bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Calcium and Boron Deficiencies of the Peanut II. Seed Quality in Relation to Histology and Viability1
Authors: Harris Henry C. , Brolmann John B.
Published: July 2010

The objective of these experiments was to compare internal differences in seed of the ‘Florigiant’ peanut plant (Arachis hypogaea L.) when grown under calcium or boron deficient conditions. Plants were grown in pots filled with soils which were low in available calcium and boron. Lime plus fertilizer, including boron, were applied to the soils to form a series of corrective treatments. The experiments were conducted three years in the greenhouse and a fourth year outside. Boron corrected “hollow‐heart defect” and calcium corrected “dark plumule” the three years the experiments were in the greenhouse. Results for the fourth year were similar, but control was not perfect probably due to leaching by excessive rain during the latter part of the season. Microscopic and histological studies of the seed showed that boron deficiency affected the inside of the cotyledons and sometimes caused the tips of the plumules to be small and pointed. In contrast, calcium deficiency affected the vascular system at the base of the plumules. Sufficient greenhouse‐grown seed were not available for reliable viability versus germination evaluations. Studies of seed grown in the field with and without lime, showed that about 23% of seed with dark plumule germinated, but none were viable by the tetrazolium test.
Influence of Soil Water Potential and Atmospheric Evaporative Demand on Transpiration and the Energy Status of Water in Plants1
Authors: Gavande S. A. , Taylor S. A.
Published: July 2010

Orchardgrass and tomato plants grown in a controlled environment chamber were subjected to varying soil moisture conditions. Constant atmospheric evaporative demand (AED) conditions were maintained by controlling temperature, relative humidity, light intensity, and hours of daylight while plants were carried through one series of soil moisture conditions. Then the AED was controlled at another set of values for a second series. Total plant water potential (ψ), osmotic potential (ψa), and relative turgidity were determined directly. Turgor potential was determined by the differences (ψp ═ ψ – ψa) in leaf sections from plants grown under each set of soil moisture and atmospheric conditions. In addition, transpiration loss rates and soil water potentials (ψs) were measured daily.

The total plant water potential (ψ), the osmotic potential (ψa), turgor potential (ψp), and transpiration losses from the two plant species were influenced by soil water potential (ψs) and AED. The effect was greater on ψa than on either ψ or ψp. The combined effect of AED and ψs was more marked than either effect alone. High AED influenced plant moisture retention and transpiration more than low AED. The influence of the AED was more marked in moist soil (high ψs) than in drier soil.
Light Distribution in Field Soybean Canopies1
Authors: Sakamoto Clarence M. , Shaw Robert H.
Published: July 2010

A study was conducted to determine the pattern of light interception and distribution in a field soybean community. Light interception occurred primarily at the periphery of the canopy. When the open space between rows closed or when it was nearly closed, interception was primarily at the top of the canopy.

The distribution of light through a soybean community could be approximated by an exponential distribution. The slope of the regression of the logarithm of percent light interception of leaf area index (LAI) above the point of light measurement was affected by the morphology of the community.

From the distribution of percent light and cumulative LAI, an estimate of the “effective” LAI was determined. The large amount of self‐shading and predominant interception at the periphery of the canopy indicates that many lower leaves are not receiving adequate radiation. An increase in yield could possibly be achieved by selecting varieties whose natural inclination leads to deeper penetration of useful energy to a greater number of leaves.
Occurrences of Trans‐Aconitate in Range Forage Species1
Authors: Stout P. R. , Brownell J. , Burau R. G.
Published: July 2010

Young plants of 94 separate species collected largely from hypomagnesemia (grass tetany) prone rangelands during late fall, winter, and early spring, have been analyzed for total aconitate. Species containing 1% or more of their dry weight as aconitate have been classed as accumulators. Forty‐seven percent of the grasses and 17% of the nongrass species fell in the high level category. The spread between individual species was very large (0.05 to 12.4%). Of the two aconitate stereoisomers, cis‐aconitate was low in all species whereas trans‐aconitate built up in the accumulators. Levels of trans‐aconitate fell rapidly with the onset of warming spring weather and higher growth rates. Mowings of mixed plant species reflected the aconitate characteristics of accumulator species. Substantial differences in trans‐aconitate levels may occur in roots, stems, and leaves of the same plant.
Tillage and Residue Management Practices for Soybean Production in a Soybean‐Small Grain Rotation1
Authors: Beale O. W. , Langdale G. W.
Published: July 2010

abstract

Management of oat straw residues and tillage practices for soybean production in an oat‐soybean rotation were studied. The effects of tillage practices on soybean yields were not significant. Burning the oat straw before planting soybeans had no significant effect on yields. Fertilization of soybeans after growing the oats did not increase bean yields. Tillage and residue management had no marked influence on soil temperatures and available moisture. Soybean stands were somewhat larger if the oat straw was burned or moved from the seed zone. Properties of the lister‐plant‐tilled and disk‐harrow‐tilled soils were more favorable for soybean growth than those of the turnplow‐tilled soils, although this was not reflected in soybean yields.
Early Growth in Annual and Perennial Ryegrass1
Authors: Barbour Michael
Published: July 2010

Two stages of early growth are described for Lolium temulentum, an annual, and L. perenne, a perennial species of ryegrass. The first stage, from time of sowing to about the ninth day, is one of rapid growth. The second stage, which may be indicative of the rest of the growing season, is one of slower growth in which the annual has a higher photosynthesis and respiration rate, a larger root system, and a lower leaf starch content than does the perennial. Chlorophyll and water content of leaves of the two species are similar. The annual germinates earlier.
Temperature‐Emergence Relations of Cottonseed under Natural Diurnal Fluctuation
Authors: Wanjura D. F. , Hudspeth E. B. , Bilbro J. D.
Published: July 2010

Under field conditions, 103 hours of seed level temperature above 18 C were required for initial emergence of the cotton variety ‘Blightmaster.’ Unfavorable soil moisture, soil texture, and variations in planting depth could affect the emergence index. It should not be significantly affected by regimes with extreme temperatures or by varieties, except cold tolerant types. The minimum soil temperature for producing emergence of cotton seedlings averaged approximately 18 C for the temperature regimes of the study. High correlations exist between initial emergence time and minimum soil temperature or average mean air temperature during the same period. This suggests the possibility of predicting cotton emergence if air or seed level temperatures can be reliably forecast.
Effect of Chloride on Phosphorus Uptake by Corn Roots1
Authors: Carter O. G. , Lathwell D. J.
Published: July 2010

A study was made on the effect of KCl on P uptake by 20‐day‐old corn seedlings grown in water culture and 4‐day‐old excised corn roots grown on 0.2 mM CaSO4 solution. All P solutions were adjusted to pH 4. Those used for excised roots contained 0.2 mM CaSO4 and those used for 20‐day‐old corn seedlings contained 1.2 mM KNO3, 0.8 mM Ca(NO3)2, and 0.4 mM MgSO4. One‐hour absorption periods using concentrations up to 0.l M KCl showed no effect on 32P uptake from 2 to 260 µM KH2PO4 solutions with either type of plant material.
A Comparison of Coastal and Common Bermudagrasses (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) in the Piedmont Region. II. Effect of Fertilization and Crimson Clover (Trifolium incarnatum) on Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium Contents of the Forage1
Authors: Adams William E. , Stelly Matthias , Morris H. D. , Elkins Charles B.
Published: July 2010

Common bermudagrass forage grown with and without crimson clover contained significantly higher percentages of N, P, and K than Coastal bermudagrass forage similarly fertilized. The N content of the grass forage was increased by each increment of N applied, ranging from approximately 1.6% N with no N fertilization to 2.7% N at the 448‐kg/ha N rate. The P and K contents of both grasses were also increased by increasing levels of fertilization.

Harvest date had a pronounced effect on the N. P, and K contents of the grass forage, which peaked at the July harvest.

Coastal bermudagras recovered more nutrients from the soil than common bermudagrass—up to 86% of the applied N, up to 46% of the applied P, and as much as 191% of the applied K. This greater nutrient uptake by Coastal was a result of the higher yields obtained with this grass.

The P and K contents of crimson clover grown in association with the grasses were significantly increased by fertilization. The K content of crimson clover grown with common bermudagrass was significantly higher than that of crimson clover grown with Coastal bermudagrass at most fertility levels.
Sugarcane Yields as Related to Acidity of a Humid Tropic Ultisol1
Authors: Abruña‐Rodríguez Fernando , Vicente‐Chandler José
Published: July 2010

Sugarcane was grown in 40 plots with widely varying pH, base saturation, and exchangeable aluminum contents which resulted from applications of 0 to 45 metric tons of limestone per hectare over a previous 7‐year period while in other crops, receiving a total of 4,180 kg of N, 545 kg of P, and 3,860 kg of K per hectare. Cane yields, sucrose content of the juice, and foliar composition of the leaves were determined. Soil in all plots of this typical ultisol (Cialitos clay) was sampled at end of the experiment.

Cane yields increased with increasing exchangeable base content in the upper 15 cm of soil from less than 25 metric tons per hectare when exchangeable bases dropped below 3 meq to over 100 metric tons when exchangeable bases exceeded 8 meq/100 g of soil (58% base saturation).

Cane yields increased with decreasing exchangeable Al from less than 25 metric tons per hectare when exchangeable A1 exceeded 8 meq to over 100 metric tons per hectare when exchangeable AI was less than 2 meq/100 g of soil. Yields increased sharply with increasing soil pH. Foliar composition and sucrose content of the sugarcane was not affected by the soil factors studied.
Factors in Paraquat‐Induced Chlorosis with Phaseolus Foliar Tissues1
Authors: Barnes Don L. , Lynd J. Q.
Published: July 2010

Bioassay procedures with leaf disks from Phaseolus vulgaris L., Indian bean, were used to determine factors influencing ( 1,1′‐dimethyl‐4,4'bipyridinium) paraquat activity. Relative phytotoxicity was determined by varying herbicide levels from 0 to 1.0 ppm ai with light intensity, temperature and reaction time. Reduction of extractable chlorophyll was closely related to increased paraquat concentrations. Increased time, temperature and light intensity accelerated rate and magnitude of leaf disk chlorosis induced with active paraquat levels.
Storage of Sugarcane Cuttings1
Authors: Broadhead Dempsey M.
Published: July 2010

Experiments were conducted to develop a technique for storing sugarcane (Saccharum officinarium L.) cuttings. Three‐bud cuttings of C.P. 36–111 were stored in a household refrigerator at 3 and 5 C ± 1. The cuttings were enclosed in polyethylene bags (0.05 mm) or left exposed, and they were treated wth various fungicides or left untreated. The fungicides used were Captan (0.36%), mercuric chloride (0.1%), and phenyl mercuric acetate (0.025%). After 1 year of storage, 8% of the buds from cuttings, which had been enclosed in polyethylene bags after treating with phenyl mercuric acetate, grew into shoots. This treatment gave the highest percentage of bud survival. Unbagged cuttings dried out considerably in storage and bud germination was less and at a slower rate than bagged cuttings.
A Simple Rapid Test for Nitrogen Dioxide in Silage Gases1
Authors: Dexter S. T.
Published: July 2010

The presence of nitrogen dioxide, a dangerously poisonous gas sometimes given off in silage fermentation, can be detected by exposure of moistened potassium‐iodide‐starch test papers to the air in the silo, silo‐chute or area. The test paper turns from white to bluish black almost instantly in nitrogen dioxide of moderate concentration and more slowly in very low concentration.
Comparison of Methods for Estimating Cotton Leaf Area1
Authors: Johnson R. E.
Published: July 2010

The squared length of the main vein to the right of the central vein X factor was found to be the most precise of four methods employing linear measurements to estimate cotton leaf area. Due to the undulatory surface of cotton leaves, area was found to be underestimated by 5% when planimeter readings were taken of leaf margins. Leaf discs served well as reference area for determining area by the dry‐weight method provided both vein and interveinal tissue were sampled.
Sulfur Content and Yield of Alfalfa in Relation to Plant Nitrogen and Sulfur Fertilization1
Authors: Sorensen R. C. , Penas E. J. , Alexander U. U.
Published: July 2010

Nitrogen and S percentages or yields or all of these were determined for alfalfa grown in two areas of Nebraska where soil and environmental conditions are markedly different. The much higher critical concentrations of S found in forage grown on sandy soils of northeast Nebraska than the commonly accepted value of 0.22% were attributed to effects of drouth. N and S contents were closely related in alfalfa grown with and without applied S both on drouthy sandy soils and on a highly fertile soil with natural subirrigation. The curve relating N and S percentages in alfalfa grown on soils where S was applied was essentially parallel to that for soils where S deficiency was not a problem. N concentrations increased with yield increase to applied S.
A Refractometric Method for Testing Seed Coat Permeability1
Authors: Morris J. I. , Campbell W. F. , Wiebe H. H.
Published: July 2010

Utilizing the refractometric method (3) to measure water flow by the resulting changes in concentration of a sucrose solution, we have designed an apparatus and procedure to measure the rate of water movement through seed coats of snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris, L.). The degree of accuracy obtainable in reading the sucrose concentration on the refractometric scale was ± 0.05%. Using 0.2 ml of solution, it was thus possible to detect the movement of 0.4 mm3 of water across the seed coat membrane.

Permeability of the seed coats ranged from 0.78 mg/mm2/hr for the least permeable to 1.82 mg/mm2/hr for the most permeable of the 11 varieties tested. With one exception, the white‐seeded beans were more permeable than the dark‐seeded ones.
Differences in Chemical Composition of Plant Sample Fractions Resulting from Grinding and Screening1
Authors: Smith J. H. , Carter D. L. , Brown M. J. , Douglas C. L.
Published: July 2010

Alfalfa, barley straw, corn leaves, peas, red clover, and wheat straw samples were ground in a Wiley mill and screened to separate particle sizes. Particle size samples were analyzed for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Se, and SiO2 The percentage composition of N, P, Ca, Mg, and Si02 generally increased with decreasing particle sizes of three wheat straw varieties, one baled and one hand‐cut sample each of barley straw and alfalfa, corn leaves, red clover, and peas. The K concentrations were unpredictable. Selenium tended to be more concentrated in the smaller than in larger particles. The variability in chemical composition because of particle sizes points out the necessity for adequate sample grinding and mixing for obtaining representative subsamples for chemical analyses and biological experiments.
Effect of Environmental Conditions on the Growth of Four Perennial Grasses. II. Response to Fertility, Water, and Temperature1
Authors: Baker Barton S. , Jung G. A.
Published: July 2010

Timothy (Phleum pratense L.), bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) were grown at four locations in West Virginia with and without supplemental water and at three levels of fertility during August of 1964 and 1965. The dry weight of top growth produced at each location depended upon species, moisture, fertility, temperature, and combinations of these factors. The addition of either water or fertilizer alone often did not significantly increase yields, but a combination of these two factors usually increased yields. When the moisture supply was low and temperatures high, the addition of fertilizer decreased yields.

The location where the most top growth was produced, when no supplemental water was added, was usually the location receiving the most precipitation. When supplemental water was added, the most favorable location depended upon the temperature. All species except bromegrass produced high yields at the location having the coolest temperatures, whereas bromegrass often produced its lowest yields under these conditions. A temperature of −0.6 C was detrimental to timothy as well as bromegrass.

The level of food reserves as indicated by etiolated growth was greatly affected by temperature and moisture. As the maximum temperature increased, the level of reserves decreased. The response due to supplemental water was highly dependent upon natural precipitation.

The top growth and etiolated growth produced under natural climates were compared with that produced under controlled climates. A discussion of trends and limitations of such comparisons is given.
Effect of Fertilizer Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium and Magnesium on Yield and Nutrent Content of Okra (Hibiscus esculentus L.)1
Authors: Ahmad N. , Tulloch‐Reid L. I.
Published: July 2010

Response of okra (Hibiscus esculentus L.) to N (0–336 kg/ha), P (0–280 kg/ha), K (0–280 kg/ha), and Mg (0–112 kg/ha) fertilization on River Estate Loam, Trinidad, was investigated. Best yields were obtained with 112 kg/ha N, 168 kg/ha P, 280 kg/ha K, and 112 kg/ha Mg. The effect on leaf composition of N, P, K, and Mg at three stages of growth of the crop and the amount of these nutrients removed in the fruit was studied. Levels of N in the leaf decreased rapidly with age and for rates above 224 kg/ha followed a similar pattern as the control. For 112‐ and 168‐kg/ha applications, high tissue N was maintained to the fruiting stage. N removed in the fruit increased with N and K applications but was adversely affected by P and Mg.

P content in the leaf was not affected by fertilization at flowering and senescence but at fruiting the levels increased. P applications did not increase yield of dry matter or removal of N, K, Ca and Mg in the fruit. At flowering, tissue K was highest and showed response to fertilizers. With age of crop K decreased and effect of fertilizers disappeared. K removal in the fruit was favored by N.

High tissue Mg as a response to fertilization was maintained to fruiting but decreased afterwards. Mg lowered the removal of N but increased P in the fruit.
Inclined Point Quadrat Estimation of Species Contributions to Pasture Dry Matter Production1
Authors: Olusuyi Samuel A. , Raguse Charles A.
Published: July 2010

An inclined point quadrat method was successfully used to determine proportional dry matter contributions of four perennial pasture forage species in a mixed sward. An increase in accuracy was achieved when more than one point was recorded for each needle probe.
Variations in Protein Levels in Grain Sorghum Grown in the Southwest Desert
Authors: Worker George F. , Ruckman Joseph
Published: July 2010

Crude protein content of grain sorghum was determined in six varieties and 35 hybrids grown in the southwestern desert area of the United States. These samples represent production from April and July plantings during the period 1961 through 1966. Average protein content of grain produced from April plantings was 10.12% as compared with 14.82% from July plantings. The protein content of all cultivars was higher from July plantings than from April plantings and also vary more from year to year. Variations ranged from 8.54% to 21.53% crude protein, depending on cultivar, year, and planting date. Protein levels showed a high degree of positive correlation with seed size and air temperature and a negative relationship with yield.
Evapotranspiration‐Climate Relations for Several Crops in the Central Great Plains1
Authors: Hanks R. J. , Gardner H. R. , Florian R. L.
Published: July 2010

Under dryland conditions after periods of substantial rains, evapotranspiration from oats, winter wheat, and native grass was as high as 2.0, 1.5. and 1.0 times the evaporation from a BPI pan. During periods of similar water availability, the ratio of ET to E pan for sudangrass was similar to that for native grass, whereas the ratio for sorghum and millet was about the same as that for wheat.
Ionic Balance and Corn Growth in a Port Byron Soil1
Authors: Blanchar R. W. , Hossner L. R.
Published: July 2010

Corn (Zea mays) was grown on a Port Byron soil treated with either NH+4—N or NO−a—N and various rates of CaCl2·2H2O. The corn tissue was analyzed for Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, N, P, S, Cl, and NO−a—N. Equilibrium extracts of the soil were analyzed for Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, and electrical conductivity.

The organic anion content of corn was determined as the difference between inorganic cations and anions. The organic anion content varied from 252 to 751 µeq/g plant due to changes in N fertilizer and CaCl2·2H2O addition. The growth of corn was not related to organic anion content.

Plant weight was inversely proportional to the negative logarithm of the ionic strength of the soil solution.

Fertilization with NH+4—N resulted in an increased SO=4 content of the plant in the absence of CaCl2·2H2O.

Calcium content of the plant was a linear function of pCa in the soil solution. Magnesium and potassium contents of the plant tissue were related to the functions pMg—0.5pU and pK‐pU of the soil solution, respectively.
Detection of Iron Ethylenediamine Di(O‐Hydroxyphenylacetate) in Plant Tissue1
Authors: Jeffreys R. A. , Wallace A.
Published: July 2010

A method was developed for the extraction of iron ethylenediamine di(ο‐hydroxyphenylacetate) (FeEDDHA) from plant tissue and the technique was used to study the absorption of FeEDDHA by plants. A published method for the extraction of FeEDDHA was modified in an attempt to eliminate plant components which interfered with the spectrophotometric determination of the iron chelate. The method which was developed involves the use of lead acetate and ammonium sulfate to precipitate interfering substances. The FeEDDHA is then extracted into η‐amyl alcohol.

Tobacco plants were exposed to FeEDDHA at various concentrations and for various periods of time. The leaves of the plants were subsequently analyzed to determine whether they contained detectable amounts of the intact iron chelate. The results suggested that FeEDDHA accumulated in the leaves of plants which had been grown on the high levels of the iron chelate or which had been grown on FeEDDHA for long periods of time.
Soil Water Flux below a Ryegrass Root Zone1
Authors: LaRue M. E. , Nielsen D. R. , Hagan R. M.
Published: July 2010

The net water flux below the root zone of a rye grass crop was measured in the field for plots receiving equal total quantities of irrigation water but applied in unequal amounts at different frequencies. Hydraulic conductivity values calculated from field‐measured soilwater potential gradients and laboratory‐measured soilwater characteristics were used to compute the soilwater flux. The amount of water moving into or out of the root zone was influenced by the irrigation frequency. The nature of the hydraulics of a natural field soil, its variability in space, and its implications for the interpretation of soil‐water depletion data are also provided.
A New Laboratory Seed Blower with Continuous Operation
Authors: Hardin E. E. , Mikkelson B. G. , Grisez J. P.
Published: July 2010

A newly designed laboratory model seed blower has value as a research tool to crop specialists where material can be separated by air separation. The unique feature of this blower is the continuous seed flow into the air stream allowing large quantities of seed to be cleaned uninterrupted.
Differential Response of Timothy Varieties to Captain1
Authors: Nittler L. W. , Kenney T. J.
Published: July 2010

Seedlings of seven cultivars of timothy, Phleum pratense L., were grown in soil to which captan, N−[(trichloromethyl) thio]−4−cyclohexene−l,2−dicarboximide, was applied as a drench immediately after the seeds were planted. Stunted plants occurred in all varieties, but the number differed significantly among varieties. ‘Climax’ had the fewest and ‘Heidemij’ had the most. Effect of captan was much greater when applied as a surface drench than when mixed with the soil before planting. Excessive watering resulted in more stunted plants than light watering.
Influence of Boron, Nitrogen, and Potassium on Yield, Nutrient Uptake, and Abnormalities of Cotton
Authors: Miley Woody N. , Hardy Glenn W. , Sturgis M. B. , Sedberry Joe E.
Published: July 2010

A field experiment was conducted on Beulah sandy loam to determine the influence of applications of B, N, and K on the yield, nutrient concentrations, and occurrence of growth abnormalities in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). Symptoms indicative of B deficiency had been observed on the site the previous year. Applied B increased yield only when N was applied. Applied N increased yield only in the presence of applied B. Potassium fertilization had no effect on yield. Generally the B concentration in the plant tissue was increased by applied B, decreased by applied N, and not affected by applied K. At the early boll and medium boll stages of maturity, applied B decreased the percent total N in the leaf petioles but had no effect on that in the leaf blades. At the early square stage, applied B decreased the percent total N in the petioles when N was applied but had no effect on N concentration when no N was added. At two of three stages of maturity, applied B decreased the occurrence of ringed petioles, an abnormality considered to be a symptom of B deficiency. Applied N generally increased the occurrence of ringed petioles. At the early square stage, applied K, in the absence of applied B, increased the occurrence of ringed petioles but had no effect on the presence of rings when B was added.
Seasonal Relationships between Nitrogen Nutrition and Soluble Carbohydrates in the Leaves of Agrostis palustris Huds., and Poa pratemis L.1
Authors: Green David G. , Beard James B.
Published: July 2010

Swards of ‘Toronto’ creeping bentgrass ,Agrostic palustris Huds.) and two cultivars of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), ‘common’ and ‘Merion,’ were fertilized at rates of 0,146, 292, 438, and 584 kg of nitrogen/ha (o, 3, 6, 9, and 12 lb nitrogen/1,0002 ft) per season. The concentrations of five carbohydrates were determined throughout the growing season from leaf tissue of grass plants subjected to these nitrogen (N) treatments. The oligosaccharides, particularly those of higher molecular weight than sucrose, were the sugars most responsive to the N treatments. Oligosaccharides decreased in concentration with increased N treatment. The N treatments did not produce concentraion differenials in the di‐ and monosaccharides. Treatments providing more than 73 kg N/ha (1 ½ lb soluble N/1,0002 ft) per application resulted in equivalent carbohydrate concentrations In the leaf tissue.
Fall Chiseling for Annual Cropping of Spring Wheat in the Intermountain Dryland Region1
Authors: Massee T. W. , Siddoway F. H.
Published: July 2010

Comparisons were made among annual cropping, annual cropping with fall chiseling, and a spring wheatfallow rotation with chiseling after harvest under a climate with near uniform monthly precipitation of 2.5 cm. Because cropping season precipitation averaged only 9.1 cm, soil water storage before planting was necessary to ensure crop production. “Annually cropped” plots averaged 15.0 cm stored available water per 180‐cm depth at planting, whereas “annually cropped‐fall chiseled,” and “cropped‐fall chiseled‐fallowed” plots averaged 21.3 and 22.9 cm, respectively.

Soil water storage from the spring of the summerfallow year until the spring of the crop year was dependent upon the previous over‐winter storage (r2 = 0.65). When this initial storage was less than 23.9 cm per 180‐cm depth, water in storage was increased by summer‐fallowing. However when the initial storage exceeded 23.9 cm, summer‐fallowing resulted in a soil water loss. As crop yields were dependent on soil water storage at planting time (r2 = 0.68), it was possible to estimate in the spring what yields would be with annual cropping, and also what extra water might be stored by fallowing as an alternative practice.

Nonfertilized, “annually cropped” and “annually cropped‐fall chiseled” plots contained approximately the same amount of soil NO3‐N at planting, but only the chiseled plots with their extra stored water produced a yield response from fertilizer N. In comparison, non‐fertilized fallowed plots con tamed 1½ times as much NO3‐N, and no yield response was obtained with fertilizer N.
Uptake and Translocation of Substituted Aniline Herbicides in Peanut Seedlings1
Authors: Ketchersid M. L. , Boswell T. E. , Merkle M. G.
Published: July 2010

Acropetal and basipetal movement of trifluralin was observed in peanut seedlings. Absorption of trifluralin was greater when seedlings were germinated in untreated soil and transplanted into treated soil than when germinated in treated soil. Translocation decreased as the age of the seedling increased. Basipetal movement of trifluralin was greater than that of benefin or nitralin. Trifluralin accumulated in the cotyledons of the seedling rather than in the growing points. Herbicidal concentrations were determined with a gas chromatograph equipped with an electron‐capture detector.
Phosphorus Fertilization of Hops1
Authors: Boawn Louis C. , Rasmussen Paul E.
Published: July 2010

Hops were grown on field plots treated with five levels of phosphorus fertilization to determine the effect of P on vine growth, cone quality, and zinc nutrition. A maximum P treatment of 1,344 kg/ha, applied over a 5‐year period, increased the extractable P level of the surface 20 cm of soil from 10 ppm to approximately 100 ppm. The P level in leaves and cones from this treatment was increased by approximately 0.10 to 0.15% P as compared with the no‐P treatment. Increased levels of P had no observable effect on vine color and vigor or on total growth as determined by vine green weight. The critical level for P in sidearm leaves at early bloom was indicated to be below 0.25%.

The alpha acid content of cones decreased where P fertilization exceeded approximately 500 kg/ha. However, this decrease was poorly correlated with the P content of leaves, indicating the lack of a direct causal relationship.

The P treatments caused a definite reduction in the Zn concentration in leaf and cone tissues, but did not induce observable Zn deficiency symptoms.
Atriplex polycarpa: I. Germination and Growth as Affected by Sodium Chloride in Water Cultures1
Authors: Chatterton N. Jerry , McKell Cyrus M.
Published: July 2010

Atriplex polycarpa (Torr.) S. Wats. (desert saltbush) seed was found to have the same general range of salt tolerance during germination as the Australian saltbushes. Germination was severely reduced by solutions having osmotic potentials of —4.2 atmospheres or less. Growth of established seedlings, although reduced, was not inhibited by solutions having osmotic potentials of —25 atmospheres. Dry weight of plants in a given NaCl solution varied among populations indicating some populations are more salt tolerant than others. Root growth was somewhat correlated to top growth, however, salt restricted top growth more than root growth resulting in increased root/top ratios as the level of salinity increased. Only the highest concentration of NaCl used reduced 0root length. There was no correlation between percent moisture in top growth of desert saltbush and the osmotic potential of the water culture. Desert saltbush was found to be extremely tolerant of NaCl when grown under the conditions of this study.
Effects of Windrow Curing vs. Quick Drying on Post‐Harvest Development of Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) Seeds1
Authors: Rampton H. H. , Lee W. O.
Published: July 2010

During 2 years we harvested orchardgrass seed on the culms at different stages of maturity and cured it by two methods, viz., in windrows in the field and in a crop dryer at 35C. We used measurements of 1,000‐seed weight to determine if seeds continued to increase in weight after cutting while curing in the windrow. Weight of 1,000 seeds did not increase while curing in the windrow. Continued respiratory activity in the windrow before the seeds became dry may have caused loss of dry matter.

Windrow‐cured seeds were superior in germination to dryer‐cured seeds at all stages of maturity.
Seedling Growth of Grasses and Forbs under Various Incandescent‐Fluorescent Wattage Ratios
Authors: McDonough Walter T. , Brown Ray W.
Published: July 2010

Seedlings of Agastache urticifolia (Benth.) Kuntze, Agropyron intermedium (Host) Beauv., Bromus inermis Leyss., and Coronilla varia L. were grown for 8 weeks in growth chambers under incandescent‐fluorescent wattage ratios of 0.0, 0.16, 0.31, and 0.47. Growth, as indicated by stem length and dry weight of shoots and roots, was not significantly greater under incandescent and fluorescent lamps than under fluorescent lamps alone.
Mineral Composition of Horseradish (Armoracia rusticana)1
Authors: Peck T. R. , Courier J. W. , Rhodes A. M. , Walker W. M.
Published: July 2010

Leaf blades and petioles of six horseradish cultivars were sampled at two stages of growth and analyzed for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S. Mn, Fe, Zn, B, Cu, and Na composition. Based on these data, sampling of leaf blades at the fern‐leaf stage are recommended for the purpose of using plant analysis to monitor a soil fertility program for production of horseradish. Nutrient concentrations of this plant part at this growth stage showed the cultivars ranged from 2.01 to 2.98% N, 0.20 to 0.32% P, 2.40 to 3.78% K, 2.41 to 2.94% Ca, 0.26 to 0.31% Mg, 0.62 to 1.16% S, 127 to 230 ppm Mn, 56 to 145 ppm Fe, 44 to 65 ppm Zn, 42 to 66 ppm B, 10 to 12 ppm Cu, 269 to 390 ppm Na, and marketable yields ranged from 3,091 to 9,520 kg/ha.
In Vivo Nylon Bag vs. Two‐Stage In Vitro Digestion: Comparison of Two Techniques for Estimating Dry‐Matter Digestibility of Forages1
Authors: Manson W. G. , Lowrey R. S. , Forbes Ian
Published: July 2010

In vivo nylon bag and two‐stage in vitro, digestion techniques were used to estimate dry‐matter digestibility of 159 forage samples involving Coastal bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L. Pers.), Pensacola bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge), pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides (Burm.) Stapf and C.E. Hubb.), blue lupine (Lupinus angustifolius L.), Desmodium uncinatum, and Dolichos lablab L. A highly significant correlation (r = .81, P < .01) was obtained between the two methods with all forages. The stem component of the pearl millet samples gave the lowest correlation between methods. Either method, when properly used, can be of valuable assistance in evaluating the quality of large numbers of forage samples.
Irrigated Wheat on a Calcareous Soil as Affected by Application of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, and Zinc: II. Analysis of the Young Plant in Relation to Yield1
Authors: Fuehring H. D.
Published: July 2010

The base of the plant was suitable for diagnosis of N, P, K, Zn, and Mn nutrition of wheat at the three‐leaf stage. The critical level of nitrate‐N was 2,300 ppm, and 2,800 ppm or more appeared to be excessive. Desirable levels of P and Zn were related to the amount of tillering needed to produce the optimum number of heads for the potential yield. At a normal seeding rate, excess P and Zn resulted in overstimulation of tillering and reduced yields. Where low seeding rates are desirable as with expensive hybrid wheats, application of P and Zn at or just prior to the tillering stage in the right amounts as determined from plant analysis may be one means of compensating for the low initial plant population.
Chemical Composition and Nutritive Value of Four Grass Hays and Their Component Parts1
Authors: Krueger C. R. , Hamilton R. I. , Scholl J. M. , Baumgardt B. R.
Published: July 2010

Astract

Four first‐growth forages, ‘Sterling’ orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), ‘Canada common’ and ‘Sac’ smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), and ‘Climax’ timothy (Phleum pratense L.) were harvested at approximately 50% inflorescence emergence, artificially dried, and fed to dairy goats in total collection digestion trials.

Canada common and Sac bromegrass and Climax timothy were separated into headed and nonheaded tillers. Headed tillers were fractionated into an inflorescence portion and by internode into leaf blade, leaf sheath, and stem portions. Nonheaded tillers were divided into leaf blade, leaf sheath, and stem fractions.

Sterling orchardgrass was higher than Canada common and Sac bromegrass in the apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, and acid‐detergent fiber; however, there was no difference in dry matter intake. Digestibilities of the two bromegrass varieties were not different. Climax timothy was lowest in digestibility and intake.

Top portions of the headed tillers were lower in acid‐detergent fiber and lignin and higher in Kjeldahl nitrogen and in vitro dry matter digestibility than their corresponding basal fractions. Leaf blade, leaf sheath, and stem portions of Canada common bromegrass were generally highest in Kjeldahl nitrogen and in vitro dry matter digestibility and lowest in acid‐detergent fiber and lignin. Sac bromegrass components were intermediate and Climax timothy fractions were lowest in quality. Leaf blades of both headed and nonheaded tillers were generally lowest in acid‐detergent fiber and lignin and highest in Kjeldahl nitrogen and in vitro dry matter digestibility. The reverse was true of the leaf sheaths, while the stems were intermediate.
Mechanism of the Differential Response of Wf9 and Oh40B Corn Seedlings to Iron Nutrition1
Authors: Odurukwe S. O. , Maynard D. N.
Published: July 2010

The mechanism of differential response of corn (Zea muys L.) inbred lines, Oh40B and Wf9, to Fe nutrition was studied in sand and water cultures in a greenhouse. Oh40B was inefficient while Wf9 was nutritionally efficient with respect to utilization of Fe. Wf9 had a higher concentration of Fe in the tissues than Oh40B at several roncentrations of Fe in the nutrient medium, but the difference was not sufficient to account for the observed differences in chlorosis.

In experiment testing the effects of Fe with other ions, Oh40B seedlings accumulated more P and Mn and showed more chlorosis than Wf9. Fe toxicity symptoms were induced in Wf9 and not in Oh40B cultured at high levels of Fe. It is concluded that Oh40B is more susceptible to chlorosis in the seedling stage than Wf9 because of its low Fe:P and Fe:Mn ratios and consequently lower amounts of available Fe. Conversely Wf9 is more prone to Fe toxicity because of its greater concentration of available Fe in the tissues, as indicated by the higher Fe:P and Fe:Mn ratios. Oh40B recovered from chlorosis at tasseling with a concomitant decrease in P and Mn concentrations.
Rootzone Salt Profiles and Alfalfa Growth as Influenced by Irrigation Water Salinity and Leaching Fraction1
Authors: Bower C. A. , Ogata G. , Tucker J. M.
Published: July 2010

Alfalfa was grown in lysimeters under 12 duplicated irrigation water and leaching fraction treatments to determine the steady‐state salt profiles that developed and to relate the salt profiles to yield. At constant salinity of the irrigation water, soil salinity was minimum and the same at the soil surface irrespective of leaching fraction but increased more with depth as the leaching fraction decreased. In spite of marked differences in distribution of soil salinity, yield was highly related to the average salinity of the rootzone with the electrical conductivity of soil‐saturation‐extract values associated with 10 and 50% yield decreases being 5 and 11 mmho/ cm, respectively. Initial increments of leaching were the most effective in preventing soil‐salt accumulations. for irrigation waters having electrical conductivities of 2 and 4 mmho/cm, leaching fractions of .13 and .29, respectively, prevented yield decreases of more than 10%.
A Vetch Producing Both Subterranean and Aerial Seeds
Authors: Durlu Nazim , Cornelius Donald R.
Published: July 2010

Legumes are needed in the grain rotation of the central Anatolia region of Turkey and in other areas. Therefore, it was necessary to find a legume tolerant of the severe climatic conditions in this region. Vicia sativa subsp. amphicarpa, a native plant in this region, produces both subterranean and aerial seeds. This characteristic of producing subterranean seeds enhances persistence under severe cold or drought conditions and under heavy grazing.
Effects of Morphological Characteristics Upon Seed Yield in Soybeans1
Authors: Hartwig Edgar E. , Edwards Calton J.
Published: July 2010

We measured the effect of several morphological characters upon seed yield in soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) by transferring each of the characters into a common background by a backcrossing program. Morphological characters studied were small seed, large seed, low number of seeds per pod, high number of seeds per pod, indeterminate growth, glabrousness, curly pubescence, dense pubescence, and narrow leaves. The effects of flower color and pubescence color were also studied. The only characters that influenced yield were indeterminate growth and glabrousness. We considered the lower yield for the indeterminate growth type to be the result of increased lodging and the lower yield of the glabrous line to be the result of early season injury by the potato leaf hopper (Empoasca fabae (Harris)).
Establishment of Perennial Forages I. Subsequent Yields1
Authors: Buxton D. R. , Wedin W. F.
Published: July 2010

The effects of five establishment methods on subsequent yields of six perennial forages were studied in two similar experiments. The methods of establishment used were a check with natural weed growth, two oat companions (Avena sativa L. and A. byzantina L.) with contrasting canopies, hand weeding until mid‐July, and planting in mid‐August after a crop of oats was removed.

Percentage of incident solar radiation was significantly greater under the oat companion with the less‐dense canopy when weed competition was light. Conversely, with severe weed competition, significantly less radiation was observed under the same companion because of greater weed growth. Yields of forages established with the two companions did not differ significantly the year following seeding.

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) stands were less sensitive to interspecies competition than were crownvetch (Coronilla varia L.) and birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) stands. Inverse relationships existed between interspecies competition and tiller densities of smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss), reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.), and orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.). With adequate moisture and fertility, treatments resulting in low tiller densities showed a rapid recovery by the second harvest of the year after seeding.

Summer sowing of alfalfa and the three grass species in dry summers resulted in greater yields from three harvests taken the following year than were obtained when these species were planted in mid‐April, weeded until mid‐July, and then harvested twice in the seeding year. During the first 2 years, increased production resulting from weeding normally would not have compensated for yield of the companion crop. Harvesting both the companion crop and undersown species .for forage at an early stage would very likely result in greatest total production.
Inexpensive Seed Cleaner with Dust Collector1
Authors: Haghiri F. , Snyder H. W.
Published: July 2010

The design and operation of an inexpensive seed cleaner for cereal crops are described.
Phosphorus Availability on Two Soils as Determined by Several Methods1
Authors: Griffin G. F. , Lorton R. E.
Published: July 2010

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) was grown in the greenhouse on two Connecticut soils. Different residual P levels were established in the soils prior to seeding.

The effectiveness of five soil testing procedures (Morgan, modified Morgan, modified Morgan plus fluoride, North Carolina, and Bray No. 1) in measuring P availability and predicting alfalfa yield was determined. When both soils were considered together, the Morgan and modified Morgan methods predicted P availability (as measured by P uptake) more reliably than the other three extractants. There were no differences among the five methods in measuring P availability when the soils were considered separately.

The Morgan and modified Morgan procedures predicted yield from the first cutting more reliably than the other methods when both soils were considered together. The five extractants were equally effective in predicting total yield (two cuttings) when the soils were considered together or individually.

Changes in Morgan and North Carolina‐extractable P effected by cropping correlated more highly with total P uptake from both soils than did changes in extractable P measured by the three other procedures. Phosphorus uptake from one of the soils was highly correlated (r = .92) with the log of the change in North Carolina‐extractable P.
Effects of Some Triazines on Corn and Bean Plants Grown on Natural and Amended Soils
Authors: Wallace A. , Mueller R. T. , El Gazzar A. M.
Published: July 2010

Phytotoxic effects of some triazines were studied for corn grown on soil amended to be acid, neutral, or calcareous. One of the triazines (prometryne) was more phytotoxic than others to corn on calcareous soil. Atrazinc was not toxic to corn on any of the soils at commercial application rates although it was mildly toxic in nutrient solution and in soil at high application rates. Somewhat more C14‐atrazine was absorbed by corn from calcareous soil than from noucalcareous soil and more from solution at high pH than at low pH. Bush beans, for which atrazine is toxic, contained no more C14 from a C14‐atrazine application than did corn. Toxicity to corn with atrazine in solution culture was increased rather than decreased by a decreased Ca level. Fe and Zn chelates did not overcome any of the phytotoxicities.