bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Endoscopic Bariatric and Metabolic Therapies on Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Authors: Kim Su-Young
Published: July 2021

Obesity is a chronic disease that is becoming increasingly more prevalent and is associated with many health problems, such as metabolic syndrome. The treatment options for obese patients include lifestyle modification, medications, endoscopic bariatric and metabolic therapies (EBMTs), and surgery. In particular, EBMTs have an excellent therapeutic effect and are less invasive than bariatric surgery. Although it is clear that EBMTs are relatively safe procedures, they can result in several adverse events. Among them, the relationship between EBMTs and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is unclear. Several studies have demonstrated that an intragastric balloon (IGB) may worsen GERD. There are a few studies on the effects of endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty (ESG) on GERD, but the linking evidence is insufficient. However, the conclusion is not simple. Because obesity is an important cause of GERD, and GERD naturally improves with weight loss after EBMTs, it is not easy to evaluate accurately the effect of EBMTs on GERD. This review aimed to discuss the effect of EBMTs on GERD and suggest future research directions.
Sodium Toxicity in the Nutritional Epidemiology and Nutritional Immunology of COVID-19
Authors: Brown Ronald B.
Published: July 2021

Dietary factors in the etiology of COVID-19 are understudied. High dietary sodium intake leading to sodium toxicity is associated with comorbid conditions of COVID-19 such as hypertension, kidney disease, stroke, pneumonia, obesity, diabetes, hepatic disease, cardiac arrhythmias, thrombosis, migraine, tinnitus, Bell’s palsy, multiple sclerosis, systemic sclerosis, and polycystic ovary syndrome. This article synthesizes evidence from epidemiology, pathophysiology, immunology, and virology literature linking sodium toxicological mechanisms to COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Sodium toxicity is a modifiable disease determinant that impairs the mucociliary clearance of virion aggregates in nasal sinuses of the mucosal immune system, which may lead to SARS-CoV-2 infection and viral sepsis. In addition, sodium toxicity causes pulmonary edema associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome, as well as inflammatory immune responses and other symptoms of COVID-19 such as fever and nasal sinus congestion. Consequently, sodium toxicity potentially mediates the association of COVID-19 pathophysiology with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Sodium dietary intake also increases in the winter, when sodium losses through sweating are reduced, correlating with influenza-like illness outbreaks. Increased SARS-CoV-2 infections in lower socioeconomic classes and among people in government institutions are linked to the consumption of foods highly processed with sodium. Interventions to reduce COVID-19 morbidity and mortality through reduced-sodium diets should be explored further.
Gestational Diabetes and Risk Assessment of Adverse Perinatal Outcomes and Newborns Early Motoric Development
Authors: Lackovic Milan , Milicic Biljana , Mihajlovic Sladjana , Filimonovic Dejan , Jurisic Aleksandar , Filipovic Ivana , Rovcanin Marija , Prodanovic Maja , Nikolic Dejan
Published: July 2021

Background and Objectives: The aim of this study was to analyze the presence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) on maternal and fetal perinatal parameters, as well to evaluate the influence of GDM on neonatal early motoric development. Materials and Methods: In this prospective study, we evaluated 203 eligible participants that were admitted to obstetrics department for a labor. GDM was assessed by evaluation of maternal parameters, fetal parameters, as well its impact on infants early motoric development (Alberta Infant Motor Scale—AIMS). Results: Presence of GDM was significantly positively associated with: pre-pregnancy weight, obesity degree, weight at delivery, gestational weight gain (GWG), body mass index (BMI) at delivery, GWG and increased pre-pregnancy BMI, glucose levels in mother’s venous blood after the delivery, positive family history for cardiovascular disease, pregnancy-related hypertension, congenital thrombophilia, drug use in pregnancy, large for gestational age (LGA), mode of delivery (Cesarean section and instrumental delivery). Likewise, GDM association was detected for tested ultrasound parameters (biparietal diameter (BPD), head circumference (HC), abdominal circumference (AC), femoral length (FL)), length at birth, birth weight, newborn’s head circumference, newborn’s chest circumference, AIMS supination and pronation at three months, AIMS supination, pronation, sitting and standing at six months. Only Amniotic Fluid Index and AIMS supination at three months of infant’s age remained significantly associated in multivariate regression model. Conclusions: The presence of significant positive association of numerous tested parameters in our study on perinatal outcomes and early motoric development, points to the necessity of establishing appropriate clinical decision-making strategies for all pregnant woman at risk and emphasize the importance of providing adequate glycaemia control options and further regular follow ups during the pregnancy.
Multiple Daily Rounds of Theta-Burst Stimulation for Tinnitus: Preliminary Results
Authors: Hong Seok-Min , Kim Sung-Kyun , Seo Moo-Young , Kang Suk-Yun
Published: July 2021

Background and Objectives: Tinnitus is a condition that negatively affects the quality of life and is difficult to treat. Theta burst stimulation (TBS), a new method of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), is a promising treatment approach because it shows stronger and more prolonged effects in a shorter time of stimulation than other rTMS protocols. However, the therapeutic effect of TBS for tinnitus was inconsistent. We hypothesized that more stimulation would be more effective. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the safety and effectiveness of multiple daily rounds of TBS over five consecutive days. Materials and Methods: The continuous TBS (cTBS) protocol is 300 pulses/day, but we applied 8 sessions of 300 pulses in a day (total 2400 pulses/day). A total of 15 patients with tinnitus were randomly assigned to treatment and sham groups. Outcome measurements were taken three times: before and after 5-day of stimulation; at a 1–3 month follow-up visit. Outcome measurements were the degree of annoyance due to ear fullness, duration of tinnitus, visual analog scales of tinnitus for annoyance, Tinnitus Handicap Inventory, pitch, loudness, minimum masking level, and residual inhibition. Results: Five-day cTBS was completed without adverse events. We did not find any significant therapeutic effect in the treatment group, but we needed to be cautious to interpret our result due to the small sample size. Conclusions: In conclusion, multiple rounds of cTBS in a day may be safe. Further research is needed in a larger sample size to determine the effectiveness and confirm the safety.
Gray Ramus Communicans Nerve Block for Acute Pain Control in Vertebral Compression Fracture
Authors: Park Dou-Young , Choi Il , Kim Tae-Gyum , Kim Woo-Jae , Shin Il-Young , Khil Eun-Kyung
Published: July 2021

Background and Objectives: The current options for acute pain control of vertebral compression fracture include hard brace, vertebroplasty, early surgery, and analgesic injection. We hypothesize that the gray ramus communicans nerve block (GRNB) controls the acute pain experienced during vertebral compression fractures. This study assessed the time course of pain control after injection and evaluated the risk factors affecting pain control failure. Materials and methods: Sixty-three patients (24 male, 66.19 ± 15.17 y) with a thoracolumbar vertebral fracture at the T10-L5 spine, who presented to our hospital from November 2018 to October 2019, were included in this retrospective cohort study. GRNB was performed within 1 week of the trauma. The patients were followed up on days 3, 14, 30, 90, and 180 and assessed with the serial visual analog scale (VAS, resting and motion), Oswestry Low Back Disability (ODI) questionnaire, and Roland–Morris Disability Questionnaire (RDQ). The failure group was defined by the need for an additional block or cement injection after a single GRNB. The failure group’s risk factors, such as body mass index, initial thoracolumbar injury classification and severity score, Kummel’s disease, age, bone marrow density (BMD), and underlying disease, were analyzed. Results: The motion VAS score improved from preoperative to three months post-procedure, but the resting VAS was affected by the procedure for only three days. The quality of life index improved at postoperative six months. A lower BMD was the only risk that affected treatment failure in the logistic regression analysis (p = 0.0038). Conclusion: The effect of GRNB was maintained even at three months after trauma based on motion VAS results. The only risk factor identified for GRNB failure was lower BMD.
Impact of Changing Surgical Strategies on Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Parotid Carcinoma: A 53-Year Single-Institution Experience
Authors: Yamamoto Hirotaka , Kojima Tsuyoshi , Okanoue Yusuke , Otsuki Shuya , Hasebe Koki , Yuki Ryohei , Hori Ryusuke
Published: July 2021

Background and Objectives: We investigated the clinical outcomes of patients who underwent surgery for parotid carcinoma in a single institution during a 53-year period. This study aimed to estimate the impact of changing the surgical approach to parotid carcinoma on clinical outcomes including the incidence rate of the facial nerve palsy. Materials and Methods: Sixty-seven patients with parotid carcinoma who underwent surgery between 1966 and 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. Group A consisted of 29 patients who underwent surgery from 1966 to 2002, and Group B consisted of 38 patients from 2002 to 2018. Treatment outcomes were estimated. Additionally, candidate prognostic factors of Group B, the current surgical approach group, were evaluated. Results: Partial parotidectomy and total parotidectomy were performed in 35 and 32 patients, respectively. Partial parotidectomy was performed in 4 patients in Group A and 31 patients in Group B, with a predominant increase in Group B. The facial nerve was preserved in 43 patients, among whom 8 in Group A (8/17; 47.1%) and 7 in Group B (7/26; 26.9%) had temporary postoperative facial nerve palsy. Postoperative radiotherapy was performed on 35 patients. The 5-year OS, DSS, and DFS rates for Group A were 77.1%, 79.9%, and 71.5%, respectively. The 5-year OS, DSS, and DFS rates for Group B were 77.1%, 77.1%, and 72.4%, respectively. Clinical T4 stage, clinical N+ stage, stage IV disease, and tumor invasion of the facial nerve were independent prognostic factors in Group B. Conclusions: The incidence of facial nerve palsy in the current surgical approach group decreased compared with that in the previous surgical approach group. The current surgical management and treatment policies for parotid carcinoma have led to improved outcomes.
Protein Crystallization in a Microfluidic Contactor with Nafion®117 Membranes
Authors: Polino M. , Rho H. S. , Pina M. P. , Mallada R. , Carvalho A. L. , Romão M. J. , Coelhoso Isabel , Gardeniers J. G. E. , Crespo J. G. , Portugal Carla A. M.
Published: July 2021

Protein crystallization still remains mostly an empirical science, as the production of crystals with the required quality for X-ray analysis is dependent on the intensive screening of the best protein crystallization and crystal’s derivatization conditions. Herein, this demanding step was addressed by the development of a high-throughput and low-budget microfluidic platform consisting of an ion exchange membrane (117 Nafion® membrane) sandwiched between a channel layer (stripping phase compartment) and a wells layer (feed phase compartment) forming 75 independent micro-contactors. This microfluidic device allows for a simultaneous and independent screening of multiple protein crystallization and crystal derivatization conditions, using Hen Egg White Lysozyme (HEWL) as the model protein and Hg2+ as the derivatizing agent. This microdevice offers well-regulated crystallization and subsequent crystal derivatization processes based on the controlled transport of water and ions provided by the 117 Nafion® membrane. Diffusion coefficients of water and the derivatizing agent (Hg2+) were evaluated, showing the positive influence of the protein drop volume on the number of crystals and crystal size. This microfluidic system allowed for crystals with good structural stability and high X-ray diffraction quality and, thus, it is regarded as an efficient tool that may contribute to the enhancement of the proteins’ crystals structural resolution.
Circulating miRNAs as Promising Biomarkers to Evaluate ECMO Treatment Responses in ARDS Patients
Authors: Martucci Gennaro , Arcadipane Antonio , Tuzzolino Fabio , Occhipinti Giovanna , Panarello Giovanna , Carcione Claudia , Bertani Alessandro , Conaldi Pier Giulio , Miceli Vitale
Published: July 2021

The use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) has increased in the last decade. However, mortality remains high, and the complexity of ECMO requires individualized treatment. There are some biomarkers to monitor progression and predict clinical outcomes of ARDS. This project aims to advance the management of ARDS patients treated with ECMO by exploring miRNA expression in whole blood. The analysis was conducted on two groups with different length of ECMO: Group A (longer runs) and group B (shorter runs). We analyzed miRNAs before ECMO cannulation, and at 7 and 14 days of ECMO support. Our results showed that in the group B patients, 11 deregulated miRNAs were identified, and showed an opposite trend of expression compared to the group A patients. In silico analysis revealed that these 11 miRNAs were related to processes involved in the pathogenesis and evolution of ARDS. This scenario could represent homeostatic mechanisms by which, in ECMO responsive patients, pathways activated during ARDS progression are switched-off. Circulating miRNAs could represent promising biomarkers to monitor the evolution of ARDS under ECMO support. Further studies may shed light on this topic to improve a personalized approach in such a complex setting of patients.
Feasibility of Pressure-Retarded Osmosis for Electricity Generation at Low Temperatures
Authors: Abbasi-Garravand Elham , Mulligan Catherine N.
Published: July 2021

A membrane-based technique for production of pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO) is salinity gradient energy. This sustainable energy is formed by combining salt and fresh waters. The membrane of the PRO process has a significant effect on controlling the salinity gradient energy or osmotic energy generation. Membrane fouling and operating conditions such as temperature have an extreme influence on the efficiency of the PRO processes because of their roles in salt and water transportation through the PRO membranes. In this study, the temperature impact on the power density and the fouling of two industrial semi-permeable membranes in the PRO system was investigated using river and synthetic sea water. Based on the findings, the power densities were 17.1 and 14.2 W/m2 at 5 °C for flat sheet and hollow fiber membranes, respectively. This is the first time that research indicates that power density at low temperature is feasible for generating electricity using PRO processes. These results can be promising for regions with high PRO potential that experience low temperatures most of the year.
Laser Beam and Laser-Arc Hybrid Welding of Aluminium Alloys
Authors: Bunaziv Ivan , Akselsen Odd M. , Ren Xiaobo , Nyhus Bård , Eriksson Magnus
Published: July 2021

Aluminium alloys are widely used in many industries due to their high strength-to-weight ratios and resistance to corrosion. Due to their specific thermophysical properties and intricate physical metallurgy, these alloys are challenging to weld. Work-hardened alloys may experience strength loss in heat-affected zones (HAZ). The strength of precipitation-hardened alloys is severely damaged in both HAZ and weld metal due to coarsening or full dissolution. The high thermal conductivity and reflectivity of aluminium causes lower laser beam absorptivity with lower processing efficiency. Weld imperfections such as porosity, humping, and underfills are frequently formed due to the low melting point and density promoting high liquidity with low surface tension. Porosity is the most persistent imperfection and is detrimental for mechanical properties. In this work, extensive review was made on laser beam and laser-arc hybrid welding of aluminium alloys. Solidification cracking, evaporation of alloying elements, porosity and keyhole stability, and other challenges are studied in detail. The current development of laser welding of aluminium alloys is not so mature and new discoveries will be made in the future including the use of newly developed laser systems, welding consumables, welding methods, and approaches.
Role of the Jet Angle, Particle Size, and Particle Concentration in the Degradation Behavior of Carbon Steel under Slow Slurry Erosion-Corrosion Conditions
Authors: Rasse Charles , Mary Nicolas , Abe Hiroshi , Watanabe Yutaka , Normand Bernard
Published: July 2021

Erosion-corrosion behavior of piping systems is a critical issue for their durability. This work concerns the erosion-corrosion behavior of carbon steel as a function of abradant characteristics as particle size and concentration. Degradation tests were performed in a jet erosion-corrosion cell with a maximum flow rate of 4.8 m/s, and jet angles comprised 30° and 90°. Abradant particles consisted of angular alumina powder with a mean diameter of 181, 219, and 359 µm. A critical threshold flow velocity of about 2.5 m/s was determined when experiments were performed with particles with diameters of 181 µm and jet angles of 45°. Even if erosion did not occur, the degradation rate increased compared with the stagnant condition because of dissolved dioxygen supply. A maximum of erosion-corrosion of 4 mg × cm−2 × h−1 was determined for the jet angle of 45°, irrespective of the particle sizes. The increase of abradant concentration led to a higher degradation rate regardless of the jet angle. However, the degradation rates tended to limit values of 7 mg × cm−2 × h−1 at 45° and 5 mg × cm−2 × h−1 at 90°. Above a critical concentration, a slowdown of the degradation was measured, suggesting that particle behavior in dense fluid acts on material degradation. This critical concentration can be understood from the interactions of the particles in concentrated media that modify trajectories in the flow and at the metal surface, reducing their kinetic energy consequently.
Estimation of Wear Resistance for Multilayer Coatings Obtained by Nitrogenchroming
Authors: Pavlenko Ivan , Zajac Jozef , Kharchenko Nadiia , Duplák Ján , Ivanov Vitalii , Kostyk Kateryna
Published: July 2021

This article deals with improving the wear resistance of multilayer coatings as a fundamental problem in metal surface treatment, strengthening elements of cutting tools, and ensuring the reliability of machine parts. It aims to evaluate the wear depth for multilayer coatings by the mass loss distribution in layers. The article’s primary purpose is to develop a mathematical method for assessing the value of wear for multilayer steel-based coatings. The study material is a multilayer coating applied to steel DIN C80W1. The research was performed using up-to-date laboratory equipment. Nitrogenchroming has been realized under overpressure in two successive stages: nitriding for 36 h at temperature 540 °C and chromizing during 4 h at temperature 1050 °C. The complex analysis included several options: X-ray phase analysis, local micro-X-ray spectral analysis, durometric analysis, and determination of wear resistance. These analyses showed that after nitrogenchroming, the three-layer protective coating from Cr23C6, Cr7C3, and Cr2N was formed on the steel surface. Spectral analysis indicated that the maximum amount of chromium 92.2% is in the first layer from Cr23C6. The maximum amount of carbon 8.9% characterizes the layer from Cr7C3. Nitrogen is concentrated mainly in the Cr2N layer, and its maximum amount is 9.4%. Additionally, it was determined that the minimum wear is typical for steel DIN C80W1 after nitrogenchroming. The weight loss of steel samples by 25 mg was obtained. This value differs by 3.6% from the results evaluated analytically using the developed mathematical model of wear of multilayer coatings after complex metallization of steel DIN C80W1. As a result, the impact of the loading mode on the wear intensity of steel was established. As the loading time increases, the friction coefficient of the coated samples decreases. Among the studied samples, plates from steel DIN C80W1 have the lowest friction coefficient after nitrogenchroming. Additionally, a linear dependence of the mass losses on the wearing time was obtained for carbide and nitride coatings. Finally, an increase in loading time leads to an increase in the wear intensity of steels after nitrogenchroming. The achieved scientific results are applicable in developing methods of chemical-thermal treatment, improving the wear resistance of multilayer coatings, and strengthening highly loaded machine parts and cutting tools.
Correction: Michler et al. Review and Assessment of the Effect of Hydrogen Gas Pressure on the Embrittlement of Steels in Gaseous Hydrogen Environment. Metals 2021, 11, 637
Authors: Michler Thorsten , Wackermann Ken , Schweizer Frank
Published: July 2021

Error in Figure 1 [...]
Study on Slag Forming Route of Dephosphorization in Combined Blown Converter
Authors: Zhu Bin , Zhu Mingmei , Luo Jie , Qiu Xin , Wang Yu , Zhang Quanxin , Li Rongzhi , Xie Bing
Published: July 2021

In order to achieve the purpose of high-efficiency dephosphorization by single-slag method during the combined blown converter steelmaking process, the CaO-SiO2-FetO-MgO-MnO-P2O5 slag system was taken as the research object, and the slag-forming route of dephosphorization was studied. The effects of slag compositions on the liquidus and the contour map of phosphorus distribution ratios (recorded as Lp) were calculated by thermodynamics software FactSage, and then the theoretic slag-forming route of dephosphorization was obtained. The effects of slag compositions on dephosphorization rate and Lp were studied by a high-temperature experiment. Based on the results of the theoretic calculation and high-temperature experiment, the actual slag-forming route of dephosphorization by the single-slag process in the combined blown converter was obtained: The initial slag composition should be around 15.0%CaO-44.0%SiO2-41.0%FetO. The composition of high-efficiency dephosphorization slag should be around 50.8%CaO-24.2%SiO2-25%FetO. The final slag composition should be around 65.6%CaO-28.3%SiO2-6.1%FetO. After using the actual slag-forming route in the production, the dephosphorization rate was increased by 3.6%, and the consumption of slagging materials was reduced by 3.78 kg/t.
Influence of Post-Deposition Heat Treatments on the Microstructure and Tensile Properties of Ti-6Al-4V Parts Manufactured by CMT-WAAM
Authors: Vazquez Lexuri , Rodriguez Maria Nieves , Rodriguez Iker , Alvarez Pedro
Published: July 2021

Cold metal transfer (CMT)-based wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) of Ti-6Al-4V alloy has been investigated to manufacture walls with two different building strategies. This study focuses on the influence of the application of thermal treatments on the resulting microstructure and mechanical properties. Deep microstructural analysis revealed different grades of growth of lamellae α phase after several thermal treatments at different temperatures, which lead to different tensile mechanical properties and better strength and ductility balance compared to the as-built condition. Results are compared with equivalent forged and casting standards and the state of the art for WAAM of Ti-6Al-4V alloy. At temperatures of 920 °C, anisotropy was maintained and elongation increased by 70% while yield strength and UTS was slightly decreased by 8%.
Sustainable Recovery of Secondary and Critical Raw Materials from Classified Mining Residues Using Mycorrhizal-Assisted Phytoextraction
Authors: Scotti Adalgisa , Milia Stefano , Silvani Vanesa , Cappai Giovanna , Guglietta Daniela , Trapasso Francesca , Tempesta Emanuela , Passeri Daniele , Godeas Alicia , Gómez Martín , Ubaldini Stefano
Published: July 2021

In this work, mycorrhizal-assisted phytoextraction (MAP, Helianthus annuus–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus intraradices–Zn-volcanic ashes) was applied for the recovery of secondary and critical raw materials (SRMs and CRMs, respectively) from Joda West (Odisha, India) mine residues, within a novel multidisciplinary management strategy. Mine residues were preliminarily characterized by using advanced analytical techniques, and subsequently mapped, classified and selected using multispectral satellite Sentinel-2A images and cluster analysis. Selected mine residues were treated by MAP at laboratory scale, and the fate of several SRMs (e.g., Zn, Cr, As, Ni, Cu, Ca, Al, K, S, Rb, Fe, Mn) and CRMs (such as Ga, Ti, P, Ba and Sr) was investigated. Bioconcentration factors in shoots (BCS) and roots (BCR) and translocation factors (TF) were: 5.34(P) > BCS > 0.00(Al); 15.0(S) > BCR > 0.038(Ba); 9.28(Rb) > TF > 0.02(Ti). Results were used to predict MAP performance at larger scale, simulating a Vegetable Depuration Module (VDM) containing mine residues (1 m3). Estimated bio-extracting potential (BP) was in the range 2417 g/m3 (K) > BP> 0.14 g/m3 (As), suggesting the eventual subsequent recovery of SRMs and CRMs by hydrometallurgical techniques, with final purification by selective electrodeposition, as a viable and cost-effective option. The results are promising for MAP application at larger scale, within a circular economy-based approach.
Machine Learning Based Methods for Obtaining Correlations between Microstructures and Thermal Stresses
Authors: Bhutada Akshay , Kumar Sunni , Gunasegaram Dayalan , Alankar Alankar
Published: July 2021

The microstructure–property relationship is critical for parts made using the emerging additive manufacturing process where highly localized cooling rates bestow spatially varying microstructures in the material. Typically, large temperature gradients during the build stage are known to result in significant thermally induced residual stresses in parts made using the process. Such stresses are influenced by the underlying local microstructures. Given the extensive range of variations in microstructures, it is useful to have an efficient method that can detect and quantify cause and effect. In this work, an efficient workflow within the machine learning (ML) framework for establishing microstructure–thermal stress correlations is presented. While synthetic microstructures and simulated properties were used for demonstration, the methodology may equally be applied to actual microstructures and associated measured properties. The dataset for ML consisted of images of synthetic microstructures along with thermal stress tensor fields simulated using a finite element (FE) model. The FE model considered various grain morphologies, crystallographic orientations, anisotropic elasticity and anisotropic thermal expansion. The overall workflow was divided into two parts. In the first part, image classification and clustering were performed for a sanity test of data. Accuracies of 97.33% and 99.83% were achieved using the ML based method of classification and clustering, respectively. In the second part of the work, convolution neural network model (CNN) was used to correlate the microstructures against various components and measures of stress. The target vectors of stresses consisted of individual components of stress tensor, principal stresses and hydrostatic stress. The model was able to show a consistent correlation between various morphologies and components of thermal stress. The overall predictions by the model for all the microstructures resulted into R2≈0.96 for all the stresses. Such a correlation may be used for finding a range of microstructures associated with lower amounts of thermally induced stresses. This would allow the choice of suitable process parameters that can ensure that the desired microstructures are obtained, provided the relationship between those parameters and microstructures are also known.
Chronic Effect of a Cafeteria Diet and Intensity of Resistance Training on the Circulating Lysophospholipidome in Young Rats
Authors: Suárez-García Susana , Caimari Antoni , Bas Josep M. del , Lalanza Jaume , Escorihuela Rosa M. , Suárez Manuel , Torres-Fuentes Cristina , Arola Lluís
Published: July 2021

The daily practice of physical exercise and a balanced diet are recommended to prevent metabolic syndrome (MetS). As MetS is a multifactorial disorder associated with the development of serious diseases, the advancement of comprehensive biomarkers could aid in an accurate diagnosis. In this regard, it is known that gut microbiota is altered in MetS, and especially, lipid metabolites species are highly modified, thus emerging as potential biomarkers. In preliminary studies, we observed that alterations in serum lysoglycerophospholipids (Lyso-PLs) were shared between animals with diet-induced MetS and those performing resistance exercises assiduously. Therefore, our objective was the targeted determination of the lysophospholipidome in young rats fed a standard (ST) or a cafeteria diet (CAF) and submitted to different training intensities to evaluate its potential as a biomarker of a detrimental lifestyle. Targeted metabolomics focused on lysophosphatidylcholines (Lyso-PCs) and lysophosphatidylethanolamines (Lyso-PEs) and multivariate statistics were used to achieve an integral understanding. Chronic intake of CAF altered the serological levels of both lipid subclasses. Twenty-two Lyso-PLs were significantly altered by CAF, from which we selected Lyso-PCs (14:0), (17:1) and (20:2) and Lyso-PEs (18:2) and (18:3) as they were enough to achieve an optimal prediction. The main effect of physical training was decreased Lyso-PEs levels with disparities among training intensities for each diet. We concluded that an examination of the lysophospholipidome reveals the general state of the metabolome in young female rats, especially due to intake of an MetS-inducing diet, thus highlighting the importance of this family of compounds in lipid disorders.
Micromask Lithography for Cheap and Fast 2D Materials Microstructures Fabrication
Authors: Pugachev Mikhail V. , Duleba Aliaksandr I. , Galiullin Arslan A. , Kuntsevich Aleksandr Y.
Published: July 2021

The fast and precise fabrication of micro-devices based on single flakes of novel 2D materials and stacked heterostructures is vital for exploration of novel functionalities. In this paper, we demonstrate a fast high-resolution contact mask lithography through a simple upgrade of metallographic optical microscope. Suggested kit for the micromask lithography is compact and easily compatible with a glove box, thus being suitable for a wide range of air-unstable materials. The shadow masks could be either ordered commercially or fabricated in a laboratory using a beam lithography. The processes of the mask alignment and the resist exposure take a few minutes and provide a micrometer resolution. With the total price of the kit components around USD 200, our approach would be convenient for laboratories with the limited access to commercial lithographic systems.
Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) for Manufacturing of Microfluidic Micromixers: An Experimental Study on the Effect of Process Variables in Printed Microfluidic Micromixers
Authors: Zeraatkar Mojtaba , de Tullio Marco D. , Percoco Gianluca
Published: July 2021

The need for accessible and inexpensive microfluidic devices requires new manufacturing methods and materials as a replacement for traditional soft lithography and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Recently, with the advent of modern additive manufacturing (AM) techniques, 3D printing has attracted attention for its use in the fabrication of microfluidic devices and due to its automated, assembly-free 3D fabrication, rapidly decreasing cost, and fast-improving resolution and throughput. Here, fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printing was used to create microfluidic micromixers and enhance the mixing process, which has been identified as a challenge in microfluidic devices. A design of experiment (DoE) was performed on the effects of studied parameters in devices that were printed by FFF. The results of the colorimetric approach showed the effects of different parameters on the mixing process and on the enhancement of the mixing performance in printed devices. The presence of the geometrical features on the microchannels can act as ridges due to the nature of the FFF process. In comparison to passive and active methods, no complexity was added in the fabrication process, and the ridges are an inherent property of the FFF process.
Biocompatible MXene (Ti3C2Tx) Immobilized with Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide as an Electrochemical Transducer for Hydrogen Peroxide Detection in Ovarian Cancer Cell Lines
Authors: Nagarajan Ramila D. , Murugan Preethika , Palaniyandi Kanagaraj , Atchudan Raji , Sundramoorthy Ashok K.
Published: July 2021

Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is a coenzyme and acts as a redox cofactor in metabolic process. Owing to such problems as poor electron transfer properties, unfavorable adsorption, and lack of stability on rigid electrodes, the bio-electrochemical applications of FAD have been limited. Herein, a novel fabrication method was developed for the immobilization process using 2D MXene (Ti3C2Tx), which enhanced the redox property of FAD and improved the electro-catalytic reduction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in neutral medium. The FAD-immobilized Ti3C2Tx electrode (FAD/Ti3C2Tx) was studied by UV-Visible and Raman spectroscopies, which confirmed the successful adsorption of FAD on the Ti3C2Tx surface. The surface morphology and the elemental composition of Ti3C2Tx were investigated by high resolution transmission electron microscopy and the energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The redox property of the FAD/Ti3C2Tx modified glassy carbon electrode (FAD/Ti3C2Tx/GCE) was highly dependent on pH and exhibited a stable redox peak at −0.455 V in neutral medium. Higher amounts of FAD molecules were loaded onto the 2D MXene (Ti3C2Tx)-modified electrode, which was two times higher than the values in the reported work, and the surface coverage (ᴦFAD) was 0.8 × 10−10 mol/cm2. The FAD/Ti3C2Tx modified sensor showed the electrocatalytic reduction of H2O2 at −0.47 V, which was 130 mV lower than the bare electrode. The FAD/Ti3C2Tx/GCE sensor showed a linear detection of H2O2 from 5 nM to 2 µM. The optimization of FAD deposition, amount of Ti3C2Tx loading, effect of pH and the interference study with common biochemicals such as glucose, lactose, dopamine (DA), potassium chloride (KCl), ascorbic acid (AA), amino acids, uric acid (UA), oxalic acid (OA), sodium chloride (NaCl) and acetaminophen (PA) have been carried out. The FAD/Ti3C2Tx/GCE showed high selectivity and reproducibility. Finally, the FAD/Ti3C2Tx modified electrode was successfully applied to detect H2O2 in ovarian cancer cell lines.
Droplet Microfluidics for Food and Nutrition Applications
Authors: Schroen Karin , Berton-Carabin Claire , Renard Denis , Marquis Mélanie , Boire Adeline , Cochereau Rémy , Amine Chloé , Marze Sébastien
Published: July 2021

Droplet microfluidics revolutionizes the way experiments and analyses are conducted in many fields of science, based on decades of basic research. Applied sciences are also impacted, opening new perspectives on how we look at complex matter. In particular, food and nutritional sciences still have many research questions unsolved, and conventional laboratory methods are not always suitable to answer them. In this review, we present how microfluidics have been used in these fields to produce and investigate various droplet-based systems, namely simple and double emulsions, microgels, microparticles, and microcapsules with food-grade compositions. We show that droplet microfluidic devices enable unprecedented control over their production and properties, and can be integrated in lab-on-chip platforms for in situ and time-resolved analyses. This approach is illustrated for on-chip measurements of droplet interfacial properties, droplet–droplet coalescence, phase behavior of biopolymer mixtures, and reaction kinetics related to food digestion and nutrient absorption. As a perspective, we present promising developments in the adjacent fields of biochemistry and microbiology, as well as advanced microfluidics–analytical instrument coupling, all of which could be applied to solve research questions at the interface of food and nutritional sciences.
Effects of Proton Irradiation on the Current Characteristics of SiN-Passivated AlGaN/GaN MIS-HEMTs Using a TMAH-Based Surface Pre-Treatment
Authors: Yoon Young Jun , Lee Jae Sang , Suk Jae Kwon , Kang In Man , Lee Jung Hee , Lee Eun Je , Kim Dong Seok
Published: July 2021

This study investigated the combined effects of proton irradiation and surface pre-treatment on the current characteristics of Gallium Nitride (GaN)-based metal-insulator-semiconductor high-electron-mobility-transistors (MIS-HEMTs) to evaluate the radiation hardness involved with the Silicon Nitride (SiN) passivation/GaN cap interface. The impact of proton irradiation on the static and dynamic current characteristics of devices with and without pre-treatment were analyzed with 5 MeV proton irradiation. In terms of transfer characteristics before and after the proton irradiation, the drain current of the devices without and with pre-treatment were reduced by an increase in sheet and contact resistances after the proton irradiation. In contrast with the static current characteristics, the gate-lag characteristics of the device with pre-treatment were significantly degenerated. In the device with pre-treatment, the hydrogen passivation for surface states of the GaN cap was formed by the pre-treatment and SiN deposition processes. Since the hydrogen passivation was removed by the proton irradiation, the newly created vacancies resulted in the degeneration of gate-lag characteristics. After nine months in an ambient atmosphere, the gate-lag characteristics of the device with pre-treatment were recovered because of the hydrogen recombination. These results demonstrated that the radiation hardness of MIS-HEMTs was affected by the SiN/GaN interface quality.
Bioprinting of Adult Dorsal Root Ganglion (DRG) Neurons Using Laser-Induced Side Transfer (LIST)
Authors: Roversi Katiane , Ebrahimi Orimi Hamid , Falchetti Marcelo , Lummertz da Rocha Edroaldo , Talbot Sebastien , Boutopoulos Christos
Published: July 2021

Cell bioprinting technologies aim to fabricate tissuelike constructs by delivering biomaterials layer-by-layer. Bioprinted constructs can reduce the use of animals in drug development and hold promise for addressing the shortage of organs for transplants. Here, we sought to validate the feasibility of bioprinting primary adult sensory neurons using a newly developed laser-assisted cell bioprinting technology, known as Laser-Induced Side Transfer (LIST). We used dorsal root ganglion neurons (DRG; cell bodies of somatosensory neurons) to prepare our bioink. DRG-laden- droplets were printed on fibrin-coated coverslips and their viability, calcium kinetics, neuropeptides release, and neurite outgrowth were measured. The transcriptome of the neurons was sequenced. We found that LIST-printed neurons maintain high viability (Printed: 86%, Control: 87% on average) and their capacity to release neuropeptides (Printed CGRP: 130 pg/mL, Control CGRP: 146 pg/mL). In addition, LIST-printed neurons do not show differences in the expressed genes compared to control neurons. However, in printed neurons, we found compromised neurite outgrowth and lower sensitivity to the ligand of the TRPV1 channel, capsaicin. In conclusion, LIST-printed neurons maintain high viability and marginal functionality losses. Overall, this work paves the way for bioprinting functional 2D neuron assays.
The Genome Analysis of the Human Lung-Associated Streptomyces sp. TR1341 Revealed the Presence of Beneficial Genes for Opportunistic Colonization of Human Tissues
Authors: Lara Ana Catalina , Corretto Erika , Kotrbová Lucie , Lorenc František , Petříčková Kateřina , Grabic Roman , Chroňáková Alica
Published: July 2021

Streptomyces sp. TR1341 was isolated from the sputum of a man with a history of lung and kidney tuberculosis, recurrent respiratory infections, and COPD. It produces secondary metabolites associated with cytotoxicity and immune response modulation. In this study, we complement our previous results by identifying the genetic features associated with the production of these secondary metabolites and other characteristics that could benefit the strain during its colonization of human tissues (virulence factors, modification of the host immune response, or the production of siderophores). We performed a comparative phylogenetic analysis to identify the genetic features that are shared by environmental isolates and human respiratory pathogens. The results showed a high genomic similarity of Streptomyces sp. TR1341 to the plant-associated Streptomyces sp. endophyte_N2, inferring a soil origin of the strain. Putative virulence genes, such as mammalian cell entry (mce) genes were not detected in the TR1341’s genome. The presence of a type VII secretion system, distinct from the ones found in Mycobacterium species, suggests a different colonization strategy than the one used by other actinomycete lung pathogens. We identified a higher diversity of genes related to iron acquisition and demonstrated that the strain produces ferrioxamine B in vitro. These results indicate that TR1341 may have an advantage in colonizing environments that are low in iron, such as human tissue.
The Role of the Oral Microbiota in the Etiopathogenesis of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Vyhnalova Tereza , Danek Zdenek , Gachova Daniela , Linhartova Petra Borilova
Published: July 2021

Dysbiosis in the oral environment may play a role in the etiopathogenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). This review aims to summarize the current knowledge about the association of oral microbiota with OSCC and to describe possible etiopathogenetic mechanisms involved in processes of OSCC development and progression. Association studies included in this review were designed as case–control/case studies, analyzing the bacteriome, mycobiome, and virome from saliva, oral rinses, oral mucosal swabs, or oral mucosal tissue samples (deep and superficial) and comparing the results in healthy individuals to those with OSCC and/or with premalignant lesions. Changes in relative abundances of specific bacteria (e.g., Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Streptococcus sp.) and fungi (especially Candida sp.) were associated with OSCC. Viruses can also play a role; while the results of studies investigating the role of human papillomavirus in OSCC development are controversial, Epstein–Barr virus was positively correlated with OSCC. The oral microbiota has been linked to tumorigenesis through a variety of mechanisms, including the stimulation of cell proliferation, tumor invasiveness, angiogenesis, inhibition of cell apoptosis, induction of chronic inflammation, or production of oncometabolites. We also advocate for the necessity of performing a complex analysis of the microbiome in further studies and of standardizing the sampling procedures by establishing guidelines to support future meta-analyses.
A Suggested Diagnostic Approach for Sporadic Anthrax in Cattle to Protect Public Health
Authors: Avberšek Jana , Mićunović Jasna , Cociancich Vasilij , Paller Tomislav , Kušar Darja , Zajc Urška , Ocepek Matjaž , Špičić Silvio , Duvnjak Sanja , Pate Mateja
Published: July 2021

The repeated occurrence of anthrax in grazing animals should be a reminder of a widespread presence of Bacillus anthracis spores in the environment. Its rapid diagnosis is critical to protect public health. Here, we report a case of anthrax in cattle that was investigated using conventional and molecular methods. In 2015, six cows suddenly died within three days and the number of dead animals increased to a total of 12 within two weeks. At necropsy, anthrax was suspected. Therefore, spleen tissue samples were collected (from 6/12 animals) and laboratory tests (microscopy, cultivation, and real-time PCR) performed. The results of tissue staining for microscopy and cultivation were in congruence, while B. anthracis real-time PCR outperformed both. Spleen tissues from all six animals were real-time PCR-positive, while B. anthracis was successfully cultivated and detected by microscopy from the spleen of only three animals. Additionally, the ear tissue from another (1/12) cow tested positive by real-time PCR, supporting the suitability of ear clippings for molecular confirmation of B. anthracis. Genotyping of the isolates using multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) revealed a common source of infection as all three typed isolates had an indistinguishable MLVA genotype, which has not been observed previously in Europe. The results indicate that molecular testing should be selected as the first-line tool for confirming anthrax outbreaks in animals to ensure timely protection of public health.
Clostridium haemolyticum Infection: A Cause of Hemolytic Anemia in a Patient with Bone Marrow Necrosis
Authors: Lagneaux Anne Sophie , Hénard Sandrine , Diancourt Laure , Stein Emmanuelle , Perez Pierre , Mathieu Pierre , Alauzet Corentine , Lozniewski Alain
Published: July 2021

Clostridium haemolyticum is a sporulating Gram-positive anaerobic rod that is considered to be one of the most fastidious and oxygen-sensitive anaerobes. It is a well-known animal pathogen and the cause of bacillary hemoglobinuria primarily in cattle. To date, human infections caused by C. haemolyticum have been reported in three patients with malignant underlying diseases. We present herein the case of a 30-year-old obese woman with no significant past medical history who developed bacteremia caused by C. haemolyticum with massive intravascular hemolysis associated with bone marrow necrosis and acute renal failure. Because of subculture failure, the diagnosis was made on the basis of 16S rDNA sequencing and next-generation sequencing. The patient, who had been afebrile for 20 days after a 17-day-course of antibiotics, experienced a second bacteremic episode caused by C. haemolyticum. After having been successfully treated for 42 days with clindamycin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, the patient developed acute myeloid leukemia as a result of bone marrow regeneration. Although uncommon in humans, infections caused by C. haemolyticum are severe and should be considered in a febrile patient who has severe hemolytic anemia. This case also highlights the importance of using molecular techniques for the identification of this fastidious anaerobic organism.