bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Discrete and 1D Polymeric Copper(II) Complexes of Tetranuclear Cubane‐like Units: Structural and Magnetic Characterization
Authors: Manna Subal Chandra , Manna Soumen , Mistri Soumen , Patra Apu , Zangrando Ennio , Puschmann Horst , Goddard P. A. , Ghannadzadeh S.
Published: September 2018

Two novel copper(II) complexes, [Cu4(L)2(LH)2(H2O)2]2(NO3)2. (pydc).9H2O (1) and {[Cu4(L)2(LH)2(H2O)2(ppda)].5H2O}n (2) [H2L=2‐[(2‐hydroxy‐ethylimino)‐methyl]‐6‐methoxy‐phenol, pydc=pyridine‐3,5‐dicarboxylate, ppda=phenylene‐1,4‐diacrylate]have been synthesized and characterised by X‐ray single crystal diffraction analysis and low temperature magnetic study. The structural determination reveals for complex 1 a tetranuclear species exhibiting a double‐open cubane like core framework, whereas use of ppda anions results 1D coordination polymer where tetranuclear double‐open cubane cores are connected by bridging ppda ligands. In both the complexes, hydrogen bonding interactions lead to 3D supramolecular structures. Low temperature magnetic study indicates antiferromagnetic coupling in both the complexes. A model based on an effective square tetramer of Heisenberg spins was used to determine exchange strengths of 174(2) K for 1 and 107.4(4) K for 2.
Synthesis and Antimalarial Evaluation of [1, 2,3]‐Triazole‐Tethered Sulfonamide‐Berberine Hybrids
Authors: Batra Neha , Rajendran Vinoth , Agarwal Drishti , Wadi Ishan , Ghosh Prahlad C. , Gupta Rinkoo D. , Nath Mahendra
Published: September 2018

Malaria still remains a global health problem despite of the availability of effective control and treatment measures. In the present study, a novel series of [1, 2,3]‐triazole tethered sulfonamide‐berberine hybrids were synthesized in good yields via Huisgen [3+2] cycloaddition reaction of various primary, secondary and tertiary sulfonamide based azides with 9‐O‐(propyne)berberine chloride in t‐BuOH:water (1:1) mixture containing a catalytic amount of sodium ascorbate and CuSO4.5H2O at 90oC. After spectroscopic characterization, these novel hybrids were evaluated for their potency against asexual erythrocytic stages of P. falciparum (3D7) in vitro. Most of the synthesized compounds have shown significant antimalarial activity with IC50 values in the range of 0.1‐20 μg/mL and were also found to be non‐cytotoxic under tested conditions.
Glass‐Fabric Reinforced Ag Nanowire/Siloxane Composite Heater Substrate: Sub‐10 nm Metal@Metal Oxide Nanosheet for Sensitive Flexible Sensing Platform
Authors: Jang Ji‐Soo , Lim Young‐Woo , Kim Dong‐Ha , Lee Daewon , Koo Won‐Tae , Lee Hyunhwan , Bae Byeong‐Soo , Kim Il‐Doo
Published: September 2018

The development of flexible chemiresistors is imperative for real‐time monitoring of air quality and/or human physical conditions without space constraints. However, critical challenges such as poor sensing characteristics, vulnerability under toxic chemicals, and weak reliability hinder their practical use. In this work, for the first time, an ultrasensitive flexible sensing platform is reported by assembling Pt loaded thin‐layered (≈10 nm) SnO2 nanosheets (Pt‐SnO2 NSs) based 2D sensing layers on Ag nanowires embedded glass‐fabric reinforced vinyl–phenyl siloxane hybrid composite substrate (AgNW‐GFRVPH film) as a heater. The thermally stable AgNW‐GFRVPH film based heater is fabricated by free radical polymerization of vinyl groups in vinyl–phenyl oligosiloxane and phenyltris(dimethylvinylsiloxy)silane with Ag NW and glass‐fabric, showing outstanding heat generation (≈200 °C), high dimensional stability (13 ppm °C−1), and good thermal stability (≈350 °C). The Pt‐SnO2 NSs, which are synthesized by calcination of Sn precursor coated graphene oxide (GO) sheets and subsequent Pt functionalization, exhibit high mechanical flexibility and superior response (Rair/Rgas = 4.84) to 1 ppm level dimethyl sulfide. Taking these advantages, GO‐templated oxide NSs combined with a highly stable AgNW‐GFRVPH film heater exhibits the best dimethyl sulfide sensing performance compared to state‐of‐the‐art flexible chemiresistors, enabling them as a superior flexible gas sensing platform.
Resilience isn't the same for all: Comparing subjective and objective approaches to resilience measurement
Authors: Jones Lindsey
Published: September 2018

Robust resilience measurement can improve our understanding of how people and societies respond to climate risk. It also allows for the effectiveness of resilience‐building interventions to be tracked over time. To date, the majority of measurement tools use objective methods of evaluation. Broadly speaking, these relate to approaches that solicit little, if any, judgment on behalf of the subject in question. More recently, subjective methods of evaluation have been proposed. These take a contrasting epistemological view, relying on people's self‐assessments of their own capacity to deal with climate risk. Subjective methods offer some promise in complementing objective methods, including: factoring in people's own knowledge of resilience and what contributes to it; more nuanced contextualization; and the potential to reduce survey length and fatigue. Yet, considerable confusion exists in understanding subjectivity and objectivity. Little is also known about the merits and limitations of different approaches to measurement. Here, I clarify the conceptual and practical relationships between objective and subjective forms of measuring resilience, aiming to provide practical guidance in distinguishing between them. In reviewing existing toolkits, I propose a subjectivity–objectivity continuum that groups measurement approaches according to two core tenets: (a) how resilience is defined and (b) how resilience is evaluated. I then use the continuum to explore the strengths and weaknesses of different types of toolkits, allowing comparison across each. I also emphasize that there is no one‐size fits all approach to resilience measurement. As such, evaluators should carefully consider: their epistemology of resilience; core objectives for measurement; as well as resource and data constraints, before choosing which methods to adopt.

This article is categorized under:

Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change > Values‐Based Approach to Vulnerability and Adaptation
Square Planar Coordination of Silver in a η4‐Cyclobutadiene‐(η5‐C5H5)ReBr2 Complex Framework
Authors: Kleinschmidt Steffen , Hinz Alexander , Villinger Alexander , Seidel Wolfram W.
Published: September 2018

Halide addition and abstraction experiments with the cationic rhenacyclopentatriene [(η5‐C5H5){ReC4(SBn)4}Br]BF4 and the side‐on cyclobutadiene complexes [(η5‐C5H5)(η4‐C4Ph4)ReX2] (X = Br, I), respectively, are described. Reversible interconversion of both coordination modes of the metal bonded C4R4 moiety depending on the presence or absence of the second bromide ligand is demonstrated for the sulfide derivative. However, formation of the [(η5‐C5H5)(ReC4Ph4)X]+ congener by halide abstraction at [(η5‐C5H5)(η4‐C4Ph4)ReX2] turned out to be impossible. Instead, formation of silver halide complexes with the halide bridging rhenium and silver under retention of the metalorganic scaffold are observed. Governed by the phenyl substituent framework a square‐planar coordination environment about the Ag cation is adopted for X = Br. Changing X = Br by X = I led to the formation of a heptanuclear complex with di‐ and three‐coordinate silver ions.
Submatrix deconfinement and small black holes in AdS
Authors: Berenstein David
Published: September 2018

Abstract

Large N gauged multi-matrix quantum mechanical models usually have a first order Hagedorn transition, related to deconfinement. In this transition the change of the energy and entropy is of order N
2 at the critical temperature. This paper studies the microcanonical ensemble of the model at intermediate energies 1 ≪ E ≪ N
2 in the coexistence region for the first order phase transition. Evidence is provided for a partial deconfinement phase where submatrix degrees of freedom for a U(M) subgroup of U(N), with M ≪ N have an excitation energy of order M
2 and are effectively phase separated from the other degrees of freedom. These results also provide a simple example of the Susskind-Horowitz-Polchinski correspondence principle where a transition from a long string to a black hole is smooth. Implications for the dual configurations of small black holes in AdS are discussed.
A comprehensive catalogue of polyketide synthase gene clusters in lichenizing fungi
Authors: Bertrand Robert L , Sorensen John L
Published: September 2018

Lichens are fungi that form symbiotic partnerships with algae. Although lichens produce diverse polyketides, difficulties in establishing and maintaining lichen cultures have prohibited detailed studies of their biosynthetic pathways. Creative, albeit non-definitive, methods have been developed to assign function to biosynthetic gene clusters in lieu of techniques such as gene knockout and heterologous expressions that are commonly applied to easily cultivatable organisms. We review a total of 81 completely sequenced polyketide synthase (PKS) genes from lichenizing fungi, comprising to our best efforts all complete and reported PKS genes in lichenizing fungi to date. This review provides an overview of the approaches used to locate and sequence PKS genes in lichen genomes, current approaches to assign function to lichen PKS gene clusters, and what polyketides are proposed to be biosynthesized by these PKS. We conclude with remarks on prospects for genomics-based natural products discovery in lichens. We hope that this review will serve as a guide to ongoing research efforts on polyketide biosynthesis in lichenizing fungi.
Examining the role of youth empowerment in preventing adolescence obesity in low‐income communities
Authors: Muturi Nancy , Kidd Tandalayo , Daniels Ann Michelle , Kattelmann Kendra K. , Khan Tazrin , Lindshield Erika , Zies Susan , Adhikari Koushik
Published: September 2018

Introduction

Youth empowerment programs have increasingly gained attention in public health as emphasis shifts on children and adolescents as decision makers in their health and well‐being. Adolescence obesity is among the public health concerns that require more active engagement at individual and community level while empowering adolescents to take charge of their own health. This study examines the influence of youth empowerment on nutritional and physical activity factors associated with adolescence obesity.

Methods

Data were gathered through a self‐administered survey among adolescents (N = 410) ages 11–15 years in three U.S. States ‐ Kansas, Ohio and South Dakota.

Results

Findings show that youth empowerment significantly influences adolescents' self‐efficacy, perceptions for healthy food choice, healthy eating, attitudes towards physical activity and the overall motivation for health. Gender differences exist in adolescents' self‐efficacy for physical activity whereas ethnicity played a role in perceived youth empowerment and perceived barriers to healthy eating. Age was also a significant contributor in efficacy for healthy food choice and perception of healthy food availability.

Conclusions

This study suggests more focus on youth empowerment in interventions that seek to reduce obesity and improve adolescents' overall health by creating environments where they can play a more active decision‐making role. With empowerment, adolescents are more likely to be motivated to adopt healthier dietary habits and engage more in physical activity. Further research would establish the impact of youth empowerment on obesity reduction and other public health problems that impact children across ages.
Severe Leg Pain Following Spinal Cord Stimulator Implantation – A Case Report
Authors: Shi Weibin , Schultz Shannon , Gater David R.
Published: September 2018

Following spinal cord stimulator (SCS) implantation, postoperative pain is commonly incisional or neuropathic from neurological damage. Occasionally, this new pain may mimic symptoms caused by preexisting pathology. This article presents a case of immediate, severe, postoperative leg pain secondary to a lower extremity deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and subsequent pulmonary embolism after percutaneous SCS implantation for failed back syndrome. The risk factors of DVT after spine surgery and perioperative prophylaxis are further discussed with a brief literature review.

Level of Evidence

V
An integrated diagnostic setup for the morphological and molecular identification of theCeratitisFAR complex (C. anonae, C. fasciventris, C. rosa,C. quilicii,Diptera, Tephritidae)
Authors: Virgilio M. , Daneel J.-H. , Manrakhan A. , Delatte H. , Meganck K. , De Meyer M.
Published: September 2018

TheCeratitisFAR complex (Diptera, Tephritidae) includes four economically important frugivorous flies (Ceratitis anonae,Ceratitis fasciventris,Ceratitis quilicii,Ceratitis rosa) whose immature stages and adult females cannot be properly resolved through morphological identification. In order to develop a simplified molecular tool for the identification of two of these species (C. rosa,C. quilicii), we selected a subset of six microsatellite markers out of a panel of 16 loci that were previously developed for the molecular differentiation of the taxa within the complex. These six markers were first testedin silicoand then used for the actual genotyping ofC. quiliciiandC. rosa, resulting in the correct identification of all male reference specimens. Here, we propose an integrated morphological and molecular setup for the identification of the four species of the FAR complex. The decision map relies on preliminary DNA barcoding or morphological identification (when possible) to exclude species not belonging to the complex followed by (a) morphological identification of all adult male specimens and femaleC. anonae, (b) molecular identification via a panel of 16 microsatellite markers for immature stages, damaged vouchers and samples potentially including adult femaleC. fasciventris/C. quilicii/C. rosaand (c) molecular identification via a reduced panel of six microsatellite markers for samples including onlyC. quiliciiandC. rosa. This simplified diagnostic setup was profitably implemented in the framework of the ERAfrica fruit fly project and will help correctly identify species within the FAR complex for their early detection and monitoring.
Penumbra width determination of single beam and 201 beams of Gamma Knife machine model 4C using Monte Carlo simulation
Authors: Mahmoudi Atefeh , Shirazi Alireza , Geraily Ghazale , Hadisi nia Tahereh , Bakhshi Masoume , Maleki Maryam
Published: September 2018

Background

One of the stereotactic radiosurgery techniques is Gamma Knife radiosurgery, in which intracranial lesions that are inaccessible or inappropriate for surgery are treated using 201 cobalt-60 sources in one treatment session. In this conformal technique, the penumbra width, which results in out-of-field dose in tumour-adjacent normal tissues should be determined accurately. The aim of this study is to calculate the penumbra widths of single and 201 beams for different collimator sizes of Gamma Knife machine model 4C using EGSnrc/BEAMnrc Monte Carlo simulation code and comparison the results with EBT3 film dosimetry data.

Methods and materials

In this study, simulation of Gamma Knife machine model 4C was performed based on the Monte Carlo codes of EGSnrc/BEAMnrc. To investigate the physical penumbra width (80−20%), the single beam and 201 beams profiles were obtained using EGSnrc/DOSXYZnrc code and EBT3 films located at isocentre point in a spherical Plexiglas head phantom.

Results

Based on the results, the single beam penumbra widths obtained from simulation data for 4, 8, 14 and 18 mm collimator sizes alongXaxis were 0·75, 0·77, 0·90 and 0·92 mm, respectively. The data for 201 beams obtained from simulation were 2·61, 4·80, 7·92 and 9·81 mm alongXaxis and 1·31, 1·60, 1·91 and 2·14 mm alongZaxis and from film dosimetry were 3·21, 4·90, 8·00 and 10·61 mm alongXaxis and 1·22, 1·69, 2·01 and 2·25 mm alongZaxis, respectively.

Conclusion

The differences between measured and simulated penumbra widths are in an acceptable range. However, for more precise measurement in the penumbra region in which dose gradient is high, Monte Carlo simulation is recommended.
A dual-wideband bandpass filter using open/shorted coupled lines
Authors: Bo Xiao-Le , Zhang Yong-Hong , Li Xiao-Kun , Yang Yang , Tian Yin , Fan Yong
Published: September 2018

A compact dual-wideband (DWB) bandpass filter utilizing open-shorted coupled lines (OSCL) is proposed in this paper. The introduction of the folded structure not only reduces the overall size but also contribute to the split of the transmission zero (TZ), which improves the selectivity effectively. Six transmission poles and five TZs are realized utilizing the shorted-circuit stub and OSCL. The characteristic of the flexible adjustment method of TZs guarantees an independently wide adjustable range of the bandwidth. For demonstration, a DWB filter (3 dB bandwidth 120 and 28%, respectively) is designed and fabricated. The filter is compact and has the characteristics of extraordinary wide bandwidth, low insertion loss, as well as high selectivity.
A blind signal detection algorithm for passive location system based on troposcatter
Authors: Liu Zan , Chen Xihong , Liu Qiang , Xie Zedong
Published: September 2018

To improve detection performance of passive location system based on troposcatter, we propose a blind signal detection algorithm. According to our algorithm, complementary ensemble empirical mode decomposition decomposes the received signal into several intrinsic mode functions (IMFs). To reconstruct the signal and background noises, difference between the entropy of adjacent IMFs is utilized as a standard. Different IMFs are utilized to estimate threshold of energy detection algorithm and energy level of received signal. Simulation examples indicate that the proposed algorithm can blindly and effectively detect the signal.
Candidate Tools for Integrated Weed Management in Soybean at the Northern Frontier of Production
Authors: Geddes Charles M. , Gulden Robert H.
Published: September 2018

The development of early-maturing soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] varieties has led to an increase in soybean production in canola (Brassica napusL.)-dominant crop rotations in western Canada. Herbicide-resistant (HR) volunteerB. napuscan be difficult to manage in HR soybean using herbicides alone. In 2013 and 2014, four field experiments were conducted in Manitoba, Canada, to evaluate soybean row spacing, seeding density, nitrogen supply, and interrow tillage as candidate nonchemical weed management tools for an integrated program to manage volunteerB. napusin soybean. Among treatments and sites, volunteerB. napusproduced about 830 seeds plant−1and resulted in large seedbank inputs (averaging about 20,300 seeds m−2). VolunteerB. napusseedling recruitment differed among sites, and resulted in two distinct classes of sites based on average seedling densities of 39 and 89 plants m−2. Weed management tools were more effective at the sites with higher volunteerB. napusdensities. At these sites, soybean yield was greater when using an increased soybean-seeding density (44% greater yield using a seeding density of 682,500 vs. 455,000 seeds ha−1) or interrow tillage (36% greater yield with vs. without using interrow tillage). Soybean row spacing (19 vs. 38 vs. 76 cm) did not affect soybean yield, unless the reduction in row spacing was combined with an increased seeding density (65% greater yield with narrow-row soybean seeded at 682,500 vs. wide-row soybean seeded at 455,000 seeds ha−1). At the sites with higher volunteerB. napusdensities, seed production of canola volunteerB. napuswas greater when nitrogen fertilizer was applied to simulate an environment with greater nitrogen supply (77% greater number of volunteerB. napusseeds produced with vs. without broadcast application of 23 kg N ha−1urea). In northern climates, seeding soybean at increased densities using narrow-row spacing in fields with limited soil inorganic nitrogen and using interrow tillage in wide-row production systems are effective strategies that could augment chemical weed management in an integrated program for management of volunteerB. napus, and perhaps also other competitive early-season weeds.
Quantifying Resistance to Isoxaflutole and Mesotrione and Investigating Their Interactions with Metribuzin POST in Waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus)
Authors: O’Brien Sarah R. , Davis Adam S. , Riechers Dean E.
Published: September 2018

Greenhouse experiments were conducted to quantify resistance levels to the 4-hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD)-inhibiting herbicides mesotrione (MES) and isoxaflutole (IFT) in NEB (Nebraska HPPD- and atrazine-resistant) and SIR (Stanford, IL, HPPD- and atrazine-resistant) waterhemp [Amaranthus tuberculatus(Moq.) J. D. Sauer] populations. These populations differ in their field-use histories and resistance levels to MES. Foliar growth responses were compared with ACR (HPPD sensitive; metabolic atrazine-resistant) and SEN (sensitive to HPPD and photosystem II [PSII] inhibitors). A greenhouse dose–response study was conducted with each herbicide at two POST timings: early (EPOST) (5 cm; 4 to 5 true leaves) and POST (10 cm; 8 to 9 true leaves). At the EPOST timing, SIR was 10-fold resistant to IFT and 32-fold resistant to MES, while NEB was 4-fold resistant to IFT and 7-fold resistant to MES when compared with ACR. At the POST timing, SIR was 17-fold resistant to IFT and 21-fold resistant to MES, while NEB was 3-fold resistant to IFT and 7-fold resistant to MES when compared with ACR. Results overall indicated greater fold-resistance levels to MES relative to IFT at each timing. However, POST treatments to SIR showed contrasting effects on resistance levels relative to EPOST. To investigate potential management strategies for resistantA. tuberculatuspopulations, a POST interaction study was conducted using combinations of metribuzin and either IFT or MES. A metribuzin rate (191 g ai ha−1) causing an approximately 20% biomass reduction was chosen for interaction studies and combined with varying rates of either IFT or MES. Results indicated 52.5 g ai ha−1of MES combined with metribuzin displayed a synergistic effect on biomass reduction in SIR. However, other combinations of either MES or IFT and metribuzin resulted in additive effects on biomass reduction in both HPPD-resistant populations. These results provide insights into the joint activity between HPPD and PSII inhibitors for controlling metabolism-based, multiple herbicide–resistantA. tuberculatus.
Glyphosate-Resistant Junglerice (Echinochloa colona) from Mississippi and Tennessee: Magnitude and Resistance Mechanisms
Authors: Nandula Vijay K. , Montgomery Garret B. , Vennapusa Amaranatha R. , Jugulam Mithila , Giacomini Darci A. , Ray Jeffery D. , Bond Jason A. , Steckel Lawrence E. , Tranel Patrick J.
Published: September 2018

Recently, several incidents of glyphosate failure on junglerice [Echinochloa colona(L.) Link] have been reported in the midsouthern United States, specifically in Mississippi and Tennessee. Research was conducted to measure the magnitude of glyphosate resistance and to determine the mechanism(s) of resistance to glyphosate inE. colonapopulations from Mississippi and Tennessee. ED50(dose required to reduce plant growth by 50%) values for a resistant MSGR4 biotype, a resistant TNGR population, and a known susceptible MSGS population were 0.8, 1.62, and 0.23 kg ae ha−1of glyphosate, respectively. The resistance index calculated from the these ED50values indicated that the MSGR4 biotype and TNGR population were 4- and 7-fold, respectively, resistant to glyphosate relative to the MSGS population. The absorption patterns of [14C]glyphosate in the TNGR and MSGS populations were similar. However, the MSGS population translocated 13% more [14C]glyphosate out of the treated leaf compared with the TNGR population at 48 h after treatment.EPSPSgene sequence analyses of TNGRE. colonaindicated no evidence of any point mutations, but several resistant biotypes, including MSGR4, possessed a single-nucleotide substitution of T for C at codon 106 position, resulting in a proline-to-serine substitution (CCA to TCA). Results from quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses suggested that there was no amplification of theEPSPSgene in the resistant populations and biotypes. Thus, the mechanism of resistance in the MSGR population (and associated biotypes) is, in part, due to a target-site mutation at the 106 loci of theEPSPSgene, while reduced translocation of glyphosate was found to confer glyphosate resistance in the TNGR population.
Can We Build Useful Models of Future Risk from Natural Hazards?
Authors: Kettner Albert , Overeem Irina , Tucker Gregory
Published: September 2018

Geoprocesses, Geohazards—CSDMS 2018: A CSDMS hosted Workshop; Boulder, Colorado, 22–24 May 2018
Seismic Evidence for Tectonically Dominated Seafloor Spreading in the Southwest Sub‐basin of the South China Sea
Authors: Yu Junhui , Yan Pin , Wang Yanlin , Zhang Jinchang , Qiu Yan , Pubellier Manuel , Delescluse Matthias
Published: September 2018

Seafloor spreading can be explained by different dynamic mechanisms, magmatically or tectonically dominated. The Southwest Sub‐basin, located at the southwest tip of the propagating seafloor spreading of the South China Sea, remains unclear for its spreading regime owing to poor and debated knowledge of the crustal structures. Here two multichannel seismic lines and one oceanic bottom seismometer line across this subbasin are reprocessed and analyzed with focus on crustal imaging. The sediments are usually 0.5–1.0 km thick over the abyssal basin and slightly thicker in the few grabens. The thickest (3.3 km) sediments are found in the fossil spreading center. The basement is fairly rough and highly faulted by ubiquitous crustal faults. The fossil spreading center is characterized by a deep median valley, similar to that of magma‐poor spreading cases. Both multichannel seismic lines show a few intermittent and diffusive reflectors at 1.5‐ to 3.6‐km depth below the fragmented basement. These reflectors, correlating well with the velocities of 6.8–7.2 km/s obtained from velocity inversion of oceanic bottom seismometer data, are interpreted as Moho reflections. Thus, the inferred crustal thickness is only 1.5–3.6 km excluding the sediments, which is much thinner than usual. The underlying mantle with velocities lower than 8.0 km/s might be serpentinized with water infiltration along these crustal faults. Therefore, it is proposed that the spreading of the Southwest Sub‐basin was tectonically dominated.
Data Constraints on Glacial Atlantic Water Mass Geometry and Properties
Authors: Oppo Delia W. , Gebbie Geoffrey , Huang Kuo‐Fang , Curry William B. , Marchitto Thomas M. , Pietro Kathryn R.
Published: September 2018

The chemical composition of benthic foraminifera from marine sediment cores provides information on how glacial subsurface water properties differed from modern, but separating the influence of changes in the origin and end‐member properties of subsurface water from changes in flows and mixing is challenging. Spatial gaps in coverage of glacial data add to the uncertainty. Here we present new data from cores collected from the Demerara Rise in the western tropical North Atlantic, including cores from the modern tropical phosphate maximum at Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) depths. The results suggest lower phosphate concentration and higher carbonate saturation state within the phosphate maximum than modern despite similar carbon isotope values, consistent with less accumulation of respired nutrients and carbon, and reduced air‐sea gas exchange in source waters to the region. An inversion of new and published glacial data confirms these inferences and further suggests that lower preformed nutrients in AAIW, and partial replacement of this still relatively high‐nutrient AAIW with nutrient‐depleted, carbonate‐rich waters sourced from the region of the modern‐day northern subtropics, also contributed to the observed changes. The results suggest that glacial preformed and remineralized phosphate were lower throughout the upper Atlantic, but deep phosphate concentration was higher. The inversion, which relies on the fidelity of the paleoceanographic data, suggests that the partial replacement of North Atlantic sourced deep water by Southern Ocean Water was largely responsible for the apparent deep North Atlantic phosphate increase, rather than greater remineralization.
Quantifying single plasmonic nanostructure far-fields with interferometric and polarimetric k-space microscopy
Authors: Röhrich Ruslan , Hoekmeijer Chris , Osorio Clara I. , Koenderink A. Femius
Published: September 2018

Optically resonant nanoantennae are key building blocks for metasurfaces, nanosensors, and nanophotonic light sources due to their ability to control the amplitude, phase, directivity, and polarization of scattered light. Here, we report an experimental technique for the full recovery of all degrees of freedom encoded in the far-field radiated by a single nanostructure using a high-NA Fourier microscope equipped with digital off-axis holography. This method enables full decomposition of antenna-physics in its multipole contributions and gives full access to the orbital and spin angular momentum properties of light scattered by single nano-objects. Our results demonstrate these capabilities through a quantitative assessment of the purity of the “selection rules” for orbital angular momentum transfer by plasmonic spiral nanostructures.
Increased macrophages and changed brain endothelial cell gene expression in the frontal cortex of people with schizophrenia displaying inflammation
Authors: Cai Helen Q. , Catts Vibeke S. , Webster Maree J. , Galletly Cherrie , Liu Dennis , O’Donnell Maryanne , Weickert Thomas W , Weickert Cynthia Shannon
Published: September 2018

Elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines exist in both blood and brain of people with schizophrenia but how this affects molecular indices of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) is unclear. Eight mRNAs relating to BBB function, a microglia and three immune cell markers were measured by qPCR in the prefrontal cortex from 37 people with schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder and 37 matched controls. This cohort was previously grouped into “high inflammation” and “low inflammation” subgroups based on cortical inflammatory-related transcripts. Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM1) was measured in the plasma of 78 patients with schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder and 73 healthy controls. We found that sICAM1 was significantly elevated in schizophrenia. An efflux transporter, ABCG2, was lower, while mRNAs encoding VE-cadherin and ICAM1 were higher in schizophrenia brain. The “high inflammation” schizophrenia subgroup had lower ABCG2 and higher ICAM1, VE-cadherin, occludin and interferon-induced transmembrane protein mRNAs compared to both “low inflammation” schizophrenia and “low inflammation” control subgroups. ICAM1 immunohistochemistry showed enrichment in brain endothelium regardless of diagnosis and was localised to astrocytes in some brains. Microglia mRNA was not altered in schizophrenia nor did it correlate with ICAM1 expression. Immune cell mRNAs were elevated in “high inflammation” schizophrenia compared to both “low inflammation” schizophrenia and controls. CD163+ perivascular macrophages were identified by immunohistochemistry in brain parenchyma in over 40% of “high inflammation” schizophrenia brains. People with high levels of cytokine expression and schizophrenia display changes consistent with greater immune cell transmigration into brain via increased ICAM1, which could contribute to other neuropathological changes found in this subgroup of people.
γ-tubulin as a signal-transducing molecule and meshwork with therapeutic potential
Authors: Alvarado-Kristensson Maria
Published: September 2018

Knowledge of γ-tubulin is increasing with regard to the cellular functions of this protein beyond its participation in microtubule nucleation. γ-Tubulin expression is altered in various malignancies, and changes in theTUBG1gene have been found in patients suffering from brain malformations. This review recapitulates the known functions of γ-tubulin in cellular homeostasis and discusses the possible influence of the protein on disease development and cancer.
The MYB/miR-130a/NDRG2 axis modulates tumor proliferation and metastatic potential in salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma
Authors: Wang Yu , Zhang Chun-ye , Xia Rong-hui , Han Jing , Sun Bao , Sun Shu-yang , Li Jiang
Published: September 2018

Increasing evidence has emerged to suggest that N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2) dysregulation participates in a number of tumor biological processes. However, the role of NDRG2 and miRNA-mediated NDRG2 regulation in salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (SACC) progression remain unknown. Here, we determined that SACC tissues exhibited decreased level of NDRG2, which was associated with poorer rates of overall survival and distant metastasis-free survival. Silencing NDRG2 promoted SACC cell proliferation and metastasis both in vitro and in vivo. MiRNAs have been reported as vital regulators of NDRG2 expression. Based on micronome sequencing of three paired samples of SACC and normal salivary gland tissue and on an online database analysis, miR-130a was identified as a candidate miRNA that potentially regulates NDRG2. We demonstrated that the expression level of NDRG2 was dramatically reduced by exogenous miR-130a. Moreover, a luciferase assay further validated that miR-130a could degrade NDRG2 mRNA by targeting sites in the NDRG2 3′UTR. A rescue experiment suggested that NDRG2 expression could reverse the miR-130a-mediated promotion of cell proliferation and invasion. The expression of miR-130a has been reported to be regulated by certain transcription factors. In the preset study, we verified that the transcription factor MYB acted as the critical driver in SACC-upregulated miR-130a expression directly and induced NDRG2 downregulation in SACC tissues. Additionally, MYB/miR-130a activated the STAT3 and AKT pathways by downregulating NDRG2. These observations suggest that the MYB/miR-130a/NDRG2 axis, which modulates proliferation and metastasis in SACC, provides promising targets for the treatment of SACC.
CDK4 inhibition diminishes p53 activation by MDM2 antagonists
Authors: Sriraman Anusha , Dickmanns Antje , Najafova Zeynab , Johnsen Steven A. , Dobbelstein Matthias
Published: September 2018

The genes encoding MDM2 and CDK4 are frequently co-amplified in sarcomas, and inhibitors to both targets are approved or clinically tested for therapy. However, we show that inhibitors of MDM2 and CDK4 antagonize each other in their cytotoxicity towards sarcoma cells. CDK4 inhibition attenuates the induction of p53-responsive genes upon MDM2 inhibition. Moreover, the p53 response was also attenuated when co-depleting MDM2 and CDK4 with siRNA, compared to MDM2 single knockdown. The complexes of p53 and MDM2, as well as CDK4 and Cyclin D1, physically associated with each other, suggesting direct regulation of p53 by CDK4. Interestingly, CDK4 inhibition did not reduce p53 binding or histone acetylation at promoters, but rather attenuated the subsequent recruitment of RNA Polymerase II. Taken together, our results suggest that caution must be used when considering combined CDK4 and MDM2 inhibition for patient treatment. Moreover, they uncover a hitherto unknown role for CDK4 and Cyclin D1 in sustaining p53 activity.
Anterior-posterior gradient of plasticity in primate prefrontal cortex
Authors: Riley Mitchell R. , Qi Xue-Lian , Zhou Xin , Constantinidis Christos
Published: September 2018

The functional organization of the primate prefrontal cortex has been a matter of debate with some models speculating dorso-ventral and rostro-caudal specialization while others suggesting that information is represented dynamically by virtue of plasticity across the entire prefrontal cortex. To address functional properties and capacity for plasticity, we recorded from different prefrontal sub-regions and analyzed changes in responses following training in a spatial working memory task. This training induces more pronounced changes in anterior prefrontal regions, including increased firing rate during the delay period, selectivity, reliability, information for stimuli, representation of whether a test stimulus matched the remembered cue or not, and variability and correlation between neurons. Similar results are obtained for discrete subdivisions or when treating position along the anterior-posterior axis as a continuous variable. Our results reveal that anterior aspects of the lateral prefrontal cortex of non-human primates possess greater plasticity based on task demands.
A zeolitic vanadotungstate family with structural diversity and ultrahigh porosity for catalysis
Authors: Zhang Zhenxin , Zhu Qianqian , Sadakane Masahiro , Murayama Toru , Hiyoshi Norihito , Yamamoto Akira , Hata Shinichi , Yoshida Hisao , Ishikawa Satoshi , Hara Michikazu , Ueda Wataru
Published: September 2018

Design of the structure and composition of crystalline microporous inorganic oxides is of great importance in catalysis. Developing new zeolites is one approach towards this design because of the tunable pore system and high thermal stability. Zeolites are limited to main group elements, which limits their applications in redox catalysis. Another promising choice is zeolitic transition metal oxides providing both porosity and redox activity, thereby further expanding the diversity of porous materials. However, the examples of zeolitic transition metal oxides are rare. Here, we report a new class of zeolitic vanadotungstates with tunable frameworks exhibiting a large porosity and redox activity. The assembly of [W4O16]8− units with VO2+ forms two isomeric porous frameworks. Owing to the complex redox properties and open porosity, the vanadotungstates efficiently catalyse the selective reduction of NO by NH3. This finding provides an opportunity for design and synthesis of inorganic multifunctional materials for future catalytic applications.
Effectiveness of mesenchymal stem cells for treating patients with knee osteoarthritis: a meta-analysis toward the establishment of effective regenerative rehabilitation
Authors: Iijima Hirotaka , Isho Takuya , Kuroki Hiroshi , Takahashi Masaki , Aoyama Tomoki
Published: September 2018

This systematic review with a meta-analysis aimed to summarize the current evidence of the effectiveness of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) treatment for knee osteoarthritis (OA) and to examine whether rehabilitation is an effect modifier of the effect estimate of MSC treatment. A literature search yielded 659 studies, of which 35 studies met the inclusion criteria (n = 2385 patients; mean age: 36.0–74.5 years). The meta-analysis results suggested that MSC treatment through intra-articular injection or arthroscopic implantation significantly improved knee pain (standardized mean difference [SMD]: −1.45, 95% confidence interval [CI]: −1.94, −0.96), self-reported physical function (SMD: 1.50, 95% CI: 1.09, 1.92), and cartilage quality (SMD: −1.99; 95% CI: −3.51, −0.47). However, the MSC treatment efficacy on cartilage volume was limited (SMD: 0.49; 95% CI: −0.19, 1.16). Minor adverse events (knee pain or swelling) were reported with a wide-ranging prevalence of 2–60%; however, no severe adverse events occurred. The evidence for these outcomes was “very low” to “low” according to the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation system because of the poor study design, high risk of bias, large heterogeneity, and wide 95% CI of the effects estimate. Performing rehabilitation was significantly associated with better SMD for self-reported physical function (regression coefficient: 0.881, 95% CI: 0.049, 1.712; P = 0.039). We suggest that more high quality randomized controlled trials with consideration of the potential rehabilitation-driven clinical benefit would be needed to facilitate the foundation of effective MSC treatment and regenerative rehabilitation for patients with knee OA.
Context-dependent prediction of protein complexes by SiComPre
Authors: Rizzetto Simone , Moyseos Petros , Baldacci Bianca , Priami Corrado , Csikász-Nagy Attila
Published: September 2018

Most cellular processes are regulated by groups of proteins interacting together to form protein complexes. Protein compositions vary between different tissues or disease conditions enabling or preventing certain protein−protein interactions and resulting in variations in the complexome. Quantitative and qualitative characterization of context-specific protein complexes will help to better understand context-dependent variations in the physiological behavior of cells. Here, we present SiComPre 1.0, a computational tool that predicts context-specific protein complexes by integrating multi-omics sources. SiComPre outperforms other protein complex prediction tools in qualitative predictions and is unique in giving quantitative predictions on the complexome depending on the specific interactions and protein abundances defined by the user. We provide tutorials and examples on the complexome prediction of common model organisms, various human tissues and how the complexome is affected by drug treatment.
Publisher Correction: Augmented CD4+ T-cell and humoral responses after repeated annual influenza vaccination with the same vaccine component A/H1N1pdm09 over 5 years
Authors: Trieu Mai-Chi , Zhou Fan , Lartey Sarah Larteley , Sridhar Saranya , Mjaaland Siri , Cox Rebecca Jane
Published: September 2018

In the original published version of this Article, the text for the Editorial Summary was mistakenly incorporated at the end of the abstract. The HTML and PDF versions of the paper have been corrected.
Pepper mild mottle virus as a water quality indicator
Authors: Kitajima Masaaki , Sassi Hannah P. , Torrey Jason R.
Published: September 2018

Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) was recently found to be the most abundant RNA virus in human feces, and is a plant virus belonging to the genus Tobamovirus in the family Virgoviridae. When in human feces, it is of dietary origin from peppers and their processed products, and is excreted from a large proportion of healthy human populations, but rarely found in animal feces. Over the past decade, this virus has been increasingly attracting research attention as a potential viral indicator for human fecal pollution in aquatic environments and water treatment systems. Results presented in the literature reveal that PMMoV is globally distributed and present in various water sources in greater abundance than human pathogenic viruses, without substantial seasonal fluctuations. Several studies report that increased concentrations of PMMoV tend to be correlated with increased fecal contamination in general, along with more frequent detection of pathogenic enteric viruses. PMMoV also exhibits remarkable stability in water under various environmental conditions. Here, we review recent advancements in our understanding of the occurrence and persistence of PMMoV in natural and engineered water systems and discuss its advantages and limitations as a viral indicator for improved microbial water quality management.
Author Correction: Assessing the quality of supplementary sensory feedback using the crossmodal congruency task
Authors: Blustein Daniel , Wilson Adam , Sensinger Jon
Published: September 2018

A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML and PDF versions of this paper. The error has not been fixed in the paper.
The gastric mucosal-associated microbiome in patients with gastric polyposis
Authors: Ren Rongrong , Wang Zikai , Sun Huaibo , Gao Xuefeng , Sun Gang , Peng Lihua , Yan Bin , Yang Yunsheng
Published: September 2018

The characteristics of the gastric microbiota in patients with gastric polyposis (GP) remain unclear. Given this we collected gastric antrum and gastric body biopsies from healthy controls (HC.A and HC.B group) and gastric antrum, gastric body and polyp biopsies from patients with multiple gastric polyps (GP.A, GP.B and GP.P group) for 16S rDNA sequencing. The results showed that the diversity of the gastric flora in the GP group was significantly lower than that of the HC group. The gastric flora composition of the GP group was significantly different from the HC group. However, flora diversity and compositions in different parts of the stomach (gastric antrum, gastric body or polyp tissue) were not significantly different. H. pylori abundance could influence the composition of gastric microbiota. Meanwhile, patients with fundic gland polyps (FGPs) and those with hyperplastic polyps (HPs) had considerably similar gastric bacterial compositions. We constructed a microbial dysbiosis index (MDI) based on the gastric microbiota at the genus level as a predictive model, and it was able to distinguish between individuals in the GP and HC groups. These findings showed that intragastric flora dysbiosis may be closely related to the occurrence and development of gastric polyps.
Low fasting plasma glucose level as a predictor of new-onset diabetes mellitus on a large cohort from a Japanese general population
Authors: Ogata Emi , Asahi Koichi , Yamaguchi Satoshi , Iseki Kunitoshi , Sato Hiroaki , Moriyama Toshiki , Yamagata Kunihiro , Tsuruya Kazuhiko , Fujimoto Shouichi , Narita Ichiei , Konta Tsuneo , Kondo Masahide , Shibagaki Yugo , Kasahara Masato , Watanabe Tsuyoshi , Shimabukuro Michio
Published: September 2018

Although fasting plasma glucose levels <70 mg/dL are associated with a high incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD), whether there is any risk of new-onset diabetes mellitus owing to fasting plasma glucose at this range has not been clarified. We measured the odds ratio (OR) of new-onset diabetes mellitus relative to fasting plasma glucose levels at various ranges in a nation-wide Japanese population with and without CVD history. Of 186,749 participants without diabetes in 2008, 171,408 had no history of CVD, while 15,341 did. Participants were classified into 8 categories according to their fasting plasma glucose levels. Unadjusted and multivariable-adjusted logistic regression models were used to measure the OR of new-onset diabetes mellitus in the 3-year follow up. In all participants, multivariable-adjusted OR increased when fasting plasma glucose levels were <70 mg/dL or 90–125 mg/dL. Participants without CVD showed increased OR when glucose levels were <70 mg/dL or 90–125 mg/dL. Participants with a history of CVD showed increased OR with glucose levels of 95–125 mg/dL. The risk of new-onset diabetes mellitus is higher when fasting glucose levels are <70 mg/dL, indicating that the paradox of fasting glucose seeks a new risk stratification for new-onset diabetes mellitus.