bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Soil–pile–structure interaction under SH wave excitation
Authors: Koo K. K. , Chau K. T. , Yang X. , Lam S. S. , Wong Y. L.
Published: January 2003

A continuum model for the interaction analysis of a fully coupled soil–pile–structure system under seismic excitation is presented in this paper. Only horizontal shaking induced by harmonic SH waves is considered so that the soil–pile–structure system is under anti‐plane deformation. The soil mass, pile and superstructure were all considered as elastic with hysteretic damping, while geometrically both pile and structures were simplified as a beam model. Buildings of various heights in Hong Kong designed to resist wind load were analysed using the present model. It was discovered that the acceleration of the piled‐structures at ground level can, in general, be larger than that of a free‐field shaking of the soil site, depending on the excitation frequency. For typical piled‐structures in Hong Kong, the amplification factor of shaking at the ground level does not show simple trends with the number of storeys of the superstructure, the thickness and the stiffness of soil, and the stiffness of the superstructure if number of storeys is fixed. The effect of pile stiffness on the amplification factor of shaking is, however, insignificant. Thus, simply increasing the pile size or the superstructure stiffness does not necessarily improve the seismic resistance of the soil–pile–structure system; on the contrary, it may lead to excessive amplification of shaking for the whole system. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of modal pushover analysis using generic frames
Authors: Chintanapakdee Chatpan , Chopra Anil K.
Published: January 2003

An Erratum has been published for this article in Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics 2003; 32:1795.

The recently developed modal pushover analysis (MPA) has been shown to be a significant improvement over the pushover analysis procedures currently used in structural engineering practice. None of the current invariant force distributions accounts for the contribution of higher modes—higher than the fundamental mode—to the response or for redistribution of inertial forces because of structural yielding. By including the contributions of a sufficient number of modes of vibration (generally two to three), the height‐wise distribution of responses estimated by MPA is generally similar to the ‘exact’ results from non‐linear response history analysis (RHA). Although the results of the previous research were extremely promising, only a few buildings were evaluated. The results presented below evaluate the accuracy of MPA for a wide range of buildings and ground motion ensembles. The selected structures are idealized frames of six different heights: 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 stories and five strength levels corresponding to SDF‐system ductility factor of 1, 1.5, 2, 4, and 6; each frame is analysed for 20 ground motions. Comparing the median values of storey‐drift demands determined by MPA to those obtained from non‐linear RHA shows that the MPA predicts reasonably well the changing height‐wise variation of demand with building height and SDF‐system ductility factor. Median and dispersion values of the ratios of storey‐drift demands determined by MPA and non‐linear‐RHA procedures were computed to measure the bias and dispersion of MPA estimates with the following results: (1) the bias and dispersion in the MPA procedure tend to increase for longer‐period frames and larger SDF‐system ductility factors (although these trends are not perfect); (2) the bias and dispersion in MPA estimates of seismic demands for inelastic frames are usually larger than for elastic systems; (3) the well‐known response spectrum analysis (RSA), which is equivalent to the MPA for elastic systems, consistently underestimates the response of elastic structures, e.g. up to 18% in the upper‐storey drifts of 18‐storey frames. Finally, the MPA procedure is simplified to facilitate its implementation in engineering practice—where the earthquake hazard is usually defined in terms of a median (or some other percentile) design spectrum for elastic systems—and the accuracy of this simplified procedure is documented. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance of hollow composite members subjected to cyclic eccentric loading
Authors: Hsu H.‐L. , Liang L.‐L.
Published: January 2003

This study focused on the experimental examination of how hollow composite members perform when subjected to eccentric lateral loading that induces combined bending and torsional stresses. It was found that premature cracking degraded section integrity and interfered with steel–concrete interaction when members were subjected to combined bending and torsion. It was also found that members' bending capacities and ductilities were significantly reduced when the members were subjected to torsion. Relationships among member performance, magnitude of torsion, and sectional aspect ratios were studied to evaluate the torsional effects on member performances and to establish design references for hollow composite member constructions. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The seismic performance of braced timber pile bents
Authors: Shama Ayman A. , Mander John B.
Published: January 2003

The seismic performance of timber bridge substructures is not well established, particularly when compared to concrete highway bridges. This paper presents a dual experimental‐computational modelling program to investigate the seismic behaviour of typical braced timber bridge pile bents. For this purpose, a prototype timber bridge was used to develop a near‐full‐size physical model that was used for shaking table experiments and quasi‐static reversed cyclic loading tests on the laboratory strong‐floor. A non‐linear force‐displacement computational modelling study was also undertaken as a companion effort to the experimental investigation. On the basis of the experimental study, seismic vulnerability analysis was conducted for this kind of timber bridge principally with shaking in the transverse direction. In this analysis, a simplified fundamental mechanics‐based approach was employed from which fragility curves were derived. The study showed that braced timber pile bents have considerable strength and deformability capability. Nevertheless, they are not immune from earthquake damage. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural vibration control by shape memory alloy damper
Authors: Han Yu‐Lin , Li Q. S. , Li Ai‐Qun , Leung A. Y. T. , Lin Ping‐Hua
Published: January 2003

A damper device based on shape memory alloy (SMA) wires is developed for structural control implementation. The design procedures of the SMA damper are presented. As a case study, eight such SMA dampers are installed in a frame structure to verify the effectiveness of the damper devices. Experimental results show that vibration decay of the SMA damper controlled frame is much faster than that of the uncontrolled frame. The finite‐element method is adopted to conduct the free and forced vibration analysis of the controlled and uncontrolled frame. The experimental and numerical results illustrate that the developed SMA dampers are very effective in reducing structural response and have great potential for use as efficient energy dissipation devices with the advantages of good control of force and no lifetime limits, etc. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fort Huachuca decision raises the bar for Fort Irwin expansion
Authors: Spotila James R. , Avery Harold W.
Published: January 2003

A recent Ninth U.S. District Court decision on a biological opinion for Fort Huachuca in Arizona reinforces the
requirement that federal agencies are ultimately responsible for their obligations to conserve endangered and
threatened species under the Endangered Species Act. This decision has direct implications for the Army's
attempt to gain a favorable biological opinion for training activities on the recently acquired expansion lands at
Fort Irwin, California. Irrespective of whether or not the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service issues a favorable
biological opinion, the Army must independently demonstrate that it is undertaking specific, measurable mitigation
activities that will assure the recovery of the desert tortoise and other endangered or threatened species
affected by its expansion activities. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Secondary treatment of shipboard oily wastewater with ultrafiltration membranes
Authors: Murphy Lawrence P. , Finger Stanley M. , Nestle Holly L.
Published: January 2003

This article describes the development of an effective, reliable secondary treatment system for shipboard oily
wastewater. The need for secondary treatment was identified on newer “dry bilge” ships producing less
bilgewater with higher concentrations of emulsified oil than older ships. Secondary treatment uses ultrafiltration
(UF) membranes incorporating Open Systems Architecture (OSA) to accommodate membranes from
several suppliers. This approach enhances competition while facilitating future technology insertion to reduce
system cost and improve system performance.

The process for developing the oily wastewater secondary treatment system includes:

• Needs identification

• Treatment technology selection

• Initial market survey; selection of representative membranes

• Interface requirements development

• Performance and testing requirements

• Small‐scale testing and validation of performance requirements

• Technical specification development

• Full‐scale prototype design and validation testing

• Full‐scale systems procurement

• New technology

While we have focused on secondary treatment systems operating at 6.7, 10, and 50 gal/min, the technology
can be scaled to other flow rates. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Introduction: Integrating self‐help into psychotherapy
Authors: Scogin Forrest R.
Published: January 2003

This brief article introduces the In Session issue devoted to integrating self‐help into psychotherapy. The utility of self‐help in psychotherapy is discussed, including the potential for enhancing the effectiveness of psychotherapy. Brief descriptions of the seven articles comprising this special issue are provided. These include articles on bibliotherapy, autobiography, films and psychotherapy, Internet self‐help resources, focused expressive writing, and a review of the research on self‐administered treatments. These articles give practitioners a number of ideas about how to augment their treatments with self‐help approaches. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol/In Session 59: 175–176, 2003.
Integrating self‐help books into psychotherapy
Authors: Campbell Linda F. , Smith Thomas P.
Published: January 2003

This article describes a systematic and integral method of incorporating self‐help books into psychotherapy as a collaborative function. We address the distinctions between self‐help and bibliotherapy, consider bibliotherapy as adjunctive or integrative to psychotherapy, and outline the multiple uses of bibliotherapy for clinical purposes. How to apply self‐help books in psychotherapy and ways to select books are illustrated by a case example. Indications and contraindications for bibliotherapy in therapy are outlined. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol/In Session 59: 177–186, 2003.
Bibliotherapy as an adjunct to psychotherapy for depression in older adults
Authors: Floyd Mark
Published: January 2003

Bibliotherapy, reading a self‐help book for the treatment of psychological problems, has been shown to be effective as a “stand‐alone” treatment for depression. Many practitioners recommend self‐help books as an adjunct to treatment. This article offers some guidelines for the use of bibliotherapy as an adjunct to individual psychotherapy with depressed older adults. Two clinical cases demonstrate how bibliotherapy can be used effectively in conjunction with individual psychotherapy. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol/In Session 59: 187–195, 2003.
Finding, evaluating, and incorporating Internet self‐help resources into psychotherapy practice
Authors: Zuckerman Edward
Published: January 2003

The Internet can be a wondrously rich source of information and support for clients. This article offers advice on how to make a practitioner's Web site valuable to potential clients, how to find Web sites of use to clients for self‐help, how to use Web sites in support of therapeutic efforts, how to evaluate the quality of Web sites, and finally, a case example of using the Internet with a multiproblem client. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol/In Session 59: 217–225, 2003.
Focused expressive writing as self‐help for stress and trauma
Authors: Smyth Joshua , Helm Rebecca
Published: January 2003

In the therapy process, the process of disclosing about stressful or traumatic events is often considered essential. One such manner is through focused expressive writing (FEW) about stressful or traumatic experiences. FEW is related to improvements in health and well‐being, across a wide array of outcomes and participant characteristics. As FEW requires limited involvement of other individuals, is relatively low cost, and portable, it has tremendous potential as self‐help. In particular, FEW may be an effective means to reach populations unwilling or unable to engage in psychotherapy. A case illustration of FEW is presented. Evidence and future directions for FEW as self‐help are reviewed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol/In Session 59: 227–235, 2003.
The effectiveness of self‐administered treatments: A practice‐friendly review of the research
Authors: Mains Jennifer A. , Scogin Forrest R.
Published: January 2003

Self‐administered treatments are a cost‐effective way to treat a broad spectrum of people. This article focuses on the existing research of self‐administered treatments and their effectiveness when integrated with ongoing practice or when implemented alone. Evidence for their effectiveness is mixed; self‐help has been proven successful in the treatment of depression, mild alcohol abuse, and anxiety disorders. It has proven less successful for smoking cessation and moderate to severe alcohol abuse. When determining whether self‐administered treatment is appropriate, individual characteristics and attitude as well as the nature and severity of the problem should be taken into consideration. In addition, because many self‐help treatments have not been evaluated, caution should be exercised when implementing self‐administered treatment, and progress should be carefully monitored. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol/In Session 59: 237–246, 2003.
The use of autobiography in psychotherapy
Authors: Sommer Robert
Published: January 2003

First‐person narratives may have advantages as adjuncts in psychotherapy. They provide an inside view of mental disorders expressed in the person's own words, emphasize issues that the person deems important, are interesting to read with strong story lines, are less didactic than self‐help books, and offer identification with a protagonist. Recent trends in published autobiographies are described. There has been an increase in the number of published autobiographies describing mood disorder relative to schizophrenia, of psychotherapists going public with personal experiences of mental disorder, and of books expressing a positive view of treatment. The article includes case vignettes and a practitioner‐recommended list of autobiographies on addictive disorders, death and grieving, and mood disorders. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol/In Session 59: 197–205, 2003.
Fast iterative solution of large undrained soil‐structure interaction problems
Authors: Phoon Kok‐Kwang , Chan Swee‐Huat , Toh Kim‐Chuan , Lee Fook‐Hou
Published: January 2003

In view of rapid developments in iterative solvers, it is timely to re‐examine the merits of using mixed formulation for incompressible problems. This paper presents extensive numerical studies to compare the accuracy of undrained solutions resulting from the standard displacement formulation with a penalty term and the two‐field mixed formulation. The standard displacement and two‐field mixed formulations are solved using both direct and iterative approaches to assess if it is cost‐effective to achieve more accurate solutions. Numerical studies of a simple footing problem show that the mixed formulation is able to solve the incompressible problem ‘exactly’, does not create pressure and stress instabilities, and obviate the need for an ad hoc penalty number. In addition, for large‐scale problems where it is not possible to perform direct solutions entirely within available random access memory, it turns out that the larger system of equations from mixed formulation also can be solved much more efficiently than the smaller system of equations arising from standard formulation by using the symmetric quasi‐minimal residual (SQMR) method with the generalized Jacobi (GJ) preconditioner. Iterative solution by SQMR with GJ preconditioning also is more elegant, faster, and more accurate than the popular Uzawa method. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The response of an elastic half‐space under a momentary shear line impulse
Authors: Ziv Moche
Published: January 2003

The response of an ideal elastic half‐space to a line‐concentrated impulsive vector shear force applied momentarily is obtained by an analytical–numerical computational method based on the theory of characteristics in conjunction with kinematical relations derived across surfaces of strong discontinuities. The shear force is concentrated along an infinite line, drawn on the surface of the half‐space, while being normal to that line as well as to the axis of symmetry of the half‐space. An exact loading model is introduced and built into the computational method for this shear force. With this model, a compatibility exists among the prescribed applied force, the geometric decay of the shear stress component at the precursor shear wave, and the boundary conditions of the half‐space; in this sense, the source configuration is exact. For the transient boundary‐value problem described above, a wave characteristics formulation is presented, where its differential equations are extended to allow for strong discontinuities which occur in the material motion of the half‐space. A numerical integration of these extended differential equations is then carried out in a three‐dimensional spatiotemporal wavegrid formed by the Cartesian bicharacteristic curves of the wave characteristics formulation. This work is devoted to the construction of the computational method and to the concepts involved therein, whereas the interpretation of the resultant transient deformation of the half‐space is presented in a subsequent paper. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Source signature and elastic waves in a half‐space under a momentary shear line impulse
Authors: Ziv Moche
Published: January 2003

The transient deformation of an elastic half‐space under a line‐concentrated impulsive vector shear load applied momentarily is disclosed in this paper. While in an earlier work, the author gave an analytical–numerical method for the solution to this transient boundary‐value problem, here, the resultant response of the half‐space is presented and interpreted. In particular, a probe is set up for the kinematics of the source signature and wave fronts, both explicitly revealed in the strained half‐space by the solution method. The source signature is the imprint of the spatiotemporal configuration of the excitation source in the resultant response. Fourteen wave fronts exist behind the precursor shear wave S: four concentric cylindrical, eight plane, and two relativistic cylindrical initiated at propagating centres that are located on the stationary boundaries of the solution domain. A snapshot of the stressed half‐space reveals that none of the 14 wave fronts fully extend laterally. Instead, each is enclosed within point bounds. These wave arresting points and the two propagating centres of the relativistic waves constitute the source signature. The obtained 14 wave fronts are further combined into 11 disparate wave fronts that are grouped into four categories: an axis of symmetry wave—so named here by reason of being a wave front that is contiguous to the axis of symmetry, three body waves, five surface waves and two inhibitor waves—so named here by reason that beyond them the material motion dies out. Of the three body waves, the first is an unloading shear wave, the second is a diffracted wave and the third is a reflected longitudinal two‐branch wave. Of the two inhibitor waves, the first is a two‐joint relativistic wave, while the second is a two‐branch wave. The wave system, however, is not the same for all the dependent variables; a wave front that appears in the behaviour of one dependent variable may not exist in the behaviour of another. It is evident from this work that Saint–Venant's principle for wave propagation problems cannot be formulated. Therefore, the above results are valid for the particular proposed model for the momentary line‐concentrated shear load. The formulation of the source signature, the wave system, and their role in the half‐space transient deformation are presented here. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of a laboratory‐scale pressure differential (force/decay) system for non‐destructive leak detection of flexible and semi‐rigid packaging
Authors: Pascall M. A.
Published: January 2003

This study evaluated the capabilities of a bench‐top non‐destructive pressure differential leak tester using 355 ml polyethylene terephthalate/ethylene vinyl alcohol/polypropylene (PET/EVOH/PP) trays. This evaluation was done by monitoring the equipment's force/decay responses to leaks, changes in the package headspace volume and differences in the seal strength of 986 sample trays. Leak detection evaluation was done using artificially created channel leaks (10–200 µm) in the sealing areas and pinholes (5–50 µm) in the lids of the polymeric trays. Seal strength evaluation included the ability of the equipment to identify non‐leaking but weak seals and the extent to which the pressure differential unit affected good seals during a normal test run. The results showed that the equipment had a detection limit of 40 µm for channel leaks 6 mm in length and 15 µm for pinholes. The results also showed that the pressure differential unit caused a 9% reduction in the seal strength of the tested packages. However, peel strength analysis and distribution testing showed that this reduction in seal strength did not compromise the integrity of 99% of the packages tested. Results showed that the equipment could also detect weak but non‐leaking seals that had potential to lose integrity during transportation and retail handling. The results of this study could be used to determine the capabilities and limitations of a non‐destructive pressure differential bench‐top leak testing device intended for food packaging quality control. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Barrier properties and heat sealability/failure mechanisms of dispersion‐coated paperboard
Authors: Andersson Caisa , Ernstsson Marie , Järnström Lars
Published: January 2003

Plate‐like fillers are often added to improve barrier properties and to prevent blocking of dispersion coatings on paper and board. We have studied the effects of clay addition, neutralizing agent and drying conditions on water vapour permeability, water absorption, oxygen permeability and heat sealability of carboxylated styrene/butyl acrylate dispersion coatings on a pilot scale. The barrier dispersions were applied on a pre‐coated side of a three‐ply board, using a pre‐metering roll coater. Coated strips were sealed under specified conditions of temperature, time and pressure and the sealability was assessed by measuring the peak load necessary to break the joints. The surface composition of the barrier‐coated board was analysed and the mode of failure was characterized by ESCA. The occurrence of pinholes in the barrier coatings was assessed by both staining tests and ESEM/EDX analysis of the surface topography. The resulting barrier properties were satisfactory as far as resistance to water transport in both liquid and vapour form is concerned. The oxygen permeability was similar to that of similar amorphous polymers. Heat‐sealing tests showed that the mode of failure was mainly cohesive in nature, as fibre tear occurred when sealed strips were separated. Neutralization with sodium hydroxide gave poor adhesion and had a negative effect on the seal strength. Barrier measurements and ESEM/EDX analysis both showed that the pinholes present extended only through the barrier coating. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Packaging reminiscences: some thoughts on controversial matters
Authors: Paine Frank
Published: January 2003

Packaging is necessary in a world dominated by marketing‐based economies, which rely on it for the safe delivery of profitable products. It is different from many other functions because packaging has two faces and each face demands a special marketing approach. Also necessary to appreciate is that in the very marketing of all products packaging plays a vital part, yet it is still often treated as a necessary evil and is often used on an expediency basis by product manufacturers. Even the packaging manufacturers themselves still fall into the trap of providing what is asked for instead of designing what is really needed. To describe packaging as in a world of its own is no pretension, for wherever natural or manufactured products are produced, packaging is needed to contain, preserve and protect them in the journey to the market place. Food, drink, clothing, light engineering goods, china and glass, medicines and household chemicals—in all those industries it is packaging made of paper and board, glass, plastic and metal that serves them. The importance of properly designed packaging lies in the fact that it must meet the need for protection of the product from the hazards of damage and deterioration. At the same time it must also provide identification and attractive presentation and meet the appropriate environmental criteria, Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Student affairs collaborations and partnerships
Authors: Grace G. Gary
Published: January 2003

This chapter describes the evolution of student affairs over time and under varying forces of change and its capacity for creating collaborative partnerships as a means for improving higher education and serving students.
State systems of coordination: A primer for student affairs
Authors: Bumba Russell P.
Published: January 2003

State coordinating boards address a variety of issues that relate to students and to student affairs operations. In order to participate in shaping and addressing these issues, student affairs staff need to understand how these boards operate and how to work most effectively with them.
Student affairs professionals and the media
Authors: Montgomery Ted , Snyder Mary Beth
Published: January 2003

A good strategy for working with external media is essential to the success of student affairs professionals. Examples of practices that lead to effective engagement with the various media are examined.
Do corporate outsourcing partnerships add value to student life?
Authors: Moore James E.
Published: January 2003

Student affairs needs to be an active participant in campus decisions about corporate outsourcing partnerships to ensure that the effects of these relationships on student life are considered.
The role of the alumni association in student life
Authors: Singer Tara S. , Hughey Aaron W.
Published: January 2003

Alumni organizations have special opportunities to influence the experience of prospective and current college students. This chapter explores programs that enhance connections between students and alumni.
The community as a classroom
Authors: Bonsall David L. , Harris Rachel A. , Marczak Jill N.
Published: January 2003

In recent years student affairs professionals have had well‐documented success in organizing valuable learning experiences in the community for college students. An in‐depth review of a community‐based student leadership program at Northern Michigan University provides a model that benefits students and the surrounding community.
External partners in assessment of student development and learning
Authors: Bresciani Marilee J.
Published: January 2003

This chapter discusses the role of external partnerships in student development and learning outcomes assessment in the context of results from a national survey of senior student affairs officers.
Indanoyl amino acid conjugates: Tunable elicitors of plant secondary metabolism
Authors: Lauchli Ryan , Boland Wilhelm
Published: January 2003

The unassuming nature of plants belies their viciously effective defensive strategies in the face of herbivore attack.
Under the direction of, among others, octadecanoid hormones, plants respond by producing phytoalexins, bitter and toxic
alkaloids, protease inhibitors, and even volatile compounds that call predatory insects to the herbivores. A rational
design of 4‐oxoindanoyl amino acid conjugates based on the phytotoxin, coronatine, as a structural guide resulted
in a series of highly active compounds which turn on defensive systems in much the same way as octadecanoid hormones.
The developments in the syntheses of indanoyl amino acid conjugates have created easy access to substantial amounts of a
variety of such compounds. When these compounds were tested in biological systems, they showed abilities to induce defensive
responses that surpassed octadecanoid hormones. In addition, small changes in the structures of these compounds resulted in
large differences in the particular defensive systems that were activated. Indanoyl amino acid conjugates are promising tools
in photoaffinity approaches towards the macromolecular targets of octadecanoids and their subcellular localization. Owing to
the strong activation of plant defense or their efficient induction of fruit abscission which facilitates mechanical harvest,
the compounds are promising candidates for future application in agriculture. © 2003 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum
and Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Chem Rec 3: 12–21; 2003: Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com)
DOI 10.1002/tcr.10043
Activation and functionalization of molecular nitrogen by metal complexes
Authors: Fryzuk Michael D.
Published: January 2003

Molecular nitrogen is intrinsically unreactive, so much so that it has confounded chemists for decades in attempts to functionalize
this abundant diatomic molecule. While biological systems and industrial processes can fix nitrogen to form ammonia, the challenge is to
discover a process that involves a homogeneous catalyst that can utilize N2 as a feedstock to generate higher value organonitrogen
materials. In this review, the activation of molecular nitrogen by transition metal complexes is reviewed with the view to present new kinds
of transformations for coordinated dinitrogen. Moreover, some reaction types that are as yet unknown are outlined to try and stimulate
further research in this area. © 2003 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Chem Rec 3: 2–11; 2003:
Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/tcr.10044
Alkyl chains acting as entropy reservoir in liquid crystalline materials
Authors: Sorai Michio , Saito Kazuya
Published: January 2003

The roles played by the conformational disordering of alkyl chains in determining the aggregation states of matter
are reviewed for liquid crystalline materials from a thermodynamic perspective. Entropy, which is one of the most
macroscopic concepts but which has a clear microscopic meaning, provides crucial microscopic information for complex
systems for which a microscopic description is hard to establish. Starting from structural implication by absolute
(third‐law) entropy for crystalline solids, the existence of successive phase transitions caused
by the successive conformational melting of alkyl chains in discotic mesogens is explained. An experimental basis
is given for the “quasi‐binary picture” of thermotropic liquid crystals, i.e., the highly disordered
alkyl chains behave like a second component (solvent). A novel entropy transfer between the
“components” of a molecule and the resulting “alkyl chains as entropy reservoir” mechanism are
explained for cubic mesogens. © 2003 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Chem Rec 3:
29–39; 2003: Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com)
DOI 10.1002/tcr.10046
Functional tuning of nucleic acids by chemical modifications: Tailored oligonucleotides as drugs, devices, and diagnostics
Authors: Verma Sandeep , Jäger Stefan , Thum Oliver , Famulok Michael
Published: January 2003

Chemical modifications of nucleic acids present vast opportunities for extending the functions and properties of these biomolecules.
In general, efforts invested in this direction pertain to the introduction of reactive functional groups for further derivatizations of
oligonucleotides with numerous reporter groups and for equipping nucleic acids with catalytic chemical moieties. This review deals
with representative chemical modifications in the nucleobases, sugars, and the phosphate ester backbone and their application from
novel catalytic RNA selection to nucleic acid‐based biosensors. © 2003 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals,
Inc., Chem Rec 3: 51–60; 2003: Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/tcr.10047
Seeing what was unseen: New analytical methods for molecular imaging
Authors: Umezawa Yoshio
Published: January 2003

For nondestructive analysis of chemical processes in living cells, we developed novel intracellular fluorescent indicators
for second messengers, protein phosphorylation, and protein/protein interactions that work in single living cells. Key molecules
and steps of cellular signaling pathways were visualized under a confocal laser microscope in target live cells using developed
fluorescent indicators. A second new approach to molecular imaging is also described. When chemically modified tips were used
for STM measurements, contrast enhancements at specific regions in the STM images occurred on the basis of hydrogen bond and
metal‐coordination interactions. This enabled us to detect not only the distribution of specific chemical species and
functional groups but also the orientation of functional groups. The contrast enhancements reflect the increase in a tunneling
current due to the overlap of electronic wave functions induced by the chemical interactions between tip and sample. ©
2003 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Chem Rec 3: 22–28; 2003: Published online in Wiley
InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/tcr.10049
Nonaqueous magnesium electrochemistry and its application in secondary batteries
Authors: Aurbach Doron , Weissman Idit , Gofer Yosef , Levi Elena
Published: January 2003

A revolution in modern electronics has led to the miniaturization and evolution of many portable devices, such as cellular
telephones and laptop computers, since the 1980s. This has led to an increasing demand for new and compatible energy storage
technologies. Furthermore, a growing awareness of pollution issues has provided a strong impetus for the science and technology
community to develop alternatives with ever‐higher energy densities, with the ultimate goal of being able to propel
electric vehicles. Magnesium's thermodynamic properties make this metal a natural candidate for utilization as an anode
in high‐energy‐density, rechargeable battery systems. We report herein on the results of extensive studies on
magnesium anodes and magnesium insertion electrodes in nonaqueous electrolyte solutions. Novel, rechargeable nonaqueous magnesium
battery systems were developed based on the research. This work had two major challenges: one was to develop electrolyte solutions
with especially high anodic stability in which magnesium anodes can function at a high level of cycling efficiency; the other was
to develop a cathode that can reversibly intercalate Mg ions in these electrolyte systems. The new magnesium batteries consist of
Mg metal anodes, an electrolyte with a general structure of Mg(AlX3−nRnR′)2
(R′,R = alkyl groups, X = halide) in ethereal solutions (e.g.,
tetrahydrofuran, polyethers of the “glyme” family), and Chevrel phases of MgMo3S4 stoichiometry
as highly reversible cathodes. With their practical energy density expected to be >60 Wh/Kg, the battery systems can be
cycled thousands of times with almost no capacity fading. The batteries are an environmentally friendly alternative to
lead‐acid and nickel‐cadmium batteries and are composed of abundant, inexpensive, and nonpoisonous materials. The
batteries are expected to provide superior results in large devices that require high‐energy density, high cycle life, a
high degree of safety, and low‐cost components. Further developments in this field are in active progress. ©
2003 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Chem Rec 3: 61–73; 2003: Published online in Wiley
InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/tcr.10051
Modification of the 5′ Terminus of
Sindbis Virus
Genomic RNA Allows nsP4 RNA Polymerases with Nonaromatic Amino Acids at the N Terminus To Function in RNA Replication
Authors: Shirako Yukio , Strauss Ellen G. , Strauss James H.
Published: January 2003

We have previously shown that
Sindbis virus
RNA polymerase requires an N-terminal aromatic amino acid or histidine for wild-type or pseudo-wild-type function; mutant viruses with a nonaromatic amino acid at the N terminus of the polymerase, but which are otherwise wild type, are unable to produce progeny viruses and will not form a plaque at any temperature tested. We now show that such mutant polymerases can function to produce progeny virus sufficient to form plaques at both 30 and 40°C upon addition of AU, AUA, or AUU to the 5′ terminus of the genomic RNA or upon substitution of A for U as the third nucleotide of the genome. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that (i) 3′-UA-5′ is required at the 3′ terminus of the minus-strand RNA for initiation of plus-strand genomic RNA synthesis; (ii) in the wild-type virus this sequence is present in a secondary structure that can be opened by the wild-type polymerase but not by the mutant polymerase; (iii) the addition of AU, AUA, or AUU to the 5′ end of the genomic RNA provides unpaired 3′-UA-5′ at the 3′ end of the minus strand that can be utilized by the mutant polymerase, and similarly, the effect of the U3A mutation is to destabilize the secondary structure, freeing 3′-terminal UA; and (iv) the N terminus of nsP4 may directly interact with the 3′ terminus of the minus-strand RNA for the initiation of the plus-strand genomic RNA synthesis. This hypothesis is discussed in light of our present results as well as of previous studies of alphavirus RNAs, including defective interfering RNAs.
Changes in the Immunogenic Properties of Soluble gp140 Human Immunodeficiency Virus Envelope Constructs upon Partial Deletion of the Second Hypervariable Region
Authors: Srivastava Indresh K. , VanDorsten Keating , Vojtech Lucia , Barnett Susan W. , Stamatatos Leonidas
Published: January 2003

Immunization of macaques with the soluble oligomeric gp140 form of the SF162 envelope (SF162gp140) or with an SF162gp140-derived construct lacking the central region of the V2 loop (ΔV2gp140) results in the generation of high titers of antibodies capable of neutralizing the homologous human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), SF162 virus (Barnett et al. J. Virol.75:5526-5540, 2001). However, the ΔV2gp140 immunogen is more effective than the SF162gp140 immunogen in eliciting the generation of antibodies capable of neutralizing heterologous HIV-1 isolates. This indicates that deletion of the V2 loop alters the immunogenicity of the SF162gp140 protein. The present studies were aimed at identifying the envelope regions whose immunogenicity is altered following V2 loop deletion. We report that the antibodies elicited by the SF162gp140 immunogen recognize elements of the V1, V2, and V3 loops, the CD4-binding site, and the C1 and C2 regions on the homologous SF162 gp120. With the exception of the V1 and V2 loops, the same regions are recognized on heterologous gp120 proteins. Surprisingly, although a minority of the SF162gp140-elicited antibodies target the V3 loop on the homologous gp120, the majority of the antibodies elicited by this immunogen that are capable of binding to the heterologous gp120s tested recognize their V3 loops. Deletion of the V2 loop has two effects. First, it alters the immunogenicity of the V3 and V1 loops, and second, it renders the C5 region immunogenic. Although deletion of the V2 loop does not result in an increase in the immunogenicity of the CD4-binding site per se, the relative ratio of anti-CD4-binding site to anti-V3 loop antibodies that bind to the heterologous gp120s tested is higher in sera collected from the ΔV2gp140-immunized animals than in the SF162gp140-immunized animals. Overall, our studies indicate that it is possible to alter the immunogenic structure of the HIV envelope by introducing specific modifications.
The Amino-Terminal Extensions of the Longer Sendai Virus C Proteins Modulate pY701-Stat1 and Bulk Stat1 Levels Independently of Interferon Signaling
Authors: Garcin Dominique , Marq Jean-Baptiste , Goodbourn Stephen , Kolakofsky Daniel
Published: January 2003

The Sendai virus (SeV) C proteins are known to interact with Stat1 to prevent interferon (IFN)-induced pY701-Stat1 formation and IFN signaling. Nevertheless, pY701-Stat1 levels paradoxically increase during SeV infection. The C proteins also induce bulk Stat1 instability in some cells, similar to rubulavirus V proteins. We have found that SeV infection increases pY701-Stat1 levels even in cells in which bulk Stat1 levels strongly decrease. Remarkably, both the decrease in bulk Stat1 levels and the increase in pY701-Stat1 levels were found to be independent of the IFN signaling system, i.e., these events occur in mutant cells in which various components of the IFN signaling system have been disabled. Consistent with this, theC-induced decrease in Stat1 levels does not require Y701 of Stat1. We present evidence that C interacts with Stat1 in two different ways, one that prevents IFN-induced pY701-Stat1 formation and IFN signaling that has already been documented, and another that induces pY701-Stat1 formation (while decreasing bulk Stat1 levels) in a manner that does not require IFN signaling. These two types of Stat1 interaction are also distinguishable byCgene mutations. In particular, the IFN signaling-independent Stat1 interactions specifically require the amino-terminal extensions of the longer C proteins. The actions of the SeV C proteins in counteracting the cellular antiviral response are clearly more extensive than previously appreciated.
Nuclear Entry of High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Type 16 E6 Oncoprotein Occurs via Several Pathways
Authors: Le Roux Lucia G. , Moroianu Junona
Published: January 2003

The E6 oncoprotein of high-risk human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) interacts with several nuclear transcription factors and coactivators in addition to cytoplasmic proteins, suggesting that nuclear import of HPV16 E6 plays a role in the cellular transformation process. In this study we have investigated the nuclear import pathways of HPV16 E6 in digitonin-permeabilized HeLa cells. We found that HPV16 E6 interacted with the karyopherin (Kap) α2 adapter and could enter the nucleus via a classical Kap α2β1-mediated pathway. Interestingly, HPV16 E6 also interacted, via its basic nuclear localization signal (NLS) located at the C terminus, with both Kap β1 and Kap β2 import receptors. Binding of RanGTP to these Kap βs inhibited their interaction with HPV16 E6 NLS. In agreement with these binding data, nuclear import of the HPV16 E6 oncoprotein in digitonin-permeabilized HeLa cells could be mediated by either Kap β1 or Kap β2. Nuclear import via these pathways required RanGDP and was independent of GTP hydrolysis by Ran. Significantly, an E6
R124G
mutant had reduced nuclear import activity, and the E6 deletion mutant lacking
121
KKQR
124
was not imported into the nucleus. The data reveal that the HPV16 E6 oncoprotein interacts via its C-terminal NLS with several karyopherins and exploits these interactions to enter the nucleus of host cells via multiple pathways.
Conserved Protein Kinases Encoded by Herpesviruses and Cellular Protein Kinase cdc2 Target the Same Phosphorylation Site in Eukaryotic Elongation Factor 1δ
Authors: Kawaguchi Yasushi , Kato Kentaro , Tanaka Michiko , Kanamori Mikiko , Nishiyama Yukihiro , Yamanashi Yuji
Published: January 2003

Earlier studies have shown that translation elongation factor 1δ (EF-1δ) is hyperphosphorylated in various mammalian cells infected with representative alpha-, beta-, and gammaherpesviruses and that the modification is mediated by conserved viral protein kinases encoded by herpesviruses, including UL13 of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), UL97 of human cytomegalovirus, and BGLF4 of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). In the present study, we attempted to identify the site in EF-1δ associated with the hyperphosphorylation by the herpesvirus protein kinases. Our results are as follows: (i) not only in infected cells but also in uninfected cells, replacement of the serine residue at position 133 (Ser-133) of EF-1δ by alanine precluded the posttranslational processing of EF-1δ, which corresponds to the hyperphosphorylation. (ii) A purified chimeric protein consisting of maltose binding protein (MBP) fused to a domain of EF-1δ containing Ser-133 (MBP-EFWt) is specifically phosphorylated in in vitro kinase assays by purified recombinant UL13 fused to glutathione
S
-transferase (GST) expressed in the baculovirus system. In contrast, the level of phosphorylation by the recombinant UL13 of MBP-EFWt carrying an alanine replacement of Ser-133 (MBP-EFS133A) was greatly impaired. (iii) MBP-EFWt is also specifically phosphorylated in vitro by purified recombinant BGLF4 fused to GST expressed in the baculovirus system, and the level of phosphorylation of MBP-EFS133A by the recombinant BGLF4 was greatly reduced. (iv) The sequence flanking Ser-133 of EF-1δ completely matches the consensus phosphorylation site for a cellular protein kinase, cdc2, and in vitro kinase assays revealed that purified cdc2 phosphorylates Ser-133 of EF-1δ. (v) As observed with EF-1δ, the casein kinase II β subunit (CKIIβ) was specifically phosphorylated by UL13 in vitro, while the level of phosphorylation of CKIIβ by UL13 was greatly diminished when a serine residue at position 209, which has been reported to be phosphorylated by cdc2, was replaced with alanine. These results indicate that the conserved protein kinases encoded by herpesviruses and a cellular protein kinase, cdc2, have the ability to target the same amino acid residues for phosphorylation. Our results raise the possibility that the viral protein kinases mimic cdc2 in infected cells.