bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introducing newly developed Nomadic People Optimizer (NPO) algorithm to find optimal sizing of a hybrid renewable energy
Authors: Mohammed Abbas Q. , Al-Anbarri Kassim A. , Hannun Rafid M.
Published: November 2020

In this work, the main objective the provision of electric supply to a residential complex located in a remote area in Iraq (Thi -Qar) that has no access to electricity grid. This study relied on the Nomadic People Optimizer (NPO) for the Multi-objective design of a grid independent PV/Wind/Battery hybrid energy system. The hybrid systems considered in this study consist of a photovoltaic array, wind turbine, and battery storage. The hybrid system optimized the electricity supply of a residential complex with 30 houses in Thi- Qar which is located in southern Iraq on latitude 31.060 and longitude 46.260. The major purpose of this optimization is to find optimal sizing of renewable energy with battery storage to minimizing Total Life Cycle Cost (TLCC), this is an economic aspect, which in turn reduces the cost of energy (COE), Second objective is minimizing Total Dump Energy (TDE) with continuous provide the load by electricity (Reliability as constrained) through life cycle of project for a 25 years. The data used in this study, such as solar radiation, wind speed, and temperature was collected from weather forecast in Thi- Qar for every hour over the course of a full year; the electrical demand was collected from Thi- Qar Electricity Distribution Directorate for the same housing complex and the same number of houses in an area equipped with electricity. Also, the prices of the system components, cost of maintenance, and cost of fuel were collected from Thi- Qar Iraq market.
CFD analysis of the thermal performance improvement in heat sinks with corrugated plate-fin
Authors: Ghani Ihsan Ali , Freegah Basim , Hussain Ammar A.
Published: November 2020

A 3-dimensional numerical analysis is performed to study the thermal performance in three new designs of the corrugated plate-fin subjected to impinging airflow for Reynolds number range from 1600 to 7700. The three designs of pate-fin heat sink include a triangular (TRI-PFHS), a rectangular (REC-PFHS), and a semi-circular (SCR-PFHS). A comparative evaluation has been performed on the thermal performance of the suggested designs with the traditional type (T-PFHS). The results revealed that the thermal performance of new designs is higher than that of the traditional heat sink. The new designs of corrugated plate-fin heat sink have proved the ability to improve heat transfer due to the larger area offered by corrugation and high flow disruptions caused by the presence of a semi-confined channel. The performance of the new designs is assessed in terms of Nusselt number, pressure drop, and performance factor. The overall performance factor (Pf) for SCR-PFHS is predominant over all other designs which achieved a highest value of 1.76 at Re=7700.
Evaluating the Distribution of Health Services in Nasiriyah City By Utilizing Geomatics Techniques
Authors: Falih Khaldoon T. , Al.Saedi Ali Salah. J.
Published: November 2020

The growth of cities is one of the most important global phenomena, which is occurring under the influence of environmental factors on the human, economic and political, and giving services to citizens and the city are of the priorities of the urban planners and managers. To accomplish this, a variety of techniques have been used both classical and modern the use of quantitative methods in problems locating utilities increased and each of these methods in addition to the advantages and disadvantages in this field is used to study how the spatial distribution of health facilities in Nasiriyah city, has been studied as the case the system uses a multi-criteria analysis. The issue of site selection, service, and service centers in the city is better. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of the current distribution of health services by using GIS and Population criterion is analytical and descriptive methods and the type of application. To achieve this objective the integration of GIS and hierarchical method (AHP) and GIS was used, the required layers, including the proximity to compatible land uses, access to the Road network, population density, Spatial distribution, Create an integrated database of health service sites to be established in the future to assist decision-makers and planners to for take decision-making. After conducting the analysis using the two criteria (population density and Spatial distribution ), the results were found, most of which was the apparent deficiency in the current health services, the city’s need for various types of health services.
Investigation Experimentally the Effect of Thermal Stresses on the Straight and Curved Natural Composite Material Pipes
Authors: Jassim Riyadh Fakher , Abdulla Fadhel Abbas
Published: November 2020

This paper study experimentally the effect of changing the angle of curvature pipe made from natural composite materials (eggshell powder with polyester) under thermal load. This work involves the design and fabricate of straight and curved pipe samples with difference angle of curvatures (34° and 48°) at 50 % weight fraction. Three composite pipes were tested (straight pipe, curved pipe with angle 34°, and curved pipe with angle 48°). Tensile and thermo-mechanical test were performing to find the mechanical properties of the specimens. Experimental work included design and manufacturing test rig to simulate thermal stress. The experimental results revealed that a maximum hoop strain and longitudinal strain increased with increasing the temperature for all test pipes. The longitudinal stresses at crown and intrados positions were more than the longitudinal stress at extrados position by 258 % and 199 % respectively and the von mises stresses at crown and intrados positions were more than the von mises stress at extrados position by 180 % and 165 % respectively. In the curved pipe with angle 48°, the hoop strains at intrados and crown positions were more than the hoop strain at extrados position by 78 % and 37 % respectively.
Design of dual band elliptical microstrip antenna for satellite communication
Authors: Thaher Raad H. , jassim Studied Hasanain M.
Published: November 2020

A microstrip antenna with an elliptical patch is designed. The antenna has dimensions of (19x23x1.6)mm
3, it is mounted on a substrate with 4.3 relative dielectric constant (εr
) and 0.025 loss tangent (tan δ) and it can be used for satellite communication. The antenna covers a bandwidth of (9.89-10.49) GHz and (17.4-19.24) GHz, the gain in the mentioned bands is (1.5-3.3) dBi and (4.6-2.8) dBi respectively with a voltage standing wave (VSWR) less than 2. The antenna is adjusted by adding a slot in the ground and steps in the feed line in order to get a better group delay characteristics. The simulation results are obtained using CST software.
Sustainable Development of Highly Flowable Cementitious Grouts for Semi-flexible Pavement Mixture
Authors: Hlail Saif Hameed , Al-Busaltan Shakir , Shaban Alaa M
Published: November 2020

Grout is a substance with a cement which is characterized by a high strength and it is a high workability, so it can be injected in places of small cracks or places of water leakage. Generally, it is used to repair cracks or defects of concrete, also it can be used to fill the voids under the metal bases or digging anchors. Moreover, grout is used efficiently in the process of production the semi-flexible pavement mixtures. The purpose of this study is to design a sustainable grout using waste and by-products materials, to end as flowable grout for semiflexible pavement mixtures. The mixture of the grout was prepared using Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), silica fume (SF), paper sludge ash (PSA), superplasticizer (SP), and water. Different proportions of mentioned materials were used to characterizing the developed grout through flowability, compressive strength, and flexural strength tests. Results showed that the flow time increases with increase in the surface area of cementitious materials. Also, the compression strength of the grouts comprised OPC+PSA, revels that there is an optimal dosage: i.e., 15% PSA. Whereas SF generally leads to increase the compression strength. On other side, flexural strength test confirmed the upgrading of developed grouts. As a conclusion, a sustainable grout can be produced with acceptable characteristics when grout constitutes are optimized.
Strengthening of RC Circular Short Columns with Fibrous Jacket
Authors: Mhuder Wathiq Jassim , Chassib Samir M.
Published: November 2020

This research presented a wide study about the structural behavior and strength of RC circular short columns when strengthened with concrete jackets strengthened with steel fiber. A total of 17 circular columns were designed, fabricated, and tested experimentally under monotonic load. An experimental investigation was carried out to assess the efficiency of the fibrous jacket in the retrofitting of RC column. The parametric study was conducted which included using four columns as control specimens with different cross-section dimensions. The remaining 13 column specimens included strengthening the column by different parameters such as steel fibers ratio and type, jacket thickness, bond by epoxy, and full and limited jacket height. The ultimate stress and strain, crack pattern, failure modes, ductility, and toughness capacity of the specimens were studied. The experimental outcomes exhibited that the fibrous jacket enhanced the ultimate strength capacity, ductility, and changed the failure mode of columns. The increase in the steel fibers ratio (1%, 1.5%, and 2%) enhanced the ultimate load capacity by (194%, 71%, and 126%) respectively. Strengthened columns by FRC jacket with thicknesses (25, 35, and 45) showed enhancement in the stress carrying capacity by (126%, 242%, and 171%) respectively. Using epoxy appeared a different behavior in comparison with square columns. The use of epoxy showed lower stress capacity by (21% and 24%) for (1% and 2%) hooked steel fibers ratio respectively. Use of hoop jacket case enhanced the ultimate stress capacity better than composite case. straight fibers were better than hooked ones in the improvement of ductility and energy absorption.
Determination of Pedestrian Level of Service on Sidewalks in Samawah City
Authors: Al-Mukaram Noorance , Musa Sarah Safaaldeen
Published: November 2020

This study focuses on assessing pedestrian walking characteristics on sidewalks. The fundamental relationships of flow – speed – density were investigated and analysed in Samawah city. The video recording method was implemented to observe pedestrian characteristics such as flow and speed at four survey sites. These data were used to develop mathematical models that figure the aforementioned relationships. To obtain the best fitting of each relationship, the coefficient of determination R2 was calculated. The results of this study were compared with the other research outputs. Finally, the level of service boundaries for pedestrians’ movements on sidewalks were defined.
Improvements of some roundabout Intersections using capacity model Analysis
Authors: Yagoop Nawras Khdauer , Ahmad Nahla.Yassub. , Abbood Abdul Kareem Naji
Published: November 2020

Several methods of analysis have been proposed to analyze the ability of vehicles to rotate and manoeuvre during roundabout intersections. Some models have been using formulas and calculations for extracting the results manually, while other models have been used to use the engineering software for the model. Given these differences, it may not be clear how best to use them in a particular situation. When comparing methods of capacity analysis, it will be useful to know how the various techniques are performed across a set of approaches Conflicting volumes. This paper reports on the ability of techniques to rotate multiple pathways based on maximum entry and exit traffic volumes using several methods of analysis. The research study the capacity model for some roundabout intersections in Hilla city, they are, (Al- Mohafada, Al-Saia and, Sahat Abn-Idreas). The capacity equations have been examined using some of the software programs, Highway Capacity HSC 2010, (Signalized Intersection Design and Research Aid) SIDRA, (macroscopic analysis and optimization software application). Synchro 10, to reach the best solutions to describe traffic capacity for each intersection within the study area. Data have been collected according to field survey include traffic volume for different types of vehicles and pedestrians, within antemeridian & post-meridiem (a.m&p.m ) Peak Hour Volume (PHV), Number of lanes, lane width, median width, shoulder width and pedestrians crossing included too, using video technique method. Comparing the capacity for each approach and intersections using the above software programs on the bases of several variables: V/c, delay time, LOS and queue length. It was concluded that all intersections appear with the level of service LOS (E–F) according to (V/c)>1 and increase the delay time. Also, LOS improved from (F to C) when adding one lane for each approach for Al-Mohafada roundabout intersection according to output SIDRA software, as well as it was found that SIDRA software program gives significant results on a capacity model due to take into account the geometric characteristics of the intersections and pedestrian movements and crossing. Likewise, the Syncro program creates simulations of the roundabout with the traffic volumes entering the roundabout intersection, through which it identifies the conflicting points inside the circular intersection and shows the delay in each approach and also shows the queue for each approach.
Analytical Study on Effect of Bar Size on Pull-out force for Reinforcing Bar Embedded in Concrete Blocks
Authors: khalaf Raad D. , Mohammed Abbas H. , Mohammedali Taha K. , Sammen Saad Sh.
Published: November 2020

The most commonly used test method for measuring the bond strength between reinforcing bars and concrete is the pull-out test of pulling a reinforcing bar out of a concrete block. During serviceability and durability design the bond of reinforcing bars is important in crack control. This paper presents numerical model for studying the size effect on pull-out force. This research considers three bar size diameter, which is 10, 12 and 16 mm bar diameter. The finite element ANSYS software was used for the numerical analysis. The specimens are analyzed until the specimens failure were occurred. The analytical results indicate that the pull-out force increase with increasing bar diameter. The pullout force for specimens S12 and S16 are increase (7% and 35%) compared with specimen S10 respectively.
Fresnel lens solar concentrator to utilize the Extreme solar Intensity in solar still receivers
Authors: Obaid Ahmed H. , Sahlania Assaad Al , Eidan Adel A
Published: November 2020

This work presents an experimental study of solar distillation using a solar still receivers with a Fresnel lens concentrate. Two models of a cylindrical glass solar still (10 cm and 20 cm height) are used. The solar stills were placed in the focus of the lens to investigate the productivity of different models. The Fresnel lens concentrator is controlled to track the solar light and maintain the focal stationery. The results showed that the largest productivity for the solar still is (0.5 L/6hour) when the average solar radiation is 1280 W/m2 and (0.5 L/6hour) when the average solar radiation is 1165 W/m2 for (10cm and 20cm) solar still height respectively. The result showed that the productivity of the freshwater increased as the solar radiation increased. On the other hand, the productivity effect of the height of the solar still and other variables is less than effect amount of solar radiation. Also, the results showed that Fresnel lens concentrator can be efficiently used to provide fresh water during wintertime under Iraqi weather
EFFECT OF MgO POWDER ON PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYOLEFIN FIBER REINFORCED CONCRT
Authors: kadhum Israa , Khalil Yasir , Mustafa Hamza
Published: November 2020

Expansive additives are widely used to compensate the drying shrinkage of cement-based materials to avoid cracking. However, the expansion of conventional expansive additive depends strongly on wet curing and is mainly generated at early age, and hence it may not work well in concretes without sufficient water supply or exhibit long-term shrinkage. MgO-based expansive additive, for which less water is needed for the formation of Mg(OH)2 in comparison to other expansive additives.For the purpose this paper proposed a new kind of cement concrete overlay material comprised of polyolefin fiber and MgO powder. An experimental test procedure including density, compressive strength and flexural strength in this article was investigated. The results showed improvement of all the properties of the concrete mixes. Obvious compound effect of polyolefin fiber and MgO powder on concrete properties was noticed.
The Effect of Using LPG in a SI engine instead of using Gasoline fuel
Authors: Mohammed Mortadha. K. , Balla Hyder H. , Al-Dulaimi Zaid Maan H. , Al-Zuhairy Mudhaffar S.
Published: November 2020

The fossil fuels used in internal combustion engines are among the largest contributors to environmental degradation, and this fuel has a high economic cost, so the need to use alternative fuels with less environmental impact and less cost-effective cost. Therefore, researchers resorted to using different kinds of alternative fuels, including liquefied petroleum gas. This study provides a practical study comparing the use of LPG and gasoline in terms of performance and emissions from the four-stroke spark ignition, single cylinder, air cooled with a constant pressure ratio and variable-speed 1500–2500 rpm. A difference in volume efficiency, the brake thermal efficiency, fuel consumption and emissions of gases (HC, NOx, CO2, CO) has been measured that results have shown improved fuel consumption and thermal efficiency when using LPG fuel compared to pure gasoline. In contrast, the volume efficiency showed negative results when using LPG. the results also showed an improvement in LPG emissions in HC, NOx, CO2, CO with the use of LPG.
Enhancement Thermal Conductivity of PCM in Thermal Energy storage
Authors: Shyaa Aseel K. , Abdulla Fadhel abbas
Published: November 2020

An experimental investigation of different thermal energy storage materials in the solar collector is studied in this paper. Both, sensible energy storage materials and latent heat storage materials (PCMs) are used to enhance the storage system of thermal energy. The size of the tested solar collector 2 m*0.8m*0.15 collector length, width, height. Experimental results obtained from the proposed model indicate that the solar collector model, having a composite of paraffin wax with 5% aluminum powder can continuous operation, and the maximum air temperature difference (ΔT) between air enter to collector and exit from the collector if the ambient of 24.7 °C, the effect on the efficiency of the collector
Effect of Shot Penning on Wear rate of Eggshell natural composite Materials
Authors: Abdulla Fadhel Abbas , Abdullah Ahmed Hadi
Published: November 2020

The effect of shot penning on wear rate of natural materials was investigated experimentally. Egg shell - polyester was used in this experiment using (30% and 55%) weight fraction. The samples were affected on shot penning for two different times (2 min and 6 min) with variation of solidification times (six, four and two days). The wear rate and mechanical properties of natural composite samples (with and without shot penning) were found. The hardness tester for natural composite samples was done. The resultant shows that, the increasing weight fraction causes increasing of solidification of natural composite materials. The egg shell-polyester (55%) weight fraction samples have mechanical properties and reduction wear rate better than egg shell – polyester (30%) weight fraction samples. The increasing time of shot penning causes reduction in wear rate. The egg shell (55%) weight fraction natural composite material has good resistance to wear rate under shot penning. The suitable shot peening time for fiber egg shell natural composite materials is equal or less than 6 min.
THE EFFECT OF ASPECT RATIO OF ELLIPTICAL COOLING HOLES ON THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GAS TURBINE BLADE
Authors: Luabi Akram , Hamza Naseer
Published: November 2020

In advanced gas turbine, the improvement of the thermal efficiency and power output is required. Among these improvements, which still getting attention considerably, increasing turbine inlet temperature that may exceed the melting point of the blade material and to avoid that internal blade cooling technique is incorporated. The common traditional cross-sectional area of the cooling channels is circular. In this paper, a modification regarding the shape of cooling hole is suggested to enhance the heat transfer between the coolant in cooling serpentine and hot gases from the combustion chamber and thus minimizing the severe temperature usually occurs in the gas turbine blade especially at first row of the rotor. The proposed shape is elliptical and to discuss different scenarios of cooling schemes, the aspect ratio of ellipse axes and the distribution of whole holes are also analyzed to figure out the best results in terms of temperature distribution, heat transferred and cooling effectiveness of each model. The three new models consist of cooling holes of (5, 6 and 7) located at the center of the curvature line of blade. Results were compared with those obtained using the model of the GE company (model-1) which is already installed in (AL-DIWANIAH GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT). It were analyzed on the basis of real data, such as geometry profile, total cooling area, and boundary conditions. Results have been discussed and it is found that model-4 is the optimum solution, because of maximum total heat transfer rate and reduction in the blade trailing edge temperature about 24% are attained in this model compared to model-1, and it is found increase number of cooling holes in the blade leads to lowers the blade trailing edge temperature, this depends on the design location of this holes on the blade surface. Meanwhile, the optimum ratio of the model-4 in the reduction of maximum temperature is (a / b = 2) by the dimensions of (a = 2 & b = 1). Steady state thermal analysis is carried out using CFD, Inconel 718 alloy selection as material and air is used as a coolant as the real condition of.
Flat solar air heater collector with phase change materials for domestic purposes in Iraqi climate
Authors: Mahmoud Bashar K , Ibrahim Sulafa I , Abass Khaleel I , Ali Ali J , Chaichan Miqdam T
Published: November 2020

In this study, a solar air heater was built and flat in shape, one with a black plate to gain heat and the other was placed by a tank under this plate containing paraffin wax to increase thermal storage. Energy and exergy for air heater were also analyzed. The performance of heat air heaters was analyzed by measuring various variables such as the intensity of solar radiation, the ambient temperature, the temperature of the air inside and out of the heater, and thermal efficiency. The maximum thermal efficiency of solar heater with PCM is 16.3% compared to normal heater which was 12.4%. The addition of paraffin wax to the air heater caused an increase in the duration of air heating. The maximum exergy effectiveness of a flat solar air heater collector with heat storage materials (PCM) is 0.7%.
Improvement and Assessment of Bab Al-Hussein signalized intersection in Hilla city
Authors: Wali Athraa Falih , Ahmed AbdulRudha Ibrahim
Published: November 2020

Increasing traffic loads at intersections is among the major issues causing traffic difficulties and then leads to traffic jams in the following infrastructures, such as the highways and their crossings are the reflection of civilization across every country. And the scale of the progress throughout the highway quality, number and the traffic facilities in the intersection. The stated objectives of this research are to improve and assess the traffic efficiency of the signalized intersection at Bab Al-Hussein in Hilla City, which matches the current situation and spatial characteristics of the intersection. Traffic volume data have been collected for each approach and every movement (Through, Left, Right and U-turn) within peak hour volume in the (a.m. and p.m.) period for the intersection. Traffic volume classification was according to vehicle’s type which they are moving to throw the intersections (passenger car, heavy vehicle, motorcycle) In addition to the volume of the pedestrians. Data were collected by using the technique of video recording method then represent in tables and figures. The program SYNCHRO 8 has been utilized to analyze and assess the intersection and to select the optimum alternative. The assessment process results in application of the intersection with service standard (LOS F). Because of recommendations for various solutions, varying from signal optimisation to geometrical enhancements. The study conducted that, when add one lane in each approaches and minimizing the cycle length to (75) sec, thus the service level will be increase from (F to C) LOS. This result is an economical and acceptable solution to increase intersection performance. It was recommended that U-turn be prevented because it causes traffic delays, and thus the lost time increases. From it the traffic volume increases at the intersection also, preventing heavy vehicles from crossing at peak times and allocating a time from 6:00 pm to 6:00 am with the allocation of a special road to cross them, because it obstructs traffic and the risk of their presence in a busy intersection.
MICROSTRUCTURE CHARACTERIZATION OF( Ni-PAL2O3) ELECTROLESS COATING OF LOW ALLOY STEEL (AISI 4140)
Authors: Jalil Ihsan Y. , AbidAli Abdulraheem K.
Published: November 2020

In This paper investing micro hardness, surface roughness measurements of electro less composite of coatings (Ni-P-AL2O3). deposited in electro less immersion on low alloy steel. All Specimens (20 mm diameter × 10 mm height) were used as the substrates for low alloy steel (AISI 4041). were grinded and polished as ASTM by emery paper (tungsten oxide paper) no (400–2500). then samples were washed by distilled water and ethanol and dried by using an electrical dryer. Polishing was conducted by diamond paste, specimens were immersed in acetone for (60 min). Before coating, specimens were immersed in solution including materials (30 g/L NaOH, 60 g/L NaCO3 and 60 g/L NaPbo4) for two-minute period at( 75°C) temperature moving the electrolyte using magnetic stirring by supply power (3 volts) to remove oil and any dust from metal surface. After that, the specimens were washed with distilled water, and Placed in sulfuric acid solution (20%) for (10 sec).after that it directed immersion in coating solution. The electro less (Ni-P-AL2O3) coatings were prepared by using nickel chloride as a source of nickel in alkaline baths, using (alpha alumina).The formulas were characterized by means of measurements of micro hardness, surface roughness. Our the results revealed that the heat-treated sample (Ni-P-AL2O3) showed higher hardness (2061HV). Increasing in the concentration was noted of (AL2O3) induced as-coated(Ni-P) conversion structure from amorphous to crystalline. The composite coating (Ni-P-AL2O3) is better compared to the Ni-P coating, and they get even better with heat treatment increased. The addition of (AL2O3) makes the coating denser and the grain size to decrease according to the formulae being heat treated.
Fatigue Characterization for Composite Materials used in Artificial Socket Prostheses with the Adding of Nanoparticles
Authors: Al-Waily Muhannad , Tolephih Moneer H. , Jweeg Muhsin J.
Published: November 2020

The prostheses sockets use normally composite materials which means that their applications may be related with the human body. Therefore, it was very necessary to improve the mechanical properties of these materials. The prosthetic sockets are subjected to varying stresses in gait cycle scenario which may cause a fatigue damage. Therefore, it is necessary or this work to modify the fatigue behavior of the materials used for manufacturing the prostheses sockets. In this work, different Nano particle materials are used to modify the mechanical properties of the composite materials, and increase the fatigue strength. By using an experimental technique, the effect of using different volume fractions for various types for Nano particle materials on the fatigue behavior for composite materials, and preparing the fatigue samples and tested using the fatigue apparatus. The Nano particles used were (Nano SiO2 and Nano Al2O3) materials with volume fraction as (0% to 2%), for each type of Nano material used. The artificial neural network technique was adopted to have a verification for the experimental results and calculating the fatigue life and strength for composite materials, with the addition of nanoparticles and then, a comparison of the results was achieved. The comparison of the results indicate a maximum error between results calculated by two technique did not exceeded about (1%). Then, the results calculated showed that the mechanical properties and fatigue life and strength increase with reinforcement with Nano particle. Also, the results showed that the modified for fatigue limits with materials by (Nano SiO2) Nano particle was more than the modified for fatigue limits for materials reinforcement with other materials. Finally, it can be concluded that the modified for fatigue strength, by reinforcement with (Nano SiO2), leads to 60% more than fatigue limit without Nano additive.
A Comparative Study of (Al2O3/CuO/Fe3O4) Nanoparticles on the Cementition Brick Properties
Authors: Rawdhan Rasha R. , Al-Jelawy Hayder
Published: November 2020

In the present study, different nanoparticles were used to improve the Cementation Brick properties, such as Nano Alumina (NA), Nano Ferrite (NF) and Nano Copper (NC). The weight of cement was partially replaced by those nanoparticles. All types of nanoparticles were added in four ratios (0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 wt%). Three types of those nanoparticles were utilized as mixtures, first mix of NA, second mix of NF and mix of NC brick. Experimental studies were conducted to identify the optimum ratio of the mixture. The results show that 2 wt% of Nano Copper is the most relevant ratio that can improve the targeted properties. In addition, the best ratios of Nano Alumina and Nano Ferrite were observed to be 1.5 wt%. Overall, the bricks with added nanoparticles showed a better reinforcement than the bricks without adding nanoparticles. The concrete testing equipment was used to determine the bearing strength of the bricks in three different curing ages 7, 28 and 90 days. It was revealed that the bricks that contain NA particles show a better performance of strength against the compression of the tester than NC and NF particles in all ages. The ratio of 2 wt% resulted as the best ratio to decrease the water absorption of the bricks. Also, the bulk density was higher when 2 wt% ratio was used. Thus, the physical properties were significantly improved when using the nanoparticles.
Vehicle Speed Reduction Based on Authorized Speed Limits
Authors: Athab Ali Fadhal , Daghal Asaad. S , Abas Saif Ali
Published: November 2020

Keeping vehicle speed under control according to the speed limit is considered the main key to the traffic departments in the world to reduce vehicle accidents. This paper presents a prototype of a novel idea to control vehicle speed automatically according to the types of roads that the vehicle passes through without human intervention. The Micro-controller unit is interfaced with the RF receiver at the prototype, also with the RF’s transmitters deployed along the hypothetical pathway. The results show a valuable response for controlling a vehicle’s speed according to the speed limit of different types of roads.
Beam deflection estimation by Monte Carlo simulation and Kalman filter based ultrasonic distance sensor
Authors: Batbooti Raed S. , Mohammed Bassam A. , Jabbar Tahseen Ali
Published: November 2020

The beam deflection estimation is of primary importance on design stage and health monitoring stage as it provide an indication about the failure of the structure. The bending theory based model is a deterministic model that widely used to determine the beam deflection theoretically. Two significant factors are influenced the beam deflection estimation in bending theory, the applied load and cross section dimensions. Taking the uncertainty of these two factors into account provide an opportunity to understand the uncertainty of the beam deflection estimation. In this paper the so called Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) is used to create stochastic bending model from bending theory model by generating random load and random cross section dimensions based on the accuracy of measurement devices. On the other hand, the beam deflection can be estimated experimentally within a specific accuracy depending on the accuracy of measuring device. A validation tool is needed to combine the experimental and theoretical results in one model to obtain a more accurate estimator than using experimental results alone or theoretical deterministic model alone. In the present work the Kalman filter (KF) is used to put together the experimental results from a cheap distance sensor (ultrasonic distance sensor) with bending theory results to estimate the deflection of simply supported beam. The KF algorithm taking into account the uncertainty of process and the uncertainty of the sensor, resulted in robust estimation of beam deflection.
Impact of Design Requirements for Facade Formation on the Functional Performance of the Balcony Space in Residential Apartments
Authors: Hasan Hasan Abdulrazzaq , Ismail Khalid. j. Aldeen , Shekho Ibrahim Omar
Published: November 2020

Balcony is considered to have two main functions in design process of residential building. The balcony has a function to form important internal space for many activities, which are necessary for the family. This space connects the family in its housing with its surrounding area. Thus, design of balcony space requires criteria and determinants to enhance its performance as a space for residence and as a connection part between the internal and external environment. On the other hand, the balcony is a basic element of the façade composition. Designers usually use it to give the required external formation to residential buildings. This formation adds design requirements, which can be consistent or inconsistent with balconies function. This dual function of the balcony and the homogeneous or contradictory requirements may cause a serious design problem. Designers usually focus on the role of the balcony as a formative element of the building’s façade. This may often lead to the omission of some of its basic functional roles within the housing apartment, and that reflects a whole range of functional disadvantages, especially in the sphere of economics of apartment design. This research aims to measure functional disadvantages in performance of the apartment’s balcony, caused by mono focusing on the aesthetic or expressive factors. These may not correspond with total necessary determinants for balcony’s acceptable functional performance.

To achieve this goal, the Newroz City residential project in Erbil was elected as a sample to conduct the necessary analytical calculations, questionnaire and personal observation to measure the functional efficiency of the balcony space in the various apartments. Obtained results represent the negative impact of omission basic design criteria for balcony space on the functional performance, due to focusing on the aesthetic factors. This may impact on economics of apartment design.
DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF COMPOSITE MULTI I-GIRDERS BRIDGE USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
Authors: Qassim Huda J. , Mohamad-Ali Anis A.
Published: November 2020

Three dimensional finite element models are developed to deal with the bridge-vehicle interaction problem of simply supported composite multi I-girders bridge. The bridge is modeled by using ANSYS 15.0 program with solid and shell elements to represent concrete and steel members, respectively. AASHTO HL-93 truck is idealized as 3D non-linear model consisting of five lumped masses connected by rigid beams and supported by spring-dampers. The separation between the tires and road surface and surface roughness condition are simulated by Gap and actuator elements, respectively. The road surface roughness profiles are generated from power spectral density (PSD) and cross spectral functions. The models used are capable to take all bridge and vehicle responses into consideration with no limitations on the complexity of the models. The dynamic responses of the multi I-girder bridge are investigated under conditions of various loading positions, roughness classes, vehicle speeds, and bump height. The dynamic behaviors are presented in terms of Dynamic Amplification Factors (DAF). The results show the girder that itself supporting the moving vehicle has lower value of DAF because of higher static responses. A 45 km/hr vehicle speed provides higher DAF value. The bump heights have significant effect on DAFs for bridge with short span.
Pitch angle control using neural network in wind turbines
Authors: Najd Ahmed Harb , Goksu Gorel , Hammood Husam Faisal
Published: November 2020

Wind energy is a growing renewable energy resource. Wind power can be improved or restricted by adjusting the pitch angles of the wind turbine blade. The wind turbine model is non-linear. Therefore, a smart controller must be designed to adjust the angles of the blade. In this study, the simulated and code method was with the MatLab program to control the angle between the chord line of the blade and incoming wind direction using a type of the neural network (NN) control. The results from the simulation show that the NN proposed controller is very effective for adjusting the pitch angles.
Effect of revolution speed on the mechanical properties of dissimilar Aluminum alloy joined by friction stir spot welding
Authors: Raheef Kareem Mohsen , Mohammed Kamal Abdulkareem , Al-Sabbagh Muhanad Nazar Mustafa , Ogaili Ahmed Ali Farhan
Published: November 2020

Friction stir spot welding (FSSW) method was performed for welding of aluminum alloys AA6061-T6 with pure aluminum AA1100 sheets having thicknesses of 2.4 and 3 mm respectively. FSSW procedure was accomplished at varied tool rotational speeds (1000, 1600, and 2000 rpm). The dwell time was (2, 4, and 6 sec) and the geometry of the tool pin was threaded cylindrical pin with a cylindrical and straight shoulder.

The aluminum alloy AA6061-T6 sheet was overlapped on the pure aluminum AA1100 sheet. The tensile shear test was investigated for all specimens. It was deduced that the value of the maximum shear force is 1.95 kN. This value was obtained at the following welding factors: 2000 rpm spindle rotational speed, 4 sec dwell time and threaded cylindrical pin profile, the two other factors which were pin length and plunging time were kept as constant parameters through the tests at 3.2 mm and 40 sec respectively. It was also concluded that the fracture happens in the nugget zone mode at the highest lap-shear load.
Numerical Study to Enhance The Electrical And Thermal Efficiency Of PV/T System
Authors: Al-zurfi Hazim A. , Balla Hyder H. , Al-Shamani Ali N. , Hayder Ali Mohammed
Published: November 2020

At increases the PV module temperature, electrical efficiency of a photovoltaic cells will be decreases. Due to facing the PV module to the solar irradiance to generate electricity, heating the PV cells is inevitable. A thermal channel collector can be used to absorbed heat from a PV cells, this heat absorbed from the cells can be using for other application, therefore increasing the electrical and conversion efficiency. The thermal collector system consists of a rectangular channel made from insulating materials (form) and on it the round water guides, is mounted to the backside of PV panel, through which water flow. In this modeling and numerical study, to solve this problem, was adding a cooling system to the PV panel. In the result, the benefit from this work to cooling the solar cells and increase the electrical efficiency, also to obtain heat gain in the form of hot water. Shown the simulation results, the absorber of thermal collector channel generates the maximum electrical efficiency of 14.6674% with maximum thermal efficiency of 82.532% at ambient of temperature set between 27°C to 32°C, set the temperature of inlet water at 27°C, water flow rate range (1-5) Liter/minute by increasing ratio of (1Liter/minute) and solar radiation between 300 to 1000 (W/m2) by increasing ratio of 100 (W/m ). Because high effectiveness and perfect the contact surfaces between the PV module and the thermal collector channel underneath, the recommended of (PV/T) system to enhance heat transfer.
MANAGING 5G LTE ADVANCED NETWORKS THROUGH MACHINE LEARNING INTELLIGENCE BASED SYSTEM
Authors: Alshmeel Ghassan Hamada Ali , Ibrahim Abdullahi Abdu
Published: November 2020

The development of 5G mobile communication systems is aiming at meeting the boosting needs of mobile Internet traffic in the next 10 years. Some key technologies have been put forward in the next generation mobile communication technology (5G) such as millimeter waves and Small Cell to meet the requirements. The development of small cell networks offers higher chances in increasing capacity while reducing power consumption, since the small cells are effective supplements to macro cells with less power consumption in each single small cell. The problem is that deploying dense small cells may not actually save the total power of the system. To solve this problem, the small cells could be switched off during the time when traffic load is not that high, and switched on when large number of users appear in the hot spot area. However, switching off the small cells may lead to lower chance of offloading and harm the throughput. The performances of the algorithm are also evaluated by building a simplified LTE model with one macro cell and several small cells in MATLAB. Besides, the main traffic data of the network comes from the simulation in MATLAB which is considered as more realistic. To show the details of power consumption changing, we take the simulation time as a whole day (24 hours) while achieving and accuracy of 97.82%. By using the K-Means clustering machine learning based algorithm, the system power consumption can be largely reduced during peak hours and the decrement of throughput is within an acceptable range with management. The deployment of around 110 small cells in a macro cell shows the best performance.
Numerical Investigation for the Structural Behaviour of Different Strengthening Techniques for Partially-Loaded Square Self-Compacted Concrete Short Columns
Authors: Hemzah Sadjad A. , Alyhya Wajde S. , Hassan Basel A.
Published: November 2020

This paper aims to study numerically the structural behaviour of partially loaded square SCC short columns strengthening with various techniques such as near-surface mounted with steel reinforcement bars (NSM), CFRP wrapping, and both of them (hybrid technique). For this purpose, the results of the ultimate strengths and complete load-deflection response of strengthened columns investigated experimentally in an underpublishing paper were used to verify the accuracy of the computational results. Additional parameters were examined throughly the numerical work, such as the effect of extra CFRP layers, the effect of various compressive strengths, the effect of changing initial loading ratios, and the effect of various numbers of CFRP strips. Results showed that the numerical investigation recorded an excellent agreement with the experimental work through the convergence in the value of both the ultimate load and maximum displacement. Furthermore, increasing the layers of CFRP laminate was active in the specimens strengthened with full CFRP wrapping and hybrid one. The same effect occurred as the compressive strength of the column increased. Rising the loading ratio caused a decrease in the strength capacity for the columns. In contrast, decreasing the spacing between two successive laminates increased the ultimate load capacity for the specimens enhanced partially wrapping with CFRP laminate.
Study of the Bending Characteristics in Composite Sandwich Structures – A Review
Authors: Moheb Jaafar Mohammed Ali , Al-Ameen Ehsan Sabah
Published: November 2020

In several applications reaching from satellite, ships, aircraft, vehicles, railcars, bond construction and much extra, using sandwich constructions have increased rapidly in different fields. The aim of the subsequent paper is to include an overall summary to sandwich construction and explanation of mechanics structural including forms of actuating loads, failure modes found in sandwich panels and standard three-point bending study of sandwich construction.
Performance enhancement of damaged two way concrete slabs
Authors: Mutlaq Safa Adel , Rasheed Laith Sh. , Al-khafaji Ali. Gh. Abaas
Published: November 2020

This paper studying the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete with two-way slabs repairing by (CFRP). Normal concrete was used to cast the reinforced concrete two-way slabs. The experimental works includes testing four reinforced concrete with two-way slabs having dimensions (1050 mm x1050 mm x 60 mm) and with reinforcement (Ø8 @100 mm). All slabs had been subjected to concentrated load and tested as simply supported for all four sides of slabs. So this work including one slab which is not repairing as (control) and three slabs with repairing, the three slabs can be divided into two groups tested as different percentage (50 % and 75 %) of load, and as different configuring shapes of repairing (two shapes).
Effect of Higher Alcohol (Pentanol-Heptanol)–Biodiesel–Diesel Fuel Blends on the Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Direct-Injection Diesel Engine’s
Authors: Saleh Adel M
Published: November 2020

Alternatives of fossil fuel resources as renewable biodiesel fuel and alcohols represents latest technology to be developed associated with the declining of fossil fuel resources along with higher crude oil price. In this study, four-stroke, single cylinder, and direct injection diesel engine performance and emissions are evaluated. The engine was running at variable speeds (1600-3000 rpm). 15% and 25% of pentanol and heptanol were added to the diesel-biodiesel mixture. The experimental results showed increasing in brake specific fuel consumption with the increasing of higher mass fractions of alcohol blends, which is attributed to the decreasing the lower heating value (LHV) of the blends. Higher brake thermal efficiency compared to diesel fuel was produced. An expressive reduction in carbon monoxide (CO) of (16.1% - 46.6% vol.) with total unburned hydrocarbons (UHC) decrease of (7.4% - 25.3% ppm), and nitric oxides (NOx) of (8.5% - 23.5% ppm). Biodiesel and alcoholic blends are suitable to be used as alternatives to diesel without the need for any modifications in conventional diesel engines.
A New Adaptive Filter for Eliminating Salt and Pepper Noise
Authors: Shamsulddin Abdulsattar Fatimah
Published: November 2020

Salt-and-pepper noise can substantially degrade the appearance of images and make further processing difficult. This paper develops a new filter for eliminating different levels of salt-and-pepper noise efficiently without degrading important image details. The filter uses a variable window size. After identifying distorted pixels, if there is at least one or more undistorted pixels are encountered in the processing window, the updated value of the distorted pixel is calculated by the weighted mean of undistorted pixels when a window size is 3×3 and replaced by the mean value of the undistorted pixels with the highest frequency distribution when a window size is larger. This filter is applied twice in order to sufficiently remove high noise levels. The comparison results with other denoising filters indicate that the developed filter has superior or comparable denoising capability in terms of visual appearance and objective measures.