bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determination of level of self‐reported adherence of antihypertensive drug(s) and its associated factors among patient with hypertension at a tertiary care center
Authors: Bhusal Laxman , Deep Pathak Bishnu , Dhakal Bishal , Simkhada Nabin , Sharma Neeraj , Upadhaya Remi Binit , Adhikari Sushil , Oli Prakash Raj , Neupane Shashank , Limbu Binod , Shrestha Dhan Bahadur
Published: October 2022

The study aimed to determine the level of self‐reported adherence to antihypertensive drug(s) and its associated factors among patient with hypertension at a tertiary care center. The authors performed hospital based observational cross‐sectional study using semi‐structured questionnaires, WHO STEP tool and Hill and Bone high blood pressure compliance scale from December 1, 2021 to February 28, 2022. Descriptive statistics, Chi‐square/Fisher's exact test and non‐parametric tests were used for statistical analysis. Among 150 cases included in the study, majority (94, 62.67%) had good adherence based on Hill and Bone high blood pressure compliance scale with adherence level labelled as “good adherence” (score 3) and “not good adherence” (score < 3). The adherence to drug therapy was significantly better in females compared to males (50 [71.43%] vs. 44 [55.00%], p = .038). Among the factors related to hypertension and anti‐hypertensive therapy, people with higher body mass index (ρ = ‐.324, n = 56, p = .015) and taking three or more pills (6, 1.71%, p = .017) had lower adherence to therapy. Likewise, forgetfulness (30, 53.57%), ineffective counseling (7, 12.50%), and missed follow‐up (13, 23.21%) were the factors associated with lower adherence to anti‐hypertensive therapy. This study finds good adherence among the patients taking anti‐hypertensive medications. However, with the improved education, lesser number of pills and physical fitness help to adhere with the anti‐hypertensive therapy.
Mutation and selection processes regulating short tandem repeats give rise to genetic and phenotypic diversity across species
Authors: Verbiest Max , Maksimov Mikhail , Jin Ye , Anisimova Maria , Gymrek Melissa , Bilgin Sonay Tugce
Published: October 2022

Short tandem repeats (STRs) are units of 1–6 bp that repeat in a tandem fashion in DNA. Along with single nucleotide polymorphisms and large structural variations, they are among the major genomic variants underlying genetic, and likely phenotypic, divergence. STRs experience mutation rates that are orders of magnitude higher than other well‐studied genotypic variants. Frequent copy number changes result in a wide range of alleles, and provide unique opportunities for modulating complex phenotypes through variation in repeat length. While classical studies have identified key roles of individual STR loci, the advent of improved sequencing technology, high‐quality genome assemblies for diverse species, and bioinformatics methods for genome‐wide STR analysis now enable more systematic study of STR variation across wide evolutionary ranges. In this review, we explore mutation and selection processes that affect STR copy number evolution, and how these processes give rise to varying STR patterns both within and across species. Finally, we review recent examples of functional and adaptive changes linked to STRs.
Syndinean dinoflagellates of the genus Euduboscquella are paraphyletic
Authors: Yoo Jiae , Coats D. Wayne , Kim Sunju
Published: October 2022

Syndinean dinoflagellates of the genus Euduboscquella infect marine ciliates and dinoflagellates. Euduboscquella species infecting dinoflagellates are understudied relative to congeners infecting ciliates and their molecular phylogeny remains uncertain. Morphology, development, and rRNA gene sequences of intracellular parasites infecting heterotrophic dinoflagellates from coastal waters of Busan, Republic of Korea in summer to fall of 2019–2021 indicate that Cucumeridinium coeruleum, Gyrodinium cf. ochraceum, and two unidentified species of Gyrodinium were each infected by a different Euduboscquella species. Morphological features including shield structure, shape and color of the mature trophont, and sporogenic process distinguished each of the four parasites from the 10 previously described species of Euduboscquella. Our molecular and phylogenetic analyses showed considerably greater genetic distance of SSU and ITS‐LSU rRNA gene regions among Euduboscquella species infecting dinoflagellates than among those infecting ciliates. Rather than clustering as a group with Euduboscquella species infecting ciliates, SSU rRNA sequences of the four novel parasites spread out across the syndinean Group I phylogeny, occurring in two different clades and a new lineage. Placement of our novel parasites in multiple clades that encompass Ichythyodinium chabelardi strongly indicates that the genus Euduboscquella is paraphyletic.
High opioid doses, naloxone, and central nervous system active medications received by Medicare‐enrolled adults
Authors: Silva Almodóvar Armando , Nahata Milap C.
Published: October 2022

Background

A limited number of studies have analyzed prescribing among Medicare‐enrolled adults at risk for opioid overdoses. The objectives of this study were to evaluate prescribing for naloxone and central nervous system (CNS) active medications and to determine the relationships of patient characteristics with exposure to these medications.

Methods

This was a retrospective cross‐sectional analysis of a Medicare‐enrolled medication therapy management eligible cohort. Patients were stratified into two cohorts, individuals with a mean daily morphine milligram equivalent (MME) dose <50 and individuals with MME ≥50. Medications assessed included benzodiazepines, skeletal muscle relaxants (SMR), hypnotics, gabapentanoids, selective‐serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI), serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI), tricyclic antidepressants (TCA), antipsychotics, barbiturates, other antiepileptics, hydroxyzine, and naloxone. Chi‐square with odds ratios and logistic regressions determined the relationships of medications and patient characteristics with mean daily MME ≥50. Relationship between medications and opioid dose was adjusted for age and sex.

Results

There were 3452 patients with a daily MME <50 and 1116 with a daily MME ≥50. After adjusting for age and sex, patients with a daily MME ≥50 were more likely to be prescribed hypnotics (OR: 1.41, 95% CI 1.17–1.70), SNRIs (OR: 1.39, 95% CI 1.17–1.64), and naloxone (OR: 3.21, 95% CI 2.49–4.12) (p < 0.001). Nine percent of eligible patients received naloxone. Age groups of persons <85 years of age had 1.58–4.04 (p ≤ 0.004) times the odds of being prescribed a mean daily MME ≥50.

Conclusion

Nearly one‐fourth of patients were prescribed a mean daily opioid therapy of MME ≥50. These patients were more likely to be prescribed hypnotics, SNRIs, and naloxone. Patients receiving chronic high‐dose opioid therapy were more likely to be in age groups of persons <85 years. Naloxone may be underprescribed among eligible adults. Targeted medication services may ensure optimal prescribing among Medicare patients with chronic opioid therapies.
Continued potassium supplementation use following loop diuretic discontinuation in older adults: An evaluation of a prescribing cascade relic
Authors: Wang Grace Hsin‐Min , Morris Earl J. , Smith Steven M. , Hallas Jesper , Vouri Scott M.
Published: October 2022

Background

The use of a new medication (e.g., potassium supplementation) for managing a drug‐induced adverse event (e.g., loop diuretic‐induced hypokalemia) constitutes a prescribing cascade. However, loop diuretics are often stopped while potassium may be unnecessarily continued (i.e., relic). We aimed to quantify the occurrence of relics using older adults previously experiencing a loop diuretic‐potassium prescribing cascade as an example.

Methods

We conducted a prescription sequence symmetry analysis using the population‐based Medicare Fee‐For‐Service data (2011–2018) and partitioned the 150 days following potassium initiation by day to assess the daily treatment scenarios (i.e., loop diuretics alone, potassium alone, combination of loop diuretics and potassium, or neither). We calculated the proportion of patients developing the relic, proportion of person‐days under potassium alone, the daily probability of the relic, and the proportion of patients filling potassium after loop diuretic discontinuation. We also identified the risk factors of the relic.

Results

We identified 284,369 loop diuretic initiators who were 8 times more likely to receive potassium supplementation simultaneously or after (i.e., the prescribing cascade), rather than before, loop diuretic initiation (aSR 8.0, 95% CI 7.9–8.2). Among the 66,451 loop diuretic initiators who subsequently (≤30 days) initiated potassium, 20,445 (30.8%) patients remained on potassium after loop diuretic discontinuation, and 9365 (14.1%) patients subsequently filled another potassium supplementation. Following loop diuretic initiation, 4.0% of person‐days were for potassium alone, and daily probability of the relic was the highest after day 90 of loop diuretic initiation (5.6%). Older age, female sex, higher diuretic daily dose, and greater baseline comorbidities were risk factors for the relic, while patients having the same prescriber or pharmacy involved in the use of both medications were less likely to experience the relic.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest the need for clinicians to be aware of the potential of relic to avoid unnecessary drug use.
Does Competition Affect Bank Risk?
Authors: Jiang Liangliang , Levine Ross , Lin Chen
Published: October 2022

Although policymakers often discuss trade‐offs between bank competition and stability, past research provides differing theoretical perspectives and empirical results on the impact of competition on risk. We employ a new approach for identifying exogenous changes in the competitive pressures facing individual banks and discover that an intensification of competition materially boosts bank risk. With respect to the mechanisms, we find that competition reduces banks’ profits, pricing power, and charter values and increases banks’ provision of nontraditional, riskier banking services and lending to riskier firms.
Impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on surgery for benign diseases in gynecology: A nationwide survey by the Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Authors: Komatsu Hiroaki , Nakagawa Satoshi , Yamagami Wataru , Yamada Hideto , Miyashita Susumu , Yoshino Kiyoshi , Kawana Kei , Shibahara Hiroaki , Hamatani Toshio , Aoki Daisuke
Published: October 2022

Aim

This study aimed to clarify the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 on gynecology practice in Japan, in particular, on surgeries for benign gynecological diseases.

Methods

An online questionnaire was distributed to 966 facilities in Japan, including core facilities, facilities participating in perinatal and gynecologic oncology registries, and facilities certified for training by the Japanese Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology Endoscopy. The number of surgeries performed was compared between 2019 and 2020, when the novel coronavirus disease was prevalent.

Results

Five hundred and eighty (58.2%) facilities responded. The total number of surgeries decreased from 129 648 in 2019 to 118 565 in 2020, by 8.5%, for all surgical procedures. However, there was a clear increase in the number of robotic surgeries performed in 2020 compared to that in 2019 for all populations. The number of total hysterectomies decreased markedly from 15 385 in 2019 to 12 531 in 2020, a fall of 10.1%.

Conclusions

The number of surgeries for benign gynecological diseases decreased by 8.5% in 2020 compared to that in 2019. This value is among the lowest in the world.
Neutral In‐Tensions: Navigating Neutrality in Coaching
Authors: Fatien Pauline , Louis Dima , Islam Gazi
Published: October 2022

Neutrality in coaching, as an often‐mentioned yet under‐theorized norm of practice, is illustrative of how a lack of conceptualization leaves professionals with eclectic and contradictory tools and techniques. Therefore, the current study examines coaches' attempts to practice neutrality, with diverse implications for their conceptions of professional practice. Through a qualitative study of 57 executive coaches using a critical incident technique, we identify situations of conceptual and practical complexity. The ongoing practice of enacting neutrality gave rise to diverse tensions, to which coaches responded by formulating individualization and socialization strategies that had different consequences in terms of forms of awareness. Considering neutrality in terms of situated, engaged, and processual practice, we use these findings to theorize its enactment within the interest‐laden world of organizations. Our study contributes to the theory and practice of coaching while also furthering understanding of the dynamic nature of seeking neutrality in professional contexts.
Governancing development in the Andes: From wicked problem to clumsy solutions via messy institutions
Authors: Garcés‐Velástegui Pablo
Published: October 2022

Recent protests in Colombia, Ecuador, and Chile, as well as tense elections in Peru, Ecuador, and Chile, suggest strong polarization. At their heart lies a dispute for the development model. The plurality of factions and vindications underscore the plurality of development notions, rendering the situation a wicked problem. Grid group cultural theory makes sense of such complexity, identifying four irreducible cultures and their respective development models—illustrated by neoliberalism, the developmental state, multiple alternatives such as Sumak Kawsay, and a chimera. To address this problem effectively and legitimately, all models must be engaged to produce clumsy solutions. Further, each culture has its own pathway to harness this plurality. These are messy institutions whose shape, as well as that of clumsy development models, will depend on the relative power of each culture and the context in which they are located. It could be beneficial to incorporate these insights into research on and the practice of development governance in the Andean Region.
Globally‐distributed microbial eukaryotes exhibit endemism at deep‐sea hydrothermal vents
Authors: Hu Sarah K. , Smith Amy R. , Anderson Rika E. , Sylva Sean P. , Setzer Michaela , Steadmon Maria , Frank Kiana L. , Chan Eric W. , Lim Darlene S. S. , German Christopher R. , Breier John A. , Lang Susan Q. , Butterfield David A. , Fortunato Caroline S. , Seewald Jeffrey S. , Huber Julie A.
Published: October 2022

Single‐celled microbial eukaryotes inhabit deep‐sea hydrothermal vent environments and play critical ecological roles in the vent‐associated microbial food web. 18S rRNA amplicon sequencing of diffuse venting fluids from four geographically‐ and geochemically‐distinct hydrothermal vent fields was applied to investigate community diversity patterns among protistan assemblages. The four vent fields include Axial Seamount at the Juan de Fuca Ridge, Sea Cliff and Apollo at the Gorda Ridge, all in the NE Pacific Ocean, and Piccard and Von Damm at the Mid‐Cayman Rise in the Caribbean Sea. We describe species diversity patterns with respect to hydrothermal vent field and sample type, identify putative vent endemic microbial eukaryotes, and test how vent fluid geochemistry may influence microbial community diversity. At a semi‐global scale, microbial eukaryotic communities at deep‐sea vents were composed of similar proportions of dinoflagellates, ciliates, Rhizaria, and stramenopiles. Individual vent fields supported distinct and highly diverse assemblages of protists that included potentially endemic or novel vent‐associated strains. These findings represent a census of deep‐sea hydrothermal vent protistan communities. Protistan diversity, which is shaped by the hydrothermal vent environment at a local scale, ultimately influences the vent‐associated microbial food web and the broader deep‐sea carbon cycle.
Cooking at home to retain nutritional quality and minimise nutrient losses: A focus on vegetables, potatoes and pulses
Authors: Coe Sarah , Spiro Ayela
Published: October 2022

Cooking at home has experienced a decline in many countries since the mid‐20th century. As rates of obesity have increased, there has been an emphasis on more frequent home cooking, including its incorporation into several food‐based dietary guidelines around the world as a strategy to improve dietary quality. With the recent trend towards the adoption of diets richer in plant‐based foods, many consumers cooking at home may now be cooking plant foods such as vegetables, potatoes and pulses more often. It is, therefore, timely to explore the impact that different home cooking methods have on the range of nutrients (e.g. vitamin C and folate) and bioactive phytochemicals (e.g. carotenoids and polyphenols) that such plant foods provide, and this paper will explore this and whether advice can be tailored to minimise such losses. The impact of cooking on nutritional quality can be both desirable and/or undesirable and can vary according to the cooking method and the nutrient or phytochemical of interest. Cooking methods that expose plant foods to high temperatures and/or water for long periods of time (e.g. boiling) may be the most detrimental to nutrient content, whereas other cooking methods such as steaming or microwaving may help to retain nutrients, particularly those that are water‐soluble. Dishes that use cooking liquids may retain nutrients that would have been lost through leaching. It may be helpful to provide the public with more information about better methods to prepare and cook plant foods to minimise any nutrient losses. However, for some nutrients/phytochemicals the insufficient and inconsistent research findings make clear messages around the optimal cooking method difficult, and factors such as bioaccessibility rather than just quantity may also be important to consider.
Nine Lessons from Love: Couples Therapy for Negotiators
Authors: Olekalns Mara
Published: October 2022

Although negotiators need to build and sustain high‐quality relationships, relatively little attention has been given to how they might accomplish this. Negotiation researchers have focused largely on the role of trust and trust violations in dealmaking, neglecting the insights that relationship science can offer. In this article, I integrate research from the close relationships and marriage therapy literatures with negotiation research. Based on this integration, I identify three common themes—relationship history, shared meaning, and relationship work—and draw out nine lessons for repair following actions that disrupt a relationship between negotiators. Drawing on these three themes and their associated lessons, I conclude by identifying four guiding principles for developing strong positive relationships. The first principle highlights the importance of acting within a critical window. Using the opening moments of a negotiation to establish positive emotional tone and cognitive interdependence builds a constructive foundation. Reappraising temporary impasses as transformational opportunities and resetting positive affect immediately after a temporary impasse stabilizes relationships and returns them to a positive trajectory. The second principle highlights the role of pauses. Stepping back from the moment of a temporary impasse enables negotiators to neutralize negative emotions, creating the psychological space to positively reappraise the impasse as a transformational opportunity. The third principle draws attention to the benefits of creating a positive skew within relationships, that is, increasing the salience of positive moments in a relationship's history. Finally, the fourth principle draws upon the concept of positivity resonance to highlight the benefits of synchronicity: the alignment of cognitions and emotions in a way that establishes a shared perspective and a shared response to temporary impasses.
Effect of orthodontic treatment with premolar extractions on occlusal planes: A retrospective study
Authors: Zhu Yufan , Xiong Xin , Yang Wenke , Wu Yange , Liu Jiaqi , Ye Chengxinyue , Zhang Qinlanhui , Han Sophie Lau Rui , Wang Jun
Published: October 2022

Objective

To figure out whether premolar extractions treatment would influence the cant of the occlusal planes and thus affect dentoskeletal patterns in patients with different types of malocclusions.

Materials and Methods

A total of 140 post‐orthodontic treatment subjects (96 females, 44 males) were included in this study, and their lateral cephalograms and demographic information were collected and analysed. The patients were divided into extraction and non‐extraction groups. The ANB, SNA, SNB, Wits, Facial Height Index (FHI), SN‐MP, SN‐AOP, SN‐POP and AOP‐POP angle were measured on the cephalograms. Other possible confounding factors were recorded. Data were analysed by univariate analysis, stratified analysis, multivariate analysis, and coefficient analysis.

Results

After treatment, the changes in the AOP‐SN, POP‐SN and AOP‐POP angle were statistically different between the extraction and non‐extraction groups. The results were consistent in different skeletal malocclusions and extent of crowding according to stratified analysis. After adjusting all confounding factors, the cant of the posterior occlusal plane was flattened further by 2.14 degrees in the extraction group than the non‐extraction group after orthodontic treatment, and the AOP‐SN and AOP‐POP angle would further increase by 1.72 and 3.81 degrees, respectively. Although no significant differences were found between the two groups, the SNA, ANB, and Wits in the extraction group decreased more with increased counterclockwise rotation of the mandible.

Conclusion

Compared to the non‐extraction group, there were more increases in the AOP‐SN and AOP‐POP angle and more posterior flattening in patients with four premolar extractions despite different types of dentoskeletal malocclusion, which were correlated to the change of variables in sagittal and vertical dimensions such as Wits and FHI.
Filipinos’ COVID‐19 vaccine hesitancy comments in TikTok videos: A manifest content analysis
Authors: Berdida Daniel Joseph E. , Franco Franchesca Mae C. , Santos Xyllyne Allyah G. , Dacol Camille B. , Dimaano Michaela , Rosario Erika S. Del , Lantin Charlotte Christianne
Published: October 2022

Objectives

Vaccine hesitancy is one of the top 10 threats to world health. The ongoing pandemic highlighted this health threat. The COVID‐19 vaccine hesitancy remains underreported in the Philippines. Thus, this study aimed to describe and analyze the comments of Filipinos in TikTok videos about COVID‐19 vaccine hesitancy.

Design

Manifest content analysis.

Sample

A total of 25 TikTok videos and their comments (n = 4564) were analyzed.

Methods

We collected data between July 2021 and October 2021. Bengtsson's approach to content analysis was utilized to analyze the data. Data were validated using member‐checking and intercoder reliability.

Results

This study afforded three themes of COVID‐19 vaccine hesitancy: (a) fear and mistrust (subthemes: influence of Dengvaxia vaccine, the influence of people who refuse to be vaccinated, lack of trust in the government, lack of trust in healthcare workers, doubts on vaccines’ effectiveness), (b) misinformation and disinformation (subthemes: misbeliefs, insufficient knowledge), and (c) adamant attitudes (subthemes: unwillingness to be vaccinated, picky on vaccine brand).

Conclusion

Our study established Filipinos’ diverse reasons for COVID‐19 vaccine hesitancy. TikTok, as a social media platform, is used for COVID‐19 vaccine discussions and the dissemination of misinformation. To prepare for the next pandemic or public health disaster, the government, HCWs, and the public must efficiently convey timely, accurate health information and dispel misinformation on social media platforms.
Implications of vaccine shopping during pandemic
Authors: Nageswaran Leela
Published: October 2022

Many individuals have strong preferences regarding COVID‐19 vaccines and would like to choose the vaccine they get. This practice, known as “vaccine shopping,” presents unique challenges to timely vaccine rollout: On the one hand, people may not get vaccinated if they are unable to receive their preferred vaccine, and on the other hand, a policy maker is inclined to distribute vaccines in a brand agnostic fashion to avoid wastage. We study whether a policy maker should allow individuals to choose their vaccine, and the optimal mix of single‐ and two‐dose vaccines to procure. We develop a stylized queueing game‐theoretic model that captures the main trade‐offs in the interaction between individuals and a policy maker to examine the impact of vaccine choice on the number of vaccinations. Individuals obtain a reward from the vaccine administered at a server and decide whether to get a vaccine based on the wait time, their inclination toward vaccinating, and the level of choice provided. We find that restricting choice results in a greater number of vaccinations when vaccine supply is low by administering doses as and when they become available. Contrary to popular belief that restricting choice wastes fewer vaccines, we find that fewer vaccines are wasted when patients who are moderately hesitant about vaccinating are allowed to choose their vaccine. In this case the possibility of being assigned a nonpreferred vaccine leads patients to forego vaccination, and allowing a choice alleviates this concern. Using a mathematical model for COVID‐19 transmission, we find that providing choice results in fewer infections in the United States than limiting choice, and the number of infections is lowest when a lower efficacy, single‐dose vaccine forms 5%–8% of the total vaccine dose supply. Our findings provide guidance to policy makers, especially as they plan to vaccinate effectively using a diverse vaccine supply.
Leading women in Respiratory Medicine: Letter from the ERS
Authors: Karakioulaki Meropi , Simonds Anita , Stolz Daiana
Published: October 2022

See related editorial
Value of adding ultrathin bronchoscopy to thin bronchoscopy for peripheral pulmonary lesions: A multicentre prospective study
Authors: Oki Masahide , Saka Hideo , Himeji Daisuke , Imabayashi Tatsuya , Nishii Yoichi , Ando Masahiko
Published: October 2022

Background and Objective

The diagnostic yield of thin bronchoscopy with radial probe endobronchial ultrasound (rEBUS) of peripheral pulmonary lesions into which the rEBUS probe cannot be inserted is unsatisfactory. In such cases, adding ultrathin bronchoscopy may be an option. We evaluated the efficacy of sequential ultrathin bronchoscopy for peripheral pulmonary lesions into which the rEBUS probe could not be inserted during thin bronchoscopy.

Methods

In this multicentre prospective study, patients with peripheral pulmonary lesions ≤30 mm in diameter underwent rEBUS‐guided transbronchial biopsy using a 4.0 mm diameter thin bronchoscope. In patients with lesions into which a rEBUS probe could not be inserted using that bronchoscope, bronchoscopy using a 3.0 mm diameter ultrathin bronchoscope was performed.

Results

A total of 342 patients were enrolled and 340 were analysed. Among them, 87 patients with lesions of a median longest diameter of 17.5 mm underwent thin bronchoscopy followed by ultrathin bronchoscopy. Of the 87 patients, the rEBUS probe was successfully inserted into the lesions via the ultrathin bronchoscope in 50 patients (57.5%). Of the 87 patients, the diagnostic yields of thin bronchoscopy and ultrathin bronchoscopy were 12.6% (11 of 87) and 41.4% (36 of 87), respectively (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

Ultrathin bronchoscopy affords a higher diagnostic yield for lesions into which a rEBUS probe cannot be inserted via a thin bronchoscope.
Partner country selection between development narratives and self‐interests: A new method for analysing complex donor approaches
Authors: Baydag R. Melis , Klingebiel Stephan
Published: October 2022

Partner country (PC) selection lies in the centre of development policy decision‐making of donor countries and institutions, and plays a significant role in shaping aid patterns. This paper proposes a comprehensive analysis contrasting donor intentions in PC selection with actual aid flows. Having analysed selected members of the Development Assistance Committee of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, namely, the European Union, France, Germany, Japan, Netherlands, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States of America, we suggest that (1) donors might not only be either altruistic or self‐interested but also motivated by an intention to contribute to the provision of global public goods; (2) self‐interest in aid provision can be an explicitly‐stated strategy, contrary to what has been argued in the majority of the literature, which often treats self‐interest as a non‐stated donor intention; and (3) donors' self‐interested intentions do not always lead to a less development‐oriented donor approach.
FDI and unemployment, a growth perspective
Authors: Stepanok Ignat
Published: October 2022

North–South foreign direct investment (FDI) is frequently viewed as a process in which jobs relocate from the North to the South. I build a growth model with two asymmetric trading economies, the North where firms innovate and the South where Northern firms invest to take advantage of lower wages. Contrary to expectation, I find that lower FDI costs increase unemployment both in the North and in the South. There are two effects of FDI on unemployment, a direct positive one which contributes to the turnover of firms parallel to innovation. The indirect effect appears through innovation and growth: more FDI means higher innovation, this intensifies firm turnover and increases the unemployment rates in both countries even further. I solve the model analytically without trade costs and imitation of products in the South. For the version with trade costs and imitation I offer a numerical solution in which I also look at the effect of FDI on welfare and find a positive relation. In addition to FDI, I explore how intellectual property (IP) rights protection affects unemployment and welfare. Both are higher in a steady state with stricter IP protection.
Chromatin accessibility analysis reveals distinct functions for HDAC and EZH2 activities in early appendage regeneration
Authors: Arbach Hannah E. , Harland‐Dunaway Marcus , Braden Christopher , Chitsazan Alexander D. , Pickering Eleanor , Patel Jeet H. , Wills Andrea E.
Published: October 2022

Xenopus tropicalis tadpoles have the capacity for scarless regeneration of appendages including the limb and tail. Following injury, transcriptional programs must be activated and inactivated with high spatial and temporal resolution to result in a properly patterned appendage. Functional studies have established that histone‐modifying enzymes that act to close chromatin are required for regeneration, but the genomic regions sensitive to these activities are not fully established. Here we show that early inhibition of HDAC or EZH2 activity results in incomplete tail regeneration. To identify how each of these perturbations impacts chromatin accessibility, we applied an assay for transposase‐accessible chromatin (ATAC‐seq) to HDAC or EZH2‐inhibited regenerating tadpoles. We find that neither perturbation results in a global increase in chromatin accessibility, but that both inhibitors have targeted effects on chromatin accessibility and gene expression. Upon HDAC inhibition, regulatory regions neighbouring genes associated with neuronal regeneration are preferentially accessible, whereas regions associated with immune response and apoptosis are preferentially accessible following EZH2 inhibition. Together, these results suggest distinct roles for these two chromatin‐closing activities in appendage regeneration.
The Influence of The Islamic Human Development Index (I-HDI) on Human Development
Authors: Abdul Rahim Zaeni , Syofyan Syofriza , Esya Lavlimatria
Published: October 2022

This study aims to analyze the influence of Islamic Human Development Index (IHDI) on the Human Development Index (HDI) in Jakarta Province. The measuring instruments used in this study are the five basic elements of Maqasid Syariah, namely: Hifdzud Dien, Hifdzun Nafs, Hifdzul 'Aql, Hifdzun Nashl and Hifdzul Maal. The five elements are then measured by observational and reflective indicators describing maqasid sharia. The research method used is the panel data regression method. The data used is secondary data obtained from the Central Statistics Agency, the Ministry of Religious Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia, and the National Amil Zakat Agency in 2010-2019. The results showed that IHDI had a significant effect on HDI in Jakarta Province in 2010-2019.  The most significant influence is on the al-Aql element represented by the Mean Years School (MYS) and the portion of the education budget (EDUCATION), this happens because the al-Aql variable can determine the quality of human resources. The ad-Dien element has a significant effect on HDI on the Hajj (HAJJ) variable and crime rate (CRIME). The an-Nafs element has a significant effect on HDI on the variable life expectancy rate (MYS). The an-Nafs element has a significant effect on HDI on the population variable, while the al-Maal element has a significant effect on HDI on the PDRB variable. The recommendation of this study is to encourage the government to create human development in the perspective of IHDI. Especially realizing the quality of education and education budget for its residents, in addition to encouraging its citizens to obey religious values such as performing zakat, performing hajj, not acting criminally that has a significant effect on human development in Jakarta province.
Proverbs and Gender: The Interface between Proverbs and Human Relations in a Refugee Camp
Authors: Kuttikat Miriam
Published: October 2022

The primary objective of this presentation is to understand how proverbs reflect society's perception of gender in a particular socio-cultural context. This qualitative study recognizes the direct experiences and insights of the 35 participants on gender relations. The proverbs provided by the participants led us to an in-depth analysis of the attitude of men toward women and their assumption of women’s role in a patriarchal society which could influence the gender relationship among Sri Lankan Tamils inside Indian refugee camps. A conceptual framework was developed to aid understanding of the research findings and illustrate the interrelationship between (a) refugee camps, (b) socio-cultural context, (c) patriarchal, and (d) collective identity. This framework provides an opportunity to position proverbs in a unique context.  This study identified that the proverbs validate cultural expressions, justify rituals and gender practices, impose social pressure and social control on women, and reinforce society’s moral principles and values.
The time is now: regular exercise maintains vascular health in ageing women
Authors: Tamariz‐Ellemann Andrea , Wickham Kate Aiko , Nørregaard Line Boel , Gliemann Lasse , Hellsten Ylva
Published: October 2022

Although ageing impairs cardiovascular health in both men and women, the timeline is different between the sexes. This is at least partially attributed to the loss of oestrogen in women at midlife, in connection with menopause. Oestrogen has protective effects on the cardiovascular system, and menopause consequently leads to a rapid and significant decline in cardiovascular health. Notably, oestrogen interacts with its nuclear and membrane receptors leading to changes in proteins of importance for cardiovascular health. Skeletal muscle activity, which affects the expression of many of the same proteins as oestrogen, could potentially counteract the loss of oestrogen at menopause. The hypothesis that exercise can counteract the loss of oestrogen has been explored in several recent studies. It has been found that regular physical activity opposes the detrimental effects not only of ageing, but also of the menopausal transition, on cardiovascular health. Although, vascular benefits can be gained at all ages, initiating physical activity at or soon after menopause may be more effective than at a later time point in life. Intuitively, it is easier to prevent decrements than attempting to regain lost vascular health. This idea is supported by evidence at the molecular level, suggesting that exercise‐induced activation of the oestrogen‐related receptor‐α pathway is more effective soon after menopause compared to later. Together, although a decline in cardiovascular health due to chronological ageing cannot be completely prevented, a physically active lifestyle mitigates age‐related cardiovascular impairments. Importantly, regular physical activity through life should always be addressed as the biological norm.

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Design Optimization, Thermohydraulic, and Enviro-Economic Analysis of Twisted Perforated Tape Insert-Based Heat Exchanger With Nanofluid Using Computational Fluid Dynamics and Taguchi Grey Method
Authors: Kumar Vikash , Sahoo Rashmi Rekha
Published: October 2022

In this paper, the effect of perforated twisted tape insert (PTTI)-based heat exchanger (HX) utilizing nanofluid as working fluid undercooling, turbulent flow model has been investigated numerically. Parameters, i.e., nanofluid mass flow rates (0.018–0.038 kg/s), perforated pitches (20 mm–40 mm), and perforated diameters (2 mm–4 mm) variation effects on fluid outlet temperature, Nusselt ratio, Friction ratio, pressure drop, overall thermal performance, CO2 discharge, and heat exchanger operating cost (HXOC) have been investigated. This work also focuses on design optimization with three different factors and three levels for higher heat transfer coefficient (HTC) and minimum pressure drop based on the Taguchi–Grey method. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) output is used as an input value for statistical analysis. Results revealed that the PTTI in HX successfully achieved overall heat transfer enhancement in the range of 19.2% to 28.5%, but at the cost of pressure penalty of 126% to 163% higher than the plain tube. Critical Reynolds number 7927, above which PTTI in HX is least suitable for heat transfer enhancement as fluid velocity dominates over heat transfer and 1.7–2.5 times higher carbon discharge to the environment and HXOC. Preference sets of geometrical and fluid parameters are obtained using Grey analysis. Based on statistical analysis, in the considered levels, a group of parameters to attain higher HTC and minimum pressure drop are mass flow rate of 0.018 kg/s, a perforated pitch of 20 mm, and a perforated diameter of 4 mm.
Extensible Continuum Manipulator Toward In-situ Explosive Ordnance Disposal
Authors: Wang Pengyuan , Deng Binchen , He Zongbo , Liu Yuqiang , Xing Zhiguang , Zhao Jianwen
Published: October 2022

Homemade bombs made by terrorists threaten seriously the social public security. Now, it is still a challenge to guarantee safety without destroying bombs. Compared with the destructive explosive disposal approach employing rigid robots, we proposed an in-situ explosive disposal method, which takes advantage of an extensible continuum manipulator to pass through obstacles and cut wires by end-effector. The spring-based continuum manipulator has six-degrees-of-freedom and is 400 mm in length but only 15 mm in diameter. Also, we have created only a 15 g end-effector that can cut 1-mm-diameter copper wire and embed a miniature camera. According to the experiment, a single continuum manipulator has around 2 mm repeatability accuracy and can carry a 50 g weight. Without special training, the operator can control the integrated explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) robot to complete a simulation mission in approximately five minutes. This paper broadens the application of the continuum manipulator and gives a unique solution for EOD robots.
Thick-Panel Origami Tubes With Hexagonal Cross-Sections
Authors: Lv Weilin , Chen Yan , Zhang Jianjun
Published: October 2022

Rigidly foldable origami tubes can be kinematically regarded as assemblies of spherical linkages. They have exhibited excellent properties for deployable structures. Yet, for the engineering applications, the corresponding thick-panel forms have to be designed. In this paper, the spherical 4R linkages in tubes with hexagonal cross-sections are partially replaced by spatial linkages, leading to a method to construct the thick-panel tubes, which can reproduce kinematic motions equivalent to those realized using zero-thickness origami. Based on the D–H matrix method, the rotational symmetric and symmetric tubes are introduced, together with their four types of vertexes, where the specific spherical 4R linkages are replaced by Bennett and Bricard linkages to obtain the thick-panel foldable tubes. The approach can be applied to multilayered tubes with a straight or curved profile, whose manufacture can be simplified by removing extra links. The results can be readily utilized to the design of deployable tubular structures whose thickness cannot be disregarded.
Impacts of Pin Fin Shape and Spacing on Heat Transfer and Pressure Losses
Authors: Corbett Thomas M. , Thole Karen A. , Bollapragada Sudhakar
Published: October 2022

Additive manufacturing (AM) provides designers with the freedom to implement many designs that previously would have been costly or difficult to traditionally manufacture. This experimental study leverages this freedom and evaluates several different pin shapes integrated into pin fin arrays of a variety of spacings. Test coupons were manufactured out of Hastelloy-X using direct metal laser sintering and manufacturer-recommended process parameters. After manufacturing, internal surface roughness and as-built accuracy were quantified using Computed Tomography (CT) scans. Results indicated that pin fins were all moderately undersized, and there was significant surface roughness on all interior surfaces. Experimental data indicated that diamond-shaped pins were found to have the highest heat transfer of the tested shapes, but triangle-shaped pins pointed into the flow incurred the smallest pressure drop. Modifications to the streamwise spacing of the pins had little impact on the friction factor, but did increase heat transfer with increasing pin density. Prior Nusselt number correlations found in literature underestimated heat transfer and pressure loss relative to what was measured resulting from the AM roughness. A new correlation was developed accounting for AM roughness on pin fin arrays.
Indexing Esport Performance
Authors: Sharpe Benjamin T. , Besombes Nicolas , Welsh Matthew R. , Birch Phil D.J.
Published: October 2022

The assessment of an athlete’s performance can play a key role in determining their current state, their readiness to compete, the impact of an experimental manipulation, and/or the influence of an intervention. At present, there is limited empirical evidence stating the indicators that encapsulate individual performance within any esport. To identify the variables that are historically associated with indicating Counter-Strike: Global Offensive performance, a literature review was conducted. Identified variables were accumulated and presented to three technical expert panels composed of world-class esport athletes, researchers, and practitioners. We utilized a modified Delphi method to provide direction concerning the examination of performance in esports. The expert panelists presented numerous opinions on what encapsulates performance, considerations for best practices, and concerns associated with the semantics of performance. This study presents the opinions of various domain-specific experts and encourages the use of more explicit terminology when discussing performance measurement. It was the intention of the project to generate an open discussion rather than draw a unified conclusion on best practices.
Toward a Theory of Sportswashing: Mega-Events, Soft Power, and Political Conflict
Authors: Boykoff Jules
Published: October 2022

Sportswashing has emerged full force in the 21st century, highlighting the gap between word and deed in the sports world. Yet, the term suffers from definitional imprecision and is often applied solely to autocratic hosts. This article offers a robust definition of sportswashing and—building from the soft-power approach to analyzing mega-events like the Olympics and World Cup—creates a sportswashing typology. This paper offers four advances in conceptualizing sportswashing: (a) the practice is not just the domain of autocrats, but can emerge in democracies as well; (b) domestic audiences are crucial to understanding the political complexities of sportswashing; (c) sportswashing often sets the stage for military intervention; and (d) new forms of sportswashing are emerging, with authoritarian regimes funding teams and events in democratic states.
Unadjuvanted intranasal spike vaccine elicits protective mucosal immunity against sarbecoviruses
Authors: Mao Tianyang , Israelow Benjamin , Peña-Hernández Mario A. , Suberi Alexandra , Zhou Liqun , Luyten Sophia , Reschke Melanie , Dong Huiping , Homer Robert J. , Saltzman W. Mark , Iwasaki Akiko
Published: October 2022

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has highlighted the need for vaccines that not only prevent disease but also prevent transmission. Parenteral vaccines induce robust systemic immunity but poor immunity at the respiratory mucosa. We developed a vaccine strategy that we call “prime and spike,” which leverages existing immunity generated by primary vaccination (prime) to elicit mucosal immune memory within the respiratory tract by using unadjuvanted intranasal spike boosters (spike). We show that prime and spike induces robust resident memory B and T cell responses, induces immunoglobulin A at the respiratory mucosa, boosts systemic immunity, and completely protects mice with partial immunity from lethal SARS-CoV-2 infection. Using divergent spike proteins, prime and spike enables the induction of cross-reactive immunity against sarbecoviruses.
Largest recent impact craters on Mars: Orbital imaging and surface seismic co-investigation
Authors: Posiolova L. V. , Lognonné P. , Banerdt W. B. , Clinton J. , Collins G. S. , Kawamura T. , Ceylan S. , Daubar I. J. , Fernando B. , Froment M. , Giardini D. , Malin M. C. , Miljković K. , Stähler S. C. , Xu Z. , Banks M. E. , Beucler É. , Cantor B. A. , Charalambous C. , Dahmen N. , Davis P. , Drilleau M. , Dundas C. M. , Durán C. , Euchner F. , Garcia R. F. , Golombek M. , Horleston A. , Keegan C. , Khan A. , Kim D. , Larmat C. , Lorenz R. , Margerin L. , Menina S. , Panning M. , Pardo C. , Perrin C. , Pike W. T. , Plasman M. , Rajšić A. , Rolland L. , Rougier E. , Speth G. , Spiga A. , Stott A. , Susko D. , Teanby N. A. , Valeh A. , Werynski A. , Wójcicka N. , Zenhäusern G.
Published: October 2022

Two >130-meter-diameter impact craters formed on Mars during the later half of 2021. These are the two largest fresh impact craters discovered by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter since operations started 16 years ago. The impacts created two of the largest seismic events (magnitudes greater than 4) recorded by InSight during its 3-year mission. The combination of orbital imagery and seismic ground motion enables the investigation of subsurface and atmospheric energy partitioning of the impact process on a planet with a thin atmosphere and the first direct test of martian deep-interior seismic models with known event distances. The impact at 35°N excavated blocks of water ice, which is the lowest latitude at which ice has been directly observed on Mars.
Stealing genes and facing consequences
Authors: Del Valle Ricky Padilla , McLaughlin Richard N.
Published: October 2022

The human genome contains a domesticated viral envelope gene with antiviral activity
Fair warning
Authors: Cohen Jon
Published: October 2022

“Swientists” hunt for influenza virus at hog shows, hoping to cut off the next pandemic at the pen
In Other Journals
Authors: Vignieri Sacha , Nusinovich Yevgeniya , Suleymanov Yury , Ray L. Bryan , McCartney Melissa , Alderton Gemma , Szuromi Phil
Published: October 2022

Editors’ selections from the current scientific literature