bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Waters, Islands, and Shores in American Folklore and Folklife
Authors: Drummond Shelly
Published: June 2018

Maritime community traditions along America’s shorelines include occupational and recreational folklife, water-to-table foodways, and folk art. The forms vary regionally, but common threads are a relationship to the water and a connection to nature. Understanding the commodification of traditional maritime culture as it is incorporated into the identity of shoreline communities is critical to future research. Implications include the authority and diversity of maritime narratives, the commodification of that storyline, and the influence of researchers as advocates in shoreline development and preservation efforts. Development on shorelines reflects nostalgia for traditional landscapes and a drive for recreational space. Opportunities exist for advocacy and promotion of sustainability measures that support traditional culture.
Extraction of Auditory Information by Modulation of Neuronal Ion Channels
Authors: Kaczmarek Leonard K.
Published: June 2018

All neurons express a subset of over seventy genes encoding potassium channel subunits. These channels have been studied in auditory neurons, particularly in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body. The amplitude and kinetics of various channels in these neurons can be modified by the auditory environment. It has been suggested that such modulation is an adaptation of neuronal firing patterns to specific patterns of auditory inputs. Alternatively, such modulation may allow a group of neurons, all expressing the same set of channels, to represent a variety of responses to the same pattern of incoming stimuli. Such diversity would ensure that a small number of genetically identical neurons could capture and encode many aspects of complex sound, including rapid changes in timing and amplitude. This review covers the modulation of ion channels in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body and how it may maximize the extraction of auditory information.

All neurons express a subset of over seventy genes encoding potassium channel subunits. These channels have been studied in auditory neurons, particularly in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body. The amplitude and kinetics of various channels in these neurons can be modified by the auditory environment. It has been suggested that such modulation is an adaptation of neuronal firing patterns to specific patterns of auditory inputs. Alternatively, such modulation may allow a group of neurons, all expressing the same set of channels, to represent a variety of responses to the same pattern of incoming stimuli. Such diversity would ensure that a small number of genetically identical neurons could capture and encode many aspects of complex sound, including rapid changes in timing and amplitude. This review covers the modulation of ion channels in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body and how it may maximize the extraction of auditory information.
Managing Your Health Online: Issues in the Selection, Curation, and Sharing of Digital Health Information
Authors: Sillence Elizabeth , Briggs Pam
Published: June 2018

It is now easier than ever before to access digital health information. Individuals can monitor and record information about their own health, gather information online, and share personal experiences with those in a similar position. In fact, this shift towards peer-to-peer sharing sites represents a significant change in the way people think about online health information and raises a number of challenges around eHealth and personal information management, including issues of trust, privacy, and self-disclosure. This chapter examines two of those challenges in light of increased peer exchange around health: the sharing of personal health information, and the curation of such a large and complex information resource. It also discusses directions for future research in the field.
Enacting Immorality Within Gamespace
Authors: Young Garry
Published: June 2018

This chapter considers three arguments for the selective prohibition of representations of violent or otherwise taboo actions within video games (known as symbolic taboo activities). These arguments are based on harm, meaningful expression, and player motivation, respectively. It shows how each argument is problematic. It introduces constructive ecumenical expressivism, which seeks to explain how objectified moral norms are constructed and therefore what is involved in demarcating one type of enactment immoral and another not. Such a normative position is concerned more with how, within a given society, selective prohibition is established, and therefore how that society determines where the line ought to be drawn regarding symbolic taboo activities, than it is with the application of some form of moral absolutism to virtual enactments.
Asian Theology
Authors: Tirimanna Vimal
Published: June 2018

This chapter examines the character of Catholic theology in the Asian context. It argues that Asian theologies rely on the fundamental principles of universal Christian theology even though, in their reflections on these principles in the light of their lived experience, they arrive at conclusions that are unique but not contradictory to universal theology. The chapter proceeds by examining six fundamental principles shared by Asian theologies: God is actively present in all his creation; pluralistic diversity necessarily demands a dialogical existence; the lived reality of harmony is an essential Asian theological concept; theology occurs in and through lived contexts; the kingdom preached by Jesus is wider than the visible Church; and theology needs to bring total, integral human liberation.
Reformed
Authors: Small Joseph D.
Published: June 2018

This chapter explores the ecumenical paradox found at the heart of the Reformed tradition: outward commitment to ecclesial unity coupled with internal fragmentation. Both sides of the paradox have roots in Reformed characteristics that developed from Calvin’s originating vision. Attention is given to the centrality and ambiguity of Reformed confessions, doctrinal integrity, and conciliar governance. Contemporary developments are examined, including commitment to ecumenical councils, acceptance of popular versions of the ‘invisible church’, and distrust of ‘confessionalism’. The bilateral dialogues between Reformed and Orthodox and Pentecostals, respectively, are presented as positive models for an ecumenical future that is more theological than procedural. Finally, the chapter points to prospects for renewed communion among separated and often alienated churches within the Reformed family.
Ministry
Authors: Puglisi James F.
Published: June 2018

The chapter describes the achievements of interconfessional theological dialogues on ordained ministry and considers various issues that remain. Achievements include the recovery of an understanding of ordained ministry within an ecclesiological context developed with a renewed pneumatological and eschatological emphasis and based on a balanced christological foundation. Greater convergence in understanding ordained ministry has led to clarification of the relationship between apostolic continuity in the church and apostolic succession in ministry. Other areas of growing consensus include forms of ordination, the relationship between the ministerial nature of the church and special or ordained ministry, the Trinitarian and diaconal nature of all ministry, and the threefold ministry. Remaining issues include the ordination of women, mutual recognition of ministry, the relationship between such recognition and the reciprocal recognition of baptism, and the role of the bishop of Rome with regard to the unity of the church.
Future Generations
Authors: Kumar Rahul
Published: June 2018

The policies concerning, for instance, the mitigation of climate change that the current generation chooses to adopt will have far-reaching implications for the lives of future generations. What policies ought to be chosen depends, in part, on what justice requires with respect to the protection of the interests of those who will live in the further future. This chapter discusses the prospects for extending four prominent ways of thinking about justice within a generation to the intergenerational context—Rawlsian contractualism, Hobbesian contractarianism, the rights-based approach, and luck egalitarianism. It argues that none of them offer a wholly satisfactory approach to intergenerational justice. The final section of the chapter discusses whether obligations to protect the interests of future generations are in fact best understood as obligations of justice.
The Good Society
Authors: Wall Stephen
Published: June 2018

This chapter discusses how considerations of the good, both the human good and the impersonal good, can inform accounts of distributive justice for modern political societies. Starting with the assumption that just political societies will aim to promote the good of their members, it argues that considerations about good human lives are integral to determining the content of justice. This chapter also argues that, while just political societies must promote the good of their members, a good society realizes goods beyond the good of justice. In particular, a good society supports impersonal goods and promotes fitting attitudes toward them. The point of justice is the human good, but a just society is perfected by its concern for the impersonal good.
The Family
Authors: MacLeod Colin
Published: June 2018

This chapter examines various recent challenges that the family poses for the articulation of a comprehensive account of distribution that is broadly egalitarian in character, a topic largely ignored by many prominent theorists. It considers how opportunities to form families should be distributed, who should bear the costs of rearing children, and how the justice-based entitlements of children should be understood in relation to their parents and other adults. Attention is given to the tension between equality and parental partiality and to the way in which justice should be concerned with the provision and distribution of intrinsic goods of childhood.
Work
Authors: Gomberg Paul
Published: June 2018

Many workers are unjustly harmed by the work they do: their confidence in their abilities and even their abilities may be undermined because their work is too simple and they work under constant supervision and command. John Rawls’s political liberalism may criticize such work arrangements as undermining the internal psychological resources required for democratic citizenship, invoking values of freedom and equality implicit in democratic culture. Criticism of stultifying work can also be grounded in a view of the human good as entailing development of complex abilities, contribution of human abilities to a larger community, and earning esteem for those contributions. The second, more “perfectionist,” approach is superior to the Rawlsian approach: it provides a simpler argument and avoids the impossibility of marrying a market economy to egalitarian principles.
Cultural and Religious Minorities
Authors: Jones Peter
Published: June 2018

This chapter examines issues of distributive justice as they relate to religious minorities and to cultural minorities belonging to polyethnic societies. In many instances, distributive justice requires only that those minorities should enjoy the same freedoms and opportunities as others. Sometimes, however, justice is thought to require different rather than identical treatment, such as the exemption of minorities from laws or rules with which others have to comply. The chapter examines the justice of exemptions and other forms of accommodation that provide for the religious and cultural liberty of minorities, and for their opportunities to access other sorts of good such as employment. It also considers how distributive justice bears on the relative standing that a society’s different religions and cultures should enjoy.
Language
Authors: Patten Alan
Published: June 2018

In the small but growing literature on linguistic justice, it is possible to identify two main approaches. One framework emphasizes the instrumental importance of language for distributive justice. From this perspective, although language policies and patterns of language use are not themselves a matter of distributive concern, these or other linguistic facts may be consequential for the distribution of that which does matter for justice. The other framework attaches at least some non-instrumental importance to language. From this point of view, part of what makes a distribution just is that it appropriately attends to the interests that people have in the use, the success, and/or the treatment of their languages. The present contribution explores both of these approaches and argues that each makes a valid contribution to a theory of linguistic justice.
Constructivism, Intuitionism, and Ecumenism
Authors: James Aaron
Published: June 2018

Constructivism and intuitionism are often seen as opposed methods of justification in political philosophy. An “ecumenical” view sees them as different but unopposed: each style of reasoning can yield fundamental principles, for different questions of distributive justice, and we can rightly take up different questions, with different, equally valid, theoretical objectives, in hopes of cultivating a thousand blooming flowers. This chapter develops this position with special interest in Rawls’s constructivism, his treatment of reflective equilibrium, self-evidence, and “moral geometry,” and his evolving dialogue with the intuitionist Henry Sidgwick. Rawls’s main difference from Sidgwick lies in the way he frames the question of right or justice in the first instance. This brings out both the possibility and the attractions of the ecumenist conception in political philosophy.
Dworkin and Luck Egalitarianism
Authors: Arneson Richard J.
Published: June 2018

Ronald Dworkin is a founding father of what has come to be called “luck egalitarianism,” a family of distributive justice doctrines that hold that the inequalities in people’s condition that are brought about by sheer brute luck falling on them in ways that are beyond their power to control should be reduced or eliminated, but that inequalities that arise through people’s own fault or choice, such that they can reasonably be deemed responsible for their condition, need not be reduced or eliminated. Dworkin himself has come to embrace an alternative view, “justice as fair insurance.” This chapter characterizes Dworkin’s view, compares it to luck egalitarianism, and criticizes both doctrines.
Desert-Based Justice
Authors: Moriarty Jeffrey
Published: June 2018

Justice requires giving people what they deserve. Or so many philosophers—and according to many of those philosophers, everyone else—thought for centuries, until the 1970s and 1980s, however, perhaps under the influence of Rawls’s desert-less theory, desert was largely cast out of discussions of distributive justice. Now it is making a comeback. This chapter considers recent research on the concept of desert, debate about the conditions for desert, arguments for and against its requital, and connections between desert and other distributive ideals. It suggests that desert-sensitive theories of distributive justice, despite the challenges they face, have a promising future.
Justice Across Borders
Authors: Blake Michael
Published: June 2018

This chapter examines how philosophical concepts of distributive justice ought to be applied at the global level. There has been a great deal of philosophical interest in this topic in recent years, and the field has quickly grown to include some sophisticated analyses of how we might think about global distributive justice. This chapter examines this field, and argues that it must become more sophisticated still in order to adequately deal with the complexities of the global arena. In particular, the article argues that we have reason to examine more precisely the nature of global institutions—what powers they actually have, and what it is that they might plausibly hope to become—as a key focus of our philosophical analysis. The relationship between political and distributive justice, in particular, ought to be made a particular focus in our efforts to understand the nature of global justice.
Learning the Tools of Survival in the Thule and Dorset Cultures of Arctic Canada
Authors: Park Robert W.
Published: June 2018

The Arctic part of the North American continent has seen some of the most fascinating and demanding human adaptations anywhere, culminating in those of the Inuit who live there today. This region is characterized by persistence of cold (long winters and short cool summers), permafrost (year-round frozen ground), large seasonal differences in the amount of sunlight, few or no trees, and a minimum of plant foods directly consumable by humans. To survive in this environment the Inuit peoples and their predecessors, of necessity, relied on technology and on animal resources to a greater extent than recent hunter-gatherer populations anywhere else in the world. This chapter explores the ethnographic and archaeological records of these peoples and this region to study the nature of childhood in prehistoric hunter-gatherer populations.
Educating Victorian Children
Authors: Cessford Craig
Published: June 2018

This chapter presents a case study of the archaeology of a mid-nineteenth century school in Cambridge (England), placing the features associated with the school and the material associated with them in the wider context of children’s material culture, education, and the rapidly changing nature of nineteenth century childhood, considering the material culture that children interacted with in its totality, not just child-specific forms. This allows a nuanced interpretation of the material; revealing tensions between different ideas, such as gentility and frugality, plus the existence of multiple narratives, with various members of a household viewing items of material culture in distinct ways, and different assemblages revealing disparate materialities.
Training Children for Work in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Crewe Vicky
Published: June 2018

Material culture in Victorian working-class homes acted as a medium through which messages about the importance of industry, diligence, and obedience could be emphasized to children. This chapter will review the ways in which material culture scholars have approached the subject of child labour in different areas of the Victorian world, as well as elucidating the differences and similarities in children’s experiences of work in different parts of the western world during the nineteenth century. It will consider decorative motifs on mass-produced domestic material culture, the role of toys as objects for training children, and work-related artefacts with which children may have interacted, but which do not bear obvious characteristics suggesting that they were specifically made for children. Labour will be addressed in its broadest sense, including gendered differences in the material culture of labour and the broader historical driving forces behind the existence of work-related material ‘propaganda’.
Care and Socialization of Children in the European Bronze Age
Authors: Romero Margarita Sánchez
Published: June 2018

Care and socialization are practices included in what have been called maintenance activities, a set of works that entangle very specific and characteristic relations and identities. These activities involve the quotidian maintenance of human groups through care, socialization, provision, food processing, and cooking or the organization and maintenance of the living area. Such practices are vital for the reproduction, cohesion, and wellbeing of communities and involve a significant amount of specialized knowledge, experience, and technology. This chapter examines evidence from the European Bronze Age for care and socialization practices, offering new challenges and questions on issues such as children’s agency and identity and involvement in the processes of daily life.
Representations of Children in Ancient Greece
Authors: Bobou Olympia
Published: June 2018

Children’s representations appear early in the Greek visual material culture: first they appear in the large funerary vases of the geometric period, while in the archaic period they appear in funerary reliefs and vases. To the representations in vase painting, those in terracotta statuettes can be added in the fifth century, but it is in the fourth century bc that children become a noteworthy subject of representation, appearing both in small- and large-scale objects in different media. This chapter considers the relationship between changing imagery of children in ancient Greece and social and religious developments from the geometric period, through the Hellenistic period and into the Roman period in Greece.
Children’s Graffiti in Roman Pompeii and Herculaneum
Authors: Huntley Katherine V.
Published: June 2018

The realities of childhood in the Roman world have been difficult to access archaeologically, in part because Roman children lacked a distinctive material culture. The remains of Pompeii and Herculaneum have yielded a somewhat unique type of evidence for children’s lives: graffiti. The chapter will explore how the location and subject matter of the graffiti reveal the realities of children’s lives, including the activities they participated in, the things that interested them, and their relationships with caretakers and peers. The chapter will also look at public areas where children’s graffiti turn up, focusing in particular on Pompeii’s Grand Palaestra, an enclosed space associated with the city’s youth organization. Finally, trends in the subject matter of the children’s graffiti attest to some of the things children frequently encountered and that help particular interest for them.
Vecino Archaeology and the Politics of Play in New Mexico, USA
Authors: Eiselt B. Sunday
Published: June 2018

In the discussion that follows, I explore the effects of modernity on Hispano (Vecino) children on the Ranchos de Taos Plaza in northern New Mexico (United States of America) from the late 1800s American invasion of the Southwest up to the present infiltration of the village by tourists and travellers. Data are derived from archaeological excavations and survey at two households in the St Francis of Assisi Parish that have been continuously occupied by one extended family, the Tafoyas, for more than a century. The temporal distributions of toys and other childcare products are charted and related to major social changes in the village over four successive phases; Village, Vintage, Retro, and Contemporary. The potential influence of globalization and modernity on children’s lives and identities is revealed within the context of this largely indigenous and Spanish-speaking community.
The Contribution of Stable Isotope Analysis to the Study of Childhood Movement and Migration
Authors: Hemer Katie A. , Evans Jane A.
Published: June 2018

Stable isotope analysis is firmly established as a method for the investigation of past population mobility. The distinction between local and non-local individuals within a cemetery population relies on identifying an individual’s place of childhood residence through the analysis of strontium and oxygen isotopes present in human tooth enamel. Traditionally, studies investigating mobility focus on the analysis of a single tooth. More recently, however, it has become apparent that in order to investigate the mobility of an individual during childhood—and thus to consider the importance of children in the migration process—it is necessary to analyse a series of teeth which form at different stages during the early years of life. This chapter will consider the potential of—and challenges surrounding—this scientific approach to the investigation of childhood mobility in the past.
Child Sacrifice in the Ancient Andes
Authors: Blom Deborah
Published: June 2018

While reports of child sacrifice in the ancient Andes are often sensationalized to captivate popular audiences, the study of the practice provides archaeologists with an important means of investigating power and sociopolitical dynamics in antiquity. This chapter discusses the significance of the terms ‘child’ and ‘sacrifice’ in the Andes and examines the evidence of child sacrifice from ancient contexts in Andean regions of modern-day Peru and Bolivia. It considers data on sacrificial practices from dives sources, such as descriptions in ethnohistorical documents, representations in architectural design and portable art, and direct evidence found in the archaeological record. Finally, various approaches to the study of these sacrifices and possible avenues for future analyses are outlined.
Adult Appearances?
Authors: Oosterwijk Sophie
Published: June 2018

It is often assumed that children do not really occur in medieval art. The problem for researchers is not so much one of finding representations of childhood, but of recognizing them. Medieval art has its own conventions and if we approach it with a present-minded attitude we are indeed likely to find only ‘miniature adults’ at best. This easily leads to a conclusion that medieval society neither knew nor understood the concept of childhood. Yet size and proportion can be deceptive: medieval art does not necessarily meet modern standards of naturalism and a small figure need not represent a child. This chapter considers representations of children in early medieval art, including memorials and monuments, placing these images in their artistic, iconological, and theological contexts.
Archaeological and Epigraphic Evidence for Infancy in the Roman World
Authors: Carroll Maureen
Published: June 2018

The Roman family has become a vibrant and challenging field of study, and the growing interest in children in Roman culture can be seen as a development within this trend. Nevertheless, studies of children tend to focus on the later phases of childhood, with few investigations of the role and significance of infants. While the Roman life-course and the social construction of ageing are occasional themes in childhood, discussions the distinct life stages of development and socialization apparent already in the first year of life hardly feature in current discourses. In view of this imbalance in childhood studies, this chapter explores some key aspects of Roman infancy and earliest childhood, using archaeological, epigraphic, and historical evidence to gain insight into the attitudes towards the very young, and particularly those under the age of one year, in both life and death, and, sometimes, even before birth.
The Formalization of Organizational Capabilities and Learning
Authors: Dosi Giovanni , Faillo Marco , Marengo Luigi , Moschella Daniele , Cecchini Manara Virginia
Published: June 2018

This work presents a critical overview of the achievements and challenges ahead facing explicit formalizations of organizational capabilities and learning. We first present the main characteristics both of NK models and of the approach based on classifier systems, focusing on their early applications to organization studies. We then discuss how the use of these models has contributed, in recent years, to the formal analysis of the development and change of firm’s dynamic capabilities by improving our understanding of processes of organizational learning, the representation of the cognitive and problem-solving capabilities of the organization, the link between capabilities and governance issues, in particular in presence of asymmetric power distributions.
The Central Mediterranean and the Aegean
Authors: Foxhall Lin
Published: June 2018

The early Iron Age in the Aegean has traditionally been perceived as a period of decline, in contrast to the splendour of the palatial societies of the later Bronze Age, and concomitantly is often presented as a ‘Dark Age’—a time of regionalism and isolation. Recent investigations across the Mediterranean region are, however, revealing a different and far more complex picture. A considerable amount of human and material interaction occurred between eastern and western Mediterranean societies in the period 1100–500 BC, and people, objects, and ideas were not travelling only in one direction. Links between so-called ‘Mediterranean’ and other European societies are also undergoing substantial re-evaluation. Adopting a regional approach, this chapter explores the developments which transformed Iron Age societies in the Aegean and central Mediterranean, and also examines how regional trajectories interlinked and converged through cross-cultural encounters, resulting in substantial material (including technological), social and political innovations.
Southern France
Authors: Garcia Dominique
Published: June 2018

A distinct material culture, economy, and society developed in the south of France during the Iron Age. This phenomenon was related to the way in which local communities were situated between the traditional Celtic societies of temperate Europe, and Mediterranean communities such as the Phoenicians, Etruscans, Greeks, and Romans. This chapter examines the changing nature of settlement types (architecture, urbanization, material culture, topography) and territorial organization during the first millennium BC. From the eighth century BC, local forms of production (agriculture, crafts, trade) were confronted with market activity that greatly expanded after the foundation of Massalia in 600 BC, and towns began to develop soon after. The distinctive monuments and sculpture, public buildings, and burial grounds of the region provide a wealth of insight into religious and funerary practices. The place of different ethnic groups in the regional history is also considered.
The Eastern Baltic
Authors: Lang Valter
Published: June 2018

This chapter examines Iron Age funerary and domestic archaeological sites, and economic and cultural developments from c.500 BC–AD 550/600, in the east Baltic region (present day Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania). While the early pre-Roman Iron Age was to some extent a continuation of the late Bronze Age in material culture terms, many changes took place in the late pre-Roman Iron Age. At the change of era, new cultural trends spread over the east Baltic region, from the south-eastern shore of the Baltic to south-west Finland, which produced a remarkable unification of material culture over this entire region up to the Migration period. Differences in burial practices and ceramics, however, indicate the existence of two distinct ethnic groups, Proto-Finnic in the northern part of the region and Proto-Baltic to the south. Subsistence was based principally on agriculture and stock rearing, with minor variations in the economic orientation of different areas.
The Carpathian and Danubian area
Authors: Rustoiu Aurel
Published: June 2018

This chapter provides an overview of Iron Age societies in the eastern Carpathian basin and lower Danube region, from the Great Hungarian Plain to the Black Sea, drawing on funerary and settlement data from the different regions. The first iron objects occur in Transylvania in the late Bronze Age, but ironworking only developed fully in the early first millennium BC. Throughout the period, the area was open to contacts with central Europe, as well as the Mediterranean and Black Sea regions. The so-called Scythian and Celtic horizons in the Carpathian basin were both associated with newcomers, although the nature and extent of population movement remains open to discussion. In the north Balkans, a series of opulent graves and fortified settlements attests to the development of an aristocracy with strong ties to the Greek world, followed in the late Iron Age by the rise of the impressive but short-lived Dacian kingdom.
Newton on Body
Authors: Brading Katherine
Published: June 2018

This article argues for Newton’s concept of body as a powerful tool of analysis in examining his natural philosophy, including his matter theory, metaphysics, epistemology, and methodology. Newton certainly had views on matter theory, but the methodology he developed transformed the relationship between matter theory and the theory of bodies, enabling him to arrive at results concerning bodies while remaining largely silent about matter theory. Topics covered include the mathematical and physical treatment of bodies; condensation and rarefaction; cohesion; the law-constitutive approach to bodies; and the qualities of bodies. The article shows that the bodies of our experience are Newton’s primary explanatory target, connecting his views on such quintessential Newtonian topics as atomism, inertia, force, gravity, space, and motion.
Specific Detection of the Wheat Blast Pathogen (Magnaporthe oryzae Triticum) by Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification
Authors: Yasuhara-Bell Jarred , Pedley Kerry F. , Farman Mark , Valent Barbara , Stack James P.
Published: June 2018

Wheat blast, caused by the Magnaporthe oryzae Triticum pathotype, is an economically important fungal disease of wheat. Wheat blast symptoms are similar to Fusarium head scab and can cause confusion in the field. Currently, no in-field diagnostic exists for M. oryzae Triticum. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) primers were designed to target the PoT2 and MoT3 loci, previously shown to be specific for M. oryzae and M. oryzae Triticum, respectively. Specificity was determined using 158 M. oryzae strains collected from infected wheat and other grasses and representing geographic and temporal variation. Negative controls included 50 Fusarium spp. isolates. Sensitivity was assessed using 10-fold serial dilutions of M. oryzae Triticum gDNA. PoT2- and MoT3-based assays showed high specificity for M. oryzae and M. oryzae Triticum, respectively, and sensitivity to approximately 5 pg of DNA per reaction. PoT2 and MoT3 assays were tested on M. oryzae Triticum-infected wheat seed and spikes and identified M. oryzae and M. oryzae Triticum, respectively, using a field DNA extraction kit and the portable Genie II system. The mitochondrial NADH-dehydrogenase (nad5) gene, an internal control for plant DNA, was multiplexed with PoT2 and MoT3 and showed results comparable with individual assays. These results show applicability for M. oryzae Triticum field surveillance, as well as identifying nonwheat species that may serve as a reservoir or source of inoculum for nearby wheat fields.
Defining an Intraoperative Hypotension Threshold in Association with Stroke in Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Sun Louise Y. , Chung Amy M. , Farkouh Michael E. , van Diepen Sean , Weinberger Jesse , Bourke Michael , Ruel Marc
Published: June 2018

What We Already Know about This Topic

What This Article Tells Us That Is New

Background

Stroke is a leading cause of morbidity, mortality, and disability in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Identifying modifiable perioperative stroke risk factors may lead to improved patient outcomes. The association between the severity and duration of intraoperative hypotension and postoperative stroke in patients undergoing cardiac surgery was evaluated.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study was conducted of adult patients who underwent cardiac surgery requiring cardiopulmonary bypass at a tertiary center between November 1, 2009, and March 31, 2015. The primary outcome was postoperative ischemic stroke. Intraoperative hypotension was defined as the number of minutes spent within mean arterial pressure bands of less than 55, 55 to 64, and 65 to 74 mmHg before, during, and after cardiopulmonary bypass. The association between stroke and hypotension was examined by using logistic regression with propensity score adjustment.

Results

Among the 7,457 patients included in this analysis, 111 (1.5%) had a confirmed postoperative diagnosis of stroke. Stroke was strongly associated with sustained mean arterial pressure of less than 64 mmHg during cardiopulmonary bypass (adjusted odds ratio 1.13; 95% CI, 1.05 to 1.21 for every 10 min of mean arterial pressure between 55 and 64 mmHg; adjusted odds ratio 1.16; 95% CI, 1.08 to 1.23 for every 10 min of mean arterial pressure less than 55 mmHg). Other factors that were independently associated with stroke were older age, hypertension, combined coronary artery bypass graft/valve surgery, emergent operative status, prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass duration, and postoperative new-onset atrial fibrillation.

Conclusions

Hypotension is a potentially modifiable risk factor for perioperative stroke. The study’s findings suggest that mean arterial pressure may be an important intraoperative therapeutic hemodynamic target to reduce the incidence of stroke in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass.
Osteomyelitis Risk Factors Related to Combat Trauma Open Tibia Fractures: A Case–Control Analysis
Authors: Tribble David R. , Lewandowski Louis R. , Potter Benjamin K. , Petfield Joseph L. , Stinner Daniel J. , Ganesan Anuradha , Krauss Margot , Murray Clinton K. ,   the Trauma Infectious Disease Outcomes Study Group
Published: June 2018

Objectives:

We assessed osteomyelitis risk factors in US military personnel with combat-related open tibia fractures (2003–2009).

Methods:

Patients with open tibia fractures who met the diagnostic criteria of osteomyelitis were identified as cases using Military Health System data and verified through medical record review. Controls were patients with open tibia fractures who did not meet osteomyelitis criteria. The Gustilo–Andersen fracture classification scheme was modified to include transtibial amputations (TTAs) as the most severe level. Logistic regression multivariable odds ratios [ORs; 95% confidence intervals (CI)] were assessed.

Results:

A total of 130 tibia osteomyelitis cases and 85 controls were identified. Excluding patients with TTAs, osteomyelitis cases had significantly longer time to radiographic union compared with controls (median: 210 vs. 165 days). Blast injuries, antibiotic bead utilization, ≥ Gustilo–Andersen-IIIb fractures [highest risk with TTA (OR: 15.10; CI: 3.22–71.07)], and foreign body at the fracture site were significantly associated with developing osteomyelitis. In a separate model, the Orthopaedic Trauma Association Open Fracture Classification muscle variable was significant with increasing risk from muscle loss (OR: 5.62; CI: 2.21–14.25) to dead muscle (OR: 8.46; CI: 3.31–21.64). When TTAs were excluded, significant risk factors were similar and included sustaining an injury between 2003 and 2006.

Conclusions:

Patients with severe blast trauma resulting in significant muscle damage are at the highest risk for osteomyelitis. The period association coincides with a time frame when several trauma system practice changes were initiated (eg, increased negative pressure wound therapy, decreased high-pressure irrigation, and reduced crystalloid use).

Level of Evidence:

Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Changes in the range of motion of the lower limb joints during extensive tibial lengthening in achondroplasia
Authors: Kadono Izumi , Kitoh Hiroshi , Mishima Kenichi , Matsushita Masaki , Sato Koji , Kako Masato , Ishiguro Naoki
Published: June 2018

Increase in the magnitude of lengthening during the limb lengthening procedure involves a high risk of decreased range of motion (ROM) in adjacent joints. Even though patients with achondroplasia can tolerate a relatively larger amount of lengthening owing to its inherent soft-tissue laxity, they often exhibit significant joint contractures during extensive lengthening. In the present study, we evaluated temporal changes in the ROM of the hip, knee, and ankle joints throughout the treatment period in 12 limbs of six patients with achondroplasia who had undergone extensive tibial lengthening. The ROM of hip extension, knee extension, and ankle dorsiflexion were measured before distraction, at every 1-cm length gained during distraction, and at monthly intervals after the termination of distraction until the frame removal. The average amount of lengthening was 9.2±1.2 cm, corresponding to 52.8±6.8% of the original bone length. Equinus deformity of the ankle was observed in the early phase of distraction, whereas flexion contracture of the knee and hip appeared in the middle and the late phase of distraction, respectively. With dedicated physiotherapy and deliberate orthosis wearing, all of the contracture gradually resolved up to the preoperative state after the termination of distraction. This is the first report showing the development of contracture in the hip, a nonadjacent joint for the tibial lengthening.
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring to Assess Drug Adherence in Assumed Resistant Hypertension: A Comparison With Directly Observed Therapy in 3 Nonadherent Patients
Authors: Feyz Lida , Bahmany Soma , Daemen Joost , van den Meiracker Anton H. , Koch Birgit C. P. , van Gelder Teun , Versmissen Jorie
Published: June 2018

Resistant hypertension is a common health problem leading to suboptimal cardiovascular prevention. A large number of patients with resistant hypertension have poor medication adherence explaining their assumed resistance to therapy. We combined directly observed therapy (DOT) with therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) in 3 patients at several time points to enable an extensive feedback on blood pressure (BP) and drug levels. BP was measured with an automatic oscillatory device at regular intervals of 5 minutes (directly before and after drug intake) and at 30-minute intervals (at night) during admission. Blood samples were obtained at different time points (t = in hours; t = 0, 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 hours after drug intake). DOT was performed under supervision of the physician. In 2 of the 3 patients, automated BP decreased directly after DOT, −10/0 and −5/−5 mm Hg, respectively. Plasma drug levels for several drugs or active metabolites were 0 at t = 0, whereas plasma levels were positive at t = 24 hours after observed intake. We recommend a more frequent use of TDM combined with repeated BP measurements in clinical practice because this is a convenient, objective method of measurement and to ensure that actual drug levels reflect the BP at the time of measurement.
Clinical Profile of a Nonselected Population Treated With Sacubitril/Valsartan Is Different From PARADIGM-HF Trial
Authors: Vicent Lourdes , Esteban-Fernández Alberto , Gómez-Bueno Manuel , De-Juan Javier , Díez-Villanueva Pablo , Iniesta Ángel Manuel , Ayesta Ana , González-Saldívar Hugo , Rojas-González Antonio , Bover-Freire Ramón , Iglesias Diego , García-Aguado Marcos , Perea-Egido Jesús A. , Martínez-Sellés Manuel
Published: June 2018

Our aim is to describe the characteristics of the patients receiving sacubitril/valsartan (SV) in daily clinical practice. This is a prospective registry in 10 hospitals including all patients who started SV in everyday clinical practice. From October 2016 to March 2017, 427 patients started treatment with SV. The mean age was 68.1 ± 12.4 years, and 30.5% were women (22.0% in PARADIGM-HF, P < 0.001). Comparing our cohort with patients included in PARADIGM-HF, baseline treatment was different, with a lower ratio of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin II receptor blockers (2.7 vs. 3.5, P < 0.001), and a higher proportion of patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillator (53.8% vs. 15%, P < 0.001), and cardiac resynchronization therapy (25.8% vs. 5%, P < 0.001). Treatment with mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists was more frequent (76.7% vs. 60.0%, P < 0.001), and the use of beta-blockers was similar (94.6% vs. 93.0%, P = 0.43). We observed more patients in functional class III-IV (30.4 vs. 24.8, P = 0.015), higher levels of Nt pro-BNP [3421 (904–4161) vs. 1631 (885–3154) pg/mL] and worse renal function (creatinine level 1.3 ± 0.7 vs. 1.1 ± 0.3 mg/dL, P < 0.001). In real life, patients receiving SV have a higher risk profile than in the pivotal trial, poorer functional class, higher levels of natriuretic peptides, and worse renal function.
Into the void: a review of postoperative urinary retention after minimally invasive gynecologic surgery
Authors: Wong Marron C. , Isaacson Keith , Morris Stephanie
Published: June 2018

Purpose of review

Postoperative urinary retention (POUR) is a common occurrence after minimally invasive gynecologic surgery (MIGS). This review discusses the definition, incidence, evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of POUR after MIGS.

Recent findings

Reported incidence of POUR after MIGS ranges from 0.5 to 21%. Active void trials or awaiting spontaneous void after surgery are both viable options for diagnosing POUR, but active void trials appear to be more accurate, quicker, and preferred by patients. The use of enhanced recovery after surgery pathways and minimizing postoperative opioids can help reduce POUR.

It is important to evaluate postoperative patients for POUR after MIGS. Standard guidelines are lacking for the evaluation and treatment of patients with POUR.
Predictors of Yangsaeng (Health Management) Among Korean Middle-Aged Adults
Authors: Gu Min Kyung , Sok Sohyune R.
Published: June 2018

This study aimed to examine and identify the predictors of Yangsaeng (health management) among Korean middle-aged adults. A cross-sectional descriptive design was employed. Study participants consisted of 150 middle-aged adults in S and G cities, South Korea. Measures included the Yangsaeng scale, the perceived health state scale, the self-efficacy scale, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the family support scale. The analyses showed that the prediction model for Yangsaeng (health management) among Korean middle-aged adults was significant. The value of the adjusted R
2 was 0.635, which corresponded to the explanatory power of 63.5%. The predictor with the most influence on Yangsaeng (health management) among Korean middle-aged adults was family support, followed by perceived health state, leisure activity, self-efficacy, and religion, respectively. This study provided preliminary evidence that family support is a major and primary predictor of Yangsaeng (health management) among Korean middle-aged adults. Concrete interventions and strategies to improve the Yangsaeng (health management) of Korean middle-aged adults were necessary.
Sclerocornea–Microphthalmia–Aphakia Complex: Description of Two Additional Cases Associated With Novel FOXE3 Mutations and Review of the Literature
Authors: Quiroz-Casian Natalia , Chacon-Camacho Oscar F. , Barragan-Arevalo Tania , Nava-Valdez Jessica , Lieberman Esther , Salgado-Medina Acatzin , Navas Alejandro , Graue-Hernandez Enrique O. , Zenteno Juan C.
Published: June 2018

Purpose:

To describe 2 sporadic Mexican patients having congenital bilateral, total sclerocornea, aphakia, and microphthalmia associated with novel mutations in the FOXE3 gene.

Methods:

Two affected individuals with congenital bilateral, total sclerocornea, aphakia, and microphthalmia underwent detailed examinations including slit-lamp examination, visual acuity, and intraocular pressure measurements. Ocular ultrasonography and ultrasound biomicroscopy were performed. Genomic DNA was isolated from blood leukocytes in each subject, and molecular analysis of the FOXE3 gene was performed. For cosegregation analysis, presumable pathogenic variants were tested by Sanger sequencing in parental DNA.

Results:

Molecular screening of FOXE3 was performed in 2 cases with congenital bilateral, total sclerocornea, aphakia, and microphthalmia. In patient 1, genetic analysis demonstrated a novel homozygous c.291C>G (p.Ile97Met) FOXE3 pathogenic variant. In patient 2, compound heterozygosity for the novel c.387C>G (p.Phe129Leu) transversion and for the previously reported c.244A>G (p.Met82Val) transition, was recognized.

Conclusions:

The sclerocornea–microphthalmia–aphakia complex is a severe malformative ocular phenotype resulting from mutations in the FOXE3 transcription factor. To date, patients from at least 14 families with this uncommon ocular disorder have been described. The identification of 2 novel pathogenic variants in our patients expands the mutational spectrum in FOXE3-related congenital eye disorders. In addition, we performed a review of the clinical and genotypic characteristics of all published patients carrying biallelic FOXE3 mutations.