bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
English Programs for non-English Speaking College Students
Authors: Marzouk Osama Ahmed
Published: January 2025

The Faculty of Engineering at Cairo University (one of the biggest, oldest, and most reputable colleges in Egypt) uses English as the language of the written media for instruction and evaluation (e.g., class notes, textbooks, tests, and homework assignments) for all years of study except the first year. Based on the higher education admission system, the students who join this faculty are among the top of high-school graduates. Although these students study English for six to twelve years at their pre-college schools (depending on the type of the schools), English is not used in any type of communication in the society. Thus, heavy use of this foreign language (with technical and professional focus) during the college study forms a barrier to some students, which calls for more attention and effort toward reducing the level of inconvenience that students may feel.From my experience as an undergraduate and graduate student, and a teaching assistant in this typical large-size Middle-Eastern technical college, I address some of the difficulties that face non-English speaking college students when they enroll in English programs. I give some suggestions and propose changes to improve the performance of the offered English programs and to avoid the pitfalls that students may fall into when adapting themselves to these programs.
Information about the Universe with Gravity in the magnetic sea
Authors: Lee Jong hoon
Published: January 2025

The ground-based collider detects the effect of photons and gravity in magnetic seas. Photon-induced magnetic fields. Moreover, gravity interacts with photons to generate less electricity, and gravity without photons generates more electricity. This gravitoelectric and photoelectric effect explains why photons and gravitons have inferred and induced electricity as a physical entity in the magnetic sea. Furthermore, the collider with photons generates in the opposite spinning direction with the force of gravity in the magnetic sea. These results indicate that the strong equivalence principle can be established with the law of mutual interference motion between photons and gravity, even without dark matter. Photons in the early universe that overcome gravity continue to expand. In a space without gravitational interference, photons can accelerate due to inertia. The path of starlight can be described in more detail by bouncing off between the photon or gravity with the Lex Tertia. Photons and gravitons have inferred and induced electricity as a physical entity in the magnetic sea. Photons generated in the opposite spinning direction with the force of gravity in the magnetic sea. This finding establishes the Strong Equivalence Principle with the law of mutual interference motion between photons and gravity.
U.S. Voters versus September 11 Terrorists: Testing the Effects of Terrorism on Voter Turnout
Authors: Murray Gregg R.
Published: January 2025

What is the effect of terrorism on voter turnout? Some research suggests terrorism increases voter turnout, while other research suggests negative or no effect. This manuscript reports two studies that examine voter turnout before and after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the U.S. The first study evaluates state-level turnout in general elections through interrupted time series regression for all 50 U.S. states followed by a meta-analysis of the results. The second study uses a series of American National Election Studies public opinion surveys to analyze national intent-to-vote responses during the same period. The results suggest the September 11 attacks are associated with increased voter turnout in the U.S. These studies contribute to the ongoing debate about the effects of terrorism on voter turnout and more broadly to the literature on the political consequences of large-scale traumatic events.
Why Non-Scientist Are Needed to Advance Science
Authors: Morales Manuel
Published: January 2025

Robert F. Kennedy Jr. has been nominated by President Trump to lead the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). Kennedy’s qualifications for this role do not align with the administrative experience and scientific background typically expected for such a position. However, he may be deemed suitable due to his willingness to challenge scientific principles that have been empirically compromised since 2000 by the discovery of two nonlocal mechanisms essential for conducting all local experiments. As the head of the expansive DHHS, with a $2.4 trillion budget, Kennedy would be in a position to help advance and fund scientific research and development inclusive of the missing variables currently absent from empirical studies.
Pneumagogy of Education: A Framework for Effective Teaching and Learning in Biblical Christian Education
Authors: Ilesanmi Dele Alaba , Imuwahen Timothy , Akanbi Deborah M.
Published: January 2025

Teaching and learning are integral to Biblical Christian education. To teach effectively is to impact lives positively and bring about learning. Learning is about positive change or transformation in behaviour. Only the Holy Spirit can do the work of transformation, not man. The problem of effective teaching and learning is that some Christian teachers or educators do not allow the Holy Spirit to play His role in the teaching-learning process. Hence, sometime the teaching and the time one spends on learning becomes ineffective or unproductive. Biblical Christian education goes beyond intellectualism, it is much more within the domain of spiritual epistemology. What the teachers of the Word need now is not the extra-ordinary intellectualism, it is the extra-ordinary unction or supernatural power to know and explain the inspired Word of God with the intention to draw people closer to God. This is the gap this paper intends to bridge to expand the frontiers of knowledge in Biblical Christian education through pneumagogical approach. The methodology adopted in this paper is solus primus scriptura research (SPSR). The study concluded, after a few recommendations, that effective teaching-learning process is predicated on the involvement of the Holy Spirit. Keywords: pneumagogy of education, educational pneumagogy, effective teaching and learning, biblical Christian education, spiritual and intellectual epistemologies.
The Ethics of Human Relations: A Framework for Coexistence and Interconnectedness
Authors: Tekinerdogan Bedir
Published: January 2025

The increasing diversity and interconnectedness of human societies necessitate a critical examination of attitudes toward individuals and groups perceived as "the other." This study categorizes and analyzes three predominant perspectives—Harmonious Coexistence and Balance, Benevolent Supremacy, and Hostile Supremacy—each reflecting distinct attitudes towards cultural, ideological, and social differences. Drawing upon philosophical, historical, and sociological frameworks, the paper explores the implications of these attitudes for social cohesion, ethical behavior, and global progress. The perspective of Harmonious Coexistence and Balance emphasizes universal human dignity, mutual respect, and the application of the Golden Rule, a universal ethical principle rooted in diverse philosophical and cultural traditions. This framework fosters inclusive relationships and shared humanity, essential for sustainable coexistence. In contrast, the perspectives of Benevolent Supremacy and Hostile Supremacy, characterized by hubris and arrogance, undermine equality and mutual respect. Benevolent Supremacy masks paternalistic attitudes under the guise of goodwill, while Hostile Supremacy openly rejects diversity, fostering exclusion and conflict. By examining these perspectives, the study identifies pathways to mitigate divisive attitudes and highlights the centrality of respect, empathy, and collaboration in fostering harmonious and equitable societies. The findings underscore the urgent need for frameworks that prioritize connectedness and mutual respect, advocating for their adoption as a cornerstone for addressing global challenges in an increasingly interdependent world.
Water Storage in Hydrous Minerals in the Shallow Martian Mantle
Authors: Clesi Vincent , Dasgupta Rajdeep
Published: January 2025

In this paper we investigate the possibility of storing water in the shallow martian mantle under water-saturated fluid absent conditions for different bulk silicate mars (BSM) compositions. We performed phase equilibria experiments on two BSM compositions with comparable Mg number for pressure between 2 and 4 GPa, temperatures between 950 to 1150°C, and for a water content of 0.3 % wt. The amphibole stability fields derived from both compositions are consistent with previous results obtained for Earth-like composition: (i) the water-saturated fluid-absent conditions expand the stability field towards higher pressures and temperature compared to fluid present conditions for both compositions tested; and (ii) the martian alkali-rich composition tend to stabilize the amphiboles at higher temperatures, as it is the case for alkali-rich Earth-like compositions. We used these results to recalculate the water storage capacity of the early martian mantle: by taking into account the possibility of amphibole crystallization in the upper mantle, the storage capacity of water in the martian mantle increases by 40 to 1000 Earth’s ocean mass (400 m to 1.5 km Global Equivalent Layer) depending on the bulk composition, water content and temperature profile of the martian mantle.
The vulnerability of autistic adults to criminal exploitation: Mismatches between legal defense arguments and empirical data
Authors: Brewer Neil , Young Robyn L.
Published: January 2025

Defense attorneys for autistic criminal defendants sometimes argue that difficulties inferring others’ intentions and motivations—often referred to as Theory of Mind (ToM)—considered to characterize autistic people render them vulnerable to exploitation. In this chapter we examine the empirical evidence for such claims. Current evidence derives primarily from studies of autistic and non-autistic adults’ responding in traditional deception detection paradigms and in several novel paradigms used to probe autistic adults’ ability to detect and respond adaptively to others’ criminal intent during interactions. This evidence does not support the perspective that autistic adults are inherently vulnerable to criminal exploitation, although it does indicate that ToM difficulties and low verbal ability are independent risk factors, regardless of autism diagnostic status. Although marked ToM difficulties are more prevalent in autistic adult samples, they are not ubiquitous, thereby highlighting the importance of basing legal defense arguments on measured rather than assumed ToM characteristics. Despite the recent emergence of methodologies for exploring criminal vulnerability, further significant empirical advances will likely depend on the development of paradigms which assess autistic adults’ ability to respond appropriately when confronted with problematic situations that capture the complexities of real-life interactions.
Wiki-politics of notable deaths: Structures of inequality in the global digital deathscape
Authors: Rusu Mihai S.
Published: January 2025

Drawing on scholarship that conceives Wikipedia as collective memory, in this paper we set out to examine the digital politics of public remembrance underpinning the online encyclopedia’s necrology section. Systematic data were collected from the English language edition of Wikipedia’s “recent deaths” notices from January 2001 to December 2020 (N = 95,400). Statistical analyses performed on this dataset revealed several structures of inequality shaping the online encyclopedia’s section of “notable deaths”. The results indicate, first, a Western cultural hegemony in terms of the nationality of those whose deaths are remembered in Wikipedia’s necrology section. Second, the paper documented a prevailing hegemonic masculinity epitomized in a stark gender differential. Third, the paper examined the social gradient theory of mortality by comparing the life expectancy of Wikipedia’s notable deceased with the general population and found empirical support for this hypothesis only in non-Western countries characterized by lower levels of income.
PENGARUH COST OF CAPITAL, FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE, DAN BOARD GENDER DIVERSITY TERHADAP COMPANY VALUE
Authors: Angela Aurora , Meilyani Meilyani
Published: January 2025

Increasing company value is a corporation’s long-term objective. Good capital cost management, optimizing financial performance, and it is anticipated that increasing the number of women on the board of directors will raise the value of the company. Research was conducted to ascertain the impact of cost of capital (coc), financial performance, and board gender diversity on company value. All manufacturing enterprises registered on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2020–2022 make up the study's population. There was a purposeful sampling to get the study's sample. Multiple linear regression is used in this study to evaluate the hypothesis. The results found that cost of capital, financial performance, and board gender diversity have an influence on company value. Therefore, companies must manage and pay attention to the cost of capital, financial performance, and gender diversity in the board of directors to increase company value. The contribution of this research is to provide a comprehensive understanding for investors, managers, and policymakers in companies to understand the importance of coc, financial performance, and gender diversity in increasing company value, so that it can be used as a reference for companies in decision making.
Impact of Changing Land Use Pattern on Environmental Degradation in Tansen Municipality Area, Nepal
Authors: Pokharel Pushpalal
Published: January 2025

Not available.
Food Security and Vulnerability Status in Nepal
Authors: Tiwari Bishwa Nath
Published: January 2025

Not available.
Collaborative Governance for Sustainable Development in Nepal: Lessons from Large-Scale Infrastructure Projects
Authors: Khanal Krishna
Published: January 2025

This study investigates the role of collaborative governance in promoting sustainable development in Nepal by analyzing two large-scale infrastructure projects: a prominent hydropower company and a major water supply project. Using thematic analysis, the study involved coding, categorization, and theme identification through twelve interviews with key stakeholders. The findings highlight significant gaps in the governance structures of these projects, particularly in terms of resilience, equality, and well-being. Despite achieving technical success, both projects failed to adequately address broader social and environmental goals, leading to the marginalization of local communities and a decline in their well-being. The study is limited to these two projects and does not account for governance frameworks in other sectors or smaller-scale projects. Future research could expand by studying additional infrastructure projects or comparing governance practices in similar economies, thereby enhancing the potential to generalize the findings. The study addresses equity and inclusivity in collaborative governance for infrastructure development a relatively underexplored area in Nepal, emphasizing the importance of inclusive and equitable governance frameworks to achieve sustainable growth in underdeveloped economies.
Effect of Occupational Stress on Turnover Intentions Among Young Employees in Nepalese Commercial Banks
Authors: Simkhada Babita , Kayestha Mijala , Dhakal Shishir
Published: January 2025

Occupational stress in the banking sector, particularly among younger employees, contributes to turnover intentions, challenging employee retention and organizational productivity. This study, based on the Job Demand-Control model and Social Exchange Theory, examines the impact of occupational stress on turnover intentions among young employees in Nepalese commercial banks. It also examined the impact of different demographic profiles, including gender, age group, work experiences, and responsibility level on turnover intention. It also analyzes demographic factors, including gender, age, work experience, and responsibility level. Data were collected from 357 managerial and operational-level employees across ten banks selected using purposive sampling, including the top five and bottom five performers. SPSS version 23.0 was used for data analysis. Regression analysis revealed that workload, role ambiguity, and poor working conditions significantly increased turnover intentions, while supervisor support reduced them. Demographic analysis showed higher turnover intentions among younger employees, males, mid-career professionals, and operational staff. To address turnover, banks should clarify roles, manage workloads, enhance supervisor support through mentorship, improve working conditions, and tailor career development and stress management programs to demographic needs.
Cognitive Dissonance in University Choice Among Graduate Students
Authors: Luintel Jyoti , Timsina Baburam
Published: January 2025

In the context of higher education, students face a critical and often irreversible purchasing decision, leading to significant post-purchase evaluation and potential cognitive dissonance. This study investigates the impact of perceived service quality dimensions academic aspects, non-academic aspects, reputation, access, and program issues alongside consumer-organization identification on cognitive dissonance among graduate students. Employing an exploratory and descriptive research design, primary data were collected from 294 respondents through a structured questionnaire. The analysis utilized the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS), applying descriptive and inferential statistics, including correlation and regression analyses. Key findings indicate that all five dimensions of perceived service quality significantly negatively influence cognitive dissonance, with academic aspects exerting the most substantial effect. Furthermore, consumer-organization identification was found to have a greater impact on cognitive dissonance than overall perceived service quality. These insights underscore the importance of service quality in mitigating cognitive dissonance in university selection processes.
Exploring Eastern Philosophy in Radha by Krishna Dharabasi: A Comprehensive Analysis
Authors: Timalsina Dhurba Prasad
Published: January 2025

The Eastern philosophy, deeply rooted in the cultural and intellectual traditions of South Asia, provides profound insights into the human condition, addressing themes of duty, action, and liberation. The novel Radha by Krishna Dharabasi offers a modern reinterpretation of the mythological Radha, challenging traditional portrayals by focusing on her existential and philosophical struggles. The paper examines how Dharabasi weaves together Hindu concepts such as dharma (duty), karma (action), and moksha (liberation) with Buddhist and Jain teachings on suffering, non-attachment, and self-realization. The study employs a qualitative textual analysis and comparative approach to explore Radha’s recontextualization of ancient philosophical doctrines, addressing contemporary debates on identity, agency, and autonomy. The portrayal of Radha as a multifaceted character navigating personal and societal expectations bridges traditional philosophies with modern existential concerns. The research aims to deepen understanding of Eastern philosophy’s relevance in contemporary literature and contribute to interdisciplinary discourse on the intersection of philosophy, literature, and cultural studies.
Allegory of Impunity in Vijay Malla’s Pattharko Katha
Authors: Rijal Shiva
Published: January 2025

Written in 1971, the one-act play Pattharko Katha by Vijay Malla (1925-1999), staged by the student artists from Tribhuvan University, embodies the state of political helplessness that Nepalis had to go through right after the then King Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev (1920-1972) dismissed the historically significant democratically elected government led by Prime Minister Bishweshwor prasad Koirala (1914-1982) in 1961. This paper aims to read the play as the political allegory of the period when the Rana rulers and their cronies were left unpunished, and most of the victims of the autocratic regime had no choice but to swallow the bitter pills. It points out that the action taken by the King as part of installing a partyless Panchayat regime did pave the way for the state of helplessness among people. Malla, someone who had played an active role in the 1950 historical revolution that had brought the Rana regime to its end, found himself serving the recently established Royal Nepal Academy in an important position during the partyless Panchayat regime. Malla’s Pattharko Katha employs political allegory by presenting the characters who find themselves turned into stone and realize the impossibility of taking revenge upon the culprit. This study concludes that the play allegorizes the pain and frustration of Nepalis bound to live through impunity rampant in Nepali society during the early years of the Panchayat regime.
Competitiveness of Sweet Orange Value Chain in Sindhuli District, Nepal
Authors: K.C Prabhat , Dhakal Shiva Chandra , Kattel Rishiram , Adhikari Rajkumar , K.C. Prabha , Regmi Bandana
Published: January 2025

Government of Nepal declared sweet orange super zone in Sindhuli for increasing the productivity and better commercialization of product. This study analyzed sweet orange value chain in Sindhuli with the aim of identification of major value chain actors along with value chain competitiveness, structure, conduct and performance. A Survey was done with 150 producers, 5 retailers and 4 agro vets, 8 banks and co-operatives, 2 processing industry and 2 nurseries using random sampling method in 2021. The findings revealed the involvement of two channels in value chain stream of sweet orange. A total of 17% was transacted through first channel via collectors and second channel transacted 83% of fruits via local traders.   Sweet orange market was found oligopolistic along the chain. The business was found profitable with B/C ratio 1.37 in study area. Relatively better institutional set up on extension services, better technological adoption rate was driving factors for profitability. Value chain stream of Sindhuli had better market margin, market efficiency and value addition. Policy efforts to strengthen local institutions, insurances, market information and credits are recommended to improve performance of value chain. Processing and value addition of sweet orange should be of concern to government for enhancing export potentiality.
Factors Affecting the Use of Information and Communication Technology in Agriculture: Insights from Different Agro-Ecological Zones of Nepal
Authors: Mishra Binayak Prakash
Published: January 2025

ICT tools are very crucial in modern agriculture to address all the information needs of farmers. A logit model was applied to assess the factors influencing the use of ICT in agriculture across different agro-ecological zones of Nepal by using the household survey of 210 farmers consisting 70 farmers from each district (Chitwan, Lamjung and Jumla). Pretested semi-structured questionnaire survey was taken in the year 2022. The findings of study revealed that the usage of ICT tools in the study area was mostly determined by the socio-economic and institutional factors. Gender, age and income of farmers affected the probability of use of ICT in farming practices. Additionally, membership to cooperatives, contact to extension agents and training programs related to the operation of ICT tools increases the usage of ICT in agriculture. Thus, government bodies, concerned stakeholders and policy should focus on young male farmers and provide them with proper training and consultation with extension personnel which might be through increment in membership to cooperatives. As income directly influenced the use of such technologies, financial support to initial installation could be the better option for use of ICT in agriculture.
Connecting Vegetable Gardens in Schools and in Homes: A Sustainable Model for Nutrition Security in Nepal
Authors: Bhattarai Dhruba Raj
Published: January 2025

School vegetable gardening is an effective concept to enhance people’s inclination towards eating more vegetables. It increases children’s knowledge and awareness regarding the importance of vegetables for nutrition in health. School vegetable gardening also contributes to children’s physical wellbeing and social skills. Linked with home gardens it can contribute to healthier diets. Based on experiences and evidence of school and home gardening projects this concept paper has been prepared. The purpose is to make an effective contribution to program planning to overcome the extensive problem of micronutrient deficiencies and for boosting immune system of individuals.
Effect of Vermicompost on Growth and Yield pf Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. cv. Barista) Under Different Mulch Conditions at Chitwan, Nepal
Authors: Sapkota Bigya , Lamsal Ganesh , Adhikari Raj Kumar
Published: January 2025

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) is one of the popular vegetables in Nepal which holds a significant health and nutritional value. To address major bottleneck for lower productivity of okra mainly due to inadequate nutrient management, weed management and soil moisture management, an experiment was conducted at Chitwan, Nepal during March to June 2023 to assess the effects of vermicompost on growth and yield of okra under different mulch conditions. The experiment was laid out in two factorial RCBD design with three replications. Factor A comprised of vermicompost (control, 5t/ha, 10t/ha, 15t/ha, 20t/ha) and factor B was mulching conditions (No Mulch and Plastic Mulch). The collected data were tabulated in Microsoft Excel and analyzed using R Stat version 4.3.1. Means were separated using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at a significance level of 5%. The results revealed that the effect of vermicompost was significant on most of the growth and yield parameters in mulched conditions. The yield parameters like fruit length (12.37cm), average fruit weight (17.97g), fruit diameter (17.78mm), number of fruits per plant (25.64), yield per plant (426.47g) and yield per hectare (14.83t/ha) were significantly higher under 20t/ha vermicompost. Similarly, the yield parameters like fruit length (12.37cm), average fruit weight (18.02g), fruit diameter(17.82mm), number of fruits per plant (28.73), yield per plant (478.84g), yield per hectare (16.62t/ha) were significantly higher in plastic mulch. The interaction effect indicated that the number of fruits per plant (33.45), yield per plant (530.93g) and yield per hectare (18.62 t/ha) were significantly high in the treatment 20t/ha vermicompost under plastic mulch, and 15t/ha vermicompost and plastic mulch. So, based on this study, combining plastic mulch with vermicompost at 15t/ha could be the most fruitful strategy for farmers among different treatments administered in the study.
Evaluating the Agronomic Characteristics and Nutritional Quality of Silage from Various Maize (Zea mays) Varieties
Authors: Sanjyal Sunita , Acharya Rabin , Acharya Arjun Acharya , Bohara Shishir Singh
Published: January 2025

High-quality fodder is one of the most essential components of Livestock feeding as it ensures that animals meet their nutritional requirements. Maize (Zea mays) silage provides an important solution to mitigate herbage shortages during lean periods, helping to counteract the rising feed prices. A study was conducted at Lamjung Campus, Lamjung, from March to July 2023 to assess the quality of silage produced from seven maize varieties: MX-77, Pioneer, Rampur Hybrid-10, Raj Kumar, CP-666, All Rounder, and CP-838. The experiment was carried out with three replications in a randomized complete block design. The chemical composition of the silage was analyzed to determine the dry matter content, crude protein, crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and pH. The agronomic traits like plant height, stem diameter, 50% tasseling, leaf number, leaf area and herbage yield were also recorded. Results showed a significant difference in agronomic and chemical traits where MX-77 had the herbage yield (25.76 MTha-1), plant height (208.556cm) and crude protein (7.91) which was comparable to the Pioneer variety. The least was recorded for variety Raj Kumar (4.36). Rampur Hybrid-10 took the longest duration (84.67 days after sowing) to reach the 50% tasseling stage, while CP 666 was the earliest variety to reach 50% tasseling at 72.66 days after sowing. MX-77 and Pioneer were identified as the best varieties for quality silage production, offering higher herbage yield (HY), dry matter yield (DMY), and crude protein (CP). Acid detergent fiber (ADF) was highest in CP 838 (45.1%), indicating lower digestibility and nutritional value of the silage, while the lowest ADF was found in Raj Kumar (30.71%). HY in maize showed moderate positive correlations with leaf area (r = 0.57**, p < 0.01), stem diameter (r = 0.45*, p < 0.05), and plant height (r = 0.54*, p < 0.05), as well as with crude protein (r = 0.68***, p < 0.001) and crude fiber (r = 0.6**, p < 0.01). Furthermore, ADF and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were positively correlated with dry matter (DM) percentage (r = 0.5*, p < 0.05; r = 0.49*, p < 0.05), with delayed maturity leading to increased ADF (r = 0.56*, p < 0.01) and reduced digestibility. This study offers valuable insights for farmers and livestock producers in selecting the most suitable maize varieties for silage production to ensure high yields and superior nutritional value for livestock.
Preliminary Study on the Growth Performance of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in Biofloc Fish Farming
Authors: Gurung Shailesh , Rai Sunila , Jha Dilip Kumar , Mandal Ram Bhajan , Luitel Himal
Published: January 2025

Globally, Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is one of the most farmed fish with a significant contribution in improving local livelihoods, particularly in developing countries. A trial on the growth performance of tilapia in biofloc system was conducted at IAAS, Paklihawa Campus, Bhairahawa, Nepal from 6th July, 2022 to 31st Sept. 2022 upto 90 days. Altogether 15 circular polytank of 500 liter water capacity each were used to conduct the trial with stocking density of 50 fish (0.5 m3). Continuous aeration was supplied by 1 Hp ring blower connected to each tank to facilitate the dissolved oxygen. A trial was set up in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 5 treatments, each replicated thrice. The treatments were: (i) T1-without floc control, (ii) T2-with floc sugar, (iii) T3-with floc corn flour, (iv) T4-with floc rice bran and (v) T5-with floc molasses. Carbon to nitrogen ratio was maintained at 10:1 to ensure the growth and reproduction of heterotrophic microorganisms in biofloc system with locally available carbon sources. Mono-sex tilapia  fish seeds with an intitial average weight of 4.05±0.44 g were stocked in each tank and 25% CP based pellet feed prepared in lab was given twice daily  at 3% of body weight. Water quality parameters were significantly different (p<0.05) among other treatments except total dissolved solids. There was no significantly different (p<0.05) among the treatments in temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH and ammonia.. Final mean weight, daily weight gain of tilapia was significantly (p<0.05) different among the treatments. The highest Daily Wight Gain was found in T5 (0.40±0.01 (g fish-1d-1) and the lowest was found in T1 (0.18±0.01 (g fish-1d-1). FCR was found better in T4 with 0.96±0.04  and accordingly least performance was recorded in T1 with 1.28±0.10. Gross Fish Yield in T5 (3.9±0.07 kg tank-1) was significantly higher (p<0.05) than T2, T3, T4 and T1 respectively. Similarly, T5 (3.51±0.09 kg m3) was also significantly higher (p<0.05)  in extrapolated Net Fish Yield than T2, T3, T4 and T1 respectively. The study reveals that the growth performance of tilapia in T5 incorporated with molasses for floc development, could be a better choice for the growth performance, feed utilization and water quality improvement in biofloc system.
Refinements of Generic Algebraic Inequalities with Application
Authors: Chesneau Christophe , Bagul Yogesh J.
Published: January 2025

In this paper, we give alternative proofs and refinements of two generic inequalities due to Bagul and Dhaigude in 2022. As a result, Huygens-type inequalities are established. Illustrations are given to support the main results.
Some Fixed Point Results in Fuzzy Strong b-Metric Space
Authors: Bhandari Thaneshor , Manandhar K. B. , Jha Kanhaiya
Published: January 2025

The theory of fixed points in pure mathematics is the most dynamics and active area of research activities. Also, the fuzzy metric space has been one of the important generalizations of usual metric space. As an extension of fuzzy metric space, the notion of fuzzy strong b-metric space has been introduced by Oner and Sostak in 2020. The purpose of this paper is to study the notions of fuzzy strong b-metric spaces and to establish some fixed point results in complete fuzzy strong b-metric space with examples. Our results extend and improve some well-known results in literature.
Awareness and practice of care bundles for prevention of healthcare-associated infections in critical care units of a tertiary care hospital.
Authors: Amatya Bishwo Ram , Singh Priyanka , Pokharel Sujita , Gurung Sapana , Sharma Bhagwati , Khatri Sushila , Shrestha Shova
Published: January 2025

Background and aims: Healthcare-associated infection is infection acquired by patients in a hospital or health care facility that are not present at the time of admission. Care bundles are evidence-based practices that improve patient outcomes when implemented collectively. Since implementation of care bundle in resource-limited settings remain a challenge, this study was planned with the aim of exploring its awareness and practice among health care professionals working in critical care units.
Methods: A population and provider based online observational survey was conducted in six different critical care units with 43 total ICU beds of a tertiary care hospital involving 95 health care workers during one month period. Google form questionnaire was used to collect responses. Awareness and practice score was categorized into excellent, good, average and poor. Excellent and good score were labeled as satisfactory whereas average and poor score were labeled as unsatisfactory.
Results: Maximum participation was from registered nurses (57.89%) with 76.87 % of them having less than one year of working experience and only 10.57% having training on IPC. There was excellent awareness of VAP (88.42%) and CLABSI bundles (83.15%) with good awareness of CAUTI (77.89%) and SSI bundles (67.36%). However, practice of VAP (53.37%), CLABSI (55.69%), CAUTI (59.45%) and SSI (46.87%) bundles were only average.
Conclusion: Participants having satisfactory awareness had unsatisfactory and inadequate practice of care bundles indicating poor adherence, compliance and implementation requiring adequate training of infection prevention and control, protocolized checklists and monitoring of best practices in ICU.
Curriculum Evaluation of English Course of Bachelor of Business Studies (BBS) of Tribhuvan University
Authors: Bastola Ganesh Kumar
Published: January 2025

The study has explored the existing Bachelor in Business Studies (BBS) English curriculum of Tribhuvan University. The existing English curriculum at the Bachelor of Business Studies tends to teach the basics of grammar, communicative functions for business, and some literary constructs to help students connect their understanding of their learning. English is taught in the first and the second year of a year’s bachelor's program in the management faculty. Having a profound focus on the communicative aspect of business, the English curriculum intends to improve linguistic competence at lexical, structural and grammatical levels. The English curriculum opts for producing correct sentences, cohesive paragraphs, and organized texts on one hand and responding to literary and business readings critically and analytically on the other. In a broader sense, the curriculum tends to boost competence towards global understanding thereby strengthening their confidence. The students are expected to learn prior understanding, develop analytical and interpreting skills and enhance better communicative competence and business skills. However, the learners are taught to be capable enough to create new insight through critical reading, rationalizing grammatical assets and employing them in their real-life situations. Thus, this curriculum tries to cover the contemporary needs of both the learners and the society to serve the purpose of the 21st century.
Breach of Contract and its Remedies; Theory and Practice with Special References to Nepalese Law
Authors: Giri Saroj Kumar
Published: January 2025

This research provides a thorough examination of breach of contract concepts and remedies, focusing on their application within Nepal's legal framework. It begins with a comprehensive overview of contract fundamentals and various breach types—minor, material, anticipatory, and actual—clarifying their legal implications. Legal remedies such as compensatory damages, consequential damages, specific performance, injunctions, rescission, and liquidated damages are detailed, emphasizing their legal basis and practical implications. Principal challenges in enforcing contract law in Nepal are identified, with integration of international guidelines from UNIDROIT Principles, CISG, and PECL providing a global perspective. The Nepalese Civil Code 2074 and earlier contract acts are referenced for historical context, while international case law examples illustrate their impact on Nepal's legal system. Notable Nepalese judicial decisions underscore the Supreme Court's role in interpreting and enforcing contract law, striving to align practices with international standards. Employing doctrinal research methods, the article highlights the progressive evolution of contract breach remedies in Nepal. Despite existing gaps, the judiciary actively addresses shortcomings to enhance legal consistency and align practices globally. This evolving landscape reflects Nepal's commitment to justice and a reliable legal environment for domestic and international commerce. The analysis enriches understanding of theoretical foundations and practical applications of Nepalese contract law, particularly concerning breach of contract and associated remedies.
Study of Deritis Ratio in Acute Myocardial Infarction Patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: Marasini Surendra , Sah Sanjay Kumar , Gupta Suprita , Jha Amit Chandra , Yadav Nirdhan , Karn Achutanand Lal , Sah Sanjay Kumar , Yadav Tapeshwor , Gurmaita Raman Kumar
Published: January 2025

Introduction: The ratio of Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) to the Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) is known as the Deritis ratio. Many studies have highlighted, the significance of AST and ALT measurement as a prognostic significance in cardiovascular diseases including acute myocardial infarction. The current study aimed to discuss the correlation of Creatine Kinase MB (CKMB) and Cardiac Troponin I with the Deritis ratio in the retrospectively enrolled Nepalese population.
Materials and Methods: Two hundred and sixty-four (264) cases of acute myocardial infarction who had undergone AST and ALT measurement were enrolled for the study by non-probability purposive sampling technique. The study variables are AST, ALT, CKMB, Troponin I, age, etc. The above-mentioned variables were measured by using a fully automatic clinical chemistry analyzer Beckmann Coulter AU480 after proper quality control check and calibration.
Results: Out of 264 patients, 162 were male and 102 were female. There was no significant difference in age (P value: 0.54) and Deritis ratio (P value: 0.73) between the male and female genders when the mean and standard deviation were compared. The non-parametric correlation (Spearman’s rho) analysis revealed the positive correlation of Deritis ratio with the cardiac troponin I (0.18, 0.00) which is statistically significant. Secondly, the Deritis ratio was positively correlated with the CKMB (0.40, 0.00) which was statistically significant.
Conclusion: Our results have shown the raised Deritis ratio in acute myocardial infarction patients, which represents the release of AST during the myocardial infarction or the stress to the hepatocytes due to the hemodynamic changes occurring during myocardial infarction.
Serum Sodium in Acute Stroke and its Clinical Correlation
Authors: Sah Dayanand Prasad , Mahaseth Adarsha , Sah Priyanka
Published: January 2025

Introduction: Hyponatremia is a frequent electrolyte disturbance in acute stroke, associated with poor clinical outcomes. This study examines the correlation between serum sodium levels and clinical outcomes in acute stroke patients.
Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study of 100 adult stroke patients confirmed by CT/MRI was conducted at a tertiary care hospital. Demographic and clinical data were collected, with stroke severity assessed using the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and Modified Rankin Scale (mRS). Statistical analysis evaluated the association between serum sodium levels and stroke parameters.
Results: The cohort included 63% males and 37% females, with a mean age of 64 years. Ischemic strokes (58%) were more common than hemorrhagic strokes (41%), and 1% had mixed findings. Right-sided strokes (55%) slightly exceeded left-sided strokes (45%). Dysnatremia was present in 31%, comprising 28% hyponatremia and 3% hypernatremia. Hyponatremia was significantly associated with hypertension (p = 0.010), lower GCS scores (p < 0.001), and worse mRS outcomes (p = 0.005). No significant correlations were found between sodium levels and stroke type (p = 0.241), laterality (p = 0.244), or diabetes (p = 0.246). Middle circulation strokes were the most prevalent (90%), with no sodium-related differences by territory.
Conclusion: Hyponatremia correlates with increased stroke severity and poorer functional outcomes, emphasizing its prognostic value. Its association with hypertension highlights the importance of monitoring sodium levels in hypertensive stroke patients. These findings highlight serum sodium's role in acute stroke management to potentially improve clinical outcomes.
Factors Affecting Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting among Medical Doctors at Tertiary Health Center, Birgunj, Nepal
Authors: Singh Smita , Bhagat Phulgen , Yadav Chandrajeet , Chakravarthy Dhivya , Mudvari Anish , Singh Prabin , Ahmad Md Parwez
Published: January 2025

Introduction: Adverse drug reactions and its underreporting exists globally so this study was conducted to know the factors which affected medical doctors from reporting at National Medical College and Teaching Hospital (NMCTH), Birgunj, Nepal.
Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among clinical doctors. Self-administered questionnaire tool was used for the collection of data. The questionnaire consisted of demographic status, factors encouraging ADR reporting and factors discouraging ADR reporting. The distributive statistics like frequency and percentage were used for evaluation of the data.
Results: The response rate was 88.51% and most of the participants were male (61.24%). Serious reactions encouraged about 96.06% of medical doctors whereas unusual reactions encouraged 94.94% of medical doctors. New products encouraged about 98.31% of medical doctors. The percentage of doctors not knowing how to fill and report adverse drug reaction was 76%. Constrainment of time to fill the form percentage was 64%. The percentage of medical doctors who agreed that a report will generate an extra work was 69%. Not reporting because no incentives percentage was 64%. Belief that only safe drugs are marketed 58%.
Conclusion: The study revealed that adverse drug reporting system is still in preliminary stages so timely training, seminars, inclusion in undergraduates about its importance should be done so create a positive attitude towards adverse drug reporting.
Placenta Accreta Spectrum: A Case Series of Five Patients
Authors: Ansari Sana , Ansari Meraj Alam , Mushtaq Rehana , Shah Ravi Kumar , Shah Pravin , Shrestha Ruby , Prasad Jagat Deep , Khatun Tarannum
Published: January 2025

Introduction: In the present world as the incidence of Caesarean section have increased, Placenta accreta also has increased and considered as an important cause of maternal and fetal/neonatal morbidity and mortality. In the present case series, we report a case series of five patients of placenta accreta spectrum diagnosed intraoperative presenting obstetric emergency. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecology generally recommends for Caesarean Section Hysterectomy in cases of placenta accreta because removal of placenta is associated with significant hemorrhage. We present the case series of five patients as only few studies described Caesarean Hysterectomy in patients with placenta accreta spectrum with images as well as to highlight the surgical difficulties and need for further research into the prevention of abnormal placental development and to prevent their risk of massive hemorrhage.
Teacher Educators’ Strategies for Continuous Professional Transformation
Authors: Dhungana Parbati , Dhungana Sandip , KC Rejina , Khadka Sarita , Rijal Madan , Shrestha Anim
Published: January 2025

Continuous professional transformation among teacher educators is generally regarded as an ongoing process and often taken for granted in both discussion and research. The purpose of this reflective paper is to explore strategies for continuous professional transformation among teacher educators. For it, we (authors) employed a longitudinal qualitative research design, reflective research approach. We relied on qualitative data generated from 2022 to 2024 based on our, six authors’ professional reflective experiences, discussions, observations, and programs. We generated data texts from written reflections, documents, and meeting minutes. Adapting thematic data analysis approach we explored nine themes of continuous professional transformation among teacher educators such as engaging in critical collaborative inquiry, nurturing diverse learners, sharing success and sad stories, fostering intellectual growth and ethics, conducting research, monitoring and mentoring, problem solving, pedagogical innovation, and continuous reflective practices. The findings of our study revealed the collaborative inquiry, self-reflection, and lifelong learning are essential for professional growth, enabling educators to refine their practices in response to evolving educational needs. The study also revealed the chief strategies for continuous professional development as taking responsibility of given tasks, making contributions in collaborative tasks and taking self-initiation. Our study recommends the potential implications of these strategies as significant to the early career teacher educators who aspire for continuous professional transformation in their university contexts.