bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of free‐edge effects by boundary finite element method
Authors: Artel Jens , Becker Wilfried
Published: January 2007

The scaled boundary finite element method is a novel semi‐analytical analysis technique that combines the advantages of the finite element method and the boundary element method. Only a part of the boundary of the considered domain has to be discretized but nevertheless the method is solely finite element based. The governing equations are solved in the so‐called scaling direction analytically, whereas a finite element approximation of the solution is performed in the circumferential directions, which form the boundary of the considered domain. Thus, the numerical effort can be reduced considerably when handling stress concentration problems such as e.g. the free‐edge effect in laminated plates. In order to analyze the free‐edge effect in a semi‐infinite half plane, some kinematic coupling equations have to be introduced, that not only couple the degrees of freedom on the boundary, but also within the non‐discretized domain. The implementation of kinematic coupling equations within the method is presented. Finally, the efficiency of the new approach is shown in some benchmark examples. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Mehrskalenberechnungen bei inhomogenen Körpern
Authors: Bitzenbauer Johann , Schweizerhof Karl
Published: January 2007

Die Finite‐Elemente‐Untersuchung linearer und nichtlinearer Randwertprobleme der Elastizitätstheorie führt bei vorhandenen und durchgängig diskretisierten Mikrostrukturen üblicherweise auf sehr große dünnbesetzte Gleichungssysteme. Als ein ef.zientes Lösungsverfahren empfehlen sich Mehrgittermethoden. Während bei klassischen Mehrgitterverfahren die minimale Anzahl der zur Geometriebeschreibung notwendigen Finiten Elemente von der Geometrie selbst abhängig ist, besteht bei der Composite‐Finite‐Elemente‐Methode (CFE) ein gröbstmögliches Gitter zur Diskretisierung einer beliebigen Geometrie stets aus einem Element [1]. Ein auf der CFE‐Methode basierender Mehrgitteralgorithmus nebst zugehörigen Transferoperatoren zur Berechnung elastischer Körper wird vorgestellt. Im Gegensatz zu algebraischen Mehrgittermethoden, bei denen zur Konstruktion der Transferoperatoren die Stei.gkeitsmatrizen des diskretisierten Problems herangezogen werden, nutzt der präsentierte Algorithmus Geometrieinformationen aus, ohne dabei jedoch die beim klassischen geometrischen Mehrgitterverfahren auftretenden Einschränkungen zu besitzen. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
High order FE and covariant description for contact problems
Authors: Konyukhov Alexander , Schweizerhof Karl
Published: January 2007

The covariant contact description is applied to incorporate the treatment of contact problems into the high‐order finite element technique. A hierarchical enrichment of the Ansatz space allows to construct a contact layer finite element combining both an exact geometry for contact surfaces, and a mesh with linear Ansatz functions for the interior of the contacting bodies. Good correlation with the Hertz problem is shown even within a few contact elements for the contact zone, however, not in general. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Numerical instabilities in structural optimization – analogy between topology & shape design problems
Authors: Kotucha Gregor , Hackl Klaus
Published: January 2007

The formulation of structural optimization problems on the basis of the finite–element–method often leads to numerical instabilities resulting in non–optimal designs, which turn out to be difficult to realize from the engineering point of view. In the case of topology optimization problems the formation of designs characterized by oscillating density distributions such as the well–known “checkerboard–patterns” can be observed, whereas the solution of shape optimization problems often results in unfavourable designs with non–smooth boundary shapes caused by high–frequency oscillations of the boundary shape functions. Furthermore a strong dependence of the obtained designs on the finite–element–mesh can be observed in both cases. In this context we have already shown, that the topology design problem can be regularized by penalizing spatial oscillations of the density function by means of a penalty–approach based on the density gradient. In the present paper we apply the idea of problem regularization by penalizing oscillations of the design variable to overcome the numerical difficulties related to the shape design problem, where an analogous approach restricting the boundary surface can be introduced. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Application of Daubechies wavelets approximation to plate bending
Authors: Kozbial Tomasz
Published: January 2007

In this paper a new wavelet‐based approach is presented for solving two‐dimensional boundary‐value mechanical problems on the example of plate bending. The deflection equation of a bending plate is approximated by two‐dimensional Daubechies wavelets using a least‐squares Galerkin method. Due to the order of the differential equation in mechanics of plate structures is four, a way to perform the calculations of high order connection coefficients (that is, integrals of products of basis functions with their high order derivatives) is suggested. The implementation of two‐dimensional Daubechies scaling functions approximation to plate bending is exhibited numerically in some examples. The results show that this method has good precision and reliability. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Experimental analysis of shrouded blades with friction contact
Authors: Schmidt‐Fellner A. , Siewert C. , Panning L.
Published: January 2007

Turbine blades are subjected to high thermal and mechanical loads. Damages at the blades are frequent causes for the failure of turbomachines. To reduce the vibration amplitudes and the resulting dynamic stresses, friction damping devices are widely used. Because of the relative displacements in the contact between the friction damping devices and the blades, additional damping is generated due to energy dissipation.

At simulations a close description of the forces in the friction contact and a mathematical implementation of the mechanical contact model is necessary to optimize the friction damping devices. In this paper experimental measurements of heated blades coupled by tip shrouds are presented. The application of the calculation method to experimental measurements gives an insight in the influence of the temperature towards the contact parameters, especially the coefficient of friction. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
“New” branched structures of mechanical systems as result of synthesis of selected class of dynamical characteristics
Authors: Buchacz Andrzej
Published: January 2007

In this paper the problem of synthesis has been formulated and its basics has been formalized, according to the discrete mechanical systems with branched structure represented by graphs. In this case the essential field of basic conceptions according to the concerned class of structures and used graphs has been described. The way of receiving “new” structures as a result of synthesis of characteristics into partial fraction has been presented farther on. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Friction Modes in Low Frequency disc‐brake noise ‐ experimental results and implications on modelling
Authors: Hetzler Hartmut , Seemann Wolfgang
Published: January 2007

Today, low frequency disc‐brake noises are commonly explained as self‐sustained stick‐slip oscillations. Although, at a first glance this explanation seems reasonable, there are indications that cast doubt on it. Indeed, experimental studies on groaning noises reveal two qualitatively totally different vibration patterns: stick‐slip vibrations at almost vanishing relative speeds and another vibration pattern at low to moderate relative speeds. Within this article, experimental results are presented and discussed. Based on this, suggestions for appropriate mechanical models are derived. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Multiple Impacts of Transversely Struck Aluminum Beams
Authors: Seifried Robert
Published: January 2007

Transverse impacts of steel spheres on aluminum beams are investigated numerically and experimentally. For the numerical investigation, modally‐reduced models are used in combination with local Finite Element contact models. The proposed numerical models are verified by extensive experimental investigations using Laser‐Doppler‐Vibrometers. The numerical and experimental investigations show that impacts of steel spheres on aluminum beams yield strong structural vibrations causing multiple successive impacts. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A vertically acting tuned liquid column damper
Authors: Ziegler Franz
Published: January 2007

The U‐shaped tuned liquid column damper (TLCD) increases the effective structural damping of horizontal vibrations similar to the classical tuned mechanical pendulum type damper (TMD). The pipe‐in‐pipe TLCD applies to vertical vibrations, likewise to the spring‐mass‐dashpot TMD. When sealed, the gas‐spring effect extends the frequency range of application to about five Hertz. The geometric analogy between the novel TLCD and the TMD still exists, making the first step in the tuning procedure “classical”. Subsequent fine tuning in state space when the TLCD is split into smaller ones in parallel action, renders an even more robust passive action. The experimentally observed averaged turbulent damping of the relative fluid flow and the weakly nonlinear gas‐spring render the TLCD insensitive to overloads and parametric forcing. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Global solution on Cauchy problem in nonlinear non‐simple thermoelastic materials
Authors: Gawinecki Jerzy August , Łazuka Jarosław
Published: January 2007

We prove a theorem about global existence (in time) of the solution to the initial‐value problem for a nonliear system of coupled partial differential equations of fourth order describing the thermoelasticity of non‐simple materias. We consider such the case of thim system in which some nonlinear coeffcients can depend not only on the temperature and the gradient of displacement and also on the second derivative of displacement. The corresponding global existence theorem has been proved using the L p – L q time decay estmates for the solution of the associated linearized problem.

Next, we proved the energy estimate in the Sobolev space with constant independent of time.

Such an energy estimate allows us to apply the standard continuation argument and to continue the local solution to one desired for all t ∈ (0, ∞)
Heat conduction in laminates with a weak transversal inhomogeneity
Authors: Lacinski Lukasz , Wozniak Czeslaw
Published: January 2007

The purpose of this contribution is to formulate a tolerance model, [1], for periodically laminated media with a weak transversal inhomogeneity. Laminates in which layers are of the same material but one of them is reinforced by thin fibers in parallel to the interfaces are this kind of media. Taking into account the weak transversal inhomogeneity makes possible to separate model equations for the averaged temperature and temperature fluctuations. To analyse and solve these equations we apply asymptotic expansions. Using the proposed model selected initial‐boundary value problems were solved. Results were verified by direct numerical solutions obtained in the framework of the Fourier model. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Simulation of Asymmetric Effects in Plasticity
Authors: Mahnken Rolf
Published: January 2007

In the framework of plasticity the simulation of materials is addressed, which experimentally exhibit different behavior in different loading scenarios, such as tension, compression and shear. To this end an additive decomposition of the yield function and the plastic potential, is assumed into a sum of weighted stress mode related quantities. The characterization of the stress modes is obtained in the octahedral plane of the deviatoric stress space in terms of the Lode angle, such that stress mode dependent scalar weighting functions can be constructed. Verification of the proposed methodology is succeeded for simulation of the pseudoelastic behavior of shape memory alloys with different hardening characteristics in tension and shear. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Modeling Phase Separation and Coarsening in Ag‐Cu
Authors: Müller Wolfgang H. , Böhme Thomas
Published: January 2007

The ongoing miniaturization and environmental trends in microelectronics recently turn the attention to new materials the properties of which still have to be studied. Of fundamental importance for material properties is the temporal development of the microstructure which can experimentally be observed in several solder alloys. Starting with a detailed overview on coarsening phenomena and intermetallic growth as observed in lead‐free solders we concentrate on the description of nucleation and spinodal decomposition in these alloys. An extended diffusion equation of the phase field type is presented in which all required material parameters are determined either from the literature / databases or from calculations based on the Embedded‐Atom Method (EAM). We will restrict to the one dimensional case of diffusion and consider as an example the FCC‐structured lead‐free binary solder alloy Ag‐Cu. Furthermore a numerical study is performed in order to arrive at a quantitative description of temporal micromorphological development. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Nonlinear deformation of Three‐Component Composites
Authors: Nazarenko Lidija
Published: January 2007

The model of nonlinear deformation of stochastic composites under microdamaging is developed for the case of threecomponent composite, when the microdamages are accumulated in the matrix. The composite is treated as isotropic matrix strengthened by two different types of spheroidal inclusions with transversally‐isotropic symmetry of elastic properties. Fractured microvolumes are modeled by a system of randomly distributed quasispherical pores. The porosity balance equation and relations for determining the effective elastic modules for the case of transversally‐isotropic components are taken as basic relations. The fracture criterion is assumed to be given as the limit value of the intensity of average shear stresses occurring in the undamaged part of the material. The algorithm for determination of nonlinear deformative properties of such a material is constructed. The nonlinear stress‐strain diagrams for three‐component concrete for the case of uniaxial tension are obtained. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Non–Isothermal Shear Band Localization in Crystal Plasticity
Authors: Rosato Daniele , Miehe Christian
Published: January 2007

We analyze the formation of shear bands in plastically deforming single crystals under non‐isothermal quasi‐static loading conditions. A key feature of the present work is to motivate the constitutive coupled thermomechanical equations for the slip resistance and the slip evolution by micromechanical investigations of defects in crystals. Here, we put particular emphasis on comparative investigations of hardening–softening effects of crystals under non‐isothermal conditions, including a quantification of the latent energy storage. Furthermore, we analyze a numerical solution algorithm for the coupled thermomechanical problem and we test the performance on a typical benchmark example of finite‐strain single‐crystal thermoplasticity: the localization of deformation into a shear band for the case of a rectangular strip. Experimental evidence for this problem is well documented. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Material‐Force‐Based Refinement Indicators in Adaptive Strategies
Authors: Zimmermann Dominik , Miehe Christian
Published: January 2007

A material‐force‐based refinement indicator for adaptive finite element strategies for finite elasto‐plasticity is proposed. Starting from the local format of the spatial balance of linear momentum, a dual material counterpart in terms of Eshelby's energy‐momentum tensor is derived. For inelastic problems, this material balance law depends on the material gradient of the internal variables. In a global format the material balance equation coincides with an equilibrium condition of material forces. For a homogeneous body, this condition corresponds to vanishing discrete material nodal forces. However, due to insufficient discretization, spurious material forces occur at the interior nodes of the finite element mesh. These nodal forces are used as an indicator for mesh refinement. Assigning the ideas of elasticity, where material forces have a clear energetic meaning, the magnitude of the discrete nodal forces is used to define a relative global criterion governing the decision on mesh refinement. Following the same reasoning, in a second step a criterion on the element level is computed which governs the local h‐adaptive refinement procedure. The mesh refinement is documented for a representative numerical example of finite elasto‐plasticity. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Single thermoplastic pellet molding by means of diode laser for micromolding application
Authors: Citrea Isabella , Quadrini Fabrizio
Published: January 2007

An innovative system for thermoplastic micromolding is presented. A completely transparent mold is used, and a diode laser is used as heating source. Laser heating is performed on a single thermoplastic pellet positioned inside the mold between two glass plates. A very low force is necessary for shaping. Molding tests were performed on commercial ABS and several process parameters were investigated such as laser power, interaction time, focalization condition, and support material properties. High pellet formability was observed in all the cases. Using nontransparent pellet supports it is possible to increase molding efficiency even if the risk of polymer degradation increases. A master curve can be fabricated for molding test results providing a correct comparison among the different process conditions. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 47:168–173, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers
Molecular modeling of poly(p‐phenylenevinylene): Synthesis and photophysical properties of oligomers
Authors: Jiu Tonggang , Li Yuliang , Liu Xiaofeng , Liu Huibiao , Li Cuihong , Ye Jianping , Zhu Daoben
Published: January 2007

A series of oligo(phenylenevinylene)s (OPVs) of different lengths containing aldehyde and dialdehyde groups on the ends were synthesized and characterized. Their photophysical properties were also investigated via ultraviolet–visible, steady‐state, and time‐resolved fluorescence spectra. The results indicated that the absorption maximum, radiative rate constant, and excitation maximum of an OPVnCHO oligomer series (where n represents the oligomeric length) showed linear relationships with the reciprocal number of conjugated units. Similarly, the absorption maximum and emission lifetime of the oligomers of an OPVn–2CHO series showed linear relationships with the reciprocal number of conjugated units. The dependence of the fluorescence intensities of the OPVs on the concentration of the quencher C60 was evaluated. Apparently, upon photoexcitation, the OPVs underwent significant fluorescence quenching. The results for different OPV derivatives and a quenching mechanistic discussion showed that the static quenching contribution was indeed responsible for the significant upward curvature. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 911–924, 2007
Thermal quenching of luminescence and isovalent trap model for rare‐earth‐ion‐doped AlN
Authors: Lozykowski H. J. , Jadwisienczak W. M.
Published: January 2007

Investigations of the luminescent properties of Pr‐, Eu‐, Tb‐ and Tm‐implanted AlN thin films at temperature in the range 9–830 K are reported. The temperature studies of photoluminescence and cathodoluminescence spectra revealed unexpectedly weak thermal quenching for all investigated rare earth (RE) ions. The maximum CL emission is observed from Eu (red) at 485 K, Tb (green) at 590 K and Tm (blue) at 530 K, respectively. For Tb‐ and Tm‐doped AlN samples, temperature‐dependent crossrelaxation processes were observed. Photoluminescence excitation spectra, obtained under UV excitation in the spectral range 200–400 nm, exhibit several bands. It is proposed that the RE ions exist in semiconductors as isolated ions (singlet), nearest‐neighbor (nn) ion pairs (dimer), and three ions (trimer). The Koster–Slater and simple spherical potential‐well models for RE‐structured isovalent (RESI) hole trap are proposed. The exciton binding energies of RESI traps are calculated and compared with experimental thermal‐quenching energies. The energy‐transfer processes between the AlN host and the 4f‐shell systems are emphasized as the main mechanisms for thermal‐quenching processes rather than nonradiative decay of 4f transitions. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Integrating maintenance activities and Quality Assurance in a research and development (R&D) system
Authors: Basak Debasish
Published: January 2007

A well‐balanced maintenance program furnishes information and instructions to personnel involved in maintaining existing equipment, provides current information on the availability and location of maintenance materials, improves utilization of labor forces and increases equipment reliability. Planned and preventive maintenance procedures where components are serviced and changed when they approach the end of their useful lives can be augmented by suitable means, which continuously check vital machine functions. Quality Assurance can be seen as a management system that brings maintenance activities undertaken by all parties under control with the aim of preventing things from going wrong and costing time, effort and money to put them right. An attempt has been made to highlight the integration of maintenance activities with Quality Assurance as a whole in a research and development (R&D) system. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Does the MAD system make test facilities mad?
Authors: Amalan Stanley V.
Published: January 2007

There needs more clarity in ad hoc Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) certification conferred to test facilities of non‐member economies. There is a similar kind of issue with the ‘GLP status’ of the test data generated by a test facility that has been conferred GLP certification by the country that is only a provisional adherent. In both cases, the objective of the Mutual Acceptance of Data (MAD) system will not be fulfilled if the answer is ‘no’. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The process for implementation of a Quality Management System within a multi‐functional cereal laboratory
Authors: Ferguson Roslyn , Henry Robert , Inkerman Andy
Published: January 2007

The intent of this study was to design, document and implement a Quality Management System (QMS) into a laboratory that incorporated both research and development (R&D) and routine analytical activities. In addition, it was necessary for the QMS to be easily and efficiently maintained to: (a) provide documented evidence that would validate the system's compliance with a certifiable standard, (b) fit the purpose of the laboratory, (c) accommodate prevailing government policies and standards, and (d) promote positive outcomes for the laboratory through documentation and verification of the procedures and methodologies implemented. Initially, a matrix was developed that documented the standards' requirements and the necessary steps to be made to meet those requirements. The matrix provided a check mechanism on the progression of the system's development. In addition, it was later utilised in the Quality Manual as a reference tool for the location of full procedures documented elsewhere in the system. The necessary documentation to build and monitor the system consisted of a series of manuals along with forms that provided auditable evidence of the workings of the QMS.

Quality Management (QM), in one form or another, has been in existence since the early 1900's. However, the question still remains: is it a good thing or just a bugbear? Many of the older style systems failed because they were designed by ‘non‐users’, fiercely regulatory, restrictive and generally deemed to be an imposition. It is now considered important to foster a sense of ‘ownership’ of the system by the people who use the system. The system's design must be tailored to best fit the purpose of the operations of the facility if maximum benefits to the organisation are to be gained. Copyright © The State of Queensland, Australia, Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries (2006). Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computer‐aided diagnosis with potential application to rapid detection of disease outbreaks
Authors: Burr Tom , Koster Frederick , Picard Rick , Forslund Dave , Wokoun Doug , Joyce Ed , Brillman Judith , Froman Phil , Lee Jack
Published: January 2007

Our objectives are to quickly interpret symptoms of emergency patients to identify likely syndromes and to improve population‐wide disease outbreak detection. We constructed a database of 248 syndromes, each syndrome having an estimated probability of producing any of 85 symptoms, with some two‐way, three‐way, and five‐way probabilities reflecting correlations among symptoms. Using these multi‐way probabilities in conjunction with an iterative proportional fitting algorithm allows estimation of full conditional probabilities. Combining these conditional probabilities with misdiagnosis error rates and incidence rates via Bayes theorem, the probability of each syndrome is estimated.

We tested a prototype of computer‐aided differential diagnosis (CADDY) on simulated data and on more than 100 real cases, including West Nile Virus, Q fever, SARS, anthrax, plague, tularaemia and toxic shock cases. We conclude that: (1) it is important to determine whether the unrecorded positive status of a symptom means that the status is negative or that the status is unknown; (2) inclusion of misdiagnosis error rates produces more realistic results; (3) the naive Bayes classifier, which assumes all symptoms behave independently, is slightly outperformed by CADDY, which includes available multi‐symptom information on correlations; as more information regarding symptom correlations becomes available, the advantage of CADDY over the naive Bayes classifier should increase; (4) overlooking low‐probability, high‐consequence events is less likely if the standard output summary is augmented with a list of rare syndromes that are consistent with observed symptoms, and (5) accumulating patient‐level probabilities across a larger population can aid in biosurveillance for disease outbreaks. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
BMW‐Welt München: die Kundenlounge als das zentrale Element im statischen Gesamtsystem – Von der Planung bis zur Realisierung
Authors: Schidzig Rüdiger , Wagner Stefan , Peters Jochen , Päßler Harald
Published: January 2007

Über die 4000‐t‐Wolke, die außergewöhnlichen Dachkonstruktion der BMW‐Welt, dem neuen High‐Tech und Auslieferungscenter für die Nobelkarossen von BMW, wurde schon des öfteren berichtet.

So wurde in der Juli‐Ausgabe 2005 der Zeitschrift Stahlbau ausführlich über die schwebende Stahlkonstruktion des Regeldaches und über den Doppelkegel referiert.

Der nun folgende Artikel soll auf das Kernstück der wenigen aussteifenden Elemente, die zentrale Kundenlounge, eingehen. Wir erinnern, die rund 25000 m2 nahezu freitragende Dachkonstruktion der BMW‐Welt wird über drei Kerne (Bild 1) ausgesteift, den Doppelkegel, als integraler Bestandteil der Stahlkonstruktion, dem Gastrokern, einer vorgespannten Stahlbetonkonstruktion und der Kundenlounge, einer räumlich tragenden Stahlskelettverbundkonstruktion.
Enhancement of Sm3+emission by SnO2nanocrystals in the silica matrix
Authors: Mu Jin , Liu Lingyun , Kang Shi-Zhao
Published: January 2007

Silica xerogels containing Sm3+ions and SnO2nanocrystals were prepared in a sol–gel process. The image of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) shows that the SnO2nanocrystals are dispersed in the silica matrix. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) of the sample confirms the tetragonal phase of SnO2. The xerogels containing SnO2nanocrystals and Sm3+ions display the characteristic emission of Sm3+ions (4G5/2 → 6H
J
(J = 5/2, 7/2, 9/2)) at the excitation of 335 nm which energy corresponds to the energy gap of the SnO2nanocrystals, while no emission of Sm3+ions can be observed for the samples containing Sm3+ions. The enhancement of the Sm3+emission is probably due to the energy transfer from SnO2nanocrystals to Sm3+ions.
Dynamic simulation of an in vitro multi‐enzyme system
Authors: Ishii Nobuyoshi , Suga Yoshihiro , Hagiya Akiko , Watanabe Hisami , Mori Hirotada , Yoshino Masataka , Tomita Masaru
Published: January 2007

Parameters often are tuned with metabolite concentration time series data to build a dynamic model of metabolism. However, such tuning may reduce the extrapolation ability (generalization capability) of the model. In this study, we determined detailed kinetic parameters of three purified Escherichia coli glycolytic enzymes using the initial velocity method for individual enzymes; i.e., the parameters were determined independently from metabolite concentration time series data. The metabolite concentration time series calculated by the model using the parameters matched the experimental data obtained in an actual multi‐enzyme system consisting of the three purified E. coli glycolytic enzymes. Thus, the results indicate that kinetic parameters can be determined without using an undesirable tuning process.
Tryptophan 334 oxidation in bovine cytochrome c oxidase subunit I involves free radical migration
Authors: Lemma-Gray Patrizia , Weintraub Susan T. , Carroll Christopher A. , Musatov Andrej , Robinson Neal C.
Published: January 2007

A single tryptophan (W334(I)) within the mitochondrial‐encoded core subunits of cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) is selectively oxidized when hydrogen peroxide reacts with the binuclear center. W334(I) is converted to hydroxytryptophan as identified by reversed‐phase HPLC‐electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry analysis of peptides derived from the three SDS–PAGE purified subunits. Total sequence coverage of subunits I, II and III was limited to 84%, 66% and 54%, respectively. W334(I) is located on the surface of CcO at the membrane interface. Two other surface tryptophans within nuclear‐encoded subunits, W48(IV) and W19(VIIc), are also oxidized when hydrogen peroxide reacts with the binuclear center (Musatov et al. (2004) Biochemistry 43, 1003–1009). Two aromatic‐rich networks of amino acids were identified that link the binuclear center to the three oxidized tryptophans. We propose the following mechanism to explain these results. Electron transfer through the aromatic networks moves the free radicals generated at the binuclear center to the surface‐exposed tryptophans, where they produce hydroxytryptophan.
Primary Giant Cell Tumours of the Digital Bones of the Hand
Authors: ROPARS M. , KAILA R. , CANNON S. R. , BRIGGS T. W. R.
Published: January 2007

Primary giant cell tumours involving digital bones of the hand are rare lesions which are generally diagnosed at an advanced stage. Accurate diagnosis requires clinical evaluation, imaging studies and histopathological assessment. Conservative treatment by digit-sparing surgery is associated with high recurrence rates. In a ten year retrospective review, this study identified only four cases. Three cases involved a phalanx and were treated by distal amputation of the involved digit. None recurred. One involved the metacarpal and recurred twice following repeated curettage and bone grafting. No further recurrence has been detected after resection and replacement with a non-vascularised fibular graft and Silastic implant replacement of the metacarpophalangeal joint. Our small series of cases supports a policy of aggressive primary surgery, including amputation or en bloc resection and reconstruction.
Collapsed Scaphoid Non-Union with Dorsal Intercalated Segment Instability and Avascular Necrosis Treated by Vascularised Wedge-Shaped Bone Graft and Fixation
Authors: HENRY M.
Published: January 2007

Patients with the specific problem of a collapsed Nakamura volar type, scaphoid synovial pseudarthrosis with avascular necrosis on both magnetic resonance imaging and intraoperative inspection were studied to determine the ability of a trapezoidal wedge-shaped structural bone graft vascularised by the 1,2 intercompartmental supraretinacular artery to simultaneously achieve correction of the scaphoid dimension and a high union rate. Fifteen patients with this specific problem were followed for a mean of 32.1 months and achieved union in all cases at a mean of 11.5 weeks. Improvements were seen postoperatively in wrist flexion and extension, grip strength, degree of dorsal intercalated segment instability and degree of scaphoid collapse. Two complications relating to the fixation technique occurred. Although technically difficult, it is possible to achieve a high rate of union for scaphoid pseudarthrosis while correcting substantial collapse deformity by the use of a structural, wedge-shaped, vascularised bone graft.
Late glacial impacts on dispersal and colonization of Atlantic Canada and Maine by freshwater fishes
Authors: Allen Curry R.
Published: January 2007

Late glacial scenarios of ice retreat and biogeography databases constrain the dispersal routes of obligate freshwater fishes into Atlantic Canada and Maine. Evidence indicates glacial ice covered the present-day mainland and offshore islands at 18,00014C yr before present. Possible refugia for extirpated freshwater fishes were the exposed outer edge of the Grand Banks (east), exposed Georges Bank (south-Atlantic Refugium), and the Mississippi Refugium in the west. It is improbable that the region was recolonized from the offshore refugia. Rather, fishes recolonized from the east via the upper St. Lawrence River valley into the upper Saint John River, Maine (Lake Madawaska) from 11,000 to 12,00014C yr BP. The short period of entry resulted in the low diversity of obligate freshwater species in the region. Lake Madawaska was breached and dispersal continued into the remainder of the region after 800014C yr BP. By 600014C yr BP, access routes to the east along low-lying coastal zones were blocked by rising sea levels, which isolated Prince Edward Island, Cape Breton Island, and most probably Nova Scotia. Natural dispersal across the region appeared complete by this time.
First photographed observation of the harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) in Svalbard
Authors: Joergensen Morten
Published: January 2007

The first photographed observation of the harbour porpoise in Svalbard is reported. The harbour porpoise is not normally found in the high Arctic as it is a temperate and sub Arctic species, the nearest frequent location for the species being the north coast of Norway.
Endometriosis: disease pathophysiology and the role of prostaglandins
Authors: Wu Meng-Hsing , Shoji Yutaka , Chuang Pei-Chin , Tsai Shaw-Jenq
Published: January 2007

Endometriosis is considered to be a polygenic disease with a complex, multifactorial aetiology that affects about 10% of women in the reproductive age. Women with endometriosis have symptoms that include chronic pelvic pain, dysmenorrhoea and dyspareunia, significantly reducing their quality of life. Endometriosis is also the primary cause of infertility in women, with the prevalence rate ranging from 20% to 50%. The high prevalence and severe outcomes of this disease have made it a major public health concern in modern society. Currently, the mechanism(s) responsible for the initiation and promotion of this disease remains obscure. In this review, we focus on the expression, regulation and action of prostaglandins in the cellular and molecular mechanisms that contribute to the development and/or maintenance of endometriosis.
FOREIGN SILVER COINS IN THE MARKET CULTURE OF NINETEENTH CENTURY CHINA
Authors: von Glahn Richard
Published: January 2007

Both the physical qualities of different types of money and the cultural values assigned to them contributed to the determination of their economic value. China began to import substantial quantities of silver coins from Europe as early as the sixteenth century, but it was around 1800 that a foreign coin, the so-called “Carolus peso” issued by the Spanish kings Carlos III and Carlos IV, became the basis of a new monetary standard in China, the yuan. In the nineteenth century the Carolus peso and imitations of it (mostly manufactured in China) served as the principal means of exchange, and the yuan as the standard unit of account, in the markets of South China. This paper analyzes the monetary conditions that led to the establishment of the Carolus peso as the monetary standard of South China with particular consideration of the distinctive “currency circuits” formed by regional variations in monetary circulation. Significant differences can be seen in the monetary regimes that prevailed in Jiangnan and Guangdong, the major commercial centers of the empire. While Guangdong reverted to a commodity money standard that allowed the use of a wide range of different types of physical monies, including “chopped” and broken foreign coins, in Jiangnan the Carolus peso became a unified, fiduciary monetary standard. This regional variation attests to the distinctive regional characteristics of market culture in late imperial China.
Das Metabolische Syndrom: Eine neue Kinderkrankheit?
Authors: Janner  , Mullis  , Flück
Published: January 2007

Übergewicht und Adipositas im Kindes- und Jugendalter sind weltweit epidemieartig am zunehmen. Parallel dazu steigt die Anzahl der Kinder und Jugendlichen, die ein Metabolisches Syndrom zeigen und daher ein erhöhtes Risiko für zukünftige kardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen haben. Adipositas verursacht eine Insulinresistenz, die im Verlauf zu Störungen im Glukosehaushalt und schliesslich zu einem Typ 2 Diabetes mellitus führen kann. Die Insulinresistenz kann auch eine Dyslipidämie bedingen, die sich beim adipösen Patienten charakteristischerweise als Hypertriglyzeridämie und in einem erniedrigten HDL-Cholesterin zeigt. Eine arterielle Hypertonie ist eventuell bereits im Kindesalter im Rahmen des Metabolischen Syndroms vorhanden. In dieser Fallbesprechung diskutieren wir die einzelnen Elemente des Metabolischen Syndroms des Kindesalters im Detail und verweisen auf pathophysiologische Zusammenhänge und mögliche therapeutische Ansätze.
Der Zusammenhang zwischen Lese-, Rechtschreib- und Verhaltensschwierigkeiten
Authors: Gasteiger-Klicpera Barbara , Klicpera Christian , Schabmann Alfred
Published: January 2007

Zusammenfassung. Um den Zusammenhang zwischen Lese-Rechtschreibschwierigkeiten und emotionalen sowie Verhaltensproblemen zu klären, wurde eine Längsschnittstudie vom Kindergarten bis zum Ende der vierten Grundschulklasse durchgeführt (n = 219). In jährlichem Abstand wurde der Leistungsstand im Lesen und Rechtschreiben erfasst und eine Befragung zum Sozialverhalten durchgeführt. Zudem wurden Verhaltenseinschätzungen seitens der Kindergärtnerin, Lehrerin, Eltern und Mitschüler erhoben. Kinder mit Verhaltensschwierigkeiten zeigten bereits im Kindergarten häufiger auffälliges Verhalten, Kinder mit LRS-Schwierigkeiten in der Schule waren durch Defizite in den Vorläuferfertigkeiten gekennzeichnet. Von Anfang an bestand ein mäßiger Zusammenhang zwischen den Bereichen, der etwa in gleicher Größe über die Jahre erhalten blieb. Bei jährlicher Testung und Verhaltensbeurteilung nahm die Stabilität sowohl der Verhaltens - als auch der Lese-Rechtschreibprobleme über die Jahre zu. Beim Vergleich der Einschätzungen der Kindergärtnerin und der Klassenlehrerin bzw. eines Verhaltensratings der anderen Kinder wurde deutlich, dass die sozialen Anpassungsschwierigkeiten der Schüler mit Leserechtschreibschwierigkeiten in der vierten Klasse im Vergleich zum Kindergarten deutlich zugenommen hatten. Dies betraf allerdings nicht die Einschätzung von Hyperaktivität und Aufmerksamkeitsstörung und auch nicht jene von aggressivem und störendem Verhalten, sondern zurückgezogenes Verhalten und Viktimisierung durch Mitschüler.
Newborn's Preference for Faces
Authors: Umiltà Carlo , Simion Francesca , Valenza Eloisa
Published: January 2007

Four experiments were aimed at elucidating some aspects of the preference for facelike patterns in newborns. Experiment 1 showed a preference for a stimulus whose components were located in the correct arrangement for a human face. Experiment 2 showed a preference for stimuli that had optimal sensory properties for the newborn visual system. Experiment 3 showed that babies directed their attention to a facelike pattern even when it was presented simultaneously with a non-facelike stimulus with optimal sensory properties. Experiment 4 showed the preference for facelike patterns in the temporal hemifield but not in the nasal hemifield. It was concluded that newborns' preference for facelike patterns reflects the activity of a subcortical system which is sensitive to the structural properties of the stimulus.
Brain Laterality — Beyond the Basics
Authors: Hugdahl Kenneth
Published: January 2007

In the present paper, I selectively review a series of studies conducted in our laboratory over the last decade related to brain laterality, both experimentally and clinically. The studies reviewed have for most part utilized the dichotic listening and visual half-field techniques for lateralizing stimulus presentations. Three major conceptual distinctions in brain laterality are discussed in the paper: hemispheric specialization versus hemispheric activation, functional versus structural laterality, and hardwired versus dynamic modulatory laterality. A fourth distinction is between cognitive and physiological laterality. It is argued in the paper that left-right asymmetrical function is not only related to perceptual/cognitive functions subserved by the cortical hemispheres, but also involves subcortical structures and peripheral physiology, including the autonomic and endocrine systems. Thus, although research on laterality has been in the mainstream of general psychology and neuropsychology for the last 30-50 years, we have still probably only uncovered the tip of the iceberg with respect to the psychological processes and systems that are related to the asymmetrical structure and function of the brain.
Disabilities in Working Life — A Review of Swedish Research and Some Theoretical Considerations
Authors: Backenroth Gunnel A.M.
Published: January 2007

The socialization process of every individual toward assuming a role in working life is established early in childhood and continues to develop in interaction with working life within a given social and cultural framework. Every functional disability is unique, and every person with a disability is unique. Also, every interactional situation in working life is unique. Disabled people are both receiving and acting agents in the interactional process that takes place in working life, i.e., they are influenced by and can themselves influence the interactions with their social environment. Working life is characterized today by sweeping changes that put higher and higher demands on the labor force. More and more people risk being placed outside the job market because they cannot meet the increasing need for communication skills, social competence, social flexibility, perspective interchange, etc. The present article focuses on the front-line of Swedish research regarding disabilities and working life. Characteristic to this research is its interdisciplinary nature and its strong emphasis on practical applications. Consequently, the conditions for disabled people in working life are not being researched solely at Swedish universities. This article first deals with an international perspective on research regarding the disabled in the field of psychology. A section discussing theoretical perspectives follows. Research in Sweden is then presented in a framework of various subsections: attitudes, work market, workplace, work environment, gender, ethnicity, and miscellaneous research. Lastly, some implications for future research are discussed against the background of present breaches in knowledge.
Rejection, Exclusion, and Harassment at Work and in Schools
Authors: Schuster Beate
Published: January 2007

In recent years, the phenomenon of social exclusion and harassment has been studied with increasing intensity in two different literatures, referred to as “mobbing at the worksite” or “bullying at school,” respectively. This paper reviews research in each field and integrates the separate literatures. A comparison of definitions and operationalizations as well as empirical data on prevalence and moderating conditions demonstrates far-reaching parallels in the two phenomena. However, the predominantly descriptive research on bullying focuses on the offender (bully), whereas the mobbing discussion stresses the work environment. An integration reveals that a more comprehensive picture of harassment requires both perspectives to be taken into account. More elaborated evidence on mediating mechanisms can be found in a further field of research, i.e., on social status among peers, which has received little attention in either mobbing or bullying research. These studies demonstrate the strong impact of features of the victim (e.g., certain social cognitive styles and social competence) and the group (in particular, individual-group misfit) on an individual's social status. Finally, conceptual considerations with regard to definitions and processes of bullying/mobbing are discussed.
The “Pavlovian” Session of the Two Academies
Authors: Brushlinsky Andrei
Published: January 2007

The “Pavlovian” session of the Academy of Sciences and the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR ordered by Stalin took place in Moscow in 1950. It marked the beginning of a period of total absolutism in Pavlovian theory in the USSR, an absolutism that was in contradiction to the theory and incompatible with the personal morals of Pavlov himself. For example, Prof. Bykow (the main Soviet physiologist-at least for Stalin) stated: “We have to divide all physiology into two stages-the pre-Pavlovian stage and the Pavlovian one. The history of psychology may be divided in the same way. The pre-Pavlovian psychology is based on idealistic philosophy, while the Pavlovian psychology is materialistic in its core.” In their reports four Soviet psychologists, Professors Teplov, Rubinstein, Kolbanovsky, and Luria, analyzed many aspects of Pavlov's theory which were useful for the development of psychology. This article describes the “Pavlovian” session, and also examines the historical background and repercussions of the event.
Pavlov's Theory and Russian Psychology 1Revised version of T.N. Ushakova (1983). The Madrid speech of I.P. Pavlov. Psikhologicheskii Zhurnal, 4, 130-134.
Authors: Ushakova Tatyana N.
Published: January 2007

The main Pavlovian ideas about connections between physiology and psychology are sketched here, with particular emphasis placed on the principle of their interrelations suggested by I.P. Pavlov. Some examples are given where physiological and psychological phenomena were described in coordination with each other. The schools and approaches in Russian psychology exploring Pavlov's ideas are also presented: the research of Teplov, Nebylitsyn, Boiko, Sokolov, Livanov, and Lebedev is briefly reviewed. Some points of criticism of Pavlov's theory are analyzed.