bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distance-to-target weighting in LCA—A matter of perspective
Authors: Muhl Marco , Berger Markus , Finkbeiner Matthias
Published: November 2020

Purpose

Weighting can enable valuable support for decision-makers when interpreting life cycle assessment (LCA) results. Distance-to-target (DtT) weighting is based on the distance of policy (desired) targets to current environmental situations, and recent methodological DtT developments are based on a weighting perspective of a single region or country, considering mainly environmental situations in consuming countries or regions. However, as product supply chains are spread over many countries, this study aims at developing additional weighting approaches (producer regions and worst-case regions) and applying them in a theoretical case study on a global scale.

Methods

The current study is carried out to understand the influence of and the effect on weighting results of different countries and regions with their specific environmental policy targets. Based on the existing Ecological Scarcity Method (ESM), eco-factors for the three environmental issues climate change, acidification, and water resources were derived for as many countries as possible. The regional eco-factors were applied in a case study for steel and aluminum considering the three different weighting approaches on different regional scales.

Results and discussion

The analysis revealed significant differences in the obtained weighting results as well as strengths and limitations in the applicability of the examined perspectives. Acidification was showed to be highly important with between 80 and 92% of the aggregated weighting results among the perspectives where water-scarce countries were not involved. Water-scarce countries had a significant influence (75–95%) when they were part of the examined case study.

Conclusions

The developed approaches enable the assessment of global value chains in different producer regions as well as the utilization of the conservative worst-case-regions approach. The approaches can foster future decision-making in LCA contexts while providing country-specific results based on different weighting perspectives in national, regional, and global contexts. However, for a complete implementation of the presented approaches, further data gathering is needed on environmental situations and policy targets in different countries as well as regionalized life cycle data.
Validation of a simple hypoplastic constitutive model for overconsolidated clays
Authors: Wang Shun , Wu Wei
Published: November 2020

Hypoplastic constitutive models are able to describe history dependence using a single nonlinear tensorial function with a set of parameters. A hypoplastic model including a structure tensor for consolidation history was introduced in our previous paper (Wang and Wu in Acta Geotechnica, 2020, 10.1007/s11440-020-01000-z). The present paper focuses mainly on the model validation with experiments. This model is as simple as the modified Cam Clay model but with better performance. The model requires five parameters, which are easy to calibrate from standard laboratory tests. In particular, the model is capable of capturing the unloading behavior without introducing loading criteria. Numerical simulations of element tests and comparison with experiments show that the proposed model is able to reproduce the salient features of normally consolidated and overconsolidated clays.
Fear of COVID-19, Mindfulness, Humor, and Hopelessness: A Multiple Mediation Analysis
Authors: Saricali Mehmet , Satici Seydi Ahmet , Satici Begum , Gocet-Tekin Emine , Griffiths Mark D.
Published: November 2020

Hopelessness is an important vulnerability factor for depressive symptomology and suicidal ideations. It may also play an important role in the fear of coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). Therefore, the present study tested the mediating role of mindful awareness and humor (both identified as coping strategies for dealing with stressful situations) in the relationship between fear of COVID-19 and hopelessness. Participants comprised 786 Turkish individuals (562 females and 224 males; aged between 18 and 67 years) from 71 of 81 cities in Turkey. An online convenience sampling method was used to recruit participants. Participants completed surveys including the Fear of COVID-19 Scale, Beck Hopelessness Scale, Mindful Attention Awareness Scale, and Coping Humor Scale. The model was tested using structural equation modeling (SEM) and utilizing bootstrapping. The results of SEM showed that the effect of fear of COVID-19 on hopelessness was partly mediated by mindfulness and humor, and which was supported by bootstrapping. Therefore, higher fear of COVID-19 was associated with lower mindfulness and humor. In turn, lower mindfulness and humor were related with higher hopelessness. Findings are discussed in the context of COVID-19 and the hopelessness literature, and practical implications for counselors are also provided.
Authorship Policies at U.S. Doctoral Universities: A Review and Recommendations for Future Policies
Authors: Rasmussen Lisa M. , Williams Courtney E. , Hausfeld Mary M. , Banks George C. , Davis Bailey C.
Published: November 2020

Intellectual contribution in the form of authorship is a fundamental component of the academic career. While research has addressed questionable and harmful authorship practices, there has largely been no discussion of how U.S. academic institutions interpret and potentially mitigate such practices through the use of institution-level authorship policies. To gain a better understanding of the role of U.S. academic institutions in authorship practices, we conducted a systematic review of publicly available authorship policies for U.S. doctoral institutions (using the 266 2018 Carnegie-classified R1 and R2 Universities), focusing on components such as specification of authorship criteria, recommendations for discussing authorship, dispute resolution processes, and guidance for faculty-student collaborations. We found that only 24% of the 266 Carnegie R1 and R2 Universities had publicly available authorship policies. Within these policies, the majority (93%) specified criteria for authorship, but provided less guidance about actual processes for applying such criteria (62%), handling authorship disputes (62%), and managing faculty-student author teams (49%). Further, we found that any discussion of dispute resolution practices typically lacked specificity. Recommendations grounded in these findings are offered for institutions to leverage their ability to guide the authorship process by adopting an authorship policy that acknowledges disciplinary diversity while still offering substantive guidance.
Effects of Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Lung Diseases: Current Status and Future Perspectives
Authors: Guo Haiyan , Su Yue , Deng Fang
Published: November 2020

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) as a kind of pluripotent adult stem cell have shown great therapeutic potential in relation to many diseases in anti-inflammation and regeneration. The results of preclinical experiments and clinical trials have demonstrated that MSC-derived secretome possesses immunoregulatory and reparative abilities and that this secretome is capable of modulating innate and adaptive immunity and reprograming the metabolism of recipient cells via paracrine mechanisms. It has been recognized that MSC-derived secretome, including soluble proteins (cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, proteases), extracellular vesicles (EVs) and organelles, plays a key role in tissue repair and regeneration in bronchopulmonary dysplasia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), pulmonary arterial hypertension, and silicosis. This review summarizes the known functions of MSC-EV modulation in lung diseases, coupled with the future challenges of MSC-EVs as a new pharmaceutical agent. The identification of underlying mechanisms for MSC-EV might provide a new direction for MSC-centered treatment in lung diseases.

Graphical abstract
Biological information
Authors: Jost Jürgen
Published: November 2020

In computer science, we can theoretically neatly separate transmission and processing of information, hardware and software, and programs and their inputs. This is much more intricate in biology. Nevertheless, I argue that Shannon’s concept of information is useful in biology, although its application is not as straightforward as many people think. In fact, the recently developed theory of information decomposition can shed much light on the complementarity between coding and regulatory, or internal and environmental information. The key challenge that we formulate in this contribution is to understand how genetic information and external factors combine to create an organism, and conversely how the genome has learned in the course of evolution how to harness the environment, and analogously how coding, regulation and spatial organization interact in cellular processes.
Measuring meanings of democracy—methods of differentiation
Authors: Osterberg-Kaufmann Norma , Stadelmaier Ulrich
Published: November 2020

The question of the contested nature of the concept of democracy is neither in doubt within the political science debate, nor new. What is new, however, is the attention paid to the knowledge of competing ideas of democracy in literature. The development of concepts of the “D-word” beyond Eurocentric hegemony was accompanied by a critical review of methodological approaches. Against the background of these methodological challenges, the requirements for more differentiated or mixed methodological approaches are discussed in the literature. In this article, a combined approach of the repertory grid and the semantic differential methods is proposed to enrich the innovative methodological dynamics of investigating the meaning of democracy. The article gives an introduction to the repertory grid method and illustrates, with a case study, how the Singaporean middle-class views democracy. These repertory grid face-to-face interviews serve as a starting point for the creation of valid polarity profiles for the semantic differential method—a method which, like the repertory grid, is used to measure the connotative or affective meaning of objects, but in a quantitative design so that representativeness can be achieved. Through this approach, the constructivist approach of repertory grid is partly combined with positivistic survey research, and thus the approach is inductive with deductive research.
Cost-effectiveness of introducing cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in the management of complex phalangeal fractures: economic simulation
Authors: Faccioli N. , Santi E. , Foti G. , Mansueto G. , Corain M.
Published: November 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of introducing cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in the management of the complex finger fractures with articular involvement.

Methods

We created a decision tree model simulating the diagnostic pathway of complex finger fractures, suggesting the use of CBCT as alternative to multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT), and we compared their clinical outcomes, costs, and cost-effectiveness for a hypothetical cohort of 10,000 patients. Measures of effectiveness are analysed by using quality-adjusted life years, incremental cost-effectiveness ratio, and net monetary benefit.

Results

Diagnosis of a complex finger fracture performed with CBCT costed 67.33€ per patient, yielded 9.08 quality-adjusted life years, and gained an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of 29.94€ and a net monetary benefit of 9.07 € at 30,000€ threshold. Using MSCT for diagnosis costed 106.23 €, yielded 8.18 quality-adjusted life years, and gained an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of 371.15 € and a net monetary benefit of 8.09 €. CBCT strategy dominated the MSCT strategy. The acceptability curve shows that there is 98% probability of CBCT being the optimal strategy at 30,000€ threshold (1 EUR equal to 1.11 USD; updated on 02/02/2020).

Conclusion

CBCT in complex finger fractures management is cost saving compared with MSCT and may be considered a valuable imaging tool in preoperative assessment, allowing early detection and appropriate treatment. It shortens the time to completion of diagnostic work-up, reduces the number of additional diagnostic procedures, improves quality of life, and may reduce costs in a societal perspective.
Islands and archipelagos: Reconciling programmatic vs. opportunistic research in health professions education
Authors: Regehr Glenn
Published: November 2020

None
Cyst of the Filum Terminale: Potpourri of 3 Prenatally Diagnosed Cases
Authors: Mandal Debasmita , Roy Prasanna , Dey Shankar
Published: November 2020

The filum terminale (FT) is an extension of pia mater, a fibrous band that connects the conus medullaris and the posterior body of the coccyx.
Current advanced technology in ultrasonography has enabled visualisation of the FT and small structures like a FT cyst can be diagnosed prenatally. Reports pf these cysts are rare. We report three cases of a FT cyst diagnosed prenatally. The objective of reporting these is to make clinicians aware of the importance of the relevance of this clinical entity.
Diagnostic Value of Ultrasonography and MR in Antenatal Diagnosis of Placenta Accreta Spectrum
Authors: Allameh Zahra , Hajiahmadi Somayeh , Adibi Atoosa , Ebrahimi Oloun Abadi Zahra , Mahmoodian Dehkordi Shaghayegh
Published: November 2020

The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging (MR) in the antenatal diagnosis of placenta accreta. We also determined the most relevant sonographic and MR features associated with the diagnosis of placenta accreta. In a prospective observational study approved by the Ethical Board of the Radiology Department, 109 pregnant women who were at high risk for Placenta Accreta were enrolled. The placentas of all cases were scanned using both gray-scale and color Doppler transabdominal sonography. MR was performed when sonographic findings were equivocal or inconclusive. The sonographic and MR features were compared with the final pathologic or clinical findings. The sensitivity and specificity were calculated for both sonography and MR. The role of each sonographic and MR feature was calculated by logistic regression. P < 0.05 was considered as the significance level. The sensitivity and specificity of ultrasonography for the diagnosis of Placenta Accreta spectrum were 87% and 85% (P < 0.001), while those of MR were 100% and 42% (P = 0.1), respectively. In ultrasonography, myometrium thickness ≤ 1 mm with a sensitivity of 83% (95 CI: 0.765, 0.927) and loss of retroplacental clear space with a sensitivity of 81% (95 CI: 0.755, 0.920) had the best sensitivity for the detection of the placental invasion. On MR, the heterogeneous signal intensity of placenta and uterine bulging with a sensitivity of 87% (95 CI: 0.698, 1.04) had the best sensitivity. Placenta accreta can be successfully detected prenatally using ultrasound. MR is useful in equivocal cases.
Learning Outcome After Different Combinations of Seven Learning Activities in Basic Life Support on Laypersons in Workplaces: a Cluster Randomised, Controlled Trial
Authors: Bylow Helene , Karlsson Thomas , Lepp Margret , Claesson Andreas , Lindqvist Jonny , Svensson Leif , Herlitz Johan
Published: November 2020

Background

The goal for laypersons after training in basic life support (BLS) is to act effectively in an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest situation. However, it is still unclear whether BLS training targeting laypersons at workplaces is optimal or whether other effective learning activities are possible.

Aim

The primary aim was to evaluate whether there were other modes of BLS training that improved learning outcome as compared with a control group, i.e. standard BLS training, six months after training, and secondarily directly after training.

Methods

In this multi-arm trial, lay participants (n = 2623) from workplaces were cluster randomised into 16 different BLS interventions, of which one, instructor-led and film-based BLS training, was classified as control and standard, with which the other 15 were compared. The learning outcome was the total score for practical skills in BLS calculated using the modified Cardiff Test.

Results

Four different training modes showed a significantly higher total score compared with standard (mean difference 2.3–2.9). The highest score was for the BLS intervention including a preparatory web-based education, instructor-led training, film-based instructions, reflective questions and a chest compression feedback device (95% CI for difference 0.9–5.0), 6 months after training.

Conclusion

BLS training adding several different combinations of a preparatory web-based education, reflective questions and chest compression feedback to instructor-led training and film-based instructions obtained higher modified Cardiff Test total scores 6 months after training compared with standard BLS training alone. The differences were small in magnitude and the clinical relevance of our findings needs to be further explored.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03618888. Registered August 07, 2018—Retrospectively registered, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03618888
Photocatalytic and biological oxidation treatment of real textile wastewater
Authors: Ambaye Teklit Gebregiorgis , Hagos Kiros
Published: November 2020

In this study, the discoloration of wastewater containing azo dyes by chemical oxidation process combined with a biological treatment was evaluated and applied to real textile wastewater generated from one Ethiopian industrial site. The use of TiO2 as photocatalyst and the effect of the addition of H2O2 on color removal was first investigated. Photocatalysis was followed by aerobic biological treatment, and their combination resulted in a high extent of color removal (93.3%) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction (90.4%). This was reached without pH correction and with low energy consumption compared to the implementation of AOPs alone. This study performed with real textile wastewater allows the direct extrapolation of the data for the design of a cost-effective and applicable treatment procedure at a pilot scale.

Graphic abstract
Mapping Access to Affordable Early Childhood Education and Care: Methodology and Application to Community Advocacy
Authors: Azuma Javzandulam T. , DeBaryshe Barbara D. , Gauci Kathleen T. , Stern Ivette Rodriguez
Published: November 2020

Accessible and affordable early childhood care and education (ECE) is crucial to child, family, and community well-being. High quality ECE programs set the stage for lifelong learning, health, and overall well-being and yield a high rate of return on public investment. Equitable access to ECE remains an intractable challenge in the U.S. and elsewhere. We used spatial analysis to create a single micro-level indicator of ECE affordability for an urban county. This indicator combined information on supply (number of nearby sets), demand (number of children competing for these seats), and cost burden (cost as a percentage of median family income). We measured and mapped the affordability of programs within a 3-mile driving distance of a prototypical family home using a two-step floating catchment area method. Overall, affordability was low, with only 14% of young children having access to ECE that met the federal affordability threshold. Although affordability was inversely related to neighborhood income, not all low-income areas were under-resourced. The ECE affordability indicator can arm community advocates and help policymakers identify inequities and direct resources to the highest-need communities. The computational procedures and mapping techniques applied are flexible and can be scaled up to visualize inequities across large areas (e.g., a province or state), or used at a micro level to identify where in a community a new childcare center would have the most impact.
Recenser et prévenir le handicap, plutôt que lutter contre les discriminations
Authors: Fillion Emmanuelle , Lejeune Aude , Thivet Delphine
Published: November 2020

Les politiques relatives à l’emploi des personnes handicapées en France reposent sur différents mécanismes, tels que les quotas d’emploi, la non-discrimination ou le reclassement professionnel, qui renvoient à des définitions contradictoires du handicap et de la participation au marché du travail. À partir de deux enquêtes sociologiques qualitatives originales menées par entretiens semi-directifs, cet article examine comment les référent-es handicap s’emparent, ou ne s’emparent pas, des différents outils juridiques disponibles pour décliner et animer concrètement les politiques d’emploi des personnes handicapées au sein des organisations de travail du secteur public. Malgré la forte persistance d’une approche individuelle, médicale et défective du handicap dans l’emploi, nous montrons que les référent-es handicap s’efforcent de déployer une politique plus ambitieuse, proactive et systémique, sensible à la dimension environnementale du handicap et à la prévention du handicap au travail, sans pour autant intégrer dans leurs pratiques le droit antidiscriminatoire en termes d’égalité et d’inclusion.
Editorial
Authors: Mansfield-Devine Steve
Published: November 2020

There were many among us who felt that the introduction of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), and its UK equivalent would finally provide the Information Commissioner's Office (ICO) with some real teeth. In the light of its recent fine levied against British Airways, however, those teeth are starting to look like loosely fitting dentures.
A system design for multi-phase, hybrid DDoS detection
Authors: Rathore Mudit , Vaish Abhishek
Published: November 2020

A dominant form of cyber attack is the distributed denial of service (DDoS), which involves routing superfluous traffic to a server from multiple sources to exhaust its resources.

Mudit Rathore and Abhishek Vaish at IIIT Allahabad propose a detection system for DDoS attacks. Packet filtering is used, based on the legitimacy of the origin of incoming requests, and suspicious requests are identified based on a machine learning algorithm. Features are extracted at the target end and the possibility of an attack is determined.

The widespread use of the Internet has made cyber attacks a global issue. 1 A dominant form of such attacks is distributed denial of service attacks (DDoS), which involves routing superfluous traffic to a server from multiple sources, making the target incapable of serving requests from legitimate users. A sophisticated and integrated mechanism is required to distinguish malicious data flow from the legitimate data flow, and differentiate between genuine and malicious sources because of the many-to-one dimension of the attack.
Experience of the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Patient Care in the Amsterdam Region: Optimization of Acute Care Organization
Authors: Berkeveld Eva , Mikdad Sarah , Zandbergen Harmen R. , Kraal Adriaan , Terra Maartje , Kramer Mark H. H. , Bloemers Frank W.
Published: November 2020

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic causes a large number of patients to simultaneously be in need of specialized care. In the Netherlands, hospitals scaled up their intensive care unit and clinical admission capacity at an early stage of the pandemic. The importance of coordinating resources during a pandemic has already been emphasized in the literature. Therefore, in order to prevent hospitals from being overwhelmed by COVID-19 admissions, national and regional task forces were established for the purpose of coordinating patient transfers. This review describes the experience of Regionaal Overleg Acute Zorg (ROAZ) region Noord-Holland Flevoland, in coordinating patient transfers in the Amsterdam region. In total, 130 patient transfers were coordinated by our region, of which 73% patients were transferred to a hospital within the region. Over a 2-month period, similarities regarding days with increased patient transfers were seen between our region and the national task force. In parallel, an increased incidence in hospital admissions in the Netherlands was observed. During a pandemic, an early upscale (an increase in surge spaces) of hospital admission capacity is imperative. Furthermore, it is preferred to establish national and regional task forces, coordinated by physicians experienced and trained in handling crisis situations, adhering full transparency regarding hospital admission capacity.
Degree of concordance of Clostridioides difficile strains in adults with community-associated C. difficile infection and infants with C. difficile colonization
Authors: Clayton Jason A. , Cadnum Jennifer L. , Senders Shelly , Jinadatha Chetan , Chatterjee Piyali , Choi Hosoon , Allton Yonhui , Donskey Curtis J. , Toltzis Philip
Published: November 2020

Background:

Infants asymptomatically excrete Clostridioides difficile during their first year of life, suggesting that they may represent a source of infection for adults who acquire community-associated C. difficile infection (CA-CDI). The genetic relationship of C. difficile strains from asymptomatic infants and adults with CA-CDI is not well defined.

Methods:

In this study, 50 infants were recruited at birth, and stool samples were collected at routine well-child visits. Adult stool samples collected during the same period and geographical area from patients who were diagnosed with CA-CDI were selected for comparison. C. difficile was cultivated and probed by PCR for toxin genes and were typed by PCR fluorescent ribotyping. Isolates from adults and infants with shared ribotypes were subjected to whole-genome sequencing (WGS).

Results:

Of these 50 infants, 36 were positive for C. difficile at least once in their first year of life, with a peak incidence at 6 months. Among 180 infant stool samples, 48 were positive. Of 48 isolates from positive stools, 29 were toxigenic by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and 8 of 48 stool samples were positive for toxin by enzyme immunoassays (EIAs). Ribotypes F106 and F014-020 were present in both colonized infants and adults with CA-CDI. WGS identified 1 adult–infant pair that differed by 5 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Also, 4 additional adult–infant clusters differed by ≤16 SNPs.

Conclusions:

Infants that are colonized with C. difficile share ribotypes with adults from the same geographical region with CA-CDI. Selected isolates in the 2 populations show a genetic relationship by WGS.
Contributions to urban Indigenous self-determination: the story of Neeginan and Kaupapa Māori
Authors: Horning Darwin , Baumbrough Beth
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This paper considers two different Indigenous-led initiatives, the Neeginan initiative (Winnipeg, Canada) and the Kaupapa Māori movement (New Zealand), within the context of urban Indigenous self-determination, examining the role, or contributions of, each towards the realisation of Indigenous self-determination. Neeginan originates from, and focuses on, building a sense of community, through education programs, social assistance and affordable housing, with local Indigenous knowledge providing the foundational guiding principles. This is compared to the Kaupapa Māori movement's role in the revival of traditional cultural and language practices in education, which has resulted in the development of an overwhelmingly successful parallel non-government school system based on Māori culture, language and philosophy.
Digital food environment during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in Brazil: an analysis of food advertising in an online food delivery platform
Authors: Horta Paula Martins , Matos Juliana de Paula , Mendes Larissa Loures
Published: November 2020

Online food delivery (OFD) platforms guarantee access to food during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic when commercial food establishments are closed and access to food retail is controlled. The present study aimed to describe the advertisements published in an OFD platform in Brazilian capitals, during the 13th and 14th weeks of the pandemic. Data collection occurred on 1 d of the week and 1 d of the weekend and during lunch and dinner time. A random sample of 25 % of the advertisements (n1754) published in this period was classified in accordance with the presence of food groups and to the use of marketing strategies. Sandwiches, ultra-processed beverages, traditional meals or pasta were the most common food groups shown in the advertisements. Free delivery prevailed in advertisements of ice cream, candies or salty packages snacks and pizza (P< 0·01). Combos were more frequently shown in the advertising of natural juices or smoothies, ultra-processed beverages, sandwiches and pizzas (P< 0·01). Messages about healthiness were more seen among natural juices or smoothies, vegetables and traditional meals and pasta advertisements (P< 0·01) and less seen in sandwiches (P= 0·02) and pizza advertisements (P< 0·01). Economy messages were rare in advertisements of traditional meals or pasta (P< 0·01) and more common in ultra-processed beverages (P= 0·03) and ice cream, candies or salty packages snacks (P< 0·01) advertisements. The OFD platform promoted unhealthy eating during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil due to the expressive presence of unhealthy foods advertising.
Early Silurian granitic rocks and associated enclaves as evidence of rapid cooling in a cognate magma system: the case of the Xuehuading–Panshanchong pluton, South China Block
Authors: Ou Quan , Lai Jian-Qing , Carvalho Bruna B. , Zi Feng , Jiang Zi-Qi , Wang Kun , Liu Yi-Zhi
Published: November 2020

The study of enclaves in granitic plutons provides fundamental information on the petrogenesis of their host rocks. Here we combine U–Pb zircon ages, petrography, geochemistry and Nd–Hf isotope composition to investigate the origin of dioritic–granodioritic enclaves and their host granodiorites and biotite granites in the Xuehuading–Panshanchong area, which is a pivotal site to study the Palaeozoic intracontinental orogenic processes of the South China Block. Obtained ages indicate that the host rocks were formed in early Silurian time (c. 432 Ma). The enclaves are fine grained, but with mineral assemblages similar to their hosts and contain amphibole, biotite and plagioclase. All rocks have fractionated rare earth element patterns ((La/Yb)N = 2.86–8.16), except for one biotite granite that has a concave rare earth element pattern ((La/Yb)N = 1.50). Most rocks are depleted in Ta–Nb–Ti, and have negative Eu anomalies and ϵNd(t) (–8.86 to –5.75) and zircon ϵHf(t) (–13.30 to –4.11, except for one, –39.08). We interpret that the enclaves were formed at the borders of magma-ascending conduits, where the mafic mineral crystallization was enhanced by rapid cooling. Conversely, the biotite granites were produced by fractional crystallization from a related granodiorite magma. The sample with a concave rare earth element pattern may have been influenced by hydrothermal fluid–melt interaction. Geochemical modelling suggests that the granodiorites were likely generated by disequilibrium melting of heterogeneous amphibolites in the middle–lower crust. Considering the geological data for the Palaeozoic magmatic rocks in the South China Block, we propose that the Xuehuading–Panshanchong magmatism was likely triggered by piecemeal removal of the thickened lithospheric root and subsequent thermal upwelling of mantle, without a mantle-derived magma contribution to the granites.
REASSESSING THE POLISH BRETHREN ON MAGISTRACY, PACIFISM, AND WARFARE IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY
Authors: QUATRINI FRANCESCO
Published: November 2020

The Polish Brethren, usually known as Socinians, were perhaps the most infamous Christian sect belonging to the so-called ‘Radical Reformation’. Renowned for their anti-Trinitarian beliefs and their rationalistic approach towards religion, the Brethren also discussed theological-political concepts such as the legitimacy of magistracy and warfare. Relevant literature on the Brethren's socio-political views underestimates their participation in contemporary debates on the ius belli, describing them as pacifists who generally opposed politics and violence until the 1650s, when some of them began defending a more conventional approach towards magistracy and warfare. This article proves that this shift toward a more standard Protestant position occurred as early as the 1620s, when Johannes Crell and Jonas Szlichtyng, two of the most prominent spokespersons among the Brethren, reconciled politics and the Brethren's faith in their writings. The article highlights how the historical situation of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth urged them to revise their views on magistracy and warfare, and it argues that they were assisted in this by their education in European universities, especially the Lutheran Academy of Altdorf near Nuremberg, which provided them with different perspectives on the legitimacy of defensive warfare.
Charity as Social Justice: Antonio Rosmini and the Great Irish Famine
Authors: ZAVATTI FRANCESCO
Published: November 2020

The article sheds light on the significant fundraising and relief activities for Ireland during the Great Famine (1845–50) initiated in 1847 by the Italian philosopher and cleric Antonio Rosmini and his network in Savoy-Piedmont, Lombardy-Venetia and England. By analysing Rosmini's philosophical and political writings, the article demonstrates that Rosmini considered aid in times of crisis as an act of social justice for which individuals have to take responsibility. By analysing documents from the Italian and Irish archives, the article gives an account of the fundraising effort's practices of networking, appealing, almsgiving and delivery.
Cultural Heritage Protection in Islamic Tradition
Authors: Alshehaby Fatimah
Published: November 2020

Cultural heritage is a crucial component that plays a fundamental role in defining an individual’s identity and advancing the protection of his or her human rights. Reinforcing cultural distinctions and human differences are significant and therefore recognized in Islam. This article enhances the understanding of an Islamic approach to cultural heritage and human rights through the lens offered by three examples: the right to education, freedom of religion, and the right to development. The discussion of the protection of cultural heritage in Islam is essential because Islam is one of the legal sources in many Muslim states, and, therefore, the examination of its intersection with international law could enhance the protection of cultural heritage and promote human rights in the Islamic world. The article develops principles of cultural heritage protection that are in conformity with international law. These principles are the promising common ground for the possibility of universal cultural heritage policy. Despite the fact that there is no clear reference to the notion of cultural heritage in Islamic teaching, this article shows that principles of the protection of cultural heritage are established.
Transmission dynamics of COVID-19 among index case family clusters in Beijing, China
Authors: Cao Ying , Wang Yueh , Das Aritra , Pan Calvin Q. , Xie Wen
Published: November 2020

The outbreak of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) impacts public health dramatically around the world. The demographic characteristics, exposure history, dates of illness onset and dates of confirmed diagnosis were collected from the data of 24 family clusters from Beijing. The characteristics of the cases and the estimated key epidemiologic time-to-event distributions were described. The basic reproductive number (R0) was calculated. Among 89 confirmed COVID-19 patients from 24 family clusters, the median age was 38.0 years and 43.8% were male. The median of incubation period was 5.08 days (95% confidence interval (CI) 4.17–6.21). The median of serial interval was 6.00 days (95% CI 5.00–7.00). The basic reproductive number (R0) was 2.06 (95% CI 2.02–2.08). The median of onset-to-care-seeking days and the median of onset-to-hospital admission days were significantly reduced after 23 January 2020, which implied the enhanced public health awareness among families. With epidemic containment measures in place, the results can inform health authorities about possible extent of epidemic transmission within families. Furthermore, following initiation of interventions, public health measures are not only important for curbing the epidemic spread at the community level but also improve health seeking behaviour at the individual level.
Pascal's Mugger Strikes Again
Authors: Balfour Dylan
Published: November 2020

In a well-known paper, Nick Bostrom presents a confrontation between a fictionalised Blaise Pascal and a mysterious mugger. The mugger persuades Pascal to hand over his wallet by exploiting Pascal's commitment to expected utility maximisation. He does so by offering Pascal an astronomically high reward such that, despite Pascal's low credence in the mugger's truthfulness, the expected utility of accepting the mugging is higher than rejecting it. In this article, I present another sort of high value, low credence mugging. This time, the mugger utilises research on existential risk and the long-term potential of humanity to exploit Pascal's expected-utility-maximising descendant. This mugging is more insidious than Bostrom's original as it relies on plausible facts about the long-term future, as well as realistic credences about how our everyday actions could, albeit with infinitesimally low likelihood, affect the future of humanity.
Impact of peak respiratory exchange ratio on the prognostic power of symptoms-limited exercise testing using Bruce protocol in patients with Fontan physiology
Authors: Niu Jianli , Godoy Aliana , Kadish Talya , Das Bibhuti B.
Published: November 2020

Objectives:

We evaluated the impact of peak respiratory exchange ratio on the prognostic values of cardiopulmonary exercise variables during symptoms-limited incremental exercise tests in patients with Fontan physiology.

Methods:

Retrospective single-centre chart review study of Fontan patients who underwent exercise testing using the Bruce protocol between 2014 and 2018 and follow-up.

Results:

A total of 34 patients (age > 18 years) had a Borg score of ≥7 on the Borg 10-point scale, but only 50% of patients achieved a peak respiratory exchange ratio of ≥ 1.10 (maximal test). Peak oxygen consumption, percent-predicted peak oxygen consumption, and peak oxygen consumption at the ventilatory threshold was reduced significantly in patients with a peak respiratory exchange ratio of < 1.10. Peak oxygen consumption and percent-predicted peak oxygen consumption was positively correlated with peak respiratory exchange ratio values (r = 0.356, p = 0.039). After a median follow-up of 21 months, cardiac-related events occurred in 16 (47%) patients, with no proportional differences in patients due to their respiratory exchange ratio (odds ratio, 0.62; 95% CI: 0.18–2.58; p = 0.492). Multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis showed percent-predicted peak oxygen consumption, peak heart rate, and the oxygen uptake efficient slope were highly related to the occurrence of events in patients only with a peak respiratory exchange ratio of ≥ 1.10.

Conclusions:

The value of peak cardiopulmonary exercise variables is limited for the determination of prognosis and assessment of interventions in Fontan patients with sub-maximal effort. Our findings deserve further research and clinical application.
“A Bright Continuous Flow”: Phantasmagoria and History in A Tale of Two Cities
Authors: Shubert Amanda
Published: November 2020

This essay explores how Charles Dickens's representation of history in A Tale of Two Cities (1859), his historical novel of the French Revolution, is influenced by the Phantasmagoria. The Phantasmagoria was an optical ghost show popularized in Paris in the 1790s by the showman Etienne Gaspard Robertson. Using a hidden magic lantern in a pitch-dark room, Robertson projected images of ghosts and skeletons as well as historical personages from the French Revolution. Drawing on Dickens's own writings on the Phantasmagoria, the essay argues that Dickens's approach to historical fiction is informed by the Phantasmagoria's medium-specific effects and its cultural association with history and historical memory. Specifically, Dickens's turn to a dialectic of continuity and discontinuity to represent historical temporality is influenced by the dialectical visual effects of the Phantasmagoria and related mid-nineteenth-century optical technologies. A Tale of Two Cities has always resisted the dialectical-materialist paradigm for the nineteenth-century historical novel first developed by Georg Lukács and more recently elaborated by Fredric Jameson. By employing a media archaeological framework, this essay offers a revitalized approach to Dickens's historical representation that contextualizes it within nineteenth-century theories and discourses of optical perception.
How Did the American Revolution Relate to the French? Richard Price, the Age of Revolutions, and the Enlightenment
Authors: Clark J. C. D.
Published: November 2020

Richard Price (1723–91) is important in present-day historiography chiefly for the interpretation of two great revolutions, the American and the French. Recent studies have depicted him as insightfully forward-looking, a well-informed cosmopolitan, his thought providing an interpretive key to the Age of Revolutions, and so as a landmark figure of a singular Enlightenment. They have paid insufficient attention to his identity as a theologian, a Welsh-born Nonconformist minister of more defined outlook, spending his life in England and campaigning above all for the relief of Nonconformist grievances, picturing “tyranny” and “superstition” in conventional Nonconformist terms. This article offers a reconsideration of the significance of such a Price for the historical understanding of two major and (it contends) related problems: how did the American Revolution relate to the French in a supposed Age of Revolutions, and how should they be understood as putative episodes in the development of the Enlightenment?
Fehlerbearbeitung bei mathematischen Textaufgaben
Authors: Prediger Susanne , Dröse Jennifer
Published: November 2020

Zusammenfassung. Einleitung und Methode: Fehler von Schülerinnen und Schülern bei der Bearbeitung von Textaufgaben im Mathematikunterricht sind oft dokumentiert worden. Hinter den Fehlern sind typische Fehlermuster und ihre möglichen Fehlerursachen zu rekonstruieren, dazu dienen Methoden wie schriftliche Erhebungen und Interviews. Für eine empirische Absicherung der Fehlerbearbeitung sind darüber hinaus Design-Research- und Interventionsstudien wichtig. Der Artikel gibt einen Überblick zum Forschungsstand zu Fehlermustern, Fehlerursachen und Ansätzen der Fehlerbearbeitung zu Textaufgaben im Mathematikunterricht. Ergebnisse und Diskussion: Konkretisiert werden die wichtigsten Fehlermuster anhand von schriftlichen Bearbeitungen aus Klasse 7–9. Dass sich die Ansätze zur Fehlerbearbeitung je nach Fehlerursache erheblich unterscheiden können, wird am Beispiel sprachlicher und strategischer Fehlerursachen aufgezeigt: Strategische Herausforderungen können mit dem Prinzip des strategischen Scaffoldings überwunden werden. Im sprachlichen Bereich kann insbesondere die gezielte Variation von Formulierungen dazu beitragen, dass Lernende sprachliche Strukturen bemerken und deren Relevanz für das Verständnis der Textaufgabe erkennen.
Surface Roughness Evolution and Implications for the Age of the North Polar Residual Cap of Mars
Authors: Wilcoski A. X. , Hayne P. O.
Published: November 2020

An understanding of the current state of the Martian North Polar Residual Cap (NPRC) is needed to understand the North Polar Layered Deposits (NPLD) as a whole and the recent climate history of Mars. We investigate the evolution of small‐scale (∼10s of m) surface topography on the NPRC using an insolation‐driven ice accumulation/ablation model. We apply a coupled thermal and atmospheric model that calculates ice fluxes at each point on a model surface, allowing the topography to evolve through time. Our thermal model is validated using NPRC surface temperature data gathered by the Mars Climate Sounder (MCS) onboard the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO). Roughness developed on the model surface is comparable to that of the NPRC, as we demonstrate using two examples of NPRC surface texture observed using the High‐Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) onboard MRO. We find that insolation‐driven accumulation and/or ablation yields surface roughness with characteristic spatial wavelengths ∼10 − 50 m—comparable to those observed on the NPRC—over timescales of 1–10 ka. The dominant topographic wavelength of a model surface increases as the surface evolves, implying that the wavelengths of topographic features observed on the NPRC may be indicative of the surface ages of those regions.
Role of IRE1α in podocyte proteostasis and mitochondrial health
Authors: Navarro-Betancourt José R. , Papillon Joan , Guillemette Julie , Iwawaki Takao , Chung Chen-Fang , Cybulsky Andrey V.
Published: November 2020

Glomerular epithelial cell (GEC)/podocyte proteostasis is dysregulated in glomerular diseases. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is an adaptive pathway in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that upregulates proteostasis resources. This study characterizes mechanisms by which inositol requiring enzyme-1α (IRE1α), a UPR transducer, regulates proteostasis in GECs. Mice with podocyte-specific deletion of IRE1α (IRE1α KO) were produced and nephrosis was induced with adriamycin. Compared with control, IRE1α KO mice had greater albuminuria. Adriamycin increased glomerular ER chaperones in control mice, but this upregulation was impaired in IRE1α KO mice. Likewise, autophagy was blunted in adriamycin-treated IRE1α KO animals, evidenced by reduced LC3-II and increased p62. Mitochondrial ultrastructure was markedly disrupted in podocytes of adriamycin-treated IRE1α KO mice. To pursue mechanistic studies, GECs were cultured from glomeruli of IRE1α flox/flox mice and IRE1α was deleted by Cre–lox recombination. In GECs incubated with tunicamycin, deletion of IRE1α attenuated upregulation of ER chaperones, LC3 lipidation, and LC3 transcription, compared with control GECs. Deletion of IRE1α decreased maximal and ATP-linked oxygen consumption, as well as mitochondrial membrane potential. In summary, stress-induced chaperone production, autophagy, and mitochondrial health are compromised by deletion of IRE1α. The IRE1α pathway is cytoprotective in glomerular disease associated with podocyte injury and ER stress.
A novel TSC1 variant associated with tuberous sclerosis and sacrococcygeal teratoma
Authors: Ahmad Saba , Manon Luis , Bhat Gifty , Machado Jerry , Zalan Alice , Mata-Machado Nikolas , Garzon Steven , Yoshii Akira
Published: November 2020

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant disease associated with tumors and malformed tissues in the brain and other vital organs. We report a novel de novo frameshift variant of the TSC1 gene (c.434dup;p. Ser146Valfs*8) in a child with TSC who initially presented with a sacral teratoma. This previously unreported association between TSC and teratoma has broad implications for the pathophysiology of embryonic tumors and mechanisms underlying cellular differentiation.
Application of phase-field method in rechargeable batteries
Authors: Wang Qiao , Zhang Geng , Li Yajie , Hong Zijian , Wang Da , Shi Siqi
Published: November 2020

Rechargeable batteries have a profound impact on our daily life so that it is urgent to capture the physical and chemical fundamentals affecting the operation and lifetime. The phase-field method is a powerful computational approach to describe and predict the evolution of mesoscale microstructures, which can help to understand the dynamic behavior of the material systems. In this review, we briefly introduce the theoretical framework of the phase-field model and its application in electrochemical systems, summarize the existing phase-field simulations in rechargeable batteries, and provide improvement, development, and problems to be considered of the future phase-field simulation in rechargeable batteries.