bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Against Afropolitanism: Race and the Black migrant body in contemporary African poetry
Authors: Gbogi Tosin
Published: September 2022

A growing body of Afropolitan literary and theoretical writing privileges urban migratory crossings that highlight the fluidity of borders, bodies, and identities in contemporary times. Focusing on cosmopolitan ethics and cultural hybridity, these writings contemplate Africa and Africans from the points of view of the world and of their multitudinous racial embeddedness. Yet, while Afropolitanism may usefully complicate the place of Africa(ns) in the world today, it also consistently ignores the precarity of African migrants on whose bodies globalization stages its racist and ultranationalist agenda. Drawing on Gbenga Adeoba’s Exodus, Safia Elhillo’s The January Children, Amatoritsero Ede’s Globetrotter and Hitler’s Children, and Niyi Osundare’s City Without People: Katrina Poems, this article turns to the poetic representations of these migrants’ experiences and their location within a broader history of the abjection of black bodies. Precisely, the article presents a race-centred critique of Afropolitanism to argue that its central focus on multiculturalism, hybridity, and global flows overlaps with the fantastical, mythical discourses of postraciality, colour blindness, and neoliberal individualism.
Looking Like a Winner: Leader Narcissism and War Duration
Authors: Harden John P.
Published: September 2022

Can an individual impact a phenomenon as overwhelming and complex as war? Do leaders impact interstate war dynamics? Leaders high in grandiose narcissism focus their efforts on maintaining their inflated self-image during war by striving desperately for victory. While most leaders sacrifice their historical image for state interests, more narcissistic leaders only exit wars if they “win”, or overcome threats to their self-image. Narcissists essentially ignore revealed information and create deadlock to avoid looking like losers. In other words, narcissistic leaders encourage us to look beyond traditional rationalist models of wartime dynamics. This paper analyzes United States’ interstate war duration from 1897 to 2007 and finds support for the argument that more narcissistic United States presidents extend war duration. This paper also compares Eisenhower’s handling of the Korean War and Nixon’s handling of the Vietnam War as an illustrative probe of causal mechanisms.
Racial and Ethnic Identity, Gender, and School Suspension: Heterogeneous Effects Across Hispanic and Caribbean Subgroups
Authors: Lehmann Peter S. , Meldrum Ryan C.
Published: September 2022

Objectives: This study explores the effects of racial/ethnic identity on youths’ likelihood of receiving a suspension from school as well as whether these disparities further vary by gender. In light of recent demographic shifts within the U.S., alternative theoretical rationales emphasizing such issues as “exotic threat,” “stereotype lift,” and “reflected race” present conflicting expectations regarding whether and how the disadvantages in school discipline experienced generally by minority students might extend to youth in certain Hispanic and Caribbean subgroups. Methods: We analyze data from the 2018 Florida Youth Substance Abuse Survey, which provides a large statewide representative sample of youth enrolled in Florida public middle and high schools ( N  =  54,611). Results: Youth who are Black/non-Hispanic, Haitian, West Indian/Caribbean, and Dominican are most likely to receive a suspension from school, and these effects are particularly pronounced among female students. Mixed evidence of Hispanic-White differences in suspension is found, except for a heightened risk among Puerto Rican youth. Conclusions: Some of the findings imply the importance of skin tone and appearance over subgroup-specific perceptions of cultural or criminal threat. However, the disadvantages experienced by Puerto Rican students may represent an institutional response to their unique status as recent migrants to Florida.
Who Believes that the Police Use Excessive Force? Centering Racism in Research on Perceptions of the Police
Authors: Drakulich Kevin , Robles Jesenia , Rodriguez-Whitney Eric , Pereira Cassidy
Published: September 2022

Objectives

Police use of excessive—even fatal—force is a significant social issue, one at the symbolic heart of the Black Lives Matter civil rights movement. However, a substantial number of Americans—disproportionately White—tend to minimize the prevalence of this issue. We seek to explain differences in these views.

Methods

We look at whether experiences with the police, politics, and three measures of racial attitudes explain differences in views of the prevalence of police use of excessive force, and we specifically test for whether these factors help explain racial stratification in these views. Using data from three different recent national surveys collected by the American National Election Studies, we attempt to replicate our findings within this paper.

Results

Views of police use of force are highly stratified by race and politics and racial attitudes—in particular racial resentment—play an important role in explaining these differences.

Conclusions

If we hope to address this important issue, it matters that many people minimize its existence, and it matters why they minimize it. We argue that centering race in crime and justice research necessarily means centering racism.
Racial-Ethnic Disparities in Police and Prosecutorial Drug Charging: Analyzing Organizational Overlap in Charging Patterns at Arrest, Filing, and Conviction
Authors: Johnson Oshea , Omori Marisa , Petersen Nick
Published: September 2022

Objective: Explore racial-ethnic disparities in drug charging trajectories from arrest to conviction. Methods: We analyze racial-ethnic disparities in charging severity across arrest, filing, and conviction for felony drug offense cases in Miami-Dade County between 2010-2015 (N=25,559) using a “distance traveled” approach by estimating the severity of charges based on the probability of incarceration at conviction. We use these estimates to predict the severity of charges at arrest and filing, and examine differences in the severity of charges between stages. Results: Compared to White non-Latinx people, police charge Black Latinx people with drug crimes that are 1.8 times more severe and Black non-Latinx people with drug crimes that are 1.6 times more severe at arrest. These inequalities are maintained throughout the charging trajectory. Greater charge reductions occur between arrest and filing than between filing and conviction, highlighting the importance of police in charging trajectories. We find small increases in charging trajectory, where racial-ethnic disparities persist at conviction. Conclusions: Examining charging at arrest is critical to understanding racial-ethnic disparities in charging trajectories, where unequal arrest charges become institutionalized throughout the charging process. Organizational dynamics between police and prosecutors may lead to drug charging practices that systematically disadvantage Black people in Miami-Dade County.
The Impact of Continuing Bonds Between Pet Owners and Their Pets Following the Death of Their Pet: A Systematic Narrative Synthesis
Authors: Hughes Ben , Lewis Harkin Beth
Published: September 2022

When a pet dies, owners can experience similar levels of grief as when a human dies. Previous research indicates the role of continuing bonds (CB) when a pet is alive. To understand the impact of these bonds after the pet has died, we conducted a systematic narrative synthesis according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines (PRISMA). Findings were heterogenous, yet there were still parallels in the literature. CB can sometimes aggravate and intensify grief experiences, particularly when pet grief is perceived as disenfranchised grief. However, identifying appropriate bonds can be useful to moderate the intensity of grief and be a valuable mechanism of support. CB can also help post-traumatic growth of owners.
How UK surgeons experience burnout and the link between burnout and patient care: A qualitative investigation
Authors: Al-Ghunaim Tmam , Johnson Judith , Biyani Chandra Shekhar , O’Connor Daryl B
Published: September 2022

Background and Aims

Poor well-being affects the performance of all kinds of workers, including surgeons. This study aimed to answer two questions: (1) how does burnout affect surgeons personally, and what is their burnout experience like? (2) How does burnout affect the care that surgeons provide in the United Kingdom (UK)?

Method

This study conducted thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews with 14 surgeons recruited from the UK National Health Service (NHS).

Result

The study found three themes in surgeons’ experiences of burnout: first, burnout is common but frequently not recognised nor understood; second, burnout is a personal crisis; and third, burnout creates vulnerability at work. The study also revealed four themes related to burnout's effect on patient care: first, burnout reduces the quality of surgeon-patient relationships; second, burnout affects patient safety; third, burnout impairs staff relationships; and fourth, burnout makes surgeons less motivated to improve.

Conclusion

Burnout is common but not well recognised in surgeons. Improving understanding and treatment of burnout could have benefits for both surgeons themselves and the care they provide to patients.
The role of latent representations for design space exploration of floorplans
Authors: Azizi Vahid , Usman Muhammad , Sohn Samuel S , Schwartz Mathew , Moon Seonghyeon , Faloutsos Petros , Kapadia Mubbasir
Published: September 2022

Floorplans often require considering numerous factors, from the layout size to cost, numeric attributes such as room sizes, and other intrinsic properties such as connectivity between visible regions. Representing these complex factors is challenging, but doing so in a representative and efficient way can enable new modes of design exploration. Existing image and graph-based approaches of floorplans’ representation often failed to consider low-level space semantics, structural features, and space utilization with respect to its future inhabitants, which are all the critical elements to analyze design layouts. We present a latent-space representation of floorplans using gated recurrent unit variational autoencoder (GRU-VAE), where floorplans are represented as attributed graphs (encoded with the abovementioned features). Two local search approaches are presented to efficiently explore the latent space for optimizing and generating new floorplans for the given environment. Semantic, structural, and visibility metrics are evaluated individually and as a combined objective for optimizations.
Time structures in ethnomethodological and conversation analysis studies of practical activity
Authors: Au-Yeung Terry S. H. , Fitzgerald Richard
Published: September 2022

Time is regarded as the immanent dimension for the social experience. This phenomenologically informed perspective of time is built into the ethnomethodological programme jointly proposed by Garfinkel and Sacks as they set out to uncover social orders through examining the temporal sequence in practical activity. However, Garfinkel and Sacks took different paths from this initial proposal in their separate development of Ethnomethodological Studies of Work and Conversation Analysis. Focusing on different forms of data, the two programmes adopted different approaches to time and action in constructing the time structures in their sociological description of activity. However, the difference has seldom been subjected to discussion and much less attempt to explore a possible synthesis of the two programmes from there. This article attempts to address this gap by proposing a perspective of multi-layered temporality in social interaction. The analysis examines three extracts from a university communication workshop for students and explicates different modes of how simultaneous sequences can constitute participants’ action in situ: (1) simultaneous sequences by different actors; (2) simultaneous sequences by the same actor; (3) simultaneous sequences within a participatory framework. Contending the social actors’ phenomenological potential to perceive simultaneous sequences in different time frames, we conclude that the ‘situational time’ in EM and ‘conversational time’ in CA can be commensurable. Interweaving different layers of temporality into an ethnomethodological description, practitioners can better reconstruct a ‘reasonable total picture’ of social activity to manifest its complex, seen-but-unnoticed endogenous social order. Beyond ethnomethodology, the multi-layered perspective of time provides the basis for a holistic approach to time, allowing the enquiry of broader social time through studying social life in vivo.
Earnings Quality and Trading Volume Reactions Around Earnings Announcements: International Evidence
Authors: Chen Jeff Zeyun , Choy Siu Kai , Lobo Gerald J. , Zheng Ying
Published: September 2022

Using a cross-country setting, we document differences in the relation between earnings quality and the two components of trading volume around earnings announcements, one related to differential interpretation of the earnings signal and the other related to pre-event differential information precision. We find that in countries with stronger investor protection, less corrupt governments, and more liquid stock markets, a noisier earnings signal increases differential interpretation of the earnings signal but decreases investors’ incentive for information acquisition before earnings announcements, leading to lower pre-event differential information precision. However, these trading patterns flip in countries with weaker investor protection, more corrupt governments, and less liquid stock markets. We also find that institutional investors in countries with stronger institutions are likely to benefit more from their superior information processing skills, leading to more information acquisition both at and before earnings announcements. Overall, our study adds to the literature by documenting significant cross-country variations in investors’ trading volume reactions to earnings quality.
A novel integrated framework based on multi-view features for multidimensional social bot detection
Authors: Li Tingting , Zeng Ziming , Sun Shouqiang , Sun Jingjing
Published: September 2022

The ravage of malicious bots in online social networks has profoundly affected normal users. In this article, we propose a novel integrated framework to detect social bots. Specifically, social bot detection is performed from two dimensions: binary-class and fine-grained detection. Moreover, 35 features from three views are extracted to detect social bots, including eight newly defined features. Then, a category balancing based on resampling technology is designed to balance the training data. Finally, a divide-and-conquer strategy is integrated into Random Forest, and the interference of noise in the training process is reduced. Feature effectiveness evaluation found that extracting features from multi-views can describe bots more comprehensively. It is also noted from the category imbalance test that the balanced data set can prevent the detection result from tilting. Comparative experiments show that the integrated framework is more effective than the baseline both in social bot detection and the type detection of bots.
The Influence of Parental Education on First Marriages in China: The Role of Childhood Family Background
Authors: Lan Manyu , Kuang Yaoqiu
Published: September 2022

China has implemented the universal two-child policy to promote fertility whereas the trends of later marriage and childbearing still prevail. The marriage timing of young adults has received considerable attention. However, studies tailored to the Chinese context remain limited. Using data from the China Labor-force Dynamic Survey 2016, we established bivariate and multinomial logistic regression discrete-time event-history models to examine the influence of parental educational attainment on their children’s first marriages. Not only the effects of parental education on their children’s likelihood of entry to first marriages and marriage postponement but also changes in these effects by sex, region, and across birth cohorts and the individual life course were analyzed. In general, there was a significantly positive relationship between parents’ educational attainment and the likelihood of their children’s entry into first marriages. However, it couldn’t explain variations about the timing of first marriages or marriage postponement. Analyses of subsamples revealed considerable heterogeneity in the effects of parental educational attainment by sex and region. These findings reveal the influence of childhood family background factors on marriage behaviors and provide a basis for predicting future marriage and childbearing trends in China. This study provides meaningful inputs and a rationale for amending the minimum legal marriageable age and for promoting marriage and births within Chinese marriage law.
Neoliberalism and the Defence of the Corporation
Authors: Gane Nicholas
Published: September 2022

This article addresses a little-known event in the history of neoliberalism: a conference at Stanford University held in 1982 to reconsider Adolf Berle and Gardiner Means’ The Modern Corporation and Private Property 50 years after its initial publication. This event is important as it is where key members of the neoliberal thought collective sought to define and defend the powers and freedoms of the corporation. First, this article outlines the political commitments of Berle and Means by considering the core arguments of The Modern Corporation and Private Property; second, it addresses key papers from the event published subsequently in the Journal of Law and Economics; and third, it analyses the neoliberal defence of the corporation that emerged from these papers, and reflects on the limitations of the work of Berle and Means for developing a response to their neoliberal critics.
Cardiac response to changes in central venous sonomorphology: Mechanism of impaired heart relaxation in patients with varicose veins of lower extremities
Authors: Rusinovich Yury , Rusinovich Volha
Published: September 2022

Aim

This study examines the interactions between central venous and cardiac sonomorphologies to explain the mechanism of impaired heart relaxation in patients with varicose veins of lower extremities.

Material and Methods

Part 1: We performed retrospective analysis of influences of inferior vena cava (IVC) diameters on tricuspid and mitral inflow and annular velocities in 64 patients with primary varicose veins. Part 2: We compared IVC diameters and IVC collapsibility index (IVC CI) in patients with varicose veins with normal values.

Results

We found a significant positive influence of an increase in maximal expiratory and minimal inspiratory IVC diameters on mitral and tricuspid early annular velocities or e′-waves ( p-values < .008), inflow velocities or E-waves ( p-values < .05) and early to late inflow E/A ratios ( p-values < .01). Less influenced by the changes in venous biometry ( p-values > .05) were late mitral and tricuspid inflow, annular and systolic velocities (A-, a′-, s-waves). Expiratory and inspiratory diameters in patients with varicose veins were significantly smaller ( p-values < .05 expiratory; < .0001 inspiratory), and IVC CI was significantly higher ( p-values < .0001) than the normal values.

Conclusion

Chronic venous disease impairs the function and the morphology of the entire inferior caval system and the heart. Impaired relaxation of the heart in patients with varicose veins is the result of two factors: (1) impaired venous return resulting in the low central venous pressure and the low early diastolic cardiac inflow; (2) structural changes in the heart resulting in the compensatory increased late diastolic cardiac inflow. Increase in central venous pressure (IVC diameters) and early diastolic cardiac inflow (E-waves), accompanied by unchanged myocardial response (e′-wave) can serve as marker for return to normal physiology.
Primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the breast with leptomeninges metastasis: A case report and literature review
Authors: Yuan Mengqi , Chen Dongmei , Sun Hongliang , Wang Xiuhong , Wan Donggui
Published: September 2022

Primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the breast (NECB) is a rare tumour with an incident rate of 0.3–0.5%. The most common metastatic sites of NECB are liver, bones, lung, pancreas, soft tissues and brain, while leptomeninges metastasis (LM) is reported rarely. This current case report describes a 50-year-old female patient with NECB and LM whose overall survival was 2 months. The report also presents the current literature regarding the knowledge of this unusual tumour and metastatic type. The current patient was diagnosed with NECB with right cerebellar metastasis, followed by LM. She underwent modified radical mastectomy of the left breast, left whole breast radiation therapy and incomplete adjuvant chemotherapy until the metastasis occurred. Whole-brain radiation therapy and a first-line salvage regimen of etoposide and cis-platinum were then undertaken. The patient died 2 months after their LM diagnosis. Primary NECB with LM is sporadic, devoid of effective treatment and associated with a poor prognosis. Consequently, it is vitally important to identify LM in order to achieve longer patient survival.
An anthropology of the social contract: The political power of an idea
Authors: Burnyeat Gwen , Sheild Johansson Miranda
Published: September 2022

The idea of the social contract resonates in many societies as a framework to conceptualise state–society relations, and as a normative ideal which strives to improve them. Policy-makers, development organisations, politicians, social scientists (including anthropologists), and our interlocutors all live with contractarian logics. While generations of political philosophers have debated the concept and its usefulness, the term has also travelled beyond academia into the wider world, shaping expectations, experiences, and imagined futures of state–society relations. An anthropology of the social contract explores ethnographically how this pervasive concept, laden with assumptions about human nature, political organisation, government, and notions such as freedom, consensus and legitimacy, impacts state–society relations in different settings. In this way, the social contract itself – its many emic instantiations, and its political effects – becomes the object of study.
In search of a caring state: Migrations of Afghans from Iran to Germany
Authors: Lenehan Sara
Published: September 2022

When Afghans began fleeing war in the 1980s, the Iranian state welcomed them on an ethical premise of care towards fellow Muslims. However, since the 1990s, Iran has pursued exclusionary policies towards their Afghan population. Drawing on fieldwork among Afghan asylum-seekers who arrived in Germany from Iran, this article shows how fantasies of alternative social contracts can motivate migration, and shape relationships with host states in the aftermath. Afghan migrants hoped to ‘opt in’ to a relationship with the German state, which they imagined as more ‘caring’ than the Iranian one. However, in Germany, they were granted limited rights, and only after substantial conditions were fulfilled. Afghans’ interpretations of these outcomes reveal fears and assumptions around state–citizen relations, which they had carried over from Iran, and which informed their reimagination of the German state post-migration.
Breaking the Contract: Digital Nomads and the State
Authors: Cook Dave
Published: September 2022

This article explores ethnographically how digital nomads reconcile their commitment to ‘freedom’ with their relationships to state institutions. It analyses the ways these ‘global citizens’ attempt to weaken ties with nation-states and challenge state–citizen relations in areas of work, citizenship, and mobility. On the surface, digital nomads appear to break the ‘social contract’ via borderless subjectivities, or via the creation of transnational businesses. Yet in practice they remain entangled in multiple state institutions, both directly and via corporate entities, to get closer to their hotly desired ‘freedom’. This article explores digital nomads’ attempts to ‘opt-out’ or ‘re-draw’ the social contract, and illustrates the tension between the imagined social contract and how actual state–citizen relations develop over time and are experienced through the filters of global corporations, free markets, and entrepreneurial thinking.
Shifting terms: Development discourses and moral imaginaries in Indian state service provision
Authors: McLaughlin Meredith
Published: September 2022

How are multiple visions of state–society relations accommodated within the daily practices of the post-liberalization Indian state? How does state service provision relate to these shifting normative framings of state duty and citizen responsibility? This article examines these questions through an ethnographic study of citizen–state encounters in rural north India. Focusing on the presentation of social services and programmes through a single village council, I trace how development discourses under the post-liberalization state oscillate between welfarist principles of distribution and neoliberal values of self-sufficiency. As the state is fashioned variously as a provider or a more distant facilitator of enterprising activity, I explore how citizens manage these shifting normative terms, negotiate the varied demands of bureaucratic claims-making, and engage with moral ideals of responsibility and care.
‘Other laws’: Haman’s accusation against the Jews in the book of Esther
Authors: Thambyrajah Jonathan Arulnathan
Published: September 2022

This study seeks to explain Haman’s reference to Jewish law (דָּת) in Masoretic Esther 3.8, given the lack of any obvious manifestation of the law in the book, or even of religious practice. The question of Jewish law in the book of Esther is closely related to the much more widely discussed question of God’s absence. This paper suggests that the book of Esther uses Haman’s accusation to invite its readers to question whether Jewish דָּת exists, and if so, whether it conflicts with Persian (or royal) law. This question persists with the reader throughout the whole book. Ultimately, we argue that the (Masoretic) book of Esther paints Jewish identity as fundamentally compatible with Persian law.
Moses, the Lifter of the Sky: A Novel Reading of Exodus 17:8–16 in Light of the Heliopolitan Cosmogony
Authors: Lee Sanghwan
Published: September 2022

Exodus 17.8–16 contains a number of exegetical puzzles, including the placement of Moses upon an anonymous hill, the cryptic gesture of Moses, the gesture’s direct influence on the battle, the appearance of two assistants (i.e., Aaron and Hur), the function of מטה האלהים, the number of Moses’ raised hands, the name of the altar (i.e., יהוה נסי), and the depiction of Amalek as a perpetual enemy of YHWH and Israel. To account for these puzzles, scholars have searched for traditions that could have influenced the Israelite author when composing the text. Unlike previous attempts, this article approaches the text in light of the Egyptian Heliopolitan cosmogony. This methodology coherently accounts for almost all the elements that appear in the Amalek narrative.
Internet Addiction of Older Women and Its Relationship With Social Influence and Social Networks Use as a Mediator
Authors: Rosell Javiera , Leeson George W. , Vergés Alvaro
Published: September 2022

The aim is to analyse the relationship between social influence for Internet use and Internet addiction (IA) in older women, considering the use of Internet-based social networks as a mediator. The participants were 480 older women Internet users. Social influence, frequency of use of social networks and IA (including loss of control and emotional dysregulation) were evaluated. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was conducted to analyse the proposed model. The use of social networks was a significant mediator in the relationship between social influence for Internet use and the dimension of loss of control of IA. On the contrary, social network use was not a significant mediator. Older women with more social influence reported more frequency of social networking and, in turn, more loss of control in Internet use. Public policy and clinicians should address addictive behaviours about Internet use in older women, preventing the negative consequences.
A Bus Home: Homelessness in U.S. Transit Environments
Authors: Wasserman Jacob L. , Loukaitou-Sideris Anastasia , Ding Hao , Caro Ryan
Published: September 2022

More than 500,000 people experience homelessness in the United States, and many turn to transit vehicles, stops, and stations for shelter. We present findings from a survey of 115 U.S. and Canadian transit operators that inquired about homelessness on transit systems. We find that homelessness is broadly present, though more concentrated on central hotspots, and worsened during the pandemic. In response, transit agencies often initiate a combination of punitive and outreach strategies. Based on our findings, we argue for better data collection, establishment of policies and protocols, engagement in outreach strategies, and partnering with service providers.
Probationary citizenship in science, technology, engineering and mathematics in an Irish university: A disrupted patriarchal bargain?
Authors: O'Connor Pat
Published: September 2022

The model for the creation of knowledge in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) involves the near total career dependence by probationary citizens on senior academics. In this article such probationary citizens include those at the early career stage, mainly but not exclusively post-doctoral researchers (postdocs). Traditionally, the implicit assumption was that senior academics would facilitate their access to a permanent position in return for a time limited period of exploitation as part of an organisational patriarchal bargain. This article is concerned with exploring how these probationary citizens came to access temporary positions, their experience of them and their perception of their future. Drawing on qualitative data from 13 probationary citizens, men and women, on two to five-year contracts in an Irish case study university, it shows that regardless of how they accessed probationary citizenship, their future was uncertain with no guarantee of a permanent academic position. The article raises questions about the valorisation of the highly dependent relationships between probationary citizens and permanent STEM academics as the main model for the creation of knowledge in STEM.
Postoperative Analgesia and Palliative Care of Peng Block for Terminal Osteosarcoma
Authors: Maribel Rodríguez Sandra , Yamak Altinpulluk Ece , Oliver-Fornies Pablo , Rafael Roque Nelson , Aragón-Benedí Cristian , Galluccio Felice , Fajardo Perez Mario
Published: September 2022

Palliative care involves patients with a high incidence of chronic pain and inadequate treatment related to opioid abuse. In terminal patients, the side effects of opioids may result in lower quality of life due to their deleterious immunosuppression and gastrointestinal effects. In our routine clinical practice, we consider the ultrasound-guided PENG block as a palliative analgesic technique to improve end-of-life care to terminal patients.
Thalamic Volume Loss Is Greater in Children Than in Adults Following Middle Cerebral Artery Territory Arterial Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Mastej Emily J. , Leppert Michelle H. , Poisson Sharon , Ritchey Zak , Barry Megan , Rundek Tatjana , Liebeskind David S. , Mirsky David , Bernard Timothy J. , Stence Nicholas V.
Published: September 2022

Background: Younger stroke patients may suffer worse outcomes than older patients; however, the extent to which age at stroke impacts remote areas of the brain remains unclear. The objective of this study was to determine thalamic volume changes ipsilateral to middle cerebral artery territory strokes based on age at acute ischemic stroke onset. Methods: Acute ischemic stroke patients <9 years, 9-18 years, and >18 years old were retrospectively recruited from a large quaternary care system. Each subject underwent an acute (<72 hours from AIS) and chronic (>90 days) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan. Manual thalamic segmentation was performed. Results: Younger and older children had significantly greater stroke-side thalamic volume loss compared to adults (48.2%, P = .022; 40.7%, P = .044, respectively). Conclusions: Stroke-side thalamic volumes decreased across the age spectrum but to a greater degree in pediatric patients. This observation can affect functional and cognitive outcomes post stroke and warrants further research.
Bedside Durable Tunneled Femoral Central Venous Catheter is Feasible and Safe in High-Risk Infants in the Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Shostak Eran , Tzeitlin Yelena , Shochat Tzippy , Dagan Ovadia , Schiller Ofer
Published: September 2022

Objective

Ultrasound (US)-guided durable tunneled femoral central venous catheters (TF-CVCs) are a safe central venous access option in infants and neonates. Studies have shown, however, that femoral central venous access has the potential for high central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) rates with a significant increase in risk for line-related thrombosis. Our aims were to describe the bedside insertion technique and evaluate the safety and complication rates of TF-CVCs in high-risk, young, pediatric cardiac intensive-care unit (PCICU) population.

Design

A retrospective observational cohort study.

Setting

University affiliated, tertiary-care hospital, PCICU.

Patients

All PCICU patients that underwent bedside TF-CVC insertion were enrolled. Data was collected from the electronic medical record system.

Interventions

None.

Measurements and Main Results

During April 2016 to October 2021, 103 TF-CVC lines were inserted into 94 pediatric cardiac critical care patients, at the bedside. Patients’ characteristics were median (IQR) age of 47.5 days (22.6, 120.5), weight 3.3 kg (2.9, 4.3), 33% prevalence of genetic anomalies, need for ECMO support in 20.4%, and STAT category 4-5 in 53.4%. All procedures were performed by intensivists. There were no immediate procedure-related complications. TF-CVCs were inserted on average on post-operative day (POD) 14, median line indwell duration was 25 days (16.3, 42.3) and total TF-CVC dwell duration for the entire cohort of 3442.7 days. During the study period eight CLABSI events were recorded (2.3/1000 line-days). Line obstruction rate was 1.16/1000 line-days and six lines were dislodged in the intermediate-care unit. There was no symptomatic line-related thrombosis.

Conclusions

We show that US-guided durable tunneled femoral central venous catheter (TF-CVC) insertion by an intensivist at the bedside is a technically feasible and safe prolonged central venous access option in critically ill, high-risk infants and neonates in the PCICU.
Boys Round Here: The Relationship Between Masculine Honor Ideology, Aggressive Behavior, Race, and Regional Affiliation
Authors: McCartin Hadley R. , Benemann Hannah E. , Norton-Baker Mara , Russell Tiffany D. , Cash Daniella K. , King Alan R.
Published: September 2022

Masculine honor ideology (MHI) refers to a set of beliefs that dictate men must respond aggressively to threat or insult to maintain their ideal masculine reputation. The current study demonstrates the robust relationship between MHI and lifetime aggression outcomes in a national sample of men from the United States. It also details the regional prevalence of MHI and compares these rates across races and regions of the country. Participants included 896 adult United States men ( Mage = 35.86, SD = 1.22) recruited on Amazon’s Mechanical Turk. It was expected that the odds of endorsing past aggressive behavior and lifetime maladjustment would be increased by stronger adherence to MHI. This hypothesis was supported, and individuals who reported greater MHI adherence also had higher rates of lifetime aggression and maladjustment. Contrary to expectations, White, non-Hispanic men endorsed lower rates of MHI than did other men. Black men adhered more strongly to MHI than White and Hispanic men. It was also expected that men in the Southern and Western United States would endorse greater MHI in comparison to men in the Northeast United States. The hypothesis was only partially supported for White, non-Hispanic men, and it was associated with participant birthplace and their father’s birthplace. There were no regional differences in MHI adherence related to the participants’ mother’s birthplace or where participants lived at survey completion. These findings suggest that MHI may spread more uniformly than prior research suggests and that MHI may have more nuanced cultural considerations that deserve continued empirical investigation.
Key Features and Factors behind Social Trust Formation in Ukraine
Authors: Tamilina Larysa
Published: September 2022

While social trust is seen as an essential factor in political, economic, and social progress in the world, its country-specific mode of formation remains underresearched. Considering Ukraine as a primary subject of analysis, this study attempts to define significant predictors that contribute to or undermine trust levels in the country. Special attention is paid to the impact of Ukraine’s conflict with Russia on the patterns of building social trust among Ukrainians. The analysis applies a multilevel model to World Values Survey (WVS) data from the pre-war and in-war periods (2011 and 2020). The findings of the study argue that the emergence of social trust is primarily influenced by political conditions in Ukraine and closely linked by Ukrainians to the issue of liberal democracy.
Racial/Ethnic Minority Vocational Research Trends in Counseling Psychology and Multicultural Psychology Journals: A Trend Analysis Across 51 Years
Authors: Lee Bo Hyun , Sawhney Apoorvee , Diaz David
Published: September 2022

This study extends Flores et al.’s (2006) 36-year analysis of racial/ethnic minority (REM) vocational research published in career journals to REM vocational research in eight counseling psychology and multicultural psychology journals across a span of 51 years. We identified 483 REM vocational studies published in the Journal of Counseling Psychology (JCP), The Counseling Psychologist (TCP), Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development (JMCD), Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology (CDEMP), Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology (JCCP), Journal of Black Psychology (JBP), Journal of Latina/o Psychology (JLP), and Asian American Journal of Psychology (AAJP) between 1969 and 2020. Results showed that less than 5% of all articles published in these journals during the past 49 years focused on vocational issues with REMs. Publication trends, article topics and type, samples, and leading individual and institutional contributors to REM vocational research are reported. JMCD published the largest percentage of these articles (33.9%, n = 132) as well as the largest percentage (18%) of REM vocational articles relative to other articles in its journal during this time frame. Implications of the findings are provided for expanding REM vocational scholarship in counseling psychology in the future.
Institutional and Ideational Forces of Contentious Politics in Chile (2006–2019)
Authors: Hatab Shimaa
Published: September 2022

The article engages critically with the literature on the relationship between social movements and political parties. It traces the representation crisis in Chile with a dual focus on the meso-institutional supply side of partisan politics and the microfoundational demand side of protest activity (2006–2019). I argue that the dialectical relationship between political parties’ programmatic dealignment and realignment and social actors’ framing politics determined the magnitude, intensity, and ideational content of protest mobilization. Social actors’ perception of their position in polity structure determined the content of their demands. Savvy actors started with a realignment frame in 2006 to push through socioeconomic reforms from within the parameters of the existing system. They, however, afforded an anti-establishment frame with the ‘social outbreak’ in 2019 to weed out the vestiges of Pinochet’s regime. Social forces pushed political parties to reposition their policy programs, reset agenda priorities, and recast their linkages to society. I draw on interview data, archival works, and Observatory of Conflicts–Cumulative Dataset to substantiate my argument.
Volunteering in the United Kingdom During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Who Started and Who Quit?
Authors: Dederichs Kasimir
Published: September 2022

I examine how volunteering dynamics changed in the United Kingdom during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic relying on data from the “Understanding Society” survey. Descriptive analyses and linear probability models yield three main findings: First, the share of volunteers (for all causes) dropped at least by a third during the first lockdown and did not increase until March 2021. Second, disproportional (absolute) declines occurred among the elderly, women, and those with higher education. Elderly individuals were particularly likely to quit their voluntary engagement, while the propensity of starting declined particularly among higher educated individuals. Third, volunteering in response to COVID-19 was performed by only 3.4% of all respondents and was more common among the higher educated, women, and experienced volunteers. These results suggest that volunteering might well decrease during disasters that affect the opportunities of potential volunteers contrasting the mobilizing role of disasters highlighted by earlier research.
Torque allocation strategy based on economy and stability for electric vehicle considering controllability after motors failure
Authors: Zhi Jinning , Wang Xiaowei , Shi Qinglu , Yao Zhibin , Qi Yapan
Published: September 2022

To reduce the energy consumption and improve the stability of distributed drive electric vehicles, a torque allocation strategy based on an economy and stability optimisation function (ESOF) and a fuzzy proportional-integral-derivative rule control (FPRC) strategy are proposed while considering motor efficiency, braking energy recovery and motor failure. First, the vehicle dynamics and motor equivalent models are established. Subsequently, a torque prediction model and fuzzy controller for the vehicle are designed to calculate the total desired torque and yaw moment, respectively. A torque optimisation function is established to minimise power losses in the electric motor and maximise braking energy recovery, and it is solved using an improved genetic algorithm. While satisfying vehicle driving constraints, the ESOF-based controller can effectively coordinate the operation of each motor in the high-efficiency range under driving and braking conditions. After one motor fault is detected, the ESOF-based controller is replaced with an FPRC-based controller to distribute the vehicle demand torque. A co-simulation platform integrating MATLAB/Simulink and CarSim is developed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed ESOF-based controller in the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) and Federal Test Procedure 75 (FTP75) driving cycles. The effectiveness of the FPRC-based controller in step steering condition is verified using the co-simulation platform. The simulation results indicate that the vehicle economy and driving range of the ESOF-based controller improved compared with the results afforded by the typical torque distribution strategy based on the front–rear axle dynamic load ratio. The average efficiencies of the motors in the NEDC and FTP75 driving cycles increased by 2.94% and 2.4%, respectively. More importantly, the FPRC-based controller can more significantly improve the steering stability of a vehicle with motor failure compared with the ESOF-based controller.
Application of immersed boundary-lattice boltzmann method in failure of automobile door sealing strip
Authors: Yang Zhigang , Yu Haosheng , Wang Yigang , Shen Zhe
Published: September 2022

Immersed boundary-lattice Boltzmann method was used to study the failure of automobile door sealing strip considering fluid-structure interaction under pressure difference. Based on the actual vehicle model, a two-dimensional calculation model of simplified automobile door sealing strip was established by using immersed boundary method, and practical problems such as the equivalent sealing strip wall thickness correction, wall friction, and pressure balance holes were solved. The accuracy of the model was verified by finite element method. The unsteady pressure outside the vehicle was obtained by CFD and verified by wind tunnel experiment, which could be used as references for setting boundary conditions. In the process of studying the seal failure, by setting the average value, the fluctuation amplitude and the frequency of pressure difference, an automatic iterative program was compiled to obtain the failure situations of the seal under critical pressure difference conditions. The results show that the constant value of the unsteady pressure outside vehicle is the dominant factor, then the coupling between the unsteady pressure frequency and the sealing strip natural frequency, or the increase of the fluctuation range will aggravate seal failure.
A comprehensive review of battery thermal management systems for electric vehicles
Authors: Çetin İrfan , Sezici Ekrem , Karabulut Mustafa , Avci Emre , Polat Fikret
Published: September 2022

Trying to prevent and mitigate carbon emissions and air pollution is one of the biggest challenges for the technological development of the automobile industry. In addition, the automobile industry has stepped up research and field applications of electric vehicles as the European Union encourages the restriction of the use of conventional fuel-powered vehicles such as diesel and gasoline vehicles. However, the cycle life, environmental adaptability, driving range, and charging time of the battery currently used in electric vehicles are far beyond comparison with internal combustion engines. Therefore, studies have focused on batteries, and battery thermal management systems (BTMSs) have been developed. Battery performance is highly dependent on temperature and the purpose of an effective BTMS is to ensure that the battery pack operates within an appropriate temperature range. Ensuring that the battery operates in the appropriate temperature range is vital for both efficiency and safety. To determine the best convenient BTMS for several types of battery packs attached to many factors such as volumetric constraints, installation costs, and working efficiency. The maximum temperature rise and the maximum temperature difference are the basic parameters to analyze the efficiency of the BTMS. Most of the research about thermal management has focused on especially air cooling, liquid cooling, and phase change material (PCM) cooling methods. In this study, different BTMSs (air cooling, liquid cooling, PCM cooling, etc.) were examined and their advantages and disadvantages were compared, usage restrictions in today's technology, requirements, and studies on this subject were reported.