bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evolution of regulatory networks
Authors: Bornberg‐Bauer Erich , Veron Amelie
Published: November 2009

Genetic regulation is intimately related to organismal development. Therefore, the understanding of genetic regulatory network evolution is also important for the understanding of organismal evolution.

Recent advances in genomics, proteomics, and transcriptomics have provided means for comparative analysis of molecules and networks. The application of mathematical concepts such as graph analysis has helped us to analyze the data in more depth and quantify important properties of regulatory networks. The most basic element of regulatory networks is the transcription factor itself and its upstream and downstream regulatory regions. These elements arrange into motifs that have a recurrent topology across phyla. At the next higher level, motifs arrange into modules that comprise functionally and often evolutionary‐related transcription factors. These are controlled by some key regulators, probably the most ancestral proteins in such a family. As of current knowledge, the major driving forces in establishing networks with a certain topology are, apart from mutations, series of single‐gene duplication and domain rearrangements. A small set of anciently conserved DNA‐binding domains is frequently reused and their functions fine‐tuned by choice and alteration of secondary regulatory domains. Fewer general principles are known for both the structuring and the evolution of promoter regions since binding sites are sparse and fuzzy, and transcription activation is context dependent. Most recently, a controversial debate on neutral or selective evolution of expression levels has begun.
Experimental design
Authors: Dobbin Kevin K. , Simon Richard M.
Published: November 2009

Experimental design issues for dual‐label and single‐label microarray experiments are discussed, including identification of research objectives, avoidance of confounding, allotment of samples to arrays, and dyes in dual‐label experiments, dye bias, pooling RNA before labeling, and determination of the number of arrays required to achieve the study objectives.
CGH
data analysis
Authors: Margolin Adam A. , Greshock Joel , Weber Barbara L.
Published: November 2009

Array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) is an emerging technology for measuring genome‐wide DNA copy number. aCGH has been demonstrated as an effective tool in gene discovery and disease classification in cancer and other genetic disorders. This review describes recently employed analysis techniques for genomic copy number profiling using aCGH with a particular focus on how established gene expression array analysis techniques can be adapted for analysis of aCGH data. We intend this review to propose a framework to guide ongoing and future research in aCGH data analysis.
Relevance networks
Authors: Butte Atul J.
Published: November 2009

Relevance networks offer a method for constructing networks of similarity between genes, with the principal advantages being the ability to (1) include features of more than one data type (i.e., clinical, expression, and phenotypic data in the same analysis), (2) represent multiple connections between genes (e.g., a transcription factor may be responsible for regulating the expression of multiple other genes), and (3) capture negative as well as positive correlations (e.g., those from tumor‐suppressing genes). Java‐based software is available to construct relevance networks.
Analysis and prediction of membrane protein structure
Authors: Eyre Tina A. , Partridge Linda , Thornton Janet M.
Published: November 2009

Despite the importance of membrane proteins, relatively little is known even now about their structures because of the practical difficulties associated with the crystallization of these proteins. While we can identify transmembrane helices and predict their topology with high accuracy, we do not fully understand the forces that drive the packing of these helices in 3D. Recently, however, more membrane protein structures have become available and several computational studies have analyzed them. This chapter describes the results of these analyses and their implications for the prediction of 3D structural models for membrane proteins.
Ab initio
structure prediction
Authors: Baker David , Taylor William R.
Published: November 2009

The prediction of a folded protein structure from just its amino acid sequence (ab initio prediction) has been an outstanding problem in theoretical molecular biology for many years. Attempts based purely on physicochemical principles have had little success (except for short peptides), and a variety of approaches have been developed on the basis of the incorporation of known protein features to overcome this limitation. The most successful of these are based on building proteins from short fragments, and the performance of the ROSETTA program, which uses this method, is described.
Protein structure comparison
Authors: Holm Liisa
Published: November 2009

Automatic methods of protein structure comparison allow similarities to be found between proteins that cannot be seen using just sequence data. This allows distant evolutionary relationships to be proposed and can help elucidate the function of a protein. The all‐against‐all comparison of known protein structures has allowed the structure of “fold‐space” to be mapped, from broad general trends to specific clusters of proteins that have the same evolutionary origins. Collections can be found in databases accessible through the Internet. There are many practical methods for structure comparison using a variety of algorithms and similarity measures. There is no absolutely correct approach and the choice of method must be matched to the aspect of structure being investigated.
Ontologies for three‐dimensional molecular structure
Authors: Westbrook John , Berman Helen M.
Published: November 2009

Current approaches for representing small and macromolecular 3 D structure data are described.
Activation (Molecular)
Authors: Jones Mark M.
Published: November 2009

Theoretical Basis

Activation of Electrophiles

Activation of Free Radicals
Antibiotics: Chloramphenicol and Analogues
Authors: Nagabhushan Tattanahalli , Miller George H. , Varma Kanwal J.
Published: November 2009

Bacterial Resistance of Amphenicol

Structure–Activity Relationship of Chloramphenicol

Fluoroanalogues

Pharmacokinetics in Nonrodents
Antibiotics: Lincosaminides
Authors: Bannister Brian
Published: November 2009

Lincomycin

Celesticetin and Other Lincosaminide Metabolites

Clindamycin

Other Changes in the Amino Acid Fragment

Economic Aspects
Asbestos
Authors: Jolicoeur Carmel R. , Alary Jean‐Francois , Sokov Asta
Published: November 2009

Geology and Fiber Morphology

Crystal Structure of Asbestos Fibers

Properties of Asbestos Fibers

Analytical Methods and Identification of Asbestos Fibers

Fiber Classification and Standard Testing Methods

Industrial Applications

Alternative Industrial Fibers and Materials

Health and Safety
Automated Instrumentation: Clinical Chemistry
Authors: Gherson Paul , Lanza Howard , Pelavin Milton , Vlastelica Dan
Published: November 2009

Assay Automation

Technology

Measurement Methods

Classification of Clinical Chemistry Analyzers

Functional Elements of Clinical Chemistry Analyzers

Economic Aspects
Butyl Alcohols
Authors: Billig Ernst
Published: November 2009

Physical and Chemical Properties

Manufacture

Uses

Health, Safety, and Environmental Considerations

Storage and Handling
Detergents
Authors: Venegas Manual G. , Kaminsky George J.
Published: November 2009

Detergent Ingredients and Their Functions

Types of Detergent Products
Diamond Anvil High Pressure Cell
Authors: Jayaraman A.
Published: November 2009

The Diamond Anvil Cell

Pressure Media

Ultrahigh Pressure Research
Diatomite
Authors: Engh Kenneth R.
Published: November 2009

Origins of Deposits

Physical and Chemical Properties

Mining and Processing
Dicarboxylic Acids
Authors: Johnson Robert W. , Pollock Charles M. , Cantrell Robert R.
Published: November 2009

Nomenclature

Physical Properties

Chemical Properties

Manufacture, Preparation, and Processes

Dicarboxylic Acids via Microorganisms

Derivatives and Uses

Economic Aspects

Health and Safety Factors
Drying Oils
Authors: Wicks Zeno W.
Published: November 2009

Natural Oils

Synthetic and Modified Drying Oils

Uses
Enamels, Porcelain or Vitreous
Authors: Faust William D.
Published: November 2009

Composition

Properties

Enamel Testing
Esters, Organic
Authors: Tau Kwoliang D. , Elango Varadaraj , McDonough Joseph A.
Published: November 2009

Nomenclature

Physical Properties

Chemical Properties

Occurrence and Preparation

Stability and Storage

Health and Safety Factors

Regulation and Waste

Uses
Filtration
Authors: Svarovsky Ladislav
Published: November 2009

Filtration‐Related Processes

Cake Filtration Theory

Vacuum Filters

Batch Pressure Filters

Continuous Pressure Filters

Centrifugal Filters
Flocculating Agents
Authors: Heitner Howard I.
Published: November 2009

Applications

Chemical Composition

Mechanism of Flocculation

Flocculant Performance and Selection

Operating Parameters and Control

Analysis

Toxicology and Environmental Issues
Foam
Authors: Durian Douglas J. , Weitz David A.
Published: November 2009

Physical Chemistry of Interfaces

Physical Properties of Foam

Production

Applications

Safety, Health, and Environment
Food Additives
Authors: Friedman Leslie J. , Greenwald C. Gail
Published: November 2009

Classes of Food Additives
Food Toxicants, Naturally Occurring
Authors: Hoskins Fred H.
Published: November 2009

Toxic Proteins, Peptides, Amides, and Amino Acids

Phytoalexins

Oligosaccharides

Oxalates, Phytates, and Other Chelates

Vasoactive and Psychoactive Amines and Alkaloids

Antinutrients

Vitamin Toxicity

Essential Minerals and Heavy Trace Elements

Cyanogenic Glycosides

Nitrates, Nitrites, and Nitrosamines

Sodium Chloride

Toxins

Legislation and Regulatory Considerations
Fuel Cells
Authors: Benke J. R. , Rastler D.
Published: November 2009

Early Experience with the Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (
PAFC
)

4.5 
MW
Demonstration Plant

Shift of Emphasis to Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Hygrometry and Psychrometry
Authors: Wiederhold Pieter R.
Published: November 2009

Definition of Humidity

Humidity Parameters

Wet Bulb/Dry Bulb Measurements

Percent Relative Humidity

Dew Point Hygrometry
Inclusion Compounds
Authors: Weber Edwin
Published: November 2009

Intramolecular Cavity Inclusions: Cavitates

Extramolecular Cavity Inclusions: Lattice‐Type Inclusion Compounds Clathrates

Preparation and Characterization of Inclusion Compounds

Uses
Information Retrieval
Authors: Barcelon‐Yang Cynthia S. , Brownlee Evelyn L. , Calhoun Emmett D. , Caputo Bruno A. , Cumbo Charles C. , Daniszewski Joseph P. , Eckel Douglas A. , Glaspey Kenneth H. , Green‐Kocher Darlyn C. , Gruber Marianne B. , Isselmann Margaret M. , Johns Thomas C. , King Alicia P. , Krentz David M. , Kvalnes Fluorence H. , Minikiewicz Luray M. , Nazer Behrooz , Parsons Angela K.G. , Perrotto Carol R. , Ratliff Rita D. , Sikes Jeanette C. , Webster Amie H.
Published: November 2009

On‐Line Database Resources

Chemical Information and Search Methods and Services

Patent Information and Search Methods/Services

Environmental and Safety Information and Search Methods and Services

On‐Line Search Aids

Optical Disk‐Based Information and Document Image Systems

Private Bibliographic and Text Databases
Lignite and Brown Coal
Authors: Vorres Karl S.
Published: November 2009

Geology

Composition, Properties, and Analysis

Resources and Production

Health and Safety Factors

Economic Aspects

Uses
Malonic Acid and Derivatives
Authors: Pollak Peter , Romeder Gérard
Published: November 2009

Malonic Acid

Malonates

Cyanoacetic Acid and Cyanoacetates

Malononitrile
Metallic Coatings
Authors: Krulik Gerald A. , Mandich Nenad V.
Published: November 2009

Liquid‐Phase Metallizing Techniques

Gas‐Phase Metallizing Techniques

Vacuum‐Phase Metallizing Techniques

Metallizing by Direct Physical or Thermal Bonding

Environmental Concerns
Microemulsions
Authors: Smith Duane H.
Published: November 2009

Definition of a Microemulsion

Microemulsions and Phase Diagrams

Temperature and Salinity Scans

Physical Properties and Applications

Microemulsions and Macroemulsions
Microencapsulation
Authors: Thies Curt
Published: November 2009

Encapsulation Process

Applications
Molecular and Supermolecular Electronics
Authors: Roberts Gareth
Published: November 2009

Historical Review of Langmuir‐Blodgett Films

The Chemistry and Preparation of Langmuir Films

Langmuir‐Blodgett Film Deposition

Applications of Langmuir‐Blodgett Films

Model System in Basic Research

Promising Applied Research Areas

Conclusions

Author's Acknowledgments

Editor's Acknowledgments
Molecular Sieves
Authors: KÜhl GÜnter H. , Kresge Charles T.
Published: November 2009

Zeolites

Structure

Properties

Framework Modification

Manufacture

Health and Safety Factors and Toxicology

Uses

New Trends
Olefin Fibers
Authors: Wust C. J. , Landoll L. M.
Published: November 2009

Properties

Manufacture and Processing

Economic Aspects

Applications
Optical Fiber Systems
Authors:   Lucent Technologies
Published: November 2009

Fiber‐Optic Systems in Perspective

Types of Optical Fibers

Characteristics Affecting Optical Fiber Performance

Glass Processing

Improvements in Lasers

Light‐Emitting Diode for Telecommunications

Erbium‐doped Fibers for Amplification

Optical Fibers in Aircraft

Fiber Optics in Biomedicine

Fiber Optic Communications in Botany

Fiber Optics in the Private Network

Fiber Optics in Industrial Instrumentation and Networks

Optical Fiber Terminology
Oxalic Acid
Authors: Sawada Hiroyuki , Murakami Toru
Published: November 2009

Physical Properties

Reactions

Manufacture

Health and Safety Factors

Uses

Derivatives
Paint and Finish Removers
Authors: White David L. , Bardole Jay A.
Published: November 2009

Organic Finish Removers

Inorganic Finish Removers

Manufacturing and Processing
Photovoltaic Cells
Authors: Gay Charles F. , Eberspacher Chris
Published: November 2009

Chemistry

Junctions

Efficiency

Commercial Silicon Solar Cells

Balance of Systems

Material Availability and Environmental Impact

Photovoltaic Markets
Plasticizers
Authors: Knuth Charles J.
Published: November 2009

Compatibility

Plasticizing Efficiency

Permanence

Commercial Plasticizers
Polyvinyl Chloride (
PVC
)
Authors: Sarvetnick Harold A.
Published: November 2009

Rigid Vinyls

Flexible
PVC

Organosols and Plastisols
Sprays
Authors: Mao Chien‐Pei , Tate Roger
Published: November 2009

Liquid Atomizers

Physics of Liquid Atomization

Spray Characteristics

Spray Instrumentation

Industrial Applications
Sulfonation and Sulfation
Authors: Knaggs Edward A. , Nepras Marshall J.
Published: November 2009

Uses for Derived Products and Sulfonation Technology

Reagents

Sulfonation

Sulfation

Sulfamation

Industrial Processes
Triphenylmethane and Related Dyes
Authors: Thetford Dean
Published: November 2009

Structure

Chemical Properties

Manufacture

Health, Safety, and Environmental Information

Environmental Concerns

Uses

Related Dyes
Ultrafiltration
Authors: Kuriyel Ralf
Published: November 2009

Media

Process

Practical Aspects

Electroultrafiltration

Diafiltration

Membrane Equipment

Uses
Vinegar
Authors: Webb A. Dinsmoor
Published: November 2009

Manufacture

Processing
Vinyl Chloride Polymers
Authors: Summers James W.
Published: November 2009

PVC
Morphology

Chemical Properties

PVC
Resin Manufacturing Processes

Compounding

Uses

Health and Safety Factors

Environmental Considerations and Recycling
Xanthene Dyes
Authors: Wight Paul
Published: November 2009

Diphenylmethane Derivatives

Triphenylmethane Derivatives

Aminohydroxy Derivatives

Miscellaneous Derivatives

Health and Safety Factors, Toxicology
Xylene Polymers
Authors: Beach W. F.
Published: November 2009

G
orham Process Monomers

Other, Related Processes

Dimer

Polymer

Applications

Health and Safety
Preliminary Staining of Bacteria: Negative Stain
Authors: Moyes Rita B. , Reynolds Jackie , Breakwell Donald P.
Published: November 2009

Negative staining is one of the many staining techniques that can be employed for viewing of bacterial cell morphology and size. The advantages of the negative stain include the use of only one stain and the absence of heat fixation of the sample. Negative staining employs the use of an acidic stain and, due to repulsion between the negative charges of the stain and the bacterial surface, the dye will not penetrate the cell. In negative staining, the results yield a clear cell with a dark background. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 15:A.3F.1‐A.3F.5. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Differential Staining of Bacteria: Capsule Stain
Authors: Breakwell Donald P. , Moyes Rita B. , Reynolds Jackie
Published: November 2009

Bacterial capsules are composed of high‐molecular‐weight polysaccharides and/or polypeptides, and are associated with virulence and biofilm formation. Unfortunately, capsules do not stain well with crystal violet, methylene blue, or other simple stains. This unit describes two methods of capsule staining. The first is a wet‐mount method using india ink; the capsule is visualized as a refractile zone surrounding a cell. The second is a direct‐staining dry‐mount method that precipitates copper sulfate and leaves the capsule as a pale blue zone. Both methods are easily performed within ∼5 min. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 15:A.3I.1‐A.3I.4. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Agricultural tractor overturn deaths: Assessment of trends and risk factors
Authors: Myers John R. , Hendricks Kitty J.
Published: November 2009

Background

Tractor overturn deaths have been recognized as a public health concern for decades. Studies have reported on the hazards associated with tractor overturns, but none have reported on trends in tractor overturn fatality rates in the United States (US).

Methods

Tractor overturn fatality data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries were used in Poisson regression models to: identify risk factors associated with overturn fatalities; examine trends in tractor overturn fatality rates between 1992 and 2007; and assess trends in overturn fatality rates for specific risk factors.

Results

Characteristics found to be associated with tractor overturn fatality rates were age, type of farm, region, and the victim's relationship to the farm (P < 0.0001). Older age groups, crop farms, farms in the Midwest and Northeast, and family workers all had higher fatal tractor overturn risks. Overall, tractor overturn fatality rates declined 28.5% between 1992 and 2007. Significant decreases in tractor overturn fatality rates were found for the Northeast and South regions, hired workers, crop farms, and in every age group except those less than 25 years of age.

Conclusions

Tractor overturn fatality rates decreased between 1992 and 2007. These decreases were not consistent between different categories of the agricultural workforce or regions of the US. Changes in tractor overturn fatality rates may be partially explained by increases in the prevalence of ROPS on farm tractors in the US. ROPS promotion programs are needed to reduce tractor overturn fatalities, especially among those subpopulations at highest risk. Am. J. Ind. Med. Published 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Industrial systems biology
Authors: Otero José Manuel , Nielsen Jens
Published: November 2009

The chemical industry is currently undergoing a dramatic change driven by demand for developing more sustainable processes for the production of fuels, chemicals, and materials. In biotechnological processes different microorganisms can be exploited, and the large diversity of metabolic reactions represents a rich repository for the design of chemical conversion processes that lead to efficient production of desirable products. However, often microorganisms that produce a desirable product, either naturally or because they have been engineered through insertion of heterologous pathways, have low yields and productivities, and in order to establish an economically viable process it is necessary to improve the performance of the microorganism. Here metabolic engineering is the enabling technology. Through metabolic engineering the metabolic landscape of the microorganism is engineered such that there is an efficient conversion of the raw material, typically glucose, to the product of interest. This process may involve both insertion of new enzymes activities, deletion of existing enzyme activities, but often also deregulation of existing regulatory structures operating in the cell. In order to rapidly identify the optimal metabolic engineering strategy the industry is to an increasing extent looking into the use of tools from systems biology. This involves both x‐ome technologies such as transcriptome, proteome, metabolome, and fluxome analysis, and advanced mathematical modeling tools such as genome‐scale metabolic modeling. Here we look into the history of these different techniques and review how they find application in industrial biotechnology, which will lead to what we here define as industrial systems biology. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010; 105: 439–460. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Public involvement in social and political participation processes: A gender perspective
Authors: De Piccoli Norma , Rollero Chiara
Published: November 2009

One interesting perspective from which to investigate participation processes is that of gender (Angelique & Culley, 2007). The disparity between male and female participation is evident, in particular when dealing with politics. The research reported here examines any differences between men and women in three different groups: non‐participants (N = 201), social participants (N = 167) and political participants (N = 184). Two specific aspects were considered: (a) the perception of sociopolitical control, that is leadership competence and policy control, and (b) the perception of costs and benefits derived from participation. In focusing on such perceptions, if any difference could be evidenced, we aimed to investigate if this difference was determined by gender, by the type of participation or by the interaction of gender and participation. Data show that leadership competence and policy control were both influenced by the type of participation. An interaction effect of gender and type of commitment for policy control was observed and gender had a direct effect on leadership competence. These results suggest that the gender gap seems to be connected more to the context than to effective gender characteristics. Other data on the perception of costs and benefits are discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fine Tuning of Metallaborane Geometries: Chemistry of Metallaboranes of Early Transition Metals Derived from Metal Halides and Monoborane Reagents
Authors: Bose Shubhankar Kumar , Geetharani K. , Ramkumar V. , Mobin Shaikh M. , Ghosh Sundargopal
Published: November 2009

Reaction of [CpnMCl4−x] (M=V: n=x=2; M=Nb: n=1, x=0) or [Cp*TaCl4] (Cp=η5‐C5H5, Cp*=η5‐C5Me5), with [LiBH4⋅thf] at −70 °C followed by thermolysis at 85 °C in the presence of [BH3⋅thf] yielded the hydrogen‐rich metallaboranes [(CpM)2(B2H6)2] (1: M=V; 2: M=Nb) and [(Cp*Ta)2(B2H6)2] (3) in modest to high yields. Complexes 1 and 3 are the first structurally characterized compounds with a metal–metal bond bridged by two hexahydroborate (B2H6) groups forming a symmetrical complex. Addition of [BH3⋅thf] to 3 results in formation of a metallaborane [(Cp*Ta)2B4H8(μ‐BH4)] (4) containing a tetrahydroborate ligand, [BH4]−, bound exo to the bicapped tetrahedral cage [(Cp*Ta)2B4H8] by two Ta‐H‐B bridge bonds. The interesting structural feature of 4 is the coordination of the bridging tetrahydroborate group, which has two BH bonds coordinated to the tantalum atoms. All these new metallaboranes have been characterized by mass, 1H, 11B, and 13C NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis and the structural types were established unequivocally by crystallographic analysis of 1–4.
P‐Chiral Ferrocenephospholanes: Synthesis, Reactivity, Metal Complex Chemistry and Application in the Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Olefins
Authors: Gschwend Björn , Pugin Benoît , Bertogg Andreas , Pfaltz Andreas
Published: November 2009

Starting from (R)‐N,N‐dimethyl‐1‐ferrocenylethylamine, a diastereoselective ortho‐lithiation procedure and a stereoconvergent intramolecular hydrophosphination gave access to P‐chiral ferrocenephospholanes. These mono‐ or bidentate ligands were converted to the corresponding rhodium and iridium complexes, including a chiral version of Crabtree’s catalyst, and tested in the asymmetric hydrogenation of functionalized and unfunctionalized olefins. A significant reactivity difference between the rhodium‐1,5‐cyclooctadiene and the rhodium‐norbornadiene complex was observed during catalyst activation.
Fine‐needle aspiration biopsy as an initial diagnostic modality in a clinically unsuspected case of invasive maxillary fungal sinusitis: A case report
Authors: Singh Neha , Siddaraju Neelaiah , Kumar Surendra , Muniraj Femela , Bakshi Satvinder , Gopalakrishnan Suryanarayanan
Published: November 2009

Cases of invasive fungal lesions involving the paranasal sinuses are generally diagnosed either on histologic examination or on fungal culture. Here, we report a case of invasive fungal sinusitis diagnosed primarily by a fine‐needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB).

Our patient was a 36‐year‐old male who presented with a history of slowly progressive, painless swelling over the left cheek. The only positive clinical finding was a bony hard swelling in the left maxillary region, which was clinically interpreted as “fibrous dysplasia.” A computed tomographic (CT) examination of the paranasal sinuses showed a soft tissue attenuation lesion involving the bilateral maxillae, with the destruction of multiple bones and involvement of multiple sinuses and the bilateral orbits. FNAB of the maxillary swelling showed several giant cells, many of them exhibiting ingested organisms with a morphologic resemblance to the Aspergillus species of fungi. Strikingly, no significant inflammatory cells were seen on cytologic smears. Unfortunately, owing to a lack of initial clinical suspicion, as well as the patient's loss to further follow‐up, a culture/histopathologic examination could not be carried out.

This case is presented chiefly to highlight the clinical utility of a simple FNAB procedure, as an initial diagnostic modality in cases of fungal sinusitis, which can masquerade clinically as a neoplastic lesion. In addition, if radiologic findings are also available at the time of cytologic examination, a pretherapeutic comment on the invasive nature of the lesion can also be made. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Osteoclast‐rich undifferentiated carcinoma of the urinary tract: Cytologic findings and literature review
Authors: Castelino‐Prabhu Shobha , Ali Syed Z.
Published: November 2009

The association of urothelial carcinoma with osteoclast‐like giant cells is an exceptionally rare event. To our knowledge, there are no published reports of the cytopathologic characteristics of osteoclast‐rich undifferentiated carcinoma of the urinary tract. We report herein, the case of a 63‐year‐old man who was evaluated at The Johns Hopkins Hospital for gross hematuria of 4 months duration. Urinary cytology displayed high‐grade malignant cells with scattered osteoclast‐like giant cells in a background of acute inflammation and abundant red blood cells. Subsequently, a transurethral tumor resection was performed, which revealed infiltrating undifferentiated carcinoma with osteoclast‐like giant cells. The rarity of this neoplasm and its resemblance to other giant cell‐rich processes may pose diagnostic difficulties. A review of the important differential diagnoses is also presented. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ring‐Opening Reactions of Aziridines Fused to a Conformationally Locked Tetrahydropyran Ring
Authors: Karban Jindřich , Kroutil Jiří , Buděšínský Miloš , Sýkora Jan , Císařová Ivana
Published: November 2009

1,6‐Anhydro‐2,3,4‐trideoxy‐2,3‐(tosylepimino)‐β‐D‐hexopyranoses 1 and 2 underwent aziridine ring‐opening reactions with halides and other heteroatom‐centered nucleophiles. Ribo‐epimine 1 provided trans‐diaxial and cis products. The lyxo‐epimine 2 gave trans‐diaxial and trans‐diequatorial products, depending upon the reaction conditions (acid cleavage versus base cleavage) and the nucleophile (hard nucleophiles versus soft ones). These results have been rationalized by assuming that both SN2 and borderline SN2 cleavage mechanisms are operative. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Darriwilian (Middle Ordovician) graptolite faunas of the Sandia Region, southern Peru
Authors: Maletz Jörg , Reimann Cornelia , Spiske Michaela , Bahlburg Heinrich , Brussa Edsel Daniel
Published: November 2009

Ordovician graptolite faunas of Peru are restricted to a short interval in the Middle to basal Upper Ordovician, found in three regions of the country. All Peruvian graptolite faunas are strongly dominated by shallow water elements of the Atlantic Faunal Realm, represented largely by Didymograptus s. str. and Aulograptus, but a number of faunal elements of the pandemic isograptid biofacies have recently been discovered in the Sandia Region of SE Peru. Peruvian graptolite faunas are reviewed and the new records from the Sandia Region are discussed in detail. The faunas from the Purumpata and Iparo members of the San José Formation range in age approximately from the Undulograptus austrodentatus Biozone to the Holmograptus lentus Biozone (early to middle Darriwilian). The faunas provide a better understanding of faunal composition and diversity in this region and help to correlate shallow water and deeper water graptolite faunas from this time interval. Biserial graptolites are rare in most samples and usually indeterminable, but a single identifiable specimen of Undulograptus austrodentatus was found, indicating a level close to the base of the Darriwilian. A number of specimens of the genera Isograptus and Arienigraptus from the Sandia Region represent pandemic graptolite faunas of the isograptid biofacies, described for the first time from this region. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regioselective synthesis of 2‐methyl‐2,5,6,11,12,13‐hexahydro 4H indazolo[5,4‐a]pyrrolo[3,4‐c]carbazole‐4‐ones
Authors: Tao Ming , Park Chung Ho , Josef Kurt , Hudkins Robert L.
Published: November 2009

magnified image

2‐Methyl‐2,5,6,11,12,13‐hexahydro 4H indazolo[5,4‐a]pyrrolo[3,4‐c]carbazole‐4‐one was synthesized utilizing a regioselective Diels‐Alder reaction with 5‐(1H‐indol‐2‐yl)‐2‐methyl‐6,7‐dihydro‐2H‐indazole and ethyl cis‐β‐cyanoacrylate. Acetic acid and YtBr3 were the best solvent and catalyst for the regioselective Diels‐Alder reaction. The chemistry was used to synthesize novel 8‐pyrimidinyloxy‐2,5,6,11,12,13‐hexahydro 4H indazolo[5,4‐a]pyrrolo[3,4‐c]carbazole‐4‐ones that were screened and found to be potent inhibitors of DLK. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2009).
Bilateral cochlear implantation: Current concepts, indications, and results
Authors: Basura Gregory J. , Eapen Rose , Buchman Craig A.
Published: November 2009

The optimal treatment for bilateral hearing loss continues to evolve as cochlear implant (CI) and hearing aid technologies advance, as does our understanding of the central auditory system. Ongoing discussions continue on the validity and feasibility of bilateral CI in terms of performance, justification of need, medical/surgical safety concerns, and economics. The purpose of this review article is to provide an update on the advantages and disadvantages of bilateral CI and to provide a discussion on timing (simultaneous vs. sequential), technology (bimodal vs. binaural) and feasibility. Binaural advantages are found in both adult and pediatric bilateral CI recipients, the greatest being the head shadow effect and improvements in localization and loudness summation. This theoretically offers an advantage over their unilateral implanted counterparts in terms of improved sound localization and enhanced speech perception under noisy conditions. Most investigators agree that bilateral stimulation during critical periods of development is paramount for optimizing auditory functioning in children. Currently, bilateral CI is widely accepted as a safe and effective means of bilateral auditory stimulation. Laryngoscope, 2009
Simultaneous complex permittivity and thickness evaluation of liquid materials from scattering parameter measurements
Authors: Hasar U. C. , Cansiz A.
Published: November 2009

A promising in‐waveguide microwave method has been proposed for unique complex permittivity determination of liquid materials pressed by two plugs. The method involves the effects of plugs with different electrical properties and/or lengths on measurements. In addition, it measures the length of liquid samples which sometimes are difficult to evaluate in‐waveguide measurements. We have validated the proposed method with complex permittivity and length measurements of distilled water. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 52: 75–78, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24837
Changes in teacher stress through participation in pre‐referral intervention teams
Authors: Lhospital Ann Shargo , Gregory Anne
Published: November 2009

Teachers today face high stress that can compromise their well‐being, longevity in the profession, and the quality of their interactions with students. Pre‐referral interventions, which address individual student difficulties before consideration for special education, may help buffer teacher stress through student interventions and team support. Yet, little is known about how teacher stress changes across pre‐referral interventions. This study followed 33 elementary education teachers prospectively through their participation in a pre‐referral intervention team (PIT) program. Hierarchical linear modeling indicated that, across the pre‐referral process, teachers felt less distress related to referred students' needs, termed “dyadic stress.” Teachers' dyadic stress was partially accounted for by student progress on referral concerns. Teachers' experience of PIT support was also linked to reductions in stress and lower dyadic stress after pre‐referral interventions were implemented. The findings have implications for how school practitioners consult with teachers. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Control of block copolymer morphology: An example of selective morphology induced by self‐assembly formation condition
Authors: Suchao‐In Natthaporn , De Bruyn Hank , Perrier Sébastien , Chirachanchai Suwabun
Published: November 2009

An example case of selective morphology by simply varying pH and heating profile based on a diblock copolymer, i.e., poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAM) and poly[2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl acrylate] (PDMAEA) is reported. A variation of pH induces an aggregation of the block copolymers in either micelles or vesicles. In a subsequent step, temperature variation triggers the formation of vesicular structures. This demonstrates not only the temperature but also the heating rate that tunes the nanostructures from micelles to vesicles. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2009
RAFT cryopolymerizations of N,N‐dimethylacrylamide and N‐isopropylacrylamide in moderately frozen aqueous solution
Authors: Sun Xiao‐Li , He Wei‐Dong , Li Jian , Li Li‐Ying , Zhang Bo‐Yu , Pan Ting‐Ting
Published: November 2009

Aqueous reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) cryopolymerizations of N,N‐dimethylacrylamide (DMA) and N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) with potassium persulfate/sodium ascorbate as redox initiators were performed at −15 °C. For the homopolymerizations, water‐soluble chain transfer agents (CTAs) of 2‐(1‐carboxy‐1‐methylethyl‐sulfanylthiocarbonylsulfanyl)‐2‐methylpropionic acid and 2‐dodecylsulfanylthiocarbonylsulfanyl‐2‐methylpropionyl‐capped methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) were used. For the sequential block copolymerizations, the obtained trithiocarbonate‐functionalized polymers were used as macro‐CTAs. Although well‐defined homo and block polymers of DMA and NIPAM were synthesized and these RAFT cryopolymerizations were well controlled, their behavior depended on the monomers and CTAs. The polymerization kinetic and polymer structure were studied by proton nuclear magnetic resonance analysis and gel permeation chromatography measurement. Poly(N,N‐dimethylacrylamide)‐based cryogels crosslinked with reductively cleavable disulfide‐containing diacrylamide, N,N′‐bisacryloylcystamine, were synthesized via RAFT cryopolymerization. Scanning electron microscopy observation revealed that the porous structure of cryogels depended on the CTA used. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2009
Scheie syndrome: Enzyme replacement therapy does not prevent progression of cervical myelopathy due to spinal cord compression
Authors: Illsinger S. , Lücke T. , Hartmann H. , Mengel E. , Müller‐Forell W. , Donnerstag F. , Das A. M.
Published: November 2009

Hurler–Scheie syndrome is caused by alpha‐l‐iduronidase deficiency. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) can improve physical capacity and reduces organomegaly. However, the effect on bradytrophic connective tissue is limited. As intravenously administered enzyme cannot cross the blood–brain barrier, the therapy of choice for the more severe Hurler syndrome is haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT). In the more attenuated Scheie syndrome, neurological impairment is less severe; therefore, ERT may be appropriate to treat these patients. Information on long‐term outcome in Scheie patients undergoing ERT is scarce. We report a 38‐year‐old female Scheie patient who has been on ERT for 8 years. While non‐neurological symptoms improved, she developed paresthesias in her hands and feet and progressive pain in her legs. Somatosensory evoked potentials were abnormal, suggesting dysfunction of the dorsal funiculus and lemniscus medialis. After 6 years of ERT, a spinal MRI showed dural thickening at the upper cervical spine. These soft‐tissue deposits are presumably due to the accumulation of mucopolysaccharides. Intramedullary hyperintensities at the level of C1/2 revealed cervical myelopathy. An MRI before the start of ERT had shown milder spinal lesions. Cystic lesions in the white matter of the centrum semiovale due to dilated Virchow–Robin spaces were essentially unchanged compared with the MRI scan before ERT. Decompression of the spinal cord resulted in clinical improvement. In an adult patient with Scheie syndrome, ERT failed to prevent progression of cervical myelopathy. Clinical significance of cerebral changes is unclear. Whether early HCT or intrathecal ERT could have prevented these lesions remains speculative.
Challenges in intervention research on adolescent development
Authors: Stattin Håkan , Kerr Margaret
Published: November 2009

The field of intervention and prevention research is rapidly growing. In this general discussion of the studies in the special issue on intervention and prevention with adolescents, we highlight some of the challenges facing researchers in this field. One is the community perspective. Family and school are the primary settings for intervention research today, and this special issue covers various approaches to family‐ and school‐based interventions. Taking a community perspective, the question becomes how these different interventions can be co‐ordinated across contexts and be integrated in a local community's broader intervention policies and activities. Another challenge for intervention and prevention research is to use better designs in order to better understand how interventions into young peoples′ lives affect their future health and adjustment. Overall, the studies in this special issue illustrate well the many challenges that intervention researchers face when they go from theory to practice.
Role of explicit and tacit knowledge in Six Sigma projects: An empirical examination of differential project success
Authors: Anand Gopesh , Ward Peter T. , Tatikonda Mohan V.
Published: November 2009

This research develops a conceptual model for predicting success of process improvement projects as a result of knowledge‐creation practices employed in the projects. The model is empirically examined in the context of Six Sigma black belt projects. New scales are developed to measure explicit‐ and tacit‐knowledge‐creation practices in process improvement. Data is gathered via a cross‐sectional sample, and the hypotheses are tested using hierarchical regression. Our results support the notion that knowledge‐creation practices influence the success of process improvement projects. Specifically, the inclusion of softer, people‐oriented practices for capturing tacit knowledge explains a significant amount of variance in project success, as much as the more analytically focused practices that capture explicit knowledge. This research offers practical insights about the influence of practices that project managers use to create new knowledge by capturing explicit and tacit knowledge, and seeks to advance theoretical understanding of process improvement.
Administration of loperamide and addition of wheat bran to the diets of weaner pigs decrease the incidence of diarrhoea and enhance their gut maturation
Authors: Molist Gasa Francesc , Ywazaki Mauro , Gómez de Segura Ugalde Arantza , Hermes Rafael Gustavo , Gasa Gasó Josep , Pérez Hernández José Francisco
Published: November 2009

The influence of fibre inclusion and transit time regulation on the performance, health status, microbial activity and population, physico-chemical characteristics of the hindgut digesta and intestinal morphology in early weaned pigs were examined. For these experiments, wheat bran (WB) was used as fibre source and loperamide as a drug (LOP) to increase the digesta transit time. In Expt 1, a total of 128 early weaned pigs were randomly distributed in a 2 × 2 factorial combination of WB inclusion (0v.40 g/kg) and LOP administration (0v.0·07 mg/kg body weight) during 13 d. For Expt 2, a total of twenty-four piglets were allotted to three dietary treatments for 15 d with the same basal diet (control diet) as Expt 1; a diet with 80 g/kg of WB and the combination of WB and LOP. In Expt 1, LOP improved the average daily feed intake and average daily gain of the animals (P = 0·001 and 0·007, respectively). The same result was obtained when WB was combined with LOP. The WB–LOP group also showed a higher concentration of SCFA (P = 0·013), acetic acid (P = 0·004) and propionic acid (P = 0·093). On the other hand, WB inclusion reduced the organic matter and crude protein digestibility (P = 0·001) and tended to decrease the enterobacteria population (P = 0·089). In Expt 2, WB increased the butyric acid concentration (P = 0·086). We concluded that the inclusion of WB to modify the intestinal microbiota activity combined with LOP may be beneficial to animal health and performance.
Genetic variability ofHaemonchus contortus(Nematoda: Trichostrongyloidea) in alpine ruminant host species
Authors: Cerutti M.C. , Citterio C.V. , Bazzocchi C. , Epis S. , D'Amelio S. , Ferrari N. , Lanfranchi P.
Published: November 2009

Genetic variability of the ovine parasiteHaemonchus contortusfrom the Alpine area was investigated using mitochondrial DNA (nd4gene), internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2 and microsatellites, in order to assess whether cross-transmission between domestic and wild ruminants occurs. The dataset was composed of 78 individual adult maleH. contortuscollected from chamois (Rupicapra r. rupicapra), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), alpine ibex (Capra ibex ibex), domestic goat (Capra hircus) and sheep (Ovis aries) from different alpine areas. The data obtained show low host specificity and high genetic variation withinH. contortuspopulations. The analyses indicate the presence of two mitochondrial haplotype clusters among host species and the absence of cryptic parasite species, confirmingH. contortusas a generalist nematode and suggesting that parasite transmission between populations of domestic and wild ruminants normally occurs.
Application of the Abel integral equation to an inverse problem in thermoelectricity
Authors: CIMATTI GIOVANNI
Published: November 2009

This paper deals with a new method to determine the dependence of the electrical conductivity of metals or semiconductors on temperature. It is based on the fact that the current–voltage relationship is easily measurable. This inverse problem is solved by the classical Abel integral equation.
THE SIGNAL EXTRACTION PROBLEM REVISITED: A NOTE ON ITS IMPACT ON A MODEL OF MONETARY POLICY
Authors: Keen Benjamin D.
Published: November 2009

This paper develops a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model with sticky prices and sticky wages, in which agents have imperfect information on the stance and direction of monetary policy. Agents respond by using Kalman filtering to unravel persistent and temporary monetary policy changes in order to form optimal forecasts of future policy actions. Our results show that a New Keynesian model with imperfect information and real rigidities can account for several key effects of an expansionary monetary policy shock: the hump-shaped increase in output, the delayed and gradual rise in inflation, and the fall in the nominal interest rate.
Archaeology. From usefulness to value
Authors: Holtorf Cornelius
Published: November 2009

I have much sympathy for Shannon Dawdy's eloquent argument in favour of reorienting archaeology ‘away from reconstructions of the past and towards problems of the present’ (p. 140). The topic is timely, her argument sharp, and the discussion of the issues at hand benefits from them being put on the spot in rather dramatic fashion. I do not agree with those who might argue that such calls for more social relevance in a humanities subject are merely the symptom of an unhelpful but prevalent insecurity and demonstrate a lack of confidence in one's own academic abilities. At the same time, Dawdy's passionate and courageous argument would have benefited from additional analysis of the subject matter at hand. As it stands, I have two main reservations to her paper.
Limited temperature response to the very large AD 1258 volcanic eruption
Authors: Timmreck Claudia , Lorenz Stephan J. , Crowley Thomas J. , Kinne Stefan , Raddatz Thomas J. , Thomas Manu A. , Jungclaus Johann H.
Published: November 2009

The large AD 1258 eruption had a stratospheric sulfate load approximately ten times greater than the 1991 Pinatubo eruption. Yet surface cooling was not substantially larger than for Pinatubo (∼0.4 K). We apply a comprehensive Earth System Model to demonstrate that the size of the aerosol particles needs to be included in simulations, especially to explain the climate response to large eruptions. The temperature response weakens because increased density of particles increases collision rate and therefore aerosol growth. Only aerosol particle sizes substantially larger than observed after the Pinatubo eruption yield temperature changes consistent with terrestrial Northern Hemisphere summer temperature reconstructions. These results challenge an oft‐held assumption of volcanic impacts not only with respect to the immediate or longer‐term temperature response, but also any ecosystem response, including extinctions.