bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stereoselective Palladium‐Catalyzed Functionalization of Homoallylic Alcohols: A Convenient Synthesis of Di‐ and Trisubstituted Isoxazolidines and β‐Amino‐δ‐Hydroxy Esters
Authors: Malkov Andrei V. , Barłóg Maciej , Miller‐Potucká Lucie , Kabeshov Mikhail A. , Farrugia Louis J. , Kočovský Pavel
Published: April 2012

Enantiopure, Boc‐protected alkoxyamines 12 and 13, derived from the readily available homoallylic alcohols 4 via a reaction that involves either inversion or retention of configuration, undergo a diastereoselective Pd‐catalyzed ring‐closing carbonylative amidation to produce isoxazolidines 16/17 (≤50:1 diastereoisomer ratio (d.r.)) that can be readily converted into the N‐Boc‐protected esters of β‐amino‐δ‐hydroxy acids and their γ‐substituted homologues 37. The key carbonylative cyclization proceeds through an unusual syn addition of the palladium and the nitrogen nucleophile across the CC bond (19→21), as revealed by the reaction of 15, which afforded isoxazolidine 18 with high diastereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Electronic Structure and Chemical Bonding of LiYSi
Authors: Matar Samir F. , Poettgen Rainer , Ouaini Naim
Published: April 2012

DFT‐based calculations
ChemInform Abstract: Cation Ordering and Physicochemical Characterization of the Quaternary Diamond‐Like Semiconductor Ag2CdGeS4.
Authors: Brunetta Carl D. , Minsterman William C. III , Lake Charles H. , Aitken Jennifer A.
Published: April 2012

The title compound is characterized by synchrotron powder XRD, SEM, UV/VIS/NIR diffuse reflectance, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, and its crystal structure is redetermined by single crystal XRD.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structure and Dimorphism of Silicon Tetraisocyanate Si(NCO)4.
Authors: Schmidt Carsten Ludwig , Jansen Martin
Published: April 2012

Liquid Si(NCO)4 is prepared by reaction of SiCl4 and AgNCO in boiling toluene and characterized by Raman and NMR spectroscopy.
ChemInform Abstract: Two New Ternary Lanthanide Antimony Chalcogenides: Yb4Sb2S11.25 and Tm4Sb2Se11.68 Containing Chalcogenide Q2‐ and Dichalcogenide (Q2)2‐ Anions.
Authors: Babo Jean‐Marie , Albrecht‐Schmitt Thomas E.
Published: April 2012

Dark red crystals of Yb4Sb2S11.25 (25% yield) and dark brown crystals of Tm4Sb2Se11.68 are prepared by reaction of the elements in an in‐situ‐Sb2Q3/NaBr (Q: S, Se) flux at 900 °C.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Structural Characterization of the New Compound UEr2O2S3 and the Evidence for the Old Compound U2ErO2S3.
Authors: Raw Adam D. , Ibers James A.
Published: April 2012

Single crystals of UEr2O2S3 in the form of large black square plates are prepared by solid state reaction of UOS, Er, S, and Sb2S3 as a flux (1273 K, 14 d, 30 wt.% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Physical Properties and Electronic Structure of Sr1‐xLaxCu2Pn2 (Pn: P, As, Sb).
Authors: Qin Mingsheng , Yang Chongyin , Wang Yaoming , Yang Zhongtian , Chen Ping , Huang Fuqiang
Published: April 2012

The title compounds are synthesized from stoichiometric mixtures of the elements (alumina crucible, 1073 K, 48 h) and characterized by XRD, electrical resistivity, Hall coefficient, and magnetic measurements, and by DFT calculations.
ChemInform Abstract: Iron‐Mediated and ‐Catalyzed Metalative Cyclization of Electron‐Withdrawing‐Group‐Substituted Alkynes and Alkenes with Grignard Reagents.
Authors: Hata Takeshi , Sujaku Shiro , Hirone Naoki , Nakano Kirihiro , Imoto Junsuke , Imade Haduki , Urabe Hirokazu
Published: April 2012

Effective metalative cyclizations of functionalized enynes are accomplished in the presence of a simple iron reagent [→ (II)].
ChemInform Abstract: Silica Nanoparticles Efficiently Catalyzed Synthesis of Quinolines and Quinoxalines.
Authors: Hasaninejad Alireza , Shekouhy Mohsen , Zare Abdolkarim
Published: April 2012

Silica nanoparticles catalyze the condensation of 1,2‐diamines with 1,2‐diketones under solvent‐free conditions to afford of quinoxalines in high yields within short reaction times.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Benzo‐Fused Heterocycles by Intramolecular α‐Arylation of Ketone Enolate Anions.
Authors: Guastavino Javier F. , Rossi Roberto A.
Published: April 2012

Benzo‐fused 6‐, 7‐, 8‐, and 9‐membered heterocycles as well as carbocyclic analogues are available.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Iodoamination of Chalcones and 4‐Aryl‐4‐oxobutenoates Catalyzed by a Complex Based on Scandium(III) and a N,N′‐Dioxide Ligand.
Authors: Cai Yunfei , Liu Xiaohua , Li Jun , Chen Weiliang , Wang Wentao , Lin Lili , Feng Xiaoming
Published: April 2012

The reaction delivers a series of vicinal anti‐α‐iodo‐β‐amino products regioselectively in excellent yields (up to 97%), diastereoselectivities (up to < 99%), and enantioselectivities (up to 98%).
ChemInform Abstract: Copper(II)‐Catalyzed Hydration of Nitriles with the Aid of Acetaldoxime.
Authors: Ma Xiao‐Yun , He Ying , Hu Yu‐Lin , Lu Ming
Published: April 2012

Optimized conditions allow the hydration process in water for a broad spectrum of nitrile substrates.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Synthesis of tert‐Butyl Ethers/Esters of Alcohols/Amino Acids Using Methyl tert‐Butyl Ether.
Authors: Mallesha N. , Rao S. Prahlada , Suhas R. , Gowda D. Channe
Published: April 2012

A practical method for the synthesis of ethers from primary and secondary aliphatic alcohols is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Palladium‐Catalyzed [3 + 2] Cycloadditions of Trimethylenemethane with Nitroalkenes.
Authors: Trost Barry M. , Bringley Dustin A. , Seng Pamela S.
Published: April 2012

The functionalization of the cycloadduct (IIIf) gives rise to the alkaloid cephalotaxine (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Highly Substituted Symmetrical 1,3‐Dienes via Organocuprate Oxidation.
Authors: Aves Sarah J. , O'Connell Kieron M. G. , Pike Kurt G. , Spring David R.
Published: April 2012

The efficient and stereoselective method involves the oxidation of organocuprates, generated from alkenyl bromides.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Cinnamic Acid Derivatives in a Water‐Insoluble Ionic Liquid.
Authors: Zhang Wensheng , Xu Wenjing , Liu Mei , Yan Yuerong , Sun Yuezhi , Zhang Sheli
Published: April 2012

The title compounds (III) (10 examples) are synthesized by Knoevenagel condensation of commercially available aromatic aldehydes with propanedioic acid using [bmim]PF6 as green solvent.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Iridium Catalysts Bearing Spiro Pyridine‐Aminophosphine Ligands Enable Highly Efficient Asymmetric Hydrogenation of β‐Aryl β‐Ketoesters.
Authors: Xie Jian‐Hua , Liu Xiao‐Yan , Yang Xiao‐Hui , Xie Jian‐Bo , Wang Li‐Xin , Zhou Qi‐Lin
Published: April 2012

The spiro‐PAP ligand (I) is found to work best in the title reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Simple and Highly Efficient Catalytic Thiocyanation of Aromatic Compounds in Aqueous Media.
Authors: Khazaei Ardeshir , Zolfigol Mohmmad Ali , Mokhlesi Mohammad , Panah Fateme Derakhshan , Sajjadifar Sami
Published: April 2012

The thiocyanation of a variety of N‐heterocycles or anilines is readily achieved with KSCN in the presence of hydrogen peroxide or periodic acid as the oxidants.
ChemInform Abstract: Hexafluorobenzene: A Powerful Solvent for a Noncovalent Stereoselective Organocatalytic Michael Addition Reaction.
Authors: Lattanzi Alessandra , De Fusco Claudia , Russo Alessio , Poater Albert , Cavallo Luigi
Published: April 2012

The use of C6F6 as solvent or additive turns the Michael addition, catalyzed by a chiral prolinol, from scarcely to highly stereoselective.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Pd‐Catalyzed Aerobic Aza‐Wacker Cyclization for Preparation of Isoindolinones and Isoquinolin‐1(2H)‐ones.
Authors: Yang Guoqiang , Zhang Wanbin
Published: April 2012

Two different catalyst systems are used for the preparation of either isoindoline or isoquinoline skeletons where the type and steric hindrance of the ligands influences the regioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Characterization, and OFET and OLED Properties of π‐Extended Ladder‐Type Heteroacenes Based on Indolodibenzothiophene.
Authors: Wang Changsheng , Nishida Jun‐ichi , Bryce Martin R. , Yamashita Yoshiro
Published: April 2012

By treating compound (V) with a bisboronic acid derivative it is possible to obtain a polymeric structure.
ChemInform Abstract: Sequential Suzuki—Miyaura Cross‐Coupling Reactions of 4‐Halopyrazolyl MIDA 3‐Boronates: A Modular Synthetic Entry to 3,4‐Bis(hetero)aromatic Pyrazoles.
Authors: Delaunay Thierry , Es‐Sayed Mazen , Vors Jean‐Pierre , Monteiro Nuno , Balme Genevieve
Published: April 2012

A rapid access to 4‐halopyrazole‐3‐boronates (V) proceeds via cycloaddition of sydnones (I) with terminal alkynyl boronate (II) followed by C‐4 halogenation.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Fluorinated and Non‐Fluorinated Bicyclic Amidines Through Ring‐Closing Metathesis.
Authors: Cunat Ana C. , Flores Sonia , Oliver Judit , Fustero Santos
Published: April 2012

Condensation of unsaturated esters (I) and (VII) with 1,2‐diamines proceeds in the presence of trimethylaluminum providing imidazolines (III) and (VIII) which are further allylated giving suitable dienes (V) and (IX).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2‐Arylbenzimidazoles and 2‐Arylbenzothiazoles in Both Room Temperature and Microwave Condition Catalyzed by Hexamethylenetetramine—Bromine Complex.
Authors: Khosravi Kaveh , Kazemi Samira
Published: April 2012

Similar yields are obtained at room temperature within 8h.
ChemInform Abstract: A Method for the Synthesis of 2‐Aminobenzoxazoles.
Authors: Sherry Benjamin D. , Chen Yeo‐Chuin Justin , Mangion Ian K. , Yin Jingjun
Published: April 2012

A convenient protocol allows the conversion of 2‐unsubstituted benzoxazoles into the therapeutically important target compounds via deprotonation followed by bromination and amination with primary amine nucleophiles.
ChemInform Abstract: Libraries on Oxetane δ‐Amino Acid Scaffolds: Syntheses and Evaluation of Physicochemical and Metabolic Properties.
Authors: Dias Lucas Susana , Fischer Holger , Alker Andre , Rauter Amelia P. , Wessel Hans Peter
Published: April 2012

Using five oxetane δ‐amino acids, differring in stereochemistry and substitution pattern, as scaffolds, derivatization by introduction of oxadiazole or triazole pharmacophores affords a greater than 100‐compound oxetane‐based library.
ChemInform Abstract: PEG—SO3H Catalyzed, Environmentally Benign Synthesis of 14‐Aryl‐14H‐dibenzo[a,j]xanthenes under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Prasad Davinder , Nath Mahendra
Published: April 2012

An efficient and green method for the synthesis of title compounds is described using a new environmentally benign catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Regiospecific β‐Lactam Ring‐Opening/Recyclization Reactions of N‐Aryl‐3‐spirocyclic‐β‐lactams Catalyzed by a Lewis—Broensted Acids Combined Superacid Catalyst System: A New Entry to 3‐Spirocyclicquinolin‐4(1H)‐ones.
Authors: Hu Yinqiao , Fu Xiaolan , Barry Badru‐Deen , Bi Xihe , Dong Dewen
Published: April 2012

The reduction of acetoacetanilides (I) followed by treatment of the intermediate alcohols with tosyl chloride gives rise to the desired 3‐spirocyclic‐β‐lactams (II).
ChemInform Abstract: CAN‐Catalyzed Regioselective Synthesis of Pyrido[2,3‐c]carbazoles by the Povarov Reaction.
Authors: Viji Mayavan , Nagarajan Rajagopal
Published: April 2012

An efficient route for the construction of potentially biologically active target compounds is described.
ChemInform Abstract: 6‐Alkynylpurines Bearing Electronacceptor Substituents: Preparation, Reactivity in Cycloaddition Reactions and Cytostatic Activity.
Authors: Krovacek Martin , Dvorakova Hana , Votruba Ivan , Cisarova Ivana , Dvorak Dalimil
Published: April 2012

While direct Sonogashira coupling of 6‐halopurines (I) with propargyl aldehyde or methyl propiolate fails, the corresponding diethyl acetal (IIa) and orthoester (IIb) react smoothly.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselectivity of Cyclization of 3‐Allyl(propargyl)sulfanyl‐5H‐[1,2,4]triazino[5,6‐b]indoles.
Authors: Vas'kevich R. I. , Vas'kevich A. I. , Turov A. V. , Staninets V. I. , Vovk M. V.
Published: April 2012

Intramolecular iodocyclization of 3‐allylsulfanyltriazinoindole (I) affords the angular cyclization product (II), whilst iodocyclization of 3‐proparylsulfanyltriazinoindole (VI) affords a product with linear structure (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: Photoinitiated Glycosylation at 350 nm.
Authors: Cumpstey Ian , Crich David
Published: April 2012

Photochemical activation of glycosyl donors (I) and (V) allows for synthesis of glycosides including (1‐<6)‐linked disaccharides.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 1‐Deoxynojirimycin Derivatives from L‐Sorbose via Wittig Reactions.
Authors: O'Brien Colin , Murphy Paul V.
Published: April 2012

The sequence leading to title derivatives (IV) and (VII) involve eight steps and provide the target compounds in 13 to 44% yield from (L)‐sorbose.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Evaluation of Macrocyclic Diarylether Heptanoid Natural Products and Their Analogues.
Authors: Bryant Vashti C. , Kumar G. D. Kishore , Nyong Abijah M. , Natarajan Amarnath
Published: April 2012

The synthesis of a small macrocyclic diarylether heptanoid (MDEH) library is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Solid‐State Dye‐Sensitized and Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells Using TiO2 and ZnO Nanostructures: Recent Progress and New Concepts at the Borderline
Authors: Boucle Johann , Ackermann Joerg
Published: April 2012

Review: 230 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Biocompatibility and Drug Delivery
Authors: Tang Fangqiong , Li Linlin , Chen Dong
Published: April 2012

Review: 267 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold and Iron Oxide Hybrid Nanocomposite Materials
Authors: Leung Ken Cham‐Fai , Xuan Shouhu , Zhu Xiaoming , Wang Dawei , Chak Chun‐Pong , Lee Siu‐Fung , Ho Watson K.‐W. , Chung Berton C.‐T.
Published: April 2012

Review: 120 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Structural and Chemical Aspects of the Design of Multiferroic Materials
Authors: Akbashev A. R. , Kaul A. R.
Published: April 2012

Review: 218 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Transition Metal Complexes with Strong Absorption of Visible Light and Long‐Lived Triplet Excited States: Fom Molecular Design to Applications.
Authors: Zhao Jianzhang , et al. et al.
Published: April 2012

Review: ca. 100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic versus Stoichiometric Dehydrocoupling Using Main Group Metals
Authors: Less Robert J. , Melen Rebecca L. , Wright Dominic S.
Published: April 2012

Review: ca. 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Mori—Ban Indole Synthesis
Authors: Han Ying
Published: April 2012

Review: 52 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Transition Metal‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Synthesis
Authors: Odell Luke R. , Larhed Mats
Published: April 2012

Review: 59 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Glycerol‐Based Solvents in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Wolfson Adi , Dlugy Christina , Tavor Dorith
Published: April 2012

Review: 33 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Calculation of Kinetic Data Using Computational Methods
Authors: Cossio Fernando P.
Published: April 2012

Review: 104 refs.
Declining Coronary Artery Bypass‐Related Mortality: More Than Meets the Eye?
Authors: Bansilal Sameer , Bhatt Deepak L.
Published: April 2012

Dr. Bhatt receives research grants from Amarin, AstraZeneca, Bristol‐Myers Squibb, Eisai, Ethicon, Medtronic, Sanofi Aventis, and The Medicines Company. The authors have no other funding, financial relationships, or conflicts of interest to disclose.
Nitrates as an Integral Part of Optimal Medical Therapy and Cardiac Rehabilitation for Stable Angina: Review of Current Concepts and Therapeutics
Authors: Boden William E. , Finn Aloke V. , Patel Dharmesh , Frank Peacock W. , Thadani Udho , Zimmerman Franklin H.
Published: April 2012

The goals of optimal medical therapy in patients with stable angina pectoris are to reduce the risk of cardiovascular mortality and future cardiovascular events, improve exercise capacity, and enhance quality of life. Whereas myocardial revascularization is frequently employed in the management of patients with stable angina, a variety of pharmacologic interventions are recommended as part of optimal medical management. The use of short‐ and rapidly‐acting nitrates (eg, sublingual nitroglycerin spray and tablets) is at the core of the therapeutic armamentarium and should be integrated into optimal medical therapy for stable angina along with exercise therapy. The potential clinical implications from these observations are that prophylactic sublingual nitrates, when combined with cardiac rehabilitation, may allow the patient with angina to exercise to a greater functional capacity than without sublingual nitrates. Clin. Cardiol. 2012 DOI: 10.1002/clc.21993

William E. Boden: Advisory Board for Arbor Pharmaceuticals. Aloke V. Finn: Sponsored research agreement with Medtronic Vascular; Scientific Advisory Board for Medtronic Vascular; Advisory Board for Arbor Pharmaceuticals. Dharmesh Patel: Speakers Bureau for Novartis, Arbor Pharmaceuticals, Medtronic, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Abbott, St Jude's Medical, Cleveland Heart Lab, Boston Heart Lab, Forrest Pharmaceuticals, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Jansen & Jansen. W. Frank Peacock: Advisory Board for Abbott, Alere, Arbor Pharmaceuticals, Lilly, and The Medicines Co; Received research grants from Alere, Brahms Comprehensive Research Associates, Electrocore, Novartis, The Medicines Co; Speakers Bureau for Abbott, Alere, and Electrocore; Ownership interest in EKR, Emergencies in Medicine, and Vital Sensors. Udho Thadani: Received consultation fee from Arbor Pharmaceuticals for interpretation of the study data and for writing this manuscript; Advisory Board for Arbor Pharmaceuticals; Consultant for Gilead Sciences, Astra Zeneca, Pfizer, Merck, Bristol‐Myers Squibb, Bayer, Forest Laboratories, and Servier; Speaker's program for Eli Lilly and Daiichi‐Sankyo and Gilead Sciences. Franklin H. Zimmerman: Advisory Board for Arbor Pharmaceuticals; Speakers Bureau for Boerhinger‐Ingelheim.

**At the time this manuscript was written, Dr Peacock's affiliation was: Department of Emergency Medicine, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.
Structure–Activity Relationships and Mechanism of Action of Eph–ephrin Antagonists: Interaction of Cholanic Acid with the EphA2 Receptor
Authors: Tognolini Massimiliano , Incerti Matteo , Hassan‐Mohamed Iftiin , Giorgio Carmine , Russo Simonetta , Bruni Renato , Lelli Barbara , Bracci Luisa , Noberini Roberta , Pasquale Elena B. , Barocelli Elisabetta , Vicini Paola , Mor Marco , Lodola Alessio
Published: April 2012

The Eph–ephrin system, including the EphA2 receptor and the ephrinA1 ligand, plays a critical role in tumor and vascular functions during carcinogenesis. We previously identified (3α,5β)‐3‐hydroxycholan‐24‐oic acid (lithocholic acid) as an Eph–ephrin antagonist that is able to inhibit EphA2 receptor activation; it is therefore potentially useful as a novel EphA2 receptor‐targeting agent. Herein we explore the structure–activity relationships of a focused set of lithocholic acid derivatives based on molecular modeling investigations and displacement binding assays. Our exploration shows that while the 3‐α‐hydroxy group of lithocholic acid has a negligible role in recognition of the EphA2 receptor, its carboxylate group is critical for disrupting the binding of ephrinA1 to EphA2. As a result of our investigation, we identified (5β)‐cholan‐24‐oic acid (cholanic acid) as a novel compound that competitively inhibits the EphA2–ephrinA1 interaction with higher potency than lithocholic acid. Surface plasmon resonance analysis indicates that cholanic acid binds specifically and reversibly to the ligand binding domain of EphA2, with a steady‐state dissociation constant (KD) in the low micromolar range. Furthermore, cholanic acid blocks the phosphorylation of EphA2 as well as cell retraction and rounding in PC3 prostate cancer cells, two effects that depend on EphA2 activation by the ephrinA1 ligand. These findings suggest that cholanic acid can be used as a template structure for the design of effective EphA2 antagonists, and may have potential impact in the elucidation of the role played by this receptor in pathological conditions.
Expression of GABAergic and glutamatergic phenotypic markers in hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin neurons
Authors: Jarvie Brooke C. , Hentges Shane T.
Published: April 2012

Hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons have traditionally been defined by their peptide transmitters, which are important regulators of energy balance and reward. Recent work shows that POMC neurons can also release the amino acid transmitters γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate, although studying GABAergic and glutamatergic populations of POMC neurons has been hindered by the difficulty in reliably identifying amino acid (AA) transmitter phenotypes. In the present study, fluorescent in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry were used to identify POMC neurons and to detect the presence of mRNA for the transporters responsible for packaging either GABA (vesicular GABA transporter [vGAT]) or glutamate (vesicular glutamate transporter [vGLUT]) into vesicles, as well as the enzymes responsible for GABA synthesis, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)65 and GAD67. Approximately 7% of POMC neurons expressed vGlut2 and the highest percentage of vGlut2‐positive POMC cells were located in the rostral arcuate nucleus. Despite the reports of GABA release from POMC neurons, vGat was not detected in POMC neurons, although Gad65 and Gad67 were present in ∼40% of POMC neurons. Approximately half of the vGlut2‐expressing POMC cells also expressed Gad65. Markers of neurotransmitter phenotype were better detected by using in situ hybridization techniques rather than transgenic expression of fluorophores under the control of the vGat or Gad67 promoters. It is now clear that the expression of markers of AA phenotype provides a useful means to identify distinct subpopulations of POMC neurons. Additionally, the method described will be useful to explore the possibility that plasticity of AA phenotype is an important aspect of POMC neuron function. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:3863–3876, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Developmental dynamics of PAFAH1B subunits during mouse brain development
Authors: Escamez Teresa , Bahamonde Olga , Tabares‐Seisdedos Rafael , Vieta Eduard , Martinez Salvador , Echevarria Diego
Published: April 2012

Platelet‐activating factor (PAF) mediates an array of biological processes in the mammalian central nervous system as a bioactive lipid messenger in synaptic function and dysfunction (plasticity, memory, and neurodegeneration). The intracellular enzyme that deacetylates the PAF (PAFAH1B) is composed of a tetramer of two catalytic subunits, ALPHA1 (PAFAH1B3) and ALPHA2 (PAFAH1B2), and a regulatory dimer of LIS1 (PAFAH1B1). We have investigated the mouse PAFAH1B subunit genes during brain development in normal mice and in mice with a hypomorphic allele for Lis1 (Lis1/sLis1; Cahana et al. [2001] Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98:6429–6434). We have analyzed quantitatively (by means of real‐time polymerase chain reaction) and qualitatively (by in situ hybridization techniques) the amounts and expression patterns of their transcription in developing and postnatal brain, focusing mainly on differences in two laminated encephalic regions, the forebrain (telencephalon) and hindbrain (cerebellum) separately. The results revealed significant differences in cDNA content between these two brain subdivisions but, more importantly, between the LIS1 complex subunits. In addition, we found significant spatial differences in gene expression patterns. Comparison of results obtained with Lis1/sLis1 analysis also revealed significant temporal and spatial differences in Alpha1 and Lis1 expression levels. Thus, small changes in the amount of the Lis1 gene may differentially regulate expression of Alpha1 and Alpha2, depending on the brain region, which suggests different roles for each LIS1 complex subunit during neural differentiation and neural migration. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:3877–3894, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Expression of EAAT2 in neurons and protoplasmic astrocytes during human cortical development
Authors: DeSilva Tara M. , Borenstein Natalia S. , Volpe Joseph J. , Kinney Hannah C. , Rosenberg Paul A.
Published: April 2012

The major regulators of synaptic glutamate in the cerebral cortex are the excitatory amino acid transporters 1–3 (EAAT1–3). In this study, we determined the cellular and temporal expression of EAAT1–3 in the developing human cerebral cortex. We applied single‐ and double‐label immunocytochemistry to normative frontal or parietal (associative) cortex samples from 14 cases ranging in age from 23 gestational weeks to 2.5 postnatal years. The most striking finding was the transient expression of EAAT2 in layer V pyramidal neuronal cell bodies up until 8 postnatal months prior to its expression in protoplasmic astrocytes at 41 postconceptional weeks onward. EAAT2 was also expressed in neurons in layer I (presumed Cajal–Retzius cells), and white matter (interstitial) neurons. This expression in neurons in the developing human cortex contrasts with findings by others of transient expression exclusively in axon tracts in the developing sheep and rodent brain. With western blotting, we found that EAAT2 was expressed as a single band until 2 postnatal months, after which it was expressed as two bands. The expression of EAAT2 in pyramidal neurons during human brain development may contribute to cortical vulnerability to excitotoxicity during the critical period for perinatal hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy. In addition, by studying the expression of EAAT1 and EAAT2 glutamate transporters, it was possible to document the development of protoplasmic astrocytes. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:3912–3932, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A backoff differentiation scheme for contention resolution in wireless converge‐cast networks
Authors: Wang Lei , Yuan Zhuxiu , Qin Zhenquan , Chen Yuanfang , Shu Lei , Li Xiang‐Yang
Published: April 2012

Wireless converge‐cast networks (WCNs), such as data collection‐based wireless sensor networks, exhibit certain phenomena called funneling effect, where the region close to the sink node is heavily overloaded. In this paper, we identify that the funneling effect occurs not only close to the sink but also within the network region where nodes have collision and induce heavy traffic to relay; we name it hot‐spot funneling effect. This paper aims to improve the throughput and fairness of WCNs by mitigating the micro funneling effect. We propose a new mechanism, the backoff differentiation for contention resolution (BDCR), which is targeted to a system‐wide high throughput on the basis of the contention resolution mechanism. To achieve high spatial reuses, BDCR divides the network into several regions and does backoff differentiation within each region. Within each backoff differentiation region, the backoff window range is adjusted according to the traffic rate, and at the same time, the backoff values are set with the awareness of the traffic intensity level. All regions share the same algorithm, which uses Kelly's rate control theory and method to allow each sensor to locally adjust its backoff value. One of the key advantages of BDCR is that it is extremely easy to implement. With extensive simulations and testbed experiments, BDCR is proved to achieve much higher throughput over the traditional carrier sense multiple access and some recent media access control protocols in literature, particularly when the network suffers intensive congestions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanostructural Organization in Acetonitrile/Ionic Liquid Mixtures: Molecular Dynamics Simulations and Optical Kerr Effect Spectroscopy
Authors: Bardak Fehmi , Xiao Dong , Hines Larry G. , Son Pillhun , Bartsch Richard A. , Quitevis Edward L. , Yang Peng , Voth Gregory A.
Published: April 2012

The nanostructural organization and subpicosecond intermolecular dynamics in mixtures of acetonitrile and the ionic liquid (IL) 1‐pentyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bis{(trifluoromethane)sulfonyl}amide ([C5mim][NTf2]) are studied as a function of concentration using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and optical heterodyne‐detected Raman‐induced Kerr effect spectroscopy. The MD simulations show the IL to be nanostructurally organized into an ionic network and nonpolar domains, with CH3CN molecules localized in the interfacial region between the ionic network and nonpolar domains, as found previously by other researchers. The MD simulations indicate strong interactions between CH3CN and the hydrogen atoms on the imidazolium ring of the cation. The low‐frequency (0–200 cm−1) intermolecular part of the reduced spectral densities (RSDs) of the mixtures narrows and shifts to lower frequency as the concentration of CH3CN increases. These spectral changes can be partly attributed to the increasing contribution of the low‐frequency intermolecular modes of CH3CN to the RSD. At a given composition, the RSD of a mixture is found to be broader and higher in frequency than the corresponding ideal RSD given by the volume‐fraction‐weighted sum of the RSDs of the neat liquids. This difference is rationalized in terms of the competition between CH3CN–cation interactions and solute‐induced disruption of the ionic networks.
A Light‐Assisted Biomass Fuel Cell for Renewable Electricity Generation from Wastewater
Authors: Chamousis Rachel L. , Osterloh Frank E.
Published: April 2012

A solar‐energy‐driven biomass fuel cell for the production of electricity from wastewater using only air and light as additional resources is described. The device consists of a photoelectrochemical cell that contains a nanostructured titanium dioxide or tungsten trioxide film as photoanode and a platinum air electrode as cathode, in separate compartments. The TiO2 or WO3 films are fabricated from TiO2 nanocrystals or from sodium tungstate solutions on top of fluorine‐doped tin dioxide. Devices were tested with electrolyte only, synthetic wastewater, or with aqueous glucose solution, under irradiation with sunlight, broad spectral illumination, and monochromatic light. Measured light conversion efficiencies were between 0.007 % and 1.7 %, depending on conditions. The highest efficiency (1.7 %) and power output (0.73 mW cm−2) are determined for TiO2 electrodes under 395 nm illumination. In contrast to TiO2, the WO3 electrodes are active under visible light (>440 nm), but the IPCE value is low (2 %). Apart from limited visible‐light absorption, the overall performance of the device is limited by the substrate concentration in the water and by transport resistance through the cell.
The detection of the urinary metabolites of 1‐[(5‐fluoropentyl)‐1H‐indol‐3‐yl]‐(2‐iodophenyl)methanone (AM‐694), a high affinity cannabimimetic, by gas chromatography – mass spectrometry
Authors: Grigoryev Andrej , Kavanagh Pierce , Melnik Aleksandra
Published: April 2012

AM‐694 (1‐[(5‐fluoropentyl)‐1H‐indol‐3‐yl]‐(2‐iodophenyl)methanone), a synthetic indole‐based cannabimimetic, was first reported to the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) via the Early Warning System (EWS) by Irish authorities in 2010. Using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS), we have identified six AM‐694 metabolites in post‐ingestion samples. The metabolites were tentatively identified as products of (1) hydrolytic defluorination, (2) carboxylation, (3) monohydroxylation of N‐alkyl chain, and (4) hydrolytic defluorination combined with monohydroxylation of N‐alkyl chain. The parent compound was not detected. The excretion of major metabolites was observed up to 117 h following administration. One metabolite (a product of hydrolytic defluorination) was also identified in urine samples from two individuals admitted to hospital suffering from suspected drug overdoses. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Lakeshore Modification Index and its association with benthic invertebrates in alpine lakes
Authors: Peterlin Monika , Urbanič Gorazd
Published: April 2012

Lakeshores are under increasing pressure from human activities, which cause extensive hydromorphological alterations. In this article, a method is described for assessing those alterations by using physical criteria developed in relation to the response by the lakeshore ecosystem, using benthic invertebrates as indicators. Two alpine lakes (Lake Bled and Lake Bohinj, Slovenia) were used as a case study. Both lakes are subjected to varying levels of physical alterations and lakeshore uses, which are described using alteration variables for four lakeshore zones: littoral zone, shoreline zone, riparian zone and lakeshore region. On the basis of these four variables, a Lakeshore Modification Index (LMI) was developed as a weighted sum of all variables. The weights were based on each variable's explanatory power regarding the distribution of benthic invertebrate taxa using canonical correspondence analyses. Both the LMI and all four lakeshore zone alteration variables showed significant (p < 0.01) negative correlations with species richness, but the LMI showed the strongest correlation (Pearson r = −0.086, p < 0.01). Differences existed in the level of alteration of the two lakes, with Lake Bled being more altered than Lake Bohinj; Lake Bled also exhibited the highest values for all four alteration variables and the highest LMI score. With the use of a classification system with five equidistant LMI classes, a difference was observed between the lakes in the distribution of LMI classes (two‐sample Kolmogorov–Smirnov test Z = 5.714, p < 0.01). An assessment and classification of lakeshore modifications based on physical criteria, similar to that given by the LMI, can provide an important tool for lake management in practice, where a reliable method for assessing pressures is needed to support decision‐making. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heck–Matsuda Reactions Catalyzed by a Hydroxyalkyl‐Functionalized NHC and Palladium Acetate
Authors: Peñafiel Itziar , Pastor Isidro M. , Yus Miguel
Published: April 2012

The functionalized NHC obtained from salt 2 is a good ligand for palladium in the Heck–Matsuda reaction of arenediazonium salts and different alkenes. The reaction is performed with low catalyst loading (0.5–1 mol‐% of Pd) and in the absence of a base for acrylates. The protocol is also useful for the preparation of cinnamide derivatives. Compound U‐77863 has been prepared successfully in good isolated yield. Cyclohexene was found to be an appropriate substrate for the reaction, giving the corresponding 1‐arylcyclohexene as a single regioisomer under the studied reaction conditions. The optimal parameters of the reaction were studied by employing a design of experiments approach. Thus, the use of a small set of reactions allows the trends of the different factors to be studied. This study revealed that the best catalytic system is formed by combination of Pd(OAc)2 and salt 2 in a 1:2 ratio. This catalytic system produces better results without the use of a base.
Dirhodium(II) Complexes of 2‐(Sulfonylimino)pyrrolidine: Synthesis and Application in Catalytic Benzylic Oxidation
Authors: Wusiman Abudureheman , Tusun Xiarepati , Lu Chong‐Dao
Published: April 2012

A new class of dirhodium(II) tetraamidinates derived from 2‐(sulfonylimino)pyrrolidines has been prepared through ligand substitution by using dirhodium(II) acetate, in which (3,1) geometric isomers are formed predominantly. Among these complexes, (3,1)‐Rh2(Msip)4, exhibits good catalytic performance in benzylic oxidation. In the presence of (3,1)‐Rh2(Msip)4 a variety of benzylic derivatives, including strongly electron‐deficient arylalkanes such as 1‐ethyl‐4‐nitrobenzene, are readily oxidized in water by the inexpensive oxidant T‐HYDRO® (70 wt.‐% aqueous tert‐butyl hydroperoxide).
A microfluidic device for separating erythrocytes polluted by lead (II) from a continuous bloodstream flow
Authors: Wang Ming‐Wen
Published: April 2012

To sort and separate erythrocytes contaminated by lead (II) from whole bloodstream flow, the first step is to use a microchannel to transport the blood cells into a microdevice. Within the device, polluted erythrocytes can be separated from the bloodstream by applying local dielectrophoretic (DEP) forces. Exploiting the fact that Pb2+ ions attach to the membranes of the erythrocytes, we utilize the microfluidic DEP device to perform property‐based fractionation of the blood samples and to separate the polluted erythrocytes from the continuous bloodstream flow. Atomic absorption spectrometer analysis reveals that, to remove lead‐polluted erythrocytes, the most effective driving velocity was less than 0.1 cm/s through our microfluidic DEP device, based on an applied power of 10 Vpeak‐peak and a frequency of 15.5 MHz AC field. We were able to remove 80% of the polluted erythrocytes. Using gentle DEP manipulating techniques to efficiently sort unique cells within a complex biological sample may potentially allow biological sorting to be performed outside of hospitals, in facilities without biological analyzing equipment.
One‐dimensional simulation of lanthanide isotachophoresis using COMSOL
Authors: Dixon Derek R. , Clark Sue B. , Ivory Cornelius F.
Published: April 2012

Electrokinetic separations can be used to quickly separate rare earth metals to determine their forensic signature. In this work, we simulate the concentration and separation of trivalent lanthanide cations by isotachophoresis. A one‐dimensional simulation is developed using COMSOL v4.0a, a commercial finite element simulator, to represent the isotachophoretic separation of three lanthanides: lanthanum, terbium, and lutetium. The binding ligand chosen for complexation with the lanthanides is α‐hydroxyisobutyric acid (HIBA) and the buffer system includes acetate, which also complexes with the lanthanides. The complexes formed between the three lanthanides, HIBA, and acetate are all considered in the simulation. We observe that the presence of only lanthanide:HIBA complexes in a buffer system with 10 mM HIBA causes the slowest lanthanide peak (lutetium) to split from the other analytes. The addition of lanthanide:acetate complexes into the simulation of the same buffer system eliminates this splitting. Decreasing the concentration of HIBA in the buffer to 7 mM causes the analyte stack to migrate faster through the capillary.
Enhancing separation of histidine from amino acids via free‐flow affinity electrophoresis with gravity‐induced uniform hydrodynamic flow
Authors: Pang Bo , Shao Jing , Zhang Jie , Geng Jia‐Zhen , Fan Liu‐Yin , Cao Cheng‐Xi , Hou Jing‐Li
Published: April 2012

In this paper, a novel mode of free‐flow affinity electrophoresis (FFAE) was developed to indirectly enhance the separation of free‐flow electrophoresis (FFE). In the mode of FFAE, a Ni(II) with high electric charge density and histidine (His) is chosen as a model ligand and target solute, respectively. Through the controlling of experimental conditions (10 mM pH 6.0 Na2HPO4–NaH2PO4 with 2.0 mM NiCl2·6H2O background buffer), Ni(II) can combine with His and the combination leads to the high electric charge density of affinity complex of His‐Ni(II) in contrast to the low density of free His molecule. But the ligand has weak interaction with uninterested amino acids. Thus, the mobility of His existing as His‐Ni(II) is greatly increased from 14.5×10−8 m2 V−1 s−1 to 30.2 × 10−8 m2 V−1 s−1, while those mobilities of uninterested amino acids are almost constant. By virtue of the mode, we developed the FFAE procedure and conducted the relevant experiments. The experiments demonstrated the following merits of the FFAE technique: (i) clear enhancement of separation between the target solute of His and uninterested amino acids; (ii) simplicity, and (iii) low cost. Furthermore, the technique was used for the continuous separation of His from its complex sample, and the purity of His was near to 100%. All of the results demonstrate the feasibility of affinity separation in FFE. The developed FFAE may be used in the separation and pretreatment of some biological molecules (e.g. peptides).
Mixing of non‐Newtonian fluids in wavy serpentine microchannel using electrokinetically driven flow
Authors: Cho Ching‐Chang , Chen Chieh‐Li , Chen Cha'o‐Kuang
Published: April 2012

A numerical investigation is performed into the mixing performance of electrokinetically driven non‐Newtonian fluids in a wavy serpentine microchannel. The flow behavior of the non‐Newtonian fluids is described using a power‐law model. The simulations examine the effects of the flow behavior index, the wave amplitude, the wavy‐wall section length, and the applied electric field strength on the mixing performance. The results show that the volumetric flow rate of shear‐thinning fluids is higher than that of shear‐thickening fluids, and therefore results in a poorer mixing performance. It is shown that for both types of fluid, the mixing performance can be enhanced by increasing the wave amplitude, extending the length of the wavy‐wall section, and reducing the strength of the electric field. Thus, although the mixing efficiency of shear‐thinning fluids is lower than that of shear‐thickening fluids, the mixing performance can be improved through an appropriate specification of the flow and geometry parameters. For example, given a shear‐thinning fluid with a flow behavior index of 0.8, a mixing efficiency of 87% can be obtained by specifying the wave amplitude as 0.7, the wavy‐wall section length as five times the characteristic length, the nondimensional Debye–Huckel parameter as 100, and the applied electric field strength as 43.5 V/cm.
Exploring of tri‐allelic SNPs using Pyrosequencing and the SNaPshot methods for forensic application
Authors: Zha Lagabaiyila , Yun Libing , Chen Pengyu , Luo Haibo , Yan Jing , Hou Yiping
Published: April 2012

Tri‐allelic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are potential forensic markers for DNA analysis. Currently, only a limited number of tri‐allelic SNP loci have been proved to be fit for forensic application. In this study, we aimed to develop an effective method to select and genotype tri‐allelic SNPs based on both Pyrosequencing (PSQ) and the SNaPshot methods. 50 candidate SNPs were chosen from NCBI's dbSNP database and were analyzed by PSQ. The results revealed that 20 SNPs were tri‐allelic and were located on 16 autosomal chromosomes. Then 20 SNP loci were combined in one multiplex polymerase chain reaction to develop a single base extension (SBE)‐based SNP‐typing assay. A total of 100 unrelated Chinese individuals were genotyped by this assay and allele frequencies were estimated. The total discrimination power was 0.999999999975 and the cumulative probability of exclusion was 0.9937. These data demonstrated that the strategy is a rapid and effective method for seeking and typing tri‐allelic SNPs. In addition, the 20 tri‐allelic SNP multiplex typing assay may be used to supplement paternity testing and human identification.
Microchip electrophoresis‐SDS methods with high‐resolution and silver stain sensitivity for quality screening and quantitation of protein products
Authors: Han Hongling , Chen Xiaoyu
Published: April 2012

Two microchip electrophoresis (ME)‐SDS methods have been developed for high throughput quantitation and quality screening of protein products. Both methods utilize a commercial microchip instrument to separate dodecyl sulfate‐coated proteins within 1 min. In the high‐resolution ME‐SDS method, improved separation selectivity is achieved using a mixture of sieving polymers. Proteins of similar sizes, such as different fragment antigen‐binding (Fab) assemblies can be readily resolved and individually quantified. A high‐sensitivity ME‐SDS method was also developed with sensitivity comparable to that of SDS‐PAGE with silver staining. In this method, protein molecules are derivatized with a fluorescence reagent prior to analysis. LIF detection of the covalently attached fluorophore enables accurate quantitation of low‐expressing proteins and detection of minor species at 0.04% level (1 ng/mL loading concentration). Both the high‐resolution and the high‐sensitivity ME‐SDS methods can be applied to crude fermentation samples. The utilities of these methods in process development and formulation stability study are presented.
Using a fully coupled flow and geomechanical simulator to model injection into heavy oil reservoirs
Authors: Huang Hao , Wattenbarger R. Chick , Gai Xiuli , Brown William P. , Hehmeyer Owen J. , Wang Jianlin , Long Ted A.
Published: April 2012

In this paper, the geomechanical factors that may affect injection processes in heavy oil recovery are investigated. To accurately capture the geomechanical effects, we employed a numerical formulation that allows fully coupling of nonlinear geomechanical deformation and multicomponent porous media flows. Two salient features of this new coupling formulation are the following: (1) all flow and geomechanical equations are solved implicitly in one single matrix equation, and (2) it allows reuse of matrices from both a traditional fully implicit multicomponent reservoir simulator and a nonlinear geomechanics simulator. The former feature ensures stable coupling between the reservoir flow and geomechanics, and the latter significantly reduces the programming work. Numerical examples are given to demonstrate the accuracy and convergence performance of the new formulation.

The proposed formulation is then applied to model injection into heavy oil reservoirs. The numerical investigation revealed that geomechanical factors, such asin situstress anisotropy and the uneven deformation of reservoir rock and attached impermeable rock, can result in skewed or nonuniform plastic strain and, hence, alter the sweep of the injected fluid. Coupled geomechanics simulation also gives rather different transient pressure response from that of uncoupled simulation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microwave‐assisted synthesis of 1‐hydrazinophosphonates via the reaction of aldazines with dialkyl phosphite
Authors: Kaboudin Babak , Alipour Soheil
Published: April 2012

A simple, efficient, and novel method has been developed for the synthesis of 1‐hydrazinophosphonic acids from aldazines. As described below, treatment of aldazines with diethyl phosphite gives the corresponding 1‐hydrazinophosphonic acids in good yields. The reaction proceeds under microwave irradiation at 110°C and neutral condition without any additives such as base, acid, or catalyst. This method is easy, rapid, and gives good yields for the 1‐hydrazinophosphonic acids. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 23:304–308, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.21019
Aerobic fitness enhances relational memory in preadolescent children: The FITKids randomized control trial
Authors: Monti Jim M. , Hillman Charles H. , Cohen Neal J.
Published: April 2012

It is widely accepted that aerobic exercise enhances hippocampal plasticity. Often, this plasticity co‐occurs with gains in hippocampal‐dependent memory. Cross‐sectional work investigating this relationship in preadolescent children has found behavioral differences in higher versus lower aerobically fit participants for tasks measuring relational memory, which is known to be critically tied to hippocampal structure and function. The present study tested whether similar differences would arise in a clinical intervention setting where a group of preadolescent children were randomly assigned to a 9‐month after school aerobic exercise intervention versus a wait‐list control group. Performance measures included eye‐movements as a measure of memory, based on recent work linking eye‐movement indices of relational memory to the hippocampus. Results indicated that only children in the intervention increased their aerobic fitness. Compared to the control group, those who entered the aerobic exercise program displayed eye‐movement patterns indicative of superior memory for face‐scene relations, with no differences observed in memory for individual faces. The results of this intervention study provide clear support for the proposed linkage among the hippocampus, relational memory, and aerobic fitness, as well as illustrating the sensitivity of eye‐movement measures as a means of assessing memory. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.