bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improving the Effectiveness of Multiobjective Optimization Design of Urban Drainage Systems
Authors: Lin Ruozhou , Zheng Feifei , Savic Dragan , Zhang Qingzhou , Fang Xiangen
Published: May 2020

Capacity of urban drainage systems (UDSs) can substantially influence flooding properties of urban catchments. This motivates many studies to optimally design UDSs often using multiobjective evolutionary algorithms (MOEAs) as they can explore trade‐offs between conflicting objectives (e.g., cost vs. system reliability). However, MOEA‐based approaches are typically computationally demanding and their solutions are often practically unacceptable as engineering domain knowledge is often not explicitly considered. To address these two issues, this paper proposes an efficient optimization framework for UDS design, where an engineering‐based design method (EBDM) is developed to generate approximate solutions to initialize the MOEA's search, thereby greatly enhancing the optimization efficiency. To improve the solution practicality, two ideas have been implemented in the proposed optimization method (PM): (i) the variability of peak depths across pipes is minimized and (ii) a constraint is introduced to ensure that sizes of pipes in the downstream direction are no smaller than their corresponding upstream diameters. Two real‐world UDSs of different size are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the PM. Results show that (i) the proposed EBDM is effective in producing initial solutions that are very close to the final solutions identified by the optimization methods, (ii) the minimization of the variability of peak depths in pipes is practically meaningful as it can facilitate to identify solutions with great ability in handling future uncertainties (e.g., rainfall variability), and (iii) the PM significantly improves optimization efficiency and solution practicality compared to the traditional optimization approach, with benefits being more prominent for larger UDSs.
This Week: We Thank Our Teachers
Authors:   AGU
Published: May 2020

It’s Teacher Appreciation Week, so we’re thanking the educators who inspired and challenged us. #ThankATeacher!
Attribution of Evapotranspiration Changes in Humid Regions of China from 1982 to 2016
Authors: Zhang Dan , Liu Xiaomang , Zhang Lu , Zhang Qi , Gan Rong , Li Xianghu
Published: May 2020

This study quantifies the influences of climate variation and vegetation greening on the changes in evapotranspiration (ET) over 110 humid catchments of China from 1982 to 2016. A process‐based model considering climate and vegetation changes is employed to estimate ET. The simulated ET compared well with the observed values based on the flux measurements and water balance equation, with the coefficients of determination above 0.62. During the study period, environmental change of the study area was characterized by the increases in air temperature and leaf area index, that is, climate warming and vegetation greening. Annual ET increased at 104 catchments with the trends ranging from 0.01 to 6.2 mm yr−2. The numerical experiment approach and sensitivity method are used to attribute ET changes to climate variation and vegetation greening. The results show that the contributions of climate variation to ET changes estimated by the two methods are 90.6% and 91.3%, respectively, whereas the contributions of vegetation greening to ET changes are only 9.4% and 8.7%, indicating that climate variation controls ET changes in the study area. However, vegetation greening alters the proportions of ET components, which contributes 59.0%–62.0% to the increase in the ratio of transpiration to ET. This study quantifies the roles of climate and vegetation changes in the dynamics of ET, suggesting that more concerns should be paid on the interactions between ecological processes and hydrological cycle in humid regions.
Long‐Term Trends and Solar Responses of the Mesopause Temperatures Observed by SABER During the 2002–2019 Period
Authors: Zhao X. R. , Sheng Z. , Shi H. Q. , Weng L. B. , Liao Q. X.
Published: May 2020

The global distribution and variations of the monthly mesopause temperature are presented during 2002–2019 covering the latitudes of 83°S to 83°N based on Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) observations. To investigate the long‐term trend and solar response of the mesopause temperature, a three‐component harmonic fit is first applied to remove the seasonal variation from the monthly temperature data series. Then a multiple linear regression model is performed to residual temperatures versus constant, linear trend, solar activity, and geomagnetic activity terms. In this study, the mesopause temperature shows a cooling trend through all latitudes ranging from ~0 to −0.14 K/year with a mean of −0.075 ± 0.043 K/year. The cooling trends in the Southern Hemisphere are stronger than those in the Northern Hemisphere. For high latitudes (60–80°), significant negative trends can be observed during nonsummertime, while no significant trends are found for summertime. The mesopause temperature shows apparent positive responses to solar activity through all latitudes ranging from 3.03 to 4.80 K per 100 solar flux units (sfu) with a mean of 3.99 ± 0.49 K per 100 sfu, which is more significant and stable in the Northern Hemisphere. There is a pronounced drop for mesopause height at polar latitudes, which reflects the shrinking effect at lower altitudes mainly caused by greenhouse gas cooling. We show that the length of the time interval analyzed strongly influences the results. Our results, obtained from 18‐year SABER observations, are expected to be a robust measure of the mesopause temperature variability.
Nonlinear interference in crystal superlattices
Authors: Paterova Anna V. , Krivitsky Leonid A.
Published: May 2020

Nonlinear interferometers with correlated photons hold promise to advance optical characterization and metrology techniques by improving their performance and affordability. These interferometers offer subshot noise phase sensitivity and enable measurements in detection-challenging regions using inexpensive and efficient components. The sensitivity of nonlinear interferometers, defined by the ability to measure small shifts of interference fringes, can be significantly enhanced by using multiple nonlinear elements, or crystal superlattices. However, to date, experiments with more than two nonlinear elements have not been realized, thus hindering the potential of nonlinear interferometers. Here, we build a nonlinear interferometer with up to five nonlinear elements, referred to as superlattices, in a highly stable and versatile configuration. We study the modification of the interference pattern for different configurations of the superlattices and perform a proof-of-concept gas sensing experiment with enhanced sensitivity. Our approach offers a viable path towards broader adoption of nonlinear interferometers with correlated photons for imaging, interferometry, and spectroscopy.
Spatially resolved and multiplexed MicroRNA quantification from tissue using nanoliter well arrays
Authors: Nagarajan Maxwell B. , Tentori Augusto M. , Zhang Wen Cai , Slack Frank J. , Doyle Patrick S.
Published: May 2020

Spatially resolved gene expression patterns are emerging as a key component of medical studies, including companion diagnostics, but technologies for quantification and multiplexing are limited. We present a method to perform spatially resolved and multiplexed microRNA (miRNA) measurements from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue. Using nanoliter well arrays to pixelate the tissue section and photopatterned hydrogels to quantify miRNA, we identified differentially expressed miRNAs in tumors from a genetically engineered mouse model for non-small cell lung cancer (K-rasLSL-G12D/+; p53fl/fl). This technology could be used to quantify heterogeneities in tissue samples and lead to informed, biomarker-based diagnostics.
Adjunctive vitamin A and D during pulmonary tuberculosis treatment: a randomized controlled trial with a 2 × 2 factorial design
Authors: Wang Jinyu , Xiong Ke , Wang Qiuzhen , Zhao Shanliang , Liu Yufeng , Ma Aiguo
Published: May 2020

The effects of adjunctive vitamin A and D on the anti-tuberculosis treatment were investigated in this work with a 2 × 2 factorial design.
Mixing and matching genes of marine and terrestrial origin in the biosynthesis of the mupirocin antibiotics
Authors: Wang Luoyi , Song Zhongshu , Race Paul R. , Spencer James , Simpson Thomas J. , Crump Matthew P. , Willis Christine L.
Published: May 2020

Where the sea meets the land: the mupirocin biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) from the terrestrial bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens was repurposed via a plug-and-play approach with heterologous genes from the marine strain that produces thiomarinol.
Rapid and colorimetric detection of nucleic acids based on entropy-driven circuit and DNAzyme-mediated autocatalytic reactions
Authors: Shi Hongli , Dai Jianyuan , Wang Fang , Xia Yushun , Xiao Dan , Zhou Cuisong
Published: May 2020

In this work, a novel, rapid and enzyme-free colorimetric biosensor for the detection of nucleic acids has been developed based on entropy-driven (EDC) circuit and DNAzyme-mediated autocatalytic reactions.
Fabrication of an electrochemical sensor based on metal–organic framework ZIF-8 for quantitation of silver ions: optimizing experimental conditions using central composite design (CCD)
Authors: Hashemi Farzaneh , Zanganeh Ali Reza , Naeimi Farid , Tayebani Maryam
Published: May 2020

ZIF-8 was synthesized and carbon paste electrodes (CPEs) modified with this metal–organic framework were utilized for quantitation of silver(i) by the differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) technique.
Ultrasensitive detection of microRNA using a bismuthene-enabled fluorescence quenching biosensor
Authors: Xue Tianyu , Bongu Sudhakara Reddy , Huang Hao , Liang Weiyuan , Wang Yingwei , Zhang Feng , Liu Zhongyuan , Zhang Yupeng , Zhang Han , Cui Xiaoqiang
Published: May 2020

A novel ultrathin bismuthene-based sensing platform for microRNA (miRNA)-specific detection has been developed.
Synthesis of fully-fused bisboron azomethine complexes and their conjugated polymers with solid-state near-infrared emission
Authors: Ohtani Shunsuke , Nakamura Masashi , Gon Masayuki , Tanaka Kazuo , Chujo Yoshiki
Published: May 2020

We describe herein a robust π-conjugated molecules with solid-state emission in the near-infrared (NIR) region (ΦF = 0.03–0.06).
Enhanced Seebeck coefficients of thermocells by heat-induced deposition of I3−/hydrophobized α-cyclodextrin complexes on electrodes
Authors: Inoue Hirotaka , Liang Yimin , Yamada Teppei , Kimizuka Nobuo
Published: May 2020

Ethylated α-cyclodextrin (Et18-α-CD) is used as a host matrix for I−/I3− thermocells.
Ir–Ho bimetallic complex-mediated low-dose radiotherapy/radiodynamic therapy in vivo
Authors: Wang Chenchen , Zhai Tianli , Liu Jie , Yang Hong , Sun Yun , Zhou Zhiguo , Zhao Qiang , Yang Shiping
Published: May 2020

We report a bimetallic complex [Ir4Ho2(pq)8(H2dcbpy)4(OAc)2] (denoted as Ir4Ho2, pq = 2-phenylquinoline, H2dcppy = 2,2′-bipyridine-3,3′-dicarboxylic acid) and its application for radiotherapy/radiodynamic therapy (RT/RDT).
Study on the characteristics of Ib diamond crystals synthesized with Fe3O4 doped in an Fe–Ni–C system
Authors: Fang Shuai , Ma Hongan , Cai Zheng hao , Wang Chun xiao , Fang Chao , Lu Zhiyun , Wang Yong kui , Chen Liangchao , Jia XiaoPeng
Published: May 2020

Fe3O4 is a common earth mineral, which often exists in the form of inclusions in natural diamond.
Highly-excited state properties of cumulenone chlorides in the vacuum-ultraviolet
Authors: Nguyen Quynh L. D. , Peters William K. , Fortenberry Ryan C.
Published: May 2020

A detailed understanding of VUV-driven photochemistry in complex organic molecules is challenging. This quantum chemical analysis reports the electronic properties and ionization energies up to the VUV range (6–11 eV) of the chlorinated cumulenones.
Correction: Boronic acids as building blocks for the construction of therapeutically useful bioconjugates
Authors: António João P. M. , Russo Roberto , Carvalho Cátia Parente , Cal Pedro M. S. D. , Gois Pedro M. P.
Published: May 2020

Correction for ‘Boronic acids as building blocks for the construction of therapeutically useful bioconjugates’ by João P. M. António et al., Chem. Soc. Rev., 2019, 48, 3513–3536, DOI: 10.1039/C9CS00184K.
Combined lignin defunctionalisation and synthesis gas formation by acceptorless dehydrogenative decarbonylation
Authors: Zhang Zhenlei , Zijlstra Douwe S. , Lahive Ciaran W. , Deuss Peter. J.
Published: May 2020

Iridium catalysed acceptorless dehydrogenative decarbonylation of organosolv lignin is exemplified for the combined lignin defunctionalisation and liberation of synthesis gas.
Benign-by-design N-doped carbonaceous materials obtained from the hydrothermal carbonization of sewage sludge for supercapacitor applications
Authors: Xu Zhi-Xiang , Deng Xiao-Qiang , Zhang Shu , Shen Ya-Fei , Shan Ya-Qi , Zhang Zhan-Ming , Luque Rafael , Duan Pei-Gao , Hu Xun
Published: May 2020

This contribution discloses a new methodology for the preparation of N-doped carbon via the hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of sewage sludge (SS).
Selecting and visualizing the spectral variability relevant for sample classification using principal component analysis
Authors: Robledo José I. , Cuestas Eloisa
Published: May 2020

Reconstructing a measured spectrum by selecting the relevant variability by means of principal component analysis.
Extractive separation of rare earth elements and their determination by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry in geological samples
Authors: Pradhan Susanta Kumar , Ambade Balram
Published: May 2020

A simple, rapid and effective solvent extraction separation of rare earth elements has been developed for their determination in geological samples such as rock, soil and core samples by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry.
Theoretical investigation on the Cu(i)-catalyzed N-carboxamidation of indoles with isocyanates to form indole-1-carboxamides: effects of solvents
Authors: Yuan Binfang , Wan Jingwei , Guo Xiaogang , Gong Yongmi , Zhang Fulan , Li Qing , Wang Guangzhao , Chen Jinyang , He Rongxing
Published: May 2020

The solvents act as the hydrogen-bond acceptor to facilitate intermolecular addition, and then play the proton-shuttle to assist H1+-shift. The stronger electron-donating property of solvent is favorable for the present Cu(i)-catalyzed reactions.
Facile synthesis of ultrathin NiSnO3 nanoparticles for enhanced electrochemical detection of an antibiotic drug in water bodies and biological samples
Authors: Annalakshmi Muthaiah , Sumithra Subbarayan , Chen Shen-Ming , Chen Tse-Wei , Zheng Xuei-Hong
Published: May 2020

The highly sensitive real-time detection of antibiotic drugs (nitrofurantoin; NFT) has drawn significant research attention due to the extensive use of antibiotics, which may cause serious threats to environment as well as living things.
Near-infrared nanosecond-pulsed laser-activated highly efficient intracellular delivery mediated by nano-corrugated mushroom-shaped gold-coated polystyrene nanoparticles
Authors: Santra Tuhin Subhra , Kar Srabani , Chen Te-Chang , Chen Chih-Wei , Borana Jayant , Lee Ming-Chang , Tseng Fan-Gang
Published: May 2020

Here, an efficient intracellular delivery of molecules with high cell viability is reported using plasmonic photoporation mediated by nano-corrugated mushroom-shaped gold-coated polystyrene nanoparticles at near-infrared wavelength.
Highly conductive mechanically robust high Mw polyfluorene anion exchange membrane for alkaline fuel cell and water electrolysis application
Authors: Miyanishi Shoji , Yamaguchi Takeo
Published: May 2020

New, high molecular weight poly-(fluorene-alt-tetrafluorophenylene) anion exchange membranes were synthesized by a Pd-catalyzed C–H activation method.
Targeted isolation of two disesquiterpenoid macrocephadiolides A and B from Ainsliaea macrocephala using a molecular networking-based dereplication strategy
Authors: Ren Yong-Mei , Zhou Shuai-Zhen , Zhang Tian , Qian Meijia , Zhang Rui , Yao Sheng , Zhu Hong , Tang Chunping , Lin Ligen , Ye Yang
Published: May 2020

Two novel dimeric sesquiterpenoids with potent anti-inflammatory activity were characterized from Ainsliaea macrocephala through a molecular networking-based dereplication strategy.
Rhodium(iii)-catalyzed synthesis of 3-trifluoromethylindanones from N-methoxybenzamides via C–H activation and Claisen/retro-Claisen reaction
Authors: Chaudhary Bharatkumar , Kulkarni Neeraj , Sharma Satyasheel
Published: May 2020

An efficient synthesis of 3-trifluoromethylindanones via C–H annulation of N-methoxybenzamides with β-trifluoromethyl-α,β-unsaturated ketones under Rh(iii)-catalysis is described.
A vinylogous Michael reaction of 2-furanone dimers with α,β-unsaturated nitroolefins for constructing chiral γ,γ-disubstituted butenolides
Authors: Bai Zhushuang , Zhang Cairong , Chen Yongyi , Liu Aiqin , Wang Xinyu , Yan Chuna , Liu Xuechao , Zhang Xiaoru , Li Ying , Yuan Ye , Ge Zemei , Pang Jingxiang , Chai Yongshuai , Wang Xin , Li Runtao
Published: May 2020

An asymmetric vinylogous Michael reaction of 2-furanone dimers with α,β-unsaturated nitroolefins utilizing bifunctional thiourea as a catalyst has been developed, which provides an easy access to a wide range of chiral γ,γ-disubstituted butenolides.
A phenol phosphorescent microsensor of mesoporous molecularly imprinted polymers
Authors: Lv Xiaodong , Gao Peng
Published: May 2020

Based on the optical quenching phenomenon, a smart mesoporous phosphorescent microsensor was built.
First-generation shaped gel reactors based on photo-patterned hybrid hydrogels
Authors: Chivers Phillip R. A. , Kelly Jamie A. , Hill Max J. S. , Smith David K.
Published: May 2020

This paper reports the development of first-generation photo-patterned ring-shaped gel reactors that catalyse the hydrolysis ofpara-nitrophenol phosphate using a phosphatase enzyme.
A bimetallic-MOF catalyst for efficient CO2 photoreduction from simulated flue gas to value-added formate
Authors: Guo Shao-Hong , Qi Xiang-Juan , Zhou Hui-Min , Zhou Jie , Wang Xiao-Hui , Dong Man , Zhao Xue , Sun Chun-Yi , Wang Xin-Long , Su Zhong-Min
Published: May 2020

Bimetallic Ni/Mg-MOF-74 was reported as a catalyst for efficient CO2 photoreduction from simulated flue gas to generate value-added formate.
Rational understanding of the catalytic mechanism of molybdenum carbide in polysulfide conversion in lithium–sulfur batteries
Authors: Sun Mingzhu , Wang Zhao , Li Xue , Li Haibo , Jia Hongsheng , Xue Xiangxin , Jin Ming , Li Jiaqi , Xie Yu , Feng Ming
Published: May 2020

The S-passivated Mo2C behaves like a transition metal sulfide with strong binding to LiPSs, a small LiPS conversion energy barrier, and a low Li2S decomposition barrier.
Intervention Effects on Language in Children With Autism: A Project AIM Meta-Analysis
Authors: Sandbank Micheal , Bottema-Beutel Kristen , Crowley Shannon , Cassidy Margaret , Feldman Jacob I. , Canihuante Marcos , Woynaroski Tiffany
Published: May 2020

Purpose

This study synthesized effects of interventions on language outcomes of young children (ages 0–8 years) with autism and evaluated the extent to which summary effects varied by intervention, participant, and outcome characteristics.

Method

A subset of effect sizes gathered for a larger meta-analysis (the Autism Intervention Meta-analysis or Project AIM) examining the effects of interventions for young children with autism, which were specific to language outcomes, was analyzed. Robust variance estimation and metaregression were used to calculate summary and moderated effects while controlling for intercorrelation among outcomes within studies.

Results

A total of 221 outcomes were gathered from 60 studies. The summary effect of intervention on language outcomes was small but significant. Summary effects were larger for expressive and composite language outcomes compared to receptive language outcomes. Interventions implemented by clinicians, or by clinicians and caregivers together, had summary effects that were significantly larger than interventions implemented by caregivers alone. Participants' pretreatment language age equivalent scores positively and significantly moderated intervention effects, such that effects were significantly larger on average when samples of children had higher pretreatment language levels. Effects were not moderated by cumulative intervention intensity, intervention type, autism symptomatology, chronological age, or the proximity or boundedness of outcomes. Study quality concerns were apparent for a majority of included outcomes.

Conclusions

We found evidence that intervention can facilitate improvements in language outcomes for young children with autism. Effects were largest for expressive and composite language outcomes, for children with initially higher language abilities, and for interventions implemented by clinicians or by caregivers and clinicians combined. However, quality concerns of included studies and borderline significance of some results temper our conclusions regarding intervention effectiveness and corresponding moderators.
Photometric properties of lunar regolith revealed by the Yutu-2 rover
Authors: Lin Honglei , Yang Yazhou , Lin Yangting , Liu Yang , Wei Yong , Li Shuai , Hu Sen , Yang Wei , Wan Wenhui , Xu Rui , He Zhiping , Liu Xiaohui , Xing Yan , Yu Chengwu , Zou Yongliao
Published: May 2020

Context.The surface composition of the Moon has mainly determined based on the visible and near-infrared spectra achieved from orbits and/or landing sites, and the spectroscopic analysis is based on photometric properties of the topmost lunar regolith. However, the lack of a ground truth for the photometric parameters of the undisturbed lunar surface has limited accurate applications of spectral observations.

Aims.Here we report the photometric properties of the small-scale (i.e., centimeter level) undisturbed lunar regolith around the Chang’E-4 landing site, determined from a series of photometric experiments conducted by the rover Yutu-2.

Methods.The simplified Hapke model was used to derive the photometric properties. The micro-topographic effect on the spectral measurements was corrected for the first time in thein situphotometric investigations on the Moon, which improves the accuracy of the derived photometric parameters.

Results.The single-scattering albedowand two parameters (b,c) of the Henyey-Greenstein phase function were derived, and they show a wavelength dependence. The regolith at the Chang’E-4 landing site exhibits strong forward scattering according to the retrievedcvalues, and the higher asymmetry parameter indicates that the regolith here is more strongly forward scattering than the Apollo lunar soil samples. The derived photometric parameters can serve as ground truth and can be used in the radiative transfer modeling analysis of the orbital remote-sensing data.
GHRH Antagonists Protect Against Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Breakdown of Brain Microvascular Endothelium Integrity
Authors: Barabutis Nektarios , Akhter Mohammad S. , Uddin Mohammad A. , Kubra Khadeja-Tul , Schally Andrew V.
Published: May 2020

Growth hormone releasing hormone is a hypothalamic neuropeptide, which regulates the release of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland. Growth hormone releasing hormone antagonists are anticancer agents, associated with strong anti-inflammatory activities. In the present study, we investigated the effects of the GHRH antagonist MIA-602 in the integrity of the brain microvascular endothelium in vitro. Our observations suggest that MIA-602 protects against the H2O2-induced breakdown of the brain endothelium and enhances its integrity by inducing P53, deactivating cofilin, and suppressing the RhoA inflammatory pathway. Thus, GHRH antagonists may offer an exciting possibility for the treatment of pathologies related to the blood brain barrier dysfunction, including the Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases.
Serum Vitamin D Level and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies and Randomized Control Trials
Authors: Säidifard Nasim , Tangestani Hadith , Djafarian Kurosh , Shab-Bidar Sakineh
Published: May 2020

It is reported that vitamin D deficiency is associated with carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT). In addition, several randomized clinical trials (RCTs) have studied the influence of vitamin D supplement on CIMT. However, results are inconclusive. This review aimed to systematically explore the potential link of the serum vitamin D level with CIMT pooling together observational studies and RCTs. PubMed and Scopus were searched for studies published until February 13, 2018. The Fisher’s z (SE) correlation coefficient, odds ratio (OR), and mean (SD) of changes in CIMT from baseline were used to perform meta-analysis in observational studies and RCTs, respectively. To pool data, both a fixed-effects model and a random-effects model (in case of heterogeneity) were used. Heterogeneity was assessed using Cochran’s Q and I2 tests. Nineteen observational studies and 3 RCTs met inclusion criteria. The pooled correlation coefficients of 17 observational studies showed [(Fisher’s z=− 0.41, 95% CI: –0.63 to –0.19, p<0.001), I2=96.9%, p < 0.001] a significant inverse association between serum vitamin D and risk of CIMT. Pooling three risk estimates of three studies [(OR = 1.69, 95% CI: 0.74 to 3.86, p=0.209); I2=085.1%, p<0.001)] indicated no significant association between serum vitamin D status and risk of CIMT. Combining data of RCTs showed vitamin D supplementation significantly reduced CIMT [(MD: –0.034, 95% CI: –0.62 to –0.05, p=0.012), I2=16.6%, p = 0.301]. Our findings show that serum vitamin D is inversely associated with CIMT and vitamin D supplementation may reduce CMIT.
The Effect of Extracellular Calcium Metabolism on Aldosterone
Biosynthesis in Physiological and Pathological Status
Authors: Gao Xin , Yamazaki Yuto , Tezuka Yuta , Omata Kei , Ono Yoshikiyo , Morimoto Ryo , Nakamura Yasuhiro , Satoh Fumitoshi , Sasano Hironobu
Published: May 2020

Primary aldosteronism (PA) was reported to frequently harbor not only
cardiovascular diseases but also some metabolic disorders including
secondary calcium metabolic diseases. Recently, the potential association
between aldosterone producing cells and systemic calcium metabolism has been
proposed. For instance, PA is frequently associated with hypercalciuria or
hypocalcemia, which subsequently stimulates parathyroid hormone (PTH)
secretion. This altered calcium metabolism in PA patients could frequently
result in secondary osteoporosis and fracture in some patients. On the other
hand, extracellular calcium itself directly acts on adrenal cortex and has
been also proposed as an independent regulator of aldosterone biosynthesis
in human adrenals. However, it is also true that both PTH and vitamin D
pathways stimulate endocrine functions of adrenal cortical adenomas to
co-secret both aldosterone and cortisol. Therefore, it has become pivotal to
explore the potential crosstalk between aldosterone and systemic calcium
metabolism. We herein reviewed recent advances in these fields.
Synthetic Approaches to Acyl Hydrazides and Their Use as Synthons in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Triandafillidi Ierasia , Kokotos Christoforos G. , Spiliopoulou Nikoleta , Constantinou Constantinos T.
Published: May 2020

Acyl hydrazides constitute very important moieties in organic chemistry and have been employed as starting materials for different transformations to many classes of organic compounds. In this review, at first the approaches towards the synthesis of acyl hydrazides are presented. Furthermore, in the second part, the uses of this skeleton as an important intermediate for the synthesis of useful organic compounds are analyzed.

1 Introduction

2 Approaches towards the Synthesis of Acyl Hydrazides

2.1 Synthesis of Acyl Hydrazides from Aldehydes

2.2 Synthesis of Acyl Hydrazides from Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

3 Acyl Hydrazides as Useful Synthons in Synthetic Organic Transfor mations­

3.1 Acyl Hydrazides as Synthetic Precursors for the Synthesis of Car bonyl Compounds

3.2 Acyl Hydrazides as Synthetic Precursors for the Synthesis of Het erocyclic Rings

4 Conclusion
Non Coronary Interventions In Contemporary Cardiac Practice
Authors: Srivastava Savitri
Published: May 2020

Catheter based techniques, whether palliative or corrective, are now the accepted therapy for many congenital cardiac defects. The spectrum of transcatheter procedures has rapidly increased over the last three decades with improving technical skills of the operator combined with sound anatomic and hemodynamic understanding of the patient's condition and the choice of appropriate equipments. In today's pediatric cardiology practice many congenital defects can be treated with balloons used for dilatation of the stenotic valves or vessels combined with the use of various stents for prevention of recurrence of stenosis, some defects can be closed with various devices or coils. With rapidly growing concepts, innovative hardware improvements, development and expertise of interventionalists and surgeons, the application of catheter interventions and hybrid procedures are becoming standard practice. Some of these are practiced in India. Many of them at present are not being practiced in India due to non availability of hardware and the prohibitive cost.
Vitiligo - An Indian Perspective
Authors: Kanwar A.J.
Published: May 2020

The prevalence of vitiligo in India is high. It affects DLQI. Exact aetiology is not clear. Melanocytorrhagy hypothesis is important. Classification into segmental and non segmental vitiligo is satisfactory from prognosis and treatment point of view. Onset of vitiligo after the age of 30 years is defined as late onset vitiligo: separate subset with strong genetic background and presence of precipitating environmental factors. Mucosal vitiligo is a distinct subset. Koebner type 2 A phenomenon needs redefining.

Oral minipulse and minocycline are effective in progressive unstable vitiligo. Narrowband UVB phototherapy is effective in both children and adults: it has an edge over PUVA. NCECS is the most common surgical technique used in treatment. Suspension in patient's serum gives better results. NCECS is better than SEBG. Camouflaging and depigmentation are required in some cases.
Global Burden of Mental Disorders: Meeting the Challenge
Authors: Chadda Rakesh K.
Published: May 2020

Mental disorders are one of the major contributors to the global burden of disease, constituting about 14% of the burden. Both severe mental disorders (SMDs) as well as the common metal disorders (CMDs) contribute to the global burden of disease and are responsible, and need active intervention on the part of mental health experts and the health planners. Inadequate mental health resources and a large untreated population are important contributors to the burden. Thus the global burden of disease due to mental disorders imposes a major challenge. Possible solutions include enhancing the manpower resources, improving the mental health literacy, integration of mental health in general medical care and active community participation. Under the National Mental Health Programme of India, a number of such activities have been undertaken. The primary care doctors are also an important resource, since they provide care to a vast majority of the patients with CMDs. Strengthening primary care for the mental disorders, raising community awareness, mental health promotion, and control of alcohol and substance abuse could be important strategies in meeting the challenge. There is also need for creating services for enhancing welfare measures for the patients with disability due to mental disorders. Barriers to the mental health care and services also need to be tackled.
Simulation Based Skills Training in Neurosurgery and Contemporary Surgical Practices
Authors: Suri Ashish , Tripathi Manjul , Bettag Martin , Roy Tara Sankar , Lalwani Sanjeev
Published: May 2020

Neurosurgery training is based on a time-bound apprenticeship model, resulting in mentor-dependent, non-uniform, anecdotal, slow skills acquisition, sometimes with morbid consequences. The complexity of neurosurgical procedures and constraints of present education have demands for alternative methods of training. The use of simulation in surgical skills training was pioneered by work in laparoscopy, which began only in the last 25 years. Existing neurosurgery training model should be supplemented with efficient skills training curricula.

The present study illustrates formulation, standardization, validation and evaluation of efficacy of neurosurgery skills training modules using formative and summative assessment. 160 regular residents and short-term trainees were trained over 3096 skills training sessions under formative assessment; 176 'graduate neurosurgeons' were trained with 12 skills training programs under summative assessment. Training involved skills development in micro-neurosurgery, high-speed drilling, neuroendoscopy and spine-instrumentation by practice on structured low and high-fidelity simulation models. The effectiveness of content, course modules, and teaching faculty on skills development were assessed using spot and gap-based evaluation.

Seven basic, 7 intermediate and 14 advanced skills training modules have been developed. Trainees rated 71% of overall training sessions as excellent quality content with 69·8%, 70·1%, and 71% respectively for micro-suturing and high-speed drilling, neuro-endoscopy and spine-instrumentation modules. Faculty with higher ratings was included as program instructors. On gap-based evaluation, >80% of responded trainees reported better orientation with high speed drilling followed by micro-neurosurgery and spine-instrumentation. Neuro-endoscopy training scored low assimilation into clinical practice.We suggest structured modular validated skills training curriculum to supplement the existing neurosurgery training. This would help in improving learning curve outside operation-rooms, at convenience and individualized needs of trainees under supervision, and would thus help in skills translation without endangering patients.
Innovations in Strengthening Medical Education in India
Authors: Chhina Rajoo Singh
Published: May 2020

There is a disconnect between the objectives of medical education in the country and the actual training being imparted. The present system of discipline based MBBS Curriculum has many inherent disadvantages eg. Compartmentalized teaching, poor development of problem solving skills, failure to generate interest in students and acquisition of dissociated knowledge are few of them. The SPICES model of medical education ie. (Student centered, Problem based, Integrated, Community oriented, Elective enabling and Systematic exposure) may be better suited to our country. Assessment system and examination system need a very drastic change based on the needs of the Community and the stakeholders in the healthcare section. Internship programme needs to be totally revamped. The acquisition of practical skills using newer medical education technology like DOPS (Directly Observed Practical Skills), one minute preceptor and other newer methods needs to be incorporated. In our study on “DOPS” interns we found the usefulness of this methodology (FAIMER study - Chhina RS).The use of technology has revolutionized the world eg. in Space technology, Computer Sciences, Social marketing Strategies. There is an urgent need to incorporate the “MOOC” model and the Social media eg. Facebook, Twitter, We chat, Whatsapp for better coverage and more useful teaching modules. In our study, we found “Facebook” teaching to be an important component of improving the teaching methodology and acquisition of knowledge by students (FAIMER study- Sharma Anu & Chhina RS). The “Feedback” technique for improvement in the needs of student knowledge base, their aspirations, what they thought is appropriate in teaching skills and methodology was studied and powerful conclusions have been drawn in our institution. (FAIMER study-Singh Daljit). The postgraduate training seats needs to be modified as the disease burden load in the country requires. A study done by us showed a total disconnect between the need and the available resources in the State of Punjab. The requirements of the Community, Medical students, Healthcare providers and patients need to be advanced in an objectively scientific, need oriented manner in relation to medical education in India.
High cervical myelopathy due to bony craniovertebral junction anomalies (atlantoaxial dislocation) in pediatric population- clinical scoring system
Authors: Kumar Raj
Published: May 2020

Bony craniovertebral junction anomalies are rare anomalies to cause high cervical myelopathy. Atlantoaxial dislocation (congenital) is one of the commonest bony anomaly in children presenting with high cervical compression. It is relatively common in India with an incidence of 5-8 / 1000. When the distance of atlas (anterior arch) is more than 3mm ( 4 mm children) from odontoid process, it is called as Atlantoaxial dislocation (AAD) resulting into bony compression of high cervical cord. The patients may present with quadriparesis, sensory impairment in all limbs along with lower cranial nerve involvement. Because of lower medullary involvement the respiratory compromises are also frequent, posing a threat to life. Complex anatomy of foramen magnum, plethora of clinical conditions and atypical surgical approaches are responsible for poor outcome in these children. A new clinical scoring system for myelopathy was evolved in order to have an objective and precise grading of these cases preoperatively and postoperatively. The need of precise scoring system was felt to have reproducibility and easy applicability in children of craniovertebral junction anomalies in order to fetch even minimal improvement or deterioration following complex surgery. Motor functions, gait, sensory, sphincteric, respiratory function & spasticity were the parameters included in study of scoring system. This study was done in 177 operated cases of AAD (67 patients, below 14 years of age included for statistical analysis). Their detailed clinical & radiological evaluation was done preoperatively & postoperatively. The Kumar & Kalra high cervical myelopathy grading system was thus, introduced in literature. System was easy to use, interpret and was more sensitive to the changes in neurological status. It helped neurosurgeons and neurologists globally to evaluate and prognosticate the cases of Atlantoaxial dislocation.
Cervical Cancer – Bench to Bedside
Authors: Rajkumar T.
Published: May 2020

Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in Indian women and 4th most common cancer in women world-wide. Over nearly two decades, we have carried out epidemiological and molecular studies in cervical cancer, with an intent to identify potential early diagnostic biomarkers, predictive and prognostic markers, develop newer therapies against cervical cancer and identify potential new targets for therapy.

Our studies had identified 14 high risk and 10 low risk human papilloma virus (HPV) in our cervical cancer patients for the first time; had identified life style related cofactors in the development of cervical cancer (paan chewing, parity, early age at first sexual intercourse and first childbirth, husband with two or more sexual partners). We have developed a p16 ELISA kit for cervical cancer screening for use at point of care like PHC's; identified a 7 gene signature which help identify patients who can be treated with radiotherapy alone; identified potential prognostic markers for use in the clinic; developed the country's first Dendritic cell vaccine therapy for cervical cancer and completed the phase 1 study; have identified newer potential therapeutic targets for treatment of cervical cancer.
Clinical Epidemiological Study of Oral Pre-cancer and Cancer in a Tertiary/Referral Hospital
Authors: Jayachandran Sadaksharam
Published: May 2020

Aim: To study the prevalence of oral cancer in patients reported to the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Tamil Nadu Government Dental College and Hospital.

Materials and Methods: After selecting the patients with the clinical criteria the history of the habits, duration in months and frequency per day, duration of the symptoms, oral mucosal site involvement, lymph node involvement, associated with lesions were recorded in a structured proforma. Incisional biopsy under Local anaesthesia and histological examination was performed. The results obtained were analysed statistically.

Results: 200 patients were diagnosed with oral cancer, 49% were male and 51% were females. In that 51(25%) were associated with premalignant lesions, 94 had only one habit, 74 had a combination of habits, 40% were histopathologically moderately differentiated followed by 33% poorly differentiated and 27% well differentiated. And patients with stage III (31%) and IV (43%) were reported predominantly than stage I (12%) and II (14%).

Conclusion: Early diagnosis and intervention prevent the progression of oral cancer.
Short Answer Open-Ended versus Multiple-Choice Questions: A Comparison of Objectivity
Authors: Mehta Bharati , Bhandari Bharti , Sharma Parul , Kaur Rimplejeet
Published: May 2020

Objectives:

We designed our study with the hypothesis that open ended Short Answer type Questions (SAQs), no matter how carefully framed, cannot be as objective as Multiple Choice type Questions (MCQs).

Methods:

The study was conducted on 1st year MBBS students (n=99) studying at AIIMS, Jodhpur. A written test on 'Blood & Immunity' was conducted containing same questions in two formats; twelve MCQs (type E) in section A and 12 SAQs in section B. Maximum marks for all questions in both sections were equal. All the answers of section B were evaluated separately by two different examiners to reduce the subjectivity and a model answer sheet for both the sections was prepared and provided to both the examiners.

Results:

The difference in the scores in Section B SAQs that were evaluated by two different examiners was not statistically significant. Mean of the marks awarded by the two examiners was taken as the final score of each student in section B. The difference in the scores by the students in the two sections was also non-significant (p=0.14). A significant correlation (r=0.99, p<0.0001) was found in SAQ and MCQ scores. Bland- Altman analysis also showed no proportion of bias and the two methods of scoring were in agreement with each other.

Conclusion:

The results suggest that meticulously-framed open-ended short answer type questions can be as objective as multiple choice type questions.
Custom Mega Prosthesis in Metachronous Osteosarcoma
Authors: Natarajan MV , Mohamed Sameer M , Upadhyay Upasana , Kumar MD
Published: May 2020

Background:

The objective of the current study was to determine the incidence, clinical and pathologic characteristics, and outcome of patients with conventional osteosarcoma who developed metachronous tumours and treated by limb salvage surgery with Custom Mega Prosthesis.

Methods:

Among 1198 osteosarcoma patients who were treated with limb salvage surgery and implantation of custom mega prosthesis, 6 patients were found to have metachronous lesions. The absence of pulmonary metastases was confirmed by chest radiographs and computed tomography while radionuclide bone scan and biopsy were used to confirm the absence of skeletal metastases. The patients were treated by limb salvage surgery with custom mega prosthesis for the metachronous tumour and functional outcome was evaluated by MSTS scores.

Results:

Index primary tumours involved the femur (n=3) and the tibia (n=3) and were treated with limb salvage surgery using endoprosthetic reconstruction. Single metachronous tumours developed in the all of these patients with the interval between identification of the primary tumour to development of the metachronous tumours varying from 18 months to 41 months. All metachronous tumours were treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy and limb salvage surgery. We obtained excellent functional outcome for primary tumours and good functional outcome for metachronous tumours. Two patients succumbed to disease due to pulmonary and cerebral metastasis during follow-up.

Conclusions:

With advances in survival rate in the multidrug chemotherapy era in the post tumoursresection period, advanced diagnostic modalities help in diagnosing metachronous osteosarcoma. It should be recognized as important sequelae in long-term survivors. Meticulous follow-up is required to permit early detection and successful therapeutic intervention. Limb salvage surgery has provided consistent good results in metachronous osteosarcoma patients.
Burden of Cardiometabolic Disorders among Subjects Undergoing Preventive Health Check-up: A Follow-up Study
Authors: Pande Jitendra Nath , Kaur Manpreet , Sachdev Harshpal Singh
Published: May 2020

Objective:

To study the incidence of hypertension (HTN), diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease (CAD) in a cohort of adult subjects.

Methods:

A total 2159 participants (mean age: 48.6±11.6 years; 1342 males and 817 females) who attended the hospital for a comprehensive health check up were recruited and followed-up as a cohort for a mean period of 3.5 years. Their baseline and follow-up evaluation included clinical examination, biochemical investigations and cardiac check-up.

Results:

At baseline, 64% participants were overweight or obese, 44.3% had HTN (grade I or above), 16.7% had diabetes mellitus with additional 29.3% having impaired fasting glucose or glucose intolerance, and 46.6% had metabolic syndrome. The prevalence of CAD at baseline was 6% in males and 3% in females. The incidence (per 1000 person-years of follow-up) of HTN, diabetes mellitus and CAD was 72.2, 26.3 and 12.2, respectively.

Conclusion:

The burden of cardiometabolic disorders and their risk factors is high in India. Urgent remedial public health preventive measures are required to curtail the emerging epidemic of cardiometabolic disorders.
Role of Uroflowmetry in Children with Ano-Rectal Malformation in Anticipating Upper Urinary Tract Damage
Authors: Saxena Rahul , Sinha Arvind , Pathak Manish , Jadhav Avinash S , Bansal Ankur
Published: May 2020

Background:

The lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD) has high incidence in children with anorectal malformation (ARM) which if left untreated leads to upper tract damage.

Aim:

To determine role of uroflowmetry in early diagnosis of LUTD in children with ARM.

Methods:

This prospective study included twenty consecutive patients of ARM and every patient underwent uroflowmetry at-least 6 weeks after definitive procedure.

Results:

The mean age of patients was 3.015±0.86 years. Of the twenty patients, there were 12 (60%) males and 8 (40%) females; 11 (55%) were high ARM, 4 (20%) were intermediate and 5(25%) were low ARM. Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) was present in 8/20 (40%) patients but uroflowmetric abnormalities were present in 11/20 (55%) patients. Forty five percent (5/11) patients with abnormal uroflowmetry were asymptomatic and 25% (2/8) symptomatic patients had normal uroflowmetry. The incidence of uroflowmetric abnormalities was significantly higher in patients with spinal anomalies (p=0.03; χ2=4.1) and those with high ARM (p=0.004; χ2=8.1).

Conclusion:

Uroflowmetry is a noninvasive method that may help in early detection of neurovesical dysfunction in asymptomatic children and subsequent cystometric analysis in patients with uroflowmetric abnormalities can be done for early definitive diagnosis and prevention of upper urinary tract damage.