bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gregory Of Tours’s Life Of The Fathers
Authors: Kitchen John
Published: November 2023

Among other functions suitable to a poet and writer patronized by the social and clerical elite, Fortunatus occasionally served as the professional propagandist for his friend and fellow hagiographer, Georgius Florentius Gregorius, a Gallo-Roman aristocrat who succeeded his mother’s cousin Eufronius as the bishop of Tours in 573. According to one estimate, nearly three-quarters of the extant literary works written during the Merovingian period belong to Fortunatus and his episcopal companion, the author known to us today as Gregory of Tours. Of the two, Gregory is distinguished as “the principal hagiographic authority for the sixth century.” Such a claim undoubtedly rests on the sheer bulk of his writing, which surpasses that of Fortunatus and makes Gregory one of the most prolific authors in the history of hagiographic literature. Given his remarkable literary output and the breadth of religious life revealed by his writings, a consideration of Gregory’s depiction of holiness is essential to any study purporting to deal with the early Merovingian image of sanctity. As was the case in our examination of Fortunatus, an investigation of Gregory’s Vitae will allow us to enter one of the main hagiographic currents of sixth-century Gaul.
Introduction
Authors: Frye Susan , Robertson Karen
Published: November 2023

Women’s Alliances In Early modern England have tended to be obscured by the impressive body of scholarship devoted to male alliances, even though the connections of women were often constructed through and interactive with those of males. Men’s alliances, formalized in such institutions as the guild, government, law, church, and university, left behind the records, architecture, and literature that have invited generations of scholars to codify them. As a result, entire libraries are filled with books analyzing men’s connections. The relations among women, whether competitive or supportive, have proved not only less visible but also more difficult to reconstruct, often because women did not formally record their activities or seek memorialization in material structures.
“No Good Thing Ever Comes Out of It”: Male Expectation and Female Alliance in Dekker and Webster’s Westward Ho
Authors: Morgan-Russell Simon
Published: November 2023

To Remark That The transaction of adultery requires at least two willing participants might seem to make an obvious point; it is perhaps less obvious to point out that the adulterous liaison itself requires a locus for its transaction. In many examples of early seventeenth-century literary culture, the market town of Brentford in Middlesex is depicted as a point of rendezvous for actors in adulterous affairs-as an iniquitous getaway, a location for a “dirty weekend.” Although several economic, political, and topographical factors may have contributed to the town’s mythical status, the representation of sexual escape from London to Brentford usually assumes that the trips are taken to the mutual pleasure of both participants in the adulterous liaison. In Thomas Dekker and John Webster’s Westward Ho (1604), however, an alliance of citizen wives critiques this assumption by exploiting the freedom granted by Brentford’s separation from the City of London’s jurisdiction and governance. Even though the text seems initially to indulge the geography of male, homosocially inscribed pleasure-the men seem at least partially motivated by their mutual participation in the myth of the Brentford trip-the female characters refuse to fulfill male fantasy and expectation and form alliances to disappoint them. In this essay I explore the male-authored topos of Brentford in the first few decades of the seventeenth century and examine its particular disruption by women
A P[ar]cell of Murdereing Bitches”: Female Relationships in an Eighteenth-Century Slaveholding Household
Authors: Brown Kathleen M
Published: November 2023

It Was A Sultry August Morning In 1714 at the Tayloe plantation in Lancaster County, Virginia. Betty Mazey, a hired white woman, was spinning in the lodging chamber of the main house. Mary, an enslaved woman of African descent, was beginning her daily chores of cooking, fetching water, gardening, and laundering. In addition to these two women, an Indian1 servant woman worked in and around the buildings of the main house, sharing with Mary the responsibility for the most strenuous and least desirable household tasks. Madam Anne Tayloe, widow and mistress of this household of female laborers, had left the main house for the plantation “office,” one of several small buildings clustered nearby that gave the plantation the appearance of a manorial village. Normally, such an office might have been the site of the plantation’s bookkeeping, where a diligent owner attempted to balance the credit for tobacco shipped to London with expenditures for clothing, tools, supplies for slaves, and wages. At adjacent offices, or” dependencies,” as they were also known, African, Indian, and white laborers performed the hot, unpleasant labor of cooking, laundry, and craftswork that allowed the plantation to function.
Korea
Authors: Patterson James T
Published: November 2023

There are few monuments in the United States commemorating the Korean War. By the 1960s most Americans had tried to put the war out of memory. Many who later saw “M*A*S*H,” the popular TV series about an American medical unit in Korea, assumed that the episodes were set in Vietnam. Other Americans recalled the war as a relatively insignificant “police action,” as Truman called it on one occasion. One book on the conflict is entitled The Forgotten War.
Ike
Authors: Patterson James T
Published: November 2023

A poll of historians conducted by Arthur Schlesinger in 1962 ranked President Dwight D. Eisenhower as number twenty-one among the thirty-four Presidents in American history before that time. He stood near the bottom of “average” presidents, tied with Chester Arthur and just ahead of Andrew Johnson. That changed. A poll twenty years later placed Eisenhower ninth among the ten best, between Truman and James K. Polk.
Mass Consumer Culture
Authors: Patterson James T
Published: November 2023

To listen to commentators on American cultural life in the 1950s was often to hear a litany of complaints: the mass media were debasing public taste, sexual license was threatening traditional morality, juvenile delinquency was overrunning society, and generational change-a “youth culture”-was undermining the stability of family and community. Here are a few of the voices:--On the mass media, especially television: ‘The repetitiveness, the selfsameness, and the ubiquity of modern mass culture tend to make for automatized reactions and to weaken the forces of individual resistance.”
Lyndon Johnson and American Liberalism
Authors: Patterson James T
Published: November 2023

Five days after Kennedy’s assassination Lyndon Johnson went to Capitol Hill to address the Congress. Millions of Americans across the country watched anxiously. The new President, a tall and deliberate man, spoke slowly and clearly. “All I have,” he said, “I would gladly have given not to be standing here today.” He then moved to his main theme, that he would finish what Kennedy had started: “John F. Kennedy lives on.... No words are sad enough to express our sense of loss. No words are strong enough to express our determination to continue the forward thrust of America that he began.”
Rancor and Richard Nixon
Authors: Patterson James T
Published: November 2023

Eight months after Richard Nixon assumed office a gigantic “happening” transformed the 600-acre farm of Max Yasgur in Bethel, New York. Promoters hailed the event as “An Aquarian Exposition” and named it the Woodstock Music and Art Fair, Woodstock being the name of a nearby town. It was conservatively estimated that 400,000 people, most of them in their teens and twenties, flocked to “Woodstock” for the three-day event on August 15-17. Mammoth traffic jams prevented hundreds of thousands more from taking part in the revelry.
Nixon, Vietnam, and the World, 1969-1974
Authors: Patterson James T
Published: November 2023

Nixon, a student of international relations, was confident that he could allay world tensions. Although he had been one of the nation’s most partisan Cold Warriors, he had gradually softened his rhetoric in the 196os. He came to the presidency with the hope of bringing about better relations, later billed as detente, with the Soviet Union, and of opening dialogue with the People’s Republic of China. During his years in office Nixon made a little progress toward these goals, enhancing greatly his image in time for the presidential election campaign in 1972. Triumphantly returned to power, he managed to reach a cease-fire in Vietnam in January 1973. In the process, however, he pursued policies—notably concerning Vietnam—that prolonged and sharpened rancor in the United States. Many of his efforts in foreign affairs, like those on the home front, were designed to win personal political objectives, not to break decisively with policies of the past. When he left office in August 1974, the Cold War—a constant of the years since 1945—remained about as frigid as ever.
End of an Era? Expectations amid Watergate and Recession
Authors: Patterson James T
Published: November 2023

Even as the United States was pulling the last of its soldiers out of combat in Vietnam, the scandal known as Watergate was beginning to wreck Nixon’s second administration. From then until he resigned under fire in August 1974 the President found himself driven ever more into a corner. As he ran for safety he shed advisers, including Haldeman and Ehrlichman, who were involved in his cover-up of the break-in at the Watergate complex in Washington. But one bizarre development after another, including the revelation in July 1973 that the President secretly taped conversations in the Oval Office, gave him no rest. By itself the break-in was petty, but Nixon’s attempts to cover it up were crude, cynical, and illegal acts to obstruct justice. The prolonged but often exciting events of the Watergate scandal ultimately created a constitutional crisis and further polarized the nation.
Johannine Studies: The Three Ages of Interpretation
Authors: Brodie Thomas L
Published: November 2023

To set the historical and literary methods in perspective, this opening chapter summarizes very briefly certain basic aspects of the history of biblical interpretation, particularly as that history impinges on Johannine studies. To some degree the process of interpreting the Bible is easy. There are many passages which almost never fail to provide some form of meaning, whether instruction or encouragement or enjoyment. But a more complete process of interpreting requires many competencies or skills. In interpreting the NT, for instance, it is useful to know Greek. it is also useful, given the fact that there are variants among the ancient manuscripts, if one is experienced in textual criticism.
The Design 2. The Central Focus: Stages of Living and Believing
Authors: Brodie Thomas L
Published: November 2023

The design (plan/structure) of (he gospel is not a secondary matter, to be dealt with summarily after treating the weighty issues of history and theology. It is integral to the question of co,1tent-rather as discerning a family’s structure is integral to understanding a complex household. Design and content are inter woven, design with theology, content with form; discerning one helps to discern the other. It is appropriate, therefore, when making a proposal regarding the essence of the design, to take account of views concerning content.
The Design 3. A Complementary Aspect: Life as Descent and Ascent
Authors: Brodie Thomas L
Published: November 2023

Of all the language patterns used to describe Jesus, one of the most basic is that of an enigmatic process whereby a person who has descended from heaven reascends to where he was before (3:13; 6:33-58; 20:17; cf. “lifting up,” 3:14; 8:28; 12:32-34). This descent-ascent pattern, however, is not about Jesus alone. Meeks (1972, 67- 70) in particular has indicated that it implies something about the com munity: if Jesus is someone apart, someone whom outsiders do not understand, then the community also stands apart, an enigma. This conclusion is applicable not only to a small local community but also to a community which seeks to be universal. Like Jesus, the whole church is an enigma.
Part 1 □The First Year
Authors: Brodie Thomas L
Published: November 2023

Part 1 constitutes an initial synthesis of the entire gospel. First there is the striking overture, the prologue, which introduces both Part 1 and the gospel as a whole (1:1-18). Then there is a week-long drama of revelation-and-response-a summary both of the work of God (in John the Baptizer, Jesus, and the disciples), and of the disciples’ advance towards believing (1:19-2:11). And finally, through a Passover in which Jesus cleanses the temple and speaks cryptically of his own death and resurrection, there is an intimation of the decisive event which will form the body of believers (2:12-22).
The Last Discourse
Authors: Brodie Thomas L
Published: November 2023

These five chapters have a unique appeal. Here the deeds and words of Jesus reach a new level of calm intensity, and this shared quality lends to the entire text a certain unity. This general unity of quality is reinforced by a unity of setting: within John’s gospel these five chapters are placed in the context of Jesus’ final supper and as such they stand out clearly from all that precedes and follows. Furthermore, there is general agreement among researchers that in writing this account the evangelist made use of a specific literary convention, “the well established literary pattern of attributing to famous men farewell speeches delivered before death” (Brown, 598; see Cortes, 1976).
Modernity as Ideal and Curse
Authors: Alonso Carlos J
Published: November 2023

The Two Quotations that serve as introduction to this chapter are opening statements in more than one fashion. Beyond their formal liminar function as epigraphs, I wish to invoke them as a point of departure for the discussion of a rhetorical characteristic that I will argue is typical of most Spanish American texts. In this regard, the two fragments are particularly useful since by all accounts they are representative of two diametrically opposed attitudes concerning the problems of cultural identity and cultural politics, as well as of their mutual articulation. The quotation by Garcia Canclini is tinged with the knowledge of a presumably failed timetable, with the awareness of a thwarted historical development, and is shaped by an uneasy mixture of a feigned exasperation regarding the deficiencies of the present and a sense that something has been lost, perhaps irretrievably.
Death and Resurrections
Authors: Alonso Carlos J
Published: November 2023

One Of The Most Persistent Themes over time in the critical literature on Horacio Quiroga’s oeuvre has been the constant and overwhelming presence of death, both in the Uruguayan writer’s personal life and in his work. With regard to his literary production, it would be difficult to disagree with Jaime Alazraki when he notes that “de frente o de soslayo el tema de la muerte entra en easi todos los euentos de Horacio Quiroga”stories].
The Elementary Structure of Kinship
Authors: Alonso Carlos J
Published: November 2023

La Tia Ulia Y El Escribidor is widely regarded to be representative of a significant transformation that occurred in Vargas Llosa’s literary production-a shift that purportedly had begun with the author’s previous novel, Pantaleon y las visitadoras, published in 1973.1 This “new” phase of Vargas Llosa’s novelistic production is considered as having marked the inflection in his works of some of the qualities and concerns that are understood to be characteristic of literary postmodernism: humor, the literary exploration and exploitation of low cultural discourses, the undermining of the novelistic subject as an organizing principle, the radical questioning of ideological commitment, and so on.
The Comprehensive wilaya of the Jurists
Authors: Sachedina Abdulaziz Abdulhussein
Published: November 2023

In my study of the Imamite theory of political authority I have discussed the concept of wiliiya and its ramifications for the lmamite classification of “just” (‘iidil) and “unjust” (jii’ir) authority. The exercise of legal and moral authority (saltana) through the demand of obedience without proper designation by God in the form of wiliiya (the faculty of that authority), which enables a person to assume authority in the Muslim umma, was, according to the Imamite theology, an act of injustice because it was tantamount to encroaching upon the right of an individual in whom al-wilayat al-iliihiyya (the divine sovereignty) had been invested by God. Accordingly, the question of wiliiya, more particularly al-wiliiyat al-’iimma (the allcomprehensive authority), in the case of Imamite jurists who were required to assume the exercise of authority affecting the religious-socio-political structure of the Imamite community, was of great consequence for the Imamite theory of political authority.
Constructing A Jewish Sexual Ethic : A Rejoinder To David Novak And Judith Plaskow
Authors: Newman Louis E
Published: November 2023

The essays of Professors Novak and Plaskow address themselves to two basic questions: (i) what is, or should be, the Jewish teaching with respect to homosexuality? and (z) how and why is that teaching relevant to moral and legal discussions regarding homosexuality in our democratic and pluralistic society? It is evident that these two distinguished scholars have quite different responses to these questions, but before turning to the details of their views, I wish to attend briefly to questions of a methodological nature. Specifically, what does it mean to offer a Jewish position on homosexuality? What do we understand ourselves to be doing when we offer such a view and how do we proceed, as a practical matter, in constructing it? Professors Novak and Plaskow share more in the way of common methodological assumptions than might at first be apparent.
Introduction To Essays Representing Mainline Protostant Churches
Authors: Green Keith
Published: November 2023

Gays and lesbians challenge not only contemporary Christian sexual ethics but also political ethics and ecclesial politics. Ecumenical Protestants interminably debate the moral status of sexual relations of gay men and lesbians, and draw from their positions a variety of implications for political ethics and ecclesial politics. Evangelical Protestants exhibit more consensus in their view that samegender sexual relations are morally wrong, but like their kin in the ecumenical churches, they debate the implications of this belief for policy and legal issues regarding gays and lesbians. These issues include legal protection from discrimination based upon sexual orientation, the decriminalization of sodomy, the legal status of lesbian and gay relationships, and the adoption of children by gays and lesbians. The essays in this section of the volume represent different ways that ecumenical Protestants relate sexual ethics and political ethics, with particular attention to the question of the ecclesiastical celebration of same-gender unions.
The Prophetic Stand Of The Ecumenical Churches On Homosexuality
Authors: Stackhouse Max L
Published: November 2023

Over the last quarter-century, a debate has raged in the ecumenical Protestant churches belonging to the National and World Councils of Churches. It is about sexuality, particularly homosexuality. The discussion has been intense. In fact, more church documents, statements, background papers, study books, and proposals have been written on human sexuality in this period than in any comparable period of church history. More than one hundred and fifty of the most important documents from Catholic, evangelical, and ecumenical Protestant sources have been collected in a recent set of volumes, and it is likely that the results can already be discerned, although some advocates argue that debates are just getting started.
Sexual Orientation And Human Rights Discourse I The African-American Churchas
Authors: Sanders Cheryl J
Published: November 2023

I will begin by addressing in very broad strokes the history and tradition of the African-American religious community with respect to same-sex orientation, preference, and conduct. What follows is an outline of a moral stance that argues for strong prescriptive advocacy of covenanted monogamous heterosexual unions in light of the ongoing disintegration of family and parenting structures in the African-American community. I will conclude by noting some key implications of this particular moral stance for African-American participation in the formulation of law and public policy regarding legal protection from discrimination on the basis of same-sex domestic partnerships.
The USSR
Authors: Janz Denis R
Published: November 2023

There are of course the usual difficulties that historians face in dealing with so large a subject. The Soviet Union was, at its demise, a society of some 285 million people, spread over a geographical area encompassing eleven time zones, divided into fifteen republics and about a hundred ethnic groups. These facts alone should make us wary of all generalizations about religion in Soviet society. Then, too, how is one to make sense of the events of the last three-quarters of a century? The usual tangled contradictions of history out of which one struggles to discern meaning and direction are magnified in this case. But perhaps the thing that most bedevils the historian’s task is the personal set of assumptions and values that inevitably color the evidence. This is the most important reason for the deep disagreement between many Marxist and Christian historians who have analyzed the encounter of Marxism and Christianity in the Soviet Union. It is also the explanation of why even Western historians of eminent reputation, high integrity, and deep religious sympathy can arrive at diametrically opposed conclusions. Some, for instance, hold that the story of Christianity in the Soviet Union is one of unwarranted persecution and unmitigated disaster for the Church.
The Text of Genesis 1-11
Authors: Hendel Ronald S
Published: November 2023

Ronald S. Hendel offers a careful and thorough re examination of the text of Genesis 1 11. He takes a strongly positive position on the value of the Septuagint as a reliable translation of its Hebrew parent text. This position is contrary to that taken in most existing studies of the text of Genesis, including some in standard editions and reference works. Nevertheless, Hendel shows, there is an accumulating mass of evidence indicating that his position is correct. Hendel begins with a discussion of theory and method, and points out the lessons to be learned from the new biblical manuscripts discovered at Qumran. He goes on to argue for the preparation of eclectic critical editions of books of the Hebrew Bible a task long pursued in Classical, New Testament, and Septuagint studies, but still highly controversial with respect to the Hebrew scriptures. The critical edition of Genesis 1 11 which follows is Hendel's first step toward such a comprehensive task.
Introduction to the Critical Edition
Authors: Hendel Ronald S
Published: November 2023

Outside the field of Hebrew Bible, there is little doubt concerning the purpose of textual criticism. Maas states unequivocally, “The business of textual criticism is to produce a text as close as possible to the original (constitutio textus)” (1958: 1). The current article in the Encyclopaedia Britannica begins, “The technique of restoring texts as nearly as possible to their original form is called textual criticism” (Kenney 1992: 614). The production of critical texts by means of the analysis of manuscripts, the adjudication among variant readings, and, when necessary, the reconstruction or conjecture of better or original readings is the purpose of textual criticism. Aside from this goal, there is little justification for the labors of the textual critic.
Statecraft and Status in Contested Territory
Authors: Huber Toni
Published: November 2023

The Tsari Rongkor Chenmo procession and Lodzong tribute were clearly at times a game with high stakes involved for all players. As I have shown, the attendant risks and dangers were perceived as having soteriological and social advantages according to the beliefs and experiences of the pilgrims. How, then, is one to characterize the participation of the other two parties attending and the relationship between them: the Tibetan state and its supporters, who regularly invested so many resources in staging this ritual in a remote, rugged border region, and the Himalayan tribal groups, who faced the possibility of armed resistance or arrest from Tibetan forces both during the Lodzong and the procession? Here I want to demonstrate that for both the Tibetan state and the tribes, the events were in part about generating and maintaining prestige or status in terms of their respective worldviews, values, and practices. Here I analyze how the Tibetan state and its elite supporters did so by examining the origins and development of the Rongkor and Lodzong and the role such rituals played in the operation and constitution of the traditional polity.
The Formation of Schools of Mysticism
Authors: Trimingham J Spencer
Published: November 2023

HE term Sufi was first applied to Muslim ascetics who clothed themselves in coarse garments of wool (fil,J). From it comes the form tafawwuf for ‘mysticism’. There are excellent guides to Islamic mysticism and all that is necessary by way of introduction is to give some idea of how I am using the terms sufi and Sufism in the context of this study on the mystical Ways and their expression in orders.
The Formation of Ta’ifas
Authors: Trimingham J Spencer
Published: November 2023

Hilst tariqa is the method, ta’ija is the organization, and though the khanaqii.hs were correctly described as tawa’if (plural of ta’ifa), since they were organizations of separate groups, they were still not the orders as we know them. The completion of their development as ta’ijas or orders in this specialized sense during the fifteenth century coincided with the growth of the Ottoman Empire. In the Maghrib this stage coincided with the appearance of Sharifism and what the French call maraboutisme. There are, in fact, four areas of significant change: Persia and central Asia, Anatolia (Rum), India, and the Maghrib.
Nineteenth-Century Revival Movements
Authors: Trimingham J Spencer
Published: November 2023

Before the nineteenth century the world of Islam had suffered no major reverses from the expansion of the West. The Maghrib had been menaced, but a state of power equilibrium had been maintained in the Mediterranean. The Portuguese had blocked Sultan Selim’s ambitions to dominate the Indian Ocean, but this was offset by Ottoman Turkey’s expansion at the expense of Christian Europe. Europe’s earlier expansion by-passed the Ottoman Empire, which embraced the heartlands of Islam. Napoleon’s conquest of Egypt in 1798 is generally taken as a convenient point from which to date the first realization of the threat presented by European expansion.
Economic Challenges and Creative Financing
Authors: Bennion Janet
Published: November 2023

Women provide food and shelter for themselves and their families through creative financing, outside employment, and female communalism. Female converts tend to do better than male converts in accessing communal re sources and providing for their families through informal channels. This chapter provides a brief socioeconomic background of converts and ex amines the nature of male-female earning power and relative access to valued resources. It concludes by describing how some women are able to provide for themselves in the face of incredible odds.
The Nature of Female Relationships and the Network
Authors: Bennion Janet
Published: November 2023

Women form associations to create an environment of interdependence, female autonomy, and female satisfaction; this aspect of female satisfaction is vital in the overall picture of female advantage in the system. It explains why women from the mainstream world are attracted to polygyny and how they are able to survive, once baptized, in a dominant male structure. The following pages describe the exact nature of female relationships and networking by providing qualitative analysis and diagrams of network ties among women. The chapter also illustrates the strength of the network ties that women have with each other. Finally, qualifications for successful female networking are described, showing how some women are not suited for the network and how the structure works to “weed” out these women.
American Youth Violence A Profile
Authors: Zimring Franklin E
Published: November 2023

Chapter 1 is about perceptions of youth violence in the United States. This chapter and chapter 3 are about the facts. What sorts of violence do young persons commit in the United States? How are these violent acts measured and with what margins of error? How are rates of violence distributed across the youth population? How are patterns of youth violence similar to patterns of adult violence, and how are they different? What have been the trends in recent history for various kinds of violence? The analysis is presented under three headings. The first part of this chapter discusses the different acts that are classified as violent and how they are measured by police agencies and survey researchers. Rates of different types of violence are reported by age, race, and gen der. The second part distinguishes three characteristics that set young violent offenders apart from other violent offenders: group involvement, high volume, and low lethality. To develop policy for youth violence, the special nature of the crimes must be understood. Chapter 3 builds on this discussion to chart trends over time in official statistics on youth violence, the third part of our profile.
“That Malice Which Is to Supply Age” Standards for Transfer to Criminal Court
Authors: Zimring Franklin E
Published: November 2023

For the most part, the border between the jurisdiction of the juvenile court and the criminal court is a matter of chronological age. If arrested offenders are below the maximum jurisdictional age of the juvenile court when an offense is committed, they are referred to the juvenile court and accused of delinquency. If the offenders are above the jurisdictional age boundary, they are accused of a crime and processed by the criminal court. In most states, this age boundary is the eighteenth birthday, but in some jurisdictions it can be as young as the sixteenth birthday.
Intention versus Negligence
Authors: Fletcher George P
Published: November 2023

There are some situations in life in which people set out to accomplish certain goals and they realize their aims exactly as planned. They set out to go to the library and they arrive at the library. They set out to steal a book and they steal a book. Obviously, the aims are sometimes good, sometimes bad. But very often people get where they want to go. These are case of intentional conduct, of setting one’s sights on realizing a particular target, whether the goal be socially desirable (going to the library) or criminal (stealing a book).
The Faces Of Evil: Fairies, Mobs, and Female Cruelty
Authors: Silver Carole G
Published: November 2023

Unlike The Revised Or composed fairy tales Victorians read in such profusion, the folklore they gathered was filled with sex and violence. Less expurgated than much Victorian fiction, permitted to be “crude” be cause authentic, Victorian folklore collections provide a set of insights into the ways in which a culture sought to externalize evil. For the fairies who most frightened the folk and fascinated the collectors were the ones perceived as cruel participants in antisocial acts. Whether they were hordes of “trooping” fairies (as Yeats called them) who traveled the air or misled travelers on the ground or took victims “away,” or whether they were solitary and human-size demonic creatures, the figures who most preoccu pied the Victorians were those capable of causing discomfort, serious in jury, and often death.
Richard III: The Last Plantagenet
Authors: Saccio Peter
Published: November 2023

The Tudor imagination revelled in Richard III. Archvillain and devil incarnate, he supposedly started his infamous career by lingering sullenly in the womb for two years, finally coming to term with teeth and shoulder-length hair. Having thus discommoded his mother, he murdered his way through the royal house, slaughtering his cousin the last Lancastrian king Henry VI, Henry’s son Prince Edward, his own brother the duke of Clarence, his nephews the child-king Edward V and Richard duke of York, and finally his wife Anne. He was the bane of his brother Edward IV’s wife Elizabeth Woodville and of her relatives; he contrived the judicial murder of Edward’s loyal chamberlain Lord Hastings; and he spun his plots whilst seated in a privy. He was the final embodiment of the wrath of God visited upon England for the crimes of the Plantagenets since Richard II’s deposition in 1399.
John: The Legitimacy of the King
Authors: Saccio Peter
Published: November 2023

King john is Shakespeare’s only play dramatizing English medieval history prior to the fall of Richard II. For once the playwright turned back from the last century of the Plantagenets to deal with one of the first kings of that extraordinary dynasty. The play thus has no narrative connection with the double tetralogy on the houses of Lancaster and York: 161 years intervened between the reign of John (1199–1216) and that of Richard II (1377–1399). Yet the material of King john is cut from the same cloth. The later Plantagenets had no monopoly on baronial revolt and disputed dynastic succession, no patent on conspiracy, murder, and war. As the dynasty ended in bloody squabbles over the crown, so also it began. The poet W. H. Auden may have been right when he suggested that history is far too criminal ro be a fit subject of study for the young.
Four Types of Writing under Modern Conditions; or, Black Writers and “Populist Modernism”
Authors: Sollors Werner
Published: November 2023

“What Is the Meaning of This City?” was a question raised byT. S. Eliot in “Choruses from ‘The Rock.’” Modern urban civilization is looked at from the point of view of the Stranger (for Eliot that appears to be death), who questions human aims and the “meaning of this city.” The answer Eliot proposes in the poem seems to be: The departure from a sacred purpose makes city dwellers empty pursuers of monetary gain, technological progress, secular happiness, and collective enthusiasm. Eliot’s chorus continues in the following way right after the quotation excerpted in the epigraph:

Eliot may be drawing a particularly sharp opposition between the quest for the “perfect refrigerator”—for print culture, technological inventions, and nationalisms—on the one hand, and the “way to the Temple”—to wisdom, traditional religion, transcendental meaning, and acceptance of death—on the other.
Exploring “Something New”
Authors: Hathaway Heather
Published: November 2023

In a collection on race and modernism one might be surprised to find an article on the poetry of Claude McKay, who, as a writer perhaps best known for his use of the sonnet, is not typically considered a modernist. Although he is commonly associated with African American writing during the Harlem Renaissance, a period successfully argued by Houston Baker Jr., among others, as reflecting a uniquely African American form of modernism, in truth McKay had already passed through Harlem by the time the Renaissance was really under way. Throughout his autobiography, significantly titled A Long y from Home (1937) (“home” being Jamaica), he repeatedly asserts his lack of sympathy with both the movement’s leaders and their aspirations.
The Strong Men Gittin’ Stronger
Authors: Smethurst James E
Published: November 2023

Sterling Brown’s own critical distinction between the term “Harlem Renaissance,” which he dismisses as strictly box office, and the term “New Negro Renaissance,” which describes a literary moment with which Brown identifies, is not just a question of semantics or geographical accuracy. It is in fact a distinction between the values derived from a nationalism embodied in his 1932 collection of poetry Southern Road and similar to that which produced the Irish language Gaelic League and those of the allegedly transnational values of modernism. In making this distinction, Brown accepts the premise of Eliot and Pound—and of the Comintern for that matter, at least so far as life under modern capitalism was concerned—that modern urban life is afflicted by a sickness of the spirit caused to a large extent by rampant individualism and the breakup of social and moral consensus; in fact, this spiritual malaise is in Brown’s view perhaps more intense for African Americans in the northern urban centers than for other Americans.
“Among Negroes”
Authors: Weiss M Lynn
Published: November 2023

In the 1988 foreword to John Kouwenhoven’s classic study of American culture, The Beer Can by the Highway, Ralph Ellison recalls Gertrude Stein in the sentence, “A can is a can is a can. . . . ” Ellison’s playful riff invokes the underexplored relationship between Gertrude Stein and African America. From her earliest writings, the black voice, body, and experience had an intriguing role in her creative life. Hortense Sanger, Stein’s “dark-skinned” alter ego of the Radcliffe themes, later emerged as Melanctha in Three Lives (1909). After Paul Robeson’s visit to 27 rue de Fleurus in 1925, Stein wrote “Among Negroes,” collected in Usefol Knowledge (1928).
A Jewish New World in: Jacob Glatshteyn’s “Sheeny Mike”
Authors: Rubin Rachel
Published: November 2023

The gangster is a familiar, albeit shady, inhabitant of American literature and popular culture. Indeed, the cultural critic Robert Warshaw maintained in 1948 that “the experience of the gangster as an experience of art is universal to Americans. There is almost nothing we understand better or react to more readily or with quicker intelligence.”

By the turn of the twentieth century, “quick intelligence” had dictated that gangsters are inherently ethnic, inherently urban, inherently male, and inherently modern—in contrast with legendary “outlaws” such as the James brothers, Ma Barker, Pretty Boy Floyd, or Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow, whose setting was rural or small-town America. In a variety of popular media, gangsters came to serve as markers, even admonitions, of the dangerous potential in each of these qualities. Explicitly patriotic propaganda is highlighted in such important gangster films as The Public Enemy (1931) or Little Caesar (1930), for instance: through intrusive prologues, afterwords, and set pieces, the audience is warned about immigrants who disgrace their communities, about mass media that only seeks to sensationalize, and about men who prove their toughness by lack of respect for even “their own” women.
En Alabanza del Señor: In Praise of the Lord
Authors: Delgado João Pinto , Slavitt David R
Published: November 2023

Senor, I pray you, who govern earth and sky and through whose might the immense and truculent sea is confined to its proper bounds so that land stays dry; you who can penetrate deepest obscurity with a dazzling light distilled from the heart of the flame of the brightest fire—as if snow itself could be ignited; lighten the gloom of my cave of shame and lift this moral darkness in which I live.
Crimes And Accountability
Authors: Meron Theodor
Published: November 2023

Accountab ility for crimes, a theme central to Shakespeare’s plays, is also extraordinarily pertinent to our times. Newspapers have reported on the care taken by the leaders of the former Yugoslavia to order atrocities against “enemy” populations only in the most indirect and euphemistic way. Even the Nazi leaders constantly resorted to euphemisms in referring to the Holocaust. No explicit written order from Hitler to carry out the final solution has ever been found. At the height of their power, the Nazis treated the data on the killing of Jews as top secret.
Lanyer And Jonson
Authors: Woods Susanne
Published: November 2023

Amelia Lanier and Ben Jonson (1572-1638) have a number of things in common, including the genres and apparent purry poses of many of their poems. The two were almost exact contemporaries (she was roughly three years older than Jonson and lived seven years longer) and in some ways seem very much alike.
Women and Men and Ritual
Authors: Sered Susan
Published: November 2023

The social interactions described in the previous chapter blend into the ritual lives of men and women in Henza. The first part of this chapter focuses upon women’s involvement with food and food rituals-both of which serve as fundamental media for social integration with other villagers and with ancestors and deities. The second part of the chapter overviews men’s ritual repertoire. I shall suggest that women’s rituals-and especially food rituals-highlight and strengthen the theme of presence; men’s rituals-and especially rituals involving the ocean-revolve around the theme of absence. In Henza, food is women’s business. Traditionally, men’s fishing activity was a sporadic food source; most food came from women’s horticulture and shore foraging. All food preparation is done by women; very few men cook at all. The markets were and still are run by women.Almost all food serving is done by women. Food is a resource that women control, and food-oriented rituals sacralize women’s every day activities of cooking and serving. A hinu-kan (hearth deity) can be found in every Henza kitchen. The hinu-kan functions in a loose way as a sort of intermediary between the household and other kami-sama. Giving offerings to and praying at the hinu-kan are women’s affair.
Introduction:Why Calvin? Why Now?
Authors: Stevenson William R
Published: November 2023

Each set of readers likely to come across this book on John Calvin’s “political” thought will no doubt look at it by the light of distinct but pressing questions. Readers interested in political thinking but unfamiliar with the full range of Calvin’s work will ask whether Calvin really addressed political questions in a deliberate or systematic way such that the body of his answers constitute a novel or at least unusual perspective on politics. Was not Calvin merely a religious figure, concerned only with theological and pastoral issues? At the same time, readers already at home within the field of Calvin studies-and knowing of the close connection for all the Reformation figures between religious and political matters-will accept the topic’s legitimacy but may very well question the need for one more book on Calvin’s thinking, given the storehouse of scholarly findings already available. Have not the fine studies of Calvin’s political ideas by J. W. Allen, John T. McNeill, Sheldon Wolin, Michael Walzer, Harro Hopfl, W. Fred Graham, William J. Bouwsma, and more recently Ralph Hancock, among many others, satisfactorily covered this territory?
Action Under Judgment
Authors: Stevenson William R
Published: November 2023

A fuller vision of Christian freedom’s second part points us beyond Calvin’s doctrine of predestination to his doctrine of God’s sovereignty, from which predestination derives. For to be free for action in the world means simultaneously to be captive to God’s sovereign will. All actions, both of individual human beings and of human societies, remain under God’s omniscient eye and eternal judgment. Believers are never “so free to choose, that God’s will does not rule over their freedom.” Indeed, Calvin emphasizes, “whether you will or not, daily experience compels you to realize that your mind is guided by God’s prompting [a motione Dei... pendere] rather than by your own freedom to choose” (2-4-7, 315). God’s will stands as the sovereign authority for human beings (1.14.1, 161). Although believers are free for action, therefore, they are not free from God’s prompting and God’s judgment regarding their actions. They live ever “under the eyes [sub oculis]” of God (Letter CCCCXII to Melanchthon [6:219]).1 When God declares through Jeremiah that he “fill[s] heaven and earth,” he describes himself as a God who “governs all things,” who “notice[s]” all things, and who “judge[s]” all things. Human beings simply cannot hide from God’s ubiquitous justice and judgment. God discerns human motivation and behavior in “the thickest darkness as well as in the clearest light” (Comm. ]er. 23:24 [J:189]). In sum then, “having liberty is one thing, practicing it quite another” (Comm. Gal. 5:13-14, from Haroutunian, 325).
Time And Revision: Literary Processes At Work In. The Acts Of Peter
Authors: Thomas Christine M
Published: November 2023

Both oral tradition and literary composition played a role in the development of the various texts in the trajectory of the Acts of Peter. Moreover, oral and written sources cannot be dichotomized; they overlap in time. At no point was it suddenly decided that stories about Peter would henceforth cease to be told orally and that further development of the narrative would be committed only to writing. In the strict sense, this oral activity cannot be investigated, for any trace it left beyond the moment of its performance would either be in the memories of the audience, now long dead, or in writing, the substitute for memory.
Toward 1968: The Discourse in Formation
Authors: Rushdy Ashraf H A
Published: November 2023

In the course of the sixties, American historians, social activists, and organic intellectuals contributed to the creation of a new discourse on slavery that shaped, and continues to shape, the options of cultural workers representing American chattel slavery: Three broadly defined topics emerged as particularly significant: violence, property, and identity. These three topics assumed a prominent place in this new discourse on slavery because they so effectively demonstrated the connections between the political climate of the sixties and the long-term effects the institution of slavery had on American social life.
The Possession of Resistance: Ishmael Reed’s Flight to Canada
Authors: Rushdy Ashraf H A
Published: November 2023

When the first of the Neo-slave narratives appeared in 1976, the “sixties” was becoming an object of discourse, criticism, and ambiguous nostalgia, a process that began in the late sixties, gained strength in the early seventies, and flourished in the bicentennial year. There were good reasons both for the rise in nostalgia in the seventies and for the ambiguous character of that nostalgia. For one thing, the seventies was a pallid decade marked by political corruption, social indifference, and economic malaise, whereas the sixties, the early to mid-sixties at least, had been politically idealistic; culturally adventurous, and economically healthy.
Reading 1922
Authors: North Michael
Published: November 2023

This engaging study returns to a truly remarkable year, the year in which both Ulysses and The Waste Land were published, in which The Great Gatsby was set, and during which the Fascisti took over in Italy, the Irish Free State was born, the Harlem Renaissance reached its peak, Charlie Chaplin’s popularity crested, and King Tutankhamen’s tomb was discovered. In short, the year which not only in hindsight became the primal scene of literary modernism but which served as the cradle for a host of major political and aesthetic transformations resonating around the globe. In his previous study, the acclaimed Dialect of Modernism (OUP, 1994), Michael North looked at the racial and linguistic struggles over the English language which gave birth to the many strains of modernism. Here, he expands his vision to encompass the global stage, and tells the story of how books changed the future of the world as we know it in one unforgettable year.