bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Omalizumab normalizes the gene expression signature of lesional skin in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria: A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study
Authors: Metz Martin , Torene Rebecca , Kaiser Sergio , Beste Michael T. , Staubach Petra , Bauer Andrea , Brehler Randolf , Gericke Janine , Letzkus Martin , Hartmann Nicole , Erpenbeck Veit J. , Maurer Marcus
Published: July 2018

Background

Omalizumab, a humanized recombinant monoclonal anti‐IgE antibody, proved to be effective in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU), including severe and treatment‐refractory CSU. Here, we report omalizumab's effect on gene expression in skin biopsies from CSU patients enrolled in a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study.

Methods

Chronic spontaneous urticaria patients (18‐75 years) were randomized to either 300 mg omalizumab (n = 20) or placebo (n = 10) administered s.c. every 4 weeks for 12 weeks (NCT01599637). Lesional and nonlesional skin biopsies were collected from the same area of consenting patients and assessed at baseline and on Day 85 compared with skin biopsies from the same area of 10 untreated healthy volunteers (HVs). Gene expression data were generated using Affymetrix HG‐U133Plus2.0 microarrays. Statistical analyses were performed using R packages.

Results

At baseline, 63 transcripts were differentially expressed between lesional and nonlesional skin. Two‐thirds of these lesional signatures were also differentially expressed between lesional and HV skin. Upon treatment with omalizumab, >75% of lesional signatures changed to reflect nonlesional skin expression levels (different vs placebo, P < 0.01). Transcripts upregulated in lesional skin (vs nonlesional and/or HV skin) suggested increased mast cell/leukocyte infiltration (FCER1G, C3AR1, CD93, S100A8, and S100A9), increased oxidative stress, vascularization (CYR61), and skin repair events (KRT6A, KRT16). Lesional signatures were not modulated by treatment in nonresponders (defined based on UAS7 longitudinal changes ≥16).

Conclusion

Omalizumab, in treatment responders, reverted transcriptional signatures associated with CSU lesion phenotype to reflect nonlesional/HV expression levels; this is consistent with observed omalizumab‐mediated clinical improvement observed in patients with CSU.
Examining the Canada–China agri‐food trade relationship: Firms, trading partners, and trading volumes
Authors: Xie Chaoping , Gao Jianfeng , Grant Jason H. , Anders Sven
Published: July 2018

The “new‐new” trade theory has dramatically shifted the focus of international economics research to heterogeneous firms and the margins by which firms participate in international trade. However, few studies have examined the dynamics of agricultural trade at the firm level. This paper employs China Customs data comprising the universe of Chinese firm‐level agricultural import transactions over the period 2000–2009 and develops an empirical strategy to decompose the growth of Chinese agri‐food imports of its four major suppliers, Canada, the United States, Brazil, and Argentina. Our findings reveal that China's growth in agricultural imports is highly concentrated among a small group of firms, where the top 10% of Chinese agricultural importers account for nearly 90% of its agricultural imports. We also find evidence of a significant turn‐over of importers of agri‐food products. Over 40% of new firms entering China's agricultural import market during our sample exited after just 1.7 years. Finally, decomposing import growth patterns for Canada and its competing suppliers reveals significant differences in the intensive and extensive margins of trade that hold important implications for trade policies aimed at enhancing Canada's position as a major agri‐food supplier in the Chinese market.
Effects of the interaction between glycated haemoglobin genetic risk score and postpartum weight reduction on glycaemic changes: A gene–weight interaction analysis
Authors: Han Liyuan , Duan Donghui , Zhang Shuang , Li Weiqin , Wang Leishen , Liu Huikun , Leng Junhong , Li Nan , Shang Xiaoyun , Hu Gang , Qi Lu
Published: July 2018

Aim

To investigate the effects of the interaction between glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) genetic risk score and weight changes during and after pregnancy (postpartum weight reduction and gestational weight gain) on long‐term glycaemic changes in the largest cohort of women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).

Methods

This was a retrospective cohort using the baseline data from the Tianjin Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Prevention Programme. A genetic risk score was established by combining 10 HbA1c‐related single‐nucleotide polymorphisms, which were identified by genome‐wide association studies. General linear regression models were applied to evaluate the effect of interaction between HbA1c genetic risk score and weight changes during and after pregnancy (postpartum weight reduction and gestational weight gain) on glycaemic changes.

Results

'A total of 1156 women with a history of GDM were included in this respective cohort study. Statistical differences in pre‐pregnancy weight, pre‐delivery weight and postpartum weight were evidenced across different groups of postpartum weight reduction. After adjusting for covariates, statistical significance for changes in HbA1c level was only observed in the postpartum weight reduction <5 kg/y group (P = 0.002), and a significant effect of interaction between HbA1c genetic risk score and postpartum weight reduction on long‐term changes in HbA1c was evidenced (P interaction = 0.01). In women with postpartum weight reduction ≥8 kg/y, those with a lower HbA1c genetic risk score had a greater decrease in HbA1c level.

Conclusions

HbA1c genetic risk score interacts with postpartum weight reduction to affect long‐term changes in HbA1c levels among women with a history of GDM.
Preference–performance in a specialist sawfly on congeneric host plants
Authors: Altesor Paula , González Andrés
Published: July 2018

In herbivorous insects, the preference–performance hypothesis predicts that females will choose to oviposit on plants that maximize offspring development. Although there is evidence to support this hypothesis, several studies have shown that it does not always apply. Among the factors that may modulate the preference–performance relationship, diet breadth is a significant one, although no correlation has been found for monophagous insects. More case studies are needed, as more restricted diets are expected to require better discrimination ability. In this study, we explored the preference–performance linkage in a monophagous sawfly, Tequus schrottkyi (Konow) (Hymenoptera: Pergidae), which feeds as larva on the wild potato Solanum commersonii Dunal (Solanaceae). We used the cultivated potato, Solanum tuberosum L., as an alternative host plant for our experiments. Performance was evaluated from newly emerged larvae until adult emergence, raising individual larvae on potted plants or excised leaves. Female oviposition preference was studied in two‐choice bioassays, in which individual females were offered whole plants of S. commersonii and S. tuberosum. The nutritional quality of the plants was assessed by measuring protein, non‐structural carbohydrate, and water contents. The offspring performed better on their host plant, S. commersonii, resulting in more larvae completing their development to the adult stage. Moreover, the larvae developed faster and their cocoon weighed more when they were raised on their host plant. The females oviposited almost exclusively on S. commersonii, regardless of their previous food plant. The protein and non‐structural carbohydrate contents did not differ between the plants, whereas water content was higher in the non‐preferred S. tuberosum. The differences in water content and in secondary metabolites, which have been analyzed in a previous study, may play a role in female preference and offspring performance. The results are discussed within the framework of the preference–performance hypothesis and the chemical ecology of insect–plant interactions.
Leverage Deviations and Acquisition Probability in the UK: The Moderating Effect of Firms’ Internal Capabilities and Deal Diversification Potential
Authors: Agyei‐Boapeah Henry , Osei Deborah , Franco Michael
Published: July 2018

In the context of mergers and acquisitions, we provide evidence to suggest that a firm's deviation from its optimal financial leverage may impede its ability to undertake future expansions. We also find the negative effect of leverage deviation on acquisition probability to be moderated by firms’ existing capabilities. Further, we find those deviating firms to have better prospects of achieving growth when they pursue cross‐industry and/or cross‐country mergers and acquisitions. Overall, our findings imply that deviations from the optimal financial leverage may be costly to firms but this cost is not symmetric across all firms and all deal types.
Deep Disagreement, the Dark Enlightenment, and the Rhetoric of the Red Pill
Authors: Aikin Scott F.
Published: July 2018

Deep disagreements are disagreements wherein the dialectical conditions for fruitful argumentative exchange do not obtain. One view from within these disagreements is that the other side has been duped or is so deeply ignorant of and complacent with some illusion, there is no hope for exchange. The Dark Enlightenment's critique of liberal democracy and progressive politics (which gave rise to the alt‐right movement) proceeds on this premise, calling their critical philosophy ‘the red pill’ and terming the opposition's program ‘the Cathedral’. Despite the depth of their disagreement with progressives, there is evidence for an optimistic program of critical dialogue in this instance of deep disagreement.
Dysregulated circRNAs in plasma from active tuberculosis patients
Authors: Yi Zhengjun , Gao Kunshan , Li Ruifang , Fu Yurong
Published: July 2018

Endogenous circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been reported in various diseases. However, their role in active TB remains unknown. The study was aimed to determine plasma circRNA expression profile to characterize potential biomarker and improve our understanding of active TB pathogenesis. CircRNA expression profiles were screened by circRNA microarrays in active TB plasma samples. Dysregulated circRNAs were then verified by qRT‐PCR. CircRNA targets were predicted based on analysis of circRNA‐miRNA‐mRNA interaction. GO and KEGG pathway analyses were used to predict the function of circRNA. ROC curve was calculated to evaluate diagnostic value for active TB. A total of 75 circRNAs were significantly dysregulated in active TB plasma. By further validation, hsa_circRNA_103571 exhibited significant decrease in active TB patients and showed potential interaction with active TB‐related miRNAs such as miR‐29a and miR‐16. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that hsa_circRNA_103571 was primarily involved in ras signalling pathway, regulation of actin cytoskeleton, T‐ and B‐cell receptor signalling pathway. ROC curve analysis suggested that hsa_circRNA_103571 had significant value for active TB diagnosis. Circulating circRNA dysregulation may play a role in active TB pathogenesis. Hsa_circRNA_103571 may be served as a potential biomarker for active TB diagnosis, and hsa_circRNA_103571‐miRNA‐mRNA interaction may provide some novel mechanism for active TB.
Periodontal disease and susceptibility to breast cancer: A meta‐analysis of observational studies
Authors: Shi Tingting , Min Min , Sun Chenyu , Zhang Yun , Liang Mingming , Sun Yehuan
Published: July 2018

Objective

While some individual studies have suggested an association between periodontal disease and breast cancer, there has not been a formal meta‐analysis that collates the existing evidence supporting the hypothesis that periodontal disease leads to a higher risk of developing breast cancer. Accordingly, this meta‐analysis was conducted.

Methods

Relevant studies published until April 2018 were retrieved and were screened according to established inclusion criteria. Risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to assess the association between periodontal disease and the risk of breast cancer and fixed effect models were used according to the results of the heterogeneity test.

Results

Eight studies, involving 168,111 individuals, were identified as having explored the association between periodontal disease and breast cancer. Summary estimates in view of adjusted data showed that periodontal disease did increase susceptibility to breast cancer (RR = 1.18, 95%CI: 1.11–1.26, I2 = 17.6%), with robust results confirmed by sensitivity analysis.

Conclusion

Our results provided evidence of a modest positive association between periodontal disease and breast cancer. Implementation of practical measures to prevent and treat periodontal disease is of great public health significance. Moreover, additional studies are recommended to explore this topic in more detail.
Serum and cerebrospinal neurofilament light chain levels in patients with acquired peripheral neuropathies
Authors: Mariotto Sara , Farinazzo Alessia , Magliozzi Roberta , Alberti Daniela , Monaco Salvatore , Ferrari Sergio
Published: July 2018

Neurofilament light chain (NFL) levels reflect axonal damage in different inflammatory and neurodegenerative central nervous system conditions, in correlation with disease severity. Our aim was to determine the possible diagnostic and prognostic value of serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) NFL levels in subjects with different forms of acquired peripheral neuropathies (PN). Paired serum and CSF samples of 25 patients with acquired PN were analysed for NFL using an ultrasensitive technique (Quanterix, Simoa, Lexington, MA, USA) and compared with a group of 25 age‐matched healthy subjects. Demographic, clinical, CSF and neurophysiological data were reviewed. Cases with Guillain‐Barré syndrome (N = 5), multifocal motor neuropathy (N = 3), chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) and variants (N = 12), anti‐myelin‐associated glycoprotein (MAG) neuropathy (N = 3), both CIDP and anti‐MAG neuropathy (N = 1), and non‐systemic vasculitic neuropathy (N = 1) were studied. NFL levels were significantly (P < 0.001) increased in patients with PN and were higher in the CSF (median: 1407 pg/mL, range: 140.2‐12 661) than in serum (median: 31.52 pg/mL, range: 4.33‐1178). A statistically significant correlation was observed between serum and CSF levels in cases with blood‐nerve‐barrier damage (r = 0.71, P < 0.01), and between serum NFL levels and disease activity at sampling (r = 0.52, P < 0.01) and at last follow‐up (r = 0.53, P < 0.01) in all subjects. The increase of NFL values in both serum and CSF of patients with acquired PN and the significant correlation between serum NFL levels, disease severity and final outcome support the possible role of NFL as disease activity and prognostic biomarker also in peripheral nervous system disorders.
Zeylenone inhibits proliferation and promotes apoptosis in ovarian carcinoma cells via Janus kinase 2 / signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 pathways
Authors: Xu Xiaoli , Shi Junyu , Gao Hongyan , Li Qin
Published: July 2018

Aim

Ovarian cancer is the fifth common cancer in females. The aim of our study was to determine function of Zeylenone on cell viability and apoptosis of ovarian carcinoma SKOV3 cells.

Methods

Cell viability was measured by Cell counting kit‐8 (CCK8) assay; Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and apoptosis were detected by flow cytometry. The mRNA and protein levels of related factors were determined by Real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR) and Western blot, respectively.

Results

Cell viability was decreased by Zeylenone in a dose‐dependent manner. Zeylenone with concentrations of 2.5, 5 and 10 μmol/L was used to treat ovarian carcinoma SKOV3 cells for 24 h in the following study. The loss of MMP and apoptosis were both significantly increased by Zeylenone. The mRNA and protein levels of cytochrome c (cyto c) and apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) in cytosol were increased by Zeylenone. The mRNA and protein levels of Caspase‐3, Fas, Fasl and Bax were increased; while the expression of Bcl‐2 was decreased by Zeylenone. The expression of (Janus family of tyrosine kinase) p‐JAK and signal transducer and activator of transcription (p‐STAT) was decreased significantly by Zeylenone.

Conclusion

Zeylenone inhibited cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis in ovarian carcinoma cells. The JAK–STAT pathway was involved in this progress.
Recurrence after fertility‐preserving surgery for low‐grade endometrial stromal sarcoma
Authors: Chin Tzu‐Hsuan , Lin Gigin , Wu Ren‐Chin , Lai Chyong‐Huey
Published: July 2018

Considering the characteristics of low‐grade endometrial stromal sarcoma (ESS), such as relative indolent course, younger age at diagnosis and favorable prognosis, the fertility‐preserving management of low‐grade ESS has been described by several authors. We report a 34‐year‐old female with stage IB low‐grade ESS who developed recurrence 7 years after neoadjuvant high‐dose progestin therapy followed by fertility‐preserving surgery and postoperative progestin therapy. The patient stopped progestin therapy and was disease free for 4 years after diagnosis but experienced recurrence with peritoneal dissemination at 7 years. Considering the tendency of late recurrence, long‐term surveillance is necessary to ensure timely action. Long‐term progestin treatment might be considered after complete remission even beyond 5 years. We performed a literature review and found that many of the cases did not meet solid pathological criteria of low‐grade ESS. The diagnostic criteria of low‐grade ESS (vs endometrial stromal nodule) should be deliberately documented for future studies of this rare disease.
Early medical abortion with self‐administered low‐dose mifepristone in combination with misoprostol
Authors: Song Li‐Ping , Tang Shi‐Yan , Li Cui‐Lan , Zhou Lee‐Jaden‐Gil‐Yu‐Kang , Mo Xue‐Tang
Published: July 2018

Aim

The aim of the present study was to investigate the safety and efficacy of low‐dose mifepristone combined with self‐administered misoprostol for termination of early pregnancy.

Methods

A total of 533 women seeking medical abortion in early pregnancy (≤49 days since the last menstrual period) were divided randomly into hospital‐ (H‐Mis, 250) and self‐ (S‐Mis, 283) administered misoprostol groups. Women in two groups took 100 mg of oral mifepristone in hospital followed by 200 μg of sublingual misoprostol 24 h later in hospital or home. The primary outcome parameter was complete abortion without surgical intervention. Secondary outcomes were uterine bleeding, return of regular menses, side effects and patient acceptability.

Results

High rates of complete abortion were observed for both the H‐Mis group (243/250; 94.8%) and the S‐Mis group (266/283; 94.0%). No significant differences in outcomes (complete abortion/failure rates) or side effects were observed between the two groups. General satisfaction rates were similar for the two groups (H‐Mis, 231/250, 92.4%; S‐Mis, 263/283, 92.9%; P > 0.05). Higher convenience of administration (H‐Mis, 211/250, 84.4%; S‐Mis, 270/283, 95.4%; P < 0.05) and privacy protection (H‐Mis, 214/250, 85.6%; S‐Mis, 267/283, 94.3%; P < 0.05) satisfaction rates were obtained for the S‐Mis group than for the H‐Mis group.

Conclusion

Self‐administered sublingual misoprostol is as safe and effective as hospital‐administered misoprostol following low‐dose mifepristone to terminate early pregnancy (≤49 days of amenorrhoea) with fewer side effects.
Pregnancy in liver transplant recipients: A single center outcomes
Authors: Turkyilmaz Gurcan , Yasa Cenk , Dural Ozlem , Erturk Emircan , Kalelioglu İbrahim , Has Recep , Yuksel Atil
Published: July 2018

Aim

Liver transplantation (LT) is the only effective treatment for the end‐stage liver disease. Although pregnancy after LT is considered to be safe, these patients are difficult to manage for obstetricians. In this study, we aimed to determine maternal and fetal outcomes in pregnancies after LT.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective review of liver transplant recipients who had received prenatal care and delivered pregnancy at İstanbul University İstanbul Medical Faculty, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology January 2010 and January 2017.

Results

A total of eight pregnancies were identified during the study period. The mean age of the patients at the time of LT was 25.6 ± 5.3 years (range 19–36 years), and the mean age at conception was 30.1 ± 5.2 years (range 25–41 years). The mean interval between transplantation and conception was 54.2 ± 18.6 months (range 24–82 months). There was no a miscarriage or a stillbirth was observed in any of patients. Mean birth week was 37.2 ± 2.1 weeks and mean birthweight was 2852 ± 562 g (range 2150–3470 g). Three of eight deliveries (37.5%) occurred before 37 gestational weeks. Preeclampsia was detected in one patient, one pregnancy was complicated by intrauterine growth retardation and one case with gestational diabetes mellitus. Mean postnatal follow‐up period was 3.2 ± 2.4 years (range 1–7 years) and all of the babies were healthy. Graft rejection occurred in one patient after delivery.

Conclusion

More favorable pregnancy outcomes can be achieved with a multidisciplinary team and satisfactory counseling is mandatory either preconception and through the pregnancy to reduce maternal‐fetal risks.
Hypercoiled cord can cause a reversible abnormal Doppler in ductus venosus in cases of fetal growth restriction
Authors: Iwagaki Shigenori , Takahashi Yuichiro , Chiaki Rika , Asai Kazuhiko , Matsui Masako , Mori Takahiro , Kawabata Ichiro
Published: July 2018

Aim

Although an absent or reversed a‐wave in ductus venosus (DV‐RAV) is reported to be the terminal finding of fetal growth restriction (FGR), we have seen DV‐RAV that disappears within a short span of time in some FGR cases with a hypercoiled cord. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between hypercoiled cord and reversible DV‐RAV in FGR.

Methods

This was a retrospective study of 499 FGR cases, including 14 with DV‐RAV. Transabdominal amnioinfusion (AI) was performed when oligohydramnios was severe (maximum vertical pocket <2 cm) and/or variable deceleration was detected. DV‐RAV that disappeared quickly was defined as ‘temporary DV‐RAV’. DV‐RAV that continued until delivery or fetal death (FD) was defined as ‘persistent DV‐RAV’. A hypercoiled cord was defined as one with an umbilical coiling index >0.6 antenatally or >0.3 postnatally. Clinical characteristics and clinical courses of the two types of DV‐RAV were compared.

Results

DV‐RAV disappeared after AI in all five cases in which temporary DV‐RAV was identified. The incidence of a hypercoiled cord was significantly higher among temporary DV‐RAV cases (100%) than among persistent DV‐RAV cases (14.3%; P = 0.015). The time from detection of DV‐RAV to delivery or FD was significantly longer among temporary DV‐RAV cases (4.5 weeks) than among persistent DV‐RAV cases (0.7 weeks; P = 0.027).

Conclusion

Temporary DV‐RAV is suspected to be related to the combination of a hypercoiled cord and oligohydramnios. DV‐RAV may not be always be a terminal finding in FGR with a hypercoiled cord.
Health professionals' experiences and barriers encountered when implementing hip surveillance for children with cerebral palsy
Authors: Willoughby Kate L , Toovey Rachel , Hodgson Jan M , Graham H Kerr , Reddihough Dinah S
Published: July 2018

Aim

This study aimed to explore health professionals' experiences of implementing hip surveillance for young people with cerebral palsy (CP) and to identify any barriers they encounter.

Methods

A cross‐sectional web‐based survey of health professionals supporting children with CP was conducted. Responses were analysed through mixed methods. Responses to items presented as ordinal scales were analysed using descriptive statistics, and open‐ended responses through a qualitative approach to identify themes.

Results

A total of 32 paediatricians, 2 rehabilitation specialists and 50 physiotherapists completed the survey, with respondents working within both hospital‐ and community‐based settings. Barriers most frequently reported were inconsistency in radiology practice and reporting (35%), parent engagement (32%), limited communication between clinicians (31%), lack of clarity in lines of responsibility (27%) and forgetting to undertake surveillance (26%). Four major themes were identified through qualitative analysis: (i) recognition of the importance of clinical guidelines to hip surveillance; (ii) the value of each role in the team around a child; (iii) the challenge of sharing responsibility; and (iv) the importance of communication in facilitating collaboration.

Conclusions

Barriers can be encountered at each phase of the hip surveillance process, but there are also factors that act as facilitators. Locally, the results will inform the development of an enhanced state‐wide approach to hip surveillance for all children with CP. The identified barriers do not appear unique to the local context, and the findings may be transferable to other settings. Awareness of the potential barriers and facilitators would be valuable to those implementing hip surveillance in other areas.
The global–local tension in medical education: turning ‘think global, act local’ on its head?
Authors: Prideaux David
Published: July 2018

Context

Medical education has not been immune from forces for globalisation in the contemporary world. At the same time the social accountability of medical schools in addressing local health priorities has been emphasised. This paper explores the global–local tension in medical education through a careful selection of key overview papers.

Globalisation

Globalisation in medical education has taken two main forms: economic and altruistic. The former includes licensing curricula, recruiting internationally and establishing ‘offshore’ schools or campuses. Altruistic collaborations focus on the spread of learning and educational innovations. Both forms bring benefits but have been subject to critique for their differential impact and focus on educational inputs rather than outputs.

Social Accountability

Social accountability requires medical schools to direct their activities to local priorities and to serving local health systems. Adoption of the principles of social accountability compels all medical schools to ask questions of their educational programmes and graduate outcomes. However, these are globally interdependent questions and are the intent of some well‐known social accountability collaborations. It is naïve to think that adoption of a social accountability agenda by all medical schools would necessarily reduce global health inequity. A recent Australian example shows that workforce maldistribution, for example, is resistant to even high‐level intervention.

Conclusions

It is yet too early to fully accept that ‘think global, act local can be turned on its head’. There is much research to be carried out, particularly on the outcomes and impacts of medical education. Establishing cause and effect is a challenge, as is determining whether globalisation or localisation can contribute to greater global health equity. If we are ever to resolve the global–local tension in medical education, we need more evidence on the outcomes of what we do, whether globally or locally inspired.
Intra‐arterial spread of Mucormycetes mediates early ischemic necrosis of brain and suggests new venues for prophylactic therapy
Authors: Bannykh Sergei I. , Hunt Brice , Moser Franklin
Published: July 2018

Intracranial invasion by Mucormycosis carries high mortality mostly related to arterial occlusion and ischemic necrosis. We report clinical, imaging and autopsy findings in an adult immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patient with fungal infection extending from a tooth. We report a striking discordance between a restriction of fungal growth to the initial branches of the circle of Willis and extensive ischemic infarcts of deep brain structures. This lends to a suggestion of apparently lost opportunities for brain salvage and prompts a re‐assessment of clinical approaches to treat mucormycosis.
Bullying in Australian children and adolescents with food allergies
Authors: Fong Andrew Timothy , Katelaris Constance Helen , Wainstein Brynn Kevin
Published: July 2018

Background

Food allergy is an increasing concern worldwide. The significant impact of food allergies on quality of life and bullying has been well described in international studies. No studies have yet investigated the occurrence of bullying in children and adolescents with food allergies in the Australian population. This study aimed to characterize and examine the frequency of bullying and describe those most responsible and the effects of the bullying on the victims.

Methods

Questionnaires were developed based on those used in previous studies and were distributed throughout paediatric allergy clinics. Children and adolescents aged 10‐19 with food allergies were recruited to complete the questionnaire independently, whilst parents completed the questionnaire on behalf of their children aged 5‐9 with food allergies. The data were tabulated and analysed using descriptive statistics.

Results

Ninety‐three questionnaires were completed. Overall, 39 (42%) children experienced some form of bullying. This was higher in the older children and adolescent group, where 53% (18/34) were bullied. In addition, 23% (21/93) of the cohort were bullied or teased specifically because of their allergy. Food allergens had been used in the bullying in 24 cases, but no child reported being forced to eat foods to which they were allergic. Two adolescents experienced allergic reactions.

Conclusions

This study highlights that those with food allergy are subject to a high degree of bullying. This risk of bullying for children with food allergy indicates a significant social problem that requires addressing to positively assist these children.
Guidelines for pediatric anogenital examination: Insights from our vulvar dermatology clinic
Authors: Habeshian Kaiane , Fowler Kylie , Gomez‐Lobo Veronica , Marathe Kalyani
Published: July 2018

To our knowledge, there are no guidelines in the dermatology literature for performing anogenital examinations in prepubescent children. Based on experience in our joint pediatric dermatology‐gynecology vulvar clinic, we aim to provide a framework for conducting genital examinations in children, focusing on the vulvar examination. Our goal is to enhance confidence in the pediatric dermatologist's ability to perform thorough examinations by providing general principles as well as concrete “do's” and “don'ts” that will create a maximally comfortable and productive experience. These steps will help create a positive experience for the patient and family, encouraging further follow‐up and enhancing the overall well‐being of the child.
Genetic variants associated with skin photosensitivity in a southern European population from Spain
Authors: Hernando Barbara , Sanz‐Page Elena , Pitarch Gerard , Mahiques Laura , Valcuende‐Cavero Francisca , Martinez‐Cadenas Conrado
Published: July 2018

Background/Purpose

Recent GWAS studies, mostly performed in populations of North European origin, have identified the genetic loci associated with pigmentation, sun sensitivity, freckling and skin cancer susceptibility. Here, we aimed at addressing the genetic determinants of sunlight sensitivity in Spain, a southern European population.

Methods

Nine SNPs located in 8 pigmentation‐related genes (IRF4, TYR, ASP, HERC2, OCA2, BNC2, SLC24A4 and SLC45A2) were genotyped in 456 Spaniards. Additionally, the complete sequence of the MC1R gene was obtained, testing each nonsynonymous mutation supported by the classification as R or r alleles. A standardised questionnaire was used to collect demographic characteristics, pigmentation and sun sensitivity traits, as well as sun exposure habits.

Results

MC1R R alleles and IRF4 rs12203592 were significantly associated with sunlight sensitivity at the Bonferroni‐corrected level (P‐value < 4.54 × 10−3). Genetic variants in SLC45A2 (rs16891982) and HERC2 (rs12913832) were also found to be significantly associated with skin photosensitivity in our Spanish sample. Interaction analysis using the MDR method revealed epistatic effects when these four variants were considered together.

Conclusion

MC1R, IRF4, HERC2 and SLC45A2 play a significant role in skin sensitivity to sunlight in the Spanish population. Moreover, interaction among these four loci seems to modulate the ability of the skin to respond to UV radiation.
Differences in caesarean rates across women's socio‐economic status by diverse obstetric indications: Cross‐sectional study
Authors: Adhikari Kamala , McNeil Deborah A. , McDonald Sheila , Patel Alka B. , Metcalfe Amy
Published: July 2018

Background

The existing inconsistent association between the caesarean rate and maternal socio‐economic status (SES) may be the result of a failure to examine the association across indications for caesarean. This study examined the variation in caesarean rates by maternal SES across diverse obstetric‐indications.

Methods

Data on demographics, education, insurance status, medical‐conditions, and obstetric characteristics needed to classify deliveries according to Robson's 10 obstetric‐groups were extracted from the 2015 US birth certificate data (n = 3 988 733). Multivariable log‐binomial regression was used to analyse the data adjusting for confounders.

Results

The caesarean rate was 34.1% for women with high SES and 26.8% for those with low SES. After adjustment for confounders, the rate was similar between women with graduate degrees and those who did not complete high school (relative risk (RR) 1.0, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.9, 1.1). However, different rates of caesareans across SES were observed for particular obstetric‐indications. Notably, women with graduate education compared to those who did not complete high school were more likely to have a caesarean (RR 3.0, 95% CI 2.9, 3.1) for a low‐risk condition (group 1: nulliparous women with single, cephalic, ≥37 gestational weeks, and spontaneous labour). Women with private insurance were more likely to have a caesarean in almost all obstetric groups, compared to those without private insurance or Medicaid.

Conclusion

Examining the overall caesarean rate obscures the relationship between SES and the use of caesarean for particular obstetric‐indications. The unequal utilisation of caesareans across SES highlights overuse and potential underuse of the caesareans among American women.
Honesty Speaks a Second Language
Authors: Bereby‐Meyer Yoella , Hayakawa Sayuri , Shalvi Shaul , Corey Joanna D. , Costa Albert , Keysar Boaz
Published: July 2018

Theories of dishonest behavior implicitly assume language independence. Here, we investigated this assumption by comparing lying by people using a foreign language versus their native tongue. Participants rolled a die and were paid according to the outcome they reported. Because the outcome was private, they could lie to inflate their profit without risk of repercussions. Participants performed the task either in their native language or in a foreign language. With native speakers of Hebrew, Korean, Spanish, and English, we discovered that, on average, people inflate their earnings less when they use a foreign language. The outcome is explained by a dual system account that suggests that self‐serving dishonesty is an automatic tendency, which is supported by a fast and intuitive system. Because using a foreign language is less intuitive and automatic, it might engage more deliberation and reduce the temptation to lie. These findings challenge theories of ethical behavior to account for the role of the language in shaping ethical behavior.
Shedding Light on Keeping People in the Dark
Authors: Fallis Don
Published: July 2018

We want to keep hackers in the dark about our passwords and our credit card numbers. We want to keep potential eavesdroppers in the dark about our private communications with friends and business associates. This need for secrecy raises important questions in epistemology (how do we do it?) and in ethics (should we do it?). In order to answer these questions, it would be useful to have a good understanding of the concept ofkeeping someone in the dark. Several philosophers (e.g., Bok, 1983; Carson, 2010; Mahon, 2009; Scheppele, 1988) have analyzed this concept (or, equivalently, the concept ofkeeping secrets) in terms of concealing and/or withholding information. However, their analyses incorrectly exclude clear instances of keeping someone in the dark. And more important, they incorrectly focus on possiblemeansof keeping someone in the dark rather than on what itisto keep someone in the dark. In this paper, I argue that you keep X in the dark about a proposition P if and only if you intentionally cause X not to have a true belief that P. In addition, I show how this analysis of keeping someone in the dark can be extended from a categorical belief model of epistemic states to a credence (or degree of belief) model.
Evolution of protein trafficking in kinetoplastid parasites: Complexity and pathogenesis
Authors: Venkatesh Divya , Zhang Ning , Zoltner Martin , del Pino Ricardo Canavate , Field Mark C.
Published: July 2018

The kinetoplastida and their close relatives are unicellular organisms prevalent within the biosphere and important for significant impacts on global health, economy and ecosystems. They are, under most models, an early branching lineage. Individual species adapted to highly diverse environments by adopting complex life styles; parasitic species can infect a wide range of eukaryotic hosts, while many relatives are free‐living and some autotrophic from acquiring a plastid for photosynthesis. Adaptation is especially evident in the evolution of kinetoplastid cell surface architecture and is supported by endomembrane trafficking and serves as a platform for interaction with its environment. Here we summarize and discuss recent genomic and experimental studies of the protein trafficking system in kinetoplastids, with focus on the composition and function of the surface as well as mechanisms for constructing, maintaining and regulating the cell surface proteome. We hope this provides a broad view of how protein trafficking contributes to the intricate and dynamic host‐parasite interfaces that are critical for successful environmental adaptation of this highly important lineage.
Effect of Equity Financing Options on Financial Performance of Non-Financial Firms Listed at the Nairobi Securities Exchange, Kenya
Authors: Achieng Benter Omollo , Muturi Willy , Wanjare Joshua
Published: July 2018

Corporate finance managers worldwide have for a long time consistently sought to maximize shareholders’ wealth and their firm’s market value through their decisions on firm’s capital structure. However, both scholars and practitioners of corporate finance are yet to agree on the optimal mix of equity and debt that maximizes a firm’s financial performance. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of equity financing options namely common stock (CS), retained earnings (REN) and total equity (TED) as ratios of total assets on the financial performance measured as return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE) of Kenya’s listed firms. Utilizing panel econometric techniques namely pooled ordinary least squares (OLS), fixed effects (FE) and random effects (RE), the study analyzes the effects of equity variables as ratios of total assets on the financial performance of 40 non-financial firms listed at the Nairobi Securities Exchange between 2009 and 2015. The study’s empirical results show that CS ratio significantly and negatively affects ROA while REN ratio has a statistically significant and positive effect on ROA. Overall, TE ratio positively and significantly affects ROA. On the contrary, ROE is not significantly affected by the equity variables in the sample. While the non-significant effects of equity on ROE find support in Modigliani and Miller’s capital structure irrelevance theory, the positive effects of REN ratio and the negative effects of CS ratio on ROA, which are largely supported by the trade-off theory, may explain the pecking order theory’s prioritization of internal capital sources over debt and equity issuances. Thus, corporate finance managers should find a place for internal financing options particularly retained earnings to maximize equity holders’ returns on assets employed. Additionally, corporate finance managers should endeavour to minimize on the use of CS due to its negative effects on shareholder earnings on their assets. Nonetheless, a reasonable balance between CS and REN should be considered since the positive effect between TE and ROA is an appraisal for an optimum mix of equity financing options.
A new species of Fungitarsonemus (Acari: Prostigmata: Tarsonemidae) from Australia
Authors: Rezende José Marcos , Otto Jürgen , Lofego Antonio , Ochoa Ronald
Published: July 2018

Fungitarsonemus Cromroy is a genus of Tarsonemidae (Prostigmata) that is easily recognizable by the shape of its pharynx and length of the scapular setae of both sexes. Fourteen species have been described worldwide. Here, we describe Fungitarsonemus australiensis sp. nov. from citrus in Australia. A key to the species of Fungitarsonemus from Oceania is provided.
Two new species of myrmecophilous mites of the families Neopygmephoridae and Microdispidae (Acari: Heterostigmatina: Pygmephoroidea) from Brazil
Authors: Silva Rafaela Almeida , Khaustov Alexandr Alexandrovich , Oliveira Anibal Ramadan
Published: July 2018

Two new species of myrmecophilous mites of the superfamily Pygmephoroidea (Acari: Heterostigmatina) are described from ants collected in dry cacao fruits in a plantation in Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil. Petalomium braziliensis sp.nov. (Neopygmephoridae) from workers of Odontomachus haematodus (Linnaeus, 1758), and Caesarodispus delabiei sp.nov. (Microdispidae) from workers of Camponotus atriceps (Smith, 1858) (Hymenoptera: Fomicidae). This is the first record of the genus Caesarodispus in South America.
New phytoptids (Eriophyoidea, Phytoptidae) from southern African endemic dicotyledons: description of two new species of Solenocristus n. g. and updated key to world genera of the tribe Sierraphytoptini
Authors: Chetverikov Philipp , Craemer Charnie , Neser Stefan , Zukoff Sarah
Published: July 2018

A new phytoptid genus and two new species, Solenocristus karooensis n. g. & n. sp. and S. searsius n. sp. (Phytoptidae, Sierraphytoptinae, Sierraphytoptini), were collected in the Eastern and Western Cape provinces of South Africa, from southern African endemic dicotyledonous trees Schotia afra (Fabaceae) and Searsia lucida (Anacardiaceae) respectively. They are described and illustrated with the aid of conventional light microscopy and low temperature scanning electron microscopy. Females of both new species possess a distinct pregenital plate divided into two parts by a subcuticular medial ridge. Additionally, in S. karooensis n. sp. the movable digit of the male chelicerae varies in length: among six observed males, three males had a movable digit (md) twice shorter than the fixed digit (fd), in one male it was slightly shorter than fd and in the remaining two males md and fd were of the same length. An updated key to the world genera of the tribe Sierraphytoptini is given. The key incorporates data on seven sierraphytoptine genera including three genera (Neoprothrix Reis & Navia, Solenoplatilobus Chetverikov & Craemer and Solenocristus n. g.) which were described since the last generic key of Eriophyoidea by Amrine et al. (2003) was published.
Proposed DOE test reactor sparks controversy
Authors: Cho Adrian
Published: July 2018

Congress favors the Versatile Fast Neutron Source but some scientists see little need
Ancient goat genomes reveal mosaic domestication in the Fertile Crescent
Authors: Daly Kevin G. , Maisano Delser Pierpaolo , Mullin Victoria E. , Scheu Amelie , Mattiangeli Valeria , Teasdale Matthew D. , Hare Andrew J. , Burger Joachim , Verdugo Marta Pereira , Collins Matthew J. , Kehati Ron , Erek Cevdet Merih , Bar-Oz Guy , Pompanon François , Cumer Tristan , Çakırlar Canan , Mohaseb Azadeh Fatemeh , Decruyenaere Delphine , Davoudi Hossein , Çevik Özlem , Rollefson Gary , Vigne Jean-Denis , Khazaeli Roya , Fathi Homa , Doost Sanaz Beizaee , Rahimi Sorkhani Roghayeh , Vahdati Ali Akbar , Sauer Eberhard W. , Azizi Kharanaghi Hossein , Maziar Sepideh , Gasparian Boris , Pinhasi Ron , Martin Louise , Orton David , Arbuckle Benjamin S. , Benecke Norbert , Manica Andrea , Horwitz Liora Kolska , Mashkour Marjan , Bradley Daniel G.
Published: July 2018

How humans got their goats

Little is known regarding the location and mode of the early domestication of animals such as goats for husbandry. To investigate the history of the goat, Daly
et al.
sequenced mitochondrial and nuclear sequences from ancient specimens ranging from hundreds to thousands of years in age. Multiple wild populations contributed to the origin of modern goats during the Neolithic. Over time, one mitochondrial type spread and became dominant worldwide. However, at the whole-genome level, modern goat populations are a mix of goats from different sources and provide evidence for a multilocus process of domestication in the Near East. Furthermore, the patterns described support the idea of multiple dispersal routes out of the Fertile Crescent region by domesticated animals and their human counterparts.

Science
, this issue p.
85
Why has it taken so long to improve cat care?
Authors: Bessant Claire
Published: July 2018

Claire Bessant argues that although great strides have been made in understanding the clinical needs of cats, the veterinary sector has been slow to make progress in improving their wellbeing in veterinary clinics, and more needs to be done to meet the welfare needs of cats.
Variation and diversity of the breakpoint sequences on 4AL for the 4AL/5AL translocation inTriticum
Authors: Luo Wei , Qin Nana , Mu Yang , Tang Huaping , Deng Mei , Liu Yaxi , Chen Guangdeng , Jiang Qiantao , Chen Guoyue , Wei Yuming , Zheng Youliang , Lan Xiujin , Ma Jian
Published: July 2018

The translocation of 4AL/5AL in Triticum, which occurred before the differentiation of T. urartu and einkorn, is an important chromosomal rearrangement. Recently, the first identification of breakpoint sequence on 4AL for this translocation provides the opportunity to analyze the variation and diversity of breakpoints in Triticum. In this study, the breakpoint regions of 52 accessions from 21 species were isolated and further characterized. The sequences were divided into 12 types based on their lengths, which ranged from 2009 to 2552 bp. Cluster analysis showed that they were further divided into three groups. Interesting evolutionary relationships among a few of the species were observed and discussed. Multiple sequence alignment of the 52 sequences made it possible to detect 13 insertion and deletion length polymorphisms (InDels) and 101 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Furthermore, several species- or accession-specific SNPs or InDels were also identified. Based on BLAST analysis of the conserved sequences, the breakpoint was narrowed down to a 125 bp fragment. Taken together, the results obtained in this study enrich our understanding of chromosomal breakpoints and will be useful for the identification of other breakpoints in wheat.