bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A methodology for identifying high‐need, high‐cost patient personas for international comparisons
Authors: Figueroa Jose F. , Horneffer Kathryn E. , Riley Kristen , Abiona Olukorede , Arvin Mina , Atsma Femke , Bernal‐Delgado Enrique , Blankart Carl Rudolf , Bowden Nicholas , Deeny Sarah , Estupiñán‐Romero Francisco , Gauld Robin , Hansen Tonya Moen , Haywood Philip , Janlov Nils , Knight Hannah , Lorenzoni Luca , Marino Alberto , Or Zeynep , Pellet Leila , Orlander Duncan , Penneau Anne , Schoenfeld Andrew J. , Shatrov Kosta , Skudal Kjersti Eeg , Stafford Mai , van de Galien Onno , van Gool Kees , Wodchis Walter P. , Tanke Marit , Jha Ashish K. , Papanicolas Irene
Published: November 2021

Objective

To establish a methodological approach to compare two high‐need, high‐cost (HNHC) patient personas internationally.

Data sources

Linked individual‐level administrative data from the inpatient and outpatient sectors compiled by the International Collaborative on Costs, Outcomes, and Needs in Care (ICCONIC) across 11 countries: Australia, Canada, England, France, Germany, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States.

Study design

We outline a methodological approach to identify HNHC patient types for international comparisons that reflect complex, priority populations defined by the National Academy of Medicine. We define two patient profiles using accessible patient‐level datasets linked across different domains of care—hospital care, primary care, outpatient specialty care, post‐acute rehabilitative care, long‐term care, home‐health care, and outpatient drugs. The personas include a frail older adult with a hip fracture with subsequent hip replacement and an older person with complex multimorbidity, including heart failure and diabetes. We demonstrate their comparability by examining the characteristics and clinical diagnoses captured across countries.

Data collection/extraction methods

Data collected by ICCONIC partners.

Principal findings

Across 11 countries, the identification of HNHC patient personas was feasible to examine variations in healthcare utilization, spending, and patient outcomes. The ability of countries to examine linked, individual‐level data varied, with the Netherlands, Canada, and Germany able to comprehensively examine care across all seven domains, whereas other countries such as England, Switzerland, and New Zealand were more limited. All countries were able to identify a hip fracture persona and a heart failure persona. Patient characteristics were reassuringly similar across countries.

Conclusion

Although there are cross‐country differences in the availability and structure of data sources, countries had the ability to effectively identify comparable HNHC personas for international study. This work serves as the methodological paper for six accompanying papers examining differences in spending, utilization, and outcomes for these personas across countries.
Situated learning: Food safety among Chinese food vendors
Authors: Wachenheim Cheryl
Published: November 2021

A situated learning exercise was employed to teach food safety content in agribusiness management classes at Renmin University in China. Pedagogical objectives included proficiency at identification and assessment of food safety risk factors, source causation factors, and risk mitigation strategies. Identified themes emerging from student ex‐post questionnaire responses suggest these objectives were successfully met as students reflected on the process of observing and participating in street food markets and their instinctive reaction to stimuli encountered (affective interpretation), resulting changes in their attitudes and perceptions (cognitive response), and changes in behaviors. Additional learning objectives were defined as an outcome of the learning exercise including identifying and assessing the impact of stimuli and the resulting emotions on attitudes and perceptions; attributing source of food safety concerns to various actors and processes in street food markets; and identifying potential solutions to the environments and practices that generate food safety concerns.
Comparing postinduction hypoxemia between ramped and supine position endotracheal intubations with apneic oxygenation in the emergency department
Authors: Nikolla Dhimitri A. , Carlson Jestin N. , Jimenez Stuart Paul M. , Asar Irtaza , April Michael D. , Kaji Amy H. , Brown Calvin A.
Published: November 2021

Introduction

Ramped position and apneic oxygenation are strategies to mitigate hypoxemia; however, the benefits of these strategies when utilized together remain unclear. Therefore, we compared first‐attempt, postinduction hypoxemia between adult emergency department (ED) endotracheal intubations performed with apneic oxygenation in the ramped versus supine positions.

Methods

We used the National Emergency Airway Registry (NEAR), a multicenter registry of data on ED intubations from 25 academic and community sites. We included first‐attempt intubations with direct (DL) and video (VL) laryngoscopy in subjects ≥ 18 years old with nontrauma indications receiving apneic oxygenation. We examined patient characteristics (e.g., sex, obesity) and key intubation outcomes, including hypoxemia (primary outcome), first‐pass success, and other adverse events (e.g., bradycardia). In addition, we examined unadjusted odds ratios (OR) and adjusted ORs (aOR) for key variables and stratified by laryngoscope type.

Results

We included 210 ramped cases and 1,820 supine cases in the DL cohort and 202 ramped and 1,626 supine cases in the VL cohort. Rates of postinduction hypoxemia were similar between supine and ramped position in both the DL cohort (supine 6.5% and ramped 7.6%, aOR [95% CI] = 0.96 [0.55 to 1.67]) and the VL cohort (supine 10.1% and ramped 12.4%, aOR [95% CI] = 0.97 [0.60 to 1.56]). Other outcomes were also similar between groups.

Conclusion

Using this large national data set, we did not identify a difference in postinduction hypoxemia between ramped and supine positions in this cohort of ED intubations with apneic oxygenation.
Economic effects of climate change on agricultural production and productivity in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC)
Authors: Lachaud Michée A. , Bravo‐Ureta Boris E. , Ludena Carlos E.
Published: November 2021

Climate projections indicate that temperatures in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) will rise by between 1.6 °C and 4 °C by the end of the century while changes in precipitation levels are expected to vary significantly across the region. This article estimates the impact of climate change on total factor productivity (TFP) and production. It combines data from the University of East Anglia's Climatic Research Unit (CRU), the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) on 28 LAC countries for a 54‐year period (1961–2014) in order to inform policy makers of the cost of output losses in the absence of viable climate adaptation strategies. We use estimates of a random‐parameter stochastic production frontier (SPF) model specification to capture heterogeneity in technology and partial output elasticities across countries and unobserved environmental characteristics. Results show that change in output is mainly driven by an average annual TFP growth rate of .95%. Climate change induces significant reductions (9.03–12.7%) in productivity over the 2015–2050 period. In terms of output, these losses range from USD $14.7 to $31.4 billion dollars in the LAC region, depending on the scenario and the discount rate used.
Audiologists’ perspective on the treatment of ear‐related ear, nose, and throat conditions in rural Victoria
Authors: O’Neill Susan , Van Vuuren Julia , Begg Stephen , MacDermott Sean , MacDonald Jane , Spelten Evelien
Published: November 2021

Objectives

To understand the experience of audiologists in managing and treating ear‐related ear, nose and throat conditions in rural areas, and to identify the compounding factors that influence patient outcomes and potential targets for intervention.

Design

A focus group was conducted using a qualitative descriptive approach. Responses were audio‐recorded, transcribed and thematically analysed.

Setting

The focus group was conducted in the rural town of Mildura in the state of Victoria, Australia.

Participants

A sample of 19 audiologists from Victoria participated, of which 14 were rurally based and 5 were metropolitan‐based. The length of participants’ professional experience ranged from 1 to 43 years.

Results

Long wait lists, and a lack of locally based ear, nose and throat surgeons were identified as barriers to the treatment of ear‐related ear, nose and throat conditions. Open communication between health services and efficient care for time‐sensitive conditions were seen as outcomes of good practice. Hand hygiene, nose‐blowing, reducing tobacco smoke exposure and promoting the use of noise protective equipment were the 4 community health campaigns mentioned to support ear care for those residing in rural areas. Additional themes of ear conditions, treatment, management and primary health care were identified.

Conclusion

Improving referral pathways for the treatment of ear‐related ear, nose and throat conditions, and providing education about ear, nose and throat assessment and treatment in primary health care settings could increase appropriate referrals, improve patient outcomes and reduce wait periods for treatment.
Word Order Variation is Partially Constrained by Syntactic Complexity
Authors: Jing Yingqi , Widmer Paul , Bickel Balthasar
Published: November 2021

Previous work suggests that when speakers linearize syntactic structures, they place longer and more complex dependents further away from the head word to which they belong than shorter and simpler dependents, and that they do so with increasing rigidity the longer expressions get, for example, longer objects tend to be placed further away from their verb, and with less variation. Current theories of sentence processing furthermore make competing predictions on whether longer expressions are preferentially placed as early or as late as possible. Here we test these predictions using hierarchical distributional regression models that allow estimates of word order and word order variation at the level of individual dependencies in corpora from 71 languages, while controlling for confounding effects from the type of dependency (e.g., subject vs. object), and the type of clause (main vs. subordinate) involved as well as from trends that are characteristic of individual languages, language families, and language contact areas. Our results show the expected correlations of length with position and variation only for two out of six dependency types (obliques and nominal modifiers) and no difference between clause types. These findings challenge received theories of across‐the‐board effects of complexity on word order and word order variation and call for theoretical models that relativize effects to specific kinds of syntactic structures and dependencies.
Developing a nature recovery network using systematic conservation planning
Authors: Smith Robert J. , Cartwright Samantha J. , Fairbairn Andrew C. , Lewis Deborah C. , Gibbon Gwili E. M. , Stewart Claire L. , Sykes Rachel E. , Addison Prue F. E.
Published: November 2021

Conservation area networks in most countries are fragmented and inadequate. To tackle this in England, government policies are encouraging stakeholders to create local‐level nature recovery networks. Here, we describe work led by a wildlife organization that used the systematic conservation planning approach to identify a nature recovery network for three English counties and select focal areas within it where they will focus their work. The network was based on identifying core zones to maintain current biodiversity and recovery zones for habitat restoration, meeting area‐based targets for 50 priority habitat, landscape, landcover, and ecosystem service types. It included the existing designated sites for conservation, which cover 6.05% of the study site, and identified an additional 11.6% of land as core zones and 18% as recovery zones, reflecting the organization's call for 30% of England to be conserved and connected by 2030. We found that systematic conservation planning worked well in this context, identifying a connected, adequate, representative, and efficient network and producing transparent and repeatable results. The analysis also highlighted the pressing need for government agencies to provide national‐level guidance and datasets for setting targets and including species data in spatial planning, creating a national framework to inform local action.
Intraperitoneal pharmacokinetics of vancomycin in patients on automated peritoneal dialysis
Authors: Lam Edwin , Ting (Kayla) Lien Yi , Kraft Walter K. , Stickle Douglas F. , Piraino Beth , Zhang Jingjing
Published: November 2021

It is unclear if the pharmacokinetics of vancomycin are the same during automated peritoneal dialysis (APD), where cycler exchanges may affect the systemic, peritoneal, and urinary disposition of drug. We conducted a prospective pharmacokinetic study evaluating the pharmacokinetics of vancomycin in plasma, dialysis fluid, and urine in peritonitis‐negative patients on APD. Patients underwent four drug‐free exchanges with 1.5% or 2.5% dextrose following the initial dwell period. Plasma, dialysis fluid, and urine was collected over the course of 7 days for pharmacokinetic analysis. Four patients completed the study with no adverse events. Following a median (range) dwell of 14.6 (14.2–17.6 h), the mean (±SD) observed maximum plasma concentration was 28.7 ± 4.9 mg/L with a mean bioavailability of 98.5 ± 1.4% prior to starting the cycler. The overall mean total plasma clearance estimated from study start to completion was 7.6 ± 1.2 ml/min. Mean total clearance during the dialytic exchange was 13.6 ± 4.9 ml/min. In patients with residual renal function, the mean vancomycin renal clearance was 3.1 ± 1.5 ml/min, representing 21.4%–58.9% of the overall total plasma clearance during the study period. Despite the small sample size, this pilot study suggests that the dwell time has important implications for systemic vancomycin exposure, time to therapeutic plasma concentration, and dosing. Dose is driven by dwell time, whereas the cycler determines the dosing interval. Rapid exchanges from APD will determine the frequency of dosing rather than the adequacy of absorption when vancomycin is given in the peritoneum.
Variation in escape response of Himalayan marmots (Marmota himalayana) under different human disturbances
Authors: Guo Cheng , Zhou Shuailing , Krzton Ali , Xiang Zuofu
Published: November 2021

We measured flight initiation distance (FID) and distance fled (DF) of Himalayan marmots (Marmota himalayana) from three populations suffering different human disturbances when they are near (<5 m) and away from (>5 m) a potential refuge to analyze the effects of varied disturbance intensity on their FID, DF, and the interaction between the two parameters. We found that: (1) highly disturbed individuals have shorter FIDs and smaller standard deviation of FID relative to undisturbed individuals, but there was no difference between lowly disturbed and undisturbed individuals. The diversifications arise possibly because extensive disturbance enhances the risk perception threshold of highly disturbed marmots but their lowly disturbed congeners; (2) the DF of highly disturbed individuals was shorter than undisturbed individuals, possibly because heavy disturbances drive reproductive pairs to dig more burrows in the habitat, resulting in the reduced inter‐burrow distance and thus decreased DF. No similar diversifications were observed between lowly disturbed individuals and individuals in the other two populations, possibly because reproductive pairs from low disturbance population concentrate their burrows, resulting in shorter DF when they are near their burrows, but longer DF when they are farther away; and (3) unlike lowly and undisturbed marmots, FID of highly disturbed individuals under different DFs differed significantly, potentially because shorter inter‐burrow distance reduced their flight costs, resulting in more tolerance of human proximity. Nevertheless, the DF‐derived risk perception threshold of undisturbed and lowly disturbed individuals drives them to prioritize fleeing when threatened. Generally, the escape response of Himalayan marmots under different human disturbances is determined by the interaction between predation risk and flight costs.
Advancing the treatment of human agency in the analysis of regional economic development: Illustrated with three Norwegian cases
Authors: Grillitsch Markus , Asheim Bjørn , Isaksen Arne , Nielsen Hjalti
Published: November 2021

Human agency has become a core topic in economic geography complementing traditional, structural approaches to explain regional development. This paper contributes firstly with a discussion of the theoretical and conceptual relationships between the agency of individuals, organizations, and systems. Secondly, it proposes a novel analytical framework for studying how human agency, combined with external changes affects regional economic development, and how regional structural preconditions and external changes explain the activation of change agency. Thirdly, the relevance of the framework is examined through comparative studies of about 20 years of industrial development in three Norwegian regions. This illuminates the importance of human agency in regional transformation processes, how regional preconditions influence but not determine the activation of change agency, as well as why and how regional policy plays a role in the emergence of change agency. Yet, future research needs to investigate the context conditions, which promote or hinder the activation of change agency, to trace change in economic activities over time and link it to causal mechanisms, and to pay attention to the unintended consequences of change agency in the longer‐term.
Pulmonary neuroendocrine carcinomas in situ: do they exist?
Authors: Rosen Yale
Published: November 2021

Although precursor lesions of pulmonary squamous carcinoma, adenocarcinoma and carcinoid tumour are well known and accepted entities, precursor lesions of pulmonary neuroendocrine carcinomas, i.e. small‐cell lung carcinoma and large‐cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, have never been identified. A small body of literature documenting intraepithelial involvement in cases of pulmonary neuroendocrine carcinoma begs the question of whether the intraepithelial lesion represents de‐novo intraepithelial neoplasia or invasion by underlying tumour. In this article, the literature on cases of invasive neuroendocrine carcinomas with an intraepithelial component showing a neuroendocrine immunophenotype is thoroughly and critically reviewed. The authors of the publications of cases of coexisting invasive and intraepithelial neuroendocrine carcinoma generally favour invasion as the explanation for the intraepithelial component. However, in practice, it is difficult or impossible to determine the direction of migration of tumour cells when there is both an invasive component and an intraepithelial component. Pulmonary neuroendocrine carcinomas in situ have been produced in genetically engineered mouse models. On the basis of the illustrations in the literature of human cases and the production of pulmonary neuroendocrine carcinomas in situ in genetically engineered mice, it seems likely that these tumours also exist in humans. However, their existence and acceptance require definitive proof. Studies should be undertaken to identify bronchial and other lung biopsies with in‐situ carcinoma showing a neuroendocrine immunophenotype and a subsequent negative resection specimen and no follow‐up evidence of invasive carcinoma. Documenting such cases would provide definitive proof for the existence of pulmonary neuroendocrine carcinomas in situ in humans.
The association between the supplemental nutrition assistance programme participation and dental caries among U.S. adults
Authors: Bahanan Lina , Singhal Astha , Zhao Yihong , Scott Thayer , Kaye Elizabeth
Published: November 2021

Introduction

The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Programme (SNAP) is a federal programme aimed to alleviate hunger and improve food insecurity. The impact of SNAP participation on overall health has been studied. However, little is known about the effects of SNAP participation on oral health. We aimed to investigate the association between participating in SNAP and dental caries and to explore the role of food insecurity as a moderator in this relationship.

Methods

We obtained data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cycles 2011–2012 and 2013–2014.The primary outcome was untreated dental caries (none vs. one or more). Self‐reported SNAP participation status in the past 12 months was the predictor, and food security was the moderator. Food security was measured as overall food security status (full food secure/ food insecure) and household‐level food security (full, marginal, low and very low). Bivariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the relationship between SNAP and dental caries, and whether food insecurity moderates this relationship. Statistical analysis was carried out in September 2020.

Results

Our results suggested that after adjusting for potential confounders, SNAP participants were more likely to have untreated dental caries than non‐SNAP participants (odds ratio: 1.6; 95% CI: 1.2–2.0). Food security status did not alter the relationship between SNAP participation and untreated dental caries.

Conclusions

Food security status did not alter the relationship between SNAP participation and untreated dental caries. SNAP participation was associated with untreated dental caries among U.S. adults, and this was not affected by their food security status.
International Council of Nurses’ Global Nursing Leadership Institute: Responding to the pandemic
Authors: Mason Diana J. , Salvage Jane
Published: November 2021

Background

In 2020, the SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic forced the redesign of the International Council of Nurses’ (ICN) Global Nursing Leadership Institute (GNLI) that heretofore had included an intensive, week‐long residential experience in Geneva, Switzerland.

Aim

This paper describes the development, implementation, challenges and preliminary outcomes of an approach that regionalized GNLI and delivered it online, while preserving some cross‐regional connections among participants.

Results

A virtual approach to a global policy leadership programme cannot replace the richness of an intensive, concentrated residential one, but the redesign of GNLI has given ICN, its member national nursing associations and individual nurse leaders previously unexplored opportunities for networking and collaboration aligned with the six WHO regions, and for cross‐region networking and discussions of global issues.

Conclusion and implications for nursing and/or health policy

The SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic has highlighted the need for nursing leadership in policy and practice. A virtual approach to leadership development can increase the reach of programmes that seek to build nursing's capacity to advance health‐promoting policies in workplaces, organizations and nations.
Church and Cultures in the Catholic Missionary Renewal of the Early 20th Century
Authors: Marinaccio Roberto
Published: November 2021

This article investigates the relationship between the church and indigenous cultures in the field of missionary renewal in the early 20th century, focusing on three influential Catholic figures: Celso Costantini, Paolo Manna, and Vittorino Vanzin. In analyzing their thought and writings, the research highlights the transformation of the linguistic and conceptual tools in missiology regarding the topic in question. This transformation is articulated in three key processes: the shift from “missions” to “local churches,” “indigenization,” and the “evangelization of cultures.”
The Liberating Humour of Desmond Tutu
Authors: Maluleke Tinyiko
Published: November 2021

Focusing on the humanizing humour of Desmond Tutu, this article explores the ways in which oppressed people employed (Christian) humour – amid the most difficult living conditions – during the South African struggle against the apartheid system. For comparative purposes and in order to place Desmond Tutu alongside fellow anti‐apartheid leaders as well as within the societal milieu within which they all worked, we also briefly consider the use of humour in the life and work of both Nelson Mandela and Steve Biko. We conclude that, in his activism, in his preaching, in his public speaking, and in the conduct of his spirituality, Desmond Tutu has been one of the most effective employers of humour as a tool for the humanization of insiders and outsiders, friends and foes, humans and fellow creatures.
Ochratoxin A and zearalenone in poultry feed samples from South China
Authors: Wang Qiongshan , Zhao Yarong , Chen Peirong , Zeng Rui , Liang Yunxiang
Published: November 2021

Data regarding ochratoxin A (OTA) and zearalenone (ZEA) contamination in feed in South China are limited. Here, we evaluated OTA and ZEA contamination in 514 poultry feed samples collected from South China. We validated a modified QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) method and the mycotoxins were quantified by high‐pressure liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. OTA and ZEA were detected in 2.92% and 100% of the feed samples, respectively. Furthermore, 0%, 0.68%, and 7.0% of Hainan, Guangdong, and Guangxi feed samples were contaminated with OTA, at mean concentrations of 0.00, 1.14, and 0.88 μg/kg, respectively. All samples were contaminated with ZEA, and the mean concentrations were 2094.1, 14.3, and 8.73 μg/kg in the samples from Hainan, Guangdong, and Guangxi, respectively. The findings of this study indicate the strong need for intense monitoring of mycotoxin, especially ZEA, contamination in feed.
Conocybe romagnesii and Gerronema subclavatum (Basidiomycota: Agaricales) in the Central Black Sea Region of Turkey
Authors: Sengul Demirak Meryem Senay , Turkekul Ibrahim , Isik Hakan
Published: November 2021

Conocybe romagnesii and Gerronema subclavatum are identified for the first time from Turkey. The basidiomata samples of these mushrooms were collected from Tokat city province during late spring season. Detailed morphological descriptions and macro‐microscopic illustrations of the two rare species are provided and their habitat preferences and geographic distributions are discussed. Phylogenetic inferences based on DNA sequences of the nuclear ribosomal transcribed spacer (ITS) region are provided for both species. Morphological features and molecular phylogenetic analyses support that C. romagnesii and G. subclavatum differs from their closely related Bolbitius and Omphalina species, respectively.
How to be a Universalist about Methods in African Philosophy
Authors: Irikefe Paul Oghenovo
Published: November 2021

Kwasi Wiredu argues for the metaphilosophical view, namely that an African orientation in philosophy can only be had through themes and issues of universal significance that are domesticated in African thought and culture. However, in this article, I challenge this claim. I argue that it grossly overlooks ways in which African philosophy already inherits methods of universal significance, which are applied to African problems and discourse. African philosophy so conceived is quite indistinguishable from African mathematics or physics.
Combined Radiation and Conduction in Glass Foams
Authors: Varady Mark J. , Fedorov Andrei G.
Published: November 2021

Understanding of heat transfer in glass foams and the development of theoretical tools for predicting heat transfer properties of glass foams is critical to improving the efficiency of glass manufacturing. In this paper, combined radiation and conduction heat transfer in a semitransparent glass foam layer is analyzed. The foam layer is bounded by hot combustion gases on top and glass melt on bottom. Heat transfer is assumed to be one-dimensional perpendicular to the plane-parallel foam layer. A previously developed model is used to calculate effective extinction coefficients and scattering phase function of the foam layer using a void size distribution and assuming all voids to be spherical. These radiation properties are then used along with a Schuster-Schwarzchild two flux approximation to solve the radiative transfer equation (RTE). A method for obtaining the effective thermal conductivity of the foam layer is also presented. The RTE and the energy conservation equations are simultaneously solved using a numerical iteration procedure. The effect of foam thickness and bubble size on the temperature distribution in the foam layer is studied.
Numerical Studies of Semiconductor Materials Solidification With Applied Electric and Magnetic Fields
Authors: Zhang Peng , Zheng Lili , Iseler Gerald , Bliss David
Published: November 2021

This paper presents one part of a concerted effort to understand the solidification and crystal growth of semiconductor materials using the bottom-seeded growth technique with externally applied electric and magnetic fields. A physics-based model is developed to study the gravitational (convection), thermoelectric (Peltier, Seebeck, Joule and Thomson) and magnetohydrodynamic (Lorentz force) effects on solidification phenomena. Several combinations of the magnitudes and directions of the two fields are studied. The calculated effects of the applied electrical and magnetic fields on the thermal distribution and position and shape of the solidification front are presented for bottom-seeded GaSb growth.
A Parallel HOFD Scheme for Direct Numerical Simulation of Turbulent Magnetically Driven Flows
Authors: Ai X. , Li B. Q.
Published: November 2021

Turbulent magnetically flows occur in a wide range of material processing systems involving electrically conducting melts. This paper presents a parallel higher order scheme for the direct numerical simulation of turbulent magnetically driven flows in induction channels. The numerical method is based on the higher order finite difference algorithm, which enjoys the spectral accuracy while minimizing the computational intensity. This, coupled with the parallel computing strategy, provides a very useful means to simulate turbulent flows. The higher order finite difference formulation of magnetically driven flow problems is described in this paper. The details of the parallel algorithm and its implementation for the simulations on parallel machines are discussed. The accuracy and numerical performance of the higher order finite difference scheme are assessed in comparison with the spectral method. The examples of turbulent magnetically driven flows in induction channels and pressure gradient driven flows in regular channels are given, and the computed results are compared with experimental measurements wherever possible.
A brain proteomic signature of incipient Alzheimer’s disease in youngAPOEε4 carriers identifies novel drug targets
Authors: Roberts Jackson A. , Varma Vijay R. , An Yang , Varma Sudhir , Candia Julián , Fantoni Giovanna , Tiwari Vinod , Anerillas Carlos , Williamson Andrew , Saito Atsushi , Loeffler Tina , Schilcher Irene , Moaddel Ruin , Khadeer Mohammed , Lovett Jacqueline , Tanaka Toshiko , Pletnikova Olga , Troncoso Juan C. , Bennett David A. , Albert Marilyn S. , Yu Kaiwen , Niu Mingming , Haroutunian Vahram , Zhang Bin , Peng Junmin , Croteau Deborah L. , Resnick Susan M. , Gorospe Myriam , Bohr Vilhelm A. , Ferrucci Luigi , Thambisetty Madhav
Published: November 2021

Brain proteins altered in young APOE ε4 carriers are found decades later in Alzheimer’s disease and present novel drug targets.
Phytate as a Phosphorus Nutrient with Impacts on Iron Stress-Related Gene Expression for Phytoplankton: Insights from the Diatom
Phaeodactylum tricornutum
Authors: Li Jiashun , Zhang Kaidian , Lin Xin , Li Ling , Lin Senjie
Published: November 2021

PA is abundant in plants and cannot be digested by nonruminant animals. Hence, it is potentially a significant component of the DOP pool in coastal waters.
Two Distinct Mechanisms Leading to Loss of Virological Control in the Rare Group of Antiretroviral Therapy-Naive, Transiently Aviremic Children Living with HIV
Authors: Vieira Vinicius A. , Adland Emily , Grayson Nicholas E. , Csala Anna , Richards Fa’eeda , Dacon Cherrelle , Athavale Rohin , Tsai Ming-Han , D’Souza Reena , Muenchhoff Maximilian , Bonsall David , Jooste Pieter , Goulder Philip J. R.
Published: November 2021

Very early initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in pediatric HIV infection offers a unique opportunity to limit the size and diversity of the viral reservoir. However, only rarely is ART alone sufficient to achieve remission.
Synergetic Contributions of Viral VP1, VP3, and 3C to Activation of the AKT-AMPK-MAPK-MTOR Signaling Pathway for Seneca Valley Virus-Induced Autophagy
Authors: Song Jiangwei , Hou Lei , Quan Rong , Wang Dan , Jiang Haijun , Liu Jue
Published: November 2021

Autophagy is an essential cellular catabolic process to sustain normal physiological processes that are modulated by a variety of signaling pathways. Invading virus is a stimulus to induce autophagy that regulates viral replication.
Structurally Conserved Domains between Flavivirus and Alphavirus Fusion Glycoproteins Contribute to Replication and Infectious-Virion Production
Authors: Rangel Margarita V. , Catanzaro Nicholas , Thannickal Sara A. , Crotty Kelly A. , Noval Maria G. , Johnson Katherine E. E. , Ghedin Elodie , Lazear Helen M. , Stapleford Kenneth A.
Published: November 2021

Arboviruses are a significant global public health threat, yet there are no antivirals targeting these viruses. This problem is in part due to our lack of knowledge of the molecular mechanisms involved in the arbovirus life cycle.
Aspergillus nidulans AmyG Functions as an Intracellular α-Amylase to Promote α-Glucan Synthesis
Authors: Kazim Alia Rizvi Syeda , Jiang Yuting , Li Shengnan , He Xiaoxiao
Published: November 2021

Short α-1,4-glucan was suggested as the primer structure for α-glucan synthesis. However, the exact structure and its source remain elusive.
Enrichment of
Burkholderia
in the Rhizosphere by Autotoxic Ginsenosides to Alleviate Negative Plant-Soil Feedback
Authors: Luo Lifen , Wang Luotao , Deng Linmei , Mei Xinyue , Liu Yixiang , Huang Huichuan , Du Fei , Zhu Shusheng , Yang Min
Published: November 2021

Autotoxic ginsenosides, secreted by sanqi into soil, could enrich
Burkholderia
sp. to alleviate negative plant-soil feedback (NPSF) by degrading autotoxins and antagonizing the root rot pathogen. In detail, ginsenosides could stimulate the growth and biofilm formation of
Burkholderia
sp.
Supplemental Material: Late Cretaceous upper-crustal thermal structure of the Sevier hinterland: Implications for the geodynamics of the Nevadaplano
Authors: Blackford N.R. , al. et
Published: November 2021

Figure 7. Compilation of cross sections across east-central Nevada and western Utah (1:200,000 scale) with deformed cross sections in the top row (A) and restored cross sections in the bottom row (B). Translucent areas represent eroded rock above the modern surface (deformed cross sections) and above the Paleogene unconformity (restored cross sections).
Code status documentation at admission in COVID-19 patients: a descriptive cohort study
Authors: Briedé Saskia , van Goor Harriet M R , de Hond Titus A P , van Roeden Sonja E , Staats Judith M , Oosterheert Jan Jelrik , van den Bos Frederiek , Kaasjager Karin A H
Published: November 2021

Objectives

The COVID-19 pandemic pressurised healthcare with increased shortage of care. This resulted in an increase of awareness for code status documentation (ie, whether limitations to specific life-sustaining treatments are in place), both in the medical field and in public media. However, it is unknown whether the increased awareness changed the prevalence and content of code status documentation for COVID-19 patients. We aim to describe differences in code status documentation between infectious patients before the pandemic and COVID-19 patients.

Setting

University Medical Centre of Utrecht, a tertiary care teaching academic hospital in the Netherlands.

Participants

A total of 1715 patients were included, 129 in the COVID-19 cohort (a cohort of COVID-19 patients, admitted from March 2020 to June 2020) and 1586 in the pre-COVID-19 cohort (a cohort of patients with (suspected) infections admitted between September 2016 to September 2018).

Primary and secondary outcome measures

We described frequency of code status documentation, frequency of discussion of this code status with patient and/or family, and content of code status.

Results

Frequencies of code status documentation (69.8% vs 72.7%, respectively) and discussion (75.6% vs 73.3%, respectively) were similar in both cohorts. More patients in the COVID-19 cohort than in the before COVID-19 cohort had any treatment limitation as opposed to full code (40% vs 25%). Within the treatment limitations, ‘no intensive care admission’ (81% vs 51%) and ‘no intubation’ (69% vs 40%) were more frequently documented in the COVID-19 cohort. A smaller difference was seen in ‘other limitation’ (17% vs 9%), while ‘no resuscitation’ (96% vs 92%) was comparable between both periods.

Conclusion

We observed no difference in the frequency of code status documentation or discussion in COVID-19 patients opposed to a pre-COVID-19 cohort. However, treatment limitations were more prevalent in patients with COVID-19, especially ‘no intubation’ and ‘no intensive care admission’.
Novel open-source 3D-printed eye mount (TEMPO) for the ophthalmology wet lab
Authors: Mak Michael , Hong Yejun , Trask William Murray , Thompson Randy , Chung Helen , Warrian Kevin J
Published: November 2021

Objective

Procuring an affordable eye mount that can stabilise a cadaveric eye and simulate a patient’s normal facial contours represents an ongoing challenge in the ophthalmology simulation wet lab, with notable limitations to all currently available commercial options. This project uses computer-assisted design and three-dimensional (3D)-printing techniques to tackle these challenges for ophthalmologic surgical training.

Methods and Analysis

Proof-of-concept study. Using Autodesk Fusion 360, we designed and 3D-printed a modular device that consists of 11 pieces forming a head structure. Standard OR tubing and syringes were adapted to create an adjustable-suction system to affix cadaveric eyes. Further modular inserts were customised to house non-cadaveric simulation eyes.

Results

Three-dimensional eye mount for procedures in ophthalmology (TEMPO) reliably fixed a cadaveric eye in stable position throughout surgical manipulation. Trainees were able to drape and practice appropriate hand positioning while corneal suturing. Overall, this model was affordable, at a cost of approximately $C200 to print. The modular nature renders individual pieces convenient for replacement and customisable to simulate regional anatomical variation and accommodate non-cadaveric eyes.

Conclusions

TEMPO represents an affordable, high-fidelity alternative to existing commercially available eye mounts. It reliably fixates cadaveric and simulation eyes and provides an enhanced surgical training experience by way of its realistic facial contours. It is released as an open-source computer-aided design file, customisable to interested trainees with appropriate software and 3D-printing capacity.
Surgical outcomes of the Aurolab aqueous drainage implant (AADI) versus the Ahmed glaucoma valve for refractory paediatric glaucoma in Middle Eastern children
Authors: Khan Abdullah M , Ahmad Khabir , Alarfaj Motazz , Alotaibi Humoud , AlJaloud Ahmad , Malik Rizwan
Published: November 2021

Objective

The Aurolab aqueous drainage implant (AADI) has the potential advantages of less encapsulation and greater cost-effectiveness than the Ahmed glaucoma valve (AGV). The aim of this study was to compare the surgical success and outcomes of the AADI compared to the AGV in Middle-Eastern children.

Methods

A comparative retrospective study of consecutive paediatric patients in a tertiary eye hospital was undertaken. Data collected included demographics, type of glaucoma, intraocular pressure (IOP), number of anti-glaucoma medications (AGMs) and any subsequent complications or further surgeries.

Analysis

The mean IOP, number of AGMs, surgical success and number of reoperations was compared for the two groups. Surgical success at each visit was defined as IOP of ≥6 mm Hg and ≤21 mm Hg or if the reduction of IOP was ≥20% reduced from baseline.

Results

A total of 126 tube surgeries (56 eyes in AADI and 70 eyes in AGV) were performed in patients aged ≤18 years from 2014 to 2019. No difference was observed in the mean IOP between the two groups except at the first month post-operative visit. After six months, the AADI group had a consistently significant lower mean number of AGMs. At last follow-up, 21 (37.5%) eyes in the AADI group were glaucoma medication-free vs 15 (21.4%) eyes in the AGV group (pp=0.047). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed equivalent cumulative probability of success at two years of 69.9% [(45.9%–84.9%)] for AADI vs 66.8% [(53.4%–77.1%])) for the AGV, respectively. Twenty-four eyes in the AGV group needed one or more subsequent surgeries, whereas 13 eyes needed one or more surgery in the AADI group.

Conclusions

This study shows an acceptable safety profile for the AADI in children, with a rate of failure that is comparable to the AGV, but less need for glaucoma re-operation or glaucoma medication in the first post-postoperative year.
Trends in hospital admissions for childhood fractures in England
Authors: Marson Ben Arthur , Manning Joseph C , James Marilyn , Ikram Adeel , Bryson David J , Ollivere Benjamin J
Published: November 2021

Purpose

Fractures to the axial and appendicular skeleton are common in children causing loss of opportunities and disability. There are relatively few studies available to quantify the number of children who have their fractures diagnosed in the emergency department and are then admitted to hospital for ongoing management. The purpose of this study is to explore trends of frequency, types and age of children sustaining fractures who were admitted for intervention to National Health Service (NHS) hospitals.

Design

The study uses data from the Hospital Episode Statistics and Office for National Statistics from 2012 to 2019 to calculate the annual incidence of hospital admission for limb, spine, facial and skull fractures per 100 000 children.

Results

During 2012–2019, 368 120 children were admitted to English NHS hospitals with a fracture. 256 008 (69.5%) were upper limb fractures, 85 737 (23.3%) were lower limb fractures and 20 939 (5.7%) were skull or facial fractures. The annual incidence of upper limb fractures was highest in children aged 5–9 (348.3 per 100 000 children) and the highest incidence of lower limb fractures was in children aged 10–15 (126.5 per 100 000 children). The incidence of skull and facial fractures in preschool (age 0–4) children has been increasing at a rate of 0.629 per 100 000 children per year.

Implications

The annual incidence of hospital admission for fractures in children has been shown to be consistent for several fracture types between 2012 and 2019. An increasing trend of admissions with preschool skull fractures was observed, though the study data do not have sufficient granularity to demonstrate if this is due to changes in practice or to accidental or non-accidental causes.
A high dose of estrogen can improve renal ischemia-reperfusion-induced pulmonary injury in ovariectomized female rats
Authors: Nahavandi Samin , Ahmadi Saeedeh , Sobhani Seyed Alireza , Abbasi Tuba , Dehghani Aghdas
Published: November 2021

Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (RIRI) as a pathological process induces remote organ injury such as lung complications and it is regulated in a hormone-dependent manner. This study investigates the effect of estrogen on RIR-induced pulmonary injury in ovariectomized (OV) rats. A total of 60 female Wistar rats were divided into six groups: (i) intact sham, (ii) OV sham, (iii) OV sham + estradiol valerate (E), (iv) intact ischemia, (v) OV ischemia, and (vi) OV ischemia + E. Bilateral ischemia was performed for 45 min in all groups except sham. Before the ischemia, OV groups received an intramuscular (i.m.) injection of E. After reperfusion, blood samples were collected for serum analysis and kidney and lung tissue were separated for pathological experiment and malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitrite measurement. The left lung was weighed to measure pulmonary edema. Estrogen deficiency caused a greater increase in blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels during IRI. Ischemia reduced nitrite of serum and lung tissue. The increased level of MDA during ischemia, returned to normal levels via estrogen injection. The severity of renal and lung damage in ischemic groups increased significantly, and estrogen improved this injury. Estrogen as an antioxidant agent can reduce oxidative stress and may improve renal function and ameliorating lung damage caused by RIR.
Stability- and Crosstalk-Based Performance of Multi- and Double-walled Mixed CNT Bundles as Interconnect for Next-Generation Technology Nodes
Authors: Dhillon Gurleen , Sandha Karmjit Singh
Published: November 2021

The temperature-dependent modeling technique (in the temperature range of 200–500[Formula: see text]K) for a mixed class of carbon nanotube (CNT) bundle interconnects is proposed. The equivalent single conductor (ESC) transmission line models of multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) and double-walled carbon nanotube (DWCNT) are combined to develop multiple single conductor (MSC) model of mixed CNT interconnects. Various possible arrangements of densely packed MWCNT and DWCNT bundles (MDCB) are considered to form different types of mixed CNT bundle structures (MDCB-1, MDCB-2, MDCB-3 and MDCB-4). The integrated circuit emphasis simulation is performed and the performances of these mixed CNT bundle interconnects are investigated in terms of propagation delay (with and without crosstalk), power dissipation, power-delay product (PDP). Switching times, overshoot voltages and Nyquist plots are analyzed to check the stability of these mixed CNT structures for global interconnect length for 32-nm, 22-nm and 16-nm technology nodes. It is observed that the MDCB-1 structure yields the most promising result in all aspects for interconnect applications in the near future.
Pyroelectric properties of 91.5Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3–8.5K0.5Bi0.5TiO3lead-free single crystal
Authors: Zhang Bo , Sun Renbing , Wang Fang , Feng Tangfu , Zhang Pengna , Luo Haosu
Published: November 2021

The dielectric and pyroelectric performances of 91.5[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]TiO3–8.5[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]TiO3 lead-free single crystal were investigated. The depolarization temperature of the crystal is about 153 [Formula: see text]C. Among the <001>, <110>, and <111> crystallographic orientations, the <111>-oriented crystal possesses the highest pyroelectric coefficient and the largest figures of merit, and the values of [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text]are 5.63×10[Formula: see text] C/m2 •K, 0.06 m2/C, and 21.5 [Formula: see text]Pa[Formula: see text] for the <111>-oriented crystal at room temperature. The [Formula: see text]and [Formula: see text]exhibit weak frequency dependence in the range of 100–300 Hz. With the increase of the temperature, the value of [Formula: see text]increases, while the value of [Formula: see text] decreases from 18 [Formula: see text]C to 103 [Formula: see text]C.