bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficient numerical implementation of pressure, time, and temperature superposition for elasto‐visco‐plastic material model by using a symbolic approach
Authors: Rodič Tomaž , Šuštar Tomaž , Šuštarič Primož , Korelc Jože
Published: April 2010

This article is concerned with the finite element implementation of an elasto‐visco‐plastic constitutive model using a symbolic approach. The model combines the Knauss–Emri (KE) pressure, temperature, and time superposition principle in the implicit finite element scheme. The equation development and code generation was performed using the symbolic tool AceGen. The same symbolic system was applied to derive analytical sensitivities of the numerical model with respect to the material and shape parameters. To enable efficient numerical implementation of the KE model the convolution integrals were transformed into their respective incremental forms, so that radical improvements of code efficiency and computer storage requirements were achieved. The numerical examples derived for polyethylene terephthalate (PET) polymers demonstrate that symbolic systems can be applied to develop complex constitutive models capable of simulating material responses that are in good agreement with experimental measurements over a wide range of strain rates, temperatures, and loading conditions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fast liquid composite molding simulation of unsaturated flow in dual‐scale fiber mats using the imbibition characteristics of a fabric‐based unit cell
Authors: Tan Hua , Pillai Krishna M.
Published: April 2010

The use of the dual‐scale fiber mats in liquid composite molding (LCM) process for making composites parts gives rise to the unsaturated flow during the mold‐filling process. The usual approaches for modeling such flows involve using a sink term in the mass balance equation along with the Darcy's law. Sink functions involving complex microflows inside tows with realistic tow geometries have not been attempted in the past because of the problem of high computational costs arising from the coupling of the macroscopic gap flows with the microscopic tow flows. In this study, a new “lumped” sink function is proposed for the isothermal flow simulation, which is a function of the gap pressure, capillary pressure, and tow saturation, and which is estimated without solving for the microscopic tow simulations at each node of the FE mesh in the finite element/control volume algorithm. The sink function is calibrated with the help of the tow microflow simulation in a stand‐alone unit cell of the dual‐scale fiber mat. This new approach, which does not use any fitting parameters, achieved a good validation against a previous published result on the 1D unsaturated flow in a biaxial stitched mat—satisfactory comparisons of the inlet‐pressure history as well as the saturation distributions were achieved. Finally, the unsaturated flow is studied in a car hood‐type LCM mold geometry using the code PORE‐FLOW© based on the proposed algorithm. POLYM. COMPOS., 31:1790–1807, 2010. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Improving computational protein design by using structure‐derived sequence profile
Authors: Dai Liang , Yang Yuedong , Kim Hyung Rae , Zhou Yaoqi
Published: April 2010

Designing a protein sequence that will fold into a predefined structure is of both practical and fundamental interest. Many successful, computational designs in the last decade resulted from improved understanding of hydrophobic and polar interactions between side chains of amino acid residues in stabilizing protein tertiary structures. However, the coupling between main‐chain backbone structure and local sequence has yet to be fully addressed. Here, we attempt to account for such coupling by using a sequence profile derived from the sequences of five residue fragments in a fragment library that are structurally matched to the five‐residue segments contained in a target structure. We further introduced a term to reduce low complexity regions of designed sequences. These two terms together with optimized reference states for amino‐acid residues were implemented in the RosettaDesign program. The new method, called RosettaDesign‐SR, makes a 12% increase (from 34 to 46%) in fraction of proteins whose designed sequences are more than 35% identical to wild‐type sequences. Meanwhile, it reduces 8% (from 22% to 14%) to the number of designed sequences that are not homologous to any known protein sequences according to psi‐blast. More importantly, the sequences designed by RosettaDesign‐SR have 2–3% more polar residues at the surface and core regions of proteins and these surface and core polar residues have about 4% higher sequence identity to wild‐type sequences than by RosettaDesign. Thus, the proteins designed by RosettaDesign‐SR should be less likely to aggregate and more likely to have unique structures due to more specific polar interactions. Proteins 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Heme proteins—Diversity in structural characteristics, function, and folding
Authors: Smith Lorna J. , Kahraman Abdullah , Thornton Janet M.
Published: April 2010

The characteristics of heme prosthetic groups and their binding sites have been analyzed in detail in a data set of nonhomologous heme proteins. Variations in the shape, volume, and chemical composition of the binding site, in the mode of heme binding and in the number and nature of heme–protein interactions are found to result in significantly different heme environments in proteins with different functions in biology. Differences are also seen in the properties of the apo states of the proteins. The apo states of proteins that bind heme permanently in their functional form show some disorder, ranging from local unfolding in the heme binding pocket to complete unfolding to give a random coil. In contrast, proteins that bind heme transiently are fully folded in their apo and holo states, presumably allowing both apo and holo forms to remain biologically active resisting aggregation or proteolysis. The principles identified here provide a framework for the design ofde novoproteins that will exhibit tight heme ligand binding and for the identification of the function of structural genomic target proteins with heme ligands. Proteins 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Aufstockung Junghofstraße Frankfurt – Sichtbarer Stahl für ein brandsicheres Gebäude
Authors: Lange Jörg , Ewald Karsten
Published: April 2010

Die Aufstockung eines Bürogebäudes in der Frankfurter Innenstadt zeigt die Möglichkeiten des Stahlverbundbaus. Zwei wesentliche Vorteile dieser Bauweise sind das geringe Gewicht und die Möglichkeiten zum brandsicheren Bauen. Darüber hinaus beweist dieses Bauwerk, dass auch komplexe geometrische Formen in Stahl‐ und Stahlverbundbauweise realisiert werden können.

Extension of the office building Junghofstraße, Frankfurt – Visible steel for a fire safe building. The addition of two new storeys to an existing office building in the centre of Frankfurt shows the potential of composite construction. Two major advantages are the low weight and the good performance in a fire. Additionally this project shows the ability to build a complex geometry by using steel and composite structures.
Duktilität von Stahl‐ und Verbundanschlüssen – Entwurfsregeln zur Verbesserung der Redundanz
Authors: Kuhlmann Ulrike , Rölle Lars
Published: April 2010

Das tatsächliche Trag‐ und Verformungsverhalten von Anschlüssen in Stahl‐ und Verbundrahmentragwerken kann für den globalen Widerstand der Tragstruktur von entscheidender Bedeutung sein, da die in der statischen Berechnung angenommenen Randbedingungen nur idealisiert sind. Sind die Anschlüsse schwächer als die angeschlossenen Riegel, müssen diese ausreichend Umlagerungsmöglichkeiten, also Verformbarkeit besitzen, um die lokalen Einzeltragfähigkeiten der angeschlossenen Bauteile optimal nutzen, aber im Extremfall auch globale Systemreserven – Systemredundanz – aktivieren zu können. Das Ausbilden duktiler Anschlüsse bietet damit nicht nur eine Steigerung der Wirtschaftlichkeit, sondern erhöht auch noch die Redundanz des Gesamttragwerkes, was sich bei späterer Umnutzung oder auch bei außergewöhnlichen Beanspruchungssituationen positiv auswirken kann. Auf Grundlage zweier Forschungsvorhaben können erste Empfehlungen für eine duktile Auslegung von teiltragfähigen Stahl‐ und Verbundanschlüssen gegeben werden.

Ductility of steel and composite connections – Design rules to improve the redundancy.The actual load bearing and deformation behaviour of beam‐to‐column connections in steel and composite structures might have decisive influence on the global resistance of the structural system, because the boundary conditions in the structural analyses are only idealized. Connections with smaller resistance than the adjacent beams should have sufficient deformation capacity for redistribution of internal forces, to be able to utilize the capacity of the single members best and to activate the global reserves of the structural system for exceptional situations. Designing ductile joint solutions offers not only an increase of efficiency but also an increase of redundancy for the load bearing structure. Thereof the structure is benefiting for later conversion or under exceptional loading conditions. Based on two research projects some guidelines for designing ductile joint solutions of steel and composite connections are given.
Wendepunkt|e im Bauen
Authors: Möller Eberhard
Published: April 2010

Vom 18. März bis 13. Juni 2010 zeigt das Architekturmuseum der Technischen Universität München in der Pinakothek der Moderne “Wendepunkt|e im Bauen”. Die Ausstellung, die gemeinsam mit den Lehrstühlen für Tragwerksplanung und Architekturinformatik erarbeitet wurde, präsentiert Erfindungen und Entwicklungen, die zu Symbolen für die Industrialisierung und die Digitalisierung des Bauens geworden sind: Vom Balloon Frame, dem Münchner Glaspalast oder Vladimir Šuchovs Gitterschalen über Raumfachwerke, Fertigteilsysteme und Bauroboter zu den heutigen, digital geplanten Freiformen aus Stahl, Glas oder Beton. Modelle, Filme und Animationen erläutern unter anderem Projekte wie Konrad Wachsmanns Flugzeug‐Hangar, Jean Prouvés Maison Tropicale, Richard Buckminster Fullers Geodesic Domes, Pier Luigi Nervis Palazzetto dello Sport und das MERO‐System einerseits aber auch Frank O. Gehrys Vitra Design Museum, Norman Fosters Überdachung des British Museum oder Ben van Berkels Mercedes‐Benz Museum andererseits. “Wendepunkt im Bauen” lautet auch der Titel von Konrad Wachsmanns viel zitierter Publikation, die 1959 zum epochalen Manifest für eine konsequente Industrialisierung des Bauens wurde und die den Anstoß gab, heute im Abstand von 50 Jahren nach Bedeutung und Wirkung der damaligen Forderungen zu fragen. Dabei haben wir festgestellt, dass sich in den letzten Jahrzehnten ein zweiter Wendepunkt etabliert hat: Die Digitalisierung wird für die Architektur und das Bauen von ähnlicher Relevanz sein wie einst die Industrialisierung.
General statistics of geographically dispersed wind power
Authors: Hasche Bernhard
Published: April 2010

The paper examines the variability of wind power generated by wind farms that are geographically dispersed in a region. The reduced variability of wind power generation with increasing region size and number of wind farms is referred to as the smoothing effect. In this paper, the smoothing effect is quantified by changes in standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis of hourly wind power generation and its temporal gradients. General approximative equations are derived that allow the calculation of these parameters in dependence of the region size and the mean generation. It is shown from which point on the smoothing effect depends only on the region size and no longer on the number of wind farms. Upscaling can then be an appropriate method to simulate future wind power generation as smoothing effects are no longer neglected. This paper also shows how approximative duration curves of wind power generation or its temporal gradients can be simulated by means of the calculated parameters. Hence, the analysis can be used to assess unmeasured or potential wind power generation i n a region. The presented approach and equations are verified by German and Irish generation data. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Systems Biology and Medicine—Metazoan Life and Processes
Authors: Subramaniam Shankar , Nadeau Joseph H.
Published: April 2010

This article is categorized under:

Translational, Genomic, and Systems Medicine > Translational Medicine
Peroral videocholangioscopy using narrow band imaging for early bile duct cancer (with video)
Authors: Itokawa Fumihide , Itoi Takao , Sofuni Atsushi
Published: April 2010

We described the usefulness of peroral videocholangioscopy for diagnosis of early bile duct cancer. In addition, we introduce the observation of the lesion using narrow band imaging in combination with a conventional white light imaging.
From open radical hysterectomy to robot-assisted laparoscopic radical hysterectomy for early stage cervical cancer: aspects of a single institution learning curve
Authors: Schreuder H. W. R. , Zweemer R. P. , van Baal W. M. , van de Lande J. , Dijkstra J. C. , Verheijen R. H. M.
Published: April 2010

We analysed the introduction of the robot-assisted laparoscopic radical hysterectomy in patients with early-stage cervical cancer with respect to patient benefits and surgeon-related aspects of a surgical learning curve. A retrospective review of the first 14 robot-assisted laparoscopic radical hysterectomies and the last 14 open radical hysterectomies in a similar clinical setting with the same surgical team was conducted. Patients were candidates for a laparoscopic sentinel node procedure, pelvic lymph node dissection and open radical hysterectomy (RH) before August 2006 and were candidates for a laparoscopic sentinel node procedure, pelvic lymph node dissection and robot-assisted laparoscopic radical hysterectomy (RALRH) after August 2006. Overall, blood loss in the open cases was significantly more compared with the robot cases. Median hospital stay after RALRH was 5 days less than after RH. The median theatre time in the learning period for the robot procedure was reduced from 9 h to less that 4 h and compared well to the 3 h and 45 min for an open procedure. Three complications occurred in the open group and one in the robot group. RALRH is feasible and of benefit to the patient with early stage cervical cancer by a reduction of blood loss and reduced hospital stay. Introduction of this new technique requires a learning curve of less than 15 cases that will reduce the operating time to a level comparable to open surgery.
ON FINITE p-GROUPS WITH SUBGROUPS OF BREADTH 1
Authors: CUTOLO GIOVANNI , SMITH HOWARD , WIEGOLD JAMES
Published: April 2010

We consider finite p-groups G in which every cyclic subgroup has at most p conjugates. We show that the derived subgroup of such a group has order at most p2. Further, if the stronger condition holds that all subgroups have at most p conjugates then the central factor group has order p4 at most.
Striking a Line through the Great American Desert
Authors: MENARD ANDREW
Published: April 2010

During the early 1840s, as the right to rule the continent found a slogan in manifest destiny, nothing was seen as a greater barrier to expansion than the region, between the Mississippi and the Rockies, known as the Great American Desert. As a rhetorical figure, it was nearly ubiquitous – shaping everything from the expedition reports of Zebulon Pike and Edwin James to the western narratives of James Fenimore Cooper and Washington Irving. The first serious challenge to this image was a report John Charles Frémont presented to Congress after leading an Army expedition to South Pass. Frémont knew that his report had to refute the empirical evidence for a Great Desert to strike it down it as a rhetorical barrier to emigration. Thus he developed a distinctive mode of description that focussed on “topographic geology” while utilizing an aesthetic of the picturesque. This allowed him to create a rocky specificity and contrast where once a grassy and arid uniformity had reigned supreme. In the process, he began to create a nexus between scenery and science that would make both more deliberate and exacting – and the American landscape as a whole more uniquely “western.” By the end of the report, Frémont's ardent impressions of the West were so multiple and intense that the Great American Desert suddenly seemed without significance as a place or a name.
The Erotic Charisma of Alexander Hamilton
Authors: HAMILTON CAROLINE V.
Published: April 2010

As an outsider with a mysterious childhood, Alexander Hamilton is, as psychologists say, a good “hook” for a projective identification. For his admirers Hamilton is a source of political capital. His ideas and proposals about the debt, protectionism, and an American manufacturing base are in the news in the early twenty-first century. Although the Old Left saw Hamilton as an elitist, possibly a monarchist, and a promoter of industrial capitalism, contemporary American progressives have called attention to his explicit support for habeas corpus, his efforts on behalf of banking, and his surprisingly enlightened attitudes about race and slavery. As one of the founders of a new republic, Hamilton knew he would be in the history books, but his image, representations of his physical presence, and speculation about his private life circulate on the Internet in ways that would surely astonish him. Alexander Hamilton not only has admirers in the fields of politics and history; he also has fans.
Genetic parameters for stayability in Murrah buffaloes
Authors: Galeazzi Priscilla M , Mercadante Maria EZ , Silva Josineudson AIIV , Aspilcueta-Borquis Rúsbel R , de Camargo Gregório MF , Tonhati Humberto
Published: April 2010

In order to contribute to the breeding programmes of Asian water buffalo, the aim of this study was to analyse the influence of genetic effects in the stayability of Murrah dairy buffaloes. The stayability trait (ST) was defined as the female's ability to stay in the herd for one (ST1), two (ST2), three (ST3), four (ST4), five (ST5) or six years (ST6) after the first calving. The same trait was also considered as continuous and was designated stayability in days up to one (STD1), two (STD2), three (STD3), four (STD4), five (STD5) or six years (STD6) after the first calving. Data from 1016 females reared in nine herds located in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, were analysed. Statistical models included the additive genetic effect of the animal and the fixed effects of the buffalo breeding herd, birth year and birth season. Additive effects for ST were estimated by approximate restricted maximum likelihood using a threshold model, while for STD, the additive effects were estimated by restricted maximum likelihood. Heritability estimates were lower for ST, except for ST1, (0·11±0·07, 0·17±0·06, 0·23±0·06, 0·16±0·08, 0·14±0·09 and 0·16±0·10 for ST1, ST2, ST3, ST4, ST5 and ST6, respectively) when compared with STD (0·05±0·06, 0·18±0·08, 0·40±0·10, 0·49±0·11, 0·41±0·11 and 0·30±0·13, for STD1, STD2, STD3, STD4, STD5 and STD6, respectively). Considering the values of heritability and owing to the serial nature of STD to a specific age, selection for STD3 should have a favourable influence on STD to other ages.
Effect of CSN1S1 genotype and its interaction with diet energy level on milk production and quality in Girgentana goats fed ad libitum
Authors: Pagano Renato Italo , Pennisi Pietro , Valenti Bernardo , Lanza Massimiliano , Di Trana Adriana , Di Gregorio Paola , De Angelis Anna , Avondo Marcella
Published: April 2010

A study was carried out to evaluate how the energy level of the diet can affect milk production and quality in Girgentana lactating goats in relation to polymorphism at the αs1-casein (CSN1S1) genotype locus. Twenty-seven goats, homogeneous for milk production (1·5±0·3 kg/d), days of lactation (90±10 d) and body weight (35·8±5·5 kg) were selected on the basis of their CSN1S1 genotype, as follows: nine goats homozygous for strong (AA) alleles, nine goats homozygous for weak alleles (FF) and nine goats heterozygous (AF). The goats were used in a 3×3 factorial arrangement of treatments, with three genotypes (AA, FF, AF) and three diets at different energy levels (100%, 65% and 30% of hay inclusion). The experiment consisted of three simultaneous 3×3 Latin squares for the three genotypes, with one square for each level of hay inclusion in the diet. All the animals were housed in individual pens. Each experimental period lasted 23 d and consisted of 15 d for adaptation and 8 d for data and sample collection, during which the goats received the scheduled diet ad libitum. The animals were fed three different diets designed to have the same crude protein content (about 15%) but different energy levels: a pelleted alfalfa hay (H100) and two feeds including 65% (H65) and 30% (H30) of alfalfa hay (respectively 1099, 1386 and 1590 kcal NE for lactation/kg DM). All the diets were ground and pelleted (6 mm diameter). AA goats were more productive than AF and FF goats (respectively: 1419v. 1145 and 1014 g/d;P=0·002). Indeed the interaction energy level×genotype was significant (P=0·018): in fact AA goats showed their milk increase only when fed with concentrates. Differences in protein and in casein levels between the three genotypes were in line with results expected from the different allele contribution to αs1-casein synthesis. Milk urea levels were significantly lower in AA goats compared with AF and FF genotypes (respectively 32·7v. 40·4 and 40·4 mg/dl;P=0·049) and significantly lower when goats were fed with 65H and 30H diets than with 100H diet (respectively 37·4 and 34·3v. 41·7 mg/dl;P<0·001). Indeed, a significant interaction genotype×diet (P=0·043) occurred for milk urea, which was significantly lower in AA goats but only when fed with concentrates (65H and 30H). Blood concentrations of energy indicators (glucose, non-esterified fatty acids and beta-hydroxybutyric acid) were not influenced by genotype. The results confirm that strong alleles are associated with a greater efficiency of feed utilization and seem to show that a high energy level of the diet can further improve this efficiency.
A randomized clinical trial of cognitive behavioural therapyversusshort-term psychodynamic psychotherapyversusno intervention for patients with hypochondriasis
Authors: Sørensen P. , Birket-Smith M. , Wattar U. , Buemann I. , Salkovskis P.
Published: April 2010

Background

Hypochondriasis is common in the clinic and in the community. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) has been found to be effective in previous trials. Psychodynamic psychotherapy is a treatment routinely offered to patients with hypochondriasis in many countries, including Denmark. The aim of this study was to test CBT for hypochondriasis in a centre that was not involved in its development and compare both CBT and short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy (STPP) to a waiting-list control and to each other. CBT was modified by including mindfulness and group therapy sessions, reducing the therapist time required. STPP consisted of individual sessions.

Method

Eighty patients randomized to CBT, STPP and the waiting list were assessed on measures of health anxiety and general psychopathology before and after a 6-month treatment period. Waiting-list patients were subsequently offered one of the two active treatments on the basis of re-randomization, and assessed on the same measures post-treatment. Patients were again assessed at 6- and 12-month follow-up points.

Results

Patients who received CBT did significantly better on all measures relative to the waiting-list control group, and on a specific measure of health anxiety compared with STPP. The STPP group did not significantly differ from the waiting-list group on any outcome measures. Similar differences were observed between CBT and STPP during follow-up, although some of the significant differences between groups were lost.

Conclusions

A modified and time-saving CBT programme is effective in the treatment of hypochondriasis, although the two psychotherapeutic interventions differed in structure.
Family Ties: Women's Work and Family Histories and their Association with Incomes in Later Life in the UK
Authors: SEFTON TOM , EVANDROU MARIA , FALKINGHAM JANE
Published: April 2010

This article examines the relationship between the family and work histories of older women and their personal incomes in later life, using retrospective data from the first 15 waves of the British Household Panel Survey. The association between women's family histories and their incomes later in life are relatively weak, explaining only a small proportion of the overall variation in older women's incomes. Divorce, early widowhood and re-marriage are not associated with any significant differences in older women's incomes, while motherhood is only associated with a small reduction in incomes later in life. While there are significant differences in the work histories of older women with different family histories, this translates into relatively small differences in their personal incomes, because the types of employment career pursued by most women are not associated with significantly higher retirement incomes and because public transfers dampen work history-related differentials, especially for widows. On the one hand, this could be seen as a positive finding in that the ‘pension penalty’ associated with life-course events such as motherhood and divorce is not as severe as often anticipated. On the other hand, the main reason for this is that the pension returns to working longer are relatively low, particularly for women with few qualifications. The analysis suggests that women retiring over the next two decades are unlikely to benefit significantly from the additional years they have spent in employment, because most of this increase has been in part-time employment. The article highlights the tensions between two objectives: rewarding work, and protecting the most vulnerable, such as carers, long-term disabled and unemployed. Resolving this dilemma involves moving away from a close association between pension entitlements and work history and towards universal entitlement based on a citizen's pension.
Comparing culture and ecology: conservation planning of oak woodlands in Mediterranean landscapes of Portugal and California
Authors: SANTOS MARIA J. , THORNE JAMES H.
Published: April 2010

Mediterranean ecosystems are biodiversity hotspots, however translating conservation need into implementation has been hindered by their function as working landscapes that integrate both human and natural components. This paper compares oak woodland working landscapes in California and Portugal: can conservation policy be reshaped to conserve Mediterranean oak woodland ecosystems with differing sociopolitical cultural contexts? Each oak woodland's cultural-historical legacy and socioecological system (SES) is described, and how each system can cross-inform improvements to conservation policies is assessed. The SES analysis shows that oak woodlands are managed to maximize revenue from one or more of four resources: forestry, rangeland, agriculture and natural areas. Sustainability of extractable resources may be threatened by replacement rate, land-use history and interdependence with other resources. Non-extractable resources (natural areas) are more volatile and sustainable management is dependent on the voluntary nature of collective-choice rules. Conservation planning and implementation require attention to the characteristic heterogeneity of oak woodlands and to the processes that generate biodiversity, such as fire and regeneration. Conservation plans should aim for the preservation of oak woodland functions (for example multiple use systems) and cultural characteristics (such as keeping people on the land), and governmental and public recognition of the value of preserving these woodlands.
Usefulness of seroconversion rates for comparing infection pressures between countries
Authors: SIMONSEN J. , TEUNIS P. , VAN PELT W. , VAN DUYNHOVEN Y. , KROGFELT K. A. , SADKOWSKA-TODYS M. , MØLBAK K.
Published: April 2010

Salmonella is a frequent cause of foodborne illness. However, since most symptomatic cases are not diagnosed, the true infection pressure is unknown. Furthermore, national surveillance systems have different sensitivities that limit inter-country comparisons. We have used recently developed methods for translating measurements of Salmonella antibodies into estimates of seroincidence: the frequency of infections including asymptomatic cases. This methodology was applied to cross-sectional collections of serum samples obtained from the general healthy population in three European countries. Denmark and The Netherlands had the lowest seroincidence (84169 infections/1000 person-years), whereas Poland had the highest seroincidence (547/1000 person-years). A Bayesian method for obtaining incidence rate ratios was developed; this showed a 6·3 (95% credibility interval 3·3–12·5) higher incidence in Poland than in Denmark which demonstrates that this methodology has a wider applicability for studies of surveillance systems and evaluation of control programmes.
Introduction: Just Getting Started
Authors: Fulford K. W. M.
Published: April 2010

Ten years ago the Royal Institute of Philosophy marked the establishment of the Society for Applied Philosophy with a series of public lectures, published in an earlier book in this series, under the title Philosophy and Practice (Griffiths, 1985). Looking back it i s hard to believe this was only ten years ago. Applied philosophy still has its critics. But it is now so pervasive, so much the norm, that it seems to have been with us always. Law, medicine, education, nursing, the environment, politics, economics … almost it seems, no subject is quite respectable nowadays without its philosophy and its philosophical exponents.
Emotion and Memory: The Second Cognitive Revolution
Authors: Harré Rom
Published: April 2010

During the last fifty years three major ways of defining a science of psychology have been proposed and tried out.
Making Sense on the Boundaries: On Moving Between Philosophy and Psychotherapy
Authors: Shotter John
Published: April 2010

The philosopher is the man who has to cure himself of many sicknesses of the understanding before he can arrive at the notions of the sound human understanding. (Wittgenstein, 1967, no. 302)
Integrity, Boundary and the Ecology of Personal Processes
Authors: Binns Peter
Published: April 2010

I shall be employing a number of terms that have a variety of usages as in other contexts. The definitions I shall be using in this article are given below.
Psychology and Politics: Lies, Damned Lies and Self-Deception
Authors: Wilkes K. V.
Published: April 2010

Can deception be a model for self-deception? There are familiar problems with saying that it can be. At the heart of all these problems, in the long run and despite the complexities and sophistications of the various theories, is this one evident point: all deception of another requires at least two choosing and believing agents, and such a duality is not—is it?—a model which we can tolerate for understanding a single person. Yet on the other hand we seem to have no other way of describing self-deception; most attempts to do so, even if they begin by criticising the ‘deception’ model, prove, in the long run, to come down to it.
Wild Beasts and Idle Humours: Legal Insanity and the Finding of Fault
Authors: Robinson Daniel N.
Published: April 2010

So fearfully and wonderfully are we made, so infinitely subtle is the spiritual part of our being, so difficult is it to trace with accuracy the effect of diseased intellect upon human action, that I may appeal to all who hear me, whether there are any causes more difficult, or which, indeed, so often confound the learning of the judges themselves, as when insanity, or the the effects and consequences of insanity, become the subjects of legal consideration and judgment. (From Thomas Erskine's address to the jury in Rex v. Hadfield)
Homosexuality
Authors: Quinton Anthony
Published: April 2010

I am going to consider some common and, for the most part, fairly unreflective reasons for thinking that homosexuality is a bad thing and, therefore, something that should be extirpated, if that is possible, or suppressed, by, most obviously, legal prohibition or, falling short of that, by moral or social pressure. These reasons are five in number: homosexuality is held to be unnatural, abnormal, a perversion, morally wrong or sinful and aesthetically repellent or disgusting. The first three of these unfavourable characterisations of homosexuality apply to it primarily as an orientation, a disposition to engage in homosexual activity, whether the disposition is manifested or not. The other two, the moral and aesthetic ones so far as most of their proponents are concerned, apply only to homosexuality, as manifested in actual conduct. The desire to sin, after all, is a necessary condition of virtue. There is no merit in not doing things one has no desire to do. Similarly the desire to do something disgusting is hardly, in itself, disgusting.
Nietzsche and Music
Authors: Storr Anthony
Published: April 2010

Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche was born on 5 October 1844 and died on 25 August, 1900. From 1889 until his death eleven years later he was physically and mentally ill and incapable of work. It is almost certain that he died of the brain disease known as G.P.I., General Paralysis of the Insane, or general paresis. In the nineteenth century and well into our own era, this was a not uncommon tertiary manifestation of a syphilitic infection which might originally have been contracted many years before. Because the initial stages of syphilis can now be treated with antibiotics, general paresis is rarely seen today.
Social Externalism and Conceptual Diversity
Authors: Woodfield Andrew
Published: April 2010

Social externalism is a thesis about theindividuation-conditionsof thoughts. Actually, the thesis applies only to a special category of ‘trained’ thoughts, thoughts which issue from trained thinking. It isn't that the thinker of such a thought has to have had special training about thesubject-matter. It is rather that he or she needs to have acquired certain basic linguistic skills and values. For trained thoughts are thoughts whose contents are tailored to the demands of communication. Social externalism, as I understand it, says that people who are competent in a public language are equipped to have certain thoughts whose contents are fixed (in part) by the lexical semantic norms of their language.
Thought without Language: Thought without Awareness?
Authors: Weiskrantz L.
Published: April 2010

Some philosophers have laid down rather severe strictures on whether there can be thought without language. Wittgenstein asserted that ‘the limits of language…mean the limits of my world’ (1922, §5.62). Davidson (1984, p. 157) has argued that ‘a creature cannot have thoughts unless it is an interpreter of the speech of another’. Dummett (1978, p. 458) has interpreted some pronouncements as meaning that ‘the study of thought is to be sharply distinguished from the study of the psychological processes of thinking and…the only proper method of analysing thought consists in the analysis of language’. And there is also the position that thought has its own language that might exist even prior to or in the absence of natural language. But here I am going to concentrate on what might be possible in the absence of natural language. I do not know what it would mean to consider thinking in the absence of its own intrinsic language, a language of thought, if the two always co-exist.
Analyticity, Linguistic Rules and Epistemic Evaluation
Authors: Hookway Christopher
Published: April 2010

We can characterise thought in two different ways. Which is preferred can have implications for important issues about reasoning and the norms that govern cognition. The first, which owes much to the picture of the mind encountered in Descartes' Meditations, observes that paradigmatic examples of thoughts and inferences are events and processes whose special characteristics stem from their being ‘mental’ occurrences. For example they are conscious or, if unconscious, they stand in some special relation to thought processes that are conscious. They typically involve attitudes towards contents or propositions. In general, thoughts have a distinctive onto-logical status and this status depends upon their being mental and typically conscious. The second emphasises that thought is a kind of activity with a definite function. It involves the use of intelligence to solve problems, answer questions, make plans and so on. Thought should be studied as a kind of goal-directed activity. Those interested in the norms that govern thought should attend to the role of responsible disciplined reflection in carrying out this activity.
How to do Other Things with Words
Authors: Dennett Daniel C.
Published: April 2010

John Austin's masterpiece, How to Do Things with Words, was not just a contribution to philosophy; it has proven to be a major contribution to linguistics, one of the founding documents o pragmatics, the investigation of how we use words to accomplish various ends in the social world. Strangely, not much attention has been paid by philosophers — or by psychologists and linguists — to how we use words in private, you might say, to think. As Wittgenstein (1967, p. 17e) once noted, ‘It is very noteworthy that what goes on in thinking practically never interests us.’
Sentences and propositions
Authors: Dummett Michael
Published: April 2010

Does truth attach to sentences, or to what sentences express? If to sentences, then certainly not to type sentences, such as ‘I am going to London tomorrow’, but only to token sentences, that is, sentences considered as uttered by a particular speaker at a particular time. It would, however, be inconvenient to restrict truth to utterances that are actually made; we may therefore adopt the device and terminology of Davidson, and speak of a ‘statement’ constituted by a triple [s, i, t] of a type sentence s, an individual i and a time t, the existence of which does not depend on whether i in fact uttered s at t. I shall presume that the identification of a type sentence depends on identifying the language to which it belongs. A familiar, irritating obstacle prevents our explaining that, when i did not utter s at t, the ‘statement’ is to be said to be true just in case he would have said something true if he had done so; the obstacle consists in sentences like, ‘I am not now speaking.’ The difficulty is not serious. What more is needed in order to obtain, from a type sentence s, something apt to be characterised as true or false is an assignment of references to indexical and demonstrative expressions occurring in s; we may say that s ‘comes out’ true or false under such an assignment. We may therefore take a ‘statement’ [s, i, t] to be true or false according as s comes out true or false under the assignment of t to the word ‘now’, i to the words ‘I’, and ‘me’, the place where i is at t to the word ‘here’, and so on. There is no reason to be disconcerted by the fact that this will yield as true a ‘statement’ involving the sentence, ‘I have been dead for a hundred years.’ Demonstrative expressions like ‘that house’, ‘this country’, etc., are less easily dealt with. Many should be regarded as devoid of reference unless, at t, i actually makes a pointing gesture or the equivalent; but the question need not be pursued here. For convenience, however, we may continue to speak of the ascription of truth to sentences, as long as we bear in mind that it is to ‘statements’, in our special sense, to which it is really to be ascribed.
An empiricist defence of singular causes
Authors: Cartwright Nancy
Published: April 2010

Empiricism has traditionally been concerned with two questions: (a) What is the source of our concepts and ideas? and (b) How should claims to empirical knowledge be judged? The empiricist answer to the first question is ‘From observation or experience.’ The concern in the second question is not to ground science in pure observation or in direct experience, but rather to ensure that claims to scientific knowledge are judged against the natural phenomena themselves. Questions about nature must be settled by nature — not by faith, nor metaphysics, nor mathematics, and not by convention or convenience either. From Francis Bacon to Karl Popper empiricists have wanted to police the methods of scientific enquiry.
Causality and derivativeness
Authors: Makin Stephen
Published: April 2010

This paper is a reflection on some of Elizabeth Anscombe's influential work on causation, in particular on some comments in her Inaugural Lecture at Cambridge, published as ‘Causality and Determination’. One of Anscombe's major concerns in that paper is the relation between causation and necessitation, and she critically discusses the cast of mind which links causality with some kind of necessary connection or with exceptionless generalisation. In place of a semi-technical analysis of causation, Anscombe identifies the obvious and yet little considered core of the causal relation as follows:
Intention, freedom and predictability
Authors: Geach Peter
Published: April 2010

Elizabeth Anscombe's most important philosophical work has been on intention and action: in her book Intention and in many of her articles. To read Intention is like watching somebody hew a path with a machete through a jungle of confusion and mythology. Such work is never done, for the jungle grows apace. Here I take up some of the task.
Intention
Authors: Hursthouse Rosalind
Published: April 2010

When I first read Intention as a student it seemed misnamed, since, I thought, it gave an account of intentional action all right, but left me still wondering what an intention was. It was only with years of rereading that I came to see that one beauty of the account was that it eliminated the need to ask.
Ethics and psychology
Authors: Teichmann Roger
Published: April 2010

… it is not profitable for us at present to do moral philosophy; that should be laid aside at any rate until we have an adequate philosophy of psychology, in which we are conspicuously lacking.

These words state one of the principal theses of Elizabeth Anscombe's ‘Modern Moral Philosophy’ (1958). Later in the article, the point is reiterated more specifically and with more force:

is it not clear that there are several concepts that need investigating simply as part of the philosophy of psychology and – as I should recommend – banishing ethics totally from our minds? Namely – to begin with: ‘action’, ‘intention’, ‘pleasure’, ‘wanting’. More will probably turn up if we start with these.
Burbury's Last Case: The Mystery of the Entropic Arrow
Authors: Price Huw
Published: April 2010

Does not the theory of a general tendency of entropy to diminish [sic] take too much for granted? To a certain extent it is supported by experimental evidence. We must accept such evidence as far as it goes and no further. We have no right to supplement it by a large draft of the scientific imagination. (Burbury 1904, 49)
On Becoming, Cosmic Time and Rotating Universes
Authors: Dorato Mauro
Published: April 2010

In the literature on the compatibility between the time of our experience and the time of physics, the special theory of relativity has enjoyed central stage. By bringing into the discussion the general theory of relativity, I suggest a new analysis of the misunderstood notion of becoming, developed from hints in Gödel's published and unpublished arguments for the ideality of time. I claim that recent endorsements of such arguments, based on Gödel's own ‘rotating’ solution to Einstein's field equation, fail: once understood in the right way, becoming can be shown to be both mind-independent and compatible with spacetime physics. Being a neededtertium quidbetween views of time traditionally regarded as in conflict, such a new approach to becoming should also help to dissolve a crucial aspect of the century-old debate between the so-called A and B theories of time.
Rememberances, Mementos, and Time-Capsules
Authors: Ismael Jenann
Published: April 2010

I want to consider some features of the position put forward by Julian Barbour in The End of Time that seem to me of particular philosophical interest. At the level of generality at which I'll be concerned with it, the view is relatively easy to describe. It can be arrived at by thinking of time as decomposing in some natural way linearly ordered atomic parts, ‘moments’, and combining an observation about the internal structure of moments with an epistemological doctrine about our access to the past. The epistemological doctrine, which I'll call ‘Presentism’, following Butterfield, is the view that our access to the past is mediated by records, or local representations, of it. The observation is that the state of the world at any moment has the structure of what Barbour calls a ‘time capsule’, which is to say that it constitutes a partial record of its past, it is pregnant with interrelated mutually consistent representations of its own history.
Constraints on the core‐mantle boundary topography from P4KP‐PcP differential travel times
Authors: Tanaka Satoru
Published: April 2010

P4KP‐PcP differential travel times are examined to infer the core‐mantle boundary (CMB) topography. A total of 362 P4KP‐PcP times are measured with a measurement error of 0.5 s. The travel times are corrected for the Earth's hydrostatic ellipticity and mantle heterogeneity using a P‐wave tomographic model. Spherical harmonic expansion up to degree 4 is adopted for model parameterization. The P‐wave velocity heterogeneity is then estimated in the lowermost 150 km of the mantle to overcome the problem of underestimation of the velocity perturbation at the base of the mantle in the global 3‐D P‐wave mantle model. Subsequently, the CMB topography is inferred using the residues of the above processes. Since the odd‐degree components of the CMB topography are insensitive to the P4KP‐PcP times, only the components of degrees 2 and 4 are solved for. The resultant features indicate that the maximum amplitude of the CMB topography does not exceed ±2 km, with an uncertainty of less than 0.5 km. A numerical test confirms that the pattern of degree 4 is more reliable with less amplitude recovery. The obtained degree 4 pattern shows an amplitude of less than ±1 km and indicates the presence of depressions under the circum‐Pacific, the central Pacific, and South Africa.
On classifying rain types using satellite microwave observations
Authors: Varma Atul Kumar , Liu Guosheng
Published: April 2010

Classification of rain type in satellite microwave observations is useful for various studies ranging from numerical weather prediction and precipitation climatology to satellite retrieval of rain amounts. In this study we have first examined the possibility of determining the distribution of convective/stratiform rain within a typical microwave radiometric pixel size area represented by the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Microwave Imager (TMI) and then formulated an empirical relation between the convective to stratiform ratio and observed brightness temperatures. Rain classification with satellite microwave observation is hampered by the small size of the rain events. It is found from the rain observations during July 2000 that a significant number of 53% convective and 28% stratiform rain fill less than one fourth of the TMI pixel size area. The nonlinear relationship between brightness temperature and rain rate, along with horizontal and vertical inhomogeneity of the rain type distribution within the pixel, makes it difficult to work out the exact proportion of convective to stratiform distribution within the pixel. Here an algorithm is proposed to determine rain type on the basis of regression with 10 functions of 19, 37, and 85 GHz channels into three broad convective‐stratiform proportions. This algorithm is able to identify rain types in about 70% of the TMI pixels accurately. To broaden the utility of the proposed method, a procedure has been developed by which the method can be applied to any other microwave radiometers with similar channels to TMI. Using this procedure, a successful application of the algorithm to Special Sensor Microwave Imager observations is demonstrated.