bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seltenerdethenidhalogenide Ln2n+6(C2)n+4X2n+2: Darstellung, Struktur, Verwachsung und Verzwilligung
Authors: Mattausch Hansjürgen , Kienle Lorenz , Duppel Viola , Hoch Constantin , Simon Arndt
Published: August 2009

Preparation, crystal structure, intergrowth and twinning of the compounds La10(C2)6Br6, Ce10(C2)6Br6 and Gd10(C2)6Cl6 are described. The compounds Ln10(C2)6X6 are formed by heating mixtures of LnX3, Ln und C in tantalum capsules under argon with the ratio LnX3:Ln:C = 2:4:6 for La10(C2)6Br6 at 1040 °C, 30 d (yield ca. 20 %), Ce10(C2)6Br6 at 1200 °C, 12 d, (80 %), Pr10(C2)6Br6 at 1140 °C, 5 d, (20 %) and 2:8:12 for Gd10(C2)6Cl6 at 1170 °C, 39 d, (100 %). They crystallize isotypical in a new structure type in C2/m with a = 22.809(5) Å, b = 3.9855(8) Å, c = 16.599(3) Å, β = 123.32(3)° (La10(C2)6Br6), a = 22.483(5) Å, b = 3.9253(8) Å, c = 16.375(3) Å, β = 123.15(3)° (Ce10(C2)6Br6), a = 22.360(10) Å, b = 3.895(2) Å, c = 16.269(8) Å, β = 123.44(3)° (Pr10(C2)6Br6) and a = 21.507(4) Å, b = 3.7193(7) Å, c = 15.331(3) Å, β = 123.34(3)° (Gd10(C2)6Cl6). The structure of Ln10(C2)6X6 is composed of Ln octahedra centered by (C2) groups, which are connected through common edges to form sheets which are further connected perpendicularly by chains of Ln triple octahedra to form tunnels, which contain the X atoms coordinating the triangular faces of the Ln octahedra. The compounds are semiconductors according to ionic formulations (Ln3+)10(C24–)6(X–)6 suggested by the C=C double bond assignment.
Impact of the Standardized Medial‐to‐Lateral Approach on Outcome of Laparoscopic Colorectal Resection
Authors: Poon Jensen T. C. , Law Wai‐Lun , Fan Joe K. M. , Lo Oswen S. H.
Published: August 2009

Background

Beginning in 2004, a standardized medial‐to‐lateral approach was adopted in laparoscopic colorectal resection (LapCR) in our institution. The present study aimed to compare the outcomes of patients operated on by this approach with those who were operated on prior to the adoption of this technique.

Methods

Data were retrieved from a prospectively collected database on LapCR. The control group included 196 patients operated on from January 2002 to December 2003 and the medial approach group included 224 patients who underwent operations from January 2005 to December 2007. The patient characteristics, operative details, pathology, and surgical outcomes of the two groups were compared.

Results

The patient demographics, types of operation and pathology did not show any statistically significant difference. The medial approach group was associated with significantly less median blood loss [100 (interquartile range [IQR]: 50–174) ml versus 150 (IQR:100–300) ml; p < 0.001], shorter hospital stay [4 (IQR: (4–7) versus 7 (5–9) days; p < 0.001], and more lymph nodes harvested [12 (7–17.5) versus 10 (6–15); p = 0.001]. Significantly earlier bowel function recovery was observed in the medial approach group. The mortality and complications did not show any difference.

Conclusions

A standardized medial‐to‐lateral approach for LapCR is associated with less blood loss, earlier return of bowel function, shorter hospital stay, and increased number of lymph nodes harvested. This should be the preferred approach in LapCR.
Constructing a relativistic heat flow by transport time steps
Authors: Puel Marjolaine , McCann Robert J.
Published: August 2009

An alternative construction to Andreu et al. (2005) [12] is given for

L_{w}^{1}([0,T],\mathrm{BV}(\Omega ))

solutions to the relativistic heat equation (1) (see Brenier (2003) [14], Mihalas and Mihalas (1984) [37], Rosenau (1992) [40], Chertock et al. (2003) [20], Caselles (2007) [19]) under the assumption of initial data bounded from below and from above. For that purpose, we introduce a time discretized scheme in the style of Jordan et al. (1998) [30], Otto (1996) [38] involving an optimal transportation problem with a discontinuous hemispherical cost function. The limiting process is based on a monotonicity argument and on a bound of the Fisher information by an entropy balance characteristic of the minimization problem.

Nous présentons ici une construction alternative à celle d'Andreu et al. (2005) [12] de solution

L_{w}^{1}([0,T],\mathrm{BV}(\Omega ))

de l'équation de la chaleur relativiste (1) (voir Brenier (2003) [14], Mihalas et Mihalas (1984) [37], Rosenau (1992) [40], Chertock et al. (2003) [20], Caselles (2007) [19]) dans le cas de conditions initiales bornées inférieurement et supérieurement. Pour cela, nous introduisons un schéma discret en temps dans le style de Jordan et al. (1998) [30], Otto (1996) [38] basé sur un problème de transport optimal faisant intervenir une fonction de coût hémisphérique et discontinue. Le passage à la limite lorsque le pas de temps tend vers zéro repose sur un argument de monotonie et une borne de l'information de Fisher par la variation de l'entropie, inégalité caractéristique du problème de transport optimal.
Controllability on the group of diffeomorphisms
Authors: Agrachev A.A. , Caponigro M.
Published: August 2009

Given a compact manifold

M

, we prove that any bracket generating family of vector fields on

M

, which is invariant under multiplication by smooth functions, generates the connected component of the identity of the group of diffeomorphisms of

M

.

Soit

M

une variété compacte, nous montrons que toute famille de champs de vecteurs satisfaisant la condition du rang et étant invariante par multiplication par fonctions lisses engendre la composante connexe de l'identité du groupe

\mathrm{Diff}M

.
The limiting behavior of the value-function for variational problems arising in continuum mechanics
Authors: Zaslavski Alexander J.
Published: August 2009

In this paper we study the limiting behavior of the value-function for one-dimensional second order variational problems arising in continuum mechanics. The study of this behavior is based on the relation between variational problems on bounded large intervals and a limiting problem on

[0,\infty)

.
Best constants in a borderline case of second-order Moser type inequalities
Authors: Cassani Daniele , Ruf Bernhard , Tarsi Cristina
Published: August 2009

We study optimal embeddings for the space of functions whose Laplacian

Δu

belongs to

L^{1}(\Omega )

, where

\Omega \subset \mathbb{R}^{N}

is a bounded domain. This function space turns out to be strictly larger than the Sobolev space

W^{2,1}(\Omega )

in which the whole set of second-order derivatives is considered. In particular, in the limiting Sobolev case, when

N = 2

, we establish a sharp embedding inequality into the Zygmund space

L_{\mathrm{\exp }}(\Omega )

. On one hand, this result enables us to improve the Brezis–Merle (Brezis and Merle (1991) [13]) regularity estimate for the Dirichlet problem

\mathrm{\Delta }u = f(x) \in L^{1}(\Omega )

,

u = 0

on

∂Ω

; on the other hand, it represents a borderline case of D. R. Adams' (1988) [1] generalization of Trudinger–Moser type inequalities to the case of higher-order derivatives. Extensions to dimension

N⩾3

are also given. Besides, we show how the best constants in the embedding inequalities change under different boundary conditions.
Choquet simplices as spaces of invariant probability measures on post-critical sets
Authors: Cortez María Isabel , Rivera-Letelier Juan
Published: August 2009

A well-known consequence of the ergodic decomposition theorem is that the space of invariant probability measures of a topological dynamical system, endowed with the weak

∗

topology, is a non-empty metrizable Choquet simplex. We show that every non-empty metrizable Choquet simplex arises as the space of invariant probability measures on the post-critical set of a logistic map. Here, the post-critical set of a logistic map is the

ω

-limit set of its unique critical point. In fact we show the logistic map

f

can be taken in such a way that its post-critical set is a Cantor set where

f

is minimal, and such that each invariant probability measure on this set has zero Lyapunov exponent, and is an equilibrium state for the potential

−\mathrm{\ln }|f^{′}|

.

Une conséquence bien connue du théorème de décomposition ergodique est que l'espace des mesures de probabilité invariantes d'un système dynamique topologique est un simplexe de Choquet métrisable et non vide. On montre que tout simplexe de Choquet métrisable et non vide se réalise comme l'espace des mesures de probabilité invariantes sur l'ensemble post-critique d'une application logistique. Ici, l'ensemble post-critique d'une application logistique est l'ensemble

ω

-limite de son unique point critique. En effet, on démontre que l'application logistique

f

peut être choisie de telle façon que son ensemble post-critique soit un ensemble de Cantor où

f

est minimal, et tel que chaque mesure de probabilité invariante sur cet ensemble soit d'exposant de Lyapunov null, et un état d'équilibre pour le potentiel

−\mathrm{\ln }|f^{′}|

.
Wrong Site Surgery Near Misses and Actual Occurrences
Authors: Blanco Mary , Clarke John R. , Martindell Denise
Published: August 2009

Under coordination by the Patient Safety Authority, staff members in facilities across Pennsylvania analyzed 97 wrong site surgery near misses and 44 actual occurrences using a common analysis form from August 2007 to August 2008. These assessments were aggregated and compared by the Patient Safety Authority.

Assessments in which near misses were identified that did not advance to actual wrong site occurrences were significantly more likely to report compliance with patient identification and preoperative reconciliation protocols, accurate scheduling, notation of the surgical site on the consent form, participation of the surgeon in preoperative verification, participation of all surgical team members in the time out, time outs performed with the site marking visible after draping, and the surgeon explicitly empowering team members to speak up if concerned and acknowledging concerns when expressed. AORN J 90 (August 2009) 215–222. © AORN, Inc, 2009.
A Synthesis of the Literature on “Competence” as It Applies to Perioperative Nursing
Authors: Gillespie Brigid Mary , Hamlin Lois
Published: August 2009

Perioperative competence is an eclectic concept that has been difficult to define and even more difficult to measure. Competence has been described in relation to standards of practice with little emphasis placed on its interpersonal aspects. This article presents a synthesis of the literature focused on perioperative nurse competence.

Although specialized knowledge in the form of technical proficiency is important, it is no longer the only indicator of perioperative competence. The findings in this synthesis attest to the increased awareness and emphasis given to human factors—recognition that teamwork, communication, coordination, and leadership also affect human performance. Based on these findings, the next important step would be to develop and test these categories of competence empirically. AORN J 90 (August 2009) 245–258. © AORN, Inc, 2009.
Relationship between methylation status of ERCC1 promoter and radiosensitivity in glioma cell lines
Authors: Liu Zhi‐Gang , Chen Hua‐Yun , Cheng Jing‐Jian , Chen Zhong‐Ping , Li Xiao‐Nan , Xia Yun‐fei
Published: August 2009

Ionizing radiation represents one of the most important therapies for glioma, a lethal primary brain tumor, while radiotherapy remains a challenge for radiation oncologist because of radioresistance. Radiosensitivity of gliomas determines radiotherapy efficacy. Evidence demonstrated that methylation of CpG Island in the promoter region may result in gene silencing. This study was designed to determine the relationship between methylation status of ERCC1 promoter region and radiosensitivity in glioma cell lines. We investigated the expression levels of ERCC1 transcripts and protein in GBM cell lines. Colony forming experiments was used to measure surviving fraction at 2 Gy (SF2) in four human glioma cell lines, MGR1, MGR2, SF767 and T98G. Methylation status in the promoter region of ERCC1 in these glioma cell lines was determined by using bisulphate sequencing and MSP analysis. Radiosensitivity was examined to be heterogeneous in these glioma cell lines. There was a statistical difference in the radiosensitivity between glioma cell lines with and without methylation of ERCC1 gene promoter CpG islands. Furthermore, we promoted ERCC1 expression by 5‐azacytidine treatment which resulted in the reduction of radiation‐induced cell killing in radiosensitive cell lines. Our data indicate that methylation status of ERCC1 is associated with radiosensitivity in glioma cell lines. It could be used as a new biomarker for predicting the radiosensitivity of human gliomas.
Rhythmic pattern of PCA opioid demand in adults with cancer pain
Authors: Schiessl C. , Schestag I. , Sittl R. , Drake R. , Zernikow B.
Published: August 2009

Introduction: Patient‐controlled analgesia (PCA) has an established role in managing postoperative pain and has been successfully used in‐patients with cancer pain. The variation of opioid requirement over a 24h period for patients with cancer pain is debated with suggestions of reduced need over night.

Methods: Retrospective review of 10years (1997–2006) data of all in‐patients with cancer pain treated with strong opioids delivered by PCA.

Results: 141 patients with cancer pain had a mean cumulative 10day morphine equivalent dose per patient of 671mg (median 470mg; range 10–2170mg). At night (10:01pm to 06:00am) the patient's self administered less bolus doses (69mg, (25%)) than during the other two 8h periods (06:01am to 02:00pm, 91mg (33%) and 02:01pm to 10:00pm, 116mg (42%)). In 8 out of 10days a significant variation in bolus requests was observed with significantly less bolus requests during the night (Friedman test, p<0.05). Furthermore, the median number of delivered bolus requests per patient, at night, was 2–3 compared to the morning and afternoon periods of 3–7 and 3.5–6, respectively.

Conclusion: PCA met individual patient's opioid needs in a safe and effective manner despite a large inter‐individual variability in opioid consumption. Moreover, the study indicated a pattern of less opioid requirement at night.
“The preadipocyte factor” DLK1 marks adult mouse adipose tissue residing vascular cells that lack in vitro adipogenic differentiation potential
Authors: Andersen Ditte Caroline , Jensen Line , Schrøder Henrik Daa , Jensen Charlotte Harken
Published: August 2009

Delta‐like 1 (Dlk1) is expressed in 3T3‐L1 preadipocytes and has frequently been referred to as “the” preadipocyte marker, yet the phenotype of DLK1+ cells in adipose tissue remains undetermined. Herein, we demonstrate that DLK1+ cells encompass around 1–2% of the adult mouse adipose stromal vascular fraction (SVF). Unexpectedly, the DLK1+SVF population was enriched for cells expressing genes generally ascribed to the vascular lineage and did not possess any adipogenic differentiation potential in vitro. Instead, DLK1+ cells comprised an immediate ability for cobblestone formation, generation of tube‐like structures on matrigel, and uptake of Acetylated Low Density‐Lipoprotein, all characteristics of endothelial cells. We therefore suggest that DLK1+SVF cells are of a vascular origin and not them‐selves committed preadipocytes as assumed hitherto.
Meperidine versus valethamate bromide in shortening the duration of active labor
Authors: Yilmaz Bulent , Kart Cavit , Kelekci Sefa , Gokturk Umut , Sut Necdet , Tarlan Nurten , Mollamahmutoglu Leyla
Published: August 2009

Objective

To compare the efficacy and safety of meperidine hydrochloride and valethamate bromide against placebo in shortening the duration of active labor.

Method

We randomly assigned 160 nulliparous women with a singleton pregnancy at term who needed induction of labor to one of 3 treatments: 50 mg of meperidine (n = 53), 16 mg of valethamate bromide (n = 53), or a normal saline solution as placebo (n = 54). All medications were given by slow intravenous infusion. Labor duration was the main outcome measure.

Results

The intervals between infusion and complete cervical dilation and between infusion and delivery were significantly reduced (P < 0.001 and P < 0.01) in the meperidine group (103.0 ± 64.5 minutes and 119.8 ± 70.2 minutes), in contrast to the placebo group (173.9 ± 74.8 minutes and 192.2 ± 82.8 minutes). However, differences were not significant between the 2 treatment groups (139.6 ± 63.1 minutes and 160.6 ± 71.9 minutes), or between the valethamate bromide and the placebo group.

Conclusion

Meperidine, but not valethamate bromide, significantly shortened the duration of active labor in nulliparous women with a singleton pregnancy at term.
Evaluation of the repeatability of ultrasound scanning for detection of feline polycystic kidney disease
Authors: Wills Sheila J. , Barrett Esther L. , Barr Frances J. , Bradley Kate J. , Helps Chris R. , Cannon Martha J. , Gruffydd-Jones Timothy J.
Published: August 2009

Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is the most prevalent inherited genetic disease in cats with Persian and Persian-related breeds predominantly affected. Diagnosis of PKD relied on ultrasound scanning until the recent development of the PKD gene test. However, gene testing has limitations as it will only identify the autosomal dominant form of PKD and not other forms of cystic kidney disease. Ultrasound scanning also has the advantage of being able to assess the severity and progression of disease in PKD affected cats. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the repeatability of ultrasound scanning in the detection of PKD and to assess progression of the disease over time. This study demonstrated 100% repeatability of ultrasound scanning in the detection of PKD and has also demonstrated progression of disease in 75% of PKD positive cats assessed over a 1-year period.
Associations between sleeping habits and food consumption patterns among 10–11-year-old children in Finland
Authors: Westerlund Lisa , Ray Carola , Roos Eva
Published: August 2009

The increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity among children is of special concern. Inverse associations between sleep length and overweight have been found in children. Short sleeping hours result in hormonal changes, which increase perceived hunger and appetite. This could affect food intake, and consequently lead to overweight. The aim is to find out whether there is an association between adequate sleep and food consumption among 10–11-year-old school children in Finland. One thousand two hundred and sixty-five children (response rate 79 %), aged 9–11, from thirty-one schools filled in a questionnaire about their health behaviour. Inadequate sleep was measured as short sleeping hours during school nights and weekend nights, difficulties in waking up in the morning and tiredness during the day. Food consumption patterns were measured by two consumption indices, energy-rich foods and nutrient-dense foods, based on a short FFQ (sixteen items). Inadequate sleep is associated with food consumption patterns. Boys with shorter sleep duration during school nights, and who were felt tired during the day, were more likely to consume energy-rich foods. Girls with shorter sleep duration during school nights consumed more likely energy-rich foods and less likely nutrient-dense foods. Adjusting for physical activity and screen time weakened the explored associations. The associations with energy-rich foods were stronger for boys than for girls. Sleeping habits are associated with food consumption patterns. Shorter sleep duration during school nights in school children is associated with higher consumption of energy-rich foods.
Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among female Kuwaiti adolescents using two different criteria
Authors: Al-Isa Abdulwahhab , Akanji Abayomi O. , Thalib Lukman
Published: August 2009

Overweight and obesity are highly prevalent in Kuwait and they are associated with the metabolic syndrome (MS). The present study aims to assess the prevalence of the MS among Kuwaiti female adolescents aged 10–19 years. A cross-sectional random sample of 431, apparently healthy, Kuwaiti female adolescents drawn from several randomly selected schools was studied for the prevalence of the MS using the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and the National Cholesterol Education Program Third Adult Treatment Panel (ATP III) modified for age diagnostic criteria. Clinical assessment included measurements of waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, HDL and TAG. Whichever criteria are used, the prevalence of the MS among female Kuwaiti adolescents was found to be high, which indicates an urgent need for intervention programmes to prevent increased CVD and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The IDF criteria tend to give higher values for the prevalence of the MS in comparison with the modified ATP III criteria (14·8v.9·1 %). There have been no diagnostic criteria specific for the MS for the Gulf Arab population as yet.
Phylogeny of the cetrarioid core (Parmeliaceae) based on five genetic markers
Authors: THELL Arne , HÖGNABBA Filip , ELIX John A. , FEUERER Tassilo , KÄRNEFELT Ingvar , MYLLYS Leena , RANDLANE Tiina , SAAG Andres , STENROOS Soili , AHTI Teuvo , SEAWARD Mark R. D.
Published: August 2009

Fourteen genera belong to a monophyletic core of cetrarioid lichens,Ahtiana, Allocetraria, Arctocetraria, Cetraria, Cetrariella, Cetreliopsis, Flavocetraria, Kaernefeltia, Masonhalea, Nephromopsis, Tuckermanella, Tuckermannopsis, UsnocetrariaandVulpicida. A total of 71 samples representing 65 species (of 90 worldwide) and all type species of the genera are included in phylogentic analyses based on a complete ITS matrix and incomplete sets of group I intron, β-tubulin, GAPDH and mtSSU sequences. Eleven of the species included in the study are analysed phylogenetically for the first time, and of the 178 sequences, 67 are newly constructed. Two phylogenetic trees, one based solely on the complete ITS-matrix and a second based on total information, are similar, but not entirely identical. About half of the species are gathered in a strongly supported clade composed of the generaAllocetraria, Cetrarias. str.,CetrariellaandVulpicida.Arctocetraria,Cetreliopsis,KaernefeltiaandTuckermanellaare monophyletic genera, whereasCetraria, FlavocetrariaandTuckermannopsisare polyphyletic. The taxonomy in current use is compared with the phylogenetic results, and future, probable or potential adjustments to the phylogeny are discussed. The single non-DNA character with a strong correlation to phylogeny based on DNA-sequences is conidial shape. The secondary chemistry of the poorly known speciesCetraria annaeis analyzed for the first time; the cortex contains usnic acid and atranorin, whereas isonephrosterinic, nephrosterinic, lichesterinic, protolichesterinic and squamatic acids occur in the medulla. Notes on the anatomy ofCetraria annaeandFlavocetraria minusculaare also provided.
A monograph of the genus Placomaronea (Ascomycota, Candelariales)
Authors: WESTBERG Martin , FRÖDÉN Patrik , WEDIN Mats
Published: August 2009

A monograph of the genus Placomaronea is presented; all species described earlier are revised, a total of six species is recognized, and an identification key is presented. In addition to the three previously known species, P. candelarioides, P. lambii and P. mendozae, three new species are described: Placomaronea kaernefeltii is a large rosette-like species known from one locality in northernmost Chile; Placomaronea fuegiana is a bullate, areolate species described from Tierra del Fuego, Argentina; Placomaronea minima is a small, areolate to minutely lobate species described from Chile and Argentina, and is the first species of Placomaronea to be reported from the African continent. In a phylogenetic analysis of nuclear ITS rDNA, Placomaronea is shown to form a monophyletic group within the Candelariales.
Age and epiphytic lichen diversity of the dwarf shrub Helianthemumoelandicum on the island of Öland, Sweden
Authors: FRÖBERG L. , NIKLASSON M. , PALTTO H. , KNUTSSON T. , JOHANSSON T.
Published: August 2009

Lichen cover and diversity were analysed on the dwarf shrub Helianthemum oelandicum (L.) Dum.Cours. at one site in the calcareous grassland of the area known as the ‘Great Alvar’ on the Island of Öland, Sweden. The age of 22 phorophytes was determined by ring counting and varied from 8 to 41 years and was accurately predicted by the root diameter. A total of 18 lichen species was found, with a range between 0 and 13 species per phorophyte. The number of lichen species on living H. oelandicum were correlated with the phorophyte age. The number of lichen species and their coverage were greater on dead compared with living phorophytes. The species number was also higher on thin branches compared with thick branches and roots and some of the species showed preferences for dead phorophytes, and for thin branches. This study of lichen colonization and growth on dwarf shrubs in relation to phorophyte age is a new application of herbchronology.
Genetic variation in relation to substratum preferences ofHypogymnia physodes
Authors: MATTSSON Jan-Eric , HANSSON Anne-Charlotte , LINDBLOM Louise
Published: August 2009

Genetic variability and its relationship to substratum preferences within and among populations of the sorediate foliose lichenHypogymnia physodeswas investigated using sequence variation in the complete nrDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. A few samples of the putatively closely related, sorediate,H. tubulosawere also included. Samples were collected from each tree species in study sites in Estonia, Finland, and Sweden. In total, DNA sequences from 104 individuals ofH. physodesand 16 ofH. tubulosawere obtained. A group 1 intron situated at the end of the small subunit (SSU) of the nrDNA was detected in both species. Within-species variability was observed in both species: fifteen haplotypes were found forH.physodesand seven forH.tubulosafor the combined alignment of the intron and the ITS. Possible recombination within the total gene fragment was detected and hence the different regions (intron, ITS1, 5.8S, ITS2) were analysed separately. They show a different degree of variability both between each other and between the species. The number of haplotypes ofH.physodesin the four regions are 5, 5, 1, and 5 and forH.tubulosa5, 2, 1 and 2, respectively. A statistical parsimony estimation resulted in two unconnected networks; one containing all the samples ofH.physodesand one containing allH. tubulosasamples. It was not possible to show different potentials of the different haplotypes for establishment on different substrata as the network ofH. physodesindicates recombination within the ITS region which may be frequent enough to make this primarily clonally reproducing species to behave like a sexual species.
Increased susceptibility toStrongyloides venezuelensisin mice due toMycobacterium bovisco-infection which modulates production of Th2 cytokines
Authors: CARMO A. M. , VICENTINI M. A. , DIAS A. T. , ALVES L. L. , ALVES C. C. S. , BRANDI J. S. , DE PAULA M. L. , FERNANDES A. , BARSANTE M. M. , SOUZA M. A. , TEIXEIRA H. C. , NEGRÃO-CORRÊA D. , FERREIRA A. P.
Published: August 2009

An estimated quarter of the world's population possesses an infection caused by gastrointestinal nematodes, which induce a Th2 type immune response. Concomitant infection of nematodes withMycobacterium tuberculosis, which induces a predominantly Th1 type response, is very frequent in tropical and subtropical regions. This study examined immune responses of BALB/c mice infected withStrongyloides venezuelensisand then co-infected withMycobacterium bovis. The number of worms in the intestine, eggs in feces, cytokine production in lungs and intestine and the expression of CD80, CD86, CTLA-4 and CD28 cell markers on pulmonary cells were analysed. Our results indicate that co-infected mice had an increased parasite burden, which correlates with elevated IFN-γ and IL-10 cytokine production and decreased IL-4 and IL-13. Moreover, decreased expression of CD80 and increased expression of CTLA-4 were observed in co-infected mice. Our data point out that susceptibility toStrongyloides venezuelensisinfection is increased byMycobacterium bovisco-infection, resulting in higher parasite survival.
Weight gain in antipsychotic-naive patients: a review and meta-analysis
Authors: Tarricone I. , Ferrari Gozzi B. , Serretti A. , Grieco D. , Berardi D.
Published: August 2009

Background

Weight gain is a long-recognized side-effect of antipsychotic (AP) drugs and a major health concern in the treatment of psychosis. The strength of the causal relationship between AP drug exposure and weight gain can only be gauged by a drugs trial conducted on AP-naive patients.

Method

We conducted a review of the literature regarding the amount of weight gain induced by APs in AP-naive patients and carried out a meta-analysis of mean weight gains.

Results

We found 11 primary studies reporting the effects of APs on body weight or body mass index (BMI) in AP-naive patients. The mean body weight and BMI gains in AP-naive patients were highly significant from the first weeks of treatment. When we limited the analysis to studies conducted on patients hospitalized and without any adjunctive treatment potentially affecting weight, the resultant sample showed less heterogeneity and confirmed the final picture of weight gain at around 3.8 kg and 1.2 points BMI.

Conclusions

Weight gain associated with AP therapy in AP-naive patients occurs rapidly in the first few weeks and continues during the following months. Clinicians should be aware of the high probability of causing weight gain in AP-naive patients and should strictly monitor such patients.
Pre-morbid IQ in mental disorders: a Danish draft-board study of 7486 psychiatric patients
Authors: Urfer-Parnas A. , Lykke Mortensen E. , Sæbye D. , Parnas J.
Published: August 2009

Background

Longitudinal studies indicate that future schizophrenia patients exhibit lower IQ than healthy controls. Recent studies suggest that future patients with other mental illnesses obtain lower pre-morbid IQ. The aims of this study were to compare pre-morbid IQ among five diagnostic categories and normal controls, to examine the distribution of pre-morbid IQ, and to investigate the relationship between pre-morbid IQ and risk of mental illness.

Method

A total of 7486 individuals hospitalized with psychiatric disease and 20 531 controls. IQ was measured at the draft board and hospital diagnoses [schizophrenia (Sz), non-schizophrenic, non-affective psychoses (NSAP), affective (AD), personality (PD) and neurotic/stress disorders (ND)] were followed up to ages 43–54 years. Individuals hospitalized ⩽1 year after appearing before the draft board were excluded.

Results

All future patients obtained significantly lower pre-morbid IQ than controls (3–7 IQ points), AD had the highest IQ and PD the lowest. In each diagnostic category, decreasing IQ was associated with an increasing risk of becoming a patient [odds ratios (ORs) 0.5–2.5 over the full IQ spectrum]. IQ distributions was nearly normal and uni-modal.

Conclusions

IQ deficits in each diagnostic category may reflect different functional patterns and temporal vicissitudes of the specific pathogenetic processes involved in different mental disorders.
Should the diagnosis of major depression be made independent of or dependent upon the psychosocial context?
Authors: Kendler K. S. , Myers J. , Halberstadt L. J.
Published: August 2009

Background

The diagnosis of certain psychiatric syndromes (e.g. panic attacks, post-traumatic stress disorder) is crucially dependent on the psychosocial context in which they arise. For other syndromes (e.g. schizophrenia), the context is generally irrelevant. Should the diagnosis of major depression (MD) be made dependent upon or independent of the psychosocial context in which it occurs?

Method

Twins were selected from a population-based registry who, on personal interview, reported developing a full depressive syndrome either ‘out of the blue’ or in response to stressful life events (SLEs) rated objectively as having mild, low moderate, high moderate or severe long-term contextual threat (LTCT).

Results

In these depressed subjects, no relationship was found between the level of adversity associated with onset and most indices of liability to depression, including risk of MD in co-twin and parents, level of neuroticism, risk for future depressive episodes, co-morbidity with other internalizing disorders and history of sexual abuse. Compared to the remainder of this epidemiologic cohort, subjects developing depression in response to the severe threat events had substantially elevated levels of all the examined indices of liability to MD.

Conclusions

Individuals who develop a full depressive syndrome in response to high-threat events do not have an appreciably lower liability to MD than those developing depression after exposure to low adversity and have much higher liability to depression than observed in their population cohort. These results support the hypothesis that, in general, MD can be diagnosed independently of the psychosocial context in which it arises.
Embodying Emptiness: the Irreality of Mikhail Chekhov's Khlestakov
Authors: Senelick Laurence
Published: August 2009

Comedy, argues Laurence Senelick, is the form most indigenous to the Russian stage; so while its great players may still vie to make Hamlet their own, it is the comic figure of Khlestakov in Gogol's Government Inspector (Revizor) who most fully absorbs and enacts the concerns of the times in which the role is recreated. Here, while tracing the history of the role during the nineteenth century, Laurence Senelick is chiefly concerned with its performance by Mikhail Chekhov in Stanislavsky's first post-Revolutionary production at the Moscow Art Theatre in 1921. Stanislavsky's earlier revival in 1908 had placed Khlestakov amidst a ‘community of fools’; now – reflecting the view of Gogol's anti-hero given by Dmitry Merezhkovsky in his influential essay of 1906, ‘Gogol and the Devil’ – Chekhov accomplished the challenging task of embodying a nullity, an ‘empty vessel’, the odd one out in a ‘normal’ society which he manages briefly to plunge into delirium. Laurence Senelick is Distinguished Professor at Tufts University, and has published widely in the fields of Russian theatre, the history of popular entertainments, sex and gender and performance, and theatre iconography. His most recent works include A Historical Dictionary of Russian Theatre (Scarecrow Press, 2007), The Complete Plays of Anton Chekhov as translator and editor (Norton, 2005), and The Changing Room: Sex, Drag, and Theatre (Routledge, 2000).
Ripple Effect: the Theatrical Life of Max Linder
Authors: Bren Frank
Published: August 2009

By 1909 the French actor, playwright, and director Max Linder was probably the most popular male film star of his time, and his success as an innovative writer-actor of variety and revue continued until the outbreak of the First World War. But this followed five years of frustration in stage-ornament roles on the professional, ‘legitimate’ stage, and only after success in the cinema did his playlets, integrating filmed and live action, further enhance his fame in variety venues across Europe. After the war, and Linder's stints in Hollywood, his long descent into bouts of manic depression tragically began. But his theatrical spirit survives in the cine-stage works of the Prague theatre, Laterna Magika, and Frank Bren also discusses here his possible influence on the work of Erwin Piscator, and more surely on the spectacular Paris music-hall production, Jour de fête à l'Olympia, created by and starring Jacques Tati in 1961. This was plainly modelled on Linder's cinema-theatre creations of 1910–1914, with Tati and Pierre Etaix the outstanding successors to Max in French film comedy. Australian actor-author Frank Bren is currently writing a biography of Pierre Etaix, whose classic film comedies of the sixties are now being restored for international re-release – two of them paying discreet homage to Max Linder. Bren has written or co-written histories of Polish and Chinese cinema and theatre as well as articles for diverse international periodicals.
The Maintenance of Closed Anglican Churchyards
Authors: White Stephen
Published: August 2009

In 2004, this Journal published a case note of a decision by District Judge Thomas in the Gloucester County Court. At issue was the leeway permitted a District or Parish Council in discharging its obligation of maintaining a closed Anglican churchyard ‘by keeping it in decent order and its walls and fences in good repair’. The Parochial Church Council had passed responsibility for maintaining the churchyard to the Parish Council, which, in turn, had passed it to the District Council. The obligation was (and still is) no more and no less than that of the Parochial Church Council before the transfer. It is, said the note, ‘one of substantive maintenance and not merely management of decline (note the relief granted at first instance in R v Burial Board of Bishopwearmouth (1879) 5 QBD 67 at 68)’.
Human Sexuality and the Church of Scotland: Aitken et al v Presbytery of Aberdeen
Authors: Cranmer Frank
Published: August 2009

Although much of the business of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland relates to legislation and debates of reports from committees, unlike the synods of episcopal churches the General Assembly is also a court, with exclusive jurisdiction in ‘matters spiritual’. However, under the terms of Act III 2001, as amended, disciplinary matters are investigated by a Presbyterial Commission and, in disputed cases, ultimately come before the Assembly's Judicial Commission. Cases before the General Assembly were once quite common; but for the 2009 Assembly to find themselves hearing a judicial dispute was very unusual indeed.
Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum associated with aortic coarctation
Authors: Shauq Arjamand , Gladman Gordon , Ladusans Edmund J
Published: August 2009

Pulmonary atresia with intact septum is itself a rare congenital abnormality, albeit known to be associated with other cardiac and non-cardiac anomalies. The combination of right- and left-sided obstructive lesions, however, is extremely rare. We describe a patient having pulmonary atresia with intact septum associated with aortic coarctation, which to the best of our knowledge has been previously described on but one occasion.
Adherence to food-based dietary guidelines and evaluation of nutrient intake in 7-year-old children
Authors: Kristjansdottir Asa Gudrun , Thorsdottir Inga
Published: August 2009

Objective

To evaluate the diet of 7-year-old children by comparison with food-based dietary guidelines (FBDG) and reference values for nutrient intake.

Design

Food and nutrient intake was assessed by 3 d weighed dietary records of 7-year-olds in six randomly chosen schools in Reykjavik, Iceland. Height and weight were measured. The diet of 165 children (62 % of sample) was evaluated by the Icelandic FBDG and the Nordic reference values (NRV) for nutrient intake.

Setting

Six randomly chosen schools in Reykjavik, Iceland.

Results

The FBDG on fruits and vegetables was reached by less than 20 % of the children. A total of 52 % reached the FBDG to eat fish twice a week and 41 % to use vitamin D supplement. The FBDG on dairy was reached by 66 % of the children. Mean intake of SFA gave 13·9 % of the total energy intake (E%), which is higher than the NRV, 9·3E% of MUFA and 3·8E% of PUFA, both lower than the NRV (for all differencesP< 0·001). Added sugar gave 12·1E%, which exceeds the upper level (P< 0·001). Fibre intake was 2·1 g/MJ and lower than the NRV (P< 0·001). Mean intake of micronutrients was above the recommended intake (RI), except for iodine, 109·0 μg/d, and vitamin D, 6·1 μg/d, which was lower than the RI (P= 0·006 andP< 0·001, respectively).

Conclusions

Fruit, vegetable, fish and dairy, as well as vitamin D supplement, need to be increased in the diet of 7-year-old children to reach the FBDG and the reference values for nutrient intake. Dietary changes to increase the quality of fat and carbohydrate are needed as well.
Significant effects of implementation of health-promoting schools on schoolteachers’ nutrition knowledge and dietary intake in Taiwan
Authors: Chen Yi-Hua , Yeh Ching-Ying , Lai Yu-Ming , Shyu Meei-Ling , Huang Kuo-Cherh , Chiou Hung-Yi
Published: August 2009

Objective

Although teachers are the key participants in health-promoting schools (HPS) programme delivery, it is still unknown whether teachers are appropriate health information resources and role models for students with respect to healthy diets. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of implementing HPS programmes on teachers’ nutrition knowledge and diets.

Design

One HPS programme aiming at dietary intervention (HP-D) and one HPS not aiming at dietary intervention (HP-ND) were selected, along with two non-health-promoting (NHP) schools matched for school size and urbanization level with the two HPS. All 361 teachers in the four schools were invited to participate, yielding a 78·4 % overall valid response rate. A structured, self-reported questionnaire was administered, with regression models used for statistical analysis.

Results

Teachers in the HP-D group had a mean score of 21·1 on a range of 0–30 for nutrition knowledge, which was significantly higher than the mean scores of 18·5 in the HP-ND group and 19·1 in the NHP group (P< 0·001). Better dietary behaviours were also observed among HP-D teachers. Further, being a ‘health education’ course instructor was associated with significantly higher scores on nutrition knowledge (β= 2·6,P< 0·001) and vegetable and fruit consumption (β= 1·4,P= 0·02) in the HP-D group than in the NHP group. The HP-ND and NHP groups exhibited similar patterns of non-significant differences compared with the HP-D group.

Conclusions

Implementation of a coordinated HPS framework on nutrition and diet was positively correlated with schoolteachers’ nutrition knowledge and dietary intake.
Hypothesis-oriented food patterns and incidence of hypertension: 6-year follow-up of the SUN (Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra) prospective cohort
Authors: Toledo Estefanía , Carmona-Torre Francisco de A , Alonso Alvaro , Puchau Blanca , Zulet María A , Martinez J Alfredo , Martinez-Gonzalez Miguel A
Published: August 2009

Objective

To study the association between adherence to several a priori-defined healthy food patterns and the risk of hypertension.

Design

Prospective, multipurpose, dynamic cohort study (recruitment permanently open). We followed up 10 800 men and women (all of them university graduates), who were initially free of hypertension, for a variable period (range 2–6 years, median 4·6 years). During follow-up, 640 participants reported a new medical diagnosis of hypertension. Baseline diet was assessed using a validated 136-item FFQ. Validated information about non-dietary potential confounders was also gathered. We calculated adherence to fifteen different hypothesis-oriented food patterns and assessed the association between each of them and incident hypertension using multivariable Cox models.

Setting

The SUN (Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra – University of Navarra Follow-up) Project, Spain.

Subjects

Participants recruited to the SUN cohort before October 2005 were eligible for inclusion; after excluding those with self-reported hypertension or CVD at baseline, or with extreme total energy intake, data of 10 800 were analysed.

Results

Higher adherence to the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet (range of the score: 0 to 5) was significantly associated with a lower risk for developing hypertension (P for trend = 0·02). The other food patterns showed no significant association with incident hypertension.

Conclusions

Our results support a long-term protection of the DASH diet against the incidence of hypertension, but we found no evidence of a similar inverse association with hypertension for any other a priori-defined healthy food pattern.
Iron Age bog bodies of north-western Europe. Representing the dead
Authors: Giles Melanie
Published: August 2009

This paper explores the phenomenon of Iron Age bog bodies which are currently the subject of competing claims over the respectful treatment of the ancient dead. It reviews the problems associated with their discovery, identifies why they attract such attention, and critiques both traditional interpretations of bog bodies and methods of display. The paper defends their archaeological analysis, arguing that this process can radically transform our understanding of past communities: their lifeways and world views. Using British and Irish examples, it discusses how intimate emotions and social bonds are constructed between bog bodies, on the one hand, and, on the other, the professionals and public who engage with them. It contends that a more reflexive approach which foregrounds these complex relationships might help address concerns about the public display of human remains in general. It concludes by advocating broad processes of consultation as well as a contextual approach to the interpretation and display of future bog bodies.
A Multilevel Multitrait-Multimethod Analysis
Authors: Maas Cora J. M. , Lensvelt-Mulders Gerty J. L. M. , Hox Joop J.
Published: August 2009

The classical multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) matrix can be viewed as a two-dimensional cross-classification of traits and methods. Beside commonly used analysis methods such as structural equation modeling and generalizability theory, multilevel analysis offers attractive possibilities. If the focus is only on analyzing classical MTMM data, the multilevel approach has no surplus value, because the resulting model is equivalent to a confirmatory factor model with additional restrictions imposed by the multilevel parameterization. However, if the data contain further complexities, such as additional information on the traits or persons, multilevel analysis of MTMM data offers a flexible analysis tool with more possibilities than the other approaches.
Moist adjoint‐based forecast sensitivities for a heavy snowfall event over the Korean Peninsula on 4–5 March 2004
Authors: Jung Byoung‐Joo , Kim Hyun Mee
Published: August 2009

Adjoint sensitivity analyses are applied to a heavy snowfall event on the Korean Peninsula using the MM5 Adjoint Modeling System. To evaluate the effects of initial conditions on forecast error, adjoint integrations are performed using forecast error as a response function. Initial adjoint sensitivities are located in the middle to lower troposphere with horizontally isolated upshear‐tilted structures in the upstream regions (i.e., southern Mongolia). In addition, due to the effect of moist physics in adjoint model integration, vertically striped structures in the lower troposphere are also detected in the southern sea of the Korean Peninsula. Both initial adjoint sensitivity structures match the individual singular vector structures. The new 36‐h forecast using the initial condition perturbed with scaled adjoint sensitivities (i.e., key analysis error) shows much improvement in the intensity and location of the surface cyclone as well as the upper trough, and reduces 42.9% of the forecast error compared to the control forecast. In addition, the forecasts using the initial condition perturbed by the key analysis error deviate slightly from the observations than the forecasts using the control analysis in the first 12 h and are much closer to the observations than the control forecasts in the later 12 h. The linear and nonlinear evolutions of temperature perturbations over the large adjoint sensitivity regions show similar growth rates and spatial distributions. Additional experiments with and without specific moist physics for linear model integrations show that disagreement of moist physics in the nonlinear and linear model integrations degrades the linearity.