bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Postnatal changes in the growth dynamics of the human face revealed from bone modelling patterns
Authors: Martinez‐Maza Cayetana , Rosas Antonio , Nieto‐Díaz Manuel
Published: July 2013

Human skull morphology results from complex processes that involve the coordinated growth and interaction of its skeletal components to keep a functional and structural balance. Previous histological works have studied the growth of different craniofacial regions and their relationship to functional spaces in humans up to 14 years old. Nevertheless, how the growth dynamics of the facial skeleton and the mandible are related and how this relationship changes through the late ontogeny remain poorly understood. To approach these two questions, we have compared the bone modelling activities of the craniofacial skeleton from a sample of subadult and adult humans. In this study, we have established for the first time the bone modelling pattern of the face and the mandible from adult humans. Our analyses reveal a patchy distribution of the bone modelling fields (overemphasized by the presence of surface islands with no histological information) reflecting the complex growth dynamics associated to the individual morphology. Subadult and adult specimens show important differences in the bone modelling patterns of the anterior region of the facial skeleton and the posterior region of the mandible. These differences indicate developmental changes in the growth directions of the whole craniofacial complex, from a predominantly downward growth in subadults that turns to a forward growth observed in the adult craniofacial skeleton. We hypothesize that these ontogenetic changes would respond to the physiological and physical requirements to enlarge the oral and nasal cavities once maturation of the brain and the closure of the cranial sutures have taken place during craniofacial development.
Strategies used by respiratory nurses to stimulate self‐management in patients with COPD
Authors: Verbrugge Remco , de Boer Fijgje , Georges Jean‐Jacques
Published: July 2013

Aims and objectives

To gain an insight into strategies, adopted by Dutch respiratory nurses during clinic sessions, to improve self‐management of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Background

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is highly prevalent and a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, impacting on quality of life and healthcare expenditure. Health promotion is therefore an important consideration. By applying specific strategies, respiratory nurses can play a major role in the promotion of self‐management. Research has shown that respiratory nurses, who run clinics, have insufficient knowledge of evidence‐based strategies that can be adopted to promote self‐management among chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. It appears that respiratory nurses adopt their own strategies during clinic sessions.

Design

A qualitative research study was carried out using Grounded Theory method.

Methods

Data were collected during open interviews conducted by an external researcher with a nursing background. The interviews were analysed through coding after which categories were developed.

Results

Fourteen respiratory nurses were interviewed. The results show that respiratory nurses emphasise quitting smoking during the consult. Attention is also paid to inhalation medication and techniques. Other self‐management strategies that respiratory nurses use are: application of specific interviewing techniques, referring to other healthcare professionals and providing tools for coping with the illness in everyday life.

Conclusion and relevance to clinical practice

The main emphasis during the clinic session is directed at quitting smoking. Other self‐management strategies such as providing information regarding nutrition and exercise, instilling confidence and becoming an equal discussion partner, gain less attention. During the clinic session, respiratory nurses should also focus on these self‐management strategies in addition to quitting smoking. Further research should be directed at self‐management strategies used by respiratory nurses in relation to different characteristics of patients. In this way, a more patient‐oriented form of consultation could be developed for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients.
HEAL: a strategy for advanced practitioner assessment of reduced urine output in hospital inpatients
Authors: Gardner Jon , Mooney Janice , Forester Alanna
Published: July 2013

Aims and objectives

To produce a model for advanced nurse practitioners (ANPs) to follow in the assessment and management of patients with a reduced or low urine output.

Background

Reduced urine output can be caused by a multitude of factors, some of which signify serious disease or may lead to serious morbidity. Assessment of reduced urine output is essential to ensure that patient safety is maintained at all times. Advanced nurse practitioners can add to patient safety by undertaking assessments of these patients at appropriate times and managing appropriately.

Design

This paper presents a new model for immediate triage, assessment and treatment for reduced urine output, using history, early warning score, accuracy and laboratory results, or HEAL, with clear points for referral where appropriate.

Conclusion

This model can be used by advanced nurse practitioners to guide assessments and ensure that patients are appropriately managed in response, with minimal additional training.

Relevance to clinical practice

This can aid advanced nurse practitioners in assessment, increasing patient safety and expatiating management. This shows how ANPs can be used to safely blur traditional professional boundaries with the aid of protocols.
Mesenchymal stem cells in oral reconstructive surgery: a systematic review of the literature
Authors: Jakobsen C. , Sørensen J. A. , Kassem M. , Thygesen T. H.
Published: July 2013

This study evaluated clinical outcomes following intraoperative use of adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in various oral reconstructive procedures. PubMed was searched without language restrictions from 2000 to 2011 using the search words stem cell, oral surgery, tissue engineering, sinus lift, bone regeneration and combinations of these. Inclusion criteria were intraoperative use of MSCs in the study design. Reference lists of the articles found were searched for other related studies. Eighteen clinical trials using MSCs for sinus augmentation were found: five case reports on the repair of large bony defects and six studies on ridge augmentation and healing of alveolar sockets after third molar extraction. The findings suggest that MSCs are capable of producing in vivo bone, re‐establishing lost tissue and facilitating placement of dental implants. Use of MSCs would reduce patient morbidity because of a less stressful harvesting technique than that of autogenous bone. The majority of clinical trials indicate that MSCs can produce bone in vivo. However, a satisfactory outcome was not seen in all studies, and due to the diversity of study designs, a ‘golden approach’ cannot be determined. Before use of MSCs can be considered as a first‐choice treatment, more predictable outcomes and better long‐term prognoses need to be established. Conventional bone grafting remains the gold standard.
SPATIAL SCOPE OF A MODERN TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY
Authors: Pires Armando J. Garcia , Pontes José Pedro
Published: July 2013

This paper studies the endogenous choice of transport technology, “traditional” versus “modern,” by a shipper. Although the “modern” technology is characterized by higher fixed costs and a higher speed of transport, it is chosen for intermediate distances, rather than to long distances. The reason is that, when the shipper switches to the “modern” technology, the industrial firm changes production from the home to the foreign city. Thus, the demand for transport decreases proportionally to the distance between the home and foreign city. For long distances, revenue from transportation becomes so low that the “modern” technology does not break even.
ON THE VALUE OF FOREGONE OPEN SPACE IN SPRAWLING CITIES
Authors: Vermeulen Wouter , Rouwendal Jan
Published: July 2013

Foregone benefits of the open space that is sacrificed through urban sprawl are hard to quantify. We obtain a simple benchmark measure by introducing a demand for trips beyond the urban boundary into the monocentric city model. The externality arises from the increase in travel costs that expansion of the city imposes on its prior inhabitants. An empirical application illustrates the moderate informational requirements. It indicates that open space externalities warrant rather mild restrictions on urban expansion.
Employing New Business Divisions to Exploit Disruptive Innovations: The Interplay between Characteristics of the Corporation and Those of the Venture Management Team
Authors: Crockett Dilene R. , McGee Jeffrey E. , Payne G. Tyge
Published: July 2013

Established firms often create new business divisions in response to new ways of competing, such as those based on disruptive innovations. Using a sample of daily newspapers and their Internet divisions, this study examines the corporate characteristics of orientation, attention, and control and venture management team characteristics of vision, experience, and collective efficacy and their interactive effects on the overall performance of the new division. Findings demonstrate that vision and collective efficacy are related to venture outcomes, orientation affects the experience and vision to venture performance relationships, attention enhances the vision and collective efficacy to performance relationships, and decision autonomy influences the experience and collective efficacy to venture performance relationships. Overall, the results of this study imply that specific venture management team characteristics and corporate characteristics may be tailored to improve chances of meeting specific performance targets and achieving overall venture success.
Hearing voices: re/presenting the findings of narrative research into patient experience as poems
Authors: Stenhouse R.
Published: July 2013

Accessible summary

Research into the patient's perspective on their care is being given increasing importance within health and nurse education policy, predicated upon the idea that the findings represent the patient experience.

Researchers have power to silence the voices of research participants through the process of authorship. Exploring the arts as a means of presenting findings offers the opportunity problematize issues of power and authorship, and examine ways of decentring the researcher's voice.

Re/presentation of patient experience in poetic form encourages readers to engage with that experience as they have to actively interpret the meaning of the poem.

Researchers interested in examining and conveying the experience of others should be encouraged to problematize issues of authorship and consider the impact of their authority on the re/presentation of the experience of the other.

The study aimed to understand the experience of being a patient on an acute psychiatric inpatient ward. A further aim was to open up spaces for the voices of participants to be heard. Contemporary government policy places patient experience at the centre of healthcare policy and service development. Despite this, those who occupy marginalized discourses struggle to be heard within the dominant discourse of health care. A qualitative approach was used, and narrative was conceptualized as representing experience. Sociolinguistic theories informed the development of the analytic framework treating meaning as contextual and arising from both content and structure of narratives. Concepts of representation, voice and authorship were problematized. Thirteen people who had been inpatients on an acute psychiatric inpatient ward participated. Narrative data were gathered using unstructured interviews. The data were analysed holistically using a method that attended to both the structure and content of the narrative. The product of these holistic narratives was the development of a poem representing each participant's experience. This paper focuses on the development of these poems as a method of decentring the authorial voice and opening up spaces for the voices of the participants to be heard.
Who Chooses Which Private Education? Theory and International Evidence
Authors: Bertola Giuseppe , Checchi Daniele
Published: July 2013

Private school students do not always perform better in standardized tests. We suggest that this may be explained by choice of private schooling by less capable students in countries where government schools are better suited to talented students. To assess the empirical relevance of this mechanism, we exploit cross‐country variation in the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2009 survey of differences between private and state school regarding organizational features that are differently suitable for students with different learning ability. We seek and find evidence of this mechanism's empirical relevance in controlled regressions that treat within‐country variation of PISA scores as an indicator of unobserved ability to learn.
Intestinal epithelial barrier function in liver cirrhosis: an extensive review of the literature
Authors: Pijls Kirsten E. , Jonkers Daisy M. A. E. , Elamin Elhaseen E. , Masclee Ad A. M. , Koek Ger H.
Published: July 2013

Recent evidence suggests that translocation of bacteria and bacterial products, such as endotoxin from the intestinal lumen into the systemic circulation is a contributing factor in the pathogenesis of chronic liver diseases and the development of complications in cirrhosis. In addition to alterations in the intestinal microbiota and immune system, dysfunction of the intestinal epithelial barrier may be an important factor facilitating bacterial translocation. This review aims to provide an overview of the current evidence of intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction in human chronic liver diseases and cirrhosis, and to discuss possible contributing factors and mechanisms. Data suggest the presence of intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction in patients with chronic liver diseases, but are more convincing in patients with cirrhosis, especially in those with complications. The barrier dysfunction can result from both direct and indirect effects of aetiological factors, such as alcohol and obesity, which can cause chronic liver diseases and ultimately cirrhosis. On the other hand characteristics of cirrhosis itself, including portal hypertension, alterations in the intestinal microbiota, inflammation and oxidative stress can affect barrier function of both small and large intestine and may contribute to the development of complications. In conclusion, there are indications for intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction in patients with chronic liver diseases and especially in patients with cirrhosis, which can be caused by various factors affecting both the small and large intestine.
Intrahepatic natural killer cell activation, but not function, is associated with HBsAg levels in patients with HBeAg‐negative chronic hepatitis B
Authors: Tjwa Eric T. T. L. , Zoutendijk Roeland , van Oord Gertine W. , Biesta Paula J. , Verheij Joanne , Janssen Harry L. A. , Woltman Andrea M. , Boonstra Andre
Published: July 2013

Abstract

Background & Aims

Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in the immune response to viruses. As the hepatitis B virus (HBV) replicates in hepatocytes, examination of the liver of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients is crucial to better understand the role of NK cells in HBV. HBeAg‐negative CHB differs in many aspects from HBeAg‐positive CHB, and until now little is known about the intrahepatic NK cell response in HBeAg‐negative patients. Intrahepatic immune control might be different in HBeAg‐negative as compared with HBeAg‐positive patients.

Methods

Liver NK cells were investigated in 21 HBeAg‐positive and 35 HBeAg‐negative CHB patients. Biopsy specimens were processed for routine histopathology and staging according to Ishak scores. Intrahepatic and blood NK cell frequencies, activation status and function of NK cells were analysed by flow cytometry.

Results

In HBeAg‐negative CHB patients, compared to blood, liver NK cells displayed a more activated phenotype and stimulation further increased the activation status, but production of IFN‐γ was markedly less. There was no difference with HBeAg‐positive CHB. Only in HBeAg‐negative CHB, but not in HBeAg‐positive CHB, NK cell activation was inversely correlated with HBsAg levels.

Conclusions

The present study indicates that liver NK cells of CHB have a higher activation status compared to blood. However, they are not capable to increase cytokine production above levels reached by activated blood NK cells. In HBeAg‐negative CHB, the levels of HBsAg may contribute to the incapacity of activated liver NK cells to increase cytokine production.
Can Explanatory Reasons Be Good Reasons for Action?
Authors: Beaulieu Gerald
Published: July 2013

What kind of thing is a reason for action? Are reasons for action subjective states of the agent, such as desires and/or beliefs? Or are they, rather, objective features of situations that favor certain actions? The suggestion offered in this article is that neither strategy satisfies. What is needed is a third category for classifying reasons which makes them out to be neither purely subjective nor purely objective. In brief: a reason for action is a feature of the situation that matters to the agent. On this proposal, subjective states of the agent are indeed indispensable in characterizing reasons for action. Precisely which set of situational features matter to an agent—precisely what shape the agent experiences the situation as having—depends on the agent's psychological makeup. Those features themselves are not psychological states, however, and it is precisely those features that constitute the agent's reasons for action.
Error Theory and the Concept of Morality
Authors: Bloomfield Paul
Published: July 2013

Error theories about morality often take as their starting point the supposed queerness of morality, and those resisting these arguments often try to argue by analogy that morality is no more queer than other unproblematic subject matters. Here, error theory (as exemplified primarily by the work ofRichardJoyce) is resisted first by arguing that it assumes a common, modern, and peculiarly social conception of morality. Then error theorists point out that the social nature of morality requires one to act against one's self‐interest while insisting on the categorical, inescapable, or overriding status of moral considerations: they argue that morality requires magic, then (rightly) claim that there is no such thing as magic. An alternate eudaimonist conception of morality is introduced which itself has an older provenance than the social point of view, dating to the ancientGreeks. Eudaimonism answers to the normative requirements of morality, yet does not require magic. Thus, the initial motivation for error theory is removed.
In Defense of a Broad Conception of Experimental Philosophy
Authors: Rose David , Danks David
Published: July 2013

Experimental philosophy is often presented as a new movement that avoids many of the difficulties that face traditional philosophy. This article distinguishes two views of experimental philosophy: a narrow view in which philosophers conduct empirical investigations of intuitions, and a broad view which says that experimental philosophy is just the colocation in the same body of (i) philosophical naturalism and (ii) the actual practice of cognitive science. These two positions are rarely clearly distinguished in the literature about experimental philosophy, both pro and con. The article argues, first, that the broader view is the only plausible one; discussions of experimental philosophy should recognize that the narrow view is a caricature of experimental philosophy as it is currently done. It then shows both how objections to experimental philosophy are transformed and how positive recommendations can be provided by adopting a broad conception of experimental philosophy.
Situating Moral Justification: Rethinking the Mission of Moral Epistemology
Authors: Jaggar Alison M. , Tobin Theresa W.
Published: July 2013

This is the first of two companion articles drawn from a larger project, provisionally entitled Undisciplining Moral Epistemology. The overall goal is to understand how moral claims may be rationally justified in a world characterized by cultural diversity and social inequality. To show why a new approach to moral justification is needed, it is argued that several currently influential philosophical accounts of moral justification lend themselves to rationalizing the moral claims of those with more social power. The present article explains how discourse ethics is flawed just in this way. The article begins by identifying several conditions of adequacy for assessing reasoning practices designed to achieve moral justification and shows that, when used in contexts of cultural diversity and social inequality, discourse ethics fails these conditions. It goes on to argue that the failure of discourse ethics is rooted in its reliance on a broader conception of moral epistemology that is invidiously idealized. It concludes by pointing to the need to rethink both the mission and the method of moral epistemology.
The magnetosome proteins MamX, MamZ and MamH are involved in redox control of magnetite biomineralization in Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense
Authors: Raschdorf Oliver , Müller Frank D. , Pósfai Mihály , Plitzko Jürgen M. , Schüler Dirk
Published: July 2013

Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense uses intracellular chains of membrane‐enveloped magnetite crystals, the magnetosomes, to navigate within magnetic fields. The biomineralization of magnetite nanocrystals requires several magnetosome‐associated proteins, whose precise functions so far have remained mostly unknown. Here, we analysed the functions of MamX and the Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS) proteins MamZ and MamH. Deletion of either the entire mamX gene or elimination of its putative haem c‐binding magnetochrome domains, and deletion of either mamZ or its C‐terminal ferric reductase‐like component resulted in an identical phenotype. All mutants displayed WT‐like magnetite crystals, flanked within the magnetosome chains by poorly crystalline flake‐like particles partly consisting of haematite. Double deletions of both mamZ and its homologue mamH further impaired magnetite crystallization in an additive manner, indicating that the two MFS proteins have partially redundant functions. Deprivation of ΔmamX and ΔmamZ cells from nitrate, or additional loss of the respiratory nitrate reductase Nap from ΔmamX severely exacerbated the magnetosome defects and entirely inhibited the formation of regular crystals, suggesting that MamXZ and Nap have similar, but independent roles in redox control of biomineralization. We propose a model in which MamX, MamZ and MamH functionally interact to balance the redox state of iron within the magnetosome compartment.
The Mondrian matrix: Culicoides biting midge abundance and seasonal incidence during the 2006–2008 epidemic of bluetongue in the Netherlands
Authors: MEISWINKEL R. , SCOLAMACCHIA F. , DIK M. , MUDDE J. , DIJKSTRA E. , VAN DER VEN I. J. K. , ELBERS A. R. W.
Published: July 2013

During the northern Europe epidemic of bluetongue (BT), Onderstepoort‐type blacklight traps were used to capture Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) biting midges weekly between November 2006 and December 2008 on 21 livestock farms in the Netherlands. Proven and potential vectors for the bluetongue virus (BTV) comprised almost 80% of the midges collected: the Obsoletus complex, constituting C. obsoletus (Meigen) and C. scoticus Downes & Kettle (44.2%), C. dewulfi Goetghebuer (16.4%), C. chiopterus (Meigen) (16.3%) and C. pulicaris (Linnaeus) (0.1%). Half of the 24 commonest species of Culicoides captured completed only one (univoltine) or two (bivoltine) generations annually, whereas multivoltine species (including all BTV vectors) cycled through five to six generations (exceeding the one to four generations calculated in earlier decades). Whether this increment signals a change in the phenology of northern Europe Culicoides or simply is an adaptive response that manifests during warmer episodes, thus heightening periodically the incursive potential of midge‐borne arboviruses, remains to be clarified. Culicoides duddingstoni Kettle & Lawson, C. grisescens Edwards, C. maritimus Kieffer, C. pallidicornis Kieffer and C. riethi Kieffer are new records for the biting midge fauna of the Netherlands. It is suggested that C. punctatus (Meigen) be added to the European list of vector Culicoides.
Morphology and identification of first instars of European and Mediterranean blowflies of forensic importance. PartIII: Calliphorinae
Authors: SZPILA K. , PAPE T. , HALL M. J. R. , MĄDRA A.
Published: July 2013

First instars ofCalliphora vomitoria(Linnaeus) andCynomya mortuorum(Linnaeus) (both: Diptera: Calliphoridae) are thoroughly documented with scanning electron microscopy images, light microscopy photographs and line drawings. Substantial new data are provided for the following morphological structures: pseudocephalon; antennal complex; maxillary palpus; facial mask; cephaloskeleton; thoracic and abdominal spinulation; spiracular field, and posterior spiracles. Earlier descriptions are summarized and major discrepancies with the current study are discussed. An identification key to first‐instar larvae of the five European species of Calliphorinae of forensic importance is presented. However, it remains impossible to distinguish the first instars ofCa. vicinaandCy. mortuorumbased on external morphology with the current level of knowledge.
Continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) in kidney‐transplanted children
Authors: Pasti Krisztina , Szabo Attila J. , Prokai Agnes , Meszaros Krisztina , Peko Nora , Solyom Reka , Sallay Peter , Reusz György , Rusai Krisztina
Published: July 2013

NODAT and IGT are well‐known complications of immunosuppressive therapy after transplantation being a risk factor for cardiovascular disease affecting patient and graft survival. Therefore, early identification and treatment are of high importance. In this study, we examined the glycemic homeostasis of 20 renal‐transplanted children using routine laboratory tests and the continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS). Six patients (30%) had IGT, and one patient had NODAT (5%). The HOMA index was in an abnormal range in 35% of all patients and was abnormal in 67% of the IGT patients. CGMS analysis showed that IGT patients had higher “lowest glucose” level, and the incidence of hypoglycemic episodes was significantly lower compared with patients with normal OGTT result. In IGT patients, glucose variability tended to be lower. Furthermore, in the whole patient cohort, glucose variability significantly decreased with time after transplantation. Summarizing, these novel data show that “lowest glucose” level and hypoglycemic episodes are significantly influenced and altered in renal‐transplanted patients with IGT. Furthermore, there is a decrease in glucose variability with time after transplantation. The mechanism and relevance of these data need further investigations.
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy with gastrointestinal disease in a pediatric kidney transplant recipient
Authors: Burke M. T. , Trnka P. , Walsh M. , Poole L. , McTaggart S. J. , Burke J. R.
Published: July 2013

PML is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system caused by infection with JCV. Several cases of PML in bone marrow and solid organ transplant recipients have been reported in recent years. JCV has been isolated from the gastrointestinal mucosa of immunocompromised patients, but there are no published reports of PML associated with symptomatic gastrointestinal involvement in kidney transplant recipients. We report a case of a nine‐yr‐old girl with a kidney transplant who developed a severe gastrointestinal illness causing pseudo‐obstruction in association with PML. JCV was suspected as the causative agent in this patient by the detection of high JCV titer through PCR analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid and blood and positive staining for simian virus 40 in the colon. JCV intestinal infection should be considered in kidney transplant recipients presenting with intestinal pseudo‐obstruction.
Christianity and Violence
Authors: Krueger David
Published: July 2013

This article explores the tensions between Jesus's command to “turn the other cheek” and the historical reality that many Christians have participated in acts of violence and have sometimes justified their actions as the will of God. Many considerations of the relationship between Christianity and violence have focused on historical instances such as the Crusades of Middle Ages and the violent persecution of heretics during the Inquisition. However, it is evident that Christian‐inspired holy wars and persecutions continue in various forms up to the present. This article offers a brief historical survey of the debates over just war theory and pacifism, but it primarily illuminates the cultural sources of violence in the Christian tradition that lead to actual violence in society. Finally, consideration is given to Christian thinkers who articulate a nonviolent theology of Christianity.
Envelopes and Partial Least Squares Regression
Authors: Cook R. D. , Helland I. S. , Su Z.
Published: July 2013

We build connections between envelopes, a recently proposed context for efficient estimation in multivariate statistics, and multivariate partial least squares (PLS) regression. In particular, we establish an envelope as the nucleus of both univariate and multivariate PLS, which opens the door to pursuing the same goals as PLS but using different envelope estimators. It is argued that a likelihood-based envelope estimator is less sensitive to the number of PLS components that are selected and that it outperforms PLS in prediction and estimation.
Non-Parametric Identification and Estimation of the Number of Components in Multivariate Mixtures
Authors: Kasahara Hiroyuki , Shimotsu Katsumi
Published: July 2013

We analyse the identifiability of the number of components in k-variate, M-component finite mixture models in which each component distribution has independent marginals, including models in latent class analysis. Without making parametric assumptions on the component distributions, we investigate how one can identify the number of components from the distribution function of the observed data. When k⩾2, a lower bound on the number of components (M) is non-parametrically identifiable from the rank of a matrix constructed from the distribution function of the observed variables. Building on this identification condition, we develop a procedure to estimate a lower bound on the number of components consistently.
INDUSTRIAL AGGLOMERATION: ASYMMETRY OF REGIONS AND TRADE COSTS
Authors: Wang Jian , Zheng Xiao‐Ping
Published: July 2013

This paper investigates the impact of international trade liberalization and regional integration on the distribution of economic activities within countries such as China. We extend Krugman's original New Economic Geography model to account for a two‐country, three‐region case where the home country is fully asymmetrical in terms of its size and access to global markets. Our simulation results show that the spatial economy of the home country changes in a more complex way than is shown in Krugman's results. When international trade liberalization continues but domestic regions remain poorly integrated, the gate region experiences a change from partial to full agglomeration. When the home country is closed to international trade, the decrease in domestic transport costs makes the hinterland more attractive for manufacturing. However, when it is open to global markets, more manufacturing is undertaken in the gate region.
Modelling Intercontinental Tourism Consumption in South Africa: A Systems‐of‐Equations Approach
Authors: Saayman Andrea , Cortés‐Jiménez Isabel
Published: July 2013

This paper investigates the pattern of inbound tourists' consumption in South Africa, examining four main intercontinental markets and five different tourism goods. The empirical investigation develops an almost ideal demand system (AIDS) model and it extends recent research by allowing tourists to base their spending decision on the real effective price differences between South Africa and their home country. The results show that tourist spending in South Africa is a luxury good, and tourists react normally to a change in the relative price of goods. The cross‐price elasticities suggest that the preferences of different markets influence their view of substitutability and complementary effects between various products in South Africa.
Identification of a new HLA‐DQB1*03 variant, DQB1*03:39, by sequence‐based typing in a Chinese Han individual
Authors: Jin S.‐Z. , Zou H.‐Y.
Published: July 2013

HLA‐DQB1*03:39 is identical to HLA‐DQB1*03:03:02, except for one nucleotide change at nt 477 (C→G) in exon 3.
Simultaneous model spin-up and parameter identification with the one-shot method in a climate model example
Authors: Kratzenstein Claudia , Slawig Thomas
Published: July 2013

We investigate the Oneshot Optimization strategy introduced by Hamdi and Griewank for the applicability and efficiency to identify parameters in models of the earth's climate system. Parameters of a box model of the North Atlantic Thermohaline Circulation are optimized with respect to the fit of model output to data given by another model of intermediate complexity. Since the model is run into a steady state by a pseudo time-stepping, efficient techniques are necessary to avoid extensive recomputations or storing when using gradient-based local optimization algorithms. The Oneshot approach simultaneously updates state, adjoint and parameter values. For the required partial derivatives, the algorithmic/automatic differentiation tool TAF was used. Numerical results are compared to results obtained by the BFGS-quasi-Newton method.
Studies on Lanthanum Complexes of 1-Aryl-2,5-Dithiohydrazodicarbonamides in Paraffin Oil as Extreme Pressure Lubrication Additives
Authors: Rastogi R. B. , Maurya J. L. , Jaiswal V. , Tiwary D.
Published: July 2013

Testing of lanthanum complexes of 1-aryl-2,5-dithiohydrazodicarbonamides of the formula LaL3 [LH=1-phenyl-2,5-dithiohydrazodicarbonamide(PhTHC), 1-methylphenyl-2,5-dithiohydrazodicarbon-amide(p-MePhTHC), 1-methoxyphenyl-2,5-dithiohydrazodicarbonamide(p-MeOPhTHC), 1-phenyl-2,5-dithiohydrazodicarbonamide(p-ClPhTHC)] for their application as extreme pressure lubrication (EPL) additives was performed on four ball tester using steel balls of 12.7 mm diameter and MoS2 as reference additive. The efficiency of the complexes has been evaluated using the tribological parameters, wear scar diameter, friction coefficient, initial seizure load, 2.5 s seizure delay load, weld load, mean Hertz load, flash temperature parameter and pressure wear index. The tested complexes behave as good extreme pressure additives; however, the best performance is shown by the p-methoxyphenyl derivative. The surface morphology of the wear scar on steel ball has been studied by atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. In presence of this complex, roughness of the worn surface is significantly reduced. The composition of wear scar has been analyzed by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The presence of lanthanum and sulfur in energy dispersive X-ray spectrum emphasizes role of additive in the tribofilm formed on the surface.
Natural Selection in a Bangladeshi Population from the Cholera-Endemic Ganges River Delta
Authors: Karlsson Elinor K. , Harris Jason B. , Tabrizi Shervin , Rahman Atiqur , Shlyakhter Ilya , Patterson Nick , O’Dushlaine Colm , Schaffner Stephen F. , Gupta Sameer , Chowdhury Fahima , Sheikh Alaullah , Shin Ok Sarah , Ellis Crystal , Becker Christine E. , Stuart Lynda M. , Calderwood Stephen B. , Ryan Edward T. , Qadri Firdausi , Sabeti Pardis C. , LaRocque Regina C.
Published: July 2013

Natural selection in a Bangladeshi population from the cholera-endemic Ganges River Delta has targeted genes associated with cholera resistance and an innate immunity pathway activated by
Vibrio cholerae
.
A Molecular Meeting
Authors: Bytautiene Egle
Published: July 2013

A human genetic polymorphism that enhances insulin secretion illuminates a mechanistic link between cancer and type 2 diabetes.
Can Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Fight Infection?
Authors: Sheth Anandi N.
Published: July 2013

Treatment with the anti-inflammatory drug ibuprofen decreased lung lesions and improved survival in a mouse model of tuberculosis.
X-Linked Immunodeficient Mice Exhibit Enhanced Susceptibility to Cryptococcus neoformans Infection
Authors: Szymczak Wendy A. , Davis Michael J. , Lundy Steven K. , Dufaud Chad , Olszewski Michal , Pirofski Liise-anne
Published: July 2013

Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (Btk) is a signaling molecule that plays important roles in B-1 B cell development and innate myeloid cell functions and has recently been identified as a target for therapy of B cell lymphomas. We examined the contribution of B-1 B cells to resistance toCryptococcus neoformansinfection by utilizing X-linked immunodeficient (XID) mice (CBA-CaHN-XID), which possess a mutation in Btk. XID mice had significantly higher brain fungal burdens than the controls 6 weeks after infection withC. neoformansstrain 52D (CN52D); however, consistent with the propensity for greater virulence ofC. neoformansstrain H99 (CNH99), CNH99-infected XID mice had higher lung and brain fungal burdens than the controls 3 weeks after infection. Further studies in a chronic CN52D model revealed markedly lower levels of total andC. neoformans-specific serum IgM in XID mice than in the control mice 1 and 6 weeks after infection. Alveolar macrophage phagocytosis was markedly impaired in CN52D-infected XID mice compared to the controls, with XID mice exhibiting a disorganized lung inflammatory pattern in which Gomori silver staining revealed significantly more enlarged, extracellularC. neoformanscells than the controls. Adoptive transfer of B-1 B cells to XID mice restored peritoneal B-1 B cells but did not restore IgM levels to those of the controls and had no effect on the brain fungal burden at 6 weeks. Taken together, our data support the hypothesis that IgM promotes fungal containment in the lungs by enhancingC. neoformansphagocytosis and restrictingC. neoformansenlargement. However, peritoneal B-1 B cells are insufficient to reconstitute a protective effect in the lungs.

IMPORTANCECryptococcus neoformansis a fungal pathogen that causes an estimated 600,000 deaths per year. Most infections occur in individuals who are immunocompromised, with the majority of cases occurring in those with HIV/AIDS, but healthy individuals also develop disease. Immunoglobulin M (IgM) has been linked to resistance to disease in humans and mice. In this article, we found that X-linked immunodeficient (XID) mice, which have markedly reduced levels of IgM, were unable to containCryptococcusin the lungs. This was associated with reduced yeast uptake by macrophages, an aberrant tissue inflammatory response, an enlargement of the yeast cells in the lungs, and fungal dissemination to the brain. Since XID mice have a mutation in the Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (Btk) gene, our data suggest that treatments aimed at blocking the function of Btk could pose a higher risk for cryptococcosis.
Pathogenicity of the Novel A/H7N9 Influenza Virus in Mice
Authors: Mok Chris Ka Pun , Lee Horace Hok Yeung , Chan Michael Chi Wai , Sia Sin Fun , Lestra Maxime , Nicholls John Malcolm , Zhu Huachen , Guan Yi , Peiris Joseph Malik Sriyal
Published: July 2013

A novel avian-origin influenza A/H7N9 virus infecting humans was first identified in March 2013 and, as of 30 May 2013, has caused 132 human infections leading to 33 deaths. Phylogenetic studies suggest that this virus is a reassortant, with the surface hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes being derived from duck and wild-bird viruses, respectively, while the six “internal gene segments” were derived from poultry H9N2 viruses. Here we determine the pathogenicity of a human A/Shanghai/2/2013 (Sh2/H7N9) virus in healthy adult mice in comparison with that of A/chicken/Hong Kong/HH8/2010 (ck/H9N2) virus, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A/Hong Kong/483/1997 (483/H5N1) virus, and a duck influenza A H7N9 virus of different genetic derivation, A/duck/Jiangxi/3286/2009 (dk/H7N9). Intranasal infection of mice with Sh2/H7N9 virus doses of 10
3
, 10
4
, and 10
5
 PFU led to significant weight loss without fatality. This virus was more pathogenic than dk/H7N9 and ck/H9N2 virus, which has six internal gene segments that are genetically similar to Sh2/H7N9. Sh2/H7N9 replicated well in the nasal cavity and lung, but there was no evidence of virus dissemination beyond the respiratory tract. Mice infected with Sh2/H7N9 produced higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the lung and serum than did ck/H9N2 and dk/H7N9 but lower levels than 483/H5N1. Cytokine induction was positively correlated with virus load in the lung at early stages of infection. Our results suggest that Sh2/H7N9 virus is able to replicate and cause disease in mice without prior adaptation but is less pathogenic than 483/H5N1 virus.

IMPORTANCE
An H7N9 virus isolate causing fatal human disease was found to be more pathogenic for mice than other avian H9N2 or H7N9 viruses but less pathogenic than the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAI) H5N1. Similarly, the ability of Sh2/H7N9 to elicit proinflammatory cytokines in the lung and serum of mice was intermediate to ck/H9N2 and dk/H7N9 on the one hand and HPAI H5N1 on the other. These findings accord with the observed epidemiology in humans, in whom, as with seasonal influenza viruses, H7N9 viruses cause severe disease predominantly in older persons while HPAI H5N1 can cause severe respiratory disease and death in children and young adults.
Reovirus Cell Entry Requires Functional Microtubules
Authors: Mainou Bernardo A. , Zamora Paula F. , Ashbrook Alison W. , Dorset Daniel C. , Kim Kwang S. , Dermody Terence S.
Published: July 2013

Mammalian reovirus binds to cell-surface glycans and junctional adhesion molecule A and enters cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis in a process dependent on β1 integrin. Within the endocytic compartment, reovirus undergoes stepwise disassembly, allowing release of the transcriptionally active viral core into the cytoplasm. To identify cellular mediators of reovirus infectivity, we screened a library of small-molecule inhibitors for the capacity to block virus-induced cytotoxicity. In this screen, reovirus-induced cell killing was dampened by several compounds known to impair microtubule dynamics. Microtubule inhibitors were assessed for blockade of various stages of the reovirus life cycle. While these drugs did not alter reovirus cell attachment or internalization, microtubule inhibitors diminished viral disassembly kinetics with a concomitant decrease in infectivity. Reovirus virions colocalize with microtubules and microtubule motor dynein 1 during cell entry, and depolymerization of microtubules results in intracellular aggregation of viral particles. These data indicate that functional microtubules are required for proper sorting of reovirus virions following internalization and point to a new drug target for pathogens that use the endocytic pathway to invade host cells.

IMPORTANCEScreening libraries of well-characterized drugs for antiviral activity enables the rapid characterization of host processes required for viral infectivity and provides new therapeutic applications for established pharmaceuticals. Our finding that microtubule-inhibiting drugs impair reovirus infection identifies a new cell-based antiviral target.
Tuberculosis and the military
Authors: O'Shea Matthew K , Wilson D
Published: July 2013

Tuberculosis (TB) causes significant morbidity and mortality among the global civilian population. Historically, TB has also been responsible for a considerable burden of disease among military populations during periods of both peace and conflict. TB will continue to be of importance to the military for several reasons. Military units live and work in confined environments, personnel may deploy to areas highly endemic for TB where there is the potential to be exposed to infected local communities, and they undertake physiologically stressful activities during training and operations. These are just a few of the factors that may increase the risk of acquiring, developing and transmitting TB among military personnel. This review examines the military relevance of TB in the modern era within the context of epidemiological, pathological and clinical considerations of this ancient disease.
Primary stenting for acute ischemic stroke using the Enterprise vascular reconstruction device: early results
Authors: Dumont Travis M , Natarajan Sabareesh K , Eller Jorge L , Mocco J , Kelly William H , Snyder Kenneth V , Hopkins L Nelson , Siddiqui Adnan H , Levy Elad I
Published: July 2013

Objective

Primary stenting for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) using the Wingspan stent delivery system has been reported. Major technical limitations in that study were difficulties in delivering the device and a few cases in which the Enterprise vascular reconstruction device (stent) was used as a bailout procedure. The Enterprise, which has relatively less radial force and more flexibility than other intracranial stents, is an ideal device for revascularization as it is easily delivered through tortuous intracranial vessels. We tested the safety and effectiveness of this stent as the primary revascularization device for AIS in an FDA-approved investigational device exemption prospective cohort study.

Methods

Twenty patients presenting with AIS due to confirmed intracranial large vessel occlusion within 8 h of onset of stroke symptoms were treated with the Enterprise as the primary revascularization device. The primary outcome was recanalization to Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) flow of ≥2. Perioperative safety was measured by major complication incidence within 30 days of stent revascularization. A secondary measure of outcome was 30-day modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score.

Results

Recanalization to TIMI 2 (n=6) or 3 (n=12) flow was achieved in 18 patients (90% revascularization rate). Three major complications were noted (15%) including one myocardial infarction, one symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage and one ischemic stroke in a distribution other than the qualifying vessel. Good outcome (mRS ≤2) was obtained in 10 patients (50%).

Conclusions

In this prospective study the Enterprise stent was found to be a safe and effective revascularization tool in the setting of AIS.
EXPONENTIALLY FITTED TWO-DERIVATIVE RUNGE–KUTTA METHODS FOR THE SCHRÖDINGER EQUATION
Authors: FANG YONGLEI , YOU XIONG , MING QINGHE
Published: July 2013

Two exponentially fitted two-derivative Runge–Kutta (EFTDRK) methods of algebraic order four are derived. The asymptotic expressions of the local errors for large energies are obtained. The numerical results in the integration of the radial Schrödinger equation with the Woods–Saxon potential show the high efficiency of our new methods compared to some famous optimized codes in the literature.
ANALYSIS OF THE FRACTIONAL-ORDER PARALLEL TANK CIRCUIT
Authors: CHEN PENG , HE SONGBAI
Published: July 2013

A parallel LβCα tank circuit with an α-order capacitor and a β-order inductor is proposed in this paper, where α and β are positive real numbers. The impedance of the parallel LβCα tank circuit, which could perform as a pure real, pure imaginary or short impedance, is discussed in detail, followed by the phase response analysis in α – β plane. The results show that the parallel LβCα tank circuit could act as a constant phase element. The resonance frequency analysis demonstrates that there exists more than one resonance frequency. And the time domain response expression of the proposed LβCα tank circuit is given by applying the inverse Laplace transform. The dual transformation relationship between the series and parallel LβCα tank circuit is summarized at last.