider the substantial variability in health within socioeconomic strata. In this article, the authors examine the incompatibility between stratification-based theories of health inequality and empirical patterns of exceptional health among the socially disadvantaged. Using panel data from the Health and Retirement Survey (1992-2008), the authors test the mediating and moderating effects of various predictors of exceptional health (no chronic diseases or physical limitations) for middle-aged and older adults with and without a high school education. Results suggest that a combination of demographic characteristics, family and religious factors, socioeconomic resources, health behaviors, psychological makeup, and biological attributes play differing roles in protecting the health of disadvantaged men and women. The findings underscore the complex associations among SES, protective mechanisms, and health and offer new insight into how disadvantaged adults defy their odds of poor health.
Waiting to Be Asked: Gender, Power, and Relationship Progression Among Cohabiting Couples
Authors: Sassler Sharon , Miller Amanda J.
Published: December 2010

The majority of young married Americans lived with their spouses before the wedding, and many cohabited with partners they did not wed. Yet little is known about how cohabitating relationships progress or the role gender norms play in this process. This article explores how cohabiting partners negotiate relationship progression, focusing on several stages where couples enact gender. Data are from in-depth interviews with 30 working-class couples ( n = 60). The women in this sample often challenged conventional gender norms by suggesting that couples move in together or raising the issue of marriage. Men played dominant roles in initiating whether couples became romantically involved and progressed to a more formal status. Although women and men contest how gender is performed, cohabiting men remain privileged in the arena of relationship progression. The findings suggest that adherence to conventional gender practices even among those residing in informal unions perpetuates women’s secondary position in intimate relationships.
Prevalence Estimates for Latent Neurodegenerative Disease
Authors: Montine Thomas J.
Published: December 2010

Diseases that commonly cause dementia in the general population are Alzheimer’s disease, microvascular brain injury, and Lewy body disease. Each of these is a chronic disease with latent, prodromal, and dementia stages. Here I present outcomes from validated neuropathologic assessments and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers to estimate the prevalence of the latent stage of diseases that commonly contribute to the dementia syndrome. The latent stage of diseases that commonly cause dementia is highly prevalent in the adult population, highlighting the need for prevention strategies and longitudinal studies.
Proceedings of the 2010 National Toxicology Program Satellite Symposium
Authors: Adams E. Terence , Auerbach Scott , Blackshear Pamela E. , Bradley Alys , Gruebbel Margarita M. , Little Peter B. , Malarkey David , Maronpot Robert , McKay Jennifer S. , Miller Rodney A. , Moore Rebecca R. , Morrison James P. , Nyska Abraham , Ramot Yuval , Rao Deepa , Suttie Andrew , Wells Monique Y. , Willson Gabrielle A. , Elmore Susan A.
Published: December 2010

The 2010 annual National Toxicology Program (NTP) Satellite Symposium, entitled “Pathology Potpourri,” was held in Chicago, Illinois, in advance of the scientific symposium sponsored jointly by the Society of Toxicologic Pathology (STP) and the International Federation of Societies of Toxicologic Pathologists (IFSTP). The goal of the annual NTP Symposium is to present current diagnostic pathology or nomenclature issues to the toxicologic pathology community. This article presents summaries of the speakers' presentations, including diagnostic or nomenclature issues that were presented, along with select images that were used for voting or discussion. Some topics covered during the symposium included a comparison of rat and mouse hepatocholangiocarcinoma, a comparison of cholangiofibrosis and cholangiocarcinoma in rats, a mixed pancreatic neoplasm with acinar and islet cell components, an unusual preputial gland tumor, renal hyaline glomerulopathy in rats and mice, eosinophilic substance in the nasal septum of mice, INHAND nomenclature for proliferative and nonproliferative lesions of the CNS/PNS, retinal gliosis in a rat, fibroadnexal hamartoma in rats, intramural plaque in a mouse, a treatment-related chloracne-like lesion in mice, and an overview of mouse ovarian tumors.
Dexmedetomidine Use in Pediatric Airway Reconstruction
Authors: Silver Amanda L. , Yager Phoebe , Purohit Prashant , Noviski Natan , Hartnick Christopher J.
Published: December 2010

Objective

Assess the postoperative use of dexmedetomidine (Precedex) in pediatric patients following airway reconstruction.

Study Design

Historical cohort study.

Setting

Tertiary medical center.

Subjects and Methods

A retrospective review of 24 children undergoing laryngotracheal reconstruction (LTR) or laryngeal cleft repair (LCR) was conducted. Twelve children were treated with standard sedation protocols where dexmedetomidine was administered in lieu of propofol (Diprivan); 12 age‐, gender‐, and procedure‐matched controls were selected. Subjects were divided into groups based on duration of postoperative intubation for cross‐comparison; group 1 was intubated <24 hours, group 2 was intubated 2 to 6 days, and group 3 was intubated 7 days or longer. Baseline heart rate and blood pressure measurements were compared to hourly measurements for the first 6 hours following initiation of dexmedetomidine or mechanical ventilation in the control group. Number of supportive respiratory interventions, adverse events, self‐extubations, premature termination of dexmedetomidine, amount of muscle relaxants, agents to treat withdrawal, and length of stay were evaluated.

Results

Ten patients undergoing LTR and 2 patients undergoing LCR receiving dexmedetomidine were compared to 10 LTR and 2 LCR control patients. Overall, dexmedetomidine was well tolerated and without significant adverse effects, particularly in cases of short‐term intubation or as a bridge to extubation.

Conclusion

In cases requiring short‐term intubation following airway reconstruction, dexmedetomidine may offer a safe alternative to propofol by providing readily reversible sedation during the periextubation period. Further studies are needed to determine the safety, efficacy, dosing, and potential complications of longer term dexmedetomidine administration in pediatric airway reconstruction.
L3 syntactic transfer selectivity and typological determinacy: The typological primacy model
Authors: Rothman Jason
Published: December 2010

The present article addresses the following question: what variables condition syntactic transfer? Evidence is provided in support of the position that third language (L3) transfer is selective, whereby, at least under certain conditions, it is driven by the typological proximity of the target L3 measured against the other previously acquired linguistic systems (cf. Rothman and Cabrelli Amaro, 2007, 2010; Rothman, 2010; Montrul et al., 2011). To show this, we compare data in the domain of adjectival interpretation between successful first language (L1) Italian learners of English as a second language (L2) at the low to intermediate proficiency level of L3 Spanish, and successful L1 English learners of L2 Spanish at the same levels for L3 Brazilian Portuguese. The data show that, irrespective of the L1 or the L2, these L3 learners demonstrate target knowledge of subtle adjectival semantic nuances obtained via noun-raising, which English lacks and the other languages share. We maintain that such knowledge is transferred to the L3 from Italian (L1) and Spanish (L2) respectively in light of important differences between the L3 learners herein compared to what is known of the L2 Spanish performance of L1 English speakers at the same level of proficiency (see, for example, Judy et al., 2008; Rothman et al., 2010). While the present data are consistent with Flynn et al.’s (2004) Cumulative Enhancement Model, we discuss why a coupling of these data with evidence from other recent L3 studies suggests necessary modifications to this model, offering in its stead the Typological Primacy Model (TPM) for multilingual transfer.
Introduction: Some notes on the generative study of L3 acquisition
Authors: Rothman Jason , Iverson Michael , Judy Tiffany
Published: December 2010

This article serves as a state-of the-science review of the blossoming field of generative third language (L3) acquisition as well as an introduction to this special issue on the same topic. We present and argue for the relevance of adult L3/L n acquisition for many perennial questions that have sat at the core of linguistic approaches to adult language acquisition since the Principles and Parameters framework was first adopted into second language acquisition (SLA; e.g. Flynn, 1985, 1987; Liceras, 1985; White, 1985a, 1985b; Schwartz, 1986). Furthermore, we highlight the unique, specific questions that have emerged from studying L3/L n from a generative perspective thus far while suggesting refinements to these questions and additional ones that should emerge in future inquiry.
L3 acquisition of German adjectival inflection: A generative account
Authors: Jaensch Carol
Published: December 2010

Studies testing the knowledge of syntactic properties have resulted in two potentially contrasting proposals in relation to third language acquisition (TLA); the Cumulative Enhancement Model (Flynn et al., 2004), which proposes that previously learned languages will positively affect the acquisition of a third language (L3); and the ‘second language (L2) status factor’ hypothesis (Bardel and Falk, 2007), which proposes that the primacy of the L2 can block the potential positive effects that may be transferable from the first language (L1). This article attempts to extend these hypotheses to the domain of morphosyntax, in relation to the TLA of the properties of grammatical number and gender concord marking on German attributive adjectives; these properties not present in the L1 of Japanese, or the L2 of English. Two further factors are of interest in the current study; first, the performance of the learners according to their L3 and their L2 proficiency levels, a variable not discussed in the above-mentioned studies; and, second, the role that the type of task has on the performance of these learners. Three groups of Japanese native speakers (matched for proficiency within each German group), but with differing English proficiencies, completed a carefully balanced gap-filling task, together with two oral elicitation tasks in the form of games; both of these elicited tokens of adjectival inflection. Initial results offer partial support for weaker versions of the two hypotheses mentioned above. However, neither of the L3 models tested can fully account for the results obtained, which are more consistent with a feature-based account of the organization of grammar in the domain of morphosyntax, such as that of Distributed Morphology (DM) (Halle and Marantz, 1993). DM is a model for language acquisition which — coupled with a view that the Subset Principle proposed by this account is not observed by non-primary language learners — has recently been proposed to explain the optionality observed in L2 learners’ production (Hawkins et al., 2006). The data presented here suggest that it could be extended to L3 learners’ production.
Social Dividend Based on Overproduction
Authors: Dang Aimin
Published: December 2010

At present, although there are many cases of governments distributing money to their citizens, the fund sources are still very limited. This paper argues that, with overproduction as the material basis of a social dividend, it is possible to raise funding for this social dividend by issuing currency. This can not only expand the fund sources of the social dividend, but also help to solve the fundamental contradiction of capitalist overproduction and to realize socialism as soon as possible.

JEL classifications: P11, P21, E58
2, 4-dinitrophenol poisoning caused by non-oral exposure
Authors: Jiang Jiukun  , Yuan Zhihua  , Huang Weidong  , Wang Jiezan
Published: December 2010

2, 4-Dinitrophenol (2, 4-DNP) is widely used in industry, but recently, poisoning through consumption for weight control has been frequently reported. We report the cases of two patients whose deaths were attributed to occupational and non-oral exposure of 2, 4-DNP. They were all poisoned through skin absorption and respiratory tract inhalation; common features were excessive sweating, hyperthermia, tachycardia, clouded consciousness and asystole. Because of the lack of specific early symptoms, effective antidotes and the means of washing the contamination from the skin, their arrival in hospital was delayed and the supportive therapy was ineffectual. Cardiac arrest occurred quickly and unexpected after admission.
The Biasing Effects of Labels on Direct Observation by Preservice Teachers
Authors: Allday R. Allan , Duhon Gary J. , Blackburn-Ellis Sarah , Van Dycke Jamie L.
Published: December 2010

Observational bias can significantly affect results attained through observation. This study focused on 122 preservice teacher educators who conducted a structured observation, using momentary time sampling procedures with 10-second intervals, to measure student on-task and off-task behaviors. The experimental variable altered was the exceptionality label of the observed student to determine if the label would have a biasing effect. Labels used were oppositional defiant disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and gifted/talented. Results suggest that an exceptionality label (i.e., oppositional defiant disorder) significantly affects observed behavior. Practical implications of the study are discussed.
Building a Pathway of Optimal Support for English Language Learners in Special Education
Authors: Zetlin Andrea , Beltran Dolores , Salcido Patricia , Gonzalez Teresa , Reyes Teresa
Published: December 2010

Historically, neither a positive nor a supportive relationship existed between the population of students designated English language learners (ELLs) and the field of special education. Children’s lack of English proficiency was often misinterpreted as a disability and they were referred for special education, whereas others who actually had a disability were misdiagnosed as lacking English proficiency and denied special education services. This article delineates the many problems experienced by ELL students at the identification/referral, evaluation, and placement phases of special education and describes a set of preservice modules that were designed for special education teacher candidates to learn about and develop strategies for working with students of diverse language backgrounds.
Commentary: A Response to “Preparing Special Education Administrators for Inclusion in Diverse, Standards-Based Contexts,” by Deborah L. Voltz and Loucrecia Collins (2010)
Authors: Boscardin Mary Lynn , Mainzer Richard , Kealy Mary V.
Published: December 2010

The purpose of this commentary is to respond to the article written by Voltz and Collins (2010) that considered the preparation of special education administrators for inclusion in diverse, standards-based contexts by highlighting the Administrator of Special Education Standards that were adopted in 2009 by the Council for Exceptional Children. The authors of the present article agree that the 2003 Administrator of Special Education Standards used in Voltz and Collins’s article were not responsive to the contemporary demands of educating students with exceptionalities and serving families from diverse backgrounds. The authors also agree with Voltz and Collins that administrators of special education need to be prepared to lead in settings that serve children with disabilities from diverse backgrounds. In their response, the authors highlight the features of the 2009 standards that they believe address the concerns with the 2003 standards that Voltz and Collins raised in their article.
An Integration of Color and Motion Information in Visual Scene Analyses
Authors: Noguchi Yasuki , Shimojo Shinsuke , Kakigi Ryusuke , Hoshiyama Minoru
Published: December 2010

To analyze complex scenes efficiently, the human visual system performs perceptual groupings based on various features (e.g., color and motion) of the visual elements in a scene. Although previous studies demonstrated that such groupings can be based on a single feature (e.g., either color or motion information), here we show that the visual system also performs scene analyses based on a combination of two features. We presented subjects with a mixture of red and green dots moving in various directions. Although the pairings between color and motion information were variable across the dots (e.g., one red dot moved upward while another moved rightward), subjects’ perceptions of the color-motion pairings were significantly biased when the randomly paired dots were flanked by additional dots with consistent color-motion pairings. These results indicate that the visual system resolves local ambiguities in color-motion pairings using unambiguous pairings in surrounds, demonstrating a new type of scene analysis based on the combination of two featural cues.
Bivariate random effects models for meta-analysis of comparative studies with binary outcomes: Methods for the absolute risk difference and relative risk
Authors: Chu Haitao , Nie Lei , Chen Yong , Huang Yi , Sun Wei
Published: December 2010

Multivariate meta-analysis is increasingly utilised in biomedical research to combine data of multiple comparative clinical studies for evaluating drug efficacy and safety profile. When the probability of the event of interest is rare, or when the individual study sample sizes are small, a substantial proportion of studies may not have any event of interest. Conventional meta-analysis methods either exclude such studies or include them through ad hoc continuality correction by adding an arbitrary positive value to each cell of the corresponding 2 × 2 tables, which may result in less accurate conclusions. Furthermore, different continuity corrections may result in inconsistent conclusions. In this article, we discuss a bivariate Beta-binomial model derived from Sarmanov family of bivariate distributions and a bivariate generalised linear mixed effects model for binary clustered data to make valid inferences. These bivariate random effects models use all available data without ad hoc continuity corrections, and accounts for the potential correlation between treatment (or exposure) and control groups within studies naturally. We then utilise the bivariate random effects models to reanalyse two recent meta-analysis data sets.
The Consumerism-Development-Security Nexus
Authors: Pupavac Vanessa
Published: December 2010

Critics of global governance have been influenced by Foucault’s analysis of modern total institutions disciplining both the mind and the body. However, Foucauldian biopolitics may present global governance too smoothly. This article takes critiques arguing that consumer capitalism’s divorce from industrial production encourages romantic understandings of global problems and applies them to development aspects of the development—security nexus. It discusses three influential economists each of whose work is emblematic of consumer capitalism’s international development vision at particular historical junctures. The article outlines how Rostow’s The Stages of Economic Growth, arising during the postwar economic growth boom, envisages developing countries becoming consumer societies at the highest stage of development, but also anticipates consumer society’s romantic critiques of modernity. It next examines Schumacher’s Small Is Beautiful and his Buddhist economics, arising in the post-Bretton Woods crisis period, as symptomatic of re-emerging romantic critiques of society. Finally, it discusses Sen’s human development approach as a market romance illustrating consumer capitalism’s individual-orientated development strategies. The article concludes that the contemporary development romance addresses neither people’s basic needs nor their aspirations, and it problematizes global governance’s ability to secure and govern populations.
Security Must Be Defended - Or, the Survival of Security
Authors: Shah Nisha
Published: December 2010

Buzan & Hansen (2009) point to the role of historical claims in constituting disciplinary identities. Examining their intellectual history, this article evaluates how their use of an evolution metaphor establishes ‘history’ and how this history makes ‘security’ and ‘security studies’ intelligible. The article demonstrates that although Buzan & Hansen establish International Security Studies as being comprised of diverse theoretical approaches, they do so with a model of history that sanctions a realist conception of security. More broadly, Buzan & Hansen compel an exploration of the tensions between history and genealogy in security studies.
The ‘Western-Centrism’ of Security Studies: ‘Blind Spot’ or Constitutive Practice?
Authors: Bilgin Pinar
Published: December 2010

Unlike some other staples of security studies that do not even register the issue, Buzan & Hansen’s (2009) The Evolution of International Security Studies unambiguously identifies ‘Western-centrism’ as a problem. This article seeks to make the point, however, that treating heretofore-understudied insecurities (such as those experienced in the non-West) as a ‘blind spot’ of the discipline may prevent us from fully recognizing the ways in which such ‘historical absences’ have been constitutive of security both in theory and in practice. Put differently, the discipline’s ‘Western-centric’ character is no mere challenge for students of security studies. The ‘historical absence’ from security studies of non-Western insecurities and approaches has been a ‘constitutive practice’ that has shaped (and continues to shape) both the discipline and subjects and objects of security in different parts of the world.
Interrelationships Between Theory and Practice in International Security Studies
Authors: Biersteker Thomas J.
Published: December 2010

Barry Buzan & Lene Hansen (2009) have filled an important gap in the literature by writing the first comprehensive survey of international security studies. While their work is systematically organized, their analytical framework could be strengthened by giving greater consideration to the complex interrelationships between theory and practices and by embedding theoretical constructs (and their inherently contradictory developments) within history.
Towards a Political Sociology of Security Studies
Authors: Wæver Ole
Published: December 2010

Endowed now with a convincing history of itself, security studies needs a sociological analysis of its workings. The ‘post-Kuhnian sociology of science’ in the Buzan & Hansen (2009) volume is too sociologically thin and offers a disembodied history of ideas, not a sociology of flesh-and-blood scholars. This article suggests how a sociology of security studies can be strung between the two poles of a sociology of international relations and theories of expertise. Special attention must be paid to the role of ‘security theory’ for policy analysis, as well as the variation over time and geographically in the institutional chains connecting academe and policy, especially the changing nature of think-tanks. The centre of analysis should be networks of scholars manoeuvring these cross-pressures and making research and other career choices. Through its focus on form, this approach can explain dominant styles of scholarship in the USA and Europe as ways of meeting contrasting demands from academic institutions and policy relevance. The article ends with an assessment of the prospects for security studies.
Beyond The Evolution of International Security Studies?
Authors: Buzan Barry , Hansen Lene
Published: December 2010

This article provides a reply to the other contributions to this special section of Security Dialogue on The Evolution of International Security Studies. Our response cuts across the special section as a whole, focusing on the following questions: What does it mean to take a critical stance towards the history of international security studies? Does micro-sociology provide the way forward? How do the main analytical distinctions laid out in The Evolution of International Security Studies work? And, what are the challenges and suggestions for a more thorough study of traditionalism?
An Approach for Autonomous Damage Detection by Means of Modal Fingerprints
Authors: Perner Marcus , Müller Maik , Sinapius Michael , Beikirch Helmut
Published: December 2010

This article discusses whether elastic and plastic impacts and scratches caused by applied forces (e.g., car bump, key scratch etc.) to a parked vehicle can be distinguished by an autonomous system. The authors assume that a force impact to a vehicle stimulates characteristic frequencies in the vehicle body shell components that can be used to distinguish the given damages. Eight piezoelectric film sensors made of polyvinylidene fluoride mounted at the inside of the vehicle body shell components doors, bumpers, bonnet, and tailgate are used as the sensing element. An experimental modal analysis of several vehicle components is performed to identify characteristic frequencies. The results are used to compute the best sensor position in order to detect all considered eigenfrequencies of the component. A constructed model set up for force generation was used to record reference data. Derived features of the reference signals are computed and assessed to their relevance of distinguishing the damages on the vehicle.
Modification of a Four-Bar Linkage System for a Higher Optimal Flapping Frequency
Authors: Truong Q.T. , Nguyen Q.V. , Park H.C. , Byun D.Y. , Goo N.S.
Published: December 2010

The goal of this work is to increase the optimal flapping frequency, at which the flapper produces maximum vertical force, of a previously developed flapper actuated by a lightweight piezocomposite actuator (LIPCA). We tested the dynamic response of the LIPCA and conducted a parametric study of a four-bar linkage system. An appropriate combination of linkage lengths can provide a better moment transmission and enhance the optimal flapping frequency. The newly designed flapper was tested with five different flapping frequencies. The experimental results confirm that the optimal flapping frequency of the modified flapper is about 17 Hz, and the flapping angle is 92°. The results show 70% increase in the optimal flapping frequency; however, only 8% decrease in the flapping angle compared with the corresponding values of the previous flapper. The highest vertical force produced by the newly designed flapper is 3.6 g at the optimal flapping frequency.
Numerical Investigation of an Adaptive Vibration Absorber Using Shape Memory Alloys
Authors: Savi Marcelo A. , De Paula Aline S. , Lagoudas Dimitris C.
Published: December 2010

The tuned vibration absorber (TVA) is a well-established passive vibration control device for achieving vibration reduction of a primary system subjected to external excitation. This contribution deals with the non-linear dynamics of an adaptive tuned vibration absorber (ATVA) with a shape memory alloy (SMA) element. Initially, a single-degree of freedom oscillator with an SMA element is analyzed showing the general characteristics of its dynamical response. Then, the analysis of an ATVA with an SMA element is carried out. Initially, small amplitude vibrations are considered in such a way that the SMA element does not undergo a stress-induced phase transformation. Under this assumption, the SMA influence is only caused by stiffness changes corresponding to temperature-induced phase transformation. Afterwards, the influence of the hysteretic behavior due to stress-induced phase transformation is considered. A proper constitutive description is employed in order to capture the general thermomechanical aspects of the SMAs. The hysteretic behavior introduces complex characteristics to the system dynamics but also changes the absorber response allowing vibration reduction in different frequency ranges. Numerical simulations establish comparisons of the ATVA results with those obtained from the classical TVA.
Macro-Fiber Composite Actuators for Flow Control of a Variable Camber Airfoil
Authors: Bilgen Onur , De Marqui Carlos , Kochersberger Kevin B. , Inman Daniel J.
Published: December 2010

This research employs solid-state actuators for delay of flow separation seen in airfoils at low Reynolds numbers. The flow control technique investigated here is aimed for a variable camber airfoil that employs two active surfaces and a single four-bar (box) mechanism as the internal structure. To reduce separation, periodic excitation to the flow around the leading edge of the airfoil is induced by a total of nine piezocomposite actuated clamped-free unimorph benders distributed in the spanwise direction. An electromechanical model is employed to design an actuator capable of high deformations at the desired frequency for lift improvement at post-stall angles. The optimum spanwise distribution of excitation for increasing lift coefficient is identified experimentally in the wind tunnel. A 3D (non-uniform) excitation distribution achieved higher lift enhancement in the post-stall region with lower power consumption when compared to the 2D (uniform) excitation distribution. A lift coefficient increase of 18.4% is achieved with the identified non-uniform excitation mode at the bender resonance frequency of 125 Hz, the flow velocity of 5 m/s and at the reduced frequency of 3.78. The maximum lift (Clmax) is increased 5.2% from the baseline. The total power consumption of the flow control technique is 639 mWRMS.
3D Model of Coupled Multi-physics Fields for PLZT Ceramics and Its Applications to Photostrictive Plates
Authors: Luo Quantian , Tong Liyong
Published: December 2010

This article investigates an extended 3D model for coupled opto-electro-thermo-mechanical fields in PbLaZrTi (PLZT) ceramics by incorporating the photovoltaic, optothermic, and pyroelectric effects into the existing thermopiezoelectic model. The 3D model is then used to establish novel governing equations for 0-3 polarized orthotropic PLZT plates. Actuating and sensing behaviors of 0-3 polarized PLZT plates subjected to light illumination and mechanical loading are then studied. Stress analysis is conducted for a 0-3 polarized PLZT plate with free boundary conditions. Analytical solution for a simply supported photostrictive plate partially subjected to light illumination is derived. Numerical results for free and simply supported photostrictive plates illuminated by light are calculated using the present formulations and finite element analysis.
Putting Quality Indicators to the Test: An Examination of 30 Years of Research
Authors: Hudson Shawna S. , Lewis Tim , Stichter Janine P. , Johnson Nanci W.
Published: December 2010

Corresponding with the 30th year following the passage of P.L. 94-142, a task force of the Council for Exceptional Children Division of Research published a set of articles outlining quality indicators (QIs) for research and evidence-based practice in special education. This article details the operationalization and application of QIs for single-participant designs in the area of academic instruction for students with emotional and behavioral disorders. The method used was a descriptive analysis of special education research (1975—2005). The outcomes reveal (a) more than half of the eligible studies failed to meet minimal QIs, (b) there were common variations across QIs, and (c) numerous interventions are supported by studies that met minimal QIs. Future research and limitations of the study are provided.