bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Investigation into Proppant Transport in a Tortuous Fracture During Supercritical CO2 Fracturing
Authors: Zheng Yong , Wang Haizhu , Liu Mingsheng , Tian Ganghua , Yang Bing
Published: September 2022

In this paper, laser topography scanning technology is used to extract the fracture morphology after supercritical CO2 fracturing to generate a tortuous fracture model. Then a supercritical CO2 slurry flow model is established based on CFD-DEM coupling method, and the proppant transport in the tortuous fracture is simulated. The flow and proppant transport characteristics of supercritical CO2 slurry in tortuous fractures were analyzed, and the effects of injection velocity, injection temperature and injection pressure on proppant transport and distribution in tortuous fractures were investigated. The results show that the flow of supercritical CO2 slurry in tortuous fractures forms curved dominant channels compared to planar fractures, and the formed proppant dune is not uniformly distributed within the fractures. Low injection velocity in tortuous fractures is more likely to cause sand plugging, and increasing the injection velocity can weaken the effect of fracture structure on proppant transport. Low injection temperature and high injection pressure facilitates the transport and distribution of proppant in tortuous fractures. The results of the study contribute to an in-depth understanding of the flow behavior of supercritical CO2 slurry in tortuous fractures.

1. INTRODUCTION

Unconventional oil and gas reservoirs are characterized by low reservoir porosity, poor fluid permeability and low natural production capacity, making it difficult to develop them on a large scale by conventional extraction methods. Thanks to the emergence and development of hydraulic fracturing technology, the process of commercial development of unconventional oil and gas, such as shale gas, has been greatly accelerated (Denney, 2010). However, with the wide application of hydraulic fracturing technology, it also faces a series of challenges such as water consumption, reservoir clay expansion, and groundwater contamination (Hyman et al., 2016; Liu, Jiang, Huang, and Sugimoto, 2018).

CO2 plays an important role in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) because of its good solubility and strong extraction ability in crude oil, which can significantly reduce crude oil viscosity, swell and increase capacity, and reduce interfacial tension by mixing phase with crude oil in multiple contacts(Hill, Li, and Wei, 2020; Li et al., 2017). When CO2 is injected into the reservoir, it changes to a supercritical state at the temperature and pressure conditions of the reservoir. Supercritical CO2 has shown great advantages as a fracturing fluid in eliminating reservoir damage, improving shale gas recovery and storing CO2 in the underground, and is a new waterless fracturing technology with broad application prospects(Middleton et al., 2015; Yang et al., 2021).
Stability Analysis of Shotcrete Lining for a Mine Shaft Using the Finite-Discrete Element Method
Authors: Naseri S. , Bahrani N.
Published: September 2022

This paper aims to provide insights into the effectiveness and failure mechanism of shotcrete lining in mine developments. For this purpose, a two-dimensional numerical program based on the Finite-Discrete Element Method (FDEM) was utilized to simulate an instrumented section of a 10-m diameter mine shaft at a depth of 1.2 km in an average quality rock mass. The shaft wall was supported by shotcrete and concrete liners installed at 3 m and 12 m behind the face, respectively. However, only shotcrete support was considered in the numerical simulations. The shotcrete liner was modelled as a material with a thickness of 50 mm and calibrated based on the mechanical properties of early-age fiber reinforced shotcrete obtained from available laboratory test results and empirical equations. The rock material near the modelled shaft was calibrated against the extensometer measurement data. It was found that the shotcrete liner fails due to bending caused by the shaft wall convergence and local rock mass bulking. Therefore, for the rock mass and in situ stress conditions representative of the mine shaft, it is concluded that the addition of a permanent support element, such as a concrete liner, is necessary for the long-term stability of the shaft.

1. INTRODUCTION

Underground mines aim to reach deep orebodies by enhancing the advance rate of access developments while maintaining safe workplaces. Underground lateral (drifts) and vertical (shafts) developments are excavated using two main methods: drill and blast and mechanized excavations. The application of mechanized excavation machinery leads to an increase in the overall performance and thus the net present value of the projects. While mechanized excavation is ideal for moderately strong to weak rock masses, the drill and blast method has been used in a wide range of rock mass conditions [1]. Although the mining industry has been investigating mechanized excavation as an alternative method in hard rocks, the conventional drill and blast excavation method is still the norm in modern-day developments in underground mines [2].
Conductivity Evaluation of Cross Propped Fractures in Shale Reservoirs
Authors: Ma L. , Lu C. , Guo J. C. , Li X. Y. , Luo Y. , Wang K. J.
Published: September 2022

Volume fracturing is a key technology for shale gas development. It connects hydraulic fractures and natural fractures to form a large-scale cross propped fracture network. The conductivity of cross propped fractures is the key to the effect of shale volume fracturing. Based on the Kozeny model, the conductivity of a single fracture is calculated, and the conductivity of the single fracture is corrected by experimental data, taking into account the effect of formation closure stress. Based on the similarity principle of hydropower, an evaluation model for the conductivity of cross propped fractures is proposed. On the basis of the numerical simulation results of proppant transportation, the factors affecting the conductivity of cross propped fractures are analyzed. The results show that the proppant falls at a low velocity into the narrow natural fracture, and then moves slowly forward in the form of a creep in the fracture, where it is transported for a short distance. For wide natural fractures, the proppant is suspended into the fracture at a greater velocity and transported over a longer distance, forming a "tall and long" proppant dune morphology. When the natural fracture width ratio increases, the proppant is placed more unevenly in the cross fractures, the seepage resistance of proppant dunes in hydraulic fractures gradually increases, the seepage resistance in natural fractures has no obvious change, the total seepage resistance of cross fracture is greater, and the conductivity of the fracture is smaller. The numerical calculation model is used to evaluate the conductivity of cross propped fractures, which provides theoretical guidance for the optimization of shale gas volume fracturing schemes.

1. INTRODUCTION

As a kind of clean energy, Chinese shale gas will break through 2 × 1012 m3 and 200 × 108 m3 respectively in proven geological reserves and total annual production in 2020. Increasing shale gas exploration and development under the "dual carbon" target is an important guarantee to ensure energy security and alleviate environmental problems (Long et al., 2021; Zhang et al., 2021). At present, the development of shale gas reservoirs at home and abroad usually adopts volume fracturing technology. Through the construction method of "fast injection velocity + large liquid volume + large sand volume", hydraulic fractures and natural fractures are connected, so as to realize the effective placement of proppant in the fractures, form large-scale cross propped fractures, and improves fluid seepage channels, thereby greatly increasing gas well productivity (Lu et al, 2019a; Lu et al., 2019b; Zhang, 2022).
Application of Geomechanical Modeling in the Study of Loss Mechanism of Fractured Formation—A Case Study from Bohai Bay, China
Authors: Cai Wenjun , Deng Jingen , Feng Yongcun , Wang Yangang , Ma Chenyun
Published: September 2022

Bohai A Oilfield is a fractured oil and gas field, and the lost circulation problems in the non-reservoir and the reservoir are severe during the drilling process. The vicious lost circulation problem in the A Oilfield is characterized by the suddenness of the lost circulation event, the uncertainty of the lost circulation layer, the large amount of mud loss, and the long plugging time. This type of lost circulation problem has seriously plagued the drilling speed-up work of the A Oilfield. To clarify the loss mechanism of the non-reservoir and the reservoir, this paper consults and analyzes all relevant data (geology, logging records, drilling fluid characteristics, drill cuttings test results, and so on) of the A Oilfield. Based on the well data and seismic data, a set of analysis methods for the loss mechanism of fractured formations are established by the geomechanical modeling method. This work establishes the spatial distribution of essential parameters such as the three-dimensional elastic modulus, the three-dimensional Poisson’s ratio, and the three-dimensional pore pressure of the A Oilfield. Based on the finite element method, the three-dimensional stress field model of the A Oilfield is calculated by constructing a heterogeneous-pore-elastoplastic model. And then, the lost circulation pressure of the reservoir and non-reservoir of Bohai A Oilfield is also calculated, respectively. The main lost circulation factors in the entire oilfield area are determined by the complex working conditions and the three-dimensional lost circulation pressure calculation results. The results show that the loss mechanism of the non-reservoir is insufficient pressure bearing capacity of the fracture zone. The loss mechanism of buried-hill reservoirs is a prominent, very narrow safe drilling window in the fracture area.

1. INTRODUCTION

The Bohai A Oilfield is about 55 kilometers away from Tanggu district in Tianjin, with an average water depth of 14m. According to the drilling data, the strata in this area developed from old to new in sequence: Paleozoic Formation (Pz), Shahejie Formation (E2s), Dongying Formation (E3d), Guantao Formation (N1g), Minghuazhen Formation (N1m). The reservoir of Bohai A Oilfield is the Pz Formation. The interpretation result of the geological horizon is shown in Fig. 1. There are many faults and fractures in this Oilfield. The geological conditions have brought significant challenges to drilling operations.
A Review of Tensile Strength Measurement in Rock with Laminations/Bedding and Its Implication on Rock Mechanical Properties and Fracture Pressure Gradient Estimation
Authors: Moronkeji D. A. , Wolfe C. A.
Published: September 2022

The tensile strength (TS) has been used extensively in estimating the unconfined compressive strength of a rock formation when the number of UCS measurements are limited. A well-known method of determining the TS of a rock sample is the Brazilian tensile strength (BTS) test. In horizontal rock samples with bedding planes (BP), lower horizontal tension at failure typically occurs in a BTS test when loading the sample parallel to bedding (PLTB) versus perpendicular to bedding (PDTB). This is because bedding activation failure mode dominates in PLTB versus typical central fracture failure mode in PDTB. Numerous studies have been done on BTS; however, this study is a review of the implication of the differences in BTS obtained between PLTB and PDTB loading to observe the effect of BP. In this review, we measured BTS tests and observed variation between PLTB and PDTB measurements. These differences have implications on the prediction of rock mechanical properties and fracture pressure gradient estimation. This study shows an overall good fit to a relationship existing to derive a useful correlation between PLTB and PDTB tensile strength measurements that can be used in unconventional shale resources when the amount of core samples is limited or restricted to horizontal rotary sidewall cores.

1. INTRODUCTION

The drilling and completion of underground wells requires a thorough knowledge of the fracture gradient. In general, during drilling operations the fracture gradient is taken to be the maximum equivalent circulation density a well can handle to avoid drilling fluid losses, while during completion operations the fracture gradient could be defined as the formation breakdown pressure or the fracture propagation pressure. The fracture gradient varies along the length of a given wellbore and is a function of the effective in-situ stresses, pre-existing fractures, the wellbore trajectory, and the tensile strength of the rock (Aadnøy, 1988). The wellbore trajectory can be obtained via a well survey and there are numerous techniques to estimate the effective in-situ stresses along the well path that will not be revisited here. High resolution image logs can be obtained and interpreted to quantify the pre-existing fracture density as well as the strike and dip of the fractures. The tensile strength, however, can only be obtained from direct or indirect tensile strength laboratory measurements.
The effects of a ‘catch-up’ reading intervention for Grade 5 learners and teachers
Authors: Liswaniso Belden , Pretorius Elizabeth
Published: September 2022

This article reports on the effectiveness of a reading comprehension intervention that was implemented in Namibia. It aimed to empower teachers with knowledge and strategies for teaching reading comprehension, so as to improve the low reading comprehension of Grade 5 learners. The intervention targeted the improvement of performance in both the decoding and comprehension aspects of reading and was carried out during two school terms, in which teachers were provided with teaching and learning resources, guidance on how to utilise the resources and coaching on instructional practices. The study involved two control and two intervention schools. A modest interventionist approach was applied in which four of the six quality criteria for formative assessment of intervention programmes, as proposed by Nieveen (2007) were adopted to guide the study. Analysis of the pre- and post-intervention scores for the intervention and control groupsindicated larger effect sizes in decoding ability and reading comprehension at the intervention schools than at the control schools. The intervention teachers also seemed to have changed some of their instructional practices and some shifts in their attitudes towards teaching reading were discerned. The findings suggest that better quality teaching and learning can happen if teachers receive ongoing support to enhance their instructional practices. With effective reading instructional practices, learners’ decoding skills are developed, resulting in improved reading comprehension levels.
Introduction: Buddhism and Its Religious Others
Authors: Jones C.V.
Published: September 2022

In the introduction to the volume, the editor justifies the need to address Buddhism’s varied attitudes to rival religious traditions by attending to concrete literary examples of how Buddhist authors wrote about religious interlocutors and themselves in relation to them. With reference to relevant existing scholarship on Buddhism and its frontiers with other religions, the editor provides an overview of Buddhist religious history in especially India and East Asia, focusing on some particular contexts of inter-religious encounter with which contributions to the present volume are concerned. The introduction concludes with reflections on recurring mechanisms and strategies for making sense of the religious other that are in evidence in South and East Asian Buddhist writing and art.
‘The Buddha is a Raft’: On Metaphors, the Language of Liberation, and Religious Others in Early Buddhism
Authors: Maes Claire
Published: September 2022

Early Buddhists developed in intense dialogue with their religious others. During the formative stages of the Buddhist community, many Buddhist monks interacted with other ascetics on a daily basis. They engaged in religious debates and shared sleeping, eating and other public facilities. Given these facts, it is not surprising that early Buddhist texts refer frequently to their religious others. In the Pāli Vinaya, the monastic code of the Theravāda school, the most common term to refer to non-Buddhist ascetics is ‘titthiya’ (Skt. tīrthika). To explore the early Buddhist attitudes towards their religious others, this chapter offers a critical examination of titthiya in the Pāli Vinaya and early Jain texts. Building upon the work of C.V. Jones, this chapter shows a semantic shift in the application of the term titthiya. It demonstrates that early Buddhists had a positive understanding of the term titthiya, before they started using it to refer negatively to religious others. This chapter argues that this semantic shift went hand in hand with a change in the way Buddhists related to their various religious others. It further shows that the Buddhists’ initial positive understanding of the term titthiya was in accordance with wider metaphorical language of liberation.
Outside the Way? Framing Non-Buddhist Practices in Heian Japan
Authors: Lomi Benedetta
Published: September 2022

This chapter reflects on the multiple uses of the words gedō外道‎ (“outside the way”) and gejūtsu外術‎ (“outside techniques”) in Heian period Esoteric Buddhist sources. The two terms, broadly indicating non-Buddhist teachings and methods, did not imply a straightforward value judgment. Thus, it is first maintained that while gedō often singled out unorthodox, evil ways to be warded off at all costs, it also pointed to originally non-Buddhist deities and practices that had been incorporated into Buddhist ones and were thus considered acceptable. As these two interpretations coexisted, the chapter considers the institutional politics that underpinned them. It is therefore discussed how Heian-period Esoteric monks deployed these concepts as part of lineage disputes over issues of ritual transmission and authority. Given the malleability of these terms, the conclusions interrogate how they inform understandings of “religious other” in the context of premodern Japan.
Introduction
Authors: Czaja Roman , Stevens Matthew Frank
Published: September 2022

This introduction surveys the current state of research regarding medieval comparative urban history and the unique nature of the communities that formed at the peripheries of northern Europe. It sets out the volume’s central hypothesis, which asserts that the relationship between the European 'core' and its colonised 'peripheries' was based, on the one hand, on the transfer of core models and forms of urban life, and, on the other hand, on their constant modification and adjustment to local needs and conditions. It presents the concept that these latter processes led to the creation of new forms of urban life, embodying unique societies, not simply the replication of ‘core’ urban communities. A brief history of colonisation and urbanisation is provided for each of the four regions to be examined: Ireland, Wales, Prussia and Livonia. The volume’s method is indicated; each chapter comprises a case study comparing at least two regions.
Women in the Small-Town Economy of Medieval Wales and Prussia
Authors: Girsztowt Aleksandra , Youngs Deborah
Published: September 2022

This chapter compares the socio-legal position and economic activities of townswomen in Wales and Prussia during the 14th and early 15th centuries. It focuses on the Welsh town of Caernarfon, the administrative centre of the English Principality of Wales, and Marienburg, the seat of the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, in Prussia. The legal position of women in both regions is set out to frame an investigation of women’s comparatively varied, lived experiences. This chapter uses evidence found in the town books of Marienburg (Malbork) and court rolls Caernarfon, focusing on women’s legal activities in relation to: inheritance and real property; the role of their credit and debt relationships in wealth creation; and how marital status and town authorities regulated their behaviours and opportunities. Overall, the chapter argues for a greater recognition of the contribution of women to the economic development of towns in Wales and Prussia.
Urban Legislation as an Instrument for the Formation and Regulation of Socio-Economic Life in 14th-Century Prussian and Irish Towns
Authors: Maleszka Anna , Możdżeń Julia
Published: September 2022

This chapter compares key ordinances and statutes issued in selected Irish (Dublin, Waterford, Kilkenny) and Prussian (Thorn, Königsberg) cities in the 14th century. In both regions regulations concerned a wide spectrum of issues related to civic security, broadly conceived. The authors identify similar disciplinary ordinances adopted independently of each other in Ireland and Prussia. Statutes and ordinances adopted by municipal governments expressed an intent to shape specific social attitudes, mainly by disciplinary means. They were employed as a tool for legitimising the political and social order of the community, and changes introduced to it. Numerous statutes and ordinances were designed to regulate producers, quality of food products and places of sale. Regional differences relate mainly to the types of goods regulated. Tendencies to control production and trade, to discipline social behaviour and to legitimise the decisions of narrow ruling groups appeared near contemporaneously in these unrelated parts of medieval Europe.
The Participation of Craftsmen in Municipal Governance in Late Medieval Marienburg and Stockholm
Authors: Girsztowt Aleksandra , Kołodziejczak Piotr
Published: September 2022

This chapter compares relations between governing group of wealthy merchants, and the craftsmen-led commons, in late medieval Marienburg (Malbork), Prussia, and Stockholm, Sweden. Each Baltic-region town was a seat of government, namely of the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order and of the Swedish king. They were ‘middle-sized towns’, with c.3,000 and c.5,000–8,000 inhabitants, respectively, in which craftsmen were, for a long time, denied participation in the town council and municipal self-government. The relationship between merchant governing group and craftsmen in Marienburg and Stockholm did not become violent, as in larger Baltic cities (e.g. Lübeck and Danzig). Nonetheless, craftsmen sought municipal power. In Marienburg, craftsmen’s representatives signed some official documents and participated in municipal decision-making, preceding the establishment of a ‘Third Order’ the 16th century. In Stockholm, commoners’ representation via a ‘large council’ was established in the late 15th century, before wealthy craftsmen became councillors from the 16th century.
Maintaining a ‘Special Relationship’? Petitions to the Crown from Irish and Welsh Towns, 13th–16th Centuries
Authors: Maleszka Anna , Stevens Matthew Frank
Published: September 2022

Among ancient petitions in the Special Collections (document class SC 8) of The National Archives, London, are municipal petitions sent by the Anglo-Norman boroughs of Ireland and Wales to the English king, his council and parliament. These petitions shed light on the relationship between Irish and Welsh towns, and their inhabitants, and the royal administrations of Edward I and his successors. This chapter finds that, despite Ireland and Wales’ lack of regular representation in parliament, Irish and Welsh municipalities made regular use of petitions to seek ‘justice’ or ‘favour’, which were as likely to be considered by the English parliament as other petitions. Irish and Welsh municipalities sought justice to counter the administrative misfeasance of royal officials, while they typically sought favour of a financial nature (e.g. murage or tax relief). Additionally, and distinct from English municipalities, they also regularly sought help against the native Irish and Welsh.
Conclusion
Authors: Czaja Roman , Stevens Matthew Frank
Published: September 2022

This conclusion reflects on the content of the volume as a collection of case studies concerning the reception of core legal models and social forms of urban life on the peripheries of Latin Europe, embodied by the chartered town. It restates the hypothesis of the comparative urban research set out in this volume, namely, that the modification and implementation of core models and forms on the peripheries of Europe resulted in the creation of unique societies, not simply the imperfect replication of core urban communities. It is argued that this volume has substantiated the editors’ hypothesis through its examination of comparable elements of the social and political order of the chartered town within the framework of three constituent themes: processes of the formation of urban communities on the periphery; municipal authorities’ normalisation and disciplining of social and political life; and instruments of peace making and peace keeping.
A Renaissance from Scraps: The Material Evidence for a New Critical Edition of Burckhardt’s Book
Authors: Mangold Mikkel
Published: September 2022

This chapter presents the new German, critical edition of Jacob Burckhardt’s The Civilisation of the Renaissance in Italy to an English audience and, in addition, lays out some key findings about the existing English translations. It shares many invaluable manuscript details that cannot easily be found anywhere else (such as the fact that the author constructed his text with the help of over 1200 slips of paper) and provides personal insights arising from the editing of the volume. The chapter also stresses the importance of the footnotes and marginalia that may have seemed outdated and superfluous to previous editors and translators. In addition to the details and the account of the editorial business, this chapter offers suggestive comments concerning the expression ‘Kunstwerk’ (work of art).
Expressions of the Self in Burckhardt’s Renaissance
Authors: Boer Wietse De
Published: September 2022

This chapter revisits Jacob Burckhardt’s seminal contention that the Italian Renaissance witnessed the birth of the modern individual. It does so by examining both the book’s genesis and its legacy in the historiography of the last half-century. The Civilization of the Renaissance is here considered primarily as the work of a practising historian, on three levels: theoretically, as a reflection of Burckhardt’s complex, unresolved engagement with the philosophy of history—particularly that of Hegel—and with historicism; methodologically, as an attempt at an unmediated observation of the past; and interpretively, as the discovery in Renaissance Italy of the cultivation of personality, individualism, and ‘indiscipline’—that is, the emancipation from social, political, and cultural forces. Modern historiography has criticized Burckhardt on all these points and moved in different, even opposite directions. Nevertheless, Burckhardt’s quest for the individual may yet offer inspiration to those interested in pushing back the boundaries of determinacy in history.
‘A heightened moment in the life of the people’? Festivals in Their Social Context and Burckhardt’s Legacy to Modern Festival Research
Authors: Watanabe-o’Kelly Fba Helen
Published: September 2022

Burckhardt discusses festivals in Part 5 of Die Cultur der Renaissance in Italien, linking them to the outstanding figures around whom his narrative is constructed. Modern festival researchers cannot simply pick up where Burckhardt left off because his book is one of a kind. They examine a much longer chronological period and a wider geographical range and have a more inclusive appreciation of northern culture. They draw on a range of disciplines other than history and art history and use archival sources extensively. However, they have Burckhardt to thank for showing how festivals were instruments of power and products of a civic culture.
Burckhardt’s Beliefs and Renaissance Religions
Authors: Terpstra Nicholas
Published: September 2022

When Jacob Burckhardt framed the Renaissance as an age with a distinct and secularising character it was perhaps inevitable that religion would be seen as marginal, superstitious, and ‘harmful’ or ‘damaging’, or even ‘retrograde’. Yet Burckhardt gave religion considerable attention and nuance in the Civilisation of the Renaissance in Italy, and it was in fact the longest of the book’s six sections. The negative image of religion we associate with Burckhardt is due less to his own methods for cultural history than to the tools he borrowed from contemporary historiography, and to the enthusiasms of those followers who took the Civilisation as a creation myth for modernity. Their beliefs about religion reflected some 19th-century realities and ignored others. Burckhardt’s own methods allowed for a more anthropologically-inflected understanding of religion; yet he worked within a traditional and institutional understanding of Catholicism, remaining curiously silent on the breadth of Renaissance religions, and on the parallels between the civic religions of Swiss and Italian cities.
Women’s Social Status and their Access to Learning in Multilingual Early Modern Italy
Authors: Sanson Helena
Published: September 2022

Against the complex (multi)linguistic background of the Italian peninsula in the early modern period, this chapter will examine the relationship between the different linguistic varieties that existed at the time and their use and access according to social status and diaphasic factors. By drawing on a range of primary sources of different genres, the discussion will focus in particular on the diastratic varieties accessible to women and the type of learning and cultural exchange these same varieties could give access to. According to their rank and condition, women might have access, at different moments of their lives and with varying degrees of competence, to the local vernacular(s), the literary vernacular based on fourteenth-century Tuscan (the language of literature and the printing presses), the eclectic koinai of the Italian courts, the classical languages Greek and Latin (the language of the Church and of culture more broadly), as well as foreign languages. Knowledge of these different linguistic varieties determined in turn access to learning more broadly, as well as, more specifically, the consumption and production of works of literature of various kinds.
Making ‘Gypsies’ in the English Reformation? Laws, Words, and Texts (1530–1621)
Authors: Wiseman Susan
Published: September 2022

How should we think about the term ‘gypsy’ in sixteenth and seventeenth-century England? Investigation Ben Jonson’s Gypsies Metamorphosed alongside coney-catching pamphlets, the writings of Andrew Boorde, John Skelton, and legal texts, the essay excavates factors that shaped an idea compounded of difference, ‘race’, language and occupation but above all punishment to analyse the cultural embedding of ways of thinking about Roma people and the work undertaken by such thinking in early modern England.
Tragedy, or the Fall of Middle-Class Men
Authors: McCabe Richard
Published: September 2022

Throughout the Middle Ages ‘tragedy’ was agreed to concern itself exclusively with the fall of great men. So deeply engrained was this notion that Aristotle’s assertion that tragedy dealt with superior and comedy with inferior people was generally read in a social sense. From Francesco Robortello to J. C. Scaliger and beyond commentators and critics demanded that the characters of tragedy be ‘praestantes’ and those of comedy ‘viles’, terms denoting a rigid social and generic demarcation. Beginning in the 1590s, however, the writers of English ‘domestic’ tragedy began to challenge the received view, centring tragic plots on middle-class protagonists – typically wealthy landowners, merchants, or aldermen – and developing ways of lending them equivalent dramatic stature to the monarchs and potentates who preceded them. Ironically the new status of the Middle Class was confirmed by its capacity for tragedy, but the recognition of that capacity entailed a challenging critique of its social and economic values. This essay analyses the societal implications of the new aesthetic.
Introduction: The Habsburg Monarchy as a Fiscal-Military State
Authors: Godsey William D. , Maťa Petr
Published: September 2022

The introduction firmly restores the upkeep of a standing army in war- and peacetime to the center of the Habsburg government’s concerns in the early modern period. After a brief discussion of the peculiarities of Habsburg historiography, it argues that the idea of ‘composite monarchy’ (J.H. Elliott) best encapsulates the complex political framework within which a Habsburg fiscal-military state operated within its own borders. A review of the recent literature shows that the Habsburg Monarchy has figured more in the literature on ‘fiscal states’ than on ‘fiscal-military states’. Based on current knowledge, the introduction posits four major shifts in the Habsburg Monarchy’s fiscal-military arrangements between the 16th and 18th centuries. By the early 18th century, it is furthermore argued, a ‘fiscal-military core’ had emerged in the relatively well-coordinated and regularized fiscal-military activity occurring in the Bohemian and Austrian lands. Its three key facets constituted the rigorous use of primarily older forms of direct taxation, credit mobilization, and recruitment.
The Austrian Fiscal-Military State in International Perspective
Authors: Scott Hamish
Published: September 2022

This article begins by exploring – and insisting upon – the difference between a ‘fiscal-military state’ and a ‘fiscal state’, concepts often amalgamated by historians. It then explores how the idea of a fiscal-military state in 18th-century Britain has evolved since the term’s invention in 1988, paying particular attention to its impact upon Ireland and Scotland and on relations between central and local government. It goes on to suggest that the concept might profitably be applied to the Austrian Habsburg Monarchy during its Heldenzeit (‘Age of Heroes’) between the 1670s and 1720 and, more generally, during the long 18th century, when many financial and administrative innovations resembling those in Britain were introduced due to the impact of regular and large-scale warfare, above all the development of a system of structured borrowing supported by public bodies and by fiscal innovations.
Hungarian Border Defence and the Habsburg Financial and Military Transformation in the 16th Century
Authors: Kenyeres István , Pálffy Géza
Published: September 2022

This article explores the financial and military transformation within the new Habsburg composite state in central Europe after the fateful Battle of Mohács 1526. As an answer to the Ottoman challenge, the Habsburg ruler together with his own lands and those of the wider Reich established an extended border defence system in Hungary and Croatia. During the Long Turkish War (1591/93–1606) all the crucial factors of an early military and fiscal revolution are clearly visible. Thus, the expansion of the Ottoman Empire catalysed the development of a central European defence and financial system. The rudiments of a fiscal-military state can be observed particularly in connection with the Hungarian military border and its operations. The resulting changes laid the basis for a common financial and military framework that also helps explain the ensuing evolution towards a fiscal-military state in the Thirty Years War and beyond.
Conscription in the Habsburg Monarchy 1740– 1792
Authors: Berkovich Ilya
Published: September 2022

Based on a wide-ranging statistical study of regimental muster rolls, this chapter reveals that a regional conscription system administered by the provincial Estates of the Habsburg Monarchy was the single largest source of Austrian military manpower during the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years War. The augmentation of the army in the later reign of Empress Maria Theresa, together with the reforms of Joseph II, substantially increased the role of conscripts also in peacetime. Under Joseph II the provincial system was largely replaced with a Prussian-inspired model of regimental recruitment districts, which placed the conscription process under the control of the military authorities. The unexpectedly high losses of the last Austro-Turkish War completed the shift, inadvertently turning the Habsburg army into a conscript force even before the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars.
Free Money for War? Wartime Subsidies and the 18th-Century Habsburg Monarchy
Authors: Swoboda Patrick
Published: September 2022

Subsidies represented an important aspect of 18th-century diplomatic and financial history. The Habsburg Monarchy fought many extended wars during this period in which it received subsidies from its allies, first Britain, and later France. This paper examines the circumstances and amounts of these payments, the methods of transferring value to Austria and also the significance of the money to Habsburg finances. The organisation of subsidies furthermore sheds light on the network of banks and European financial market in the 18th century.
Cybersecurity framework profile for hybrid satellite networks (HSN)
Authors: McCarthy James , Mamula Dan , Brule Joseph , Meldorf Karri , Jennings Rory , Wiltberger John , Thorpe Chris , Dombrowski John , Lattin O’Ryan , Sepassi Sam
Published: September 2022

The space sector is transitioning towards Hybrid Satellite Networks (HSN) which is an aggregation of independently owned and operated terminals, antennas, satellites, payloads, or other components that comprise a satellite system. The elements of an HSN may have varying levels of assurance. HSNs may interact with government systems and critical infrastructure (as defined by the Department of Homeland Security). A framework is required to assess the security posture of the individual components while still enabling the HSN to provide its function. This report applies the NIST Cybersecurity Framework to HSNs with an emphasis on the interfaces between the participants of the HSN. In collaboration with subject matter experts including satellite builders, consultants, acquisition authorities, operators (commercial and government), academia, and other interested parties, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has developed the HSN Cybersecurity
Framework CSF Profile (HSN Profile) to guide space stakeholders. The resulting profile provides a starting point for stakeholders who are assessing the cybersecurity posture of their HSN.
Voices of first responders :
Authors: Pintar Adam , Buchanan Kerrianne , Choong Yee-Yin
Published: September 2022

Public safety is in the midst of a major transition in the communication technology that they use due to the ongoing development and deployment of the Nationwide Public Safety Broadband Network (NPSBN). Once established, the NPSBN will provide dedicated broadband to first responders. Having a dedicated network will allow first responders to leverage technology in performing their jobs safely, effectively, and efficiently. To fully recognize the benefits of having such a network, there has been many efforts to improve and create communication technology for first responders to work with this network. NIST's PSCR Usability team has been contributing to this effort by conducting a multi-year, mixed methods study to examine first responders' experiences with, problems with and needs of communication technology. The study consisted of two phases: in Phase 1, 193 first responders were interviewed, and in Phase 2, 7 182 first responders completed a survey of their communication technology experiences. Results of these efforts have been extensively reported on and are publicly available in eight reports. This report provides an in-depth statistical analysis of the survey data by exploring if and how communication technology problems and needs differ depending on the characteristics of the first responders. Specially, we examined differences by area (rural v. urban/suburban), role (frontline responders v. supervising responder, v. chief/management), and career v. volunteer status for fire service personnel. Two key themes emerged. First, we found that rural and volunteer first responders lack some devices and applications/software that their urban/suburban and career counterparts have, and they experience problems with the price of several devices. Second, we found that chief/management roles have different communication technology problems and needs from frontline first responders. Specifically, they tend to more often use devices and applications/software for coordination and managerial purposes and are very aware of the price of devices. This report provides a rich data and rigorous analysis for researchers, developers, and designers to use to inform their work in developing communication technology for first responders. We also describe how these findings relate to the user-centered guidelines published in previous reports.
EFFECTS OF THE 2008 GLOBAL RECESSION AND THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON FINANCIAL STABILITY OF THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA
Authors: Grbić Milka
Published: September 2022

A series of financial crises in the last thirty years, among other things, serves as a reminder of the importance of financial stability. Therefore, preserving the financial system's stability, especially its most important segment - the banking sector, is the principal goal and the most significant challenge faced by the macro-prudential and economic leaders. The benefits of financial stability are manifold, starting from creating favourable circumstances for business and providing security for participants in the financial market to increased efficiency of financial intermediaries and better allocation of limited resources. Also, the greater resilience of the financial system and its ability to absorb financial and economic disruptions facilitates the achievement of other economic policy objectives. Starting from the position that financial stability is one of the fundamental preconditions for sustainable economic growth, this paper aims to analyse and assess the impacts of the global 2008 recession and the COVID-19 pandemic on the stability of the Serbian financial system.
THE IMPACT OF HEALTH EXPENDITURE ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NORTH MACEDONIA – APPLICATION OF LUCAS MODEL
Authors: Cvetanoska Mitev Marijana , Trpeski Predrag
Published: September 2022

As most empirical evidence indicates, health has a positive impact on economic well-being and contributes to solving fundamental economic problems, this paper aims to analyze the relationship between health expenditures, as an indicator of human capital, and economic growth. In the process of globalization, human capital is a critical factor for an economy based on knowledge. Therefore, applying the Lucas model, the study aims to present the role and analyze the impact of human capital on economic growth in North Macedonia from 2000 to 2019, using econometric analysis of health expenditures time series that are widely accepted in theory and empirical research. In this regard, regression analysis (OLS method) is performed, followed by an examination of the stationarity of the series, as well as an examination of the necessary conditions for selecting the best model from the available alternatives. The results show a positive relationship between health expenditures and economic growth in North Macedonia, while this analysis contributes to the broader literature on the importance of human capital for economic growth in North Macedonia. Moreover, the results show that by adding an additional unit of human capital, the returns on investments in physical capital will be higher. The paper emphasizes the importance of human capital accumulation in North Macedonia, showing that health (measured by health expenditures) is an important factor in understanding the role of human capital in the process of economic growth.
K-shell x-ray of Al produced by collisions of ions with near Bohr velocities
Authors: Zhou Xian-Ming , Wei Jing , Cheng Rui , Liang Chang-Hui , Chen Yan-Hong , Zhao Yong-Tao , Zhang Xiao-An ,   Ion beam and Optical Physics Laboratory, Xianyang Normal University, Xianyang 712000, China,   Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China,   School of Science, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
Published: September 2022

X-ray emissionproduced by highly charged ions with the energy range near the Bohr velocity involves complicated atomic process. However, duo to the limitation of experimental conditions, the relevant researches are nearly absent. It is unclear whether the existing theory is applicable in such an energy range. This needs further exploring. In the present work, K X-ray spectra of Al excited by H+, He2+ and highly charged heavy ions I22+ and Xe20+ are investigated by using an Si drift X-ray detector in the energy range near the Bohr velocity. The X-ray production cross sections are extracted from the X-ray counts and compared with the theoretical simulations from PWBA, ECPSSR and modified BEA model. It is indicated that the cross section increases with the augment of projectile energy. With the same incident energy per nucleon, the cross section induced by highly charged heavy ions is a factor of about 104 larger than that by light ions . With the impact of H+ and He2+ ions, the K-shell electrons are mainly knocked off through the direct Coulomb ionization, and the X-ray emission cross section can be well predicted by ECPSSR theory. For the bombardment of highly charged heavy ions I22+ and Xe20+, except for the Coulomb ionization, the orbital electrons can also be excited by electron capture. The BEA simulation after being modified by both Coulomb repulsion and effective charge can well predict the x-ray production cross section.
Identities involving some special numbers and polynomials on p-adic integral
Authors:   Department of Mathematics, University of Kocaeli, Ömür Neşe , Koparal Sibel ,   Department of Mathematics, University of Kocaeli, Duran Ömer ,   Department of Mathematics, University of Kocaeli, Südemen Kübra Nur ,   Department of Mathematics, University of Kocaeli
Published: September 2022

In this paper, we get new identities involving Bernoulli, Daehee and Stirling numbers, and their representations by using p-adic integrals and combinatorial techniques.
Uncommon Sense
Authors: Leonard Craig
Published: September 2022

An examination of Herbert Marcuse's political claim for the aesthetic dimension, focusing on defamiliarization as a means of developing radical sensibility.

In Uncommon Sense, Craig Leonard argues for the contemporary relevance of the aesthetic theory of Herbert Marcuse—an original member of the Frankfurt School and icon of the New Left—while also acknowledging his philosophical limits. His account reinvigorates Marcuse for contemporary readers, putting his aesthetic theory into dialogue with antiracist and anti-capitalist activism. Leonard emphasizes several key terms not previously analyzed within Marcuse's aesthetics, including defamiliarization, anti-art, and habit. In particular, he focuses on the centrality of defamiliarization—a subversion of common sense that can be a means to the development of what Marcuse refers to as “radical sensibility.”

Leonard brings forward Marcuse's claim that the aesthetic dimension is political because of its refusal to operate according to the repressive common sense that establishes and maintains relationships dictated by advanced capitalism. For Marcuse, defamiliarization is at the center of the aesthetic dimension, offering the direct means of stimulating its political potential. Leonard expands upon Marcuse's aesthetics by drawing on the work of Sylvia Wynter, going beyond Marcuse's predominantly European and patrilineal intellectual framework—while still retaining his aesthetic theory's fundamental characteristics—toward a human dimension requiring decolonial, feminist, antiracist, and counterpoetic perspectives.