bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Correction: de Menezes et al. A Thorough Procedure to Design Surface-Mounted Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators. Machines 2024, 12, 384
Authors: de Menezes Gustavo Garbelini , Maciejewski Narco Afonso Ravazzoli , de Carvalho Elissa Soares , Bazzo Thiago de Paula Machado
Published: October 2024

In the original publication [...]
On the Mathematical Background of Sliding Mode-Based Friction Compensation of a Micro-Telemanipulation System
Authors: Korondi Péter , Fink Nándor , Mikuska Róbert , Szemes Péter Tamás , Kézi Csaba , Kocsis Imre
Published: October 2024

Modeling of various phenomena in engineering work is always a kind of simplification of real processes, aiming at a model where a certain level of mathematical theory and computational procedures is sufficient. If the complexity of the required theory corresponds to the general mathematical competence of engineers, then technical problems can be treated separately in engineering (or physical) models without regard to the mathematical background. However, in some advanced engineering fields, the harmonized development of engineering and mathematical models and toolboxes is necessary to find efficient solutions. For example, modeling variable structure systems in ideal sliding mode requires a mathematical toolbox that goes far beyond general engineering competence through the theory of discontinuous right-hand-side differential equations. Although sliding mode control is popular in practice and the concept of sliding mode allows a significant reduction of model complexity, its exact mathematical description is rarely encountered. The problem of friction compensation of a micro-telemanipulator using sliding mode control demonstrates a harmonized application of the mathematical and engineering approaches. Based on Filippov’s theory, the ideal sliding mode can be discussed. Although an ideal system cannot be implemented in reality, the real systems can be kept close enough to it; therefore, the discussion of the solution of the ideal model is important for practical applications. Although several elements of the topic are available in the literature, in this paper a unique complex approach is given for users of sliding mode control with experimental considerations, different engineering models, and codes. The paper concludes that sliding mode control is a case where engineering and mathematical modeling are inseparable and requires the competence of both fields.
Ocular Movement Examination in Peripheral Vestibular Disorders as a Tool to Improve Diagnosis: A Literature Review
Authors: Musat Gabriela Cornelia , Tataru Calin Petru , Musat Ovidiu , Preda Mihai Alexandru , Radu Mihnea , Musat Andreea Alexandra Mihaela , Mitroi Mihaela Roxana
Published: October 2024

Background and Objectives: This study reviews the current literature on ocular movements, specifically focusing on nystagmus associated with peripheral vestibular disorders, to enhance diagnostic accuracy. The evaluation of ocular movements, particularly nystagmus, provides essential insights into the function and dysfunction of the vestibular system, helping clinicians distinguish between peripheral and central causes of vertigo and imbalance. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive search of PubMed was conducted using key terms such as “ocular movements”, “nystagmus”, “vestibular nystagmus”, and “peripheral vestibular disorders”. Results: The search yielded 2739 titles, and after a rigorous selection process, 52 articles were reviewed in full. Discussion: The review highlights different classifications and types of nystagmus, including physiological and pathological forms, and their diagnostic relevance in vestibular disorders such as benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), vestibular neuritis, and Meniere’s disease. Diagnostic techniques like video/electro-oculography are emphasized for their role in assessing vestibular function and identifying abnormalities. The study underscores the importance of detailed ocular examination in the diagnosis of peripheral vestibular disorders and proposes an algorithm to aid this process. Conclusions: While not a systematic review, this study highlights the importance of detailed ocular examination in diagnosing peripheral vestibular disorders and presents an algorithm to facilitate this process. It also emphasizes the need for continued research and advancements in vestibular medicine to further understand ocular movements and their clinical significance, ultimately contributing to improved patient outcomes.
The Effect of Solution Aging on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a Laser Powder Bed Fusion-Formed WC-Reinforced 18Ni300 Composite
Authors: Teng Baoren , Yao Bibo , Li Zhenhua , Fan Huili
Published: October 2024

The addition of WC particles has the potential to improve the properties of 18Ni300 alloy, but the effect of heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of 18Ni300 matrix composites needs to be further investigated. In this work, WC-reinforced 18Ni300 composites were fabricated using laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). The composites were made into solutions at 846 °C for 51 min, followed by aging at 388 °C for 300 min. The microstructural evolution and compressive properties of the composites before and after heat treatment were systematically studied. The results indicate that the microstructures of the composites consist of heterogeneous cellular and fine columnar grains. As the WC content increases, the primary phase in the LPBF-formed samples gradually shifts from α-Fe martensite to γ-Fe austenite. After heat treatment, the primary phase transforms to α-Fe with only a small residual amount of γ-Fe. The microstructure becomes more uniform, featuring a significant reduction in grain size. Many precipitated phases can be found in the intergranular, accompanied by an increase in the thickness of diffusion layers. The WC content in the composite material is positively correlated with its hardness and compressive strength. As the WC reinforcement content increases from 5% to 20%, the yield strength and compressive strength of the LPBF-formed composites increase to 1042.5 MPa and 2900.7 MPa, respectively, while the compressive elongation decreases from 64% to 43%. After heat treatment, the yield strength of the composites significantly increases to 2356.8 MPa, with a slight increase in the compressive strength to 2939.7 MPa. However, the elongation decreases from 32.5% to 22%.
Microstructure and Properties of Gradient Ti(C,N)-Based Cermets by Powder Extrusion Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Long Luping , Chen Teng , Qin Qin , Peng Yingbiao , Jiang Shaohua
Published: October 2024

Ti(C,N)-based cermets are crucial for high-speed cutting tools and other high-temperature applications, yet there remains a considerable gap in their preparation controllability, fracture strength, and toughness compared to cemented carbide. Despite numerous studies having focused on modifying the hardness and toughness of Ti(C,N)-based cermets by varying process parameters and chemical compositions, this research has used gradient Ti(C,N)-based cermets produced by powder extrusion additive manufacturing (PEM) technology, which is rare. This study developed the gradient structure layer by layer using PEM. The microstructure of the printed and sintered parts was studied, and the hardness, fracture toughness, and bending strength of the gradient material were analyzed. The gradient material demonstrates superior mechanical properties compared to traditional Ti(C,N)-based cermets, with a hardness of 1760−23+39 HV20, a fracture toughness of 8.5−0.4+0.3 MPa·m1/2, and a bending strength of 2047−43+22 MPa. The research will assist researchers in assessing the potential application of PEM and broaden the application fields of gradient Ti(C,N)-based cermets.
Blackcurrant Anthocyanins Attenuate Estrogen -Deficiency-Induced Bone Loss through Modulating Microbial-Derived Short-Chain Carboxylic Acids and Phytoestrogen Metabolites in Peri- and Early Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Nosal Briana M. , Thornton Staci N. , Melnik Alexey V. , Lotfi Ali , Mofrad Manije Darooghegi , Aksenov Alexander , Lee Elaine Choung-Hee , Chun Ock K.
Published: October 2024

Objectives: The present study aimed to assess the effects of blackcurrant (BC) anthocyanins on concentrations of microbial-derived short-chain carboxylic acids (SCCAs) and metabolites of phytoestrogens. We then examined their associations with six-month changes in whole-body bone mineral density (BMD) and biomarkers of bone metabolism. Methods: Fecal and blood samples from a pilot randomized controlled trial were collected and analyzed from 37 eligible peri- and early postmenopausal women aged 45–60 years who were randomized into one of three treatment groups consuming one placebo capsule (control), 392 mg BC (low BC) or 784 mg BC (high BC) daily for six months. Results: Significant differences were observed between groups at baseline in acetic, propionic, valeric, caproic and heptanoic acids (p < 0.05). Isobutyric acid significantly decreased from baseline (0 months) to six months in the control group (p < 0.05) and the high BC group had a significantly greater concentration than the control group at six months (p < 0.05). Butyric acid was significantly greater in the high BC group than low BC at six months (p < 0.05). Six-month changes in caproic and isobutyric acids showed weak correlations with changes in whole-body BMD (r = 0.3519, p < 0.05 and r = 0.3465, p < 0.05, respectively). Isovaleric and valeric acids displayed weak correlations with BALP (r = 0.3361, p < 0.05) and OPG (r = 0.3593, p < 0.05), respectively. Enterodiol was positively correlated with BALP (r = 0.6056, p < 0.01) while enterolactone was positively correlated with osteocalcin (r = 0.5902, p < 0.001) and negatively correlated with sclerostin (r = −0.3485, p < 0.05). Conclusions: The results suggest that BC may be a potential dietary agent to reduce postmenopausal bone loss through modulating microbially-derived SCCAs and phytoestrogen metabolites.
Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Flavonoids, Phenolic and Flavonoid Glycosides from Gouania longispicata Leaves
Authors: Gumisiriza Hannington , Olet Eunice Apio , Mwikali Lydia , Akatuhebwa Racheal , Omara Timothy , Lejju Julius Bunny , Sesaazi Duncan Crispin
Published: October 2024

The leaves of Gouania longispicata Engl. (GLE) have been traditionally used to treat more than forty ailments in Uganda, including stomachache, lung and skin cancers, syphilis, toothache, and allergies. In this study, pure compounds were isolated from the methanolic extract of GLE leaves and their structures elucidated using ultraviolet visible spectroscopy, liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry, high performance liquid chromatography, and 1D and 2D NMR techniques. The antibacterial and antioxidant activities of the compounds were assessed using the broth dilution and DPPH assays, respectively. Two known flavonoid glycosides (kaempferol-3-O-α-rhamnopyranoside and rutin), a phenolic glycoside (4,6-dihydroxy-3-methylacetophenone-2-O-β-D-glucopyranoside), and flavonoids (kaempferol and quercetin) were characterized. This is the first time that the kaempferol derivative, the acetophenone as well as free forms of quercetin, kaempferol, and rutin, are being reported in GLE and the Gouania genus. The compounds exhibited antibacterial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae and Escherichia coli with minimum inhibitory concentrations between 16 µg/mL and 125 µg/mL. The radical scavenging activities recorded half-minimum inhibitory concentrations (IC50) ranging from 18.6 ± 1.30 µg/mL to 28.1 ± 0.09 µg/mL. The IC50 of kaempferol and quercetin were not significantly different from that of ascorbic acid (p > 0.05), highlighting their potential as natural antioxidant agents. These results lend credence to the use of GLE leaves in herbal treatment of microbial infections and oxidative stress-mediated ailments.
Application of Nanomaterials in Biomedical Imaging and Cancer Therapy II
Authors: Chow James C. L.
Published: October 2024

Following the successful publication of the first edition of our Special Issue entitled “Application of Nanomaterials in Biomedical Imaging and Cancer Therapy” [...]
Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting of In2S3 Photoanodes by Surface Modulation with 2D MoS2 Nanosheets
Authors: Jayarathna Roshani Awanthika , Heo Jun-Ho , Kim Eui-Tae
Published: October 2024

Photoanodes with ample visible-light absorption and efficient photogenerated charge carrier dynamics expedite the actualization of high-efficiency photoelectrochemical water splitting (PEC-WS). Herein, we fabricated the heterojunction nanostructures of In2S3/MoS2 on indium-doped tin oxide glass substrates by indium sputtering and sulfurization, followed by the metal–organic chemical vapor deposition of 2D MoS2 nanosheets (NSs). The photocurrent density of In2S3/MoS2 was substantially enhanced and higher than those of pristine In2S3 and MoS2 NSs. This improvement is due to the MoS2 NSs extending the visible-light absorption range and the type-II heterojunction enhancing the separation and transfer of photogenerated electron–hole pairs. This work offers a promising avenue toward the development of an efficient photoanode for solar-driven PEC-WS.
Microstructure Evolution of the Interface in SiCf/TiC-Ti3SiC2 Composite under Sequential Xe-He-H Ion Irradiation and Annealing Process
Authors: Lei Penghui , Chang Qing , Xiao Mingkun , Ye Chao , Qi Pan , Shi Fangjie , Hang Yuhua , Li Qianwu , Peng Qing
Published: October 2024

A new type of SiCf/TiC-Ti3SiC2 composite was prepared by the Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) method in this work. The phase transformation and interface cracking of this composite under ion irradiation (single Xe, Xe + He, and Xe + He + H ions) and subsequent annealing were analyzed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), mainly focusing on the interface regions. Xe ion irradiation resulted in the formation of high-density stacking faults in the TiC coatings and the complete amorphization of SiC fibers. The implanted H ions exacerbated interface coarsening. After annealing at 900 °C for 2 h, the interface in the Xe + He + H ion-irradiated samples was seriously damaged, resulting in the formation of large bubbles and cracks. This damage occurred because the H atoms reduced the surface free energy, thereby promoting the nucleation and growth of bubbles. Due to the absorption effect of the SiCf/TiC interface on defects, the SiC fiber areas near the interface recovered back to the initial nano-polycrystalline structure after annealing.
Skeletal Muscle Oxidative Metabolism during Exercise Measured with Near Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: McCully Kevin K. , Stoddard Sarah N. , Reynolds Mary Ann , Ryan Terence E.
Published: October 2024

This study characterized the level of oxidative metabolism in skeletal muscle during whole-body activity as a percentage of the muscle’s maximum oxidative rate (mVO2max) using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Ten healthy participants completed a progressive work test and whole-body walking and lunge exercises, while oxygen saturation was collected from the vastus lateralis muscle using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Muscle oxygen consumption (mVO2) was determined using arterial occlusions following each exercise. mVO2max was extrapolated from the mVO2 values determined from the progressive exercise test. mVO2max was 11.3 ± 3.3%/s on day one and 12.0 ± 2.9%/s on day two (p = 0.07). mVO2max had similar variation (ICC = 0.95, CV = 6.4%) to NIRS measures of oxidative metabolism. There was a progressive increase in mVO2 with walking at 3.2 Km/h, 4.8 km/h, 6.4 Km/h, and with lunges (15.8 ± 6.6%, 20.5 ± 7.2%, 26.0 ± 6.6%, and 57.4 ± 15.4% of mVO2max, respectively). Lunges showed a high reliability (ICC = 0.81, CV = 10.2%). Muscle oxidative metabolism in response to whole-body exercise can be reproducibly measured with arterial occlusions and NIRS. This method may be used to further research on mitochondrial activation within a single muscle during whole-body exercise.
Diet Quality and Eating Frequency Were Associated with Insulin-Taking Status among Adults
Authors: Lin Luotao , Qin Yue , Hutchins Emily , Cowan-Pyle Alexandra E. , He Jiangpeng , Zhu Fengqing , Delp Edward J. , Eicher-Miller Heather A.
Published: October 2024

Objective: This pilot cross-sectional study explored differences in dietary intake and eating behaviors between healthy adults and a group of adults taking insulin to manage diabetes. Methods: A characteristic questionnaire and up to four Automated Self-Administered 24-Hour dietary recalls were collected from 152 adults aged 18–65 years (96 healthy and 56 adults taking insulin) from Indiana and across the U.S. from 2022 to 2023. The macronutrient intake, diet quality via the Healthy Eating Index (HEI)-2015, eating frequency, and consistency of timing of eating were calculated and compared between the two groups using adjusted linear or logistic regression models. Results: The total mean HEI scores were very low, at 56 out of 100 and 49 out of 100 for the healthy and insulin-taking groups, respectively. Insulin-taking adults had significantly lower HEI total (p = 0.003) and component scores compared to the healthy group for greens and beans (2.0 vs. 3.0, p = 0.02), whole fruit (2.1 vs. 2.9, p = 0.05), seafood and plant proteins (2.1 vs. 3.3, p = 0.004), and saturated fats (3.7 vs. 5.4, p = 0.05). Eating frequency was significantly lower in the insulin-taking group than in the healthy group (3.0 vs. 3.4 eating occasions/day, p = 0.05). Conclusion: Evidence of the low diet quality and eating frequency of insulin takers may help inform and justify nutrition education to control and manage diabetes.
Outcomes of Invasive Fungal Infections Treated with Isavuconazole: A Retrospective Review
Authors: Gow-Lee Vanessa , Abu Saleh Omar M. , Harris Courtney E. , Gile Jennifer J. , Akhiyat Nadia , Chesdachai Supavit
Published: October 2024

Background: Isavuconazole (ISA) has a favorable side effect profile that makes it attractive for treatment of invasive fungal infections (IFI). It carries FDA approval for invasive aspergillosis and mucormycosis, but there are fewer data for other organisms and non-pulmonary infections. We conducted this review to investigate how ISA performed at treating IFI, with an especial interest in these non-approved indications. Methods: We retrospectively identified and reviewed 131 patients who received ISA as treatment for IFI at our institution, some of whom received ISA as their first anti-fungal therapy and others who received ISA as either step-down therapy or salvage therapy. We identified the microbiologic cause of infection as well as the anatomic site involved for each patient. We then classified patients according to their response to ISA: namely cured, partially responded, or stabilized. Results: The majority of patients were immunocompromised (n = 76, 58%). ISA was used primarily as a secondary therapy (n = 116, 89%); either as a step-down/switching from other agents, or as salvage therapy. The most common reasons for switching to ISA were toxicities with prior agents followed by QT prolongation. Although pulmonary aspergillosis and mucormycosis were represented in more than half of the cohort, ISA was also used off-label for treatment of other organisms such as endemic fungi (n = 19, 15%) as well as central nervous system (CNS) infections (n = 15, 11%). We have described the detailed clinical characteristics of these CNS infections cases. The overall clinical response rate varied by type of infection and site involved (57–73% response rate). Conclusions: We demonstrated encouraging clinical responses, particularly outside the FDA-approved indications, as well as good tolerability. This report highlights the critical need for expanded scope of prospective studies to delineate the efficacy of this better-tolerated agent, especially in central nervous system infections.
Breaking Barriers: Exploiting Envelope Biogenesis and Stress Responses to Develop Novel Antimicrobial Strategies in Gram-Negative Bacteria
Authors: Bisht Renu , Charlesworth Pierre D. , Sperandeo Paola , Polissi Alessandra
Published: October 2024

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as a global health threat, necessitating immediate actions to develop novel antimicrobial strategies and enforce strong stewardship of existing antibiotics to manage the emergence of drug-resistant strains. This issue is particularly concerning when it comes to Gram-negative bacteria, which possess an almost impenetrable outer membrane (OM) that acts as a formidable barrier to existing antimicrobial compounds. This OM is an asymmetric structure, composed of various components that confer stability, fluidity, and integrity to the bacterial cell. The maintenance and restoration of membrane integrity are regulated by envelope stress response systems (ESRs), which monitor its assembly and detect damages caused by external insults. Bacterial communities encounter a wide range of environmental niches to which they must respond and adapt for survival, sustenance, and virulence. ESRs play crucial roles in coordinating the expression of virulence factors, adaptive physiological behaviors, and antibiotic resistance determinants. Given their role in regulating bacterial cell physiology and maintaining membrane homeostasis, ESRs present promising targets for drug development. Considering numerous studies highlighting the involvement of ESRs in virulence, antibiotic resistance, and alternative resistance mechanisms in pathogens, this review aims to present these systems as potential drug targets, thereby encouraging further research in this direction.
Challenges and Opportunities in COPD Management in Latin America: A Review of Inhalation Therapies and Advanced Drug Delivery Systems
Authors: Izquierdo-Condoy Juan S. , Salazar-Santoliva Camila , Salazar-Duque Daniel , Palacio-Dávila Yorlenis-Del-Carmen , Hernández-Londoño Juan M. , Orozco-Gonzalez Rafael , Rodríguez-Sánchez María-Silvana , Marín-Bedoya Valentina , Loaiza-Guevara Valentina
Published: October 2024

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, where it poses a significant burden. In Latin America, the estimated prevalence of COPD is notably high, but the management and treatment of the disease have progressed slowly. This review examines the current status of inhalation therapy for COPD in Latin America, focusing on pharmacological therapies, inhalation devices, and the potential of advanced drug delivery systems. Pharmacological management predominantly relies on inhaled bronchodilators and corticosteroids, though access to these therapies varies considerably across the region. Inhalation devices, such as metered-dose inhalers (MDIs) and dry powder inhalers (DPIs), play a critical role in effective treatment delivery. However, their usage is often compromised by incorrect technique, low adherence, and limited availability, especially for DPIs. Emerging technologies, including nanoformulations, represent a promising frontier for the treatment of COPD by improving drug delivery and reducing side effects. However, significant barriers, such as high development costs and inadequate infrastructure, hinder their widespread adoption in the region. This review highlights the need for a multifaceted approach to enhance COPD management in Latin America, including optimizing access to existing inhalation therapies, strengthening healthcare infrastructure, improving provider training, and engaging patients in treatment decisions. Overcoming these challenges is crucial to improving COPD outcomes across the region.
Thermal Properties of Seed Cake Biomasses and Their Valorisation by Torrefaction
Authors: Butnaru Elena , Stoleru Elena , Ioniță Daniela , Brebu Mihai
Published: October 2024

Seed cakes, by-products from the cold press extraction of vegetable oils, are valuable animal feed supplements due to their high content of proteins, carbohydrates, and minerals. However, the presence of anti-nutrients, as well as the rancidification and development of aflatoxins, can impede their intended use, requiring alternative treatment and valorisation methods. Thermal treatment as a procedure for the conversion of seed cakes from walnuts, hemp, pumpkin, flax, and sunflower into valuable products or energy has been investigated in this paper. Thermogravimetry shows the particular behaviour of seed cakes, with several degradation stages at around 230–280 and 340–390 °C, before and after the typical degradation of cellulose. These are related to the volatilisation of fatty acids, which are either free or bonded as triglycerides, and with the thermal degradation of proteins. Torrefaction at 250 °C produced ~75–82 wt% solids, with high calorific values of 24–26 kJ/g and an energy yield above 90%. The liquid products have a complex composition, with most parts of the compounds partitioning between the aqueous phase (strongly dominant) and the oily one (present in traces). The structural components of seed cakes (hemicelluloses, cellulose, and lignin) produce acetic acid, hydroxy ketones, furans, and phenols. In addition to these, most compounds are nitrogen-containing aromatic compounds from the degradation of protein components, which are highly present in seed cakes.
“Grafting-from” and “Grafting-to” Poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) Functionalization of Glass for DNA Biosensors with Improved Properties
Authors: Skigin Pauline , Robin Perrine , Kavand Alireza , Mensi Mounir , Gerber-Lemaire Sandrine
Published: October 2024

Surface-based biosensors have proven to be of particular interest in the monitoring of human pathogens by means of their distinct nucleic acid sequences. Genosensors rely on targeted gene/DNA probe hybridization at the surface of a physical transducer and have been exploited for their high specificity and physicochemical stability. Unfortunately, these sensing materials still face limitations impeding their use in current diagnostic techniques. Most of their shortcomings arise from their suboptimal surface properties, including low hybridization density, inadequate probe orientation, and biofouling. Herein, we describe and compare two functionalization methodologies to immobilize DNA probes on a glass substrate via a thermoresponsive polymer in order to produce genosensors with improved properties. The first methodology relies on the use of a silanization step, followed by PET-RAFT of NIPAM monomers on the coated surface, while the second relies on vinyl sulfone modifications of the substrate, to which the pre-synthetized PNIPAM was grafted to. The functionalized substrates were fully characterized by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy for their surface atomic content, fluorescence assay for their DNA hybridization density, and water contact angle measurements for their thermoresponsive behavior. The antifouling properties were evaluated by fluorescence microscopy. Both immobilization methodologies hold the potential to be applied to the engineering of DNA biosensors with a variety of polymers and other metal oxide surfaces.
Extracting Wetlands in Coastal Louisiana from the Operational VIIRS and GOES-R Flood Products
Authors: Yang Tianshu , Sun Donglian , Li Sanmei , Kalluri Satya , Zhou Lihang , Helfrich Sean , Yuan Meng , Zhang Qingyuan , Straka William , Maggioni Viviana , Miralles-Wilhelm Fernando
Published: October 2024

Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) and Advanced Baseline Imager (GOES-R ABI) flood products have been widely used by the National Weather Service (NWS) for river flood monitoring, and by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) for rescue and relief efforts. Some water bodies, like wetlands, are detected as water but not marked as permanent or normal water, which may result in their misclassification as floodwaters by VIIRS and GOES-R flood products. These water bodies generally do not cause significant property damage or fatalities, but they can complicate the identification of truly hazardous floods. This study utilizes the severe Louisiana flood event caused by Hurricane Ida to demonstrate how to differentiate wetlands from real-hazard flooding. Since Hurricane Ida made landfall in 2021, and there was no major flood event in 2022, VIIRS and ABI flood data from 2021 and 2022 were selected. The difference in annual total flooding days between 2021 and 2022 was calculated and combined with long-time flood frequency to distinguish non-hazard floodwaters due to wetlands identified from real-hazard floods caused by the hurricane. The results were compared with the wetlands from the change detection analysis. The confusion matrix analysis indicated an accuracy of 91.58%, precision of 89.97%, and F1-score of 76.63% for the VIIRS flood products. For the GOES-R ABI flood products, the confusion matrix analysis yielded an accuracy of 86.88%, precision of 97.49%, and F1-score of 75.21%. The accuracy and F1-score values for the GOES-R ABI flood products are slightly lower than those for the VIIRS flood products, possibly due to their lower spatial resolution, but still within a feasible range.
The EL-BIOS Earth Observation Data Cube for Supporting Biodiversity Monitoring in Greece
Authors: Fotakidis Vangelis , Roustanis Themistoklis , Panayiotou Konstantinos , Chrysafis Irene , Fitoka Eleni , Mallinis Giorgos
Published: October 2024

In recent years, the need to protect and conserve biodiversity has become more critical than ever before, as a prerequisite for both sustainable development and the very survival of the human species. This has made it a priority for the scientific community to develop technological solutions that provide data and information for monitoring, directly or indirectly, biodiversity and the drivers of change. A new era of satellite earth observation upgrades the potential of Remote Sensing (RS) to support, at relatively low cost, but with high accuracy the extraction of information over large areas, at regular intervals, and over extended periods of time. Also, the recent development of the Earth Observation Data Cubes (EODC) framework facilitates EO data management and information extraction, enabling the mapping and monitoring of temporal and spatial patterns on the Earth’s surface. This submission presents the ELBIOS EODC, specifically developed to support the biodiversity management and conservation over Greece. Based on the Open Data Cube (ODC) framework, it exploits multi-spectral optical Copernicus Sentinel-2 data and provides a series of Satellite Earth Observation (SEO) biodiversity products and spectral indices nationwide.
Attention-Enhanced Urban Fugitive Dust Source Segmentation in High-Resolution Remote Sensing Images
Authors: He Xiaoqing , Wang Zhibao , Bai Lu , Fan Meng , Chen Yuanlin , Chen Liangfu
Published: October 2024

Fugitive dust is an important source of total suspended particulate matter in urban ambient air. The existing segmentation methods for dust sources face challenges in distinguishing key and secondary features, and they exhibit poor segmentation at the image edge. To address these issues, this paper proposes the Dust Source U-Net (DSU-Net), enhancing the U-Net model by incorporating VGG16 for feature extraction, and integrating the shuffle attention module into the jump connection branch to enhance feature acquisition. Furthermore, we combine Dice Loss, Focal Loss, and Activate Boundary Loss to improve the boundary extraction accuracy and reduce the loss oscillation. To evaluate the effectiveness of our model, we selected Jingmen City, Jingzhou City, and Yichang City in Hubei Province as the experimental area and established two dust source datasets from 0.5 m high-resolution remote sensing imagery acquired by the Jilin-1 satellite. Our created datasets include dataset HDSD-A for dust source segmentation and dataset HDSD-B for distinguishing the dust control measures. Comparative analyses of our proposed model with other typical segmentation models demonstrated that our proposed DSU-Net has the best detection performance, achieving a mIoU of 93% on dataset HDSD-A and 92% on dataset HDSD-B. In addition, we verified that it can be successfully applied to detect dust sources in urban areas.
Ice Sheet Mass Changes over Antarctica Based on GRACE Data
Authors: Zhang Ruiqi , Xu Min , Che Tao , Guo Wanqin , Li Xingdong
Published: October 2024

Assessing changes of the mass balance in the Antarctic ice sheet in the context of global warming is a key focus in polar study. This study analyzed the spatiotemporal variation in the Antarctic ice sheet’s mass balance, both as a whole and by individual basins, from 2003 to 2016 and from 2018 to 2022 using GRACE RL06 data published by the Center for Space Research (CSR) and ERA-5 meteorological data. It explored the lagged relationships between mass balance and precipitation, net surface solar radiation, and temperature, and applied the random forest method to examine the relative contributions of these factors to the ice sheet’s mass balance within a nonlinear framework. The results showed that the mass loss rates of the Antarctic ice sheet during the study periods were −123.3 ± 6.2 Gt/a and −24.8 ± 52.1 Gt/a. The region with the greatest mass loss was the Amundsen Sea in West Antarctica (−488.8 ± 5.3 Gt/a and −447.9 ± 14.7 Gt/a), while Queen Maud Land experienced the most significant mass accumulation (44.9 ± 1.0 Gt/a and 30.0 ± 3.2 Gt/a). The main factors contributing to surface ablation of the Antarctic ice sheet are rising temperatures and increased surface net solar radiation, each showing a lag effect of 1 month and 2 months, respectively. Precipitation also affects the loss of the ice sheet to some extent. Over time, the contribution of precipitation to the changes in the ice sheet’s mass balance increases.
Applying Bourdieu’s Theory to Public Perceptions of Water Scarcity during El Niño: A Case Study of Santa Marta, Colombia
Authors: De Luque-Villa Miguel A. , Granda-Rodríguez Hernán Darío , Garza-Tatis Cristina Isabel , González-Méndez Mauricio
Published: October 2024

This study investigated the sociological dimensions informing public perceptions of water scarcity during the El Niño drought period in Colombia. We conducted this study in Santa Marta, Colombia, and surveyed 405 urban and rural residents to understand their perceptions of water scarcity, management, and the impacts of the El Niño phenomenon. The survey used a Likert scale to measure responses and employed a multivariate analysis of variance to analyze the data while considering factors such as location (urban versus rural) and gender. The study results indicated that urban residents often experience an irregular water supply all year, whereas most rural respondents noted a more consistent availability of water. The perception of water scarcity also differed notably between urban and rural areas due to their different historical and cultural experiences (habitus). Urban respondents mostly recognized the presence of water, while rural perspectives were less conclusive, likely influenced by their direct access to natural water sources. Participants across various demographics consistently reported that poor management by local, regional, and national governments contributes to the water scarcity crisis, highlighting the importance of improving communication about climate events like El Niño and water management to increase community engagement in public policies. Our research suggests that better understanding the social foundations of such perceptions using Bourdieu’s concepts of social fields, habitus, and capital forms can significantly enhance water management strategies.
The Relationship of Ambivalence towards Lecturers with University Students’ Psychological Distress and Mental Health
Authors: Herr Raphael M. , Birmingham Wendy C. , Deyerl Veronika M. , Diehl Katharina
Published: October 2024

Social interactions that are simultaneously characterized by positive and negative aspects—i.e., ambivalent relationships—have been found to be related to distress and poor mental health. As the university setting is also characterized by several social interactions, this study aimed to investigate for the first time to what extent objective and subjective ambivalence towards lecturers or instructors are linked to university students’ distress levels and mental health indicators. A notable relationship of ambivalence with the outcomes was found in 1105 students from Germany. The association with psychological distress was more pronounced for objective than for subjective ambivalence (adjusted betas = 0.342 vs. 0.261, p-values < 0.001), while both also had an independent association. The association with mental health was comparable for both types (adjusted beta = −0.206 vs. −0.191, p-values < 0.001). For paradoxical emotions, the relationship with objective ambivalence was stronger, and only this remained significant in the mutually adjusted model (adjusted beta = 0.376, p-value < 0.001). This study provided evidence of a previously unconsidered stressor at the university—ambivalence towards lecturers—associated with negative health effects among students. Future studies are needed to establish this connection and to create the basis for preventative measures.
Influence of Defense Mechanisms on Sport Burnout: A Multiple Mediation Analysis Effects of Resilience, Stress and Recovery
Authors: Levillain Guillaume , Vacher Philippe , de Roten Yves , Nicolas Michel
Published: October 2024

The aims of this study were: (a) to explore the relationships between adaptive defense mechanisms (ADMs), maladaptive defense mechanisms (MADMs), stress, recovery, resilience, and sport burnout; and (b) to examine resilience, stress, and recovery as mediators of the relationship between defense mechanisms and burnout. One hundred and seventy-five athletes (M = 20.30 years, SD = 3.75) completed self-report questionnaires assessing defense mechanisms, resilience, stress, and recovery. Correlation analysis revealed that MADMs were positively associated with burnout, while ADMs had no significant link with burnout. Concerning mediation analysis, results showed a mediating effect of resilience in the relationship between ADMs and burnout. The findings also demonstrated a mediating effect of resilience and recovery in the relationship between MADMs and burnout. Our study highlighted that certain defenses categorized as adaptive might not be suitable in specific situations, thus underscoring the influence of mediating variables. The findings of mediation analysis demonstrated that resilience appears to serve as a particularly protective factor against burnout. On the contrary, MADMs would have a deleterious influence in the management of stress, which could lead to burnout. Coaches may consider fostering athletes’ resilience in conjunction with ADMs and implementing targeted psychological exercises to reduce the use of MADMs.
MITIGATING THE URBAN HEAT ISLAND EFFECT: The Thermal Performance of Shade-Tree Planting in Downtown Los Angeles
Authors: Zhu Yuzhou , Kensek Karen M.
Published: October 2024

The intensifying urban heat island (UHI) effect presents a growing challenge for urban environments, yet there is a lack of comprehensive strategies that account for how multiple factors influence tree-cooling effectiveness throughout the year. While most studies focus on the effects of individual factors, such as tree shading or transpiration, over specific time periods, fewer studies address the combined impact of various factors—such as seasonal variations, building shading, transpiration rates, tree placement, and spacing—on tree cooling across different seasons. This study fills this gap by investigating the thermal environment in downtown Los Angeles through ENVI-met simulations. A novel tree-planting strategy was developed to enhance cooling performance by adjusting tree positions based on these key factors. The results show that the new strategy reduces Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) temperatures by 2.2 °C on the hottest day, 0.97 °C on the coldest day, and 1.52 °C annually. The study also evaluates the negative cooling effects in colder months, demonstrating that, in cities with climates similar to Los Angeles, the benefits of tree cooling in hot weather outweigh the drawbacks during winter. These findings provide a new method for optimizing tree placement in urban planning, contributing to more effective UHI mitigation strategies.
The Role of Micro Fulfilment Centers in Alleviating, in a Sustainable Way, the Urban Last Mile Logistics Problem: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Karaoulanis Andreas
Published: October 2024

This systematic literature review has as its aim to discuss how the use of micro fulfilment centers can help logistics and supply chain professionals in alleviating the urban last mile logistics problem. This systematic literature review adapts the SALSA approach, the PRISMA 2009 checklist, and the PRISMA 2020 flow diagram, while its validity is based on the utilization of the qualitative CASP checklist. In addition to the above, certain inclusion/exclusion criteria were used. The findings of this review underline that micro fulfilment centers are a key new approach in terms of alleviating the last mile logistics problem, in urban areas where space is extremely limited via a reduction in CO2 emissions, the use of new technologies not only in operations but also in the delivery of goods and the increase in customer satisfaction. This is an original and breakthrough literature review as it covers a gap in the existing literature that has to do with the role of micro fulfilment centers in urban areas in terms of alleviating the last mile logistics problem, a topic about which not much have been written until now as it is quite novel. This literature review gives a clear path for the researcher of the future in terms of approaching the urban last mile logistics problem via the lens of the use of micro fulfilment centers, while it contributes to the urban logistics industry in several ways.
Effects of Combined Biochar and Chemical Fertilizer Application on Soil Fertility and Properties: A Two-Year Pot Experiment
Authors: Zhao Xinyu , He Lizhi , Geng Kun , Zhang Haiyan , Wang Jie , Gan Tao , Mao Xiali , Zhang Xiaokai
Published: October 2024

A two-year pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of the combined application of biochar and chemical fertilizer on soil quality and vegetable growth by adding different proportions of chemical fertilizer and biochar to the soil in 2022 and no fertilizer in 2023. It was concluded that the combined treatment improved the soil’s properties. After two consecutive years of planting vegetables, the improvement of soil properties was the most significant with the 1.5 g biochar + 80% chemical fertilizer optimal fertilizer application (BCF6) treatment. In comparison to the control (CK), soil pH, electrical conductivity, and dissolved organic carbon increased by 0.59 units, 166.6%, and 282.6%, respectively. Soil fertility also improved significantly, indicating that the combined treatments resulted in the slow release of nutrients to enhance the effectiveness of the fertilizers. Co-application significantly increased the yield of the edible parts of Chinese cabbage and improved its quality. The most significant effects of vitamin C content and soluble protein were observed in Chinese cabbage under BCF6 treatment, which were 3.33 and 1.42 times more than the CK, respectively. Utilizing biochar as a partial substitute for chemical fertilizers can improve soil structure and fertility over the long term while reducing the reliance on chemical fertilizers, ultimately providing sustained economic and ecological benefits for agricultural production.
Empowering Resilience: The Impact of Farmer Field Schools on Smallholder Livestock Farmers’ Climate Change Perceptions in Raymond Local Municipality
Authors: Mdiya Lwandiso , Aliber Michael , Mdoda Lelethu , Van Niekerk Johan , Swanepoel Jan , Ngarava Saul
Published: October 2024

Experiential learning and discovery through farmer field schools (FFS) have the potential to empower smallholder livestock farmers who face heightened vulnerability to climate change. However, there are various levels of learning and discovery in FFS that can inform smallholder livestock farmer knowledge and perception. Understanding this is vital, as farmers’ perceptions influence their readiness to adopt climate-smart practices, informing effective resilience-building strategies. Therefore, this study sought to investigate and assess the impact of the FFS approach on smallholder livestock farmers’ perceptions of climate change, taking Raymond Local Municipality in South Africa as a case. The design followed by the study was a longitudinal survey, with three pools each signifying various FFS intervention points. The study utilized simple random sampling to collect data from 80 smallholder livestock farmers using structured questionnaires in each of the three cross-sectional pools, while descriptive statistics, Min–Max Normalization, and t-tests were used for analysis. The results show that there was an increase in the awareness of climate change due to the interventions of the FFS. Furthermore, there are cumulative differences between the knowledge and perception towards climate change between the three pooled cross-sections. In conclusion, participating in FFS had a significant impact on farmers’ level of understanding and adaptation to climate change. The study recommends that the government and policymakers extensively promote FFS and support them financially so that they can provide more support to rural farmers as well as enhance knowledge on climate change. This study recommends the provision of workshops and awareness campaigns on climate change for farmers through FFS as this will assist farmers to be more sustainable on their farming systems and production.
Research on the Influence Mechanism of Tourists’ Pro-Environmental Behavior in Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Sites: A Case Study of the Anxi Tieguanyin Tea Culture System in China
Authors: Wu Weikun , Mao Liyu , Chen Xiaomei , Chang Yiming , Ma Yongqiang , Fan Shuisheng
Published: October 2024

The harmonious coexistence of humanity and nature stands as a paramount objective in the global endeavor towards ecological civilization. By vigorously promoting eco-friendly recreational activities within World Agricultural Heritage sites, we can evoke tourists’ emotional understanding and empathy towards environmental protection. This approach presents an optimal solution to the challenges faced in realizing the ecological value of these heritage sites, thereby fostering an even deeper harmony between people and nature. For this study, the Anxi Tie Guan Yin Tea Cultural System, a site of global agricultural heritage significance, was chosen as the case study. Employing structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis, a survey was administered to 452 local tourists for empirical testing. The research reveals several key findings: (1) Tourists’ environmental concern exerts a notably positive influence on their pro-environmental behaviors; (2) both nature empathy and ecological anxiety serve as mediators in the relationship between environmental concern and tourists’ pro-environmental behaviors; (3) furthermore, nature empathy and ecological anxiety exhibit a sequential, or chain, mediation effect between environmental concern and pro-environmental behaviors; and (4) lastly, the impact of nature empathy and ecological anxiety on tourists’ pro-environmental behaviors differs according to gender. Consequently, managers of agricultural heritage sites should aim to evoke tourists’ sense of nature empathy while appropriately stimulating their ecological anxiety, thereby providing guidance for ensuring a harmonious blend of human activities and the ecological environment and ultimately fostering the sustainable development of World Agricultural Heritage sites.