bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implications of Climate Change for Production and Decomposition in Grasslands and Coniferous Forests
Authors: Esser Gerd
Published: April 2006

A geographical information system, together with a climate—driven, global, regionalized, carbon—budget model, was used to investigate climatic limitations of grassland and coniferous forest vegetation units. The climatic limitations of the fluxes net primary productivity and litter decay were considered for present climatic conditions and for scenario conditions assuming a 3.5°C temperature rise or a 10% precipitation increase, respectively. The two fluxes behave differently in respect to climatic limitations. Global grassland and coniferous forest areas are quite similar in size, but grasslands have the higher productivity while coniferous forests dominate in phytomass. Therefore, grasslands are more important for the seasonal carbon cycle. Coniferous forests have the stronger potential to influence the long—term carbon balance. The assumed climate change will strongly affect the climatic limitations of both vegetation types.
Remote‐Sensing‐Based Condition Assessment for Nonequilibrium Rangelands Under Large‐Scale Commercial Grazing
Authors: Pickup G. , Bastin G. N. , Chewings V. H.
Published: April 2006

Range condition assessment procedures that rely on field—collected botanical data face major problems in nonequilibrium rangelands, which are spatially variable and extensively grazed. These problems include the difficulty of interpreting changes in plant species composition and the logistics of obtaining representative data for large areas. Consideration of ecosystem behavior through time and in space shows that certain spatial and temporal patterns exist that may be used to isolate the impact of grazing from other processes. The patterns also make it possible to distinguish between temporary changes and those that are more long term. All relevant patterns may be expressed in terms of total plant cover and may be monitored from remote sensing satellites. It is therefore possible to derive a set of range condition indicators that may be measured and monitored from space. These indicators use trends in average vegetation cover with distance from water at the end of very wet periods, trends in cover variance with distance from water, and the magnitude of observed vegetation response at individual points in the landscape compared with that which is expected when vegetation recovers fully from grazing. It is also possible to use spatial variability in the rate of cover depletion after rainfall to infer relative differences in the amount of forage present. When used in combination, the methods offer a realistic alternative to field—based assessment and are capable of detecting many types of rangeland degradation. They are also considerably cheaper to use.
Short‐Term Responses of Wetland Vegetation After Liming of an Adirondack Watershed
Authors: Mackun Irene R. , Leopold Donald J. , Raynal Dudley J.
Published: April 2006

Watershed liming has been suggested as a long—term mitigation strategy for lake acidity, particularly in areas subject to high levels of acidic deposition.However, virtually no information has been available on the impacts of liming on wetland vegetation. In 1989, 1100 Mg of limestone (83.5% CaCO3) were aerially applied to 48% (100 ha) of the Woods Lake watershed in the west—central Adirondack region of New York as part of the first comprehensive watershed liming study in North America. We inventoried wetland vegetation in 1.0—m2 plots before liming and during the subsequent 2 yr. Within this period liming influenced the cover, frequency, or importance values of only 6 of 64 wetland taxa. The cover of Sphagnum spp. and of the cespitose sedge Carex interior decreased in control relative to limed plots, and cover of the rhizomatous sedge Cladium mariscoides increased nearly threefold in limed areas. These two sedges, which are relatively tall, are characteristic of more calcareous habitats. Cover of the grass Muhlenbergia uniflora, cover and importance value of the sundew Drosera intermedia, and frequency of the forb Hypericum canadense were adversely affected or inhibited by lime. It is unclear whether liming directly inhibited the growth of these three small—statured species, or whether the adverse effects of lime were mediated through shifts in competitive interactions with other species. The limited responses that we observed to liming, along with changes that occurred in control plots over the study period, may indicate that in the short term watershed liming was no more of a perturbation than the environmental factors responsible for natural annual variation in wetland communities.
Change in Arctic CO2Flux Over Two Decades: Effects of Climate Change at Barrow, Alaska
Authors: Oechel Walter C. , Vourlitis George L. , Hastings Steven J. , Bochkarev Sergey A.
Published: April 2006

A significant difference in net ecosystem carbon balance of wet sedge ecosystems in the Barrow, Alaska region was observed between CO2 flux measurements obtained during the International Biological Program in 1971 and measurements made during the 1991‐1992 growing seasons. Currently, high‐center polygons are net sources of CO2 to the atmosphere of ≈14 gC·m‐2·yr‐1, while low‐center polygons are losing ≈3.6 gC·m‐2·yr‐1, and ice wedge habitats are accumulating 4.0 gC·m‐2·yr‐1. On average, moist meadow habitats characteristic of the IBP‐II site are currently sources of ≈1.3 gC·m‐2·yr‐1 to the atmosphere compared to the reported accumulation of ≈25 gC·m‐2·yr‐1 determined in 1971. This difference in ecosystem function over the last two decades may be due to the recently reported increase in surface temperatures resulting in decreases in the soil moisture status. These results point to the importance of long‐term research sites and databases for determining the potential effects of climate change on ecosystem function.
Chemical Contaminants, Liver Disease, and Mortality Rates in English Sole (Pleuronectes Vetulus)
Authors: Johnson L. L. , Landahl J. T.
Published: April 2006

Previous studies have shown that exposure to chemical contaminants is associated with a variety of disease conditions in feral fish. However, relatively little is known about the effects of toxicopathic disease or other types of impairment associated with chronic exposure to environmental contaminants on fish mortality rates. In this study, annual mortality rates were estimated in English sole (Pleuronectes vetulus) from heavily and minimally contaminated areas in Puget Sound (Washington state), and in sole with and without selected hepatic lesions, including neoplasms. Mortality rates were determined using catch curve analysis and linear regression techniques. For English sole 3 yr of age and above from urban and non—urban areas of Puget Sound combined, the annual mortality rate was 0.38. This estimate is similar to published mortality rates for English sole from northern Puget Sound and other flatfish species from the North Sea, Grand Banks, and western Canada. Mortality rates in sole from heavily contaminated sites or in sole with toxicopathic liver lesions were not significantly higher than those for English sole from Puget Sound as a whole. These findings suggest that although toxicant—related death due to disease or other impairment may contribute to mortality rates in English sole, at least in older animals, its impact appears to be overridden by other factors that could deplete English sole populations, such as fishing pressure, predation, or fluctuations in food supply. The major impact of chronic exposure to environmental contaminants may be on reproductive capacity, egg and larval viability, and survival of juveniles rather than on survival of adults.
The Need to Define Hydrologic Equivalence at the Landscape Scale for Freshwater Wetland Mitigation
Authors: Bedford Barbara L.
Published: April 2006

Attempts to replace wetlands or define hydrologic equivalence for wetland mitigation must be based on an understanding of the complexity of wetland hydrology and of the relationship of individual wetlands to the landscape. Because mitigation has the potential to re‐configure the kinds and spatial distribution of wetland ecosystems over large geographic areas, I advocate a landscape approach to defining hydrologic equivalence. This approach does not depend on specification of hydroperiod or other hydrologic variables for individual wetlands. It relies instead on knowledge of landscape properties that control wetland hydrology and water chemistry. In this paper I develop the conceptual framework for defining hydrologic equivalence for wetland mitigation viewed as a de facto landscape management policy with the potential to reduce the diversity of wetland types within regions. I review modern hydrogeological understanding of where wetlands form in the landscape and identify key hydrologic variables responsible for the formation of specific wetland types. I also review existing evaluations of mitigation projects in several states. On the basis of these reviews, I argue that, in setting regulatory criteria for judging hydrologic equivalence, the scale must be enlarged from the individual wetland project to include the broader landscape. Only this broader view can provide the context within which decision‐makers can evaluate the potential cumulative effects of individual mitigation decisions on broad‐scale patterns of wetland diversity. The landscape approach to defining hydrologic equivalence that I advocate is based on the concept of templates for wetland development. These templates are the diversity of settings created in specific landscapes by the complex interactions of hydrogeologic factors and climate. These interactions, in turn, control key hydrologic variables and hydrologically influenced chemical variables that cause specific wetland types to form. Hydrologic equivalence then can be defined at the scale of landscapes in terms of the kinds, numbers, relative abundances, and spatial distribution of wetland templates. The approach can be implemented through the identification of landscape goals and profiles based on knowledge of these templates. The profiles would catalog and map the diversity of wetland templates and the diversity of existing wetland types within a given landscape, focusing the attention of decision‐makers on broad‐scale patterns of loss in wetland types and providing a context within which individual mitigation projects could be evaluated. Landscape goals for maintaining a diversity of wetland templates are suggested.
Estimating Population Density Per Unit Area from Mark, Release, Recapture Data
Authors: Matlock Robert B. , Welch John B. , Parker Frank D.
Published: April 2006

In this paper, we describe a method for estimating animal population density per unit area from mark, release, recapture (MRR) data. Standard procedures are available for estimating population size from MRR data, but not density per unit area, which is often of more practical value. If data on dispersal movements are available in addition to capture/recapture records, they can be used to estimate the area over which the study population ranges. These area estimates can then be combined with MRR abundances to yield estimates of population density. As a concrete example of how these methods can be applied, we calculated population density estimates for seven MRR data sets for the screwworm, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera: Calliphoridae), from Costa Rica. As a standard of comparison, we also used a different method to calculate estimates of screwworm density for five sets of USDA APHIS Screwworm Eradication Program data from Mexico. Mean densities for both sets of analyses were similar, ranging from 10 to 120 adult flies/km2. General agreement between the Mexican and Costa Rican estimates lends support to the dispersal approach we propose here. Although we have applied these methods to the screwworm as a specific example, they are entirely general and can be applied to virtually any organism for which both MRR records and dispersal data are available.
Supplements of bounded permutation groups
Authors: Bigelow Stephen
Published: April 2006

Let λ ≤ κ be infinite cardinals and let Ω be a set of cardinality κ. The bounded permutation groupBλ(Ω), or simplyBλ, is the group consisting of all permutations of Ω which move fewer than λ points in Ω. We say that a permutation groupGacting on Ω is asupplement of BλifBλGis the full symmetric group on Ω.

In [7], Macpherson and Neumann claimed to have classified all supplements of bounded permutation groups. Specifically, they claimed to have proved that a groupGacting on the set Ω is a supplement ofBλif and only if there exists Δ ⊂ Ω with ∣Δ∣ < λ such that the setwise stabiliserG{Δ}acts as the full symmetric group on Ω ∖ Δ. However I have found a mistake in their proof. The aim of this paper is to examine conditions under which Macpherson and Neumann's claim holds, as well as conditions under which a counterexample can be constructed. In the process we will discover surprising links with cardinal arithmetic and Shelah's recently developedpcftheory.
Arikara Pottery Making
Authors: Swanton John R.
Published: April 2006

The following note regarding pottery-making may be of interest to archaeologists who are not already acquainted with it. It is an entry made by John Bradbury when he was at an Arikara village on the Missouri in May, 1810.

“I noticed over their fires much larger vessels of earthen-ware than any I had before seen, and was permitted to examine them. They were sufficiently hardened by the fire to cause them to emit a sonorous tone on being struck, and in all I observed impressions on the outside, seemingly made by wicker work. This led me to enquire of them by signs how they were made? when a squaw brought a basket, and took some clay, which she began to spread very evenly within it, shewing me at the same time that they were made in that way. From the shape of these vessels, they must be under the necessity of burning the basket to disengage them, as they are wider at the bottom than at the top.
The Comparison of Fiber Properties of Arizona Cliff-Dweller and Hopi Cotton
Authors: Haury Emil W. , Conrad Carl M.
Published: April 2006

The cotton sample used in the following fiber study was found in the summer of 1932, in the Canyon Creek ruin, Fort Apache Indian Reservation, in east-central Arizona. During the excavations remnants of cotton fabrics were frequently found in the rubbish, indicating that the occupants of the pueblo evidently made considerable use of the fiber. A small quantity of raw cotton, in the process of being spun into yarn, was found with an adult female buried below the floor of a room.
Some Aspects of the Largo Cultural Phase, Northern New Mexico
Authors: Mera H. P.
Published: April 2006

Following a brief reference, in Science to a paper presented by the writer at the Denver Meeting of the A. A. A. S., wherein the occurrence of Woodland-like vessel shapes in a Puebloan pottery complex was reported, a number of requests for further information have been received. In consequence of the apparent interest shown, the following preliminary report is offered.

During the progress of an archaeological survey of north central New Mexico in 1932, particularly in that section drained by the western tributaries of the upper Chama and southeasternmost affluents of the San Juan rivers, a large number of sites were recorded which, in architectural forms and pottery content, appeared to differ somewhat from more usual Pueblo patterns.
The Proposed National Monument at Manuelito, New Mexico
Authors: Devanter D. W. Van
Published: April 2006

One holiday morning, several years ago, I turned southeast from Highway 66 at Manuelito, New Mexico, six miles east of the Arizona-New Mexico state line. Nothing was more remote from my mind than archaeology. I was bound for some buttes, visible from the highway, in search of pictures. After driving nearly five miles the trail led around an immense Pueblo III ruin measuring about four hundred by six hundred feet.

It developed that the ruins were known to a few local traders and ranchers and were a matter of record at the Smithsonian Institution to the extent that the area was listed as of archaeological interest though, so far as is known, it had never been intensively investigated by an archaeologist. Dr. F. H. H. Roberts, Jr. and Dr. H. P. Mera had made rough surveys.
Archaeological Work in Middle America in 1941–1942
Authors: Mason J. Alden
Published: April 2006

Many factors contribute to the result that archaeological field research in Middle America is done, not, as generally in the United States, by many small expeditions from many institutions, but by a few organizations whose activities are mainly or entirely devoted to this region. In recent years the Mexican government, the assistance of which is now embodied in the Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, the Carnegie Institution of Washington, and the American Museum of Natural History, have contributed the major part of such research. For several years past, the joint expeditions of the National Geographic Society and the Smithsonian Institution have taken an important part, and during the season of 1941–1942 three expeditions of the Institute of Andean Research, under the auspices of the Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs, carried on excavations in Middle America.
Culture Chronology in the Central Great Plains
Authors: Wedel Waldo R.
Published: April 2006

Archaeology in the central and northern Great Plains stands today on the threshold of what may be its outstanding opportunity for sustained achievement. The intensive field investigations so auspiciously launched in Nebraska, Kansas, and the Dakotas in the decade before the war, have been at a virtual standstill since 1940; and with the rapid expansion of the nation's armed forces and defense industries, the number of students and laboratory workers available for study of the accumulated data and collections, dwindled nearly or quite to the vanishing point. Here and there, a few individuals found it possible, intermittently and subsidiary to war-connected activities, to carry on limited researches.
A Graphical Approach to Some Problems in Maya Astronomy
Authors: Merrill Robert H.
Published: April 2006

Although graphical methods are in common use by engineers and astronomers, they are less familiar to archaeologists. To portray the rhythm of celestial motions, astronomers often use “elongation” diagrams to show angular distances of moon and planets from the sun on each day of the calendar year.

The Maya recognized a zone within which the planets could not be seen because of proximity to the brilliant disk of the sun. The moon cannot be seen on the day of conjunction with the sun, and is generally invisible on the day before and the day after this “new moon day.” The three consecutive days in the lunar table of the Dresden Codex may represent the 3-day phase of moon disappearance.
Note on the Maya Eclipse Table of the Dresden Codex
Authors: Sattekthwaite Linton
Published: April 2006

In the January issue Robert Merrill reviews a study of mine called Concepts and Structures of Maya Calendrical Arithmetics. Considering the flinty nature of the material I wish he had noted that there is a section devoted to “Summary.” Two “Appendices” also failed to get mentioned, but the other sections are characterized briefly. Section XV was mistakenly grouped with others as dealing with “analysis of various moon formulae.” In it, a moon formula is simply assumed, and the subject is a theory, admittedly incomplete, as to how the Maya computer of the Eclipse Table on pp. 51-8 of the Dresden Codex may have been able to do as well as he did without understanding the celestial mechanics involved. Thus, this short section has a bearing on just how “gifted” the much-praised ancient Maya astronomer-priests really were.
Archaeological Investigations in Medicine Creek Reservoir, Nebraska
Authors: Kivett Marvin F.
Published: April 2006

The Medicine Creek Valley of south-central Nebraska has for many years been known to contain within its limits important archaeological materials representing various periods of man's occupancy in the Central Plains. The region is climatically near the western limits of successful general farming. While the yearly precipitation averages about 23 inches, records show a variation in total from 11 to 38 inches. (Bason and others, 1939, pp. 4–6). This wide fluctuation in precipitation, often combined with extremely high temperatures during the growing season, makes the area one of agricultural uncertainty. Early White settlement in the valley was often retarded and in some instances completely checked as a result of severe but usually short-period droughts. Prehistoric horticultural groups subsisting in this region were undoubtedly subjected to the same unfavorable conditions. They, like the early- White settlers who were to follow, may have been forced at times to abandon the area temporarily and withdraw to a more favorable one.
Early Cultural Horizons in the Southeastern United States
Authors: Miller Carl F.
Published: April 2006

Since Haag's article “Early Horizons in the Southeast” appeared some time ago, considerable data have accumulated which further delimit the southeastern archaeological area. Instead of covering the area south of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi River, as noted by Haag, it more nearly approximates that region covered by the eastern half of the state of Tennessee; the southern half of North Carolina; all of Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, and Florida; and the eastern portion of Louisiana—most of which lie in the Coastal Plain and in the northern portion of the Piedmont section. Climatic as well as physiographic and cultural conditions were determinants of the type and kind of aboriginal sites found in this geographical section of the United States.
An Early Complex in San Diego County, California
Authors: True D. L.
Published: April 2006

The archaeology of the San Luis Rey Basin is characterized by a series of sites which for the most part conform to the San Luis Rey complexes described by Meighan (1954). San Luis Rey I is characterized by dark, sooty midden deposits containing small pressure flaked projectile points, manos, portable metates, spire-lopped and disc beads of Olivella, drilled stone ornaments, and portable and bedrock mortars with unshaped cobble pestles. San Luis Rey II contains all of the above elements plus pottery, pictographs, and historical artifacts on the terminal sites. The physical locations for San Luis Rey sites seldom deviate from streamside locations in close proximity to boulder outcroppings suitable for bedrock mortars and shelter.
The Cochise Culture Olivella
Authors: D. S.  , Gifford E. W.
Published: April 2006

The only marine mollusk listed for 22 samples from beds on Whitewater Creek and San Pedro River is a fragment of Olivella identified as Olivella pedroana Conrad: “A marine species of the Gulf of California and the Pacific coast from California southward. Only one fragment found. It is possible that this might have been used as an ornament.“ This specimen is from the lowest or Sulphur Spring stage of the Cochise culture, which has yielded certain extinct mammals.

“The problem of the route of spread [of the Cochise people] is raised by the occurrence with the Sulphur Spring artifacts at Double Adobe (bed b, Fig. 12) of a shell fragment of the marine gastropod Olivella pedroana Conrad, which postulates that the Chochise people had contact with the west coast.“
“Each to the Other“
Authors: Ritchie William A.
Published: April 2006

There has been, of late, much ado in archaeological circles about amateur and professional relations. Actually, there is no new problem here; there has always been an area of strain as well as an area of amicable cooperation between these groups. The tension, it is true, grows more acute with the rapid decrease in number of good sites and is, therefore, simply another manifestation of the competitive friction associated with increasing population pressures on resources of all kinds. Moreover, the spread of amateur interest in archaeology has been tremendous, but the number of jobs for professional prehistorians remains, as always, small.
The Southern Cult in the Northern Plains
Authors: Howard James H.
Published: April 2006

Recently renewed interest has been focused upon the occurrence in the Plains area of the archaeological complex often termed the “Southern cult.” This complex is found over a wide geographic area and in association with varied cultures. It occurs throughout the southeastern United States, and extends north and west along the Mississippi and Missouri River valleys. It has been found in eastern South Dakota, eastern North Dakota, and in the provinces of Manitoba and Saskatchewan in Canada. The complex is characterized by specific art motifs and ceremonial objects, including masklike whelk shell gorgets, and the cross, forkedeye, and hand-and-eye motifs. The complex was apparently fundamentally dependent upon a horticultural base, and is associated in nearly every case with platform mounds. Sites often thought of in connection with the Southern cult are Etowah (Georgia), Moundville (Alabama), and Spiro (Oklahoma). The author has recently examined materials in the collections of the North Dakota State Historical Museum for artifacts related to the complex.
On a Supposed Mesoamerican “Thin Orange” Vessel from Ecuador
Authors: Nicholson H. B.
Published: April 2006

Interest has recently increased in problems of pre- Conquest contact between the two foci of high culture in the New World, Mesoamerica and the Andean Area. In approaching this question, three major categories of culture diffusion should be recognized at the outset, since each requires a different methodological approach on its own level. The first category would include such basic foundation elements as the cultivation of maize and other closely associated plant staples, pottery, metallurgy, weaving, architecture, etc.; the second, such considerably more specific traits as highly specialized technological processes in various crafts, distinctive art styles, unique design motifs, etc.; and the third, actual trade objects manufactured in one region and imported into the other. There has been more agreement concerning the actuality of diffusion of at least some first category traits than of those in the second, where the claims when critically examined often turn out. to be founded on highly subjective criteria. As for the third category, the striking thing here is the marked paucity of claims of finds of this type.
Additional Information on the Bull Brook Site, Massachusetts
Authors: Byers Douglas S.
Published: April 2006

Due to the kind invitation of William C. Eldridge and the Vaccaro brothers, discoverers of the site, I have had opportunities to visit and excavate in this flutedpoint site during the current spring. In part of the work I was accompanied by Theodore L. Stoddard.

In April we went to examine a possible hearth area where concentrations of charcoal had been reported in association with fragments of artifacts and chips of the stone used by the paleo-Indian occupants of the site. The surface which was exposed lay about 12 inches below ground level and well within the horizon of yellow-brown sand. Concentrations of charcoal were irregular in outline and density, and as one trowelled downwards they appeared to separate into fingers suggesting roots. Associated with some of the better preserved charcoal were bits of carbonized bark. We therefore concluded that the charcoal represented the remains of stumps which had burned out in rather recent woods fires, and that association of charcoal and fragments of paleo-Indian artifacts was purely fortuitous.
Evidence of a Fluted Point Tradition in Ecuador
Authors: Bell Robert E.
Published: April 2006

The discovery of fluted points at one site in the Andean Highlands near Quito, Ecuador, suggests that the fluted-point tradition extended into South America. The association of scrapers, knives, and gravers with the fluted points indicates a hunting assemblage which may be related to paleo-Indian horizons of western United States.
Stephenson and Krieger on “Culture Chronology in Texas”
Authors: Kelley J. Charles
Published: April 2006

Stephenson's recent synthesis of Texas archaeology (1950) has evoked a markedly critical commentary from Krieger (1951). Krieger comments on the many inaccuracies which he finds therein. There are without question, mistakes of both omission and commission in Stephenson's paper. Nevertheless, the synthesis provides the general archaeologist with a relatively accurate, helpful and stimulating view of the aboriginal occupation of the entire State. It is my impression that a synthesis such as that of Stephenson must inevitably be inadequate or actually erroneous in detail. The significant point is that Stephenson has actually published and should be credited with a tentative and worth-while state-wide synthesis of Texas archaeology and, furthermore, has succeeded in evoking comment from both Krieger and the writer. The critical archaeologist who successively reads Stephenson's article, Krieger's criticism, and this commentary will certainly become acquainted not only with the established data of Texas archaeology but with many of the controversial points as well.
Pottery in the Northwest
Authors: Osborne Douglas
Published: April 2006

In 1932 Verne F. Ray reported ethnographic data on the use of unfired pottery among the Sanpoil of the Plateau and discussed archaeological and ethnographic occurrences of both unfired and fired pottery in and adjacent to that area. He was disposed to look upon Sarci pottery as the most likely source for the Sanpoil trait.
A Small Irrigation System in the Valley of Teotihuacan
Authors: Armillas Pedro , Palerm Ángel , Wolf Eric R.
Published: April 2006

Examination of aerial photographs of the Teotihuacan region for indications of abandoned irrigation canals revealed the traces of a small system just to the northwest of the modern road connecting the town of Atlatongo with the ceremonial center of Teotihuacan. The system lies along a stream flowing southeastwards in the tributary valley formed by Cerros Maravillas to the west, Tenextlacotla to the north, and Malinalco to the east (Fig. 123). The aerial photograph used had a scale of 1:10,000. It was taken by the Compañia Mexicana de Aerofoto and is identifiable as Sheet 50 of the aerial survey “Cuautitlan to Estacion de Irolo” (Fig. 124). Although the photograph was not taken for archaeological purposes, its utility in locating remains on the ground demonstrates once again that the systematic use of aerial photographs in settlement archaeology — used to such advantage elsewhere — could also yield promising results in Mesoamerica.
The Classification of Artifacts in Archaeology
Authors: Rouse Irving
Published: April 2006

Analytic classification consists of forming successive series of classes, referring to different features of artifacts. Each class is characterized by one or more attributes which indicate a custom to which the artisan conformed, for example, a technique of manufacture, or a concept which he expressed in the artifacts, such as a design. These customs and concepts constitute modes. They are “procedural modes” when they refer to behavior of artisans and “conceptual modes” when they consist of ideas which artisans have expressed in artifacts.

Taxonomic classification consists of formulating a single set of classes, one for each kind of artifact in the collection. Each class is characterized by two or more modes, selected from among the total number of modes obtainable by means of analytic classification. The modes diagnostic of each class constitute its type. If diagnostic modes are selected for their time-space significance, the resultant types are “historical.” If the diagnostic modes are selected for what they indicate about the intrinsic nature of the artifacts, the types are “descriptive.”

The situations under which it is best to use either procedural or conceptual modes or historical or descriptive types are discussed and it is concluded that all four kinds of units are essential for the complete interpretation of archaeological remains.
A Radiocarbon Date from the Central Coast of Peru
Authors: Stumer Louis M.
Published: April 2006

A specimen from a bundle of rope found at Playa Grande in association with pottery of Playa Grande 1 style and the white-zoned and white-slipped varieties of the Baños de Boza style is dated at A.D. 570 ± 160 (L-384A). Since the Playa Grande ceramic style has good crossties with Late Mochica, Salinar, Puerto Moorin, Maranga, and Nazca styles, this date tends to substantiate the generally accepted but not clearly demonstrated contemporaneity of the Mochica 3, 4, 5 sequence on the North Coast with the Playa Grande, Maranga sequence on the Central Coast and the Nazca A, B, Y development on the South Coast.
Two Renaissance Epitaphs
Authors: Bühler Curt F.
Published: April 2006

Epitaphs of somewhat greater literary and historic interest than those usually met with are to be found in two volumes in the Pierpont Morgan Library. Though one was written down in a mediaeval manuscript and the other relates to an English nobleman who died early in the fifteenth century, they may nevertheless be identified with the era to which the Renaissance Society dedicates itself, since both the epitaphs were probably composed in the sixteenth century and they were set down in the Morgan volumes by two writers of the same century.

On the verso of the first fly-leaf of Morgan Ms 771, there is written, in a hand of the early sixteenth century, the following stanza:

La terre monde et ciel/ont deuise ma dameAnne qui fut des Roys/diaries et loys femmeLa terre a pris le corps/qui gist soubz ceste LameLe monde ansy Retient/Sa Renommee et famePardurable a Jaymes/Sans estre blasmee de ameEt Le ciel pour sa part a voulu prendre L'ame
Mathematicians in the Sixteenth-Century French Academies: Some Further Evidence
Authors: Davis Natalie Zemon
Published: April 2006

Mathematical education was part of the encyclopedic program of Baïf's Academy and its ofishoot the Palace Academy, as Miss Frances Yates has aptly shown. But who were the teachers? She has speculated that the classical archeologist Louis de Montjusieu taught mathematics to the Duc de Joyeuse at the Academies rather than privately. An analysis of the interests and contacts of a number of mathematicians in the Paris area during the 1570's and 1580's adds to her speculation several masters of mathematics, three of whom will be discussed here.
A Source for Wyatt's ‘What menythe thys?’
Authors: Wiatt William H.
Published: April 2006

Sir Thomas Wyatt's poetry is at once a pleasure and a problem for the source hunter. Wyatt often translates direcdy from his source, but frequently he borrows no more than opening lines or stanzas, as in ‘O goodely hand’, where only the first three stanzas derive from Petrarch's sonnet ‘O bella man’, and the rest of the poem is either original or drawn from another source.
On St. Thomas More, an Epitaph of Uncertain Origin
Authors: Lynch Arthur , Bradner Leicester
Published: April 2006

AS early as March 23, 1535, 105 days before his execution, there had been written an epitaph for St. Thomas More. Salmonius Macrinus (Jean Salmon, valet de chambre to Francis 1, and known as Macrin) on March 23 presented a copy of the epitaph to some person who inscribed it on page 6 of a copy of Thomas's Epigrammata (Basel, December 1520).
Jacques Amyot, Preceptor of Two Kings
Authors: Adler Alfred
Published: April 2006

Relatively little is known about the actual influence of Jacques Amyot on Charles IX and Henry III, who were entrusted as young boys to his pedagogical care. Amyot's translation of the works of Plutarch was so popular that Montaigne called it a ‘breviaire’. It is hardly conceivable that his efforts as an educator should not have left a traceable imprint. In this paper I have attempted to trace this imprint. The question of whether or not Amyot's influence on the two last Valois is to be qualified as constructive will entail another question: ‘Was Amyot's pedagogy a success or a failure within the sphere of literature, the arts and “culture” in the restricted sense, or in the sphere of action, political and socio-economic?’ An attempt to answer these questions might open up an interesting late Renaissance vista into the relationship between ‘art for art's sake’ and ‘art as social significance’.
An Unknown Translation of Du Bartas
Authors: Prescott Anne Lake
Published: April 2006

Robert Barret, the author of The theorike and practike of moderne warres (1598), must be added to the somewhat surprisingly long list of those who translated the poetry of Du Bartas. The translation exists in a manuscript neatly written in Barret's hand and signed by him several times. Owned by a Welsh watchmaker in the eighteenth century who used the margins and blank areas to jot down memoranda to himself, it came into the possession of the Earl of Powis and was acquired by the Folger Library in 1942. The manuscript is numbered up to page 292, although there are several pages missing at the beginning and one leaf has been torn out. This section is followed by sixty unnumbered pages, although again several pages have been lost.

Barret must have written the translation at or around the turn of the sixteenth century, for in a digression in praise of Queen Elizabeth he says that she has reigned ‘full Lustrae eight, and now thirde-yeerescommence.’
Les Archives de la Société des Pères Blancs (Missionnaires d'Afrique)
Authors: Lamey René
Published: April 2006

Les Archives de la Société des Pères Blancs comportent essentiellement les documents suivants: Correspondance entre la Maison Généralice et les missionnaires, Rapports, Statistiques, Diares, Enquêtes et Etudes diverses.

Ces divers éléments concernent La Maison Généralice des Pères Blancs (Alger, puis Rome) avec tout l'éventail de ses relations; les Provinces (c'est-à-dire les pays d'Europe et d'Amérique) d'où sont originates les missionnaires et qui s'occupent de leur formation; mais surtout les pays ou territoires africains où travaillent les Peres Blancs. Voici la liste de ces régions et les dates indiquant l'arrivée des missionnaires, et, le cas échéant, leur depart.
A Linguistic Tour in Southern Nigeria. Certain Problems Re-stated
Authors: Ward Ida C.
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

A six-months' tour in Southern Nigeria has afforded a valuable opportunity for review of certain questions about the chief languages of this part of West Africa and for a re-statement of the problems connected with them. The main questions are:

1. With what success can one dialect be used as a literary medium?

2. Is the new orthography suggested by the Institute suitable for the purposes for which it was designed?

3. Are educated Africans interested in their own language and its development?

4. Can Europeans learn to speak these languages with any degree of accuracy ?

5. What are the present needs, and what lines should future work take?

I can here express on these points only my own views, based on the experience of my tour and my work previous and subsequent to it. The two districts with which this article is mainly concerned are the Efik and Ibo speaking areas in Southern Nigeria.
On Paul's ‘Principien der Sprachgeschichte.’
Authors: Goebel Julius
Published: April 2006

The scientfic confession of faith of the Neo-Grammarians, already upon various occasions fragmentarily announced, has found its first systematic presentation in Paul's ‘Principien der Sprachgeschichte,’ which has just appeared in a second revised and enlarged edition. Inasmuch as this book reflects the views of a number of distinguished scholars who claim to have revolutionized linguistic science, it demands our attention a priori and necessitates an exposé of its fundamental views and presumptions : for this much commended New Method of the school of neo-grammarians must finally take its stand upon linguistic principles entirely different from those of earlier enquirers. It is these principles which determine the method even should they be as yet but half realized. A non-partisan critic will be little disturbed if the members of the new school boast of feeling greater earnestness on behalf of science than others, or if in any other way they recommend their new tendenz. He will endeavor, before all things, to follow out the historical development of the new principles, he will test their worth and authority, from which the propriety of their application would readily appear.
The Mexican Son
Authors: Stanford E. Thomas
Published: April 2006

The word son is a venerable one in the history of Mexican song and dance. The use of the term dates at least from the sixteenth century — in the Spanish-speaking world as a whole, although ample evidence of its currency is not to be found until the second half of the seventeenth. Gaspar Sanz, in his work commonly called Guitarra española, first published in Zaragosa in 1674, uses the term interchangeably with danza and sonada, the latter term also being found in Sebastian de Covarrubias Horozco's Tesoro de la lengua castellana (1611) in absence of the term son.
On Differences Between the Rural and the Urban: Traditional Polish Peasant Dancing
Authors: Lange Roderyk
Published: April 2006

In anthropological research one usually turns to cultures where social bonds are still closely knit, and as a result “primitive” or tribal peoples are often the centre of interest in Western anthropology. But in many areas of Europe peasant culture has retained highly integrated patterns of life with relatively little disturbance almost up to the present day. Professionally organised field work reveals astonishing features of culture unexpectedly so close at hand in neighbouring industralised Europe.
Ionic Channels
Authors: Raković Dejan , Djordjević Drago
Published: April 2006

The chapter provides an overview of passive and active ionic channels (intrinsic transmembrane proteins that span the membrane), which regulate the movements of ions into and out of biological cells and in the membrane‐bound organelles; their role is central to the life of the cells, as the single genetic abnormalities that cause over 600 human diseases have now been identified, including a variety of channelopathies. In the introductory part, the remarkable diversity of ionic channels is classified according to functional characteristics (electrophysiologic behavior, inhibition or stimulation by pharmacologic agents, activation by extracellular agonists, and modulation by intracellular messengers) or structural characteristics (amino acid sequence homology and the kinds of subunits of which they are composed). In the second part, the biophysical transport of ions through biological membranes is considered as an interplay between (gated) active membrane transport (which explains the origin of different ion concentrations from the inside and outside of the cell membrane) and (nongated) passive membrane transport (explaining the resting potential of the membrane, as a consequence of the concentration gradient established by active transport). In the last part, we summarize the major structural features of the known 18 distinct families of ionic channels that have been identified in mammals by cloning of their pore‐forming subunits, where the hypothetical membrane topologies are based primarily on hydropathy analysis; when annotation of the human genome is completed, it will eventually be possible to provide a definitive survey of channel types and functions.
Musculoskeletal Cell Mechanics
Authors: Shieh Adrian C. , Athanasiou Kyriacos A.
Published: April 2006

Musculoskeletal tissues—bone, cartilage, ligament, and tendon—have important biomechanical functions in the body. They support, transmit, and redistribute the loads generated by movement. As a result, the cells in these tissues have adapted to rigorous mechanical environments. Furthermore, the forces experienced by musculoskeletal cells can modulate cell function, which results in improved tissue performance, repair and regeneration, or degeneration and injury. To better understand how mechanical forces can affect the physiology of these cells, it is important to first grasp the mechanical properties of the cells. A variety of methods have been developed and implemented to improve the current understanding of the mechanical behavior of individual cells. This article will cover the fundamentals of cell mechanics as they relate to musculoskeletal tissues, focusing on the underlying structural components of the cell, modern methods used to measure cell properties, and important scientific findings.
Parametric Adaptive Identification and Kalman Filter
Authors: Jovičić Aleksandar , Stipanović Dušan M.
Published: April 2006

In this article, a survey of results on adaptive parametric identification and Kalman filtering is presented. Fundamental notions and definitions in parametric estimation are provided. Basic Kalman filter design is demonstrated for linear dynamical systems. Additionally, a list of references for further reading is provided at the end of the article.
Roles for phosphoinositide 3‐kinases, Bruton's tyrosine kinase, and Jun kinases in B lymphocyte chemotaxis and homing
Authors: Ortolano Saida , Hwang Il‐Young , Han Sang‐Bae , Kehrl John H.
Published: April 2006

B lymphocyte chemokine receptors signal to downstream effectors by activating heterotrimeric G proteins. However, many of these effectors remain unknown and the known ones often have ill‐defined roles in B cell trafficking. Here we report that pharmacological inhibitors of phosphoinositide 3‐kinases (wortmannin, WMN), Bruton's tyrosine kinase (LFM‐A13), and Jun kinases (SP600125) all significantly impair CXCL12‐induced mouse B cell chemotaxis and that of a human B lymphoma cell line. Examination of two CXCR4‐induced signaling pathways revealed that LFM‐A13 and WMN blocked Akt activation, while SP600125 and WMN blocked JNK activation. Each of the inhibitors impaired the homing of transferred B cells to peripheral lymph nodes. Intravital imaging of control and inhibitor‐treated mouse B cells in the inguinal lymph node high endothelial venules (HEV) demonstrated a 17%, 35%, and 60% reduction in the number of firmly adherent B cells with LFM‐A13, SP600125, and WMN, respectively. These results implicate chemokine receptor mediated activation of phosphoinositide 3‐kinases in the firm adhesion of mouse B cells within peripheral lymph node HEV, while Bruton's tyrosine kinase and JNK activation are less important and more likely needed during B cell transmigration through the endothelium and/or trafficking into the lymph node parenchyma.
Electrode Activation and Passivation of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Electrodes
Authors: Koch S. , Mogensen M. , Hendriksen P. V. , Dekker N. , Rietveld B.
Published: April 2006

The performance of anode‐supported cells with a composite LSM‐YSZ cathode and an LSM current collector was investigated. Over the first 48 hours, after the application of a constant current, the cell voltage was observed to increase by up to 20%. When the current was switched off, the cell resistance increased significantly over the next four days at open circuit conditions. Apparently, at OCV conditions cell passivation occurs. The cell gradually reactivates, once the current is switched on again. Part of this activation / passivation process is fast enough to influence the resistance of the cell during i–V measurements (over less than 1 hour) and a considerable hysteresis is observed in the cell voltage during these measurements.

Impedance spectroscopy was used to investigate the activation / passivation process. It was found that the series resistance and the part of the polarisation impedance above approximately 100 Hz were not influenced by the activation / passivation process. The part of the polarisation impedance between 1 and 100 Hz was highly influenced by the activation / passivation process and during cell polarisation this part of the polarisation impedance was up to 40% lower than at open circuit conditions. This frequency range of the spectrum was also sensitive to the oxygen partial pressure at the cathode side, indicating that it is the cathode that activates and passivates.