bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Protocol Evaluating the effectiveness of a school-based group programme for parents of children at risk of ADHD: the ‘PArents, Teachers and CHildren WORKing Together (PATCHWORK)’ cluster RCT protocol
Authors: Sayal Kapil , Daley David , James Marilyn , Yang Min , Batty Martin J , Taylor John A , Pass Sarah , Sampson Christopher James , Sellman Edward , Valentine Althea , Hollis Chris
Published: September 2012

Introduction

Early intervention for childhood behavioural problems may help improve health and educational outcomes in affected children and reduce the likelihood of developing additional difficulties. The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence guidelines for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a common childhood behavioural disorder, recommend a stepped care approach for the identification and management of these problems. Parents of children with high levels of hyperactivity and inattention may benefit from intervention programmes involving behavioural management and educational approaches. Such interventions may be further enhanced by providing training and feedback to teachers about the strategies discussed with parents. In relation to children with high levels of hyperactivity, impulsiveness and inattention, we aim to test the feasibility and effectiveness of a parenting programme (with and without an accompanying teacher session) in primary schools.

Methods and analysis

This clustered (at the level of school) randomised controlled trial (RCT) focuses on children in their first four school years (ages 4–8 years) in the East Midlands area of England. Parents will complete a screening measure, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, to identify children with high levels of hyperactivity/inattention. Three approaches to reducing hyperactivity and attention problems will be compared: a group programme for parents (parent-only intervention); group programme for parents combined with feedback to teachers (combined intervention); and waiting list control (no intervention). Differences between arms on the short version of Conners’ Parent and Teacher Rating Scales Revised will be compared and also used to inform the sample size required for a future definitive cluster RCT. A preliminary cost-effectiveness analysis will also be conducted.

Ethics and dissemination

The outcomes of this study will inform policy makers about the feasibility, acceptability and effectiveness of delivering targeted behavioural interventions within a school setting. The study has received ethical approval from the University of Nottingham Medical School Ethics Committee.

Trial registration

ISRCTN87634685
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: severe structural alterations are associated with inflammation
Authors: Campuzano Oscar , Alcalde Mireia , Iglesias Anna , Barahona-Dussault Catherine , Sarquella-Brugada Georgia , Benito Begoña , Arzamendi Dabit , Flores Jose , Leung Tack Ki , Talajic Mario , Oliva Antonio , Brugada Ramon
Published: September 2012

Aim

Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is a rare cardiomyopathy associated with sudden cardiac death. It is characterised by a progressive right ventricle (RV) fibrofatty replacement, although biventricular replacement (BV) is also common. Inflammation believed to be a key player in disease progression and outcome. Our study investigates the relationship between the presence of inflammatory infiltrates in myocardium and the severity of structural heart alterations in ARVC.

Methods

Our study included eight control and 36 ARVC postmortem human heart samples. We performed macroscopic assessment and microscopic analysis for different inflammatory cell types.

Results

Fibrofatty replacement of RV was present in all our cases. Thirteen cases showed sole RV involvement (36.11%). Of these, only one showed inflammatory infiltrates (7.69%). Sixteen cases showed severe ARVC phenotypic forms characterised by BV involvement and right auricular (RA) fatty accumulation plus RV dilation (44.44%); eight of them also showed inflammatory infiltrates (50%). Immunohistochemical studies revealed ventricular multifocal inflammatory infiltrates, showing seven T-lymphocytes as the main infiltrate cell types.

Conclusions

The presence of inflammatory infiltrates in ventricular myocardium of ARVC samples is associated with severe structural heart changes, indicating that an inflammatory process may be a modulator of severity in ARVC.
COSMOLOGICAL MODELS WITH A VARYING Λ-TERM IN LYRA'S GEOMETRY
Authors: SHCHIGOLEV V. K.
Published: September 2012

Cosmological models in Lyra's geometry are constructed and investigated with the assumption of a minimal interaction of matter with the displacement vector field and the dynamical Λ-term. Exact solutions of the model equations are obtained for the different equations of state of the matter, that fills the universe, and for the certain assumptions on the decaying law for Λ.
SUM RULES FOR TETRAQUARK DECAY COUPLING CONSTANTS WITH BROKEN SU(3) SYMMETRY
Authors: GUPTA V. , SÁNCHEZ-COLÓN G. , RAJPOOT S.
Published: September 2012

We give sum rules for tetraquark decay coupling constants, taking into account the SU(3) symmetry breaking interactions to first order.
SINGLET SUPERFIELD EXTENSION OF THE MINIMAL SUPERSYMMETRIC STANDARD MODEL WITH PECCEI–QUINN SYMMETRY AND A LIGHT PSEUDOSCALAR HIGGS BOSON AT THE LHC
Authors: KIM JIHN E. , NILLES HANS PETER , SEO MIN-SEOK
Published: September 2012

Motivated by the μ-problem and the axion solution to the strong CP-problem, we extend the MSSM with one more chiral singlet field X ew . The underlying PQ-symmetry allows only one more renormalizable term X ew Hu Hd in the superpotential. The spectrum of the Higgs system includes a light pseudoscalar aX (in addition to the standard CP-even Higgs boson), predominantly decaying to two photons: aX →γγ. Both Higgs bosons might be in the range accessible to current LHC experiments.
HIGH FREQUENCY BEHAVIOR OF THE MAXWELL–BLOCH MODEL WITH RELAXATION: CONVERGENCE TO THE SCHRÖDINGER-RATE SYSTEM
Authors: CASTELLA F. , DUMAS E.
Published: September 2012

We study the Maxwell–Bloch model, which describes the propagation of a laser through a material and the associated interaction between laser and matter (polarization of the atoms through light propagation, photon emission and absorption, etc.). The laser field is described through Maxwell's equations, a classical equation, while matter is represented at a quantum level and satisfies a quantum Liouville equation known as the Bloch model. Coupling between laser and matter is described through a quadratic source term in both equations. The model also takes into account partial relaxation effects, namely the trend of matter to return to its natural thermodynamic equilibrium. The whole system involves 6 + N(N + 1)/2 unknowns, the six-dimensional electromagnetic field plus the N(N + 1)/2 unknowns describing the state of matter, where N is the number of atomic energy levels of the considered material. We consider at once a high frequency and weak coupling situation, in the general case of anisotropic electromagnetic fields that are subject to diffraction. Degenerate energy levels are allowed. The whole system is stiff and involves strong nonlinearities. We show the convergence to a nonstiff, nonlinear, coupled Schrödinger-rate model, involving 3 + N unknowns. The electromagnetic field is eventually described through its envelope, one unknown vector in ℂ3. It satisfies a Schrödinger equation that takes into account propagation and diffraction of light inside the material. Matter on the other hand is described through a N-dimensional vector describing the occupation numbers of each atomic level. It satisfies Einstein's rate equation that describes the jumps of the electrons between the various atomic energy levels, as induced by the interaction with light. The rate of exchange between the atomic levels is proportional to the intensity of the laser field. The whole system is the physically natural nonlinear model. In order to provide an important and explicit example, we completely analyze the specific (two-dimensional) Transverse Magnetic case, for which formulae turn out to be simpler. Technically speaking, our analysis does not enter the usual mathematical framework of geometric optics: it is more singular, and requires an ad hoc Ansatz.
WELL-POSEDNESS AND BLOWUP PHENOMENA FOR A THREE-COMPONENT CAMASSA–HOLM SYSTEM WITH PEAKONS
Authors: HU QIAOYI , LIN LIYUN , JIN JI
Published: September 2012

First, we establish the local well-posedness of the initial value problem for a new three-component Camassa–Holm system with peakons. We then present a precise blowup scenario and several blowup results for strong solutions to that system. Finally, we determine the blowup rate of strong solutions to the system when a blowup occurs. Our results include all earlier results on the Camassa–Holm equation and on a two-component Camassa–Holm system with peakons.
SEISMIC RESPONSE OF POWER TRANSMISSION TOWER-LINE SYSTEM UNDER MULTI-COMPONENT MULTI-SUPPORT EXCITATIONS
Authors: LI TIAN , HONGNAN LI , GUOHUAN LIU
Published: September 2012

The effect of multi-component multi-support excitations on the response of power transmission tower-line system is analyzed in this paper, using three-dimensional finite element time-stepping analysis of a transmission tower-line system based on an actual project. Multi-component multi-support earthquake input waves are generated based on the Code for Design of Seismic of Electrical Installations. Geometric non-linearity was considered in the analysis. An extensive parametric study was conducted to investigate the behavior of the transmission tower-line system under multi-component multi-support seismic excitations. The parameters include single-component multi-support ground motions, multi-component multi-support ground motions, the correlations among the three-component of multi-component multi-support ground motions, the spatial correlation of multi-component multi-support ground motions, the incident angle of multi-component multi-support seismic waves, the ratio of the peak values of the three-component of multi-component multi-support ground motions, and site condition with apparent wave velocity of multi-component multi-support ground motions.
Rock magnetism and identification of remanence components in the Marcellus Shale, Pennsylvania
Authors: Manning E. B. , Elmore R. D.
Published: September 2012

With increasing interest in the middle Devonian Marcellus Shale as a gas play in the Appalachians, a study of the rock magnetic characteristics and remanence components was undertaken. Samples were collected from outcrops of the Union Springs Formation and the underlying Onondaga Formation in a syncline immediately east of the Broadtop synclinorium in the Valley and Ridge province in Pennsylvania. The rocks contain an intermediate-temperature (IT) component with south-southeasterly declinations and shallow up inclinations that was removed by 310–350 °C, interpreted as a chemical remanent magnetization (CRM) that resides in pyrrhotite. At higher temperatures (350–480 °C) a component with more southerly declinations and shallow down inclinations, interpreted as a CRM in magnetite, is removed. Low-temperature treatments resulted in more stable decay during thermal demagnetization which allowed the IT component to be more easily identified. Cumulative log-Gaussian analysis of an isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM) and triaxial thermal decay of the IRM indicate the presence of two dominant minerals: pyrrhotite and magnetite. Low-temperature saturation IRM experiments show the 32 K Besnus transition and saturation of magnetization between 200 and 250 K, indicative of pyrrhotite. Some specimens showed the Verwey transition at 120 K, indicating magnetite.
An Empirical Analysis of the Performance of Preconditioners for SPD Systems
Authors: George Thomas , Gupta Anshul , Sarin Vivek
Published: September 2012

Preconditioned iterative solvers have the potential to solve very large sparse linear systems with a fraction of the memory used by direct methods. However, the effectiveness and performance of most preconditioners is not only problem dependent, but also fairly sensitive to the choice of their tunable parameters. As a result, a typical practitioner is faced with an overwhelming number of choices of solvers, preconditioners, and their parameters. The diversity of preconditioners makes it difficult to analyze them in a unified theoretical model. A systematic empirical evaluation of existing preconditioned iterative solvers can help in identifying the relative advantages of various implementations. We present the results of a comprehensive experimental study of the most popular preconditioner and iterative solver combinations for symmetric positive-definite systems. We introduce a methodology for a rigorous comparative evaluation of various preconditioners, including the use of some simple but powerful metrics. The detailed comparison of various preconditioner implementations and a state-of-the-art direct solver gives interesting insights into their relative strengths and weaknesses. We believe that these results would be useful to researchers developing preconditioners and iterative solvers as well as practitioners looking for appropriate sparse solvers for their applications.
Algorithm 921
Authors: Hauenstein Jonathan D. , Sottile Frank
Published: September 2012

Smale’s
α
-theory uses estimates related to the convergence of Newton’s method to certify that Newton iterations will converge quadratically to solutions to a square polynomial system. The program
alphaCertified
implements algorithms based on
α
-theory to certify solutions of polynomial systems using both exact rational arithmetic and arbitrary precision floating point arithmetic. It also implements algorithms that certify whether a given point corresponds to a real solution, and algorithms to heuristically validate solutions to overdetermined systems. Examples are presented to demonstrate the algorithms.
Sustainability
does not
begin with the individual
Authors: Hazas Mike , Brush A. J. Bernheim , Scott James
Published: September 2012

Sustainability in (Inter)Action provides a forum for innovative thought, design, and research in the area of interaction design and environmental sustainability. The column explores how HCI can contribute to the complex and interdisciplinary efforts to address sustainability challenges.

Elaine M. Huang, Editor
From Almost Optimal Algorithms to Logics for Complexity Classes via Listings and a Halting Problem
Authors: Chen Yijia , Flum Jörg
Published: September 2012

Let C denote one of the complexity classes “polynomial time,” “logspace,” or “nondeterministic logspace.” We introduce a logic
L
(C)
inv
and show generalizations and variants of the equivalence (
L
(C)
inv
captures C if and only if there is an almost C-optimal algorithm in C for the set
Taut
of tautologies of propositional logic). These statements are also equivalent to the existence of a listing of subsets in C of
Taut
by corresponding Turing machines and equivalent to the fact that a certain parameterized halting problem is in the parameterized complexity class XC
uni
.
Can medical students teach? A near-peer-led teaching program for year 1 students
Authors: Jackson T. A. , Evans D. J. R.
Published: September 2012

The General Medical Council states that United Kingdom graduates must function effectively as educators. There is a growing body of evidence showing that medical students can be included as teachers within a medical curriculum. Our aim was to design and implement a near-peer-led teaching program in an undergraduate medical curriculum and assess its acceptability among year 1 students. Students received six tutorials focusing on aspects of cardiac, respiratory, and blood physiology. Tutorials ran alongside standard module teaching. Students were taught in groups of ∼30 students/group, and an active teaching approach was used in sessions where possible. Using anonymous evaluations, student feedback was collected for the program overall and for each tutorial. The program was voluntary and open to all first-year students, and 94 (of 138) medical students from year 1 at Brighton and Sussex Medical School were recruited to the study. The tutorial program was popular among students and was well attended throughout. Individual tutorial and overall program quantitative and qualitative feedback showed that students found the tutorials very useful in consolidating material taught within the module. Students found the small group and active teaching style of the near-peer tutors very useful to facilitating their learning experience. The end-of-module written examination scores suggest that the tutorials may have had a positive effect on student outcome compared with previous student attainment. In conclusion, the present study shows that a near-peer tutorial program can be successfully integrated into a teaching curriculum. The feedback demonstrates that year 1 students are both receptive and find the additional teaching of benefit.
Successful Treatment of Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica from Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Maina Anthony M. , Kraus Harry
Published: September 2012

Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica (OFC) is defined as the classic skeletal manifestation of advanced primary hyperparathyroidism. With the increased detection by means of routine calcium screening, the clinical profile of primary hyperparathyroidism in Western countries has shifted from symptomatic disease to one with subtle or no specific symptoms (“asymptomatic” primary hyperparathyroidism). The authors describe a classical feature of advanced primary hyperparathyroidism due to a parathyroid adenoma and its successful treatment.
Reduced PKCαActivity Induces Senescent Phenotype in Erythrocytes
Authors: Govekar Rukmini B. , Kawle Poonam D. , Advani Suresh H. , Zingde Surekha M.
Published: September 2012

The molecular mechanism mediating expression of senescent cell antigen-aggregated or cleaved band 3 and externalized phosphatidylserine (PS) on the surface of aged erythrocytes and their premature expression in certain anemias is not completely elucidated. The erythrocytes with these surface modifications undergo macrophage-mediated phagocytosis. In this study, the role of protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms in the expression of these surface modifications was investigated. Inhibition of PKCαby 30 μM rottlerin (R30) and 2.3 nM Gö 6976 caused expression of both the senescent cell marker-externalized PS measured by FACS analysis and aggregated band 3 detected by western blotting. In contrast to this observation, but in keeping with literature, PKC activation by phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) also led to the expression of senescence markers. We explain this antithesis by demonstrating that PMA-treated cells show reduction in the activity of PKCα, thereby simulating inhibition. The reduction in PKCαactivity may be attributed to the known downregulation of PMA-activated PKCα, caused by its membrane translocation and proteolysis. We demonstrate membrane translocation of PKCαin PMA-treated cells to substantiate this inference. Thus loss of PKCαactivity either by inhibition or downregulation can cause surface modifications which can trigger erythrophagocytosis.
Leprosy: An Overview of Pathophysiology
Authors: Bhat Ramesh Marne , Prakash Chaitra
Published: September 2012

Leprosy, also known as Hansen’s disease, is a chronic infectious disease caused byMycobacterium leprae, a microorganism that has a predilection for the skin and nerves. The disease is clinically characterized by one or more of the three cardinal signs: hypopigmented or erythematous skin patches with definite loss of sensation, thickened peripheral nerves, and acid-fast bacilli detected on skin smears or biopsy material.M. lepraeprimarily infects Schwann cells in the peripheral nerves leading to nerve damage and the development of disabilities. Despite reduced prevalence ofM. lepraeinfection in the endemic countries following implementation of multidrug therapy (MDT) program by WHO to treat leprosy, new case detection rates are still high-indicating active transmission. The susceptibility to the mycobacteria and the clinical course of the disease are attributed to the host immune response, which heralds the review of immunopathology of this complex disease.
Fruit and Vegetable Intake in Adolescents: Association with Socioeconomic Status and Exposure to Supermarkets and Fast Food Outlets
Authors: Svastisalee Chalida M. , Holstein Bjørn E. , Due Pernille
Published: September 2012

Background. We investigated differences in family social class associations between food outlet exposure and fruit and vegetable intake.Methods. We supplemented data from the 2006 Health Behavior in School Aged Children Study (n=6,096) with geocoded food outlet information surrounding schools (n=80). We used multilevel logistic regression to examine associations between infrequent fruit and vegetable intake and supermarket and fast food outlet concentration, stratified by family social class.Results. Boys and older children were most likely to eat fruit and vegetables infrequently. High fast food outlet exposure was marginally significant for low fruit intake in low social class children only. Children from middle and low social class backgrounds attending schools with combined high fast food outlet/low supermarket exposure were most likely to report infrequent fruit intake (ORlow=1.60;CI: 1.02–2.45;ORmid=1.40;CI: 1.03–190). Children from low social class backgrounds were also likely to report infrequent vegetable intake, given low supermarket and high fast food outlet exposure (OR=1.79;CI: 0.99–3.21).Conclusion. Our findings suggest social class modifies the relationship between intake and food outlet concentration. School interventions improving fruit and vegetable intake should consider neighborhood surroundings, targetting older children from low social class backgrounds.
The Infant Skin Barrier: Can We Preserve, Protect, and Enhance the Barrier?
Authors: Telofski Lorena S. , Morello A. Peter , Mack Correa M. Catherine , Stamatas Georgios N.
Published: September 2012

Infant skin is different from adult in structure, function, and composition. Despite these differences, the skin barrier is competent at birth in healthy, full-term neonates. The primary focus of this paper is on the developing skin barrier in healthy, full-term neonates and infants. Additionally, a brief discussion of the properties of the skin barrier in premature neonates and infants with abnormal skin conditions (i.e., atopic dermatitis and eczema) is included. As infant skin continues to mature through the first years of life, it is important that skin care products (e.g., cleansers and emollients) are formulated appropriately. Ideally, products that are used on infants should not interfere with skin surface pH or perturb the skin barrier. For cleansers, this can be achieved by choosing the right type of surfactant, by blending surfactants, or by blending hydrophobically-modified polymers (HMPs) with surfactants to increase product mildness. Similarly, choosing the right type of oil for emollients is important. Unlike some vegetable oils, mineral oil is more stable and is not subject to oxidation and hydrolysis. Although emollients can improve the skin barrier, more studies are needed to determine the potential long-term benefits of using emollients on healthy, full-term neonates and infants.
Prognostic Significance of Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 in Breast Cancer
Authors: Dechaphunkul Arunee , Phukaoloun Monlika , Kanjanapradit Kanet , Graham Kathryn , Ghosh Sunita , Santos Cheryl , Mackey John R.
Published: September 2012

Introduction. Despite advances in breast cancer systemic treatment, new prognostic and predictive factors are still needed. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), a physiologic inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), can act in both pro- and antitumoral effects. As role of TIMP-1 in breast cancer is controversial, we aimed to determine the prognostic significance of TIMP-1 in breast cancer.Methods. A single center-based case-control study was applied. Primary breast cancers from women with early stage disease treated with standard adjuvant therapy were analyzed by gene expression microarrays and immunohistochemistry for TIMP-1.Results. At the optimized cut-point, patients with high TIMP-1 RNA levels had a significantly shorter time to relapse, with a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.64 (P=0.04), but without significant differences in overall survival (HR 1.29,P=0.37). Although cytoplasmic overexpression of TIMP-1 protein was not correlated with early relapse (HR 1.0,P=0.92), there was a tendency for short overall survival in patients with high expression (HR 1.41,P=0.21).Conclusions. Our data indicate that elevated TIMP-1 RNA levels are independently prognostic for early recurrence, and there is a tendency for association of high cytoplasmic TIMP-1 protein levels with short survival in primary breast cancer.
Use of Contrast-Enhanced MR Angiography (CE-MRA) for the Diagnosis of a Vascular Ring Anomaly in a Dog
Authors: Hecht Silke , Durant April M. , Adams William H. , Conklin Gordon A.
Published: September 2012

A 4-month-old female mixed breed dog was presented to the University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine with a history of regurgitation and cachexia. Thoracic radiographs revealed focal megaesophagus cranial to the heart base. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed. True fast imaging with steady-state precession (TrueFISP), fast low angle shot (FLASH), and short tau inversion recovery (STIR) sequences were acquired prior to contrast medium administration. Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (CE-MRA) demonstrated focal megaesophagus and position of the aortic arch to the right of the esophagus. A small ductus diverticulum and an indistinct linear soft tissue band crossing the esophagus were also noted. Surgical exploration confirmed MR diagnosis of a persistent right aortic arch (PRAA) with left ligamentum arteriosum. The dog improved following surgery but was unable to be transitioned to dry food. To our knowledge this is the first report describing the use of CE-MRA for preoperative diagnosis and guided surgical treatment of a vascular ring anomaly in a dog.
Oxygen Concentration-Dependent Oxidative Stress Levels in Rats
Authors: Nagatomo Fumiko , Fujino Hidemi , Kondo Hiroyo , Ishihara Akihiko
Published: September 2012

Introduction. We determined derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolites (dROMs) as an index of oxidative stress level (oxidant capacity) and biochemical antioxidant potential (BAP) as an index of antioxidant capacity in rats exposed to different oxygen concentrations.Methods. Male Wistar rats were exposed to 14.4%, 20.9%, 35.5%, 39.8%, 62.5%, and 82.2% oxygen at 1 atmosphere absolute for 24 h. Serum levels of dROMs and BAP were examined by using a free radical and antioxidant potential determination device. The morphological characteristics of red blood cells were examined by phase contrast microscopy.Results. There were no differences in the levels of dROMs in rats exposed to 14.4%, 20.9%, and 35.5% oxygen. However, the levels of dROMs increased in the rats exposed to 39.8% and 62.5% oxygen. The levels of dROMs were the highest in the rats exposed to 82.2% oxygen. There were no differences in the levels of BAP with respect to the oxygen concentration. Morphological changes in the red blood cells induced by oxidative attack from reactive oxygen species were observed in the rats exposed to 39.8%, 62.5%, and 82.2% oxygen.Conclusion. Our results suggest that exposure to oxygen concentrations higher than 40% for 24 h induces excessive levels of oxidative stress in rats.
Cellular Programming and Reprogramming: Sculpting Cell Fate for the Production of Dopamine Neurons for Cell Therapy
Authors: Aguila Julio C. , Hedlund Eva , Sanchez-Pernaute Rosario
Published: September 2012

Pluripotent stem cells are regarded as a promising cell source to obtain human dopamine neurons in sufficient amounts and purity for cell replacement therapy. Importantly, the success of clinical applications depends on our ability to steer pluripotent stem cells towards the right neuronal identity. In Parkinson disease, the loss of dopamine neurons is more pronounced in the ventrolateral population that projects to the sensorimotor striatum. Because synapses are highly specific, only neurons with this precise identity will contribute, upon transplantation, to the synaptic reconstruction of the dorsal striatum. Thus, understanding the developmental cell program of the mesostriatal dopamine neurons is critical for the identification of the extrinsic signals and cell-intrinsic factors that instruct and, ultimately, determine cell identity. Here, we review how extrinsic signals and transcription factors act together during development to shape midbrain cell fates. Further, we discuss how these same factors can be appliedin vitroto induce, select, and reprogram cells to the mesostriatal dopamine fate.
Preoperative Embolization Reduces the Risk of Cathecolamines Release at the Time of Surgical Excision of Large Pelvic Extra-Adrenal Sympathetic Paraganglioma
Authors: Di Daniele Nicola , Canale Maria Paola , Tesauro Manfredi , Rovella Valentina , Gandini Roberto , Schillaci Orazio , Cadeddu Federica , Milito Giovanni
Published: September 2012

A 30-year-old woman with severe hypertension was admitted to the hospital with a history of headache, palpitations, and diaphoresis following sexual intercourse. Twenty-four hour urinary excretion of free catecholamines and metabolites was markedly increased as was serum chromogranin A. Computed tomography scan revealed a large mass in the left adnex site and magnetic resonance imaging confirmed the computer tomography finding, suggesting the presence of extra-adrenal sympathetic paraganglioma. I-metaiodobenzyl guanidine scintigram revealed an increased uptake in the same area. Transcatheter arterial embolization of the mass resulted in marked decreases in blood pressure and urinary excretion of free catecholamines and metabolites. Surgical excision of the mass was then accomplished without complication. Preoperative embolization is a useful and safe procedure which may reduce the risk of catecholamines release at the time of surgical excision in large pelvic extra-adrenal sympathetic paraganglioma.
Alkaloids Isolated from Natural Herbs as the Anticancer Agents
Authors: Lu Jin-Jian , Bao Jiao-Lin , Chen Xiu-Ping , Huang Min , Wang Yi-Tao
Published: September 2012

Alkaloids are important chemical compounds that serve as a rich reservoir for drug discovery. Several alkaloids isolated from natural herbs exhibit antiproliferation and antimetastasis effects on various types of cancers bothin vitroandin vivo. Alkaloids, such as camptothecin and vinblastine, have already been successfully developed into anticancer drugs. This paper focuses on the naturally derived alkaloids with prospective anticancer properties, such as berberine, evodiamine, matrine, piperine, sanguinarine, and tetrandrine, and summarizes the mechanisms of action of these compounds. Based on the information in the literature that is summarized in this paper, the use of alkaloids as anticancer agents is very promising, but more research and clinical trials are necessary before final recommendations on specific alkaloids can be made.
Severe Anaemia during Late Pregnancy
Authors: Akhtar Mahenaz , Hassan Ismail
Published: September 2012

Vitamin B12 deficiency is uncommon in pregnancy, it occurs in 10–28% of uncomplicated pregnancies, and is associated with a few complications. We present a case report of a 21-year-old patient with severe anaemia during late pregnancy caused by vitamin B12 deficiency. At 38 weeks gestation and with a BMI of 48.9, a history of rupture of membranes was given but not confirmed. On examination, she appeared pale and therefore full blood counts were done. Interestingly her haemoglobin (Hb) levels were 3.7 g/dL. Folate and vitamin B12 levels were also found to be low, and the diagnosis of anaemia caused by vitamin B12 deficiency was made. After treatment with vitamin B12 injections, folic acid and blood transfusions, the patient’s haemoglobin levels improved from 3.7 g/dL to 10.7 g/dL. The conclusion is that effective history taking, diagnosis, and management can prevent many complications that are usually associated with vitamin B12 deficiency anaemia.
Generalized Variational Oscillation Principles for Second‐Order Differential Equations with Mixed‐Nonlinearities
Authors: Shao Jing , Meng Fanwei , Pang Xinqin
Published: September 2012

Using generalized variational principle and Riccati technique, new oscillation criteria are established for forced second‐order differential equation with mixed nonlinearities, which improve and generalize some recent papers in the literature.
Homotopy Method for a General Multiobjective Programming Problem under Generalized Quasinormal Cone Condition
Authors: Zhao X. , Zhang S. G. , Yang Y. T. , Liu Q. H.
Published: September 2012

A combined interior point homotopy continuation method is proposed for solving general multiobjective programming problem. We prove the existence and convergence of a smooth homotopy path from almost any interior initial interior point to a solution of the KKT system under some basic assumptions.
Bilateral Primary Adrenal Lymphoma Presenting with Adrenal Insufficiency
Authors: Holm Jakob , Breum Leif , Stenfeldt Katrine , Friberg Hitz Mette
Published: September 2012

Lymphoma may occasionally involve the adrenal glands, but primary adrenal lymphoma (PAL) is very rare and only few cases have been reported. We present a case of a 60-year-old, otherwise healthy, woman, with bilateral PAL presenting with adrenal insufficiency. The patient responded initially upon administration of large doses of intravenously hydrocortisone with total remission of symptoms. An abdominal computerized tomography scan demonstrated bilateral adrenal lesions but did not demonstrate any other pathology. Since metastatic malignant disease was suspected a positron-emission-tomography scan was performed only showing significant uptake in the adrenal glands. Endocrine evaluation did not reveal abnormal function of any hormonal system and the patient was scheduled for bilateral adrenalectomy. However the clinical condition deteriorated rapidly and the patient was readmitted to hospital before surgery was performed. A new computerized tomography scan showed rapid progression of disease with further enlargement of the adrenal masses and both pulmonary and hepatic metastasis. Needle biopsy was performed but the patient refused further treatment and died before a diagnosis was obtained. The immuneohistochemical diagnosis was large B-cell lymphoma. This case should remind clinicians that PAL may be a cause of bilateral adrenal incidentaloma especially if the patient presents with adrenal insufficiency.
Optimized Ultrawideband and Uniplanar Minkowski Fractal Branch Line Coupler
Authors: Jahanbakht Mohammad , Tondro Aghmyoni Mohammad
Published: September 2012

The non-Euclidean Minkowski fractal geometry is used in design, optimization, and fabrication of an ultrawideband (UWB) branch line coupler. Self-similarities of the fractal geometries make them act like an infinite length in a finite area. This property creates a smaller design with broader bandwidth. The designed 3 dB microstrip coupler has a single layer and uniplanar platform with quite easy fabrication process. This optimized 180° coupler also shows a perfect isolation and insertion loss over the UWB frequency range of 3.1–10.6 GHz.
On the Numerical Solution of Fractional Parabolic Partial Differential Equations with the Dirichlet Condition
Authors: Ashyralyev Allaberen , Cakir Zafer
Published: September 2012

The first and second order of accuracy stable difference schemes for the numerical solution of the mixed problem for the fractional parabolic equation are presented. Stability and almost coercive
stability estimates for the solution of these difference schemes are obtained. A procedure of modified
Gauss elimination method is used for solving these difference schemes in the case of one‐dimensional
fractional parabolic partial differential equations.
Ductal Carcinoma In Situ of the Breast: A Surgical Perspective
Authors: Badruddoja Mohammed
Published: September 2012

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast is a heterogeneous neoplasm with invasive potential. Risk factors include age, family history, hormone replacement therapy, genetic mutation, and patient lifestyle. The incidence of DCIS has increased due to more widespread use of screening and diagnostic mammography; almost 80% of cases are diagnosed with imaging with final diagnosis established by biopsy and histological examination. There are various classification systems used for DCIS, the most recent of which is based on the presence of intraepithelial neoplasia of the ductal epithelium (DIN). A number of molecular assays are now available that can identify high-risk patients as well as help establish the prognosis of patients with diagnosed DCIS. Current surgical treatment options include total mastectomy, simple lumpectomy in very low-risk patients, and lumpectomy with radiation. Adjuvant therapy is tailored based on the molecular profile of the neoplasm and can include aromatase inhibitors, anti-estrogen, anti-progesterone (or a combination of antiestrogen and antiprogesterone), and HER2 neu suppression therapy. Chemopreventive therapies are under investigation for DCIS, as are various molecular-targeted drugs. It is anticipated that new biologic agents, when combined with hormonal agents such as SERMs and aromatase inhibitors, may one day prevent all forms of breast cancer.
Permissiveness toward Illegal Actions in Uruguay: Has This Attitude Changed in Time?
Authors: Melgar Natalia , Rossi Máximo
Published: September 2012

The aim of this paper is to assess the willingness to justify illegal actions (or permissiveness) in the case of Uruguayans. We introduce new factors within the analysis: whether this attitude has changed between 1996 and 2006. In line with previous findings, some sociodemographic variables (age, education, beliefs in God, and patriotism) reduce the probability of being permissive. We also add new elements to the discussion and present some particularities of the Uruguayan case: the role of political affiliation depends on the ideological ground of the elected political party, permissiveness has dramatically changed and it is much higher in 2006.
The Rise of Tunnel Endoscopic Surgery: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Cai Mingyan , Chen Jinzhong , Zhou Pinghong , Yao Liqing
Published: September 2012

There has been booming interest in natural orifice transluminal surgery since it was first described. Several techniques first developed for the safe transluminal access now derive into independent endoscopic surgical procedures. In this paper, we describe a case treated by a novel procedure by submucosal tunnelling technique and provide a literature review of the rise of tunnel endoscopic surgery.
Structural Characteristics and Physical Properties of Tectonically Deformed Coals
Authors: Ju Yiwen , Yan Zhifeng , Li Xiaoshi , Hou Quanlin , Zhang Wenjing , Fang Lizhi , Yu Liye , Wei Mingming
Published: September 2012

Different mechanisms of deformation could make different influence on inner structure and physical properties of tectonically deformed coal (TDC) reservoirs. This paper discusses the relationship between macromolecular structure and physical properties of the Huaibei-Huainan coal mine areas in southern North China. The macromolecular structure and pore characteristics are systematically investigated by using techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and low-temperature nitrogen adsorption method. The results suggest that under the directional stress, basic structural units (BSU) arrangement is closer, and the orientation becomes stronger from brittle deformed coal to ductile deformed coal. Structural deformation directly influences the macromolecular structure of coal, which results in changes of pore structure. The nanoscale pores of the cataclastic coal structure caused by the brittle deformation are mainly mesopores, and the proportion of mesopores volume in ductile deformed coal diminishes rapidly. So the exploration and development potential of coalbed gas are good in reservoirs such as schistose structure coal, mortar structure coal and cataclastic structure coal. It also holds promise for a certain degree of brittle deformation and wrinkle structure coal of low ductile deformation or later superimposed by brittle deformation.
Coral-Associated Bacteria as a Promising Antibiofilm Agent against Methicillin-Resistant and -SusceptibleStaphylococcus aureusBiofilms
Authors: Gowrishankar Shanmugaraj , Duncun Mosioma Nyagwencha , Karutha Pandian Shunmugiah
Published: September 2012

The current study deals with the evaluation of two coral-associated bacterial (CAB) extracts to inhibit the biofilm synthesisin vitroas well as the virulence production like hemolysin and exopolysaccharide (EPS), and also to assess their ability to modify the adhesion properties, that is cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH) of methicillin-resistant (MRSA) and -susceptibleStaphylococcus aureus(MSSA). Out of nine CAB screened, the ethyl acetate extract of CAB-E2 (Bacillus firmus) and CAB-E4 (Vibrio parahemolyticus) have shown excellent antibiofilm activity againstS. aureus. CAB-E2 reduced the production of EPS (57–79%) and hemolysin (43–70%), which ultimately resulted in the significant inhibition of biofilms (80–87%) formed by both MRSA and MSSA. Similarly, CAB-E4 was also found to decrease the production of EPS (43–57%), hemolysin (43–57%) and biofilms (80–85%) of test pathogens. CLSM analysis also proved the antibiofilm efficacy of CAB extracts. Furthermore, the CAB extracts strongly decreased the CSH ofS. aureus. Additionally, FT-IR analysis ofS. aureustreated with CAB extracts evidenced the reduction in cellular components compared to their respective controls. Thus, the present study reports for the first time,B. firmus—a coral-associated bacterium, as a promising source of antibiofilm agent against the recalcitrant biofilms formed by multidrug resistantS. aureus.
Iterative Method for Solving the Second Boundary Value Problem for Biharmonic‐Type Equation
Authors: Quang A. Dang , Van Thien Nguyen
Published: September 2012

Solving boundary value problems (BVPs) for the fourth‐order differential equations by the reduction of them to BVPs for the second‐order equations with the aim to use the achievements for the latter ones attracts attention from many researchers. In this paper, using the technique developed by ourselves in recent works, we construct iterative method for the second BVP for biharmonic‐type equation, which describes the deflection of a plate resting on a biparametric elastic foundation. The convergence rate of the method is established. The optimal value of the iterative parameter is found. Several numerical examples confirm the efficiency of the proposed method.
Viscum albumL. Extracts Protects HeLa Cells against Nuclear and Mitochondrial DNA Damage
Authors: Önay-Uçar Evren , Erol Özlem , Kandemir Başak , Mertoğlu Elif , Karagöz Ali , Arda Nazlı
Published: September 2012

Viscum albumL. is a semiparasitic plant grown on trees and widely used for the treatment of many diseases in traditional and complementary therapy. It is well known that some activities ofViscum albumextracts are varied depending on the host trees, such as antioxidant, apoptosis-inducing, anticancer activities of the plant. The aim of the present study is to examine the comparative effects of methanolic extracts ofV. albumgrown on three different host trees (locust tree, lime tree, and hedge maple tree) on H2O2-induced DNA damage in HeLa cells. Oxidative damage in mitochondrial DNA and two nuclear regions was assessed by QPCR assay. The cells were pretreated with methanolic extracts (10 μg/mL) for 48 h, followed by the treatment with 750 μM H2O2for 1 hour. DNA damage was significantly induced by H2O2while it was inhibited byV. albumextracts. All extracts completely protected against nuclear DNA damage. While the extract from lime tree or white locust tree entirely inhibited mitochondrial DNA damage, that from hedge maple tree inhibited by only 50%. These results suggest that methanolic extracts ofV. albumcan prevent oxidative DNA damage, and the activity is dependent on the host tree.
The Insulin Regulatory Network in Adult Hippocampus and Pancreatic Endocrine System
Authors: Machida Masanao , Fujimaki Shin , Hidaka Ryo , Asashima Makoto , Kuwabara Tomoko
Published: September 2012

There is a very strong correlation between the insulin-mediated regulatory system of the central nervous system and the pancreatic endocrine system. There are many examples of the same transcriptional factors being expressed in both regions in their embryonic development stages. Hormonal signals from the pancreatic islets influence the regulation of energy homeostasis by the brain, and the brain in turn influences the secretions of the islets. Diabetes induces neuronal death in different regions of the brain especially hippocampus, causes alterations on the neuronal circuits and therefore impairs learning and memory, for which the hippocampus is responsible. The hippocampus is a region of the brain where steady neurogenesis continues throughout life. Adult neurogenesis from undifferentiated neural stem cells is greatly decreased in diabetic patients, and as a result their learning and memory functions decline. Might it be possible to reactivate stem cells whose functions have deteriorated and that are present in the tissues in which the lesions occur in diabetes, a lifestyle disease, which plagues modern humans and develops as a result of the behavior of insulin-related factor? In this paper we summarize research in regard to these matters based on examples in recent years.
Evaluation of Chinese-Herbal-Medicine-Induced Herb-Drug Interactions: Focusing on Organic Anion Transporter 1
Authors: Lin Chang-Ching , Fan Hsien-Yuan , Kuo Chien-Wen , Pao Li-Heng
Published: September 2012

The consumption of Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) is increasing exponentially. Many patients utilize CHMs concomitantly with prescription drugs in great frequency. Herb-drug interaction has hence become an important focus of study. Transporter-mediated herb-drug interactions have the potential to seriously influence drug efficacy and toxicity. Since organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1) is crucial in renal active secretion and drug-drug interactions, the possibility of modulation of OAT1-mediated drug transport should be seriously concerned. Sixty-three clinically used CHMs were evaluated in the study. An hOAT1-overexpressing cell line was used for thein vitroCHMs screening, and the effective candidates were administered to Wistar rats to access renal hemodynamics. The regulation of OAT1 mRNA expression was also examined for further evidence of CHMs affecting OAT1-mediated transport. Among all the 63 CHMs, formulae Gui Zhi Fu Ling Wan (GZ) and Chia Wei Hsiao Yao San (CW) exhibited significant inhibitions on hOAT1-mediated [3H]-PAH uptakein vitroand PAH clearance and net secretionin vivo. Moreover, GZ showed concentration-dependent manners bothin vitroandin vivo, and the decrease of rOAT1 mRNA expression indicated that GZ not only inhibited function of OAT1 but also suppressed expression of OAT1.