bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Anatomy of Bias
Authors: Lauwereyns Jan
Published: October 2013

An integrative account of the neural underpinnings of decision making, emphasizing the ways in which some information sources are given more weight than others.

I will recklessly endeavor to scavenge materials from these various fields with the single aim of producing a coherent, but open-minded account of attention, or bias versus sensitivity, or how the activities of neurons allow us to decide one way or another that, with a faint echo of Hamlet in the background, something appears to be or not to be.—from The Anatomy of Bias.

In this engaging, even lyrical, book, Jan Lauwereyns examines the neural underpinnings of decision-making, using "bias" as his core concept rather than the more common but noncommittal terms "selection" and "attention." Lauwereyns offers an integrative, interdisciplinary account of the structure and function of bias, which he defines as a basic brain mechanism that attaches different weights to different information sources, prioritizing some cognitive representations at the expense of others. Lauwereyns introduces the concepts of bias and sensitivity based on notions from Bayesian probability, which he translates into easily recognizable neural signatures, introduced by concrete examples from the experimental literature. He examines, among other topics, positive and negative motivations for giving priority to different sensory inputs, and looks for the neural underpinnings of racism, sexism, and other forms of "familiarity bias." Lauwereyns—a poet and essayist as well as a scientist—connects findings and ideas in neuroscience to analogous concepts in such diverse fields as post-Lacanian psychoanalysis, literary theory, philosophy of mind, evolutionary psychology, and experimental economics. With The Anatomy of Bias, he gives readers that rarity in today's world of proliferating and ever more narrowly focused technical research papers: a work of sustained, rational thinking, elegantly expressed.
Video Game Spaces
Authors: Nitsche Michael
Published: October 2013

An exploration of how we see, use, and make sense of modern video game worlds.

The move to 3D graphics represents a dramatic artistic and technical development in the history of video games that suggests an overall transformation of games as media. The experience of space has become a key element of how we understand games and how we play them. In Video Game Spaces, Michael Nitsche investigates what this shift means for video game design and analysis. Navigable 3D spaces allow us to crawl, jump, fly, or even teleport through fictional worlds that come to life in our imagination. We encounter these spaces through a combination of perception and interaction. Drawing on concepts from literary studies, architecture, and cinema, Nitsche argues that game spaces can evoke narratives because the player is interpreting them in order to engage with them. Consequently, Nitsche approaches game spaces not as pure visual spectacles but as meaningful virtual locations. His argument investigates what structures are at work in these locations, proceeds to an in-depth analysis of the audiovisual presentation of gameworlds, and ultimately explores how we use and comprehend their functionality.

Nitsche introduces five analytical layers—rule-based space, mediated space, fictional space, play space, and social space—and uses them in the analyses of games that range from early classics to recent titles. He revisits current topics in game research, including narrative, rules, and play, from this new perspective. Video Game Spaces provides a range of necessary arguments and tools for media scholars, designers, and game researchers with an interest in 3D game worlds and the new challenges they pose.
Ingenious Genes
Authors: Sansom Roger
Published: October 2013

A proposal for a new model of the evolution of gene regulation networks and development that draws on work from artificial intelligence and philosophy of mind.

Each of us is a collection of more than ten trillion cells, busy performing tasks crucial to our continued existence. Gene regulation networks, consisting of a subset of genes called transcription factors, control cellular activity, producing the right gene activities for the many situations that the multiplicity of cells in our bodies face. Genes working together make up a truly ingenious system. In this book, Roger Sansom investigates how gene regulation works and how such a refined but simple system evolved.

Sansom describes in detail two frameworks for understanding gene regulation. The first, developed by the theoretical biologist Stuart Kauffman, holds that gene regulation networks are fundamentally systems that repeat patterns of gene expression. Sansom finds Kauffman's framework an inadequate explanation for how cells overcome the difficulty of development. Sansom proposes an alternative: the connectionist framework. Drawing on work from artificial intelligence and philosophy of mind, he argues that the key lies in how multiple transcription factors combine to regulate a single gene, acting in a way that is qualitatively consistent. This allows the expression of genes to be finely tuned to the variable microenvironments of cells. Because of the nature of both development and its evolution, we can gain insight into the developmental process when we identify gene regulation networks as the controllers of development. The ingenuity of genes is explained by how gene regulation networks evolve to control development.

Bradford Books imprint
Entangled
Authors: Salter Chris
Published: October 2013

How technologies, from the mechanical to the computational, have transformed artistic performance practices.

This ambitious and comprehensive book explores technology's influence on artistic performance practices in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. In Entangled, Chris Salter shows that technologies, from the mechanical to the computational—from a “ballet of objects and lights” staged by Diaghilev's Ballets Russes in 1917 to contemporary technologically-enabled “responsive environments”—have been entangled with performance across a wide range of disciplines. Salter examines the rich and extensive history of performance experimentation in theater, music, dance, the visual and media arts, architecture, and other fields; explores the political, social, and economic context for the adoption of technological practices in art; and shows that these practices have a set of common histories despite their disciplinary borders.

Each chapter in Entangled focuses on a different form: theater scenography, architecture, video and image making, music and sound composition, body-based arts, mechanical and robotic art, and interactive environments constructed for research, festivals, and participatory urban spaces. Salter's exhaustive survey and analysis shows that performance traditions have much to teach other emerging practices—in particular in the burgeoning fields of new media. Students of digital art need to master not only electronics and code but also dramaturgy, lighting, sound, and scenography. Entangled will serve as an invaluable reference for students, researchers, and artists as well as a handbook for future praxis.
Strategic Bargaining and Cooperation in Greenhouse Gas Mitigations
Authors: Yang Zili
Published: October 2013

A fresh approach to the economics of climate change that bridges integrated assessment modeling and game theoretic modeling.Strategic Bargaining and Cooperation in Greenhouse Gas Mitigations: An Integrated Assessment Modeling Approach

The impact of climate change is widespread, affecting rich and poor countries and economies both large and small. Similarly, the study of climate change spans many disciplines, in both natural and social sciences. In environmental economics, leading methodologies include integrated assessment (IA) and game theoretic modeling, which, despite their common premises, seldom intersect. In Strategic Bargaining and Cooperation in Greenhouse Gas Mitigations, Zili Yang connects these two important approaches by incorporating various game theoretic solution concepts into a well-known integrated assessment model of climate change. This framework allows a more comprehensive analysis of cooperation and strategic interaction that can inform policy choices in greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation. Yang draws on a wide range of findings from IA and game theory to offer an analysis that is accessible to scholars in both fields. Yang constructs a cooperative game of stock externality provision—the economic abstraction of climate change—within the IA framework of the influential RICE model (developed by William D. Nordhaus and Zili Yang in 1996). The game connects the solution of an optimal control problem of stock externality provision with the bargaining of GHG mitigation quotas among the regions in the RICE model. Yang then compares the results of both game theoretic and conventional solutions of the RICE model from incentive and strategic perspectives and, through numerical analysis of the simulation results, demonstrates the superiority of game theoretic solutions. Yang also applies the game theoretic solutions of RICE to such policy-related concerns as unexpected shocks in economic/climate systems and redistribution and transfer issues in GHG mitigation policies. Yang's innovative approach sheds new light on the behavioral aspects of IA modeling and provides game theoretic modeling of climate change with a richer economic substance.
Mental Reality
Authors: Strawson Galen
Published: October 2013

An argument against neobehaviorism and for "naturalized Cartesianism," which couples a wholly materialist approach to the mind with a fully realist attitude to the phenomena of conscious experience.

In Mental Reality, Galen Strawson argues that much contemporary philosophy of mind gives undue primacy of place to publicly observable phenomena, nonmental phenomena, and behavioral phenomena (understood as publicly observable phenomena) in its account of the nature of mind. It does so at the expense of the phenomena of conscious experience. Strawson describes an alternative position, "naturalized Cartesianism," which couples the materialist view that mind is entirely natural and wholly physical with a fully realist account of the nature of conscious experience. Naturalized Cartesianism is an adductive (as opposed to reductive) form of materialism. Adductive materialists don't claim that conscious experience is anything less than we ordinarily conceive it to be, in being wholly physical. They claim instead that the physical is something more than we ordinarily conceive it to be, given that many of the wholly physical goings on in the brain constitute—literally are—conscious experiences as we ordinarily conceive them.

Since naturalized Cartesianism downgrades the place of reference to nonmental and publicly observable phenomena in an adequate account of mental phenomena, Strawson considers in detail the question of what part such reference still has to play. He argues that it is a mistake to think that all behavioral phenomena are publicly observable phenomena.This revised and expanded edition of Mental Reality includes a new appendix, which thoroughly revises the account of intentionality given in chapter 7.

Bradford Books imprint
Pulp and Paper Bioprocessing
Authors: Bajpai Pratima
Published: October 2013

The global pulp and paper industry is in physical terms one of the largest industries in the world. It is traditionally known to be a large contributor to environmental pollution owing to its large consumptions of water, energy, and chemicals. Biotechnological methods offer potential opportunities for changing the industry toward more environmentally friendly and efficient operations compared to the traditional methods. Biotechnological processes are environmentally friendly, energy efficient, more specific, and can be used in place of nonbiological processes. The use of biotechnological processes in the pulp and paper industry results in increased pulp yield, improved fiber properties, enhanced paper recycling, reduced processing and environmental problems, and energy efficiency. Many applications of biotechnology in the pulp and paper industry have been commercialized and some are on the verge of commercialization. Applications that have been commercialized are the use of xylanases for bleaching, cellulase‐hemicellulase mixture for fiber modification and deinking, cellulases for improved drainage, lipases for pitch removal, esterases for stickies control, levan hydrolase, proteases, cellulases, and amylases, etc., for slime removal. Many new applications are being studied that include new enzymatic approaches to reduce mechanical pulping energy, new enzymes for kraft pulp bleaching, enzyme sensors for smart paper products, etc. Bio‐based unit operations are usually combined with conventional or new chemical and mechanical unit operations to fully benefit the performance of enzymes. This chapter provides general background on pulp and paper processing and describes the use of microbes/enzymes in each of the processing areas.
Static Mixing in Fermentation Processes
Authors: Gavrilescu Maria
Published: October 2013

In order to improve transfer processes in bioreactors in the absence of mechanical impellers, which consume energy and develop high shear stresses, considerable efforts have been made to study all the prerequisites of the major relationship among flow, mass, and heat transfer over motionless mixers such as plates, cylinders, baffles, and spheres, as well as through sieves and trays. In recent decades, new constructive types of internals known as
static mixers
have been developed, which offer spectacular increases in transfer rates. An overview of the published results on fluid flow through various static mixer structures, their mixing, residence time distribution, and transfer process (momentum, heat, and mass) performance, examined both in single and multiphase systems by considering conventional and new and modern methods of investigation is presented in the chapter. Depending on the specific design and application, static in‐line mixers are able to promote continuous radial mixing, together with an effective degree of plug flow, while ensuring uniform and short residence times. It has been found that static mixers are able to change the velocity fields inside a tube and their effects are the consequence of specially designed flow arrangements, displacement and distortion, cutting and twisting, or separation and expansion based on the energy extracted from the fluid flowing through the mixers.

The chapter emphasizes that static mixers can be applied regularly in multiphase turbulent flow and they can meet industrial requirements not only for biotechnological processes (fermentation, in particular), but also for absorption, reaction, extraction, and heat transfer/phase change.
Specific splice variants are associated with Parkinson's disease
Authors: Santiago Jose A. , Scherzer Clemens R. ,   Harvard Biomarker Study, Potashkin Judith A.
Published: October 2013

Background

Diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD) currently relies on assessment of motor symptoms. Recently, sensitive, specific, and readily available splice variant–specific biomarkers were identified in peripheral blood from participants in the Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers in Parkinson Disease study.

Methods

Here we test for an association between candidate splice variant biomarkers and PD in blood of an independent population of cases and controls nested in the Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center Biomarker Study.

Results

Expression of 7 out of 13 candidate biomarkers was dysregulated in whole cellular blood of patients with PD.

Conclusions

These results support the view that differential expression of a subset of splice‐variant markers in blood is associated with PD. Further evaluation in untreated, de novo patients and at‐risk subjects is warranted. © 2013 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Performance evaluation of face recognition using feature feedback over a number of Fisherfaces
Authors: Jeong Gu‐Min , Choi Sang‐Il
Published: October 2013

In this paper, we present a performance evaluation of face recognition using feature feedback over the number of Fisherfaces and propose a guideline to determine an appropriate number of Fisherfaces. Feature‐feedback‐based pattern recognition has been proposed to distinguish the important part from the whole dataset. The selected data by feature feedback is applied to extract features for classification and consequently enhance the performance of the classification. However, some parameters should be adjusted when using the feature feedback for pattern recognition depending on the applications. The number of Fisherfaces is one of the most important parameters that affect the recognition rates. In this paper, we propose a method to determine the number of Fisherfaces when using feature feedback for face recognition. Experimental results show that the proposed method is useful in the effective application of feature feedback for the improvement of the recognition performance. © 2013 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Numerical simulation of intermediate‐temperature disk type seal‐less SOFC fed with partially reformed methane
Authors: Tanaka Tadashi , Inui Yoshitaka , Chitose Norihisa
Published: October 2013

Since natural gas containing methane as major component is the most promising fuel for the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), development of a numerical simulation code of the intermediate‐temperature disk‐type seal‐less SOFC for methane fuel case is considered to be very useful. In this study, therefore, we develop a new simulation code for the single cell unit of this type of SOFC fed with partially reformed methane as the fuel gas, based on the existing simulation code for pure hydrogen. We calculate the current density versus single cell voltage (i–V ) curves of the single cell unit for various cases with a wide range of the cell temperature and prereformer temperature conditions and compare them with the corresponding experimental results. From the results, we confirm that the numerically obtained i–V curves coincide very well with the corresponding experimental ones in all cases. The variations of the i–V curves, which depend not only on the cell temperature but also on the prereformer temperature, are successfully simulated with a sufficiently high accuracy, indicating the validity of the newly developed simulation code. We also investigate the detailed influence of the cell temperature and prereformer temperature on the cell performance on the basis of the numerically obtained gaseous partial pressure profiles in the fuel channel and Nernst potential profiles in the cell, and clarify the reason why the prereformer temperature has obvious influence on the cell performance when the cell temperature is low, though the cell performance is almost independent of the prereformer temperature when the cell temperature is high. © 2013 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
DC‐balanced perfect classified channel for hiding framing signals
Authors: Sawada Junichi , Nishi Hiroaki
Published: October 2013

Perfect classified channel (PCC) was proposed as a hardware‐based Layer‐1 encryption system that prevents of leakage of packet information and any indication of the existence of packets. PCC can provide high‐throughput communication, which is encrypted using AES encryption hardware, while maintaining DC balancing, which is generally managed using the 8B/10B or 64B/66B coding algorithms. In this paper, we propose two methods to classify a framing signal that indicates a boundary between packets, for PCC. These methods facilitate an improved level of security compared with existing communication channels and make PCC more secure. This paper describes the details of the PCC architecture including the hardware costs while also verifying the DC‐balance performance of PCC and the confidentiality of framing signals. © 2013 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A hybrid approach for word emotion recognition
Authors: Li Ji , Ren Fuji
Published: October 2013

In recent years, with plenty of online resources constantly emerging, emotion recognition in text has become increasingly important in human–computer interaction. Word emotion plays a very important role in emotion analysis of sentences or documents. This paper proposes a hybrid approach to recognition of word emotion in the dimension of eight emotion categories with corresponding intensities based on the Chinese emotion corpus. First, we present a new algorithm of semantic similarity computation for aiding emotion intensity computation and design a new algorithm of emotion vector computation by making use of both morpheme characteristics and semantic relations. And then, we adopt support vector machine model for the secondary classification to the words whose emotions cannot be calculated by the semantic analysis algorithm. Our approach achieves the accuracy of 54.00% and 78.75% for exact match and all five types of hit, respectively, on the basis of the core emotion lexicon CL4. Experimental results show that the integration of morpheme characteristics and semantic relations can improve the classification accuracy efficiently. © 2013 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
HER2 Expression in Carcinomas of the True Cardia (Siewert Type II Esophagogastric Junction Carcinoma)
Authors: Katai Hitoshi , Ishida Michihiro , Yamashita Hiroharu , Ohashi Masaki , Morita Shinji , Katayama Hiroshi , Fukagawa Takeo , Kushima Ryoji
Published: October 2013

Objectives

To evaluate the HER2 status in patients with Siewert type II esophagogastric junction carcinoma.

Background

Trastuzumab is now approved for use in the treatment of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)‐positive unresectable metastatic gastric or esophagogastric junction (EGJ) carcinoma. Several studies have evaluated HER2 status in EGJ carcinoma, but none has addressed the implication of HER2 positivity in patients with Siewert type II EGJ carcinoma.

Methods

We retrospectively evaluated the frequency of HER2 positivity in a large single‐center cohort of 208 patients with Siewert type II tumors. The relations between HER2 expression and the outcomes and other clinicopathologic features were examined.

Results

Overall, 18.2 % (38/208) of patients in our cohort had HER2‐positive tumors. HER2 positivity was associated only with differentiated carcinomas. The 5‐year overall survival (OS) rate was 58.7 %. The 5‐year OS rates in the patient groups with HER2‐negative and HER2‐positive tumors were 61.2 and 48.5 %, respectively. There was no significant difference between the groups. Recurrence in the liver was observed in 23.7 % patients of the HER2‐positive group and 7.6 % patients of the HER2‐negative group. Multivariate analysis to identify the risk factors for liver recurrence revealed only HER2 positivity (p = 0.0155) as an independent predictive factor.

Conclusions

HER2 positivity is a powerful predictor of liver recurrence in patients with Siewert type II EGJ carcinoma. Use of trastuzumab in combination with chemotherapy in an adjuvant setting can be a potentially useful therapeutic strategy to prevent hepatic recurrence in patients with resectable EGJ adenocarcinoma showing HER2 overexpression.
Homotopy invariance of non-stable K1-functors
Authors: Stavrova A.
Published: October 2013

Let G be a reductive algebraic group over a field k, such that every semisimple normal subgroup of G has isotropic rank ≥ 2, i.e. contains (Gm)2. Let K1G be the non-stable K1-functor associated to G, also called the Whitehead group of G. We show that K1G(k) = K1G (k[X1 ,…, Xn]) for any n ≥ 1. If k is perfect, this implies that K1G (R) = K1G (R[X]) for any regular k-algebra R. If k is infinite perfect, one also deduces that K1G (R) → K1G (K) is injective for any local regular k-algebra R with the fraction field K.
The Pershore Hoards and Votive Deposition in the Iron Age
Authors: Hurst Derek , Leins Ian
Published: October 2013

A large hoard of Iron Age coins was discovered by metal-detecting at Pershore, Worcestershire, in 1993. During small-scale archaeological excavation further Iron Age coins were recovered, including a likely second hoard. Further fieldwork in the same vicinity as the hoard(s) produced more Iron Age finds, including more coins, and a possible fragment of a twisted wire gold torc. In total 1494 Iron Age gold and silver coins were recovered. Geophysical survey indicated that the hoard(s) lay at the southern end of an extensive area of settlement which, based on the fieldwalking evidence, was mainly of Iron Age and Roman date. This covered an overall area ofc.10 ha, within which several areas of more intensive activity were defined, including enclosures and possible round-houses. It is suggested that the coin hoard(s) indicate the location of a Late Iron Age religious space in an elevated landscape position situated on the edge of a settlement which continued into the Roman period. As part of the archaeological strategy, specialist deep-search metal-detecting was undertaken in order to establish that the site has now been completely cleared of metalwork caches
Transcendental Democracy: Ralph Waldo Emerson's Political Thought, the Legacy of Federalism, and the Ironies of America's Democratic Tradition
Authors: PARK BENJAMIN E.
Published: October 2013

This paper seeks to accomplish three things. First, it contextualizes Ralph Waldo Emerson's political thought by demonstrating that, despite his rhetoric to the contrary and the dominant interpretation within Emersonian scholarship, his political ideas had an intellectual genealogy rooted both in his local New England context and in the broader American culture. Second, it argues that principles and tensions from the Federalist Party lingered long after the demise of the organized group, especially in response to the perceived excesses and extremes of Jacksonian America, and can even be found within a thinker as egalitarian and democratic as Emerson. And finally, the article explores how the ironies of these two previous points flesh out the paradoxical and dynamic nature of America's democratic tradition. By engaging the ironies and paradoxes within Emerson's political thought in microcosm, I argue, one gets a better view of the larger issues at stake within the broader culture.
Divided Loyalties in a “Predatory War”: Plantation Overseers and Slavery during the American Revolution
Authors: SANDY LAURA
Published: October 2013

Drawing primarily on archival material such as plantation records, this article places the figure of the plantation overseer at the centre of the drama of the American Revolution in the southern colonies. Occupying a contested liminal space within colonial society, between rich and poor, and between the free and the unfree, the overseer was not necessarily the ne'er-do-well of conventional stereotype. This “Predatory War,” however, tested the overseer's loyalties and sense of duty to the fullest extent. Understanding his role in the conflict offers a significant insight into the experience of a plantation society at war. In particular the overseer was caught in the tension between elite and yeomanry, between the conflicting calls of loyalism and the cause of the Patriots. Perhaps most significantly of all he stood at the forefront of the defence of race slavery during the tumult of civil conflict.
Partisan brand name building and deficit politics: examining the role of power sharing on party issue consistency
Authors: Lynch Michael S. , Madonna Anthony J.
Published: October 2013

Scholars of political parties frequently note that a party's candidates are aided by the presence of a consistent and favourable party brand name. We argue that partisan success in maintaining a consistent position on important policy issues hinges on how their role in the government motivates their strategies about public policy formation. Specifically, when parties share control of government institutions, parties need to balance their electoral interest in promoting a consistent brand name with the need to generate public policy that leads to effective governance. When control is held by one party, the costs and benefits of effective governance are born entirely by the majority, absolving both parties of the need to compromise on the substance of policy. By employing item response theory methods to assess patterns of party voting on deficit issues, we find strong support for these hypotheses.
When and how can advocacy groups promote new technologies? Conditions and strategies for effectiveness
Authors: Kim Sung Eun , Urpelainen Johannes
Published: October 2013

When and how can advocacy groups influence the diffusion of new technologies, such as wind power? We examine the relationship between two different strategies that advocacy groups can adopt: political lobbying and campaigns aimed at potential end users of the new technology. Our game-theoretic analysis shows that without the opportunity to engage in political lobbying, end user campaigns by an advocacy group have the counterproductive effect of reducing the government's incentive to subsidise the new technology. Instead of supporting the advocacy group's campaigning, the government free rides on the social movement's campaigning efforts. While political lobbying cannot prevent free riding, it increases the government's incentive to subsidise the new technology, and thus increases the advocacy group's payoff. These findings suggest that advocacy groups can promote technology diffusion if they can effectively deploy a dual strategy of political lobbying and end user campaigning.
Inheriting the Avant-Garde: Merce Cunningham, Marcel Duchamp, and the “Legacy Plan”
Authors: Noland Carrie
Published: October 2013

“Repetition is a necessary and justified conduct only in relation to that which cannot be replaced.” —Gilles Deleuze, Difference and Repetition

How does one create a dance legacy? Or, in the case of Merce Cunningham, how does one create an avant-garde dance legacy? Can a corpus of controversial works and ideas be preserved for posterity without betraying the fundamental impulse of an intentionally self-exceeding experimental art? What can be preserved, archived, and bequeathed of a choreographer's work if that choreographer's project was precisely to generate what he had not done before?
A NOTE ON ESTIMATING AND TESTING FOR MULTIPLE STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN MODELS WITH ENDOGENOUS REGRESSORS VIA 2SLS
Authors: Perron Pierre , Yamamoto Yohei
Published: October 2013

This note provides a simple proof for the problem of estimating and testing for multiple breaks in a single equation framework with regressors that are endogenous. We show based on standard assumptions about the regressors, instruments, and errors that the second-stage regression of the instrumental variable procedure involves regressors and errors that satisfy all the assumptions in Perron and Qu (2006, Journal of Econometrics 134, 373–399) so that the results about consistency, rate of convergence and limit distributions of the estimates of the break dates, in addition to the limit distributions of the tests, are obtained as simple consequences. The results are obtained within a unified framework for various cases about the nature of the reduced form: stable, no structural changes but time variations in the parameters, structural changes at dates that are common to those of the structural form, and structural changes occurring at arbitrary dates.
X-ray powder diffraction data for norethindrone
Authors: Tang Pei Xiao , Wu Xiao Qing , Zhang Li Li , Cheng Qiang , Li Hui
Published: October 2013

Experimental X-ray powder diffraction data, unit-cell parameters, and space group for norethindrone, C20H26O2, are reported [a = 20.7484(12) Å, b = 12.1678(9) Å, c = 6.5561(2) Å, α = β = γ = 90°, unit-cell volume V = 1655.17(16) Å3, Z = 4 and space group P212121]. All measured lines were indexed and are consistent with the P212121 space group. No detectable impurity was observed.
Increased incidence of Campylobacter jejuni-associated Guillain–Barré syndromes in the Greater Paris area
Authors: SIVADON-TARDY V. , PORCHER R. , ORLIKOWSKI D. , RONCO E. , GAULT E. , ROUSSI J. , DURAND M.-C. , SHARSHAR T. , ANNANE D. , RAPHAEL J.-C. , MEGRAUD F. , GAILLARD J.-L.
Published: October 2013

The role of Campylobacter jejuni as the triggering agent of Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) has not been reassessed since the end of the 1990s in France. We report that the number of C. jejuni-related GBS cases increased continuously between 1996 and 2007 in the Paris region (mean annual increment: 7%, P = 0·007).
Diagnosis of congenital heart disease in an era of universal prenatal ultrasound screening in southwest Ohio
Authors: Sekar Priya , Heydarian Haleh C. , Cnota James F. , Hornberger Lisa K. , Michelfelder Erik C.
Published: October 2013

Objectives

Diagnostic ultrasound is widespread in obstetric practice, yet many babies with major congenital heart disease remain undiagnosed. Factors affecting prenatal diagnosis of major congenital heart disease are not well understood. This study aims to document prenatal detection rates for major congenital heart disease in the Greater Cincinnati area, and identify factors associated with lack of prenatal diagnosis.

Methods

All living infants diagnosed with major congenital heart disease by 4 months of age at our centre were prospectively identified. Prenatal care data were obtained by parent interview. Neonatal records were reviewed for postnatal data. Obstetricians were contacted for diagnostic ultrasound data.

Results

A total of 100 infants met the inclusion criteria. In all, 95 infants were analysed, of whom 94 were offered diagnostic ultrasound. In all, 41 had a prenatal diagnosis of major congenital heart disease. The rate of prenatal detection varied by cardiac lesion, with aortic arch abnormalities, semilunar valve abnormalities, and venous anomalies going undetected in this sample. Among subjects without prenatal detection, the highest proportion consisted of those having Level 1 diagnostic ultrasound only (66%). Prenatal detection was not significantly influenced by maternal race, education level, income, or insurance type.

Conclusions

Despite nearly universal diagnostic ultrasound, detection rates of major congenital heart disease remain low in southwest Ohio. An educational outreach programme including outflow tract sweeps for community-level obstetrical personnel may improve detection rates.
Vegetable variety: an effective strategy to increase vegetable choice in children
Authors: Bucher Tamara , Siegrist Michael , van der Horst Klazine
Published: October 2013

Objective

Most children do not meet the recommended intake of vegetables. Variety was identified as a potential factor to increase children's intake of these foods, as it was shown that variety was effective in improving meal composition in adults. Because younger children are suggested to be more responsive to internal satiation signals than to external food-related cues compared with adults, it is not clear whether variety is effective to improve meal composition in 7- to 10-year-old children.

Design

Experiment.

Setting

Children were assigned one of three different fake food buffets containing pasta, chicken, and either one vegetable (carrots or beans) or two vegetables (carrots and beans). The children were asked to serve themselves a meal that they would like to eat for lunch from the given selection.

Subjects

One hundred children (fifty-two boys; mean age 8·8 (sd 1·1) years).

Results

Children given the two-vegetable choice served themselves significantly more energy from vegetables (mean 64 (sd 51) kJ, 10·9 (sd 9·4) %) compared with children who were offered only either carrots (mean 37 (sd 25) kJ, 5·9 (sd 6·5) %) or beans (mean 38 (sd 34) kJ, 5·6 (sd 6·3) %). The total energy of the meal was not increased, indicating that children chose a more balanced lunch when offered more vegetables.

Conclusions

School-aged children are responsive to food-related cues and variety is effective in increasing their vegetable choice. Serving an assortment of vegetables in school cafeterias might be a simple and effective strategy to improve children's nutrition.
Law, politics, and the true cost of protectionism: the choice of trade remedies or binding overhang
Authors: BUSCH MARC L. , PELC KRZYSZTOF J.
Published: October 2013

The literature on escape clauses in international commerce focuses on the workings of trade remedies. The logic is that, by adhering to a strict methodology that is subject to legal review, trade remedies credibly signal that the government is only temporarily defecting from free trade. And yet, countries often turn, instead, to a measure that does not adhere to a strict methodology and is not subject to legal review: binding overhang, or the gap between a country's bound and applied tariffs. What explains a government's decision to use trade remedies or binding overhang? We argue that trade remedies are used where import surges are big enough that injury can be proven, but low enough that governments have incentive to prove it. Otherwise, binding overhang is their flexibility measure of choice. We conduct a variety of empirical analyses concerning 22 emerging economies with access to both trade remedies and binding overhang. The results strongly bear out our hypothesis, shedding new light on governments' incentives over the design of the law governing flexibility provisions.
Rechenschwäche im Grundschulalter: Reduzierte Verfügbarkeit basalen arithmetischen Faktenwissens und Belastung des Arbeitsgedächtnisses bei Drittklässlern
Authors: Busch Jenny , Oranu Nonye , Schmidt Claudia , Grube Dietmar
Published: October 2013

Nachteile im Aufbau und Abruf basalen arithmetischen Faktenwissens (zum Beispiel der Summe zweier Ziffern) bilden ein zentrales Merkmal bei Kindern mit Rechenschwäche. Die vorliegende Studie verfolgt das Ziel, die reduzierte Verfügbarkeit basalen arithmetischen Wissens und dadurch bedingte besondere Belastungen des Arbeitsgedächtnisses bei Kindern mit Rechenschwäche genauer zu untersuchen. Drittklässler mit und ohne Rechenschwäche bearbeiteten Verifikationsaufgaben zur Addition im Zahlenraum bis 20 mit und ohne Zehnerübergang, einerseits unter Standardbedingungen, andererseits unter kontinuierlicher Ausführung einfacher Zweitaufgaben (verbal und motorisch). In getrennten Varianzanalysen (VA) zur Lösungsgüte und zur Lösungszeit erwiesen sich alle drei Haupteffekte zu den Faktoren Rechenleistung, Zehnerübergang und Durchführungsbedingung (in beiden VA) und alle Zweifachinteraktionen (in der VA zur Lösungsgüte) als signifikant. Kinder mit Rechenschwäche haben demnach grundlegende Nachteile beim Abruf basaler arithmetischer Fakten und besonders ausgeprägte Nachteile bei Aufgaben mit Zehnerübergang und unter Belastung des Arbeitsgedächtnisses durch Zweitaufgaben. Die Befunde untermauern die Annahme, dass die Rechenschwäche eng mit Defiziten im basalen arithmetischen Faktenwissen assoziiert ist. Darüber hinaus legen sie nahe, dass sich diese Defizite umso gravierender auswirken, je größer die aktuelle Belastung des Arbeitsgedächtnisses ausfällt. Die Relevanz des frühen Aufbaus von arithmetischem Faktenwissen und die Notwendigkeit des Einsatzes geeigneter diagnostischer Maßnahmen zur frühzeitigen Erkennung von entsprechenden Defiziten werden hervorgehoben.
Dyskalkulie vs. Rechenschwäche: Basisnumerische Verarbeitung in der Grundschule
Authors: Kuhn Jörg-Tobias , Raddatz Julia , Holling Heinz , Dobel Christian
Published: October 2013

Laut ICD-10 und DSM-IV-TR muss für die Diagnose einer Dyskalkulie eine Diskrepanz zwischen der allgemeinen kognitiven Leistungsfähigkeit und der tatsächlichen oder vorhergesagten Leistung in einem Mathematiktest vorliegen. Diese Definition impliziert, dass sich rechenschwache Kinder, die diese Diskrepanz aufweisen, von rechenschwachen Kindern ohne Erfüllung des Diskrepanzkriteriums unterscheiden. Die vorliegende Arbeit hatte zum Ziel, mögliche Unterschiede zwischen dyskalkulischen und rechenschwachen Kindern sowie einer Kontrollgruppe in der basisnumerischen Verarbeitung zu prüfen. Zur Identifikation einer Dyskalkulie bzw. Rechenschwäche wurden entweder (a) ein Testverfahren mit basisnumerischem Schwerpunkt (ZAREKI-R) oder (b) Tests zur Erfassung von Rechenfertigkeiten (ZAREKI-R Kopfrechnen und Textaufgaben, HRT 1 – 4 Addition und Subtraktion, WISC-IV rechnerisches Denken) verwendet. Insgesamt bearbeiteten 68 Kinder (Dyskalkulie: Na= 27/Nb= 11, Rechenschwäche: Na= 21/Nb= 18, Kontrollgruppe: Na= 20/Nb= 39) eine Batterie von basisnumerischen Aufgaben: Simultanerfassung, Abzählen, Mengenvergleich, Transkodieren, Number sets und Zahlenstrahl (0 – 100). Zusätzlich wurde die Arbeitsgedächtniskapazität mit einer visuell-räumlichen Aufgabe (Matrixspanne) überprüft. Laut Klassifikation nach ZAREKI-R unterschieden sich rechenschwache und dyskalkulische Kinder in fast allen basisnumerischen Aufgaben klar von der Kontrollgruppe, jedoch nicht untereinander. Bei Klassifikation nach Rechenfertigkeiten konnten rechenschwache und dyskalkulische Kinder ebenfalls nicht differenziert werden, allerdings unterschieden sich nur rechenschwache Kinder von der Kontrollgruppe (bei den Aufgaben Simultanerfassung, Abzählen, symbolischer Mengenvergleich, Transkodieren, Zahlenstrahl). Die Befunde werden vor dem Hintergrund der Verwendung basisnumerischer Fertigkeiten für die Diagnose und Therapie von Dyskalkulie diskutiert.
Rapid reuptake of granzyme B leads to emperitosis: an apoptotic cell-in-cell death of immune killer cells inside tumor cells
Authors: Wang S , He M-f , Chen Y-h , Wang M-y , Yu X-m , Bai J , Zhu H-y , Wang Y-y , Zhao H , Mei Q , Nie J , Ma J , Wang J-f , Wen Q , Ma L , Wang Y , Wang X-n
Published: October 2013

A cell-in-cell process refers to the invasion of one living cell into another homotypic or heterotypic cell. Different from non-apoptotic death processes of internalized cells termed entosis or cannibalism, we previously reported an apoptotic cell-in-cell death occurring during heterotypic cell-in-cell formation. In this study, we further demonstrated that the apoptotic cell-in-cell death occurred only in internalized immune killer cells expressing granzyme B (GzmB). Vacuole wrapping around the internalized cells inside the target cells was the common hallmark during the early stage of all cell-in-cell processes, which resulted in the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and subsequent mitochondrial injury of encapsulated killer or non-cytotoxic immune cells. However, internalized killer cells mediated rapid bubbling of the vacuoles with the subsequent degranulation of GzmB inside the vacuole of the target cells and underwent the reuptake of GzmB by killer cells themselves. The confinement of GzmB inside the vacuole surpassed the lysosome-mediated cell death occurring in heterotypic or homotypic entosis processes, resulting in a GzmB-triggered caspase-dependent apoptotic cell-in-cell death of internalized killer cells. On the contrary, internalized killer cells from GzmB-deficient mice underwent a typical non-apoptotic entotic cell-in-cell death similar to that of non-cytotoxic immune cells or tumor cells. Our results thus demonstrated the critical involvement of immune cells with cytotoxic property in apoptotic cell-in-cell death, which we termed as emperitosis taken from emperipolesis and apoptosis. Whereas entosis or cannibalism may serve as a feed-on mechanism to exacerbate and nourish tumor cells, emperitosis of immune killer cells inside tumor cells may serve as an in-cell danger sensation model to prevent the killing of target cells from inside, implying a unique mechanism for tumor cells to escape from immune surveillance.
Multiplexed biomimetic lipid membranes on graphene by dip-pen nanolithography
Authors: Hirtz Michael , Oikonomou Antonios , Georgiou Thanasis , Fuchs Harald , Vijayaraghavan Aravind
Published: October 2013

The application of graphene in sensor devices depends on the ability to appropriately functionalize the pristine graphene. Here we show the direct writing of tailored phospholipid membranes on graphene using dip-pen nanolithography. Phospholipids exhibit higher mobility on graphene compared with the commonly used silicon dioxide substrate, leading to well-spread uniform membranes. Dip-pen nanolithography allows for multiplexed assembly of phospholipid membranes of different functionalities in close proximity to each other. The membranes are stable in aqueous environments and we observe electronic doping of graphene by charged phospholipids. On the basis of these results, we propose phospholipid membranes as a route for non-covalent immobilization of various functional groups on graphene for applications in biosensing and biocatalysis. As a proof of principle, we demonstrate the specific binding of streptavidin to biotin-functionalized membranes. The combination of atomic force microscopy and binding experiments yields a consistent model for the layer organization within phospholipid stacks on graphene.
Uses of Waste Starch
Authors: Shuttleworth Peter S. , Supanchaiyamat Nontipa
Published: October 2013

Starch is shown to consist primarily of the two polymers, amylose and amylopectin that define its complex molecular architecture. These polymers in addition to their rich hydroxyl functionality and abundance have made them an intricate part of our lives, from a source of food through to a widely used industrial product. With escalating demands on planetary resources coming from an increasingly consumer-focused population, how we utilise the resources we have is becoming ever more important. At every processing stage of starch, there are wastes that accumulate to vast quantities that not only consign an economic impact, but negate a readily available untapped renewable resource with defined and emerging markets. It is the purpose of this chapter to give a brief introduction to starch and its structural components, and then follow with how waste starch sources can be redeployed/adapted back into both the chemical and materials industries.
A LOV-domain-mediated blue-light-activated adenylate (adenylyl) cyclase from the cyanobacterium Microcoleus chthonoplastes PCC 7420
Authors: Raffelberg Sarah , Wang Linzhu , Gao Shiqiang , Losi Aba , Gärtner Wolfgang , Nagel Georg
Published: October 2013

Genome screening of the cyanobacterium Microcoleus chthonoplastes PCC 7420 identified a gene encoding a protein (483 amino acids, 54.2 kDa in size) characteristic of a BL (blue light)-regulated adenylate (adenylyl) cyclase function. The photoreceptive part showed signatures of a LOV (light, oxygen, voltage) domain. The gene product, mPAC (Microcoleus photoactivated adenylate cyclase), exhibited the LOV-specific three-peaked absorption band (λmax=450 nm) and underwent conversion into the photoadduct form (λmax=390 nm) upon BL-irradiation. The lifetime for thermal recovery into the parent state was determined as 16 s at 20°C (25 s at 11°C). The adenylate cyclase function showed a constitutive activity (in the dark) that was in-vitro-amplified by a factor of 30 under BL-irradiation. Turnover of the purified protein at saturating light and pH 8 is estimated to 1 cAMP/mPAC per s at 25°C (2 cAMP/mPAC per s at 35°C). The lifetime of light-activated cAMP production after a BL flash was ~14 s at 20°C. The temperature optimum was determined to 35°C and the pH optimum to 8.0. The value for half-maximal activating light intensity is 6 W/m2 (at 35°C). A comparison of mPAC and the BLUF (BL using FAD) protein bPAC (Beggiatoa PAC), as purified proteins and expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes, yielded higher constitutive activity for mPAC in the dark, but also when illuminated with BL.