bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparación de la normalización lineal de la escala de tiempos con el registro funcional continuo en movimientos cíclicos del cuello
Authors: Page Alvaro , López Noelia , Venegas William Ricardo , Serra Pilar
Published: November 2019

La normalización de la escala de tiempos es un paso necesario para aplicar las técnicas de análisis de datos funcionales al estudio de los movimientos humanos. La técnica estándar es la normalización lineal que, a pesar de su sencillez, puede ser ineficaz para reducir la variabilidad en la duración de los eventos [1]. Una alternativa es el registro continuo que supone ajustar de forma no lineal la escala de tiempos [2]. En este caso, la información temporal se mantiene en las funciones warping, que relacionan el tiempo modificado frente al promedio. No obstante, este procedimiento es complejo y computacionalmente costoso. Además, se ha señalado que en movimientos cíclicos como el de masticación apenas hay diferencias entre métodos [3]. En este trabajo se comparan ambos métodos en el caso del movimiento cíclico de flexo-extensión del cuello, analizando las funciones ángulo y velocidad angular. A partir de una base de datos con 437 ciclos completos extensión-flexión de cuello, se han aplicado ambos tipos de normalización de la escala temporal. Se han analizado las diferencias en las curvas medias y las desviaciones típicas funcionales, cuyos valores medios e intervalos de confianza se han establecido mediante un proceso de bootstrapping. Los resultados muestran que apenas hay diferencias en las curvas medias obtenidas por ambos procedimientos, aunque sí en las desviaciones típicas funcionales, que son algo menores en el caso del registro no lineal. Por otra parte, los resultados obtenidos con el registro no lineal son diferentes cuando se usan las curvas de posición o las de velocidad como referencia para el reescalado. Estos resultados sugieren que el registro no lineal, aunque puede ser útil para el análisis de señales no periódicas o donde no haya que analizar a la vez funciones y sus derivadas, no ofrece ventajas importantes frente a la normalización lineal en el caso de los movimientos cíclicos. REFERENCIAS [1]  Page, A., & Epifanio, I. (2007). A simple model to analyze the effectiveness of linear time normalization to reduce variability in human movement analysis. Gait & posture, 25(1), 153-156. [2]  Page, A., et al. (2006). Normalizing temporal patterns to analyze sit-to-stand movements by using registration of functional data. Journal of biomechanics, 39(13), 2526-2534. [3]  Crane, E. et al.. (2010). Effect of registration on cyclical kinematic data. Journal of biomechanics, 43(12), 2444-2447.
Validación de los marcadores ArUco para el análisis de movimientos humanos
Authors: Page Álvaro , Jara Nicolás , Abad José Luis , Navarro José
Published: November 2019

En los últimos años se han publicado numerosos trabajos sobre el empleo de técnicas de bajo coste para el análisis de movimientos humanos, especialmente mediante sensores inerciales [1]. Menos esfuerzos se han realizado en la línea de otras técnicas basadas en video-análisis, donde la mayoría de trabajos se refieren al análisis de movimientos planos con una cámara [2]. Sin embargo, en el campo de la robótica se vienen usando desde hace tiempo sistemas de posicionado mediante marcadores de realidad aumentada (AR). Estos sistemas permiten analizar, en tiempo real y con una única cámara de video, la posición y orientación de objetos con precisión suficiente para su uso en muchas aplicaciones biomecánicas [3]. En particular, la librería ARUCO [4] permite analizar movimientos de varios marcadores de manera rápida y eficiente, lo que permite aplicarlos al análisis de varios segmentos corporales en tiempo real. En este trabajo se analiza la precisión de los marcadores ARUCO en la medida de ángulos y desplazamientos, comparando los movimientos medidos con el sistema con dos técnicas de precisión: encoders de desplazamientos lineales y giros, para las medidas estáticas, y un sistema de videofotogrametría de precisión, para las medidas en movimiento. Los resultados muestran que los marcadores pueden medir desplazamientos con errores estándar del orden de 1 mm en los desplazamientos paralelos al plano de la cámara y del orden de 3 mm en profundidad. Los errores angulares son inferiores a 0.5º en los giros en el plano de la cámara y del orden de 1º en los giros alrededor de ejes paralelos a dicho plano. Estos errores son mucho menores que los asociados a la variabilidad humana, por lo que sería posible utilizar este tipo de marcadores para numerosas aplicaciones biomecánicas. REFERENCIAS [1]   Picerno, P. (2017). 25 years of lower limb joint kinematics by using inertial and magnetic sensors: a review of methodological approaches. Gait & Posture, 51, 239-246. [2]   Otín, C. et al.(2016). Análisis de habilidades deportivas mediante el uso del software Kinovea. In Simbiosis del aprendizaje con las tecnologías: experiencias innovadoras en el ámbito hispano (pp. 125-134). Prensas Universitarias de Zaragoza. [3]   Parrilla, E. et al. (2013). Ankle 3D-kinematics measurement by using a single camera and AR-markers. Footwear Science, 5(sup1), S73-S74. [4]   Munoz-Salinas, R. (2012). ArUco: a minimal library for augmented reality applications based on opencv. Universidad de Córdoba.
Estudio preliminar de la detección de cambios de velocidad de la marcha a partir de señales EEG
Authors: Quiles Zamora Vicente , Iáñez Eduardo , Ortiz Mario , Azorín José María
Published: November 2019

El análisis de las señales cerebrales para la asistencia en pacientes con movilidad reducida es un área de investigación continua en la que las nuevas tecnologías ofrecen un amplio espectro de posibilidades para la ayuda activa como los exoesqueletos y las interfaces cerebro-maquinas (BMI). En este trabajo nos centramos en realizar una interfaz BMI para el control de velocidad del miembro inferior. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar las señales electroencefalográficas (EEG) para obtener un indicador que relacione la información cerebral con marcadores de velocidad en la marcha. Para el procesamiento de las señales EEG analizamos los ritmos sensoriomotores correspondientes a las bandas Alfa y Beta en la zona motora. La interfaz BMI debe discernir entre dos estados marcha e intención de cambiar de velocidad. La creación de dicho modelo requiere caracterizar el momento del cambio, para la fase de entrenamiento. Hemos utilizado el equipo de captura de movimiento Tech MCS V3 basado en sensores inerciales. Analizamos las componentes frecuenciales de la aceleración en el dominio temporal mediante la transformada continua Wavelet (CWT). En este trabajo realizamos un estudio menor para analizar la marcha y otro principal para la validación de la interfaz BMI planteada. Tres usuarios sanos participaron en el estudio. El protocolo tiene tres fases, el usuario espera parado unos segundos tras los cuales decide comenzar la marcha a un ritmo visiblemente lento y llegado un punto voluntariamente cambia de velocidad manteniéndola unos segundos. El experimento consta de 40 repeticiones. Debido a la gran generación de artefactos durante la marcha los componentes de la señal EEG fueron descompuestos mediante ICA y rechazados según su componente espectral y un criterio apropiado. Los resultados fueron procesados con varias configuraciones de electrodos de la zona motora, en diferentes bandas de frecuencia y con y sin eliminación de artefactos. El porcentaje máximo de acierto para los tres usuarios a la hora de distinguir entre las dos clases es del 58%, no siendo resultados lo suficientemente remarcables para poder validar de forma confiable la interfaz BMI planteada.
Estudio preliminar de la usabilidad de tres tamaños de teclados basados en Interfaces Cerebro-Computador por pacientes con ELA
Authors: Medina Juliá María Teresa , Fernández Rodríguez Álvaro , Velasco Álvarez Francisco , Ron Angevin Ricardo
Published: November 2019

En referencia a los teclados basados en Interfaces Cerebro Computador que utilizan el biopotencial P300 como señal de control, el tamaño óptimo para personas con discapacidad motora no se ha presentado propiamente. En este trabajo se evaluaron tres tamaños de teclados mediante el enfoque de usabilidad – en términos de efectividad, eficiencia y satisfacción – para ofrecer uno adecuado. Cuatro pacientes con esclerosis lateral amiotrófica evaluaron los tres tamaños. Los participantes tuvieron peor desempeño con el tamaño pequeño, especialmente en la efectividad y satisfacción; mientras que con el mediano obtuvieron mejores resultados, resaltando la satisfacción. Los resultados muestran que se debe considerar el tamaño del teclado al diseñar un nuevo paradigma para personas con discapacidad.
Análisis biomecánico para confirmar el diagnóstico en neurorrehabilitación
Authors: De los Reyes Guzmán Ana , López-Dolado Elisa , Pérez-Rizo Enrique , Lozano-Berrio Vicente , Gil-Agudo Angel , Del Ama Espinosa Antonio
Published: November 2019

Introducción: En los últimos años, el aumento de la esperanza de vida ha traído como consecuencia un incremento en el número de traumatismos del sistema nervioso central (SNC) en la población de más edad. A su vez, las secuelas neurológicas aumentan el riesgo de caídas y, por lo tanto, el riesgo de sufrir nuevos eventos traumáticos. En los pacientes con lesión medular cervical (LMC) se ve comprometida en mayor o menor medida la fuerza de las extremidades superiores, lo que se traduce en dependencia para las AVDs y pérdida de autonomía personal. Si la lesión es incompleta, puede preservarse la capacidad de marcha. Cuando hay secuelas sensitivomotoras previas, éstas ocultan los síntomas y signos de localización de la lesión medular y resulta difícil realizar un diagnóstico clínico correcto. En este contexto, los equipos de análisis del movimiento constituyen una herramienta de gran valor para objetivar la marcha humana y la ejecución de movimientos correspondientes a actividades funcionales de los miembros superiores. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar la metodología biomecánica de miembros superiores e inferiores aplicada a un caso de estudio. Métodos: Se trata de un paciente varón de 61 años que padeció una lesión medular cervical incompleta de etiología traumática. Previamente, presentaba hemiparesia derecha leve consecuencia de un TCE. Ambas pruebas biomecánicas se realizaron en el período subagudo aunque no simultáneamente. Se realizaron instrumentando al paciente con el equipo de fotogrametría Codamotion basado en marcadores activos. Para el estudio de la marcha se utilizaron 22 marcadores para analizar los recorridos articulares de la cadera, rodilla y tobillo durante los ciclos de la marcha. En los estudios del miembro superior se instrumenta el tronco y brazo cuyo movimiento se analiza con 21 marcadores para cuantificar el movimiento del hombro, codo y muñeca y computar una serie de índices cinemáticos descriptores del movimiento. Resultados: Tras el análisis se obtuvo un patrón de marcha muy simétrico en ambos miembros inferiores. Sin embargo, la funcionalidad global y los índices de destreza en ambos miembros superiores presentaron una marcada asimetría entre ellos. Conclusiones: Las herramientas biomecánicas evidencian aspectos del control motor no fácilmente visibles con los tests clínicos y que perfeccionan el diagnóstico de los casos complejos.
Elaboración de un Modelo de Exoesqueleto de Hombro mediante OpenSim
Authors: Elguea Aguinaco Íñigo , Belda Lois Juan Manuel
Published: November 2019

La cuarta revolución industrial se enfrenta al reto tecnológico de la cooperación entre el hombre y el robot en los procesos de fabricación. Los exoesqueletos son un ejemplo de esta colaboración humano-robot, en la que el dispositivo es vestido por el humano y el simple contacto físico entre el operador y la estructura mecánica permite el aumento de las capacidades físicas del individuo. [1] Actualmente, se están llevando a cabo las primeras valoraciones de la eficiencia de este tipo de ayudas, si bien éstas son fundamentalmente comparativas en cuanto al esfuerzo muscular medido con el uso y sin el uso del exoesqueleto. Este Trabajo de Fin de Máster presenta un modelo de exoesqueleto pasivo de miembro superior desarrollado mediante el software libre OpenSim, el cual permite estimar los esfuerzos musculares y articulares para distintas tareas y en distintas condiciones. El modelo se ha validado con trabajadores registrados en condiciones reales, de los que se disponen registros de su actividad muscular realizando las mismas tareas con exoesqueleto y sin él. Los resultados muestran un buen acuerdo en la actividad muscular con y sin el dispositivo en los músculos registrados, lo que permite validar el modelo para el análisis de puestos de trabajo genéricos en los que se pretenda implantar este tipo de ayudas.
Emotional Intelligence and Job Performance of Academicians in Malaysia
Authors: Chong Shyue Chuan , Falahat Mohammad , Lee Yin Su
Published: November 2019

This study explores the predictive utility of an emotional intelligence measurement that is based on the Role-Based Performance Scale (RBPS) measure of job performance. This inquiry aims to investigate whether the level of emotional intelligence score of each academic staff in the selected private higher educational institutions affects job performance. This research applied a quantitative method approach to cast the researchers’ net wider to include selected higher educational institutions to obtain as much data as possible. The results demonstrate a significant relationship between emotional intelligence and job performance of academic workers in private higher educational institutions. Therefore, these significant findings shed further light on the theoretical and practical utility of the construct of emotional intelligence and job performance, and have proven the fact that emotional intelligence is accountable for and could predict job performance.
Ecophilosophy and the Problem of Monitoring Hazards
Authors: Apkin Renat , Tajsin Emily ,   Polish Academy of Sciences
Published: November 2019

There is a strong interconnection between the social and environmental spheres. The efforts of monitoring and forecasting of disastrous events can illustrate benefits and threats of technicization and science. In ecophilosophy the forecasting of hazards is today extremely needed. It is not about creating theoretical unified structures or practical return to holistic harmony of a primordial man with nature. It is about, as Félix Guattari once held it, the complexity of the relationship between humans and their natural environment. Though the desired maintenance of the conflict between industrial society and natural systems now seems impossible, we still can start moving towards it: theoretically, by developing eco-philosophical ideas, and practically, monitoring and forecasting catastrophes and disasters, to protect human life and health and, as eco-philosophers would say, keep land usable for human purposes. The topic of the earthquakes forecast today is more in demand than ever.
The Mold Is the Message
Authors: Van Den Eede Yoni ,   Society for Phenomenology and Media
Published: November 2019

Expecting that media and/or digital technologies “do” things (Verbeek), we are called upon to take a stance on them, theoretically as well as practically. Media literacy represents one such stance—we are prodded to be literate about media—but there are others. To this extent media literacy is a lens through which we look at issues and that shapes what we see. This becomes particularly clear when we consider another lens, namely, that of media health. While media literacy suggests a rather pragmatic way of doing, making do with what is on offer, the image of media health dramatically alters the starting point: media are seen here as affecting us, even to the extent that we become sick and need to be cured. This image or model of media as somehow related to disease and health is developed in varying degrees of explicitness in the work of Bernard Stiegler and Marshall McLuhan among others. In this paper, we investigate the differences between the media literacy and media health models from a meta vantage point and ask how the lens determines how we view and understand certain problems in relation to media/technologies. We do this by deploying a metaphor ourselves, namely that of mold. Our models are molds. They are understood as a “frame or model around or on which something is formed or shaped,” but the connotations of fungal growth helping organic decay and of soil and earth are also at stake. Depending on which meaning we prefer, it might turn out that we do not need to choose between our molds/models: they are interconnected, like mold. On a more theoretical level, we link up the media literacy and media health approaches to two major strands in philosophy of technology, namely to the pragmatist/postphenomenological and transcendentalist/critical streams respectively.
Global Media Literacy
Authors: Gezgin Ulaş Başar ,   Society for Phenomenology and Media
Published: November 2019

In this theoretical article, we identify a conceptual error in the notion of ‘global media literacy’ and present and discuss eight typologies of media literacy formed on the basis of the ideological, political and economic dimensions of media and media literacy. While the first four types (Types 1-4) are past-oriented, they differ in terms of their endorsement or criticism of the government and capitalism. The same holds for the remaining four types (Types 5-8) except with respect to their future orientations. The time orientation, attitudes towards the government and capitalism determine how media literacy is conceptualized and what type of media literacy is to be promoted. It is proposed that unlike the original sense of literacy which was cognitively based, media literacy is socially constructed, which means that the widespread literacy analogy drawn from reading and writing to media use and interpretation is problematic. Finally, after delineating the eight typologies of media literacy, we discuss whether they apply to the digital world. It is argued that Type 8 media which is future-oriented, anti-government, and anti-capitalist find opportunities in the digital world which they lack due to funding issues in the non-digital world. Another point of the discussion involves the less tribal nature of digital media use since digital media users have access to different views which is not always the case for users of non-digital media. It is hoped that the typology of media literacy presented in this article will be critically discussed and utilized in future studies in the field.
Exploring the Digital Attitude
Authors: Irwin Stacey O’Neal ,   Society for Phenomenology and Media
Published: November 2019

In the early days of the Internet, philosophers, consumers, engineers, and futurists wondered what Web 1.0, the initial stage of the world wide web, might look like. At the time, there was not even a space called the world wide web, let alone the moniker “Web 1.0.” As the Internet flourished, consumers were spun into its sticky, silky residue. More connections and devices heralded in Web 2.0, including changes in both the form and the content of digital media. Now, with Web 3.0 right around the corner as we head into the thirtieth year of widespread web use, we explore the digital attitude adopted towards digital media in contemporary society. The idea of an attitude suggests the typical way we are feeling about a certain thing at the time. How do users and consumers and human beings in general assess their digital media use and understanding? Lines blur between where contents and forms begin and end. The digital media “content” needs a device and the “device” needs content to engage the consumer/user. Form comes through technological, electronic, digital, and device driven ways. Content proliferates through media through a variety of user generated programming, visuals, sound, apps, games, TV shows, billboards, and software. The combination of these elements provides digital media with its spreadable and participatory nature. This reflection considers the digital attitude as it relates to the human-technology experience approaching the Web 3.0 era. Does the web+digital+media’s ubiquity highlight or in some way name a new or different kind of in-between and taken-for granted attitude? Ideas from of Don Ihde, Alfred Schutz and Thomas Luckman, Marshall McLuhan, and Peter-Paul Verbeek are considered.
The Relational Properties Approach to a Theory of Interpretation
Authors: Weberman David
Published: November 2019

This paper reexamines the central thesis of Gadamer’s theory of interpretation that objectivity is not a suitable ideal for understanding a text, historical event or cultural phenomenon because there exists no one correct interpretation of such phenomena. Because Gadamer fails to make clear the grounds for this claim, I consider three possible arguments. The first, predominant in the secondary literature, is built on the premise that we cannot surpass our historically situated prejudgments. I reject this argument as insufficient. I also reject a second argument concerning the heuristics of understanding. I then articulate a third argument that the object of understanding changes according to the conditions under which it is grasped. I appeal to the notion of relational properties to make sense of this claim and to defend it against two objections: (i) that it conflates meaning and significance; and (ii) that it is saddled with an indefensible relativism.
Russell on the Structure of Propositions
Authors: Tatievskaia Elena
Published: November 2019

The comparison of Russell's views on semantics before 1905 with the theory of Frege allows one to expose the common sources of their interest in semantical problems and the specific character of their examination. During the investigation of the principles of mathematics and elaboration and realization of the program of logicism, questions regarding the logical structure of mathematical and logical propositions as well as the relation of linguistic signs and logical forms arise for both authors. Russell assumes the possibility of two kinds of analysis of the structure of propositions. One of them - by means of propositional functions - is analogous to Frege's analysis. But at first it is not accepted by Russell as fundamental. He prefers another kind of analysis, namely that by means of relations. This preference is conditioned in the first place by the intensional interpretation of propositions and in the second place by his ontological and epistemological views. These are based on the theory of external relations which implies the acceptance of real existence of particulars and of the specific relation of predication, resulting in the consideration of predicates as terms.)
Justification by Reflective Equilibrium in Rawls’s More Recent Work
Authors: Anderheiden Michael
Published: November 2019

Famously, John Rawls is regarded as using reflective equilibrium (RE) to justify his principles of justice. But the point of justification by RE in Rawls's more recent work is not easily established since he regards his own work as still contractarian. In order to clarify matters, I distinguish between wide and narrow RE, as well as show that wide RE consists of several kinds of narrow RE: RE as a plea for (re)consideration, RE as a constructive procedure of choice, and safe ground RE. The connection of these REs is shown in order to reach justification. The point of introducing RE for justification is seen in opening the range of possible revisions to allow for consensus. However, (the lack of) wide RE for itself is not enough to bring about revision. Rather, an additional causal link between two kinds of RE is proposed to be necessary.
The Issue of Experiment in Mathematics
Authors: Lemanska Anna
Published: November 2019

The issue of the status of mathematical knowledge a priori or a posteriori has been repeatedly considered by the philosophy of mathematics. At present, the development of computer technology and their enhancement of the everyday work of mathematicians have set a new light on the problem. It seems that a computer performs two main functions in mathematics: it carries out numerical calculations and it presents new areas of research. Thanks to cooperation with the computer, a mathematician can gather different data and facts concerning the issue of interest. Moreover, he or she can carry out different "tests" with the aid of a computer. For instance, one can study strange attractors, chaotic dynamics, and fractal sets. By this we may talk about a specific experimentation in mathematics. The use of this kind of testing in mathematical research results in describing it as an experimental science. The goal of the paper is to attempt to answer the questions: does mathematics really transform into experimental or quasi-experimental science and does mathematics vary from axiomatic-deductive science into empirical science?
“Mankind cannot bear too much reality”
Authors: Gouws Andries
Published: November 2019

This paper sketches a reconstruction of the Freudian unconscious, as well as an argument for its existence. The strategy followed sidesteps the extended debates about the validity of Freud's methods and conclusions. People are argued to have, as ideal types, two fundamental modes of fulfilling their desires: engagement with reality and wishful thinking. The first mode acknowledges the constraints reality imposes on the satisfaction of desires, while the second mode ignores or denies these constraints, inasmuch as they threaten to make such satisfaction impossible or unfeasible. The more aware one is that wishful thinking is just that, the less effective it becomes. Wishful thinking thus requires an unconscious; it is inimical to a clear, complete and unambiguous acknowledgment of its own status. The unconscious is subsequently reconceptualized in non-Cartesian terms; it is largely constituted by semantic phenomena: forms of representation which would conceal their meaning even if the full light of 'attention,' Cartesian 'consciousness' or 'introspection' were cast upon them.
Mind, Intelligence and Spirit
Authors: Martínez-Freire Pascual F.
Published: November 2019

The mind is a collection of various classes of processes that can be studied empirically. To limit the field of mental processes we must follow the criteria of folk psychology. There are three kinds of mind: human, animal and mechanical. But the human mind is the paradigm or model of mind. The existence of mechanical minds is a serious challenge to the materialism or the mind-brain identity theory. Based on this existence we can put forward the antimaterialist argument of machines. Intelligence is a class of mental processes such that the mind is the genus and the intelligence is a species of this genus. The capacity to solve problems is a clear and definite criterion of intelligence. Again, like in the mind, the human intelligence is the paradigm of the intelligence. There are also three kinds of intelligence: human, animal and mechanical. Searle’s Chinese room argument is misleading because Searle believes that it is possible to maintain a sharp distinction between syntax and semantics. The reasonable dualism in the brain-mind problem defends the existence of brain-mental processes, physical-mental processes, and nonphysical-mental (spiritual) processes. Constitution of the personal project of life, self-consciousness and free volitions are examples of spiritual processes. Usually the intelligence has been considered the most important quality of human beings, but freedom, or the world of free volitions, is a more specific quality of human beings.
Nonbelief as Support for Atheism
Authors: Drange Theodore M.
Published: November 2019

The Canadian philosopher J.L. Schellenberg has recently put forward an argument for atheism based on the idea that God is supposed to be perfectly loving and so would not permit people to be deprived of awareness of his existence. If such a deity were to exist, then, he would do something to reveal his existence clearly to people, thereby causing them to become theists. Thus, the fact that there are so many non-theists in the world becomes good reason to deny the existence of God conceived of in the given way. I first raise objections to Schellenberg’s formulation of the argument and then suggest some improvements. My main improvement is to include among the divine attributes the property of strongly desiring humanity’s love. Since to love God requires at least believing that he exists, if God were to exist, he must want widespread theistic belief. The fact that so many people lack such belief becomes a good argument for atheism with respect to God conceived of in the given way. Some objections to this line of reasoning are considered, in particular the claim that God refrains from revealing himself to people in order to avoid interfering with their free will or to avoid eliciting inappropriate responses from them or some other (unknown) purpose. An attempt is made to refute each of these objections.
Philosophical Theantropy as the Principle of Religious Ecumenism
Authors: Woznicki Andrew
Published: November 2019

One universal constituent element of human consciousness is belief in the existence of a divine reality that is experienced by persons as the most intimate and essential part of human life. Belief in transcendent reality, which is an immanent part of human nature, constitutes an awe-inspiring mystery (mysterium fascinans et tremens) — that is, a theantropy. Strictly speaking, ‘theantropy’ is a theological term which is used to express the "union of the divine and human natures in Christ" (as defined by Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary). The novum of my understanding of theantropy consists in the application of the concept to the phenomenological experience of the religious consciousness of humanity. Henceforth, I designate theantropy to mean an ontic union and an inherent disposition of the ‘human’ and ‘divine’ constituents in/of every human being. I will examine and reflect on theantropy as the philosophical principle of religious ecumenism as well as compare various solutions of theantropy not only with regard to a particular system of beliefs, but as it is experienced in each and every human being by following Augustine’s principle: "In interiorem hominem redi: ibi habitat Deus" (or in "intimor intimo meo").
Ontological Levels and Symmetry Breaking
Authors: Darvas Gyorgy
Published: November 2019

I discuss the role of symmetry breaking in a philosophical context, and formulate laws of symmetry breaking. I deal with their conceptual and ontological background, limits of validity, their relation to the theories of evolution and reductionism and to level theories. Level theories are used to make a sequential arrangement of the forms of appearance of moving matter. Aspects of symmetry or symmetry breaking have never been involved in the treatment of these theories. Here, I first attempt to bring knowledges of different origins together. There are two types of level theories: a general one (in philosophy) and particular ones (in the inanimate, the organic nature and in the human society). Particular level theories differ from each other in the three fundamental ontological spheres, and in their description and contents . At the same time they may have common features, e.g., all are particular theories concerning their width of validity, and all are based on an arrangement by a common concept, namely the forms of interaction. The clarification of these conceptual problems was necessary to understand the laws of symmetry breaking. The law of correspondence between the ontological levels and their potential symmetry properties is formulated in four constituent statements and two concluding laws are also presented. The new features of this treatment will link level theories with (dis)symmetry principles, and formulate the laws of symmetry breaking.
Science, Development and Humanity
Authors: Mantatov V. , Lambaeva I.
Published: November 2019

The formation of a new scientific picture of the world is connected with the necessity of subjectivity. This subjectivity posits no limits for the scientific aspects of cognitive processes, but embraces a comprehensive world of spiritual activity. To choose the most effective model of social behavior, it is important to have an adequate knowledge of reality (i.e., the objective regularities of the surrounding world). Modern science reflects the vagueness of reality and, in consequence, the impossibility of using classical approaches. Increasingly, the negative phenomena of the surrounding world reflects the complexity of natural and socio-natural systems, especially on the global scale. Restrictions of the classical approaches to this complexity can be overcome within the synergistic theories or hierarchical systems theory that are becoming more and more popular. The necessity of appeal to modern theories, initiated as the result of ecological crises, stimulates the processes of new paradigm formation in science, acting often in spite of the needs and motives of society.
Lakatos and MacIntyre on Incommensurability and the Rationality of Theory-change
Authors: Miner Robert
Published: November 2019

Imre Lakatos' "methodology of scientific research programs" and Alasdair MacIntyre's "tradition-constituted enquiry" are two sustained attempts to overcome the assumptions of logical empiricism, while saving the appearance that theory-change is rational. The key difference between them is their antithetical stand on the issue of incommensurability between large-scale theories. This divergence generates other areas of disagreement; the most important are the relevance of the historical record and the presence of decision criteria that are common to rival programs. I show that Lakatos' rejection of the incommensurability thesis and dismissal of actual history are motivated by the belief that neither are compatible with the rationality of theory-change. If MacIntyre can deny the necessity of dispensing with the historical record, and show that incommensurability and the consequent absence of shared decision criteria are compatible with rationality in theory-change, then Lakatos' argument will lose its force, and MacIntyre will better honor the intention to take seriously the historicality of science. I argue that MacIntyre can dissolve tensions between incommensurability and rationality in theory-change if he is able, first, to distinguish a sense of the incommensurability thesis that preserves genuine rivalry between theories, and second, to show that the possibility of rationality in theory-change depends not on the presence of common decision criteria, but on the fact that traditions can fail by their own standards. After reconstructing and examining the argument, I conclude that the notion of a tradition's "internal failure" is coherent, but that it leaves crucial questions about the epistemology and ontology of traditions that must be answered if MacIntyre's proposal is to constitute a genuine improvement on Lakatos.
The Rationality of Scientific Discovery
Authors: Yaokun Yang , Liangdao Cheng
Published: November 2019

In order to understand the rationality of scientific creation, we must first clarify the following: (1) the historical structure of scientific creation from starting point to breakthrough, and then to establishment; (2) the process from the primary through the productive aspects of the scientific problem, the idea of creation, the primary conjecture, the scientific hypothesis, and finally the emergence of the genetic structure establishing the theory; and (3) the problem threshold of rationality in scientific creation. Given that the theory of scientific creation adopts the descriptive viewpoint of rationality, it therefore establishes rational principles such as the following: (1) a superlogical mode of thinking; (2) an analysable genetic structure which consists of the primary and productive aspects (including experiential facts, background theory, operational means, higher irrational factors, etc.); (3) a means of recourse to the effect of incubation of a higher idea; (4) a movement in thinking from generality to particularity; and (5) the replacement of irrational by rational factors.
Coping with the Uncertainty beyond Epistemic-Moral Inability
Authors: Hirakawa Hideyuki
Published: November 2019

Today we live in a society in which hazards can no longer be regarded as mere side-effects of progress. How much more serious the problems we face today are is understood not only by seeing the magnitude of material or biological crises (such as environmental disruption), but also by discerning what we may call our 'epistemic and moral inability' — a crisis in our ability to cope with uncertainty both in science and morality. The purpose of this paper is to trace the origin of this crisis, and to problematize it as a defect of the form of human self-understanding in contemporary scientific-technological culture with the help of Hannah Arendt's reflection on human activities.
The Humanities and Telecommunication
Authors: Teschner George
Published: November 2019

Contemporary technology in the form of electronically managed interactive telecommunications is compatible with the goals and values of the humanities. For Marx, machine-work tended toward being mechanically routine, repetitive, deskilled, and trivialized. In the case of discourse, the same criticism has been made of computerized communication. Immediacy is not authorial presence, but the experience of textuality that is maximized by participation in interactive communication. Bulletin board technology inverts the relationship between the degree of communicative interaction and the number of communicants. It is both mass communication and individualized participation. From the point of view of a theory of discourse, the bulletin board system is unique in that the ratio between the number of participants and the individualized nature of the interaction is directly proportional. One person's voice does not inhibit or repress the voice of another. It is the technological embodiment of the ideal speech situation of Habermas which allows for the maximum of democratic participation and which, by allowing everyone to have a voice, allows for the greatest amount of dissensus and dialectic.
Hume on Revolution
Authors: Gallegos Jeremy
Published: November 2019

David Hume offers a well conceived plan for the formation of government and its political workings. Furthermore, he grants that in special circumstances the citizens of a particular government may revolt. However, with respect to obedience and disloyalty, Hume gives no formal rules for revolution. We would like something more from Hume regarding revolution and, more specifically, what he considers justified revolution. Some authors, such as Richard H. Dees, find the basis for Hume’s account of justified revolution in his historical works. By connecting Hume’s historical writings with his political theory, we find a fuller account of revolution. Such an account, however, does not require him to give a rule or maxim prescribing revolution since such a rule or maxim would obviously go against his political theory as stated in the Treatise and his political essays. In sum, justified revolution for Hume centers around the established political practices and the principled causes held by factions. Unjustified revolutions, however, are denoted by lack of adherence to established practices and want of a genuine cause. They are, rather, motivated by speculative factions subject to fanaticism and enthusiasm which are the foundations of Hume’s political worries. These central tenets of Hume’s view of revolution are delineated within this paper.
The Multivisions of Multiculturalism
Authors: James Edward
Published: November 2019

The questions suggested by the term "multiculturalism" range far and wide, embracing: questions of inclusion; questions of criteria; questions of self-identity; and questions of the meaning of multiculturalism. In this essay I provide a framework: (i) that allows us to begin a discussion that might answer such questions; (ii) that illuminates why it is that such a modest aim is the most we can hope for at this time; and (iii) that provides an understanding of what we can do in a multicultural world in order to illuminate what we should do. This framework will reject both the idea of toleration as found in Berlin’s conception of human choice and will speak of as maximal multiculturalism, an orientation that is found in John Milton’s idea of truth as variegated and that sees multiculturalism as a great good. These views are plagued by at least three paradoxes that are really inconsistencies. In their place I develop the idea of a mitigated multiculturalism based on fear rather than on any ideal or vision, and with this a distinction between positive and negative toleration. Negative toleration proves to parallel a classic Hobbesianism, which while an unwelcome result, paradoxically, provides further direction and reason for hope that mitigated multiculturalism can and must be surpassed.
Constructivist Moral Realism
Authors: Swindler J. K.
Published: November 2019

We are social animals in the sense that we spontaneously invent and continuously re-invent the social realm. But, not unlike other artifacts, once real, social relations, practices, institutions, etc., obey prior laws, some of which are moral laws. Hence, with regard to social reality, we ought to be ontological constructivists and moral realists. This is the view sketched here, taking as points of departure Searle's recent work on social ontology and May's on group morality. Moral and social selves are distinguished to acknowledge that social reality is constructed but social morality is not. It is shown how and why moral law requiring respect for the dignity and well being of agents governs a social world comprising roles that are real only because of their occupants' social intentions.
Self-Worth and Moral Knowledge
Authors: Gowans Christopher W.
Published: November 2019

I argue that persons are unlikely to have moral knowledge insofar as they lack certain moral virtues; that persons are commonly deficient in these virtues, and hence that they are regularly unlikely to have adequate moral knowledge. I propose a version of this argument that employs a broad conception of self-worth, a virtue found in a wide range of moral traditions that suppose a person would have an appropriate sense of self-worth in the face of tendencies both to overestimate and underestimate the value of one’s self. I begin by noting some distinctive features of this argument that distinguish it from more common arguments for moral skepticism. This is followed by an elucidation of the virtue of self-worth. I then consider some connections between self-worth and moral knowledge and, more briefly, the extent of self-worth among persons. Finally, I respond to the objection that the argument is incoherent because it presupposes moral knowledge that it later undermines.
Autonomy, Education, and Societal Legitimacy
Authors: Sankowski Edward
Published: November 2019

I argue that autonomy should be interpreted as an educational concept, dependent on many educative institutions, including but not limited to government. This interpretation will improve the understanding of autonomy in relation to questions about institutional and societal legitimate authority. I aim to make plausible three connected ideas. (1) Respecting individual autonomy, properly understood, is consistent with an interest in institutions in social and political philosophy. Such interest, however, does require a broadening of questions about institutional and societal legitimacy. (2) Individual autonomy can and should be re-conceived as a multi-institutional educational notion. We must appreciate the manifold institutional process. There are diverse questions about legitimacy as institutional and societal authority that generate normative demands binding on the individual. (3) There is some uncertainty about which institutions do or should educate for autonomy. The shift to an educational, multi-institutional model of autonomy renders more questionable and probably de-emphasizes the role of blame and punishment as paradigmatically institutionalized expressions of respect for autonomy in educating for autonomy. Nonetheless, such an educational model does not eliminate concern about autonomy, blame and punishment. Rather, it broadens questions about the legitimacy of the normative function of various institutions, and of society as a whole.
Autopercepção de pessoas com deficiência intelectual sobre deficiência, estigma e preconceito
Authors: Reis Joab Grana , Araújo Suéllen Melo , Glat Rosana
Published: November 2019

Este estudo, que é um recorte da pesquisa “Falando de si: estudos sobre autopercepção e histórias de vida de pessoas com deficiência intelectual”, tem como objetivo compreender como pessoas com deficiência intelectual se sentem em relação ao estigma, preconceito e reconhecimento da deficiência. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, a partir do levantamento de produções científicas sobre autopercepção de pessoas com deficiência intelectual. Do conjunto foram selecionados cinco textos e, a partir das falas registradas dos sujeitos destacaram-se as categorias: estigma, deficiência e preconceito. Os resultados apontam que ainda são relativamente escassos os estudos que tratam da autopercepção de pessoas com deficiência intelectual. Além disso, apresentam poucos trechos das falas dos sujeitos entrevistados. No que se refere ao estigma, os sujeitos relatam que os outros têm baixa uma expectativa em relação ao seu potencial, exemplificando a marca da incapacidade construída pelo estereótipo da deficiência. No entanto, as narrativas mostram a resistência destes sujeitos em aceitar o rótulo que lhes foi imputado. É notório a presença do discurso socialmente produzido da deficiência em suas falas, todavia, desenvolvem diferentes estratégias para lidar com o estereótipo. Os relatos sobre suas relações sociais, em sua maioria, evidenciam preconceito, segregação e tratamento hostil, mas também há exemplos de acolhimento e respeito. As falas analisadas representam um indício de que gradativamente essas pessoas estão se colocando como protagonistas de suas vidas, e apontam para a demanda de pesquisas que privilegiem a escuta que legitime as vozes das pessoas com deficiência intelectual.
ADVOCACY DE PARENTS D’ENFANTS AYANT UN TROUBLE DU DÉVELOPPEMENT ET MÉCANISMES D’EXCLUSION PRÉSCOLAIRES ET SCOLAIRES : ÉTUDE DE PORTÉE
Authors: Chatenoud Céline , Odier-Guedj Delphine , Camard Sophie , Rivard Mélina , Aldersey Heather , Turnbull Ann
Published: November 2019

Cette étude de portée dresse un portrait de la littérature scientifique actuelle sur les activités d’advocacy déployées par les parents d’enfants ayant un trouble du développement au sein des systèmes éducatifs en marche vers l’inclusion. Vingt-deux articles scientifiques ont été retenus et analysés, démontrant que ces parents font face à un double mécanisme d’exclusion : relativement au droit de leur enfant à l’éducation pour tous et relativement à leur propre droit de participation au sein de l’équipe éducative. Pour contrer ce phénomène, il est question de s’appuyer sur un modèle partenarial de relation entre les familles et les intervenants.