bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
German Women’s Writing in British Magazines, 1760–1820
Authors: Johns Alessa
Published: September 2018

In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, continental writing was more available to British readers than ever, in large part because of the translations and reviews made available in the periodical press. Moreover, as Alessa Johns argues, Revolutionary furore meant an increased openness to German literary work as opposed to French. With particular attention to the work of Anna Karsch, Sophie von La Roche, Benedikte Naubert, Johanna Schopenhauer and Margarete Klopstock this chapter tracks the presence of a dozen German women authors through popular and influential periodicals such as the Annual Register (1758–present), the Gentleman’s Magazine (1731–1922), the Scots Magazine (1739–1826), and the Court Miscellany; or, Gentleman’s and Lady’s New Magazine (1766–71). Far from what one might expect, German women writers were less associated with sensibility or the Gothic; rather they are held up as exemplary, and used to stress transnational identification, especially along gendered lines.
Reviewing Femininity: Gender and Genre in the Late Eighteenth- and Early Nineteenth-Century Periodical Press
Authors: Perkins Pam
Published: September 2018

Pam Perkins examines the role played by late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century periodicals in both demarcating and blurring contemporary ideas around feminine writing. The essay provides an overview of critical attitudes about women’s writing and the way it was treated in major Romantic-era periodicals (the Edinburgh Review, British Critic, Anti-Jacobin), and then complicates this picture with case studies in the receptions of the writers Anne Grant and Elizabeth Hamilton, whose work pushed back against traditional generic tendencies. Both were praised, surprisingly, for being innovators as well as for evincing proper femininity. Their visibility in the print media of their own day helped to normalise the concept of female authorship, and urges us to re-examine modern critical understandings of the role that periodicals played in early Romantic norms for gendered writing.
‘This Lady is Descended from a Good Family’: Women and Biography in British Magazines, 1770–1798
Authors: Hudson Hannah Doherty
Published: September 2018

Hannah Doherty Hudson asserts that biography is an important, even ubiquitous element of eighteenth-century periodicals, and that it was largely a genre that excluded women because it tended to demand genius, curiosity, and public approbation—qualities difficult for a woman of any reputation to come by. And yet, there were important exceptions, often writers and actresses, which she explores in detail; periodical readers of both sexes were clearly interested in women’s biographies. Key to this argument are two case studies: of the women’s biographies featured by the European Magazine (1782–1826) in the post-Lady’s Monthly Museum (1798–1828) era, and of the magazine biographies of Elizabeth Inchbald. Ultimately, contends Hudson, magazine interludes with women’s biography helped re-shape the reception of the biographical genre writ large.
The Ladies Mercury
Authors: Parsons Nicola
Published: September 2018

Nicola Parsons’ essay explores at length importance of the Ladies Mercury (1693), the first periodical addressed specifically to women, insisting upon its independence from Dunton’s Athenian Mercury (1690–7) that was its inspiration. Soliciting queries from both female and male readers on all matters of particular interest to women, the paper devoted equal space to readers’ questions as to its own advice, giving pride of place not just to women but to those who find their interests interesting. It also frequently differs from the Athenian: in Parsons’ reading, the Ladies Mercury emerges as an alternative, and not a lesser offshoot, of Dunton’s famous paper. The Ladies Mercury thus establishes the rising interest in a feminocentric epistolary practice in the periodical press, and expands the space available to serious treatments of suchcrucial matters as private life, domesticity, and courtship.
‘[T]o cherish Female ingenuity, and to conduce to Female improvement’: The Birth of the Woman’s Magazine
Authors: Batchelor Jennie
Published: September 2018

Despite the much-documented rise of periodical studies, no major study of the late eighteenth-century women’s magazine exists. Those who have devoted specific attention to the form, either as an epilogue to studies of the essay periodical or as a prelude to the Victorian women’s magazine, commonly misrepresent it. In this chapter, Jennie Batchelor interrogates these oversights and distortions and offers a reassessment the women’s magazine in relation to the periodical genres in whose company the magazine is often considered a poor relation. The chapter proceeds with an extended consideration of one of the women’s magazine’s earliest and most influential examples – the Lady’s Magazine (1770–1832) in relation to earlier ladies’ magazines and periodical forerunners such as Charlotte Lennox’s Lady’s Museum (1760–1). Revealing the multiple ways in which the magazine demonstrated its commitment to women’s education, Batchelor challenges accounts that have seen eighteenth-century women’s magazines as the beginning of the end for their female readers and that have erroneously associated the genre with a uniformly and oppressively conservative gender ideology.
Advertising Women: Gender and the Vendor in the Print Culture of the Medical Marketplace, 1660–1830
Authors: Benedict Barbara M.
Published: September 2018

This essay asks when and how did early periodical advertisements identify or solicit consumers by gender? In response to this question, Barbara Benedict analyses the representations and self-representation of women medical practitioners (physicians and apothecaries) and the female body in handbills and newspaper advertisements from 1650 to 1751. It argues that the rough-and-tumble world of advertisement provided women with opportunities to capitalise on their gendered physicality, despite the social and gender prejudices this move entailed. Benedict illuminates how medical ads by women physicians occupy an ambiguous position as simultaneously participants in the public world, the printed marketplace, and as privileged or limited by their special connection to domesticity, and particularly to the body. Print, the essay concludes, enabled early female medical practitioners to compete in the medical marketplace.
Theatrical, Periodical, Authorial: Frances Brooke’s Old Maid (1755–1756)
Authors: Powell Manushag N.
Published: September 2018

Manushag Powell revisits Frances Brooke’s Old Maid (1755-6) to highlight its understudied interest in theatrical performance and criticism. Brooke’s interest in the drama was lifelong, encompassing not only personal ambitions that were partly thwarted by her famous quarrels with David Garrick over her Virginia and his King Lear, but also her friendship and eventual partnership with the powerful actress-manager Mary Ann Yates, who was also a close friend of fellow pioneering periodicalist Charlotte Lennox. Brooke’s interest in the theatre predated and reached far beyond Garrick’s involvement. Ultimately, the essay champions the radical ambitions of Brooke’s periodical writing and theatrical criticism, and both recognises and laments the fact that an alliance of female professional artistry could be enabled by the theatre, but not yet by periodical writing.
Magazine Miniatures: Portraits of Actresses, Princesses, and Queens in Late Eighteenth-Century Periodicals
Authors: Engel Laura
Published: September 2018

This essay explores images of actresses, queens and princesses in late-century periodicals. Comparing portraits of Sarah Siddons, Mary Robinson, and Elizabeth Inchbald to images of Queen Charlotte and Princess Charlotte Augusta, Laura Engel argues that periodical portraits function as celebrity pin-ups (versions of the same image) as well as markers of individual character (celebrating specificity and originality), thus participating in the creation of ideas about women’s claim to fame, legitimacy, and visibility. Readers could ‘own’ an image of their favourite player by purchasing a periodical, and could also feel connected to royal women, who resembled their most cherished theatrical stars. At the same time, the legitimacy bestowed on queens and princesses transferred visually to famous actresses who appeared in very similar costumes and poses. Looking closely at the ways in which artists employed similar iconography in these portraits, suggests ways of seeing that, Engel contends, connect to contemporary modes of visual display, particularly to the repetition and serial nature of pictures on Facebook, which promote a sense of intimacy and familiarity with the portrait’s subject that is ultimately a construction. Periodical portraits thus foreground the inherent tension between formality and intimacy highlighted in images of celebrated women.
Introduction
Authors: Cislaghi Ben
Published: September 2018

Mainstream literature in international development has focussed either on advocating for ‘direct’ interventions (changing developing countries following western models) or on the dangers of intervention (for instance advocating for neoliberal trade as a solution to African poverty). Until recently, this dichotomy has obscured a possible third way, that of ‘indirect’ interventions, an approach that has gained increasing consensus in the last decade. While indirect development offers a solid approach, no models are analysed in the literature that can help scholars and practitioners advance this field further. This first chapter introduces the reader to the need for exploring models of indirect interventions and explains how each chapter contributes to grounding such a model on ethnographic evidence. This chapter also briefly provides the reader with critical information about research methodology and the characteristics of the ethnographic study, introducing Tostan communities as appropriate sites for a case study.
Modernisation at Work: Senegal, Tostan and the Fulɓe
Authors: Cislaghi Ben
Published: September 2018

Chapter 3 investigates how local, national, and international events intertwine in influencing people’s life, so that it makes little sense to look at development as if it were happening in a vacuum. In particular, it briefly looks at the wider social, political and cultural context of the community where the intervention took place. The chapter looks at the emergence of the human rights discourse in Senegal, examines relevant features of Senegalese culture, explains the structure of NGO Tostan and its educational programme in Senegal, and describes the ethnic group that was studied in the research (the Fulbe), with its moral values and code of conduct.
Human Rights Education in Action: The Programme Unfolds
Authors: Cislaghi Ben
Published: September 2018

Chapter 5 analyses in detail what happened during the HRE part of Tostan programme in the village. It analyses the different learning strategies used in class and show how they allowed participants to ground the abstract human rights knowledge into their concrete daily life. This chapter also gives an understanding of classroom dynamics and analyse how participants made sense of their experience in class. Chapter 5 might be particularly relevant for practitioners interested in implementing indirect development programmes through HRE, and to scholars studying what works in human development.
The ‘Now-Women’ and Other Changes: A Wider Horizon of Possibilities?
Authors: Cislaghi Ben
Published: September 2018

This chapter analyses community members’ experiences during and after the programme. It uncovers a shift in participants’ attitudes, knowledge, intentions, and behaviour. The chapter also provides evidence of how human rights education contributed to empowering the rural community as a whole. It looks at how the new knowledge about human rights expanded participants’ capabilities, especially as they created new social norms and abandoned ones that they found hindered their growth and development.
Disturbing Silence: Mill and the Radicals at the Monthly Repository
Authors: Popa Bogdan
Published: September 2018

In this chapter I criticize Martha Nussbaum’s theory of shame by drawing on Wendy Brown’s argument that silence offers a “shelter” for sexual radicals against the judgment of public opinion. A performative silence is important not only to protect eccentrics from the tyranny of social conformity but also to imagine possibilities for living in transformative relationships. I examine the early stage of Mill’s relationship with Harriet Taylor, discuss Mill’s relationship with a group of radical Unitarians, and analyse his carefully planned interventions. I show that Mill’s silences, rather than lacking feminist value, challenge the liberal feminist conception about political action.
Fixed-site Cinemas and the First Film Renters
Authors: Vélez-Serna María A.
Published: September 2018

In this chapter, Maria Vélez-Serna maps the establishment of dedicated exhibition venues from 1908 to 1915, considering the geographic and demographic factors affecting their location. It considers how the venues and exhibition practices changed through the 'transitional era' and into the 1920s with the prevalence of larger cinemas in the main cities and towns. The distribution networks that made this development possible are also outlined, alongside profiles of some of the main cinema circuits.
Cinema and Cinema-going in Small Towns
Authors: Caughie John
Published: September 2018

This chapter, by John Caughie, is based on case studies of selected small towns in Scotland: for example, Bo’ness, Lerwick, Campbeltown, Oban, Hawick. Empirically, it demonstrates the variety of practices and preferences in early cinema exhibition, and the quite different ways in which the balance between live variety and cinema, or between civic and commercial entertainment was negotiated in areas with different cultural or economic formations. Theoretically and historically, it argues that the traditional concentration of cinema history on major cities and metropolitan areas misses some of the diversity of the experience of early cinema for a very significant part of the population.
Early Municipal Cinema
Authors: Bohlmann Julia
Published: September 2018

In this chapter, Julia Bohlmann considers the ways in which different Scottish agencies tried to utilise early cinema for non-commercial purposes and so created an alternative social role for it. She offers a case study of the development of the municipal cinema in Kirkintilloch as part of a socialist experiment instigated by Labour councillor Thomas Johnston, following the principles of Keir Hardie, and seeking to establish cinema as a contributor to the Common Good. The chapter is significant in noting a commitment to promoting cinema as ‘rational entertainment’ with a positive social role.
Local Films for Local People: ‘HAVE YOU BEEN CINEMATOGRAPHED?’
Authors: Caughie John , McBain Janet
Published: September 2018

While evidence of a national indigenous film production industry is weak, the archive is rich with evidence of local, ‘amateur’ film production largely intended for a local audience. These films provide a ‘life’ of the period, engaging with local festivals, local work, or simply local routines, and initiating an early form of the local documentary. This chapter by John Caughie and Janet McBain consider the significance of these local topicals for the history of early cinema.
Introduction
Authors: Whiting Matthew
Published: September 2018

This chapter establishes the main issues to be explored in this book, including the dramatic transformation that Sinn Féin and the IRA underwent. It provides a critique of existing explanations, arguing that they mistakenly assume the politics of Sinn Féin is driven primarily by the military capacity of the IRA. Existing explanations also assume that interplay between the British state and Irish republicans led to their moderation, but these explanations neglect the wider institutional context in which republicans chose to change their strategy. In contrast, this chapter sets out the argument that sustained contact with, and inclusion in, key political processes, namely party politics and a consolidated framework of democratic institutions, extracted moderate concessions from republicans in a gradual and path-dependent process.
Radicalism and Moderation in the History of Irish Republicanism
Authors: Whiting Matthew
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines the meaning of radicalism and moderation within Irish republicanism by undertaking a comparison of the transformation of the anti-Treaty side in the Irish civil war into Fianna Fáil in the 1920s and the transformation of Provisional Sinn Féin and the Provisional IRA 70 years later. It argues that in both instances moderation was a strategic decision undertaken to advance the goals of the movements. Both Fianna Fáil in the 1920s and Sinn Féin today agreed to participate in the hope of dismantling the system of rule from within and replacing it with a more preferable outcome. The transformations were concerned with redefining republicans’ relationships with institutions and violence, while at the same time remaining committed to their ideological goals. Strategies and tactics changed, but their values and ambitions remained the same.
Electoral Participation and Republican Moderation
Authors: Whiting Matthew
Published: September 2018

This chapter traces how electoral participation contributed to the moderation of republicanism. It argues that liberal democratic elections simply do not allow for revolution. The decision by Irish republicans to participate in elections in 1981 was a critical juncture. The path it chose pushed the movement in an increasingly moderate direction, moving away from parallel states and outright rejection in favour of ambivalent electoral participation. Once this path was chosen republicans became locked-in, resulting in republicans fractionalising their long-term goal into short-term aims, courting voters beyond their core supporters, increasing engagement with ruling institutions, and using the existing system rather than trying to overthrow it. This electoral direction was later reinforced by the power-sharing arrangements which brought republicans into government. Moderation occurred in spite of republicans rejecting the legitimacy of the electoral institutions in which they were now competing. Electoral participation was a rational choice by republicans to pursue their goals through a new means in the hope of avoiding marginalisation.
Democratisation and Reining in Radical Republicanism
Authors: Whiting Matthew
Published: September 2018

Radical groups often agree to trade in their revolutionary ways in return for democratic reforms which give them a greater stake in power or increased opportunities to gain power. As part of the peace process, republicans engaged in democratic bargaining over the design of new institutions to govern Northern Ireland. In this process it is possible to identify clear stages in republican strategy that entailed extensive moderation in return for what republicans perceived as the democratisation of political opportunities for nationalists. This process brought republicans into increasing contact with mainstream nationalism and republicans agreed to make themselves ‘coalitionable’ to build an alliances with these groups. During the negotiations republicans compromised their revolutionary positions and use of violence in return for institutional and credible guarantees that their goals could be pursued through political channels. Republicans aspired to use the peace process to transition to a united Ireland and the implementation phase was about trying to balance accepting the new power-sharing institutions as providing a system of political order but limiting their permanence and only accepting them on condition that they allowed for an opportunity to transition to a united Ireland.
British Policy Towards Irish Republicanism
Authors: Whiting Matthew
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines the role of British state policy in extracting republican moderation. It argues against studies that assume British policy had a clear goal of co-opting republicans and sucking them into mainstream politics. Instead a better understanding is to appreciate how British policy enabled republican moderation through two key conditions. Firstly it created a credible institutional framework for political competition in Northern Ireland that reduced the risks of participation for all sides. Secondly it was tolerant of the emergence of republicanism as a political force and did not suppress it, even while imposing robust anti-terrorist legislation against the IRA. These factors allowed republicans to commit to a moderate path knowing that the institutional framework offered a genuine opportunity to exercise power without inherently favouring one side over the other. Yet it would be a mistake to think British policy was always the product of a clear plan. It was often messy and contradictory. However, with the signing of the Anglo-Irish Agreement in 1985, successive British and Irish governments began to cohere around a shared position which ultimately enabled republican moderation.
‘Woman is Now Beginning to Take Her Place’
Authors: Rose Lucy Ella
Published: September 2018

‘The hope of the future lies greatly in the fact that woman is now beginning to take her place’, wrote Mary Watts in her diary (1893: 4 April). A year later, feminist writer Sarah Grand coined the term ‘New Woman’ and wrote, ‘women generally are becoming conscious that some great change is taking place in their position’ (Grand 1894: 707). An increasing preoccupation with woman’s place – and specifically, the evolving role and shifting socio-political position of women – is perceptible in much art and literature of the later nineteenth century, the period that engendered active feminism in the form of the women’s suffrage movement. Woman’s place was a primary focus of Victorian–Edwardian feminist discourse, and remains central to present-day feminism. This book shows how neglected nineteenth-century women writers and artists transgressed traditional female spheres and restrictive feminine norms in their professional creative practices and unconventional creative partnerships with men, and how their literary and visual texts can be read as sites of struggle against – rather than submission to – patriarchy. These marginalised Victorian women, traditionally defined as subordinate gender ‘others’ in relation to their famous husbands, can be seen as ‘significant others’ who were not passive and peripheral but rather active and influential in their creative partnerships as well as in contemporary debates, through which they achieved and promoted greater personal and political empowerment and freedom.
Inscribing the Female Body
Authors: Rose Lucy Ella
Published: September 2018

Chapter 5 develops a discussion of the Wattses’ and the De Morgans’ writings in which they explore women-centred issues. Drawing on extensive archival research, this chapter studies various neglected writings – private and published – by the Wattses and the De Morgans. Exploring questions of authorship and authority, it analyses collaborative and individual writings that focus on and inscribe the female body: Evelyn’s unpublished juvenilia, William’s neglected novels, and their anonymously published automatic writing; George’s anti-corsetry article, Mary’s private experimentation with poetry, and her published guide to her symbolic decoration The Word in the Pattern. With the exception of William, who embarked on a second career as a novelist, these figures have never before been appraised as literary as well as artistic figures, and their writings are largely unexplored. The author analyses and compares the representation of women in their writings, showing how they explored women’s place, engaged with contentious early feminist debates, and supported or promoted women’s liberation in both their literary and visual works.
Conclusion
Authors: Rose Lucy Ella
Published: September 2018

This book identifies and rectifies important omissions in the existing public material on the Wattses and the De Morgans in its focus on the historically neglected female figures, its exploration and comparison of their largely unexplored creative partnerships, and its feminist analysis of their understudied works. It shows how Victorian women repositioned themselves in relation to men as successful professional writers and artists as well as creative partners and ‘significant others’ rather than servile wives, secretaries or muses. It thus challenges ideologically dominant images, ideals and stereotypes of Victorian women – and specifically, longstanding misperceptions of Mary and Evelyn – as submissive or subordinate. These women achieved and promoted greater social, political and economic freedom, empowerment and equality through their professional creative practices and anti-patriarchal partnerships, transgressing, subverting and deconstructing oppressive masculinist binary structures which served to sustain sexual difference through separate spheres and gendered activities. This book shows women – traditionally the ‘repressed of culture’ (...
Transcultural Content and Translingual Reflection: Rethinking the Arabic Language Learning Experience
Authors: Ryding Karin Christina
Published: September 2018

This article, written by Karin C. Ryding, argues that while Arabic has garnered increased attention by the American education system over the past decade, the sociolinguistics of Arabic are being neglected in such educational endeavours. This is despite academic research on this topic, including, notably, Yasir Suleiman’s Arabic Sociolinguistics: Issues and Perspectives (1994). Ryding writes that the complexity of teaching and learning Arabic is related to the transcultural realities of living and working in the Arab world. As she demonstrates, Arabic is particularly challenging as the language must be modified to conform to different types of interaction. Ryding then analyses some of the shortfalls in the fi eld of Arabic language instruction, and argues that because Arabic teaching – due to its distinctive diglossic nature – lacks many traditional models to choose from, it must construct its own, which she refers to as ‘the repertoire model’. Ryding summarises by noting that sociolinguistic analyses, like those studied by Suleiman, must be taken into consideration and should force us to come to terms with the linguistic reality of multiple discourse levels and, accordingly, to develop new models for Arabic pedagogy.
Colloquial Moroccan Arabic: Shifts in Usage and Attitudes in the Era of Computer-mediated Communication1
Authors: Davies Eirlys
Published: September 2018

This article, written by Eirlys Davies, begins by highlighting a reality whereby, for centuries, the gulf between Colloquial Arabic dialects (CA) and Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) has been a defining characteristic of the Arabic-speech community. Davies then notes that the arrival of mobile phones, the growing use of the Internet and computer-mediated communication, and advertising that corresponds to these trends have revolutionised communication in the Middle East. Consequently, many individuals, particularly among the younger generation, have begun to communicate (in personal SMSs, emails or social media) in CA and they have a strong tendency to use Latin letters instead of Arabic letters. Davies focuses on these trends as they are manifested in Morocco. Highlighting the contribution of Suleiman to the diglossic relationship between CA and MSA, the chapter stresses that this is a bottom-up process. Davies courageously concludes that we must accept change as inevitable, and, instead of resisting such modes of communication, ‘it may be better to embrace them, experiment with them and explore their potential as means of solving problems’.
Code Choice, Place and Identity in Egypt: Evidence from Two Novels
Authors: Bassiouney Reem
Published: September 2018

This article, written by Reem Bassiouney, examines the relationship between place, identity and language in two Egyptian novels: Qindīl Umm Hāshim (The Saint’s Lamp) by Yaḥyā Ḥaqqī (1944) and Awrāq al-narjis (Leaves of Narcissus) by Sumayyah Ramaḍān (2001). Both novels address questions of identity in Egypt, during and following the British occupation of the country. In the first novel, the protagonist studied in the UK and returned to Egypt during the British occupation, while in the second the protagonist studied in Ireland and returned to Egypt some fifty years after the period of British colonisation ended. Perceptively and convincingly, Bassiouney analyses the role of code choice – between Modern Standard Arabic and Egyptian Colloquial Arabic – in the two novels. Corresponding with Suleiman’s extensive work on code-switching in Middle Eastern communities, Bassiouney argues that the authors use code-switching in order to reflect the protagonists’ stance towards the self, towards others and towards place. She highlights that in matter of fact, code-switching in the two novels does not reflect real patterns of language use, rather redefines and reconstructs different stances held by the authors towards their protagonists.
Language as Proxy in Egypt’s Identity Politics: Examining the New Wave of Egyptian Nationalism
Authors: Aboelezz Mariam
Published: September 2018

This article, written by Mariam Aboelezz’s, focuses on the period following the overthrow of Egypt’s Islamist president Mohamad Morsi in 2013. Concurrent with this was a government-supported emphasis on ‘Egyptian identity’. Using the concept of alterity as highlighted by Suleiman, as well as acknowledging Suleiman’s contribution to the study of the role of language as proxy in identity politics, Aboelezz examines how language is used as proxy in this new wave of Egyptian nationalism. She demonstrates how old motifs have been revived by the government – for example, the use of ʿāmmiyya and the rejection of fuṣḥā as proxies for promoting an Egyptian identity – and establishes a convincing link between language and identity through processes of distanciation, differentiation and identification.
Orchestrating Multimodal Protest and Subverting Banal Nationalism in the Linguistic Landscape of the Tunisian Revolution1
Authors: Shiri Sonia
Published: September 2018

This article, written by Sonia Shiri, sheds light on a fascinating case study of linguistic landscape. The author uses a multimodal approach to examining the Tunisian demonstration of 14 January 2011. She explores the way in which protesters exploited a variety of peaceful multimodal strategies in order to subvert the linguistic landscape of the capital city and bring about political change. The study, based on an analysis of slogans and pictures, focuses on a specific and critical demonstration that led to the eventual flight of Tunisian president, Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali. Shiri highlights that demonstrators’ usage of multimodal signs eventually helped them to prevail in the transient linguistic landscape.
The Arab Jews and the Arabic Language in Israel: An Ongoing Ambivalence between Positive Nostalgia and Negative Present1
Authors: Dallashi Maisalon
Published: September 2018

This article, written by Maisalon Dallashi, relates to a rather tragic survey which demonstrated a significant decline in knowledge of Arabic among Arab Jews following their immigration to Israel. The survey results, presented here in English for the fi rst time, form the backdrop for an analysis of command of Arabic among three generations of Arab Jews in comparison with non-Arab Jews living in Israel. Dallashi’s nuanced analysis of the complex relationship between Arab Jews and Arabic demonstrates that language is harnessed to promote two different discourses in Israel: on the one hand, it is a means of connection, while, on the other hand, it is a tool of segregation. By focusing on the Arab-Jewish community in Israel, Dallashi sheds light on processes that have resulted in what she calls ‘the dialectical relations in which Arabic concomitantly represents various, contradicting and even dissonant values’.
War Names in the Arab–Israeli Conflict: A Comparative Study
Authors: Amara Muhammad
Published: September 2018

This article, written by Muhammad Amara, analyses the names given to the different wars – from 1948 hitherto – on both the Israeli and Arab sides. Amara surveys and analyses the names given to six wars (in the years 1948, 1956, 1967, 1973, 1982 and 2006), two Palestinian intifāḍas (1987 and 2000), and three Israeli attacks on Gaza (2008, 2012 and 2014) in Hebrew and in Arabic. Referencing Suleiman’s argument that ‘code names offer us snapshots of symbolic meanings along a moving frame… However, by tracking the major breaks in this frame, we can identify the major sociopolitical ruptures in society,’ Amara highlights how language in the Israeli–Arab conflict not only reflects events in the political arena and on the battlefield, but also shapes the realities of both sides of the conflict.
Newspeak, Counterspeak and Linguistic Memory
Authors: Lunde Ingunn
Published: September 2018

This chapter highlights issues surrounding language ideologies, with a particular focus on the ways in which the role and function of Soviet-style language have been transformed in the post-Soviet era. Through scrutinising how linguists today handle the Soviet linguistic legacy in dictionaries and handbooks, we identify a general emphasis on ‘counterspeak’ (e.g., word play, anecdotes, alternative interpretations of acronyms) and show how this trend is mirrored in lay reflections on Soviet language culture in a number of online forums.
Pisateli o iazyke Writers’ Reflections on Language
Authors: Lunde Ingunn
Published: September 2018

This chapter analyses explicit responses to the ‘language question’ in post-Soviet Russia by writers participating in surveys, interviews, roundtable discussions or conferences dedicated to the language situation. Such statements on the language situation illustrate the linguistic attitudes of individual writers towards some of the central topics in the language debates, while conveying the writers’ own assessments of their status as opinion-makers in this area.
Abanamat Reactions to the Ban on Profanity in Art
Authors: Lunde Ingunn
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores the reactions of people working in the cultural field to the 2014 Russian ban on the use of verbal obscenity in film, literature and public performances, reactions that have not only taken the form of commentaries and statements in interviews or the social media, but have also provoked protest actions featuring linguistic and artistic practices (readings, performances), thus responding and commenting in ways bordering on the implicit and performative.
Introduction: In the Same Breath − From the Black Box to the White Cube and Beyond
Authors: Goudouna Sozita
Published: September 2018

This section introduces a critical framework that discusses the interplay and interconnectedness of media and the dynamic tension between theatricality and the visual arts in the spectrum of Beckett's Breath (1969). Argumentation builds upon the investigation of Fried's seminal theory “Art and Objecthood,” (1967) and Beckett's aesthetic theory in the “Three Dialogues with Georges Duthuit”(1949); both discourses are considered in relation to disciplinary or medial entanglements.
Deeptime: Breath and the Look of Non-Art
Authors: Goudouna Sozita
Published: September 2018

The first chapter charts a chronological parallel between Samuel Beckett’s piece Breath (1969), as a representative piece of minimalism in the theatre (one of the shortest stage pieces ever written and staged), and Fried’s writing in 1967 of “Art and Objecthood” in an attempt to formulate a basic framework for thinking about the intersection of critical discourses on theatricality in the visual arts and the theatre, specifically about the notion of anti-theatricalism in the theatre and the modernist anti-theatrical impulse in the visual arts. The chapter demonstrates these claims by juxtaposing Michael Fried's polemics of theatricality and Beckett's anti-theatrical strategies. Samuel Beckett is a playwright who attempted to formulate an art theory and Michael Fried is perceived as a modernist art critic, who has written about the theatre and has criticized theatricality. The focus of this chapter is on how the “Three Dialogues” can be applied to a work like Breath, so as to illuminate specific aspects of the playlet, principally, Beckett's decision to eradicate the text and the human figure, hence, the interest lies in the ways that Beckettian aesthetics translates into practice.
The Durational Turn: Absorption and the Specificity of Temporality
Authors: Goudouna Sozita
Published: September 2018

The second chapter elaborates further on Fried's theory and its negative reception and provides a critical overview of Fried's controversial theory and its ideological ramifications by questioning Fried's high-modernist narrative about the viewing experience of visual art, as either a pure optical experience or as a strong gestalt. The chapter critically examines Fried's binarism between modernist presentness and minimalism's real time by arguing against Fried's claim that the worst aspect of minimalism is the manifestation of unlimited durationality.
Waste of Breath: The Readymade as a Stage Set
Authors: Goudouna Sozita
Published: September 2018

This chapter attempts to further illuminate Breath’s complex relationship between a visual art piece and the theatre by examining Beckett’s choice to fill the stage with scattered and lying rubbish as an effort to escape ‘aesthetisised automatism’, and by arguing that the presence of rubbish is related to Beckett’s ‘anti-aesthetic’ and ‘aesthetics of failure’, as described in his final piece of discursive criticism the ‘Three Dialogues’, that implies the failure to represent (to fail means to fail to represent) and the state of artistic impotence.
Intermedial Breath: Defying the Boundaries between Displaying and Staging
Authors: Goudouna Sozita
Published: September 2018

This chapter focuses on Beckett's media environments and his experimentation with technology in relation to the complex contemporary media culture. Beckett explored some cardinal aspects of technology and wrote texts that deployed media so as to create dramatic effects and simultaneously challenged the limitations of the artistic medium. Breath is intrinsically intermedial given that is operates in-between realities, in-between the boundaries of artistic media, the verbal and the visual, the audible and the scenic, in-between visibility and invisibility, absence and emptiness, embodiment and ambiguity of corporeal experience. Intermediality is examined as a combinatory structure of syntactical elements that come from more than one medium, but are combined into one and are thereby transformed into a new entity
Investigating the Materiality of Respiration in Different Media
Authors: Goudouna Sozita
Published: September 2018

The chapter juxtaposes Beckett's Breath with breath-related artworks by prominent visual artists who investigate the far-reaching potential of the representation of respiration by challenging modernist essentialism. The chapter examines the pneumatic readymades by Duchamp, Beuys, Manzoni, Weseler, Navridis' Difficult Breaths, Gary Hill’s Circular Breathing, Kanarinka It Takes 154,000 Breaths to Evacuate Boston, Lygia Clark's Respire Comigo (Breathe with Me), John Latham’s The Big Breather Project, Gabriel Orozco’s Breath on Piano, Giuseppe Penone’s To Breathe The Shadow, Bill Viola’s Fire, Water, Breath, Marina Abramović’s (With Ulay) Breathing In Breathing Out, VALIE EXPORT’s Breath Text: Love Poem so as to investigate points of intersection (connections, linkages, overlaps) between different artistic media (intermediality) and aims to put on view breath’s intrusive actuality and immediacy into the field of representation, by means of an inquiry into the ways that these different aesthetic practices depict the human respiratory system, as the zone of evaporation that separates formlessness from form and life from inertness.
Conclusion: The Afterlives of Breath: Breathe – Breathe Again … Breathe Better
Authors: Goudouna Sozita
Published: September 2018

The book concludes by focusing on Beckett’s ‘aesthetics of failure’ in his final piece of discursive writing “The Three Dialogues,” and considers the exhaustion of possibilities as a fundamental artistic strategy,  as well as the tension between abstraction and expression, the dilemma of artistic expression and the impossibility of expression in painting. Adding to this, the endnotes encourage multiple perspectives on health, art and life and offer original methods of understanding the role that respiration plays in our sensory, emotional and spiritual life.
Introduction: Identity, Inclusion and Representation
Authors: Thomassen Lasse
Published: September 2018

Using David Cameron’s discourse on Britishness, multiculturalism and Islam as my starting point, the chapter presents the key elements of the book: the scene of British multiculturalism and the core argument about inclusion/exclusion, identity and representation and their interconnection.
Subjects of Equality
Authors: Thomassen Lasse
Published: September 2018

This chapter looks at the concept and practice of equality, and it draws on the works of Ernesto Laclau, Jacques Derrida and Jacques Rancière. It begins with the legal case Mandla from the late 1970s and early 1980s. The decision in that case played a pivotal role in rearticulating the meaning of Sikh, race and ethnicity. As such, it plays an important role in British race relations legislation because it redefined the meaning of ‘race’. The discussion of the case takes the chapter on to a discussion of the debate between the liberal multiculturalist Bhikhu Parekh and the liberal egalitarian Brian Barry. The discussion of Mandla and of the Parekh/Barry debate both show that equality is articulated through identity, which is to say that we need to pay attention to the way identities and categories are represented: ‘Sikh’, ‘race’, ‘human’, and so on. Equality is always connected to particular images – representations – of what it means to be, for instance, a Sikh or a human being. The politics of equality is a politics of representation.
(Not) Just a Piece of Cloth: Recognition and Representation
Authors: Thomassen Lasse
Published: September 2018

This chapter looks at the concept and practice of recognition so often associated with identity politics and multiculturalism. The chapter shows how recognition and representation are mutually implied. Representations must be recognised and taken up in order to have force; and recognition is always recognition of particular representations. I develop this through a detailed discussion of Begum, a legal case from the mid-2000s. The case is particularly useful because, while it concerns recognition and the limits of multiculturalism, the parties to the case all subscribe to the importance of recognition and multiculturalism. The chapter combines a close reading of the case and the debate about it with theoretical reflections on the literature on recognition, including the works of Charles Taylor, Elisabetta Galeotti and Patchen Markell.
Tolerance: Circles of Inclusion and Exclusion
Authors: Thomassen Lasse
Published: September 2018

This chapter on the concept and practice of tolerance makes use of the legal case Begum together with three other cases from the same period: X v Y, Playfoot and Watkins-Singh. The chapter analyses the debates about the cases in two broadsheets: The Guardian and The Telegraph. The cases all concerned the rights of schoolgirls in state schools to wear particular kinds of religious clothing and symbols: two different versions of the hijab, a Christian purity ring, and a Sikh bangle. Examining the way tolerance and difference and identity are articulated across the debates about the four cases, I show how lines of inclusion and exclusion are articulated, existing side by side and competing within the same representational space of British multiculturalism.
Hospitality beyond Good and Bad
Authors: Thomassen Lasse
Published: September 2018

This chapter on the concept and practice of hospitality goes back to the time around the millennium and the first years of the New Labour government. It takes a novel – Nick Hornby’s How to Be Good – as its object of analysis. The chapter is about identity, inclusion and exclusion, but it is more about ‘us’ (White, liberal middle-class, etc.) than about those marked as exotic others, those whom multiculturalism is usually taken to be about. Through an analysis of the novel’s treatment of hospitality and charity, the chapter shows how a certain liberal subjectivity is central to the scene of British multiculturalism. As with equality, recognition and tolerance, hospitality is always caught in a tension between unconditionality and conditionality, between openness and closure. The chapter uses Jacques Derrida’s deconstruction and his work on hospitality and the gift as its theoretical basis.
Rousseau and the Scottish Enlightenment: Connections and Disconnections
Authors: Hulliung Mark
Published: September 2018

The Chapter argues that we should be much more careful about how we draw links between Rousseau and Adam Smith. Neither Smith nor any of the Scots bothered to say anything about Rousseau’s most mature writings; their comments are limited to the relatively early Discourse on Inequality. Smith’s brief remarks in the Letter to the Edinburgh Review are far more attentive to Rousseau’s style of writing than of his argument. When mentioning the Second Discourse, Smith quickly turns to Mandeville. How can we reclaim the scholarship on Smith and Rousseau?
Pursuing Sympathy without Vanity: Interpreting Smith’s Critique of Rousseau through Smith’s Critique of Mandeville
Authors: McHugh John
Published: September 2018

This chapter tries to reconstruct Smith’s philosophical attitude towards Rousseau almost solely on the basis of the TMS passages on Mandeville. The first section fleshes out the position on human nature and human sociality that Smith attributes to both Mandeville and Rousseau. The second section explicates Smith’s explicit response to Mandeville’s version of this position. The third sections attempts to reconstruct a Smithian response to Rousseau on the basis of this response to Mandeville. Invoking Smith’s sympathy-based account of approval, the chapter argues that his disagreement with Rousseau can be understood as centering on the very nature of our concern with winning sympathy from others. The chapter concludes that we should understand the sincere love of virtue, to which Smith appeals in response to Mandeville’s reduction of such motives to vanity, in terms of a non-egocentric way of loving sympathy that Smith would charge Rousseau with overlooking.
Sentimental Conviction: Rousseau’s Apologia and the Impartial Spectator
Authors: Schoene Adam
Published: September 2018

Where Adam Smith’s The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759) extends the domain of spectatorship beyond the ocular realm and claims that we must become the impartial spectators of our own character and conduct, Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s Rousseau juge de Jean-Jacques, Dialogues (1776) also attempts to probe beyond the visual surface to examine through careful study the constitution of another, who is actually himself. This chapter traces a Smithian sentiment in the radical division of the self dramatized in Rousseau’s fictional autobiographical Dialogues, emphasizing Rousseau’s attempt to liberate his own gaze and render an unbiased judgment upon himself. Although Rousseau does not write in direct discourse with Smith, he applies a strikingly similar rhetorical device to the spectator within the dialogic structure of his apologia. Reading Rousseau alongside Smith resituates the Dialogues not as a work of madness, as it has frequently been interpreted, but rather as an unrelenting struggle for justice.