bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mitochondrial H2Sn-Mediated Anti-Inflammatory Theranostics
Authors: Kim Won Young , Won Miae , Koo Seyoung , Zhang Xingcai , Kim Jong Seung
Published: August 2021

The insistent demand for space-controllable delivery, which reduces the side effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), has led to the development of a new theranostics-based approach for anti-inflammatory therapy. The current anti-inflammatory treatments can be improved by designing a drug delivery system responsive to the inflammatory site biomarker, hydrogen polysulfide (H2Sn). Here, we report a novel theranostic agent 1 (TA1), consisting of three parts: H2Sn-mediated triggering part, a two-photon fluorophore bearing mitochondria targeting unit (Rhodol-TPP), and anti-inflammatory COX inhibitor (indomethacin). In vitro experiments showed that TA1 selectively reacts with H2Sn to concomitantly release both Rhodol-TPP and indomethacin. Confocal-microscopy imaging of inflammation-induced live cells suggested that TA1 is localized in the mitochondria where the H2Sn is overexpressed. The TA1 reacted with H2Sn in the endogenous and exogenous H2Sn environments and in lipopolysaccharide treated inflammatory cells. Moreover, TA1 suppressed COX-2 level in the inflammatory-induced cells and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) level in blood serum from inflammation-induced mouse models. In vivo experiments with inflammation-induced mouse models suggested that TA1 exhibits inflammation-site-elective drug release followed by significant therapeutic effects, showing its function as a theranostic agent, capable of both anti-inflammatory therapy and precise diagnosis. Theranostic behavior of TA1 is highly applicable in vivo model therapeutics for the inflammatory disease.
A Universal Atomic Substitution Conversion Strategy Towards Synthesis of Large-Size Ultrathin Nonlayered Two-Dimensional Materials
Authors: Zhao Mei , Yang Sijie , Zhang Kenan , Zhang Lijie , Chen Ping , Yang Sanjun , Zhao Yang , Ding Xiang , Zu Xiaotao , Li Yuan , Zhao Yinghe , Qiao Liang , Zhai Tianyou
Published: August 2021

Nonlayered two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted increasing attention, due to novel physical properties, unique surface structure, and high compatibility with microfabrication technique. However, owing to the inherent strong covalent bonds, the direct synthesis of 2D planar structure from nonlayered materials, especially for the realization of large-size ultrathin 2D nonlayered materials, is still a huge challenge. Here, a general atomic substitution conversion strategy is proposed to synthesize large-size, ultrathin nonlayered 2D materials. Taking nonlayered CdS as a typical example, large-size ultrathin nonlayered CdS single-crystalline flakes are successfully achieved via a facile low-temperature chemical sulfurization method, where pre-grown layered CdI2 flakes are employed as the precursor via a simple hot plate assisted vertical vapor deposition method. The size and thickness of CdS flakes can be controlled by the CdI2 precursor. The growth mechanism is ascribed to the chemical substitution reaction from I to S atoms between CdI2 and CdS, which has been evidenced by experiments and theoretical calculations. The atomic substitution conversion strategy demonstrates that the existing 2D layered materials can serve as the precursor for difficult-to-synthesize nonlayered 2D materials, providing a bridge between layered and nonlayered materials, meanwhile realizing the fabrication of large-size ultrathin nonlayered 2D materials.
Prussian Blue Analogues in Aqueous Batteries and Desalination Batteries
Authors: Xu Chiwei , Yang Zhengwei , Zhang Xikun , Xia Maoting , Yan Huihui , Li Jing , Yu Haoxiang , Zhang Liyuan , Shu Jie
Published: August 2021

In the applications of large-scale energy storage, aqueous batteries are considered as rivals for organic batteries due to their environmentally friendly and low-cost nature. However, carrier ions always exhibit huge hydrated radius in aqueous electrolyte, which brings difficulty to find suitable host materials that can achieve highly reversible insertion and extraction of cations. Owing to open three-dimensional rigid framework and facile synthesis, Prussian blue analogues (PBAs) receive the most extensive attention among various host candidates in aqueous system. Herein, a comprehensive review on recent progresses of PBAs in aqueous batteries is presented. Based on the application in different aqueous systems, the relationship between electrochemical behaviors (redox potential, capacity, cycling stability and rate performance) and structural characteristics (preparation method, structure type, particle size, morphology, crystallinity, defect, metal atom in high-spin state and chemical composition) is analyzed and summarized thoroughly. It can be concluded that the required type of PBAs is different for various carrier ions. In particular, the desalination batteries worked with the same mechanism as aqueous batteries are also discussed in detail to introduce the application of PBAs in aqueous systems comprehensively. This report can help the readers to understand the relationship between physical/chemical characteristics and electrochemical properties for PBAs and find a way to fabricate high-performance PBAs in aqueous batteries and desalination batteries.
Drastic changes in fertility level and timing in response to marriage and fertility policies: evidence from Shandong province, China
Authors: Zhang Cuiling , Sobotka Tomáš
Published: August 2021

China’s “one-child policy” that had been in force between 1980 and 2016 evolved over time and differed widely between regions. Local policies in many regions also targeted the timing and spacing of childbearing by setting the minimum age at marriage, first birth and second birth and defining minimum interval between births. Our study uses data from the 120 Counties Population Dynamics Monitoring System to reconstruct fertility level and timing in nine counties in Shandong province, which experienced frequent changes in birth and marriage policies. We reconstruct detailed indicators of fertility by birth order in 1986–2016, when policies on marriage and fertility timing became strictly enforced since 1989 and subsequently relaxed (especially in 2002) and abandoned (in 2013). Our analysis reveals that birth timing policies have fuelled drastic changes in fertility level, timing and spacing in the province. In the early 1990s period fertility rates plummeted to extreme low levels, with the provincial average total fertility rate falling below 1 in 1992–1995. Second births rates fell especially sharply. The age schedule of childbearing shifted to later ages and births became strongly concentrated just above the minimum policy age at first and second birth, resulting in a bimodal distribution of fertility with peaks at ages 25 and 32. Conversely, the abandonment of the province-level policy on the minimum age at marriage and first birth and less strict enforcement of the policy on the minimum age at second birth contributed to a recovery of period fertility rates in the 2000s and a shift to earlier timing of first and second births. It also led to a shorter second birth interval and a re-emergence of a regular age schedule of fertility with a single peak around age 28.
Computer-aided molecular design of 2-anilino 4-amino substituted quinazolines derivatives as malarial inhibitors
Authors: Ibrahim Zakari Ya’u , Uzairu Adamu , Shallangwa Gideon Adamu , Abechi Stephen Eyije , Isyaku Sulaiman
Published: August 2021

Quantitative structure–activity relationship studies conducted on forty-five (45) derivatives of 2-anilino 4-amino substituted quinazolines as malaria inhibitors to determine the structures responsible for their antimalarial properties and design novel derivatives with improved activities. The molecular descriptors generated were selected to develop the theoretical model using the genetic approximation component of the material studio. The developed model found to be a function of ATSC8c, GATS8i, SpMin1_Bhi, JGI10, and TDB6u descriptors, shows excellent statistical parameters (R2 = 0.7913, R2adj = 0.7553, Q2cv = 0.7112, LOF = 0.2125, and R2pred = 0.7650). The mean effect (MF) analysis revealed the descriptor SpMin1_Bhi, as the most influential by its largest percentage contribution (54%) to the developed model. The descriptor decodes the information on the first ionization potentials and was found to have positive MF. Hence, activity increases with increases the descriptor value. Structural modifications of the template (compound 13; pEC50 = 7.387) using electron-withdrawing groups increases the descriptor value (first ionization potentials) of the template, which by extension increases the antimalarial activity lead to the design of ten (10) novel theoretical derivatives with improve antimalarial activities. Compound 3, N4-(3-bromo-5-fluorobenzyl)-N2-(4-fluorophenyl)-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline-2,4-diamine was found to have the highest antimalarial activities among all the designed derivatives (pEC50 = 8.0515).
Predictive calculation of structural, nonlinear optical, electronic and thermodynamic properties of andirobin molecule from ab initio and DFT methods
Authors: Abe M. T. Ottou , Nzia C. L. , Sidjui L. Sidjui , Kamsi R. A. Yossa , Mveme C. D. D. , Assatse Y. Tadjouteu , Ndjaka J. M. B. , Ejuh G. W.
Published: August 2021

The structural, nonlinear optical, electronic and thermodynamic properties of andirobin molecule were carried out by density functional theory at the B3LYP, WB97XD level and at the Restricted Hartree–Fock level by employing 6–311G(d,p) basis set. The obtained values of bond lengths, bond angles, 1H NMR and 13C NMR are in good agreement with experimental values. The dipole moment and first static hyperpolarizability show that andirobin can be applied in nonlinear optical devices. HOMO–LUMO energy gap values were found to be greater than 4 eV and lead us to the conclusion that this molecule can be used as insulator in many electronic devices. The thermal energy (E), molar heat capacity at constant volume $$(C_{v}$$

(

C
v

) and entropy (S) were also calculated.
Can measures of sleep quality or white matter structural integrity predict level of worry or rumination in adolescents facing stressful situations? Lessons from the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Jamieson Daniel , Kannis‐Dymand Lee , Beaudequin Denise A. , Schwenn Paul , Shan Zack , McLoughlin Larisa T. , Lagopoulos Jim , Hermens Daniel F.
Published: August 2021

Introduction

COVID‐19 has resulted in major life changes to the majority of the world population, particularly adolescents, with social‐distancing measures such as home‐based schooling likely to impact sleep quality. Increased worry is also likely considering the substantial financial, educational and health concerns accompanying COVID‐19. White matter (WM) integrity has been shown to be associated with anxiety and depression symptoms, including worry, as well being closely associated with sleep quality. This study aimed to investigate the associations between pre‐COVID sleep quality, WM structural integrity and levels of worry and rumination about COVID.

Methods

N = 30 adolescent participants from Queensland, Australia, completed diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) scanning pre‐COVID, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) pre and during COVID, and 9 items designed to measure 3 constructs, perceived impact of COVID, general worry, and COVID‐specific worry and rumination.

Results

Sleep quality (PSQI total) was significantly poorer during COVID compared with pre‐COVID. Sleep onset latency measured pre‐COVID was significantly associated with COVID‐specific worry and rumination. While the structural integrity of a number of WM tracts (measured pre‐COVID) were found to be significantly associated with COVID‐specific worry and rumination. Follow‐up regression analysis using a model including pre‐COVID sleep onset latency, structural integrity of the posterior limb of the internal capsule (PLIC), gender and change in PSQI explained a significant 47% of the variance in COVID‐specific worry and rumination.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that adolescents with poor sleep quality and perturbed WM integrity may be at risk of heightened reactivity to future stressful events and interventions should focus on improving sleep onset latency.
Landscape in Middle English Romance
Authors: Richmond Andrew M.
Published: August 2021

Our current ecological crises compel us not only to understand how contemporary media shapes our conceptions of human relationships with the environment, but also to examine the historical genealogies of such perspectives. Written during the onset of the Little Ice Age in Britain, Middle English romances provide a fascinating window into the worldviews of popular vernacular literature (and its audiences) at the close of the Middle Ages. Andrew M. Richmond shows how literary conventions of romances shaped and were in turn influenced by contemporary perspectives on the natural world. These popular texts also reveal widespread concern regarding the damaging effects of human actions and climate change. The natural world was a constant presence in the writing, thoughts, and lives of the audiences and authors of medieval English romance – and these close readings reveal that our environmental concerns go back further in our history and culture than we think.
To the Uttermost Parts of the Earth
Authors: Koskenniemi Martti
Published: August 2021

To the Uttermost Parts of the Earth shows the vital role played by legal imagination in the formation of the international order during 1300–1870. It discusses how European statehood arose during early modernity as a locally specific combination of ideas about sovereign power and property rights, and how those ideas expanded to structure the formation of European empires and consolidate modern international relations. By connecting the development of legal thinking with the history of political thought and by showing the gradual rise of economic analysis into predominance, the author argues that legal ideas from different European legal systems - Spanish, French, English and German - have played a prominent role in the history of global power. This history has emerged in imaginative ways to combine public and private power, sovereignty and property. The book will appeal to readers crossing conventional limits between international law, international relations, history of political thought, jurisprudence and legal history.
Impact of mandatory vaccination of healthcare personnel on rates of influenza and other viral respiratory pathogens
Authors: Simberkoff Michael S. , Rattigan Susan M. , Gaydos Charlotte A. , Gibert Cynthia L. , Gorse Geoffrey J. , Nyquist Ann-Christine , Price Connie S. , Reich Nicholas , Rodriguez-Barradas Maria C. , Bessesen Mary , Brown Alexandria , Cummings Derek A.T. , Radonovich Lewis J. , Perl Trish M. ,   for the ResPECT Study Team
Published: August 2021

Objective:

The implementation of mandatory influenza vaccination policies among healthcare personnel (HCP) is controversial. Thus, we examined the affect of mandatory influenza vaccination policies among HCP working in outpatient settings.

Setting:

Four Veterans’ Affairs (VA) health systems and three non-VA medical centers.

Methods:

We analyzed rates of influenza and other viral causes of respiratory infections among HCP working in outpatient sites at 4 VA health systems without mandatory influenza vaccination policies and 3 non-VA health systems with mandatory influenza vaccination policies.

Results:

Influenza vaccination was associated with a decreased risk of influenza (odds ratio, 0.17; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.13–0.22) but an increased risk of other respiratory viral infections (incidence rate ratio, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.02–1.57).

Conclusions:

Our fitted regression models suggest that if influenza vaccination rates in clinics where vaccination was not mandated had equalled those where vaccine was mandated, HCP influenza infections would have been reduced by 52.1% (95% CI, 51.3%–53.0%). These observations, their possible causes, and additional strategies to reduce influenza and other viral respiratory illnesses among HCP working in ambulatory clinics warrant further investigation.
Transition from shear-dominated to Rayleigh–Taylor turbulence
Authors: Brizzolara Stefano , Mollicone Jean-Paul , van Reeuwijk Maarten , Mazzino Andrea , Holzner Markus
Published: August 2021

Turbulent mixing layers in nature are often characterised by the presence of a mean shear and an unstable buoyancy gradient between two streams of different velocities. Depending on the relative strength of shear versus buoyancy, either the former or the latter may dominate the turbulence and mixing between the two streams. In this paper, we present a phenomenological theory that leads to the identification of two distinct turbulent regimes: an early regime, dominated by mean shear, and a later regime dominated by buoyancy. The main theoretical result consists of the identification of a cross-over timescale that distinguishes between the shear- and the buoyancy-dominated turbulence. This cross-over time depends on three large-scale constants of the flow, namely, the buoyancy difference, the velocity difference between the two streams and the gravitational acceleration. We validate our theory against direct numerical simulations of a temporal turbulent mixing layer compounded with an unstable stratification. We observe that the cross-over time correctly predicts the transition from shear- to buoyancy-driven turbulence, in terms of turbulent kinetic energy production, energy spectra scaling and mixing layer thickness.
Nonlinear dynamics of fully developed swirling jets
Authors: Douglas Christopher M. , Emerson Benjamin L. , Lieuwen Timothy C.
Published: August 2021

This paper characterises the steady and time-periodic behaviour of swirling jets using numerical bifurcation analysis. Its objective is to elucidate the dynamics of fully developed, unconfined, laminar swirling jets under variations in the Reynolds number

$\textit {Re}$

and swirl ratio

$S$

. Within the

$(0,0)\leq (\textit {Re},S)\leq (300,3)$

range, the steady, axisymmetric flow exhibits several distinct patterns ranging from a quasi-columnar jet along the central axis at low

$S$

to a radial jet attached to the containing wall at high

$S$

with various forms of vortex breakdown in between. A cusp bifurcation appears in the steady solution manifold which triggers bistable behaviour due to a competition between inner and outer low pressure regions associated with vortex breakdown and entrainment of the ambient fluid, respectively. Instability of the steady flow is linked to eigenmodes which are singly (

$|m|=1$

) or doubly (

$|m|=2$

) azimuthally periodic, although additional instabilities with other azimuthal wavenumbers occur at

$(\textit {Re},S)$

-values beyond the leading neutral curves. The various branches of limit cycle solutions stemming from these neutral curves are associated with both super- and sub-critical Hopf bifurcations. The resulting unsteady flow fields exhibit a wide array of rotating, three-dimensional flow structures, and comparisons between the time-averaged and steady flow patterns highlight the role of these unsteady nonlinear interactions on the overall behaviour of swirling jets. Similarities and differences between this laterally unconfined jet and broader classes of swirling flows, including confined swirling jets and unconfined vortex models, are also discussed.
The nature of entrepreneurial orientation strength: the impact of shared values on firm performance
Authors: Weinzimmer Laurence G. , Michel Eric J. , Robin Jennifer
Published: August 2021

Drawing on Wales, Monsen, and McKelvie's (2011, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,35(5), 895–923) model of entrepreneurial orientation pervasiveness and the strong culture hypothesis (Denison, 1984, Organization Dynamics,13, 4–22), this study investigates howentrepreneurial orientation (EO) strength, defined as the level of agreement in the shared perceptions of EO, serves as a boundary condition of the EO–firm performance relationship. Four field studies provide evidence for a valid and reliable 10-item multidimensional measure of entrepreneurial orientation, the EO-10, which in turn, may be used to assess EO strength. We establish content and construct validity of the EO-10 (study 1;n= 447 employees), criterion-related validity with revenue growth and sales growth (study 2;n= 412 employees in 43 profit centers), and convergent validity with Covin and Slevin's (1989, Strategic Management Journal,10, 75–87) 9-item measure (study 3;n= 291 employees). Finally, in study 4 (n= 853 employees nested in 22 organizations), we demonstrate the interactive effects of EO and EO strength on profit growth and revenue growth. In sum, this study provides conceptual and empirical evidence for the importance of EO strength as a moderator of the EO–firm performance relationship.
The G protein-first activation mechanism of opioid receptors by Gi protein and agonists
Authors: Mafi Amirhossein , Kim Soo-Kyung , Goddard William A.
Published: August 2021

We report the G protein-first mechanism for activation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) for the three closest subtypes of the opioid receptors (OR), μOR, κOR and δOR. We find that they couple to the inactive Gi protein-bound guanosine diphosphate (GDP) prior to agonist binding. The inactive Gi protein forms anchors to the intracellular loops of the inactive apo-μOR, apo-κOR and apo-δOR, inducing opening of the cytoplasmic region to form a pre-activated state that holds Gi protein in place until agonist binds. Then, agonist binds to μOR, κOR and δOR already complexed with Gi protein, to trigger the Gαi to open up the tightly coupled GDP binding site, making GDP accessible for GTP exchange, an essential step for Gi signalling. We show that the agonist alone cannot open the intracellular region of μOR and κOR, requiring Gi protein to open the cytoplasmic region by itself. We consider that this G protein-first mechanism may apply to activation of other Class A GPCRs. However, for δOR, agonist binding can open up the intracellular region to encourage Gi protein recruitment. Thus, activation of Gi protein mediated by δOR favourably may proceed with either ligand-first or G protein-first activation mechanisms.
MILLET CONSUMPTION IN SIBERIA PRIOR TO MID-SECOND MILLENNIUM BC? A REVIEW OF RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
Authors: Svyatko Svetlana V , Schulting Rick J , Papin Dmitriy , Reimer Paula J
Published: August 2021

In this paper we discuss recent developments in documenting the spread of millet across the Eurasian steppes. We emphasize that, despite a recent proposal that millet consumption in southern Siberia can be attributed to the Early Bronze Age (i.e., the late third to early second millennium BC), at present there are no direct data for southern Siberia indicating the consumption of millet prior to the Late Bronze Age, from the 14th century BC. We also present in full the combined stable isotope and 14C datasets from the Minusinsk Basin to support this conclusion.
Eating architecture in adults at increased risk of type 2 diabetes: associations with body fat and glycaemic control
Authors: Zhao Lijun , Teong Xiao Tong , Liu Kai , Liu Bo , Melaku Yohannes Adama , Vincent Andrew , Manoogian Emily , Panda Satchidananda , Wittert Gary A. , Hutchison Amy , Heilbronn Leonie K.
Published: August 2021

Eating architecture is a term that describes meal frequency, meal timing and meal size and the daily variation in each of these. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between components of eating architecture on body fat and markers of glycaemic control in healthy adults at increased risk of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Participants (n73, 39 males, age 58·8 (8·1) years, BMI 33·4 (4·4) kg/m2) recorded food intake and wore accelerometers and continuous glucose monitors (CGM) for 7–14 d under free-living conditions. Body fat and glycated Hb (HbA1c) were also measured. The mean and day-to-day variation (calculated as the standard deviation during the monitoring period) of each component of eating architecture were calculated. Multivariable linear regression models were constructed for three separate outcome variables (body fat mass, mean CGM glucose and HbA1c) for each component of eating architecture before and after adjustment for confounders. Higher variability in the time of first meal consumption was associated with increased body fat mass after adjusting for confounders (β= 0·227, 95 % CI: 0·019, 0·434,P= 0·033). Increased variability in the time lag from waking to first meal consumption was also positively associated with increased HbA1c after adjustment (β= 0·285, 95 % CI: 0·040, 0·530,P= 0·023). Low day-to-day variability in first meal consumption was associated with lower body fat and improved glucose control in adults at increased risk of T2DM. Routine consumption of meals may optimise temporal regulation to anticipate and respond appropriately to a glucose challenge.
The Mediterranean as a Society of Prisoners
Authors: Calafat Guillaume
Published: August 2021

‘No one's going to be interested in a story about prisoners of war!’ This is the withering comment that the director Julien Duvivier supposedly made to Charles Spaak, the scriptwriter of one of the greatest films of all times, La grande illusion (1937), which was ultimately directed by Jean Renoir. Fortunately for his readers, Renaud Morieux is well aware that stories about prisoners of war can be of interest to everyone.
Chinese Power and the State-Owned Enterprise
Authors: Stone Randall W. , Wang Yu , Yu Shu
Published: August 2021

China has become a leading source of outward foreign direct investment (FDI), and the Chinese state exercises a unique degree of influence over its firms. We explore the patterns of political influence over FDI using a comprehensive firm-level data set on Chinese outward FDI from 2000 to 2013. Using six country-level measures of affinity for China, we find that state-owned and globally diversified firms appear to conform most closely to official guidance. Official investment directives and state visits link investments to state policies; Taiwan recognition and Dalai Lama meetings anchor our political interpretations; and UN General Assembly voting and temporary UN Security Council membership suggest that this intervention may be systematic. The results are robust to country, year, and sector fixed effects, and most do not hold for private or small firms. The results suggest that China uses FDI by prominent state-owned enterprises as an instrument to promote its foreign policy.
Buying the Vote? The Economics of Electoral Politics and Small-Business Loans
Authors: Duchin Ran , Hackney John
Published: August 2021

We study the relation between electoral politics and government small-business lending, employment, and business formation. We construct novel measures of electoral importance capturing swing and base voters using data from Facebook ad spending, independent political expenditures, the Cook Political Report, and campaign contributions. We find that businesses in electorally important states, districts, and sectors receive more loans following the onset of the COVID-19 crisis, controlling for funding demand and both health and economic conditions. Estimates from survey and observational data show that electoral politics and the allocation of government funds affect employment, small-business activity, and business applications.
The interactive association of adverse childhood experiences and polygenic susceptibility with depressive symptoms and chronic inflammation in older adults: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Iob Eleonora , Ajnakina Olesya , Steptoe Andrew
Published: August 2021

Background

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and genetic liability are important risk factors for depression and inflammation. However, little is known about the gene−environment (G × E) mechanisms underlying their aetiology. For the first time, we tested the independent and interactive associations of ACEs and polygenic scores of major depressive disorder (MDD-PGS) and C-reactive protein (CRP-PGS) with longitudinal trajectories of depression and chronic inflammation in older adults.

Methods

Data were drawn from the English longitudinal study of ageing (N~3400). Retrospective information on ACEs was collected in wave3 (2006/07). We calculated a cumulative risk score of ACEs and also assessed distinct dimensions separately. Depressive symptoms were ascertained on eight occasions, from wave1 (2002/03) to wave8 (2016/17). CRP was measured in wave2 (2004/05), wave4 (2008/09), and wave6 (2012/13). The associations of the risk factors with group-based depressive-symptom trajectories and repeated exposure to high CRP (i.e. ⩾3 mg/L) were tested using multinomial and ordinal logistic regression.

Results

All types of ACEs were independently associated with high depressive-symptom trajectories (OR 1.44, 95% CI 1.30–1.60) and inflammation (OR 1.08, 95% CI 1.07–1.09). The risk of high depressive-symptom trajectories (OR 1.47, 95% CI 1.28–1.70) and inflammation (OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01–1.04) was also higher for participants with higher MDD-PGS. G×E analyses revealed that the associations between ACEs and depressive symptoms were larger among participants with higher MDD-PGS (OR 1.13, 95% CI 1.04–1.23). ACEs were also more strongly related to inflammation in participants with higher CRP-PGS (OR 1.02, 95% CI 1.01–1.03).

Conclusions

ACEs and polygenic susceptibility were independently and interactively associated with elevated depressive symptoms and chronic inflammation, highlighting the clinical importance of assessing both ACEs and genetic risk factors to design more targeted interventions.
VISUAL CUES AND RATER PERCEPTIONS OF SECOND LANGUAGE COMPREHENSIBILITY, ACCENTEDNESS, AND FLUENCY
Authors: Tsunemoto Aki , Lindberg Rachael , Trofimovich Pavel , McDonough Kim
Published: August 2021

This study examined the role of visual cues (facial expressions and hand gestures) in second language (L2) speech assessment. University students (N = 60) at English-medium universities assessed 2-minute video clips of 20 L2 English speakers (10 Chinese and 10 Spanish speakers) narrating a personal story. They rated the speakers’ comprehensibility, accentedness, and fluency using 1,000-point sliding scales. To manipulate access to visual cues, the raters were assigned to three conditions that presented audio along with (a) the speaker’s static image, (b) a static image of a speaker’s torso with dynamic face, or (c) dynamic torso and face. Results showed that raters with access to the full video tended to perceive the speaker as more comprehensible and significantly less accented compared to those who had access to less visually informative conditions. The findings are discussed in terms of how the integration of visual cues may impact L2 speech assessment.
A positive proportion of locally soluble quartic Thue equations are globally insoluble
Authors: AKHTARI SHABNAM
Published: August 2021

For any fixed nonzero integer h, we show that a positive proportion of integral binary quartic forms F do locally everywhere represent h, but do not globally represent h. We order classes of integral binary quartic forms by the two generators of their ring of
${\rm GL}_{2}({\mathbb Z})$
-invariants, classically denoted by I and J.
Social Judgments, Social Media, and Self-Deprecation
Authors: Austin Adrienne B. , Costabile Kristi A. , Smith Lauren
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Two experiments examined how perceivers evaluated target individuals based on minimal information as presented in a typical social media post and whether inferences varied as a function of information source (self vs. other) and valence (positive vs. negative). Across experiments, results indicated that targets were: (a) less likely to be rated with traits consistent with behavior and (b) perceived less favorably when positive behavior information was self-generated than when the same information was other-generated. The inclusion of self-deprecating hashtags reduced the source effect of positive information by reducing perceived arrogance and increasing perceived sense of humor of target individuals. Together, these experiments provide greater understanding of the influence of information source, valence, and self-deprecation on trait and favorability judgments in a social media context.
A Data‐Driven Global Soil Heterotrophic Respiration Dataset and the Drivers of Its Inter‐Annual Variability
Authors: Yao Yitong , Ciais Philippe , Viovy Nicolas , Li Wei , Cresto‐Aleina Fabio , Yang Hui , Joetzjer Emilie , Bond‐Lamberty Ben
Published: August 2021

Soil heterotrophic respiration (SHR) is important for carbon‐climate feedbacks because of its sensitivity to soil carbon, climatic conditions and nutrient availability. However, available global SHR estimates have either a coarse spatial resolution or rely on simple upscaling formulations. To better quantify the global distribution of SHR and its response to climate variability, we produced a new global SHR data set using Random Forest, up‐scaling 455 point data from the Global Soil Respiration Database (SRDB 4.0) with gridded fields of climatic, edaphic and productivity. We estimated a global total SHR of  Pg C yr−1 over 1985–2013 with a significant increasing trend of 0.03 Pg C yr−2. Among the inputs to generate SHR products, the choice of soil moisture datasets contributes more to the difference among SHR ensemble. Water availability dominates SHR inter‐annual variability (IAV) at the global scale; more precisely, temperature strongly controls the SHR IAV in tropical forests, while water availability dominates in extra‐tropical forest and semi‐arid regions. Our machine‐learning SHR ensemble of data‐driven gridded estimates and outputs from process‐based models (TRENDYv6) shows agreement for a strong association between water variability and SHR IAV at the global scale, but ensemble members exhibit different ecosystem‐level SHR IAV controllers. The important role of water availability in driving SHR suggests both a direct effect limiting decomposition and an indirect effect on litter available from productivity. Considering potential uncertainties remaining in our data‐driven SHR datasets, we call for more scientifically designed SHR observation network and deep‐learning methods making maximum use of observation data.
New Constraints on Isotopic Effects and Major Sources of Nitrate in Atmospheric Particulates by Combining δ15N and Δ17O Signatures
Authors: Song Wei , Liu Xue‐Yan , Liu Cong‐Qiang
Published: August 2021

Particulate nitrate () is a key component of atmospheric nitrogen (N) pollution and deposition. Stable N isotopes of can record sources of atmospheric N oxides (NOx). However, because N isotope effects between NOx and have not been constrained, the apportionment of atmospheric NOx sources remains not quantitative. By collating observation data of dual 15N and 17O isotopes and environmental parameters, we calculated values and established a new relationship to constrain values based on the 17O anomaly of . By considering values and using the Stable Isotope Analysis in the R model, we reevaluated the relative contributions between major fossil and non‐fossil fuel NOx emissions, and we found that the latter had generally higher contributions (56% ± 5%) than the former (44% ± 3%) among different sites. This study improves the isotope tracing technique of atmospheric and informs that non‐fossil fuel NOx emissions should be underscored in future emission management.
Statistical Characteristics of Substorms With Different Intensity
Authors: Fu Haobo , Yue Chao , Zong Qiu‐Gang , Zhou Xu‐Zhi , Fu Suiyan
Published: August 2021

Geomagnetic substorm is one of the essential solar wind‐magnetosphere energy coupling processes. In this study, we present a statistical analysis of substorms with different intensities that occurred from 1982 to 2012. We investigated the substorm occurrence rate, the time evolution of solar wind and geomagnetic parameters, as well as the SME, SMU and, SML indices during these substorms by using OMNI and SuperMag networks data sets. We find that substorms more frequently occur during solar declining phases and in spring and autumn due to the Russel‐McPherron effect. The superposed SME index shows a double‐peak near midnight and dusk during intense substorms, standing for comparable eastward and westward electrojets. We suggest that there is an additional current wedge during intense substorms located near the dusk. During the substorm expansion phase, eastward and westward electrojets are expanding against their current direction. The results presented in this study provide a comprehensive view of substorm characteristics with different intensities and may facilitate the understanding of the development of auroral electrojets in the ionosphere, even the current system in the magnetosphere.
Hybrid laser precision engineering of transparent hard materials: challenges, solutions and applications
Authors: Liu Huagang , Lin Wenxiong , Hong Minghui
Published: August 2021

Laser has been demonstrated to be a mature and versatile tool that presents great flexibility and applicability for the precision engineering of a wide range of materials over other established micromachining techniques. Past decades have witnessed its rapid development and extensive applications ranging from scientific researches to industrial manufacturing. Transparent hard materials remain several major technical challenges for conventional laser processing techniques due to their high hardness, great brittleness, and low optical absorption. A variety of hybrid laser processing technologies, such as laser-induced plasma-assisted ablation, laser-induced backside wet etching, and etching assisted laser micromachining, have been developed to overcome these barriers by introducing additional medium assistance or combining different process steps. This article reviews the basic principles and characteristics of these hybrid technologies. How these technologies are used to precisely process transparent hard materials and their recent advancements are introduced. These hybrid technologies show remarkable benefits in terms of efficiency, accuracy, and quality for the fabrication of microstructures and functional devices on the surface of or inside the transparent hard substrates, thus enabling widespread applications in the fields of microelectronics, bio-medicine, photonics, and microfluidics. A summary and outlook of the hybrid laser technologies are also highlighted.
Proteasome inhibition triggers the formation of TRAIL receptor 2 platforms for caspase-8 activation that accumulate in the cytosol
Authors: Hellwig Christian T. , Delgado M. Eugenia , Skoko Josip , Dyck Lydia , Hanna Carol , Wentges Alexa , Langlais Claudia , Hagenlocher Cathrin , Mack Alexandra , Dinsdale David , Cain Kelvin , MacFarlane Marion , Rehm Markus
Published: August 2021

Cancer cells that are resistant to Bax/Bak-dependent intrinsic apoptosis can be eliminated by proteasome inhibition. Here, we show that proteasome inhibition induces the formation of high molecular weight platforms in the cytosol that serve to activate caspase-8. The activation complexes contain Fas-associated death domain (FADD) and receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (RIPK1). Furthermore, the complexes contain TRAIL-receptor 2 (TRAIL-R2) but not TRAIL-receptor 1 (TRAIL-R1). While RIPK1 inhibition or depletion did not affect proteasome inhibitor-induced cell death, TRAIL-R2 was found essential for efficient caspase-8 activation, since the loss of TRAIL-R2 expression abrogated caspase processing, significantly reduced cell death, and promoted cell re-growth after drug washout. Overall, our study provides novel insight into the mechanisms by which proteasome inhibition eliminates otherwise apoptosis-resistant cells, and highlights the crucial role of a ligand-independent but TRAIL-R2-dependent activation mechanism for caspase-8 in this scenario.
Gemcitabine and APG-1252, a novel small molecule inhibitor of BCL-2/BCL-XL, display a synergistic antitumor effect in nasopharyngeal carcinoma through the JAK-2/STAT3/MCL-1 signaling pathway
Authors: Luo Fan , Lu Fei-Teng , Qiu Miao-Zhen , Zhou Ting , Ma Wen-Juan , Luo Min , Zeng Kang-Mei , Luo Qiu-Yun , Pan Wen-Tao , Zhang Lin , Xia Zeng-Fei , Zhang Zhong-Han , Cao Jia-Xin , Zhao Hong-Yun , Zhang Li , Yang Da-Jun
Published: August 2021

Advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) has a poor prognosis, with an unfavorable response to palliative chemotherapy. Unfortunately, there are few effective therapeutic regimens. Therefore, we require novel treatment strategies with enhanced efficacy. The present study aimed to investigate the antitumor efficacy of APG-1252-M1, a dual inhibitor of BCL-2/BCL-XL, as a single agent and combined with gemcitabine. We applied various apoptotic assays and used subcutaneous transplanted NPC model to assess the in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity. Moreover, phospho-tyrosine kinase array was used to investigate the combined therapy’s potential synergistic mechanism. In addition, further validation was performed using immunohistochemistry and western blotting. In vitro, we observed that APG-1252-M1 had moderate antitumor activity toward NPC cells; however, it markedly improved gemcitabine’s ability to promote NPC cell apoptosis and suppress invasion, migration, and proliferation. Specifically, APG-1252 plus gemcitabine exhibited even remarkable antitumor activity in vivo. Mechanistically, the drug combination synergistically suppressed NPC by activating caspase-dependent pathways, blocking the phospho (p)-JAK-2/STAT3/MCL-1 signaling pathway, and inhibiting epithelial-mesenchymal transition. In conclusion, the results indicated that the combination of APG-1252 and gemcitabine has synergistic anticancer activities against NPC, providing a promising treatment modality for patients with NPC.
Dual topology of co-chaperones at the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum
Authors: Daverkausen-Fischer Lea , Pröls Felicitas
Published: August 2021

Dual topologies of proteins at the ER membrane are known for a variety of proteins allowing the same protein to exert different functions according to the topology adopted. A dual topology of the co-chaperone ERdj4, which resides in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), was proposed recently, a thesis that we found to align all published data and existing controversies into one whole picture. The aim of this review is to reassess all primary data available in the literature on ER-resident Hsp40 co-chaperones with respect to their topology. After careful and critical analyses of all experimental data published so far, we identified, next to ERdj4, two other co-chaperones, ERdj3 and ERdj6, that also display features of a dual topology at the ER membrane. We assume that during cellular stress subpools of some ER-resident J protein can alter their topology so that these proteins can exert different functions in order to adapt to cellular stress.
Haplotype-resolved genome of diploid ginger (Zingiber officinale) and its unique gingerol biosynthetic pathway
Authors: Li Hong-Lei , Wu Lin , Dong Zhaoming , Jiang Yusong , Jiang Sanjie , Xing Haitao , Li Qiang , Liu Guocheng , Tian Shuming , Wu Zhangyan , Wu Bin , Li Zhexin , Zhao Ping , Zhang Yan , Tang Jianmin , Xu Jiabao , Huang Ke , Liu Xia , Zhang Wenlin , Liao Qinhong , Ren Yun , Huang Xinzheng , Li Qingzhi , Li Chengyong , Wang Yi , Xavier-Ravi Baskaran , Li Honghai , Liu Yang , Wan Tao , Liu Qinhu , Zou Yong , Jian Jianbo , Xia Qingyou , Liu Yiqing
Published: August 2021

Ginger (Zingiber officinale), the type species of Zingiberaceae, is one of the most widespread medicinal plants and spices. Here, we report a high-quality, chromosome-scale reference genome of ginger ‘Zhugen’, a traditionally cultivated ginger in Southwest China used as a fresh vegetable, assembled from PacBio long reads, Illumina short reads, and high-throughput chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C) reads. The ginger genome was phased into two haplotypes, haplotype 1 (1.53 Gb with a contig N50 of 4.68 M) and haplotype 0 (1.51 Gb with a contig N50 of 5.28 M). Homologous ginger chromosomes maintained excellent gene pair collinearity. In 17,226 pairs of allelic genes, 11.9% exhibited differential expression between alleles. Based on the results of ginger genome sequencing, transcriptome analysis, and metabolomic analysis, we proposed a backbone biosynthetic pathway of gingerol analogs, which consists of 12 enzymatic gene families, PAL, C4H, 4CL, CST, C3’H, C3OMT, CCOMT, CSE, PKS, AOR, DHN, and DHT. These analyses also identified the likely transcription factor networks that regulate the synthesis of gingerol analogs. Overall, this study serves as an excellent resource for further research on ginger biology and breeding, lays a foundation for a better understanding of ginger evolution, and presents an intact biosynthetic pathway for species-specific gingerol biosynthesis.
Working memory representations in visual cortex mediate distraction effects
Authors: Hallenbeck Grace E. , Sprague Thomas C. , Rahmati Masih , Sreenivasan Kartik K. , Curtis Clayton E.
Published: August 2021

Although the contents of working memory can be decoded from visual cortex activity, these representations may play a limited role if they are not robust to distraction. We used model-based fMRI to estimate the impact of distracting visual tasks on working memory representations in several visual field maps in visual and frontoparietal association cortex. Here, we show distraction causes the fidelity of working memory representations to briefly dip when both the memorandum and distractor are jointly encoded by the population activities. Distraction induces small biases in memory errors which can be predicted by biases in neural decoding in early visual cortex, but not other regions. Although distraction briefly disrupts working memory representations, the widespread redundancy with which working memory information is encoded may protect against catastrophic loss. In early visual cortex, the neural representation of information in working memory and behavioral performance are intertwined, solidifying its importance in visual memory.
Imaging biological tissue with high-throughput single-pixel compressive holography
Authors: Wu Daixuan , Luo Jiawei , Huang Guoqiang , Feng Yuanhua , Feng Xiaohua , Zhang Runsen , Shen Yuecheng , Li Zhaohui
Published: August 2021

Single-pixel holography (SPH) is capable of generating holographic images with rich spatial information by employing only a single-pixel detector. Thanks to the relatively low dark-noise production, high sensitivity, large bandwidth, and cheap price of single-pixel detectors in comparison to pixel-array detectors, SPH is becoming an attractive imaging modality at wavelengths where pixel-array detectors are not available or prohibitively expensive. In this work, we develop a high-throughput single-pixel compressive holography with a space-bandwidth-time product (SBP-T) of 41,667 pixels/s, realized by enabling phase stepping naturally in time and abandoning the need for phase-encoded illumination. This holographic system is scalable to provide either a large field of view (~83 mm2) or a high resolution (5.80 μm × 4.31 μm). In particular, high-resolution holographic images of biological tissues are presented, exhibiting rich contrast in both amplitude and phase. This work is an important step towards multi-spectrum imaging using a single-pixel detector in biophotonics.