bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploring Simulated Residential Spending Dynamics in Relation to Income Equality with the Entropy Trace of the Schelling Model
Authors: Panagiotakopoulos Theordoros , Domenikos George-Rafael , Mantzaris Alexander V.
Published: September 2022

The Schelling model of segregation has provided researchers with a simple model to explore residential dynamics and their implications upon the spatial distribution of resident identities. Due to the simplicity of the model, many modifications and extensions have been produced to capture different aspects of the decision process taken when residents change locations. Research has also involved examining different metrics for track segregation along the trace of the simulation states. Recent work has investigated monitoring the simulation by estimating the entropy of the states along the simulation, which offers a macroscopic perspective. Drawing inspiration from empirical studies which indicate that financial status can affect segregation, a dual dynamic for movements based on identity and financial capital has been produced so that the expenditure of a monetary value occurs during residential movements. Previous work has only considered a single approach for this dynamic and the results for different approaches are explored. The results show that the definition of the expenditure dynamic has a large effect on the entropy traces and financial homogeneity. The design choice provides insight for how the housing market can drive inequality or equality.
Dynamics of RK Iteration and Basic Family of Iterations for Polynomiography
Authors: Jolaoso Lateef Olakunle , Khan Safeer Hussain , Aremu Kazeem Olalekan
Published: September 2022

In this paper, we propose some modifications of the basic family of iterations with a new four-step iteration called RK iteration and its s-convexity. We present some graphical examples showing the dynamics of the new iteration in the colouring and shapes of the obtained polynomiographs compared to the ones from the basic family only. Moreover, the computational results reveal that the value of s in the s-convex combination of the RK iteration has a significant impact on the time taken by the iteration process for approximating the roots of the polynomials. The obtained results are interesting from an artistic and computational point of view.
Direct Purification of Digestate Using Polymeric Ultrafiltration Membranes: Influence of Materials on Filtration Behavior and Fouling Characteristics
Authors: Yue Caide , Chen Yongxing , Zhang Wanqin , Zheng Yunhao , Hu Xuzhao , Shang Bin
Published: September 2022

In-depth exploration of filtration behavior and fouling characteristics of polymeric ultrafiltration (UF) membranes can provide guidance for the selection of materials and the control of membrane fouling during the purification of digestate. In this study, four types of polymeric membranes, (polyethersulfone (PES), polysulfone (PS), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), and polyacrylonitrile (PAN)), were employed to filter digestate from swine manure. The results showed that the viscosity of the digestate dropped from 45.0 ± 11.3 mPa·s to 18.0 ± 9.8 mPa·s, with an increase in temperature from 30.0 °C to 45.0 °C. The four membrane fluxes all increased by more than 30%, with the cross flow velocity increasing from 1.0 m s−1 to 2.0 m s−1. During the batch experiments, the flux maintenance abilities of the membranes were in the order: PAN > PS > PVDF > PES. There were no significant differences in the effects of membrane materials on the removal of COD, TN, and TP (p < 0.05). For UV254 removal efficiency, PS showed the highest efficiency (68.6%), while PVDF showed the lowest efficiency (63.4%). The major fouling type was irreversible hydraulic fouling, and the main elements of scaling were C, O, S, and Ca. Pseudomonadales were the dominant bacteria in the PS (26.2%) and in the PVDF (51.4%) fouling layers, while Bacteroidales were the dominant bacteria in the PES (26.8%) and in the PAN (14.7%) fouling layers. The flux recovery rates (FRRs) of the cleaning methods can be arranged as follows: NaClO > NaOH > Citric acid ≈ Tap water. After NaClO cleaning, the PVDF membrance showed the highest FRR (73.1%), and the PAN membrane showed the lowest FRR (30.1%).
Comparison of Artificial Intelligence Control Strategies for a Peristaltically Pumped Low-Pressure Driven Membrane Process
Authors: Díez José-Luis , Masip-Moret Vicente , Santafé-Moros Asunción , Gozálvez-Zafrilla José M.
Published: September 2022

Peristaltic pumping is used in membrane applications where high and sterile sealing is required. However, control is difficult due to the pulsating pump characteristics and the time-varying properties of the system. In this work, three artificial intelligence control strategies (artificial neural networks (ANN), fuzzy logic expert systems, and fuzzy-integrated local models) were used to regulate transmembrane pressure and crossflow velocity in a microfiltration system under high fouling conditions. A pilot plant was used to obtain the necessary data to identify the AI models and to test the controllers. Humic acid was employed as a foulant, and cleaning-in-place with NaOH was used to restore the membrane state. Several starting operating points were studied and setpoint changes were performed to study the plant dynamics under different control strategies. The results showed that the control approaches were able to control the membrane system, but significant differences in the dynamics were observed. The ANN control was able to achieve the specifications but showed poor dynamics. Expert control was fast but showed problems in different working areas. Local models required less data than ANN, achieving high accuracy and robustness. Therefore, the technique to be used will depend on the available information and the application dynamics requirements.
Influence of Nb Addition on α″ and ω Phase Stability and on Mechanical Properties in the Ti-12Mo-xNb Stoichiometric System
Authors: Borborema Sinara , de Holanda Ferrer Vitor , Rocha Adriana da Cunha , Cossú Caio Marcello Felbinger Azevedo , Nunes Aline Raquel Vieira , Nunes Carlos Angelo , Malet Loic , de Almeida Luiz Henrique
Published: September 2022

Metastable β-Ti alloys have become one of the most attractive implant materials due to their high biocorrosion resistance, biocompatibility, and mechanical properties, including lower Young’s modulus values. Mechanical properties of these alloys are strongly dependent on the final microstructure, which is controlled by thermomechanical treatment processing, in particular the Young’s modulus and hardness. The aim of this work was to analyze the influence of phase precipitations in heat-treated Ti-12Mo-xNb (x = 0, 3, 8, 13, 17, and 20) alloys. The alloys were prepared via arc melting and treated at 950 °C/1 h, and then quenched in water. The microstructures were analyzed by optical microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Mechanical properties were based on Vickers microhardness tests and Young’s modulus measurements. Microstructural characterization showed that α″ and ω stability is a function of Nb content for the Ti–12Mo base alloy. Nb addition resulted in the suppression of the α″ phase and decrease in the ω phase volume fraction. Although the ω phase decreased with higher Nb contents, ω particles with ellipsoidal morphology were still observed in the Ti–12Mo–20Nb alloy. The α″ phase suppression by Nb addition caused a marked increase in the Young’s modulus, which decreased back to lower values with higher Nb concentrations. On other hand, the decrease in the ω phase continuously reduced alloy hardness. The study of the effect of chemical composition in controlling the volume fraction of these phases is an important step for the development of β-Ti alloys with functional properties.
Effect of the Pre-Shot Peening and Nitrogen Ion Implantation Combined Surface Treatments on the Surface Structure and Properties of Gear Steel 16Cr3NiWMoVNbE
Authors: Xu Chunling , Wang Xin , Zhang Bin , Luo Xuekun , Tang Zhihui , Dai Shenglong
Published: September 2022

Transmission engineering components need to fulfill requirements for adequate wear resistance and fatigue resistance, which are related to their surface properties. In this paper, we combined shot peening and nitrogen ion implantation to improve the surface properties of 16Cr3NiWMoVNbE gear steel. The average surface roughness decreased slightly after the ion implantation because of the high-speed impact of implanted ions having the surface etching role. The maximum compressive residual stress of the near-surface layer after the surface treatment increased by more than 11.8–15.9% compared with shot peening. The nitrogen ions diffused through the peening deformation channel, and the deformation degree and the implantation temperature were positively correlated with the diffusion process. The surface nano-hardness obtained by ion implantation after shot peening was increased by 124.4% compared to the AR state.
Deformation Rate and Temperature Sensitivity in TWIP/TRIP VCrFeCoNi Multi-Principal Element Alloy
Authors: El Batal Omar , Abuzaid Wael , Egilmez Mehmet , Alkhader Maen , Patriarca Luca , Casati Riccardo
Published: September 2022

High-entropy alloys (HEAs) and medium-entropy alloys (MEAs), also sometimes referred to as multi-principal element alloys (MPEAs), present opportunities to develop new materials with outstanding mechanical properties. Through the careful selection of constituent elements along with optimized thermal processing for proper control of structure, grain size, and deformation mechanisms, many of the newly developed HEA systems exhibit superior strength and ductility levels across a wide range of temperatures, particularly at cryogenic deformation temperatures. Such a remarkable response has been attributed to the hardening capacity of many MPEAs that is achieved through the activation of deformation twinning. More recent compositions have considered phase transforming systems, which have the potential for enhanced strengthening and therefore high strength and ductility levels. However, the strain rate sensitivity of such transforming MPEAs is not well understood and requires further investigation. In this study, the tensile properties of the non-equiatomic V10Cr10Fe45Co30Ni5 MPEA were investigated at different deformation rates and temperatures ranging from 77 K (−196 °C) to 573 K (300 °C). Depending on the deformation temperature, the considered MPEA exhibits plasticity through either crystallographic slip, deformation twinning, or solid-state phase transformation. At 300 °C, only slip-mediated plasticity was observed for all the considered deformation rates. Deformation twinning was detected in samples deformed at room temperature, while face-centered cubic to body-centered cubic phase transformation became more favorable at cryogenic deformation temperatures. The trends are nonlinear with twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) favored at the intermediate deformation rate, while transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) was observed, although limited, only at the slowest deformation rate. For all the considered deformation rates at cryogenic deformation temperature, a significant TRIP activity was always detected. The extent of TRIP, however, was dependent on the deformation rate. Increasing the deformation rate is not conducive to TRIP and thus hinders the hardening capacity.
Digital Reconstruction of Engineered Austenite: Revisiting Effects of Grain Size and Ausforming on Variant Selection of Martensite
Authors: Huang Cheng-Yao , Lu Shao-Lun , Yen Hung-Wei
Published: September 2022

In this work, the variant selection of martensite in a stainless maraging steel was investigated by electron backscattering diffraction and a new protocol of parent phase reconstruction. The reconstruction protocol enables digital austenite reversion into prior austenite microstructure and provides information of variant selection from a large number of austenite grains. It was found that strong variant selection occurred when the prior austenite grains were significantly refined in annealing or severely deformed by ausforming. When the prior austenite grain size was finer than 20 μm, it was found that a pair of twinned variants dominated in one packet, which dominates the prior austenite grain. This finding is explained by the inefficient space left by the early transformed martensite in the dominant packet. In contrast, variants with the same Bain orientation occupied most of the space of the austenite when the strain of the austenite exceeded 50%. The accumulated microbands on the 1 1 1 plane acted as nucleation sites of specific variants of martensite. This work provides statistical results to revisit the variant selection of martensitic transformation with the assistance of computational crystallography.
Super-Resolution Reconstruction of Cytoskeleton Image Based on A-Net Deep Learning Network
Authors: Chen Qian , Bai Haoxin , Che Bingchen , Zhao Tianyun , Zhang Ce , Wang Kaige , Bai Jintao , Zhao Wei
Published: September 2022

To date, live-cell imaging at the nanometer scale remains challenging. Even though super-resolution microscopy methods have enabled visualization of sub-cellular structures below the optical resolution limit, the spatial resolution is still far from enough for the structural reconstruction of biomolecules in vivo (i.e., ~24 nm thickness of microtubule fiber). In this study, a deep learning network named A-net was developed and shows that the resolution of cytoskeleton images captured by a confocal microscope can be significantly improved by combining the A-net deep learning network with the DWDC algorithm based on a degradation model. Utilizing the DWDC algorithm to construct new datasets and taking advantage of A-net neural network’s features (i.e., considerably fewer layers and relatively small dataset), the noise and flocculent structures which originally interfere with the cellular structure in the raw image are significantly removed, with the spatial resolution improved by a factor of 10. The investigation shows a universal approach for exacting structural details of biomolecules, cells and organs from low-resolution images.
Static Torque Analysis of Micro Claw-Pole Stepper Motor Based on Field-Circuit Combination
Authors: Xin Yuanxu , Sun Yan , Wang Xudong , Xi Xiaofei , Su Yabin , Yang Yong
Published: September 2022

Because of the complexity of the structure and magnetic circuit of the micro claw-pole stepper motor, it is difficult to analyze this kind of motor quickly and accurately. Therefore, it takes a lot of time to accurately model and use the three-dimensional finite element analysis method to accurately analyze the motor. Regarding the three-dimensional finite element method, the equivalent magnetic circuit method analysis is fast, but the accuracy is not high. In order to better study the performance of this kind of micro claw-pole motor and reduce the cost of optimization time, this paper adopts the method of combining the equivalent magnetic circuit method and three-dimensional finite element analysis to analyze the static torque characteristics of the micro permanent magnet claw-pole stepper motor. Firstly, the equivalent magnetic circuit method is used for theoretical analysis, the air-gap flux equation is deduced, and the relationship between the electromagnetic torque and the geometric parameters of the motor is deduced. Then, the three-dimensional finite element simulation results are substituted into the relevant formulas defined by the equivalent magnetic circuit method to obtain a more accurate electromagnetic torque. Finally, through the comparison and analysis of the experimental data, simulation data, and theoretical calculation values, the error rate of the derived motor torque is within 8.5%. The micromotor studied in this paper is optimized, and the holding torque is increased by 12.5% under the premise that the braking torque does not change much. The simulation calculation time is effectively shortened, the analysis difficulty is reduced, and the calculation accuracy is high. It is shown that the method combining the equivalent magnetic circuit method and the three-dimensional finite element analysis method is suitable for preliminary design research and optimization calculation of the micro claw-pole stepper motor.
Metalliferous Coals of Cretaceous Age: A Review
Authors: Dai Shifeng , Arbuzov Sergey , Chekryzhov Igor , French David , Feole Ian , Folkedahl Bruce , Graham Ian , Hower James , Nechaev Victor , Wagner Nicola , Finkelman Robert
Published: September 2022

Critical elements in coal and coal-bearing sequences (e.g., Li, Sc, V, Ga, Ge, Se, Y and rare earth elements, Zr, Nb, Au, Ag, platinum group elements, Re, and U) have attracted great attention because their concentrations in some cases may be comparable to those of conventional ore deposits. The enrichment of critical elements in coals, particularly those of Carboniferous-Permian and Cenozoic ages, have generally been attributed to within-plate (plume-related) volcanism and associated hydrothermal activity. However, Cretaceous coals are not commonly rich in critical elements, with the exception of some (e.g., Ge and U) in localised areas. This paper globally reviewed metalliferous coals from Siberia, the Russian Far East, Mongolia, South America, the United States and Mexico, Canada (Alberta and British Columbia), China, Africa, and Australasia (Victoria, Queensland, New South Wales, South Australia, Northern Territory, New Zealand, Nelson, West Coast, Canterbury, Otago, and Southland). The world-class Ge-U or Ge deposits in North China, Mongolia, and Siberia are the only commercially significant representatives of the Cretaceous metalliferous coals, which are related to bio-chemical reduction of oxidized meteoric, hydrothermal, or sea waters by organic matter of the peat bogs. The common Cretaceous coals worldwide are generally not rich in critical elements because intensive igneous activity led to extensive acidification of terrestrial and marine waters, which are responsible for the low coal metallogenesis during the Cretaceous period, especially the Early Cretaceous time.
On the Cobalt Content Upgrade in Nickeliferous Laterites Using Iron (III) Sulfate: A Study Based on Thermodynamics Simulations
Authors: Souza Rodrigo F. M. , Tavares Mariana A. A. , Cruz Luiz E. C. , Oliveira Víctor A. A. , Santos Iranildes D. , Moura Francisco J. , Brocchi Eduardo A.
Published: September 2022

Nickel (Ni) and cobalt (Co) are relevant technological metals for the future of the lithium-ion battery (LIB) industry. Based on the current and projected demand for these, an increased interest in developing processing routes to exploit lateritic occurrences has been observed, as these are reported as critical raw materials for future mineral–metallurgical industry. However, the content of Ni and Co in such ores is minimal and requires impracticable mineral-processing operations for concentration before metal extraction. It was identified that information regarding the sulfation roasting of this material is scarce on what concerns the iron sulfates interaction as a function of the temperature. Based on that context, the present work has its purposes associated with the proposition of an alternative chemical pretreatment to upgrade the content of metals of technological interest in lateritic ores through a simple roast–leach process. Thus, the chemical interactions between the mineral sample and iron (III) sulfate (Fe2(SO4)3) through thermodynamic simulations and experimental procedures were explored. The latter included specific water leaching practices for the selective concentration of metals. The equilibrium calculations indicate that Fe2(SO4)3 and FeSO4 tend to decompose at lower temperatures, and considering the higher stability of other metal sulfates, it could be an interesting reagent in this type of process. Regarding the experimental results, the characterization of materials indicates a recovery of Co as high as 73.4 wt.% after sulfation roasting at 500 °C followed by water leaching, with the full content of Iron (Fe) being reported in the insoluble phase. Based on these findings, the present development could be an interesting alternative to consider within operations for the chemical upgrade of cobalt in such types of mineralogical occurrences.
Extraction of Bioactive Compounds for Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Antidiabetic Applications
Authors: Aldughaylibi Fatimah Saeed , Raza Muhammad Asam , Naeem Sumaira , Rafi Humera , Alam Mir Waqas , Souayeh Basma , Farhan Mohd , Aamir Muhammad , Zaidi Noushi , Mir Tanveer Ahmad
Published: September 2022

This study was designed to check the potential of secondary metabolites of the selected plants; Citrullus colocynthis, Solanum nigrum, Solanum surattense, Calotropis procera, Agave americana, and Anagallis arvensis for antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, and antidiabetic agents. Plant material was soaked in ethanol/methanol to get the crude extract, which was further partitioned via solvent extraction technique. GCMS and FTIR analytical techniques were applied to check the compounds responsible for causing antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antidiabetic activities. It was concluded that about 80% of studied extracts/fractions were active against α-amylase, ranging from 43 to 96%. The highest activity (96.63%) was exhibited by butanol fractions of A. arvensis while the least response (43.65%) was shown by the aqueous fraction of C. colocynthis and the methanol fraction of fruit of S. surattense. The highest antioxidant activity was shown by the ethyl acetate fraction of Anagallis arvensis (78.1%), while aqueous as well as n-hexane fractions are the least active throughout the assay. Results showed that all tested plants can be an excellent source of natural products with potential antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antidiabetic potential. The biological response of these species is depicted as a good therapeutic agent, and, in the future, it can be encapsulated for drug discovery.
Cold Atmospheric Plasma Activates Selective Photothermal Therapy of Cancer
Authors: Qin Jiamin , Zhang Jingqi , Fan Guojuan , Wang Xiaoxia , Zhang Yuzhong , Wang Ling , Zhang Yapei , Guo Qingfa , Zhou Jin , Zhang Weifen , Ma Jinlong
Published: September 2022

Due to the body’s systemic distribution of photothermal agents (PTAs), and to the imprecise exposure of lasers, photothermal therapy (PTT) is challenging to use in treating tumor sites selectively. Striving for PTT with high selectivity and precise treatment is nevertheless important, in order to raise the survival rate of cancer patients and lower the likelihood of adverse effects on other body sections. Here, we studied cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) as a supplementary procedure to enhance selectivity of PTT for cancer, using the classical photothermic agent’s gold nanostars (AuNSs). In in vitro experiments, CAP decreases the effective power of PTT: the combination of PTT with CAP at lower power has similar cytotoxicity to that using higher power irradiation alone. In in vivo experiments, combination therapy can achieve rapid tumor suppression in the early stages of treatment and reduce side effects to surrounding normal tissues, compared to applying PTT alone. This research provides a strategy for the use of selective PTT for cancer, and promotes the clinical transformation of CAP.
Isolation and Identification of an α-Galactosidase-Producing Lactosphaera pasteurii Strain and Its Enzymatic Expression Analysis
Authors: Zhao Yan , Zhou Jinghui , Dai Shan , Liu Xiaozhu , Zhang Xuewen
Published: September 2022

α-Galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.22) refers to a group of enzymes that hydrolyze oligosaccharides containing α-galactoside-banded glycosides, such as stachyose, raffinose, and verbascose. These enzymes also possess great potential for application in sugar production, and in the feed and pharmaceutical industries. In this study, a strain of Lactosphaera pasteurii (WHPC005) that produces α-galactosidase was identified from the soil of Western Hunan, China. It was determined that the optimal temperature and pH for this α-galactosidase were 45 °C and 5.5, respectively. The activity of α-galactosidase was inhibited by K+, Al3+, Fe3+, fructose, sucrose, lactose, galactose, SDS, EDTA, NaCl, and (NH4)2SO4, and enhanced by Ca2+, Fe2+, Mn2, Zn2+, glucose, and raffinose. The optimal inducer was raffinose, and the optimal induction concentration was 30 μmol/L. The α-galactosidase gene was cloned using random fragment cloning methods. Sequence analysis demonstrated that the open reading frame of the α-galactosidase gene was 1230 bp, which encodes a putative protein of 409 amino acids in length. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the isoelectric point and molecular weight of this α-galactosidase were 4.84 and 47.40 kD, respectively. Random coils, alpha helixes, and beta turns were observed in its secondary structure, and conserved regions were found in the tertiary structure of this α-galactosidase. Therefore, this α-galactosidase-producing bacterial strain has the potential for application in the feed industry.
Micro-RNAs in Human Placenta: Tiny Molecules, Immense Power
Authors: Jin Meiyuan , Xu Qiang , Li Jiayong , Xu Shouying , Tang Chao
Published: September 2022

Micro-RNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding single-stranded RNAs that modulate the expression of various target genes after transcription. The expression and distribution of kinds of miRNAs have been characterized in human placenta during different gestational stages. The identified miRNAs are recognized as key mediators in the regulation of placental development and in the maintenance of human pregnancy. Aberrant expression of miRNAs is associated with compromised pregnancies in humans, and dysregulation of those miRNAs contributes to the occurrence and development of related diseases during pregnancy, such as pre-eclampsia (PE), fetal growth restriction (FGR), gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), recurrent miscarriage, preterm birth (PTB) and small-for-gestational-age (SGA). Thus, having a better understanding of the expression and functions of miRNAs in human placenta during pregnancy and thereby developing novel drugs targeting the miRNAs could be a potentially promising method in the prevention and treatment of relevant diseases in future. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of the expression pattern and function regulation of miRNAs in human placental development and related diseases.
Conservation of Three-Dimensional Structure of Lepidoptera and Trichoptera L-Fibroins for 290 Million Years
Authors: Stewart Russell J. , Frandsen Paul B. , Pauls Steffen U. , Heckenhauer Jacqueline
Published: September 2022

The divergence of sister orders Trichoptera (caddisflies) and Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) from a silk-spinning ancestor occurred around 290 million years ago. Trichoptera larvae are mainly aquatic, and Lepidoptera larvae are almost entirely terrestrial—distinct habitats that required molecular adaptation of their silk for deployment in water and air, respectively. The major protein components of their silks are heavy chain and light chain fibroins. In an effort to identify molecular changes in L-fibroins that may have contributed to the divergent use of silk in water and air, we used the ColabFold implementation of AlphaFold2 to predict three-dimensional structures of L-fibroins from both orders. A comparison of the structures revealed that despite the ancient divergence, profoundly different habitats, and low sequence conservation, a novel 10-helix core structure was strongly conserved in L-fibroins from both orders. Previously known intra- and intermolecular disulfide linkages were accurately predicted. Structural variations outside of the core may represent molecular changes that contributed to the evolution of insect silks adapted to water or air. The distributions of electrostatic potential, for example, were not conserved and present distinct order-specific surfaces for potential interactions with or modulation by external factors. Additionally, the interactions of L-fibroins with the H-fibroin C-termini are different for these orders; lepidopteran L-fibroins have N-terminal insertions that are not present in trichopteran L-fibroins, which form an unstructured ribbon in isolation but become part of an intermolecular β-sheet when folded with their corresponding H-fibroin C-termini. The results are an example of protein structure prediction from deep sequence data of understudied proteins made possible by AlphaFold2.
An Updated Review on Prebiotics: Insights on Potentials of Food Seeds Waste as Source of Potential Prebiotics
Authors: Bamigbade Gafar Babatunde , Subhash Athira Jayasree , Kamal-Eldin Afaf , Nyström Laura , Ayyash Mutamed
Published: September 2022

Prebiotics are a group of biological nutrients that are capable of being degraded by microflora in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), primarily Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria. When prebiotics are ingested, either as a food additive or as a supplement, the colonic microflora degrade them, producing short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), which are simultaneously released in the colon and absorbed into the blood circulatory system. The two major groups of prebiotics that have been extensively studied in relation to human health are fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) and galactooligosaccharides (GOS). The candidature of a compound to be regarded as a prebiotic is a function of how much of dietary fiber it contains. The seeds of fruits such as date palms have been reported to contain dietary fiber. An increasing awareness of the consumption of fruits and seeds as part of the daily diet, as well as poor storage systems for seeds, have generated an enormous amount of seed waste, which is traditionally discarded in landfills or incinerated. This cultural practice is hazardous to the environment because seed waste is rich in organic compounds that can produce hazardous gases. Therefore, this review discusses the potential use of seed wastes in prebiotic production, consequently reducing the environmental hazards posed by these wastes.
Discovery of Novel Potential Aphid Repellents: Geranic Acid Esters Containing Substituted Aromatic Rings
Authors: Pan Shixiang , Li Wenhao , Qin Yaoguo , Yang Zhaokai , Liu Yan , Shi Zhuo , Qu Cheng , Luo Chen , Yang Xinling
Published: September 2022

Aphids are one of the most damaging agricultural pests. For the sake of novel eco-friendly compounds with good activity for aphid control, a series of novel geranic acid esters containing substituted aromatic rings were designed by inverting ester groups of lead compounds. All compounds were characterized by HRMS, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR. In order to identify the effect of inversion ester groups on activity, a bioassay was conducted. The results showed that the repellent activity against Acyrthosiphon pisum (A. pisum) and the binding affinity with the odorant-binding protein 9 from A. pisum (ApisOBP9) of the compounds were increased after inversion of the ester groups. Particularly, 5f showed the best repellent activity (repellency proportion: 55.6%) and binding affinity (1/Ki: 0.49 µM). Meanwhile, the structure–activity relationships revealed that the introduction of meta-substitution of the benzene ring and halogen atoms, such as Cl and Br, facilitated the biological activity. The further molecular docking results demonstrated that hydrogen bonding interactions and hydrophobic interactions were vital for the binding affinity with ApisOBP9. Additionally, all compounds were predicted to be eco-friendly and their volatile physicochemical properties have been enhanced compared to the leads. The present results provide valuable clues for the further rational design of aphids’ behavioral control agents.
Antioxidant, Anti-Bacterial, and Congo Red Dye Degradation Activity of AgxO-Decorated Mustard Oil-Derived rGO Nanocomposites
Authors: Lekshmi G. S. , Ramasamy Tamilselvi , Bazaka Olha , Levchenko Igor , Bazaka Kateryna , Govindan Raji , Mandhakini Mohandas
Published: September 2022

Scaling up the production of functional reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and its composites requires the use of low-cost, simple, and sustainable synthesis methods, and renewable feedstocks. In this study, silver oxide-decorated rGO (AgxO−rGO) composites were prepared by open-air combustion of mustard oil, essential oil-containing cooking oil commercially produced from the seeds of Brassica juncea. Silver oxide (AgxO) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized using Coleus aromaticus leaf extract as a reducing agent. Formation of mustard seed rGO and AgxO NPs was confirmed by UV-visible characteristic peaks at 258 nm and 444 nm, respectively. rGO had a flake-like morphology and a crystalline structure, with Raman spectra showing clear D and G bands with an ID/IG ratio of 0.992, confirming the fewer defects in the as-prepared mustard oil-derived rGO (M−rGO). The rGO-AgxO composite showed a degradation efficiency of 81.9% with a rate constant k−1 of 0.9506 min−1 for the sodium salt of benzidinediazo-bis-1-naphthylamine-4-sulfonic acid (known as the azo dye Congo Red) in an aqueous solution under visible light irradiation. The composite also showed some antimicrobial activity against Klebsilla pneomoniae, Escherichiacoli, and Staphylococcusaureus bacterial cells, with inhibition zones of ~15, 18, and 14 mm, respectively, for a concentration of 300 µg/mL. At 600 µg/mL concentration, the composite also showed moderate scavenging activity for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl of ~30.6%, with significantly lower activities measured for AgxO (at ~18.1%) and rGO (~8%) when compared to control.
Sol-Gel Synthesized High Entropy Metal Oxides as High-Performance Catalysts for Electrochemical Water Oxidation
Authors: Asim Muhammad , Hussain Akbar , Khan Safia , Arshad Javeria , Butt Tehmeena Maryum , Hana Amina , Munawar Mehwish , Saira Farhat , Rani Malika , Mahmood Arshad , Janjua Naveed Kausar
Published: September 2022

Hexanary high-entropy oxides (HEOs) were synthesized through the mechanochemical sol-gel method for electrocatalytic water oxidation reaction (WOR). As-synthesized catalysts were subjected to characterization, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). All the oxide systems exhibited sharp diffraction peaks in XRD patterns indicating the defined crystal structure. Strong absorption between 400–700 cm−1 in FTIR indicated the formation of metal-oxide bonds in all HEO systems. WOR was investigated via cyclic voltammetry using HEOs as electrode platforms, 1M KOH as the basic medium, and 1M methanol (CH3OH) as the facilitator. Voltammetric profiles for both equiatomic (EHEOs) and non-equiatomic (NEHEOs) were investigated, and NEHEOs exhibited the maximum current output for WOR. Moreover, methanol addition improved the current profiles, thus leading to the electrode utility in direct methanol fuel cells as a sequential increase in methanol concentration from 1M to 2M enhanced the OER current density from 61.4 to 94.3 mA cm−2 using NEHEO. The NEHEOs comprising a greater percentage of Al, ([Al0.35(Mg, Fe, Cu, Ni, Co)0.65]3O4) displayed high WOR catalytic performance with the maximum diffusion coefficient, D° (10.90 cm2 s−1) and heterogeneous rate constant, k° (7.98 cm s−1) values. These primary findings from the EC processes for WOR provide the foundation for their applications in high-energy devices. Conclusively, HEOs are proven as novel and efficient catalytic platforms for electrochemical water oxidation.
Iridoids Isolation from a Phytochemical Study of the Medicinal Plant Teucrium parviflorum Collected in Iraqi Kurdistan
Authors: Abdullah Fuad O. , Hussain Faiq H. S. , Sardar Abdullah Sh. , Gilardoni Gianluca , Tosi Solveig , Vidari Giovanni
Published: September 2022

Herbal medicines are still widely practiced in Kurdistan Region-Iraq, especially by people living in villages on mountainous regions. Among plants belonging to the genus Teucrium (family Lamiaceae), which are commonly employed in the Kurdish traditional medicine, we have analyzed, for the first time, the methanol and aqueous methanol extracts of T. parviflorum aerial parts. The plant is mainly used by Kurds to treat jaundice, liver disorders and stomachache. We aimed to determine the phytochemical profile of the extracts and the structures of the main components, so to provide a scientific rationale for the ancient use of the plant in the ethno-pharmacological field. TLC analysis of the two extracts on silica gel and reversed phase TLC plates, using different visualization systems, indicated similar contents and the presence of phenolics, flavonoids, terpenoids and sugars. The chlorophyll-free extracts exhibited weak/no antimicrobial activities against a panel of bacteria (MICs = 800–1600 µg/mL) and fungal strains (MICs ≥ 5 mg/mL). At the concentration of 600 µg/mL, the methanol extract showed moderate antiproliferative effects against A549 and MCF-7 cancer cell lines in the MTS assay. Moreover, both extracts exhibited a significant dose-dependent free radical scavenging action against the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical (EC50 = 62.11 and 44.25 μg/mL, respectively). In a phytochemical study, a high phenolic content (77.08 and 81.47 mg GAE/g dry extract, respectively) was found in both extracts by the Folin–Ciocalteu assay. Medium pressure liquid chromatographic (MPLC) separation of the methanol extract on a reversed phase cartridge eluted with a gradient of MeOH in H2O, afforded two bioactive iridoid glucosides, harpagide (1) and 8-O-acetylharpagide (2). The structures of 1 and 2 were established by spectral data, chemical reactions, and comparison with the literature. Interestingly, significant amounts of hepatotoxic furano neo-clerodane diterpenoids, commonly occurring in Teucrium species, were not detected in the extract. The wide range of biological activities reported in the literature for compounds 1 and 2 and the significant antiradical effects of the extracts give scientific support to the traditional use in Iraqi Kurdistan of T. parviflorum aerial parts for the preparation of herbal remedies.
Comparative Quantification of the Phenolic Compounds, Piperine Content, and Total Polyphenols along with the Antioxidant Activities in the Piper trichostachyon and P. nigrum
Authors: Al-Khayri Jameel Mohammed , Upadhya Vinayak , Pai Sandeep Ramachandra , Naik Poornananda Madhava , Al-Mssallem Muneera Qassim , Alessa Fatima Mohammed
Published: September 2022

India is the largest producer in the world of black pepper and it is the center of origin for Piper. The present study gives a comparative account of the chemical composition of the Piper nigrum and its wild putative parent the P. trichostachyon. Microextractions were performed and the quantification of six phenolic compounds (namely epicatechin, gallic acid, catechol, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and catechin), piperine from leaves, petioles, and the fruits of both the species, were accomplished using the RP-UFLC system. The polyphenols (phenolic, flavonoid) and their antioxidant activities were also estimated. Among the six phenolic compounds studied, only three were detected and quantified. The polyphenol content correlating to the antioxidant activities was higher in the P. trichostachyon, whereas the piperine content was 108 times greater in the P. nigrum fruits. The Piper trichostachyon comparatively showed a higher content of polyphenols. The microextractions reduced the solvent consumption, the quantity of the plant material, and the amount of time used for the extraction. The first report on the TPC, TF, and the antioxidant activity of the P. trichostachyon has been described, and it also forms a scientific basis for its use in traditional medicine. The petioles of both species are good sources of phenolic compounds. A quantitative chemical analysis is a useful index in the identification and comparison of the species.
Efficient and Facile Synthetic Route of MoO3:MoS2 Hybrid Thin Layer via Oxidative Reaction of MoS2 Nanoflakes
Authors: Lamkaouane Hind , Ftouhi Hajar , Richard-Plouet Mireille , Gautier Nicolas , Stephant Nicolas , Zazoui Mimoun , Addou Mohammed , Cattin Linda , Bernède Jean Christian , Mir Yamina , Louarn Guy
Published: September 2022

In the present study, MoO3:MoS2 hybrid thin layers have been synthesized through partial oxidation of MoS2. We have demonstrated that the reaction requires darkness conditions to decrease the oxidation rate, thus obtaining the hybrid, MoO3:MoS2. A simple liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE) is carried out to achieve homogenous MoS2 nanoflakes and high reproducibility of the results after MoS2 oxidation. XPS analyses reveal the presence of MoO3, MoS2, and MoOxSy in the hybrid layer. These results are also confirmed by X-ray diffraction and high-resolution TEM. Optical absorbance reveals that the absorption peaks of the MoO3:MoS2 hybrid are slightly redshifted with the appearance of absorption peaks in the near-infrared region due to the defects created after the oxidation reaction. The composition and atomic percentages of each component in the hybrid layer as a function of reaction time have also been reported to give perspective guides for improving electronic and optoelectronic devices based on 2D-MoS2.
QD:Puf Nanohybrids Are Compatible with Studies in Cells
Authors: Wójtowicz Karolina , Antoniak Magda A. , Trojnar Martyna , Nyk Marcin , Trombik Tomasz , Grzyb Joanna
Published: September 2022

Colloidal semiconductor quantum dots (QD), as well as other nanoparticles, are useful in cell studies as fluorescent labels. They may also be used as more active components in various cellular assays, serving as sensors or effectors. However, not all QDs are biocompatible. One of the main problems is their outer coat, which needs to be stable and to sustain hydrophilicity. Here we show that purpose-designed CdSe QDs, covered with a Puf protein, can be efficiently accumulated by HeLa cells. The uptake was measurable after a few hours of incubation with nanoparticles and most of the fluorescence was localised in the internal membrane system of the cell, including the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. The fluorescence properties of QDs were mostly preserved, although the maximum emission wavelength was slightly shifted, and the fluorescence lifetime was shortened, indicating partial sensitivity of the QDs to the cell microenvironment. QD accumulation resulted in a decrease in cell viability, which was attributed to disturbance of endoplasmic reticulum performance.
Electro-Optical Modulation in High Q Metasurface Enhanced with Liquid Crystal Integration
Authors: Kanyang Ruoying , Fang Cizhe , Yang Qiyu , Shao Yao , Han Genquan , Liu Yan , Hao Yue
Published: September 2022

Electro-optical tuning metasurfaces are particularly attractive since they open up routes for dynamic reconfiguration. The electro-optic (EO) modulation strength essentially depends on the sensitivity to the EO-induced refractive index changes. In this paper, lithium niobate (LiNbO3) metasurfaces integrated with liquid crystals (LCs) are theoretically investigated. Cylinder arrays are proposed to support quasi-bound states in the continuum (quasi-BICs). The quasi-BIC resonances can significantly enhance the lifetime of photons and the local field, contributing to the EO-refractive index changes. By integrating metasurfaces with LCs, the combined influence of the LC reorientation and the Pockels electro-optic effect of LiNbO3 is leveraged to tune the transmitted wavelength and phase spectrum around the quasi-BIC wavelength, resulting in an outstanding tuning sensitivity up to Δλ/ΔV ≈ 0.6 nm/V and relieving the need of high voltage. Furthermore, the proposed structure can alleviate the negative influence of sidewall tilt on device performance. The results presented in this work can foster wide application and prospects for the implementation of tunable displays, light detection and ranging (LiDAR), and spatial light modulators (SLMs).
Hollow Iron Oxide Nanospheres Obtained through a Combination of Atomic Layer Deposition and Electrospraying Technologies
Authors: Márquez Paulina , Patiño Vidal Cristian , Pereira Alejandro , Vivas Leonardo , Palma Juan Luis , López de Dicastillo Carol , Escrig Juan
Published: September 2022

In the present study, we report on the successful synthesis of hollow iron oxide nanospheres. The hollow Fe3O4 nanospheres were synthesized following a four-step procedure: electrospraying spherical PVP particles, coating these particles with alumina (Al2O3) and hematite (Fe2O3) through atomic layer deposition and, finally, a thermal reduction process to degrade the polymer (PVP) and convert hematite (Fe2O3) into magnetite (Fe3O4). A structural analysis using X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the effectiveness of the thermal reduction process. A morphological analysis confirmed that the four-step procedure allowed for the obtainment of hollow iron oxide nanospheres, even though the reduction process caused a contraction in the diameter of the particles of almost 300 nm, but did not affect the thickness of the walls of the hollow spheres that remained at approximately 15 nm. Magnetic properties of the hollow iron oxide nanospheres enable their use in applications where the agglomeration of magnetic nanostructures in liquid media is commonly not allowed, such as in drug encapsulation and delivery.
Commercial Complementary Food in Germany: A 2020 Market Survey
Authors: Alexy Ute , Dilger June Joann , Koch Stefanie
Published: September 2022

As consumption of commercial complementary food (CCF) during infancy and toddlerhood is common, the aim of the present study was to describe the current (2020) German market of CCF products targeted at infants and toddlers with a special focus on ingredients, macronutrients, and the practice of nutrient fortification. Information on age declarations, ingredients, energy and nutrient contents, and nutrient fortification was obtained in a market survey by contacting the producers and searching manufacturers’ websites. Each product was assigned to 1 of 13 product categories (menus, milk–cereal–meal, fruit–cereal–meal, oil, vegetables, meat, fish, fruits, cereals, snack foods, pouches, desserts, beverages). Descriptive statistics were used. We identified 1057 CF products on the German market (infants’ CCF (<12 months): n = 829; toddlers’ CCF (>12 months): n = 228)). The highest protein content (% of energy content, %E) was found in meat products. In pouches, beverages, cereal fruit meals, and fruits, more than 50% of energy came from total sugar. The highest median salt content was found in toddlers’ menus and desserts. Around one-third of infants’ CCF products and one quarter of toddlers’ products were fortified with nutrients. Vitamin B1 (thiamin) was the most frequently fortified nutrient, followed by vitamin C, iron, calcium, and vitamin D. Apple was the type of fruit listed most often in products with fruits, whereas carrot was the most frequent vegetable among CCF with vegetables. In particular, the high total sugar content of most CCFs currently available on the German market may promote unhealthy dietary habits. Parents need to be advised about the optimal selection of products.