bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
¿Tratar o no tratar? La controversia científica sobre el tratamiento para los enfermos de Chagas crónico
Authors: Kreimer Pablo , Romero Lucía Ana , Bilder Paula
Published: December 2013

La enfermedad de Chagas es una de las principales endemias de América Latina. Desde 1969 y hasta la actualidad, el tratamiento de los enfermos que cursan la etapa crónica es objeto de una controversia científica y médica que moviliza diferentes conocimientos, es motorizada por diversos actores y tiene consecuencias sobre los propios enfermos, quienes, sin embargo, carecen de voz y visibilidad. En este trabajo identificamos y diferenciamos cuatro momentos centrales de esta controversia, analizando los posicionamientos de los distintos actores, los conocimientos científicos puestos en cuestión y sus consecuencias en la confección de normativas sobre el tratamiento. Finalmente, mostramos que el objeto central de controversia no es lo que los actores implicados explicitan como tal sino los criterios (técnicos y cognitivos) mediante los cuales se miden y definen los estados de «enfermedad» y de «cura». Este trabajo trata de un estudio de caso en la Argentina.
«Des hommes noirs et non pas des nègres»: Piel y raza en el siglo XVIII
Authors: Martínez Pestana Paola
Published: December 2013

En el siglo XVIII tuvo lugar un creciente interés en torno a la naturaleza de la piel negra y el origen de los pueblos clasificados a través de ella que iría acompañado de una diferenciación cada vez mayor de su naturaleza respecto a los europeos blancos, llegando a ser considerados una variedad humana degenerada, una especie distinta o, en ocasiones, animales inferiores. La piel y la raza fueron de la mano en la historia natural del hombre, la cual comprendía no sólo aspectos anatómicos y fisiológicos, sino también la historia de las naciones, la historia sagrada y la reflexión estética.
Francisco Ramírez Vas: prensa y filosofía médicas en el tercer cuarto del siglo XIX
Authors: Peral Pacheco Diego , Sánchez Álvarez José Luis
Published: December 2013

Pretendemos rescatar del olvido a una de las firmas habituales en la prensa médica española del tercer cuarto del siglo XIX. Médico polifacético, de ideas filantrópicas, pionero del periodismo médico extremeño, higienista convencido, y reputado colaborador de diversas publicaciones nacionales. Cimentó su prestigio en una concepción moderna de la medicina, en la claridad a la hora de exponer sus principios y en la aplicación de los mismos en su trabajo diario. Buena parte de su filosofía médica quedó reflejada en la prensa médica y en la correspondencia que mantuvo con los profesionales que en ella escribían.
Odón de Buen: cuarenta y cinco años de compromiso con la universidad
Authors: Gomis Alberto
Published: December 2013

El naturalista aragonés Odón de Buen y del Cos fue durante veintidós cursos académicos catedrático de Historia Natural en la Universidad en Barcelona y durante veintitrés de la Universidad de Madrid. Firme defensor de la teoría evolucionista de Darwin, del trabajo experimental en el campo y en el laboratorio, en este artículo se ponen en valor sus esfuerzos, como docente, para popularizar las ciencias positivas y, así, separarlas de las preocupaciones, de la superstición y del fanatismo, que eran causas primordiales del atraso moral y material en que se encontraban en España.
La industria del medicamento en el seno del colectivo químico industrial: la unión nacional de laboratorios químico-farmacéuticos (1919-1936)
Authors: Rodríguez Nozal Raúl
Published: December 2013

El asociacionismo farmacéutico industrial, al igual que ocurriera con otras actividades empresariales, experimentó un notable auge durante la Dictadura de Primo de Rivera y la II República. La Cámara Nacional de Industrias Químicas, desde Barcelona, representó a la industria química nacional hasta su asimilación definitiva por la Organización Sindical franquista, en 1939. Dentro de esta asociación, los asuntos relacionados con los productos farmacéuticos, a los que prestaremos especial atención en este trabajo, fueron gestionados por la Unión Nacional de Laboratorios Químico- Farmacéuticos, que defendió los intereses de los productores de medicamentos industriales ante las autoridades gubernamentales, utilizando para ello recursos y mecanismos también manejados por otros grupos empresariales de presión. La inclusión de la farmacia industrial en el entramado químico nacional desligó a los fabricantes de especialidades farmacéuticas del ejercicio tradicional de esta profesión y de su entorno corporativo, circunstancia que generó encuentros, desencuentros, conflictos de intereses y, en definitiva, relaciones de amor-odio con sus colegas de oficina de farmacia y, por supuesto, con el grupo asociativo que les representaba: la Unión Farmacéutica Nacional.
El Diario de Alexander von Humboldt en España
Authors: Leitner Ulrike
Published: December 2013

El diario español de Humboldt se encuentra sorprendentemente en una carpeta de su legado en Berlín, donde el mismo recopiló los materiales para su publicación sobre la meseta española en la revista Hertha, y no en sus diarios encuadernados del viaje americano. Esto explica que no se hubieran descubierto hasta hace poco tiempo. El manuscrito contiene descripciones geognósticas, observaciones sobre el clima, la vegetación, la electricidad de la atmósfera, etc. La comparación con lo publicado de Humboldt en 1825 sobre la meseta española que realizamos en las notas de esta edición facilitará al lector una aproximación a los métodos cientificos típicos de Humboldt.
La literatura médica española sobre los riesgos del amianto durante el franquismo
Authors: Menéndez-Navarro Alfredo
Published: December 2013

El amianto o asbesto es un mineral fibroso de propiedades ignífugas y resistente a la abrasión que ha sido empleado masivamente en procesos industriales y productos manufacturados desde comienzos del siglo XX. Su uso ha provocado graves problemas de salud en los trabajadores expuestos y en la población general. La atención historiográfica a los riesgos del amianto en España ha sido casi inexistente, lo que ha contribuido a consolidar la idea de una ausencia de preocupación por este problema en nuestro país hasta la década de los ochenta. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el surgimiento de dicha preocupación durante el periodo franquista, mediante un análisis de la producción científica y de la normativa aprobada para enfrentar los riesgos del amianto.
Isidro Parga Pondal, o Seminario de Estudos Galegos e o laboratorio de Xeoquímica da Universidade de Santiago
Authors: Leonardo Docanto Francisco J.
Published: December 2013

[gl] Isidro Parga Pondal foi un dos científicos máis importantes que traballou na Universidade de Santiago. A súa valía como investigador fixo que esta institución, o Seminario de Estudos Galegos e a Fundación Nacional para Investigaciones Científicas y Ensayos de Reformas subvencionasen o establecemento do primeiro laboratorio de Xeoquímica fundado en España, que foi dirixido por Parga. Neste laboratorio se realizaron importantes traballos, moitos encamiñados á busca de aplicacións prácticas que permitisen o establecemento de novas industrias en Galicia. Neste artigo se explica a orixe deste Laboratorio, as súas características e as actividades que levaba a cabo, así como os traballos que quedaron sen facer pola expulsión de Parga da Universidade ao comezo da Guerra Civil.
La educación y el espacio público democrático. Un capítulo descuidado en la Filosofía política
Authors: Honneth Axel
Published: December 2013

En este trabajo se examina la relación interna entre educación y democracia, así como la razón por la cual, pese a su papel crucial en la formación de culturas democráticas, esta relación se ha hecho problemática. Con el fin de mostrar, en primer lugar, qué consecuencias negativas tiene para la vida política contemporánea esta ruptura entre pedagogía y filosofía política y, en segundo lugar, cómo superarlas, este artículo explora algunos malentendidos básicos en torno a las condiciones culturales para la democracia y el papel neutral del Estado, finalizando con la propuesta de un programa renovado de educación democrática.
No hay mundo común: Jacques Derrida y la idea de comunidad
Authors: Llevadot Laura
Published: December 2013

Ante las acusaciones de despolitización que ha recibido el pensamiento del último Derrida, este artículo se propone mostrar cómo la crítica a la idea de comunidad articula en Derrida una política heterológica que desdibuja los límites tradicionales entre lo ético y lo político. Para demostrarlo se procedará, en primer lugar, a analizar la crítica a lo comunitario y a la “fraternidad” que se desarrolla principalmente en Políticas de la amistad, en segundo lugar se analizará la crítica derridiana a la idea de un mundo común material y/o objetivo, para finalmente exponer las características de la política heterológica en su relación con la muerte del otro y la figura del hijo.
El “comunismo de pensamiento” de Maurice Blanchot. Una lectura desde sus Escritos políticos
Authors: Garcés Marina
Published: December 2013

Este trabajo propone una lectura de la filosofía de la comunidad de Maurice Blanchot a partir de sus Escritos políticos. La tensión entre los documentos vivos (octavillas, cartas, proyectos) redactados por Blanchot sobre todo en los “mayos” del 58 y del 68 y la elaboración filosófica de la noción de comunidad ya en el 83, arrojan nueva luz sobre la necesidad y los términos de una actualización de la exigencia comunista. La hipótesis de este trabajo es que el concepto de comunidad cancela la posibilidad de ruptura revolucionaria de la que partió el pensamiento de Blanchot y la reconduce a un comunismo de pensamiento de raíz ético-literaria. Finalmente, se esbozan las claves para ir más allá, hacia una política del mundo común.
DIFFERENTIATING PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF MIDTERM BREAK IN A PROLONGED ONLINE GAME PLAYING
Authors: Wong Tak-Yee , Shih Dong-Her , Tsai Sung-Yi , Lee Chiu-Yi
Published: December 2013

With the development of widespread Internet access, online game playing has become a popular event. As a result, more attention is being paid to the potentially negative physical and psychological effects on prolonged computer worker or online game player. To date, related physical problems that have been identified include fatigue, physical pain, insomnia, epileptic seizures, and even sudden death. Therefore, midterm break may be necessary for an online game player. This study tries to differentiate the physiological effects of two groups, with and without a midterm break, during a prolonged online game playing. Our experimental results showed that sympathetic system is overwhelming the parasympathetic nervous system significantly in group B without break, while it remains unchanged in group A. Due to the fight or flight response of the sympathetic system, participants with midterm break wanted to play more after event. Participants without break did not feel stressed after a continuous two hours' online game playing. These interesting findings may need further investigation in the future.
Compact Recreational Rebreather With Innovative Gas Sensing Concept and Low Work of Breathing Design
Authors: Sieber Arne , Schuster Andreas , Reif Sebastian , Kessler Michael , Lucyshyn Thomas , Buzzacott Peter , Enoksson Peter
Published: December 2013

AbstractRecreational rebreathers are increasingly popular, and recreational diver training organizations now routinely offer training for rebreather diving. Few rebreathers on the market, however, fulfill the criteria of a dedicated recreational rebreather. These remain based
on traditional sensor technology, which may be linked to rebreather use having an estimated 10 times the risk of mortality while diving compared with open circuit breathing systems. In the present work, a new recreational rebreather based on two innovative approaches is described. Firstly,
the rebreather uses a novel sensor system including voltammetric and spectroscopic validation of galvanic pO2 sensor cells, a redundant optical pO2 sensor, and a two-wavelength infrared pCO2 sensor. Secondly, a new breathing loop design is introduced, which
reduces failure points, improves work of breathing, and can be mass fabricated at a comparatively low cost. Two prototypes were assembled and tested in the laboratory at a notified body for personal protective equipment before both pool and sea water diving trials. Work of breathing was well
below the maximum allowed by the European Normative. These trials also demonstrated that optical pO2 sensors can be successfully employed in rebreathers. The pCO2 sensor detected pCO2 from 0.0004 to 0.0024 bar. These new approaches, which include a new concept
for simplified mechanical design as well as improved electronic control, may prove useful in future recreational diving apparatus.
Therapeutic Efficacy of Suppressing the JAK/STAT Pathway in Multiple Models of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Liu Yudong , Holdbrooks Andrew T. , De Sarno Patrizia , Rowse Amber L. , Yanagisawa Lora L. , McFarland Braden C. , Harrington Laurie E. , Raman Chander , Sabbaj Steffanie , Benveniste Etty N. , Qin Hongwei
Published: December 2013

Pathogenic Th cells and myeloid cells are involved in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. The JAK/STAT pathway is used by numerous cytokines for signaling and is critical for development, regulation, and termination of immune responses. Dysregulation of the JAK/STAT pathway has pathological implications in autoimmune and neuroinflammatory diseases. Many of the cytokines involved in MS/EAE, including IL-6, IL-12, IL-23, IFN-γ, and GM-CSF, use the JAK/STAT pathway to induce biological responses. Thus, targeting JAKs has implications for treating autoimmune inflammation of the brain. We have used AZD1480, a JAK1/2 inhibitor, to investigate the therapeutic potential of inhibiting the JAK/STAT pathway in models of EAE. AZD1480 treatment inhibits disease severity in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-induced classical and atypical EAE models by preventing entry of immune cells into the brain, suppressing differentiation of Th1 and Th17 cells, deactivating myeloid cells, inhibiting STAT activation in the brain, and reducing expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Treatment of SJL/J mice with AZD1480 delays disease onset of PLP-induced relapsing-remitting disease, reduces relapses and diminishes clinical severity. AZD1480 treatment was also effective in reducing ongoing paralysis induced by adoptive transfer of either pathogenic Th1 or Th17 cells. In vivo AZD1480 treatment impairs both the priming and expansion of T cells and attenuates Ag presentation functions of myeloid cells. Inhibition of the JAK/STAT pathway has clinical efficacy in multiple preclinical models of MS, suggesting the feasibility of the JAK/STAT pathway as a target for neuroinflammatory diseases.
Demethylation of the Human Eotaxin-3 Gene Promoter Leads to the Elevated Expression of Eotaxin-3
Authors: Lim Eunjin , Rothenberg Marc E.
Published: December 2013

DNA demethylation has been primarily studied in the context of development biology, cell fate, and cancer, with less attention on inflammation. In this article, we investigate the association between DNA methylation and production of the chemoattractant cytokine eotaxin-3 in the tissue of patients with allergic disease. Regions of the human eotaxin-3 promoter were found to be hypomethylated in primary epithelial cells obtained from allergic tissue compared with normal control tissue. The demethylation of a specific CpG site (designated CpG 2), which is juxtaposed to a key cAMP-responsive element site, was significantly demethylated in patient-derived compared with normal control tissue–derived epithelial cells. Levels of methylation at CpG 2 inversely correlated with basal and IL-13–induced eotaxin-3 gene expression. Conversely, global inhibition of methylation with 5-azacytidine promoted eotaxin-3 production in association with decreasing CpG 2 methylation. In addition, the basal and IL-13–induced eotaxin-3 transcriptional activity was suppressed by promoter methylation using a methylation-free in vitro system. Furthermore, EMSAs demonstrated that the attachment of CREB binding protein and activating transcription factor 2 (ATF-2) to the cAMP-responsive element site was methylation dependent. Taken together, these data identify a contributory role for DNA methylation in regulating eotaxin-3 production in human allergic inflammation.
Pest Status of Acraea acerata Hew. and Cylas spp. in Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) and Incidence of Natural Enemies in the Lake Albert Crescent Agro-ecological Zone of Uganda
Authors: Okonya Joshua S. , Kroschel Jürgen
Published: December 2013

The present study presents the results of farmers’ field surveys of the sweetpotato butterfly, Acraea acerata Hew., and the two African sweetpotato weevils, Cylas puncticollis Boheman and C. brunneus F. infestation and damage. The objectives of this study were to determine (i) occurrence and distribution of A. acerata and Cylas spp. as well as infestation and losses in sweetpotato ( Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.), and (ii) the occurrence and abundance of parasitoids of A. acerata in the Lake Albert Crescent (LAC) agro-ecological zone of Uganda. Field surveys were conducted in 240 sweetpotato fields in eight subcounties in Masindi and Buliisa districts at the end of each of the two cropping seasons of 2012 (March to May and September to November). A. acerata and Cylas spp. occurred in 17% and 90% of the fields, respectively. A. acerata did not occur in two subcounties of Buliisa district. A. acerata infestation was low, with up to two and four larvae per plant in the first and second cropping season, respectively, causing minor defoliation of up to 4.1% of the sweetpotato plant. Larvae of Cylas spp. caused root yield losses of up to 56.5% and 47.5% in the first and second cropping seasons, respectively. Parasitism rates of A. acerata larvae ranged from 0.0% to 15.1% in season 1 and 0.0% to 6.3% in season 2. Out of a total of 1020 larvae collected, 8.43% were found to be parasitized. Parasitoids occurred in 56% of fields infested by its host. Charops spp. was the main parasitoid. It was evident that Cylas spp. were more prevalent than A. acerata in the LAC agro-ecological zone of Uganda. Conservation of A. acerata natural enemies may contribute to better management of this pest. Urgent attention for management of Cylas spp. is required.
Coinfection with Plasmodium falciparum and Schistosoma haematobium: Additional Evidence of the Protective Effect of Schistosomiasis on Malaria in Senegalese Children
Authors: Lemaitre Magali , Watier Laurence , Briand Valérie , Garcia André , Le Hesran Jean Yves , Cot Michel
Published: December 2013

Parasitic infections are associated with high morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Several studies focused on the influence of helminth infections on malaria but the nature of the biological interaction is under debate. Our objective was to undertake a study to explore the influence of the measure of excreted egg load caused by Schistosoma haematobium on Plasmodium falciparum parasite densities. Ten measures of malaria parasite density and two measures of schistosomiasis egg urinary excretion over a 2-year follow-up period on 178 Senegalese children were considered. A linear mixed-effect model was developed to take data dependence into account. This work showed that children with a light S. haematobium infection (1–9 eggs/mL of urine) presented lower P. falciparum parasite densities than children not infected by S. haematobium (P < 0.04). Possible changes caused by parasite coinfections should be considered in the anti-helminth treatment of children and in malaria vaccination development.
Assessment of Quality of Life as a Tool for Measuring Morbidity Due to Schistosoma mansoni Infection and the Impact of Treatment
Authors: Won Kimberly Y. , Abudho Bernard , Blackstock Anna J. , Montgomery Susan P. , Kennedy Erin D. , Person Bobbie , Mwinzi Pauline N. M. , Ochola Elizabeth A. , Foo Karen T. , Hightower Allen W. , Karanja Diana M. S. , Secor W. Evan
Published: December 2013

Recently, health measurements have broadened to include the assessment of quality of life (QOL). This study was conducted to assess whether the short form of the World Health Organization (WHO) QOL questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF) was an effective tool for measuring morbidity due to Schistosoma mansoni infection and whether it could detect an impact of treatment with praziquantel. A total of 724 adults 18–85 years of age were enrolled. At baseline, S. mansoni prevalence was 73.2% by stool examination and 75.4% by circulating cathodic antigen, and there was no association between infection status and WHOQOL-BREF scores. Six months after treatment, S. mansoni prevalence was lower and the proportion of persons with higher WHOQOL-BREF scores significantly increased among persons who were infected at baseline. However, a similar increase was observed in persons not infected at baseline. In areas of high prevalence, the WHOQOL-BREF may not be able to detect the benefits of schistosomiasis control programs.
Seroprevalence of Leptospira Hardjo in Cattle and African Buffalos in Southwestern Uganda
Authors: Atherstone Christine , Picozzi Kim , Kalema-Zikusoka Gladys
Published: December 2013

Leptospirosis, caused by the spirochete bacterium Leptospira spp. is a zoonosis, distributed worldwide and classified as an emerging infectious disease. Fatal outcomes to leptospiral infection do occur and the disease can cause abortion and other reproductive problems in cattle, goats, and pigs. In humans the symptoms range from subclinical infection to acute febrile illness, pulmonary hemorrhage and renal failure. Leptospirosis has never been officially reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) or the World Animal Health Organization in animals or humans in Uganda. However, favorable ecological conditions and suitable animal hosts can be found within the country. A commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) kit was used to screen sera samples from domesticated cattle and African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) at two locations in southwestern Uganda, collected over a 4-year period. Positive samples were found in both cattle and African buffalo samples, from both locations and across the sampling period. Overall seroprevalence was 42.39% in African buffalo and 29.35% in cattle.
A Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) Assay for Strongyloides stercoralis in Stool That Uses a Visual Detection Method with SYTO-82 Fluorescent Dye
Authors: Watts Matthew R. , James Gregory , Sultana Yasmin , Ginn Andrew N. , Outhred Alexander C. , Kong Fanrong , Verweij Jaco J. , Iredell Jonathan R. , Chen Sharon C-A. , Lee Rogan
Published: December 2013

An assay to detect Strongyloides stercoralis in stool specimens was developed using the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method. Primers were based on the 28S ribosomal subunit gene. The reaction conditions were optimized and SYTO-82 fluorescent dye was used to allow real-time and visual detection of the product. The product identity was confirmed with restriction enzyme digestion, cloning, and sequence analysis. The assay was specific when tested against DNA from bacteria, fungi and parasites, and 30 normal stool samples. Analytical sensitivity was to < 10 copies of target sequence in a plasmid and up to a 10−2 dilution of DNA extracted from a Strongyloides ratti larva spiked into stool. Sensitivity was increased when further dilutions were made in water, indicative of reduced reaction inhibition. Twenty-seven of 28 stool samples microscopy and polymerase chain reaction positive for S. stercoralis were positive with the LAMP method. On the basis of these findings, the assay warrants further clinical validation.
Validation and typification of Gyroporus purpurinus
Authors: Davoodian Naveed , Halling Roy E.
Published: December 2013

Gyroporus purpurinus is a fairly well known eastern North American bolete that has never been validly published. It is validated and typified here.
A new species of Emericella from Tibet, China
Authors: Zhang Li-chun , Chen Juan , Lin Wen-han , Guo Shun-xing
Published: December 2013

Emericella miraensis sp. nov. is described and illustrated. It was isolated from the alpine plant Polygonum macrophyllum var. stenophyllum from Tibet, China, and is characterized by ascospores with star-shaped equatorial crests. The new species is distinguished
from other Emericella species with stellate ascospores (e.g., E. variecolor, E. astellata) by its violet ascospores and verrucose spore ornamentation. ITS and β-tubulin sequence analyses also support E. miraensis as a new species.
Contributions to the family Thyridiaceae. New data on Sphaeria mutabilis
Authors: Checa Julia , Blanco M. Natividad , Moreno Gabriel
Published: December 2013

Type specimens of the genera Balzani a, Mattirolia, Thyridium, and Thyronectroidea were studied. We accept Mattirolia (five species) and Thyridium (four species) in the Thyridiaceae and regard Balzania and Thyronectroidea
as synonyms of Mattirolia. The occurrence of Mattirolia roseovirens in Spain represents only the second collection since its original description. Four new combinations are proposed: Mattirolia mutabilis, M. ohiensis, M. platensis, and Thyridium lasiacidis.
Lectotypes are designated for M. mutabilis and M. ohiensis. A key is provided to species in the Thyridiaceae.
Scutellospora alterata, a new gigasporalean species from the semi-arid Caatinga biome in Northeastern Brazil
Authors: Pontes Juliana Souza de , Sánchez-Castro Iván , Palenzuela Javier , Maia Leonor Costa , Silva Gladstone Alves da , Oehl Fritz
Published: December 2013

A new species of Gigasporales (Glomeromycota) was isolated from soils of the semi-arid Caatinga biome in NE Brazil. It produced spores in the rhizospheres of Sorghum sudanense, Zea mays, Panicum maximum, and Helianthus annuus in pot cultures.
Spores are triple-walled, roughened, yellow-white to light yellow, and 150–255 μm in diameter. The single germination shield is hyaline, oval to ovoid, and bi-lobed and has the two germ tube initiations (gtis) typical for Scutellospora species. The shields can change shape
under light pressure on the cover slide, causing several 'false' lobes to appear that do not bear gtis but inflate from the shield periphery. Molecular analyses of the partial LSU rDNA gene place the fungus in a clade next to Scutellospora calospora, S. dipurpurescens, and S.
spinosissima. Further investigations on germ shield morphology showed that several false lobes also form in other Scutellospora species in lactic acid based mountants under pressure on the cover slide. In Racocetraceae more than two 'true' lobes form during spore formation,
each potentially bearing one gti.
New records of microfungi from Turkey (Bartin Province)
Authors: Bülbül Ali Savaş , Hüseyin Elşad
Published: December 2013

Cheiromyces stellatus, Coniothyrium ruscicola, Metasphaeria errabunda, Mycosphaerella winteri, Nectria viridescens, Neosetophoma samararum, Oletheriostrigula papulosa and Physalospora eriostega are recorded for the first time for the Turkish mycobiota, and are described
and illustrated based on Turkish specimens. These represent the first records from Turkey of the genera Cheiromyces, Neosetophoma, and Oletheriostrigula.
Phylogenetic divergence of three morphologically similar truffles: Tuber sphaerosporum, T. sinosphaerosporum, and T. pseudosphaerosporum sp. nov.
Authors: Fan Li , Yue Shuang-Fen
Published: December 2013

We describe and illustrate T. pseudosphaerosporum, a new species from Yunnan, China. This is most closely related to the European T. borchii and the North American T. gibbosum. ITS-rDNA sequence analysis reveals the phylogenetic divergence of three morphologically
similar truffle species: T. sphaerosporum from North America, and T. sinosphaerosporum and T. pseudosphaerosporum from China. Phylogenetically, T. sphaerosporum is most closely related to another North American species, T. californicum, while T. sinosphaerosporum
clusters with a European species, T. dryophilum.
Hymenochaetaceae from México 6. A new Fuscoporia species from the Sonoran desert
Authors: Raymundo Tania , Valenzuela Ricardo , Esqueda Martín
Published: December 2013

Fuscoporia xerophila is described as a new species from México. The collected specimens were found on dead or living wood in xerophilous scrub in the central plain of the Sonoran desert, Sonora State, México. This species is characterized by its resupinate basidiomata
with medium size pores (4–5 per mm), its hymenial setae and hyphal setae, and basidiospores that are are subglobose, hyaline, smooth, and thin-walled. A key to Mexican species of Fuscoporia is presented.
Nidula shingbaensis sp. nov., a new bird's nest fungus from India
Authors: Das Kanad , Zhao Rui Lin
Published: December 2013

A new species of bird's nest fungi, Nidula shingbaensis, is proposed from the state of Sikkim. It is characterised by a slightly flared moderate to large peridium, yellowish interior peridium-wall, numerous brown-coloured peridioles with irregularly wrinkled surfaces, large broadly
ellipsoid to elongate basidiospores, and a six-layered (in cross-section) peridium. A detailed description is supported by macro- and micromorphological illustrations, and the relation with similar and related taxa is discussed.
Geosmithia tibetensis sp. nov. and new Gibellulopsis and Scopulariopsis records from Qinghai-Tibet
Authors: Wu Yue-Ming , Xu Jun-Jie , Wang Hong-Feng , Zhang Tian-Yu
Published: December 2013

A new Geosmithia species and new records of Gibellulopsis nigrescens and Scopulariopsis canadensis are described and illustrated from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Area, China. Specimens (dried cultures) and living cultures are deposited in the Herbarium of Shandong
Agricultural University, Plant Pathology (HSAUP). Duplicates are kept in the Herbarium of Institute of Microbiology, Academia Sinica (HMAS).
Soil environment of Pulsatilla vernalis (L.) Mill. at selected sites in the Polish lowland
Authors: Grzyl Andrzej , Niewiadomski Arkadiusz , Woziwoda Beata
Published: December 2013

The paper presents soil conditions of Pulsatilla vernalis in the Polish lowland. There were determined species preferences in relation to physical and chemical properties, grain size composition and the type of soil. It has been found that P. vernalis prefers very poor sandy, acid, dry and permeable soils, with small water capacity. The range of habitat parameters at the lowland sites differs, however, from the conditions at the mountain sites. Due to specific habitats of the species, new ecological indicator values were proposed for the lowland sites of P. vernalis. The results of soil analysis presented in this paper, as well as other data related to biology of the species, should be accounted for in the active protection plan, including the processes of reintroduction and introduction of the species.
Responsiveness of the QUALID to Improved Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Benhabib Hadas , Lanctôt Krista L. , Eryavec Goran M. , Li Abby , Herrmann Nathan
Published: December 2013

BackgroundThis study aimed to determine whether the Quality of Life in Late-Stage Dementia (QUALID) scale is responsive to changes in behaviour due to therapeutic intervention.Method31 long-term care residents with moderate to severe AD and agitation/aggression entered a three-month, open-label trial of memantine 10 mg BID. The relationships between the QUALID and BPSD, global improvement, and cognition at baseline and endpoint, as well as the changes in these scales as a result of treatment, were examined.ResultsDespite a significant improvement in agitation and aggression (NPI agitation, F3,90 = 3.721, p =.014; CMAI total, F3,90 = 6.301, p =.001) and overall behaviour (NPI total, F3,90 = 4.035, p =.010), there was no significant change in QUALID score (t30 =-0.278, p =.783). The QUALID was correlated with NPI at baseline (τ = 0.270, p =.037) and endpoint (τ = 0.404, p =.002), but change scores were not correlated (τ = 0.107, p =.412).ConclusionWhile the QUALID correlates with behavioural measures at single time points, it does not appear to correlate with changes longitudinally associated with treatment.
Hypovitaminosis D in Delirium: a Retrospective Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Ford Jennifer , Hategan Ana , Bourgeois James A. , Tisi Daniel K. , Xiong Glen L.
Published: December 2013

BackgroundAs vitamin D may have a neuroprotective effect, the authors studied the association of biomarkers of vitamin D status and delirium to see if low vitamin D status was common in delirium cases.MethodsBiochemical measures of vitamin D (25-hydroxyvitamin D [25-OHD]) and calcium metabolism were used in this retrospective cross-sectional analysis of adult in-patients with delirium, admitted at three Canadian academic hospitals from January 2011 to July 2012. Primary outcome was to determine estimates of the prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in this group in whom vitamin D was checked.ResultsSeventy-one (5.8%) out of 1,232 delirium inpatients had their vitamin D measured. Thirty-nine (55%) showed vitamin D insufficiency (25-OHD of 25-75 nmol/L) and 8 (11%) showed vitamin D deficiency (25-OHD < 25 nmol/L). Mean serum 25-OHD levels were lower in males (57.1±7.7 nmol/L) than in females (78.2±6.1 nmol/L), p = .01, even when controlled for age and season. Men were younger than the women (74.4±2.3 vs. 82.4±1.7, p = .005). Mean age was 78.7±1.5 years, and 33 (47%) were male.ConclusionsAlthough vitamin D is rarely checked during delirium workup and/or management, high rates of hypovitaminosis D were found to be common in the delirium in-patients in whom it was checked. Larger studies would be needed to estimate the prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in delirium and whether hypovitaminosis D plays a role in the pathogenesis of delirium.
Analyse didactique des gestes professionnels d’étudiants stagiaires en éducation physique et sportive
Authors: Brière-Guenoun Fabienne , Musard Mathilde
Published: December 2013

Cet article présente une analyse didactique des gestes professionnels de quatre étudiants stagiaires de troisième année de licence en éducation physique. La recherche prend appui sur la théorie de l’action conjointe et l’approche anthropologique du didactique selon une perspective comparatiste. La méthodologie met en relation des données filmées et issues d’entretien. Les résultats révèlent que les gestes des étudiants se caractérisent par : 1) une centration sur les savoirs spécifiques ; 2) l’actualisation de tensions entre apprentissages, sécurité, dévolution et gestion de la classe ; 3) l’articulation de techniques didactiques variées. La discussion envisage l’influence des enjeux de savoirs sur ces gestes, leur ancrage dans des dilemmes variés ainsi que leurs traits spécifiques et génériques.
Le passage d’une pédagogie centrée sur l’élève vers une pédagogie centrée sur l’enseignant : une étude de cas comparative
Authors: Brito Olivier
Published: December 2013

Nous étudions la transition entre une école primaire et un collège (premier cycle du secondaire). Nous comparons, d’un côté, les élèves issus d’une école primaire proposant une pédagogie centrée sur l’élève ; de l’autre, les élèves issus d’une école proposant une pédagogie centrée sur l’enseignant. Nous comparons leurs performances scolaires et certaines dimensions psychologiques mesurées à l’aide d’un questionnaire. Sur le plan scolaire, aucune différence n’est constatée. Sur le plan psychologique, les élèves issus d’une pédagogie centrée sur l’élève font preuve d’une grande habileté sociale et relationnelle sans qu’il soit pour autant possible d’évoquer de plus grandes capacités d’adaptation.
Antler casting in relation to parturition in semi-domesticated female reindeer
Authors: Reimers Eigil , Nieminen Mauri , Tsegaye Diress
Published: December 2013

We investigated the timing of the right and left antler casting in semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.) in relation to parturition using 139 antlered adult individually marked females in 2008-09 between May 5 and June 2; a period when all calves were born and all females cast their antlers. We analysed time of casting of right and left antler in relation to pregnancy, female age and body weight, weight and sex of the calf, and birth date.  Seven of the females were non-pregnant (barren) and cast their antlers during the second week of May and at the same time as some of the females that gave birth initiated antler casting. Postpartum retention of antlers varied from 0 to 15 days. We found no difference between left and right antler casting schedule and within two days apart, 91% of the females had cast both antlers. The maximum number of antler castings per day occurred on the seventh day after parturition. Of the 132 females that gave birth, 7 females (5.3%) cast both antlers 5 – 23 days before calving, three females cast right antler 6 – 10 days before and the left antler 2 – 5 days after calving and one female that bore only a left antler casted a day before calving. Antler casting among lactating females was related only to female age, indicating that older females cast antlers earlier than younger females (i.e. 3 days earlier than the pooled mean of 7.6 days). Apart from calving date being two days later among the 7 females that alternated their casting schedule, female body weights, calf sex and calf birth weight among them did not differ between the two years. We conclude that it is a small but consistent antler casting overlap between barren and pregnant/lactating females, indicating that the control mechanism for casting of antlers is not “fool proof” and that antler status prior to parturition does not accurately predict pregnancy status in this domestic reindeer group.
Refractory Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma
Authors: Shi Feng , Zhang Fujun , Gao Fei , Wu Ketong , Maharjan Rakesh , Li Chuanxing
Published: December 2013

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of a computed tomography (CT)-guided, multidisciplinary, minimally invasive approach to the treatment of patients with large, refractory malignant fibrous histiocytoma. This approach includes microwave ablation and absolute alcohol therapy combined with 125I seed implantation. Seven patients (5 males and 2 females, 26-78 years old, mean 49.7 years old) with large, refractory malignant fibrous histiocytoma participated in this study. The tumors had an average maximum diameter of 14.1 cm (10.0-19.0 cm). Follow-up was conducted for an average of 35.7 months to determine the local control rate, overall survival rate, and clinical complications. Follow-up times ranged from 2 to 45 months. Pain was significantly relieved in patients treated with multidisciplinary, minimally invasive approach. Complete response was achieved in 5 patients (71.4%), partial response in the other 2 patients (28.6%). The response rate of this treatment was 100%. The median survival time was 35.7 months. All patients were alive in 2 years after the treatment. Five patients were still alive after 3 years. The 3 year survival rate was 71.4%. The long-term complications included hyperpigmentation at the operative sites (n = 5) and insensible feeling at the ablation sites (n = 3).This CT-guided multidisciplinary, minimally invasive approach is an effective, safe, and feasible means of treating large, refractory malignant fibrous histiocytoma with minimal damage and few complications, but large-scale randomized clinical trials are necessary to confirm this assessment.
Biological Effects of Passive Versus Active Scanning Proton Beams on Human Lung Epithelial Cells
Authors: Gridley Daila S. , Pecaut Michael J. , Mao Xiao W. , Wroe Andrew J. , Luo-Owen Xian
Published: December 2013

The goal was to characterize differences in cell response after exposure to active beam scanning (ABS) protons compared to a passive delivery system. Human lung epithelial (HLE) cells were evaluated at various locations along the proton depth dose profile. The dose delivered at the Bragg peak position was essentially identical (∼4 Gy) with the two techniques, but depth dose data showed that ABS resulted in lower doses at entry and more rapid drop-off after the peak. Average dose rates for the passive and ABS beams were 1.1 Gy/min and 5.1 Gy/min, respectively; instantaneous dose rates were 19.2 Gy/min and 2,300 Gy/min (to a 0.5 × 0.5 mm2 voxel). Analysis of DNA synthesis was based on 3H-TdR incorporation. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was done to determine expression of genes related to p53 signaling and DNA damage; a total of 152 genes were assessed. Spectral karyotyping and analyses of the Golgi apparatus and cytokines produced by the HLE cells were also performed. At or near the Bragg peak position, ABS protons resulted in a greater decrease in DNA synthesis compared to passively delivered protons. Genes with >2-fold change (P < 0.05 vs. 0 Gy) after passive proton irradiation at one or more locations within the Bragg curve were BTG2, CDKN1A, IFNB1 and SIAH1. In contrast, many more genes had >2-fold difference with ABS protons: BRCA1, BRCA2, CDC25A, CDC25C, CCNB2, CDK1, DMC1, DNMT1, E2F1, EXO1, FEN1, GADD45A, GTSE1, IL-6, JUN, KRAS, MDM4, PRC1, PTTG1, RAD51, RPA1, TNF, WT1, XRCC2, XRCC3 and XRCC6BP1. Spectral karyotyping revealed numerous differences in chromosomal abnormalities between the two delivery systems, especially at or near the Bragg peak. Percentage of cells staining for the Golgi apparatus was low after exposure to passive and active proton beams. Studies such as this are needed to ensure patient safety and make modifications in ABS delivery, if necessary.
Numerical simulations of compact intracloud discharges as the Relativistic Runaway Electron Avalanche‐Extensive Air Shower process
Authors: Arabshahi S. , Dwyer J. R. , Nag A. , Rakov V. A. , Rassoul H. K.
Published: December 2013

Compact intracloud discharges (CIDs) are sources of the powerful, often isolated radio pulses emitted by thunderstorms. The VLF‐LF radio pulses are called narrow bipolar pulses (NBPs). It is still not clear how CIDs are produced, but two categories of theoretical models that have previously been considered are the Transmission Line (TL) model and the Relativistic Runaway Electron Avalanche‐Extensive Air Showers (RREA‐EAS) model. In this paper, we perform numerical calculations of RREA‐EASs for various electric field configurations inside thunderstorms. The results of these calculations are compared to results from the other models and to the experimental data. Our analysis shows that different theoretical models predict different fundamental characteristics for CIDs. Therefore, many previously published properties of CIDs are highly model dependent. This is because of the fact that measurements of the radiation field usually provide information about the current moment of the source, and different physical models with different discharge currents could have the same current moment. We have also found that although the RREA‐EAS model could explain the current moments of CIDs, the required electric fields in the thundercloud are rather large and may not be realistic. Furthermore, the production of NBPs from RREA‐EAS requires very energetic primary cosmic ray particles, not observed in nature. If such ultrahigh‐energy particles were responsible for NBPs, then they should be far less frequent than is actually observed.
Ion and electron dynamics in the ion‐electron decoupling region of magnetic reconnection with Geotail observations
Authors: Nagai T. , Zenitani S. , Shinohara I. , Nakamura R. , Fujimoto M. , Saito Y. , Mukai T.
Published: December 2013

The ion‐electron decoupling region where electron outflow speed differs from ion outflow speed is formed in the magnetic reconnection site. Ion and electron dynamics in the ion‐electron decoupling region is derived with magnetic field and plasma observations by the spacecraft Geotail in near‐Earth magnetotail magnetic reconnection. The ion‐electron decoupling region has a spatial extent of approximately 11 λi (ion inertial length) along the GSM x direction, and the dawn‐dusk current sheet with main current carriers of electrons exists over this region. An intense electron current layer with a spatial extent of 0.5–1 λi occupies in its center around the X line. High‐speed electron outflow jets are formed just outside the central intense electron current layer. They are decelerated and become non‐jet outflows with speed slightly higher than ion outflow speed. Electrons have flattop distribution functions indicating heating and acceleration in both the outflow jets and the non‐jet outflows; however, heating and acceleration are weak in the central intense current layer. Inflowing ions enter the central intense electron current layer, and these ions are accelerated up to 10 keV inside the electron outflow jet regions. Ion acceleration beyond 10 keV and thermalization operate mostly in the non‐jet electron outflow regions. Electrons show thermal distributions without any heating/acceleration signatures immediately beyond the edge of the ion‐electron decoupling region, while higher‐energy ions pervade even beyond the edge and hot MHD plasma flows are produced.
Coordinated SuperDARN THEMIS ASI observations of mesoscale flow bursts associated with auroral streamers
Authors: Gallardo‐Lacourt Bea , Nishimura Y. , Lyons L. R. , Zou S. , Angelopoulos V. , Donovan E. , McWilliams K. A. , Ruohoniemi J. M. , Nishitani N.
Published: December 2013

Nightside auroral zone localized flow channels, typically associated with auroral poleward boundary intensifications and streamers, are an important component of high‐latitude ionospheric plasma dynamics. We investigate the structure of these flow channels using two‐dimensional line‐of‐sight flow observations from the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) radars and auroral images from the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) ground‐based all‐sky imager (ASI) array. Radar echoes captured <~500 km horizontal distance from the radars were mainly used to detect small‐scale flow structures that would otherwise be missed or poorly resolved in long‐range radar echoes. After identifying 135 auroral streamers in the ASI images at close‐radar capture locations, we examined the associated ionospheric flow data in the radar echoes. Flow bursts and streamers are invariably correlated in all events. The flow bursts are often directed equatorward and appear simultaneously with the streamers. Equatorward flows are located just to the east of the streamers. Less frequently (~10% of the time), a poleward flow enhancement was detected even when a streamer propagated equatorward, the poleward flow enhancement being located to the west of the auroral streamer, or to the east of the equatorward flow enhancement, consistently with the spatial relationship between flow shear and upward field‐aligned currents in plasma sheet flow bursts. The azimuthal width of the flow channel is, on average, ~75 km, and the azimuthal offset of the equatorward flow channel relative to the auroral streamer is ~57 km eastward. This study demonstrates the capability of radar‐imager pairs for identifying the 2‐D structure of localized flows associated with plasma sheet flow bursts.