bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From Lateral Flow Devices to a Novel Nano-Color Microfluidic Assay
Authors: Assadollahi Saied , Reininger Christiane , Palkovits Roland , Pointl Peter , Schalkhammer Thomas
Published: July 2009

Improving the performance of traditional diagnostic lateral flow assays combined with new manufacturing technologies is a primary goal in the research and development plans of diagnostic companies. Taking into consideration the components of lateral flow diagnostic test kits; innovation can include modification of labels, materials and device design. In recent years, Resonance-Enhanced Absorption (REA) of metal nano-particles has shown excellent applicability in bio-sensing for the detection of a variety of bio-molecular binding interactions. In a novel approach, we have now integrated REA-assays in a diagnostic microfluidic setup thus resolving the bottleneck of long incubation times inherent in previously existing REA-assays and simultaneously integrated automated fabrication techniques for diagnostics manufacture. Due to the roller-coating based technology and chemical resistance, we used PET-co-polyester as a substrate and a CO2 laser ablation system as a fast, highly precise and contactless alternative to classical micro-milling. It was possible to detect biological binding within three minutes – visible to the eye as colored text readout within the REA-fluidic device. A two-minute in-situ silver enhancement was able to enhance the resonant color additionally, if required.
Role of Host Genetic Factors in the Outcome of Hepatitis C Virus Infection
Authors: Bengsch Bertram , Thimme Robert , Blum Hubert E.
Published: August 2009

The natural history of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is determined by a complex interplay between host genetic, immunological and viral factors. This review highlights genes involved in innate and adaptive immune responses associated with different outcomes of HCV infection. For example, an association of HCV clearance with certain HLA alleles has been demonstrated. The mechanisms responsible for these associations have been linked to specific T cell responses for some particular alleles (e.g., HLA-B27). Genetic associations involved in T cell regulation and function further underline the role of the adaptive immune response in the natural history of HCV infection. In addition, some genes involved in innate NK cell responses demonstrate the complex interplay between components of the immune system necessary for a successful host response to HCV infection.
Integration of Decentralized Clinical Data in a Data Warehouse
Authors: Schaaf T. , Wetzel T. , Hahn C. , Schrader T. , Tolxdorff T. , Hanß S.
Published: August 2009

Objectives: In this paper we present a general concept and describe the difficulties for the integration of data from various clinical partners in one data warehouse using the Open European Nephrology Science Center (OpEN.SC) as an example. This includes a requirements analysis of the data integration process and also the design according to these requirements.

Methods: This conceptual approach based on the Rational Unified Process (RUP) and paradigm of Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA).

Results: Because we have to enhance the confidence of our partners in the OpEN.SC system and with this the willingness of them to participate, important requirements are controllability, transparency and security for all partners. Reusable and fine-grained components were found to be necessary when working with diverse data sources. With SOA the requested reusability is implemented easily.

Conclusions: A key step in the development of a data integration process within such a health information system like OpEN.SC is to analyze the requirements. And to show that this is not only a theoretical work, we present a design – developed with RUP and SOA – which fulfills these requirements.
Communicating with Latino Patients
Authors: de Pheils Pilar Bernal , Saul Naledi Marie
Published: July 2009

This article describes the efforts of the University of California, San Francisco, School of Nursing to develop the Spanish language and cultural competency skills of advanced practice nursing students by establishing an elective course, Communicating with the Latino Patient. The need for this training is reflected in the literature, which has shown that language barriers decrease patient satisfaction and quality of care and increase the likelihood of medical error. Fifty-seven first-year master's students participated in this course. The effectiveness of the training was monitored during and after each course by self-assessment surveys of the participants' language acquisition. The data suggest that the most successful outcomes result from limiting class size, emphasizing high interactivity, and incorporating clinical experiences in the instruction, as well as focusing exclusively on intermediate-level speakers when resources are limited. Training can be time consuming and costly, yet graduates agreed that the training was imperative and valuable.
What Constitutes Good Academic Advising? Nursing Students' Perceptions of Academic Advising
Authors: Harrison Elizabeth
Published: July 2009

Effective academic advising is a dynamic process that facilitates student development, making it a significant investment in students and the academic institutions they attend. It is important to ask what constitutes good academic advising, beginning with an understanding of the nature of the advisor-advisee relationship. This study examined nursing students' perceptions of the characteristics and functions of effective academic advisors. Thirty nursing students and 33 prenursing students were surveyed. When compared with extant education and pedagogical research, being authentic and possessing moral virtues such as caring and trustworthiness were unique characteristics identified by prenursing students. Attempts to rank the importance of advisor functions were not successful, although the most important and least important functions were identified. Implications for practice and suggestions for further study are presented.
Presumed Atypical HDR Syndrome Associated With Band Keratopathy and Pigmentary Retinopathy
Authors: Kim Cinoo , Cheong Hae Il , Kim Jeong Hun , Yu Young Suk , Kwon Ji Won
Published: July 2009

This report describes presumed atypical hypoparathyroidism, deafness, and renal dysplasia (HDR) syndrome associated with unexpected ocular findings. The patient had exotropia, bilateral band keratopathy, and pigmentary retinopathy, including attenuated retinal vessels and atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium. Even though the calcific plaques were successfully removed, visual acuity in both eyes gradually decreased and electroretinography was extinguished.
Congenital Anterior Staphyloma
Authors: Lunardelli Patrícia , Matayoshi Suzana
Published: July 2009

Staphyloma in the anterior segment of the eye is a rare abnormality of development. Histopathologic and electron microscopic studies suggest that the alteration occurs during embryogenesis. This report describes a 1-year-old girl with protrusion of the cornea between the eyelids in the left eye. Surgical removal of the staphyloma was performed, with reconstruction of the eyeball and total corneoscleral transplant. The clinical and histopathologic findings were typical of congenital anterior staphyloma. Although most affected patients are treated with enucleation, corneoscleral transplant provides a good cosmetic option in these cases.
Unique Ocular Findings in an Infant With Pierson (Microcoria–Congenital Nephrosis) Syndrome
Authors: Sawyer Taylor , Young David , Drouilhet John , Seaver Laurie , Loo Sherry
Published: July 2009

Pierson syndrome is a recently described autosomal recessive genetic disorder that presents in the neonatal period with bilateral microcoria and congenital nephrotic syndrome. This report describes a case of Pierson syndrome with an emphasis on the ocular findings.
Intramuscular Bupivacaine Injection for the Treatment of Oculomotor Paresis
Authors: Seijas Olga , de Liaño Pilar Gómez , Merino Pilar
Published: July 2009

The main goal of this study is to examine the effect of intramuscular bupivacaine in oculomotor paresis, analyzing whether it is possible to obtain a stronger muscle contraction due to the muscle hypertrophy caused by the drug. An injection of 4.5 mL of a 0.50% solution of bupivacaine was administered in the paretic muscle of three patients. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed before and 3 months after injection to compare muscle cross-sectional areas. The symptoms of two patients improved and an increase of muscle cross-sectional area was observed. However, it is necessary to be prudent when employing intramuscular bupivacaine in oculomotor paresis treatment until there are more and larger studies.
Self-Limiting Fourth and Sixth Cranial Nerve Palsy After Lyme Disease
Authors: Sharma Vinod , Biswas Susmito
Published: July 2009

Lyme disease, or borreliosis, is caused by a bacteria (
Borrelia burgdorferi
sensu lato) and is transmitted to humans by the bite of ticks of the
Ixodes
genus. The authors describe a 16-year-old girl who presented with extraocular muscle palsies and had serology positive for Lyme disease. The muscle palsies resolved after antibiotic treatment with no residual limitation of ocular movements.
[J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2010;47:114–116.]
Nationwide Trends in Hospitalization and Surgical Treatment of Congenital and Infantile Cataract Among Italian Children 4 Years and Younger
Authors: Ricci Benedetto , Volpe Massimo , Coppola Giovanni , Ziccardi Lucia
Published: July 2009

Purpose:

To determine the number of patients 4 years and younger who were hospitalized and operated on for congenital or infantile cataracts in Italy from 1999 through 2004.

Methods:

A retrospective review was performed of the Ministry of Health database on hospital admissions in Italy from 1999 through 2004.

Results:

In patients younger than 1 year, the mean number of admissions for congenital or infantile cataract was 3.78 and the mean number of admissions involving cataract surgery per 10,000 live births was 2.61. During the study period, an intraocular lens was implanted during 8.6% of the cataract extraction procedures performed in patients younger than 1 year and during 25.4% of those performed in older children (1 to 4 years old). Primary intraocular lens implantations were performed in 43 infants younger than 1 year (6-year mean: 5.9%) and in 77 children 1 to 4 years old (6-year mean: 11.6%).

Conclusion:

The percentage of pediatric hospital admissions with discharge diagnoses of congenital or infantile cataract remained fairly stable from 1999 through 2004; rates were higher in children 1 to 4 years old than in children younger than 1 year. The percentage of hospitalizations for cataract that involved surgical extraction was higher in children 1 to 4 years old. It decreased over time in both age groups. Ophthalmologists in Italy use intraocular lens implantation in children who are at least 1 year old, although this procedure is not common.

[J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2009;46:210–214.]
Balloon Catheter Dilation for Complex Congenital Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction in Older Children
Authors: Maheshwari Rajat
Published: July 2009

Purpose:

To evaluate the effectiveness of lacrimal balloon catheter dilation in the treatment of complex congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction in older children.

Methods:

In a retrospective study, the case records of 65 eyes of 59 children 2 to 6 years (mean: 37 months) who underwent probing for congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction were evaluated. Complex obstruction was noted in 21 (32.3%) of the 65 children older than 2 years who underwent probing. Secondary balloon dacryoplasty was performed in 8 (38.09%) of these 21 lacrimal systems. Patient age ranged from 3 to 6 years (mean: 47 months). Balloon catheter dilation was performed according to a standard protocol. Clinical patency of the nasolacrimal system was the main outcome measure and was defined as complete resolution of signs and symptoms (crusting, discharge, and watering) on follow-up. The procedures were performed un der general anesthesia. All dilations were performed by the same lacrimal surgeon.

Results:

Secondary balloon dacryoplasty was successful in seven of the eight lacrimal systems (87.5%). Complex obstruction at the distal end of the nasolacrimal duct was noted in all children. All children were older than 3 years (mean: 37 months), and all underwent secondary procedures because previous probing was unsuccessful.

Conclusion:

Balloon catheter dilation is an effective procedure for complex nasolacrimal duct obstruction in older children. It can be an alternative to silicone intubation and dacryocystorhinostomy in children after unsuccessful probing.

[J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2009;46:215–217.]
Lateral Orbitotomy in the Management of Challenging Exotropia
Authors: Yahalom Claudia , McNab Alan , Ben Simon Guy , Kowal Lionel
Published: July 2009

The authors present an unorthodox surgical approach to reach the posterior segment of the lateral rectus muscle through a lateral orbitotomy and to manage difficult cases of recurrent exotropia. A review of the records of two patients with recurrent exotropia was done. After an anterior approach had been demonstrated to be inadequate due to shortening or fibrosis of the anterior part of this muscle following repeated surgeries, both patients underwent a lateral orbitotomy to reach the posterior segment of the lateral rectus muscle. Both patients achieved satisfactory ocular alignment following surgery with stable results, showing that this approach is a safe and effective surgical procedure.
[J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2009;46:223–225.]
Radiological appearances of uterine fibroids
Authors: Wilde Sue , Scott-Barrett Sarah
Published: August 2009

Uterine fibroids, also known as leiomyomas, are the commonest uterine neoplasms. Although benign, they can be associated with significant morbidity and are the commonest indication for hysterectomy. They are often discovered incidentally when performing imaging for other reasons. Usually first identified with USG, they can be further characterized with MRI. They are usually easily recognizable, but degenerate fibroids can have unusual appearances. In this article, we describe the appearances of typical and atypical uterine fibroids, unusual fibroid variants and fibroid mimics on different imaging modalities. Knowledge of the different appearances of fibroids on imaging is important as it enables prompt diagnosis and thereby guides treatment.
Case report: Benign porta hepatic schwannoma
Authors: Kulkarni Naveen , Andrews Sajan J , Rao VRK , Rajagopal KV
Published: August 2009

Schwannoma is a myelin sheath tumor that can occur almost anywhere in the body. The most common locations are the central nervous system, extremities, neck, mediastinum and retroperitoneum. Benign schwannomas in the porta hepatis are extremely rare and radiologically are diagnosed as either enlarged lymph nodes or bowel masses, such as gastrointestinal stromal tumors. In this location they usually produce symptoms by compressing adjacent structures and often present with obstructive jaundice. The preoperative diagnosis can be extremely difficult.
Imaging of a retained laparotomy towel that migrated into the colon lumen
Authors: Ozyer Umut , Boyvat Fatih
Published: August 2009

Retention of surgical instruments, most commonly small laparotomy sponges, is a known complication of surgery. Such retained instruments may remain silent or may cause a variety of complications. We report a case in which a retained laparotomy towel migrated into the colon. This is an infrequently reported complication. We were able to document the passage of the towel through the colon on plain radiographs. The USG and MRI findings are also described.
Aluminum
Authors: Frank William B. , Haupin Warren E. , Vogt Helmut , Bruno Marshall , Thonstad Jomar , Dawless Robert K. , Kvande Halvor , Taiwo Oyebode A.
Published: July 2009

Aluminum [7429‐90‐5] is a silver‐white metal of group 13 of the periodic table. It is the most abundant metallic element in the earth's crust, but is never found in nature in its elemental state. It occurs mainly as very stable oxides, hydroxides, and silicates. The first commercial aluminum was produced in 1854 by H. Saint‐ClaireDevilleby reaction of sodium metal with molten sodium aluminum chloride, but mass production of aluminum awaited the invention in 1886 of electrolytic reduction of alumina dissolved in molten cryolite, independently invented by C. M. Hallin the USA and P. Héroultin France. All industrial production of aluminum today is done in Hall–Héroult cells with prebaked carbon or self‐baking Söderberg anodes. Aluminum has many desirable physical properties. It is malleable and lightweight. Pure aluminum is relatively soft and weak, but it forms many strong alloys. It has high thermal and electrical conductivity. Aluminum's adherent surface oxide film makes it corrosion resistant. It resists attack by most acids, but alkaline solutions dissolve the oxide film and cause rapid corrosion.

1.Introduction2.Properties of Pure Aluminum2.1.Mechanical Properties2.2.Physical Properties3.Chemical Properties3.1.Oxidation of Aluminum3.2.Reactions with Aqueous Solutions3.3.Reactions at High Temperatures3.4.Corrosion3.5.Gases and Aluminum4.Production4.1.History of the Electrolytic Reduction of Alumina4.2.Raw Materials4.3.Electrolytic Cell for Aluminum Production4.3.1.Electrolyte4.3.2.Electrode Reactions4.3.3.Anode Effect4.3.4.Current Efficiency4.3.5.Cell Voltage4.3.6.Heat Balance4.3.7.Fluid Dynamics4.4.Thermodynamic Considerations4.5.Alternate Processes4.6.Inert Electrodes4.6.1.Inert Anodes4.6.2.Inert Cathodes4.6.3.Conclusions5.Producing High‐Purity Aluminum6.Environmental Protection6.1.Air Emission6.2.Wastewater Discharge6.3.Solid Waste6.4.Regulatory Requirements7.Economic Aspects8.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Biocatalysis, 2. Immobilized Biocatalysts
Authors: Přenosil Jiří E. , Kut Ömer M. , Dunn Irving J. , Heinzle Elmar
Published: July 2009

The article contains sections titled:

1.Introduction2.Immobilization Techniques2.1.Introduction2.2.Methods of Enzyme Immobilization2.2.1.Carriers for Enzyme Immobilization2.2.2.Methods for Insoluble Enzymes2.2.2.1.Carrier Binding2.2.2.2.Cross‐Linking2.2.2.3.Enzyme Copolymerization2.2.2.4.Entrapment2.2.3.Methods for Soluble Enzymes2.3.Methods of Cell Immobilization2.3.1.Introduction2.3.2.Cell Supports2.3.3.Immobilization Techniques2.3.3.1.Cell Immobilization without a Support2.3.3.2.Binding of Cells to a Carrier2.3.3.3.Immobilization of Cells by Entrapment2.4.Methods of Organelle Immobilization2.5.Coimmobilization of Biocatalysts3.Activity and Kinetics of Immobilized Biocatalysts3.1.Effects of Immobilization on Enzyme Activity3.2.Kinetics of Immobilized Biocatalysts3.3.Assay of Immobilized Biocatalysts4.Mass Transfer in Immobilized Biocatalyst Systems4.1.External Mass Transfer4.2.Prediction and Correlation of External Mass‐Transfer Coefficients4.2.1.Catalyst Beds4.2.2.Particles in an Agitated Tank4.3.Internal Mass Transfer5.Design of Immobilized Biocatalyst Reactors5.1.Batch Stirred‐Tank Reactor5.2.Plug‐Flow Tubular Reactor5.3.Continuous Stirred‐Tank Reactor5.4.Packed‐ or Fixed‐Bed Reactors5.5.Fluidized‐Bed Reactors5.6.Membrane Reactor Systems5.7.Laboratory Reactors for Kinetic Measurements5.7.1.Batch and Continuous Tank Reactors5.7.2.Experimental Differential Recycle Reactor6.Immobilization Media6.1.Characteristics of Solid Supports6.2.Characteristics of Semipermeable Separators7.Application of Immobilized Biocatalysts7.1.Analysis7.2.Immobilized Enzymes in Therapeutic Medicine7.3.Ethanol Production Using Immobilized Cells7.4.Industrial Applications of Immobilized Biocatalysts7.4.1.Production of High‐Fructose Corn Syrup7.4.2.Amino Acid Production7.4.3.Environmental Applications8.Economic Aspects9.Safety, Environmental, and Legal Aspects9.1.Immobilized Enzymes9.2.Immobilized Cells
Inorganic Polymers
Authors: Carraher Charles E. , Pittman Charles U.
Published: July 2009

The article contains sections titled:

1.Introduction2.Polysilanes, Polygermanes, and Polystannanes3.Poly(Carborane ‐ Siloxanes), Polycarbosilanes and Polysilazanes4.Polyphosphazenes5.Poly(Boron Nitride)6.Poly(Sulfur Nitride)7.Polysulfur8.Organometallic Polymers9.Sol ‐ Gel Inorganic Polymers10.Inorganic Fibers and Whiskers11.Biomedical and Antimicrobial Polymers12.Boron Polymers13.Aluminum Polymers14.Polymers with SiOMO Backbones15.Poly(CarbonDisulfide), Poly(Carbon Diselenide), and Polythiocyanogen16.Phosphorus‐Containing Polymers17.Traditional and Metal‐Matrix Composites
Air Classifying
Authors: Furchner Bodo , Zampini Stefano
Published: July 2009

Air classification is a process for the dry separation of a disperse phase according to the particle size, particle shape, or density, or, more precisely, the settling velocity. The settling velocity results from the balance of forces between the mass force and the drag force for every single particle. In a vertical gravity classifier particles move to the fine fraction if their settling velocity is lower than the air velocity, and to the coarse fraction if their settling velocity is higher than the air velocity. Particles in a deflector wheel behave similarly. The settling velocity must be calculated with the centrifugal acceleration in this case. Coarse classification in the range of 0.2 – 10 mm particle size is performed by gravity classifiers. Fine classification is generally performed in classifiers with deflector wheels. The fineness is adjusted by means of the speed of the wheel; increasing speed increases the centrifugal force and settling velocity. Fineness values of deflector wheel classifiers range from 1 to 200 µm. A peripheral speed of up to 150 m/s is used for finest products. Air classification is widely used in many industries and for many applications from laboratory scale to large‐scale processing.

1.

Introduction

2.

General Principles

2.1.

Equilibrium of Forces at Individual Particles

2.1.1.

Classifying in the Gravitational Field

2.1.2.

Classifying in a Centrifugal Field

2.2.

Separation of Bulk Material

2.3.

Energy Requirement for Air Classifying

3.

Machines for Air Classification

3.1.

Gravity Classifiers

3.2.

Inertial Classifiers

3.3.

Internal Recirculation Air Classifiers

3.4.

Deflector‐Wheel Classifiers

3.5.

Classifier Mills

4.

Application Examples for Air Classification

4.1.

Cement

4.2.

Fillers

4.3.

Protein Shifting

4.4.

Toner
Biocatalysis, 1. General
Authors: Doelle Horst Werner , Fiechter Armin , Lütz Stephan , Schlegel Günther , Shimizu Sakayu , Würges Kerstin , Yamada Hideaki
Published: July 2009

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Classification of Biocatalysts3.History4.Characteristics of Enzyme Reactions Used in Biotransformations5.Types of Biocatalysts and Reaction Systems5.1.Biotransformation with Growing Cultures5.2.Biotransformation Conversion with Previously Grown Cells5.2.1.Vegetative or Washed Cells5.2.2.Permeabilized Cells5.2.3.Dried Cells5.3.Biotransformation with Spores5.4.Biotransformation with Immobilized Cells5.5.Biotransformation with Cell‐free Enzymes or Purified Enzymes5.6.Multistep Reactions Using Different Biocatalysts5.7.Multiphase Reaction Systems6.Process Design6.1.General Considerations6.1.1.Evaluating Enzyme Potential6.1.2.Finding Suitable Enzymes6.1.3.Substrates6.1.4.Media6.2.Selection of Biocatalysts6.2.1.Screening6.2.2.Enrichment6.2.3.Molecular Engineering7.Improvement of Conversion Processes8.Conclusion and Outlook
Biotechnology, 3. Cultivation of Microorganisms
Authors: Doelle Horst Werner , Fiechter Armin , Schlegel Günther , Shimizu Sakayu , Ulber Roland , Yamada Hideaki
Published: July 2009

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Isolation of Microorganisms3.Requirements for Growth3.1.Chemical Composition of Bacterial Cells3.2.Carbon and Energy Sources3.3.Accessory Nutrients3.4.Sulfur and Nitrogen3.5.Oxygen3.6.Complex Media3.7.Solid Media3.8.Hydrogen Ion Concentration3.9.Carbon Dioxide3.10.Aeration3.11.Anaerobic Techniques3.12.Media Preparation4.Sterilization4.1.Moist Heat4.2.Dry Heat4.3.Filtration4.4.Irradiation4.5.Chemical Means5.Types of Bioprocesses5.1.Surface Culture5.2.Submerged Culture6.Process Layout6.1.Reactors6.2.Containments for Anaerobic Processes6.3.Reactors for Aerobic Processes6.4.Inoculation6.5.Operation Modes7.Process and Product Overview
Biotechnology, 4. Downstream Processing
Authors: Doelle Horst Werner , Fiechter Armin , Schlegel Günther , Shimizu Sakayu , Ulber Roland , Yamada Hideaki
Published: July 2009

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Sample Disruption

3.

Solid–Liquid Separations

4.

Product Recovery

5.

Solvent Extraction
Biotechnology, 5. Monitoring and Modeling of Bioprocesses
Authors: Becker Thomas , Breithaupt Dietmar , Doelle Horst Werner , Fiechter Armin , Schlegel Günther , Shimizu Sakayu , Yamada Hideaki
Published: July 2009

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Characteristics of Bioprocesses2.1.System Definition2.2.System Description2.3.Dynamics of Biosystems and Real‐Time Considerations3.Biotechnological Measurement Systems3.1.Process Requirements Concerning Measuring Quantities3.2.Online Sensing Devices3.3.Further Aspects Concerning Measuring Systems4.Cognitive Computing4.1.Fuzzy Logic Systems4.2.Artificial Neural Networks (ANN)5.Modeling Aspects of Biological Systems5.1.Steps in Creating a Model5.2.Reasons for Making a Model5.3.Different Types and Basic Approaches for Building a Model
Fertilizers, 2. Types
Authors: Dittmar Heinrich , Drach Manfred , Vosskamp Ralf , Trenkel Martin E. , Gutser Reinhold , Steffens Günter
Published: July 2009

The article contains sections titled:1.Standard Fertilizers1.1.Solid Fertilizers1.1.1.Straight Fertilizers1.1.2.Multinutrient Fertilizers1.1.3.Lime Fertilizers1.1.4.Magnesium Fertilizers1.2.Liquid Fertilizers1.2.1.Nitrogen Liquids1.2.2.Multinutrient Liquids1.2.2.1.NP Liquids1.2.2.2.NPK Liquids1.2.2.3.UAS Liquids1.2.3.Suspensions2.Special Fertilizers2.1.Water‐Soluble Nutrient Salts2.2.Foliar Fertilizers2.2.1.Production2.2.2.Application2.2.3.Combination with Agricultural Pesticides2.3.Micronutrients2.3.1.Micronutrient Forms2.3.2.Production2.3.3.Commercial Fertilizers2.3.4.Use2.4.Slow‐ and Controlled‐Release Fertilizers2.4.1.Introduction2.4.2.Urea – Aldehyde Slow‐Release Fertilizers2.4.2.1.Urea – Formaldehyde Condensation Products2.4.2.2.Other Urea – Aldehyde Condensation Products2.4.2.3.Further Processing of Urea – Aldehyde Condensates2.4.3.Other Organic Chemicals2.4.4.Inorganic Compounds2.4.5.Coated and Encapsulated Controlled‐Release Fertilizers2.4.5.1.Sulfur‐Coated Controlled‐Release Fertilizers2.4.5.2.Sulfur‐Coated, Polymer‐Encapsulated Controlled‐Release Fertilizers2.4.5.3.Polymer‐Encapsulated Controlled‐Release Fertilizers2.4.6.Anti‐Float Materials2.4.7.Controlled‐Release Fertilizers on Carriers2.4.8.Supergranules2.4.9.Legislation2.5.Nitrification and Urease Inhibitors2.5.1.Introduction2.5.2.Types of Nitrification and Urease Inhibitors2.5.3.Pyridines2.5.3.1.Nitrapyrin2.5.3.2.Other Pyridines2.5.4.Dicyandiamide2.5.5.Pyrazoles2.5.5.1.1‐Carbamoyl‐3‐methylpyrazole2.5.5.2.Outlook2.5.6.Neem/Neem‐Coated Urea2.5.7.Urease Inhibitors2.5.8.Environmental Aspects2.5.9.Legal Requirements2.6.Organic Fertilizers (Secondary Raw Material Fertilizers)2.6.1.Fertilizers Based on Peat or Materials of Similar Stability2.6.2.Fertilizers Based on Waste Materials of Animal Origin2.6.3.Fertilizers Based on Wastes of Plant Origin2.6.4.Fertilizers Based on Municipal Waste2.7.Manure2.7.1.Composition2.7.2.Manure Nutrient Efficiency2.7.3.Environmental Aspects
Fertilizers, 4. Granulation
Authors: Dittmar Heinrich
Published: July 2009

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Granulator Feedstocks3.Granulation Equipment3.1.Pug Mill3.2.Drum Granulator3.3.Pan Granulator3.4.The Granulator – Mixer3.5.Roll Presses4.Costs of Agglomeration5.Bulk Blending6.Quality Inspection7.Fertilizer Conditioning8.Environmental Aspects
Fertilizers, 5. Analysis, Transport, Application
Authors: Czikkely Vilmos , Niedermaier Titus , Ullrich Karl‐Heinz , Mühlfeld Hermann , Kuhlmann Friedrich , Steinhauser Hugo , Brändlein Walter , Kummer Karl‐Friedrich
Published: July 2009

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Analysis

1.1.

Sampling and Sample Preparation

1.2.

Determination of Nitrogen

1.3.

Determination of Phosphate

1.4.

Determination of Potassium

1.5.

Analysis of Calcium, Magnesium, and Trace Elements

2.

Storage, Transportation, and Application

2.1.

General Storage Requirements

2.2.

Application

3.

Economic Aspects

3.1.

Economics of Fertilization

3.1.1.

Input – Output Relationships: The Yield Function

3.1.2.

Factors Controlling the Optimal Nitrogen Fertilization Level

3.1.3.

Factors Influencing the Optimal Nitrogen Fertilization Level

3.1.4.

Environmental Aspects of Fertilization

3.2.

World Consumption, Production, and Trade

3.3.

Future Outlook

3.3.1.

Food Situation

3.3.2.

Development of Fertilizer Consumption
Polymers, Biodegradable
Authors: Breulmann Michael , Künkel Andreas , Philipp Sabine , Reimer Valentine , Siegenthaler Kai O. , Skupin Gabriel , Yamamoto Motonori
Published: July 2009

The article contains sections titled:1.Glossary and Abbreviations2.Introduction3.Biodegradability and Toxicology3.1.Mechanism of Biodegradation3.2.Toxicity of Biodegradable Polymers3.3.Standards for Biodegradable Polymers3.3.1.Controlled Composting Test3.3.2.Standard Assessment of Biodegradable Polymers4.Biodegradable Polymers: Synthesis, Properties, and Suppliers4.1.Raw Materials4.2.Starch4.3.Poly(lactic acid) (Polylactide, PLA)4.4.Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)4.5.Synthetic Polyesters4.5.1.Aliphatic Polyesters4.5.2.Aliphatic/Aromatic Polyesters4.6.Other Synthetic Polymers4.7.Compounds4.7.1.Compounds of Starch and Biodegradable Polyesters4.7.2.Compounds of PLA and Biodegradable Polyesters4.8.Cellulose Derivatives5.Processing and Additives5.1.Introduction5.2.Extrusion5.3.Blown‐Film Extrusion5.4.Cast‐Film Extrusion5.5.Modification of Biodegradable Films5.6.Extrusion Coating5.7.Sheet Extrusion and Thermoforming5.8.Injection Molding5.9.Blow Molding6.Market Overview and Growth Drivers7.Value of Biodegradability—Life‐Cycle Assessment (LCA)8.Applications8.1.Organic Waste Bags8.2.Shopping (Carrier) Bags8.3.Mulch Film8.4.Horticulture8.5.Packaging8.5.1.Food Packaging8.5.2.Nonfood Packaging9.Production Capacity10.Outlook11.References
Synthesis of Chiral 2‐Phospha[3]ferrocenophanes and their Behaviour as Organocatalysts in [3+2] Cyclization Reactions
Authors: Voituriez Arnaud , Panossian Armen , Fleury‐Brégeot Nicolas , Retailleau Pascal , Marinetti Angela
Published: July 2009

Planar chiral 2‐phospha[3]ferrocenophanes have been prepared via a stereoselective three‐step synthesis. The key step is the lithiation of the 1,1′‐disubstituted ferrocene 11 bearing (S)‐2‐(methoxymethyl)pyrrolidines as the chiral ortho‐directing groups. The diastereoselectivity of these reactions has been mastered by an appropriate choice of the metallating agent, so as to afford a suitable access to C2‐symmetrical, tetrasubstituted ferrocenes. These compounds have been converted into the enantiomerically pure 2‐phospha[3]‐ferrocenophanes 16, via the corresponding acetates and their reactions with primary phosphines. Phosphines 16 have been used as nucleophilic catalysts in model cyclization reactions. Unlike 2‐phospha[3]‐ferrocenophanes with stereogenic α‐carbons, the planar chiral derivatives 16 proved to be suitable catalysts for these processes. Thus, for instance, phosphine 16c successfully promotes the enantioselective [3+2] annulations of allenes and enones into functionalized cyclopentenes (ees up to 96%). Among others, spirocyclic derivatives have been obtained in good yields and ees in the range 77–85%. The robustness of this catalyst has been demonstrated by recycling experiments.
Imidazol(in)ium‐2‐carboxylates as N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Precursors for the Synthesis of Second Generation Ruthenium Metathesis Catalysts
Authors: Sauvage Xavier , Demonceau Albert , Delaude Lionel
Published: July 2009

Five well‐known ruthenium‐N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalysts for olefin metathesis and related reactions, including the second generation Grubbs and Hoveyda–Grubbs catalysts, were prepared by phosphane exchange between first generation ruthenium‐benzylidene or indenylidene complexes and NHCs generated in situ upon thermolysis of imidazol(in)ium‐2‐carboxylates. Because N‐heterocyclic carbene carbon dioxide adducts (NHC⋅CO2) are stable zwitterionic compounds that can be stored and handled with no particular precautions, this procedure is particularly attractive from a practical point of view. Reaction courses were conveniently monitored by 31P NMR spectroscopy and the experimental conditions were carefully adjusted to obtain high yields of pure products within short periods of time.
Effort–reward imbalance at work and self‐rated health of Las Vegas hotel room cleaners
Authors: Krause Niklas , Rugulies Reiner , Maslach Christina
Published: July 2009

Background

This study investigates the relationship between effort‐reward‐imbalance (ERI) at work and self‐rated health (SF‐36) among 941 Las Vegas hotel room cleaners (99% female, 84% immigrant).

Methods

Logistic regression models adjust for age, health behaviors, physical workload and other potential confounders.

Results

50% reported ERI and 60% poor or fair general health. Significant associations were found between ERI and all SF‐36 health measures. Workers in the upper quartile of the efforts/rewards ratio were 2–5 times more likely to experience poor or fair general health, low physical function, high levels of pain, fatigue, and role limitations due to physical and mental health problems.

Conclusions

The cross‐sectional design limits causal interpretation of these associations. However, the development of interventions to reduce ERI and to improve general health among room cleaners deserves high priority considering that both high ERI and low self‐rated health have predicted chronic diseases and mortality in prospective studies. Am. J. Ind. Med. 53:372–386, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Correlating the surface area and synthesis conditions of block co‐polymer templated mesoporous silica
Authors: Harris A. T. , Maddocks A. R. , Braham R. J.
Published: July 2009

In this work we investigate the influence of (1) temperature, (2) curing (post reaction ageing) technique, (3) curing time, (4) surfactant (block co‐polymer) concentration, and (5) the addition of secondary (pore swelling) reagents on the surface area and structure of ordered hexagonal mesoporous silica (SBA‐15). We also investigate the use of microwave preparation and curing techniques, as a precursor to the development of large‐scale synthesis processes for mesoporous silica. Samples were analyzed using transmission electron microscopy and nitrogen pore size analysis. The results of the study show that it is possible to optimize the surface area of the final material in a reproducible way, by using higher hydrolysis temperatures or lower surfactant concentrations. Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using economic X control chart design methodology to estimate and optimize machine efficiency in the case of multimachine assignments
Authors: Engin A. Baki
Published: July 2009

Estimation and optimization of machine efficiency in the case of multi machine assignments is a difficult issue for some industries such as textile industry, due to the machine interference. Although the problem is not new, the solutions proposed are not full satisfactory. For example, the analytical formulas are not suitable for high number of machines; queuing theory approaches are complex and impractical for mill managers. On the other hand, simulation methodology seems to be a perfect tool to estimate and analyze; however, the simulation package programs are expensive and are not suitable for systematic optimization. In this paper, Duncan's economic control chart design methodology is proposed as an alternative way for one of the oldest industrial problems. This study shows that this new approach is a more efficient solution to this stochastic problem. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
1950 MHz IMT‐2000 field does not activate microglial cells in vitro
Authors: Hirose Hideki , Sasaki Atsushi , Ishii Nana , Sekijima Masaru , Iyama Takahiro , Nojima Toshio , Ugawa Yoshikazu
Published: July 2009

Given the widespread use of the cellular phone today, investigation of potential biological effects of radiofrequency (RF) fields has become increasingly important. In particular, much research has been conducted on RF effects on brain function. To examine any biological effects on the central nervous system (CNS) induced by 1950 MHz modulation signals, which are controlled by the International Mobile Telecommunication‐2000 (IMT‐2000) cellular system, we investigated the effect of RF fields on microglial cells in the brain. We assessed functional changes in microglial cells by examining changes in immune reaction‐related molecule expression and cytokine production after exposure to a 1950 MHz Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (W‐CDMA) RF field, at specific absorption rates (SARs) of 0.2, 0.8, and 2.0 W/kg. Primary microglial cell cultures prepared from neonatal rats were subjected to an RF or sham field for 2 h. Assay samples obtained 24 and 72 h after exposure were processed in a blind manner. Results showed that the percentage of cells positive for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II, which is the most common marker for activated microglial cells, was similar between cells exposed to W‐CDMA radiation and sham‐exposed controls. No statistically significant differences were observed between any of the RF field exposure groups and the sham‐exposed controls in percentage of MHC class II positive cells. Further, no remarkable differences in the production of tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) were observed between the test groups exposed to W‐CDMA signal and the sham‐exposed negative controls. These findings suggest that exposure to RF fields up to 2 W/kg does not activate microglial cells in vitro. Bioelectromagnetics 31:104–112, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interpreting Statistical Evidence with Empirical Likelihood Functions
Authors: Zhang Zhiwei
Published: July 2009

There has been growing interest in the likelihood paradigm of statistics, where statistical evidence is represented by the likelihood function and its strength is measured by likelihood ratios. The available literature in this area has so far focused on parametric likelihood functions, though in some cases a parametric likelihood can be robustified. This focused discussion on parametric models, while insightful and productive, may have left the impression that the likelihood paradigm is best suited to parametric situations. This article discusses the use of empirical likelihood functions, a well‐developed methodology in the frequentist paradigm, to interpret statistical evidence in nonparametric and semiparametric situations. A comparative review of literature shows that, while an empirical likelihood is not a true probability density, it has the essential properties, namely consistency and local asymptotic normality that unify and justify the various parametric likelihood methods for evidential analysis. Real examples are presented to illustrate and compare the empirical likelihood method and the parametric likelihood methods. These methods are also compared in terms of asymptotic efficiency by combining relevant results from different areas. It is seen that a parametric likelihood based on a correctly specified model is generally more efficient than an empirical likelihood for the same parameter. However, when the working model fails, a parametric likelihood either breaks down or, if a robust version exists, becomes less efficient than the corresponding empirical likelihood.
A Generalized Log‐Rank‐Type Test for Comparing Survivals with Doubly Interval‐Censored Data
Authors: Kim Jinheum , Kim Yang‐Jin , Nam Chung Mo
Published: July 2009

In doubly interval‐censored data, the survival time of interest is defined as the elapsed time between an initial event and a subsequent event, but the occurrences of both events cannot be observed exactly. Instead, only right‐ or interval‐censored observations on the occurrence times are available. Our purpose is to develop a generalized log‐rank‐type test for comparing survival functions of several groups. For the same problem, Sun (The Statistical Analysis of Interval‐censored Failure Time Data, Springer, New York) suggested a nonparametric test based on the estimated marginal survival functions of the two related events. We consider a new method using uniform weights, which depend only on the size of the risk set at each observed time. The proposed method does not require the estimation of marginal survival functions and furthermore can reduce to the log‐rank test for right‐censored data. Results from a simulation study show that our test performs well in terms of size and power. We analyze the AIDS cohort study data taken from Kim et al. (Biometrics 49, 13–22).
Computational framework for predictive biodegradation
Authors: Finley Stacey D. , Broadbelt Linda J. , Hatzimanikatis Vassily
Published: July 2009

As increasing amounts of anthropogenic chemicals are released into the environment, it is vital to human health and the preservation of ecosystems to evaluate the fate of these chemicals in the environment. It is useful to predict whether a particular compound is biodegradable and if alternate routes can be engineered for compounds already known to be biodegradable. In this work, we describe a computational framework (called BNICE) that can be used for the prediction of novel biodegradation pathways of xenobiotics. The framework was applied to 4‐chlorobiphenyl, phenanthrene, γ‐hexachlorocyclohexane, and 1,2,4‐trichlorobenzene, compounds representing various classes of xenobiotics with known biodegradation routes. BNICE reproduced the proposed biodegradation routes found experimentally, and in addition, it expanded the biodegradation reaction networks through the generation of novel compounds and reactions. The novel reactions involved in the biodegradation of 1,2,4‐trichlorobenzene were studied in depth, where pathway and thermodynamic analyses were performed. This work demonstrates that BNICE can be applied to generate novel pathways to degrade xenobiotic compounds that are thermodynamically feasible alternatives to known biodegradation routes and attractive targets for metabolic engineering. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009; 104: 1086–1097. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Role of Capping Ligands on the Nanoparticles in the Modulation of Properties of a Hybrid Matrix of Nanoparticles in a 2D Film and in a Supramolecular Organogel
Authors: Pal Asish , Srivastava Aasheesh , Bhattacharya Santanu
Published: July 2009

We incorporate various gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) capped with different ligands in two‐dimensional films and three‐dimensional aggregates derived from N‐stearoyl‐L‐alanine and N‐lauroyl‐L‐alanine, respectively. The assemblies of N‐stearoyl‐L‐alanine afforded stable films at the air–water interface. More compact assemblies were formed upon incorporation of AuNPs in the air–water interface of N‐stearoyl‐L‐alanine. We then examined the effects of incorporation of various AuNPs functionalized with different capping ligands in three‐dimensional assemblies of N‐lauroyl‐L‐alanine, a compound that formed a gel in hydrocarbons. The profound influence of nanoparticle incorporation into physical gels was evident from evaluation of various microscopic and bulk properties. The interaction of AuNPs with the gelator assembly was found to depend critically on the capping ligands protecting the Au surface of the gold nanoparticles. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed a long‐range directional assembly of certain AuNPs along the gel fibers. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the freeze‐dried gels and nanocomposites indicate that the morphological transformation in the composite microstructures depends significantly on the capping agent of the nanoparticles. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that gel formation from sol occurred at a lower temperature upon incorporation of AuNPs having capping ligands that were able to align and noncovalently interact with the gel fibers. Rheological studies indicate that the gel–nanoparticle composites exhibit significantly greater viscoelasticity compared to the native gel alone when the capping ligands are able to interact through interdigitation into the gelator assembly. Thus, it was possible to define a clear relationship between the materials and the molecular‐level properties by means of manipulation of the information inscribed on the NP surface.
Tertiary Amine and N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Coordinated Haloalanes—Synthesis, Structure, and Application
Authors: Alexander Sean G. , Cole Marcus L. , Forsyth Craig M.
Published: July 2009

The preparation of several tertiary amine and N‐heterocyclic carbene coordinated chloro‐ and bromoalanes has been studied and routes to their gram‐scale synthesis optimized. This provides a catalogue of well‐characterized, thermally stable haloalanes for future application. All complexes have been investigated by spectroscopy (IR, NMR) and, where possible, single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction structure determination. A particular focus of this article is the relative thermal stabilities of the complexes, which provides a useful handle for the aerobic stability of Group 13 hydride complexes. These thermal data have been elucidated in full and rationalized relative to one another on the basis of Lewis base donation, steric shielding, and relative inductive halide strengthening of the aluminum hydride bonds by halides. All of the four‐coordinate complexes reported exist as distorted tetrahedra in the solid state with aluminum to N/C‐donor bonds that shorten with the increasing Lewis acidity of the aluminum Lewis acid. The five‐coordinate complexes [AlBrH2(Quin)2] and [AlBr2H(Quin)2] (Quin=quinuclidine) exist in a trigonal‐bipyramidal geometry in the solid state with the amine donors situated in the apical positions. Five chloroalanes; [AlClH2(Quin)], [AlClH2(Quin)2], [AlCl2H(Quin)2], [AlClH2(IMes)], and [AlCl2H(IMes)] (IMes=1,3‐bis(2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl)imidazol‐2‐ylidene), the latter two of which are aerobically stable, have been applied to the hydroalumination of carbonyl and heterocycle substrates and their chemo‐, regio‐, and stereoselectivities compared to those of Group 13 hydride reagents cited in the literature. Overall, the reactivities of these species are comparable to non‐halogenated alane complexes with the additional benefit of aerobic stability, non‐pyrophoricity, and enhanced regioselectivity borne out of greater Lewis acidity.
Highly Effective Recognition of Carbohydrates by Phenanthroline‐Based Receptors: α‐ versus β‐Anomer Binding Preference
Authors: Mazik Monika , Hartmann Andrè , Jones Peter G.
Published: July 2009

1H NMR spectroscopic titrations in competitive and non‐competitive media, as well as binding studies in two‐phase systems, such as phase transfer of sugars from aqueous into organic solvents and dissolution of solid carbohydrates in apolar media revealed both highly effective recognition of neutral carbohydrates and interesting binding preferences of an acyclic phenanthroline‐based receptor1. Compared to the previously described acyclic receptors, compound1displays significantly higher binding affinities, the rare capability to extract sugars from water into non‐polar organic solutions and α‐ versus β‐anomer binding preference in the recognition of glycosides, which differs from those observed for other receptor systems. X‐ray crystallographic investigations revealed the presence of water molecules in the binding pocket of1that are engaged in the formation of hydrogen‐bonding motifs similar to those suggested by molecular modelling for the sugar OH groups in the receptor–sugar complexes. The molecular modelling calculations, synthesis, crystal structure and binding properties of1are described and compared with those of the previously described receptors.