bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The influence of QTL allelic diversity on QTL detection in multi-parent populations: a simulation study in sugar beet
Authors: Garin Vincent , Wimmer Valentin , Borchardt Dietrich , Malosetti Marcos , van Eeuwijk Fred
Published: February 2020

Multi-parent populations (MPPs) are important resources for studying plant genetic architecture and detecting quantitative trait loci (QTLs). In MPPs, the QTL effects can show various levels of allelic diversity, which is an important factor influencing the detection of QTLs. In MPPs, the allelic effects can be more or less specific. They can depend on an ancestor, a parent or the combination of parents in a cross. In this paper, we evaluated the effect of QTL allelic diversity on the QTL detection power in MPPs.

We simulated: a) cross-specific QTLs; b) parental and ancestral QTLs; and c) bi-allelic QTLs. Inspired by a real application, we tested different MPP designs (diallel, chessboard, factorial, and NAM) derived from five or nine parents to explore the ability to sample genetic diversity and detect QTLs. Using a fixed total population size, the QTL detection power was larger in MPPs with fewer but larger crosses derived from a reduced number of parents. The use of a larger set of parents was useful to detect rare alleles with a large phenotypic effect. The benefit of using a larger set of parents was however conditioned on an increase of the total population size. We also determined empirical confidence intervals for QTL location to compare the resolution of different designs. For QTLs representing 6% of the phenotypic variation, using 1600 offspring individuals, we found 95% empirical confidence intervals of 50 and 26 cM for cross-specific and bi-allelic QTLs, respectively.

MPPs derived from less parents with few but large crosses generally increased the QTL detection power. Using a larger set of parents to cover a wider genetic diversity can be useful to detect QTLs with a reduced minor allele frequency when the QTL effect is large and when the total population size is increased.
Systematic problem-solving and its antecedents: a synthesis of the literature
Authors: Mohaghegh Matin , Furlan Andrea
Published: February 2020

Purpose

This study aims at determining the factors that favor a systematic approach to deal with complex operational and strategic problems. Management literature on problem-solving makes a clear distinction between either fixing a problem temporarily by eliminating its symptoms or solving it by diagnosing and altering underlying causes. Adopting a cognitive perspective of the dual-processing theory, this study labels these two approaches intuitive problem-solving and systematic problem-solving (SPS). While the superior effectiveness of SPS in fostering organizational learning is widely documented, existing literature fails to provide an overview of the conditions that support the adoption of SPS.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper presents a systematic literature review to shed light on the main supporting factors of SPS in operational as well as strategic domains.

Findings

Seven supporting factors of SPS (namely, nature of the problem, time availability, information availability, collaborative culture, transformational leadership, organizational learning infrastructure and environmental dynamism) are first identified and then discussed in an integrative model.

Originality/value

This work is an original attempt to inclusively address organizational, environmental and problem nature-related factors that favor SPS adoption. By determining the SPS supporting factors, this study highlights why many organizations fail or struggle to implement and sustain SPS over time.
Discourses on quality and quality assurance in higher education from the perspective of global university rankings
Authors: Hauptman Komotar Maruša
Published: February 2020

Purpose

This paper aims to investigate how global university rankings interact with quality and quality assurance in higher education along the two lines of investigation, that is, from the perspective of their relationship with the concept of quality (assurance) and the development of quality assurance policies in higher education, with particular emphasis on accreditation as the prevalent quality assurance approach.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper firstly conceptualises quality and quality assurance in higher education and critically examines the methodological construction of the four selected world university rankings and their references to “quality”. On this basis, it answers the two “how” questions: How is the concept of quality (assurance) in higher education perceived by world university rankings and how do they interact with quality assurance and accreditation policies in higher education? Answers are provided through the analysis of different documentary sources, such as academic literature, glossaries, international studies, institutional strategies and other documents, with particular focus on official websites of international ranking systems and individual higher education institutions, media announcements, and so on.

Findings

The paper argues that given their quantitative orientation, it is quite problematic to perceive world university rankings as a means of assessing or assuring the institutional quality. Like (international) accreditations, they may foster vertical differentiation of higher education systems and institutions. Because of their predominant accountability purpose, they cannot encourage improvements in the quality of higher education institutions.

Practical implications

Research results are beneficial to different higher education stakeholders (e.g. policymakers, institutional leadership, academics and students), as they offer them a comprehensive view on rankings’ ability to assess, assure or improve the quality in higher education.

Originality/value

The existing research focuses principally either on interactions of global university rankings with the concept of quality or with processes of quality assurance in higher education. The comprehensive and detailed analysis of their relationship with both concepts thus adds value to the prevailing scholarly debates.
Exploring value-dense environment in the healthcare service delivery
Authors: Prakash Gyan , Srivastava Shefali
Published: February 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore the antecedents and consequences of a value-dense environment in healthcare service delivery.

Design/methodology/approach

A structural model was developed based on a literature review. Circulation of a 31-indicator questionnaire among service receivers in the healthcare system across India generated 279 valid responses. The research model was assessed using a cross-sectional research design, and the data were analyzed by partial least squares-structural equation modeling.

Findings

Integrated supply chain performance (ISCP), internal service quality (ISQ) and coordinated care are antecedents of a value-dense environment, which drives patient-centricity. The leagile supply chain strategy strengthens the relationship between ISCP and coordinated care. Employee trust and commitment acts as a moderator between coordinated care and ISQ.

Research limitations/implications

By adopting the perspective of service receivers, this paper highlights the influence of value-density on patient-centricity in healthcare organizations. Future research should include healthcare professionals’ perceptions of value-dense environment creation.

Practical implications

The study provides suggestions to practitioners for designing patient-centric healthcare services by leveraging ISCP, coordinated care and ISQ in the value-creation process. Recognizing the relationships among these constructs can aid the timely formulation of corrective actions and future policies.

Social implications

This study underscores patient-centric care as a basis for effectively delivering healthcare as a social good.

Originality/value

This paper contributes to the body of knowledge by identifying and empirically validating the relationships between patient-centricity and value co-creation.
Pulsed electric field‐assisted extraction of valuable compounds from microorganisms
Authors: Martínez Juan M. , Delso Carlota , Álvarez Ignacio , Raso Javier
Published: February 2020

Microorganisms (bacteria, yeast, and microalgae) are a promising resource for products of high value such as nutrients, pigments, and enzymes. The majority of these compounds of interest remain inside the cell, thus making it necessary to extract and purify them before use. This review presents the challenges and opportunities in the production of these compounds, the microbial structure and the location of target compounds in the cells, the different procedures proposed for improving extraction of these compounds, and pulsed electric field (PEF)‐assisted extraction as alternative to these procedures. PEF is a nonthermal technology that produces a precise action on the cytoplasmic membrane improving the selective release of intracellular compounds while avoiding undesirable consequences of heating on the characteristics and purity of the extracts. PEF pretreatment with low energetic requirements allows for high extraction yields. However, PEF parameters should be tailored to each microbial cell, according to their structure, size, and other factors affecting efficiency. Furthermore, the recent discovery of the triggering effect of enzymatic activity during cell incubation after electroporation opens up the possibility of new implementations of PEF for the recovery of compounds that are bounded or assembled in structures. Similarly, PEF parameters and suspension storage conditions need to be optimized to reach the desired effect. PEF can be applied in continuous flow and is adaptable to industrial equipment, making it feasible for scale‐up to large processing capacities.
Training and organisational performance: A meta‐analysis of temporal, institutional and organisational context moderators
Authors: Garavan Thomas , McCarthy Alma , Lai Yanqing , Murphy Kevin , Sheehan Maura , Carbery Ronan
Published: February 2020

Drawing on systems theory, we conducted a moderated meta‐analysis of the training and organisational performance relationship using 119 primary studies. We examined the moderating effects of quality versus quantity of training, time, institutional and organisational context factors in the relationship between training and organisational performance. Our findings reveal that training is positively and directly related to organisational performance with no statistically significant difference between measures of training quality and quantity. We found that the relationship was stronger over time and that country performance orientation and country labour cost moderate the training and organisational performance relationship. We found no evidence for the moderating effects of the three organisational context moderators we examined (i.e. industry sector, organisational size and technology intensity). Finally, our results reveal that training type (i.e. general or firm‐specific) does not moderate the training and organisational performance relationship.
Open‐source, low‐cost modular GPS collars for monitoring and tracking wildlife
Authors: Foley Conrad J. , Sillero‐Zubiri Claudio
Published: February 2020

Monitoring the movements and behaviour of wildlife using radio telemetry or GPS devices has been critical to the fields of ecology and conservation over several decades. For many field projects however, commercially available devices can be expensive and may not always be ideally suited for collecting desired data.

We present a low‐cost solution of customizable tracking devices based on the open‐source Arduino system. These devices can be custom designed for specific studies and easily programmed to collect desired data.

Custom‐built collars with GPS and accelerometer units were trialled on 30 free‐ranging domestic dogs in rural Ethiopia. These collars collected high‐resolution data at a frequency of 10 fixes per hour and accelerometer data at 10 Hz over a 10‐day period, at a cost of approximately £100 ($130 USD) per collar.

These devices can be placed on any species that can handle a weight of 15.4 g plus battery and housing. The current configuration weighs approximately 240 g which would be suitable for any animal above 8 kg living in terrestrial environments.
A spatial community regression approach to exploratory analysis of ecological data
Authors: Krapu Christopher , Borsuk Mark
Published: February 2020

Ecological datasets tabulating hundreds or thousands of species are now becoming available. Identifying and understanding the underlying clustering or communities of species which comprise these datasets is difficult with existing joint species distribution models as they usually model dependence on covariates or spatial effects at the species level rather than at the community level.

This study describes a novel Bayesian statistical model incorporating multiple model components from existing work designed to represent the communities of species and the dependence of each community on covariates. This model is also extended to produce per‐community maps of spatial residuals designed to help identify useful missing covariates.

We assess this model via a simulation study and it is applied to analyse a subset of the Florabank1 plant species database with approximately 2,000 sampling units across 900 species.

We present a streamlined workflow for interpreting clusters of co‐occurring species along with their salient environmental and spatial characteristics.
Prediction of mechanical hemolysis in medical devices via a Lagrangian strain‐based multiscale model
Authors: Nikfar Mehdi , Razizadeh Meghdad , Zhang Jiafeng , Paul Ratul , Wu Zhongjun J. , Liu Yaling
Published: February 2020

This work introduces a new Lagrangian strain‐based model to predict the shear‐induced hemolysis in biomedical devices. Current computational models for device‐induced hemolysis usually utilize empirical fitting of the released free hemoglobin (Hb) in plasma from damaged red blood cells (RBCs). These empirical correlations contain parameters that depend on specific device and operating conditions, thus cannot be used to predict hemolysis in a general device. The proposed algorithm does not have any empirical parameters, thus can presumably be used for hemolysis prediction in various blood‐wetting medical devices. In contrast to empirical correlations in which the Hb release is related to the shear stress and exposure time without considering the physical processes, the proposed model links flow‐induced deformation of the RBC membrane to membrane permeabilization and Hb release. In this approach, once the steady‐state numerical solution of blood flow in the device is obtained under a prescribed operating condition, sample path lines are traced from the inlet of the device to the outlet to calculate the history of the shear stress tensor. In solving the fluid flow, it is assumed that RBCs do not have any influence on the flow pattern. Along each path line, shear stress tensor will be input into a coarse‐grained (CG) RBC model to calculate the RBC deformation. Then the correlations obtained from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are applied to relate the local areal RBC deformation to the perforated area on the RBC membrane. Finally, Hb released out of transient pores is calculated over each path line via a diffusion equation considering the effects of the steric hindrance and increased hydrodynamic drag due to the size of the Hb molecule. The total index of hemolysis (IH) is calculated by integration of released Hb over all the path lines in the computational domain. Hemolysis generated in the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) nozzle and two blood pumps, that is, a CentriMag blood pump (a centrifugal pump) and HeartMate II (an axial pump), for different flow regimes including the laminar and turbulent flows are calculated via the proposed algorithm. In all the simulations, the numerical predicted IH is close to the range of experimental data. The results promisingly indicate that this multiscale approach can be used as a tool for predicting hemolysis and optimizing the hematologic design of other types of blood‐wetting devices.
Reduced corneal nerve fibre length in prediabetes and type 2 diabetes: The Maastricht Study
Authors: De Clerck Eline E.B. , Schouten Jan S.A.G. , Berendschot Tos T.J.M. , Koolschijn Renée S. , Nuijts Rudy M.M.A. , Schram Miranda T. , Schaper Nicolaas C. , Henry Ronald M.A. , Dagnelie Pieter C. , Ruggeri Alfredo , Guimarães Pedro , Stehouwer Coen D.A. , Webers Carroll A.B.
Published: February 2020

Purpose

In individuals with diabetes, injury to the corneal nerve fibres predisposes to delayed corneal epithelial healing, reduced corneal sensitivity and corneal erosion. We investigated to what extent a reduction in corneal nerve fibre length (CNFL) is present in individuals with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes (DM2) compared with individuals with normal glucose metabolism (NGM).

Methods

Using composite images acquired by corneal confocal microscopy, we assessed total CNFL per mm2 in the subbasal nerve plexus of the cornea in 134 participants (mean age 59 ± 8 years, 49% men, 87 NGM, 20 prediabetes, 27 DM2). Multivariable linear regression was used to assess the association between CNFL and glucose metabolism status, adjusted for age and sex.

Results

In individuals with type 2 diabetes, the mean CNFL was significantly reduced [β = −1.86 mm/mm2 (95% CI −3.64 to −0.08), p = 0.04], as compared with individuals with normal glucose metabolism after adjustment for age and sex. Part of the reduction was present in individuals with prediabetes [β = −0.96 mm/mm2 (95% CI −2.91 to 0.99), p = 0.34], with a linear trend of corneal nerve fibre reduction with severity of glucose metabolism status (p trend = 0.04).

Conclusions

A significant reduction in CNFL was found in individuals with DM2 compared with individuals with NGM. A trend of reduction in CNFL was observed between individuals with NGM and prediabetes. The reduction in corneal nerve fibre length could contribute to a delayed corneal healing and an increased risk for corneal complications after surgery.
The impact of the gut microbiota on prognosis after surgery for colorectal cancer – a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Colov Emilie Palmgren , Degett Thea Helene , Raskov Hans , Gögenur Ismail
Published: February 2020

The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review of the association between gut microbiota and prognosis after colorectal cancer surgery. The review was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, and Scopus. Studies examining the association between gut microbiota and survival after colorectal cancer surgery were identified. Secondary outcomes were association with cancer stage and immune infiltration of tumor. A total of 27 studies were included in the review. Fusobacterium nucleatum was the most frequently examined bacterium, and the meta‐analysis showed that high level of F. nucleatum was significantly associated with decreased overall survival, hazard ratio of 1.63 (95% confidence interval 1.23–2.16) for unadjusted data, and hazard ratio of 1.47 (95% confidence interval 1.08–1.98) for adjusted data. Association between higher tumor stage and F. nucleatum was reported in ten studies, and two studies found an association with unfavorable tumor infiltration of immune cells. Three out of five studies examining Bacteroides fragilis found an association with decreased survival, advanced tumor stage, or unfavorable immune infiltration of tumor. High levels of F. nucleatum and possibly B. fragilis were associated with worse prognosis after surgery for colorectal cancer.
The peripheral CB1 receptor antagonist JD5037 attenuates liver fibrosis via a CB1 receptor/β‐arrestin1/Akt pathway
Authors: Tan Siwei , Liu Huiling , Ke Bilun , Jiang Jie , Wu Bin
Published: February 2020

Background and Purpose

Liver fibrosis is a serious cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and has no adequate treatment. Accumulating evidence suggests that cannabinoid CB1 receptors regulate a variety of physiological and pathological processes in the liver, and blockage of CB1 receptor signalling shows promise as a new therapy for several liver diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential therapeutic effects of CB1 receptors and a peripheral CB1 receptor antagonist JD5037 in liver fibrogenesis.

Experimental Approach

Liver samples from both humans and mouse models were investigated. The peripheral CB1 receptor antagonist JD5037, β‐arr1 wild type (β‐arr1‐WT) and β‐arr1 knockout (β‐arr1‐KO) littermate models, and primary hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) were also used. The mechanisms underlying CB1 receptor‐regulated HSCs activation in fibrosis and the therapeutic potential of JD5037 were further analysed.

Key Results

CB1 receptors were induced in samples from patients with liver fibrosis and from mouse models. These receptors promoted activation of HSCs in liver fibrosis via recruiting β‐arrestin1 and Akt signalling, while blockage of CB1 receptors with JD5037 attenuated CB1 receptor‐regulated HSCs activation and liver fibrosis by suppressing β‐arrestin1/Akt signalling.

Conclusions and Implications

CB1 receptors promote the activation of HSCs and liver fibrosis via the β‐arrestin1/Akt signalling pathway. The peripheral CB1 receptor antagonist JD5037 blocked this pathway, the activation of HSCs and liver fibrosis. This compound and the associated pathway may be a novel approach to the treatment of liver fibrosis.
Aurora kinase inhibitor tozasertib suppresses mast cell activation in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Zhang Li‐Na , Ji Kunmei , Sun Yue‐Tong , Hou Yi‐Bo , Chen Jia‐Jie
Published: February 2020

Background and Purpose

Mast cells are important in allergic reactions. Here, we assessed the anti‐allergic effects of the anti‐cancer drug tozasertib specifically regarding regulatory effects on mast cell activation.

Experimental Approach

Tozasertib effects on mast cell degranulation were determined by measuring β‐hexosaminidase and histamine release and by assessing morphological changes in RBL‐2H3 and mouse bone marrow‐derived mast cells (BMMCs) stimulated with mouse anti‐dinitrophenyl (DNP)‐IgE/DNP‐human serum albumin or human LAD2 cells activated with phorbol‐12‐myristate 13‐acetate plus calcium ionophore (PMACI). Western blots were performed to detect the expression of molecules involved in NF‐κB, MAPK, and Aurora kinase signalling. in vivo anti‐allergic effects of tozasertib were determined in the murine IgE‐mediated passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) and ovalbumin (OVA)‐induced active systemic anaphylaxis (ASA) models.

Key Results

Tozasertib treatment decreased high‐affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) or PMACI‐mediated degranulation in RBL‐2H3 cells and in BMMCs or LAD2 cells as shown by β‐hexosaminidase or histamine levels. Similarly, tozasertib prevented morphological changes in mast cells, such as particle release and F‐actin reorganization. In addition, tozasertib markedly decreased expression of phosphorylated (p)‐NF‐κB p65, p‐Erk1/2, p‐p38, and p‐Aurora A/B, indicating that tozasertib can inhibit the signalling pathway mediating mast cell activation. Tozasertib attenuated IgE/Ag‐induced PCA dose‐dependently, as shown by reduced Evans blue staining. Similarly, tozasertib reduced body temperature levels and serum histamine levels in OVA‐challenged ASA mice.

Conclusion and Implications

The Aurora kinase inhibitor tozasertib suppressed mast cell activation in vitro and in vivo. Tozasertib may be a potential drug, targeting mast cell activation, to treat allergic diseases or mastocytosis.
Risk factors for development of diabetes mellitus (Type 3c) after partial pancreatectomy: A systematic review
Authors: Wu Linda , Nahm Christopher B. , Jamieson Nigel B. , Samra Jaswinder , Clifton‐Bligh Roderick , Mittal Anubhav , Tsang Venessa
Published: February 2020

Objectives

Type 3c diabetes mellitus (T3cDM) occurring post pancreatectomy can be challenging to treat due to the frequent combination of decreased circulating levels of insulin and glucagon and concurrent exocrine insufficiency. Relatively, little is known regarding the risk factors for development of T3cDM post pancreatectomy. Our aim was to review the literature and assess what is known of the risk factors for the development of new‐onset DM following partial pancreatic resection and where possible determines the incidence, time of onset and the management approach to hyperglycaemia in this context.

Design

Medline and Embase databases were reviewed using specific keyword criteria. Original manuscripts published in 1990 or later included. Articles with study population <20, lacking information on new‐onset DM, follow‐up duration or specifically targeting rare procedures/pathology were excluded. The Newcastle Ottawa Quality Assessment form was applied. Results reported according to PRISMA guidelines. Pooled effect size calculated using random effects model.

Patients

Thirty six articles were identified that described a total of 5636 patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy, 3922 patients having distal pancreatectomy and 315 with central pancreatectomy.

Results

The incidence of new‐onset DM was significantly different between different types of resection from 9% to 24% after pancreaticoduodenectomy (pooled estimate 16%; 95% CI: 14%‐17%), 3%‐40% after distal pancreatectomy (pooled estimate 21%; 95% CI: 16%‐25%) and 0%‐14% after central pancreatectomy (pooled estimate 6%; 95% CI: 3%‐9%). Surgical site, higher preoperative HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose and lower remnant pancreatic volume had strongest associations with new‐onset DM.

Conclusions

This systematic review supports that risk of development of T3cDM is associated with type of pancreatic resection, lower remnant pancreatic volume and higher preoperative HbA1c.
Differential winter and breeding range shifts: Implications for avian migration distances
Authors: Curley Shannon R. , Manne Lisa L. , Veit Richard R.
Published: February 2020

Aim

For many migratory avian species, winter and breeding habitats occur at geographically distinct locations. Disparate magnitudes and direction of shifts in wintering and breeding locations could lead to altered migration distances. We investigated how shifts in the centre of abundance (COA) of winter and breeding ranges have changed for 77 species of short‐distance migratory birds. We addressed whether species tracked their historical average temperature and precipitation conditions at their winter and breeding COA, using data from 1990 to 2015.

Location

North America.

Methods

We calculated the COA for winter and breeding ranges from the National Audubon Society's Christmas Bird Count and the North American Breeding Bird Survey. We regressed the annual change in distance (km) between the two annual COAs of each species as a proxy for change in migration distance. We constructed a series of generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) to evaluate changes in average temperature and precipitation at the wintering and breeding COAs.

Results

Winter shifts in COA were predominantly northward. For most species, average temperature and precipitation that species experienced had not changed. Breeding shifts in COA varied in direction. For breeding season COAs, average temperature warmed, but average precipitation had not changed. Thirty‐one species significantly decreased their migration distances, mainly driven by northward shifts in the winter range. Ten species increased their migration distances.

Main conclusions

Winter and breeding range shifts in COA have not occurred at the same magnitude and direction and have therefore impacted migration distance. Our results suggest that wintering and breeding range shifts occur independently and under different climate pressures.
Awareness, Care and Treatment In Obesity maNagement to inform Haemophilia Obesity Patient Empowerment (ACTION‐TO‐HOPE): Results of a survey of US haemophilia treatment centre professionals
Authors: Wang Michael , Peltier Skye , Baumann Kimberly , Sidonio Robert F. , Witkop Michelle , Cooper David L. , Waters Emily K. , Kahan Scott
Published: February 2020

Background

Despite the high prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States, few studies have assessed the impact of obesity on haemophilia‐specific outcomes or experiences/perceptions of healthcare providers (HCPs) treating haemophilia.

Aim

The Awareness, Care and Treatment In Obesity maNagement to inform Haemophilia Obesity Patient Empowerment (ACTION‐TO‐HOPE) study was designed to identify HCP insights on the unique challenges of patients with haemophilia and obesity/overweight (PwHO) and the barriers to chronic weight management.

Methods

An online survey collected data from haemophilia treatment centre‐based HCPs. Respondents included 10 adults and 29 paediatric haematologists, 27 nurses/nurse practitioners/physician assistants, 22 physical therapists and 17 social workers.

Results

Almost all HCPs rated obesity of moderate/high concern and reported that weight significantly affects future health and has an impact on life expectancy, yet fewer than 60% reported discussing the impact of weight on health with their patients. HCPs reported that few PwHO tried to lose weight; not many were ‘successful’. HCPs perceived a desire to feel better physically and joint pain as top motivating factors. HCPs believe that PwHO would have less joint bleeding and pain and greater mobility if they lost weight. HCPs viewed lack of exercise and food preferences/habits as the biggest barriers to initiating/maintaining weight loss and therefore recommended increasing exercise and healthier eating to their patients. However, physical activity in this patient population is limited and requires advice and support.

Conclusions

Most HCPs appreciated the impact of obesity on joint bleeding, pain, and function and quality of life. Reduced food intake and increased activity are the most commonly recommended weight‐loss strategies but the least likely to be successful. HCPs desire additional education/materials to understand weight management for PwHO.
Vitamin D levels, prediabetes risk and hemoglobin A1c levels in young non‐diabetic Saudi women
Authors: Al‐Mohaissen Maha A , Lee Terry , Alamri Ali Faris
Published: February 2020

Aims/Introduction

Vitamin D levels are negatively correlated with prediabetes risk and hemoglobin A1c levels in individuals with prediabetes. The data are, however, scarce and inconsistent among different populations. We aimed to assess the association of vitamin D with prediabetes risk and hemoglobin A1c levels in young Saudi women with normoglycemia and prediabetes.

Materials and Methods

We analyzed the data of individuals without diabetes (without diabetes history and hemoglobin A1c <6.4%) from the Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University’s non‐communicable diseases student registry. Demographic data, anthropometric and blood pressure measurements, and hemoglobin A1c and vitamin D results were retrieved and analyzed.

Results

In total, 345 participants were included in the analysis. The prediabetes status showed no association with vitamin D levels, but it was significantly associated with the participants’ weight and body mass index. Additionally, there was no correlation between the levels of vitamin D and hemoglobin A1c across the whole population, even after correction for body mass index. However, in the body mass index subgroups, when individuals with potentially harmful levels of vitamin D (>125 nmol/L) were excluded, a positive association was detected between vitamin D and hemoglobin A1c levels in the underweight individuals. Hemoglobin A1c values showed a positive correlation only with bodyweight and body mass index.

Conclusions

Vitamin D levels did not predict prediabetes status and showed no correlation with hemoglobin A1c levels in this population. Vitamin D levels’ effect on the risk of prediabetes might be small compared with other well‐established risk factors, such as obesity.
Criminal Sentencing by Preferred Numbers
Authors: Dhami Mandeep K. , Belton Ian K. , Merrall Elizabeth , McGrath Andrew , Bird Sheila M.
Published: February 2020

Criminal sentencing is a complex cognitive activity often performed by the unaided mind under suboptimal conditions. As such, sentencers may not behave according to policy, guidelines, or training. We analyzed the distribution of sentences meted out in one year in two different jurisdictions (i.e., England and Wales, and New South Wales, Australia). We reveal that sentencers prefer certain numbers when meting out sentence lengths (in custody and community service) and amounts (for fines/compensation). These “common doses” accounted for over 90 percent of sentences in each jurisdiction. The size of these doses increased as sentences became more severe, and doses followed a logarithmic pattern. Our findings are compatible with psychological research on preferred numbers and are reminiscent of Weber's and Fechner's laws. The findings run contrary to arguments against efforts to reduce judicial discretion, and potentially undermine the notion of individualized justice, as well as raise questions about the (cost) effectiveness of sentencing.
Cost‐effectiveness analysis of fecal microbiota transplantation for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection in patients with inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: You Joyce H S , Jiang Xinchan , Lee Wally H , Chan Paul K S , Ng Siew C
Published: February 2020

Background and Aim

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients are at risk for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection (RCDI). We aimed to evaluate the potential health economic and clinical outcomes of four strategies for management of RCDI in IBD patients from the perspective of public health‐care provider in Hong Kong.

Methods

A decision‐analytic model was designed to simulate outcomes of adult IBD patients with first RCDI treated with vancomycin, vancomycin plus bezlotoxumab, fidaxomicin and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). Model inputs were derived from literature and public data. Primary model outcomes were C. difficile infection (CDI)‐related direct medical cost and quality‐adjusted life‐years (QALYs) loss. Base‐case and sensitivity analysis were performed.

Results

Comparing to vancomycin, fidaxomicin and vancomycin plus bezlotoxumab, FMT saved 0.00318, 0.00149 and 0.00306 QALYs and reduced cost by USD3180, USD3790 and USD5514, respectively, in base‐case analysis. In probabilistic sensitivity analysis, FMT was cost‐saving when comparing to vancomycin, fidaxomicin and vancomycin plus bezlotoxumab by USD3765 (95% confidence interval [CI] 3732–3798; P < 0.001), USD3854 (95%CI 3827–3883; P < 0.001) and USD6501 (95%CI 6465–6,536; P < 0.001), respectively. The QALYs saved by FMT (vs vancomycin) were 0.00386 QALYs (95%CI 0.00384–0.00388; P < 0.001), (vs fidaxomicin) 0.00179 QALYs (95%CI 0.00177–0.00180; P < 0.001) and (vs vancomycin plus bezlotoxumab) 0.00376 QALYs (95%CI 0.00374–0.00378; P < 0.001). FMT was found to save QALYs at lower cost in 99.3% (vs vancomycin), 99.7% (vs fidaxomicin) and 100.0% (vs vancomycin plus bezlotoxumab) of the 10 000 Monte Carlo simulations.

Conclusions

FMT for IBD patients with RCDI appeared to save both direct medical cost and QALYs when comparing to vancomycin (with or without bezlotoxumab) and fidaxomicin.
Heart rhythm during episodes of collapse in boxers with frequent or complex ventricular ectopy
Authors: Domingues M. , Brookes V. J. , Oliveira P. , Mavropoulou A. , Willis R.
Published: February 2020

Objectives

To describe heart rhythm during collapse events in boxer dogs using ambulatory electrocardiogram and determine the predictive value of frequent or complex ventricular ectopy for collapse associated with ventricular tachycardia.

Materials and Methods

A total of 659 ambulatory electrocardiogram recordings from 429 boxer dogs were identified from a database in the UK. Summary statistics described the frequency and complexity of ventricular ectopy during all recordings, recordings in which collapse occurred and associated boxer demographics. Positive predictive values were calculated to investigate whether frequent ventricular ectopy was useful to predict heart rhythm during episodes of collapse.

Results

Of the 659 ambulatory electrocardiogram recordings, 250 recordings showed <50 single ventricular beats (Group 1), and frequent (≥50) or complex ventricular ectopy were observed in 409 recordings (Group 2). A total of 90 collapse events were observed in 72 ambulatory electrocardiograms from 68 dogs, comprising 30 dogs in Group 1 and 38 dogs in Group 2. In both groups, sinus rhythm was the most frequent collapse rhythm, followed by neurally mediated collapse and then ventricular tachycardia. The proportion of dogs that displayed ventricular tachycardia‐associated episodic collapse given that they had frequent (≥50) or complex ventricular ectopy in the study population was 0.11 [95% confidence interval = 0.01 to 0.21].

Clinical Significance

These results challenge the preconception that UK boxer dogs with collapse will have ventricular tachycardia and, consequently, the authors recommend definitive diagnosis of the cause of episodic collapse to guide selection of therapeutic drugs.
Cryptogams signify key transitions of bacteria and fungi in Arctic sand dune succession
Authors: Juottonen Heli , Männistö Minna , Tiirola Marja , Kytöviita Minna‐Maarit
Published: February 2020

Primary succession models focus on aboveground vascular plants. However, the prevalence of mosses and lichens, that is cryptogams, suggests they play a role in soil successions. Here, we explore whether effects of cryptogams on belowground microbes can facilitate progressive shifts in sand dune succession.

We linked aboveground vegetation, belowground bacterial and fungal communities, and soil chemical properties in six successional stages in Arctic inland sand dunes: bare sand, grass, moss, lichen, ericoid heath and mountain birch forest.

Compared with the bare sand and grass stages, microbial biomass and the proportion of fungi increased in the moss stage, and later stage microbial groups appeared despite the absence of their host plants. Microbial communities of the lichen stage resembled the communities in the vascular plant stages. Bacterial communities correlated better with soil chemical variables than with vegetation and vice versa for fungal communities. The correlation of fungi with vegetation increased with vascular vegetation.

Distinct bacterial and fungal patterns of biomass, richness and plant–microbe interactions showed that the aboveground vegetation change structured the bacterial and fungal community differently. The asynchrony of aboveground vs belowground changes suggests that cryptogams can drive succession towards vascular plant dominance through microbially mediated facilitation in eroded Arctic soil.
Cones in ageing and harsh environments: the neural economy hypothesis
Authors: Elsner Ann E , Papay Joel A , Johnston Kirby D , Sawides Lucie , de Castro Alberto , King Brett J , Jones Durand W , Clark Christopher A , Gast Thomas J , Burns Stephen A
Published: February 2020

Purpose

Cones are at great risk in a wide variety of retinal diseases, especially when there is a harsh microenvironment and retinal pigment epithelium is damaged. We provide established and new methods for assessing cones and retinal pigment epithelium, together with new results. We investigated conditions under which cones can be imaged and could guide light, despite the proximity of less than ideal retinal pigment epithelium.

Recent findings

We used a variety of imaging methods to detect and localise damage to the retinal pigment epithelium. As age‐related macular degeneration is a particularly widespread disease, we imaged clinical hallmarks: drusen and hyperpigmentation. Using near infrared light provided improved imaging of the deeper fundus layers. We compared confocal and multiply scattered light images, using both the variation of detection apertures and polarisation analysis. We used optical coherence tomography to examine distances between structures and thickness of retinal layers, as well as identifying damage to the retinal pigment epithelium. We counted cones using adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy. We compared the results of five subjects with geographic atrophy to data from a previous normative ageing study.

Using near infrared imaging and layer analysis of optical coherence tomography, the widespread aspect of drusen became evident. Both multiply scattered light imaging and analysis of the volume in the retinal pigment epithelial layer from the optical coherence tomography were effective in localising drusen and hyperpigmentation beneath the photoreceptors. Cone photoreceptors in normal older eyes were shorter than in younger eyes. Cone photoreceptors survived in regions of atrophy, but with greatly reduced and highly variable density. Regular arrays of cones were found in some locations, despite abnormal retinal pigment epithelium. For some subjects, the cone density was significantly greater than normative values in some retinal locations outside the atrophy.

The survival of cones within atrophy is remarkable. The unusually dense packing of cones at some retinal locations outside the atrophy indicates more fluidity in cone distribution than typically thought. Together these findings suggest strategies for therapy that includes preserving cones.
Early‐life origin and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases
Authors: Moschino Laura , Carraro Silvia , Baraldi Eugenio
Published: February 2020

Chronic obstructive respiratory disorders such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have their roots in the womb. Together with a genetic predisposition, prenatal and early‐life factors, including maternal smoking, prematurity, and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), have a pivotal role in later respiratory health. Then, inappropriate responses to respiratory viruses (especially respiratory syncytial virus and rhinovirus) and early allergic sensitization are the strongest contributors to the inception of wheezing and early‐onset asthma. There is an urgent need for early disease biomarkers to identify profiles at higher risk of chronic respiratory conditions. Applying the “‐omic” technologies to urine, blood and breath condensate, and non‐invasive inflammometry seem promising in this regard. The description of specific risk profiles may be the key to the use of targeted personalized therapies.
Pediatric angioedema: Essential features and preliminary results from the Hereditary Angioedema Global Registry in Italy
Authors: Cancian Mauro , Perego Francesca , Senter Riccardo , Arcoleo Francesco , De Pasquale Tiziana , Zoli Alessandra , Cicardi Marco , Zanichelli Andrea
Published: February 2020

Isolated angioedema, which is a localized, non‐pitting, and transient swelling of the subcutaneous or submucosal tissue not associated with pruritus, urticaria, or anaphylaxis, may be classified, based on genetic pattern and mediators, respectively, as acquired or hereditary and histamine‐ or non‐histamine‐induced. The pediatric population with C1‐INH‐HAE (Hereditary angioedema due to C1‐inhibitor deficiency) is mostly symptomatic. The frequency of symptoms in such a population compared to adults seems to be lower, but we need more prospective data to conclude on this point. The HGR (Hereditary angioedema global registry), which collects symptoms in real time, will probably provide such information. In terms of treatments, pediatric patients are significantly disadvantaged due to the few studies aimed at registering treatment for this population.
Thermoelectric Energy Storage Using Auxiliary Solar Thermal and Geothermal Energy
Authors: Abdel Hakim B.
Published: February 2020

Multi-megawatt thermoelectric energy storage (TEES) based on thermodynamic cycles is a promising alternative to pumped-storage hydroelectricity (PSH) and compressed air energy storage (CAES) systems. The size and cost of energy storage are the main advantages of this technology as it generally uses inexpensive energy storage materials and does not require high-pressure tanks or rare geographic terrain, but the round trip electric efficiency of this technology remains low compared to its competitors. In this context, the objective of this article is to study and simulate a TEES system. A TEES system converts electrical energy to thermal energy by means of an electric heater uses joule heating effect, the system storage this thermal energy in solar salt. Stored thermal energy is converted into electrical energy by a thermal engine uses the organic Rankine cycle (ORC). An auxiliary energy source is integrated with the organic Rankine cycle to improve the round trip electric efficiency of the system. Auxiliary energy source can be solar thermal and geothermal at an average temperature between 100 and 140 °C, which is used to evaporate the working fluid to saturation. The steam is then superheated by stored thermal energy. The superheated steam expands in a turbine producing a good amount of energy compared to the saturated steam expansion. Methanol (CH3OH) has been used as a working fluid because its boiling point is less than 100 °C at the atmospheric pressure.
Correlation of Auger electron spectroscopy and microsynchrotron radiation x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy investigations of Ba-Sc-O desorption on W(100)
Authors: Mroz Michael V. , Kordesch Martin E. , Sadowski Jerzy T. , Tenney Samuel A. , Eads Calley N.
Published: February 2020

Thin films of barium and scandium metal were deposited onto W(100) from metal evaporation sources in ultrahigh vacuum. The Ba-Sc-W(100) surface was then exposed to oxygen and heated in stages to several temperatures up to 1400 °C to examine the desorption behavior of these adsorbates. In one case, microsynchrotron radiation x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (micro-SRXPS) was performed on this surface using a low energy electron microscope. In another experiment, reported here, Auger electron spectroscopy data were collected from the Ba-Sc-O-W(100) surface as a function of heating to temperatures corresponding to the same temperatures used for the micro-SRXPS. Both measurements show that barium desorbs with scandium and oxygen at or below 800 °C.
Phase 2 Study of Anti-Human Cytomegalovirus Monoclonal Antibodies for Prophylaxis in Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation
Authors: Maertens Johan , Logan Aaron C. , Jang Junho , Long Gwynn , Tang Jih-Luh , Hwang William Y. K. , Koh Liang Piu , Chemaly Roy , Gerbitz Armin , Winkler Julia , Yeh Su-Peng , Hiemenz John , Christoph Sandra , Lee Dong-Gun , Wang Po-Nan , Holler Ernst , Mielke Stephan , Akard Luke , Yeo Adeline , Ramachandra Sangana , Smith Kristin , Pertel Peter , Segal Florencia
Published: February 2020

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) can cause significant disease in immunocompromised patients, and treatment options are limited by toxicities. CSJ148 is a combination of two anti-HCMV human monoclonal antibodies (LJP538 and LJP539) that bind to and inhibit the functions of viral HCMV glycoprotein B (gB) and the pentameric complex, consisting of glycoproteins gH, gL, UL128, UL130, and UL131. In this phase 2, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, we evaluated the safety and efficacy of CSJ148 for prophylaxis of HCMV in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.