bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Novel endoscopic treatment of pharyngocele: Endoscopic suture pharyngoplasty
Authors: Yılmaz Taner , Cabbarzade Cavid , Süslü Nilda , Bajin Münir Demir , Günaydın Rıza Önder , Özer Serdar , Atay Gamze
Published: October 2013

Background

Pharyngocele or a lateral pharyngeal diverticulum (LPD) are rare lesions, which are bulgings of the pharyngeal mucosal surface through one of the weak areas of the pharynx.

Methods

The external approach has been the primary surgical treatment of pharyngoceles. The purpose of this article was for us to report an endoscopic successful treatment of pharyngocele by suture pharyngoplasty.

Results

Endoscopic suture pharyngoplasty does not require an external incision and hospitalization. After 3 months of abstinence from trumpet playing, the patient is back to his musical career.

Conclusion

Because of the minimally invasive procedure, endoscopic suture pharyngoplasty can be performed in case of symptomatic pharyngoceles with a good result. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 36: E78–E80, 2014
Quantification of left ventricular volumes, mass, and ejection fraction using cine displacement encoding with stimulated echoes (DENSE) MRI
Authors: Haggerty Christopher M. , Kramer Sage P. , Skrinjar Oskar , Binkley Cassi M. , Powell David K. , Mattingly Andrea C. , Epstein Frederick H. , Fornwalt Brandon K.
Published: October 2013

Purpose

To test the hypothesis that magnitude images from cine displacement encoding with stimulated echoes (DENSE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can accurately quantify left ventricular (LV) volumes, mass, and ejection fraction (EF).

Materials and Methods

Thirteen mice (C57BL/6J) were imaged using a 7T ClinScan MRI. A short‐axis stack of cine T2‐weighted black blood (BB) images was acquired for calculation of LV volumes, mass, and EF using the gold standard sum‐of‐slices methodology. DENSE images were acquired during the same imaging session in three short‐axis (basal, mid, apical) and two long‐axis orientations. A custom surface fitting algorithm was applied to epicardial and endocardial borders from the DENSE magnitude images to calculate volumes, mass, and EF. Agreement between the DENSE‐derived measures and BB‐derived measures was assessed via coefficient of variation (CoV).

Results

3D surface reconstruction was completed on the order of seconds from segmented images, and required fewer slices to be segmented. Volumes, mass, and EF from DENSE‐derived surfaces matched well with BB data (CoVs ≤11%).

Conclusion

LV mass, volumes, and EF in mice can be quantified through sparse (five slices) sampling with DENSE. This consolidation significantly reduces the time required to assess both mass/volume‐based measures of cardiac function and advanced cardiac mechanics. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014;40:398–406. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Myocardial fibrosis evaluated by look–locker and late gadolinium enhancement magnetic resonance imaging in apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Association with ventricular tachyarrhythmia and risk factors
Authors: Amano Yasuo , Takeda Minako , Tachi Masaki , Kitamura Mitsunobu , Kumita Shinichiro
Published: October 2013

Purpose

To evaluate the distribution and extent of myocardial fibrosis identified by either contrast‐enhanced Look–Locker or late gadolinium enhancement magnetic resonance imaging (LGE MRI) and their relationships between ventricular tachyarrhythmia or risk factors in apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (APH).

Materials and Methods

Twenty‐five APH patients were examined using a 3.0 T or 1.5 T instrument. We used MRI to evaluate myocardial T1 values and scar. We compared the myocardial fibrosis assessed by contrast‐enhanced Look–Locker or LGE MRI with ventricular tachyarrhythmia or risk factors for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

Results

Myocardial scar was present in 17 of the 25 patients with APH. Myocardial scar was distributed predominantly in the apical myocardium (P < 0.01), whereas myocardial T1 values did not differ between the apical, midventricular, and basal septum. The extent of myocardial scar according to 16‐segment model and ejection fraction were related to ventricular tachyarrhythmia or risk factors in APH (P < 0.05 for both). The myocardial T1 value was not associated with the tachyarrhythmia or risk factors.

Conclusion

In APH, the extent of myocardial scar on LGE MRI is associated with ventricular tachyarrhythmia and risk factors. Quantification of the myocardial T1 value is not necessary for its risk stratification. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014;40:407–412 © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The TRIPs Compatibility of Australia's Tobacco Plain Packaging Legislation
Authors: Marsoof Althaf
Published: October 2013

The use of tobacco entails negative health consequences. In fact, it is reported that had the ill effects of tobacco been known much earlier in time, tobacco would have been a banned substance. Yet, in today's context tobacco has become part of legitimate trade, and the livelihoods in countries that export tobacco heavily depend on trade in tobacco. In the circumstances, could governments intervene on health and public policy grounds and regulate the manner in which tobacco products are marketed and sold? If so, to what extent? These are precisely the questions that fuel the gruelling dual between tobacco companies and health conscious countries, such as Australia that has recently enacted legislation making mandatory the plain packaging of tobacco products from December 2012. The Australian legislative measure, namely the Tobacco Plain Packaging Act 2011 (Cth), is currently under attack in several fronts, including the World Trade Organisation, though recently the Australian High Court upheld the constitutionality of the plain packaging legislation. The purpose of this paper is to approach the question of the legality of government intervention in totally prohibiting the striking elements of tobacco packaging from a purely international trademark law point of view. First, the paper identifies the scope of trademark protection as set out in the Agreement on the Trade Related aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (“TRIPs”) and then goes on to analyse the Australian plain packaging law in the context of its own trademark legislation. Thence, the paper considers whether the Australian plain packaging legislation complies with the core provisions on trademark protection enshrined in TRIPs, and lastly provides a possible compromise to reconcile the competing interests.
The sequencing of “related” jobs
Authors: Elmaghraby Salah E.
Published: October 2013

Given n jobs and a single facility, and the fact that a subset of jobs are “related” to each other in such a manner that regardless of which job is completed first, its utility is hampered until all other jobs in the same subset are also completed, it is desired to determine the sequence which minimizes the cost of tardiness. The special case of pairwise relationship among all jobs is easily solved. An algorithm for the general case is given through a dynamic programming formulation.
Simulations to explore alternative sequencing rules
Authors: Brown Robert G.
Published: October 2013

A flexible simulation system has been designed to permit investigation of sequencing rules in a large job shop, with continual input of new work. The objective is to understand what happens rather than to find optimum rules, with many conflicting measures of effectiveness: work in process, finished goods investment, delays, machine and labor utilization, and effort to implement. A few problem areas have been explored.
Optimal spares for stochastically failing equipment
Authors: Falkner Charles H.
Published: October 2013

A mathematical model is formulated for determining the number of spare components to purchase when components stochastically fail according to a known life distribution function and there is a cost incurred when a component is replaced. Bounds are determined for the optimal inventory which indicate that the inclusion of the replacement cost lowers the optimal inventory.

Since these bounds are no easier to calculate than the optimal spares level, the theory is specialized to components with exponentially distributed time to failure. Procedures are given for calculating the optimal spares level, and numerical examples are provided.
Stock control in a many depot system
Authors: Brenner J. L.
Published: October 2013

The chief problems considered are: (1) In a parallel set of warehouses, how should stocks be allocated? (2) In a system consisting of a central warehouse and several subsidiary warehouses, how much stock should be carried in each? The demands may have known, or unknown, distribution functions. For problem (1), the i‐th stock ni should usually be allocated in proportion to the i‐th demand mi; in special cases, a significant improvement is embodied in the formula (N = total allocable stock)

magnified image

.

For problem (2), the article gives specific bounds on intensity of demand, for deciding when an item in low demand should be stocked at a central rather than a branch warehouse.
Differential game theoretic analysis of a problem of warfare
Authors: Chattopadhyay R.
Published: October 2013

The present article considers a problem of missile warfare. It is formulated as a problem of economics and treated as a differential game. Some optimal strategies of targeting and firing of missiles are derived. Conditions under which such a war can be prevented are also developed.
Single machine sequencing with random processing times and random due‐dates
Authors: Crabill Thomas B. , Maxwell William L.
Published: October 2013

A single machine scheduling problem in which both the processing times and due‐dates of the jobs awaiting servicing are random variables is analyzed. It is proved that the properties of the shortest processing time rule and the due‐date rule which are known for the deterministic situation also hold in the probabilistic environment when they are suitably, and reasonably, refined for this context.
A diffusion model for the control of a multipurpose reservoir system
Authors: Zuckerman Dror
Published: October 2013

This paper develops a methodology for optimizing operation of a multipurpose reservoir with a finite capacity V. The input of water into the reservoir is a Wiener process with positive drift. There are n purposes for which water is demanded. Water may be released from the reservoir at any rate, and the release rate can be increased or decreased instantaneously with zero cost. In addition to the reservoir, a supplementary source of water can supply an unlimited amount of water demanded during any period of time. There is a cost of Ci dollars per unit of demand supplied by the supplementary source to the ith purpose (i = 1, 2, …, n). At any time, the demand rate Ri associated with the ith purpose (i = 1, 2, …, n) must be supplied. A controller must continually decide the amount of water to be supplied by the reservoir for each purpose, while the remaining demand will be supplied through the supplementary source with the appropriate costs. We consider the problem of specifying an output policy which minimizes the long run average cost per unit time.
Computation techniques for large scale undiscounted markov decision processes
Authors: Hodgson Thom J. , Koehler Gary J.
Published: October 2013

In this paper we consider computation techniques associated with the optimization of large scale Markov decision processes. Markov decision processes and the successive approximation procedure of White are described. Then a procedure for scaling continuous time and renewal processes so that they are amenable to the White procedure is discussed. The effect of the scale factor value on the convergence rate of the procedure and insights into proper scale factor selection are given.
Tuning Carbon Content and Morphology of FeCo/Graphitic Carbon Core–Shell Nanoparticles using a Salt‐Matrix‐Assisted CVD Process
Authors: Azizi Amin , Khosla Tushar , Mitchell Brian S. , Alem Nasim , Pesika Noshir S.
Published: October 2013

Large‐scale and tunable synthesis of FeCo/graphitic carbon (FeCo/GC) core–shell nanoparticles as a promising material for multipurpose biomedical applications is reported. The high‐quality graphitic structure of the carbon shells is demonstrated through high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman spectroscopy. A saturation magnetization of 80.2 emu g−1 is reached for the pure FeCo/GC core–shell nanoparticles. A decrease in the saturation magnetization of the samples is observed with an increase in their carbon content with different carbon morphologies evolved in the process. It is also shown how hybrid nanostructures, including mixtures of the FeCo/GC nanoparticles and multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) or carbon nanorods (CNRs), can be obtained only by manipulation of the carbon‐bearing gas flow rate.
Structure‐based barcoding of proteins
Authors: Metri Rahul , Jerath Gaurav , Kailas Govind , Gacche Nitin , Pal Adityabarna , Ramakrishnan Vibin
Published: October 2013

A reduced representation in the format of a barcode has been developed to provide an overview of the topological nature of a given protein structure from 3D coordinate file. The molecular structure of a protein coordinate file from Protein Data Bank is first expressed in terms of an alpha‐numero code and further converted to a barcode image. The barcode representation can be used to compare and contrast different proteins based on their structure. The utility of this method has been exemplified by comparing structural barcodes of proteins that belong to same fold family, and across different folds. In addition to this, we have attempted to provide an illustration to (i) the structural changes often seen in a given protein molecule upon interaction with ligands and (ii) Modifications in overall topology of a given protein during evolution. The program is fully downloadable from the website http://www.iitg.ac.in/probar/.
Anisotropic Particles from a One‐Pot Double Emulsion Induced by Partial Wetting and Their Triggered Release
Authors: Huang Xiaopeng , Qian Qiuping , Wang Yapei
Published: October 2013

A family of anisotropic particles is synthesized via a facile, scalable, and versatile method based on a conventional double emulsion, which is very well suited for practical production and applications. Partial wetting theory is well established as a powerful instrument to elucidate the controlled phase separation within the double emulsion. This theory is employed to assist the manipulation of the phase separation process for the formation of well‐defined nonspherical particles as well as their triggered release.
Generation of iPSCs from Genetically Corrected Brca2 Hypomorphic Cells: Implications in Cell Reprogramming and Stem Cell Therapy
Authors: Navarro S. , Moleiro V. , Molina-Estevez F.J. , Lozano M.L. , Chinchon R. , Almarza E. , Quintana-Bustamante O. , Mostoslavsky G. , Maetzig T. , Galla M. , Heinz N. , Schiedlmeier B. , Torres Y. , Modlich U. , Samper E. , Río P. , Segovia J.C. , Raya A. , Güenechea G. , Izpisua-Belmonte J.C. , Bueren Juan A.
Published: October 2013

Fanconi anemia (FA) is a complex genetic disease associated with a defective DNA repair pathway known as the FA pathway. In contrast to many other FA proteins, BRCA2 participates downstream in this pathway and has a critical role in homology-directed recombination (HDR). In our current studies, we have observed an extremely low reprogramming efficiency in cells with a hypomorphic mutation in Brca2 (Brca2Δ27/Δ27), that was associated with increased apoptosis and defective generation of nuclear RAD51 foci during the reprogramming process. Gene complementation facilitated the generation of Brca2Δ27/Δ27 induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) with a disease-free FA phenotype. Karyotype analyses and comparative genome hybridization arrays of complemented Brca2Δ27/Δ27 iPSCs showed, however, the presence of different genetic alterations in these cells, most of which were not evident in their parental Brca2Δ27/Δ27 mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Gene-corrected Brca2Δ27/Δ27 iPSCs could be differentiated in vitro toward the hematopoietic lineage, although with a more limited efficacy than WT iPSCs or mouse embryonic stem cells, and did not engraft in irradiated Brca2Δ27/Δ27 recipients. Our results are consistent with previous studies proposing that HDR is critical for cell reprogramming and demonstrate that reprogramming defects characteristic of Brca2 mutant cells can be efficiently overcome by gene complementation. Finally, based on analysis of the phenotype, genetic stability, and hematopoietic differentiation potential of gene-corrected Brca2Δ27/Δ27 iPSCs, achievements and limitations in the application of current reprogramming approaches in hematopoietic stem cell therapy are also discussed. Stem Cells  2014;32:436–446
Medical students’ and teachers’ perceptions of sexual misconduct in the
student–teacher relationship
Authors: Dekker Hanke , Snoek Jos W. , Scho¨nrock-Adema Johanna , Cohen-Schotanus J. , Van der Molen Thys
Published: October 2013

Teachers are important role models for the development of professional behaviour
of young trainee doctors. Unfortunately, sometimes they show unprofessional behaviour.
To address misconduct in teaching, it is important to determine where the thresholds lie
when it comes to inappropriate behaviours in student–teacher encounters. We explored to
what extent students and teachers perceive certain behaviours as misconduct or as sexual
harassment. We designed—with a reference group—five written vignettes describing
inappropriate behaviours in the student–teacher relationship. Clinical students
(n = 1,195) and faculty of eight different hospitals (n = 1,497) were invited to rate to
what extent they perceived each vignette as misconduct or sexual harassment. Data were
analyzed using t tests and Pearson’s correlations. In total 643 students (54 %) and 551
teachers (37 %) responded. All vignettes were consistently considered more as misconduct
than as actual sexual harassment. At an individual level, respondents differed largely
as to whether they perceived an incident as misconduct or sexual harassment. Comparison
between groups showed that teachers’ and students’ perceptions on three vignettes
differed significantly, although the direction differed. Male students were more lenient
towards certain behaviours than female students. To conclude, perceptions of misconduct
and sexual harassment are not univocal. We recommend making students and teachers aware
that the boundaries of others may not be the same as their own.
White matter hyperintensities and cognitive performance in adult patients with bipolar I, bipolar II, and major depressive disorders
Authors: Kieseppä T. , Mäntylä R. , Tuulio-Henriksson A. , Luoma K. , Mantere O. , Ketokivi M. , Holma M. , Jylhä P. , Melartin T. , Suominen K. , Vuorilehto M. , Isometsä E.
Published: October 2013

Purpose:

We evaluate for the first time the associations of brain white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with neuropsychological variables among middle-aged bipolar I (BPI), II (BPII) and major depressive disorder (MDD) patients and controls using a path model.

Methods:

Thirteen BPI, 15 BPII, 16 MDD patients, and 21 controls underwent brain MRI and a neuropsychological examination. Two experienced neuroradiologists evaluated WMHs on the MRI scans. We constructed structural equation models to test the strength of the associations between deep WMH (DWMH) grade, neuropsychological performance and diagnostic group.

Results:

Belonging in the BPI group as opposed to the control group predicted higher DWMH grade (coefficient estimate 1.13,P= 0.012). The DWMH grade independently predicted worse performance on the Visual Span Forward test (coefficient estimate −0.48,P= 0.002). Group effects of BPI and MDD were significant in predicting poorer performance on the Digit Symbol test (coefficient estimate −5.57,P= 0.016 and coefficient estimate −5.66,P= 0.034, respectively).

Limitations:

Because of the small number of study subjects in groups, the negative results must be considered with caution.

Conclusions:

Only BPI patients had an increased risk for DWMHs. DWMHs were independently associated with deficits in visual attention.
Magnetic parameter variations in the Chaona loess/paleosol sequences in the central Chinese Loess Plateau, and their significance for the middle Pleistocene climate transition
Authors: Song Yougui , Fang Xiaomin , King John W. , Li Jijun , Naoto Ishikawa , An Zhisheng
Published: October 2013

A high-resolution rock magnetic investigation was performed on the Chaona Quaternary loess/paleosol sequences in the Central Chinese Loess Plateau. Based on a newly developed independent unturned time scale and magnetic records, we reconstructed the history of the East Asia monsoons during the last 3 Ma and explored the middle Pleistocene climate transition (MPT). Rock magnetic results show that the loess layers are characterized by relatively high coercivity and remanent coercivity, lower magnetic susceptibility (MS), and that the paleosol layers are characterized by relatively high MS, saturation magnetization and remanent saturation magnetization. Spectrum analyses indicate that there are various periods in addition to orbital periodicities. According to the onset and stable appearance of 100 kyr period, we consider that the MPT recorded in this section began at ~ 1.26 Ma and was completed by ~ 0.53 Ma, which differs from previous investigations based on orbitally tuned time scales. The forcing mechanism for the MPT was more complicated than just the orbital forcing. We conclude that the rapid uplift of the Tibetan Plateau may have played an important role in the shift of periodicities during the middle Pleistocene.
Congenital cholesteatoma in siblings
Authors: Landegger L D , Cohen M S
Published: October 2013

Introduction:

The exact aetiology of congenital cholesteatoma, the less common form of this destructive disease, is still under debate.

Case report:

A two-year-old boy was referred to paediatric otolaryngology with persistent, bloody, left-sided otorrhoea refractory to oral and ototopical antibiotics. Prior to its onset at age 16 months, all ear examinations on the affected side were normal. Physical examination, imaging with computed tomography and eventual tympanomastoidectomy revealed extensive cholesteatoma. The extent of the disease, age at onset of symptoms and absence of otological disease before initial presentation suggested the diagnosis of congenital cholesteatoma. Review of the family history revealed that the patient's older brother had undergone tympanomastoidectomy for a small, well-encapsulated, mesotympanic congenital cholesteatoma at two years of age.

Discussion:

This case joins a single, previous report describing congenital cholesteatoma in multiple family members, suggesting that in some cases, hereditary factors may play a role in the formation of the disease.
The Liberalisation of the German Social Model: Public–Private Pension Reform in Germany since 2001
Authors: BRIDGEN PAUL , MEYER TRAUTE
Published: October 2013

Some commentators view reforms to the German political economy since the 1990s as constituting a broad liberalisation of a previously coordinated market economy (e.g., Streeck, 2009). Others argue that by maintaining protection for core workers the reforms represent a dualisation rather than liberalisation (e.g., Palier and Thelen, 2010). This debate has paid little attention to public–private pension reform since 2001. This paper argues that pensions have been a crucial component of the German social model since 1957 and demonstrates why comprehensive analysis of its development must consider them. After summarising how public and occupational pensions have supported core German workers since 1957, the paper calculates core workers’ projected net pensions and those of less privileged employees before and after recent reforms. On this basis, it concludes that pension reforms have created a system more characteristic of a liberal than a dualised political economy. Since the reform, the projected pensions of today's young workers are closer to the poverty line, and the gap between the projected benefits of core and peripheral workers has narrowed. Increasingly, as young core workers age, they will thus have less incentive to invest in employer specific skills, a development that threatens the model as a whole.
Mycobacterial bone marrow infections at a medical centre in Taiwan, 2001–2009
Authors: LIN S.-H. , LAI C.-C. , HUANG S.-H. , HUNG C.-C. , HSUEH P.-R.
Published: October 2013

Mycobacterial bone marrow (BM) infection is the most common diagnosis established by BM examinations for fever of unknown origin. In this study, clinical features and outcomes of patients who fulfilled the criteria for BM infection due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) at a medical centre in Taiwan from 2001 to 2009 were investigated. The BM histopathological findings were also analysed. A total of 24 patients (16 men, eight women) with mycobacterial BM infections were found. Of these, nine (38%) were positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and six (25%) had no pre-existing immunocompromised conditions. MTB isolates were obtained from 11 (46%) patients and NTM species were isolated from 10 (42%) patients, including M. avium complex (MAC, n = 7) and M. kansasii (n = 3). Patients with MTB infections were significantly older than those with NTM infections (60·5 vs. 47·7 years, P = 0·043) and were less likely to have a positive BM culture (45% vs. 100%, P = 0·012). The 90-day survival rates for MTB and NTM BM infections were 68% and 60%, respectively (P = 0·61). In addition, the presence of BM granulomas was significantly more common in patients with MTB BM infections than in those with NTM infections (82% vs. 30%, P = 0·030). In Taiwan, the importance of NTM was not inferior to MTB and besides MAC, M. kansasii might be an important pathogen in non-HIV-infected patients. The presence of BM granulomas and caseation provides valuable information regarding early treatment pending culture results.
Modular verification of preemptive OS kernels
Authors: GOTSMAN ALEXEY , YANG HONGSEOK
Published: October 2013

Most major OS kernels today run on multiprocessor systems and are preemptive: it is possible for a process running in the kernel mode to get descheduled. Existing modular techniques for verifying concurrent code are not directly applicable in this setting: they rely on scheduling being implemented correctly, and in a preemptive kernel, the correctness of the scheduler is interdependent with the correctness of the code it schedules. This interdependency is even stronger in mainstream kernels, such as those of Linux, FreeBSD or Mac OS X, where the scheduler and processes interact in complex ways. We propose the first logic that is able to decompose the verification of preemptive multiprocessor kernel code into verifying the scheduler and the rest of the kernel separately, even in the presence of complex interdependencies between the two components. The logic hides the manipulation of control by the scheduler when reasoning about preemptable code and soundly inherits proof rules from concurrent separation logic to verify it thread-modularly. We illustrate the power of our logic by verifying an example scheduler, which includes some of the key features of the scheduler from Linux 2.6.11 challenging for verification.
A Neolithic Site Near Thetford
Authors: Hewitt H. Dixon
Published: October 2013

This site is in the parish of Thetford S. Peter, near Two-Mile Bottom. It is distinct from that described by Mr. F. N. Haward last year, being on the other (eastern) side of the Thetford-Mundford road and of the G.E.R., and somewhat north of the Vitriol and Manure Works. The implement types, too, differ greatly.

In 1906 I obtained one or two scrapers in the roadside belt adjoining the site on the west. Southwards the land dips down to the little valley which probably gave the name to Two-Mile Bottom, but the characteristic flakes of the site seem to thin out directly the slope becomes definite; and what flakes there are, are of more recent type and condition. From this low level site came several harpoon barbs in Mr. H. H. Halls' collection, and a barbed arrowhead and many other implements found by Mr. W. G. Clarke. The site is thus on a slight plateau about 80 ft. above O.D., and about 60 ft. above the river. Northward it is very indefinitely bounded, as flakes and implements are strewn about on the open breck and among the furze and bracken for a quarter of a mile or more, but the more characteristic patinas seem soon to disappear.
Recent Excavations at Grime's Graves
Authors: Peake A. E.
Published: October 2013

I have chosen for the subject of my address a description of the excavations carried out at Grime's Graves by Mr. A. Leslie Armstrong and myself in the autumn of 1915. The work consisted in the digging over of four new floors, a description of which will form the main part of my paper. We also re-examined the mass of material left on three of the older floors excavated in 1914, viz., 3, 4, and 13, and devoted some time to searching the field which lies to the west of the plantation, which, in spite of many years' examination, still yields quantities of new implements. I have included, too, a description of some of the implements from a zone near Botany Bay, from which, in 1914, I obtained a number of pieces. This station lies about a mile on the Brandon side of the plantation, and is probably the ploughed-over site of some pits of similar date.

Owing to the kindness of some members of the Society, viz., Messrs. W. G. Clarke, H. H. Halls, R. H. Chandler, and the Rev. H. G. O. Kendall, I have been able to figure and describe a number of fine implements which clearly belong to the same culture—found either on the field or on the surface of the Graves, and these, together with various specimens found on these spots by Mr. Armstrong and myself, are dealt with separately.
A “Cissbury Type” Station at Great Melton
Authors: Clarke W. G. , Halls H. H.
Published: October 2013

In January, 1916, we discovered the east end of a “Cissbury type,” station at Great Melton, Norfolk, on the south bank of the River Yare, and at the same time Mr. J. E. Sainty, B.Sc., discovered the west end, including a pit in which flakes were exposed in a layer about a foot from the surface, resting on a stiff loam into which the flakes had sunk in some places. The layer was not continuous, but at one place there was a solid mass of cores and flakes, the latter ranging in size from huge specimens to quite minute pieces. The flakes, with which were mingled several potboilers, varied in colour from blue to white, and were so tightly packed together as only to be extracted with difficulty. In a very few cases the striking platforms were facetted.
Anvil Stones: with Special Reference to Those from Skelmuir, Aberdeenshire
Authors: Graham-Smith G. S.
Published: October 2013

Some years ago the late Mr. Arthur Gordon, of Ellon, showed the writer several “anvils” found on his property on Skelmuir Hill, 7 miles north of Ellon, in Aberdeenshire. In 1914 the writer visited this place and found numerous specimens, and noticed at the same time many circular depressions in the ground. At that time it was impossible to investigate the matter further, but Mr. Gordon very kindly granted permission to excavate the depressions when the opportunity occurred. With the very kind permission of Mrs. Gordon, Mr. J. Reid Dean, trustee of the estate, and Mr. Walter Gordon, on whose farm the site is situated, some excavations were made in 1918, the results of which are described here.
Grime's Graves: Floors 47 to 59
Authors: Kendall H. G. O.
Published: October 2013

By the very kind permission of the owners, I was enabled to carry out the excavation of some “floors” at Grime's Graves, in June and July, 1919, with some friends.

At the same time Mr. D. Richardson was clearing the remarkable site which he discovered in the North Field.

The centre of Floor 52 was fifty paces N.E. of the corner of the West Field, and fourteen from the edge of the cart track north of the wood. Twenty yards N.W. of the said centre was Floor 47, nearer to the cart track coming up out of the valley, and with comparatively small flakes and cores, of poor quality. The facets are short, deep, and wide, like those on an implement of the Chelles Period. The shapes of the cores differ from the true Grime's Graves type. At Floor 51 Mr. W. G. Clarke rightly pointed out that these traits were, in part, due to the fact that wall-stone was used. Only in part, however, for floor-stone was also used, as examination showed. The chipped flints in the outer part of Floor 47 lay in the lower part of the humus, 9 ins. below the surface.
An Acheulean Palæolithic Workshop Site at Whitlingham, Near Norwich
Authors: Sainty J. E. , Boswell P. G. H.
Published: October 2013

The late W. G. Clarke recorded the occurrence of palæolithic implements in thirty Norfolk parishes, a fact which suggests that the county is exceptionally rich in implementiferous gravels. On detailed examination of the records it is seen that the great mass of the finds lies in two widely separated districts. In the extreme south-west the valleys of the Thet and Little Ouse have long been famous among collectors, and large numbers of specimens were obtained at a time when the making of the Fenland roads caused a demand for the gravel of the district; the fine collections in the Norwich and Thetford Museums testify to the number and beauty of the specimens obtained there. In more recent years the centre of interest has shifted to the north-east, where the hopes, first raised by the discovery by Mr. A. C. Savin of a fine hand axe (Geology of the Country Around Cromer, p. 130) in 1878, have at last been fulfilled by Mr. Reid Moir's recognition of a Chellian workshop on the foreshore at Cromer (“The Great Flint Implements of Cromer,” Harrison, Ipswich, and Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, LI., 1921, p. 385–418). Apart from these finds, isolated discoveries of importance have been made from time to time, notably the beautiful implement found by Mr. W. R. R. Spelman on the beach at Eccles (P.S.E.A. II., I., p. 156), the Palling platessiform implement discovered by Mr. Randall Johnson, the Chellian side chopper from the Till at Sidestrand by the writer, and Acheulean hand axes from Runton cliff gravels by Mr. G. Maynard. These have all been carefully described and figured by Mr. J. Reid Moir (“Man,” April 1926; J.R.A.I. LI., p. 399; Antiquaries' Journal, April 1923, and P.S.E.A., IV., 1., p. 126; “Nature,” Aug. 16, 1924). A few miles inland at Gresham, the patient and persistent work of Mr. J. Cox has produced a number of finds of the first importance, especially those described and figured in the Proceedings (P.S.E.A. I., III., p. 380, Plate XCVIII; III., II., p. 317, Fig. 78; I., I., p. 118, and I., II., p. 236). Apart from these two border districts, the records refer mainly to isolated specimens, mostly surface finds. Dr. C. B. Plowright reports implements from a pit at Tottenhill, near King's Lynn (P.S.E. A. I., I., p. 118), whilst a fine hand axe of La Micoque type was found by a schoolboy at Salhouse.
Nova et Vetera: A Plea for a New Method in Palæolithic Archæology
Authors: Garrod D. A. E.
Published: October 2013

On the 26th October, 1908, at the inaugural meeting of this Society, Dr. Allen Sturge, its first president, delivered his Presidential Address. In this he reviewed the situation of prehistory, and more especially of Palæolithic archæology, as it stood at that time, ten years after the death of Gabriel de Mortillet, and forty years after the death of Boucher de Perthes. Dr. Sturge concluded, incidentally, that this country was immeasurably behind France, Belgium, and Germany in the pursuit of our science, a reproach which the Prehistoric Society of East Anglia has since done much to remove. Three years later Colonel Underwood, Dr. Sturge's successor in this chair, gave a further brief outline of recent discoveries in Palæolithic archæology. The general aspect of the subject was thus temporarily exhausted, and the last thirteen Addresses have dealt with some particular aspect of prehistory, or with some special piece of work. To-day, within a few weeks of the twentieth birthday of our Society, I feel that the time has come when it is again legitimate to attempt a more general view. The twenty years which separate us from Dr. Sturge's first Presidential address have not perhaps been marked by any single startling discovery in the region of human palæontology, but they have brought us a great mass of new evidence, much of which is still imperfectly assimilated, and with this evidence they have brought the first signs of a new orientation of our science.
Further Researches in the Forest Bed of Cromer, Norfolk
Authors: Moir J. Reid
Published: October 2013

During 1926 and 1927 my researches under the auspices of the Percy Sladen Trustees were continued upon the Cromer coast of Norfolk, and a quantity of additional evidence relating to the archæological contents of the Forest Bed obtained. The remarkable spreads of flints exposed at low tide upon the foreshore at Cromer, East Runton, West Runton, and Sheringham were again examined, while the Estuarine Beds and the Upper Freshwater Bed of the Forest Bed Series received also some amount of attention.

I have to record my thanks to Messrs. J. P. T. Burchell, H. H. Halls, Guy Maynard, and J. E. Sainty for valuable help during these researches.

The further examination of the large spreads of flint present upon the foreshore at Cromer, East Runton, West Runton, and Sheringham has yielded many new and interesting facts regarding them. These spreads all rest upon the chalk, which along the coast-line between Cromer and Sheringham is exposed in places at low tide. Moreover, though differing in extent, they all present, to the casual observer, a very similar appearance, and are without doubt at the present time being subjected to closely similar physical conditions.
Tertiary Man
Authors: Moir J. Reid
Published: October 2013

In Prof. Fairfield Osborn's address on “The Discovery of Tertiary Man” (Nature, Jan. 11th, p. 55), it is stated, in regard to the discoveries I have made in East Anglia, that Prof. Breuil “shifts the entire pre-Chellean and Chellean flint industries from mid-Quaternary down to the base of Quaternary time, namely, into the first Interglacial or Mindel-Riss stage.” The first inter-glacial is, however, that of the Günz-Mindel—according to the Penckian scheme—and it is to this phase—represented in East Anglia by the Cromer Forest Bed—that Breuil now relegates the Chellean industry. Prof. Osborn had no doubt in mind Breuil's recently published list of his scientific papers when writing the address referred to, as in thıs list the impression is given, no doubt unintentionally, that the author was the first to refer the Chellean implements to the first inter-glacial epoch. This impression is, however, incorrect, as no less than ten years ago, in 1920, I published a note in the Geological Magazine (vol. 57, No. 671; May, 1920, pp. 221–224), in which, with much detail, I set forth my views on the relationship of palæolithic man to the glacial period, and stated (p. 223) that “The Chellean implements may therefore be of Günz-Mindel inter-glacial age.” When I made this announcement, to which I have adhered with ever-increasing conviction, few, if any, archæologists agreed with my opinion, and it was only after several visits of Prof. Breuil to East Anglia that he was convinced of its truth.
Efficacy and safety of selegiline transdermal system (STS) for the atypical subtype of major depressive disorder: pooled analysis of 5 short-term, placebo-controlled trials
Authors: Pae Chi-Un , Patkar Ashwin A. , Jang Saeheon , Portland Kimberly B. , Jung Sungwon , Nelson J. Craig
Published: October 2013

Objective

The objective of the present study is to investigate the efficacy and safety of the selegiline transdermal system (STS) in major depressive disorder (MDD) with atypical features.

Methods

This was a post-hoc analysis of 5 short-term trials. The atypical subtype was defined as the presence of at least 1 item with a score of 2 or greater from items 22–26 on the 28-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD-28), and a maximum score of 1 point for items 6 (insomnia late), 12 (somatic symptoms, gastrointestinal), and 16 (loss of weight) to exclude vegetative features of melancholic depression. The mean changes of HAMD-28 total score from baseline to the endpoint (response rate defined as ≥50% reduction in HAMD-28 scores and remission rate defined as ≤10 HAMD-28 total score at the treatment endpoint) were compared between atypical and nonatypical groups.

Results

In this analysis, 352 subjects (STS = 168 vs placebo = 184) met the definition of atypical subtype at baseline. STS (n = 641) significantly decreased HAMD-28 total score compared with placebo (n = 648) from beginning to end of treatment (–10.7 ± 9.3 vs –9.4 ± 9.3; p = 0.014). STS showed comparable efficacy in patients with the atypical subtype compared with the nonatypical subtype for placebo-subtracted mean change in HAMD-28 total score (–2.11 ± 1.01 vs. –1.0 ± 0.60; p = 0.34), odds ratio (OR) for response (1.41 vs 1.23, p = 0.62), and OR for remission (1.77 vs 1.18, p = 0.22).

Conclusion

STS appears to be comparably efficacious and tolerable in atypical and nonatypical subtypes of MDD. Adequately powered, controlled, clinical trials are necessary to confirm our findings.
Regulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cell development in mice by aryl hydrocarbon receptor
Authors: Liu Hao , Ramachandran Indu , Gabrilovich Dmitry I
Published: October 2013

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) has an important role in the regulation of cell responses to different environmental stimuli, as well as to various endogenous ligands. Although AhR was previously implicated in the regulation of dendritic cell (DC) activation, very little is known about its potential role in the development of these cells. Here we report our unexpected findings that AhR may regulate the differentiation of plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs). Agonist of AhR markedly decreased the generation of pDCs in vitro, whereas the AhR antagonist had an opposite effect. The differentiation of conventional DCs (cDCs) was not affected. AhR‐knockout mice had a substantial accumulation of pDCs in peripheral lymphoid organs; whereas no changes in cDCs were seen. Thus, this study has identified AhR as a transcription factor involved in the development of one population of DCs—pDCs.
Accurate estimation of primary quantisation table with applications to tampering detection
Authors: Peng Yuanyuan , Liu Benyong
Published: October 2013

There are many ways to accurately estimate the low‐frequency region of the primary quantisation table in a double compressed JPEG image with different quality factors. However, they cannot accurately estimate the high‐frequency region. An image compression model to describe the relationship between the primary compression and the second compression is used to present a simple approach to accurately estimate the whole primary quantisation table, and based on this, an efficient method for detection of image tampering involving JPEG recompression is proposed. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithms is tested by experiments and the experimental results are presented.
Innovative sound transmission system for an intuitive service
Authors: Kim S.E. , Kang T.W. , Hwang J.H. , Kang S.W. , Park K.H. , Sohn S.W.
Published: October 2013

An innovative sound transmission system for an intuitive service utilises the human body as a sound transmission medium. By using the human body as a transmission medium, sound generation in the body and sound transmission through the body can be achieved at the same time. Sound generation in the body is based on the nonlinear characteristics of the human body. Two ultrasonic waves with different frequencies produce an audio signal at the difference frequency of the two waves during the propagation process due to the nonlinearity of the body. By substituting a transmission line with the human body, wireless sound transmission is achieved. This system does not require sound transmitters and the sound transmission line required in the conventional earphones. Users can hear sound without sound transmitters and a transmission line by touching the system without making any other noise outside.
Cooperative output‐synchronisation of networked high‐order power integrators
Authors: Peng Junmin , Ye Xudong
Published: October 2013

In this study, we have considered the cooperative output synchronisation problem of non‐linear multi‐agent system. The dynamic of each agent in the network is a class of genuinely non‐linear system, named as high‐order power integrator that may be uncontrollable after linearisation around the origin. Disturbance is considered in the input channel of each agent as well. Combined Graph theory with the method of adding a power integrator, a distributed controller is designed recursively for each agent to achieve the control objective. The distributed controller of each agent has three parts: state feedback of itself, output information of its neighbours and an adaptive disturbance compensator. It is proved that when the undirected graph is connected, all agents’ outputs in the network can be synchronised, that is, cooperative output synchronisation is achieved. Simulation result is presented to verify its effectiveness.
IntracellularShigellaremodels its LPS to dampen the innate immune recognition and evade inflammasome activation
Authors: Paciello Ida , Silipo Alba , Lembo-Fazio Luigi , Curcurù Laura , Zumsteg Anna , Noël Gaëlle , Ciancarella Valeria , Sturiale Luisa , Molinaro Antonio , Bernardini Maria Lina
Published: October 2013

Significance

During bacterial infection, the eukaryotic innate immune system detects a restricted number of bacterial structures, such as LPSs, and activates signaling pathways conveying an inflammatory reaction aimed at eradication of the pathogen.Shigellaspp. are human enteropathogens that invade colonic and rectal mucosa, where they cause deleterious inflammation. Here we show thatShigelladrastically modifies the degree of acylation of the lipid A moiety of LPS during host cell invasion. The purified hypoacylated LPS displays a reduced inflammatory potential that allows the bacteria to lower the sensing activity of the immune system and to escape from downstream effector mechanisms.
Gata3/Ruvbl2 complex regulates T helper 2 cell proliferation via repression of Cdkn2c expression
Authors: Hosokawa Hiroyuki , Tanaka Tomoaki , Kato Miki , Shinoda Kenta , Tohyama Hiroyuki , Hanazawa Asami , Tamaki Yuuki , Hirahara Kiyoshi , Yagi Ryoji , Sakikawa Ikue , Morita Atsushi , Nagira Morio , Poyurovsky Masha V. , Suzuki Yutaka , Motohashi Shinichiro , Nakayama Toshinori
Published: October 2013

Significance

GATA-binding protein 3 (Gata3) controls the differentiation of naive CD4 T cells into T helper 2 (Th2) cells by induction of chromatin remodeling at the Th2 cytokine gene loci. Gata3 also facilitates Th2 cell proliferation via unknown mechanisms. We have identified a functional Gata3/RuvB-like protein 2 (Ruvbl2) complex that regulates the proliferation of differentiating Th2 cells through the repression of a CDK inhibitor, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2c (Cdkn2c). Gata3 directly bound to theCdkn2clocus in an Ruvbl2-dependent manner, and Cdkn2c-knockdown experiments indicated an important role for this molecule in the Gata3-mediated induction of Th2-cell proliferation. Ruvbl2-knockdown Th2 cells showed decreased antigen-induced expansion and caused less airway inflammation in vivo, indicating an important role for Ruvbl2 in Th2 cells in allergic reactions.