bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies on pH-Controlled Transition of Myoglobin Capsules from Hollow to Multilayered Structures
Authors: Sankaranarayanan Kamatchi
Published: November 2015

In this study, myoglobin biocapsules (lyophilisomes) of various types and sizes were prepared using a combination of freezing—annealing and immobilization. Hollow lyophilisomes of pure myoglobin below and above its isoelectric point were designed and changes in their secondary structure based on variations in pH were studied by circular dichroism spectroscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. The study results show that permeability and size of these capsules change as pH changes; besides, near the isoelectric point, large swollen multiwalled capsules are formed, which when exposed to buffers of lower pH exhibited a tendency to reverse to hollow structures. Adsorption of these capsules onto solid surfaces has been studied using quartz crystal microbalance and contact angle measurements. Thus, pH shift may be a useful post-preparation approach for stimuli-responsive modification of the surface roughness, porosity and permeability of pre-assembled polypeptide microcapsules.
Synthesis and Characterization of a Magnetic Molecularly Imprinted Polymer by Suspension Polymerization for Selective Recognition of Dibenzothiophene from Gasoline Samples
Authors: Xu Wanzhen , Li Hui , Ni Xiaoni , Wang Ningwei , Yan Yongsheng , Li Chunxiang
Published: November 2015

An effective method for the selective separation of dibenzothiophene (DBT) from gasoline samples using a magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer (MMIP) is described. The novel MMIP was synthesized by suspension polymerization using DBT as template. The morphology, magnetic and adsorption properties of MMIP were characterized by Fourier transmission infrared spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy, magnetic measurements, thermogravimetric analysis and nitrogen adsorption. Isothermal absorption of DBT, kinetics of absorption and adsorption selectivity on MMIP were then evaluated. Experimental results show that the adsorption behaviours of MMIP were well-described by the Freundlich isotherm and the pseudo-second-order kinetics. In addition, the synthesized adsorbent (MMIP) exhibited favourable affinity and selectivity for DBT over other competitive compounds.
The Resource Identification Initiative: A cultural shift in publishing
Authors: Bandrowski Anita , Brush Matthew , Grethe Jeffery S. , Haendel Melissa A. , Kennedy David N. , Hill Sean , Hof Patrick R. , Martone Maryann E. , Pols Maaike , Tan Serena , Washington Nicole , Zudilova-Seinstra Elena , Vasilevsky Nicole ,   Resource Identification Initiative Members are listed here: https://www.force11.org/node/4463/members
Published: November 2015

A central tenet in support of research reproducibility is the ability to uniquely identify research resources, i.e., reagents, tools, and materials that are used to perform experiments. However, current reporting practices for research resources are insufficient to allow humans and algorithms to identify the exact resources that are reported or answer basic questions such as “What other studies used resource X?” To address this issue, the Resource Identification Initiative was launched as a pilot project to improve the reporting standards for research resources in the methods sections of papers and thereby improve identifiability and reproducibility. The pilot engaged over 25 biomedical journal editors from most major publishers, as well as scientists and funding officials. Authors were asked to include Research Resource Identifiers (RRIDs) in their manuscripts prior to publication for three resource types: antibodies, model organisms, and tools (including software and databases). RRIDs represent accession numbers assigned by an authoritative database, e.g., the model organism databases, for each type of resource. To make it easier for authors to obtain RRIDs, resources were aggregated from the appropriate databases and their RRIDs made available in a central web portal (www.scicrunch.org/resources). RRIDs meet three key criteria: they are machine readable, free to generate and access, and are consistent across publishers and journals. The pilot was launched in February of 2014 and over 300 papers have appeared that report RRIDs. The number of journals participating has expanded from the original 25 to more than 40. Here, we present an overview of the pilot project and its outcomes to date. We show that authors are generally accurate in performing the task of identifying resources and supportive of the goals of the project. We also show that identifiability of the resources pre- and post-pilot showed a dramatic improvement for all three resource types, suggesting that the project has had a significant impact on reproducibility relating to research resources.
Where is the vascular waterfall in septic shock?
Authors: Kato Ryotaro , Pinsky Michael
Published: November 2015

An evaluation of a recent study by Asfar P, Meziani F, Hamel J-F, et al. High versus low blood-pressure target in patients with septic shock. N Engl J Med 2014;370:1583-1593.
Motivational interviewing: examining its role when siting patients for stoma surgery
Authors: Chandler Pip , Carpenter Judith
Published: November 2015

Stoma care nurses (SCNs) have long agreed that preoperative stoma siting is of benefit to patients who are to undergo stoma foramtion, as it can help to reduce postoperative complications. With the evolving use of enhanced recovery programmes in colorectal surgery, the value of preoperative stoma education has become essential to maximise the efficiency of the stoma patient's care pathway, enabling shorter hospital stays and facilitating psychological adaptation to life with a stoma. However, the traditional approach with which stoma siting has been undertaken could be considered autocratic, with the SCN as the expert and the patient passively accepting the agreed stoma site. This article explores whether, by using motivational interviewing when siting a patient for stoma surgery, SCNs can motivate prospective ostomates to not only consent to the stoma site, but to feel they have maintained control in the decision-making process leading to surgery, thereby preparing them to be independent in their stoma management.
The fan and the female superhero in comic books
Authors: Neumann Caryn E. , Parks Lori L.
Published: November 2015

Despite an increasing number of fangirls, female superheroes continue to represent the fears and concerns of male readers. These characters are not representative of girls or women despite their possession of a female form. Through the characterization and body shapes of male and female superheroes, the comics have remained focused upon fanboys. The female body in comics is not powerful but, instead, reinforces male dominance. While fangirls have made an effort to become a vocal force within comic book culture, the design of comic book content continues to marginalize girls and women.
The Adventures of Ms. Meta: The female superhero and her cultural importance
Authors: Zaidan Sarah
Published: November 2015

William Moulton Marston, inspired by his wife and beliefs, created a female superhero in 1941, seeking to address how the feminine archetype in western society ‘lacks force, strength and power’, and that ‘women’s strong qualities have become despised’. Wonder Woman was the result, and the character has achieved iconic status in popular culture seven decades later. While there is a wealth of research examining the representation of the female superhero and how this speaks to perceptions of femininity across the past 70 years, its focus is the prevalence of stereotypical over authentic depictions, and the harmful effects of this on society. However, the existing cultural impact and importance of female superheroes to readers of all genders cannot be ignored; to do so is to the detriment of both fans and scholars of comics. My research combines the platform of digital media with the artistic styles and narrative themes of comics, culminating in a narrative video game that brings together original comic pages, texts and animated sequences. The game tells the story of Meta Woman, a self-created superhero, from her first appearance in the ‘we can do it!’ 1940s, her reinventions as Miss Meta in the aftermath of the Comics Code of the 1950s, Ms Meta in the liberated 1970s and beyond, concluding in the present day. By cross-references comic representations of women with fan experience and stories of women from each era, the game showcases the power of female superheroes, and makes them relevant to each user’s life and experiences.
Reviews
Authors: Popp Veronica , Hardman Elliot
Published: November 2015

Time on TV: Temporal Displacement and Mashup Television, Paul Booth (2012) New York: Peter Lang Publishers, 255 pp., ISBN: 978-1433115691, p/bk, $39.95

The Ashgat e Resear ch Companion to Fan Cultures, Kinda Duits, Koos Zwaan, and Stijn Reinders (2014) Surrey, England: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 306 pp., ISBN: 9781409455622, h/bk, $149.95
Radio and popular journalism in Britain: Early radio critics and radio criticism
Authors: Rixon Paul
Published: November 2015

This article explores the way British radio critics began to write about radio in the national press during the 1920s and the early 1930s. I will argue that the way radio came to be covered at this time was a result of the way critics were situated in relation to the needs of and interactions between broadcasters, the press and the existing dominant cultural hierarchy of the time. In response to such tensions many critics began to adapt existing forms of coverage associated with theatre, film and book reviewing to this new aural medium, approaches already known to the editors, the public and themselves. Because of this, most critics came to focus on radio programmes as the text to critique and write about, using a form of impressionism. Others, however, began to create a more contextual approach, writing about radio more as a mass medium, created by broadcasting organizations such as the BBC. As this coverage began to appear in the national newspapers it came to play an important role in the way radio became accepted as part of popular culture.
RadioQuake: Getting back ‘on air’ after the Christchurch earthquakes
Authors: Joyce Zita
Published: November 2015

Local independent radio stations in Christchurch, New Zealand, had their operations severely disrupted by major earthquakes in September 2010 and February 2011. This article examines the experiences of three radio stations that were shut out of their central city premises by the cordon drawn around the city after the 22 February quake. One of the stations continued broadcasting automatically, while the others were unable to fully get back on air for several weeks afterwards. All of the stations had to manage access to workspaces, the emotional needs of staff and volunteers, the technical ability to broadcast, and the need to adapt content appropriately when back on air. For the locally based radio managers decisions had to be made about the future of the stations in a time of significant emotional, physical, and geological upheaval. The article explores how these radio stations were disrupted by the earthquake, and how they returned to air through new combinations and interconnections of people, workspace, technology, content and transmission.
Practice as Research within the Undergraduate Curriculum
Authors: Rogerson Mandy
Published: November 2015

Currently, ‘Practice as Research’ (PaR) offers a mode of study relevant to arts practice in many post-graduate programmes. "Practice as research, in any disciplinary area, privileges action as a methodological imperative" (Sjoberg & Hughes, n.d.). It offers a process in which practical knowledge is recognised as a foundation from which to build and develop new knowledge through research practices which synthesise theoretical and bodily investigation. As such, it could be suggested that HE undergraduate programmes which include elements of creative practice should recognise the importance of being able to investigate and research through doing, and the value of experiential learning, and should therefore consider the relevance of PaR within their curriculum. Differentiating between research-led practice, research-based practice and practice as research, this paper questions what PaR is, drawing on a range of postgraduate practices to provide examples, and raising the debate of whether PaR is a relevant mode of learning and assessment for undergraduate study.This paper provides a reflective evaluation of the tentative steps towards the introduction and development of PaR as a teaching and assessment process within the formation of a ‘choreography as investigation’ module on the FdA Contemporary Dance programme at Newcastle College. It highlights PaR concepts and questions how these could be adopted to enhance undergraduate practices. The article considers the benefits of Practice as Research within a vocational based HE programme, suggesting that PaR concepts support a reflective and considered approach to practical work, encouraging students who may not initially consider themselves academic to participate in and be discursive in academic debate relating to processes and experiences within the arts.
“I Still Feel Isolated and Disposable”: Perceptions of Professional Development for Part-time Teachers in HE
Authors: Leigh Jennifer S
Published: November 2015

Part-time teachers form an increasingly large part of the workforce within the Academy, in the UK and internationally. They can be employed on sessional or hourly-paid lecturer contracts, and as casual employees are not always able to access professional or academic development and support that is available for other employees. In 2013/14, there has been extensive coverage in the national and higher education press about ‘zero-hours’ contracts. Although some part-time teachers are also graduate students and able to access development through graduate schools and the like, it is likely that many hourly-paid lecturers are left without support. A survey of hourly-paid lecturers at one University in the UK provided data on how these individuals perceived the support and development opportunities available to them. Accessing the hourly-paid lecturers was challenging. Unsurprisingly, given the difficulties in communicating with them as a cohesive group, 60% (n=78) reported that they were unable to access or unaware of any development opportunities. In addition, this group of UK part-time teachers reported feeling isolated and lacking in support, as has been reported by casual academics in Australia.
Representing Academic Development
Authors: Gunn Cathy , Creanor Linda , Lent Neil , Smyth Keith
Published: November 2015

This article outlines strategies designed to meet the challenge of reporting on the influence of academic development work to different stakeholders. The broad scope of the work is illustrated by examples of initiatives at sector, institution, programme and practice levels. The examples demonstrate how the aims and approaches of academic development have evolved in recent years and why evaluating the expanded range of activities is challenging. This ‘evaluation challenge’ delays growth of a body of knowledge and gives rise to an ever-present risk of removal or restructure facing academic development centres in a rapidly changing higher education sector. The challenge should, therefore, be addressed as a matter of the highest priority.
Social Media as a tool for increased student participation and engagement outside the classroom in Higher Education
Authors: Graham Matthew
Published: November 2015

In recent years, the rise of social media networks and the potential they hold for Higher Education teaching and learning has not gone unnoticed by practitioners. There is now an increasing body of academic work that has set out to investigate the benefits that social media can have on the student learning experience. However, the vast majority of these studies have been carried out in American universities and largely focus on students enrolled in social science or science subjects. This study, building upon the findings of previous trials, sought to examine how social media platforms could be utilised to facilitate increased student participation and engagement amongst Humanities students at a British university. The project outcomes offered positive indicators about the potential that social media can hold for this form of learning, reinforced by the levels of interest and enthusiasm amongst students. Yet, the results also indicate that for social media to achieve its full potential, students need to be inculcated, nurtured and encouraged to engage with this form of learning.
Book Review Curriculum Models for the 21st Century: Using Learning Technologies in Higher Education
Authors: Smyth Keith
Published: November 2015

Curriculum Models for the 21st Century: Using Learning Technologies in Higher Education Maree Gosper and Dirk Ifenthaler (Eds.) Published by Springer, 2014
Assessing Quality And Effectiveness In Fully Online Distance Education
Authors: Smith Michael , Macdonald Donald
Published: November 2015

Online education has developed over the past two decades, initially in response to a desire to provide distance learning opportunities at degree level for remote communities. The University of the Highlands and Islands [UHI] in Scotland has been at the forefront of this. It has been possible to gain degrees using wholly online learning and teaching processes since 1995. In recent years, institutions across the globe have developed learning materials for online learning in order to both supplement the teaching and learning in face-to-face classes and to enable students to undertake entire programmes using online communications. The most recent developments have been in the advent of MOOCS and SPOCS. This paper seeks to (1) give an overview of the past 20 years of developments in online education, (2) provide a detailed review of recent research relating to standards, satisfaction and effectiveness of online education, (3) consider the costs and benefits across a range of definitions of online education and (4) examine the primary challenges, conflicts and opportunities for online distance learning and teaching in relation to the issues faced by students, educators and institutions.
Scaling up Open CPD for Teachers in Higher Education: A Snowballing Approach
Authors: Nerantzi Chrissi , Beckingham Sue
Published: November 2015

In this paper, we explore the snowballing approach developed for the openly licensed course Bring Your Own Device for Learning (BYOD4L) and the opportunities this presents to open cross-institutional CPD and open course development more generally. BYOD4L is a course for teachers and students in higher education which aims to help them gain both a better understanding of and develop their knowledge and skills in using their own smart devices for learning, teaching and professional development. BYOD4L has been developed by the authors and offered three times since 2014 with colleagues and students, participating Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) from the UK and Australia and further collaborators in the US and Germany. The development of the snowballing approach is shared using an action research methodology. We propose a rethink of current CPD practices. We invite course designers, academic developers and the wider academic community to explore new and emerging models of CPD that capitalise on scalable collaborative open educational practices.
The Role of Universities, Employers, Graduates and Professional Associations in the Development of Professional Skills of New Graduates
Authors: Vilapakkam Nagarajan Srivalli , Edwards Jenny
Published: November 2015

We examine the role of universities, employers, professional associations and graduates in the development of professional skills of new university graduates, through studying the professional work experiences of recent Australian information technology graduates as a particular case to inform our wider analysis and argument. We argue that the development of professional (or work-ready) skills is a distributed responsibility, and different stakeholders have different contributions to make. Furthermore, this approach will be successful only when each player accepts its responsibilities and cooperates with the others. It is suggested that: universities take responsibility for preparing graduates to learn how to learn in uncertain situations; employers take responsibility for training graduates when they commence work; graduates take personal responsibility for developing their professional skills both within and outside university studies and professional associations take responsibility for increasing students’ exposure to the industry through scholarships, internships, research and job ready programmes. Although the findings are grounded in data collected from new IT graduates, much of the discussion is relevant for other disciplines.
Book Review: Internationalizing the Curriculum
Authors: Bovill Catherine
Published: November 2015

Leask, B. (2015). Internationalizing the Curriculum. Abingdon: Routledge. ISBN: 978-0-41-572815-7
Determination of secondary school students' ability of making transitions between representations related to the
Authors: Ezberci Ebru , Kurnaz Mehmet Altan , Bayri Nezihe Gökçen
Published: November 2015

The aim of this study was to reveal secondary school students' ability of making transitions between text, picture, table and graphic representations related to the electricity. The research is a case study of the qualitative research methods. The working groups of the study were totally 100 students, including 50 from each of 6th, 7th and 8th students, studying at a secondary school in the 2012-2013 academic year. To determine the students' status of transitions in representations, a measurement tool relating to the subject of electricity was developed by researches. The measurement consists open-ended questions which questioned transitions representations (text, images, tables and graphics) with each other. Document analysis method was used in data analysis. In this context, determining specific criteria, established codes in accordance with the given answers by the students and the questions was evaluated in certain dimensions. Consequently, students were found to be inadequate to present transitions in representations in electricity. When the results are evaluated, it was suggested that during the teaching of electricity topic, teaching practices to draw attention to transition between different representations and in measurement-assessment processes, the questions reflecting the transition between different representations should be given; regulation the assessment questions in textbooks in this direction is recommended.
The effect of problem-based learning approach on academic success and motivation in science education
Authors: Kılıç İsmail , Moralar Ayhan
Published: November 2015

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of problem-based learning approach of "Matter and Heat" unit taking place in science and technology course involved in the curriculum of the 6th grade on the students' academic success and motivation towards science and technology course. The research was designed and implemented according to "pretest-posttest control group" experimental model. 6-A class (N=16) attending Büyükkarakarlı Primary School, Hayrabolu county, Tekirdağ was determined as the experimental group intentionally biased by the researcher in the second semester of 2009-2010 academic year. 6-A class (N=20) attending Hüseyin Korkmaz Primary School, Hayrabolu county, Tekirdağ was determined randomly among three sections of the 6th class as the control group. While problem-based learning approach was implemented for the experimental group; traditional approaches were applied in the control group. While implementing problem-based learning approach for the experimental group, problem scenarios developed by the researcher were used. "Academic Achievement Test" and "Science and Technology Course Motivation Scale" were used as the data collection tools. By means of data analysis, it is found out that problem-based learning approach is more effective than traditional method in terms of developing academic success on science and technology course and motivation towards this course.
The investigation of content validity of mathematics sub-test of the transition from primary to secondary education exam
Authors: Yılmaz Koğar Esin , Aygun Berna
Published: November 2015

In this study, the content validity of mathematics sub test of the transition from primary to secondary education exam (TEOG) which has six main subjects in 2013-2014 education year is analyzed. Content validity refers whether the test actually measures the related structures or performance or not. For this purpose, the item-objective congruence of 40 items of mathematics sub test in two semesters is evaluated. Mathematics has three examinations in a semester and TEOG is considered is second of these, and its content prepared to contain all the objectives gained until the examination day. Because of this reason it is important to fulfill content validity in TEOG like any other examination. To identify content validity in TEOG, expert opinions has been received and according to these opinions the content validity ratio and the content validity indexes calculated with Lawshe technique. With the light of these findings, four items at the first term TEOG mathematics examination and only one item at the second term TEOG mathematics examination identified to remove from these tests. After removing these items from both of the examination it is observed that both tests fulfill required criteria. In addition to this, it can be said that the second term TEOG mathematics test has higher content validity then first term one.
European aquaculture of sugar kelp (Saccharina latissima) for food industries: iodine content and epiphytic animals as major problems
Authors: Lüning Klaus , Mortensen Leiv
Published: November 2015

There is little use of cultivated kelp including Saccharina latissima (syn. Laminaria saccharina) in the European food industry, in contrast to the extensive use of Pyropia (syn. Porphyra) as Nori, e.g. in sushi restaurants. A major reason for this discrepancy is possibly the extremely high iodine content in laminarian species, i.e. 3–10 g I kg-1 dry weight, in contrast to the situation in Pyropia with its approximately 10 times lower iodine content. Another serious problem for commercial use of S. latissima from rope culture for food is the presence of epiphytic animals on the blades from May onwards as an unwanted food addition. This investigation presents data on iodine content in commercial samples of S. latissima, with indications of lower iodine values from rope cultivation in the Kattegat (Baltic) at reduced salinities, and in general from tank cultivation, possibly mainly due to rapid iodine depletion of seawater in the tanks. Boiling dried blades for several minutes in fresh water resulted in a reduction of the iodine content to approximately one third of the initial value after 2 min. Results from rope cultures in a Norwegian fjord showed the presence of epiphytic animals from early May onwards in the sea, which ruined the food quality of the blades, but the complete absence of such animals throughout the year in parallel tank-grown S. latissima, probably mainly due to mechanical prevention of larval settlement in tank tumble culture.
Food or fad? Challenges and opportunities for including seaweeds in a Nordic diet
Authors: Chapman Annelise S. , Stévant Pierrick , Larssen Wenche Emblem
Published: November 2015

Seaweeds represent highly nutritious seafood products with the potential for becoming more central elements in Western human diets than currently realized. Using locally available seaweed species (Palmaria palmata, Saccharina latissima, Laminaria digitata and Alaria esculenta), we tested preparation methods, flavour and taste perception in the context of a culinary experience. In collaboration with a local cooking school and a group of chefs, a cooking workshop explored the possibilities for seaweeds to be included in a variety of region-specific menus, testing their individual qualities and characteristics as sea vegetables, flavour enhancers and in condiments. Through developing quality descriptors for both steamed and dried products of the target species, the study laid the foundation for future systematic sensory analyses. Preliminary tests revealed a strong impact of species on sensory perception, with P. palmata having a sensory profile distinct from the kelp species. A consumer test of S. latissima in fish cakes confirmed our hypothesis that seaweeds as food ingredients do not negatively affect the taste experience for seafood dishes.
A preliminary study on the lithic resource utilization mode of the Mount Dagudui Site in Xiangfen County, Shanxi
Authors: Zhai Shaodong
Published: November 2015

Mount Dagudui Site is a lithic quarry site during the time of Taosi Culture. Large amounts of lithic blanks and halfproducts are found at this site, the materials of which are all the stones of metamorphic sandstone, and the spearshaped blank is the typical sample of these lithic products. In the angle of the lithology of the lithic products, this paper discussed the relationships between the Mount Dagudui Site and Taosi Site, as well as that among the other sites of the same period in the Linfen Basin, and further discussed the lithic resource utilization mode of the Mount Dagudui Site.
The salt-making workshop sites of the Shang and Western Zhou Dynasties in northern Shandong and their organization of production
Authors: Fu Yonggan
Published: November 2015

Referring to the results of the special surveys on the saltmaking archaeology in northern Shandong Province in recent years, the settlement pattern and the distribution rules of the salt-making workshops of the late Shang through Western Zhou Dynasties could be revealed. These workshops tended to be built in the places with the “yangzi” terrain (hillock or mound surrounded by wet lowland) or lacustrine landform, where the sweet water could be easily fetched. Through the comparative studies with the relevant situations in the Eastern Zhou Period, the issues such as the production organization and social attribution of the salt-making workshops of the late Shang through the Western Zhou Dynasties could be further explored. At that period, the salt-making industry was small-scaled production activities conducted by separated workshops without unified management, and this was exactly the fundamental cause for which the location selection of the salt-making workshops was heavily restricted by the natural resources.
The studies on the measuring devices of the Han Dynasty and the relevant issues
Authors: Bai Yunxiang
Published: November 2015

Great progress has been made in the study of the measurement of the Han Dynasty by the efforts of scholars of several generations. Increasing new discoveries have refreshed our understandings as well. The discoveries and analyses of rulers of the Han Dynasty indicate that the commonly used rulers at that time were made of bronze, bone and wood. Their materials and decorations varied in terms of date and region, and were often found as grave goods in the burials of women. The actual length of the unit “chi” was generally 23cm during the Western Han and Xin (Wang Mang Interregnum) Dynasties and was usually 23.4cm in the Eastern Han Dynasty. It could be seen as the standard measurement during that time. Archaeological research should calculate and understand the size of objects and architecture of the Han Dynasty based on this scale, but had better not be restricted by it. Therefore, an archaeological study with scientific perspective of measurement should adopt measurement concepts in historical context to investigate and analyze cultural remains and features, rather than deal with it stereotypically.
Gibt es eine universale philosophische Methode?
Authors: Hardy Jörg , Schamberger Christoph
Published: November 2015

The traditional criteria for distinguishing philosophy from other disciplines have either proved too limited or too broad. Only in its method does philosophy differentiate itself from other disciplines. Philosophy’s point of departure is constituted by spontaneous convictions (intuitions), which, in a first step, need to be articulated through conceptual analysis and then, in a second step, need to be justified; the third step comprises critiquing other philosophers’ thoughts and defending against others’ critique. This article proposes several metaphilosophical theses: Intuitions are not a fundamental source of evidence for philosophical theses, but are instead themselves in need of justification. Consistency is more important than truth; the task of philosophy is to develop extensive and, at the same time, consistent theories about the conceptual background of experience.
Prolegomena zu einer jeden künftigen Destruktion der Metaphysik: Heidegger und die Schwarzen Hefte
Authors: Gordon Peter E.
Published: November 2015

Following Kant’s idea of a “prolegomena” to any future metaphysics, the paper asks the methodological question as to how our current understanding of the Schwarze Hefte might change our habits of reading Heidegger’s philosophy in the future. The paper focuses on a certain interpretative dilemma. It has been a customary strategy for defenders of Heidegger’s philosophy to distinguish between its arguments and its history. But if one treats Heidegger’s work primarily as a set of arguments that can be abstracted from their own historical and cultural- political milieu, one commits precisely that gesture of “deworlding” the world (Entweltlichung der Welt) which Heidegger himself diagnosed as a species of rationalistic neutralization. Those who defend Heidegger in the customary fashion therefore appeal to the very ideal of a dehistoricised and atemporal truth that Heidegger saw as part of the tradition of metaphysical error. To defend Heidegger is therefore to betray him. The paper suggests that this gesture of betrayal cannot be avoided, and it concludes that Heidegger’s philosophy should now be understood not as an integrated or holistic “doctrine” but should rather be read in fragments from the ruins of the philosophical tradition.
Kampf der Besinnung
Authors: Kellerer Sidonie
Published: November 2015

Heidegger’s Black Notebooks demonstrate that there have been serious misconceptions about the status and aim of his philosophy and language. They show this to be a result of intentional misdirection which finds a twofold expression in his language: For one, an exceptional ‘few’ are addressed rather than the reader or listener in general. Being is seen as struggle of intuitive insight against common rationality, and communication must, thus, be intentionally ambivalent. Secondly, for the selected few the understanding and guiding of our Being is a matter not of human emancipation but a process of völkisch ‘awakening’ and ‘perception.’
Fe-mediated ICAR ATRP of methyl methacrylate on photoinduced miniemulsion polymerization
Authors: Zhan Xue-Hui
Published: November 2015

The initiators for continuous activator regeneration (ICAR) atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of methyl methacrylate (MMA) were investigated in microemulsion under light irradiation with ethyl 2-bromoisbutyrate (EBiB) as an ATRP initiator, ferric chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3·6H2O) as a catalyst, N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-1,2-ethanediamine (TMEDA) as a ligand, and azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as an initiator and reducing agent. The linear dependence of ln([M]0/[M]) on polymerization time was observed, indicating that the polymerization was living polymerization. Furthermore, the number-average molecular weights (Mn), gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and molecular weight distributions (MWD) of the PMMA obtained from GPC were controlled. The product was characterized by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and GPC. The living features were verified by chain-extended with MMA with the obtained PMMA as macroinitiator.
Haselnüsse, Erotik und Epistemologie in der Literatur des Mittelalters
Authors: Classen Albrecht
Published: November 2015

Anhand eines recht ungewohnlichen Mare, Der Ritter und die Nüsse, wird hier die universale und oft ratselhafte Funktion der Haselnus in der Literatur des Mittelalters analysiert. Beispiele dafur finden sich in den Lais der Marie de France, in der deutschen Marendichtung, in den mystischen Texten der Julian of Norwich und in der Volkslieddichtung des Spatmittelalters. Von dort ausgehend erlebte das Motiv der Haselnus eine durchgehende Rezeption bis weit ins 19., wahrscheinlich sogar noch bis ins 20. Jahrhundert.
The Effect of Foreign Direct Investment Inflows on Income Inequality: Evidence from China
Authors: Mah Jai S.
Published: November 2015

This paper uses data for China during the period 1982–2010 and tests the effect of FDI inflows on income inequality, which is measured by the urban Gini coefficient. A small-sample cointegration test and autoregressive distributed lag bounds test are used as the cointegration tests. According to them, the variables under consideration are not cointegrated. The GMM estimation results show that income inequality worsens with FDI flows into China. The evidence from China shows a non-linear effect of FDI inflows on income inequality.
Evaluation of standardized, computerized Dawes/Redman heart-rate analysis based on different recording methods and in relation to fetal beat-to-beat heart rate variability
Authors: Seliger Gregor , Stenzel Ariane , Kowalski Eva-Maria , Hoyer Dirk , Nowack Samuel , Seeger Sven , Schneider Uwe
Published: November 2015

Dawes and Redman (DR) based their definition of short-term variation (STV) on the successive differences of mean inter-beat intervals dividing 1 min of cardiotocography recordings in 16 epochs of 3.75 s each. In contrast, heart rate variability (HRV) is based on the inter-beat intervals of discrete R peaks, also referred to as normal-to-normal (NN) intervals. Despite the historical achievements of DR in providing a robust method with the equipment available at the time to encourage the widespread use and creation of large databases, one must ask whether the STV (DR) parameter is reproducible using a different method of recording, and how much temporal information is actually lost by applying the averaging algorithm sketched above. We simultaneously performed both standard Oxford cardiotocography and transabdominal fetal electrocardiography recordings in 26 patients with low-risk singletons. In addition, we revisited our database of 418 standard fetal magnetocardiographic recordings, applying the DR algorithm to the fetal NN data and compared them to standard HRV parameters. The correlation between STV (DR) from cardiotocography and fetal electrocardiography was stronger that of either with short term fHRV from NN intervals. The methodological trade-off to gain STV as a robust parameter from heart rate traces of limited temporal resolution is accompanied by a loss of temporal information that, at the moment, only fetal magnetocardiography and, to a lesser extent, fetal electrocardiography may provide.
Depolarization of Hippocampal Neurons Induces Formation of Nonsynaptic NMDA Receptor Islands Resembling Nascent Postsynaptic Densities
Authors: Tao-Cheng Jung-Hwa , Azzam Rita , Crocker Virginia , Winters Christine A. , Reese Tom
Published: November 2015

Depolarization of neurons in 3-week-old rat hippocampal cultures promotes a rapid increase in the density of surface NMDA receptors (NRs), accompanied by transient formation of nonsynaptic NMDA receptor clusters or NR islands. Islands exhibit cytoplasmic dense material resembling that at postsynaptic densities (PSDs), and contain typical PSD components, including MAGUKS (membrane-associated guanylate kinases), GKAP, Shank, Homer, and CaMKII detected by pre-embedding immunogold electron microscopy. In contrast to mature PSDs, islands contain more NMDA than AMPA receptors, and more SAP102 than PSD-95, features that are shared with nascent PSDs in developing synapses. Islands do not appear to be exocytosed or endocytosed directly as preformed packages because neurons lacked intracellular vacuoles containing island-like structures. Islands form and disassemble upon depolarization of neurons on a time scale of 2-3 min, perhaps representing an initial stage in synaptogenesis.
There and Back Again: Hippocampus and Retrosplenial Cortex Track Homing Distance during Human Path Integration
Authors: Chrastil Elizabeth R. , Sherrill Katherine R. , Hasselmo Michael E. , Stern Chantal E.
Published: November 2015

Path integration, the updating of position and orientation during movement, often involves tracking a home location. Here, we examine processes that could contribute to successful location tracking in humans. In particular, we investigate a homing vector model of path integration, whereby a navigator continuously tracks a trajectory back to the home location. To examine this model, we developed a loop task for fMRI, in which participants viewed movement that circled back to a home location in a sparse virtual environment. In support of a homing vector system, hippocampus, retrosplenial cortex, and parahippocampal cortex were responsive to Euclidean distance from home. These results provide the first evidence of a constantly maintained homing signal in the human brain. In addition, hippocampus, retrosplenial cortex, and parahippocampal cortex, as well as medial prefrontal cortex, were recruited during successful path integration. These findings suggest that dynamic processes recruit hippocampus, retrosplenial cortex, and parahippocampal cortex in support of path integration, including a homing vector system that tracks movement relative to home.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTPath integration is the continual updating of position and orientation during navigation. Animal studies have identified place cells and grid cells as important for path integration, but underlying models of path integration in humans have rarely been studied. The results of our novel loop closure task are the first to suggest that a homing vector tracks Euclidean distance from the home location, supported by the hippocampus, retrosplenial cortex, and parahippocampal cortex. These findings suggest a potential homing vector mechanism supporting path integration, which recruits hippocampus and retrosplenial cortex to track movement relative to home. These results provide new avenues for computational and animal models by directing attention to homing vector models of path integration, which differ from current movement-tracking models.
Role of the Suprachiasmatic and Arcuate Nuclei in Diurnal Temperature Regulation in the Rat
Authors: Guzmán-Ruiz Mara Alaide , Ramirez-Corona Arlen , Guerrero-Vargas Natali Nadia , Sabath Elizabeth , Ramirez-Plascencia Oscar Daniel , Fuentes-Romero Rebecca , León-Mercado Luis Abel , Basualdo Sigales MariCarmen , Escobar Carolina , Buijs Ruud Marinus
Published: November 2015

In mammals, daily changes in body temperature (Tb) depend on the integrity of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Fasting influences the Tb in the resting period and the presence of the SCN is essential for this process. However, the origin of this circadian/metabolic influence is unknown. We hypothesized that, not only the SCN but also the arcuate nucleus (ARC), are involved in the Tb setting through afferents to the thermoregulatory median preoptic nucleus (MnPO). Therefore, we investigated by neuronal tracing and microdialysis experiments the possible targeting of the MnPO by the SCN and the ARC in male Wistar rats. We observed that vasopressin release from the SCN decreases the temperature just before light onset, whereas α-melanocyte stimulating hormone release, especially at the end of the dark period, maintains high temperature. Both peptides have opposite effects on the brown adipose tissue activity through thermoregulatory nuclei such as the dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus and the dorsal raphe nucleus. The present study indicates that the coordination between circadian and metabolic signaling within the hypothalamus is essential for an adequate temperature control.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTWhen circadian and metabolic systems are not well synchronized, individuals may develop metabolic diseases. The underlying mechanisms are unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the balance between the releases of neuropeptides derived from the biological clock and from a metabolic sensory organ as the arcuate nucleus, are essential for an adequate temperature control. These observations show that brain areas involved in circadian and metabolic functions of the body need to interact to produce a coherent arrangement of physiological processes associated with temperature control.
S6 Kinase Reflects and Regulates Ethanol-Induced Sedation
Authors: Acevedo Summer F. , Peru y Colón de Portugal Raniero L. , Gonzalez Dante A. , Rodan Aylin R. , Rothenfluh Adrian
Published: November 2015

Alcohol use disorders (AUDs) affect people at great individual and societal cost. Individuals at risk for AUDs are sensitive to alcohol's rewarding effects and/or resistant to its aversive and sedating effects. The molecular basis for these traits is poorly understood. Here, we show that p70 S6 kinase (S6k), acting downstream of the insulin receptor (InR) and the small GTPase Arf6, is a key mediator of ethanol-induced sedation inDrosophila. S6k signaling in the adult nervous system determines flies' sensitivity to sedation. Furthermore, S6k activity, measured via levels of phosphorylation (P-S6k), is a molecular marker for sedation and overall neuronal activity: P-S6k levels are decreased when neurons are silenced, as well as after acute ethanol sedation. Conversely, P-S6k levels rebound upon recovery from sedation and are increased when neuronal activity is enhanced. Reducing neural activity increases sensitivity to ethanol-induced sedation, whereas neuronal activation decreases ethanol sensitivity. These data suggest that ethanol has acute silencing effects on adult neuronal activity, which suppresses InR/Arf6/S6k signaling and results in behavioral sedation. In addition, we show that activity of InR/Arf6/S6k signaling determines flies' behavioral sensitivity to ethanol-induced sedation, highlighting this pathway in acute responses to ethanol.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTGenetic factors play a major role in the development of addiction. Identifying these genes and understanding their molecular mechanisms is a necessary first step in the development of targeted therapeutic intervention. Here, we show that signaling from the insulin receptor inDrosophilaneurons determines flies' sensitivity to ethanol-induced sedation. We show that this signaling cascade includes the small GTPase Arf6 and S6 kinase (S6k). In addition, activity of S6k is regulated by acute ethanol exposure and by neuronal activity. S6k activity is therefore both an acute target of ethanol exposure and a regulator of ethanol's effects on behavior.