bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Scientific landscape of melatonin, its hybrids, and its derivatives as anti-tumor agents: A bibliometric analysis
Authors: Yepes Andres F. , Galeano Wilson Cardona , Ramírez-Malule Howard
Published: September 2024

Melatonin (MLT), its derivatives, and its hybrids have been marked beneficial against several human malignancies by inhibiting the growth of different tumors not only under both in vitro and in vivo conditions but also, specially MLT, for the management of cancer in clinical trials. In this study, a bibliometric analysis of peer-reviewed scientific literature on MLT, as well as their derivatives and hybrids published from 1973 to 16 August 2023 is presented. A total of 2792 articles retrieved in Scopus were analyzed and visualized by VOSviewer 1.6.19. The records show a rise in the number of published papers since 2004. In addition, the main areas of knowledge in which the researchers concentrated the studies were: (i) Biochemistry, Genetics, and Molecular Biology, (ii) Medicine, and (iii) Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmaceutics, with 33.9, 32.4, and 10.1% of the records, respectively. Molecular docking studies of MLT and their anticancer activities for several types of cancer appeared as one of the hotspots of this field. The top five most productive countries—in terms of number of published articles—in studies associated with MLT are the United States, China, Italy, Spain, and Germany.
Development and validation of a new lc-ms/ms method for the determination of orlistat in biological matrices using experimental design
Authors: Kauser Rubina , Chaitanya Padavala Sunil Kumar , Palanivel Venkatesan
Published: September 2024

The primary objective of this study was to develop a sensitive tandem mass spectrometric technique for the quantitative determination of Orlistat in biological matrices by combining electrospray ionization with liquid chromatography. To accomplish chromatographic elution at a flow rate of 0.80 ml/minute, a stationary Phenomenex-C18 column (2.1 mm × 50 mm, 5μ) was utilized. A mobile phasic system consisting of methanol, acetonitrile, and 0.1% formic acid was used for isocratic elution in a ratio of 65:20:15 V/V/V. A 5 ml of ethyl acetate was used as a solvent for the liquid-liquid extraction that separated the drug and internal standard. On repeated reaction monitoring, the Orlistat’s parent and product ions were observed at m/z 496.4/142.08, while the Orlistat-D5 internal standard was detected at m/z 501.3/147.07. Rectilinearity and a r2 value of 0.9999 were seen in the drug’s linearity graph at doses ranging from 1.2 to 392.0 ng/ml. Values for the relative standard deviation of accuracy % between batches varied from 2.84 to 5.32. Results for the lower quality control (LQC) sample were 103.62%, the medium quality control (MQC) sample was 96.14%, and the high-quality control (HQC) sample was 95.73%. The recoveries from this strategy were outstanding. Stability studies were conducted under various conditions, and the results showed stability values between 93.19% and 103.47%. Orlistat remains more stable under different stability settings for a longer period, and the method was found to be useful for routinely analyzing Orlistat in biological materials.
Structure and luminescence properties of Li2Gd4(MoO4)7:Sm3+ orange-red phosphor for solid-state lighting
Authors: Lu Jing-Wen , Zhao Jin , Zhang Yong-Chun , Tu Ru-Ting , Liu Fu-Ni , Leng Zhi-Hua ,   College of Science, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China,   School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China
Published: September 2024

White LEDs have the broad application prospect and market demand, while the red phosphor can greatly affect the color temperature and color rendering index of the modulated white light. In this work, a series of Li2Gd4–x Smx(MoO4)7 (x = 0.01–0.13) phosphors is prepared by the high-temperature solid phase method. The successful doping of Sm3+ into Li2Gd4(MoO4)7 is confirmed by X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and does not lead to any change in crystal structure. The samples are detected by scanning electron microscope (SEM) to have irregular blocky structures with particle size less than 20 μm. The existence of Li, Gd, Mo, O and Sm elements in the phosphor is confirmed by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The observation of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) shows that the activators are successfully doped into materials. Under 406 nm excitation, the emission peaks of the samples are located at 563, 598, 645 and 706 nm respectively, which are caused by the 4f-4f transition of Sm3+, and the strongest emission peak comes from 4G5/2→6H9/2 transition. It is found that optimal concentration of Sm3+ is 0.07. With the increase of Sm3+ concentration, the fluorescence lifetime decreases gradually. The temperature-dependent emission of phosphor is also studied. The emission intensity at 473 K is still 79% of that at 298 K, indicating that the sample has excellent heat resistance. The CIE chromaticity diagram shows the luminescence of the prepared phosphor is located in the orange-red region and the color purity is high (99%). Moreover, a white LED is fabricated using the optical doped phosphor, which has CIE coordinates of (0.3788, 0.3134) that are located in the circle of white light. Research shows that the Li2Gd4(MoO4)7:Sm3+ phosphor is a promising orange-red phosphor for white LEDs.
Pharmacologic Activation of Integrated Stress Response Kinases Inhibits Pathologic Mitochondrial Fragmentation
Authors: Baron Kelsey R , Oviedo Samantha , Krasny Sophia , Zaman Mashiat , Aldakhlallah Rama , Mathur Prakhyat , Pfeffer Gerald , Bollong Michael J , Shutt Timothy , Grotjahn Danielle A , Wiseman R Luke
Published: September 2024

Excessive mitochondrial fragmentation is associated with the pathologic mitochondrial dysfunction implicated in the pathogenesis of etiologically-diverse diseases, including many neurodegenerative disorders. The integrated stress response (ISR) – comprising the four eIF2α kinases PERK, GCN2, PKR, and HRI – is a prominent stress-responsive signaling pathway that regulates mitochondrial morphology and function in response to diverse types of pathologic insult. This suggests that pharmacologic, stress-independent activation of the ISR represents a potential strategy to mitigate pathologic mitochondrial fragmentation associated with human disease. Here, we show that pharmacologic, stress-independent activation of the ISR kinases HRI or GCN2 promotes adaptive mitochondrial elongation and prevents mitochondrial fragmentation induced by the calcium ionophore ionomycin. Further, we show that stress-independent activation of these ISR kinases reduces mitochondrial fragmentation and restores basal mitochondrial morphology in patient fibroblasts expressing the pathogenic D414V variant of the pro-fusion mitochondrial GTPase MFN2 associated with neurological dysfunctions including ataxia, optic atrophy, and sensorineural hearing loss. These results identify pharmacologic, stress-independent activation of ISR kinases as a potential strategy to prevent pathologic mitochondrial fragmentation induced by disease-relevant chemical and genetic insults, further motivating the pursuit of highly selective ISR kinase-activating compounds as a therapeutic strategy to mitigate mitochondrial dysfunction implicated in diverse human diseases.
Antigenic drift and subtype interference shape A(H3N2) epidemic dynamics in the United States
Authors: Perofsky Amanda C , Huddleston John , Hansen Chelsea L , Barnes John R , Rowe Thomas , Xu Xiyan , Kondor Rebecca , Wentworth David E , Lewis Nicola , Whittaker Lynne , Ermetal Burcu , Harvey Ruth , Galiano Monica , Daniels Rodney Stuart , McCauley John W , Fujisaki Seiichiro , Nakamura Kazuya , Kishida Noriko , Watanabe Shinji , Hasegawa Hideki , Sullivan Sheena G , Barr Ian G , Subbarao Kanta , Krammer Florian , Bedford Trevor , Viboud Cécile
Published: September 2024

Influenza viruses continually evolve new antigenic variants, through mutations in epitopes of their major surface proteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Antigenic drift potentiates the reinfection of previously infected individuals, but the contribution of this process to variability in annual epidemics is not well understood. Here, we link influenza A(H3N2) virus evolution to regional epidemic dynamics in the United States during 1997—2019. We integrate phenotypic measures of HA antigenic drift and sequence-based measures of HA and NA fitness to infer antigenic and genetic distances between viruses circulating in successive seasons. We estimate the magnitude, severity, timing, transmission rate, age-specific patterns, and subtype dominance of each regional outbreak and find that genetic distance based on broad sets of epitope sites is the strongest evolutionary predictor of A(H3N2) virus epidemiology. Increased HA and NA epitope distance between seasons correlates with larger, more intense epidemics, higher transmission, greater A(H3N2) subtype dominance, and a greater proportion of cases in adults relative to children, consistent with increased population susceptibility. Based on random forest models, A(H1N1) incidence impacts A(H3N2) epidemics to a greater extent than viral evolution, suggesting that subtype interference is a major driver of influenza A virus infection ynamics, presumably via heterosubtypic cross-immunity.
RAPiD: a rapid and accurate plant pathogen identification pipeline for on-site nanopore sequencing
Authors: Knobloch Stephen , Salimi Fatemeh , Buaya Anthony , Ploch Sebastian , Thines Marco
Published: September 2024

Nanopore sequencing technology has enabled the rapid, on-site taxonomic identification of samples from anything and anywhere. However, sequencing errors, inadequate databases, as well as the need for bioinformatic expertise and powerful computing resources, have hampered the widespread use of the technology for pathogen identification in the agricultural sector. Here we present RAPiD, a lightweight and accurate real-time taxonomic profiling pipeline. Compared to other metagenomic profilers, RAPiD had a higher classification precision achieved through the use of a curated, non-redundant database of common agricultural pathogens and extensive quality filtering of alignments. On a fungal, bacterial and mixed mock community RAPiD was the only pipeline to detect all members of the communities. We also present a protocol for in-field sample processing enabling pathogen identification from plant sample to sequence within 3 h using low-cost equipment. With sequencing costs continuing to decrease and more high-quality reference genomes becoming available, nanopore sequencing provides a viable method for rapid and accurate pathogen identification in the field. A web implementation of the RAPiD pipeline for real-time analysis is available at https://agrifuture.senckenberg.de.
Sinding-Larsen-Johansson disease. Clinical features, imaging findings, conservative treatments and research perspectives: a scoping review
Authors: Wilczyński Bartosz , Taraszkiewicz Marcin , de Tillier Karol , Biały Maciej , Zorena Katarzyna
Published: September 2024

Objective

This review aims to consolidate existing research on the pathogenesis, clinical diagnosis, imaging outcomes, and conservative treatments of Sinding-Larsen-Johansson disease (SLJD), identifying literature gaps.

Design

Scoping Review.

Methods

A comprehensive literature search was conducted across databases including PubMed, Scopus, Medline OVID, Embase, Web of Science, and Grey literature following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) extension for scoping reviews. The quality of included studies was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) checklist.

Results

The body of evidence on SLJD, primarily derived from case studies, reveals limited and often conflicting data. Key findings include: (1) SLJD commonly presents as localized knee pain in physically active adolescents, particularly males, (2) ultrasound and MRI are the most effective diagnostic tools, (3) conservative treatment, which mainly focuses on activity limitation, yields positive outcomes within two to eight months.

Conclusions

Our review shows that SLJD mainly affects physically active adolescents aged 9–17 years. The authors recommend conservative treatment, rest and/or cryotherapy, passive mobilization, muscle restraint, isometric exercise, and NSAIDs. Further cohort studies are necessary to refine the management and application of the SLJD treatment database.
Geographic genetic variation in the Coral Hawkfish, Cirrhitichthys oxycephalus (Cirrhitidae), in relation to biogeographic barriers across the Tropical Indo-Pacific
Authors: Torres-García Rolando Quetzalcoatl , Gaither Michelle R. , Robertson D. Ross , Torres-Hernández Eloisa , Caselle Jennifer E. , Durand Jean-Dominique , Angulo Arturo , Espinoza-Herrera Eduardo , García-De León Francisco J. , Valdiviezo-Rivera Jonathan , Domínguez-Domínguez Omar
Published: September 2024

The Tropical Indo-Pacific (TIP) includes about two thirds of the world’s tropical oceans and harbors an enormous number of marine species. The distributions of those species within the region is affected by habitat discontinuities and oceanographic features. As well as many smaller ones, the TIP contains seven large recognized biogeographic barriers that separate the Red Sea and Indian Ocean, the Indian from the Pacific Ocean, the central and eastern Pacific, the Hawaiian archipelago, the Marquesas and Easter Islands. We examined the genetic structuring of populations of Cirrhitichthys oxycephalus, a small cryptic species of reef fish, across its geographic range, which spans the longitudinal limits of the TIP. We assessed geographic variation in the mitochondrial cytb gene and the nuclear RAG1 gene, using 166 samples collected in 46 localities from the western to eastern edges of the TIP. Sequences from cytb show three well-structured groups that are separated by large genetic distances (1.58–2.96%): two in the Tropical Eastern Pacific (TEP), one at Clipperton Atoll another occupying the rest of that region and the third that ranges across the remainder of the TIP, from the central Pacific to the Red Sea and South Africa. These results indicate that the ~4,000 km wide Eastern Pacific Barrier between the central and eastern Pacific is an efficient barrier separating the two main groups. Further, the ~950 km of open ocean that isolates Clipperton Atoll from the rest of the TEP is also an effective barrier. Contrary to many other cases, various major and minor barriers from the Central Indo-Pacific to the Red Sea are not effective against dispersal by C. oxycephalus, although this species has not colonized the Hawiian islands and Easter Island. The nuclear gene partially supports the genetic structure evident in cytb, although all haplotypes are geographically mixed.
Differences in cervical sagittal parameters and muscular function among subjects with different cervical spine alignments: a surface electromyography-based cross-sectional study
Authors: Wang Dian , Liu Shuanghe , Liu Yibo , Zeng Zheng
Published: September 2024

Background

We analyzed cervical sagittal parameters and muscular function in different cervical kyphosis types.

Methods

This cross-sectional study enrolled subjects with cervical spine lordosis (cervical curvature < −4°) or degenerative cervical kyphosis (cervical curvature > 4°), including C-, S-, and R-type kyphosis. We recorded patients’ general information (gender, age, body mass index), visual analog scale (VAS) scores, and the Neck Disability Index (NDI). Cervical sagittal parameters including C2–C7 Cobb angle (Cobb), T1 slope (T1S), C2–C7 sagittal vertical axis (SVA), spino-cranial angle (SCA), range of motion (ROM), and muscular function (flexion-relaxation ratio (FRR) and co-contraction ratio (CCR) of neck/shoulder muscles on surface electromyography). Differences in cervical sagittal parameters and muscular function in subjects with different cervical spine alignments, and correlations between VAS scores, NDI, cervical sagittal parameters, and muscular function indices were statistically analyzed.

Results

The FRR of the splenius capitis (SPL), upper trapezius (UTr), and sternocleidomastoid (SCM) were higher in subjects with cervical lordosis than in subjects with cervical kyphosis. FRRSPL was higher in subjects with C-type kyphosis than in subjects with R- and S-type kyphosis (P < 0.05), and was correlated with VAS scores, Cobb angle, T1S, and SVA. FRRUTr was correlated with NDI, SCA, T1S, and SVA. FRRSCM was correlated with VAS scores and Cobb angle. CCR was correlated with SCA and SVA.

Conclusion

Cervical sagittal parameters differed among different cervical kyphosis types. FRRs and CCRs were significantly worse in R-type kyphosis than other kyphosis types. Cervical muscular functions were correlated with cervical sagittal parameters and morphological alignment.
A percepção de sustentabilidade do hóspede afeta a advocacia do consumidor na hotelaria?
Authors: Pereira Lucimari Acosta , Frio Ricardo Saraiva , Pereira Melise de Lima , Santos Thayele Oliveira dos
Published: September 2024

A literatura acadêmica apresenta carência de estudos de sustentabilidade das empresas e advocacia do consumidor no setor do turismo. Na última década, os investigadores do turismo integraram a teoria do comportamento, explicando a inconsistência intenção-comportamento a partir de diferentes ângulos teóricos. Neste sentido, esta investigação realiza uma análise sobre como a percepção de sustentabilidade no setor hoteleiro afeta a advocacia do consumidor. Além disso, o artigo explora a importância da atitude sustentável dos consumidores e sua preocupação ambiental como moderadoras dessa relação. A cidadania do consumidor é utilizada como teoria de base, pois indica que o consumidor se envolve em comportamentos voluntários à organização (por exemplo, boca a boca e advocacia). Realizou-se uma pesquisa quantitativa para testar as três hipóteses; o questionário foi composto por 34 itens validados na literatura, no contexto de experiência com hotéis e a técnica de modelagem de equações estruturais baseada na variância foi utilizada para análise dos resultados. Os dados foram coletados entre junho e agosto de 2023. A amostra final foi de 104 consumidores. Identificou-se que a advocacia do consumidor é explicada pela percepção de sustentabilidade, todavia, a atitude sustentável e preocupação ambiental não moderam a relação. A sustentabilidade praticada pela empresa gera saídas positivas ao consumidor, ampliando o entendimento sobre os determinantes da advocacia do consumidor, contribuindo ao entendimento do comportamento cidadão do cliente.
A Survey-Based Analysis of the Usage Experience of Aluminium Metal Vessels in Our Lives for Risk Assessment among Kadapa City, Andhra Pradesh, India
Authors: Kondaiah G. , Srineetha U. , Kumar D. Veera Nagendra , Rao C. Narasimha
Published: September 2024

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the purpose, usage, and side effects of the aluminium vessels used by participants.
Methods: It is a survey-based study designed to check the extent of aluminium involvement in their lives and perception of awareness. The 12-item questionnaire was administered to the participants who were English-literate and Telugu (local) language. In total, 500 participants indicated that they had used aluminium metal vessels. Section 1 with demographic information, and Section 2 with twelve questions with multiple correct answers.
Results: The findings of this study indicate that knowledge, purpose, usage, and side effects of aluminium metal vessels. However, the current consensus among the respondents is that current aluminium toxicity-focused knowledge is inadequate for such an application.
Conclusion: The current study was designed to explore the frequency of aluminium usage in various forms in the Indian population of Kadapa city of Andhra Pradesh and investigate any preferential difference in aluminium usage with education and occupation. The major findings are that the majority of respondents used aluminium vessels for different purposes, and fewer were aware of safety concerns. Using aluminium vessels causes different health problems. However, this study recommended alternatives to aluminium vessels, such as brass, stainless, and copper, etc.
Heterotic Studies for Yield and Yield Attributing Characters in Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana L. Gaertn)
Authors: Pavithra S. , Madhavilatha L. , Narasimhulu R. , Sumathi V.
Published: September 2024

In the present investigation twelve crosses were generated by crossing three lines with four testers in Line × Tester mating design during kharif 2023 at Agricultural Research Station, Perumallapalle, Tirupati. Twelve crosses along with seven parents and check (Tirumala) were evaluated during rabi 2023-24 in Randomised Block Design with two replications at Agricultural Research Station, Perumallapalle, Tirupati. ANOVA revealed significant difference among genotypes for all characters studied. Heterosis studies helps in finding out superior hybrids over mid parent (Average heterosis), better parent (heterobeltiosis) and standard check (economic heterosis). Among the crosses, PPR1216 × VL 400 was identified as superior cross as it recorded high magnitude of per se performance and all three types of heterosis for days to 50% flowering, number of productive tillers per plant, number of fingers per ear and grain yield per plant. The heterosis will be exploited through selection of superior and character specific genotypes in the segregating generations for the evolution of high yielding varieties. Statistical analysis was carried out by using OP STAT and R Software.
Engineering Properties of Foxtail Millet Seeds for Development of Planter for Millet Crop
Authors: Santosh  , K V Prakash , M Devanand , P Vijayakumar , N Anand
Published: September 2024

Millets are sown by broadcasting and drilling by traditional implements. By using these tools, seeds were not distributed uniformly, which led to an excess of plants and irregular spacing. Furthermore, if seed is sown in a line rather than a spread pattern, harvesting and threshing activities become more efficient. In keeping the views of above facts, planter for millet seeds was developed. A study was carried out to measure the engineering properties of foxtail millet seeds for development of planter for millet crop. Engineering properties helps in design of machine parameters like type of seed metering mechanism, size of cell and hopper capacity etc. The engineering properties such as mean linear dimensions viz., length, width and thickness are 2.20 mm, 1.23 mm and 1.11 mm respectively. The physical properties like geometrical mean diameter, bulk density and true density of are 1.43 mm, 670.33 kg m-3, 1156.2 kg m-3 respectively. The frictional properties such as angle of repose, co-efficient of internal and external friction are 24.30 degrees, 1.23 and 0.45 degrees respectively. In developing the millet planter, these measured engineering parameters were taken into account.
Short organic carbon turnover time and narrow 14C age spectra in early Holocene wetland paleosols
Authors: Vetter Lael , Rosenheim Brad E. , Fernandez Alvaro , Törnqvist Torbjörn E.
Published: December 2016

Paleosols contain information about the rates of soil organic carbon turnover when the soil was actively forming. However, this temporal information is often difficult to interpret without tight stratigraphic control on the age of the paleosol. Here we apply ramped pyrolysis/oxidation (Ramped PyrOx) 14C analyses to evaluate age spectra of transgressive early Holocene paleosols from the Mississippi Delta in southeastern Louisiana, USA. We find 14C age spectra from soil organic matter (SOM) in both paleosols and overlying basal peats that represent variability in age that is close to, or only slightly greater than, analytical uncertainty of 14C measurements, despite different sources of carbon with likely disparate ages. Such age spectra have not previously been observed in the sedimentary record. Here they indicate vigorous soil carbon turnover prior to burial, which homogenized 14C ages within SOM across the entire thermochemical spectrum. The weighted bulk 14C ages from Ramped PyrOx of paleosols and overlying peats are identical within analytical and process‐associated uncertainty, and corroborate 14C ages from charcoal fragments and plant macrofossils from the overlying peat. The youngest ages from Ramped PyrOx age spectra may also potentially be applied as chronometers for stratigraphic burial ages. Our results suggest rapid turnover (≪300 years) of carbon in these soils relative to input of allochthonous carbon, indicating that the 14C age of different soil components is decoupled from thermochemical stability and instead reflects vigorous turnover processes. The concurrence of paleosol and peat 14C ages also suggests that pedogenic processes were linked with the development of coastal marshes, and that the priming effect potentially masked the signal of allochthonous carbon inputs during sea level rise.
Paleoweathering and paleoenvironmental change recorded in lacustrine sediments of the early to middle Eocene in Fushun Basin, Northeast China
Authors: Chen Zuoling , Ding Zhongli , Tang Zihua , Yang Shiling , Wang Xu , Cui Linlin
Published: December 2016

Deciphering the long‐term interaction among continental silicate weathering, global climate, and atmospheric CO2 concentrations is helpful in understanding the mechanisms of the Cenozoic climate change and accessing the future climatic and environmental response to anthropogenic carbon emissions. The Eocene, which is characterized by the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (EECO) and the following global cooling, represents an ideal test case. Here we generate geochemical data of the Eocene lacustrine sediments from the Fushun Basin, northeast China, to explore the regional climatic response to the global climate change. The chemical index of alteration (CIA) and plagioclase index of alteration (PIA) consistently show a gradual, long‐term decrease, indicating a climatic transition from warm and humid to relatively cold and arid during the Eocene in the Fushun Basin. This climatic trend is broadly coincident with the global cooling and decreasing CO2 concentration, implying that the regional climate is closely correlated with the global climate change over geological time scales. Additionally, the extreme silicate weathering and high lake productivity as reflected by relatively positive δ13C values of lacustrine organic matter are associated with the EECO. This consistency may demonstrate that enhanced continental weathering and lake productivity had served as effective sinks to lower atmospheric CO2 across the EECO. Collectively, our new geochemical data add supporting evidence for a long‐term, close coupling among continental silicate weathering, climate, and global carbon cycle during the Eocene.
Controls on evolution of gas‐hydrate system in the Krishna‐Godavari basin, offshore India
Authors: Badesab F. , Dewangan P. , Usapkar A. , Kocherla M. , Peketi A. , Mohite K. , Sangode S. J. , Deenadayalan K.
Published: December 2016

In this study, we integrate environmental magnetic, sedimentological, and geochemical records of sediment core of Hole NGHP‐01‐10D overlying methane hydrate deposits to decipher the controls on the evolution of fracture‐filled gas‐hydrate system in the Krishna‐Godavari (K‐G) basin. Four distinct sedimentary units have been identified, based on the sediment magnetic signatures. An anomalous zone of enhanced magnetic susceptibility (Unit III: 51.9–160.4 mbsf) coinciding with the gas hydrate bearing intervals is due to the presence of magnetite‐rich detrital minerals brought‐in by the river systems as a result of higher sedimentation events in K‐G basin and has no influence over hydrate formation. A strong to moderate correlation between magnetite concentration and chromium reducible sulfur (CRS) content indicates significant influence of sulfidization on the magnetic record and could be further exploited as a proxy to decipher paleo‐H2S seepage events. Analysis of high‐resolution seismic, bathymetry, and sub‐bottom profiler data reveals the existence of a regional fault system in K‐G basin. The opening and closing dynamics of the faults facilitated the migration and trapping of required gas concentrations resulting in accumulation of gas hydrates at the studied site. The seismic data provides support to the rock‐magnetic interpretations. The observed variations in magnetic and geochemical properties have resulted from the episodic flow of methane and sulfide‐enriched fluids through the fracture‐filled network formed as a result of shale‐tectonism. Our study demonstrated the potential of using an enviro‐magnetic approach in combination with other proxies to constrain the evolution of gas‐hydrate system in marine environments.
Internal wave generation from tidal flow exiting a constricted opening
Authors: Wang Caixia , Pawlowicz Richard
Published: December 2016

The southern Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, often contains packets of large, near‐surface internal waves. Wave crests at the leading edge of the packet, spaced a few hundred meters apart, can have a longitudinal extent of more than 10 km. It has long been assumed that these waves are generated by tidal flow through narrow passages and channels at the Strait's southern boundaries, but no actual link has ever been made between these waves and a specific passage or generation mechanism. Here we identify the location and extent of a number of these large packets at specific times using mosaics of photogrammetrically rectified oblique air photos. Wave speeds are determined by analyzing a time sequence of images, with water column measurements used to subtract effects of tidal advection. The location and extent of these internal waves are then compared with the predicted location and extent of hypothetical waves generated in different passages, at different stages of the tide, which are then propagated through a predicted time‐varying barotropic flow field. It is found that the observed waves are most likely generated near or after the time of the peak flood tide, or peak inflow into the Strait. They are therefore inconsistent with generation mechanisms involving the release and upstream propagation of waves by the relaxation of an ebb tide. Instead they are probably associated with the nonlinear adjustment of conditions at the edge of an inflowing injection of relatively weakly stratified water.
Coherent mesoscale eddies in the North Atlantic subtropical gyre: 3‐D structure and transport with application to the salinity maximum
Authors: Amores Angel , Melnichenko Oleg , Maximenko Nikolai
Published: December 2016

The mean vertical structure and transport properties of mesoscale eddies are investigated in the North Atlantic subtropical gyre by combining historical records of Argo temperature/salinity profiles and satellite sea level anomaly data in the framework of the eddy tracking technique. The study area is characterized by a low eddy kinetic energy and sea surface salinity maximum. Although eddies have a relatively weak signal at surface (amplitudes around 3–7 cm), the eddy composites reveal a clear deep signal that penetrates down to at least 1200 m depth. The analysis also reveals that the vertical structure of the eddy composites is strongly affected by the background stratification. The horizontal patterns of temperature/salinity anomalies can be reconstructed by a linear combination of a monopole, related to the elevation/depression of the isopycnals in the eddy core, and a dipole, associated with the horizontal advection of the background gradient by the eddy rotation. A common feature of all the eddy composites reconstructed is the phase coherence between the eddy temperature/salinity and velocity anomalies in the upper
m layer, resulting in the transient eddy transports of heat and salt. As an application, a box model of the near‐surface layer is used to estimate the role of mesoscale eddies in maintaining a quasi‐steady state distribution of salinity in the North Atlantic subtropical salinity maximum. The results show that mesoscale eddies are able to provide between 4 and 21% of the salt flux out of the area required to compensate for the local excess of evaporation over precipitation.
Examining the West African Monsoon circulation response to atmospheric heating in a GCM dynamical core
Authors: Chadwick R. , Martin G.M. , Copsey D. , Bellon G. , Caian M. , Codron F. , Rio C. , Roehrig R.
Published: December 2016

Diabatic heating plays a crucial role in the formation and maintenance of the West African Monsoon. A dynamical core configuration of a General Circulation Model (GCM) is used to test the influence of diabatic heating from different sources and regions on the strength and northward penetration of the monsoon circulation. The dynamical core is able to capture the main features of the monsoon flow, and when forced with heating tendencies from various different GCMs it recreates many of the differences seen between the full GCM monsoon circulations. Differences in atmospheric short‐wave absorption over the Sahara and Sahel regions are a key driver of variation in the models' monsoon circulations, and this is likely to be linked to how aerosols, clouds and surface albedo are represented across the models. The magnitude of short‐wave absorption also appears to affect the strength and position of the African easterly jet (AEJ), but not that of the tropical easterly jet (TEJ). The dynamical core is also used here to understand circulation changes that occur during the ongoing model development process that occurs at each modeling centre, providing the potential to trace these changes to specific alterations in model physics.
The “Grey Zone” cold air outbreak global model intercomparison: A cross evaluation using large‐eddy simulations
Authors: Tomassini Lorenzo , Field Paul R. , Honnert Rachel , Malardel Sylvie , McTaggart‐Cowan Ron , Saitou Kei , Noda Akira T. , Seifert Axel
Published: December 2016

A stratocumulus‐to‐cumulus transition as observed in a cold air outbreak over the North Atlantic Ocean is compared in global climate and numerical weather prediction models and a large‐eddy simulation model as part of the Working Group on Numerical Experimentation “Grey Zone” project. The focus of the project is to investigate to what degree current convection and boundary layer parameterizations behave in a scale‐adaptive manner in situations where the model resolution approaches the scale of convection. Global model simulations were performed at a wide range of resolutions, with convective parameterizations turned on and off. The models successfully simulate the transition between the observed boundary layer structures, from a well‐mixed stratocumulus to a deeper, partly decoupled cumulus boundary layer. There are indications that surface fluxes are generally underestimated. The amount of both cloud liquid water and cloud ice, and likely precipitation, are under‐predicted, suggesting deficiencies in the strength of vertical mixing in shear‐dominated boundary layers. But also regulation by precipitation and mixed‐phase cloud microphysical processes play an important role in the case. With convection parameterizations switched on, the profiles of atmospheric liquid water and cloud ice are essentially resolution‐insensitive. This, however, does not imply that convection parameterizations are scale‐aware. Even at the highest resolutions considered here, simulations with convective parameterizations do not converge toward the results of convection‐off experiments. Convection and boundary layer parameterizations strongly interact, suggesting the need for a unified treatment of convective and turbulent mixing when addressing scale‐adaptivity.
Proximity Effect
Authors: Belogolovskii Mikhail
Published: December 2016

The article contains sections titled:

Introduction

Metal–Insulator Contact

Normal Metal–Superconductor Contact

Ferromagnetic Metal–Superconductor Contact

New Perspectives and New Challenges
Flux Pinning in Superconductors
Authors: Wimbush Stuart C.
Published: December 2016

The article contains sections titled:

Flux Lines, Flux Motion, and Dissipation

Sources of Flux Pinning

Flux Pinning in Technological Superconductors

Recent Developments in Flux Pinning Methodologies

Pinning‐Enabled High‐Field Magnet Applications

Experimental Determination of Pinning Forces

Regimes of Flux Motion

Limitations on Core Pinning Efficacy

Magnetic Pinning of Flux Lines

Flux Pinning Anisotropy

Maximum Entropy Treatment of Flux Pinning

Conclusion
Superconducting Pickup Coils for
NMR
and
MRI
Applications
Authors: Brazdeikis Audrius , Wosik Jarek
Published: December 2016

The article contains sections titled:

Introduction

HTS
Pickup Coils for High‐Field
MRI
Applications

SQUID
Pickup for Ultra‐Low‐Field
NMR
/
MRI
Magnetic Shields
Authors: Claycomb James R.
Published: December 2016

Applications of superconducting magnetic shielding are discussed for magnetic measurements. Analytical and numerical modeling techniques are reviewed for superconductors in the presence of dipole source and external noise fields. Further applications include eddy current nondestructive testing, fault current limiters, and the shielding of space radiation.
Advanced Superconducting Circuits and Devices
Authors: Weides Martin , Rotzinger Hannes
Published: December 2016

The article contains sections titled:

Introduction

Field‐Effect Devices

Quantum Information Circuits

Metamaterials at Microwave Frequencies

Quantum Phase Slip

Novel Quantum Circuits

Quantum‐Limited Measurements: Microwave Parametric Amplifiers
Two sides to the story: Adolescent and parent views on harmful intention in defining school bullying
Authors: Thomas Hannah J. , Connor Jason P. , Baguley Chantelle M. , Scott James G.
Published: December 2016

Bullying is defined as repeated negative actions involving a power differential, and intention to harm. There is limited research on harmful intention as a definitional component. This study explored the role of the perpetrator's harmful intention and the target's perception of harmful intention. Some 209 students (M = 14.5 years; 66.5% female) and 447 parents (M = 46.4 years; 86.4% female) were randomly assigned in an online survey. Participants assessed the likelihood of bullying in five hypothetical scenarios (physical, verbal, rumor, exclusion, and cyber) across five intention conditions, that also involved repetition and a power differential. The five intention conditions were: 1) harm intended by perpetrator (I) and perceived as intended to harm by target (I) [II condition]; 2) harm not intended by perpetrator (N) but perceived as intended to harm by target (I) [NI condition]; 3) harm intended by perpetrator (I) but not perceived as intended to harm by target (N) [IN condition]; 4) harm not intended by perpetrator (N) and not perceived as intended to harm by target N [NN condition]; and 5) a control which did not state any actual or perceived harmful intention [C condition]. For students and parents, the perpetrator's harmful intention and the target's perception of harmful intention were important when considering whether a peer interaction constituted bullying. These findings confirm the applicability of the three‐part definition of bullying, and highlight the importance of assessing these two dimensions of harmful intention when determining whether a problematic peer interaction should be regarded as bullying. Aggr. Behav. 43:352–363, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cerebrospinal fluid protein carbonylation identifies oxidative damage in autoimmune demyelination
Authors: Irani David N.
Published: December 2016

Oxidative damage occurs in multiple sclerosis, but is difficult to identify antemortem and remains an unknown contributor to disease progression. Carbonylation is a quantitative measure of protein oxidation. Cerebrospinal fluid samples from multiple sclerosis patients showed elevated carbonylated protein levels compared to controls. In experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, carbonylated protein levels in cerebrospinal fluid correlated tightly with those found in inflamed spinal cord tissues. Furthermore, concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid and spinal cord responded in parallel to an antioxidant intervention that also attenuated disease symptoms. These data suggest that carbonylated cerebrospinal fluid proteins could be a quantitative, sensitive, and disease‐relevant biomarker in multiple sclerosis.
Ultrasound Features of the Posterior Tibialis Tendon and Peroneus Brevis Tendon Entheses: Comparison Study Between Healthy Adults and Those With Inflammatory Arthritis
Authors: Ward Ian M. , Kissin Eugene , Kaeley Gurjit , Scott Joshua N. , Newkirk Michelle , Hildebrand Bernard A. , Lospinoso Josh , Kohler Minna J. , Higgs Jay B.
Published: December 2016

Objective

Limited literature exists on the sonographic appearance of the posterior tibialis tendon (PTT) and the peroneus brevis tendon (PBT) entheses. We determined the anatomic features and best imaging techniques of normal PTT and PBT using musculoskeletal ultrasound and compared these findings to subjects with inflammatory arthritis.

Methods

Adult subjects were enrolled as healthy controls (HCs), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, or spondyloarthropathy (SpA) patients. Bilateral PTT and PBT entheses were imaged longitudinally, comparing 2 angles of insonation: perpendicular to the skin surface and 45° cephalad. Images were scored on semiquantitative scales assessing pathology.

Results

A total of 78 subjects were enrolled (37 HC, 21 RA, and 20 SpA). Complete enthesis visualization was achieved more frequently in the perpendicular than in the cephalad view for the PBT (76.3% versus 58.7%), but more frequently in the cephalad view for the PTT (58.0% versus 19.6%). RA and SpA subjects had higher rates of PTT fiber disruption (P < 0.001), PTT tenosynovial effusion (P < 0.001), and Doppler signal (P < 0.001) than HCs. No significant differences existed at the PBT enthesis. In multivariate analysis, RA and SpA subjects were found to be 5.1 times (P < 0.001) and 3.6 times (P < 0.001) more likely to exhibit ultrasound‐detected pathology, respectively, than HCs.

Conclusion

The perpendicular transducer aim is optimal for imaging the PBT, while the cephalad transducer orientation was more effective for evaluation of the PTT. Unlike distal PBT imaging, PTT imaging distinguished healthy and disease states, with both RA and SpA patients showing features of PTT enthesopathy. Distal PTT imaging is a useful technique for musculoskeletal ultrasound.
On the Considerability of DSR (Differential Speed Rolling) as a Severe Plastic Deformation Method
Authors: Ko Young Gun , Widiantara IPutu , Hamad Kotiba
Published: December 2016

This work is presented to show, whether the plastic deformation imposed by a differential speed rolling (DSR) process can be considered as a severe plastic deformation (SPD). For this purpose, low carbon steel (LCS) samples are deformed by DSR at two different thickness reductions of 50 and 75%. Microstructural features and mechanical properties of the fabricated LCS samples are determined and compared to those of LCS samples deformed by an equal speed rolling (ESR) process. After DSR deformation, an ultrafine grained structure with high fractions of high angle grains boundaries is evolved. In addition, the DSR‐fabricated samples exhibited improved strength and hardness as compared to their coarse grained counterparts. As compared to the SPD methods, DSR can be classified as a SPD‐like method.
Encapsulation of Insulin‐Secreting Cells Expressing a Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Calcium Indicator for Cell‐Based Sensing In Vivo
Authors: Boss Christophe , De Marchi Umberto , Hermant Aurélie , Conrad Mouna , Sizzano Federico , Palini Alessio , Wiederkehr Andreas , Bouche Nicolas
Published: December 2016

The development of cell‐based biosensors that give insight into cell and tissue function in vivo is an attractive technology for biomedical research. Here, the development of a cell line expressing a fluorescent calcium sensor for the study of beta‐cell function in vivo is reported. The bioresponsive cell model is based on INS‐1E pancreatic beta‐cells, stably expressing the genetically encoded cameleon‐based fluorescent sensor YC3.6cyto. Following single‐cell selection and expansion, functional testing and in vitro encapsulation experiments are used to identify a suitable clone of INS‐1E cells expressing the calcium sensor. This clone is transplanted subcutaneous in mouse using a cell macroencapsulation system based on flat sheet porous membranes. Cells in the implanted capsules are able to respond to glucose in vivo by secreting insulin and thereby contributing to the regulation of glycaemia in the mice. Furthermore, fluorescence imaging of explanted devices shows that encapsulated cells maintain high level expression of YC3.6cyto in vivo. In conclusion, these data show that encapsulated INS‐1E cells stably expressing a genetically encoded calcium sensor can be successfully implanted in vivo, and therefore serve as biosensing element or in vivo model to longitudinally monitor the function of pancreatic beta‐cells.
3D Bioprinting for Organ Regeneration
Authors: Cui Haitao , Nowicki Margaret , Fisher John P. , Zhang Lijie Grace
Published: December 2016

Regenerative medicine holds the promise of engineering functional tissues or organs to heal or replace abnormal and necrotic tissues/organs, offering hope for filling the gap between organ shortage and transplantation needs. Three‐dimensional (3D) bioprinting is evolving into an unparalleled biomanufacturing technology due to its high‐integration potential for patient‐specific designs, precise and rapid manufacturing capabilities with high resolution, and unprecedented versatility. It enables precise control over multiple compositions, spatial distributions, and architectural accuracy/complexity, therefore achieving effective recapitulation of microstructure, architecture, mechanical properties, and biological functions of target tissues and organs. Here we provide an overview of recent advances in 3D bioprinting technology, as well as design concepts of bioinks suitable for the bioprinting process. We focus on the applications of this technology for engineering living organs, focusing more specifically on vasculature, neural networks, the heart and liver. We conclude with current challenges and the technical perspective for further development of 3D organ bioprinting.
Visible‐light‐catalyzed Tandem Difluoroacetylation–Intramolecular Cyclization of 1,3‐Diarylpropynones: Access to Difluoroacetylated Indenones
Authors: Nagode Savita B. , Chaturvedi Atul Kumar , Rastogi Namrata
Published: December 2016

A mild and efficient photocatalytic protocol for the synthesis of 3‐aryl‐2‐difluoroacetyl indenones has been established. The reaction sequence involves visible‐light‐catalyzed difluoroacetylation of 1,3‐diarylpropynones followed by intramolecular radical cyclization. The reaction exhibits high regioselectivity and good functional group tolerance. This is a simple method for the introduction of a difluoroalkyl group in the indenone scaffold, which is valuable from the point of view of medicinal chemistry.
Gold(I)/Chiral N,N′‐Dioxide–Nickel(II) Relay Catalysis for Asymmetric Tandem Intermolecular Hydroalkoxylation/Claisen Rearrangement
Authors: Li Jun , Lin Lili , Hu Bowen , Zhou Pengfei , Huang Tianyu , Liu Xiaohua , Feng Xiaoming
Published: December 2016

A highly efficient asymmetric cascade reaction between alkynyl esters and allylic alcohols has been realized. Key to success was the combination of a hydroalkoxylation reaction catalyzed by a π‐acidic gold(I) complex with a Claisen rearrangement catalyzed by a chiral Lewis acidic N,N′‐dioxide–nickel(II) complex. A range of acyclic α‐allyl β‐keto esters were synthesized in high yields (up to 99 %) with good diastereoselectivities (up to 97:3) and excellent enantioselectivities (up to 99 % ee) under mild reaction conditions. These products can be easily transformed into optically active β‐hydroxy esters, β‐hydroxy acids, or 1,3‐diols.