bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ferdinand Tönnies on crime and society: an unexplored contribution to criminological sociology
Authors: Deflem Mathieu
Published: July 2003

I offer a discussion of the criminological sociology of Ferdinand Tönnies (1855-1936). While Tönnies is generally well known for his theory of Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft, his elaborate contributions to the sociological study of crime have been almost entirely neglected in the history of sociology. Situated within Tönnies’ general theoretical perspective, I present the central themes of Tönnies’ study of crime and discuss its conceptual and methodological characteristics as a distinct approach in criminological sociology. I additionally center on the importance of Tönnies’ criminological work for the reception and status of his sociological theory. I argue that the neglect of Tönnies’ crime studies has led to overlooking Tönnies’ aspiration to integrate sociological theory and empirical inquiry, which has contributed to misconstrue his unique conception of social order.
Epistemology in your face
Authors: Fuller Steve
Published: July 2003

I challenge James Maffie’s claim that a fruitful ‘anthroepistemology’ can be derived from what is effectively a ‘shotgun wedding’ between the strong programme in the sociology of scientific knowledge and a naturalistic version of analytic epistemology. The first problem is that the Strong Programme presupposes a late Wittgensteinian orientation to philosophy that does not allow for the kind of normative perspective Maffie seeks for his anthroepistemology. The second problem is that his conception of the relationship between epistemologists and first-order inquirers remains largely one designed to reproduce power asymmetries among knowledge producers. I conclude by arguing that these problems will not disappear until epistemology is reunited with the other branches of value theory and hence forced to face more squarely questions concerning the ends of knowledge.
Against relativism in psychology, on balance
Authors: Parker Ian
Published: July 2003

Relativism in psychology unravels the truth-claims and oppressive practices of the discipline, but simply relativizing psychological knowledge has not been sufficient to comprehend and combat the discipline as part of the ‘psy-complex’. For that, a balanced review of the contribution and problems of relativism needs to work dialectically, and so this article reviews four problematic rhetorical balancing strategies in relativism before turning to the contribution of critical realism. Critical realism exposes positivist psychology’s pretensions to model itself on what it imagines the natural sciences to be, and it grounds discursive accounts of mentation in social practices. The problem is that those sympathetic to mainstream psychology are also appealing to ‘realism’ to warrant it as a science and to discredit critical research that situates psychological phenomena. Our use of critical realism calls for an account of how psychological facts are socially constructed within present social arrangements and for an analysis of the underlying historical conditions that gave rise to the ‘psy-complex’. Only by understanding how the discipline of psychology reproduces notions of individuality and human nature, a critical realist endeavour, will it be possible to transform it, and to socially construct it as something different.
Debate on the enlargement of the European Union
Authors: Vobruba Georg , Bach Maurizio , Rhodes Martin , Szalai Julia
Published: July 2003

The enlargement crisis of the EU has been triggered by problems related to enlargement towards the east but its roots extend far beyond that issue. To date, European integration has developed within a structure of a wealthy core territory and concentric circles around this centre. The emergence of this pattern has been driven by the dialectics of integration and expansion. But the institutional obstacles and legitimation problems linked to EU eastward enlargement indicate that very little room for manoeuvre remains for future expansion of the EU. As the expansion process reaches its limits, differentiated forms of EU integration, creating different classes of EU members, are likely to appear.
Varieties of Theorizing and the Project of Psychology
Authors: Harré Rom
Published: July 2003

There are two kinds of explanation in the natural sciences. In one we attempt to create a representation of the unobservable processes and structures that are responsible for phenomena, the strong sense of explanation, and in the other we formalize a description of the phenomena in question. Only the latter type of explanation was considered legitimate by positivists. In psychology there are already in existence a variety of psychologies used by people in different cultures to manage their lives. We have a variety of symbolic systems. Can we develop explanations in the second sense? We can start with the informal representation of the psychological bases of normative behaviour in sets of rules. But this tempting metaphor can be interpreted in three different ways. Rules can serve as instructions, as representations of unexpressed social conventions only immanent in what people do, or they can be a way of describing `good' habits. Using rule hypotheses to give explanations in the strong sense can mimic only the case of good habits.
Subjectivity and the Address to the Other
Authors: Malone Kareen Ror
Published: July 2003

This paper remarks upon some enduring debates that both mark the field of psychology in general (the individual vs the social) and have taken new forms within emerging theoretical positions in the discipline. Most certainly, the question of subjectivity as a place of agency, an effect of discourse, as politically installed, and as the ethical source of action has preoccupied a number of contributors to Theory & Psychology. Authors attempt to bridge certain constructionist and historicist insights with a concern for other registrations of subjective functioning, for example the body, the self, a sense of the moral, or political priorities. While retaining a focus on the discursive constitution of subjectivity, this paper explicates the issues that psychoanalysis brings to this difficult conceptual terrain.
Mind, Self and Psychopathology
Authors: Sass Louis A. , Whiting Jennifer , Parnas Josef
Published: July 2003

The past decade has seen a significant rapprochement between philosophy and the study of psychopathology in the English-speaking world. There is encouraging evidence of genuine dialogue: many philosophers, psychiatrists and psychologists are interested not only in how recent philosophical work on mind and self can increase our understanding of anomalous and paradoxical aspects of various disorders, but also in the ways these disorders challenge theoretical constructs in philosophy of mind and other areas. Here we focus on three of the philosophically most interesting forms of psychopathology: dissociative identity disorder, autism and schizophrenia. Each poses a special challenge to standard forms of psychiatric understanding and explanation, for in each disorder there is an absence of some aspect of experience which philosophers have traditionally assumed to be universally, even necessarily, present in human beings.
Generative Theories in Cognitive Psychology
Authors: Strube Gerhard
Published: July 2003

Modern cognitive psychology has strictly adhered to the experimental methodology of the natural sciences. Often, contributions in Theory & Psychology have addressed shortcomings and possible remedies of this predominant approach and its emphasis on `effects'. My comment contrasts this approach with the generative theories (cognitive simulation models) developed in cognitive science about 30 years ago and still not widely accepted in psychology. I characterize these generative theories, and discuss their weaknesses and their advantages over the usual way of theorizing in cognitive psychology. I hope to convince at least some readers that (a) in order to proceed in this manner, you need not buy a ready-made `cognitive architecture', and (b) that this approach results in a much more rigorous theorizing (although still well controllable as a scientific endeavor).
The Dialogical Brain
Authors: Lewis Marc D.
Published: July 2003

Using theory and data from emotional neurobiology, I suggest a neurally realistic model of the dialogical self. The model is premised on Hermans' idea of voicing and its implications for motivation, action and subjectivity. Because states of motivated attention unify brain activity, coexisting I-positions are as problematic for neuroscience as they are for psychology. To overcome this problem, I postulate an internal monologue in which the familiar I-position is subserved by an attentional system in the orbitofrontal cortex, linked with nearby affective and premotor areas. This internal monologue is fueled by gist-like perceptual expectancies of an-other's response, and it perpetuates and adjusts itself by updating these expectancies. A second I-position may be underpinned by an attentional system in the anterior cingulate cortex and its connections. These two attentional systems are partly independent, and they compete for control based on changes in emotional content and intensity. Thus, switching activation between them may account for semi-autonomous, but not coexisting, I-positions.
The Dialogical Self in the First Two Years of Life
Authors: Fogel Alan , de Koeyer Ilse , Bellagamba Francesca , Bell Holly
Published: July 2003

The first aim of this paper is to present a theory of development of the dialogical self in which change originates in creative innovations during intrapersonal and interpersonal dialogues that highlight the self (Fogel, 1993, 2001b). Dialogues form into regularly recurring routines, called frames, that are either creative (changing, developing) or rigid (unchanging). Second, we argue that there is a non-verbal form of the dialogical self that first appears in early infancy. Finally, we show how the dialogical self develops systematically over the first 18 months of life by presenting a case study of some creative and rigid frames of one infant girl and her mother.
From `the Thought is the Thinker' to `the Voice is the Speaker'
Authors: Barresi John
Published: July 2003

In 1890, William James provided a rich account of self in his Principles of Psychology. Over a hundred years later, Hermans and his colleagues have provided an equally rich account of self, most particularly in Hermans and Kempen's The Dialogical Self (1993). One of the key distinctions in the former work is that between the `I' and `Me', a distinction that Hermans builds on in his concept of the dialogical self. Nevertheless, there are differences between the two theories of self that are developed out of this distinction. In the present article I look closely at some of the differences between the two theories, and also look closely at Bakhtin's contribution to the development of the dialogical self. Through a careful comparison of the works of James, Bakhtin and Hermans, I try to indicate how our understanding of the self has changed over the past hundred years or so. At the same time, the comparison of some of the central ideas of these three authors provides a basis for a critical evaluation of certain aspects of Hermans' theory of the dialogical self.
The Mind and the Future
Authors: Miceli Maria , Castelfranchi Cristiano
Published: July 2003

We try to identify the configurations of beliefs and goals typical of the various kinds of representation of the future: forecasts, hopes and fears, and a particular kind of anticipatory representations that we call `hope-casts' and `fear-casts', which are supposed to imply not only forecasts and either hopes or fears, but also a normative component according to which the expected event `ought' to happen. We address the psychological consequences of hope-casts, either before or after the expected event comes true or false, and point to the sense of injustice and loss produced by violated hope-casts. We also address individual differences in dealing with violated hope-casts, and the possible role played by just-world beliefs, optimism and defensive pessimism. Finally, we compare our model with related approaches, and stress the negative potential of hope-casts in terms of the negative attitudes associated with them, which hamper people's ability to cope with disappointment.
Social Construction in a World at Risk
Authors: Bradley Benjamin Sylvester , Morss John R.
Published: July 2003

This essay sets up a relationship between social constructionism and the risk theory of Ulrich Beck. This dialogue is mutually enhancing. Risk theory adds a conceptualization of societal process to the relational focus of social constructionism as justified by Kenneth Gergen. It both establishes the particular character of a social world put at risk by its own modernization and proves the identity between individualization and societalization. Simultaneously, social constructionism goes beyond the traditionally individualized phenomenology of mental life in a way that is compatible with but as yet lacking in Beck's approach. Potential heir to the marriage we broker is something that stands outside the thinking of either partner: a psychology of experience. We argue that this psychology both bids fair to transform Enlightenment ambitions for the subject and provides a new conception of the task faced by the growing number of psychologists whose work is to grapple with the problems of those who live `at risk'.
Ethics as a Located Story
Authors: Rossiter Amy , Walsh-Bowers Richard , Prilleltensky Isaac
Published: July 2003

This paper provides a comparative perspective on applied professional ethics. As part of a multi-site research project, findings from a qualitative interview study of Cuban psychologists were compared to findings from a similar study of psychologists and social workers in three Canadian human service settings. The comparison generates insights into the contingent nature of conceptions and applications of ethics: that is, the authors found that different `stories' about the meaning of professional ethics derived from the different historical, political and economic relations of Cuba and North America. Such differences were manifested in the relation of the professional to the political, in collectivist versus individualist orientations to ethics, and in relationships between the personal and the professional. The authors contend that the importance of a comparative approach is that it encourages a reflexive attitude to ethics by unsettling the notion that there are universal prescriptions for ethics. In addition, the comparison opens space for including the dynamics of privilege, marginalization, power and resistance as crucial elements of the social construction of professional ethics.
Metaphysics, Teleology, Rules of Explanation and Criteria for Knowledge
Authors: Nar Wong Ka
Published: July 2003

Manuel Castells accurately judges the character of the `information age' and its `knowledge economy'. His analysis of the disintegration of the Modern world with its presupposed political philosophy of state-society segregation explains the current stagnation in most post-industrialized nations. Globalization is a new economic strategy that initiates the invention of new profits for the cover of old debts. Resistant groups who refuse identity annihilation and the chaos ensuing from global deregulation oppose empire expansion. Castells encapsulates the surface of the conflict. However, he cannot account for the criteria that would establish the rightfulness of a sensible choice amid a contest of multisystem difference. This illustrates the unanswered question of epistemological analysis that has always escaped the attention of Modern theoreticians. Reference to terms like `information society' and `knowledge economy' requires the theoretical organization of a knowledge discourse that presupposes a competent mastery of its metaphysical underpinnings. Only if a theory can be properly placed in a groundwork of metaphysical rules, accompanied by a teleological account and the rules of explanation that justify the choice of certain models as right, can it be demarcated as a real theory grounded in certainty, not opinion. Unless the question of `knowledge' and its metaphysics of justification are properly handled, any reference to the word only illustrates ignorance and thus further exposes the repressed doubt that has always hidden at the forefront of Modern consciousness. Real progress in knowledge can be attained if doubt is answered by an adequate use of theory. A meta-theoretical analysis is offered for the constructionist paradigm of epistemology to differentiate its concepts of discourse, knowledge and first-person intentionality.
The Situation of Social Constructionism
Authors: Shotter John , Lannamann John W.
Published: July 2003

In a recent exchange in Theory & Psychology, in which (mostly Gergen's) social constructionism was the subject of some criticism, Gergen (2001a) remarked toward the end of his response, `I no longer find the tradition of argumentation a viable one.... Yet in order to sustain the dialogue, I find myself nevertheless drawn into the ritual' (p. 431). He does not, however, expand any further on this comment. Yet, as he is someone committed to the view that constructions are `social artefacts, products of historically situated interchanges among people' (Gergen, 1985, p. 267), we feel that he should. For, to the extent that he is a participant in `the Ritual' (the ritual of theory-criticism-and-debate), it is constitutive of his own identity. Indeed, there is thus something strangely paradoxical in all discussions of social constructionist theory and metatheory within the Ritual. For participant theorists still all center their talk-talk of theoretical concepts and ideas, of theoretical structures, and of how such structures might explain human conduct-within their own self-contained consciousnesses. As a consequence, although many would like to think of themselves as having moved away from a philosophy centered in the thought and ideas of individuals, such talk fails to achieve its aim. In ignoring the fact that the topics of their talk, their debates, exist only as joint achievements, they pass each other by. In this article, we explore what is entailed in re-situating social constructionism within the dialogically structured, spontaneously responsive, living events occurring between ourselves and the others and othemesses around us.
Reply to Gergen
Authors: Hibberd Fiona J.
Published: July 2003

Gergen's (2001) response to two recent papers (Hibberd, 2001a, 2001b) was to maintain that I (and other critics) assume the traditional approach to argument, one that is committed to both objectivity and the goal of truth. He finds this tradition no longer viable and he rejects the charge that social constructionism denies external reference. In this reply, I explain why that charge is made. I argue that (i) external reference is denied by his brand of social constructionism because the distinction between the act of proposing and what is proposed through that act is conflated, and (ii) Gergen's desire to `sustain the dialogue' requires him to take the principles of propositional logic as empirical, not conventional, and in so doing to also assume the traditional approach to argument. I also highlight certain features of realism of which some social constructionists appear unaware and I make clear the distinction between knowledge, certainty and fallibilism.
Social Constructionism as Ontology
Authors: Nightingale David J. , Cromby John
Published: July 2003

This paper contends that anti-realist claims regarding the `nature' of social constructionism and the world it describes are erroneous. Specifically, we argue that claims regarding the impossibility of referentiality and objectivity-often seen as defining characteristics of constructionism-mistake both the nature of the subject matter at hand and the consequences that follow from theoretical critiques of naive objectivism and realism. Drawing upon the (critical) realist philosophy of science, we illustrate, through the use of a particular case study, that the version of constructionism proposed here is more compelling, credible and has greater utility than others that have been offered.
A Grief Observed: Grief Experiences of East Asian International Students Returning to their Countries of Origin
Authors: Butcher Andrew
Published: July 2003

Most international students, at some point, return to their countries of origin. This article, drawing on research of East Asian tertiary students returning to their countries of origin after studying in New Zealand, highlights the grief encountered during the reentry process. This grief is “disenfranchised grief”: a longing for belonging. This grief may be cultural and its expression may be circumscribed. This grief is also specific: from renegotiating relationships with family and friends to consolidating a changed worldview and challenging expectations. However, although this grief can never be removed, it can be ameliorated: preparation programmes in both the host country and the country of origin can allow the students’grief not only to be observed but also to be expected.
Health-Seeking Behaviors and Social Change: The Experience of the Hong Kong Chinese Elderly
Authors: Holroyd Eleanor
Published: July 2003

In this article, the author outlines how the Hong Kong Chinese elderly revise, shift, and modify their health-seeking behaviors to adapt to rapid social change, presenting data drawn from three studies undertaken with elderly Chinese conducted in Hong Kong during the period 1993 to 1998. The primary data source is a qualitative survey involving interviews with 47 elderly Hong Kong Chinese men and women to ascertain their health-seeking beliefs and behaviors. The author analyzes how public policy and Confucian rhetoric constitute social guidelines, which are perceived in light of an individual’s resources, gender and generational experiences and are manifest in health-seeking behaviors: seeking religious solace, preparing special food, visiting formal and informal healers, and shifting expectations of what constitutes family support. The article highlights the interface between public interpretations of old age, morality, religion, filial support, and personalized meaning as manifest in health behaviors.
The Personal Development of Mothers of Terminal Cancer Patients: How Japanese Women Change through the Experience of Caring for and Losing their Children to Cancer
Authors: Saiki-Craighill Shigeko
Published: July 2003

The author interviewed 57 mothers who had lost children to cancer about their experiences concerning their children’s illness and death. These mothers became their children’s main caretakers because they felt responsible and unable to count on others. They maintained emotional stability while interacting with their children and worked to protect their children from mistakes made by health care professionals. These experiences made many mothers tougher. After their children died, they had to form a different kind of relationship to their children to overcome their grief. This process compelled the mothers to reconsider issues concerning life and death and changed their fundamental values.
Research in Black and White
Authors: Adamson Joy , Donovan Jenny L.
Published: July 2003

The authors consider the methodological, interpretative, and practical issues that arise when there is a difference in ethnicity between researcher and informant in qualitative research by drawing on the academic literature and their fieldwork experiences as White researchers undertaking studies with individuals of African/Caribbean and South Asian descent. Some contemporary issues raised by “researching the other” in the context of pragmatic health services research are highlighted, including access to same-ethnicity researchers, the involvement of interpreters, and the potential for ethnocentric interpretation. The authors believe that qualitative research should be judged by the plausibility of the findings and by a critical evaluation of the way in which the research was conducted and the reflexivity of the researcher.
Money Laundering in China
Authors: Yang Song
Published: July 2003

Money laundering in China calls for a strengthening of the supervising of the Chinese financial system. This article presents three main money laundering methods in China, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) branches, underground banks, and profiteers and launderers. The casual factors such as deficient system, lower income, and lack of international cooperation are examined and analyzed. Furthermore, it discusses some of the major problems encountered by law enforcement authorities in cracking down money laundering. Finally, improvement on countermeasures and related financial legal system in China is also discussed.
Group Efficacy And Group Effectiveness
Authors: Pescosolido Anthony T.
Published: July 2003

Group efficacy is an emerging construct that has great potential for small group performance. Several studies have linked group efficacy to increased productivity. However, few studies have examined the relationship between group efficacy and other group variables that contribute to long-term group productivity. This study addresses the relationship between group efficacy and other group variables. Specifically, it examines the relationships between group efficacy and group viability, personal learning and development, satisfaction with leadership opportunities, and the ability to work independently within the group. Results suggest that group efficacy has a beneficial effect on group dynamics and overall group effectiveness. Groups with higher levels of group efficacy rated higher on group viability, learning and self-development while within the group, and opportunities for individual autonomy. Group efficacy was not found to have an impact on satisfaction with leadership opportunities. Implications of these findings and suggestions for future research are addressed.
Self-Managing Work Teams
Authors: Chansler Phillip A. , Swamidass Paul M. , Cammann Cortlandt
Published: July 2003

There is evidence in literature that supports a link between group cohesion and performance. After the well-known turnaround in the 1980s, Harley-Davidson has become a very successful company; a command-and-control culture was replaced by a new culture of assembly employees making important decisions in work teams. This study examined the determinants of group cohesion in self-managing work teams (SMWT) called “natural work groups ” (NWG) at the Harley-Davidson Motor Company’s Kansas City, MO (HDKC), assembly plant. At this plant, NWGs are empowered to successfully run the business of assembling motorcycles. A 156-item survey was completed by 233 employees (67% response rate) at the plant. A regression model, which includes the two statistically significant independent variables, (a) employee control over team staffing and (b) perceived fairness, explains nearly 42% of the variance in group cohesion.
In Invisibility and Isolation: The Experience of HIV-Affected Families in German-Speaking Switzerland
Authors: Spirig Rebecca
Published: July 2003

Based on critical hermeneutics, the author presents insights about caregiving experiences of HIV-affected families in Switzerland. Using a qualitative approach, she interviewed 11 families and conducted 3 group discussions with members of different families. Two main themes emerged—Caught In Between: Family Changes Forced by HIV/AIDS and No Request for Support: Family Caregiving in the Context of Invisibility. The former portrays the families’ struggle with new family constellations. Members felt close to, ambivalent toward, or distant from the infected member and built subgroups representing these connections and values. The latter portrays the families’ withdrawal from their environment, whereby one or two close family members almost invisibly provided caregiving without outside support. These behaviors were reinforced by the Swiss health care system, which focuses on individuals. Suggestions for interventions are introduced.
Hong Kong Chinese Family Caregiving: Cultural Categories of Bodily Order and the Location of Self
Authors: Holroyd Eleanor
Published: July 2003

This ethnographic study entailed interviews and observations over 2 years involving 35 Hong Kong Chinese families caring for elderly coresidential members. Bodily disorder was a starting point from which to locate identifiably Chinese attempts to restore disrupted family relations. Themes included bodies out of order-challenging Confucian-informed models of family obligation; controlling bodily excretions; the body in decay; and the body as the location of self. The management of bodily order by Chinese caregivers provides a cultural category in which personal experiences are ordered as public matters within specific local contexts. Caregivers dealt with both the demands of bodily needs and the imperative to maintain a social relationship. The establishment of bodily and self-order reflects a Chinese social system whereby moral duties are located primarily in kinship. The author summarizes culturally specific ways in which health professionals working with Chinese families involved in long-term care can target assessment and interventions before the onset of physical and emotional deterioration.
Accomplishing Care at Home for People With Dementia: Using Observational Methodology
Authors: Briggs Kate , Askham Janet , Norman Ian , Redfern Sally
Published: July 2003

The authors consider the problems and possibilities presented by using unstructured observation in the home setting. The findings of the original study are described elsewhere (Briggs, Askham, Norman, & Redfern 1998; National Health Service [NHS] Executive 1998). In this article, the authors discuss process issues (e.g., gaining and maintaining access to the research setting, disengaging, what can and cannot be observed, and the validity of the data and analysis), drawing on a study of the nature of care as a form of social organization in the homes of people with dementia. They show that observation is not only possible but, when combined with conversational interviewing, essential for understanding the processes of caring and what it means to live with dementia.
Evaluating Health System Change-Using Focus Groups and a Developing Discussion Paper to Compile the "Voices From the Field"
Authors: van Eyk Helen , Baum Fran
Published: July 2003

The authors describe the contribution of a series of focus groups and a progressively revised discussion paper to the evaluation of health care reform in South Australia. The focus groups informed the evaluation about participants' experiences of the impact of reform on their agencies while enabling increased understanding about change in the health system. A discussion paper describing global health service trends and emerging findings from our evaluation was prepared prior to the first focus group and subsequently revised to incorporate participants' comments before being sent to the next group. The result was a paper that enhanced participants' discussion, and reflected their views. As an action research-based method, this iterative process was valuable for participants and the evaluation, and supported organizational learning.
Assessing (Audience) Construction Hazards: Depiction of Audience as a Variable for Comparison of Health Interventions
Authors: Southwell Brian G.
Published: July 2003

Current literature regarding health promotion and strategic communication lacks sufficient inquiry regarding the communication assumptions underlying many efforts in that arena and the implications of those assumptions. In addressing that void, the nature of the intended audience could be useful as a variable. Depictions of intended audiences often are apparent in official talk about an intervention, such as in reports or other intervention materials. Examining the language that intervention developers use to characterize intended audience members affords insight regarding the relationships between health professionals and the individuals they seek to engage.
The Fairness of Formal Budgetary Procedures and Their Enactment
Authors: Little Harold T. , Magner Nace R. , Welker Robert B.
Published: July 2003

Regression analysis of questionnaire data from 149 managers across 96 predominately manufacturing firms supported an interaction between fairness perceptions of formal budgetary procedures and their enactment by supervisors. Specifically, formal budgetary procedures justice was significantly ( p <. 05) related to job performance (positively), helping behavior (positively), and propensity to create budgetary slack (negatively) when budgetary procedures enactment justice was high, but not when it was low. The results suggest that managers exhibit particularly positive organizational behavior when they view both the formal budgetary procedures and the supervisory enactment of these procedures as fair.
Leader Role Inversion as a Corollary to Leader-Member Exchange
Authors: Sherman J. Daniel
Published: July 2003

Based on the work of Graen and Graen and Scandura on role-making processes in leader-member dyads and the leader-member exchange (LMX) paradigm, this investigation proposes a new direction for research. The findings reported demonstrate that leader role inversion positively affects a number of important work-related attitudinal and behavioral outcomes. These included higher order need fulfillment, accountability, intrinsic motivation, propensity to leave, and job satisfaction: work and supervision. The theoretical discussion presented in this article explains how leader role inversion results in a reconfiguration of role pressures. This reconfiguration of role pressures is hypothesized to affect the work-related attitudinal and behavioral outcomes. The results are tested for generalizability across plants and occupational categories.
Retraining Climate as a Predictor of Retraining Success and as a Moderator of the Relationship between Cross-Job Retraining Time Estimates and Time to Proficiency in the New Job
Authors: Lance Charles E. , Kavanagh Michael J. , Brink Kyle E.
Published: July 2003

The limited empirical research on lateral cross-job retraining supports the idea that analysis of employee transferability of skills is related to retraining success in the new assignment. The present study extends this line of research by investigating retraining climate as an additional predictor of retraining success and as a moderator of the relationships between cross-job retraining time estimates and time to proficiency in the new assignment. Of the three climate dimensions studied, situational constraints (but not organizational support or supervisory support) exhibited the predicted direct and moderator effects.
An Integrative Model for Teaching Quantitative Research Design
Authors: Corner Patricia Doyle
Published: July 2003

Teaching quantitative research design continues to challenge management educators. Challenges arise because this research requires expertise in multiple design elements including theory development, measurement, and statistical analysis. Moreover, capable design necessitates the seamless integration of these separate elements with each other. To aid educators, this article proposes an integrative model for teaching quantitative research. The model specifically focuses on matching design elements and is delineated by exercises that teach integrative skills. The author also discusses the applicability of the model to executive learning wherein managers test their beliefs or theories-in-use.
Expanding our Teaching Effectiveness: Understanding our Responses to “In-The-Moment” Classroom Events
Authors: Wheeler Jane V. , McLeod Poppy Lauretta
Published: July 2003

Responses to “in-the-moment” events—defined as events that take an unexpected and potentially negative turn and that require immediate unplanned responses, which may affect the continued integrity and effectiveness of the learning environment—are examined as formative of teaching effectiveness. It is argued that teacher flexibility when responding is a key factor for effectiveness. Using experiential learning theory as a framework, the concept of flexibility in responding to such events is explored. Case studies of actual teaching situations are used as the authors illustrate the application of the framework and offer strategies for increasing response flexibility.
Learning From Learning Journals: The Benefits And Challenges Of Using Learning Journal Assignments
Authors: Varner Donna , Peck Sharon R.
Published: July 2003

This paper reflects upon what we have learned in seven years of using Learning Journals with adult learners in our MBA Organizational Behavior courses. We examine various types of Learning Journals and the different pedagogical purposes they may serve. We discuss the theoretical grounding for using reflective writing as a learning strategy and the objectives of this assignment, emphasizing development of critical thinking. We examine challenges in evaluating such assignments and limitations of the assignment with regard to student differences. Finally we look at the effectiveness of the assignment and pose questions for consideration when implementing a Learning Journal strategy.
Patient Life Stories and Current Situation as Told by Carers in Nursing Home Wards
Authors: Hansebo GÖRel , Kihlgren Mona
Published: July 2003

Knowing a patient’s life story is important for good nursing care of frail and vulnerable elderly people with cognitive impairments. The aim of the study was to compare patients’ life stories and current situations as told by carers before and after 1 year of supervision, in which the Resident Assessment Instrument was used as a basis for individualized nursing care. Qualitative content analysis was used to disclose changes and to enable descriptions of patterns. After the intervention, two overall perspectives emerged from the analysis: the patient as a unique person with resources and abilities, despite limitations, and the carers’ awareness of their own professional approach. It seemed as if the supervision and the use of a comprehensive and detailed assessment tool contributed to increased knowledge about the patients and to efforts to see them as real persons behind the dementia surface.
The Conceptualization, Measurement, and Validation of Transient Mechanical Birth Trauma
Authors: Pressler Jana L. , Hepworth Joseph T.
Published: July 2003

An index of transient mechanical birth trauma (TMBT), consisting of the presence or absence of molding, cephalohematoma, subconjunctival hemorrhage, body bruising, facial bruising, petechiae, forceps marks, diminished arm movements, and sensitivity to sudden position changes, was measured on a convenience sample of 196 healthy newborns. Six dimensions of the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) and other newborn measures also were assessed. Vaginally delivered newborns had more TMBT than those delivered by cesarean section and of newborns delivered vaginally, macrosomics had more TMBT than nonmacrosomics. TMBT positively correlated with range of state, individual reflex items of resistance to left and right arm movement, predominant state during the NBAS exam, and time to complete the NBAS exam. TMBT negatively correlated with newborn state instability and 1-and 5-minute Apgars. The results supported the measure’s validity and are discussed in terms of implications for practice and further research to explore TMBT’s usefulness.
Ventilated Patients’ Self-Esteem during Intubation and after Extubation
Authors: Menzel Linda K.
Published: July 2003

The primary purpose of this study was to determine if there was a difference in patients’ self-esteem during intubation and after extubation, when differences in acuity were controlled. A secondary purpose was to examine and compare the self-esteem of subjects intubated for medical or surgical reasons. A descriptive longitudinal design compared the self-esteem of 29 subjects during intubation and after extubation. A repeated measures analysis of covariance found selfesteem to be significantly higher after extubation in subjects as a whole, when acuity at extubation was controlled. A repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance revealed a significant interaction effect for reason of intubation. Only medical patients experienced an increase in self-esteem over time. Their selfesteem was also lower when they were intubated. The findings support the dynamic nature of self-esteem in hospitalized patients. The implications of the study for research and practice are discussed.
Perceived Causes of Urinary Incontinence and Reporting
Authors: Hart Kristin J. , Palmer Mary H. , Fitzgerald Sheila
Published: July 2003

The purposes of this study were to describe what working women perceived as the cause of their urinary incontinence (UI) and to determine if there was a relationship between identifying their UI cause and reporting it.
The Relationship between Method of Pain Management during Labor and Birth Outcomes
Authors: Walker Nancy C. , Obrien Beverley
Published: July 2003

This study examined the relationship between method of pain management during labor and birth outcomes. A retrospective comparative chart review of 233 primiparous deliveries was conducted and group assignment was based on method of pain control (nonnarcotic, narcotic, or epidural). Epidural analgesia or anesthesia was associated with increased rates of instrumental and cesarean delivery. Augmentation of labor using a synthetic oxytocin was reported in more charts than expected, and the length of the second stage of labor was longer in those who received epidural analgesia or anesthesia. Apgar scores for those who received early epidural analgesia or anesthesia were lower than for those who received late or no epidural analgesia or anesthesia, although Apgar scores were satisfactory across all groups. Between-groups differences were unrelated to time of epidural placement or maternal temperature. Findings are relevant for maternal child nurses who serve as a resource for families wishing to make informed decisions about pain management in labor.
The Influence of Background Clinical Data on Infant Pain Assessments
Authors: Fuller Barbara F. , Neu Madalynn , Smith Maureen
Published: July 2003

The purpose of this study was to determine the importance of knowledge of clinical background data on nursing assessments of infant pain. In a quasiexperimental design, the infant pain assessments of two groups of pediatric nurses were compared. Both groups assessed the levels of pain of the same videotaped infants. One group also read clinical background data about each infant; the other group did not. The group who read clinical background data evidenced higher mean levels of assessed pain per videotaped infant than did the group who only viewed the videotapes. Findings underscore the importance of clinical data and clinical context in the process of assessing infant pain and the risk of underestimating pain when all factors are not considered.
Measuring Infant Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke
Authors: Stepans Mary Beth Flanders , Fuller Sara G.
Published: July 2003

Methods to measure infant exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) are needed to identify infants at highest risk for ETS-related health problems. The purpose of this study was to validate measures sensitive to changes in levels of infant exposure to ETS and to develop a predictive model of infant exposure to ETS. Fifteen infants of smoking mothers were followed from birth to 6 weeks of age. Exposure to ETS was measured by using a smoking habits questionnaire, cigarette “butt” collection, infant urine nicotine and cotinine levels, and ambient nicotine (personal air monitors). The 24-hour cigarette butt collection was the best predictor of acute (adjusted r2 = .83) and chronic exposure (adjusted r2 = .47) measured by infant urinary nicotine and cotinine levels when the infants were 2 weeks of age. Including scores on the smoking habits questionnaire and ambient nicotine levels increased the adjusted r2 to .88 and .61, respectively.
Falls in a Community of Older Adults
Authors: Resnick Barbara
Published: July 2003

This study described the incidences of falls and injuries related to those falls in a community of older adults. It used a convenience sample of 220 older adults in a continuing care retirement community. Over a 2-year period, all residents who had a witnessed or reported fall were evaluated by a nurse or nurse practitioner and completed a Falls Data form. There were 154 falls, most of which occurred between noon and midnight, within the residents’ apartments, when walking (63%) or transferring (19%). Only 16 (10%) of the falls resulted in a fracture. The number of falls was the only variable associated with having an injurious fall. Individuals who had atrial fibrillation or neurological problems, were not married, and did not adhere to a regular exercise program were more likely to have multiple falls. The findings were used by the nurse practitioner to educate residents about falls in their community and to develop interventions to decrease the risk and incidences of falls.
Pain, Analgesic Use, and Morbidity in Appendectomy Patients
Authors: Cheever Kerry H.
Published: July 2003

Pain has immunosuppressive effects among the critically and chronically ill, and opioids may immunomodulate pain’s deleterious effects. However, little is known about the relations between acute pain, acute illness, and morbidity among previously healthy surgical patients. This study retrospectively examined these relations in appendectomy patients (N = 61). Eleven patients (18%) had morbidity, with atelectasis (11.5%) the most frequent complication. There were no differences between those patients with and without morbidity and pain intensity, method of opioid administration, and total opioid dose. Patients who received nonopioid analgesics received fewer opioids, less preemptive analgesia, and had less morbidity, whereas patients whose appendixes perforated received higher opioid doses and received more preemptive analgesia. Although the relations between acute pain, opioid use, and morbidity among previously healthy surgical patients are unclear, findings infer that clinical practice does not follow guidelines advocated by analgesic experts.
Health Care Providers’ Influence on HIV-Infected Women’s Beliefs and Intentions Related to AZT Therapy
Authors: Sowell Richard L. , Phillips Kenneth D. , Murdaugh Carolyn , Tavokali Abbas
Published: July 2003

This study examined how women’s relationship with their primary health care provider (PHP) and their perceptions about how effective their PHPs believe zidovudine (AZT) to be in decreasing perinatal transmission related to women’s AZT beliefs and intentions. It used a cross-sectional design to collect data from 59 HIV-infected African American women. Almost half the women (45%) had given birth since HIV diagnosis. Most of the babies born to HIV-infected mothers (87%) were seronegative. Data analysis with Pearson’s r indicated that the quality of the women’s relationship with their PHP was positively correlated to how important the PHP would be in decision making related to AZT therapy. Significant positive correlation was observed between women’s perceptions about how effective their PHPs believed AZT to be in decreasing perinatal HIV transmission and the women’s own beliefs about AZT, their intent to take AZT if pregnant, and intent to give AZT to a newborn.