bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A review on recent applications of machine learning in mechanical properties of composites
Authors: Liang Yi , Wei Xinyue , Peng Yongyue , Wang Xiaohan , Niu Xiaoting
Published: September 2024

Composites are undergoing extensive research and utilization due to their excellent mechanical properties, driven by human needs. Traditionally, the research methods in materials science predominantly rely on empirical theory or experimental trial and error approaches. However, the increased complexity of composite materials results in a greater intricacy in their mechanical behavior. Consequently, the utilization of traditional research methods may not achieve sufficient efficiency. Materials science is rapidly transitioning into a data‐driven era, with machine learning (ML) emerging as a potent tool to expedite materials development and enhance properties prediction. Significant advancements have been achieved in the application of ML to the study of composite mechanics. In this review article, we elucidate various ML methods employed in the construction of constitutive models for isotropic and anisotropic composites, and delve into the research on construction ML models that leverage input data derived from composite processes, structures, and environmental conditions to predict material mechanical properties. Additionally, we summarize recent noteworthy ML applications in composite design and optimization. Finally, possible prospective viewpoints are proposed for future development, with the aim of providing essential scientific guidance for advancing material science and technology through ML.

Highlights

Machine learning can address complexity in constitutive model of the anisotropic composites.

Machine learning predicts mechanical properties of composites well by process and structure.

Machine learning enhances efficiency in inverse design to optimize composites.

Limitations, challenges, development trends of ML in composites.
Green and safe preparation of antibacterial sutures composed of PLA ultrafine fibers
Authors: Wang Yuhang , Fu Hongyan , Tan Jing , Bubakir Mahmoud M. , Xu Xiaodong , Li Haoyi , Yang Weimin
Published: September 2024

The electrospun yarn for sutures has gained worldwide attention due to its fine fibers that resemble the extracellular matrix and its abundant functional sites. However, the use of a large number of toxic solvents poses safety risks and environmental pollution during production, making it challenging to directly apply electrospun yarn in the biomedical field. In this study, an environmentally friendly and safe method without toxic solvents was proposed for preparing antibacterial PLA ultrafine fiber sutures. This method involves melt electrospinning, hot‐stretching, low‐temperature plasma treatment, and chitosan grafting. The PLA ultrafine fiber sutures exhibit a high tensile strength which is 2.04 N before knotting and 1.57 N after knotting. The suture diameter is 118.7 μm and average fiber diameter is 1.72 μm. Chitosan grafted on the fiber surface provides excellent antibacterial properties for the sutures, with antibacterial rates against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus reaching 99.89% and 99.11%, respectively. The cell survival rate is 97.33%, while hemolysis rate is only 2.35%, demonstrating excellent biocompatibility of PLA ultrafine fiber sutures. This study presents a green and safe method for preparing clinically applicable absorbable antibacterial surgical sutures with high mechanical properties.

Highlights

A green and safe method for preparing PLA‐CS ultrafine fiber sutures.

PLA‐CS suture with a tensile strength of 2.04 N and a fiber diameter of 1.72 μm.

PLA‐CS suture with good antibacterial property and biocompatibility.
Protective Effects of Antimicrobial Peptide Microcin J25 (MccJ25) Isolated From Escherichia coli Against Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Shalibeik Saman , Ghandehari Fereshte , Ahadi Ali‐Mohammad , Rastegari Ali‐Asghar , Ghiasian Mojgan
Published: September 2024

Microcins are antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) with low molecular weight, which are produced by Enterobacterales and have broad‐spectrum antibacterial activity. Alternative approaches like AMPs could help conventional anticancer treatments to fight malignant cells. The present study endeavors to examine the antitumor activity of microcins isolated from different Enterobacterales strains. In total, 120 Enterobacterales isolates were examined after identification. Subsequently, the bacteria were subjected to an agar diffusion test to assess their antibacterial efficacy. Positive isolates were further examined for the presence of Mccj25 using PCR. The cytotoxic effects of isolates harboring the microcin gene were explored using quantitative real‐time PCR (RT‐qPCR) and the MTT test on breast cancer cells. In addition, the expression levels of BCL2 and STAT3 genes were evaluated, and apoptosis was quantified using flow cytometry. The repair rate of normal cells was determined using a scratch assay. The findings obtained from the phenotypic and biochemical assays have duly verified and established the categorization of the Enterobacterales. After conducting the agar diffusion test, a total of 25 isolates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae displaying inhibition zones were chosen as suitable specimens possessing AMPs. The analysis conducted on the expression of the Mccj25 gene within the aforementioned isolates indicated that Isolate 83 exhibited significant expression of the Mccj25 gene. The extract obtained from this isolate on the breast cancer cell line exhibited the most significant degree of toxicity after 48 h. Furthermore, the treatment of breast cancer cells with Isolate 83 showed that the rate of apoptosis was about 86%, and the expression of BCL2 and STAT3 genes decreased. Contrarily, it potentiated the reparative ability of nontumoral fibroblasts, supporting the in vitro safety toward normal cells and, at the same time, the selectivity against malignant ones. In summary, our results highlighted a significant growth suppression of breast cancer cells with an escalated rate of cellular demise via the apoptosis pathway.
Landsat Analysis of Terraced Thermokarst Lake Variability on Alaska's Coastal Plain
Authors: Fratkin Michael Mulugetta , Piliouras Anastasia
Published: September 2024

Thermokarst lakes are abundant across the Arctic landscape. Although they are largely understood to form due to thawing permafrost and subsidence, these lakes exist in a variety of forms, shapes, and sizes. Some lakes across the Arctic exhibit shallow subaqueous terraces. The terraces have previously been shown to maintain permafrost beneath them due to the presence of bedfast ice during most of the year, whereas a talik develops beneath the deeper central pool. However, the formation of these terraces and their prevalence across the Arctic are currently unknown. In this study, we mapped the locations of thermokarst lakes and their terraces in the Alaska coastal plain using Landsat imagery. We found that terraces are larger and more abundant in sandy deposits, occupying an average of 40% of the lake area, compared to 20% of the lake area in non‐sandy lithologies. Terraces are most often found on the eastern and western lake shorelines, likely associated with regional wind directions, forming on the long sides of northwest–southeast oriented lakes. We propose a conceptual model for terrace formation in sandy deposits that describes the growth of shallow littoral shelves that protect the eastern and western shorelines from erosion while allowing lake extension in the northwest and southeast directions. Finally, given the close association between bedfast ice, talik extent, and the shallow subaqueous terraces, we suggest that mapping of these relatively stable terraces may provide insights about talik extent across the Arctic coastal region. Continued warming and changes to lake ice regimes are likely to increase talik extent, which may be easily observable by temporal analysis of terrace abundance and extent in widely available remotely sensed imagery.
Impacts of climate change on the transcriptional dynamics and timing of bud dormancy release in Yoshino‐cherry tree
Authors: Miyawaki‐Kuwakado Atsuko , Han Qingmin , Kitamura Keiko , Satake Akiko
Published: September 2024

Societal Impact Statement

The iconic Yoshino cherry tree in Japan is experiencing shifts in its blossom timing due to climate warming. To develop a genetically informed predictive model for bud dormancy release, we examined seasonal gene expression in Yoshino cherry trees at three different locations. Our experiments, coupled with the analysis of DORMANCY‐ASSOCIATED MADS‐box (DAM) genes, highlighted DAM4 as the most reliable indicator for the rate of bud dormancy release. Our study demonstrated that seasonal gene expression profiles serve as a valuable indicator for forecasting the timing of dormancy release, benefiting Japanese traditions and providing insights into the biological impacts of climate change.

The Yoshino cherry tree Cerasus × yedoensis ‘Somei‐yoshino’ stands out as an iconic springtime symbol in Japan. For the Yoshino cherry trees to bloom in the spring, dormant buds must undergo a period of exposure to low temperatures, allowing them to break dormancy. Key genes related to dormancy release, known as DORMANCY‐ASSOCIATED MADS‐box (DAM), have been extensively studied. However, it remains unclear how these genes function in natural environments to regulate the timing of bud dormancy release.

To develop a genetically informed predictive model for bud dormancy release, we explored seasonal changes in genome‐wide gene expression profiles in the Yoshino cherry trees at three distinct sites in Japan. Five distinct genome‐wide transcription profiles, subjectively named as modes—early summer, summer, autumn, winter, and spring—were identified, with the winter and spring modes observed when the daily mean temperature was below approximately 10°C.

Our experiments of bud dormancy release, along with the assessment of expression profiles of DAM genes, have revealed that among the six DAM genes, DAM4 expression profile is the most indicative of the rate of bud dormancy break. Our estimates suggest that, on average, the tree needs to be exposed to temperatures below 10.1°C for 61.1 days to suppress DAM4 expression to the threshold required for bud dormancy release.

Our projections for the timing of bud dormancy release indicated a delay of approximately 2.3 days per decade from 1990 to 2020. Our study demonstrated that gene expression serves as a valuable indicator for forecasting the timing of dormancy release.
From Atmosphere to Health Outcomes: Analyzing Predictors of Respiratory Disease Mortality in Turkiye
Authors: Kocak Mehmet , Kocak Asli Nurefsan
Published: September 2024

Background

Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and pneumonia are significant contributors to morbidity and mortality worldwide. Identifying the predictors of mortality due to these diseases is crucial for effective public health interventions.

Methods

We conducted a longitudinal trajectory modeling using SAS TRAJ procedures on data from 81 provinces in Turkiye, categorizing death rates into two profiles for asthma and COPD and three for pneumonia. Environmental and socioeconomic factors were examined as potential predictors through logistic regression modeling.

Results

For asthma, none of the predictors met the false discovery rate (FDR) threshold for significance, suggesting the need for further research. In contrast, COPD predictors showed robust associations with mortality rates, particularly concerning environmental factors such as humidity and temperature. Pneumonia mortality was significantly associated with factors, including air pressure, humidity, temperature, alcohol use, and particulate matter.

Conclusion

The study reveals distinct mortality profiles for respiratory diseases and highlights the importance of environmental and lifestyle factors as predictors. These findings emphasize the need for targeted public health strategies and interventions to manage these diseases effectively.
A Quantum Image Secret Sharing Scheme Based on Designated Multi‐Verifier Signature
Authors: Wang Ye , Xu Guang‐Bao , Jiang Dong‐Huan
Published: September 2024

This paper presents a quantum image secret sharing scheme based on designated multi‐verifier signature. First, share images are generated by a 2D hyperchaotic system incorporating sinusoidal mapping, Henon mapping, and Cubic mapping using the cascade modulation method. Quantum Arnold scrambling and diffusion are performed on the secret image. Subsequently, the concept of designated multi‐verifier signature is introduced. In the secret image sharing phase, the pixel values of the share images are used to sign the secret image, and the signed secret image and share images are sent to a trusted third party and designated verifiers, respectively. In this scheme, no carrier images are required, and the share images held by the participants do not contain any information about the secret image. Finally, simulation experiments and security analysis are conducted on IBM Qiskit platform and Matlab software.
Pulmonary vasodilators in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease and pre‐capillary pulmonary hypertension—A case series
Authors: Leguizamon Raul , McLaren Ian , John Tara , Khan Rasha , Prendergast Alexander , Wattanachayakul Phuuwadith , Geller Andrew , Malin John , Jarret Simone A. , Lo Kevin Bryan , Martinez Manzano Jose Manuel , Witzke Christian
Published: September 2024

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a prevalent complication among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). In these patients, pulmonary vasodilators may be useful but are underused. We describe a group of patients with precapillary PH and advanced CKD treated with pulmonary vasodilators. This was a case series of patients with CKD stage 4 and 5 and precapillary PH (isolated or combined) based on right heart catheterization (RHC) treated with pulmonary vasodilators from 2018 to 2023. Of 263 patients with isolated precapillary or combined PH and advanced CKD, only 17 (6%) were treated with pulmonary vasodilators; 53% (n = 9) with precapillary PH and 47% (n = 8) with combined PH. Most patients (94%, n = 16) received phosphodiesterase‐5 antagonists, while 12% (n = 2) received endothelin receptor antagonists. Adverse clinical outcomes were seen in 35% of patients within a year. The use of pulmonary vasodilator did not prevent adverse outcomes in patients with precapillary PH and advanced CKD.
A Tetranuclear copper(II) Complex with a Pyridine‐2,6‐dicarboxamide Ligand: Structural and Magnetic Properties and In vitro Antiproliferative Activity Against Human Cancer Cells
Authors: Mondal Antu , Saha Moumita , Das Sanjib , Das Saha Krishna , Sengupta Swaraj , Corbella Montse , Frontera Antonio , Kumar Chattopadhyay Shyamal
Published: September 2024

A pentadentate diamide ligand, N,N′‐di(pyridine‐2‐yl)pyridine‐2,6‐dicarboxamide (L1H2) and its tetranuclear Cu(II) complex [Cu4(L1)2(μ3‐OH)2(H2O)3(ClO4)](ClO4) ⋅ H2O are reported. X‐ray crystal structure of the complex reveals that it has an open‐book type architecture. Two central copper atoms are connected to each other by two hydroxo bridges. Each of these two hydroxo bridges also connects the two central copper atoms to one of the two terminal copper atoms. Variable temperature susceptibility measurements show that χMT decreases with the temperature, indicating a strong antiferromagnetic behavior. With the help of DFT calculations the magnetic data was analyzed using the spin Hamiltonian H=−2 J1S3 ⋅ S4 −2 J2(S3 ⋅ S1+ S3 ⋅ S2+ S4 ⋅ S1+ S4 ⋅ S2)−2 J3S1 ⋅ S2 (where subscripts 1 and 2 refer to the terminal copper atoms and 3 and 4 refer to the central copper atoms). The best fit was obtained with 2 J1=−322 cm−1, 2 J2=+34.8 cm−1, 2 J3=−8.8 cm−1 and g=2.18, indicating a δ‐type interaction between terminal copper atoms. The complex proves to be an avid binder of ct‐DNA, with apparent binding constant (Kapp) value estimated as 1.536×107 M−1. In vitro experiments indicate that the Cu(II) complex reduced the proliferation of HCT116 cells among other cell lines. This reduction of cell proliferation may be attributed to the enhancement of intracellular ROS, along with modulation and disruption of cell cycle associated proteins. SKC conceptualized the project, arranged funding and involved in overall coordination among collaborators, analyzing the data, and writing the paper. AM was involved in doing the experimental work on synthesis of the compounds, carrying out analytical and spectroscopic measurements, collecting X‐ray crystallographic data and DNA binding experiments. MS, SM and KDS were involved in study of anticancer activities of the complex. SS helped in refining X‐ray structure of the complex. MC did the magnetic measurements and analysis whereas AF did the DFT calculations.
Facile Synthesis of Porous Zinc Nanosheets for Highly Selective Electrochemical CO2 Reduction to CO
Authors: Mahyoub Samah A. , Drmosh Husam Q. , Qaraah Fahim A. , Suliman Munzir , Al‐Fadhil Danah A. , Drmosh Qasem A.
Published: September 2024

With the increasing levels of CO2 emissions and the decreasing availability of energy resources, the electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) offers a promising method for utilizing CO2 as a valuable resource using sustainable electrical energy. However, developing cost‐effective and highly efficient catalysts remains a significant challenge. Although zinc, an abundant element on Earth, has shown potential for converting CO2 into CO, its effectiveness as a catalyst for CO2 reduction is hindered by its low selectivity and stability. This study introduces a fast, efficient, and simple electrochemical deposition method for preparing porous zinc nanosheets (NS) using the hydrogen bubble template approach. The as‐prepared zinc NS catalyst demonstrates exceptional catalytic activity due to its highly porous structure and high specific surface area. At a voltage of −1 V versus RHE, it achieves a maximum CO Faradaic efficiency of 89.5 %. The performance of this system is characterized by a partial current density of around −6.17 mA cm−2 in an H‐cell configuration. Additionally, our catalyst exhibits remarkable durability over 10 h, highlighting its significant potential for real‐world utilization in CO2RR.
Metathesis Mastery: Crafting Linear Triquinane Frameworks for Natural Product Synthesis
Authors: Cheekatla Subba Rao , Seema Vittal , Marri Srinivas , Pullepu Gayatridevi
Published: September 2024

Organic and medicinal chemists have shown great interest in developing simple approaches for creating linear triquinane structures, as they are crucial for synthesizing both natural and synthetic products. Linear triquinane shows various biological characteristics like being commonly used for antitumor, antibacterial, and antimalarial purposes, making it a popular subject of study among synthetic chemists. These come from different sources like marine organisms, plants, and fungi and make up a significant group of sesquiterpenoids. These can be classified as cis‐syn‐cis or cis‐anti‐cis based on the stereochemistry at the ring junction, with cis‐anti‐cis being the most common type and exhibiting significant biological activity. In this review, we summarized different methods using a combination of photothermal and olefin metathesis strategy to construct a triquinane framework by utilizing both traditional heat and microwave radiation. Some commonly used synthetic methods, including metathesis protocol and key reactions like Grignard reaction and Diels–Alder reaction, were utilized together with ring‐closing, ring‐opining, and ring‐rearrangement metathesis to create the linear triquinane core for use in total synthesis of natural products. Additionally, the use of photothermal olefin metathesis along with Hosomi‐Sakurai reaction conditions allows for the creation of intricate polyquinanes, which can be used to produce complex natural compounds and for designing unique molecules theoretically.
Synthesis, Photophysical, and Computational Studies of Mono‐Azo‐Bridged, Meso‐Tris(2‐Furyl/2‐Thienyl) Substituted Porphyrin‐Arene Hybrids
Authors: Nagesh Shet Sahana , Ganesh Bhat Vighneshwar , Hegde Vasundhara , Hegde Gurumurthy , Kumar Dalimba Udaya , Shetti Vijayendra S.
Published: September 2024

Porphyrins hybrids have been used as models to study various energy/electron transfer processes. The linkers connecting various subunits in such hybrids are vital in establishing good electronic communication between the subunits and the azo‐bridge can be one of the efficient linkers to do so. Despite of these, the mono azo‐bridged porphyrin‐arene hybrids reported in the literature are only handful and the methods used to create them are not that efficient. In addition, the porphyrins used in this field so far contains only six‐membered meso‐substituents. By keeping these points in mind, we have developed a mild, one‐pot, work‐up‐free, high‐yielding method to synthesize mono‐azo‐bridged, porphyrin‐arene hybrids which also features porphyrins containing three five‐membered substituents like 2‐furyl or 2‐thienyl on their meso‐positions. Along with the NMR and mass characterizations, the photophysical and computational studies of all the reported hybrids are presented. The hybrids containing meso‐tris(2‐furyl/thienyl) substituted porphyrins displayed red‐shifted absorption and emission bands compared to their all‐meso‐aryl‐containing counterparts. In general, all the hybrids displayed enhanced fluorescence quantum yields compared to their precursor porphyrins. Among the series, the meso‐tris(2‐furyl) substituted porphyrin‐arene hybrids exhibited the more significant Stokes shift and small bandgap. The computational studies were in good agreement with the experimental findings.
Instandsetzung und Verstärkung von Stahlkomponenten mit vorgespannten CFK‐Materialien
Authors: Ghafoori Elyas , Possekel Joshua , Heydarinouri Hossein , Hosseini Ardalan , Li Lingzhen , Wang Sizhe
Published: September 2024

Um die schlimmsten Auswirkungen des Klimawandels abzuwenden, hat sich die internationale Gemeinschaft dem Ziel Net‐Zero 2050 verschrieben. Die Rohstahlproduktion verursacht einen sehr hohen Anteil an den weltweit ausgestoßenen CO2‐Emissionen. Die Internationale Energieagentur schätzt, dass die direkten CO2‐Emissionen durch die Rohstahlproduktion bei etwa 1,4 t CO2 pro Tonne Stahl liegen. Zur Erreichung der Klimaneutralität bis 2050 muss die Stahlindustrie ihre Treibhausgasemissionen drastisch reduzieren. Dieses Ziel kann neben umweltfreundlicher Stahlproduktion durch lebensdauerverlängernde Instandsetzungsmaßnahmen oder Wiederverwendung bestehender Tragstrukturen effektiv vorangetrieben werden. Hiermit können bspw. Umweltemissionen aus möglicher Erneuerung der Tragstrukturen eingespart und damit der Bedarf an neuem Rohstahl reduziert werden. Die Verwendung von carbonfaserverstärktem Kunststoff (CFK) bietet ein großes Potenzial für die Verlängerung der Lebensdauer von Stahlkonstruktionen. In diesem Beitrag werden die Hauptunterschiede bei den Bemessungsanforderungen für CFK‐verstärkte Stahlkomponenten erörtert. Des Weiteren wird ein Überblick über die bereits entwickelten Verstärkungssysteme und Einsatzmöglichkeiten gegeben, der schlaffe und vorgespannte mechanische Verankerungen sowie geklebte CFK‐Platten und ‐Stäbe umfasst. Abschließend werden einige Praxisanwendungen zur Ermüdungsverstärkung von alten Stahlbrücken vorgestellt und erläutert.
Damage evolution behavior of tunnel lining concrete with non‐through crack under single‐sided sulfate attack
Authors: Liu Xinrong , Zhuang Yang , Zhou Xiaohan , Zhu Pengcheng , Chen Hai
Published: September 2024

In order to study the dynamic damage evolution law of tunnel‐lining concrete with non‐through crack under single‐side sulfate attack, a 420‐day sulfate attack concrete test was conducted and the uniaxial compression and acoustic emission (AE) tests were carried out on each corrosion time. The test results showed that the compressive strength of each group can be divided into rising stage and falling stage, and the existence of non‐through crack reduced the compressive strength of concrete specimens and accelerated the corrosion of concrete specimens by sulfate. AE ringing count can be divided into compaction stage, elastic stage, yield stage, and post‐peak stage; the variation patterns of AE varied at different stages. Sulfate attack caused the yield point of concrete to advance. With the increase of corrosion time, microcracks increased gradually, cement mortar was consumed continuously, concrete spalling occurred, the proportion of AE cumulative ringing count Stage II decreased gradually, and the proportion of Stage III increased. Non‐through crack changed the energy storage of Stages II and III and reduced the AE activity of concrete after corrosion. The deeper the crack was, the smaller the average cumulative ringing count was and the lower the AE activity was. AE cumulative ringing counts can be used to characterize the damage evolution of corroded concrete.
Adult‐onset neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis in a smooth‐haired dachshund
Authors: Gouveia Diogo , Cloup Emilie , Foreman Max
Published: September 2024

A 5‐year‐old, smooth‐haired miniature dachshund exhibited a progressive history of frequent episodes of aggression towards objects, head pressing, circling and intermittent pelvic limb ataxia over a period of 2 weeks. Visual impairment was also noticed several months prior. Neurolocalisation was consistent with forebrain disease. Blood and urine analysis, magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and cerebrospinal fluid analysis were all unremarkable. The patient was euthanased due to disease progression, and postmortem histopathological analysis and electronic microscopy identified the accumulation of intracellular granular material in a number of neurons, mainly located in the thalamus and hypothalamus. This supported a diagnosis of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. Genetic testing showed no mutations in the causative genes reported for this breed. This case reports the occurrence of a potentially novel subtype of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, due to a currently unidentified genetic mutation, leading to an adult onset of clinical signs in the dachshund.
Hydrochemical processes and inorganic nitrogen sources of shallow groundwater in the Sanjiang Plain, northeast China
Authors: Wu Tingwen , Li Zhihong , Cui Huqun , Liu Weipo , Liu Jiangtao , Cheng Xuxue , Liu Mingzhu
Published: September 2024

This study investigates the chemical characteristics, formation, and sources of inorganic nitrogen (IN) of shallow groundwater across the Sanjiang Plain, aiming to enhance drinking water safety management and pollution control. A total of 167 groundwater and 27 surface water samples were collected for constituents and isotopes (H2 and O18). The hydrogeochemical characteristics showed that the major type is HCO3‐ Ca·Mg, with low total dissolved solids and a neutral to weak alkaline nature. Rock weathering processes govern the hydrochemical composition of groundwater. Hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopes analyses revealed that precipitation serves as the main water source. In alluvial areas, oxidative conditions lead to the enrichment of NO3‐N concentrations, with sewage, manure, and fertilizers being the primary IN sources. In lacustrine areas, intensive rice cultivation results in reductive conditions and strong denitrification processes, causing the loss of NO3‐N and leaving NH4‐N as the dominant IN form. Organic matter mineralization is likely a more significant contributor to NH4‐N concentrations than ammonium fertilizers. These findings provide valuable information for further research on natural sources and groundwater pollution in areas with similar hydrogeological conditions.

Practitioner Points

Rock weathering processes govern the hydrochemical composition of groundwater, and precipitation serves as the main water source.

In alluvial areas, oxidative conditions lead to the enrichment of NO3‐N. In lacustrine areas, intensive rice cultivation results in reductive conditions and strong denitrification processes.

Organic matter mineralization is likely a more significant contributor to NH4‐N concentrations than ammonium fertilizers.

These findings provide references for water management and information for further research on natural sources and groundwater pollution in areas with similar hydrogeological conditions.
Predictive values of serum amyloid A, toll‐like receptor 4, and sTREM‐1 for ventilator‐associated pneumonia in elderly patients undergoing abdominal surgery with tracheal intubation and general anesthesia
Authors: Lin Jianchuan , Kang Zhenming , Lin Yiqin , Han Linxuan , Li Shunyuan
Published: September 2024

Objectives

This study aimed to conduct a retrospective study to identify inflammatory biomarkers for predicting ventilator‐associated pneumonia in elderly patients.

Methods

Our retrospective study included 265 elderly patients (age ≥60 years) undergoing abdominal surgery with tracheal intubation and general anesthesia, with 93 experiencing varying degrees of ventilator‐associated pneumonia during hospitalization, and 172 without. Serum concentrations of serum amyloid A (SAA), toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4), and soluble myeloid triggering receptor 1 (sTREM‐1) were measured at 24 h post‐operation using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Comparisons of SAA, TLR4, and sTREM‐1 and other risk factors at 24 h post‐operation between elderly patients with and without ventilator‐associated pneumonia were performed.

Results

The study revealed a 35.1% incidence of postoperative ventilator‐associated pneumonia among elderly patients. Upregulations of SAA, TLR4, and sTREM‐1 were observed in patients with ventilator‐associated pneumonia. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, smoking, and tracheal intubation were identified as independent risk factors. The joint prediction model was demonstrated with superior predictive accuracy (area under the curve = 0.89) compared to individual biomarkers. Correlations with procalcitonin further supported the predictive potential of SAA, TLR4, and sTREM‐1 in an inflammatory response.

Conclusions

SAA, TLR4, and sTREM‐1, particularly when combined, serve as valuable prognostic indicators for postoperative ventilator‐associated pneumonia in elderly patients undergoing abdominal surgery with tracheal intubation and general anesthesia. The joint prediction model offered a promising tool for early risk assessment.
Importance of Teamwork and Analysis of Employer-Employee Relationship in the COVID-19 Context
Authors: Demyen Suzana
Published: September 2024

In the context where there is increasingly intense discussion about the need for a humanistic approach or about people-oriented management, teamwork is more and more encouraged in all aspects of professional life. The coronavirus pandemic has hampered the activity of organisations, raising challenges not thought of until then, but it has also created the opportunity to bring to light individual qualities and team features which had not been exploited before. The question can be asked—how has the period of the last 2 years affected the performance of the teams and how has the employee-employer relationship evolved? Can we talk about a real partnership? We find, from empirical data, that the relationship between the two parties has generally improved, and employees’ mental health has begun to represent a priority for employers, who have begun to pay more attention to the needs of individuals working in the organisations they coordinate. The success or failure of an organisation depends to a great extent on how business leaders understand how to manage the work of teams, but also how employees initiate responsible behaviour towards the performance of individual and group tasks.
Stochastic Dynamic Analysis of CFRD Considering Randomness of Ground Motion
Authors: Xu Bin , Pang Rui
Published: September 2024

With the improvement in the efficiency and accuracy of finite element numerical calculations, the nonlinear time history analysis method has gradually become the mainstream seismic safety assessment approach in the field of earth-rock dam engineering.
Performance Seismic Safety Evaluation
Authors: Xu Bin , Pang Rui
Published: September 2024

CFRDs are inherently complex, and their dynamic response and seismic damage under seismic action are manifested in various aspects. However, due to the scarcity of seismic damage data and seismic codes specifically tailored for earth and rock dams, the focus remains primarily on three aspects: deformation of the dam body, stability of the dam slopes, and safety of the panels of the seepage control body. It is believed that the deformation of the dam body may influence the overall performance of the dam, while the stability of the dam slopes and the safety of the panels may affect local functionality to some extent. In this section, drawing upon the extensive finite element dynamic calculations and stochastic dynamic response analyses discussed earlier, we utilize the generalized probability density evolution method to establish the relationship between multi-seismic intensity, multiple performance targets, and destruction probability. Initially, we focus on the deformation of the dam body and the safety of the impermeable panel body.
International governance of advancing artificial intelligence
Authors: Emery-Xu Nicholas , Jordan Richard , Trager Robert
Published: September 2024

New technologies with military applications may demand new modes of governance. In this article, we develop a taxonomy of technology governance forms, outline their strengths, and red-team their weaknesses. In particular, we consider the challenges and opportunities posed by advancing artificial intelligence, which is likely to have substantial dual-use properties. We conclude that subnational governance, though prevalent and mitigating some risks, is insufficient when the individual rewards from societally harmful actions outweigh normative sanctions, as is likely to be the case with AI. Nationally enforced standards are promising ways to govern AI deployment, but they are less viable in the “race-to-the-bottom” environments that are becoming common. When it comes to powerful technologies with military implications, there is only one multilateral option with a strong historical precedent: a non-proliferation plus norms-of-use regime, which we call NPT+. We believe that a non-proliferation regime may, therefore, be the necessary foundation for AI governance. However, AI may exhibit characteristics that would make a non-proliferation regime less effective than it has proven for nuclear weapons. As an alternative, verification-backed restrictions on AI development and use would address more risks, but they face challenges in the case of advanced AI, and we show how these challenges may not have technical solutions. Perhaps more importantly, we show that there is no clear example of major powers restricting the development of a powerful military technology when that technology lacks a ready substitute. We, therefore, turn to a final alternative, International Monopoly, which was the preferred solution of many scholars and policymakers in the early nuclear era. It should be considered again for governing AI: a monopoly would require less-invasive monitoring, though at the possible cost of eroding national sovereignty. Ultimately, we conclude that it is too soon to tell whether a non-proliferation regime, a verification-based regime, or an International Monopoly is most feasible for governing AI. Nonetheless, a variety of policies would yield a high return across all three scenarios, and we conclude by identifying some of these steps that could be taken today.
Effect of dephasing on modulation transfer in potassium
Authors: Shukla Vinay , Chakraborty Pratanu , Ray Ayan
Published: September 2024

In this work, experimental studies on the effect of dephasing on modulation transfer are reported. Here Potassium D1 transition, i.e., 39K 4S1/2(F) → 4P1/2(F/), is used as the medium. The 4 S→4P connection is modified by introducing two independent lasers. The separation between ground hyperfine states 4S1/2(F = 2,1) is almost half of Doppler width (~ 815 MHz). Hence, the two-level connections satisfied by respective lasers are overlapping in nature. In such cases, the existing optical pumping for particular F = 1, 2→ F/ channel influences each other. Further, the D1 transition itself is an open transition, i.e., it does not have any cyclic decay route. Hence, decay from each of the F/=2,1 states can also influence the population in the other F/state. Our pump-probe spectroscopy results clearly show the presence of Four Wave Mixing due to degenerate two-level and Vee (V) coupling, Electromagnetically Induced Transparency (EIT) signals due to single Lambda (Λ) and Double Λ connections. We have studied these signals as a function of dephasing, which is mainly contributed by transit time broadening for two different regimes of pump laser intensities: (i) below and (ii) above saturation intensity level of 4S1/2(F) → 4P1/2(F/) transition. The pump laser is current modulated, and phase-sensitive detection is performed on the probe transmission to study modulation transfer under different values of coherent dephasing. For this purpose, the beam size of the pump laser is varied systematically. This study provides a scope to explore the modulation transfer as a function of transit time broadening, and it may find applications in photonics technology where potassium vapor is used as a medium.
Effects of intermittent theta burst stimulation add-on to dialectical behavioral therapy in borderline personality disorder: results of a randomized, sham-controlled pilot trial
Authors: Kujovic Milenko , Bahr Christian , Riesbeck Mathias , Benz Daniel , Wingerter Lena , Deiß Martina , Margittai Zsofia , Reinermann Dirk , Plewnia Christian , Meisenzahl Eva
Published: September 2024

Dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT) and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) are both effective in borderline personality disorder (BPD). We hypothesized that intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS), a modified rTMS protocol that provides unilateral stimulation to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, would enhance the effects of DBT and reduce BPD-specific symptoms more than sham stimulation. We performed a single-blind, randomized, sham-controlled pilot study to evaluate iTBS as an add-on to 8-week DBT for BPD in routine inpatient treatment. A total of 53 BPD patients were randomly assigned to either iTBS (n = 25) or sham stimulation (n = 28) in weeks 4–8 of DBT; 40 patients were eligible for inclusion in the analyses according to pre-specified criteria (≥ 16 of 20 iTBS sessions). The primary endpoint was change on the 23-item Borderline Symptom List; secondary endpoints were changes in depressive symptoms and general level of functioning. A mixed model repeated measures analysis with a 2 × 2 factorial between-subjects design showed no significant effect of add-on iTBS treatment, but a distinct trend was observed in favor of iTBS (Cohen’s d = 0.23 for group difference). We found a main effect of DBT with and without iTBS over time, indicating efficacy of 8 weeks’ DBT (d = 0.89–1.12). iTBS may be beneficial as an add-on to DBT in the long term and warrants further evaluation in larger studies. Trial registration Registered at drks.de (no. DRKS00020413) on January 13, 2020.
Risk factors and significance of post-operative edema in Parkinson Disease patients submitted to deep brain stimulation. A ten-year case series
Authors: Izzo Alessandro , Bove Francesco , D’Alessandris Quintino Giorgio , Genovese Danilo , Tufo Tommaso , D’Ercole Manuela , Pennisi Giovanni , Figà Federica , Obersnel Marco , Perotti Valerio , Fuggetta Maria Filomena , Bentivoglio Anna Rita , Calabresi Paolo , Olivi Alessandro , Piano Carla , Montano Nicola
Published: September 2024

Background

Peri-electrode edema after deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery for Parkinson Disease (PD) has been reported in up to 100% of cases. The clinical significance of this finding is unclear, with most papers suggesting a benign course. The risk factors are also poorly defined. We aimed at defining the incidence rate, the clinical significance and the predictive factors of peri-electrode edema in patients undergoing DBS for PD.

Methods

We reviewed data of 119 patients treated with frameless stereotactic DBS for PD between 2012 and 2022 at our Institution. A mixed-technique targeting was adopted. Awake surgery was used in 64.7% cases; in most cases, microelectrode recording (MER) was adopted. The target was the subthalamic nucleus (STN) in 91.2% cases.

Results

Ninety patients were included. Postoperative edema related to lead placement was noticed in 40% patients after a median time of 2 days since surgery; in 88.9% of these cases, it was limited to subcortical white matter. Symptomatic edema was registered only in one case (1.1%), confirming previous reports on the benign clinical course. The only independent predictive factor for edema onset was asleep surgery (p = 0.0451). Notably, the use of directional electrodes was not associated with an increased risk of edema at multivariable analysis. Clinical parameters including age, and timing of CT scanning, did not affect edema onset.

Conclusions

We confirmed the very low rate of symptomatic edema in DBS for PD. When feasible, awake DBS using MER is the ideal technique to reduce the risk of radiologic postoperative edema.
Serum markers of microbial translocation and intestinal damage in assessment of gastrointestinal tract involvement in systemic sclerosis
Authors: Pellicano Chiara , Oliva Alessandra , Colalillo Amalia , Gigante Antonietta , D’Aliesio Elisa , Al Ismail Dania , Miele Maria Claudia , Cianci Rosario , Mastroianni Claudio Maria , Rosato Edoardo
Published: September 2024

Gastrointestinal (GI) tract involvement affects up to 90% of Systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients. The presence of GI symptoms is assessed by the University of California, Los Angeles, and Scleroderma Clinical Trials Consortium Gastrointestinal Scale (UCLA SCTC GIT 2.0). Microbial translocation (MT) is reported in SSc patients consequently to increased intestinal permeability due to intestinal damage (ID) and dysbiosis. Aim of this study was to assess circulating levels of LBP and EndoCab IgM (markers of MT), IL-6 (marker of inflammation), I-FABP and Zonulin (markers of ID) in a cohort of SSc patients and healthy controls (HC). Moreover, we aimed to correlate these parameters with severity of GI symptoms. UCLA SCTC GIT 2.0 questionnaire was administered to 60 consecutive SSc patients. Markers of MT, inflammation and ID were evaluated in SSc patients and HC. SSc patients had higher median value of markers of MT, inflammation and ID than HC. The logistic regression analysis showed LBP as the only variable associated with an UCLA total score “moderate-to-very severe” [OR 1.001 (CI 95%: 1.001–1.002), p < 0.001]. The logistic regression analysis showed LBP [OR 1.002 (CI 95%: 1.001–1.003), p < 0.01] and disease duration [OR 1.242 (CI 95%: 1.023–1.506), p < 0.05] as variables associated with UCLA distension/bloating “moderate-to-very severe”. The logistic regression analysis showed LBP as the only variable associated with UCLA diarrhea “moderate-to-very severe” [OR 1.002 (CI 95%: 1.001–1.003), p < 0.01]. SSc patients with dysregulation gut mucosal integrity expressed by high levels of MT and ID biomarkers had more severe GI symptoms.
Atomoxetine on neurogenic orthostatic hypotension: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial
Authors: Mwesigwa Naome , Millar Vernetti Patricio , Kirabo Annet , Black Bonnie , Ding Tan , Martinez Jose , Palma Jose-Alberto , Biaggioni Italo , Kaufmann Horacio , Shibao Cyndya A.
Published: September 2024

Purpose

We previously reported that single doses of the norepinephrine transporter inhibitor, atomoxetine, increased standing blood pressure (BP) and ameliorated symptoms in patients with neurogenic orthostatic hypotension (nOH). We aimed to evaluate the effect of atomoxetine over four weeks in patients with nOH.

Methods

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover clinical trial between July 2016 and May 2021 was carried out with an initial open-label, single-dose phase (10 or 18 mg atomoxetine), followed by a 1-week wash-out, and a subsequent double-blind 4-week treatment sequence (period 1: atomoxetine followed by placebo) or vice versa (period 2). The trial included a 2-week wash-out period. The primary endpoint was symptoms of nOH as measured by the orthostatic hypotension questionnaire (OHQ) assessed at 2 weeks.

Results

A total of 68 patients were screened, 40 were randomized, and 37 completed the study. We found no differences in the OHQ composite score between atomoxetine and placebo at 2 weeks (−0.3 ± 1.7 versus −0.4 ± 1.5; P = 0.806) and 4 weeks (−0.6 ± 2.4 versus −0.5 ± 1.6; P = 0.251). There were no differences either in the OHSA scores at 2 weeks (3 ± 1.9 versus 4 ± 2.1; P = 0.062) and at 4 weeks (3 ± 2.2 versus 3 ± 2.0; P = 1.000) or in the OH daily activity scores (OHDAS) at 2 weeks (4 ± 3.0 versus 5 ± 3.1, P = 0.102) and 4 weeks (4 ± 3.0 versus 4 ± 2.7, P = 0.095). Atomoxetine was well-tolerated.

Conclusions

While previous evidence suggested that acute doses of atomoxetine might be efficacious in treating nOH; results of this clinical trial indicated that it was not superior to placebo to ameliorate symptoms of nOH.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov; NCT02316821.
Climbing university rankings under resources constraints: a combined approach integrating DEA and directed Louvain community detection
Authors: Di Leo Simone , Avenali Alessandro , Daraio Cinzia , Wolszczak-Derlacz Joanna
Published: September 2024

Over recent years, scholarly interest in universities’ allocation and effective utilisation of financial resources has been growing. When used efficiently, financial resources may improve universities’ quality of research and teaching, and therefore their positions in world university rankings. However, despite the relevance of financial efficiency to university placement in academic rankings, universities’ total available financial resources appear much more significant. In the present study, we propose an innovative methodology to determine realistic ranking targets for individual universities, based on their available financial resources. In particular, we combine data envelopment analysis, as developed by Banker et al. (Manag Sci 30(9):1078–1092, 1984), and a directed Louvain community detection algorithm to examine 318 universities across five countries, considering their ARWU scores alongside key financial indicators (i.e., long-term physical capital, total operating revenues). We identify clusters of universities with similar financial profiles and corresponding ARWU scores, as well as universities that have optimised their use of financial resources, representing benchmarks for similar universities to emulate. The approach is subsequently applied to Italian universities, as a specific national case. The findings may be useful for policy makers and university managers seeking reliable strategies for climbing academic rankings, particularly in countries with limited public investment in higher education.
Are Employees Safer When the CEO Looks Greedy?
Authors: O’Sullivan Don , Zolotoy Leon , Veeraraghavan Madhu , Overbeck Jennifer R.
Published: September 2024

In this study, we explore the relationship between perceived CEO greed and workplace safety. Drawing on insights from the social psychology literature, we theorize that CEOs are cognizant that their perceived greed has implications for how observers respond to failures in workplace safety. Our theorizing points to a somewhat counterintuitive positive relationship between perceived CEO greed and workplace safety. Consistent with our theorizing, we find that the relationship is attenuated when the CEO is insulated from how observers respond to firm conduct and is amplified when the CEO’s characteristics have a larger impact on how observers respond to adverse firm-level events. We contribute to business ethics research on executive greed, on the relationship between CEO traits and (ir)responsible corporate conduct, and on the antecedents of workplace safety.