bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ВЛИЯНИЕ РИФАМПИЦИНА И ЕГО ИНКАПСУЛИРОВАННОЙ ФОРМЫ НА ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНУЮ АКТИВНОСТЬ БЕЛКА МНОЖЕСТВЕННОЙ ЛЕКАРСТВЕННОЙ УСТОЙЧИВОСТИ PGP В МИЕЛОИДНЫХ КЛЕТКАХ ЧЕЛОВЕКА, "Вестник Центрального научно-исследовательского института туберкулеза"
Authors: Ерохина Мария Владиславовна - , Лепеха Лариса Николаевна , Рыбалкина Екатерина Юрьевна , Павлова Екатерина Николаевна , Онищенко Галина Евгеньевна
Published: September 2018

P-гликопротеин (Pgp) - наиболее универсальный из всех белков «множественной лекарственной устойчивости» клеток человека. В настоящее время известно, что многие лекарственные препараты являются субстратами для Pgp, в том числе и один из основных противотуберкулезных препаратов - рифампицин. Одним из достижений нанотехнологий является разработка методов инкапсулирования лекарственных препаратов - субстратов для Pgp, чтобы обойти проблему развития лекарственной устойчивости. На основе наночастиц полимера молочной кислоты создана инкапсулированная форма рифампицина. В отличие от традиционного рифампицина, проникающего в клетки человека путем диффузии и накапливающегося в цитозоле, инкапсулированный рифампицин поступает в клетки в результате фагоцитоза и в дальнейшем концентрируется в фагосомах и фаголизосомах. Цель работы - сравнить влияние традиционного препарата рифампицина и его инкапсулированной формы на функциональную активность белка Pgp в миелоидных клетках человека c высокими уровнями экспрессии гена MDR1 и его белка Pgp. В работе методами ­ОТ-ПЦР, иммунофлуоресцентного выявления, проточной цитометрии и МТТ-­теста представлена характеристика линий миелоидных клеток человека К562 (без экспрессии MDR1 и Pgp) и К562/i-S9 (с высокими уровнями экспрессии MDR1 и Pgp). На данных моделях изучено влияние на функциональную активность Pgp рифампицина и его инкапсулированной формы. Экспериментальные концентрации рифампицина ­составили 10 и 25 мкг/мл: в данных концентрациях препарат вызывает незначительное снижение выброса родамина 123 в клетках K562/i-S9, что свидетельствует о его конкурентном связывании с Pgp. Инкапсулированный рифампицин (100 мкг/мл, доля рифампицина ~ 8%) приводит к блокированию выброса родамина 123 в клетках K562/i-S9, тогда как наночастицы без лекарственного препарата не оказывают влияние на выброс красителя, т.е. активизация фагоцитоза (нарушение стабильности плазматической мембраны) не приводит к инактивации функции Pgp. Полученные данные могут свидетельствовать о том, что в цитоплазме клеток создается достаточно высокая концентрация рифампицина после деградации полимера, и рифампицин не только остается в составе фаголизосом, но и диффундирует в цитозоль, где связывается с Pgp. Данные о том, что инкапсулированная форма рифампицина не ­исключает накопления свободного рифампицина в цитозоле и его взаимодействия с основным белком множественной лекарственной устойчивости Pgp, ставят вопрос о дальнейшем совершенствовании инкапсулированной формы препарата.
ЛЕТАЛЬНОСТЬ ВПЕРВЫЕ ВЫЯВЛЕННЫХ БОЛЬНЫХ ТУБЕРКУЛЕЗОМ В Г. КИШИНЕВЕ В РАЗНЫЕ ВРЕМЕННЫЕ ПРОМЕЖУТКИ, "Вестник Центрального научно-исследовательского института туберкулеза"
Authors: Попа Василий Федорович , Устиян Аурелия Ивановна , Яворский К.М. , Малик А.М. , Нигуляну А.В. , Кульчицкая С.С.
Published: September 2018

Цель: изучение летальных исходов от прогрессирования туберкулеза у впервые выявленных больных туберкулезом, умерших в стационаре в разные временные промежутки. Материалы и методы. Был проведен ретроспективный анализ случаев смерти от туберкулеза в г. Кишиневе в течение 3 временных пе­риодов в зависимости от эпидемиологической ситуации: 1 период - 2001-2003 гг., 2 период - 2007-2009 гг. и 3 пе­риод - 2013-2015 гг. От прогрессирования туберкулеза в стационаре умерли: в 1 периоде 64 (31,7%), во 2 периоде - 77 (72%) и в 3 периоде - 36 (60%) больных. Результаты. Туберкулезный контакт был установлен в половине случаев. Во всех периодах больные в основном выявлялись по обращению. Большинство умерших из числа зарегистрированных с инфильтративной формой были с казеозной пневмонией. В 3 периоде отмечали рост числа больных с генерализованным туберкулезом и появление случаев ­туберкулеза с широкой лекарственной устойчивостью. Среди сопутствующей патологии наиболее часто встречались хронический алкоголизм, ВИЧ-инфекция, хронический гепатит, анемия. У 2/3 умерших больных летальный исход ­наступил в течение первого месяца с момента госпитализации.
СРАВНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ ФЕНОТИПИЧЕСКОЙ И ГЕНОТИПИЧЕСКОЙ ЛЕКАРСТВЕННОЙ ЧУВСТВИТЕЛЬНОСТИ MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS, ВЫДЕЛЕННЫХ ОТ ДЕТЕЙ И ПОДРОСТКОВ ИЗ СТАЦИОНАРА ЦНИИТ ЗА ПЕРИОД 2011-2018 ГГ., "Вестник Центрального научно-исследовательского института туберку
Authors: Андреевская Софья Николаевна , Смирнова Татьяна Геннадьевна , Андриевская Ирина Юрьевна , Киселева Екатерина Андреевна , Ларионова Елена Евгеньевна , Севастьянова Элина Викторовна , Черноусова Лариса Николаевна
Published: September 2018

В статье охарактеризована лекарственная чувствительность МБТ, выделенных от детей и подростков, и оценена эффективность применяемых для определения лекарственной чувствительности молекулярно-генетических методов. Работа проведена на образцах диагностического материала, полученных от больных туберкулезом легких из младшего детского и подросткового отделений ЦНИИТ за период с 2011 по май 2018 г., с использованием культуральных (BACTEC MGIT 960) и молекулярно-генетических методов диагностики (ПЦР в режиме реального времени, мультиплексная ПЦР и биочипы). Культуральные исследования проводили для 445 больных из младшего детского отделения и 778 - из подросткового отделения. Диагностику молекулярно-генетическими методами для 778 больных из младшего детского отделения и 705 - из подросткового отделения. Показана большая эффективность молекулярно-генетической диагностики при выявлении МБТ в диагностическом материале по сравнению с культуральными методами и большая аналитическая чувствительность мультиплексной ПЦР по сравнению с технологией биочипов при определении лекарственной чувствительности. При анализе лекарственной устойчивости МБТ, выделенных от детей и подростков, показана большая доля случаев с МЛУ (49,39%), большая часть из которых была обусловлена мутациями, не оказывающими негативного влияния на жизнеспособность и трансмиссивность МБТ (rpoB531_Ser->Leu + katG315_Ser->Thr). Полученные результаты позволяют сделать заключение о большом резервуаре МБТ с МЛУ, которые способны активно передаваться в популяции. Для повышения эффективности контроля распространения лекарственно-устойчивого туберкулеза у детей и подростков рекомендовано обязательное включение в диагностический алгоритм молекулярно-генетических методов для выявления и определения лекарственной чувствительности возбудителя. В перспективе необходима разработка молекулярно-генетических ­тест-­систем к более широкому спектру противотуберкулезных препаратов, чем представлен в настоящее время.
ПЕРСОНИФИЦИРОВАННЫЕ ПОДХОДЫ К ЛЕЧЕНИЮ ТУБЕРКУЛЕЗА ОРГАНОВ ДЫХАНИЯ С МЛУ/ШЛУ МБТ У ПОДРОСТКОВ С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ УКОРОЧЕННЫХ РЕЖИМОВ ХИМИОТЕРАПИИ, КЛАПАННОЙ БРОНХОБЛОКАЦИИ И ХИРУРГИЧЕСКИХ МЕТОДОВ, "Вестник Центрального научно-исследовательского института туб
Authors: Виечелли Евгения Александровна , Панова Людмила Владимировна , Овсянкина Елена Сергеевна , Багиров М.А. , Сивокозов И.В.
Published: September 2018

Проведено когортное проспективное исследование (с 2015 по 2017 г.), в которое включены 14 пациентов (­13-17 лет) с туберкулезом органов дыхания с МЛУ/ШЛУ МБТ с целью разработки персонифицированных подходов к лечению с применением укороченных режимов химиотерапии, клапанной бронхоблокации и хирургического лечения. Критерии, обосновывающие назначение химиотерапии по укороченному режиму: абациллирование через 1-3 месяца, закрытие полости распада легочной ткани до 6 месяцев лечения. Химиотерапия по укороченному ­режиму (12 месяцев: интенсивная фаза 6 месяцев - 5 противотуберкулезных препаратов, фаза продолжения 6 месяцев - 3 препарата) проведена 28,6% пациентов. Химиотерапия длительностью более 12 месяцев проведена 71,4% пациентов, что было связано с проведением хиругического лечения в 60,0% случаев и установкой эндобронхиального клапана в 20,0% случаев. Эффективность укороченных режимов химиотерапии подтверждена отсутствием рецидивов через один год после завершения основного курса лечения. Применение клапанной бронхоблокации и хирургического вмешательства позволили достичь благоприятного исхода заболевания в случаях сохранения полостей распада ­легочной ткани.
ПОБОЧНЫЕ РЕАКЦИИ НА ХИМИОТЕРАПИЮ У ДЕТЕЙ И ПОДРОСТКОВ, БОЛЬНЫХ ТУБЕРКУЛЕЗОМ ОРГАНОВ ДЫХАНИЯ, ПОСЛЕ ХИРУРГИЧЕСКОГО ВМЕШАТЕЛЬСТВА, "Вестник Центрального научно-исследовательского института туберкулеза"
Authors: Хитева Антонина Юрьевна , Панова Людмила Владимировна - , Овсянкина Елена Сергеевна
Published: September 2018

Проведено когортное проспективное исследование (с 2013 по 2017 г.), в которое включены 52 пациента (13-17 лет) после хирургического лечения по поводу туберкулеза органов дыхания, с целью определения значимости мониторинга побочных реакций на противотуберкулезные препараты. Самыми распространенными среди побочных реакций на противотуберкулезные препараты были токсические поражения гепато-билиарной системы - 40%. Мониторинг побочных реакций позволил выявить и своевременно скорректировать непереносимость препаратов у 70% пациентов, что не повлияло на длительность их нахождения в стационаре. У 10% пациентов, учитывая минимальные клинические и лабораторные признаки побочных реакций, проводилась симптоматическая терапия без отмены химиотерапии. У 20% пациентов с частыми отменами всей схемы противотуберкулезной терапии срок пребывания в стационаре увеличился от 15 дней до 3 месяцев.
ZNF121 interacts with ZBRK1 and BRCA1 to regulate their target genes in mammary epithelial cells
Authors: Luo Ang , Zhang Kailun , Zhao Yanxia , Zhu Zhengmao , Fu Liya , Dong Jin‐Tang
Published: September 2018

The novel zinc finger protein 121 (ZNF121) has been demonstrated to physically and functionally associate with the MYC oncoprotein to regulate cell proliferation and likely breast cancer development. To further understand how ZNF121 functions in cell proliferation and carcinogenesis, we identified and characterized the interaction of ZNF121 with zinc finger and BRCA1‐interacting protein with a KRAB domain 1 (ZBRK1), a breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility protein 1 (BRCA1)‐interacting protein, using the yeast two‐hybrid assay and other approaches. We also found that ZNF121 bound to BRCA1. Functionally, ZFN121 suppressed the expression of ANG1 and HMGA2, two common downstream targets of ZBRK1 and BRCA1. Interestingly, ZNF121 also regulated the expression of BRCA1 and ZBRK1. These findings suggest that ZNF121 is likely a member of the BRCA1/CtIP/ZBRK1 repressor complex that plays a role in breast cancer.
Urban air quality and associations with pediatric multiple sclerosis
Authors: Lavery Amy M. , Waubant Emmanuelle , Casper T. Charles , Roalstad Shelly , Candee Meghan , Rose John , Belman Anita , Weinstock‐Guttman Bianca , Aaen Greg , Tillema Jan‐Mendelt , Rodriguez Moses , Ness Jayne , Harris Yolanda , Graves Jennifer , Krupp Lauren , Charvet Leigh , Benson Leslie , Gorman Mark , Moodley Manikum , Rensel Mary , Goyal Manu , Mar Soe , Chitnis Tanuja , Schreiner Teri , Lotze Tim , Greenberg Benjamin , Kahn Ilana , Rubin Jennifer , Waldman Amy T.
Published: September 2018

Background

We previously identified air quality as a risk factor of interest for pediatric multiple sclerosis. The purpose of this study is to more closely examine the association between the six criteria air pollutants and pediatric MS as well as identify specific areas of toxic release using data from the Toxic Release Inventory.

Methods

Pediatric MS cases (N = 290) and healthy controls (N = 442) were included as part of an ongoing case–control study. We used the National Emissions Inventory system to estimate particulate exposure by county of residence for each participant. Proximity to Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) sites was also assessed using ArcGIS mapping tools. Risk‐Screening Environmental Indicators (RSEI) classified counties at risk to exposure of environmental toxic releases.

Results

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and lead air emissions were associated with increased odds for pediatric MS (P < 0.01) for those residing within 20 miles of an MS center. Most study participants (75%) resided within 5 miles of at least one TRI site; however, the mean total pounds of stack air releases was higher for sites near MS cases (81,000 tons) compared to those near healthy controls (35,000 tons, P = 0.002). Average RSEI scores did not differ significantly between cases and controls.

Conclusion

Out of several air pollutants examined, we show that fine particulate matter and three other criteria pollutants (SO2, CO, and lead) were statistically associated with higher odds for pediatric MS.
Outcomes after 8 years of eliglustat therapy for Gaucher disease type 1: Final results from the Phase 2 trial
Authors: Lukina Elena , Watman Nora , Dragosky Marta , Lau Heather , Avila Arreguin Elsa , Rosenbaum Hanna , Zimran Ari , Foster Meredith C. , Gaemers Sebastiaan J. M. , Peterschmitt M. Judith
Published: September 2018

Eliglustat is a first‐line oral therapy for adults with Gaucher disease type 1 (GD1) and poor, intermediate or extensive CYP2D6‐metabolizer phenotypes (>90% of patients). We report the final results of a Phase 2 trial and extension (NCT00358150) in previously untreated adult GD1 patients who had splenomegaly with thrombocytopenia and/or anemia and received 50 or 100 mg eliglustat tartrate (equivalent to 42 or 84 mg eliglustat) twice daily for 8 years. In total, 19 of 26 patients completed the trial. After 8 years of eliglustat, mean spleen and liver volumes decreased by 69% and 34%, respectively. Mean hemoglobin concentration and platelet count increased by 2.2 g/dL and 113%, respectively. All patients met at least 3 of 4 therapeutic goals established for patients on long‐term enzyme replacement therapy. Mean final values for patients with severe splenomegaly (n = 6), moderate‐to‐severe anemia (n = 6), or severe thrombocytopenia (n = 8) were similar to patients with milder disease at baseline and within long‐term therapeutic goal thresholds. Biomarker median percent changes from baseline were ‐91% for chitotriosidase, ‐87% for CCL18, ‐92% for glucosylsphingosine, and ‐80% for plasma glucosylceramide. Mean lumbar spine T‐score increased by 0.96, moving from the osteopenic to the normal range. Mean quality‐of‐life scores, mostly below normal at baseline, moved into ranges seen in healthy adults. Eliglustat was well‐tolerated; 98% of adverse events were mild or moderate and 94% were considered unrelated to treatment. Clinically meaningful improvements in all parameters continued or were maintained over 8 years, with the largest margins of improvement seen in the most severely affected patients.
Systematic literature review of treatments used for adult immune thrombocytopenia in the second‐line setting
Authors: Bylsma Lauren C. , Fryzek Jon P. , Cetin Karynsa , Callaghan Fiona , Bezold Carla , Mehta Bhakti , Wasser Jeffrey S.
Published: September 2018

Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is a rare platelet disorder that is often persistent or chronic in adults. Patient management is dependent upon physician judgment and patient preference, given both the rarity of the condition and a paucity of high‐quality clinical trial evidence to inform practice guidelines. A systematic literature review was conducted to provide an up‐to‐date summary of studies evaluating the safety and efficacy/effectiveness of therapies used to treat adults with primary ITP in the second‐line setting. Using comprehensive search strings, several medical research databases were queried. Final abstraction was performed on 186 articles. Most (75%) studies were observational in nature; nearly half were conducted in Europe. Splenectomy was the most commonly studied (n = 83, 47%), followed by rituximab (n = 49, 26%) and the thrombopoietin‐receptor agonists (TPO‐RAs) romiplostim (n = 34, 18%) and eltrombopag (n = 24, 13%). Twelve prospective, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with a placebo or standard‐of‐care arm evaluating the safety and efficacy of either rituximab or a TPO‐RA were identified and described in detail. These trials provide important information on the safety and efficacy of these treatments, and in the absence of head‐to‐head data, offer insights on how these therapies compare with one another in treating adult ITP in the second‐line setting. This review confirms that for most second‐line ITP treatment options, there remains a lack of rigorous evidence derived from RCTs, and for many treatments, there is limited evidence of any kind. The need for additional research to guide treatment choices in this setting and greater use of standardized ITP terminology are highlighted.
Eine katalytische Kreuz‐Olefinierung von Diazoverbindungen mit Sulfoxonium‐Yliden
Authors: Neuhaus James D. , Bauer Adriano , Pinto Alexandre , Maulide Nuno
Published: September 2018

Eine neuartige Ruthenium‐katalysierte Kreuz‐Olefinierung von Diazoverbindungen und Sulfoxonium‐Yliden wird vorgestellt. Unser Reaktionsdesign nutzt den intrinsischen Reaktivitätsunterschied von Diazoverbindungen und Sulfoxonium‐Yliden als maskierte Carbene und Nukleophile, welche hohe Selektivitäten in der Reaktion ermöglichen.
Dipeptide‐functionalized MIL‐101(Fe) as efficient material for ibuprofen delivery
Authors: Rajab Asadi Fatemeh , Hamzavi Seyedeh Fazileh , Shahverdizadeh Gholam Hossein , Ilkhchi Mahdi Ghasedi , Hosseinzadeh‐Khanmiri Rahim
Published: September 2018

Two derivatives of a dipeptide‐functionalized metal–organic framework were synthesized through isocyanide‐based multi‐component reactions from amine‐containing MIL‐101(Fe). The functionalized materials were characterized by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction Brunauer–Emmett–Teller measurements, thermogravimetric analysis, elemental analysis and scanning electron microscopy. The performances of these functionalized MIL‐101(Fe) materials with different functions were evaluated for ibuprofen delivery during six days, showing a good ability for adsorption of significant content of the drug and very slow release.
Non‐hydrocracking of diesel over hierarchical hzsm‐5 zeolite to produce gasoline
Authors: Lian Zhentao , Yang Chao , Shi Li , Meng Xuan , Liu Naiwang , Yang Yue , Wang Xin
Published: September 2018

A series of ZSM‐5 zeolites (SiO2/Al2O3 = 50) were desilicated by sodium hydroxide with different concentrations (0.1 mol/L, 0.3 mol/L, 0.5 mol/L and 0.7 mol/L). The crystal morphology, textural property and acidic property of the catalysts were characterized by XRD, TEM, N2 adsorption–desorption isotherm, NH3‐TPD, 27Al MAS NMR and IR spectroscopy. Meanwhile, the influence of sodium hydroxide concentration in the gasoline yield, products distribution, coke deposition in the non‐hydrocracking of diesel were studied. Results showed that mesopores were successfully induced to ZSM‐5 zeolites after desilication; more weak acid sites and Lewis acid sites (LAS) were generated; in contrast, the strong acid sites and Brønsted acid sites (BAS) were weakened, leading to an increased ratio of LAS to BAS (LAS/BAS). After alkali treatment, HZ‐0.5A exhibited the maximal conversion, yield and selectivity of gasoline; while the HZ‐0.5A‐1 AC exhibited a lower yield and selectivity. It was also observed that the amount of coke and P/O performed a positive relationship with the LAS/BAS.
Guideline Implementation: Manual Chemical High‐Level Disinfection
Authors: Link Terri
Published: September 2018

The Spaulding system recommends sterilization or, at minimum, high‐level disinfection for semicritical medical items (ie, items that come into contact with mucous membranes or nonintact skin). High‐level disinfection deactivates all types of microorganisms except bacterial spores and prions. If high‐level disinfection is not performed correctly, however, contaminated medical or surgical devices could transmit pathogens to patients. Reusable semicritical items may be processed using manual methods when manual chemical high‐level disinfection is the only processing method recommended by the manufacturer. The AORN “Guideline for manual chemical high‐level disinfection” provides guidance to health care personnel for performing effective manual chemical high‐level disinfection and preventing injury associated with the use of high‐level disinfectant chemicals. This article focuses on key points of the guideline that address preparation of items for high‐level disinfection, use of high‐level disinfectants, health care personnel safety, and documentation. Perioperative RNs should review the complete guideline for additional information and for guidance when writing and updating policies and procedures.
Determining the scaling of gel mesh size with changing crosslinker concentration using dynamic swelling, rheometry, and PGSE NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Wisniewska Malgorzata Anna , Seland John Georg , Wang Wei
Published: September 2018

We studied the scaling behavior of the mesh size () of chemically crosslinked poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide‐co‐acrylic acid) hydrogels with changing crosslinker concentration (Ccl) from 0.006 to 0.143 mol L−1. Three experimental methods were employed, namely dynamic swelling, rheometry, and probe diffusion by pulsed gradient spin‐echo NMR. The mesh sizes determined by probe diffusion are dependent on the probe size. The scaling model of (n < 0) could describe variation of the mesh size, obtained by any of the aforementioned techniques, with the crosslinker concentration. Thus, for hydrogels in equilibrium with water, the obtained values of the scaling exponent (n) are −0.73 ± 0.05 for dynamic swelling, −1.0 ± 0.3 for probe diffusion, and −0.27 ± 0.02 for rheological measurements. We demonstrated that the scaling of the mesh sizes for probe diffusion and dynamic swelling results was in good agreement with theoretical prediction. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46695.
Novel primer composed of a silane coupling agent and multi‐thiol for adhesion of versatile dental materials
Authors: Kimura H. , Sakamoto T. , Yamada B.
Published: September 2018

The present study emerged from the confirmation that, as a coupling agent, γ‐methacryloyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTS) effectively enhances the adhesion between sandblasted zirconia and opaquer as a dental polymer. Based on this finding, an ethanol solution of MPTS and pentaerythritol tetrakis[3‐(mercaptopropionate)] as a multipurpose primer was prepared and applied to strengthen the adhesion to a wide range of adherends. Although opaquer dose not adhere to zirconia without sandblasting and subsequent priming, sandblasting seems to induce the formation of OH groups allowing reactions with MPTS. To use zirconia as a CAD/CAM (computer‐aided design/computer aided‐manufacturing) material, a surface structure consisting of a large number of parallel grooves was carved, and subsequent sandblasting and priming resulted in enhanced adhesion to the opaquer. The priming components can be premixed with the opaquer composites functioning as the paste type primer, which acts as effectively as the ethanol solution but without the fear of leakage except for zirconia. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46763.
Engineering impact modification of anionically polymerized polyamide 6
Authors: Evans G. C. , Desbois P. , Lesser A. J.
Published: September 2018

A new approach to toughen anionically polymerized polyamide 6 (aPA6) is presented using an additive monomer that simultaneously polymerizes and undergoes reaction‐induced phase separation (RIPS) during aPA6 polymerization. In this work, the selection of additive, concentration, and reaction conditions are controlled in such a way to produce rubbery domains of the proper size and interparticle distance necessary for effective toughening without the diminishment of other engineering properties. This method circumvents the issues of particle dispersion and mixture viscosity that are commonly associated with other conventional methods of impact modification thereby making it an ideal system for fiber‐reinforced aPA6 reaction injection molding. Controlled phase separation, modulus retention, and increased crystallinity are achieved at low additive concentrations. The additive monomer used in this case is octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4). D4 undergoes RIPS during aPA6 polymerization and simultaneously polymerizes to produce polydimethylsiloxane. Optimal properties to maximize fracture energy without reducing the modulus are achieved with 2 wt % D4. The fracture mechanisms are investigated and results show approximately a 3‐fold increase in energy release rate and a twofold increase in Izod impact energy. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46823.
Thermal behaviors and flame retardancy of novel flame‐retardant, oil‐filled styrene–ethylene–butadiene–styrene block copolymer–polypropylene materials
Authors: Ke Zhenkun , Xiao Xifu , Cui Jianguang , He Mingshan , Liu Yu , Tai Qilong , Zhu Changjiang , Hu Yuan
Published: September 2018

A novel halogen‐free flame‐retardant material consisting of a novel cyclotriphosphazene‐based char‐forming agent, aluminum diethyl phosphinate, nickel trioxide (Ni2O3), an oil‐filled styrene–ethylene–butadiene–styrene block copolymer, and polypropylene was studied. On the basis of their UL‐94 ratings and limiting oxygen index (LOI) data, the flame retardants exhibited very effective flame‐retardant properties in the material. When the loading of flame retardant (FR) was only 35 wt %, the flame‐retardant material attained a UL‐94 V‐0 (1.6 mm) rating, and its LOI value reached 31%. The thermogravimetric analysis data indicated that the flame retardant effectively reduced the peak mass loss because of the formation of abundant char residue. Moreover, the flammability parameters of the material obtained from UL‐94, LOI, and cone calorimetry tests demonstrated that the fire safety performance of the material with Ni2O3 obviously improved. The morphological structure of the char residue of the material with the flame retardant and Ni2O3 showed a dense and continuous carbon layer. The high‐quality carbon layer formed on the surface of the polymer material matrix showed a heat‐insulating effect. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46888.
Synthesis of emulsion styrene butadiene rubber by reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization and its properties
Authors: Mun Hyunsung , Hwang Kiwon , Kim Wonho
Published: September 2018

Emulsion polymerization is generally used to synthesize styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), and the molecular weight of this rubber can be easily increased. However, the broad molecular weight distribution (MWD) of SBR increases energy loss and adversely affects the dynamic viscoelastic properties. To overcome this disadvantage, reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization, which is a type of living polymerization, is applied to emulsion polymerization for preparing RAFT emulsion SBR (ESBR). The molecular weight and microstructure of RAFT ESBR are compared to those of commercially available ESBR 1502 by gel permeation chromatography and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The aforementioned two polymers are used to prepare unfilled ESBR compounds, which are compared in terms of key physical properties (abrasion resistance, mechanical properties, and dynamic viscoelastic properties). It is confirmed that various physical properties of RAFT ESBR are improved due to its narrow MWD. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47069.
Hierarchical‐structure‐dependent high ductility of electrospun polyoxymethylene nanofibers
Authors: Hu Ruirui , Gao Enlai , Xu Zhiping , Liu Luqi , Wang Guorui , Zhu Hongwei , Zhang Zhong
Published: September 2018

Two types of electrospun polyoxymethylene nanofibers with rough and smooth surface morphologies [rough fibers (RFs) and smooth fibers (SFs), respectively] were successfully prepared via the control of the electrospinning voltages. Mechanical tensile tests showed that the RF nonwoven mats exhibited a much higher elongation (440%) than the SFs (180%) without sacrifices in the stiffness and strength. Scanning electron microscopy characterization revealed that the large ductility of a single RF resulted from its unique multiple‐necking mode, which was induced by its rippled structural features. In the meantime, the large ductility led to a high molecular orientation under tension and further improved the strength and toughness of the RF nonwoven mats. In comparison, the SF behaved in a single‐necking deformation mode, and this led to a rapid rupture behavior. This surface‐morphology‐dependent mechanical behavior helped us to deeply understand the relationship between the structure and properties and should guide the development of high‐performance materials for load‐bearing applications. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47086.
Cylindrical‐electrode‐assisted solution blowing for nanofiber spinning
Authors: Zheng Wenxing , Zheng Wenyu , Shi Changwei , Wang Xinhou
Published: September 2018

In this article, a novel process called cylindrical‐electrode‐assisted solution blowing spinning (CSBS) for producing excellent quality nanofibers with simultaneous electrostatic force and air stretching is reported. The originality of this work is in a new apparatus. With a cylindrical electrode, the solution jets were noncontact charged because of electrostatic induction; this is different from traditional solution‐blowing spinning (SBS). Poly(ethylene oxide) nanofibers were fabricated by the CSBS technique for the first time. The scanning electron microscopy results prove that the nanofiber mats produced by CSBS and formed by individual cylindrical‐shaped fibers presented a more regular morphology than SBS ones. Compared with that of SBS fibers, the CSBS fiber diameter standard deviation decreased by 21%, and the mean diameter decreased by 6.17%. Their thinner and more uniform fibers may make CSBS fiber webs a better candidate for filtration and other uses compared with SBS ones. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47087.
Are Bone Mineral Density and Fractures Related to the Incidence and Progression of Radiographic Osteoarthritis of the Knee, Hip, and Hand in Elderly Men and Women? The Rotterdam Study
Authors: Bergink Arjan P. , Rivadeneira Fernando , Bierma‐Zeinstra Sita M. , Zillikens M. Carola , Ikram M. Arfan , Uitterlinden André G. , van Meurs Joyce B. J.
Published: September 2018

Objective

To examine the longitudinal relationship between bone mineral density (BMD) and the incidence and progression of knee, hip, and hand osteoarthritis (OA), and to examine the relationship between prevalent vertebral and nonvertebral fractures and the incidence and progression of OA in elderly men and women in the Rotterdam Study.

Methods

Age‐ and sex‐specific quartiles of baseline femoral neck BMD data were constructed for 4,154 subjects. Radiographs were scored for incidence and progression of knee and hip OA, and for incidence of hand OA. Prevalent vertebral fractures were scored using the McCloskey/Kanis method, and prevalent nonvertebral fractures were reported by baseline interview.

Results

Subjects in the highest quartile of femoral neck BMD had an increased risk of incident radiographic knee OA (ROA) (odds ratio [OR] 1.58 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.14–2.18]), and an increased risk of incident hip ROA (OR 1.57 [95% CI 1.06–2.32]), compared to the lowest quartile. No significant relationship was found between high femoral neck BMD and progression of knee or hip ROA or the incidence of hand ROA. Prevalent vertebral and nonvertebral fractures were not related to an increase in the incidence or progression of knee or hip ROA. However, vertebral fractures were associated with incident hand ROA (OR 1.74 [95% CI 1.02–2.98]).

Conclusion

Results from the present study confirm earlier findings and thus provide strong evidence that high femoral neck BMD is a prognostic risk factor for the development of knee and hip ROA. Vertebral fractures were found to be a risk factor for incident hand ROA.
Thermally Responsive Materials for Bioimaging
Authors: Zuo Yujing , Gou Zhiming , Zhang Yu , Yang Tingxin , Lin Weiying
Published: September 2018

The last decade has witnessed multiple thermally responsive materials emerge as a significant class of stimuli‐responsive materials. These materials are elaborately designed and exert interesting properties. Herein, an overview of thermally responsive materials with respect to design strategies, fabrication procedures, and their applications is presented. Recently reported thermally responsive materials are highlighted. Then, applications of thermally responsive materials in bioimaging are summarized.
Intrathecal baclofen in paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity: Impact on oral treatment
Authors: Pucks‐Faes Elke , Hitzenberger Gabriel , Matzak Heinrich , Verrienti Giulio , Schauer Robert , Saltuari Leopold
Published: September 2018

Introduction

Intrathecal baclofen (ITB) is a commonly used treatment in severe spasticity. The main objective of this study was to assess the impact of ITB on reduction or withdrawal of oral drugs in patients with paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity (PSH) after severe traumatic brain injury.

Methods

We retrospectively evaluated 20 patients with PSH due to severe traumatic brain injury who were treated with ITB in a primary care and referral center of neurology. Rates of and time until complete withdrawal or possible reduction in oral baclofen and oral propranolol after ITB treatment were calculated. Moreover, vegetative parameters (heart rate and blood pressure) as well as hypertonic attacks were assessed.

Results

The median time of complete oral baclofen disposal was 5 ± 3.7 (CI 95% [2.9–7.1], range 0–14) days after ITB pump implantation in 20 of 20 patients, and the median time of complete oral propranolol disposal was 24 ± 62.97 (CI 95% [−7.87–55.87], range 5–191) in 15 of 20 patients. With ITB treatment, PSH improved promptly in all patients with alleviation of heart rate and blood pressure as well as reduction in attacks with motor phenomena. ITB treatment was safe and without complications.

Conclusions

ITB might facilitate cutting back or dispensing with other conventional oral drugs, such as oral baclofen and oral propranolol. Our study provides further evidence that ITB treatment should be considered in patients with otherwise medically refractory PSH in severe traumatic brain injury. Further prospective multicenter studies are needed to confirm the findings of this study.
Radioiodine refractoriness score: A multivariable prediction model for postoperative radioiodine‐refractory differentiated thyroid carcinomas
Authors: Li Genpeng , Lei Jianyong , Song Linlin , Jiang Ke , Wei Tao , Li Zhihui , Gong Rixiang , Zhu Jingqiang
Published: September 2018

Objective

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the clinical features of patients with radioiodine refractory (RAIR) differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) and establish an effective risk score for postoperative radioiodine refractoriness.

Subjects and methods

Data were retrospectively collected from 5163 patients admitted to our center after thyroid surgery. Radioiodine refractoriness was defined according to criteria used in the 2015 American Thyroid Association guidelines. The scoring system was established by independent risk factors identified by univariate and multivariate analyses. The optimal index points for predicting the prevalence of radioiodine refractoriness and the model discriminatory power were assessed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves.

Results

One hundred and twelve (2.2%) patients developed RAIR DTC. Smoking, tumor type (follicular thyroid cancer), extrathyroid extension, lymph node metastasis number (≥4), lymph node metastasis rate (≥53%), and pN stage (N1) were highly positively correlated with the prevalence of RAIR DTC. The cutoff value of seven points was found to be the best for predicting the prevalence of RAIR DTC, and the scoring system presented better discrimination than other single independent predictors.

Conclusions

Based on our multivariable prediction model, patients with ≥7 index points may need to undergo more active surveillance or aggressive treatment due to the high risk of RAIR DTC.
The incidence and survival of pancreatic cancer by histology, including rare subtypes: a nation‐wide cancer registry‐based study from Taiwan
Authors: Chang Jeffrey S. , Chen Li‐Tzong , Shan Yan‐Shen , Chu Pei‐Yi , Tsai Chia‐Rung , Tsai Hui‐Jen
Published: September 2018

Studies have indicated a significant rise in the incidence of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. However, the epidemiology of other rare histologic subtypes of pancreatic cancer is not well understood. This study analyzed the incidence and survival of pancreatic cancer in Taiwan by histologic subtype, sex, age group, and year of diagnosis. The incidence trends of pancreatic cancer in Taiwan from 2002 to 2013 were calculated using data from the Taiwan Cancer Registry. The survival of pancreatic cancer patients was assessed using the life‐table method and Cox proportional hazards analysis. The incidence of pancreatic cancer increased from 4.62 per 100,000 in 2002 to 6.04 per 100,000 in 2013 in Taiwan. The most common histologic subtype of pancreatic cancer was adenocarcinoma followed by carcinoma and neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). Adenocarcinoma and NETs showed a rapid increase in incidence, while the incidences of other subtypes did not change significantly. Patients with adenocarcinoma showed a poor survival with a 5‐year survival of 5.2%. Patients with endocrinomas, NETs, and lymphoma displayed a better survival than those with adenocarcinoma, with a 5‐year survival ranging from 41.8% to 59.1%. The survival of adenocarcinoma, lymphoma, and NETs improved after the introduction of novel therapies. Understanding the risk factors and identifying the biomarkers for the early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer are important to prevent the development and improve the survival of pancreatic cancer.
One‐Step Chemical Synthesis of Native Met1‐Linked Poly‐Ubiquitin Chains
Authors: van der Heden van Noort Gerbrand J. , Talavera Ormeño Cami , van Dalen Duco , Ovaa Huib
Published: September 2018

The enzyme‐mediated construction of poly‐ubiquitin (Ub) chains on target proteins leads to a variety of cellular responses and is involved in processes ranging from protein degradation to cell cycle control and immune responses. This complex post‐translational modification system is under intense investigation, but generation of specific Ub chains and tools made thereof is not always trivial. We discovered that native methionine‐1‐linked polymeric ubiquitin chains can be constructed in a single chemical reaction. We validate correct folding and regioselective attachment of such chains using linkage specific proteases and further demonstrate that these poly‐Ub chains can be converted into thioesters by the activating E1‐enzyme. Subsequent ligation reactions using these in situ prepared thioesters leads to poly‐ubiquitinated peptides.
Retrograde recanalization of a nonchronic total occlusion lesion
Authors: Siraj Aisha , Pattanshetty Deepak J. , Agarwal Shiv K. , Uretsky Barry F.
Published: September 2018

The use of the retrograde approach to treat chronic total occlusion (CTO) has improved overall success rate in this lesion subgroup. Its use to treat complex non‐CTO lesions unable to be revascularized by an antegrade approach has not been described. We report a case of the use of the retrograde approach to recanalize a non‐CTO lesion under Impella support in a patient with critical stenosis and poor left ventricular function. The retrograde approach may be an alternate pathway in selected non‐CTO lesions where the antegrade has been unsuccessful.
Kinetic Modeling of Acrolein Oxidation Over a Promoted Mo−V Oxide Catalyst
Authors: Miller Jacob H. , Bhan Aditya
Published: September 2018

A kinetic model describing the synthesis of 17 C1−C7 products observed during oxidation of acrolein at 498 K over a promoted MoVOx catalyst is presented. Routes for C1 and C2 species production by C−C scission of acrolein and acrylic acid and C4+ product generation by C−C bond formation, which involve reactions between either a vinyl or methyl surface species and either acrolein or acrylic acid, are discussed. The model accurately describes transient evolution of acrolein, O2, water, and 17 products in 33 independent batch reaction experiments. Forward simulation of the model matches experimental observation of instantaneous 13C content across byproducts during a co‐feed of 13C3 acrylic acid, validating pathway and parameter accuracy. Estimation of surface coverages reveals comparable fractions of lattice oxygen and vacancy sites at all measured
and
. Comparison of model parameters governing production of CO and CO2 shows that the two combustion products arise primarily from acrolein, with smaller contributions from acrylic acid, while comparison of rate and equilibrium parameters governing production of all other side products reveals that acrolein and acrylic acid play comparable roles in formation of these species.
Single Atom Catalysts on Carbon‐Based Materials
Authors: Rivera‐Cárcamo Camila , Serp Philippe
Published: September 2018

Metal particle size is an important parameter to consider when looking at supported catalyst performances. As for other properties, surface reactivity of metallic nanoparticles is thus highly size‐dependent. The smallest size that can be reached for this type of object is of course the isolated atom deposited on a support. The preparation of single‐atom catalysts (SAC) is not trivial, since to avoid clustering, the mean adsorption energy of the metal on the support should be higher than its cohesive energy. The choice of a support that allows a strongly interacting environment with the metal is therefore a key step in the preparation of such catalysts. The spectrum of carbon (nano)materials is very broad, and their structure as well as their surface chemistry, although sometime complex, can be tuned and exploited for the stabilization of SAC. This Review summarizes in a comprehensive manner experimental and computational studies aiming at: i) preparing SAC on carbon materials, ii) understanding the metal‐support interactions in SAC, and iii) studying how this relates to catalytic performances. The use of SAC follows well the needs dictated by society (energy and environment issues), and many studies have already been published in various fields, such as thermal catalysis, photocatalysis and electrocatalysis.
Photodamaging of Mitochondrial DNA to Overcome Cisplatin Resistance by a RuII–PtII Bimetallic Complex
Authors: Zheng Yue , Zhang Dong‐Yang , Zhang Hang , Cao Jian‐Jun , Tan Cai‐Ping , Ji Liang‐Nian , Mao Zong‐Wan
Published: September 2018

Emerging studies have shown that mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is an attractive target for anticancer therapeutics. Herein, a heterobimetallic complex [Ru(dip)2(μ‐bpm)PtCl2]Cl2 (RuPt; dip=4,7‐diphenyl‐1,10‐phenanthroline; bpm=2,2′‐bipyrimidine) and the corresponding mononuclear complex [Ru(dip)2(bpm)]Cl2 (Ru) have been designed and synthesized. RuPt can bind to mtDNA and damage it both in the dark and upon visible light irradiation. By using a variety of methods, it was demonstrated that RuPt can interfere with the function of mtDNA by decreasing the amplification and copy number of mtDNA, and affecting the transcriptional level of mitochondria‐encoded genes. Furthermore, RuPt can disturb the physiological processes of mitochondria and induce caspase‐dependent apoptosis in the presence of light. In addition, RuPt shows low systemic toxicity and potent in vivo anticancer potency upon light irradiation. This study provides strong evidence that mtDNA is an important molecular target of RuPt, and photodamaging mtDNA is an effective strategy to overcome cisplatin resistance.
Synthesis and Characterization of Readily Modified Poly(aryl)(alkoxy)stannanes by use of Hypercoordinated Sn Monomers
Authors: Pau Jeffrey , D'Amaral Gloria M. , Lough Alan J. , Wylie R. Stephen , Foucher Daniel A.
Published: September 2018

The synthesis and solid‐state molecular structures of two dichlorido(aryl)(alkyl) tin compounds, 5 and 8, both key intermediates to tunable polystannane architectures, are reported. The materials were further investigated by single‐crystal XRD and a DFT analysis of their preferential “open and closed” geometries. Conversion of said compounds to their dihydride analogues was undertaken, followed by their application as monomers for polystannane polymer synthesis. The properties of two asymmetrical polystannanes prepared by transition‐metal‐catalyzed dehydropolymerization of dihydrido(aryl)alkylstannanes (6 and 9) were investigated. The first product was the structurally simple, modest molecular weight, semi‐crystalline light‐ and moisture‐stable polystannane 10 with NMR (119Sn) evidence of prominent Sn←O hypercoordination along the polymer backbone. The second was the lower molecular weight, tosylated four‐coordinate polystannane 11 with no evidence of hypercoordination. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) of polymer 10 revealed a reversible semi‐crystalline nature, whereas an amorphous character was detected for polymer 11. Polystannane 10 was also found to be exceptionally stable to both moisture and light (>6 months) and a promising candidate for the design of readily modified (i.e., tunable) polystannane materials.
Innovatives Recycling Seltener Erden durch Feststoffchlorierung
Authors: Lorenz Tom , Bertau Martin
Published: September 2018

Die Feststoffchlorierung weist ein großes Potential auf, indem sie einen effektiven Aufschluss mit einem ressourcenschonenden Umgang zu einem wirtschaftlichen Recycling kombiniert. Der erste Schritt zur industriellen Anwendung dieses Verfahrens ist mit dem Bau der Demonstrationsanlage im Rahmen des MagnetoRec‐Projektes geplant. Mit dem Reaktor werden bei der Firma FNE Entsorgungsdienste Freiberg zukünftig nicht nur Seltene Erden aus Altmagneten, sondern auch aus Leuchtstoffabfällen recycelt werden, für die sich die Feststoffchlorierung ebenfalls als äußerst effektiv erwiesen hat.
Nitroxide Mediated Polymerization of 1‐(4‐vinylbenzyl)‐3‐butylimidazolium Ionic Liquid Containing Homopolymers and Methyl Methacrylate Copolymers
Authors: Peltekoff Alexander J. , Therrien Ian , Lessard Benoît H.
Published: September 2018

The synthesis of well‐defined imidazolium‐based poly(ionic liquid)s (PILs) copolymers by nitroxide mediated polymerization (NMP) is reported. The viability of three different synthetic pathways to achieve poly[1‐(4‐vinylbenzyl)‐3‐butylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulphonyl)‐imide‐co‐methyl methacrylate] (poly(VBBI+TFSI‐‐co‐MMA)) was explored including direct polymerization of the ionic liquid monomer (VBBI+TFSI‐) and post functionalization of precursor polymer poly(4‐vinylbenzyl imidazole‐co‐methyl methacrylate). PILs with well‐controlled molecular weight and low dispersity ( < 1.3) were obtained via all routes. A full synthetic, kinetic, and compositional comparison between methods is reported. These results illustrate an effective route for the synthesis of well‐defined, pseudo‐living functional PIL‐methacryalte copolymers with tunable properties through potential methacrylate monomer substitution.