bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diagnostic and Interventional Musculoskeletal Ultrasound: Part 2. Clinical Applications
Authors: Smith Jay , Finnoff Jonathan T.
Published: February 2009

Musculoskeletal ultrasound involves the use of high‐frequency sound waves to image soft tissues and bony structures in the body for the purposes of diagnosing pathology or guiding real‐time interventional procedures. Recently, an increasing number of physicians have integrated musculoskeletal ultrasound into their practices to facilitate patient care. Technological advancements, improved portability, and reduced costs continue to drive the proliferation of ultrasound in clinical medicine. This increased interest creates a need for education pertaining to all aspects of musculoskeletal ultrasound. The primary purpose of this article is to review diagnostic ultrasound technology and its potential clinical applications in the evaluation and treatment of patients with neurological and musculoskeletal disorders. After reviewing this article, physicians should be able to (1) list the advantages and disadvantages of ultrasound compared to other available imaging modalities; (2) describe how ultrasound machines produce images using sound waves; (3) discuss the steps necessary to acquire and optimize an ultrasound image; (4) understand the difference ultrasound appearances of tendons, nerves, muscles, ligaments, blood vessels, and bones; and (5) identify multiple applications for diagnostic and interventional musculoskeletal ultrasound. Part 2 of this 2‐part article will focus on the clinical applications of musculoskeletal ultrasound in clinical practice, including the ultrasonographic appearance of normal and abnormal tissues as well as specific diagnostic and interventional applications in major body regions.
Length of Stay in Rehabilitation is Associated with Admission Neurologic Deficit and Discharge Destination
Authors: Elwood Douglas , Rashbaum Ira , Bonder Jaclyn , Pantel Austin , Berliner Jeffrey , Yoon Steve , Purvin Mike , Ben‐Roohi Moshe , Bansal Amit
Published: February 2009

Objective

This study explores the link between neurologic deficit as measured by the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), and its relationship to length of stay (LOS) and discharge destination.

Design

A retrospective chart review was completed of 54 patients admitted for rehabilitation after experiencing a cerebrovascular accident.

Setting

The study was completed in an acute inpatient rehabilitation stroke unit in a large urban tertiary care medical center.

Participants

Patients were included in this analysis if their record contained an NIHSS score on both admission and discharge, if they had neuroimaging documentation of an acute hemorrhagic or ischemic stroke, and if they were not transferred away from the rehabilitation unit during their stay. Of 54 cases reviewed, 47 were ultimately included.

Main Outcome Measurements

Independent variables included were NIHSS admission and discharge scores, change in score from admission to discharge, discharge destination, age, gender, type of stroke, and use of tissue plasminogen activator. These were examined against the dependent variable, LOS.

Results

Greater admission NIHSS scores predicted longer hospital stays. Mean admission and discharge scores were significantly greater for patients discharged to subacute facilities, and LOS was also longer for these patients compared with those discharged to the community. Surprisingly, age was inversely related to LOS, admission score, and discharge score.

Conclusion

Stroke remains one of the most common reasons for admission to acute care hospitals. The authors know of no studies that have examined the rehabilitation aspect of care incorporating the NIHSS in this manner. This study draws a connection between neurologic impairment by using the NIHSS and LOS and discharge destination in an acute inpatient rehabilitation stroke unit. In the future, multidisciplinary rehabilitation teams may consider using this measure to predict LOS and disposition at discharge from inpatient rehabilitation.
Seasonality change and the third millennium BP rainforest crisis in southern Cameroon (Central Africa)
Authors: Ngomanda Alfred , Neumann Katharina , Schweizer Astrid , Maley Jean
Published: February 2009

The third millennium BP crisis of the central African rainforest is not sufficiently understood. The low resolution of most pollen profiles and a large plateau of the calibration curve aggravate the exact dating of the event, and its causal climatic parameters are debated. We present a high-resolution pollen profile from the swamp site Nyabessan in the southern Cameroonian rainforest, covering the period 3100-2300 cal yr BP. Between 3100 and 2500 cal yr BP, the climate was favourable for a regional evergreen forest with Caesalpiniaceae andLophiraand a localRaphiaswamp forest. Around 2500/2400 cal yr BP, a significant decrease of mature forest and swamp forest taxa and an increase of pioneers indicate that the rain forest was seriously disturbed and replaced by secondary formations. The dominance ofTrema orientalis, a pioneer well adapted to seasonal desiccation, points to a much more accentuated seasonality after 2500 cal yr BP, which seems to be linked to a southwards shift of the ITCZ during the northern hemisphere winter months. We propose that the rain forest crisis between 2500 and 2200 cal BP created favourable conditions for farming and paved the way for a major expansion of Bantu speaking populations.
Cholesteatoma behind an intact tympanic membrane in adult life: congenital or acquired?
Authors: Mills R
Published: February 2009

Background:

Congenital cholesteatoma occurring behind the tympanic membrane is typically located in the anterior middle ear.

Objective:

To investigate the location, clinical features and treatment of cholesteatomas located behind an intact tympanic membrane in adults.

Methods:

Review of a series of 265 consecutive, new, adult cases of previously untreated cholesteatoma seen by the author over a 22-year period.

Results:

Seventeen (6 per cent) cases were located behind an intact tympanic membrane without any evidence of a retraction pocket of the attic or pars tensa. Ten (59 per cent) of these patients had undergone previous ear surgery and therefore the disease could reasonably be considered to be iatrogenic. The most common presentation was conductive deafness with no other symptoms (71 per cent). In all of the cases, the disease was located in the posterior half of the middle-ear space. The most common surgical management was simple excision of the disease via a tympanotomy. Two cases (12 per cent) developed residual disease.

Conclusion:

The majority of the cases in this series were likely to be acquired cholesteatomas. This type of disease often presents with conductive hearing loss alone.
Relative diagnostic importance of electronystagmography and magnetic resonance imaging in vestibular disorders
Authors: Korres S , Riga M , Papacharalampous G , Chimona T , Danielidis V , Korres G , Xenellis J
Published: February 2009

Objective:

The aim of this study was to investigate the contribution of electronystagmography and magnetic resonance imaging to the aetiological diagnosis of vertigo and unsteadiness, in a population in which the history and clinical examination provide no conclusive diagnosis of the origin of the dysfunction (i.e. peripheral or central).

Patients and methods:

This retrospective study included 102 patients, who underwent full ENT clinical evaluation, history and neurotological assessment (including pure tone audiography, auditory brainstem response testing, electronystagmography and magnetic resonance imaging).

Results:

Electronystagmography contributed to establishment of a diagnosis in 53/102 patients (52 per cent), whereas magnetic resonance imaging did the same in four of 102 patients (3.9 per cent).

Conclusion:

Electronystagmography remains the most useful examination for aetiological diagnosis of patients with vertigo and unsteadiness, since the actual number of patients with vertigo and unsteadiness of central origin is small (3.9 per cent), even in a population in which history and clinical examination may indicate an increased probability of central nervous system dysfunction.
God exists at every (modal realist) world: response to Sheehy
Authors: CAMERON ROSS P.
Published: February 2009

Paul Sheehy has argued that the modal realist cannot satisfactorily allow for the necessity of God's existence. In this short paper I show that she can, and that Sheehy only sees a problem because he has failed to appreciate all the resources available to the modal realist. God may be an abstract existent outside spacetime or He may not be: but either way, there is no problem for the modal realist to admit that He exists at every concrete possible world.
The Rhetoric of Fragmentation: Fear and Faith in International Law
Authors: MARTINEAU ANNE-CHARLOTTE
Published: February 2009

Over the last decade international lawyers have been increasingly concerned with the ‘fragmentation’ of international law. However, given that this expression has been repeatedly used by the profession since the mid-nineteenth century to depict the state of international law, one may wonder about its recent revival in the international legal discourse. Why has it re-emerged? What can we learn from previous invocations? An answer may be sought by contextualizing the fragmentation debate in a historical perspective. This brings out the repetitive and relatively stylized modes in which the profession has narrated legal developments. This essay suggests a correlation between periods of crisis in general and a critical view of fragmentation on the one hand, and periods of scholarly enthusiasm and the prevalence of positive views about fragmentation on the other. This analysis sheds critical light on both the implicit assumptions and political implications of the current debate on fragmentation.
International Law and the Objectivity of Value
Authors: VOYIAKIS EMMANUEL
Published: February 2009

The familiar critical claim that propositions of international law cannot be both objective and normative casts a long shadow over international legal theory. The claim relies on the conjunction of two ideas: first, that the truth-conditions of any proposition of international law will include some element of evaluative judgement (about the right or the good) that gives the proposition its normative character, and, second, that evaluative judgements cannot be objectively true or false. International lawyers have two main strategies for defending their discipline against this sceptical challenge. A more modest strategy would accept that legal objectivity and normativity are incompatible and attempt to sidestep the sceptical critique by abandoning the claim to normativity. A second and more ambitious strategy would resist the sceptical challenge by disputing the plausibility of its attack on the objectivity of evaluative judgements. This strategy would rely on the claim that objectivity and normativity are not mutually incompatible and that the aim of producing an account of international law that displays both features is realistic. My aim in this paper is to show that there exists at least one version of this second strategy that can succeed against the sceptical challenge. I argue that scepticism about values is incoherent and, therefore, that the opposition between the objectivity and the normativity of international law is illusory. Setting such scepticism aside will allow international lawyers to concentrate fully on the substantive normative questions that drive theories of international law and on the values that provide the best account of its content.
US Supreme Court, Medellín v. Texas: More than an Assiduous Building Inspector?
Authors: GAMBLE JOHN KING , GIULIANO CHRISTINE M.
Published: February 2009

The US Supreme Court case of José Ernesto Medellín, Petitioner v. Texas, decided on 25 March 2008, has generally been seen as a US refusal to follow unambiguous treaty provisions. There has not been such a strong reaction to US behaviour relative to specific treaty obligations since the 1992 Alvarez-Machain case. The Supreme Court majority (six votes to three) held that ‘neither Avena nor the President's Memorandum constitutes directly enforceable federal law’. The uncomfortable – and to many illogical – conclusion reached by the Court was that even though Avena is an ‘international law obligation on the part of the United States’, it is not binding law within the United States even in the light of an explicit presidential order. While the result may be disappointing, the case should be understood in the context of a legal system that (i) makes treaties part of ‘the supreme Law of the Land’; (ii) has developed a complicated concept of self-executing treaties; and (iii) can be hesitant to direct states (sub-national units) to follow presidential directives even on matters of foreign policy.
The epidemiology of, and risk factors for, mortality from severe sepsis and septic shock in a tertiary-care university hospital setting
Authors: KHWANNIMIT B. , BHURAYANONTACHAI R.
Published: February 2009

This study investigated the clinical characteristics of, and outcomes and risk factors for hospital mortality of 390 patients admitted with severe sepsis or septic shock in an intensive care unit (ICU). Prospectively collected data from patients collected between 1 July 2004 and 30 June 2006 were analysed. Overall hospital mortality was 49·7% and comorbidities were found in 40·3% of patients, the most common of which was haematological malignancy. The respiratory tract was the most common site of infection (50%). Hospital-acquired infections accounted for 55·6% of patients with Gram-negative bacteria predominant (68%). Multivariate analysis showed that acute respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary artery catheter placement, comorbidities, hospital-acquired infection, APACHE II score and maximum LOD score, were independent risk factors for hospital mortality. In conclusion, severe sepsis and septic shock are common causes of ICU admission. Patients with risk factors for increased mortality should be carefully monitored and aggressive treatment administered.
Learners’ anxiety in audiographic conferences: a discursive psychology approach to emotion talk
Authors: de los Arcos Beatriz , Coleman James A. , Hampel Regine
Published: February 2009

Success and failure in language learning are partly determined by the learners’ ability to regulate their emotions. Negative feelings are more likely to frustrate progress, while positive ones make the task of learning a second language (L2) a more effective experience. To date no significant body of research has been carried out into the role of anxiety in the field of computer-assisted language learning (CALL). The present study adopts discursive psychology (DP) as its methodological approach to examine anxiety not as a psychological state, but as a social construct in the context of an audiographic conferencing tool. After interviewing a sample of learners of Spanish at the Open University (OU), our findings reveal a strong connection between emotion and learner beliefs.
The Ramsey Number for 3-Uniform Tight Hypergraph Cycles
Authors: HAXELL P. E. , ŁUCZAK T. , PENG Y. , RÖDL V. , RUCIŃSKI A. , SKOKAN J.
Published: February 2009

LetC(3)ndenote the 3-uniformtight cycle, that is, the hypergraph with verticesv1, .–.–.,vnand edgesv1v2v3,v2v3v4, .–.–.,vn−1vnv1,vnv1v2. We prove that the smallest integerN=N(n) for which every red–blue colouring of the edges of the complete 3-uniform hypergraph withNvertices contains a monochromatic copy ofC(3)nis asymptotically equal to 4n/3 ifnis divisible by 3, and 2notherwise. The proof uses the regularity lemma for hypergraphs of Frankl and Rödl.
Effects of Facial Attractiveness, Gender, and Competence of Applicants on Job Recruitment
Authors: Desrumaux Pascale , De Bosscher Sabine , Léoni Véronique
Published: February 2009

Many studies have shown that physical appearance has a strong effect on hiring decisions, but they have not simultaneously taken into account the applicant’s competence, the hierarchical status, and job sex type. Recruiters rated the hireability, utility, and desirability of eight applicants based on their resumes, which varied according to a 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 design with four within-subject variables (Gender × Attractiveness × High/Moderate Competence, Male/Female Sex-Typed Jobs) and one between-subjects variable (hierarchical status of the job: managerial/nonmanagerial). An univariate, repeated-measures analysis conducted on the composite score showed a main effect of attractiveness and competence. Globally, decision-makers gave more favorable ratings for male sex-typed jobs than for female sex-typed jobs and for low-status jobs than for high-status jobs. Attractiveness and competence had a more disadvantageous effect for female than for male sex-typed jobs.
Contexte et Compréhension des Expressions Idiomatiques: Une Étude Chez des Enfants Francophones Présentant une Dysphasie de Type Phonologique Syntaxique
Authors: Laval Virginie , de Weck Geneviève , Chaminaud Stéphanie , Lacroix Agnès
Published: February 2009

Cette recherche étudie les aspects pragmatiques de la compréhension chez des enfants francophones présentant une dysphasie de type phonologique syntaxique. Les capacités pragmatiques ne sont pas facilement évaluées par les tests traditionnels, souvent focalisés sur l’analyse des aspects formels du langage. A défaut d’instruments étalonnés disponibles en langue française, nous avons construit une épreuve informatisée de compréhension des expressions idiomatiques. Ces expressions sont particulièrement adaptées pour mesurer le rôle du contexte dans la compréhension. Le recueil de données est réalisé avec une tâche de complètement d’histoires, qui prend la forme d’un jeu sur ordinateur (le participant choisit entre deux images). Les histoires varient en fonction du contexte (idiomatique vs. neutre). Les enfants dysphasiques sont appariés à un groupe d’enfants typiques sur le niveau de compréhension structurale et sur l’âge chronologique. Les résultats montrent que les enfants dysphasiques ont des difficultés à comprendre les expressions idiomatiques, et que ces difficultés sont liées à un déficit pragmatique.
Individual Differences in Visuo-Spatial Working Memory and Real-World Wayfinding
Authors: Nori Raffaella , Grandicelli Sonia , Giusberti Fiorella
Published: February 2009

The present research investigated the relationship between individual differences in visuo-spatial working memory (VSWM) and wayfinding performance in adults. Forty participants completed a battery of tasks measuring VSWM (Mental Rotation Task, Corsi Block Task, Copying Task, and Spatial Problem Task) and covered an unfamiliar route in a botanical garden. Our findings showed that VSWM was involved in wayfinding performance: High-VSWM participants performed the wayfinding task with fewer errors and faster and paused less frequently along the route than did low-VSWM participants. Our results suggest that different aspects of working memory, that is, active/passive and visual/sequential/simultaneous subcomponents, are involved in remembering an unfamiliar real-world route.
Gewinnt die Psychotherapie durch die neurobiologische Erforschung ihrer Wirkmechanismen?
Authors: Berger Thomas , Caspar Franz
Published: February 2009

Neurobiologische Befunde legen nahe, dass erfolgreiche Psychotherapien Veränderungen im Gehirn ihrer Patienten bewirken. Entsprechend kann die Veränderung neuronaler Prozesse und Strukturen durch Psychotherapie als neuronales Korrelat psychotherapeutischer Wirkmechanismen betrachtet werden. Was kann die Psychotherapie durch die Berücksichtigung dieser Zusammenhänge und damit durch den Einbezug neurobiologischer Erkenntnisse über Veränderungsprozesse gewinnen? In diesem Beitrag werden mögliche Implikationen und Anwendungen sowie Chancen, Gefahren und Grenzen einer neurobiologischen Sicht auf Wirkfaktoren diskutiert.
Neurowissenschaften und Psychodynamische Psychotherapie
Authors: Beutel Manfred
Published: February 2009

In den letzten Jahren fanden Neurowissenschaften zunehmend Rezeption in den psychodynamischen Theorien. Es sollen exemplarisch Schnittstellen zwischen psychodynamischen Theorien, Behandlungsmodellen und neurowissenschaftlicher Forschung untersucht werden (1.) am Einfluss früherer Beziehungserfahrungen auf die psychische und Gehirnentwicklung, (2.) den neurobiologischen Grundlagen des Erinnerns und Vergessens, (3.) unbewusster und bewusster emotionaler Verarbeitung und (4) Einflüssen von Psychotherapie auf Gehirnfunktionen. Wesentliche psychodynamische Grundannahmen erwiesen sich als kompatibel mit neurobiologischen Befunden; zunehmend fanden neurobiologisch orientierte Konzepte, insbesondere die Unterscheidung zwischen impliziten und expliziten Prozessen, Eingang in psychoanalytische Krankheits- und Behandlungstheorien.
Neurobiologische Grundlagen von psychotherapeutischen Interventionen
Authors: Bohus Martin , Mauchnik Jana , Schmahl Christian
Published: February 2009

Die Frage nach neurobiologischen Grundlagen von psychotherapeutischen Interventionen setzt eine Adaptation der neurobiologischen Fragestellungen an die gegenwärtige Methodik psychotherapeutischer Forschung voraus. Dies betrifft insbesondere die Aufklärung von Moderatoren und Mediatoren psychotherapeutischer Wirksamkeit. Am Beispiel von grundlegenden Mechanismen emotionalen Lernens konzeptualisiert dieser Artikel die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen einer neurobiologisch gestützten Interventionsforschung.
Ausgebrannt und unzufrieden?
Authors: Michel Alexandra , Stegmaier Ralf , Meiser Daniela , Sonntag Karlheinz
Published: February 2009

In dieser Studie wurden Zusammenhänge zwischen arbeitseinheitsbezogenen Change-Charakteristika (Valenz, Ausmaß), der Wahrnehmung des Arbeitskontextes (veränderungsspezifische Arbeitsplatzunsicherheit) und Reaktionen wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter (emotionale Erschöpfung, Arbeitszufriedenheit, Kündigungsabsicht) in der Umstellungsphase einer deutschen Hochschule untersucht. 315 Mitarbeiter unterschiedlicher Arbeitseinheiten nahmen an der Befragung teil. Die Ergebnisse der Strukturgleichungsanalysen zeigten einen signifikanten negativen Zusammenhang zwischen Valenz der Veränderung für die Arbeitseinheit und veränderungsspezifischer Arbeitsplatzunsicherheit. Entgegen der Annahme korrelierte das Ausmaß der Veränderung für die Arbeitseinheit nicht mit der veränderungsspezifischen Arbeitsplatzunsicherheit. Emotionale Erschöpfung mediierte sowohl die negative Beziehung zwischen veränderungsspezifischer Arbeitsplatzunsicherheit und Arbeitszufriedenheit als auch die positive Beziehung zwischen veränderungsspezifischer Arbeitsplatzunsicherheit und Kündigungsabsicht.
Arbeits- und organisationspsychologische Forschung und betriebliche Praxis – zwei ferne Königskinder?
Authors: Maier Christine , Antoni Conny
Published: February 2009

Der Wissenstransfer zwischen der arbeits- und organisationspsychologischen Forschung und der betrieblichen Praxis ist ein zentrales Anliegen der Zeitschriften für Arbeits- und Organisationspsychologie sowie für Personalpsychologie. Dieser Beitrag beleuchtet die in den Jahren 2007 und 2008 in diesen Zeitschriften erschienenen Forschungsbeiträge auf ihre praktische Relevanz und unternimmt dabei eine Aktualisierung und Erweiterung der Studie von Deller und Albrecht (2007) . Als Kriterien für Praxisrelevanz wurden Zeitnähe der Veröffentlichung, praktische Implikationen, Organisationszugehörigkeit der Autoren, Herkunft der Forschungsfrage, Anwendungsbezug sowie – über Deller und Albrecht (2007) hinausgehend – die Art der Studie, die Art und Aktualität des Themas, die Struktur der Artikel (Anteile von Einleitungs- und Diskussionsteil) und eine differenzierte quantitative Textanalyse im Hinblick auf Praxisbezug herangezogen. Resümierend lässt sich eine erfreuliche Entwicklung hin zu verstärkter Praxisrelevanz der veröffentlichten Beiträge beobachten, sowohl wenn man die Kriterien von Deller und Albrecht (2007) als auch die erweiterten Kriterien zugrunde legt.
Soziale Angst / Soziale Unsicherheit
Authors: Petermann Ulrike , Petermann Franz
Published: February 2009

Der Beitrag geht auf die Erscheinungsformen und Prävalenz sozialer Ängste und sozialer Unsicherheit ein. Neue Ergebnisse und ein Entwicklungsmodell zur Beschreibung der sozialen Angst werden dargestellt. Von besonderer Bedeutung sind verhaltenstherapeutische Programme zur Prävention und Behandlung sozialer Ängste/sozialer Unsicherheit. Die Effektivität solcher Ansätze wird diskutiert und auf die Vorzüge einer kognitiven Gruppenverhaltenstherapie eingegangen.
Effekte des Trainings mit sozial unsicheren Kindern
Authors: Ortbandt Christine , Petermann Ulrike
Published: February 2009

Die vorliegende Studie überprüft die Wirksamkeit des multimodalen kognitiv-verhaltenstherapeutisch orientierten „Trainings mit sozial unsicheren Kindern“ ( Petermann & Petermann, 2006 ) mit einem Prä-Post-Kontrollgruppendesign. 19 sozial ängstliche Kinder (10 Mädchen, 9 Jungen) im Alter von sieben bis zwölf Jahren wurden einer Interventionsgruppe (n = 10) und einer Wartekontrollgruppe (n = 9) zugeordnet. Für die Überprüfung der Wirksamkeit des Trainings wurden neben Angaben der Eltern (Fremdeinschätzung) auch Auskünfte der Kinder (Selbsteinschätzung) herangezogen. Die Datenerhebungen erfolgten unmittelbar vor und nach dem Training. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich durch das Training die Angstsymptomatik in der Interventionsgruppe im Vergleich zur Wartekontrollgruppe deutlich verringerte.
Versorgungsstudie zum Marburger Konzentrationstraining (MKT) bei Grundschulkindern mit Symptomen einer Aktivitäts- und Aufmerksamkeitsstörung
Authors: Hahnefeld Andrea , Heuschen Ulla
Published: February 2009

In der vorliegenden Versorgungsstudie wurden die Effekte des „Marburger Konzentrationstraining“ (MKT, Krowatschek, 2000 ) untersucht. 125 Grundschulkinder im Alter von 6 – 11 Jahren mit unterschiedlich stark ausgeprägten Symptomen einer Aktivitäts- und Aufmerksamkeitsstörung und ihre Eltern nahmen an dem in Kleingruppen durchgeführten kognitiv-behavioralen Training teil. Die ADHS-Symptome der Kinder wurden vor der Intervention, direkt danach und drei Monate nach Abschluss derselben erhoben. Im jeweiligen Vorher-Nachher-Vergleich ergab sich ein Rückgang der Symptomatik im Elternurteil direkt nach dem Training. Bei der Follow-up-Befragung zeigte sich eine weitere signifikante Verringerung der Unaufmerksamkeitssymptome. Zusätzlich wurde erhöhte Selbstständigkeit der Kinder in der Hausaufgabensituation sowohl während des Trainings als auch in den drei Monaten danach berichtet. Es zeigt sich hier also ein positiver Effekt einer relativ niederschwelligen und kurzzeitigen Intervention.
Zusammenhang zwischen Stress der Eltern und kindlichem Problemverhalten
Authors: Cina Annette , Bodenmann Guy
Published: February 2009

Die Bedeutung von Stress für die Entwicklung von Störungen in der Familie und beim Kind wird in verschiedenen theoretischen Modellen diskutiert. Es bestehen jedoch kaum empirische Arbeiten, welche die theoretischen Modelle in ihrer Gesamtheit überprüfen. Die Arbeit stellt Stress der Eltern in Verbindung zu kindlichem Problemverhalten dar, wobei wichtige innerfamiliäre Risikofaktoren wie das elterliche Erziehungsverhalten, die Kommunikation in Konflikten sowie das Befinden in das Modell integriert sind. Diese drei Variablen stellen zusammen die wichtigsten Prädiktoren von kindlichem Problemverhalten im familiären Rahmen dar. Das Modell wird anhand der Angaben von 255 Eltern überprüft. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass das Modell eine gute Aufklärung erreicht und damit bedeutsame Hinweise geben kann, wie Stress im komplexen System der Familie mit der Entwicklung der Kinder zusammenhängen kann. Insbesondere kovariiert Stress mit ungünstigen Erziehungshandlungen, die wiederum mit einem stärkeren Ausmaß an kindlichen Verhaltensproblemen assoziiert sind.
Motorische Entwicklung vom frühen Kindes- bis zum frühen Erwachsenenalter im Kontext der Persönlichkeitsentwicklung
Authors: Asendorpf Jens B. , Teubel Thomas
Published: February 2009

Zusammenfassung. Die Entwicklung von motorischen Leistungen und des motorischen Selbstkonzepts wurde in einer Längsschnittstichprobe (N = 146) vom Kindergartenalter bis ins frühe Erwachsenenalter im breiteren Kontext der Persönlichkeitsentwicklung untersucht. Im Kindergartenalter fanden sich positive Beziehungen der getesteten motorischen Leistungen nicht nur zu Intelligenz, sondern unabhängig davon auch zu sozialer Ungehemmtheit und (nur bei Jungen) zu niedriger Aggressivität. Das motorische Selbstkonzept zeigte eine geringere Stabilität als die motorischen Leistungen, vor allem bei Mädchen. Signifikante Einflüsse des motorischen Selbstkonzepts auf die motorischen Leistungen konnten nicht gefunden werden, was den Skill-Development Ansatz unterstützt. Außer den motorischen Leistungen beeinflusste auch das allgemeine Selbstwertgefühl in der Kindheit das motorische Selbstkonzept, insbesondere bei Mädchen. Einflüsse der sozial-emotionalen Persönlichkeit auf die motorischen Testleistungen waren bis zum jungen Erwachsenenalter nachweisbar. Wir können die motorische Entwicklung besser verstehen, wenn wir sie im Kontext der gesamten Persönlichkeitsentwicklung betrachten.
Angewandte Sportpsychologie in der Schweiz: Ausbildungskonzeption und Berufsfeldperspektiven
Authors: Seiler Roland
Published: February 2009

Zusammenfassung. Die Sportpsychologie in der Schweiz geht auf die sechziger Jahre des letzten Jahrhunderts zurück. Ein geschichtlicher Rückblick zeigt, dass sie sich anders als in Deutschland jedoch nicht an den Hochschulen etablieren konnte, sondern sich vor allem in der Trainerausbildung und in der direkten praktischen Arbeit im Spitzensport verankerte. Ein wichtiger Aspekt ist hierbei die Kooperation mit dem Sportdachverband Swiss Olympic und die Integration in dessen Betreuungskonzepte. Die organisatorische und fachliche Orientierung der Schweizerischen Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Sportpsychologie SASP erfolgt seit 20 Jahren an den Standards des psychologischen Dachverbandes FSP. Um nach Negativschlagzeilen durch unseriöse Mentaltrainer nicht in ein schlechtes Licht zu kommen, wurde vor gut 10 Jahren verstärkt mit der Entwicklung von Qualitätssicherungsmaßnahmen für die Sportpsychologie begonnen. Ein von der FSP anerkannter Fachtitel für Sportpsychologie und ein berufsbegleitend zu absolvierendes Postgraduiertencurriculum führen neben der Anerkennung durch den Sport auch zu einem zunehmend attraktiven Berufsfeld.
Confidence Intervals
Authors: Cumming Geoff , Fidler Fiona
Published: February 2009

Most questions across science call for quantitative answers, ideally, a single best estimate plus information about the precision of that estimate. A confidence interval (CI) expresses both efficiently. Early experimental psychologists sought quantitative answers, but for the last half century psychology has been dominated by the nonquantitative, dichotomous thinking of null hypothesis significance testing (NHST). The authors argue that psychology should rejoin mainstream science by asking better questions – those that demand quantitative answers – and using CIs to answer them. They explain CIs and a range of ways to think about them and use them to interpret data, especially by considering CIs as prediction intervals, which provide information about replication. They explain how to calculate CIs on means, proportions, correlations, and standardized effect sizes, and illustrate symmetric and asymmetric CIs. They also argue that information provided by CIs is more useful than that provided by p values, or by values of Killeen’s prep, the probability of replication.
Why Figures with Error Bars Should Replace p Values
Authors: Fidler Fiona , Loftus Geoffrey R.
Published: February 2009

Null-hypothesis significance testing (NHST) is the primary means by which data are analyzed and conclusions made, particularly in the social sciences, but in other sciences as well (notably ecology and economics). Despite this supremacy however, numerous problems exist with NHST as a means of interpreting and understanding data. These problems have been articulated by various observers over the years, but are being taken seriously by researchers only slowly, if at all, as evidenced by the continuing emphasis on NHST in statistics classes, statistics textbooks, editorial policies and, of course, the day-to-day practices reported in empirical articles themselves ( Cumming et al., 2007 ). Over the past several decades, observers have suggested a simpler approach – plotting the data with appropriate confidence intervals (CIs) around relevant sample statistics – to supplement or take the place of hypothesis testing. This article addresses these issues.
Tableplot
Authors: Kwan Ernest , Lu Irene R.R. , Friendly Michael
Published: February 2009

In the debate over null hypothesis significance testing, Paul Meehl strongly advocated appraising theories through the generation and evaluation of precise predictions (e.g., Meehl, 1978 ). The study of personality structure through the five-factor model (FFM; McCrae & John, 1992 ) is an important area of research where one encounters many precise predictions. Extant methods of assessing such predictions, however, do not allow researchers to examine the outcome of the predictions in great detail. That is, it may be difficult to determine how estimates fail to match predicted values. As Meehl argued, one must examine how a theory fails to predict in order to refine and improve the theory. To promote better theory appraisal in FFM research, we present a powerful new tool, called a tableplot ( Kwan, 2008a ), that can summarize and clarify factor analytic results. Specifically, we illustrate how the tableplot enables detailed appraisal of precise predictions in the FFM.
Effect Sizes
Authors: Rosnow Ralph L. , Rosenthal Robert
Published: February 2009

The effect size (ES) is the magnitude of a study outcome or research finding, such as the strength of the relationship obtained between an independent variable and a dependent variable. Two types of ES indicators are sampled here: the difference-type and the correlational (or r-type). Both are well suited to situations in which there are two groups or two conditions, whereas the r-type, used in association with focused statistical procedures (contrasts), is also ideal in situations where there are more than two groups or conditions and there are predicted overall patterns to be evaluated. Also discussed are procedures for computing confidence intervals and null-counternull intervals as well as a systematic approach to comparing and combining competing predictions expressed in the form of contrast weights and ES indicators.
Impacts of climate change on stratospheric ozone recovery
Authors: Waugh D. W. , Oman L. , Kawa S. R. , Stolarski R. S. , Pawson S. , Douglass A. R. , Newman P. A. , Nielsen J. E.
Published: February 2009

The impact of increasing greenhouse gases (GHGs) on the “recovery” of stratospheric ozone is examined using simulations of the Goddard Earth Observing System Chemistry‐Climate Model. In this model, GHG‐induced climate change has a large impact on the ozone evolution and when O3 recovery milestones are reached. The two distinct milestones of “O3 returning to historical values” and “O3 being no longer significantly influenced by ozone depleting substances (ODSs)” can be reached at very different dates, and which occurs first varies between regions. GHG‐induced cooling in the upper stratosphere causes O3 to increase, and O3 returns to 1980 or 1960 values several decades before O3 is no longer significantly influenced by ODSs. In contrast, transport changes in the tropical and southern mid‐latitude lower stratosphere cause O3 to decrease. Here O3 never returns to 1980 values, even when anthropogenic ODSs have been removed from the atmosphere. O3 returning to 1960 (or 1980) values should not necessarily be interpreted as O3 recovery from the effects of ODSs.
Nature versus nurture: Functional assessment of restoration effects on wetland services using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Authors: Sundareshwar P. V. , Richardson C. J. , Gleason Robert A. , Pellechia Perry J. , Honomichl Shawn
Published: February 2009

Land‐use change has altered the ability of wetlands to provide vital services such as nutrient retention. While compensatory practices attempt to restore degraded wetlands and their functions, it is difficult to evaluate the recovery of soil biogeochemical functions that are critical for restoration of ecosystem services. Using solution 31P Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, we examined the chemical forms of phosphorus (P) in soils from wetlands located across a land‐use gradient. We report that soil P diversity, a functional attribute, was lowest in farmland, and greatest in native wetlands. Soil P diversity increased with age of restoration, indicating restoration of biogeochemical function. The trend in soil P diversity was similar to documented trends in soil bacterial taxonomic composition but opposite that of soil bacterial diversity at our study sites. These findings provide insights into links between ecosystem structure and function and provide a tool for evaluating the success of ecosystem restoration efforts.
A weaker Agulhas Current leads to more Agulhas leakage
Authors: van Sebille E. , Biastoch A. , van Leeuwen P. J. , de Ruijter W. P. M.
Published: February 2009

Time series of transports in the Agulhas region have been constructed by simulating Lagrangian drifter trajectories in a 1/10 degree two‐way nested ocean model. Using these 34 year long time series it is shown that smaller (larger) Agulhas Current transport leads to larger (smaller) Indian‐Atlantic inter‐ocean exchange. When transport is low, the Agulhas Current detaches farther downstream from the African continental slope. Moreover, the lower inertia suppresses generation of anti‐cyclonic vorticity. These two effects cause the Agulhas retroflection to move westward and enhance Agulhas leakage. In the model a 1 Sv decrease in Agulhas Current transport at 32°S results in a 0.7 ± 0.2 Sv increase in Agulhas leakage.
Relativistic‐electron dropouts and recovery: A superposed epoch study of the magnetosphere and the solar wind
Authors: Borovsky Joseph E. , Denton Michael H.
Published: February 2009

During 124 high‐speed‐stream‐driven storms from two solar cycles, a multispacecraft average of the 1.1–1.5 MeV electron flux measured at geosynchronous orbit is examined to study global dropouts of the flux. Solar wind and magnetospheric measurements are analyzed with a superposed epoch technique, with the superpositions triggered by storm‐convection onset, by onset of the relativistic‐electron dropouts, and by recovery of the dropouts. It is found that the onset of dropout occurs after the passage of the IMF sector reversal prior to the passage of the corotating interaction region (CIR) stream interface. The recovery from dropout commences during the passage of the compressed fast wind. Relativistic‐electron‐dropout onset is temporally associated with the onset of the superdense ion and electron plasma sheet, with the onset of the extra‐hot ion and electron plasma sheet and with the formation of the plasmaspheric drainage plume. Dropout recovery is associated with the termination of the superdense plasma sheet and with a decay of the plasmaspheric drainage plume. When there is appreciable spatial overlap of the superdense ion plasma sheet with the drainage plume, dropouts occur, and when that overlap ends, dropouts recover. This points to pitch‐angle scattering by electromagnetic ion‐cyclotron (EMIC) waves as the primary cause of the relativistic‐electron dropouts, with the waves residing in the lumpy drainage plumes driven by the superdense ion plasma sheet. The drainage plume is caused by enhanced magnetospheric convection associated with southward (GSM) magnetic field after the IMF sector reversal. The superdense plasma sheet has its origin in the compressed slow wind of the CIR.
Geometric and rheological asperities in an exposed fault zone
Authors: Sagy Amir , Brodsky Emily E.
Published: February 2009

Earthquake dynamics are strongly affected by fault zone structure and fault surface geometry. Here we investigate the interplay of bulk deformation and surface topography using detailed structural analysis of a fault zone near Klamath Falls, Oregon, combined with LiDAR measurements of the fault surface. We find that the fault zone has a layered damage architecture. Slip primarily occurs inside a 1–20 mm wide band that contains principal slip surfaces with individual widths of ∼100 μm. The slip band sits atop a cohesive layer which deforms by granular flow. Several fault strands with total slips of 0.5–150 m also have cohesive layers with thicknesses increasing monotonically with slip. The thickness added to the cohesive layer per unit slip decreases with increasing displacement indicating that slip progressively localizes. The main fault is a continuous surface with 10–40 m long quasi‐elliptical geometrical asperities, i.e., bumps. The bumps reflect variations of the thickness of the granular cohesive layer and can be generated by a pinch‐and‐swell instability. As the granular layer is rheological distinct from its surroundings, the asperities are both geometrical and rheological inhomogenities. Modeling slip along wavy faults shows that slip on a surface with a realistic geometry requires internal yielding of the host rock. Our observations suggest that the internal deformation processes in the fault zone include ongoing fracture, slip along secondary faults, and particle rotation. Granular flow is an important part of faulting in this locale. Slip surfaces localize on the border of the granular cohesive layer. The ongoing slip smoothes the surfaces and thus the structural and geometrical evolution of the granular layer creates a preference for continued of slip on the same surface. There is a feedback cycle between slip on the surface and the generation of the granular layer that then deforms and controls the locus of future slip.
Global Positioning System detection and energy estimation of the ionospheric wave caused by the 13 July 2003 explosion of the Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat
Authors: Dautermann Thomas , Calais Eric , Mattioli Glen S.
Published: February 2009

Volcanic explosions or shallow earthquakes are known to trigger acoustic and gravity waves that propagate in the atmosphere at infrasonic speeds. At ionospheric heights, coupling between neutral particles and free electrons induces variations of electron density detectable with dual‐frequency Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements. Using GPS data collected in the Caribbean, we identified an ionospheric perturbation after a major volcanic explosion at the Soufrière Hills Volcano (Montserrat, Lesser Antilles) on 13 July 2003. Spectral analysis reveals peaks centered at 1 and 4 mHz, similar to those in previous observations and consistent with theory, suggesting both gravity and acoustic wave components. We retrieve a horizontal velocity of ∼624 m/s for the acoustic component, which implies upward propagation at ∼33°, consistent with ray‐tracing results. We model the acoustic wave using an N‐wave pressure source at ground level combined with ray tracing to propagate the neutral pressure wave; this accounts for the dispersive characteristics of the atmosphere while conserving total acoustic energy. Plasma velocity is derived from neutral velocity using a finite difference solution of the magnetohydrodynamic momentum equation. The continuity equation for charge densities is used to compute corresponding electron density variations, which are then numerically integrated along satellite‐to‐receiver line of sights, simultaneously accounting for the satellite displacements. We minimize the misfit between observed and model waveforms to estimate a total acoustic energy release of 1.53 × 1010 J for the primary explosion event at Soufrière Hills Volcano associated with the peak dome collapse. This method can be applied to any explosion of sufficient magnitude, provided GPS data are available at near to medium range from the source.
Models of hydrothermal heat output from a convecting, crystallizing, replenished magma chamber beneath an oceanic spreading center
Authors: Liu Lei , Lowell Robert P.
Published: February 2009

The temperature and heat output of hydrothermal systems at oceanic spreading centers place strong constraints on the mechanism of heat transfer in oceanic crust. In this paper, we investigate time‐dependent heat transfer from a vigorously convecting, crystallizing, and replenished magmatic sill beneath an ocean ridge axis, linked to an overlying hydrothermal system. We first consider two different crystallization scenarios, “crystals suspended” and “crystals settling,” coupled with crystallinity‐dependent and temperature‐dependent magma viscosity. The large‐scale convection is assumed to rapidly homogenize the magma, resulting in a characteristic temperature Tm. In cases without magma replenishment, the simulation results for crystal‐suspended models show that heat output and the hydrothermal temperature decrease rapidly and that crystallinity reaches 60% in less than 10 a. In crystal‐settling models, magma convection may last for decades, but decreasing heat output and hydrothermal temperatures still occur on decadal timescales. When magma replenishment is included, the magmatic heat flux approaches steady state on decadal timescales, whereas the magma body grows to double its original size. The rate of magma replenishment needed ranges between 5 × 105 and 5 × 106 m3 a−1, which is somewhat faster than that required for seafloor spreading but less than that of fluxes to some terrestrial volcanoes on similar timescales. The heat output from a convecting, crystallizing, replenished magma body that is needed to drive observed high‐temperature hydrothermal systems is consistent, with gabbro glacier models of crustal production at mid‐ocean ridges.
Hygroscopic behavior and liquid‐layer composition of aerosol particles generated from natural and artificial seawater
Authors: Wise Matthew E. , Freney Evelyn J. , Tyree Corey A. , Allen Jonathan O. , Martin Scot T. , Russell Lynn M. , Buseck Peter R.
Published: February 2009

Sea‐salt aerosol (SSA) particles affect the Earth's radiative balance and moderate heterogeneous chemistry in the marine boundary layer. Using conventional and environmental transmission electron microscopes (ETEM), we investigated the hygroscopic growth and liquid‐layer compositions of particles generated from three types of aqueous salt solutions: sodium chloride, laboratory‐synthesized seawater (S‐SSA particles), and natural seawater (N‐SSA particles). Three levels of morphological change were observed with the ETEM as the laboratory‐generated particles were exposed to increasing relative humidity (RH). The first level, onset of observable morphological changes, occurred on average at 70, 48, and 35% RH for the NaCl, S‐SSA, and N‐SSA particles, respectively. The second level, rounding, occurred at 74, 66, and 57% RH for NaCl, S‐SSA, and N‐SSA particles, respectively. The third level, complete deliquescence, occurred at 75% RH for all particles. Collected ambient SSA particles were also examined. With the exception of deliquescence, they did not exhibit the same hygroscopic characteristics as the NaCl particles. The ambient particles, however, behaved most similarly to the synthesized and natural SSA particles, although the onset of morphological change was slightly higher for the S‐SSA particles. We used energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectrometry to study the composition of the liquid layer formed on the S‐SSA and N‐SSA particles. The layer was enriched in Mg, S, and O relative to the solid particle core. An important implication of these results is that MgSO4‐enriched solutions on the surface of SSA particles may be the solvents of many heterogeneous reactions.