bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Law and Justice Party on Poland’s European policy
Authors:   Voronezh State University, Mikhalev Oleg Y.
Published: January 2022

The chapter traces the evolution of the views of the Law and Justice Party (PiS), which has been in power in Poland since 2015, on the role and position of the country in the European Union. Since its formation in 2001, PiS has positioned itself as a “Eurorealist” party, focusing on preserving sovereignty and defending Poland's national interests. The attitude of PiS towards such key issues as Poland's accession to the EU and the drafting of the Constitutional and Lisbon Treaties is examined. The main focus of the chapter is on the problems in EU relations faced by PiS during its time in power. The author concludes that the opposition of PiS to the European Union is of a value nature, resulting from different approaches in Warsaw and Brussels to such principles as state sovereignty, family values, attitude towards religion, etc. However, in utilitarian terms PiS is ready to cooperate with the EU and take advantage of the opportunities arising from its membership to increase the competitiveness of the Polish Economy and raise the standard of living in the country.
Thе Wеalth of Cambodians with Morе Еducation
Authors: Lе Trаng , Nguyеn My , Le Kien
Published: January 2022

Abstract: This study aims to еxaminе whеthеr еducatеd Cambodians livе wеalthiеr lifе. According to thе study, Cambodian with morе еducation arе wеalthiеr than Cambodian with lеss еducation. In quantitativе tеrms, onе еducational yеar in Cambodia is associatеd with a 0.156 standard dеviation incrеasе in Cambodian wеalth indеx, complеting primary schooling raisеs Cambodian wеalth indеx by 0.879 standard dеviations, and complеting sеcondary schooling raisеs Cambodian wеalth indеx by 1.146 standard dеviations.
Produk dan Akad BMT
Authors: Afrianti Wahyuni
Published: January 2022

Dalam menjalankan kegiatan operasionalnya, BMT yang berbadan hukum KSPPS beroperasi layaknya bank dan menggunakan prinsip: 1) Prinsip Bagi Hasil, 2) Sistem Jual Beli, 3) Sistem Non- Profit, 4) Akad Bersyariat, dan 5) Produk Pembiayaan. Namun, tidak dapat melakukan transaksi transfer, kliring, dan giro.Ada beberapa jenis akad yang sering digunakan dalam BMT yaitu, akad mudharabah, akad musyarakah, akad wadiah, akad murabahah, akad salam, akad ijarah dan akad wakalah.
KONDISI SOSIAL EKONOMI PARA PELAKU USAHA MIKRO, KECIL DAN MENENGAH (UMKM) PADA MASA PANDEMI COVID-19 DI KELURAHAN HELVETIA TIMUR
Authors: Journal of Social Justice and Policy
Published: January 2022

Based on the results of the research conducted, even though the Covid pandemic condition which caused a decrease in the income of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises players, they were still able to survive and were still sufficient to meet their needs. The education of the children of UMKM actors is fulfilled up to the informal sector. Adequate living conditions because it is already a permanent home. All MSME actors and their family members are registered in the BPJS program, as well as their employees are registered in the BPJS manpower program. Social interactions with family are harmonious, as well as with fellow business actors. Apart from the ability of MSMEs to maintain their economy during the COVID-19 pandemic, the authors suggest that the government be able to provide assistance that can be distributed evenly so that new and old MSMEs can compete in the future
PEMBELAJARAN DARING ANAK, PADA DAERAH 3T DI MASA COVID 19
Authors: Journal of Social Justice and Policy
Published: January 2022

Di Indonesia yang menjadi menarik dalam akhlak dan kemandirian anak dalam bernegara adalah pendidikan, pendidikan sudah menjadi tampilan dan kemerdekaan dalam pembukaan UUD 1945 yang dimaksud untuk mencerdaskan kehidupan bangsa, yang sudah menjadi cerminan di dalam bernegara, apalagi untuk menjadi berkembangnya sumber daya manusia yang dibutuhkan untuk dukungan dan kekompokan di dalam mengkaji, mengajar di dalam ruang lingkungan pendidikan, budaya juga hal yang harus dikenal dan dicerminkan untuk mendapatkan pokok pokok di dalamnya memulai pengajaran di dalam jenis jenis atau nama pada setiap sekolah. Proses pendidikan adalah keaktifan menuju jalannya proses penyesuaian pada setiap fase. Pertumbuhan peserta didik menghasilkan perkembangan pribadinya, menurut Ki Hajar Dewantara, pendidikan adalah upaya untuk memajukan bertumbuhnya budi pekerti (kekuatan batin, karakter ), pikiran (intelek), dan tubuh anak memajukan kehidupan peserta didik seleras dengan dunianya. Proses pendidikan yang diaktifkan kepada anak dapat menyesuaikan sosialisasi kepada orang tua, dan pengajar dapat melakukan sistem pengajaran yang menarik di masa daring ini, pengajar dapat meyakinkan karakter si pendidik ini agar kreatif nya pada masa daring tidaklah tenggelem, mengasah anak yang berada di dalam 3T ini (tertinggal, terdepan, dan terluar di Indonesia) adalah penugasan di dalam suatu pemerintahan khususnya di dinas pendidikan/ kementerian pendidikan menariknya pemerintah harus juga membangun kepastian pembangunan yang sangat modern di dalam pendidikan, ke modern pendidikan sangat ter antusieme terhadap si pendidik untuk dapat semangat belajar yang harus tidak di tinggalkan.
Analisa Video Comments to Followers Ratio Tiktok Pada 5 Artis Tiktok Dengan Followers Terbanyak Di Indonesia
Authors: Lukito Naomi Candra
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACTTik Tok is an application that was first created and popularized in China. TikTok itself first appeared under the name Douyin in 2016 in September. This application is a place where each user can send a short video, which is 15 seconds long. In 2019 this application began to be loved by all circles. Starts from children to adults. Currently, Tiktok users in Indonesia have reached 92.2 million users, it is calculated that as of July 2021 this number will increase. At the beginning of the pandemic, in April 2020 to be exact, Tiktok users only reached 37 millionusers. In fact, many of them are working on this application. Here are 5 TikTok Artists with the highest number of Followers in Indonesia: Sandy.ss, Cahyanirynn, RiaRicis, JharnaBaghwani, SaalHaerid. These 5 artists are examples of the creativity of Indonesian
ANAlisis Media sosial
Authors: arista
Published: January 2022

TikTok merupakan aplikasi sosial media yang diluncurkan oleh perusahaan asal Tiongkok.TikTok memungkinkan penggunanya membuat video berdurasi 15 detik yang disertai denganmusik, filter, dan beberapa fitur kreatif lainnya. Di Indonesia terdapat 30,7 juta penggunayang aktif sehingga menjadikan Indonesia sebagai negara dengan pengguna TikTok terbesardi dunia. Maraknya jumlah pengguna TikTok yang aktif di Indonesia tentu dapat memberikanpeluang bagi brand untuk menjadikan platform TikTok sebagai platform social mediamarketing. Adapun 5 vendor smartphone di Indonesia yang memanfaatkan TikTok sebagaiplatform marketing, yaitu : Oppo Indonesia, Samsung Indonesia, Vivo Indonesia, XiaomiIndonesia, dan Realme Indonesia. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk menghitungkredibilitas dari performa akun TikTok Top 5 Vendor Smartphone di Indonesia. Metode yangdigunakan untuk penelitian ini yaitu metode eksploratif kuantitatif. Hasil dari penelitian inimenunjukan bahwa vendor smartphone Oppo Indonesia mendapatkan peringkat pertama danmemiliki kredibilitas performa akun yang baik.
Problematika Akidah Di Era Globalisasi
Authors: Arifin Muhammad Arfian
Published: January 2022

Akidah yang kuat sangat penting di era globalisasi,di karenakan pengaruh globalisasi sangat banyak yang bertolak belakang dengan ajaran agama islam.Tanpa adanya akidah yang kuat di era globalisasi ini maka keyakinan kita terhadap ALLAH SWT menjadi lemah di karenakan banyaknya pengaruh negative dari globalisasi ini.
Air pollution and emigration behaviors – evidence of Hanoi
Authors: 子 鬼谷
Published: January 2022

Expeditious increase in population and industrialization has led to alarming rates of air pollution in all countries. However, developing economies have had to face a more adverse and severe impact. This had led to many changes in the day to day living of citizens. In this paper we have focused on the psychological process and predictors of migration intention of the people living in Hanoi, Vietnam. Two stratified random datasets of 475 people were used, and Bayesian analysis was performed on this dataset. We found out that the intent to move was negatively associated to the individual’s satisfaction with air quality. We also found that people who have family members that have fallen victim to a disease caused by air pollution are more likely to migrate. This paper discusses an important topic: immigration of the younger demographic, i.e. the Hanoi workforce, which may cause restrictions and hurdles in the city's urbanisation and development. The findings suggest that, if measures against air pollution are not taken, economic forces may be disrupted, posing a threat to urban growth. As a result, collaborative activities and steps need to be taken by the government to curb this unfortunate consequence.
Climate Change and Ocean Acidification: Are We Just Treating The Symptoms?
Authors: Finlay David
Published: January 2022

The human caused rise in atmospheric greenhouse gases has been seen as the driver of both climate change and ocean acidification. However recent peer reviewed papers show that, while GHG emissions are part of the problem, the primary driver of both climate change and ocean acidification is human caused ecological degradation. Curbing greenhouse gas emissions, to date, has been an abject failure but addressing ecological degradation within the remaining time frame is safe and achievable.
An integrated system design interface for operating 8-DoF robotic arm
Authors: Rao Madhav
Published: January 2022

This study examines the system integration of a game engine with robotics middleware to drive an 8 degree offreedom (DoF) robotic upper limb to generate human-like motion for telerobotic applications. The developed architectureencompasses a pipeline execution design using Blender Game Engine (BGE) including the acquisition of real humanmovements via the Microsoft Kinect V2, interfaced with a modeled virtual arm, and replication of similar arm movements on the physical robotic arm. In particular, this study emphasizes the integration of a human “pilot” with ways to drive such a robotic arm through simulation and later, into a finished system. Additionally, using motion capture technology, a human upper limb action was recorded and applied onto the robot arm using the proposed architecture flow. Also, we showcase the robotic arm’s actions which include reaching, picking, holding, and dropping an object. This paper presentsa simple and intuitive kinematic modeling and 3D simulation process, which is validated using 8-DoF articulated robot to demonstrate methods for animation, and simulation using the designed interface.
Road Deformation Monitoring and Event Detection using Asphalt-embedded Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS)
Authors: Hubbard Peter George , Ou Ruonan , Xu Tianchen , Luo Linqing , Nonaka Hayato , Karrenbach Martin , Soga Kenichi
Published: January 2022

Distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) is a new technology that is being adopted widely in the geophysics and earth science communities to measure seismic signals propagating over 10’s of kilometers using an optical fiber. DAS uses the technique of phase-coherent optical time domain reflectometry (φ-OTDR) to measure dynamic strain in an optical fiber as small as nε by examining interferences in scattered light. This technology is opening a new field of research of examining very small strains in infrastructure that can be indicative of performance and use level. In this study, a fiber optic strain sensing cable was embedded into an asphalt concrete test road and spatially distributed dynamic road strain was measured during different types of loading. It is demonstrated that φ-OTDR can be used to quantitatively measure strain in roads associated with events as small as a dog walking on the surface. Optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR), a widely implemented but less accurate distributed fiber optic strain monitoring technology, is used along with traditional pavement strain gauges and 3D finite element modeling to validate the φ-OTDR pavement strain measurements. After validation, φ-OTDR strain measurements from various events are presented including a vehicle, pedestrian, runner, cyclist and finally a dog moving along the road. This study serves to demonstrate the deployment of φ-OTDR to monitor roadway systems.
The Map, the Territory and the Cartographer – Linking the ‘Pure’ Formal Models to the ‘Murky’ Material World
Authors: Ciaunica Anna
Published: January 2022

Assigning to Pearl blankets an instrumental, a ‘pure’ formal role, tacitly delegates the thorny question of mapping the ‘murky’ territory to empirical sciences. But this move side-lines the problem, and does not offer a solution to the question: how do we relate the formal properties of an agent’s model of the world to the real properties of the world itself?
Rethinking Fairness: The Scope of Assignor Estoppel Doctrine After Minerva
Authors: Tong Sheng
Published: January 2022

Assignor estoppel, a common-law doc- trine, may prevent the former employee, as the patent assignor, from asserting the patent invalidity defense. The doctrine prevents unfair practices where, after assigning all the patent rights, the assignor claims the invalidity of the assigned patent such that she may exploit the invention without infringement. This article discerns the breadth of assignor estoppel doctrine and its implications after a recent Supreme Court case Minerva Surgical, Inc. v. Hologic, Inc., 141 S. Ct. 2298 (2021).
Companionship and worries in uncertain times: Australian parents’ experiences of children and pets during COVID-19
Authors: Bennetts Shannon , Crawford Sharinne
Published: January 2022

Companion animals (pets), especially cats and dogs, have featured regularly in the media and public discourse during the global COVID-19 pandemic, including increased demand for pet adoption and more time spent with existing pets. This qualitative study aimed to describe the experiences of Australian parents with a child under 18 years and a cat or dog. Within a broader survey, parents were asked open-ended questions about the benefits and challenges for their family of living with a cat or dog during COVID-19, and where relevant, about reasons for adopting a new pet. Data were collected between July and October 2020, during Australia’s ‘second wave’ of COVID-19, when some Australians were subject to strict physical distancing or ‘stay at home’ orders. A total of 611 parents provided at least one free-text response. Inductive template analysis was conducted on all responses; 33 unique codes were identified and mapped onto a biopsychosocial model under three themes: (i) “Trying to Stay Healthy and Well” (biological), (ii) “Comfort, Coping and Worries” (psychological), and “Spending More Time Together” (social). Findings highlight the therapeutic role of pets for families during times of change and uncertainty, as well as the significant social impact of pandemic-related restrictions on family units. Benefits included support for the family’s physical and mental health, maintenance of family routines, distraction, comfort, and pets as an opportunity to connect with others. Challenges were numerous and diverse, such as cost and access to pet care, behavioural concerns, worries about pet and child wellbeing, and reflections about the pet’s mortality. These findings demonstrate the complex and varied impacts of the pandemic on families with children and pets; some families are likely to require ongoing psychological, financial, and veterinary supports.
Still too good to be true: Reply to Bushman et al. (2022)
Authors: Hilgard Joseph
Published: January 2022

In this reply to Bushman et al. (2022), I explain why differences in method and sample demographics are not likely to explain why the obvious effect in Hilgard (2021) is smaller than the indirect effect in Hasan et al (2013). Additionally, Bushman and colleagues claim that the large effects can be explained by accumulation of effects across days. Comparison with longitudinal experimental studies, cross-sectional observational studies, and longitudinal observational studies indicate that this accumulation of effects across three days cannot explain the unparalleled size of effects from Hasan et al. (2013). Accumulation of effects also cannot explain the incredibly large effects observed in single-session studies published by Hasan and colleagues. Better evidence is needed for the claim that other credible studies have reported even larger media violence effects. The data reported in Hasan et al. (2013) are still too good to be true.
Associations Between Physical Activity, Affect Regulation Difficulties, and Mental Health Among Canadian Adolescents at Two Different Points of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Ames Megan , Robillard Christina Lauren , Turner Brianna , Garcia-Barrera Mauricio , Rush Jonathan , Craig Stephanie
Published: January 2022

Although physical activity declined with social distancing measures and stay-at-home orders during the COVID-19 pandemic, youth who engaged in more physical activity experienced fewer mental health problems. If and how physical activity maintained its protective role throughout the ongoing pandemic remains unclear. This study models associations between three types of physical activity (indoor, outdoor, with parents), affect regulation, and anxious and depressive symptoms in two adolescent samples (W1: Summer 2020; W2: Winter 2020/21).
Observed correlations from cross-sectional individual differences research reflect both between-person and within-person correlations
Authors: Hsu Shaw , Poldrack Russell , Ram Nilam , Wagner Anthony D.
Published: January 2022

The study of individual differences is often conducted using cross-sectional experiments. The cross-sectional nature of such data means that results obtained from these experiments are a mix of both between- and within-person associations. While concerns about this within-between confounding effect have been surfaced, they are often not addressed when reporting results from individual differences studies. This obfuscation threatens the interpretability and validity of cross-sectional individual differences research. We speculate that a lack of a clear and accessible description of the confounding effect may have contributed to the limited attention to this issue. In this paper, we develop a tractable description of the confounding effect and how it manifests. In doing so, we suggest a need for greater transparency in the reporting of the goals and results of cross-sectional studies and how they contribute to knowledge of individual differences.
Limited detraditionalization of intimacy: Growing socioeconomic differences in contraceptive use at first intercourse in Italy
Authors: Struffolino Emanuela , Zagel Hannah
Published: January 2022

This paper investigates links between social inequality and reproductive behavior. It complements the extensive research on the stratification of young adults' life chances in education and the labor market by considering changes over time in the stratification of contraceptive use at first intercourse by parental background. We seek to understand detraditionalization trends in young people’s sexually intimate behavior by investigating whether these trends were driven by particular social groups and how they were supported by policy initiatives. We study Italy from 1950-2006, which shows strong regional and socioeconomic disparities, and comparatively slow changes in religion and gender norms. Data from the “Survey on Italians’ Sexual Behavior” (2006) and macro indicators on family planning centers are used. The findings show a steep increase in contraceptive use at first sexual intercourse over time, stratified by parental background, but only for condom use. We did not find that family planning centers intervened in these relationships.
PATHWAYS INTO A SCIENTIFIC ELITE: THE SOCIAL ORIGINS, SCHOOLING AND UNIVERSITIES OF FELLOWS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY BORN FROM 1900
Authors: Bukodi Erzsebet , Goldthorpe John H , Steinberg Inga
Published: January 2022

We report on continuing research on the UK scientific elite, intended to illustrate a proposed new approach to elite studies and based on a prosopography of Fellows of the Royal Society born from 1900. We extend analyses previously reported of Fellows’ social origins and secondary schooling to take in their university careers as under- and postgraduates. The composite term ‘Oxbridge’, as often applied in elite studies, is called into question, as members of the scientific elite prove to have been recruited clearly more from Cambridge than from Oxford. Particular interest then attaches to the relation between Fellows’ social origins and schooling and their attendance at Cambridge. Among Fellows whose university careers were made at Cambridge, those of more advantaged class origins and those with private schooling are over-represented, although in this, as in various other respects, including Fellows’ field of study, family influences persist independently of schooling. One suggestive interaction effect is, however, found in that being privately educated increases the probability of having been at Cambridge more for Fellows from managerial than from professional families. Private schooling leading on to undergraduate and postgraduate study at Cambridge can be identified as the educational ‘royal road’ into the scientific elite; and Fellows coming from higher professional and managerial families alike have the highest probability of having entered the elite in this way. But the most common route turns out in fact to be via state schooling and attendance at universities outside of ‘the golden triangle’ of Cambridge, Oxford and London; and this route is far more likely to have been followed by Fellows of all other class origins than higher professional. The relation between the degree of social skew in the recruitment of an elite and the degree of social homogeneity among its members can be more complex then has often been supposed.
On the Mythical Origin of Yajñopavīta
Authors: Betageri Ankur
Published: January 2022

In this article I explore the act of concealing and embodying esoteric knowledge by considering Vedic, Upanishadic and Puranic narratives concerning the yajñopavīta. The esoteric nature of the initiation ritual of Upanayana established in Vedic texts like Śatapatha-Brâhmana and Atharva Veda is elaborated in the metaphysical Upanishadic texts of Subāla-upanishad and Brahma-upanishad. I show that the yajñopavīta, conceptualized as sutra-vastra in the Devānga Purāna, was a symbolic object that concealed and made one embody esoteric knowledge. I consider a similar act of concealing and embodying of the esoteric knowledge that happens while chanting the Samavedic strotas and claim that the yajñopavīta which represents initiatory rebirth makes us see the term of studentship and the acquisition of knowledge as involving the contradictory impulses to act and grow and to symbolically contain the meditative interiority of esoteric knowledge.
The cognitive mechanisms involved in the “DEGREE ADVERB + PROPER NAME” construction: Evaluating proposals from Construction Grammar and Formal Semantics
Authors: Frazer-McKee Gabriel , Duffley Patrick
Published: January 2022

There are broad disagreements between existing models regarding the mental representations and processes involved in the "DEGREE ADVERB + PROPER NAME" construction, including disagreements regarding the semantics of the degree device, the category status of the proper name, the construction’s expressed meaning and its (non-)compositionality, and, crucially, the operation that holds between the degree device and the proper name. Our corpus-based investigation into two competing models from Construction Grammar and Formal Semantics shows that these models collectively make useful contributions to the scientific understanding of this construction, but neither is empirically adequate. Most importantly, we find that the construction participates in several non-predicted expressed meanings; multivariate analyses show that the three amenable to statistical analysis cluster with different semantic usage-features. We argue that the best way to account for the construction’s semantics-pragmatics is via a previously-dismissed cognitive mechanism: an enrichment-/strengthening-type operation whereby a pragmatically-supplied scale is added to the message.
Estadios y ¿Equilibrio? Soberanía Nacional Pre-política; Dominio de Escenario Societal-interno; Error último en Diseño de Política Exterior de Estado: Chile y Acciones Exteriores conflictuales con Perú y Bolivia: Siglo XIX a XXI
Authors: Jiménez Andrés Miguel Figueroa
Published: January 2022

“Política Exterior”, al interior de la Investigación Social-Empírica en el Área del Poder, constituye escenario intelectual, racional y factual, fronterizo-difuso; así entendida, la cuestión como objeto, su abordaje requiere internalización como competencia, de insumos angulares de la actividad: Análisis Político; a saber: uso de conceptos adecuados y paralelo empleo de criterios de observación pertinentes. Aquí, a partir de herramientas conceptuales decisivas, se re-construye caracterizando, un “conjunto procesal de vinculación exterior conflictual” —compuesto por hitos y actividades1 respecto sucesos con alcance inter e intra-nacional— entre Chile, Perú y Bolivia, bajo los siglos XIX, XX y XXI. Lo anterior, persiguiendo —desde la articulación de una hipótesis de envergadura—, el lograr la entrega de un artefacto teorético, respecto hechos histórico-políticos, dotado de potencia para co-ordenar, situar fenómenos, a la vez, que constituyendo un rendimiento intelectual tipo: material-informe, con cariz analítico e interpretativo.
A confirmation of the expected interval: Ab initio estimation technique of parsimonious Gompertz mortality parameters
Authors: Ogungbenle Gbenga Michael
Published: January 2022

The Gompertz law states a functional relationship on exponential scale between instantaneous intensity and age. The objective is to first estimate the model parameters by using mortality data and then confirm the interval of validity for the estimated parameters. The parsimonious model is implicitly expressed in terms of age and level of mortality while the force of mortality is the dependent variable. Current contributions in actuarial literature have made it tractable to obtain life span from the actuarial point of view, making the life table invaluable analytical tool for insurers. Mortality functions which have been developed recently possess sophisticated actuarial techniques with many parameters hence they are very complex to estimate numerically making it difficult to fit to mortality data. In order to overcome this problem, we need to employ numerical algebraic method to estimate the appropriate values of model parameters and which may enable us fit the function to mortality data. In this paper, the direct algebraic method offers simpler perspective of approximating mortality parameter and was decomposed into systems of algebraic equations. We observed that mortality over all ages for males is lower than that of females while the initial mortality for male is higher than that of female. The R-language software was employed in the computation. In view of actuarial benchmarks, our results confirm that the values of and  for both males and females lie within the expected interval. (see PDF for further information).
Wstęp
Authors: Kasperek Andrzej , Świątkiewicz Wojciech
Published: January 2022

„Górnośląskie Studia Socjologiczne. Seria Nowa” 2020, T. 11, s. 7—10
Służba ideologii i ideologia służby w pamiętnikach działaczy polskiego ruchu narodowego na Śląsku Cieszyńskim sprzed końca I wojny światowej
Authors: Szkaradnik Katarzyna
Published: January 2022

In her article, Katarzyna Szkaradnik analyses the memoirs of the pioneers of the Polish national movement in the area of Cieszyn Silesia, and also the memoirs of subsequent social, cultural, and educational activists written before the end of World War I. Szkaradnik examines these texts by focusing on the representations of the idea which the authors were spokesmen for, i.e., Polishness as a cultural legacy as well as Poland as a promised land where the people of Cieszyn Silesiawill gain due rights. The metaphors “awakening” and “rebirth” naturalized the bond between these people and Polishness, which was supposed to last thanks to, among other things, Polish religious publications, despite Silesia’s separation from so-called Motherland. In this respect, the memoirs have persuasive-didactic functions in that they help to build and strengthen the national identity. Szkaradnik examines the rhetorical strategies used by the activists (and scholars) of the said movement as well as the system of values which they propagate. The fact of the national activists’ being servants of an ideology is accompanied by their ideology of service, akin to the positivist idea of educational and economic work. Importantly, most of the authors descended from local people of humble origin and they gave up on the chance of social advancement in order to help their countrymates to attain social, political, and intellectual emancipation.
Rytualizacja pracy i życia codziennego. Doświadczenia Jana Szczepańskiego a specyfika nowych form życia społecznego
Authors: Walczak-Duraj Danuta
Published: January 2022

The main goal of the study is an attempt to show that rites, regardless of what areas of social life they concern, always occur in an interactive and axionormative context. They are universal in nature, but their content and manner of manifestation in individual and group behavior are changing. Attempts were made to demonstrate this from the perspective of Jan Szczepański’s childhood and his youth experiences, related not only to work but also to selected aspects of everyday life. A broad, processual understanding of the rite (ritualisation process) was adopted as a set of individual and group behaviors based on common beliefs and values, both practical and expressive. Efforts were made to demonstrate the basic types and functions of rites, especially contained in the practices of organizational culture, so distant from the practices related to the work performed by Szczepański on the farm of his parents. The analysis made it possible to show how much the work and everyday life of the adolescent Szczepański was framed by sacred rites creating a coherent, predictable and transcendent image of the world and people.
Prosecution for Violations of International Humanitarian Law: Russia’s Position
Authors: Deriglazova Larisa V. , Smolenchuk Olga Yu.
Published: January 2022

Russia’s official position regarding the prosecution for violations of International Humanitarian Law (IHL) in international criminal courts changed during the 1990s and the 2000s. The article studies the reasons for these changes by reviewing works of Russian experts. The performance of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) had a negative impact on Russia’s position. Russian experts questioned the impartiality of the ICTY and its effectiveness in preventing such crimes and reconciling the parties. Russia’s position has also changed with regard to the International Criminal Court (ICC). In 2000, the Russian Federation signed the Rome Statute that established the ICC, but withdrew its signature in November 2016. One of the reasons for that decision was the participation of Russian troops in armed conflicts outside of the Russian Federation and outside of UN peacekeeping missions. Russian experts emphasize that IHL norms are enforced primarily at the national level, which means that Russia can make its own decisions regarding criminal prosecution for IHL violations.
30 Years After the USSR: No End to History
Authors: Nardin Terry , Filippov Alexander F. , Kolstø Pål , Gomart Tomas , Toje Asle , Shuhua Zhang , Graham Thomas E.
Published: January 2022

From the standpoint of world history, the collapse of the Soviet Union is unremarkable. That this event took the world by surprise suggests that political analysts, their attention focused on current affairs, can overlook underlying trends and countertrends that eventually make even dramatic events seem secondary. When trends and countertrends are in equilibrium, they generate an illusion of stability. But in the long run, the possibility of disequilibrium approaches certainty and the result is discontinuity.
Pengembangan Alat Ukur Tinggi Badan Manusia Secara Otomatis dengan Arduino
Authors: Anis Yuli Hidayatul , Mangiri Herry Sulendro , Trisetiyanto Adi Nova
Published: January 2022

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah 1). Menghasilkan sebuah alat ukur alternatif yang dapat digunakan tanpa harus ada bantuan dari orang lain. 2). Menguji keefektifan penggunaan dan sistem kerja yang sederhana, praktis, dan efisien sehingga memperoleh hasil yang tepat dan akurat dengan waktu yang lebih singkat. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian Research and Development (R & D). Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan dengan beberapa langkah, yakni: potensi dan masalah, pengumpulan data, desain produk, validasi desain, revisi desain, ujicoba produk, revisi produk, ujicoba pemakaian, revisi produk, produk masal atau produk akhir. Telah dibuat alat ukur tinggi badan manusia secara otomatis menggunakan sensor Ultrasonik HC-SR04 dengan Arduino Uno sebagai pusat pengendali sistem. Dengan adanya alat ini diharapkan dapat melakukan pengukuran secara cepat sehingga mempermudah pekerjaan dan menghemat waktu dalam pengukuran tinggi badan manusia, dengan hasil yang akurat.
Le poids de l’histoire
Authors: Romano Sergio
Published: January 2022

Les rapports nationaux peuvent être lus comme les chapitres d’un grand « voyage en Europe ». Mais le livre qu’ils composent est exactement le contraire de celui que les voyageurs du XVIIIe et du XIXe siècle écrivaient à la fin de leurs « grands tours ». Dans les voyages anciens, l’observateur passait d’un pays à l’autre en notant attentivement les différences de mœurs et d’institutions publiques. Son regard saisissait, pour le plaisir du lecteur, l’exotique et le bizarre, mais s’attardait en même temps sur tout aspect qui lui paraissait digne d’être imité. Chaque voyageur aurait pu placer en tête de son livre les mots par lesquels Sterne commence le Voyage sentimental de Yorick à travers la France et l’Italie : « Cela se fait mieux en France. » Cela signifiait que chaque pays pouvait jeter son regard au-delà de ses frontières pour trouver dans un autre pays européen une réponse à ses questions et la solution de ses problèmes. L’immense littérature de voyage publiée entre le xvme et le XIXe siècle prouve que les pays d’Europe étaient alors à la fois profondément différents et très semblables. Différents, car le carnaval et les institutions politiques de la république de Venise étaient infiniment plus exotiques aux yeux d’un voyageur anglais ou français que le Japon d’aujourd’hui aux yeux d’un Européen. Semblables, car tout voyageur savait qu’il pouvait transférer d’un pays étranger à son propre pays ce qui était digne d’être imité. Chaque pays d’Europe était singulier, mais, tous ensemble, ils formaient un patrimoine d’expériences d’où chacun pouvait librement tirer son bien.
Les convictions de Tocqueville
Authors: Bourricaud François
Published: January 2022

Tocqueville ne souffre-t-il pas aujourd’hui d’un excès de gloire ? Tout le monde s’accorde à reconnaître en lui un observateur d’une qualité exceptionnelle. Quand il traite de la société américaine sa perspicacité est, en effet, impressionnante. Le trait de génie qui éclate dans son premier livre fut d’avoir reconnu que l’Amérique n’était pas une démocratie radicale, mais que cette démocratie, où le règne de la majorité était proclamé sans réserve ni restriction, appartenait en fait à la famille des régimes modérés chers à Montesquieu.
Tocqueville et le problème de la clôture politique
Authors: Jacquet Daniel
Published: January 2022

Tocqueville demeure aujourd’hui une figure problématique de la tradition politique moderne. Certains penseurs se réclament de sa pensée pour défendre la liberté des Modernes alors que d'autres puisent à sa critique de la démocratie, assimilant celle-ci à une critique de la modernité. Si bien que Tocqueville a eu des lecteurs de tous les partis, en passant de Marx à Nietzsche. Cette ambivalence de l’enseignement tocquevillien illustre une dimension essentielle de la conscience politique européenne. En effet, cette Europe qui, au moyen de la révolution, a mis au monde, pour reprendre l’expression de Tocqueville, une humanité distincte, s’est trouvée tout à la fois enthousiaste et effrayée devant sa propre création. On a ainsi cherché à favoriser la formation de ce monde nouveau, tout en tentant de lui faire résistance. Je me propose de montrer que l’examen des questions que pose la clôture du politique permet de rendre compte de la position occupée par Tocqueville dans le champ politique et d'éclairer du même coup le sens de son acceptation prudente de la modernité.
La démocratie, ruine de l’écologie?
Authors: Laurent Éloi
Published: January 2022

La démocratie est-elle bonne pour l’écologie ? Répondre à cette interrogation suppose d’engager une discussion théorique avec les nombreuses voix qui dénoncent l’inadaptation du régime démocratique aux enjeux environnementaux depuis une quarantaine d’années au moins. Pour voir plus clair dans les arguments avancés par les différents courants de pensée et tenter d’y répondre en détail, on propose ici de distinguer une critique éthique, une critique institutionnelle et une critique économique de la démocratie dans sa dimension écologique. On ajoute à ce débat théorique un prolongement empirique, en recensant les enseignements de certains épisodes historiques significatifs et en passant en revue les résultats des études quantitatives existantes sut le sujet.
Theodore Caplow. In memoriam
Authors: Langlois Simon , Zunz Olivier
Published: January 2022

This is with sadness that The Tocqueville Review marks the death of Tocqueville Society founder Theodore Caplow in Charlottesville, VA, on July 4, 2015 at the age of 95.
Alexis de Tocqueville en pays « sauvage »
Authors: Delâge Denys , Desbarats Catherine , Warren Jean-Philippe
Published: January 2022

Le présent article étudie les écrits d’Alexis de Tocqueville sur les autochtones de l’Amérique du Nord. Alors qu’on ne compte plus aujourd’hui les travaux ayant été consacrés à Tocqueville, ses propos sur les peuples autochtones sont restés pour ainsi dire dans l’ombre du reste de son oeuvre, comme si ne s’y jouait pas, là autant et peutêtre plus qu’ailleurs, la question fondamentale qui l’habitait lors de son passage en Amérique : celle de la dialectique entre la liberté et l’égalité.
Les « convictions » de M. de Tocqueville
Authors: Bourricaud François
Published: January 2022

Tocqueville ne souffre-t-il pas aujourd’hui d’un excès de gloire ? Tout le monde s’accorde à reconnaître en lui un observateur d’une qualité exceptionnelle. Quand il traite de la société américaine sa perspicacité est en effet impressionnante. Le trait de génie qui éclate dans son premier livre fut d’avoir reconnu que l’Amérique n’était pas une démocratie radicale, mais que cette démocratie, où le règne de la majorité était proclamé sans réserve ni restriction, appartenait en fait à la famille des régimes modérés chers à Montesquieu.
Five Years of Socialist Economic Policy in France: A Balance Sheet
Authors: Balassa Bela
Published: January 2022

Nearly five years have elapsed since François Mitterrand assumed the presidency of the French Republic and a socialist-dominated assembly was elected. There have been considerable changes in the rhetoric as well as in the policy measures taken during this period. While references to “class warfare” and to the need for a “radical break with capitalism” were made in Mitterrand’s speeches before the 1981 elections, he subsequently spoke about “the community of a mixed economy” and, finally, in his televised statement of January 15,1984, stated that “e’est l’entreprise qui crée la richesse, c’est l’entreprise qui crée l’emploi, c’est l’entreprise qui détermine notre niveau de vie et notre place dans la hiérarchie mondiale.”
Liberalism and Modern Reality: Do American Formulae Fit France?
Authors: Parker William N.
Published: January 2022

I learned a great deal from my seven-month stay in France from December 1984 to June 1985. But as it drew to an end, I was led to ask : Is it possible that the French I have met may have learned anything from me? The question was posed most poignantly in early June when I was asked to act as the American “expert” in a panel under the auspices of France-Amérique in the beautiful rooms of their mansion on Avenue Franklin D. Roosevelt. The other members of the panel were French political scientists and writers, and the announced subject was “La tradition libérale américaine: Quels enseignements pour la France d’aujourd’hui?” In formulating my thoughts, I found forming in them a notion of American liberalism, its changing definitions and its abiding meaning over the course of our history. Much of this is not new to Americans if they have reflected at all on our history. But my French audience seemed to have an interest in it, even beyond their impenetrable politesse. I have made here a few excerpts of what I told the French about us, and then have added some observations, which I was not presumptuous enough to make in the presence of the French panel, of what this history might-just might—mean to a thoughtful French person as he or she looks around the French scene today with all that knowledge and intimacy which a foreign observer can never possess.
Colloque “Pouvoir public, pouvoir des associations” sponsored by La Société Tocqueville, Paris, May 1985: Two Reports
Authors: Melchers Ronald , Body-Gendrot Sophie
Published: January 2022

Le colloque “Pouvoir public, pouvoir des associations” s’est déroulé à l’institut d’Etudes Politiques, les 6 et 7 mai 1985 sous l’égide de la Société Tocqueville.
Thomas Jefferson and the French Revolution
Authors: Peterson Merrill D.
Published: January 2022

The meeting of this conference at the University of Virginia inevitably calls to mind the first public occasion in the history of the institution 163 years ago. General Lafayette, on his year-long triumphal tour of the United States, came to Charlottesville for a tearful reunion with his old friend, Thomas Jefferson. They had met in the perilous days of 1781 when Jefferson was governor of Virginia and Lafayette marched a small army into the state to repel the British invaders. Jefferson was grateful to the spirited young general, whose zeal for the American cause seemed scarcely less than his own. Three years later, in France, they became friends, and, in 1789, their friendship personified the historical nexus between the American and the French Revolution. Thereafter, they corresponded intermittently but did not meet again until 1824. Lafayette, though he had long since ceased to be a hero in France, remained a hero in America -- in itself a poignant commentary on the contrasting fates of the two great democratic revolutions. The University fathered by Jefferson was still unfinished in 1824. The Rotunda, commanding the Lawn, was still under scaffolding, and the massive Corinthian capitals imported from Carrara had yet to be raised atop the columns of the portico. But over 400 people crowded into the Dome Room for the great public dinner in honor of the “nations’s guest.” There were many toasts, of course; and Jefferson, who was 81 and in poor health, made a little address, through the voice of another, extolling Lafayette’s services in war and peace and closing with a prayer for “the eternal duration” of the nation’s freedom.
Le Liberalisme économique de part et d’autre de l’Atlantique: orthodoxie et pragmatisme
Authors: Le Cacheux Jacques
Published: January 2022

Depuis la fin des années soixante-dix, les politiques économiques mises en oeuvre aux Etats-Unis et en Europe ont radicalement changé. Les éléments communs aux nouvelles orientations dans les différents pays sont sans aucun doute d’inspiration libérale ; ils sont si nombreux que l’on peut qualifier ce changement généralisé de « révolution libérale » -- ou encore, selon le titre d’un numéro récent de la revue Economic Policy, de « révolution conservatrice ». Par comparaison avec les orientations des deux décennies précédentes, des termes tels que « restauration » -- des mécanismes de marché -- ou « contre-révolution » -- en référence à la « révolution keynésienne » -- pourraient sembler plus appropriés.
Philip Freneau, chantre et observateur des révolutions
Authors: Béranger Jean F.
Published: January 2022

Le fils aîné de Pierre Freneau, marchand new yorkais et huguenot, et d’Agnès Watson, elle-même fille d’immigrés écossais presbytériens, faillit devenir pasteur calviniste. Son degré d’instruction lui valut d’entrer comme sophomore à Nassau Hall en 1768. Il eut pour camarades de chambre Hugh Henry Brackenridge et James Madison. C’était l’époque où le nouveau président venu d’Ecosse, John Witherspoon, ministre presbytérien libéral, rénovait l’enseignement. Retint-il la maxime du futur signataire de la Déclaration d’indépendance « Liberty either cannot, or ought not to be given up in the social state »? Sur ce point comme sur la stimulation qu’il aurait trouvée à la lecture des idées de Rousseau sur la nature et le gouvernement nous sommes réduits à des conjectures.
Letter from Paris
Authors: Crozier Michel
Published: January 2022

The first thing that will strike the seasoned watcher of France when he lands in Paris this winter is the general air of uncertainty. Frenchmen who used to be so articulate are this time keeping their voices low. For they simply don’t know what to think. The financial crash, Gorbachev’s openings, the decline of the dollar, the Japanese invasion, the powerlessness of Europe and above all the upcoming presidential election makes them all the more perplexed. Ask anyone, even one of those ferocious Paris taxi drivers and even if they share their preferences with you, at the same time they will not be able to give you a serious argumentai classic French opinion. Don’t be mistaken about the meaning of this elusiveness however. This is neither disarray nor indifference. French men and women will vote in due time. But somehow puzzlement has made them more relaxed.
Allan Bloom: The Closing of the American Mind
Authors: Apostolidès Jean-Marie
Published: January 2022

Le succès du livre d’Allan Bloom, autant aux Etats-Unis qu’en France, témoigne de l’inquiétude des milieux universitaires dans ces deux pays, et du grand public cultivé en général. Les années précédentes, les médias nous avaient sensibilisés à la crise de l’enseignement primaire puis à celle du secondaire. Le tour de l’enseignement supérieur devait venir, et c’est fait. Nous sommes en effet en crise, non seulement dans l’éducation, mais probablement crise plus vaste de la culture, entendue autant dans le sens restreint que le sens large du mot, et le public se montre réceptif à toute information pouvant éclairer son inquiétude. Le livre d’Allan Bloom répond donc à l’attente, sérieux et bien informé, et qui cherche moins à polémiquer qu’à analyser la situation, à partir de l’expérience concrète de son auteur. Ce dernier a derrière lui une longue carrière d’enseignant dans l’université américaine. Le problème de l’éducation est d’autant plus sensible qu’elle seule permet à la génération adulte de préparer l’avenir, d’exercer un certain contrôle sur les destinées d’un pays lorsque cette génération ne sera plus là. Et il est légitime de trouver une identité entre le passé et le futur, puisque ce sentiment de la continuité historique façonne notre temporalité intime et structure notre existence. La question de la mort soustend donc les analyses d’Allan Bloom, et même si elle n’est pas directement posée, elle explique sans doute le ton quelque peu apocalyptique qu’il emploie à l’occasion.