bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Resistance of Rose Rootstocks to Meloidogyne hapla, Pratylenchus penetrans, and Pratylenchus vulnus1
Authors: Ohkawa K. , Saigusa T.
Published: October 2022

Eight rose rootstocks were tested in pot experiments for their suitability as host to Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood, Pratylenchus penetrans Cobb, and P. vulnus Allen & Jensen. Most rootstocks were host for both Pratylenchus spp. but great difference in host efficiency occurred. Rosa indica ‘Major’ and R. multiflora‘ 60-5’ proved to be the most efficient hosts for P. vulnus and P. penetrans, respectively. M. hapla reproduced well on R. indica‘ Major’ but not on R. ‘Manetti’. R.‘ Manetti’ shows outstanding resistance, if not complete immunity to M. hapla. Other rootstocks showed infection varying from slight to severe.
‘Sunland’ Peach1
Authors: Prince V. E. , Okie W. R.
Published: October 2022

‘Sunland’ peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] has been released to provide a cultivar well-adapted to the southeastern United States that ripens slightly later than ’Harvester’. ‘Sunland’ is similar to ‘Harvester’ in color and firmness, but has larger fruit.
‘Georgia Upright’ Collard1
Authors: Harmon S. A. , Austin M. E.
Published: October 2022

The Coastal Plain Experiment Station announces the release of ‘Georgia Upright’ Brassica oleracea L. (Acephala group) which is resistant to bolting and has upright leaf petioles.
Introduction to the Symposium
Authors: Hammer P. Allen
Published: October 2022

Statistics is a very important tool for the horticultural scientist. But, like any tool, statistics can be, and often is, misused and abused. In nearly all cases the misuse is not intentional but rather a misunderstanding of how to correctly use the tool.
Controlling Variability1
Authors: Hammer P. Allen
Published: October 2022

Controlling variability is central to the principles o f scientific experimentation. The researcher starts with a written statement of the question or questions and the hypotheses. The researcher uses “planned or controlled variability” (treatments) in an experiment to test these hypotheses. However, for valid conclusions, the researcher must also consider “non-planned or unwanted variability” when designing the experiment (Fig. 1). The following quote from the 1920s about field experiments graphically makes this point:

“As Fisher put it in correspondence, the experimenter games with the devil; he must he prepared by his layout to accommodate whatever pattern of soil fertilities the devil may have chosen in advance.” (1)

The main statistical tools for measuring and/or controlling variability are replication, randomization, and blocking.
Statistical Approaches to Studies Involving Annual Crops
Authors: Remmenga Elmer E.
Published: October 2022

The development and use of statistical techniques in conjunction with experimentation on annual crops has been widely accepted and recognized for many years. Simple, straightfoward field research with annual crops enhanced the validation o f the statistical procedures. Simultaneously, progress in field research benefitted from application of statistical methodology.
Effects of Application Methods of Controlled-release Fertilizers on Growth and Quality of Rhododendron obtusum ‘Hinodegiri’ Grown in Various Media1
Authors: Blessington Thomas M. , Garvey Edward J. , Howell Lee M.
Published: October 2022

Rhododendron obtusum (Lindl.) Planch. ‘Hinodegiri’ responded to the different fertilizer sources and application methods similarly regardless of growing media. Plants top-dressed with Osmocote 18N-3P-10K had a significantly higher growth index, larger stem caliper and increased fresh weight than plants top-dressed with Pro-Grow 24N-3P-10K. Incorporation of either fertilizer source resulted in reduced plant growth and quality. The best fertilization method was a surface application regardless of fertilizer source or media.
Postharvest Effects of Dark Storage and Light Source on Keeping Quality of Ficus benjamina L.1
Authors: Peterson N. C. , Blessington T. M.
Published: October 2022

Ficus benjamina was maintained 10 weeks in a simulated interior environment (SIE) with a controlled temperature of 21°C ± 1° under either 15 µEm-2sec-1 photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) from Cool White fluorescent (CWF) lamps or 15 µEm-2sec-1 (PAR) from incandescent (INC) lamps after receiving no light for various time periods (0, 4, 8 and 12 days). Plants held under CWF had a decrease in chlorophyll content and increase in leaf drop with increased days in dark. Quality as determined by leaf retention and plant grade indicated that those plants receiving 8 and 12 days dark storage and held under CWF lamps lost more leaves and were not salable after 10 weeks in SIE. Most plants held under INC lamps had no decrease in chlorophyll content, retained more leaves, and maintained good plant grade regardless of days in dark storage.
‘Starlite’ Peach1
Authors: Prince V. E. , Okie W. R.
Published: October 2022

‘Starlite’ peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] has been released to provide an early white-fleshed peach for local markets. The fruit is larger and more uniform in size, shape, and maturity than ‘Springtime’, the leading white-fleshed cultivar of its season.
‘Hope’ Desertwillow1
Authors: Hooks R. F. , Oaks W. R.
Published: October 2022

Desertwillow Chilopsis linearis (Cav.) Sweet is native of Western Texas to southern California and southward to Mexico with ornamental value in New Mexico (1, 2). ‘Hope’ desertwillow was released for use as a native ornamental in 1980 by New Mexico State University Agricultural Experiment Station and the USDA, Soil Conservation Service, Plant Materials Center at Los Lunas, NM.
Evaluation of Apricot Flower Bud Hardiness Using a Computer-assisted Method of Thermal Analysis1
Authors: Ashworth E. N. , Lightner G. W. , Rowse D. J.
Published: October 2022

A method for large scale evaluation of flower bud hardiness in apricots using a thermal analysis system interfaced to a computer is described. The technique measures the heat released during the lethal freezing of supercooled water within the bud primordia. Nine thermoelectric junctions wired in series were used to monitor the temperature of 10 individual buds. Bud temperature was scanned every 30 seconds and the data recorded on magnetic tape. The data were subsequently transferred to a minicomputer which analyzed and stored data and produced graphics. Computer assisted thermal analysis can accommodate a large number of samples and simplifies handling and storage of data. This technique has applications as a research tool, for determining critical bud temperatures and in screening selections from a breeding program.
In Vitro Propagation of Alnus glutinosa Gaertn1
Authors: Garton Stephen , Hosier Mary A. , Read Paul E. , Farnham R. S.
Published: October 2022

Rapid clonal propagation of Alnus glutinosa was achieved in vitro using lateral buds excised from greenhouse grown, juvenile stock plants. Multiple shoot development occurred in 50% of the cultures after the first subculture (7–8 weeks after initial explanting) using a low salt, woody plant medium containing 1 μM 6-benzylaminopurine (BA). Microshoots were removed from pro-liferating tissues and rooted in a conventional potting medium under high humidity prior to establishment in the greenhouse.
In Vitro Adventitious Shoot and Root Formation of Cultivars and Lines of Cucumis sativus L.1
Authors: Wehner Todd C. , Locy Robert D.
Published: October 2022

Hypocotyl and cotyledon expiants of 85 cultivars and lines of cucumber were screened for adventitious shoot and root formation in tissue culture. Tissue was cut from 7-day-old seedlings and grown on a medium consisting of Murashige-Skoog salts and vitamins with 1 mg/liter each of 6-ben-zylamino purine (BA) and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), and 3% sucrose added. No shoots were formed from hypocotyl pieces, while 28 of the 85 lines formed shoots from cotyledon tissue. Thirty-two lines formed at least one root in culture, and there was no difference in the frequency of root formation between cotyledon and hypocotyl tissue. There was no correlation between root and shoot formation. The best 2 lines, PI 279463 and PI 401732, had 53% and 40% of the cotyledon pieces forming shoots, respectively.
Measurement of Direct Heat Injury of Roots of Three Woody Plants1
Authors: Ingram Dewayne L. , Buchanan David
Published: October 2022

Electrolyte leakage was used to measure direct heat injury to roots of Illicium anisatum L., Ilex cornuta L. cv. Burfordii and Juniperus chinensis L. cv. Parsonii. A sigmoidal relationship was found between percent electrolyte leakage and temperature treatment. About 50% electrolyte leakage was realized from a 20 minute exposure of roots to 50.5 ± 0.5°, 48.5 ± 0.5° and 46.5 ± 0.5°C for I. anisatum, J. chinensis, and I. cornuta, respectively.
A Technique for Onion Cold Hardiness Evaluation: Effects of Plant Age and Size on Hardiness1
Authors: Peffley E. B. , Ortiz M. , Corgan J. N.
Published: October 2022

Field grown onion plants (Allium cepa L. cvs. New Mexico Yellow Grano and Yellow Granex) harvested in December were frozen in a laboratory freezer were removed from the freezer at about 1°C intervals and replanted in sand in a warm greenhouse. Criterion for survival was root regeneration within 3 weeks. The LT50 value as determined by probit analysis for 58-day-old plants (−8.8°C) was significantly higher (0.5% level) than for the 74- or 90-day-old plants (−10.5 or−10.8°C) indicating less cold hardiness for the youngest plants.
Off-season Bloom in ‘Temple’ Orange Repressed by Gibberellin1
Authors: Monselise S. P. , Brosh P. , Costo J.
Published: October 2022

One early treatment (late May) with 25 ppm gibberellic acid (GA3) strongly depressed summer and fall bloom and resulting off-season fruits of ‘Temple’ orange (Citrus reticulata Blanco × C. sinensis (L.) osbeck). A late June treatment failed to repress and even tended to increase the number of off-season fruits. A repeated treatment at both dates, had a smaller effect than a single early treatment. A possible effect of a late GA application on the persistence of off-season fruitlets is suggested. Girdling of a part of scaffold branches gave a response similar to that of the early GA treatment.
Register of New Fruit and Nut Varieties List 321
Authors: Brooks Reid M. , Olmo H. P.
Published: October 2022

Ryan-Spur Red. — (Ryanred Spur Delicious). Origin and description appeared in List 30. Synonym added.
Computer-controlled Temperature Chambers for Plant-environment Studies1
Authors: Gilreath P. R. , Rippetoe L. W. , Buchanan D. W.
Published: October 2022

A computer-controlled temperature chamber system using modified chest-type freezers was developed for plant chilling studies. A temperature range of −18° to 35° ± 1.25°C enabled the system to be used for cold hardiness research. Chambers were easily modified for accurate control of soil temperature of container-grown plants. This system provided flexibility of use and regulation of several temperature regimes simultaneously at a comparatively low cost.
Single Node Stem Propagation of Alyxia olivaeformis1
Authors: Tanabe M. J.
Published: October 2022

Rooting percentage, number, length and quality of single node maile stem cuttings (Alyxia olivaeformis Gaud. F. Fusiformis) were increased by 3000 ppm and 8000 ppm indolebutyric acid (IBA) concentrated dip solutions. Hardwood cuttings root better than semihardwood cuttings.
Nature and Extent of Losses in Consumer-grade Samples of Blueberries in Greater New York1
Authors: Cappellini R. A. , Ceponis M. J. , Koslow G.
Published: October 2022

Consumer samples averaged 15.2% defective fruit of blueberries, (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) in Greater New York supermarkets during 1978-1980. Fungal decays accounted for two-thirds of the defective fruit; overripe, shrivelled, and mechanically injured berries accounted for much of the remainder. An unusual and possibly new disease of the fruit was noted at the blossom end.
Relationship between Pecan Yields and the Quality and Quantity of Oil in Nutmeats1
Authors: McMeans J. L. , Malstrom H. M.
Published: October 2022

A 3-year field study was undertaken to determine variations within ‘Moneymaker’ pecans [Carya illinoensis (Wang.) K. Koch] as to oil quantity and fatty acid content of the kernel. Individual pecan trees bore irregularly over the 3-year period. Yields were inversely correlated with nut wt and total oil content and directly with refractive index and potassium concentration of the mature kernel. Six fatty acids were found in kernel oil but only palmitic, oleic, and linoleic were correlated to yield.
‘Oregon 605’ Pea1
Authors: Baggett J. R.
Published: October 2022

‘Oregon 605’ pea (Pisum sativum L.) was developed primarily for commercial freezing in the Willamette Valley of Oregon. It is resistant to the enation mosaic-red clover vein mosaic virus complex, a limiting factor in Western Oregon pea production. ‘Oregon 605’ is also resistant to powdery mildew, an advantage in seed production areas and possible processing areas such as Northeastern Oregon and Southeastern Washington. ‘Oregon 605’ was released jointly by the Oregon and Washington Agricultural Experiment Stations.
Germination of Kalmia Seed after Storage of Up to 20 Years1
Authors: Jaynes Richard A.
Published: October 2022

Germination of 42 of 48 lots of Kalmia latifolia L. seed stored up to 20 years was 22% or more. Germination of 1 lot of K. angustifolia L. seed stored 16 years was 22% and that of 2 lots of K. cuneata Michx. seed stored 3 and 10 years was 29 and 46%, respectively. Only 3 of 10 stored seed lots of K. polifolia Wang germinated, but germination was as high as 59% after 15 years. Germination of 8 lots of stored K. hirsuta Walt, seed was near 0.
In-line Application of Porous Wax Coating Materials to Reduce Friction Discoloration of ‘Bartlett’ and ‘d’Anjou’ Pears1,2
Authors: Mellenthin W. M. , Chen P. M. , Borgic D. M.
Published: October 2022

‘Bartlett’ and ‘d’Anjou’ pears (Pyrus communis L.) were passed through several brushrollers during washing, rinsing, waxing, and drying sequences of a simulated packing process. In-line application of Fresh-Cote, a wax coating formula with porosity, to the pear surface at waxing location of the packing line reduced peel discoloration of ‘Bartlett’, but not ‘d’Anjou’, due to brush friction. Fruits also were subjected to a return flow belt for 5 minutes to simulate the sorting sequence during packing. Fresh-Cote substantially reduced the susceptibility of both ‘Bartlett’ and ‘d’Anjou’ pears to peel discoloration due to belt friction.
Zinc Levels in Pecan Leaflets from Broadcast and Band Applications over a Six-year Period1
Authors: Payne Jerry A. , Sparks Darrell
Published: October 2022

During a 6-year study, Zn levels in pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wang.) K. Koch] leaflets from equivalent Zn rates per 50-year-old tree were greater from broadcast than from band application. Equivalent amounts of Zn per tree were applied to the soil surface on a broadcast and band basis. Broadcast rates were 0, 20, 40, 80, or 160 kg of Zn/ha. Band rates were 0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, or 3.2 kg of Zn/tree applied in a 15-cm-wide band. Response from broadcast was quicker than from band application in that leaflet Zn was increased above the sufficiency level with 40 kg or more Zn/ha but only by the 3.2 kg of Zn/tree in the case of the band.
Rapid Screening of ‘Satsuma’ Mandarin Progeny to Distinguish Nucellar and Zygotic Seedlings1
Authors: Weinbaum S. A. , Cohen E. , Spiegel-Roy P.
Published: October 2022

Nucellar and zygotic offspring of ‘Satsuma’ mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) were differentiated by gas chromatographic analysis of gaseous emanations from fragmented leaves of 6-month-old seedlings. Analysis was rapid (< 3 minutes/sample), could be performed on individual leaves, and required virtually no tissue processing. Thus, the method is amenable to the screening of large progeny at the young seedling stage.
Interrelationships of Freezing and Heat Tolerance in Tuber-bearing Solanum species1
Authors: Chen Hwei-Hwang , Shen Zheng-Yan , Li P. H.
Published: October 2022

Several tuber-bearing Solanum species with different levels of frost hardiness and different capacities for cold acclimation were studied for the interrelationship of freezing and heat tolerance after cold and heat acclimation. Cold acclimation could increase the frost hardiness in some species as previously reported, but except for S. commersonii it did not change the heat hardiness in species studied. Heat acclimation, on the other hand, could increase the heat hardiness in all tested species without affecting their frost hardiness. There is no systematic relationship between freezing and heat tolerance and no correlation in heat hardiness between the controls and the heat acclimated plants. The results indicate that the mechanisms of cold and heat acclimation in the potato appear to be independent of each other.
‘Colossus 80’ Southernpea1
Authors: Fery R. L. , Dukes P. D. , Ogle W. L.
Published: October 2022

‘Colossus 80’ southernpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] has been released by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and Clemson University as a replacement for ‘Colossus’, a widely adapted and popular home garden and fresh-market cultivar that was released by Clemson University in 1972 (8). ‘Colossus 80’ is highly resistant to Cercospora leaf spot (CLS), a disease incited by Cercospora cruenta Sacc. (= Mycosphaerella cruenta Latham)5. CLS is one of the most serious foliage diseases of southernpeas in the southeastern United States and infection of susceptible cultivars results in premature defoliation and reduced yields. The original ‘Colossus’ is highly susceptible to this disease. Fery et al. (7) reported reductions of 36, 25, 10, and 3% in total seed yield, pod number, seed number per pod, and average weight per 100 seed, respectively, in a naturally infected ‘Colossus’ planting.
‘Sterling’ Muscadine Grape1
Authors: Nesbitt W. B. , Carroll D. E. , Earp J. B.
Published: October 2022

‘Sterling’ is a bronze-fruited Vitis rotundifolia Michx. cultivar released by the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service. It is perfect-flowered, self-fruitful, productive, winter-hardy in muscadine growing areas, vigorous and resistant to berry shatter. When ripe, it picks with a reasonably good stem scar and has 6.5-g fruit. ‘Sterling’ is suited for pick-your-own and fresh fruit sales and can be made into a white wine comparable to that of ‘Scuppemong’ and ‘Carlos’.
Immunoassays — an Alternative for the Detection and Quantification of Small Molecules in Plants
Authors: Daie Jaleh , Wyse Roger E.
Published: October 2022

Advances in plant biochemistry depend on new technologies for the detection and quantification of small molecules. Plant biochemists must be able to detect and quantify low molecular weight metabolites and hormones in specific tissues or even single cells if they hope to relate biochemical function to physiological response. In many cases, new technology has to precede significant research. Phytohormone research offers such examples.
Introduction To The Symposium
Authors: Relf Paula D.
Published: October 2022

Satisfying the needs of the consumer is the ultimate goal of all horticultural activities. This need may be for food, enhanced environmental quality, recreational activities, or any of the multitude of gains from the plant kingdom. However, the recent thrust toward home horticulture and the role of land grant universities in educating the homeowner directly has led many to feel that this is a new, and perhaps extraneous, area for horticulturists to be involved in. This symposium is intended to put this “movement” into perspective as an integral and essential part of horticulture.
The Impact of Horticulture Courses for Non-Majors
Authors: Wootton Richard D.
Published: October 2022

The student generation of today has grown up in an era when environmental issues and energy concerns have been paramount. Concurrently, there has been a gradual societal shift toward a more natural way of life and self-sufficiency. The increased use of plant materials in and around the home and home fruit and vegetable production reflect these trends, as do the record enrollments in horticulture courses during the last 10 years.
Careers in Horticulture1
Authors: Kessler George M.
Published: October 2022

An art as old as the Garden of Eden and a science as new as tomorrow, horticulture deals with the development, growth, distribution, and utilization of fruits, vegetables, and ornamental plants. Horticulture is a hobby to some and a profession to others. It enriches our lives with nutritious, flavorsome foods and the beauty and utility of decorative plants.
A High-performance Liquid Chromatography Method for Determining Ascorbic Acid Content of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables1
Authors: Watada Alley E.
Published: October 2022

Ascorbic acid of fresh fruits and vegetables was extracted with 6% metaphosphoric acid and determined effectively by using a C18 cartridge in a radial compression module and 1.5% NH4H2PO4 mobile phase in a high performance liquid chromatograph.
Height Control of Lilium longiflorum Thunb. ‘Ace’ Using Ancymidol Bulb-dips1
Authors: Lewis A. J. , Lewis J. S.
Published: October 2022

Ancymidol [α-cyclopropyl-α-(ρ-methoxyphenyl)-5-pyrimidinemethanol] applied at concentrations above 25 ppm active ingredient (a.i.) as a quick bulb-dip prior to cooling significantly reduced ‘Ace’ Easter lily height. Postcooling dips were not as effective and postemergence soil drenches were least effective. There was a trend toward delayed emergence and delayed flowering with increasing ancymidol concentrations when applied as bulb-dips either prior to or after cooling, however, significant delays occurred only with higher concentrations applied after cooling.
Regulation of Growth and Flowering in Basket of Gold, Aurinia saxatilis (L.) Desv1
Authors: Shedron Karen G. , Weiler Thomas C.
Published: October 2022

Cold storage for a minimum of 12 weeks induced flowering of Aurinia saxatilis. Seedlings became receptive to cold induction of flowering only after reaching the stage of 10 crowns/plant, approximately 7 months after sowing. The species is suited to production in 7.5 – 10 cm diameter containers.
Flower Bud Removal with Surfactants for Peach Thinning1
Authors: Byers R. E. , Lyons C. G.
Published: October 2022

Limb applications of 5% or 10% alkaryl polyoxyethylene alcohols (X-77 or X- 45) caused flower bud removal when applied to peach trees [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] with a hand pump sprayer from first pink to 90% bloom. Applications made in late pink or bloom period caused a greater reduction in fruit set than earlier treatments. Applications made at 90% bloom caused some phytotoxicity to the tips of the first small leaves but did not affect the growth of the terminal vegetative primorida or of larger leaves produced on later terminals. Thinning appeared to be commercially acceptable when applied between 30% and 90% bloom. Fruit size at harvest was greater than the unthinned control. Airblast applications of 10% X-77 on the ‘Loring’ cultivar reduced fruit set about 40%.
Identification of Pecan Cultivars with Pollen Isozymes1
Authors: Mielke Eugene A. , Wolfe Wade H.
Published: October 2022

The isozyme banding patterns of pollen enzymes make it possible to distinguish between the 4 principal cultivars of pecan (Carya illinoensis (Wang) K. Koch) grown in Arizona (‘Apache’, ‘Barton’, ‘Western Schley’ and ‘Wichita’). Although differences existed in all 3 enzymes asaayed (acid phosphatase (HP), glutamate-oxalacetate transaminase (GOT) and esterase (EST) only information provided by GOT and EST was necessary to distinguish between the 4 cultivars.
Effects of Ethephon on Shell Dehiscence and Flower Bud Abscission in Pistachio1
Authors: Crane Julian C. , Iwakiri Ben T. , Lin Tzong-Shyan
Published: October 2022

Ethephon did not increase shell dehiscence in pistachio, Pistacia vera L., and caused excessive gum exudation from the trunk and framework branches and severe flower bud abscission.
Diallel Analysis of Root Rot Resistance in Papaya1
Authors: Mosqueda-Vazquez R. , Nakasone H. Y.
Published: October 2022

Five inbred lines of papaya (Carica papaya L.) ranging from susceptible to resistant to phytophthora root rot (Phytophthora palmivora Butl.) were crossed in a diallel, and inbred parents and F, progenies were inoculated with P. palmivora isolate P170. The diallel analysis of mortality from phytophthora infection indicated significant general combining ability and specific combining ability; the GCA: SC A mean square ratio of 15.7 indicated GCA to be more important than SCA. Parental means correlated well with hybrid array means (r=0.89).
Technique for Rooting Sweet Potato Leaves1
Authors: Martin Franklin W.
Published: October 2022

Callousing and rooting occur rapidly when young but nearly full-sized leaves of sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] are planted in sterile sand, covered with a transparent chamber, and partially shaded. Rooted leaves show unusual growth phenomena including leaf enlargement, petiole swelling, and storage roots which may sprout and generate normal plants.
In Vitro Propagation of Sweet Cherry Cultivars
Authors: Snir Iona
Published: October 2022

In the paper “In Vitro Propagation of Sweet Cherry Cultivars” by Iona Snir [HortScience 17(2): 192-193. 1982] corrections have been made to the experimental method. Page 193, line 8, should read “irradiance intensity of 40 μEm-2s-1” instead of “600 μW/cm2.”
Promotion of Shoot and Root Formation in Asparagus Vitro by Ancymidol1
Authors: Chin Chee-kok
Published: October 2022

Asparagus officinalis L. was propagated by culturing single-node spear segments on Murashige and Skoog's medium. Incorporation of ancymidol in culture medium accelerated the production of plantlets, promoted development of stronger roots and shoots, and suppressed undesirable proliferation of callus.
Sensitivity and Symptomology of Marigold Cultivars Exposed to Acute Sulfur Dioxide1
Authors: Howe T. K. , Woltz S. S.
Published: October 2022

Thirty-nine cultivars of marigold (Tagetes spp.) were exposed to sulfur dioxide to determine their relative sensitivity. Flowering plants were fumigated at 1 ppm SO2 for 4 hours or at 2 ppm SO2 for 2 hours. The average foliar injury for all leaves on individual plants ranged from 42.3% for ‘Crackerjack Mix’ at 2 ppm SO2 to 0.0% for ‘Cupid Yellow’ at 1 ppm SO2. Foliar necrosis appeared as a gray to white marginal and/or interveinal scorch 1 day after exposure. There was a tendency for interveinal necrosis to be near the midvein. The extra-floral nectaries which line the leaf margins of marigold were scorched in 15 of the 39 cultivars. This injury may be of diagnostic value. Sepals were very sensitive to SO2. Sepal injury appeared as a pinpoint scorch and as tip burn, and was apparent in some cultivars when no foliar injury occurred.
Propagation of Lilium longiflorum Thunb. by Leaf Cuttings1
Authors: Rob Seung Moon
Published: October 2022

Propagation of Lilium longiflorum ‘Nellie White’ was accomplished with leaves detached from flowering shoot and placed in vermiculite at 21°C under a 17-hr photoperiod. Bulblet regeneration originated from the parenchymatous cells of the leaves followed by root formation.
Transportation and Distribution of Woody Ornamentals in Virginia1
Authors: Dœrer D. A. , Wright R. D. , Wick L. F.
Published: October 2022

Most woody ornamentals purchased by Virginia retailers were ordered from states south of Virginia; 12% were purchased from West Coast growers. Of plants grown in Virginia, 43% were shipped to northeastern states and 46% were marketed within the state. Marketing plants in containers extended the traditional fall and spring marketing season of ball and burlapped plants. Most plant deliveries to retail outlets occurred from March to April and from August to September.
Promotion of Seed Germination in Table Beet by an Aqueous Seaweed Extract1
Authors: Wilczek Cheryl A. , Ng Timothy J
Published: October 2022

Seeds of table beet (Beta vulgaris L.) were soaked in either water or a 1% (v/v) solution of a seaweed extract prepared from members of species within the families Laminariaceae and Fucaceae (Cytex) prior to germination at 10°, 15°, 20°, 25°, and 30°C. Germination of the seaweed extract-treated seeds was superior to that of the water controls at all temperatures except 25°. Promotion of germination was attributed to the known cytokinin-like properties of the extract.
Effects of Gibberellins A4+7 and 6-Benzylamino Purine on Fruit Set, Fruit Characteristics, Seed Content, and Storage Quality of ‘McIntosh’ Apples1
Authors: Greene Duane W. , Lord William J. , Bramlage William J.
Published: October 2022

Spraying trees of ‘McIntosh’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) with gibberellins A4+7 (GA4+7) + 6-benzyIamino purine (BA) plus 1000 ppm daminozide 17 days after full bloom increased fruit set as GA4+7 + BA concentrations increased from 0 to 100 ppm, but did not alter fruit size, shape, or quality at harvest. Increased poststorage development of senescent breakdown with increasing concentration of applied GA4+7 + BA was attributable to increased occurrence of seedless fruit. Responses to treatments appeared to be due primarily to the GA4+7 component and did not occur when GA4+7 + BA combination was applied after “June drop.” Fruit flesh calcium concentration declined as GA4+7 + BA concentration increased.
Influence of Gibberellic Acid and Effectiveness of Several Carriers on Growth of Sour Orange (Citrus aurantium L.) Seedlings1
Authors: Muller Ismael A. , Young M. J.
Published: October 2022

Application of gibberellic acid to the stems of sour orange seedlings resulted in increased plant height, internode length, and stem diameter. Several spreader-sticker and antitranspirant products were equal to lanolin as effective carriers of gibberellic acid. Weekly applications of gibberellic acid were more effective than applications made at 3-week intervals.
Advances in Crop Horticulture in Europe
Authors: Klougart Asger
Published: October 2022

The information about advances in the field of intensive plant growing has increased to such an extent that it is difficult to find enough time to read and digest it. I have been a member of ASHS for 25 years, and have read journals and tried to keep oriented about new developments and breakthroughs in the U.S. and in other leading horticultural countries.
International Movement of Cut Flowers
Authors: Staby George L. , Robertson Jerry L.
Published: October 2022

There has been a substantial increase in the 1970s in the international movement of cut flowers and cuttings and to a lesser extent potted flowering and foliage plants (5, 6, 35, 58). This increase has been mainly related to the establishment of new production areas in Central and South America (especially Colombia), Israel, Kenya, and more recently, Mexico. Not all of the increased floral product movement in the 1970s was due to new production areas as established floral production centers in The Netherlands, Italy, and Canada have also increased their international floral trade activities.
Leaf Symptoms, Yield, and Composition of Mineral-deficient American Ginseng1
Authors: Stoltz Leonard P.
Published: October 2022

In a study of nutrient requirements of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) foliar deficiency symptoms of Ca occurred first, followed by those for Mg and P. N-deficiency symptoms occurred very gradually, and S-deficiency symptoms never appeared. Root fresh weight gain was most restricted by omission of either Ca, P, or Mg from the nutrient solution. Omission of S resulted in a root fresh weight gain equal to that obtained with complete nutrient solution.
Variation in Rubber Concentration of Native Texas Guayule1
Authors: Tipton Jimmy L. , Gregg Earl C.
Published: October 2022

Rubber content of 158 plants of guayule (Parthenium argentatum Gray) in 10 native Texas populations was 14.9 ± 2.4% SD with a range of 5.5–20.0%.
Fertilizer Additives within or around the Gel for Fluid-drilled Cabbage and Lettuce1
Authors: Costigan P. A. , Locascio S. J.
Published: October 2022

Three glasshouse experiments were conducted in which “starter” N, P, and K fertilizers were incorporated either within or below gel used for fluid sowing pregerminated seed of ‘Avondefiance’ lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and ‘Derby Day’ cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. Capitata group). Addition of nutrients to the gel at salt concentrations between 384 and 1893 mg-ion/liter inhibited emergence of the pregerminated seeds. Additions to the gel at concentrations between 9 and 21 mg-ions/liter were too low to affect the growth of the plants. Nutrient solutions applied to the base of the furrow immediately prior to fluid drilling the seeds allowed higher concentrations of salts to be used without reducing emergence. Solutions that contained factorial combinations of 0.84 g/liter N, 1.86 g/liter P, and 2.34 g/liter K applied at the rate of 0.5 ml/cm of furrow increased lettuce dry matter production by up to 44% after 20 days growth, although there was no significant effect on the growth of cabbage. The increase in lettuce growth was mainly in response to P ‘starter’ fertilizer but the largest response was achieved with the N + P + K ‘starter’ treatment.
Comparisons of Sevin and Vydate for Thinning Apples1
Authors: Byers R. E. , Lyons C. G. , Horsburgh R. L.
Published: October 2022

Vydate (oxamyl; methyl N’, N’ dimethyl-N[methylcarbamoyl) oxy]-l-thioox-amimidate) and Sevin (carbaryl; 1 napthyl-N-methyl carbamate) did not give significant thinning of ‘Starkrimson Delicious’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) when applied as airblast treatments in 3 years of tests. Neither multiple applications nor the addition of a 70-sec superior spray oil gave significant thinning compared to untreated controls. Airblast treatments of these materials on ‘Golden Delicious’ were effective but were inadequate to reduce crop load to the desired level. The data suggest that Vydate and Sevin are inadequate as thinners if applied with airblast machines. Ethephon treatments caused erratic responses at the rates and timings used. Sevin applied for thinning caused an increase of European red mites and their eggs.
Observations of the Ripening and Harvest Indices at Commercial Harvest Dates of ‘Delicious’ Apple at its Extreme Northern Latitudes1
Authors: Blanpied G. D.
Published: October 2022

Maturity and ripening were observed in ‘Delicious’ apples (Malus domestica, Borkh.) grown in 4 orchards at 51° to 54° north latitude in England. In 3 orchards located between 51° and 52°, the period of initiation of accelerated ethylene production (AEP) by individual apples occurred from about 145 through 175 days after bloom. The period from bloom to harvest was 164-165 days, at least 2 weeks longer than the comparable period at latitudes closer to the equator. At 54° latitude, the initiation of AEP did not start until 170 days after bloom; apples did not reach harvest maturity in that orchard.
Infestation of Some Malus Cultivars by the North Carolina Woolly Apple Aphid Biotype1
Authors: Young Eric , Rock G. C. , Zeiger D. C. , Cummins J. N.
Published: October 2022

Seventeen Malus cultivars and 6 lines of open-pollinated seedlings were screened for susceptibility to attack by the woolly apple aphid (Erisoma lanigerum Hausmann) (WAA) indigenous to western North Carolina. Most cultivars with ‘Northern Spy’-derived resistance were susceptible to infestation by this WAA biotype, distinguishing it from WAA reported in other parts of the United States. Some cultivar resistance followed the pattern reported in New York, including high resistnce in Mailing Merton (MM) 106, MM 107, and MM 112. Robusta 5 [M. X robusta (Carr.) Rehd.] was not infested by either the North Carolina or the New York WAA biotypes.
Dehydration of Freeze-damaged Oranges1
Authors: Syvertsen J. P.
Published: October 2022

Freeze-damaged ‘Valencia’ oranges [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] were tightly covered with polyethylene bags while still on the tree, and their dehydration rates were compared to those of nonbagged fruit. The bags significantly reduced water loss from fruit over a period of 11 weeks after the freeze. After fruit were harvested and removed from the bags, previously bagged fruit had higher water loss rates than nonbagged fruit. These data indicate a significant amount of water in the fruit is lost through the peel after freeze damage has occurred. The dryness cut method did not quantitatively determine dehydration of freeze-damaged oranges.
Effect of Scale Planting Depth on Leaf and Shoot Emergence in Scale-propagated Easter Lily12
Authors: Matsuo E. , Arisumi K. , Ohmachi K. , Sakata Y.
Published: October 2022

Deeper scale plantings induced more epigeous type plants and fewer hypoepigeous and hypogeous types. Premature leaf and/or shoot development on the daughter axis of scale-propagated plantlets occurred much more on epigeous type plants than hypo-epigeous types. The deeper scale planting decreased the incidence of premature leaves and/or shoots.
The Use of Leaf Water Potential for Estimating the Effect of Seasonal Water Stress on Yields of Chrysanthemums1
Authors: Stanley C. D. , Harbaugh B. K. , Price J. F.
Published: October 2022

Leaf water potential (LWP) data for cut-flower chrysanthemums (Crysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) collected from 5 different irrigation rate treatments throughout the growing season were compared to the final plant characteristics and yield in order to evaluate the usefulness of LWP for estimating water stress effects on ultimate yield. Significant treatment differences for LWP response measured during high evaporative demand periods were similar to treatment differences for yields and final plant characteristics. Treatment differences for LWP response measured during low evaporative demand periods were not significant and did not reflect the significant treatment differences for yields and final plant characteristics. Results indicate that LWP measurements vary with changes in atmospheric conditions, such as cloud cover, and are difficult to interpret relative to water stress effects on final plant characteristics. Plant growth parameters, such as height or growth rate, when monitored during the season, were found to be more adequate indicators of stress effects on final yield.
Chilling Injury of Silvernerve Plant1
Authors: McConnell D. B. , Ingram D. L. , Groga-Bada C. , Sheehan T. J.
Published: October 2022

Silvernerve plant (Fittonia verschaffeltii ssp. argyroneura Coem.), a chill-sensitive foliage plant, was subjected to 2°, 5°, and 8° ± 1°C for 0, 2, 4, or 8 hours. Chilling temperatues caused leaf wilt, inflorescence collapse and brown necrotic spots on the foliage. Severity of chill damage increased with temperature reduction and duration.
Response of Quercus shumardii Buckl. Seedlings to Nitrogen Form and Fertilization Rate in a Container Medium1
Authors: Ingram Dewayne L. , Joiner Jasper N.
Published: October 2022

Stem caliper and sum of lateral branch lengths of container-grown Quercus shumardii seedlings increased more in 13 months when fertilized with 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 100:0 (NH4:NO3) ratios than with 100% NO3-N, regardless of fertilization rate. Stem caliper increased as fertilization rate increased from 5.7 to 11.4 g N/container yr. Height was unaffected by NH4:NO3 ratio or fertilization rate. Chlorosis was evident on plants that received 50% or more NO3-N. Media pH decreased with increasing NH4- N, and leaf N concentration increased from 1.16% with 100% NO3-N to 1.57% with 100% NH4-N.
‘Autumn Pride’ Winter Squash1
Authors: Loy J. Brent
Published: October 2022

‘Autumn Pride’ is an open-pollinated strain of winter squash (Cucurbita maxima Duch.) that was released by the New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station in 1981. Its unique feature is a bush plant that produces large hubbard-type fruit.
‘Charles Albanel’ and ‘Champlain’ Roses1
Authors: Svejda Felicitas
Published: October 2022

‘Charles Albanel’ and ‘Champlain’ roses are new releases which are valuable because of winterhardiness not found in present garden roses. ‘Charles Albanel’ is a R. rugosa Thunb. hybrid. It combines hardiness with a long flowering season and is highly resistant to both blackspot and mildew. The vigorous, low shrub makes it suitable as a ground cover. ‘Champlain’ is a complex hybrid of R. kordesii Wulff, R. laxa Retz., and R. spinosissima L. It combines hardiness with prolific flower production throughout the growing season, and is a medium high shrub with attractive red flowers.
New Sources of Cold Hardiness for Citrus Breeding
Authors: Young Roger , Barrett Herbert C. , Hearn C. Jack , Hutchison Donald J.
Published: October 2022

In an assessment of natural hazards on world crop production, an average of more than $ 100 million per year is lost in the continental United States due to freeze damage to 22 major crops. The greatest loss is in citrus production and amounts to about one-third of the national average. A severe freeze occurred in 1962 which cost Florida more than one-third of its total production, in excess of 10 million boxes (41 kg.) of fruit and onefourth of its 52 million trees. Similar losses occurred again in 1977 and, most recently, in 1981 and 1982. These losses impact negatively not only on the present and future economic stability of an industry, but also in meeting the dietary needs (supply and nutrition) of an expanding world population, which is facing ever-increasing uncertainties in adequate nutrition and subsistence levels.
Evaluation of Sprinkler Application Rate Models Used in Frost Protection1
Authors: Perry Katharine B. , Morrow C. Terry , Jarrett Albert R. , Martsolf J. David
Published: October 2022

Two related sprinkler application rate models used in frost protection, published in the mid-1960s, are shown to include an assumption leading to the erroneous conclusion that humidity does not affect the determination of the application rate. A third, 1981 model documents the effect humidity has on the application rate calculation. A distribution factor accounting for nonuniform application is described.
Accelerated Flower Initiation and Flowering of Dutch Iris after Postharvest Treatment with Ethephon1
Authors: Swart A. , Schipper J. A.
Published: October 2022

The bulbous iris (Iris X hollandica Hoog cv. Ideal) flowered earlier and more uniformly and produced a higher percentage of blooms after a postharvest dip in a solution of (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon). The earlier flowering appears to be due to uniformly completed flower formation during storage after ethephon treatment.
Preemergence Herbicide Effects on Four Kentucky Bluegrass Cultivars1,2
Authors: Christians N. E.
Published: October 2022

Three preemergence herbicides [S-(0, 0-Diisopropyl phosphorodithioate) ester of N-(2-mercaptoethyl) benzenesulfonamide (bensulide) at 8.4 and 15.7 kg/ha, Dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate (DCPA) at 11.8 and 16.8 kg/ha, and 2-tert-butyl-4-(2,4 dichloro-5-isopropoxyphenyl)-Δ2l,3,4-oxadiazolin-5-one (oxadiazon) at 2.2, 4.5, and 9 kg/ha] were applied to plugs of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L. cvs. Baron, Enmundi, Newport, and Park) in the greenhouse. Bensulide and oxadiazon reduced root weight, but there were no cultivar differences. Cultivar differences in response to oxadiazon were observed for rhizome weight, rhizome length, and turfgrass quality, with ‘Newport’ and ‘Baron’ damaged more by oxadiazon than ‘Park’ and ‘Enmundi’. There were no cultivar differences in rhizome weight, rhizome length, and quality in response to bensulide or DCPA.
Influence of Soil Temperature in Greenhouse Tomato Production1
Authors: Trudel Marc-J. , Gosselin Andre
Published: October 2022

An increase in soil temperature from 14.0 to 21.8°C increased total yield of greenhouse tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv. Vendor) by 47% in the spring under warm air temperature conditions, but a rise in soil temperature from 13.8 to 20.5° increased tomato yield by only 5% in the fall. Under plastic tunnel conditions (low air temperature), heating soil increased total yields by 36% in the spring and 42% in the fall.
Biochemical Changes during Development and Ripening of Tamarind Fruit (Tamarindus indica L.)1
Authors: Hernández-Unzon H. Y. , Lakshminarayana S.
Published: October 2022

Proximate biochemical changes in tamarind fruit from fruit-set through maturity and ripening are reported. Of the chemical constituents examined, total acidity, sugars, and alcohol-insoluble materials increased slowly up to 29 weeks (stages 1 and 2) and then increased rapidly during ripening (stage 3). Moisture content of the fruit increased slowly in the beginning and then decreased rapidly during ripening. Total ash and pectin gradually increased in the peel but decreased in the pulp during ripening. Total phenolics increased in the peel and decreased in the pulp. Ascorbic acid content was inconsistent. However, it was evident that changes in chemical constituents taking place during stages 1 and 2 were distinct from those of stage 3. The spectacular changes in acidity, sugars, and alcohol-insoluble materials during ripening were closely related to the changes in the moisture content of the fruit.
The Effect of Density and Postplanting Fertilization on Response of Lettuce to CO2 Enrichment1
Authors: Peet M. M. , Willits D. H.
Published: October 2022

Plants of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cvs. Parris Island Cos and Great Lakes 659) were grown in greenhouses at 2 spacings and with 2 levels of postplanting fertilization with and without CO2 enrichment. CO2 enriched plants averaged 29% higher head fresh weights and 40% higher leaf areas. In terms of fresh weight increases, enrichment response was greater in ‘Great Lakes 659’ than ‘Parris Island Cos’ and in high rather than low fertility treatments. In terms of leaf area increases, low-density treatments responded more than high-density treatments to enrichment. Increases in leaf area with enrichment were similar in the 2 cultivars and the 2 fertilization treatments.
Mycorrhizal Distribution in Florida Rabbiteye Blueberries1
Authors: Jacobs Lee A. , Davies Frederick S. , Kimbrough James M.
Published: October 2022

Three rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade) plantations of different ages were surveyed in north Florida to determine the type and extent of mycorrhizal colonization. Ascocarps of an ectendomycorrhizal fungus, Elaphomyces persoonii Vitt., were found attached to the root of V. fuscatum Ait., a common wild blueberry. This fungus was identical morphologically to that isolated from roots of rabbiteye blueberry. Mycorrhizal colonization was greatest at the 8- and 18-year-old plantations, where at least 50% of the roots were colonized, and least at the 4-year-old planting and on 2-year-old bushes in the nursery. The greatest number of ascocarps was found in the wild near the most heavily colonized plantation. Soil P was highest at the 4-year-old and lowest at the 18-year-old planting. No monthly variation in the amount of mycorrhizal colonization was observed thoughout the year at the oldest site. Inoculum potential of ectendomycorrhizal fungi in the surrounding land, age of the planting, and P content of the soil appear to influence the extent of colonization of cultivated rabbiteye blueberry.
Bench-grafting of Pecan1
Authors: Gustafson W. A. , Storey J. B. , Shreve L. W.
Published: October 2022

Pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wang.) K. Koch] was successfully bench-grafted by using a whip and tongue technique but success varied by cultivar and rootstock combinations. Polarity of root piece (piece-root grafts) had no significant influence on compatability.
Comparison of Sweet Orange Quality in Diverse Tropical Climates of Bolivia1
Authors: Scorza Ralph , Janicki L. , Wiltbank W. J. , Rojas M. , Aliaga F.
Published: October 2022

Fruit of seedling sweet orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.] were sampled for 3 consecutive years in 3 tropical zones of Bolivia: the Chapare, a hot, wet, lowland area; the Yungas, a high-elevation drier region; and Caranavi, mid-range in elevation and climate. Fruit were generally of commercially acceptable quality by U.S. standards based upon measurements of weight, size, rind thickness, seediness, juice volume and percent, total soluble solids (TSS), total titratable acidity (TTA), and TSS/TTA ratio. Significant differences in quality were associated with area; fruit from the Chapare and Caranavi were larger, heavier, and lower in TSS than those from the Yungas.