bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanismen eines medialen Tabubruchs : Untersuchung von Tabus zur Erschließung des Phänomens für die Kommunikationswissenschaft
Authors: Hellwig Melanie
Published: December 2021

Was ist ein Tabu und wie beeinflusst dieses öffentliche Kommunikation? Im Kontext der Forschung zu Pressefreiheit wird viel auf institutionelle Einflüsse im System Journalismus oder auch von außen geschaut. Diese Dissertation erfasst und untersucht das Phänomen Tabu als einen weiteren Einflussfaktor in der öffentlichen Kommunikation. Anhand der Wirkweise von Tabus wird gezeigt, dass diese für alle Mitglieder der Bezugsgruppe gelten. Wenn es also um ein gesellschaftliches Tabu geht, so unterliegen ihm auch Journalistinnen und Journalisten und alle anderen Beteiligten an der öffentlichen Kommunikation und können nur gemäß des Tabus handeln. Dies wiederum widerspricht dem Anspruch an öffentliche Kommunikation in einer Demokratie, welche Transparenz schaffen und über alles informieren soll, denn ein Tabu verhindert unter Umständen, dass überhaupt drüber gesprochen werden darf. In einer Inhaltsanalyse wird zudem anhand des Fallbeispiels Wir haben abgetrieben, einem Artikel im Stern vom Juni 1971 zum Thema Abtreibung untersucht, in wie fern Tabus in öffentlicher Kommunikation dargestellt und untersuchbar sind. What is a taboo and what impact does it have on public communication? In the context of research on press freedom, the main approach is to look at institutional influence within journalism as well as from the outside. This dissertation captures and examines the phenomenon taboo as a further parameter in public communication. Based on how taboos work, it will be shown that they apply to all members of the reference group. With regard to a societal taboo, it then applies also to journalists and all other actors in public communication, who can only act in accordance with the taboo. This, however, contradicts the demand on public communication in a democracy to create transparency and to inform, since a taboo, on occasion, prevents talking about something at all. In a content analyses, on the basis of a case study concerning abortion, strictly speaking of the article We had an abortion in Stern from June 1971, it will be analyzed to what extent taboos appear in public communication and how it is possible to examine them.
Aspectos filosóficos da obra "Princípios de Geologia" de Charles Lyell
Authors: Branco Hely Cristian
Published: December 2021

A obra “Princípios de Geologia” do geólogo e naturalista inglês Sir Charles Lyell [1797-1875] mudou para sempre a forma como a natureza é vista, elevando a Geologia ao status de ciência e estabelecendo várias das principais bases epistemológicas presentes nesse campo do conhecimento até os dias de hoje. Este artigo analisa alguns dos principais aspectos filosóficos que fundamentam o trabalho, com foco nas influências percebidas a partir da obra do filósofo Sir Francis Bacon [1561-1626], cujo pensamento marcou profundamente a compreensão sobre o que é e como fazer ciência experimental. Dentre as influências em “Princípios”, destacam-se o fundamento teológico, a importância da história natural e da experimentação, bem como a valorização do raciocínio indutivo na construção do conhecimento científico. Deste modo, identifica-se uma base epistemológica marcadamente experimental na obra de Lyell.
Paleotemperatura
Authors: Zardin Tamires Nunes
Published: December 2021

Este artigo é uma síntese sobre os principais proxies de paleotemperatura baseados nas carapaças de foraminíferos planctônicos: δ18O, razão Mg/Ca e funções de transferência. Estes organismos unicelulares surgiram no Jurássico. São marinhos, eucariontes, heterótrofos, de hábito planctônico e podem ou não ser portadores de simbiontes fotossintetizantes. Os foraminíferos planctônicos secretam uma carapaça ao longo da vida, composta de calcita; durante sua síntese são incorporados elementos/assinaturas químicas presentes no ambiente, carregando consigo sinais ambientais relacionados às mudanças climáticas, pH e salinidade. As testas têm um excelente potencial de preservação no assoalho oceânico. O uso desses microfósseis, encontrados no registro sedimentar, cria um leque de possibilidades na obtenção de dados paleoceanográficos de várias zonas oceânicas, como o uso em proxies geoquímicos (δ18O, razão Mg/Ca) e nas funções de transferência. A aplicabilidade desses proxies, como também fatores bióticos e abióticos que podem influenciar as estimativas finais, são abordados na revisão.
Programas educativos desenvolvidos em Fernando de Noronha e a relação com o ensino de conteúdos geológicos
Authors: Vale Tatiane Ferrari do , Moreira Jasmine Cardozo , Robles Rafael Azevedo , Souza Luiz Fernando de
Published: December 2021

Fernando de Noronha (Brasil) é um arquipélago vulcânico situado no Oceano Atlântico Sul, que possui características geológicas únicas e patrimônio geológico de relevância internacional. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se os programas educativos desenvolvidos no arquipélago estão relacionados ao ensino de conteúdos geológicos. A metodologia utilizada foi a pesquisa bibliográfica, documental e in loco. O estudo evidenciou a existência de várias iniciativas de educação ambiental em Fernando de Noronha, mas os programas estão voltados para aspectos da biodiversidade insular. Conclui-se que atividades similares às conduzidas por programas educativos em Geoparques podem ser realizadas em Fernando de Noronha. Propõe-se a criação de um programa educativo específico sobre Geologia, visando contribuir com o ensino das Geociências, educação ambiental e mudança de comportamento que leve em consideração os aspectos da Geodiversidade.
A Review of the Unemployment - Economic Growth Nexus in Nigeria from 1980 to 2015: A Disaggregated Approach
Authors: Olaniyi Oyinlola , Ali Muhammad , Moses Adesanya Babatunde
Published: December 2021

The phenomenon of jobless growth in Nigeria in recent years has called to question the Okun’s law that the growth of gross domestic product (GDP) reduces unemployment. This study therefore, analyses the nexus between GDP growth and unemployment in Nigeria by disaggregating total output into its sectoral components to analyze the impact of sectoral output on unemployment using data from 1980 to-2015 employing the econometric technique of Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bound testing approach. Two ARDL models were specified. The first bound test revealed the existence of co integration between unemployment and GDP growth. The growth of GDP is positively related to unemployment in the long run but a negative relationship was found in the short run. The result of the disaggregated model (i.e the second ARDL model) found no long run relationship between unemployment and agriculture, industry, construction, trade, and services. We opined that the findings of the disaggregated model resulted from the disconnection between aggregate demand and aggregate supply of the productive sectors and the lack of direct linkages between the oil sector and other sectors of the economy. The study recommends that such linkages should be forged through enhanced funding of research and development, technological innovation and the development of value chain of agriculture and solid minerals output. Nigerians should be encouraged to consume locally made products. Efforts should be intensified to develop direct linkages between the oil sector and other sectors through input supply contracts and the development of downstream industries in the oil sector.
On the elastodynamics of a five-axis lightweight anthropomorphic robotic arm
Authors: Wu Guanglei
Published: December 2021

This paper presents elastodynamic modeling and analysis for a five-axis lightweight robotic arm. Natural frequencies are derived and visualized within the dexterous workspace to show the overall performances and compare them to the frequencies when the robotics is with payload. The comparison shows that the payload has a relatively small influence to the first- and second-order frequencies. Sensitivity analysis is conducted, and the system's frequency is more sensitive to the second joint stiffness than the others. Moreover, observations from the displacement response analysis reveal that the robotics produces linear elastic displacements of the same level between the loaded and unloaded working modes but larger rotational deflections under the loaded working condition. The main contribution of this work lies in that a systematic approach of elastodynamic analysis for serial robotic manipulators is formulated, where the arm gravity and external load are taken into account to investigate the dynamic behaviors of the robotic arms, i.e., frequencies, sensitivity analysis, and displacement responses, under the loaded mode.
DEFICIÊNCIA DE GH POR TERATOGENICIDADE: UM RELATO DE CASO
Authors: Silva Thiago Henrique , Rodrigues Goulart Ricardo , Silva Fernandes Breno , Alberto de Melo Luiz , Bastos Amorim Patrícia
Published: December 2021

O uso de antiepiléticos durante a gestação está estreitamente associado a um conjunto de malformações em recém-nascidos, levando a um quadro clínico que pode confundir com diversas síndromes genéticas. O presente artigo relata o caso de uma criança do sexo masculino que nasceu com anomalias congênitas e cuja mãe utilizou fenobarbital durante toda a gestação. Dentre suas queixas estava o retardo do crescimento por deficiência de hormônio do crescimento, exigindo conduta terapêutica e acompanhamento, que foi realizado até os 4 anos e 7 meses com resultados satisfatórios. O paciente revela um conjunto de alterações congênitas que se aproximam de sua linha média, muitas delas semelhantes às encontradas em algumas síndromes conhecidas. Ressalta-se aqui a dificuldade em conduzir este diagnóstico de exclusão pelos diversos diagnósticos diferenciais, possibilitando melhor aconselhamento genético para o paciente e seus familiares.
A A INFLUÊNCIA DO TABAGISMO NA INFECÇÃO DE SÍTIO CIRÚRGICO PÓS-CESARIANA: UM RELATO DE CASO
Authors: Araujo e silva Thaynara , Macedo Araujo Milca , Soares Cairo , Francisco Odorizzi Valdir Francisco Odorizzi
Published: December 2021

Introdução: O Brasil apresenta altos índices de partos cesáreas. Assim como toda cirurgia as complicações da cesariana podem variar desde uma febre até infecções puerperais, sendo as infecções cirúrgicas as mais comuns e ocorrem pelo comprometimento da incisão e/ou da cavidade operada. Desenvolvimento: Existem vários fatores de risco de grande importância para desenvolver complicações das feridas cirúrgicas abdominais tais como técnica cirúrgica, a incisão abdominal, o tabagismo, dentre outros. Esse relato de caso tem como objetivo demostrar a influência do tabagismo na cicatrização da ferida cirúrgica de uma cesárea. Considerações Finais: Conclui-se que diversas variáveis compõem fatores de risco de infecção de sítio cirúrgico, especialmente no puerpério. E destes, o tabagismo teve influência significativa no caso relatado. Assim, a associação entre fumar e uma cicatrização deficiente é muito conhecida na prática clínica, mas se fazem necessários estudos controlados que justifiquem e comprovem melhor essa relação, além de programas de vigilância das pacientes pós-alta.
PREJUÍZOS DO DIAGNÓSTICO TARDIO EM HANSENÍASE: UMA REVISÃO INTEGRATIVA
Authors: Silva Ferreira Izabelle , Zanon Lopes Ribeiro Andréia
Published: December 2021

Introdução: A hanseníase é uma doença crônica infectocontagiosa com período de incubação prolongado. Pode se apresentar com alterações cutâneas, neurológicas e até levar a incapacidades e deformidades. Apresenta caráter hiperendêmico no Tocantins. Objetivo: Fazer uma revisão da literatura em periódicos nacionais a respeito dos prejuízos de um diagnóstico tardio em Hanseníase. Metodologia: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa com a pesquisa dos artigos obtidos através de bases de dados da Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS). Foram selecionados trabalhos de 2015 a 2019 e 27 publicações foram incluídas no estudo. Resultados e Discussão: A demora do reconhecimento da doença aumenta as chances de incapacidades. Ainda é uma patologia estigmatizante, na qual os seus portadores sofrem preconceitos, podendo levar a sintomas depressivos. Considerações Finais: As incapacidades e as deformidades geradas se associam a demora do seu reconhecimento, além do potencial para prejuízos biopsicossociais que diminuem a qualidade de vida da população afetada.

Palavras-Chave: Hanseníase; Diagnóstico; Pessoas com Deficiência.
FATORES ASSOCIADOS À TRANSMISSÃO VERTICAL DO VÍRUS DA IMUNODEFICIÊNCIA HUMANA ENTRE PACIENTES ACOMPANHADOS EM SERVIÇO ESPECIALIZADO
Authors: Ivo de Sousa Neto Pedro , Elinor Alves Gama Mônica , Matos Costa Beatriz , Gonçalves Santos Leonardo
Published: December 2021

Introdução: A infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana representa um dos maiores problemas de saúde pública, sendo a transmissão vertical a principal via de transmissão na infância. Objetivo: Este estudo pretendeu analisar fatores associados à transmissão vertical do HIV em crianças expostas que foram atendidas em serviço especializado de referência no cuidado de pacientes infectados e não infectados pelo HIV no estado do Maranhão. Método: Estudo retrospectivo e descritivo, cuja população é representada por crianças expostas ao HIV nascidas entre janeiro de 2017 e dezembro de 2018. As variáveis referentes aos fatores determinantes da transmissão vertical foram: uso de antirretrovirais durante o pré-natal, uso de antirretrovirais para profilaxia durante o parto, tipo de parto, aleitamento materno, uso e duração de profilaxia com antirretroviral oral para o recém-nascido. Foram associadas à evolução para infecção ou não pelo HIV e analisadas estatisticamente para compreensão da relevância como possíveis fatores de causalidade. Resultados: A maioria dos pacientes (93,9%) não foi infectada; a taxa de transmissão foi de 6,1%. As mães que não usaram terapia antirretroviral durante a gestação tiveram 19 vezes mais chance de transmitir o HIV a seus filhos; não usar profilaxia na mãe durante o parto e não instituir profilaxia no recém-nascido aumentaram em 24 e 32 vezes essa chance, respectivamente. O ato de não amamentar e o parto cesáreo foram identificados como fatores protetores. Conclusões: Todos os fatores elencados neste estudo exerceram influência significativa sobre o desfecho dos casos positivos de infecção congênita pelo HIV.
EPIDEMIOLOGIA DO COVID-19: UMA ANÁLISE DAS REGIÕES DE SAÚDE DO ESTADO DO TOCANTINS
Authors: BEZERRA SIRTOLI DANIELA
Published: December 2021

A COVID-19, doença causada pelo novo coronavírus (SARS-CoV-2), possui um quadro clínico que pode variar de infecções assintomáticas a quadros respiratórios graves. O objetivo do presente estudo foi realizar uma análise descritiva sobre a distribuição da infecção pelo Covid-19 nas diversas regiões de saúde do Tocantins. Realizou-se um estudo de caráter exploratório e descritivo com ênfase no número de casos confirmados do Covid-19 no Tocantins e sua distribuição nas regiões de saúde. Com base nos dados publicados diariamente pelo Centro de Informações Estratégicas de Vigilância em Saúde / SES-TO. No dia 18/08/2020, o Tocantins contabilizou 38.845 casos confirmados da doença, destes, 23.555 pacientes foram recuperados e 14.759 estão ativos ainda em isolamento domiciliar ou hospitalar, além de 531 óbitos. A região Médio Norte Araguaia foi a que teve o maior número de casos registrados. Dessa maneira é importante avaliar, em cada situação epidemiológica de cada município para que seja feito o planejamento e combate a pandemia.
Accelerating Symmetric Rank-1 Quasi-Newton Method with Nesterov’s Gradient for Training Neural Networks
Authors: Indrapriyadarsini S. , Mahboubi Shahrzad , Ninomiya Hiroshi , Kamio Takeshi , Asai Hideki
Published: December 2021

Gradient based methods are popularly used in training neural networks and can be broadly categorized into first and second order methods. Second order methods have shown to have better convergence compared to first order methods, especially in solving highly nonlinear problems. The BFGS quasi-Newton method is the most commonly studied second order method for neural network training. Recent methods have shown to speed up the convergence of the BFGS method using the Nesterov’s acclerated gradient and momentum terms. The SR1 quasi-Newton method though less commonly used in training neural networks, are known to have interesting properties and provide good Hessian approximations when used with a trust-region approach. Thus, this paper aims to investigate accelerating the Symmetric Rank-1 (SR1) quasi-Newton method with the Nesterov’s gradient for training neural networks and briefly discuss its convergence. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated on a function approximation and image classification problem.
Post-editese in Literary Translations
Authors: Castilho Sheila , Resende Natalia
Published: December 2021

In the present study, we investigate the post-editese phenomenon, i.e., the unique features that set machine translated post-edited texts apart from human-translated texts. We use two literary texts, namely, the English children's novel by Lewis Carroll Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (AW) and Paula Hawkins' popular book The Girl on the Train (TGOTT) translated from English into Brazilian-Portuguese to investigate whether the post-editese features can be found on the surface of the post-edited (PE) texts. In addition, we examine how the features found in the PE texts differ from the features encountered in the human-translated (HT) and machine translation (MT) versions of the same source text. Results revealed evidence for post-editese for TGOTT only with PE versions being more similar to the MT output than to the HT texts.
Gender Identification in a Two-Level Hierarchical Speech Emotion Recognition System for an Italian Social Robot
Authors: Guerrieri Antonio , Braccili Eleonora , Sgrò Federica , Meldolesi Giulio
Published: December 2021

The real challenge in Human Robot Interaction (HRI) is to build machines capable of perceiving human emotions so that robots can interact with humans in a proper manner. It is well known from the literature that emotion varies accordingly to many factors. Among these, gender represents one of the most influencing one, and so an appropriate gender-dependent emotion recognition system is recommended. In this paper, a two-level hierarchical Speech Emotion Recognition (SER) system is proposed: the first level is represented by the Gender Recognition (GR) module for the speaker’s gender identification; the second is a gender-specific SER block. Specifically for this work, the attention was focused on the optimisation of the first level of the proposed architecture. The system was designed to be installed on social robots for hospitalised and living at home elderly patients monitoring. Hence, the importance of reducing the software computational effort of the architecture also minimizing the hardware bulkiness, in order for the system to be suitable for social robots. The algorithm was executed on the Raspberry Pi hardware. For the training, the Italian emotional database EMOVO was used. Results show a GR accuracy value of 97.8%, comparable with the ones found in literature.
Pembuatan Minuman Herbal Sederhana Dari Jahe Untuk Mendukung Imunitas Melawan Covid-19
Authors: Wiboworini Budiyanti , Shabrina Amalina
Published: December 2021

Pendahuluan: Penularan penyakit infeksi termasuk Covid-19 tidak terlepas dari interaksi antara agen penyebab penyakit -host dan lingkungan. Upaya peningkatan daya tahan tubuh host agar dapat bertahan terhadap serangan virus juga merupakan hal yang penting dilakukan, antara lain dengan pemanfaatan bahan alam. Jahe merupakan salah satu bahan alam yang telah terbukti dapat memperkuat imunitas. Pada masa pandemi dibutuhkan banyak agen penggerak yang bisa menularkan pengetahuan yang didapatnya ke lingkungan sekitarnya, dan remaja masjid adalah salah satu kelompok yang memenuhi kriteria tersebut. Kegiatan ini dimaksudkan menyampaikan pada remaja masjid manfaat jahe untuk memperkuat imunitas dan cara mengolahnya menjadi minuman yang segar dan enak dikonsumsi.

Metode: Kegiatan dilakukan melalui tahapan assessment, koordinasi dan pelaksanaan edukasi. Edukasi diikuti 45 remaja masjid dan takmir masjid Asy Syakur, Buran, Tasikmadu Karanganyar dengan metode ceramah dan demonstrasi pembuatan minuman jahe.

Hasil: Peserta antusias mendapatkan pemahaman, terlihat dari sesi diskusi. Peserta menyatakan mendapat pengetahuan baru dalam pemanfaatan bahan alam menjadi jamu untuk meningkatkan imunitas.  Selain itu minuman yang dibuat telah dicoba dan dapat diterima karena rasanya enak dan segar.

Kesimpulan: Jahe dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai minuman herbal sederhana yang mudah dibuat dan dapat diterima masyarakat.

Kata kunci: herbal; jahe; imunitas; remaja masjid
ANÁLISIS COMPARATIVO DEL MARCO JURÍDICO FORESTAL Y DE LOS SERVICIOS ECOSISTÉMICOS EN ARGENTINA, COLOMBIA Y PERÚ
Authors: ETCHEGARAY DÉBORA MARIEL , MINAVERRY CLARA MARÍA
Published: December 2021

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo realizar un análisis del marco jurídico forestal y de los servicios ecosistémicos en Argentina (a nivel nacional), y efectuar un análisis comparativo con la situación jurídica actual en Colombia y Perú. Se llevó a cabo una estrategia de investigación multimétodo, a través de la observación documental, método de estudio de casos, método de análisis comparativo-descriptivo y modelo de guía de análisis. En cuanto a los resultados obtenidos, a partir del análisis comparativo se obtuvieron fortalezas y debilidades. Por un lado, los tres casos buscan el uso sostenible y conservación de los bosques; no obstante, se observó una profusa normativa fragmentada que regula solo aspectos parciales de los bosques. Finalmente, a modo de conclusión, se destaca que los bosques nativos poseen un gran valor para la biodiversidad y la vida humana, gracias a todos los servicios/beneficios que estos brindan. Sin embargo, se debe fortalecer la normativa en materia de bosques y de sus servicios ecosistémicos, puesto que en ninguno de los casos se logra una protección jurídica total de estos ecosistemas.
Identification of Lampung local potential as source of Biology learning in senior high school
Authors: Wulandari Eka , Djukri Djukri
Published: December 2021

This research is a preliminary study on a small and limited scale that aims to identify local potentials in the Lampung area as a source of learning biology with conformity to the Basic Competencies in the 2013 Curriculum. This study used a qualitative method with a survey technique through an exploratory descriptive approach. Participants in this study were all biology teachers from 17 public high schools in Bandar Lampung totaling 30 teachers (5 males and 25 females). The selection of participation was done through purposive sampling technique using certain criteria. The results of the study show 18 local potentials of Lampung consisting of 6 natural resource potentials, 4 conservation areas, 4 culinary delights, 2 arts, 1 handicraft and 1 traditional ceremony. The grouping of local potentials can be related to the subject of biology at the high school level. Local potential can be categorized as use in the field of education, namely natural resources and conservation areas. It can alsobe used as practicum activities with the help of LKPD media. Furthermore,local culinary potential can be used as practicum activities on learning devices (RPP), local potentials for arts, crafts. moreover, traditional ceremonies can be used as an additional reference for enrichment programs on learning devices (RPP).
Is project-based transdisciplinary assessment effective in reducing the Mathematical anxiety of pre-service Biology teacher?
Authors: Bermuli Jessica Elfani , Tamba Kimura Patar
Published: December 2021

Mathematical anxiety is a constant obstacle experienced by pre-service Biology Teachers in developing their quantitative abilities. Project-based transdisciplinary assessment is one type of transdisciplinary application that has not been widely explored to solve this problem. Project-based transdisciplinary assessment in form of mini-research with the topic “Data Collection on local wisdom in each area”. The aim of this study is to determine the impact of implementing project-based transdisciplinary assessment on reducing mathematics anxiety among 23 pre-service biology Teachers. This study used a pre-experimental method with a pre-test and post-test design with one non-randomized group. The pre-test and post-test were carried out using the AMAS (Abbreviated Math Anxiety Scale) questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Wilcoxon signed ranks test. Statistical results of this study show no significant difference in mathematics anxiety before and after the implementation of the project-based transdisciplinary assessment with a z value of-0.163 and a p-value of 0.87. Based on the aspect of mathematics anxiety, there is also no significant difference in mathematics learning anxiety and mathematics evaluation anxiety when compared before and after the implementation of project-based transdisciplinary assessment with each z value = -0.664, p = 0.506 and z = -0.931 and p = 0.352. The implication of this research is the need for a continuous, collaborative and institutional effort in the transdisciplinary application so as to improve the quantitative abilities of pre-service Biology Teachers.
Neighborhood Racial and Economic Segregation and Disparities in Violence During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Schleimer Julia P. , Buggs Shani A. , McCort Christopher D. , Pear Veronica A. , Biasi Alaina De , Tomsich Elizabeth , Shev Aaron B. , Laqueur Hannah S. , Wintemute Garen J.
Published: December 2021

Objectives. To describe associations between neighborhood racial and economic segregation and violence during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods. For 13 US cities, we obtained zip code–level data on 5 violence outcomes from March through July 2018 through 2020. Using negative binomial regressions and marginal contrasts, we estimated differences between quintiles of racial, economic, and racialized economic segregation using the Index of Concentration at the Extremes as a measure of neighborhood privilege (1) in 2020 and (2) relative to 2018 through 2019 (difference-in-differences).

Results. In 2020, violence was higher in less-privileged neighborhoods than in the most privileged. For example, if all zip codes were in the least privileged versus most privileged quintile of racialized economic segregation, we estimated 146.2 additional aggravated assaults (95% confidence interval = 112.4, 205.8) per zip code on average across cities. Differences over time in less-privileged zip codes were greater than differences over time in the most privileged for firearm violence, aggravated assault, and homicide.

Conclusions. Marginalized communities endure endemically high levels of violence. The events of 2020 exacerbated disparities in several forms of violence.

Public Health Implications. To reduce violence and related disparities, immediate and long-term investments in low-income neighborhoods of color are warranted. (Am J Public Health. 2022;112(1):144–153. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306540 )
Fluid-inclusion petrography in calcite stalagmites: Implications for entrapment processes
Authors: Lopez-Elorza Maialen , Muñoz-García Maria Belén , González-Acebrón Laura , Martín-Chivelet Javier
Published: December 2021

Fluids trapped in speleothems have an enormous potential in frontier fields of paleoclimate and paleohydrological research. This potential is, however, hampered by diverse scientific and technical limitations, among which the lack of a systematic methodology for genetically characterizing fluid inclusions is a major one, as these can have different origins, and thus, the trapped fluid (usually water), different meanings. In this work, we propose a systematic petrological classification of fluid inclusions, based on: 1) the temporal relation between fluid inclusions and the host calcite, 2) the spatial relation between fluid inclusions and the “crystallites” and crystals aggregates, and 3) the phases (water, air) trapped inside fluid inclusions. The first criterion allows dividing fluid inclusions in two main categories: primary and secondary, whose identification is critical in any research based on trapped fluids. The other two criteria allow the definition of eight types of primary and four types of secondary fluid inclusions.

Primary fluid inclusions contain the drip water that fed stalagmites at the time of crystal growth, and can be intercrystalline, i.e., located between adjacent crystallites, or intracrystalline, i.e., with the fluid trapped within crystallites. We differentiate six main types among the intercrystalline fluid inclusions (elongate, thorn-shaped, down-arrow, interbranch, macro-elongate, and bucket) and other two among intracrystalline inclusions (pyriform and boudin). In primary inclusions, water is the main phase, while gas is much less abundant. The presence of gas could be related to slow drip rates or degassing in the cave, but also to later leakage due to changes in temperature and humidity often occurring during inadequate handling of speleothem samples.

Secondary fluid inclusions were clearly related to younger water inlet through stratigraphic disruptions or unconformities. They are formed after water infiltration, but sealed before the renewed crystal growth. We differentiate four main types of secondary inclusions: interconnected, rounded, triangular, and vertical fluid inclusions. The identification of primary and secondary fluid inclusions in speleothems is a key for interpretation in paleoclimate studies.

Integration of petrological results allow establishment of three different genetic scenarios for the formation of fluid inclusions, whose identification can be relevant because of their predictive character.
Numerical Optimization of WAG Injection in a Sandstone Field using a Coupled Surface and Subsurface Model
Authors: Ismail Thaer I. , Al-Shalabi Emad W. , Bedewi Mahmoud , AlAmeri Waleed
Published: December 2021

Gas injection is one of the most commonly used enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods. However, there are multiple problems associated with gas injection including gravity override, viscous fingering, and channeling. These problems are due to an adverse mobility ratio and cause early breakthrough of the gas resulting, in poor recovery efficiency. A Water Alternating Gas (WAG) injection process is recommended to resolve these problems through better mobility control of gas, leading to better project economics. However, poor WAG design and lack of understanding of the different factors that control its performance might result in unfavorable oil recovery. Therefore, this study provides more insight into improving WAG oil recovery by optimizing different surface and subsurface WAG parameters using a coupled surface and subsurface simulator. Moreover, the work investigates the effects of hysteresis on WAG performance.

This case study investigates a field named Volve, which is a decommissioned sandstone field in the North Sea. Experimental design of factors influencing WAG performance on this base case was studied. Sensitivity analysis was performed on different surface and subsurface WAG parameters including WAG ratio, time to start WAG, total gas slug size, cycle slug size, and tubing diameter. A full two-level factorial design was used for the sensitivity study. The significant parameters of interest were further optimized numerically to maximize oil recovery.

The results showed that the total slug size is the most important parameter, followed by time to start WAG, and then cycle slug size. WAG ratio appeared in some of the interaction terms while tubing diameter effect was found to be negligible. The study also showed that phase hysteresis has little to no effect on oil recovery. Based on the optimization, it is recommended to perform waterflooding followed by tertiary WAG injection for maximizing oil recovery from the Volve field. Furthermore, miscible WAG injection resulted in an incremental oil recovery between 5 to 11% OOIP compared to conventional waterflooding. WAG optimization is case-dependent and hence, the findings of this study hold only for the studied case, but the workflow should be applicable to any reservoir. Unlike most previous work, this study investigates WAG optimization considering both surface and subsurface parameters using a coupled model.
Coupling Production Data with the DFN to Unravel Natural Fracture Networks in a Tight Naturally Fractured Jurassic Reservoir, Kuwait
Authors: Altman Raphael , Pichardi Mariela , Sangani Pratik , Al Rashidi Tahani , Padhy Girija Shankar , Sadhu Arup
Published: December 2021

The Jurassic Najmah-Sargelu of west Kuwait can be thought of as a "hybrid" between a conventional and an unconventional reservoir. These systems form an increasingly important resource for operators, but their performance is unpredictable because matrix permeability is in the micro-Darcy range and production depends on natural fractures. Success depends on how well the static models are aligned to the dynamic production, and the effectiveness of a fit-for-purpose multistage completion on project economics. In this work we present our lessons learnt in production modelling these reservoirs and the coupling between reservoir simulation and the discrete fracture network (DFN).

Our reservoir models were constructed using a highly integrated approach incorporating data from all scales and disciplines (drilling, geophysical, geological, reservoir and production) and the production simulations were run using dual porosity and black oil models. As expected, the DFN played a key part of this effort. An iterative approach was used to adjust the DFN so that it was consistent with production observations. However, in all cases care was made to ensure the new DFN honoured the seismic, geological, well log and drilling data from which it was generated. Final, smaller adjustments were made to the simulation model at the log scale to match PLT data.

We used uncertainty analysis to run hundreds of simulation cases and found that the character of the natural fractures is quite well imprinted in the observed production data, particularly pressure buildup data. This gave us a better understanding of whether the natural fractures are diffuse and laterally extensive away from the wellbore or if they are localized close to the wellbore. Where reservoir simulation history matches inferred laterally extensive natural fractures, an good correlation was obtained with the natural fracturing from the DFN. This correlation was poor where natural fracturing was confined to a smaller depth interval (as observed from PLT), and is a result of the limitation in seismic resolution to resolve these natural fractures.

The lessons learnt from our work helps towards improved understanding of production mechanisms of these reservoirs and their natural fracture networks. This, together with higher resolution azimuthal seismic, advanced wellbore characterization data and multistage completions are the desired key ingredients for technically enhancing production in these reservoirs.
Changing the Status Quo: Cases of Production Restoration in Inactive Offshore Oil Wells
Authors: Sarsekov Arlen , Ali Al Kindi Salem , Albeshr Manal , Luo Yin , Kamaletdinov Bulat , Basavraj Arali Vaishak
Published: December 2021

The United Arab Emirates oil and gas reservoirs are continuously intersected with a growing number of horizontal wells and longer drains at varying bottomhole static temperatures. This results in a variety of naturally flowing and more challenging wells where stimulation is required for sustainable flow. Hence it became important to not only rely on plain acid systems for production gain, but to also include more sophisticated acid stimulation systems that can provide improved results in more challenging environments where plain acid may be found lacking. These results were recently achieved via the introduction of single-phase retarded acid (SPRA) as well as viscoelastic diverting acid (VEDA) in inactive wells offshore.

The application of SPRA and VEDA was subsequent to extensive laboratory testing including core flow tests, solubility tests, and emulsion tendency testing to the performance of these blends against existing acid recipes such as plain HCl and polymer-based diverting acid. These tests proved that a combination of SPRA and VEDA would allow maximizing lateral coverage in heterogenous reservoirs due to the chemical diversion capabilities from thief zones without imposing further damage that polymer-based diverted acids may cause. The combined SPRA and VEDA would also enhance acid wormhole penetration due to the reduced rate of reaction caused by acid retardation. Such tests were supported with software simulations that provided acid dosage, pumping rate, and pumping method sensitives.

Proposing SPRA and VEDA at higher pumping rates enabled the delivery of previously unattainable production influx at sustainable wellhead pressures. In addition, 28% acid content typically used for dolomitic reservoirs was considered unnecessary as 20% retarded acid proved sufficient in such environments. This allowed bullheading treatments, which was previously not possible due to the restriction on pumping 28% acid content across wellheads to avoid causing corrosive damage. Other treatment parameters such as volumes, rates, and acid/diverter sequence and ratio were also adjusted for optimal wormhole penetration across all zones using a fit-for-purpose carbonate matrix acidizing modeling software.

The success of SPRA and VEDA was clear in post-treatment evaluation for the cases of previously shut-in wells. These wells were able to produce sustainably at the required tubinghead pressure (production line pressure) after unsuccessful attempts to flow prior to stimulation.

The novelty of this paper is the assessment between legacy carbonate stimulation results in UAE using plain HCl acid and polymer-based diverting acid (PDA) and using SPRA and VEDA in shut-in or inactive wells. It also highlights the game-changing solutions that suit the increasing challenges observed in offshore inactive wells including well placement, lithology, bottomhole static temperature, and permeability contrast.
Geoscience Language Processing for Exploration
Authors: Denli Huseyin , Chughtai Hassan A , Hughes Brian , Gistri Robert , Xu Peng
Published: December 2021

Deep learning has recently been providing step-change capabilities, particularly using transformer models, for natural language processing applications such as question answering, query-based summarization, and language translation for general-purpose context. We have developed a geoscience-specific language processing solution using such models to enable geoscientists to perform rapid, fully-quantitative and automated analysis of large corpuses of data and gain insights.

One of the key transformer-based model is BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers). It is trained with a large amount of general-purpose text (e.g., Common Crawl). Use of such a model for geoscience applications can face a number of challenges. One is due to the insignificant presence of geoscience-specific vocabulary in general-purpose context (e.g. daily language) and the other one is due to the geoscience jargon (domain-specific meaning of words). For example, salt is more likely to be associated with table salt within a daily language but it is used as a subsurface entity within geosciences.

To elevate such challenges, we retrained a pre-trained BERT model with our 20M internal geoscientific records. We will refer the retrained model as GeoBERT. We fine-tuned the GeoBERT model for a number of tasks including geoscience question answering and query-based summarization.

BERT models are very large in size. For example, BERT-Large has 340M trained parameters. Geoscience language processing with these models, including GeoBERT, could result in a substantial latency when all database is processed at every call of the model. To address this challenge, we developed a retriever-reader engine consisting of an embedding-based similarity search as a context retrieval step, which helps the solution to narrow the context for a given query before processing the context with GeoBERT.

We built a solution integrating context-retrieval and GeoBERT models. Benchmarks show that it is effective to help geologists to identify answers and context for given questions. The prototype will also produce a summary to different granularity for a given set of documents. We have also demonstrated that domain-specific GeoBERT outperforms general-purpose BERT for geoscience applications.
A Comprehensive Review on the Characteristics, Challenges and Reuse Opportunities Associated with Produced Water in Fracturing Operations
Authors: Alkhowaildi Mustafa Ahmed , Mahmoud Mohamed , Bataweel Mohammed Abdullah , Tawabini Bassam
Published: December 2021

Amid the rise in energy demand over recent years, natural gas from tight reservoirs has been targeted abundantly around the globe by different oil operators. Hydraulic fracturing technology has been instrumental in the successful exploitation of energy from tight formations. The process is associated with enormous usage of water. Hydraulic fracturing requires as little as 500,000 gallons of freshwater, and up to 6 million gallons per well depending on the type of well and the number of stages treated. Now operators, as well as service companies worldwide, have shown a desire to use produced water in field operations to enhance economics and reduce their environmental footprint. Reusing produced water in field operations appears to be a win-win proposition by transforming the industry's biggest waste product into a resource.

This paper highlights the recent findings in published articles about formulating a fracturing fluid from produced water as a base fluid. The rheological properties and fluid performance requirements, such as proppant carrying capacity, mixing, fluid efficiency, ability to crosslink and break, and cleanup after treatment, will be evaluated in detail. This paper identified the critical parameters associated with high TDS fluids (produced water) such as pH, hydration time, ionic strength, and suspended solids, collected the corresponding optimal ranges for these parameters in laboratory tests, and reported some of the validity of the findings under actual conditions in field trials around the world.

Most studies demonstrated the feasibility of using untreated produced water as a base fluid for crosslinked gel-based hydraulic fracturing. Through adjusting the hydration time, the gel loading, and the amount of breakers applied, it is conceivable that crosslinked gels with optimal rheological characteristics can be formulated with untreated produced water. Multiple generations of guar- and CMHPG-based crosslinked fracturing fluids, developed with 100% untreated produced water, exhibited optimal viscosities exceeding 200 cp at 40 s−1 for at least 60 minutes.

The ability to provide fracturing fluids with high-salinity produced water can be a successful water conservation approach and an attractive solution for enhancing operation economics. Some studies indicated that using produced water can be better than freshwater because the produced water is more compatible with the reservoir and may be less likely to cause conditions such as salinity shock, which can damage the formation. More studies are needed to understand the associated technical challenges further.
Heterologous Expression of ZmNF-YA12 Confers Tolerance to Drought and Salt Stress in Arabidopsis
Authors: Zhang Tongtong , Zheng Dengyu , Zhang Chun , Wu Zhongyi , Yu Rong , Zhang Zhongbao
Published: December 2021

Drought and salinity are serious environmental factors limiting the growth and productivity of plants worldwide. Therefore, it is necessary to develop ways to improve drought and salinity stress tolerance in plants. In this study, a drought-responsive nuclear factor Y subunit A gene, ZmNF-YA12, was cloned from maize. qPCR revealed ZmNF-YA12 transcript in all vegetative and reproductive tissues, with higher levels in young roots. Expression analyses of maize revealed that ZmNF-YA12 was induced by abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonic acid (JA), and abiotic stresses, including dehydration, high salinity, cold, and polyethylene glycol (PEG) treatment. The heterologous expression of ZmNF-YA12 in Arabidopsis plants resulted in increased root length and better plant growth than in wild-type (WT) plants under conditions of mannitol, salt, and JA stress on 1/2 MS medium. Transgenic Arabidopsis showed improved tolerance to drought and salt stresses in soil, and higher proline content and lower malondialdehyde (MDA) content than WT controls. The transgenic plants also maintained higher peroxidase (POD) activities than WT plants under conditions of NaCl stress. A yeast two-hybrid experiment demonstrated that ZmNF-YA12 interacted with ZmNF-YC1 and ZmNF-YC15. Moreover, the transcript levels of stress-responsive genes (RD29A, RD29B, RAB18, and RD22) were markedly increased in transgenic lines under conditions of drought and salt stress. These observations suggested that the ZmNF-YA12 gene confers drought and salt stress tolerance, and has potential applications in molecular breeding with maintenance of production under conditions of stress.
First Report of Enteroaggregative E. Coli Harbouring NDM-4 and NDM-7 From Asymptomatic Children in India
Authors: Mahindroo Jaspreet , Modgil Vinay , Chaudhary Pankaj , Bharti Bhavneet , Mohan Balvinder , Taneja Neelam
Published: December 2021

For the first time in the world, we report Enteroaggregative E.coli harbouring blaNDM−4 and blaNDM−7 that were isolated from healthy children. NDM-4 and NDM-7 are associated with increased carbapenemase activity. Clonal spread, inter-strain and interspecies horizontal transfer of such resistant determinants in a healthy population will be a cause of concern.
Analysing the Impact of Carbon Emissions and Non-renewable Energy Use on Infant and Under-5 Mortality Rates in Europe: New Evidence Using Panel Quantile Regression
Authors: ADELEYE Bosede Ngozi , Tiwari Aviral Kumar , SHAH Muhammed Ibrahim , Ullah Saif
Published: December 2021

The concentration of greenhouse gas emissions is considered to increase, and this can undermine the access to basic resources that are necessary for leading a healthy life such as access to food, water, health and environment. Environmental health is closely linked to human health and the world is witnessing an exponential increase in the trend of the greenhouse gas emissions which pose significant threat to both the environment and human health. Hence, this study contributes to the health-environment discourse and uses an unbalanced panel data on 46 European countries from 2005 to 2015 to investigate the impact of carbon emissions and non-renewable energy on infant and under-5 mortality rates. Consistent findings from static and dynamic analyses reveal that: (1) carbon emissions exhibit mortality-inducing properties; (2) non-renewable energy show mortality-reducing properties; (3) persistency in mortality rates exist; (4) the exacerbating (reducing) impact of emissions (non-renewable energy) dwindles (increases in absolute values) at higher distributions of mortality rates; and (5) Euro Union countries show lower mortality rates relative to non-Euro Union members. Policy recommendations are discussed.JEL Classification: I00, I10, I15, I18, I19