bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
1H NMR‐based metabonomic applications to decipher gut microbial metabolic influence on mammalian health
Authors: Martin François‐Pierre J. , Collino Sebastiano , Rezzi Serge
Published: January 2012

Recent advances in molecular biology and microbiology have increased awareness on the importance of the gut microbiota to the overall mammalian host's health status. There is therefore increasing interest in nutrition research to characterise the molecular foundations of the gut microbial mammalian crosstalk at both physiological and biochemical pathway levels. Tackling these challenges can be achieved through systems biology strategies based on the measurement of metabolites to assess the highly complex metabolic exchanges between diverse biological compartments, including organs, biofluids and microbial symbionts. By opening a direct biochemical window into the metabolome, metabonomics is uniquely suited for the identification of biomarkers providing better understanding of these complex metabolic processes. Recent applications of top‐down system biology based on 1H NMR spectroscopy coupled to advanced chemometric modelling approaches provided compelling evidence that system‐wide and organ‐specific changes in biochemical processes may be finely tuned by gut microbial activities. This review aims at describing current advances in NMR‐based metabonomics where the main objective is to discern the molecular pathways and biochemical mechanisms under the influence of the gut microbiota. Furthermore, emphasis is given on nutritional approaches, where the quest for homeostatic balance is dependent not only on the host but also on the nutritional modulation of the gut microbiota–host metabolic interactions, using, for instance, probiotics and prebiotics. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The HRMAS–NMR tool in foodstuff characterisation
Authors: Valentini Massimiliano , Ritota Mena , Cafiero Caterina , Cozzolino Sara , Leita Liviana , Sequi Paolo
Published: January 2012

High resolution magic angle spinning, that is, HRMAS, is a quite novel tool in NMR spectroscopy; it offers the almost unique opportunity of measuring intact tissues disguised as suspended or swollen in a deuterated solvent. The feasibility of 1H–HRMAS–NMR in foodstuff characterisation has been exploited, but in spite of this, its applications are still limited. Metabolic profiling and biopolymer composition and aggregation are the topics investigated until now for raw vegetables, meat and processed foodstuff. Almost all known studies are reported in the next pages. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
NMR comparison of in vitro digestion of Parmigiano Reggiano cheese aged 15 and 30 months
Authors: Bordoni Alessandra , Picone Gianfranco , Babini Elena , Vignali Massimiliano , Danesi Francesca , Valli Veronica , Di Nunzio Mattia , Laghi Luca , Capozzi Francesco
Published: January 2012

The content of essential amino acids is an important aspect for determining the nutritional value of food proteins, but their digestibility is also a key property, deeply affected by food processing. The production of Parmigiano Reggiano cheese is closely related to the nutritional quality of the final product; in particular the high digestibility of its proteins is claimed to be proportional to cheese aging. Two different kinds of Parmigiano Reggiano, young (aged 15 months) and old (aged 30 months), were separately digested using an in vitro system that simulates digestive processes in the mouth, stomach and small intestine. Samples were collected at different stages of digestion and the process of protein hydrolysis was explored and compared by low‐field (LF) and high‐resolution (HR) NMR, together with other biochemical methods. HR‐NMR allowed to simultaneously observe the quantity of free amino acids, peptides and proteins, also giving for these latter qualitative information about their dimension. LF‐NMR, instead, gave the possibility to observe digestion with no treatments whatsoever, thus representing a technique suitable for on‐line measurements. The results pointed out that cheeses with different aging times, although starting from distinct initial compositions, conclude digestion in a similar way, in terms of free amino acids and small organic compounds, but evolve with different kinetics of hydrolysis and peptide formation, discriminating the young from the old cheese. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High resolution NMR characterization of olive oils in terms of quality, authenticity and geographical origin
Authors: Mannina Luisa , Sobolev Anatoly P.
Published: January 2012

This review deals with the most relevant results obtained in the last 10 years of studies of olive oils by high field nuclear magnetic resonance. Among these, quality and authenticity of olive oils, as well as geographical and variety characterization of Mediterranean olive oils, are discussed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metabolic MR imaging of regional triglyceride and creatine content in the human heart
Authors: Weiss Kilian , Martini Nicola , Boesiger Peter , Kozerke Sebastian
Published: January 2012

An optimized echo‐planar spectroscopic imaging sequence is proposed to facilitate spatial mapping of triglyceride and total creatine content in the human heart. The sequence integrates local‐look field of view reduction, cardiac and respiratory gating, and dedicated reconstruction steps to account for gradient channel delays, field inhomogeneity, and phase incoherence due to residual motion. The technique is demonstrated in 12 volunteers in comparison to single voxel point‐resolved spectroscopy in the septal wall at 1.5 T. Triglyceride‐to‐water and total creatine‐to‐water ratios derived from echo‐planar spectroscopic imaging (0.48 ± 0.18% and 0.06 ± 0.03%) and point‐resolved spectroscopy (0.52 ± 0.17% and 0.07 ± 0.02%) were found to agree well. In the septal region, intraclass correlation coefficients ranging from 0.67 to 0.72 were estimated. A relatively weak agreement (intraclass correlation coefficients: 0.34 and 0.52) was found for sectors in the lateral wall due to field gradients induced by the posterior vein and limited sensitivity of the receive coil array in this area. On the basis of the findings, it is concluded that fast spectroscopic imaging of both cardiac triglyceride and total creatine content is feasible. Shimming and sensitivity challenges in the lateral region remain, however, to be addressed. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Simple baseline correction for 1H MRSI data of the prostate
Authors: Wright Alan J. , Heerschap Arend
Published: January 2012

Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging of the prostate can detect and localise tumour tissue in patients with prostate cancer. Pattern recognition methods have the potential to discriminate tumour from normal tissue using the spectral patterns of magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging data thus providing a powerful tool for diagnosis and monitoring treatment of prostate cancer. Prostate magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging data acquisition has been optimized for a flat baseline, including a long echo time and the use of water and fat suppression pulses. Despite this acquisition method, lipid resonances may still occur particularly at the margins of the prostate. Correcting the baseline by removing lipid artifacts is, therefore, a necessary processing step. We propose a simple baseline correction method for prostate magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging through subtraction of a single simulated‐Lorentzian resonance. This method is shown to restore flat baselines to a test set of spectra and compares favorably with a state‐space modeling approach. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Simulation of head‐gradient‐coil induced electric fields in a human model
Authors: Feldman Rebecca E. , Odegaard James , Handler William B. , Chronik Blaine A.
Published: January 2012

A finite difference method was used to simulate the electric fields induced in the model by a gradient wire pattern. The pattern simulated corresponded to a design used to perform peripheral nerves stimulation experiments. The size (187.8, 169.02, and 150.24 cm tall) and position (brain and neck mode) of the model, relative to the magnet, as well as the voxel dimensions (3, 6, and 9 mm) of the model were varied to assess the effect on the simulation. The locations of stimulation reported from an experiment were classified according to nerve branch and compared with the peak‐simulated electric fields. Model size and location affected the magnitude of the electric field, but not the position. Model resolution affected the location of the peak field. For the smallest resolution investigated, the nerves affected by the locations of peak stimulations in the model correlated to the frequency of stimulation in experiments. Although adequate resolution is required in order to assess the electric fields induced by gradient coil operation, the simulation of electric fields may be useful in evaluating gradient coil design prior to construction. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hyperpolarized 129Xe gas lung MRI–SNR and T2* comparisons at 1.5 T and 3 T
Authors: Xu Xiaojun , Norquay Graham , Parnell Steven R. , Deppe Martin H. , Ajraoui Salma , Hashoian Ralph , Marshall Helen , Griffiths Paul D. , Parra‐Robles Juan , Wild Jim M.
Published: January 2012

In this study, the signal‐to‐noise ratio of hyperpolarized 129Xe human lung magnetic resonance imaging was compared at 1.5 T and 3 T. Experiments were performed at both B0 fields with quadrature double Helmholtz transmit–receive chest coils of the same geometry with the same subject loads. Differences in sensitivity between the two field strengths were assessed from the signal‐to‐noise ratio of multi‐slice 2D 129Xe ventilation lung images obtained at the two field strengths with a spatial resolution of 15 mm × 4 mm × 4 mm. There was a systematically higher signal‐to‐noise ratio observed at 3 T than at 1.5 T by a factor of 1.25. Mean image signal‐to‐noise ratio was in the range 27–44 at 1.5 T and 36–51 at 3 T. T of 129Xe gas in the partially inflated lungs was measured to be 25 ms and 18 ms at 1.5 T and 3 T, respectively. T of 129Xe gas in fully inflated lungs was measured to be 52 ms and 24 ms at 1.5 T and 3 T, respectively. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Severe fetal and neonatal hemolytic anemia due to a 198 kb deletion removing the complete β‐globin gene cluster
Authors: Verhovsek Madeleine , Shah Nirmish R. , Wilcox Ibifiri , Koenig Sara C. , Barros Tiago , Thornburg Courtney D. , Steinberg Martin H. , Luo Hong‐yuan , Chui David H.K.
Published: January 2012

Fetal and neonatal hemolytic anemia can be caused by (γδβ)0‐thalassemia deletions of the β‐globin gene cluster. Many of these deletions have not been well characterized, and diagnostic tests are not readily available, thus hampering carrier detection, family counseling, and antenatal diagnosis. We report and define a 198 kb deletion removing the entire β‐globin gene cluster, which was found in members of a multigeneration family of Irish/Scottish descent. The proband had life‐threatening fetal and neonatal hemolytic anemia which subsided by 1 year of age. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 59: 941–944. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
New reaction kinetics for a high‐rate chemical bath deposition of the Zn(S,O) buffer layer for Cu(In,Ga)Se2‐based solar cells
Authors: Hariskos Dimitrios , Menner Richard , Jackson Philip , Paetel Stefan , Witte Wolfram , Wischmann Wiltraud , Powalla Michael , Bürkert Linda , Kolb Torsten , Oertel Mike , Dimmler Bernhard , Fuchs Bettina
Published: January 2012

We report on a new chemical bath deposition kinetics for the zinc sulfide oxide Zn(S,O) buffer layer as used in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS)‐based solar cells. The new approach allows at high rates a better control of the growth kinetics, the step coverage on the rough CIGS surface, and the [S]/([S]+[O]) ratio in the film. Layer thicknesses as needed for buffer layer applications can be grown at moderate temperatures of 60–80 °C within 5–8 min. Applying this high‐rate Zn(S,O) buffer in CIGS/Zn(S,O)/(Zn,Mg)O/ZnO:Al devices, we realized highly efficient small area solar cells, 30 × 30 cm2 submodules, and 60 × 120 cm2 full‐size modules. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Absorption coefficient for the intraband transitions in quantum dot materials
Authors: Luque Antonio , Martí Antonio , Mellor Alex , Fuertes Marrón D. , Tobías I. , Antolín E.
Published: January 2012

In this paper, we present calculations of the absorption coefficient for transitions between the bound states of quantum dots grown within a semiconductor and the extended states of the conduction band. For completeness, transitions among bound states are also presented. In the separation of variables, single band k·p model is used in which most elements may be expressed analytically. The analytical formulae are collected in the appendix of this paper. It is concluded that the transitions are strong enough to provide a quick path to the conduction band for electrons pumped from the valence to the intermediate band. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and double doping behavior of a poly(p‐phenylenevinylene)s bearing conjugated side chains
Authors: Kawashima Hirotsugu , Kawabata Kohsuke , Goto Hiromasa
Published: January 2012

A poly(p‐phenylenevinylene) derivative bearing conjugated side chains (polyCPV) was synthesized by Migita‐Kosugi‐Stille type coupling polycondensation reaction. This polymer contains phenylenevinylene units in both the main chain and the side chains. UV–vis absorption and fluorescence emission spectroscopies revealed a well‐developed π‐conjugation of the polyCPV. The absorption band of the polymer was extended to long wavelengths. A fluorescent emission maximum of polyCPV is located at considerably longer wavelengths than that of the conjugated side chain monomer. Electron spin resonance measurements of polyCPV confirmed generation of charge species in both the main chain and the side chains via iodine doping. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Long‐term effect of the self‐management comprehensive coping strategy program on quality of life in patients with breast cancer treated with high‐dose chemotherapy
Authors: Gaston‐Johansson Fannie , Fall‐Dickson Jane M. , Nanda Joy P. , Sarenmalm Elisabeth Kenne , Browall Maria , Goldstein Nancy
Published: January 2012

Background

This study aims to examine the effectiveness of a self‐management multimodal comprehensive coping strategy program (CCSP) on quality of life (QOL) among breast cancer patients 1 year after treatment.

Methods

Patients (n = 110) with stage II, III, or IV breast cancer scheduled to receive high dose chemotherapy and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation were randomized to either CCSP treatment or control group. The CCSP intervention was taught 2 week before hospital admission with reinforcement at specified times during treatment and 3 months after discharge. The CCSP components included educational information, cognitive restructuring, coping skills enhancement, and relaxation with guided imagery. Instruments administered at baseline included the following: Quality of Life Index—Cancer Version (QOLI‐CV), State–Trait Anxiety Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory, and Coping Strategies Questionnaire. At 1‐year follow‐up, patients (n = 73) completed and returned the follow‐up QOLI‐CV.

Results

Patients were mainly ≥40 years of age, married, Caucasian, and diagnosed with advanced breast cancer. A model measuring effectiveness of CCSP on QOL (total and subscale) at 1‐year follow‐up showed that the CCSP group (n = 38) had significant improvement in overall QOL (p < 0.01), health and functioning (p < 0.05), and socioeconomic (p < 0.05) and psychological/spiritual well‐being (p < 0.01) compared with the control group (n = 35). The CCSP patients frequently used the CCSP to manage psychological (51%) and sleep problems (60%).

Conclusions

The CCSP improved QOL for patients at 1‐year follow‐up. Patients overwhelmingly reported that CCSP was beneficial. The CCSP as an effective coping intervention has potential as a self‐management program for breast cancer survivors. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Randomized clinical trial of a brief and extensive dyadic intervention for advanced cancer patients and their family caregivers
Authors: Northouse Laurel L. , Mood Darlene W. , Schafenacker Ann , Kalemkerian Gregory , Zalupski Mark , LoRusso Patricia , Hayes Daniel F. , Hussain Maha , Ruckdeschel John , Fendrick A. Mark , Trask Peter C. , Ronis David L. , Kershaw Trace
Published: January 2012

Background

Few intervention programs assist patients and their family caregivers to manage advanced cancer and maintain their quality of life (QOL). This study examined (i) whether patient–caregiver dyads (i.e., pairs) randomly assigned to a brief or extensive dyadic intervention (the FOCUS Program) had better outcomes than dyads randomly assigned to usual care and (ii) whether patients' risk for distress and other factors moderated the effect of the brief or extensive program on outcomes.

Methods

Advanced cancer patients and their caregivers (N = 484 dyads) were stratified by patients' baseline risk for distress (high versus low), cancer type (lung, colorectal, breast, or prostate), and research site and then randomly assigned to a brief (three‐session) or extensive (six‐session) intervention or control. The interventions offered dyads information and support. Intermediary outcomes were appraisals (i.e., appraisal of illness/caregiving, uncertainty, and hopelessness) and resources (i.e., coping, interpersonal relationships, and self‐efficacy). The primary outcome was QOL. Data were collected prior to intervention and post‐intervention (3 and 6 months from baseline). The final sample was 302 dyads. Repeated measures MANCOVA was used to evaluate outcomes.

Results

Significant group by time interactions showed that there was an improvement in dyads' coping (p < 0.05), self‐efficacy (p < 0.05), and social QOL (p < 0.01) and in caregivers' emotional QOL (p < 0.05). Effects varied by intervention dose. Most effects were found at 3 months only. Risk for distress accounted for very few moderation effects.

Conclusions

Both brief and extensive programs had positive outcomes for patient–caregiver dyads, but few sustained effects. Patient–caregiver dyads benefit when viewed as the ‘unit of care’. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The structural basis for substrate versatility of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase CATI
Authors: Biswas Tapan , Houghton Jacob L. , Garneau‐Tsodikova Sylvie , Tsodikov Oleg V.
Published: January 2012

Novel antibiotics are needed to overcome the challenge of continually evolving bacterial resistance. This has led to a renewed interest in mechanistic studies of once popular antibiotics like chloramphenicol (CAM). Chloramphenicol acetyltransferases (CATs) are enzymes that covalently modify CAM, rendering it inactive against its target, the ribosome, and thereby causing resistance to CAM. Of the three major types of CAT (CATI‐III), the CAM‐specific CATIII has been studied extensively. Much less is known about another clinically important type, CATI. In addition to inactivating CAM and unlike CATIII, CATI confers resistance to a structurally distinct antibiotic, fusidic acid. The origin of the broader substrate specificity of CATI has not been fully elucidated. To understand the substrate binding features of CATI, its crystal structures in the unbound (apo) and CAM‐bound forms were determined. The analysis of these and previously determined CATI‐FA and CATIII‐CAM structures revealed interactions responsible for CATI binding to its substrates and clarified the broader substrate preference of CATI compared to that of CATIII.
Thermally Induced Structural and Morphological Changes of CdSe/CdS Octapods
Authors: Goris Bart , Van Huis Marijn A. , Bals Sara , Zandbergen Henny W. , Manna Liberato , Van Tendeloo Gustaaf
Published: January 2012

Branched nanostructures are of great interest because of their promising optical and electronic properties. For successful and reliable integration in applications such as photovoltaic devices, the thermal stability of the nanostructures is of major importance. Here the different domains (CdSe cores, CdS pods) of the heterogeneous octapods are shown to have different thermal stabilities, and heating is shown to induce specific shape changes. The octapods are heated from room temperature to 700 °C, and investigated using (analytical and tomographic) transmission electron microscopy (TEM). At low annealing temperatures, pure Cd segregates in droplets at the outside of the octapods, indicating non‐stochiometric composition of the octapods. Furthermore, the tips of the pods lose their faceting and become rounded. Further heating to temperatures just below the sublimation temperature induces growth of the zinc blende core at the expense of the wurtzite pods. At higher temperatures, (500–700 °C), sublimation of the octapods is observed in real time in the TEM. Three‐dimensional tomographic reconstructions reveal that the four pods pointing into the vacuum have a lower thermal stability than the four pods that are in contact with the support.
Evaluation and initial in vitro and ex vivo characterization of the potential positron emission tomography ligand, BU99008 (2‐(4,5‐Dihydro‐1H‐imidazol‐2‐yl)‐1‐ methyl‐1H‐indole), for the imidazoline2 binding site
Authors: Tyacke Robin J. , Fisher Amy , Robinson Emma S.J. , Grundt Peter , Turner Emma M. , Husbands Stephen M. , Hudson Alan L. , Parker Christine A. , Nutt David J.
Published: January 2012

The density of the Imidazoline2 binding site (I2BS) has been shown to change in psychiatric conditions such as depression and addiction, along with neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's chorea. The presence of I2BS on glial cells and the possibility that they may in some way regulate glial fibrillary acidic protein has led to increased interest into the role of I2BS and I2BS ligands in conditions characterized by marked gliosis. In addition, it has been suggested that I2BS may be a marker for human glioblastomas. Therefore, the development of a positron emission tomography (PET) radioligand for the I2BS would be of major benefit in our understanding of these conditions. We now report the successful synthesis and initial pharmacological evaluation of potential PET radioligands for the I2BS as well as the tritiation and characterization of the most favorable of the series, BU99008 (6), both in vitro and ex vivo in rat. The series as a whole demonstrated excellent affinity and selectivity for the I2BS, with BU99008 (6) selected as the lead candidate to be taken forward for in vivo assessment. BU99008 (6) showed very good affinity for the I2BS (Ki of 1.4 nM; Kd = 1.3 nM), good selectivity compared with the α2‐adrenoceptor (909‐fold). In addition, following peripheral administration, [3H]BU99008 demonstrated a heterogenous uptake into the rat brain consistent with the known distribution of the I2BS in vivo. This, and the amenability of BU99008 (6) to radiolabeling with a positron‐emitting radioisotope, indicates its potential as a PET radioligand for imaging the I2BS in vivo. Synapse, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Test‐retest stability of cerebral mGluR5 quantification using [11C]ABP688 and positron emission tomography in rats
Authors: Elmenhorst David , Aliaga Antonio , Bauer Andreas , Rosa‐Neto Pedro
Published: January 2012

This study evaluates the reproducibility of the quantification of metabotropic glutamate receptor type 5 (mGluR5) densities in rats using the PET radiotracer [11C]ABP688 and pharmacokinetic models that are based on an input function, which is derived from a reference tissue. Seven rats underwent dynamic PET scans (60 min) after bolus injection of [11C]ABP688. Kinetic analyses included: binding potential (BPND) determined by calculating (a) the simplified reference tissue model (SRTM) and (b) its two‐steps simplified version (SRTM2); (c) multilinear reference tissue model (MRTM) and (d) its 2‐parameter version (MRTM2); (e) noninvasive graphical analysis (NIGA). Parametric images were generated representing BPND by the MRTM2 model. BPND determinations were reproducible with low to acceptable variability ranging from 5 to 10% and reproducibility scores (intraclass correlation coefficient) between 0.51 and 0.88. The pharmacokinetic model that showed lowest overall variability was the SRTM. In contrast, the use of the NIGA was associated with significantly lower reproducibility scores. Comparison of parametric images revealed no significant bias between test and retest measurements and is therefore suitable to compare groups at voxel levels. In conclusion, our results suggest that noninvasive quantification of [11C]ABP688 imaging is reproducible and reliable for PET studies of the cerebral mGluR5 in rats. Synapse, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
D1–NMDA receptor interactions in the rat nucleus accumbens change during adolescence
Authors: Huppé‐Gourgues Frédéric , O'donnell Patricio
Published: January 2012

Many aspects of the dopamine (DA) system mature during adolescence. For example, the DA modulation of glutamate responses in the rat prefrontal cortex (PFC) acquires adult characteristics during late adolescence. In the striatum, D1 receptors modulate NMDA responses, but whether this behaviorally important interaction matures during adolescence is not known. Here, we tested whether the D1 agonist SKF38393 affects NMDA actions on nucleus accumbens medium spiny neuron (MSN) excitability in slices from juvenile and young adult rats. NMDA dose‐dependently increased excitability in both age groups, and the D1 agonist produced a marginal increase of MSN excitability. In juvenile slices, the most common interaction was a downregulation of NMDA effects on excitability by the D1 agonist, whereas in most adult MSN, the D1 agonist increased NMDA effects on MSN excitability. These results suggest that D1–NMDA receptor interactions in the nucleus accumbens change during adolescence, a change that may result in different processing of reward functions during this critical developmental stage. Synapse, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A decision support system for super tall building development
Authors: Lee Jong‐San , Lee Hyun‐Soo , Park Moon‐Seo , Ji Sae‐Hyun
Published: January 2012

Super tall building projects commonly inherit a slow and lengthy decision making process due to financial uncertainties, in spite of large investments. However, current decision‐making practices depend upon detailed cost estimating and scheduling during the design development phase and not rough cost estimating and scheduling during the schematic design phase. Discrepancies between a project budget and program with estimated construction cost and construction period often result in architect and consultants having to perform costly re‐design work. To mitigate these issues, this study proposes a decision support system (DSS) model. An interim design development phase is introduced between the schematic design phase and the design development phase. Design alternative generation, database, cost and schedule estimation modules are developed. The design alternative generation module provides design alternatives that change proportionately in response to increases or decreases in the number of building stories. The database module is established for cost and schedule estimation modules. The cost and schedule estimation modules produce construction costs and construction period for design alternatives. Finally, the proposed DSS is validated through the case study of an ongoing real super tall building. Ultimately, the new DSS can assist project control groups in performing efficient and financially beneficial decision making in terms of construction cost and construction period. This research provides a fundamental step towards the development of the DSS for super tall building projects. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fostering Marginalized Youths’ Political Participation: Longitudinal Roles of Parental Political Socialization and Youth Sociopolitical Development
Authors: Diemer Matthew A.
Published: January 2012

This study examines the roles of parental political socialization and the moral commitment to change social inequalities in predicting marginalized youths’ (defined here as lower‐SES youth of color) political participation. These issues are examined by applying structural equation modeling to a longitudinal panel of youth. Because tests of measurement invariance suggested racial/ethnic heterogeneity, the structural model was fit separately for three racial/ethnic groups. For each group, parental political socialization: discussion predicted youths’ commitment to produce social change and for two groups, longitudinally predicted political participation. This study contributes to the literature by examining civic/political participation among disparate racial/ethnic groups, addresses an open scholarly question (whether youths’ commitment to create social change predicts their “traditional” participation), and emphasizes parents’ role in fostering marginalized youths’ civic and political participation.
Bard PowerPICC Solo2 vs Cook Turbo-Ject: A Tale of Two PICCs
Authors: Alport Brie , Burbridge Brent , Lim Hyun
Published: January 2012

Purpose

To compare the complications experienced for 2 different brands of peripherally inserted central venous catheters (PICC), Cook Turbo-Ject and the Bard PowerPICC Solo2. The rationale for this project revolved around concern that one of the PICCS in question had high rates of complications.

Methods

A prospective clinical trial was conducted after obtaining approval from the University of Saskatchewan Human Research Ethics Committee. All PICCs were implanted at the Royal University Hospital Medical Imaging Department by an interventional radiologist. Patient randomization was achieved by alternating the brand of PICC implanted in sequential patients. All the subjects were inpatients from a single surgical ward. Patients were excluded from the study if they had a known uncorrected coagulopathy, or if they were being treated for venous thrombosis. This project was financially supported by the Summer Student Research Fund, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan.

Results

A total of 53 PICCs (25 Bard and 28 Cook) were inserted over the study period. The mean PICC dwell time was 23.3 days for both the Bard and Cook PICCs, respectively. No statistically significant differences were detected in study group demographics, technical placement of the PICCs, or in the complications encountered.

Discussion

Both the Cook Turbo-Ject and the Bard PowerPicc Solo2 PICCs provided acceptable venous access for a wide variety of clinical indications.
Transcription‐independent role of Bach1 in mitosis through a nuclear exporter Crm1‐dependent mechanism
Authors: Li Jie , Shiraki Takuma , Igarashi Kazuhiko
Published: January 2012

The transcriptional repressor Bach1 mediates various stress responses. Despite its role in transcription, Bach1 is predominantly exported to the cytoplasm in a Crm1‐dependent manner, but the functional role of its cytoplasmic retention is still unclear. We found that Bach1 was also excluded from mitotic chromatin by a C‐terminal cytoplasmic localization sequence dependent and leptomycin B sensitive process. Bach1 depletion resulted in disordered mitotic chromosome alignment, which was rescued by Bach1 mutants lacking the BTB or DNA binding domains, suggesting its transcription‐independent mechanism. We thus revealed a novel role of Bach1 in the regulation of mitotic chromosome dynamics.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene YMR291W/TDA1 mediates the in vivo phosphorylation of hexokinase isoenzyme 2 at serine‐15
Authors: Kettner Karina , Krause Udo , Mosler Sophie , Bodenstein Claudia , Kriegel Thomas M. , Rödel Gerhard
Published: January 2012

Hxk2 is the predominant hexokinase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae during growth on glucose. In addition to its role in glycolysis, the enzyme is involved in glucose sensing and regulation of gene expression. Glucose limitation causes the phosphorylation of Hxk2 at serine‐15 which affects the nucleo‐cytoplasmic distribution and dimer stability of the enzyme. In order to identify the responsible kinase, we screened selected protein kinase single‐gene deletion mutants by high resolution clear native PAGE. Deletion of YMR291W/TDA1 resulted in the absence of the Hxk2 phosphomonomer, indicating an indispensable role of the corresponding protein in Hxk2 phosphorylation.
Delivery of Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin to target cells via outer membrane vesicles
Authors: Donato Gina M. , Goldsmith Cynthia S. , Paddock Christopher D. , Eby Joshua C. , Gray Mary C. , Hewlett Erik L.
Published: January 2012

Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT) intoxicates cells by producing intracellular cAMP. B. pertussis outer membrane vesicles (OMV) contain ACT on their surface (OMV–ACT), but the properties of OMV–ACT were previously unknown. We found that B. pertussis in the lung from a fatal pertussis case contains OMV, suggesting an involvement in pathogenesis. OMV–ACT and ACT intoxicate cells with and without the toxin's receptor CD11b/CD18. Intoxication by ACT is blocked by antitoxin and anti‐CD11b antibodies, but not by cytochalasin‐D; in contrast, OMV–ACT is unaffected by either antibody and blocked by cytochalasin‐D. Thus OMV–ACT can deliver ACT by processes distinct from those of ACT alone.
Kaiso uses all three zinc fingers and adjacent sequence motifs for high affinity binding to sequence‐specific and methyl‐CpG DNA targets
Authors: Buck-Koehntop Bethany A. , Martinez-Yamout Maria A. , Jane Dyson H. , Wright Peter E.
Published: January 2012

Kaiso is a Cys2His2 zinc finger (ZF) protein that mediates methyl‐CpG‐dependent and sequence‐specific transcriptional repression. As a first step towards elucidating the structural and molecular basis for recognition of these disparate DNA sequences, the minimal binding region of Kaiso was identified and optimal DNA sequences for high‐affinity interactions were characterized. Contrary to previous findings, Kaiso requires all three zinc fingers plus adjacent protein regions for DNA recognition. An N‐terminal extension contributes to structural stability, while an extended C‐terminal region augments DNA binding. Complexes formed between the optimized Kaiso construct and both DNA sequences are suitable for future structural evaluation.
Impact of the Food and Drug Administration's antipsychotic black box warning on psychotropic drug prescribing in elderly patients with dementia in outpatient and office‐based settings
Authors: Desai Vibha C.A. , Heaton Pamela C. , Kelton Christina M.L.
Published: January 2012

Background

Most patients with dementia also suffer from behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia, for which there is no Food and Drug Administration‐approved treatment.

Objectives

To determine whether the Food and Drug Administration's black box warning in April 2005 has led to a decline in prescriptions of atypical antipsychotics for behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia, as well as whether prescriptions for other psychotropic drugs, including antidepressants, anxiolytics, and antiepileptics, as substitutes, have increased.

Methods

Data on outpatient visits by elderly dementia patients were obtained from two large national surveys from 2003 to 2008. Any psychotropic drug mentions were identified. Percentage utilization statistics were calculated.

Results

The percentage of visits mentioning an atypical antipsychotic decreased from 12.5% prewarning to 11.5% postwarning. Postwarning, 34.4% of patients were taking none of the study medications, as opposed to 26.1% prewarning.

Conclusions

After the warning, there was a small decline in the use of atypical antipsychotics and no evidence of substitution of other psychotropic medications.
Plant Small RNAs: Biogenesis, Mode of Action and Their Roles in Abiotic Stresses
Authors: Guleria Praveen , Mahajan Monika , Bhardwaj Jyoti , Yadav Sudesh Kumar
Published: January 2012

Small RNAs (sRNAs) are 18-30 nt non-coding regulatory elements found in diverse organisms, which were initially identified as small double-stranded RNAs in Caenorhabditis elegans. With the development of new and improved technologies, sRNAs have also been identified and characterized in plant systems. Among them, micro RNAs (miRNAs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are found to be very important riboregulators in plants. Various types of sRNAs differ in their mode of biogenesis and in their function of gene regulation. sRNAs are involved in gene regulation at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. They are known to regulate growth and development of plants. Furthermore, sRNAs especially plant miRNAs have been found to be involved in various stress responses, such as oxidative, mineral nutrient deficiency, dehydration, and even mechanical stimulus. Therefore, in the present review, we focus on the current understanding of biogenesis and regulatory mechanisms of plant sRNAs and their responses to various abiotic stresses.
Comparative Multivariate Analysis of Codon and Amino Acid Usage in Three Leishmania Genomes
Authors: Chauhan Nutan , Vidyarthi Ambarish Sharan , Poddar Raju
Published: January 2012

Multivariate analysis of codon and amino acid usage was performed for three Leishmania species, including L. donovani, L. infantum and L. major. It was revealed that all three species are under mutational bias and translational selection. Lower GC12 and higher GC3S in all three parasites suggests that the ancestral highly expressed genes (HEGs), compared to lowly expressed genes (LEGs), might have been rich in AT-content. This also suggests that there must have been a faster rate of evolution under GC-bias in LEGs. It was observed from the estimation of synonymous/non-synonymous substitutions in HEGs that the HEG dataset of L. donovani is much closer to L. major evolutionarily. This is also supported by the higher dN value as compared to dS between L. donovani and L. major, suggesting the conservation of synonymous codon positions between these two species and the role of translational selection in shaping the composition of protein-coding genes.
Zinc modifies the effect of phyto-oestrogens on osteoblast and osteoclast differentiationin vitro
Authors: Karieb Sahar , Fox Simon W.
Published: January 2012

Osteoblast and osteoclast activity is disrupted in post-menopausal osteoporosis. Thus, to fully address this imbalance, therapies should reduce bone resorption and promote bone formation. Dietary factors such as phyto-oestrogens and Zn have beneficial effects on osteoblast and osteoclast activity. However, the effect of combinations of these factors has not been widely studied. We therefore examined the effect of coumestrol, daidzein and genistein in the presence or absence of zinc sulphate (Zn) on osteoclast and osteoblast activity. Osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption were significantly reduced by coumestrol (10− 7 m), daidzein (10− 5 m) and genistein (10− 7 m); and this direct anti-osteoclastic action was unaffected by Zn (10− 5 m). In addition, Zn augmented the inhibitory effect of phyto-oestrogens on the osteoblast-derived stimulus for osteoclast formation, significantly reducing the ratio of receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL)-to-osteoprotegerin mRNA expression in human osteoblast. We then examined the effect of these compounds on osteoblast activity. Mineralisation was enhanced by coumestrol (10− 5to 10− 7 m), daidzein (10− 5to 10− 6 m) and genistein (10− 5 m); and Zn significantly augmented this response. Zn and phyto-oestrogens also significantly enhanced alkaline phosphatase activity and Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) mRNA expression. On the other hand, Zn blunted phyto-oestrogen-induced type I collagen and osteocalcin expression and suppressed coumestrol and daidzein-stimulated osterix expression. Zn may therefore modify the anabolic action of phyto-oestrogens, promoting characteristics associated with early rather than late stages of osteoblast differentiation. Our data suggest that while Zn enhances the anti-osteoclastic effect of phyto-oestrogens, it may limit aspects of their anabolic action on bone matrix formation.
Products and timing of diagenetic processes in Upper Rotliegend sandstones from Bebertal (North German Basin, Parchim Formation, Flechtingen High, Germany)
Authors: FISCHER CORNELIUS , DUNKL ISTVÁN , VON EYNATTEN HILMAR , WIJBRANS JAN R. , GAUPP REINHARD
Published: January 2012

Aeolian-fluvial Upper Rotliegend sandstones from Bebertal outcrops (Flechtingen High, North Germany) are an analogue for deeply buried Permian gas reservoir sandstones of the North German Basin (NGB). We present a paragenetic sequence as well as thermochronological constraints to reconstruct the diagenetic evolution and to identify periods of enhanced mesodiagenetic fluid–rock reactions in sandstones from the southern flank of the NGB. Bebertal sandstones show comparatively high concentrations of mesodiagenetically formed K-feldspar but low concentrations of illite cements. Illite-rich grain rims were found to occur preferentially directly below sedimentary bounding surfaces, i.e. aeolian superimposition surfaces, and indicate the lowest intergranular volume. Illite grain rims also indicate sandstone sections with low quartz and feldspar cement concentrations but high loss of intergranular volume due to compaction.40Ar–39Ar age determination of pronounced K-feldspar grain overgrowths and replacements of detrital grains indicates two generations: an early (Triassic) and a late (Jurassic) generation. The latter age range is similar to published diagenetic illite ages from buried Rotliegend reservoir sandstones. The first generation suggests an early intense mesodiagenetic fluid flow with remarkably high K+activity synchronous with fast burial of proximal, initial graben sediments on the southern flank of the NGB. Accordingly, zircon fission-track data indicate that the strata already reached the zircon partial annealing zone of approximately 200°C during early mesodiagenesis. Zircon (U–Th)/He ages (92 ± 12 Ma) as well as apatite fission-track ages (~ 71–75 Ma) indicate the termination of mesodiagenetic processes, caused by rapid exhumation of the Flechtingen High during Late Cretaceous basin inversion.
Genetic diagnosis and cochlear implantation for patients with nonsyndromic hearing loss and enlarged vestibular aqueduct
Authors: Lai R , Hu P , Zhu F , Zhu G , Vivero R , Peng A , Wu W , Xiao Z , Liu X , Xie D
Published: January 2012

Objective:

To review the genotype and cochlear implantation outcome of patients with nonsyndromic hearing loss and enlarged vestibular aqueduct.

Methods:

Twenty-one Chinese children with nonsyndromic hearing loss and enlarged vestibular aqueduct underwent genetic examination. A DNA microarray was used to screen for the IVS7-2A>G and H723R mutations. Any DNA samples with one or none of the two mutant alleles were sequenced to detect other mutations in the SLC26A4 and FOXI1 genes.

Results:

Twelve SLC26A4 mutations were detected, including three novel mutations. The most common mutations detected were IVS7-2A>G and H723R. Twelve patients received cochlear implants, and subsequently demonstrated excellent speech perception.

Conclusion:

Three novel mutations were detected in Chinese patients with nonsyndromic hearing loss and enlarged vestibular aqueduct. The SLC26A4 mutation spectrum in the Chinese population is similar to that in other East Asian populations. Cochlear implantation is a safe and effective treatment in patients with enlarged vestibular aqueduct.
Regional and indigenous identities in the high north: enacting social boundaries
Authors: Saugestad Sidsel
Published: January 2012

This paper addresses two processes of social and cultural mobilisation. The first example is a regional movement, as manifested in social and cultural expressions of a north Norwegian identity that was particularly marked in the 1970s and early 80s. The other is the Saami movement, coming out strongly at about the same time, and being part of a global process of indigenous mobilisation. It is argued that although they are similar in the way they articulate a sense of identity and belonging in contrast to an overarching and encompassing state, they are different in their stated objectives, in their relation to the state and the type of achievements gained. The north Norwegian regional movement strived for inclusion into a wider national cultural tradition, and integration has been achieved by broadening the definition of what is considered Norwegian culture. The objective of the Saami movement was the opposite: to gain recognition as a people with a distinct culture, different from but equal in value with the Norwegian culture. The article is introduced by a theoretical discussion of the issues involved, framing the analysis of communicative strategies.
Altruistic punishment as an explanation of hunter-gatherer cooperation: How much has experimental economics achieved?
Authors: Sugden Robert
Published: January 2012

The discovery of the altruistic punishment mechanism as a replicable experimental result is a genuine achievement of behavioural economics. The hypothesis that cooperation in hunter-gatherer societies is sustained by altruistic punishment is a scientifically legitimate conjecture, but it must be tested against real-world observations. Guala's doubts about the evidential support for this hypothesis are well founded.
The social structure of cooperation and punishment
Authors: Gintis Herbert , Fehr Ernst
Published: January 2012

The standard theories of cooperation in humans, which depend on repeated interaction and reputation effects among self-regarding agents, are inadequate. Strong reciprocity, a predisposition to participate in costly cooperation and the punishment, fosters cooperation where self-regarding behaviors fail. The effectiveness of socially coordinated punishment depends on individual motivations to participate, which are based on strong reciprocity motives. The relative infrequency of high-cost punishment is a result of the ubiquity of strong reciprocity, not its absence.
Connecting biological concepts and religious behavior
Authors: Beit-Hallahmi Benjamin
Published: January 2012

This commentary proposes experiments to examine connections between the presence of out-group members, neurovisceral reactions, religiosity, and ethnocentrism, to clarify the meaning of the correlational findings presented in the target article. It also suggests different ways of describing religious socialization and of viewing assertions about religion and health or about the human ability to detect pathogens.
Analyses do not support the parasite-stress theory of human sociality
Authors: Currie Thomas E. , Mace Ruth
Published: January 2012

Re-analysis of the data provided in the target article reveals a lack of evidence for a strong, universal relationship between parasite stress and the variables relating to sociality. Furthermore, even if associations between these variables do exist, the analyses presented here do not provide evidence for Fincher & Thornhill's (F&T's) proposed causal mechanism.
Are the pathogens of out-groups really more dangerous?
Authors: de Barra Mícheál , Curtis Val
Published: January 2012

We question the plausibility of Fincher & Thornhill's (F&T's) argument that localised pathogen-host coevolution leads to out-groups having pathogens more damaging than those infecting one's own family or religious group.
High illness loads (physical and social) do not always force high levels of mass religiosity
Authors: Paul Gregory S.
Published: January 2012

The hypothesis that high levels of religiosity are partly caused by high disease loads is in accord with studies showing that societal dysfunction promotes mass supernaturalism. However, some cultures suffering from high rates of disease and other socioeconomic dysfunction exhibit low levels of popular religiosity. At this point, it appears that religion is hard pressed to thrive in healthy societies, but poor conditions do not always make religion popular, either.