bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Beyond opening up the black box: Investigating the role of algorithmic systems in Wikipedian organizational culture
Authors: Geiger R. Stuart
Published: July 2018

Scholars and practitioners across domains are increasingly concerned with algorithmic transparency and opacity, interrogating the values and assumptions embedded in automated, black-boxed systems, particularly in user-generated content platforms. I report from an ethnography of infrastructure in Wikipedia to discuss an often understudied aspect of this topic: the local, contextual, learned expertise involved in participating in a highly automated social–technical environment. Today, the organizational culture of Wikipedia is deeply intertwined with various data-driven algorithmic systems, which Wikipedians rely on to help manage and govern the “anyone can edit” encyclopedia at a massive scale. These bots, scripts, tools, plugins, and dashboards make Wikipedia more efficient for those who know how to work with them, but like all organizational culture, newcomers must learn them if they want to fully participate. I illustrate how cultural and organizational expertise is enacted around algorithmic agents by discussing two autoethnographic vignettes, which relate my personal experience as a veteran in Wikipedia. I present thick descriptions of how governance and gatekeeping practices are articulated through and in alignment with these automated infrastructures. Over the past 15 years, Wikipedian veterans and administrators have made specific decisions to support administrative and editorial workflows with automation in particular ways and not others. I use these cases of Wikipedia’s bot-supported bureaucracy to discuss several issues in the fields of critical algorithms studies; critical data studies; and fairness, accountability, and transparency in machine learning—most principally arguing that scholarship and practice must go beyond trying to “open up the black box” of such systems and also examine sociocultural processes like newcomer socialization.
Types of Inferences in Discourse
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Suvorova Elena V. , Polyakova Liliya S.
Published: July 2018

In all the diversity and manifold researches of inference its nature remains unrevealed, as there is a lack of the uniform basis of the inference occurrences. It is mainly connected with the non-homogeneity of the inference action and a huge spectrum of its occurrence in language and speech. The study focuses on the search for the universal and relative to the nature of inference criteria of the classification of inferences in language and speech to penetrate deep into the essence of the discussed phenomenon. In this regard, the paper presents an analysis and discussion of the existing inference classifications on the basis of such criteria as functionality, a vector of action, a level of cognitive procession, inferential relations, etc. The aim of the analysis is to compare the current classifications of inferences, to make a conclusion about possible vectors of the inference actions in language and speech and to find out the universal, cognitive foundation underlying inference occurrences. Taking into account the nature of inference as a way of human thinking, the types of inferences are identified according to such mental operations as comparison, filling in (framing), integration, elimination, deduction, induction on the material of various linguistic resources (texts, utterances, dialogues). The proposed classification requires further consideration on the basis of a broader linguistic material (various types of discourse, utterances involving polysemantic words or phraseological units; the study of nomination processes of complex linguistic units like idioms, derived verbs, compound nouns) and can be modified and complemented.
Bolsa Família Program and school enrolment: An analysis of the 2010 Brazilian demographic census
Authors: Amaral Ernesto F. L. , Gonçalves Guilherme Quaresma
Published: July 2018

Title in Spanish: Programa Bolsa Familia y frecuencia escolar: Un análisis con el censo demográfico de Brasil de 2010Abstract: The Bolsa Família Program goal is to promote social development and poverty reduction, through the direct transfer of conditional cash, in association with other social programs. This study aims to analyze whether Bolsa Família had an association with children’s school attendance, which is one of the educational conditions of the program. Our main hypothesis is that children living in households receiving Bolsa Família had greater chances of attending school. Data from the Ministry of Social Development and Combating Famine indicated that children living in households with Bolsa Família had greater school enrolment levels. By using data from the 2010 Demographic Census, collected by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), some descriptive analyzes and binary logistic regression models were performed for different thresholds of household per capita income. These estimates were made by comparing children who lived in households receiving Bolsa Família to those children not receiving the program. We took into consideration characteristics about the household, mothers, and children. The results were clustered by the municipality of residence of the child. In all income thresholds, children benefiting from Bolsa Família were more likely to be enrolled in school, compared to children not receiving the benefit.Resumen: El Programa Bolsa Familia tiene el objetivo de promover el desarrollo social y el alivio de la pobreza a través de la transferencia directa de ingresos, en combinación con otros programas sociales. Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar si el programa Bolsa Familia ha tenido una correlación con la escolarización de los niños de las familias perceptoras de las ayudas, que es una de las condiciones del programa. La hipótesis principal es que el niño residente en hogares beneficiados por el programa Bolsa Familia tiene más posibilidades de asistir a la escuela. Los datos del Ministerio de Desarrollo Social y de Lucha contra el Hambre corroboran esta hipótesis. Utilizando los microdatos del Censo de 2010 recogidos por el Instituto Brasileño de Geografía y Estadística (IBGE), en esta investigación se han realizado análisis descriptivos y modelos de regresión logística binaria para diferentes límites de ingreso per cápita del hogar. Estas estimaciones se han llevado a cabo mediante la comparación de los niños que formaban parte de los hogares beneficiarios y los que no eran beneficiarios del programa Bolsa Familia. Se han tenido en cuenta las características del hogar, de la madre y del niño. Los resultados han sido ponderados de acuerdo con el municipio de residencia del niño. En todos los límites de ingresos, los niños beneficiarios del programa eran más propensos a estar escolarizados, en comparación con los niños no beneficiarios del programa Bolsa Familia.
Historical and Social Background of English Name Giving Process
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Zerkina Natalya N. , Mikhailov Vladimir V. , Lukina Oksana A.
Published: July 2018

The article focuses on historical and social background of English name giving process. Proper names are considered as a leading group of onomastic units due to its extra linguistic component and direct connection with a human being. The processes of globalisation influence on all spheres of life and name giving process is not an exception. Challenges of nomination are explained in the article. The actuality of the paper is defined by the authors’ point of view who cling to the idea that in modern globalized world only a proper name could be an only identifier of the national and confessional identity of an individual. Historical milestones that impact on name giving process are mentioned and social factors which influence name giving process are classified and described. Proper names have passed a long evolutionary way from a word – the identifier of a person among similar to legally significant sign of a linguistic personality, a register component which defines a social status and position of the individual in society. The research is relevant in the linguistic, social, national and cognitive aspects, as it demonstrates an interaction between language and society. At the modern stage of the English anthroponymics progress, the researchers described social factors influencing name giving process.
A Spirit of Urban Capitalism: Market Cities, People Cities, and Cultural Justifications
Authors: Smiley Kevin T. , Emerson Michael Oluf
Published: July 2018

Diverse urban theories discuss how economic processes shape conceptions of a city, but less research focuses on how pragmatic situations of urban life contribute to the characterisation of cities. We argue that pragmatic justifications reify socially constructed meanings of cities by creating a “spirit of urban capitalism.” This framework conceives of two spirits: the market city, which aligns with neoliberal assumptions, and the people city, which foregrounds a resident-focused model. Using case studies of Copenhagen and Houston, we showcase how these conceptions of cities are justified by elites and residents, and thereby build empirical scaffolding connecting urban economies and cultures.
Religion and Disability: Variation in Religious Service Attendance Rates for Children with Chronic Health Conditions
Authors: Whitehead Andrew L
Published: July 2018

Prior research consistently demonstrates greater religious involvement is associated with improved health outcomes for those with chronic health conditions. Fewer studies focus on how chronic health conditions influence religious service attendance rates and most focus on older Americans. Using three waves of a nationally representative sample of children in the United States, I test whether children with a chronic health condition never attend religious worship services at rates significantly higher than children without a condition. I also investigate variation in attendance rates across a broad range of conditions, something previously overlooked. Children with chronic health conditions are more likely to never attend religious worship services. Specifically, children with chronic health conditions that impede communication and social interaction are most likely to never attend. Despite shifts in prevalence these findings are stable over time. Implications for researchers, religious communities, families with children with chronic health conditions, and healthcare providers are discussed.
The Third Dogma Revisited
Authors: Ylikoski Petri
Published: July 2018

This paper argues that there are some serious problems with the Wesley Salmon’s arguments against the so-called third dogma of empiricism. In the first place, his formulation of the dogma is ambiguous: it can be read in at least four different ways. Secondly, his arguments against the dogma are only able to refute the strongest version of it. The second part of the paper considers the idea that covering laws have a constitutive role in singular causal explanation and argues that this idea is not plausible. Consequently, the only defensible form of the dogma is the one that claims that all explanations can be reconstructed as deductive arguments.
Can competing diversity indices inform us about why ethnic diversity erodes social cohesion? A test of five diversity indices in Germany
Authors: Schaeffer Merlin
Published: July 2018

An ever-growing number of studies investigates the relation between ethnic diversity and social cohesion, but these studies have produced mixed results. In cross-national research, some scholars have recently started to investigate more refined and informative indices of ethnic diversity than the commonly used Hirschman-Herfindahl Index. These refined indices allow to test competing theoretical explanations of why ethnic diversity is associated with declines in social cohesion. This study assesses the applicability of this approach for sub-national analyses. Generally, the results confirm a negative association between social cohesion and ethnic diversity. However, the competing indices are empirically indistinguishable and thus insufficient to test different theories against one another. Follow-up simulations suggest the general conclusion that the competing indices are meaningful operationalizations only if a sample includes: (1) contextual units with small and contextual units with large minority shares, as well as (2) contextual units with diverse and contextual units with polarized ethnic compositions. The results are thus instructive to all researchers who wish to apply different diversity indices and thereby test competing theories.
Exclusion problems and the cardinality of logical space
Authors: Button Tim
Published: July 2018

Wittgenstein’s atomist picture, as embodied in his Tractatus, is initially very appealing. However, it faces the famous colour-exclusion problem. In this paper, I present a very simple necessary and sufficient condition for the tenability (in principle) of the atomist picture. The condition is: logical space is a power of two. This cardinality-condition supplies a cheap response to exclusion problems. (Moreover, this cheap response amounts to a distillation of a proposal due to Sarah Moss, 2012.) However, the cheapness of this response vindicates Wittgenstein’s ultimate rejection of the atomist picture. We have no guarantee that there are any solutions to a given exclusion problem but, if there are any, then there are far too many.Published in Journal of Philosophical Logic
Acting Right? Privatization, Encompassing Interests, and the Left
Authors: Hicks Timothy
Published: July 2018

I present a theoretical account of the politics of privatization that predicts left-wing support for the policy is conditional on the proportionality of the electoral system. In contrast to accounts that see privatization as an inherently right-wing policy, I argue that, like trade policy, it has the feature of creating distributed benefits and concen- trated costs. Less proportional electoral systems create incentives for the Left to be responsive to those who face the concentrated costs, and thus for them to oppose privatization more strongly. More proportional systems reduce these incentives and increase the extent to which distributed benefits are internalized by elected representatives. Hypotheses are derived from this theory at both the individual and macro-policy level, and then tested separately. Quantitative evidence on public opinion from the 1990s and privatization revenues from Western European countries over the period 19802005 supports the argument.
Uncanny Robots and Affective Labour in the Oikonomia
Authors: Mitropoulos Angela
Published: July 2018

This essay offers a reading of current Australian politics by way of the concepts of the uncanny, the oikos and oikonomia.
Subaltern's image and the real: an inquiry
Authors: Sengupta Rakesh
Published: July 2018

For last few decades post-colonial studies has been one of the ruling framework for cultural theory in Indian subcontinent. In search for the subaltern we mostly can not articulate ourselves as theory. Our inquiries in to the epistemic domain (‘What can we know of the subaltern?’), the metaphysical domain has largely gone unanswered (‘What makes the subaltern possible?’). Here I would like to propose that the solution lies in our proleterization process. In this article I give an outline of just such a theoretical framework, harnessing the theoretical kernel of Marx, Hegel, Lacan and Zizek.
Metaphors with Translingual Dimensions in the Novels of Khaled Hosseini
Authors: Studies AWEJ-tls for Translation & Literary , Khan Abdul Wadood
Published: July 2018

This study addresses the phenomenon of literary bilingualism by investigating the simultaneous interplay of multiple discourses and languages in Khaled Hosseini’s novels. It primarily focuses on metaphors in his fiction, which lend a unique sense of translingualism and multiculturalism to his work. Hosseini’s overt and covert use of metaphors reveals an allegiance to several languages that are spoken in Afghanistan and the region, including Pashto, Persian, Arabic and Urdu. His double cultural and discursive belonging suggests a case for post-structural translingualism, a fluid bilingualism belonging simultaneously to all the languages in one’s repertoire. These metaphors, along with his characteristic narrative and linguistic strategies, give Hosseini a unique linguistic persona. This study addresses, inter alia, the self-translating aspect of Hosseini as an author whose works remain marvels of interwoven languages and identities.
Post-Class Reflections of English Language Lecturers Working at a Kazakhstani University
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Karimova Dinara
Published: July 2018

This study describes post-class reflections of 10 English language lecturers working at a university located in Almaty, Kazakhstan in order to learn more about their perceptions of reflection in education and different ways they engage with teacher reflections after conducting their English as a foreign language (EFL) classes. The research design utilized multiple semi-structured, recorded interviews. The participants’ responses were grouped and analyzed through a reflection framework comprised by Hatton and Smith (1995), which discusses four types of reflections: technical, descriptive, dialogic, and critical. The findings revealed that most participants understood the concept of reflection in education similarly rather than differently. Second, the results showed that the most frequently produced single reflection type was descriptive, followed by technical, dialogic and critical. Overall, all 10 participants produced different single as well as hybrid reflection types, which was a rather important finding of this study as hybrid reflections have not yet been thoroughly explored in the research literature. The use of hybrid reflections also indicated that reflective thinking is not a linear process that can be easily categorized based on a certain reflection type. Third, the study describes a few characteristics of highly and less reflective participants. The main teaching implication entails a need for the organization of seminars focused on introducing and exploring the impact of different types of reflections on EFL teaching in higher education.
3D Printing Jurassic Park: Copyright law, cultural institutions, and makerspaces
Authors: Rimmer Matthew
Published: July 2018

Case Note - Rimmer, Matthew (2016) 3D printing Jurassic Park: Copyright law, cultural institutions, and makerspaces. Pandora's Box. 1-12.
Beyond the Great Recession: Labor Market Polarization and Ongoing Fertility Decline in the United States
Authors: Seltzer Nathan
Published: July 2018

In the years since the Great Recession, social scientists have anticipated that economic recovery in the U.S., characterized by gains in employment and median household income, would augur a reversal of declining fertility trends. However, the expected post-recession rebound in fertility rates has yet to materialize. In this study, I propose an economic explanation for why fertility rates have continued to decline regardless of improvements in conventional economic indicators. I argue that ongoing structural changes in U.S. labor markets have prolonged the financial uncertainty that leads women and couples to delay or forego childbearing. Combining statistical and survey data with restricted use vital registration records, I examine how cyclical and structural changes in metropolitan-area labor markets were associated with changes in total fertility rates (TFR) across racial/ethnic groups from the early 1990s to the present day, with a particular focus on the period between 2006-2014. The findings suggest that changes in industry composition – specifically, the loss of manufacturing and construction businesses – have a larger effect on TFR than changes in the unemployment rate for all racial/ethnic groups. Since structural changes in labor markets are more likely to be sustained over time, in contrast to unemployment rates which fluctuate with economic cycles, further reductions in unemployment are unlikely to reverse declining fertility trends.
Computational Reproducibility in Archaeological Research: Basic Principles and a Case Study of Their Implementation
Authors: Marwick Ben
Published: July 2018

The use of computers and complex software is pervasive in archaeology, yet their role in the analytical pipeline is rarely exposed for other researchers to inspect or reuse. This limits the progress of archaeology because researchers cannot easily reproduce each other's work to verify or extend it. Four general principles of reproducible research that have emerged in other fields are presented. An archaeological case study is described that shows how each principle can be implemented using freely available software. The costs and benefits of implementing reproducible research are assessed. The primary benefit, of sharing data in particular, is increased impact via an increased number of citations. The primary cost is the additional time required to enhance reproducibility, although the exact amount is difficult to quantify.
Challenges in Practicum: Views and Perceptions of EFL Pre-service Teachers towards Field Experience Skills in Real Classrooms
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Alamri Hayat Rasheed H.
Published: July 2018

The purpose of this classroom action research was to investigate the perceptions of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) pre-service teachers towards the challenges they face in teaching experience during the practicum period. The participants were 35 Saudi EFL female pre-service teachers in the Educational Diploma Program (EDP) attending Teaching Practicum (1) Course in Taibah University, Saudi Arabia. A mixed method, which contains both quantitative and qualitative research design, was used to collect data. Research instruments comprised a perception opinionnaire designed to measure the perceptions of EFL pre-service teachers towards the challenges they face in teaching experience during the practicum. The results showed that EFL pre-service teachers considered the observation period during the Teaching Practicum (1) Course between moderately and extremely beneficial. The results of the perceptions of EFL pre-service teachers regarding classroom-teaching skills were between highly and moderately to low challenging. Additionally, their skills related to school environment indicated less challenging than skills related to classroom teaching experiences. The results of the open-ended question were divided into three meaningful and thoughtful categories to add much depth and understanding of the research problem. Some recommendations based on the results were derived. For example, EFL pre-service teachers needed further development in teaching experiences and skills related to classrooms and school setting. Furthermore, meetings, workshops, and/or small discussion sessions need to be conducted between all the stakeholders in the practicum to explore problems and anticipate possible solutions.
Fiscal fault, financial fix? Capital Markets Union and the quest for macroeconomic stabilization in the euro area
Authors: Braun Benjamin , Hübner Marina
Published: July 2018

This paper argues that Capital Markets Union – the EU’s attempt to establish a more market-based financial system – is a result less of financial policymaking than of macroeconomic governance in a politically fractured polity. The current governance structure of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) severely limits the capacity of both national and supranational actors to provide a core public good, macroeconomic stabilization. While member states have institutionalized fiscal austerity and abandoned other macroeconomic levers, the European polity lacks the fiscal resources necessary to achieve stable macroeconomic conditions: smoothing the business cycle, ensuring growth and job creation, and mitigating the impact of asymmetric output shocks on consumption. Capital Markets Union, we argue, is an attempt by European policymakers to devise a financial fix for this structural capacity gap. Using its regulatory powers, the European Commission, supported by the European Central Bank (ECB), seeks to harness private financial markets and instruments to provide the public policy good of macroeconomic stabilization. We trace how technocrats, think tanks, and financial-sector lobbyists, through the strategic use of knowledge and expertise, established securitization and market-based finance as solutions to EMU’s governance problems.
Diversity erfassen: Statistische Diversitätsindizes
Authors: Schaeffer Merlin
Published: July 2018

Dieses Kapitel stellt die statistische Erfassung von Diversity vor. Es umfasst zunächst konzeptionelle Überlegungen zur Definition von Diversität und führt die drei Dimensionen ein, aus denen Diversität sich zusammensetzt: Balance, Variabilität und Disparität. Es werden sodann statistische Diversitätsindizes erläutert, die diese drei Dimensionen in einer Diversitätsmaßzahl auszudrücken versuchen. Die gängigen Diversitätsindizes messen jedoch die Vielfalt oder Verschiedenartigkeit der Bevölkerung nur im Hinblick auf eine Eigenschaft, wie etwa Nationalität oder Religion. In einem kurzen Abschnitt wird daher auch auf Faultline- bzw. Kreuzkategorisierungsindizes eingegangen, die – ganz der Idee der Intersektionalität entsprechend – die Überlappung verschiedener Eigenschaften in einer Population erfassen.
Social Mobility and Perceived Discrimination: Adding an Intergenerational Perspective
Authors: Schaeffer Merlin
Published: July 2018

This article adds an intergenerational perspective to the study of perceived ethnic discrimination. It proposes the conjecture that perceived discrimination tends to increase with parental education, particularly among those children of immigrants who have attained only mediocre levels of education themselves. I discuss that this conjecture may be developed as an argument that comes in two versions: a narrow version about explicit downward (intergenerational) mobility and a wide version about unfulfilled mobility aspirations more generally. Analyses based on the six-country comparative EURISLAM survey sup-port the argument: parental education positively predicts perceived discrimination in general, but among the less educated this relation is most pronounced whereas it is absent among those with tertiary education. A replication and falsification test based on the German IAB-SOEP Migration Sample reconfirms the main finding and provides further original pieces of evidence. The analyses suggest processes associated with unfulfilled mobility aspirations as the more plausible underlying reason.
The Catalyst: An Indepth Look at the Damaging Effects of the Absent Character in Selected American Plays
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Alharbi Aljawharah Hussain Hamad
Published: July 2018

The Absent Character is a very important figure in modern American drama. It is employed as a means to reinforce the plot and to catalyze the actions of the play. This thesis addresses this importance as it relates to simulating the actions of the play and the effects this character leads to. I have focused on the dark side of the absent character and on how it succeeds in creating a hunting presence. My selected pivots on Susan Glaspell's Trifles, Eugene O’Neill’s The Iceman Cometh, Tennessee William's The Glass Menagerie and Edward Albee's who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? Focusing on these representative plays, I have found that the absent character is so overwhelming that it becomes a presence on the stage. Its haunting presence usually destroys and paralyzes the lives of the onstage characters and creates a negative impact on the viewer.
The Spine of American Law: Digital Text Analysis and U.S. Legal Practice
Authors: Funk Kellen , Mullen Lincoln A.
Published: July 2018

In the second half of the nineteenth century, the majority of U.S. states adopted a novel code of legal practice for their civil courts. Legal scholars have long recognized the influence of the New York lawyer David Dudley Field on American legal codification, but tracing the influence of Field’s code of civil procedure with precision across some 30,000 pages of statutes is a daunting task. By adapting methods of digital text analysis to observe text reuse in legal sources, this article provides a methodological guide to show how the evolution of law can be studied at a macro level—across many codes and jurisdictions—and at a micro level—regulation by regulation. Applying these techniques to the Field Code and its emulators, we show that by a combination of creditors’ remedies the code exchanged the rhythms of agriculture for those of merchant capitalism. Archival research confirmed that the spread of the Field Code united the American South and American West in one Greater Reconstruction. Instead of just a national political development centered in Washington, we show that Reconstruction was also a state-level legal development centered on a procedure code from the Empire State of finance capitalism.
Refugees, Rights, and Race: How Legal Status Shapes Liberian Immigrants’ Relationship with the State
Authors: Brown Hana
Published: July 2018

Preprint, final version in Social Problems available at: http://doi.org/10.1525/sp.2011.58.1.144
Thinking temporally when thinking relationally: temporality in relational place-making
Authors: Zhang Amy Y.
Published: July 2018

This paper engages with relational understandings of place and place-making, and highlights the importance of attending to the temporality of place-framing/making in analyzing place politics and place-making practices. Building temporary, strategic alliance is a key step of place-making in place contestations, however, there is so far limited attention paid to the impacts of such alliance building on place-framing/making practices, especially when different actors are positioned in uneven power relations. In this paper, I use a case study of the 798 arts district in Beijing, China to demonstrate that the need of gaining politically powerful actors as allies can have substantial influences on place-framing in the first place and on subsequent place-making results. Drawing on data collected from interviews and policy and planning documents, I show that in a framing of the 798 arts district constructed by artists for saving the arts district from being demolished, the art component of the arts district was concealed, whereas components of architecture, historical significance, and city image were strategically emphasized for gaining support from the municipal government. These elements were later incorporated into the municipal government’s framings of arts districts through policies and planning, but were twisted and realigned with elements like tourism and experience, which ultimately facilitates displacement of artists from the arts district. Thus, I argue, relational approach towards place-framing/making needs to be more attentive to the temporality of place-framing/making, which would allow it to more sufficiently address how various citizen-state relationships shape place-making and to become more globally oriented.
English and Arabic Metaphorical Conceptualization of Food: A contrastive Study
Authors: Studies AWEJ-tls for Translation & Literary , Alsadi Hanan Zaki
Published: July 2018

The purpose of this study is to compare and contrast food conceptual metaphors between English and Arabic. The researcher adopted the corpus-based approach suggested by Deignan (1995) and collected the maximum number of English and Arabic food metaphorical expressions to construct the linguistic corpus for the study. The analysis of the data was carried out for the English and Arabic languages individually following the Conceptual Metaphor Theory. The aim is to come up with a simple classification that facilitated the process of comparison between English and Arabic metaphorical expressions. The findings of the study revealed that English and Arabic share the same major food conceptualization within their scheme, namely: IDEAS ARE FOOD, TEMPERAMENT IS FOOD, GOING THROUGH AN EXPERIENCE ISTASTING IT AND GAINING MONEY UNLAWFULLY IS DEVOURING IT. Nevertheless, such conceptualizations are not equally conventionalized in the two languages due to differences between the Arabic and the western cultures.
The Path of the Law Review: How Inter-field Ties Contribute to Institutional Emergence and Buffer against Change
Authors: Kluttz Daniel N.
Published: July 2018

Early neoinstitutional scholarship tended to assume institutional reproduction, while more recent accounts privilege situations in which alternative models from outside an organizational environment or delegitimizing criticism from within precipitate institutional change. We know little about institutions that persist despite such change conditions. Recent advances in sociological field theory suggest that inter-field ties contribute to institutional change but ignore how such ties may reinforce institutions. Extending both approaches, I integrate self-reinforcing mechanisms from path-dependence scholarship into field theory. I elucidate my framework with an analysis of the student-edited, student-reviewed law review. Despite sustained criticisms from those who publish in them and despite its anomalous position relative to the dominant peer-reviewed journal practices of other disciplines, the student-edited law review remains a bedrock institution of law schools and legal scholarship. My analysis covers the law review’s entire institutional history, from prior to the first law review’s emergence in 1875 to its current state. I combine qualitative historical analyses of law reviews and legal scholarship with quantitative analyses of law-review structures and field contestation. I argue that self-reinforcing mechanisms evident in law review’s ties to related fields – legal practice, law schools, the university, and legal journals – have buffered it against change.
Constructing climate capitalism: Corporate power and the global climate policy-planning network
Authors: Sapinski Jean Philippe
Published: July 2018

This paper analyses the corporate hegemonic structures of power underlying the project of climate capitalism. Its promoters present climate capitalism as an emerging regime of accumulation founded on carbon markets and the ecological modernization of production, that could replace the prevalent carboniferous capitalist regime and provide a deeply needed reduction of carbon emissions. I empirically map out the network of corporate-funded policy-planning organizations participating in climate capitalist knowledge production and mobilization to critically appraise the possibility of such a transition. I find that these policy-planning organizations are positioned to play a crucial role as intermediaries between regional and sectoral corporate interests, and that they crucially link between energy and financial firms. However, energy-finance linkages are sparse, and I also find a relatively thin network carried by a small number of individual capitalists from the fossil fuel and nuclear sectors. These findings cast doubt on the hypothesis that a strong climate capitalist bloc is emerging.
The new mothers’ little helpers: medicalization, victimization, and criminalization of motherhood via prescription drugs
Authors: Smirnova Michelle , Owens Jennifer Gatewood
Published: July 2018

In order to understand the relationship between nonmedical prescriptiondrug use, gender, and crime, interviews were conducted with 40 incarceratedwomen who self-identified as nonmedical Rx users. Of the women weinterviewed, 70% were prescribed Rx drugs from their doctors to aid inrecovery from cesarean section childbirth deliveries, treat postpartumdepression, or for mental or physical health problems associated with childhoodabuse and victimization. These women subsequently discovered thatthese pills also helped them cope with the stresses of caretaking andkeeping the family together, particularly when experiencing intimate partnerviolence and prolonged poverty. Women were motivated to use Rxdrugs in order to be a “good” mother, as defined by medical and culturaldiscourse; however, despite positive intentions, prolonged nonmedical useoften hindered the realization of these ideals and ultimately resulted intheir criminalization, incarceration, and separation from their children.
Derivatives and Deregulation Financial Innovation and the Demise of Glass–Steagall
Authors: Funk Russell , Hirschman Daniel
Published: July 2018

Just as regulation may inhibit innovation, innovation may undermine regulation. Regulators, much like market actors, rely on categorical distinctions to understand and act on the market. Innovations that are ambiguous to regulatory categories but not to market actors present a problem for regulators and an opportunity for innovative firms to evade or upend the existing order. We trace the history of one class of innovative financial derivatives—interest rate and foreign exchange swaps—to show how these instruments under- mined the separation of commercial and investment banking established by the Glass-Steagall Act of 1933. Swaps did not fit neatly into existing product categories—futures, securities, loans—and thus evaded regulatory scrutiny for decades. The market success of swaps put commercial and investment banks into direct competition, and in so doing undermined Glass-Steagall. Drawing on this case, we theorize some of the political and market conditions under which regulations may be especially vulnerable to disruption by ambiguous innovations.
Men Set Their Own Cites High: Gender and Self-citation across Fields and over Time
Authors: King Molly M. , Bergstrom Carl T. , Correll Shelley , Jacquet Jennifer , West Jevin
Published: July 2018

How common is self-citation in scholarly publication, and does the practice vary by gender? Using novel methods and a data set of 1.5 million research papers in the scholarly database JSTOR published between 1779 and 2011, the authors find that nearly 10 percent of references are self-citations by a paper’s authors. The findings also show that between 1779 and 2011, men cited their own papers 56 percent more than did women. In the last two decades of data, men self-cited 70 percent more than women. Women are also more than 10 percentage points more likely than men to not cite their own previous work at all. While these patterns could result from differences in the number of papers that men and women authors have published rather than gender-specific patterns of self-citation behavior, this gender gap in self-citation rates has remained stable over the last 50 years, despite increased representation of women in academia. The authors break down self-citation patterns by academic field and number of authors and comment on potential mechanisms behind these observations. These findings have important implications for scholarly visibility and cumulative advantage in academic careers.
Satisfied Movers Revisited
Authors: Privalko Ivan
Published: July 2018

Job mobility is an especially useful concept in sociology; where positions in a structure, not the characteristics of individuals, explain inequality. Thus, moving between positions should give significant rewards to workers. This assumption is often overlooked and doesn’t sit well with today’s precarious markets. I ask “what do workers get from mobility?” Drawing from the British Household Panel Survey (2000-2008) I test mobility’s effects on subjective and objective outcomes. Results do not support that mobility, in itself, leads to overall better jobs. Rather, internal change contains premiums beyond the characteristics of workers, while external change leads to subjective premiums alone.
Hip-Hop and Cultural Citizenship on Kenya’s ‘Swahili Coast’
Authors: Eisenberg Andrew Jarad
Published: July 2018

The Muslim-dominated ‘Swahili coast’ has always served as a conceptual as well as physical periphery for post-colonial Kenya. This article takes Kenyan youth music under the influence of global hip-hop as an ethnographic entry into the dynamics of identity and citizenship in this region. Kenyan youth music borrows from global hip-hop culture the idea that an artist must ‘represent the real’. The ways in which these regional artists construct their public personae thus provide rich data on ‘cultural citizenship’, in Aihwa Ong’s (1996) sense of citizenship as subjectification. I focus here on youth music production in the Kenyan coastal city of Mombasa between 2004 and 2007. During this time, some local artists adopted a representational strategy that subtly reinscribed the symbolic violence to which members of the coast’s Muslim-Swahili society have long been subjected. I examine the representational strategies that were adopted during this period by Mombasan artists who happened to be members of the Muslim- Swahili society (‘subjects of the Swahili coast’, as I name them), with an ethnographic eye and ear trained on what they say about the ways in which young subjects of the Swahili coast are objectified and subjectified as ‘Kenyan youth’ in the twenty-first century.
The Future for Cosmopolitan Social Democracy
Authors: Martell Luke
Published: July 2018

Discussion of cosmopolitan social democracy, 2011, http://www.policy-network.net/articles/4089/Conflicts-in-cosmopolitanism-and-the-global-left
Should We Be Charlie? A Deliberative Take on Religion and Secularism in Mediated Public Spheres
Authors: Wessler Hartmut , Rinke Eike Mark , Löb Charlotte
Published: July 2018

The terror attack on the French satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo in January 2015 serves to explore the role of religion and secularism in mediated public spheres. We argue that deliberative theory, including its recent criticisms and extensions, helps navigate normative dilemmas presented by the attacks. From a deliberative perspective, journalists should reprint Charlie cartoons that are perceived by Muslims as insulting and incendiary only if this fulfills a real need for public reflection and enlightenment. Media and the wider public should engage in differentiated solidarity with Charlie Hebdo, help transfer the hidden argumentative potential of its cartoons into the realm of truly argumentative discourse, and engage in metadeliberation that explicitly reflects the contexts and rules for publicdebate.
Inequality - what can be done?
Authors: Aktinson Anthony B.
Published: July 2018

Economic inequality has become centre stage in the political debate, but what the political leaders have not said is what they would do about it. There are repeated calls for equitable growth but little clue as to how this is to be achieved. In this Working Paper, I seek to show what could be done to reduce the extent of inequality if we are serious about that objective. I draw on the lessons of history, and take a fresh look - through distributional eyes - at the underlying economics. I identify ambitious new policies in five areas - technology , employment, social security, the sharing of capital, and taxation - that could bring about a genuine shift in the distribution of income towards less inequality.
Brute force effects of mass media presence and social media activity on electoral outcome
Authors: Kovic Marko , Rauchfleisch Adrian , Metag Julia , Caspar Christian , Szenogrady Julian
Published: July 2018

In this study, we analyze whether the mere volume of presence in mass media and the mere volume of activity on social media convey advantages to candidates in parliamentary elections. Based on the theoretical model of bounded rationality, we call these potential effects brute force effects. During the last month of the election campaign of the Swiss federal election of 2015, we have tracked the presence of all 873 candidates in the canton of Zurich, the most populous canton, in a broad sample of mass media. Additionally, we have tracked those candidates' activity on Facebook and Twitter. The results of our multilevel Bayesian estimates show that mass media presence has a consistent non-trivial impact on different aspects of electoral outcome. Furthermore, social media activity also has a non-trivial impact, but only in terms of resonance (reactions to candidates' social media activity). Overall, our results suggest that brute force effects of of mass media presence and social media activity can have substantial impact on voting behavior.
Minding the Gap in Vocabulary Knowledge: Incidental Focus on Collocation through Reading
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Alharthi Thamer
Published: July 2018

The present study seeks to contribute to our knowledge of the effectiveness of reading in the incidental learning of collocations. The study also addresses the question whether out-of-class exposure such as watching TV, listening to radio or music, reading English books and using social media plays a significant role in the learning of collocations. The research participants were 46 Arabic-speaking young adult EFL learners. They were asked to read a modified text containing 10 pseudo-word collocations and to verify that all were unfamiliar to them. One week later, they read a text containing the actual 21 target collocations, which had been selected on the basis of appearing in instructional materials and a reference corpus, as well as of frequency. Participants were then asked to complete a meaning-recall cloze test in the form of a gap-filling task in which the 21 target collocations were embedded in sentences. Subsequently they were administered a self-report survey about any incidental exposure to English. The analysis of the quantitative results revealed that the target collocations can be learned incidentally through reading although the level of mastery was limited. The survey data showed a positive correlation between the learners’ knowledge of collocations and activities such as watching TV, listening to radio and reading English books. The study also confirmed that collocations are particularly difficult for adult EFL learners and is thus an aspect of vocabulary knowledge in need of further empirical investigations.
Piecing the Puzzle of the “Shameful Intercourse”: How Polyphony Serves Healing in Caryl Phillips’s Crossing the River
Authors: Studies AWEJ-tls for Translation & Literary , Sarra Brahimi , Hocine Maoui
Published: July 2018

This article explores the polyphony as a narrative strategy in Caryl Phillips’s Crossing the River 1993 and how this polyphony serves the healing process the author engages in through his revision of history that thematizes black slavery as a key episode in black modern history. Phillips, the Kittitian-British author, interweaves a variety of narrative voices of both black and white characters in an attempt to provide a thorough scrutiny and a deep diagnosis of a traumatic past that contains the underlining fundaments of present racial issues and identity dilemmas that black communities suffer from in both the United States and Britain. This study is primarily focused on deconstructing and reconstructing Phillips’s portrayal of what he calls “the shameful intercourse” between the slave trader and the African father. The aim of this analysis is to uncover the author’s polyphonic strategy that equally voices both the “white” and the “black”, “the oppressor” and “the oppressed”. This rather experimental study allows us to understand how polyphony is used to serve reconciliation and healing.