bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DAN MYELOPEROxIDASE) DAN DISFUNGSI ENDOTEL (ASIMETRIK DIMETILARGININ) DI KEGEMUKAN (OBESITAS)
Authors: Widodo Joko , Bahar Burhanuddin , Arif Mansyur
Published: October 2018

Obesity is a pathological condition in which there is an excess body fat due to imbalance energy expenditure. Its association with oxidative stress could cause other metabolic disorders such as endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease. Theaim of this study was to assess the correlation of oxidative stress (F2-Isoprostane, Superoxide dismutase and Myeloperoxidase) andendothelial dysfunction (Asymmetric dimethylarginine) which happened in central obese men. A cross sectional study was carried outin 62 central obesity male subjects with ages range between 30âˆ’60 years. The researcher determined SOD activity, concentration ofMPO as well as ADMA. In this study was found a significant correlation of F2-Isoprostan (r = 0.333, p = 0.008), MPO (r = 0.386; p = 0.008) and ADMA but not with SOD. The elevated concentration of F2-Isoprostane occur 3.5 times (p = 0.02; 95%; CI = 1.19–10.19), elevated MPO occur 3.7 times (p = 0.023; 95%; CI = 1.16–11.56) while combination of elevated F2-Isoprostane-MPO occur6.7 times (p = 0.011; 95%; CI = 1.33-33.24) will increase the risk of endothelial dysfunction. There was a significant correlation of oxidative stress with endothelial dysfunction, and the increase concentration of F2-Isoprostane and MPO indicates the occurrence of endothelial dysfunction in central obesity.
AKTIVITAS FOSFOLIPASE-A2 SEKRETORIS PLASMA TROMBOSITOPENIA DEMAM BERDARAH DENGUE
Authors: K Endang Retnowati , S Wiyanda Hidayati , . Liana
Published: October 2018

Infected macrophages by dengue virus will produce phospholipase-A2 (PLA2) enzyme, that can promote arachidonic acidmetabolism that produce inflammatory mediators, causing endhothelial damage and severe plasma leakage. Capillary endothelialdamage can cause platelet adhesion and aggregation, so that many platelets will be consumed. The role of sPLA2 (secretoryphospholipase-A2), which is a part of PLA2 in dengue and thrombocytopenia up to now has not been widely studied. The objective ofthe study is to analyze the association between the activity of plasma secretory phospholipase-A2 and the degree of thrombocytopeniain DHF adult patients. the study is carried out by a cross sectional, observational analytical study on 45 hospitalized adult patientssuffering dengue hemorrhagic fever in the Tropical Infection Ward, Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Soetomo Hospital Surabaya,which has been conducted from February–December 2009. The diagnosis of Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (DHF) was based on the1997 World Health Organization (WHO) criteria, that minimally had one positive serology marker of dengue. Venous blood wastaken from the patient for examining the activity of secretory phospholipase-A2 by correlated enzyme assay method, and plateletcount using automated hematology analyzer. The results of the secretory phospholipase-A2 activity and degree of thrombocytopeniawere analyzed by Pearson correlation test to determine the correlation between the two variables. In this study so far was foundthat the secretory phospholipase-A2 activity in DHF patients was 36.9–195.6 unit/mL (mean 97.49 unit/mL, SD 30.06 unit/mL).The mean of secretory phospholipase-A2 activity was increased according to the degree of thrombocytopenia severity. The mean ofsecretory phospholipase-A2 activities were 91.65 unit/mL, 98.94 unit/mL, and 110.47 unit/mL. The degree of thrombocytopeniawas divided into mild, moderate, and severe. Most of the patients showed mild thrombocytopenia. The sPLA2 activity in this studywas increased in DHF patients with second day of fever, and then decreased at the third and forth day of fever, and increased inDBD patients suffering fifth day of fever. The statistical analyzes show a non significant correlation between secretory phospholipaseA2 activity and degree of thrombocytopenia (p = 0.579). This result may be caused by several factors which influencing thethrombocytopenia in DHF, such as bone marrow suppression, dengue viral serotype, influence of cytosolic phospholipase-A2 (cPLA2)activity, and other proinflammatory cytokines which in this study could not be controlled. Statistical analyzes show a significantcorrelation between sPLA2 activity and the day of fever (p = 0.04). Further studies should have to be carried out in order to knowthe pattern of sPLA2 activity in DHF grade I, II, III, and IV, and to know the influence of other proinflammatory cytokines and viralserotypes in sPLA2 activities.
NILAI BATAS ANTIGEN NS1 DENGUE KUANTITATIF SEBAGAI PREDIKTOR KEPARAHAN JANGKITAN/TULARAN (INFEKSI) VIRUS DENGUE ANAK
Authors: Tambunan Betty A , . Aryati
Published: October 2018

The diagnosis of viral dengue infection is very important for the management of dengue patients. In acute phase infection circulatingNS1 antigen can be detected in the sera of patients with dengue viral infection. This study is evaluating the NS1 antigen level in denguepatients using antigen captured ELISA Platelia TM Dengue NS1 Ag (Bio-Rad Laboratories). In this 30 examined dengue patients consistingof 3(10%) undifferentiated fever, 10(33.33%) dengue fever, 12(40%) DHF grade I, 2(6.66%) DHF grade II, 2(6.66%) DHF gradeIII, 1(3.33%) DHF grade IV. The result revealed that NS1 antigen was positive in 12 among 30 patients (40%) which were diagnosedas Dengue Viral infection based on 1997 WHO criteria. The sensitivity of NS1 antigen in these patients as confirmed with IgM andIgG antidengue serology test was 52.2%. The highest positivism of NS1 antigen was on the third day of fever. The results analyzed bySpearman correlation test revealed that there was no significant correlation between NS1 antigen level and the severity of dengue viralinfection. The cut-off value of quantitative NS1 antigen could not be determined because they were no significant correlation shown forNS1 antigen as the predictor for the severity of dengue viral infection. The conclusion of the study so far shown that the quantitativeNS1 antigen level could not be used as the predictor for the severity of dengue viral infection. The cut-off value of quantitative NS1antigen could not be determined because there were no significant correlation shown for NS1 antigen as the predictor for the severityof dengue viral infection.
RESISTENSI TERHADAP METHICILLIN (METHICILLIN RESISTANT) STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS DI INSTALASI RAWAT INAP
Authors: . Wildana , Sennang Nurhayana , Rusli Benny
Published: October 2018

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major nosocomial pathogen worldwide. MRSA infection typically aggravatesthe patient condition. MRSA infection increases morbidity and mortality. The study was aimed to find out the MRSA occurrence inDr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo Hospital Makassar patients during July 2008–June 2009. A retrospective study was performed using datafrom the medical records including the results of culture and antimicrobial susceptibility test in Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo HospitalMakassar. Among 1082 results of the culture test, 5.2% were identified as Staphylococcus aureus, consist of 51.8% MSSA (MethicillinSensitive Staphylococcus aureus) and 48.2% MRSA. Most of the MRSA patients were treated in orthopaedic surgery (30%), internal(22%), and paediatric (19%) wards. Based on the clinical conditions, most of the patients were in post surgery care (44.4%), pneumonia(18.5%), and diabetic foot (7.5%). All of the MRSA isolates were multiresistant (resistant to three or more antimicrobials) but 96%remain sensitive to vancomycin. It was concluded that most of MRSA patients were staying in the orthopaedic surgery ward. Based onthis clinical condition, most of the patients were in the post surgery care. All of the MRSA isolates were multiresistant, but most of themremain sensitive to vancomycin.
PENGANGKAAN (KUANTIFIKASI) PERIKSAAN PULASAN GRAM DI BERBAGAI JENIS BAHAN PEMERIKSAAN
Authors: Sugianli Adhi Kristianto , Parwati Ida
Published: October 2018

In a clinical microbiology laboratory the Gram staining is used to classify bacteria on the basis of their forms, sizes, cellularmorphologies, and Gram reactions. Additionally it is a critical test for rapid presumptive diagnosis of infectious agents and serves toassess the quality of clinical specimens. Several methods of Gram staining quantification are already applied: Canadian Coalition forQuality in Laboratory Medicine (CCQLM), Clinical Microbiology Proficiency Testing (CMPT), and World Health Organization (WHO).Each method consists of several criteria for quantification and its interpretation, such as neutrophil cell (polymorphonuclear cells),squamous epithelial cell, and number of microorganisms. Those methods aren't limited in sputum specimen, but also could be used forother specimen such as urine, vaginal discharge, and other body fluids. These methods are also could be used as screening for specimenbefore it is continued into further testing. Even though there is several limitation for each method, quantification method of Gramstaining could be provide better diagnostic value in microbiology laboratory as an early detection in the examination to get betterdiagnosis as well as treatment.
KADAR SERUM KREATININ DAN KALIUM PASIEN DENGAN DAN TANPA DIABETES JENIS (TIPE) II
Authors: Dwi Ardyanto Tonang , Tahono Tahono
Published: October 2018

Hyperkalemia is a metabolic disorder caused by either renal insufficiency for potassium excretion (like in renal failure), thedysmechanism of potassium transportation into the intracellular space (regards on the hyperglycemia status) or combinations of thoseetiologies. In nephropathy diabetic patients, hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism syndrome might also be the etiology resulting from thehigh potassium level. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the correlation between the serum creatinine and potassiumlevel in patient with and without type II diabetes. The data of this study were drawn from patients admitted to the laboratory for themeasurement of serum creatinine and potassium with or without the measurement of blood glucose level at the Clinical PathologyLaboratory of Moewardi Hospital in Surakarta. The subjects were then classified into two groups: A (non-diabetic patients) and B(diabetic patients). The data were analyzed statistically with T-student test and Pearson Correlation test based on the total samples, pereach group (A and B groups) and the diabetic status (only B group) one. In this study so far it was found that the serum creatinine andpotassium level were significantly correlated in the total sample and group A analysis (p<0.05). Surprisingly, the correlation was notfound or very weak in group B (p>0.05). Furthermore, no correlation was found in the analysis based on the diabetic status amongthe B group subjects (p>0.05). It can be suggested that other factors may play a significant influence on the correlation between thehyperglycemia state, renal failure and serum potassium level in diabetic patients. Further detailed analysis should be warranted toelucidate those factors.
DIAGNOSIS JANGKITAN (INFEKSI) VIRUS DENGUE DENGAN UJI CEPAT (RAPID TEST) IgA ANTI-DENGUE
Authors: Kartika Sari Sri , Aryati Aryati
Published: October 2018

Dengue IgM, IgG Capture ELISAs and NS1 Ag ELISA become the most widely used serological methods for dengue diagnosis untilnow. Previous studies reported a possible use of IgA antibodies for dengue virus as a new serologic marker to make dengue infectionactive. In the present study, the performance of IgA anti-dengue rapid test as a new marker of dengue infection was assessed. In thisstudy, the sera were obtained from 30 dengue virus infection patients and 30 non dengue virus infection patients. Thirty dengue pairedsera were collected twice, at the time of hospital admission (acute) and at discharge (convalescent). All sera samples were characterizedusing dengue reference ELISAs (NS1 Ag, Dengue IgM and IgG capture ELISAs). The results of IgA anti-dengue rapid test were comparedwith the corresponding dengue reference tests. The sensitivity and specificity of IgA anti-dengue rapid test respectively were 78.3% (95%CI: 65.5–87.5%), and 73.3% (95% CI: 55,6–85,8%). Meanwhile, from acute sera, sensitivity of IgA anti-dengue rapid test was 83.3%(95% CI: 64.5–93.7), higher than IgM (73.3%, 95% CI: 53.8–87.0), IgG (66.7%, 95% CI: 47.1–82.1) and NS1 Ag ELISAs (60%,95% CI: 40.7–76.8). Positive IgA anti-dengue rapid test results in acute sera was higher in the secondary (91%) than primary infection(57%). IgA anti-dengue rapid test can be considered as a new marker for dengue infection, because it gives a high sensitivity, especiallyin the acute phase and in the secondary infections as well.
KORELASI ANTARA HITUNG TROMBOSIT DENGAN JUMLAH CD4 PASIEN HIV/AIDS
Authors: Diah Pramudianti M. I. , Tahono Tahono
Published: October 2018

The Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is the presence of symptoms caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)which belongs to human retroviruses (retroviridae). Thrombocytopenia is a common finding in patients with HIV infection. HIV infectionmay induce thrombocytopenia through immune and non-immune mechanisms, autoimmune combination and inhibition of plateletproduction. The aim of this study is to analyze the correlation between thrombocyte and CD4 count in HIV/AIDS patients. This studyuses a cross sectional design with a total of 17 patients. The subject of this study is HIV/AIDS patients who came to and examined atVCT clinic, dr. Moewardi Hospital Surakarta. To analyze this result the researchers used Spearman (r) correlation with p<0.05, andconfidence interval 95%. Patients' median age was 30 (21–49) years, 11 (64.7%) men and 6 (35.3%) women. The subjects with AIDSwere 11 (64.7%), and HIV were 6 (35.3%) patients. The duration of antiretroviral (ARV) was 7.5 (4–20) months in 10 subjects.The median of thrombocyte count was 203 (143–327)í—103/Î¼L, CD4 absolute 207 (5.0–734)/Î¼L, and CD4 (% lymphocytes) 13.0(2.0–29.0)%. The thrombocyte count was not correlated with CD4 absolute (r=0.456; p=0.066) and CD4% (r=0.218; p=0.400). InHIV patients, low platelet counts will be the result of a host of problems and complications that are associated with the progressive HIVinfection or its management.
GAMMA-GLUTAMYLTRANSFERASE DAN APOLIPOPROTEIN B DENGAN SINDROMA METABOLIK
Authors: . Tahono , Pramudianti M.I. Diah
Published: October 2018

The number of Metabolic Syndrome (MS) patient has been rapidly increased. Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a risk factor of coronaryheart disease that increased four fold in the general population. Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) is located on the external surfaceof most cells and mediates the uptake of glutathione, which is an important component of intracellular antioxidants defenses. The aimsof this study was to analyze the correlation between GGT, Apolipoprotein B and metabolic syndrome parameters, a high sensitivityC-Reactive Protein (hs-CRP) as a marker of inflammation, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) as an antioxidant marker in type 2 DMpatients. This study used a cross sectional design. The subject of this study was type 2 DM patients who came to the EndocrinologySubdivision of Internal Medicine Department and Laboratory of Clinical Pathology at Dr. Moewardi Hospital Surakarta. To analyze thisresult, the researchers used Spearman (r) correlation test with significance degree p < 0.05 and confidence interval 95%.The gammaglutamyltransferase serum showed a weak positive correlation with waist circumference (r = 0.18; p = 0.045) and Apo B with fastingblood glucose (r = 0.32; p = 0.001); a mild positive correlation between Apo B and triglyceride (r = 0.45; p = 0.001); a weak negativecorrelation between HDL cholesterol and GGT (r = –0.22; p = 0.020) and Apo B (r = –0.20; p = 0.027); a weak positive correlationbetween hs-CRP and GGT (r = 0.38; p = 0.001), and Apo B (r = 0.18; p = 0.042); and a weak negative correlation between Apo Band GPx (r = –0.22; p = 0.019). Gamma-glutamyltransferase examination is superior to notice any inflammatory process than apoB(r = 0.38 vs. R = 0.18), whereas apoB is superior as a predictor of inflammation than GGT (r = –0.51 vs. R = –0,20). Gammaglutamyltransferase serum as an early marker of oxidative stress and Apo B was related to inflammation at the metabolic syndromeand diabetes. Measurement of GGT serum is reliable, easy, and not expensive, it might have important implications both clinically andepidemiologically
INFEKSI VIRUS RABIES DI ANAK-ANAK
Authors: Subawa A.A.N. , Dharma Santhi DGD. , Sudewi A.A Raka , Yasa IWP. Sutirta
Published: October 2018

Rabies has been known in ancient Egypt and China since the fifth century. The disease is caused by the Rhabdovirus of the genusLyssavirus spread from animals or bats to humans by saliva. A five-year-old kid was admitted to Sanglah General Hospital on February19. 2010 with fever complaints, before admitted to the hospital, since the morning he always stuck out his tongue, bit his lips, drinkinga little of water and hard to swallow. From the anamnesis, it is known that the patient has a history of bitten by a dog on February 4.2010 at the lower eyelid and had received wound treatment and VAR, after a while having the treatment the patient eventually died onFebruary 21. 2010. According to the post-mortem sample of the LCS it is showed a positive PCR result of rabies virus infection.
LEUKOSIT INFEKSI BAKTERI SISTEMIK
Authors: Hendrianingtyas Meita , Tjahjati DM MI.
Published: October 2018

Patients in intensive care unit (ICU) have a high risk for systemic bacterial infection. Serum procalcitonin (PCT) known as a markerto predict bacterial infection, systemic inflammation responsse (SIRS) or sepsis. Another simple and easy indicator is by using leucocytecount-differential count, absolute neutrophyl count (ANC), and immatur/total (I/T) neutrophyl ratio. The aim of this study was toknow the comparation of the leucocyte count-differential count, ANC, and I/T ratio with procalcitonin serum value in patients suspectto systemic bacterial infection at ICU. A cross sectional study on 20 patients suspected with systemic bacterial infection in ICU. The datawas classified in 3 groups based on PCT serum value: group A (< 0.5 ng/mL), group B (0.5–2 ng/mL) and group C (> 2 ng/mL). Thedata was analysed by one way ANOVA test if normally distributed, and by Kruskall-Wallis test if not normally distributed. Significancywas confirmed at p < 0.05. A post hoc and Mann-Whitney test performed on a significant result. The frequency of group A was 3 (15%),group B = 5 (25%), and group C = 12 (60%). There is no significant difference on leucocyte count in 3 groups (p = 0.953), neutrophylI/T ratio (p = 0.259), ANC (p = 0.91), eosinophyl count (p = 0.287), segment neutrophyl (p = 0.094), and monosit (p = 0.152).There was a difference on lymphocyte count (p = 0.01) between group C with group A and group B and there was a difference on staffneutrophyl count (p = 0.029) and total neutrophyl count (p = 0.003) between group A with group B and C (p = 0.029). In this studywere found differences on lymphocyte, staff neutrophyl and total neutropyl count to the PCT value
PLATELET AGGREGATION IN ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME
Authors: . Sulianty , Aman Adi K
Published: October 2018

Haemostatic system is the mechanism that controls response of bleeding or thrombosis, so that thrombogenesis and fibrinolysis are inbalance. Obstruction of brain and heart vascular system often occurred, because of the hyperactivity of thromboses function that causesthrombosis. CBC, blood glucose, lipid profile and cardiac enzyme assay were performed on acute coronary syndrome patients at theEmergency Department as well as at the normal control. In this study, each group consist of 10 patients. Platelet aggregation test wasmeasured with turbidimetric method using Helena Agram aggregometer. ADP and epinephrine 5 and 10 µM were used as the agonists.There was significant difference in the mean total cholesterol, LDL and blood sugar level in the acute coronary syndrome patients thanthe control group. Platelet aggregations with ADP 1 and 5 µM were significantly different in the acute coronary syndrome patients thanthe control one. In this study were found patients aged above 50 years old have platelet aggregation with ADP 10 µM, which differsignificantly than the control group.
UJI HEMATOLOGI PASIEN TERDUGA DEMAM BERDARAH DENGUE INDIKASI RAWAT INAP
Authors: . Juranah , Muhadi Darwati , Arif Mansyur , Bahar Burhanuddin
Published: October 2018

Indonesia is an endemic area of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF). The clinical symptoms of this disease varies; it can beasymptomatic or atypical fever. Therefore, the early detection of Dengue virus is important to reduce the incidence of new victims fromhis infection. The aim of this study was to find out the haematological features of DHF suspected patients indicated for hospitalization. Aross-sectional study was done on DHF suspected patients indicated for hospitalization. The data were obtained from the Medical Recordat Wahidin Sudirohusodo Hospital from January-July 2009. The data were presented in the form of table. The results showed that themean leukocyte counts was 5.138 103/µL ranging from 2.10–16.70 103/µL, the mean erythrocyte count was 5.136 106/µL rangingrom 3.2–6.40 106/µL, the mean platelet count was 111.27 103/µL ranging from 11.40–260 103/µL. The DHF patients at admissionwho had leucositopenia, thrombocytopenia, and monocytosis were 54.30%, 71.40%, and 51.40%, respectively. Based on the result itan be concluded, that the most common haematological abnormality in DHF suspected patients whom indicated for hospitalizationwere thrombo cytopenia, leucocytopenia and monocytosis.
NILAI RUJUKAN FREE LIGHT CHAIN SERUM DENGAN IMUNOTURBIDIMETRI
Authors: Utami Lidya , Wirawan Riadi , R Harahap Alida , Muthalib Abdul , Edward Harny
Published: October 2018

The light chains of immunoglobulin are produced in larger quantity rather than heavy chains, therefore small amount of free lightchains (FLC) can be found in the blood of healthy individuals. Free light chain production is increased in the clone's proliferation ofmalignant B cells, i.e. in myeloma. Therefore the FLC level measurement can be used for diagnosis aid of myeloma and related B cellsdisorders. The aim of this study is to establish reference range of serum FLC Îº, FLC Î», and Îº/Î» ratio in population â‰¥40 year's old usingimmunoturbidimetry assay. Serum FLC Îº, FLC Î» and Îº/Î» ratio were measured in 240 healthy male and female attending medical checkup in MMC hospital. Healthy subjects were determined by anamnesis and physical examination, with routine haematology, ESR, andserum creatinine level within normal ranges. The serum FLC assays were performed in the Clinical Pathology Laboratory, RSCM, usingHitachi 912 with immunoturbidimetry method. The results were analyzed by SPSS 11.5 program. Serum FLC normal reference valuein 40-84 years old healthy subjects are: FLC Îº 11.7–30.6 mg/L, FLC Î» 9.7–25.0 mg/L, and Îº/Î» ratio 0.79–1.75. This research is thefirst study for finding serum FLC values in the Indonesian population. The normal reference value found is similar with another studyusing the same platform analyzer.
ACETOSAL, BUAH MENGKUDU (MORINDA CITRIFOLIA L.) DAN WAKTU PERDARAHAN
Authors: Putu Sutirta Yasa I Wayan , Widyani Astuti Ketut , Made Aman I Gusti
Published: October 2018

Research regardless the effect of noni fruit for increasing bleeding time have already been carried out widely. The similar activity ofnoni fruit extract and acetosal can be concerned that the fruit extract has a potential activity for prolonged bleeding time. This study aimsto know the present of prolonged of bleeding time as a results of intake of combination of noni fruit extract with acetosal on mice. Thisresearch was carried out at Unit Binatang Percobaan, Departemen Farmakologi Universitas Udayana. This is an experimental study withpre and post-test control group design. Subject was compromised of 3 groups of mice and each group contain of 7 mice. The first groupwas treated with a dose of 40 mg/kg bw acetosal, the second group treated with a dose of 100 mg/kg bw ethanol noni fruit extract, andthe third group treated with combination of 40 mg/kg bw acetosal and 100 mg/kg bw ethanol extract of noni fruit. All groups werefed once per day for a week. Bleeding time was determined on the basis of tail bleeding method. This study results that the first groupexperience bleeding time increased from 61.42±9.43 second to 160.71±19.77 second. Increase bleeding time of the second group is from59.14±7.12 to 138.14±59.91 second. For the third group, the bleeding time increases from 65.00±7.91 to 213.00±20.92 second.One Way ANOVA analysis indicates that there is a significant different among these three groups after treatment p = 0.006 (p<0.05).Bleeding time of the third group which was treated with combination of noni fruit and acetosal results in the highest increase compareto the other two groups. In conclusions, combination of noni fruit and acetosal treatment results in increase of bleeding time on mice.
ANALISIS FILOGENETIK DENGUE DI INDONESIA
Authors: Aryati Aryati
Published: October 2018

Molecular epidemiology is needed to solve the problem for endemic Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever in Indonesia.This research has been carried out consisting of 525 Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever sera, according to the WHO criteria.These sera were collected from 19 cities in Indonesia comprising the islands of Sumatera, Batam, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Papua, Java,Bali and Lombok from 2003 until 2005. The immune response profile was as follows 57.14% (300/525) secondary infection, 12.57%(66/525) primary infection, 4.20% (22/525) equivocal and 26.09% (137/525) negative. From 192 PCR samples, 100 (52%) serawere positive, consisting of 65% DEN-2, 15% DEN-3, 12% DEN-4 and 8% DEN-1. Homology analysis showed nucleotide differences incapsid region DEN-2 serotypes, while DEN-3 serotypes were relatively consistent. Phylogenetic analysis using envelope (E) gene revealedthat the Cosmopolitan genotype from Gorontalo in 2005, is currently circulating locally, with the potential to cause a severe hemorrhagicdisease. Members of this genotype were closely related to viruses from Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Philippines and Australia. Theisolate from Jakarta, 2003 showed DEN-3 with I genotype. This genotype was similar to the isolate from Indonesia 1978, 1985, andalso from Thailand 1992, Philippines 1997, and Fiji 1992. These results showed Cosmopolitan genotype from DEN-2 was similar toSoutheast Asia countries. It was also revealed that genotype-I from DEN-3 showed no change over the years since 1978.
DIAGNOSTIC OF C-REACTIVE PROTEIN IN FEBRILE CHILDREN
Authors: Johanis Johanis , Aryati Aryati , Husada Dominicus , Marsudi Djoko , Probohoesodo M. Y.
Published: October 2018

The measurement of C-reactive protein (CRP), an acute-phase protein synthesized by hepatocytes, is valuable to distinguish bacterialinfection from non-bacterial infections in children. The aim of this study is to know the diagnostic properties of quantitative CRPassociated with clinically bacterial and non-bacterial infection in febrile children. Febrile children which was studied were presentingin the Paediatric Emergency Department, their ages were up to 12 years, with axillary's temperature â‰¥38.5° C, and the clinicallyundetectable source of fever were enrolled in this consecutive study from September, 2009, up to August, 2010. Informed consent wasobtained for the use of CRP evaluation. The CRP concentration was measured with immunoturbidimetry method (Pure auto S CRP latex(SS-type), Sekisui Medical Co., Ltd) and an auto photometer TMS 1024i. The main outcome result was the presence of the laboratoryexamination results, blood culture, or radio graphically. The receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve was modelled for quantitativeCRP to identify the optimal test value. Eighty-six patients were enrolled in this study. Forty-one (47.6%) had bacterial infection and 45(52.3%) had non-bacterial infection. The CRP concentration was significantly different between the two groups (p=0.003). The ROCanalysis demonstrated an area under curve (AUC) 0.689, standard error (SE) 0.059, and 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.573-0.805.The optimal cut-off point for CRP in this data set at 5 mg/L, achieved sensitivity of 0.61, specificity of 0.71, and likelihood ratio 2.11(Kappa 0.003, McNemar 0.711) for the detection of bacterial infection in this population. The Quantitative CRP concentration is avaluable laboratory test for the evaluation of febrile children who are at risk of bacterial infection.
UJI DIAGNOSTIK METODE IMUNOSITOKIMIA NS1 VIRUS DENGUE, UNTUK DIAGNOSIS INFEKSI
Authors: Nafiandi Nafiandi , Nasrul Ellyza , Yaswir Rismawati
Published: October 2018

NS1 protein is a nonstructural protein of dengue virus which are secreted into the blood. NS1 protein could be detected in blood upto nine days after the onset of illness that almost simultaneously with the occurrence of viremia. The purpose of this study is to knowthe result of diagnostic test method of immunocytochemical NS1 by RT-PCR on dengue virus infected patients which is diagnosed at Dr.M. Djamil hospital. Padang. The method of the research uses cross sectional analytically study with consecutive sampling of patientswho diagnosed as infected with dengue virus and treated in the interne ward of Dr. M. Djamil General Hospital Padang from Januaryup to August 2011. Patient ‘s venous blood was taken about 5 mL and then centrifuged 3500 rpm and then the serum is separated andstored at-20° C until the sample is examined. The examination of NS1 serum is carried out by immunocytochemical method followedby the inspection of RNA viruses and their serotypes by RT-PCR and continued by agarose gel electrophoresis on 1.5 up to 2%. From thesixty samples obtained showed: 71.6% tested positive immunocytochemical NS1, 28.4% negative immunocytochemical NS1, 76.7%positive RT-PCR and 23.3% negative RT-PCR, 23.9% Den-1, 43.3% Den-2, 26.1% Den-3, and 6.5% Den-4. The immunocytochemicalNS1 diagnostic test obtained RT-PCR sensitivity of 85%, specificity 71%, positive predictive value 90%, and negative predictive value59%. The immunocytochemical NS1 has a quite high sensitivity, and low specificity, where as the positive predictive value is quite high,but the negative predictive value is lower than the RT-PCR for the diagnosis of dengue virus infection.
EKSPRESI KORESEPTOR HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS CCR5 DAN CXCR4 PADA SUBSET SEL LIMFOSIT T SERTA MONOSIT
Authors: Rengga Indrati Agnes , Meijerink Hinta , Garna Herry , Alisjahbana Bachti , Parwati Ida , Van Crevel Reinout , Van der Venn Andre
Published: October 2018

Chemokine receptors CCR5 and CXCR4 which lied on lymphocyte cell surface play important role in HIV infection and pathogenesis.The expression of these chemokine receptors will affect progressively the disease. The objectives of the study are to find the distributionof lymphocyte T cell subset and monocyte among the peripheral blood mononuclear cells and to know the determination of CCR5 andCXCR4 co receptors expression on T lymphocyte cells subset and monocyte. This study is a preliminary study to explore the distributionof co receptors CCR5 and CXCR4 expression in healthy people. The sample taken is peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) fromhealthy subjects. The identification of T lymphocyte cells subsets and monocyte, and the expression of CCR5 and CXCR4 co receptorswere determined using flowcytometry. The memory T cell (CD4+CD45RO) is found to be the largest proportion among T lymphocyte cell(66.2%), whereas the other T lymphocyte cell subset, regulatory T cell, which identified by CD25+ high expression was found between2.0-5.3% from the whole T lymphocyte cell. The proportion of CXCR4 co receptors was found higher compare to CCR5 co receptorson all T lymphocyte subsets and monocyte. Only small proportion of monocyte expresses both co receptors (2.85%), but most of the Tlymphocyte cell expressed both CCR5 and CXCR4. The expression of the CXCR4 on regulatory T cell (18.18%) is the lowest compared toother cells, but the fluorescence intensity of both co receptors was very high (CCR5 53.53 and CXCR4 49.33). The different distributionof CCR5 and CXCR4 co receptors among T lymphocyte cell subsets and monocyte will influence the vulnerability and the pathogenicityof HIV infection.
GAMBARAN KLINIS SEPSIS DAN KADAR NITRIC OXIDE PADA MENCIT YANG DIIMBAS DENGAN LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE
Authors: Sotianingsih Sotianingsih , Soeharyo Soeharyo , S Lisyani , H Guntur
Published: October 2018

Sepsis remains a health problem because of the high related mortality and morbidity. One of the efforts is the improvement of knowledgeabout manifestation and pathophysiology of sepsis at the level of molecular biology. Nitric oxide (NO) levels increased in sepsis and this isrelated to the occurrence of cell apoptosis. The purpose of this study was to know and to see the clinical picture of sepsis and elevated levels ofNO in mice Balb/C which were injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In this research, the mice were divided into three (3) groups, groupA were injected with saline, group B were injected with LPS 0.1 mg per mouse, while group C was injected with 0.2 mg per mouse. Themice were then measured by clinical parameters from day 0 and day 1, and 3,5 to 7. The levels of NO were assessed by blood sampling asmuch as 1 cc from the peri orbital plexus and examined by Griess method on days 1, 3, 5, 7. The results of the study showed that from theweight parameter there was a decrease in body weight on day 1 in group B and C and the weight continued to decline until day 3. From thetemperature parameter it was shown that the temperature decreased both in group B and C on day 1 but on day 3 and so on varies in bothgroups. From the piloerection parameters from day 1 to day 7 showed that there was piloerection in both groups. Related to the discharge byperi orbital parameters and diarrhoea many variations, occurred on day 1 peri orbital discharge and diarrhoea was found, but not uniformlyin all the mice in each group. On day 5 and 7 the peri orbital discharge and diarrhoea were not visible. NO levels increased mainly on day3 and the percentage was higher in group C and on day 5 and day 7 the levels were negative. In conclusion in this study it was shown, thatthe clinical picture is striking, weight loss and increased levels of NO occurs on day 3 of the observation.
KATEKIN DAUN TEH HIJAU (Camelia sinensis) TERHADAP MALONDIALDEHYDE DAN SUPER OXIDE DISMUTASE
Authors: B Sukina , I.P Gwenny , Suhartati Suhartati , N Harianto
Published: October 2018

Recent studies have shown that Plumbum could disrupt tissue prooxidant/antioxidant balance. The green tea leaves (Camelliasinensis) is an antioxidant scavenger of free radicals and chelator of heavy metals. This study was designed to know and investigate theefficacy of Katekin from green tea leaves malondialdehid (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in erythrocytes caused by oralPb administration in Wistar rats. Thirty adult male rats were divided into six (6) groups (each groups: 5 rats): K+ group (oral 33.75mg/bw Katekin), K group as a normal control, K- group (oral 15.82 mg/day lead acetate), P1 group (oral 22.5 mg/bw Katekin and 15.82mg/day lead acetate, P2 group (oral 33.75 mg/bw Katekin and 15.82 mg/day lead acetate for), and P3 group (oral 45 mg/bw/Katekinand 15.82 mg/day lead acetate) for 4 weeks. The results showed that Pb exposure induced the raised of MDA levels and decrease SODactivity in erythrocytes of rats. The administration of Katekin from green tea leaves significantly reduced MDA levels and increased SODactivity in Pb exposed erythrocytes of rats. The optimal dose of Katekin from green tea leaves as a scavenger of free radicals and chelatorof heavy metals was 22.5 mg/bw/day (P1). These results indicated that the administration of Katekin from green tea leaves may havean important role in modulating oxidative stress in Pb exposed erythrocytes, but at a higher concentration of Katekin from green tealeaves showed prooxidant activity.
PROCALCITONIN DAN INTERLEUKIN-6 PADA SEPSIS DENGAN GEJALA SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE SYNDROME (SIRS)
Authors: KS Indranila , DM Tjahjati , Emma Emma
Published: October 2018

Sepsis is the cause of patient's death in the intensive care unit. Sepsis is an inflammatory response to infections. Infection whencontinued can cause systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Clinical signs and pathology of SIRS are similar to sepsis, thusclinical as well as laboratory examination is needed to distinguish these. Culture result usually can be seen at least 24 hours aftersampling. In this case a test is needed to diagnose sepsis quickly so that the patient does not experience more severe conditions. Theindicator used in the diagnostic procedure is to know the diagnostic value of procalcitonin (PCT) levels as well as of interleukin-6 (IL-6)for the diagnosis of sepsis. Thirty-two blood samples of patients treated in the Department of SIRS. Dr. Kariadi Semarang were takenconsecutively from November 2011 up to January 2012. PCT levels are determined by ELFA, levels of IL-6 were determined by ELISAmethod. To determine the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value, 2 í— 2 table was used. The ROCcurve (receiver operating characteristic) showed an area under the curve of PCT of 0.83 (95% CI = 0.66 to 0.99), cut-off 5.1 ng/mL wasused as an indicator of sepsis. PCT diagnostic test results showed 88.9% sensitivity, 73.9% specificity, 57.1% positive predictive value andnegative predictive value of 94.4%. The area under the curve for IL-6 was 0.67 (95% CI = 0.47 to 0.86), cut off 47.2 pg/mL as an indicatorof sepsis. Diagnostic tests results showed 77.8% sensitivity, 60.9% specificity, 43.7% positive predictive value and negative predictive valueof 87.5%. It can be concluded that the examination of serum PCT levels can be used as a diagnostic test (screening test) for sepsis.
IMMATURE PLATELET FRACTION (IPF) DAN TROMBOPOIETIN DI SIROSIS HATI
Authors: Rohani Esti , Hernaningsih Yetti , Ma'at Suprapto , Maimunah Ummi
Published: October 2018

Liver cirrhosis remains a major clinical problem worldwide when associated with significant morbidity and mortality due toits complications. The presence of liver cirrhosis state affects the production of TPO influencing the process of thrombopoiesis. Thethrombopoiesis activity can be described by the Immature Platelet Fraction (IPF) value which is young platelets. The immature Plateletfraction value increases when platelet production enhances as well, on the contrary when the production declines, the IPF value is alsodecreased. This study was performed by cross-sectional method using 31 subject samples suffering from liver cirrhosis, consisting of ChildPugh score class A 2 samples (6.4%), Child Pugh score class B 9 samples (29%) and Child Pugh score class C 20 samples (64.6%). Theexamination of TPO levels was done by ELISA method using Humans TPO QuantikineR, the IPF value was examined using Sysmex XE-2100 Hematology Analyzer. The thrombopoietin serum levels in the samples ranged from 23.5 to 96.6 pg/mL with a mean of 45.1pg/mL.The immature Platelet Fraction values varied from 1.7% to 19.1% with a mean of 6.7%. From the statistical analysis, the levels of TPO andIPF at various degrees of the disease severity were not significantly different. There was no significant correlation between the TPO leveland IPF value, r = 0.038, p = 0.837. There was no significant difference between the TPO level and the IPF value in the splenomegaly andnonsplenomegaly state. In conclusion, based on this study no significant correlation was found between the IPF value with thrombopoietinserum levels, as well as the IPF and thrombopoietin levels, and there was no association with the disease severity.
EOSINOPENIA DAN PROCALCITONIN DALAM SEPSIS
Authors: Luhulima Danny , Hidayati W. , Sri Rejeki IGAAP. , Permatasari R.
Published: October 2018

Sepsis is one of the common causes of morbidity and mortality in the ICU. Clinicians need to know and realize of good diagnosticmarkers to identify sepsis as early as possible. The role of eosinopenia as a marker of sepsis has recently been evaluated.The aim of thisstudy was to test the value of eosinopenia as a diagnostic marker of sepsis in comparison to Procalcitonin. A cross sectional study wasperformed in 61 adult patients with SIRS, and blood of all patients were cultured. Further examinations were done for comparing theeosinophil count with the Procalcitonin levels if the blood culture was positive or when there were clinical signs which supported for sepsis.In this study there were fourty two patients enrolled. Procalcitonin level yielded a sensitivity of 90.0%, specificity of 83.3%, a positivepredictive value (PPV) of 93.1% and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 76.9% at cut-off value of 2.75 ng/mL. The eosinophil (cut off â‰¤50 cells/Î¼L) produced a sensitivity of 80.0%, specificity of 75.0%, PPV of 88.9%, and NPV of 60.0%. based on this study Procalcitoninappeared to be a more accurate diagnostic of sepsis than eosinopenia, but eosinopenia is still a helpful tool for clinicians, and may also beused as a diagnostic marker of sepsis, because it is highly sensitive, moderately specific, easy to measure, rapid and inexpensive as well.
HUBUNGAN ANTARA UMUR, UMUR MULAI SAKIT, LAMA SAKIT DENGAN LED, CRP, DAS28-LED DI ARTRITIS REUMATOID
Authors: Soeroso J. , Judajana FM.
Published: October 2018

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease affecting joints with a high disability and prematuredeaths. The successful treatment depends on the monitoring and control of the disease activities. Age, Age at onset and its duration arerelated to the dynamics of the related activities in RA. The objective of the study is to determine the associations between the age, theAge at onset and its duration with the related activity markers like ESR, CRP and DAS28-ESR in RA. A cross sectional study was doneon 44 patients suffering from RA obtained from the Rheumatology Outpatient Clinic at the Dr Soetomo Provincial Hospital, Surabaya.They were diagnosed using the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) Criteria 1987. Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to determine theassociations between age (years), age at onset (years), its duration (months) with ESR (mm/hour), CRP (n) and DAS28-ESR respectively.Analysis results of the Kruskal-Wallis test includes: The age for the high ESR, namely: age â‰¥20 vs. age <20, p=0.035; age â‰¥30 vs.age<30, p=0.002; age â‰¥40 vs. age<40, p=0.000; and age â‰¥50 vs. age<50, p=0.047. The age for the high DAS28-ESR score namely:ageâ‰¥30 vs. age<30, p=0.020; and age â‰¥40 vs age<40, p=0.013. The disease duration for the high ESR namely: disease duration â‰¥96vs. Disease duration <96, p=0.044. The disease duration for the high CRP namely: disease duration â‰¥84 vs. disease duration <84,p=0.015 and disease duration â‰¥96 vs. disease duration <96, p=0.029. All ages at onset segments were not associated with the high ESR,CRP as well as with the high DAS28-ESR. In this study it can be concluded that the age of patients suffering from RA is associated withhigh ESR. The older the age of the patients the higher will be the ESR. Older age is also associated with the high DAS28-ESR. The longerthe disease duration will be related with the high ESR, as well as the high CRP. ESR may be considered as a practical tool for measuringthe disease activity in RA, mainly for outpatients.
KADAR TGF-Î²1 PLASMA DAN LIMFOSIT-T CD4+DI PENDERITA YANG TERINFEKSI HIV STADIUM I
Authors: Alberthina Alberthina , R Endang , AT Erwin
Published: October 2018

HIV infection and AIDS have been spread throughout the world and the number of patients continues to increase from year to year.Indonesia is one of the countries with quite a high increase in the incidence of HIV and AIDS. The absolute number of CD4+T-lymphocytesand percentage in HIV-infected patients can be used to determine the stage of the disease, and progression of the disease, as well as topredict the onset of the opportunistic diseases. In certain circumstances sometimes it is difficult to determine clinically and the results ofthe absolute number of CD4+ T-lymphocytes and its percentage are still high. So the examination of TGF-Î²1 is necessary for predictingthe disease course in the patient, because the increase of the disease progress is also accompanied by the increased levels of TGF-Î²1. Thepurpose of this study is to know and to prove the existence of the correlation between plasma levels of TGF-Î²1 and the absolute numberpercentage of CD4+T-lymphocytes in stage I HIV-infected patients. The research was carried out by a Cross sectional observational study,the samples were derived from 41 stage I HIV-infected patients treated at the Outpatient Clinic of the Infectious Disease IntermediateCare Unit (UPIPI) in the Dr. Soetomo Hospital from January to May 2012. The examination of TGF-Î²1 plasma was performed by ELISAmethod, the number of absolute and percentage of CD4+T-lymphocyte were counted by immuno flowcytometry (BD FACSCaliburâ„¢). Theresults were statistically analyzed using a Pearson product moment correlation test. It was shown that the TGF-Î²1 plasma levels in stageI HIV-infected patients tended to increase, as well as the number and percentage of CD4+ T-lymphocytes which were also increased. Theresult of this study revealed that the number of CD4+T-lymphocytes which were less absolute and more than 200 cells /Î¼L showed nocorrelation with the plasma levels of TGF-Î²1 in stage I HIV infected patients. However, there was a significant positive correlation betweenthe number of CD4+T-lymphocytes percentage with TGF-Î²1 plasma in stage I HIV infection.
SARI ETANOL, ETIL ASETAT ALANG-ALANG (IMPERATA CYLINDRICA) TERHADAP SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE (SOD)
Authors: Khaerunnisa St , Kuswarini Sutji , Suhartati Suhartati , Lukitasari Lina , Humairah Ira , BN Reza Arta , IP Gwenny
Published: October 2018

Oxidative stress has been considered as a mechanism involved in the pathogenesis and progression of many diseases such as:hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. The objective of this current study was to know the potential antioxidant role of ethanol andethyl acetate extract of reeds (Imperata cylindrica) by investigation in rats fed with a high-cholesterol diet. Imperata cylindrica is richin antioxidants and has a cholesterol-reducing effect. A group of twenty four male albino Wistar rats was divided into four subgroups: anormal diet group (K0), a high-cholesterol diet group (K1), the same diet with ethanol extract of Imperata cylindrica group (K2), and thesimilar diet with ethyl acetate fraction of Imperata cylindrica group (K3),. After the treatment period, the hepatic antioxidant enzymeactivity (Superoxide dismutase/SOD) was determined. The rats fed on high-cholesterol diet with supplementation exhibited a significantelevation in SOD activity (p<0. 05), 61.6±12.4% inhibition, compared to normal animals 37.44±12.2%. The treated animals withethanol and ethyl acetate extract of Imperata cylindrica showed a significantly reduced the level of SOD activity (p<0.05, 29.90±5.6%as well as a 33.49±7.4% inhibition). The level of SOD activity when restored was closer to that in normal animals, signifying reversalof the oxidative stress. The study results showed that the treatment with Imperata cylindrica positively changed the hepatic antioxidantenzyme activities in high fat-diet rats, and thus had potential hypocholesterolemic and antioxidant effects. Imperata cylindrica couldprotect against oxidative stress linked to atherosclerosis and also decrease the atherogenic index.