bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Hybrid Method for Dynamic Mesh Generation Based on Radial Basis Functions and Delaunay Graph Mapping
Authors: Ding Li , Guo Tongqing , Lu Zhiliang
Published: May 2015

Aiming at complex configuration and large deformation, an efficient hybrid method for dynamic mesh generation is presented in this paper, which is based on Radial Basis Functions (RBFs) and Delaunay graph mapping. Based on the computational mesh, a set of very coarse grid named as background grid is generated firstly, and then the computational mesh can be located at the background grid by Delaunay graph mapping technique. After that, the RBFs method is applied to deform the background grid by choosing partial mesh points on the boundary as the control points. Finally, Delaunay graph mapping method is used to relocate the computational mesh by employing area or volume weight coefficients. By applying different dynamic mesh methods to a moving NACA0012 airfoil, it can be found that the RBFs-Delaunay graph mapping hybrid method is as accurate as RBFs and is as efficient as Delaunay graph mapping technique. Numerical results show that the dynamic meshes for all test cases including one two-dimensional (2D) and two three-dimensional (3D) problems with different complexities, can be generated in an accurate and efficient manner by using the present hybrid method.
Some Refined Eigenvalue Perturbation Bounds for Two-by-Two Block Hermitian Matrices
Authors: Wu Xianping , Li Wen , Peng Xiaofei
Published: May 2015

We consider eigenvalue perturbation bounds for Hermitian matrices, which are associated with problems arising in various computational science and engineering applications. New bounds are discussed that are sharper than some existing ones, including the well-known Weyl bound. Two numerical examples are investigated, to illustrate our theoretical presentation.
Diffuse Interface Methods for Multiple Phase Materials: An Energetic Variational Approach
Authors: Brannick J. , Liu C. , Qian T. , Sun H.
Published: May 2015

In this paper, we introduce a diffuse interface model for describing the dynamics of mixtures involving multiple (two or more) phases. The coupled hydrodynamical system is derived through an energetic variational approach. The total energy of the system includes the kinetic energy and the mixing (interfacial) energies. The least action principle (or the principle of virtual work) is applied to derive the conservative part of the dynamics, with a focus on the reversible part of the stress tensor arising from the mixing energies. The dissipative part of the dynamics is then introduced through a dissipation function in the energy law, in line with Onsager's principle of maximum dissipation. The final system, formed by a set of coupled time-dependent partial differential equations, reflects a balance among various conservative and dissipative forces and governs the evolution of velocity and phase fields. To demonstrate the applicability of the proposed model, a few two-dimensional simulations have been carried out, including (1) the force balance at the three-phase contact line in equilibrium, (2) a rising bubble penetrating a fluid-fluid interface, and (3) a solid particle falling in a binary fluid. The effects of slip at solid surface have been examined in connection with contact line motion and a pinch-off phenomenon.
Using Discrete and Continuous Models to Solve Nanoporous Flow Optimization Problems
Authors: Boggs Paul T. , Gay David M. , Nash Stephen G.
Published: May 2015

We consider using a discrete network model in combination with continuous nonlinear optimization models to solve the problem of optimizing channels in nanoporous materials. The problem and the hierarchical optimization algorithm are described in [2]. A key feature of the model is the fact that we use the edges of the finite element grid as the locations of the channels. The focus here is on the use of the discrete model within that algorithm. We develop several approximations to the relevant flow and a greedy algorithm for quickly generating a “good” tree connecting all of the nodes in the finite-element mesh to a designated root node. We also consider Metropolis-Hastings (MH) improvements to the greedy result. We consider both a regular triangulation and a Delaunay triangulation of the region, and present some numerical results.
Оценки смешанных норм производных и смешанных модулей гладкости функций, имеющих монотонные коэффициенты Фурье
Authors: Vukolova Tat'yana Mikhailovna
Published: May 2015

В работе доказываются оценки снизу и сверху
смешанных норм производных и смешанных модулей гладкости функций,
имеющих монотонные коэффициенты Фурье.
Библиография: 7 названий.
As They Wrote It - Students' Projects
Authors: Marković Ljiljana , Lazarević Nina
Published: May 2015

With the reformed curriculum introduced in Serbia, students have a more active role during their studies. Projects may help make students more ‘visible’ in the learning/teaching process by both providing a broader basis and catering to different interests of students. They also enable teachers to continuously follow and assess the work and achievements of students, thus taking the ‘burden’ off the final exam. Bearing that in mind, we organized a three-fold project for the third-year students at the English Department in Niš. The students could choose among writing for a magazine, acting in a drama club or translating a brochure. The paper will present the work in two projects: making a magazine for English students, and compiling a bilingual brochure for prospective students. The focus of this paper is on the students’ choice of topics included in the brochure/magazine, the stages in their work, as well as various challenges encountered during their individual and team work.
Participation and Emotion in BBC Online News and Blogposts: A Snapshot on Climate Change
Authors: Bortoluzzi Maria
Published: May 2015

The present study focuses on expressions of emotion in online news and blogs and the way in which they contribute to shaping the co-construction of information about an issue of public concern (more specifically the environmental issue) and the discoursal identities of participant communities. The theoretical framework of analysis is based on recent developments in discourse studies and appraisal theory on language about emotions. The corpus of data (BBC online articles and readers’ comments) have been analysed adapting the classification system of affect-types elaborated by Bednarek (2008). However limited, the data offer interesting and unexpected insights into participation to news construction and user-generated content: the way in which news and information are reported (the mediated ‘narrative’) elicits more language about emotion and concern than the central issue at stake (the environmental problem).
Model Essay as a Feedback Tool in Task 2 of the IELTS Writing Exam Instruction for Slovene Students
Authors: Bostič Bishop Nina
Published: May 2015

The paper discusses using a model essay as a feedback tool when teaching EFL writing to Slovene EFL students in the context of Task 2 of the IELTS Writing exam. In the present study, four IELTS students of two different levels were asked to write a response to a Task 2 IELTS Writing Exam question and compare it to a native speaker or a native speaker-like model essay by means of note-taking. The notes were then analyzed, and the findings offer an insight into what aspects of the English language Slovene students noticed and how frequently they noticed individual language items. An analysis of the differences and similarities in the quality and quantity of noticing depending on the students’ level is also provided. A comparison with a Japanese study made by Abe in 2008 has been done. Finally, recommendations for future research are made.
Ecological Implications of Fine-Scale Fire Patchiness and Severity in Tropical Savannas of Northern Australia
Authors: Oliveira Sofia L. J. , Campagnolo Manuel L. , Price Owen F. , Edwards Andrew C. , Russell-Smith Jeremy , Pereira José M. C.
Published: May 2015

Understanding fine-scale fire patchiness has significant implications for ecological processes and biodiversity conservation. It can affect local extinction of and recolonisation by relatively immobile fauna and poorly seed-dispersed flora in fire-affected areas. This study assesses fine-scale fire patchiness and severity, and associated implications for biodiversity, in north Australian tropical savanna systems. We used line transects to sample burning patterns of ground layer vegetation in different seasons and vegetation structure types, within the perimeter of 35 fires that occurred between 2009 and 2011. We evaluated two main fire characteristics: patchiness (patch density and mean patch length) and severity (inferred from char and scorch heights, and char and ash proportions). The mean burned area of ground vegetation was 83 % in the early dry season (EDS: May to July) and 93 % in the late dry season (LDS: August to November). LDS fires were less patchy (smaller and fewer unburned patches), and had higher fire severity (higher mean char and scorch heights, and twice the proportion of ash) than EDS fires. Fire patchiness varied among vegetation types, declining under more open canopy structure. The relationship between burned area and fire severity depended on season, being strongly correlated in the EDS and uncorrelated in the LDS. Simulations performed to understand the implications of patchiness on the population dynamics of fire-interval sensitive plant species showed that small amounts of patchiness substantially enhance survival. Our results indicate that the ecological impacts of high frequency fires on fire-sensitive regional biodiversity elements are likely to be lower than has been predicted from remotely sensed studies that are based on assumptions of homogeneous burning.
Fire Emissions and Carbon Uptake in Severely Burned Lenga Beech (Nothofagus pumilio) Forests of Patagonia, Argentina
Authors: Bertolin Maria Lila , Urretavizcaya Maria Florencia , Defossé Guillermo Emilio
Published: May 2015

Forest wildfires are recognized as sources of CO2 and other greenhouse gases (GHG) that, altering the dynamics between terrestrial and atmospheric carbon (C) exchange, influence global climate. In central Andean Patagonia, Argentina, severe wildfires affect temperate lenga beech (Nothofagus pumilio Poepp. & Endl. Krasser) forests, thereby increasing atmospheric CO2 emissions and changing natural succession paths. In this study, we determined fire emissions and C uptake in three lenga beech forests stands burned in 1976 (Lago Guacho site), 1983 (La Torta site), and 2008 (La Colisión site). Forest structure and aboveground biomass and litter compartments in burned and adjacent unburned stands were quantified for each fire. Carbon stocks and GHG (CO2, CO, CH4, NO2, NOx and Ce) released by the fires, CO2 removals, and mean annual C uptake were determined by following the International Panel of Climate Change guidelines. Total (aboveground plus root) C stock before fires was 301.8 Mg C ha−1 for La Colisión, 258.13 Mg C ha−1 for La Torta, and 270.7 Mg C ha−1 for Lago Guacho, while C losses due to the fires were 104.6 Mg C ha−1, 90.7 Mg C ha−1, and 94.7 Mg C ha−1 for the three sites, respectively. Differences in pre-fire forest structures and biomass explained the values observed in CO2 and other GHG emissions after the fires. Currently, the C balance is negative for the three sites. Without any active restoration and using actual growth rates for each site, the estimated C recovery time is 105.5 yr for La Colisión, 94.2 yr for La Torta, and 150.2 yr for Lago Guacho. By using variable rates of C uptake (which decrease as early succession proceeds), this recovery time will take 182 yr for La Colisión, 154 yr for La Torta, and 162 yr for Lago Guacho. Post-fire environmental and site conditions appeared to have a greater influence in forest recovery than primary fire effects. Active restoration activities may be necessary to increase C recovery rates and help to re-establish former lenga beech forest landscapes.
A prognostic model of the sea ice floe size and thickness distribution
Authors: Horvat C. , Tziperman E.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. Sea ice exhibits considerable seasonal and longer-term variations in extent, concentration, thickness and age, and is characterized by a complex and continuously changing distribution of floe sizes and thicknesses. Models of sea ice used in current climate models keep track of its concentration and of the distribution of ice thicknesses, but do not account for the floe size distribution and its potential effects on air–sea exchange and sea-ice evolution. Accurately capturing sea-ice variability in climate models may require a better understanding and representation of the distribution of floe sizes and thicknesses. We develop and demonstrate a model for the evolution of the joint sea-ice floe size and thickness distribution that depends on atmospheric and oceanic forcing fields. The model accounts for effects due to multiple processes that are active in the marginal and seasonal ice zones: freezing and melting along the lateral side and base of floes, mechanical interactions due to floe collisions (ridging and rafting) and sea-ice fracture due to swell propagation into the ice pack. The model is then examined and demonstrated in a series of idealized test cases.
The impact of media on a new product innovation diffusion: a mathematical model
Authors: Dhar Joydip , Tyagi Mani , Sinha Poonam
Published: May 2015

In this paper, we proposed a three compartment model consisting of non-adopter, adopter and frustrated classes of population to discuss the influence of media coverage in spreading and controlling of adopter of a particular product in a region. The model exhibits two equilibria:(i) a adopter-free and (ii) unique interior equilibrium. Stability analysis of the model shows that the adopter-free equilibrium is always locally asymptotically stable if the influence number of adopter $(R_0)$, which depends on parameters of the system is less than unity. Otherwise if $R_0>1$, a unique interior equilibrium exists, it is locally asymptotically stable under some set of conditions. Further analytically and numerically it is observed that the region for backward bifurcation of adopter population increases with the decrease of the valid contact rate before media alert. Finally, numerically experimentations are presented to establish the effect of different media alert rate on adopter and non adopter population.
An Orlicz extension of difference modular sequence spaces
Authors: Jamwal Seema , Raj Kuldip
Published: May 2015

In this paper we construct some difference new modular sequence spaces defined by a sequence of Orlicz functions over n-normed spaces. We also study several properties relevant to topological structures and interrelationship between these spaces.
Comparing Fiscal Squeezes Across Nine Country Cases
Authors: Himaz Rozana , Hood Christopher
Published: May 2015

This chapter offers a systematic quantitative comparison of the nine country cases examined in the book. It uses reported spending and tax data to compare the depth and duration of those squeezes, and to show how far depth and duration vary according to whether squeeze is measured by tax and spending in constant prices or relative to GDP, and whether squeeze is measured in terms of spending cuts or tax increases. It shows there is no common set of financial, economic or political preconditions for fiscal squeezes in the nine cases. It also looks at the aftermath of fiscal squeezes in electoral and other outcomes, showing that political incumbents often but not always experienced loss of vote share or loss of office. It also shows that (contrary to common claims about the impact of fiscal squeeze) constitutional or major institutional change only followed fiscal squeeze in two of the cases.
Carpe Diem! New Zealand’s Fiscal Squeeze, 1990–1993:
Authors: Gregory Robert , Eichbaum Chris
Published: May 2015

In 1990, New Zealand’s newly elected National Party government, led by prime minister Jim Bolger, faced what it portrayed as an unexpected fiscal crisis. In response, finance minister Ruth Richardson seized an opportunity to launch the most radical revamp of the country’s welfare state since the social security system’s development and consolidation under the first Labour government of 1935–49. This chapter outlines the immediate background to this case of ‘hard’ fiscal squeeze. It examines the main components of the economic and social policies adopted by the government from 1990 to 1993, assesses their short-term effects, and draws links between these policy initiatives and later political and social outcomes. Foremost among these outcomes were the reform of the electoral system in the 1990s (replacing the first-past-the-post system with proportional representation), world-leading legislation (notably the Fiscal Responsibility Act) making fiscal management more transparent and accountable, and substantial challenges to New Zealand’s egalitarian tradition.
Repeating History:
Authors: Hardiman Niamh
Published: May 2015

Ireland has been taken as an exemplary instance of fiscal adjustment, not once but twice in its recent history: in the late 1980s, and again after 2008. Ireland has appeared to be a model case which would support the ‘expansionary fiscal contraction’ argument that economic recovery and renewed growth follow from fiscal consolidation. This chapter examines the merits of this argument in both time periods. It proposes a methodological approach based on analysing political and policy choice, and re-evaluates the issue of the composition of adjustment as between spending cuts and tax increases. It finds that international and domestic economic conditions had bigger effects on outcomes in this case than is conventionally recognised. The chapter thus sets out a new framework for understanding the Irish case, and presents findings that are at odds with the conventional wisdom concerning the politics of fiscal squeeze and austerity in Ireland.
Ethnic Minorities in Ten Western Countries
Authors: Lessard-Phillips Laurence , Fleischmann Fenella , Van Elsas Erika
Published: May 2015

This chapter provides background information about the ten Western countries under study, starting with a description of the size of the second-generation groups in the ten countries and the major migration flows to these destinations. We also present indicators of the extent to which their parents (the primary migrants) were positively or negatively selected since selectivity is a major influence on second-generation educational outcomes. We then describe the selected countries’ educational systems to provide the background against which the different educational outcomes are analysed in the subsequent chapters. Finally, to capture differences in the integration climates which immigrants encounter, we describe how the ten Western countries under study differ in their scores with respect to multicultural policies. The aim of this overview is to provide readers with the necessary information to evaluate the findings given in the empirical chapters, and compare both the different minority groups and the destination countries.
Academic and Vocational Tracking in Upper Secondary Education
Authors: Lessard-Phillips Laurence , Brinbaum Yaël , Heath Anthony
Published: May 2015

This chapter focuses on students who continue in full-time education after compulsory schooling and asks whether minority students are disproportionately channelled into lower-status vocational tracks and are excluded from the high-status academic tracks which lead to higher education. The picture that emerges is of distinct patterns in different sets of countries. In Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands, minority groups are less likely to follow the academic track, but this under-representation can be entirely explained by their disadvantaged socioeconomic backgrounds and relatively low grades in lower secondary school. However, in a second group of countries – England and Wales, Finland, France and Sweden –most minorities are in fact more likely to follow the academic track than their majority-group peers from similar socioeconomic backgrounds and with similar grades. The indications are that comprehensive systems offer greater opportunities for minority students to fulfil their ambitions than do tracked educational systems.
University Completion among the Children of Immigrants
Authors: Lutz Amy C.
Published: May 2015

This chapter examines the success of the second generation in completing tertiary education in Belgium, Canada, England and Wales, France, the Netherlands and the USA (the only countries for which appropriate data were available). The ethnic inequalities found in higher education largely reflect patterns seen earlier in the educational career but there is at the same time clear evidence of progress relative to majority populations. Thus, if we compare the second-generation groups and countries which are covered in both Chapter 3 and Chapter 7, we find that there are thirteen significant ethnic penalties (that is, negative estimates after controls for socioeconomic background) in Chapter 3 (out of a total of twenty-seven that we estimated), but only three in Chapter 7. This is an important and novel finding, suggesting that higher education may give valuable ‘second chances’ to disadvantaged ethnic minorities. This pattern applies in all six countries.
Origin and Destination Effects on the Educational Careers of Second-generation Minorities
Authors: Van De Werfhorst Herman G. , Van Elsas Erika , Heath Anthony
Published: May 2015

We examine whether context matters for the integration of second-generation children of migrants into Western educational systems. Using data on ten destination countries and on five distinct educational outcomes at various stages of the educational career, we study educational inequalities between the second-generation immigrants and their majority peers. We find that institutional and migration variables affect the magnitude of ethnic educational disadvantage, even when social background is accounted for. Ethnic inequality is greater in countries like Belgium and Germany with more strongly tracked educational systems, and in countries with limited multicultural policies. In contrast, ethnic inequality is lower if the first-generation migrants are selected based on their skills, compared with the non-migrant population in origin countries. Our interpretation is that more positively selected migrants are more ambitious for their children to succeed within Western educational systems, and their children are more likely to take advantage of the opportunities offered them.
The Future Neolithic
Authors: Robb John
Published: May 2015

As for Shakespeare, every generation gets the Neolithic it deserves. This chapter discusses emerging views of what the Neolithic is and how to study it, with the thesis that recently there has been a quiet revolution in how we understand the Neolithic. A broad change in how Neolithic specialists understand the relationship between science and the humanities is envisioned, with the principal result that a new interpretive vocabulary, including a definition of the Neolithic, has arisen. This is illustrated with regard to changing understandings in the study of animals, plants, landscapes, things and monuments; for example, rather than being culture written on the material world, or material worlds determining culture, the practices of Neolithic life defined participation in a specific kind of historic process structured by these relations. The effects of changing perspectives are shown in, for example, multi-scalar approaches to both the origins and the end of the Neolithic.
Linear Pottery Culture Household Organisation
Authors: Hachem Lamys , Hamon Caroline
Published: May 2015

A combined analysis of faunal remains and macrolithic tools, reflecting meat and plant food consumption, was conducted on six multi-phase settlements in the Aisne valley (Picardy, France), dating to the late Linearbandkeramik (LBK). A new socio-economic model is proposed. A study of the house plans, phase and position in the settlements leads to distinctions between houses according to subsistence, with links made between the economic and symbolic importance of agricultural and hunting activities. Although all households were autonomous in their daily consumption, some surplus was produced. Long houses carried out more animal husbandry and cereal processing, while small houses are more linked to hunting and secondary animal exploitation. These differences between households can be interpreted in terms of sociology, identity and economy, which allows the examination of different facets of the same society, based on comparisons of the respective value of ‘farming’ and ‘hunting’ in LBK society.
Life Conditions and Health in Early Farmers
Authors: Larsen Clark Spencer
Published: May 2015

Human remains provide a fund of data for documenting and interpreting the quality of life, living conditions, and the costs and benefits of the foraging-to-farming transition and the dependence on domesticated food sources, especially those related to the adoption and spread of plant staples that today feed much of the world’s population, including the superfoods—wheat, rice and maize. This chapter presents comparative results of human bioarchaeological research programmes where human skeletal samples are large and well documented and where archaeological context (settlement systems, dietary reconstruction) is comprehensive: west and east Asia, Europe, and North America. These investigations reveal largely similar but variable health outcomes relating to the foraging-to-farming transition. The record shows a general picture of compromised health either with the shift from foraging to farming or with intensified farming.
Constructing a Narrative for the Neolithic of Britain and Ireland
Authors: Sheridan Alison , Pétrequin Pierre
Published: May 2015

Case studies are presented to discuss various ways, good and bad, in which ‘hard science’ has been used to construct aspects of the Neolithic of Britain and Ireland. The use of radiocarbon dating and dietary evidence to characterise the Neolithisation process is reviewed; the disjunction between existing archaeological narratives and the results of a genetic and morphometric analysis of the Orkney vole as a Neolithic arrival in Orkney is considered; and the reasons for the success of Projet JADE, a major international research programme investigating axeheads and other artefacts made of jadeitite and other alpine rocks, are explored. Conclusions are reached about the way in which ‘hard science’ can be used to inform archaeological narratives (and vice versa).
Fluidity in Language Beliefs:
Authors: Hadjidemetriou Chryso
Published: May 2015

This chapter discusses how the revitalization efforts of Kormakiti Maronite Arabic (KMA) in Cyprus may have influenced the beliefs and ideologies of the community towards its language. KMA is spoken by some members of the Kormakiti Maronite community in Cyprus, where the official languages are Greek and Turkish. However, local varieties of Greek and Turkish are used by most people in everyday communication and the use of KMA has declined, especially in terms of intergenerational transmission. The chapter begins with a sociolinguistic profile of the KMA community focusing on: (i) subjective attitudes towards KMA and its speakers, and (ii) the ethnic identity value attached to KMA. Recordings conducted since 2006, when revitalization efforts began, enabled the author to observe a slight change in some speakers’ beliefs about their language, triggered by ongoing revitalization efforts.
Minority Language Use in Kven Communities:
Authors: Räisänen Anna-Kaisa
Published: May 2015

This chapter examines the relationship between language beliefs and language ideologies among the Kvens in Northern Norway, and specifically how beliefs about Kven language transmission to future generations are manifested in discourse about use of the language with children at home. A critical discourse analysis approach is adopted, analysing discursive structures, especially modal structures, and word choices. Critical attention is also paid to language ideology with a focus on power relationships and their effect on language and its use as a social practice. The goal is to analyse how linguistic beliefs about the Kven language are constructed, based on semi-structured interviews recorded in 2007 with 12 Kven-Norwegian bilinguals from Bugøynes in Northern Norway.
Ideologies, Beliefs, and Revitalization of Guernesiais (Guernsey)
Authors: Marquis Yan , Sallabank Julia
Published: May 2015

This chapter examines language ideologies in a small community (Guernsey, Channel Islands) which reflect wider issues concerning the aims and effectiveness of language-related activities. Ideologies are largely unstated yet they profoundly influence language planning and policy at both personal and public levels. Although there has been a shift over the last 30 or so years towards broadly positive overt attitudes in favour of maintenance of Guernsey’s indigenous language, it seems that ingrained covert negative attitudes linger in some sections of the community. From these observations the authors identify two main divergent trends in beliefs and ideologies concerning who has authority to speak on behalf of ‘the community’, and to make decisions regarding the future of an endangered language. The authors relate their observations to the concept of prior ideological clarification, and compare rhetoric on language maintenance and revitalization with actions and outcomes.
What Are We Trying to Preserve? Diversity, Change, and Ideology at the Edge of the Cameroonian Grassfields
Authors: Di Carlo Pierpaolo , Good Jeff
Published: May 2015

Losses associated with language endangerment need not be restricted to individual language systems but can also involve the disappearance of distinctive language ecologies. This chapter explores the language dynamics of the Lower Fungom region of Northwest Cameroon, which offers an extreme case of linguistic diversity, from an areal and ethnographically informed perspective. Key aspects of local language ideologies are explored in detail, and it is argued that in this area languages symbolize relatively ephemeral political formations and, hence, should not be taken as reflections of deeply rooted historical identities. This conclusion has significance both regarding how research projects in the area should be structured as well as for what it might mean to ‘preserve’ the languages of a region that historically appears to have been characterized by frequent language loss and emergence, conditioned by changes in territorial and political configurations.
The Cost of Language Mobilization: Wangkatha Language Ideologies and Native Title
Authors: Boynton Jessica
Published: May 2015

This chapter investigates the nature of ideological transformation among Wangkatha language consultants in Western Australia, highlighted in the wake of Native Title legislation designed to determine the veracity of Aboriginal claims to land rights. It identifies a schism between the actual and perceived benefits of successful claims, and explores the role of language as it is used by expert witnesses and community members. On-the-ground perceptions about how linguistic practices may be interpreted by a land claim judge influence practice and, potentially, ideology, with a transition from a dialect mesh to an ideologically bounded mosaic, from the prestige of language ownership to the power of language proficiency, and from extreme individual multilingualism to language guardianship. Proficiency in an unchanged, well-bounded traditional language is simultaneously venerated and guarded while traditional ideologies about linguistic identity are overshadowed, at least in the political and legal context.
Motivations à mettre en lumière la culture muséale des enfants. Un enjeu pour la valorisation de l’éducation non formelle
Authors: Martin Thérèse
Published: May 2015

Nos travaux de recherche en muséologie s’intéressent à la réception du « public-enfants », en particulier dans les musées de sciences. Pour situer le cadre de notre recherche, nous proposons de mieux cerner la bipolarité du musée dont la mission est souvent partagée entre éducation, pédagogie, apprentissage, d’une part, et loisir, délectation, désir de se cultiver, d’autre part. Face notamment à l’influence de la pédagogie scolaire dans les musées en France, il nous a paru nécessaire d’étudier en quoi le musée peut être un « outil » de culture, en revenant sur les fondements des premiers musées pour enfants et sur les pédagogies actives des musées de sciences dans une perspective d’acculturation. Notre recherche porte sur la compréhension des manières dont les enfants s’approprient le média-exposition dans un cadre de loisirs (en famille). Ce sont les « fabrications culturelles » des enfants qui ont été étudiées lors de l’expérience de visite considérée sur l’ensemble du parcours et selon l’ensemble des dimensions qui la traversent. Des figures d’enfants-interprètes alors dégagées de l’analyse des visites des enfants rendent compte de la richesse des modes d’appropriation de l’exposition et peuvent être source d’inspiration pour les professionnels des musées et les médiateurs d’exposition (enseignants, guides).
Pédagogies de la voix
Authors: Nepveu Pierre
Published: May 2015

La discipline de la voix a toujours fait partie de l’éducation : à la voix du
maître qui impose son prestige doit répondre la voix de l’élève, selon une discipline qui
renvoie à l’ordre même du savoir et de la culture, comme Rabelais l’avait bien montré en
racontant l’éducation du jeune Gargantua. Cet article explore l’espace pédagogique comme un
espace vocal, surtout lorsqu’il s’agit d‘enseigner la poésie. La voix n’est pas qu’un
instrument, elle fait sens aussi bien dans la récitation que dans le commentaire. En fin de
parcours se trouve décrite une application concrète de ces principes : Les voix de la
poésie, un concours de récitation de poésie dans les écoles secondaires et les
cégeps.
La réforme du système de santé bulgare au prisme de ses temporalités : dynamiques et conflictualités d’un changement social complexe
Authors: Sopadzhiyan Alis
Published: May 2015

L’article proposé ici explore la réforme du système de santé bulgare de la fin des années 1990 sous l’angle de ses temporalités. L’auteure situe son analyse par rapport aux travaux néo-institutionnalistes récents sur la structuration progressive du changement et aux écrits de la sociologie historique. Elle montre ainsi le temps double de cette réforme qui, bien que suggérant l’immédiateté du fait de son caractère radical, s’inscrit avant tout dans une perspective temporelle longue. Outre son caractère double, le changement ainsi introduit se voit accéléré comme conséquence des relations complexes entre le temps et l’espace et de l’importation d’idées néo-managériales lors de la mise en oeuvre de la réforme.

L’analyse des effets de ces phénomènes temporels sur la perception du changement des principaux acteurs composant l’espace politique de la santé révèle, quant à elle, l’omniprésence de la référence au passé communiste qui reste un temps dominant fort de l’histoire bulgare, alimentant les dynamiques conflictuelles inhérentes au système.
Out of the Shadows, Into the Streets!
Authors: Costanza-Chock Sasha
Published: May 2015

An exploration of social movement media practices in an increasingly complex media ecology, through richly detailed cases of immigrant rights activism.

For decades, social movements have vied for attention from the mainstream mass media—newspapers, radio, and television. Today, many argue that social media power social movements, from the Egyptian revolution to Occupy Wall Street. Yet, as Sasha Costanza-Chock reports, community organizers know that social media enhance, rather than replace, face-to-face organizing. The revolution will be tweeted, but tweets alone do not the revolution make. In Out of the Shadows, Into the Streets! Costanza-Chock traces a much broader social movement media ecology. Through a richly detailed account of daily media practices in the immigrant rights movement, the book argues that there is a new paradigm of social movement media making: transmedia organizing. Despite the current spotlight on digital media, Costanza-Chock finds, social movement media practices tend to be cross-platform, participatory, and linked to action. Immigrant rights organizers leverage social media creatively, even as they create media ranging from posters and street theater to Spanish-language radio, print, and television.

Drawing on extensive interviews, workshops, and media organizing projects, Costanza-Chock presents case studies of transmedia organizing in the immigrant rights movement over the last decade. Chapters focus on the historic mass protests against the anti-immigrant Sensenbrenner Bill; coverage of police brutality against peaceful activists; efforts to widen access to digital media tools and skills for low-wage immigrant workers; paths to participation in DREAM activism; and the implications of professionalism for transmedia organizing. These cases show us how savvy transmedia organizers work to strengthen movement identity, win political and economic victories, and transform public consciousness forever.
Multiscale postseismic behavior on a megathrust: The 2012 Nicoya earthquake, Costa Rica
Authors: Malservisi Rocco , Schwartz Susan Y. , Voss Nicholas , Protti Marino , Gonzalez Victor , Dixon Timothy H. , Jiang Yan , Newman Andy V. , Richardson Jacob , Walter Jacob I. , Voyenko Denis
Published: May 2015

The Nicoya Peninsula in northwest Costa Rica overlies a section of the subduction megathrust along the Middle America Trench. On 5 September 2012, a moment magnitude 7.6 megathrust earthquake occurred beneath a dense network of continuous GPS and seismic stations. Many of the GPS stations recorded the event at high rate, 1 Hz or better. We analyze the temporal and spatial evolution of surface deformation after the earthquake. Our results show that the main rupture was followed by significant afterslip within the first 3 h following the main event. The behavior of the surface displacement can be represented by relaxation processes with three characteristic times: 7, 70, and more than 400 days. We assume that the long relaxation time corresponds to viscoelastic relaxation and the intermediate relaxation time corresponds to afterslip on the main fault. The short relaxation time may represent a combination of rapid afterslip, poroelastic adjustment in the upper crust, or other processes. During the first few months that followed the earthquake, afterslip likely released a significant amount of slip deficit still present following the coseismic rupture, in particular updip of the rupture. Afterslip seems to be bounded updip by regions affected by slow slip events prior to the earthquake, suggesting that the two processes are influenced by different frictional properties.
X‐Ray Spectroscopic Investigation of Chlorinated Graphene: Surface Structure and Electronic Effects
Authors: Zhang Xu , Schiros Theanne , Nordlund Dennis , Shin Yong Cheol , Kong Jing , Dresselhaus Mildred , Palacios Tomás
Published: May 2015

Chemical doping of graphene represents a powerful means of tailoring its electronic properties. Synchrotron‐based X‐ray spectroscopy offers an effective route to investigate the surface electronic and chemical states of functionalizing dopants. In this work, a suite of X‐ray techniques is used, including near edge X‐ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, X‐ray photoemission spectroscopy, and photoemission threshold measurements, to systematically study plasma‐based chlorinated graphene on different substrates, with special focus on its dopant concentration, surface binding energy, bonding configuration, and work function shift. Detailed spectroscopic evidence of C–Cl bond formation at the surface of single layer graphene and correlation of the magnitude of p‐type doping with the surface coverage of adsorbed chlorine is demonstrated for the first time. It is shown that the chlorination process is a highly nonintrusive doping technology, which can effectively produce strongly p‐doped graphene with the 2D nature and long‐range periodicity of the electronic structure of graphene intact. The measurements also reveal that the interaction between graphene and chlorine atoms shows strong substrate effects in terms of both surface coverage and work function shift.
Untersuchungen zur Wasserdampfdurchlässigkeit von Beschichtungen auf Holz für den Außenbereich
Authors: Volkmer Thomas , Glaunsinger Martin , Mannes David , Niemz Peter , Sonderegger Walter
Published: May 2015

Es wurden vier kommerziell erhältliche Beschichtungssysteme bestehend aus Grundierung und Deckschicht für den Fassaden‐ und Fensterbereich auf Fichtenholzproben appliziert. Bei diesen Systemen wurden in der Grundierung bzw. in der Deckschicht folgende Bindemittel eingesetzt: Alkydharze, Acrylate, Hybridsysteme, modifizierte PU‐Systeme, Co‐Polymere und mineralische Bindemittel. Jedes der vier Systeme wurde mit drei verschiedenen Schichtdicken aufgetragen und hinsichtlich des Wasserdampfdiffusionswiderstandes bewertet. Dabei erfolgten die Messungen im Dry‐cup‐ und Wet‐cup‐Modus mit unterschiedlicher Ausrichtung der Probe im Diffusionsstrom. Die µ‐Werte und die Diffusionskoeffizienten der Proben zeigten dabei eine deutliche Abhängigkeit von der Dicke der Beschichtung. Des Weiteren kann abgeleitet werden, dass bei steigender Materialfeuchte der Diffusionswiderstand sinkt. Systeme basierend auf Alkydharzen sind speziell bei tiefen Substratfeuchten (4 bis 6 %) sehr dicht und wirken sperrend gegenüber dem Wasserdampfdiffusionsstrom. Demgegenüber sind Systeme mit mineralischem Aufbau deutlich diffusionsoffener. Diese Systemabhängigkeit ist bei höheren Feuchten (22 bis 24 %) nicht mehr vorhanden, da in diesem Fall alle untersuchten Systeme ein diffusionsoffenes Verhalten zeigen.

Investigations on water vapour permeability of wood coatings for exterior use. Four commercially available coating systems including primer and top coat for façades and windows were applied to spruce samples. The systems were based on alkyd resins, acrylates, hybrid systems, modified PU systems, co‐polymers and mineral binders. Each of the four systems was applied with 3 different thicknesses for measuring the water vapour resistance. The measurements were done in the dry‐cup and wet‐cup mode and with different orientations of the sample in the diffusion flow. The µ‐values and the diffusion coefficients show a clear correlation to the thickness of the coating. Further an increase of the moisture content reduces the vapour resistance. Systems based on alkyd resin are very closed and block the water vapour especially at low moisture contents (4−6 %). On the contrary systems based on mineral binders are much more open and let the vapour pass through. This dependency on the binder system is not obvious for higher moisture contents (22−24 %). In this case all analysed variations were vapour permeable.
Detecting gene–environment interactions in human birth defects: Study designs and statistical methods
Authors: Tai Caroline G. , Graff Rebecca E. , Liu Jinghua , Passarelli Michael N. , Mefford Joel A. , Shaw Gary M. , Hoffmann Thomas J. , Witte John S.
Published: May 2015

Background

The National Birth Defects Prevention Study (NBDPS) contains a wealth of information on affected and unaffected family triads, and thus provides numerous opportunities to study gene–environment interactions (G×E) in the etiology of birth defect outcomes. Depending on the research objective, several analytic options exist to estimate G×E effects that use varying combinations of individuals drawn from available triads.

Methods

In this study, we discuss important considerations in the collection of genetic data and environmental exposures.

Results

We will also present several population‐ and family‐based approaches that can be applied to data from the NBDPS including case–control, case‐only, family‐based trio, and maternal versus fetal effects. For each, we describe the data requirements, applicable statistical methods, advantages, and disadvantages.

Conclusion

A range of approaches can be used to evaluate potentially important G×E effects in the NBDPS. Investigators should be aware of the limitations inherent to each approach when choosing a study design and interpreting results. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 103:692–702, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Interaction between tryptophan‐Sm(III) complex and DNA with the use of a acridine orange dye fluorophor probe
Authors: Xiong Xiao  Li , Zhao Na. , Wang Xing  Ming
Published: May 2015

The interaction of the Trp–Sm(III) complex with herring sperm DNA (hs‐DNA) was investigated with the use of acridine orange (AO) dye as a spectral probe for UV‐vis spectrophotometry and fluorescence spectroscopy. The results showed that the both the Trp–Sm(III) complex and the AO molecule could intercalate into the double helix of the DNA. The Sm(III)–(Trp)3 complex was stabilized by intercalation into the DNA with binding constants: KӨ25°C = 7.14 × 105 L·mol−1 and KӨ37°C = 5.28 × 104 L·mol−1, and it could displace the AO dye from the AO–DNA complex in a competitive reaction. Computation of the thermodynamic functions demonstrates that ΔrHmӨ is the primary driving power of the interaction between the Sm(III)(Trp)3 complex and the DNA. The results from Scatchard and viscometry methods suggested that the interaction mode between the Sm(III)(Trp)3 complex and the hs‐DNA is groove binding and weak intercalation binding. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
N‐butylamine functionalized graphene oxide for detection of iron(III) by photoluminescence quenching
Authors: Gholami Javad , Manteghian Mehrdad , Badiei Alireza , Ueda Hiroshi , Javanbakht Mehran
Published: May 2015

An N‐butylamine functionalized graphene oxide nanolayer was synthesized and characterized by ultraviolet (UV)–visible spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Detection of iron(III) based on photoluminescence spectroscopy was investigated. The N‐butylamine functionalized graphene oxide was shown to specifically interact with iron (III), compared with other cationic trace elements including potassium (I), sodium (I), calcium (II), chromium (III), zinc (II), cobalt (II), copper (II), magnesium (II), manganese (II), and molybdenum (VI). The quenching effect of iron (III) on the luminescence emission of N‐butylamine functionalized graphene oxide layer was used to detect iron (III). The limit of detection (2.8 × 10−6 M) and limit of quantitation (2.9 × 10−5 M) were obtained under optimal conditions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.