bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Segmenting hashtags and analyzing their grammatical structure
Authors: Çelebi Arda , Özgür Arzucan
Published: December 2017

Originated as a label to mark specific tweets, hashtags are increasingly used to convey messages that people like to see in the trending hashtags list. Complex noun phrases and even sentences can be turned into a hashtag. Breaking hashtags into their words is a challenging task due to the irregular and compact nature of the language used in Twitter. In this study, we investigate feature‐based machine learning and language model (LM)‐based approaches for hashtag segmentation. Our results show that LM alone is not successful at segmenting nontrivial hashtags. However, when the N‐best LM‐based segmentations are incorporated as features into the feature‐based approach, along with context‐based features proposed in this study, state‐of‐the‐art results in hashtag segmentation are achieved. In addition, we provide an analysis of over two million distinct hashtags, autosegmented by using our best configuration. The analysis reveals that half of all 60 million hashtag occurrences contain multiple words and 80% of sentiment is trapped inside multiword hashtags, justifying the need for hashtag segmentation. Furthermore, we analyze the grammatical structure of hashtags by parsing them and observe that 77% of the hashtags are noun‐based, whereas 11.9% are verb‐based.
The Role of Attention in Attribute Framing
Authors: Kreiner Hamutal , Gamliel Eyal
Published: December 2017

The attribute‐framing bias refers to message recipients' tendency to evaluate objects framed positively (75% success) more favorably than they do objects framed negatively (25% failure), although one description is implied as the complementary of the other, and they are logically equivalent. According to the association‐valence account, positive or negative framing activates corresponding positive or negative associations that bias evaluations. By contrast, the attention account contends that focusing attention on one frame while neglecting the complementary frame leads to evaluation biases. The present study focused on the contribution of attention mechanisms to the attribute‐framing bias. In two experiments, participants rated objects presented in framing scenarios, following a manipulation question that shifted their attention to the complementary frame. Experiment 1 used an explicit attention shift, obtained by presenting questions directly related to the target scenario. Experiment 2 used an implicit attention shift, obtained by presenting questions unrelated to the target scenarios. Whereas explicit attention shift eliminated the bias, implicit attention shift only moderately diminished it. Jointly, these results provide empirical support for the contribution of attention mechanism to the attribute‐framing bias but do not rule out the possible contribution of other mechanisms, such as the association‐valence account. While previous studies discussed the role of attention in attribute‐framing bias, mainly as a post hoc theoretical account, the innovation of the current study is that it demonstrates empirically the contribution of attention. Moreover, in highlighting the joint contribution of association valence and attention mechanisms, this study advances the theoretical understanding of the cognitive processes underlying attribute‐framing bias. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Carbon Concrete Composites C3 – Nachhaltige Bindemittel und Betone für die Zukunft
Authors: Schneider Kai , Butler Marko , Mechtcherine Viktor
Published: December 2017

Durch den radikalen Wechsel vom Verbundpartner Stahl zu Carbonstrukturen müssen die Anforderungen an die Matrix völlig neu überdacht werden. Dieser Aufgabe widmete sich das Basisvorhaben B2 im Rahmen des Großprojekts Carbon Concrete Composite C3. Bei der konkreten Entwicklung und Umsetzung der Bindemittel‐ und Betonkonzepte standen im Vorhaben eine langfristige Verfügbarkeit der Ausgangsstoffe, ökologische und wirtschaftliche Kriterien, das Erreichen bestimmter Frisch‐ und Festbetoneigenschaften sowie eine kurzfristige Umsetzbarkeit der Ergebnisse in die Baupraxis im Vordergrund. In der Summe ließen diese Vorgaben im aktuellen Stadium noch keine alternativen Bindemittel, Gesteinskörnungen sowie Betonzusatzstoffe zu. Daher erfolgte die Bindemittel‐ und Betonentwicklung durch Optimierung herkömmlicher Systeme für die Anwendung in Kombination mit Carbonbewehrung. Basierend auf dem Prinzip der Packungsdichte konnten auch bei feinkörnigen Betonen deutlich reduzierte Gesamtwasser‐ und Klinkergehalte in Kombination mit verbesserten Verarbeitungseigenschaften erzielt werden. Im vorliegenden Aufsatz werden einige der entwickelten Bindemittelsysteme und Betonzusammensetzungen vorgestellt. Die betontechnische Vorgehensweise bei der Optimierung von Zusammensetzung und Frischbetoneigenschaften wird am Beispiel eines selbstverdichtenden weißen Feinkornbetons veranschaulicht. Eine praxisnahe Erprobung der entwickelten Bindemittel und Betone erfolgte durch die Herstellung von C3‐Demonstratorbauteilen.
Evolution Is Linear: Debunking Life's Little Joke
Authors: Jenner Ronald A.
Published: December 2017

Linear depictions of the evolutionary process are ubiquitous in popular culture, but linear evolutionary imagery is strongly rejected by scientists who argue that evolution branches. This point is frequently illustrated by saying that we didn't evolve from monkeys, but that we are related to them as collateral relatives. Yet, we did evolve from monkeys, but our monkey ancestors are extinct, not extant. Influential voices, such as the late Stephen Jay Gould, have misled audiences for decades by falsely portraying the linear and branching aspects of evolution to be in conflict, and by failing to distinguish between the legitimate linearity of evolutionary descent, and the branching relationships among collateral relatives that result when lineages of ancestors diverge. The purpose of this article is to correct the widespread misplaced rejection of linear evolutionary imagery, and to re‐emphasize the basic truth that the evolutionary process is fundamentally linear.
Chemoprevention by resveratrol and pterostilbene: Targeting on epigenetic regulation
Authors: Lee Pei‐Sheng , Chiou Yi‐Shiou , Ho Chi‐Tang , Pan Min‐Hsiung
Published: December 2017

Epigenetic mechanisms are essential in regulating normal cellular functions and play an important role during the disease developmental stages. However, aberrant epigenetic mechanisms may lead to pathological consequences such as cancer, neurological disorders, bone and skeletal diseases, cardiovascular dysfunction, and metabolic syndrome. The molecular mechanisms of epigenetic modification include DNA methylation, histone modification (acetylation, methylation and phosphorylation), and microRNAs (miRNAs). Unlike genetic modifications, epigenetic states of genes are reversible and can be altered by certain intrinsic and extrinsic factors. In the past few decades, accumulated evidence shows that dietary phytochemicals with chemopreventive effects are also potent epigenetic regulators. Resveratrol and pterostilbene are stilbenoids, which have been reported to have anti‐cancer, anti‐inflammatory, anti‐lipid, and anti‐diabetic properties. Stilbenoids are also reported to improve cardiovascular disease. By altering DNA methylation and histone modification or by modulating miRNA expression, resveratrol, and pterostilbene become potent epigenetic modifiers. In this review, we summarize these studies and underlying mechanisms of resveratrol and pterostilbene and their influence on epigenetic mechanisms. © 2017 BioFactors, 44(1):26–35, 2018
Advances in Microfluidics Applied to Single Cell Operation
Authors: Zhu Xu‐Dong , Chu Ju , Wang Yong‐Hong
Published: December 2017

The field of microbiology have traditionally been concerned with and focused on studies at the population level. Microfluidic platforms have emerged as important tools for biology research at a small scale, even down to a single cell level. The spatial and temporal control of cells and stimuli transported by microfluidic channels in well‐designed microsystems realized the studies of specific cells in a controlled microenvironment. The true cellular physiology responses, which are obtained mostly by inference from population‐level data, could be revealed in this way. Nowadays, significant applications like cell culture, analysis, sorting, genomics, and proteomics at the single cell level have been achieved in microfluidic chips. Highly integrated microfluidic systems with complete bio‐analytic functions are also coming forth and of great promise for single cell related physiology, biomedical, and high throughput screening research. Herein, the leads of technologies applied to single cell operation are reviewed. Challenges and potentials of these works are also summarized, to highlight fields for further research.
Laboratory exercise for studying the morphology of heat‐denatured and amyloid aggregates of lysozyme by atomic force microscopy
Authors: Gokalp Sumeyra , Horton William , Jónsdóttir‐Lewis Elfa B. , Foster Michelle , Török Marianna
Published: December 2017

To facilitate learning advanced instrumental techniques, essential tools for visualizing biomaterials, a simple and versatile laboratory exercise demonstrating the use of Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) in biomedical applications was developed. In this experiment, the morphology of heat‐denatured and amyloid‐type aggregates formed from a low‐cost and well‐characterized model protein, hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL), are compared. Structural differences between the amorphous and ordered particles are quantified using ImageJ for the analysis of AFM images as a postlaboratory assignment. The laboratory exercise allows the direct observation of changes in the protein structure and helps students to understand the operation of AFM, as well as protein folding and misfolding related to many physiological and pathological processes. The described protocol stands alone, but also fits well into a larger module on protein structure and function or microscopic techniques as it can be linked easily to existing laboratory exercises on these topics. It can be easily adapted to the upper level undergraduate laboratory courses with limited lab hours as well as graduate level courses to improve students' research skills. © 2017 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 46(2):162–171, 2018.
Supporting the Mission Through Dual Enrollment
Authors: Jones Stephanie J.
Published: December 2017

This chapter addresses how dual enrollment programs support the community college mission, specifically related to access and completion.
First experience of the usage of a GORECARDIOFORMSeptal Occluder device for treatment of a significant residual commissural mitral regurgitation jet following a MitraClip procedure
Authors: Nakajima Yoshifumi , Kar Saibal
Published: December 2017

The MitraClip (Abbott Vascular, Santa Clara, CA) procedure has emerged as a safe and effective treatment option for treatment of selected patients with severe mitral regurgitation (MR) who are at high risk for surgery. Effective reduction of MR is important to ensure an optimal clinical outcome. We present here the first case report of a significant commissural leak after a MitraClip procedure treated with a GORE CARDIOFORM Septal Occluder device (WL Gore & Associates, Flagstaff, AZ). Case report: An 81‐year‐old male presented with symptomatic recurrent MR following a MitraClip procedure using two clips. After adding another clip, there was still a residual jet medially. We plugged the gap using 12‐mm AMPLATZER Muscular VSD Occluder device (St. Jude Medical, Minneapolis, MN). MR was reduced but hemolysis occurred. We retrieved the VSD Occluder device to improve hemolysis, but the MR jet worsened to severe, so we placed a 30‐mm GORE CARDIOFORM Septal Occluder device. The device was stable, the MR jet was reduced dramatically, and hemolysis was not observed. Materials of these devices are mesh fabric made from nitinol and polyester in a VSD Occluder device and expanded polytetrafluoroethylene in GORE CARDIOFORM Septal Occluder device. The difference between device materials affects flow pattern of residual jet and hemolysis. In conclusion, the patient's risk for hemolysis is potentially affected by the occluder or plug material. GORE CARDIOFORM is a feasible choice to reduce the risk of hemolysis in a selected patient.
Basilar impression as complication of Grisel's syndrome
Authors: Dührsen Lasse , Abboud Tammam , Viezens Lennart , Eicker Sven Oliver , Dreimann Marc
Published: December 2017

Key Clinical Message

Grisel's syndrome presents a rare disease. Here, we present a peculiar case of Grisel's syndrome with an unfavorable course developing a basilar impression. This highlights the importance of close clinical and radiological follow‐up even in cases where the course seems uncomplicated.
Perceptions of Helpfulness of Teachers in Didactic Courses
Authors: Moate Randall M. , Cox Jane A. , Brown Steven R. , West Erin M.
Published: December 2017

Thirty‐five novice counselors completed a Q sort that assessed their perceptions of what was most helpful about teachers of didactic classes in their master's degree program. Participants perceived teachers who used a contextual teaching pedagogy and had an authentic, empathic, and compassionate way of being as helpful to their learning.
Most and Least Helpful Events in Three Supervision Modalities
Authors: Fickling Melissa J. , Borders L. DiAnne , Mobley Keith A. , Wester Kelly
Published: December 2017

The authors conducted a content analysis of supervisors’ (n = 10) and supervisees’ (n = 31) descriptions (n = 707) of most and least helpful significant events in individual, group, and triadic supervision across 1 semester. Categories by group for each modality and areas of agreement and disagreement are highlighted.
Needs and Acculturative Stress of International Students in CACREP Programs
Authors: Behl Malvika , Laux John M. , Roseman Christopher P. , Tiamiyu Mojisola , Spann Sammy
Published: December 2017

International students enrolled in programs accredited by the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs provided acculturative stress and needs data. Acculturative stress was correlated with academic, social, language, and cultural needs. Furthermore, relationships were found between students’ types of needs. Implications are offered to help meet international students’ needs.
Cobalt Diselenide Nanorods Grafted on Graphitic Carbon Nitride: A Synergistic Catalyst for Oxygen Reactions in Rechargeable Li−O2 Batteries
Authors: Kumar Surender , Jena Anirudha , Hu Yao Chong , Liang Chaolun , Zhou Wuzong , Hung Tai‐Feng , Chang Wen‐Sheng , Chang Ho , Liu Ru‐Shi
Published: December 2017

The front cover artwork is provided by Prof. Ru‐Shi Liu's group from the Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University (Taiwan). The image shows g‐C3N4/CoSe2, a bifunctional catalyst in Li−O2 batteries. Reduction of the overpotential is attributed to synergistic catalysis and, hence, easier electron transfer as well as cleaning of the clogged pores owing to oxygen reactions. Read the full text of the Article at 10.1002/celc.201700909.
BODIPY‐Based Antiaromatic Macrocycles: Facile Synthesis by Knoevenagel Condensation and Unusual Aggregation‐Enhanced Two‐Photon Absorption Properties
Authors: Chua Ming Hui , Kim Taeyeon , Lim Zheng Long , Gopalakrishna Tullimilli Y. , Ni Yong , Xu Jianwei , Kim Dongho , Wu Jishan
Published: December 2017

Two stable boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY)‐based antiaromatic macrocycles, Mc‐Fur and Mc‐Th, were synthesized through a one‐pot Knoevenagel condensation reaction between a BODIPY precursor and furan‐2,5‐dicarboxaldehyde or thiophene‐2,5‐dicarboxaldehyde, respectively. 1H NMR spectroscopic characterization of the two macrocycles supported their highly antiaromatic character. The oxidation properties of the two macrocycles were studied through electron spin resonance spectroscopy and UV/Vis absorption spectrophotometry, which suggested the formation of a stable monoradical cation species on first oxidation followed by an aromatic dicationic species on subsequent oxidation. Both molecules have a nearly planar π‐conjugated backbone and show a strong tendency to aggregate in solution due to efficient stacking of the antiaromatic macrocycles. Transient absorption and two‐photon absorption (TPA) measurements in solution and aggregated states of the macrocycles revealed that aggregation resulted in large enhancement of TPA cross sections and increased excited‐state lifetimes, in accordance with the decrease in the antiaromatic character in the aggregated state.
Hybrid Silicon‐Based Organic/Inorganic Block Copolymers with Sol–Gel Active Moieties: Synthetic Advances, Self‐Assembly and Applications in Biomedicine and Materials Science
Authors: Czarnecki Sebastian , Bertin Annabelle
Published: December 2017

Hybrid silicon‐based organic/inorganic (multi)block copolymers are promising polymeric precursors to create robust nano‐objects and nanomaterials due to their sol–gel active moieties via self‐assembly in solution or in bulk. Such nano‐objects and nanomaterials have great potential in biomedicine as nanocarriers or scaffolds for bone regeneration as well as in materials science as Pickering emulsifiers, photonic crystals or coatings/films with antibiofouling, antibacterial or water‐ and oil‐repellent properties. Thus, this Review outlines recent synthetic efforts in the preparation of these hybrid inorganic/organic block copolymers, gives an overview of their self‐assembled structures and finally presents recent examples of their use in the biomedical field and material science.
Gold‐Catalyzed Divergent Ring‐Closing Modes of Indole‐Tethered Amino Allenynes
Authors: Alcaide Benito , Almendros Pedro , Fernández Israel , Herrera Fernando , Luna Amparo
Published: December 2017

Indole‐tethered amino allenynes were chemodivergently cyclized for the controlled preparation of fused polycyclic indoles using gold catalysis. Double cyclization of terminal allenynes afforded hexacyclic 15 H‐indolo[1,2,3‐de]quinolino[3,2,1‐ij]quinoxalines, in which allenynes bearing a substituted alkyne at the terminal end generated 12,13‐dihydro‐7 H‐indolo[3,2‐c]acridines, which are 5‐membered cyclized adducts. Density functional theory calculations were performed to shed light on this difference in reactivity.
Spinel Ferrite Mediated Photo‐Fenton Degradation of Phenolic Analogues: A Detailed Study Employing Two Distinct Inorganic Oxidants
Authors: Sharma Rimi , Singhal Sonal
Published: December 2017

The present work demonstrates the applicability of ferrites as photo‐Fenton catalysts for deterioration of different phenolic derivatives. To analyze optimal reaction conditions, experiments are performed with four magnetic spinel ferrites MFe2O4 (M = Co, Cu, Ni, and Zn) and two inorganic oxidants, i.e., hydrogen peroxide (HP) and potassium peroxymonosulfate (PMS). The reactions are performed using p‐nitrophenol as phenolic probe. CuFe2O4 and CoFe2O4 possessed excellent ability to activate HP and PMS, respectively, among all four synthesized catalysts. A noteworthy aspect of two oxidizing agents is that the concentration of PMS used during the reaction is four times less than HP. Further, the broad pH activity of PMS provides a significant advantage over HP. The optimal reaction conditions, when HP is the oxidant in the photo‐Fenton degradation, are 0.50 g L−1 MFe2O4, pH 2.5, and 8.8 mM HP. Although PMS is active in a wide pH range (2–10), adequate reaction conditions are 0.50 g L−1 MFe2O4, natural pH, and 2.2 mM PMS. The photo‐Fenton activity of ferrites is extended to the degradation of different nitro‐ and chloro‐analogs of phenol (2‐nitrophenol, 3‐nitrophenol, 4‐nitrophenol, 2,4‐dinitrophenol, 2,4,6‐trinitrophenol, 2‐chlorophenol, 3‐chlorophenol, 4‐chlorophenol, 2,4‐dichlorophenol) with only two ferrites (CuFe2O4 and CoFe2O4). A comparative study is performed with the two oxidants (HP and PMS) with positive results. Finally, stability and reusability of magnetic ferrites as catalysts are also studied to prove their use in phenolic solution treatment.
Stomach cancer survival in the United States by race and stage (2001‐2009): Findings from the CONCORD‐2 study
Authors: Jim Melissa A. , Pinheiro Paulo S. , Carreira Helena , Espey David K. , Wiggins Charles L. , Weir Hannah K.
Published: December 2017

BACKGROUND

Stomach cancer was a leading cause of cancer‐related deaths early in the 20th century and has steadily declined over the last century in the United States. Although incidence and death rates are now low, stomach cancer remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality in black, Asian and Pacific Islander, and American Indian/Alaska Native populations.

METHODS

Data from the CONCORD‐2 study were used to analyze stomach cancer survival among males and females aged 15 to 99 years who were diagnosed in 37 states covering 80% of the US population. Survival analyses were corrected for background mortality using state‐specific and race‐specific (white and black) life tables and age‐standardized using the International Cancer Survival Standard weights. Net survival is presented up to 5 years after diagnosis by race (all, black, and white) for 2001 through 2003 and 2004 through 2009 to account for changes in collecting Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Summary Stage 2000 data from 2004.

RESULTS

Almost one‐third of stomach cancers were diagnosed at a distant stage among both whites and blacks. Age‐standardized 5‐year net survival increased between 2001 to 2003 and 2004 to 2009 (26.1% and 29%, respectively), and no differences were observed by race. The 1‐year, 3‐year, and 5‐year survival estimates were 53.1%, 33.8%, and 29%, respectively. Survival improved in most states. Survival by stage was 64% (local), 28.2% (regional), and 5.3% (distant).

CONCLUSIONS

The current results indicate high fatality for stomach cancer, especially soon after diagnosis. Although improvements in stomach cancer survival were observed, survival remained relatively low for both blacks and whites. Primary prevention through the control of well‐established risk factors would be expected to have the greatest impact on further reducing deaths from stomach cancer. Cancer 2017;123:4994‐5013. Published 2017. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
The essential role of population‐based cancer survival in cancer control in the United States
Authors: Weir Hannah K. , Richardson Lisa C.
Published: December 2017

This supplement benchmarks the status of population‐based survival for 10 leading cancers in the United States just prior to the implementation of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. Overall survival in the United States is among the highest in the world; however, large racial disparities persist and health equity has been elusive. Further improvements in survival may be observed in the era of personalized cancer care and targeted therapies, and as federal and state initiatives seek to improve patient access to timely, effective therapies and care.
The history and use of cancer registry data by public health cancer control programs in the United States
Authors: White Mary C. , Babcock Frances , Hayes Nikki S. , Mariotto Angela B. , Wong Faye L. , Kohler Betsy A. , Weir Hannah K.
Published: December 2017

Because cancer registry data provide a census of cancer cases, registry data can be used to: 1) define and monitor cancer incidence at the local, state, and national levels; 2) investigate patterns of cancer treatment; and 3) evaluate the effectiveness of public health efforts to prevent cancer cases and improve cancer survival. The purpose of this article is to provide a broad overview of the history of cancer surveillance programs in the United States, and illustrate the expanding ways in which cancer surveillance data are being made available and contributing to cancer control programs. The article describes the building of the cancer registry infrastructure and the successful coordination of efforts among the 2 federal agencies that support cancer registry programs, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the National Cancer Institute, and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries. The major US cancer control programs also are described, including the National Comprehensive Cancer Control Program, the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program, and the Colorectal Cancer Control Program. This overview illustrates how cancer registry data can inform public health actions to reduce disparities in cancer outcomes and may be instructional for a variety of cancer control professionals in the United States and in other countries. Cancer 2017;123:4969‐76. Published 2017. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Cervical cancer survival in the United States by race and stage (2001‐2009): Findings from the CONCORD‐2 study
Authors: Benard Vicki B. , Watson Meg , Saraiya Mona , Harewood Rhea , Townsend Julie S. , Stroup Antoinette M. , Weir Hannah K. , Allemani Claudia
Published: December 2017

BACKGROUND

Overall, cervical cancer survival in the United States has been reported to be among the highest in the world, despite slight decreases over the last decade. Objective of the current study was to describe cervical cancer survival trends among US women and examine differences by race and stage.

METHODS

This study used data from the CONCORD‐2 study to compare survival among women (aged 15‐99 years) diagnosed in 37 states covering 80% of the US population. Survival was adjusted for background mortality (net survival) with state‐ and race‐specific life tables and was age‐standardized with the International Cancer Survival Standard weights. Five‐year survival was compared by race (all races, blacks, and whites). Two time periods, 2001‐2003 and 2004‐2009, were considered because of changes in how the staging variable was collected.

RESULTS

From 2001 to 2009, 90,620 women were diagnosed with invasive cervical cancer. The proportion of cancers diagnosed at a regional or distant stage increased over time in most states. Overall, the 5‐year survival was 63.5% in 2001‐2003 and 62.8% in 2004‐2009. The survival was lower for black women versus white women in both calendar periods and in most states; black women had a higher proportion of distant‐stage cancers.

CONCLUSIONS

The stability of the overall survival over time and the persistent differences in survival between white and black women in all US states suggest that there is a need for targeted interventions and improved access to screening, timely treatment, and follow‐up care, especially among black women. Cancer 2017;123:5119‐37. Published 2017. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Population‐based cancer survival (2001 to 2009) in the United States: Findings from the CONCORD‐2 study
Authors: Weir Hannah K. , Stewart Sherri L. , Allemani Claudia , White Mary C. , Thomas Cheryll C. , White Arica , Coleman Michel P. ,   for the CONCORD Working Group (US Members)
Published: December 2017

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention helps to support a nationwide network of population‐based cancer registries that collect information regarding all patients diagnosed with cancer. These data tell a compelling story about the disproportionate burden of lower cancer survival experienced by vulnerable populations, and can be used by state and national partners to inform cancer control activities.
Lung cancer survival in the United States by race and stage (2001‐2009): Findings from the CONCORD‐2 study
Authors: Richards Thomas B. , Henley S. Jane , Puckett Mary C. , Weir Hannah K. , Huang Bin , Tucker Thomas C. , Allemani Claudia
Published: December 2017

BACKGROUND

Results from the second CONCORD study (CONCORD‐2) indicated that 5‐year net survival for lung cancer was low (range, 10%‐20%) between 1995 and 2009 in most countries, including the United States, which was at the higher end of this range.

METHODS

Data from CONCORD‐2 were used to analyze net survival among patients with lung cancer (aged 15‐99 years) who were diagnosed in 37 states covering 80% of the US population. Survival was corrected for background mortality using state‐specific and race‐specific life tables and age‐standardized using International Cancer Survival Standard weights. Net survival was estimated for patients diagnosed between 2001 and 2003 and between 2004 and 2009 at 1, 3, and 5 years after diagnosis by race (all races, black, and white); Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Summary Stage 2000; and US state.

RESULTS

Five‐year net survival increased from 16.4% (95% confidence interval, 16.3%‐16.5%) for patients diagnosed 2001‐2003 to 19.0% (18.8%‐19.1%) for those diagnosed 2004‐2009, with increases in most states and among both blacks and whites. Between 2004 and 2009, 5‐year survival was lower among blacks (14.9%) than among whites (19.4%) and ranged by state from 14.5% to 25.2%.

CONCLUSIONS

Lung cancer survival improved slightly between the periods 2001‐2003 and 2004‐2009 but was still low, with variation between states, and persistently lower survival among blacks than whites. Efforts to control well established risk factors would be expected to have the greatest impact on reducing the burden of lung cancer, and efforts to ensure that all patients receive timely and appropriate treatment should reduce the differences in survival by race and state. Cancer 2017;123:5079‐99. Published 2017. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Three‐dimensional reconstruction of the cranial and anterior spinal nerves in early tadpoles of Xenopus laevis (Pipidae, Anura)
Authors: Naumann Benjamin , Olsson Lennart
Published: December 2017

Xenopus laevis is one of the most widely used model organism in neurobiology. It is therefore surprising, that no detailed and complete description of the cranial nerves exists for this species. Using classical histological sectioning in combination with fluorescent whole mount antibody staining and micro‐computed tomography we prepared a detailed innervation map and a freely‐rotatable three‐dimensional (3D) model of the cranial nerves and anterior‐most spinal nerves of early X. laevis tadpoles. Our results confirm earlier descriptions of the pre‐otic cranial nerves and present the first detailed description of the post‐otic cranial nerves. Tracing the innervation, we found two previously undescribed head muscles (the processo‐articularis and diaphragmatico‐branchialis muscles) in X. laevis. Data on the cranial nerve morphology of tadpoles are scarce, and only one other species (Discoglossus pictus) has been described in great detail. A comparison of Xenopus and Discoglossus reveals a relatively conserved pattern of the post‐otic and a more variable morphology of the pre‐otic cranial nerves. Furthermore, the innervation map and the 3D models presented here can serve as an easily accessible basis to identify alterations of the innervation produced by experimental studies such as genetic gain‐ and loss of function experiments.
Functional characterization of a second pedal peptide/orcokinin‐type neuropeptide signaling system in the starfish Asterias rubens
Authors: Lin Ming , Egertová Michaela , Zampronio Cleidiane G. , Jones Alexandra M. , Elphick Maurice R.
Published: December 2017

Molluscan pedal peptides (PPs) and arthropod orcokinins (OKs) are prototypes of a family of neuropeptides that have been identified in several phyla. Recently, starfish myorelaxant peptide (SMP) was identified as a PP/OK‐type neuropeptide in the starfish Patiria pectinifera (phylum Echinodermata). Furthermore, analysis of transcriptome sequence data from the starfish Asterias rubens revealed two PP/OK‐type precursors: an SMP‐type precursor (A. rubens PP‐like neuropeptide precursor 1; ArPPLNP1) and a second precursor (ArPPLNP2). We reported previously a detailed analysis of ArPPLNP1 expression in A. rubens and here we report the first functional characterization ArPPLNP2‐derived neuropeptides. Sequencing of a cDNA encoding ArPPLNP2 revealed that it comprises eleven related neuropeptides (ArPPLN2a‐k), the structures of several of which were confirmed using mass spectrometry. Analysis of the expression of ArPPLNP2 and neuropeptides derived from this precursor using mRNA in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry revealed a widespread distribution, including expression in radial nerve cords, circumoral nerve ring, digestive system, tube feet and innervation of interossicular muscles. In vitro pharmacology revealed that the ArPPLNP2‐derived neuropeptide ArPPLN2h has no effect on the contractility of tube feet or the body wall‐associated apical muscle, contrasting with the relaxing effect of ArPPLN1b (ArSMP) on these preparations. ArPPLN2h does, however, cause dose‐dependent relaxation of cardiac stomach preparations, with greater potency/efficacy than ArPPLN1b and with similar potency/efficacy to the SALMFamide neuropeptide S2. In conclusion, there are similarities in the expression patterns of ArPPLNP1 and ArPPLNP2 but our data also indicate specialization in the roles of neuropeptides derived from these two PP/OK‐type precursors in starfish.
Structural and molecular heterogeneity of calretinin‐expressing interneurons in the rodent and primate striatum
Authors: Garas Farid N. , Kormann Eszter , Shah Rahul S. , Vinciati Federica , Smith Yoland , Magill Peter J. , Sharott Andrew
Published: December 2017

Calretinin‐expressing (CR+) interneurons are the most common type of striatal interneuron in primates. However, because CR+ interneurons are relatively scarce in rodent striatum, little is known about their molecular and other properties, and they are typically excluded from models of striatal circuitry. Moreover, CR+ interneurons are often treated in models as a single homogenous population, despite previous descriptions of their heterogeneous structures and spatial distributions in rodents and primates. Here, we demonstrate that, in rodents, the combinatorial expression of secretagogin (Scgn), specificity protein 8 (SP8) and/or LIM homeobox protein 7 (Lhx7) separates striatal CR+ interneurons into three structurally and topographically distinct cell populations. The CR+/Scgn+/SP8+/Lhx7− interneurons are small‐sized (typically 7–11 µm in somatic diameter), possess tortuous, partially spiny dendrites, and are rostrally biased in their positioning within striatum. The CR+/Scgn−/SP8−/Lhx7− interneurons are medium‐sized (typically 12–15 µm), have bipolar dendrites, and are homogenously distributed throughout striatum. The CR+/Scgn−/SP8−/Lhx7+ interneurons are relatively large‐sized (typically 12–20 µm), and have thick, infrequently branching dendrites. Furthermore, we provide the first in vivo electrophysiological recordings of identified CR+ interneurons, all of which were the CR+/Scgn−/SP8−/Lhx7− cell type. In the primate striatum, Scgn co‐expression also identified a topographically distinct CR+ interneuron population with a rostral bias similar to that seen in both rats and mice. Taken together, these results suggest that striatal CR+ interneurons comprise at least three molecularly, structurally, and topographically distinct cell populations in rodents. These properties are partially conserved in primates, in which the relative abundance of CR+ interneurons suggests that they play a critical role in striatal microcircuits.
Comparative expression patterns of Sox2 and Sox19 genes in the forebrain of developing and adult turbot (Scophthalmus maximus)
Authors: Taboada Xoana , Viñas Ana , Adrio Fátima
Published: December 2017

The turbot, Scophthalmus maximus, belongs to the flatfishes (order Pleuronectiformes), which display substantial asymmetry of the olfactory organs and forebrain. Sox genes code for SRY‐related HMG domain‐bearing transcription factors involved in various developmental processes. Group B1 Sox genes as Sox2 and Sox19 appear to play major roles in neural development. Here, we characterized by in situ hybridization the developmental expression of Sox2 and Sox19 genes in metamorphic and postmetamorphic specimens and young adults of both sexes. Expression of S. maximus Sox2 (Sm‐Sox2) and Sm‐Sox19 mRNAs was detected in ependymal cells of different regions of the telencephalon, preoptic region, hypothalamus, and thalamus at all stages investigated. Sm‐Sox2 expression but not Sm‐Sox19 occurred in neurons located in particular regions such as the dorsal nucleus of the ventral telencephalon, the medial zone of the dorsal telencephalon, preoptic area and hypothalamus. Although Sm‐Sox2 and Sm‐Sox19 are expressed differentially in gonads, no sex differences in their expression were observed between male and female forebrains. We also investigated the topographical relation between Sox expression and cell proliferation using series double immunostained for a radial glial marker (BLBP) and cell proliferation marker (PCNA). Sm‐Sox2 and Sm‐Sox19 were strongly expressed in ependymal cells located in neurogenic niches revealed by the BLBP and PCNA immunostaining. Comparison with other teleosts indicates similar expression of Sox2 and Sox19 in the telencephalon, supporting conserved roles for both genes in teleost brains.
An improved attribute‐based encryption technique towards the data security in cloud computing
Authors: Namasudra Suyel
Published: December 2017

With the rapid development of the Internet, resource and knowledge sharing are two major problems experienced due to the presence of many hackers and malicious users. In this paper, an efficient and secure access control model has been proposed for the cloud computing environment for resource and knowledge sharing by using attribute‐based encryption (ABE), distributed hash table (DHT) network, and identity‐based timed‐release encryption (IDTRE). Here, at first, data or resources are encrypted by using the attributes of users, and encrypted data are divided into the encapsulated ciphertext and extracted ciphertext. Then, IDTRE algorithm has been used to encrypt the decryption key and combined the ciphertext of the key with the extracted ciphertext for creating the ciphertext shares. At last, the ciphertext shares are distributed into the DHT network, and encapsulated ciphertext are stored on the cloud servers. Both the performance and security analysis show the proficiency of the proposed scheme over the existing schemes in a cloud environment.
Excited‐State Pathways of Four‐Coordinate N,C‐Chelate Organoboron Dyes
Authors: Boscá Francisco , Cuquerella M. Consuelo , Pais Vânia F. , Ros Abel , Pischel Uwe
Published: December 2017

The excited‐state behavior of four‐coordinate N,C‐chelate organoboron dyes, based on arylisoquinoline ligands with varying degree of charge‐transfer character, was characterized. Data related to excited triplet state formation, oxygen quenching, and singlet‐oxygen formation were obtained. The results jointly rationalize the previously observed high photostability of the dyes in air‐equilibrated media. Furthermore, femtosecond transient absorption experiments enabled the spectroscopic visualization of the excited intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) state that gives rise to the fluorescence of the dyes.
Bessel‐like compensation of three‐stage operational transconductance amplifiers
Authors: Giustolisi Gianluca , Palumbo Gaetano
Published: December 2017

In this paper, we introduce a simple and well‐defined approach for the design of fast settling amplifiers suitable for switched‐capacitor circuits and characterized by low capacitive loads, in the order of few pico‐farad. In the specific, the design is based on a new Bessel‐like compensation that sets the phase of the closed‐loop amplifier to be linearly related to the frequency, thus emulating the behavior of an ideal delay, like in a Bessel filter. The proposed Bessel‐like approach is validated through the design and the simulation of two 3‐stage amplifiers in a 65‐nm CMOS process.
Social account linking via weighted bipartite graph matching
Authors: Ma Jiangtao , Qiao Yaqiong , Hu Guangwu , Li Tong , Huang Yongzhong , Wang Yanjun , Zhang Chaoqin
Published: December 2017

Along with the increasing popularity of online social network (OSN), it is common that the same user holds many accounts among different OSNs (eg, Facebook, Twitter, WeChat, QQ). In this scenario, an interesting and challenging problem arises: how to link accounts among OSNs belonged to a natural person, which is also known as a graph matching problem. The solution helps understand user behaviors and offer better services. To solve the account linking problem, various techniques for OSNs have been proposed. However, most existing methods assume specific OSN features impractical in general OSNs and unscalable to large‐scale OSNs. To address these shortcomings, in this paper, we remodel the account linking problem into maximum matching on weighted bipartite graphs and utilize the Kuhn‐Munkres algorithm to solve it. In our solution, we capture user profile, user online time distribution, and user interest as features to describe user accounts and measure account similarity, which is used as weight of edge in bipartite graphs. Then, the maximum matching on weighted bipartite graphs is solved with the Kuhn‐Munkres algorithm. The experiments conducted on the real datasets show that our solution outperforms the baseline methods with 11%, 17%, and 29% on average in precision, recall, and F1 score, respectively.
Lymphoepithelioma‐like carcinoma of the uterine cervix: Cytomorphologic features and diagnostic pitfalls by liquid‐based cytology
Authors: Lloyd Isaac , Chadwick Barbara
Published: December 2017

Lymphoepithelioma‐like carcinoma (LELC) is a rare variant of cervical squamous cell carcinoma with unclear HPV and EBV association. Due to the accompanying and often obscuring lymphocytic inflammation, malignant cells may be difficult to recognize on cytologic samples and can mimic several more common benign and atypical cervical lesions. In this case report, we describe the cytomorphologic findings of LELC by liquid‐based cytology in a 59‐year‐old Caucasian woman who was positive for high risk HPV but had no visible cervical lesions. We also discuss the differential diagnosis, diagnostic pitfalls, and practical considerations for diagnosis.
Disturbance of gut satiety peptide in purging disorder
Authors: Keel Pamela K. , Eckel Lisa A. , Hildebrandt Britny A. , Haedt‐Matt Alissa A. , Appelbaum Jonathan , Jimerson David C.
Published: December 2017

Objective

Little is known about biological factors that contribute to purging after normal amounts of food—the central feature of purging disorder (PD). This study comes from a series of nested studies examining ingestive behaviors in bulimic syndromes and specifically evaluated the satiety peptide YY (PYY) and the hunger peptide ghrelin in women with PD (n = 25), bulimia nervosa‐purging (BNp) (n = 26), and controls (n = 26). Based on distinct subjective responses to a fixed meal in PD (Keel, Wolfe, Liddle, DeYoung, & Jimerson, ), we tested whether postprandial PYY response was significantly greater and ghrelin levels significantly lower in women with PD compared to controls and women with BNp.

Method

Participants completed structured clinical interviews, self‐report questionnaires, and laboratory assessments of gut peptide and subjective responses to a fixed meal.

Results

Women with PD demonstrated a significantly greater postprandial PYY response compared to women with BNp and controls, who did not differ significantly. PD women also endorsed significantly greater gastrointestinal distress, and PYY predicted gastrointestinal intestinal distress. Ghrelin levels were significantly greater in PD and BNp compared to controls, but did not differ significantly between eating disorders. Women with BNp endorsed significantly greater postprandial hunger, and ghrelin predicted hunger.

Discussion

PD is associated with a unique disturbance in PYY response. Findings contribute to growing evidence of physiological distinctions between PD and BNp. Future research should examine whether these distinctions account for differences in clinical presentation as this could inform the development of specific interventions for patients with PD.
A simple twist of phosphate: Immunological synapse formation and T cell receptor signaling outcome in regulatory T cells
Authors: Chatila Talal A. , De Palma Raffaele
Published: December 2017

Signaling through the T cell receptor (TCR) regulates T cell homeostasis and effector functions. However, a full accounting of the TCR‐coupled signaling networks and how their interplay determines specific functional outcomes remains elusive. Of particular interest are efforts over the last years to elucidate distinctive features of TCR signaling in regulatory T cells (Treg) that may account for some of their unique functional attributes as compared to conventional T (Tconv) cells. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, van Ham et al. [Eur. J. Immunol. 2017. 47: 2043–2058] employed differential phosphoproteomics to identify a set of 11 proteins mainly linked to cytoskeletal organization and molecular transport that discriminate between TCR signaling in the respective cell subset. They further linked these differences to cell subset‐specific alterations in the spatio‐temporal organization of signaling pathways at immune synapse (IS) in Treg versus T conv. These data support the idea that these proteins may act as a molecular “twist” element driving Treg cell‐specific responses by affecting cytoskeletal dynamics and IS formation. Taken together, these findings may facilitate the development of novel immunomodulatory agents that exploit differences in TCR signaling between Treg and Tconv cells.
Syntheses, Crystal Structures, and Photocatalytic Properties of Bromoargentates Induced by Transition‐Metal–phen Complex Cations
Authors: Shen Yali , Zhang Limei , Li Shufen , Sun Peipei , Jiang Wenqing , Jia Dingxian
Published: December 2017

The bromoargentates [TM(phen)3]2Ag13Br17·2dmso·3H2O [TM = Fe (1), Co (2), Ni (3)], [Cu(phen)2(Br)]AgBr2 (4), [Fe(phen)3]Ag2Br4·dmf (5), and [Fe(phen)2(Cl)2]2Ag2Br4 (6) (phen = 1,10‐phenanthroline) were prepared by the reactions of AgBr, KBr, and phen with transition‐metal salts in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or dimethylformamide (DMF) solvent. In 1–3, AgBr4 tetrahedra form [Ag7Br13] secondary building units (SBUs) through edge sharing. The [Ag7Br13] SBUs interconnected by face sharing form polymeric [Ag13Br174–]n anions with a 3D structure, and this is the first example of a 3D framework of bromoargentates. The [Ag13Br174–]n anion contains interpenetrating channels, in which the [TM(phen)3]2+ (TM = Fe, Co, Ni) cations and DMSO and H2O molecules are wrapped. The channel along the [111] direction has the largest sectional window constructed by 50 AgBr4 tetrahedra. In 4, the AgBr4 tetrahedra are interlinked by face sharing to form a 1D [AgBr2–]n polymeric anion. The polymeric [Ag2Br42–]n anion in 6 has a 1D structure that is similar to that of the [AgBr2–]n chain in 4. In 5, two AgBr3 trigonal units are joined by edge sharing to form a unique planar dimeric [Ag2Br4]2– anion. Compounds 1–6 possess narrow band gaps in the range of 2.07 to 2.87 eV. Compounds 4 and 6 exhibit effective photocatalytic activities in the photodegradation of the organic dyes crystal violet and methylene blue under visible‐light irradiation at room temperature.
Molecular Structures and Spin‐States of Pseudohalide Metal Complexes with Hydrazones of Girard's T Reagent
Authors: Milenković Milica R. , Čobeljić Božidar , Anđelković Katarina , Turel Iztok
Published: December 2017

Pseudohalide metal complexes with hydrazones of the Girard T reagent are reviewed with respect to their synthesis, characterization, structures (both in solution and in the solid state), and magnetic properties. It is hoped that this microreview might serve as a concise guide to the chemistry of pseudohalide metal complexes with hydrazones of the Girard T reagent.