bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Abnormal Eating Attitudes in Young Insulin-Dependent Diabetics
Authors: Steel J. M. , Young R. J. , Lloyd G. G. , Macintyre C. C. A.
Published: October 2008

All insulin-dependent diabetics between the ages of 16 and 25 years attending the diabetic clinic at the Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, (152 women and 139 men) were asked to complete the EAT, the EDI, and the GHQ, and to provide a control subject (sibling or close friend) of similar age who would do likewise. Marked differences were found between diabetic women (but not men) and their controls in eating attitudes, in many of the psychological characteristics associated with eating disorders, and in GHQ scores. Although some of the women had classic anorexia nervosa or bulimia, others with abnormal eating attitudes did not fulfil the formal criteria. Overall, diabetics were significantly heavier than controls but the differences in eating attitudes were not eliminated by correcting for overweight. Abnormal scores were associated with high HbA, levels and independently with retinopathy. The weight gain and psychological effects of diabetes are identified as probably of aetiological importance in the abnormal eating attitudes of young diabetic women.
Clinical and Therapeutic Monitoring of Epilepsy in a Mental Handicap Unit
Authors: Collacott R. A. , Dignon A. , Hauck A. , Ward J. W.
Published: October 2008

Within a group of hospitals for the mentally handicapped serving the Leicestershire district, a cohort of 215 epileptic patients was identified, who were followed up for four years. The anticonvulsant medication of each patient was reviewed regularly until an optimal balance between seizure control, absence of medication side-effects, and reduction of polypharmacy was attained. After four years 172 patients remained in the study. A significant reduction in polypharmacy was attained overall. Some groups of patients showed a significant reduction in the frequency of seizures, while a small group of patients with frequent seizures remained difficult to control.
Perceived Parental Rearing Styles of Agoraphobic and Socially Phobic In-patients
Authors: Arrindell W. A. , Kwee M. G. T. , Methorst G. J. , van der Ende J. , Pol E. , Moritz B. J. M.
Published: October 2008

The perceived parental rearing practices and attitudes of agoraphobics, social phobics and non-patient normal controls were investigated, employing the EMBU, an inventory for assessing memories of upbringing. Findings obtained previously with out-patients were replicated with in-patients as subjects. Compared with the controls, agoraphobics rated both their parents as having been less emotionally warm but only their mothers as having been rejective. Socially phobic in-patients rated both their parents as having been rejective, as having lacked emotional warmth, and as having been over-protective. Comparisons between agoraphobics and social phobics showed differences in certain aspects of parental rearing, with the socially phobic in-patients assigning ratings more negatively than the agoraphobic group.
Age at Puberty and Mental Illness
Authors: Saugstad Letten F.
Published: October 2008

The hypothesis of a neurodevelopmental aetiology of manic-depressive psychosis and schizophrenia is based on the relation between onset of puberty and the final regressive events in the central nervous system (elimination of 40% of neuronal synapses), and the discrepancy in body build in the two disorders which is similar to that between early- and late-maturing individuals. The marked rise in manic–depressive psychoses and decline in schizophrenia, particularly the non-paranoid categories, accompanying the decline in mean pubertal age by some four years during the past hundred years are taken as evidence that manic–depressive psychosis affects early maturers and schizophrenia particularly affects late maturers. Gender differences and social differentials accord with this theory. Redundancy of neuronal synapses characterises manic-depressive psychosis, and reduced density of synapses is a characteristic of schizophrenia, whereas ‘normality’, with optimal synaptic density, is in between.
The Evaluation of Psychiatric Illness in Asian Patients by the Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale
Authors: Nayani Salim
Published: October 2008

Twenty Asian psychiatric patients suffering from neurotic illness completed the Urdu version of the HAD Scale. The results were compared with the Clinical Interview Schedule. Somatic symptoms were significantly related to various measures of anxiety but not to those of depression. This finding contradicts the previously held view of linking somatic symptoms with the presentation of depression.
Outcome in Unipolar Affective Disorder after Stereotactic Tractotomy
Authors: Lovett L. M. , Crimmins R. , Shaw D. M.
Published: October 2008

An evaluation of 15 patients treated by subcaudate stereotactic tractotomy (SST) for treatment-resistant unipolar affective disorder was made for frequency and severity of recurrence of illness. One-third had died by the time of assessment, but none by suicide. Two-thirds of the sample experienced a reduction in the severity of depressive episodes after the operation; only one-third reported a reduction in frequency of episodes.
Erotomania in a Saudi Woman
Authors: El-Assra A.
Published: October 2008

A case of de Cléambault syndrome, secondary to paranoid schizophrenia, in a Saudi woman is documented. Cultural factors were found ineffective in modifying or preventing symptoms. Erotomania appeared to arise from the same dynamics as those of the Western patients and to follow the same pattern.
Successful Treatment of Chronic Delusional Parasitosis
Authors: Mitchell Carolyn
Published: October 2008

A case of delusional parasitosis is presented in which a patient with classic symptoms of six years' duration responded to pimozide. Similarly chronic cases may be responsive to pimozide.
Neurosyphilis Presenting as Psychiatric Disorders
Authors: Sirota P. , Eviatar J. , Spivak B.
Published: October 2008

The authors present two patients with neurosyphilis who presented with psychiatric disorders and who both benefited from penicillin therapy. Increases in such cases may be expected.
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome with Trifluperidol
Authors: Singh S. P. , Giridhar C. , Avasthi A.
Published: October 2008

In a case of NMS subsequent to administration of trifluperidol to a young man, the patient responded remarkably quickly to bromocriptine. The authors point out the deficiencies in the diagnostic criteria, which need further refinement for a better understanding of the syndrome.
The Myth of Elevated Serum Creatine Phosphokinase Level and Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
Authors: Adityanjee
Published: October 2008

The 1980s witnessed the honeymoon between American psychiatry and an enigmatic and mysterious drug complication called neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS). I fear that the 1990s are witnessing the same in British psychiatry. Gone is the era when case reports in British literature described the syndrome without identifying it by name (Allan & White, 1972; Moyes, 1973), ostensibly owing to lack of awareness. Probably, no one had bothered to read the original description in the French-language literature (Delayet al,1960). The pendulum has now swung to the other extreme. Every known drug-related complication is being labelled NMS. In the US, Addonizioet al(1986) suggested a ridiculously high incidence figure of 12.2%. The same trend for overdiagnosis is seen in the recent case report by Dalkin & Lee (1990). The authors of this case report seem to have forgotten that NMS is an idiosyncratic adverse drug reaction which is dose-independent. There is no reason to label every neuroleptic overdose as NMS on grounds of raised creatine phosphokinase (CPK) level.
Infant Psychiatry: Its Relevance for the General Psychiatrist
Authors: Minde K. , Benoit D.
Published: October 2008

The study of infancy can provide us with new models for the genesis and treatment of psychiatric disorders. It allows us to observe development and can elucidate the contribution the internal and external world make to mental health and disorder. It can also help to define and describe developmental pathways which may be instrumental in creating a resilient or vulnerable adult.
The Construction and Selection of Predictive Scales, with Special Reference to Parasuicide
Authors: Kreitman Norman , Foster J.
Published: October 2008

Issues concerning the use of predictive and screening instruments include the difficulties posed by temporal changes in the base rates for the behaviour of interest, the possible advantages of using three rather than the customary two risk categories, and the desirability of specifying in advance the proportional sizes of the risk subgroups. A method is proposed for constructing and assessing tripartite risk scales, and a new scale for predicting the repetition of parasuicide, with the results of a prospective validation study, is reported.
The Diagnosis of Dementia in the Elderly a Comparison of CAMCOG (the Cognitive Section of CAMDEX), the AGECAT Program, DSM–III, the Mini-Mental State Examination and Some Short Rating Scales
Authors: Blessed G. , Black S. E. , Butler T. , Kay D. W. K.
Published: October 2008

The performance of CAMCOG, the cognitive section of the CAMDEX, is compared in a non-random sample of 222 elderly people with diagnoses based on agecat and on DSM–III criteria, and with the MMSE and some short rating scales. With a cut-off point of 69/70 and agecat organic syndrome as the criterion, the sensitivity of CAMCOG was 97% and the specificity 91%. However, 21% of DSM–III diagnoses of dementia scored above this cut-off; these were mostly mild cases. The correlation between CAMCOG and MMSE scores was 0.87, and the advantage of CAMCOG may be more apparent in longitudinal studies. Multivariate analyses showed that CAMCOG scores are affected by age, sociocultural factors and hearing and visual deficits in addition to dementia, but not by depression. There was a suggestion that individual subsections are differentially affected.
Psychological Symptoms and their Course in First-Year Medical Students as Assessed by the Interval General Health Questionnaire (I–GHQ)
Authors: Miller P. McC. , Surtees P. G.
Published: October 2008

Evidence is presented concerning the concurrent validity of the Interval General Health Questionnaire. This was used to describe the timing and course of spells of depression and anxiety symptoms in first-year medical students over their initial six months at university. A small subgroup of students who were continuously symptomatic were distinguished from other groups by the presence of a number of factors: they were slow to make friends, had inappropriate support from relatives, had a tendency to have rows, had steady girl/boyfriends and had ‘vulnerable’ personalities. By contrast, a large subgroup who were well throughout had experienced caring childhood backgrounds, seldom had girl/boyfriends, showed little tendency to have rows and had ‘resilient’ personalities. Other subgroups are also described. It is suggested that students who suffer from chronic minor symptomatic distress could be recognised early on and offered appropriate support from counselling services.
Self-detoxification by Opiate Addicts
Authors: Gossop Michael , Battersby Malcolm , Strang John
Published: October 2008

A study of 50 opiate addicts attending a London service for treatment of drug dependence found that 47 subjects had previously made at least one attempt at self-detoxification. These subjects reported 212 previous attempts. Although 30 subjects reported having managed to complete at least one attempt, the success rate per episode was low (24%). One of the most commonly reported methods, used by 28 subjects, involved an abrupt cessation of opiates (‘cold turkey’). Of the drugs used in their attempts at self-detoxification, benzodiazepines were reported by 24 subjects and opiates by 20. Practical strategies such as distraction and avoidance were also used. Self-help detoxification materials for opiate addicts might be useful.
Effects of Substance Abuse on Ventricular and Sulcal Measures Assessed by Computerised Tomography
Authors: Cascella Nicola G. , Pearlson Godfrey , Wong Dean F. , Broussolle Emmanuel , Nagoshi Craig , Margolin Richard A. , London Edythe D.
Published: October 2008

Computerised tomography (CT) was used to assess the possible effects of substance abuse on brain morphology. Polydrug abusers had significantly wider third ventricles than normal controls, with a positive correlation between age and ventricle:brain ratio (VBR). Assuming no effect of age, estimated quantity of substance abuse was not significantly related to ventricular and sulcal measures, except that alcohol consumption correlated positively with VBR and severity of cocaine use correlated negatively with sulcal width. When age of the subjects was partialled out, alcohol use showed a tendency for association with VBR; however, severity of cocaine use did not remain a significant predictor of cortical sulcal width. The findings suggest that chronic use of alcohol, but not necessarily of other commonly abused substances, produces brain atrophy.
Psychosis in Migrants from the Indian Subcontinent and English-Born Controls
Authors: Gupta Sunjai
Published: October 2008

A cohort of first-generation Asian immigrants who received a diagnosis of a functional psychosis at the Bethlem Royal and Maudsley Hospitals were compared with an English-born control group. The Asians were found to have spent a lower total percentage of time in the two hospitals, had fewer in-patient admissions per year, and had a shorter average duration of stay in hospital than the matched controls.
Changes in the Positive and Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenic In-patients in China
Authors: Phillips Michael R. , Zhao Zuan , Xiong Xianzhang , Cheng Xiufang , Sun Guirong , Wu Ningsheng
Published: October 2008

Positive and negative symptoms at admission and discharge of 401 unselected schizophrenic patients from four psychiatric hospitals around China were studied. On admission, 58% of patients had prominent negative symptoms and the overall severity of negative symptoms was similar to that of positive symptoms; at discharge, negative symptoms were more prevalent and more severe. The severity of negative symptoms was not significantly correlated with duration of illness or with dosage of medication; 48% of first-episode, drug-naive patients had prominent negative symptoms on admission. Negative symptoms responded to standard neuroleptic treatment, but the improvement was less marked than that in positive symptoms (47% v. 80%). The proportion of patients classified as positive type, negative type, and mixed type schizophrenia altered dramatically with treatment. These findings highlight the importance of negative symptoms in the assessment and treatment of both acute and chronic schizophrenia.
Suicidal Ideation as a Presenting Complaint
Authors: Hawley Christopher J. , James David V. , Birkett Paul L. , Baldwin David S. , De Ruiter Marian J. , Priest Robert G.
Published: October 2008

A prospective study was conducted of all referrals to the emergency psychiatric service of an inner-London hospital over one year. There were 53 individuals who presented with the specific and spontaneous complaint of suicidal ideation without any accompanying act of self-harm. The main diagnoses in this group were personality disorders (40%) and alcohol dependence (15%); only 13% were suffering from depressive illness. Members of the group differed from the other 369 presenters to the service in that they were less likely to be accorded a diagnosis of a defined mental illness, twice as likely to have a criminal record, and more likely to have a previous history of deliberate self-harm. A quarter of the suicidal complainants were admitted to hospital following assessment.
The COSTAR Programme. 1: Improving Social Networks of the Long-Term Mentally Ill
Authors: Thornicroft Graham , Breakey William R.
Published: October 2008

The present study examined the socio-demographic, clinical, cognitive, social behaviour and social network characteristics of the 97 patients in contact with the COSTAR programme – a mobile treatment and case management service for the long-term mentally ill in inner-city Baltimore. Compared with shorter-contact patients, those in contact for more than one year showed no change in symptoms, or in cognitive or global function. They did manifest improved social function, especially for slowness, personal hygiene and posturing. The long-contact group showed improvements in the quality and quantity of their social networks. Our results suggest that a home-based treatment system can help patients to reverse a vicious cycle of social isolation and to establish supportive social contacts.
A Comparison of Nutritional Management with Stress Management in the Treatment of Bulimia Nervosa
Authors: Laessle R. G. , Beumont P. J. V. , Butow P. , Lennerts W. , O'Connor M. , Pirke K. M. , Touyz S. W. , Waadt S.
Published: October 2008

In a comparison of nutritional management (NM) and stress management (SM) for treatment of bulimia nervosa, 55 female patients were randomly assigned to either treatment. Therapy consisted of 15 sessions in a group over three months, by the end of which, patients under both treatment conditions showed a significant reduction in the frequency of binge eating and vomiting and a significant improvement in various psychopathological features such as body dissatisfaction and depression. All improvements were maintained over 12–month follow-up. NM produced a more rapid improvement in general eating behaviour, a faster reduction in binge frequency and a higher abstinence rate from binge eating. SM led to greater positive changes in certain psychopathological features such as feelings of ineffectiveness, interpersonal distrust and anxiety. NM should be regarded as a necessary first intervention in all bulimic patients. Further psychological therapy, such as SM, is indicated as well for some patients, depending on their specific psychological difficulties.
Schizophrenia and Affective Disorder: Are They Genetically Linked?
Authors: Baron Miron , Gruen Rhoda S.
Published: October 2008

The relationship between schizophrenic ‘spectrum’ disorders and affective illness was studied in the nuclear families of 90 chronic schizophrenic probands. An increased risk of schizophrenia and related disorders was demonstrated among the first-degree relatives of probands with a family history of major affective disorders. Conversely, relatives of probands with a family history of schizophrenic ‘spectrum’ disorders were at a greater risk of affective illness (major depression) than relatives of probands with no family history. These results lend support to the notion that a subset of affective disorders is associated with the liability to schizophrenia.
Enhancement of Recovery from Psychiatric Illness by Methylfolate
Authors: Procter Andrew
Published: October 2008

“41 (33%) of 123 patients with acute psychiatric disorders (DSM III diagnosis of major depression or schizophrenia) had borderline or definite folate deficiency (red-cell folate below 200 μg/l) and took part in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of methylfolate, 15 mg daily, for 6 months in addition to standard psychotropic treatment. Among both depressed and schizophrenic patients methylfolate significantly improved clinical and social recovery. The differences in outcome scores between methylfolate and placebo groups became greater with time. These findings add to the evidence implicating disturbances of methylation in the nervous system in the biology of some forms of mental illness.”
Phosphorylation of Farnesoid X Receptor by Protein Kinase C Promotes Its Transcriptional Activity
Authors: Gineste Romain , Sirvent Audrey , Paumelle Réjane , Helleboid Stéphane , Aquilina Alexis , Darteil Raphaël , Hum Dean W. , Fruchart Jean-Charles , Staels Bart
Published: October 2008

The farnesoid X receptor (FXR, NR1H4) belongs to the nuclear receptor superfamily and is activated by bile acids such as chenodeoxycholic acid, or synthetic ligands such as GW4064. FXR is implicated in the regulation of bile acid, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism. Posttranslational modifications regulating its activity have not been investigated yet. Here, we demonstrate that calcium-dependent protein kinase C (PKC) inhibition impairs ligand-mediated regulation of FXR target genes. Moreover, in a transactivation assay, we show that FXR transcriptional activity is modulated by PKC. Furthermore, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate , a PKC activator, induces the phosphorylation of endogenous FXR in HepG2 cells and PKCα phosphorylates in vitro FXR in its DNA-binding domain on S135 and S154. Mutation of S135 and S154 to alanine residues reduces in cell FXR phosphorylation. In contrast to wild-type FXR, mutant FXRS135AS154A displays an impaired PKCα-induced transactivation and a decreased ligand-dependent FXR transactivation. Finally, phosphorylation of FXR by PKC promotes the recruitment of peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α. In conclusion, these findings show that the phosphorylation of FXR induced by PKCα directly modulates the ability of agonists to activate FXR.
Thyroid Hormone-Mediated Activation of the ERK/Dual Specificity Phosphatase 1 Pathway Augments the Apoptosis of GH4C1 Cells by Down-Regulating Nuclear Factor-κB Activity
Authors: Chiloeches Antonio , Sánchez-Pacheco Aurora , Gil-Araujo Beatriz , Aranda Ana , Lasa Marina
Published: October 2008

Thyroid hormone (T3) plays a crucial role in processes such as cell proliferation and differentiation, whereas its implication on cellular apoptosis has not been well documented. Here we examined the effect of T3 on the apoptosis of GH4C1 pituitary cells and the mechanisms underlying this effect. We show that T3 produced a significant increase in apoptosis in serum-depleted conditions. This effect was accompanied by a decrease in nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)-dependent transcription, IκBα phosphorylation, translocation of p65/NF-κB to the nucleus, phosphorylation, and transactivation. Moreover, these effects were correlated with a T3-induced decrease in the expression of antiapoptotic gene products, such as members of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein and Bcl-2 families. On the other hand, ERK but not c-Jun N-terminal kinase or MAPK p38, was activated upon exposure to T3, and inhibition of ERK alone abrogated T3-mediated apoptosis. In addition, T3 increased the expression of the MAPK phosphatase, dual specificity phosphatase 1 (DUSP1), in an ERK-dependent manner. Interestingly, the suppression of DUSP1 expression abrogated T3-induced inhibition of NF-κB-dependent transcription and p65/NF-κB translocation to the nucleus, as well as T3-mediated apoptosis. Overall, our results indicate that T3 induces apoptosis in rat pituitary tumor cells by down-regulating NF-κB activity through a mechanism dependent on the ERK/DUSP1 pathway.
Simulation of Four-Point Test for DC Electrical Resistivity of Moderately Conductive Solids—Error due to Nonideal Specimen Size and Current Electrode Configuration
Authors: Woolley David E.
Published: October 2008

Electrical resistivity of moderately conductive solids is determined according to ASTM D4496 [1] using the four-probe method. The ideal specimen is long, thin, and of uniform cross section and composition. The ideal configuration of current electrodes is uniformly covering the opposite ends of the specimen to create a current path in the axial direction through the specimen. The purpose of this study is to determine what errors may arise from using nonideal specimen size or current-electrode configuration. The dc four-point resistivity test is simulated using a finite element (FE) model, which yields the electric potential distribution in the specimen and the electric current. Specimens in the form of bars and cylinders are studied. Simulations show that the calculated resistivity will be false-high when the current electrode is a band around the outside of the specimen or strip on one side of the specimen and when the parameter (R or H)/((Lo-Li)/2) is greater than 0.5, where R is the radius of a cylindrical specimen, H is the height of a bar-shaped specimen, (Lo-Li)/2 is the distance between a current electrode and the nearest potential electrode. The magnitude of the error reported in this study is on the order of the error that can arise due to errors in measuring dimensions of the specimen.
Goodness of fit testing using a specific density estimate
Authors: Albers Casper J. , Schaafsma Willem
Published: October 2008

To test the hypothesis H
0: f=ψ that an unknown density f is equal to a specified one, ψ, an estimate f^ of f is compared with ψ. The total variation distance ∥ f^-ψ∥1 is used as test statistic.

The density estimate f^ considered is a peculiar one. A table of critical values is provided, this table is applicable for arbitrary ψ.

Relations with other methods, Neyman´s smooth tests in particular, are discussed and power comparisons are performed. In certain situations, our test is recommendable. An example from practice is provided.
Uniform and individual convergence rates for convex density classes
Authors: Meister Alexander
Published: October 2008

In this paper, we prove coincidence of uniform and individual convergence rates for convex density classes, which are Baire spaces with respect to the
L
1(R
d
)-metric, in the field of nonparametric estimation. We show that for convex density classes, which are no Baire spaces, the validity of this result is not guaranteed, in general.
A kernel-based classifier on a Riemannian manifold
Authors: Loubes Jean-Michel , Pelletier Bruno
Published: October 2008

Let X be a random variable taking values in a compact Riemannian manifold without boundary, and let Y be a discrete random variable valued in {0;1} which represents a classification label. We introduce a kernel rule for classification on the manifold based on n independent copies of (X,Y). Under mild assumptions on the bandwidth sequence, it is shown that this kernel rule is consistent in the sense that its probability of error converges to the Bayes risk with probability one.
Comparison results for path-dependent options
Authors: Bergenthum Jan , Rüschendorf Ludger
Published: October 2008

In this paper comparison results of convex type are established for several path-dependent options in some classes of semimartingale models. The options considered are some classes of lookback options, Asian and American options and barrier options. Comparison of the path-dependent options is based on ordering properties of the local characteristics of the underlying processes as well as on suitable propagation of convexity property. These properties allow a stochastic analysis of the basic linking process which establishes a link between the value processes in the underlying models. The linking process gives a unified tool to obtain comparison results for these path-dependent options. This paper extends and unifies several results in the literature.
Messunsicherheit bei nicht korrigierten systematischen Messabweichungen Uncertainty of Measurement with Uncorrected Systematic Deviations
Authors: Hernla M.
Published: October 2008

Nach dem Leitfaden zur Angabe der Unsicherheit beim Messen (GUM) sind bekannte systematische Messabweichungen immer zu korrigieren. In der messtechnischen Praxis wird das jedoch häufig unterlassen, weshalb die systematischen Abweichungen in der Messunsicherheit zu berücksichtigen sind. Dabei muss zwischen Kalibrierkurven und einzelnen systematischen Abweichungen unterschieden werden. In diesem Beitrag werden gängige Näherungen zur Ermittlung der Messunsicherheit gegenübergestellt und im Vergleich zur analytischen Lösung bewertet.
Messstrategien für die zerstörungsfreie Schichtmessung mittels Ultraschallmikroskopie Strategies for the Non-Destructive Characterization of Thin Layers with Scanning Acoustic Microscopy
Authors: Schmitt Robert , Dietrich Björn , Hafner Philip , Engelmann Bastian
Published: October 2008

Die Ultraschallmikroskopie ermöglicht hochauflösende und zerstörungsfreie Materialprüfungen im Mikrobereich durch stark fokussierte und hochfrequente Schallfelder. Am Beispiel der Messung an Mikrobeschichtungen werden neue Messstrategien, Auswertungs- und Einsatzmöglichkeiten dieser Technologie vorgestellt.
Der turbulente magnetische Durchflussmesser – Experimente und Large-Eddy-Simulationen The Turbulent Magnetic Flow-Meter – Experiments and Large-Eddy Simulations
Authors: Krause Jens , Ott Thomas , Stange Gerd
Published: October 2008

Allgemein gebräuchliche Durchflusssensoren nach dem magnetisch-induktiven Prinzip messen den Volumenfluss von Wasser in Rohren. Es werden gewöhnlich Wechselfelder eingesetzt, aber Dauermagneten würden den Energieverbrauch deutlich senken. Wir schlagen ein neues Messprinzip für Dauermagneten im Falle turbulenter Strömung vor. Die turbulenten Schwankungen in der Strömung führen zu Schwankungen in der Messspannung. Die Amplitude dieser Spannungsschwankungen ist als Maß für den Volumenstrom brauchbar. Den Nachweis führen wir mit Experimenten und mit numerischen Simulationen nach der Large-Eddy-Methode.
Pattern of Cleft Lip and Palate in Hospital-Based Population in Saudi Arabia: Retrospective Study
Authors: Aljohar Aziza , Ravichandran Kandasamy , Subhani Shazia
Published: October 2008

Objective:

To report the patterns of cleft lip and/or cleft palate in Saudi Arabia from data collected at a tertiary care hospital.

Design and Setting:

King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh.

Patients:

All the cleft lip and/or cleft palate patients registered in the Cleft Lip/Palate and Craniofacial Anomalies Registry from June 1999 to December 2005.

Results:

Retrospectively, 807 cases of cleft lip and/or palate were registered. There were 451 boys and 356 girls. Cleft lip and palate was more common (387) than isolated cleft palate (294) and isolated cleft lip (122). Boys predominated in cleft lip and palate and cleft lip; whereas, girls predominated in isolated cleft palate, with boy to girl ratios of 1.6:1, 1.2:1, and 0.9:1 for cleft lip and/or palate, isolated cleft lip, and isolated cleft palate, respectively. The Riyadh region had more cases (32.0%) than the Asir (15.6%) and Eastern (14.6%) regions. Parents of 439 individuals had consanguineous marriages. A positive family history of cleft was seen in 224 cases. Of 238 cases with associated anomalies, 91 had congenital heart disease. Of the children with isolated cleft palate, 40.5% had associated anomalies, whereas only 23.0% of the children with isolated cleft lip or cleft lip and palate had associated malformations.

Conclusion:

The pattern of cleft observed in this study does not differ significantly from those reported in the literature for Arab populations.
Hospitalization, Breast-Milk Feeding, and Growth in Infants with Cleft Palate and Cleft Lip and Palate Born in Denmark
Authors: Smedegaard Lisa H. V. , Marxen Dorthe R. N. , Moes Jette H. V. , Glassou Eva N. , Scientsan Cand
Published: October 2008

Objective:

To evaluate if the duration of postpartum hospitalization, duration of breast-milk feeding, and growth during the first year of life in infants with cleft lip and palate (CLP) and cleft palate (CP) are comparable to infants without facial clefts.

Design:

Prospective data collection using a registration chart developed by the authors.

Setting:

Special health care of infants with CLP/CP born in Denmark.

Participants:

All mature infants with CLP/CP born in 2003 and 2004 were included. Of 165 infants, 115 participated in the study.

Intervention:

In Denmark, parents of children with CLP/CP receive counseling. This counseling is managed by specially trained health visitors/nurses and is initiated at birth. The counseling seeks to support parents’ confidence in having an infant with CLP/CP and to initiate a relationship between the infant and the parents.

Main Outcome Measures:

Duration of postpartum hospitalization, duration of breast-milk feeding, and weight and length at birth, 5 months of age, and 12 months of age.

Results:

Hospitalization was 4 days and comparable to that of infants without CLP/CP. The infants with CLP/CP received breast milk but for a shorter period compared with infants without CLP/CP. Weights at birth, 5 months of age, and 12 months of age were identical with Danish growth references.

Conclusion:

The authors find the results satisfactory and believe that the counseling provided by the health visitors/nurses plays a part in the results.
Transforming Growth Factor-α and Nonsyndromic Cleft Lip with or without Palate or Cleft Palate Only in Kelantan, Malaysia
Authors: Rahman Roselinda Abdul , Ahmad Azlina , Rahman Zainal Ariff Abdul , Mokhtar Khairani Idah , Lah Nik Ahmad Shah Nik , Zilfalil Bin Alwi , Samsudin Ab Rani
Published: October 2008

Objective:

To determine the frequency of the transforming growth factor-alpha (TGFα) Taq1 polymorphism in nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL±P) and cleft palate only (CP) in Kelantan, Malaysia.

Setting:

The study was conducted at the Combined Cleft Clinic and at the Human Genome Centre in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia in Kelantan, Malaysia.

Design:

We examined the C2/Taq1 variant of the TGFα gene in 46 patients with nonsyndromic CL±P or CP only and in 33 controls. The TGFα genotype frequencies in patients were compared with those in controls using the chi-square or Fisher exact test. DNA samples were obtained from peripheral blood.

Results:

No association was found between TGFαTaq1 polymorphism and CL±P or CP in this case-control study. In addition, no homozygosity for the rare allele C2 was noted in CL±P, CP, or the controls.

Conclusion:

No evidence of TGFαTaq1 polymorphism was observed in association with CL±P and CP in this study.
Dystrophic-Like Alterations Characterize Orbicularis Oris and Palatopharyngeal Muscles in Patients Affected by Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: Lazzeri Davide , Viacava Paolo , Pollina Luca Enrico , Sansevero Stefano , Lorenzetti Fulvio , Balmelli Bruno , Funel Nicola , Gatti Gian Luca , Naccarato Antonio Giuseppe , Massei Alessandro
Published: October 2008

Objective:

This study analyzed histological and histochemical features of specimens of the orbicularis oris muscle, and palatal and pharyngeal muscles biopsied during surgery from 33 patients affected by cleft lip and palate.

Design:

Three groups were studied: 20 patients affected by cleft palate with or without cleft lip (at the time of primary palatoplasty), seven by cleft lip with or without cleft palate (primary lip closure), and six by cleft lip with or without cleft palate (secondary cheiloplasty). Muscle sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin, modified Gomori trichrome, ATPase reaction at pH 9.4, and NADH-TR. Analyzed parameters included organization, muscle fiber size and type, nuclear changes, presence of ragged-red fibers, degree of fibrosis, and presence of inflammatory infiltrate.

Results:

In all patients who underwent primary palatoplasty and lip closure we noted dystrophic-like alterations of orbicularis oris and palatopharyngeal muscles, such as variability of fiber size, fiber disorganization, and increased fibrosis. The same alterations were found in adult patients submitted to secondary cheiloplasty, notwithstanding surgical repair. Furthermore, in all groups neither neurogenic atrophy nor ragged-red fibers or inflammatory infiltrate were detected.

Conclusions:

Muscle damage is a constant event in this deformity, and it could play an important role in its etiopathogenesis. Muscular biopsy during cheiloplasty and palatoplasty could offer useful information about muscle condition and possible functional recovery in cleft lip and palate patients.
The Continuing Multidisciplinary Needs of Adult Patients with Cleft Lip and/or Palate
Authors: Chuo Cher Bing , Searle Yvonne , Jeremy Alison , Richard Bruce M. , Sharp Ian , Slator Rona
Published: October 2008

Objective:

Babies born with cleft lip and/or palate are followed-up throughout their growth in childhood. During adulthood, they may require further functional and/or aesthetic treatment. Adult multidisciplinary cleft clinics have been in place in the West Midlands, U.K. since June 2000. The aim of this study was to review the number and nature of problems these adult patients had and the types of treatment they required.

Design:

All adult patients seen in 2004 were identified. Case notes were reviewed for patient epidemiology, problems at initial presentation, and interventions carried out until their last clinic visit in 2004.

Results:

In 2004, there were 145 patients seen in the adult cleft clinic. Of those, 55 patients attended as part of their continuing care. Ninety were newly referred as adults to the cleft service. Patients ranged in age from 15 to 70 years and had, on average, three clinical problems each. One hundred and sixteen patients were listed for surgery of varying types, nine patients had nonsurgical speech-related intervention, 21 patients had restorative dental intervention, and 16 patients needed an extended clinical psychology assessment.

Conclusion:

For some patients who have had a cleft lip and/or palate, problems continue into adulthood or arise later in life. These problems are often multiple and treatment often requires the input of more than one specialist. The results of this audit support the need for coordinated multidisciplinary care for adults who have had a cleft lip and/or palate.
Sella Turcica Morphology and Dimensions in Cleft Subjects
Authors: Alkofide Eman A.
Published: October 2008

Objectives:

Evaluate sella turcica morphology, calculate its size in cleft subjects, and compare it with noncleft subjects.

Materials:

Lateral cephalometric radiographs of 95 cleft and 190 noncleft individuals. Radiographs were divided into two groups by age: 11 to 14 years of age, 15 years and above.

Main Outcome Measures:

The morphology of the sella turcica was categorized into six shapes; whereas, the size of the sella turcica was measured in terms of length, depth, and diameter in millimeters.

Results:

The sella turcica was abnormal in shape in the majority of cleft subjects when compared with noncleft subjects (p  =  .0000), more so in subjects with unilateral cleft lip and palate and bilateral cleft lip and palate (p  =  .0000, p  =  .020, respectively). Depth of sella turcica was smaller in unilateral cleft lip and palate subjects (p  =  .037). A smaller sella turcica size (length, depth, diameter) was evident in cleft subjects as compared with noncleft subjects (p  =  .037, p  =  .004, p  =  .000, respectively). Age correlated positively with an increase in sella turcica size in both noncleft and cleft subjects (p  =  .000, p  =  .009, p  =  .000).

Conclusions:

A majority of cleft subjects displayed an abnormal appearance of sella turcica when compared with noncleft subjects. A smaller depth of sella turcica was associated with unilateral cleft lip and palate. The sella turcica was smaller in size in cleft subjects than in noncleft subjects. Sella turcica size increased with age in subjects with and without clefts.
Maxillary Anterior Tooth Size and Arch Dimensions in Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: Lewis Benjamin R. K. , Stern Melanie R. , Willmot Derrick R.
Published: October 2008

Objective:

To investigate differences in size of the maxillary permanent anterior teeth and arch dimensions between individuals with repaired unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) and a matched control group representing the general population.

Design:

Retrospective study cast review.

Participants:

Study casts of 30 subjects due to commence orthodontic treatment following an alveolar bone graft (ABG) were collected from the Cleft Lip and Palate Units in South Yorkshire. Thirty control subjects were collected from a previously validated control group of white individuals in South Yorkshire.

Main Outcome Measures:

Casts were analyzed with an image analysis system to measure the dimensions of the maxillary permanent anterior teeth, incisor chord lengths, and the intercanine and intermolar widths. The results were analyzed statistically using paired t-tests and two-way univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA).

Results:

The mesiodistal widths of maxillary anterior teeth in the study group were smaller than the noncleft control group (p < .01). The dimensions of the cleft side maxillary incisors and incisor chord length were smaller (p < .05 and p < .01 respectively) compared with the noncleft side. The study group maxillary cleft side incisor chord length and maxillary intercanine width were narrower than the control group (p < .0001).

Conclusions:

(1) Anterior teeth are smaller mesiodistally in individuals with UCLP. (2) Maxillary incisors are smaller on the cleft side than the noncleft side. (3) UCLP subjects had smaller maxillary cleft side incisor chord lengths and intercanine widths than the control group despite pre-ABG expansion.
Comparison of Craniofacial Phenotype in Craniosynostotic Rabbits Treated with Anti–Tgf-β2 at Suturectomy Site
Authors: Frazier Brenda C. , Mooney Mark P. , Losken H. Wolfgang , Barbano Tim , Moursi Amr , Siegel Michael I. , Richtsmeier Joan T.
Published: October 2008

Objective:

Overexpression of transforming growth factor-beta 2 has been associated with craniosynostosis and resynostosis following surgery. We examined the effects of localized transforming growth factor-beta 2 inhibition on craniofacial phenotype in rabbits with craniosynostosis.

Design:

Twenty-five New Zealand white rabbits with bilateral coronal craniosynostosis were divided into three treatment groups: (1) suturectomy control (n  =  8); (2) suturectomy with nonspecific, control immunoglobulin G antibody (n  =  6); and (3) suturectomy with anti–transforming growth factor-beta 2 antibody (n  =  11). At 10 days of age, a coronal suturectomy was performed on all rabbits. The sites in groups 2 and 3 were immediately filled with a slow-resorbing collagen gel mixed with either immunoglobulin G or anti–transforming growth factor-beta 2 antibody. Computed tomography scans of each rabbit were acquired at ages 10, 25, and 84 days. Craniofacial landmarks were collected from three-dimensional computed tomography reconstructions, and growth and form were compared among the three groups.

Results:

Rabbits treated with anti–transforming growth factor-beta 2 antibody differed in form at 84 days of age compared with suturectomy control rabbits, specifically in the snout and posterior neurocranium. Growth in some areas of the skull was greater in rabbits from the anti–transforming growth factor-beta 2 group than in suturectomy control rabbits, but not significantly greater than in IgG control rabbits.

Conclusions:

We find support for the hypothesis that transforming growth factor-beta 2 inhibition alters adult form, but these changes do not appear to be localized to the suturectomy region. Slight differences in form and growth between the two control groups suggest that the presence of the collagen vehicle itself may affect skull growth.
A Cephalometric Intercenter Comparison of Patients with Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate: Analysis at 5 and 10 Years of Age and Long Term
Authors: Meazzini Maria Costanza , Giussani Greta , Morabito Alberto , Semb Gunvor , Garattini Giovanna , Brusati Roberto
Published: October 2008

Objective:

To compare the short- and long-term craniofacial growth of patients operated with the Milan protocol to those operated with the Oslo protocol.

Design:

The Milan sample included 88 patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) at 5 years, 26 at 10 years, and 23 at the end of growth. The Oslo samples included 48 UCLP patients at 5 years, 29 at 10, and 23 at growth completion. Lateral cephalograms were used for comparison. An unpaired t test was run for the 5- and 10-year-old samples. The samples long term were matched for age and sex, and a paired t test was run.

Results:

There was no significant cephalometric difference in the maxillary prominence at 5 years, a mild but significant difference at 10 years, and again no difference at the end of growth. Nevertheless, at an older age, the need for orthognathic surgery was larger in the Milan sample (26%) than in the Oslo sample (13%).

Conclusion:

Although no statistically significant differences in the cephalometric measurements were found long term, the need for orthognathic surgery was clinically judged to be larger in the Milan sample. On the other hand, although the Milan protocol seemed to require more final jaw surgery, only the cases that needed an additional orthognathic procedure in the Milan group will undertake a third surgical step, while the Oslo protocol included three surgical steps for all the patients.
Systematic Contact-Free 3D Topometry of the Soft Tissue Profile in Cleft Lips
Authors: Schwenzer-Zimmerer Katja , Chaitidis Despina , Boerner Isabelle , Kovacs Laszlo , Schwenzer Nina F. , Holberg Christof , Zeilhofer Hans-Florian
Published: October 2008

Objective:

To evaluate the clinical application of three-dimensional (3D) imaging for the analysis of a broad variety of cleft lips and to conduct a systematic analysis.

Design:

This was a prospective study using a noncontact 3D laser scanner to acquire the preoperative 3D facial profiles. The data sets were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. The data were expressed by ratios and scores.

Patients:

Forty nonsedated patients (1 to 39 years, average age 2.7 years) with unilateral cleft lip, cleft lip and alveolus, or complete unilateral cleft in Cambodia.

Results:

The acquired 3D data sets (mean acquisition time: 2.5 seconds) from facial surfaces were of diagnostic quality in 27 of 40 patients (average age, 14.2 years). In these cases all anatomical structures could be mapped precisely by means of landmark positioning in the range of millimeters. A new method of systematic analysis could be elaborated, allowing for data set expression independent of size and growth factors. In children under age 3, the measuring procedure was of limited value because of motion artifacts and was successful in only 6% (1 of 15) of these patients.

Conclusion:

The system offers a solid and precise tool for 3D imaging of the complex cleft lip anatomy in compliant patients and is useful for preoperative cleft assessment and follow-up. However, the application is limited in moving infants or uncooperative adults because of scanning time and acquisition method. The development of motion tracking and faster devices could eliminate motion artifacts.
A New Grading of Pierre Robin Sequence
Authors: Cole Annie , Lynch Patricia , Slator Rona
Published: October 2008

Objective:

Pierre Robin sequence (PRS) involves the triad of micrognathia, glossoptosis, and cleft palate. Neonates with PRS suffer from two problems—airway obstruction and feeding difficulties—but the severity of these problems varies greatly. The resultant varying definitions of PRS have resulted in inconsistent management of those babies given the diagnosis. This in turn makes comparison of published data and communication between clinicians difficult. Historically at Birmingham Children's Hospital, the cleft team only identified babies presenting with cleft palate and severe respiratory distress as “true” PRS. These babies were admitted to the high-dependency neonatal ward for airway assessment and management. Babies with a mild degree of respiratory obstruction but who were managed successfully at home were not classified as having PRS despite needing considerable input from the Cleft Clinical Nurse Specialist. A system of classifying babies with PRS based on the severity of their symptoms and signs and treatment required was therefore devised and is described in this paper.

Results:

Since implementation, this new classification of babies with PRS into three grades has clarified care pathways and enhanced communication between the Cleft Clinical Nurse Specialists and other health professionals involved with the care of these babies.