bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of Vacuum Insulation Panel Systems
Authors: Tao Wei-Han , Sung Wen-Fa , Lin Jian-Yuan
Published: July 2017

Rigid polyurethane foam is one of the most effective practical thermal insulation materials used in applications ranging from buildings to the domestic refrigerator. However, owing to the need to eliminate the CFC blowing agents that are hazardous to the environment, an advanced insulation must be developed. One of the most effective forms of thermal insulation, as employed in the walls of the refrigerator, is the vacuum insulation panel (VIP). VIP insulation consists of the core materials that are encapsulated at low pressure in a very thin, low gas permeability and low conducting barrier. This paper focuses on a unique panel design based on the evacuated, 100% open cell rigid polyurethane foam with getters encapsulated in laminated films under various conditions. A series of studies of the effect-factors of the batch manufacture efficiency and the thermal conductivity performance of the VIPs are discussed. Those effect-parameters are rigid polyurethane foams cell size, drying pretreatment, evacuation pressure, with or without getters and encapsulation barrier.
Flexural Properties of Mica Filled Polyurethane Foams
Authors: Vaidya Nitin Y. , Khakhar D. V.
Published: July 2017

Integral skin foams consist of a cellular core and a near solid skin of the same material surrounding the core. A study of the effect of mica on the flexural properties of free rise and integral skin polyurethane foams is presented. Addition of a small amount of mica (5% v/v) is found to significantly increase the flexural modulus of free rise foams; however, the modulus remains nearly constant with further increase in mica concentration when compared at equal densities. The flexural strength of free rise foams is found to decrease with an increase in mica concentration. Similar trends with mica concentration are obtained for the integral skin foams of a fixed overall density. In this case, the properties of the foams are also dependent on structural parameters such as the skin and core thicknesses and the corresponding densities which are measured.

A three region model for the integral skin foam structure (core and two skins) is developed to obtain the flexural modulus and strength for foams with dissimilar upper and lower skins in terms of the thickness and the properties of the regions. Empirical equations, based on the experimental data for free rise foams with different mica loadings, relating the flexural modulus and flexural strength to the density, are used to calculate the properties of each region in the model. The predicted values obtained from the model are found to be in reasonable agreement with experimentally measured values of flexural modulus and flexural strength. The mode of failure (tensile rupture as opposed to wrinkling) is also correctly predicted by the model.
New Developments in HFC-245fa Appliance Foam
Authors: Doerge H. P.
Published: July 2017

The phaseout of HCFC-141b as a blowing agent for rigid foams is scheduled to begin in 2003 or sooner. The blowing agent to replace it should have low thermal conductivity, zero ozone depletion potential (ODP), low global warming potential (GWP) and be low in toxicity. In addition, other desirable characteristics include good compatibility with polyols, stability of the blowing agent by itself and in masterbatches, ease of handling, compatibility with plastic food liners, reasonable cost and feasibility of manufacture, good processing characteristics in machinery and no flammability. Finally, the blowing agent should produce foams having insulation properties which are comparable to or better than those made with HCFC-141b.

Considerable effort is being directed to developing new appliance foam systems for North America which use blowing agents that have many or all of these characteristics. A number of candidates have been evaluated from which HFC-245fa meets the majority of these criteria if not all of them. Bayer Corporation reported data on HFC-245fa blown appliance foams which had most of these characteristics. Energy performance in cabinets was less than 1% poorer with the HFC-245fa foam versus an HCFC-141b commercial foam.

For the future, energy standards in the United States will become 25 to 30% more stringent after July 1, 2001. Therefore, the insulation value of HFC-245fa foams will most likely have to be better than foams blown with HCFC-141b. This paper will discuss new developments with HFC-245fa blown appliance foams. Results of a design of experiments to study the effects of catalyst levels, the processing temperatures of the masterbatch and the isocyanate and the viscosity of the formulation on physical properties will be presented. Results will be compared to a previously reported HFC-245fa system and to an HCFC-141b commercial system.
Preparation and characterization of paraffin/nickel foam composites as neutron-shielding materials
Authors: Zhang Yun , Chen Feida , Tang Xiaobin , Huang Hai , Ni Minxuan , Chen Tuo
Published: July 2017

Traditional neutron-shielding materials usually have poor mechanical properties and secondary gamma-shielding capability. The new requirements of modern neutron-shielding materials are difficult to satisfy. A paraffin/nickel foam neutron-shielding composite was prepared and characterized in this study. Open-cell nickel foams were fabricated through electrodeposition. Subsequently, the paraffin/nickel foam composite were prepared by filling the open-cell nickel foams with melted paraffin. The intrinsic parameters of nickel foam and the content of neutron absorber (boron carbide) were controlled to optimize the composite. The mechanical properties of the composite were studied through a static compression test. The compressive strength improved to 0.4 times that of the nickel foams. The Am–Be source transmittance experiment showed that the 8 cm thick PFM presented a neutron transmittance of 56.1%, and the 6 cm thick boron carbide/paraffin/nickel foam (PFM-B) presented a neutron transmittance of 37.6%. The paraffin/nickel foam and PFM-B had approximately the same shielding efficiency as paraffin and boron carbide/paraffin, respectively. However, the second gamma ray shielding efficiency of the paraffin/nickel foam and PFM-B was significantly higher than that of paraffin and boron carbide/paraffin. The mechanical properties and secondary gamma ray-shielding capability of the composite can be improved by increasing the relative density of nickel foams.
Causation in Criminal Law: A New Look at Jordan, Smith, Blaue and Cheshire
Authors: Salako Solomon E
Published: July 2017

This article re-evaluates cases decided on legal causation in criminal law since Holland (1841) taking cognisance of advances in medical science, good medical practice and judicial attitudes. It is argued that Re T (1992) and Bland (1993) and cases sequel to them cast serious doubts on (and indeed compel a restatement of) the principles of legal attribution relating to intervening events and refusal of medical treatment.
Semel Auditory Processing Program: Training Effects Among Children With Language-Learning Disabilities
Authors: Semel Eleanor M. , Wiig Elisabeth H.
Published: July 2017

This investigation considered whether language processing abilities among school-age children with language-learning disabilities could be improved through training with the Semel Auditory Processing Program (SAPP) (Semel 1976). Selected sections of the SAPP were administered to 45 language-learning disabled youngsters, aged 7½ to 11 years old, over a period of 15 weeks in 30-minute sessions daily. A significant proportion made language age gains of more than six months on subtests of the ITPA and DTLA and on the Carrow Elicited Language Inventory. The mean performance gain on the ITPA Grammatic Closure subtest was 15.48 months. On the DTLA Auditory Attention Span for Unrelated Words and Verbal Absurdities subtests, the mean gains were 15.73 and 22.0 months, respectively. The mean performance gain on the Carrow Elicited Language Inventory was 12.57%. The results suggested that substantial gains in selected language processing skills may be observed when they have been the focus of specific training even though the contents of training did not match the contents of criterion tests.
Peers as Tutors in the Mainstream: Trained "Teachers" of Handicapped Adolescents
Authors: Haisley Fay B. , Tell Christine A. , Andrews John
Published: July 2017

Objective: The Peer Tutoring Model developed by the authors was designed to train eighth and ninth grade students as "teacher tutors" in a junior high school. The tutor's role was to increase the learning success and on task behavior of mainstreamed peers in content area classes.
Some Characteristics of Word Classification
Authors: Bruce D. J.
Published: July 2017

An exploratory study is reported which investigates the effect of given structure on word classification. Subjects have to complete, by selection from a number of alternative items, a word list whose initial entries are systematically varied in relative position from subject to subject. The alternative items fall into three reference categories, Vegetables, Birds and Mammals, but only two are represented by the given entries. The hypothesis that the positional relation of the given words will influence completion strategy is confirmed, and there is some indication of the effect of increasing the initial representation of one of the given topics. The relation between use of the given topic and separation from the given item in subjects' completions is described, and attention is drawn to an underlying consistency in the grouping shown by many of the classifications.
The Perception of Vowel Colour in Formantless Complex Sounds
Authors: Carpenter Alan , Morton John
Published: July 2017

Complex sounds were manufactured by passing the output of a buzz source through band-pass filter networks. The resulting stimuli were played both to phoneticians and to phonetically naive subjects who were asked to judge the vowel colour of the sounds. The responses showed that complex sounds are categorised consistently with regard to their vowel colour in spite of the absence of formant peaks.

The following additional conclusions can be drawn:

(1) The judgement of vowel colour is relatively unaffected by such features of the stimulus as variability in length between 300 and 700 msec. and the temporal qualities of the on-off transitions.

(2) Vowel sounds of the back group can be simulated with a low-pass filter; and increasing the cut-off frequency shifts judgement in the direction from “high” to “low”, i.e. from /u/ to /α/, and then /a/.
Social Class, Linguistic Codes and Grammatical Elements
Authors: Bernstein Basil
Published: July 2017

In a previous paper (Bernstein, 1962) two general types of linguistic code, elaborated and restricted, were proposed. These codes were regarded as functions of different forms of social relationships. The codes were thought to entail qualitatively different verbal planning orientations which control different modes of self-regulation and levels of cognitive behaviour. Social class differences in the use of these codes were expected. Speech samples were obtained and the hesitation phenomena analysed, from a discussion situation involving small groups of middle and working class subjects with varying I.Q. profiles. It was found that the middle-class groups used a shorter phrase length and a longer pause interval than the working-class group. These differences in the hesitation phenomena were sharper when working-class and middle-class groups, matched for intelligence on a group verbal and non-verbal test, were compared. It was considered that the members of the two class groups were oriented to qualitatively different levels of verbal planning which control lexicon and structural selections. The working-class groups were thought to be making selections from a lower level of the linguistic hierarchy; whilst the middle-class subjects irrespective of verbal I.Q. were oriented to making selections from a higher level of the hierarchy. This paper will report the analysis of the speech.
Paralinguistic and Kinesic Cues in a Word Association Game
Authors: Morey Edward , Koenig Fredrick
Published: July 2017

Observations were made on fifteen telecasts of a word association game to ascertain the use of paralinguistic and kinesic cues by the partner giving the stimulus words. The types of stimulus words were classified into seven categories. Of these seven, the three categories of antonyms, hyphenated words and frequently paired words were accompanied by paralingustic and kinesic cues.
The Use of Formulation Frames in Syntax Perception
Authors: Leiser David
Published: July 2017

A source of regularity in sentence construction is the recurrent use of certain fixed syntactic formats in formulating explanations, descriptions, etc. It is demonstrated that subjects exploit these regularities in sentence perception. They assimilate some of the features of the sentence to formulation frames, rather than determining its actual morpho-syntactic structure, and do not normally check the conformity of the sentence to the presumed format. This is shown by an experiment on perceiving "perverse" sentences, which deviate from the normal formats so that normal relationships do not obtain. It is further shown that expectations raised by the context influence the process of sentence analysis and interpretation.
Components of Evaluative Reactions to Varieties of Irish Accents
Authors: Masterson J. , Mullins E. , Mulvihill A.
Published: July 2017

The effects of rater's accent and amount of linguistic experience on semantic differential ratings of samples of three varieties of Irish accent, Standard, Rural and Dublin, were explored. Principal components analysis revealed two major components. The first, labelled Prestige, accounted for 43.5% of the variance, while the second, labelled Solidarity, accounted for a further 21.4% of the variance. The analysis of variance showed no significant experience effect or accent loyalty effect. For both Prestige and Solidarity scales the differences between the mean scores given to the speech varieties were statistically significant. The differences between the mean scores given to individual tapes within speech varieties and between those given by individual subjects within accent/experience groups were also highly significant statistically. For Solidarity the results suggest an interaction between the effects of the individual subjects and the accent varieties. The dimensionality of the results is discussed in relation to the findings of Edwards (1979), Williams (1970), Gallois and Callan (1981), Carranza and Ryan (1975) and Brennan and Brennan (1981).
Are There Cognitive Rhythms in Speech?
Authors: Power M.J.
Published: July 2017

Two studies are presented which investigated whether spontaneous speech is characterized by the presence of a cognitive rhythm that consists of alternating phases of hesitancy and fluency. In the first study, cumulative phonation-silence graphs were generated from the tape recordings of 54 one-minute monologues. These phonation-silence graphs were presented to two judges who were asked to rate the graphs for the presence or absence of cognitive rhythm. The results showed that the judges considered cognitive rhythm to be absent. A similar procedure was used in a second study in which the graphs were produced from a further set of 48 one-minute monlogues. As before, the two judges considered cognitive rhythm to be absent. In addition, in the second study the judges were unable to distinguish a set of computer-generated random walks from the speaker-generated graphs. It is concluded that cognitive rhythms are no more typical of normal speech than they are of random walks, and that any claims about their presence in speech must be treated with great caution.
Visual Feedback of Intonation I: Effectiveness and Induced Practice Behavior
Authors: De Bot K.
Published: July 2017

A description is given of an experiment in which an attempt was made to show that audio-visual feedback is more effective in intonation learning than auditory feedback. The factors in the experiment were feedback mode and practice time. The results showed a significant effect of audio-visual feedback over auditory feedback, whereas practice time did not seem to be a major factor. Feedback modality was shown to influence learning behavior. -
Speaking Fundamental Frequency: Some Physical and Social Correlates
Authors: Graddol David , Swann Joan
Published: July 2017

Previous correlational studies have found no relationship between speaker height, weight and speaking fundamental frequency, although it has often been claimed that listeners can correctly identify the height, weight, and bodily build of speakers and that voice pitch is one of the cues used. In this study various social factors were controlled for, and contrasting samples of speech from each subject were analysed. Twelve men and 15 women, drawn from a socially homogeneous group, were asked to read two passages and to phonate the vowel /a:/ at "their lowest attainable pitch." The median speaking fundamental frequency from both passages was calculated and a measure of basal F0 was obtained from the phonation of /a:/. In contrast to other studies, a relationship was found between speaker height and median speaking fundamental frequency, but no relationship was found between speaker weight and F0. The correlation between median speaking fundamental frequency and height was significant only in the male sample and in one passage. Physical and social interpretations for these findings are discussed.
The Perceptual Center and Rhythm Categories
Authors: Hoequist Charles E.
Published: July 2017

The perceptual center (P-center) is a phenomenon which has been used to account for the failure of acoustic-waveform measurements to verify impressionistic claims about language rhythms. To date, the existence of the P-center has only been tested for English. An experiment is described in which the P-center phenomenon is tested in a stress-timed language (English), a syllable-timed language (Spanish) and a mora-timed language (Japanese). The effect is found in all three languages, suggesting that the P-center is a language universal.
The Use of Time in Storytelling
Authors: Kowal Sabine , Wiese Richard , O'Connell Daniel C.
Published: July 2017

A total of 18 experimental corpora of spontaneous speech in five languages (English, Finnish, French, German, and Spanish) were examined under the hypothesis that they are characterized by commonalities in the use of time. Each study was based on the same speech type, story telling elicited by pictorial materials. The temporal measures were speech and articulation rates, pause duration, phrase length, and percentage of pause time/total time. The hypothesis was confirmed except for studies carried out with identifiably variant methodologies. Further support for the hypothesis was found by contrasting the use of time characteristic of interviewees' speech.
Some Word-Order Effects in Serbo-Croat
Authors: Urošević Z. , Carello Claudia , Savić M. , Lukatela G. , Turvey M.T.
Published: July 2017

In the Serbo-Croatian language, the relative order of subject (S), verb (V), and object (O) is flexible. All six of the permutations of those elements have identical words, meaning, and voice, and all six are grammatically acceptable. Nonetheless, SVO is the dominant form. The psychological reality of this dominance was assessed in three tasks. SVO was associated with the shortest latencies (and SO forms in general were faster than OS forms) when subjects were asked to evaluate the plausibility of a sentence (Experiment 1) or to initiate an utterance (Experiment 2). This advantage did not obtain in lexical decision (Experiments 3 and 4). Results are discussed in the context of linguistic universals of word order and Forster's (1979) model of the language processor.
Garment function module to reduce motion artifacts in heart-activity-sensing clothing based on a magnetic-induced conductivity sensing method
Authors: Koo Hye Ran , Lee Jeong-Whan , Lee Joo Hyeon
Published: July 2017

Bio-signal-sensing clothing has been actively developed worldwide. However, motion artifacts caused by a wearer’s motion degrade the bio-signal quality. A significant amount of work has been aimed at resolving this problem, but such work mainly focused on the application, rather than on the comfort, fashion, or function of the clothing. This study investigated the feasibility of reducing motion artifacts in the garment design by improving the garment function modules. To achieve this, the study comprised two parts: observation of the effect of the bodice module and that of the sleeve module. We found that the bodice module reduces motion artifacts and obtains stable signals of heart activity. Further, we found that the sleeve module reduces motion artifacts but not as significantly as the bodice module. These results suggest fundamental guidelines for applying apparel design techniques to heart-activity-sensing clothing based on the magnetic-induced sensing method.
The Plane Elastic Characteristics of Cord—Rubber Laminates
Authors: Clark S. K.
Published: July 2017

Results from an experimental study on rayon and nylon tire cords embedded in rubber are reported. Stress-strain curves in tension and compression on thick-walled cylinders of such materials show that much higher moduli of elasticity are exhibited by cords under tension than by cords in compression. However, the compression modulus of twisted cords is not insignificant, and such cords can apparently carry appreciable compressive loads when properly encased in rubber and when prevented from buckling.

A bilinear approximation to the stress-strain curves of such materials is proposed as a means for approximate structural analysis of members utilizing these materials.

Based on such a bilinear approximation, an analysis is presented for the state of stress and deformation in a laminated cord-rubber sheet under plane loads, using the principles of orthotropic materials. It is shown that four elastic constants are sufficient to describe the properties of a typical two-ply laminate when all cords are loaded in tension; a different set of four apply to the same body when it is loaded in such a way that the cords in both plies are in compression.

The existence of interply stresses between lamina in built-up cord-rubber sheets is shown, and expressions are derived for the magnitude of such stresses as functions of the externally applied forces. Two different types of interply stresses are identified.

Experiments were performed using laminated cord-rubber cylinders under various stress states in order to compare various moduli of elasticity with those predicted from theory. Such comparisons seem to indicate that the theories proposed adequately describe the composite materials being considered.

It may generally be concluded from the work reported here that the elastic properties of any type of cord-rubber laminate may be derived from the elastic properties of a single sheet of its constituent material.
Fiber Migration in Staple Yarns
Authors: Gupta Bhupender S. , Hamby Dame S.
Published: July 2017

The effects of spinning tension and spindle speed in fiber migration are studied and discussed. By using a novel experimental technique, staple yarns were prepared at several widely different levels of spindle speed, while holding the tension constant, and at several widely different levels of spinning tension, while holding the speed constant. By using these samples, the effect of spindle speed and spinning tension on the migratory behavior of fibers in staple yarns was studied. It was found that the migration behavior of fibers depends to a large extent upon their squared mean radial position in the yarn cross section. The two processing variables considered are shown to have a significant influence on the rate of fiber migration. The results are analyzed in terms of the buckling strains in a migrating fiber.
Reduction of Sunlight Yellowing of Wool Fabric Treated with Fluorescent Brightening Agents
Authors: Tucker J. E.
Published: July 2017

A wide variety of sulfur-containing compounds has been applied to wool in a search for substances which would protect wool fabric treated with fluorescent brightening agents against the yellowing which occurs on exposure to sunlight and to a filtered xenon arc. The most generally effective are thiols and sulfides which contain a free carboxyl group, the best being thioglycolic acid, 2-mercaptopropionic acid, S-ethylthioglycolic acid, and N-acetyl cysteine. Compounds containing sulfur in higher states of oxidation are much less effective.
Polysulfide Crosslinked Cotton by Reaction of Chlorodeoxycellulose with Ethylenediamine Hydrosulfide
Authors: Vigo Tyrone L.
Published: July 2017

Cotton fabrics with polysulfide crosslinks were prepared by reacting chlorodeoxycellulose with ethylenediamine hydrosulfide in ethylenediamine at 54–100°C. The polysulfide fabrics had good wet wrinkle resistance (280°) and strength retention (above 65%). Oxidation of the crosslinked fabrics with hydrogen peroxide did not adversely affect these textile properties. The effect of reaction time and temperature, hydrosulfide concentration, reaction solvents, method of treatment, and degree of substitution of chlorodeoxycellulose on the strength and wrinkle resistance of the polysulfide crosslinked fabrics was determined.
Selection of Optimum Fiber Properties for Cotton Knits
Authors: Ruppenicker George F. , Kingsbery Emery C. , Bouquet Norbert A.
Published: July 2017

The effects of fiber fineness, strength, and length on the properties of cotton and cotton/polyester blend knitting yarns and knitted fabrics were determined. Five cottons ranging from 3.9 to 5.2 in Micronaire reading, 38.1 g/tex to 48.1 g/tex in strength, and 31/32-in. to 1 1/8-in. staple length were evaluated. Yarns spun from a fine, medium-staple-length cotton were the most uniform, had the fewest imperfections, and compared favorably strengthwise with those spun from the strongest cotton. Differences in fiber properties had no significant effect on fabric abrasion or shrinkage resistance. However, fabrics produced from the high-strength cotton were the strongest both in the grey state and after resin finishing. Blending of 20% to 40% regular-tenacity polyester fiber with cotton reduced yarn strength, whereas similar blends using high-tenacity polyester resulted in increased yarn strength. Fabrics produced from the cotton/polyester blends generally had better abrasion resistance, less shrinkage, and smaller strength losses after resin treatment than the all-cotton fabrics.
The Effects of Some Aromatic Hydroxy Compounds on the Adsorption of Anionic Dyes by Nylon 6
Authors: Cook C. C. , Hajisharifi M.
Published: July 2017

The wetfastness of anionic dyes on nylon fibers can be improved either by treatment with a tannic acid (a polygalloyl glucose)—potassium antimonyl tartrate complex—or with syntans (water-soluble polymeric compounds which usually contain sulphonic acid and phenolic groups). Both of these agents are thought to reduce diffusion of dye out of treated, dyed fiber and therefore should reduce diffusion of dye into treated, undyed fiber. The effect of these treatments on the rates of adsorption of C.I. Acid Reds 27, 41, and 102 by nylon 6 has been measured. The contribution of sulphonic acid, phenolic, and carbonyl groups to the restraining effects observed has been demonstrated by measuring the rates of adsorption of these same three dyes by nylon which has been pretreated with a small range of aromatic hydroxy compounds and certain derivatives of these.
Dependence of Mechanical Properties on Crystalline, Intermediate, and Amorphous Phases in Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) Fibers
Authors: Deopura B. L. , Sinha T. B. , Varma D. S.
Published: July 2017

Crystalline, intermediate, and amorphous phase indices have been obtained for poly (ethylene terephthalate) fibers of different draw ratios. Azimuthal x-ray diffraction from the (010) plane is used for such an analysis. The intermediate phase is found to be linearly dependent on the draw ratio of the fibers. Experiments like shrinkage, dynamic, and static mechanical properties have been carried out for these samples, and an attempt is made to relate these properties with different phase indices. Storage modulus, loss modulus, initial modulus, strength, and shrinkage are linearly dependent on the intermediate phase. The elongation is found to be essentially determined by the amorphous phase index. The results provide further evidence for the existence of three phases in drawn PET fibers.
A Probability Model for Tuft Breakages
Authors: Kambo N. S. , Aziz Emanuel S.
Published: July 2017

To understand the breakage process of cotton tufts in the blowroom, many research workers have studied the tuft weight and its distribution. The aim of all these studies is to find a distribution that describes the observed data. In the present paper a probability model has been developed for the tuft weight distribution that describes the inherent behavior of the breakage process. The model is then expressed in matrix form for rapid application to practical problems. An explanation for the tuft breakage process results from the matrix representation of the probability model.
Measurement of the Particle Size of a High-Lightfastness Direct Dye in Cellulose by p-Nitrophenol Adsorption
Authors: Giles Charles H. , Haslam Ronald
Published: July 2017

The p-nitrophenol adsorption method has been used to determine the specific surface, and hence the particle size and aggregation number, of a high-lightfastness direct dye (C.I. Direct Green 26) in regenerated cellulose film. The particle size found at high concentrations is of the same order as that found for other dyes of this type, in cellulose film, by Weissbein and Coven, using electron microscopy. The aggregation number rises rapidly with rise in dye concentration in the film to a maximum of the order of 106 at shade depths above about two percent pure dye on film weight.
Aerodynamic Drag of Cotton Fibers in Crossflow
Authors: Taylor R. A.
Published: July 2017

“When a single cotton hair or fiber is exposed to a moving airstream, it experiences a fractional force induced by the relative movement of the air near the fiber surface. This force, known as aerodynamic drag, was measured for several cottons, each having a different Micronaire reading. Individual fibers were selected for fiber fineness and installed in a specially designed wind tunnel apparatus. Drag-force measurements for crossflow velocities from 12 to 280 cm/sec were recorded. Correlation of the test results show that aerodynamic drag coefficient for all cotton fibers can be expressed by the relation Cd = 10.35/Re0,825 for the 0.07 to 0.8 Reynolds number range, and Cd = 10.8/Re0,876 for the Reynolds numbers from 0.8 to 3. Laminar flow drag theories for smooth circular cylinders in crossflow are compared with the data recorded for cotton fibers.
An X-Ray Diffraction Method for the Analysis of Cotton/Polyester Blends
Authors: Mitcham Donald , Berni R. J. , Tripp V. W.
Published: July 2017

Cotton/polyester blends can be rapidly and accurately analyzed by x-ray diffraction techniques to give results well within the specification set by the Federal Trade Commission.
Surfactant Solution Transport in Wool Yarn
Authors: Trounson Mary E. , McLaughlin John R. , Robinson Peter W.
Published: July 2017

Surfactant solution transport rates were measured on wool yarn scoured or otherwise treated with various nonylphenol poly(ethylene oxide) (NPEO) surfactants or with the sodium salt of dioctyl sulfosuccinate. The EO chain length of the NPEO used to scour the yarn had a significant effect on the diffusivity coefficient, although not on the residual contaminant level or the color. Surfactants applied as prewetting or rewetting agents increased the diffusivity coefficients. Prewetting gives the faster solution transport rates, and the temperature of application and the wet add-on are important. The effectiveness of a rewetting agent is related to its rate of solution.
Teachers’ Perceptions of K-12 Online
Authors: Barbour Michael K. , Harrison Kelly Unger
Published: July 2017

While K-12 online learning in the United States has increased exponentially, the ability of teacher education programs to adequately prepare teachers to design, deliver, and support has been deficient. A small number of universities have begun to address this deficit through the introduction of graduate certificates in online teaching. This article examines curricular changes focused on introducing in-service teachers to K-12 online learning. This design-based research study examined changes in teacher perceptions after having completed a systematic curriculum focused on K-12 online learning, as well as track revisions to that curriculum based on the data collected. The results indicate that even in a jurisdiction where online learning has become a graduation requirement, teachers often have many misconceptions about K-12 online learning. Further, planned exposure to K-12 online learning content can have significant impact on student understanding of and interest in the design, delivery, and support of K-12 online learning.
A Pilot Study of an Electronic Exam System at an Australian University
Authors: Wibowo Santoso , Grandhi Srimannarayana , Chugh Ritesh , Sawir Erlenawati
Published: July 2017

This study sought academic staff and students’ views of electronic exams (e-exams) system and the benefits and challenges of e-exams in general. The respondents provided useful feedback for future adoption of e-exams at an Australian university and elsewhere too. The key findings show that students and academic staff are optimistic about the future adoption of e-exams if the e-exams system is sufficiently improved. They are fully aware of the benefits the technology could offer in supporting learning and education in general and see e-exams as an innovation for learning and teaching in higher education.
Paediatric surgery outreach: analysis of referrals to a tertiary paediatric surgery service to plan an outreach programme Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa
Authors: Manickchund Yashoda , Hadley GP
Published: July 2017

Paediatric surgical disease is a neglected health problem. Patients travel great distances to tertiary level care for management. This study aimed at analysing referral patterns to design an outreach programme for paediatric surgery in KwaZulu Natal. Data forms of patients referred to the service between January and July 2016 were correlated with the clinical record. Delays in management were compared to morbidity and mortality. Out of 781, 158 referrals were accepted as emergencies. The majority (62%) were children aged < 1 year. Gastro-intestinal problems (38.4%) and congenital anomalies (26.9%) formed the majority. Patients who died had a significantly longer delay in transfer. Longer total delay was associated with statistically significant greater morbidity. In a setting where a large rural population is served by single-centre tertiary care, delays exist and contribute to morbidity. The authors advocate the establishment of an outreach programme to address these issues.
From Sin to Disease: Differences and Similarities between past and Current Conceptions of Chronic Drunkenness
Authors: Ferentzy Peter
Published: July 2017

The disease conception of alcoholism, as a unified body of ideas, is barely over 200 years old despite the presence of specific tenets in older texts. Scrutiny of preindustrial sermons wherein drunkenness is identified as compulsive and progressive reveals crucial distinctions between past and current thinking on the matter: first, abstinence from drink is not the preferred solution; second, unlike today, compulsion is not a central theme even if it is mentioned; third, other sins such as fornication and even swearing are treated as out of control—and progressive—in much the same manner as drunkenness. The latter reflected a broader conception of sin wherein drunkenness was a subset, simply one example among many, pointing to a possible prototype for the more inclusive conception of dependency—involving behaviors such as gambling—that has become popular over the last 20 years. The current conception, however, involves closer scrutiny of conflicts within the self along with a far greater emphasis on compulsion.
Sexual Coercion and Substance Use among Drug-Using Women: An Event Analysis
Authors: Fenaughty Andrea M. , Farris Coreen , Bruce Sara R.
Published: July 2017

An event analysis was conducted to examine the associations between substance use and sexual coercion at most recent sexual encounter among a sample of street-recruited drug-using women. Drug-using women (n = 261) were interviewed regarding their most recent sexual encounter with a man. Illicit drugs used in the 30 days prior to interview were crack (94%), other forms of cocaine (51%), and heroin or other opiates (30%); nearly half reported having injected any drug in the previous 30 days. Hierarchical logistic regression was used to assess the unique associations between the presence of any sexual coercion at this event and (a) the woman's alcohol intoxication level, (b) the woman's drug intoxication level, (c) her male partner's alcohol intoxication level, and (d) her male partner's drug intoxication level. Controlling for demographic variables and prior verbal and physical abuse from the most recent partner, women's reports of their partners' drug and alcohol intoxication levels were significantly associated with sexual coercion at most recent sexual encounter. Interventions aimed at reducing drug-using women's risk of sexual abuse and STDs need to consider ways of targeting the male partners' substance use during sex without compromising the women's safety.
Alcoholics Anonymous Discourse and Members' Resistance in a Virtual Community: Exploring Tensions between Theory and Practice
Authors: Kitchin Heather A.
Published: July 2017

Alcoholics Anonymous has greatly informed the individual, social, and political landscape of the contemporary self-help or mutual-aid movement. There has emerged, in turn, a vast, though largely uncritical, body of research examining AA and its 12-step recovery model. A close look inside a virtual AA community, however, reveals that not all AA members embrace formal AA discourse. Through an examination of dialogue and discourse on a public Usenet newsgroup, this study demonstrates that in contrast to research that depicts AA program practices as necessarily harmonious, members' experiences of program wisdom are frequently negotiated and reassessed outside larger AA dicta. The data examined show that what becomes constituted as members' practice can be fraught with questions, tensions, and separations from conventional or ideal AA.
No Protective Effect of Alcohol Consumption on Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) in African Americans: Average Volume of Drinking over the Life Course and CHD Morbidity and Mortality in a U.S. National Cohort
Authors: Sempos Christopher T. , Rehm Jürgen , Crespo Carlos , Trevisan Maurizio
Published: July 2017

The association between average volume of drinking and coronary heart disease (CHD) morbidity and mortality in African Americans compared with whites was explored, based on a representative US sample. A prospective cohort study with interview follow-up after 10 years and outcome follow-up over about 15 years was used. The sample consisted of 1,158 African Americans and 6,607 whites, all 40 years of age and older with no history of heart disease at baseline. Alcohol intake was measured with a quantity-frequency measure. Incidence of CHD was the sum of non-fatal and fatal events as determined from hospital records and death certificates. The event with the earliest date was defined as the incident event. With respect to CHD, African Americans showed markedly higher risks and significantly fewer protective effects compared with whites. Thus the cardioprotective effects of alcohol were not present in a representative sample of African Americans. On the contrary: Moderate to high average volume of alcohol was associated with increased risk of CHD in African Americans. Patterns of drinking as a potential cause for this finding are discussed.
Updating Howard Becker's Theory of Using Marijuana for Pleasure
Authors: Hallstone Michael
Published: July 2017

Utilizing an ethnically diverse snowball sample of 31 current or former marijuana smokers, this paper uses recent data to update and expand Howard S. Becker's (J953) theory of using marijuana for pleasure. Although the main tenets of Becker's social-process-based theory of marijuana use have survived the test of time amazingly well, the data suggest that some significant aspects of the theory need to be updated. Most users become intoxicated the first time they smoke marijuana, many no longer have to learn that they are intoxicated through social interaction with other users, and most immediately find the experience pleasurable. Historical changes in marijuana “scenes,” rather than fundamental weaknesses, necessitate revisions in Becker's theory.
Anabolic Steroids and Dependence
Authors: Keane Helen
Published: July 2017

This paper examines the difficulties of applying the construct “dependence” to anabolic steroids (AS) use. It argues that although there is clinical evidence for AS dependence, there are uncertainties related to the requirement of psychoactivity, the mechanism of dependence, and the distinctive practices of AS use. The paper suggests that these ambiguities are due as much to features of the concept of dependence as to lack of understanding of AS and their effects. In particular, it focuses on the tension between the emphasis on an individual's behavior and symptoms as the defining features of dependence and the requirement that these symptoms be caused by a certain type of substance.
Availability and Sales of Alcohol in Four Canadian Provinces: A Time-Series Analysis
Authors: Trolldal Björn
Published: July 2017

The research question addressed in the present study, with ARIMA time-series analyses, was the extent to which changes in economic and physical availability had an effect on sales of alcohol in four Canadian provinces during the second half of the 20th century. The annual sales, by type of beverage (spirits, wine and beer) as well as total sales, measured in pure alcohol per inhabitant age 15 and above in each province, were used as dependent variables in the analyses. The inhabitants' real disposable income, the real price of alcohol, and the number of on- and off-premise outlets per 100,000 inhabitants were used as independent variables. All the time-series were differenced to remove long-term trends. The main study period was 1951–2000. In some of the analyses the study periods were shorter, primarily due to lack of data. Changes in economic availability in general, and in price in particular, had larger effects on sales than physical availability. Among the beverages analyzed in the study, the demand for spirits was most sensitive to changes in availability. Economic availability had a greater effect on sales than the number of outlets. However, one might question to what extent the number of outlets really is a feasible measure of transaction costs associated with purchases of alcohol.
More Detailed Data does not Always Raise the Costs: Experience from a Swedish Cost of Alcohol Study
Authors: Jarl Johan , Eriksson Mimmi , Gerdtham Ulf-G. , Hemström Örjan
Published: July 2017

The aim is to investigate the effect of availability and level of detail of data on cost estimates of alcohol consumption. Using the recent Swedish cost of alcohol study as baseline, limitations on data are applied, forming two models. The costs of alcohol in Sweden are re-estimated in the two models and compared to the baseline, to establish the magnitude and direction of the bias resulting from limited data, and which results are the most sensitive to variations in data availability and level of detail. Almost all differences between the baseline and the two limited models stem from reduced availability and not the level of detail of data. However, the level of detail plays an important role for the prevalence of consumption and the alcohol-attributable fractions (AAFs) for injuries. The conclusion is that it is more important to estimate more cost components than to improve existing estimates, as differences between cost estimates are mainly driven by the availability rather than the level of detail of data. However, the level of detail in the prevalence rates of consumption and in the AAFs for injuries is likely to considerably affect the cost estimates and obtaining the best possible data in these areas should therefore be prioritized.
The Decrease in Alcohol Consumption in Italy: Sociological Interpretations
Authors: Tusini Stefania
Published: July 2017

During the years from 1970 on, when the decrease in alcohol consumption occurred, a number of remarkable changes occurred in Italy as to working conditions, family structures and family roles, new lifestyles and consumption patterns. The impact of mass migration, urbanization and social mobility on one hand, and of health awareness and destructuring of meals on the other, offer explanations of the decrease.
Life Cycles and Changes in Alcoholic Beverage Consumption: Research Project & Theoretical Framework
Authors: Beccaria Franca , Scarscelli Daniele
Published: July 2017

In order to understand the micro-sociological explanations behind the decline in alcoholic beverage consumption, particularly wine, in Italy during the last 30 years, we studied social mechanisms affecting the behavior of individuals. Alcohol consumption patterns, context, time of day, people with whom it was consumed, regularity and quantity consumed, all vary over the course of a person's life. One of the approaches adopted in analyzing changes in consumption patterns was the sociological “approach to the lifecourse” that focused its attention on the transitions from one phase of life to the next and looked at the paths characterizing the lives of individuals.

The complex study of alcoholic beverage consumption was addressed with interviews that combined completely standardized techniques (questionnaires with fixed questions and answers) and partially standardized approaches (semi-structured interviews). Altogether, 117 men of two cohorts (40–45 years and 65–70 years) were interviewed, all of whom had reduced their alcohol consumption over the course of their lives. Two focus groups were also organized and conducted.

The age groups were designed to record the consumption habits in the initial phase of the period of interest—that is the early 1970s—of two important social groups. The first one was young and in their adolescent years during the 1970s, while the second group was made up of people already in their adult years.
The Research Outcome: Summary and Conclusions on the Reduction in Wine Consumption in Italy
Authors: Cipriani Francesco , Prina Franco
Published: July 2017

This article summarizes the way we tried to understand why Italians, since the early 1970s, have reduced their wine consumption in the absence of drinking-control policies. The curve trend could be plausibly explained, in its upward phase, mainly by income and price mechanisms, while in the downward phase it reflected multiple factors. Although some of these factors (urbanization, work in factories, and the services sector) were intensely developing in the growth phase of alcohol consumption, they produced evident effects on the wine consumption decrease as well. In addition, overall consumption patterns of the 1970s were affected, in conjunction with the consolidation of a new lifestyle imposed by the change. Thus, these factors determined the first phase of the trend's reversal. Other factors (social mobility, redefinition of ways to use leisure time, changes in the family structure and in the role of women, de-structuring of meals, personal care, health consciousness), emerged and consolidated on a mass level during the 1980s and 1990s.

How and why this happened became clearer by asking the actors in this change. To qualitatively reconstruct their experiences and the way in which they went through the processes just described complemented the quantitative point of view.