bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Automatic Data Curation and Analysis Pipeline for Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Measurements Conducted on Solid Oxide Cell Stacks
Authors: Mänken Christian Frederik , Schäfer Dominik , Eichel Rudiger-A , Kunz Felix
Published: May 2023

In this work, we apply data from Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) measurements, conducted on a Solid Oxide Cell (SOC) stack, to an automatic data curation and evaluation pipeline. Latter is developed to enable the use of historic data from EIS measurements conducted on SOC stack experiments for Machine Learning (ML) models. We show that the proposed procedure can curate parasitic, inductive impedances, obtained as a common effect of measurements on stack level. In addition, drifts induced by temperature and by steam supply gradients during the EIS measurement can be compensated. The results are experimentally validated on a two-layer SOC stack. For extraction of feature values for subsequent ML models distribution of relaxation times (DRT) deconvolution and equivalent circuit modeling (ECM) are used. To determine a suitable regularization parameter for DRT deconvolution, a variance test is implemented.
Synergistic Application of Machine Learning to Microstructural Characterization on Electrode Composites of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Authors: Hwang Heesu , Kim Dohyoung , Nam Yoonmi , Lee Jong-Ho , Hwang Jin-Ha
Published: May 2023

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have been recognized as one of the powerful next-generation energy conversion systems in association of the demanding green carbon technology. The electrochemical performance is crucially dependent on the intricate microstructures of porous electrodes, either cathodes or anodes. The composite electrodes should be analyzed in the sophisticated manner by characterizing the microstructural parameters. The current work combines electron microscopy with machine learning, more specifically semantic segmentation. The semantic segmentation was synergistically combined with high volume of electron micrographs enabled by FIB-SEM which has been used for microstructural analyses in SOFCs. The Ni/YSZ anode composites were selected as a model system, by incorporating the third components, i.e., pores featured by porous electrodes. The semantic segmentation-predicted image separation was connected with the conventional linear intercept approach, leading to the automated extraction of microstructural parameters. The work reports an exemplary analysis results based on the machine learning-assisted microstructure characterization in SOFC composite materials, implying that the machine learning-assisted approach becomes an essential tool in coping with high volume of electron microscopy-generated image data.
Conditional GAN for Generation of 3D SOFC Electrode Microstructure Dataset
Authors: Kishimoto Masashi , Matsui Yodai , Iwai Hiroshi
Published: May 2023

The conditional generative adversarial network (Conditional GAN) model is developed to generate synthetic porous microstructures of solid oxide fuel cell anode. To control the volume fractions of the synthetic anode microstructures, volume fraction loss is defined and used for training the generator in addition to the training using the adversarial loss. The synthetic microstructures are generated with a specified volume fraction of the phases and compared with those from the real anode microstructures in terms of microstructural parameters. It is found that the volume fractions of the synthetic microstructures are successfully controlled by the proposed additional training procedure for the generator, and the microstructural parameters, such as surface area density and TPB density, are close to those from the real microstructures.
Status of SOC Development at Chaozhou Three-Circle
Authors: Chen Shuoshuo , Xiao Yu , Jiao Zhenjun
Published: May 2023

Chaozhou Three-Circle (Group) Co., Ltd. (CCTC) is a leading company in development and manufacturing of electronic and ceramic components. CCTC has been focusing on SOFC R&D and manufacturing since 2004, covering the complete value chain from powder to power. Based on anode-supported cell technology (ASC in fuel cell mode), the C2-stack in planar design using metallic interconnect exhibits a high efficiency of more than 69% (DC, LHV) at 1.5 kW. Long-term stack tests using pipeline natural gas have been conducted for 20,000 hours, with low degradation rates of below 0.4%/kh.
Influence of A-Site Modifications on the Electrical and Crystallographic Properties of Ln0.2Sr0.7-XCaxTi0.95Fe0.05O3-δ (Ln=La, Nd) Based Fuel Electrode for Solid Oxide Cell
Authors: Paydar Sara , Volobujeva Olga , Lust Enn , Nurk Gunnar
Published: May 2023

In this research influence of chemical composition of A-site on electrical and electrochemical performance of Ln0.2Sr0.7-xCaxTi0.95Fe0.05O3-δ (Ln=La, Nd) (x=0.35, 0.45) (LSCTF-x, NSCTF-x) hydrogen electrode has been investigated. The crystal structure and microstructure have been studied using X-ray diffraction and SEM to confirm the phase purity and to visualize the microstructure of the studied electrode layers. To understand the influence of MIEC material composition on electrical conductivities of LSCFT and NSCTF, the DC four-probe conductivity measurements of porous electrode layers has been performed. Conductivities have been measured in two different atmospheres: 1% H2 + 3% H2O + 96% Ar and 97% H2 + 3% H2O. It has been shown that the both LSCTF and NSCTF materials behave like semiconductor and the conductivity is significantly dependent on the chemical composition. The maximal total electrical conductivity of porous electrode layers was 5.5 S cm−
1 and 4.8 S cm−
1 at 850 °C characteristic for the La0.2Sr0.25Ca0.45Ti0.95Fe0.05O3-δ (LSCTF-45) and Nd0.2Sr0.35Ca0.35Ti0.95Fe0.05O3-δ (NSCTF-35) materials, respectively, in 97% H2 + 3% H2O atmosphere.
Chemical Stability of BaMg0.33Nb0.67-XFexO3-δ in High Temperature Methane Conversion Environments
Authors: Denoyer Luke H , Benavidez Angelica , Brearley Adrian , Ramaiyan Kannan , Garzon Fernando H.
Published: May 2023

Doped perovskite metal oxide catalysts of the form A(BxM1-x)O3-δ have been instrumental in the development of solid oxide electrolyzers/fuel cells. In addition, this material class has also been demonstrated to be effective as a heterogeneous catalyst. Co-doped barium niobate perovskites have shown remarkable stability in highly acidic CO2 sensing measurements/environments (1). However, the reason for their chemical stability is not well understood. Doping with transition metal cations for B site cations often leads to exsolution under reducing conditions. Many perovskites used for the oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) or the electrochemical oxidative coupling of methane (E-OCM) either lack long term stability, or catalytic activity within these highly reducing methane environments. The Mg and Fe co-doped barium niobate BaMg0.33Nb0.67-xFexO3-δ shown activity in E-OCM reactors over long periods (2) (>100 hrs) with no iron metal exsolution observed by diffraction or STEM EDX measurements. In contrast, iron decorated BaMg0.33Nb0.67O3 showed little C2 conversion activity.
The Development of a Backup SOFC Generator at Upstart Power
Authors: Hickey Darren , Osenar Paul , Palumbo Nathan , 小野 孝 , Wang Honggang , Leeds Mathew , Powell Eric , Heinig Brendan , Cuppels Jake
Published: May 2023

Upstart Power is developing a state-of-the-art SOFC generator that provides backup power solutions for residential, commercial and industrial customers. The latest Upgen NXGTM fuel cell product enables grid independence and pairs seamlessly with standalone battery storage and solar to provide extended backup power and 24/7/365 energy solutions.
Ion Beam as an External and Dynamic Metal Reservoir to Induce Nanoparticle Exsolution in Oxides
Authors: Wang Jiayue , Woller Kevin B. , Yildiz Bilge
Published: May 2023

Nanoparticle exsolution is a recently developed method to produce oxide-supported metal nanoparticles via phase precipitation. It has attracted significant attention in the field of solid oxide fuel cells and electrolyzers (SOFC/SOEC) due to its potential for producing active and nanostructured electrodes. However, conventional exsolution methods face challenges in reaching the solubility limit of metal ions in the oxide matrix. To overcome this issue, here we propose a new approach to induce exsolution by using ion beams as an external and dynamic metal reservoir. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this method by using thin-film Zr0.5Ce0.5O2 (CZO) as a model system. Through ion irradiation experiments, 10 keV Ni ions were implanted into the near-surface regions of CZO films, and then exsolved as nanoparticles on the surface. This research offers a promising new avenue for developing next-generation SOFC/SOEC electrode materials using irradiation-tailored exsolution.
Ceria-Nickel Fuel Electrode for Reversible and Fuel Flexible Operation: Scaling-up from Electrolyte- to Electrode-Supported Cell
Authors: Sarruf Bernardo , Steinberger-Wilckens Robert
Published: May 2023

The energy transition calls upon the urgent necessity of clean and scalable energy production. In that context, green hydrogen delivery will be key to a successful change. Efforts to support higher efficiencies and degradation resistance are the main objectives of our research. In this work, we show the scaling-up step taken from electrolyte- to electrode-supported reversible high-temperature fuel cells, figuring a novel structure based on 8YSZ, CeO2, and NiO. The results show that the performance can be leveraged more than twofold from one concept to the other. The cells were operated with hydrogen, methane, and ethanol serving as fuels directly to the fuel electrode chamber, and under steam electrolysis.
Characterization of a Nickel / Gadolinia Doped Ceria Fuel Electrode for Co-Electrolysis
Authors: Esau Daniel , Grosselindemann Cedric , Sckuhr Soeren Peter , Kullmann Felix , Wissmeier Lena , Weber Andre
Published: May 2023

Modelling of the co-electrolysis process requires understanding of the underlying reaction pathways. These include the electrochemical steam reduction, the electrochemical CO2 reduction and their coupling via the catalytic (reverse-)water-gas-shift reaction (RWGS). The assumption of a very fast water-gas-shift reaction and therefore neglectable CO2 electro-reduction is commonly used to model the co-electrolysis process. In contrast to that, it was proposed from previous studies, that the electrochemical conversion of CO / CO2 can be present under H2 / H2O / CO / CO2 gas mixtures on Ni/GDC fuel electrodes. We present results from a complex variation of operating parameters for process identification by the use of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and the subsequent impedance analysis by the distribution of relaxation times (DRT). Four peaks are identified, including one yet undocumented suspected gas diffusion process. A possible influence of the electrochemical conversion of CO/CO2 starting from pCO2 / pH2O > 1 is shown.
Current Status of Ceres Electrolysis Programme
Authors: Hjalmarsson Per , Harman Jonathan , Macauley Chandra , Methley Ian , Ryley Joshua , Zerfa Amin , Hargrove Caroline , Selby Mark
Published: May 2023

This paper reports on experimental testing and verification of Ceres solid oxide technology in electrolysis mode at all levels from small single cells to a 100-kW module. This programme has demonstrated that the electrochemical performance of Ceres core cell technology is broadly the same in fuel cell and electrolysis modes suggesting no fundamental difference when reversing the direction of current. Additionally, lifetime predictors such as degradation rate and resilience to thermal cycles and emergency stops, measured at stack level, show an equally high level of real-world robustness in electrolysis mode as in fuel cell mode. Finally, results from testing our first-of-a-kind 100kW electrolysis module show reliable operation, high electrical efficiency of >87% (LHV) or 38kWh/kgH2 and stacks performing at the same level as measured on test stands.
Recent Highlights on Solid Oxide Cells, Stacks and Modules Developments at CEA
Authors: Mouginn Julie , Laurencin Jérôme , Vulliet Julien , Petitjean Marie , Grindler Elisa , Di Iorio Stéphane , Couturier Karine , Dejob Theo , Gonzalez Brigitte , Cubizolles Geraud , Bosio Félix , Aicart Jerome
Published: May 2023

Solid Oxide Cell (SOC) technology is considered as an efficient electrolysis technology to produce hydrogen at large scale. It can also operate in fuel cell mode using different fuels (carbon-based or non-carbon based like ammonia), and in reversible mode. Though proofs-of concept have been achieved at different relevant scales for those operating modes, some R&D works still need to be performed to improve performance, durability and cost. Improved and upscaled cells and stacks need to be developed, with a methodology combining multiscale and multiphysics modelling, electrochemical characterization in relevant conditions and advanced post-test analysis. Their integration into modules made of several stacks is also a stepping stone in order to reach multi-MW electrolysers. CEA is working on the whole value chain of SOC technology, from cell development and optimisation to module design and operation through stack upscaling. Recent achievements on those aspects will be presented.
Microstructural Analysis of Solid Oxide Electrochemical Cells via 3D Reconstruction Using a FIB-SEM Dual Beam System
Authors: Jang Seungsoo , Bae Kyung Taek , Kim Dongyeon , Yu Hyeongmin , Oh Seeun , Im Ha-Ni , Lee Kang Taek
Published: May 2023

Solid oxide electrochemical cells (SOCs) have attracted increasing attention as energy conversion devices due to their high efficiency. The microstructures of SOCs play a critical role in their electrochemical performance, however, characterizing them is challenging due to their heterogeneous microstructure. This paper describes a quantitative analysis of SOC microstructures via 3D reconstruction technique using a focused ion beam-scanning electron microscope (FIB-SEM) dual beam system. The reconstructed SOC electrodes offer microstructural characteristics, including particle and pore size, tortuosity, connectivity, and triple-phase boundary (TPB) density. These in-depth analyses contribute to better understanding of the electrochemical behavior of SOCs.
Visualization of Micro Damage in SOFC Using Terahertz Waves
Authors: Sato Kazuhisa , Tanaka Junya , Hayashi Naohiro , Fukui Ken-Ichi , Kawada Tatsuya
Published: May 2023

SOFC effective area for power generation is reduced when delamination occurs. Hence, non-destructive evaluation methods for detecting delamination of SOFC are required. We focused on Terahertz-Time Domain Spectroscopy (THz-TDS) as a SOFCs’ non-destructive evaluation method. THz-TDS has been used as an effective and safe method for non-destructive evaluation of non-metal materials. However, THz-TDS generates a huge amount of measurement data for one batch test. In this study, we propose a THz-TDS based method to visualize the internal damage of SOFC by using machine learning. Each waveform was discretely vectorized, and a Self -Organizing Map (SOM) was utilized to examine for its similarity. Therefore, we found that the waveforms have been changed because of the wave interference induced by the generation of air layer associated with the occurrence of delamination.
Comparison of the Electrochemical and Degradation Behaviour of Ni-YSZ and Ni-GDC Electrodes Under Steam, Co- and CO2 Electrolysis
Authors: Unachukwu Ifeanyichukwu Daniel , Vibhu Vaibhav , Uecker Jan , Vinke Izaak C. , Eichel Rudiger-A , de Haart L.G.J. (Bert)
Published: May 2023

This present study aims to investigate and compare the long-term stability of Ni-GDC and Ni-YSZ under three different electrolysis modes; steam electrolysis, co-electrolysis and CO2 electrolysis. Firstly, electrolyte-supported single cells of Ni-GDC (NiO-GDC//8YSZ//GDC//LSCF) and Ni-YSZ (NiO-GDC//8YSZ//GDC//LSCF) were fabricated and investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Furthermore, the impedance data were also recorded under polarization (0.7 to 1.4V) as well as at OCV. Finally, stability tests of the single cells were carried out under steam (H2O:H2, 50:50), co- (H2O:CO2:CO, 40:40:20) and CO2 electrolysis (CO2:CO, 80:20) conditions at 900 °C with -0.5 A/cm2 current density. The results reveal that Ni-GDC exhibits higher current density and lower polarization resistance (Rp) than Ni-YSZ in all the electrolysis modes. Furthermore, the Ni-GDC cells show a lower degradation rate than Ni-YSZ. However, Ni migration and agglomeration were observed in both electrodes. The detailed electrochemical and microstructural properties of the operated cells will be presented and discussed.
Time-Dependence of Microstructural Evolution and Performance Degradation of Ni/YSZ Electrode in Co-Electrolysis SOEC
Authors: Budiman Riyan Achmad , Konishi Rikuto , Bisaka Nanako , Yashiro Keiji , Kawada Tatsuya
Published: May 2023

To understand the degradation phenomena of the Ni/YSZ cathode in co-electrolysis SOEC, durability measurements are performed on electrode-supported cells using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The co-electrolysis (with CO2) cells are compared to the water electrolysis at 1073 K under -1.3 V for 100 h. From the analysis, it is revealed that the cathode resistance increases over the operating time, and this degradation is accompanied by the change in the Ni particle size. The Ni particle size of the co-electrolysis cell is almost similar to the water electrolysis cell. This result is corroborated by the result of the Ni-patterned electrode on YSZ thin film which measured at 1173 K for 100 h in the co-electrolysis operation. The delamination of the Ni-patterned electrodes is observed close to the electrolyte of YSZ. Those results on the electrode-supported cell and the model electrode are discussed to understand the governing factors of the electrode degradation.
Sulfur Impurities in COx Feed Gases of Solid Oxide Cells: Effect on Degradation and Removal Strategies
Authors: Riegraf Matthias , Bagarinao Katherine Develos , Biswas Indro , Costa Rémi
Published: May 2023

High-temperature solid oxide cells (SOC) offer unrivaled Faradaic and energetic efficiencies for carbon dioxide electrolysis. However, it is yet unclear which contaminant level in carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide feed gases are tolerable to achieve low degradation rates. In this work, electrolyte-supported cells (ESC) with Ni/Gadolinia-doped ceria (Ni/CGO) fuel electrodes were exposed to CO/CO2 gas mixtures at open circuit voltage. The resistance evolution over time was monitored by means of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. With this approach it is shown that a degradation over times of up to 96 h occurs. X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) and high-resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) imaging techniques were used to show that the degradation is related to sulfur impurities on the electrode surface. The results demonstrate the importance of feed gas purity for the commercialization of high-temperature CO2 electrolysis.
Reversible SOFC/SOEC System Development and Demonstration
Authors: Pike Jenna , Larsen Dennis , Hafen Tyler , Lingen Jeffrey , Izatt Becca , Hollist Michele , Gomez Abel , Yarosh Ainsley , Elwell Jessica , Elangovan S , Hartvigsen Joseph
Published: May 2023

The OxEon Energy team continues its 30+ year solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) development history with the design, fabrication, and installation of two reversible solid oxide electrolysis (SOEC)/SOFC demonstration modules scheduled for installation and commissioning in 2023. The high temperature electrolysis (HTE) systems produce hydrogen through electrolysis using solid oxide cell (SOC) technology derived from OxEon’s heritage stack technology and advancements made during stack development for NASA’s Mars2020 mission. The demonstration units integrate reversible SOC stacks with an effective and reliable balance of plant (BOP) system. A 4-stack quad assembly forms the basis for a modular, scalable system. Thermal management includes pre-heaters within the hot section unit (HSU) enclosure and a feed path that takes advantage of the exotherm generated in SOFC mode. The system design applies mechanical compression to the stacks outside the HSU enclosure to minimize insulation envelope size and produce greater force on the stacks.
Progress in Research and Development of Solid Oxide Cells, Stacks and Systems at Forschungszentrum Jülich
Authors: Kunz Felix , Peters Roland , Schäfer Dominik , Zhang Shidong , Kruse Nicolas , de Haart L.G.J. (Bert) , Vibhu Vaibhav , Eichel Rudiger-A , Menzler Norbert H. , Lenser Christian , Naumenko D. , Kadyk Thomas , Margaritis N. , Gross-Barsnick Sonja
Published: May 2023

Forschungszentrum Jülich has been involved in the research and development of SOCs for more than 30 years. In this work, selected highlights on material, cell, stack and system development are presented, whereas improving performance and understanding degradation phenomena were in the focus. On cell level, operation in steam, co-electrolysis as well as pure CO2 electrolysis mode was researched. A hierarchical degradation model framework was developed that relates changes at the level of electrode particles to changes in electrode structure, resulting materials properties and overall lifetime-performance. On stack level, progress in clarification and optimization of performance and lifetime relevant processes was made. The role of contaminants, foremost silicon species and sulfur dioxide in feed gases, was investigated to support technical applications. On system level, an rSOC system with an output power of 10 kW in fuel cell mode and an input power of 40 kW in electrolysis mode was developed.
A Novel Online Diagnosis Method for Tubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Using Total Harmonic Distortion Analysis
Authors: Fan Junhua , Wang Yinan , Wang Yuqing , Shi Jixin , Shi Yixiang , Cai Ningsheng
Published: May 2023

Fast and accurate online prognostic technology is urgently needed for the long-term and stable operation of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFCs). Total harmonic distortion analysis (THDA) is a potential candidate that obtains the dynamic information of an electrochemical system by analyzing high-order signals and has been successfully utilized in PEMFC fault diagnosis. In this study, the THDA method is utilized in a tubular SOFC under fuel and air starvation conditions at different hydrogen and air flow rates. The total harmonic distortion spectra are obtained in the frequency range of 0.1~100 Hz. The effects of different excitation current amplitudes on the results accuracy are further investigated. As a consequence, the excitation amplitude range, frequencies with high sensitivity and appropriate threshold are chosen to diagnose different faults efficiently.
Solid Oxide Iron-Air Battery for Long-Duration Energy Storage: A Study on Reduction Kinetics of Energy Storage Material Fe-ZrO2 Catalyzed by Ir Particles
Authors: Morey Chaitali , Tang Qiming , Huang Kevin
Published: May 2023

Long duration electricity storage (LDES) with 10+ hour cycle duration is an economically competitive option to accelerate the penetration of renewable energy into the utility market. Unfortunately, none of the available energy storage technologies can meet the LDES’ requirements for duration and cost. We here report a focused kinetic study on Fe-oxide reduction process, which is a key step for solid oxide iron-air battery; the latter has been recently demonstrated as a LDES compatible battery. The study clearly shows that Ir is an excellent catalyst to boost the sluggish Fe-oxide reduction kinetics.
Transient Solid Oxide Cell Reactor Model Used in rSOC Mode-Switching Analysis and Power Split Control of an SOFC-Battery Hybrid
Authors: Salas Ventura Santiago , Metten Matthias , Tomberg Marius , Ullmer Dirk , Ünlübayir Cem , Heddrich Marc P. , Ansar S. Asif
Published: May 2023

Defossilization of the global energy system requires a transition towards intermittent renewable energy sources and approaches that enable efficient conversion of primary energy sources into electrical energy. Due to their high efficiency in converting chemical into electrical energy and vice versa, solid oxide cell (SOC) systems provide solutions for both of these aspects. However, mode transitions in SOC operation require operating strategies to ensure that thermal gradients in the reactors are suppressed. In this study, two researched cases utilizing SOC’s are presented, based on simulation studies and experiments with an SOC multi-reactor module. The transient module model is validated in 75 kW electrolysis and polygeneration, and applied to analyze the effect of internal steam methane reforming on the temperature profile of the reactors. Subsequently, it is coupled with a validated Li-ion battery model, to test a rule-based power split control strategy suitable for a demand curve characteristic of a ship.
Analysis of Structural Degradation Effects in a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell after Long-Term Operation
Authors: Dellen Christian , Tardif Samuel , Purohit Ravi , Micha Jean-Sébastien , Guillon Olivier , Menzler Norbert H.
Published: May 2023

An in-depth post mortem analysis was conducted on cells from a stack with an operation time of 100,000 h. In doing so, the focus of the investigations was mainly on the air electrode side. By utilizing scanning electron microscopy in combination with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy the microstructure and the localized chemical composition was investigated. Additionally, the structural changes of the cells were analyzed by X-ray diffraction, by Raman spectroscopy, and by synchrotron-based µ-Laue diffraction measurements. The combination of these advanced analytical tools highlights changes in the structure and chemical composition on the air electrode side caused by various degradation effects after long-term operation.
Characterization and Testing of Exsolution-Based Solid Oxide Cells for Reversible Operations in CO2 Electrolysis
Authors: Diaz Lacharme Maria Carmenza , Donazzi Alessandro
Published: May 2023

Reversible solid oxide cells (rSOCs) are promising electrochemical devices, able to work both in energy storage mode as solid oxide electrolyzes (SOECs), and in power generation mode as solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). rSOCs dedicated to high-temperature co-electrolysis of CO2/H2O mixtures are of interest since they could foster the utilization and consequent reduction of CO2 gas emissions while converting it and H2O into valuable fuels (i.e. syngas and H2). However, operation under CO2-rich feeds requires alternatives to the state-of-the-art Ni-Yttria-stabilized-zirconia (Ni-YSZ) cermet fuel electrode in view of its low coking and redox resistance. Perovskites with mixed ionic and electronic conductivity are major alternatives, especially when the functionality of their active surface is enhanced via metal nanoparticle exsolution. This work focuses on the investigation of the electrocatalytic properties of the SrTi0.3Fe0.7O3 (STF), and exsolution Sr0.95(Ti0.3Fe0.63Ni0.07)O3 (STF-Ni) perovskite-based fuel electrodes together with Ni-YSZ while operating with CO2-rich mixtures both in the short and long term.
Effective Suppression of LSCF Air Electrode Degradation by Air Cleaning
Authors: Alizad Farzin Yousef , Weber Andre , Harenbrock Michael , Nardini David
Published: May 2023

The performance degradation of air electrodes in solid oxide cells is strongly affected by impurities such as sulfur dioxide. Filtration is a practical approach for proton-exchange membrane fuel cells with high air purity demands. This study aims to evaluate the applicability of such a filter consisting of specially modified activated carbons for the LSCF air electrode. Different air quality qualities were used to differentiate degradation mechanisms caused by ambient air impurities from the intrinsic aging of a cell. Analyzing the impedance spectra using a distribution of relaxation times (DRT) and a complex nonlinear least squares fit (CNLS) revealed a significant degradation rate in the first 360 hours. Filtering the air reduces the degradation rate significantly. A similar degradation of cell performance occurs in cleaned air as in synthetic air, indicating the ability of the filter material to prolong the lifetime of SOCs through the adsorption of gas impurities.
Techno-Economic Analysis of Electrochemical Refineries Using Solid Oxide Cells for Oxidative Coupling of Methane
Authors: Rosner Fabian , Tucker Mike C , Hu Boxun , Breunig Hanna
Published: May 2023

Ethylene is a large-scale commodity which is produced from fossil ethane via steam cracking. As more renewable electricity becomes available, electro-chemical production processes for ethylene are gaining attractiveness due to the generally high efficiency of electro-chemical processes and the potential to reduce CO2 emissions. In this study we explore the economics of oxidative coupling of methane (OCM)-based ethylene production and compare it to the conventional ethane steam cracking route. While current OCM cells are not economically competitive due to high capital investment costs (+105%) and high operating costs (+145%), OCM has the potential to become economically viable once overpotentials are lowered and single pass conversion rates reach +60%.
Lightweight Solid Oxide Cell Design for Ammonia-Fed SOFC Systems
Authors: Pike Jenna , Hafen Tyler , Larsen Dennis , Abernathy Harry W. , Guan Bo , Liu Jian , Le Long , Marina Olga A , Elangovan S
Published: May 2023

A lightweight solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) was developed by OxEon Energy that demonstrates the potential for increased specific power (kW/g) suitable for the requirements of electric Vertical Take-off and Landing (eVTOL) applications. Fuel flexibility was demonstrated in button cells and stacks using both legacy electrolyte-supported SOFC structure and the lightweight structure. Button cell and stack performance was nearly identical among hydrogen, ammonia, and reformed natural gas. Durability testing shows similarly stable performance in each fuel. A button cell test in ammonia at 800 °C using the lightweight cell structure measured area specific resistance (ASR) of 0.25 Ω-cm2 in H2/N2 and NH3 fuel feeds and showed a peak power density of 0.98 W/ cm2 in NH3 fuel. Short term hold at 0.7 V showed stable performance.
Impact of Thickness on Direct Ammonia Decomposition in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, Numerical and Experimental Research
Authors: Machaj Krystian , Skrzypkiewicz Marek , Niemczyk Anna , Kupecki Jakub , Malecha Ziemowit , Chorowski Maciej
Published: May 2023

Ammonia is a promising carbon-free hydrogen carrier and can be used as a fuel in energy systems, but often requires proper processing or decomposition into hydrogen and nitrogen in the presence of a catalyst. Due to the nickel-based anode and operating temperatures above 600 °C, solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) can be directly fed with NH3 as a fuel - direct-ammonia SOFCs (DA-SOFCs). In this study, the performance of cells with different anode thickness was compared under similar operating conditions for crossflow DA-SOFCs. The experimental results were reproduced in the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software, OpenFuelCell, in which the source term responsible for internal cracking was introduced. Carried out calculations allowed to determine the distribution of ammonia and temperature in the SOFC anode functional layers. Lowering the operating temperature and cell thickness lead to incomplete conversion of ammonia in the cell.
Influence of Temperature and Water Vapour on the High-Temperature Oxidation and Cr Evaporation Behaviour of High-Cr Alloys for SOFC Cathode Air Pre-Heaters
Authors: Zhang Kun , El-Kharouf Ahmad , Steinberger-Wilckens Robert
Published: May 2023

The oxidation and Cr2O3 evaporation mechanisms of the stainless steels Inconel 625, SS309 and AluChrom 318 have been investigated by varying temperatures and water content of the exposure atmosphere. The finding of this research demonstrates that Cr2O3 evaporation and oxidation rates were significantly lowered with decreasing temperature for Inconel 625 and SS309. AluChrom 318 showed a decreased oxidation rate with decreasing temperature, but it demonstrated a reverse trend to the temperature-dependent Cr2O3 evaporation compared to Inconel 625 and SS309. The major influence of water vapour on the three tested materials appeared to be the further increase of Cr2O3 evaporation.
Serum Uric Acid Levels Are Related to Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy, Especially for Motor Conduction Velocity of Tibial Nerve in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients
Authors: Zhang Hui , Vladmir Carvalho , Zhang Zhen , Zhou Wan , Xu Jiang , Zhao Wanwan , Chen Yang , He Mengting , Zhang Ya , Wang Wei , Zhang Haoqiang
Published: May 2023

Background. Oxidative stress is one of the most critical factors that contribute to the pathogenesis of neuronal damage, including diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). Uric acid is a kind of natural antioxidant that plays a major role in the antioxidant capacity against oxidative stress. Here, we aim to determine the role of serum uric acid (SUA) in the DPN of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Patients and Methods. 106 patients with T2DM were recruited and divided into the DPN group and the control group. Clinical parameters, especially for motor nerve fiber conduction velocity and sensory nerve fiber conduction velocity, were collected. Differences between T2DM patients with and without DPN were compared. Correlation and regression analyses were performed to explore the association between SUA and DPN. Results. Compare with 57 patients with DPN, 49 patients without DPN showed lower HbA1c and elevated SUA levels. Additionally, SUA levels are negatively associated with the motor conduction velocity of tibial nerve with or without adjusting for HbA1c. Besides, it is suggested that decreased SUA levels may influence the motor conduction speed of the tibial nerve by multiple linear regression analysis. Moreover, we demonstrated that decreased SUA level is a risk factor for DPN in patients with T2DM by binary logistic regression analysis. Conclusion. Lower SUA is a risk factor for DPN in patients with T2DM. Additionally, decreased SUA may influence the damage of peripheral neuropathy, especially for motor conduction velocity of the tibial nerve.
Combination of BFHY with Cisplatin Relieved Chemotherapy Toxicity and Altered Gut Microbiota in Mice
Authors: Feng Yuan , Jiang Ying , Zhou Ying , Li Zhan-hua , Yang Qi-qian , Mo Jin-feng , Wen Yu-yan , Shen Li-ping
Published: May 2023

Aim. We sought to profile gut microbiota’s role in combination of Bu Fei Hua Yu (BFHY) with cisplatin treatment. Methods. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) mice model were constructed followed by treatment with cisplatin alone or combined with BFHY. Mice weight and tumor volume were measured during the experiment. And mice cecum were detected by hematoxylin and eosin, cecum contents were collected for Enzyme Linked ImmuneSorbent Assay, and stool were profiled for metagenomic sequencing. Results. Combination of BFHY with cisplatin treatment decreased the tumor growth and relieved the damage of cecum. Expressions of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) were decreased compared with cisplatin treatment alone. Linear discriminant analysis effect size analysis showed that g_Parabacteroides was downregulated and g_Escherichia and g_Blautia were upregulated after cisplatin treatment. After combination with BFHY, g_Bacteroides and g_Helicobacter were decreased. g_Klebsiella, g_Unclssified_Proteobacteria, and g_Unclssified_Clostridiates were increased. Moreover, heatmap results showed that Bacteroides abundance was increased significantly after cisplatin treatment; BFHY combination treatment reversed this state. Function analysis revealed that multiple functions were slightly decreased in cisplatin treatment alone and increased significantly after combination with BFHY. Conclusion. Our study provided evidence of an efficacy of combination of BFHY with cisplatin on treatment of NSCLC and revealed that gut microbiota plays a role in it. The above results provide new ideas on NSCLC treatment.
Nanometer-Scale CO2-Shale Oil Minimum Miscibility Pressure Calculations Based on Modified PR-EOS
Authors: Bu Yahui , Sun Qian , Fu Shuoran , Guo Lingkong , Zhang Na
Published: May 2023

CO2 flooding is recognized as an efficient method for enhancing shale oil recovery, while CO2-oil MMP (minimum miscibility pressure) in the micro-nanoscale is a crucial parameter. This paper presents a method for calculating the MMPs of pure hydrocarbons (C4H10, C6H14, C8H18, and C10H22) and CO2 systems in nanopores (3 nm to 10 nm) with temperature ranging from 290.15 K to 373.15 K. Firstly, we modify the Peng-Robinson equation of state (PR-EOS) by considering the influence of confinement effect and capillary pressure in nanopores. Secondly, the flash calculation algorithm is employed to determine whether the oil and gas phases in nanopores have reached an equilibrium state according to the equality of the fugacity of the two phases. Thirdly, we calculate the interfacial tension (IFT) between the two phases using the Macleod-Sugden equation. When the extrapolated IFT is zero, we treat the corresponding pressure as the MMP of the CO2-oil system in nanopores. Simulation results indicate that the calculated MMP using this method has a relative error of about 0.62% compared to the MMP calculated using the multiple mixing cell (MMC) method, indicating high reliability for MMP prediction. Moreover, the measured MMP at the nanoscale is generally smaller than that in the bulk phase due to the influence of the confinement effect. The MMP is positively correlated with the reservoir temperature, the carbon atom number in alkanes, and the nanopore radius.
Modeling and Mapping of Aboveground Biomass and Carbon Stock Using Sentinel-2 Imagery in Chure Region, Nepal
Authors: Poudel Ananta , Shrestha Him Lal , Mahat Niraj , Sharma Garima , Aryal Sahara , Kalakheti Rupesh , Lamsal Basanta
Published: May 2023

The concerns about climate change in recent decades have heightened the need for effective methods for assessing and reporting forest biomass and Carbon Stocks (CS) at local, national, continental, and global scales. Accurate assessment of Aboveground Biomass (AGB) is critical for the sustainable management of forests, especially in the Chure region, a fragile and young mountainous in the lesser Himalaya of Nepal. This paper presents the modeling and mapping approach and shows how medium-resolution Sentinel-2 multispectral instrument (MSI) data can be used instead of hyperspectral data in inaccessible areas of the Chure region. The data were collected and analyzed from 72 circular sample plots. 60% (43 random sample plots) were used to create the model, while the remaining 40% (29 plots) were used for model validation. This study involved calculating 12 different vegetation indices and correlating them with plot-level AGB. Five models, including linear, logarithmic, quadratic, power, and exponential, were created, but the best model was found to be the quadratic model using normalized difference vegetation indices (NDVIs) with an R2 value of 0.777 and a correlation coefficient of 0.881. The model’s AIC and BIC values were 313.60 and 320.65, respectively. The validity of the model was performed using observed and predicted AGB values, resulting in an r value of 0.9128, an R2 value of 0.8332, and an RMSE value of 10.7657 t·h−1. Finally, the developed regression equation was used to map AGB in the study area. The AGB per pixel ranges from 0 to 129.18 t·h−1, whereas the amount of CS ranges from 0 to 61.01 t·h−1. Among the different vegetation indices used in the study, NDVI was found to be more precise in estimating and mapping biomass and carbon stocks in this study. Therefore, the study recommends using the quadratic model of NDVI for accurate estimation of AGB and CS in the Chure region of Sainamaina municipality.
A Review of Intelligent Vision Enhancement Technology for Battlefield
Authors: Wu Yufeng , He Yanjun , Li Ning , Wang Guowei , Zhang Longfei , Zhang Fuquan , Zhu Yifan
Published: May 2023

This paper reviews the application of intelligent vision enhancement technology in the battlefield environment and explores new research directions. This paper mainly introduces three parts. First, we introduce a solution for enhancing the battlefield situation and using head-mounted displays for soldier combat. Second, we summarize three core technologies supporting intelligent vision enhancement technology: 3D environment reconstruction, tracking and registration, and situational awareness. Third, we summarize three application directions of intelligent vision enhancement technology on the battlefield. Finally, the problems and challenges in the research work are proposed, including current issues such as accurate battlefield situational awareness by augmented reality technology, multiperson collaborative management and data flow, as well as challenges in future battlefield situation enhancement and perception. The future development trend of intelligent vision enhancement technology on the battlefield has been prospected. Two meanings of this paper are as follows: the first is to review the research status of intelligent vision enhancement technology from the technical level and identify the key technical points that may restrict development in the future; the second is to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of intelligent vision enhancement technology from the level of battlefield application and the roles of users. In addition, this paper proposes how to take the lead and take initiative in future wars.
Data from Terminally Exhausted CD8+ T Cells Resistant to PD-1 Blockade Promote Generation and Maintenance of Aggressive Cancer Stem Cells
Authors: Chakravarti Mohona , Dhar Sukanya , Bera Saurav , Sinha Abhipsa , Roy Kamalika , Sarkar Anirban , Dasgupta Shayani , Bhuniya Avishek , Saha Akata , Das Juhina , Banerjee Saptak , Vernekar Manisha , Pal Chiranjib , Alam Neyaz , Datta Dipak , Baral Rathindranath , Bose Anamika
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Heterogeneity within the tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) population limits immunotherapeutic efficacy against cancer. Between two subpopulations of exhausted CD8+ TILs (progenitor-exhausted; TPEX, terminally exhausted; TTEX), TTEX cells remain unresponsive to anti–programmed cell death protein 1(PD-1) therapy. Deciphering whether and how PD-1–resistant TTEX cells engage in tumor promotion could improve the response to immunotherapy. Here, we report that TTEX cells actively participate in tumor progression by modulating cancer stem cells (CSC). TTEX cells strongly correlated with elevated CSC frequency in poorly immune-infiltrated (CD8+ TIL low) advanced human breast and ovarian carcinomas. TTEX directly upregulated CSC frequency in vitro, which was not affected by anti–PD-1 treatment. The TTEX-influenced CSCs were highly clonogenic and exhibited a multidrug-resistant phenotype, overexpressing drug efflux pumps like ABCC1 and ABCB1. These CSCs were highly invasive, displaying increased invadopodia development and elevated cofilin, CXCR4, and matrix metalloproteinase 7 (MMP7) expression. The invasive properties along with epithelial–mesenchymal plasticity of TTEX-educated CSCs increased metastasis in vivo. TTEX increased cell surface levels and activation of VEGFR2 in CSCs, and silencing or inhibition of VEGFR2 reversed the CSC-stimulatory effects of TTEX. LAMP3 and NRP1 on the surface of TTEX stimulated VEGFR2 in CSCs to promote aggressiveness. Cumulatively, these findings suggest that screening patients with carcinoma for both CD8+ TILs and TTEX frequency prior to anti–PD-1 therapy could improve patient outcomes. In addition, targeting the LAMP3/NRP1–VEGFR2 axis could be a therapeutic strategy in advanced patients with carcinoma with limited CD8+ T-cell infiltration and high TTEX frequency.
Significance:
Cross-talk with TTEX CD8+ T cells mediated by the VEGFR2 axis induces aggressive properties in cancer stem cells to promote tumor progression.
Unique Transcriptional Profiles Underlie Osteosarcomagenesis Driven by Different p53 Mutants
Authors: Chachad Dhruv , Patel Lalit R. , Recio Carlos Vera , Pourebrahim Rasoul , Whitley Elizabeth M. , Wang Wenyi , Su Xiaoping , Xu An , Lee Dung-Fang , Lozano Guillermina
Published: May 2023

Missense mutations in the DNA binding domain of p53 are characterized as structural or contact mutations based on their effect on the conformation of the protein. These mutations show gain-of-function (GOF) activities, such as promoting increased metastatic incidence compared with p53 loss, often mediated by the interaction of mutant p53 with a set of transcription factors. These interactions are largely context specific. To understand the mechanisms by which p53 DNA binding domain mutations drive osteosarcoma progression, we created mouse models, in which either the p53 structural mutant p53R172H or the contact mutant p53R245W are expressed specifically in osteoblasts, yielding osteosarcoma tumor development. Survival significantly decreased and metastatic incidence increased in mice expressing p53 mutants compared with p53-null mice, suggesting GOF. RNA sequencing of primary osteosarcomas revealed vastly different gene expression profiles between tumors expressing the missense mutants and p53-null tumors. Further, p53R172H and p53R245W each regulated unique transcriptomes and pathways through interactions with a distinct repertoire of transcription factors. Validation assays showed that p53R245W, but not p53R172H, interacts with KLF15 to drive migration and invasion in osteosarcoma cell lines and promotes metastasis in allogeneic transplantation models. In addition, analyses of p53R248W chromatin immunoprecipitation peaks showed enrichment of KLF15 motifs in human osteoblasts. Taken together, these data identify unique mechanisms of action of the structural and contact mutants of p53.

Significance:

The p53 DNA binding domain contact mutant p53R245W, but not the structural mutant p53R172H, interacts with KLF15 to drive metastasis in somatic osteosarcoma, providing a potential vulnerability in tumors expressing p53R245W mutation.
Targeting CD44 Variant 5 with an Antibody–Drug Conjugate Is an Effective Therapeutic Strategy for Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Bei Yuncheng , He Jian , Dong Xuhui , Wang Yuxin , Wang Sijie , Guo Wan , Cai Chengjie , Xu Zhiye , Wei Jia , Liu Baorui , Zhang Nan , Shen Pingping
Published: May 2023

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is the second most frequent type of primary liver cancer. ICC is among the deadliest malignancies, highlighting that novel treatments are urgently needed. Studies have shown that CD44 variant isoforms, rather than the CD44 standard isoform, are selectively expressed in ICC cells, providing an opportunity for the development of an antibody–drug conjugate (ADC)–based targeted therapeutic strategy. In this study, we observed the specific expression of CD44 variant 5 (CD44v5) in ICC tumors. CD44v5 protein was expressed on the surface of most ICC tumors (103 of 155). A CD44v5-targeted ADC, H1D8–DC (H1D8–drug conjugate), was developed that comprises a humanized anti-CD44v5 mAb conjugated to the microtubule inhibitor monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) via a cleavable valine–citrulline-based linker. H1D8–DC exhibited efficient antigen binding and internalization in cells expressing CD44v5 on the cell surface. Because of the high expression of cathepsin B in ICC cells, the drug was preferentially released in cancer cells but not in normal cells, thus inducing potent cytotoxicity at picomolar concentrations. In vivo studies showed that H1D8–DC was effective against CD44v5-positive ICC cells and induced tumor regression in patient-derived xenograft models, whereas no significant adverse toxicities were observed. These data demonstrate that CD44v5 is a bona fide target in ICC and provide a rationale for the clinical investigation of a CD44v5-targeted ADC-based approach.

Significance:

Elevated expression of CD44 variant 5 in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma confers a targetable vulnerability using the newly developed antibody–drug conjugate H1D8–DC, which induces potent growth suppressive effects without significant toxicity.