bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association between body mass index percentile trajectories in infancy and adiposity in childhood and early adulthood
Authors: Kwon Soyang , Janz Kathleen F. , Letuchy Elena M. , Burns Trudy L. , Levy Steven M.
Published: November 2016

Objective

To identify distinct body mass index (BMI) percentile trajectories during early childhood and examine adiposity levels in childhood and early adulthood according to the BMI percentile trajectories.

Methods

Iowa Fluoride Study cohort parents (n = 1,093) reported their child's anthropometric data on average six times between ages 0 and 23 months. A subset of the cohort underwent DXA scans at approximately age 8 years (n = 495) and again at approximately age 19 years (n = 314). Group‐based trajectory analysis was conducted to identify distinct BMI percentile trajectories from ages 0 to 23 months. Sex‐specific age‐adjusted linear regression analyses were conducted to compare fat mass index in childhood and early adulthood among subgroups that follow the distinct BMI percentile patterns.

Results

Four BMI percentile patterns were identified: consistently low (group 1: 9.8%), increase in the second year (group 2: 33.7%), increase in the first year (group 3: 23.9%), and consistently high (group 4: 32.6%). Compared with group 2 females, groups 3 and 4 females had higher fat mass index in childhood and early adulthood (P < 0.05). However, no significant difference was found in males.

Conclusions

Females who experience a steep increase of BMI percentile in the first year of life, as opposed to a steep increase in the second year of life, may have higher body fat later in life, but this was not found in males.
Following the CMOS Track
Authors: Schwider Peter Mario
Published: November 2016

In the late nineties of the last century, it was foreseeable that CMOS image sensor technology would have a very strong and fast evolution due to the shrinking of the CMOS structures and developments in the fields of semiconductor research, microtechnology, nanotechnology and photonics. Early pioneering work already showed that techniques and ideas of CCD image sensors could be transferred to CMOS sensor technology. The rapid growth of digital photography and the smart phone market has sped up the transition process in the last few years.
Analyzing Filiform Corrosion
Authors: Gips Peter , Becker Torben , Oechsner Ulrich , Federau Gregor
Published: November 2016

Filiform corrosion is a form of corrosion that particularly affects aluminum coated or painted with anti‐corrosive surface protection layers. Exposure to water and oxygen as well as certain salts enhance the production of corrosion foci that infiltrate the space between the metal and its coating, especially when scratched along cutting edges or imperfections. The corrosion slowly expands into fine outgrowths, which occasionally cover an extensive area.
High‐Speed Recording of Cardiomyocyte Calcium and Contraction
Authors: Louch William E. , Frisk Michael , Eggart Benjamin
Published: November 2016

Investigating the dynamic balances of ion fluxes, electrical potentials, and pH is crucial to understanding fundamental functions within living cells. Imaging is a common measurement technique used to study these vital parameters. The simultaneous measurement of fluorescent signals and cell shape contraction however, remains challenging due to different wavelengths or alignment of light paths. This article describes the advantages of using the W‐View Gemini image splitting device to observe brightfield and fluorescence signals simultaneously, at a very high acquisition rate.
LED Inspection in a New Dimension
Authors: Dini Christian , Rotem Efi
Published: November 2016

In the past five years, there has been a clear transition from traditional lighting to LED‐based luminaires. On the one hand the regulations across Europe have been modified in order to penetrate more efficient light sources. On the other hand there has been a lot of research going on in many different markets, leading to a wide variety of innovative products and designs. Coming along with enhanced applications there is an increasing need for LED measurement systems.
A phase IIa study of afuresertib, an oral pan‐AKT inhibitor, in patients with Langerhans cell histiocytosis
Authors: Arceci Robert J. , Allen Carl E. , Dunkel Ira J. , Jacobsen Eric , Whitlock James , Vassallo Robert , Morris Shannon R. , Portnoy Alison , Reedy Beth Ann , Smith Deborah A. , Noble Robert , Murnane Amy , Cornfeld Mark , Rodriguez‐Galindo Carlos , Heaney Mark L. , McClain Kenneth , Vaiselbuh Sarah
Published: November 2016

Background

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a clonal neoplasm characterized by widely varied clinical presentations, including multisystem involvement and systemic inflammatory symptoms. The AKT pathway is relevant to survival and proliferation of dendritic cells, and is also often upregulated in hematopoietic malignancies. A clinical response in an adult patient with LCH participating in the first‐in‐human trial of afuresertib prompted this prospective trial.

Procedure

The population in the current study included treatment‐naïve (n = 7) and recurrent/refractory patients with LCH (n = 10), who received oral afuresertib (125 mg). The majority of patients were treated for > 24 weeks, with four patients receiving treatment for > 48 weeks.

Results

Pharmacokinetic analysis showed similar exposures in previously reported patients with other hematologic malignancies. Primary drug‐related toxicities included Grade 1/2 nausea, diarrhea, dyspepsia, and vomiting. Grade 3 toxicities included fatigue, diarrhea, and pain (one of each). Another severe adverse event involved soft tissue necrosis. The overall response rate in evaluable subjects was 33% in treatment‐naïve patients and 28% in patients with recurrent/refractory disease, which did not meet the predefined Bayesian criteria for efficacy.

Conclusion

Afuresertib has clinical activity in some patients with newly diagnosed and advanced LCH.
Production system to form, cut, and join by using a press machine for continuous carbon fiber‐reinforced thermoplastic sheets
Authors: Tatsuno D. , Yoneyama T. , Kawamoto K. , Okamoto M.
Published: November 2016

To build a processing method for textile carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic (CFRTP) sheets, a production system to form, cut, and join the sheets by using a mechanical servo press machine was developed and examined. The system's problems were analyzed, and attempts were made to solve them through a series of processes. In press forming, the effects of sheet geometry, fiber orientation, and slide motion on the forming of the variant‐cross‐sectional‐beam, which has a narrow and wide part, were investigated. In addition, the shear‐cutting method was chosen trimming the unnecessary region of the variant‐cross‐sectional‐beam. For the joining process, a thermal welding method that uses a heating‐plate was chosen. The closed‐sectional‐beam was fabricated by thermally welding a pair of the variant‐cross‐sectional‐beams. Finally, the potential of the production system for textile CFRTP sheets using the mechanical servo press machine was discussed. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:2571–2586, 2018. © 2016 The Authors Polymer Composites published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Society of Plastics Engineers
Auch das Deuteron ist zu klein
Authors: Pohl Randolf
Published: November 2016

Seit einigen Jahren gibt es eine dramatische Diskrepanz bei der Bestimmung der Größe des Protons. Während Elektron‐Proton‐Streuung und Laserspektroskopie von atomarem Wasserstoff einen Ladungsradius von 0,88 fm liefern, ergab unsere Messung im exotischen myonischen Wasserstoff nur 0,84 fm – 7 Standardabweichungen kleiner als der Mittelwert aller bisherigen Messungen. Dieses Protonradius‐Puzzle wird nun neu befeuert: Auch das Deuteron, bestehend aus einem Proton und einem Neutron, zeigt sich signifikant kleiner, wenn man es mit Myonen vermisst.
Ungewöhnliche Phasen im Flächenland
Authors: Burghard Marko , Gehring Pascal
Published: November 2016

Der diesjährige Nobelpreis geht an David Thouless, Duncan Haldane und Michael Kosterlitz für ihre Modelle, die exotische Phasen in kondensierter Materie beschreiben. Diese bieten neue Perspektiven zur Entwicklung elektronischer Materialien.
Schmelzen und Lösen: thermodynamischer Genusskontrast
Authors: Vilgis Thomas
Published: November 2016

In der Kulinarik sind Aromakontraste oder auch das Spiel mit unerwarteten Reizen gern gesehen. Bitterschokolade, ein kristalliner Festkörper, mit größeren Salzkristallen steuert die Sensorik bewusst mit thermodynamischen Parametern: dem Lösen der Salzkristalle und dem zeitversetzten Schmelzen der Kakaobutter.
Unveiling the impact of regioisomerism defects in the glass transition temperature of PVDF by the mean of the activation energy
Authors: Anousheh Nasim , Godey François , Soldera Armand
Published: November 2016

Alternating two groups, CH2 and CF2, of very different polarities along the backbone chain of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) leads to very interesting properties, such as ferroelectricity. However, these properties are affected by the presence of regioisomerism defects (monomer inversion) that appear during the synthesis. In this study, the influence of these defects on the glass transition temperature (Tg) is regarded. Using molecular simulation, we investigated their plasticizer effect. To highlight their role in modifying polymer chain relaxation, the activation energy (Ea) related with conformational transitions is computed. We show that a clear linear relationship can be established between Ea and Tg. Ea is then separated into different contributions associated with each type of bond. Mobility of individual segments can thus be accounted separately from the mobility of the whole chain. As a consequence, Tg of the alternate copolymer ethylene‐tetrafluoroethylene (E‐TFE), an isomeric polymer of PVDF, can be deduced. Tg of this copolymer is still source of discussion in the literature. The resulting value, −97 °C, is found in good agreement with some experimental data, and also with Tg extracted from simulated dilatometry. Consequently, local mobility of a polymer chain can be retrieved from the whole mobility, and vice versa. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017, 55, 419–426
Selective emitters for thermophotovoltaic applications
Authors: Pfiester Nicole A. , Vandervelde Thomas E.
Published: November 2016

Applying thermophotovoltaic (TPV) technologies to existing energy generators allows us to increase energy output while utilizing present infrastructure by reclaiming the heat lost during the production process. In order to maximize the efficiency of these sources, the conversion efficiency of the TPV system needs to be optimized. Selective emitters are often used to tailor the spectrum of incident light on the diode, blocking any undesirable light that may lead to device heating or recombination. Over the years, many different technologies have been researched to create an ideal selective emitter. Plasmas and rare‐earth emitters provided highly selective spectra early on, but their fixed peaks required tailoring the diode's band gap to the emitter's characteristic wavelength. Recent advances in engineerable materials, such as photonic crystals and metamaterials, allow the opposite to take place; an appropriate selective emitter can be designed to match the TPV diode, allowing the diode structure to be optimized independently from the emitter.
Absorption edges of black phosphorus: A comparative analysis
Authors: Nicotra G. , Politano A. , Mio A. M. , Deretzis I. , Hu J. , Mao Z. Q. , Wei J. , La Magna A. , Spinella C.
Published: November 2016

We have studied the excited states of black phosphorus through the analysis of K and L absorption edges of black phosphorus with energy‐filtered transmission electron microscopy. Energy‐loss spectra exhibit several peaks reflecting features in the density of conduction‐band states at corresponding energies above the vacuum level. We have reproduced the experimental electron energy‐loss near‐edge structures by means of ab initio self‐consistent real‐space multiple‐scattering theory. The comparison of the calculated symmetry‐projected density of unoccupied states and electron energy loss spectra allowed us to assign the spectral features to transitions to specific electronic states.
Single‐Crystalline, Metallic TiC Nanowires for Highly Robust and Wide‐Temperature Electrochemical Energy Storage
Authors: Xia Xinhui , Zhan Jiye , Zhong Yu , Wang Xiuli , Tu Jiangping , Fan Hong Jin
Published: November 2016

Customized electrode materials with good temperature adaptability and high‐rate capability are critical to the development of wide‐temperature power sources. Herein, high‐quality TiC nanowires are uniformly grown on flexible carbon cloth as free‐standing electric‐double‐layer supercapacitor electrode. The TiC nanowires, 20–40 nm wide and 3–6 µm long, are single‐crystalline and highly conductive that is close to typical metal. Symmetric supercapacitors are constructed with ionic liquid electrolyte and TiC nanowires electrodes as wide‐temperature and long‐cycle stable power source. Ultrastable high‐rate cycling life of TiC nanowire arrays electrodes is demonstrated with capacitance retention of 96.8% at 60 °C (≈440 F g−1), 99% at 25 °C (≈400 F g−1), and 98% at −25 °C (≈240 F g−1) after 50 000 cycles at 10 A g−1. Moreover, due to high electrical conductivity, the TiC nanowire arrays show ultrafast energy release with a fast response time constant of ≈0.7 ms. The results demonstrate the viability of metal carbide nanostructures as wide‐temperature, robust electrode materials for high‐rate and ultrastable supercapacitors.
Do nest size and shape characteristics affect nest parasitism rates?
Authors: Hackemack Taylor F. , Loman Zachary G. , Riffell Samuel K. , Rush Scott A.
Published: November 2016

Brown‐headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) are obligate brood parasites that lay eggs in host species’ nests. Studies on effects of host nest characteristics (e.g., nest placement, concealment, nest size) on parasitism rates by brown‐headed cowbirds have yielded ambiguous results. To elucidate potential relationships between nest characteristics and brood parasitism rates, we collected data from indigo bunting (Passerina cyanea; n = 68), prairie warbler (Setophaga discolor; n = 30), and yellow‐breasted chat (Icteria virens; n = 127) nests from early successional, managed loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) stands in Kemper County, Mississippi, USA, during 2012–2013. We recorded concealment, percent canopy cover, nest height (m), and nest morphometrics for each nest to test how these parameters related to frequency of brown‐headed cowbird nest parasitism for each species. We predicted that larger, heavier nests would have an increased likelihood of parasitism. We recorded nest parasitism of 3%, 18%, and 24% for yellow‐breasted chat, indigo bunting, and prairie warbler nests, respectively. Model coefficients for nest size did not differ from zero and nest size metrics did not differ between parasitized and unparasitized nests, thus contradicting our hypotheses and findings of previous studies relating nest size to parasitism. Our results suggest that the relationship between host nests and risk of brown‐headed cowbird parasitism likely varies according to species of interest, geographic location, and features of available habitat. © 2016 The Wildlife Society.
Exact solution for the vibrations of an arbitrary plane curved pipe conveying fluid
Authors: Sakman L. Emir , Uzal Erol
Published: November 2016

In this paper, the response of an arbitrary plane curved pipe subjected to fluid flow is investigated analytically. The pipe cross‐section is restricted to have a certain symmetry so that the pipe stays in its plane while under the effects of the fluid motion. Influence of fluid motion is considered in three terms. One is the inertial force due to the fluid mass which is assumed to be distributed uniformly along the length of the pipe. The inertial force naturally varies since the pipe has a variable curvature. The second one is due to the weight of the fluid and the last one is the friction force between the fluid and the pipe. These forces also vary along the length of the pipe. The general equations are given for any plane curved pipe and solved for a specific example using the method of power series. The equations are non‐dimensionalised and the dynamic response of the pipe is plotted for a range of mass ratios between the fluid and the pipe material.
Prognostic Significance of the Proportion of Tall Cell Components in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Authors: Ito Yasuhiro , Hirokawa Mitsuyoshi , Miyauchi Akira , Higashiyama Takuya , Kihara Minoru , Miya Akihiro
Published: November 2016

Aim

Tall cell variant (TCV) of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) shows a poorer prognosis than conventional PTC. The World Health Organization (WHO) classification defines TCV as the tall cell component (TCC) in ≥50% of PTC lesions. We investigated whether and how the proportion of TCC affects the prognosis of patients with PTC with TCC.

Patients and methods

Seventy patients with TCC in ≥30% of their PTC lesions and 210 age‐ and gender‐matched controls with no TCC who underwent locally curative surgery at Kuma Hospital (2006–2014) were enrolled. The 70 PTC patients were divided into two categories: TCC ≥50% (TCC‐major, n = 19) and TCC 30–49% (TCC‐minor, n = 51). We performed univariate and multivariate analyses of the relationships between disease‐free survival (DFS) and variables including the TCC proportion in 276 patients who had no distant metastases at surgery (median follow‐up 64 months).

Results

In the univariate analysis, TCC‐major, TCC‐minor, old age (≥65 years), clinical node metastasis, significant extrathyroid extension (Ex), and high Ki‐67 labeling index (≥5%) significantly affected the DFS. In the multivariate analysis, TCC‐major and Ex independently affected the DFS, but TCC‐minor did not. In an analysis excluding TCC‐major patients, TCC‐minor was not an independent prognostic factor for DFS.

Conclusions

Studies or larger patient series with longer follow‐ups are necessary, but we speculate that in PTC with TCC, TCC‐major significantly and independently affects the DFS, whereas TCC‐minor does not. Our findings indicate that the WHO definition of TCV is appropriate and that the prognostic impact of TCC‐minor is limited.
Metropolitan Colours of Europeanization. Institutionalization of Integrated Territorial Investment Structures in the Context of Past Cooperation in Metropolitan Regions
Authors: Krukowska Joanna , Lackowska Marta
Published: November 2016

The paper focuses on the institutional solutions adopted in various Polish metropolitan regions due to the requirement to create structures facilitating the operation of Integrated Territorial Investment (ITI) in the 2014–2020 EU financial perspective. This phenomenon is analysed in the light of the process of the launching and functioning of metropolitan cooperation and of the concept of Europeanization. Our considerations are based on the assumption that past attempts to institutionalize metropolitan cooperation influence the process of the creation and functioning of ITI cooperation. Our research has confirmed this proposition. We found various reactions to the top-down incentive in all of the investigated metropolitan regions. In general four main types of situation are identified depending on past metropolitan cooperation and its relation to the ITI institutions. On the national level an interesting “double top-down” pressure was discovered, as the EU guidelines have been made much stricter by the Polish government, turning an incentive for local actors into a must. Finally, Integrated Territorial Investment has enlivened metropolitan governance in Poland, which is interesting to follow in the future, especially as it has no connection to other national regulations proposed for metropolitan regions.
Elevation of serum uric acid and incidence of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Xu Yi‐Li , Xu Kuan‐Feng , Bai Jian‐Ling , Liu Yun , Yu Rong‐Bin , Liu Chun‐Lan , Shen Chong , Wu Xiao‐Hong
Published: November 2016

Objective

Recently, several cohort studies suggested a positive relationship between serum uric acid (SUA) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which is inconsistent with the results of functional research. Our aim was to further evaluate this correlation by conducting a systematic review.

Methods

Computerized literature searches of the Medline database, EMBASE database, and PubMed were used to evaluate the relationship between SUA and T2DM in cohort studies. Cochran's Q and I2 statistics were used to evaluate heterogeneity among studies, and pooled relative risk (RR) and odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using random‐effects and fixed‐effects models. The summary RR and OR of per 1 mg/ml‐SUA increase were calculated separately because of their different epidemiological implications and calculation methods. Additionally, sensitivity analysis, stratified analysis, meta‐regression, and multiple meta‐regression were applied to investigate the heterogeneity among studies.

Results

A total of 970 articles were retrieved from the searches. Sixteen publications of cohort studies containing 61,714 participants were included. The pooled RR was 1.131 (95% CI: 1.084–1.179) with significant heterogeneity among studies (I2 = 51.9%, P = 0.018). Adjusted RR to evaluate the stability of the relationship between SUA and T2DM in the sensitivity analysis was similar (RR = 1.140, 95% CI: 1.087–1.197), with statistically significant heterogeneity (I2 = 54.5%, P = 0.015). Stratified analysis and meta‐regression showed that the positive relationship remained irrespective of age, sex, region, and adjustment for confounding factors including body mass index, fasting blood glucose, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, alcohol consumption, smoking, blood cholesterol, waist circumference, fatty liver, and drugs affecting SUA.

Conclusion

Although SUA is independently associated with development of T2DM, insulin resistance increased as the baseline SUA concentration increased; thus, the correlation between SUA and T2DM requires further evaluation and the baseline insulin resistance status should also be considered.
Prevalence of active and passive tobacco smoking among Beijing residents in 2011
Authors: Zhang Ding‐Ding , Cao Jie , Dong Zhong , Li Jian‐Xin , Li Gang , Ma Ai‐Jun , Yang Xue‐Li , Liu Fang‐Chao , Chen Ji‐Chun , Huang Jian‐Feng , Gu Dong‐Feng
Published: November 2016

Objectives

This study was aimed to investigate the prevalence of active and passive tobacco smoking among Beijing residents in 2011.

Methods

A cross‐sectional survey was conducted, using a stratified multistage cluster random sampling method to select a representative sample of 20,242, among Beijing residents aged 18–79 years. Active and passive tobacco smoking information was collected by a standardized and validated questionnaire in a face‐to‐face interview. All estimates of prevalence and numbers were weighted by the 2010 Beijing Population Census data and the sampling scheme.

Results

Among Beijing residents aged 18–79 years, the overall prevalence of ever smokers and current smokers were 33.13% and 30.18%, respectively. The prevalence in males was much higher than that in females (60.75% vs. 3.75% for ever smokers, and 55.53% vs. 3.21% for current smokers, respectively). For overall current smokers, 14.12 cigarettes were consumed per day. However, only 8.91% of ever smokers quitted smoking at the time of the survey, and 2.44% of ever smokers quitted smoking in recent two years. Furthermore, 44.74% of overall nonsmokers and former smokers, with 47.03% of males and 43.63% of females, reported exposure to secondhand smoke for at least 15 minutes per day and at least one day per week.

Conclusions

Tobacco smoking prevalence is still extremely high in Beijing. Nonsmokers do still suffer from secondhand smoke critically. Further urgent efforts for tobacco control are warranted in Beijing.
Two cases of inappropriate implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator therapies due to T wave oversensing induced by body twisting
Authors: Nishii Nobuhiro , Miyoshi Akihito , Kubo Motoki , Sugiyama Hiroyasu , Tachibana Motomi , Nakagawa Koji , Watanabe Atsuyuki , Morita Hiroshi , Ito Hiroshi
Published: November 2016

T wave oversensing (TWOS) is a common cause of inappropriate implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator (ICD) therapies. Various algorithms to avoid inappropriate ICD therapy are available; however, they are not helpful to avoid TWOS. Although the reproduction of TWOS is useful to resolve the problem of TWOS, it is sometimes difficult to reproduce TWOS. We report two cases of inappropriate ICD therapy due to TWOS, which were induced only by body twisting. We can successfully manage the device based on the evidence of reproduced TWOS.
Internet use among young people with and without mental health difficulties
Authors: Mullen G. , Dowling C. , O’Reilly G.
Published: November 2016

Objectives

Research regarding adolescent internet use and mental health is sparse. However, awareness of a young person’s internet use is becoming increasingly recognised as an important element of clinical assessment and intervention, and requires the development of an evidence base. The aim of the present study was to better understand the internet use of young people experiencing mental health difficulties and to contrast it with those who currently report no concerns.

Method

In total, 299 young people aged 12–19 years, across a continuum of mental health difficulties, completed an online survey measuring internet use and related experiences. Young people were assigned to four groups: (a) attending inpatient services; (b) attending outpatient services; (c) a community group with mental health concerns and no clinical support; and (d) a regular community group.

Results

Those in the inpatient and outpatient groups visited more potentially harmful websites. Young people attending inpatient and outpatient services showed aspects of both more risky and less risky use. The community group reporting no mental health difficulties showed least risky use. The group experiencing difficulties but not receiving support showed consistently high risky use, suggesting this is a particularly vulnerable group.

Conclusions

Despite methodological limitations, findings suggest that those with mental health difficulties may experience more of the risks and fewer of the benefits offered by the internet. Though further research is needed to clarify these findings, clinicians should consider routine assessment of Internet use when planning interventions for young people experiencing mental health difficulties.
A slender drop in a nonlinear extensional flow
Authors: Favelukis Moshe
Published: November 2016

The deformation of a slender drop in a nonlinear axisymmetric extensional and creeping flow has been theoretically studied. This problem, which was first suggested by Sherwood (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 144, 1984, pp. 281–295), is being revisited, and new results are presented. The problem is governed by three dimensionless parameters: the capillary number ($\mathit{Ca}\gg 1$), the viscosity ratio ($\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}\ll 1$), and the nonlinear intensity of the flow ($E\ll 1$). Contrary to linear extensional flow ($E=0$), where the local radius of the drop decreases monotonically (in the positive $z$ direction), in a nonlinear extensional flow ($E\neq 0$), two possible steady shapes exist: steady shapes (stable or unstable) with the local radius decreasing monotonically, and steady shapes (unstable) where the local radius of the drop has a local maximum, besides the one at the centre of the drop. Similar to linear extensional flow, the addition of nonlinear extensional effects does not change the end shape of the steady drop, which has pointed ends. A stability analysis has been done to distinguish between stable and unstable steady shapes and to determine the breakup point. Time-dependent studies reveal three types of breakup mechanism: a centre pinching mode, indefinite elongation, and a mechanism that remind us of tip-streaming, where a cusp is developed at the end of the drop.
A two-phase thermomechanical theory for granular suspensions
Authors: Monsorno D. , Varsakelis C. , Papalexandris M. V.
Published: November 2016

In this paper, a two-phase thermomechanical theory for granular suspensions is presented. Our approach is based on a mixture-theoretic formalism and is coupled with a nonlinear representation for the granular viscous stresses so as to capture the complex non-Newtonian behaviour of the suspensions of interest. This representation has a number of interesting properties: it is thermodynamically consistent, it is non-singular and vanishes at equilibrium and it predicts non-zero granular bulk viscosity and shear-rate-dependent normal viscous stresses. Another feature of the theory is that the resulting model incorporates a rate equation for the evolution of the volume fraction of the granular phase. As a result, the velocity fields of both the granular material and the carrier fluid are divergent even for constant-density flows. Further, in this article we present the incompressible limit of our model which is derived via low-Mach-number asymptotics. The reduced equations for the important special case of constant-density flows are also presented and discussed. Finally, we apply the proposed model to two test cases, namely, steady shear flow of a homogeneous suspension and fully developed pressure-driven channel flow, and compare its predictions with available experimental and numerical results.
THE WINTER CAMP OF THE VIKING GREAT ARMY, ad 872–3, TORKSEY, LINCOLNSHIRE
Authors: Hadley Dawn M , Richards Julian D ,   with contributions by Hannah Brown, Elizabeth Craig-Atkins, Diana Mahoney-Swales, Gareth Perry, Samantha Stein and Andrew Woods
Published: November 2016

This paper presents the results of a multidisciplinary project that has revealed the location, extent and character of the winter camp of the Viking Great Army at Torksey, Lincolnshire, of ad 872–3. The camp lay within a naturally defended area of higher ground, partially surrounded by marshes and bordered by the River Trent on its western side. It is considerably larger than the Viking camp of 873–4 previously excavated at Repton, Derbyshire, and lacks the earthwork defences identified there. Several thousand individuals overwintered in the camp, including warriors, craftworkers and merchants. An exceptionally large and rich metalwork assemblage was deposited during the Great Army’s overwintering, and metal processing and trading was undertaken. There is no evidence for a pre-existing Anglo-Saxon trading site here; the site appears to have been chosen for its strategic location and its access to resources. In the wake of the overwintering, Torksey developed as an important Anglo-Saxon borough with a major wheel-thrown pottery industry and multiple churches and cemeteries. The Torksey evidence allows for a radical reappraisal of the character of Viking winter camps, and the legacy of the Viking Great Army for Anglo-Saxon England.
A PRIME ESSENTIAL RING THAT GENERATES A SPECIAL ATOM
Authors: WAHYUNI SRI , WIJAYANTI INDAH EMILIA , FRANCE-JACKSON HALINA
Published: November 2016

A special atom (respectively, supernilpotent atom) is a minimal element of the lattice $\mathbb{S}$ of all special radicals (respectively, a minimal element of the lattice $\mathbb{K}$ of all supernilpotent radicals). A semiprime ring $R$ is called prime essential if every nonzero prime ideal of $R$ has a nonzero intersection with each nonzero two-sided ideal of $R$. We construct a prime essential ring $R$ such that the smallest supernilpotent radical containing $R$ is not a supernilpotent atom but where the smallest special radical containing $R$ is a special atom. This answers a question put by Puczylowski and Roszkowska.
CONVERGENCE IN RELAXATION SPECTRUM RECOVERY
Authors: LOY R. J. , DE HOOG F. R. , ANDERSSEN R. S.
Published: November 2016

Because of its practical and theoretical importance in rheology, numerous algorithms have been proposed and utilised to solve the convolution equation $g(x)=(\text{sech}\,\star h)(x)\;(x\in \mathbb{R})$ for $h$, given $g$. There are several approaches involving the use of series expansions of derivatives of $g$, which are then truncated to a small number of terms for practical application. Such truncations can only be expected to be valid if the infinite series converge. In this note, we examine two specific truncations and provide a rigorous analysis to obtain sufficient conditions on $g$ (and equivalently on $h$) for the convergence of the series concerned.
LOGARITHMIC COEFFICIENTS OF SOME CLOSE-TO-CONVEX FUNCTIONS
Authors: ALI MD FIROZ , VASUDEVARAO A.
Published: November 2016

The logarithmic coefficients$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}_{n}$of an analytic and univalent function$f$in the unit disc$\mathbb{D}=\{z\in \mathbb{C}:|z|<1\}$with the normalisation$f(0)=0=f^{\prime }(0)-1$are defined by$\log (f(z)/z)=2\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}_{n}z^{n}$. In the present paper, we consider close-to-convex functions (with argument 0) with respect to odd starlike functions and determine the sharp upper bound of$|\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}_{n}|$,$n=1,2,3$, for such functions $f$.
Foxtail milletWRKYgenes and drought stress
Authors: ZHANG L. , SHU H. , ZHANG A. Y. , LIU B. L. , XING G. F. , XUE J. A. , YUAN L. X. , GAO C. Y. , LI R. Z.
Published: November 2016

Foxtail millet (Setaria italica(L.) P. Beauv.) is a naturally stress-tolerant plant, a major reserve crop and a model for panicoid grasses. The recent completion of theS. italicagenome facilitates identification and characterization of WRKY transcription factor family proteins that are important regulators of major plant processes, including growth, development and stress response. The present study identified 103 WRKY transcription factor-encoding genes in theS. italicagenome. The genes were namedSiWRKY1–SiWRKY103 according to their order on the chromosomes. A comprehensive expression analysis ofSiWRKYgenes among four different tissues was performed using publicly available RNA sequencing data. Eighty-fourSiWRKYgenes were more highly expressed in root tissue than in other tissues and nine genes were only expressed in roots. Additionally, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed to comprehensively analyse the expression of allSiWRKYgenes in response to dehydration. Results indicated that mostSiWRKYgenes (over 0.8) were up-regulated by drought stress. In conclusion, genome-wide identification and expression profiling ofSiWRKYgenes provided a set of candidates for cloning and functional analyses in plants’ response to drought stress.
Labor Income, Relative Wealth Concerns, and the Cross Section of Stock Returns
Authors: Gómez Juan-Pedro , Priestley Richard , Zapatero Fernando
Published: November 2016

The finance literature documents a relation between labor income and the cross section of stock returns. One possible explanation for this is the hedging decisions of investors with relative wealth concerns. This implies a negative risk premium associated with stock returns correlated with local undiversifiable wealth because investors are willing to pay more for stocks that help their hedging goals. We find evidence that is consistent with these regularities. In addition, we show that the effect varies across geographic areas depending on the size and variability of undiversifiable wealth, proxied by labor income.
Differential Access to Price Information in Financial Markets
Authors: Easley David , O’Hara Maureen , Yang Liyan
Published: November 2016

Recently, exchanges have been directly selling market data. We analyze how this practice affects price discovery, the cost of capital, return volatility, market liquidity, information production, and trader welfare. We show that selling price data increases the cost of capital and volatility, worsens market efficiency and liquidity, and discourages the production of fundamental information relative to a world in which all traders observe prices. Generally, allowing exchanges to sell price information benefits exchanges and harms liquidity traders. Overall, our results suggest that regulations on selling market data can play an important role in improving market quality and trader welfare.
Asymmetric Information, Financial Reporting, and Open-Market Share Repurchases
Authors: Billett Matthew T. , Yu Miaomiao
Published: November 2016

We explore the link between open-market share repurchases (OMRs) and asymmetric information based on financial reporting quality and find thatopaquefirms experience positive abnormal returns of twice the magnitude of those oftransparentfirms. These significant differences remain after controlling for governance, earnings management, and firm characteristics. We document significantly positive long-run postannouncement returns for opaque firms, but not for transparent firms. We find that takeover activity and premiums rise with repurchase activity by opaque firms, which may explain some of the wealth effects. Our results suggest that asymmetric information plays an important role in the wealth effects around OMRs.
Investment and Cash Flow: New Evidence
Authors: Lewellen Jonathan , Lewellen Katharina
Published: November 2016

We study the investment–cash flow sensitivities of U.S. firms from 1971–2009. Our tests extend the literature in several key ways and provide strong evidence that cash flow explains investment beyond its correlation with q. A dollar of current- and prior-year cash flow is associated with $0.32 of additional investment for firms that are the least likely to be constrained and $0.63 of additional investment for firms that are the most likely to be constrained, even after correcting for measurement error in q. Our results suggest that financing constraints and free-cash-flow problems are important for investment decisions.
Dynamic cine imaging of the Eustachian tube using four-dimensional computed tomography
Authors: Jufas N , Deveau N , Bance M
Published: November 2016

Background:

Imaging the Eustachian tube has proven difficult as it has an anatomical orientation that is not aligned with standard planes. In addition, the Eustachian tube is a dynamic structure, opening briefly during a variety of physiological manoeuvres.

Case report:

A 54-year-old healthy and asymptomatic man underwent computed tomography utilising an area detector scanner. Multiplanar reconstruction was performed at 1 mm intervals. In addition, dynamic clips were constructed to demonstrate air and its movement in the field. Images and video were acquired whilst a Valsalva manoeuvre was being performed.

Conclusion:

Although imaging techniques have been able to visualise the Eustachian tube well in the closed state, it may be more useful to have it imaged whilst open. Area detector computed tomography scanners can be used to acquire four-dimensional images. This allows dynamic imaging of the region, to assist in the diagnosis of various types of Eustachian tube dysfunction.
Disrupted resting-state brain network properties in obesity: decreased global and putaminal cortico-striatal network efficiency
Authors: Baek K. , Morris L. S. , Kundu P. , Voon V.
Published: November 2016

Background

The efficient organization and communication of brain networks underlie cognitive processing and their disruption can lead to pathological behaviours. Few studies have focused on whole-brain networks in obesity and binge eating disorder (BED). Here we used multi-echo resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) along with a data-driven graph theory approach to assess brain network characteristics in obesity and BED.

Method

Multi-echo rsfMRI scans were collected from 40 obese subjects (including 20 BED patients) and 40 healthy controls and denoised using multi-echo independent component analysis (ME-ICA). We constructed a whole-brain functional connectivity matrix with normalized correlation coefficients between regional mean blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signals from 90 brain regions in the Automated Anatomical Labeling atlas. We computed global and regional network properties in the binarized connectivity matrices with an edge density of 5%–25%. We also verified our findings using a separate parcellation, the Harvard–Oxford atlas parcellated into 470 regions.

Results

Obese subjects exhibited significantly reduced global and local network efficiency as well as decreased modularity compared with healthy controls, showing disruption in small-world and modular network structures. In regional metrics, the putamen, pallidum and thalamus exhibited significantly decreased nodal degree and efficiency in obese subjects. Obese subjects also showed decreased connectivity of cortico-striatal/cortico-thalamic networks associated with putaminal and cortical motor regions. These findings were significant with ME-ICA with limited group differences observed with conventional denoising or single-echo analysis.

Conclusions

Using this data-driven analysis of multi-echo rsfMRI data, we found disruption in global network properties and motor cortico-striatal networks in obesity consistent with habit formation theories. Our findings highlight the role of network properties in pathological food misuse as possible biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
Evaluation of an anti-stigma campaign related to common mental disorders in rural India: a mixed methods approach
Authors: Maulik P. K. , Devarapalli S. , Kallakuri S. , Tewari A. , Chilappagari S. , Koschorke M. , Thornicroft G.
Published: November 2016

Background

Stigma related to mental health is a major barrier to help-seeking resulting in a large treatment gap in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). This study assessed changes in knowledge, attitude and behaviour, and stigma related to help-seeking among participants exposed to an anti-stigma campaign.

Method

The campaign, using multi-media interventions, was part of the SMART Mental Health Project, conducted for 3 months, across 42 villages in rural Andhra Pradesh, in South India. Mixed-methods evaluation was conducted in two villages using a pre-post design.

Results

A total of 1576 and 2100 participants were interviewed, at pre- and post-intervention phases of the campaign. Knowledge was not increased. Attitudes and behaviours improved significantly (p < 0.01). Stigma related to help-seeking reduced significantly (p < 0.05). Social contact and drama were the most beneficial interventions identified during qualitative interviews.

Conclusion

The results showed that the campaign was beneficial and led to improvement of attitude and behaviours related to mental health and reduction in stigma related to help-seeking. Social contact was the most effective intervention. The study had implications for future research in LMIC.
‘My opinion is that doctors prefer younger people’: older women, physicians and ageism
Authors: MACRAE HAZEL
Published: November 2016

This study examines older women's views about and subjective experience of ageism during interactions with physicians. Views about and experience of sexism are also examined. Data were obtained from in-depth, face-to-face interviews conducted with 36 Canadian women 55 years and older. The findings indicate that older women believe ageism is likely to occur during medical encounters and are concerned about it. Few, however, claim to have personally experienced it. Contradicting the stereotype of the passive older patient, many participants were employing strategies to avoid becoming targets of ageism. Although there was some concern about sexism during medical encounters, in general, the women appeared to be less conscious of sexism than ageism.
Older adults living with HIV: a valuable resource?
Authors: HUTTON VICKI E.
Published: November 2016

Subjective wellbeing was examined amongst 274 adults living with HIV in Australia and the United States of America. There were 164 adults aged 49 years and under, and 110 adults aged 50 years and over. Participants completed a composite questionnaire comprising the Personal Wellbeing Index-Adult (PWI-A), the HIV-Unsupportive Social Interactions Inventory (USII), and demographic and health-related items. Participants reported mean PWI-A scores of 54.7 points, considerably below the Western population normative range of 70–80 points. Older adults reported significantly greater subjective wellbeing compared to younger adults, but still below the normative range. Experiences of unsupportive social interactions were a significant predictor of reduced subjective wellbeing amongst all participants. Qualitative comments provided a greater understanding of the characteristics and psychological devices that enable some older adults to maintain and/or increase subjective wellbeing, even in the face of negative stressors such as unsupportive social interactions. This provides valuable information for service providers and clinicians as HIV increasingly becomes recognised as a disease affecting older adults in developed nations. Rather than positioning the ageing HIV-population as a potential burden, it is proposed that learning more about the coping mechanisms employed by older adults with HIV could prove beneficial for the HIV-population as a whole.
Exploring the relationship between community-based physical activity and wellbeing in people with dementia: a qualitative study
Authors: WRIGHT ALAN
Published: November 2016

This study sought to identify factors which influenced how a group of people with dementia living in their own homes participated in community-based physical activity and explored the effect that exercise groups, dance and walking had on their wellbeing. A broadly ethnographic approach was adopted in which participant observation and interviews were employed. Nineteen people with dementia and seven formal and informal carers were included in the participant observation phase. Eleven people with dementia were interviewed. The analysis and interpretation of data was informed by embodiment and social constructionist theoretical perspectives. Findings suggest that a complex interplay between attitudes and beliefs, retained embodied abilities, and aspects of the physical and social environment influenced how individuals engaged in physical activity and the degree to which they experienced wellbeing as a result. Findings suggest that when certain factors co-exist, physical activity can provide a context within which people with dementia are able to use embodied skills in order to support fragile identities, connect with others and express themselves.
Researches on a reactor core in heavy ion inertial fusion
Authors: Kondo S. , Karino T. , Iinuma T. , Kubo K. , Kato H. , Kawata S. , Ogoyski A.I.
Published: November 2016

In this paper, a study on a fusion reactor core is presented in heavy-ion inertial fusion (HIF), including the heavy-ion beam (HIB) transport in a fusion reactor, an HIB interaction with a background gas, the reactor cavity gas dynamics, the reactor gas backflow to the beam lines, and an HIB fusion reactor design. The HIB has remarkable preferable features to release the fusion energy in inertial fusion: in particle accelerators HIBs are generated with a high driver efficiency of about 30–40%, and the HIB ions deposit their energy inside of materials. Therefore, a requirement for the fusion target energy gain is relatively low, that would be ~50 to operate an HIF fusion reactor with a standard energy output of 1 GW of electricity. In a fusion reactor, the HIB charge neutralization is needed for a ballistic HIB transport. Multiple mechanical shutters would be installed at each HIB port at the reactor wall to stop the blast waves and the chamber gas backflow, so that the accelerator final elements would be protected from the reactor gas contaminant. The essential fusion reactor components are discussed in this paper.