bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mersenne and Vanini
Authors: Hine William L.
Published: April 2006

Although many scholars have cited Marin Mersenne's Quaestiones celeberrimae in Genesim for his critical remarks about the life of Julius Caesar Vanini, none of them has realised the extent to which Mersenne dealt with Vanini's works. They have found in Mersenne only a story about Vanini's intention to teach atheism, his execution, and one or two criticisms of his ideas. Far from making here and there a few comments about Vanini, however, Mersenne devoted a large portion of the volume to a critical analysis of the view of nature and religion which Vanini presents in his two books. The purpose of this article is, first, to explain why no one has hitherto discovered the extent of Mersenne's preoccupation with Vanini and, secondly, to examine briefly his basic attitude to Vanini's life and works.
‘Più superba de quella de Lorenzo’: Courtly and Family Interest in the Building of Filippo Strozzi's Palace
Authors: Kent F. W.
Published: April 2006

Filippo Strozzi's motives for building his great Florentine palace were described by his son Lorenzo in a well-known passage. Greedier for fame than possessions, interested in and well informed about building and not knowing a better means ‘of preserving his memory,’ Filippo resolved to construct ‘in the midst of his other Strozzi [relatives]’ a building ‘which should bring renown to himself and all his [kinsmen] in Italy and abroad.’ That Filippo's building activities caused an agreeable stir in Florence is common knowledge, but it is pleasant now to learn from the copious correspondence of the Strozzi family that the project did quickly bring him a wider renown—at the Estensi court in Ferrara, where the joys and advantages of monumental building were as well understood as anywhere in Renaissance Italy.
Instruction and Delight In Medieval and Renaissance Criticism
Authors: Salman Phillips
Published: April 2006

The Horatian formula holding that a poem should instruct and delight raises two obvious questions: what is ‘instruction’ and what is ‘delight’? These are difficult questions, since they seem too broad to be answerable and too central to be dismissed. They are difficult, also, because they refer to paired terms. Are we to see instruction and delight related in some kind of sequence? And what of the cases where only one term appears and the other not at all?

These are the basic questions generated by a consideration of the Horatian formula as it occurs in medieval and Renaissance critical texts and it is the purpose of this paper to show that the formula in these texts can be coherently interpreted through the use of the then dominant faculty psychology.
George Herbert's Authorship of ‘To the Queene of Bohemia’
Authors: Hovey Kenneth Alan
Published: April 2006

In 1870 H. Huth printed for the first time a poem evidently written in the early seventeenth century and bearing the title ‘To the Queene of Bohemia.’ The only sign of its authorship was the ‘G.H.’ printed after it. Aside from these initials no support was offered for the editor's statement that the poem was ‘probably from the pen of George Herbert.’ Four years later A. B. Grosart, apparently ignorant of Huth's book, printed the same poem from a different manuscript and ascribed the poem to George Herbert, not only because his manuscript too was initialed ‘G.H.’ but also because, as he argued, the poem's rhythm, form, and use of metaphors were like those found in The Temple? Further evidence for Herbert's authorship was supplied by the next two major editors of Herbert's works.
Feminism and the Humanists: The Case of Sir Thomas Elyot's Defence of Good Women
Authors: Jordan Constance
Published: April 2006

Elyot's Defence of Good Women, published in 1540 and dedicated to Anne of Cleves, is one of many treatises on the nature and status of women which appeared during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. These works were of various kinds: some were written for a popular audience, others for scholars; some were composed for wives and husbands, others were intended for teachers or the clergy.’ Within this large body of writing, Elyot's Defence belongs to a special class that is particularly easy to identify. Like such works as Boccaccio's De clans mulieribus (1361) and Bruni's De studiis et litteris (1409), Elyot's Defence is humanist in character and apologetic in purpose. Treatises of this class argue that the cardinal virtues, celebrated in antiquity and represented in classical philosophy and history, have been (and can be) as well exemplified by women as men.
Some Current Trends in the Study of Renaissance Medicine
Authors: Siraisi Nancy G.
Published: April 2006

The following brief reflections on the present state of scholarship in Renaissance medicine make no claim to provide a comprehensive overview of the field. Medicine is of broad historical interest because a web of connections link it to the culture as a whole. Variously considered, medicine has a place in the history of science and technology, in social history, and in a wide sweep of cultural and intellectual history ranging from the history of philosophy to the study of popular mentalités. Moreover, although the field of the history of Renaissance medicine is one in which much, including fundamental work, remains to be done, it is also one that is now being vigorously developed in some widely diverse ways. Confronted with this breadth of topics and materials, I am seeking only to isolate a few major directions in current work
Renaissance Latin Aristotle Commentaries: Authors So—Z
Authors: Lohr Charles H.
Published: April 2006

These pages conclude the inventory of Renaissance Latin Aristotle Commentaries published in Studies in the Renaissance, XXI (1974), 228-289; Renaissance Quarterly, XXVIII (1975), 689-741; XXIX (1976), 714-745; XXX (1977), 681-741; XXXI (1978), 532-603; XXXII (1979), 529-580; XXXIII (1980), 623-734. The commentaries have been arranged alphabetically according to the author's family name, with a brief biobibliographical note and indication of the manuscripts and printed editions.

On the completion of this inventory I should like to express my gratitude for the tireless cooperation of Gerlinde Danzeisen and Marlen Wronka.
Giuseppe Moletti's “Dialogue on Mechanics” (1576)*
Authors: Laird W. R.
Published: April 2006

Giuseppe Moletti (1531-1588) is now remembered only as one of the mathematicians to whom a young Galileo submitted some theorems on centers of gravity, and as Galileo's immediate predecessor in the chair of mathematics at the University of Padua. Yet in his day Moletti was well-known and highly regarded: he was, for instance, one of the mathematicians consulted by Pope Gregory on calendar reform, and his geographical and astronomical works went through several editions in his lifetime. Since his death, however, the only writing of Moletti's to be printed was a brief passage that caught the attention of Giambattista Venturi in the early nineteenth century. Venturi, searching for lost fragments of Galileo's works, came upon Moletti's otherwise unknown and unprinted “Dialogue on Mechanics” in a manuscript in the Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Milan.
The Plague of The Alchemist
Authors: Ross Cheryl Lynn
Published: April 2006

In 1610, the plague hit London with unusual force. Ever since the Black Death more than a century earlier, bubonic plague had been endemic to Britain, and city dwellers were accustomed to the loss often or fifteen lives each year. But when the number of plague deaths exceeded thirty or forty, panic threatened. Then public gathering-places, such as theaters, were closed, since the disease was thought to spread directly through human contact. A predictable exodus from the city began: anyone with money and access to a country house fled for the duration of the epidemic, leaving the less fortunate in the grip of “the Poor's Plague.“’ When members of the dominant social classes decamped, they delegated household authority to their servants. These temporary aristocrats shared the city with quack doctors who sold unicorn's horn and patent nostrums guaranteed to cure the disease. The city took on a macabre carnival atmosphere of license, at least for those who were still healthy.
Tuscan Names, 1200-1530
Authors: Herlihy David
Published: April 2006

“A name,” Bernardine of Siena declares, “is a famosa notitia,“ a public statement.’ In this paper I review the stock of personal names, and, implicitly, the public statements, associated with the men of women of Florence and of Tuscany, between the thirteenth and sixteenth centuries. The justifications for this enterprise are two. The surviving sources give overwhelming attention to the rich and powerful; they pay little heed to the poor and lowly. Inevitably, they yield an unbalanced view of Tuscan society. But if in most respects the humble are voiceless, they do bear personal names; they do make, in Bernardine's phrase, public statements.

Moreover, as Bernardine implies, a name is far more than a bland identifier. It is rather a pointer, that directs our gaze in three directions. Its principal and unvarying function is to identify a particular man or woman. It bestows individuality; it ensouls. But names may also recall the past; often, they convert living persons into memorials to the dead.
An Anatomy of the Historical Revolution in Renaissance France*
Authors: Schiffman Zachary Sayre
Published: April 2006

In his Dessein de l'histoire nouvelle des françois, Lancelot Voisin de La Popelinière offered a blueprint for a French history of broader range and deeper reach than any previous effort. He divided his proposed work into three parts: pre-Roman Gaul, Roman Gaul, and the kingdom of France from the Merovingians to the present. Part one would concern “the form of government, public and private, of the Gauls living in liberty before the Romans had envied, undermined, and eventually seized their dominion.” It would detail their religion (its priests and rituals), their nobility (its composition, privileges, and lifestyle), the lesser social orders (merchants, artisans, and commoners), and their public institutions (laws, magistrates, and other officials) — “in brief, everything notable about so little-known a state.” Part two would follow the same pattern but in even greater detail, examining the changes introduced by the Romans in “religion, administration, justice, military discipline, finances, and business, ” as well as social changes.
The Historical Demography of Renaissance Europe: Recent Research and Current Issues
Authors: Poos L. R.
Published: April 2006

Without the union of man and woman there can be no multiplication of the human species, but the number of these unions alone is not the only prerequisite of this multiplication: it is necessary in addition to bring [children] up with care, and to have the means of supporting them, otherwise they will either die before the natural time or they will be useless and of little value to their country… . How does Constantinople benefit from its populousness if every third year the contagion almost deprives the city of its inhabitants? Plague and disease arise in fact from the closeness and discomfort of the dwellings, the filth and dirt of living conditions and lack of care on the part of the government to keep the cities clean and the air purified, and other similar causes. All these things make it difficult to rear children, and although great numbers are born, comparatively few survive or grow to be men of any value… . Thus of the two conditions conducive to the propagation of the species, generation and upbringing, a high proportion of marriages may help the one but will certainly hinder the other… . It is not sufficient, therefore, for a prince to encourage marriages and fertility if he does not also assist the rearing and upkeep of the young, by charity towards the poor and by helping the needy and those who have not the means to marry their daughters or instruct their sons or to support themselves and their families.

Giovanni Botero, Delia ragione di stato (1589)

A product of the later Renaissance, a writer on behalf of the Counter Reformation but still “an inhabitant of Machiavelli's moral universe” (Skinner, 1; 249), Botero was remarkably precocious in observing and thinking about population issues and their relationship with economic conditions.
Comment: Blurring Genders
Authors: Chojnacki Stanley
Published: April 2006

The initial impression given by the foregoing papers is of sharp differences between the approaches of historians, art historians, and Shakespeare scholars to family, marriage, and sex. It is quite en historien, for example, that Barbara Diefendorf chooses to dwell on the collective, outward-looking institutions of family and marriage, rather than the intimate, individual, hard-to-plot matter of sexuality. Historians traditionally have been more accustomed to concerning themselves with groups, above all with traceable patterns in what groups do, than with the private quirks of individual actors in the past. This makes an intriguing contrast with Rona Goffen's emphasis on individual sensibility: of the artist, of the patron, and of the modern interpreter of visual evidence.
Pierre de Ronsard's Odes and the Law of Poetic Space
Authors: Ahmed Ehsan
Published: April 2006

Et faictes que toujours j'espie

D'oeil veillant les secretz des cieulx.

(Ode à Michel de I'Hospital)

The Odes of 1550 and 1552 reveal Pierre de Ronsard's ambition to gain entry into the court of Henri II. In the 1550 preface to the Odes, Ronsard does not make the slightest effort to veil his literary and political objectives. He presents his Odes as a poetic challenge to Clément Marot's psalm translations of 1541 and 1543 with the discovery of an equally ancient lyric source, pagan rather than Hebraic, and he mounts an ad hominem attack on the court poet Mellin de Saint-Gelais in order to win Henri's favor. The poetry, however, places in evidence other preoccupations. The Odes describe and problematize the endless wanderings of a poetic subject who seeks to uncover the secrets not only of the ancient world but of the modern one as well.
Contagion Theory and Contagion Practice in Fifteenth-Century Milan*
Authors: Carmichael Ann G.
Published: April 2006

When used to understand and combat the spread of bubonic plague, "contagion" is not a very helpful term. Plague is ecologically a complex disease transmitted from rodents to humans via fleas, and human-to-human passage of the disease is uncommon. Moreover, humans do not form lasting immunity to plague and cannot maintain the microorganism in human populations in the absence of infected rodents and their fleas. There can be no "Typhoid Mary" figure in the passage of plague.
Maddalena Nerli and Cosimo Tornabuoni: A Couple's Narrative of Family History in Early Modern Florence
Authors: Calvi Giulia
Published: April 2006

Trying to trace seventeenth-century Florentine family memoirs, I came upon a manuscript journal entirely written by a woman. Its frontispiece bore a date, 1623, and a heading: “In the name of God, the glorious Virgin Mary and all the saints of the Heavenly Court of Paradise, this book is the journal of signora Maddalena Nerli Tornabuoni, and in it she will keep a record of all her daily accounts starting from this very day in March 1623.“

As the title specified, it was mainly an account book that covered twenty years of Maddalena's widowed life up to her death in 1641. Going carefully through its pages made me begin to perceive the boundaries of a domestic world organized and governed by a middle-aged urban patrician woman. It shed light on the social world she lived in, one of children, servants, close relatives, and sharecroppers; on the concrete material objects she was surrounded by—linens, foodstuffs, furniture, clothes, devotional items; and on the physical space she occupied—city and country homes, the district of S. Maria Novella and S. Giovanni in Florence.
Marriages are Made in Heaven: Marriage and the Individual in the Roman Jewish Ghetto*
Authors: Stow Kenneth R.
Published: April 2006

The Woman—Dressed in the common mode of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries — stands with her right, or sometimes left, hand extended forward, the second finger raised and stretched forth. The man, dressed similarly, confronts her, ring in hand, to place on her outstretched finger. There are others in attendance, principally a figure of dignity close to the pair and perhaps as many as ten or more spectators. The description is that of a wedding, in fact, a Jewish one. The action takes place exclusively between the bride and the groom, although in one version of this picture (there are many), the dignified third figure raises a cup in hand; in others, he is reciting words of blessing.
The Power to Decide: Battered Wives in Early Modern Venice*
Authors: Ferraro Joanne M.
Published: April 2006

Historians of the Family in Renaissance Europe have devoted much attention to its patriarchal orientation. For the northern Italian cities, intense monographic study of elite behavior has illuminated the guiding principles behind strategies that preserved and enhanced family status. Those principles also occupy a prominent position in the prescriptive writings of contemporary jurists, humanists, and moralists; from them historians have argued that women's powers of decision in the urban environment of Renaissance Italy were severely limited. Similar conclusions have been reached for the Reformation period.
From Venetian Visitor to Curial Humanist: The Development of Agostino Steuco's “Counter“-Reformation Thought*
Authors: Delph Ronald K.
Published: April 2006

The study of Italian humanism in the age of the Reformation has focused almost exclusively on the relationship between humanism and the ItalianSpirituali.This emphasis can be traced back to the many works of Delio Cantimori. Cantimori persistently argued that humanism, with its emphasis on scriptural studies, philology, and spiritual and ecclesiastical renewal promoted evangelical spirituality and church reform among Italians. He saw the Spirituali—many of whom were humanists—as pious, devout individuals caught between their own evangelical convictions and the traditions of a spiritually unsatisfying and morally corrupt ecclesiastical system. It was the dynamics of this spiritual crisis, fueled by the clash between evangelism and the doctrines of the church, that formed the basis of many of Cantimori's works on humanism and reform in Italy.
Cyriacus of Ancona and the Revival of Two Forgotten Ancient Personifications in the Rector's Palace of Dubrovnik*
Authors: Kokole Stanko
Published: April 2006

Despite the growing interest of modern scholars in early-Renaissance civic architecture as the bearer of meaning, the public buildings of Dubrovnik (It.Ragusa;Lat.Ragusium)have received less attention than their due. This is all the more regrettable because when some of the city's monuments are seen in their appropriate historical perspective, they turn out to be more important than many scholars would have expected.

My case in point is Dubrovnik's principal government building, the so-called Rector's Palace(Palatium regiminis, Knežev dvor, or thePalazzo de'Rettori)When the fortress-like structure, which had been built in the fourteenth century, was severely damaged in 1435 by a gunpowder explosion in the armory, the authorities immediately decided to erect a new palace. Its construction was entrusted to the state engineer Onofrio di Giordano della Cava of Naples, under whose direction it was virtually completed by 1452 — only to be severely damaged by another explosion of ammunition in 1463.
Dimensions of Individuality: Recent French Works on the Renaissance
Authors: Schiffman Zachary Sayre
Published: April 2006

In his famous “essay” of almost 150 years ago, Jacob Burckhardt articulated the single most fruitful idea about the Renaissance — that it was epitomized by “the discovery of the individual.” This discovery was double-sided: Man became a geistiges Individuum and recognized himself as such; and, as a consequence of this recognition, he also came to perceive die Fülle des Individuellen in the world around him. In other words, with the self-conscious perception of one's own uniqueness came the perception of the world as being full of unique entities.

This discovery was for Burckhardt not an unalloyed blessing. His auf sich selbst gestellten Persönlichkeit (so liberally translated as “free personality“) is the individual stripped bare of all traditional defenses, standing naked before the world, with only his own wits to rely on — hardly a comforting prospect.
Circular Definitions: Configuring Gender in Italian Renaissance Festival*
Authors: Shemek Deanna
Published: April 2006

The enigma is chat my body simultaneously sees and is seen. That which looks at all things can also look at itself and recognize, in what it sees, the “other side” of its power of looking.

Maurice Merleau-Ponty

In a Memorable Passage on the philosophy of art, phenomenologist Maurice Merleau-Ponty observes that the human subject's power to act and to perceive as a separate being arises from a body at once discrete unto itself, yet continuous with the world around it. “This initial paradox cannot but produce others,” he continues. “Visible and mobile, my body is a thing among things; it is caught in the fabric of the world, and its cohesion is that of a thing. But because it moves itself and sees, it holds things in a circle around itself“.
Gendered Style in Italian Art Criticism from Michelangelo to Malvasia*
Authors: Sohm Philip
Published: April 2006

Did the concept of style have gender? Were the styles of particular Renaissance painters considered to have gendered qualities by contemporary critics? Because gender permeated the rhetorical and philological foundations of art criticism, it can provide a useful interpretive lens to examine the critical arsenal of writers on art, their attitudes toward style and the subterranean bias of their language. Feminist art history has grappled with gender more in terms of iconography, biography, or patronage following a social agenda to analyze a misogynist past and to remedy the marginalization of women in modern art historiography. An exceptional study by Elizabeth Cropper in 1976 broached the question of gender in aesthetics by reconstituting a complex history of love and beauty that converged in treatises on beautiful women.
The Politics of Fairylore in Early Modern English Literature*
Authors: Swann Marjorie
Published: April 2006

This essay argues that Stuart fairy poetry, rooted in Shakespeare's innovative representation of tiny, consumeristic fairies, attempts to indigenize new forms of elite material display. Rather than the fairies of popular tradition or courtly mythography, Stuart poets depict miniaturized Mabs and Oberons who are notable for their wardrobes, banquets, coaches, and the decor of their palaces. The fairy poetry of William Browne, Michael Drayton, and Robert Herrick must be interpreted not as playful escapism, but as a self-consciously politicized literary mode which reveals these writers’ deep ambivalence toward elite culture — and toward their own artistic role within that culture.
The Sixth Session of the UN Preparatory Committee on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court
Authors: Hall Christopher Keith
Published: April 2006

The Preparatory Committee on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court (Preparatory Committee or committee) held its sixth and final session from March 16 to April 3, 1998, at the United Nations headquarters in New York. At this session it completed its work of preparing a consolidated text of a statute for a permanent international criminal court (ICC) for adoption at a diplomatic conference in Rome held from June 15 to July 17, 1998. The consolidated text is considerably longer than the draft statute submitted by the International Law Commission to the UN General Assembly in July 1994 (ILC draft statute) and contains many different options submitted by states, but it is still largely consistent with the basic structure of the ILC draft statute.
The Rome Conference on an International Criminal Court: The Negotiating Process
Authors: Kirsch Philippe , Holmes John T.
Published: April 2006

The object of this paper is to describe the negotiating process during the United Nations Diplomatic Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court. It is told from the perspective of those that were ex officio at the center of negotiations, as members of the Bureau of the Committee of the Whole (CW).1 It describes the main issues under consideration at the conference and the evolution of the negotiations, including an inside view of the development of the final package containing the principal elements of the statute of the court.
Public Report Of Review Of Nao Submission No. 9703
Authors: Oxman Bernard H. , Aceves William J.
Published: April 2006

Public Report of Review of NAO Submission No. 9703.

U.S. National Administrative Office, U.S. Department of Labor, July 31, 1998.

On July 31,1998, the U.S. National Administrative Office (NAO) issued its Public Report of Review (Report) on a petition filed by several U.S. and Canadian labor unions alleging labor law violations in Mexico. The Report found credible allegations that Mexican workers were threatened and attacked as they sought to pursue legitimate union activities at an export-processing plant in Ciudad de los Reyes, Mexico. In addition, the Report determined that Mexican officials had failed to protect the labor interests of Mexican workers seeking to exercise their freedom of association. The Report called for ministerial consultations between the U.S. Secretary of Labor and the Secretary of Labor and Social Welfare of Mexico to address these issues.
The Law and Economics of Humanitarian Law Violations in Internal Conflict
Authors: Dunoff Jeffrey L. , Trachtman Joel P.
Published: April 2006

The problem of criminal responsibility for human rights atrocities committed in internal conflict provides an appropriate vehicle for examining various theoretical and methodological approaches to international law. The issues raised include the following: Does international law provide for individual criminal responsibility for such acts? How best can these atrocities be prevented? Should international law address these matters or are they better left to domestic law? Why does international legal doctrine distinguish between human rights violations committed in international conflict and the identical acts committed in internal conflict?
Provisional Measures, U.S. Treaty Obligations, and the States
Authors: Henkin Louis
Published: April 2006

In Paraguay v. United States, the International Court of Justice entered the following Order: The Court “[i]ndicates the following provisional measures: The United States should take all measures at its disposal to ensure that Angel Francisco Breard is not executed pending the final decision in these proceedings, and should inform the Court of all the measures which it has taken in implementation of this Order.”
Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria), Preliminary Objections, Judgment
Authors: Oxman Bernard H. , Bekker Peter H. F.
Published: April 2006

Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria) , Preliminary Objections, Judgment.

International Court of Justice, June 11, 1998.

On March 29, 1994, Cameroon filed an Application requesting that the Court determine the question of sovereignty over the Bakassi Peninsula and a disputed parcel of land in the area of Lake Chad (principally Darak and its region) and to specify the course of the land and maritime boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria. It also asked the Court to order an immediate and unconditional withdrawal of Nigerian troops from alleged Cameroonian territory in the disputed areas. As the basis of the Court's jurisdiction, Cameroon relied on the declarations made by the parties under Article 36, paragraph 2 of the ICJ Statute.
The Face in the Text: Montaigne's Emblematic Self-Portrait(Essais111: 12)
Authors: Glidden Hope H.
Published: April 2006

On the Opening Page of his penultimate essay, “Of physiognomy,” Montaigne noted that the human race is, by and large, myopic: “Nous n'apercevons les graces que pointues, bouffies et enflées d'artifice. Celles qui coulent soubs la nayfveté et la simplicité eschappent ayséement à une veue grossiere comme est la nostre: elles ont une beauté delicate et cachée; il faut la veue nette et bien purgée pour descouvrir cette secrette lumiere.“ (“We perceive no charms that are not sharpened, puffed out, and inflated by artifice. Those which glide along naturally and simply easily escape a sight so gross as ours.
Guilty Sisters: Marguerite de Navarre, Elizabeth of England, and theMiroir de l'âme pécheresse
Authors: Snyder Susan
Published: April 2006

Le Miroir de l'âme pécheresse, a volume of devotional verse named for its principal poem, was published in Alençon in 1531 and in Paris two years later. The Paris edition identifies its author as “Marguerite de France, Soeur Vnicque du Roy,” and later as “Royne de Navarre.” Some eleven years later, the daughter of Henry VIII translated theMiroiras a gift for her latest stepmother, Queen Katherine Parr. The poem has thus a doubly unusual status. In an age when literature was overwhelmingly male in its origins, the agencies of genesis and transmission for this work were female. And in an age when most writers came from the middle class, the agents of its production and reproduction were of high birth, members of royal families.
“Ever Higher”: The Evolution of the Project for the Palace of Soviets
Authors: Hoisington Sona Stephan
Published: April 2006

In this article, Sona Hoisington focuses on the evolution of the project for the Palace of Soviets and its metamorphoses during the four stages of the competition (1931-33) and after. Rather than interpreting the project as the repudiation of modernist architecture, as many scholars have done, Hoisington argues that the design evolved from the modern and functional to the eclectic and monumental. Drawing on archival materials, she demonstrates that this change came about gradually and in a contradictory fashion. Hoisington shows how the Palace of Soviets acquired mythic significance, becoming a symbol of Soviet might and determination to overtake America and a temple to the revolution and its deity, Vladimir Lenin. In conclusion, she argues that the evolution of the Palace of Soviets encapsulates the changing models in the Soviet Union of the 1930s.
“The Literary Organ of Politics”: Tomáš Masaryk and Political Journalism, 1925-1929
Authors: Orzoff Andrea
Published: April 2006

Tomáš Masaryk, the founder and first president (1918-1935) of interwar Czechoslovakia, devoted considerable time to founding, tracking, and attempting to take over newspapers and journals. In this article, Andrea Orzoff argues that journalism possessed central importance in interwar Czechoslovak political culture. Every party had its own press apparatus, making newsrooms into logical extensions of the usual arenas of political contention. But especially for Masaryk and his longtime collaborator Eduard Beneš, newspapers were a means of communicating directly with the electorate, thus subverting or evading the constraints of parliamentary politics. Orzoff offers various examples of Masaryk's successful and unsuccessful attempts to meddle in the affairs of the interwar press. She concludes that print culture helps scholars understand interwar Czechoslovak democracy and its closeness to Austro-Hungarian political culture. Particularly, the history of interwar journalism helps clarify the activities and opinions, long mythologized, of the Czechoslovak “freelancer president.”
National Identity, Cultural Authority, and the Post-Soviet Blockbuster: Nikita Mikhalkov and Aleksei Balabanov
Authors: Larsen Susan
Published: April 2006

In this article, Susan Larsen argues that the plot lines, aesthetic choices and marketing strategies of the four most commercially successful Russian films of the last decade—Nikita Mikhalkov’sBurnt by the SunandBarber of Siberiaand Aleksei Balabanov’sBrotherandBrother-2—are shaped by anxieties about Russian national identity and cultural authority that these films articulate in gendered terms as threats to paternal bonds and fraternal communities. Aiming both to emulate and to displace the Hollywood films that dominate the Russian film market, Mikhalkov and Balabanov exploit the conventions of the historical melodrama and the crime thriller to construct an explicitly Russian and emphatically masculine heroism in stories of charismatic, vanished fathers and dangerous, but irresistible brothers who defy the moral decay, crass materialism, economic imperialism and cultural solipsism that all four films associate with the west and, in particular, the United States.
Sabine Hall, A Classical Villa in Virginia
Authors: Rasmussen William M. S.
Published: April 2006

Sabine Hall, an early mansion associated with the important Carter family, has long been recognized by historians as one of the major Virginia houses of the Georgian period. Later modifications of the house, however, have obscured its original character, and this in turn has curtailed discussion of the building in relation to Colonial architecture. This study attempts to establish the several building campaigns at Sabine Hall, to analyze them in the context of colonial and later American architecture, particularly that of Virginia, and thereby to recover-at least on paper-the appearance of the house in the early 18th century. The investigation, based on primary sources, includes a consideration of colonial Virginia, the owners of the house, and its craftsmen, plan, façade, materials, rooms, outbuildings, various alterations, and garden.
Louis H. Sullivan: Investigation of a Second French Connection
Authors: Weingarden Lauren S.
Published: April 2006

The paper interprets a previously ignored document within the context of Sullivan's earlier and later theoretical writings. The document, a version of "Inspiration," in French, handwritten, and dated 1893, exists in the Sullivania archives at the Burnham Library of Architecture at the Art Institute of Chicago. It is not a translation of the earlier, 1886 version of "Inspiration," as it was previously thought, but an extensive revision intended to clarify a philosophy and theory of art which is at the basis of Sullivan's writings between 1885-1901. This document is also important because it amplifies our knowledge of Sullivan's ornament in the Union's exhibition headquarters, the Musée des Arts Decoratifs. By placing this document within a French context, two issues can be clarified regarding Sullivan's relation to the French avant-garde and his pride at the international recognition of his ornament: 1) Although the French appreciated Sullivan's ornament because of its stylistic affinity with Art Nouveau design, they understood it to be based on a theory of art which corresponded closely to their own. Art Nouveau designers, and especially Symbolist painters, regarded the roles of the artist, art, and nature in terms similar to those expressed by Sullivan. 2) Regarding the more didactic quality of the 1893 version of "Inspiration," Sullivan changed the tenor of the earlier, romantic rhapsody to emphasize his relationship with avant-garde artists in France. In this respect, he considered himself an artist, not "merely" an architect. He believed that by beautifying construction he could cause building masses to transcend their materialistic conditions and thereby communicate spiritual ideas. He sought to achieve this through his ornament.
Ideas of Structure and the Structure of Ideas: Le Corbusier's Pavillon Suisse, 1930-1931
Authors: Curtis William J. R.
Published: April 2006

Le Corbusier was obsessed with creating the prototypes of a new era of harmony for the industrial city. His solutions to individual commissions were often laden with urbanistic principles which he sometimes demonstrated at the expense of a more immediate practicality. By digging into the design process of Pavillon Suisse, we may sense how Le Corbusier translated the given program and site into the terminology of his own dream, how he coped with compromises and attacks on his ideal intentions, and how he adjusted and extended an architectural language that was already mature. In particular we are better able to gauge the way standard elements, such as the pilotis, were "re-thought" to embody new levels of meaning.
Bleuet and Anthoine Colas, Master Masons of Troyes Cathedral. Artistic Personality in Late Gothic Design
Authors: Murray Stephen
Published: April 2006

Students of medieval architecture have attempted to derive their conclusions concerning the artistic personality of "the medieval master mason" from an analysis of the building itself. Such attempts can be frustrated by the fact that we can rarely know with any certainty where one mason laid off and the next began. Such knowledge can sometimes be derived from the written sources which the process of cathedral construction has left behind. The 15th-century fabric accounts of Troyes Cathedral allow us to identify the successive master masons by name and to understand the nature of each individual's contribution. The discovery of new fabric account material reveals the name of a hitherto unknown mason, master Bleuet of Reims Cathedral. The written evidence, correlated with an analysis of the building, allows us to test the assumption that the personality of a particular master mason will necessarily be expressed in a single unified style.
Country and City in the American Romantic Suburb
Authors: Archer John
Published: April 2006

American romantic suburbs of the 1850s and 1860s have traditionally been considered the progeny of at least four prior phenomena: romantic cemetery planning, picturesquely landscaped urban parks in England, A. J. Downing's efforts to promote a consciously "rural" style of American landscape gardening, and a growing interest in family life and domesticity. But a variety of prototypes for American romantic suburbs already existed in England, not only in parks but also in resorts and metropolitan suburbs. Many of these were known to American travelers since the 1830s. The impetus for adopting such prototypes in America-and for developing indigenous, American suburban types-can be tied to an important development in the history of American ideas. During the 1840s and 1850s the long standing conflict between ideals of "country" and "city"-the conflict between agrarian gentility and mercantile progress, and also between rural independence and cultural sophistication-was at least partly resolved by suggestions that both could flourish together, if only the detrimental aspects of each could be avoided. There followed a variety of proposals for suburbs that, according to their proponents, would become superior residential environments by providing the amenities of both country and city while eliminating the disadvantages of each.
A Reworking by Baldassare Peruzzi of Francesco di Giorgio's Plan of a Villa
Authors: Marani Pietro C.
Published: April 2006

This study demonstrates that a well-known drawing of a fortressvilla on a sheet in the Uffizi Collection, Florence, traditionally attributed to Francesco di Giorgio Martini, contains drawings by two different artists executed at different dates. A close examination of this drawing-namely, the ink used in drawing the bastions of the plan, a comparison between this ink and that used for the figure drawings which appear on the verso of the sheet-and a knowledge of Francesco's and Baldassare Peruzzi's military ideas, prove that Peruzzi was responsible for the later adaptation of Francesco's plan; it was Peruzzi who added the four triangular bastions to the original plan.
The Palazzo Pitti: Planning and Use in the Grand-Ducal Era
Authors: Satkowski Leon
Published: April 2006

The Palazzo Pitti was the center of courtly life in grand-ducal Florence. This study contributes to our knowledge of daily activity within this immense structure by examining the scattered but extensive sources for its later history. It focuses on a set of plans by G. M. Marmi indicating the major divisions between ceremonial and residential functions in the palace. The most important feature of its internal arrangement-the clustered plan for the family apartments, modelled on that of Giuliano da Sangallo for the villa at Poggio a Caiano-may be seen as a characteristic feature of contemporary Medicean residences. Records of official visits suggest that the Pitti's great size was due to diplomatic protocol, namely, the constant entertainment and housing of visitors to the Medicean court. In addition, a study of population statistics shows the Pitti's impact on the social composition of its surrounding area.
The Frankish Cathedral of Andravida, Elis, Greece
Authors: Sheppard Carl D.
Published: April 2006

In the first half of the 13th century the Frankish princes of the Morea built a Gothic cathedral at Andravida, Elis, Greece. The Frankish period of dominance of the Peloponnesus lasted from 1204 to 1430. It is the least studied of any period of the history of the region. Very little exact information exists about Frankish architectural procedures. Consequently, very few indications exist to help with the identification and the dating of many of the ruins scattered throughout the Peloponnesus. The east end of the Cathedral of Haghia Sophia still stands. It consists of a sanctuary flanked by two chapels covered by rib vaults. The Greek Byzantine Ephoreia granted a permit to the Minnesota-Andravida Project to examine the Cathedral. In 1983, the Project set itself the task of establishing Frankish construction techniques of the first half of the 13th century by determining the condition and the history of the existing fabric of the Cathedral by archaeological means and by art historical analyses.
Poland's Manchester: 19th-Century Industrial and Domestic Architecture in Lodz
Authors: Popławska Irena , Muthesius Stefan
Published: April 2006

So far, 19th-century architecture in any of the three parts of the divided country of Poland has received virtually no attention from Western (and that includes German) architectural or town-planning historians. Lodz was undoubtedly the most important Polish town developed in the 19th century. The rapidity of the growth, especially in the later 19th century, was astonishing even by western European standards; the degree of preservation of late-19th-century industrial buildings-understood to include not only factories, but also workers' dwellings and factory owners' mansions-is considerable. After examining more briefly the early development of the textile colonies, which were supported very much by the State, the article deals in more detail with large industrial buildings erected by the most important entrepreneurs, Scheibler and Poznański. An attempt is made to relate the particular configuration of workers' houses and mansions to the social set-up locally and generally.
A Medieval Persian Builder
Authors: Blair Sheila
Published: April 2006

Lacking many of the documentary and archival sources available to scholars of the medieval Western world, historians of Islamic architecture are forced to turn to another feature of architectural decoration to reconstruct the building tradition: the written word. A builder's signature on a set of luster tiles in the Metropolitan Museum of Art allows us to connect the set to an early-14th-century shrine complex in central Iran. Reading of another inscription on the tiles, hitherto unnoticed and containing a signature and date, allows us to reconstruct the building campaign at the site and to evaluate the position of builders and potters in Mongol society.
Charles F. McKim and His Francis Blake House
Authors: Schiller Ann H.
Published: April 2006

Because there is a gap in Charles McKim's papers from 1870 to 1886, very little is known about his beginnings as an architect. This article uses previously unpublished letters to provide insights into the work and personality of the young McKim. It also includes hitherto unpublished drawings of the elevations and plans and a photograph of the exterior of one of his early works, the Francis Blake House (1873-1875). The only previously published photographs of the house have been one of the exterior and one of the dining room, which first appeared in the New York Sketch-Book of Architecture, July 1875. This work is considered in connection with H. H. Richardson's Andrews house of the same period. It is of special significance in that it was probably McKim's first use of shingles and was the precursor of the resort houses that McKim, Mead, and later White would design throughout the 1870s and 1880s.
A. J. Penty (1875-1937) and the Legacy of 19th-Century English Domestic Architecture
Authors: Thistlewood David
Published: April 2006

Arthur J. Penty, an English architect in private practice in York at the turn of the century, became associated with Barry Parker and Raymond Unwin as a freelance designer and exerted a fundamentally important (though largely unsung) influence on the stylistic principles now associated with Parker and Unwin's work at the First Garden City, Letchworth (founded 1903) and at Hampstead Garden Suburb in London (commenced 1905). He was a competent Arts and Crafts designer during a late phase of this idiom's effectiveness in England, believing it to be both culturally and socially appropriate in its reflection of the English temperament and its demand for high quality production. His concerns for the latter prompted him to be an architectural theorist, to popularize the work of Voysey and Lethaby, and to advocate greater on-site collaboration between architects and craftsmen and the virtual abolition of designing on paper. It also persuaded him to become a political activist and to originate a movement-Guild Socialism-which placed great faith in the potential governance of education and production by restored crafts guilds and which enjoyed a brief moment of success in the form of a National Guilds League just after the First World War. Medievalism is the key concept linking all aspects of his life's work-his devotion to the teachings of Morris, his respect for likeminded 19th-century practical idealists, his wish to encourage a return to systems of quality control and production effective in the Middle Ages, and his "medievalist" detailing of several of Parker and Unwin's landmark buildings.
Borromini, S. Ivo, and Prudentius
Authors: Herz Alexandra
Published: April 2006

The purpose of this paper is to offer a satisfactory formal and iconographical explanation for S. Ivo and its problematical elements. Although the church has been recognized for some time as Borromini's approximation of the ancient Temple of Solomon, its winding, shell-like spire does not fit into this interpretation-or any other yet proposed. The paper concentrates on a description of the Temple of Wisdom that has never before been linked to S. Ivo and shows how its apparently disparate components could be combined in one and the same building. This description appears in the Psychomachia by Prudentius (c. 405 A. D.), a poem about the battle between the Vices and Virtues. Upon the battle's happy conclusion, the Virtues build a temple to Wisdom. Prudentius's eloquent description of this temple is examined in detail, and aspects that may have appealed to Borromini are brought out and compared to S. Ivo. A Baroque masterpiece, the church incorporates Early Christian features in layout, construction, and decoration. Some of these features almost seem to be clues pointing to the building's origin in the Early Christian past, an era held up throughout the Counter Reformation as Christianity's Golden Age.