bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AMP-Activated Protein Kinase α2 in Neutrophils Regulates Vascular Repair via Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α and a Network of Proteins Affecting Metabolism and Apoptosis
Authors: Abdel Malik Randa , Zippel Nina , Frömel Timo , Heidler Juliana , Zukunft Sven , Walzog Barbara , Ansari Nariman , Pampaloni Francesco , Wingert Susanne , Rieger Michael A. , Wittig Ilka , Fisslthaler Beate , Fleming Ingrid
Published: October 2016

Rationale:

The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is stimulated by hypoxia, and although the AMPKα1 catalytic subunit has been implicated in angiogenesis, little is known about the role played by the AMPKα2 subunit in vascular repair.

Objective:

To determine the role of the AMPKα2 subunit in vascular repair.

Methods and Results:

Recovery of blood flow after femoral artery ligation was impaired (>80%) in AMPKα2
−/−
versus wild-type mice, a phenotype reproduced in mice lacking AMPKα2 in myeloid cells (AMPKα2
ΔMC
). Three days after ligation, neutrophil infiltration into ischemic limbs of AMPKα2
ΔMC
mice was lower than that in wild-type mice despite being higher after 24 hours. Neutrophil survival in ischemic tissue is required to attract monocytes that contribute to the angiogenic response. Indeed, apoptosis was increased in hypoxic neutrophils from AMPKα2
ΔMC
mice, fewer monocytes were recruited, and gene array analysis revealed attenuated expression of proangiogenic proteins in ischemic AMPKα2
ΔMC
hindlimbs. Many angiogenic growth factors are regulated by hypoxia-inducible factor, and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α induction was attenuated in AMPKα2-deficient cells and accompanied by its enhanced hydroxylation. Also, fewer proteins were regulated by hypoxia in neutrophils from AMPKα2
ΔMC
mice. Mechanistically, isocitrate dehydrogenase expression and the production of α-ketoglutarate, which negatively regulate hypoxia-inducible factor-1α stability, were attenuated in neutrophils from wild-type mice but remained elevated in cells from AMPKα2
ΔMC
mice.

Conclusions:

AMPKα2 regulates α-ketoglutarate generation, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α stability, and neutrophil survival, which in turn determine further myeloid cell recruitment and repair potential. The activation of AMPKα2 in neutrophils is a decisive event in the initiation of vascular repair after ischemia.
Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Masked Hypertension
Authors: Bromfield Samantha G. , Shimbo Daichi , Booth John N. , Correa Adolfo , Ogedegbe Gbenga , Carson April P. , Muntner Paul
Published: October 2016

Masked hypertension is associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease. Identifying modifiable risk factors for masked hypertension could provide approaches to reduce its prevalence. Life’s Simple 7 is a measure of cardiovascular health developed by the American Heart Association that includes body mass index, physical activity, diet, cigarette smoking, blood pressure (BP), cholesterol, and glucose. We examined the association between cardiovascular health and masked daytime hypertension in the Jackson Heart Study, an exclusively African American cohort. Life’s Simple 7 factors were assessed during a study visit and categorized as poor, intermediate, or ideal. Ambulatory BP monitoring was performed after the study visit. Using BP measured between 10:00
am
and 8:00
pm
on ambulatory BP monitoring, masked daytime hypertension was defined as mean clinic systolic BP/diastolic BP <140/90 mm Hg and mean daytime systolic BP/diastolic BP ≥135/85 mm Hg. Among the 758 participants with systolic BP/diastolic BP <140/90 mm Hg, 30.5% had masked daytime hypertension. The multivariable-adjusted prevalence ratios for masked daytime hypertension comparing participants with 2, 3, and ≥4 versus ≤1 ideal Life’s Simple 7 factors were 0.99 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.74–1.33), 0.77 (95% CI, 0.57–1.03), and 0.51 (95% CI, 0.33–0.79), respectively. Masked daytime hypertension was less common among participants with ideal versus poor levels of physical activity (ratio, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.56–1.00), ideal or intermediate levels pooled together versus poor diet (prevalence ratio, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.58–0.91), ideal versus poor levels of cigarette smoking (prevalence ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.46–0.82), and ideal versus intermediate levels of clinic BP (prevalence ratio, 0.28, 95% CI, 0.16–0.48). Better cardiovascular health is associated with a lower preva lence of masked hypertension.
Critical Machines: Art Periodicals Today (Conference Report and Q&A)
Authors: Eşanu Octavian
Published: October 2016

This introduction and selection of Questions and Answers are from a conference organized in 2014 at the American University of Beirut Art Galleries titled Critical Machines: Art Periodicals Today. The conference summoned editors of art periodicals from different countries in order to discuss the role of art magazines, journals, platforms, and newspapers. While the introduction provides a general report on the conference, discussing the principles according to which the panels were organized or describing and comparing the missions of some periodicals, the selection of questions from the audience and answers from editors that follow aim to convey different editorial strategies, political disputes, funding models, and relations to readership that one can encounter today in the field of art periodicals.
Genetic diversity of Meloidogyne spp. parasitising potato in Brazil and aggressiveness of M. javanica populations on susceptible cultivars
Authors: Medina Israel L. , Gomes Cesar B. , Correa Valdir R. , Mattos Vanessa S. , Castagnone-Sereno Philippe , Carneiro Regina M. D. G.
Published: October 2016

Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) significantly impact potato production worldwide and in Brazil they are considered one of the most important group of nematodes affecting potatoes. The objectives of this study were to survey Meloidogyne spp. associated with potatoes in Brazil, determine their genetic diversity and assess the aggressiveness of M. javanica on two susceptible potato cultivars. Fifty-seven root-knot nematode populations were identified using esterase phenotyping, including Meloidogyne javanica, M. incognita, M. arenaria and M. ethiopica. Overall, root-knot nematodes were present in ca 43% of sampled sites, in which M. javanica was the most prevalent species, and the phenotypes Est J3, J2a and J2 occurred in 91.2, 6.7 and 2.1% of the positive samples, respectively. Other species, such as M. incognita, M. arenaria and M. ethiopica, were found less frequently and occurred at rates of 6.4, 4.3 and 2.1% of the samples, respectively. Sometimes, M. javanica was found in mixtures with other root-knot nematodes in ca 10.6% of sites containing Meloidogyne. After confirming the identification of 17 isolates of M. javanica and one isolate each of M. incognita, M. arenaria and M. ethiopica by SCAR markers, the populations were used to infer their genetic diversity using RAPD markers. Results revealed low intraspecifc genetic diversity among isolates (13.9%) for M. javanica. Similarly, M. javanica sub-populations (J2a) clustered together (81% of bootstrap), indicating subtle variation from typical J3 populations. The aggressiveness of four populations of M. javanica from different Brazilian states on two susceptible potato cultivars was tested under glasshouse conditions. Results indicated differences in aggressiveness among these populations and showed that potato disease was proportional to nematode reproduction factor.
The un Secretary-General and the Forgotten Third r2p Responsibility
Authors: Bose Srinjoy , Thakur Ramesh
Published: October 2016

The responsibility to rebuild needs to be re-elevated to prominence as an integral component of r2p: conceptually, normatively and operationally; and its institutional homes in the un system and the Secretary-General’s role clarified. The 2009 three pillar formulation of r2p works well in most contexts, but is problematic in that it buries and loses sight of the critical importance of the original iciss third ‘responsibility to rebuild’ and reconstruct war-raved societies to the point of being viable and self-sustaining once again. We derive some key lessons from the major international interventions of the twenty-first century and recall the context in which r2p was originally formulated in order to highlight the distinctive features of its contribution to international policy. We then describe three dimensions of the responsibility to rebuild – recovery, reconstruction and reconciliation – and the strategies and steps needed for the rebuilding agenda. Recalling that Security Council authorisation of r2p coercive operations is a nonnegotiable prerequisite, we suggest that the responsibility to rebuild can be reintroduced and implemented through the administrative and political leadership roles of the Secretary-General.
Periglossum podoptyches (Apocynaceae-Asclepiadoideae), a new species from KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa
Authors: BESTER STOFFEL P. , NICHOLAS ASHLEY
Published: October 2016

Periglossum podoptyches is described as a new species from the KwaZulu-Natal Province of South Africa. As a rare species its conservation status is assessed as Vulnerable. This new species is closely related to both Periglossum mackenii and P. kassnerianum from which it differs mainly in having folded flaps of tissue at the base of the face of the restricted basal stalk of the staminal corona lobes. A comparative table with diagnostic morphological features and a key to the species of Periglossum are provided.
A new species of Gastrochilus (Aeridinae, Vandeae, Orchidaceae) and a new record species from Yunnan, China
Authors: LIU QIANG , TAN YUN-HONG , GAO JIANG-YUN
Published: October 2016

Although Gastrochilus Don (1825:32) is a small genus, its generic and interspecific relationships are still not well understood (Seidenfaden1988, Tsi 1996, Pridgeon et al. 2014, Zou et al. 2015). It comprises 64 species collectively distributed from China, India and Sri Lanka through eastern Asia and southern Japan to Indonesia and the Philippines (Kumar et al. 2014, Govaerts et al. 2015, Raskoti 2016). China is the centre of species diversity for the genus, which contains 39 species, 19 of which are believed to be endemic (Tsi 1999, Chen et al. 2009, Yi et al. 2012, Kumar et al. 2014). During our field investigation in southeastern Yunnan, two unusual species of this genus were discovered. After undertaking a comprehensive literature and herbarium review, these two species were identified as G. sect. Gastrochilus Don (1825: 32), which is characterized by stout stem with large cauline leaves. One is a new record for China, and the other is the new species.
Three New Species of Rhizopogon from Southwest China
Authors: LI LIN , ZHAO YONGCHANG , ZHOU DEQUN , YU FUQIANG , ZHENG LINYONG , WANG YUN , ZHANG XIAOLEI , DUAN ZHONGJIAN , ZHAO XINGYUN , HE ZHIHONG , LI SHUHONG
Published: October 2016

Rhizopogon fruiting bodies were collected from Pinus forests in Yunnan and Sichuan Provinces in southwest China. Based on morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses, three new species are described as Rhizopogon jiyaozi, Rhizopogon flavidus and Rhizopogon sinoalbidus. Their phylogenetic relationships to each other and previously described species are discussed.
Redescription of two species and five new species of Dispio Hartman, 1951 (Spionidae: Polychaeta) from the eastern Pacific Coast and Caribbean Sea, with a review of the genus
Authors: DELGADO-BLAS VÍCTOR HUGO , DÍAZ-DÍAZ OSCAR
Published: October 2016

Available type material of Dispio uncinata Hartman, 1951 and D. mororoi Gibbs, 1971, as well as newly collected material from Venezuela and material deposited in the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, was examined. Several important differences were found between D. uncinata, D. mororoi, the new material deposited in the museum and the newly collected material from Venezuela, Panama and California. Dispio uncinata and D. mororoi are redescribed and five new species are also identified and described: D. anauncinata sp. nov., D. lenislamellata sp. nov., and D. longibranchiata sp. nov. are from Southern California, D. panamensis sp. nov. from Panama, and D. bescanzae sp. nov. from Venezuela. Morphological differences between species were recorded, particularly in reference to the shape of prostomium, and caruncle, size of peristomium, shape of notopodial and neuropodial postchaetal lamellae, branchiae from anterior chaetigers fused completely or partially to the notopodial lamellae, presence or abscent of accessory branchial pairs, structure of notopodial and neuropodial chaetae, notopodial and neuropodial lamellae overlapping or touching and other consistent characters. Results of the review of the material from Southern California indicates that D. uncinata is not found in this area of the Pacific, and we recommend that the wide distribution of this species should be taken with caution especially for those distant records from the type locality. A key to all species of Dispio is provided.
Danio htamanthinus (Teleostei: Cyprinidae), a new species of miniature cyprinid fish from the Chindwin River in Myanmar
Authors: KULLANDER SVEN O. , NORÉN MICHAEL
Published: October 2016

Danio htamanthinus, new species, is described from small streams in the vicinity of Htamanthi on the middle Chindwin River. It is most similar to D. choprae and D. flagrans from the Ayeyarwaddy River drainage, sharing the same elaborate colour pattern with dark vertical bars and a red interstripe along the posterior side, but is distinguished by the absence of a P+1 stripe and presence of a P stripe represented only by small spots. The uncorrected p-distance in the mitochondrial COI gene separates D. htamanthinus from D. choprae by 4.3% and from D. flagrans by 7.5%. The largest specimen is only 22.9 mm in standard length (male holotype), but the holotype and one other male, 19.5 mm SL, feature sex-specific pectoral-fin tubercles, and a female as small as 16.6 mm SL has ripening ova. In a phylogenetic analysis based on COI sequences, D. htamanthinus is sister taxon of D. flagrans+D. choprae, and those three species are sister group of D. margaritatus+D.erythromicron.
Defining a New Normal for Extremes in a Warming World
Authors: Lewis Sophie C. , King Andrew D. , Perkins-Kirkpatrick Sarah E.
Published: October 2016

The term “new normal” has been used in scientific literature and public commentary to contextualize contemporary climate events as an indicator of a changing climate due to enhanced greenhouse warming. A new normal has been used broadly but tends to be descriptive and ambiguously defined. Here we review previous studies conceptualizing this idea of a new climatological normal and argue that this term should be used cautiously and with explicit definition in order to avoid confusion. We provide a formal definition of a new climate normal relative to present based around record-breaking contemporary events and explore the timing of when such extremes become statistically normal in the future model simulations. Applying this method to the record-breaking global-average 2015 temperatures as a reference event and a suite of model climate models, we determine that 2015 global annual-average temperatures will be the new normal by 2040 in all emissions scenarios. At the regional level, a new normal can be delayed through aggressive greenhouse gas emissions reductions. Using this specific case study to investigate a climatological new normal, our approach demonstrates the greater value of the concept of a climatological new normal for understanding and communicating climate change when the term is explicitly defined. This approach moves us one step closer to understanding how current extremes will change in the future in a warming world.
A Measure-Theoretic Algorithm for Estimating Bottom Friction in a Coastal Inlet: Case Study of Bay St. Louis during Hurricane Gustav (2008)
Authors: Graham Lindley , Butler Troy , Walsh Scott , Dawson Clint , Westerink Joannes J.
Published: October 2016

The majority of structural damage and loss of life during a hurricane is due to storm surge, thus it is important for communities in hurricane-prone regions to understand their risk due to surge. Storm surge in particular is largely influenced by coastal features such as topography/bathymetry and bottom roughness. Bottom roughness determines how much resistance there is to the flow. Manning’s formula can be used to model the bottom stress with the Manning’s n coefficient, a spatially dependent field. Given a storm surge model and a set of model outputs, an inverse problem may be solved to determine probable Manning’s n fields to use for predictive simulations.

The inverse problem is formulated and solved in a measure-theoretic framework using the state-of-the-art Advanced Circulation (ADCIRC) storm surge model. The use of measure theory requires minimal assumptions and involves the direct inversion of the physics-based map from model inputs to output data determined by the ADCIRC model. Thus, key geometric relationships in this map are preserved and exploited. By using a recently available subdomain implementation of ADCIRC that significantly reduces the computational cost of forward model solves, the authors demonstrate the method on a case study using data obtained from an ADCIRC hindcast study of Hurricane Gustav (2008) to quantify uncertainties in Manning’s n within Bay St. Louis. However, the methodology is general and could be applied to any inverse problem that involves a map from model input to output quantities of interest.
Predictors and Impact of In-Hospital Recurrent Myocardial Infarction in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome: Findings From Gulf RACE-2
Authors: Al Saleh Abdullah S. , Alhabib Khalid F. , Alsheik-Ali Alawi A. , Sulaiman Khadim , Alfaleh Hussam , Alsaif Shukri , Al Mahmeed Wael , Asaad Nidal , Amin Haiham , Al-Motarreb Ahmed , Al Suwaidi Jassim , Hersi Ahmad S.
Published: October 2016

Background:

Little is known about the predictors and prognostic impact of recurrent in-hospital ischemia and infarction in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Our objectives were to determine the baseline characteristics, risk factors, and long-term outcomes of patients with recurrent myocardial infarction (Re-MI).

Methods:

We evaluated patients with ACS who were enrolled in the second Gulf Registry of Acute Coronary Events from October 2008 to June 2009.

Results:

Of 7925 patients with ACS, 167 (2.1%) developed in-hospital Re-MI. Patients with Re-MI were older (mean age: 58.7 ± 13.4 vs 56.8 ± 12.6; P = .045), had higher rates of hyperlipidemia (42.5% vs 32.6%; P = .019), and were more likely to present with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI; 74.25% vs 43.9%; P < .001) and Killip class 4 (8.4% vs 3.2%; P < .001) than patients without Re-MI. Patients with Re-MI were less likely to receive evidence-based therapies upon admission, including aspirin (94.6% vs 98.5%; P < .001), β-blockers (59.3% vs 74.7%; P < .001), and statins (86.8% vs 94.9%; P < .001), and were less frequently assessed with coronary angiography (29.3% vs 32.5%; P = .029). Predictors of recurrent events included history of angina, hypotension on presentation, admission diagnosis of STEMI, and decreased use of evidence-based therapies including aspirin, statins, and β-blockers upon admission. Patients with Re-MI had more in-hospital complications, including congestive heart failure (44.3% vs 12.4%) and cardiogenic shock (26.4% vs 5.3%), as well as higher mortality rates during hospitalization (23.4% vs 4.1%) and after a discharge period of 30 days (27% vs 7.8%) and 1 year (30.5% vs 11.7%; P < .001 for all comparisons).

Conclusion:

In our study, patients with Re-MI were less likely to receive evidence-based therapies and had a worse prognosis in terms of in-hospital complications and higher mortality rates. High-risk patients should be monitored and managed differently to prevent secondary attacks.
Does It Matter How One Assesses Moral Reasoning? Differences (Biases) in the Recognition Versus Formulation Tasks
Authors: Weber James
Published: October 2016

Most business ethics scholars interested in understanding individual moral cognition or reasoning rely on the Defining Issues Test (DIT). They typically report that managers and business students exhibit a relatively high percentage of principled moral reasoning when resolving ethical dilemmas. This article applies neurocognitive processes and Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, and its more recent revision, as theoretical foundations to explore whether differences emerge when using a recognition of learning task, such as the DIT or similar instruments, versus a formulation of knowledge task, such as the Moral Judgment Interview or similar instruments, to assess individual moral reasoning. The data show that significantly different levels of moral reasoning are detected when using a recognition-based versus formulation-based moral reasoning instrument. As expected, the recognition-based approach (using a DIT-like instrument) reports an inflated, higher moral reasoning score for subjects compared with using a formulation-based instrument. Implications of these results for understanding an individual’s moral reasoning are discussed.
Parental Approach to the Prevention and Management of Fever and Pain Following Childhood Immunizations: A Survey Study
Authors: Saleh Ezzeldin , Swamy Geeta K. , Moody M. Anthony , Walter Emmanuel B.
Published: October 2016

Antipyretic analgesics are commonly used to prevent and treat adverse events following immunizations. Current practice discourages routine use due to possible blunting of vaccine immune responses. We surveyed 150 parents/caregivers of recently vaccinated 6- and 15-month-old children to determine the prevalence of and beliefs regarding antipyretic analgesics use around vaccinations. 11% used them prophylactically, before vaccination. Use in the first 48 hours after vaccination was 64%, primarily to prevent and/or treat fever and pain. Acetaminophen was administered 2.6 times more frequently than ibuprofen. Ibuprofen was used more in the 15-month compared with the 6-month-old children (28% vs 7.4%, respectively, P = .001). The majority of caregivers disagreed with their use for fever (53%) or pain (59%). Antipyretic analgesic use, including prophylaxis, around vaccinations was common in our study population. Effective interventions are needed to target parents/caregivers to eliminate unnecessary antipyretic analgesic use around vaccination time and foster nonmedication alternatives.
Examining Links Between Religion, Evolution Views, and Climate Change Skepticism
Authors: Ecklund Elaine Howard , Scheitle Christopher P. , Peifer Jared , Bolger Daniel
Published: October 2016

Recent media portrayals link climate change skepticism to evolution skepticism, often as part of a larger “antiscience” tendency related to membership in conservative religious groups. Using national survey data, we examine the link between evolution skepticism and climate change skepticism, and consider religion’s association with both. Our analysis shows a modest association between the two forms of skepticism along with some shared predictors, such as political conservatism, a lack of confidence in science, and lower levels of education. Evangelical Protestants also show more skepticism toward both evolution and climate change compared with the religiously unaffiliated. On the whole, however, religion has a much stronger and clearer association with evolution skepticism than with climate change skepticism. Results contribute to scholarly discussions on how different science issues may or may not interact, the role of religion in shaping perceptions of science, and how science policy makers might better channel their efforts to address environmental care and climate change in particular.
Thinking Sociologically About Kindness: Puncturing the Blasé in the Ordinary City
Authors: Brownlie Julie , Anderson Simon
Published: October 2016

This article makes the case for a sociological engagement with kindness. Although virtually ignored by sociologists, we tend to know kindness when we see it and to feel its absence keenly. We suggest there are at least four features of ‘ordinary’ kindness which render it sociologically relevant: its infrastructural quality; its unobligated character; its micro or inter-personal focus and its atmospheric potential. This latter quality is not the ‘maelstrom of affect’ associated with urban living but can subtly alter how we feel and what we do. We illustrate these features through a study of everyday help and support. In doing so, we argue that – as much as Simmel’s blasé outlook – small acts of kindness are part of how we can understand city living and that, despite the cultural trope of randomness, a sociologically adequate account of kindness needs to recognise the ways in which it is socially embedded and differentiated.
Information Technology in Sport Management Curricula
Authors: Barneva Reneta P. , Hite Penny D.
Published: October 2016

We study the breadth of inclusion of information technology in sport management (SM) programs, surveying program sponsoring colleges and universities within a prominent state-university system. Our results indicate a very low number of SM programs require any type of information technology courses as part of their core requirements. In fact, only three programs have a requirement for a technology course specific to SM. To aid in the adoption of software and information technology into SM programs, we researched software systems that may provide skills to enhance the various components of SM. In an effort to make our recommendations even more meaningful, we pair specific software programs and their attributes with particular courses in SM. Moreover, we consider the common professional component requirements of the SM accrediting body Commission on Sport Management Accreditation and make suggestions as to how our software discoveries might aid colleges and universities in meeting accreditation requirements.
Aggregation Bias and the Analysis of Necessary and Sufficient Conditions in fsQCA
Authors: Braumoeller Bear F.
Published: October 2016

Fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) has become one of the most prominent methods in the social sciences for capturing causal complexity, especially for scholars with small- and medium- N data sets. This research note explores two key assumptions in fsQCA’s methodology for testing for necessary and sufficient conditions—the cumulation assumption and the triangular data assumption—and argues that, in combination, they produce a form of aggregation bias that has not been recognized in the fsQCA literature. It also offers a straightforward test to help researchers answer the question of whether their findings are plausibly the result of aggregation bias.
The well-prepared international development worker
Authors: Boan David Michael , Aten Jamie , Greener Susan , Gailey Robert
Published: October 2016

The requirements for effective international development have evolved in recent years toward a greater emphasis on capacity building, integration of entrepreneurship and economic models, and recognition of the role of faith-based NGOs and community groups. Faith-based development work, which parallels missions, must address these emphases in addition to faith-specific requirements. In response to this, the Humanitarian Disaster Institute at Wheaton College and the Center for International Development at Point Loma Nazarene University initiated a project to describe the training requirements for international development workers necessitated by the changing priorities in development. A set of recommended competencies were developed from three different constituencies including employers, academics, managers, and front-line staff within the Christian international development community. First, a group representing six different development organizations and four colleges with development-related programs convened to discuss the question of what do development organizations expect from a well-prepared development worker. The group identified 11 categories for skill development which were then used to create a survey of Christian nonprofit representatives with hiring responsibility. The survey results were then used in a focus group with Christian nonprofit representatives. The results of these three data sets were integrated into a set of desired competencies. The implications for training and development are discussed along with recommendations.
The causes of poverty: Is a biblical understanding reflected in the experiences of today’s poor?
Authors: Barnard Phillip Alan
Published: October 2016

In September 2000, the United Nations adopted their Millennium Declaration: a commitment to improving the lives of the world’s poorest people. Of the eight Millennium Goals declared, the foremost was to “Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger,” with a target to halve the proportion of people whose income is less than US $1 per day. Many have attempted to address this problem, yet debate rages as to what causes poverty in many communities. Dr. Christopher Wright, a Church of England minister, contends that the root causes of poverty are indeed identifiable from Old Testament texts: natural disasters, laziness, and oppression. While Wright presented a brief overview of this biblical approach to the causes of poverty, he did not elaborate on whether it would be reflected in the experience of poor people. This study therefore presents a critical synthesis of Wright’s model with contemporary field research. We conclude by reinforcing the importance of the Church engaging with the causes of poverty—not just the expressions of poverty—in order to fully demonstrate the love of God to the world.
Negotiating ‘national’ and ‘international’ elements of culture in a transnational social field
Authors: Désilets Gabrielle
Published: October 2016

This article is concerned with the experience of children whose parents are highly mobile professionals, also known as ‘Third Culture Kids’ (TCKs). Through a focus on everyday practices and local emplacement, it shows how the cities of Melbourne and Singapore influence TCKs’ individual trajectories and complex forms of identification. By observing their engagement, or lack thereof, with the local majority population, the article demonstrates how ethnicity, among other factors, influences their experience of place and position of privilege. Participants learn to negotiate ‘national’ and ‘international’ elements of culture by drawing on social distance, international networks, language skills and geographic mobility.
Big Data, Sport, and the Digital Divide
Authors: Baerg Andrew
Published: October 2016

This article considers the relationship between Big Data and the athlete. Where Beer and Hutchins have focused on Big Data and sport, this article concentrates on the athlete’s potential response to Big Data monitoring. Drawing on the work of Andrejevic, and Kennedy and Moss, the project speaks to the Big Data–athlete relation through the theoretical framework of the digital divide. It describes Big Data and its relation to the digital divide before tracing out how athletes might respond to Big Data monitoring by presenting concerns about privacy and/or embracing a quantified self. Considering these responses provides a starting point for further work on how athletes should treat Big Data and its implications for sport.
Effect of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor in patients undergoing bypass surgery
Authors: Ogawa Shinji , Okawa Yasuhide , Sawada Koshi , Goto Yoshihiro , Fukaya Syunsuke , Suzuki Takahiko
Published: October 2016

Objectives

Patients with diabetes mellitus often have more complicated postoperative courses and worse outcomes after coronary artery bypass grafting than those without this condition. Dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 inhibitors are a new class of oral medication for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus. We investigated how these drugs influence the postoperative course after coronary artery bypass in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the clinical records of 177 patients with type 2 diabetes who has undergone coronary artery bypass surgery between 2009 and 2013; 107 were treated with dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 inhibitors postoperatively, and 70 who did not receive dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 inhibitors served as a control group. The rates of overall survival and major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events were compared between groups.

Results

Analysis of all-cause deaths showed that survival at 4 years was 92.8% and 83.6%, respectively, for the treated and control groups ( p = 0.052). There was a lower incidence of major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events in the treated group (85.6% vs. 73.1%, p = 0.042). Cox regression analysis of the entire population revealed that dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 inhibitor use (hazard ratio 0.46, p = 0.048) and deep sternal wound infection (hazard ratio 11.89, p = 0.003) were independent predictors of major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events.

Conclusions

Dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 inhibitors reduced the incidence of major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events and improved the long-term prognosis after coronary artery bypass in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Site-specific elevation of interleukin-1β and matrix metalloproteinase-9 in the Willis circle by hemodynamic changes is associated with rupture in a novel rat cerebral aneurysm model
Authors: Miyamoto Takeshi , Kung David K , Kitazato Keiko T , Yagi Kenji , Shimada Kenji , Tada Yoshiteru , Korai Masaaki , Kurashiki Yoshitaka , Kinouchi Tomoya , Kanematsu Yasuhisa , Satomi Junichiro , Hashimoto Tomoki , Nagahiro Shinji
Published: October 2016

The pathogenesis of subarachnoid hemorrhage remains unclear. No models of cerebral aneurysms elicited solely by surgical procedures and diet have been established. Elsewhere we reported that only few rats in our original rat aneurysm model manifested rupture at the anterior and posterior Willis circle and that many harbored unruptured aneurysms at the anterior cerebral artery-olfactory artery bifurcation. This suggests that rupture was site-specific. To test our hypothesis that a site-specific response to hemodynamic changes is associated with aneurysmal rupture, we modified our original aneurysm model by altering the hemodynamics. During 90-day observation, the incidence of ruptured aneurysms at the anterior and posterior Willis circle was significantly increased and the high incidence of unruptured aneurysms at the anterior cerebral artery-olfactory artery persisted. This phenomenon was associated with an increase in the blood flow volume. Notably, the level of matrix metalloproteinase-9 associated with interleukin-1β was augmented by the increase in the blood flow volume, suggesting that these molecules exacerbated the vulnerability of the aneurysmal wall. The current study first demonstrates that a site-specific increase in interleukin-1β and matrix metalloproteinase-9 elicited by hemodynamic changes is associated with rupture. Our novel rat model of rupture may help to develop pharmaceutical approaches to prevent rupture.
Non-contrast-enhanced MR hepatic arteriography with time-spatial labeling inversion pulses: comparison of imaging with flow-in and modified flow-out methods
Authors: Isoda Hiroyoshi , Furuta Akihiro , Ohno Tsuyoshi , Togashi Kaori
Published: October 2016

Background

In non-contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) arteriography, the flow-out method using a selective tagging pulse with a long inversion time (TI) and a non-selective inversion recovery pulse with a short TI (the modified flow-out method) might further contribute to the suppression of background signal and facilitate improved visualization of the hepatic artery. However, no report has focused on the image quality of non-contrast-enhanced MR arteriography using the modified flow-out method.

Purpose

To compare the flow-in method with the modified flow-out method and to determine which method better visualizes the hepatic artery.

Material and Methods

Twenty-seven healthy volunteers were examined using respiratory-triggered three-dimensional true steady-state free-precession MR with two selective inversion recovery pulses (the flow-in method) or with one tagging pulse and one non-selective inversion recovery pulse (the modified flow-out method).

Results

Artery-to-liver contrast was signiﬁcantly increased in the modified flow-out method relative to the flow-in method ( P < 0.05). In all analyses of vessel visibility, non-contrast-enhanced MR arteriography using the modified flow-out method exhibited higher scores than with the flow-in method. With respect to overall image quality, the modified flow-out method was signiﬁcantly better than the flow-in method ( P < 0.01).

Conclusion

The modified flow-out method for non-contrast-enhanced MR angiography is a promising technique for visualizing the hepatic artery.
The Structure of Feeling – Emotion Culture and National Self-Sacrifice in World Politics
Authors: Koschut Simon
Published: October 2016

Why do individuals sacrifice themselves to defend a nation-state? This article emphasises the link between emotion and culture by investigating the affective reproduction of culture in world politics. Building on the tradition of Émile Durkheim, it introduces the concept of emotion culture to IR. Emotion cultures are understood as the culture-specific complex of emotion vocabularies, feeling rules, and beliefs about emotions and their appropriate expression that facilitates the cultural construction of political communities, such as the nation-state. It is argued that emotions provide a socio-psychological mechanism by which culture moves individuals to defend a nation-state, especially in times of war. By emotionally investing in the cultural structure of a nation-state, the individual aligns him/herself with a powerful cultural script, which then dominates over other available scripts. The argument is empirically illustrated by the case of the so-called Japanese kamikaze pilots.
Examining Sexual Assault Victimization and Loneliness as Risk Factors Associated With Nonlethal Self-Harm Behaviors in Female College Students: Is It Important to Control for Concomitant Suicidal Behaviors (and Vice Versa)?
Authors: Chang Edward C. , Lee Jerin , Wright Kaitlin M. , Najarian Alexandria S.-M. , Yu Tina , Chang Olivia D. , Hirsch Jameson K.
Published: October 2016

The present study examined sexual assault victimization and loneliness as predictors of self-harm behaviors in a sample of 224 female college students. Results from conducting regression analysis indicated that both sexual assault victimization and loneliness were unique and significant predictors of self-harm behaviors. This pattern remained even after controlling for concomitant suicidal behaviors. Interestingly, in a post hoc analysis predicting suicidal behaviors, it was found that loneliness, but not sexual assault victimization, was the only unique and significant predictor after controlling for self-harm behaviors. Some implications of the present findings for understanding self-harm behaviors in female college students and the importance of controlling for suicidal behaviors in studies of self-harm behaviors (and vice versa) are discussed.
Utilization of modal stress approach in random-vibration fatigue evaluation
Authors: Zhou Yadong , Fei Qingguo , Wu Shaoqing
Published: October 2016

Random-vibration fatigue evaluation can be of considerable importance in the design phase of aerospace structures due to the severe dynamic loads in service. This paper presents the utilization of modal stress approach to the issue of structural random-vibration fatigue evaluation. Prognosis of random fatigue hotspots by using stress mode shapes is theoretically demonstrated. A two-step procedure is proposed for computational efficiency. Firstly, modal stress analysis is conducted to locate the fatigue hotspots in a dynamic structure. Secondly, the frequency domain-based approach for random fatigue evaluation is performed at these hotspots, as opposed to the computation of the entire structure as before. The capability of stress mode shapes to locate fatigue hotspots is verified by numerical investigations. The finite element model of a single-lap plate structure containing various opening holes was constructed for case study. Six elements were identified as hotspots by using modal stress distributions. Then, random responses and fatigue evaluation of the entire structure were carried out for verification. Good agreement was observed between the fatigue damage contour and the modal stress distributions, which can indicate that the critical positions predicted by stress mode shapes have good accuracy. The calculation time and storage space can be significantly reduced by means of the proposed evaluation procedure. Therefore, the accuracy and efficiency of utilization of modal stress approach in random fatigue evaluation can be ensured.
‘Don't forget the children’ – test before it is too late
Authors: Malik S , White V , Sundaram S , Humphreys K , Patel R , Samraj S
Published: October 2016

In 2009, ‘Don’t forget the children’ guideline recommended that all new HIV-positive patients attending adult HIV services should have any existing children identified and tested for HIV alongside a coherent documentation process. A retrospective case note review was performed on 173 HIV-positive women registered at the Royal South Hants adult HIV service until 31 January 2014. Data were assessed as a whole (n = 173) and, in addition, two comparator groups were formulated: (a) pre-guidelines (n = 108) and (b) post-guidelines (n = 65). Out of 80 children eligible for HIV testing, only 43 (54%) had clear documentation of a test result, and in the remaining 37 (46%), it was either not considered or not followed through. Documentation of need for testing increased significantly from 67% in pre-guideline group to 100% in the post-guideline group (p < 0.001). The median time from recognition of need to test to actual testing remained 24 months in both groups. Although this audit demonstrated improvement in identification of at-risk children and their testing, there is still need for improvement.
Vegetation succession and East Asian Summer Monsoon Changes since the last deglaciation inferred from high-resolution pollen record in Gonghai Lake, Shanxi Province, China
Authors: Xu Qinghai , Chen Fahu , Zhang Shengrui , Cao Xianyong , Li Jianyong , Li Yuecong , Li Manyue , Chen Jianhui , Liu Jianbao , Wang Zongli
Published: October 2016

A cal. 20-year-resolution pollen record from Gonghai Lake presented the detailed process of mountain vegetation succession and East Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM) changes since the last deglaciation in Shanxi Province, North China. Modern vegetation distribution and lake surface pollen assemblages suggested that the fossil pollen mainly came from local and surrounding vegetation in Gonghai Lake, which reflected the elevational changes of plant communities in study area. From 14,700 to 11,100 cal. yr BP, open forests and mountain meadows dominated by shrubs and herbaceous species in surrounding area, suggesting a weak EASM with less precipitation. In the period between 11,100 and 7300 cal. yr BP, bushwoods and grasses were gradually replaced by mixed broadleaf-conifer forest, first developed by pioneer species of Betula and Populus and then replaced by Picea, Pinus, and Quercus, implying an enhanced EASM and increased temperature and precipitation. During the period of 7300–5000 cal. yr BP, warm-fitted trees became expanded and widespread, indicating a climax community of mixed broadleaf-conifer forest and warm and humid climate with higher temperature and sufficient precipitation and the strongest period of EASM. From 5000 to 1600 cal. yr BP, Pinus pollen increased, but Quercus pollen decreased, showing the breakup of the climax community and the recession of the EASM. Since 1600 cal. yr BP, under the threats of land reclamation and deforestation, forest cover sharply decreased, and mountain grass lands were developed. The EASM changes inferred from pollen record of Gonghai Lake were asynchronous to the oxygen isotope records of stalagmites from southern China. We suggest that the existence of remnant Northern Hemisphere ice sheets and relative low sea levels might hampered the northward penetration of the EASM in early Holocene, which caused the maximum monsoon precipitation to reach northern China until mid-Holocene.
Spectrum of Clinicopathological Deviations in Long-Segment Hirschsprung Disease Compared With Short-Segment Hirschsprung Disease: A Single-Institution Study
Authors: Alnajar Hussein , Murro Diana , Alsadi Alaa , Jakate Shriram
Published: October 2016

Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) is a congenital disorder characterized by intestinal aganglionosis leading to pseudoobstruction. The majority of cases are limited to the rectum or rectosigmoid (S-HSCR). A variably longer segment can be affected (L-HSCR), which may show many deviations from S-HSCR. We retrospectively reviewed 48 clinicopathologically confirmed total cases of HSCR at a single institution in a 21-year period to identify L-HSCR cases and determine their deviations from known features of S-HSCR. Eight L-HSCR cases were found where aganglionosis extended to the terminal ileum (7/8) or to the splenic flexure (1/8). L-HSCR lacked male preponderance and was in contrast more common in females (6/8). Associated anomalies included congenital heart disease (2) and neonatal hypothyroidism (1), previously underreported associations. The clinical diagnosis of L-HSCR was often delayed (average age at diagnosis 13 days) and the diagnosis was more often made operatively (5/8) rather than on rectal suction biopsy (3/8). Histologically, apart from aganglionosis, neural hyperplasia was either absent or focal, compounding the diagnostic difficulty. Although the number of cases in our study was limited due to the rarity of L-HSCR, this study still highlights the spectrum of deviations of L-HSCR from known clinicopathological features of S-HSCR.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) for an Adult With Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Majendie Christabel M. A. , Dysch Leon , Carrigan Neil
Published: October 2016

Poor sleep quality is more common in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) than in the general population and is associated with greater disease severity, pain, and poorer quality of life. However, despite its prevalence, sleep problems frequently go untreated or are managed with sleep medication which can be ineffective in the long term and is associated with daytime fatigue and tolerance. In this case study, an individual with MS who had been experiencing sleep problems and had reported dependency on sleep medication was treated with a Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) program over the course of 3 months, with the goal of improving sleep quality while reducing sleep medication. By the end of the treatment, subjective sleep quality had improved, as measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and a sleep diary. Over the course of the treatment, the patient reduced his sleep medication to nil until he was sleeping with no sleep disturbance. Self-reported sleep measures at follow-up showed that these improvements in sleep quality had remained. In addition, scores on self-reported measures of life satisfaction, impact of MS on physical and psychological functioning, and anxiety and depression scores all showed improvements from assessment to follow-up. This case study illustrates a potential non-pharmaceutical treatment option for sleep problems for individuals with MS which is evidence-based in the general population and other comorbid conditions.