bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Depopulacja i zanikające wsie w strukturze obszarów wiejskich pogranicza polsko-czeskiego
Authors: Heffner Krystian , Latocha Agnieszka
Published: December 2021

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie zjawiska depopulacji na pograniczu polsko-czeskim, na przykładzie południowej części województwa dolnośląskiego i opol- skiego. Artykuł ma charakter przeglądowy, oparty na studiach literaturowych i dotych- czasowych badaniach autorów w tym zakresie tematycznym. Omówiono przyczyny i fazy depopulacji w kontekście historycznym, wskazano na przestrzenne zróżnicowanie jej wielkości oraz skutki przestrzenno-funkcjonalne i krajobrazowe, m.in. zanikanie zabudo- wy i całych jednostek osadniczych. Ponadto przedyskutowano możliwości zapobiegania negatywnym skutkom depopulacji na pograniczu polsko-czeskim.
Funkcjonowanie Czarnkowsko-Trzcianeckiej Lokalnej Grupy Działania jako przykład kreowania rozwoju lokalnego w województwie wielkopolskim
Authors: Wiza Paulina Luiza
Published: December 2021

Lokalne grupy działania (LGD) są rodzajem partnerstwa terytorialnego, powstałego jako oddolna inicjatywa, zrzeszająca przedstawicieli lokalnych organizacji z sektora publicznego, prywatnego i pozarządowego oraz mieszkańców działających na rzecz lokalnej społeczności. Zadaniem LGD jest m.in. pobudzanie zaangażowania społeczności lokalnej w rozwój regionu, w oparciu o wykorzystanie jego zasobów. Celem artykułu jest wskazanie specyfiki lokalnych grup działania oraz ich znaczenia w kształtowania rozwoju na obszarze objętym lokalną strategią rozwoju na przykładzie Czarnkowsko-Trzcianeckiej Lokalnej Grupy Działania (CZ-T LGD). W artykule wykorzystano lokalną strategię rozwoju zaplanowaną na lata 2014–2020 opracowaną przez badaną lokalną grupę działania, analizę SWOT, a także badania ankietowe. Badania miały na celu przedstawienie idei funkcjonowania CZ-T LGD poprzez realizację inicjatywy Leader wraz ze wskazaniem jej roli we wdrażaniu innowacji na obszarach wiejskich. Stwierdzono, że CZ-T LGD poprzez podejmowane działania finansowane ze środków Unii Europejskiej przyczynia się do aktywizacji mieszkańców poprzez pobudzanie inicjatyw społeczności wiejskiej, co w konsekwencji kreuje rozwój regionu
From military hero to martyr: crafting singularity and the formation of Muslim collective subjectivity in an Iranian statist ritual
Authors: Chavoshian Sana
Published: December 2021

The staging of the funeral procession of Major General Qasem Soleimani (d. 3 January 2020) strengthened the Iranian state’s legitimation amidst the crisis related to intensified US sanctions. Images of his funeral parade across the country with its dense mourning crowd were circulated widely and commented on in both Iran’s official media and the international media. In response to these images, media commentaries engaged obsessively and exclusively with the biographical reviews that emphasised his heroic individuality and charismatic figure. This article engages critically with these reactions, while asking instead what his funeral tells us about the unfolding of the statist cult in Iran. I analyse two ethnographic scenes, one showing the entanglement of the official discourse of martyrdom with the statist culture, and the other, how the atmosphere of grief and veneration during the martyrs’ funeral processions unsettle the dichotomies between compliance and resistance, orchestrated and emergent affects. These observations open a new vista on the mutual processes of singularity and the collective subjectivation that goes beyond one-sided causal explanations of heroic individuality on the one hand and blatantly dramatised expressions of the state’s religious policies on the other.
Ultrasound-assisted l-cysteine whole-cell bioconversion by recombinant Escherichia coli with tryptophan synthase
Authors: Xu Lisheng , Wu Furu , Li Tingting , Zhang Xingtao , Chen Qiong , Jiang Bianling , Xia Qiuxia
Published: December 2021

l-Cysteine is widely used in food, medicine, and cosmetics. In this study, a recombinant Escherichia coli whole-cell system with tryptophan synthase was used to complete the biological transformation of l-serine to l-cysteine, and bioconversion of l-cysteine was investigated by tryptophan synthase. The biotransformation of l-cysteine was optimized by response surface methodology. The optimal conditions obtained are 0.13 mol·L−1
l-serine, 75 min, 130 W ultrasound operation, where the V
max of tryptophan synthase is 25.27 ± 0.16 (mmol·h−1·(g-cells)−1). The V
max of tryptophan synthase for the biosynthesis without ultrasound is 12.91 ± 0.34 (mmol·h−1·(g-cells)−1). Kinetic analysis of the recombinant Escherichia coli whole-cell system with tryptophan synthase also showed that under the ultrasound treatment, the K
m values of l-cysteine biosynthesis increase from 1.342 ± 0.11 mM for the shaking biotransformation to 2.555 ± 0.13 mM for ultrasound operation. The yield of l-cysteine reached 91% after 75 min of treatment after 130 W ultrasound, which is 1.9-fold higher than no ultrasound.
Solidification microstructure characteristics of Cu–Pb alloy by ECP treatment
Authors: Ma Teng , Sun Xiaosi , Ning Yanan , Hao Weixin
Published: December 2021

The effects of high-density electric current pulse (ECP) treatment on the solidification of Cu–37.4 wt% Pb monotectic alloy melt were investigated. Compared to the method of molten glass purification combined with cyclic superheating, ECP treatment created finer microstructures of Cu–Pb alloys, with more homogeneous distribution of the Pb phase in the matrix. This phenomenon can be explained by the cluster theory for liquid metals and the non-equilibrium diffusion theory. First, ECP treatment could cause the fission of larger atomic clusters to increase the undercooling that enabled a large number of smaller clusters to grow and reach the critical nucleation radius. Second, ECP treatment could reduce the diffusion energy barrier to enhance the non-equilibrium diffusion of solute atoms and suppress the segregation of Pb.
Evaluation of several initialization methods on arithmetic optimization algorithm performance
Authors: Agushaka Jeffrey O. , Ezugwu Absalom E.
Published: December 2021

Arithmetic optimization algorithm (AOA) is one of the recently proposed population-based metaheuristic algorithms. The algorithmic design concept of the AOA is based on the distributive behavior of arithmetic operators, namely, multiplication (M), division (D), subtraction (S), and addition (A). Being a new metaheuristic algorithm, the need for a performance evaluation of AOA is significant to the global optimization research community and specifically to nature-inspired metaheuristic enthusiasts. This article aims to evaluate the influence of the algorithm control parameters, namely, population size and the number of iterations, on the performance of the newly proposed AOA. In addition, we also investigated and validated the influence of different initialization schemes available in the literature on the performance of the AOA. Experiments were conducted using different initialization scenarios and the first is where the population size is large and the number of iterations is low. The second scenario is when the number of iterations is high, and the population size is small. Finally, when the population size and the number of iterations are similar. The numerical results from the conducted experiments showed that AOA is sensitive to the population size and requires a large population size for optimal performance. Afterward, we initialized AOA with six initialization schemes, and their performances were tested on the classical functions and the functions defined in the CEC 2020 suite. The results were presented, and their implications were discussed. Our results showed that the performance of AOA could be influenced when the solution is initialized with schemes other than default random numbers. The Beta distribution outperformed the random number distribution in all cases for both the classical and CEC 2020 functions. The performance of uniform distribution, Rayleigh distribution, Latin hypercube sampling, and Sobol low discrepancy sequence are relatively competitive with the Random number. On the basis of our experiments’ results, we recommend that a solution size of 6,000, the number of iterations of 100, and initializing the solutions with Beta distribution will lead to AOA performing optimally for scenarios considered in our experiments.
Analytical and numerical methods of converting Cartesian to ellipsoidal coordinates
Authors: Panou G. , Korakitis R.
Published: December 2021

In this work, two analytical and two numerical methods of converting Cartesian to ellipsoidal coordinates of a point in space are presented. After slightly modifying a well-known exact analytical method, a new exact analytical method is developed. Also, two well-known numerical methods, which were developed for points exactly on the surface of a triaxial ellipsoid, are generalized for points in space. The four methods are validated with numerical experiments using an extensive set of points for the case of the Earth. Then, a theoretical and a numerical comparative assessment of the four methods is made. Furthermore, the new exact analytical method is applied for an almost oblate spheroid and for the case of the Moon and the results are compared. We conclude that, the generalized Panou and Korakitis’ numerical method, starting with approximate values from the new exact analytical method, is the best choice in terms of accuracy of the resulting ellipsoidal coordinates.
Electric vehicles diffusion: changing pavement acoustic design?
Authors: Praticò Filippo Giammaria , Fedele Rosario
Published: December 2021

Electric vehicles (EVs) are progressively entering into the current noisy urban ecosystem. Even though EVs are apparently quieter than traditional Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles (ICEVs), they have an impact on noise maps and road pavement designers should take this into consideration when designing future low-noise road pavements. Consequently, the main objective of this study is to define what are the most important aspects that road pavement designers should take into account. For this reason, in this paper, the noise emitted by EVs was analysed, considering parameters (e.g., speed and frequency) and comparisons, in order to identify crucial characteristics. Results show that EV noise could call for the improvement of pavement acoustic design due to the Acoustic Vehicle Alerting System (AVAS), high-frequency peaks, and noise vibration harshness.
Emotional artificial neural network (EANN)-based prediction model of maximum A-weighted noise pressure level
Authors: Kuznetsov Sergey V. , Siswanto Waluyo Adi , Sabirova Fairuza Musovna , Pustokhina Inna Genadievna , Melnikova Lyubov Anatolievna , Zakieva Rafina Rafkatovna , Nomani M. Z. M. , Rahman Ferry Fadzlul , Husein Ismail , Thangavelu Lakshmi
Published: December 2021

Noise is considered one of the most critical environmental issues because it endangers the health of living organisms. For this reason, up-to-date knowledge seeks to find the causes of noise in various industries and thus prevent it as much as possible. Considering the development of railway lines in underdeveloped countries, identifying and modeling the causes of vibrations and noise of rail transportation is of particular importance. The evaluation of railway performance cannot be imagined without measuring and managing noise. This study tried to model the maximum A-weighted noise pressure level with the information obtained from field measurements by Emotional artificial neural network (EANN) models and compare the results with linear and logarithmic regression models. The results showed the high efficiency of EANN models in noise prediction so that the prediction accuracy of 95.6% was reported. The results also showed that in noise prediction based on the neural network-based model, the independent variables of train speed and distance from the center of the route are essential in predicting.
The contribution of microfluidics to the fight against tuberculosis
Authors: Cañadas-Ortega Marina , Gómez-Cruz Clara , Vaquero Juan José , Muñoz-Barrutia Arrate
Published: December 2021

The high mortality associated with tuberculosis brings forward the urgency of developing new therapies and strategies against the disease. With the advance of drug-resistant strains, traditional techniques have proven insufficient to manage the disease appropriately. Microfluidic devices have characteristics that can enhance treatment prescription and significantly advance our knowledge about the disease and its interaction within the human body. In addition, microfluidic systems provide advantages in terms of time and costs, which are particularly important in countries with low income and resources. This review will highlight how microdevices can help bridge the gaps in disease management, including their use for drug testing and development, drug susceptibility, basic research, and novel approaches to anti-TB vaccines and organ-on-chip studies.
Mechanical, morphological, and fracture-deformation behavior of MWCNTs-reinforced (Al–Cu–Mg–T351) alloy cast nanocomposites fabricated by optimized mechanical milling and powder metallurgy techniques
Authors: Sharma Shubham , Patyal Vikas , Sudhakara P. , Singh Jujhar , Petru Michal , Ilyas R. A.
Published: December 2021

The carbon nanotube (CNT) is becoming more popular due to their low-density, high-strengthetc.Among CNTs, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are gaining more importance due to their enhanced thermal and electrical conductivity. The present research is exploring the applicability of MWCNTs reinforced with AA2024-T351 alloys for electromechanical applications. This study is currently undertaken for using MWCNTs as a reinforcing particulate for the purpose to enhance the characteristics including low density, high strength, and hardness together with excellent thermal and electrical conductivity of the aluminum alloy matrices. Therefore, this article provides a state-of-the-art experimental approach to fabricate and furthermore, to evaluate the mechanical characteristics, microstructural analysis, and fatigue behavior of Al–Cu–Mg–T351/MWCNT composites under both the mechanical and thermal loading by utilizing powder technology processing route. The uniform dispersion of CNTs has been exposed using ball milling process. Results revealed that the MWCNTs provide extraordinary synergistic strength, enhances fatigue resistance, creep resistance, ductility, and other mechanical characteristics of the aluminum-based composites. The mechanical loading of the composite exhibited increased properties as compared to thermal-loaded aluminum-MWCNT composites. Findings conclude that the maximum hardness of 35Hv obtained for sintered AA2024-T351 and 45Hv for 0.5% MWCNT heat-treated samples indicate that the addition of MWCNT enhances the hardness which may be because CNT is evenly dispersed at the interfacial space. Maximum UTS of 105.21 MPa was obtained with 0.5% MWCNT for sintered composites. Microstructural analysis of the Al–Cu–Mg–T351/MWCNTs composite exhibits reasonably uniform distribution, void formation, and good interfacial bonding. X-ray Diffraction method patterns of fabricated composite shows that the CNT is present at 2β= 23.6 and 44.6°, whereas high peaks of aluminum are present at uniform dispersed positions. Transmission electron magnifying instrument study further substantiates the above research. Fracture micrographs of the Al–Cu–Mg–T351/MWCNTs composite portray the resistant nature of the nanotubes due to the presence of CNTs, Al–Cu, and aluminum carbide elements in the alloy and the reactions that happened during heat treatment. This significant improvement was attributed to the shear interactions among the constituents and high load carrying capacity of the CNT, uniform dispersion, and interface bond strength among the matrix and constituents. The findings in the study will undoubtedly be beneficial for the development of high-strength, MWCNTs/Al–Cu–Mg–T351, matrix composites in future for multifunctional applications on broader spectrum.
Innovations of the Beginning of the Sixth Millennium BC in the Northern Pontic Steppe
Authors: Kotova Nadezhda , Demchenko Olha , Kiosak Dmytro
Published: December 2021

This study focuses on the pottery-bearing (“Neolithic”) sites of the northern Azov Sea region. The vessels ornamented with comb imprints appeared there in the sixth millennium BC. In the light of a recent re-dating of the Rakushechny Yar site sequence, the sites of the northern Azov region appeared to be the earliest evidence for this innovation. The innovation in the ceramic assemblage is accompanied by an innovative lithic tool set. The latter included macro-blades and fan-shaped end-scrapers, which were previously unknown in the studied region. Their reanalysis (including new field work at the single-layer site of Chapaevka) helped formulate a hypothesis of maritime transmission of comb-ornamented ceramics in the Black and Azov Sea. This hypothesis will stimulate further discussions regarding the ways of Neolithization in Eastern Europe. It underlines the connections between Balkan “classic” Neolithic and pottery-bearing sites of the Ukrainian Steppe. The impressed ware from Makri and other mainland Greek sites is treated as the closest analogy to the finds of the northern Azov Sea region.
The Melite Civitas Romana Project: The Case for a Modern Exploration of the Roman Domus, Malta
Authors: Brown Robert , Cardona David , Lowe Benedict , Tanasi Davide , Wilkinson Andrew
Published: December 2021

The Roman Domus in Mdina, Malta, has become an idealised example of the Roman presence in the Maltese Islands; the partial remains of a lavishly decorated domus that would have in its time been situated within the walls of the urbanised Roman city of Melite. The site, last excavated more than 100 years ago, is also home to the only museum in the Maltese Islands, which is solely dedicated to house and showcase a collection of artefacts that date from the Roman period in Maltese history. This site alone provides a unique perspective on Roman Malta, being our only substantial remnant from the Roman Maltese capital, and needs a refocused and renewed exploration. For a long time, the archaeology of Roman sites in Malta has suffered a distinct lack of priority, and it has only been in the last two decades that considerably more focus has been placed on understanding the Roman period. Most of the archaeological focus, in this respect, has centred on agricultural villas, and though this study has illuminated a better understanding of the Roman period, very little has been undertaken in the last century in piecing together the importance of urban Melite to the broader nature of life in the islands, as well as their place in the larger context of the central Roman Mediterranean. The Melite Civitas Romana Project offers the potential of new understanding of the domus and the surrounding archaeological environment through a modern exploration of the site and the promise of the first available assemblage of Roman material from an urban Roman context.
Oral diadochokinetic rates for real words and non-words in Greek-speaking children
Authors: Tafiadis Dionysios , Zarokanellou Vasiliki , Prentza Alexandra , Voniati Louiza , Ziavra Nafsika
Published: December 2021

This study examined the performance of Greek monolingual typically developing (TD) children on diadochokinetic (DDK) rates in real words and non-words and attempted to establish normative data for Greek. The effects of age, type of stimuli and gender were investigated. A total of 380 children aged 4.0–15.0 years as well as a control group of 313 adults participated in the study. Age significantly affected DDK performance, yet normative data differ from other studies. DDK rates for bisyllabic stimuli were faster than DDK rates for trisyllabic stimuli and real words were articulated faster than non-words. Adolescents aged 13.0–15.0 years were slower than adults both in real word and in non-word /ˈpataka/ repetition. Additionally, overall boys were significantly faster than girls. These findings show the need to: (a) implement real word stimuli in DDK tasks in order to better depict an individual’s oral-motor abilities and (b) establish language-specific normative data for TD children.
An equilibrated a posteriori error estimator for an Interior Penalty Discontinuous Galerkin approximation of the p-Laplace problem
Authors: Hoppe Ronald H. W. , Iliash Youri
Published: December 2021

We are concerned with an Interior Penalty Discontinuous Galerkin (IPDG) approximation of the p-Laplace equation and an equilibrated a posteriori error estimator. The IPDG method can be derived from a discretization of the associated minimization problem involving appropriately defined reconstruction operators. The equilibrated a posteriori error estimator provides an upper bound for the discretization error in the broken W
1,p
norm and relies on the construction of an equilibrated flux in terms of a numerical flux function associated with the mixed formulation of the IPDG approximation. The relationship with a residual-type a posteriori error estimator is established as well. Numerical results illustrate the performance of both estimators.
Numerical-statistical study of the prognostic efficiency of the SEIR model
Authors: Lotova Galiya Z. , Lukinov Vitaliy L. , Marchenko Mikhail A. , Mikhailov Guennady A. , Smirnov Dmitrii D.
Published: December 2021

A comparative analysis of the differential and the corresponding stochastic Poisson SEIR-models is performed for the test problem of COVID-19 epidemic in Novosibirsk modelling the period from March 23, 2020 to June 21, 2020 with the initial population N = 2 798 170. Varying the initial population in the form N = n
m with m ⩾ 2, we show that the average numbers of identified sick patients is less (beginning from April 7, 2020) than the corresponding differential values by the quantity that does not differ statistically from C(t)/m, with C ≈ 27.3 on June 21, 2020. This relationship allows us to use the stochastic model for big population N. The practically useful ‘two sigma’ confidential interval for the time interval from June 1, 2020 to June 21, 2020 is about 108% (as to the statistical average) and involves the corresponding real statistical estimates. The influence of the introduction of delay on the prognosis, i.e., the incubation period corresponding to Poisson model is also studied.
General finite-volume framework for saddle-point problems of various physics
Authors: Terekhov Kirill M.
Published: December 2021

This article is dedicated to the general finite-volume framework used to discretize and solve saddle-point problems of various physics. The framework applies the Ostrogradsky–Gauss theorem to transform a divergent part of the partial differential equation into a surface integral, approximated by the summation of vector fluxes over interfaces. The interface vector fluxes are reconstructed using the harmonic averaging point concept resulting in the unique vector flux even in a heterogeneous anisotropic medium. The vector flux is modified with the consideration of eigenvalues in matrix coefficients at vector unknowns to address both the hyperbolic and saddle-point problems, causing nonphysical oscillations and an inf-sup stability issue. We apply the framework to several problems of various physics, namely incompressible elasticity problem, incompressible Navier–Stokes, Brinkman–Hazen–Dupuit–Darcy, Biot, and Maxwell equations and explain several nuances of the application. Finally, we test the framework on simple analytical solutions.
Basic Bidding Formats: Characteristics and Differences
Authors: Helmedag Fritz
Published: December 2021

In standard auction theory, the ‘revenue equivalence theorem’ asserts that the outcomes of the elementary allocation methods coincide. However, bidding processes differ fundamentally with regard to the decision situation of the participants: Is it at all imperative to take into consideration the number of competitors (‘stochastic’ strategy) or not (‘deterministic’ course of action)? Furthermore, established auction theory neglects the operating modes of procurement alternatives under uncertainty. Apart from the lacking knowledge how many rivals have to be beaten, tenderers regularly are ignorant of the buyer’s reserve price. Then it is even more tentative to calculate an offer based on probability theory. Consequently, the suppliers’ propensity to collude increases.
Third-Party Monitoring and Risk Management: A Literature Review
Authors: Michaelis Marta
Published: December 2021

Although risk management is prevalent in organizations, agency theory studies on contractual relationships in firms fail to address it. Risk reduction is mostly discussed within the context of monitoring, understood as insight into the activities of subordinates. Hence, this literature review discusses 18 main analytical studies on monitoring, reviewing whether they can be reinterpreted as depicting risk management, thereby allowing for the transfer of gained insights. Accordingly, only Meth, B. (1996). Reduction of outcome variance: optimality and incentives. Contemp. Account. Res. 13: 309–328 and Dürr, O., Nisch, M., and Rohlfing-Bastian, A. (2020). Incentives in optimized teams for projects with uncertain returns. Rev. Account. Stud. 25: 313–341, can be reinterpreted as such, bearing the following risk management implications: (1) risk management is vital for firms, as firm’s risk affects employee incentive contracts, firm’s utility, and optimal firm size; (2) risk attitudes of risk managers are crucial for designing incentive contracts, with incentives necessary for more (less) risk-averse agents to encourage risk-taking (risk reduction); and (3) risk management should be delegated as a task separate from other managerial activities. The other studies do not depict risk management. Therefore, many research subjects remain open, such as organizing risk management in hierarchies, delegating risk management as a task and incentivizing it when a firm’s outcome is unavailable for contracting, and establishing the connection between the performance measures and the risk of a firm.
Desert Locust Invasions and Child Health: Evidence from the Republic of the Niger
Authors: Nguyen My
Published: December 2021

This study assesses the extent to which the invasions of desert locust swarms affect child health in the Republic of the Niger. We discover that children exposed to the invasions tend to be shorter for their age, thinner for their age, and thinner for their height. In particular, a one standard deviation increase in the affected area (around 200 ha) is associated with a 0.019 standard deviation reduction in height-for-age, 0.029 standard deviation decrease in weight-for-age, and 0.020 standard deviation decrease in weight-for-height z-score. Given the long-lasting irreparable consequences of poor health in early life throughout the life cycle, the study calls for prompt and effective efforts to prevent the adverse effects of the desert locust swarm invasions.
Deutschsprachige Vorlesungen und ihr textuelles Umfeld in historischer Perspektive: Systematisierungsaspekte und Fallbeispiele
Authors: Gloning Thomas
Published: December 2021

The history of German-language lectures has been unfolding since the 18th century. However, it is not well researched with regard to many aspects of language use and text use, although lectures have played and continue to play a central role in the history of academic education. This paper focuses on four perspectives:

the role of language and text use for knowledge organisation in lectures (in their respective multimodal and performative contexts);

the interplay of lectures with forms of preparation and reception, which together constitute a systematically organised „communicative ecology“;

the question of the specific tasks and conditioning factors of language use in the lectures of different disciplines and subject zones;

and finally, the question of historical developments, which can be determined, among other things, by media developments and by changes in scientific principles.

The discussion of examples from the history of German-language lectures, varied according to time and subjects, will illustrate the research programme.
VorlesungundHörsaalals Symptomwörter für Geschichte und Gegenwart der deutschen Sprache
Authors: Klein Wolf Peter
Published: December 2021

The article starts with the etymology of the wordsVorlesung(„lecture“) andHörsaal(“lecture hall”). On the one hand, it turns out that the two expressions are deeply anchored in the history of the old Latin scientific language. They transmit Latin structures and perspectives in German neologisms. On the other hand, the two words arose exactly at the time when the sciences were moving from Latin to German, thus distancing themselves from the traditional forms of Latin scholarship. In this light, they exemplify an epochal change in the history of the German language, but at the same time they represent a great European continuity. Against this background, the two words can be interpreted as symptomatic words associated with the Enlightenment’s confident outlook on the future relationship between science and society. Further corpus linguistic surveys also show how productively the two words appear in word formation processes. In particular, these surveys show by way of example that and how German standard language has benefited from the emergence of German academic language.
Der Raum der Vorlesung: Vom Auditorium zum „multi media hub“
Authors: Hausendorf Heiko , Hochuli Kenan , Jud Johanna , Zoller Alexandra
Published: December 2021

The present paper is concerned with the lecture hall as the natural home of lecturing. We will focus on constructed, designed and equipped space as a material and communicative manifestation of science which fundamentally contributes to the multimodal practice of lecturing. Taking an interactionist point of view, we start off with introducing our concept of architecture-for-interaction which aims at spatial built-in features as a resource for social interaction, namely for situational anchoring among those present. In a second step, we identify key architectural elements of the lecture hall as material sediments of communicative problems connected with the social practice of lecturing. In doing so, we will also give a high-level overview of the historical development of the lecture hall (and its precursors) since the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Age. Turning to current data from lecturing in times of the pandemic, we will then deal with so called „ghost lectures“ behind closed doors. This current development brings out a refiguration process due to which the lecture hall undergoes a change from the classical auditorium with copresent participants to a multi-media hub allowing for tele-present participants.
Physicochemical, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties of heattreated edible mushroom extracts
Authors: Vargas Sánchez Rey David , Torrescano Urrutia Gastón Ramón , Torres Martínez Brisa del Mar , Ríos Rincón Francisco Gerardo , Ibarra Arias Félix Joel , Sánchez Escalante Armida
Published: December 2021

This study describes the thermal effect on physicochemical properties, phenolic content, as well as antioxidant and antibacterial activity of edible mushroom extracts (EME) from Agaricus brasiliensis, Ganoderma lucidum, and Pleurotus ostreatus in aqueous-ethanolic solution. The heating of EME resulted in a reduction of pH and total soluble solids and changes in color values in time dependence (p < 0.05). In addition, total phenolic and flavonoid contents, antiradical activity (DPPH• and ABTS•+ inhibition), and reducing power were enhanced with increasing temperature (90 °C, for 6 h), mainly in the P. ostreatus extract (p < 0.05). In contrast, the results indicate that high temperatures reduced (p < 0.05) the antibacterial effect against all pathogens tested. In conclusion, the thermal treatment affected physicochemical and antibacterial properties of EME and enhanced phenolic composition and antioxidant activity.
Corticostriatal Suppression of Appetitive Pavlovian Conditioned Responding
Authors: Villaruel Franz R. , Martins Melissa , Chaudhri Nadia
Published: December 2021

The capacity to suppress learned responses is essential for animals to adapt in dynamic environments. Extinction is a process by which animals learn to suppress conditioned responding when an expected outcome is omitted. The infralimbic (IL) cortex to nucleus accumbens shell (NAcS) neural circuit is implicated in suppressing conditioned responding after extinction, especially in the context of operant cocaine-seeking behavior. However, the role of the IL-to-NAcS neural circuit in the extinction of responding to appetitive Pavlovian cues is unknown, and the psychological mechanisms involved in response suppression following extinction are unclear. We trained male Long Evans rats to associate a 10 s auditory conditioned stimulus (CS; 14 trials per session) with a sucrose unconditioned stimulus (US; 0.2 ml per CS) in a specific context, and then following extinction in a different context, precipitated a renewal of CS responding by presenting the CS alone in the original Pavlovian conditioning context. Unilateral, optogenetic stimulation of the IL-to-NAcS circuit selectively during CS trials suppressed renewal. In a separate experiment, IL-to-NAcS stimulation suppressed CS responding regardless of prior extinction and impaired extinction retrieval. Finally, IL-to-NAcS stimulation during the CS did not suppress the acquisition of Pavlovian conditioning but was required for the subsequent expression of CS responding. These results are consistent with multiple studies showing that the IL-to-NAcS neural circuit is involved in the suppression of operant cocaine-seeking, extending these findings to appetitive Pavlovian cues. The suppression of appetitive Pavlovian responding following IL-to-NAcS circuit stimulation, however, does not appear to be an extinction-dependent process.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTExtinction is a form of inhibitory learning through which animals learn to suppress conditioned responding in the face of nonreinforcement. We investigated the role of the IL cortex inputs to the NAcS in the extinction of responding to appetitive Pavlovian cues and the psychological mechanisms involved in response suppression following extinction. Usingin vivooptogenetics, we found that stimulating the IL-to-NAcS neural circuit suppressed context-induced renewal of conditioned responding after extinction. In a separate experiment, stimulating the IL-to-NAcS circuit suppressed conditioned responding in an extinction-independent manner. These findings can be used by future research aimed at understanding how corticostriatal circuits contribute to behavioral flexibility and mental disorders that involve the suppression of learned behaviors.
Neuroendocrine Stress Axis-Dependence of Duloxetine Analgesia (Anti-Hyperalgesia) in Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy
Authors: Staurengo-Ferrari Larissa , Bonet Ivan J. M. , Araldi Dioneia , Green Paul G. , Levine Jon D.
Published: December 2021

Duloxetine, a serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, is the best-established treatment for painful chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN). While it is only effective in little more than half of patients, our ability to predict patient response remains incompletely understood. Given that stress exacerbates CIPN, and that the therapeutic effect of duloxetine is thought to be mediated, at least in part, via its effects on adrenergic mechanisms, we evaluated the contribution of neuroendocrine stress axes, sympathoadrenal and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal, to the effect of duloxetine in preclinical models of oxaliplatin- and paclitaxel-induced CIPN. Systemic administration of duloxetine, which alone had no effect on nociceptive threshold, both prevented and reversed mechanical hyperalgesia associated with oxaliplatin- and paclitaxel-CIPN. It more robustly attenuated oxaliplatin CIPN in male rats, while it was more effective for paclitaxel CIPN in females. Gonadectomy attenuated these sex differences in the effect of duloxetine. To assess the role of neuroendocrine stress axes in the effect of duloxetine on CIPN, rats of both sexes were submitted to adrenalectomy combined with fixed level replacement of corticosterone and epinephrine. While CIPN, in these rats, was of similar magnitude to that observed in adrenal-intact animals, rats of neither sex responded to duloxetine. Furthermore, duloxetine blunted an increase in corticosterone induced by oxaliplatin, and prevented the exacerbation of CIPN by sound stress. Our results demonstrate a role of neuroendocrine stress axes in duloxetine analgesia (anti-hyperalgesia) for the treatment of CIPN.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTPainful chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a debilitating dose-dependent and therapy-limiting side effect of many of the cytostatic drugs used to treat cancer (Argyriou et al., 2010; Marmiroli et al., 2017). Duloxetine is the only treatment for CIPN currently recommended by the American Society of Clinical Oncology (Hershman et al., 2014). In the present study, focused on elucidating mechanisms mediating the response of oxaliplatin- and paclitaxel-induced painful peripheral neuropathy to duloxetine, we demonstrate a major contribution to its effect of neuroendocrine stress axis function. These findings, which parallel the clinical observation that stress may impact response of CIPN to duloxetine (Taylor et al., 2007), open new approaches to the treatment of CIPN and other stress-associated pain syndromes.
Beads and ‘Biomes
Authors: Brooks Chequita N. , Poles Tamara A.
Published: December 2021

The issue of antibiotic resistance among bacterial pathogens is often misunderstood. Here, we present an activity that debunks misconceptions regarding microorganisms, such as bacterial pathogens, and addresses how antibiotics work. We propose this activity be incorporated into middle or high school classrooms addressing both this real-world issue and elements from the Next Generation Science Standards. Students are encouraged to use hands-on experiences toward hypothesis development and testing to better understand how antibiotic resistance is spread among bacterial pathogens and commensals. Over half of the students who participated in this activity self-reported that they were likely to share the information they learned outside of their classroom, reflecting real-time impacts on science stewardship in students. This activity also presents students with an issue that has clear action items they can undertake to effect positive change.
Fungal community and functional responses to soil warming are greater than for soil nitrogen enrichment
Authors: Anthony M. A. , Knorr M. , Moore J. A. M. , Simpson M. , Frey S. D.
Published: December 2021

Soil fungi are key regulators of forest carbon cycling and their responses to global change have effects that ripple throughout ecosystems. Global changes are expected to push many fungi beyond their environmental niches, but there are relatively few studies involving multiple, simultaneous global change factors. Here, we studied soil fungal diversity, community composition, co-occurrence patterns, and decomposition gene responses to 10 years of soil warming and nitrogen addition, alone and in combination. We specifically examined whether there were fungal community characteristics that could explain changes in soil carbon storage and organic matter chemistry in chronically warmed and fertilized soil. We found that fungal communities in warmed soils are less diverse and shift in composition. Warming also favored hyperdominance by a few mycorrhizal fungal species and lowered manganese peroxidase but increased hydrolytic enzyme encoding gene potentials. Nitrogen addition did not significantly affect fungal community composition but, like warming, did reduce fungal diversity and favored overdominance by a unique set of mycorrhizal taxa. Warming alone and in combination with nitrogen addition also reduced negative but increased positive fungal co-occurrence probabilities, promoting species coexistence. Negative fungal co-occurrence was positively correlated to soil carbon content, while the proportion of fungal hydrolytic enzyme encoding genes was negatively correlated with soil carbon content. This may reflect fungal life history trade-offs between competition (e.g., reduced negative co-occurrence) and resource acquisition (e.g., higher abundance of hydrolytic enzyme encoding genes) with implications for carbon storage.
The Black Pacific
Authors: Sharma Nitasha , Man Simeon
Published: December 2021

Nitasha Sharma expands the focus on Black military connections to the Pacific, pointing to a wide catalog of Black diasporic encounters beyond of the context of US imperialism. Paying attention to both the longer history and contemporary lived experiences of nonmilitary Black civilians in Oceania can redirect colonial binaries of race (Black/White) and settler colonialism (native/settler) and address antiBlack racism in Pacific societies. Simeon Man provides a commentary on Sharma’s work, highlighting how it can turn our attention to the concrete and varied reasons for Black movement to and presence in the Pacific, as well as to the different relations of power and modes of anti-Blackness formed within colonized contexts.
It’s Not You, Nor Me…It’s All of Us or None of Us
Authors: Hernández Roberto D.
Published: December 2021

Hernández, as the current chair of the National Association for Chicana and Chicano Studies (NACCS), reflects on the “Love Letter to Chicanx Studies.” The author affirms observances within the “letter,” including its considerations of the future of the field, and suggests that we enhance intergenerational knowledge sharing. Hernández presents a provocation on the ultimate goal of liberation as it relates to training and privileging scholars trained in Chicana/o/x Studies, and asks us to think more deeply about how we “do” the work and serve our communities. Finally, he asks that we recover our “Third world” subjectivities and reaffirm our commitment to struggles for shared liberation.
Genealogizing Pō
Authors: Warren Joyce Pualani , Camacho Keith L. , Deloughrey Elizabeth , Espiritu Gandhi Evyn Lê
Published: December 2021

The first half of this article draws from the keynote lecture delivered by Joyce Pualani Warren in which she theorizes an Indigenous Pacific conception of origins that encompasses notions of Blackness and kinship. Warren argues that using knowledge of Pō can offer a model of kinship and enhanced support for Indigeneity and Indigenous futures. The second half of this article features Warren’s response to questions and prompts posed by Keith L. Camacho, Elizabeth DeLoughrey, and Evyn Lê Espiritu Gandhi.
Two Limitations of Globalization Theory
Authors: Steger Manfred B.
Published: December 2021

Although globalization theories have flourished over the last four decades, they are still struggling to overcome some of their long-standing limitations. After an initial discussion of influential mappings of globalization theories that frame the discussion of their shortcomings, this article takes up two persistent limitations. First, major concepts of globalization theory still lack definitional precision as well as clear analytical and historical delineation. The article addresses these problems by reexamining four core concepts of globalization theory. The ensuing exercise in conceptual clarification draws on Raymond Williams’s pioneering approach to “keywords.” The second limitation concerns the slowness with which many globalization theorists have included pertinent keywords outside familiar meaning orbits. The article argues for an expansion of the core vocabulary of globalization theory to achieve a more systemic integration of new keywords, especially from postcolonial and environmental theory. Overcoming these two persistent limitations of globalization theory depends on the success of a number of critical measures proposed in this article.
Impact of Contaminated Blood Cultures on Children, Families, and the Health Care System
Authors: Farrell Megan , Bram Sarah , Gu Hongjie , Mathew Shakila , Messer Elizabeth , Hayes Ericka , Srinivasan Mythili
Published: December 2021

BACKGROUND:

Contaminated blood cultures pose a significant burden. We sought to determine the impact of contaminated peripheral blood cultures on patients, families, and the health care system.

METHODS:

In this retrospective case-control study from January 1, 2014, to December 31, 2017, we compared the hospital course, return visits and/or admissions, charges, and length of stay of patients with contaminated peripheral blood cultures (case patients) with those of patients with negative cultures (controls). Patients were categorized into those evaluated and discharged from the emergency department (ED) (ED patients) and those who were hospitalized (inpatients).

RESULTS:

A total of 104 ED case patients were matched with 208 ED control patients. A total of 343 case inpatients were matched with 686 inpatient controls. There was no significant difference between case and control patient demographics, ED, or hospital course at presentation. Fifty-five percent of discharged ED patients returned to the hospital for evaluation and/or admission versus 4% of controls. There was a significant (P < .0001) increase in repeat blood cultures (43% vs 1%), consultations obtained (21% vs 2%), cerebrospinal fluid studies (10% vs 0%), and antibiotic administration (27% vs 1%) in ED patients compared with controls. Each ED patient requiring revisit to the hospital incurred, on average, $4660 in additional charges. There was a significant (P < .04) increase in repeat blood cultures (57% vs 7%), consultations obtained (35% vs 28%), broadening of antibiotic coverage (18% vs 11%), median length of stay (75 vs 64 hours), and median laboratory charges ($3723 vs $3296) in case inpatients compared with controls.

CONCLUSIONS:

Contaminated blood cultures result in increased readmissions, testing and/or procedures, length of stay, and hospital charges in children.
The Development of a Long Peripheral Catheter Program at a Large Pediatric Academic Center: A Pilot Study
Authors: Burek Alina G. , Parker Jeff , Bentzien Ryan , Talbert Leslie , Havas Molly , Hanson Sheila J.
Published: December 2021

OBJECTIVES:

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of a new long peripheral catheter (LPC) program at a large academic center in an effort to reduce the use of peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) and their related complications.

METHODS:

The pilot participants were hospitalized children, age >2 years, with a need for noncentral intravenous access for 2 to 29 days, or laboratory blood draw >5 times per day. Patients expected to discharge with intravenous access were excluded. Included in the pilot program development were a literature review, 1-year baseline data analysis, and program design and implementation. A multidisciplinary committee developed and implemented the program from December 2018 to September 2019. LPCs were placed from August to September 2019.

RESULTS:

Regarding the baseline data, between July 2018 and June 2019, 584 PICCs were placed in 461 patients. Of these, 139 PICCs (24%) did not meet requirements necessitating central access and, potentially, could have been avoided if an LPC alternative were available at the time. For the LPC pilot program, 20 LPCs were placed in 19 patients. The median age was 11 (interquartile range of 7–15). The insertion success rate was 83%. There were no serious complications, such as venous thrombosis or catheter-related bloodstream infection. The total rate of minor complications was 35%: the rate of occlusions was 10% (n = 2), and the rate of dislodgement was 25% (n = 5). The catheter failure rate was 74 per 1000 catheter-days. The mean line duration was 6 days.

CONCLUSIONS:

There is a role for LPCs in hospitalized children requiring durable vascular access. Multispecialty designed pilot implementation of an LPC program was successful at an academic pediatric hospital.