bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Broń antysatelitarna. U progu drugiego etapu militaryzacji kosmosu
Authors: Kopeć Rafał
Published: February 2019

Anti‑Satellite Weapons. Into the Second Era of Space MilitarizationOuter space has been used for military purposes since the beginning of space exploration. Hitherto, the space militarization process has mainly included diverse applications of satellites (reconnaissance, navigation and positioning, communication). Nowadays, a dynamic development of the anti‑satellite weapons is carried out. This process will have a tremendous impact on the perspectives of subsequent military space exploitation, and on the broadly perceived strategic balance, first of all among the so‑called cosmic triangle, that is the United States, China and Russia. The article looks at the dimensions of the space militarization (including weaponization), the typology and characteristics of anti‑satellite weapons, brief history of the development of these weapons and recent accomplishments in that field. The text discusses also the strategic implications of the space weaponization, particularly those related to the proliferation of anti‑satellite weapons and the end of outer space as a „sanctuary”.
Pomiędzy bezpieczeństwem, sekurytyzacją a językiem
Authors: Błahut-Prusik Jadwiga
Published: February 2019

Between Security, Securitization and LanguageThe article analyzes relations between security, securitization and language. The issue was presented in the broader context of the specificity of the modern reality dominated by what Ulrich Beck has described as the ‘global risk’. Various forms of global danger make security the category through which the reality is more frequently depicted and explained. In the face of risk, securitization and its specific language have become today the major means of providing security.
Rola Iranu, Iraku i Syrii w polityce białoruskiej
Authors: Mironowicz Eugeniusz
Published: February 2019

The Role of Iran, Iraq and Syria in the Policy of the BelarusianRelations between Belarus and Iran, Iraq and Syria after 1998 took on the nature of political alliance. The factor connecting Belarus with these countries was their isolation by the West because of the policy of internal or foreign. Sanctions or restrictions imposed on these countries on the initiative or with the participation of the United States created an additional platform for Minsk agreements with Tehran, Baghdad and Damascus. Anti‑Americanism four countries has become a common feature of their foreign policy and defense cooperation. Closeness of political relations was accompanied by a desire to establish a broad economic cooperation between the four countries. At the beginning of 21st century it grew by leaps and bounds each year, the volume of trade between Belarus and Iran, Iraq and Syria. Level exchanges with Iran and Syria, however, quickly reached a level corresponding to the potential capabilities of the parties and far removed from the expectations of leaders. Any dealings with Iraq were interrupted as a result of the occupation of that country by the United States and the coalition.
Obserwatora i uczestnika spojrzenia na wojnę albo o obojętności i zaangażowaniu
Authors: Kwiecień Roman
Published: February 2019

Observer’s and Participant’s Views on War or about Indifference and Commitment. Deliberations under Kant’s PhilosophyThe article seeks to draw attention to Kant’s look at war and its importance for today’s debate on the use of force. Kant’s views on war are usually considered equivalent with his standpoint presented in Zum ewigen Frieden. However, Kant’s political philosophy offers broader perspective of the war problem. This perspective takes into account two standpoints, namely, the non‑involved observer standpoint and the committed participant one. The former tries to explain the war phenomenon, whereas the latter assesses it. Surprisingly enough, war can make to Kant a measure of progress within human society and leads to a real civitas gentium, that is, to society without wars which embodied the ideal of ‘perpetual peace’. According to Kant, such progress must be grounded on ‘revolution of freedom’ because individual human freedom conditions both moral maturity of mankind and political freedom. Unfortunately, taking into account a practise of domestic and international relations Kant turned out to be an excessive optimist.
Idea narodowa a ustrój demokratyczny w publicystyce
Authors: Grzybek Dariusz
Published: February 2019

The Idea of Nationality and Democracy in Mieczysław Szerer’s WritingsThis article analyses political thought of Mieczysław Szerer (1884‑1981), one of the few emitent followers of liberal democracy during interwar period in Poland. Szerer was clever analyst of idea of nationality. In his opinion democracy as a political system has been embeded in nationality as concept, which guarantee social cohesion. However nationality being fundamental concept of modernity have its dark side, as a Skurce of conflicts. In this situation international federation of democratic nations is only remedy to negative effects of democracy. Szerer was also fervent critic of interwar dictatorships, he analysed it as unstable and uneffective political systems. He percived modern society as unstable in deeper meaning, oscilating from democracy to dictatorship. He criticized J.S. Mill’s idea of democracy trough education, maintaining that the deepest source of unstability of modern political systems is contradiction between political equality and economical inequality. Szerer’s political thought is analysed in contecst of his Jewish origin. Although he was manifesty Polish, his identity was in suspicion, this was a silent problem of Szerer’s thought.
The Parliamentary Genesis of the French Semi-Presidentialism against the Background of the Process of Presidentialisation of the Fifth Republic
Authors: Jakubiak Łukasz
Published: February 2019

The paper deals with the dynamics of the transformation of the semi‑presidential system of government established under the constitution of the Fifth Republic of France. The author argues that the constitutional regime adopted in 1958 has been based on fundamental principles of a broadly parliamentary model (in particular, on the so‑called dualistic parliamentarianism built on the balance between the executive and the legislative). Special attention was paid to the phenomenon of presidentialisation of the French version of the aforementioned model. This process is based on two main pillars – legal and political ones – and for several decades it has led to the gradual erosion of these elements of the system of government, which have been taken directly from parliamentarianism. This has resulted, first of all, in the emergence of the French semi‑presidentialism, and then – in a significant weakening of its pro‑parliamentary components. The author points out, however, that the strictly political dimension of presidentialisation of the system of government can be quite effectively, albeit temporarily, hampered by the occurrence of cohabitation. The latter phenomenon may be treated as a ‘return to the letter of the constitution’. On the other hand, a remarkable reduction, with the use of legal instruments, in the probability of another cohabitation period is yet another aspect of the multifaceted process of presidentialisation.
Stanowisko Konferencji Episkopatu Polski wobec wyborów parlamentarnych w 1991 roku
Authors: Delong Marek
Published: February 2019

The Position of the Polish Episcopal Conference on the Parliamentary Elections in 1991The purpose of this article is to show the position of the Conference of the Polish Episcopate on the parliamentary elections in 1991. In official pronouncements of the Conference of the Polish Episcopate on this issue, as well as in the statements of individual bishops you can find two common elements. Firstly, noticeable is the identification of the category of the Polish nation, Catholics and society. Hence the belief that the institutions of a democratic state should uphold Christian values and national. Secondly, the Conference of the Polish Episcopate harbored the misconception by unanimity Catholics in Poland in terms of political views. It quickly turned out that the majority of the population does not recognize the role of the Church as the subject of political life. Already in the early nineties, and especially after the parliamentary elections in 1991, there have been numerous discussions on clericalism and anti‑clericalism.
Social and Institutional Construction of Regional Borders in the Western and Northern Lands – on the example of Żuławy and Powiśle
Authors: Paprot-Wielopolska Aleksandra
Published: February 2019

This article discusses the creation of contemporary regional borders in the Western and Northern Lands, which were incorporated into Poland after the Second World War. Using the example of Żuławy and Powiśle, the author presents an anthropological analysis of the social, cultural, and administrative developments in the region, as well as the effect of those changes on the perception of these areas by their current inhabitants. Hence, she describes the strategies used to legitimise the borders of Żuławy and Powiśle by the local communities and institutions. The author discusses different approaches to the notion of regional borders, and their relation to historical, cultural, geographic and administrative borders. She further analyses the emergence of regional borderlands, centres, and peripheries. Data regarding the borders of Żuławy and Powiśle has been collected using mixed methods research. Both qualitative research methods (conceptual maps, targeted in‑depth interviews conducted among leaders and representatives of institutions) and quantitative research methods (questionnaires conducted opposition, i.e. the factor that influences its power of action. This paper presents these problems together with certain methods of solving them used in the studies conducted. It was concluded that studies in the subject of opposition require various methods and different research perspectives, including behaviourism and interpretationism.
Polityka w zakresie badań i rozwoju technologicznego Unii Europejskiej jako przykład integracji formalnie i faktycznie zróżnicowanej
Authors: Kwieciński Leszek
Published: February 2019

Research and Development Policy of the European Union as an Example of Formal and Real Differentiated IntegrationIn this paper has been analysed a concept of the differentiated integration and their main criteria. This allows to show the formal and legal sphere of this concept, especially in the Research and Technological Development Policy of the European Union. As a result it was noted that the described EU structural policy is an area of deep formal and real diversity that runs both between EU Member States and other public‑private stakeholders, such as universities or enterprises. This fact contributed to present two scenarios for the further evolution of European integration in the area of Research and Technological Development Policy.
„Dyplomatyczna Republika Europy”?
Authors: Curyło Barbara
Published: February 2019

‘Diplomatic Republic of Europe’? Reflections on the Impact of Selected Lisbon Solutions on EU Diplomacy in a Multilateral International Environment The aim of the reflections in this article is to analyze the impact of selected institutional solutions adopted by the Treaty of Lisbon on the EU diplomacy in contemporary international relations. The article does not refer to all regulations that concern broadly defined EU External Policy, but those which, by the nature of their connections, content of competence and meaning, became the object of special interest of the treaty architects and whose implementation was to counteract deficits in continuity, coherence and leadership in EU External Policy in pre‑Lisbon period. This assumption determined the structure of the article in which, after a brief reflection on the EU nature in context of the nature of contemporary international relations, the deficits in the institutional order of the EU External Policy before the Lisbon Treaty were analyzed and then they were confronted with treaty reforms.
Prawno-konstytucyjne implikacje wystąpienia Wielkiej Brytanii z Unii Europejskiej – perspektywa brytyjska
Authors: Danel Łukasz
Published: February 2019

Legal and Constitutional Implications of the United Kigdom’s Withdrawal From the European Union – the British PerspectiveThe article is dedicated to the issue of legal and constitutional implications of Brexit seen from the perspective of United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The author advances a thesis that the withdrawal from the European Union will be the most complicated legal operation in the history of the British state as for more than 40 years United Kingdom has been a part of European Communities (today’s European Union) which affected greatly the British legal system. In order to prove the thesis the author analyses the political and legal discussion around the European Union (Withdrawal) Bill 2017‑2019 that is supposed to repeal the European Communities Act 1972 and transpose the existing EU Law into UK law. The bill is controversial – especially the provisions known as Henry VIII clauses that create special powers for the government to make secondary legislation.
Funkcjonowanie mechanizmu wczesnego ostrzegania w latach 2010-2016 i perspektywy jego reformyearly warning system
Authors: Dulak Michał
Published: February 2019

The Functioning of the Early Warning System in the Years 2010‑2016 and Prospects for Its ReformDuring the Convention on the future of Europe and subsequent intergovernmental conferences in 2003‑2004 and 2007, high hopes were associated with the Early Warning System (EWS) in subsidiarity control procedures. Today, the main complaint formulated against EWS is its low efficiency, and at least its unused potential. Three executions of the yellow card procedure and the failure to run the orange card procedure seems to confirm the complaint. The results of institutional and statistical research presented in the article confirm that EWS instruments, such as reasoned opinions and the mechanisms of yellow and orange cards lose their attractiveness over more flexible instruments such as political dialogue with the European Commission and the so called contribution tool within the relation with the European Parliament. The reason for this is the difficulty in obtaining the required number of votes by national parliaments, but also the lack of uniform criteria for examining the principle of subsidiarity within national legislatures. The article also presents current debate on improving the EWS mechanism and introducing new procedures such as the “green card”.
Kryzys systemowy strefy euro w cieniu traktatu z Maastricht i traktatu z Lizbony
Authors: Galent Marcin
Published: February 2019

The Eurozone Crisis in the Shade of the Maastricht and Lisbon TreatiesThe financial crisis in the eurozone has created a kind of discursive window through which a renewed self‑reflection on the shape on the European integration can be traced. The crisis, its depth and course, has confirmed what previously could only be speculated on the edge of European discourse, namely the fact that the chosen model of deepening the economic and monetary union is not ideologically and class neutral. It therefore generates new decisive conditions about who becomes the beneficiary and the loser, where new centres and peripheries crystallize in this process. The purpose of this article is to use the crisis in the euro area to look at its structure, identify the most important intellectual and ideological assumptions underlying it, indicate how the legal framework contained in the Maastricht and Lisbon Treaties influenced its course and who and why suffered the most losses. Finally, the task of the article is to determine which aspects of the architecture of the eurozone proved to be unsustainable and what has therefore had to be changed in it.
Evaluating the Impact of the Lisbon Treaty on the European Union’s Legislative Productivity
Authors: Kirpsza Adam
Published: February 2019

The purpose of this article is to analyze whether the Treaty of Lisbon provisions have – as expected – increased the EU legislative productivity. To this end, the author tests the hypothesis that the TL has increased the number of legislative proposals submitted by the European Commission under the ordinary legislative procedure. This expectation is verified using a negative binomial regression on a dataset containing 1116 draft acts proposed by the Commission in 2004‑2014. The analysis shows that, contrary to expectations, the Treaty of Lisbon has not led to a visible increase in EU legislative productivity. Despite the extension of treaty bases envisaging the OLP and QMV, the number of proposals submitted under this procedure after the entry into force of the TL remained more or less at the same level as before. In addition, the study reveals that adaptation, anticipation of future enlargement, closeness to the end of the EP term as well as annual schedule of legislative work are key predictors of the Commission’s productivity.
Europejska Służba Działań Zewnętrznych – nowa jakość dyplomacji unijnej?
Authors: Nitszke Agnieszka
Published: February 2019

European External Action Service – a New Quality of EU Diplomacy?The European External Action Service (EEAS) was established based on the Treaty of Lisbon. The objective of the creation of the EEAS was to increase the role of the European Union in the international arena and increase the effectiveness of the Union’s external actions. The aim of the article is to discuss the international position of the Union and its international roles, and then to present the legal foundations of the EEAS. The next part analyzes changes in the functioning of the EEAS undertaken by both high representatives – Catherine Ashton and Federica Mogherini. In conclusion, an attempt was made to answer the question of whether the European Union needs autonomous diplomacy and whether the EEAS can be treated as EU diplomacy.
Proces regulacji unijnych w świetle traktatu z Lizbony a istota koncepcji narzędzia Oceny Wpływu
Authors: Śliwa Renata
Published: February 2019

The Process of European Union Regulation in the Light of Treaty of Lisbon and the Essence of Impact Assessment ConceptOn the background of the most pressing problems related to the European Union (EU) power legitimization, the Treaty of Lisbon has been treated as the innovative adjustment in the area of legal, political, economic and administrative spectrum of choices. If the significance of the EU is to continue, the investment in the improvement of the legitimization of the EU power through the efficiency needs to be intensified. Through the lenses of the Treaty of Lisbon the administration servant corpus is presented in its role of knowledge production, as well as the stimulation of transparency and participation in the decision processes.
Wpływ traktatu lizbońskiego na zintegrowane zarządzanie granicami zewnętrznymi Unii Europejskiej
Authors: Antoń Paulina
Published: February 2019

The Impact of the Lisbon Treaty on the Integrated Border Management of the European UnionThe idea of integrated border management (IBM) in the European Union assumes ensuring free movement of persons within the Union, while maintaining the highest security standards. The priority is to create a uniform, high level protection and control of external borders and to uphold the flow of border traffic. An important role in the development process of IBM was played by its regulation in the Treaty of Lisbon and the extension of EU competences in the areas of border control, asylum and immigration policies. The purpose of the article is to show main assumptions of IBM and to analyze their practical implementation. One of the major successes in this area is considered to be establishment of the Frontex agency, which helps EU Member States and Schengen associated countries manage their external borders and harmonise EU border control.
Reduction of proteolysis of high protein silage from Moringa and Indigofera leaves by addition of tannin extract
Authors: Jayanegara Anuraga , Yaman Aldi , Khotijah Lilis
Published: February 2019

Aim: The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of the addition of tannin extract to Moringa and Indigofera leaf silages on their chemical composition, silage quality characteristics, and in vitro rumen fermentation parameters and digestibility. Materials and Methods: Moringa and Indigofera leaves were cut (3 cm length) and added with either 0, 2, or 4% chestnut tannin in three replicates. The leaves were then inserted into lab-scale silos (1 L capacity) and kept for 30 days. Silage samples were subjected to silage quality determination, chemical composition analysis, and in vitro rumen fermentation and digestibility evaluation using a gas production technique. Data obtained were subjected to the analysis of variance with a factorial statistical model in which the first factor was different silage species and the second factor was tannin addition levels. Results: Tannin addition at 4% dry matter (DM) increased neutral detergent insoluble crude protein (NDICP) and acid detergent insoluble CP (ADICP) of Indigofera silage. A similar response was observed in Moringa silage, but it required less tannin, i.e., 2% DM to increase its NDICP and ADICP. Moringa silage had lower pH than that of Indigofera silage (p<0.05), and tannin addition did not change pH of both Indigofera and Moringa silages. Higher addition level of tannin decreased total volatile fatty acid (VFA) and ammonia concentrations of both Indigofera and Moringa silages (p<0.05). A higher level of tannin addition reduced ruminal total VFA concentration, ammonia, in vitro DM digestibility, and in vitro organic matter digestibility of Indigofera and Moringa silages (p<0.05). Tannin addition also decreased ruminal methane emission of both Indigofera and Moringa silages (p<0.05). Conclusion: Tannin extract can reduce proteolysis of high protein silage from Moringa and Indigofera leaves.
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Patients With Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: A Pilot Clinical Trial
Authors: Allegretti Jessica R. , Kassam Zain , Carrellas Madeline , Mullish Benjamin H. , Marchesi Julian R. , Pechlivanis Alexandros , Smith Mark , Gerardin Ylaine , Timberlake Sonia , Pratt Daniel S. , Korzenik Joshua R.
Published: February 2019

BACKGROUND:

Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a cholestatic liver disease with no effective medical therapies. A perturbation of the gut microbiota has been described in association with PSC, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has been reported to restore the microbiome in other disease states. Accordingly, we aimed at evaluating the safety, change in liver enzymes, microbiota, and metabolomic profiles in patients with PSC after FMT.

METHODS:

An open-label pilot study of patients with PSC with concurrent inflammatory bowel disease and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) > 1.5× the upper limit of normal was conducted. The patients underwent a single FMT by colonoscopy. Liver enzyme profiles and stool microbiome and metabolomic analysis were conducted at baseline and weeks 1, 4, 8, 12, and 24 post-FMT. The primary outcome was safety, and the secondary outcome was a decrease in ALP levels ≥50% from baseline by week 24 post-FMT; stool microbiota (by 16S rRNA gene profiling) and metabonomic dynamics were assessed.

RESULTS:

Ten patients underwent FMT. Nine patients had ulcerative colitis, and 1 had Crohn's colitis. The mean baseline ALP level was 489 U/L. There were no related adverse events. Overall, 30% (3/10) experienced a ≥50% decrease in ALP levels. The diversity increased in all patients post-FMT, as early as week 1 (P < 0.01). Importantly, abundance of engrafter operational taxonomic units in patients post-FMT correlated with decreased ALP levels (P = 0.02).

DISCUSSION:

To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate that FMT in PSC is safe. In addition, increases in bacterial diversity and engraftment may correlate with an improvement in ALP among patients with PSC.
Sex Hormone–Binding Globulin Levels in Young Men Are Associated With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Midlife
Authors: Sarkar Monika , VanWagner Lisa B. , Terry James G. , Carr J. Jeffrey , Rinella Mary , Schreiner Pamela J. , Lewis Cora E. , Terrault Norah ,   for the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Cohort
Published: February 2019

INTRODUCTION:

Cross-sectional data note lower levels of testosterone and sex hormone–binding globulin (SHBG) levels in men with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Whether sex hormone levels in young men are predictive of later risk of NAFLD is not known.

METHODS:

Among men in the prospective population-based multicenter Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study (mean age 50; n = 837), we assessed whether testosterone and SHBG levels measured at study year 10 (median age 35 years) were associated with prevalent NAFLD at study year 25. NAFLD was defined using noncontrast abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan after excluding other causes of hepatic steatosis. The association of testosterone and SHBG with prevalent NAFLD was assessed by logistic regression.

RESULTS:

Total testosterone levels in young men were inversely associated with subsequent prevalent NAFLD on unadjusted analysis (odds ratio [OR] 0.64, 95% confidence interval 0.53–0.7, P < 0.001), although no longer significant after adjustment for year 10 metabolic covariates as well as change in metabolic covariates from years 10 to 25 (OR 0.99, 95% confidence interval 0.76–1.27). In contrast, there was a significant inverse association of SHBG with prevalent NAFLD, independent of testosterone and metabolic covariates (OR 0.68, OR 0.51–0.92, P = 0.013). On formal mediation testing, visceral adiposity was found to explain ∼41.0% (95% confidence interval 27%–73%) of the association of lower SHBG with prevalent NAFLD.

CONCLUSIONS:

Lower levels of SHBG in young men are associated with increase in prevalent NAFLD in middle age, independent of comprehensive metabolic risk factors. SHBG may provide a novel marker of NAFLD risk in young men.
Colonic Stool Burden a Useful Surrogate for Slow Transit Constipation as Determined by a Radiopaque Transit Study
Authors: Cangemi David J. , Flanagan Ryan , Barshop Kenneth , Kuo Braden , Staller Kyle
Published: February 2019

OBJECTIVES:

Plain film abdominal x-ray (AXR) is frequently used in the evaluation of constipation, but studies assessing the association between stool burden on AXR and colonic transit have been limited. We sought to investigate the relationship between colonic stool burden and slow transit constipation, as determined by a radiopaque marker (ROM) transit study.

METHODS:

A retrospective cohort population was assembled, consisting of adult patients with chronic constipation who underwent testing with both a ROM study and anorectal manometry at 2 tertiary care centers over 5 years. Stool burden was graded by 2 independent observers, with colonic transit being assessed by the Hinton method.

RESULTS:

Of 361 patients, 145 (40.3%) had slow transit constipation, and women were more likely than men to have slow transit constipation (42.3% vs 26.5%, P = 0.04). The mean stool burden scores by observer 1 and observer 2 for patients with slow transit constipation were significantly higher than the mean stool burden scores for patients with normal transit constipation (8.1 ± 1.6 vs 6.9 ± 1.9, P < 0.0001; 8.5 ± 1.5 vs 5.8 ± 1.6, P < 0.0001). The Pearson correlation coefficient for the stool burden score and number of remaining ROMs was 0.31 (moderate) for observer 1 (P < 0.0001) and 0.62 (strong) for observer 2 (P < 0.0001), whereas the Pearson correlation coefficient for interrater reliability of the stool burden score was 0.58 (P < 0.0001), indicating a strong correlation. The ideal score cutoff for both observers was 7, with moderate agreement by Cohen's kappa (0.43, P < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS:

Stool burden assessment on AXR may be a reliable alternative ROM study in the assessment of colonic transit.
Perlen aufziehen oder Pilze suchen
Authors: Mohs Johanne , Caffari Marie
Published: February 2019

Johanne Mohs und Marie Caffari widmen sich in ihrem Beitrag der Bedeutung von Gesprächen in literarischen Schreibprozessen. Anhand von Gesprächsaufzeichnungen, die sie in Mentoratssituationen in Creative-Writing-Studiengängen an Universitäten in Paris, Norwich und Biel gemacht haben, analysieren sie die Dynamik und Metaphorik der Arbeitsgespräche und ihre Auswirkungen auf den Schreibprozess. Der entstehende Text wird in dieser Dynamik zu einem aktiven Element, er setzt eine Handlungskette aus Lesen, Schreiben und Gespräch in Gang. Die Autorinnen beschreiben dieses Zusammenspiel der Gesprächspartner und des Textes anhand der beiden Pole »erschreiben« und »umschreiben« des erschriebenen Textmaterials. Sie entwickeln eine Ästhetik dialogischer Schreibprozesse, die aus einer Praxis der Rückmeldung entsteht und die Begriffe »feedback« und »rewriting« in den Mittelpunkt stellt.
»Dieses verfluchte Land«
Authors: Raapke Annika
Published: February 2019

Eine Reise oder gar Umsiedlung in die französische Karibik brachte für Europäer_innen im 18. Jahrhundert oft einschneidende körperliche Erfahrungen mit sich. Von diesen Kolonialerfahrungen berichteten sie ihren Partnern, Freunden und Familienangehörigen in unzähligen Briefen. Annika Raapke nimmt sich dieser bislang unerforschten Brieferzählungen zwischen 1744 und 1826 an. Ihre Studie zeigt, wie die Karibik einerseits als Ort körperlicher Gefahr, der Krankheit und des Todes verhandelt wurde, andererseits aber auch als aufregender »Möglichkeitsraum« für den Körper, an dem Grenzen überschritten und ganz neu abgesteckt werden konnten.
Simulation und virtuelle Welten
Authors: Haar Rebecca
Published: February 2019

In den 1990er Jahren wurde digitaler und virtueller Raum neu erschlossen. Dieser mediale Umbruch rief eine kritische Debatte hervor, die gegenwärtig im Kontext der Simulation diskutiert wird. Doch wie profitier(t)en poststrukturalistische und medientheoretische Ansätze sowie die verschiedenen Ausprägungen des Cyberpunks von der Darstellung und Umsetzung virtueller Welten? Neben einer systematischen historischen Einordnung präsentiert Rebecca Haar eine präzise Analyse des Umgangs mit Simulation und Virtualität in Theorie, Technik und medialen Darstellungen in der postmodernen Gesellschaft.
P/re/cording the Future
Authors: Turnheim Tina
Published: February 2019

Der Beitrag widmet sich der Analyse eines der ersten selbsternannten theatralen Preenactments: der kollektiven Theaterarbeit »WIR SIND EIN BILD AUS DER ZUKUNFT - Nachrichten von Krise, Aufstand und Ausnahmezustand« aus dem Jahr 2012. An der Schnittstelle zwischen postdramatischem Dokumentartheater und Preenactment spielen die Performer*innen um Margarita Tsomou und Tim Stüttgen vor dem Hintergrund der Krisensituation in Griechenland mit Fakten und Fiktionen, Bruchstücken aus Theorie, Popkultur und Protestbewegungen, und behaupten in ihrem Bühnensetting das Produktionskollektiv eines mobilen Youtube-Channels zu sein, der während der Aufführung die Wetube/Youchannel/ Wechannel/Youtube-Zukunftsshow produziert. Aus Sorge um »ein Ende der Zukunft« antizipiert das Performancekollektiv dabei proaktiv utopische Zukunftsmomente, die zwischen Splitter aus Vergangenheit und Gegenwart gestreut werden und ha(u)ntologisch die lineare Zeit zugunsten einer revolutionären Jetztzeit aushebeln sollen, in der vergangene und zukünftige Ereignisse aufeinanderprallen. Im Zentrum der Performance dürfte eine durch die politische und ökonomische Krisensituation motivierte, wiedergekehrte Sehnsucht nach Zukunft stehen, die in Anlehnung an Montagetechniken aus den 1920er und 1970er Jahren dokumentarische Verfahren einsetzt, um die Gegenwart so zu montieren, dass sie auch anders denkbar wäre. Dabei geht es weder um ein Abbilden noch um das Einfangen oder Erfahrbarmachen einer zuvor als gegeben angenommenen Wirklichkeit, sondern viel eher darum, mittels dialektischer Bilder im Sinne Benjamins über die vorgefundene Wirklichkeit hinaus zu gelangen, das (Noch-)Nicht-Existente, aber Mögliche zu beschwören. Es könnte sich bei diesem Preenactment - zumindest dem Anspruch nach - um eine gleichermaßen präfigurative wie performative poetische Praxis handeln, die, aus dem Hier und Jetzt der Performance heraus, Zukunft nicht nur beschwören, sondern auch spekulativ anstoßen möchte. Das Dokumentarische wird dabei über gängige Fragestellungen hinaus weder als Repräsentation noch als Verfestigung einer zuvor als gegeben genommenen und vorgefundenen Realität verstanden, sondern als Mittel zur Erweiterung der politischen Vorstellungskraft, die zur Herstellung einer geschichtsbewußten, zukünftigen Wirklichkeit beitragen könnte.
All of Your Choices Matter
Authors: Bachmann Rebecca
Published: February 2019

Rebecca Bachmann widmet sich in ihrem Beitrag dem Konzept von Entscheidungen in Videospielen. Dabei geht sie von der häufig angebrachten Kritik aus, diese seien irrelevant, da der Spielverlauf unabhängig von der Einzelentscheidung nahezu identisch verläuft. Dieser Kritik schließt sich Bachmann mittels Beispielen aus »Telltales The Walking Dead - Season Two« an und arbeitet daraus ein bestimmtes Verständnis von Entscheidungen in Videospielen heraus, das diese als ergebnisrelevant charakterisiert. Im Kontrast dazu entwirft Bachmann mithilfe der philosophischen Willensfreiheitstheorie von Robert Kane ein anderes Konzept von Entscheidungen, welches den Fokus auf Charakterbildung legt. Danach konstruieren Spieler*innen mit ihren Entscheidungen den Charakter der Spielfigur, weswegen jede Entscheidung relevant ist. Diese These macht sie erneut am Beispiel von »The Walking Dead« stark und hebt auch hervor, dass genau dieser Aspekt Videospiele mit Entscheidungsoption auszeichnet.
Vergegenwärtigungen von Geschlecht und Nation im Museum
Authors: Spanka Lisa
Published: February 2019

Seit den 1980er Jahren werden trotz des Europäisierungsprozesses in Europa nationale Museen neu ausgerichtet und gegründet. Vor dem Hintergrund der erstarkenden nationalen Strömungen in den letzten Jahren nimmt Lisa Spanka das Wechselverhältnis aktueller Aushandlungen um die Identitätskategorien Nation und Geschlecht in den Blick und untersucht deren Repräsentation in Nationalmuseen. Mit einer diskursanalytisch geprägten Mehrebenenanalyse und der Ermittlung von Leitmotiven wird insbesondere die Vielschichtigkeit musealer Bedeutungsbildungen fokussiert. Die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse tragen zur wissenschaftlichen Auseinandersetzung um gegenwärtige kollektive Identitätsbildungsprozesse bei und bieten darüber hinaus Anregungen für Praktiker*innen aus dem Museumsbereich.
Investigation of relationship between smartphone addiction and internet addiction in working children in industry
Authors: Yayan Emriye Hilal , Dağ Yeliz Suna , Düken Mehmet Emin , Ulutaş Ayşegül
Published: February 2019

Aim:  The aim of the study was conducted to examine the relationship between smartphone addiction and internet addiction of working children in industry.Material and Method: This research was carried out with 183 children working at various work places in Diyarbakır province center between January and March 2017 as a descriptive relational. Child Information Form, Young Internet Addiction Scale and Smart Phone Dependence Scale were used in the study. The data were collected by face-to-face interview technique.Results: According to the statistical results of the study group, the average age of the students participating in the study was 14.53 ± 2.08. The average Internet and smartphone addiction scores of children whose mother were not alive (p = 0.000) or whose father (p = 0.000) were not alive and whose internet use was not supported (p = 0.000) were found to be higher. The mean scores of the groups were found to be significantly different. The mean internet and smart phone addiction scores of the children who worked well with the master at work (p = 0.000, p = 0.035) were found to be low and there was a significant difference between the groups. Children who were exposed to violence in the work environment (p=0.000) are quite high internet and smart phone addiction scores and the difference between the groups was found to be significant. It had founded that the children who use smart phone and internet for fun (p = 0.001, p = 0.002), chatting (p = 0.005) and browsing sites (p = 0.038, p = 0.001) was higher phone addiction and internet addiction scores. It was determined that there was a meaningful difference between the average scoresConclusion: Working children showed high internet and smart phone addiction behaviors, this resulted from originated family and social environment.
The effects of gender on problem solving skills of nursing students in Turkey: a meta-analysis study
Türkiye’deki hemşirelik öğrencilerinin problem çözme düzeylerine cinsiyetin etkisi: Bir meta analiz çalışması
Authors: Kantek Filiz , Yeşilbaş Hande
Published: February 2019

The aim of this study is to the effects of gender on problem solving skills of nursing student using meta-analysis method in Turkey. Online databases were scanned to reach studies to be included in the survey. In scanning 'problem solving', 'student nurse', 'Turkey', 'problem solving skill' keywords were used in Turkish and English. Six studies that meet the criteria were included in the study. The CMA statistical program was used in the analysis of the data. Q and I2 values to test heterogeneity and, Orwin's Fail-Safe N and Tau coefficients to publication bias of the included studies were calculated. A random effects model was used to examine the effect size. The six studies' total sample size was 2079 nursing students, 436 male and 1643 female. Heterogeneity and publication bias test showed that studies were heterogeneous and there was not publication bias. The mean effect size on gender problem solving was calculated as 0.079. In conclusion, it was identified that the effect of gender on problem solving level of student nurses was insignificant for women. For future studies, it will be useful to conduct meta-analysis studies on the different factors that affect the problem solving level of student nurses.Extended English summary is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file. ÖzetBu çalışmanın amacı, meta analiz yöntemi kullanarak Türkiye’deki hemşirelik öğrencilerinin problem çözme beceri düzeylerine cinsiyetin etkisini belirlemektir. Online very tabanları kullanılarak araştırmaya dahil edilecek çalışmalara ulaşıldı. Taramada ‘problem çözme-problem solving’, ‘öğrenci hemşire- student nurse’’, ‘Türkiye-Turkey’, ‘problem çözme becerisi- problem-solving skill’ anahtar kelimeleri kullanıldı. Dahil edilme kriterlerine uygun olan altı çalışma araştırmaya dahil edildi. CMA istatistik programını kullanarak veri analizi sağlandı. Meta analize dahil edilen çalışmaların heterojenliğini ve yayın yanlılığını test etmek için Q ve I2 değerleri, Orwin’s Fail-Safe N ve Tau katsayısı hesaplandı. Etki büyüklüğünün incelenmesinde rastgele etkiler modeli kullanıldı. Araştırmaya dahil edilen altı çalışmanın toplam örneklem büyüklüğü 2079 hemşirelik öğrencisi olup, 436’sı erkek ve 1643’ü kadındı. Heterojenlik ve yayın yanlılığı testi çalışmaların heterojen olduğunu ve yayın yanlılığının olmadığını gösterdi. Cinsiyetin problem çözme üzerine ortalama etki büyüklüğü 0.079 olarak hesaplandı. Sonuç olarak öğrenci hemşirelerin problem çözme düzeyine cinsiyetin etkisinin kadınlar lehine önemsiz düzeyde olduğu belirlendi. Gelecek çalışmalar için öğrenci hemşirelerin problem çözme düzeyini etkileyen farklı faktörlere ilişkin meta analiz çalışmalarının yapılması yararlı olacaktır.
Effects of information-based interventions and framing interventions on attitudes to climate change and mitigation behavior
Authors: Urban Jan , Chabada Tomáš , Skalík Jan
Published: February 2019

The aim of this paper is to provide the review of recently tested interventions that seek to change beliefs, attitudes and behaviors related to global climate change (GCC). The two major approaches, information-based interventions and framing interventions, are presented and discussed. Information-based interventions differ in the underlying models of attitude change, and also in the types of information they use to drive the attitude and behavior change. Interventions focusing on the communication of scientific consensus about the GCC and interventions providing information about the mechanism of GCC are capable to positively influence attitudes to GCC without having polarization effect. Framing interventions emphasize certain dimensions of an issue so that they interact with pre-existing schemata, values, and mental models, which people hold. Gain frames describing the gains that will occur from GCC mitigation are capable to increase concern about GCC as well as positive attitudes towards GCC mitigation.
Co je škola?
Authors: Dlouhá Jana , Holec Jakub
Published: February 2019

Recenze publikace Tajemství školy za školou. Proč učení venku v přírodě zlepšuje vzdělávací výsledky, motivaci a chování žáků
Autor: Petr Daniš (2018). Vydalo Ministerstvo životního prostředí, ISBN 978-80-7212-631-6. Dostupné online: https://ucimesevenku.cz/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Tajemstvi_skoly_za_skolou_UCIME-SE-VENKU.pdf
Occurrence of Red Kites Milvus milvus in Serbia based on birds tracked by telemetry devices
Authors: Literák Ivan , Raab Rainer , Vyhnal Stanislav , Spakovszky Péter , Steindl Jochen
Published: February 2019

A total of 13 Red Kites Milvus milvus fitted with GPS/GSM telemetry loggers in central Europe were tracked in Serbia from 10 July 2014 until 31 March 2018. These birds remained in Serbia for 138 days (counted as number of one bird/one day stays). Red Kites occurred mostly in the Vojvodina Province (NW Serbia). They were registered most often in April and October, which corresponded to their spring and autumn migrations. It is possible that Red Kites occur in Serbia more often than formerly, and this could in future result in this threatened European raptor’s more frequently wintering and breeding within the country.
Gull attacks on migrating birds at Ada Island (S Montenegro)
Authors: Bordjan Dejan , Kljun Ivan
Published: February 2019

Migration poses a high risk to birds. Crossing of large bodies of water is especially demanding for land birds. One of the dangers faced by migrants are opportunistic predators like gulls. Most gulls Laridae are generalist predators with omnivorous diets. Attacking on migrating birds was investigated during ground observations of bird migration at Ada Island (S Montenegro) between 17 Mar and 10 Apr 2015. We recorded 20 attacks on 22 individuals of six species and on one unidentified passerine. In four instances gulls attacked birds of prey, in two Hoopoe Upupa epops and in 16 passerines. Except for two cases when small flocks of two birds were attacked, gulls attacked individuals migrating singly. Considering our data around one percent of passerines migrating during the day across the southern Adriatic Sea can expect to be attacked by gulls. This percentage can be as high as 9.5% for passerines migrating singly.
Valorization of waste foods using pullulan hydrolase from Thermococcus kodakarensis
Authors: Rashid Naeem , Shehzad Anjum , Ahmad Nasir , Hussain Zaheer , Haider Muhammad S.
Published: February 2019

The starchy foods including staled or leftover bread, insect infested or damaged cereal grains and bakery wastes are usually discarded, which is a threat to public health due to extensive fungal growth. In the present study we have utilized them as raw materials for synthesis of maltose and glucose syrups using pullulan hydrolase from Thermococcus kodakarensis (TK-PUL). The novelty of the process was that whole process was completed: (i) in the absence of any liquefying amylase; (ii) without pre-gelatinization of starch; and (iii) using undisrupted E. coli cells, expressing TK-PUL gene, as a source of extremely thermostable TK-PUL protein. Since glucose and maltose can serve as precursors for a variety of biotechnological products, it is therefore anticipated that hydrolysis of starchy food wastes by TK-PUL would be highly beneficial. It will serve as cost effective measure not only to extract valuables from rubbish but also lower the level of environmental pollutants.
Archaeal and bacterial thermostable amylopullulanases: characteristic features and biotechnological applications
Authors: Satyanarayana Tulasi , Nisha Mohanan
Published: February 2019

Amylopullulanases are endoacting bifunctional enzymes capable of hydrolyzing α-1,4- and α-1,6-glycosidic linkages in starch, amylose, pullulan, amylopectin and related oligosaccharides. These enzymes possess single or dual active site(s) for cleaving α-1,4- and α-1,6-glycosidic bonds; the former are called amylopullulanases, and the latter, α-amylase-pullulanases. These are grouped into GH13 and GH57 families based on the architecture of the catalytic domain and the number of conserved sequence regions. The amylopullulanases/α-amylasepullulanases are produced by bacteria as well as archaea, and among them, thermophilic and hyperthermophilic species are the major producers. The thermostable amylopullulanases find application in one-step starch liquefaction-saccharification to form various sugar syrups and maltooligosaccharides. The starch saccharification process catalysed by amylopullulanases minimizes the use of other amylolytic enzymes, like α-amylase and glucoamylase, thereby reducing the cost of sugar syrups. The enzymes also find applications in bread making as an anti-stale and as a detergent additive.
The Singular Perturbation Problem for a Class of Generalized Logistic Equations Under Non-classical Mixed Boundary Conditions
Authors: Fernández-Rincón Sergio , López-Gómez Julián
Published: February 2019

This paper studies a singular perturbation result for a class of generalized diffusive logistic equations,

d
⁢
ℒ
⁢
u

=

u
⁢
h
⁢

(
u
,
x
)

{d\mathcal{L}u=uh(u,x)}

, under non-classical mixed boundary conditions,

ℬ
⁢
u

=
0

{\mathcal{B}u=0}

on

∂
⁡
Ω

{\partial\Omega}

. Most of the precursors of this result dealt with Dirichlet boundary conditions and self-adjoint second order elliptic operators. To overcome the new technical difficulties originated by the generality of the new setting, we have characterized the regularity of

∂
⁡
Ω

{\partial\Omega}

through the regularity of the associated conormal projections and conormal distances. This seems to be a new result of a huge relevance on its own. It actually complements some classical findings of Serrin, [39], Gilbarg and Trudinger, [21], Krantz and Parks, [27], Foote, [18] and Li and Nirenberg [28] concerning the regularity of the inner distance function to the boundary.
CFTR structure, stability, function and regulation
Authors: Meng Xin , Clews Jack , Ciuta Anca D. , Martin Eleanor R. , Ford Robert C.
Published: February 2019

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a unique member of the ATP-binding cassette family of proteins because it has evolved into a channel. Mutations in CFTR cause cystic fibrosis, the most common genetic disease in people of European origin. The F508del mutation is found in about 90% of patients and here we present data that suggest its main effect is on CFTR stability rather than on the three-dimensional (3D) folded state. A survey of recent cryo-electron microscopy studies was carried out and this highlighted differences in terms of CFTR conformation despite similarities in experimental conditions. We further studied CFTR structure under various phosphorylation states and with the CFTR-interacting protein NHERF1. The coexistence of outward-facing and inward-facing conformations under a range of experimental conditions was suggested from these data. These results are discussed in terms of structural models for channel gating, and favour the model where the mostly disordered regulatory-region of the protein acts as a channel plug.