bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Root form and canal morphology of mandibular premolars in a Jordanian population
Authors: Awawdeh L. A. , Al‐Qudah A. A.
Published: January 2008

Aim  To investigate the root canal anatomy of mandibular premolars in a Jordanian population.

Methodology  Nine hundred extracted mandibular premolars were examined. After the length of the teeth was measured, the presence of developmental grooves and furcated roots was noted. Following the preparation of access cavities, pulp tissue was removed and the canal systems were stained. The teeth were then rendered clear by demineralization and immersion in methyl salicylate. Cleared teeth were examined and the following features were evaluated: (i) type of root canals; (ii) presence and location of lateral canals; transverse anastomosis; (iii) location of apical foramina; and (iv) frequency of apical deltas.

Results  The mean lengths of first and second mandibular premolars were 22.6 mm (18–27.5 mm) and 22.2 mm (16–26.5 mm), respectively. Although the majority of the specimens corresponded to Vertucci’s classification scheme, analysis of this large data set revealed four additional root canal morphologies. Variable root canal morphologies were found in the mandibular first premolars; two separate apical foramina were found in 33% of the teeth with two canals, compared to 6.2% with one apical foramen. Teeth with three separate apical foramina were scarce (2.2%). The majority of the mandibular second premolars had a single canal; 72% of teeth possessed type I canal systems, whilst 22.8% of the roots had two canals with two separate apical foramina.

Conclusions  The prevalence of multiple canals in the investigated Jordanian mandibular premolars was high, especially for the second mandibular premolar, in comparison with previous studies performed on populations of different racial origin.
Developmental toxicity of UV filters and environmental exposure: a review
Authors: Schlumpf Margret , Durrer Stefan , Faass Oliver , Ehnes Colin , Fuetsch Michaela , Gaille Catherine , Henseler Manuel , Hofkamp Luke , Maerkel Kirsten , Reolon Sasha , Timms Barry , Tresguerres Jesus A. F. , Lichtensteiger Walter
Published: January 2008

Several ultraviolet (UV) filters exhibit estrogenic, some also anti‐androgenic activity. They are present in waste water treatment plants, surface waters and biosphere including human milk, suggesting potential exposure during development. Developmental toxicity was studied in rats for the UV filters 4‐methylbenzylidene camphor (4‐MBC, 0.7, 7, 24, 47 mg/kg/day) and 3‐benzylidene camphor (3‐BC, 0.07, 0.24, 0.7, 2.4, 7 mg/kg/day) administered in chow to the parent generation before mating, during pregnancy and lactation, and to the offspring until adulthood. Neonates exhibited enhanced prostate growth after 4‐MBC and altered uterine gene expression after both chemicals. 4‐MBC and 3‐BC delayed male puberty and affected reproductive organ weights of adult offspring. Effects on the thyroid axis were also noted. Expression and oestrogen sensitivity of oestrogen‐regulated genes and nuclear receptor coregulator levels were altered at mRNA and protein levels in adult uterus, prostate and brain regions involved in gonadal control and sexual behaviour. Female sexual behaviour was impaired by both filters; 3‐benzylidene camphor caused irregular cycles. Classical endpoints exhibited lowest observed adverse effect levels (LOAELs) and no observed adverse effect levels (NOAELs) of 7/0.7 mg/kg for 4‐MBC and 0.24/0.07 mg/kg for 3‐BC. Molecular endpoints were affected by the lowest doses studied. Our data indicate that the potential risk posed by endocrine active UV filters warrants further investigations.
The effect of pinealectomy and leptin hormone on the proliferation and apoptosis activation in Syrian hamster testis in different photoperiods
Authors: Gündüz Bülent , Karakaş Alper , Terzi Hakan , Öner Jale , Serin Erdinç , Kükner Aysel
Published: January 2008

The effects of pinealectomy and leptin hormone on proliferative and apoptotic processes in the epithelia of testicular seminiferous tubules of Syrian hamsters have been investigated. Proliferative and apoptotic processes were assessed semi‐quantitatively by proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and caspase‐3 immune stainings. Animals used in the study were divided into four groups; control, pinealectomy (PinX), leptin‐treated (10 μg/mL/day/kg body weight, intraperitoneally) and pinealectomy + leptin groups. Half of the hamsters in each group were exposed to short and the other half to long photoperiods for 8 weeks. In short photoperiod, PCNA activity especially in spermatogonia was significantly higher in the pinealectomy and leptin‐treated groups compared with the control group. Histological score (HSCORE) value of PCNA in the PinX + leptin group was lower than those of PinX and leptin‐treated groups. HSCORE value of caspase‐3 in PinX and PinX + leptin groups was increased. In the long photoperiod, PCNA activation in the PinX group was significantly lower than the control group while the differences between the controls and other groups were not significant. The difference between the increases in caspase‐3 activity in the PinX and control groups was significant. Thus, it was observed that photoperiods had no effect on the proliferation activity in the control groups. The inhibiting effect of short photoperiod on testis was not observed throughout 8 weeks. PinX eliminated the inhibiting effect of short photoperiod but did not alter the stimulating effect of long photoperiod. Leptin did not show any effect in long photoperiod but decreased proliferation by stimulating melatonin in short photoperiod.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Origins of Bradyrhizobium nodule symbionts from two legume trees in the Philippines
Authors: Andam Cheryl P. , Parker Matthew A.
Published: January 2008

Aim  Geographic affinities were analysed for nodule bacteria (Bradyrhizobium sp. Jordan) associated with two legume trees indigenous to the Philippines: Pterocarpus indicus (Papilionoideae) and Wallaceodendron celebicum (Mimosoideae).

Location  Nodule bacteria from Luzon, the Philippines, were compared with reference strains from Central America, eastern North America, Japan, Korea, China and Australia.

Methods  Two PCR assays targetting length polymorphisms in the rRNA region were carried out on 96 Philippine bacterial isolates. A 496‐bp portion of the 23S rRNA gene was sequenced in 14 representative isolates. Eight strains were analysed in greater depth by sequencing portions of four other genes (16S rRNA [1410 bp], dnaK [603 bp], nifD [822 bp], recA [512 bp]), and phylogenetic trees were constructed by maximum parsimony, neighbour joining and maximum likelihood methods.

Results  Most of the Philippine Bradyrhizobium strains showed greater similarity to reference strains from Central America than to strains from other source regions included in the analysis. However, phylogenetic trees for the five genes had significantly conflicting topologies, suggesting that lateral gene transfer events had altered genealogical relationships at different loci. In particular, two Philippine strains resembled Bradyrhizobium strains from Central America or China for 16S rRNA, dnaK and recA sequences, but had nifD sequences that clustered with Australian strains (with bootstrap support values of 90–96%).

Main conclusions  The Philippines have been colonized by Bradyrhizobium strains from multiple source regions. Subsequent lateral gene transfer has resulted in the evolution of Bradyrhizobium strains that combine DNA segments of different geographic origin.
Does migration promote or restrict circumpolar breeding ranges of arctic birds?
Authors: Henningsson Sara S. , Alerstam Thomas
Published: January 2008

Aim Migration has been suggested to promote large breeding ranges among birds because of the greater mobility of migratory compared with non‐migratory species, but migration has also been suggested to restrict breeding ranges because of evolutionary constraints imposed by the genetically based migration control programme. We aim to investigate the association between migration and the breeding ranges of both land birds and pelagic birds breeding in the Arctic region.

Location The Arctic region.

Methods Information on breeding and wintering ranges and migratory status of bird species breeding in the arctic tundra biome was compiled from the literature. The association between breeding range, migration distance and primary winter habitat was tested using multivariate generalized linear models and pair‐wise Mann–WhitneyU‐tests. Phylogenetic effects were tested for using Mantel’s permutation tests.

Results We found different relationships depending on the species’ major winter habitat. Among birds that are pelagic during winter, long‐distance migrants have the largest breeding ranges, while among terrestrial birds, residents and short‐distance migrants have the largest breeding ranges. Breeding ranges of coastal birds of all migratory distance classes are comparatively restricted.

Main conclusions As a new explanation for this pattern we suggest that the possibility of colonizing large winter ranges is a key factor for the subsequent expansion of breeding ranges in arctic bird communities and possibly also in bird communities of other regions of the world. Because of the reversal in the relative extent of continents and oceans between the hemispheres, longitudinally wide winter ranges are more likely for long‐distance than short‐distance migrants among pelagic birds, while the reverse holds true for birds that use terrestrial winter habitats. For coastal birds both continents and oceans form barriers restricting colonization of extensive winter quarters and consequently also of extensive breeding ranges, regardless of the distance to the winter quarters.
Reproduction‐Induced Neuroplasticity: Natural Behavioural and Neuronal Alterations Associated with the Production and Care of Offspring
Authors: Kinsley Craig H. , Lambert Kelly G.
Published: February 2008

As a female transitions into motherhood, many neurobiological adaptations are required to meet the demands presented by her offspring. In addition to the traditional maternal responses (e.g. crouching, nursing, retrieving, grooming), our laboratories have observed several behavioural modifications accompanying parity, especially in the areas of foraging and emotional resilience. Additionally, brain modifications have been observed in the hippocampus and amygdala, providing support for neural plasticity extending beyond the expected hypothalamic alterations. Interestingly, we have observed parenting‐induced neuroplasticity to persist into late adulthood, even providing protection against age‐related brain and memory deficits. Although the majority of work on the parental brain has been conducted on females, preliminary research suggests similar changes in the biparental male California deer mouse. Taken together, research suggests that the parental brain is dynamic and changeable as it undergoes diverse and, in some cases, long‐lasting, modifications to facilitate the production and care of offspring.
Research design and methodology for a local mental health needs assessment
Authors: HOSTICK T.
Published: February 2008

The development of a methodology for the assessment of the mental health needs of a local population is described. A framework of corporate consultation was adopted to include methods of accessing the views of key stakeholders. This involved a provider perspective from a survey of clinicians, a user perspective gained through a series of focus groups and a purchaser perspective obtained from semi‐structured interview and focus groups. The method adopted for the focus groups was based on an ‘ideal research and change practice’, which offers potential for development and usage by service planners, including mental health nurses. This article explores issues around qualitative research and the implications for mental health nurses.
Supportive clinical supervision: a cruicible for personal and professional change
Authors: CHAMBERSRGN M. , LONG A.
Published: February 2008

The purpose of this paper is to explore theoretical and practical issues pertinent to the implementation and development of supportive clinical supervision. The paper highlights a facilitative model of supervision that emphasizes the importance of the supervisory relationship within a person‐valuing ethos. The authors put a case for sensitive utilization of a supervision concept that leads, they conclude, to self development, self realization, professional enhancement and advancement, and high quality client care. Over time, the ultimate goals of such supervisory practice are twofold: (i) to improve the overall health of the nation and (ii) to promote the progression of the nursing profession. The authors found that a facilitative approach to clinical supervision is therapeutic and self‐propelling for both supervisor and supervisee.
Monitoring SCCA‐IgM complexes in serum predicts liver disease progression in patients with chronic hepatitis
Authors: Biasiolo A. , Chemello L. , Quarta S. , Cavalletto L. , Bortolotti F. , Caberlotto C. , Beneduce L. , Bernardinello E. , Tono N. , Fassina G. , Gatta A. , Pontisso P.
Published: January 2008

Summary.  About 30% of the patients with chronic hepatitis develop a progressive liver disease and one of the most intriguing issues is the detection of noninvasive markers for fibrosis stage and disease progression. High levels of squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCCA)‐immunoglobulin M (IgM) are detectable in hepatocellular carcinoma and their increase in cirrhotic patients can predict tumour development. As SCCA‐IgM can also be detectable at low percentages in patients with chronic hepatitis, the aim of this study was to assess SCCA‐IgM complexes in relation to disease outcome in this group of patients. An ELISA assay was used to determine the presence of SCCA‐IgM in 188 patients with chronic hepatitis and in 100 controls. An additional serum sample was available after a median period of 6 years in 57 untreated patients: these patients were subdivided in group A, including eight patients with a fibrosis score increase ≥2 in a second liver biopsy and group B, including 49 patients without fibrosis progression during a similar follow up. SCCA‐IgM complexes were detectable in 63 of 188 (33%) patients but in none of the controls. A significant increase of SCCA‐IgM levels over time was observed in patients with fibrosis progression (mean ± SD: 117 ± 200 U/mL/year), but not in those without histologic deterioration (mean ± SD: –8.8 ± 31 U/mL/year, P < 0.0001). In conclusion, monitoring SCCA‐IgM levels over time appears a useful approach to identify patients with chronic hepatitis at higher risk for cirrhosis development.
The IPHAS catalogue of Hα emission-line sources in the northern Galactic plane
Authors: Witham A. R. , Knigge C. , Drew J. E. , Greimel R. , Steeghs D. , Gänsicke B. T. , Groot P. J. , Mampaso A.
Published: January 2008

We present a catalogue of point-source Hα emission-line objects selected from the INT/WFC Photometric Hα Survey (IPHAS) of the northern Galactic plane. The catalogue covers the magnitude range 13 ≤r′≤ 19.5 and includes Northern hemisphere sources in the Galactic latitude range −5° < b < 5°. It is derived from ∼1500 deg2 worth of imaging data, which represents 80 per cent of the final IPHAS survey area. The electronic version of the catalogue will be updated once the full survey data become available. In total, the present catalogue contains 4853 point sources that exhibit strong photometric evidence for Hα emission. We have so far analysed spectra for ∼300 of these sources, confirming more than 95 per cent of them as genuine emission-line stars. A wide range of stellar populations are represented in the catalogue, including early-type emission-line stars, active late-type stars, interacting binaries, young stellar objects and compact nebulae.

The spatial distribution of catalogue objects shows overdensities near sites of recent or current star formation, as well as possible evidence for the warp of the Galactic plane. Photometrically, the incidence of Hα emission is bimodally distributed in (r′−i′). The blue peak is made up mostly of early-type emission-line stars, whereas the red peak may signal an increasing contribution from other objects, such as young/active low-mass stars. We have cross-matched our Hα-excess catalogue against the emission-line star catalogue of Kohoutek & Wehmeyer, as well as against sources in SIMBAD. We find that fewer than 10 per cent of our sources can be matched to known objects of any type. Thus IPHAS is uncovering an order of magnitude more faint (r′ > 13) emission-line objects than were previously known in the Milky Way.
Correlated spectral variability in brown dwarfs
Authors: Bailer-Jones C. A. L.
Published: January 2008

Models of brown dwarf atmospheres suggest they exhibit complex physical behaviour. Observations have shown that they are indeed dynamic, displaying small photometric variations over time-scales of hours. Here, I report results of infrared (0.95–1.64 μm) spectrophotometric monitoring of four field L and T dwarfs spanning time-scales of 0.1–5.5 h, the goal being to learn more about the physical nature of this variability. Spectra are analysed differentially with respect to a simultaneously observed reference source in order to remove Earth-atmospheric variations. The variability amplitude detected is typically 2–10 per cent, depending on the source and wavelength. I analyse the data for correlated variations between spectral indices. This approach is more robust than single band or χ2 analyses, because it does not assume an amplitude for the (often uncertain) noise level (although the significance test still assumes a shape for the noise power spectrum). Three of the four targets show significant evidence for correlated variability. Some of this can be associated with specific features including Fe, FeH, VO and K i, and there is good evidence for intrinsic variability in H2O and possibly also CH4. Yet some of this variability covers a broader spectral range which would be consistent with dust opacity variations. The underlying common cause is plausibly localized temperature or composition fluctuations caused by convection. Looking at the high signal-to-noise ratio stacked spectra, we see many previously identified spectral features of L and T dwarfs, such as K i, Na i, FeH, H2O and CH4. In particular, we may have detected methane absorption at 1.3–1.4 μm in the L5 dwarf SDSS 0539−0059.
Characterization of autonomic dysfunction in patients with irritable bowel syndrome using fingertip blood flow
Authors: Tanaka T. , Manabe N. , Hata J. , Kusunoki H. , Ishii M. , Sato M. , Kamada T. , Shiotani A. , Haruma K.
Published: January 2008

Abstract  Fingertip blood flow (FTBF) as measured by laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) measurement is considered an indicator of sympathetic nerve function. We evaluated autonomic function in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) by assessing FTBF with both LDF and continuous‐wave (cw) Doppler sonography. Firstly, the two methods were compared in 40 healthy volunteers. Next, 59 patients with IBS as well as 118 healthy volunteer controls were studied. In the supine position, FTBF in the right index finger was measured with cw Doppler sonography, whereas FTBF in the left index finger was assessed with LDF. After baseline measurement for at least 5 min, the volunteers received sympathetic stimulation from cold stress applied without notification in the form of an icebag (0 °C) upon the left forearm for 1 min. The new cw Doppler sonography method can be used in place of the old LDF method for clinical purposes. FTBF velocity before stimulation (Vpre) was significantly lower in the IBS group than that in the healthy volunteers (P < 0.01). In addition, the time required for FTBF to return to Vpre after stimulation was significantly longer in the IBS group than that in the control group. (P = 0.02). Thus, measurement of FTBF with cw Doppler sonography can be useful in the assessment of sympathetic nerve function. The IBS patients showed an abnormal FTBF response suggesting the presence of excess sympathetic activity.
Foliar and ecosystem respiration in an old‐growth tropical rain forest
Authors: CAVALERI MOLLY A. , OBERBAUER STEVEN F. , RYAN MICHAEL G.
Published: January 2008

Foliar respiration is a major component of ecosystem respiration, yet extrapolations are often uncertain in tropical forests because of indirect estimates of leaf area index (LAI). A portable tower was used to directly measure LAI and night‐time foliar respiration from 52 vertical transects throughout an old‐growth tropical rain forest in Costa Rica. In this study, we (1) explored the effects of structural, functional and environmental variables on foliar respiration; (2) extrapolated foliar respiration to the ecosystem; and (3) estimated ecosystem respiration. Foliar respiration temperature response was constant within plant functional group, and foliar morphology drove much of the within‐canopy variability in respiration and foliar nutrients. Foliar respiration per unit ground area was 3.5 ± 0.2 µmol CO2 m−2 s−1, and ecosystem respiration was 9.4 ± 0.5 µmol CO2 m−2 s−1[soil = 41%; foliage = 37%; woody = 14%; coarse woody debris (CWD) = 7%]. When modelled with El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) year temperatures, foliar respiration was 9% greater than when modelled with temperatures from a normal year, which is in the range of carbon sink versus source behaviour for this forest. Our ecosystem respiration estimate from component fluxes was 33% greater than night‐time net ecosystem exchange for the same forest, suggesting that studies reporting a large carbon sink for tropical rain forests based solely on eddy flux measurements may be in error.
Identification and micro‐stratigraphy of hyperpycnites and turbidites in Cretaceous Lewis Shale, Wyoming
Authors: SOYINKA OLATUNDO A. , SLATT ROGER M.
Published: January 2008

Sandy hyperpycnal flows and their deposits, hyperpycnites, have been documented in modern environments and, more recently, in Cretaceous and Tertiary strata; they may be more common in the rock record, and within petroleum reservoirs, than has been previously thought. Muddy hyperpycnites also occur within the rock record, but these are more difficult to document because of their finer‐grained nature and lack of common sedimentary structures. This paper documents the presence of submarine slope mudstone and siltstone hyperpycnites (and muddy turbidites) in the delta‐fed, Upper Cretaceous Lewis Shale of Wyoming; based on field measurements, analyses of rock slabs and thin sections, and laser grain‐size distributions. Four lithofacies comprise laminated and thin‐bedded mudstones that are associated with levéed channel sandstones: (L1) grey, laminated, graded mudstone with thin siltstone and sandstone interbeds; (L2) dark grey to tan, laminated mudstone with very thin siltstone and sandstone stringers; (L3) light grey, laminated siltstones; and (L4) laminated mudstones and siltstones with thin sandstone interbeds. Two styles of mudstone grain‐size grading have been documented. The first type is an upward‐fining interval that typically ranges in thickness from 2·5 to 5 cm. The second type is a couplet of a lower, upward‐coarsening interval and an upper, upward‐fining interval (sometimes separated by a micro‐erosion surface) which, combined, are about 3·8 cm thick. Both individual laminae and groups of laminae spaced millimetres apart exhibit these two grain‐size trends. Although sedimentary structures indicative of traction‐plus‐fallout sedimentary processes associated with sandier hyperpycnites are generally absent in these muddy sediments, the size grading patterns are similar to those postulated in the literature for sandy hyperpycnites. Thus, the combined upward‐coarsening, then upward‐fining couplets are interpreted to be the result of a progressive increase in river discharge during waxing and peak flood stage (upward increase in grain‐size), followed by waning flow after the flood begins to abate (upward decrease in grain‐size). The micro‐erosion surface that sometimes divides the two parts of the size‐graded couplet resulted from waxing flows of sufficiently high velocity to erode the sediment previously deposited by the same flow. Individual laminae sets which only exhibit upward‐fining trends could be either the result of waning flow deposition from either dilute turbidity currents or from hyperpycnal flows. The occurrence of these sets with the size‐graded couplets suggests that they are associated with hyperpycnal processes.
A fruit‐specific plasma membrane aquaporin subtype PIP1;1 is regulated during strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) fruit ripening
Authors: Mut Paula , Bustamante Claudia , Martínez Gustavo , Alleva Karina , Sutka Moira , Civello Marcos , Amodeo Gabriela
Published: January 2008

Despite the advances in the physiology of fruit ripening, the role and contribution of water pathways are still barely considered. Our aim was therefore to characterize aquaporins, proteins that render the molecular basis for putative regulatory mechanisms in water transport. We focused our work on strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa) fruit, a non‐climacteric fruit of special interest because of its forced brief commercial shelf life. A full‐length cDNA was isolated with high homology with plasma membrane (PM) intrinsic proteins (named FaPIP1;1), showing a profile with high expression in fruit, less in ovaries and no detection at all in other parts. Its cellular localization was confirmed at the PM. As reported in other plasma membrane intrinsic proteins subtype 1 (PIP1s), when expressing the protein in Xenopus leavis oocytes, FaPIP1;1 shows low water permeability values that only increased when it is coexpressed with a plasma membrane intrinsic protein subtype 2. Northern blotting using total RNA shows that its expression increases during fruit ripening. Moreover, functional characterization of isolated PM vesicles from red stage fruit unequivocally demonstrates the presence of active water channels, i.e. high water permeability values and a low Arrhenius activation energy, both evidences of water transport mediated by proteins. Interestingly, as many ripening‐related strawberry genes, the expression pattern of FaPIP1;1 was also repressed by the presence of auxins. We therefore report a fruit specific PIP1 aquaporin with an accumulation pattern tightly associated to auxins and to the ripening process that might be responsible for increasing water permeability at the level of the PM in ripe fruit.
Regulation of hepatic peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor α expression but not adiponectin by dietary protein in finishing pigs
Authors: Weber T. E. , Kerr B. J. , Spurlock M. E.
Published: January 2008

Soy protein regulates adiponectin and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor α (PPARα) in some species, but the effect of dietary soy protein on adiponectin and PPARα in the pig has not been studied. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine whether soya bean meal reduction or replacement influences serum adiponectin, adiponectin mRNA, serum metabolites and the expression of PPARα and other genes involved in lipid deposition. Thirty‐three pigs (11 pigs per treatment) were subjected to one of three dietary treatments: (i) reduced crude protein (CP) diet containing soya bean meal (RCP‐Soy), (ii) high CP diet containing soya bean meal (HCP‐Soy) or (iii) high CP diet with corn gluten meal replacing soya bean meal (HCP‐CGM) for 35 days. Dietary treatment had no effect on overall growth performance, feed intake or measures of body composition. There was no effect of dietary treatment on serum adiponectin or leptin. Dietary treatment did not affect the abundance of the mRNAs for adiponectin, PPARα, PPARγ2, lipoprotein lipase or fatty acid synthase in adipose tissue. The mRNA expression of PPARα, PPARγ2, lipoprotein lipase or fatty acid synthetase in loin muscle was not affected by dietary treatment. In liver tissue, the relative abundance of PPARα mRNA was greater (p < 0.05) in pigs fed the HCP‐Soy diets when compared to pigs fed RCP‐Soy or HCP‐CGM diets. Hepatic mRNA expression of acyl‐CoA oxidase or fatty acid synthase was not affected by dietary treatment. Western blot analysis indicated that hepatic PPARα protein levels were decreased (p < 0.05) in pigs fed the RCP‐Soy diets when compared to pigs fed the HCP‐Soy diets. These data suggest that increasing the soy protein content of swine diets increases hepatic expression of PPARα without associated changes in body composition.
Judgement of hygienic quality of roughage in horse stables in Switzerland
Authors: Wichert B. , Nater S. , Wittenbrink M. M. , Wolf P. , Meyer K. , Wanner M.
Published: January 2008

In 46 horse farms all over Switzerland, the hygienic quality of the roughage (including silages) was investigated. Therefore, a macroscopic examination as well as the microbial counts (bacteria, yeasts and moulds) was carried out. Further, the contents of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and the contamination with deoxynivalenol (DON) were determined. In all roughages, the dry matter (DM) content was measured and in silages additionally the pH was measured. Predominantly, the straw showed a lower hygienic quality than hay and silages. The LPS contents were significantly higher in straw than those in hay samples. The macroscopic examination and the microbial counts showed a tendency in the same direction. Eight straw samples and one hay sample with DON contamination were found. The silages showed a DM content with a median of 65.8%. The pH of those silages was between 4.3 and 5.9. Despite the high values of DM and pH, the silages showed mainly a high hygienic quality. In total, the hygienic standard of straw was worse than that of hay. This should be taken into account also in straw used as bedding as much as the hygienic quality of hay.
Wheat grain as a prepartal cereal choice to ease metabolic transition from gestation into lactation in Holstein cows
Authors: Amanlou H. , Zahmatkesh D. , Nikkhah A.
Published: January 2008

Wheat grain (WG) is a unique cereal rich in easily fermentable starch and low in cation–anion difference (e.g. 5.3 mEq/100 g). The controlled prepartal dietary inclusion of WG, thus, has the potential to ease adapting the rumen microbes and papillae to the high‐starch lactation diets, stimulate feed intake, reduce hypocalcaemia by reducing extracellular alkalinity and a moderate induction of bone resorption, and improve milk yield in periparturient cows. The primary objective was to determine the effects of prepartal feeding of WG compared to barley grain plus wheat bran on metabolic and productive criteria in periparturient Holstein cows. Twenty‐four dry cows and 16 pregnant heifers were blocked based on parity and projected calving date and fed a prepartal diet containing either (i) ground WG (18% on a dry matter basis) or (ii) a conventional diet with ground barley grain and wheat bran or control diet, from 28‐day prepartum until parturition. All cows were fed the control diet during 21‐day postpartum. Prepartal dietary inclusion of WG increased prepartum feed intake, elevated blood glucose and attenuated hypocalcaemia at 7‐day prepartum and 1‐day postpartum, reduced urine pH, and increased milk fat percent and yield. Blood proteins at 7‐day prepartum were higher and placenta tended to be expelled sooner in WG‐fed cows than in other cows. Treatments did not affect milk protein, changes in body condition score; total time spent eating, ruminating and chewing; blood levels of urea nitrogen, cholesterol, and phosphorous, fecal pH, and calving difficulty. Therefore, the prepartal dietary use of WG proved effective in the simultaneous improvement of calcium and energy states, and thereby, in easing the metabolic transition from gestation into lactation in Holstein cows.
Plasma vitamin A status in calves fed colostrum from cows that were fed vitamin A during late pregnancy
Authors: Puvogel G. , Baumrucker C. , Blum J. W.
Published: January 2008

Calves are born vitamin A and β‐carotene deficient and the β‐carotene conversion to vitamin A is limited. Colostrum, contains relatively large amounts of vitamin A and β‐carotene and the retinol and β‐carotene status of calves can be normalized with colostrum consumption. We studied whether vitamin A supplementation of cows during late gestation (dry period) increases cow plasma retinol concentrations, the retinol content of first colostrum, and the plasma vitamin A status of calves during their first month of life. Both plasma and colostrum retinol concentrations were higher in vitamin A supplemented cows than in non‐supplemented cows. In calves that were for 5 days fed colostrum (milk) from vitamin A‐supplemented cows and then mature milk, plasma retinol concentrations were higher from 14 to 30 days after birth than in calves that were fed colostrum (milk) from cows that were not vitamin A supplemented. The study shows that vitamin A supplementation of cows during the dry period can improve the vitamin A status of their calves up to 1 month, if calves ingest their colostrum/milk for up to 5 days.
Effects of feeding l‐carnitine to gilts through day 70 of gestation on litter traits and the expression of insulin‐like growth factor system components and l‐carnitine concentration in foetal tissues
Authors: Brown K. R. , Goodband R. D. , Tokach M. D. , Dritz S. S. , Nelssen J. L. , Minton J. E. , Higgins J. J. , Lin X. , Odle J. , Woodworth J. C. , Johnson B. J.
Published: January 2008

We investigated the influence of supplemental l‐carnitine on foetal blood metabolites, litter characteristics, l‐carnitine concentration in skeletal muscle and insulin‐like growth factor (IGF) axis components in foetal hepatic and skeletal muscle tissues at day 40, 55 and 70 of gestating gilts. A total of 59 gilts (body weight = 137.7 kg) received a constant feed allowance of 1.75 kg/day and a top‐dress containing either 0 or 50 ppm of l‐carnitine starting on the first day of breeding through the allotted gestation length. Foetuses from the gilts fed diets with l‐carnitine tended to be heavier (p = 0.06) and the circulating IGF‐II tended to be lower (p = 0.09) at day 70, compared with the foetuses from the control gilts. Insulin‐like growth factor‐I messenger RNA (mRNA) was lower (p = 0.05) in hepatic tissue in the foetuses collected from gilts fed l‐carnitine. Free and total carnitine concentration increased (p < 0.05) in the skeletal muscle from the foetuses collected from gilts fed supplemental l‐carnitine. This study showed that l‐carnitine had beneficial effects on the average foetal weight at day 70 of gestation, associated with changes in the foetal IGF system.
ATP‐induced Changes in Energy Status and Membrane Integrity of Harvested Litchi Fruit and its Relation to Pathogen Resistance
Authors: Yi C. , Qu H. X. , Jiang Y. M. , Shi J. , Duan X. W. , Joyce D. C. , Li Y. B.
Published: January 2008

Litchi is a subtropical fruit of high commercial value on the international market but the fruit deteriorates rapidly after harvest due to rot development caused by Peronophythora litchii. To investigate the role of energy metabolism during disease development on harvested litchi fruit, fruits were dipped into solutions of either 0 or 1.0 mm adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for 3 min before being inoculated with Peronophythora litchii or not. Fruit were then stored for 6 days at 25°C and 90–100% relative humidity. Significant reductions in pericarp browning and disease severity and significant delays in membrane permeability and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were found in ATP‐treated and P. litchii‐inoculated fruit. Higher ATP concentrations and adenylate energy charge (EC) were observed in ATP‐treated fruit. In addition, lower activities of phospholipase D, acid phosphatase and lipoxygenase enzymes involved in membrane lipid peroxidation and hydrolysis were recorded in ATP‐treated fruit. Thus, treatment with ATP maintained higher energy levels, inhibited activities of the membrane hydrolysis‐related enzymes, reduced membrane lipid peroxidation and helped maintain membrane integrity of the harvested litchi fruit at the early stage of storage, which could account for the inhibition of disease development of P. litchii‐inoculated fruit.
Antarctic marine chemical ecology: what is next?
Authors: Avila Conxita , Taboada Sergi , Núñez‐Pons Laura
Published: January 2008

Antarctic ecosystems are exposed to unique environmental characteristics resulting in communities structured both by biotic interactions such as predation and competition, as well as abiotic factors such as seasonality and ice‐scouring. It is important to understand how ecological factors may trigger chemical mechanisms in marine Antarctic organisms as a response for survival. However, very little is known yet about the evolution of chemical compounds in Antarctic organisms. Investigations in chemical ecology have demonstrated over the last several years that defensive metabolites have evolved in numerous representative Antarctic species. This contradicts earlier theories concerning biogeographic variation in predation and chemical defenses. As reviewed here, a number of interesting natural products have been isolated from Antarctic organisms. However, we believe many more are still to be discovered. Currently, many groups such as microorganisms, planktonic organisms and deep‐sea fauna remain almost totally unknown regarding their natural products. Furthermore, for many described compounds, ecological roles have yet to be evaluated. In fact, much of the research carried out to date has been conducted in the laboratory, and only in a few cases in an ecologically relevant context. Therefore, there is a need to extend the experiments to the field, as done in tropical and temperate marine ecosystems, or at least, to test the activity of the chemicals in natural conditions and ecologically meaningful interactions. Defense against predators is always one of the main topics when talking about the roles of natural products in species interactions, but many other interesting aspects, such as competition, chemoattraction, fouling avoidance and ultraviolet (UV) protection, also deserve further attention. In our opinion, challenging future developments are to be expected for Antarctic marine chemical ecology in the years to come.
CD1a expression in PEComas
Authors: Adachi Yoshin , Horie Yasushi , Kitamura Yukisato , Nakamura Hiroshige , Taniguchi Yuji , Miwa Ken , Fujioka Shinji , Nishimura Motonobu , Hayashi Kazuhiko
Published: January 2008

According to the World Health Organization classification, neoplasms with perivascular epithelioid cell differentiation (PEComas) are mesenchymal tumors composed of histologically and immunohistochemically distinctive PEC. Generally, nearly all PEComas have immunoreactivity for both melanocytic (HMB‐45 and/or melan A) and smooth muscle (actin (SMA) and/or desmin) markers. Recently the authors reported that benign clear cell sugar tumor of the lung, one of the PEComas, expressed CD1a. Therefore the purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between PEComas and CD1a expression. Nineteen PEComas were obtained, which included angiomyolipoma of the kidney or liver, lymphangiomyomatosis of the uterus or lung and clear cell sugar tumor of the lung. Eighteen tumors had α‐SMA and HMB‐45 expression and 16 had melan A expression. In contrast, all 19 tumors had CD1a expression. The present study confirms CD1a expression in many cases of PEComa. These data suggest that CD1a expression can be an additional new marker for PEComas and also supports the distinct and integrated disease entity of PEComas.
Distribution of malignant lymphoma in Japan: Analysis of 2260 cases, 2001–2006
Authors: Aoki Ryosuke , Karube Kennosuke , Sugita Yasuo , Nomura Yuko , Shimizu Kay , Kimura Yoshizo , Hashikawa Keiko , Suefuji Nobuko , Kikuchi Masahiro , Ohshima Koichi
Published: January 2008

The World Health Organization classification was used to conduct an analysis of geographic, age, sex, and lesion primarily biopsied/resected distribution of 2260 lymphoid neoplasms diagnosed during 2001–2006 throughout Japan. B‐cell neoplasms accounted for 65% of all lymphoid neoplasms, T/natural killer (T/NK)‐cell neoplasms for 25% and Hodgkin lymphoma for 7%. The most common type was diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL, 33%), followed by follicular lymphoma (18%), and adult T‐cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL, 10%). The high rate of 18% for follicular lymphoma was similar to that in Western countries (11–33%). T/NK‐cell neoplasms accounted for a higher percentage of lymphoid neoplasms in Kyushu (30%) and Okinawa (38%) compared with other areas of Japan (18–20%). Among T/NK‐cell neoplasms, ATLL was the most common type in Okinawa (54%) and Kyushu (59%). Extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma was the second most common type of T/NK‐cell neoplasms in Okinawa (15%). This epidemiological study shows that the distribution patterns of malignant lymphoma differ especially in Kyushu and Okinawa, the endemic area of human T‐cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type 1.
Lipomatous ganglioneuroma of the retroperitoneum
Authors: Adachi Shiro , Kawamura Norihiko , Hatano Koji , Kakuta Yoichi , Takada Tsuyoshi , Hara Tsuneo , Yamaguchi Seiji
Published: January 2008

A unique case of ganglioneuroma mimicking a lipomatous tumor in a 73‐year‐old man is reported. The tumor was incidentally found on radiography performed for unrelated reasons. Because of the fat element, CT and magnetic resonance imaging suggested myelolipoma inside or outside the right adrenal gland. The laparotomy indicated that the tumor was located on the right adrenal gland. It was well circumscribed but not encapsulated, and was approximately 2 cm in diameter. Microscopically, ganglioneuromatous component was scattered in the background of a large amount of adipose tissue. Because the presence of such a large amount of adipose tissue seems to be rare in ganglioneuromas, its histogenesis is discussed.
Foregut duplication cyst of the stomach with pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium
Authors: Murakami Shigeki , Isozaki Hiroshi , Shou Tatsuo , Sakai Kunihiko , Toyota Hiroshi
Published: January 2008

Duplication cyst of the stomach with pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium is extremely rare. A 72‐year‐old Japanese woman visited Oomoto Hospital for examination of the stomach. Gastroendoscopy indicated a slightly depressed gastric cancer in the anterior wall of the middle third of the stomach. Adenocarcinoma was confirmed on endoscopic biopsy. Preoperative CT indicated a subserosal cystic lesion 2 cm in diameter on the lesser curvature of the stomach. The cystic lesion was resected through distal gastrectomy and systematic lymph node dissection. Histopathology showed that the cyst did not communicate with the gastric lumen, had pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with circular muscle layers, and did not have gastric epithelium or cartilaginous tissue. The gastric cancer consisted of moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma with submucosal invasion and lymph node metastasis. Consequently, the present patient was diagnosed as having foregut duplication cyst of the stomach.
Variety of congenital urethral lesions in boys with lower urinary tract symptoms and the results of endoscopic treatment
Authors: Kihara Toshiharu , Nakai Hideo , Mori Ken‐ichi , Sato Ryo , Kitahara Satoshi , Yasuda Kosaku
Published: January 2008

Objectives:  We described various types of congenital urethral anomalies seen in boys with LUTS such as refractory enuresis. Their urethrograpic and endoscopic finding were reviewed and the effect of trans‐urethral incision (TUI) was analyzed.

Patients and Methods:  We evaluated 67 boys with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS, mean: 9 years old), in a period of three and a half years. A voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) was performed in 37 patients and if we suspected a urethral abnormality, endoscopy was performed. Congenital urethral obstruction was diagnosed from VCUG and endoscopic findings and classified into Types 1, 3 and 4 posterior urethral valves (PUV) according to Douglas Stephens' description. Trans‐urethral incision (TUI) was carried out for congenital urethral obstruction and the effect was judged three months later.

Results:  On VCUG, 17 patients (45.8%) had an abnormal urethral configuration. On endoscopy, nine patients (24.3%) were diagnosed as having PUV. The effect of TUI on PUV excluding Type 3 was 80%, while that on Type 3 was 25%.

Discussions:  The incidence of PUV compared to bulbar urethral narrowing was significantly different from that described in previous Japanese reports, but similar to other countries. The reason is thought to be the lack of standardized interpretations of VCUG images and endoscopic findings, resulting in the overestimation of the bulbar urethral lesion.

Conclusion:  The incidence of PUV in Japanese boys with LUTS was higher than had ever been described. The improvement rate by TUI was high in PUV excluding Type 3, but low in Type 3. The ring like strictures at the bulbar urethra may be less important than has previously been thought.
Palliative treatment of pancreatic cancer
Authors: VON WICHERT Götz , SEUFFERLEIN Thomas , ADLER Guido
Published: January 2008

Despite numerous diagnostic possibilities the early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer is still an exemption. Only 10–15% of patients are diagnosed at a stage where the tumor is resectable. Thus, most patients are treated with a palliative intention at first diagnosis. Palliative treatment comprises different therapeutic modalities involving radiochemotherapy and conventional chemotherapy. Chemotherapy, in particular, has been challenged by several new concepts involving combination regimens and the addition of targeted therapies to conventional therapeutic regimens. This review offers a critical presentation of current concepts in the palliative treatment of pancreatic cancer, discussing the problems of each and pointing to the development of new therapeutic strategies.
Treatment of Helicobacter pylori and prevention of gastric cancer
Authors: CHEUNG Ting Kin , WONG Benjamin CY
Published: January 2008

Gastric cancer is the second commonest fatal malignancy in the world with a high incidence in China. Helicobacter pylori infection is an important factor in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer. Epidemiological studies have shown a strong causal relationship between H. pylori infection and gastric cancer. Animal studies also show that eradication of H. pylori infection, especially at the early stage, is effective in preventing H. pylori‐related gastric carcinogenesis. H. pylori eradication leads to regression and prevents the progression of gastric precancerous lesions, but only in a minority of cases. H. pylori eradication appears to be the most promising approach in gastric cancer prevention. The current available data in human studies showed that H. pylori eradication can reduce the risk of developing gastric cancer and this strategy is more useful in patients without atrophic gastritis or intestinal metaplasia. A longer follow‐up and additional studies are needed for better understanding this issue.