bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of solar thermal pretreatment of carbonate-rich manganese ores in high-carbon ferromanganese production through dynamic process modelling
Authors: Hockaday L. , Dinter F. , Reynolds Q.G. , McGregor C.
Published: January 2025

The necessity of reducing greenhouse gas emissions to limit the impact of anthropogenic climate change means that all industrial processes should investigate their options towards decarbonization. Iron, steelmaking, aluminium, and cement production produce the most industrial emissions. Although most research focuses on decarbonizing these industries, minerals processing industries must be decarbonized to achieve net zero emissions goals by 2050. Incorporating renewable energy sources and avoiding the combustion of fossil fuels are two ways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This paper reports on the results from a dynamic process model developed to investigate the feasibility of concentrating solar thermal pretreatment of manganese ores to pretreat carbonate-rich manganese ores for increased ferromanganese smelter productivity and reduced greenhouse gas emissions. The results indicate that pretreated ores reduce the energy requirement for smelting significantly for some ores and lowers total carbon dioxide emissions by 13 to 19% compared to the traditional smelting route. A high-level economic evaluation shows that solar thermal treatment is financially viable for low cryptomelane, high braunite ore that is common in the Kalahari Manganese Field.
Políticas Educativas Neoliberales: trabajo académico y salud de profesoras
Authors: Herrera-Mijangos Santos Noe , Ramírez Díaz Iliana Montserrat , Cazares-Palacios Itzia María
Published: January 2025

Neoliberal educational policies have been implemented for more than three decades in Latin America, which have altered teaching practices. Likewise, the educational reforms have not considered the characteristics or idiosyncrasies, in this case, of Mexico, since they have been a copy of the European and U.S. educational models. Based on these problems, the main objective was to: make evident some problems in professional teaching practice, as well as the health repercussions of high school and university teachers as a consequence of neoliberal educational policies. There was the participation of 10 teachers who work at different educational levels: High School and Higher Education; in the State of Mexico, Hidalgo and Chile in South America. The research was divided into three phases: before, during and after the pandemic. The methodology used was qualitative, with a descriptive and interpretive approach. The results were presented as a “novel” constructed from the participants' narratives. Their problems related to teaching work, trigger a series of sickness at a biopsychosocial level. Definitely, the educational institution is going through a crisis and a rethinking of teaching work is urgently needed so that, the meaning of the teaching role does not die and along with it, the educational institution.
Autoestudo de incidentes críticos na perspectiva da justiça curricular
Authors: Moura Barreto Samara , Nascimento Corsino Luciano , Lazarretti da Conceicao William
Published: January 2025

This study investigates secondary education and curricular justice amidst counter-educational reforms aligned with neoliberal ideals in Brazil, highlighting the imperatives of teacher resistance against political implications at macro and micro levels. Focusing on two critical incidents situated at the Federal Institute of Ceará (IFCE) and the Federal Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (IFRS). The research employs self-study methodology and the critical incident analysis technique to examine intersections between educational policy and Physical Education within the federal education system. The qualitative approach, grounded in the epistemology of praxis, involved eight Physical Education teachers in reflexive and dialogical processes. These educators shared (inter)subjective and (self-)critical experiences regarding the relationship between secondary education and curricular justice, revealing a pedagogical practice that challenges the prevailing technical rationality. The study underscores how collaborative movements foster active political vigilance, shaping conscious and engaged bodies capable of transforming an often oppressive educational system. Through the exchange of experiences, the teacher-researchers developed strategies to navigate the contradictions of the educational system, building a transformative praxis that values diversity and curricular justice. This articulation between life and teaching work emerges as a space for resistance and pedagogical innovation, reaffirming Physical Education as a critical and socially committed field.
Las políticas educativas de la ingeniería civil en México. Una estratigrafía histórica
Authors: Ramón González José Augusto
Published: January 2025

As a result of the social approach adopted in recent years by the Mexican Federal Government, a new strategy has emerged to promote higher education, focusing on the most marginalized individuals and communities, with the goal of fostering their inclusion in professional training at this level. This research presents the philosophical foundations of this initiative, based on the concept of “episteme”; it includes a review of the evolution of higher education in Mexico from the perspective of civil engineering, utilizing a stratigraphic model of knowledge. In particular, the creation of the Benito Juárez García System of Universities for Welfare and the Civil Engineering School in Texcoco, State of Mexico, is described. The latter serves as an alternative to address the consequences of educational policies implemented under the so-called neoliberal framework, representing a potential option for improved social participation in the development of specialized technical capacities. The results and conclusions demonstrate that the educational reforms implemented do not follow a continuous discursive line but rather emerge in response to the episteme or discursive stratum of the moment. As a case study, the current higher education model in civil engineering is presented. In the same way, the results of the new model of the University of Civil Engineering are presented.
Contact patches of radial tires with different length-to-width ratiosunder static loads
Authors: Qiao Fengliang , Shen Zhaojie , Kang Yuxia
Published: January 2025

The aspect ratio of tires significantly influences the tread contact patch, which is closely related to the vehicle's driving performance and handling. This study investigates the effect of radial tires with varying aspect ratios on contact patches under different loads and inflation pressures. The size and shape of the contact patches, along with the pressure distribution in tires with different aspect ratios, were analyzed. Five finite element tire models with aspect ratios of 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, and 75% were developed. The simulation models of 205/55R16 were validated against experimental results. The findings reveal that as the aspect ratio increases, the contact length along the tire's axial direction decreases, while the contact width along the rolling direction increases. Minimal differences in contact area were observed among tires with different aspect ratios under the same static load. For a given load, as the length-to-width ratio increases, the tread width of the contact patch decreases, while its length increases. Additionally, with an increasing length-to-width ratio, the contact patch shape transitions from a saddle to a barrel-like form. The maximum normal contact stress occurs at the shoulder of the tire for aspect ratios of 55%, 60%, and 65%, but shifts to the center of the tread for aspect ratios of 70% and 75%. The primary influence of the aspect ratio is on the contact size.
Parents as Agents of ›Imported Bilingualism‹. Arguing for Two New Concepts for Further Development of the Typology of Bilingual Families
Authors: Mehmedbegovic-Smith Dina
Published: January 2025

This paper argues for the need to introduce two new concepts: Imported Bilingualism and Academic Monolingualism. The aim is twofold: firstly, by arguing that the positioning of languages as a type of capital can facilitate a shift of low value attitudes towards the types of bilingualism that stem from the necessity of migration. Secondly, the positioning of languages as an importable type of capital provides direct links with Bourdieu’s theories, which illuminate the reasons for low value attitudes towards own languages in minority communities. In conclusion: the Healthy Linguistic Diet as an approach with the potential to overcome challenges is explored.
Das Dazwischen als Ort der Veränderung. Zu Lutz Seilers Roman "Stern 111"
Authors: Leskovec Andrea
Published: January 2025

Der Roman "Stern 111" erzählt von einer historischen Übergangszeit und den damit verbundenen gesellschaftlichen und persönlichen Utopien. Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit den Übergangsprozessen, in denen sich diese Utopien etablieren. Dabei wird der Frage nach der Qualität dieser Übergänge nachgegangen: Bewirken sie tatsächlich einen Paradigmenwechsel oder nur eine Neuauflage bestehender Ordnungen? Auf der Grundlage des Schwellenbegriffs von Bernhard Waldenfels und dessen responsiven Ethik zeigt der Beitrag, dass gesellschaftliche Utopien nur dann etwas Neues bewirken können, wenn sie sich von normativen Denkweisen lösen und sich aus der Begegnung mit dem Anderen entwickeln.
Praça da Sé
Authors: Carvalho Gabriel Moreira
Published: January 2025

This paper examines the role, impact, and influences of transportation on the transformations and continuities of Praça da Sé, located in São Paulo, Brazil, throughout the 20th and 21st centuries. The research analyzes the different appearances the square has acquired, establishing a historiographical periodization to understand the predominant means of transportation in each era, as well as the urban planning ideals that shaped its configurations. By using iconographic and cartographic analyses, the study seeks to identify the physical attributes of the square that have endured over time and impact its current urban life quality. Direct relationships were found between the physical aspects of the built urban environment and the human activities carried out within it.
Verticalização na cidade de Santos (SP)
Authors: Simões Kelly Araújo , Tavares Marcelo da Silva , Teixeira Sabrina Aparecida Costa , Tourinho Andréa de Oliveira , Sígolo Letícia Moreira
Published: January 2025

Santos (SP), currently the most verticalized city in Brazil and with one of the most permissive urban legislations in the country, presents an urban dynamic committed to maximizing real estate gains and the constitution of a territory marked by profound socio-spatial inequalities. Verticalization, an ongoing phenomenon that promotes the multiplication of urban space, increasingly present in small and medium-sized Brazilian cities, is part of the strategies adopted by proponents of verticalization and has caused significant social, economic, and environmental impacts in the region. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the socio-environmental impacts arising from the verticalization process - encouraged by public policies -, as challenges to promoting sustainability associated to the quality of life of the citizens of Santos. Some of the impacts addressed include the capacity of existing drainage infrastructure, shading, microclimate alteration, waste generation, mobility, and socio-spatial segregation, based on primary data extracted from the certificate of occupation since 2012, as well as analyses of population commuting times, among others. These studies result of an ongoing postgraduate research group in architecture and urbanism, which, since 2023, has focused on the impacts of verticalization in the city of Santos. The urban unsustainability of this process is clear, requiring public policies committed to social and environmental justice to reverse this situation, ensuring that verticalization benefits the entire population in a more equitable manner.
Instrumentos com evidências de validade sobre disfunção sexual masculina: protocolo de revisão de escopo
Authors: Ribeiro Dayane Abreu , Ferreira André Carlos Santos , Gomes Cassia Regina Gontijo , Azevedo Cissa , Carbogim Fábio da Costa , Pereira Maria Graça , Mata Luciana Regina Ferreira da
Published: January 2025

Objetivo: mapear instrumentos com evidência de validade que avaliam a disfunção sexual masculina. Método: revisão de escopo baseada na metodologia do Instituto Joanna Briggs, em conjunto com o checklist PRISMA-ScR. A busca será realizada em três etapas. As principais fontes de dados incluem: Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, MEDLINE via PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase e PsycInfo. Além disso, serão utilizadas fontes adicionais como OpenGrey e a Biblioteca Digital Brasileira de Teses e Dissertações. A seleção dos estudos será feita de forma independente por dois revisores utilizando o software Rayyan, e divergências serão resolvidas por um terceiro revisor. A extração dos dados será conduzida por meio de um formulário criado pelos autores. Este protocolo guiará a revisão de escopo para enumerar e mapear os resultados, que serão apresentados por meio de uma discussão narrativa, tabelas, resumos e fluxogramas. Este estudo está em andamento e o protocolo está registrado no Open Science Framework: https://osf.io/jdh78.
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy as a method for diagnosing benign ovarian formations in pregnant women
Authors: Fatkullina D. A. , Musin I. I. , Yashchuk A. G. , Gareev E. M.
Published: January 2025

Aim: to study the spectral characteristics of blood plasma in pregnant women with benign ovarian formations (OF).

Materials and Methods. A retrospective study conducted between 2021 and 2023 included 100 pregnant women aged 18 to 45 years. Two groups were identified: group 1 (main group) included 50 pregnant women with OF, group 2 (control group) included 50 pregnant women with normal pregnancy. Using the method of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), we determined and assessed the spectral features typical to OF, which are necessary for differential diagnosis of this pregnancy-related pathology.

Results. Prominent inter-group differences in spectral intensities were revealed: OF was associated with significantly increased intensity of spectral peaks at 491 nm, 596 nm, 632 nm, 808 nm, 886 nm, 1132 nm and decreased intensity at the peaks of 725 nm and 1440 nm observed compared to control group. After OF removal, spectral pattern restored to near complete compliance with the spectral pattern observed in control group of pregnant women.

Conclusion. The isolated and analyzed spectral features demonstrated an opportunity of using SERS in diagnosing OF in pregnant women.
Refinement of the Compression Ratio for an External Estimation of the Limit 0-Controllable Set of a Linear Discrete-Time System with Bounded Control
Authors: Simkina A.V.
Published: January 2025

The problem of constructing an optimal external estimate of the limit controllable set for a linear discrete-time system with convex control constraints is considered. The estimation is based on the principle of contraction mappings. The optimal estimation parameters are determined based on the analysis of the results of numerical modeling. Examples are given.
Molecular identification of respiratory viruses in Itapúa, Paraguay during the year 2023
Authors: Cáceres Fernández Karina , Morales Rivé Ramona , Caballero Gómez Sandra
Published: January 2025

Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) constitute an important health problem, since they are one of the first causes of medical attention worldwide, both in outpatient and inpatient consultations, and are among the first causes of mortality. The objective was to detect and identify viral agents causing ARI by molecular techniques in respiratory samples processed at the Molecular Biology laboratory of the Regional Hospital of Encarnación (HRE), Itapúa. A descriptive, cross-sectional, and quantitative study was conducted on 394 respiratory samples collected from April to August 2023, applying a multiplex panel by Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) panel. We analyzed variables such as sex, age, district of origin, clinical manifestations, Influenza-like Illness (ILI) or Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI) and detected viral pathogen. Viruses were detected in 55.08% of samples. The most frequent viruses were Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) (53.92%) and Rhinovirus (RV) (23.96%). The majority of patients with Viral Respiratory Infections (VRI) were children under 2 years of age (49.31%). RSV predominated in May and June in patients hospitalized for SARI (64.06%) and the districts with the highest frequency of VRI were Encarnación and Cambyreta (59.91% and 17.05%, respectively). RSV was the main cause of hospitalization for SARI in children under two years of age in Itapúa during May and June, highlighting the importance of prioritizing at-risk children and expanding studies to other etiologies.
Surgical Treatment of Complicated Cataract in Patients with High-Grade Ametropia (Literature Review)
Authors: Grigoryeva Yu. V. , Kopaev S. Yu. , Myasnikova V. V.
Published: January 2025

Carrying out phacoemulsification in eyes with concomitant pathology — extreme ametropia requires an individual approach due to the characteristics of the anteroposterior size of the eyeball and the presence of concomitant pathology. Difficulties arise at the stages of calculating the anterior-posterior axis of the eye, preoperative diagnosis, calculating the optical power of the intraocular lens, phacoemulsification and postoperative management. In the preoperative management of patients with hypermetropia, attention should be paid to the anterior eye segment, the angle of the anterior chamber of the eye, intraocular pressure; patients with high myopia require a detailed examination of the fundus. Difficulties in the intraoperative period in patients with short eye length are associated with the shallow depth of the anterior chamber, lack of space for manipulation; patients with long eyes require additional anesthesia to relieve pain when filling the eyeball with irrigation fluid. In the postoperative period, hyperopic patients need monitoring of intraocular pressure, myopic patients need fundus ophthalmoscopy with optical coherence tomography. To identify treatment tactics for cataract surgery in patients with high degrees of ametropia according to modern literature data. To perform the review, a search of literature sources was analyzed in the PubMed database using the keywords “cataract”, “high hyperopia”, “high myopia” and data from publications on the topic of the article for the period up to 2023 inclusive. The literature analysis has shown that recently more and more attention has been paid to the problem of high-grade ametropia. This is due to the widespread, progressive disease course, early cataracts development and other complications that significantly reduce vision.
Extended Depth of Focus (EDOF) and Trifocal Lenses: Advantages and Disadvantages. What Determines the Choice of Optical Correction? Review
Authors: Fursova A. Zh. , Atamanenko A. A.
Published: January 2025

The purpose: to compare the results of studies on intraocular lenses (IOLs) with extended depth of focus (EDOF) and trifocal intraocular lenses (THIOLs).

Methods. The comparative analysis was conducted based on data from meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and randomized clinical trials. The electronic databases used were PubMed and Elibrary. The most commonly analyzed characteristics were postoperative refraction, visual acuity, optical aberrations, contrast sensitivity, visual quality, and dependence on glasses.

Results. THIOL has significant advantages over EDOF in terms of postoperative refraction and visual acuity. This is demonstrated by a significantly lower postoperative residual spherical correction and spherical equivalent. There was no significant difference in postoperative astigmatism between the two groups. The analysis of visual acuity and eyeglass independence shows the advantages of EDOF for medium distances and THIOL for close distances. Some researchers prefer a combination of these two IOL types to achieve maximum results. Published data on optical phenomena indicate a higher number of dysphotopsias in the THIOL group. However, research results are highly contradictory due to their heterogeneity. A significant decrease in contrast sensitivity was observed in all groups for both photopic and mesopic conditions. Nevertheless, EDOF showed an advantage at lower spatial frequencies. In terms of satisfaction with the results obtained after surgery, there were no significant differences between the two groups of intraocular lenses (IOLs), as all patients reported a high level of satisfaction.

Conclusion. Binocular implantation of a THIOL can provide greater independence from glasses and good vision at medium and short distances. However, patients should be aware of a possible decrease in contrast sensitivity and visual quality, especially at night, which may be accompanied by discomfort while driving. If more activity is required at intermediate distances in daily life, the choice of an EDOF IOL is crucial, and the patient may not require additional eyeglasses for closerange work if necessary. In clinical practice, knowing the characteristics of an IOL helps meet patient expectations and achieve high levels of satisfaction.
OCT Patterns of Macular Edema in Intermediate Uveitis
Authors: Panova I. E. , Gvazava V. G.
Published: January 2025

Objective. To evaluate characteristic OCT morphological characteristic of initial presentation and chronic recurrent macular edema (ME) in patients with intermediate uveitis.

Materials and methods. The study included 35 patients (46 eyes) with uveitic macular edema in intermediate uveitis. The first episode of macular edema was diagnosed in 20 patients (26 eyes), 15 patients (20 eyes) present with chronic recurrent macular edema. OCT was performed on the Optovue RTVue XR Avanti. The following OCT morphological characteristic were evaluated: integrity of IS/OS line, the presence of hyperreflective foci, inner nuclear layer cysts, Henle fibers layer cysts, small single cysts, diffuse retinal thickening without cystic changes, the presence of subretinal detachment.

Results. Four OCT morphological variants of uveitic macular edema were identified: diffuse macular edema, small single cysts, cysts in Henle fibers layer and the inner nuclear layer with and without subretinal detachment. In the group with diffuse macular edema, the median duration of macular edema was 3 months, macular edema with Henle fibers cysts, inner nuclear layer cysts with subretinal detachment presented after 5 months (median), small single cysts and cystic changes in the layer of Henle fibers and the inner nuclear layer were detected at later times (12 and 36 months, respectively). A strong negative correlation was found between best-corrected visual acuity and central retinal thickness in chronic recurrent uveitic macular edema (correlation coefficient — 0.7, p = 0.0001), while a moderate negative correlation was established in macular edema at initial presentation (correlation coefficient — 0.55, p = 0.0031). Integrity of IS/OS line was observed significantly more often (p = 0.002) in chronic recurrent macular edema (10 (83.3%)) than at initial presentation (2 (16.6%)). In the presence of IS/OS disruption, best-corrected visual acuity was significantly lower (p = 0.016).

Conclusion. Identified four OCT morphological variants of uveitic macular edema were characterized by different periods of its duration, which may reflect different stages of macular edema evolution. Chronic recurrent macular edema and ME at initial presentation in uveitis are distinguished by different OCT predictors, which should be taken into account in assessing the effectiveness of treatment and prognosis of visual acuity.
Features of the Effect of Cataracts and Glaucoma on the Daily Activities of Patients with Sarcopenic Obesity
Authors: Fabrikantov O. L. , Kopylov A. E. , Agarkov N. M.
Published: January 2025

Age-associated glaucoma and cataracts in combination with sarcopenic obesity, formed mainly against the background of physical inactivity due to vision deficiency, potentially contribute to a decrease in patients’ activity in everyday life, but the latter has not been studied practically by special tests that take into account visual impairment. The purpose: to study the peculiarities of the effect of cataracts and primary glaucoma on the daily activities of patients with sarcopenic obesity. 125 patients aged 60–74 years with sarcopenic obesity and stage 2 mixed cataract, 138 patients of the same age with sarcopenic obesity and stage 2 primary glaucoma were examined in clinical conditions. The diagnosis of glaucoma and cataracts was performed based on the results of a comprehensive clinical and hardware examination of patients and in accordance with the criteria of the National Guidelines. Sarcopenia was detected using the European working group on sarcopenia in older people scale, and obesity was measured by a body mass index ≥30 kg/m2. The assessment of activities in everyday life was carried out according to a specific test developed by us. A more significant effect of cataracts combined with sarcopenic obesity, causing complete dependence on others (12.18 points) in daily life activities, was found than the effect of glaucoma combined with sarcopenic obesity, causing moderate dependence — 10.18 points (p < 0.01). Patients of the compared groups also have statistically significant differences in all types of activities in everyday life, including threading a needle and cutting nails, which cause the greatest dependence on outside help in their performance. In particular, restrictions on threading a needle in patients with cataracts and sarcopenic obesity have 1.84 ± 0.03 points, which is significantly higher than in patients with glaucoma and sarcopenic obesity (p < 0.01). A similar pattern has been established for nail clipping, the limits for which are 1.75 ± 0.03 points and 1.43 ± 0.04 points, respectively. However, the following ranking places of the considered limitations of activity in everyday life differ statistically significant and in the third position of patients with cataract and sarcopenic obesity is independent writing of the text (1.68 ± 0.04 points), and in patients with glaucoma and sarcopenic obesity — reading of the text — 1.38 ± 0.03 points (p < 0.01). The fourth rank also differs when in patients with cataracts and sarcopenic obesity it corresponds to reading the text (1.53 ± 0.04 points), and in patients with glaucoma and sarcopenic obesity — writing the text — 1.32 ± 0.02 points (p < 0.01). The revealed features of the effect of glaucoma and cataracts combined with sarcopenic obesity should be used by ophthalmologists when forming recommendations on the behavior of patients in everyday life.
The Role of Long-Term Technogenic Impact Low Doses of Ionizing Radiation in the Development of Pathology of the Organ of Vision
Authors: Takhauova L. R. , Krivosheina O. I.
Published: January 2025

The retrospective analysis was conducted on the incidence rates of eye organ diseases among 2808 employees of an ionizing radiation facility (IRF), based on years of experience and absorbed dose of ionizing radiation. The frequency of refractive anomalies among all ophthalmopathies was recorded at 34.3 %, conjunctivitis at 28.6 %, cataracts at 27.9 %, keratitis at 2.6 %, corneal ulcers at 0.42 %, and inflammations of the tear duct system at 2.2 %. Refractive anomalies were most commonly observed at a rate of 41.2 % among personnel in the age category of 46-55 years, with no significant impact of work experience on the prevalence of this pathology. The frequency of conjunctivitis among IRF personnel with 5–10 years of work experience was statistically significantly higher compared to other groups, and it was more commonly found among individuals aged 31–35 and 36–40 years. Cataracts were most frequently diagnosed among personnel with 16–20 years of work experience, accounting for 25.1 % of all cases of cataract diseases. The most common age at diagnosis ranges from 56 to 60 years (23.9% of the total number of cataract cases). As the absorbed dose IRF of soft tissues increases, the personnel of the IRF show a statistically significant tendency towards an increase in the number of refractive errors, cataracts and inflammatory lesions of the ocular surface.
Credit Rationing: The Relative Importance of Internal and External Factors
Authors: Támola Alejandro , Fernández Díez María Carmen , Joachín Arturo
Published: January 2025

Both internal and external factors can contribute to the informational frictions that drive credit rationing among firms. This study uses data from enterprise surveys and other sources to evaluate the relative contribution of internal and external variables in determining the likelihood of credit rationing. The results indicate that external factors are more important than internal ones in their association with the marginal probability of experiencing credit rationing. From these key results, we derive two policy recommendations. First, policy interventions promoting reforms to reduce inflation, decrease informality, improve firm transparency, and make judicial processes more effective are likely to reduce credit rationing. Second, while credit support programs are likely to be effective in reducing credit rationing, it is advisable to design such programs with mechanisms aimed at improving formalization and transparency.
Inter-American Development Bank Sustainability Report 2023
Authors:   Inter American Development Bank
Published: January 2025

In our annual Sustainability Report, we share our approach to sustainability and showcase projects and publications we financed and prepared with partners to contribute to the regions sustainable development. We share key figures on the footprint of our lending portfolio, the sustainable finance we provide, and the application of our environmental and social policies, including risk trends for the IDBs portfolio. We close the report with information about our corporate sustainability, reviewing efforts to reduce our direct footprint where we live and work. This report covers Jan. 1Dec. 31, 2023.
Competition and Distance to the Technological Frontier as Determinants of Innovation: A Multilevel Analysis for Latin America
Authors: Tacsir Ezequiel , Pereira Mariano , Favata Federico , Leone Julian
Published: January 2025

Using a multilevel analysis and the new Harmonized Latin American Innovation Surveys Database (or LAIS database) augmented with indicators from the U.S. Census Bureau's Survey of Business Owners (SBO) and the World Banks World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS), this paper presents estimates of the effects of import competition and distance to the technological frontier on firm innovation in Latin American countries. Although innovation is recognized as a multilevel phenomenon, with investment decisions not solely affected by the firm characteristics but also by the context in which each firm is embedded, the empirical literature adopting a multilevel design is still nascent and scarce. Using a two-level random slope model allows us to overcome some of the pitfalls of traditional regression models when dealing with the hierarchical structure of data while allowing us to capture the influence of contextual factors. The results suggest that the fostering effect of foreign competition depends on the firms distance to the technological frontier. The estimates suggest that the lower the foreign competition and the greater the productivity gap, the lower the probability of firms engaging in innovation. In contrast, when a firm operates in a sector that is relatively closer to the technological frontier, firms invest in innovative activities to remain at the top. These results offer a clear and useful guide for designing policies in Latin America regarding innovation among firms. While it is important to promote and stimulate innovation efforts by firms, these factors should not be overlooked as considerations: sectoral characteristics associated with the economies, sectoral openness to foreign competition, and firms distance to the technological frontier.
Building Adaptative Social Protection Systems in Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Marer Ofir , Bermudez Plaza Neili Carolina , Bagolle Alexandre , Tejerina Luis
Published: January 2025

The Social Protection and Health (SPH) Division of the IDB hosted its annual Regional Policy Dialogue (RPD) on Adaptive Social Protection Systems from June 17th to 19th, 2024, in Lima, Peru. This event aimed to address the increasing vulnerability of households to natural disasters, economic disruptions, and health crises, many of which are exacerbated by climate change. With over 78 million people living in high-risk areas in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), the dialogue was crucial for fostering resilient social protection systems. The RPD brought together over 120 participants from 31 countries, including high-level representatives from the Ministries of Finance, Social Protection, and Health, including 10 ministers, vice-ministers, and many worldwide experts. The RPD focused on the need to bring together experts and practitioners involved in Adaptive Social Protection (ASP) systems in the region and other continents to promote the exchange of knowledge and lessons learned, as well as to explore new methods, financial tools, best practices, and innovative activities that can contribute to furthering the discussion on the challenges faced by the region on this matter.
O modo de conhecer em Kant: interpretação fenomenológica de Heidegger sobre Kant
Authors: Dias Wender da Costa
Published: January 2025

Neste trabalho objetiva-se mostrar como Heidegger interpreta os fundamentos da teoria kantiana na crítica da razão pura, logo na introdução, sobre o modo de como se conhece a realidade a partir da sensibilidade e entendimento. Heidegger elabora fenomenologicamente os esquemas que ele interpreta de Kant como existenciais de um ente privilegiado enquanto ser-no-mundo. Para Heidegger o problema do conhecimento tem seu fundamento no próprio ser que tem íntima relação com a verdade e com o ser-no-mundo, ou seja, o Dasein. Portanto, na primeira parte, Passaremos por uma breve apresentação da teoria de Kant sobre sua concepção do modo de conhecer, para em seguida apresentar como Heidegger interpreta Kant a partir da fenomenologia dando prioridade a conceitos como verdade, compreensão, mundo, e principalmente: ser.
Meios alternativos de solução de conflitos: uma análise sobre a efetividade da audiência preliminar de conciliação segundo dados do conselho nacional de justiça no ano de 2019
Authors: Silva Maria Domingas Vale da
Published: January 2025

O presente artigo possui como finalidade investigar a efetividade da audiência preliminar de conciliação no ano de 2019. Para atingir tal objetivo, inicialmente, será abordada a questão referente ao direito de acesso à justiça conforme consta na Constituição Federal de 1988. Em seguida, será feita uma abordagem histórico-jurídica dos meios alternativos de solução de conflitos com ênfase na audiência preliminar de conciliação. Neste sentido, serão expostos os principais conceitos e características constitutivos de tais institutos, primando pela utilização da conciliação na busca de solução consensual de conflitos frente à morosidade do poder Judiciário. Por fim, será analisada a efetividade da audiência preliminar de conciliação segundo dados disponibilizados pelo Conselho Nacional de Justiça referente ao ano supramencionado.
THE IMPACT OF LA OROYA MINING TOWARDS ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS
Authors: Fani Guillermo Valles , Supit Christina Nataysha , Kryzstov Sean , Pattinussa Jhon Maxwell Yosua
Published: January 2025

La Oroya Mining is an accurate example that environmental degradation and human rights violations can happen as a cause and effect. Mining in La Oroya Peru is very famous because it is one of Peru's largest sources of income and is its trademark. Meanwhile, this mining is also proof that Peru continues its imperialism. However, it cannot be denied that the effects of mining itself have had an impact on environmental degradation and human rights violations in local communities. This mining has caused worrying short-term and long-term impacts. In this paper, the authors and team try to analyze using qualitative methods through secondary data from journals. The aim is to find key factors that cause and impact this environmental degradation and human rights violation. The team authors also try to connect with three International Relations theories, which are realism, constructivism, and green political theory to look at it from three different points of view to find out the details. Further, the author also tries to trace what actions the Peruvian people have taken, the involvement of the IACHR in this problem as an international organization, the participation of NGOs, and how it continues. Furthermore, the role of the government will also be explored whether they help in solving this problem or make it worse and continue. Lastly, team authors try to propose effective solutions that can be implemented to help solve this environmental problem.
Estimating the grapevine cultivated biodiversity: indices for an objective evaluation
Authors: Boursiquot Jean-Michel , Yobregat Olivier , Lacombe Thierry
Published: January 2025

There is always a lot of discussion about consequences of the concentration of the number of grapevine varieties cultivated and about the decline in diversity of the plant material and clones available from nurseries and used by the winegrowers. With the aim to better understand and to define more precisely the disadvantages or advantages of the different situations in terms of “cultivated biodiversity”, we sought to develop different indices adapted to grapevine allowing to compare in a neutral and objective way these diverse situations. These indicators may concern different geographical levels of vineyards (world, countries, regions, estates, plots) and may take into account different categories of plant material such as varieties, clones or rootstocks and different categories of products (wine, table grape, etc.). They could also be used and applied for some labels or certification programs to guarantee certain levels of biodiversity to consumers.
Condiciones sociodemográficas, migraciones y régimen de tenencia de la vivienda en Argentina
Authors: Basso Martin Alejandro , Gulli Isabel del Valle
Published: January 2025

En el presente trabajo se estudia el régimen de la tenencia de la vivienda en la República Argentina en las últimas décadas. Se efectúa una revisión de distintas corrientes teóricas que abordan la cuestión. Se trabajo con datos secundarios provenientes de la Encuesta Permanente de Hogares (EPH). Se pone énfasis en las dimensiones temporal y espacial, en la estructura por edad y en las migraciones, analizándolas en sus múltiples facetas y destacando su importancia para el desarrollo del país y para la calidad de vida del ser humano, y su utilidad en el diseño de políticas públicas. Entre los resultados se observa un ajuste muy bueno no lineal entre la estructura por edad y la tenencia de la vivienda, donde los efectos marginales son decrecientes. Asimismo, hay diferencias geográficas importantes en el acceso a la vivienda, donde las provincias con mayor tendencia a la expulsión de población tienden a tener el mayor porcentaje de hogares propietarios. Las migraciones asimismo parecieran tener un rol importante, particularmente porque muchas personas inmigrantes alquilan.
Estimativas de saldos migratórios e taxas líquidas de migração das grandes regiões e unidades da federação do Brasil, por sexo, grupo etário e residência urbana/rural, 1960-1970 e 1970-1980
Authors: Fernandes Fernando , Carvalho José Alberto Magno de
Published: January 2025

Este estudo estima os saldos e as taxas líquidas de migração para regiões e estados brasileiros de 1960 a 1970 e 1970 a 1980. Com base nos dados dos censos de 1960, 1970 e 1980, estimamos a migração por sexo, faixas etárias quinquenais e residência urbana/rural. Usamos as tabelas de sobrevivência de Carvalho (1978) e Carvalho e Pinheiro (1986) para ajustar a mortalidade. Aplicamos o método da taxa de sobrevivência intercensitária (ISR) para indivíduos com dez anos ou mais, que ajusta as taxas de sobrevivência nacionais para refletir os níveis de mortalidade local. Para as coortes nascidas em cada período intercensitário, utilizamos o método das razões observadas de crianças por mulheres em idade reprodutiva nos censos e distinguindo os efeitos diretos dos indiretos da migração. Compilamos nossas estimativas em um banco de dados acessível ao público, apoiando pesquisas adicionais sobre padrões históricos de migração no Brasil.
Ansiedad dental y factores demográficos asociados en adultos de una consulta odontológica privada de Arequipa
Authors:   , Chambi Apaza Kimberlin Aymet
Published: January 2025

Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de ansiedad dental y factores demográficos asociados en adultos de una consulta odontológica privada de Arequipa. Materiales y métodos: Este estudio comparativo transversal tuvo una muestra de 150 pacientes adultos (edad media=38,04 años; varones=54%; mujeres= 46%) que acudieron a una consulta odontológica privada de Arequipa (Perú) en 2022. Un cuestionario presencial incluyó ítems sobre ansiedad dental valoradas con la Escala de Ansiedad Versión Corta (SDAI) y características demográficas (edad, sexo y nivel educativo). El cuestionario S-DAI fue analizado en validez (V de Aiken= % 95) y confiabilidad (Alfa de Cronbach= 0,92). Las pruebas de U de Mann-Whitney y Kruskal-Wallis se aplicaron para comparar la ansiedad dental según factores demográficos a un nivel de significancia de 0,05%. Resultados: La ansiedad dental tuvo una prevalencia de 88% y frecuente al nivel leve (44,7%). Los puntajes de ansiedad dental se asociaron al sexo (P=0,019), pero no a la edad (P=0,085) o al nivel educativo (P=0,222). Un mayor puntaje de ansiedad dental se presentó en mujeres (Mediana=18; RQI=14,28) que en los varones (Mediana=14; RQI=11,2). Conclusiones: La ansiedad dental tuvo una prevalencia alta, un nivel leve y se asoció al sexo femenino.
Prospects for Implementing Digital Technologies in the Administration of Justice in Zimbabwe
Authors: Muparadzi T. , Mukonza R. M.
Published: January 2025

Objective: an intensive discussion is currently going on globally on digitalization and automation of providing services in public institutions, which corresponds to the technological development of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The use of digital technologies is crucial to create an optimized service delivery system. In African countries, attention is increasingly paid to the automation and digitalization of judicial activities, due to concerns about the risks of influencing justice systems. In light of this, the article is aimed at forming a promising model for the introduction and implementation of digitalization in Zimbabwe courts.

Methods: the research is based on the methods of scientific analysis and synthesis, deduction and induction, legal modeling, formal legal and comparative legal methods.

Results: the article provides an overview of the measures taken to digitalize the system of administration of justice in various states. It also examines best practices and reveals the essence of digitalization in the judicial system in Zimbabwe. The authors identify the main existing and promising directions of the impact of digitalization on the judicial system of Zimbabwe and show the ways to promptly and effectively convert the system of justice administration into a digital format. The article identifies the advantages of digital data processing in judicial bodies and obstacles to the use of digital systems in the administration of justice. The latter result in the insufficient optimality of the Integrated Electronic Case Management System (IECMS).

Scientific novelty: the study builds an optimal model for the introduction of digital technologies into the judicial system in Zimbabwe, aimed at improving the efficiency of courts digitalization and transforming the justice administration system. The authors proved that the crucial factors of achieving this goal are the auxiliary infrastructure of information and communication technologies, the level of education and awareness of citizens, and the ongoing state and legal policy.

Practical significance: it is expected that the proposed model to implement digitalization in Zimbabwe courts and improve its efficiency will allow for the comprehensive and uninterrupted implementation of IECMS.
Overcoming Illegal Cross-border Transfer of Personal Data
Authors: Bakhteev D. V. , Sosnovikova A. M. , Kazenas E. V.
Published: January 2025

Objective: to form of a comprehensive interdisciplinary legal and technological risk management model in the field of illegal cross-border transfer of personal data by eliminating legislative gaps and creating a system for automated control of outgoing information flows, as well as expert response to identified incidents.

Methods: in addition to general dialectical and general scientific methods, special legal and cybernetic methods were used. For example, based on comparative legal analysis, the authors reveal differences between national and international regulation of cross-border flows of personal data. In the second section, the modeling method allows forming an algorithm for identifying information security incidents in the field of cross-border transfer of personal data and responding to them.

Results: the article formulates proposals to optimize legislation in the field under study by introducing specialized protective norms for violating the rules of cross-border transfer of personal data and stipulating the operator’s obligation to notify personal data subjects of the intention to transfer the information abroad. The second section describes the concept of a software package designed to detect information security incidents in the field under consideration, as well as a model of action of an authorized representative of the operator after receiving a signal from the automated system.

Scientific novelty: to solve the set problem, the work combines the knowledge and competencies of legal scientists and specialists in the field of information security, which allows an interdisciplinary approach. At the same time, it is stated that the issues of illegal crossborder transfer of personal data have not received proper coverage in science today, since Russian legislation in this area has changed recently. The authors propose not so much to strengthen the sanction for legislation violation in this area, as to ensure the punishment of persons who commit cyberattacks, and to equip personal data operators with an effective tool to minimize the risks of information leakage.

Practical significance: the research results can be used to improve legislation in the field of cross-border transfer of personal data and the organization of activities of authorized employees of the personal data operator for risk management in this area.