bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Comparison of Single Item Constructs by Relative Mean and Relative Variance
Authors: Poon Wai-Yin , Leung Kwok , Lee Sik-Yum
Published: June 2007

This article discusses the use of an approach advocated in the psychometrics and statistics literature for analyzing square contingency tables with ordered and comparable categories. Assuming that observed ordinal categorical variables are manifestations of underlying continuous variables, a model is formulated to compare the variables by studying the relative location and the relative dispersion of the underlying continuous variables. The formulation, interpretation, and analysis of the model are discussed, and the implementation of the proposed procedure using easily accessible software is addressed. The proposed approach is then compared with a widely adopted simple method that treats the ordinal measures as if they were interval scales. Analyses of real data and simulation results show that the simple method can be misleading and that the proposed approach is preferable in detecting variable differences.
Organizational Research and the Praxeology of Pierre Bourdieu
Authors: Everett Jeffery
Published: June 2007

This commentary explores the assumptions, concepts, objectives, labels, and empirical techniques that underpin, guide, and characterize the research approach and methodology of Pierre Bourdieu. To further understand his approach and its applicability in the context of organization studies, Bourdieu’s general project is contrasted with historical materialism and his view of power briefly compared to that of Foucault. Furthermore, Bourdieu’s concepts of field, capital, habitus, doxa, and symbolic violence, and his understanding of language are linked to current organizational literature and theory. His focus on relational analysis, “reflexivity,” and what the author refers to as the “construction of the research object” are similarly discussed. Finally, there is a consideration of the role of the researcher and a brief discussion of the implications and limitations of a Bourdieun approach.
Testing Reciprocal Relations by Nonrecursive Structuralequation Models Using Cross-Sectional Data
Authors: Wong Chi-Sum , Law Kenneth S.
Published: June 2007

Structural equation modeling has become a common technique to test the reciprocal relations between two constructs using cross-sectional data in management research. Although there are pros and cons to this application, it appears clear that sometimes it is necessary to use a cross-sectional nonrecursive model as an approximation of the cross-lagged reciprocal effects. Several factors (i.e., proper specification of the nonrecursive model, effects of instrumental variables, time interval, true cross-lagged effects, and sample size) that may affect the adequacy of the nonrecursive model are identified from the literature. Two examples using realistic parameters found in the literature are used to explore the potential effects of these factors in the application of a nonrecursive model. The article ends with a discussion of future research implications and recommendations of studies designed to test possible reciprocal relations between constructs.
An Empirical Comparison of Approaches for Quantitatively Assessing the Content Adequacy of Paper-and-Pencil Measurement Instruments
Authors: Schriesheim Chester A. , Cogliser Claudia C. , Scandura Terri A. , Lankau Melenie J. , Powers Kathleen J.
Published: June 2007

Despite content adequacy being essential for valid measurement, a well-delineated quantitative method for its examination only recently has become available. Using this new approach, an empirical comparison of three methods of collecting and two methods of analyzing content adequacy data is presented. It is shown that these different methods yield results that have not only substantial similarities but also some differences. Several recommendations for future use and future research are presented and discussed.
The Impact of Cross-Validation Adjustments on Estimates of Effect Size in Business Policy and Strategy Research
Authors: St. John Caron H. , Roth Philip L.
Published: June 2007

The authors examined use of cross-validation in multiple regression research in organization studies by reviewing research published in three top journals in business policy and strategy (BPS) over 6 years. Application of a formula method of cross-validation to each study showed that shrinkage was often large. In some cases, shrinkage was greater than 50% of R2 when sample sizes were less than 90. The authors recommend that organization studies researchers use formula cross-validation to improve the validity of inferences while avoiding the additional data collection and split samples required by empirical methods.
Issues in the Use of the Event Study Methodology: A Critical Analysis of Corporate Social Responsibility Studies
Authors: McWilliams Abagail , Siegel Donald , Teoh Siew Hong
Published: June 2007

Organizational researchers are increasingly using the event study methodology to assess the effect of strategic decisions on firm performance. Unfortunately, event studies alone are inadequate because, at best, they provide estimates of the shortrun impact on shareholders only and not on other corporate stakeholders. Furthermore, event study findings are sensitive to even small changes in research design. The authors illustrate the lack of robustness by examining five recent studies of corporate social responsibility (CSR) that report conflicting results. They conclude that these contradictory findings arise from significant differences in research design and implementation. The authors also demonstrate why it is inappropriate to draw conclusions regarding the managerial implications of CSR activities from these studies. Finally, they identify alternative methodologies that organizational researchers could use to supplement the event study approach to assess the overall impact of CSR on stakeholders.
An Empirical Investigation of the Relationships among Climate, Capabilities, and Unit Performance
Authors: Tracey J. Bruce , Tews Michael J.
Published: June 2007

For the current study, the authors examined the relationships among two dimensions of organizational climate and several indices of individual and unit-level effectiveness. Specifically, the article proposes that an organization's service and training climate would be related to employee capabilities—operationalized in terms of frontline service capabilities and managerial support capabilities—and that such capabilities would be related to unitlevel measures of employee turnover and sales growth. Using survey and operational data from 201 management and frontline staff members in 22 units of a national restaurant chain, the results from correlation and regression analyses generally supported the proposed relationships. This study replicates and extends previous research and provides a foundation for future conceptual development and empirical work in this research area.
Introducing Destination Benchmarking: A Conceptual Approach
Authors: Kozak Metin
Published: June 2007

As a performance management and improvement method beyond comparison research, benchmarking was originally carried out within manufacturing businesses to identify gaps and suggest the relevant techniques to close them. Subsequently, it has been modified by different researchers and also applied to service industries, such as accounting, hotels, and transportation. Despite this, a literature review demonstrates that there is still a clear gap in benchmarking relating to tourist destinations. In line with the theoretical background, this article therefore aims to suggest a benchmarking model for use in measuring and improving the performance of tourist destinations.
Psychobiology of Price Presentation: An Experimental Analysis of Restaurant Menus
Authors: Parsa H. G. , Njite David
Published: June 2007

In the hospitality field, pricing research is mostly limited to economic implications of pricing decisions (yield management), choices in pricing practices, and reference pricing. Price presentation and its impact on consumer preference, however, is another aspect of pricing research that has not been as well developed. The current study makes an effort to fill this gap through an interdisciplinary study of price presentation drawing from the fields of biology, psychology, marketing and hospitality management. The obtained results demonstrated that the method of price presentation has a significant effect on overall consumer preference and the perceptions of quality and value. Furthermore, the results also indicated that the degree of this effect could vary within the industry depending on the nature of a segment: fine dining, casual dining, and quick service. The impact of price presentation, left versus right, on consumer preference was found to be significant in fine dining and quick-service segments but to a lesser extent in the casual-dining segment. The follow-up focus group studies revealed that in consumer decision-making process, price is used more as a selective factor than as a qualifying factor. These results may be considered valuable in making price presentation decisions in the restaurant industry.
An Analysis of the Economic Impact of Hurricanes Dennis, Floyd, and Irene on North Carolina's Lodging Industry
Authors: Chandler James A.
Published: June 2007

During September and October of 1999, the state of North Carolina was ravaged by the effects of successive hurricanes, followed by the worst flooding in 500 years. At the request of the state hotel association and the division of tourism, a statewide study was conducted to determine the economic impact of the natural disasters on the lodging industry. Based on data provided by responding hotels, the physical damages suffered and lost room revenues were estimated to be between $96 million and $125 million for September and October alone. However, there were important questions that could not be answered by this limited study. To make accurate predictions about the future economic trends of the hospitality industry, an extensive time-series analysis over the next decade will be required.
A Moisture Index to Characterize Climates for Building Envelope Design
Authors: Cornick Steve , Dalgliesh W. Alan
Published: June 2007

Premature failures of building envelopes in the 1990s, notably in coastal areas of North America, point to problems with Moisture management by Exterior Wall Systems (MEWS)1. The MEWS Consortium sought to combine field experience with lab testing and hygrothermal modeling to understand and deal with these problems. The method proposed in this paper was used in MEWS to (1) characterize climate with respect to the risk of related building envelope problems, (2) select locations of interest for a detailed hygrothermal parametric study, and (3) to select moisture reference years for the parametric study (not covered in this paper). This paper describes a method proposed for mapping North American climatic regions according to moisture loading on one hand, and the potential for drying on the other. The composite Moisture Index can be used either with hourly records or summary data and shows promise for application to specific problems, such as decay or corrosion, depending on the nature and mechanisms of the problem being investigated.
Exercise, Physical Fitness, and Dietary Habits of First-Year Female Nursing Students
Authors: Irazusta Amaia , Gil Susana , Ruiz Fátima , Gondra Juan , Jauregi Andoni , Irazusta Jon , Gil Javier
Published: June 2007

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the practice of regular physical exercise, the anthropometrical and physiological characteristics, and the dietary habits of a group of female nursing students (n = 46) and of a control group of female students from other disciplines (n = 58) attending the University of the Basque Country. To this end, diets and leisure-time physical exercise were analyzed and the following variables were measured: body mass index, body composition, blood pressure, maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max), and explosive muscle strength. Results show that the percentage of sedentary students was higher among first-year nursing students (50%) than among other matched students (43.6%). Regular physical exercise in nursing students was found to be positively correlated with higher absolute (p < .01) and relative VO2 max (p < 0.05) and with lower diastolic blood pressure (p < 0.05). Analysis of the diets of the nursing students showed that their energetic intake was deficient and was very low in carbohydrates and very high in fat and protein. Statistically significant differences between the two groups in anthropometric indices were not observed. The competence to provide adequate nutritional and preventive physical exercise recommendations was higher among active final-year nursing students than among sedentary final-year nursing students. Overall, the results of the present study highlight the need for a greater emphasis on the benefits of regular physical exercise and an adequate nutritional education early in the nursing educational program to encourage students to adopt healthier behaviors and to provide more effective preventive physical exercise and nutritional counseling for their future patients.
Generational Encounters and the Social Formation of Entrepreneurial Identity: ‘Young Guns’ and ‘Old Farts’
Authors: Down Simon , Reveley James
Published: June 2007

Generational relations and entrepreneurialism in organizations are attracting increasing attention from organizational scholars. This article bridges these areas of interest, by examining how entrepreneurial identity is shaped by generational encounters within a small organization context. In so doing, it contributes to ongoing challenges to the scientistic orthodoxy regarding the formation of entrepreneurial persons. Evidence from an ethnographic study of two joint ownermanagers in the port fendering industry is presented. Wenger’s ‘community of practice’ framework is used to show that generational encounters, through their influence on self-identity, are an important social context of the decision to embark on an entrepreneurial career. By emphasizing micro-socially situated aspects of identity formation, this article provides an interactionist complement to recent accounts of entrepreneurs and identities as being (re)produced by discourses that have hegemonic effects.
The Harvard Business School Story: Avoiding Knowledge by Being Relevant
Authors: Contardo Ianna , Wensley Robin
Published: June 2007

Almost a hundred years after its foundation, the Harvard Business School (HBS) continues to represent the epitome of general management knowledge. As an academic organization, it is both idiosyncratic and conventional; as an institution, it is admired for its position, longevity and power. This paper investigates institutional mechanisms that have allowed HBS to organize around a particular set of values and beliefs, which may account for its privileged standing. We argue that a complex institution like Harvard is mirrored somewhat in the written text it produces, the case and the case method, which can be deconstructed by “reading” the resulting predicaments in sustaining such a model of knowledge. What is produced at the HBS is specific to its own organizational structure but intrinsically linked through the notion of relevance to three business ideologies: managerialism, institutionalism and American capitalism. The case method as organizational artifact and methodological tool provides a basis for understanding these general institutional dynamics as a limit to HBS’s ability to change.
Targeting the CANZUS baby boomer explorer and adventurer segments
Authors: Muller Thomas E. , Cleaver Megan
Published: June 2007

The world’s 90 million post-war baby boomers set the stage for some very fruitful international marketing efforts in adventure travel and educational or discovery tourism in the 21st century. Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the United States (the CANZUS countries) have post-Second World War baby-boom generations that together form a cohesive and attractive potential market. But will international tourism marketers recognise that, as baby boomers in the CANZUS populations arrive at their peak earnings and savings years and approach retirement, they present a 21st-century challenge for new product development and marketing strategy in international tourism? This paper profiles three key segments of baby boomers in the CANZUS populations that have the highest likelihood of travelling to discover and learn for self-fulfilment in Australia, Canada, New Zealand and America and to experience soft and hard adventure in these countries. Since all four countries possess an abundance of natural and experiential tourism resources, some tourism product development and marketing strategies are proposed as well.
Online or on the heap?
Authors: Marshall Lord
Published: June 2007

This paper not only examines some of the far-reaching impacts of information technology on the airline industry, but it also identifies a number of more immediate current challenges. Challenges such as increased liberalisation of global markets, competition from low-cost no-frills carriers, airport capacity restraints, environmental issues and the need to offer innovative and customer responsive services are discussed. A futuristic senario, that identifies some of the travel products and services that might be used in 2030, is also presented. The paper concludes by pointing out that despite the variety of forces that will shape the future of the industry, customer choice, preference and demand will remain the main driving force behind these changes.
Tourists and taxis: An examination of the tourism transport interface
Authors: Waryszak Robert , King Brian
Published: June 2007

This exploratory study examines the views of taxi drivers towards government policy objectives concerning the taxi industry in the broader tourism context. The research evaluates attempts by the government of the State of Victoria, Australia to strengthen the link between taxis and tourism and to enhance the level of service quality provided to tourists by the taxi industry. It then assesses whether these attempts were consistent with the views and attitudes of taxi drivers themselves, and evaluates the responses of groups of respondents on the basis of demographics. The 300 respondents were generally supportive of the objective of strengthening the taxi driver’s role in projecting a positive destination image to taxi users. They endorsed the introduction of customer service training and, in particular, the ‘knowledge of Melbourne’ test. The researchers concluded that respondents have a poor understanding of what the government has described as ‘world-class service’ and suggest that the communication of this objective has been inadequate. Despite the government’s enthusiasm for tourist information dissemination, it was found that few taxis currently display the relevant printed material. A new state government has been elected to power and has confirmed its ongoing commitment to developing the taxi and tourism relationship, although some modification of policies formulated under the previous administration may be anticipated.
Tourism brands: An exploratory study of the brands box model
Authors: Clarke Jackie
Published: June 2007

This paper is based on exploratory research which seeks to apply the brands box model developed for physical goods by de Chernatony and McWilliam to the context of tourism brands. The brands box model is a four-cell matrix based on two dimensions of a brand, the ‘representationality’ dimension and the ‘functionality’ dimension. The methodology of an interview survey of a random sample of the general public was replicated as far as feasible, including the sample size, with adaptations in the Likert statements to allow for the replacement of physical goods by tourism brands. The choice of tourism brands was tested against an evaluation exercise using a convenience sample; all six brands were recognised as ‘household names’. As an exploratory study, the research sought to investigate the public perception in Oxford of the representationality and functionality dimensions of six tourism brands, and to suggest possible explanations for the pattern alongside implications for marketing practice. The emerging brands box matrix suggested that the brands were high on both dimensions, although there was some indication that the representationality dimension varied more than the functionality dimension.
The influence of children on vacation travel patterns
Authors: Nickerson Norma P. , Jurowski Claudia
Published: June 2007

Travel surveys are conducted worldwide every day, but ignore an important segment of the travel industry: children who travel with parents. This paper provides an insight into conducting surveys on vacationing children, why these should be considered more often, and what can be gained. Results show children have a higher response rate than adults, are slightly more satisfied about conditions at the destination than adults, and provide a perspective about planning and development to increase child satisfaction at the destination.
A sociodemographic and trip profile of Kentucky visitors based on their gaming activity and destination-specific behaviour
Authors: Brown Desmond O.
Published: June 2007

With the growing trend of land-based casino development in many southern states of the USA, there is a growing debate among Kentucky residents, developers and politicians regarding the introduction of land-based casinos in the state. Based on recent examples from neighbouring states and the tone of public discourse, it seems inevitable that this form of gaming will be introduced in Kentucky. This study attempts to profile the sociodemographic and trip characteristics of current vacationers to Kentucky in an attempt to predict a typology of product class activity (visiting Kentucky casinos). The results reveal four main types of visitors: those who do not participate in gaming and would not visit a casino resort; those who do not participate but would visit; those who participate but would not visit, and those who participate and would visit.
Independent mid-market UK hotels: Marketing strategies for an increasingly competitive environment
Authors: Imrie Russell , Fyall Alan
Published: June 2007

Despite encouraging predicted growth trends for hotels across Europe, independent mid-market hotels are set to face considerable competitive pressures in the early years of the new millennium. This is particularly evident in the UK, where competition from both corporately owned branded hotels and the burgeoning branded budget hotel product, as well as other independent hotels in the mid-market sector, is noticeably strong. To counter the competitive threat, this paper explores some of the marketing options available to operators of independent mid-market hotels in the UK in their attempt to preserve market share and enhance future success in an increasingly competitive and crowded marketplace. The paper concludes with some broad lessons for the wider hotel sector, in both Europe and the UK, and questions the extent to which much of the sector can remain truly independent.
Branding a state: The evolution of Brand Oregon
Authors: Curtis Julie
Published: June 2007

In response to a sluggish state economy, Oregon set out in the late 1980s to brand the state’s tourism marketing and economic development efforts. Supported by an entrepreneurial new governor, a marketing-savvy tourism director, a world-class advertising agency and a US$2m budget enhancement, the Oregon Tourism Commission launched the ‘Oregon. Things Look Different Here’ campaign in 1988. This paper reviews the effectiveness of the campaign over time, and examines its successes, shortcomings, evolution and current status.
Consumers, travel and technology: A bright future for the Web or television shopping?
Authors: Morgan Nigel J. , Pritchard Annette , Abbott Sara
Published: June 2007

The international tourism system is dependant on information technology for its future growth, competitiveness and long-term survival—particularly in terms of tourism marketing and distribution. This study evaluates consumer perceptions of two of the more prominent technological innovations impacting on these aspects of the tourism industry: the World Wide Web (WWW) and television shopping via digital television. The paper begins by reviewing extant work on the expansion of the WWW and television shopping into travel distribution, before focusing on the results of the consumer research and discussing the findings' implications for tourism marketers. Based on focus group discussions, the study suggests that while there remain a number of significant challenges to be faced by Web designers and marketers if the medium is to fulfil its promised potential as a channel for travel service distribution, television travel shopping is currently being readily embraced by consumers of all ages. The paper concludes by highlighting online tourism organisations' need to confront the problems of converting Web browsers into buyers, and outlines an agenda for future research.
Do destination images really matter? Predicting destination choices of student travellers
Authors: Sirakaya Ercan , Sonmez Sevil F. , Choi Hwan-Suk
Published: June 2007

The purpose of the study was to identify images that are likely predictors of destination choices of college students considering travelling to Turkey in a probabilistic model when two measurements of the dependent variable were involved. Five hundred surveys were distributed to geographically dispersed universities across the USA. Based on a response rate of 65.4 per cent, the study results indicated that travellers can compartmentalise their mental pictures and evaluate each image component according to its importance in choice decisions. Moreover, familiarity with the destination can be considered as a moderator variable in decision-making models. Implications for destination mar keting and management are discussed in light of the study findings.
Repositioning travel agencies on the Internet
Authors: Barnett Martin , Standing Craig
Published: June 2007

Traditionally, retail travel agencies have acted as intermediaries between primary creators/suppliers of travel products and the consumer, largely as a function of taking upon themselves the transaction costs for the consumer to find and select appropriate travel facilitators. Internet-related technologies dramatically change transaction costs in communication-based activities and raise both challenges and opportunities for this business sector relating to issues of the nature and value of intermediation. Two major threats currently perceived are the disintermediation of retail agencies by primary producers, and the emergence of new virtual intermediaries.

The potential for structural changes in the travel sector highlights the need for travel agencies to actively select between business models which can best support an effective online strategy. The lowering cost of information and communications technology calls into question the sustainability of many existing implicit online models. To aid in the creation of new forms, we use the series of seven models derived by Burn and Barnett1 to describe the range of virtual organisational structures and apply these in the travel industry. The value of each of these forms lies in there being an appropriate response to the communication and transaction needs within a given nexus of market forces and opportunities. It is argued that the characteristics of traditional travel agencies are not yet aligned with the demands of the new travel economy. A rapidly changing business environment, largely brought about by the Internet, will require companies to quickly develop new affiliations and alliances, have access to new products and be creative in their marketing. It is suggested that an awareness of the range of organisational forms, together with an appreciation of their potential for application, will aid successful adaptation by travel companies within a changing business environment.
The senior drive tour market in Australia
Authors: Prideaux Bruce , Wei Sherrie , Ruys Hein
Published: June 2007

Seniors are increasingly being recognised as a significant group of tourists by both the private sector and academic researchers. Drive tourism is also recognised as a significant market with the potential to stimulate new tourism development in regional areas. Together, seniors and drive tourism constitute a significant tourism market sector that has to date received little attention. This paper examines aspects of the seniors drive tourism market and finds that the majority of seniors who go on holiday travel by car, preferring the cooler non-school-holiday periods for travel. Word of mouth was found to be a significant information source for seniors. The paper also examines the likely impact of baby boomers on the senior drive market in the future, and finds that this group will have different demands from current seniors.
Cape to Cairo — Can the dream be realised?
Authors: Frost Frederick A. , Shanka Tekle
Published: June 2007

This paper examines the potential for the Cape to Cairo tourism corridor that was long dreamt of by the British adventurer, Cecil John Rhodes, linking Africa from the south to the north by rail — from Cape to Cairo. Today, for the dream to be realised each country in the Cape to Cairo corridor as a member of the team and at the same time as a competitor needs to contribute to the establishment of the route. Each would present itself to the tourism market individually, but would also be part of the collaborative Cape to Cairo experience. Particular emphases should be placed on the need to establish cooperation within Africa to obtain a concerted approach to the development of African tourism. To achieve this, each country needs to develop its individual markets while at the same time ensuring the development and maintenance of the requisite infrastructure upon which the Cape to Cairo corridor so desperately depends.
Positioning the destination product ‘Southern Moravia’
Authors: Orth Ulrich R. , Turecková Jarmila
Published: June 2007

Decreasing numbers of tourists to the Czech Republic point to a weakening competitive position of Czech destinations. For many regions tourism may be a short-lived economic dream when understanding of tourists’ perceptions and travel motives is lacking. The two objectives pursued in this study are an identification of competing destinations including their positions relative to each other, and an a posteriori segmentation of visitors with psychographic variables. The study was initiated by a regional tourism commission to enable it to derive a favourable positioning strategy based on the segmentation results. Methodologically, the study tries to overcome well-known insufficiencies of single segmentation approaches by exploiting the advantage of the multivariate nature of combined push factors, pull factors and other factors of more restrictive nature. The task employs multivariate data analysis techniques such as factor analysis, cluster analysis and multi-dimensional scaling. The findings indicate that Southern Bohemia is considered the most attractive destination in the Czech Republic, while Southern Moravia is only ranked third. Vacationers perceive both destinations as highly similar, a fact that makes them very close competitors. Among the visitors to Southern Moravia, six homogeneous groups could be identified based on their vacation style orientation: relax-in-safety tourists, demanding pleasure travellers, nature-loving vacationers, cultural interactionists, carefree wellness tourists and sightseeing individuals. The groups were consolidated into a perceptual map and found to differ significantly with respect to preferred destinations and demographic variables.
The Canadian air transport industry: In crisis or in transition?
Authors: Archambault Michel , Roy Jacques
Published: June 2007

The air transport industry is currently experiencing one of the most difficult periods in its history. According to the International Air Transport Association (IATA), the global airline industry lost more than US$10bn in 2001. In Europe, well-established carriers such as Sabena and Swissair have had to declare bankruptcy after decades of existence. In Canada, the dominant carrier, Air Canada, declared a record loss of C$1.25bn in 2001.

It is tempting to attribute all these problems to the economic slowdown that began in early 2001 and was exacerbated by the tragic events of 11th September, 2001. After all, global air traffic dropped approximately 4 per cent in 2001. However, low-fare carriers are still earning profits and growing at a rate that is the envy of traditional scheduled carriers. In short, one question arises: are the industry’s current problems the result of a temporary economic downturn, or are they the outcome of a major transformation that began several years ago? This is the question addressed in this paper by examining recent changes in the Canadian air transport industry.
Loyalty marketing and frequent flyer programmes: Attitudes and attributes of corporate travellers
Authors: Whyte Randall
Published: June 2007

This study examines the concept of relationship marketing through the application of airline frequent flyer programmes in Australia. It was found that the schemes create spurious loyalty and that the issue of loyalty is much broader than merely accepting repeat purchase as a proxy for customer satisfaction. Rather it is the conditions and circumstances surrounding the relationship and how it is maintained that were found to be important factors. It was concluded that the schemes are not meeting their objectives.
Marketing and destination growth: A symbiotic relationship or simple coincidence?
Authors: Prideaux Bruce , Cooper Chris
Published: June 2007

This paper examines the relationship between destination growth and destination marketing by investigating the relationship between destination marketing organisations and local government authorities. A case study approach is adopted to explore this issue using two Queensland destinations, the Gold Coast and the Sunshine Coast. The findings of this research suggest that the manner in which private and public sector stakeholder organisations work together through a recognised destination marketing organisation will influence the overall rate of growth of destinations, particularly when origin markets are located in another state or overseas. In particular the study supports previous research findings that the role of local government authorities is essential if destination marketing authorities are to operate effectively.
Measurement of tourist satisfaction with restaurant services: A segment-based approach
Authors: Yüksel Atila , Yüksel Fisun
Published: June 2007

It is widely recognised that the tourist market is not homogeneous. Yet segment-specific satisfaction analysis has received inadequate attention both from researchers and managers. Focusing on tourists’ dining experiences, this study investigated whether tourists could be grouped into distinct segments; whether the composition of variables determining customer satisfaction differed among the identified segments; and whether market segmentation strategy could contribute to more parsimonious satisfaction prediction models. Factor analysis was performed to determine dimensions that are likely to influence tourist restaurant selection and evaluations, whereas cluster analysis was employed to identify homogeneous groups of respondents. Multiple regression analyses were then employed to examine the relative importance of service dimensions in determining satisfaction judgments of each segment. Based on the analyses, five distinct dining segments were identified. Different sets of service dimensions appeared to affect satisfaction judgments. Greater variation in satisfaction was explained when analysis was undertaken at market segment level compared to aggregate market level. Management and marketing implications of the study are discussed.
Marketing London in a difficult climate
Authors: Hopper Paul
Published: June 2007

In 2001 an unprecedented set of crises hit the tourism industry in the UK: foot-and-mouth disease, the 11th September terrorist attacks in the USA and the beginnings of general economic slowdown, particularly in the USA. Visitors to London dropped 10 per cent from 31.6 million in 2000 to 28.4 million, and spending dropped 11 per cent from £9.9bn in 2000 to £8.8bn. These combined factors cost London £1.1bn; it is expected to take at least two or three years before the industry recovers. This paper looks at how the tourism industry and the government addressed the issues in the short term, and at how they are working together to recover market share in the medium and long term.
Communicating in a crisis: The British Tourist Authority’s responses to the foot-and-mouth outbreak and 11th September, 2001
Authors: Frisby Elliott
Published: June 2007

The tourism industry makes a significant contribution to the UK’s economy. Inbound tourism by visitors from overseas to Britain was badly disrupted in 2001 by the combined effects of the foot-and-mouth outbreak and the impact of 11th September on global travel trends.

The British Tourist Authority (BTA), which promotes Britain as a destination in 27 markets overseas, developed a strategy to make use of additional government funding to boost visitor spending in Britain in 2002 and beyond.

This paper explores the impact of the events of 2001 on Britain’s inbound tourism industry and provides an insight into the initiatives undertaken by the BTA on behalf of the industry.
Ethical beliefs, work problem-solving strategies and learning styles as mediators of tourism marketing entrepreneurialism
Authors: Ross Glenn
Published: June 2007

This study investigates levels of entrepreneurial motivation associated with a tourism industry marketing business together with three types of mediating variables, namely fundamental ethical beliefs, preferred problem-solving strategies and favoured learning styles. A number of interesting and potentially useful results are revealed in this study: individuals who would eschew tourism management entrepreneurialism are found less likely to be innovative and less likely to rely upon preparation as a learning style, but rather seek to rely solely upon rote learning; in contrast, those who expressed cautious interest in such a business future are found more likely to be innovative and to value practicality as a learning style. Those prepared more confidently to pursue this type of entrepreneurial future are characterised by their assent to the ethical precept of genuineness; ethical precepts associated with hard work, helpfulness and genuineness are individually found to be related to the expression of a cautious interest in tourism marketing entrepreneurialism in the future life of the respondent. Significant associations between gender and tourism marketing entrepreneurialism are also highlighted. Implications of these results and also directions for future research are discussed.
Marketing gay tourism in Manchester: New market for urban tourism or destruction of ‘gay space’?
Authors: Hughes Howard L.
Published: June 2007

The scope for exploiting the tourism potential of cities is, in marketing terms, limited to promotion, image-generation and product-positioning. Marketers identify the strengths of the city and target particular market segments. In this paper, the case of Manchester (UK) and its marketing campaign targeted at the gay men’s market are examined. The factors influencing gay men’s holiday choices are discussed prior to a description of the marketing campaign. The paper explores the likely impact of this campaign upon the significance of the ‘gay space’ of Manchester. It concludes that whilst the gay tourism market is a particularly apt one for Manchester to target there are implications for the life of gay residents which are undesirable.
People, pace, place: Qualitative and quantitative images of Ireland as a tourism destination in France
Authors: O’Leary Sinéad , Deegan Jim
Published: June 2007

Ireland’s traditional tourist images — relating to people, pace and place — are increasingly threatened by the development of the Celtic tiger economy. Furthermore, recent trends suggest that the French visitor market to Ireland is showing signs of stagnation. To date, however, there has been little research regarding destination image in either Ireland or France and none that focuses specifically on Ireland’s image in France. In this study, 281 French visitors to Ireland were asked to describe their image of Ireland in terms of common attribute-based components and holistic aspects. The findings show that the key images of Ireland remain the welcoming people, the beautiful scenery and the relaxed pace of life. Given the dramatic changes that have taken place in Ireland since the 1990s there are indications that these images may no longer accurately represent all aspects of Irish society. The study highlights the need for image modification to ensure that the portrayed image of Ireland is consistent with what the destination has to offer in reality.
Activity preferences of Asian international and domestic American university students: An alternate basis for segmentation
Authors: Kim Kakyom , Jogaratnam Giri
Published: June 2007

Though the student market constitutes a significant portion of revenues in the travel industry, it has received little attention in tourism research. The primary purpose of this paper is to offer an alternate approach to segmentation and to subdivide the student market on the basis of travel activity preferences of Asian and domestic university students. When a division based on ethnicity is adopted, the study findings suggest that the travel activity preferences of Asian and domestic college students are surprisingly similar. Subdividing this market by means of a factor-cluster segmentation methodology, however, yielded two cluster groups that were significantly differentiated by variables such as gender, age, source of income, length of stay, marital status and travel group size. The ability to segment this market in terms of descriptors other than ethnicity allows marketers to focus their efforts differently in their attempts to target these groups.
Comparing the effects of a photograph versus artistic renditions of a beach scene in a direct-response print ad for a Caribbean resort island: A mental imagery perspective
Authors: Miller Darryl W. , Stoica Michael
Published: June 2007

This study compared the effects of a photograph versus two artistic renditions of a beach scene contained in a direct-response print ad for a fictional Caribbean resort island. The two impressionistic artistic renditions included a watercolour painting based on the photograph and an electronically altered version of the photograph. Results indicate that the artistic renderings of the scene were superior to the photograph in drawing attention. The photograph was found to be better for evoking greater quantity, more vivid and more affectively positive mental imagery. The photograph was also superior in generating more favourable attitudes towards the ad and the resort and stronger behavioural intent, but not better recall of the resort name. Theoretical explanations and managerial implications are offered for this pattern of results.
Destination image differences between prospective and actual tourists in Nigeria
Authors: Awaritefe Onome Daniel
Published: June 2007

The study compared the types of tourism valued by non-tourists and tourists, and examined factors influencing destination selection. Cluster analysis and chi-square tests were used for comparison. Questionnaire surveys confirm that non-tourists attach higher values to natural destinations/environments that may be associated with escape/leisure needs, while the tourists placed higher importance on built destination environments associated with appreciative/study and recreational opportunities. Personal factors such as income and transportation were very important in the destination selection of non-tourists, while environmental factors such as attractions, facilities/amenities and security/safety were more important to tourists. Study implications are also highlighted.
Predictors of tourists’ shopping behaviour: Examination of socio-demographic characteristics and trip typologies
Authors: Oh Joanne Yoon-Jung , Cheng Chia-Kuen , Lehto Xinran Y. , O’Leary Joseph T.
Published: June 2007

While the importance of tourism shopping is widely recognised and tourism destinations are aware of the contributions of shopping, there is still little known about the actual behaviour and expectations of tourists, and what influences their preferences and behaviours. Previous research findings consistently indicate that certain associations exist among age, gender and trip typology or trip activity profiles with tourists’ shopping behaviours and preferences. Therefore, the current study examines the effectiveness of age, gender and trip typology as predictor variables for tourists’ shopping behaviours. Shopping behaviours are examined by tourists’ actual involvement in five different categories of ‘shop or browse’ activities. The results indicate that there are distinct groups prevalent in certain categories of shopping activity participation and age, gender and trip typology are significant factors influencing the preference patterns in certain categories of shop or browse activities. Therefore, trip typology, age and gender can serve as useful indicators for configuration of tourist shopper consumer profiles, and the implications are suggested. Better information about patterns and predictor factors of tourist shopping behaviour can lead to improved planning, marketing and management of sales, expenditures and opportunities in the industry.
Tourists’ and retailers’ perceptions of souvenirs
Authors: Swanson Kristen K.
Published: June 2007

The nature of humans is to return from travelling with a souvenir of the experience. The purchase of a souvenir by a tourist serves as a tangible way of capturing or suspending in time an otherwise intangible experience. Many small businesses in the south-west region of the USA depend on souvenir sales for income. The purpose of this study was to assess south-western retailers’ knowledge of tourists’ souvenir purchase behaviour while visiting the area. Souvenir products, product attributes and store attributes were analysed for differences in importance between tourists and retailers. Factor analysis and t-tests were administered. Findings indicated differences exist between tourists and retailers with regard to souvenir products, product attributes and store attributes. By better understanding the relationship between tourists and their retail needs, tourism-based retail busi nesses may increase revenues and the economic activity of a host area.
Tourism and retail transactions: Lessons from the Porsche experience
Authors: Coles Tim
Published: June 2007

The relationship between tourism and shopping is relatively well understood. Conversely, the relationship between tourism and retailing is not. The difference between ‘retailing’ and ‘shopping’ is not just a semantic one, but one with major conceptual implications. Through the case of Porsche’s latest model, this paper offers a reading of the connections between tourism, shopping and retailing. A supply-side, retailer-focused perspective contributes a deeper understanding of tourist shopping, revealing as it does the social relations of exchange in tourism shopping episodes, different types of tourist shopper and how cars and other commodities may be usefully deployed to develop enduring, longterm destination marketing themes.