bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vasoactive and Neuroprotective Action of с-Jun-N-Terminal Kinases Inhibitor in Rats with Chronic Brain Hypoperfusion
Authors: Zhilyaev S. Yu. , Platonova T. F. , Khlebnikov A. I. , Schepetkin I. A. , Demchenko I. T. , Atochin D. N.
Published: April 2024

The aim of this study was to evaluate the vasoactive and neuroprotective effects of c-Jun-N-terminal kinase inhibitor IQ-1 (11H-indeno[1,2-b]quinoxalin-11-one oxime) in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion caused by irreversible bilateral ligation of carotid arteries. Cerebral blood flow was measured quantitatively (hydrogen clearance method) simultaneously in the parietal cortex, hippocampus, substantia nigra, and striatum of the brain of awake rats. It was found that ligation of the carotid arteries caused a decrease in blood flow in the brain structures with a more pronounced decrease in the cortex (by 48% of the initial level) and with the smallest drop in the substantia nigra (by 25% of the initial level). The reduced level of blood flow persisted for 14 days of measurements. The responses of the cerebral vessels to hypercapnic probes (5% CO2) were lost during the 2-week hypoperfusion period, and the neurological status of the animals did not improve. The administration of IQ-1 (50 mg/kg, intraperitoneally, every 48 hours for 14 days) was accompanied by an increase in blood flow in all brain structures. The maximum increase in blood flow was observed in the striatum and the minimum in the substantia nigra. After the administration of IQ-1, the sensitivity of the cerebral vessels to the hypercapnic stimulus was restored and the neurological state of the animals significantly improved by the end of the second week of cerebral hypoperfusion. The results show that the use of the JNK inhibitor can reduce cerebrovascular disorders and associated neurological disorders in hypoperfusion brain injury.
Influence of the SERCA Activity on Rat’s Soleus Contractile Properties during Functional Unloading
Authors: Sharlo K. A. , Lvova I. D. , Tyganov S. A. , Zaripova K. A. , Belova S. P. , Nemirovskaya T. L.
Published: April 2024

Dysfunction of skeletal muscles and their atrophy during unloading are accompanied by excess calcium accumulation in the myoplasm of muscle fibers. We hypothesized that calcium accumulation may occur, among other reasons, due to inhibition of SERCA activity under muscle unloading. In this case, the use of a SERCA activator will reduce the calcium level in the myoplasm and prevent the consequences of unloading. Male Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups: vivarium control with placebo administration (C, n = 8), 7-day suspension group with placebo administration (7HS, n = 8) and 7-day suspension group with intraperitoneal administration of SERCA CDN1163 activator (50 mg/kg (7HS + CDN), n = 8). One m. soleus of each rat was frozen in liquid nitrogen, the second was tested for functional properties. In the 7HS group, increased soleus fatigue was found in the ex vivo test, a significant increase in mRNA and the number of fast muscle fibers, an increase in the level of calcium-dependent CaMK II phosphorylation and the level of tropomyosin oxidation, as well as a decrease in the content of mitochondrial DNA and protein. All these changes were prevented in the SERCA CDN1163 activator group. Conclusion: 7-day SERCA activator administration does not delay of soleus atrophy, but prevents the development of its fatigue, probably by preventing a decrease in the number of type I fibers and markers of mitochondrial biogenesis.
Cellular Composition of Erythroid Forms in the Blood and Head Kidney of the Golden Grey Mullet (Chelon auratus Risso, 1810) during the Annual Cycle
Authors: Soldatov A. A. , Rychkova V. N. , Kukhareva T. A. , Rokotova A. G.
Published: April 2024

The changes in the number of erythrocytes in the blood and the production of erythrocytes by the hematopoietic tissue of the golden grey mullet (Chelon auratus Risso, 1810) during the annual cycle were studied. Catching and delivery of fish to the aquarium was carried out monthly. The content of immature erythroid forms was determined: erythroblasts, basophilic and polychromatophilic normoblasts, in the head kidney (pronephros) and circulating blood. It has been established that the processes of erythropoiesis in the hematopoietic tissue of the golden grey mullet proceed irregularly. The active production of erythroid mass is mainly confined to the post-spawning period. This is evidenced by an increase in the content of immature erythroid forms in the head kidney and blood. This coincides with a general increase in the number of red blood cells in the circulation system and indicates a shift in the erythrocyte balance in favor of production processes. In the rest of the time, the processes are opposite. It is assumed that this is due to the peculiarities of the organization of the red blood system, which excludes the regular production of erythropoietin in the kidneys.
The Effects of Social Hierarchy Establishment in Resident–Intruder Model on Testicular Function in Laboratory Mice of Different Inbred Strains
Authors: Kleshchev M. A. , Osadchuk A. V. , Osadchuk L. V.
Published: April 2024

Male reproductive success is known to be related with ability to social dominance and number and quality of spermatozoa as well as the production of reproductive hormones. The relationships between social dominance and testicular function are affected by genotype and environmental conditions of social hierarchy formation, and male territorial status (resident or intruder). However, the mechanisms of these relationships are still poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate effects of genotype and of familiarization with the habitat on testicular function during social hierarchy formation in experimental model of social hierarchy in laboratory mice using resident-intruder paradigm. Male of certain inbred strain (PT or CBA/Lac strain) was placed to experimental cage where male (resident) of other inbred strain (PT or CBA/Lac strain) has been living two days with female of DD/He strain. Social rank for each male was assessed after social hierarchy formation. Then testosterone level in serum and testes and epydidymal sperm quality were estimated after five days after the group formation. It was shown that social hierarchy formation did not affect testosterone level in serum and testes as well as percentage of sperm heads with abnormal morphology. However, the establishment of social hierarchy resulted in decreased sperm number in dominant-intruders of PT strains as well as decreased progressive sperm motility in subordinants of CBA/Lac strain regardless territorial status. To conclude, social hierarchy formation in experimental model of social hierarchy in laboratory mice affects epididymal sperm quality already five days after group formation, with pattern of these relationships depending on genotype, social rank and territorial status.
Age-Dependent Influence of Cholecystokinin on the Impulse Activity of Neurons in the Dorsomedial and Venromedial Nuclei of the Hypothalamus in Rats
Authors: Spirichev A. A. , Moiseev K. Yu. , Anfimova P. A. , Tarasova G. A. , Masliukov P. M.
Published: April 2024

The aim of the work was to analyze the background and induced by the intravenous administration of the cholecystokinin sulfated octapeptide (CCK), as well as the cholecystokinin antagonist proglumide impulse neuronal electrical activity in the dorsomedial (DMN) and ventromedial (VMN) nuclei of the hypothalamus in young (2–3 months), adults (12 months) and aged (24 months) male rats under urethane anesthesia. The mean frequency of background discharges after the injection of CCK in young rats in the DMN significantly decreased from 1.5 ± 0.4 to 0.2 ± 0.1 impulse/s, in the VMN from 2.0 ± 0.4 to 0.9 ± 0.2 impulse/s. Simultaneous administration of CCK and proglumide did not lead to change of frequencies of neuronal activity in this age group. In adult and aged rats, the mean of the background frequency of discharges of neurons in the DMN and VMN was lower than in young rats and did not change significantly under the influence of CCK and proglumide. In DMN and VMN, the most of the neurons were inhibited by CCK, while in DMN the percentage of neurons inhibited by CCK was higher compared to VMN. The DMN of young animals lacked the CCK-activated neurons that appeared in adult and old animals. Thus, this study confirms the elevation theory of aging, which consists in a decrease in the sensitivity of the hypothalamus to homeostatic signals, in particular, hormones that regulate eating behavior.
Distribution of Oxygen Tension on Microvessels and in Tissue of Rat Brain Cortex at Severe Arterial Hypocapnia
Authors: Vovenko E. P. , Sokolova I. B.
Published: April 2024

Arterial hypocapnia (AH), induced by voluntary or forced hyperventilation of the lungs, is accompanied by a decrease in cerebral blood flow (due to an increase in the arteriole tone) and an increase in the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. As a result, an insufficient oxygen supply to cortical tissue take place and zones with a critically low oxygen tension (pO2) are formed in brain tissue. The distribution of pO2 to cerebral cortex during AH has not been studied enough. The aim of the work was to evaluate the effectiveness of oxygen supply to brain tissue at the level of arterial and venous microvessels at AH. To do this, the following tasks were set: 1) to study the distribution of the pO2 on the arterial and venous microvessels of the rat cerebral cortex; 2) to analyze tissue pO2 profiles near the walls of these microvessels. On anesthetized Wistar rats under conditions of forced hyperventilation (PaCO2 = 17.1 ± 0.7 mm Hg), the distribution of oxygen tension on the wall of pial and radial arterioles with a lumen diameter of 7–70 μm and on the wall of pial and ascending venules with a lumen diameter of 7–300 µm was studied. In tissue, near the wall of cortical arterioles and venules with a lumen diameter of 10–20 μm, tissue pO2 profiles were measured. Measurements of pO2 during spontaneous breathing of the animal with air served as a control. All pO2 measurements were made using platinum polarographic microelectrodes with a tip diameter of 3–5 μm. Visualization of the electrode tip and microvessels was carried out using a LUMAM-K1 microscope with epiobjectives of the contact type. This work presents for the first-time direct measurements of pO2 on the walls of arterioles and venules of the rat cerebral cortex and in tissues at different distances from the walls of these microvessels at AH. It has been shown that AH results in significant decrease in the oxygen supply to cerebral cortex, that is manifested by a significant drop of the pO2’s on venous microvessels and in tissue in the immediate vicinity of the studied microvessels. It has been shown, that the role of arterioles as a direct source of oxygen to brain tissue, is significantly reduced during arterial hypocapnia. Forced hyperventilation results in significant deterioration of oxygen supply to cerebral cortex, despite elevated pO2 values in the systemic arterial blood and in blood of systemic cerebral veins (sagittal sinus).
Functional State of the Mesenteric Arteries and Vessels of the Skin Microcirculation Bed in Rats with Experimental Kidney Dysfunction
Authors: Ivanova G. T. , Beresneva O. N.
Published: April 2024

Chronic kidney disease is accompanied by cardiovascular complications, including endothelial dysfunction, arterial hypertension, and atherosclerosis. The aim of this work is to compare the reactivity of the vessels of the microcirculatory bed (MCR) of the skin, assessed by laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) and mesenteric arteries in rats with resection of 5/6 of the mass of the kidneys, and to evaluate the possibility of using LDF analysis as a method that reflects the functional state of large resistive vessels. Wistar rats were divided into two groups: animals of the NE-group (n = 15) had 5/6 of the mass of kidney tissue removed, control animals of the SO-group (n = 15) underwent a sham operation. After 8 weeks, the reactivity of rat skin microvessels to acetylcholine (ACh) and sodium nitroprusside (NP) iontophoresis was assessed. A week later, in rats, the effect of NE on the reactivity of mesenteric arteries preconstricted with phenylephrine was evaluated in vivo using microphotographic and video recording of the diameter. It has been shown that NE does not affect the average value of perfusion in the skin of rats at rest, however, it changes the structure of the frequency range of the spectrum of fluctuations in the MCR index, increasing the value of endothelial, neurogenic, and myogenic tone. NE led to the development of endothelial dysfunction of the mesenteric arteries and MCR vessels of the skin, which was expressed in a decrease in vascular reactivity to the action of endothelium-dependent (ACh) and endothelium-independent (NP) vasodilators. Thus, the development of experimental kidney dysfunction led to changes in the spectral components of fluctuations in the MCR index in the skin, indicating an increase in tonic effects of various genesis on the vessels. NE was accompanied by a decrease in the reactivity of microvessels of the skin and mesenteric arteries, however, there was no correlation between an increase in the MCR index and dilatation of the mesenteric arteries under the action of vasodilator agonists.
Organophospate-Induced Pathology: Mechanisms of Development, Principles of Therapy and Features of Experimental Studies
Authors: Goncharov N. V. , Belinskaia D. A. , Avdonin P. V.
Published: April 2024

Organophosphates (OP) are one of the most common neurotoxic xenobiotics. In acute OP poisoning, as a result of suppression of synaptic acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, a cholinergic syndrome develops, which can transform into status epilepticus. Within a few days after acute poisoning, the so-called an intermediate syndrome can develop, which is associated with prolonged inhibition of AChE, desensitization of nicotinic receptors, and functional degradation of synapses and muscle fibers. In 10–20 days after a single acute or repeated subacute poisoning, OP-induced delayed polyneuropathy (OPIDN) can develop – a neurodegenerative disease, the signs of which are ataxia, loss of function of the distal sensory and motor axons of peripheral nerves. The occurrence of a neuropsychiatric disorder (NPD) caused by chronic exposure to relatively low-toxicity organophosphorus compounds is usually not associated with acute poisoning; symptoms include cognitive impairment, chronic fatigue, and extrapyramidal symptoms. The list of possible diseases or pathological conditions (syndromes) that develop as a result of acute, subacute or chronic effects of OP on the human body has expanded in recent years due a number of known neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, multiple sclerosis, etc.). The aging of the body in general and the aging of the brain in particular are considered in the review from the point of view of the consequences of OP poisoning, which can serve as a nonspecific trigger of aging and related neurodegenerative diseases. Gulf syndrome is not a consequence of OP intoxication, but is also of interest and is considered in the context of OP-induced pathology, since its etiology and pathogenesis are associated with the exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors. The review presents data indicating the important role of the vascular endothelium in the development of OP-induced pathology; The first suggestions were made by clinicians in the late 1980s, and the first experimental data were obtained in the early 2000s. The principles of therapy for acute poisoning are outlined, taking into account experimental data from recent years. Some methods for studying OP in experiments in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo with laboratory animals, including the use of carboxylesterase inhibitors, are presented. The most important part of in vivo investigations has been and remains the search for new biomarkers to assess the effectiveness of adjuvant and regenerative therapies.
Influence of Immune System Activation in Early Ontogenesis on Aggressiveness and Sexual Motivationi Adult Wistar Rats
Authors: Pavlova I. V. , Broshevitskaya N. D.
Published: April 2024

Stresses in early ontogenesis can influence anxiety-depressive, defensive and social behavior, as well as the immune and hormonal reactivity of adult animals. The model of early proinflammatory stress assumes activation of the immune system by the introduction of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in early ontogenesis. Whether neonatal LPS stress impacts aggressive behavior or sexual motivation is still unknown. Pathological aggressiveness and disorders in sexual behavior are characteristic of many neuropsychiatric diseases, therefore, the study of the prerequisites for their occurrence is highly relevant. On the 3rd and 5th day after birth, the rats were injected with either LPS at a dose of 50 mcg/kg (LPS group) or saline solution (SAL group, control). The aggressive behavior of adult rats in the resident-intruder test after a week of social isolation was analyzed, as well as the sexual preference of males or females in a three-chamber test. The behavior of rats was compared with baseline levels of corticosterone and interleukin-1beta in blood serum. The males of the LPS group compared with the control had more attacks on the intruder in the resident-intruder test, and the number of attacks did not decrease by the end of the experiment. The males of the LPS group had an increased interaction time with the female at the diestrus stage in the social preference test of males and females. There were no changes in aggressive behavior in females after the administration of LPS in early ontogenesis. The baseline level of interleukin-1beta was higher in males, and corticosterone was higher in females, there were no differences between the LPS and PHYS groups in biochemical parameters. The results obtained indicate an increase in aggressiveness provoked by social isolation, as well as sexual motivation in adult males after early pro-inflammatory stress, i.e., a change in the motivational and emotional component in social behavior.
Thrombin in the Crossroad Hemostasis and Inflammation
Authors: Starikova E. A. , Mammedova J. T. , Porembskaya O. Ya.
Published: April 2024

Hemostasis and immune responses are evolutionarily and functionally related systems on the coordinated work of which vital processes – protection from blood loss and pathogens, depend. Thrombin is the central enzyme of the coagulation system, which has pronounced pro–inflammatory activity and plays an important role in the pathogenesis of a wide range of infectious and non-infectious diseases. Many humoral immune factors regulating inflammation (IL-1α, C3 and C5 complement components) and cell migration to the lesion site (osteopontin, chimerin) are thrombin targets and become activated by proteolytic cleavage. The main thrombin receptors – protease-activating receptors (PARs), are expressed on many cells of the immune system and are considered as non–classical pattern-recognizing receptors (PRRs). The effect of thrombin on innate immune cells may not be related to its enzymatic effects. Thrombin action on adaptive immunity is just beginning to be studied. Recent studies show that thrombin can act as an alarmin, stimulate the maturation of dendritic cells and adaptive immune responses. The production of this factor also affects Th cell polarization, which determines immune response strategy. The study of the immune functions of the components of the coagulation system reveals new pathogenetic mechanisms of the development of sterile inflammation and expands existing possibilities of allergic, autoimmune and neuroinflammatory disease therapy.
Molecular Mechanisms of Valproic Acid Action on Signalling Systems and Brain Functions
Authors: Tursunov A. N. , Vasilyev D. S. , Nalivaeva N. N.
Published: April 2024

Valproic acid (valproate, VA) has been widely used as an antiepileptic agent for several decades, as well as in the treatment of bipolar affective disorder. For many years, the ability of VA to stop epileptic seizures of a different nature has been associated with increased GABAergic neurotransmission, inhibition of glutamatergic neurotransmission and a general decrease in CNS hyperactivity by acting on ion channels, however precise mechanisms of VA anticonvulsant effects are still not clear. Over time, the effects of VA on other neurotransmitter systems, enzymes and intracellular signalling pathways have been revealed, however they do not explain the effectiveness of the drug as an anticonvulsant and mood stabilizer, but only expand its pharmacological profile. Over the past 10 years, the focus of interest in valproate research has changed due to its ability to alter gene expression both by inhibiting histone deacetylases and by changing levels of DNA methylation. These new studies reveal alternative mechanisms of valproate action rather than trying to test and confirm hypotheses previously put forward.
Experimental Models of CNS Deficits in Lysosomal Storage Diseases
Authors: Lebedev A. S. , Kotova M. M. , Kolesnikova T. O. , Galstyan D. S. , Kalueff A. V.
Published: April 2024

Lysosomal storage diseases are characterized by enzyme deficiency in the lysosomal appar-atus of the cell, triggering a pathological accumulation of undigested cellular material (proteins, lipids or carbohydrates) and tissue damage. Clinically and etiologically dive-rse, this group includes over 70 presently recognized hereditary conditions with no known effective therapy. Thus, the search for therapeutic strategies directed at these disorders represents an urgent unmet biomedical task, also necessitating the use of appropriate and valid experimental (animal) models. Here, we discuss the existing models of lysosomal storage diseases and the applicability of rodent and zebrafish as model organisms for probing these diseases.
Distribution of GABARAP and β-III-tubulin Proteins in the Rats Neocortex in the Neonatal Period after Exposure to Perinatal Hypoxia
Authors: Khozhai L. I.
Published: April 2024

The content of the intracellular transport protein GABARAP associated with the GABAA-receptor and the isoform of the cytoskeletal protein β-III-tubulin in the layers of the somatosensory area of the neocortex in the neonatal period in Wistar rats after exposure to hypoxia was studied. The model of human preterm pregnancy was used in the work. Immunohistochemical methods were used to detect GABARAP and β-III-tubulin. The exposure of hypoxia was carried out on the 2nd day after birth, in a special chamber with an oxygen content in the respiratory mixture of 7.8%. The study of the neocortex was carried out on days 5 and 10. It was shown that animals in control, by the end of the neonatal period (P10), the content of GABARAP (according to the staining density of the immune reaction product) significantly increased: in the upper layers II-III by 2, and in the deep layers IV-VI by 4 times compared with the earlier period development (P5). The content of β-III-tubulin in the layers of the cortex is distributed evenly. Animals that survived exposure to hypoxia in the neonatal period showed a significant increase in the content of GABARAP and β-III-tubulin in the upper layers of the neocortex. These changes occur against the background of a significant decrease in the content of the GABAA-receptor subtype (data obtained earlier). GABARAP and β-III-tubulin, as well as the GABAA-receptor, are part of a complex of elements mediating GABA transmission in the neocortex. Hypoxia causes a change in the content of these proteins in the cerebral cortex, which can lead to disruption of the inhibitory effects of GABA.
Diagnostic Potential of Free Blood Choline as a Biomarker of the Physiological Status of the Organism
Authors: Savelieva E. I. , Leninskii M. A. , Goncharov N. V.
Published: April 2024

Choline is an essential nutrient. Mitochondrial dysfunctions, oxidative stress and associated risks of developing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, cardiovascular disease, muscular dystrophy, and fetal neural tube pathology are associated with insufficient choline intake. At the same time, excessive consumption of choline is associated with the accumulation in the blood of a uremic toxin – trimethylamine oxide, the bioprecursor of which is not phosphatidylcholine, but free blood choline. The content of choline and its metabolites in blood plasma is associated with different types of vascular pathologies, and allows predicting the severity of cardiovascular and other associated diseases. Contradictory information about the norm and deviations from the norm of the content of free choline in the blood plasma is due to insufficient attention to the stabilization of the content of free choline in the blood plasma at the stages preceding the instrumental analysis. When using EDTA as an anticoagulant and following a cold regimen (not higher than 4°C) immediately after blood sampling and 23 up to instrumental analysis, it is possible to avoid an increase in the concentration of choline in ex vivo plasma.
Desmin Degradation in the Skeletal Muscle of Patients with Chronic Critical Illness
Authors: Tyganov S. A. , Zaripova K. A. , Turtikova O. V. , Skiteva E. N. , Belova S. P. , Zabrodskaya Yu. M. , Kondratiev S. A. , Kondratieva E. A. , Kondratiev A. N. , Shenkman B. S.
Published: April 2024

Chronically critically ill patients lose a significant amount of muscle mass during their stay in the intensive care unit, which can have long-term detrimental consequences. This, among other factors, leads to the degradation of the muscle cytoskeleton’s integrity, and at present there are no comprehensive studies that describe the mechanisms b-ehind the development of this process. The purpose of this study was to investigate the signaling processes that contribute to the degradation of desmin in patients with critical illness myopathy (CIM). Incisional muscle biopsies were taken from the soleus muscle from 6 patients undergoing treatment at the A.L. Polenov Russian Research Institute - branch of the Almazov National Medical Research Center, with chronic impairment of consciousness (lasting at least 2 months). Muscle biopsies taken from healthy men using a needle biopsy technique were used as controls. Biopsies were frozen in liquid nitrogen for subsequent Western blot and PCR analysis, as well as immunohistochemical studies. The analysis showed that fibers with an altered histological pattern of desmin were visually identified in 4 out of 6 patients studied. We also observed a significant decrease in desmin content by 69% and a 24% decrease in its mRNA content in patients with CIM. Desmin breakdown may be associated with increased calpain activity and activation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system. In this study, the content of calpain-1 increased under conditions of CIM at the protein level, but remained unchanged at the mRNA level. We observed changes in GSK3-β (Ser9) phosphorylation, which is a crucial step in the d-epolymerization of desmin filaments by calpain-1. A study on ubiquitin ligases revealed a significant 155% increase in the expression of Trim32, along with a decrease in the e-xpression of Atrogin1 and MuRF1. Thus, in this study, we observed a decrease in desmin content under conditions of CIM. The breakdown of desmin may be due to increased phosphorylation by GSK3β and subsequent cleavage by calpain-1. In addition, we observed an increase in the expression of the E3 ubiquitin ligase Trim32, the activity of which, according to literature, also increases after phosphorylation of desmin.
Influence of Forced Running Loads on the Content of Na+/K+-ATPase Isoforms and Monovalent Cations in Skeletal Muscles of Mice with a Model of Type II Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Zakharova A. N. , Milovanova K. G. , Orlova A. A. , Dyakova E. Yu. , Kalinnikova Yu. G. , Kollantay O. V. , Shuvalov I. Yu. , Chibalin A. V. , Kapilevich L. V.
Published: April 2024

The effect of forced running for 1 hour daily for 4 weeks on the content of Na+/K+-ATPase isoforms and monovalent cations in the skeletal muscles of mice with a model of type II diabetes mellitus (DM-II) was studied. To form a model of the disease, a high-fat diet was used, and physical activity in the form of forced running was carried out for 4 weeks. The content of Na+/K+-ATPase isoforms and Na+ and K+ ions in muscle tissue of m. gastrocnemius was determined by Western blotting and atomic absorption spectrophotomery, respectively. It has been shown that the formation of DM-II in mice is accompanied by changes in the content of Na+/K+-ATPase alpha 1 and 2 isoforms in muscle tissue. The effect of forced running loads on the content of Na+/K+-ATPase in muscle tissue is significant and primarily differs in age groups. One can also note a certain dependence of the influence of forced running loads on the content of this enzyme on the time of their use. In young animals, changes in the concentrations of monovalent sodium and potassium cations after forced running loads were less pronounced. In aged mice, against the background of forced loads, an increase in the content of sodium and decrease in the content of potassium in muscle tissue was observed. The detected changes in monovalent cations content in the muscle tissue of mice with diabetes mellitus II under the influence of forced running loads may play a role in the implementation of the metabolic effects of physical activity.
Hemoglobin Affinity to Oxygen during Coronavirus Infection: New Faces of a Known Problem
Authors: Zinchuk V. V. , Hlutkina N. V.
Published: April 2024

The development of coronavirus infection prevents the transport of oxygen to the tissues through the mechanism of impaired hemoglobin saturation in the damaged lung. The change in the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, which is the most important factor in compensating for oxygen deficiency in various pathological conditions, underlies the processes of adaptation to hypoxia. The question of the significance of the shift in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve in this pathology is actively discussed, in which its shift to the left in the arterial blood and its shift to the right in the venous blood are noted, which in the conditions of the development of the hypoxic syndrome reflects the a-ctivation of the body’s mechanisms to compensate for oxygen deficiency. The change in its position is not specific for this pathology, but is determined by the severity of oxygen deficiency and the imbalance of the mechanisms of the cardiorespiratory system, as well as the peculiarities of the status of patients and the analyzed blood sample.
Hybrid Technology Seawater Desalination Based on Reverse Osmosis and Membrane Distillation Methods
Authors: Ahmedova J. A.
Published: April 2024

The article presents the results of a computational and analytical study of hybrid RO–MD (Reverse Osmosis–Membrane Distillation) technologies for desalination of the Caspian Sea, providing for the production of an additional amount of desalinated water by the MD method from RO concentrates heated to 50–80°C due to waste heat of fuel combustion products in steam boilers. Two options for solving the problem of the formation of CaCO3 and CaSO4 precipitates on membranes were studied: with preliminary nanofiltration (NF) or Na-cationation (Na) of sea water, as an alternative to the use of antiscalants (AS) and acid. The negative environmental effect of most plants (eutrophication of water bodies) and their low efficiency at high concentrations of desalinated water are taken into account. The Langelier index (СаСО3) and the degree of concentrate saturation (СаSO4) were used as criteria for precipitation of deposits on the membranes. The NF and RO processes were studied using the ROSA computer program, and the MD and Na processes were studied by computer simulation of the corresponding calculation models. It was found that at a 70% permeate yield at the NF and RO stages, the possibility of calcium precipitation on the RO and MD membranes is prevented, but their precipitation on the NF membranes is predicted, which makes the use of AS forced. At the same time, additional permeate production at the MD stage from RO concentrates reaches 40% of the amount of permeate from RO stadium, and the electricity consumption in general according to the scheme is 1.88 kWh/m3. Reducing the calcium hardness of sea water to 50 µg-eq/dm3 by the Na-cationization method makes it possible to refuse both the use of AS and acidification with sulfuric acid with additional production of MD permeate – 27% relative to RO permeate. Electricity consumption rises to 2.5 kWh/m3. To use the known advantages of NF without the use of AS, a hybrid Na–NF–RO–MD scheme is proposed. It has been established that at 80% yields of NF and RO permeates, to prevent the formation of CaSO4 precipitates at all stages of treatment, it is sufficient to reduce the hardness of sea water from 16 to 5.5 m-eq/dm3, and by acidifying the softened water to exclude the formation of CaCO3 precipitates.
Synthesis and Properties of Poly(4-methyl-2-pentyne) Containing Quaternary Ammonium Salts with Methyl and Ethyl Substituents
Authors: Polevaya V. G. , Kossov A. A. , Matson S. M.
Published: April 2024

In this work, functionalization of poly(4-methyl-2-pentyne) (PMP) with quaternary ammonium salts was carried out in order to increase CO2 selectivity in its membrane recovery. The introduction of functional groups was carried out by a two-stage method – bromination of the initial polymer and addition of tertiary alkylamines trimethylamine (TMA) and trimethylamine (TEA). It has been established that the optimal amount of introduced functional groups, while maintaining the mechanical properties of the polymer, is up to 5 mol. %. The results of organoelemental analysis and IR spectroscopy confirm the functionalization reaction of the PMP. X-ray diffraction patterns of the samples indicate an increase in the interchain distance in the series initial PMP–brominated PMP–functionalized PMP. TGA data confirm high thermal and thermal-oxidative stability. The coefficients of permeability, solubility and diffusion of PMP samples containing TMA and TEA salts were determined for individual gases. An increased ideal selectivity for the separation of gas pairs CO2/N2 by 2–3 times and CO2/CH4 by 1.5–2 times has been achieved while maintaining the permeability at a high level.
Transport Properties and Structure of Anisotropic Composites Based on Cation Exchange Membranes and Polyaniline
Authors: Loza N. V. , Kutenko N. A. , Kononenko N. A. , Volfkovich Yu. M. , Sosenkin V. E.
Published: April 2024

A comprehensive characterization of basic heterogeneous cation-exchange MK-40 and Ralex CMH membranes and composite membranes with polyaniline based on them was performed, including the determination of conductivity and diffusion permeability, measurement of current–voltage curves in solutions of sodium, calcium, magnesium chlorides and hydrochloric acid, distribution curves of water binding energy and effective pore radii, as well as an assessment of the transport-structural parameters of microheterogeneous model. The time of polyaniline synthesis on the surface of cation-exchange membranes by successive diffusion of an oxidizing agent and monomer solution through the membrane into water was determined. Samples with an anisotropic structure and asymmetric electrotransport properties were obtained. Based on the analysis of the electrotransport properties, structure characteristics and model transport-structural parameters of membranes in solutions of singly and doubly charged ions, the obtained materials were defined as promising for use in the processes of electrodialysis desalination of multicomponent solutions.
Modification of Nafion Membrane by Polycation in the Presemce of Lower Alyphatic Alcohols and Salt
Authors: Zakharova Ju. A. , Sergeyev V. G.
Published: April 2024

Significant increase of ion selectivity was observed for Nafion membranes modified by poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride), PDADMAC, in the presence of lower aliphatic alcohols and NaCl. It was found that addition of the salt into the alcohol-containing modification solutions resulted not only in decrease of diffusional permeability towards vanadyl ions, P, but also in simultaneous two- to threefold growth of proton conductivity, σ, in comparison with the membranes modified in the alcohol-water solutions in the absence of a salt. As a result, ion selectivity of the membranes calculated as σ/P ratio was increased in ∼4 orders of magnitude as compared with pristine Nafion 112 membrane. Conceivable mechanism of the ion selectivity increasing is proposed for the membranes modified by PDADMAC in the presence of lower aliphatic alcohols and NaCl.
Low-Temperature Ion-Plasma Pretreatment of Fibrous Systems during the Creation of Composite Heterogeneous Membranes
Authors: Terin D. V. , Kardash M. M. , Turaev T. A. , Ainetdinov D. V.
Published: April 2024

In this paper, the objects of study are heterogeneous cation-exchange materials Polykon, obtained on a fibrous system that has undergone preliminary preparation by low-temperature high-frequency argon plasma at power of 400 W for 10 min at a pressure of 5 × 10–5 mbar. As a fibrous system, a fabric made of novolac phenol-formaldehyde fibers—Kynol was used. The surface of the fibrous system before and after plasma treatment using scanning electron microscopy was studied. The hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance was examined on the surface of a fabric made of phenol-formaldehyde novolac fibers—Kynol (before and after treatment) and on heterogeneous cation-exchange materials Polykon, it was noted that on the treated FS and materials, a decrease in the rate of change in the work of wetting was observed. The paper presents the characteristic IR spectra of the samples under study, as well as a thermogravimetric analysis of heterogeneous cation-exchange materials Polykon (obtained on fibers before and after plasma treatment). The presented results indicate a significant effect of low-temperature ion-plasma treatment on the structure of novolac phenol-formaldehyde fibers and Polykon materials based on them.
Deoxygenation of CO2 Solvent Based on Monoethanolamine in Gas–Liquid Membrane Contactors Using Composite Membranes
Authors: Kalmykov D. O. , Shirokikh S. A. , Matveev D. N. , Anokhina T. S. , Bazhenov S. D.
Published: April 2024

This work is devoted to the removal of dissolved oxygen from a model solvent based on monoethanolamine (MEA) to prevent its oxidative degradation during the absorption purification of flue gases from carbon dioxide. Composite membranes based on porous ceramic and polymer substrates with a thin selective layer of poly[1-(trimethylsilyl)-1-propyne] and its mixture with polyvinyltrimethylsilane have been developed. Gas-liquid membrane contactors have been created on their basis. It is shown that with their use in the vacuum mode, up to 60% of dissolved oxygen can be removed from the model solvent.
On the Influence of Counter-Ion Nature on Properties of Perfluorosulfonic Acid Membranes with Long and Short Side Chain
Authors: Parshina A. V. , Safronova E. Yu. , Yelnikova A. S. , Stretton N. , Bobreshova O. V.
Published: April 2024

In this work, the study of water uptake, ionic conductivity, and Donnan potential in systems with perfluorosulfonic acid membranes in H+, Li+, Na+, and K+ forms and solutions of inorganic electrolytes is presented. The properties of the commercial Aquivion E87-05S and Nafion 212 membranes, as well as the membranes prepared from the dispersions of Nafion 212 in the solvents of different nature (N,N-dimethylformamide, 1‑methyl-2-pyrrolidone, isopropyl alcohol–water mixtures in volume ratio of 80–20) were investigated. The influence of the number of functional groups, the length of the side chains of the polymer macromolecules, and the polymer morphology in the membranes on their equilibrium and transport properties depending on the counter-ion nature was revealed. The effect of the relaxation and electrophoretic factors on the alkali metal ion transfer through the system of pores and channels of the perfluorosulfonic acid membranes was discussed. The slope of the concentration dependencies of the Donnan potential for all highly hydrated membranes in the H+ form was close to the Nernstian one, while the selectivity to the alkali metal ions increased for the membranes with the highest ion-exchange capacity or the lowest amount of sorbed water and diffusion permeability due to the exclusion of the co-ions from the membrane phase.
Trifluoroethylacrylate-Substituted Polymethylsiloxane—Promising Membrane Material for Separating an Abe Fermentation Mixture
Authors: Grushevenko Е. А. , Rokhmanka Т. N. , Balynin A. V. , Golubev G. S. , Borisov I. L.
Published: April 2024

This work is aimed at obtaining a membrane material that is resistant to the formation of a precipitate on the surface upon contact with an ABE fermentation mixture and has a good separating ability during the pervaporation isolation of n-butanol from a water–alcohol mixture. In this regard, in this work, for the first time, the creation of pervaporation membranes based on polymethyltrifluoroethylacrylatesiloxane (F3-Acr), as well as a copolymer of polydecylmethylsiloxane and polymethyltrifluoroethylacrylatesiloxane (C10-F3-Acr) is proposed. In comparison with polydecylmethylsiloxane (C10), the structure and sorption properties of the developed membrane materials for n-butanol, ethanol and acetone were studied. It should be noted that the highest sorption of n-butanol is characteristic of C10-F3-Acr (0.46 g/g). Changes in surface properties were assessed by the contact angle and elemental composition of the surface before and after exposure for 1 month in a fermentation medium. The transport and separating properties of the synthesized membrane materials were studied in the vacuum pervaporation mode during the separation of a model ABE fermentation mixture. It was shown that the introduction of a fluorine-containing substituent into the side chain of polysiloxane made it possible to increase the hydrophilicity of the polymer: the water flow for F3-Acr was 0.7 × 10–6 kg m m–2 h–1, which is almost 3 times higher than for C10. It is worth noting the positive effect of the combination of C10 and F3-Acr groups in polysiloxane. Thus, with an increase in the total flow by 60% compared to the C10 membrane, the values of the separation factor for n-butanol, acetone, and ethanol were 40.5, 32.7, and 4.3 and increased by 6, 15, and 12%, respectively, compared to the C10 membrane. For the C10-F3-Acr membrane, the pervaporation separation index for n-butanol, acetone, and ethanol was 136, 109, and 11. Therefore, this membrane is twice as efficient as C10. Taking into account the absence of detectable contamination of the surface of the membrane material with fermentation products, one can note the high potential of the C10-F3-Acr membrane for the task of isolating alcohols from the ABE fermentation mixture.
Assessment of combinational ability of inbred lines of winter rye by the topcross method
Authors: Goncharenko A. A , Makarov A. V , Semenova T. V , Tochilin V. N , Clochko N. A , Goncharenko M. S , Krakhmaleva O. A
Published: April 2024

Dentification perspective on combinational ability of the inbred lines of winter rye is an important stage in hybrid breeding. The purpose of researches - to estimate the general and specific combinational ability of the inbred lines of winter rye by a method of full top crossings. As a maternal form 30 homozygous lines of rye bearing sterile cytoplasm Pampas type served. As testers 4 male fertile homozygous lines used : mfН-1432, mfН-1423, mfН-1147 and mfН-1842. Test crossings carried out in 2019 on spatially the isolated plots. In total 120 simple interlinear hybrids of F1 were received. Their test carried out in 2020 on plots 8,0 m2 in 2 repetitions at norm of seeding of 500 grains on 1 m2. As the standard used population variety Valdai. Productivity of hybrids F1 varied from 5,08 to 7,55 t/hectare at average productivity in experience 6,27t/hectare. Hybrids with participation of the line msH-1185-1 were the most yielding. Their productivity varied from 6,92 to 7,48 t/hectare depending on a tester. Frequency of hybrids of F1 with authentically high competitive heterosis made 20 of 120 or 16,7 %. In dispersion of a sign of productivity the essential contribution was made both the general (GCA), and specific (SCA) combinational ability. However fell to the share of effects GCA 91,2 % of all dispersion of productivity, and to SCA share - 6,9 %. The high relation variances by GCA/SCA is pointed to rather high genetic divergence by the inbred lines taken for crossing. Authentically high GCA showed 7 sterile lines: ms H-1185-1, msH-1185-2, msН-1179, msН-1238, msН-700, msН-48, msН-1247. Among lines testers of the best on GCA there was mfН-1147. High effects of SCA showed the msН-451, msН-577, msН-842, msH-1185-2 and msН-1190 lines, and also testers of mfН-1432 and mfН-1423. It is characteristic that average productivity of hybrids with participation of lines with high GCA was authentically above, than average productivity of hybrids with participation of lines from high SCA (6,76 t/hectare against 6,24 t/hectare, tfact=3,38> t05=2,22). Significantly low GCA possessed 9 sterile lines. Positive correlation between effects of GCA lines and level of their own productivity is revealed (r=0,59, t fact =2,30> t 05=2,22)
Simulation of degradation of pasture ecosystems of arid zone
Authors: Salugin A. N
Published: April 2024

New approaches to the study of succession dynamics are based on the original concept of system dynamics, which was used in the development of simulation models reflecting the dynamics of pasture ecosystems. The temporal dynamics of the soil and vegetation cover of the natural pastures of the Black Lands of Kalmykia reflects the degradation processes that are studied by simulation modeling. The processes of pasture degradation in the subarid belt of Southern Russia were described by ordinary differential equations. This concept is the basic one in the development of simulation models. The dynamics of changes in effective coatings for phytocenoses of pastures of Black Lands in the process of degradation was traced from the original pastures to complete desertification. Analytical solutions for various conditions of succession dynamics in the degradation of natural pasture lands are a convenient test for assessing the adequacy of simulation modeling. The initial time periods of space observations of effective coatings of phytocenoses were used to parametrize simulation models. The models are implemented in the AnyLogic simulation system. The model development process is based on visual programming using the graphical user interface. Information flows in the Anylogic environment are redistributed over time through a system of storage devices interconnected by an oriented graph of the model. A computational experiment demonstrating simulation results with different parameters was used for an indicative (qualitative) assessment of ecosystem sustainability. The results of analytical modeling using ordinary differential equations and simulation modeling showed a high identity. The study of the dynamics of pasture ecosystems using a variation experiment demonstrates the possibility of visual (cognitive) selection of the parameters of the model that determines the conditions of stationarity of pasture ecosystems. Studying the dynamics of successions of pasture phytocnoses by this method opens up new opportunities for solving problems of optimal use of biological resources and sustainability of pasture ecosystems.