bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative Assessment of Utilization and Hospital Outcomes of Veterans Receiving VA and Non‐VA Outpatient Dialysis
Authors: Wang Virginia , Coffman Cynthia J. , Stechuchak Karen M. , Berkowitz Theodore S.Z. , Hebert Paul L. , Edelman David , O'Hare Ann M. , Weidenbacher Hollis J. , Maciejewski Matthew L.
Published: August 2018

Objective

Growing demand for VA dialysis exceeds its supply and travel distances prohibit many Veterans from receiving dialysis in a VA facility, leading to increased use of dialysis from non‐VA providers. This study compared utilization and hospitalization outcomes among Veterans receiving chronic dialysis in VA and non‐VA settings in 2008–2013.

Data Sources

VA, Medicare, and national disease registry data.

Study Design

National cohort of 27,301 Veterans initiating dialysis, observed for a period of 2 years after treatment initiation. We used multinomial logistic regression to examine associations between patient characteristics and dialysis use in VA, non‐VA community settings via VA Purchased Care (VA‐PC), community settings via Medicare, or Dual settings. Zero‐inflated negative binomial regression was used to compare risk of hospitalization and days spent in the hospital across dialysis settings.

Principal Findings

Sixty‐seven percent of Veterans obtained community‐based dialysis exclusively via Medicare, 11 percent in the community via VA‐PC, 4 percent in VA, and 18 percent in Dual settings. Financial and geographic access factors were important predictors of dialysis setting, but days spent in the hospital and risk of hospitalization did not differ meaningfully across settings.

Conclusions

Most Veterans obtained dialysis in the community. Dialysis setting appeared to have little impact on risk of hospitalization among Veterans.
The Challenging Pathway Toward Heart Transplant Listing for Adult Congenital Heart Disease Patients
Authors: Lo Rito Mauro , Poretti Giulia , Varrica Alessandro , Negura Diana , Micheletti Angelo , Chessa Massimo , Giamberti Alessandro
Published: August 2018

Adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) patients are at risk for end‐stage heart failure; heart transplantation (Htx) represents the only definitive therapy available although not easily achievable for all patients. The study aims to assess the pathway difficulties and outcomes of ACHD patients with end‐stage heart failure referred for Htx evaluation. This is a single center retrospective study on ACHD patients with end‐stage heart failure referred to Htx evaluation from 2004 to 2015. Demographic data, medical history, failure modality, and follow‐up were obtained from patient charts. End‐points were Htx list enrollment, transplant, and survival. Statistical analysis was performed comparing patients listed and not listed. There were 21 ACHD patients with end‐stage heart failure referred to Htx evaluation. Transplant listing was declined for 12 (57%) meanwhile 9 patients were listed. Htx was successfully achieved in 3 patients after 24 and 36 months, respectively. Three patients are still on the wait list and three died while waiting, with a listed group mortality of 33.3% (3/9). Mortality occurred in first 18 months after Htx list enrollment. Not listed group mortality was 50% (6/12) and occurred after a median time of 17.5 months (IQR: 9–23 months). There was no difference in survival (P = 0.574) between listed and not listed (89, 63, and 63% vs. 83, 56, and 47% at 12–24–48 months). Follow‐up median duration was 27 months (IQR: 14–56 months). Heart transplant listing for ACHD patients with end‐stage heart failure is hard to obtain. Almost 2/3 of the patients were declined. Survival for these patients is reduced severely either in waiting list for transplant or excluded indicating the potential need of mechanical circulatory support as bridge to transplant or as destination therapy to improve survival likelihood.
Editorial: biologic therapies for primary sclerosing cholangitis—more disappointment than promise? Authors’ reply
Authors: Tse C. S. , Loftus E. V. , Raffals L. E. , Gossard A. A. , Lightner A. L.
Published: August 2018

Linked Content

This article is linked to Tse et al and Ma and Kotze paper. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14829 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14858.
Older (but not younger) preschoolers reject incorrect knowledge claims
Authors: Fedra Emmily , Schmidt Marco F. H.
Published: August 2018

As epistemic and normative learners, children are dependent on their developing skills for evaluating others’ claims. This competence seems particularly important in the current digital age in which children need to discern valid from invalid assertions about the world in both real‐life and virtual interactions to ultimately gather and accumulate robust knowledge. We investigated whether younger and older preschoolers (N = 48) understand that a speaker's knowledge claim (‘I know where X is’) may be correct or incorrect given objectively accessible information (about whether the speaker had perceptual access to a critical event). We found that both younger and older preschoolers accepted correct knowledge claims that matched observable reality, but that only older preschoolers reliably rejected incorrect knowledge claims that did not match reality (the speaker lacked perceptual access). Nevertheless, a considerable proportion of younger preschoolers both rejected incorrect knowledge claims and gave valid explanations, suggesting that the ability to scrutinize epistemic claims develops gradually from around 3 to 4 years of age. These findings may help integrate research on children's norm and theory of mind development.

Statement of contribution

What is already known on this subject?

Preschoolers understand that non‐epistemic claims (e.g., ‘This is an X!’) may be correct or incorrect, and they track a speaker's relevant characteristics in testimonial situations.

It is not known what preschoolers understand about the validity of epistemic (knowledge) claims (e.g., ‘I know that X’).

What does this study add?

Younger and older preschoolers accepted correct knowledge claims (children observed that a speaker saw a critical event and was thus knowledgeable).

Only older preschoolers reliably rejected incorrect knowledge claims (the speaker did not see the critical event).

Nevertheless, a considerable proportion of younger preschoolers showed competence in their evaluation of, and reasoning about, incorrect knowledge claims.

Findings suggest that the ability to evaluate epistemic claims develops gradually from around 3 to 4 years of age.
Validation of the MCL35 gene expression proliferation assay in randomized trials of the European Mantle Cell Lymphoma Network
Authors: Rauert‐Wunderlich Hilka , Mottok Anja , Scott David W. , Rimsza Lisa M. , Ott German , Klapper Wolfram , Unterhalt Michael , Kluin‐Nelemans Hanneke C. , Hermine Olivier , Hartmann Sylvia , Thorns Christoph , Rymkiewicz Grzegorz , Holte Harald , Dreyling Martin , Hoster Eva , Rosenwald Andreas
Published: August 2018

Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is still considered incurable and the course of the disease is highly variable. Established risk factors include the Mantle Cell Lymphoma International Prognostic Index (MIPI) and the quantification of the proliferation rate of the tumour cells, e.g. by Ki‐67 immunohistochemistry. In this study, we aimed to validate the prognostic value of the gene expression‐based MCL35 proliferation assay in patient cohorts from randomized trials of the European Mantle Cell Lymphoma Network. Using this assay, we analysed the gene expression proliferation signature in routine diagnostic lymph node specimens from MCL Younger and MCL Elderly trial patients, and the calculated MCL35 score was used to assign MCL patients to low (61%), standard (27%) or high (12%) risk groups with significantly different outcomes. We confirm here in our prospective clinical trial cohort of MCL patients, that the MCL35 assay is strongly prognostic, providing additional information to the Ki‐67 index and the MIPI. Thus, this robust assay may assist in making treatment decisions or in devising risk‐adapted prospective clinical trials in the future.
Inflammatory mediators: a causal link to hypertension during preeclampsia
Authors: Cornelius Denise C , Cottrell Jesse , Amaral Lorena M , LaMarca Babbette
Published: August 2018

Preeclampsia (PE) is a hypertensive disorder that occurs after 20 weeks of gestation, implicating the placenta as a key offender. PE is associated with an imbalance among B lymphocytes, CD4+ T lymphocytes, NK cells and increased inflammatory cytokines. During early onset PE, trophoblast invasion and placentation are impaired, leading to reduced blood flow to the fetus. In all spectrums of this disorder, a shift towards a pro‐inflammatory state where regulatory cells and cytokines are decreased occurs. Specifically, inflammatory CD4+ T‐cells and inflammatory cytokines are increased while CD4+ T regulatory cells (Tregs) and immunosuppressive cytokines such as IL‐4 and IL‐10 are decreased resulting in B cell activation, production of autoantibodies, endothelial dysfunction and hypertension associated with PE. However, the stimulus for these imbalances is unknown and need to be fully understood so that effective treatments that target the pathogenesis of the disease can be designed. Therefore, this review will focus on the pathways involving CD4+, TH1, TH2, Tregs, TH17s, B cells, and NK cells in the pathophysiology of PE.

Linked Articles

This article is part of a themed section on Immune Targets in Hypertension. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.12/issuetoc
Expression of vasa, piwi, and nanos during gametogenesis in Typosyllis antoni (Annelida, Syllidae)
Authors: Ponz‐Segrelles Guillermo , Bleidorn Christoph , Aguado M. Teresa
Published: August 2018

Although model species have proven to be crucial for developmental biology, the evo‐devo approach requires a broader picture across phylogeny. Herein, we try to expand the range of studied annelids by presenting a transcriptome of Typosyllis antoni as a tool for the study of developmental and evolutionary processes in Syllidae. Moreover, we provide homologs of the stem‐cell markers vasa, piwi, and nanos, and investigate their expression patterns in gamete‐producing individuals for the first time in this group. We found no expression in females, while there is a distinct expression pattern in males. Based on this data, we argue that spermatogenesis starts in the gonads and finishes in the coelomic cavity, and it occurs simultaneously in a large number of segments. Surprisingly, no expression of the stem‐cell markers was found in the segment addition zone of these reproducing animals (stolonizing). Preliminary explanations like a lack of growth during stolonization, or the absence of a common genetic program between germ and somatic stem cells, are discussed. Finally, no reservoir of primordial cells has been detected, suggesting a possible epigenic origin of the Primordial Germ Cells of this species, though this hypothesis needs to be further investigated.
Factors associated with potentially harmful drug–drug interactions in older Korean people: A population‐based study
Authors: Yoon Seok‐Joon , Kim Jong‐Sung , Jung Jin‐Gyu , Ahn Soon‐Ki , Song Young‐Su , Bae Nam‐Kyou , Seon Jeong‐Yeon , Kim Jeong‐Hyun
Published: August 2018

Aim

The present study investigated the status of potentially harmful drug–drug interactions (PHDI) in older adults, to obtain insight into factors that influence the risk of PHDI.

Methods

The present study included Korean people aged ≥65 years who were prescribed one or more drugs included in the list of PHDI under the Beers Criteria 2015 from January to December, 2016 (n = 1 257 317). PHDI were defined based on the Beers Criteria 2015. Among 10 PHDI, a prevalence of >5% was taken to be clinically significant, and the relationships between multiple variables and PHDI were examined.

Results

The most frequent PHDI was corticosteroids and non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (n = 259 499, 20.64%), followed by a combination of two or more anticholinergic drugs (n = 139 622, 11.1%), and three or more drugs acting on the central nervous system (n = 86 023, 6.84%). These three types of PHDI were more frequent in women (OR 1.066–1.141) and medical aid beneficiaries (OR 1.095–1.510). The risk of PHDI increased in proportion to the number of healthcare institutions used by the participants and their outpatient visits during the year (OR 1.043–1.079, 1.008–1.010, respectively). The risk of PHDI was low when patients took no more than five medications in a single prescription (OR 0.017–0.791).

Conclusions

The findings of the present study highlight the three most frequent PHDI in Korea according to the Beers Criteria 2015. Healthcare providers should take PHDI into account when treating female patients, medical aid beneficiaries, patients using multiple healthcare institutions, frequent outpatient visitors and patients prescribed more than six medications in a single prescription. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2018; 18: 1378–1382.
New managerialism in the academy: Gender bias and precarity
Authors: Steinþórsdóttir Finnborg S. , Brorsen Smidt Thomas , Pétursdóttir Gyða M. , Einarsdóttir Þorgerður , Le Feuvre Nicky
Published: August 2018

In the era of global competition, academic institutions are increasingly being managed as efficient organizations where early career academics are the most vulnerable group in the academic hierarchy. We use gender budgeting to deconstruct the financial and managerial processes and procedures in a selected academic institution in Iceland. Drawing on multiple data collection methods, we argue that new managerialism enhances the precarious position of early career academics, especially women and those in the more feminized fields. Furthermore, we show that the system's bias in favour of so‐called hard science generates gendered consequences for early career academics. We demonstrate this structural gender bias in each of the first three stages of an academic career: PhD, postdoc and other temporary positions, and assistant professorship. By highlighting the gendered consequences of new managerialism, we want to direct attention to the need to include a gender perspective in the budgeting and all the decision‐making processes in academic institutions.
Sleep and Migraine: Assessment and Treatment of Comorbid Sleep Disorders
Authors: Rains Jeanetta C.
Published: August 2018

The relationship of sleep and migraine is unequivocal and familiarity with the nature and magnitude of these associations may inform clinical practice. Recent prospective, longitudinal, and time‐series analysis has begun to unravel the magnitude and temporal patterns of sleep and migraine. Prospective evidence has shown that sleep variables can trigger acute migraine, precede and predict new onset headache by several years, and indeed, sleep disturbance and snoring are risk factors for chronification. The presence of a sleep disorder is associated with more frequent and severe migraine and portends a poorer headache prognosis. Interestingly, the disorders linked to migraine are quite varied, including insomnia, snoring and obstructive sleep apnea, restless legs, circadian rhythm disorders, narcolepsy, and others. Insomnia is by far the most common sleep disorder in headache patients. In fact, the majority of patients with chronic migraine presenting for treatment have insomnia. Despite a rapidly expanding literature, very few controlled treatment studies have been published to guide clinical practice. This paper focuses on clinical assessment and treatment of sleep disorders. An algorithm is presented for sleep disorders management in the migraine patient, which highlights major sleep disorders and psychiatric comorbidity. Diagnostic procedures are recommended that are conducive to clinical practice. Suggested tools include the sleep history, screening mnemonics, prediction equation, and sleep diary. New developments in treatment have produced abbreviated and cost‐effective therapies for insomnia and obstructive sleep apnea that may reach a larger population. Revisions in the diagnostic manuals for sleep and headache disorders enhance recognition of sleep‐related headache. Recommendations include behavioral sleep regulation, shown in recent controlled trials to decrease migraine frequency, management for sleep apnea headache, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for insomnia abbreviated for the physician practice setting, sleep‐related headache trigger, and others. There is no empirical evidence that sleep evaluation should delay or supersede usual headache care. Rather, sleep management is complimentary to standard headache practice.
TheRedSea under theCaliphalDynasties, c. 639–1171
Authors: Power Timothy
Published: August 2018

Students of world history will be familiar with the Red Sea as a strategic communications corridor linking the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean. This paper examines the Red Sea region between the seventh and twelfth centuries, when it was ruled by a succession of Islamic caliphal dynasties, namely, the Umayyads, ʿAbbāsids, and Fāṭimids. It first sets out a sketch of the political history of the Red Sea and its constituent hinterland polities, including particularly Egypt, Sudan, al‐Ḥijāz, and Yemen, drawing attention to episodes and processes in which the Red Sea was significant. A section on Africa and Arabia explores the Red Sea as a zone of economic and social interaction; another section deals with the historic shift of Indian Ocean trade from the ʿAbbāsid Persian Gulf to the Fāṭimid Red Sea. Finally, the impact of the Red Sea on its constituent hinterland polities and the wider sweep of Islamic history is considered.
The effect of audit partner gender on modified audit opinions
Authors: Karjalainen Jukka , Niskanen Mervi , Niskanen Jyrki
Published: August 2018

We examine the effect of audit partner gender on the likelihood of issuing a modified audit opinion (MAO) across conditions in which the issuance of an MAO is warranted and/or that create incentives to report opportunistically at the audit‐partner level. We find that, after an audit partner switch, female audit partners are more likely to issue first‐time MAOs and MAOs generally and that female audit partners are more persistent in issuing MAOs. However, after correcting for self‐selection bias, we do not find an effect on the part of audit partner gender on the likelihood of issuing an MAO in the case of partner‐level opinion shopping, subsequently failing firms, or firms that are economically important at the audit‐partner level. This stands in contrast with the previous evidence regarding the effect of audit partner gender on going‐concern reporting. Overall, our study provides new evidence regarding the conditions that induce female audit partners to report more conservatively compared with male audit partners. The results imply that female audit partners report more conservatively if an MAO was issued in the previous year and if the audit partner has been switched.
Prevalence and Characteristics of Moderate to Severe Pain among Hospitalized Older Adults
Authors: Deng Lisa X. , Patel Kanan , Miaskowski Christine , Maravilla Ingrid , Schear Sarah , Garrigues Sarah , Thompson Nicole , Auerbach Andrew D. , Ritchie Christine S.
Published: August 2018

Objectives

To investigate the prevalence, characteristics, and management of pain in older hospitalized medical patients.

Design

Medical record aggregate review.

Setting

Tertiary care hospital.

Participants

Individuals aged 65 and older admitted to the medicine service between November 28, 2014, and May 28, 2015.

Measurements

Demographic characteristics, comorbidity burden, pain characteristics, and analgesics during index hospitalization were assessed in individuals with moderate to severe pain (≥4 on 0–10 Numeric Pain Rating Scale).

Results

Of 1,267 patients admitted to the medicine service, 248 (20%) had moderate to severe pain on admission (mean age 75 ± 8, 57% female, 50% white). During hospitalization, most participants received opioids (80%) and acetaminophen (74%), and few received nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (9%). Participants with chronic pain had less reduction in pain intensity score from admission to discharge than those without a history of chronic pain (mean change score 3.7 vs 4.9, p=.002) and were more likely to receive opioids, adjuvant analgesics, and other analgesics (all p<.05).

Conclusion

Twenty percent of older adults admitted to a general medicine service had moderate to severe pain. Further research about optimal pain management in hospitalized older adults, particularly those with chronic pain, is necessary to improve care in this population.
Association Between Frailty and Elder Abuse in Community‐Dwelling Older Adults in Mexico City
Authors: Torres‐Castro Sara , Szlejf Claudia , Parra‐Rodríguez Lorena , Rosas‐Carrasco Oscar
Published: August 2018

Objectives

To investigate the association between frailty and elder abuse in community‐dwelling older adults.

Design

Secondary cross‐sectional analysis of a prospective cohort.

Setting

The Frailty, Dynapenia and Sarcopenia in Mexican Adults study, a cohort of community‐dwelling adults from 2 municipalities in Mexico City.

Participants

Community‐dwelling adults aged 60 and older (N=487, mean age 73.2 ± 8.0, 80% female).

Measurements

Elder abuse was assessed using the Geriatric Mistreatment Scale and frailty using the Frailty Phenotype. Abuse was then classified as total abuse (any subtype), conflict abuse (physical, psychological, sexual abuse), financial abuse, and caregiver neglect. Information was also obtained on sociodemographic characteristics, comorbidities, mental status, nutritional status, disability, and polypharmacy.

Results

Prevalence of total abuse was 35.7%. Frailty was associated with total abuse (odds ratio (OR)=2.52, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.22–5.21, p=.01) and conflict abuse (OR=2.50, 95% CI=1.18–5.33, p=.02) after adjusting for confounders but not with financial abuse or caregiver neglect. Depression was an effect modifier in the association between frailty and total abuse. Frailty was associated with total abuse in participants with depression (OR=5.23, 95% CI=1.87–14.56, p=.002) but not in those without (OR=0.55, 95% CI=0.10–2.87, p=.47).

Conclusion

Frailty is associated with total and conflict abuse in community‐dwelling older adults. Further studies are needed to elucidate the effect of frailty on elder abuse and investigate the effectiveness of interventions for primary and secondary prevention.
Cold signaling in plants: Insights into mechanisms and regulation
Authors: Guo Xiaoyu , Liu Dongfeng , Chong Kang
Published: August 2018

To survive under cold temperatures plants must be able to perceive a cold signal and transduce it into downstream components that induce appropriate defense mechanisms. In addition to inducing adaptive defenses, such as the production of osmotic factors to prevent freezing and the reprogramming of transcriptional pathways, cold temperatures induce changes in plant growth and development which can affect the plant life cycle. In this review, we summarize recent progress in characterizing cold‐related genes and the pathways that allow transduction of the cold signal in plants, focusing primarily on studies in Arabidopsis thaliana and rice (Oryza sativa). We summarize cold perception and signal transduction from the plasma membrane to the nucleus, which involves cold sensors, calcium signals, calcium‐binding proteins, mitogen‐activated protein kinase cascades, and the C‐repeat binding factor/dehydration‐responsive element binding pathways, as well as trehalose metabolism. Finally, we describe the balance between plant organogenesis and cold tolerance mechanisms in rice. This review encapsulates the known cold signaling factors in plants and provides perspectives for ongoing cold signaling research.
Sparing subcutaneous septa avoids skin necrosis in the treatment of axillary bromhidrosis with suction‐curettage shaving
Authors: Hsu Kuei‐Chang , Wang Kuan‐Ying
Published: August 2018

Background

Surgical treatment of axillary bromhidrosis or hyperhidrosis involves the removal of apocrine glands. There are several methods to eliminate apocrine glands; however, many methods reported significant rates of skin necrosis. To avoid this problem while preserving comparable results, we used a modified method sparing several subcutaneous septa, which successfully avoided skin necrosis completely in our series of 19 consecutive cases.

Methods

This is a prospective case series in a single center by a single surgeon. Unlike other series using suction‐curettage shaver, we preserved some septa. The skin flaps between septa were approximately shaved as thin as 2 mm. The patients rated their smell on a 0‐10 numeric rating scale (NRS‐11) preoperatively and postoperatively. The results were analyzed with Mann‐Whitney U test and Wilcoxon signed‐rank test.

Results

A total of 19 consecutive patients were included. The mean degree of preoperative and postoperative smell on the NRS‐11 scale was 7.200 and 2.825, respectively. There was only one patient who developed postoperative ecchymosis. No other complications, such as skin necrosis, hematoma, or infection were found.

Conclusions

We modified the suction‐curettage cartilage shaver to eliminate the complications. Our method reveals a satisfying result, and there were no significant complications.
Women's Education, Intergenerational Coresidence, and Household Decision‐Making in China
Authors: Cheng Cheng
Published: August 2018

Objective

This study examines how intergenerational coresidence modifies the association between women's education and their household decision‐making power in China.

Background

Past research on how married women's education increases their decision‐making power at home has focused primarily on nuclear families. This article extends prior research by examining how this association varies by household structure. It compares women living with their husbands with those living with both their husbands and parents‐in‐law.

Method

This article used data from the China Family Panel Studies in 2010 and 2014. It employed marginal structural models to address the concern that certain characteristics selecting women of less power into coresidence with their parents‐in‐law may be endogenous to women's education.

Results

In nuclear households, women with a higher level of education have a higher probability of having the final say on household decisions. In multigenerational households, however, where women live with their parents‐in‐law, a higher level of education of women is not associated with an increase in women's decision‐making power.

Conclusion

Coresidence with husbands' parents may undermine the effect of women's education on their household decision‐making power.
Relationship between brachycephalic airway syndrome and gastrointestinal signs in three breeds of dog
Authors: Kaye B. M. , Rutherford L. , Perridge D. J. , Ter Haar G.
Published: August 2018

Objectives

To assess the breed‐specific prevalence of, and effects of corrective airway surgery on, gastrointestinal signs in French bulldogs, English bulldogs and pugs presenting with brachycephalic airway syndrome to a referral teaching hospital.

Materials and Methods

In this retrospective study, ptyalism, regurgitation and vomiting were graded at presentation using a previously established scoring system. Staphylectomy and nares resection were performed on all dogs. Gastrointestinal signs were re‐assessedviatelephone follow‐up at least 6 weeks after surgery.

Results

Ninety‐eight dogs were included: French bulldogs (n=43), English bulldogs (n=12) and pugs (n=43). Overall population prevalence of all gastrointestinal signs was 56%. Breed‐specific prevalence for French bulldogs was 93%, English bulldogs 58% and pugs 16%. There was post‐surgical clinical improvement in gastrointestinal signs for the whole study population, especially in French bulldogs.

Clinical Significance

The prevalence of gastrointestinal signs in dogs presenting with brachycephalic airway syndrome and improvement in these clinical signs following corrective surgery may vary between breeds.
I'm Not Throwing Away My Shot: What Alexander Hamilton Can Tell Us about Standard Reading Interventions
Authors: Al Otaiba Stephanie , Petscher Yaacov , Wanzek Jeanne , Lan Patrick , Rivas Brenna
Published: August 2018

This article summarizes findings from a two‐year randomized control trial, focusing on a subset of 194 fourth graders with reading comprehension scores at or below the 15th percentile. Students in the treatment condition received an average of 94 daily 30‐min sessions of small group intervention implemented with fidelity by well‐trained research staff. Standardized measures of word identification, vocabulary, and comprehension, and an oral reading fluency measure were administered pre‐ and post‐testing. Results indicated no statistically significant differences between students in the treatment or business‐as‐usual conditions; effect sizes for comprehension were small (0.14 and 0.19); a quantile regression, however, revealed slightly larger effect sizes for students at the 0.25 to 0.50 quantiles. The effect sizes for word identification, fluency, and vocabulary were less than 0.05. We discuss implications of the study, as well as limitations and directions for future research. We conclude with recommendations for intensifying interventions.
The modernity of nations. A tribute to Walker Connor
Authors: Kitromilides Paschalis M.
Published: August 2018

To fully appreciate Walker Connor's contribution to the foundation of the contemporary study of nationalism, two main factors must be taken into account. First, the context of positivist behavioural political science within which in the late 1960s and throughout the 1970s, he articulated his critique of the concept of nation‐building. In this context, Connor emerged as a critic of the limitations and the naivité of positivist modernization theory. His dissenting voice called for critical rethinking and revision of the central concepts of the theory of political development, some of which enjoyed almost doctrinal status. Second, despite his criticism of modernization theory, Connor retained a strong conviction that nations and national sentiment were the products of modernity; indeed, in his judgement, they formed the primary content of modernity. This too was a critical stance within the rising tide of nationalism studies since 1989–1990, when ideology and wishful thinking influenced to a considerable extent the interpretation of nationalism. Walker Connor's intellectual legacy should thus be understood as a heritage of critical thought that is informed by a noteworthy awareness of the moral responsibilities of scholarly analysis.
Quantifying cognitive dysfunction across the spectrum of end‐stage kidney disease: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Vanderlinden Jessica A. , Ross‐White Amanda , Holden Rachel , Shamseddin M. Khaled , Day Andrew , Boyd J. Gordon
Published: August 2018

Cognitive dysfunction is reportedly highly prevalent among chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. A variety of screening tools and neuropsychiatric batteries are used to quantify the magnitude and nature of this dysfunction. Our objective is to summarize the neurocognitive testing used, and determine what degree cognitive dysfunction is reported in CKD patients. All study designs published in English that contained participants who were either pre‐dialysis patients, haemodialysis (HD) or peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients or renal transplant recipients were considered. Reported comparative non‐CKD control data was also collected. All study designs were included. The search period encompassed articles from 1980 to May 2018. This review is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42018096568). Of the 1711 articles screened, 148 articles were relevant and used in the meta‐analysis. Commonly used assessments were The Mini–Mental State Examination (MMSE), The Modified Mini–Mental State Examination, the Trails Making Tests (TMT) forms A and B and components of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale: Digit Span and Digit Symbol. Means for all assessments were adjusted using a random effects model to account for the differences in variance. Adjusted mean MMSE scores were significantly lower for both pre‐dialysis (26.08, n = 17 073) and HD (26.31, n = 3314) patients when compared to non‐CKD controls (28.21, n = 5226). PD (58.01 s, n = 859) and HD (56.04 s, n = 2344) patients also took significantly longer to complete the Trails Making Task A than non‐CKD controls (37.62 s, n = 4809). Patients with CKD, especially pre‐dialysis and those requiring dialysis, are likely to exhibit impairments in cognition that can be identified with specific screening neuropsychological assessments.
NovelDLX3variants in amelogenesis imperfecta with attenuated tricho‐dento‐osseous syndrome
Authors: Whitehouse Laura L. E. , Smith Claire E. L. , Poulter James A. , Brown Catriona J. , Patel Anesha , Lamb Teresa , Brown Lucy R. , O’Sullivan Elizabeth A. , Mitchell Rowena E. , Berry Ian R. , Charlton Ruth , Inglehearn Chris F. , Mighell Alan J.
Published: August 2018

Objectives

Variants in DLX3 cause tricho‐dento‐osseous syndrome (TDO, MIM #190320), a systemic condition with hair, nail and bony changes, taurodontism and amelogenesis imperfecta (AI), inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion. Different variants found within this gene are associated with different phenotypic presentations. To date, six differentDLX3variants have been reported in TDO. The aim of this paper was to explore and discuss three recently uncovered new variants inDLX3.

Subjects and Methods

Whole‐exome sequencing identified a newDLX3variant in one family, recruited as part of an ongoing study of genetic variants associated with AI. Targeted clinical exome sequencing of two further families revealed another new variant ofDLX3and complete heterozygous deletion ofDLX3. For all three families, the phenotypes were shown to consist of AI and taurodontism, together with other attenuated features of TDO.

Results

c.574delG p.(E192Rfs*66), c.476G>T (p.R159L) and a heterozygous deletion of the entireDLX3coding region were identified in our families.

Conclusion

These previously unreported variants add to the growing literature surrounding AI, allowing for more accurate genetic testing and better understanding of the associated clinical consequences.
The ethics of refugees
Authors: Gibney Matthew J.
Published: August 2018

In the face of the desperate plight of refugees, virtually all moral and political philosophers, regardless of their general position on immigration controls, argue that states have a duty to grant asylum: people must not be turned back to countries where they would face persecution or severe human rights violations. Yet this consensus obscures a number of thorny ethical issues raised by the plight of the displaced. In this piece, I want to draw from recent writing in political and ethical theory to bring some of these issues into view. I start by considering what a refugee is, before turning to the question how the obligations of political communities to the displaced are grounded. I then move to consider what societies owe to refugees and the question of international justice in the allocation of asylum. I conclude with a discussion of the moral responsibilities of refugees themselves.
Prognostic significance of microscopic tumor extension in local recurrence of myxofibrosarcoma and undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma
Authors: Song Boram , Lee Kyoungbun , Lee Cheol , Moon Kyung Chul
Published: August 2018

Myxofibrosarcoma (MFS) and undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS) frequently display infiltrative growth into the adjacent normal soft tissue. In this study, we aimed to determine whether the microscopic extension into surrounding normal tissue can influence the local recurrence of MFS and UPS. A total of 42 cases (22 MFS and 20 UPS) were examined. The length of the microscopic extension was measured from the edge of the main tumor mass to the end of infiltration. The length of 5.5 mm was selected as the optimal cut‐off value that could predict local recurrence using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and Youden index. Longer length of microscopic extension was significantly correlated with the status of resection margin (P = 0.032). The group with longer length of microscopic extension (>5.5 mm) had significantly worse recurrence‐free survival than the group with shorter length of microscopic extension (≤5.5 mm) (P = 0.000). Multivariate analysis revealed that the length of microscopic extension was independent predictors of recurrence‐free survival (P = 0.018). In conclusion, microscopic extensions at the edge of the main mass into the surrounding normal tissue were observed in most MFS and UPS patients, and the length of microscopic extension was associated with local recurrence.
Depressive symptoms and error‐related brain activity in CPS‐referred children
Authors: Tabachnick Alexandra R. , Valadez Emilio A. , Palmwood Erin N. , Zajac Lindsay , Simons Robert F. , Dozier Mary
Published: August 2018

Early adversity such as maltreatment is associated with increased risk for psychopathology and atypical neurological development in children. The present study examined associations between depressive symptoms and error‐related brain activity (the error‐related negativity, or ERN) among children involved with Child Protective Services (CPS) and among comparison children. Results indicate that the relation between depressive symptoms and ERN amplitude depends on CPS involvement, such that depressive symptoms were associated with blunted ERNs only for CPS‐referred children. The present study can inform future research investigating the mechanisms by which experiences of adversity affect the association between symptoms and error‐related brain activity.
Novel Test Facility for Investigation of the Impact of Thermally Induced Stress Gradients on Fatigue Life of Cooled Gas Turbine Components
Authors: Thiele Marcus , Gampe Uwe , Fischer Kathrin A.
Published: August 2018

A novel test facility has been designed and setup for the investigation of the influence of stationary temperature, and thus thermally induced stress gradients with respect to the damage evolution of cooled gas turbine components. Thermally induced stress gradients differ from geometrically induced stress gradients. From the point of view of stress mechanics, they are independent from external loads. From the perspective of material mechanics, their impact on service life is influenced by locally different material properties and strength. However, the impact of thermally induced stress gradients on the cyclic life of high loaded, cooled components is not precisely known. In order to increase knowledge surrounding these mechanisms, a research project was launched. To achieve high temperature gradients and extended mechanical stress gradients, large heat fluxes are required. The authors developed a test bench with a unique radiant heating to achieve very high heat fluxes of q˙ ≥ 1.6 MW/m2 on cylindrical specimen. Special emphasis has been placed on homogenous temperature and loading conditions in order to achieve valid test results comparable to standard low-cycle or thermo-mechanical fatigue tests. Different test concepts of the literature were reviewed and the superior performance of the new test rig concept was demonstrated. The austenitic stainless steel 316 L was chosen as the model material for commissioning and validation of the test facility. The investigation of thermally induced stress gradients and, based on this analysis, low-cycle fatigue (LCF) tests with superimposed temperature gradients were conducted. Linear elastic finite element studies were performed to calculate the local stress–strain field and the service life of the test specimens. The test results show a considerable influence of the temperature gradient on the LCF life of the investigated material. Both the temperature variation over the specimen wall and thermally induced stresses (TIS) are stated to be the main drivers for the change in LCF life. The test results increase the understanding of fatigue damage mechanisms under local unsteady conditions and can serve as a basis for improved lifetime calculation methods.
A Thermoelastohydrodynamic Analysis for the Static Performance of High-Speed—Heavy Load Tilting-Pad Journal Bearing Operating in the Turbulent Flow Regime and Comparisons to Test Data
Authors: Arihara Hirotoshi , Kameyama Yuki , Baba Yoshitaka , San Andrés Luis
Published: August 2018

Tilting-pad journal bearings (TPJBs) ensure rotordynamic stability that could otherwise produce dangerously large amplitude rotor oil-whirl/whip motions in high-speed rotating machinery. Currently, highly efficient turbo compressors demand an ever increasing rotor surface speed and specific load on its support bearings. The accurate prediction of bearing performance is vital to guarantee reliable products, specifically with regard to reducing maximum bearing pad temperature and drag power losses, and operating with the least flow rate while still maximizing load capacity. The hydrodynamic pressure and heat generation in an oil film acting on a bearing pad produce significant mechanical and thermal deformations that change the oil film geometry (clearance and preload) to largely affect the bearing performance, static, and dynamic. In addition, a high surface speed bearing often operates in the turbulent flow regime that produces a notable increase in power loss and a drop in maximum pad temperature. This paper details a thermoelastohydrodynamic (TEHD) analysis model applied to TPJBs, presents predictions for their steady-load performance, and discusses comparisons with experimental results to validate the model. The test bearing has four pads with a load between pads configuration; its length L = 76.2 mm and shaft diameter D = 101.6 mm (L/D = 0.75). The rotor top speed is 22.6 krpm, i.e., 120 m/s surface speed, and the maximum specific load is 2.94 MPa for an applied load of 23 kN. The test procedure records shaft speed and applied load, oil supply pressure/temperature and flow rate, and also measures the pads' temperature and shaft temperature, as well as the discharge oil (sump) temperature. The TEHD model couples a generalized Reynolds equation for the hydrodynamic pressure generation with a three-dimensional energy transport equation for the film temperature. The pad mechanical deformation due to pressure utilizes the finite elemental method, whereas an analytical model estimates thermally induced pad crowning deformations. For operation beyond the laminar flow regime, the analysis incorporates the eddy viscosity concept for fully developed turbulent flow operation. Current predictions demonstrate the influence of pressure and temperature fields on the pads mechanical and thermally induced deformation fields and also show static performance characteristics such as bearing power loss, flow rate, and pad temperatures. The comparisons of test results and analysis results reveal that turbulent flow effects significantly reduce the pads' maximum temperature while increasing the bearing power loss. Turbulent flow mixing increases the diffusion of thermal energy and makes more uniform the temperature profile across the film.
Implementation of an In-Situ Infrared Calibration Method for Precise Heat Transfer Measurements on a Linear Cascade
Authors: Aberle Svenja , Bitter Martin , Hoefler Florian , Benignos Jorge Carretero , Niehuis Reinhard
Published: August 2018

For heat transfer measurements on the center blade of a linear cascade, the infrared measurement technique was set up. As a highly challenging condition, the angular dependency of the infrared signal was identified. Beside a shallow angle of view, limited by geometric conditions, the curved blade surface necessitated the consideration of this dependency. Therefore, a powerful in-situ calibration method was set up, which accounts for the angular dependency implicitly. In contrast to usual procedures, the correlation of the measured infrared intensity and the temperature was calibrated by a separate calibration function for each position on the blade. In all, three different calibration approaches were proceeded and assessed. Initial measurements in low-speed test conditions delivered physically more reasonable results, using a local calibration compared to a usual global calibration. By means of these data, an evaluation of the aerodynamic characteristic of the cascade was enabled. With few modifications, the procedure is capable to deliver high-precision heat transfer measurements in the high-speed cascade wind-tunnel at the Institute of Jet Propulsion.
The Inner Workings of Axial Casing Grooves in a One and a Half Stage Axial Compressor With a Large Rotor Tip Gap: Changes in Stall Margin and Efficiency
Authors: Hah Chunill
Published: August 2018

Effects of axial casing grooves (ACGs) on the stall margin and efficiency of a one and a half stage low-speed axial compressor with a large rotor tip gap are investigated in detail. The primary focus of the current paper is to identify the flow mechanisms behind the changes in stall margin and on the efficiency of the compressor stage with a large rotor tip gap. Semicircular axial grooves installed in the rotor's leading edge area are investigated. A large eddy simulation (LES) is applied to calculate the unsteady flow field in a compressor stage with ACGs. The calculated flow fields are first validated with previously reported flow visualizations and stereo particle image velocimetry (SPIV) measurements. An in-depth examination of the calculated flow field indicates that the primary mechanism of the ACG is the prevention of full tip leakage vortex (TLV) formation when the rotor blade passes under the axial grooves periodically. The TLV is formed when the incoming main flow boundary layer collides with the tip clearance flow boundary layer coming from the opposite direction near the casing and rolls up around the rotor tip vortex. When the rotor passes directly under the axial groove, the tip clearance flow boundary layer on the casing moves into the ACGs and no roll-up of the incoming main flow boundary layer can occur. Consequently, the full TLV is not formed periodically as the rotor passes under the open casing of the axial grooves. Axial grooves prevent the formation of the full TLV. This periodic prevention of the full TLV generation is the main mechanism explaining how the ACGs extend the compressor stall margin by reducing the total blockage near the rotor tip area. Flows coming out from the front of the grooves affect the overall performance as it increases the flow incidence near the leading edge and the blade loading with the current ACGs. The primary flow mechanism of the ACGs is periodic prevention of the full TLV formation. Lower efficiency and reduced pressure rise at higher flow rates for the current casing groove configuration are due to additional mixing between the main passage flow and the flow from the grooves. At higher flow rates, blockage generation due to this additional mixing is larger than any removal of the flow blockage by the grooves. Furthermore, stronger double-leakage tip clearance flow is generated with this additional mixing with the ACGs at a higher flow rate than that of the smooth wall.
The optical duality of tellurium nanoparticles for broadband solar energy harvesting and efficient photothermal conversion
Authors: Ma Churong , Yan Jiahao , Huang Yingcong , Wang Chengxin , Yang Guowei
Published: August 2018

Tellurium nanoparticles are used for broadband solar energy harvesting and efficient photothermal conversion.
In situ manipulation and switching of dislocations in bilayer graphene
Authors: Schweizer Peter , Dolle Christian , Spiecker Erdmann
Published: August 2018

A materials scientist’s dream come true: manipulating and controlling individual dislocations in situ.
Bioinspired polymeric woods
Authors: Yu Zhi-Long , Yang Ning , Zhou Li-Chuan , Ma Zhi-Yuan , Zhu Yin-Bo , Lu Yu-Yang , Qin Bing , Xing Wei-Yi , Ma Tao , Li Si-Cheng , Gao Huai-Ling , Wu Heng-An , Yu Shu-Hong
Published: August 2018

Bioinspired polymeric woods with excellent overall performance can be fabricated by a self-assembly and curing process of resins.