bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Periodismo de calidad en tiempos de crisis: Un análisis de la evolución de la prensa europea de referencia (2001-2012)
Authors: Ramírez de la Piscina Martínez Txema , González Gorosarri María , Aiestaran Alazne , Beatriz Zabalondo Loidi Beatriz Zabalondo Loidi , Agirre Maiora Antxoka
Published: May 2014

Introducción. La irrupción de las nuevas tecnologías, la progresiva implantación de Internet, el masivo uso de las redes sociales y la actual crisis económica y financiera han provocado, junto a otros factores, el descenso en ventas de la prensa escrita en los países occidentales del planeta. El presente estudio analiza la evolución de la calidad de las noticias en cinco periódicos europeos de referencia (Financial Times, Corriere della Sera, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, Le Monde y El País) durante el período comprendido entre 2001 y 2012. Metodología. La metodología utilizada se fundamenta en el concepto de media performance desarrollado por Denis McQuail (1992), el cual permite la utilización de parámetros transversales para evaluar la calidad de las noticias. Resultados. Los resultados (n=1.137) muestran que el índice calidad obtenido por la prensa europea de referencia supera muy ajustadamente los mínimos exigidos (5,39 puntos sobre 10). El índice medio manifiesta además una moderada tendencia a la baja durante el período objeto de análisis, algo que no es aplicable a todos los diarios. Conclusiones. Todos los diarios analizados parecen haberse olvidado de la función social que históricamente se ha atribuido al periodismo como guardián de los intereses de la ciudadanía. Ello se refleja en los pobres resultados que todos ellos obtienen en el apartado denominado “aportación social de la noticia”.
Application and evaluation of a new radiation code under McICA scheme in BCC_AGCM2.0.1
Authors: Zhang H. , Jing X. , Li J.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. This research incorporates the correlated k distribution BCC-RAD radiation model into the climate model BCC_AGCM2.0.1 and examines the change in climate simulation by implementation of the new radiation algorithm. It is shown that both clear-sky radiation fluxes and cloud radiative forcings (CRFs) are improved. The modeled atmospheric temperature and specific humidity are also improved due to changes in radiative heating rates, which most likely stem from the revised treatment of gaseous absorption. Subgrid cloud variability, including vertical overlap of fractional clouds and horizontal inhomogeneity in cloud condensate, is addressed by using the Monte Carlo Independent Column Approximation (McICA) method. In McICA, a cloud-type-dependent function for cloud fraction decorrelation length, which gives zonal mean results very close to the observations of CloudSat/CALIPSO, is developed. Compared to utilizing a globally constant decorrelation length, the maximum changes in seasonal CRFs by the new scheme can be as large as 10 and 20 W m−2 for longwave (LW) and shortwave (SW) CRFs, respectively, mostly located in the tropics. The inclusion of an observation-based horizontal inhomogeneity of cloud condensate has also a significant impact on CRFs, with global means of ~ 1.5 W m−2 and ~ 3.7 Wm−2 for LW and SW CRFs at the top of atmosphere (TOA), respectively. Generally, incorporating McICA and horizontal inhomogeneity of cloud condensate in the BCC-RAD model reduces global mean TOA and surface SW and LW flux biases in BCC_AGCM2.0.1. These results demonstrate the feasibility of the new model configuration to be used in BCC_AGCM2.0.1 for climate simulations, and also indicate that more detailed real-world information on cloud structures should be obtained to constrain cloud settings in McICA in the future.
Selection of intense rainfall events based on intensity thresholds and lightning data in Switzerland
Authors: Gaál L. , Molnar P. , Szolgay J.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. This paper presents a method to identify intense warm season storms with convective character based on intensity thresholds and the presence of lightning, and analyzes their statistical properties. Long records of precipitation and lightning data at 4 stations and 10 min resolution in different climatological regions in Switzerland are used. Our premise is that thunderstorms associated with lightning generate bursts of high rainfall intensity. We divided all recorded storms into those accompanied by lightning and those without lightning and found the threshold I* that separates intense events based on peak 10 min intensity Ip ≥ I* for a chosen misclassification rate α. The performance and robustness of the selection method was tested by investigating the inter-annual variability of I* and its relation to the frequency of lightning strikes. The probability distributions of the main storm properties (rainfall depth R, event duration D, average storm intensity Ia and peak 10 min intensity Ip) for the intense storm subsets show that the event average and peak intensities are significantly different between the stations. Non-parametric correlations between the main storm properties were estimated for intense storms and all storms including stratiform rain. The differences in the correlations between storm subsets are greater than those between stations, which indicates that care must be exercised not to mix events of different origin when they are sampled for multivariate analysis, for example, copula fitting to rainfall data.
Coffee husk mulch on soil erosion and runoff: experiences under rainfall simulation experiment
Authors: Moreno-Ramón H. , Quizembe S. J. , Ibáñez-Asensio S.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. The high erosion rates found in the agriculture land make valuable the use of mulches to control the soil and water losses. Coffee husk (Coffee canephora var. robusta) can be one of those mulches. This paper evaluates how to apply the mulch in order to obtain, with the same doses, the best effectiveness. An experimental factorial design 4 × 3 × 2 with two replicates was designed in a greenhouse with a total amount of 48 treatments. All the samples were deposited in trays of 0.51 m2 and applied a simulated rain of 122 mm h−1 during 21 min. The factors examined were: four soil classes; three treatments: buried (B), surface (S) and non-residue (C), and the presence (WC) or absence (WOC) of the soil surface crusting. The coffee husk residue (S and B treatments) reduced runoff by 10.2% and 46% respectively, soil losses by 78.3% and 88.7% and sediment concentration by 77% and 84.4%. The infiltration rate increased on average by 104% and 167%, and time to runoff by 1.58 and 2.07 min respectively. The coffee husk mulch (S and B) avoided the influence of crust. Coffee husk is an efficient mulch to reduce the soil and water losses.
Genetic diversity and relatedness among seven red deer (Cervus elaphus) populations
Authors: Maršálková Lenka , Židek Radoslav , Pokoradi Jaroslav , Golian Jozef , Belej Ľubomí­r
Published: May 2014

Deer (Cervidae) recently belongs to the most important species. The aim of presenting study was evaluation of genetic diversity and relationship within and among seven red deer populations from different origins - Czech Republic, Hungary, hybrids Hungary x New Zealand, Lithuania, New Zealand, Poland and Slovak Republic. This study was conducted to determine the levels of genetic variability and relationships among deer populations from a total of 637 animals originating from seven countries Czech Republic (50), Hungary (35), Hungary x New Zealand hybrids (67), Lithuania (26), New Zealand (82), Poland (347) and Slovak Republic (30).  We used the hair bulbs as a source of DNA.  In total, 213 alleles were observed from the 10 loci surveyed. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 11 (IOBT965) to 35 (T156, RT13). Genetic diversity and relatedness among red deer populations has been performed on a total of 637 animals. A panel of 10 microsatellite markers used in deer were optimized. On the basis of this panel of microsatellites we were investigated genetic variability and relationships by using statistical and graphical programmes. We evaluated how close populations are to each other and their genetic admixture. Molecular genetic data combined with evaluation in statistical programmes could lead to a complex view of populations.
Microbiological quality of egg liquid products
Authors: Cwiková Olga , Nedomová Šárka
Published: May 2014

Egg liquid products are most commonly used as semi-products in different branches of food industry and catering industry. The main goal of this work was to assess the microbiological quality of egg liquid products (liquid pasteurized egg white, pasteurized egg yolk with sugar 33%, pasteurized whole egg-blend) sampled in a period from April until February, and evaluate whether parameters such as the total aerobic count (TAC), coliform bacteria (KFB), enterococci, staphylococci, moulds and yeast changed significantly during this period of time. Microbiological analysis detected the highest (P <0.05) total aerobic count in egg yolk (2.8 log CFU.ml-1). The incidence of coliform bacteria was also highest (P <0.05) in egg yolk (1.7 log CFU.ml-1) but very low in egg white and whole egg. The highest count (P <0.05) of enterococci was detected in samples of egg white (1.0 log CFU.ml-1). The counts of staphylococci, moulds and yeast were particularly high (P <0.05) in egg yolk (1.2 log CFU.ml-1 for staphylococci and 1.1 log CFU.ml-1 for moulds and yeast). Statistical analysis showed (P >0.05) no correlation between respective seasons and microbial counts for any of the egg substances investigated. It follows from our results that all analysed egg products comply with the TAC limit defined by Council Directive (EC) 89/437/EEC on hygiene and healthy problems affecting the production of egg products, however, all egg products analysed in our study would fail to meet the required criteria for other groups of microorganisms.
Efficacy of the Subclavian Portal Approach in Arthroscopic Repair of Isolated Subscapularis Tendon Tear
Authors: Chae Seung Bum , Choi Chang Hyuk , Jung Suk Han
Published: May 2014

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the efficacy of the subclavian portal approach for the arthroscopic repair of isolated subscapularis tendon tear.METHODS: We used the subclavian portal to carry out arthroscopic repair of the isolated subscapularis tendon tear. The surgery was carried out in 18 cases (average age of 53) from May 2006 to December 2009 with a mean follow-up period of 35 months. Of these cases, 13 patients had the tear in their dominant arms, 16 were male, and 12 were from traumatic ruptures with on average 7.6 months of symptom period to operation. Additional surgery, acromioplasty and subacromial debridement, were carried out on 4 cases each during the subscapularis repair. The integrity of cuff status was assessed by ultrasonographic examination at 6 months and at 1 year after operation.RESULTS: The initial average range of motion in forward flexion, external rotation, and internal rotation were 160degrees, 50degrees and L4, respectively. At the 1 year follow-up period, these improved to 160degrees, 52degrees and T12, respectively. The initial average functional scores were assessed by KSS, ASES, UCLA, and Constant scoring systems, which were 67, 60, 26, and 65, respectively. These scores improved progressively with time. At 3 months after operation, the scores were 74, 67, 27, and 74; at 6 months, 83, 77, 31, and 75; at 1 year, 88, 86, 32, and 79; and at the final follow-up of 35 months, 84, 92, 34, and 84.CONCLUSIONS: In the repair of isolated subscapularis tendon tear, the subclavian portal approach provided a good angle for anchor insertion and sufficient space to manage the upper portion of the tendon tear. In turn, these provisions resulted in satisfactory clinical results.
Consequências individuais e socioeconômicas da síndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono
Authors: Santos Neto Livia Cirluzo dos , Miranda Giuliana Angelucci , Cunha Laís Lourenção Garcia da , Canto Bárbara Elza Silveira , Strufaldi Victor Pires , Tetti Mauricio Faria , Akerman Marco , Matos Leandro Luongo de
Published: May 2014

A Síndrome da Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono (SAOS) é definida como a obstrução da passagem de ar pelas vias aéreas superiores durante o sono. Acontecem episódios repetidos de hipoxemia e hipercapnia, e com eles o sono torna-se superficial e fragmentado, resultando em distintas complicações ao indivíduo e à coletividade. O objetivo deste estudo foi revisar a literatura quanto às consequências individuais, econômicas e sociais causadas pela SAOS. Identificaram-se diversas complicações da SAOS relacionadas ao indivíduo: (1) alterações físicas e comportamentais: sono excessivo, fadiga, ansiedade, irritabilidade, depressão, redução da libido, diminuição da qualidade de vida, astenia, consequências metabólicas (ganho de peso, diabetes e dislipidemia) e cardiovasculares (hipertensão arterial sistêmica, aterosclerose e doença coronariana); (2) disfunção neurocognitiva: déficits de atenção, percepção, memória, raciocínio, juízo, pensamento e linguagem. Quanto à relação da SAOS e repercussões socioeconômicas, tem-se: (1) aumento do número, proporção e gravidade de acidentes automobilísticos devido à diminuição da concentração do motorista; (2) prejuízos ocupacionais com queda na produtividade, demissões e acidentes de trabalho; (3) prejuízo social: o individuo com SAOS representa também um perigo potencial para toda a sociedade por aumento de imperícias; (4) aumento de gastos públicos e privados: manutenção de rodovias e estrutura de fiscalização e apoio, gastos previdenciários, custos diagnósticos, terapêuticos e hospitalares. A SAOS deveria ser considerada uma doença de saúde pública, dados seus inequívocos prejuízos individuais, sociais e econômicos. Políticas específicas deveriam ser implementadas visando à redução do impacto dessas consequências.
Fisioterapia respiratória no pré-operatório de colecistectomia
Authors: Ferreira Lucas Lima , Alves Sueli Aparecida
Published: May 2014

Introdução: As cirurgias abdominais altas causam alterações da função pulmonar caracterizadas por redução da capacidade vital, relacionada à presença de hipoxemia e atelectasia, e pela  redução do volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo. Relato do caso: Paciente do sexo feminino, 29 anos, diagnóstico médico de cálculos biliares e hérnia hiatal, diagnóstico funcional de baixo desempenho cardiorrespiratório, a três meses de préoperatório de colecistectomia. Foi realizada avaliação composta por dados antropométricos, espirometria, teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6), mensuração das pressões respiratórias pIntrodução: As cirurgias abdominais altas causam alterações da função pulmonar caracterizadas por redução da capacidade vital, relacionada à presença de hipoxemia e atelectasia, e pela redução do volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo. Relato do caso: Paciente do sexo feminino, 29 anos, diagnóstico médico de cálculos biliares e hérnia hiatal, diagnóstico funcional de baixo desempenho cardiorrespiratório, a três meses de préoperatório de colecistectomia. Foi realizada avaliação composta por dados antropométricos, espirometria, teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6), mensuração das pressões respiratórias por meio da manovacuometria e do nível de qualidade de vida mediante o questionário SF-36. A seguir foi aplicado um protocolo de fisioterapia respiratória e reavaliação após o tratamento. Na avaliação inicial foi verificado que a paciente encontravase com sobrepeso (IMC=27,40 kg/m2), baixo desempenho cardiorrespiratório e fraqueza da musculatura respiratória. Conclusão: O protocolo aplicado mostrou-se eficaz, pois auxiliou na redução de peso corporal e melhorou o desempenho cardiorrespiratório por meio dos exercícios aeróbicos, e proporcionou ganho de força aos músculos respiratórios.
Reabilitação pulmonar em longo prazo na doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC)
Authors: Araújo Cintia Laura Pereira de , Karloh Manuela , Santos Karoliny Dos , Reis Cardine Martins dos , Mayer Anamaria Fleig
Published: May 2014

Introdução: A Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica (DPOC) prejudica o estado funcional, com consequente limitação das Atividades de Vida Diária (AVD). Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar o efeito de um programa de Reabilitação Pulmonar (RP), em longo prazo, no estado funcional, na dispneia e no índice BODE em pacientes com DPOC. Relato de caso: Trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo e documental, com análise dos prontuários de cinco pacientes participantes de um programa de RP por um ano. Destes prontuários foram coletados dados referentes às avaliações: espirometria, Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC), escalas London Chest Activity of Daily Living (LCADL) e Medical Research Council e (MRC) teste de caminhada de seis minutos. Após um ano participando do programa de exercício físico, a maioria dos pacientes apresentou maior capacidade funcional, menor dispneia e redução no risco de mortalidade. Conclusão: Um ano de RP parece ter função de manutenção da melhora da capacidade funcional de pacientes com DPOC, após 24 sessões de treinamento.
MAPA COMO MEDIADOR NA INTERPRETAÇÃO DO TERRITÓRIO: O CASO DE OURO PRETO (MG, BRASIL)
Authors: Rezende Cleidison Vieira de , Rodrigues Patrícia G. O.
Published: May 2014

O turismo é um fenômeno econômico, político, social e cultural que deve ser estudado de modo especial pela cartografia, através da sistematização de uma cartografia do turismo, na qual o mais importante não é somente projetar símbolos para compor a legenda, e sim refletir sobre como esta deve ser organizada, a fim de expor claramente o raciocínio correto sobre o fenômeno, comunicando a verdadeira informação ao público que se utiliza desses mapas. Assim, buscou-se entender as possíveis deficiências e facilidades de interação dos turistas com os mapas turísticos de Ouro Preto-MG. Para tanto, o trabalho consistiu de referências e discussões teóricas que foram seguidas por uma análise de três diferentes mapas turísticos disponíveis sobre Ouro Preto, onde foi realizado o levantamento desses, sua abrangência e locais de divulgação. Com isto, esperou-se contribuir com a discussão sobre o mapa enquanto elemento mediador das experiências turísticas.
USO DE CASOS PARA ENSINO EM TURISMO: ESTRATÉGIA DE ENSINO-APRENDIZAGEM PARA A FORMAÇÃO SUPERIOR NO BRASIL
Authors: Rejowski Mirian , Leal Sérgio Rodrigues
Published: May 2014

Estudo exploratório sobre a aplicabilidade de casos para ensino na formação superior enquanto estratégia de ensino-aprendizagem, com o objetivo de estimular os docentes e pesquisadores de Turismo para a construção de casos do turismo brasileiro. Na primeira parte, o trabalho baseia-se em referencial da área de Administração, descrevendo o método do caso e o uso de casos para ensino em seus aspectos conceituais, tradição de aplicação, e formato e viabilidade. Na segunda, apresenta-se um caso-problema do turismo brasileiro com foco em Porto de Galinhas (PE), tratando da evolução desse destino turístico a partir da década de 1980, sua crise com o surto de cólera no estado pernambucano na década seguinte, e o dilema do proprietário de uma pequena pousada ao enfrentar essa crise. Ao final, destaca-se a urgência da construção de casos de ensino do turismo brasileiro para sua aplicação em cursos superiores, ao lado do papel de associações científicas e de periódicos científicos disseminando os mesmos junto a docentes e pesquisadores.
ESTRADAS-PARQUE: UM ESTUDO COMPARATIVO NO INTUITO DE DEFINIÇÕES PARA A EXPERIÊNCIA TURÍSTICA BRASILEIRA
Authors: Tricárico Luciano Torres , Oliveira Josildete Pereira de , Rossini Diva de Mello , Carvalho Débora Ioná
Published: May 2014

A configuração de estradas-parque na experiência brasileira é muito recente. Mesmo assim ela é precursora como fato mundial, principalmente em relação aos avanços de uma legislação que pode amparar esta manifestação espacial em prol da proteção de um corredor ecológico e com usos turísticos; trata-se da consideração da categoria de estradas-parque no Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação (SNUC). Porém, comparando-se com a experiência estrangeira, essencialmente a canadense e a norte-americana, percebe-se um descompasso nos ganhos que a efetivação de uma estrada-parque pode ocasionar para o planejamento ambiental e do turismo no Brasil. O método interpretativo desta pesquisa se apoia na Semiótica de Charles Sanders Peirce, destacando-se o papel da representação como eleição de signos que carregam ideologias do emissor. Diferentes modos de representação de estradas-parque podem revelar uma “matriz” de conteúdos comuns, denotados na experiência estrangeira ou nacional, e entre as duas; podendo-se disto interpretar características que as identificam. Para tanto, a metodologia procura estudar alguns casos já destacáveis de estradas-parque no Brasil e no exterior, com o intuito de definir parâmetros específicos entre um caso e outro, bem como elementos comuns entre os dois casos.
UVA, VINHO E IDENTIDADE CULTURAL NA SERRA GAÚCHA (RS, BRASIL)
Authors: Lavandoski Joice , Tonini Hernanda , Barretto Margarita
Published: May 2014

O artigo objetiva compreender a relevância da vitivinicultura na Serra Gaúcha (Estado de Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil) edesvendara função da uva e dovinho para os imigrantes italianos no século XIX e para os descendentes contemporâneos. Foi realizada uma pesquisa no Vale dos Vinhedos (RS, Brasil), lugar onde há uma ligação entre o vinho e o turismo. A partir de material bibliográfico, de história oral e de entrevistas semiestruturadas elaborou-se um discurso do sujeito coletivo. A pesquisa revelou que a vitivinicultura foi um importante meio de sustento das famílias de imigrantes italianos e também uma maneira de desenvolver e promover o crescimento econômico da região e, que na atualidade, a uva e o vinho são elementos de identificação cultural da comunidade perante turistas e visitantes. Trata-se de um estudo de caso sem pretensão de generalização para outras regiões vitivinícolas do Brasil e traz um novo aporte às relações entre turismo e patrimônio cultural.
Severe Weather in United States Under a Changing Climate
Authors: Wuebbles Donald J. , Kunkel Kenneth , Wehner Michael , Zobel Zachary
Published: May 2014

The science has become clear and convincing that the Earth's climate is rapidly changing [e.g., Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2014]. Along with the overall changes in climate, there is strong evidence of an increasing trend over recent decades in the frequency, intensity, and duration of some types of extreme weather events, with resulting effects on U.S. society.
Scientists Weigh Society's Ability to Address Major Hydrological Challenges
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: May 2014

The prognosis is mixed about society's ability to deal successfully with some major freshwater issues that are confronting humanity, scientists said at a 28 April news briefing about hydrological challenges that was held at the European Geosciences Union (EGU) General Assembly in Vienna, Austria. They presented an optimistic view that society can learn to cope more successfully with the natural hazards of floods and droughts but expressed pessimism about effectively dealing with the problem of water salinization from agriculture.
High‐precision relocation of long‐period events beneath the summit region of Kı̄lauea Volcano, Hawai‘i, from 1986 to 2009
Authors: Matoza Robin S. , Shearer Peter M. , Okubo Paul G.
Published: May 2014

Long‐period (0.5–5 Hz, LP) seismicity has been recorded for decades in the summit region of Kı̄lauea Volcano, Hawai‘i, and is postulated as linked with the magma transport and shallow hydrothermal systems. To better characterize its spatiotemporal occurrence, we perform a systematic analysis of 49,030 seismic events occurring in the Kı̄lauea summit region from January 1986 to March 2009 recorded by the ∼50‐station Hawaiian Volcano Observatory permanent network. We estimate 215,437 P wave spectra, considering all events on all stations, and use a station‐averaged spectral metric to consistently classify LP and non‐LP seismicity. We compute high‐precision relative relocations for 5327 LP events (43% of all classified LP events) using waveform cross correlation and cluster analysis with 6.4 million event pairs, combined with the source‐specific station term method. The majority of intermediate‐depth (5–15 km) LPs collapse to a compact volume, with remarkable source location stability over 23 years indicating a source process controlled by geological or conduit structure.
Prediction of the Arctic Oscillation in boreal winter by dynamical seasonal forecasting systems
Authors: Kang Daehyun , Lee Myong‐In , Im Jungho , Kim Daehyun , Kim Hye‐Mi , Kang Hyun‐Suk , Schubert Siegfried D. , Arribas Alberto , MacLachlan Craig
Published: May 2014

This study assesses the skill of boreal winter Arctic Oscillation (AO) predictions with state‐of‐the‐art dynamical ensemble prediction systems (EPSs): GloSea4, CFSv2, GEOS‐5, CanCM3, CanCM4, and CM2.1. Long‐term reforecasts with the EPSs are used to evaluate how well they represent the AO and to assess the skill of both deterministic and probabilistic forecasts of the AO. The reforecasts reproduce the observed changes in the large‐scale patterns of the Northern Hemispheric surface temperature, upper level wind, and precipitation associated with the different phases of the AO. The results demonstrate that most EPSs improve upon persistence skill scores for lead times up to 2 months in boreal winter, suggesting some potential for skillful prediction of the AO and its associated climate anomalies at seasonal time scales. It is also found that the skill of AO forecasts during the recent period (1997–2010) is higher than that of the earlier period (1983–1996).
Observed holiday aerosol reduction and temperature cooling over East Asia
Authors: Gong Dao‐Yi , Wang Wenshan , Qian Yun , Bai Wenbing , Guo Yuanxi , Mao Rui
Published: May 2014

The air pollution in Chinese Spring Festival (CSF) period over eastern China was investigated using the long‐term observations from 2001 to 2012 over 323 stations. The dominant feature of the pollutants around the CSF holidays is the significant reduction of concentration. During the 10day period around the CSF (but excluding the Lunar New Year's Day, LNYD), PM10 experiences a reduction of −9.24%. In association with the aerosol reduction, temperature significantly drops over eastern China. From the third day before the LNYD to the second day after, the daily mean temperature anomaly is −0.81°C, and for no‐rain days the anomaly is −0.85°C. The simultaneous anomalies of the daily maximum and minimum temperatures are −0.79°C and −0.82°C, respectively. From the third day to seventh day after the LNYD, the significant negative temperature anomalies move out of China, extending to a broad area from the South China Sea to the western North Pacific. Between the 8th and the 12th days, the significant temperature anomalies can still be found over 140°E–160°E and 15°N–25°N. The reduced downward longwave flux might play an important role in holiday cooling. The possible atmospheric feedback is discernable. The thermal and circulation configuration accompanying the cooling favors baroclinic interaction between upper and lower troposphere for the midlatitude cyclone. The anomalous cyclone becomes mature during the third to the seventh day after the LNYD and disappears 12 days later. The anomalous northern winds in association with the cyclone decrease the temperature and also help disperse the holiday aerosols over eastern China.
New O2/P2‐type Li‐Excess Layered Manganese Oxides as Promising Multi‐Functional Electrode Materials for Rechargeable Li/Na Batteries
Authors: Yabuuchi Naoaki , Hara Ryo , Kajiyama Masataka , Kubota Kei , Ishigaki Toru , Hoshikawa Akinori , Komaba Shinichi
Published: May 2014

A new and promising P2‐type layered oxide, Na5/6[Li1/4Mn3/4]O2 is prepared using a solid‐state method. Detailed crystal structures of the sample are analyzed by synchrotron X‐ray diffraction combined with high‐resolution neutron diffraction. P2‐type Na5/6[Li1/4Mn3/4]O2 consists of two MeO2 layers with partial in‐plane √3a × √3a‐type Li/Mn ordering. Na/Li ion‐exchange in a molten salt results in a phase transition accompanied with glide of [Li1/4Mn3/4]O2 layers without the destruction of in‐plane cation ordering. P2‐type Na5/6[Li1/4Mn3/4]O2 translates into an O2‐type layered structure with staking faults as the result of ion‐exchange. Electrode performance of P2‐type Na5/6[Li1/4Mn3/4]O2 and O2‐type Lix[Li1/4Mn3/4]O2 is examined and compared in Na and Li cells, respectively. Both samples show large reversible capacity, ca. 200 mA h g−1, after charge to high voltage regardless of the difference in charge carriers. Structural analysis suggests that in‐plane structural rearrangements, presumably associated with partial oxygen loss, occur in both samples after charge to a high‐voltage region. Such structural activation process significantly influences electrode performance of the P2/O2‐type phases, similar to O3‐type Li2MnO3‐based materials. Crystal structures, phase‐transition mechanisms, and the possibility of the P2/O2‐type phases as high‐capacity and long‐cycle‐life electrode materials with the multi‐functionality for both rechargeable Li/Na batteries are discussed in detail.
Sulfur‐Impregnated, Sandwich‐Type, Hybrid Carbon Nanosheets with Hierarchical Porous Structure for High‐Performance Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Chen Xi'an , Xiao Zhubing , Ning Xutao , Liu Zheng , Yang Zhi , Zou Chao , Wang Shun , Chen Xiaohua , Chen Ying , Huang Shaoming
Published: May 2014

Sandwich‐type hybrid carbon nanosheets (SCNMM) consisting of graphene and micro/mesoporous carbon layer are fabricated via a double template method using graphene oxide as the shape‐directing agent and SiO2 nanoparticles as the mesoporous guide. The polypyrrole synthesized in situ on the graphene oxide sheets is used as a carbon precursor. The micro/mesoporous strcutures of the SCNMM are created by a carbonization process followed by HF solution etching and KOH treatment. Sulfur is impregnated into the hybrid carbon nanosheets to generate S@SCNMM composites for the cathode materials in Li‐S secondary batteries. The microstructures and electrochemical performance of the as‐prepared samples are investigated in detail. The hybrid carbon nanosheets, which have a thickness of about 10–25 nm, high surface area of 1588 m2 g−1, and broad pore size distribution of 0.8–6.0 nm, are highly interconnected to form a 3D hierarchical structure. The S@SCNMM sample with the sulfur content of 74 wt% exhibits excellent electrochemical performance, including large reversible capacity, good cycling stability and coulombic efficiency, and good rate capability, which is believed to be due to the structure of hybrid carbon materials with hierarchical porous structure, which have large specific surface area and pore volume.
Unsupported nickel catalysts for methane catalytic decomposition into pure hydrogen
Authors: Zhou Lu , Guo Yu , Hideo Kameyam
Published: May 2014

Catalytic decomposition of methane to pure hydrogen is a reaction of crucial importance for clean energy, if the problem of catalyst separation is solved and the carbon material has an increased commercial value. Unsupported nickel catalysts were synthesized by fusion method. The catalyst derived from nickel nitrate forms heterogeneous octahedral NiO, whereas the nickel hydroxide precursor results in catalyst containing sponge‐like NiO with folding lamellar structure of high porosity. The catalysts reactivity test was conducted with a fixed bed system at 1073 K. The catalyst subjected to hydrogen prereduction proved to be inactive. However, the methane prereduction was found to produce some coke to disperse the Ni particles and thus activated the catalyst. It was found that the higher concentration of methane resulted in a better methane conversion, but a higher deactivation rate. Carbon growth models were formulated to explain the formation of different types of carbon over Ni catalyst. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 2907–2917, 2014
Sensor‐based flow pattern detection—gas–liquid–liquid upflow through a vertical pipe
Authors: Mukherjee Tanumoy , Das Gargi , Ray Subhabrata
Published: May 2014

Flow distribution during gas–liquid–liquid upflow through a vertical pipe is investigated. The optical probe technique has been adopted for an objective identification of flow patterns. The probability density function (PDF) analysis of the probe signals has been used to identify the range of existence of the different patterns. Dispersed and slug flow have been identified from the nature of the PDF, which is bimodal for slug flow and unimodal for dispersed flow. The water continuous, oil continuous, and emulsion type flow distributions are distinguished on the basis of the PDF moments. The method is particularly useful at high flow rates where visualization techniques fail. Based on this, a flow pattern detection algorithm has been presented. Two different representations of flow pattern maps have been suggested for gas–liquid–liquid three phase flow. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 3362–3375, 2014
Nine patients with Xp22.31 microduplication, cognitive deficits, seizures, and talipes anomalies
Authors: Esplin Edward D. , Li Ben , Slavotinek Anne , Novelli Antonio , Battaglia Agatino , Clark Robin , Curry Cynthia , Hudgins Louanne
Published: May 2014

Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) arrays have significantly changed the approach to identifying genetic alterations causing intellectual disability and congenital anomalies. Several studies have described the microduplication of Xp22.31, involving the STS gene. In such reports characteristic features and pathogenicity of Xp22.31 duplications remains a subject of debate. Here we present a series of nine previously unreported individuals with Xp22.31 duplications, found through microarray analysis in the course of genetic workup for developmental delay, associated with a combination of talipes anomalies, seizures and/or feeding difficulties. The size of the Xp22.31 duplications ranged from 294 kb to 1.6 Mb. We show a comparison of the breakpoints, inheritance and clinical phenotype, and a review of the literature. This clinically detailed series of Xp22.31 duplication patients provides evidence that the Xp22.31 duplication contributes to a common phenotype. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis of γ‐Oxo‐α,β‐dehydro‐α‐amino Acids from N–tert‐Butyloxycarbonyl‐α‐Imino Esters and Carbonylmethyl 2‐Pyridinylsulfones via an Mannich‐Elimination Cascade
Authors: Wu Deyan , Zhu Jin , Sheng Chunquan , Wang Wei , Li Jian
Published: May 2014

A method for facile synthesis of γ‐oxo‐α,β‐dehydro‐α‐amino acids has been developed. The process involves a triethylamine‐mediated Mannich‐elimination cascade process from N‐tert‐butyloxycarbonyl (Boc)‐α‐imino esters with carbonylmethyl 2‐pyridinylsulfones. The γ‐oxo‐α,β‐dehydro‐α‐amino acids are produced in good yields of 51–98 % and with excellent E selectivity. The γ‐oxo‐α,β‐dehydro‐α‐amino acid derivatives can be conveniently transformed to highly enantioenriched α‐amino acids via an asymmetric hydrogenation.
Eine auf Ru‐Katalyse basierende wiederaufladbare Wasserstoffbatterie
Authors: Hsu Shih‐Fan , Rommel Susanne , Eversfield Philipp , Muller Keven , Klemm Elias , Thiel Werner R. , Plietker Bernd
Published: May 2014

Außer der wirtschaftlichen Energiegewinnung sind auch die effiziente Speicherung und Freisetzung von Energie wesentliche Anforderungen beim Aufbau einer nachhaltigen Energieversorgung. Wir berichten hier über die Entwicklung einer wiederaufladbaren Wasserstoffbatterie, die auf dem Prinzip einer Ru‐katalysierten Hydrierung von CO2 zu Ameisensäure (Aufladevorgang) und einer Ru‐katalysierten Zersetzung der Ameisensäure zu CO2 und H2 (Entladevorgang) beruht. Beide Prozesse laufen mit dem gleichen Katalysator unter identischen Bedingungen bei hoher Temperatur unter Druck (Aufladevorgang) bzw. bei hoher Temperatur unter druckfreien Bedingungen (Entladevorgang) ab. Bis zu fünf Lade‐Entlade‐Zyklen können ohne Verlust an Speicherkapazität durchlaufen werden; das entstehende CO2/H2‐Gemisch ist CO‐frei und kann direkt in der Brennstoffzelle verwendet werden.
Auf dem Weg zur Hochleistungs‐Lewis‐Säure‐Organokatalyse
Authors: Ratjen Lars , van Gemmeren Manuel , Pesciaioli Fabio , List Benjamin
Published: May 2014

Die Kombination von Lewis‐Säure‐Organokatalyse und interner Aktivierung durch Wasserstoffbrücken wurde verwendet, um neue hochaktive Disulfonimidkatalysatoren zu entwickeln. Die erhöhte Lewis‐Acidität wurde durch Aktivitätsvergleiche und theoretische Untersuchungen bestätigt. Schließlich wurde das Potenzial dieser Wasserstoffbrücken‐aktivierten Disulfonimidkatalysatoren durch deren Verwendung in einer enantioselektiven Reaktion aufgezeigt.
Gold‐Catalyzed Allylation of Aryl Boronic Acids: Accessing Cross‐Coupling Reactivity with Gold
Authors: Levin Mark D. , Toste F. Dean
Published: May 2014

A sp3–sp2 CC cross‐coupling reaction catalyzed by gold in the absence of a sacrificial oxidant is described. Vital to the success of this method is the implementation of a bimetallic catalyst bearing a bis(phosphino)amine ligand. A mechanistic hypothesis is presented, and observable transmetalation, CBr oxidative addition, and CC reductive elimination in a model gold complex are shown. We expect that this method will serve as a platform for the development of novel transformations involving redox‐active gold catalysts.
EBC‐219: A New Diterpene Skeleton, Crotinsulidane, from the Australian Rainforest Containing a Bridgehead Double Bond
Authors: Maslovskaya Lidiya A. , Savchenko Andrei I. , Krenske Elizabeth H. , Pierce Carly J. , Gordon Victoria A. , Reddell Paul W. , Parsons Peter G. , Williams Craig M.
Published: May 2014

EBC‐219 (4), isolated from Croton insularis (Baill), was established by spectroscopic and DFT methods as the first member of a new diterpene skeletal class, uniquely defined by the presence of a bicyclo[10.2.1] bridgehead olefin. The proposed biogenetic pathway to 4 from the co‐isolated natural products EBC‐131 (1), EBC‐180 (2) and EBC‐181 (3) is highly likely. EBC‐180 (2) and EBC‐181 (3) showed moderate to strong cytotoxic activity against various cancer cell lines.
Podlike N‐Doped Carbon Nanotubes Encapsulating FeNi Alloy Nanoparticles: High‐Performance Counter Electrode Materials for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Zheng Xiaojia , Deng Jiao , Wang Nan , Deng Dehui , Zhang Wen‐Hua , Bao Xinhe , Li Can
Published: May 2014

Podlike nitrogen‐doped carbon nanotubes encapsulating FeNi alloy nanoparticles (Pod(N)‐FeNi) were prepared by the direct pyrolysis of organometallic precursors. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and Tafel polarization measurements revealed their excellent electrocatalytic activities in the I−/I3− redox reaction of dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). This is suggested to arise from the modification of the surface electronic properties of the carbon by the encapsulated metal alloy nanoparticles (NPs). Sequential scanning with EIS and CV further showed the high electrochemical stability of the Pod(N)‐FeNi composite. DSSCs with Pod(N)‐FeNi as the counter electrode (CE) presented a power conversion efficiency of 8.82 %, which is superior to that of the control device with sputtered Pt as the CE. The Pod(N)‐FeNi composite thus shows promise as an environmentally friendly, low‐cost, and highly efficient CE material for DSSCs.
Improved Cyclopropanation Activity of Histidine‐Ligated Cytochrome P450 Enables the Enantioselective Formal Synthesis of Levomilnacipran
Authors: Wang Z. Jane , Renata Hans , Peck Nicole E. , Farwell Christopher C. , Coelho Pedro S. , Arnold Frances H.
Published: May 2014

Engineering enzymes capable of modes of activation unprecedented in nature will increase the range of industrially important molecules that can be synthesized through biocatalysis. However, low activity for a new function is often a limitation in adopting enzymes for preparative‐scale synthesis, reaction with demanding substrates, or when a natural substrate is also present. By mutating the proximal ligand and other key active‐site residues of the cytochrome P450 enzyme from Bacillus megaterium (P450‐BM3), a highly active His‐ligated variant of P450‐BM3 that can be employed for the enantioselective synthesis of the levomilnacipran core was engineered. This enzyme, BM3‐Hstar, catalyzes the cyclopropanation of N,N‐diethyl‐2‐phenylacrylamide with an estimated initial rate of over 1000 turnovers per minute and can be used under aerobic conditions. Cyclopropanation activity is highly dependent on the electronic properties of the P450 proximal ligand, which can be used to tune this non‐natural enzyme activity.
Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of 3,3′‐Diaryloxindoles as Triarylmethanes with a Chiral All‐Carbon Quaternary Center: Phase‐Transfer‐Catalyzed SNAr Reaction
Authors: Shirakawa Seiji , Koga Kenta , Tokuda Takashi , Yamamoto Kenichiro , Maruoka Keiji
Published: May 2014

Catalytic asymmetric synthesis of unsymmetrical triarylmethanes with a chiral all‐carbon quaternary center was achieved by using a chiral bifunctional quaternary phosphonium bromide catalyst in the SNAr reaction of 3‐aryloxindoles under phase‐transfer conditions. The presence of a urea moiety in the chiral phase‐transfer catalyst was important for obtaining high enantioselectivity in this reaction.
A water‐soluble CO2‐triggered viscosity‐responsive copolymer of N,N‐dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate and acrylamide
Authors: Lu Hongsheng , Jiang Jifeng , Huang Zhiyu , Dai Shanshan
Published: May 2014

A series of copolymers PDAMs were synthesized with varying monomer ratio of acrylamide (AM) and N,N‐dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA). The resulting copolymer solution shows an interesting property of viscosity‐response which is CO2‐triggered and N2‐enabled. Tertiary amine groups of PDAMs experience a reversible transition between hydrophobic and hydrophilic state upon CO2 addition and its removal, which induced different rheological behavior. A combination of zeta‐potential, laser particle‐size analysis, and electrical conductivity analysis indicated that, when the monomer mole ratio of DMAEMA and AM is less than or equal to 3 : 7, the hydrophobic association structure between the copolymer molecules was destroyed by the leading of CO2 and caused a viscosity decrease in its solution. On the contrary, when the monomer mole ratio of DMAEMA and AM is more than 3 : 7, a more extended conformation due to the protonated tertiary amine groups is formed and the enhanced repulsive interactions among the copolymer molecule results in a rise of its solution viscosity. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40872.
Improving image annotation via ranking‐oriented neighbor search and learning‐based keyword propagation
Authors: Cui Chaoran , Ma Jun , Lian Tao , Chen Zhumin , Wang Shuaiqiang
Published: May 2014

Automatic image annotation plays a critical role in modern keyword‐based image retrieval systems. For this task, the nearest‐neighbor–based scheme works in two phases: first, it finds the most similar neighbors of a new image from the set of labeled images; then, it propagates the keywords associated with the neighbors to the new image. In this article, we propose a novel approach for image annotation, which simultaneously improves both phases of the nearest‐neighbor–based scheme. In the phase of neighbor search, different from existing work discovering the nearest neighbors with the predicted distance, we introduce a ranking‐oriented neighbor search mechanism (RNSM), where the ordering of labeled images is optimized directly without going through the intermediate step of distance prediction. In the phase of keyword propagation, different from existing work using simple heuristic rules to select the propagated keywords, we present a learning‐based keyword propagation strategy (LKPS), where a scoring function is learned to evaluate the relevance of keywords based on their multiple relations with the nearest neighbors. Extensive experiments on the Corel 5K data set and the MIR Flickr data set demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.
Development of physiologically based pharmacokinetic model to evaluate the relative systemic exposure to quetiapine after administration of IR and XR formulations to adults, children and adolescents
Authors: Johnson Trevor N. , Zhou Diansong , Bui Khanh H.
Published: May 2014

Quetiapine is an atypical antipsychotic drug with a high permeability, moderate solubility and defined as a Biopharmaceutics Classification System class ll compound. The pharmacokinetics (PK) of the quetiapine immediate‐release (IR) formulation has been studied in both adults and children, but the quetiapine extended‐release (XR) formulation has only been conducted in adults. The purpose of the current study was to use physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling (PBPK) quantitatively to predict the PK of the XR formulation in children and adolescents. Using a ‘learn and confirm’ approach, PBPK models were developed employing in vitro ADME and physicochemical data, clinical PK data of quetiapine IR/XR in adults and clinical PK data of quetiapine IR in children. These models can predict well the effects of CYP3A4 inhibition and induction on the PK of quetiapine, the PK profile of quetiapine IR in children and adults, and the PK profile of quetiapine XR in adults. The AUC and Cmax ratios (children vs adults) for the different age groups were in reasonable agreement with the observed ratios. In addition, the PBPK model predicted that children and adolescents are likely to achieve a similar exposure following administration of either the XR formulation once daily or the IR formulation twice daily at similar total daily doses. The results from the study can help inform dosing regimens in pediatrics using the quetiapine XR formulation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Essential role of amino acid position 226 in oligosaccharide elongation by amylosucrase from Neisseria polysaccharea
Authors: Cambon Emmanuelle , Barbe Sophie , Pizzut‐Serin Sandra , Remaud‐Simeon Magali , André Isabelle
Published: May 2014

Amylosucrase from Neisseria polysaccharea is a remarkable transglucosylase that synthesizes an insoluble amylose‐like polymer from sole substrate sucrose. One particular amino acid, Arg226, was proposed from molecular modeling studies to play an important role in the formation of the active site topology and in the accessibility of ligands to the catalytic site. The systematic mutation of this Arg residue by all 19 other possible amino acids revealed that all single‐mutants had a higher activity on sucrose compared to the wild‐type enzyme. An extensive kinetic investigation showed that catalytic efficiencies are greatly impacted by the presence of natural acceptors in the reaction media, their chain length and the nature of the amino acid at position 226. Compared to the wild‐type enzyme, the R226N mutant showed a 10‐fold enhancement in the catalytic efficiency and a nearly twofold higher production of an insoluble amylose‐like polymer that can be of interest for biotechnological applications. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2014;111: 1719–1728. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Polyethersulfone/Poly(D,L‐lactide) Blend Membranes: Preparation, Characterization, and Performance
Authors: Hassani Fatemeh , Mousavi Seyed M. , Saghatoleslami Nasser , Ghaffarian Vahideh
Published: May 2014

Polyethersulfone (PES) was blended with poly(D,L‐lactide) (PDLLA) to prepare asymmetric membranes using the phase inversion method. The effects of the blend ratios and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) as additive on the membrane structure, properties, and performance were investigated. The membranes were characterized by contact angle determination, scanning electron microscopy, porosity measurement, thermogravimetric analysis, degradation tests in compost, and dynamic tests for pure water flux and bakery product wastewater treatment. PES and PEG slightly reduced the membrane contact angle. Increasing the PDLLA concentration in the blend membranes enhanced the membrane degradation in compost and also the membrane porosity. The permeate flux of the membranes was improved, but the rejection of pollution indices did not change noticeably.