bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Catching Up or Falling Behind? Continuing Wealth Disparities for Immigrants to Canada by Region of Origin and Cohort
Authors: Maroto Michelle , Aylsworth Laura
Published: November 2016

This paper investigates wealth disparities among first‐generation immigrants using data from the 2012 Survey of Financial Security. We apply logistic and linear regression models to estimate disparities in homeownership and household equivalent net worth by immigrant status, region of origin, and time since arrival. By focusing on immigrant families from different regions who entered Canada at different points in time, this research applies theories related to assimilation, human capital, and structural barriers to wealth. Our findings demonstrate that even though many immigrant families transition into homeownership and grow their wealth over time, certain first‐generation immigrant groups continue to experience wealth disparities many years after their arrival to Canada. In particular, immigrant families from African, Asian, and Middle Eastern countries experienced the largest wealth gaps.

Cet article examine les disparités de richesse entre les immigrants de première génération en utilisant les données de l'Enquête 2012 sur la sécurité financière. Nous appliquons des modèles de régression logistique et linéaire pour estimer les disparités dans la propriété et valeur nette des ménages équivalente par le statut d'immigrant, la région d'origine, et le temps écoulé depuis leur arrivée. En se concentrant sur les familles d'immigrants de différentes régions qui sont entrés au Canada à différents points dans le temps, cette recherche applique les théories liées à l'assimilation, le capital humain, et les obstacles structurels à la richesse. Nos résultats démontrent que même si de nombreuses familles d'immigrants transition vers la propriété et de croître leur richesse au fil du temps, certains groupes d'immigrants de première génération continuent d'éprouver des disparités de richesse de nombreuses années après leur arrivée au Canada. En particulier, les familles d'immigrants d'Afrique, d'Asie, et les pays du Moyen‐Orient ont connu les plus grands écarts de richesse.
Shyness and Social Conflict Reduce Young Children's Social Helpfulness
Authors: Beier Jonathan S. , Terrizzi Brandon F. , Woodward Amanda M. , Larson Emma G.
Published: November 2016

This study examined social influences on 3‐year‐old children's decisions to help an experimenter gain another person's attention (N = 32). Children were slower to help the experimenter when the target had previously expressed disinterest in attending to her. Shy children were less likely to support the experimenter's attempts to communicate with the target; however, this association was not influenced by children's knowledge of the target's disinterest, and there was no relation between shyness and children's support for a separate physical goal. Therefore, young children's decisions to act helpfully incorporate consideration for others beyond a focal person with an unmet need, and they are further constrained by children's own comfort with the actions required to help.
Genomewide association study of peanut allergy reproduces association with amino acid polymorphisms in HLA‐DRB1
Authors: Martino D. J. , Ashley S. , Koplin J. , Ellis J. , Saffery R. , Dharmage S. C. , Gurrin L. , Matheson M. C. , Kalb B. , Marenholz I. , Beyer K. , Lee Y.‐A. , Hong X. , Wang X. , Vukcevic D. , Motyer A. , Leslie S. , Allen K. J. , Ferreira M. A. R.
Published: November 2016

Background

Genetic variants for IgE‐mediated peanut allergy are yet to be fully characterized and to date only one genomewide association study (GWAS) has been published.

Objective

To identify genetic variants associated with challenge‐proven peanut allergy.

Methods

We carried out a GWAS comparing 73 infants with challenge‐proven IgE‐mediated peanut allergy against 148 non‐allergic infants (all ~ 1 year old). We tested a total of 3.8 million single nucleotide polymorphisms, as well as imputed HLA alleles and amino acids. Replication was assessed by de novo genotyping in a panel of additional 117 cases and 380 controls, and in silico testing in two independent GWAS cohorts.

Results

We identified 21 independent associations at P ≤ 5 × 10−5 but were unable to replicate these. The most significant HLA association was the previously reported amino acid variant located at position 71, within the peptide‐binding groove of HLA‐DRB1 (P = 2 × 10−4). Our study therefore reproduced previous findings for the association between peanut allergy and HLA‐DRB1 in this Australian population.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Genetic determinants for challenge‐proven peanut allergy include alleles at the HLA‐DRB1 locus.
Clinical application of SNP array analysis in first‐trimester pregnancy loss: a prospective study
Authors: Wang Y. , Cheng Q. , Meng L. , Luo C. , Hu H. , Zhang J. , Cheng J. , Xu T. , Jiang T. , Liang D. , Hu P. , Xu Z.
Published: November 2016

Chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) has been used routinely in pediatric and prenatal genetic diagnosis in clinical practice, but it has rarely been applied to miscarriage analysis. In this study, we conducted a prospective study to evaluate the feasibility of CMA for genetic diagnosis of first‐trimester miscarriage specimens. We successfully analyzed 551 fresh miscarriage specimens using single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array. Among the specimens, 2.9% (16/551) had significant maternal cell contamination and were excluded from the study. Clinically significant chromosomal abnormalities were identified in 295 (55.1%) cases, including 214 (40%) with aneuploidy, 40 (7.5%) with polyploidy, 19 (3.6%) with partial aneuploidy, 12 (2.2%) with pathogenic microdeletion/microduplication, and 10 (1.9%) with uniparental isodisomy (isoUPD). Variants of uncertain significance were obtained in 15 cases (2.8%). Notably, isoUPD involving a single chromosome (chromosome 22) and two recurrent copy number variations, 22q11.2 microdeletion and 7q11.23 microdeletion, were identified as probably to be associated with miscarriage. The frequency and distribution of genetic aberrations in the spontaneous abortion group was not significantly different from those in the recurrent miscarriage group. Our study suggests SNP array is a reliable, robust, and high‐resolution technology for genetic diagnosis of miscarriage in clinical practice.
Genotype–phenotype correlation in 44 Czech, Slovak, Croatian and Serbian patients with mucopolysaccharidosis typeII
Authors: Dvorakova L. , Vlaskova H. , Sarajlija A. , Ramadza D. P. , Poupetova H. , Hruba E. , Hlavata A. , Bzduch V. , Peskova K. , Storkanova G. , Kecman B. , Djordjevic M. , Baric I. , Fumic K. , Barisic I. , Reboun M. , Kulhanek J. , Zeman J. , Magner M.
Published: November 2016

Mucopolysaccharidosis typeII(Hunter syndrome,MPS II,OMIM309900) is an X‐linked lysosomal storage disorder caused by deficiency of iduronate‐2‐sulfatase (IDS). We analyzed clinical and laboratory data from 44 Slavic patients with this disease. In total, 21 Czech, 7 Slovak, 9 Croatian and 7 Serbian patients (43 M/1 F) were included in the study (median age 11.0 years, range 1.2–43 years). Birth prevalence ranged from 1:69,223 (Serbia) to 1:192,626 (Czech Rep.). In the majority of patients (71%), the disease manifested in infancy. Cognitive functions were normal in 10 patients. Four, six and 24 patients had mild, moderate, and severe developmental delay, respectively, typically subsequent to developmental regression (59%). Residual enzyme activity showed no predictive value, and estimation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) had only limited importance for prognosis. Mutation analysis performed in 36 families led to the identification of 12 novel mutations, eight of which were small deletions/insertions. Large deletions/rearrangements and all but one small deletion/insertion led to a severe phenotype. This genotype–phenotype correlation was also identified in six cases with recurrent missense mutations. Based on patient genotype, the severity of the disease may be predicted with high probability in approximately half ofMPS IIpatients.
Image‐guided fine‐needle aspiration cytology and flow cytometry phenotyping of neck lymphadenopathy for the diagnosis of recurrent lymphoma
Authors: Lumachi F. , Fassina A. , Tozzoli R. , Tregnaghi A. , Basso S.M.M. , Ermani M.
Published: November 2016

Objective

In patients with a history of lymphoma, each lymphadenopathy should be carefully evaluated. The aims of this study were to evaluate (i) the usefulness of high‐resolution ultrasonography (US), US‐guided fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and flow cytometry phenotyping (FCP) together in the diagnosis of recurrent lymphoma and (ii) whether these tools were independent predictors of correct results.

Design

Retrospective cohort study with stepwise forward logistic regression analysis of results.

Setting

Tertiary referral centre.

Participants

A total of 151 patients with a history of lymphoma who developed a cervical mass during follow‐up.

Methods

On neck US, a lymphadenopathy was shown in 129 (85.4%) patients (median age 57 years, range 18–78 years), and US‐guided FNAC combined with FCP were immediately performed. All patients had surgical excision and subsequent histological examination of the enlarged node(s), to establish lymphoma subclassification.

Results

Final histology confirmed recurrence in 82 (63.6%) patients. According to the logistic regression analysis, FNAC and FCP were independent predictors of correct results (P = 0.009 and 0.028, respectively) and did not interfere with each other. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the combination of all of the tools were 98.8%, 100% and 99.2%, respectively, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.902 (95% CI: 0.797–0.986).

Conclusion

This minimally invasive procedure is easily performed and should be recommended for all patients with cervical lymphadenopathy and a history of lymphoma, avoiding the need of core‐biopsy or surgical excision if recurrence was excluded.
Synkinesis in Bell's palsy in a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Bylund N. , Jensson D. , Enghag S. , Berg T. , Marsk E. , Hultcrantz M. , Hadziosmanovic N. , Rodriguez‐Lorenzo A. , Jonsson L.
Published: November 2016

Objectives

To study the development of synkinesis in Bell's palsy. Frequency, severity, gender aspects and predictors were analysed.

Design

Data from the randomised controlled Scandinavian Bell's palsy trial including 829 patients.

Main outcome measures

Frequency and severity of synkinesis at 12 months were the main outcome measures. Mean Sunnybrook synkinesis scores, voluntary movement scores and composite scores between 6 and 12 months were compared.

Results

In 743 patients with a 12‐month follow‐up, synkinesis frequency was 21.3%. There was no gender difference. Synkinesis was moderate to severe in 6.6% of patients. Those with synkinesis at 6 months had a synkinesis score of 4.1 (±2.8 sd), which increased to 4.7 (±3.2) (P = 0.047) at 12 months (n = 93). Sunnybrook composite score at 1 month was the best predictor for synkinesis development with receiver operating characteristics and area under the curve (AUC) 0.87. Risk for synkinesis increased with a lower Sunnybrook composite score. Furthermore, at 1 month, symmetry of voluntary movement had higher predictive value for synkinesis than resting symmetry with AUC 0.87 and 0.77, respectively. Gentle eye closure and open‐mouth smile were the only independent significant predictive items (AUC 0.86).

Conclusions

Moderate‐to‐severe synkinesis was present in 6.6% of patients. The mean synkinesis score increased between 6 and 12 months, and outcome should therefore be evaluated after at least 12 months. Sunnybrook composite score and symmetry of voluntary movement at 1 month were good predictors for synkinesis.
Using a semi‐conductor sequencing‐based panel for genotyping of HPV‐positive and HPV‐negative oropharyngeal cancer: a retrospective pilot study
Authors: Ham J.C. , Tops B.B.J. , Driessen C.M.L. , van Raaij A.W.M. , Slootweg P.J. , Melchers W.J.G. , Ligtenberg M.J.L. , van Herpen C.M.L.
Published: November 2016

Objectives

The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of testing actionable mutations in small amounts of formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded material in multiple genes of the receptor tyrosine kinase pathway and to determine the frequency of these mutations in human papillomavirus (HPV)‐positive and HPV‐negative oropharyngeal cancer (OPC).

Design

A retrospective pilot study was performed.

Setting

In OPC, no predictive markers for response to epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition are known. Therefore, identifying predictive biomarkers is of utmost importance, but is often hampered by the small amount of tumour material available.

Participants

We included the archival material of 45 OPC, all treated with concomitant chemoradiotherapy between 2003 and 2010.

Main outcome measures

Besides the HPV status, we assessed mutations using a gene panel that targets 16 genes in the receptor tyrosine kinase pathway and six other genes. The polymerase chain reaction required only 10 ng DNA.

Results

In total, 42 of the 45 biopsies have been successfully analysed. In total 20 of 42 samples were HPV‐positive and 22 of 42 were HPV‐negative. In the receptor tyrosine kinase pathway, mutations in PIK3CA were most frequently identified. A TP53 mutation was identified in one HPV‐positive sample and in 13 HPV‐negative samples. Additionally, three mutations in three different genes were found.

Conclusions

We evaluated an assay to identify mutations in the receptor tyrosine kinase pathway. As only small amounts of formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded material are sufficient for reliable analysis, this test opens up new possibilities for personalised medicine.
The degree of extramural spread of T3 rectal cancer: an appeal to the American Joint Committee on Cancer
Authors: Zinicola R. , Pedrazzi G. , Haboubi N. , Nicholls R. J.
Published: November 2016

The T3 category of the TNM classification includes over 60% of all rectal tumours and encompasses the greatest variance in cancer‐specific end‐points than any other T category. The most recent edition of the cancer staging handbook of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) dated 2010 does not divide T3 tumours into subgroups which reflect cancer‐specific outcome more sensitively. The original aim of the present study was to review the literature to assess the influence of the degree of extramural extent of T3 rectal cancer on local recurrence and survival. An article written by the authors was accepted for publication but was withdrawn immediately after they became aware of the publication of the 4th edition of the TNM Supplement by the Union for International Cancer Control dated 2012, which was not accessible by the search system used. This article dealt with the subdivision of the T3 category although this was not included in the most up‐to‐date AJCC guidelines and was stated to be ‘entirely optional’. Medline, PubMed and Cochrane Library searches were performed to identify all studies that investigated the degree of extramural spread and its relationship to survival and local recurrence. Twenty‐two studies were identified of which 12 assessed the degree of histopathological extramural spread measured in millimetres. In 18 of the 22 studies the degree of extramural spread was a statistically significant prognostic factor for survival and local recurrence. Analysis of the studies indicated that the subdivision of category T3 rectal cancer into two subgroups of extramural spread ≤ 5 mm or more than 5 mm resulted in markedly different survival and local recurrence rates. The data were insufficient to allow validation of any greater subdivision. Measurement of the extent of extramural spread by MRI before any treatment agreed with the histopathological measurement in the surgical specimen to within 1 mm. The extent of extramural spread in T3 rectal cancer measured in millimetres is a powerful prognostic factor. A subdivision of T3 into T3a and T3b of less than or equal to or more than 5 mm appears to give the greatest discrimination of local recurrence and survival. Preoperative T3 subdivision by MRI has the same sensitivity as histopathological examination of the resected specimen. Given the clinical need for the pretreatment classification of the T3 category for oncological management planning, the evidence strongly indicates that the subdivision of the T3 category by MRI should be formally considered as part of the TNM staging system for rectal cancer.
“Pushing the Button While Pushing the Argument”: Motor Priming of Abstract Action Language
Authors: Schaller Franziska , Weiss Sabine , Müller Horst M.
Published: November 2016

In a behavioral study we analyzed the influence of visual action primes on abstract action sentence processing. We thereby aimed at investigating mental motor involvement during processes of meaning constitution of action verbs in abstract contexts. In the first experiment, participants executed either congruous or incongruous movements parallel to a video prime. In the second experiment, we added a no‐movement condition. After the execution of the movement, participants rendered a sensibility judgment on action sentence targets. It was expected that congruous movements would facilitate both concrete and abstract action sentence comprehension in comparison to the incongruous and the no‐movement condition. Results in Experiment 1 showed a concreteness effect but no effect of motor priming. Experiment 2 revealed a concreteness effect as well as an interaction effect of the sentence and the movement condition. The findings indicate an involvement of motor processes in abstract action language processing on a behavioral level.
“Cuts in Action”: A High‐Density EEG Study Investigating the Neural Correlates of Different Editing Techniques in Film
Authors: Heimann Katrin S. , Uithol Sebo , Calbi Marta , Umiltà Maria A. , Guerra Michele , Gallese Vittorio
Published: November 2016

In spite of their striking differences with real‐life perception, films are perceived and understood without effort. Cognitive film theory attributes this to the system of continuity editing, a system of editing guidelines outlining the effect of different cuts and edits on spectators. A major principle in this framework is the 180° rule, a rule recommendation that, to avoid spectators’ attention to the editing, two edited shots of the same event or action should not be filmed from angles differing in a way that expectations of spatial continuity are strongly violated. In the present study, we used high‐density EEG to explore the neural underpinnings of this rule. In particular, our analysis shows that cuts and edits in general elicit early ERP component indicating the registration of syntactic violations as known from language, music, and action processing. However, continuity edits and cuts‐across the line differ from each other regarding later components likely to be indicating the differences in spatial remapping as well as in the degree of conscious awareness of one's own perception. Interestingly, a time–frequency analysis of the occipital alpha rhythm did not support the hypothesis that such differences in processing routes are mainly linked to visual attention. On the contrary, our study found specific modulations of the central mu rhythm ERD as an indicator of sensorimotor activity, suggesting that sensorimotor networks might play an important role. We think that these findings shed new light on current discussions about the role of attention and embodied perception in film perception and should be considered when explaining spectators’ different experience of different kinds of cuts.
Longitudinal assessment of cardiac morphology and function following kidney transplantation
Authors: Kensinger Clark , Hernandez Antonio , Bian Aihua , Fairchild Meagan , Chen Guanhua , Lipworth Loren , Ikizler T. Alp , Birdwell Kelly A.
Published: November 2016

Background

Abnormal cardiac morphology is a risk factor for cardiovascular complications in kidney transplant patients. A supraphysiologic level of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF‐23) has been associated with myocardial hypertrophy in this patient population. Our aim was to evaluate the change in cardiac morphology and function following kidney transplantation and to evaluate the association between the change in FGF‐23 concentrations and cardiac morphology.

Methods

We performed a longitudinal, prospective cohort study of 143 kidney transplant recipients (73% male, 75% white) measuring left ventricular (LV) mass index, left atrial (LA) volume index, and ejection fraction (EF) by echocardiography at months 1, 12, and 24 post‐transplant. FGF‐23 levels were measured at months 1 and 24 post‐transplant.

Results

Unadjusted and adjusted linear mixed‐effects models were used to examine changes in outcomes over time. In the adjusted model, LV mass index (P<.001) and LA volume index (P<.001) decreased and EF (P=.009) increased significantly over time. There was a significant association between decreasing FGF‐23 levels and improving LV mass index following transplant (P=.036) in the unadjusted model; however, there was no significant relationship in the adjusted model (0.195).

Conclusion

Understanding the progression of unique cardiovascular risk factors associated with kidney transplantation may provide potential opportunities to improve survival.
Use of incretin agents and risk of acute and chronic pancreatitis: A population‐based cohort study
Authors: Knapen Lotte M. , de Jong Roy G. P. J. , Driessen Johanna H. M. , Keulemans Yolande C. , van Erp Nielka P. , De Bruin Marie L. , Leufkens Hubert G. M. , Croes Sander , de Vries Frank
Published: November 2016

Aim

To determine the association between the use of incretin agents (dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists) for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and the risk of any, acute and chronic pancreatitis.

Research design and methods

A population‐based cohort study was conducted using data from the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD 2007–2012). A total of 182 428 adult patients with ≥1 non‐insulin antidiabetic drug (NIAD) prescription were matched to control subjects without diabetes. Cox regression was used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of pancreatitis in incretin‐users (N = 28 370) compared with controls and with other NIAD users. Adjustments were made for lifestyle, disease and drug history. In a sensitivity analysis, a new‐user design was used.

Results

Current incretin users had a 1.5‐fold increased risk of any pancreatitis compared with NIAD users (adjusted HR 1.47, 95% CI 1.06–2.04). In incident current incretin users the risk of any and acute pancreatitis was increased 2.1‐ and 2.0‐fold compared with NIAD users (adjusted HR 2.12, 95% CI 1.31–3.43 and adjusted HR 1.96, 95% CI 1.13–3.41), whereas there was no increased risk found for chronic pancreatitis.

Conclusions

Incretin use was associated with an increased risk of any pancreatitis. Moreover, risk of any and acute pancreatitis was higher when applying a new‐user design. We were not able to detect an association with chronic pancreatitis, but the number in this subgroup was small.
Discriminatory Capacities, Russell's Principle, and the Importance of Losing Sight of Objects
Authors: Gersel Johan Peter
Published: November 2016

What capacities for discrimination must a subject possess in order to entertain singular thoughts? Evans has suggested that a subject must be able to discriminate his referent from all other entities in order to be able to do so; what he calls Russell's Principle. Evans' view has few followers, and he has been repeatedly accused of presenting no argument in its favour. In this paper I present what I take to be Evans' argument. I suggest that he has been misinterpreted as introducing Russell's Principle for the purpose of fixing reference. Rather, he introduces it in order to ensure that our conceptual capacities have the functional complexity to allow for objective thought. I suggest that the logical types of our thought are constituted by their inferential potential and argue that, even though singular thought may be possible without the satisfaction of Russell's Principle, singular thought that forms part of an objective world view is not.
New methodology for soil aggregate fractionation to investigate phosphorus transformations in iron oxide‐rich tropical agricultural soil
Authors: Garland G. , Bünemann E. K. , Six J.
Published: November 2016

Understanding phosphorus (P) dynamics at the soil aggregate level is necessary to increase P‐use efficiency and for reducing reliance on external P inputs. Traditional methods of soil fractionation are often unsuitable for the study of P dynamics within soil aggregates of tropical soil because of the large amounts of strongly P‐sorbing iron oxide concretions. Here, we present an alternative method of soil fractionation to assess carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and P cycling in a very weathered tropical soil (total P, 883 ± 19 mg P kg−1) rich in iron concretions (total P, 1136 ± 28 mg P kg−1). This wet‐sieving method removes large iron concretions (> 2000 µm) without any marked effect on smaller soil aggregates, which reduces the error associated with overestimation of aggregation. It reduces variation in nutrient content within larger soil aggregates, and also enables nutrient cycling within water‐stable soil aggregates to be studied. In addition, because it uses field‐moist soil it is possible to measure microbial biomass, community structure, or both, within aggregate fractions. Although this method is important for measuring and understanding C, N and P dynamics within soil aggregate fractions, both the nutrient content and biochemical characteristics of the iron concretions need to be considered to obtain a deeper understanding of nutrient dynamics within the whole soil.

Highlights

An aggregate fractionation method for tropical soil rich in iron concretions.

This method can separate large iron concretions from soil aggregates.

Error and variation in aggregation measurements and associated nutrient concentrations are reduced.

Measurement of P in concretions and aggregates separately provides a better understanding of P dynamics.
Effect of arsenate contamination on free, immobilized and soil alkaline phosphatases: activity, kinetics and thermodynamics
Authors: Wang Z. Q. , Li Y. B. , Tan X. P. , He W. X. , Xie W. , Megharaj M. , Wei G. H.
Published: November 2016

Soil alkaline phosphatase plays a vital role in phosphorus cycling in the soil ecosystem. Arsenic, an ecotoxic element, affects the normal function of phosphatase in the soil environment. To understand the effects of arsenic on phosphatase, the activity, kinetic and thermodynamic characteristics were investigated systematically following the addition of arsenate to free soluble, clay‐immobilized alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and soil ALP. The results showed that the ALP activity was strongly inhibited by arsenate. The Michaelis constant Km increased linearly with increasing arsenate concentration, indicating a decrease in affinity of the enzyme for the substrate. The inhibition constant Ki increased after the ALP was immobilized on montmorillonite and goethite. Thermodynamic properties such as activation energy, activation enthalpy, Gibbs activation free energy and activation entropy increased when arsenate was added, which suggests that more energy is required to form the activated molecule and the enzyme–substrate complex. The reaction was less spontaneous and the enzyme–substrate complex was less ordered. Immobilization of the ALP on minerals reduced the variation in kinetic and thermodynamic properties in the presence of arsenate, indicating that immobilization provided protection from arsenate stress. Arsenate toxicity to soil ALP was affected markedly by soil texture. The results suggest that the type of arsenate inhibition on free soluble ALP was competitive inhibition, whereas for immobilized and soil ALPs, the inhibition was competitive or mixed inhibition depending on the mineral or soil property.

Highlights

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was inhibited by arsenate.

The kinetic and thermodynamic properties of ALP were changed in the presence of arsenate.

Arsenate inhibition on free, mineral‐immobilized ALP and soil ALP was different.

ALP immobilization on minerals reduced arsenate toxicity to ALP.
WONOEP appraisal: Imaging biomarkers in epilepsy
Authors: van Vliet Erwin A. , Dedeurwaerdere Stefanie , Cole Andrew J. , Friedman Alon , Koepp Matthias J. , Potschka Heidrun , Immonen Riikka , Pitkänen Asla , Federico Paolo
Published: November 2016

Neuroimaging offers a wide range of opportunities to obtain information about neuronal activity, brain inflammation, blood–brain barrier alterations, and various molecular alterations during epileptogenesis or for the prediction of pharmacoresponsiveness as well as postoperative outcome. Imaging biomarkers were examined during the XIII Workshop on Neurobiology of Epilepsy (XIII WONOEP) organized in 2015 by the Neurobiology Commission of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE). Here we present an extended summary of the discussed issues and provide an overview of the current state of knowledge regarding the biomarker potential of different neuroimaging approaches for epilepsy.
Species traits and channel architecture mediate flow disturbance impacts on invertebrate drift
Authors: Naman Sean M. , Rosenfeld Jordan S. , Richardson John S. , Way Jesse L.
Published: November 2016

Pulsed flow disturbances strongly influence invertebrate drift in lotic ecosystems. However, drift‐flow relationships are often context dependent and non‐intuitive, suggesting that local abiotic and biotic conditions mediate the impacts of flow on the physical and behavioural drivers of drift entry. Two factors may be particularly important: physical channel architecture, which modulates how flow influences velocity and habitat area; and species traits, which determine behavioural responses to flow and susceptibility to passive entrainment.

We examined how channel architecture and species traits (e.g. mobility, body size, and dislodgement susceptibility) mediated the effects of flow on bulk drift abundance and taxa‐specific per capita drift rates (the rate of emigration from the benthos). In complementary experiments, we reduced and increased flows in stream mesocosms with contrasting cross‐sectional channel profiles: concave channels, where habitat area contracted and expanded with altered flow but velocity remained relatively constant; and flat channels, which maintained constant habitat area but experienced greater changes in velocity.

Total drift concentration increased following flow reductions and decreased following flow increases whereas drift flux (the total number drifting) showed the opposite pattern. Channel architecture did not influence drift during flow reductions, but during flow increases drift flux and concentration were amplified in flat channels that experienced larger increases in velocity and shear stress.

Contrasting responses among individual taxa to flow manipulation were explained by variation in mobility (swimming and crawling ability) and body shape (susceptibility to drag). Per capita drift rates for the most mobile taxa increased c. 10% under flow reduction, indicating a behavioural response, whereas drift of other taxa declined. Per capita drift increased for all taxa following elevated flow but by the largest magnitude in taxa with body shapes that experience more drag, suggesting passive dislodgement.

Our results imply that: (i) stream channel architecture can modify the impacts of flow increases on stream invertebrates; and (ii) invertebrate taxa vary in their vulnerability and behavioural responses to flow disturbance. Together these inferences clarify some of the previously unexplained context‐dependent responses of drift to flow disturbances.
Pelagic phytoplankton community change‐points across nutrient gradients and in response to invasive mussels
Authors: Kovalenko Katya E. , Reavie Euan D. , Allan J. David , Cai Meijun , Smith Sigrid D. P. , Johnson Lucinda B.
Published: November 2016

Phytoplankton communities can experience nonlinear responses to changing nutrient concentrations, but the nature of species shifts within phytoplankton is not well understood and few studies have explored responses of pelagic assemblages in large lakes.

Using pelagic phytoplankton data from the Great Lakes, we assessed phytoplankton assemblage change‐point responses to nutrients and invasive Dreissena, characterising community responses in a multi‐stressor environment and determine whether species responses to in situ nutrients can be approximated from nutrient loading.

We demonstrate assemblage shifts in phytoplankton communities along major stressor gradients, particularly prominent in spring assemblages, providing insight into community thresholds at the lower end of the phosphorus gradient and species‐stressor responses in a multi‐stressor environment. We show that responses to water nutrient concentrations could not be estimated from large‐scale nutrient loading data likely due to lake‐specific retention time and long‐term accumulation of nutrients.

These findings highlight the potential for significant accumulation of nitrates in ultra‐oligotrophic systems, nonlinear responses of phytoplankton at nutrient concentrations relevant to current water quality standards and system‐specific (e.g. lake or ecozone) differences in phytoplankton responses likely due to differences in nutrient co‐limitation and effects of dreissenids.
Sensuality as Subversion: Doing Masculinity with Chinese Australian Professionals
Authors: Liu Helena
Published: November 2016

Within western gender structures, dominant discourses of Asian men as weak, feminized and asexual continue to render Asian masculinities subordinate to white hegemonic ideals. Although research of gender in organization studies has revealed important insights into how gender might be redone or undone, non‐white voices remain marginalized in this critical project. This article explores through in‐depth interviews the ways by which Chinese cis‐male professionals in Australia attempt to coopt desexualizing discourses and ‘do’ masculinity through sensuality. Specifically, the findings show how their sensuality is practised across various dimensions at work and beyond, including via the presentation of the self, relationships with others and representations in social texts. In presenting the voices of Asian men, this article seeks to illuminate their individual and collective pursuits for decolonization, agency and pleasure.
Preparation, characterisation, antioxidant and antiglycation activities of the novel polysaccharides from the pileus of Dictyophora rubrovolvata
Authors: Sun Liping , Bao Changjun , Chang Weidan , Zhuang Yongliang
Published: November 2016

The polysaccharides from the pileus of Dictyophora rubrovolvata (DPP) were extracted by ultrasonic‐assisted extraction (UAE) and the operating parameters were optimised by orthogonal experiment. The polysaccharides were separated and purified by DEAE‐52 and Sephadex G‐100 column chromatography to obtain two fractions of DPP‐1s and DPP‐2s. The average of molecular weights, monosaccharide compositions, antioxidant and antiglycation activities of DPP‐1s and DPP‐2s were investigated. The results showed DPP‐1s and DPP‐2s had high inhibitory effects on oxidation and glycation, and DPP‐2s showed stronger bioactivity than DPP‐1s, which might be due to their differences in the molecular weight and uronic acid content. Furthermore, the UV and FTIR spectra were used to evaluate the characterisations of DPP‐2s, which demonstrated that DPP‐2s had no protein and nuclear acid with the pyranose ring structure. This study indicated that DPP‐2s could be used as a source of natural antioxidant and antiglycation components.
Wheat starch production, structure, functionality and applications—a review
Authors: Shevkani Khetan , Singh Narpinder , Bajaj Ritika , Kaur Amritpal
Published: November 2016

Starch is the main component of wheat having a number of food and industrial applications. Thousands of cultivars/varieties of different wheat types and species differing in starch functionality (thermal, retrogradation, pasting and nutritional properties) are grown throughout the world. These properties are related to starch composition, morphology and structure, which vary with genetics, agronomic and environmental conditions. Starches from soft wheat contain high amounts of surface lipids and proteins and exhibit lower paste viscosity, whereas that from hard cultivars contain high proportion of small granules and amylose content but lower gelatinization temperature and enthalpy. Waxy starches exhibit higher‐percentage crystallinity, gelatinization temperatures, swelling power, paste viscosities and digestibility, but lower‐setback viscosity, rate of retrogradation and levels of starch lipids and proteins than normal and high‐amylose starches. Starches with high levels of lipids are less susceptible towards gelatinization, swelling and retrogradation and are good source of resistant starch, while that with high proportion of long amylopectin chains are more crystalline, gelatinize at high temperatures, increase paste viscosity, retrograde to a greater extent and decrease starch digestibility (high resistant and slowly digestible starch and low rapidly digestible starch).
Effect of different treatments on the microstructure and functional and pasting properties of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.), dolichos bean (Dolichos lablab L.) and jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis) flours from the north‐east Argentina
Authors: Acevedo Belén A. , Thompson Cinthia M. B. , González Foutel Nicolás S. , Chaves María G. , Avanza María V.
Published: November 2016

The effect of germination (G; 5 days), soaking‐cooking (SC; 6 h–20 min, 6 h–40 min, 6 h–60 min) and microwave (M; 50%, 70%, 100%) treatments on pigeon pea (PP), dolichos bean (DB) and jack bean (JB) seeds was studied. Microstructure of seeds and functional (protein solubility, water‐holding capacity, oil‐holding capacity, emulsion stability) and pasting properties of flours were determined. Germination and microwave treatments modified the protein matrix of cotyledon cells preserving the shape of the starch granule, whereas the SC treatment (6 h–60 min) affected both. The soaking‐cooking is the most influential treatment on the functional properties of PP, DB and JB flours, as increased water absorption capacity (73–96%), decreased protein solubility (>80%) and the tendency to retrogradation of amylose (69–85%) also improved emulsion stability.
Radiation sensitivity of planktonic and biofilm‐associated Shigella spp. and Aeromonas spp. on food and food‐contact surfaces
Authors: Nagar Vandan , Pansare Godambe Lipika , Shashidhar Ravindranath
Published: November 2016

Although ionising radiation has been shown to kill human pathogens Shigella spp. and Aeromonas spp. on various food products, there is lack of information regarding the relative efficacy of gamma radiation against their free‐living planktonic and biofilm‐associated cells. The radiation sensitivity (D10 values) of planktonic, glass‐ and carrot‐associated biofilm cells of Shigella spp. and Aeromonas spp. was determined by forming biofilms on sterile glass and carrot surfaces, incubated at 37 °C (Shigella spp.) and 30 °C (Aeromonas spp.) for 48 h. No significant difference in the D10 values of planktonic and glass‐associated biofilm cells of Shigella spp. and Aeromonas spp. was observed. However, significant increase in the D10 values of carrot‐associated biofilm cells as compared to planktonic and glass‐associated biofilm cells of Shigella spp. and A. hydrophila A331 was observed, whereas A. salmonicida Y567 showed insignificant difference. SEM analysis further validated the formation of biofilm on the carrot and glass surfaces. The antimicrobial effectiveness of ionising radiation against both Shigella spp. and Aeromonas spp. is affected by growth form, strain and nature of attachment surface.
Iranian nursing students' perspectives on transition to professional identity: a qualitative study
Authors: Neishabouri M. , Ahmadi F. , Kazemnejad A.
Published: November 2016

Aim

To explore Iranian nursing students' transition to professional identity.

Background

Professional identity is an important outcome of nursing education that has not been fully explored in the Iranian nursing education system.

Introduction

Professional identity is a significant factor influencing the development of nursing education and practice. The transition of nursing students to professional identity is the main concern of nursing education and fundamental prerequisite for policymaking and planning in the field of nursing education.

Methods

This was a qualitative content analysis study. In‐depth unstructured interviews were held with 35 Iranian bachelor's degree nursing students recruited through purposive sampling. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using content analysis.

Findings

The data analysis led to the development of four themes and 15 categories: ‘satisfaction with professional practice (attending clinical settings and communicating with patients, the feeling of being beneficial)’; ‘personal development (growing interest in nursing, feeling competent in helping others, changing character and attitude shift towards patients)’; ‘professional development (realizing the importance of nursing knowledge, appreciating professional roles, a changing their understanding of nursing and the meaning it)’; and ‘attaining professional commitment (a tendency to present oneself as a nurse, attempting to change oneself, other students and the public image of nursing)’.

Discussion

Development of professional identity is a continual process of transition. The greatest transition occurred in the last year of the programme.

Conclusion

Nursing students experienced transition to PI through gaining satisfaction with professional practice, undergoing personal and professional development and developing a professional commitment.

Implications for nursing and health policy

Educational policymakers can use our findings for developing strategies that facilitate and support nursing students’ transition to professional identity.
Effects of nurse work environment on job dissatisfaction, burnout, intention to leave
Authors: Nantsupawat A. , Kunaviktikul W. , Nantsupawat R. , Wichaikhum O.‐A. , Thienthong H. , Poghosyan L.
Published: November 2016

Background

The nursing shortage is a critical issue in many countries. High turnover rates among nurses is contributing to the shortage, and job dissatisfaction, intention to leave, and burnout have been identified as some of the predictors of nurse turnover. A well‐established body of evidence demonstrates that the work environment for nurses influences nurse job dissatisfaction, intention to leave, and burnout, but there never has been a study undertaken in Thailand to investigate this relationship.

Objectives

To investigate how work environment affects job dissatisfaction, burnout, and intention to leave among nurses in Thailand.

Methods

The study used a cross‐sectional survey to collect data from 1351 nurses working in 43 inpatient units in five university hospitals across Thailand. The participants completed the Practice Environment Scale of the Nursing Work Index, the Maslach Burnout Inventory, and measures of job dissatisfaction and intention to leave. Logistical regression models assessed the association between work environment and nurse‐reported job dissatisfaction, burnout, and intent to leave.

Results

Nurses working in university hospitals with better work environments had significantly less job dissatisfaction, intention to leave, and burnout.

Conclusion

The nurse work environment is a significant feature contributing to nurse retention in Thai university hospitals.

Implications for nursing and health policy

Improving the work environment for nurses may lead to lower levels of job dissatisfaction, intention to leave, and burnout. Focusing on these nurse outcomes can be used as a strategy to retain nurses in the healthcare system. Addressing the challenges of poor work environments requires coordinated action from policymakers and health managers.
YouTube as a source for parents’ education on early childhood caries
Authors: ElKarmi Rawan , Hassona Yazan , Taimeh Dina , Scully Crispian
Published: November 2016

Background

Patients can and do search the Internet for information on various health‐related topics. YouTube™ is one popular website they may consult.

Aim

To examine the quality of information offered by YouTube™ for patients seeking information on early childhood caries (ECC).

Design

YouTube™ was searched for videos on ECC. The usefulness of selected videos in providing adequate information about ECC was evaluated using a 13‐point usefulness score. The guidelines of the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry were used for benchmarking.

Results

Most videos were uploaded by healthcare professionals (60%, n = 18). Videos had generally low usefulness scores (mean: 5.1 ± 2.9; range: 1–11). An average YouTube™ video on ECC was viewed two times/day (range: 0.07–34.4 views/day). Less useful videos ranked early on the viewing list, and viewer's interactions with videos were not affected significantly by their usefulness.

Conclusion

YouTube™ should not be used as a trusted site for educating patients on ECC.
Regenerative potential of leucocyte‐ and platelet‐rich fibrin. Part A: intra‐bony defects, furcation defects and periodontal plastic surgery. A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Castro Ana B. , Meschi Nastaran , Temmerman Andy , Pinto Nelson , Lambrechts Paul , Teughels Wim , Quirynen Marc
Published: November 2016

Aim

To analyse the regenerative potential of leucocyte‐ and platelet‐rich fibrin (L‐PRF) during periodontal surgery.

Materials and Methods

An electronic and hand search were conducted in three databases. Only randomized clinical trials were selected and no follow‐up limitation was applied. Pocket depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), bone fill, keratinized tissue width (KTW), recession reduction and root coverage (%) were considered as outcome. When possible, meta‐analysis was performed.

Results

Twenty‐four articles fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Three subgroups were created: intra‐bony defects (IBDs), furcation defects and periodontal plastic surgery. Meta‐analysis was performed in all the subgroups. Significant PD reduction (1.1 ± 0.5 mm, p < 0.001), CAL gain (1.2 ± 0.6 mm, p < 0.001) and bone fill (1.7 ± 0.7 mm, p < 0.001) were found when comparing L‐PRF to open flap debridement (OFD) in IBDs. For furcation defects, significant PD reduction (1.9 ± 1.5 mm, p = 0.01), CAL gain (1.3 ± 0.4 mm, p < 0.001) and bone fill (1.5 ± 0.3 mm, p < 0.001) were reported when comparing L‐PRF to OFD. When L‐PRF was compared to a connective tissue graft, similar outcomes were recorded for PD reduction (0.2 ± 0.3 mm, p > 0.05), CAL gain (0.2 ± 0.5 mm, p > 0.05), KTW (0.3 ± 0.4 mm, p > 0.05) and recession reduction (0.2 ± 0.3 mm, p > 0.05).

Conclusions

L‐PRF enhances periodontal wound healing.