bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anchoring Bullying and Victimization in Children within a Five–Factor Model–Based Person–Centred Framework
Authors: De Bolle Marleen , Tackett Jennifer L.
Published: January 2013

Although researchers have begun to explore bullying and victimization problems from a personality perspective, more work is needed on the particular personality constellations of children and adolescents who are vulnerable to victimization or prone to bullying. The principal research goal of the present study was to anchor the robust four–group classification of bullying and victimization (i.e. bullies, victims, bully/victims and uninvolved children) within the Five–Factor Model–based person–centred framework in primary school children (N = 660), controlling for gender. We found four distinct personality types in middle childhood: a mixed type, an undercontrolled type, a moderate type and a resilient type. In line with expectations, we found that a resilient personality profile protected children and adolescents against victimization and that children and adolescents with an undercontrolled or mixed personality profile were at increased risk to be bully/victims, rather than uninvolved in bully problems or victimization, compared with children with a moderate personality profile. Implications for theory and practice are discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prognostic value of ERG oncoprotein in prostate cancer recurrence and cause‐specific mortality
Authors: Spencer E. Sophie , Johnston Richard B. , Gordon Ryan R. , Lucas Jared M. , Ussakli Cigdem Himmetoglu , Hurtado‐Coll Antonio , Srivastava Shiv , Nelson Peter S. , Porter Christopher R.
Published: January 2013

BACKGROUND

ETS‐related gene (ERG) protein is present in 40–70% of prostate cancer and is correlated with TMPRSS2‐ERG gene rearrangements. This study evaluated ERG expression at radical prostatectomy to determine whether it was predictive of earlier relapse or prostate cancer‐specific mortality (PCSM).

METHODS

One hundred patients who underwent radical prostatectomy at Virginia Mason in Seattle between 1991 and 1997 were identified. Recurrence was confirmed by tissue diagnosis or radiographic signs. PCSM was confirmed by death certificates. Thirty‐three patients with metastases or PCSM were matched to patients without recurrence at a 1:2 ratio. Paraffin embedded tissue was stained with two anti‐ERG monoclonal antibodies, EPR3864 and 9FY. Nuclear expression intensity was evaluated as present/absent, on a 4‐point relative intensity scale, and as a composite score (0–300).

RESULTS

Mean follow‐up was 10.26 years. The two antibodies were highly correlated (P < 0.0001). Patients with higher ERG expression intensity and composite scores were significantly more likely to develop biochemical relapse, metastases, and PCSM. Kaplan–Meier survival curve analysis for the composite score of ERG expression revealed a significant association between higher ERG expression (EPR3864) and shorter PCa‐specific survival (P = 0.047).

CONCLUSIONS

While the presence of ERG expression at the time of surgery was not predictive of earlier relapse or PCSM, the relative intensity and composite score for ERG expression was prognostic for the development of biochemical relapse, metastases, and PCSM. Quantitative ERG scoring may be useful to identify patients who would benefit from adjuvant treatment or closer follow‐up, allowing more accurate individual patient treatment plans. Prostate 73: 905–912, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Thermotherapy using magnetic cationic liposomes powerfully suppresses prostate cancer bone metastasis in a novel rat model
Authors: Kobayashi Daichi , Kawai Noriyasu , Sato Shinya , Naiki Taku , Yamada Kenji , Yasui Takahiro , Tozawa Keiichi , Kobayashi Takeshi , Takahashi Satoru , Kohri Kenjiro
Published: January 2013

BACKGROUND

Bone metastasis is a serious problem for individuals with prostate cancer, and the effects of the anticancer drug docetaxel (DTX) are insufficient. We therefore examined the therapeutic potential of magnetic cationic liposomes (MCL) in a novel rat model that allows the evaluation of tumor immunity. The effects of MCL thermotherapy were compared with those of DTX as a conventional therapy for the treatment of bone metastatic prostate cancer.

METHODS

Prostate tumor tissues were transplanted into the femurs of model rats divided into four groups: control, MCL, DTX, and MCL + DTX. Tumors were injected with MCL, and alternating magnetic field (AMF) irradiation was performed three times a week. Tumor proliferation and bone destruction were evaluated by proliferating cell nuclear antigen positivity, computed tomography, and CD68‐positive cell number, while tumor immunity was evaluated by heat shock protein (HSP) 70 expression and CD8‐positive lymphocyte number.

RESULTS

We successfully established a novel femur metastasis model of prostate cancer, and demonstrated that tumor proliferation and bone destruction in the MCL and MCL + DTX groups were significantly suppressed compared with control and DTX groups. MCL thermotherapy concurrently induced necrosis and apoptosis. The expression of HSP70 in the MCL and MCL + DTX groups was also significantly increased, and tumor immunity was enhanced through the induction of CD8‐positive lymphocytes.

CONCLUSION

MCL thermotherapy was clearly more effective than DTX in treating bone metastatic prostate cancer. A combination of MCL thermotherapy and DTX therefore deserves consideration as a novel treatment for this disease. Prostate 73: 913–922, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pyrolysis of dimethylhydrazine for the MOVPE growth of GaN and InN monitored by in‐situ quadrupole mass spectrometry
Authors: Thieu Quang Tu , Inamoto Takuro , Kuboya Shigeyuki , Onabe Kentaro
Published: January 2013

The pyrolysis of dimethylhydrazine (DMHy) which is used as an alternative for ammonia in the MOVPE growth of nitrides has been investigated in a horizontal LP‐MOVPE reactor using quadrupole mass spectrometry. The thermal decomposition rate is investigated with regard to the dependence on reactor pressure, gas flow rate and sampling position over the susceptor. The temperature for 50% decomposition is 400‐600 °C, which increases with lowering the pressure irrespective of the carrier gases. The results imply a strong dependence of pyrolysis rate on the pressure, namely higher pressures induce more efficient decomposition of DMHy (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A critical revision of the estimation of the latent heat flux from two‐wavelength scintillometry
Authors: Ward H. C. , Evans J. G. , Hartogensis O. K. , Moene A. F. , De Bruin H. A. R. , Grimmond C. S. B.
Published: January 2013

Simultaneous scintillometer measurements at multiple wavelengths (pairing visible or infrared with millimetre or radio waves) have the potential to provide estimates of path‐averaged surface fluxes of sensible and latent heat. Traditionally, the equations to deduce fluxes from measurements of the refractive index structure parameter at the two wavelengths have been formulated in terms of absolute humidity. Here, it is shown that formulation in terms of specific humidity has several advantages. Specific humidity satisfies the requirement for a conserved variable in similarity theory and inherently accounts for density effects misapportioned through the use of absolute humidity. The validity and interpretation of both formulations are assessed and the analogy with open‐path infrared gas analyser density corrections is discussed. Original derivations using absolute humidity to represent the influence of water vapour are shown to misrepresent the latent heat flux. The errors in the flux, which depend on the Bowen ratio (larger for drier conditions), may be of the order of 10%. The sensible heat flux is shown to remain unchanged. It is also verified that use of a single scintillometer at optical wavelengths is essentially unaffected by these new formulations. Where it may not be possible to reprocess two‐wavelength results, a density correction to the latent heat flux is proposed for scintillometry, which can be applied retrospectively to reduce the error.
Surface pressure information retrieved from GPS radio occultation measurements
Authors: Healy S. B.
Published: January 2013

Numerical weather prediction (NWP) experiments have been performed to investigate the impact of surface pressure information retrieved from Global Positioning System radio occultation (GPSRO) measurements. The GPSRO measurements are able to reduce the impact of removing all conventional surface pressure observations from the NWP system. The GPSRO measurements can constrain global mean surface pressure errors in analyses and short‐range forecasts to the −1 to −1.5 hPa level over a 3‐month period, whereas they can be as large as −4 hPa when both GPSRO observations and conventional surface pressure measurements are removed from the NWP system. The large mean errors that arise when both GPSRO and conventional surface pressure measurements are removed are caused by an interaction between the assimilation of the conventional upper‐air measurements and the bias correction of radiances with the variational bias correction system (VARBC). In the absence of GPSRO, the VARBC amplifies and spreads errors that are introduced by the conventional upper‐air data. However, the GPSRO measurements cannot fully compensate for the loss of the conventional data, particularly in the Northern Hemisphere. It is also shown that the surface pressure results obtained when GPSRO are assimilated are sensitive to biases introduced by other observations, such as aircraft temperature measurements, because these biases can be aliased into surface pressure increments. Experiments designed to compare the amount of information provided by other parts of the global observing system highlight the complementary nature of GPSRO and scatterometer wind retrievals, and show that reasonable surface pressure analyses, with an uncertainty of ∼ 1 hPa, can now be obtained by assimilating just satellite data, without using any conventional data to ‘anchor’ the NWP system. However, the full observing system, including both satellite and conventional observations, remains superior to assimilating just satellite observations.
Verification of precipitable water vapour in high‐resolution WRF simulations over a mountainous archipelago
Authors: González A. , Expósito F. J. , Pérez J. C. , Díaz J. P. , Taima D.
Published: January 2013

In this work, precipitable water vapour (PWV), its diurnal variability and water vapour vertical profiles have been obtained from Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model simulations. The PWV simulated values have been validated using observations from the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) for three locations in an orographically complex region, the Canary Islands archipelago, while the vertical water vapour profiles have been compared with radiosonde data available for this region. Initial and boundary conditions for simulations are given by National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) global models: FNL (Global Final Analysis) and GFS (Global Forecast System). Several parametrizations and assumptions, related to cloud microphysics, boundary‐layer and land surface models, number of vertical levels, moisture transport and 3D nudging techniques, have been applied to evaluate the sensitivity of the WRF results. In general, a good agreement between WRF and GNSS data was obtained, with correlation coefficients larger than 0.95 and centred root mean square differences about 2 mm. Furthermore, for PWV and water vapour vertical distribution, no appreciable differences were observed between the different experiments carried out, since the main contribution to water vapour in a region with small land coverage comes from the large‐scale processes, which are reasonably represented when analysis data are used as the forcing boundary conditions of the model. The ability of the WRF simulations to reproduce the PWV diurnal cycle was also verified. Additionally, the skills of the WRF simulations to determine PWV were evaluated for different nudging strategies when 48 h forecast simulations were performed; these showed insignificant differences.
Seasonal and interannual variability of an index of deep atmospheric convection over western boundary currents
Authors: Sheldon L. , Czaja A.
Published: January 2013

The seasonal and interannual variability of an index measuring the potential for deep (surface‐to‐tropopause) convection over the extratropical oceans is studied using reanalysis data. It is found that most of the conditional instability is concentrated over the world's western boundary currents during winter, but shifts equatorward of the currents in summer. Conditional instability is only detected over the Gulf Stream and the East Australian Current in their respective summer season.

The coupled ocean–atmosphere mechanisms controlling the variability of the convective index are then studied. It is found that the convective index displays a large interannual variability, which is primarily controlled by the erratic displacements of the storm tracks. Only weak negative feedback from the oceans is singled out on short (intraseasonal) time‐scales, reflecting the stabilization of the troposphere through the development of cold sea‐surface temperature anomalies. A larger role for warm oceanic advection in destabilizing the troposphere is, however, suggested on longer (interannual and decadal) time‐scales.
Nanomaterials and synergistic low‐intensity direct current (LIDC) stimulation technology for orthopedic implantable medical devices
Authors: Shirwaiker Rohan A. , Samberg Meghan E. , Cohen Paul H. , Wysk Richard A. , Monteiro‐Riviere Nancy A.
Published: January 2013

Nanomaterials play a significant role in biomedical research and applications because of their unique biological, mechanical, and electrical properties. In recent years, they have been utilized to improve the functionality and reliability of a wide range of implantable medical devices ranging from well‐established orthopedic residual hardware devices (e.g., hip implants) that can repair defects in skeletal systems to emerging tissue engineering scaffolds that can repair or replace organ functions. This review summarizes the applications and efficacies of these nanomaterials that include synthetic or naturally occurring metals, polymers, ceramics, and composites in orthopedic implants, the largest market segment of implantable medical devices. The importance of synergistic engineering techniques that can augment or enhance the performance of nanomaterial applications in orthopedic implants is also discussed, the focus being on a low‐intensity direct electric current (LIDC) stimulation technology to promote the long‐term antibacterial efficacy of oligodynamic metal‐based surfaces by ionization, while potentially accelerating tissue growth and osseointegration. While many nanomaterials have clearly demonstrated their ability to provide more effective implantable medical surfaces, further decisive investigations are necessary before they can translate into medically safe and commercially viable clinical applications. The article concludes with a discussion about some of the critical impending issues with the application of nanomaterials‐based technologies in implantable medical devices, and potential directions to address these. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2013, 5:191–204. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1201

This article is categorized under:

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies

Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanomaterials and Implants

Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanotechnology in Tissue Repair and Replacement
Overview of DNA origami for molecular self‐assembly
Authors: Saaem Ishtiaq , LaBean Thomas H.
Published: January 2013

Judging by the number of atoms and the precision with which they are organized in three‐dimensional space, DNA origami assemblies represent the current acme of human molecular engineering accomplishments. A subset of structural DNA nanotechnology, DNA origami makes use of the programmable molecular recognition of complementary DNA cohesions to assemble designed structures. This review will discuss the development of concepts and methods involved in DNA origami with an eye toward future increases in origami size and sequence complexity, as well as exploring different methods for the production of the DNA molecular components (long biologically synthesized scaffold strands and the complex set of chemically synthesized staple strands). In future applications, the incorporation and organization of other materials (metals and other inorganics, protein enzymes, and other nanomaterials) upon or within DNA origami should result in tools for “bottom‐up” nanofabrication of biomedical, electronic, and photonic devices and materials. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2013, 5:150–162. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1204

This article is categorized under:

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies

Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Nucleic Acid-Based Structures
A procedure for overlapping deconvolution and the determination of its confidence interval for arsenic and lead signals in TXRF spectral analysis
Authors: Moya‐Riffo A. , Bennun L. , Sanhueza V. , Santibañez M.
Published: January 2013

We studied the applicability and validity range of a mathematical procedure on the basis of the principia of maximum likelihood for the identification and quantification of arsenic and lead. This procedure has showed to be appropriate for analyzing two or more signals that interfere with each other or for the quantification of a small signal in a very noisy environment, but a complete study of determination of its confidence interval in samples in which one element in the overlap is present in a concentration lower than the other elements was not studied previously. The identification implemented provides very exact values of relative concentrations for cases that are difficult to process using other adjustment methods. The proposed procedure is applied to experimental cases, analyzing liquid solutions through total reflection X‐ray fluorescence to determine a range of concentrations for the detection of traces of arsenic signals in the presence of large lead interfering signals and vice versa. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crossbreeding of a metallic color carnation and diversification of the peculiar coloration by ion-beam irradiation
Authors: Okamura Masachika , Nakayama Masayoshi , Umemoto Naoyuki , Cano Emilio A. , Hase Yoshihiro , Nishizaki Yuzo , Sasaki Nobuhiro , Ozeki Yoshihiro
Published: January 2013

In general, carnations (Dianthus caryophyllus) have each of four kinds of anthocyanins acylated by malic acid. A few carnation cultivars are known to display a peculiar dusky color supposedly caused by anthocyanic vacuolar inclusions (AVIs). The hereditary pattern suggests that the peculiar color is controlled by a single recessive factor tightly linked with existence of AVIs containing non-acylated anthocyanins. To diversify the peculiar color carnation, we produced a bluish purple line displaying a highly novel metallic appearance by crossbreeding. By subjecting the line to ion-beam irradiation, we generated metallic reddish purple, metallic crimson and metallic red lines. The major anthocyanin of the metallic bluish purple and reddish purple lines was pelargonidin 3,5-diglucoside, whereas that of the metallic crimson and red lines was pelargonidin 3-glucoside. All four metallic lines did not have transcripts for anthocyanin malyltransferase. Metallic crimson and red lines did not express the acyl-glucose-dependent anthocyanin 5-O-glucosyltransferase gene. In contrast to the dusky color types, metallic lines have highly condensed AVIs and water-clear vacuolar sap in the petal adaxial epidermal cells. Differences in the number of AVIs on the abaxial side were observed within mutants containing the same anthocyanin, thereby affecting their shade and hue. We demonstrated that (1) a factor generating the AVIs is inactivated anthocyanin malyltransferase gene, (2) AVIs in water-clear vacuolar sap in the adaxial epidermal cells generate the novel metallic appearance, and (3) ion beam breeding is a useful tool for increasing metallic colors by changing anthocyanin structure and the level of AVIs.
Alarm scent‐marking during predatory attempts in the Cabrera vole (Microtus cabreraeThomas, 1906)
Authors: Gomes Luis Alexandre Piteira , Salgado Pedro Miguel Pedreirinho , Barata Eduardo Nuno , Mira António Paulo Pereira
Published: January 2013

The alarm pheromones often released by animals under stressful situations seem to elicit behavioral changes in conspecifics, which in the appropriate context can be viewed as anti‐predatory responses. However, the releasing of alarm pheromones associated with predatory events has not been demonstrated in mammals. In the current study with wild‐caught Cabrera voles, we carried out experiments in the laboratory and in the field to assess the release of alarm pheromones in scent‐marks during simulated predatory events and disclose their effects on conspecifics. We first conducted an assay wherein voles where let to scent‐mark a clean substrate in the absence of disturbance (control) and under the simulation of predatory events. Contrarily to the control, no fecal boli were released and the area marked with urine was significantly larger during the predatory simulation. In a subsequent assay, we assessed the voles’ preference between urine‐marks released under predatory simulation and in control conditions. Voles showed a significant preference by control substrates. Finally, a third assay was carried out in the vole's habitat wherein the individual activity was monitored by radio‐tracking before and after placement of urine‐marks obtained during the conditions described above. The vole's activity was only reduced near the urine‐marks released during the simulated predatory events. The results suggest that: (1) during predatory attempts, Cabrera voles release an alarm pheromone in their urine‐marks; (2) the putative alarm pheromone reduces the voles’ activity in the surroundings of the marked area; (3) the putative alarm pheromone persists in the field affecting conspecifics’ activity for several days.
Prostate cancer cells metabolize d‐lactate inside mitochondria via a d‐lactate dehydrogenase which is more active and highly expressed than in normal cells
Authors: de Bari Lidia , Moro Loredana , Passarella Salvatore
Published: January 2013

Although d‐lactate metabolism has been shown to occur in a variety of mitochondria, the metabolic fate of d‐lactate in cancer cells has never been investigated, as it is believed to be exported to the extracellular phase. We show that mitochondria from both cancer (PC‐3) and normal (PNT1A) prostate cells can metabolize d‐lactate in an energy competent manner. This is due to the mitochondrial d‐lactate dehydrogenase, a membrane flavoprotein, the activity and protein level of which are higher in PC‐3 than in PNT1A cells, as detected by both kinetic and immunological analysis. d‐Lactate can enter prostate mitochondria and cause the export of newly synthesized malate in a carrier‐mediated manner, with the rate of malate efflux from mitochondria twofold higher in cancer.
Stat3 inhibits WTX expression through up‐regulation of microRNA‐370 in Wilms tumor
Authors: Cao Xu , Liu Dehong , Yan Xiangming , Zhang Ya , Yuan Liqun , Zhang Ting , Fu Mingcui , Zhou Yun , Wang Jian
Published: January 2013

Wilms tumor (WT) is a genetically heterogeneous childhood kidney tumor. Several genetic mutations have been identified in WT patients, including inactivation of WTX, somatic stabilizing CTNNB1, and p53 mutations. However, the molecular mechanisms in tumorigenesis remain largely unexplored. Stat3 is a transcription factor that can promote oncogenesis. Stat3 activation is commonly viewed as crucial for multiple tumor proliferation and metastasis. We show that Stat3 is highly activated in Wilms tumor tissues compared to those in adjacent tissues. IL‐6 treatment or transfection of a constitutively activated Stat3 in G401 cells promotes cell proliferation. At the molecular level, we further elucidate that Stat3 inhibits WTX expression through up‐regulation of microRNA‐370. Our results suggest that Stat3/miR‐370/WTX regulatory axis might be a critical mechanism in Wilms tumor cells.
Formation of alternative proteasomes: Same lady, different cap?
Authors: Pick Elah , Berman Tali S.
Published: January 2013

Two groups have recently reported the activation of archeal 20S by a p97‐related double‐ring AAA+ ATPase complex, in a similar fashion to that reported for 19S. Since p97 is found in eukaryotes, the existence of a parallel setting in higher organisms is intriguing. Herein, we present supporting data and hypothesize that in eukaryotes, p97 and CSN form a promiscuous, hence hard‐to‐detect, “alternative cap”, enabling the prompt and precise elimination of particular substrates.
Violence against refugee women along the Thai–Burma border
Authors: Falb Kathryn L. , McCormick Marie C. , Hemenway David , Anfinson Katherine , Silverman Jay G.
Published: January 2013

Objective

To document the prevalence and characteristics of conflict victimization and its associations with past‐year intimate partner violence (IPV) among refugee women affected by the protracted conflict in Burma (Myanmar).

Methods

A cross‐sectional survey was conducted among 861 women living in 3 refugee camps along the Thai–Burma border from February to April 2008. Descriptive statistics were generated regarding experiences of conflict victimization and generalized estimating equations were used to determine the odds of reporting past‐year IPV.

Results

In all, 9.6% of partnered women reported conflict victimization and 7.9% of women reported experiencing past‐year IPV. After accounting for demographic variables, women who experienced conflict victimization were 5.9 times more likely to report past‐year IPV than women who had not experienced conflict victimization (95% confidence interval, 5.0–6.9).

Conclusion

Given the strong association uncovered in the present study, interventions to reduce the negative effects of conflict victimization should incorporate other forms of violence prevention, including IPV. Future longitudinal research is needed to discern pathways through which these experiences are related.
Comparative effect of 2 packages of pelvic floor muscle training on the clinical course of stage I–III pelvic organ prolapse
Authors: Kashyap Rashmi , Jain Vanita , Singh Amarjeet
Published: January 2013

Objective

To compare the effect of 2 packages of pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) on the clinical course of pelvic organ prolapse (POP) among women attending a gynecology outpatient department in Chandigarh, India.

Methods

A randomized controlled trial was conducted between August 8, 2010, and October 31, 2011. Overall, 140 women with stage I–III POP were allocated to a 24‐week behavioral therapy intervention. Group A (n = 70) received 1‐to‐1 PFMT and a self‐instruction manual (SIM), whereas Group B (n = 70) received SIM alone. Symptoms were assessed using the POP symptom scale (POP‐ss), visual analog scale (VAS), and pelvic floor impact questionnaire‐7 (PFIQ‐7) scores.

Results

Marked improvements in mean POP‐ss, VAS, PFIQ‐7 scores were observed in both groups from baseline to week 24. However, significant between‐group changes in mean POP‐ss scores were observed from baseline to 6 weeks (P < 0.001), 18 weeks (P = 0.001), and 24 weeks (P = 0.002). Significant between‐group changes in mean VAS scores were observed at 18 and 24 weeks (P = 0.009 and P = 0.005). Significant between‐group changes in mean PFIQ‐7 scores were observed at 6 (P = 0.001), 18 (P < 0.001), and 24 weeks (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Provision of both 1‐to‐1 PFMT and SIM led to greater improvements in POP symptoms than provision of SIM alone.

ctri.nic.in: CTRI/2010/091/001190.
Long‐term associations between cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine use and health outcomes among patients with Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Zhu Carolyn W. , Livote Elayne E. , Scarmeas Nikolaos , Albert Marilyn , Brandt Jason , Blacker Deborah , Sano Mary , Stern Yaakov
Published: January 2013

Objectives

To examine in an observational study (1) relationships between cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEI) and memantine use, and functional and cognitive end points and mortality in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD); (2) relationships between other patient characteristics and these clinical end points; and (3) whether effects of the predictors change across time.

Methods

The authors conducted a multicenter, natural history study that included three university‐based AD centers in the United States. A total of 201 patients diagnosed with probable AD with modified Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores ≥ 30 at study entry were monitored annually for 6 years. Discrete‐time hazard analyses were used to examine relationships between ChEI and memantine use during the previous 6 months reported at each assessment, and time to cognitive (MMSE score ≤ 10) and functional (Blessed Dementia Rating Scale score ≥ 10) end points and mortality. Analyses controlled for clinical characteristics, including baseline cognition, function, and comorbid conditions, and presence of extrapyramidal signs and psychiatric symptoms at each assessment interval. Demographic characteristics included baseline age, sex, education, and living arrangement at each assessment interval.

Results

ChEI use was associated with delayed time in reaching the functional end point and death. Memantine use was associated with delayed time to death. Different patient characteristics were associated with different clinical end points.

Conclusions

Results suggest long‐term beneficial effects of ChEI and memantine use on patient outcomes. As for all observational cohort studies, observed relationships should not be interpreted as causal effects.
From brand aversion or indifference to brand attachment: Authors' response to commentaries to Park, Eisingerich, and Park's brand attachment–aversion model
Authors: Park C. Whan , Eisingerich Andreas B. , Park Jason Whan
Published: January 2013

The primary purpose of our target article was to theoretically argue and empirically demonstrate that it is possible to elevate the customer–brand relationships to the desired level of human relationships by offering three types of self‐relevant benefits. In this response, we discuss the major comments provided by each set of commentators, which are insightful and thought‐provoking. It is our hope that this dialogue will open up a new avenue for future research regarding the nature and management of customer–brand relationships.
XI.—On q-Functions and a certain Difference Operator
Authors: Jackson F. H.
Published: January 2013

In this paper my object is, primarily, to investigate the properties of a certain operative symbol which appears to be of great utility in discussing q-functions. The first part of the paper will consist of an investigation into the various forms of

and the nature of the inverse operations symbolised by Δ−n. With certain restrictions as to continuity, etc., φ(x) will denote an arbitrary function of x.
XIII.—On the Age of the Old Red Sandstone of Shetland
Authors: Flett John S.
Published: January 2013

In spite of its remote situation, the Old Red Sandstone of Shetland attracted a considerable amount of attention from geologists during the last century. It is exposed in excellent coast sections, which often yield very beautiful cliff scenery; and, in addition to being the most northerly of the stratified rocks of Great Britain, it includes a rich succession of volcanic and intrusive rocks which are of great interest and variety. The axis or backbone of the Shetland archipelago consists of gneiss, mica schist, slate, and limestone, with epidiorites, serpentine, and talc schists. On each side of this there is an area of Old Red Sandstone; that on the east extending from Sumburgh Head, in the extreme south, to Rovey Head, a little north of Lerwick, and comprising also the islands of Bressay, Noss, and Mousa. On the west side of Shetland the Old Red Sandstone Series is much altered, probably by the heat of the granite and other intrusive rocks, so that they often have the appearance of quartzite, and were for a long time regarded as belonging to the metamorphic series. In 1879, however, Peach and Horne (28) showed that, in places, they contained fossil plants which indicated that they belonged to the Old Red Sandstone formation.
XV.—On the Lamellibranch and Gasteropod Fauna found in the Millstone Grit of Scotland
Authors: Hind Wheelton
Published: January 2013

During the revision of the Midlothian coalfield by the Geological Survey, special attention was directed to the plant remains occurring in the Millstone Grit, with the view of obtaining evidence bearing on the probable boundary line between the Upper and Lower Carboniferous rocks. Mr Tait collected a number of plants from certain horizons in this division of the Carboniferous system, which were submitted to Mr Kidston, F.R.S., for determination. Those from the lower part of the Millstone Grit were regarded by Mr Kidston as belonging to the Lower Carboniferous flora, and those from the upper portion, to the Upper Carboniferous flora. While carrying on his work in the field, Mr Tait found certain fossiliferous bands in the basal portion of the Millstone Grit, charged with lamellibranchs, brachiopods, and other marine organisms, and associated with Lower Carboniferous species of plants. These observations were of service in tracing the base line of the Upper Carboniferous rocks round a large part of the Midlothian basin. It ought to be clearly understood, however, that this boundary line is based solely on the evidence supplied by the plants and fishes as determined by Mr Kidston and Dr Traquair respectively.
XIII.—On the Carboniferous Flora of Berwickshire. Part I. Stenomyelon Tuedianum Kidston
Authors: Kidston R. , Gwynne-Vaughan D. T.
Published: January 2013

My first knowledge of Stenomyelon Tuedianum was derived from a microscopical preparation in the collection of the late Mr C. W. Peach, A.L.S., which, through the kindness of his son, Dr B. N. Peach, F.R.S., subsequently came into my possession. The specimen was labelled as having been found “near Berwick.”
XXI.—Experiments to show how Failure under Stress occurs in Timber, its Cause, and Comparative Values of the Maximum Stresses induced when Timber is fractured in Various Ways
Authors: Fulton Angus R.
Published: January 2013

The object of this investigation was not to obtain fresh data on the average strength of timber when subjected to destructive stresses. This has been done in great detail by Bauschinger, Lanza, Johnson, and others, and is still being carried on, in America, on a large scale under the Bureau of Forestry. The intention was rather (a) to find the effect of the medullary rays when timber was stressed in compression, tension, shear, or by cross-bending; and (b) to endeavour to connect up in a satisfactory way the maximum stresses induced in cross-breaking with those obtained by direct compression, tension, or shear. For this purpose, then, it was not necessary that the number of experiments should be excessive, but it was essential that the results obtained should be comparable one with another. To obtain this, a single tree of each variety of wood to be tested was procured, the test pieces were sawn out of the best part of the trunk, carefully stacked, and allowed to season for at least twelve months.
XXIII.—The Amphipoda of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition
Authors: Ohilton Chas
Published: January 2013

Shortly after my arrival in Britain in December 1911 I was honoured by a request from Dr W. S. Bruce, leader of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition, that I would prepare a report on the Amphipoda collected during the voyage of the Scotia. Dr E. J. Allen, Director of the Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, very kindly offered me accommodation in the laboratory for the work, and free access to the library of the laboratory, which, fortunately, is very well supplied with works on the Crustacea. I was assured also of assistance from Mr T. V. Hodgson, the Curator of the Museum and Art Gallery, Plymouth, from Mrs E. W. Sexton, and from other friends; and accordingly I undertook the work. I received the main portion of the collection, contained in sixty-three bottles, on the 8th January 1912, and a few days later I received from Dr W. M. Tattersall of the Manchester Museum eighteen tubes containing additional Amphipoda found among the Schizopoda of the Scottish National Expedition which had been submitted to him for determination; these additional specimens contained three or four species not represented in the collection first received.
III.—A Petrological Study of the Arthur's Seat Volcano
Authors: Clark R. H.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

Aethur's Seat is the remains of a dissected Lower Carboniferous volcano, from which were erupted a series of basaltic rocks representative of the province to which it belongs. The rocks occur as lavas, intrusions and tuffs, and include basalts of Dalmeny, Jedburgh, Dunsapie, Craiglockhart and Markle types, in addition to mugearite. For convenience the basalts of Dunsapie type have been subdivided into Normal and Feldspathic varieties.

The volcano has been remapped; some minor departures from the six-inch Geological Survey map are recorded and certain changes in the numbering and classification of the lavas have been made.

The petrographic characters of the various volcanic rocks are described in detail, with modal and chemical analyses. The composition of the parental magma of the volcano was probably very similar to that of Normal Dunsapie basalt. Markle and Craiglockhart types were produced as complementary differentiates of the parental liquid by a process of gravity differentiation, in which sinking of ferromagnesian crystals, particularly augites, played an important part. The basalts of Dalmeny and Jedburgh types, which in Arthur's Seat have strong chemical resemblances, probably represent only slightly differentiated parental magma. Concentrations of soda-rich volatiles produced intense albitisation in the Markle basalts and the mugearites. It is considered that the mugearites of Arthur's Seat crystallised initially as Jedburgh or Dalmeny types, and were altered to their present state during a deuteric phase.

An attempt has been made to reconstruct the eruptive history of the volcano. The magma source appears to have been replenished with parental magma at least twice during the period of activity. The first and last eruptions were of Dunsapie basalt; the albitised products appeared at a fairly late stage.
V.—The Leadhills-Wanlockhead Lead and Zinc Deposits
Authors: Temple A. K.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

The Leadhills–Wanlockhead mining field is situated within a synclinorial belt of greywackes, bounded to the north and south by anticlinoria in which lower stratigraphical elements are exposed. The universal strike is N.E.–S.W. The southern margin of the northern anticlinorium is delimited by a strike thrust fault, inclined to the north-west. The shear zone caused by this thrust is considered to be the principal structural feature governing the localization of the ore deposits.

The complex N.E.–S.W. folding and faulting, imposed during the Caledonian orogeny, is crossed by a series of intersecting joints, whose average strike is N.N.W. The majority of the mineral veins also trend N.N.W. The formation of these discordant structural features under Caledonian stress is demonstrated by the presence of N.N.W. trending Caledonian dykes.

Sinistrai movement along the joint pattern, ascribed to a reorientation of the “Caledonian” stress towards an “Hercynian” direction, resulted in the formation of open spaces on the more north-westerly trending members of the joint system in the greywacke belt. This feature is considered to be the secondary structural control responsible for the localization of the ore deposits.

Fifty-seven minerals were identified from the deposits. Fifteen of these minerals had not been previously recorded from the locality, including (1) a new chromian mineral; (2) a new variety, chromian leadhillite; (3) a mineral previously recorded only as an artificial product, lead hydroxyapatite; (4) phœnicochroite, not previously confirmed in the British Isles.

Two periods of mineralization were distinguished. The first consisted of quartz veins with which are associated small amounts of gold, pyrite and muscovite, tentatively assigned to the Caledonian orogeny, and the second comprised the lead-zinc mineralization. The paragenetic relationships of the primary minerals of the lead-zinc mineralization indicate two generations of sulphides; the second generation is accounted for by reprecipitation of elements derived from the replacement of the first generation by late stage quartz. A study of the distribution of elements through the paragenesis suggests that some elements were derived from other than a magmatic source, and that contamination has probably played a considerable rôle in the control of the character of the gangue minerals.

Evidence that the mineralizing solutions had a deep-seated origin is provided by the mineral zones and the geochemical character of the deposit. Emplacement of the minerals took place at a temperature of the order of 143°−281° C, and a depth of the order of 2000–4000 feet below the surface.

The Leadhills–Wanlockhead deposits are related to other lead-zinc deposits in Britain. On the basis of geochemical assemblage and the relation to igneous activity, it is concluded that the deposits were probably derived from the top of the tholeiitic crustal layer and the base of the granitic crustal layer, and were genetically associated with the Hercynian orogeny.
VI.—The Heart and Great Vessels in the Strepsirhini
Authors: Hill W. C. Osman , Davies D. V.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

Details of the anatomy of the heart and the great vessels are recorded in the following genera of prosimian Primates,Loris, Arctocebus, Perodicticus, Galago, Galagoides, Hapalemur, Lemur, LepilemurandPropithecus, and comparison made with previously published data onNycticebus. Special attention is drawn to the proportions, shape and mode of branching of the systemic aorta, which is of typical lemurine pattern in all butLorisandPropithecus. In the heart, attention is paid particularly to the valvular arrangements in the right atrium, where much variation has been found; to the number of pulmonary veins entering the left atrium, also a variable feature; to the internal and external morphology of the ventricles and the valvular arrangements therein. The presence of an os cordis is recorded for the first time in any Primate (viz. inLoris), and the occurrence is mentioned of “brown” (glandular) fat sub-epicardially inLoris. The significance is discussed of the principal anatomical features.
VII.—Feeding and Reproduction in the Limapontiidæ
Authors: Gascoigne Thomas
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

In a new synopsis of the family Limapontiidæ the differences between Limapontia capitata and L. depressa, which may sometimes be mistaken for one another, are specially noted. These two species and Acteonia cocksi, the remaining member of the family, are sap-suckers that feed on the cell contents of green filamentous algæ. The cells are slit open one at a time by the leading tooth of the radula and their contents drained. The host plants of A. cocksi and L. capitata are marine Cladophora spp.; L. depressa feeds on Vaucheria. The size of the buccal mass varies according to the host plants. The subterminal position of the anus in L. depressa is an adaptive feature. The reproductive system of A. cocksi is described and compared with those of the other two species. During copulation both A. cocksi and L. capitata transfer sperm by hypodermic impregnation: sperm are injected by means of a penial style into a closed bursa copulatrix. The bursa of L. depressa opens to the exterior by a short duct and the penial style functions as a conducting pipe. Reasons are given for suppressing the genus Acteonia, Quatrefages, and including A. cocksi in the genus Limapontia, Johnston.
VIII.—Studies of Floral Morphogenesis. I. Median Bisections of Flower Primordia in Primula bulleyana Forrest
Authors: Cusick Frank
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

A Brief description of the early stages of floral organogenesis in Primula bulleyana is followed by an account of the formation of flowers from experimentally incised primordia. The nature of the floral parts that develop alongside a median incision is related to the developmental stage of the flower primordium at the time of its bisection. The observations are discussed with reference to the determination of the parts of the flower.
XXI.—The Structure of Turrilepas Peachi and its Allies
Authors: Reed F. R. Cowper
Published: January 2013

Having had the privilege of examining the type specimens of Turrilepas scotica, Etheridge jun., and T. Peachi, Etheridge jun. and Nicholson, in Mrs Gray's collection, and in addition to them a large number of examples of the genus recently collected by Mrs Gray from the Girvan area, as well as many specimens in the Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge, from several horizons in the Haverfordwest district and from the Dufton Shales near Melmerby and from Bala beds of other localities, some important new features have been recognised in these curious fossils which help to throw light on their structure and relations.
XXII.—The Temperature Seiche. Part I. Temperature Observations in the Madüsee, Pomerania. Part II. Hydrodynamical Theory of Temperature Oscillations in Lakes. Part III. Calculation of the Period of the Temperature Seiche in the Madüsee. Part IV. Experimental Verification of the Hydrodynamical Theory of Temperature Seiches
Authors: Wedderburn E. M. , Williams A. M.
Published: January 2013

§ 1. A short description of some temperature observations in the Madüsee has been published in the Scottish Geographical Magazine for December 1910, and this communication aims at giving a more complete description of the observations with a first attempt at the mathematical discussion of oscillations at the surface of separation of two liquids in a basin of varying depth and cross-section.
XXIII.—The Jurassic Flora of Sutherland
Authors: Seward A. C.
Published: January 2013

The majority of the fossils described in this paper were collected by the late Dr Marcus Gunn on the coast of Sutherland between Brora and Helmsdale, more especially on the beach of Culgower Bay in the neighbourhood of Culgower (Maps I. and II.). It is several years since I first had an opportunity of seeing Dr Gunn's collection at his house in London: at that time pressure of other work made it impossible for me to do more than recognise the importance of the fossils as records of a Jurassic flora from a country which has afforded very little information in regard to Mesozoic Botany.
XXIV.—On the Structure and Affinities of Diplolabis römeri (Solms)
Authors: Gordon W. T.
Published: January 2013

Probably the commonest type of foliage among the impressions of Carboniferous plants is one which simulates that of our living ferns. These palæozoic fronds were originally believed to belong to the true ferns, but recently some of them have been taken from this group and included in the Pteridospermeæ. There remain, however, a large number of fronds the true affinities of which are yet doubtful. Thus, though there are still a considerable number of species which belong to the ferns, the number of doubtful examples and of those now definitely known to be pteridospermous far exceeds the number of those attributed to the Filices. Indeed, we cannot now consider the latter group to have been dominant during the Carboniferous epoch.