bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the resistive switching mechanisms of Cu/ZrO2:Cu/Pt
Authors: Guan Weihua , Liu Ming , Long Shibing , Liu Qi , Wang Wei
Published: December 2008

We use convincing experimental evidences to demonstrate that the nonpolar resistive switching phenomenon observed in Cu/ZrO2:Cu/Pt memory devices conforms to a filament formation and annihilation mechanism. Temperature-dependent switching characteristics show that a metallic filamentary channel is responsible for the low resistance state (ON state). Further analysis reveals that the physical origin of this metallic filament is the nanoscale Cu conductive bridge. On this basis, we propose that the set process (switching from OFF state to ON state) and the reset process (switching from ON to OFF state) stem from the electrochemical reactions in the filament, in which a thermal effect is greatly involved.
Effect of oxygen vacancy on ferromagnetism and electric transport of bulk polycrystalline (In0.8Mo0.05Fe0.15)2O3
Authors: Zhao B. C. , Ho H. W. , Xia B. , Tan L. H. , Huan A. C. , Wang L.
Published: December 2008

We report the effect of sintering pressure on ferromagnetism and electric transport properties of bulk polycrystalline (In0.8Mo0.05Fe0.15)2O3. Structural characterization by powder x-ray diffraction, magnetic and electronic characterization by magnetometry, and ac transport measurement indicate that (In0.8Mo0.05Fe0.15)2O3 shows intrinsic ferromagnetism under suitable fabrication condition. The ferromagnetism and electronic transport property of (In0.8Mo0.05Fe0.15)2O3 can be tuned by the oxygen vacancy in the sample.
Discrete breathers in ac-driven nanoelectromechanical shuttle arrays
Authors: Wiersig Jan , Flach Sergej , Ahn Kang-Hun
Published: December 2008

We investigate the dynamics of electrically ac-driven nanoelectromechanical shuttle arrays. The electromechanical coupling enforces long-range interactions. We find multistability regimes upon changing the voltage and frequency. We show that the instability driven by parametric amplification of sinusoidal mechanical waves leads to the creation of spatially localized mechanical oscillations, discrete breathers, and subsequently to an abrupt change in the electrical transport properties. In particular, we find current rectification, which is induced by the excitation of discrete breathers. This is of potential interest and use for nanomechanical sensor application.
Alkanethiol-based single-molecule transistors
Authors: Ma Chun-Lan , Nghiem Diu , Chen Yu-Chang
Published: December 2008

We have investigated the transport properties of alkanethiol molecules in the two-terminal and three-terminal junctions by using first-principles approaches. We observe that states around the Fermi levels are introduced in the amino-substituted butanethiol junction. It leads to a sharp increase in the current, which is credited to the resonant tunneling. The current-voltage characteristics suggest that the amino-substituted butanethiol molecular junction may be a promising candidate for field-effect transistors.
Spatial and long-term temporal assessment of Lake Ontario water clarity, nutrients, chlorophyll a, and zooplankton
Authors: Holeck Kristen T. , Watkins James M. , Mills Edward L. , Johannsson Ora , Millard Scott , Richardson Violeta , Bowen Kelly
Published: December 2008

Secchi depth, total phosphorus, soluble reactive phosphorus, silica, chlorophyll a, and zooplankton (density, biomass, and average size) were sampled as part of a lake-wide, seasonal (spring, summer, and fall) assessment of Lake Ontario in 2003 to characterize the status of the lower aquatic food web. For each parameter, spatial comparisons were performed to test for differences between habitats (nearshore and offshore) and between regions (east and west) during each season. Significant differences between habitats were found only for silica and chlorophyll a; silica was higher nearshore in fall, and chlorophyll a was higher offshore in fall. Significant differences between regions were detected in Secchi depth, epilimnetic zooplankton mean length, total phosphorus and Cercopagis pengoi density and biomass; Secchi depth and zooplankton mean length were higher in the east in spring, total phosphorus and Cercopagis pengoi biomass were higher in the west in summer, and Cercopagis pengoi biomass was higher in the east in fall. Cercopagis pengoi was present lake-wide in summer and fall, but Bythotrephes longimanus was present only in fall in the Kingston basin. Mean spring total phosphorus, soluble reactive phosphorus, chlorophyll a, and epilimnetic zooplankton density and biomass are at or near record low levels. As we move into the future, persistent low levels of these lower food web elements will continue to stress alewife populations both through reduced food resources and food quality for zooplankton, and may force these fish to seek alternative food such as Mysis.
Changes to fish assemblages visiting estuarine wetlands following the closure of commercial fishing in Botany Bay, Australia
Authors: Saintilan Neil , Mazumder Debashish , Cranney Karen
Published: December 2008

A Before-After, Control-Impact sampling design was used to measure changes in fish assemblages in intertidal mangroves and saltmarsh prior to and following the closure of commercial fishing in the Botany Bay estuary, New South Wales, Australia. Of commercial species found as juveniles in the wetlands, there was a consistent pattern of decrease in numbers compared to the pre-closure surveys. Other small wetland fish (such as the Gobiidae) were also found to have decreased in numbers, with the exception of the Common Toadfish (Tetractenos hamiltoni Gray and Richardson, 1843) and the Glassfish (Ambassis jacksoniensis Macleay, 1881). Results suggest that the immediate response of an estuarine fishery to commercial fishing closure may be a predator-mediated decline in juvenile fish of both prey and predator species.
Fall diets of alewife, rainbow smelt, and slimy sculpin in the profundal zone of southern Lake Ontario during 1994–2005 with an emphasis on occurrence of Mysis relicta
Authors: Walsh Maureen G. , O'Gorman Robert , Strang Theodore , Edwards William H. , Rudstam Lars G.
Published: December 2008

In Lake Ontario, factors including the collapse of the burrowing amphipod, Diporeia spp., changes in the distribution and composition of the prey fish community, and occurrence of exotic cladocerans Bythotrephes longimanus and Cercopagis pengoi have led to changes in predation pressure on the remaining native profundal macroinvertebrate, Mysis relicta. We conducted a diet study on three important prey fishes, alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus), rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax), and slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus) in 2002–2005 at depths 75–130 m along the south shore of Lake Ontario to evaluate the current role of Mysis in the diets of these species relative to earlier studies and previously unpublished data from 1994–1995. Mysis have remained an important prey item for alewife, rainbow smelt, and slimy sculpin in the profundal zone of southern Lake Ontario through 2005, indicating that the population has been able to sustain itself following the collapse of Diporeia. Although the occurrence of Diporeia in prey fish diets was minimal in 2003–2005, Bythotrephes longimanus and Cercopagis pengoi played an important role in the diet of alewife and a minor role in the diet of rainbow smelt, and may actually serve to mitigate predation pressure on Mysis, particularly in years when they are very abundant. Conversely, without Diporeia, the benthic slimy sculpin was primarily reliant on Mysis as a prey item and would be most vulnerable to a decline in the Mysis population.
Serine Palmitoyltransferase, the First Step Enzyme in Sphingolipid Biosynthesis, Is Involved in Nonhost Resistance
Authors: Takahashi Yoshihiro , Berberich Thomas , Kanzaki Hiroyuki , Matsumura Hideo , Saitoh Hiromasa , Kusano Tomonobu , Terauchi Ryohei
Published: December 2008

An overexpression screen of Nicotiana benthamiana cDNAs identified a gene for the LCB2 subunit of serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) as a potent inducer of hypersensitive response-like cell death. The pyridoxal 5′-phosphate binding site of NbLCB2 is required for its function as a cell death inducer. NbLCB2 mRNA is accumulated after infection by nonhost pathogen Pseudomonas cichorii. Resistance of N. benthamiana against P. cichorii was compromised by treatment with an SPT inhibitor and in NbLCB2- and NbLCB1-silenced plants. These results suggest that biosynthesis of sphingolipids is necessary for the nonhost resistance of N. benthamiana against P. cichorii.
HSP70 and mucin 5B: novel protein targets of N,N′‐dinitrosopiperazine‐induced nasopharyngeal tumorigenesis
Authors: Tang Fa‐Qing , Duan Chao‐Jun , Huang Da‐Mao , Wang Wei‐Wei , Xie Chun‐Lei , Meng Jing‐Jing , Wang Lei , Jiang Hai‐Ying , Feng De‐Yun , Wu Shang‐Hui , Gu Huan‐Hua , Li Mo‐Yu , Deng Fu‐Liang , Gong Zhi‐Jun , Zhou Hui , Xu Yong‐Hao , Tan Can , Zhang Xin , Cao Ya
Published: December 2008

N,N′‐Dinitrosopiperazine (DNP) induces nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and shows organ specificity to the nasopharyneal epithelium. To investigate its mechanism, the rat NPC model was inducd using DNP. Rat NPC and normal nasopharyngeal cells were obtained from the NPC model using laser capture. The total proteins from these cell samples were separated with two‐dimension polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis techniques, and highly expressed proteins (> five‐fold) were analyzed using matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight and bioinformatics. The results showed that HSP70 and mucin 5B expression increased not only in rat NPC but also in atypical hyperplasia nasopharyngeal tissues, a precancer stage of NPC. High‐expression of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and mucin 5B was further supported by western blot analysis. The immunofluorescence and western‐blotting studies further showed that DNP induced the expression of HSP70 and mucin 5B in a dosage‐dependent manner in normal nasopharyngeal epithelia cells. Our data indicate that DNP triggers over‐expression of HSP70 and mucin 5B, and is involved in nasopharyngeal tumorigenesis. HSP70 and mucin 5B may be important targets in nasopharyngeal tumorigenesis induced by DNP. (Cancer Sci 2009; 100: 216–224)
The Laryngeal Mask Airway SupremeTM– a single use laryngeal mask airway with an oesophageal vent. A randomised, cross‐over study with the Laryngeal Mask Airway ProSealTM in paralysed, anaesthetised patients
Authors: Eschertzhuber S. , Brimacombe J. , Hohlrieder M. , Keller C.
Published: December 2008

The LMA SupremeTM is a new extraglottic airway device which brings together features of the LMA ProSealTM, FastrachTM and UniqueTM. We test the hypothesis that ease of insertion, oropharyngeal leak pressure, fibreoptic position and ease of gastric tube placement differ between the LMA ProSealTM and the LMA SupremeTM in paralysed anesthetised patients. Ninety‐three females aged 19–71 years were studied. Both devices were inserted into each patient in random order. Two attempts were allowed. Digital insertion was used for the first attempt and guided insertion for the second attempt. Oropharyngeal leak pressure and fibreoptic position were determined during cuff inflation from 0 to 40 ml in 10 ml increments. Gastric tube insertion was attempted if there was no gas leak from the drain tube. First attempt and overall insertion success were similar (LMA ProSealTM, 92% and 100%; LMA SupremeTM 95% and 100%). Guided insertion was always successful following failed digital insertion. Oropharyngeal leak pressure was 4–8 ml higher for the LMA ProSealTM over the inflation range (p < 0.001). Intracuff pressure was 16–35 cm higher for the LMA ProSealTM when the cuff volume was 20–40 ml (p < 0.001). There was an increase in oropharyngeal leak pressure with increasing cuff volume from 10 to 30 ml for both devices, but no change from 0 to 10 ml and 30–40 ml. There were no differences in the fibreoptic position of the airway or drain tube. The first attempt and overall insertion success for the gastric tube was similar (LMA ProSealTM 91% and 100%; LMA SupremeTM 92% and 100%). We conclude that ease of insertion, gastric tube placement and fibreoptic position are similar for the LMA ProSealTM and LMA SupremeTM in paralysed, anaesthetised females, but oropharyngeal leak pressure and intracuff pressure are higher for the LMA ProSealTM.
The optimum concentration of levobupivacaine for intra‐operative caudal analgesia in children undergoing inguinal hernia repair at equal volumes of injectate
Authors: Yao Y.‐S. , Qian B. , Chen B.‐Z. , Wang R. , Tan L.
Published: December 2008

Probit analysis was used to predict the median effective concentration (EC50) and the 95% effective concentration (EC95) values of levobupivacaine for caudal analgesia in children at equal volumes of injectate. Sixty children scheduled for inguinal herniorrhaphy were recruited. Anaesthesia was induced with sevofurane and nitrous oxide. Then caudal block (total volume of local anaesthetic 1 ml.kg−1) was performed. Patients randomly received one of six concentrations (0.08%, 0.10%, 0.12%, 0.14%, 0.16% or 0.18%) of levobupivacaine. Thereafter, inhalational anaesthetics were discontinued and intravenous midazolam 0.1 mg.kg−1 was administered to maintain sedation. The effective caudal analgesia was defined as an absence of gross movements and a haemodynamic (heart rate or blood pressure) reaction < 20% compared with baseline in response to surgical incision. Our data indicated that the EC50 and EC95 values of levobupivacaine for caudal analgesia were 0.109% (95% confidence intervals 0.098–0.120%) and 0.151% (95% confidence intervals 0.135–0.193%) when using the same volume (1 ml.kg−1), respectively.
Risk factors for croup in children with recurrent respiratory infections: a case‐control study
Authors: Pruikkonen Hannele , Dunder Teija , Renko Marjo , Pokka Tytti , Uhari Matti
Published: December 2008

Croup accounts for approximately 15% of all lower respiratory disease in children, but little is known about risk factors or its recurrence rate. The aim of this study was to determine the risk factors for croup and recurrent croup and to find out whether it is possible to predict the course of the disease. We considered croup patients who visited the Paediatric Department of Oulu University Hospital as primary health care patients at night during 1996–2000. For most analyses we used sex‐ and age‐matched control patients who had had other respiratory infection but for environmental factors we used population controls. We performed conditional logistic regression analysis on data applying to 182 pairs of patients and controls.

The recurrence rate was high, as 61% of the croup patients had had at least three episodes. Family history of croup was the most significant risk factor for both croup itself and recurrent croup. In multivariable analysis the odds ratio (OR) for the parents having a history of croup was 3.2 (95% CI 1.5, 7.1, P < 0.01) and 4.1 (95% CI 1.4, 11.7, P < 0.01) for recurrent croup. Parental smoking appeared to be a risk factor for respiratory infections but not for croup. Patients with croup had a cat as a pet less often than the controls, with OR 0.5 (95% CI 0.2, 1.0, P = 0.04). Family history appeared to be an exceptionally strong predictive factor for croup and its recurrence. In this patient series prone to respiratory infections recurrence of croup was common.
Increased coated‐platelet levels in chronic haemodialysis patients
Authors: VALAYDON ZINA S , LEE PETROVA , DALE GEORGE L , JANUSZEWSKI ANDRZEJ S , ROWLEY KEVIN G , NANDURKAR HARSHAL , KARSCHIMKUS CONNIE , BEST JAMES D , LYONS TIMOTHY J , JENKINS ALICIA J
Published: December 2008

Aim:  To determine if levels of coated‐platelets, which are potentially pro‐thrombotic, are increased in end‐stage renal disease patients on haemodialysis, a condition associated with high cardiovascular disease risk.

Methods:  In a cross‐sectional observational study, coated‐platelet levels were measured by flow cytometry in 25 end‐stage renal failure haemodialysis patients and 25 controls without renal disease. Associations between coated‐platelet levels and clinical and biochemical factors relevant to renal and cardiovascular disease were evaluated.

Results:  Mean ± SD coated‐platelet levels were higher in the dialysis group than in the control group (39.3 ± 14.3% vs 30.9 ± 10.3%, P = 0.02). The number of subjects with high coated‐platelet levels (>40%) was larger in the dialysis than in the control group (13/25 vs 4/25, χ2 test, P = 0.007). On univariate analysis, coated‐platelet levels correlated with serum C‐reactive protein levels in renal failure (r = 0.47, P = 0.02) and inversely with white cell count in the control group (r = −0.60, P = 0.001). Coated‐platelet levels were higher in dialysis patients reporting alcohol abstinence than among those reporting ‘social’ drinking (44.3 ± 12.6 vs 28.8 ± 13.5%, P = 0.01). Age, gender, body weight, smoking, diabetes, lipid levels and lipid‐lowering drugs were not associated with coated‐platelet levels (all P > 0.05).

Conclusion:  Coated‐platelet levels are increased in haemodialysis patients relative to subjects with normal renal function, and are related to inflammation and alcohol abstinence. Other vascular risk factors, such as smoking, lipids and diabetes, were not related to coated‐platelet levels. Coated‐platelets may be implicated in the increased thrombosis and vascular risk in end‐stage renal disease.
Trends in radical prostatectomy
Authors: Eastham James , Tokuda Yuji , Scardino Peter
Published: December 2008

The surgical treatment of prostate cancer ideally removes the entire cancer, avoids excessive blood loss or serious perioperative complications, and results in complete recovery of continence and potency. To achieve this, the surgeon must excise sufficient periprostatic tissue to cure the cancer while preserving the cavernosal nerves required for erectile function and the neuromusculature required for normal urinary and bowel function. Here we will examine recent trends in radical prostatectomy, focusing on surgical technique.
LEIOMYOMA OF THE PROSTATE
Authors: BARNES D. R.
Published: December 2008

1. The thirty‐seventh case of leiomyoma of the prostate has been reported.

2. The literature has been reviewed and two cases have been excluded.

3. The aetiology has been discussed and the clinical features and methods of treatment have been summarised.

I am indebted to Mr L. B. Goldschmidt, F.R.C.S., for permission to publish this case and for his help and encouragement. I would also like to thank Dr A. Kipps for his help with the pathological details and Mr G. McManus of the Department of Surgery for the photographs.
DYSGENESIS OF THE SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES1
Authors: BARR MURRAY L.
Published: December 2008

Certain patients with male hypogonadism characterised by hyalinisation and fibrosis of the seminiferous tubules have female nuclei. They appear to be instances of an almost complete sex reversal that dates from an early stage of embryonal development. The indifferent gonads apparently develop as imperfect testes, rather than ovaries, and the androgenic activity of the embryonal testis‐like gonads directs sexual development in the male direction. It is important to recognise these patients in order to establish the cause of sterility when this problem is under investigation, and to take advantage of the benefits that accrue from androgen substitution therapy.

This study was supported by a grant from the National Research Council of Canada and the D. H. McDermid Medical Research Fund.
LESIONS OF THE URETERIC STUMP AFTER NEPHRECTOMY1
Authors: MOORE THOMAS
Published: December 2008

Careful pre‐operative assessment of the state of the ureter from the point of view of drainage and reflux from the bladder should be carried out in every case where nephrectomy is proposed.

 Where any obstruction or reflux is present, total nephro‐ureterectomy is the best treatment.

 If this is not done, residual symptoms can occur from the ureteric stump. Three cases are reported.

 Primary neoplasm may develop in the ureteric stump. One case is reported.

 Fistulae, either internal or external, may involve the ureteric stump.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE PATHOLOGY OF CONGENITAL “IDIOPATHIC BLADDER‐NECK OBSTRUCTION”(MARION'S DISEASE)1
Authors: Bodian Martin
Published: December 2008

A detailed micro‐anatomical study of five post‐mortem cases of congenital idiopathic bladder‐neck obstruction or congenital Marion's disease compared with suitable controls revealed enlargement, i.e., elongation of prostatic tissue which extends from a submucous collar in the bladder neck along prostatic and membranous urethra to the level of the corpora spongiosa. As well as the increase in size, there is a qualitative change in the prostatic tissue with diminution of musculo‐glandular and preponderance of fibro‐elastic elements. The fibro‐elastosis is most marked below the level of the verumontanum to the level of the bulb.

Autonomic ganglia and other anatomical structures appeared normal except for secondary muscular hypertrophy in the wall of the prostatic urethra and in the bladder wall.

It is suggested that the elongated fibro‐elastic prostate offers obstruction to the urinary flow along the whole course of the posterior urethra.
CYSTIC DISEASE OF THE RENAL PYRAMIDS
Authors: ROWLING J. THOMPSON
Published: December 2008

An outline of the main features of cystic disease of the renal pyramids is given.

A case is described which is unusual in that the cysts were easily demonstrable on retrograde pyelography.

The pathogenesis and clinical features are briefly discussed.
THE ALWALL ARTIFICIAL KIDNEY: AN ASSESSMENT AFTER ONE YEAR
Authors: HALL MOLLY , KERR DAVID , SMART GEORGE , ASHCROFT ROSALIND , ELLIOTT WALTER , SWINNEY JOHN
Published: December 2008

The Alwall artificial kidney has been assessed after one year of operation and 100 hemodialyses at Newcastle. It has proved adequate for the treatment of most patients, but it is suggested that a machine of larger dialysing surface area is preferable for treating post‐traumatic and post‐operative renal failure.

The amount and type of work undertaken by a regional artificial kidney unit are reviewed.

One large sector of this work is the emergency investigation of patients with unexplained ursemia. A scheme of investigation is described. The majority of patients without previous history were found to have chronic renal disease.
FAILURE OF FUSION OF THE TESTIS AND EPIDIDYMIS
Authors: LYTHGOE J. P.
Published: December 2008

A case of failure of fusion of the testis and epididymis is reported, and the literature is briefly reviewed.

The clinical aspects of the condition are discussed.
THE PREVENTION OF CHRONIC PYELONEPHRITIS1,2
Authors: J.Murphy John , W.Schoenberg Harry , A.Tristan Theodore
Published: December 2008

There seems to be a definite relationship between urinary tract infection in childhood and chronic pyelonephritis in the adult. The infection may become established in the renal parenchyma of a child and become apparent only after puberty when it is recognised by a late sign such as uraemia, hypertension, or flare‐up of active infection during pregnancy. A survey utilising cinefluorographic voiding cysto‐urethrography and direct cystometry made on 186 children resulted in positive findings in 103. The majority of these children appeared to have a dysfunction of the bladder outlet similar to that not infrequently seen in the gastric pylorus, oesophagocardial junction and ureteropelvic junction. Correction of this defect by myotomy resulted in improvement in the clinical picture, bacteriological findings, cinefluorographic appearance of the outlet and voiding pressures in most of the children. Reimplantation of ureters which demonstrated vesicoureteral reflux was successful as determined by voiding cysto‐urethrography and bacteriological study.

Prevention of chronic pyelonephritis can be best accomplished by a diligent search for the lesions predisposing to and facilitating infection in children and correction of these when they are found.
CONTRASTING CASES OF CYSTITIS CYSTICA1
Authors: Grieve By John
Published: December 2008

Two patients with cystitis cystica related to chronic urinary infection and irritation have been observed over a period of five years. In one, control of renal acidosis and infection, and in the other of infection was followed by disappearance of the cystic change. A third patient had the histological changes of cystitis cystica in relation to a transitional cell bladder carcinoma. No evidence is available to show why so few patients with chronic urinary infection and irritation should show the changes of cystitis cystica.

It is a pleasure to acknowledge the help of the Staff of the Department of Radiology, Dundee Royal Infirmary, and of those colleagues who have referred patients.
PERIURETHRAL PHLEGMON: POSTERIOR RUPTURE THROUGH COLLES‘ FASCIA
Authors: Allen Terry D.
Published: December 2008

Although urologists are familiar with the classical pathways of spread of fluid beneath Colles' fascia, it is not commonly appreciated that the periurethral phlegmon, by virtue of its ability to induce vascular thrombosis, ischeemia and necrosis of restraining fascial barriers, may disseminate by routes not expected from anatomical studies alone. Two cases demonstrating posterior extension into the buttocks have been presented and the seriousness of the disease has been emphasised. Recognition of such a complication is of more than academic interest since recovery may be dependent upon drainage of these ancillary areas.
THE GENESIS OF BLADDER TONE
Authors: Sabetian M.
Published: December 2008

The effects of the irritant tinct. capsici on the mucous lining of the bladder are recorded by cystometrograms and compared with controls. It is shown that while reflex micturition is precipitated prematurely, the tonus limb of the cystometrogram remains unaffected. It is argued that tonus is independent of neurogenic control and that the ability of the bladder to accommodate is a function of the physical state of its myoelastic wall.

 The clinical implications of this physiological concept are discussed.
A CASE OF AN IMPACTED FOREIGN BODY IN THE URETHRA
Authors: Jameson R. M.
Published: December 2008

A case of an impacted urethral foreign body of rubber tubing is described. Attention is drawn to the motives for self‐introduction of foreign bodies and in all cases psychiatric consultation is advisable. The techniques of removal are discussed.
THE PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS OF THE USE OF RUBIDIUM‐86 TO MEASURE RENAL BLOOD FLOW BY EXTERNAL SCINTILLATION COUNTING
Authors: Blandy J. P. , Sear R. , Wilks R.
Published: December 2008

Rb‐86 and Cs‐134 were given intravenously to dogs whilst a scintillation counter was placed over the exposed kidney. The kidney took up its maximum of Rb‐86 within two minutes of injection. The corresponding peak occurred from fifteen to twenty minutes after injection for Cs‐134.

 The content of Rb‐86 and Cs‐134 in kidney, liver, spleen, muscle, and blood, was measured at intervals up to thirty minutes after intravenous injection. Of these tissues none was found to contain more than a fraction of the concentration of Rb‐86 in the kidney at the end of the first two minutes. If the injected Rb‐86 were contaminated with Cs‐134, a significant masking of the renal uptake of Rb‐86 would occur, and the precision of the method would be correspondingly impaired.

 The renal uptake of Rb‐86 is sufficiently rapid for it to depend on the arterial blood supply, and because the renal concentration is much higher than that of surrounding tissues its measurement by external counting techniques is possible.

 External scintillation counting of the renal uptake of cæsium‐free Rb‐86 appears to be a valid method for comparing the blood flow of the two kidneys.
NEPHRECTOMY FOR HYPERTENSION DUE TO UNILATERAL RENAL DISEASE
Authors: REDWOOD D. R.
Published: December 2008

In reviewing the literature, it has been found that the cure rate following nephrectomy in patients with hypertension due to unilateral renal disease has varied widely. Homer Smith, reviewing cases from the 20 years up to 1956, found 26 per cent, of 575 cases had a pressure of 140/90 mm. Hg or below for a year or more post–operatively.

Twelve further cases have been presented and the success rate here has been of the same order as that found by Homer Smith.

Methods are discussed in which this percentage might be increased by more careful evaluation of patients coming to nephrectomy.

I am indebted to Dr James Dow for his advice and encouragement in the preparation of this paper.
ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULA ASSOCIATED WITH RENAL CELL CARCINOMA OF THE KIDNEY:Report of Three Cases with Cardiovascular Findings
Authors: WISE GILBERT J. , BOSNIAK MORTON A. , HUDSON PERRY B.
Published: December 2008

Three cases of renal cell carcinoma of the kidney with massive arteriovenous fistulas are presented with emphasis on the cardiovascular and radiological features. An awareness of the existence of these massive arteriovenous fistulas in renal cell carcinoma, with cardiovascular manifestations, is important in proper diagnosis and management. The use of renal arteriography for establishing diagnosis of these cases is demonstrated. The value of nephrectomy to correct cardiovascular symptoms, even in patients with extensive disease, is pointed out.
THE “HOURGLASS” CALCULUS: VESICO–PROSTATIC CALCULUS FOLLOWING PROSTATECTOMY
Authors: BRIDGER J. E.
Published: December 2008

A series of four cases of “hourglass” calculus are described and those cases described in the literature are reviewed. The symptomatology, aetiology and management are discussed.

I wish to thank Mr G. C. Tresidder and Mr R. P. Warren for permission to publish the cases and for their help in preparing this paper.

I am grateful to Mr R. F. Ruddick of the Photographic Department, The London Hospital, for the photographs.
MALIGNANT PHæOCHROMOCYTOMA OF THE ORGAN OF ZUCKERKANDL WITH FUNCTIONING METASTASES
Authors: JOSEPH LAJI
Published: December 2008

An unusual case of a malignant phasochromocytoma of the organ of Zuckerkandl is presented. The metastases which were pharmacologically active were rendered inert by their treatment with radiation and cyclophosphamide.
RENAL PRESERVATION WITH HYPERBARIC OXYGENATION AND HYPOTHERMIA
Authors: BASSO A. , CALNE R. Y. , HOPKINSON W. I.
Published: December 2008

Canine kidneys were removed and cooled by perfusion and then stored in a hyperbaric oxygen chamber at 0° C. After given periods of storage the kidney was retransplanted into the original animal. Opposite nephrectomy was performed either immediately or some weeks after the transplantation. Twenty–three kidneys were perfused with autologous arterial blood or Ringer's solution containing canine albumin and preserved for 24 hours under 2 or 3 ATA of oxygen. Nine kidneys were perfused with autologous blood and stored for 48 hours under hyperbaric oxygen between 2 and 8 ATA.

The kidneys perfused with Ringer's solution containing albumin showed severe damage=

=and did not function. Kidneys preserved 24 hours after perfusion with autologous arterial blood had much less damage and some of these supported life after delayed opposite nephrectomy.

Forty–eight hours of preservation was constantly unsuccessful when 2 to 3 atmospheres of hyperbaric oxygen were used. At 8 atmospheres histological damage was less severe but the kidneys did not support life.

It would appear that if hyperbaric oxygen affords any benefit, in the context of our experiments, the effect must be small.
THE ROLE OF DISTURBED PRESSURE GRADIENTS IN RECURRENT URINARY INFECTION
Authors: GRIEVE JOHN
Published: December 2008

Using a special twin–channel catheter, bladder and urethral pressures have been recorded in three normal patients and in 46 patients with recurrent urinary infection. A majority of the patients showed a disturbance of the pressure gradient as between bladder and urethra and this upset may produce a functional situation resembling a concealed bladder–neck stenosis. More work is needed to show whether surgery might benefit such patients.

This work was made possible by a generous grant (ACMR 507 E–62) from the Secretary of State for Scotland for the necessary equipment and for part–time technical help. Mr Roy Drummond, Mr D. Hardy, Mr W. Kay and Miss Jane Tapley have given invaluable technical help in building parts of the apparatus and in its running and maintenance. The London Rubber Company Limited kindly supplied through Mr R. W. Larkin, their Laboratory Manager, the fine latex sleeves for the urethral balloon.
RETROPUBIC PROSTATECTOMY: A REVIEW WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO URINARY INFECTION
Authors: MARSHALL A.
Published: December 2008

An assessment of the value of prophylactic antimicrobial therapy in patients undergoing retropubic prostatectomy is presented.

A series of 463 patients was studied. The management of the indwelling catheter was similar in all cases.

Prophylactic antimicrobial therapy did not appear to be of advantage when the patient's urine was sterile at the time of operation.

In the presence of infected urine at operation appropriate prophylactic antimicrobial therapy caused a significant reduction in the incidence of pyelonephritis and septicaemia after operation. Mortality from these causes was also significantly reduced. The giving of appropriate antimicrobial prophylactic therapy did not reduce post–operative morbidity or mortality from any other cause in these infected cases.

I am grateful to Mr Arthur Jacobs and to Mr W. Barr Stirling for allowing me access to many of their cases during the course of this investigation. These surgeons also offered much helpful advice and criticism.
CORPUS CAVERNOSOGRAPHY IN PEYRONIE'S DISEASE
Authors: HAMILTON R. W. , SWANN J. C.
Published: December 2008

Six patients with Peyronie's disease were studied by the radiographic technique of corpus cavernosography, and five received combined hydrocortisone and hyalase injections, the results of which are reported. The cavernosogram offers a method of measuring objectively the exten of the disease and the response to treatment.

We are grateful to Mr Gerald Tresidder for permission to investigate and treat these patients, and to Mr John Blandy for advice and encouragement.
IDIOPATHIC RETROPERITONEAL FIBROSIS:Notes on its Diagnosis, Management and Pathogenesis1
Authors: JOSE JOHN S.
Published: December 2008

This report is based on five cases of idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis treated at St Thomas's Hospital, London. Three cases are described in detail.

The need for diagnostic awareness when investigating backache and disturbances of urine output is emphasised. The usefulness of the E.S.R. and retrograde ureterogram in making the diagnosis is illustrated.

The Photographic Department of St Thomas's Hospital has provided the illustrations.

The operative procedures used in management are discussed, preference being given to extended ureterolysis with lateral displacement of the ureters to prevent their subsequent recurrent involvement.

Intraluminal ureteral pressure recordings are presented in support of the hypothesis that the ureteral obstruction in retroperitoneal fibrosis is functional in nature.

I wish to thank the staff of the Department of Urology, St Thomas's Hospital, London, and in particular Mr Kenneth Shuttleworth under whose care these patients were, for permission to publish this paper. Thanks are also due to Mr Martin Claridge and Mr Adrian Marston, who carried out some of the surgery described.
LYMPHOMA OF TESTIS AND BOTH KIDNEYS LEADING TO ACUTE RENAL FAILURE
Authors: WHITTAKER J. S. , BARK M.
Published: December 2008

A case of malignant lymphoma of testis and both kidneys is described in which death occurred from renal failure.

No evidence of lymphoma was found in any other organ at autopsy.

Extensive fibrosis of the involved organs was a prominent feature in contrast to most previously reported cases.
Electromyography of the Detrusor, A Method of Investigation of Normal and Abnormal Detrusor Function
Authors: DOYLE P. T. , STANTON S. L. , HILL D. W.
Published: December 2008

The place of detrusor and sphincter electromyography in the investigation of patients with urodynamic problems is discussed. The low‐frequency component of the detrusor E.M.G. and the urethral sphincter recordings are of diagnostic value, and the pressure and flow recordings provide further useful diagnostic information.
Vesical Leukoplakia Progressing to Carcinoma
Authors: O'FLYNN J. DERMOT , MULLANEY JOAN
Published: December 2008

Five cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder were observed to occur in a series of 20 cases of vesical leukoplakia.

All the neoplasms which had developed were highly malignant and not amenable to therapy.

Total cystectomy should be considered for all cases of vesical leukoplakia.
A Reconsideration of the Biology of Carcinoma of the Prostate
Authors: WILLIAMS GRANT , WALLACE D. M. , BLOOM H. J. G.
Published: December 2008

Carcinoma of the prostate is a generalised disease in which most patients have metastases at the time of presentation.

Anaemia is a frequent finding usually with evidence of metastatic disease.

Orthodox treatment with oestrogens or orchidectomy have thromboembolic sequelae, which should be preventable.

Some of the anaemias can be corrected.
Urinary Manometry in Spinal Cord Injury: a Follow‐up Study. Value of Cysto‐Sphincterometrography as an Indication for Sphincterotomy
Authors: ROSSIER ALAIN B. , OTT REINHARD
Published: December 2008

Results are reported of transurethral sphincterotomy performed in para‐ and tetra‐plegic patients. Indications and complications of the procedure are discussed.

Six patients required multiple sphincterotomies before obtaining satisfactory bladder function. After failure of the initial sphincterotomy 11 patients required additional bladder neck resection.

After sphincterotomy, with or without supplementary bladder neck resection, the volume of residual urine remained between 50 and 100 ml in 2 patients, and fell below 50 ml in 24.

A technique for recording pressure within the membranous urethra via a special balloon catheter allowed objective measurement of the results of the procedure. At the level of the distal part of the external urethral sphincter, just at the beginning of the bulbous urethra, an average reduction in pressure of the order of 67 % was found postoperatively.

It has been found that the power of the bladder contraction determines which patients benefit from sphincterotomy alone and those who require concomitant bladder neck resection.
Crossed Renal Ectopia with Colic A Clinical Clue to Embryogenesis
Authors: ROMANS D. G. , JEWETT M. A. S. , ROBSON C. J.
Published: December 2008

A clinicopathologic correlation of 2 patients with crossed renal ectopia presenting with ureteric colic and 4 cases collected from the literature is presented.

The correlation serves to reaffirm the theory of ureteral and not renal, migration as the primary aberration resulting in this defect.
A Simple Method for Studying the Formation of Calcium Oxalate
Authors: SUTOR D. JUNE
Published: December 2008

The nucleation and crystal growth of calcium oxalate were studied under different conditions using a nephelometer to measure the turbidities of suspensions produced when dilute solutions of calcium chloride dihydrate and sodium oxalate were mixed.

The amount of material produced was less when calcium was in excess of oxalate than vice versa.

For equimolar amounts of the precipitating reagents the rate of formation of calcium oxalate was rapid when calcium and oxalate concentrations were 1.25 mmo1/1. but slow when they were 0.5 mmol/1.

Sodium citrate and heparin inhibited nucleation and crystal growth and at certain concentrations prevented nucleation for the duration of the experiment.

The method is simple and quick and requires only a small amount of material.
Introital Bacterial Flora‐Effect of Increased Frequency of Micturition
Authors: SEDDON JOHN M. , BRUCE ANDREW W. , CHADWICK PAUL , CARTER DONNA
Published: December 2008

Introital swabbing was performed on each of 20 premenopausal female volunteers over a 5‐day period, 2 swabs being collected each day. During the last 3 days of the 5‐day period the volunteers were requested to void every 2 hours.

Analysis of our data shows:

1. Perineal bacterial flora varies in number and type of organisms from hour to hour and day day.

2. Quantitative culturing is of little help in distinguishing colonisation of the introitus with urinary pathogens from mere intermittent contamination of the introitus with the same pathogens.

3. Our results suggest that 4 or more consecutive isolates of the potential urinary pathogens from the introitus over a 48‐hour period signify colonisation.

4. Frequency of micturition increases the risk of colonisation of the introitus with potential urinary pathogens.

The significance of these findings is discussed, in relation to the previous work of other investigators.
Autotransplantation of the Kidney for Fibromuscular Dysplasia of the Renal Arteries
Authors: BALL S. G. , GILES G. R. , MCLACHLAN M. S. F. , LEE M. R.
Published: December 2008

A young man was discovered to have symptomless hypertension, which subsequently proved to be caused by fibromuscular dysplasia of the renal arteries.

Arterial disease was present on both sides but was more severe on the right. Samples of blood were obtained by selective catheterisation of each renal vein for the determination of plasma renin activity. The renal venous renin was greater on the right than on the left (ratio greater than 1.5 to 1) and secretion of renin by the left kidney was suppressed.

Autotransplantation of the right kidney to the left internal iliac artery lowered the blood pressure at once and it has remained normal for 6 months.

The implications of this procedure for the management of a bilateral disorder of the renal arteries, such as fibromuscular dysplasia, are discussed.
Bladder and Urethral Innervation in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: ANDERSEN JENS T. , BRADLEY WILLIAM E.
Published: December 2008

Bladder and urethral innervation was studied in 52 patients with multiple sclerosis using a signal tracing technique (evoked reflex latency measurement).

The majority of the patients showed prolonged signal transit times indicative of demyelinating plaques localised to the lumbosacral spinal cord. Furthermore, impairment of the corticospinal innervation of the pudendal nucleus was found in 29 patients indicating lesions of the pyramidal tract.
Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis: New Therapeutic Aspects
Authors: PFAU A. , SACKS T.
Published: December 2008

6 cases with chronic bacterial prostatitis were reviewed. The effort and patience required to diagnose this condition accurately by means of differential urine and prostatic secretion cultures is extremely worthwhile.

Cotrimoxazole, which has been suggested as a most effective antibacterial drug in chronic bacterial prostatitis, cured only 3 out of our 6 patients and then only after continuous treatment for 4 months. 2 of the remaining patients were cured by a 10 to 14 days' course of kanamycin and the third was probably cured by streptomycin. On theoretical grounds neither of these lipid insoluble drugs should be capable of penetrating the prostatic epithelium.

The implications of these findings are discussed.
Invasive Bladder Cancer Treated by Radical External Radiotherapy
Authors: CORCORAN M. O. , THOMAS D. M. , LIM A. , BERRY R. J. , MILROY E. J. G.
Published: December 2008

Summary— Fifty‐three consecutive, unselected patients with invasive bladder cancer, Stage T2 to T3, treated by radical radiotherapy have been reviewed. Cystectomy was reserved for patients with significant worsening of disease during treatment, histologically confirmed persistent or recurrent invasive tumour after treatment, or patients with intolerable symptoms due to radiation cystitis. In 64% of our patients a favourable tumour response to radiotherapy was seen, while a further 31% showed disease progression either during or on completion of radiotherapy. Cystectomy was performed on 22% of patients, mainly for radiation cystitis, and was not associated with a significant operative mortality rate. The crude 5‐year survival rate was 42%. We conclude that radical radiotherapy is as effective as other forms of treatment for invasive bladder cancer, but that there remains a need to identify those bladder tumours destined to respond poorly to radiotherapy at an earlier stage.
Immunocytochemical Localisation of Prostate‐specific Antigen: Specificity and Application to Clinical Practice
Authors: FORD T. F. , BUTCHER D. N. , MASTERS J. R. W. , PARKINSON M. CONSTANCE
Published: December 2008

Summary— An immunocytochemical method to localise prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) in paraffin sections was used to establish the prostatic origin of both primary and metastatic tumours.

The specificity of the technique was confirmed in 65 known primary (63 PSA‐positive) and 17 metastatic prostatic carcinomas (16 PSA‐positive). Thirteen non‐prostatic primary carcinomas and a series of benign proliferative and malignant conditions which might be considered in the morphological differential diagnosis of prostatic adenocarcinoma were PSA‐negative.

The technique has now been applied diagnostically to tumour tissue resected from 21 patients. These neoplasms of the base and neck of the bladder could not be categorised as prostatic or urothelial in origin by clinical and endoscopic assessment or by conventional histopathology. In 11 patients such tumours were PSA‐positive, indicating a prostatic origin. In two further patients, the prostatic origin of lymph node secondaries was confirmed in the absence of a clinically apparent primary. The technique is a valuable adjunct to conventional histopathology.
Potential Use of Ultrasound in Place of X‐ray Fluoroscopy in Urodynamics*
Authors: BROWN M. C. , SUTHERST J. R. , MURRAY A. , RICHMOND D. H.
Published: December 2008

Summary— A moving picture can be obtained using an ultrasonic scanning probe in the rectum to provide information about the bladder and urethra in the same projection as for lateral cystography. The method has potential as a substitute for cinecystography but there are a number of problems still to be overcome.
Dose Titration in Clinical Trials
Authors: MASSEY J. A. , ABRAMS P.
Published: December 2008

Summary— Seventy‐two women with proven detrusor instability completed a novel clinical trial of the new anticholinergic emepronium carrageenate (Cetiprin novum), which allowed for dose titration. The tolerated dose has been shown to correlate with the severity of symptoms. Statistically significant improvement was achieved in symptomatic and urodynamic parameters without serious side effects.
Terodiline in the Treatment of Women with Urgency and Motor Urge Incontinence A Clinical and Urodynamic Double‐blind Cross‐over Study
Authors: GERSTENBERG T. C. , KLARSKOV P. , RAMIREZ D. , HALD T.
Published: December 2008

Summary— In a consecutive double‐blind cross‐over study, 18 females with detrusor instability were treated with an anticholinergic and calcium antagonistic agent terodiline 25 mg bid or placebo for 3 weeks; cross‐over took place after a wash‐out period of 1 week. The efficacy of the drug was investigated at the end of each treatment period by means of drug preference, micturition charts, pad usage, bladder and urethral mucosal perception threshold and bulbocavernosus reflex latency measurement. Serum levels of terodiline were estimated at the end of each treatment period and all side effects were reported.

The preference for the drug was statistically significant (P<0.01): 14 patients preferred the drug, one preferred the placebo and three had no preference. A small but statistically significant reduction was found in 24‐h micturition frequency (P<0.05). Cystometry showed an increase in volume at first sensation, an increase in volume at detrusor contraction and a tendency towards an increase in bladder capacity, whereas detrusor contraction pressure was unchanged. Median serum levels of the drug were 559 ng/ml (range 203–1117). No serious side effects were reported.

It was concluded that terodiline should be considered as an alternative drug in the treatment of motor urge incontinence.