bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Expert Power and Control in Late Modernity: An Empirical Review and Theoretical Synthesis
Authors: Reed Michael I.
Published: March 2007

This paper provides an overview and evaluation of contemporary debates over the nature and significance of 'expert power' within 'late modemity'. It focuses on the changing relationship between expert power, organizational control and class formation within the wider context provided by the global shift towards more reflexive and flexible forms of capital accumulation. It concludes that the latter will have fateful consequences for the major forms of expertise. organizational design and class power taking shape in late modemity. In par ticular, it suggests that 'the politics of expertise' has become more intensely contested in contemporary conditions, and that this produces a more frag mented division of labour within and between the professional and managerial middle classes. Thus, expert groups are seen to play a strategic role in the radical restructuring of professional work organization and control occurring within the much more fragmented middle-class formations emerging in advanced capitalist societies.
Responses by Professional Organizations to Multiple and Ambiguous Institutional Environments: The Case of AIDS
Authors: Montgomery Kathleen , Oliver Amalya L. , Montgomery Kathleen , Oliver Amalya L.
Published: March 2007

In this paper we examine responses to multiple and ambiguous pressures gener ated by the environmental threat of AIDS. Using an institutional theory frame work and insights from professional dominance theory, we develop a two- dimensional typology, incorporating the belief systems of important constituents and the degree of institutional rules, to explain the patterns of organizational adoption of AIDS-related policies and related professional prac tices. Hypotheses are tested with data from a national survey of hospitals ( n= 506), with interviews from administrators and chiefs of medicine. Results sup port the usefulness of the explanatory schema for patterns of organizational policy adoption; the schema also provides a stronger explanation of pro fessional behaviour patterns than does the existence of policies requiring such behaviour. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings for professional organizations in the context of environmental threats are discussed.
Managing an Interorganizational Network: A Framework of the Institutional Mechanism for Network Control
Authors: Seung Ho Park
Published: March 2007

'The interorganizational network is viewed as a strategic mechanism to improve a firm's competitive advantage through cost minimization while maintaining flexibility. The change in orientation from competition to cooperation in interfirm relationships is rationalized according to the transaction-cost econom ics perspective. We address the selection of a control mode as a critical issue in managing an interorganizational network, considering the risk and cost involved in working with others. Various forms of network structure are illus trated as the proper control modes according to the interaction of the type of interdependence and the nature of network governance.
Trust, Opportunism and Governance: A Process and Control Model
Authors: Nooteboom Bart
Published: March 2007

In this paper a process and control model is developed for the analysis and design of inter-firm relations, in which both opportunism and trust play a role. Its aim is to develop a tool for the analysis, diagnosis and design of inter-firm partnerships. It takes into account the value of the partner, relative to alternat ives, and the risk of the relation. Risk depends on the incentives that the partner may have towards opportunism, his opportunities for opportunism and his 'pro pensity' towards opportunism. The latter is related to trust. A partner's incent ives towards opportunism depend on the uniqueness of the value that he offers, on one's own switching costs and on the partner's dependence on the relation. The underlying theory employs both transaction cost economics and social exchange theory. On the basis of the model, values and risks can be balanced in different ways: there are adversarial strategies that jeopardize value, and cooperative strategies that build value. The model can be used to explore viable sequences of strategies of governance, depending on different conditions. As an illustration, it is used for an analysis of ways to initiate a relation.
A Positivist Alternative to the Structure-Action Approach
Authors: Donaldson Lex
Published: March 2007

This article expresses doubts about the structure-action approach to the study of organizations and advocates a positivist approach instead. The interest in action is spurred in part by a belief that the study of action will lead to a greater appreciation of the breadth of choice about organizational forms that is available to human actors. However, work on organizational structure reveals that it is quite highly determined by material factors, such as size and diversification, with little strategic choice. This article discusses the implica tions of determinism for theories of strategic choice, moral accountability and managerial capriciousness. The programmatic implications for organization studies are examined by contrasting the positivist with the structure-action approach. The conclusion is that the positivist approach has proved itself fruit ful, whereas the structure-action approach is infeasible. Where action-level analyses are required, they are best conducted within the framework provided by positivist analyses.
Action, Structure and Chaos
Authors: Thiétart Raymond-Alain , Forgues Bernard
Published: March 2007

In this article we conjecture that organizational actors, through their actions, create their own context. Once initiated, the context tends to develop a dynamic of its own, which escapes the control of the organizational actors. In con sequence, the context becomes the determining factor of the actors' initiatives. Voluntarism has created its own determinism which will eventually shape the organizational actors' futures. To illustrate our view, we study a crisis which we believe may exemplify a situation induced and perpetuated by the same organizational actors who tried to handle it. To support this thesis, we attempt to show that the observed crisis is chaotic. Our results reveal that deterministic chaos cannot be rejected as an explanation of the dynamics of the situation. The crisis exhibits an apparently random behaviour which, we believe, is deter ministically created through tightly coupled actions and dynamic interactions among actors. Once in the chaotic state, actors cannot control the process they have contributed to create. The context becomes all powerful and determining.
On the Study of Settings Marked by Severe Superior-Subordinate Conflict
Authors: Suchitra Mouly V. , Sankaran Jayaram K.
Published: March 2007

We discuss several issues related to the study of an organizational setting that is marked by severe conflict between superiors and subordinates. The discus sion is based on our experiences during fieldwork conducted in an Indian R&D team which manifested such conflict. We also relate our discussion to the reports of other researchers who have studied similar settings.

We first argue that for studying such a conflictive setting, a multi-method, qualitative approach (incorporating participant observation, informal inter views, etc.) is more effective in important respects than a survey mode of inquiry involving the one-off administration of questionnaires and formal inter views. We then discuss several problematic issues in doing fieldwork success fully in a conflictive setting. These include having to establish rapport with organizational members, maintain confidentiality of the identities of key informants, remain neutral, and conduct informal interviews discreetly in the setting.

We conclude with a brief discussion of the implications of the field experience for future researchers of conflictive settings.
Strategies and Institutions: A Pluralistic Account of Strategies in the Taiwanese Computer Industry
Authors: Hung Shih-Chang , Whittington Richard
Published: March 2007

The 'new institutionalism' had led to increasing emphasis on the 'embed dedness' of organizations in local social systems. In this journal, Sorge (1991) and Whitley (1994) have shown, in particular, how the dominant forms of organization within countries or sectors are shaped by distinct national sys tems. The liability of these institutionalist approaches, however, is a focus on broad comparisons that gives little access to the diversity that is often observ able on the ground. Examining nine Taiwanese computer firms during the 1980s and early 1990s, this paper demonstrates that their strategies followed no singular system logic, displaying instead a wide scope for strategic divers ity. The paper argues that this kind of diversity can be explained not by rejecting institutionalism, but by recognizing the plural systems — business, technology and political — in which the dis-embedded actors of modernity now engage. Such a pluralistic approach has the potential to extend institu tionalist analysis beyond the broadly comparative to the strategies of individual firms.
Essai: Business Ethics and Bauman Ethics
Authors: ten Bos René
Published: March 2007

This paper relates Zygmunt Bauman's admonitions of the 'bureaucratic mentality' to business ethics. Although I am not in agreement with everything Bauman has to say, I will argue that business ethicists, consultants and others who claim to be able to do the moral thinking for others should take Bauman's worries about the moral autonomy of people working in our organizations very seriously. As long as business ethics does not enhance this moral autonomy but instead proffers a ratio nalized and rule-governed ethics, it may very well undermine the moral nature of people working in organizations.
Modes, Mechanisms, and Turning Points
Authors: Doran Charles F.
Published: March 2007

Analysis of the transformation of international systems involves a determination of what type of systems change and how much change is necessary and sufficient to justify calling a change a transformation. The theoretical discussion covers (1) modes, the political sub stance of change; (2) mechanisms, the manner and rate at which change is expressed; (3) endogenous processes including interdependence, dependence, codependence, autarky, and integration; (4) exogenous processes such as the emergence of new actors and the technological development of weaponry; and (5) the identification of historical turning points where changes in the structure of the system have coincided with fundamental changes in the rules of statecraft and of political order. Complementarity and competitive ness are discussed as examples of complex mechanisms of systems transformation. Several types of counterintuitive mechanisms are also examined, including an extension of the Richardson model to incorporate inversion-of-expectation transformation processes. In short, the challenge in theoretical terms lies in the dynamics of systems transformation.
New Political Values for a World in Crisis
Authors: Braillard Philippe
Published: March 2007

The world is in a state of crisis which endangers its future. This statement is the starting point for the thinking and action of the Club of Rome. The latter feels, in fact, that humanity is faced with a series of problems which are worldwide and which require immediate action. The extraordinary development of science and technology together with exponential and anarchic growth are at the basis of these complex, interdependent, and universal problems which face us and which could threaten the very survival of the species. The Club of Rome draws our attention to these problems in the search for common remedial action. They suggest various approaches-a state of equilibrium, organic growth, a new international order "world solidarity revolution," a new humanism-always claiming to transcend all ideological commitments. This article attempts to examine the political options which the Club of Rome puts forward through these various approaches that all have the same goal, the survival of humanity. It challenges the claim of ideological neutrality showing that these political options are based on very precise ideological positions that are not at all new.
Motivations for Party Activism
Authors: Eldersveld Samuel J.
Published: March 2007

This article reports the data from studies in four countries (United States, Netherlands, Sweden, and India) on the reasons for initial involvement in party activism and the reasons for continuance in party work. Considerable cross-national uniformity is discovered, although there are differences in level of motivation. In addition, the differences in motivational orientations for certain parties in multi-party, more ideologically conflicted systems, are particularly noted when such systems are compared with two-party and more moderately conflicted systems. The evidence suggests more ideological (purposive) motivations for party activists at the distant right and left extremes of these systems.
Global Problems
Authors: Röder Karl-Heinz
Published: March 2007

Human civilization is confronted with problems of a new and global character, increasingly influencing international relations and contributing to shaping the perspec tives of the state. States and systems of states require new methods to ease and gradually solve these problems. They necessitate constructive and realistic international cooperation between states based on equality of rights and sovereignty. To this end, a number of political and legal precedents are in place. These must be maintained and developed.
The Future of the State
Authors: Weichelt Wolfgang
Published: March 2007

Internal development of socialist states, especially in economic, social and political fields, demonstrates in many qualitative ways that state power changes step by step from an instrument of class domination to a functioning democratic system for social direction. The preconditions of this process are the political power of the working class, the realization of the social interests of the people by state government, and the participation of people in state decision making.

Because the development of state functions cannot be removed from the context of international relations of states and the long-term coexistence of different social systems, it continues to occur in politico-state forms.
Mobilizers and Challengers
Authors: Rochon Thomas R.
Published: March 2007

Since 1918, thirty-one new parties have entered the Dutch Parliament including nine of the twelve parties currently represented. Although the low threshold of the Dutch electoral system makes it relatively easy for new parties to enter Parliament, it does not guarantee their continued success. New party success is here explained by distinguishing between challenging parties, which contest with one or more established parties for an already-mobilized part of the electorate, and mobilizing parties, which attempt to define political issues that generate support on the basis of a new cleavage. The article evaluates key elements of the programs of new parties and, for recent entrants into Parliament, uses survey data to show that mobilizing parties develop stronger attachments among the electorate and enjoy greater longevity in Parliament than do challenging parties.
Political Development and Political Science in West Germany
Authors: Kastendiek Hans
Published: March 2007

The foundation of West German political science does not fit in with notions that the creation of a new discipline results or should result from autonomous changes within the academic system, i.e. from topical specialization, analytical diversification and theoretical progress of existing disciplines. The absence of a distinct academic discipline for political science in Germany before 1945, its political implementation after 1948 and its establishment in the 1960s were highly dependent on the course of socio-political development. The same can be said of the conceptual disputes and changes which have occurred since the late 1960s. However specific to the case of West Germany, the correlations between politics and political science considered in this article indicate a close connection between political and academic development
Downs Revisited: Spatial Models of Party Competition and Left—Right Measurements
Authors: Mavrogordatos George Th.
Published: March 2007

Thirty years ago, Anthony Downs spelled out a spatial theory of party competition that was already familiar, especially in continental European politics, dating back to the invention of the concepts "Left" and "Right" during the French Revolution. Despite the availability of the Left/Right scale as an empirical instrument, relevant research has failed to become cumulative, taking three divergent directions: one concentrating on ideology, another on self-placement data, and yet another on abstract mathematical models. When these isolated approaches are eventually integrated, it may indeed be shown that spatial theory is "a complete scientific theory," as was recently claimed. The Left/Right spatial framework holds such a promise even though some of the objections it has raised represent a true challenge for future research.
The Survival of Presidentialism in America: Para-constitutional Practices
Authors: Riggs Fred W.
Published: March 2007

Ubiquitous episodes of military rule in some 33 presidentialist regimes modeled on that of the United States suggest that it may not be the context but rather faults in this type of constitution that predispose it to breakdowns. If this premise is correct then we need to explain why, despite its fragility, the American Constitution has survived for 200 years. Separating systemic from contextual factors, we look for "para- constitutional" practices, i.e. those that are a prerequisite to system survival, even if they are not included in the written Constitution.
Fragmentation and Territoriality in the European State System
Authors: Sharpe L.J.
Published: March 2007

Western Europe has been integrating since 1950, but such a process must not be confused with state absorption. The EEC and NATO probably enhance national statehood more than they diminish it. Equally, integration has been paralleled by peripheral disintegration even since 1945. This is because many states are multicultural. This process may continue, but its origins are complex, being derived from the evolution of nationalist ideology in the nineteenth century. An important factor is modern integrative ideology which undermines the appeal of regional nationalist movements.
The Evolution of Communism
Authors: Kamiński Bartłomiej , Sołtan Karol
Published: March 2007

The paper presents a framework for understanding the evolution of communism. We suggest that the politico-economic system of communist regimes may be usefully seen as an institutionally and ideologically constrained bargaining game. We distinguish three stages of the develop ment of this "game"-pure communism, late communism, and constitutio nal communism. Pure communism is characterized by an aspiration to the total control over society, and a strong commitment to ideology. Constraints on bargaining weaken in late communism, resulting in a system with distinctive economic and political features, which we describe. Constitutio nal communism is an ideal type based on the current wave of reform, in which the power of communists is limited without being undermined. Its chief ingredients are the rule of law, separation of powers, communist corporatism, glasnost, and the market.
Techno-Industrial Innovation, Social Development, and State Policies
Authors: Hilpert Ulrich
Published: March 2007

The implications for political science are traced of the relationship among a number of developments and concepts — innovation and the role of the state, markets and the state, pure science and technological research, innovation and development. These phenomena are linked to state policies and to traditional theoretical concepts, as well as to current challenges to theoretical thinking.
Uses of Global Models,: A New Generation FUGI Model for Projections and Policy Simulations of the World Economy
Authors: Onishi Akira
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is twofold: to introduce a new generation of the FUGI global model and, using this model, to make projections and policy simulations of the world economy to the year 2000. Global modeling has been aided not only by the development of high- technology computer systems but also it has benefited from recent developments in the life sciences.

The FUGI model classifies the world into 140 countries and regions and provides global information about the world economy under alternative policy scenarios. This FUGI model is currently being used by the United Nations for the purpose of long-term projections and policy simulations of the world economy, and it is likely to play a significant role in envisaging the future of global interdependence and corroborating the need for global cooperation.
The Political Performance of Governments, External Debt Service, and Domestic Political Violence
Authors: Snider Lewis W.
Published: March 2007

This paper identifies some of the political mechanisms that help to explain why the relationship between IMF-supported stabilization programs and other economic adjustments related to the problems of external debt service and political violence are, at best, indirect. A cross-sectional pooled time series (35 Third World countries, 1974-86) is used to test the proposition that low political capacity indirectly increases frequency of protest demonstrations, political strikes and riots when governments attempt to adjust to rising debt service costs without disturbing the political status quo. The data analysis supports the proposition. The burden of external debt service does not directly affect these forms of political violence. Prior IMF-supported stabilization programs have a coincidental impact on increasing domestic political strife to the extent that weak governments use IMF conditionality to justify introducing austerity measures they would have to implement with or without IMF assistance.
Legal Imperialism: Its Enduring Impact on Colonial and Post-Colonial Judicial Systems
Authors: Schmidhauser John R.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the expansion of several major families of law as a concomitant of military conquest, colonial aggrandizement, and/or economic penetration—the attributes of legal imperialism—and some of the long-term consequences of these historical patterns. The families investigated are the Anglo-American common law, Romanistic, Nordic, Germanic, Socialistic, and Islamic.
Evolving Perspectives on International Political Economy: Twentieth-Century Contexts and Discontinuities
Authors: Biersteker Thomas J.
Published: March 2007

Twentieth-century theoretical debates about the international political economy are situated in their intertextual and social contexts in an effort to illustrate how theoretical debates have evolved and where they might be going. Classic imperialism debates from the beginning of the century are considered, followed by an analysis of the competing political economic orders of the interwar years, the construction of the liberal world economic order after 1945, and radical critiques of the dominant interna tional economic order. Reflections on current and future theoretical direc tions conclude the article, based on an analysis of principal anomalies and omissions of existing theoretical approaches, including the erosion of state authority, expansion of transnational linkages, the breakdown of tradi tional categories (North and South, East and West), the continued decline of American economic hegemony, and the tension between the "triumph" of liberal capitalism throughout the world and the prospects of global environmental degradation.
New Evidence About the Existence of a Bandwagon Effect in the Opinion Formation Process
Authors: Nadeau Richard , Cloutier Edouard , Guay J.-H.
Published: March 2007

This study undertakes an empirical test of the "bandwagon effect"—individuals rallying to the majority opinion. The study is done outside the electoral context on two issues: abortion and the constitutional future of Quebec. A panel is used, as well as an experimental design in which respondents are told the state and direction of public opinion. Three methodological criteria are used as minimal requirements for a satisfac tory test of the bandwagon thesis. "Underdogging," as well as opinion movement due to factors outside the experiment, are both accounted for. Though the reasons for a bandwagon remain unclear, the authors demon strate that a bandwagon effect of 5-7 percent existed on both issues.
The National Language and the ex-Colonial Language as Rivals: The Case of India
Authors: Dua Hans R.
Published: March 2007

The question of national language choice, acceptance, promo tion, and development has raised a great deal of conflict in India. The conflict is related to the status and function of the national language, Hindi,1 and the ex-colonial language, English, on the one hand, and Hindi and other Indian languages on the other. This paper examines the complexity and dynamics of the conflict and provides an explanation within the framework of the political sociology of language for it. The main objective is to highlight some recurrent features characteristic of language conflict in most developing nations and to arrive at generalizations which would be relevant for both language planning theory as well as for the political sociology of language.
France in Search of a New Administrative Order
Authors: Rouban Luc
Published: March 2007

In recent years, drastic political changes in France have produced nothing but new questions on the national administrative pattern. The "alternance" did not basically alter public administration weight or social structure. At the same time, as a new institutional game was installed (decentralization, EC integration process, new demands coming from citizens), administrative change ("modernization") gained new interest. A general discussion of this modernization process (civil service management, policy evaluation, etc.,) shows that, in many respects, administrative reform is a substitute for political change. The traditional State-centred political system recently gave way to a pluralistic policy- centred system. But, if there are no more ideological controversies around public administration, nor are there any more political guidelines for the modernization process.
A Revolution in the Theory of Revolutions?
Authors: Bauman Zygmunt
Published: March 2007

The events of 1989 in the East-Central European belt of satel lite communist regimes was a most fitting finale for the twentieth century, bound to be recorded in history as the age of revolutions. They changed the political map of the globe, affecting even parts ostensibly distant from the scene of the upheaval in ways which are yet far from being grasped in full. They are also certain to be scrutinized for the corrections they offer to our orthodox views of how revolutions come about and how they are conducted. This brief paper is concerned only with the second issue. It considers the extent to which the collapse of the communist regimes confirms or defies the extant theory of revolution. Given the limitations of time and space, the paper aims at no more than sketching a few prelim inary suggestions.
Non-separatist Policies Regarding Ethnic Minorities: Positive Approaches and Ambiguous Consequences
Authors: Safran William
Published: March 2007

This paper provides a tour d'horizon of institutional and other nonseparatist responses to ethnic minority claims, including affirmative action, ethnic recruitment, ethnic language maintenance and instruction, communalism, multiculturalism, supranationalism, and "corporatist" arrangements. It is suggested that these responses may have positive as well as unintended or perverse consequences both for society at large and for the minority ethnic group. These consequences depend on a variety of factors, among them the degree of economic and political development; the rootedness and cohesion of the ethnic minority community; the nature and attitudes of the ethnic elite; the intensity of ethnic cultural commit ment ; and the sincerity of national policy makers. Finally, the paper sets out the conditions conducive to combining "national integration" with ethnic minority accommodation.
Judicialization of Politics in The Netherlands: Towards a Form of Judicial Review
Authors: Kate Jan Ten , Van Koppen Peter J.
Published: March 2007

The growing complexity of modern Dutch society and the devel opment of international law, especially in such areas as fundamental human rights, have resulted in a judicialization of politics in many fields. In this article we discuss the peculiar nature of these developments in The Netherlands, focusing on the role of administrative law. We predict that judicial power will grow, probably resulting in the introduction of judicial review of statutes and growing political concern with judicial appointments.
Is There Personalization in Politics? Candidates and Voting Behavior in Germany
Authors: Kaase Max
Published: March 2007

In analyzing the democratic political process, political leader ship is important. One element of leadership is the role politicians play in shaping public perceptions of politics. A particular concern in this respect is that television with emphasis on the individual may in the long run depoliticize politics in the eyes of citizens and the political process itself. Another aspect of leadership is the extent to which candidates for, and holders of, high political office influence voters' electoral choices.

Data from a large content-analysis of the 1990 German general election as well as survey data from a series of German election studies are used to test the extent to which various measures of personalization display the expected rise in importance. All findings support the notion that, at least in Germany, personalization cannot be observed. This result emphasizes the role of the institutional make-up of a given political system by stress ing the difference between presidential and parliamentary states.
Confronting Neo-conservatism: Anglo-American Women's Movements under Thatcher, Reagan and Mulroney
Authors: Bashevkin Sylvia
Published: March 2007

Comparative research on women and public policy has thus far neglected the impact of neo-conservative governments on feminist inter ests. Using data on legislative and judicial decisions in the United Kingdom, United States and Canada, this article addresses policy-making in five key issue areas before and after the elections of Margaret Thatcher, Ronald Reagan and Brian Mulroney. Comparative results indicate disad vantageous conditions for US feminism in the Reagan years, some progress for British women's interests during the Thatcher era, and relatively advantageous outcomes for Canadian feminists in the Mulroney period. The opportunity structures approach is evaluated as an explanation for these findings.
Paradox and Tragedy in Human Morality
Authors: Slurink Pouwel
Published: March 2007

Traditional ethics has established itself as an independent disci pline by postulating a "good" independent of all particular desires. It has been assumed that this "good" was something beyond nature, and that man had the capacity to reach out for it by transcending his natural incli nations. In this article, the traditional picture of morality is confronted with modern evolutionary biology. It is shown that goal-directedness, choice, and social behavior can be accounted for in a naturalistic frame work. The purport of concepts like free will, good, and the meaning of life, however, changes dramatically. Specifically, our tendency to objectify values, to postulate an absolute good and an ultimate meaning of life, is unmasked as a strategy of mental territoriality which reveals us as typical participators in the struggle for existence.
Rugby in Contemporary New Zealand
Authors: Crawford Scott A. G. M.
Published: March 2007

This essay describes the socio-historical background of New Zealand rugby from its British origins in the middle of the nineteenth century up to present and examines the great importance of the game within New Zealand society. The paper examines the events leading up to the disorder surrounding the 1981 rugby visit to New Zealand by the South African team and the controversial 1985 decision by the New Zealand Rugby Football Union to decline to send a national touring team to play in South Africa. The concluding section indicates that the complex issue of sporting relations with South Africa has still not been satisfactorily resolved.
Protest Against The Use of Native American Mascots: a Challenge to Traditional American Identity
Authors: Davis laurel R.
Published: March 2007

This paper is focused on discourse associated with the recent social movement to eliminate the use of Native American mascots in the United States. The researcher analyzed the recent Super Bowl and World Series protests against the use of these mascots, media coverage related to this movement, and transcripts of interviews with a few of the movement leaders. It is argued that many of those who oppose the elimination of the mascots feel attacked because the movement challenges a particular version of American masculine identity that is founded on Western mythology.
The Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment
Authors: Risman Barbara J.
Published: March 2007

This research briefis a methodological critique of Richard Larson's criticism of the Kansas City Preventative Patrol Experiment. The measurement issues, which are the focus of his critique, are reassessed in this brief, and the argument is presented that the experimental conditions were different enough to expect significant results if variability in police presence did indeed affect the dependent measures.
Suicides and Firearm Control Laws
Authors: Medoff Marshall H. , Magaddino Joseph P.
Published: March 2007

This article empirically examines the relationship between suicides and firearm control laws. Firearm license to purchase or waiting period to purchase laws were found to reduce a state's suicide rate of white males aged 20-64 by three suicides per 100, 000 population. Examination of the suicide rates in the six states designated by the National Rifle Association as having the most restrictive controls over firearm purchases and all other states found that the suicide rate was lower by approximately three suicides per 100,000 population in these six states. Using an index to measure the overall degree of firearm control within a state, the empirical results showed that the difference in the number of suicides between the states with the greatest and smallest amount of control was 4 per 100,000 population.
Evaluation in Mental Health Centers
Authors: Kirkhart Karen E. , Morgan Robert O.
Published: March 2007

This study presents a data-based examination of program evaluation in community mental health centers from two perspectives. First, survey data from 111 centers are analyzed according to a hierarchical model of evaluation performance proposed in previous research. Second, these data are reanalyzed using multidimensional scaling to examine empirical relationships among types of evaluation activities. Although evaluation patterns are consistent with the hierarchical model, the empirical model suggests important new relationships that refine prior conceptualizations. Results are discussed in the context of research on evaluation and professional issues for evaluators.
The Birth of Internationalism in Music Education 1899–1938
Authors: Mccarthy Marie
Published: March 2007

Long, troublesome and difficult were the preparations for the first International Congress for Music Education in Prague in the year 1936, that is, 25 years ago. Even in those days I had to struggle hard against the contradictions implicit in the divergencies between an exaggerated nationalism on the one hand and internationalism on the other…. You all know that the world has been possessed and dominated, ever since the Old and New Testament, Pythagoras, Plato and Aristoteles by the conflict between national and international thought and sentiment. (Leo Kestenberg, 1961)
Traditions and change across the arts: Case studies of arts education
Authors: Bresler Liora
Published: March 2007

This study describes the operational curriculum of arts education (visual arts, music, dance and drama education) in two elementary schools, using a qualitative, case-study methodology. The paper presents four orientations of arts education: (a) the Social orientation (arts as community builder); (b) the Subservient to academics orientation; (c) the Affective orientation; (d) the Discipline-based orientation. To understand the roles that the arts serve in the school, one needs to examine larger contexts including the goals and ideology of the school, and teachers’ beliefs. An examination of these roles reveals tensions between the traditional functions of the school arts and the push for curricular change in the scholarly literature and state departments of education.
The artist and the pedagogy of hope
Authors: Jorgensen Estelle
Published: March 2007

Taking Paulo Freire's Pedagogy of hope as a point of departure, I explore points of intersection between Freire's educational perspectives and my own regarding aspects of the artist's role in society and education in the arts. I suggest that education ought to seek to realize such ideals as freedom, justice, equality of opportunity, and civility, and a more just, humane society. I agree with Freire that hope provides the impetus in the struggle to improve the situation. The artist is an educator who imaginatively envisions how things are, how they might be, and presents lived reality for our intellectual contemplation, emotional grasp, and corporeal response. The arts provide means whereby hope can be instilled and a more humane society foreshadowed. If education is to grapple with the central issues of life, it ought to be vitally concerned not only with deconstructing and struggling against present realities but envisioning and celebrating alternative and prospective realities. The arts are uniquely suited to this project. As such, they ought not only to be at the centre of general education, but the artistic community can and ought to constitute a beachhead for hope, faith, and joy in the school, and a model for an education still to come.
Music: Universal language between all nations?
Authors: Letts Richard
Published: March 2007

The author was asked to address a flawed proposition. Music is a universal phenomenon but not a universal language. The title of the talk is therefore not a description of how things are, but perhaps an invocation (itself contentious) as to a more ideal situation. Further: since music is not a universal language, it takes more effort to understand the music of cultures other than one's own. A multinational music curriculum is inevitably superficial. But music's great advantage in education, compared to most other objects of study, is its rare value as a doorway to a deeper, more complex experience. We should not abandon this special possibility of depth. Finally, from a perspective of cultural evolution, our invocation can be seen as a political intervention in the evolutionary process which may not be universally welcome.
A discipline of knowledge approach to promoting music as a universal and vital language of all cultures and times
Authors: Burton Leon H.
Published: March 2007

When a common set of characteristics is used to examine the different areas of human interest and endeavour, music can lay claim to being a discipline of knowledge equal in depth, breadth, structure, rigour and quality to the sciences, social sciences and other humanities. Since a universal goal is to provide opportunities for those interested in the music discipline to develop competencies for successful participation, it is imperative that these characteristics be understood and their cross-cultural values promoted. The music discipline has a membership, a worldwide community of people who have shared interests, values, common roots and goals, and a commitment to a common cause. Composers, performers, and musicologists are the core members of the community. Its members interact: they (a) communicate and collaborate with each other, (b) use a specialised language and symbol system, (c) are dedicated to exploring and perpetuating the language of sound. They also develop expertise: they (a) work in special ways using unique modes in inquiry, (b) contribute to the conceptual structure of sound that communicates across cultures, (c) have a capacity for innovation and ways of perpetuating the discipline. Instructional programmes based on characteristics of music as a discipline of knowledge are a microcosm of the world's music community; they bridge the present to the past and to the future and have relevance for all cultures and times.
Friendship, Power and the Language of Compliance-Gaining
Authors: Miller Michael D.
Published: March 2007

This study examines the impact of degree of friendship between actor and target, power of the target, and identity of the primary beneficiary of compliance on the selection of persuasive message strategies. As predicted, the nature of the relationship and power of the target interacted to influence strategy selection. With targets who were acquaintances of the actor, the probability of employing persuasive messages strategies decreased as the power of the target increased. With targets who were friends of the actor, the probability of strategy utilisation decreased as the power of the target decreased. No effects involving the identity of the beneficiary of compliance were obtained.
The Socio-Educational Model of Second Language Acquisition: an Investigation Using Lisrel Causal Modeling
Authors: Gardner R.C. , Lalonde R.N. , Pierson R.
Published: March 2007

Linear Structural Relations analysis (LISREL) was used to examine the adequacy of a causal model of second language acquisition. A total of 18 variables were investigated using 140 students enrolled in one of two first year university French courses in a unilingual anglophone city. The model under investigation linked cultural beliefs, attitudes, motivation, situational anxiety, and prior achievement to proficiency in a second language. The results supported a socio-educational model of second language acquisition where proficiency in a second language was seen to be caused directly by prior achievement and motivation. Motivation was found to be caused by attitudinal variables which, in turn, were influenced by cultural beliefs. Individual differences in situational anxiety were determined by both prior achievement and motivation.
Prospective Social Psychological Contributions To a Truly Interdisciplinary Understanding of Ordinary Language
Authors: Rommetveit Ragnar
Published: March 2007

Formal truth-conditional semantics and a definite 'written language bias' within traditional linguistics have lent academic respectability to naive and pervasive pre-theoretical conceptions of language as some sort of a conduit transmitting meaning. The Cartesian variant of the myth of literal meaning reifies meaning in terms of linguistically mediated mental representations, and main stream multidisciplinary research on ordinary language is indeed dominated by models in which hypothetical constructs from idealisations of language as a super-individual system are assigned 'psychological reality' as intervening vari ables in theoretical accounts of real-life discourse. A constructive alternative to such a paradigm may be developed by careful philosophical and social psycho logical analyses of human options with respect to categorisation of states of affairs in a pluralistic social world, the subtle circularity inherent in acts of speech, and the orderly 'trade on one another's truths' entailed in our intuitive mastery of dialogue roles. Significant contributions to such a novel, social-psychologically oriented general paradigm can be found in the works of Volosinov, Wittgenstein, Goodman, Putnam, Mead, James, Heider, Wertheimer and Vygotsky. The most significant prospective contribution of social psychology to interdisciplinary studies of ordinary language, it is argued, is a radical re-conceptualisation of truly social and collective aspects of language by means of dynamic-interactional rather than static Cartesian concepts.
On Various Ways of Skinning Symbolic Cats: Recent Research On Persuasive Message Strategies
Authors: Miller Gerald R.
Published: March 2007

This paper examines a number of recent communication studies deal ing with persuasive message strategies, both to identify some of the major findings to date and to underscore some of the important conceptual and procedural problems to be faced in future research. The paper centres on three major areas: (1) the development of a typology of persuasive message strategies; (2) the effects of situational factors on the choice of persuasive message strategies; and (3) the influence of individual differences in persuaders on the selection and use of persuasive message strategies.
Learning Another Language: a True Social Psychological Experiment
Authors: Gardner R.C.
Published: March 2007

In this article I have outlined some reasons why the investigation of second language acquisition is important, and I have presented a socio- educational model that I believe incorporates the major individual difference variables underlying the language learning process. Research relevant to this model is then presented, with particular attention devoted to a direct test of the underlying causal model. Three deductions deriving from the model are then examined. On the basis of the empirical evidence, it seems clear that attitudes and motivation are important because they promote active involvement in the learning process and that they influence active choice behaviour regarding participation in acquisition contexts. There was no evidence for the deduction that differential success in second language acquitision promotes differential attitude change.

Four directions for future research are then discussed. These include the suggestion that further attention should be directed toward using causal modelling procedures to enhance our understanding of the processes underlying second language acquisition, and the necessity for developing laboratory investigations to provide further 'causal' tests. A third direction which seems important is to extend the general correlational paradigm to other contexts. It is emphasised, however, that such extensions should use indices with known reliabiilty and validity, and should consider the ethnolinguistic vitality of the region. The fourth direction concerns the role of attitudes and motivation in the loss of second language skills following the termination of instruction. This is a previously unexplored area which could have important implications for language training.
Communicative Contexts and Communicative Competence
Authors: Lock Andrew
Published: March 2007

The development of communicative competence cannot be investigated without a consideration of the development of the context in which communica tion takes place. Contexts are elaborated historically, and constituted by the interplay of language, self-concepts, and social structure. The motivation of elaboration is ecological. Communicative competence is characterised as the level of control an individual exercises over the implications embedded in language, self-concept and social structure. These points are illustrated by a consideration of (1) historical examples of human conduct, and (2) contemporary studies of communicative development.