bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Approaches for drug delivery with intracortical probes
Authors: Spieth Sven , Schumacher Axel , Trenkle Fabian , Brett Olivia , Seidl Karsten , Herwik Stanislav , Kisban Sebastian , Ruther Patrick , Paul Oliver , Aarts Arno A.A. , Neves Hercules P. , Rich P. Dylan , Theobald David E. , Holtzman Tahl , Dalley Jeffrey W. , Verhoef Bram-Ernst , Janssen Peter , Zengerle Roland
Published: October 2013

Intracortical microprobes allow the precise monitoring of electrical and chemical signaling and are widely used in neuroscience. Microelectromechanical system (MEMS) technologies have greatly enhanced the integration of multifunctional probes by facilitating the combination of multiple recording electrodes and drug delivery channels in a single probe. Depending on the neuroscientific application, various assembly strategies are required in addition to the microprobe fabrication itself. This paper summarizes recent advances in the fabrication and assembly of micromachined silicon probes for drug delivery achieved within the EU-funded research project
A Clear Mirror on Which to Reflect
Authors: Virtanen Ira A. , Isotalus Pekka
Published: October 2013

This study aimed to distinguish beneficial and non-beneficial support for men in same-sex friendships. The empirical material was gathered using thematic interviews with 25 Finnish men. Two supportive sequences and five beneficial support approaches were identified. These approaches were listening, compassion, reassurance, appraisal, and distraction. Men described the quality of beneficial support as subtle, authentic, and honest. The results showed that men favored implicit, responsive support over initiated verbal behaviors. The purpose of such support was to be supportive of the seeker’s autonomy and to represent an emotionally solid friend who is unbiased but motivated to support. To determine beneficial support to a group of people, studies need to consider situational factors such as relationship and culture. The results are discussed in light of previous research on supportive communication.
Giant prolactinomas in women
Authors: Delgrange Etienne , Raverot Gerald , Bex Marie , Burman Pia , Decoudier Bénédicte , Devuyst France , Feldt-Rasmussen Ulla , Andersen Marianne , Maiter Dominique
Published: October 2013

Objective

To characterise distinctive clinical features of giant prolactinomas in women.

Design

A multicentre, retrospective case series and literature review.

Methods

We collected data from 15 female patients with a pituitary tumour larger than 4 cm and prolactin levels above 1000 μg/l and identified 19 similar cases from the literature; a gender-based comparison of the frequency and age distribution was obtained from a literature review.

Results

The initial PubMed search using the term ‘giant prolactinomas’ identified 125 patients (13 women) responding to the inclusion criteria. The female:male ratio was 1:9. Another six female patients were found by extending the literature search, while our own series added 15 patients. The median age at diagnosis was 44 years in women compared with 35 years in men (P<0.05). All cases diagnosed before the age of 15 years were boys. In women (n=34), we observed a minor peak incidence during the third decade of life and a major peak during the fifth decade. Amenorrhoea was a constant feature with seven cases of primary amenorrhoea. In eight women with onset of secondary amenorrhoea before the age of 40 years, the diagnosis was made 2–31 years later (median 9 years) and in all but one because of tumour pressure symptoms. The prolactin levels were above 10 000 μg/l in 15/34 and misdiagnosis due to ‘hook effect’ occurred in two of them. Eighteen patients were treated with cabergoline; standard doses (<2.0 mg/week) were able to normalise prolactin in only 4/18 patients, and 7/18 patients were resistant to weekly doses ranging from 3.0 to 7.0 mg.

Conclusion

Giant prolactinomas are rare in women, often resistant to dopamine agonists and seem to be distributed in two age groups, with a larger late-onset peak.
Significance of selenium in the pathogenesis and therapy of cardiovascular diseases and those requiring intensive care
Authors: Koszta György , Fülesdi Béla
Published: October 2013

Selenium deficiency results in profound changes in cellular defence mechanisms against oxidative stress, which plays an important role in the development of cardiovascular disease and the associated risk factors. Increased formation and decreased elimination of reactive oxygen radicals contribute to the complicated mechanisms of sepsis and related disorders. Use of selenium in prevention and treatment of the above mentioned conditions is not a new idea, but controversial data were published in relation to both fields recently. The aim of the present review is to summarize the most important results related to this area. Orv. Hetil., 154 (41), 1621–1627.
Effect of RF or VHF Plasma on Nanocrystalline Silicon Thin Film Structure: Insight from OES and Langmuir Probe Measurements
Authors: Zhu Lala , Das Ujjwal K , Hegedus Steven S , Birkmire Robert W
Published: October 2013

Optical emission spectroscopy (OES) and Langmuir Probe were used to characterize RF and VHF plasma properties under conditions leading to nanocrystalline silicon film deposition. Films deposited by RF plasma at low pressure (3 Torr), even with high crystalline volume fraction, show weak X-ray diffraction signals, suggesting small grain size, while RF films at higher pressure (8 Torr) and VHF films at both high and low pressure have larger grain sizes. The preferential growth orientation is controlled by the H2/SiH4 ratio with RF plasma, while the film deposited by VHF shows primarily (220) orientation independent of H-dilution ratio. Langmuir Probe measurements indicate that the high energy electron population is reduced by increasing pressure from 3 Torr to 8 Torr in RF plasma. Compared with RF plasma, the VHF plasma shows higher electron density and sheath potential, but lower average electron energy, which may be responsible for the larger grain size and crystal orientation. The growth rate and crystalline volume fraction of the film is correlated with OES intensity ratio of SiH* and Hα/SiH* for both RF and VHF plasmas.
85 anos de ABEn® e 80 de REBEn® promovendo o desenvolvimento científico e profissional da Enfermagem brasileira
Authors: Cabral Ivone Evangelista , Almeida Filho Antonio José de
Published: October 2013

Trata-se de um esforço acadêmico de resgatar fragmentos do processo de construção de uma entidade pioneira na representatividade da Enfermagem brasileira - a Associação Brasileira de Enfermagem (ABEn), que completou 85 anos de existência e criou o primeiro periódico cientifico de enfermagem, Annaes de Enfermagem, atual Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem, que celebrou 80 anos em 2012. A contribuição da ABEn para o desenvolvimento cientifico e profissional da Enfermagem no país é abordada com humildade e timidez analítica e crítica, uma vez que se tomou como base mais informações de fontes secundárias do que primárias, segundo uma visão panorâmica de 1926 a 2011. A subjetividade e seletividade dos fatos nos levaram a destacar algumas instâncias de poder em detrimento de outras para ressaltar pontos do desenvolvimento da Enfermagem brasileira como disciplina, profissão e trabalho.
Uma década de Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para a Graduação em Enfermagem: avanços e desafios
Authors: Fernandes Josicelia Dumêt , Rebouças Lyra Calhau
Published: October 2013

As Diretrizes Curriculares do Curso de Graduação em Enfermagem são referenciais para o fortalecimento das mudanças na formação de profissionais competentes, críticos e comprometidos com a saúde da população. Buscando identificar essas mudanças, este estudo teve como objetivo analisar os avanços e desafios de uma década dessas Diretrizes. Trata-se de uma pesquisa documental, em que foram analisadas a Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Nacional, a Resolução CNE/CES nº 03/2001 e a produção intelectual brasileira sobre a temática, na década 2001 a 2011. Essa produção foi buscada em periódicos científicos da área, através das bases BDENF, SciELO e LILACS. A análise ancorou-se no referencial metodológico da dialética que proporcionou o estudo do tema na sua dinamicidade, contradições e totalidade de sua inserção nas políticas públicas. Os resultados apontaram avanços no fortalecimento da mudança na educação em enfermagem, em sintonia com as políticas de educação e saúde.
A terminologia CIPE® e a participação do Centro CIPE® brasileiro em seu desenvolvimento e disseminação
Authors: Garcia Telma Ribeiro , Nóbrega Maria Miriam Lima da
Published: October 2013

Objetiva-se descrever (1) a evolução da Classificação Internacional para a Prática de Enfermagem (CIPE® ), desde que o Conselho Internacional de Enfermeira(o)s (CIE) assumiu, em 1989, a tarefa de desenvolver uma classificação dos elementos da prática profissional (diagnósticos, intervenções e resultados de enfermagem), que tivesse alcance internacional; (2) o Programa CIPE® e seus componentes estruturais, os quais se articulam para conformar o Ciclo de vida da terminologia CIPE® ; (3) os Centros para Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento da CIPE®, acreditados pelo CIE; (4) por fim, a contribuição do Centro brasileiro para pesquisa, desenvolvimento e disseminação da terminologia CIPE®. A CIPE® está em constante evolução e muito já foi alcançado em seus quase vinte e cinco anos de desenvolvimento. Os Centros CIPE® têm desempenhado um papel fundamental para o desenvolvimento, disseminação e uso da terminologia nos diferentes campos da prática profissional - ensino, assistência, pesquisa e gestão / gerenciamento do cuidado de enfermagem.
O discurso e a prática do parto humanizado de adolescentes
Authors: Silva Renata Cunha da , Soares Marilu Correa , Jardim Vanda Maria da Rosa , Kerber Nalú Pereira da Costa , Meincke Sonia Maria Könzgen
Published: October 2013

Estudo descritivo que objetivou conhecer as práticas de atenção ao parto desenvolvidas pelos profissionais de saúde no cuidado à parturiente adolescente. Os dados foram extraídos da pesquisa "Atenção humanizada ao parto de adolescentes", referente ao Município de Pelotas-RS, por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas, no período de 2008 a 2009. A população constituiu-se de profissionais de saúde do centro obstétrico de um hospital de ensino público. A análise foi sistematizada a partir do Manual Assistência ao Parto Normal, da Organização Mundial de Saúde. Os resultados evidenciaram que práticas úteis, como a intimidade e a privacidade, escolha do tipo de parto e o estímulo à amamentação, não são respeitadas. Como práticas prejudiciais salientaram-se a posição de litotomia e o uso da ocitocina. Destacaram-se como práticas inadequadas a restrição alimentar e a utilização da amniotomia. Concluiu-se que as práticas de atenção ao parto contemplaram parcialmente a Política de Humanização do Parto e Nascimento.
Desvelando o cuidado humanizado:: percepções de enfermeiros em oncologia pediátrica
Authors: Santos Maiara Rodrigues dos , Silva Lucía , Misko Maira Deguer , Poles Kátia , Bousso Regina Szylit
Published: October 2013

Esse estudo teve como objetivos desvelar os elementos do cuidado humanizado presentes no encontro entre enfermeiro, família e criança com câncer, identificar a percepção desses enfermeiros quanto à humanização da assistência e verificar em que situações o enfermeiro percebe que a humanização está ancorada ao cuidado. Trata-se de estudo exploratório-descritivo, com abordagem qualitativa. Utilizou-se como referencial teórico a Teoria do Cuidado Humano de Watson. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevista semiestruturada com nove enfermeiros de um hospital público especializado em oncologia pediátrica em São Paulo. Os resultados apontaram para o fenômeno "Desvelando o cuidado humanizado dispensado à família e à criança com câncer". Os elementos teóricos emergiram das descrições de eventos clínicos ou situações apresentadas pelos enfermeiros. Os dados permitiram reflexões sobre possibilidades de construção do processo humanístico interpessoal no ambiente de cuidado na oncologia pediátrica e de avanços e limitações quanto à aplicabilidade deste referencial na prática.
Viviendo con una ostomía: percepciones y expectativas desde la fenomenología social
Authors: Ferreira Umpiérrez Augusto Hernán
Published: October 2013

La finalidad de este estudio fue comprender la experiencia de vida de un grupo de pacientes portadores de colostomía develando sus expectativas en relación al cuidado de enfermería. Se optó por una investigación cualitativa, con el enfoque fenomenológico social de Alfred Schütz, en la cual participaron nueve pacientes portadores de colostomía. Del análisis de las entrevistas, a la luz del referencial, se identificó el tipo vivido de estos sujetos de estudio los cuales mostraron un contexto vivencial en el cual es de relevancia el poder de adaptación y el entorno socio laboral, mostrando expectativas respecto a la enfermera como asesora para la transición, el deseo del cuidado humanizado y la construcción de nuevos horizontes.
Identificação da violência na relação conjugal a partir da Estratégia Saúde da Família
Authors: Gomes Nadirlene Pereira , Silveira Yasminie Mota , Diniz Normélia Maria Freire , Paixão Gilvânia Patrícia do Nascimento , Camargo Climene Laura , Gomes Nadjane Rebouças
Published: October 2013

Estudo qualitativo cujo objetivo foi analisar o processo de identificação da violência conjugal por profissionais da Estratégia Saúde da Família de São Francisco do Conde/Salvador-BA. Entrevistaram-se 22 profissionais (médicos, enfermeiros, assistentes sociais e cirurgiões-dentistas) e após análise dos dados emergiram as categorias: (Não)identificação da violência conjugal na Equipe de saúde da Família; Percepção da violência restrita à agressão física; Magnitude e complexidade da violência conjugal; e Quebrando o silêncio na Equipe de Saúde da Família. O estudo mostrou que a identificação da violência conjugal se dá durante o atendimento profissional. A não identificação do fenômeno guarda relação com os currículos que ainda não contemplam a violência doméstica como objeto da saúde. Pontua-se para a importância da relação de confiança e da escuta no processo de identificação do agravo. Torna-se necessário melhor preparo profissional, o que possibilitará maior visibilidade da problemática e a adoção de estratégias de enfrentamento.
A sexualidade da mulher com câncer de mama: análise da produção científica de enfermagem
Authors: Ferreira Simone Mara de Araújo , Panobianco Marislei Sanches , Gozzo Thaís de Oliveira , Almeida Ana Maria de
Published: October 2013

Revisão integrativa que objetivou analisar o conhecimento produzido pela enfermagem brasileira sobre a sexualidade de mulheres com câncer de mama, visando a melhoria do cuidado de enfermagem. Foi utilizada a busca simultânea por palavras, em todas as bases de dados indexadas na Biblioteca Virtual da Saúde. Incluíram-se 10 artigos publicados a partir do ano 2000, cuja autoria fosse atribuída ao profissional enfermeiro. Os resultados mostraram que a sexualidade das mulheres, muitas vezes, está restrita à prática sexual, e apenas alguns relatos mostram a sexualidade como algo mais abrangente. As mulheres acometidas pelo câncer de mama apresentam comprometimento no exercício da sexualidade, e o apoio do companheiro auxilia no enfrentamento, sendo percebido como muito significativo em todas as etapas da doença. A análise dos estudos evidencia uma assistência de enfermagem que não contempla esse aspecto do cuidado, necessitando de reestruturação. Essa assistência deve ser estendida aos parceiros e deve ultrapassar a dimensão biológica.
O ressentimento: reflexões a partir de um caso clínico
Authors: Gonçalves Thomás Gomes , Silva Clarice Moreira da , Macedo Mônica Medeiros Kother
Published: October 2013

A partir de um caso clínico explora-se o tema do ressentimento sob a óptica da psicanálise. Ao abordar aspectos singulares da vida do paciente desenvolvem-se reflexões sobre o tema do ressentimento e as condições de aprisionamento atualizadas nesta história. Destaca-se a contribuição da psicanálise em seus recursos teóricos e técnicos na instauração da escuta do ressentimento.
O duplo como fenômeno psíquico
Authors: D'Agord Marta Regina de Leão , Barbosa Marcos Rafael de Oliveira , Hasan Rukaya , Neves Rafael Cavalheiro
Published: October 2013

Neste trabalho, analisamos um fenômeno psíquico com o qual se ocupa a psicopatologia: o fenômeno do duplo (Doppelgänger), enquanto visão angustiante de si próprio como um outro. Na psicanálise, o duplo pode ser estudado através da concepção do estádio do espelho e do modelo óptico, tais como propostos por Lacan. Entre as elaborações literárias desse fenômeno universal, destacam-se "William Wilson", de E. A. Poe, e "O duplo" de F. Dostoiévski, que se situam no fantástico enquanto gênero literário. Em nossa análise do fenômeno do duplo, realizamos uma comparação entre modelos literários e psicanalíticos.
A Brownfield Well Re-Design with Casing While Drilling
Authors: Vos Arjan , Kamyani Ibrahim , Hilditch Robert , Sanchez Francisco
Published: October 2013

Developments with high depletion tend to have many drilling problems where young shales need to be drilled and losses are incurred. In order to avoid spending large amounts of time and money curing losses, a complete re-design has been carried out in a field in the North of the Sultanate of Oman.

The casing scheme for the wells has been successfully reduced from four to two casings, making use of a hydraulic single joint rig. Furthermore, casing while drilling with stage cementing tools has been trialed, whereby the stage tools are drilled out with the casing while drilling bit. Many lessons have been learned as described in this paper.
Improving Drilling Performance at Majnoon Field
Authors: Armenta Miguel , Tinkhof Rob , Pointing Mike , Cuthbert Andy , Ramsawak Suresh
Published: October 2013

Field data included in the paper demonstrates continuous drilling improvement by reducing the number of days per well, on three (3) different rigs with crews comprising up to 80% local staff, most of them without any previous drilling experience. The Majnoon Field was the first major business entry for the operator in Iraq, a post-conflict zone, located in an area impacted by the long Iran-Iraq war with Explosive Remnants of War (ERW) in evidence daily, a real ground zero. The absence of infrastructure, the inexperience of the local workforce, limited number of service companies, severe security limitations and a dearth of accurate subsurface data available to assist with well construction, exacerbated the challenges faced when drilling in this region.

Included in the paper are strategies to clear the area from ERW, logistics, and well design. Drilling challenges and strategies to reduce the number of drilling days per well are also explained. On average, the longest serving rig shows a 20% improvement per well while the other two rigs show an average improvement of 25% per well.

The insight provided in this paper will assist other operators in their endeavors when starting new operations in such challenging environments. The lessons learned included in this paper have led to best practices developed during the Majnoon Project, and serve as a valuable reference to better prepare for a drilling campaign in a field with an underdeveloped infrastructure and scarcity of reliable basic subsurface data and information.
DEO Application: Case Study on Delivering Top Quartile Performance in PDO
Authors: Al Hamhami Saif , Al Sheriyani Zayid , Al Adawi Anwar , Al Aghbari Mohammed
Published: October 2013

Field X is an exploration/ appraisal gas field located in North Oman. Four wells had been drilled up to mid 2012 where drilling performance was poor. A promising gas discovery in the fourth well drove a decision to accelerate the delivery of another four wells in a short period of time in order to further appraise the prospect and hence accelerate field development.

The time constraint for planning another four wells and the poor drilling performance experienced in the first four wells called for a step change in the approach of planning and execution of these wells. A dedicated team was formed to plan the wells applying DEO concepts.

The DEO approach looked at offset wells and nearby fields' practices with detailed time breakdown, taking best practices for replication and addressing risks/ pain areas to remove performance limiters. It then looked at new technologies available in the market that can be implemented to overcome or eliminate performance limiters. Such new technologies implemented included casing drilling, inhibited drilling fluids, bits and BHA's.

The approach also looked at the different strategies for casing setting depths combined with mud programs and bits & BHA programs.

Detailed BHA modeling and analysis was conducted to choose optimum bits/BHA combinations with optimum parameters per formation.

A direct and continuous communication and engagement with the execution teams, office and rig teams, was maintained throughout the planning, execution and post drilling. This was one of the key success factors in implementing the improvements.

The results were stunning by delivering those wells in an average time half that of the first four wells, bringing significant cost savings and making the project economics for the field development even more attractive.

This paper will explain the DEO methods implemented that enabled the top quartile performance in these wells and share lessons learned from such implementation.
First Installation of 16-in. Solid Expandable Liner Solves Shallow Drilling Problems; Opens New Doors for Hole Size Preservation
Authors: Shaikh Ali , Duran Roberto C. , Abouelnaaj Khaled Khater , Fritsch Jerry , Andrews Stacey , Baker Roy
Published: October 2013

In April 2012, the world's first 16-in. solid expandable tubular (SET) liner was run to depth and successfully cemented and expanded. The installation of the large diameter liner marks a significant shift in the application of expandables from deeper contingency applications to planned hole-conservation designs in the upper wellbore.

The purpose of the installation was zonal isolation. In Saudi Arabia, the Uthmaniyah field, the prolific Arab D reservoir has been produced for many years, resulting in lower pore pressures than the shallower Arab A, B, and C reservoirs. Due to the differences in pore pressure, isolation between the Arab D and Arab A, B, C reservoirs is required to efficiently drill some of these wells.

The 16 × 18-5/8-in., 115 lb/ft open hole liner (OHL) system isolated the Arab D reservoir by covering the Arab A, B, and C reservoirs while minimizing the loss of hole diameter to maintain the original wellbore design and drilling tools. Both objectives were safely and successfully achieved with the running and expansion of 1,708 ft (pre-expanded length) of 16-in. solid expandable pipe, hung as a liner and anchored into the 18-5/8-in. casing.

To isolate the pressure differential, the 16-in. SET liner was installed in a negative pressure environment. Once the liner was installed, the mud weight was reduced to drill the lower pressure Arab D reservoir and the remainder of the hole section. From a reservoir management viewpoint, this installation eliminated cross flow from the higher pressure Arab A, B, and C into the Arab D reservoir, thus preserving the pressure regime of the oil producing Arab D.

Additional benefits of the 16-in. expandable liner included an increase in ROP in the hard rock environment, the elimination of two-stage cementing requirements and the associated risk of stage tool failure, and reduction of hook load requirements associated with large, long casing strings.
Fully Mechanical 3-D Rotary Steerable Tool Brings RSS Performance to the High-Volume Drilling Market at a Fraction of the Cost to Conventional Rotary Steerable Tools
Authors: Hershberger K. , Herrington D.
Published: October 2013

The high-volume, land-based drilling markets have become increasingly demanding over recent years. Drilling complex, extended-reach horizontal wellbores through multiple targets with tighter windows is becoming increasingly common. Rotary Steerable System (RSS) technology, originally designed for the offshore drilling market, has proven to be an effective solution to the increasingly difficult challenges in the land-based market, but the cost of these high-end systems are simply not sustainable for many operators in the high-volume markets.

While RSS technology has clear performance-added value, adaptation into low-cost applications has been limited. High operating costs, damage charges, and extremely high Lost-In-Hole (LIH) rates have made it difficult for operators to justify their use, as the benefits simply do not justify the financial risks. Additionally, the harsh drilling environments found in many land applications lead to premature failures of the electronic components of the RSS, which can cause the tool to steer out-of-control, leading to expensive downtime. The high-volume drilling market requires a robust RSS capable of withstanding harsh drilling environments while delivering the proven RSS advantages at a price that is economically viable.

A 100% fully mechanical rotary steerable tool has been developed specifically for the high-volume drilling market, providing full 3D directional control while under full rotation of the drillstring from surface. This rugged and durable push-the-bit RSS has eliminated the costly and sensitive electronics common to most RSS tools and a number of vibration-related failure modes, making it suited for applications where shock and vibration are prevalent and high temperature applications. Utilizing engineered stabilization and proven 3-point geometry to keep the wellbore on target, this tool produces a premium wellbore with an increased Rate of Penetration (ROP) and reduced tortuosity, all at a cost well below that of conventional RSS tools.

This paper provides field data from North American land operations, which show this fully mechanical RSS has produced ROP increases of over 75% compared to laterals drilled with steerable motors. This RSS tool has consistently shown ROP improvements not only in North America but from around the world, all while reducing operating costs and financial risks of LIH by as much as 40% compared to conventional RSS technology.
External Casing Patch: A New Approach To Recomplete The Gas Wells With Cemented Completions
Authors: Romero Javier A , Al-Jadeedi Faiza , Tucker Dennis
Published: October 2013

In search of increasing gas production in the Sultanate of Oman, PDO's well engineers face challenges during the exploration of unconventional gas reservoirs. The cost-effective development of those deep tight gas reservoirs requires high fraccing pressure and special completion designs. In the last few years, the procedure to address those challenges ended up being completion failures that occurred during and after high pressure frac jobs, forcing operational teams to shut down several highpotential wells for long periods of time. Those inactive gas wells are awaiting effective, remedial solutions or, on the other hand, be recompleted. However, the cemented-completion type of well design implemented by PDO since mid-late 2000's and widely used in most deep gas wells reduces the options to the minimum due to inability to replace existing 4½"x5½" completions. The fit-for-purpose technique selected to minimize the operational and financial impact of having high-risk, unusable gas wells was a ‘external casing patch’. Such initiative opened a window of opportunities to recover the desired gas production and to continue with planned development phase of the field without jeopardizing the integrity of those wells and the surrounded facilities. The implementation and subsequent optimization of this well-known technology will ensure reliability of the further cemented-completion operations and accountability of gas reserves.
A New Integrated Drilling and Fracturing Solution for Tight Oil Exploration: A Case Study from Central China
Authors: Yu Jian , Yan Rong Hui , Ye Xin Qun , Nie Xiang Bin , Wang Da Hai , Liu Pei Wu , Luo Yin , Wang Kai Hong
Published: October 2013

A pilot project was initiated by PetroChina-Changqing to test a new integrated drilling and fracturing solution for a tight oil reservoir in central China. The results indicated this new integrated solution is an effective way to access the tight oil with high production, even with permeability less than 0.2 md. The integrated solution included a horizontal well drilled with real-time image and near-bit measurements for accurate and timely well placement decisions, well placement technology for trajectory optimization, multistage fracturing technology to stimulate the tight reservoir, and a properly placed trajectory and updated geologic model to optimize the fracture design.

With good cooperation between the service company and the operator, this pilot project showed favorable production results. Production testing on the first horizontal well showed initial production of 120 m3/day in contrast to the vertical well production of less than 1 m3/day. The real-time image clearly indicated the trajectory position in the sand and provided confirmed information for accurate trajectory adjustment. Well placement technology was successfully applied in the tight oil reservoir, with net-to-gross KPI of 100%, and the well trajectory placement met the specific exploration purpose. A 14-stage fracturing job was successfully executed, with 65% of the fluid volume flowback.

Microseismic monitoring indicated that all of the intended reservoir was stimulated. The pilot project showed that the integrated drilling and fracturing solution using horizontal well technology was effective for a tight oil reservoir. This solution can be applied to other tight oil blocks to improve tight oil exploration and development.
Real Time Determination of the Instability in the Borehole by Using 4D Images of the Wellbore with High Accuracy Ultrasonic Caliper
Authors: Elahifar Behzad , Esmaeili Abdolali , Thonhauser Gerhard
Published: October 2013

An ultrasonic sensor has been developed for MWD (measurement while drilling) and LWD (logging while drilling) applications that perform real time borehole caliper measurements and also wellbore stability monitoring. The caliper determines the oval shape of the borehole with a defined accuracy and resolution, and will allow drawing conclusions on the stress field.

Recognition of variations in borehole shape in real time drilling allow the drilling engineer to actuate appropriate counteractions to avoid costly failures, or to implement alterations in the drilling practices to optimize the shape of the borehole and thus improve the drilling efficiency. The received data helps the driller to make proper decisions such as reaming a critical zone, changing the flow rate to reduce erosion or modifying the string rotation speed to reduce vibrations. This paper reviews tests and experiments, which have been performed using two different ultrasonic sensors in different drilling fluids and also different wellbore conditions. The comparison of the results of high frequency and low frequency sensor will help to design and manufacture an ultrasonic caliper which can detect instabilities in the wellbore with high resolution recorded data. Effects of drilled cuttings and gas bubbles on both sensors are analyzed and the attenuation and scattering of the signals were reduces by the new design of the caliper. In the new design of the ultrasonic caliper, sound velocity could be determined in real time at the pressure and temperature of the downhole condition. This will increases the accuracy of the measured diameter and the shape of the borehole in real time application.

Finally, even with the modern technology improvements, ultrasonic caliper cannot provide absolute accurate information for all drilling environments and conditions. Several operational factors such as mud density, borehole wall roughness and tool position in the borehole among others need to be considered in order to optimize the accuracy of the borehole caliper data. For this reason analysis of circle fitting algorithms based on the Kasa method have been implemented. Using this method and the new design of the caliper tool, accuracy of the recorded data increases.
Pioneer Step in Securing Gas Well with Through Tubing Retrievable Bridge Plug Under Highly Complex Circumstance (1st Time in the Middle East)
Authors: Negm Asaad M. , Al Kholy Ahmed B. , Al Mutawa Ahmed Abdulla , ElBarbary Abdalla Youssef , Al-Hosani Mohamed Salem , Salim Bassam
Published: October 2013

During a tubing depressurizing operation in a sour gas producer, the Sub-Surface Safety Valve dislodged from the nipple profile, broke and stuck inside the tubing hanger, restricting accessibility to the well. Multiple attempts to recover the stuck fish via slick line in combination with a permanent magnet resulted in recovering a few broken pieces and revealed a limited clearance of 1.85" through the fish.

The well was killed and attempts to secure the well by installing through tubing inflatable bridge plugs using coil tubing were unsuccessful. It was then decided to exclude the coiled tubing operation for well integrity purposes due to limited clearance as the coil tubing had to pass through broken fish and could get stuck compromising the X-tree valves operation and it was decided to carry out work over operation to recover the broken fish. The cost for well work over was estimated at $ 3.0 MM.

An innovative approach to secure this gas well riglessly using through Inflatable bridge plugs setting with electric line was introduced and the job was conducted successfully after completing all the risk assessments saving the significant costs associated with rig intervention. Two 1-11/16" through tubing inflatable retrievable bridge plugs (TTIRBP) were set with electric line passing thru the limited access hole of the broken fish. Plugs were set inside 4-1/2" and 3-1/2" tubing and pressure tested to 3000 PSI.

The well was secured and the fish was successfully retrieved. Both bridge plugs were retrieved using 0.108 inches slickline and the well was put back into production.

This great achievement was recognized as a 1st trial to carry out securing a sour gas well in the Middle East using a combination of electric line and slick line for setting and retrieving TTRPB

Inflatable packers and plugs run on coiled tubing and wireline through production tubing for water & gas shut-off applications were introduced in late 1980s. This has brought substantial cost savings by eliminating the workover rig and all ancillary operations required by conventional workover in additional to bringing wells back to production in significantly less time.

Expanding the use of thru-tubing retrievable beyond their usual scope, to secure wells where maintenance work was required on x-mas trees, tubing hangers and in this example to retrieve and replace the sub surface safety valve stuck in the tubing hanger in a rigless environment sheds light on a whole new range of applications. The rigless program designed and executed successfully to secure the sour gas well utilizing through tubing retrievable bridge plugs.
CO2 Emission Reduction Through Power Savings
Authors: Al Dakheel Sulaiman , Al dulaimi Raed
Published: October 2013

This study was conducted in Kuwait Oil Company (KOC) in an effort to reduce electrical losses from electromagnetic ballasts used for fluorescent lighting, reduce CO2 emission contributions, and decrease annual replacement cycles; a thorough survey was conducted in all South and East Kuwait (SEK) Directorate facilities to determine the type of ballasts being utilized to compute the losses resulting from the use of electromagnetic ballasts. Comparing the losses in electromagnetic ballasts and electronic ballasts using the CELMA (Federation of National Manufacturers Associations For Luminaires and electromechanical components for Luminaires in the European Union) standards, we were able to conclude that losses up to 1,398,412 kwh per year or aproximatly 25%, and at 830g emitted for the utilization of 1 kwh in Kuwait, emissions reductions up to 1,162 Tonnes of CO2 or aproximatly 25% can be achieved through a direct replacement of all electromagnetic ballasts with electronic ballasts. Furthermore, replacement cycles were also reduced due to a 40% increase in average life, which would reduce the operating cost by 45% over 50,000 operating hours. Hence, the utilization of electronic ballasts is more efficient, environmentally friendly, and cost effective than using the electromagnetic ballasts.
Real Time Data Transmission Method for Creating 4D Wellbore Images to Detect Instabilities with High Accuracy Ultrasonic Caliper
Authors: Elahifar Behzad , Esmaeili Abdolali , Thonhauser Gerhard
Published: October 2013

3D images of a wellbore generated in real time support drilling engineers to monitor wellbore profiles. Including the time as 4th dimension, 4D images can be used to analyze the evolution of the wellbore geometry as well as to support the drilling engineer in actuating appropriate counteractions in real time. Costly failures can be avoided more precise, alterations in the drilling practices to optimize the shape of the borehole will improve the drilling efficiency, or the driller is supported in making proper decisions such as reaming a critical zone or modifying the string rotation speed to reduce vibrations.

This paper reviews tests and experiments, which have been performed using high frequency ultrasonic caliper sensors in different drilling fluids and wellbore conditions. Test results show that with the new design of an ultrasonic caliper tool velocity of sound can be determined in real time at the pressure and temperature of downhole condition. This will increase the accuracy of the measured diameter and the shape of the borehole in real time.

In addition, a method for fast data transmission from down-hole to surface is presented and the best method for transmitting data to create the 4D images is discussed.

Even with such technology improvements the ultrasonic caliper cannot provide absolutely accurate information for all drilling environments and conditions. Several operational factors, such as mud density, borehole wall roughness, and tool position in the borehole need to be considered in order to optimize the accuracy of the borehole caliper data. For this reason, robust circle fitting algorithms based on the Kasa method have been implemented. In combination with the new design of the caliper tool, the accuracy of the results has been strongly increased.
3D Near Well Structural Modeling from LWD Imaging Logs Using Recent Advanced Interpretation Platforms
Authors: Bahadidah Taleb A. , Khan Fahad Q. , Dashti Rouhollah , Mustapha Muhd Syaiful
Published: October 2013

In one of the biggest discoveries during last 10 years in South East Asia, two recent highly deviated wells with length of over 3000 m were drilled in order to enhance the understanding of the reservoirs properties and characterization (Figure 1). Logging while drilling (LWD) images were acquired, processed and interpreted. This was performed subsequent to the very first successful and largest multiwell geological reservoir characterization performed for this operator in South East Asia. After doing the conventional borehole dip and structural analysis for both wells, a unique integration approach has been implemented for both wells using some recent advanced interpretation platform in order to create 3D near well structural model. This model has been updated with formation tops. Several steps and workflow has been implemented and finally local update of static model has been performed. The resulted structure axis has been calibrated later with seismic based map showing a structural axis direction towards NE-SW which is matched with the seismic derived structure map. Figure 1Location structural map of the entire field of the studied wells.
Considerations for Design of Steam Reforming Hydrogen Plants
Authors: Overwater Koos , Ratan Sanjiv , Sekhri Sanjeev , van Uffelen Roland
Published: October 2013

This paper will address the major considerations for the design of hydrogen plants based on the steam reforming process, which is the most commonly applied technology for hydrogen generation.

In refineries hydrogen is an essential utility to prepare clean transportation fuels. It is not only used for hydro treatment of finished products, but also for deeper hydro conversion of heavier and sourer crude fractions, for instance in hydrocrackers.

In most refineries a hydrogen plant is present that feds into a network that serves the various consumers. Often recovered hydrogen from off gas streams from hydro processing units or catalytic reformers is (re-)injected in the network.

Steam reforming is an endothermic process where hydrogen is generated by reaction of steam with hydrocarbons over a Ni-based catalyst. Usually the reactor is a direct fired multi-tube reactor, operating at temperatures around 850 - 920 0C, and pressures around 25-35 barg. Due to the high reaction temperatures, the heat recovery from flue gases and process gas is an essential part of the design of the hydrogen plant, and determines largely the overall efficiency of the plant.

Following topics are addressed: –Plant flowsheet–Process design optimization–Feedstock flexibility–Hydrogen generation vs. hydrogen recovery–Furnace mechanical design (furnace types, design aspects of radiant and convection section, internals, supporting, piping manifolds, ducting, etc)–Furnace operations and safeguarding–Managing NOx emissions

Hydrogen production is an essential part of nowadays refinery set-ups. The design of the hydrogen plant shall be carefully optimized between technology licensor and end-user, as it is a large energy consumer, represents substantial investment cost and is deeply integrated into the refinery.
Enhancing the Oil Production from Sabiriyah Upper Burgan Reservoir of North Kuwait through Non-Conventional Well
Authors: Abou-Qammaz Lamya , Raja Ramalingam , Cameron Peter , Nair Sajan , Mishra Rajendra Kumar , Al-Sultan Nuha
Published: October 2013

Maximizing oil production by implementing appropriate latest technology is of utmost importance to meet the KOC's strategic goals. The Burgan Formation in the Sabiriyah field is of Cretaceous age and consists of three reservoirs viz, Lower, Middle and Upper Burgan. The Upper Burgan is broadly divided into seven lithological units. Among them, Upper Burgan 2 (UB2) and Upper Burgan 4 (UB4) litho units demonstrates comparatively good reservoir quality with sufficient lateral extension.

The Upper Burgan reservoir in Sabiriyah field is very heterogeneous and complex in nature. The reservoir was developed through vertical wells all these years. However, to enhance production contribution from this complex reservoir, a paradigm shift in development strategy was adopted. Accordingly, a first ever non-conventional well (NCW) was planned, successfully drilled and completed with ICD.

The detailed geological studies and information from dynamic data were integrated in identifying the target. The twenty feet UB2 layer in less explored eastern part of the field was finalized as the target for NCW and the proposed location was further evaluated using full field modelling. The UB2 layer in that location has three sand units viz. upper, middle and lower. Each sand unit was separated by a prominent shale layer. The NCW was planned in such a manner to target all the sand units of UB2 optimally and stratigraphically step down /drill through the shale units in between the sand units. The NCW was drilled with the horizontal trajectory in the UB2 layer as per the plan. A total of 1800 feet of lateral section was encountered with an average porosity of 20 per cent while the permeability reached up to 1 Darcy in certain intervals. The test results of this well are highly encouraging, paving the way for future NCWs to enhance production from the Upper Burgan Reservoir.
Innovative Drilling Technology Reduced Drilling Time in Deep Drilling Jurassic 16in Hole Section-Case Study
Authors: Al-Saleh A.. , Shehab A.. , BaiJal S.. , Karthikeyan N.. , Mobasher M.. , Chimirala V.. , Abed M.. , AlHalawani K.. , Saleh R.. , Ali H.. , Hassan S.. , Ghoneim O.. , Saleh M.. , Nair P..
Published: October 2013

Directionally drilling of 16-in hole section in a deep gas field had been always a challenging task to the Operator. This is mainly due to the lithology, consisting of very hard limestone with thin bed of shale where the kickoff would generally start around 11,200 ft.

The operator attempted to kick off the 16-in hole using both roller cone TCI bit and PDC bit technology and utilizing a mud motor as the drive mechanism. This method provided an unacceptable low rate of penetration. In addition, there were difficulties in achieving the directional control, and multiple bit trips were required to finish the required directional work.

The operator determined that a new bottomhole assembly (BHA) would be needed to efficiently drill this section to the desired inclination and azimuth in one run, while meeting the performance requirement. Multi-function teams were organized to aggressively look for new BHA configuration that could consistently drill this interval in one run with a good rate of penetration.

Historically the sliding ROP in the curve section consumes the maximum time (as low as 2-3 ft/hr) with PDC bits and Motor Kick off due to tool face control. To mitigate this, Motorized Rotary Steerable System was selected for this section. The section was kicked off very successfully achieving the required build rates with double the ROP compared to previous wells.

The team collaborated to custom design a new bit and BHA with new drive system that would achieve the operator's objectives. The collaborative effort resulted in achieving new records in drilling, with the fastest ROP, 50 - 100% higher than previous attempts on the fastest offset wells ever drilled in a 16-in hole and precisely drilling to the planned trajectory. The application of this new technology proved to customer that what was not previously possible could be done now more efficiently and cost effectively.
Variability in size and shape in muscovy duck with age: Principal component analysis
Authors: Ogah D.M. , Kabir M.
Published: October 2013

Body weight and six linear body measurements, body length (BL), breast
circumference (BCC), thigh length (TL), shank length (SL), total leg length
(TLL) and wing length were recorded on 150 male and female muscovy ducklings
and evaluated at 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 weeks of age. Principal component
analysis was used to study the dependence structure among the body
measurements and to quantify sex differences in morphometric size and shape
variations during growth. The first principal components at each of the five
ages in both sexes accounted between 71.54 to 92.95% of the variation in the
seven measurements and provided a linear function of size with nearly equal
emphasis on all traits. The second principal components in all cases also
accounted for between 6.7 to 16.17% of the variations in the dependence
structure of the system in the variables as shape, the coefficient for the
PCS at various ages were sex dependent with males showing higher variability
because of spontaneous increase in size and shape than females. Contribution
of the general size factor to the total variance increase with age in both
male and female ducklings, while shape factor tend to be stable in males and
inconsistent in females.
Study of forage yields and botanical changes of some drought tolerant perennial grasses by foothill regions of Central Balkan mountains
Authors: Lingorski V.
Published: October 2013

During the 2010-2012 period in RIMSA, Troyan (Bulgaria) the comparative
testing of two drought tolerant perennial grasses (switchgrass, indiangrass)
with traditional grasses (orchard grass, smooth bromegrass, perennial
ryegrass, tall fescue) was performed. It was found that the best adaptability
had the switchgrass. In the double regime of harvesting it was obtained 1.96
t ha-1 green mass and 0.70 t ha-1 dry matter, which exceeded the standard
(orchard grass) by 28.95% and 52.17%, respectively. All tested perennial
grasses predominated over the weed plants and weed infestation increased from
I to II haymaking.