bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PHOSPHATASE OF RABBIT POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUCOCYTES
Authors: Cram D. M. , Rossiter R. J.
Published: April 2011

Rabbit polymorphonuclear leucocytes contain an active phosphatase that readily hydrolyzes disodium phenyl phosphate. The pH activity curve of the enzyme was found to have two maxima, one in the region of pH 10 and the other in the region of pH 5. The alkaline phosphatase was much more active than the acid phosphatase. The concentration of alkaline phosphatase in rabbit white cells was approximately one thousand times that of the enzyme in the serum. Under the conditions of study, the alkaline phosphatase activity was proportional to the concentration of the enzyme. The effect of substrate concentration on the enzyme activity was studied and the Michaelis constant (Ks) determined. An excess of substrate inhibited the enzyme. The course of the reaction was linear with time for the first 60 min.; after 90 min. the activity fell off faster than would be expected if the reaction were of the first order.Magnesium and glycine, in low concentrations, caused an increase in the enzyme activity, whereas zinc, cyanide, borate, phosphate, bile salts, and glycine, in higher concentrations, were inhibitory. Fluoride had no demonstrable effect. Surface-active substances, such as saponin, bile salts, or alkyl sulphate, liberated the enzyme from the cells. Similar results were obtained when α-glycerophosphate or β-glycerophosphate was used as the substrate.The alkaline phosphatase can be considered to belong to Class AI of Folley and Kay (22) and the acid phosphatase to Class AII. The alkaline phosphatase can also be considered to be a Phosphatase II of Cloetens (9).
INTERFACIAL PRECIPITATION OF CHOLESTEROL IN HUMAN AND "ARTIFICIAL" BILES
Authors: Fitz-James Philip , Burton Alan C.
Published: April 2011

Bile was withdrawn from human gall bladders at different levels and analyzed for cholesterol and bile salts. Results showed there was a chemical stratification corresponding to that in specific gravity already demonstrated. Samples of bile were layered with distilled water in plastic cells. Precipitation of cholesterol soon occurred at the interface. Chemical studies showed this was due to a difference in rate of diffusion of cholesterol and bile salts across the interface, leading to a local fall of the critical ratio. Eventually the formation of a pseudo "stone" was observed. The role of interfacial precipitation due to differential diffusion in cholelithiasis is discussed.
CHOLINESTERASES OF CEREBROSPINAL FLUID: DATA FOR NORMAL FLUIDS AND FLUIDS FROM PATIENTS WITH SYPHILIS, MENINGITIS, OR POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Colling K. G. , Rossiter R. J.
Published: April 2011

In confirmation of the work of others it has been shown that the principal enzyme in human cerebrospinal fluid that can hydrolyze acetylcholine is true cholinesterase. There is in addition a lesser quantity of pseudocholinesterase. The true cholinesterase, but not the pseudocholinesterase, was found to be significantly increased in the spinal fluids of patients with syphilis, while the pseudocholinesterase, and not the true cholinesterase, was increased in the fluids of patients with either meningitis or poliomyelitis. The true cholinesterase activity was correlated neither with the protein concentration nor with the cell count, while the pseudocholinesterase was correlated with the protein concentration and less significantly with the cell count. When correction was made for the correlation between cell count and protein concentration, the correlation between pseudocholinesterase activity and protein concentration remained statistically significant, but that between pseudocholinesterase and cell count became of dubious significance. In pathological conditions it appears unlikely that either true cholinesterase or pseudocholinesterase is derived from the white cells in the fluid. It is possible that the increased pseudocholinesterase comes from the blood plasma as a result of an increase in the permeability of the "plasma–spinal fluid barrier" and that the increased true cholinesterase comes from the substance of the brain or spinal cord. For the pathological conditions studied, the determination of true and pseudocholinesterase activity of the spinal fluid would be of little value as a diagnostic aid.
EFFECTS OF ESERINE AND ACETYLCHOLINE ON THE RESPIRATORY CENTERS AND HYPOGLOSSAL NUCLEI
Authors: Miller Frederick R.
Published: April 2011

The floor of the fourth ventricle is exposed in the cat, decerebrated with the Sherrington Decerebrator. Eserine, 0.15 mgm. per kgm. body weight intravenously, induces extra respirations and tongue retractions, the latter at the same rate as, and slightly preceding, the "original" respirations. Tongue retractions are caused by irradiation from inspiratory centers to hypoglossal nuclei. Acetylcholine (ACh) concentrations of 1:5 × 107 to 1:106, applied in a small rectangle of spot test paper to the floor of fourth ventricle, enhance respiratory and lingual effects; these concentrations of ACh or, occasionally, up to 1:5 × 104 often induce convulsive discharges from hypoglossal nuclei, as shown by powerful tongue contractions. Effects of eserine on respiration are not due to concurrent blood pressure changes, which are insignificant. Intravenous eserine and medullary ACh are believed to stimulate and facilitate various central synapses; both drugs stimulate the inspiratory centers. Medullary ACh excites particularly the eserinized synapses surrounding the motoneurones of the hypoglossal nuclei, thus inducing the convulsive discharges from these nuclei. Effects of eserine and ACh are abolished and precluded by intravenous atropine, results that are in harmony with those of several recent investigators.
A DYNAMOMETER FOR DETERMINING DEPTH OF FREEZING IN FOODS
Authors: Tessier H.
Published: April 2011

A dynamometer, designed to determine depth of freezing in frozen foods, such as meat, poultry, and eggs, measures the force required to drive a pointed rod through a sample of the product.
A NICKEL–ALUMINUM–MOLYBDENUM CREEP RESISTANT ALLOY
Authors: Kinsey H. V. , Stewart M. T.
Published: April 2011

This paper describes a preliminary study of alloys of nickel and aluminum modified with molybdenum. The purpose of this work is to develop an alloy for use under conditions of stress at temperatures of 815 °C. (1500° F.) and over. The room temperature mechanical properties of alloys of nickel and aluminum, and the influence of molybdenum on these properties, have been investigated. Certain combinations of nickel, aluminum, and molybdenum have been shown to possess tensile strengths well over 100,000 lb. per sq. in. at room temperature, and it has been demonstrated that certain characteristic microstructures, dependent upon the ratio of nickel to aluminum, are essential for the realization of these high strengths. Creep-rupture tests at 815 °C. (1500° F.) have been carried out on typical nickel–aluminum–molybdenum alloys. The results have shown that certain of these alloys are superior in many respects to existing high temperature alloys, when tested under creep-rupture conditions at 815 °C. (1500° F.). The same characteristics of microstructure that are essential for high room temperature strengths were also found to be necessary to obtain good creep-rupture characteristics at 815 °C. (1500° F.).
PILOT PLANT STUDY OF GERMAN BUNA S-3 CHEMICAL RUBBER
Authors: Davies T. L. , Williams H. Leverne
Published: April 2011

Buna S-3 chemical rubber was prepared in 5 and 110 gal. glass lined autoclaves. The polymerization conditions were not identical with those reported by the Germans or by a concurrent laboratory program. The polymers failed to heat soften in a manner comparable to the German material but, nevertheless, when the polymer was degraded on a mill and compounded in a standard tire tread recipe the resulting vulcanizate had properties superior to GR–S and approximating those of low temperature chemical rubber, although the Buna S-3 lacked the ease of processing of the low temperature copolymer.
THE DIFFUSION OF LIGHT BY GROUND GLASS, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO COLOR CHANGES
Authors: Middleton W. E. Knowles , Smith F. D.
Published: April 2011

By special methods of grinding it has been found possible to make reproducible ground-glass surfaces. A series of six surfaces of increasing roughness was produced in crown glass, and a similar series in flint. These were illuminated at normal incidence by 2850° K. light in a photoelectric goniophotometer and intensity was measured at various angles. The apparent color temperature of the light diffused at each angle was also measured photoelectrically, with visual checks at some angles. Photomicrographs were taken of some of the surfaces, and finally the recording spectrophotometer was used to measure the diffuse reflectance, diffuse transmittance, and transmittance over a half-angle of about 8°, of several glasses. Some sandblasted samples were also studied. The transmitted light is most reddish at 0°, while at angles of more than 60° most of the glasses raise the apparent color temperature of the light. With the most finely ground glasses the color temperature at 0° reaches 2300° K. Some theoretical studies lead to the belief that most of the color changes are due to scattering, while diffraction plays a minor part.
Further Remarks on "Photometry and Colorimetry of Railroad Fusees"
Authors: Middleton W. E. Knowles
Published: April 2011

not available
COLLABORATIVE ANALYSIS OF WHEAT, OATS, AND BARLEY FOR THIAMINE AND RIBOFLAVIN
Authors: Spencer E. Y. , Robinson A. D. , McElroy L. W. , Kastelic J.
Published: April 2011

In the analysis of wheat, oats, and barley for thiamine and riboflavin by three collaborating laboratories an attempt was made to reduce interlaboratory differences to a minimum by the establishment of a standardized procedure. The thiochrome and fluorometric methods were used for the thiamine and riboflavin determinations respectively. It was apparent that even after steps had been taken to standardize the assay procedures, small but consistent and significant interlaboratory errors existed. Calculations indicate that differences of the order of 10 to 12% in mean assay values were necessary before samples could be considered different with respect to their thiamine or riboflavin content.
THE THIAMINE AND RIBOFLAVIN CONTENT OF MANITOBA GROWN WHEAT, OATS, AND BARLEY OF THE 1946 CROP
Authors: Robinson Allen D. , Lynd Langtry E. , Miles Barbara J.
Published: April 2011

Some 200 samples of pure varieties of barley, oats, and wheat grown in Manitoba in 1946 were assayed for thiamine and riboflavin. Expressed as micrograms per gram the averages and ranges for thiamine were: barley 4.06 (3.3 to 4.9), oats 5.99 (4.4 to 7.9), wheat 4.28 (3.5 to 5.7); for riboflavin: barley 1.28 (0.9 to 1.9), oats 1.25 (0.8 to 1.7), wheat 1.12 (0.8 to 1.4). A varietal effect on thiamine content was noted. Plush barley contains more than OAC 21, Exeter oats more than either Ajax or Vanguard, and Carlton wheat more than Regent, which in turn has a higher content than Thatcher. No varietal effects on riboflavin contents were found in any of the cereals. Neither thiamine nor riboflavin content of the cereals was determined by the soil zone in which they were grown. Significant positive correlations were found between protein and thiamine in oats and barley, protein and riboflavin in wheat, and ash and riboflavin in barley. A significant negative correlation between ash and thiamine in oats was observed.
A SIMPLE ELECTRICAL METER FOR ESTIMATING THE MOISTURE CONTENT OF GRAIN
Authors: Rasmussen H. E. , Anderson J. A.
Published: April 2011

A simple electrical meter has been devised for estimating the moisture content of grain. It accommodates a 190 gm. sample which forms the dielectric of a condenser in the plate tuning circuit of a triode crystal oscillator. An increase in the dielectric constant due to moisture in the sample is compensated for by removing capacity from a variable condenser attached to the dial of the instrument. A piezoelectric plate determines the frequency at which the triode section of the tube will oscillate, and this state is indicated by a change in the shadow angle of the indicator section of the same tube. The meter has been calibrated with 159 samples of Canadian hard red spring wheat; the standard error of estimate was found to be 0.36 over the range from 10 to 17% moisture.
A SEMIQUANTITATIVE METHOD FOR THE DETECTION OF ACETIC ANHYDRIDE IN ACETIC ACID
Authors: Benson G. , Kitchen R. M.
Published: April 2011

When acetic acid is handled in aluminum, it is important, for reasons of corrosion resistance, that the acid be not completely anhydrous, a condition that results if traces of acetic anhydride are present. A quick colorimetric test depending on the reaction between acetic anhydride with aniline has been developed by which it is possible to detect 0.05% acetic anhydride in acetic acid.
CONTRAFLOW CONTRAROTATING TURBOCOMPRESSORS
Authors: Mordell Donald L.
Published: April 2011

The performance of a turbocompressor comprised of a large number of mechanically independent compressor and turbine stages is considered. Examination of the equilibrium conditions of any stage shows its performance, for a given design, to be dependent on four variables and hence the performance of the complete unit is also dependent on the same four variables. Exact arithmetical calculation would be possible, but very tedious. In order to render computation easier, the conception of reflected conditions is introduced. Physically this implies independence of each stage, in some respects, from its neighbors. The assumption is likely to be in error least for intermediate stages, and most for the first and last stages. Methods of expressing the aerodynamic performance of the blades of the compressor and turbine stages are introduced to render calculation easier. Some calculated performance figures are compared with experimental values and show by their reasonable agreement that the assumptions used are valid. The methods can be applied to other types of complex turbocompressor units by suitable modification of procedure and details.
THE PREPARATION OF QUINOLINES BY A MODIFIED SKRAUP REACTION
Authors: Manske Richard H. F. , Ledingham Archie E. , Ashford Walter R.
Published: April 2011

It has been found that a modification in the method of bringing together the reactants of Skraup's procedure for synthesizing quinolines results in a marked reduction of the violence of the original reaction and in a substantial increase in yield of quinoline or substituted quinoline. The ease of carrying out the reaction is such that it can be utilized safely and economically on a commercial scale. Examples of the modified method are given for quinoline, 8-hydroxyquinoline, and 5-chloro-8-hydroxyquinohne. The method was applied to the Doebner–von Miller reaction for the synthesis of 8-hydroxyquinaldine and 5-chloro-8-hydroxyquinaldine with somewhat less improvement than in its application to the Skraup reaction.
RATION BISCUITS: V. EFFECTS OF KIND AND CONCENTRATION OF VARIOUS CONSTITUENTS ON KEEPING QUALITY
Authors: Lips H. J. , Marshall J. B. , White W. Harold , Grant G. A.
Published: April 2011

Ration-type biscuits commercially prepared according to a basic formula, with increasing levels of supplementary ingredients tested one at a time, gave the following results for flavor tests and chemical analyses when stored in sealed cans at 110° F. for periods up to 88 weeks: flavor score was improved by sugar and impaired by skim milk powder and salt; peroxide oxygen value of extracted fat was increased by salt and decreased by defatted soybean flour; fluorescence of a potassium chloride extract of defatted biscuit was increased by defatted soybean flour, baking soda, skim milk powder, malt, and salt, and decreased by sugar; pH of the potassium chloride extract was increased by defatted soybean flour and soda, and decreased by skim milk powder and malt. Shortening stability was a limiting factor in determining the relative effects of the other components on biscuit keeping quality. Biscuits containing all the supplementary materials had good keeping quality when a stable vegetable shortening was used.
THE OXIDATION, IGNITION, AND DETONATION OF FUEL VAPORS AND GASES: XII. THE HIGH COMPRESSION RATIO OTTO CYCLE GAS ENGINE AND THE ADVERSE EFFECT OF HIGH JACKET TEMPERATURES ON THERMAL EFFICIENCY
Authors: King R. O. , Durand Edwin J. , Morrison J. Alex.
Published: April 2011

Town gas was used as the fuel for the C.F.R. engine during a series of engine trials run at a compression ratio of 10:1 and at jacket temperatures of 140°, 212°, 302°, and 351° F. The mixture strength at each jacket temperature was varied from the weakest to the richest on which the engine would run steadily. The object of the trials was (1) to determine the effect of jacket temperature on thermal efficiency and (2) to compare the performance of an Otto cycle engine run at 10:1 compression ratio with that of a compression ignition (Diesel) oil engine. The results of the trials show that thermal efficiency decreases as the jacket temperature is raised, that is, the decrease more than offsets the gain due to decrease of heat loss during combustion and expansion. It is indicated by the character of the results and by experiments described earlier that the observed loss of efficiency is due to flameless surface combustion of the fuel during compression. The performance of the C.F.R. engine running on town gas at 10:1 compression ratio as compared with that of a compression ignition oil engine running at 12:1 was superior in respect of maximum power (I.M.E.P.) developed and range of quality control and not greatly inferior in respect of thermal efficiency.
ESTIMATION OF LIPASE IN DAIRY PRODUCTS: I. AN EXTRACTION-TITRATION METHOD FOR THE ESTIMATION OF MILK LIPASE
Authors: Smith L. M. , Lubert D. J. , Thornton H. R.
Published: April 2011

A procedure has been outlined for the estimation of milk lipase. The method is based on the titration of an ether extract of butyric acid derived from the enzymatic hydrolysis of tributyrin under standardized conditions. Some of the fundamental factors involved in the procedure have been discussed. It is suggested that modifications of the method may be used to study lipase activity in other dairy products and in cultures of micro-organisms.
ESTIMATION OF LIPASE IN DAIRY PRODUCTS: II. AN EXTRACTION–TITRATION METHOD FOR THE ESTIMATION OF BACTERIAL LIPASE
Authors: Lubert D. J. , Smith L. M. , Thornton H. R.
Published: April 2011

A method of estimating bacterial lipase is presented that is believed to be more nearly quantitative than any other at present available. The method is based on the titration of acids in an ether extract of a skim milk culture to following a 30 mm period of lipase activity at 37 °C. It is shown that ether-soluble acids carried into the reaction medium do not interfere with the measurements and that ether-soluble acids are not produced from protein or lactose during the test. The method is applicable over a sufficiently wide pH range to make it generally adaptable in bacteriology.
ESTIMATION OF LIPASE IN DAIRY PRODUCTS: IV. LIPOLYTIC ACTIVITY OF PSEUDOMONAS FLUORESCENS
Authors: Lubert D. J. , Smith L. M. , Thornton H. R.
Published: April 2011

The lipolytic activity of a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens was investigated. Under the investigational conditions activity was greatest when the reaction medium was at approximately pH 8.9 at the start of the reaction period and when the reaction was carried out at approximately 42 °C. The optimum pH for activity by this enzyme was found to be between 8 and 9. This lipase is not specific for tributyrin but hydrolyzes tricaproin and tricaprylin as well, although with decreasing ease. Calcium chloride inhibited rather than enhanced the activity. Lipolytic activity was greater in nutrient broth-base media than in skim milk but the latter was more satisfactory with which to work. Lypolytic activity and fluorescence were not found to be related. Nutrient broth freed of carbohydrate by Escherichia coli growth and heat-sterilized stimulated production of fluorescence.
HIGH TEMPERATURE CALORIMETRY: I. A NEW ADIABATIC CALORIMETER
Authors: Armstrong L. D.
Published: April 2011

In this paper is described a new calorimeter for the measurement of specific heats at high temperatures, by the adiabatic method. The advantage is that the specific heat at a definite temperature can be determined by a measurement taken over a small temperature interval, with a precision of 1% or better, throughout the range 400 °C. to 800 °C. This permits a study of specific heat anomalies in this range.
HIGH TEMPERATURE CALORIMETRY: II. ATOMIC HEATS OF CHROMIUM, MANGANESE, AND COBALT BETWEEN 0° AND 800 °C.
Authors: Armstrong L. D. , Grayson-Smith H.
Published: April 2011

The atomic heats of chromium, manganese, and cobalt have been measured up to 800 °C. by the adiabatic method described in Part I of this series. The specific heat of chromium is regular from 0° to 800 °C. The measurements with manganese show the sharp α−β transition at 717 °C., with a latent heat of 450 cal. per mole. Typical supercooling occurs on the reverse transition. Cobalt shows an anomaly due to a gradual transition, which is known to be a change in crystal form. The new data obtained permit a comparative discussion of the atomic heats of the transition metals, chromium to nickel. All these have values Cv > 3R at high temperatures. After allowing for the effects of ferromagnetism, the excess specific heats of cobalt and nickel are accounted for by the conduction electrons. This is not true for chromium and manganese, for which metals there must be some additional source of internal energy. It is tentatively suggested that these two metals may have antiferromagnetic transitions at temperatures above 800 °C.
THE ELECTRON CYCLOTRON
Authors: Redhead P. A. , LeCaine H. , Henderson W. J.
Published: April 2011

A magnetic resonance accelerator for electrons is described which was constructed on the principles suggested by Veksler. A constant magnetic field and applied frequency are employed, the frequency of the accelerating radio-frequency field being 2800 megacycles per second. Final energies of five million electron volts are obtained.
A SATURATED CORE RECORDING MAGNETOMETER
Authors: Rose D. C. , Bloom J. N.
Published: April 2011

A recording magnetometer operating on the saturated core inductor principle has been constructed. An inverse feed-back system supplies a current to neutralize the field being measured. The neutralization is such that the sensitive element is maintained within 2 or 3 gammas of zero field. The feed-back current is measured by a recording milliameter. Using a feed-back coil of suitable dimensions, the record gives a direct measure of the field.
FORMATION OF RADIOACTIVE SURFACE FILMS ON MINERALS
Authors: Church T. G.
Published: April 2011

With the requisite chemical treatment, specific minerals will assume a surface radioactivity by undergoing reactions with radioactive ions in solution. It is essential that the mineral have a suitably tarnished or coated surface, for in general no exchange will occur on a fresh surface. It is suggested that the radioactivity so induced could be used in conjunction with a mechanical device to separate and concentrate the valuable minerals in an ore, or to control hydro-metallurgical plant processes.
TABLES OF THE FUNCTION e−αz/γM(α; γ; z)
Authors: MacDonald A. D.
Published: April 2011

Six-figure tables of the function μ(z) = e−αz/γM(α: γ: z) have been computed for the following values of the parameters, α = 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 (0.1) 1.0, 0.25, 0.75; γ = 0.5 (0.5) 2.0, and z = 0 (0.1) 1.0 (0.5) 8. They may be used in conjunction with tables of the exponential function for accurate values of the confluent hypergeometric function.
THE NEUTRON DENSITY NEAR A PLANE SURFACE IN A CAPTURING MEDIUM
Authors: LeCaine Jeanne
Published: April 2011

The variational method is applied to the Milne problem with capture, to obtain, for the density and for the angular distribution, expressions which give quite accurate values and which have a relatively simple analytical form. Tables of the density and angular distribution are included. The extrapolation distances determined by the Variational Method agree to high accuracy with the exact values. The angular distribution determined by the Variational Method is shown to be accurate within 0.05% in all cases where exact results are available. Tables are also given for the density and angular distribution in the Milne problem with capture and constant production.
A GEOMETRIC TREATMENT OF "DIMENSIONS" IN PHYSICS
Authors: Moon Parry , Spencer Domina Eberle
Published: April 2011

"Dimensional analysis" is an established and venerable subject, associated with such names as Fourier, Maxwell, and Lord Rayleigh. But only a genius can obtain dependable results with it, a state of affairs that is caused by the vague intuitionalistic way in which the subject has always been presented. The purpose of this paper is to formulate a precise theory.An idon or complete physical quantity is an entity with two attributes: quality and quantity. Formal rules are given for the manipulation of idons, and it is shown that they can be pictured as vectors in k-dimensional space. This geometrization is not necessary, of course, but it often gives added grasp of the subject; just as vector analysis is never necessary in physics, though it is often convenient. There are six practical applications of the theory, all of which are handled m a precise and dependable way by the geometric method.
COMPARATIVE HEAT LOSSES FROM BARE AND ANODIZED ALUMINUM SURFACES TO STILL AIR
Authors: Burr A. C. , Hay Robert H.
Published: April 2011

The effect of anodic films on the total heat losses to still air from the surfaces of cylindrical aluminum containers maintained at temperatures between 23 °C. and 100 °C. has been studied by recording the power required to maintain the containers at various temperatures above ambient. Anodic coats of the order of 20 μ thick required increases in power of 43% to 60% at 30 °C. and 68% to 79% at 90 °C., the variations at any one temperature being due to variations in thickness and color of the coating. The emissivity coefficient for the clear anodic coats used is estimated from the data to be about 0.80.
DEFLECTIONS OF AN INFINITE PLATE
Authors: Wyman Max
Published: April 2011

Problems associated with the thickness of ice sheets on Canadian lakes led the author to investigate mathematically the deflection of a loaded plate resting upon an elastic foundation. Certain simplifying assumptions, which appear to be not unreasonable, permit the solutions obtained to be applied to the strength of a floating ice sheet. Relations for maximum stress and maximum deflections in terms of known functions are derived, both for a concentrated load and a uniform load distributed over a circular area. The resulting expressions should be tested experimentally to determine their domain of validity. Owing to similarity of conditions, these results may also be applied to the design of concrete roadways and airport runways.
ON THE ORIGIN OF TEN CENTIMETER RADIATION FROM THE POLAR AURORA
Authors: Petrie W. , Currie B. W. , Forsyth P. A.
Published: April 2011

Short-lived bursts of 10 cm. radiation from auroral displays have been received by radar equipment. The sources of continuous radiation from a partially ionized medium are briefly discussed. From a knowledge of the constants of the equipment used it is deduced that the power density at the receiver is at least 2 × 10−10 watts per (meter)2, and it seems that the most likely source of this radiation is a plasma oscillation of the ionized volume associated with the auroral display. If this is so, the electron density in at least localized regions must be of the order 1011 per cm.3
ON THE FLOW OF GASES AND WATER VAPOR THROUGH WOOD
Authors: Pfalzner P. M.
Published: April 2011

The quantities of water vapor passing through wood have been measured under the conditions of hydrodynamic flow and of kinetic diffusion. Air and oxygen pass through wood under hydrodynamic flow conditions in accordance with the Knudsen–Poiseuille law. Water vapor passes through wood under hydrodynamic flow conditions in much larger quantities than those predicted by the law. The rate of passage of water vapor under diffusion conditions follows the Fick diffusion law but with a diffusion coefficient that increases with relative humidity. The distinct features of the diffusion and hydrodynamic flow processes are pointed out. Porous, hygroscopic media permit the transfer of water vapor either by diffusion or by hydrodynamic flow, as determined by two distinct sets of conditions, while compact, hygroscopic media permit the transfer of water vapor by diffusion only, regardless of the external conditions.
FAST NEUTRONS FROM THE T + D AND T + Li REACTIONS
Authors: Almqvist E.
Published: April 2011

The fast neutrons produced by the triton bombardment of LiF, Li2CO3, LiOH∙H2O, LiOD, and LiOD∙D2O + D2O have been detected, and the thick target yields and their slowing down lengths in graphite measured. The tritons were produced by irradiating the compounds in the high thermal neutron flux of the thermal column of the NRX pile. The spatial distributions of the fast neutrons from the T + D and T + Li reactions were measured in the graphite with indium resonance detectors. The numbers of fast neutrons emitted per second were obtained by comparing the space integrals of the indium activity with that measured when a standard Ra-α-Be source of neutrons was in the position of the lithium compounds. The number of incident tritons was estimated from the measured flux of thermal neutrons at the lithium compound and the total capture cross section of the lithium. The thick target yields were thereby derived. The average cross sections for neutron production by 2.6 Mev. tritons are 1.5 × 10−24cm.2 per atom of lithium and 0.41 × 10−24cm.2 per atom of deuterium. The slowing down lengths in graphite of density 1.64 gm. per cc. are 19.2 and 23.4 cm. for the neutrons from the lithium and deuterium respectively. The smallness of the latter indicates that inelastic scattering of these 14 Mev. neutrons occurs in graphite.
GAMMA-RAY STUDIES USING DEUTERIUM-LOADED PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATES
Authors: Millar C. H. , Cameron A. G. W. , Glicksman M.
Published: April 2011

Deuterium-loaded nuclear emulsions have been used to study the γ-rays of neutron capture in sodium, chlorine, and cadmium, and the γ-rays following the β-decay of N16. Proton tracks caused by the photodisintegration of deuterium were measured, and from these the γ-ray energies were calculated. Several lines have been observed in the γ-ray spectra of neutron capture. The known energy of the 6.124 Mev. γ-ray following the decay of N16 (produced in the cooling water of the Chalk River pile) was used to calibrate the plates. A higher energy γ-ray from the decay of N16 was tentatively identified as corresponding to a transition from the 6.897 Mev. excited level of O16 to the ground state and was found to have one-seventh the intensity of the 6.124 Mev. γ-ray.
A CALORIMETRIC MEASUREMENT OF THE DISINTEGRATION RATE OF A P32 SOURCE
Authors: Bayly J. G.
Published: April 2011

The calorimetric method of measuring sources is of value when the average energy per disintegration is known, and may be used to check the accuracy of an "absolute" beta counting technique. This paper describes a differential calorimeter designed for this type of measurement, and an experimental determination of the disintegration rate of a P32 source. The calorimetric measurement gave a value of the disintegration rate with a probable error of 0.7% differing by 1.8% from the result obtained from an absolute count of the β-activity. The absolute count was accurate to ±2%. The calorimeter has a sensitivity limit of less than 10 μw., and makes use of thermistors to measure temperature changes of the order of 10−3 °C.
MEASUREMENTS OF GRAVITY IN THE CANADIAN ARCTIC AND GREENLAND
Authors: Beer Michael
Published: April 2011

Four determinations of gravity were made during the summer of 1948, with the pendulum apparatus of the Dominion Observatory, at Goose Bay, Labrador (latitude 53°), Frobisher Bay, Baffin Island (latitude 64°), Resolute Bay, Cornwallis Island (latitude 75°), and Thule, Greenland (latitude 77°), approximately. The anomalies at the two most northerly stations are comparatively small and those at the other two stations, although larger, do not exceed many that have been observed in other parts of Canada. Norgaard's determination at Thule is confirmed by the author.It is anticipated that these determinations, apart from their immediate interest, will serve as useful reference points for future work in the Canadian Arctic.
THE SYNTHESIS OF dl-ANONAINE
Authors: Marion Léo , Lemay Lionel , Ayotte Robert
Published: April 2011

The methylenedioxy-aporphine whose structure had been assigned to anonaine has been synthesized from the amide resulting from the condensation of β-3,4-methylenedioxy-phenylethylamine and o-nitrophenylacetyl chloride. The amide was cyclized to the corresponding dihydroisoquinoline, the hydriodide of which was reduced and the product transformed to dl-anonaine by the Pschorr ring closure reaction. The synthetic base on methylation was converted to dl-roemerine methiodide. A comparison of the properties of the derivatives obtained from anonaine and from roemerine, the structure of which is known, supplies strong evidence in favor of the validity of the structure assigned to anonaine.
Synthetic and Spectrometric Studies of Some Pyrazolones—A Correction
Authors: Gagnon Paul E. , Boivin Jean L. , Jones R. Norman
Published: April 2011

not available
ON THE SOLUBILITY OF THORIUM NITRATE TETRAHYDRATE AND URANYL NITRATE HEXAHYDRATE IN ORGANIC SOLVENTS
Authors: Hall Norris F. , Templeton Charles C.
Published: April 2011

The values reported by Yaffe for the solubilities of thorium nitrate tetrahydrate and uranyl nitrate hexahydrate in various organic solvents are compared with those previously reported by Templeton and Hall, the former being much lower than the latter. Some of the accessory experiments of Templeton and Hall are here presented in support of the position that their values more closely correspond to equilibrium than those of Yaffe.
Note on the Solubility of Thorium Nitrate Tetrahydrate and Uranyl Nitrate Hexahydrate in Organic Solvents
Authors: Yaffe L.
Published: April 2011

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ELECTROKINETIC PROPERTIES OF CELLULOSE FIBERS: II. ZETA-POTENTIAL MEASUREMENTS BY THE STREAM-COMPRESSION METHOD
Authors: Mason S. G. , Goring D. A. I.
Published: April 2011

A new technique of measuring the ζ-potential of cellulose fibers, in which stream current potential measurements are carried out over a range of solid concentrations on a single pad, is described. In employing the stream potential method it is necessary to measure the d-c. resistance of the pad, since a pronounced dispersion effect yields a-c. resistance values which are in considerable error. Reversible electrodes must therefore be used and since stream current measurements can then be carried out, this simpler method is preferred. Degrees of swelling calculated from the stream data are consistently higher than those calculated from permeability measurements. This discrepancy indicates a serious limitation of the conventional electrokinetic theory when applied to swollen cellulose. A model of the fiber–liquid interface, consisting of partially dissolved electrically charged cellulose chains accounting for the observed discrepancy, is discussed. If this model is applicable, the physical significance of the ζ-potential becomes extremely complex.
THE KINETICS OF CUPRENE GROWTH
Authors: Ouellet Cyrias , Léger Adrien E.
Published: April 2011

The kinetics of the polymerization of acetylene to cuprene on a copper catalyst between 200° and 300 °C. have been studied manometrically in a static system. The maximum velocity of the autocatalytic reaction shows a first-order dependence upon acetylene pressure. The reaction is retarded in the presence of small amounts of oxygen but accelerated by preoxidation of the catalyst. The apparent activation energy, of about 10 kcal. per mole for cuprene growth between 210° and 280 °C., changes to about 40 kcal. per mole above 280 °C. at which temperature a second reaction seems to set in. Hydrogen, carbon monoxide, or nitric oxide has no effect on the reaction velocity. Series of five successive seedings have been obtained with cuprene originally grown on cuprite, and show an effect of aging of the cuprene.
STUDIES OF THE MICROHETEROGENEITY OF POLYBUTADIENE AND GR-S: I. THE PROPAGATION MECHANISM IN THE POLYMERIZATION OF BUTADIENE
Authors: Longfield J. , Jones R. , Sivertz C.
Published: April 2011

When n-butyl mercaptan is reacted in a one to one ratio with butadiene in an emulsion system containing persulphate, crotyl n-butyl thioether is exclusively formed as the product of the initiation step. That is, no 1, 2 or 3, 4 addition was found for this step but only the 1, 4. Crotyl n-butyl thioether and methylvinylcarbinyl n-butyl thioether have both been synthesized and certain physical properties determined. It is concluded that in all free radical attacks upon butadiene, the terminal carbon is attacked. The resulting radical may or may not resonate between structures which yield 1, 4 addition and 1, 2 addition; for example, when a mercaptan radical attacks, the resonance is suppressed, but, when styryl or butadienyl radical attacks, the resonance results in the observed ratios of 1, 2, 1, 4 addition in polybutadiene and copolymers of butadiene and styrene. The nature of the products and the yield indicates that the overwhelming number of initiations are made by butyl mercaptan radicals and termination is almost exclusively made by mercaptan.
THE DEGRADATION OF POLYSTYRENE: III. THE SCISSION OF POLYSTYLENE BY A VARIETY OF AGENTS AND THE ROLE PLAYED BY THE SOLVENT IN THIS PROCESS
Authors: Montgomery D. S. , Winkler C. A.
Published: April 2011

For a number of polystyrenes possessing the Kuhn–Schulz chain length distribution but of different mean chain length, the relation was established between the intrinsic viscosity and the corresponding relative viscosity of a 16% solution in toluene, to facilitate the study of the scission process under conditions similar to those employed by Mesrobian and Tobolsky. It was found that this relation failed to distinguish between those scission points introduced during polymerization and those due to the subsequent degrading action of benzoyl peroxide and air. Assuming polystyrene prepared in a similar manner to that described by Mesrobian and Tobolsky possessed the Kuhn–Schulz chain length distribution it was possible to show that the average number of scission points per structural unit was a linear function of the mass of benzoyl peroxide added to the system and the number of hours exposure to light. The thermal degradation of polystyrene was studied both in the presence and the absence of toluene, and the role of the solvent in the scission of polystyrene by benzoyl peroxide and air was investigated.
The Oxidation of Cholesteryl Acetate Dibromide
Authors: Kierstead R. W. , Garmaise D. L.
Published: April 2011

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THE MERCURY (3P1) PHOTOSENSITIZED REACTION OF ATOMIC HYDROGEN WITH METHYL CHLORIDE
Authors: Roy D. J. Le , Lee G. L.
Published: April 2011

The method of mercury photosensitization has been used in an investigation of the reaction between atomic hydrogen and methyl chloride at 25 °C. The main products are methane, hydrogen chloride, and ethylene chloride. The last is assumed to rise through recombination of chloromethyl radicals formed by either of the reactions,[Formula: see text]
Note on the Stereoisomers of 2,3-Butanediol Produced by Yeast
Authors: Neish A. C.
Published: April 2011

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DIAZOHYDROCARBONS
Authors: McKay A. F. , Crooker J. F. , Ott W. L. , Taylor G. W. , Buchanan M. N.
Published: April 2011

1-Substituted-1-nitroso-3-nitroguanidines on treatment with aqueous potassium hydroxide solution give diazohydrocarbons. This method has been used to prepare diazomethane, diazoethane, diazo-n-propane, diazo-n-butane, diazo-n-pentane, and phenyldiazomethane. Potassium nitrocyanamide has been isolated as a by-product of this reaction.
THE PREPARATION OF SODIUM CARBOXYMETHYLCELLULOSE
Authors: McLaughlin R. R. , Herbst J. H. E.
Published: April 2011

The preparation of sodium carboxymethylcellulose from cellulose, sodium hydroxide, and sodium chloroacetate in the presence of water was investigated. The effects of temperature, excess of sodium hydroxide, ratio of water to cellulose, time of mixing, and manner of addition of the reagents were studied. The highest degree of substitution attained was 2.8.
SYNTHESIS IN THE SERIES OF ERYTHRINA ALKALOIDS: II. STERIC CONFIGURATION OF THE SYNTHETIC BASE
Authors: Clair E. D. , Clarke F. H. , Edmiston W. A. , Wiesner K.
Published: April 2011

2-Cyclohexanone acetic acid ethyl ester oxime was hydrogenated in acidic medium to the corresponding amino ester, which is of the cis form, as by ring closure it gives a hexahydroöxindole which in turn is reduced by lithium aluminum hydride to cis-octahydroindole. Also, it has been shown that the amino ester can be transformed into cis-aminoethylcyclohexane. The high pressure Raney nickel hydrogenation of the oxime ester followed by lithium aluminum hydride reduction gave also cis-octahydroindole, although in neutral medium the trans form could have been expected.
Apparatus to Deliver Liquid at Constant Rate
Authors: Herbst J. H. E.
Published: April 2011

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FLOCCULATION IN SUSPENSIONS OF LARGE PARTICLES
Authors: Mason S. G. , Hubley C. E. , Robertson A. A.
Published: April 2011

Based upon an assumed mechanism of particle aggregation by shear-induced interparticle collisions, a new method of studying flocculation in suspensions of large particles is described, and representative results obtained with cellulose–fiber suspensions are presented. The method consists in subjecting the suspension to a reproducible condition of shear motion and analyzing the fluctuations in optical transmission coefficient electronically. An approximate statistical theory is presented on the basis of which a flocculation index (σ/N0) appropriate to the method is proposed. The index is a function of both the number and size of the aggregates. The flocculation index was found to decrease with increasing rate of shear and decreasing fiber length. The effect of concentration and of additives was investigated. Alternative experimental techniques are outlined and limitations to the present method are pointed out.
PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES IN PLANT METABOLISM: II. RESPIRATORY ENZYMES IN WHEAT
Authors: Waygood E. R.
Published: April 2011

The kinetics of the malic dehydrogenase in cell-free extracts of wheat seedlings have been studied by the Warburg technique, using methylene blue. The enzyme behaves analogously to the animal enzyme in that it is coenzyme I-linked and its oxidation product, oxalacetic acid, is inhibitory to the reaction. Oxalacetic acid is removed by either a ketone fixative or l(+) glutamic acid, the latter by being involved in a transamination. Cell-free extracts also contain peroxidase and ascorbic acid oxidase, but no phenolases. In embryonic tissue the succinoxidase system, including cytochrome oxidase, is present. Using l(+) glutamic acid to remove oxalacetic acid, ascorbic acid can replace methylene blue and function as a respiratory carrier mobilizing the hydrogen from dihydrocoenzyme I indirectly via a pigment of unknown chemical nature. A proposed carrier system for the wheat plant includes coenzyme I, flavin, pigment, and ascorbic acid. In vitro, the entry of oxygen to the system is catalyzed by ascorbic acid oxidase supported by a thermostable copper-catalyzed reaction. Alcohol, hexosediphosphate, and fumarate can donate hydrogen to this carrier system.
PHOTOCHEMICAL ACTIVITY OF ISOLATED SPINACH CHLOROPLASTS IN RELATION TO REACTION CONDITIONS
Authors: Clendenning K. A. , Gorham P. R.
Published: April 2011

Oxygen production by illuminated chloroplasts in p-benzoquinone solution proceeds most rapidly at neutrality, is more rapid with sorbitol borate than phosphate buffer, is insensitive to buffer molarity, and does not require carbon dioxide. In 0.08% quinone solution, the oxygen yields are 65 to 75% of the theoretical with crude spinach chloroplasts and 85 to 95% with separated chloroplasts. At concentrations above 0.08%, quinone strongly inhibits the photochemical reaction in which it serves as hydrogen acceptor, decreasing the total yield of oxygen as well as the initial rate of its production. Separation of the cell sap and cytoplasm from the chloroplasts by centrifuging and washing treatments largely eliminates dark reactions but also decreases photochemical activity in Hill and quinone solutions. Centrifuged chloroplasts have similar activities when resuspended in cell sap, distilled water, phosphate buffer, sucrose solution, or phosphate–sucrose solution. The supernatant fraction obtained by high speed centrifuging shows higher photochemical quotients in quinone solution and lower photochemical quotients in Hill solution than the chloroplast fraction diluted to the same chlorophyll concentration. The photochemical activity of crude and separated chloroplast suspensions in Hill and quinone solutions is inhibited to various degrees by 10−3M azide and hydroxylamine, but not by 10−3M fluoride. The presence of tannins or 2 × 10−3M adenosine triphosphate has no effect, but 1/10th saturated vitamin K weakly inhibits photochemical activity in quinone solution. The constant relation which was observed between the photochemical yields of H+ and oxygen in Hill solution, employing different reaction periods, chloroplast concentrations, or Hill solution minus certain components, indicates that these products have a common source, and that illuminated chloroplasts effect a photodecomposition of water.
THE EFFECT OF THE INCORPORATION OF CERTAIN COVER CROPS ON THE MICROBIOLOGICAL BALANCE OF POTATO SCAB INFESTED SOIL
Authors: Rouatt J. W. , Atkinson R. G.
Published: April 2011

The decomposition of soybean, rye, and red clover in naturally infested potato scab soil resulted in marked quantitative and qualitative changes in the microflora, but only soybean reduced disease incidence. Soybean and red clover increased the numbers of bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi, with rye having a similar effect except on actinomycetes. Tubers invariably supported higher numbers of organisms than corresponding soils. In the soybean soil amino-acid-requiring bacteria were preferentially stimulated, while those with more complex requirements were relatively suppressed. Amino-acid-requiring fungi also were slightly increased and there was a corresponding decrease in those with simple nutrient requirements. A similar effect occurred in the rye soil. When potatoes were grown in the soybean soil, the amino-acid-requiring bacteria were markedly increased on, and correspondingly decreased apart from, the tubers. In contrast, amino-acid-requiring fungi were completely suppressed in the soybean soil, still further increased in the rye soil, and preferentially stimulated only on the tubers in the control soil. The Bacterial Balance Index showed a relationship with degree of infection, the high index in the soybean soil being associated with least scab. This effect was particularly emphasized in soil on the tubers.