bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IgE, allergy, and risk of glioma: Update from the San Francisco Bay Area Adult Glioma Study in the Temozolomide era
Authors: Wiemels Joseph L. , Wilson David , Patil Chirag , Patoka Joseph , McCoy Lucie , Rice Terri , Schwartzbaum Judith , Heimberger Amy , Sampson John H. , Chang Susan , Prados Michael , Wiencke John K. , Wrensch Margaret
Published: February 2009

The consistently observed inverse relationship of allergic conditions with glioma risk and our previous demonstration that immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels also were lower in glioma patients than controls suggest that atopic allergy may be related to a mechanism that inhibits or prevents glioma. We sought to extend these results with a new and larger series of patients (n = 535 with questionnaire data; 393 with IgE measures) and controls (n = 532 with questionnaire data; 470 with IgE measures). As expected, glioma cases were less likely than controls to report history of allergies [among self‐reported cases, Odds ratios (OR) = 0.59, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.41–0.85]. IgE levels also were lower in glioma cases versus controls (OR per unit log IgE = 0.89, 95% CI (0.82–0.98). However, this inverse relationship was only apparent among cases receiving temozolomide, a treatment which became part of the “standard of care” for glioblastoma patients during the study period. Among patients receiving temozolomide, IgE levels in cases whose blood samples were obtained within 30 days of diagnosis were slightly higher than controls, whereas IgE levels in cases whose blood sample was obtained >60 days after diagnosis were significantly lower than controls (OR = 0.80; 95% CI: 0.71–0.89). Thus, although our results robustly confirm the inverse association between allergy and glioma, the results for IgE are affected by temozolomide treatments which may have influenced IgE levels. These results have implications for the study of immunologic factors in glioma as well as for immunotherapy protocols for treating glioma. © 2009 UICC
Mass screening for colorectal cancer is not justified in most developing countries
Authors: Lambert René , Sauvaget Catherine , Sankaranarayanan Rengaswamy
Published: February 2009

Most developed countries insist on the prevention of colorectal cancer (CRC) and offer screening to the population. Mass screening is proposed to both sexes in the population aged 50 years or more. Colonoscopy is then offered to persons having a positive faecal occult blood test. This recommendation should not be diffused over the world without considering the distinct dimensions of the risk and resources in developed and developing countries. A national screening policy is legitimate in developed countries like Japan, South Korea, and in North America and Europe. On the other hand, a mass screening policy for CRC is not recommended in most developing countries. The limited amount of resources attributed to health care for cancer should concern other indications in the control of common cancers, particularly in the cervix or liver. Indeed the risk of CRC is very low in most regions of Africa, and in some countries of South America and Asia. © 2009 UICC
Estrogen regulation of thrombospondin‐1 in human breast cancer cells
Authors: Hyder Salman M. , Liang Yayun , Wu Jianbo
Published: February 2009

Expression of thrombospondin‐1 (TSP‐1), a large extracellular matrix protein, has been associated with modulation of angiogenesis and tumor growth. Both pro and antiangiogenic properties of TSP‐1 have been described, and the role of TSP‐1 expression in the growth and progression of human breast cancer is not clear. Because estrogens cause progression of many breast cancers, and estradiol (E2) downregulates a TSP‐1 receptor, we examined whether TSP‐1 is regulated by estrogen and involved in tumor progression. E2 induced TSP‐1 expression in T47‐D and MCF‐7 breast cancer cells in vitro within 3 to 6 hr; the induction was blocked by the anti‐estrogen ICI 182,780, indicating that estrogen receptors (ER) are necessary for this effect. Furthermore, E2 caused the production of TSP‐1 protein from tumor cells in an ER‐alpha‐dependent manner. The E2‐mediated TSP‐1 RNA induction was dose‐dependent and blocked by actinomycin D, indicating that the response to E2 was at least partly transcriptional. Transfection studies with deletion constructs of the TSP‐1 promoter identified an estrogen‐responsive region in the human TSP‐1 promoter, located between −2,200 and −1,792 bp upstream of the transcription start site. An antibody against TSP‐1 restricted the proliferation of E2‐dependent MCF‐7 cells in vitro and in vivo. A panel of breast cancer cells proliferated in the presence of low concentrations of exogenous TSP‐1, whereas higher concentrations inhibited proliferation. A real‐time PCR analysis showed that E2 also induced TSP‐1 mRNA in the normal mammary glands of immature ovariectomized mice in an ER‐dependent manner. In summary, we report the novel observation that TSP‐1 production is directly controlled by estrogens in ER‐positive breast cancer cells, and the released protein has pro‐growth regulatory functions. Consequently, we propose that TSP‐1 could be a therapeutic target for anti‐tumor therapy in early‐stage tumors. © 2009 UICC
The Akt inhibitor triciribine sensitizes prostate carcinoma cells to TRAIL‐induced apoptosis
Authors: Dieterle Alexandra , Orth Ronald , Daubrawa Merle , Grotemeier Antje , Alers Sebastian , Ullrich Susanne , Lammers Reiner , Wesselborg Sebastian , Stork Björn
Published: February 2009

Aberrant PI3K/Akt signaling has been implicated in many human cancers, including prostate carcinomas. Currently different therapeutic strategies target the inhibition of this survival pathway. The nucleoside analog triciribine (TCN), which was initially described as a DNA synthesis inhibitor, has recently been shown to function as an inhibitor of Akt. Here, we demonstrate that TCN inhibits Akt phosphorylation at Thr308 and Ser473 and Akt activity in the human prostate cancer cell line PC‐3. In addition, TCN sensitized PC‐3 cells to TRAIL‐ and anti‐CD95‐induced apoptosis, whereas the cells remained resistant to DNA damaging chemotherapeutics. The observed sensitization essentially depended on the phosphorylation status of Akt. Thus, prostate cancer cell lines displaying constitutively active Akt, e.g. PC‐3 or LNCaP, were sensitized to death receptor‐induced apoptosis. Most importantly with respect to therapeutic application, derivatives of both TCN and TRAIL are already tested in current clinical trials. Therefore, this combinatorial treatment might open a promising therapeutic approach for the elimination of hormone‐refractory prostate cancers, which are largely resistant to conventional DNA damaging anticancer drugs or irradiation. © 2009 UICC
Blockade of MEK signaling potentiates 5‐Aza‐2′‐deoxycytidine‐induced apoptosis and upregulation of p21waf1 in acute myelogenous leukemia cells
Authors: Nishioka Chie , Ikezoe Takayuki , Yang Jing , Komatsu Naoki , Koeffler H. Phillip , Yokoyama Akihito
Published: February 2009

We have recently reported that the mitogen‐activated protein kinase/ERK kinase (MEK) inhibitor AZD6244 (ARRY‐142886) strikingly potentiated the effects of histone deacetylase inhibitor to induce growth arrest and apoptosis of acute myelogeneous leukemia (AML) cells in association with enhanced upregulation of p21waf1. This study examined the effects of the MEK inhibitor on the action of DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5‐Aza‐2′‐deoxycytidine (5‐AzadC), another epigenetic agent in AML cells. AZD6244 significantly potentiated the ability of 5‐AzadC to induce growth arrest and apoptosis of NB4, and freshly isolated AML cells. In parallel, 5‐AzadC induced expression of p21waf1 in AML cells, which was potently enhanced in the presence of AZD6244. Further studies explored the molecular mechanisms by which 5‐AzadC induced expression of p21waf1 and found that a low dose of 5‐AzadC (1 μM) induced acetylation of histone H3 on the p21waf1 gene promoter; however, higher dose of this compound (3 or 5 μM) potently induced DNA damage as assessed by expression of γH2AX, in NB4 cells. These effects were strikingly enhanced by concomitant blockade of MEK signaling. Furthermore, knock‐down of p21waf1 by the siRNA rescued NB4 cells from 5‐AzadC‐mediated growth inhibition. Taken together, combination of 5‐AzadC and the MEK inhibitor may be useful for treatment of individuals with a subset of AML. © 2009 UICC
The impact of client treatment preferences on outcome: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Swift Joshua K. , Callahan Jennifer L.
Published: February 2009

An important part of evidence‐based practice is to include client preferences in the treatment decision‐making process. However, based on previous reviews of the literature there is some question as to whether including client preferences actually has an effect on treatment outcome. This meta‐analytic review summarized data from over 2,300 clients across 26 studies comparing the treatment outcome differences between clients matched to a preferred treatment and clients not matched to a preferred treatment. The findings indicate a small significant effect (r=.15, CI.95: .09 to .21) in favor of clients who received a preferred treatment. The binomial effect size indicated that matched clients have a 58% chance of showing greater improvement, and further analysis indicate that they are about half as likely to drop‐out of treatment when compared with clients not receiving a preferred treatment. Study design was seen to be a moderating variable in that partially randomized preference trials may underestimate the treatment preference effect. Implications for best practice standards are discussed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 65:1–14, 2009.
A Randomized trial of a cognitive‐behavioral therapy and hypnosis intervention on positive and negative affect during breast cancer radiotherapy
Authors: Schnur Julie B. , David Daniel , Kangas Maria , Green Sheryl , Bovbjerg Dana H. , Montgomery Guy H.
Published: February 2009

Breast cancer radiotherapy can be an emotionally difficult experience. Despite this, few studies have examined the effectiveness of psychological interventions to reduce negative affect, and none to date have explicitly examined interventions to improve positive affect among breast cancer radiotherapy patients. The present study examined the effectiveness of a multimodal psychotherapeutic approach, combining cognitive‐behavioral therapy and hypnosis (CBTH), to reduce negative affect and increase positive affect in 40 women undergoing breast cancer radiotherapy. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either CBTH or standard care. Participants completed weekly self‐report measures of positive and negative affect. Repeated and univariate analyses of variance revealed that the CBTH approach reduced levels of negative affect [F(1, 38)=13.49; p=.0007, ω2=.56], and increased levels of positive affect [F(1, 38)=9.67; p=.0035, ω2=.48], during the course of radiotherapy. Additionally, relative to the control group, the CBTH group demonstrated significantly more intense positive affect [F(1, 38)=7.09; p=.0113, d=.71] and significantly less intense negative affect [F(1, 38)=10.30; p=.0027, d=.90] during radiotherapy. The CBTH group also had a significantly higher frequency of days where positive affect was greater than negative affect (85% of days assessed for the CBTH group versus 43% of the Control group) [F(1, 38)=18.16; p=.0001, d=1.16]. Therefore, the CBTH intervention has the potential to improve the affective experience of women undergoing breast cancer radiotherapy. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 65: 1–13, 2009.
Inulinase bio‐production using agroindustrial residues: screening of microorganisms and process parameters optimization
Authors: Makino Yemiko , Treichel Helen , Mazutti Marcio Antonio , Maugeri Francisco , Rodrigues Maria Isabel
Published: February 2009

BACKGROUND: The use of agroindustrial residues as substrate for inulinase bio‐production is a good choice to reduce production costs, since enzyme activity will be improved and the downstream step of the process will be viable technically and economically. In addition, the screening of microorganisms that are able to overproduce inulinase using these substrates is fundamental to guarantee successful medium substitution. Based on these considerations, the objective of this present work was to select different strains of yeasts of the genus Kluyveromyces to produce the inulinase.

RESULTS: Initially, 10 strains were tested in synthetic medium and six of these selected to perform tests in agroindustrial medium. Screening showed that the strains NCYC 587 and NRRL Y‐7571 were able to produce the enzyme using agroindustrial residues as substrate. Optimization of inulinase activity as a function of pH, and concentrations of molasses, corn steep liquor (CSL) and yeast extract (YE) was carried out for the two strains. The maximum inulinase activity under optimized conditions was about 750 U mL−1.

CONCLUSION: These values are approximately seven times greater than the values obtained using synthetic medium, showing the technical viability of the use agroindustrial residues for the inulinase production. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
“Empty” sac in pregnant women with bleeding: Are measurements answering the right question?
Authors: Aziz Seerat , Cho Richard C. , Baker Diana B. , Chhor Chloe , Filly Roy A.
Published: February 2009

Purpose.

To assess the percentage of first‐trimester pregnancies with bleeding that demonstrate a visible sac but lack an identifiable embryo and have a mean sac diameter (MSD) in the controversial range of 16–20 mm.

Methods.

Retrospective study of all first‐trimester sonograms among women with vaginal bleeding during a 4‐year interval.

Results.

The study cohort consisted of 546 first‐ trimester sonograms. An embryo was not seen in 132 cases (24%). Of these, the MSD in 69 cases (52%) was <16 mm, between 16 and 19 mm in 20 cases (15%), or ≥20 mm in 39 cases (30%). The percentage of women who were threatening to abort who demonstrated a visible sac but lacked an identifiable embryo and had a MSD in the controversial range of 16–20 mm was 3.7% (20/546).

Conclusion.

We found that of 546 sonograms undertaken in pregnant women with vaginal bleeding in the first trimester, only 20 patients (3.7%) fell in the MSD range of 16–20 mm. Therefore, even among those diagnosticians who adopt the most stringent criterion (MSD = 20 mm), an additional examination would be requested in fewer than 1 in 25 patients. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2009
Chick tooth induction revisited
Authors: Cai Jinglei , Cho Sung‐Won , Ishiyama Mikio , Mikami Masato , Hosoya Akihiro , Kozawa Yukishige , Ohshima Hayato , Jung Han‐Sung
Published: February 2009

Teeth have been missing from Aves for almost 100 million years. However, it is believed that the avian oral epithelium retains the molecular signaling required to induce odontogenesis, and this has been widely examined using heterospecific recombinations with mouse dental mesenchyme. It has also been argued that teeth can form from the avian oral epithelium owing to contamination of the mouse mesenchyme with mouse dental epithelial cells. To investigate the possibility of tooth formation from chick oral epithelium and the characteristics of possible chick enamel, we applied LacZ transgenic mice during heterospecific recombination and examined the further tooth formation. Transmission electron microscopy was used to identify the two tissues during development after heterospecific recombination. No mixing was detected between chick oral epithelium and mouse dental mesenchyme after 2 days, and secretory ameloblasts with Tomes' processes were observed after 1 week. Teeth were formed after 3 weeks with a single cusp pattern, possibly determined by epithelial factors, which is similar to that of the avian tooth in the late Jurassic period. These recombinant teeth were smaller than mouse molars, whereas perfect structures of both ameloblasts and enamel showed histological characteristics similar to those of mice. Together these observations consistent with previous report that odontogenesis is initially directed by species‐specific mesenchymal signals interplaying with common epithelial signals. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 312B:465–472, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The first example of a regioselective Biginelli‐like reaction based on 3‐alkylthio‐5‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazole
Authors: Chen Qiong , Jiang Li‐Li , Chen Chao‐Nan , Yang Guang‐Fu
Published: February 2009

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The three‐component condensation of 3‐amino‐5‐alkylthio‐1,2,4‐triazoles with aromatic aldehydes and β‐ketoester was studied to develop a regioselective Biginelli‐like reaction. The results indicated that the reaction solvent and the properties of the β‐ketoester component displayed great influence on the regioselectivity. This is the first report about the regioselectivity of the aminotriazole‐based Biginelli‐like reaction. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2009).
Microwave‐assisted reactions: Three component process for the synthesis of 2‐amino‐2‐chromenes under microwave heating
Authors: Mekheimer Ramadan A. , Sadek Kamal U.
Published: February 2009

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A simple and efficient three component process for the synthesis of 2‐amino‐2‐chromenes utilizing the reaction of aryl aldehydes 1a, 1b, 1c, 1d, 1e, 1f, 1g, 1h with active methylenes 2a,b and 1‐naphthol 3 in refluxing ethanol/piperidine under microwave‐heating is described. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2009).
ChiWI—a road weather index for China
Authors: Nordin Lina , Gustavsson Torbjörn , Bogren Jörgen , Chen Deliang , Li Haisheng , Tian Hua
Published: February 2009

Application of Road Weather Information System (RWIS) for China is starting in an international perspective. However, the strong economic development during the last decades in China has caused a dramatic increase in the number of motorized vehicles, which calls for a quick development of RWIS and its application/services to safeguard the rapid development and to improve the safety of transportation. This study focuses on application of a winter index in China to quantify the need of a RWIS in different parts of China. The index is based on a concept related to various relevant weather parameters including ice, fog, snow, and wind. Its use is flexible in the sense that different types of inputs are possible, which is illustrated by a general view of the situation in China using climatological data and a case study using detailed meteorological data in Northern China. The results reveal that there are varying needs for RWIS in large parts of China. Regions with a great need for RWIS lie in the humid middle and northeastern parts of China. Some regions, however, may have a limited need for fully equipped RWIS stations. Such areas are the unpopulated areas in northwest or the dry regions in north. The results indicate that the introduced method provides useful information for China, both in the general view and in the case study. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Bearing area: A new indication for suture anchor pullout strength?
Authors: Yakacki Christopher Michael , Griffis Jack , Poukalova Mariya , Gall Ken
Published: February 2009

Studies performed to quantify the pullout strength of suture anchors have not adequately defined the basic device parameters that control monotonic pullout. The bearing area of a suture anchor can be used to understand and predict anchor pullout strength in a soft‐bone model. First, conical‐shaped test samples were varied in size and shape and tested for pullout in 5, 8, and 10 pcf sawbone models. Next, bearing area and pullout strength relationships developed from the test samples were validated against nine commercially available suture anchors, including the Mitek QuickAnchor and SpiraLok, Opus Magnum2, ArthroCare ParaSorb, and Arthrex BioCorkscrew. The samples showed a direct correlation between bearing area and pullout strength. Increased insertion depth was a secondary condition that also increased pullout strength. The pullout strength for the suture anchors followed the predicted trends of conical devices based on their individual bearing areas. For the 5 and 8 pcf models, only two and three devices, respectively, fell outside the predicted pullout strength range by more than a standard deviation. The use of a synthetic sawbone model was validated against the pullout strength of an Arthrex Corkscrew in five fresh‐frozen cadaver humeral heads. The bearing area of a suture anchor can be used to predict the pullout strength independent of design in a soft‐bone model. This work helps provide a foundation to understand the principles that affect the pullout strength of suture anchors. © 2009 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27: 1048–1054, 2009
The survival outcome and prognostic factors for middle and distal bile duct cancer following surgical resection
Authors: Choi Sae Byeol , Park Seung Woo , Kim Kyung Sik , Choi Jin Sub , Lee Woo Jung
Published: February 2009

Background and Objectives

The objective of this study was to analyze the survival outcome and the clinicopathological factors that influence survival and recurrence of middle and distal bile duct cancer after surgical resection.

Methods

From January 2000 to June 2007, 125 patients underwent surgical resection for middle and distal bile duct cancer. The clinicopathological characteristics and survival outcomes were reviewed retrospectively.

Results

Of the 125 patients, 31 patients underwent segmental resection of the bile duct, and 94 patients underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD). Overall survival rates were 85.8% at 1 year and 38.3% at 5 years. Lymph node metastasis, noncurative resection, poorly differentiated tumor, and preoperative bilirubin level greater than 5.0 mg/dl were significant independent predictors of poor prognosis by multivariate analysis. The number of metastatic lymph nodes did not significantly affect survival. Recurrence occurred in 72 patients (61.0%). Disease‐free survival rates were 74.1% at 1 year and 42.0% at 3 years. Lymph node and distant metastases and poorly differentiated tumors were found to be significant independent predictors of recurrence by multivariate analysis.

Conclusions

R0 resection confers a survival benefit, thus the surgeon should make an effort to achieve R0 resection. The presence of lymph node metastasis was a significant prognostic factor. J. Surg. Oncol. 2009;99:335–342. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The relation between hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF)‐1alpha expression with p53 expression and outcome in surgically treated supraglottic laryngeal cancer
Authors: Cabanillas R. , Rodrigo J.P. , Secades P. , Astudillo A. , Nieto C.S. , Chiara M.D.
Published: February 2009

Objective

The purpose of this study was to examine whether a relationship exists between HIF‐1α expression and the pro‐apoptotic protein p53 in supraglottic laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), which could provide information concerning patient prognosis.

Methods

The study population was composed of 106 previously untreated men with SCC of the supraglottic larynx. All the patients underwent surgical resection of the tumor and bilateral neck dissection. Immunohistochemical analysis of HIF‐1α and p53 protein expression was performed in relation with clinicopathological parameters and prognosis.

Results

HIF‐1α nuclear expression was detected in 71% of primary carcinomas and 55% of the paired lymph node metastases. There was a significant positive correlation between HIF‐1α and T‐classification but no associations were observed with other clinicopathological variables and with prognosis. There was no correlation between the expression of HIF‐1α and p53. HIF‐1α overexpression in combination with p53 immunostaining was not associated with disease recurrence or survival.

Conclusion

The data suggest that HIF‐1α expression does not have a prognostic value in surgically treated supraglottic laryngeal SCC, and that immunohistochemical determination of p53 does not allow improving the clinical significance of HIF‐1α. J. Surg. Oncol. 2009;99:373–378. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The effect of preoperative transarterial chemoembolization of resectable hepatocellular carcinoma on clinical and economic outcomes
Authors: Lee King‐Teh , Lu Yi‐Wei , Wang Shen‐Nien , Chen Hong‐Yaw , Chuang Shih‐Chang , Chang Wen‐Tsan , Shi Hon‐Yi , Ker Chen‐Guo , Chiu Herng‐Chia
Published: February 2009

Background

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most malignant cancers in the world. The effect of preoperative transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) for resectable HCC is still controversial and cost‐associated treatments are unknown.

Methods

We retrospectively compared clinical outcomes and resource utilization after liver resection between patients who underwent preoperative TACE (TACE‐LR group, n = 114) and those who did not (LR group, n = 236).

Results

The overall mortality rate was 27.54% for the LR group versus 39.47% for the TACE‐LR group (P < 0.05). The overall recurrent rates were 29.36% for the LR group versus 35.90% for the TACE‐LR group (P > 0.05). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that preoperative TACE was a significant risk factor (P = 0.002, HR = 1.995, 95% CI 1.297–3.069) for overall long‐term survival for HCC. The TACE‐LR group had longer mean lengths of stay and higher hospital charges, both at index hospitalization and at 6 months for follow‐up.

Conclusion

Preoperative TACE is not only associated with higher medical utilizations, but it is also correlated with higher mortality rates over a 5‐year period. The preoperative TACE does not benefit patients with resectable HCC. The golden standard or clinical guidelines should be developed to provide better clinical decisions and decision support for HCC patients. J. Surg. Oncol. 2009;99:343–350. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ultrasound‐assisted solid‐phase extraction coupled with photodiode‐array and fluorescence detection for chemotaxonomy of isoflavone phytoestrogens in Trifolium L. (Clover) species
Authors: Zgórka Grazyna
Published: February 2009

Detailed chemotaxonomic studies were undertaken to establish the qualitative profile and real amounts of the pharmacologically active isoflavone aglycones genistein, daidzein, formononetin, and biochanin A in aerial parts of thirteen Trifolium L. (clover) species, native to Poland. A newly elaborated micropreparative technique – SPE – on BakerBond octadecyl, cyclohexyl, and phenyl cartridges was used in combination with ultrasound‐assisted extraction for isolation of isoflavone aglycones from hydrolyzed samples. The effectiveness of all three SPE sorbents in the purification of plant extracts was compared and very high recoveries (>96%) were documented for four isoflavones. Classical photodiode‐array and very sensitive fluorescence detection, coupled with reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (RP‐HPLC), were employed to obtain the most reliable qualitative and quantitative results. Chemotaxonomic differences combined with flower color variability were demonstrated within thirteen clover species. Concentration levels of particular isoflavones in ten Trifolium species possessing flowers with white, pink, or purple‐red corolla ranged from ∼︁3 to ∼︁3300 μg/g dry weight, while in three yellow flowering clovers (T. aureum, T. dubium, and T. campestre) isoflavone compounds have not been detected at all. RSD values, determined for intra‐ and inter‐day precision of the quantitative results, were not higher than 6.2% and 7.1%, respectively.
Combination treatment of surgical, post‐traumatic and post‐herpetic scars with ablative lasers followed by fractional laser and non‐ablative laser in Asians
Authors: Lee Yongsoo
Published: February 2009

Background and objectives

Scars are usually classified into atrophic scars, hypertrophic scars and keloids. This author would classify atrophic scars as a subclass of non‐hypertrophic scars. In other words, non‐hypertrophic scars encompass atrophic (depressed) scars and flat scars that are literally flat or protrude minimally above the level of adjacent normal skin, because the same treatment protocol can be used for each. It is speculated that ablative lasers can be used to sculpt the contour of scars or to remove a controlled amount of scar tissue, while at the same time, activating a regenerative cascade. On the other hand, fractional and non‐ablative lasers stimulate and/or keep a proliferative phase on, together with other unique beneficial effects of each device.

Patients and Methods

Thirty non‐hypertrophic facial scars of 24 Asian patients (Fitzpatrick's skin type III–IV) were treated with ablative lasers (pulsed CO2 and Er:YAG) followed by fractional (1,550 nm) laser and non‐ablative (1,450 nm) laser alternatively every 2–3 weeks. Thirty‐one pairs of pre‐ and post‐treatment‐photographs were evaluated independently by three dermatologists and two plastic surgeons, on a scale of 0–100% improvement. If there was no interval change, this was rated 0%. If there was no difference between the treated region and adjacent normal skin, it was rated 100%. The scars (20 post‐traumatic, 6 surgical, 2 post‐herpetic, 2 burn scars) were all over 6 months old.

Results

The evaluators rated an average improvement of 86.8% (median 90%). Ten of 31 pairs of photographs were rated 100%, one of which was unanimous. Each evaluator rated 2–5 pairs as having 100% improvement.

Conclusion

This study shows the possibility that, with appropriate combinations of different lasers, we can expect complete or near‐complete resolution of many types of scars. Further research and data accumulation will help to establish better protocols for each class of scars. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:131–140, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of a 1,450 nm diode laser on facial sebum excretion
Authors: Laubach Hans‐Joachim , Astner Susanne , Watanabe Kanna , Clifford Joan , Rius‐Diaz Francisca , Zurakowski David , Manstein Dieter
Published: February 2009

Background and Objective

Laser therapy with a 1,450 nm diode laser is a clinically effective treatment for acne vulgaris, although the mechanism of action is unknown. To investigate this, we conducted a small, prospective, controlled clinical trial to assess this laser's effects on the facial sebum excretion rate (SER).

Materials and Methods

Fourteen healthy volunteers without active acne were enrolled in this study and received three laser treatments on test areas of the nose and forehead. Nine subjects completed the treatment regimen and were available for follow‐up. SER was measured with Sebumeter® prior to the first treatment, and at 1 week and 1 month after the third treatment. Photographs were taken and subjective assessment of skin oiliness and pore size determined by questionnaires at 1 month follow‐up.

Results

No significant reduction in SER was observed comparing treated with control on all treatment sites (P>0.05) on the nose. Reduction in the absolute SER was observed for both test and control sites on the forehead, reaching significance on the treatment site (P = 0.04) and marginal significance on the control site (P = 0.08).

Conclusion

While our study was designed to detect only large changes in SER, we conclude that three 1,450 nm laser treatment sessions did not cause marked changes in SER compared to the control (i.e., >44%). Thus, major destruction of sebaceous glands as a result of this treatment is unlikely. However, reduced sebum production was observed on both treatment and control sides at 1 month. Therefore alternative mechanisms should also be considered to explain the clinical efficacy of this treatment for acne vulgaris. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:110–115, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Treatment of traumatic scars using plasma skin regeneration (PSR) system
Authors: Kono Taro , Groff William Frederick , Sakurai Hiroyuki , Yamaki Takashi , Soejima Kazukata , Nozaki Motohiro
Published: February 2009

Objectives

Several modalities have been advocated to treat traumatic scars, including surgical techniques and laser resurfacing. Recently, a plasma skin regeneration (PSR) system has been investigated. There are no reports on plasma treatment of traumatic scars. The objective of our study is to evaluate the effectiveness and complications of plasma treatment of traumatic scars in Asian patients.

Materials and Methods

Twenty Asian patients with traumatic scars were enrolled in the study. Three treatments were performed at monthly intervals with PSR, using energy settings of 2 to 3J. Patients were seen 1 week after each individual treatment and 3 months after the last treatment. Improvement was determined by patient questionnaires and physician evaluation of digital photographs taken prior to treatment and at 3 months post‐treatment. The patients were also evaluated for any side effects from the treatment.

Results

Nine of 20 patients showed more than 50% improvement. The average pain score on a 10 point scale was 5.8±1.3 SD and all patients tolerated the treatments. The average re‐epithelization time was 7.3±2.8 SD days. Temporary and local hyperpigmentation was observed in four patients and this hyperpigmentation disappeared within 3 months. Hypopigmentation and worsening of scarring were not observed.

Conclusions

Plasma treatment is clinically effective and is associated with minimal complications when used to treat traumatic scars in Asian patients. However, deep traumatic scars are resistant to plasma treatment. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:128–130, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of a novel fractional resurfacing device for treatment of acne scarring
Authors: Walgrave Susan E. , Ortiz Arisa E. , MacFalls Heather T. , Elkeeb Laila , Truitt Anne K. , Tournas Joshua A. , Zelickson Brian D. , Zachary Christopher B.
Published: February 2009

Background and Objective

Pulsed carbon dioxide (CO2) laser devices are considered highly effective treatment options for skin resurfacing. However, the high risk for significant treatment complications following CO2 resurfacing has warranted the development of new treatment modalities. The concept of fractional photothermolysis was developed to address the shortcomings of ablative and non‐ablative device modalities. This report evaluates a fractional approach to CO2 laser resurfacing for the treatment of moderate to severe acne scarring. The primary endpoint of the study was the overall improvement in the appearance of acne scarring.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

Thirty subjects, with moderate to severe acne scarring, underwent up to three treatments with an FDA IDE and IRB approved 10,600 nm fractional CO2 laser system. All subjects were Fitzpatrick skin types I–V and 18–75 years of age. Treatment parameters ranged from 20 to 100 mJ with total densities of 600–1,600 MTZ/cm2. Improvement of acne scarring was evaluated at 1 and 3 months post‐treatment.

Results

Twenty‐three out of 25 subjects sustained clinical improvement in the appearance of acne scarring at the 3‐month follow‐up visits according to study investigator quartile improvement scoring. Subjects also had improvement in their overall appearance, including pigmentation and rhytides. Serosanguinous oozing resolved within 24–48 hours following treatment. All subjects had transient erythema, which resolved in the majority of subjects within 1–3 months. Post‐operative downtime was significantly decreased compared to traditional ablative resurfacing. No serious complications were reported.

Conclusion

Fractional deep dermal ablation improves moderate to severe acne scarring. The added benefit is a considerable reduction both in downtime and risk of complications when compared to traditional CO2 ablative resurfacing techniques. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:122–127, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Porphyrin distribution after topical aminolevulinic acid in a novel porcine model of sebaceous skin
Authors: Sakamoto Fernanda H. , Tannous Zeina , Doukas Apostolos G. , Farinelli William A. , Smith Nicholas A. , Zurakowski David , Anderson R. Rox
Published: February 2009

Background and Objective

Aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy (ALA‐PDT) depends on drug metabolism into porphyrins. Clinically, ALA‐PDT has been used with a wide range of protocols for treating both epidermal and dermal targets, despite limited understanding of porphyrin biodistribution over time. We studied porphyrin accumulation after topical application of ALA in vivo, and also describe the porcine ear as a new animal model to study adnexal glands.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

The microanatomy of anterior ear skin of swine was measured. Topical 20% ALA in water/ethanol was applied under occlusion. Biopsies taken after 5, 10, 15, and then every 15 minutes for a total of 3 hours were examined by fluorescence microscopy of frozen sections to assess accumulation and distribution of porphyrins.

Results

Porphyrin fluorescence of digital photomicrograph images was not visually apparent until 30–45 minutes after application, although quantitative pixel analysis showed a statistically significant increase in epidermal fluorescence only 15 minutes after ALA application. From 30 to 120 minutes, epidermis, hair follicles (HF), and sebaceous glands (SG) became progressively more fluorescent. Eccrine gland fluorescence began to be detected after 30 minutes; SG showed fluorescence starting at 45–75 minutes. Fluorescence in all sites reached maximum intensity from 75 to 180 minutes of incubation. There was a trend for HF and SG to express stronger fluorescence compared with epidermis and eccrine glands.

Conclusion

Anterior pig ear skin is microanatomically similar to human sebaceous skin. The time‐dependent accumulation of porphyrins in pilosebaceous units and eccrine glands in this model suggests other routes of uptake of topical ALA in addition to the trans‐epidermal route. Apparently, time interval between ALA application and light exposure could be optimized for different uses of ALA‐PDT. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:154–160, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Thermal modeling and experimental validation of human hair and skin heated by broadband light
Authors: Sun Feng , Chaney Alex , Anderson Robert , Aguilar Guillermo
Published: February 2009

Background and Objective

In recent years, selective photothermolysis (PT) based on broadband light and assisted by skin vacuum (Photopneumatic Technology or PPx, by Aesthera) was introduced into the aesthetic market for epilation (hair removal) procedures. The present study aims to: (a) determine the overall effect of PPx on skin humidity and associated skin optical properties, and; (b) develop a PT numerical model to study the spatial and temporal hair and skin temperature variations during PPx epilation.

Methods

A customized cup was used to apply moderate vacuum for 10 seconds on the forearms and faces of five volunteers. Skin humidity was measured on test sites immediately after vacuum application. A selective PT model was developed and used to simulate transport of photons from a broadband light source into human skin. The PT model is experimentally validated using agar gel tissue phantoms. Systematic numerical simulations are carried out for fluences varying from 5.0 to 7.0 J/cm2 and pulse durations varying from 2.5 to 25 milliseconds.

Results

Results of in vivo skin surface humidity measurements reveal that while absolute humidity varies between 30% and 75% between different volunteers and different locations, vacuum has a minimal effect on it. Experimental measurements of temperature variation during and after broadband light treatment agree well with model predictions. Numerical results indicate that average hair follicle temperature increases as a linear function of fluence. Longer pulse duration results in lower follicle temperature. However, immediately after each pulse, the temperature distribution within the hair follicle is highly non‐uniform: the minimum temperature occurs at the follicle edge while the maximum is located between the center and edge of the follicle.

Conclusions

Vacuum appears to have minimal effect on skin humidity. The PT model developed and validated is expected to assist clinicians in the selection of broadband light treatment parameters to achieve optimal therapeutic outcomes during epilation procedures. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:161–169, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tissue Engineering Polymeric Microcarriers with Macroporous Morphology and Bone‐Bioactive Surface
Authors: Hong Seok‐Jung , Yu Hye‐Sun , Kim Hae‐Won
Published: February 2009

PCL microspheres featuring a macroporous morphology and a bone‐bioactive surface have been prepared. ‘Camphene’ was introduced to generate pores within the microsphere network. The pore size was variable from a few to tens to hundreds of µm depending on the Camphene/PCL ratio. Macropores (with sizes >50 µm) could be obtained with a Camphene/PCL ratio exceeding 6. The microsphere surface was further tailored with apatite mineral phase through solution‐mediated precipitation, to endow the interface with bone bioactivity. Rat bone marrow stromal cells attached and spread actively on microspheres and populated well within their macropores. The developed microspheres may be potentially applicable as a cell delivery scaffold for bone tissue engineering.

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Injectable Microsphere/Hydrogel Combination Systems for Localized Protein Delivery
Authors: Lee Jangwook , Lee Kuen Yong
Published: February 2009

Injectable delivery systems for therapeutic proteins (e.g., hydrogels and microspheres) have attracted wide attention. Hydrogels, however, may release their hydrophilic contents too rapidly in a large initial burst, and phagocytes may clear microspheres within a relatively short time period after administration. We hypothesized that microsphere/hydrogel combination systems could achieve a controlled and sustained release of proteins as an injectable delivery system. To test this hypothesis, we prepared PLGA microspheres containing a model protein and mixed these with alginate gels. The mixing ratio of the components was the primary controlling parameter of the protein release. This approach could be useful for development of injectable and localized drug delivery systems.

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Hydroxylated Linear Polyurethanes Derived from Sugar Alditols
Authors: Marín Romina , de Paz Mª Violante , Ittobane Najim , Galbis Juan A. , Muñoz‐Guerra Sebastián
Published: February 2009

A set of linear [m,n]‐type polyurethanes was synthesized by reaction of HDI or MDI with conveniently protected sugar alditols L‐threitol (LTh), L‐arabinitol (LAr) and xylitol (Xy). $\overline M _{\rm n}$ of the resulting polyurethanes ranged between 10 000 and 60 000 with polydispersities around 2. They were thermally stable, showing no decomposition up to temperatures near 300 °C. They all were amorphous polymers with Tg highly dependent on the constitution of the diisocyanate, but scarcely dependent on the structure of the alditol. Hydrogenation of the LThBn‐HDI polyurethane yielded partially debenzylated products with Tg values ranging between 20 and 30 °C. Fully benzylated polyurethanes showed high resistance to hydrolytic degradation, whereas polyurethane with free hydroxyl side groups degraded significantly in saline buffer at pH = 10 and 37 °C.

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Methacryloyl and/or Hydroxyl End‐Functional Star Polymers Synthesized by ATRP Using the Arm‐First Method
Authors: Ohno Shigeki , Gao Haifeng , Cusick Brian , Kowalewski Tomasz , Matyjaszewski Krzysztof
Published: February 2009

Star polymers with methacryloyl groups at the chain ends were synthesized by esterification of hydroxyl end‐functional star polymers. First, the linear hetero‐telechelic macroinitiator (MI) was prepared by ATRP using a functional initiator. The obtained MI was chain‐extended and cross‐linked with DVB and then esterified into methacryloyl chain‐end functionality. The degree of esterification was controlled by changing the initial molar ratios of methacryloyl chloride to hydroxyl groups. The methacryloyl‐containing star polymers were cross‐linked either intermolecularly or intramolecularly under heating or UV irradiations, depending on the concentrations of star polymers during the cross‐linking reactions.

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The Spreading of Inkjet‐Printed Droplets with Varying Polymer Molar Mass on a Dry Solid Substrate
Authors: Perelaer Jolke , Smith Patrick J. , van den Bosch Erwin , van Grootel Stephen S. C. , Ketelaars Peter H. J. M. , Schubert Ulrich S.
Published: February 2009

An experimental study on the spreading of inkjet printed droplets of a polystyrene/toluene solution with varied molar masses on solid dry surfaces is presented. The polymer's number‐averaged molar mass was varied between 1.5 and 545 kDa, which also caused a variation in the viscosity from 0.6 to 1.7 mPa · s. The results were compared with theoretical models for droplet spreading and were found to fit with an error between 2 and 20% with the predictions. Furthermore, the in‐flight evaporation of the free‐falling droplet was investigated for polystyrene/toluene solutions that have a constant vapor pressure by printing from a systematically increased height.

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Danckwerts Revisited – The Use of Entropy to Define Scale and Intensity of Segregation
Authors: Camesasca Marco , Manas‐Zloczower Ica
Published: February 2009

Rényi statistical entropy as a means to quantify mixing in two‐dimensional binary systems is presented. The use of Rényi entropies in defining the scale and intensity of segregation for mixing quality determination is analyzed. Finally, the relationship between the mixing process and the structures generated in the system is explored by using the Rényi entropy as an easy and computationally efficient method to calculate the system spectrum of fractal dimensions.

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RAFT Miniemulsion Polymerization Kinetics, 2 – Molecular Weight Distribution
Authors: Tobita Hidetaka
Published: February 2009

The molecular weight distribution formed in a RAFT polymerization conducted inside submicron particles (Dp < 300 nm) is considered. For small particles, the MWD at low to middle conversion might be rather broad because of the large differences in MWDs formed in different polymer particles. Such a broad MWD can be made narrower by increasing the radical entry frequency. On the other hand, larger frequencies of radical entry result in a broader MWD at the final conversion levels. The number of dead polymer chains increases with time, and the dead polymer peak could be observed in the MWD at a prolonged aging time. According to this theoretical investigation, smaller particles are advantageous in implementing a faster polymerization rate, a narrower MWD, and a smaller number of dead polymer molecules.

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Modeling of Polymerization Kinetics and Molecular Weight Development in the Microwave‐Activated Nitroxide‐Mediated Radical Polymerization of Styrene
Authors: Hernández‐Meza Jorge J. , Jaramillo‐Soto Gabriel , García‐Morán Pedro R. , Palacios‐Alquisira Joaquín , Vivaldo‐Lima Eduardo
Published: February 2009

Calculations of the polymerization rate and molecular weight development in the nitroxide‐mediated radical polymerization (NMRP) of styrene (STY), using hydroxyl‐TEMPO and dibenzoyl peroxide (BPO), and activated by microwave irradiation (MI), are presented. The calculations are based on a kinetic model developed in our group. Microwave activation is modeled by three approaches: microwave‐activated production of free radicals from monomer molecules, microwave‐enhanced thermal initiation, and microwave‐enhanced dormant polymer activation. The results obtained are compared against experimental data from the literature. The first approach is the most adequate. The NMRP of STY using TEMPO, BPO, and conductive heating, and the NMRP of STY activated by MI, without initiator, are also analyzed as reference cases.

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