bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Old Calabar
Authors: Sweet James H.
Published: October 2024

During the 1760s, tensions mounted between rival factions in the West African port of Old Calabar, each vying for the spoils of the British slave trade. These conflicts exploded in 1767 when the residents of Duke Town conspired with British slave traders to ambush and murder more than 300 of their African merchant rivals. The Old Calabar massacre is crucial for understanding the Black Prince’s voyage there the following year. John Fowler owned interests in several of the ships involved in the massacre. Sailors returned to Bristol and shared lurid tales of what they witnessed during the massacre. And most crucially, warfare continued in Old Calabar for several years, as African merchants stole British cargo, attacked ships, and killed crew members. Despite clear dangers, Fowler and Laroche still sent their ship into the teeth of this African war.
Liberty?
Authors: Sweet James H.
Published: October 2024

As the Black Prince continued its voyage into the Caribbean, crew members persisted in defining their liberty within the structures of the mercantile state. Under the command of Thomas Austin, they vied to gain shipboard officer status, conducted a “court-martial” with a twelve-man jury, carried out a public execution, and negotiated with foreign powers. Meanwhile, Austin commanded in an autocratic fashion, forcing any man who defied him to “walk the plank.” Slave traders employed this practice with captive Africans as a means to collect insurance money. Austin merely followed their example, invoking walking the plank as a strategy to avoid murder charges. When the mutiny ended on Hispaniola, the rebels scattered across the Atlantic world. In response, John Fowler exerted pressure on the British Crown, taking control of state surveillance, policing, and judicial procedure to round up mutineers and send them to the gallows.
The Groundwork for an Ethics of Artificial Intelligence in Defence
Authors: Taddeo Mariarosaria
Published: October 2024

The use of AI technologies for national defence poses important ethical problems that combine ethical risks related to the use of these technologies —for example, enabling human wrongdoing, reducing human control, removing human responsibility, devaluing human skills, and eroding human self-determination—with those that follow the use of force in warfare, like violating human dignity and breaching the principles of Just War Theory. Because of the range of possible applications and of the set of ethical risks and opportunities to address, it is difficult to develop a coherent and systemic ethical analysis of AI in defence. The goal of this chapter is to clarify how this book will do so, by outlining the methodology and the scope of the analysis proposed here. Three aspects are crucial to this end: the definition of AI, the methodology of levels of abstraction, and the identification of three categories of use of AI in defence: sustainment and support, adversarial and non-kinetic, and adversarial and kinetic.
Adversarial and Non-kinetic Uses of AI: Conceptual and Ethical Challenges
Authors: Taddeo Mariarosaria
Published: October 2024

This chapter analyses the use of AI for adversarial and non-kinetic purposes, like cyberwarfare. This is the most challenging of the three categories of use of AI in defence to analyse from an ethical perspective. This is because this category of use hinges on a series of conceptual changes prompted by the digital revolution. Understanding the nature of this changes is crucial to address their ethical implications adequately. The goals of this chapter are to analyse the nature of cyberwarfare and how it differs from kinetic one, and to develop a theory of just cyberwarfare, by merging Just War Theory and information ethics.
Taking a Moral Gambit: Accepting Moral Responsibility for the Actions of Autonomous Weapons Systems
Authors: Taddeo Mariarosaria
Published: October 2024

This chapter addresses the challenge of attributing moral responsibility for the actions of AWS. It argues that these challenges can be surmounted if human agents assume meaningful moral responsibility for AWS actions. This responsibility, justified and fair, reflects an individual's moral character. Human agents can choose to design, develop, and deploy AWS despite uncertainties about potential outcomes, accepting the responsibility and blame for any unintended, unwanted, or unforeseen consequences. Given the inherent unpredictability of AWS, human agents who take such a responsibility take a moral gambit. The chapter concludes that while a moral gambit is acceptable for non-lethal AWS, it is not permissible for lethal autonomous weapon systems.
Introduction
Authors: Black Ryan C. , Owens Ryan J. , Wohlfarth Patrick C.
Published: October 2024

Chapter 1 introduces the reader to the book’s focus on the effects of cognitive aging on federal circuit court judges. It starts by providing several poignant examples of aged judges whose behavior has been called into question. It reports data on the increased age of federal judges, the fact that they are serving for longer periods of time, and that usage of so-called senior judges has also increased dramatically in recent years. The chapter also introduces cognitive aging, which is the key theoretical concept for the entire book. The chapter summarizes the broader importance of the inquiry and outlines the book’s content.
How Cognitive Aging Applies to Judges
Authors: Black Ryan C. , Owens Ryan J. , Wohlfarth Patrick C.
Published: October 2024

Chapter 3 applies neuroscience research on cognitive aging to political science and the practice of judging in the United States Courts of Appeals. The chapter begins with an overview of how federal circuit courts operate and the state of scholarly knowledge on circuit judge behavior. It then engages in the process of theory building by describing a host of observable empirical consequences of cognitive aging among circuit court judges. Later chapters will then rigorously test these hypotheses using quantitative data and statistical methods. These expectations include: older judges require more time to accomplish their tasks, they rely more on heuristics, and their decisions exhibit diminished legal influence.
Social Origins
Authors: Keister Lisa A.
Published: October 2024

Social origins interact with each other in complex ways over time to create the life trajectories on which people travel matter for much of what people do, accomplish, and believe over their lives. This chapter shows that Catholics are diverse on four primary types of social origins: birth cohort, gender, ancestry and race/ethnicity, and class background. This chapter underscores the importance of differences between white and Latino Catholics for understanding Catholics in the United States. The author builds on this premise in subsequent chapters by focusing on differences between white and Latino Catholics in other behaviors and attitudes and by comparing these two large Catholic ethnic groups to other American faith groups.
Family
Authors: Keister Lisa A.
Published: October 2024

Family events and processes are critical to understanding a wide range of behaviors, outcomes, and attitudes, including those that define who is Catholic. Overall high marriage rates, low divorce rates, and shrinking fertility are the hallmarks of today’s U.S. Catholic family. However, today’s white and Latino Catholic families look different from each other, with white Catholics resembling mainline Protestants more now than in the past. This chapter explores variations among Catholics and differences between Catholics and other Americans in their patterns of marriage, divorce, and fertility.
Achievements
Authors: Keister Lisa A.
Published: October 2024

Catholics were historically some of the poorest families in America, but they are now among the country’s highest-achieving religious groups. This chapter documents the work behavior, income, and wealth of today’s Catholic and shows that they are, indeed, much higher on the socioeconomic ladder than they once were. However, the author found dramatic and consistent socioeconomic status (SES) differences between white and Latino Catholics. Latino Catholics—regardless of immigrant status—lag behind white Catholics on nearly all of the SES measures studied: educational attainment, full-time work, having two incomes, income poverty, high income, investment income, net worth poverty, high net worth, homeownership, and inheritance, whereas white Catholics are notably similar to white mainline Protestants on these outcomes.
Layered Meanings of Lion Dance
Authors: McGuire Colin P.
Published: October 2024

The third chapter discusses Hong Luck’s most important public performances, which are the annual Chinese New Year parade through Toronto’s Spadina/Dundas Chinatown. By interpreting numerous ethnographic vignettes, this chapter shows how ritual and social protocols are negotiated. It also engages with the multiple, at times contested, meanings of lion dance and its percussion in Toronto, going beyond the ritual symbolism of using martial energy to exorcise negative vibes to delve into its role as entertainment as well as builder of both identity and community. The omnipresence of lion dance imagery and its association with important calendrical events led to the claim that it is actually part of creating Chinatown as a space.
Kung Fu Apprenticeship and Embodiment
Authors: McGuire Colin P.
Published: October 2024

The fourth chapter is about what happens inside Hong Luck’s training hall. It describes the experiences of going through a training process that ostensibly transmits embodied knowledge of fighting skills and the lion dance ritual. It turns out that drumming is not really taught, but rather that it is learned through the other practices. The diasporic context and multiethnic environment made clear that Chinese-ness was also a key focus of transmission. This chapter also addresses patriarchal power structures that traditionally prevented women from lion dancing. Through the logic of ritual efficacy, it interrogates the right to embody martial virtue that was previously the exclusive domain of men.
Inequality, Shame, Envy, and Admiration
Authors: Thomas Alan , Archer Alfred , Engelen Bart
Published: October 2024

This chapter turns to the key emotions of shame, envy, and admiration and builds on Smith to explain the role they play in capitalism’s emotional regime. It analyses how the poor are told to be ashamed of their poverty and how that harms their well-being. It provides philosophical, sociological, and psychological support for Smith’s claim that people have a natural tendency to admire the rich and connects it to Veblen’s insights into the desire to emulate them. Like shame, admiration for and envy towards the rich are key components of the emotional regimes of societies and the (false) narratives about social mobility and merit. The chapter discusses the potential of “outlaw emotions” in envisioning novel, more just conceptions of our social world.
Conclusion
Authors: Thomas Alan , Archer Alfred , Engelen Bart
Published: October 2024

The Conclusion argues that a progressive politics with a strong state is needed to address the problems of capitalist societies. These are caused by extensive and growing inequalities in income and wealth and by a level of excessive rent seeking that makes a mockery of any legitimating ideal of justice and that explains the price we are paying in terms of well-being.
No Ordinary Crimes, 1971–1972
Authors: Hijzen Constant Willem
Published: October 2024

In 1971 and 1972, more attacks followed. The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) carried out a spectacular act of sabotage at Gulf Oil (March 1971), the Jewish Defense League attacked the Russian Trade Delegation in Amsterdam (April 1971), the Rode Jeugd launched sabotage actions (July 1971), the Irish Republican Army smuggled weapons (October 1971), and the Rode Jeugd launched a bombing campaign between February and October 1972. This chapter analyzes how the Binnenlandse Veiligheidsdienst (BVD) looked upon these acts and what they did in response, but also discusses how the BVD construed a coherent narrative of all the groups and attacks so far (they all spoke “Desperanto,” the language of violence). The service also reflected on the nature of political terrorism and offered a categorization of purely political crimes (hijackings of airplanes, attacks on buildings, and kidnapping of important persons), instrumental political crimes such as bank robberies, and “toss-ups,” in which criminal and political motivations were not easily separated from one another.
Traces of the Rode Jeugd, Rode Hulp, and Rood Verzetsfront
Authors: Hijzen Constant Willem
Published: October 2024

One of the Dutch groups the Binnenlandse Veiligheidsdienst (BVD) concentrated on was the Rode Jeugd (Red Youth). In 1971, this group bombed the car of the chief of the Eindhoven police force. Although the BVD considered their early activities forms of sabotage, the Rode Jeugd’s Marxist-Leninist ideology and international network inspired the BVD to dedicate vast resources to collecting intelligence on the organization and their members. This vignette explores two examples of the BVD’s operational activities against the Rode Jeugd and their successor organizations Rode Hulp and Rood Verzetsfront. The first involved a true “ticking bomb” scenario in which a suspected member was arrested with a suitcase full of explosives. In the second topical scenario, a suspected member of a terrorist organization visited a training camp in the Middle East. On 24 September 1976, Israeli authorities announced that they had detained a Dutch woman, twenty-three-year-old Ludwina Janssen from Breda.
Munich and Two Years of Talking About Terrorism, 1972–1973
Authors: Hijzen Constant Willem
Published: October 2024

For many Western countries, the events at the Olympic Games in Munich, in the Summer of 1972, were a catalyst for their counterterrorism efforts. While most countries had been confronted with terrorism from very diverse angles—domestic left- and right-wing groups, Jewish activism, Palestinian groups—the attacks (and their violent ending) showed the destructive consequences of terrorism. Any group with a few organizational skills could copy this armed attack on a group of people. In the Netherlands, counterterrorism became a more important societal and political issue. A judicial approach was chosen, which fit the Binnenlandse Veiligheidsdienst (BVD)’s supporting, advising, and expert role well. Intelligence liaison flourished while the BVD’s counterterrorism effort instantly became a more bureaucratic effort, too. The BVD joined an endless succession of meetings with other partners in government, predominantly the police and the Justice Department. They also more often had encounters with the police in their agent operations.
Toward the Paradigm of Prevention, 1978–Present
Authors: Hijzen Constant Willem
Published: October 2024

This chapter analyzes the changing ways in which the Binnenlandse Veiligheidsdienst (BVD) folded the future into the present between 1978 and today. Whereas the BVD’s attitude in the 1980s was characterized by a wait-and-see attitude, the end of the Cold War had a profound effect on the perceived core functions of intelligence in the Dutch case. The “paradigm of prevention” was on the rise. In the domain of terrorism, too, intelligence was now expected to be in time, to arrive before certain individuals could carry out their plans. With jihadi terrorism on the rise well in the 1990s, but even more so after 9/11 and the Madrid bombings of 2004, the core function of intelligence had fundamentally changed. Preventing jihadis from carrying out attacks had become the main core function of intelligence—it even legitimated a “broad approach,” so that radicalizing youth also became the object of intelligence collection.
Fatalism and the Causal Structure of Time
Authors: Zagzebski Linda Trinkaus
Published: October 2024

This part argues that the causal arrow of time has problems parallel to the problems in the modal arrow. There is an inconsistency between the causal arrow and entailment relations between past and future. The well-known consequence argument that determinism entails fatalism has defects that should lead one to reject it. The causal closure of the past when conjoined with entailment between past and future has the unwanted consequence that the future is uncausable as well as unpreventable. The possibility of backward causation is one way the causal arrow would be false, but it damages the psychological arrow. The rejection of the counterfactual arrow is more plausible. But if the modal arrow, the causal arrow, and the counterfactual arrow are broken, where does that leave the psychological arrow of time? Is it an arrow of the same thing as the other arrows?
Defending the Status Quo
Authors: Josefsson Cecilia
Published: October 2024

Defending the Status Quo explores political elites’ resistance to electoral gender quota reforms—one of the most widespread electoral reforms of recent decades—to increase understanding of the significant variation in this policy and its impact. The book conceptualizes resistance and develops an original theoretical framework for studying resistance to gender-equality policy: the resistance stage framework. Anchored in feminist institutionalism and mapped onto the policy process, it outlines how status quo defenders adapt their resistance strategies to accommodate institutional and ideational changes across agenda setting, policy formulation, decision-making, and implementation phases. The resistance stage framework is developed in conjunction with a thick description of a 30-year-long process to adopt and implement electoral gender quotas in Uruguay. While Uruguay was a vanguard in the strife for women’s rights, men’s political dominance has been pervasive in this country. The struggle to introduce a gender quota has been marked by repeated reform attempts, pervasive resistance, and a wide variation in the responses of the Uruguayan political parties, making this case apt for developing theory and shedding light on the adaptive nature of resistance. Drawing on a large number of interviews with Uruguayan political elites, three extensive quota debates, and party electoral lists, this book carefully examines the power struggle over reform in this country. It shows how powerful status quo defenders, seeking to ignore, stall, and undermine gendered institutional change, adapt their resistance strategies across different political parties and over time, as quota advocates make advances and manage to change the institutional and ideational context.
Agenda Setting
Authors: Josefsson Cecilia
Published: October 2024

Chapter 3 focuses on resistance to gender quotas during the agenda-setting phase, spanning from the restoration of Uruguayan democracy in 1985 to the first plenary debate on quotas in 2003. The chapter introduces the book’s leading actors, the three large Uruguayan political parties. While Uruguay would become a late adopter of quotas, this cannot be explained by a lack of early advocacy for the policy. In contrast, the Uruguayan women’s movement was among the first to advocate for gender quotas in the 1980s. Nevertheless, powerful status quo defenders relatively easily kept the quota idea off the parliamentary agenda. The chapter shows how denial and inaction are effective resistance tactics to protect the male-dominated status quo during this initial phase, characterized by significant power imbalances between status quo defenders and gender equity entrepreneurs.
Introduction
Authors: Forrat Natalia
Published: October 2024

Russia and Venezuela are both authoritarian countries with similar low scores of civic and political freedoms. Yet, their domestic and international politics are strikingly different: Vladimir Putin’s regime capitalizes on social unity, while Nicolas Maduro’s regime thrives on internal country divisions. Using this example, the introduction lays out the puzzle of unity- and division-based authoritarianism and connects it to the main argument of the book about statist and antistatist societies. It places this argument into a wider context of the debates about the variety of democracies and autocracies, discusses its implications for democracy work, and explains how the book approaches the task of solving the puzzle.
The Political and the Civic
Authors: Forrat Natalia
Published: October 2024

This chapter argues that political machines in statist societies are based on group unity, the sense of civic duty, and the logic of teamwork. They blend the political into the civic, working through the organizations that already perform many public functions. The chapter shows how in the Kemerovo region and Tatarstan, centralized organizational structures worked smoothly to fulfill various public projects, but also turned into a political machine during election time by blending their political functions with the civic ones. In contrast, in the Rostov region and Altai, the political machines followed the classic principles of clientelism and utility maximization. Leaders of nonstate communities bargained with the state on behalf of their groups, creating bottom-up clientelistic structures with multiple layers of brokers, who used votes as their currency.
The Riddle of Russian Authoritarianism
Authors: Forrat Natalia
Published: October 2024

This chapter applies the theory developed in the book to Russia as a country and argues that Russia has been a statist society, and its authoritarianism is a unity-based one. The main driver of Russian domestic politics is the tension between the ideal of a just state that respects individual freedoms and the reality of the repressive state that does not. It outlines three reactions to this internal conflict—compliant activism, active resistance, and passive resistance—and briefly traces them throughout the Russian history, starting with the early imperial period and ending with the reaction of Russian society to the invasion of Ukraine in February 2022.
“Happy Heavenly Birthday, Beautiful Queen”
Authors: Kligler-Vilenchik Neta , Literat Ioana
Published: October 2024

This chapter focuses on Instagram and the Black Lives Matter movement, looking at how race and gender intersected in the negotiation of expression norms around the hashtag #JusticeForBre, used in response to the shooting of Breonna Taylor. The analysis shows a focus on a limited set of photographs, digital images, and stylized activism guides, created by activists and reposted widely by users. Norms of expression also included an explicit foregrounding of racial identity, both for Black users of Instagram who took ownership of the issue of police violence, as well as for white users, who reckoned with their own privilege. The chapter considers this case as one where activists and movements made strategic use of social media for mobilization by adhering to Instagram’s platform vernacular; at the same time, rigid expressive norms could constrain the ability to deploy Instagram for political mobilization and expression around social justice causes more broadly.
Returns and Nostoi
Authors: Karanika Andromache
Published: October 2024

This chapter focuses on the theme of returns and nostoi and seeks to trace how the wedding song tradition reflects the human experience, exploring the narrative patterns when ancient literature presented brides. The female nostos and its complexity become an angle from which to read wedding-related narratives. This chapter looks at problematic stories of emblematic couples such as Thetis and Peleus. It further investigates narratives that intersect with the theme of violence by focusing on figures such as Medea, Creusa, and Chryseis. It also considers the concept of the brides of Hades as the exemplification of a female catabasis. The return of the bride is another motif that the last section of this chapter explores from a comparative angle with ballads from the Modern Greek folk tradition. The mythical paradigm, which informs ritual and literary imagery, emphasizes the female return and the bride’s allegiance to the natal family. This pattern can be read as the equivalent of the male nostos theme.
Confocal Microscopy
Authors: Ruzin Steven E.
Published: October 2024

This chapter describes the important fluorescence imaging technique of confocal microscopy as an epifluorescence solution to the problem of out-of-focus (OOF) blur inherent to WF fluorescence imaging. The addition of a pinhole stop in a plane conjugate to the sample plane provides two important advantages: rejection of OOF blur and the ability to image a fluorescent sample at multiple planes through Z. The resulting image volume can be then processed to create a three-dimensional digital image series that can reveal spatial information. The chapter covers the development from Minsky’s original patented invention through spectral confocal imaging. Diagrams describe the light path and action of the confocal pinhole. The concept of the confocal slice thickness and 3D imaging is discussed. Included is a comparison of single-point versus multi-point (spinning disk) confocal imaging for live-cell applications.
Resolution
Authors: Ruzin Steven E.
Published: October 2024

This chapter discusses the theory of resolving objects using optical microscopy. It begins with a thorough discussion of historical criteria of resolution, including the Abbe and Rayleigh criteria, and extends to two more modern criteria: Houston and Sparrow. These early definitions were originally applied to spectroscope data but now have been applied to modern transmitted light and epifluorescence microscopy. Theoretical resolution is based on two variables: objective NA and wavelength, however imaging and experimental conditions conspire to decrease resolution. Parameters such as refractive index mismatch, coverslip thickness, immersion oil contamination, system noise, and computational methods can, and often do decrease resolution. In addition, when epifluorescence microscopy is considered, both the excitation and emission wavelengths affect resolution, however in practice the emission wavelength usually determines the attainable resolution. Lateral and axial resolution are discussed in the context of three-dimensional microscopy. The includes a discussion of its complexity, which necessarily encompasses the missing cone of spatial frequencies, and the present methods of computational microscopy that attempt to mitigate this problem. Finally, theoretical resolution for all methods of light microscopy from BF through super-resolution is summarized.
An Evolutionary Model of Bargaining
Authors: Young H. Peyton
Published: October 2024

Individuals from two disjoint populations of bargainers are randomly matched to play the Nash demand game. They usually make their demands by choosing best responses based on an incomplete knowledge of precedents, but occasionally they choose randomly. There is no common knowledge. Over the long run, typically one division will be observed almost all of the time. This stochastically stable division is close to the Nash bargaining solution when all agents in a given population have the same utility function and gather the same amount of information. When each population is heterogeneous, a generalization of the Nash solution results. If there is some mixing between the two populations, the stochastically stable outcome is fifty–fifty division.
Conventional Contracts
Authors: Young H. Peyton
Published: October 2024

Standard game theory takes the rules of the game as given. This chapter develops a theory of how institutions, conceived of as alternative rules of the game (“contracts”), can emerge spontaneously from an accumulation of precedents. Agents choose best replies given their knowledge of the precedents, subject to some inertia and random error in their choice behavior. Over the long run, this adaptive learning process tends to select contracts that are efficient, and egalitarian in the sense that the payoffs are centrally located on the efficiency frontier of the payoff possibility set. When the payoffs form a convex, comprehensive bargaining set, the process selects the Kalai–Smorodinsky solution.
Re-Imagining Synge
Authors: Grene Nicholas
Published: October 2024

J. M. Synge, first internationally acclaimed playwright of the Irish national theatre movement, poses problems for modern directors. The Playboy of the Western World remains a classic, much revived at home and abroad, but most of the rest of his work is too short or is unsuitable for contemporary production. Garry Hynes, artistic director of Druid, solved this problem with DruidSynge (2005), staging all of his six plays as a single marathon production. Other directors have sought to re-imagine Playboy for modern audiences. Niall Henry directed a highly stylized Playboy in the Abbey in 2001, challenging traditional interpretations in casting and performance. In his 2006 Pan Pan production Gavin Quinn transposed the play to contemporary Beijing in a Chinese Mandarin translation, staged both in China and Ireland. For the 2008 Abbey production Bisi Adigun and Roddy Doyle recast the Mahons as Nigerian immigrants in a modern Dublin underworld.
Admissibility and Exclusion of Evidence
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline
Published: October 2024

This chapter explains why the voir dire procedure adopted in the Crown Court is not always appropriate in summary proceedings when issues of admissibility arise. It cites section 8A Magistrates’ Courts Act 1980 that provides for pre-trial rulings on issues of admissibility. It discusses the requirement of a voir dire when a party is seeking to exclude evidence under section 76 Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) as there is no discretion under section 76 and the prosecution carries the burden of disproving unfairness. The chapter indicates that the court has a choice as to whether to deal with an issue when it arises or once all evidence has been heard when a party is inviting a court to exercise its discretion to exclude evidence under section 78 PACE. PACE 1984, section 78 may only be used to exclude prosecution evidence.
Amending Charge
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline
Published: October 2024

This chapter outlines amendments that should be granted only where the application is judged to be proper and appropriate. An amendment of a summary only matter outside the time limit may be permitted provided that the new offence is based on the same misdoing, is in the interests of justice, and the matter to be amended was within the relevant time period. It explains that the term ‘same misdoing’ means that the new offence should arise out of the same facts as gave rise to the original offence. The chapter discusses factual enquiry when the prosecution seeks to change the name of a defendant out of time. The amendment of a charge to substitute failing to provide a specimen of breath with failing to provide a specimen of urine was held to be proper in Williams v DPP [2009] EWHC 2354 (Admin).
Civil Orders
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline
Published: October 2024

This chapter reviews possible civil proceedings and relevant statutes that are prescribed by reg 9 Criminal Legal Aid (General) Regulations 2013, which make criminal legal aid available on forms CRM 14 and 15. It deals with civil orders that may be made on short notice and are handled as civil proceedings. Applications for closure orders will be prescribed proceedings for the purposes of reg 9 Criminal Legal Aid (General) Regulations 2013 where a person has engaged in, or is likely to engage in, behaviour that constitutes a criminal offence on the premises. The chapter outlines the breach of a domestic violence protection order that is dealt with under section 63 MCA 1980. The court has a discretion whether to impose any penalty, but cases should be proved to the criminal standard as they can result in imprisonment.
Court-Appointed Legal Representatives
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline
Published: October 2024

This chapter explains how a defendant is prohibited from cross-examining witnesses, which is a circumstance defined by sections 34, 35, and 36 of the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999. In the event that the defendant has declined or is not eligible for legal funding, the court has power under section 38 to appoint a legal representative to carry out this function on behalf of the court. Solicitors should not agree to fees that are less than those that would be allowed for in line with civil guideline costs rates. The chapter recounts the case of Abbas v CPS [2015] EWHC 579 (Admin), wherein the court held that there was a need for a pre-trial conference and for presence at pre-trial applications to allow for effective cross-examination. Criminal Procedure Rule 23 identifies the information to which the representative is entitled.
Hearsay
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline
Published: October 2024

This chapter discusses hearsay evidence in criminal proceedings that is regulated by sections 114–126 CJA 2003, of which the main legislative provisions are set out in A17.3. Section 114 should not be used simply to bypass other procedures available to the prosecution. It recounts the case of R v Freeman [2010] EWCA Crim 1997, wherein the court quashed a conviction where section 114 was used in relation to a witness who had retracted his previous statement. The chapter reviews the task of the court to consider what steps have, and have not, been taken in considering whether it is reasonably practicable to secure the attendance of a witness. Even where the attendance of a witness is not practicable, the court should then go on to consider section 126 of the Act and section 78 PACE 1984 in order to decide whether the evidence ought to be admitted.
Legal Aid
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline
Published: October 2024

This chapter focuses on criminal proceedings that are defined by the Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012. The Legal Aid Agency publishes a Criminal Legal Aid Manual which is regularly updated. Legal aid is subject to a merits test and means assessment in some cases and extends automatically to the Crown Court if the case is committed for sentence. The chapter examines how legal aid automatically extends to any case sent to the Crown Court, but proceedings in the Crown Court are subject to a means test. A contribution may be required or legal aid be refused.
Computer Misuse
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline
Published: October 2024

This chapter examines the offences and provisions revolving around computer misuse. It cites the provision of the Computer Misuse Act 1990 with regard to the offence of unauthorized access to computer material. The chapter notes the provision with regards to unauthorized acts with intent to impair, or with recklessness as to impairing the operation of the computer. It also discusses the making, supplying, or obtaining articles for use in the offence under section 1, 3, or 3ZA of the Computer Misuse Act 1990.
Drugs
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline
Published: October 2024

This chapter focuses on the provisions on drugs, particularly provisions within the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 and the main drugs offences including possession and possession with intent to supply. Section 28 of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 provides a statutory defence in line with the proof of lack of knowledge to be a defence in proceedings for certain offences. Meanwhile, the provision within the Drugs Act 2005 revolves around the failure to attend or remain for an initial or follow-up assessment. The chapter then details the considerable number of condition precedents that need to be satisfied before a lawful request for a sample can be made under the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984. It also considers the considerations with regard to psychoactive substances as per the Psychoactive Substances Act 2016.
Road Traffic Offences—Definitions
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline
Published: October 2024

This chapter elaborates on the definitions that relate to road traffic offences. It discusses the definition of public place, owner, permitting, highway, causing, driver, driving, and in charge, while also considering the provisions that affect their respective definitions, such as the Road Traffic Act 1988. Additionally, there is no statutory definition for the term vehicle, so the ordinary meaning of a carriage or conveyance applies in correlation with section 185 of the Road Traffic Act 1988. Moreover, the term accident is given an ordinary meaning, but the de minimis principle applies. The chapter considers the definition of road under section 142 of the Road Traffic Regulation Act 1984.
Road Traffic Offences
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline
Published: October 2024

This chapter provides an overview of provisions concerned with road traffic offences. It explains that a person is guilty of the offence of careless and inconsiderate driving as per section 3 of the Road Traffic Act 1988. A person is to be regarded as driving without due care and attention if (and only if) the way he drives falls below what would be expected of a competent and careful driver. The chapter also details the consideration of careless driving under the influence of drink or drugs resulting in death and injury. It elaborates on numerous other offences concerning the driver and the vehicle, such as dangerous driving, driving with excess alcohol, driving without insurance, and driving otherwise than in accordance with a licence. The chapter also includes the more serious driving offences.
Dishonesty and Offences against Property
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline
Published: October 2024

This chapter discusses provisions around dishonesty and offences against property, including theft, burglary, and robbery. According to section 10 of the Theft Act 1968, a person is guilty of aggravated burglary if he commits any burglary and at the time has with him any firearm or imitation firearm, any weapon of offence, or any explosive. Section 21 of the Theft Act 1968 revolves around blackmail wherein a person gains for themself or another or with intent to cause loss to another. The chapter then provides an overview of the abstraction of electricity, fraud, and false accounting.
Fines
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline
Published: October 2024

This chapter focuses on the provision on fines. For offences committed on or after 12 March 2015, there is no upper limit to the level of fine at Level 5 that may be imposed in a magistrates’ court. The Legal Aid Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 (Fines on Summary Conviction) Regulations 2015 contain detailed exceptions to this rule. Meanwhile, the Criminal Practice Direction 5.9.5 contains provisions requiring certain serious offences to be identified by the Crown so that an authorized district judge may be appointed to deal with the case. The chapter then outlines the fine band starting points and ranges; the assessment of financial circumstances; and the imposition of fines with custodial sentences. A fine is payable in full on the day on which it is imposed, unless the court orders otherwise. The chapter also looks at collection orders, attachment of earnings orders, applications for benefit deductions, the detention alternative, and the enforcement of fines and confiscation orders.
Notification Requirements
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline
Published: October 2024

This chapter begins by reviewing the provision on notification requirements under the Sexual Offences Act 2003. It is not a requirement that a court ‘orders’ a notification requirement, as this will follow automatically as a result of a qualifying conviction. For children and young offenders, reference should be made to Chapter J21 of the Handbook of Youths in the Criminal Courts. Meanwhile, under section 9 of the Stalking Protection Act 2019, while a person is subject to a stalking protection order, or interim order, they must within three days notify their names and address. Similarly, under section 41 of the Domestic Abuse Act 2021, while a person is subject to a domestic abuse protection order they must within three days notify their names and address.
Offences Taken into Consideration (TICs) and the Totality Principle
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline
Published: October 2024

This chapter discusses offences taken into consideration (TICs) and the totality principle. The Sentencing Council has issued a definitive guideline in relation to TICs, which was intended to reflect the existing law. It confirms that when sentencing an offender who requests offences to be taken into consideration, courts should pass a total sentence which reflects all the offending behaviour. The sentence must be just and proportionate, and must not exceed the statutory maximum for the conviction offence. The court is likely to consider that the fact that the offender has assisted the police and avoided the need for further proceedings demonstrates a genuine determination by the offender to wipe the slate clean. Any reduction for guilty plea should be applied to the total sentence, as should the totality principle.
Prevention Orders
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline
Published: October 2024

This chapter details the provision on prevention orders under the Sentencing Act 2020. According to section 345 of the Sentencing Act 2020, ‘where a person is convicted of an offence listed in Schedule 3 or 5 to the Sexual Offences Act 2003, the court dealing with the offender in respect of the offence may make a sexual harm prevention order’. Where a sexual harm prevention order is available to a court, the court may make such an order only if satisfied that it is necessary to do so for the purpose of (a) protecting the public or any particular members of the public from sexual harm from the offender, or (b) protecting children or vulnerable adults generally, or any particular children or vulnerable adults, from sexual harm from the offender outside the United Kingdom. The order must be capable of being complied with without unreasonable difficulty, and free of the risk of unintended breach. The chapter then looks at knife crime prevention orders and serious violence reduction orders.
Protection Orders
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline
Published: October 2024

This chapter describes the provision of the currently not in force domestic abuse protection orders. Once implemented, under section 31 of the Domestic Abuse Act 2021, where a person (‘P’) has been convicted of an offence, the court dealing with P for that offence may make a domestic abuse protection order against P. A court by or before which a person is acquitted of an offence may make a domestic abuse protection order against the person. Under section 48 of the Domestic Abuse Act 2021, a domestic abuse protection order may be made or varied in addition to an order discharging the person conditionally or absolutely. The following issues are dealt with in A11: conditions for making an order, matters to be considered before making an order, provision that may be made by orders, and the duration and geographical application of orders.
Hamlet: Horatio’s Warnings
Authors: Publicover Laurence
Published: October 2024

Opening with a discussion of the speech in which Horatio warns Hamlet not to follow the apparition to the cliff edge, and focusing in particular on its word fathoms, the introduction outlines the form of tragedy examined by the book. Pushing back against recent scholarship arguing that tragedy was, in Shakespeare’s period, concerned primarily with passionate suffering, and also querying scholarship from the cultural left that interprets tragedy as a wholly human affair, it asserts that these plays stage the fear and exhilaration generated by encounters with the unknown and the extraordinary. Returning intermittently to Hamlet to illustrate its ideas, it engages in addition with matters including the sublimity of tragic language, the historicity of tragedy, and the relationship between truth and depth. It concludes with an analysis of the prince’s behaviour in the graveyard scene, which it takes as indicative of English Renaissance tragedy’s interest in conceptual rupture.
Fathoming King Lear
Authors: Publicover Laurence
Published: October 2024

This chapter takes the first words spoken by Edgar as Poor Tom—‘Fathom and half, fathom and half’—as the occasion to explore King Lear’s evocation of a vertical axis. Examining the line’s association with navigation and its connection to the play’s interest in cosmic and personal bonds, it goes on to explore King Lear’s strategies for disorienting its audience: namely, through geographical indeterminacy; through fragmented dialogue; and through the provision of emblems that remain difficult to read. The chapter concludes by discussing the place of formulaic language in English Renaissance tragedy, arguing that characters’ resort to such language is indicative of the disorientation they suffer and that attending to it can help us understand the structure of tragic subjectivity in the drama of Shakespeare and his contemporaries.
Introduction
Authors: Jacob Priyanka Anne
Published: October 2024

This Introduction demonstrates the relationship between the capacious, cluttered form of the Victorian novel and the nineteenth century’s reliance on storage as a response to its information explosion. Weaving together scholarship in media and information studies, novel studies, and thing theory, this chapter argues that information is materialized in storage, where it awaits a transmission that may or may not arrive. Differentiating storage from “the archive,” it proposes that the novel should be understood as a storage medium, demonstrating through two readings how the time and space of the container generate the depth of the fictional world and its projections into the future. The novel’s attempt to contain a flurry of data produces an aesthetics of deferral, seeding possibilities it may never bring to fruition, with ethical, political, and narratological effects.
Information on the Move in Kim
Authors: Jacob Priyanka Anne
Published: October 2024

This chapter examines how information moves and gets stuck in Rudyard Kipling’s Kim, highlighting encryption and compression, two informational strategies that enable the mobility of information to serve British power in India. Local Indian objects are converted into pieces of code and extraneous data is squeezed out, sometimes literally. Agents of empire like Kim encode India from within, but also encode themselves into compressed types that can circulate more easily. The chapter argues that the novel tries to offload the baggage of empire, first onto the “baggage-coolies” or coerced laborers carrying baskets through the Himalayas, and then onto the mountains themselves. Nevertheless, Kim’s body bears the literal and metaphorical toll of both the information he must carry through his travels and the ways he must compress himself and his homeland. Despite its fantasy of an ever-moving, frictionless imperial network, this novel shows the accumulated costs of carrying secrets for empire.
The crimes of colonialism and the detective story
Authors: Evans Lucy
Published: October 2024

This chapter focuses on detective fiction and island settings. Agatha Christie’s A Caribbean Mystery (1964) is set on a fictional Caribbean island, and Elizabeth Nunez’s Prospero’s Daughter (2006) is set on a small island off the coast of Trinidad. Critics have observed that islands can provide an ideal setting for the clue-puzzle format of the golden age detective story, enabling the sense of social and spatial enclosure that is the hallmark of this mode of writing. While this is the case for Christie’s novel, in Prospero’s Daughter the island setting disrupts the mechanics of the clue-puzzle mystery. This chapter argues that whereas Christie’s mystery story reinforces the colonial ideology which continues to inform touristic images of the region, Nunez’s novel frames colonialism as state crime. Her fiction resonates with the work of criminologists who contend that the crimes of colonialism should be publicly and legally recognized as crimes against humanity.