bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
V.—The Feast of the Five Kings
Authors: Kingsford Charles Lethbridge
Published: November 2011

In the winter of 1363–4 three foreign kings came to England and were entertained by Edward III in London, whilst a fourth had also intended to come. It was a sufficiently remarkable event and as such was duly recorded by the chroniclers of the time. A civic legend has long passed current that all the four foreign kings and Edward III were present together at a banquet given by Henry Picard, a vintner and sometime mayor of London. The Feast of the Five Kings has accordingly been commemorated in the painting by Mr. Chevalier Taylor, presented to the Royal Exchange by the Vintners Company.
II.—On a triptych of the Twelfth Century from the Abbey of Stavelot in Belgium, containing portions of the True Cross
Authors: Read Charles Hercules
Published: November 2011

From time to time the Society has the privilege of examining and publishing important examples of mediaeval art brought to its notice by the Fellows. Of these a fair number are fortunately in the safe keeping of museums or corporate bodies in this country, and such are mainly the most important. I have in my mind treasures like the relics of the Black Prince at Canterbury [would that they were better cared for!], the crozier of William of Wykeham at New College, and “King John's Cup” at Lynn. Such legacies as these are not likely to leave our shores, short of some national catastrophe. For the rest, still very numerous, that remain in private hands, there can be no doubt that the tendency at the present time is rather in favour of their finding homes in foreign than in English collections. Our riches in such directions, however, help to make London a market or exchange for works of art, and the wealthy buyer is forced to come here to increase his collections. In this way we have before us this evening a monument of mediaeval art workmanship of a kind and importance that is but seldom found in the open market.
VI. On the Use of the Deer-Horn Pick in the Mining Operations of the Ancients
Authors: Sandars Horace W.
Published: November 2011

Implements fashioned from the antler of the red deer have long been known to have formed part of the tools with which primitive man and his successors in much more recent times carried on the varied industries that claimed his care and skill, enabling him to turn to good account the many products of soil and chase which thoughtful Nature had placed at his disposal. Almost every part of the antler was utilized; the tines being removed in order to form gouges, punches, hand levers, and piercing instruments, while the beam, when deprived of its tines, was cut up into sections from which adzes and such-like cutting implements wrere formed, or hammers were devised. A useful instrument which served as a rake, or scraper, was made from the branching points at the cup; while a clever combination of beam and tines produced a tool which served the double purpose of pick (or lever) and rake (or scraper). Much ingenuity was shown in devising and considerable skill in forming such implements, but in no case is this more evident than in that of the deer-horn pick. Generally speaking, the pick was formed from an antler by severing the cup end and removing the bez and the trez tines, thus leaving the beam to form the haft and the brow tine to form the pick (fig. 1), while the burr remained in position in order to give strength to the weakest part, the angle of intersection between the handle and the “blade”, and to add weight to the blow. The “false brow”, or undeveloped bez, was sometimes left in place (plate XVI, no. 1), but this was rather the exception than the rule. The upper portion of the beam or the longest point beyond the “cup” was often left in position to form an elongation of the shaft which assisted greatly in directing the blow, while it added very materially to the leverage of the pick. Fig. 1 offers a very good example of a double-handed pick with an elongated shaft, and with blunted point and stem worn smooth by usage.
VIII. On the Early Use of Arabic Numerals in Europe
Authors: Hill G. F.
Published: November 2011

The object of this paper may best be described by explaining how it came to be undertaken. The date 1481, which occurs (Table XLIV. 15) on an Italian medal of the Sultan Mahomet II, by Constantius, happened to be called in question. On inquiry it became clear that there was no reason to suspect this particular date on the ground of the forms of the numerals. But it was equally clear that there were other problems of the same kind more difficult of solution, and that the only way to approach them with any hope of success was to collect and classify as large a mass as possible of securely dated instances of the use of these so-called Arabic numerals. As always happens, the material proved to be a thousand times more plentiful, and by no means less difficult of verification, than he who light-heartedly undertook the research had supposed.
XIX.— Excavations at Caerwent, Monmouthshire, on the site of the Romano-British City of Venta Silurum, in the years 1909 and 1910.
Authors: Ashby Thomas , Hudd Alfred E. , King Frank
Published: November 2011

The excavations of 1909 were commenced on the 21st of June, 1909, and work was continued until the 6th of December. The work was carried out under the direction of Messrs. Ashby, Hudd, King, Jones, and White.
IV.—Quire Screens in English Churches, with special reference to the Twelfth-Century Quire Screen formerly in the Cathedral Church of Ely
Authors: Hope William St. John
Published: November 2011

Many students of English ecclesiology have long known that, until it was destroyed by the ‘ingenious’ Mr. James Essex in 1770, there was standing in the cathedral church of Ely the twelfth-century stone screen that anciently formed the western boundary of the monks’ quire.
VIII.—Roman Roads and the Distribution of Saxon Churches in London
Authors: Smith Reginald A.
Published: November 2011

The two centuries after the official withdrawal of the Romans from Britain are almost a blank in the history of the capital, and it is only fitting that the Society of Antiquaries of-London should discuss any new evidence of the city's condition during that period of transition. The picture has indeed been painted by a master-hand, but even John Richard Green's arguments are weakened by certain inconsistencies, and archaeology may be called in to give precision and completeness to his plan of Anglo-Saxon London. ‘That this early London’, he writes, ‘grew up on ground from which the Roman city had practically disappeared may be inferred from the change in the main line of communication which passed through the heart of each. This was the road which led from Newgate to the Bridge. In Roman London this seems to have struck through the city in a direct line from Newgate to a bridge in the neighbourhood of the present Budge Row. Of this road the two extremities survived in English London, one from the gate to the precincts of St. Paul, the other in the present Budge Row. But between these points all trace of it is lost’ For the Roman road shown in his map as crossing the Walbrook at Budge Row there is indeed more warrant than he was aware of. The road has been actually found near its middle point, and the Saxon churches along it suggest that it had not been obliterated in the centuries before the Norman Conquest.
V.—The Heraldry in the Chicheley Porch of the Cathedral Church of Christ at Canterbury
Authors: Griffin Ralph
Published: November 2011

Some five years ago I read before the Society some portion of a paper concerning the shields of arms which are to be found in the vault of the cloisters at Canterbury cathedral. The whole of this paper was afterwards published in Archaeologia, vol. lxvi, pp. 447 seqq. At that time I was urged to proceed farther and deal with the shields in the vault of the south porch. I was quite ready to do this; but my photographers who, fortunately for themselves, were of military age, found themselves, as heralds would say, in their proper colours, namely khaki, and had business more important in hand. They are now all safely back intheir various employments, and this year (1920) I have been able to carry forward my plan to completion. I made due acknowledgement before of what I owed them for their excellent photographs; and the photographs from which the present illustrations are prepared do not, I think, show any falling off, though the materials they can now get may not be of pre-war quality.
VII.—A Romano-British Homestead, in the Hambleden Valley, Bucks
Authors: Cocks Alfred Heneage
Published: November 2011

The subject of this Report is one of several Romano-British sites in the Hambleden valley, about a mile south of the village of that name, not far from the south-west corner of the county of Buckingham. The finds lead to the inference that the homestead was built before the middle of the first century A. D., and occupied until the end of the fourth, the latest coins being dated 392-5. The southernmost extremity of the enclosure is barely 300 yards from the Thames at Hambleden Lock. The Oxford-London road, at a point a mile nearer Henley than Great Marlow, runs east and west, close to the Bucks, bank of the river, and a branch road turns off almost opposite the lock, and runs north to Hambleden Skirmett, Turville, Watlington, etc. The homestead is in the western angle formed by these two roads, and is on the Greenlands estate of Viscount Ham-bleden, to whom not only I personally, but I think all antiquaries, owe much for his liberality in financing the protracted excavations, and in building the Museum to house the results.
V.—Some familiar Letters of Charles II. and James Duke of York addressed to their daughter and niece, the Countess of Litchfield
Authors: Arthur Harold , Dillon Viscount
Published: November 2011

The letters contained in the volume before us now preserved at Ditchley consist of five written by Charles II. and forty written by James II. while Duke of York. They are addressed to Charlotte Fitzroy, Countess of Litchfield, their daughter and niece. Sir Edward Henry Lee, the fifth baronet of that name, was by patent dated 5th June, 1674, created Earl of Litchfield, Viscount Quarrendon, and Baron Spelsbury. On 11th August, 1674, he was betrothed t o Charlotte Fitzroy, daughter of Charles II. by Barbara Villiers, Countess of Castlemaine, and on 3rd August, 1670, created Duchess of Cleveland. The bride and bridegroom were very young, he having been born 4th February, 1663, and she 5th September, 1664. A little later, on 22nd February, 1677, the actual marriage took place, and, as recorded on their monument in Spelsbury Church, “at their marriage they were the most graceful bridegroom and most beautiful bride, and that till death they remained the most constant husband and wife.” a Their married life lasted forty-two years, during which time she bore him eighteen children, the youngest of whom, Robert, eventually succeeded as fourth and last Earl of Litchfield.
VII.—On a Saracenic Goblet of Enamelled Glass of medieval date
Authors: Read Charles Hercules
Published: November 2011

During the past five or six years a number of interesting examples of enamelled glass have been sent to Europe from various sites in the nearer East, the principal localities near which they are said to have been found being Damascus, a spot in the neighbourhood of Aleppo, and at Koos and Fostat in Egypt.

One of these, the subject of the present paper, has come into my hands for the British Museum collection, through the liberality of Miss Alice de Rothschild. It is figured in colours in the accompanying Plate XIV. of the size of the original.
XVI.—Excavations at Caerwent, Monmouthshire, on the Site of the Romano-British City of Venta Silurum, in 1902
Authors: Ashby Thomas , Hudd Alfred E. , Martin A. Trice
Published: November 2011

The excavations which were made in June and July of 1902 were included in the report of the work done in 1901.

The excavations, of which the results are now to be reported, did not begin until 11th August and were continued until October. The greater part of House No. 4 had, however, been excavated in 1900, but our description of it was postponed until the whole should have been brought to light.
XXI.—On the Excavations at Arbor Low, 1901-1902
Authors: Gray H. St. George
Published: November 2011

It is my privilege to bring before you the results of the recent exploration of the Arbor Low Stone Circle. These excavations, organized by the Anthropological Section of the British Association, and carried out in 1901 and 1902, were conducted with a view of ascertaining the age of Stone Circles, a beginning, possibly, of a series of such explorations. The Committee appointed to control this work consisted of Dr. J. Gf. Grarson (Chairman), Mr. Henry Balfour (Secretary), Sir John Evans, Mr. C. H. Read, Professor R. Meldola, Mr. Arthur J. Evans, Dr. R. Munro, Professor Boyd Dawkins, and Mr. A. L. Lewis. The actual organization and direction of the work in the field was placed in my hands. The ground landlord, the Duke of Rutland, K.GL, the First Commissioner of Works (in whose charge, under the Ancient Monuments Act, the Circle is placed), and the tenant, readily gave their consent for the conducting of the exploration.
VII.—The Villa d'Este at Tivoli and the Collection of Classical Sculptures which it contained
Authors: Ashby Thomas
Published: November 2011

Among the most characteristic features of the life of the Roman aristocracy in classical times may be reckoned the habit of retiring from the noise and bustle of the city to a country house in the neighbourhood.

We hear of it among the Greeks, but with them it never attained the same vogue; and in Rome it was a comparatively recent development, for the first mention we have of a villa is that of the country house of the elder Scipio Africanus at Liternum (before 183 B.C.), while the next is that of the various estates of the jurist M. Junius Brutus (about 150 B.C.). From that time, however, the practice increased, and at the end of the Republic, as is clear from the correspondence of Cicero, a wealthy man like Cicero himself would probably possess several country houses. Under the Empire, and especially in the second century A.D., which seems to have been the zenith of prosperity in the Campagna di Roma, the number of villas became far greater.
VIII.—On Two Medieval Bronze Bowls in the British Museum
Authors: Dalton O. M.
Published: November 2011

Bronze bowls engraved in the interior with figure subjects during the Romanesque period are relatively numerous. But those with associated scenes or consecutive stories are few, and it is to this class that the two examples described in this paper belong, one having scenes derived from a Christian legend, the other subjects from classical mythology. The first, found in London, was formerly in the collection of Mr. W. Ransom of Hitchin; the second, brought up from the bed of the Severn very nearly a century ago, was presented by Sir James Agg Gardner, M.P., in 1920. We may begin with the example containing the Christian legend, the story of St. Thomas the Apostle.
IX.—A Find of Ibero-Roman Silver at Cordova
Authors: Hildburgh W. L.
Published: November 2011

In spite of the long history of silver in Spain, and the vast amount of that metal taken from her mines in ancient times, comparatively few objects made in the Peninsula before the Christian era are to be seen in museums or in private collections. The things not protected and concealed by earth, with possibly a few exceptions, long ago went the way of all articles of precious metal in a theatre of repeated warfare; and most of those discovered accidentally in the soil were until quite recently melted down for the metal they contained. The pieces with which the present paper deals have, in addition to their general interest, the special value due to their having been kept together ever since they were found, and to their being accompanied by a quantity of coins found with them which give us, with close approximation, the date at which they must have been buried.
XII. Bath Inn or Arundel House
Authors: Kingsford Charles Lethbridge
Published: November 2011

The bishop of Bath's Inn had a larger site than any of the episcopal palaces on the Strand. The frontage to the river was over 500 feet, that towards the street somewhat less, and the depth must have been upwards of 400 feet. Thus the Inn with its precincts covered an area of between four and five acres. The site of Durham Inn with a similar frontage was much less in depth. But Durham Inn itself in the middle ages far surpassed Bath Inn as a building, though the additions made to the latter after it ceased to be a bishop's inn made it eventually the more splendid. It is in its last days as the earl of Arundel's place that Bath Inn is of most interest both for its buildings and history.
X.—On the White Conduit, Chapel Street, Bloomsbury, and its connexion with the Grey Friars' water system
Authors: Norman Philip , Mann Ernest A.
Published: November 2011

The history of the old systems of water supply in London is of considerable interest, and much of it remains untold, the material evidence being largely hidden below ground, but from time to time some important fact comes to light. This was the case ten years ago, when in a paper read before the Society and printed in Archaeologia, Mr. Norman succeeded in proving that the water supply for the convent of the Grey Friars, or Friars Minors of the Franciscan Order, in London was largely drawn from a conduit-head which still contains water and is to be seen in the garden of a house numbered 20, Queen Square, Bloomsbury.
XIII.—On a Persian Silver Dish of the Fourth Century
Authors: Dalton O. M.
Published: November 2011

The silver dish reproduced on Plate XLVIII. is a small but remarkably perfect representative of its class, and was acquired by the British Museum in the course of last year. The subject is a hunting scene, introducing the Sassanian monarch Sapor II. (c. A.D. 310 to A.D. 380), the conqueror of the Emperor Julian. The king, who is recognized by the form of his headdress, is seen giving the coup de grâce to a stag, while a second stag is already laid low in the foreground. The design is parcel-gilt, and the figures are partly in relief, partly outlined upon the ground of the bowl, the details being rendered by engraving.
VII.—A Saxon Village near Sutton Courtenay, Berkshire
Authors: Leeds E.T.
Published: November 2011

It is not too much to say that our knowledge of the dwellings of the Anglo-Saxons, at any rate of the earlier period, has hitherto been practically a blank. Practically so, because discoveries evidently similar to those to be described and found only a few miles away at Yelford and Standlake, Oxfordshire, were recorded by Stephen Stone as far back as 1857, while more recently and close by at Milton, Berks., sherds have been collected by Professor Stenton of Reading University, which must undoubtedly have been deposited under similar conditions.
VIII.—Instances of Orientation in Prehistoric Monuments of the British Isles
Authors: Somerville Boyle
Published: November 2011

The occurrence of orientation in prehistoric structures has long been noticed. It has not, however, received from investigators much more than a passing comment, such as ‘the barrow is directed to the eastward’, or ‘the entrance to the chamber faces the north-west’. If a definite bearing is given, it is rarely stated whether it is ‘Magnetic’ (such as is obtained from a prismatic compass), or a True Bearing, i. e. an azimuth.
X.—The Bronze Sword in Great Britain
Authors: Brewis W. Parker
Published: November 2011

It may be premised that no stone or wooden weapon can rightly rank as a sword, for such can at best be but a flattened club, and not until the advent of metal could such a weapon as the sword be made. Moreover, in early days metal was too scarce and the workers were insufficiently skilled to make so large a casting. It has been assumed that because arms took a higher rank than tools or domestic implements, therefore the first use to which metal was put was the manufacture of arms, but such a deduction is erroneous, at least as far as Great Britain is concerned.
XI.—Excavations at Caerwent, Monmouthshire, on the Site of the Romano-British City of Venta Silurum, in the years 1911 and 1912
Authors: Hudd Alfred E.
Published: November 2011

Before beginning my report on recent excavations I must, with great regret, express on behalf of the Committee and of all connected with the Caerwent Exploration Fund the great and irreparable loss we have sustained by the decease of its President, Viscount Tredegar, F.S.A. From the beginning, in 1899, to the end, his Lordship had been one of the most enthusiastic and the most generous of our supporters. To him was largely due the success of the exploration, and without his aid it is doubtful whether it could have been undertaken. We have also lost by death since the date of the last Report another of our most valued supporters, Lord Llangattock, F.S.A., who was one of our Vice-presidents, and had taken much interest in the work, especially during its early years.
III.—A Carved Flemish Chest at New College, Oxford
Authors: Ffoulkes Charles
Published: November 2011

This carving has been photographed and cast by the courtesy of the Warden of New College, into whose possession it came some years ago from a tenant of the college, Mr. William Harris, of Stanton St. John, Oxfordshire. His family had been college tenants for many years, the names of members being found in the parish registers as early as the year 1667. There is no record to show how it came into the possession of the Harris family, but it was certainly in their farm-house over sixty years ago.
I.—Specimens from the Layton Collection, in Brentford Public Library
Authors: Smith Reginald A.
Published: November 2011

Mr. Thomas Layton died on 4th September 1911 at the advanced age of ninety-two years, having been a Fellow of this Society since 1868. He had contributed to the Bronze Age Exhibition at Somerset House in 1872, and in 1883 gave a remarkable Roman sword and sheath (fig. 25) to the British Museum; but otherwise his energies were devoted to collecting, unhappily with little method or discretion, and the task of carrying out the terms of his will was anything but a formality. Most of his antiquities came to light during dredging operations in the Thames at Kew, where he resided, and these were left to the Brentford Public Library as the nucleus of a Layton museum. The Librarian, Mr. F. A. Turner, has cleaned, sorted, and exhibited the specimens with infinite pains and considerable success; and it is to him and the Brentford Library Committee that we are indebted for the present exhibition and for permission to examine and describe the principal items of the collection.
IV.—The British Museum Excavations at Abu Shahrain in Mesopotamia in 1918
Authors: Thompson R. Campbell
Published: November 2011

In March 1918, after the end of my third year of service with the Intelligence of G.H.Q. Staff in Mesopotamia, I was ordered through the War Office to explore archaeologically the region south and south-east of Nasiriyah on the Euphrates on behalf of the British Museum. This district, which lies south of the broad Euphrates marshes, includes several ancient mounds, of which three are of great interest, Abu Shahrain (the ancient Eridu), Muqaiyar (Ur of the Chaldees), and Tell el-Lahm. Previous excavations had been made in this district by J. E. Taylor in the middle of the last century, and described by him, but now that these ancient lands had come within our jurisdiction, the British Museum wished to set further exploration afoot with the possible view of larger undertakings.
V.—Sumerian Origins and Racial Characteristics
Authors: Langdon S.
Published: November 2011

In 1901 Léon Heuzey wrote in his Catalogue des Antiquites chaldeennes that we possessed at that time only one complete statuette of early Sumerian art. He referred to the remarkable marble figurine of a priest or priest-king excavated at Lagash and published on plate 6 bis oi Découvertes en Chaldée. Although this object, of unusual height for a statuette in the early period (it is about 18 inches high), came from the hand of the sculptor with the details of the skirt unfinished, its artistic merits are so great that it must be placed at the end of the period, probably as late as Urukagina, priest-king of Lagash about 2900 B.C. The arms of this figure are finely delineated and free from the body. The head and features are delicately cut and the neck is of normal length (fig. 1). In earlier statuary the neck is always unnaturally short and the whole figure has a squat appearance. Here, too, the execution of the eyes is of a new school, the eyeball being cut in the stone itself, whereas the earlier artists cut a deep socket and inset the eye with a ball of nacre or shell by means of bitumen. De Sarzec the excavator of Lagash had, however, the good fortune to purchase a statuette from an Arab of Chattra in the vicinity of Telloh, the site of ancient Lagash. It is the figure of a woman, and the appearance is so squat, the execution so rude, and the details so archaic, that it henceforth served as the standard specimen of early Sumerian sculpture. The balls have fallen from the eye-sockets. She wears a heavy woollen garment, with false frills, the costume already known from bas-reliefs and shell etchings as the early national dress of the Sumerians. On the earliest bas-reliefs, this petticoat is usually worked plain from the hips to the knees, and the lower part ends in a flounce of parallel tassels. These represent locks of wool, and on the primitive designs the tassels simply end in a point and are not scalloped as on other monuments published here (see fig. 2). In the case of male figures the body is nude from the waist upward. The dress consists of nothing but this woollen petticoat, which Heuzey calls a kaunakes. But the woollen garment worn by women is longer and is hung from the left shoulder, so as to cover the left breast.
VI.—Remains of a Roman Silver Refinery at Silchester
Authors: Gowland W.
Published: November 2011

The importance of Silchester as a seat of industrial activity has been enhanced by the discovery in 1894 of some metallurgical remains, of a unique character, which indicate that near the spot where they were found there had once been a silver refinery. Unfortunately they were not found in situ. They had been cast away as rubbish.
VII.—Excavations at Caerwent, Monmouthshire, on the Site of the Romano-British City of Venta Silurum, in the years 1901–1903
Authors: Ashby T. , Hudd A.E. , Martin A.T.
Published: November 2011

The excavations upon this portion of the site have been in progress since 1901, but it was not till 1903 that they were carried so far as to enable the Committee to submit a report upon them.

The land which has been under examination there is the property of Lord Tredegar, F.S.A., and the greater part of the cost of the work has been defrayed by him. The Committee desire to take this opportunity of expressing their gratitude, and their appreciation of the great help which he has given towards the exploration of Caerwent. There is no doubt that much of the support which they have received is due to the example which he has set.
VIII.—Roman and later Remains found during the Excavations on the Site of Newgate Prison, 1903-1904
Authors: Norman Philip
Published: November 2011

In the early autumn of the year 1903 it became known that during the demolition of Newgate Prison, and while the soil was being excavated for fresh foundations, important remains of the Eoman wall of London had gradually come to light.

On the 7th of October, when I first visited the scene, a piece about 20 feet long was visible, the soil to the south of it being completely dug out at the end and on each side to a depth of some feet below the level of the foundations. The beautiful yellow sand and gravel beneath were exposed to sight, and there was a fine opportunity of studying the structure, which, being more or less isolated and standing up to a considerable height, formed a picturesque object. (See Plate XV.) What made this view of the wall exceptionally interesting was that here one could see not only a transverse section, but the inner and the outer face of the wall, the former in excellent condition.
IX.—The Imagery and Sculptures on the West Front of Wells Cathedral Church
Authors: Hope W. H. St. John , Lethaby W. R.
Published: November 2011

In July, 1902, one of the images on the upper part of the north tower at Wells suddenly fell to the ground and was broken into many pieces. There had not been any reason for supposing that this or any other of the many images that adorn the west front was in a dangerous condition, but the Dean and Chapter at once took the wise and prudent course of ordering an inspection of the images, so far as this could be done without scaffolding. The report of the Surveyor to the Chapter, Mr. Edmund Buckle, was far from reassuring, and he recommended the substitution of proper bronze holdfasts for the decaying iron cramps by which most of the images were then secured. As a consequence of this report the Dean and Chapter ordered a section of the work to be taken in hand, beginning with the north tower, and when this was finished the scaffolding was moved to another section, and so eventually across the whole of the front and to the gable of the nave. All the images have thus as far as possible been made safe, and a deep debt of gratitude is due to the Dean and Chapter for thus helping to prolong the lives of these priceless sculptures, many of which were found to be in a very precarious state.
IV.—On the Topography of the Dominican Priory of London
Authors: Clapham Alfred W.
Published: November 2011

The remains of the Dominican houses in England are so inconsiderable as to give little indication of the former power and influence of the order. The Dominican convents, however, outnumbered those of any other mendicant order, and while the popularity of the Blackfriars amongst the lower classes probably never equalled that of the Minor brethren, yet in court favour and aristocratic support the Dominicans held the higher place, and a succession of their friars occupied the post of confessor to the later mediaeval kings.
V.—Flints from the Sturry gravels, Kent
Authors: Dewey Henry , Smith Reginald A.
Published: November 2011

A combination of circumstances having recently brought the Canterbury gravels into prominence, a preliminary survey of some implement-bearing deposits in the Stour valley is now offered to the Society for comparison or contrast with the report on the Swanscombe and Dartford areas in the Thames valley published in Archaeologia, lxiv and lxv. The map of Kent issued by the Geological Survey in 1865 showed only the solid geology, not the Drift deposits, which date from the human period and provide abundant (if often puzzling) evidence as to the sequence of primitive dwellers in this region. The geological map is now being revised, four sheets having already been published; and as the series of memoirs accompanying the sheets includes a survey of the palaeolithic relics and conditions, a special effort is required to disentangle the recent geology of the Stour valley, which, in comparison with the lower Thames, has been unaccountably neglected.
VI. A London Merchant's House and its Owners, 1360–1614
Authors: Kingsford Charles Lethbridge
Published: November 2011

Stow in his Survey of London describes St. Dunstan in the East as ‘a great parish of many rich merchants, and other occupiers of diverse trades namely salters and ironmongers’. Then turning to speak of Thames Street he writes: ‘in this street on the Thames side are divers large landing places called wharves and keys, for cranage up of wares and merchandise, as also for shipping of wares from thence to be transported. These wharves and keys commonly bear the names of their owners, and are therefore changeable.’ The frequent changes of name to which Stow thus alludes probably made it as difficult for him as it is for us to trace the history of any particular quay. Apart from a brief account of Wool Wharf, which in the reign of Richard II became the Custom House and has so continued to this day, Stow contented himself with recording a fifteenth-century reference to Passekes Wharf and Horner's Key, and with an incidental allusion to Porter's Key. But he did not attempt to give their history, though what there was to tell of the last of them must have fallen within his own memory.
VIII.—Elizabethan Sheldon Tapestries
Authors: Humphreys John
Published: November 2011

For many centuries, though a good many tapestries were woven in France, Flanders was the chief centre of the industry, and supplied the various European countries with tapestries and hangings of a similar character. Cloths of Arras were in demand for English country houses, and large purchases were made from time to time by the richer nobles. It was, however, at the beginning of the sixteenth century that tapestries came increasingly into demand and favour in England, as is evident by the fine collection made by Cardinal Wolsey for Hampton Court, and that of King Henry VIII for his own palaces. The inventory taken after his death records over 2,000 specimens, while a writer states that ‘one ship from the Continent carried no less than one thousand tapestries for the King of England’. Agents were employed in Flanders to secure the finest specimens as they were woven.
I.—Prehistoric and Roman Settlements on Park Brow
Authors: Wolseley Garnet R. , Smith Reginald A. , Hawley William
Published: November 2011

In a paper describing the discovery and partial excavation of an Early Iron Age settlement on Park Brow Hill near Cissbury, published in the Antiquaries Journal, vol. iv, mention was made of the location of two other habitation sites on the hill—one Roman, and another probably occupied during the Bronze Age of Britain. It was to this latter site that I decided to attend in 1924, the object being to examine the relation between this settlement and that attributed to the Hallstatt–La Tène I period found on the top of the hill (see fig. a). The new site consists of a series of disturbed areas roughly circular, and lying on the slope of the hill facing south-west, about a furlong from the Hallstatt settlement (see fig. b).
V.—The Origin of the Scandinavian Style of Ornament during the Migration Period
Authors: Shetelig Haakon
Published: November 2011

In preparing this paper I have tried to choose a subject of equal interest to both our countries. The peculiar decorative style of the Migration period is common to Anglo-Saxon England and to Scandinavia; and with equal ardour archaeologists on both sides have been engaged in solving its fascinating problems. Especially in recent years English antiquaries have made most valuable contributions, which seem to call for a revision of current Scandinavian opinions about these questions. In acknowledgement of the high merits of English archaeology in this complex and difficult research, I shall try to set forth how far a Norse student may accept the explanation offered by eminent English scholars like Dr. Ellis Minns and Mr. Reginald A. Smith.
VI—Some Rock-cut Tombs and Habitation Caves in Mallorca
Authors: Hemp W.J.
Published: November 2011

It has been claimed that in its general form the type of burial cave which is the principal subject of this paper is in some way linked with the longbarrows of Britain; that is to say they must have had a common origin, and both must have been built by people dominated by some very powerful tradition—the cult of the dead. So far as western Europe is concerned, it is here assumed that the original home of this cult, or at any rate of many of its attributes, is to be sought for in or around the eastern Mediterranean, and that a great deal, if not all, of its influence reached Britain by way of Spain, or by the more direct route on which lie the Aries group of caves and those of the Marne. Therefore, in view of the central position of the Balearic Islands in the western basin of the Mediterranean, there is at least a possibility that the monuments of megalithic type to be found in them may bear a definite, even if remote, relation to those of Britain.
XVIII.—On a portable Sundial of gilt brass made for Cardinal Wolsey
Authors: Evans Lewis
Published: November 2011

The dial exhibited is interesting, both as a good example of a combination of dials, which was in the first half of the sixteenth centary considered to be the perfection of the diallist art, and of which early examples are almost unknown, and also because it was made for Cardinal Wolsey. Nothing is known of its history, but it is said to have come from a village not far from Peterborough, and it was bought by me in London early in 1900.
XIX.—Notes on the Augustinian Priory of St. Bartholomew, West Smithfield.
Authors: Webb E.A.
Published: November 2011

Recent researches have brought to light various matters of interest concerning this priory; some relate to the dates to which certain portions of the building may be assigned, others to the topography of the priory close soon after the suppression of the monastery, whilst the acquisition of three bays of the eastern alley of the cloister by the Restoration Committee has brought to light work of the twelfth and fifteenth centuries hitherto concealed.
XX.—The Prehistoric Tombs of Knossos.
Authors: Evans Arthur J.
Published: November 2011

About 600 metres due north of the prehistoric Palace of Knossos begins the rise of a flat-topped hill, here traversed by a long line of Roman walling, from which the neighbouring hamlet, sole survivor of the ancient city, gains its name of Makryteichos. The hill itself is known as Zafer Papoura (Τοῠ ΖαΦέρ ή παποῠρα) and on its lower slope there had already been brought to light remains of houses belonging to the extensive Minoan town, the “Wide Knossos” of Homeric tradition, which seems to have extended on every side of the Palace.
Reconfiguring the Islamic Sonic-Social inthe Bird Ghost at the Zaouiaby Seth Ayyaz
Authors: Ayyaz Bhunnoo Seth
Published: November 2011

The paper examines issues emergent from the construction of my workthe bird ghost at the zaouia,which transliterates recorded experience and memory of time and place. Islamic ritual and public spaces were recorded, reworked, re-routed and re-sited in a work that references, comments upon and potentially reconfigures the Islamic sonic-social. Tracing my own stance, the paper foregrounds emergent issues in the recording and use of highly culturally freighted sounds. I trace three broad areas: 1. Sonic Orientalism – the use of sound that carries ‘Eastern’ cultural and religious significance in order to signal a certain kind of alterity; 2. The development of a compositional strategy that seeks a middle-path between acousmatic and acoustic-ecological debates; and 3. A cross-cultural comparison between modes of listening. In addition I discuss the contexts of debates on the permissibility of music within Islam, and also world-musics that trade on the romanticised alterity of sonic tourism. I draw parallels between an ‘ethically responsive sensorium’ characteristic of Islamic aural disciplines and the ‘aesthetically attuned sensorium’ engaged by sonic arts. I argue for an approach that is inclusive of the sonic and the full spectrum of vibration through ramified networks of memory and meaning.

Audio excerpts available at:www.sethayyaz.com/sound-works/bird-ghost-at-the-zaouia
Turbulent diapycnal mixing in the northwestern Pacific
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: November 2011

Nearly vertical mixing in the oceans across surfaces of constant density (isopycnals), known as diapycnal mixing, transports heat, modifies water masses, and maintains stratification. This mixing needs to be included in models of large‐scale ocean circulation and climate models, but it is not fully understood. Some studies have suggested that wind is a key source of energy for diapycnal mixing in the deep ocean, but observational and modeling studies have been contradictory. To learn more, Jing et al. used data from recent hydrographic studies to study turbulent diapycnal mixing in the subtropical northwestern Pacific Ocean, a region that encompasses a range of ocean conditions, including both flat and rough seafloor. They examined spatial and seasonal variations as well as the role of eddies. They found that enhanced mixing occurred over rougher seafloor. Over flatter seafloor the researchers found that mixing is probably stirred by wind near the surface, with eddies playing an important role in enhancing mixing at greater depths. In the upper 600 meters of the ocean, the wind and diapycnal mixing varied seasonally, with stronger winds and mixing in winter and weaker winds and mixing in summer. This is different from the midlatitude northwestern Pacific, where seasonality of diapycnal mixing can be found at 1500‐meter depth. (Journal of Geophysical Research‐Oceans, doi:10.1029/2011JC007142, 2011)
Changing climate increases biological productivity in the Arctic
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: November 2011

Climate change is leading to increased biological productivity in the coastal Arctic. As ice melts and recedes far from land, winds interact with open waters to increase the upwelling of nutrient‐rich deep water and stimulate biological productivity. Tremblay et al. quantified these changes using remote sensing and in situ observations in the coastal Beaufort Sea. They found that ice ablation and the combination of increased upwelling and greater light penetration into the water column during fall 2007 and summer 2008 increased the production of ice algae, phytoplankton, and zooplankton by 2–6 times. (Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1029/2011GL048825, 2011)
Introduction
Authors: Kazmi Abbas , Kamm Birgit , Henke Sören , Theuvsen Ludwig , Höfer Rainer
Published: November 2011

The chapter sets the scene for the book by tackling some of the fundamental issues with biorefineries. The biorefinery cannot just be a processing facility which utilises biomass without any concern for the chemical methods being used. So the first section of this chapter covers the fundamental aspects of green chemistry and how they can be incorporated into future biorefineries. There has been much discussion and debate on the biorefinery concept and what it actually means. The second section in the chapter covers the main aspects of biorefinery systems including the two platform concept. The last section of the chapter focuses on the current and potential uses of oil crops that are produced within Europe.
Secondary Processing of Plant Oils
Authors: Herseczki Zsanett , Kazmi Abbas , Luque Rafael , Luna Diego
Published: November 2011

Glycerol has an important role to play in advanced oil crop biorefineries. Initially the chapter outlines processes which could be used to purify glycerol that emerges as a by-product from biodisel production. Glycerol in a clean form is in fact a highly valuable chemical and if such purification processes could be optimised, this approach could be a lucrative add-on for many biodisel manufacturers. However in order to conduct any chemical derivitisation, this purification process is a must anyway. There is a vast range of high value chemicals which can be produced and the chapter outlines key processes and products. Interestingly the novel concept of manufacturing biodiesel without any glycerol by-product is also discussed as an ultimate green process.
Modelling Stakeholders’ Interplay and Policy Scenarios for Biorefinery Implementation
Authors: Morone Piergiuseppe , Lucia Caterina De , Lopolito Antonio , Prosperi Maurizio
Published: November 2011

This chapter is structured in two parts dealing with the very same problem – that is, assessing and modelling stakeholder interplay and policy scenarios forthe development of biorefineries and biodiesel production. They target, however, the problem from two distinct perspectives: micro and macro.

The first part of the chapter presents the micro-economic perspective, assessing the methodological approach for policy modelling and policy evaluation. This investigation builds on the multi-level approach (MLA) for the study of technological trajectories. MLA should be conceived as a nested framework formed by linked levels: socio-technical regime, socio-technical landscape and innovation niches. Within such a framework, we focus our attention on the innovation niche and its emerging process. This is done by a three-step methodology. The first step aims at assessing the niche development status and makes use of Social Network Analysis and Fuzzy Cognitive Maps. In the second step we employ agent-based analysis for the development of an archetype model to investigating the key internal dynamics of the niche. The third step focuses on the evaluation of policy actions using a well-known criterion, that is the efficiency of the actions studied by means of the Data Envelopment Analysis.

In the second part of this chapter we turn to the macro-perspective, presenting a computable general equilibrium model. Here, we use counterfactual simulations to assess how consumer welfare is affected in the following cases: (1) a change in technology to comply with the European Union commitment to renewable energy use; (2) the implementation of different tax (or subsidy) rates on energy inputs and emissions, at either national or EU level; (3) a change in land-use, if biorefineries and biodiesel are considered as inputs to production.

Both the micro- and the macro-economic approaches are designed to respond to two key policy objectives: (1) to develop policy scenarios for biodiesel and biorefinery production through the analysis of social network interactions across stakeholders and consumer welfare; (2) to understand the evolution of various environmental, economic and policy constraints within a sustainable development framework for biofuel and biorefinery energy sectors.
Valence force field-based Monte Carlo bond-rotation method for the determination of sp2-bonded carbon structures
Authors: Lee Sangheon , Hwang Gyeong S.
Published: November 2011

We present a valence force field (VFF)-based Monte Carlo (MC) bond-rotation method capable of identifying stable sp2-bonded carbon configurations. The VFF contains four parameters that are adjusted to fit density functional theory (DFT) calculations for both planar and non-planar model structures; the simple VFF model is shown to reliably reproduce the DFT energetics of disordered sp2-bonded carbon with various topologies and sizes. The MC bond-rotation method combined with the VFF is demonstrated to be effective in determining minimum-energy sp2-bonded carbon structures, such as topological defects and fullerenes with different sizes. The computational approach is also applied to investigate possible configurations of multi-vacancy defects (V2n, 2 ≤ n ≤ 8) and their relative stability.
Corrigendum to: A Profluorescent Azaphenalene Nitroxide for Nitroxide-Mediated Polymerization
Authors: Colwell John M. , Blinco James P. , Hulbert Courtney , Fairfull-Smith Kathryn E. , Bottle Steven E.
Published: November 2011

A novel nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP) control agent; 1,1,3,3-tetramethyl-2,3-dihydro-2-azaphenalen-2-yloxyl (TMAO), was used in the free-radical polymerization of styrene. The conversion of styrene during NMP was studied using FT-Raman spectroscopy and the effectiveness of TMAO as a NMP control agent was assessed by GPC analysis. Fidelity of the TMAO-alkoxyamine end-group on the synthesized polymers was confirmed by GPC, UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopic analyses. Comparison to the well known NMP control agent, TEMPO was made. TMAO showed control of molecular weight approaching that of TEMPO. Attempts to improve the properties of TMAO as an NMP control agent by synthesizing an analogue with bulkier substituents around the nitroxide did not generate the target molecule but demonstrated some of the interesting chemistry of the azaphenalene ring system.