bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The pharmacokinetics of subcutaneously injected bimosiamose disodium in healthy male volunteers
Authors: Meyer Michael , Beyer Diana , Vollhardt Karin , Woischwill Christiane , Jilma Bernd , Wolff Gerhard
Published: September 2007

Bimosiamose is a novel synthetic pan‐selectin antagonist developed for the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory disorders. Therefore the pharmacokinetics of Bimosiamose disodium were studied in healthy male volunteers after single and multiple subcutaneous injections. A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled dose escalation trial was carried out. The subjects received subcutaneous injections of placebo or 100, 200 or 300 mg Bimosiamose disodium into the abdomen. Plasma and urine concentrations of Bimosiamose were determined. The maximum plasma concentration was 2.17±0.70 µg/ml and the AUC0‐∞ 11.1±2.9 h µg/ml after the highest dose on day 1 (mean±SD). For the apparent clearance CL/f 28.7±7.3 l/h and the terminal half life t1/2 3.7±0.6 h were calculated. The mean residence time MRT∞ of 5.5 to 6.3 h for s.c. injection exceeded that after i.v. infusion due to an extended absorption time. For multiple dosing, constant pre‐dose concentrations of about 20 ng/ml may be reached after two subsequent doses of 200 or 300 mg Bimosiamose disodium once daily. Almost 15% of the administered drug was excreted unchanged in urine. Moreover, Bimosiamose was well tolerated. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Loading and unloading of molecular cargo by DNA‐conjugated microtubule
Authors: Taira Shu , Du Yong‐Zhong , Hiratsuka Yuich , Uyeda Taro Q.P. , Yumoto Noboru , Kodaka Masato
Published: September 2007

We developed a novel method to load and unload molecular cargos to and from microtubules (MTs) that move on kinesin‐coated surfaces. Quantum dots (Qds) (molecular cargo) connected to 21‐mer DNA can be selectively loaded on DNA‐conjugated MTs through DNA hybridization. The average velocity of the Qd‐loaded MTs (0.43 ± 0.06 µm s−1 at 25°C) was comparable to that of control MTs. In addition, MTs conjugated with two types DNA sequences can achieve multiloading of Qds. To unload Qd molecular cargos from MTs, the DNA double helix connecting Qds to MTs were cleaved by an appropriate restriction enzyme. This biomolecular motors‐based transport system should enable us to construct nanometer‐scale devices such as nanobiosensor, nanofluidic system, or nanomachine. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;99: 734–739. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pancreas volumes in humans from birth to age one hundred taking into account sex, obesity, and presence of type‐2 diabetes
Authors: Saisho Y. , Butler A.E. , Meier J.J. , Monchamp T. , Allen‐Auerbach M. , Rizza R.A. , Butler P.C.
Published: September 2007

Our aims were (1) by computed tomography (CT) to establish a population database for pancreas volume (parenchyma and fat) from birth to age 100 years, (2) in adults, to establish the impact of gender, obesity, and the presence or absence of type‐2 diabetes on pancreatic volume (parenchyma and fat), and (3) to confirm the latter histologically from pancreatic tissue obtained at autopsy with a particular emphasis on whether pancreatic fat is increased in type‐2 diabetes. We measured pancreas volume in 135 children and 1,886 adults (1,721 nondiabetic and 165 with type‐2 diabetes) with no history of pancreas disease who had undergone abdominal CT scan between 2003 and 2006. Pancreas volume was computed from the contour of the pancreas on each CT image. In addition to total pancreas volume, parenchymal volume, fat volume, and fat/parenchyma ratio (F/P ratio) were determined by CT density. We also quantified pancreatic fat in autopsy tissue of 47 adults (24 nondiabetic and 23 with type‐2 diabetes). During childhood and adolescence, the volumes of total pancreas, pancreatic parenchyma, and fat increase linearly with age. From age 20–60 years, pancreas volume reaches a plateau (72.4 ± 25.8 cm3 total; 44.5 ± 16.5 cm3 parenchyma) and then declines thereafter. In adults, total (∼32%), parenchymal (∼13%), and fat (∼68%) volumes increase with obesity. Pancreatic fat content also increases with aging but is not further increased in type‐2 diabetes. We provide lifelong population data for total pancreatic, parenchymal, and fat volumes in humans. Although pancreatic fat increases with aging and obesity, it is not increased in type‐2 diabetes. Clin. Anat. 20:933–942, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Commentary on a theory of hypnosis based on principles of conditioning and inhibition Part II: benefits of the theory
Authors: Barrios Alfred A.
Published: September 2007

This is Part II of a commentary which places in the contemporary context, ‘A theory of hypnosis based on principles of conditioning and inhibition (Barrios, 2001).’ Whereas Part I includes evidence both in support of the theory and comparisons with other contemporary theories, Part II presents some of the benefits of the theory which includes: (1) a further understanding of the hallucinogens, biofeedback, higher‐order conditioning, placebos and religion; (2) development of more effective methods of hypnotic induction; (3) development of more effective methods for giving post‐hypnotic suggestions; (4) and development of Self‐Programmed Control (SPC; Barrios, 1973b, 1985), a positive‐oriented behavioural improvement programme aimed at producing self‐actualization, greater self‐efficacy, and higher emotional intelligence. I present the positive results of SPC's application in the areas of: education, welfare, industry, medicine, and drug rehabilitation. Copyright © 2007 British Society of Experimental & Clinical Hypnosis. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Conserved neurochemical pathways involved in hypothalamic control of energy homeostasis
Authors: Forlano Paul M. , Cone Roger D.
Published: September 2007

The melanocortin system, which includes α‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone (α‐MSH) and its endogenous antagonist, agouti‐related protein (AgRP), is fundamental for the central control of energy homeostasis in mammals. Recent studies have demonstrated that many neuropeptides involved in the control of ingestive behavior and energy expenditure, including melanocortins, are also expressed and functional in teleost fishes. To test the hypothesis that the underlying neural pathways involved in energy homeostasis are conserved throughout vertebrate evolution, the neuroanatomical distribution of α‐MSH in relation to AgRP was mapped in a teleost (zebrafish, Danio rerio) by double‐label immunocytochemistry. Zebrafish α‐MSH‐ and AgRP‐immunoreactive (ir) cells are found in discrete populations in the ventral periventricular hypothalamus, the proposed arcuate homologue in teleosts. Major ascending projections are similar for both peptides, and dense ir‐fibers innervate preoptic and ventral telencephalic nuclei homologous to paraventricular, lateral septal, and amygdala nuclei in mammals. Furthermore, α‐MSH and AgRP‐ir somata and fibers are pronounced at 5 days post fertilization when yolk reserves are depleted and larvae begin to feed actively, which supports the functional significance of these peptides for feeding behavior. The conservation of melanocortin peptide function and projection pathways further support zebrafish as an excellent genetic model system to investigate basic mechanisms involved in the central regulation of energy homeostasis. J. Comp. Neurol. 505:235–248, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biogenic amine synthesis and uptake in rodent taste buds
Authors: Dvoryanchikov Gennady , Tomchik Seth M. , Chaudhari Nirupa
Published: September 2007

Although adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is known to be an afferent transmitter in the peripheral taste system, serotonin (5‐HT) and norepinephrine (NE) have also been proposed as candidate neurotransmitters and have been detected immunocytochemically in mammalian taste cells. To understand the significance of biogenic amines in taste, we evaluated the ability of taste cells to synthesize, transport, and package 5‐HT and NE. We show by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence microscopy that the enzymes for 5‐HT synthesis, tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) and aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) are expressed in taste cells. In contrast, enzymes necessary for NE synthesis, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine β‐hydroxylase (DBH) are absent. Both TH and DBH are expressed in nerve fibers that penetrate taste buds. Taste buds also robustly express plasma membrane transporters for 5‐HT and NE. Within the taste bud NET, a specific NE transporter, is expressed in some presynaptic (type III) and some glial‐like (type I) cells but not in receptor (type II) cells. By using enzyme immunoassay, we show uptake of NE, probably through NET in taste epithelium. Proteins involved in inactivating and packaging NE, including catechol‐O‐methyltransferase (COMT), monoamine oxidase‐A (MAO‐A), vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT1,2) and chromogranin A (ChrgA), are also expressed in taste buds. Within the taste bud, ChrgA is found only in presynaptic cells and may account for dense‐cored vesicles previously seen in some taste cells. In summary, we postulate that aminergic presynaptic taste cells synthesize only 5‐HT, whereas NE (perhaps secreted by sympathetic fibers) may be concentrated and repackaged for secretion. J. Comp. Neurol. 505:302–313, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytometric assessment of DNA damage by exogenous and endogenous oxidants reports aging‐related processes
Authors: Zhao Hong , Tanaka Toshiki , Halicka H. Dorota , Traganos Frank , Zarebski Miroslaw , Dobrucki Jurek , Darzynkiewicz Zbigniew
Published: September 2007

The ongoing DNA damage caused by reactive oxygen species generated during oxidative metabolism is considered a key factor contributing to cell aging as well as preconditioning cells to neoplastic transformation. We postulated before that a significant fraction of constitutive histone H2AX phosphorylation (CHP) and constitutive activation of ATM (CAA) seen in untreated normal and tumor cells occurs in response to such DNA damage. In the present study, we provide further evidence in support of this postulate. The level of ATM activation and H2AX phosphorylation, detected immunocytochemically, has been monitored in WI‐38, A549, and TK6 cells treated with H2O2 as well as growing under conditions known or suspected to affect the level of endogenous oxidants. Thirty‐ to 60‐min exposure of cells to 100 or 200 μM H2O2 led to an increase in the level of H2AX phosphorylation and ATM activation, particularly pronounced (nearly fivefold) in S‐phase cells. Cell growth for 24–48 h under hypoxic conditions (3% O2) distinctly lowered the level of CHP and CAA while it had minor effect on cell cycle progression. Treatment (4 h) with 0.1 or 0.3 mM 3‐bromopyruvate, an inhibitor of glycolysis and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, reduced the level of CHP (up to fourfold) and also decreased the level of CAA. Growth of WI‐38 cells in 2% serum concentration for 48 h led to a 25 and 30% reduction in CHP and CHA, respectively, compared with cells growing in 10% serum. The antioxidant vitamin C (2 mM) reduced CHP and CAA by 20–30% after 24 h of treatment, while the COX‐2 inhibitor celecoxib (5 μM) had a minor effect on CHP and CAA, though it decreased the level of H2O2‐induced H2AX phosphorylation and ATM activation. In contrast, dichloroacetate known to shift metabolism from anaerobic to oxidative glycolysis through its effect on pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase enhanced the level of CHP and CAA. Our present data and earlier observations strongly support the postulate that a large fraction of CHP and CAA occurs in response to DNA damage caused by metabolically generated oxidants. Cytometric analysis of CHP and CAA provides the means to measure the effectiveness of exogenous factors, which either through lowering aerobic metabolism or neutralizing radicals may protect DNA from such damage. © 2007 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Shearing‐Like Distortion in Binuclear End‐to‐End CuII Azido Compounds: An Ab Initio Study of the Magnetic Interactions (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 28/2007)
Authors: Angels Carvajal Maria , Aronica Christophe , Luneau Dominique , Robert Vincent
Published: September 2007

The cover picture shows the shearing‐like distortion, which was found to play a dominant role in the control of magnetic properties of CuII azido complexes. From ab initio calculations, it was demonstrated that the smaller the shearing amplitude, the larger the antiferromgnetic character. A practical route to enhance ferromagnetism is suggested in the light of this theoretical analysis. Details are discussed in the article by D. Luneau, V. Robert et al. on p. 4434 ff.
Trans fatty acids, conjugated linoleic acids, and cardiovascular diseases
Authors: Combe Nicole , Clouet Pierre , Chardigny Jean‐Michel , Lagarde Michel , Léger Claude Louis
Published: September 2007

This review focuses on human data about the link between cardiovascular risk and dietary trans and conjugated fatty acids. Some complementary data from animals are presented. Concerning trans monoene isomers, since 1990 they were extensively studied. Intervention studies have shown that they increased LDL‐cholesterol just like saturated fatty acids (palmitic, myristic, lauric acids). A recent meta‐analysis of 60 intervention studies emphasized that, unlike palmitic acid, these trans monoenes increased the total‐to‐HDL‐cholesterol ratio; as a result these trans isomers could increase the cardiovascular risk more than lauric, myristic and palmitic acids. Data from four epidemiological cohort studies suggest that a 2% increase in energy of daily intake of trans fatty acids significantly increases the incidence of cardiovascular diseases. Concerning conjugated linoleic acids (CLA), to date, there are no epidemiological data. Current knowledge is based on intervention studies in humans and animals and on in vitro studies. For the mixture of isomers (cis9, trans11 and trans10, cis12), clinical studies gave inconsistent results, and results on animal models differed from one species to another. For each isomer studied separately, their effects on the lipoprotein profile in humans were different. However, no dose effect was found whatever the isomer. Studies performed in healthy subjects and obese men presented convergent conclusions regarding the detrimental effects of trans10,cis12 CLA, but with rumenic acid (cis9, trans11 CLA) positive effects were observed in healthy subjects, not in obese subjects &bock;pls check!&bock;. Finally, results of studies lead to attribute a potential, general proatherogenic effect to trans10, cis12 CLA.
Genotoxicity studies on the removal of a direct textile dye by a fungal strain, in vivo, using micronucleus and RAPD‐PCR techniques on male rats
Authors: El‐Rahim Wafaa M. Abd , Khalil Wagdy K. B. , Eshak Mariam G.
Published: September 2007

The genotoxicity of the azo dye ‘Direct Violet’ and the removal of this dye by Aspergillus niger strain at different conditions have been investigated in male rats. Two genotoxicity techniques, namely bone marrow micronucleus assay and RAPD fingerprinting pattern, were used in this study for the direct dye and its removal by the fungal strain. Sixty male rats were divided into six treatment groups including a control group and other groups which were exposed for 2 or 8 weeks to Direct Violet dye, Direct Violet dye treated with A. niger at pH 2 or pH 9 or without agitation and acrylamide (30 mg/kg b.w.). A potent dose‐dependent response was observed following oral gavage of the dye up to 1000 mg kg−1, after which significant toxicity to the erythroid compartment was observed. Acrylamide and Direct Violet treatments increased the number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MnPCEs) with respect to the controls. This increase was statistically significant in the two time intervals (2 and 8 weeks treatment, P < 0.0001). Fungi treatments at pH 2 and without agitation were able to reduce the number of MnPCEs induced by Direct Violet administration in all duration groups. Fungi treatment at pH 9 was only able to inhibit the genotoxicity of Direct Violet after 8 weeks treatment. The RAPD fingerprinting pattern indicated that most DNA of the samples treated with dye alone or acrylamide revealed polymorphic bands including the appearance and disappearance of the bands, which did not appear in the DNA samples of normal or fungi protected rats. The implications of these findings for the health and safety of occupationally exposed workers are discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ring‐Opening Metathesis Polymerization Based Post‐Synthesis Functionalization of Electron Beam Curing Derived Monolithic Media
Authors: Bandari Rajendar , Knolle Wolfgang , Prager‐Duschke Andrea , Buchmeiser Michael R.
Published: September 2007

Monolithic materials were prepared via electron‐beam curing from ethyl methacrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate, and norborn‐5‐ene‐2‐ylmethyl acrylate. Reaction of the norborn‐2‐ene groups with either RuCl2(PCy3)2(CHPh) (1) or RuCl2(PCy3)(1,3‐dimesityl‐4,5‐dihydroimidazol‐2‐inylidene)(CHPh) (2) resulted in the surface attachment of the initiators. The extent of initiator immobilization was found to be substantially higher for 1 than for 2. Reaction of the surface immobilized initiators with various monomers resulted in the desired surface modification of EB‐derived monoliths. The amounts of grafted monomer were determined by elemental analysis and ICP‐OES.

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LTA‐mediated synthesis and complete assignment of 1H and 13C NMR data of two natural 11‐nordrimanes: isonordrimenone and polygonone
Authors: Moreno‐Osorio Luis , Espinoza Luis , Cuellar Mauricio , Preite Marcelo
Published: September 2007

Two naturally occurring 11‐nordrimanes were synthesized, and their 1H and 13C NMR spectra were unambiguously assigned in full for the first time. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of glycyrrhizic acid and liquiritin in liquorice root with microwave‐assisted micellar extraction and pre‐concentration
Authors: Sun Chen , Xie Yuchun , Tian Qinglai , Liu Huizhou
Published: September 2007

The feasibility of employing a non‐ionic surfactant (Triton X‐100) as an alternative and effective solvent for the microwave‐assisted extraction of glycyrrhizic acid and liquiritin from liquorice root has been demonstrated. When compared with commonly used solvents, 5% Triton X‐100 yielded higher extraction efficiency than aqueous solutions of ethanol or methanol. Under optimal conditions, i.e. 5% Triton X‐100 (v/v) and microwave‐assisted extraction for 3–5 min at 100°C, the percentage extraction of active ingredients reached the highest value. The pre‐concentration factor for the glycyrrhizic acid and liquiritin was about 13, and the cloud‐point extraction recoveries for the two ingredients were 98.4 and 96.1%, respectively. The results showed that the coupling of microwave‐assisted extraction and cloud‐point extraction could be employed as a new and effective approach for the rapid extraction and pre‐concentration of pharmacologically active ingredients from liquorice root without disturbing the subsequent chromatographic analysis. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of double silylene‐bridged binuclear zirconium complexes and their use as catalysts for olefin polymerization
Authors: Xu Sheng , Jia Junji , Huang Jiling
Published: September 2007

New double silylene‐bridged binuclear zirconium complexes [(η5‐RC5H4)ZrCl2]2[μ,μ‐(SiMe2)2(η5‐C5H3)2] [R = H (1), Me (2), nPr (3), iPr (4), nBu (5), allyl (6), 3‐butenyl (7), benzyl (8), PhCH2CH2 (9), MeOCH2CH2 (10)] were synthesized by the reaction of (η5‐RC5H4)ZrCl3·DME with [μ,μ‐(SiMe2)2(η5‐C5H3)2]2− (L2−) in THF, and they were all well characterized by 1H NMR, MS, IR, and EA. The binuclear structure of Complex 3 was further confirmed by X‐ray diffraction, where the two zirconium centers are located trans relative to the bridging [μ,μ‐(SiMe2)2(η5‐C5H3)2] moiety. When activated with methylaluminoxane (MAO), this series of zirconium complexes are highly active catalysts for the polymerization of ethylene even under very low molar ratio of Al/Zr (Complex 7, 5.41 × 105 g‐PE/mol‐Zr·h, Al/Zr = 50) and linear polyethylenes (PEs) with broad molecular weight distribution (MWD, Mw/Mn = 7.31–27.6) was obtained. The copolymerization experiments indicate that these complexes are also very efficient in the incorporation of 1‐hexene into the growing PE chain in the presence of MAO (Complex 6, 3.59 × 106 g‐PE/mol‐Zr·h; 1‐hexene content, 3.65%). © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 4901–4913, 2007
Nitroxide‐mediated radical polymerization in miniemulsion: Bimolecular termination in monomer‐free model systems
Authors: Alam Md. Nur , Zetterlund Per B. , Okubo Masayoshi
Published: September 2007

Bimolecular termination in nitroxide‐mediated radical polymerization in miniemulsion has been investigated through the heating of a polystyrene–2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidinyl‐1‐oxy macroinitiator and its 4‐hydroxy‐2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidinyl‐1‐oxy analogue in an aqueous toluene dispersion with sodium dodecyl benzenesulfonate as a surfactant at 125 °C. The level of bimolecular termination by combination, evaluated from the high‐molecular‐weight shoulder, was higher in miniemulsion than in solution and increased with decreasing particle size. Quantitative analysis revealed that these results cannot be rationalized solely by nitroxide partitioning to the aqueous phase. The results are explained by an interface effect, by which nitroxide is adsorbed or located at the aqueous–organic interface. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 4995–5004, 2007
Terms of Trade Shifts and International Macroeconomic Fundamentals
Authors: Johnson Ronald
Published: September 2007

This paper focuses on the relationship between developing-country terms of trade and underlying economic fundamentals in the industrial economies. The focus is limited to the terms of trade of the five developing-country regions (Africa, Asia, Europe, the Middle East, and the Western Hemisphere). The analysis is based on a version of the arbitrage pricing model, which is used extensively in the literature on capital market analysis. This model links developing-country terms of trade to indicators of international macroeconomic fundamentals. In this model the terms of trade are characterized as the price of a hedge portfolio consisting of a long position in exports and a short position in imports. The primary finding is that there does not appear to be an important link between developing-country terms of trade and underlying fundamentals in the industrial countries.
Nea Presidential Address: The Role of Race-Conscious Policies in Addressing past and Present Discrimination
Authors: Betsey Charles L.
Published: September 2007

The impact of the current recession on the labor market situation of African-Americans highlights their longer-run plight. While there have been signs of improvement, especially during the 1960s, black per capita earnings have fallen despite improvements in their relative wages and occupational standing. Public debate over the recent Civil Rights Bill, the nomination of Justice Clarence Thomas, and the Supreme Court's Croson decision, has raised again the issue of using race-conscious policies to address past and present discrimination. This article reports on a study of Birmingham, Alabama as a case study. It suggests that a combination of race-neutral and race-conscious approaches may be needed to address the problems blacks continue to face in the United States economy.
Trade Sensitive Manufacturing Employment: Some New Insights
Authors: Armah Bartholomew
Published: September 2007

Persistent trade deficits in the United States since 1971, and growing foreign competition have revived debate about the net effects of trade on the domestic economy. Focusing on the employment consequences of trade, this study examines the demographic and industrial characteristics of trade sensitive manufacturing industries in the United States. The findings reveal two significant trends. Firstly, there has been a decline in the importance of high-tech manufacturing as a source of trade related employment opportunities since 1975. Secondly, while trade enhanced industries still employ relatively fewer women and minorities than industries adversely affected by trade, the gap has narrowed, especially for women. Since 1975, the proportion of all women employed in adversely affected industries actually declined; for every 1 percent decline in female employment in an adversely affected manufacturing industry there was a corresponding 0.6 percent gain in employment in a trade-enhanced manufacturing industry.
Income Inequality as an Indicator of Discrimination in Housing Markets
Authors: Kaestner Robert , Fleischer Wendy
Published: September 2007

In this article we develop an alternative empirical method for identifying discrimination in the housing market, and test it using 1980 census data for the city of Philadelphia and four counties that are in close proximity to Philadelphia. A variety of models are estimated, and the results of the analysis appear to support the view that discrimination was an important factor in both the central city county of Philadelphia, and the suburban counties.
The Treatment of Racial and Sexual Discrimination in Economics Journals and Economics Textbooks: 1972 to 1987
Authors: Cherry Robert , Feiner Susan
Published: September 2007

This article examines two decades of scholarly literature on discrimination and two decades of discussion of discrimination in economics textbooks. At first discrimination was taken seriously and policy responses adequate to the problem were advocated. Today this is a minority position. The article first traces the way that JEL policies concerning indexing and abstracting have contributed to this change. Next textbooks are analyzed to show how this change is manifested in commonly used curricular materials. Finally, political preferences are shown to undergird crucial arguments like those concerning minimum wages. Conclusions linking ideology to research agendas are put forward.
Home treatment with enzyme replacement therapy for mucopolysaccharidosis type I is feasible and safe
Authors: Cox‐Brinkman J. , Timmermans R. G. M. , Wijburg F. A. , Donker W. E. , van de Ploeg A. T. , Aerts J. M. F. G. , Hollak C. E. M.
Published: September 2007

Objective:

Intravenous enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) with recombinant α‐l‐iduronidase may ameliorate the non‐neurological symptoms in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I). Since home‐based ERT for Gaucher and Fabry diseases has been reported to be safe and successful, we investigated the feasibility and safety of home therapy in patients with MPS I.

Setting:

This two‐centre study included 17 ERT‐treated MPS I patients between 1 and 35 years of age. A patient was allowed to transfer to home treatment after a minimum period of 6 months of in‐hospital administration of ERT and after a self‐ or home nurse‐supported home setting was arranged.

Results:

Thirteen out of 17 patients transferred to home treatment with a median time to transfer of 13 months (range 7–40 months). Two patients preferred to continue ERT in the hospital, whereas for two other patients the transfer to home was hampered for practical reasons. All patients who received ERT at home were assisted by either a relative or a nurse. In total over 1000 home infusions were performed and no serious complications were observed. Two infusion‐associated reactions were observed, both within the first 3 months of in‐hospital administration of ERT. All patients except one developed antibodies against the recombinant enzyme, but this was not associated with the development of hypersensitivity reactions.

Conclusion:

ERT for MPS I applied at home is safe and might alleviate the burden of life‐long intravenous treatment in these patients.
Does invasion involve alternation of germination requirements? A comparative study between native and introduced strains of an annual Brassicaceae, Cardamine hirsuta
Authors: Kudoh Hiroshi , Nakayama Mariko , Lihová Judita , Marhold Karol
Published: September 2007

Cardamine hirsuta is a European annual weed that has been naturalized in Japan. Although the species is a widespread weed in Europe, its introduction to the Japanese Islands occurred recently. We hypothesized that the introduction of Cardamine hirsuta required adaptation that has delayed its spread in Japan. The aim of this study is to determine whether there is a difference in temperature requirements for seed germination between Japanese and European strains of Cardamine hirsuta. We compared temperature requirements for seed germination, because it is known to be a critical determinant of phenology and thus is expected to be important in the success of introduction into different climates. Seeds of six and five strains from Japan and Europe, respectively, were used in seed germination experiments under five different temperature regimes. Japanese strains generally showed stronger initial seed dormancy and were characterized by suppressed germination in higher temperature regimes. European strains showed variable patterns of temperature‐dependent seed germination. It turned out that these temperature‐dependent dormancies are mediated by abscisic acid (ABA), because dormant seeds germinated under the presence of an inhibitor of ABA synthesis. Seed germination characteristics shared by Japanese strains presumably enhance long transport and autumn germination, while these characteristics are not necessarily common among European strains. The results are supportive for the idea that adaptation has altered germination characteristics of Cardamine hirsuta through the introduction process into Japan.
Oxygenation of 1‐Docosahexaenoyl Lysophosphatidylcholine by Lipoxygenases; Conjugated Hydroperoxydiene and Dihydroxytriene Derivatives
Authors: Huang Long Shuang , Kim Mee Ree , Sok Dai‐Eun
Published: September 2007

Oxygenation of 1‐docosahexaenoyl lysophosphatidylcholine (docosahexaenoyl‐lysoPC) by soybean lipoxygenase‐1 (LOX‐1) or porcine leukocyte LOX was examined. The oxidized products were identified to be hydroperoxydocosahexaenoyl‐lysoPC by UV and LC/MS spectrometric analyses. In SP‐HPLC and chiral phase‐HPLC analyses, the products from the oxygenation of docosahexaenoyl‐lysoPC by soybean LOX‐1 and porcine leukocyte LOX were found to contain hydroperoxide group mainly at C‐17 and C‐14, respectively with the S form as a major enantiomer. Next, the sequential exposure of docosahexaenoyl‐lysoPC to soybean LOX‐1 and porcine leukocyte LOX led to the formation of conjugated triene derivatives possessing a maximal absorption at 271 nm with shoulders at 262 and 281 nm. Based on MS‐MS analysis, the conjugated triene derivatives were identified to be 10,17‐ or 16,17‐dihydroxydocosahexaenoyl‐lysoPC analogues, suggesting that the diols were produced mainly from hydrolysis of 16,17(S)‐epoxide intermediate. In kinetic studies, docosahexaenoyl‐lysoPC was more favorable than docosahexaenoic acid as substrate for soybean LOX‐1 or leukocyte LOX. Taken together, it is proposed that docosahexaenoyl‐lysoPC can be oxygenated as substrates for some lipoxygenases to form conjugated diene and/or triene derivatives.
Terrorist Signalling and the Value of Intelligence
Authors: ARCE DANIEL G. , SANDLER TODD
Published: September 2007

This article presents a model of terrorist attacks as signals where the government is uncertain as to whether it is facing a group that is politically motivated or militant. Pooling equilibriums result with two types of ex post regret: P-regret, where the government concedes to political types that would not subsequently attack; and M-regret, where the government does not concede to militant types that subsequently attack at greater levels. Avoidance of such regret defines a measure of the value of intelligence. Counter-terrorism policy can then be characterized in terms of whether a government should focus on increased intelligence versus increased security (hardening targets). The recommended use of asset freezing is also evaluated in terms of the resources required by terrorists to achieve the various equilibriums. Finally, this article supports the empirical finding of intertemporal substitution of resources by terrorists, concerned with the level of government response to their attacks.
Absolute Majority Rules
Authors: VERMEULE ADRIAN
Published: September 2007

This article considers absolute majority rules, which require the affirmative vote of a majority of all those eligible to vote in the institution. I compare absolute majority rules to simple majority rules under which only those present and voting are counted, and to simple supermajority rules. Under plausible conditions, absolute majority rules prove superior. Absolute majority rules insure majorities against strategic behaviour by minorities and combine supermajoritarian effects with majoritarian symbolism.
Occurrence and spread of multiresistantSalmonellaTyphimurium DT104 in Danish animal herds investigated by the use of DNA typing and spatio-temporal analysis
Authors: SKOV M. N. , ANDERSEN J. S. , BAGGESEN D. L.
Published: September 2007

In the investigation we report the occurrence and spread of multiresistantSalmonellaTyphimurium phage type (DT) 104 in 174 known Danish animal herds infected between 1996 and 2003. We applied PFGE, plasmid analysis and spatio-temporal analysis for a description of the development and spread of infection among herds. The results showed that in Denmark DT104 are mainly spread by trade of animals; however, horizontal spread of DT104 is also important and the risk of an animal herd becoming infected increased with the proximity in time and space to a DT104-infected herd. Based on these results, it is recommended that specific actions are taken to limit the risk of horizontal spread of DT104 from newly infected herds.
Innovating for Success – the Future of Law Librarianship
Authors: Lamond Sue
Published: September 2007

Within UK law firms, marketing or business development departments have traditionally been responsible for the provision of business information. Sue Lamond, from Addleshaw Goddard, explains how her firm differs in that the Information Services department is responsible for this provision. The department compiles company and sector profiles and analyses, and is directly involved in the pitch process for new work from clients, supporting client partners' information and development needs.
SLS/BIALL Academic Law Library Survey 2005/2006
Authors: Clinch Peter
Published: September 2007

This is the latest report analysing the results of the Society of Legal Scholars and BIALL Survey. It has been written by Peter Clinch, Senior Subject Librarian for Law, Cardiff University
Correcting for forecast bias in soil moisture assimilation with the ensemble Kalman filter
Authors: De Lannoy Gabriëlle J. M. , Reichle Rolf H. , Houser Paul R. , Pauwels Valentijn R. N. , Verhoest Niko E. C.
Published: September 2007

Land surface models are usually biased in at least a subset of the simulated variables even after calibration. Bias estimation may therefore be needed for data assimilation. Here, in situ soil moisture profile observations in a small agricultural field were merged with Community Land Model (CLM2.0) simulations using different algorithms for state and forecast bias estimation with and without bias correction feedback. Simple state updating with the conventional ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) allows for some implicit forecast bias correction. It is possible to estimate the soil moisture bias explicitly and derive superior soil moisture estimates with a generalized EnKF that uses a simple persistence model for the bias and assumes that the a priori bias error covariance is proportional to the a priori state error covariance. For the case of bi‐weekly assimilation of the entire profile of soil moisture observations, bias estimation and correction typically reduces the RMSE in soil moisture (over the standard EnKF without bias correction) by around 60 percent. However, under the above assumptions, significant improvements are limited to state variables for which observations are available. Therefore, it is crucial to measure the state variables of interest. The best variant for state and bias estimation depends on the nature of the model bias and the output of interest to the user. In a model that is only biased for soil moisture, large and frequent increments for soil moisture updating may be required, which in turn may negatively impact the water balance and output fluxes. It is then better to post‐process the soil moisture with the bias analysis without updating the model state.
The Impact of Vulnerability to and Severity of a Health Risk on Processing and Acceptance of Fear-Arousing Communications: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: de Hoog Natascha , Stroebe Wolfgang , de Wit John B. F.
Published: September 2007

This meta-analysis of studies of the persuasive impact of fear appeals evaluated the contribution of our stage model of the processing of fear-arousing communications relative to other fear appeal theories. In contrast to other theories, our stage model (a) specifies the cognitive processes underlying persuasion through fear-arousing communications, (b) proposes that threat-induced defensive processing does not interfere with the effectiveness of fear-arousing communications but actually contributes to it, and (c) predicts that vulnerability and severity manipulations have differential effects on measures of attitude as compared with intention and behavior. To evaluate these predictions, the authors expanded on previous meta-analyses by assessing the independent as well as joint effects of vulnerability to and severity of a risk, both on information processing and on measures of persuasion (attitude, intention, behavior). Overall, findings were consistent with the stage model. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Concerns regarding the Traditional Paradigm for Causal Research: The Unified Paradigm and Causal Research in Scientific Psychology
Authors: Lynd-Stevenson Robert M.
Published: September 2007

The traditional paradigm refers to the assumption held by most methodologists and researchers that causal research must be defined in terms of the causal powers evident in a closed system. The traditional paradigm does not concord, however, with the nature of scientific theories often cited in the methodological and research literature. The unified paradigm is introduced and causal research defined in terms of the causal powers evident in an open system. Notable implications of the unified paradigm are that experimental methods do not provide a better opportunity than modeling methods to conduct a causal analysis and that the nomenclature often used to describe the validity of causal conclusions must be amended. Additional implications of the unified paradigm are discussed and includes a comparison of the traditional paradigm and the unified paradigm when applied to treatment-outcome research.
America's Joan of Arc
Authors: Gallman J. Matthew
Published: September 2007

One of the most celebrated women of her time, Anna Elizabeth Dickinson was a charismatic orator, writer, and actress, who rose to fame during the Civil War and remained in the public eye for the next three decades. This book offers a full-length biography of Dickinson. The book describes how Dickinson's passionate patriotism and fiery style, coupled with her abolitionism and biting critiques of anti-war Democrats struck a nerve with her audiences. In barely two years, she rose from being an unknown young Philadelphia radical, to becoming a successful New England stump speaker and eventually a national celebrity. At the height of her fame, Dickinson counted many of the nation's leading reformers, authors, politicians, and actors among her friends. Among the famous figures who populate this book are Susan B. Anthony, Whitelaw Reid, William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglass, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Harriet Beecher Stowe. The book explores Dickinson's public triumphs but also discloses how, as her public career waned, she battled with her managers, critics, audiences, and family. The book demonstrates how Dickinson's life illustrates the possibilities and barriers faced by 19th-century women, revealing how their behavior could at once be seen as worthy, highly valued, shocking, and deviant.
Cold Peace
Authors: Gorlizki Yoram , Khlevniuk Oleg V.
Published: September 2007

In the period from the end of World War II until his death, Stalin became an increasingly distrustful despot. He habitually picked on and humiliated members of his inner circle, had them guarded around the clock, had their correspondence decoded by secret police, bugged the lines of even his most senior deputies, and even drove several to the point of publicly betraying their spouses in order to prove their allegiance. This book argues that Stalin's behavior was not entirely paranoid and erratic but followed a clear political logic. This book contends that his system of leadership was at once both modern — Stalin vested authority in committees, elevated younger specialists, and made key institutional innovations — and patrimonial-repressive, informal, and based on personal loyalty. Always, Stalin's goal was to make the USSR a global power and, though the country teetered on the edge of violence during this period of acute domestic and international pressure, he succeeded in achieving superpower status and in holding on to power despite his old age and ill health.
Camera Works
Authors: North Michael
Published: September 2007

This book discusses the impact of mechanical recording on modern art and literature. Recording media, including photography and film, seemed to offer entirely new means of representation, neither linguistic nor pictorial, with both the usefulness of writing and the immediacy of sight. In particular, this book traces some of the more utopian projects to arise from this hope, including the Readie machine of Bob Brown, which was to turn stories and poems into strips of linguistic film. The influence of photography and film on the transatlantic avant garde is traced through three stages, from the early days of Camera Work, through the enthusiasm of Eugene Jolas and the contributors to his magazine transition, to the crisis created by the introduction of sound in the late 1920s, experienced with particular bitterness by the editors of the early film magazine, Close Up. Subsequent chapters describe the entirely new kind of sensory enjoyment brought into modern American fiction by the new media. What Fitzgerald calls spectroscopic gayety — the enjoyable disorientation of the senses by machine perception — turns out to be a powerful force in much American fiction, even that commonly celebrated for its hard-nosed realism. The revolutionary possibilities of this new spectatorship and its inevitable limitations are pursued through a number of examples, including Dos Passos, James Weldon Johnson, and Hemingway.
Beware the Winner's Curse
Authors: Anandalingam G. , Lucas Henry C.
Published: September 2007

In the case of an acquisition or a merger, it is very often the case that when an individual or company perceives itself to be the winner, subsequent events will show that the victory was overvalued. Both psychological and market based forces often lead managers to greatly overestimate what they are buying, resulting in the “winner’s curse”. In an effort to grow their companies, competitive and overly confident managers with high compensation packages make rash decisions. The pressure put on values by the stock market, stock analysts, and investment bankers is coupled with the presence of a bidding psychology. When senior management experiences “buyer’s remorse”, having made overly optimistic forecasts about the future of the company, a true financial “curse” often ensues. In the event that a company does “win” by making it to the top of its industry, complacency or hubris caused by a sense of invulnerability often conspire to move the company out of the winner’s column. This book examines the phenomenon of the “winner’s curse”. It presents a number of cases illustrating the curse, and examines the reasons for it in each instance. It also looks at situations where CEOs decided to walk away from “winning” because of their sober ability to trade-off the risks of winning versus the real returns. In particular, the last chapter presents a series of “take-aways” for any manager to follow to avoid the winner’s curse.
Darwinian Detectives
Authors: Johnson Norman A.
Published: September 2007

Some six million years ago, two branches of the evolutionary tree diverged: one that led to chimpanzees and bonobos, and one that led to us. Extraordinary advances in our ability to obtain and process DNA sequence information permits scientists to address fundamental questions about the evolutionary histories of varied species, including our own. Ascertaining the sequence of the genome — the complete complement of DNA information — from both humans and chimpanzees allows scientists to address such questions as: which genes were subjected to natural selection along our evolutionary branch? Are these the genetic changes that made us human? The book addresses these and other questions about human evolutionary history, including our domestication of other animals and of plants. It also explores how researchers use the tools of molecular genetics and population genetics theory to unravel the secrets of the natural histories of genes and genomes. Much like detectives looking to ascertain the circumstances behind a crime, these scientists can develop and test inferences about the nature of the natural selection and other evolutionary pressures that have shaped the organisms that harbor these genes.
An Introduction to the Challenge of Difference
Authors: Kamitsuka Margaret D.
Published: September 2007

Feminist theology, with relatively new institutional standing within the field of Christian theology, has become divided and enriched (from it's white feminist author's perspective) by difference — especially in light of womanist, mujerista, lesbian, two-thirds-world, and other self-named women's theologies. This chapter introduces the challenge of difference by examining one of the most historically central yet hotly contested feminist methodological themes today — the appeal to women's experience. This is followed by a discussion of two markers of difference (and sites of privilege) that will be an ongoing focus: race and sexuality. Illustrations are given of how white racial privilege and heterosexist privilege can manifest even in contexts of collegial feminist theological dialogue.
Parent–Offspring Conflict
Authors: Salmon Catherine A.
Published: September 2007

At first glance, the relationship between parent and child seems to begin in perfect harmony. The image of parents' devotion to their infant is one that has been depicted in art for thousands of years. It often seems like a sharp contrast to the modern image of the typical adolescent-parent relationship, usually portrayed as full of strife. But are either really accurate? What factors shape the degree of conflict between parent and child? And are there particular stages in the life of a child or parent that attenuate or exaggerate the degree of conflict? An evolutionary perspective on the family can provide useful insight through the consideration of factors that influence parental investment, parent-offspring conflict theory, and maternal-fetal conflict.