bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluating climate change mitigation potential of hydrochars: compounding insights from three different indicators
Authors: Owsianiak Mikołaj , Brooks Jennifer , Renz Michael , Laurent Alexis
Published: October 2017

We employed life cycle assessment to evaluate the use of hydrochars, prospective soil conditioners produced from biowaste using hydrothermal carbonization, as an approach to improving agriculture while using carbon present in the biowaste. We considered six different crops (barley, wheat, sugar beet, fava bean, onion, and lucerne) and two different countries (Spain and Germany), and used three different indicators of climate change: global warming potential (GWP), global temperature change potential (GTP), and climate tipping potential (CTP). We found that although climate change benefits (GWP) from just sequestration and temporary storage of carbon are sufficient to outweigh impacts stemming from hydrochar production and transportation to the field, even greater benefits stem from replacing climate‐inefficient biowaste management treatment options, like composting in Spain. By contrast, hydrochar addition to soil is not a good approach to improving agriculture in countries where incineration with energy recovery is the dominant treatment option for biowaste, like in Germany. Relatively small, but statistically significant differences in impact scores (ISs) were found between crops. Although these conclusions remained the same in our study, potential benefits from replacing composting were smaller in the GTP approach, which due to its long‐term perspective gives less weight to short‐lived greenhouse gases (GHGs) like methane. Using CTP as indicator, we also found that there is a risk of contributing to crossing of a short‐term climatic target, the tipping point corresponding to an atmospheric GHG concentration of 450 ppm CO2 equivalents, unless hydrochar stability in the soil is optimized. Our results highlight the need for considering complementary perspectives that different climate change indicators offer, and overall provide a foundation for assessing climate change mitigation potential of hydrochars used in agriculture.
Vegetation cover of Brazil in the last 21 ka: New insights into the Amazonian refugia and Pleistocenic arc hypotheses
Authors: Arruda Daniel M. , Schaefer Carlos E. G. R. , Fonseca Rúbia S. , Solar Ricardo R. C. , Fernandes‐Filho Elpídio I.
Published: October 2017

Aim

The two main hypotheses about the Neotropical palaeovegetation, namely that of Amazonian refugia by Haffer and of the Pleistocene arc by Prado and Gibbs, are still constantly debated. We offer new insights on this debate using ecological niche modelling with combined climate–soil predictors to test both hypotheses, reconstruct the palaeovegetation of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; 21 ka) and Mid‐Holocene (Mid‐H; 6 ka) and indicate the configuration of refugia areas.

Location

Brazil.

Time period

Last 21 ka.

Major taxa studied

Biomes.

Methods

We modelled the environmental space of the 10 most representative biomes with the RandomForest classifier, using climate predictors from three atmospheric general circulation models (CCSM4, MPI‐ESM‐P and MIROC‐ESM) and soil predictors, the same for the different situations. Based on the consensus among the models, we reconstructed the palaeovegetation cover for LGM and Mid‐H and used fossil pollen sites to validate the reconstructions in a direct comparison.

Results

The climate in the past was cooler and wetter throughout most of the territory. The Amazon basin region was the most affected by climate change in the last 21 ka, with equatorial rain forest retracting to refugia areas, while the tropical rain forest (with climatic preferences similar to the Atlantic forest) expanded in the basin. In southern Brazil, the mixed forest (Araucaria forest) shifted to lower latitudes, while the grasslands expanded. In most biomes, the greatest changes occurred in the ecotonal zones, supported by pollen fossils.

Main conclusions

With regard to Haffer's hypothesis, the forests of the Amazonian lowlands retreated to refugia areas, while the colder and wetter climate of the basin created a favourable niche for another type of forest, instead of savanna. The advance of dry vegetation was restricted to ecotonal conditions, preventing the formation of a continuous Pleistocene arc, predicted by Prado and Gibbs's hypothesis.
Divergent effects of defoliation intensity and frequency on tiller growth and production dynamics of Pascopyrum smithii and Hesperostipa comata
Authors: Broadbent T. S. , Bork E. W. , Willms W. D.
Published: October 2017

Rotational stocking theoretically enables regrazing of regrowth, but regrowth may be limited in xerophytic vegetation. We tested the hypothesis that regrowth would be slow and fixed in Hesperostipa comata (a caespitose, drought‐tolerant grass), while growth would be flexible in Pascopyrum smithii (a rhizomatous, less drought‐tolerant grass) under increasing defoliation and moisture, by assessing tiller growth rates, population dynamics and plant yield on marked plants in a Dry Mixed Grass prairie. Plots were clipped in late summer to simulate a deferred control, or intermittently during the growing season (May–August) at high intensity–low frequency (HILF), low intensity–high frequency (LIHF) or high intensity–high frequency and crossed with two water treatments (ambient and addition) in both a xeric upland and a mesic lowland. Growing season defoliation increased tiller growth rates of P. smithii in the upland, whereas HILF and LIHF reduced growth in the lowland. All defoliation regimes increased tiller growth for H. comata. Tiller populations of H. comata increased with frequent defoliation, while tiller populations of P. smithii decreased regardless of defoliation regime. Frequent defoliation, regardless of intensity, reduced yield relative to the deferred control for both grasses. While water addition consistently increased growth rates and reduced differences in tiller number among defoliation treatments, the regrowth of both grasses remained similar under varied defoliation with ambient moisture. High moisture conditions also promoted regrowth more in P. smithii compared to H. comata. In summary, neither grass species displayed an inherently fixed or flexible tiller or plant yield response in response to defoliation or moisture.
Animal and forage responses on Maximus, a tetraploid cultivar vs Marshall, a diploid cultivar of annual ryegrass
Authors: Solomon J. K. Q. , Macoon B. , Lang D. J. , Vann R. C. , Ward S.
Published: October 2017

This 2‐year grazing study carried out at Raymond, Mississippi, USA, evaluated animal performance and forage characteristics of a tetraploid (“Maximus”) vs a diploid cultivar (“Marshall”) of annual ryegrass at three stocking rates (SR; 3.5, 5.0 or 7.5 animals per ha). Angus cross‐bred heifers (Bos taurus; initial body weight [BW] = 240 kg) were continuously stocked on pastures at set stocking rates for the duration of the study. Stocking rates and cultivars were arranged in a 3 × 2 factorial design that was completely randomized with two replications. There was no cultivar effect (p = .449) on average annual herbage mass (HM). However, HM decreased linearly with increasing SR (p = .001) from 3.8 to 2.5 t ha−1 during Year 1 and 4.4 to 3.8 t ha−1 during Year 2 (p = .028). In Year 2, there was a difference in water‐soluble carbohydrates (WSC) between cultivars (p = .012; Marshall, 117.0 vs Maximus, 139.0 g/kg). There was no cultivar effect (p > .10) on average daily gain (ADG) in either year of the study. In both years, ADG decreased linearly with increasing SR (p = .001) from 1.22 to 0.98 kg/d during Year 1 and 1.31 to 1.08 kg/d during Year 2. Across years, gain ha−1 increased linearly (p < .001) with increasing SR. Our results showed no difference in animal performance and HM between the two cultivars. Producers’ choice of annual ryegrass cultivar should be based on seeding cost and agronomic traits that allow for better adaptation of the forage.
‘What Sort of Nation?’: A Cultural History of Australians and their Federation
Authors: Holbrook Carolyn
Published: October 2017

Australia's foundational moment was steeped in democratic and civic optimism. At the establishment of the Commonwealth of Australia, there existed a widely‐held belief that this was ‘the peoples' federation’. The people who had ignited the federation process after it stalled in the hands of the politicians would naturally become the custodians and protectors of the Constitution they had endorsed at referendum. They would simultaneously safeguard its democratic principles and amend the Constitution as necessary to ensure its suitability for the unforeseeable exigencies of the future. The high hopes of the ‘founding fathers’ about the civic engagement of the people have not been realised. Australians appear apathetic about and ignorant of their federal system. Yet, there is little knowledge beyond these broad impressions about Australians' attitudes, and the reasons for their civic indolence. This article argues that a cultural history of attachment to the Australian federation since 1901 can provide evidence of why federation reform has proved so difficult and suggest means of overcoming citizens' reluctance to amend the Constitution. Most significantly, it promises important insights about the relationship between civic engagement and the effective function of democratic government.
Early Segmentation Abilities in Preterm Infants
Authors: Berdasco‐Muñoz Elena , Nishibayashi Léo‐Lyuki , Baud Olivier , Biran Valérie , Nazzi Thierry
Published: October 2017

Infants born preterm have higher risks of developing linguistic deficits. Considering that the ability to segment words from fluent speech is crucial for lexical acquisition, Experiment 1 tested the ability of healthy extremely‐to‐late preterm infants to segment monosyllabic words at 6 months of postnatal age. Results establish basic segmentation skills in these infants. While we failed to find an effect of the degree of prematurity, this issue will need further exploration. Future studies will also have to specify the scope of these early segmentation skills, both in terms of the types of words segmented, the cues used to do so, and in terms of possible differences in performance between subgroups of preterm infants (e.g., based on gestational age or medical risks). Lastly, given that the preterm infants tested had a mean maturational age of 4 months, Experiment 2 explored monosyllabic segmentation in full‐term 4‐month olds. Infants succeeded at the task, providing the earliest developmental evidence of word segmentation in full‐term infants. These findings better specify the early trajectory of segmentation abilities in both full‐term and healthy, low‐risk preterm infants and support the proposal that prematurity might have a differential effect on the early acquisition of various linguistic levels.
The Effect of Maternal Mirroring Behavior on Infants’ Early Social Bidding During the Still‐Face Task
Authors: Bigelow Ann E. , Power Michelle , Bulmer Maria , Gerrior Katlyn
Published: October 2017

Maternal mirroring behavior, which is a particularly salient form of maternal responsiveness, was investigated as a predictor of infants’ social bids in the Still‐Face Task. Mother–infant dyads engaged in the Still‐Face Task when infants were 5 months, on the cusp of the active emergence of social bidding during the still‐face phase of the task. Maternal mirroring of infants’ behavior during the interactive phases of the task was a primary predictor of infants’ social bids in the still‐face phase. When infants were divided into those who experienced higher maternal mirroring (maternal mirroring above the mean of the sample) and infants who experienced lower maternal mirroring (maternal mirroring at or below the mean), infants with higher maternal mirroring showed increases in nondistress vocalizations during the still‐face phase, indicative of social bidding, whereas the infants with lower maternal mirroring showed little change in nondistress vocalizations across the phases. Maternal mirroring allows infants to readily notice the relation between their own behaviors and those of their mothers, which may enhance infants’ early understanding that they can be active agents in instigating social interactions, as demonstrated by social bidding.
Becoming a Communicative Partner: Infant Contingent Responsiveness to Maternal Language and Gestures
Authors: Kuchirko Yana , Tafuro Lisa , Tamis LeMonda Catherine S.
Published: October 2017

Infant contingent responsiveness to maternal language and gestures was examined in 190 Mexican American, Dominican American, and African American infant–mother dyads when infants were 14 and 24 months. Dyads were video‐recorded during book‐sharing and play. Videos were coded for the timing of infants’ vocalizations and gestures and mothers’ referential language (i.e., statements that inform infants about objects and events in the world; e.g., “That's a big doggy!”), regulatory language (i.e., statements that regulate infants’ attention or actions; e.g., “Look at that”, “Put it down!”), and gestures. Infants of all three ethnicities responded within 3 sec of mothers’ language and gestures, increased their responsiveness over development, and displayed specificity in their responses: They vocalized and gestured following mothers’ referential language and gestures, but were less likely than chance to communicate following mothers’ regulatory language. At an individual level, responsive infants had responsive mothers.
Firm and country determinants of debt maturity: New international evidence
Authors: González Víctor M.
Published: October 2017

This paper shows the influence of firm‐ and country‐level determinants on debt maturity structure for 39 countries during the period 1995–2012. Efficiency of the legal system, protection of creditors' rights and bank concentration show a positive relationship with debt maturity, while the weight of banks in the economy has a negative effect on firm debt maturity. The positive influence of bank concentration on corporate debt maturity reveals that creditors are more likely to extend debt maturity when the bank credit market is concentrated. This positive effect of bank concentration is reduced in high quality institutional environments. Moreover, the effects of bank concentration and the weight of banks in the economy on corporate debt maturity are higher in smaller firms.
Time‐Varying Investor Herding in Chinese Stock Markets
Authors: Li Haiqi , Liu Ying , Park Sung Y.
Published: October 2017

We develop several new time‐varying coefficient regression models to investigate herding behavior in Chinese stock markets. We find evidence that herding behavior occurs during turbulent periods rather than periods of relative tranquility, which does not appear when using a conventional fixed‐coefficient regression model. Moreover, the US return dispersion had a significant influence on Chinese stock markets before 2015 but not in 2015. Finally, the herding shows significant asymmetry.
Ontogeny of the jaws of monogonont rotifers: the malleate trophi of Rhinoglena and Proalides (Ploima, Epiphanidae)
Authors: De Smet Willem H. , Segers Hendrik
Published: October 2017

Information on the embryonic development of the malleate trophi in Epiphanidae (Rotifera, Monogononta, Ploima) is presented, based on scanning electron microscopy observations in Rhinoglena fertoeensis, R. frontalis, R. kutikovae, R. tokioensis, and Proalides tentaculatus, to contribute to the understanding of this structure of high evolutionary and functional relevance in Rotifera. The first observable and distinctly sclerotized structures were a double row of median transversal sclerites along the longitudinal axis, wherein the future unci, rostellar scleropili, cristae rami, and basal apophyses became recognizable. Fulcrum and manubria arose subsequently; the fulcrum sclerites were longitudinally ordered in a double layer. The rami chambers developed last as lamellar structures. Unci appeared as separate thin, elongate elements, the primary uncini, developing to uncus plates by transversal growth and apposition of sclerite material on the shafts of the uncini. The heads of the uncini showed their greatest development after fusion of their shafts into uncus plates. The interjacent spaces between the heads functioned as a mold, organizing bundles of sclerites which developed into the uniseriate, zigzag‐shaped cristae rami. The fulcrum attained its definite shape by elongation of the double layer of rod‐shaped sclerites into appressed sclerofibrillae. Manubria became visible as a proximal ridge of sclerites, whereupon a triangular lamella composed of crisscross‐oriented sclerites developed distally, growing out to the manubrial chambers. Ramus chambers originated from two longitudinal amorphous lamellae incorporating the median rami sclerites and closing from distal to proximal; subbasal chambers were formed before the basal chambers.
A field test of the use of pop‐off data storage tags in freshwater fishes
Authors: Raby G. D. , Johnson T. B. , Kessel S. T. , Stewart T. J. , Fisk A. T.
Published: October 2017

In the present study, pop‐off data storage tags (pDST) without any transmitting capabilities were attached to 118 adult salmonids in a 19 000 km2 freshwater system (Lake Ontario). The 9·3 cm long cylindrical tags were externally attached to fishes using a backpack‐style harness, set to record pressure (dBar ≈ depth in m) and temperature every 70 s (and at some key times, every 5 s) and programmed to release from the harness and float to the surface after c. 1 year. Recapture of the bright‐orange tags for data retrieval relied on members of the public finding tags on shore, or on anglers capturing fishes with tags attached and using the contact information displayed on each tag to mail tags to the research team in exchange for a monetary reward. Thirty‐seven tags were found and returned from the 118 released (31%), while 26 of the 118 tags (22%) remained scheduled to pop‐off in summer 2017. Of the 37 tags returned, 23 were from wild‐caught fishes (out of 88 wild‐caught and tagged fishes; 26%) and yielded useful data whereas 14 were from hatchery‐reared fishes that were opportunistically tagged and appear to have been unable to acclimate to life in the wild and died days to weeks after release. The field study described here thus demonstrated that pDSTs can be a viable option for collecting large amounts of high‐resolution depth and temperature data for salmonids in freshwater systems. Technical challenges, limitations and unknowns related to the use of pDSTs with freshwater fishes are discussed. In addition, pDSTs are compared with alternate electronic tagging technologies and assessed for their potential as a more widespread tool in research on freshwater fishes.
The Impact of Entrepreneurial Leadership on Nurses’ Innovation Behavior
Authors: Bagheri Afsaneh , Akbari Morteza
Published: October 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of entrepreneurial leadership on nurses’ innovation work behavior and its dimensions.

Design and Methods

This cross‐sectional study employed the 10‐item Innovation Work Behavior Questionnaire and the 8‐item Entrepreneurial Leadership Questionnaire to explore the impact of entrepreneurial leadership on the innovation work behavior of 273 nurses from public and private hospitals in Iran.

Findings

Entrepreneurial leadership had a significant positive impact on nurses’ innovation work behavior and most strongly improved idea exploration, followed by idea generation, idea implementation, and idea championing.

Conclusions

Entrepreneurial leadership was effective in enhancing nurses’ innovation work behavior. More attention needs to be focused on developing entrepreneurial leadership competencies and on developing nurse leaders.

Clinical Relevance

Healthcare policies and strategies are needed to facilitate the implementation of entrepreneurial leadership by providing healthcare leaders with the appropriate environment.
A novel combination regimen with intense focused ultrasound and pressure‐ and dose‐controlled transcutaneous pneumatic injection of hypertonic glucose solution for lifting and tightening of the aging face
Authors: Kwon Hyuck Hoon , Choi Sun Chul , Park Kyung‐Hoon , Jung Jae Yoon
Published: October 2017

Background

Intense focused ultrasound (IFUS) has demonstrated moderate efficacy for facial laxity of the aging face. Pressure‐ and dose‐controlled transcutaneous pneumatic injections of hypertonic glucose solution (TPIG) are a minimally invasive way to deliver solution into the skin for therapeutic purposes. Recently, its application around temporal areas is known to exert early‐onset lifting effects with facial contour rejuvenation.

Aims

We sought to evaluate the safety and efficacy of this novel combination regimen with IFUS and TPIG for lifting and tightening of aging face.

Patients and Methods

Twenty‐two Korean subjects with mild‐to‐moderate facial skin laxity were evaluated after receiving a sequential single session of IFUS and TPIG treatments. Dermatologists’ objective assessments for general appearance, and mid‐ and low faces based on photographic images were performed at 1‐ and 12‐week post‐treatment follow‐ups. Patients’ subjective assessments were also conducted. Skin biopsies were taken at baseline and the last visit.

Results

Among 22 subjects, twenty (91%) demonstrated improvement after 12‐week follow‐up. We also observed similarly improved state just after 1 week of treatments (82%: 18/22). Specifically, improvement of the mid‐face was evident from the first week, while the progress of the low face improvement was observed at the twelve week. Subjective assessments paralleled these findings. No seriously adverse effect was observed during procedures. Histologic evaluation showed greater dermal collagen fibers throughout the dermis after treatments.

Conclusion

Combination treatment with IFUS and TPIG has beneficial effects for skin lifting and tightening with early‐onset time.
Effectiveness of a handmade “New Carotid Catheter” in transradial carotid angiography: A comparison with conventional multipurpose catheters
Authors: Balaban Yakup
Published: October 2017

Objective

The incidence and severity of carotid atherosclerosis increases in proportion with coronary artery disease and its severity. A special catheter specifically used for transradial carotid angiography has not yet been marketed. In this study, we investigate the feasibility and safety of our carotid catheter, which was made by reshaping currently available catheters.

Methods

Between 2010 and 2017, a total of 921 patients with indications for carotid angiography were identified after angiographic examinations and included in the study. Carotid angiography was performed in 403 patients (female, n = 161) using the 3.5 JL catheter, while in 518 (female, n = 207) patients, new catheters were employed. The new catheter was shaped like a hook in the laboratory with a heat gun. Demographic information and angiographic data from the patients in both groups were retrospectively analyzed.

Results

The baseline characteristics of both groups were comparable. When compared with the use of a 3.5 JL catheter, right transradial carotid angiographies performed with our new handmade catheter resulted in lesser amounts of opaque material used (55 mL vs 66 mL, P < 0.001) and shorter total fluoroscopy time, (3.60 ± 1.85 min vs 3.14 ± 1.55 min, P < 0.001). The handmade catheter also resulted in a higher success rate of selective visualization (97% vs 40%, P < 0.001). Rates of minor complication were comparable between the two catheters (6.5% vs 6.6% P = 234). Neither permanent damage nor morbidity or mortality was observed in either arm.

Discussion

Currently available catheters and methods are inadequate for routine transradial carotid angiography. For routine transradial carotid angiography, innovatively designed catheters are required. The catheter we developed for transradial carotid angiography was more successful than the conventional catheter in obtaining satisfactory images. High quality images can be obtained with the newly designed catheters.

Conclusion

Transradial carotid angiography can be performed using our newly developed carotid catheter. The carotid arteries of patients with widespread coronary artery disease can be visualized, while asymptomatic patients carrying a high risk of stroke can be treated, preventing potential stroke occurrence. In a larger‐scale comparative study, the favorable contributions of routine use of the new method and a decreased frequency of stroke may be demonstrated.
Parenting Strain Among Mexican‐Origin Mothers: Differences by Parental Legal Status and Neighborhood
Authors: Noah Aggie J. , Landale Nancy S.
Published: October 2017

Despite increasing recognition of the critical importance of legal status for understanding the well‐being of immigrants and their families, there has been scant research on this topic. Using Wave 1 of the Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey (2000–2002) and the 2000 decennial census, the authors investigated how parenting strain among Mexican‐origin mothers varies by legal status and neighborhood context. They found significant differences in parenting strain by nativity and legal status, with undocumented mothers reporting the lowest level. Results from multilevel models with cross‐level interactions reveal that the influence of neighborhood immigrant concentration differs by legal status. Percent foreign born in the neighborhood is associated with reduced parenting strain for documented Mexican‐origin mothers, whereas it is associated with heightened parenting strain for undocumented Mexican‐origin mothers. The findings provide empirical support for the need to recognize legal status distinctions in studies of the well‐being of immigrants and their families.
Local context influences memory for emotional stimuli but not electrophysiological markers of emotion‐dependent attention
Authors: Barnacle Gemma E. , Tsivilis Dimitris , Schaefer Alexandre , Talmi Deborah
Published: October 2017

Emotional enhancement of free recall can be context dependent. It is readily observed when emotional and neutral scenes are encoded and recalled together in a “mixed” list, but diminishes when these scenes are encoded separately in “pure” lists. We examined the hypothesis that this effect is due to differences in allocation of attention to neutral stimuli according to whether they are presented in mixed or pure lists, especially when encoding is intentional. Using picture stimuli that were controlled for semantic relatedness, our results contradicted this hypothesis. The amplitude of well‐known electrophysiological markers of emotion‐related attention—the early posterior negativity (EPN), the late positive potential (LPP), and the slow wave (SW)—was higher for emotional stimuli. Crucially, the emotional modulation of these ERPs was insensitive to list context, observed equally in pure and mixed lists. Although list context did not modulate neural markers of emotion‐related attention, list context did modulate the effect of emotion on free recall. The apparent decoupling of the emotional effects on attention and memory, challenges existing hypotheses accounting for the emotional enhancement of memory. We close by discussing whether findings are more compatible with an alternative hypothesis, where the magnitude of emotional memory enhancement is, at least in part, a consequence of retrieval dynamics.
The effect of macroeconomic variables on the opening of antidumping measures: A robust analysis for Brazilian and Argentine economy
Authors: de Azevedo Couto Firme Vinícius , Fóffano Vasconcelos Cláudio R. , Silva de Mattos Rogério
Published: October 2017

This paper analyzes the influence of macroeconomic factors on the introduction of antidumping (AD) cases in Brazil and in Argentina. Since this type of research does not have large samples, the relevant variables were selected via Sala‐i‐Martin's (1997) test. The results, estimated using Poisson models, revealed that Brazil and Argentina are influenced by macroeconomic factors. However, the traditional (aggregated) models tend to minimize this influence on Brazil and overestimate it on Argentina. We also found that domestic and foreign income growth, exchange rate devaluation, and a reduction in domestic prices could reduce the number of AD cases in both countries. Therefore, there is evidence that these countries are using the AD law as a political tool, shifting it from its main objective of avoiding unfair trade.
Acquiescing to intuition: Believing what we know isn't so
Authors: Risen Jane L.
Published: October 2017

When people identify an error in their initial judgment, they typically try to correct it. But, in some cases, they choose not to—even when they know, in the moment, that they are being irrational or making a mistake. A baseball fan may know that he cannot affect the pitcher from his living room but still be reluctant to say “no‐hitter.” A person may learn that flying in an airplane is statistically safer than driving a car and still refuse to fly. Dual‐process models of judgment and decision making often implicitly assume that if an error is detected, it will be corrected. Recent work suggests, however, that models should decouple error detection and correction. Indeed, people can explicitly recognize that their intuitive judgment is wrong but, nevertheless, stick with it, a phenomenon known as acquiescence. My goals are to offer criteria for identifying acquiescence, consider why people acquiesce even when it incurs a cost, discuss how lessons that are learned in cases when acquiescence is clearly identified can be exported to cases when acquiescence may be harder to establish, and, more broadly, describe the implications of a model that decouples error detection and error correction.
Digital Media Framing of the Egyptian Arab Spring: Comparing Al Jazeera, BBC and China Daily
Authors: Karyotakis Minos-Athanasios , Panagiotou Nikos , Antonopoulos Nikos , Kiourexidou Matina
Published: October 2017

Digital Media organizations had a crucial role on the coverage of the Egyptian ‘Arab Spring’, but until today the outcomes of the news gathering are debatable in the academic society. This study examines the frames of the English-language websites of Al Jazeera, British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), and China Daily from 9 to 13 February 2011 because of the termination of Hosni Mubarak’s presidency. The sample consists of 92 website articles, which report the Egyptian ‘Arab Spring’ without considering any video footage in the examined news stories. The particular article examines the frames of each article and categorizes them according to a Knowledge Extraction (KE) tool named ‘Open Calais’, which is owned by another media organization, Reuters. In this study, China Daily’s coverage differs from the former researchers’ results regarding the ‘Arab Spring’ covering. According to the findings, there was a merited coverage on the case of the Egyptian ‘Arab Spring’ without relying exclusively on the content of the official press agency of the People's Republic of China, Xinhua News Agency, and acted like a western-type news media.
Análisis de los cambios y la persistencia en los usos del suelo de 1958 a 2010 en el municipio de Cuautlancingo, Puebla, México
Authors: Tochihuitl Tepox Alejandro , Villarreal Manzo Luis Alberto , Ramírez Valverde Benito , Gutiérrez Domínguez Edmundo Antonio , Almonte Margarita Tlapa
Published: October 2017

Por su ubicación geográfica y por su cercanía con la ciudad de Puebla, el municipio de Cuautlancingo inicia un proceso de conurbación a partir de la década de los setenta; transformación que se acelera con el establecimiento de la zona industrial y los cambios de usos del suelo. La presente investigación tiene como objetivo analizar las dinámicas de los cambios de usos del suelo del municipio de Cuautlancingo, Puebla, en el período de 1958 a 2010. Para cumplir con el objetivo propuesto se definieron cuatro tipologías de uso de suelo: agrícola ejidal, agrícola de propiedad privada, urbano habitacional e industrial. Por medio del procesamiento de fotografías aéreas con Sistemas de Información Geográfica, se determinaron pérdidas y ganancias de los usos de suelo. El municipio pasó de tener 33.74 km2 de superficie agrícola, en 1958, a 17.41 km2, en el 2010, lo que representó un 52 % de reducción del área destinada a las labores del campo. Asimismo, de los 16.26 km2 que se le recortaron a la superficie agrícola, 7.60 km2 se destinaron al uso urbano habitacional y 5.10 km2 al industrial. El crecimiento poblacional acompañó casi al mismo ritmo a la expansión urbana, aumentando seis veces más de 1960 a 2010. En ese sentido, el texto explica por qué, aunque la superficie industrial es menor que la habitacional, es precisamente la industria lo que detona el crecimiento urbano en el municipio, por la llegada de nuevos centros de trabajo y vías de comunicación, y por la creación de nuevas unidades habitacionales.
Gestión del riesgo como un instrumento para prever los estragos de las sequías y de las inundaciones en México
Authors: Cantú-Martínez Pedro César
Published: October 2017

El presente documento examina el contexto del recurso hídrico en México, plantea su escenario general, como también las contingencias que envuelve la sustentabilidad de este recurso natural, es el caso de las sequías y las inundaciones, las cuales son manifestaciones naturales de carácter extremo. Se bosqueja el empleo de la gestión del riesgo como un instrumento para afrontar la multitud de estragos desde la perspectiva de la vulnerabilidad.
Inventario y priorización de recursos específicos para la gestión activa del turismo rural: estudio de caso del corregimiento de Palomino, Dibulla (Colombia)
Authors: Aranda-Camacho Yesid , Cortés-Leal Jesús Alberto
Published: October 2017

La gestión activa del turismo requiere valorar los recursos del territorio que soportan el desarrollo de la actividad. Palomino cuenta con recursos específicos que lo han convertido en un destino de turismo receptivo. Este trabajo identifica y prioriza participativamente los recursos con potencial de aprovechamiento turístico. Se siguió la metodología para la elaboración del inventario de atractivos turísticos y en la priorizaron se usaron criterios de representatividad y potencial de aprovechamiento. Además, los recursos se clasifican a partir del gobierno de los comunes. Los resultados aportan elementos para la adecuada planificación turística en el territorio.
Impacto socioeconómico del Programa Pago por Servicios Ambientales, modalidad reforestación, en el noroeste de Costa Rica
Authors: Padilla Salas Carla , Molina-Murillo Sergio A.
Published: October 2017

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el impacto socioeconómico del Programa Pago por Servicios Ambientales (PPSA) en beneficiarios que gestionaron contratos bajo la modalidad reforestación entre 1998 y el 2013, mediante dos organizaciones de base forestal (OBF) en el noroeste de Costa Rica. En primer lugar, se identificaron las características socioeconómicas de los beneficiarios y luego se estableció, validó y aplicó un set de principios, criterios e indicadores para evaluar el impacto del PPSA en las dimensiones social y económica. En general, los resultados indican que el programa ha fortalecido las capacidades locales para el desarrollo forestal de la zona, principalmente por medio de la participación activa de las OBF y los beneficiarios, aunque la percepción de dichos beneficios pareciera disminuir en el tiempo.
Service provision in rural water supplies: analysis of four community-based systems in Colombia
Authors: Domínguez Rivera Isabel , Oviedo-Ocaña Edgar Ricardo , Restrepo-Tarquino Inés
Published: October 2017

Community management is the tendency to provide water to rural areas worldwide. Despite the diversity of rural communities and their water supplies, policies tend to be uniform, failing to be effective. Four rural water supplies in the Colombian Andes were studied combining quantitative and qualitative methods. Aspects of infrastructure, training of human resources, revenue collection, water quality and post-construction support were studied. The study provides evidence on the need to design policies and programs that consider rural diversity to help communal water organizations to provide sustainable services.
Specificity for coarticulatory vowel nasality in lexical representations
Authors: Zellou Georgia
Published: October 2017

Surface-level phonetic details are used during word recognition. Yet, questions remain about how these details are encoded in lexical representations and the role of memory and attention during this process. The current study utilizes lexical repetition priming to examine the effect of a delay between hearing a word repeated with either the same or different coarticulatory patterns on lexical recognition. Listeners were faster to recognize repeated words with the same patterns of coarticulatory nasality, confirming that subphonemic information is encoded in the lexicon. Furthermore, when listeners had to adapt to more than one talker, greater coarticulatory specificity in delayed priming was observed suggesting that word-specific encoding of subphonemic details is an active cognitive process.
Scalable synthesis of bryostatin 1 and analogs, adjuvant leads against latent HIV
Authors: Wender Paul A. , Hardman Clayton T. , Ho Stephen , Jeffreys Matthew S. , Maclaren Jana K. , Quiroz Ryan V. , Ryckbosch Steven M. , Shimizu Akira J. , Sloane Jack L. , Stevens Matthew C.
Published: October 2017

A gram-scale route to bryostatin

Scientists once accumulated 14 tons of the red, bushy, tufted sea creature
Bugula neritina
to extract 18 grams of bryostatin 1. The macrocyclic organic compound is under study for treatment of HIV, cancer, and Alzheimer's disease but has proven frustratingly scarce. Wender
et al.
report a 29-step chemical synthesis of bryostatin 1 that proceeds in 4.8% overall yield and provides gram quantities of the compound (see the Perspective by Lanman). Intermediates along the pathway can be straightforwardly modified to produce analogs, two of which were prepared en route and studied in vitro.

Science
, this issue p.
218
; see also p.
166
On prosthetic control: A regenerative agonist-antagonist myoneural interface
Authors: Srinivasan S. S. , Carty M. J. , Calvaresi P. W. , Clites T. R. , Maimon B. E. , Taylor C. R. , Zorzos A. N. , Herr H.
Published: October 2017

The agonist-antagonist myoneural interface enables bidirectional signaling for enhanced prosthetic control and sensation.
Exploration telepresence: A strategy for optimizing scientific research at remote space destinations
Authors: Lester Dan F. , Hodges Kip V. , Anderson Robert C.
Published: October 2017

Modern telepresence technologies put scientists at faraway destinations in space.
To integrate and to empower: Robots for rehabilitation and assistance
Authors: Yang Guang-Zhong , Riener Robert , Dario Paolo
Published: October 2017

Future assistive technologies will not only compensate for human disability but also drive capacities beyond innate levels.
Transparent, explainable, and accountable AI for robotics
Authors: Wachter Sandra , Mittelstadt Brent , Floridi Luciano
Published: October 2017

Fair, accountable AI and robotics need precise regulation and better methods to certify, explain, and audit inscrutable systems.
Reducing the metabolic cost of running with a tethered soft exosuit
Authors: Lee G. , Kim J. , Panizzolo F. A. , Zhou Y. M. , Baker L. M. , Galiana I. , Malcolm P. , Walsh C. J.
Published: October 2017

A tethered exosuit reduces the metabolic cost of running.
Ligand- and voltage-gated Ca
2+
channels differentially regulate the mode of vesicular neuropeptide release in mammalian sensory neurons
Authors: Wang Yeshi , Wu Qihui , Hu Meiqin , Liu Bin , Chai Zuying , Huang Rong , Wang Yuan , Xu Huadong , Zhou Li , Zheng Lianghong , Wang Changhe , Zhou Zhuan
Published: October 2017

Neurotransmission of sensory input is determined by the type of calcium channel that is activated.
Staphylococcus aureus
and
Staphylococcus epidermidis
strain diversity underlying pediatric atopic dermatitis
Authors: Byrd Allyson L. , Deming Clay , Cassidy Sara K. B. , Harrison Oliver J. , Ng Weng-Ian , Conlan Sean ,   NISC Comparative Sequencing Program, Belkaid Yasmine , Segre Julia A. , Kong Heidi H.
Published: October 2017

Genomic and functional analyses of staphylococcal strain specificity reveal roles for microbes in human atopic dermatitis pathogenesis.
Defining targets to defeat hidradenitis suppurativa
Authors: Lev-Tov Hadar
Published: October 2017

Immunological data implicates IL-17 pathway in the pathogenesis of hidradenitis suppurativa.
Self-tanning cells, the new SPF
Authors: Venere Monica
Published: October 2017

A skin-penetrant small molecule activates melanin production to protect cells from cancer-inducing ultraviolet damage.
High-Fat Diet Changes Fungal Microbiomes and Interkingdom Relationships in the Murine Gut
Authors: Heisel Timothy , Montassier Emmanuel , Johnson Abigail , Al-Ghalith Gabriel , Lin Yi-Wei , Wei Li-Na , Knights Dan , Gale Cheryl A.
Published: October 2017

Recent research shows that gut microbes are involved in the development of obesity, a growing health problem in developed countries that is linked to increased risk for cardiovascular disease. However, studies showing links between microbes and metabolism have been limited to the analysis of bacteria and have ignored the potential contribution of fungi in metabolic health. This study provides evidence that ingestion of a high-fat diet is associated with changes to the fungal (and bacterial) microbiome in a mouse model. In addition, we find that interkingdom structural and functional relationships exist between fungi and bacteria within the gut and that these are perturbed by high-fat diet.
Posterior fossa progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: first presentation of an unknown autoimmune disease
Authors: Scholten Paulette , Kralt Peter , Jacobs Bram
Published: October 2017

We present a case of a 57-year-old man who presented with progressive cerebellar dysarthria and cerebellar ataxia. Additional investigations confirmed the diagnosis of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in the posterior fossa. This is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, caused by an opportunistic infection with John Cunningham virus. PML has previously been considered a lethal condition, but because of careful monitoring of patients with HIV and of patients using immunosuppressive drugs it is discovered in earlier stages and prognosis can be improved. Our patient had no known immune-compromising state, but further work-up revealed that the PML was most likely the first presentation of a previous untreated autoimmune disorder: sarcoidosis.
Spending on social and public health services and its association with homicide in the USA: an ecological study
Authors: Sipsma Heather L , Canavan Maureen E , Rogan Erika , Taylor Lauren A , Talbert-Slagle Kristina M , Bradley Elizabeth H
Published: October 2017

Objective

To examine whether state-level spending on social and public health services is associated with lower rates of homicide in the USA.

Design

Ecological study.

Setting

USA.

Participants

All states in the USA and the District of Columbia for which data were available (n=42).

Primary outcome measure

Homicide rates for each state were abstracted from the US Department of Justice Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Uniform Crime Reporting.

Results

After adjusting for potential confounding variables, we found that every $10 000 increase in spending per person living in poverty was associated with 0.87 fewer homicides per 100 000 population or approximately a 16% decrease in the average homicide rate (estimate=−0.87, SE=0.15, p<0.001). Furthermore, there was no significant effect in the quartile of states with the highest percentages of individuals living in poverty but significant effects in the quartiles of states with lower percentages of individuals living in poverty.

Conclusions

Based on our findings, spending on social and public health services is associated with significantly lower homicide rates at the state level. Although we cannot infer causality from this research, such spending may provide promising avenues for homicide reduction in the USA, particularly among states with lower levels of poverty.
Feasibility and acceptability of training community health workers in ear and hearing care in Malawi: a cluster randomised controlled trial
Authors: Mulwafu Wakisa , Kuper Hannah , Viste Asgaut , Goplen Frederik K
Published: October 2017

Objective

To assess the feasibility and acceptability of training community health workers (CHWs) in ear and hearing care, and their ability to identify patients with ear and hearing disorders.

Design

Cluster randomised controlled trial (RCT).

Setting

Health centres in Thyolo district, Malawi.

Participants

Ten health centres participated, 5 intervention (29 CHWs) and 5 control (28 CHWs).

Intervention

Intervention CHWs received 3 days of training in primary ear and hearing care, while among control CHWs, training was delayed for 6 months. Both groups were given a pretest that assessed knowledge about ear and hearing care, only the intervention group was given the posttest on the third day of training. The intervention group was given 1 month to identify patients with ear and hearing disorders in their communities, and these people were screened for hearing disorders by ear, nose and throat clinical specialists.

Outcome measures

Primary outcome measure was improvement in knowledge of ear and hearing care among CHWs after the training. Secondary outcome measures were number of patients with ear or hearing disorders identified by CHWs and number recorded at health centres during routine activities, and the perceived feasibility and acceptability of the intervention.

Results

The average overall correct answers increased from 55% to 68% (95% CI 65 to 71) in the intervention group (p<0.001). A total of 1739 patients with potential ear and hearing disorders were identified by CHWs and 860 patients attended the screening camps, of whom 400 had hearing loss (73 patients determined through bilateral fail on otoacoustic emissions, 327 patients through audiometry). Where cause could be determined, the most common cause of ear and hearing disorders was chronic suppurative otitis media followed by impacted wax. The intervention was perceived as feasible and acceptable to implement.

Conclusions

Training was effective in improving the knowledge of CHW in ear and hearing care in Malawi and allowing them to identify patients with ear and hearing disorders. This intervention could be scaled up to other CHWs in low-income and middle-income countries.

Trial registration number

Pan African Clinical Trial Registry (201705002285194); Results.