bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aggregation dynamics and foraging behaviour of striped red mullet Mullus surmuletus in the western Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Ajemian M. J. , Kenworthy M. D. , Sánchez‐Lizaso J. L. , Cebrian J.
Published: April 2016

Habitat‐related heterogeneity of striped red mullet Mullus surmuletus heterospecific foraging assemblages was examined off the coast of Spain. Video‐based focal‐follows conducted on 122 M. surmuletus assemblages (446 total individuals) revealed an array of attendant species (n = 7) with composition linked to benthic habitat complexity; bare sandy substrata were characterized by homospecific groups of M. surmuletus, while habitats with rock and vegetation attracted a variety of scrounging labrids and sparids. Although the nature of the relationship between M. surmuletus and attendants requires further exploration, the present study indicates that substratum composition can be a driving factor explaining the dynamics of this heterospecific assemblage.
Variations of body geometry in Brycon henni (Teleostei: Characiformes, Bryconidae) in different rivers and streams
Authors: Restrepo‐Escobar N. , Hurtado‐Alarcón J. C. , Mancera‐Rodríguez N. J. , Márquez E. J.
Published: April 2016

Landmark‐based geometric morphometrics were used to evaluate the effect of flow and depth in the water column on the body size and shape of Brycon henni from river and stream populations. The dendrogram showed that stream populations clustered apart and showed significantly smaller centroid size and narrower bodies than river populations, indicating a role for flow and depth on whole body morphometric variation. The results are concordant with morphometric variation described in other fish species and provide the first insights into phenotypic variation in natural populations of B. henni.
Oxidative stress controlling agents are effective for small intestinal injuries induced by non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs
Authors: Kono Yoshiyasu , Kawano Seiji , Takaki Akinobu , Shimomura Yasuyuki , Onji Masahiro , Ishikawa Hisashi , Takahashi Sakuma , Horii Joichiro , Kobayashi Sayo , Kawai Daisuke , Yamamoto Kazuhide , Okada Hiroyuki
Published: April 2016

Background and Aim

Video‐capsule endoscopy (VCE) has shown that intestinal ulcers are common in non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) users, although the mechanisms and management have not been clearly defined. To explore the contribution of oxidative stress and potential of anti‐oxidants for NSAIDs‐induced intestinal ulcers, we assessed human serum oxidative stress balance and the effect of anti‐oxidants using a mouse model.

Methods

A total of 30 NSAIDs users (17 aspirin and 13 non‐aspirin users) received VCE. Serum reactive oxygen metabolite (d‐ROM) and antioxidative OXY‐adsorbent test (OXY) were measured. The indomethacin (IND)‐induced mouse intestinal ulcer model was used to assess the effect of anti‐oxidants. Eight‐week‐old mice were divided into four groups; control diet and diet including IND (N group), IND and L‐carnitine (NC group), and IND and vitamin E (NE group).

Results

Serum OXY levels among non‐aspirin users were lower in the mucosal injuries positive group than the negative group (P < 0.05). In the mouse models, the degree of mucosal injuries was lower in NC and NE than N (P < 0.01). Serum d‐ROM levels were lower in NC and NE than N (P < 0.01), and OXY levels were higher in NC than N and NE (P < 0.01). The degeneration of intestinal mitochondria was mild in NC and NE. The serum KC/CXCL‐1 level and hepatic expression of the anti‐oxidant molecule Gpx4 were lower in NC than N.

Conclusions

Non‐aspirin NSAID‐induced intestinal ulcers are related to decreased anti‐oxidative stress function. Anti‐oxidants, especially L‐carnitine, are good candidates for intestinal ulcers.
Probing amyloid‐β pathology in transgenic Alzheimer's disease (tgArcSwe) mice using MALDI imaging mass spectrometry
Authors: Carlred Louise , Michno Wojciech , Kaya Ibrahim , Sjövall Peter , Syvänen Stina , Hanrieder Jörg
Published: April 2016

The pathological mechanisms underlying Alzheimer's disease (AD) are still not understood. The disease pathology is characterized by the accumulation and aggregation of amyloid‐β (Aβ) peptides into extracellular plaques, however the factors that promote neurotoxic Aβ aggregation remain elusive. Imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) is a powerful technique to comprehensively elucidate the spatial distribution patterns of lipids, peptides and proteins in biological tissues. In the present study, matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS)‐based imaging was used to study Aβ deposition in transgenic mouse brain tissue and to elucidate the plaque‐associated chemical microenvironment. The imaging experiments were performed in brain sections of transgenic Alzheimer's disease mice carrying the Arctic and Swedish mutation of amyloid‐beta precursor protein (tgArcSwe). Multivariate image analysis was used to interrogate the IMS data for identifying pathologically relevant, anatomical features based on their chemical identity. This include cortical and hippocampal Aβ deposits, whose amyloid peptide content was further verified using immunohistochemistry and laser microdissection followed by MALDI MS analysis. Subsequent statistical analysis on spectral data of regions of interest revealed brain region‐specific differences in Aβ peptide aggregation. Moreover, other plaque‐associated protein species were identified including macrophage migration inhibitory factor suggesting neuroinflammatory processes and glial cell reactivity to be involved in AD pathology. The presented data further highlight the potential of IMS as a powerful approach in neuropathology.

image

Hanrieder et al. described an imaging mass spectrometry based study on comprehensive spatial profiling of C‐terminally truncated Aβ species within individual plaques in tgArcSwe mice. Here, brain region‐dependent differences in Aβ truncation and other plaque‐associated proteins, such as macrophage migration inhibitory factor, were observed. The data shed further light on plaque‐associated molecular mechanisms implicated in Alzheimer's pathogenesis.

Cover image for this issue: doi: 10.1111/jnc.13328.
DNA methylation in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Wüllner Ullrich , Kaut Oliver , deBoni Laura , Piston Dominik , Schmitt Ina
Published: April 2016

Epigenetic processes control the embryonic development into multicellular organisms and determine the functional differences of genetically identical cells and individuals. They are also involved in a variety of complex functions such as learning and memory consolidation and have been implicated in aging processes. Beyond the actual genetic information encoded in the DNA sequence, epigenetic modifications in particular DNA methylation and various histone modifications shape the chromatin into a transcriptional permissive or repressive state. DNA methylation patterns are altered by environmental conditions and can be carried forward through mitosis and meiosis. Hence, DNA methylation probably mediates complex environment–gene interactions, determines individual disease characteristics, and contributes to effects and side effects of drugs. In addition to classic monogenic epigenetic diseases, i.e., Prader‐Willi and Rett syndrome, recent data point to an epigenetic component also in apparent sporadic neuro‐psychiatric disorders and increasing evidence suggests a role for altered DNA methylation in Parkinson's disease. Epigenetic alterations, DNA methylation in particular, may account for the yet unexplained individual susceptibility and the variability in the course of Parkinson's disease and could provide hints toward the development of novel therapeutic targets.

image

Parkinson's disease (PD) is conceptualized as a consequence of genetic variants and environment–gene interactions on a background of age‐related changes. Epigenetic modifications have been implicated in aging and can be altered by environment stimuli. The review explores the possibility of an epigenetic component in PD, focusing on DNA methylation. Methylation of α‐synuclein (SNCA) and microtubule‐associated protein tau gene appear to be of particular importance and epigenome‐wide methylation studies point to several additional candidate genes which may contribute to the individual susceptibility toward PD.

This article is part of a special issue on Parkinson disease.
MANAGEMENT CONTROL SYSTEMS IN FAMILY FIRMS: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE AND DIRECTIONS FOR THE FUTURE
Authors: Helsen Zoë , Lybaert Nadine , Steijvers Tensie , Orens Raf , Dekker Julie
Published: April 2016

Family firms play a significant role in the global economy. Although family firm literature has devoted much time and effort to investigating topics concerning corporate governance, leadership, ownership and succession, accounting issues have received relatively scant attention. In this paper, we assemble and critically review extant literature on the choice of management controls. This is an essential topic for firms as management control systems (MCS) are used to make sure subordinates behave in function of the goals of the firm. Family firms, however, have distinct features, such as differences in governance structures and goals, which can have a significant impact on whether and how MCS are used. We conclude this review paper by providing avenues for future research that can advance our understanding of both the determinants and the outcomes of the choice of MCS.
Evaluation of masticatory activity during unilateral single tooth clenching using muscle functional magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Okada C. , Yamaguchi S. , Watanabe Y. , Watanabe M. , Hattori Y.
Published: April 2016

Masticatory muscle activity during teeth clenching is affected by occlusal pattern. However, few studies have performed simultaneous evaluation of all masticatory activities during teeth clenching under various occlusal conditions. The aim of this study was to use muscle functional magnetic resonance imaging (mfMRI) to evaluate the effects of changes in occlusal point on masticatory activity during single tooth clenching. Changes in mean proton transverse relaxation time (∆T2) as an index of activity in all masticatory muscles during left unilateral clenching at the first molar or first premolar for 1 min were examined in nine healthy volunteers. Bite force was maintained at 40% of the maximum voluntary clenching force. The ∆T2 values of the masseter and lateral pterygoid muscles were analysed separately for superficial and deep layers, and for superior and inferior heads. The ∆T2 values for the ipsilateral deep masseter were significantly lower, and for the superior head of the ipsilateral lateral pterygoid muscles were significantly higher, after left first premolar clenching compared to left first molar clenching. These results quantitatively demonstrate a significant increase in activity of the superior head of the ipsilateral lateral pterygoid muscle and a significant decrease in activity of the ipsilateral deep masseter muscle with forward displacement of the occlusal contact point during unilateral tooth clenching.
On the significance of an alternate pathway of melatonin synthesis via 5‐methoxytryptamine: comparisons across species
Authors: Tan Dun‐Xian , Hardeland Rüdiger , Back Kyoungwhan , Manchester Lucien C. , Alatorre‐Jimenez Moises A. , Reiter Russel J.
Published: April 2016

Melatonin is a phylogenetically ancient molecule. It is ubiquitously present in almost all organisms from primitive photosynthetic bacteria to humans. Its original primary function is presumable to be that of an antioxidant with other functions of this molecule having been acquired during evolution. The synthetic pathway of melatonin in vertebrates has been extensively studied. It is common knowledge that serotonin is acetylated to form N‐acetylserotonin by arylalkylamine N‐acetyltransferase (AANAT) or arylamine N‐acetyltransferase (SNAT or NAT) and N‐acetylserotonin is, subsequently, methylated to melatonin by N‐acetylserotonin O‐methyltransferase (ASMT; also known as hydroxyindole‐O‐methyltransferase, HIOMT). This is referred to as a classic melatonin synthetic pathway. Based on new evidence, we feel that this classic melatonin pathway is not generally the prevailing route of melatonin production. An alternate pathway is known to exist, in which serotonin is first O‐methylated to 5‐methoxytryptamine (5‐MT) and, thereafter, 5‐MT is N‐acetylated to melatonin. Here, we hypothesize that the alternate melatonin synthetic pathway may be more important in certain organisms and under certain conditions. Evidence strongly supports that this alternate pathway prevails in some plants, bacteria, and, perhaps, yeast and may also occur in animals.
Relative Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance among Heterotrophic Bacteria from Natural and Culture Environments of Freshwater Prawn, Macrobrachium Rosenbergii
Authors: Mujeeb Rahiman Karuppamveetil M. , Mohamed Hatha Abdulla A. , Gnana Selvam A. Deborah , Thomas Ambatt P
Published: April 2016

As antibiotic residues and multidrug‐resistant (MDR) bacteria are of increasing concern to those involved in the seafood industry, there is an intense international focus to monitor MDR bacteria in seafood. There is also a trend to source seafood from organically raised farms in order to reduce antibiotic usage in culture operations. Hence this study was conducted to compare the antibiotic resistance among bacteria associated with various samples from the natural and culture environment of Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Samples from the natural environment included water, sediment, eggs, larvae, postlarvae (PL), feed items, and gut samples of M. rosenbergii and those from the culture environment were water, sediment, eggs, feed pellets, and gut samples of M. rosenbergii. Bacteria from water samples of natural and culture environments were frequently resistant to ampicillin, erythromycin, and penicillin, while more than 50% of the strains from sediment were resistant to erythromycin, nalidixic acid, and penicillin. Bacterial isolates from commercial feed had a relatively high degree of antibiotic resistance. Interestingly, occurrence of multiple drug resistance was higher among the bacteria associated with the samples from the natural environment of M. rosenbergii, pointing to more favorable selection pressure for drug resistant mutants in the natural environment.
The Erosion of Rights to Abortion Care in the United States: A Call for a Renewed Anthropological Engagement with the Politics of Abortion
Authors: Andaya Elise , Mishtal Joanna
Published: April 2016

Women's rights to legal abortion in the United States are now facing their greatest social and legislative challenges since its 1973 legalization. Legislation restricting rights and access to abortion care has been passed at state and federal levels at an unprecedented rate. Given the renewed vigor of anti‐abortion movements, we call on anthropologists to engage with this shifting landscape of reproductive politics. This article examines recent legislation that has severely limited abortion access and maps possible directions for future anthropological analysis. We argue that anthropology can provide unique contributions to broader abortion research. The study of abortion politics in the United States today is not only a rich opportunity for applied and policy‐oriented ethnographic research. It also provides a sharply focused lens onto broader theoretical concerns in anthropology and new social formations across moral, medical, political, and scientific fields in 21st‐century America.
Identification of a cis‐acting element in nitrogen fixation genes recognized by CnfR in the nonheterocystous nitrogen‐fixing cyanobacterium Leptolyngbya boryana
Authors: Tsujimoto Ryoma , Kamiya Narumi , Fujita Yuichi
Published: April 2016

The filamentous cyanobacterium Leptolyngbya boryana has the ability to fix nitrogen without any heterocysts under microoxic conditions. Previously, we identified the cnfR gene for a master transcriptional activator for nitrogen fixation (nif) genes in a 50‐kb gene cluster containing nif and nif‐related genes in L. boryana. We showed that CnfR activates the transcription of nif genes in response to low oxygen conditions, which allows the oxygen‐vulnerable enzyme nitrogenase to function. However, the regulatory mechanism that underlies regulation by CnfR remains unknown. In this study, we identified a conserved cis‐acting element that is recognized by CnfR. We established a reporter system in the non‐diazotrophic cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 using luciferase genes (luxAB). Reporter analysis was performed with a series of truncated and modified upstream regulatory regions of nifB and nifP. The cis‐element can be divided into nine motifs I–IX, and it is located 76 bp upstream of the transcriptional start sites of nifB and nifP. Six motifs of them are essential for transcriptional activation by CnfR. This cis‐acting element is conserved in the upstream regions of nif genes in all diazotrophic cyanobacteria, including Anabaena and Cyanothece, thereby suggesting that the transcriptional regulation by CnfR is widespread in nitrogen‐fixing cyanobacteria.
Long‐term efficacy and safety of transanal irrigation in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Passananti V. , Wilton A. , Preziosi G. , Storrie J. B. , Emmanuel A.
Published: April 2016

Background

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the commonest disabling neurological disease in young adults. A majority of patients experience bowel dysfunction, reporting a wide spectrum of bowel symptoms that significantly negatively impact social activities and emotional state. Transanal irrigation (TAI) is a method of managing such bowel symptoms. We aimed to investigate long‐term efficacy of TAI, to measure health status‐related quality of life and identify factors predictive of TAI outcome.

Methods

Forty‐nine consecutive MS patients (37 female; mean age 51, range 26‐80) were studied. We investigated predominant symptoms, reason for beginning TAI and medical comorbidity. All patients underwent anorectal physiology testing. They completed Neurogenic Bowel Dysfunction and EQ‐5D questionnaires at baseline and annual follow‐up.

Key Results

Mean follow‐up was 40 months, at which there was 55% rate of continuation of TAI. Severe bowel dysfunction was present in 47% at baseline, falling to 18%. The EQ‐5D scores at latest follow‐up were not statistically significant, but 42% had improved visual analog scores. The only predictive factor for successful therapy was impaired anal electrosensitivity (p = 0.008).

Conclusions & Inferences

Long‐term continuation of TAI, with improved bowel symptomatology, is seen in the majority of patients. The EQ‐5D is insufficiently sensitive to show change in MS patients that using TAI.
Exercise and Arrhythmias: A Double‐Edged Sword
Authors: MANOLIS ANTONIS S. , MANOLIS ANTONIS A.
Published: April 2016

Ample evidence indicates that moderate regular exercise is beneficial for both normal individuals and patients with cardiovascular (CV) disease. However, intense and strenuous exercise in individuals with evident or occult underlying CV abnormalities may have adverse effects with provocation and exacerbation of arrhythmias that may lead to life‐threatening situations. Both of these aspects of exercise‐induced effects are herein reviewed.
Evaluating early‐life asthma definitions as a marker for subsequent asthma in an electronic medical record setting
Authors: Pennington Audrey Flak , Strickland Matthew J. , Freedle Karen A. , Klein Mitchel , Drews‐Botsch Carolyn , Hansen Craig , Darrow Lyndsey A.
Published: April 2016

Background

Case definitions for asthma incidence in early life vary between studies using medical records to define disease. This study assessed the impact of different approaches to using medical records on estimates of asthma incidence by age 3 and determined the validity of early‐life asthma case definitions in predicting school‐age asthma.

Methods

Asthma diagnoses and medications by age 3 were used to classify 7103 children enrolled in Kaiser Permanente Georgia according to 14 definitions of asthma. School‐age asthma was defined as an asthma diagnosis between ages 5 and 8. Sensitivity (probability of asthma by age 3 given school‐age asthma), specificity (probability of no asthma by age 3 given no school‐age asthma), positive and negative predictive values (probability of (no) school‐age asthma given (no) asthma by age 3), and likelihood ratios (combining sensitivity and specificity) were used to determine predictive ability.

Results

9.0–35.2% of children were classified as asthmatic by age 3 depending on asthma case definition. Early‐life asthma classifications were more specific than sensitive and were better at identifying children who would not have school‐age asthma (negative predictive values: 80.7–86.6%) than at predicting children who would have school‐age asthma (positive predictive values: 43.5–71.5%).

Conclusions

Choice of case definition had a large impact on the estimate of asthma incidence. While ability to predict school‐age asthma was limited, several case definitions performed similarly to clinical asthma prediction tools used in previous asthma research (e.g., the Asthma Predictive Index).
Rooted in the Past, Hooked in the Present: Vulnerability to Contingency and Immunity to Regret
Authors: Bagnoli Carla
Published: April 2016

The perspective of deliberative choice is constitutively from here. This simple truth carries significant implications for our agency and integrity, some of which are the focus of Wallace's thought‐provoking essay. Wallace is concerned with the discrepancy between our present attachments and the rational justification of past decisions, which threatens our personal and moral integrity. In what follows, I raise some questions about Wallace's claim that attachments make us immune to regret and, ultimately, about his account of the impact of contingency in our practical thought. My argument revolves around two cases of immunity to regret, due to the agent's attachment to a ground project. Contrary to Wallace, I argue that in these cases the agent's inability to regret that things had not gone otherwise is neither unreasonable nor morally objectionable.
Whither Are We Bound? New Insights on American Economic Policymaking
Authors: Dzigbede Komla D.
Published: April 2016

This article reviews recent scholarship in American economic policymaking. It focuses on scholarly work from 2012 to 2015 and considers three main streams of research. The first concerns how, amidst the lingering effects of the Great Recession, monetary and fiscal policy variables interplay to affect policy outcomes such as employment and income. The second stream relates to the politics of regulation and spans several aspects of regulatory governance such as enforcement and compliance, regulatory arbitrage in financial markets, and the role of U.S. regulatory regime structures as standards of best practice in global contexts. The third stream of research focuses on the dynamics of institutional relationships in the policy process and explores how policy narratives influence policy outcomes, how the media engages and alters political attention, and how interest groups and lobbyists shape policy decisions. The final section provides directions for future research and assesses the extent to which these frontier issues in economic research could shape American economic policymaking going forward.
Firm Dynamics in Retail Trade: The Response of Canadian Retailers to Exchange Rate Shocks
Authors: Baggs Jen , Beaulieu Eugene , Fung Loretta , Lapham Beverly
Published: April 2016

We use comprehensive firm‐level data to estimate the responses of heterogeneous Canadian retail firms to real exchange rate movements. Our analysis focuses on a period characterized by large fluctuations in the Canadian dollar, providing an opportunity to quantify both intensive and extensive margin responses in retail industries to real exchange rate shocks and to examine how those responses differ across firms, locations, and sub‐industries. Our results indicate that a real Canadian currency appreciation significantly reduces a retailer's sales, employment, and profits. The strength of this negative effect is decreasing in the distance of a retailer from the US‐Canada border. We do not find evidence of a strong relationship between real exchange rate movements and the number of operating firms nor the probability of firm survival. These findings are consistent with the view that a real Canadian dollar appreciation increases cross‐border shopping by Canadians, resulting in a negative demand shock for Canadian retailers, and the dominant response by firms to such a shock is through the intensive margin.
A Bayesian Efficiency Analysis of Angolan Banks
Authors: Barros Carlos Pestana , Leão Emanuel Reis , Macanda Nkanga Pedro João , Mendes Zorro
Published: April 2016

This article studied the technical efficiency of Angolan banks from 2005 to 2012 using a Bayesian stochastic frontier model. The intermediation approach to banking was adopted. The results revealed that Angolan banks were very efficient and that efficiency varies little among the banks analysed. Furthermore, the differences in efficiency between foreign banks, public banks, large‐sized banks and banks that belong to a local conglomerate were examined. It was concluded that the greatest efficiency was to be found in the case of foreign banks. Since size and conglomerate membership do not seem to lead to greater bank efficiency, it was proposed that Angolan policymakers should promote competition in the banking sector.
SCDA task force on a special care dentistry residency
Authors: Hicks Jeffery , Vishwanat Lakshmi , Perry Maureen , Messura Judith , Dee Kristin
Published: April 2016

The Special Care Dentistry Association (SCDA) has acted on a proposal regarding the status of training in the care of patients with special needs. Two phases of action were undertaken. Phase 1: (a) examination of the literature on existing training and curricula in the care of patients with special needs and (b) a survey of existing postdoctoral programs in special needs. Phase 2: establish a group of experts who: (a) submitted to the Commission on Dental Accreditation a request to approve a postdoctoral general dentistry residency program in Special Care Dentistry and (b) created suggested accreditation standards for such postdoctoral programs.

This article describes efforts by the SCDA to evaluate:

The status of existing training of dental students in the care of patients with special needs.

The number and characteristics of postdoctoral general dentistry programs offering formal training in the care of patients with special needs.

Whether additional training in the care of patients with special needs is needed for dental students and ­dentists.

Possible actions by SCDA to impact the numbers of dentists trained each year in the care of patients with ­special needs.
Vibrational angioedema: considerations for oral health care providers
Authors: Aloyouny Ashwag , Stoopler Eric T.
Published: April 2016

Vibratory angioedema (VA) is a rare, inherited type of physical urticaria characterized by acute onset of mucosal and / or cutaneous edema that is triggered by vibration. We report a case of a 63‐year‐old woman with VA elicited by use of mechanized (vibratory) dental equipment. To our knowledge, this is the first report of VA induced by mechanical dental equipment.
Perception of taste in HIV‐positive individuals in treatment antiretroviral: results of a case‐control study
Authors: Henn Indiara Welter , da Silva Ruann Oswaldo Carvalho , Chaiben Cassiano Lima , Fernandes Ângela , Naval Machado Maria Ângela , de Lima Antonio Adilson Soares
Published: April 2016

Objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate the perception of taste in HIV‐infected patients.

Method

One hundred males and females (11 to 60 years old) were divided into two groups (50 patients infected by HIV and 50 controls) and evaluated for gustatory function.

Results

The results revealed that the mean score in the evaluation of taste was significantly lower in individuals with HIV when compared to controls for both sides of the tongue (p < 0.05). Patients with HIV infection had difficulty recognizing the bitter taste, followed by salty and sweet. When each side of the tongue was evaluated separately and compared, the Wilcoxon test showed that there was no significant difference on the tongue of individuals with HIV. The prevalence of hypogeusia was 20% in individuals with this disease.

Conclusions

Individuals with HIV infection may have a deficit in taste that can affect your general and oral health.
Pursuing Goals with Others
Authors: Fishbach Ayelet , Tu Yanping
Published: April 2016

This article explores motivation in a social context: how people pursue goals with others, with information on others, and for the self and others. As people incorporate close others into their extended selves (Aron et al., ), they begin to treat others' actions and outcomes as partially their own. This tendency, in turn, has implications for coordinating goal pursuits with others and for the preference for actions that maximize the total benefits for the self and others. To demonstrate these principles – coordination and joint‐benefits maximization – we first explore coordination in pursuing goals with others (i.e., working in teams), showing that people respond to others' actions and lack of action similarly to how they respond to their own actions and lack of action. We next explore coordination in pursuing goals with information on others, showing that people conform to others' preferences and attitudes yet choose actions that complement others' actions. Finally, we review research on pursuing goals for the self and others, showing that people wish to maximize the total benefits for the group.
Reconstruction of a Complicated Orbital Depression Fracture with Medial Wall and Globe Repositioning in a Horse: A Collaboration Across Disciplines and Specialties
Authors: McMaster Mattie , Caldwell Fred , Gillen Alexandra , Hespel Adrien , Budny Patrick , Abarca Eva
Published: April 2016

Objective

To report the surgical reconstruction of a complicated orbital depression fracture in a horse with emphasis on medial wall and globe repositioning.

Study Design

Clinical report.

Animals

A 6 year old Irish Sport Horse gelding.

Methods

The eventer presented with acute, severe orbital trauma and globe displacement. After initial elevation of the depression fractures of the facial bones and reconstruction of the orbit, the globe was recessed secondary to displacement of the medial wall and floor of the orbit within the conchofrontal sinus. A three‐dimensional model of the fracture configuration was used for presurgical planning to reposition the globe. During a subsequent surgical procedure, a resorbable plate was placed in the floor of the orbit and the medial orbital wall and globe were repositioned using a sinoscopic approach and stabilized with the placement of tissue expanders within the conchofrontal sinus. The tissue expanders were subsequently removed after 3 weeks under standing sedation.

Results

The right globe was successfully repositioned in a more correct anatomical orientation and the horse resumed work 3 months postoperatively, and successfully competed at its previous level 5 months postoperatively. No visual deficits have been reported by the owners.

Conclusion

Efforts to restore the medial wall and/or floor of the orbit with concurrent globe repositioning should be considered in horses with severe orbital depression fractures that result in abnormal globe position.
A Higher-Order Shear Deformation Model of a Periodically Sectioned Plate
Authors: Hull Andrew J.
Published: April 2016

This paper develops a higher-order shear deformation model of a periodically sectioned plate. A parabolic deformation expression is used with periodic analysis methods to calculate the displacement field as a function of plate spatial location. The problem is formulated by writing the transverse displacement field and the in-plane rotations as a series solution of unknown wave propagation coefficients multiplied by an exponential indexed wavenumber term in the direction of varying structural properties multiplied by an exponential constant term in the direction of constant structural properties. These expansions, along with various structural properties written using Fourier summations, are inserted into the governing differential equations that were derived using Hamilton's principle. The equations are now algebraic expressions that can be orthogonalized and written in a global matrix format whose solution is the wave propagation coefficients, thus yielding the transverse and in-plane displacements of the system. This new model is validated with finite-element theory and Kirchhoff plate theory for a thin plate simulation and verified with comparison to experimental results for a 0.0191 m thick sectional plate.
Combined Visualization and Heat Transfer Measurements for Steam Flow Condensation in Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Mini-Gaps
Authors: Chen Xi , Derby Melanie M.
Published: April 2016

Condensation enhancement was investigated for flow condensation in mini-channels. Simultaneous flow visualization and heat transfer experiments were conducted in 0.952-mm diameter mini-gaps. An open loop steam apparatus was constructed for a mass flux range of 50–100 kg/m2s and steam quality range of 0.2–0.8, and validated with single-phase experiments. Filmwise condensation was observed in the hydrophilic mini-gap; pressure drop and heat transfer coefficients were compared to the (Kim and Mudawar, 2013, “Universal Approach to Predicting Heat Transfer Coefficient for Condensing Mini/Micro-Channel Flow,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 56(1–2), pp. 238–250) correlation and prediction was very good; the mean absolute error (MAE) was 20.2%. Dropwise condensation was observed in the hydrophobic mini-gap, and periodic cycles of droplet nucleation, coalescence, and departure were found at all mass fluxes. Snapshots of six typical sweeping cycles were presented, including integrated flow visualization quantitative and qualitative results combined with heat transfer coefficients. With a fixed average steam quality (x¯ = 0.42), increasing mass flux from 50 to 75 to 100 kg/m2s consequently reduced average sweeping periods from 28 to 23 to 17 ms and reduced droplet departure diameters from 13.7 to 12.9 to 10.3 μm, respectively. For these cases, condensation heat transfer coefficients increased from 154,700 to 176,500 to 194,800 W/m2 K at mass fluxes of 50, 75, and 100 kg/m2 s, respectively. Increased mass fluxes and steam quality reduced sweeping periods and droplet departure diameters, thereby reducing liquid thickness and increasing heat transfer coefficients.
Design, Construction, and Characterization of an Adjustable 70 kW High-Flux Solar Simulator
Authors: Xu Jinliang , Tang Cheng , Cheng Yongpan , Li Zijin , Cao Hui , Yu Xiongjiang , Li Yuzhang , Wang Yanjuan
Published: April 2016

The design, construction, and characterization of a solar simulator are reported. The solar simulator consists of an optical system, a power source system, an air cooling system, a control system, and a calibration system. Seven xenon short-arc lamps were used, each consuming 10 kW electricity. The lamps were aligned at the reflector ellipsoidal axis. The stochastic Monte Carlo method analyzed the interactions between light rays and reflector surfaces as well as participating media. The seven lamps have a common focal plane. The focal plane diameters can be changed in the range of 60–120 mm with the lamp module traveling the distance in a range of 0–300 mm. The calibration process established a linear relationship between irradiant fluxes and grayscale values. The measures to reduce irradiant flux error and fluctuations were described. The irradiant flux distribution can be changed by varying the power capacities and/or moving the focal plane locations. The peak fluxes are 1.92, 3.16, and 3.91 MW/m2 for 25%, 50%, and 75% of the full power capacity. The peak flux and temperature exceed 4 MW/m2 and 2300 K, respectively, for the full power capacity. A 8 cm thick refractory brick can be melt in 2 min with the melting temperature of about 2300 K when the solar simulator is operating at 70% of the maximum power capacity.
Modeling Auto-Ignition Transients in Reacting Diesel Jets
Authors: Hakim Layal , Lacaze Guilhem , Khalil Mohammad , Najm Habib N. , Oefelein Joseph C.
Published: April 2016

The objective of the present work is to establish a framework to design simple Arrhenius mechanisms for simulation of diesel engine combustion. The goal is to predict auto-ignition over a selected range of temperature and equivalence ratio, at a significantly reduced computational cost, and to quantify the accuracy of the optimized mechanisms for a selected set of characteristics. The methodology is demonstrated for n-dodecane oxidation by fitting the auto-ignition delay time predicted by a detailed reference mechanism to a two-step model mechanism. The pre-exponential factor and activation energy of the first reaction are modeled as functions of equivalence ratio and temperature and calibrated using Bayesian inference. This provides both the optimal parameter values and the related uncertainties over a defined envelope of temperatures, pressures, and equivalence ratios. Nonintrusive spectral projection (NISP) is then used to propagate the uncertainty through homogeneous auto-ignitions. A benefit of the method is that parametric uncertainties can be propagated in the same way through coupled reacting flow calculations using techniques such as large eddy simulation (LES) to quantify the impact of the chemical parameter uncertainty on simulation results.
Differences in intracellular calcium dynamics cause differences in α-granule secretion and phosphatidylserine expression in platelets adhering on glass and TiO2
Authors: Gupta Swati , Donati Alessia , Reviakine Ilya
Published: April 2016

In this study, the activation of purified human platelets due to their adhesion on glass and TiO2 in the absence of extracellular calcium was investigated. Differences in α-granule secretion between platelets adhering on the two surfaces were detected by examining the expression and secretion of the α-granule markers P-selectin (CD62P) and β-thromboglobulin. Similarly, differences in the expression of phosphatidylserine (PS), and in the activation of the major integrin GPIIb/IIIa, on the surfaces of the adhering platelets, were also observed. While all of these activation markers were expressed in platelets adhering on glass, the surface markers were not expressed in platelets adhering on TiO2, and β-thromboglobulin secretion levels were substantially reduced. Differences in marker expression and secretion correlated with differences in the intracellular calcium dynamics. Calcium ionophore treatment triggered α-granule secretion and PS expression in TiO2-adhering platelets but had no effect on the activation of GPIIb/IIIa. These results demonstrate specificity in the way surfaces of artificial materials activate platelets, link differences in the intracellular calcium dynamics observed in the platelets adhering on the two surfaces to the differences in some of the platelet responses (α-granule secretion and PS expression), but also highlight the involvement of synergistic, calcium-independent pathways in platelet activation. The ability to control activation in surface-adhering platelets makes this an attractive model system for studying platelet signaling pathways and for tissue engineering applications.
Long-Term High-Effort Endurance Exercise in Older Adults: Diminishing Returns for Cognitive and Brain Aging
Authors: Young Jeremy C. , Dowell Nicholas G. , Watt Peter W. , Tabet Naji , Rusted Jennifer M.
Published: April 2016

While there is evidence that age-related changes in cognitive performance and brain structure can be offset by increased exercise, little is known about the impact long-term high-effort endurance exercise has on these functions. In a cross-sectional design with 12-month follow-up, we recruited older adults engaging in high-effort endurance exercise over at least 20 years, and compared their cognitive performance and brain structure with a nonsedentary control group similar in age, sex, education, IQ, and lifestyle factors. Our findings showed no differences on measures of speed of processing, executive function, incidental memory, episodic memory, working memory, or visual search for older adults participating in long-term high-effort endurance exercise, when compared without confounds to nonsedentary peers. On tasks that engaged significant attentional control, subtle differences emerged. On indices of brain structure, long-term exercisers displayed higher white matter axial diffusivity than their age-matched peers, but this did not correlate with indices of cognitive performance.
Application of a Database-Independent Approach To Assess the Quality of Operational Taxonomic Unit Picking Methods
Authors: Schloss Patrick D.
Published: April 2016

Assignment of 16S rRNA gene sequences to operational taxonomic units (OTUs) allows microbial ecologists to overcome the inconsistencies and biases within bacterial taxonomy and provides a strategy for clustering similar sequences that do not have representatives in a reference database.
Pool size structure indicates developmental stages of boreal fens
Authors: White Marianne , Payette Serge
Published: April 2016

Several boreal fens belong to the patterned fen category, which is composed of two compartments, the pool (or hollow), and the string (or hummock) compartments. Both compartments are distributed perpendicular to the mire slope and drainage flow. The surface of patterned fens is repeatedly invaded by water, which is known to affect the original pool–string pattern through the creation and enlargement of pools, a process caused by the action of aqualysis. Aqualysis refers to the destruction of the vegetation cover by flooding of low-elevated strings or lawns causing the formation and enlargement of pools. It is argued here that the nature and composition of the pool structure (number and size) reveal the state of development of patterned fens of the boreal environment. Quantitative and spatial data for pool size structure in 24 fens of northern Quebec, including 4881 pools, were used for the assessment of patterned fen development. Among the main factors influencing patterned fen development, area and slope contribute to the construction of the peatland surface. Also, watershed area, alternating strings and hollows, and peat thickness all facilitate pool creation and expansion. The construction of the pool structure of most fens has been a long process of ecosystem building. This probably explains why most sloping fens, i.e, moderate- and steep-sloping fens, are today at an equilibrium stage characterized by the coexistence of pools of all sizes with the smallest pools being the most numerous. In contrast, most low-sloping fens have developed toward a lacustrine stage with a bimodal distribution of small and very large pools. Boreal patterned fens of all developmental stages will be subject to increased pool size and number in the near future if more humid climatic conditions prevail.
Dynamics of a beam-column element on an elastic foundation
Authors: Dinçkal Çiğdem , Alemdar Bülent N. , Gülkan Polat H.
Published: April 2016

An exact analytical solution of a harmonically vibrating beam-column element resting on an elastic Winkler foundation is derived. The solution covers four cases comprised of constant compressive or tensile axial force with the restrictions ks – mω2 < 0 and ks – mω2 > 0. The proposed solution is not restricted to a particular range of magnitudes of the foundation parameter. Closed form solutions of dynamic shape functions are explicitly derived for each sub-case to obtain frequency-dependent dynamic stiffness terms that constitute the exact dynamic stiffness matrices. Four numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the merits of the present study.
On the Semantics of Architectural Decisions
Authors: Sacha Krzysztof
Published: April 2016

The architecture of a software system results from decisions made by the developers throughout the software life cycle. Any decision pertaining to software architecture is called an architectural decision. Architectural decision modelling captures the dependencies that exist between the decisions and serves as a foundation for knowledge management and reuse. Several models have been described in the literature, using natural language to explain the basic notions and class diagrams to show relations between them. However, a formal definition of an architectural decision is still missing. This paper analyzes existing architectural decision models and provides a formal background for the basic notions that all the models have consensus on. The major contribution of this paper is twofold: to propose a set-theoretic definition of the semantics of architectural decisions; and to show an explicit interpretation of basic relationships that exist in the architectural knowledge. The formalization can help in understanding the meaning of architectural decisions and the meaning of relations that exist between the decision elements. UML-based metamodel for architectural design decisions is also presented.
STRONG BUBBLES AND STRICT LOCAL MARTINGALES
Authors: HERDEGEN MARTIN , SCHWEIZER MARTIN
Published: April 2016

In a numéraire-independent framework, we study a financial market with [Formula: see text] assets which are all treated in a symmetric way. We define the fundamental value ∗S of an asset [Formula: see text] as its super-replication price and say that the market has a strong bubble if ∗S and [Formula: see text] deviate from each other. None of these concepts needs any mention of martingales. Our main result then shows that under a weak absence-of-arbitrage assumption (basically NUPBR), a market has a strong bubble if and only if in all numéraire s for which there is an equivalent local martingale measure (ELMM), asset prices are strict local martingales under all possible ELMMs. We show by an example that our bubble concept lies strictly between the existing notions from the literature. We also give an example where asset prices are strict local martingales under one ELMM, but true martingales under another, and we show how our approach can lead naturally to endogenous bubble birth.
RP and RQA Analysis for Floating Potential Fluctuations in a DC Magnetron Sputtering Plasma
Authors: Sabavath Gopikishan , Banerjee I. , Mahapatra S. K.
Published: April 2016

The nonlinear dynamics of a direct current magnetron sputtering plasma is visualized using recurrence plot (RP) technique. RP comprises the recurrence quantification analysis (RQA) which is an efficient method to observe critical regime transitions in dynamics. Further, RQA provides insight information about the system’s behavior. We observed the floating potential fluctuations of the plasma as a function of discharge voltage by using Langmuir probe. The system exhibits quasi-periodic–chaotic–quasi-periodic–chaotic transitions. These transitions are quantified from determinism, Lmax, and entropy of RQA. Statistical investigations like kurtosis and skewness also studied for these transitions which are in well agreement with RQA results.