bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How to Successfully Train a Modern Nephrologist: Experience from US Fellowship Training Practice
Authors: Cai Hui , Jiang Zhong , Chen Xiongying , Bailey James L.
Published: September 2019

Background: Graduate medical education varies in different countries. There is a general consensus in training methods, including residency and fellowship training systems. The graduate medical education system in western countries including the UK and the USA has been shown to be successful. The new graduate medical education training system in China was recently established and is still evolving and being implemented nationally. Summary: This paper reviews the history of nephrology training programs in the USA, the role of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) in establishing and enforcing guidelines and curriculum for specialty training programs, the fellowship application and Match system for the recruitment of prospective fellows, and the quality control of fellowship training programs through rigorous evaluation and In-Training examination. This review specifically discusses the nephrology subspecialty fellowship and ACGME-accredited training programs in nephrology. The authors also provide several critical suggestions on the newly established postgraduate medical education training system in China, particularly in nephrology, based on experiences from successful US nephrology fellowship practices. Key Messages: The ACGME-accredited nephrology fellowship program has been shown to be effective and successful, which could provide an insight into the newly established graduate medical education training system in China. The authors are optimistic that reforms in Chinese medical training systems will be successful in the near future.
Pharmacist’s Intervention on Pill Burden Effects on the Health-Related Quality of Life of Elderly Diabetic Patients in a Tertiary Hospital in Southwestern Nigeria
Authors: Ojieabu Winifred Aitalegbe
Published: September 2019

Background: Diabetes and its associated complications take a toll on the elderly. It is known that medication burden could reduce patients’ adherence, which in turn impacts negatively on the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of those suffering from chronic diseases. Studies have been conducted on HRQOL and its associated factors among diabetic patients but none has studied pill burden effects on HRQOL. This research evaluated pharmacist’s intervention on pill burden effects on the HRQOL of elderly diabetic patients. Methods: This 8-month randomized controlled study involved 170 elderly type 2 diabetic patients. Socio-demographics, the impact of the number and dosage frequency of drugs on adherence, and the influence of the pill burden on HRQOL scores were evaluated at baseline and at 4 and 8 months. Patients in the intervention group were educated about diabetes and its management and counselled on treatment adherence. Brisk walking was specially demonstrated to them at least 4 times during the study period. The control group received only the usual call reminders for appointment days. Results: At baseline, 58.8 and 64.7%, respectively, in the control and intervention groups responded “yes” (indicating a negative effect on their adherence) to >5 pills per prescription, while the figures were 55.3 and 15.3%, respectively, at 8 months (p = 0.711 and p = 0.000, respectively). Patients on 1–5 pills per prescription in the control group had the following physical functioning scores: baseline (44.2 ± 14.2) versus 4 months (47.2 ± 19.1) and 8 months (47.7 ± 16.1); p = 0.277 and p = 0.160. The physical functioning scores in the intervention group were: baseline (41.7 ± 16.1) versus 4 months (67.6 ± 23.1) and 8 months (92.5 ± 3.5); p ≤ 0.001. The same pattern of results was found for those on >5 pills per prescription. Conclusion: This study demonstrates pharmacists’ ability to improve the HRQOL of patients through continuous counselling, supply of relevant information, and monitoring of drug, exercise, and diet adherence. Intervention such as this could be beneficial to diabetic patients and others with chronic diseases.
Physical Activity, Sedentary Leisure Time, Circulating Metabolic Markers, and Risk of Major Vascular Diseases
Authors: Pang Yuanjie , Kartsonaki Christiana , Du Huaidong , Millwood Iona Y. , Guo Yu , Chen Yiping , Bian Zheng , Yang Ling , Walters Robin , Bragg Fiona , Lv Jun , Yu Canqing , Chen Junshi , Peto Richard , Clarke Robert , Collins Rory , Bennett Derrick A. , Li Liming , Holmes Michael V. , Chen Zhengming
Published: September 2019

Background:

Physical inactivity and sedentary behavior are associated with higher risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Little is known about the relevance of circulating metabolites for these associations.

Methods:

A nested case-control study within the prospective China Kadoorie Biobank included 3195 incident CVD cases (2057 occlusive CVD and 1138 intracerebral hemorrhage) and 1465 controls aged 30 to 79 years without prior CVD or statin use at baseline. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to measure 225 metabolic markers and derived traits in baseline plasma samples. Linear regression was used to relate self-reported physical activity and sedentary leisure time to biomarkers, adjusting for potential confounders. These were contrasted with associations of biomarkers with occlusive CVD risk.

Results:

Physical activity and sedentary leisure time were associated with >100 metabolic markers, with patterns of associations generally mirroring each other. Physical activity was inversely associated with very low and low-density and positively with large and very large HDL (high-density lipoprotein) particle concentrations. Physical activity was also inversely associated with alanine, glucose, lactate, acetoacetate, and the inflammatory marker glycoprotein acetyls. In general, associations of physical activity and sedentary leisure time with specific metabolic markers were directionally consistent with the associations of these metabolic markers with occlusive CVD risk. Overall, metabolic markers potentially explained ≈70% of the protective associations of physical activity and ≈50% of the positive associations of sedentary leisure time with occlusive CVD.

Conclusions:

Among Chinese adults, physical activity and sedentary behavior have opposing associations with a diverse range of circulating metabolites, which may partially explain their associations with CVD risk.
Aortic Arch Atherosclerosis in Patients With Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source
Authors: Ntaios George , Pearce Lesly A. , Meseguer Elena , Endres Matthias , Amarenco Pierre , Ozturk Serefnur , Lang Wilfried , Bornstein Natan M. , Molina Carlos A. , Pagola Jorge , Mundl Hardi , Berkowitz Scott D. , Liu Yan Yun , Sen Souvik , Connolly Stuart J. , Hart Robert G. ,   on behalf of the NAVIGATE ESUS Investigators
Published: September 2019

Background and Purpose—

Aortic arch atherosclerosis (AAA) is a possible source of embolism in patients with embolic stroke of undetermined source. Previous studies reported high rates of embolic events in patients with AAA, especially those with high-risk AAA. This exploratory analysis of NAVIGATE ESUS (New Approach Rivaroxaban Inhibition of Factor Xa in a Global Trial Versus ASA to Prevent Embolism in Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source) focused on patients with AAA and assessed their characteristics, stroke recurrence rates, and response to treatment.

Methods—

The detection of AAA and the assessment of its features were based on transesophageal echocardiography that was done in 19% of participants. AAA plaques were considered to have complex features when reported as complex or ulcerated or were ≥4 mm in thickness or had a mobile thrombus present.

Results—

Among 1382 participants who had transesophageal echocardiography, 397 (29%) had AAA and 112 (8%) had complex AAA. Mean (SD) age (63 [10] versus 67 [9] versus 69 [9];
P
<0.001), prevalence of diabetes mellitus (19% versus 26%, versus 32%;
P
=0.002), and aortic valvulopathy (10 versus 20 versus 20;
P
<0.001) increased across no versus noncomplex versus complex AAA, respectively. In multivariable analyses, increasing age, diabetes mellitus, aortic valvulopathy, statin use before randomization, chronic infarcts on imaging, and region were independently associated with any AAA versus no AAA and also with complex AAA versus no AAA. Multiterritorial qualifying infarcts rather than single-territory infarcts were observed in 21% with complex AAA versus 17% noncomplex versus 13% no AAA (
P
=0.07). Annualized rates of ischemic stroke recurrence were 7.2% versus 4.2% versus 5.6% for complex versus noncomplex versus no AAA, respectively. While prevalence of complex AAA increased with increasing risk score, after adjusting for risk score, we did not observe increased risk of recurrent stroke for patients with complex AAA (hazard ratio, 1.1; 95% CI, 0.53–2.4), although the number of outcomes was limited. In patients with complex AAA, 4 strokes occurred among rivaroxaban-assigned patients and 4 strokes among aspirin-assigned patients.

Conclusions—

Complex AAA is prevalent in embolic stroke of undetermined source patients and is associated with atherosclerotic burden. Whether complex AAA independently increases recurrent stroke risk and whether a non-vitamin-K oral anticoagulant as compared with aspirin may be effective for reducing recurrent stroke requires additional study.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT02313909.
Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status and Trajectories of Physical Health-Related Quality of Life Among Stroke Survivors
Authors: Twardzik Erica , Clarke Philippa , Elliott Michael R. , Haley William E. , Judd Suzanne , Colabianchi Natalie
Published: September 2019

Background and Purpose—

Stroke is the leading cause of serious, long-term disability in the United States, and the number of stroke survivors is projected to rise. Physical functioning status may be compromised in survivors living in low socioeconomic status environments in comparison to higher socioeconomic status environments. Higher socioeconomic status environments may include benefits in the built environment such as sidewalks, accessible transit, or low traffic volume. Investigation is needed to understand the effects of the socioenvironmental context on trajectories of stroke survivors’ physical health-related quality of life (PH-QOL) over time.

Methods—

Participants from the REGARDS (REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke) study enrolled in the ancillary Caring for Adults Recovering from the Effects of Stroke project completed the SF-12 around 6 to 12, 18, 27, and 36 months poststroke. Measures of area-level income, wealth, education, and employment at the census tract level were combined to represent participants’ neighborhood socioeconomic status. Linear mixed models were used to predict trajectories of PH-QOL over time, controlling for individual characteristics.

Results—

The average trajectory of PH-QOL was flat over time. However, women and younger stroke survivors had better trajectories over time than men and older stroke survivors. Higher neighborhood socioeconomic status was significantly associated with better PH-QOL across all time points (β=1.73; 95% CI, 0.17–3.30), after controlling for demographic variables and severity of stroke.

Conclusions—

Our findings demonstrate that neighborhood socioeconomic status, sex, and age are associated with the poststroke recovery process. The results of this study suggest the importance of evaluating the environment surrounding stroke survivors when they return to their home communities. Future research should identify specific features of the environment within different socioeconomic status neighborhoods to better understand how they contribute to PH-QOL among stroke survivors.
Serum Anti-NMDA (N-Methyl-D-Aspartate)-Receptor Antibodies and Long-Term Clinical Outcome After Stroke (PROSCIS-B)
Authors: Sperber Pia S. , Siegerink Bob , Huo Shufan , Rohmann Jessica L. , Piper Sophie K. , Prüss Harald , Heuschmann Peter U. , Endres Matthias , Liman Thomas G.
Published: September 2019

Background and Purpose—

NMDAR1-abs (anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptor GluN1 antibodies), predominantly known in the context of autoimmune encephalitis, have been observed in serum of healthy individuals. A previous study found smaller stroke magnetic resonance imaging lesion growth in seropositive patients, suggesting a neuroprotective effect of these antibodies. The impact of NMDAR1-abs seropositivity on long-term functional outcome and recurrent vascular events and death after first-ever stroke remains unclear.

Methods—

Data from the Prospective Cohort with Incident Stroke—Berlin were used. NMDAR1-abs (ie, IgM, IgA, and IgG) were measured in serum within 7 days after first stroke. Outcomes of interest included modified Rankin Scale at one year and the time-to-event of a combined end point (recurrent stroke, myocardial infarction, and all-cause mortality) within 3 years. We calculated odds ratios from adjusted partial proportional odds models and subsequently compared outcome of patients with low titers (1:10; 1:32; and 1:100), and high titers (1:320; 1:1000) to seronegative patients. Furthermore, we estimated hazard ratios for a secondary vascular event or death in NMDAR1-abs seropositive compared to seronegative patients in models adjusted for confounders.

Results—

The analyses included 583 patients with antibody measurements (39% female, median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale:2, IQR:1-4), and NMDAR1-abs were observed in 76 (13%) patients. NMDAR1-abs seroprevalence was not associated with functional outcome (odds ratio=1.27; 95% CI, 0.77–2.09); sub-group analyses, however, showed worse outcome in patients with high titers (odds ratio=3.47; 95% CI, 1.54–7.80). Seropositive patients had an increased risk for a secondary vascular event or death (hazard ratios =1.83, 95% CI, 1.10–3.05).

Conclusions—

In our study, NMDAR1-abs seropositivity was not associated with functional outcome at one year after stroke, however, high titers (≥1:320) were associated with poor functional outcome. Furthermore, NMDAR1-abs seropositivity was associated with increased cardiovascular risk within 3 years after first stroke, independently from other risk factors.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT01363856.
Orthoptera (Tettigoniidae and Acridoidea) from Miombo woodlands of Central Tanzania with the description of new taxa
Authors: HEMP CLAUDIA , HELLER KLAUS-GERHARD
Published: September 2019

A list of the Orthoptera of Miombo woodlands of the Manyara, Dodoma and Tabora Regions of Tanzania is presented. 64 Ensifera species were recorded of which two genera (Kefalia n. gen. with three species newly described; Sentia n. gen., 1 species) and Melidia adfinia n. sp. are new to science. Further 4 new species of Acrometopini are described from the area (Horatosphaga laticerca n. sp., Horatosphaga scalata n. sp., Peronura wottae n. sp., and Tenerasphaga mpwapwae n. sp.). 78 Acridoidea species were recorded. Miombo woodlands are vanishing rapidly these days so that faunal information will become an important tool to measure habitat quality of a certain forested area and for restauration measures. The species Peronura wottae n. sp. and Kefalia grafika n. sp. must be considered as Critically Endangered since only known from Wotta Forest Reserve on the Mpwapwa plateau. This forest reserve is heavily degraded by illegal cutting and lifestock grazing and will disappear in the near future if no immediate measures are taken by responsible authorities.
New genera, new species, and new combinations in new world Cochylina (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Tortricinae)
Authors: BROWN JOHN W.
Published: September 2019

Seven new genera of North American Cochylina are described and illustrated: Anacochylidia Brown, new genus (type species: Anacochylidia maderana Brown, new species); Atroposia Pogue, new genus (type species: Conchylis oenotherana Riley, 1881), resulting in Atroposia oenotherana (Riley), new combination; Cagiva Pogue, new genus (type species: Phalonia cephalanthana Heinrich, 1921), resulting in Cagiva cephalanthana (Heinrich), new combination; Cybilla Pogue, new genus (type species: Phalonia hubbardana Busck, 1907), resulting in Cybilla hubbardana (Busck), new combination; Honca Pogue, new genus (type species: Phalonia grandis Busck, 1907), resulting in Honca grandis (Busck), new combination; Nycthia Pogue, new genus (type species: Phalonia pimana Busck, 1907), resulting in Nycthia pimana (Busck), new combination, and N. yuccatana (Busck, 1907), new combination; and Pogospinia Brown, new genus (type species: Pogospinia floridana Brown, new species), with three new combinations: Pogospinia spinifera (Razowski, 1967), new combination; P. veracruzanus (Razowski and Becker, 1986); new combination, and P. signata (Razowski, 1967), new combination. The Palearctic genus Cochylichroa Obraztsov & Swatschek, 1958, revised status (type species: Eupoecilia atricapitana Stephens, 1852), is redefined based on North American congeners, resulting in the following new combinations: Cochylichroa arthuri (Dang, 1984), new combination; C. atricapitana (Stephens, 1852), revised status; C. aurorana (Kearfott, 1907), new combination; C. avita (Razowski, 1997), new combination; C. foxcana (Kearfott, 1907), new combination; C. hospes (Walsingham, 1884), new combination; C. hoffmanana (Kearfott, 1907), new combination; C. temerana (Busck, 1907), new combination; and C. viscana (Kearfott, 1907), new combination. Monoceratuncus Razowski, 1992, is reported for the first time from the U.S.A. as Monoceratuncus lantana Pogue, new species. Mimcochylis Razowski, 1985, is reported for the first time from the U.S.A. as Mimcochylis fulvotinctana (Walsingham, 1884), new combination and senior synonym of M. planola Razowski, 1985, new synonym. One new species is described in Aethes Billberg, 1820 (i.e., A. triassumenta Pogue, new species), and one new combination (i.e., A. ringsi (Metzler, 2000), new combination, is proposed. Two other new combinations are proposed: Thyraylia wiscana (Kearfott, 1907), new combination, and Eupinivora parotanus (Razowski and Becker, 2010), new combination.
On the genus Gastrodynerus Bohart, 1984 (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae)
Authors: GRANDINETE YURI CAMPANHOLO , CORTES GUSTAVO BELLINI , CARPENTER JAMES MICHAEL
Published: September 2019

The genus Gastrodynerus is here revised based on external morphology and male genitalia. Bohart (1984) proposed Gastrodynerus as a new genus with three species: G. vanduzeei (Bohart 1948), G. searsi Bohart, 1984, and G. stangei Bohart, 1984. Later, Rodriguez-Palafox (1996) added G. tacubayae (de Saussure, 1857). Herein, we describe four new species from Central America and South America: G. guatemalensis sp. nov.; G. barretti sp. nov.; G. aimara sp. nov. and G. yungaensis sp. nov. After this taxonomic revision, the Gastrodynerus includes eight species widely distributed in the New World. An identification key is provided for all of the species.
Labrys khuzestanensis n. sp. (Nematoda, Tylenchidae), a new member of the genus with large labial plate
Authors: PANAHANDEH YOUSEF , POURJAM EBRAHIM , ABOLAFIA JOAQUÍN , ROSHAN-BAKHSH ALI , MOJERLOU SHIDEH , AFSHAR FARAHNAZ JAHANSHAHI , PEDRAM MAJID
Published: September 2019

Labrys khuzestanensis n. sp. was recovered from the rhizosphere of a palm tree in southwestern Iran and described using morphological and molecular data. The new species was characterized by combination of the following features: its 590–675 μm long body, finely annulated cuticle in light microscopy (LM), lateral field with two smooth incisures, cephalic region dorso-ventrally flattened with protuberant, elongate and laterally extended labial plate, appearing a V-shaped piece in lateral view, amphidial openings as longitudinal slits confined to labial plate in scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images, stylet 7.5–9.0 μm long, elongated fusiform median bulb with faint valvular apparatus, excretory pore wide with moderately sclerotized duct and elongate filiform tail with finely rounded tip. Compared to four currently known species under the genus, the new species has a remarkably larger and more prominent labial plate as revealed by SEM and trapezoid cephalic region under LM. The molecular phylogenetic analyses of the new species using partial SSU rDNA revealed it has close affinity with three species of Labrys (L. chinensis, L. fuzhouensis and L. filiformis) in Bayesian inference (BI) and maximum likelihood (ML) methods and occupied a placement inside their clade. L. fujianensis, the other species of the genus, occupied a distant placement to the aforementioned clade. This is the second species of Labrys being originally described from Iran, representing the third species of Labrys occurring in the country.
Cloud and Weather Symbols in the Historic Language of Weather Map Plotters
Authors: Houze Robert A. , Houze Rebecca
Published: September 2019

Weather mapping began in the nineteenth century when telegraphs began sending simultaneous observations of conditions at the surface of Earth to weather stations around the world. Indicating the complexity of the clouds and weather seen at a site needed a common naming system and simple symbols that were independent of language, since telegraph signals crossed international borders. The first symbols representing clouds were abstracted and stylized versions of their artistic representations in naturalistic drawings and paintings. By the end of the nineteenth century, however, photography began to replace hand-drawn illustrations. Before the advent of color film, black and white photographs were sometimes even reproduced in colored inks using new mechanical printing processes. Nineteenth-century meteorologists developed symbols for various cloud types in the form of simple lines and curves suggestive of the pictures. In contrast, weather symbols (for rain, snow, fog, hail, etc.) were drawn largely from a lexicon of nonalphabetic written symbols, such as punctuation marks. Skilled map plotters used these simple symbols, suggestive of complex weather and clouds, to transfer telegraph and Teletype codes to visually meaningful hand-produced maps. The craft of manual weather map plotting reached an apex in the 1940s–60s. With advances in digital and satellite technology and automation of surface weather observations, the symbols used in traditional weather mapping have largely disappeared from daily use.
ENSO Modulation of the QBO: Results from MIROC Models with and without Nonorographic Gravity Wave Parameterization
Authors: Kawatani Yoshio , Hamilton Kevin , Sato Kaoru , Dunkerton Timothy J. , Watanabe Shingo , Kikuchi Kazuyoshi
Published: September 2019

Observational studies have shown that, on average, the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) exhibits a faster phase progression and shorter period during El Niño than during La Niña. Here, the possible mechanism of QBO modulation associated with ENSO is investigated using the MIROC-AGCM with T106 (~1.125°) horizontal resolution. The MIROC-AGCM simulates QBO-like oscillations without any nonorographic gravity wave parameterizations. A 100-yr integration was conducted during which annually repeating sea surface temperatures based on the composite observed El Niño conditions were imposed. A similar 100-yr La Niña integration was also conducted. The MIROC-AGCM simulates realistic differences between El Niño and La Niña, notably shorter QBO periods, a weaker Walker circulation, and more equatorial precipitation during El Niño than during La Niña. Near the equator, vertical wave fluxes of zonal momentum in the uppermost troposphere are larger and the stratospheric QBO forcing due to interaction of the mean flow with resolved gravity waves (particularly for zonal wavenumber ≥43) is much larger during El Niño. The tropical upwelling associated with the Brewer–Dobson circulation is also stronger in the El Niño simulation. The effects of the enhanced tropical upwelling during El Niño are evidently overcome by enhanced wave driving, resulting in the shorter QBO period. The integrations were repeated with another model version (MIROC-ECM with T42 horizontal resolution) that employs a parameterization of nonorographic gravity waves in order to simulate a QBO. In the MIROC-ECM the average QBO periods are nearly identical in the El Niño and La Niña simulations.
Using Observed Signals from the Arctic Stratosphere and Indian Ocean to Predict April–May Precipitation in Central China
Authors: Xie Fei , Ma Xuan , Li Jianping , Tian Wenshou , Ruan Chengqing , Sun Cheng
Published: September 2019

A linear regression model is constructed to predict the April–May precipitation in central China (PCC) with a lead time of 1–2 months. This model not only reproduces the historical April–May PCC from 1985 to 2006 but also demonstrates strong robustness and reliability during the independent test period of 2007–16. Two preceding factors are selected to build the model, the February–March Arctic stratospheric ozone (ASO) and Indian Ocean sea surface temperature (IOSST), indicating a synergistic impact of Arctic and tropical signals on the midlatitude climate. A possible mechanism of ASO changes affecting Chinese precipitation is that the stratospheric circulation anomalies related to ASO changes may downward influence circulation over North Pacific, and then extend westward to influence East Asia, leading to changes in Chinese precipitation. Anomalies of the other predictor, IOSST, are associated with a baroclinic structure over central China. For example, warm IOSST causes anomalous convection over central China and affects the warm and humid airstream flowing from the Pacific to China. These processes related to the two predictors result in the April–May PCC anomalies. Sensitivity experiments and a transient experiment covering a longer period than the observations/reanalysis support the results from our statistical analysis based on observations. It implies that this statistical model could be applied to the output of seasonal forecasts from observations and improve the forecasting ability of April–May PCC in the future.
Diagnosing and Predicting ENSO SSTA Development from Moored-Buoy and Scatterometer Winds
Authors: Chiodi Andrew M.
Published: September 2019

Accurate real-time knowledge of equatorial Pacific wind stress is critical for monitoring the state of the tropical Pacific Ocean and understanding sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) development associated with El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. The tropical Pacific moored-buoy array has been shown to adequately provide this knowledge when operating as designed. Ocean model simulation of equatorial Pacific SSTA by moored-buoy winds reveals that recent western Pacific buoy losses exceed the array’s minimal redundancy. Additional wind measurements are needed to adequately simulate ENSO-related SSTA development when large portions of the moored-buoy array have been lost or decommissioned. Prospects for obtaining this supplemental wind information in real time are evaluated from simulations of central equatorial Pacific SSTA development during 2017 and end-of-year Niño-3.4 conditions during the previous 25 years. Results show that filling multiple-buoy-dropout gaps with winds from a pair of scatterometers (2000–17) achieves simulation accuracy improving upon that available from the moored-buoy array in the case in which large portions of the array are out. Forcing with the reanalysis-product winds most commonly used in recent ENSO studies or the scatterometer measurements (without the buoy winds) degrades simulation accuracy. The utility of having accurate basinwide wind stress information is demonstrated in an examination of the role that easterly weather-scale wind events played in driving the unexpected development of La Niña in 2017 and by showing that wintertime Niño-3.4 conditions can be statistically forecast, with skill comparable to state-of-the-art coupled models, on the basis of accurate knowledge of equatorial Pacific wind variability over spring or summer.
PEGylated chitosan and PEGylated PLCL for blood vessel repair: An in vitro study
Authors: Yin Anlin , Lan Xiaorong , Zhuang Weihua , Tang Zhonglan , Li Yan , Wang Yunbing
Published: September 2019

In this study, we fabricated native tissue mimicking a bilayered small-diameter vascular graft based on PEGylated chitosan (PEG–CS) and poly(l-lactic acid- co- ε-caprolactone) (PLCL). PEG–CS possesses good hemocompatibility, and as the inner layer of a vascular graft, it is more likely to swell and deform to debris, causing a blood clot, so the PLCL was added to stabilize it. In order to optimize the performance of the inner layer, PEG–CS blends with different ratios of PLCL (P/C:PLCL) casting films were fabricated, and endothelial cell compatibility and hemocompatibility were tested. The outer layer of the graft was fabricated via electrospinning with PLCL blends with different ratios of water-soluble polyethylene glycol. After water treatment, we tested smooth muscle cell penetration. Designing a two-layer vascular graft structure with an inner layer of P/C:PLCL = 1:6 and an outer layer being composed of a PLCL blend with 12% polyethylene glycol offers very good hemocompatibility and fast cell growth and also reserves well mechanical properties with good cell infiltration. Therefore, this kind of graft has a high potential to be used as an artificial blood vessel.
Langerhans cell histiocytosis with initial central nervous system presentation as a mimic of neurosarcoidosis
Authors: Friedrichs-Maeder Cecilia , Friedli Christoph , Kuchen Stefan , Wiest Roland , Hewer Ekkehard , Rovó Alicia , Chan Andrew
Published: September 2019

We report the case of a 58-year-old Caucasian woman who presented with a subacute cerebellar syndrome accompanied by disturbance of the hypothalamic–pituitary axis and was diagnosed with isolated neurosarcoidosis based on radiological findings including typically located cerebral lesions (infratentorial and pituitary stalk). Due to persistent clinical and radiological disease activity during several years despite escalation of immunosuppressive treatment, the diagnosis was reevaluated, and a transsphenoidal biopsy of a lesion at the pituitary stalk was performed revealing Langerhans cell histiocytosis. In this case, we discuss the different steps leading to the diagnostic error, as well as the presence of red flags, which should have led to an earlier diagnostic reevaluation.
Correction to: CRISPR/Cas9-targeted mutagenesis of Os8N3 in rice to confer resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae
Authors: Kim Young-Ah , Moon Hyeran , Park Chang-Jin
Published: September 2019

It was highlighted that in the original article (Kim, 2019).
Correction to: Severity of depression, anxious distress and the risk of type 2 diabetes – a population-based cohort study in Sweden
Authors: Deleskog Anna , Ljung Rickard , Forsell Yvonne , Nevriana Alicia , Almas Aysha , Möller Jette
Published: September 2019

It was highlighted that the original article [1] contained an error in the flow chart in Fig. 1.
Test-takers’ perspectives on a global test of English: questions of fairness, justice and validity
Authors: Hamid M. Obaidul , Hardy Ian , Reyes Vicente
Published: September 2019

Although language test-takers have been the focus of much theoretical and empirical work in recent years, this work has been mainly concerned with their attitudes to test preparation and test-taking strategies, giving insufficient attention to their views on broader socio-political and ethical issues. This article examines test-takers’ perceptions and evaluations of the fairness, justice and validity of global tests of English, with a particular focus upon the International English Language Testing System (IELTS). Based on relevant literature and theorizing into such tests, and on self-reported test experience data gathered from test-takers (N = 430) from 49 countries, we demonstrate how test-takers experienced fairness and justice in complex ways that problematized the purported technical excellence and validity of IELTS. Even as there was some evidence of support for the test as a fair measure of students’ English capacity, the extent to which it actually reflected their language capabilities was open to question. At the same time, the participants expressed concerns about whether IELTS was a vehicle for raising revenue and for justifying immigration policies, thus raising questions about the justness of the test. The research foregrounds the importance of focusing attention upon the socio-political and ethical circumstances that currently attend large-scale, standardized English language testing.
Shallow seismic reflection imaging of the Inabanga–Clarin portion of the North Bohol Fault, Central Visayas, Philippines
Authors: Gacusan Romer Carlo T. , Lagmay Alfredo Mahar Francisco A.
Published: September 2019

On 15 October 2013, a magnitude 7.2 earthquake was generated from a previously unidentified fault in the island of Bohol. This fault was named the North Bohol Fault (NBF) by authorities. We investigated the geometry of the Inabanga–Clarin portion of the NBF using three high-resolution shallow seismic reflection profiles to image sections of the fault up to 150 m depth not seen in trenching and regional offshore seismic profiles. These seismic profiles are along the Calubian, Napo, and Caluwasan transects which run perpendicular to the N$$40^{\circ }$$40∘E strike of the NBF. Reverse faults were identified in the Calubian and Napo profiles, whereas a positive flower structure was seen in the Caluwasan profile. Normal faults were also identified in the Caluwasan and Napo profiles. This study corroborates the observations in earlier trenching studies that measured the reverse fault dip angle and direction of the NBF at$$70^{\circ }$$70∘SE. It also demonstrates that topographic flexures are the surface manifestation of steeply dipping faults. The downthrown block of the reverse faults in the Calubian profile defines a depression on the surface; the Napo seismic profile displacement of 3 m is consistent with the 3-m-high surface rupture in Barangay Anonang; and the flower structure in the Caluwasan profile is related to the pressure ridge and right lateral offset stream on the surface. Furthermore, the presence of normal faults as well as the other deformational features is consistent with the transpressional regime described in the literature, wherein the principal horizontal stress is oriented NW–SE. These findings complement earlier geomorphic and trenching investigations of the NBF and demonstrate the application of a tool to image the subsurface and characterize undescribed or hidden faults, which is necessary for earthquake hazard assessment and attendant risk mitigation and prevention planning.
The Long-Term Incidence of Hospitalization for Ketoacidosis in Adults with Established T1D—A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Thomas Merlin , Harjutsalo Valma , Feodoroff Maija , Forsblom Carol , Gordin Daniel , Groop Per-Henrik
Published: September 2019

Context

The long-term natural history of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and its risk factors are poorly understood.

Objective

To determine the long-term incidence and predictors of DKA in adults with longstanding type 1 diabetes (T1D).

Design

All hospitalizations and deaths due to DKA between 1996 and 2016 were identified in 4758 adults with T1D from the Finnish Diabetic Nephropathy Study (FinnDiane), and a cohort of 16 224 adults with T1D from the Finnish general population.

Results

Between 1996 and 2015, there were 1228 DKA events in the FinnDiane participants (1.4/100 person-years) and 4914 DKA events (1.8/100 person-years) in adults with T1D from the general population. The majority were hospitalized only once. There was a modest increase in the frequency of DKA in the FinnDiane over the follow-up (~2.4%/year [95% CI, 0.3–4.5%]; P = 0.03). Predictors of DKA were glucose control, CSII, smoking and alcohol consumption, and raised high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triacylglycerides. Diabetic nephropathy and renal impairment were associated with DKA; patients with end-stage renal disease, macroalbuminuria, and microalbuminuria had 2.09-fol (95% CI, 1.40–3.12), 1.65-fold (95% CI, 1.23–2.19), and 0.87-fold (95% CI, 0.61–1.24) risk of DKA compared with patients with normal albumin excretion rate, respectively. Patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 were also more likely to be hospitalized for DKA (HR 1.71 [95% CI, 1.26–2.67]).

Conclusions

DKA remains a common cause of hospitalization in individuals with longstanding T1D. These data suggest that the goal to use SGLT2 inhibitors for their vasculo- and renoprotective actions may be problematic, as those most likely to benefit may also have the highest risk for DKA.
Seductive Arguments
Authors: Slaight Jillian
Published: September 2019

Throughout the early modern period, French law forbade unsanctioned marriages between minors, a crime classified as “seduction.” Men who wed without the consent of their bride's parents earned the designation “seducers” and faced the potential of capital punishment. By the mid-eighteenth century, notorious seduction cases assumed outsize significance because of radical changes in legal culture. From the 1760s until the eve of the Revolution, defense lawyers wielded the legal brief as a powerful instrument of public opinion, criticizing parental control over marriage and championing free choice in its place. These men transformed seduction cases into referendums on paternal power—and, by extension, the power of the monarchy itself. While historians have long examined politically charged critiques of paternal power during this period, this article explores these critiques' unique implications for unwed women. It illustrates how celebrated lawyers mobilized language of Enlightenment to carve out discursive space in which young women exercised autonomy vis-à-vis their parents. Nevertheless, it also argues that these same legal discourses constrained female happiness to the realm of marriage to sooth anxieties about the threat that disobedient daughters posed to family, social, and gender order.

La loi de l'Ancien Régime interdisait le mariage clandestin entre mineurs, et un soi-disant séducteur qui s'est marié sans l'autorisation paternelle de la mariée risquait la peine de mort. A partir de 1760, les dossiers de séduction devant le tribunal devenaient de plus en plus significatifs à cause de la transformation des pratiques judiciaires. Utilisant le mémoire judiciaire pour influencer l'opinion publique, les avocats qui défendaient les séducteurs mobilisaient leurs plaidoyers pour débattre le pouvoir paternel et le libre choix du conjoint. Bien que les historien(nes) aient examiné cette critique du pouvoir paternel dans un sens général, il s'agit ici d'interroger les conséquences particulières pour les filles non mariées. Empruntant le vocabulaire des Lumières dans leurs mémoires, les avocats ont créé un espace discursif dans lequel les jeunes filles pouvaient revendiquer leur autonomie vis-à-vis de leurs parents. Toutefois, ces mêmes stratégies juridiques avaient aussi l'effet de restreindre toute notion de bonheur féminin au domaine du mariage afin de rassurer ceux qui craignaient le désordre familial et social entraîné par des filles insoumises.
Reputação institucional e o controle das Agências Reguladoras pelo TCU
Authors: Marques Neto Floriano de Azevedo , Palma Juliana Bonacorsi de , Rehem Danilo , Merlotto Nara , Gabriel Yasser
Published: September 2019

Institutional reputation and the oversight of Brazilian Federal Court of Accounts over independent Regulatory Agencies O presente artigo se volta à análise do controle das Agências Reguladoras pelo Tribunal de Contas da União em uma perspectiva empírica, considerando o diálogo institucional travado entre essas instituições. Este é um diálogo marcado por três etapas — controle pelo TCU, reação da Agência e checagem desta reação pelo TCU —, cuja análise dos documentos produzidos nesse processo permitiu alcançar as seguintes constatações: (i) as recomendações do TCU têm caráter mandatório, pois o TCU tem a expectativa de que elas sejam observadas pelas Agências; (ii) é alto o grau de deferência das Agências Reguladoras às recomendações do TCU, ressalvada a Aneel; e (iii) não raro a unidade técnica do TCU rivaliza com a unidade técnica da Agência sobre decisões relacionadas com as atividades-fim das Agências, preferindo o colegiado pela orientação da unidade técnica. Aplicamos a teoria da reputação institucional para explicar o cenário do que a preferência da cúpula do TCU pela interpretação técnica de suas unidades técnicas. This paper tackles the oversight dynamics between Independent Regulatory Agencies and Federal Court of Accounts in an empirical basis. This dialogue encompasses three steps: control, reaction, and assessment. Documents produced in each steps purports the following results: (1) Federal Court of Accounts’ recommendations are binding, for their obedience is ordinarily expected; (2) Independent Regulatory Agencies are deferent to Federal Court of Accounts’ recommendations, but Aneel; (3) technical units of Federal Court of Accounts and Independent Regulatory Agencies dispute the rightness of regulation. The reputational theory explains why the Court tend to follow strictly the former.
A Lei nº 13.303/2016 e as sociedades de economia mista: aspectos societários, controle e eficiência
Authors: Ribeiro Marcia Carla Pereira , Dalledone Rodrigo Fernandes Lima
Published: September 2019

The Brazilian Law Nº 13.303/2016 and mixed-economy companies: corporate aspects, control and efficiency O artigo analisa algumas das alterações trazidas pela Lei nº 13.303/2016 ao desenho societário das empresas estatais, com estreitamento temático no aspecto do controle do funcionamento institucional e dos resultados das sociedades de economia mista exploradoras de atividade econômica em sentido estrito. Para tanto, optou-se pelo método descritivo, por meio do registro e análise das principais inovações da referida lei no aspecto societário. A partir dos aportes trazidos por Luigi Zingales a propósito do aperfeiçoamento social decorrente do sistema de livre mercado, o artigo sustenta que a nova legislação tem o potencial de aprimorar o papel desempenhado pelas empresas estatais na construção do desenvolvimento nacional, o que, todavia, não prescinde de uma efetiva mudança cultural. This article analyzes some of the changes introduced by Law No 13.303/2016 to the corporate design of state-owned enterprises, with a thematic narrowing in the controlling of the institutional functioning and results of mixed - economy companies exploiting economic activity. For this, the descriptive method was chosen, through the analysis of the main innovations of the Law in the corporate aspect. Based on Luigi Zingales’ contributions to social improvement resulting from the free market system, the article claims that the new legislation has the potential to improve the role played by state enterprises in the construction of national development, which, however, depends on a cultural change.
Sustentabilidade na Lei nº 13.019/2014 (Estatuto das Parcerias)
Authors: Weber Jenifer , Lermen Inácio Fabiano , Souza Leonardo da Rocha de
Published: September 2019

Sustainability in Law No 13.019/2014 (Partnership Statute) A Lei nº 13.019/2014 (Estatuto das Parcerias) surgiu para regular as parcerias entre a administração pública e organizações da sociedade civil. Nessa lei, a sustentabilidade é citada como um dos requisitos que devem ser observados pelas entidades que almejam firmar parcerias com o ente público. Todavia, o texto legal é superficial, deixando de detalhar a forma como será analisada a sustentabilidade nos projetos propostos pelas entidades. Com isso, as entidades e o Estado ficam sem parâmetros para avaliar sua efetividade. Observou-se que a sustentabilidade, apesar de amplamente discutida, nem sempre vem acompanhada de resultados e ações efetivas, mesmo diante do dever constitucional de proteção do meio ambiente por parte do poder público e da coletividade. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar essa problemática, utilizando o método de abordagem dedutivo, partindo da interpretação das normas acerca das parcerias entre o poder público e a iniciativa privada e o que se entende por sustentabilidade e desenvolvimento sustentável. The Law No 13.019/2014 (Partnership Statute) was created to regulate partnerships between Public Administration and civil society organizations. In the law 13.019/2014, sustainability is cited as one of the requirements that must be observed by entities that want to establish partnerships with the public entity. However, the legal text is superficial, since it only mentions sustainability as a requirement for partnerships, failing to detail how it will be analyzed in the projects proposed by the entities, thus causing na uncertainty both for the entities and for the State to evaluate effectiveness. It is observed that sustainability, although widely discussed, is not Always accompanied by effective results and actions. The objective of this article is to verify how the Partnership Statute contemplates the sustainability. The method used is the deductive one, based on the interpretation of the norms about the partnerships between the public power and the private initiative and what is meant by sustainability and sustainable development.
Licitude da cobrança de tarifa mínima para manutenção de serviços públicos de fornecimento de água e de coleta de esgoto
Authors: Marrara Thiago
Published: September 2019

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Sanção de ressarcimento ao erário por improbidade administrativa
Authors: Fachin Ministro Edson
Published: September 2019

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2. Word-ends and metrical boundaries in ancient iambic trimeter of comedy
Authors: Lotman Maria-Kristiina
Published: September 2019

[No abstract]
A.3. Geldwechsler im Tempel
Authors: Ryan Francis X.
Published: September 2019

[No abstract]
B.1. Ray of light? Dietrich von Freiberg und die Geschichte von der mittelalterlichen Wissenschaft
Authors: Cohnitz Daniel
Published: September 2019

In dieser Untersuchung werden drei wissenschaftshistorische Theorien bezüglich des Übergangs von mittelalterlicher zu moderner Wissenschaft idealtypisch unterschieden: die Katastrophentheorie, die Theorie völliger Kontinuität und die Theorie einseitiger Kontinuität. Orientiert an der Entwicklungsgeschichte der Optik, insbesondere an der Geschichte der Erklärung des Regenbogens von Aristoteles bis Descartes wird dafür argumentiert, daß die Theorie einseitiger Kontinuität die wohl zutreffendste wissenschaftshistorische Auffassung darstellt. Das bedeutet einerseits, daß wir in den Bereichen mittelalterlicher Naturerkenntnis, die man am ehesten als "Wissenschaften" bezeichnen kann, hin zur Moderne eine eher kontinuierliche Methodenentwicklung feststellen können (die Katastrophentheorie also falsch ist): Bereits Dietrich von Freiberg verfügt auf methodischer Seite über dieselben Verfahren und Mittel, die Descartes das Rätsel des Regenbogens schließlich lösen lassen. Andererseits bedeutet dies aber, daß der Übergang zur Moderne durch einen bedeutenden Bruch auf theoretischer Ebene charakterisiert ist (was gegen die Theorie völliger Kontinuität spricht).
A.4. The trust fund of Phaenia Aromation (IG V.1 1208) and imperial Gytheion
Authors: Harter-Uibopuu Kaja
Published: September 2019

In the small town of Gytheion in southern Laconia two marble blocks were found, containing the regulations for a trust fund from the year 42 AD (IG V,1 1208; SEG 13,258). The text will be presented with new emendations and an English translation. In my commentary I present the general background of the donor, Phaenia Aromation, and concentrate on a discussion of the juridical problems that the text poses. A detailed analysis of the procedural prescriptions forms the centre of this paper.