bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PSXI-33 Effects of weight loss and feeding a high-protein, high-fiber diet on blood metabolite profiles, body composition and voluntary physical activity in overweight dogs
Authors: Phungviwatnikul Thunyaporn , Belchik Sara E , Swanson Kelly S
Published: November 2020

Canine obesity can be managed by dietary energy restriction using a specifically formulated weight loss diet. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of weight loss on body composition, voluntary physical activity, and blood metabolites of overweight dogs while being fed a high-protein, high-fiber diet. All procedures were approved by the University of Illinois Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee prior to experimentation. Twelve overweight adult spayed female dogs (BW: 15.3±2.1 kg, BCS: 8.1±0.6) were fed a high-protein (CP: 42.0% DMB), high-fiber (TDF: 22.0% DMB) diet during a 5-wk baseline phase (wk 0) to identify food intake needed to maintain BW. A 24-wk weight loss phase followed. After wk 0, food was initially provided at 80% the amount needed to maintain BW and then adjusted weekly with a goal of 1.5–2% weight loss per wk. Data were analyzed statistically overtime using SAS 9.4. After 24 wk, dogs lost 31.2% of initial BW (P < 0.0001), with 1.4±0.7% weight loss per wk. BCS decreased by 2.8 units (P < 0.0001). During weight loss, dogs consumed an average of 457.5±61.4 kcal/d, with energy intake being reduced by a total of 43.8% by wk 24 compared to baseline. Lean muscle mass, fat mass, and fat percentage were reduced (P < 0.0001) by 1.3 kg, 3.1 kg, and 11.7% respectively. Serum triglycerides, alkaline phosphatase, white blood cell counts, and neutrophils were decreased (P < 0.0001), but serum bilirubin, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen were increased (P < 0.01) over time. Average daily physical activity changed over time, but was not greatly different due to weight loss. Our results suggest that a high-protein, high-fiber diet promotes fat mass loss, minimizes lean muscle mass loss, and reduces inflammatory marker and triglyceride concentrations in overweight dogs. Therefore, it is a suitable nutritional solution for weight loss programs in dogs.
PSIX-36 Animal welfare and its science in Nigeria;past and present outlook
Authors: Alabi Olufemi M , Akinoso Sabainah O , Alabi Banwo O
Published: November 2020

Animal welfare is becoming an interesting global issue which must be given the best of attention by researchers, producers, consumers and the governments. The need to ensure the general well-being of the wild and domestic animals in every aspect of their husbandry is mandatory now in many developed countries of the world, and poultry industries are responding positively to this new dimension of husbandry. Species of animal are sensitive to the way they are being managed in terms of housing and other handlings. Meanwhile, there is little or no concern on subjects of of applied ethology in developing areas of the world such as Africa and Asia, and particular in countries like Nigeria, where livestock production and wildlife conservation is currently experiencing tremendous growth. Unlike developing countries, issue of animal welfare are being promoted by researches, sponsored information, legislation and enforcement by relevant agencies in developed nations of the world. Factors such as poor economic and technological advancements, political instabilities, social insecurities, low level of awareness and lack of information on legal provisions on animal on animal welfare have been identified to be responsible for poor animal welfare and its science in developing countries. Despite the fact that livestock sector carries the highest percentage among agricultural facets commercially in Nigeria, the level of welfare of the domestic animals and those in the wild is still below standard. This paper is however suggesting that regardless of the level of economic development in most of the low and middle-income nations, researchers can be motivated into animal welfare science, the curricula of colleges and universities be expanded to include subjects of applied ethology, professional bodies and associations on animal welfare can be formed with international affiliations. All these may change the orientation of the people and governments in developing countries positively towards animal welfare.
PSIII-19 Copper and zinc hydroxychloride co-supplementation reduce the diarrhea frequency of finishing pigs
Authors: Martins Simone M , Mendonça Maitê V , Nakasone Denis H , Martinez Cristian H , Augusto Karolina V , Han Yanming , Araújo Lúcio F
Published: November 2020

The study aimed to investigate the effects of the co-supplementation of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) hydroxychloride (CHC and ZHC) minerals on diarrhea frequency of growing and finishing pigs. A total of 256 pigs were distributed into 4 treatments with 8 replicate/treatment. The diets from 70 to 112 days of age (d) were T1: 100 mg/kg CuSO4 + 80 mg/kg ZnO; T2: 150 mg/kg CuSO4 + 80 mg/kg ZnO; T3: 100 mg/kg CHC + 80 mg/kg ZHC; T4: 150 mg/kg CHC + 80 mg/kg ZHC and from 112 to 154 d T1: 90 mg/kg CuSO4 + 70 mg/kg ZnO; T2: 150 mg/kg CuSO4 + 70 mg/kg ZnO; T3: 90 mg/kg CHC + 70 mg/kg ZHC; T4: 150 mg/kg CHC + 70 mg/kg ZHC. Visual analysis of the feces was carried out daily, with scores ranging from 1 to 3 for each pen: 1=solid feces (normal); 2=feces softer than normal (pasty); and 3 = liquid feces (severe diarrhea). The values of frequency were transformed into arc-sine. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS software, according to the block design. The treatment was considered a fixed effect. The effect was considered significant when P < 0.05. From 112 to 154 d, pigs that received the hydroxychloride sources showed a lower diarrhea frequency compared to the pigs fed with CuSO4 and ZnO (P < 0.05). Possibly the reduction of diarrhea in animals with CHC and ZHC was due to the higher bioavailability of these minerals, improving their functions (e.g. Cu on microbial load reduction and Zn on the protection and renewal of intestinal epithelial cells). It can be concluded that the co-supplementation of copper and zinc hydroxychloride sources reduce the diarrhea frequency of finishing pigs.
PSIII-35 The effects of cold pelleting and separation of fine corn particles on growth performance of nursery pigs
Authors: Evans Caitlin E , Saensukjaroenphon Marut , Wecker Haley , Woodworth Jason C , Jones Cassandra K , DeRouchey Joel M , Tokach Mike D , Goodband Robert D , Paulk Chad B , Stark Charles R
Published: November 2020

A total of 320 pigs (DNA 241×600; initially 10.2 kg BW) were utilized in a 21-d experiment to determine the effects of corn fractionation and pelleting technique on nursery pig growth performance. There were 5 pigs per pen, 8 pens per treatment and 8 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design. Treatments 1–3 contained 400 µm ground corn and were fed as either mash, pelleted using a steam conditioner plus traditional vertical ring die (steam pellet) or pelleted with hot water plus a horizontal die (cold pellet). Treatments 4–6 contained corn ground to 400 µm with fines < 150 um removed and were fed as either mash, steam pellet or cold pellet. Treatments 7 and 8 contained ground corn with only fines < 150 um steam or cold pelleted prior to dietary inclusion without complete diet pelleting. Overall, pigs fed mash diets had improved (P < 0.05) ADG and d 21 BW compared to those fed steam pelleted diets with those fed cold pelleted diets being intermediate. There was no difference in G:F between pigs fed mash, steam pellet and cold pellet diets; however, pigs fed diets containing pelleted fines had decreased (P < 0.05) G:F due to an observed increased feed wastage and sorting. There was no difference in growth performance between pigs fed diets with fines removed or not. Cold pelleting was a viable option to steam pelleting in the current experiment; however, pelleting diets reduced pig performance compared to pigs fed mash diets, which was unexpected. Further research is needed to validate the response to cold pelleting when the expected response to pelleting using steam conditioning is achieved.
PSII-36 The application of busulfan to inhibit the spermatogenesis in quail testis
Authors: Kotova Tatyana , Vetokh Anastasia N , Volkova Ludmila A , Volkova Natalia , Zinovieva Natalia A
Published: November 2020

The use of testicular stem cells (spermatogonia) is of most interest for obtaining individuals with predetermined traits and genome genetic modification and for conservation of poultry gene pool. A significant population of mature donor germ cells (sperm) is formed upon successful spermatogonia cells transplantation into the testes of male recipients. Obtained sperm can be used to produce offspring with the desired traits. A key step in this technology is the removal of own spermatogenic cells (inhibition of spermatogenesis) in male recipients. The aim of research was to develop and optimize methodological approaches to inhibit the spermatogenesis in quail using busulfan. This drug was injected directly into the testes parenchyma of mature males by multiple injection at the concentration from 20 to 100 mg per 1kg of body weight (n = 25). Histological preparations of testes from the experimental quails were obtained to study composition of spermatogenic cells in the seminiferous tubules after busulfan administration. The male peers who were not injected with busulfan were used as a control. Experimental quails showed a decrease in the number of spermatogenic cells in the seminiferous tubules 32, 75, 111, 119 and 118 times compared with the control when using busulfan in concentrations 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mg/kg of weight, respectively (P < 0.001). The cells composition in the seminiferous tubules from experimental quails was represented mainly by Sertoli cells and spermatogonia. After busulfan introduction at the concentrations 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mg/kg, the percentage of spermatogonia was 55±5 %, 24±4 %, 6±2 %, 5±2 % and 4±1 %, respectively. The use of busulfan at the concentration of 80–100 mg/kg led to high mortality of quails. Thus, it was found that the optimal busulfan concentration for elimination of quail spermatogenic cells was 60 mg/kg. Supported by RFBR within Project №18-29-07079.
PSII-2 Beef steers with divergent average daily gain have altered plasma amine/phenol-metabolome
Authors: Ogunade Ibukun M
Published: November 2020

This study applied a chemical isotope labeling/liquid chromatography mass spectrometry-based metabolomics technique to determine differences in plasma metabolites containing amine/phenol and carbonyl chemical groups in beef steers with divergent average daily gain (ADG). Thirty-eight Angus crossbred beef steers (21 d post-weaning; 210 ± 12 kg of BW) from a single source were housed in individual slatted floor pens and were fed the same total mixed ration (CP = 14.5% and NEg = 1.10 Mcal/kg) ad libitum for 42 d with free access to water. After 42 days of feeding, the steers were divided into two groups of lowest ADG (LF: n = 8) and highest (HF: n = 8) ADG. Blood samples were taken from both LF and HF steers and were immediately centrifuged to harvest the plasma. The average daily DM intake of the steers in LF and HF were 6.08 kg ± 0.57 and 6.04 kg ± 0.42, respectively, and was similar between the two groups (P = 0.72). The ADG of LF (0.99 kg ± 0.23) was lower (P = 0.01) than that of HF (1.63 kg ± 0.20). A total number of 42 carbonyl-containing metabolites and 229 amine/phenol-containing metabolites were identified in the plasma samples of both groups. No alteration in carbonyl-metabolome was detected. Ten metabolites including 4,6-dihydroxyquinoline, prolyl-valine, prolyl-leucine, prolyl-isoleucine, L-formylkynurenine, pyrocatechol, and histidine were greater in HF steers whereas 8 metabolites including arginine, phenylalanine, guanidoacetic acid, and aspartyl-threonine were greater in LF steers. This study demonstrated that beef steers with divergent ADG had altered plasma amine/phenol metabolome. Notably, plasma concentrations of dipeptides containing branched chain amino acid residues (prolyl-valine, prolyl-leucine, prolyl-isoleucine) and metabolites with anti-inflammatory and reactive oxygen-scavenging properties (4,6-dihydroxyquinoline and L-formylkynurenine) were greater in steers with high ADG.
PSVI-9 Effects of Hibiscus sabdariffa on dry matter disappearance and greenhouse gas emissions in dairy cow diets
Authors: Anele Uchenna , Crummel Xavier , Manoharan Swetha , Ibrahim Jimo
Published: November 2020

Greenhouse gases (GHG) emission from agriculture (24%) are an important contributor to climate change. Livestock accounts for an estimated 80% of total agriculture emissions, making abatement of GHG emission from livestock a high-priority challenge facing animal nutritionists. These gases are produced because of ruminal fermentation of feeds resulting in a significant contribution of GHG from this sector. There are potential strategies to reduce GHG emissions in ruminants such as improved farming systems, forage quality, animal genetics, feed additives and dietary fats inclusion, modified microorganisms, etc. The current study evaluated an important nutraceutical plant, Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (Malvaceae), for its ability to modulate rumen function to increase dry matter digestibility and reduce GHG emission in dairy cows. The calyces of H. sabdariffa at six different doses (0, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/head) were used in an in vitro batch culture study. Two dairy diets—alfalfa hay and total mixed ration were used as substrates. Inoculum was collected from 2 cannulated dairy cows from the CAES farm and substrates were incubated for 3, 6 and 24 h. Gas production was measured and analyzed for methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfite and ammonia. H. sabdariffa reduced (P < 0.05) methane production in all the alfalfa hay treatments except at 6 g/head inclusion level. No effect (P > 0.05) was noted for TMR treatment. We observed small numerical reduction in carbon dioxide in all but two inclusion levels. About 25% increase in dry matter digestibility was noted for 4 g/head treatment. Further studies are planned to validate results.
PSXII-18 Treatment of composted poultry litter with natural hop extracts, effects on nitrogen accumulations, coliforms and select Gram-positive pathogenic and antimicrobial resistant bacteria
Authors: Castillo-Castillo Yamicela , Anderson Robin , Hume Michael , Flythe Michael , Nisbet David , Arzola-Alvarez Claudio , Castillo Francisco , Salinas-Chavira Jaime , Ontiveros Marina , Copado Ramon , Ruiz-Barrera Oscar
Published: November 2020

Poultry litter, produced by intensive poultry production systems, is a potentially valuable crude protein feedstuff for ruminants if effectively treated to kill pathogens before feeding. Composting effectively kills pathogens but risks losses of ammonia during uric acid degradation. To test if hop extracts may help preserve uric acid concentrations during composting, 11-g portions of used wood chip litter (WCL, 88% dry matter) were treated with 6 mL water containing Galena or Chinook hop extracts to achieve 0.06 g of either extract/g WCL. Control WCL was treated with buffer alone. The WCL was distributed to 50-mL tubes (3 tubes/treatment), capped and incubated in Gas Pac jars for 8 days at 30oC, followed by 3 days at 37oC and an additional 2 days at 42oC to simulate a 13-day compost period. A repeated measures analysis of variance revealed a treatment by day interaction on uric acid (P < 0.05), with concentrations being highest upon initiation of composting (41.9 ± 3.6 µmol/g), lowest on day 13 for the untreated compost (17.5 ± 9.2 µmol/g) and intermediate for Galena and Chinook hop-treated compost (28.0 ± 4.7 and 25.8 ± 0.8 µmol/g, respectively). Effects of treatment, day of composting or their interaction, however, were not observed (P > 0.05) on concentrations of ammonia and urea, which averaged 1.2 ± 1.0 and 2.9 ± 0.6 µmol/g, respectively. As expected, an effect of day-of composting on survivability (P < 0.05) of select bacterial populations was confirmed, with counts being decreased more than 3.0 log10 units after 13 days composting than on day 0 for enterococci, staphylococci, lactic acid bacteria, coliforms and total aerobes (6.7 ± 0.09, 9.0 ± 0.01, 5.8 ± 0.16, 5.9 ± 0.09 and 9,9 ± 0.06 log10 CFU/g, respectively). These results indicate that hops-treatment may help preserve crude protein within WCL during composting.
PSXII-15 The organic additives in tropical pasture: effects in vitro
Authors: D’Aurea André , Ferreira Luis , Bertelli Lauriston
Published: November 2020

Currently the inclusion of organic additives in the diet of cattle on pasture is being considered as an advantageous option for livestock, increasing the productivity of the animals, being more profitable for the breeder, and making management practices safer and more sustainable for the environment. The present work was to evaluate in vitro metabolic effects of Fator P® in potential and degradability rate of dry matter (DM) of forage of the Urochloa brizantha (syn. Brachiaria brizantha). The Fator P® is the organic additive elaborate by a blend of the compounds like aminoacids (lysine, methionine, and tyrosine), the choline, minerals, probiotics and essential fatty acids (omega 3 and omega 6). The additive was evaluated in dosage of 6 gr / 8 kg DM in compared to control, during 72 hours of the experiment (0, 12, 24, 48, 72). The calculations of ruminal kinetics rate were performed based on mathematical model developed by Orskov e Mcdonald (1979) and France et al. (1993). In the table were expressed all the results obtained after by analyses of results by the method One-Way ANOVA. The soluble fraction was the same, as it was the same forage. There was a difference in the potentially fermentable insoluble fraction and non-degradable fraction (P < 0.001). No difference in the degradation rate (P = 0.54). The results showed that the additive was able to improve de efficient of potential degradation in 22.1% (P < 0,001). In this condition, the data show that can improve ruminal utilization of ingested forage. The animals can better enjoy the diet consumed, increasing weight gains and carcass quality. Besides that, the organic additive can improve sustainability, reducing de enteric gas production for the environment, and the risks of evolution of microbial resistance, for being composed of organic and natural substances.
PSXII-38 Differential expression of adipogenic genes in fetus longissimus dorsi during Hanwoo gestation periods
Authors: Ahn Jun Sang , Kwon Eung Gi , Jang Sun Sick , Hwang So Mi , Park Bo Hye , Kang Dong Hun , Chung Ki Yong
Published: November 2020

This study was conducted to investigate the mRNA expression of adipogenic makers in Hanwoo fetus during the pregnancy periods. Eighteen Hanwoo cows (Average body weight: 561 ± 90.1kg, Parity: 4.4 ± 2.6) were used for experimental animals. Artificial insemination was performed on all the experimental animals after estrus synchronization. Pregnant cows were slaughtered at 3 gestation periods. Three cows were harvested at 3 months of gestation, 6 cows at 6 months of gestation, and 9 cows at 9 months of gestation. After exsanguination, fetus was removed immediately by collecting the gravid uterus. After measuring the body weight and length of the fetus, sample of fetal longissimus dorsi (LD) were collected for mRNA expression and histological analysis. The relative level of mRNA expression for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD), CCAAT/ enhancer-binding proteins β (C/EBPβ) were measured by real-time quantitative PCR. Data were analyzed using the GLM procedure, and compared using Tukey’s method at α = 0.05. The body weight and length of the fetus continued to increase as the fetus grew (P < 0.01), and it was confirmed that the growth rate progressed rapidly between the 6 and 9 months of the fetus. The adipocyte were observed from the age of 6 months of fetus, and were mainly formed around blood vessels. The level of PPARγ (P < 0.02) and SCD (P < 0.01) mRNA expression in LD were highest at 6 months of fetus, and the C/EBPβ expression was significantly increased as the fetus grew (P < 0.01). As a result of this study, it was confirmed that not only the adipocyte in LD of the fetus was formed at least after 3 months of gestation, but also the adipogenic makers was differentially expressed during the growth stage of the fetus.
PSX-9 Effects of dietary levels of alfalfa and Sericea lespedeza hay on feed intake and growth performance by growing Alpine doelings and Katahdin ewe lambs
Authors: Wang Wei , Puchala Ryszard , Ribeiro Luana P , Portugal Italo , Gipson Terry A , Goetsch Arthur L
Published: November 2020

Twenty-four Alpine doelings (initial BW and age of 25.3±0.55 kg and 10.4±0.11 mo, respectively) and 24 Katahdin ewe lambs (24; 28.3±1.02 kg and 9.6±0.04 mo, respectively) were used to determine effects of dietary levels of alfalfa and Sericea lespedeza on feed intake and growth performance. The treatment arrangement was a 2 × 3 factorial. Animals were housed in pens fitted with Calan feeding gates during the study with 4 periods, the first 3 periods were 42 d in length and the fourth 47 d. Diets consumed ad libitum were 75% coarsely ground hay. Forage was alfalfa, a 1:1 mixture of alfalfa and lespedeza, and lespedeza. There were no significant interactions between breed and diet or significant three-way interactions involving period (P > 0.05). Intake of DM in g/d was much greater for Katahdin than for Alpine (P < 0.001; 1,817 vs. 1,274; SEM=51.1), with differences of lesser magnitude in % BW (P = 0.063; 4.14 vs. 3.84; SEM=0.110) and g/kg BW0.75 (P = 0.001; 106 vs. 92; SEM=0.993). All expressions of DMI were similar among diets (P ≥0.199; 1,600, 1,585, and 1,452 g/d, SEM=62.6; 3.97, 4.10, and 3.89% BW, SEM=0.134; 99, 102, and 96 g/kg BW0.75 for alfalfa, alfalfa-lespedeza, and lespedeza, SEM=3.2). The ADG was greater for Katahdin than for Alpine (P < 0.001; 180 vs. 88 g, SEM=5.0) and ranked (P < 0.05) alfalfa > alfalfa-lespedeza > lespedeza (159, 132, and 111 g, respectively; SEM=6.1). The ratio of ADG:DMI was greater for Katahdin than for Alpine (P < 0.001; 104 vs. 72 g/kg; SEM=3.4) and greatest among diets for alfalfa (P < 0.05; 101, 84, and 79 g/kg for alfalfa alfalfa-lespedeza, and lespedeza, respectively; SEM=4.2). In conclusion, the two small ruminant breeds and species responded similarly to dietary characteristics as impacted by the different forage levels.
PSVII-34 Reproductive qualities of sows using exogenous progesteron
Authors: Filatov Andrey , Lobanov Vladislav , Sapozhnikov Alexander , Shemuranova Natal’ya , Sleptsov Eugene , Anipchenko Polina , Achilov Vadim , Plemyashov Kirill
Published: November 2020

The aim of this study was to research the endocrine status and reproductive quality of sows using a prolonged drug containing 15% progesterone. Endocrine status in sows was examined at 9, 11, 16 and 21 days after insemination. The level of progesterone was determined by enzyme immunoassay. The sows of the experimental group (G1, n = 20) were injected in a dose of 2.0 ml on the 10th day after insemination, the sows of the control group (CG, n = 20) were control. It was found that the level of progesterone in the blood of G1 slightly increases from 9 to 11 days after insemination. In the G1, the steroid concentration increased from 2.28 ± 0.23 to 2.35 ± 0.15 nmmol / L, and in the GC from 2.35 ± 0.07 to 2.58 ± 0.10 nmmol / L. On the 16th day after insemination in G1, the progesterone level was accompanied by a sharp rise of 2.7 times (P < 0.001) - to 6.44 ± 0.58 nmmol / L, the level of the hormone in the GC did not change. The high level of progesterone in this critical period favorably affects the implantation of the embryos and causes a further normal course of pregnancy. On the 21st day after insemination, the progesterone concentration in both groups decreased. However, the level of this steroid hormone in the group when using this hormonal agent remained 1.95 times higher (P < 0.05) than in the control. Also, in G1 there is an increase in multiple pregnancy by 11.55%, the number of live newborn piglets by 23.36%, a decrease in the number of stillborn piglets by 2.14 times (P < 0.05) and mummified fetuses by 11.11%, compared with similar indicators of the control group.
Determination of Aldicarb, Carbofuran and Methamidophos in Blood Derived from Forensic Cases through Liquid Chromatography with Electrospray Ionization and Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC--ESI-MS-MS)
Authors: Mariño Diana , Patiño Nancy
Published: December 2020

The presence and use of carbamate and organophosphate pesticides with agricultural and urban purposes in Colombia has been justified for pest control. However, these substances pose a national problem because of their toxic nature, which is associated with accidental poisoning or even with homicides or suicides related to acute fatal poisoning. This study aims to develop and to validate an analytical methodology for the determination of the aldicarb, carbofuran and methamidophos pesticides in blood through liquid chromatography--tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS-MS). To this end, the method for extracting pesticides from the blood was developed, the conditions of LC were defined, the instrumental system MS-MS was optimized and the bioanalytical methodology was validated. This methodology proved to be selective, precise, accurate and linear in the concentration range from 0.10 to 5.0 µg/mL, with a limit of detection of 0.020 µg/mL for aldicarb and carbofuran and 0.050 µg/mL for methamidophos, recovery between 90% and 102%, and stability at room temperature and in the autosampler between 80% and 120%. The analytical methodology was applied to 34 forensic cases. Carbofuran was found at a concentration ranging from 0.020 to >5.0 µg/mL, aldicarb was found at a concentration ranging from 0.10 to 2.5 µg/mL and methamidophos was found at a concentration >5.0 µg/mL. In 62% of the cases, the pesticides under study were used to commit suicide. Necropsy findings of pesticide poisoning are non-specific. Therefore, toxicological blood analysis provides significant information at the forensic level, and the analytical method validated represents a sensitive, fast and reliable analysis with little solvent consumption of a small sample amount, so it is suitable for routine application in fatal pesticide poisonings.
Bell salts and bankers
Authors: Thornton Dora
Published: November 2020

In 1919 the international banker Jack Pierpont Morgan (son of the more famous John Pierpont Morgan) received the freedom and livery of the Goldsmiths’ Company in London, in recognition of his role in securing American backing for the Allied effort in the First World War. He gave the Company a piece of Tudor domestic silver, a double bell salt, to mark his gratitude and to complement the historic plate collection that the Company was building to rival that of national museums. The Company’s Court Books, as recently analysed by David Mitchell, also reveal the importance of Morgan’s salt in documenting the Company’s role in hallmarking and trade regulation around 1600, adding to its significance within the collection. The context of Morgan’s gift reveals much about the interrelated nature of banking and collecting, high finance and politics at the end of the First World War.
From monocots to dicots: the multifold aspect of cell wall expansion
Authors: Haas Kalina T , Peaucelle Alexis
Published: December 2020

This article comments on:

Petrova AA, Gorshkova TA, Kozlova LV. 2021. Gradients of cell wall nano-mechanical properties along and across elongating primary roots of maize. Journal of Experimental Botany 72, 1764–1781.
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase MAPKKK7 from Plasmodiophora brassicae Regulates Low-Light-Dependent Nicotiana benthamiana Immunity
Authors: Jin Chuang , Liao Rong , Zheng Jing , Fang Xingyan , Wang Wenming , Fan Jing , Yuan Shu , Du Junbo , Yang Hui
Published: December 2020

MAPKKK is the largest family of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades and is known to play important roles in plant pathogen interaction by regulating fungal cell proliferation, growth, and pathogenicity. Thus far, only a few have been characterized because of the functional redundancy of MAPKKKs. In this study, it is interesting that Plasmodiophora brassicae (Pb)MAPKKK7 was clustered into the A3 subgroup of plant MAPKKKs by a phylogenetic analysis and also with the BCK1 and STE groups of fungal MAPKKKs. PbMAPKKK7 function in reactive oxygen species accumulation and cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana was characterized. Agroinfiltration with the PbMAPKKK7 mutated protein kinase domain relieved these changes. Interestingly, the induction of cell death was dependent on light intensity. Transcriptional profiling analysis demonstrated that PbMAPKKK7 was highly expressed during cortex infection stages, indicating its important role in P. brassicae infection. These functional analyses of PbMAPKKK7 build knowledge of new roles of the MAPK cascade pathway in N. benthamiana and P. brassicae interactions.
Genome Sequence Resource of Pseudomonas fulva HARBPS9.1—Candidate Biocontrol Agent
Authors: Adeniji Adetomiwa A. , Ayangbenro Ayansina S. , Loots Du Toit
Published: December 2020

The genus Pseudomonas contains a variety of genomic robust strains and species, well known for their beneficial use in a variety of applications, hence the vast amount of research done on this organism to date. We report here the draft genome sequence of an anti-Fusarium rhizospheric Pseudomonas fulva HARBPS9.1 strain from South Africa. This genome analysis identified clusters of genes responsible for the synthesis of pyoverdin and rhizomide in HARBPS9.1; these compounds should confer a competitive advantage on the pseudomonad.
Studying clonal evolution of myeloid malignancies using induced pluripotent stem cells
Authors: Doulatov Sergei , Papapetrou Eirini P.
Published: December 2020

Purpose of review

Myeloid malignancies comprise a spectrum of genetically heterogeneous disorders marked by the stepwise acquisition of somatic mutations and clonal evolution. The blood and bone marrow of patients typically consists of a mix of different clones and subclones along the path of clonal evolution that cannot be deconvoluted with most current approaches. Here, we review the application of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology to the study of the clonal architecture and clonal evolution of these diseases, focusing on myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia.

Recent findings

Reprogramming to pluripotency allows capture of the genomes of single somatic cells into stable iPSC lines. In addition, precise genome editing can introduce specific driver mutations, isolated, and in combinations, into normal iPSCs. Studies utilizing these approaches have elucidated the clonal composition and mutational order in patients with myeloid neoplasms. Importantly, they have also enabled functional interrogation of the cellular and molecular consequences of individual mutations and their combinations and allowed testing of the effects of drugs on distinct disease clones.

Human iPSCs are important tools to elucidate the mechanisms of progression from normal to malignant haematopoiesis and empower drug testing and drug discovery.
Reducing Inpatient Falls Through Simulations With Symptom Burden Devices
Authors: Glenn Catherine , Vandertulip Kaeli , Edlund Susie , Garlow Laura , Suarez Valerie
Published: December 2020

Background:

In-hospital patient falls are a persistent problem in health care, resulting in increased length of stay and nonreimbursable charges.

Local Problem:

Although fall prevention programs have decreased inpatient fall rates, our hospital averages 30 falls per month.

Methods:

This was a quality improvement project, including a simulation and debriefing. We performed a thematic analysis on the debriefing responses and tracked the inpatient fall rates over 8 months.

Interventions:

We developed and implemented a low-cost simulation to allow bedside clinicians to experience the physiological changes experienced by patients, which contribute to inpatient falls.

Results:

Fifty-one clinicians participated in the simulation; each expressed an increased understanding in the physical limitations of patients and shared at least 1 technique to help prevent falls for their patient population. The fall rate was reduced by 23.17% in the succeeding 8 months.

Conclusions:

Clinicians' awareness of patients' physiological changes can be increased by a low-cost, rapid simulation, resulting in fewer falls.
How Do Different Digital Displays Affect the Ocular Surface?
Authors: Talens-Estarelles Cristian , Sanchis-Jurado Vicent , Esteve-Taboada José J. , Pons Álvaro M. , García-Lázaro Santiago
Published: December 2020

SIGNIFICANCE

Digital display use has been accepted as a contributing factor to dry eye disease. Nowadays, plenty of new models of digital displays have been developed, and the differences in their nature and the ways in which they are set and used may contribute to differences in the eye-related problems they cause.

PURPOSE

This study aimed to analyze the differences in ocular surface, tear film, and visual fatigue parameters after reading on different digital displays, with and without initial instillation of artificial tears.

METHODS

Thirty-one healthy individuals ranging in age from 20 to 26 years (mean ± standard deviation, 21.26 ± 1.73 years) were included in this prospective clinical study. Subjects' ocular surface, tear film, and visual fatigue parameters were assessed after reading for 15 minutes on a laptop computer, tablet, e-reader, and smartphone with matching characteristics and a baseline measurement. Measurements were taken with and without the instillation of artificial tears before the reading tasks and included the Ocular Surface Disease Index questionnaire, the Computer Vision Syndrome Questionnaire, tear meniscus height, the Schirmer I test, noninvasive keratograph break-up time, osmolarity, bulbar redness, and pupil size.

RESULTS

Statistically significant differences in the Ocular Surface Disease Index, Computer Vision the Syndrome Questionnaire, tear meniscus height, the Schirmer I test, noninvasive keratograph break-up time, osmolarity, and bulbar redness were obtained when comparing the displays (P < .05). Best results were obtained with the smartphone and the e-reader. Conversely, the computer produced the highest disturbance on the ocular surface and tear film. Finally, the instillation of artificial tears revealed no statistical improvement of ocular surface or tear film parameters for the same device (P > .05).

CONCLUSIONS

Taking into account the clinical tests for dry eye diagnosis, the smartphone may be considered as the least disturbing display, producing lower dry eye signs and symptoms in comparison with other devices.
Emetine as an antiviral agent suppresses SARS-CoV-2 replication by inhibitinginteraction of viral mRNAwith eIF4E: Anin vitrostudy
Authors: Kumar Ram , Khandelwal Nitin , Chander Yogesh , Riyesh Thachamvally , Gulati Baldev R. , Pal Yash , Tripathi Bhupendra N. , Barua Sanjay , Kumar Naveen
Published: December 2020

Emetine is a FDA-approved drug for the treatment of amebiasis. In the recent times we had also demonstrated the antiviral efficacy of emetine against some RNA and DNA viruses. Following emergence of the COVID-19, we further evaluated thein vitroantiviral activity of emetine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The therapeutic index of emetine was determined to be 10910.4, at a cytotoxic concentration 50 (CC50) of 1603.8 nM and effective concentration 50 (EC50) of 0.147 nM.Besides, we also demonstrated the protective efficacy of emetine against lethal challenge with infectious bronchitis virus (IBV; a chicken coronavirus) in the embryonated chicken egg infection model. Emetine treatment was shown to decrease viral RNA and protein synthesis without affecting other steps of viral life cycle such as attachment, entry and budding.In a chromatin immunoprecipitation (CHIP) assay, emetine was shown to disrupt the binding of SARS-CoV-2 RNA with eIF4E (eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E, a cellular cap-binding protein required for initiation ofprotein translation). Further, SARS-CoV-2 was shown to exploit ERK/MNK1/eIF4E signalling pathwayfor its effective replication in the target cells. To conclude, emetine targets SARS-CoV-2 protein synthesis which is mediated via inhibiting the interaction of SARS-CoV-2 RNA with eIF4E. This is a novel mechanistic insight on the antiviral efficacy of emetine.In vitroantiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 and its ability to protect chicken embryos against IBV suggests that emetine could be repurposed to treat COVID-19.
Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 N protein reveals multiple functional consequences of the C-terminal domain
Authors: Wu Chao , Qavi Abraham J. , Hachim Asmaa , Kavian Niloufar , Cole Aidan R. , Moyle Austin B. , Wagner Nicole D. , Sweeney-Gibbons Joyce , Rohrs Henry W. , Gross Michael L. , Peiris J. S. Malik , Basler Christopher F. , Farnsworth Christopher W. , Valkenburg Sophie A. , Amarasinghe Gaya K. , Leung Daisy W.
Published: December 2020

Nucleocapsid protein (N) is the most abundant viral protein encoded by SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19. N plays key roles at different steps in the replication cycle and is used as a serological marker of infection. Here we characterize the biochemical properties of SARS-CoV-2 N. We define the N domains important for oligomerization and RNA binding that are associated with spherical droplet formation and suggest that N accessibility and assembly may be regulated by phosphorylation. We also map the RNA binding interface using hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry. Finally, we find that the N protein C-terminal domain is the most immunogenic by sensitivity, based upon antibody binding to COVID-19 patient samples from the US and Hong Kong. Together, these findings uncover domain-specific insights into the significance of SARS-CoV-2 N and highlight the diagnostic value of using N domains as highly specific and sensitive markers of COVID-19.
Spectrum Trading in India: How to Untie the Gordian Knot?1
Authors: Jain Rekha , Singh Amod Prakash
Published: November 2020

This case brings out the role of institutions and corporate governance issues in regulatory/policy organisations in the telecom sector. Spectrum is a critical input for mobile services, the economic growth driver. The Indian government, like other governments, attempted to move to a more flexible spectrum governance regime and introduced trading to ensure that more spectrum became available for commercial services. Despite its efforts, the government's framework was restrictive. The spectrum trading deal between the two private telecom operators-RCom and Reliance Jio-failed. RCom was fighting to remain solvent by selling spectrum, and Reliance Jio needed it for its growth.
Famoc Depanel: innovating product-service systems through functional spaces
Authors: Manzi Mario Andres , Blanco Murcia Laura , Ramos Mejia Monica
Published: December 2020

Learning outcomes

Identify how value is created through a product-service system (PSS). Recognize the different types of PSS and their characteristics at an economic and environmental level. Design a business model for a PSS that allows to generate economic and environmental value in a sustainable way.

Case overview/synopsis

On October 15th of 2014, Javier Ramirez, Chief Executive Officer of Famoc Depanel, was in his office in Bogotá, Colombia, thinking about a decision he had to take. Either Famoc Depanel continued in the traditional office furniture market generating new lower-cost products, and continued facing the informal competition or the company risked accepting a new business that the National Tax and Customs Direction of Colombia (DIAN, the acronym according to its name in Spanish) had proposed and give its business a complete turnaround. Either way, he would keep his commitment to innovation and environmental care.

Complexity academic level

This case is appropriate for use in sustainability and entrepreneurship courses with contents about business models based on PSS. This case can be used at undergraduate and graduate levels. It is recommended that students have prior knowledge about business models and the Canvas Business Model methodology.

Supplementary materials

Teaching Notes are available for educators only.

Subject code

CSS 11: Strategy.
Incarcerated population in India: how many are dying? How are they dying?
Authors: Ram Usha , Kumar Prakash
Published: December 2020

Purpose

This study aims to examine sociodemographic characteristics, levels and patterns of mortality experiences amongst Indian prisoners over the past two decades (1998–2018).

Design/methodology/approach

This study used prison statistics in India to analyze occupancy rate, percentage distribution, annual/decadal change, male–to–female ratios, prison mortality rate and causes of natural/unnatural deaths.

Findings

During 1998–2018, prisons in India grew by 18% and prisoners by 69%, leading to overcrowded jails. Males outnumbered female prisoners. Seventy percent of prisoners had an educational attainment level lower than 10th grade. In 2018, over 14 per 1,000 prisoners suffered from a mental illness and 384 per 100,000 died. Unnatural deaths accounted for 8%–11% of all prisoner deaths; 84% were by suicide. Illness accounted for 95% of all natural deaths in 2018; one–quarter was due to heart diseases.

Research limitations/implications

The study did not establish an association between sociodemographic characteristics with mental illness and mortality due to the non-availability of data.

Social implications

The pattern of a deteriorating living environment, rise in mental illnesses and mortality among Indian prisoners calls for immediate action from the authorities to protect them. Almost all unnatural deaths were by suicide (mostly by hanging). This detailed study would help authorities to take corrective measures for prisoner safety and well-being. There is also a need to develop a scientific database for this population.

Originality/value

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to examine morbidity and mortality experiences of the prisoner population using national statistics.
Consumer decision-making in a retail store: the role of mental imagery and gender difference
Authors: Kim Jung-Hwan , Kim Minjeong , Yoo Jungmin , Park Minjung
Published: November 2020

Purpose

The purpose of the study is to investigate how mental imagery evoked from sensory in-store experience influences consumer anticipatory emotion, perceived ownership and decision satisfaction which eventually impact positive consumer responses such as behavioural intent. In this study, gender difference is proposed as a moderator to completely understand the role of mental imagery in the in-store decision-making process.

Design/methodology/approach

Using a market research agency in South Korea, an online survey was employed to collect data. A total of 455 useable respondents (men = 224 and women = 231) largely living in the two most populous provinces in South Korea (i.e. Seoul and Gyeonggi provinces) completed the survey. A number of path analyses were conducted to test hypotheses.

Findings

The results of the study showed that mental imagery evoked from sensory product experience played a critical part in facilitating the consumer decision-making process by influencing anticipatory emotion and perceived ownership. The relationship among anticipatory emotion, perceived ownership, decision satisfaction and behavioural intent was significant except for the relationship between perceived ownership and behavioural intent. This study further indicated that the way mental imagery influences the in-store decision-making process differs between men and women.

Originality/value

The effect of mental imagery in a physical retail context is largely ignored. This study addressed the crucial role of mental imagery in a physical apparel retail setting and examined its impact on consumer decision-making processes. By exploring how to enhance consumers' in-store sensory shopping experiences through mental imagery to influence their positive shopping outcomes, this study offers vital insights into how retailers operating physical stores can successfully utilize their stores.
Influential and intellectual structure of Islamic finance: a bibliometric review
Authors: Alshater Muneer M. , Hassan M. Kabir , Khan Ashraf , Saba Irum
Published: December 2020

Purpose

Islamic finance is an alternative approach of financial intermediation based on risk-sharing and asset-backed operations, which evolved substantially in recent years in academic research raising the need for quantitative studies to address the intellectual development and scientific performance of this field. This study aims to provide quantitative statistics and comprehensive review of the key influential and intellectual structure of Islamic finance literature.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors apply the trending and cutting-edge quali-quantitative approach of bibliometric citation analysis. This study reviews 1,940 English studies and review papers published in scientific journals indexed by the Scopus database from 1983 to 2019. RStudio, VOSviewer and Excel’s software are used to analyze the collected data and apply the bibliometric tests.

Findings

The results identify the leading academic authors, journals, institutions and countries with relation to Islamic finance. The authors also propose six main research themes in this field, which are as follows: Islamic finance – fundamentals, growth and legitimacy; customer’s attitude and perception toward Islamic finance; accounting and social reporting of Islamic finance; performance and risk management of Islamic finance; Islamic financial markets; and efficiency of Islamic financial institutions. Lastly, the authors identify research gaps in the existing Islamic finance literature and present 24 future research directions.

Research limitations/implications

The data in this study is confined only to the Scopus database of English papers and reviews. It also considers papers directly related to the field of Islamic finance.

Originality/value

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this paper is one of the first to address the literature of Islamic finance from a bibliometric aspect. The results of this study along with future research questions will help researchers and practitioners to further explore and stand on firm quantitative bases regarding the scientific development of Islamic finance.