bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
3D seismic imaging of volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits in the Flin Flon mining camp, Canada: Part 2 — Forward modeling
Authors: Malinowski Michal , Schetselaar Ernst , White Donald J.
Published: September 2012

We applied seismic modeling for a detailed 3D geologic model of the Flin Flon mining camp (Canada) to address some imaging and interpretation issues related to a [Formula: see text] 3D survey acquired in the camp and described in a complementary paper (part 1). A 3D geologic volumetric model of the camp was created based on a compilation of geologic data constraints from drillholes, surface geologic mapping, interpretation of 2D seismic profiles, and 3D surface and grid geostatistical modeling techniques. The 3D modeling methodology was based on a hierarchical approach to account for the heterogeneous spatial distribution of geologic constraints. Elastic parameters were assigned within the model based on core sample measurements and correlation with the different lithologies. The phase-screen algorithm used for seismic modeling was validated against analytic and finite-difference solutions to ensure that it provided accurate amplitude-variation-with-offset behavior for dipping strata. Synthetic data were generated to form zero-offset (stack) volume and also a complete prestack data set using the geometry of the real 3D survey. We found that the ability to detect a clear signature of the volcanogenic massive sulfide with ore deposits is dependent on the mineralization type (pyrite versus pyrrhotite rich ore), especially when ore-host rock interaction is considered. In the presence of an increasing fraction of the host rhyolite rock within the model volume, the response from the lower impedance pyrrhotite ore is masked by that of the rhyolite. Migration tests showed that poststack migration effectively enhances noisy 3D DMO data and provides comparable results to more computationally expensive prestack time migration. Amplitude anomalies identified in the original 3D data, which were not predicted by our modeling, could represent potential exploration targets in an undeveloped part of the camp, assuming that our a priori earth model is sufficiently accurate.
Interpretation of 2D seismic profiles in complex geological terrains: Examples from the Flin Flon mining camp, Canada
Authors: White D. J. , Malinowski M.
Published: September 2012

A methodology was demonstrated for the 3D interpretation of networks of 2D seismic profiles in conjunction with other 3D geological constraints. The methodology employs 3D migration of 2D seismic data as a means of directly correlating reflections with out-of-plane geology, followed by ray-trace modeling of interpreted 3D geological surfaces. The proposed interpretation workflow was demonstrated with examples taken from 2D seismic profiles that were recently acquired for VMS ore exploration within the Flin Flon mining camp, Canada. In each example, the utility of the method was demonstrated and the resulting inferences were validated by comparison with a true 3D seismic survey acquired over a subset of the same area.
3D seismic imaging of volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits in the Flin Flon mining camp, Canada: Part 1 — Seismic results
Authors: White D. J. , Secord D. , Malinowski M.
Published: September 2012

A [Formula: see text] 3D-3C seismic survey was conducted within the active Flin Flon mining camp located in Manitoba, Canada. The results for the vertical component data as obtained by conventional dip-moveout and prestack time-migration processing sequences and comparison of images from the 3D seismic volume with the subsurface location of known ore zones and the mine horizon generally showed a very good correlation. A well-defined diffraction response from the shallowest ore zone was observed in the unmigrated data with a corresponding phase reversal in the migrated data at the transition from intact ore to backfilled ore zone. The geometry of unmined and backfilled ore zones compared well with strong reflection amplitudes on corresponding cross sections to depths of [Formula: see text]. At greater depths, the ore zone had a weaker seismic signature due to a combination of effects, including imaging conditions, ore composition, and the increased presence of rhyolite within the mine horizon. In the case of the deeper ore zones that were characterized by low signal-to-noise levels, poststack migration was important in focusing weak ore-related reflections. The 3D data demonstrated the feasibility of detecting and accurately locating ore zones as small as a few million tons to depths of up to 1500 m.
Seismic delineation of the Orion South kimberlite, Fort à la Corne, Canada
Authors: White D. J. , Kjarsgaard B. A.
Published: September 2012

The Orion South ([Formula: see text]) kimberlite is a diamondiferous, multiphase volcano-sedimentary complex within the Cretaceous Fort à la Corne kimberlite field of Saskatchewan, Canada. A network of seven high-resolution 2D seismic reflection profiles were acquired to test the utility of using seismic methods in defining the subsurface architecture of the kimberlite complex, and to provide auxiliary constraints on interborehole geologic correlations. The seismic data were interpreted in conjunction with a set of drillhole geologic logs and associated geologic sections and models, and physical rock properties from core measurements and geophysical logs. Core-determined average density values for the kimberlite suite are low ([Formula: see text]), but with some kimberlite facies having significantly higher values (2330 to [Formula: see text]). Sonic velocities for the kimberlites are [Formula: see text] as compared with [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] for the enveloping shale and sandstone units, respectively. The kimberlite is imaged to depths of [Formula: see text] as a lenticular-shaped body lying beneath, Quaternary glacial till and a mantle of Cretaceous marine sediments. The base of the kimberlite is variably imaged due to faulting and lateral changes in the seismic contrast with the underlying Cantuar sandstone. The comparable magnitude of seismic contrasts across inter- and intraeruptive phase boundaries hampers interpretation of the individual eruptive phases within the kimberlite complex, although the conformal nature of internal reflections with the interphase boundaries is useful in mapping these boundaries away from the drillholes. Multiple feeder vents at the base of the complex and their associated vertical faults are clearly identified by truncations of subhorizontal reflectivity. This study demonstrated how a network of relatively low-cost seismic profiles could potentially be useful in guiding detailed delineation drilling of kimberlite deposits.
Application of 3D seismic techniques to evaluate ore resources in the West Wits Line goldfield and portions of the West Rand goldfield, South Africa
Authors: Manzi Musa S. D. , Gibson Mark A. S. , Hein Kim A. A. , King Nick , Durrheim Raymond J.
Published: September 2012

As expensive as 3D seismic reflection surveys are, their high cost is justified by improved imaging of certain ore horizons in some of the Witwatersrand basin gold mines. The merged historical 3D seismic reflection data acquired for Kloof and South Deep mines forms an integral part of their Ventersdorp Contact Reef mine planning and development programme. The recent advances in 3D seismic technology have motivated the reprocessing and reinterpretation of the old data sets using the latest algorithms, therefore significantly increasing the signal-to-noise ratio of the data. In particular, the prestack time migration technique has provided better stratigraphic and structural imaging in complex faulted areas, such as the Witwatersrand basin, relative to older poststack migration methods. Interpretation tools such as seismic attributes have been used to identify a number of subtle geologic structures that have direct impact on ore resource evaluation. Other improvements include more accurate mapping of the depths, dip, and strike of the key seismic horizons and auriferous reefs, yielding a better understanding of the interrelationship between fault activity and reef distribution, and the relative chronology of tectonic events. The 3D seismic data, when integrated with underground mapping and borehole data, provide better imaging and modeling of critical major fault systems and zones of reef loss. Many faults resolve as multifault segments that bound unmined blocks leading to the discovery and delineation of resources in faulted areas of the mines.
Optimal Stopping Problems for Asset Management
Authors: Dayanik Savas , Egami Masahiko
Published: September 2012

An asset manager invests the savings of some investors in a portfolio of defaultable bonds. The manager pays the investors coupons at a constant rate and receives a management fee proportional to the value of the portfolio. He/she also has the right to walk out of the contract at any time with the net terminal value of the portfolio after payment of the investors' initial funds, and is not responsible for any deficit. To control the principal losses, investors may buy from the manager a limited protection which terminates the agreement as soon as the value of the portfolio drops below a predetermined threshold. We assume that the value of the portfolio is a jump diffusion process and find an optimal termination rule of the manager with and without protection. We also derive the indifference price of a limited protection. We illustrate the solution method on a numerical example. The motivation comes from the collateralized debt obligations.
A Simple Stochastic Kinetic Transport Model
Authors: Dekking Michel , Kong Derong
Published: September 2012

We introduce a discrete-time microscopic single-particle model for kinetic transport. The kinetics are modeled by a two-state Markov chain, and the transport is modeled by deterministic advection plus a random space step. The position of the particle afterntime steps is given by a random sum of space steps, where the size of the sum is given by a Markov binomial distribution (MBD). We prove that by letting the length of the time steps and the intensity of the switching between states tend to 0 linearly, we obtain a random variableS(t), which is closely connected to a well-known (deterministic) partial differential equation (PDE), reactive transport model from the civil engineering literature. Our model explains (via bimodality of the MBD) the double peaking behavior of the concentration of the free part of solutes in the PDE model. Moreover, we show for instantaneous injection of the solute that the partial densities of the free and adsorbed parts of the solute at timetdo exist, and satisfy the PDEs.
On the Optimal Dividend Strategy in a Regime-Switching Diffusion Model
Authors: Wei Jiaqin , Wang Rongming , Yang Hailiang
Published: September 2012

In this paper we consider the optimal dividend strategy under the diffusion model with regime switching. In contrast to the classical risk theory, the dividends can only be paid at the arrival times of a Poisson process. By solving an auxiliary optimal problem we show that the optimal strategy is the modulated barrier strategy. The value function can be obtained by iteration or by solving the system of differential equations. We also provide a numerical example to illustrate the effects of the restriction on the timing of the payment of dividends.
An Application of the Backbone Decomposition to Supercritical Super-Brownian Motion with a Barrier
Authors: Kyprianou A. E. , Murillo-Salas A. , Pérez J. L.
Published: September 2012

We analyse the behaviour of supercritical super-Brownian motion with a barrier through the pathwise backbone embedding of Berestycki, Kyprianou and Murillo-Salas (2011). In particular, by considering existing results for branching Brownian motion due to Harris and Kyprianou (2006) and Maillard (2011), we obtain, with relative ease, conclusions regarding the growth in the right-most point in the support, analytical properties of the associated one-sided Fisher-Kolmogorov-Petrovskii-Piscounov wave equation, as well as the distribution of mass on the exit measure associated with the barrier.
Uniqueness of Quasistationary Distributions and Discrete Spectra when ∞ is an Entrance Boundary and 0 is Singular
Authors: Littin C. Jorge
Published: September 2012

We study quasistationary distributions on a drifted Brownian motion killed at 0, when +∞ is an entrance boundary and 0 is an exit boundary. We prove the existence of a unique quasistationary distribution and of the Yaglom limit.
Probabilities of Competing Binomial Random Variables
Authors: Li Wenbo V. , Vysotsky Vladislav V.
Published: September 2012

Suppose that both you and your friend toss an unfair coin n times, for which the probability of heads is equal to α. What is the probability that you obtain at least d more heads than your friend if you make r additional tosses? We obtain asymptotic and monotonicity/convexity properties for this competing probability as a function of n, and demonstrate surprising phase transition phenomenon as the parameters d, r, and α vary. Our main tools are integral representations based on Fourier analysis.
On ε-Optimality of the Pursuit Learning Algorithm
Authors: Martin Ryan , Tilak Omkar
Published: September 2012

Estimator algorithms in learning automata are useful tools for adaptive, real-time optimization in computer science and engineering applications. In this paper we investigate theoretical convergence properties for a special case of estimator algorithms - the pursuit learning algorithm. We identify and fill a gap in existing proofs of probabilistic convergence for pursuit learning. It is tradition to take the pursuit learning tuning parameter to be fixed in practical applications, but our proof sheds light on the importance of a vanishing sequence of tuning parameters in a theoretical convergence analysis.
The WIF domain of the human and Drosophila Wif-1 secreted factors confers specificity for Wnt or Hedgehog
Authors: Sánchez-Hernández David , Sierra Javier , Ortigão-Farias João Ramalho , Guerrero Isabel
Published: September 2012

The Hedgehog (Hh) and Wnt signaling pathways are crucial for development as well as for adult stem cell maintenance in all organisms from Drosophila to humans. Aberrant activation of these pathways has been implicated in many types of human cancer. During evolution, organisms have developed numerous ways to fine-tune Wnt and Hh signaling. One way is through extracellular modulators that directly interact with Wnt or Hh, such as the Wnt inhibitory factor (Wif-1) family of secreted factors. Interestingly, Wif-1 family members have divergent functions in the Wnt and Hh pathways in different organisms. Whereas vertebrate Wif-1 blocks Wnt signaling, Drosophila Wif-1 [Shifted (Shf)] regulates only Hh distribution and spreading through the extracellular matrix. Here, we investigate which parts of the Shf and human Wif-1 (WIF1) proteins are responsible for functional divergence. We analyze the behavior of domain-swap (the Drosophila and human WIF domain and EGF repeats) chimeric constructs during wing development. We demonstrate that the WIF domain confers the specificity for Hh or Wg morphogen. The EGF repeats are important for the interaction of Wif-1 proteins with the extracellular matrix; Drosophila EGF repeats preferentially interact with the glypican Dally-like (Dlp) when the WIF domain belongs to human WIF1 and with Dally when the WIF domain comes from Shf. These results are important both from the evolutionary perspective and for understanding the mechanisms of morphogen distribution in a morphogenetic field.
The histone acetyltransferases CBP and Chameau integrate developmental and DNA replication programs in Drosophila ovarian follicle cells
Authors: McConnell Kristopher H. , Dixon Michael , Calvi Brian R.
Published: September 2012

DNA replication origin activity changes during development. Chromatin modifications are known to influence the genomic location of origins and the time during S phase that they initiate replication in different cells. However, how chromatin regulates origins in concert with cell differentiation remains poorly understood. Here, we use developmental gene amplification in Drosophila ovarian follicle cells as a model to investigate how chromatin modifiers regulate origins in a developmental context. We find that the histone acetyltransferase (HAT) Chameau (Chm) binds to amplicon origins and is partially required for their function. Depletion of Chm had relatively mild effects on origins during gene amplification and genomic replication compared with previous knockdown of its ortholog HBO1 in human cells, which has severe effects on origin function. We show that another HAT, CBP (Nejire), also binds amplicon origins and is partially required for amplification. Knockdown of Chm and CBP together had a more severe effect on nucleosome acetylation and amplicon origin activity than knockdown of either HAT alone, suggesting that these HATs collaborate in origin regulation. In addition to their local function at the origin, we show that Chm and CBP also globally regulate the developmental transition of follicle cells into the amplification stages of oogenesis. Our results reveal a complexity of origin epigenetic regulation by multiple HATs during development and suggest that chromatin modifiers are a nexus that integrates differentiation and DNA replication programs.
Piracy in the Offing: The Law of Lands and The Limits of Sovereignty at Sea
Authors: Gaynor Jennifer L.
Published: September 2012

This article uses the offing as a metaphor to theorize piracy in relation to pivotal moments in Southeast Asia's maritime engagement with the world. "In the offing" usually indicates that something is about to happen. This figurative meaning derives from a literal one that refers to the visible sea beyond inshore navigational hazards. Nautically apt, the offing's literal sense also provides a useful metaphor for analyzing piracy. Like the physical location of the offing, piracy entails both an embodied orientation as well as a more general relation of structured perceptions between those aboard ship and those on shore. Yet shore-based political authorities have had an inordinate power to define what counts as piracy and who is determined to be a pirate. While designations of piracy illuminate the efforts of states to manage the limits of their sovereignty, the boundary between legitimate plunder and that which is not has often been negotiated across social arenas in which legal (and other) legitimacies are differentially acknowledged. Like the space of the offing, acts that might be considered piracy and those who do them thus entail questions of definition, visibility, and point of view-matters that for piracy unfold in relation to particular configurations of politics, power, and cultural comprehension. The question of piracy comes under scrutiny here in three such configurations:first, in the relations between Southeast Asian polities and between them and China during the 15th century; second, in the context of early 17th century Dutch trade in Southeast Asia along with the European political and legal setting; and third, in connection with 19th century views on piracy's proliferation in the region and inter-colonial attempts to curb it. This analysis informs a discussion of infamous ethnic names that signified "pirates" in colonial European and Southeast Asian discourses. It then also anchors critical observations about contemporary piracy and the notion of failed states.
Gutenberg and the Samurai: Or, The Information Revolution is History
Authors: Johns Adrian
Published: September 2012

This paper explores the relation between history and information revolutions, in particular the most recent such revolution, that of digitization. I argue that information revolutions are shaped by protagonists' efforts to reshape history itself, on a range of scales from the very small and contemporary to the very large and long-term. Making a digital revolution involved reconceptualizing the deeper history of print and other media, and also rethinking the local cultural processes that allowed for digital media to take effect. Reconstructing history in such ways is hard work and is always liable to foment confrontations, which often take the form of contests over prized entities like property. These contests, the paper argues, provide points of access, thanks to which we can grasp what otherwise tend to be elusive and complex cultural processes. To make my case, the paper concentrates on an attempt in the 1980s-2000s to digitize Japanese. A company named NIC (later Foursis) tried to produce a digital system that would incorporate the entire kanji character set, intending to integrate this within a broader vision to democratize the design and production of the page itself. The effort led to a catastrophic piracy case, which prompted the articulation of the historiographical claims, perspectives, and stakes in the bid to transform print practices into digital.
Towards a General Theory of Piracy
Authors: Dawdy Shannon Lee , Bonni Joe
Published: September 2012

The current appetite in popular culture for the "pirates of the Caribbean" is paralleled by what appears to be a worldwide outbreak of intellectual piracy. What, if anything, links the classic Caribbean pirate to these latter-day phenomena? We argue that compelling parallels exist between the early modern conditions that produced Blackbeard and today's world of virtual monopolies. Out of this comparison, we attempt an anthropological definition of piracy. Pirate cultures are organizations of social bandits , in the Hobsbawmian sense, who appear on the scene as folk heroes when contradictions and inequalities built into a political economy peak to the breaking point.
Counterfeiting What?: Aesthetics of Brandedness and BRAND in Tamil Nadu, India
Authors: Nakassis Constantine V.
Published: September 2012

This article investigates the circulation and production of branded apparel consumed by lower and lower-middle class young men in urban Tamil Nadu, India, focusing on garments which exceed the authorized brand: export surplus, duplicates, hybridized branded forms, and fictive branded forms. I argue that the circulation and production of such brand surfeits is governed by the (dis)articulation of global brand logics and local aesthetics of brandedness. The interlinkages between this aesthetics and the logics of export-oriented and local ("counterfeit") production result in the bracketing of brand image and identity, even as particular aspects of the brand are reproduced. The article concludes by critically interrogating the analytics "brand" and "counterfeit" as naturalizations of particular frames of commodity intelligibility. I argue that the coherence of commodity classifications like brand and brandedness is contingent upon the regular regimenting of excesses of brand materiality and intelligibility across moments of production, circulation, and consumption.
Caribbean Piracies/Social Mobilities: Some Commonalities Between Colonial Privateers and Entrepreneurial "Profiteers" in the 21st Century
Authors: Galvin Anne M.
Published: September 2012

Order created by illegal but licit activities including piracy and organized crime has been used in the colonial and contemporary Caribbean to maintain social control. The thin line of intentionality between "outlaw" and "hero" creates a platform for people engaged in illicit activities to officialize actions as for the public good. Legal demystification was initially introduced to the Atlantic with British jurisprudence. Strategic attainment of social mobility through wealth accumulation during colonial era piracy is situated within the same legal space as contemporary mobility strategies utilized by poorer Jamaicans. Working class Jamaicans struggle against gate keeping ideologies maintained by creole elites through social and economic strategies. Officialization facilitates strategic manipulation of localized values like reputation and respectability for status attainment. The Caribbean, therefore, continues to be a unique space of mobility despite efforts by the traditional creole elite to maintain status differences grounded in social hierarchies established by the British.
Facebook: Corporate Hackers, a Billion Users, and the Geo-politics of the "Social Graph"
Authors: Fattal Alex
Published: September 2012

As Facebook moves to a new office space, consolidates its growth internationally, and sculpts its corporate identity, it navigates contradictions between the attempt to preserve ideals associated with the company's founding and the demands of global growth. Through an ethnographic snapshot of Facebook headquarters in Palo Alto, California I explore the company's expansion toward one billion users and its efforts to dominate the few national markets in which competitors still have the upper hand. I argue that Facebook combines technical and geopolitical savvy by using cross-network pressure and the soft power of user data, or what it calls "the social graph," to win the market-share wars. These realpolitik demands trump the impulse to reproduce Facebook's idealistic origins outside the realm of its carefully crafted "corporate culture," performed meticulously in the company's office design.
Intellectual Property Law and the Ethics of Imitation in Guatemala
Authors: Thomas Kedron
Published: September 2012

This article examines the cultural and moral context of trademark piracy in Guatemala. In particular, I analyze what accusations of envy among small-scale Maya garment manufacturers who participate in trademark piracy reveal about two aspects of the social field: first, the changing economic and cultural conditions following waves of neoliberal reform including the criminalization of piracy; and, second, the nonlinear reproduction of forms of moral and legal reckoning at the margins of the global economy. I examine how practices of copying and imitation among manufacturers and competitive behavior more generally are evaluated locally in light of kin relations that promote the sharing of knowledge and resources within a somewhat loose property regime and given ideologies of race and nation that encourage class-based solidarity among Maya people. I find that the normative models and business practices evident among these manufacturers parochialize official portraits of progress, business ethics, and development promoted in neoliberal policy agendas and international law.
Artists, Music Piracy, and the Crisis of Political Subjectivity in Contemporary Mali
Authors: Skinner Ryan Thomas
Published: September 2012

Music piracy, or the unauthorized commercial reproduction of musical works, evokes a strong negative sentiment in the Malian public sphere. Yet, its routine place in the culture economy makes it an ambivalent category for many, who regularly consume, and even produce, pirated media. For musical artists, however, the subject of piracy is anything but ambivalent. In perceived mercantile exploitations of creative labor and persistent state failures to regulate economic informality, artists experience a crisis of professional status and identity. In this essay, I suggest that artists' concerns about piracy have more to do with their position as political subjects than they do with lost revenues or infringed rights. My argument is that concerns surrounding the economics and legality of music piracy are symptomatic of a broader crisis of political subjectivity and that "piracy" as such is epiphenomenal to a fragmentation of state-subject relations in the political society of neoliberal polities.
Searching the Archives with Dickens and Hawthorne: Databases and Aesthetic Judgment after the New Historicism
Authors: Lee Maurice S.
Published: September 2012

As close reading comes under increasing duress, and as electronic databases offer unprecedented access to an overwhelming multitude of texts, literary scholars may feel that aesthetics are becoming marginalized in matters of interpretation. This essay argues that searchable electronic archives and the legacy of the New Historicism actually vindicate the power of aesthetics, a dynamic anticipated by Charles Dickens and Nathaniel Hawthorne (as well as Herman Melville and Edgar Allan Poe) during their own information revolution.
Common Quiet: Tolerance Around 1688
Authors: Jager Colin
Published: September 2012

The advent of religious toleration in England at the end of the seventeenth century has long interested political theorists as well as intellectual and literary historians. Many have argued that toleration is, or ought to be, a movement from below, born of the desire to be free. By contrast, a careful reading of John Locke and the latitudinarian tradition indicates that toleration originates in raison d'état arguments, and that the question of state power can be neither historically nor analytically detached from it. Toleration is among other things a linguistic program, and it turns out that the discourse of toleration mistrusts the ambiguities of literary language. Two poems by John Dryden, Religio Laici and "To the Pious Memory of the Accomplished Young Lady Mrs Anne Killigrew," push against the limits of toleration discourse; the first, written while Dryden was still an Anglican, limns the emptiness of a formal commitment to "common quiet"; the riotous figuration of the second, written the year of his conversion to Catholicism, points to what Charles Taylor has called the "awkwardness" of a multicultural polity trying to balance its commitments to majority and minority identities.
"A Case of Metaphysics": Counterfactuals, Realism, Great Expectations
Authors: Miller Andrew H.
Published: September 2012

This paper concerns optative or counterfactual self-understanding both in general and as it shapes the narrative structure, moral psychology, and emotional logic of Charles Dickens's Great Expectations. Who Pip is, in that novel, is thoroughly expressed by his understanding of who he is not; before anything else, he is not the sort of man Estella would love. In claiming that this optative self-understanding structures the narrative he authors, I also propose that it has internal and essential relations to realism more broadly.
"Past Remembrance or History": Aphra Behn's The Widdow Ranter , or, How the Collective Lost Its Honor
Authors: Mowry Melissa
Published: September 2012

Aphra Behn's play The Widdow Ranter's literary and cultural significance extends far beyond the analytical categories of race and empire through which it is ordinarily interpreted. At its heart, The Widdow Ranter is among the most formidable rebuttals generated during the 1680s to what I describe here as the hermeneutics of collectivity that had arisen during the civil wars (1642-1645/48) and that continued to vex royalists and other conservatives during the late Stuart period (1660-1714).
Speech and Property in David Simple
Authors: Stern Simon
Published: September 2012

Throughout Sarah Fielding's David Simple (1744), conflicts over the citation, attribution, and withholding of others' words are associated with property disputes and with acts of impersonation. The novel's villains, driven by anxieties about scarcity, repeatedly seek to appropriate their victims' material and verbal resources, reflexively categorizing them as a kind of property. These manipulative tactics—and the novel's ambivalent attitude towards direct quotation—point to concerns implicit in contemporaneous thought about literary property, involving the problems associated with converting words into property and the difficulty of controlling what happens to them as a result.
Orwell's Paradox: Equality in Animal Farm
Authors: Dwan David
Published: September 2012

Animal Farm presents itself as a simple fable, but it raises profound questions about one of our most cherished political concepts, namely, equality. Initially viewed as a solution to the problem of injustice on Animal Farm, equality soon presents itself as part of the problem. It is a radically open-ended ideal that lends itself to different and contradictory interpretations. This article shows how George Orwell's "fairy story" puts equality on trial and forces readers to reexamine some of their most fundamental moral and political commitments.
Picking and Choosing: Marianne Moore Among the Agonists
Authors: Kindley Evan
Published: September 2012

This essay locates Marianne Moore in relation to the spirit of critical agonism propagated by male modernist poet-critics like Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, and William Carlos Williams. Whereas these modernists openly celebrated the value of critique, Moore was much more comfortable with a nineteenth-century critical ethic founded on connoisseurship. Moore's ambivalence about direct confrontation and aggressive attack contributed to a trademark indirection in her critical and poetic styles that nonetheless reserves the capacity for expressing negative judgment. These tensions are finally resolved by Moore's embrace of the culture of connoisseurship over that of critical argument by becoming editor of The Dial.
"Whatever May Be the Merit of my Book as a Fiction": Wieland 's Instructional Fictionality
Authors: Koenigs Thomas
Published: September 2012

This paper argues that Charles Brockden Brown's didactic project in Wieland depends on a second, related project: a metadidactic critique of exemplary education. Through a reading of Wieland's intertextual engagement with Samuel Richardson's Clarissa, it suggests that this metadidactic critique clarifies the novel's seemingly ambiguous didactic project by highlighting how its didacticism depends upon its explicit fictionality. Drawing on Catherine Gallagher's work, it argues that Wieland instructs readers not by offering a model for imitation, but through the suppositional exercises inherent in reading fiction. The paper closes by exploring how Wieland's didactic and metadidactic projects inform the novel's politics.
Sherlock Holmes Meets Dracula
Authors: Cottom Daniel
Published: September 2012

Just as Dracula represents the fantasized origin of the bohemian, Sherlock Holmes is this figure's fantastic end. The meeting of Holmes and Dracula within the cultural world of the late nineteenth century provides us with a telling reevaluation of the struggles that were played out through the conception of the bohemian from the 1830s on to the final decades of that century and the beginning of the next. As the fate of modern civilization is put at risk in the careers of these characters, their meeting suggests that the definitively marginal figure of the bohemian is central to the history of modernity.
Food Rationing and Children’s Self-Reliance in Japan, 1942–1952
Authors: Piel L. Halliday
Published: September 2012

This paper focuses on the intersection between (1) childhood hunger in wartime Japan, (2) government policy for keeping children fed, and (3) children’s self-help strategies to feed themselves in response to the shortcomings of government policy. It shows a discrepancy between the wartime state’s interest in raising healthy children to make fit soldiers and what was actually done to keep children healthy. This paper argues that Japanese preteens could not rely entirely on parental and state protection and became actively engaged in their own survival.
“My Room! Private! Keep Out! This Means You!”: A Brief Overview of the Emergence of the Autonomous Teen Bedroom in Post–World War II America
Authors: Reid Jason
Published: September 2012

This article offers a brief explanation as to why the autonomous teen bedroom became a normative feature of family life in the United States during the years following World War Two. An exclusive space that was largely restricted to middle-class, urban-dwelling girls during the Victorian era and interwar years, the teen bedroom underwent a process of democratization during the postwar years, as demographic/economic trends, shifting views on child-rearing, and the flowering of a consumer-oriented teen culture helped lay the groundwork for the emergence of the teen bedroom ideal among boys and girls from a wide variety of socioeconomic backgrounds. Particular attention is paid to shifts in family size, income, and home size; the roles played by American youth and various business interests in turning the teen bedroom into a favored site of leisure and consumption; and the growing importance of child development theory and popular child-rearing advice in positioning the teen bedroom as an important tool in the maturation process.
The Girls of 83 Round Hill Road : Boarding Houses, Social Interaction, and the Culture of Consumption at Smith College, 1892–1895
Authors: Hamilton-Honey Emily
Published: September 2012

By utilizing unique source material preserved in the scrapbooks of Smith College women, this article examines the links between the emerging culture of consumption in the late nineteenth century, the carefully regulated beginnings of higher education for women, and the new social spaces that college women created for themselves. Scrapbooks such as these provide firsthand, unmediated accounts of personal experience and offer a myriad of evidence concerning historical social patterns. Examining one group of students who shared a boardinghouse at Smith College in the 1890s, this article asserts that their subversive navigation of personal and social space within their boardinghouse and the town of Northampton, Massachusetts, was part of a larger historical pattern. Consumption of goods and services in the company of others enabled these women to negotiate a balance between private institutional space and public consumer spaces, gaining a considerable amount of personal autonomy and independence.
Climate Science, Character, and the "Hard-Won" Consensus
Authors: Ranalli Brent
Published: September 2012

What makes a consensus among scientists credible and convincing? This paper introduces the notion of a "hard-won" consensus and uses examples from recent debates over climate change science to show that this heuristic standard for evaluating the quality of a consensus is widely shared. The extent to which a consensus is "hard won" can be understood to depend on the personal qualities of the participating experts; the article demonstrates the continuing utility of the norms of modern science introduced by Robert K. Merton by showing that individuals on both sides of the climate science debate rely intuitively on Mertonian ideas—interpreted in terms of character—to frame their arguments.
Science, Expertise, and Democracy
Authors: Weinberg Justin , Elliott Kevin C.
Published: September 2012

The combination of government's significant involvement in science, science's significant effects on the public, and public ignorance (of both politics and science) raise important challenges for reconciling scientific expertise with democratic governance. Nevertheless, there have recently been a variety of encouraging efforts to make scientific activity more responsive to social values and to develop citizens' capacity to engage in more effective democratic governance of science. This essay introduces a special issue of the Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal , "Science, Expertise, and Democracy," consisting of five papers that developed from the inaugural Three Rivers Philosophy conference held at the University of South Carolina in April 2011. The pieces range from a general analysis of the in-principle compatibility of scientific expertise and democracy to much more concrete studies of the intersection between scientific practices and democratic values in areas such as weight-of-evidence analysis, climate science, and studies of locally undesirable land uses.
Relying on Experts as We Reason Together
Authors: Richardson Henry S.
Published: September 2012

In various contexts, it is thought to be important that we reason together. For instance, an attractive conception of democracy requires that citizens reach lawmaking decisions by reasoning with one another. Reasoning requires that reasoners survey the considerations that they take to be reasons, proceed by a coherent train of thought, and reach conclusions freely. De facto reliance on experts threatens the possibility of collective reasoning by making some reasons collectively unsurveyable, raising questions about the coherence of the resulting train of thought. De jure reliance on experts threatens the possibility of collective reasoning by seeming to make some conclusions irreversible. The paper argues that collective reasoning that relies on experts would nonetheless be possible if the unsurveyable reasons "mesh," if the expert considerations are at least in principle publicly recoverable, and if de jure authority of expert decision is always subject to appeal.
Values and Uncertainties in the Predictions of Global Climate Models
Authors: Winsberg Eric
Published: September 2012

Over the last several years, there has been an explosion of interest and attention devoted to the problem of Uncertainty Quantification (UQ) in climate science—that is, to giving quantitative estimates of the degree of uncertainty associated with the predictions of global and regional climate models. The technical challenges associated with this project are formidable, and so the statistical community has understandably devoted itself primarily to overcoming them. But even as these technical challenges are being met, a number of persistent conceptual difficulties remain. So why is UQ so important in climate science? UQ, I would like to argue, is first and foremost a tool for communicating knowledge from experts to policy makers in a way that is meant to be free from the influence of social and ethical values. But the standard ways of using probabilities to separate ethical and social values from scientific practice cannot be applied in a great deal of climate modeling, because the roles of values in creating the models cannot be discerned after the fact—the models are too complex and the result of too much distributed epistemic labor. I argue, therefore, that typical approaches for handling ethical/social values in science do not work well here.
Weighing Complex Evidence in a Democratic Society
Authors: Douglas Heather
Published: September 2012

Weighing complex sets of evidence (i.e., from multiple disciplines and often divergent in implications) is increasingly central to properly informed decision-making. Determining "where the weight of evidence lies" is essential both for making maximal use of available evidence and figuring out what to make of such evidence. Weighing evidence in this sense requires an approach that can handle a wide range of evidential sources ( completeness ), that can combine the evidence with rigor , and that can do so in a way other experts can assess and critique ( transparency ). But the democratic context in need of weight-of-evidence analysis also places additional constraints on the process, including communicability of the process to the general public, the need for an approach that can be used across a broad range of contexts ( scope ), and timeliness of process ( practicality ). I will compare qualitative and quantitative approaches with respect to both traditional epistemic criteria and criteria that arise from the democratic context, and argue that a qualitative explanatory approach can best meet the criteria and elucidate how to utilize the other approaches. This should not be surprising, as the approach I argue for is the one that most closely tracks general scientific reasoning.
Environmental Justice, Values, and Scientific Expertise
Authors: Steel Daniel , Whyte Kyle Powys
Published: September 2012

This essay compares two philosophical proposals concerning the relation between values and science, both of which reject the value-free ideal but nevertheless place restrictions on how values and science should interact. The first of these proposals relies on a distinction between the direct and indirect roles of values, while the second emphasizes instead a distinction between epistemic and nonepistemic values. We consider these two proposals in connection with a case study of disputed research on the topic of environmental justice and argue that the second proposal has several advantages over the first.
Accurate Quantitation of Ki67-positive Proliferating Hepatocytes in Rabbit Liver by a Multicolor Immunohistochemical (IHC) Approach Analyzed with Automated Tissue and Cell Segmentation Software
Authors: van der Loos Chris M. , de Boer Onno J. , Mackaaij Claire , Hoekstra Lisette T. , van Gulik Thomas M. , Verheij Joanne
Published: September 2012

Determination of hepatocyte proliferation activity is hampered by the presence of Ki67-positive non-parenchymal cells. We validated a multicolor immunohistochemical (IHC) approach using multispectral tissue and cell segmentation software. Portal vein branches to the cranial liver lobes of 10 rabbits were embolized, leading to atrophy of the cranial lobes and hyperplasia of the caudal lobes. Slides from cranial and caudal lobes ( n=20) were double-stained (CK8+18 and Ki67) and triple-stained (CK8+18, Ki67, and CD31). The Ki67 proliferation index was calculated using automated tissue and cell segmentation software and compared with manual counting by two independent observers. A substantial variation was seen in the number of Ki67-positive hepatocytes in the different specimens in both double and triple staining (range, 0–50). Correlation coefficients between manual counting and the digital analysis were 0.76 for observer 1 ( p<0.001) and 0.78 for observer 2 ( p<0.001) with double staining and R2 = 0.91 for observer 1 and R2 = 0.89 for observer 2, p<0.001 with triple staining. In conclusion, in rabbit, the hepatocellular proliferation index can be reliably determined using automated tissue and cell segmentation software in combination with IHC multiple staining. Our findings may be useful in clinical practice when Ki67 proliferation index yields prognostic significance.
Proteoglycan Synthesis and Golgi Organization in Polarized Epithelial Cells
Authors: Dick Gunnar , Akslen-Hoel Linn K. , Grøndahl Frøy , Kjos Ingrid , Prydz Kristian
Published: September 2012

A large number of complex glycosylation mechanisms take place in the Golgi apparatus. In epithelial cells, glycosylated protein molecules are transported to both the apical and the basolateral surface domains. Although the prevailing view is that the Golgi apparatus provides the same lumenal environment for glycosylation of apical and basolateral cargo proteins, there are indications that proteoglycans destined for the two opposite epithelial surfaces are exposed to different conditions in transit through the Golgi apparatus. We will here review data relating proteoglycan and glycoprotein synthesis to characteristics of the apical and basolateral secretory pathways in epithelial cells.
Discretionary Effort and the Performance Domain
Authors: Lloyd Rosemarie
Published: September 2012

This study had two main aims. (1) To examine the role of discretionary effort (DE) in the multidimensional performance domain consisting of in-role behaviour (IRB) and organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB); and (2) to assess whether skills and autonomy are important predictors of DE and show variance in common with DE over and above IRB and OCB. A managers/supervisors sample (n = 476) and a sample with both managerial and nonmanagerial employees (n = 424) were employed. Confirmatory factor analyses showed that the three factor hierarchical model was superior compared to three other models tested, indicating that DE is a separate construct to both IRB and OCB but together with these forms part of the performance domain. Regression analysis showed that both skills and autonomy are important predictors of DE; however, only autonomy explained variance in DE over and above IRB, OCB and skills. Together these results add to the construct validity of DE. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.