bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Navigation by Judgment
Authors: Honig Dan
Published: March 2018

When should foreign aid organizations empower actors on the front lines of delivery to rely on their judgment to guide aid interventions, and when should distant headquarters lead? Understanding how best to manage the implementation of aid projects matters both for aid effectiveness and for what it tells us about the more general tension between central versus field worker control in organizations.
Introduction
Authors: Honig Dan
Published: March 2018

This chapter introduces the basic framework of the book. Agent judgment is fallible, and top-down controls may preclude useful actions by agents. International development organizations (IDOs), then, must choose between two flawed strategies in deciding whether to put agents in charge (Navigation by Judgment) or have principals retain control (Navigation from the Top). The extent to which environments are predictable and projects are externally verifiable affects how IDOs should manage interventions to increase intervention success and aid impact. This chapter introduces the quantitative and qualitative data that the book employs and previews how each chapter will contribute to the overall argument.
Conclusion
Authors: Honig Dan
Published: March 2018

This chapter summarizes the book’s argument. It then turns to discussing the implications of this book for the organization of the aid industry, arguing that international development organizations could leverage comparative advantage, change how they utilize measurement, and pilot new contracting and navigation strategies to improve performance. It then discusses the implications of this book for scholars. The chapter closes by discussing two broader themes to which this book speaks: management in the broader public sector and beyond, and the creep of quantification in modern life and work. Navigation by Judgment speaks to more general themes of control and agency in the evolving, technology-enabled workplaces we now inhabit.
Yes I Can, (Sí, Yo Puedo)
Authors: Fuchsel Catherine
Published: March 2018

The Sí, Yo Puedo (SYP) program manual/book is a culturally specific 11-week curriculum designed to provide education on domestic violence, promote self-esteem, prevent domestic violence, help participants understand healthy relationships within a cultural framework, and empower immigrant Latina women to access resources and support systems in their respective communities. The step-by-step and structured SYP program manual/book is intended for bilingual Spanish-English speaking licensed graduate mental health professionals who work with immigrant Latina women or Latina women in general across the United States and around the world in direct practice settings and who want to offer psycho-educational groups. Each week, immigrant Latina women meet for two hours in a group format setting.The SYP curriculum is divided into three parts: Part I: Awareness of Self, Part II: Knowledge of Relationships within Culture, and Part III: Impact of Factors on Relationships. The mental health professional (i.e., group facilitator) teaches and facilitates large-group discussion among group members on the following topics: (a) Introductions and Who Am I?; (b) Coping Strategies; (c) Self-Esteem; (d) Influences of Past Trauma; (e) Dating; (f) Cultural Concepts: Machismo, Familism, and Marianismo; (g) Healthy Relationships; (h) Domestic Violence; (i) Factors Influencing Relationships or Sexual Abuse; (j) Talking to Children; and (k) Resources and Graduation. Through group discussion and instruction, in-class drawing and writing self-reflection exercises, and peer support, immigrant Latina women are empowered to examine their identity, self-esteem, and current relationships and to potentially make changes in their lives.
Introduction to the Program
Authors: Fuchsel Catherine
Published: March 2018

This chapter introduces the Yes, I Can (Sí, Yo Puedo [SYP]) curriculum and program for bilingual Spanish-English speaking mental health professionals who want to offer psycho-educational groups in direct practice settings. The term graduate licensed mental health professional is used interchangeably with the term group facilitator throughout the SYP program manual/book. A discussion on how the SYP curriculum and program emphasizes cultural factors is addressed. An introduction to the group population—immigrant Latina women—and the challenges to accessing services are reviewed. This chapter also reviews the SYP curriculum and program as a type of group-format prevention and intervention program that community-based agencies with mental health professionals can use among immigrant Latina women. This chapter describes the SYP curriculum goals and outcomes. A table depicts the three parts of the SYP curriculum, weekly topics, types of large-group discussion for group facilitators, and self-reflection drawing and writing exercises for participants.
Sí, Yo Puedo Curriculum, Weekly Sessions, Instruction, and Activities
Authors: Fuchsel Catherine
Published: March 2018

This chapter describes how to facilitate the weekly classes for the Sí, Yo Puedo program for immigrant Latina women in detail. The chapter provides an overview of the weekly goals, objectives, methods for instruction, self-reflection drawing and writing exercises, and in-between class exercises. It also provides group facilitators with a step-by-step guide and instruction on how to facilitate the weekly classes. For each of the weekly classes, background information is provided to understand the topic being addressed, additional suggested reading is recommended to help group facilitators, and sample and blank handouts are provided in English and Spanish to use in the self-reflection drawing and writing weekly activities.
The Development of Sámi Shamanism
Authors: Fonneland Trude
Published: March 2018

The cultural creation developed by practitioners of shamanism in Norway provides insight into processes of religious creation and creativity. These developments and increasing spiritual inventiveness are the focus of this chapter. I am particularly interested in how and what happens when the global culture of shamanism interacts with a specific local culture, in this case, Norwegian society. Drawing on developments within the field of shamanism in Norway, the chapter ventures between the local and global, highlighting how American Indian symbolism might serve as a spark that prompts a spiritual seeker to step onto the path of spirituality, making what is perceived as local traditions the basis for a new global religious movement.
Introduction
Authors: Baaij C.J.W.
Published: March 2018

This chapter provides an introduction, explicating the book’s mission and its interdisciplinary methodology while illuminating the most important concepts. The book proposes a more effective way for European Union (EU) Institutions to pursue legal integration while respecting language diversity, choosing the integration of contract law as its case study. The combined policy objectives of legal integration and language diversity function as normative benchmarks for critically assessing EU’s multilingual practices and procedures of the EU Institutions, or “Institutional Multilingualism.” It concentrates both on “EU Translation,” that is, the work of EU translators and lawyer–linguists in EU legislative bodies who produce EU’s multilingual legislation, as well as the ways in which the Court of Justice of the EU attributes uniform meaning to the various language versions of EU legislation. Finally, these evaluations are framed in terms of translation “orientations,” as expounded in a 19th-century essay by Friedrich Schleiermacher.
Considering a Source-Oriented Alternative
Authors: Baaij C.J.W.
Published: March 2018

Three arguments point toward source-oriented EU Translation as the preferred alternative to current EU Translation practices. First, an original quantitative study of case law of the Court of Justice of the EU suggests that neologisms for EU legal concepts and syntactic correspondence between language versions is more likely to prevent discrepancies than pursue clarity and intelligibility. Second, the same case law demonstrates that legislative measures seeking far-reaching legal integration, such as in consumer contract law, call for a particular large degree of textual homogeny of its language version. Third, the work of language philosopher Donald Davidson helps illuminate the fact that the philosophical justification of a source-oriented approach avoids the pitfall of linguistic relativism that is afflicting theories proposing receiver-oriented translation. In all, these arguments signal that EU translators and lawyer–linguists of the EU legislative bodies had better prioritize syntactic correspondence and using neologisms over clarity and fluency.
The Implementation and Its Challenges
Authors: Baaij C.J.W.
Published: March 2018

The final step in making the case for an English-based, source-oriented EU Translation is demonstrating its implementation. The case study of contract law integration helps illustrate how language versions of EU legislation may best preserve syntactic correspondence and use neologisms for EU legal terminology. This exercise includes addressing the challenging intricacies that a source-oriented approach brings. For one, syntactic correspondence is harder to achieve between languages with dissimilar grammatical rules. Second, a particular general language might not offer neologisms that are sufficiently yet not overly “foreign” to the national legal language. However, the underlying philosophical concepts of language and of translation demonstrate that these complexities do not therefore render source-oriented EU Translation “imperfect.” In fact, they show that 24 language versions are indeed capable of expressing a single EU legal language in a uniform manner.
The Violence of Trauma
Authors: Jerryson Michael
Published: March 2018

This chapter examines the ways in which Buddhists cope with violence. It reviews the doctrinal and academic methods to analyze Buddhist coping techniques concerning violence, particularly the practice of meditation. To date, most studies on Buddhist coping techniques do not use comparative models or operationalize the coping techniques in the field. As such, these studies offer incomplete data on the effectiveness of Buddhist coping techniques. In order to test meditation techniques and other Buddhist coping practices in the field, the chapter draws upon a 2012 study of Buddhists and Muslims coping with violence in a conflict zone. The operationalization of Buddhist coping techniques in a comparative environment provides alternative results. It furthermore provides possible ways to make Buddhist practices more effective in coping with violence.
Violence against Buddha
Authors: Jerryson Michael
Published: March 2018

This chapter addresses the cosmic violence to Buddhism, as well as the personal violence to Buddhists who experience slander and blasphemy. The Buddhist doctrine identifies the violation of Buddhist images as injuring the Buddha. Blasphemy can signal a decline in the Buddhist doctrine and the coming of a Buddhist End Times. Slandering the Buddhist doctrine is not only a signal of the End Times, it is also one of the gravest of sins. But beyond textual analyses, Buddhists explain that they are harmed by such actions. This investigation into blasphemy requires the inclusion of Buddhist experiences, protests, and movements. For Buddhists, like those of the Knowing Buddha Organization, there are correct ways to treat Buddha images. The failure to display a modicum of respect amounts to blasphemy.
The Church’s Postsecular Moment
Authors: Dillon Michele
Published: March 2018

This chapter shows that Pope Francis is reorienting the Church’s engagement with secular society, through both his prioritization of societal issues and his communicative style. It presents case analyses of his exhortation on economic inequality (Joy of the Gospel), and his encyclical on the environment, Laudato Si’—interventions that accord well with contrite modernity’s look to moderate religion for ethical guidance. The chapter shows how Francis’s issue focus and arguments are well attuned to postsecular expectations, and outline the straightforward secular reasoning and culturally resonant vocabulary with which he conveys his religious-based ethical critique. The public reception of Francis’s arguments, however, is complicated by the dismissal of his economic and environmental critique by political conservatives, and by the appropriation of his (mis)perceived moral authority by environmental advocates. Such politicization, the chapter concludes, undermines Francis’s problem-solving objectives even as his discourse contributes to accentuating their political urgency and the Church’s postsecular relevance.
Postsecular Catholicism
Authors: Dillon Michele
Published: March 2018

This chapter uses Pope Francis’s exhortation Amoris Laetitia (AL), his response to the Synod on the Family, to conclude the book’s analysis. I concentrate on AL because its content and reception allow me to summarize how Francis amplifies the Church’s postsecular relevance. I highlight the tensions at issue, especially over interpretive authority, and how the Church’s “scandal avoidance” dictum requires a bifurcation of Catholics’ lived identities. I also show how despite these tensions, Catholicism holds together the dynamic interplay between doctrinal ideas and secular realities, tradition and change, and hierarchical authority and interpretive autonomy. The chapter closes by noting how postsecular expectations accentuate the ongoing interpretive work of Catholicism that will again be on public display at the Synod on Youth.
Antarctica and Siegfried Kracauer’s Extraterrestrial Film Theory
Authors: Fay Jennifer
Published: March 2018

`Siegfried Kracauer’s film and photographic theory along with cinematic records of early Antarctic exploration explain how this utterly inhospitable continent (Antarctica) and this media theory advance an alternative and denaturalized history of the present. Cinema has the capacity to reveal an earth outside of human feeling and utility without sacrificing the particularity that gets lost in scientific abstraction. And Antarctica, for so long outside of human history altogether, simply numbs feeling and refuses to yield to human purpose. It is also a continent on which celluloid encounters its signifying limits. Kracauer, this chapter argues, helps us to imagine an estranged and selfless relationship to an inhospitable or even posthospitable earth that may not accommodate us.
Last Woman Standing
Authors: Smyth J. E.
Published: March 2018

Today, when the media puts studio-era Hollywood and feminism together, the answer is usually Katharine Hepburn. But during her career at RKO and MGM, she did not discuss women’s issues regarding equal pay, career opportunities, or political equality. However, she did state flatly in 1933, “I intend to speak my mind when I please, despite movie traditions,” setting her independence against the Hollywood establishment. She remained uninterested in working with other Hollywood women on-screen or in recognizing the advantages of promoting women’s careers through publicity networks off the set. Katharine Hepburn endures as a product of American myths about pioneering individualism, the Hollywood star system, and the studio-era film industry’s ambivalent investment in strong women. But if, as historian Nancy Cott has argued, “Pure individualism negates feminism because it removes the basis for women’s collective self-understanding or action,” then Hepburn was no feminist. This chapter unravels her myth.
Income and Wealth Disparities, and the Demand Curve
Authors: Attanasio John
Published: March 2018

The Federal Reserve Bank in May 2016, reported “median family income is in the range between $40,000 and $49,999.” The middle class is shrinking. Income and wealth inequalities are hitting the demand curve causing anemic growth and more frequent, severe economic downturns. In 2011–2012, corporate profits had risen to constitute their largest share of the economy since 1929. The campaign finance cases and the increase in income inequality also appear highly correlated with a steep increase in government deficits and national debt. The logical implication of this work is that democracy may be necessary to establish, or sustain, capitalism. If political power becomes concentrated in relatively few people, then economic power will likely become similarly concentrated: oligarchy will lead to oligopoly. If democracy is necessary to obtain sustained capitalism, and if distributive autonomy is necessary to sustain democracy, it would appear that distributive autonomy is necessary to sustain capitalism.
Adolescent Civic Engagement in Contemporary Political and Technological Realities
Authors: Daiute Colette
Published: March 2018

Civic engagement interacts with civic structures and communication media, so adolescent civic engagement research must also interact with such political and technological realities. Since the turn of the twenty-first century, civic entities, such as nation states, municipalities, and organizations, have changed rapidly and sometimes violently, indicating that civic engagement research could usefully ask, How have the concept of civic engagement and related research with adolescents kept up with contemporary civic life and public media? Toward that end, this chapter reviews recent international adolescent civic engagement research with a focus on context-sensitive transformations. The chapter summarizes definitions, contexts, methods, and findings of adolescent civic engagement research, pointing toward the ongoing need for this research field to become open to contemporary realities, such as adolescents’ attempts to deal with disrupted and uncivil spaces, including war zones and refugee life spaces.
The Contribution of Nonfamily Adults to Adolescent Well-Being
Authors: Scales Peter C. , Roehlkepartain Eugene C.
Published: March 2018

This chapter presents an extensive literature review and data from a sample of more than 30,000 children and youth from 30 countries, showing that young people worldwide do not experience an adequate level of developmental relationships with nonfamily adults that feature (a) care, (b) challenge, (c) support, (d) sharing of power with adults, and (e) expansion of young people’s possibilities. Young people who experience high-quality developmental relationships with nonfamily adults are significantly better off on a variety of well-being indicators, including positive identity, workforce readiness, educational attainment, spiritual development, and sexual responsibility. It is concluded that nonfamily adults represent a vast, largely untapped, resource for positive youth development and well-being globally. Implementing policies and practices to measure, track, and build those developmental relationships may be a relatively low-cost way to both promote youth well-being and efficiently multiply the positive impact of existing international aid and humanitarian investments.
Mental Health Challenges and Interventions for Adolescents
Authors: Sherr Lorraine
Published: March 2018

This chapter sets out the importance of adolescent mental health—how the first 1,000 weeks of life provide a more robust time frame for health and development—despite being underserved, underresourced, and underdeveloped. Both positive and negative mental health can affect adolescent well-being. There is a growing evidence base on need and emerging interventions that should be incorporated into holistic adolescent services. This chapter provides an overview of pathways of promise, ranging from social protection, individual and group work, parenting and community interventions, and the promise of a pathway in cyberspace. Mental and physical health are intimately intertwined, and no program of provision for adolescents should fail to address mental health and well-being.
Teens in Public Spaces and Natural Landscapes
Authors: Brunelle Sara , Brussoni Mariana , Herrington Susan , Matsuba M. Kyle , Pratt Michael W.
Published: March 2018

This chapter investigates past and current perceptions of adolescents and how these perceptions influence policies and practices around the design of public spaces. It explores the need for and benefits associated with public spaces, including natural landscapes, for adolescents. The chapter positions adolescents as a distinct landscape user group with specific spatial needs and examines ways to incorporate teens’ developing needs, both physical and psychosocial, into public space design that facilitates their connection with local communities, prioritizing their engagement with public space, civic life, and natural environments. The chapter also discusses ways to harness the power of adolescents in environmental debate and in civic and natural disaster relief efforts.
Conclusions
Authors: Lansford Jennifer E. , Banati Prerna
Published: March 2018

The concluding chapter of the volume integrates the most important points from each of the previous chapters and makes connections among the key points for researchers, policymakers, and individuals who work directly with adolescents and their families in applied settings. The chapter also provides a brief overview of additional issues facing adolescents that were not covered in depth in other chapters as well as a summary of methodological approaches to studying adolescents. The chapter ends with a set of recommendations for future research and actionable steps for policymakers and practitioners to improve the lives of adolescents in diverse settings around the world.
Entangled Selves, Transhuman Families
Authors: Herman David
Published: March 2018

Chapter 3 continues to explore self-narratives in the broader context of creatural life by examining stories that ground affiliations between humans and animals in cross-species kinship networks. With a view to reframing the very idea of family as a transhuman concept, the chapter discusses two parents’ memoirs about their autistic children’s interactions with animals—Rupert Isaacson’s The Horse Boy (2009) and Nuala Gardner’s A Friend Like Henry (2007)—in a way that builds on and also contributes to work being done in the (critical) medical humanities. The chapter also analyzes accounts of pet keeping as well as narratives about human-animal relationships that were told in contexts of family therapy.
Life Narratives beyond the Human
Authors: Herman David
Published: March 2018

Chapter 5 turns from issues of medium specificity to the question of how genre bears on narrative engagements with animal experiences in more-than-human worlds. Laying groundwork for chapter 6’s investigation of the way norms for mental-state attributions cut across the fiction-nonfiction divide, the chapter examines forms of generic hybridity, as well as broader questions about generic status, in post-Darwinian life writing centering on nonhuman subjects. In doing so, the chapter explores not only life narratives written about animals, i.e., animal biographies, but also life narratives attributed to animals, i.e., animal autobiographies. The first part of the chapter considers how modernist explorations in the theory and practice of life writing opened up new pathways for interpreting and engaging with animal lives. The second part discusses problems and possibilities raised by classic as well as contemporary animal autobiographies, disputing the assumption that all animal autobiographies are, by their nature, fictional.
Media, Participation, and Public Opinion toward the Movement
Authors: Lee Francis L. F , Chan Joseph M
Published: March 2018

This chapter discusses the role of the media in the formation and mobilization of the protest campaign under the concept of the partially censored public monitor. Embedded in the dominant political economic structure, the mainstream media were on the whole negative toward the Umbrella Movement. However, (self)-censorship was only partial, and the media system continued to play the role of the public monitor. The media played an important role in generating mediated instant grievances among the public when the police fired tear gas into the protesting crowd at the beginning of the occupation. They also helped monitor police violence throughout the protest campaign. Digital media strengthened the public monitor function of the media system as a whole by facilitating wider flows of media materials. As a result, the impact of the media on public opinion toward the Umbrella Movement was mixed and contradictory.
Conclusion
Authors: Levien Michael
Published: March 2018

This chapter argues that the case of Rajpura provides insights into the causes and trajectory of India’s “land wars” and their implications for development. It suggests that the exclusionary trajectory of capitalism in contemporary India is the structural underpinning of farmer protests and explains why the political stability of India’s neoliberal regime of dispossession rests on its ability to substitute land prices for inclusive development. However, even an ostensibly “pro-farmer” overhaul of India’s Land Acquisition Act will be inadequate to generalize the compliance achieved in Rajpura, especially where agricultural profitability and dependence are higher, inequalities are more muted, and histories of peasant activism are more militant. “Land wars” are a symptom of dispossession without development and will not disappear without a major redirection of India’s political economy. To the extent that they can foster this redirection, anti-dispossession movements are agents of—rather than obstacles to—development.
Property and Human Flourishing
Authors: Alexander Gregory S.
Published: March 2018

Many people assume that what morally justifies private ownership of property is either individual freedom or social welfare, defined in terms of maximizing personal preference-satisfaction. This book offers an alternative way of understanding the moral underpinning of private ownership of property. Rather than identifying any single moral value, this book argues that human flourishing is property’s moral foundation. It develops a theory that connects ownership and human flourishing with obligations. Owners owe obligations to members of the communities that have enabled the owners to live flourishing lives by cultivating in their community members certain capabilities that are essential to leading a well-lived life. These obligations are rooted in the interdependence that exists between owners and their community members, a condition that is inherent in the human condition. Obligations have always been inherent in ownership. The human flourishing theory explains why owners at times owe obligations that enable their fellow community members to develop certain necessary capabilities. This book considers implications for a wide variety of property issues of importance both in the literature and in modern society. These include questions such as: When is a government’s expropriation of property legitimate? May the owner of a historic house destroy it without restriction? Do institutions that owned African slaves or otherwise profited from the slave trade owe any obligations to the African American community? What insights may be gained from the human flourishing concept into resolving current housing problems like homelessness, eviction, and mortgage foreclosure?
Flourishing and Welfare
Authors: Alexander Gregory S.
Published: March 2018

This chapter argues that the moral end of property is human flourishing, a concept which the author uses in a neo-Aristotelian sense. The bulk of the chapter is devoted to an analysis of the concept of human flourishing. It stresses three points: First, human flourishing, although overlapping at times with the concept of welfare, is fundamentally different from welfare. Second, human flourishing is a value-plural concept, encompassing multiple and incommensurable moral values; hence property has multiple ends. Third, property’s pluralistic moral foundation does not mean that rationality and consistency must be sacrificed when property’s various ends come into conflict. Value pluralism is reconcilable with both rational choice and rule-of-law values such as consistency. The human flourishing theory is a consequentialist theory, but in measuring human flourishing, its primary focus is on capabilities rather than resources, and thus the theory draws upon the capabilities approach of Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum.
Ownership and Obligations
Authors: Alexander Gregory S.
Published: March 2018

This chapter is the theoretical heart of the book. It develops the argument that inherent in the concept of ownership itself is an obligation that property owners owe to members of their communities to enable them to flourish. More specifically, the state may legitimately make certain demands on owners to contribute to the maintenance of the matrices and services that nurture the capabilities that are necessary for human flourishing. The chapter considers, and rejects, alternative possible bases for the obligations that property owners owe to others, particularly contract and reciprocity. Instead, the argument here is that the social obligation inherent in ownership is based on human dependency.
The Right to Exclude
Authors: Alexander Gregory S.
Published: March 2018

The right to exclude others has been a controversial topic in property scholarship in recent years. Legal scholars have debated both the centrality of the right to exclude in the concept of ownership and the goods that the right seeks to gain for owners. Right-to-exclude disputes provide an opportunity to consider the method by which legal analysts would approach property disputes generally under the human flourishing theory. This chapter uses the controversy over public access to private beaches as the vehicle for considering the method by which legal analysts would approach property disputes generally under the human flourishing theory. This chapter provides methodological guidance for applying the pluralist human flourishing theory.
Organizing Site Visits
Authors: MacDonald Martha
Published: March 2018

Organizing Site Visits: Methodological Considerations considers the practical challenges of team ethnography fieldwork. The selection of sites and organization of the site visit are central to the success of the rapid site-switching methodology. The method relies heavily on the commitment of team members to take a turn organizing site visits in their jurisdictions and on both their local knowledge and skills. Issues around site selection and site visit organization are discussed from the perspective of a team member responsible for organizing site visits in one Canadian jurisdiction. The chapter reviews the process from the initial selection of sites to follow-up with the host facilities. Decentralized, collaborative decision-making is essential when planning fieldwork in multiple jurisdictions with widely dispersed team members. Relationships are key to a successful site visit and all aspects of local arrangements must be considered through this lens.
Telling Stories
Authors: Chivers Sally , Newman-Stille Derek
Published: March 2018

This chapter explains how a literary lens facilitates thinking about how stories reveal context, assumptions, meaning, culture, ethical engagements, and complexity. It examines how stories are central not only to the content of our research but also to the process. The authors consider how team-based ethnographic researchers watch stories play out in the care home sites they visit and how individual researchers on the team tell stories to one another as a means of understanding data, building rapport, and coping with difficult material. Stories are part of what has helped the researchers to work creatively as a team. The chapter shows that stories bring authenticity to research, make it easier to communicate the data broadly, and engage the imagination in a manner that is critical to real social change.
The Rhetoric of Faithful Science
Authors: Glausser Wayne
Published: March 2018

This chapter examines books by three distinguished scientists—Francis Collins, Owen Gingerich, and John Polkinghorne—who have strong Christian faith. All three scientists attempt to argue that religious faith and scientific truth are not incompatible. They refuse to cede the territory of science to atheists; they use scientific argument to support theism. Analysis of their rhetoric reveals certain difficulties with these apologetic projects. Although they eschew mere “assertion of fideistic certainties,” they cannot entirely avoid such assertions. Sometimes they elevate their diction to articulate a Romantic truth that transcends science. They use “appeal to authority” with theist-friendly quotations from Einstein and Hawking, but neither of these physicists turns out to be a very good ally. Finally, their use of science to prove theism leads to dubious analogies, mismatched explanatory models, and flawed theodicy.
Christians and Adversaries in the Evolving Norton Anthology of English Literature
Authors: Glausser Wayne
Published: March 2018

This chapter examines fifty years of evolving annotations in the influential Norton Anthology of English Literature. As editors provide information about canonical works that aim to present Christian truth—like The Faerie Queene and Paradise Lost—they find themselves entangled with an increasingly secular literary world. Notes from earlier editions tend to reflect the perspective of a Christian insider; later editions gradually revise these notes to reflect a more secular literary landscape and to attract the broadest possible audience. The chapter studies these effects by focusing on three “adversaries” to Christianity (as seen by many traditional Christians): Milton’s Satan, Islam, and queer sexuality. Later editions of Norton secularize the anthology by excising or revising notes that endorse or privilege Christian beliefs, but the new notes are not belief-neutral in any simple sense.
Judgment
Authors: Kershner Jon R.
Published: March 2018

The chapter argues that Woolman believed God intervened in human history and natural events to accomplish the divine will. Woolman felt that he was capable of interpreting historical events for his fellow colonists so that they could understand the spiritual meaning God intended them to learn from disease, war, and pestilence. Woolman held to two forms of divine judgment. One form he called “chastisements,” which were divine attempts to get humanity’s attention and to call humanity back to obedience. The second type of divine judgment was a retributive wrath, in which God destroyed all forces opposed to the divine will. Woolman’s theology of divine judgment gave him assurance that the vision for colonial America he proclaimed would come to pass, because God could not be thwarted. This theology convinced him that God was already intervening in human affairs, and so provided theological meaning to the events of his day.
Explorations in Dynamics of Symbolic Meaning with Cultural Experiments
Authors: Boski Pawel
Published: March 2018

To counterbalance the predominantly verbal measures and psychometric orientation in cross-cultural psychology, this chapter proposes the concept of cultural experiment. It is a method of sampling normative behavioral scripts, exploring their inner structures of meaning, and finally designing reversals, with the expectation of disconfirmation as their ultimate validity test. Pictorial materials (videos) are the preferred methods in this approach as contextualized models of existing cultural arrangements or their modifications. Empirical evidence comes from five cross-cultural research projects spanned over 30 years. These experiments illustrate contrasts in psychological adaptation to congruent and incongruent scenarios. They provide answers when new cultural ways meet with resistance and when novelty is appreciated or tolerated. Three experiments focus on dynamics of gender role prescriptions from Polish and Scandinavian perspectives. Another study investigates person perception of culturally familiar and remote African actors. The last study explores tolerance priming through religious icons from in-group and out-group cultures.
Regions-based Two-dimensional Continua: The Euclidean Case
Authors: Hellman Geoffrey , Shapiro Stewart
Published: March 2018

This chapter develops a Euclidean, two-dimensional, regions-based theory. As with the semi-Aristotelian account in Chapter 2, the goal here is to recover the now orthodox Dedekind–Cantor continuum on a point-free basis. The chapter derives the Archimedean property for a class of readily postulated orientations of certain special regions, what are called “generalized quadrilaterals” (intended as parallelograms), by which the entire space is covered. Then the chapter generalizes this to arbitrary orientations, and then establishes an isomorphism between the space and the usual point-based one. As in the one-dimensional case, this is done on the basis of axioms which contain no explicit “extremal clause”, and we have no axiom of induction other than ordinary numerical (mathematical) induction.
Enoch’s Roles in Human Society
Authors: Reeves John C. , Reed Annette Yoshiko
Published: March 2018

This chapter brings together testimonies about the diverse social roles and vocations which Enoch allegedly exercised among his contemporaries during the antediluvian era. These include descriptions of Enoch functioning as a teacher, a prophet, an expert on proper religious behaviors, a ruler or lawgiver, a builder, a warrior, a hermit, a funeral director, a sorcerer’s apprentice, and as the designated heir or legatee of his father Yared.
The Sino–Russian Military–Security Relationship
Authors: Bolt Paul J. , Cross Sharyl N.
Published: March 2018

China and Russia see numerous external and internal challenges that threaten their security, including Russia’s standoff with NATO over Ukraine and China’s territorial disputes in the South China Sea, and both states are increasing the capabilities of their military forces. In this environment, China and Russia have established a secure border that enables them to focus elsewhere. Russian arms sales to China are important, and the two sides engage in joint military exercises, both bilaterally and in conjunction with the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. They further cooperate on regional issues and space. However, China and Russia have not formed a military alliance, and the memory of past conflicts and the growing power of the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) vis-à-vis the Russian military place limits on security cooperation.
An Argument from Contingency
Authors: Pruss Alexander R. , Rasmussen Joshua L.
Published: March 2018

A classic argument from contingency is presented in the language of contemporary plural logic. Included are several independent supports for the principle of explanation that drives the argument. The argument is tested with the instrument of objections. Thus, historical objections from Hume and Kant are examined, and then a series of more recent objections to arguments from contingency is considered. Objections include various reasons to doubt, or hesitate to accept, the principle of explanation. Whether the argument could be sound even if there were an infinite regress of causes is carefully considered. The chapter closes by citing both strengths and weaknesses of the argument.
From Possible Causes II
Authors: Pruss Alexander R. , Rasmussen Joshua L.
Published: March 2018

The chapter searches for the logically weakest causal principle that can be found that would establish the existence of a necessary being. First the most general principle of causation is presented and then a series of increasingly weaker versions are proposed. The goal of the chapter is to provide one of the most modest causal principles on which there is at least some causal order. It is then shown how to use such a principle to construct an argument for a necessary being. As usual, various objections and replies are considered, and an advantage is drawn out of this argument with a demonstration of how someone could have reason to accept the very weak causal principle even if they do not accept any causal principle in any previous argument for a necessary being.
Arguments against a Necessary Being
Authors: Pruss Alexander R. , Rasmussen Joshua L.
Published: March 2018

The chapter surveys the main arguments people give for thinking there is no necessary being. In particular, the following are considered: Hume's argument from conceivability, Swinburne's neo‐Humean argument, the subtraction argument, the problem of causation, and parsimony concerns. Weaknesses are exposed in all these arguments. For many of the arguments, it is shown that there is an equally strong parity argument for an opposite conclusion. It is further shown why the arguments we gave for a necessary being do not suffer similar weaknesses. The concluding assessment suggests that the weightiest of the objections may be no weightier than the parsimony concerns, which the arguments for a necessary being far outweigh.
Setting the Scene
Authors: Allsop Cheryl
Published: March 2018

This chapter introduces the reader to cold case investigations and sets out the key concepts that will be explored in the book, including an explanation of what constitutes a cold case and a cold case review. It outlines the crimes most likely to be the subject of a cold case review, namely murder and ‘stranger rape’. There is also a brief introduction to the role of DNA in these reviews, as advanced DNA profiling techniques and methods of amplifying minute amounts of biological material have led to the opening of new lines of enquiry in cold cases. The introduction of the National DNA Database (NDNAD) has also been instrumental to the success of cold case reviews, especially in sexually motivated offences.
The Reliance on Science
Authors: Allsop Cheryl
Published: March 2018

This chapter is concerned with the place of forensic science in cold case reviews and the differences in its positioning when comparing cold case murders and cold case stranger rape reviews. It will be suggested in this chapter that there is a reliance on science in cold case reviews but this reliance is not without issue. However, it is a good place to start an investigation, especially in sexually motivated offences, when it can identify a previously unknown offender, link crimes, or open new investigative lines of enquiry to implicate or eliminate offenders. The issues inherent with relying on forensic science in cold case reviews will also be made clear.
Concluding Comments
Authors: Allsop Cheryl
Published: March 2018

This concluding chapter to the book reflects on the key points which have been made, and considers what the research findings tell us about the value and effectiveness of cold case reviews, including the case for expanding or cutting back on this form of policing. Here it will be especially noted that it is for the victims and victims’ families that cold case review work should continue. The chapter also considers cold case reviews within the context of changes in policing more generally, in particular, as part of the broader evolution in police investigative practice driven by technological developments and suggesting what this now means for social control and social order.
Pragmatism and Organization Studies
Authors: Lorino Philippe
Published: March 2018

The development of pragmatist thought (Peirce, James, Dewey, and Mead) in the first half of the twentieth century in the United States deeply impacted political science, semiotics, philosophy, psychology, sociology, education, law. Later intellectual trends (analytical philosophy, structuralism, cognitivism) focusing on rational representations or archetypical models somehow sidelined Pragmatism for three decades. In the world of organizations, they often conveyed the Cartesian dream of rational control, which became the mainstream view in management and organization research. In response to the growing uncertainty and complexity of situations, social sciences have experienced a “pragmatist turn.” Many streams of organization research have criticized the view of organizations as information-processing structures, controlled through rational representations. They share some key theoretical principles: the processual view of organizing as “becoming”; the emphasis on the key role of action; the agential power of objects; the exploratory and inquiring nature of organizing. These are precisely the key theses of pragmatists, who formulated a radical critique of the dualisms which hinder organization studies (thought/action, decision/execution, reality/representation, individual/collective, micro/macro) and developed key concepts applicable to organization studies (inquiry, semiotic mediation, habit, abduction, trans-action, valuation). This book aims to make the pragmatist intellectual framework more accessible to organization and management scholars. It presents some fundamental pragmatist concepts, and their potential application to the study of organizations, drawing conclusions concerning managerial practices, in particular the critique of the Taylorian tradition and the promotion of continuous improvement. To enhance accessibility, each theme is illustrated by real cases experienced by the author.
Historical perspective
Authors: Lorino Philippe
Published: March 2018

The pragmatist intellectual trend started as an anti-Cartesian revolt by amateur philosophers and became a major inspiration for anti-Taylorian managerial thought. In the early days of the pragmatist movement, a small group of friends fought idealist and Cartesian ideas. The influence of classical pragmatists Peirce, James, Dewey, and Mead, and some of their closest fellow travellers (Royce, Addams, Follett, and Lewis), grew in the first decades of the twentieth century. Some misunderstandings of the central tenets of pragmatism later led to its distortion into the common language acceptance of the word “pragmatism” and contributed to a relative decline in the 1930s, precisely when pragmatism began to inspire an anti-Taylorian managerial movement. Finally the chapter narrates how “the pragmatist turn,” a revival of pragmatist ideas, took place in the last quarter of the twentieth century.
How Reasons Are Sensitive to Available Evidence
Authors: Kiesewetter Benjamin
Published: March 2018

This chapter develops a theory of how claims about an agent’s normative reasons are sensitive to the epistemic circumstances of this agent, which preserves the plausible ideas that reasons are facts and that reasons can be discovered in deliberation and disclosed in advice. It argues that a plausible theory of this kind must take into account the difference between synchronic and diachronic reasons, i.e. reasons for acting immediately and reasons for acting at some later point in time. The chapter provides a general account of the relation between synchronic and diachronic reasons, demonstrates its implications for the evidence-sensitivity of reasons, and finally presents and defends an argument for the theory that has been developed.
Topos-theoretic background
Authors: Caramello Olivia
Published: March 2018

This chapter provides the topos-theoretic background necessary for understanding the contents of the book; the presentation is self-contained and only assumes a basic familiarity with the language of category theory. The chapter begins by reviewing the basic theory of Grothendieck toposes, including the fundamental equivalence between geometric morphisms and flat functors. Then it presents the notion of first-order theory and the various deductive systems for fragments of first-order logic that will be considered in the course of the book, notably including that of geometric logic. Further, it discusses categorical semantics, i.e. the interpretation of first-order theories in categories possessing ‘enough’ structure. Lastly, the key concept of syntactic category of a first-order theory is reviewed; this notion will be used in Chapter 2 for constructing classifying toposes of geometric theories.