bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Constructed Nostalgia for Rock’s Golden Age: “I Believe in Yesterday”
Authors: Weinstein Deena
Published: January 2015

The phenomenon of rock’s past having occluded its present is examined through the intentionality that grounds it culturally. Specifically, neo-nostalgia (Jameson) and similar postmodern terms (simulation, construction) constitute the intentionality and the commercial interests of the music industry and the generational power of the Baby Boomers and Gen X are the structural determinants. Neo-nostalgia for rock’s past is directed toward an aestheticized imaginary of rock’s golden age — a mythical time that never was, rather than a supposed eternal transcendent (religion) or an individualized empirical past (homesickness). Nostalgia for a construction, fabricated for corporate profit and generational/parental power, is a depthless and riskless adventure for a generation that experiences severe constraints on its ability to actualize the modern(ist) ideals of authenticity-novelty.
Identifying with the Rebel of the Past
Authors: Kattari Kim
Published: January 2015

This article explores the ways in which the subcultural community of rockabilly revivalists use music as a vehicle for expressing their nostalgia for a specific moment in the 1950s, when rockabilly reflected a countercultural rebellion. As most of the participants feel marginalized and alienated from mainstream culture, they perform their identification with the rockabilly rebel of the 1950s, and demonstrate their refusal of modern culture through their attentiveness to the music, cars, and fashion of the past. Drawing on ethnographic research, this article explores the contradictory tendencies of nostalgic subcultures which can be simultaneously regressive and progressive, reactionary and rebellious, as subversive values of the past can help improve present and future experiences.
Du déracinement à la commercialisation de la nostalgie du Sud par les race records
Authors: Djavadzadeh Keivan
Published: January 2015

Cet article porte sur la commercialisation de la nostalgie du Sud par les enregistrements de blues féminin des années 1920 (race records). Au tournant du siècle, un important mouvement de migration voit de nombreux Africains-Américains du Sud rural (en majorité des hommes) rejoindre le Nord urbain que la bourgeoisie noire présente comme un nouveau Jourdain. Le déclenchement de la Première Guerre mondiale accentue le phénomène : le flux d’immigrés européens cesse et les industriels du Nord n’ont d’autre choix que de démarcher et d’embaucher des Noirs du Sud dans leurs usines. Les espoirs sont néanmoins vite déçus et une crise identitaire frappe les migrants, stigmatisés car jugés inadaptés à la vie urbaine. Dans le même temps des femmes noires vont enregistrer le blues, entretenir la nostalgie du Sud et transmettre le souvenir de la migration. Si l’intégration des Noirs au modèle fordiste permit l’émergence d’un marché noir et la commercialisation du blues, j’affirme que c’est un besoin identitaire qui a rendu nécessaire le développement des race records : contre le désespoir qu’aurait pu inspirer le déracinement, les migrants tirèrent un parti créatif de la nostalgie qui les aida à survivre dans un monde hostile.
L’évocation mémorielle des boîtes à chansons au Québec
Authors: Trottier Danick
Published: January 2015

Cette étude porte sur le projet québécois La mémoire des boîtes à chansons, qui a vu le jour en 1996 sous forme d’émissions télévisuelles à la chaîne Canal D, pour ensuite se matérialiser en un coffret de deux disques avec témoignages à l’appui dans le livret. La nostalgie qui se joue dans la mémoire évoquée repose à la fois sur les thèmes des chansons et le rappel du lieu où normalement elles ont vu le jour, soit les boîtes à chansons des années 1960. Comme lieu de mémoire, le coffret montre la façon dont la canonisation du mouvement des chansonniers peut mettre à profit un sentiment de nostalgie de manière à consolider une appartenance générationnelle chez les baby-boomers, d’où les interactions à l’œuvre entre canon et nostalgie. Dans ce contexte, une certaine industrie de la musique pop québécoise, soit celle généralement associée à l’héritage de Guy Latraverse, propose un objet de consommation gouverné par un devoir de mémoire.
Psycherelic Rock
Authors: Russo Nicholas
Published: January 2015

Focusing on the psychedelic rock music of Australian group Tame Impala, this paper investigates how an experience of “ersatz nostalgia’ (Appadurai, 1996) might be evoked through the phonographic staging of sound in contemporary retro rock music. Unlike a traditional nostalgia for one’s own personal past, this music evidences a yearning for a past outside of lived experience. This effect of evoking nostalgic sentiment in new music relies in large part upon the use of particular sound elements that are identifiable by musicians and audiences as the sonic cultural markers of the 1960s and which appeal to the wider collective memory of that era.
Les Sixties psyché-reliques
Authors: Russo Nicholas
Published: January 2015

En se concentrant sur le rock psychédélique du groupe de rock australien Tame Impala, cet article s'intéresse à la façon dont une expérience de nostalgie de substitution (Appadurai, 1996) peut être suggérée par la mise en scène phonographique dans la musique rétro contemporaine. Là où la nostalgie traditionnelle concerne le passé effectif d'une personne, cette musique permet de concevoir une nostalgie s'attachant à un passé situé hors de l'expérience vécue. Cette possibilité d'évoquer le sentiment nostalgique au sein de la production musicale récente est en grande partie liée à l'utilisation d'éléments sonores identifiables par les musiciens et le public comme des marqueurs culturels des années 1960, déclenchant une vaste mémoire collective de cette période.
« Le train qui siffle ». Nostalgie et modernité dans la chanson country-western au Québec
Authors: Lefrançois Catherine
Published: January 2015

La chanson country-western, qui fait son apparition au Québec en 1942 avec les chansons de guerre de Roland Lebrun, a toujours exploité la nostalgie. Il s’agit d’un èthos fermement ancré dans ce répertoire et il est signalé, dans les enregistrements du country-western émergent des années 1940 et 1950, par plusieurs marqueurs sonores qui font notamment appel à un usage particulier du second mode de phonation et de la réverbération. Il s’agit alors d’une nostalgie typique de la modernité populaire, axée sur les souvenirs personnels et les récits individuels. Ce premier country-western s’inscrit par ailleurs dans la modernité de plusieurs manières, notamment par son succès médiatique. Cette modernité semble aujourd’hui complètement occultée et si la nostalgie demeure un élément clé de la chanson country-western, celle-ci est devenue une nostalgie plus traditionnelle et conservatrice, orientée vers une idéalisation du passé.
“But we remember when we were young”
Authors: Strong Catherine , Greig Alastair
Published: January 2015

Academics are increasingly devoting attention to understanding, categorising and appraising the concept of nostalgia. However, “there is surprisingly little attempt to discuss the modes of representation involved in the communication of nostalgia,” particularly in relation to the mass media (Pickering and Keightley, 2006: 930). This paper addresses this deficit by examining the memory work conducted on Manchester post-punk band Joy Division. Since the mid-2000s there has been a surge of material related to the band, including movies, documentaries, autobiographies and other books, as well as ambitious marketing campaigns associated with re-released songs. This paper assesses the extent to which this material can be considered nostalgic and the orders of nostalgia it conveys. We suggest that much of the material produced by “witnesses” present in the 1970s can be understood as contestation over authority to speak, rather than reflecting a nostalgic “mood’. Some of the new material exhibits a nostalgic “mode” where styles from the past are drawn on to increase the band’s audience. Collectively, these efforts form the basis for the “ersatz nostalgia” of those could not witness Joy Division. Exploring the relationship between nostalgia and authoritative witnesses provides greater insight into how popular culture (re)creates its own past.
Soil Carbon Sequestration
Authors: Goyal Manish Kumar , Royal Irom
Published: January 2015

The gaseous composition of our earth's atmosphere has changed drastically in recent years. This has resulted in unprecedented global warming, hydrological variation, and various climate change impacts in different places of the world. Mitigation and adaptive strategies of climate change through soil carbon sequestration technique is emerged as an alternative option. Among the different types of soil, forest soil has the highest potential to sequester atmospheric carbon because of its rich ecology. However, human-induced deforestation activities and traditional methods of cultivation perturb the soil of organic carbon. Therefore, it is essential to understand the various influencing factors and subsequently the improvement of existing ecosystem for the mitigation of global climate change to some extent. Studies and innovative research on agroforestry, including soil carbon sequestration at regional level, will be a better choice for improvement of environment, food security, and climate change.
Optimization of Tuned Mass Dampers to Improve the Earthquake Resistance of High Buildings
Authors: Steinbuch Rolf
Published: January 2015

To prevent high buildings in endangered zones suffering from seismic attack, TMD are applied successfully. In many applications the dampers are placed along the height of the edifice to reduce the damage during the earthquake. The dimensioning of TMD is a multidimensional optimisation problem with many local maxima. To find the absolute best or a very good design, advanced optimization strategies have to be applied. Bionic optimization proposes different methods to deal with such tasks but requires many repeated studies of the buildings and dampers design. To improve the speed of the analysis, the authors propose a reduced model of the building including the dampers. A series of consecutive generations shows a growing capacity to reduce the impact of an earthquake on the building. The proposals found help to dimension the dampers. A detailed analysis of the building under earthquake loading may yield an efficient design.
Nonapoptotic and Extracellular Activity of Granzyme B Mediates Resistance to Regulatory T Cell (Treg) Suppression by HLA-DR−CD25hiCD127lo Tregs in Multiple Sclerosis and in Response to IL-6
Authors: Bhela Siddheshvar , Kempsell Christine , Manohar Monali , Dominguez-Villar Margarita , Griffin Russell , Bhatt Pooja , Kivisakk-Webb Pia , Fuhlbrigge Robert , Kupper Thomas , Weiner Howard , Baecher-Allan Clare
Published: January 2015

In autoimmune patients, regulatory T cells (Tregs) are increasingly found to be unable to suppress patient-derived T cells, an outcome referred to as Treg resistance. In this study, we show that CD4 T cells from patients with multiple sclerosis resist suppression by patient-derived or healthy donor–derived ex vivo Tregs. Importantly, we report that granzyme B (GzmB) contributes to this Treg resistance via a novel, apoptosis-independent mechanism. We show that memory CD4+CD127loFOXP3+ Treg subsets do not express GzmB, whereas activated, nonregulatory CD4 T cells isolated from patients with multiple sclerosis express higher levels of GzmB than do cells from healthy donors. In contrast to the intracellular GzmB that mediates apoptosis, GzmB can be found in extracellular fluids where it is hypothesized to regulate other cellular processes. In this study, we show that providing extracellular GzmB strongly inhibits Treg suppression, without altering Treg viability. However, when GzmB and GzmB-specific inhibitor are both provided to the cocultures, Treg suppression occurs. Thus, these data suggest that a novel activity of extracellular GzmB is to regulate Treg suppression. Additionally, we find that the suppression-abrogating cytokine IL-6 augments GzmB expression by human CD4 T cells, and it inhibits Treg suppression via this nonapoptotic GzmB-mediated mechanism. Lastly, in examining the mechanism whereby GzmB inhibits Treg function, we show that extracellular GzmB reduces Treg expression of CD39 and programmed death ligand 1. Collectively, these data indicate that extracellular GzmB plays an unexpected, nonapoptotic role in regulating Treg suppression and suggest that inactivation of specifically the extracellular activity of GzmB may be an efficacious therapeutic in autoimmunity.
MHC Class II Presentation Is Controlled by the Lysosomal Small GTPase, Arl8b
Authors: Michelet Xavier , Garg Salil , Wolf Benjamin J. , Tuli Amit , Ricciardi-Castagnoli Paola , Brenner Michael B.
Published: January 2015

Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized APCs with the ability to prime naive T cells. DCs first sample Ags from the environment and then orchestrate their processing and loading onto MHC class II (MHC II) Ag-presenting molecules in lysosomes. Once MHC II molecules have bound a peptide, the MHC II–peptide complex is delivered to the cell surface for presentation to CD4+ T cells. Regulation of Ag uptake via macropinocytosis and phagocytosis has been extensively studied, as well as trafficking in early endocytic vesicles notably regulated by the small GTPase Rab5 and its effectors. However, little is known about the regulators of Ag delivery from early endosomes to lysosomal compartments where the proper pH, proteases, MHC II, invariant chain, and HLA-DM reside, awaiting exogenous Ags for loading. In this article, we report the crucial role of the small GTPase ADP-ribosylation factor-like 8b (Arl8b) in MHC II presentation in DCs. We show for the first time, to our knowledge, that Arl8b localizes to MHC II compartments in DCs and regulates formation of MHC II–peptide complexes. Arl8b-silenced DCs display a defect in MHC II–Ag complex formation and its delivery to the cell surface during infection resulting in a defect in T cell recognition. Our results highlight the role of Arl8b as a trafficking regulator of the late stage of complex formation and MHC II presentation in DCs.
CD28 Inhibits T Cell Adhesion by Recruiting CAPRI to the Plasma Membrane
Authors: Strazza Marianne , Azoulay-Alfaguter Inbar , Dun Bryan , Baquero-Buitrago Jairo , Mor Adam
Published: January 2015

CD28 is a coreceptor expressed on T lymphocytes. Signaling downstream of CD28 promotes multiple T cell functions such as proliferation, survival, and cytokine secretion. Adhesion to APCs is another function of T cells; however, little is known with regard to the role of CD28 in this process. Our previous studies have shown that CD28 inhibits T cell adhesion, but the underlying mechanism that mediates this process remains unknown. In the present study we discovered that signaling downstream of CD28 resulted in inhibition of Rap1 activity and decreased LFA-1–mediated adhesion. We showed that this was regulated by the recruitment of calcium-promoted Ras inactivator (CAPRI), a GTPase-activating protein, to the plasma membrane downstream of CD28 signaling. CAPRI trafficking to the plasma membrane was secondary to calcium influx and was mediated by its C2A and C2B domains. We conclude that CD28 inhibits Rap1-mediated adhesion by recruiting the protein CAPRI to the plasma membrane.
A Transendocytosis Model of CTLA-4 Function Predicts Its Suppressive Behavior on Regulatory T Cells
Authors: Hou Tie Zheng , Qureshi Omar S. , Wang Chun Jing , Baker Jennifer , Young Stephen P. , Walker Lucy S. K. , Sansom David M.
Published: January 2015

Manipulation of the CD28/CTLA-4 pathway is at the heart of a number of immunomodulatory approaches used in both autoimmunity and cancer. Although it is clear that CTLA-4 is a critical regulator of T cell responses, the immunological contexts in which CTLA-4 controls immune responses are not well defined. In this study, we show that whereas CD80/CD86-dependent activation of resting human T cells caused extensive T cell proliferation and robust CTLA-4 expression, in this context CTLA-4 blocking Abs had no impact on the response. In contrast, in settings where CTLA-4+ cells were present as “regulators,” inhibition of resting T cell responses was dependent on CTLA-4 expression and specifically related to the number of APC. At low numbers of APC or low levels of ligand, CTLA-4–dependent suppression was highly effective whereas at higher APC numbers or high levels of ligand, inhibition was lost. Accordingly, the degree of suppression correlated with the level of CD86 expression remaining on the APC. These data reveal clear rules for the inhibitory function of CTLA-4 on regulatory T cells, which are predicted by its ability to remove ligands from APC.
Cell-Autonomous Sex Differences in Gene Expression in Chicken Bone Marrow–Derived Macrophages
Authors: Garcia-Morales Carla , Nandi Sunil , Zhao Debiao , Sauter Kristin A. , Vervelde Lonneke , McBride Derek , Sang Helen M. , Clinton Mike , Hume David A.
Published: January 2015

We have identified differences in gene expression in macrophages grown from the bone marrow of male and female chickens in recombinant chicken M-CSF (CSF1). Cells were profiled with or without treatment with bacterial LPS for 24 h. Approximately 600 transcripts were induced by prolonged LPS stimulation to an equal extent in the male and female macrophages. Many transcripts encoded on the Z chromosome were expressed ∼1.6-fold higher in males, reflecting a lack of dosage compensation in the homogametic sex. A smaller set of W chromosome–specific genes was expressed only in females. LPS signaling in mammals is associated with induction of type 1 IFN–responsive genes. Unexpectedly, because IFNs are encoded on the Z chromosome of chickens, unstimulated macrophages from the female birds expressed a set of known IFN-inducible genes at much higher levels than male cells under the same conditions. To confirm that these differences were not the consequence of the actions of gonadal hormones, we induced gonadal sex reversal to alter the hormonal environment of the developing chick and analyzed macrophages cultured from male, female, and female sex-reversed embryos. Gonadal sex reversal did not alter the sexually dimorphic expression of either sex-linked or IFN-responsive genes. We suggest that female birds compensate for the reduced dose of inducible IFN with a higher basal set point of IFN-responsive genes.
A Novel Model for IFN-γ–Mediated Autoinflammatory Syndromes
Authors: Reinhardt R. Lee , Liang Hong-Erh , Bao Katherine , Price April E. , Mohrs Markus , Kelly Ben L. , Locksley Richard M.
Published: January 2015

Autoinflammatory disease and hyperinflammatory syndromes represent a growing number of diseases associated with inappropriately controlled inflammation in multiple organs. Systemic inflammation commonly results from dysregulated activation of innate immune cells, and therapeutic targeting of the IL-1β pathway has been used to ameliorate some of these diseases. Some hyperinflammatory syndromes, however, such as hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and the newly classified proteasome disability syndromes, are refractory to such treatments, suggesting that other factors or environmental stressors may be contributing. In comparing two cytokine reporter mouse strains, we identify IFN-γ as a mediator of systemic autoinflammatory disease. Chronically elevated levels of IFN-γ resulted in progressive multiorgan inflammation and two copies of the mutant allele resulted in increased mortality accompanied by myeloproliferative disease. Disease was alleviated by genetic deletion of T-bet. These studies raise the possibility that therapeutics targeting the IFN-γ pathway might be effective in hyperinflammatory conditions refractory to IL-1β–targeted therapies.
WC1 Is a Hybrid γδ TCR Coreceptor and Pattern Recognition Receptor for Pathogenic Bacteria
Authors: Hsu Haoting , Chen Chuang , Nenninger Ariel , Holz Lauren , Baldwin Cynthia L. , Telfer Janice C.
Published: January 2015

WC1 proteins are uniquely expressed on γδ T cells and belong to the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) superfamily. While present in variable, and sometimes high, numbers in the genomes of mammals and birds, in cattle there are 13 distinct genes (WC1-1 to WC1-13). All bovine WC1 proteins can serve as coreceptors for the TCR in a tyrosine phosphorylation dependent manner, and some are required for the γδ T cell response to Leptospira. We hypothesized that individual WC1 receptors encode Ag specificity via coligation of bacteria with the γδ TCR. SRCR domain binding was directly correlated with γδ T cell response, as WC1-3 SRCR domains from Leptospira-responsive cells, but not WC1-4 SRCR domains from Leptospira-nonresponsive cells, bound to multiple serovars of two Leptospira species, L. borgpetersenii, and L. interrogans. Three to five of eleven WC1-3 SRCR domains, but none of the eleven WC1-4 SRCR domains, interacted with Leptospira spp. and Borrelia burgdorferi, but not with Escherichia coli or Staphylococcus aureus. Mutational analysis indicated that the active site for bacterial binding in one of the SRCR domains is composed of amino acids in three discontinuous regions. Recombinant WC1 SRCR domains with the ability to bind leptospires inhibited Leptospira growth. Our data suggest that WC1 gene arrays play a multifaceted role in the γδ T cell response to bacteria, including acting as hybrid pattern recognition receptors and TCR coreceptors, and they may function as antimicrobials.
HIV-1–Triggered Release of Type I IFN by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Induces BAFF Production in Monocytes
Authors: Gomez Alejandro M. , Ouellet Michel , Tremblay Michel J.
Published: January 2015

HIV-1 infection leads to numerous B cell abnormalities, including hypergammaglobulinemia, nonspecific B cell activation, nonspecific class switching, increased cell turnover, breakage of tolerance, increased immature/transitional B cells, B cell malignancies, as well as a loss of capacity to generate and maintain memory, all of which contribute to a global impairment of the immune humoral compartment. Several cytokines and soluble factors, which are increased in sera of HIV-1–infected individuals, have been suggested to directly or indirectly contribute to these B cell dysfunctions, and one of these is the B cell–activating factor (BAFF). We report in this study that HIV-1 (X4- and R5-tropic) upregulates BAFF expression and secretion by human monocytes. Moreover, we show that the virus-mediated production of BAFF by monocytes relies on a type I IFN response by a small percentage of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) present in the monocyte cultures. HIV-1–induced type I IFN by pDCs triggers BAFF production in both classical and intermediate monocytes, but not in nonclassical monocytes, which nonetheless display a very strong basal BAFF production. We report also that basal BAFF secretion was higher in monocytes obtained from females compared with those from male donors. This study provides a novel mechanistic explanation for the increased BAFF levels observed during HIV-1 infection and highlights the importance of pDC/monocyte crosstalk to drive BAFF secretion.
ChemR23, the Receptor for Chemerin and Resolvin E1, Is Expressed and Functional on M1 but Not on M2 Macrophages
Authors: Herová Magdalena , Schmid Mattia , Gemperle Claudio , Hersberger Martin
Published: January 2015

ChemR23 is a G protein–coupled receptor that is triggered by two ligands, the peptide chemerin and the eicosapentaenoic acid–derived lipid mediator resolvin E1 (RvE1). Chemerin acts as a chemoattractant for monocytes and macrophages, whereas RvE1 promotes resolution of inflammation-inducing macrophage phagocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils. Although ChemR23-mediated signaling plays a role in mononuclear cell migration to inflamed tissue, as well as in the resolution of inflammation, its regulation in different polarization states of macrophages is largely unknown. We analyzed the expression and function of ChemR23 in monocytes and differently activated human primary macrophages. Using 5′ RACE, we identified three transcription start sites and several splice variants of ChemR23 in both monocytes and macrophages. Although the promoters P1 and P3 are used equally in unpolarized macrophages, stimulation with LPS or IFN-γ leads to increased transcription from P3 in inflammatory M1 macrophages. Such ChemR23-expressing M1 macrophages are chemotactic to chemerin, whereas M2 macrophages not expressing ChemR23 surface receptor are not. Repolarization of ChemR23-expressing M1 macrophages with 10 nM RvE1 increases IL-10 transcription and phagocytosis of microbial particles, leading to a resolution-type macrophage distinct from the M2 phenotype. These results show that ChemR23 is tightly regulated in response to inflammatory and anti-inflammatory stimuli. The restricted expression of ChemR23 in naive and M1 macrophages supports the role of ChemR23 in the attraction of macrophages to inflamed tissue by chemerin and in the initiation of resolution of inflammation through RvE1-mediated repolarization of human M1 macrophages toward resolution-type macrophages.
High-Density IgE Recognition of the Major Grass Pollen Allergen Phl p 1 Revealed with Single-Chain IgE Antibody Fragments Obtained by Combinatorial Cloning
Authors: Madritsch Christoph , Gadermaier Elisabeth , Roder Uwe W. , Lupinek Christian , Valenta Rudolf , Flicker Sabine
Published: January 2015

The timothy grass pollen allergen Phl p 1 belongs to the group 1 of highly cross-reactive grass pollen allergens with a molecular mass of ∼25–30 kDa. Group 1 allergens are recognized by >95% of grass pollen allergic patients. We investigated the IgE recognition of Phl p 1 using allergen-specific IgE-derived single-chain variable Ab fragments (IgE-ScFvs) isolated from a combinatorial library constructed from PBMCs of a grass pollen–allergic patient. IgE-ScFvs reacted with recombinant Phl p 1 and natural group 1 grass pollen allergens. Using synthetic Phl p 1–derived peptides, the binding sites of two ScFvs were mapped to the N terminus of the allergen. In surface plasmon resonance experiments they showed comparable high-affinity binding to Phl p 1 as a complete human IgE-derived Ab recognizing the allergens’ C terminus. In a set of surface plasmon resonance experiments simultaneous allergen recognition of all three binders was demonstrated. Even in the presence of the three binders, allergic patients’ polyclonal IgE reacted with Phl p 1, indicating high-density IgE recognition of the Phl p 1 allergen. Our results show that multiple IgE Abs can bind with high density to Phl p 1, which may explain the high allergenic activity and sensitizing capacity of this allergen.
Smad4 Promotes Differentiation of Effector and Circulating Memory CD8 T Cells but Is Dispensable for Tissue-Resident Memory CD8 T Cells
Authors: Hu Yinghong , Lee Young-Tae , Kaech Susan M. , Garvy Beth , Cauley Linda S.
Published: January 2015

Tissue-resident memory CD8 T cells are a unique subset of virus-specific CTLs that bolster local immune responses after becoming lodged in previously infected tissues. These cells provide enhanced protection by intercepting returning pathogens before a new infection gets established. In contrast, central memory CD8 T cells circulate in the bloodstream and proliferate in secondary lymphoid organs before replenishing effector and memory CD8 T cell populations in remote parts of the body. Both populations of virus-specific memory CD8 T cells participate in immunity to influenza virus infection; however, the signaling pathways that instruct developing memory CD8 T cells to distribute to specific tissues are poorly defined. We show that TGF-β promotes the development of pulmonary tissue-resident memory T cells via a signaling pathway that does not require the downstream signaling intermediate Sma- and Mad-related protein (Smad)4. In contrast, circulating memory CD8 T cells have no requirement for TGF-β but show signs of arrested development in the absence of Smad4, including aberrant CD103 expression. These signaling pathways alter the distribution of virus-specific CTLs in the lungs but do not prevent robust cytokine responses. Our data show that Smad4 is required for normal differentiation of multiple subsets of virus-specific CD8 T cells. In normal circumstances, Smad4 may be activated via a pathway that bypasses the TGF-β receptor. Improved understanding of these signaling pathways could be used to augment vaccine-induced immunity.
Cryptococcus neoformans–Induced Macrophage Lysosome Damage Crucially Contributes to Fungal Virulence
Authors: Davis Michael J. , Eastman Alison J. , Qiu Yafeng , Gregorka Brian , Kozel Thomas R. , Osterholzer John J. , Curtis Jeffrey L. , Swanson Joel A. , Olszewski Michal A.
Published: January 2015

Upon ingestion by macrophages, Cryptococcus neoformans can survive and replicate intracellularly unless the macrophages become classically activated. The mechanism enabling intracellular replication is not fully understood; neither are the mechanisms that allow classical activation to counteract replication. C. neoformans–induced lysosome damage was observed in infected murine bone marrow–derived macrophages, increased with time, and required yeast viability. To demonstrate lysosome damage in the infected host, we developed a novel flow cytometric method for measuring lysosome damage. Increased lysosome damage was found in C. neoformans–containing lung cells compared with C. neoformans–free cells. Among C. neoformans–containing myeloid cells, recently recruited cells displayed lower damage than resident cells, consistent with the protective role of recruited macrophages. The magnitude of lysosome damage correlated with increased C. neoformans replication. Experimental induction of lysosome damage increased C. neoformans replication. Activation of macrophages with IFN-γ abolished macrophage lysosome damage and enabled increased killing of C. neoformans. We conclude that induction of lysosome damage is an important C. neoformans survival strategy and that classical activation of host macrophages counters replication by preventing damage. Thus, therapeutic strategies that decrease lysosomal damage, or increase resistance to such damage, could be valuable in treating cryptococcal infections.
Shiga Toxin–Induced Complement-Mediated Hemolysis and Release of Complement-Coated Red Blood Cell–Derived Microvesicles in Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
Authors: Arvidsson Ida , Ståhl Anne-lie , Manea Hedström Minola , Kristoffersson Ann-Charlotte , Rylander Christian , Westman Julia S. , Storry Jill R. , Olsson Martin L. , Karpman Diana
Published: January 2015

Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) cause hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). This study investigated whether Stx2 induces hemolysis and whether complement is involved in the hemolytic process. RBCs and/or RBC-derived microvesicles from patients with STEC-HUS (n = 25) were investigated for the presence of C3 and C9 by flow cytometry. Patients exhibited increased C3 deposition on RBCs compared with controls (p < 0.001), as well as high levels of C3- and C9-bearing RBC-derived microvesicles during the acute phase, which decreased after recovery. Stx2 bound to P1k and P2k phenotype RBCs, expressing high levels of the Pk Ag (globotriaosylceramide), the known Stx receptor. Stx2 induced the release of hemoglobin and lactate dehydrogenase in whole blood, indicating hemolysis. Stx2-induced hemolysis was not demonstrated in the absence of plasma and was inhibited by heat inactivation, as well as by the terminal complement pathway Ab eculizumab, the purinergic P2 receptor antagonist suramin, and EDTA. In the presence of whole blood or plasma/serum, Stx2 induced the release of RBC-derived microvesicles coated with C5b-9, a process that was inhibited by EDTA, in the absence of factor B, and by purinergic P2 receptor antagonists. Thus, complement-coated RBC-derived microvesicles are elevated in HUS patients and induced in vitro by incubation of RBCs with Stx2, which also induced hemolysis. The role of complement in Stx2-mediated hemolysis was demonstrated by its occurrence only in the presence of plasma and its abrogation by heat inactivation, EDTA, and eculizumab. Complement activation on RBCs could play a role in the hemolytic process occurring during STEC-HUS.
Protective Immunity against Chlamydia trachomatis Can Engage Both CD4+ and CD8+ T Cells and Bridge the Respiratory and Genital Mucosae
Authors: Nogueira Catarina V. , Zhang Xuqing , Giovannone Nicholas , Sennott Erica L. , Starnbach Michael N.
Published: January 2015

Understanding the cellular populations and mechanisms responsible for overcoming immune compartmentalization is valuable for designing vaccination strategies targeting distal mucosae. In this study, we show that the human pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis infects the murine respiratory and genital mucosae and that T cells, but not Abs, elicited through intranasal immunization can protect against a subsequent transcervical challenge. Unlike the genital infection where CD8+ T cells are primed, yet fail to confer protection, we found that intranasal priming engages both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, allowing for protection against genital infection with C. trachomatis. The protection is largely dependent on IFN-γ secretion by T cells. Moreover, different chemokine receptors are critical for C. trachomatis–specific CD4+ T cells to home to the lung, rather than the CXCR3- and CCR5-dependent migration observed during genital infection. Overall, this study demonstrates that the cross-mucosa protective immunity against genital C. trachomatis infection following intranasal immunization is not dependent on Ab response but is mediated by not only CD4+ T cells but also by CD8+ T cells. This study provides insights for the development of vaccines against mucosal pathogens that threaten reproductive health worldwide.
Cutting Edge: SHARPIN Is Required for Optimal NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation
Authors: Gurung Prajwal , Lamkanfi Mohamed , Kanneganti Thirumala-Devi
Published: January 2015

The NLRP3 inflammasome is a multimeric protein complex that is assembled in response to a wide array of pathogens and danger-associated molecular patterns. Despite the ability of NLRP3 to respond to diverse cues, the mechanisms controlling the assembly of this complex are contested. Recently published studies showed that HOIL-1, a member of the linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex, contributes to activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. SHARPIN, along with HOIP and HOIL-1, constitute the linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex. In this study, we examined whether SHARPIN is required for the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Using Sharpincpdm macrophages (deficient in SHARPIN expression), we demonstrate that SHARPIN is required for optimal activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by both canonical and noncanonical stimuli. Furthermore, Sharpincpdm macrophages had dramatic defects on both the NF-κB and MAPK pathways, suggesting a role in transcriptional priming of the NLRP3 inflammasome. In conclusion, our study identified SHARPIN as a novel regulator of the NLRP3 inflammasome.
Apache Mission Processor Software Architecture: Future Airborne Capability Environment (FACETM) Considerations
Authors: Koontz Ronald , Johnson Dale
Published: January 2015

Open systems architecture (OSA) applied to rotorcraft avionics has continued to mature and evolve during the past decade. The Apache attack helicopter mission processor software architecture, networked common operating real-time environment (NCORE), was originally architected to reduce
life cycle costs, minimize the time to incorporate and field new capabilities, take advantage of new software technologies, and improve the organization of existing functional capabilities. The Open Group's Future Airborne Capability Environment (FACETM) consortium is an ongoing
joint industry, academia, Department of Defense initiative that is defining a new business model and reference architecture with the objective of dramatically reducing new aviation platform development costs and enabling the leveraging of common software applications across platforms: “develop
once use often.” FACE technical strategies include standardizing interfaces between reference architecture segments, specifying multiple profiles, and employing a shared repository-based data model that facilitates application reuse across aviation platforms. Software reuse and integration
of software components provided by multiple suppliers is discussed relative to architecture trade-offs; software component refactoring into smaller reusable elements impacts runtime performance, system complexity, and maintenance. After providing technical context, analysis leads to the overarching
conclusion that the FACE reference architecture and future rotorcraft programs that leverage it can benefit from NCORE OSA–proven strategies, approaches, and decisions. Similarly, the NCORE OSA must continue to evolve and further align with the FACE reference architecture to enable both
new and existing application reuse and to remain current and relevant.
Cryoablation of lung malignancies recurring close to surgical clips following surgery: Report of three cases
Authors: Grasso Rosario R , Luppi Giacomo , Cazzato Roberto L , Vescovo Riccardo Del , Giurazza Francesco , Mercurio Simona , Faiella Eliodoro , Zobel Bruno Beomonte
Published: January 2015

Background: Minimally ablative therapies are now available for the treatment of lung malignancies. However, selection of the appropriate technique is not always easy and requires accurate preoperative planning. Aims: To describe the treatment of lung tumors with cryoablation. Settings and Design: We report three cases of lung malignancies that recurred close to surgical clips after surgical treatment, successfully treated by cryoablation. Materials and Methods: An initial freezing cycle was performed for 10 min, followed by a 5-min thawing cycle, and an additional 10-min freezing cycle. A final 5-min thaw was necessary to remove the needle from the iceball formed during the freezing cycle. Results: The procedures were completed successfully with no signs of surgical-clip misplacement, and excellent ablation of the lesions. Conclusion: Cryoablation is a relatively new procedure that potentially permits the local treatment of lung tumors with minimal loss of lung parenchyma.
Trans-orbital orbitocranial penetrating injury by pointed iron rod
Authors: Tewari Vinod Kumar , Dubey Ram Shringar , Dubey Gyan Chand
Published: January 2015

Trans-orbital orbitocranial penetrating injury (TOPI) by a foreign body is an extremely rare compound head injury having a potential to cause major morbidity and mortality. Preoperative radiological imaging by CT scan is very important for operative guidance, but in remote area where CT scan is not available, the patient is generally referred to tertiary level. Here we present a case which was dealt successfully without CT scan, only on the basis of stable clinical status and X-rays. We present a case of a 35-year-old man who had an accidental injury (fall from height) by rod. Immediate X-ray (anteroposterior and lateral views) revealed that the pointed end of the foreign body (rod) was inside the ipsilateral anterior fossa via basifrontal bone up to frontal vertex, not crossing the midline. CT scan was not available and his vitals with GCS were normal (15/15). He was operated with the help of an ophthalmic surgeon by right frontotemporal craniotomy. The patient was discharged on 10th day without any neurological deficit except restricted right eyeball movement to superolateral and ptosis. The restricted eyeball movements recovered after third month of follow up with remnant ptosis for 2 years. This case highlights an unusual case, direct visualization and repair of brain structures with higher antibiotics can save the life even in remote areas where CT scan is still not available only on the basis of stable GCS and X-rays.
Subependymal hemorrhage following drainage of chronic subdural hematoma: Probable causative mechanisms and prevention strategies
Authors: Savardekar Amey R. , Salunke Pravin
Published: January 2015

Chronic subdural hematoma (cSDH) is a common clinical entity treated by neurosurgeons with good cure rates. Recurrence of the hematoma and failure of the brain to re-expand are commonly observed complications following surgery for cSDH. An intracerebral or intraventricular hemorrhage following evacuation of cSDH is very rarely observed, albeit with devastating consequences. We report the finding of a subependymal hemorrhage after evacuation of a cSDH and discuss the probable causative mechanisms underlying this rare occurrence and the prevention strategies to avoid it.
Tritsomy 8 Acute Myeloid Leukemia Analysis Reveals New Insights of DNA Methylome with Identification ofHHEXas Potential Diagnostic Marker
Authors: Saied Marwa H. , Marzec Jacek , Khalid Sabah , Smith Paul , Molloy Gael , Young Bryan D.
Published: January 2015

Trisomy 8 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the commonest numerical aberration in AML. Here we present a global analysis of trisomy 8 AML using methylated DNA immunoprecipitation-sequencing (MeDIP-seq). The study is based on three diagnostic trisomy 8 AML and their parallel relapse status in addition to nine non-trisomic AML and four normal bone marrows (NBMs). In contrast to non-trisomic DNA samples, trisomy 8 AML showed a characteristic DNA methylation distribution pattern because an increase in the frequency of the hypermethylation signals in chromosome 8 was associated with an increase in the hypomethylation signals in the rest of the chromosomes. Chromosome 8 hypermethylation signals were found mainly in the CpG island (CGI) shores and interspersed repeats. Validating the most significant differentially methylated CGI ( P = 7.88 · 10–11identified in trisomy 8 AML demonstrated a specific core region within the gene body of HHEX, which was significantly correlated with HHEX expression in both diagnostic and relapse trisomy 8 AMLs. Overall, the existence of extra chromosome 8 was associated with a global impact on the DNA methylation distribution with identification of HHEX gene methylation as a potential diagnostic marker for trisomy 8 AML.
Effects of production system and slaughter weight endpoint on growth performance, carcass traits, and beef quality from conventionally and naturally produced beef cattle
Authors: Glanc D. L. , Campbell C. P. , Cranfield J. , Swanson K. C. , Mandell I. B.
Published: January 2015

Glanc, D. L., Campbell, C. P., Cranfield, J., Swanson, K. C. and Mandell, I. B. 2015. Effects of production system and slaughter weight endpoint on growth performance, carcass traits, and beef quality from conventionally and naturally produced beef cattle. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 95: 37–47. Effects of production system and slaughter endpoint on performance, carcass traits, and beef quality were investigated in 64 Simmental cross steers (minimum 75% Continental breeding). Cattle were allocated to: (1) conventional production system based on use of implants and dietary ionophores or (2) natural production system in which no implants or ionophores were used. Within each production system, cattle were allocated for slaughter at 545 or 636 kg liveweight. Steers were fed an 85.5% concentrate diet based on high-moisture corn, soybean meal, and alfalfa silage. Average daily gain tended to be greater (P<0.06) in conventional production system cattle, while there was a trend (P<0.08) for production system by endpoint interactions for dry matter intake and gain to feed. Natural production system cattle tended to have greater (P<0.08) marbling and percent intramuscular fat (%IMF) with lower (P<0.09) longissimus shear force, while production system by endpoint interactions were present (P ≤ 0.03) for%IMF and carcass lean composition via rib dissection. At-home consumer evaluation of longissimus muscle steaks found tenderness, juiciness, flavour, and overall acceptability rankings were greater (P<0.01) for steaks slaughtered from heavier cattle (636 vs. 545 kg liveweight). Marketing cattle at lighter slaughter weights may have benefits for performance at the expense of eating quality.
Aspectos éticos y deontológicos de la actividad periodística online. Su percepción por los profesionales
Authors: Suárez Villegas Juan Carlos
Published: January 2015

Los periodistas digitalesde tres países de la UE (Bélgica, España  e Italia) mantienen que el ejercicio ético del periodismo depende tanto de los valores personales y profesionales del periodista como de factoresexternos: empresariales, económicos, políticos y tecnológico. La ética, por tanto, se ve afectada por las condiciones de trabajos, así como con la tecnología con los que se desarrolla la actividad profesional.  No obstante, el grado de independencia del medio en el que se trabaja y los valores del profesional de la información son percibidos como los más influyentes, mientras que la interacción con los públicos y la respuesta,  u opinión de éstos se sitúa en un segundo plano.
Семейство равновеликих $n$-мерных многогранников, удовлетворяющих принципу Кавальери
Authors: Malyshev Fedor Mikhailovich
Published: January 2015

Доказывается равенство $(n-1)$-мерных объемов сечений
параллельными гиперплоскостями большого семейства
$n$-мерных выпуклых многогранников
с неотрицательными целочисленными координатами вершин,
включая единичный куб и прямоугольный симплекс с "катетами"
длин $1,2,…,n$. Сечения перпендикулярны главной диагонали куба.
Одно доказательство проводится
постепенной перестройкой многогранников,
другое - непосредственным вычислением объемов
с помощью представления многогранников в виде
алгебраической суммы выпуклых конусов.
Библиография: 13 названий.
Neolithic pottery and the biomolecular archaeology of lipids
Authors: Budja Mihael
Published: January 2015

In this paper, we present archaeological and biochemical approaches to organic food residues, the lipids that are well preserved in ceramic matrices on prehistoric vessels. The ‘archaeo- logical biomarker revolution’ concept is discussed in relation to pottery use, animal exploitation and the evolution of dietary practices in prehistory.
Book review: Julian Thomas The Birth of Neolithic Britain: An Interpretive Account.
Authors: Sraka Marko
Published: January 2015

The Birth of Neolithic Britain is the fourth major work by the acclaimed Julian Thomas, one of the leading proponents of interpretive archaeology or archaeology informed by philosophy, anthropology and discussions in the arts and social sciences in general. After exposing the assumption and prejudices of archaeologists’ narratives of the Neolithic and presenting innovative explanations of the shift from hunting-gathering to farming as well as other issues in Rethinking the Neolithic (1991; reworked and updated version Understanding the Neolithic in 1999), questioning Western conceptualisations of time, identity, materiality with the help of archaeological case studies in the ‘Heideggerian’ Time, Culture and Identity (1996) and further contextualised archaeology as part of a (post)modern worldview in Archaeology and Modernity (2004), this book seems to be a relevant continuation of Thomas’s work. This is probably the first significant work on Neolithisation since Graeme Barker’s global overview The Agricultural Revolution in Prehistory (2006, Oxford: Oxford University Press), this time with a focus on Europe and particularly Britain.
Harmony, Sacrifice, and Agamben’s Messianic Time
Authors: Danielson Janet
Published: January 2015

In the early twentieth century, harmony, the sacred, and even time were seen as impediments to artistic freedom, though for the ancients, harmony was the integrating force of the cosmos. Giorgio Agamben’s recent writings on the sacred and on messianic time shed new light on the emergence of polyphony. He warns that capitalism, subsuming sacral power, reduces art either to spectacle or to object for consumption.