bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Le dispositif de soin psychique à domicile : une mise en travail du figé
Authors: Blanquet Brigitte , Benoit Sara
Published: October 2015

Le soin à domicile constitue un nouveau paradigme pour des sujets en situation de vulnérabilité psychique. Le psychiste y « délocalise » sa pratique en prenant en considération les éléments concrets du décor et l’ambiance in vivo , comme outils de compréhension favorisant ainsi la figuration des pannes inscrites sur les murs. Le décor familial est porteur des traces de l’histoire familiale traumatique et vient immobiliser la pulsion de mort. Ce travail à domicile sollicite de façon privilégiée la sensorialité et la communication primitive. Il permet au clinicien de mettre en travail les éléments figés et les solutions post-traumatiques que ces sujets ont mis en place pour survivre.
Raël, fils de Yahvé et messager des Elohim : les soubassements délirants d’une secte « ufologique »
Authors: Lamote Thierry
Published: October 2015

La réflexion sur les phénomènes « sectaires », généralement organisée autour de quelques notions qui présupposent le charlatanisme et l’escroquerie, échoue à saisir aussi bien les logiques qui animent ces mouvements que les questions qu’ils soulèvent quant à l’état du lien social dans nos démocraties libérales. Ce sont ces logiques que nous tenterons de discerner dans les linéaments du système délirant édifié par Claude Vorilhon, le leader du groupe. Nous découvrirons alors que ce mouvement, né d’un délire paranoïaque et situé à la croisée de la technoscience et du néolibéralisme, est en parfaite conformité avec les valeurs qui sous-tendent notre époque postmoderne.
Effects of minimalist and maximalist footwear on Achilles tendon load in recreational runners
Authors: Sinclair J. , Richards J. , Shore H.
Published: October 2015

The current investigation aimed to comparatively examine the effects of minimalist, maximalist and conventional footwear on Achilles tendon forces (ATF) during running. Twelve male runners (age 23.11±5.01 years, height 1.78±0.10 cm and body mass 77.13±7.89 kg) ran at 4.0 m/s in the three footwear conditions. ATF’s were calculated using Opensim software allowing the magnitudal and temporal aspects of the ATF to be quantified. Differences between footwear were examined using one-way repeated measures ANOVA. The results showed the peak ATF was significantly larger in minimalist footwear (5.97±1.38 body weight (BW)) compared to maximalist (5.07±1.42 BW). In addition it was revealed that ATF per mile was significantly larger in minimalist (492.31±157.72 BW) in comparison to both maximalist (377.31±148.06 BW) and conventional (402.71±125.51 BW) footwear. Given the relationship between high ATF and Achilles tendon degradation, the current investigation indicated that minimalist footwear may increase runners risk for Achilles tendon injury.
Evidence-Based Practice Guideline: Depression Detection in Older Adults With Dementia
Authors: Brown Ellen Leslie , Raue Patrick J. , Halpert Karen
Published: October 2015

Depression and dementia are the two most common psychiatric syndromes in the older adult population. Depression in older adults with and without dementia often goes unrecognized and untreated. The current guideline recommends a three-step procedure that can be used across health care settings to screen for the presence of depressive symptoms. Implementation of the evidence-based guideline requires administration of the Mini-Mental State Examination and either the Geriatric Depression Scale Short Form or Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia, depending on level of cognitive functioning. The algorithm provided is designed to be used by nurses, physicians, and social workers for the purpose of depression screening in older adults with dementia. Detection of depression in individuals with dementia is hindered by a lack of a validated, brief screening tool. More research is needed on the use of such screenings among older adults with cognitive impairment. [
Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 41
(11), 15–21.]
Nutrition and Cognition in Older Adults With Heart Failure: A Systematic Review
Authors: Stewart Mara W. , Traylor Abigail C. , Bratzke Lisa C.
Published: October 2015

Cognitive impairment is commonly observed in older adults with heart failure; nutrition is a possible contributing factor. The purpose of the current systematic review is to examine the relationship between nutrition and cognition in older adults with heart failure. A literature review was performed through August 2015 that examined published, peer-reviewed studies from PubMed, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Web of Science. Four articles were selected for inclusion. Findings revealed that poorer nutritional habits were associated with poorer attention, executive functioning, and memory in older adults with heart failure. Nutritional biomarkers, including anemia, hyponatremia, hypokalemia, hyperglycemia, and hypoalbuminemia, were also associated with cognitive impairment. More research is needed to explore the relationship between nutrition and cognition in this population. Descriptive studies will inform scientists as they design and test nutritional interventions to optimize cognitive function in older adults with heart failure. [
Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 41
(11), 50–59.]
Voices of Women Facing HIV-Related Stigma in the Deep South
Authors: Relf Michael V. , Williams Megan , Barroso Julie
Published: October 2015

One in 139 women will be diagnosed with HIV in their lifetime. Thirty-four years into the epidemic, stigma remains part of the trajectory of the disease process for all individuals with HIV. Stigma associated with HIV makes it difficult for women to access HIV testing and counseling, disclose HIV status to sexual partners and health care providers, seek and remain actively engaged in medical care, effectively self-manage the disease after diagnosis, and adhere to antiretroviral therapy. The current article reports the qualitative results from a study designed to test the feasibility and acceptability of a technologically delivered stigma intervention for women with HIV in the Southeastern United States. Qualitative analysis revealed women with HIV uniformly experience, anticipate, and/or internalize stigma associated with HIV. Consequently, women with HIV experience isolation and a threat to self-concept as they make decisions about disclosure, work to maintain the secrecy of their HIV status, and contemplate a future. [
Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services
,
53
(12), 38–47.]
Health Professionals Can Protect Water Quality
Authors: Ziemba Rosemary , Cuker Benjamin E. , Stein Joyce , Meuninck Rebecca , Wan Jiayi Angela
Published: October 2015

Emerging research shows adverse health outcomes such as diabetes, obesity, cancer, and neurotoxicity from water pollutants such as flame retardants, endocrine disruptors, and pharmaceuticals. Medical waste and energy use affects water quality and quantity. This chapter provides strategies for health professionals to promote water stewardship at personal, organizational and policy levels. Organizations such as Health Care Without Harm, Alliance of Nurses for Healthy Environments and the Ecology Center offer resources for improving education of health professionals and provide allies for change. Individual advocacy through writing op-eds, policy briefs, meeting with legislators and participation in coalitions allows health professionals to interpret the science behind the need for policy changes. Recommendations for health care curricula prepare students to develop sustainable practices through inter-professional collaboration. Environmentalists can use this information to better engage health professionals in promoting change.
On-Site Sanitation Systems for Low-Income Countries
Authors: Obeng Peter Appiah , Oduro-Kwarteng Sampson , Keraita Bernard , Bregnhøj Henrik , Abaidoo Robert C. , Awuah Esi , Konradsen Flemming
Published: October 2015

On-site sanitation systems, the commonest sanitation technologies in low-income countries, are central to the elimination of open defecation in such countries. Nevertheless, their selection and application in the physical and socio-economic environment of low-income settings could be a complex and challenging task. Poorly designed and constructed facilities could pollute groundwater resources and create nuisances to the user and the general public. Meanwhile, local authorities in these countries often lack the human resource with the requisite technical capacity to analyse situations and recommend appropriate solutions. This calls for guidance in the most crucial technical decisions that affect the safe usage and environmental sustainability of on-site sanitation technologies. This Chapter reviews salient standards and guidelines for the selection of appropriate technologies, prevention of groundwater pollution, control of odor and fly nuisance, structural stability and safety of the latrine user.
Water Hyacinth
Authors: Mujere Never
Published: October 2015

This paper is a review of literature of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes); what it is, why it is of scientific importance, problems it causes, how it can be controlled, and how it can be a source of livelihoods. The review has shown that water hyacinth is native to the Amazon Basin and one of the world's most noxious aquatic weed. Lack of natural enemies together with nutrient enriched water bodies facilitate the spread of water hyacinth in temperate, tropical and sub-tropical waters. The weed causes a variety of socio-economic and environmental problems when its rapid mat-like proliferation covers areas of fresh water. With regards to its control, the mechanical method is the most cost-effective, followed by the biological, manual and chemical methods. Regardless of its problems, water hyacinth has been found to be useful for industrial, agricultural, household and environmental purposes.
Investigating UI Displacements in an Adaptive Mobile Homescreen
Authors: Norrie Lauren , Murray-Smith Roderick
Published: October 2015

The authors present a system that adapts application shortcuts (apps) on the homescreen of an Android smartphone, and investigate the effect of UI displacements that are caused by the choice of adaptive model and the order of apps in the homescreen layout. They define UI displacements to be the distance that items move between adaptations, and they use this as a measure of stability. An experiment with 12 participants is performed to evaluate the impact of UI displacements on the homescreen. To make the distribution of apps in the experiment task less contrived, naturally generated data from a pilot study is used. The authors’ results show that selection time is correlated to the magnitude of the previous UI displacement. Additionally, selection time and subjective rating improve significantly when the model is easy to understand and an alphabetical order is used, conditions that increase stability. However, rank order is preferred when the model updates frequently and is less easy to understand. The authors present their approach to adapting apps on the homescreen, and initial insights into UI displacements.
Channel Equalization of MIMO-OFDM System Based on Extreme Learning Machine
Authors: Yang Ling , Nie Ming Ming , Zhong Zi Long , Xue Bin Bin , Lv Na
Published: October 2015

This paper proposes a novel and efficient method for channel equalization of MIMO-OFDM system. The method utilizes extreme learning machine (ELM), a class of supervised learning algorithms, to achieve fast training and low bit error rates. The numerical simulation results show that the proposed methods significantly outperform traditional feed-forward neural networks based MIMO-OFDM system equalizers in terms of bit error rate performance.
Physical, Electrical and Magnetic Properties of Nanocrystalline Zr-Mn-Co Prepared by Co-Precipitation Route
Authors: Maqsood Ashari , Khan Kishwar , Anis-ur-Rehman M. , Ali Malik Muhammad
Published: October 2015

Spinel ferrites, which have the general chemical composition MeFe2O4, (Me = Co, Zn, Ni) are of interest due to their electronic, magnetic and optical properties. Nanosized Co-Zr-Mn spinel ferrites with nominal composition CoFe2-2xZrxMnxO4 (0.1≤ x≤0.4) have been prepared by the co-precipitation route. The products are characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at room temperature, dc electrical resistivity as a function of temperature and dielectric parameters in the frequency range of 100 Hz to 3 MHz are also measured. The lattice constants agree with usual spinel ferrites. The particle size calculated from X-ray data by the Scherrer formula is in the range of 28-30 nm, while the average particle size varies from 15-25 nm obtained from the SEM measurements, X-ray density (Dx), Porosity (P) and bulk density (Dm) for all the samples are calculated. The dc electrical resistivity decreased with the rise in temperature for all the samples, showing a semiconductor like behavior. From the dc electrical resistivity the activation energy and drift mobility are determined. Both the drift mobility and activation energy increase with a rise in x. The dielectric constant, dielectric loss and ac electrical resistivity as a function of frequency are also reported. The low field ac magnetic susceptibility measurement showed that the ferrimagentic transition temperature is in the range of 439±5 K to 658±5 K.
Parameters Influencing Steady-State Grain Size of Pure Metals Processed by High-Pressure Torsion
Authors: Edalati Kaveh , Horita Z.
Published: October 2015

High purity elements such as magnesium, aluminum, silicon, titanium, vanadium, iron, nickel, copper, zinc, zirconium, molybdenum, palladium, silver, indium, tin, hafnium, gold and lead were processed by high-pressure torsion and subsequently evaluated by microstructural examinations and Vickers microhardness measurement. The grain size at the steady state, where the grain size and hardness remain unchanged with straining, was determined using either transmission electron microscopy, electron back-scatter diffraction analysis and/or optical microscopy. It is found that the steady state grain sizes are at the submicrometer level in elements with metallic bonding and at the nanometer level in elements with covalent bonding. The correlations between the steady-state grain size and the physical properties of metals are examined and it is found that the atomic bond energy and the homologous temperature are important parameters influencing the steady-state grain size after processing by HPT. A linear correlation between the hardness and grain size at the steady state is achieved by plotting the hardness normalized by the shear modulus against the grain size normalized by the Burgers vector in the logarithmic scale.
Modelling Textures Formed during the Plane Strain Compression and Subsequent Static Recrystallisation of Body-Centred Cubic (BCC) Metals
Authors: Lan Yong Jun , Pinna C.
Published: October 2015

The Plane Strain Compression and Static Recrystallisation Textures of BCC Metals Have Been Simulated Using a Coupled 3D Crystal Plasticity Finite Element (CPFE)-Single Phase Field (PF) Model Using an Interstitial-Free (IF) Steel as an Example. the Recrystallisation Nucleation Is Modelled Based on the Orientation Dependent Recovery (ODR) Theory which Assumes that Deformation Texture Components with a Relatively High Number of Slip Systems Activated during the Plane Strain Compression Undergo a Faster Recovery Process during the Subsequent Annealing due to the Cross Slip of Dislocations and as a Result Will Nucleate Earlier than Others. the Growth of Strain-Free Grains Is Simulated Using the Mis-Orientation Angle Dependent Grain Boundary Energy and Interface Mobility. A Linear Interpolation Method Is Adopted to Map the Data between the CPFE Model of Deformation and the Single PF Model of Recrystallisation. Simulated Results Show a Qualitative Agreement with the Typical Rolling and Annealing Textures Measured Experimentally for BCC Metals. Apart from the Texture and Grain Structure Formed during Deformation and Annealing, the Softening Fraction Can Also Be Simulated Using the Developed Model.
Effect of Pre-Strain on Fatigue Behaviour of AZ31 Mg Alloy
Authors: Quan Gao Feng , Zhang Ying Bo , Liu Zhao Ming
Published: October 2015

Mg Alloys Are the Lightest Structural Alloys with Excellent Castability and Machinability as Well as Highest Specific Strength and Stiffness. According to their Hexagonal close Packed Crystal Lattice there Is an Urgent Requirement of Mechanical Property Evaluation Method for Industrial Application, Particularly to Wrought Mg Alloys. Cyclic Loading Is a Very Popular Mode for Most Structural Application Situations. Recent Development of Fatigue Examination of Extruded Profile Has Shown that Mg Alloys Show Not so Ideal Fatigue Property. so that the Further Detailed Study on Cyclic Loading for Plastic Deformed Mg Alloys Is Needed. Tension-Tension Fatigue Tests Were Conducted on Pre-Strained AZ31 Mg Alloys that Produced by Rolling and Extruding Procedures. the Results Show that the Compressive Plastic Deformation Leads to Reduction of Fatigue Life/limit Significantly. SEM Analysis on Fatigue Fracture Surfaces Indicates that the Fatigue Cracks Initiate in the Surface or Sub-Surface of Dramatically Deformed Zones. the Microstructure Analysis Reveals that the Pre-Strain Brings More Abundant Twinning Bands with the Increase in Pre-Strain. the Decrease in Fatigue Life Demonstrates Also some Critical Feature with the Pre-Strain Level.
Electrical Resistivity of Ni-Cr Liquid Binary Alloy
Authors: Thakor Pankajsinh B. , Patel J.J. , Sonvane Yogeshkumar A. , Gajjar P.N. , Jani Ashvin R.
Published: October 2015

Present paper dealswith the calculation of electrical resistivity (ρ) of Ni-Cr liquid binary alloy using Faber-Ziman formulation. Todescribe electron-ion interaction we have used newly constructed parametricfree model potential along with Ashcroft-Langreth (AL) partial structurefactor. To see the influence of exchangeand correlation effect, Hartree, Taylor and Sarkaret allocal field correlation functions are used. From presentresults, it is seen that good agreements between present results andexperimental data have been achieved. Lastly we conclude that our model potential successfully produces thedata of electrical resistivity (ρ) ofNi-Cr liquid binary alloy.
New early Eocene Siricomorpha (Hymenoptera: Symphyta: Pamphiliidae, Siricidae, Cephidae) from the Okanagan Highlands, western North America
Authors: Bruce Archibald S. , Rasnitsyn Alexandr P.
Published: October 2015

We describe three new genera and four new species (three named) of siricomorph sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) from the Ypresian (early Eocene) Okanagan Highlands: Pamphiliidae,Ulteramus republicensisnew genus, new speciesfrom Republic, Washington, United States of America; Siricidae,Ypresiosirex orthosemosnew genus, new speciesfrom McAbee, British Columbia, Canada; and Cephidae,Cuspilongus cachecreekensisnew genus, new speciesfrom McAbee and another cephid treated as Cephinae species A from Horsefly River, British Columbia, Canada. These are the only currently established occurrences of any siricomorph family in the Ypresian. We treat the undescribed new siricoid from the Cretaceous Crato Formation of Brazil as belonging to the Pseudosiricidae, not Siricidae, and agree with various authors that the YpresianMegapterites mirabilisCockerell is an ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). The Miocene speciesCephites oeningensisHeer andC. fragilisHeer, assigned to the Cephidae over a century and a half ago, are also ants. Many of the host plants that siricomporphs feed upon today first appeared in the Eocene, a number of these in the Okanagan Highlands in particular. The Okanagan Highlands sites where these wasps were found also had upper microthermal mean annual temperatures as are overwhelmingly preferred by most modern siricomorphs, but were uncommon in the globally warm Ypresian, only found then in higher elevations and highest latitudes.
Subsea Separation Behavior of a Brazilian Crude Oil: Experiment and Simulation
Authors: Noik C. , Muller S. , Karnitz O. , Ramalho J. , Steinhauser A. P. , Grave E.
Published: October 2015

Increasing confidence and efficiency of process unit are major challenges for subsea field development. In such conditions, subsea liquid-liquid separation is still an important issue. Moreover, related to water depth, only compact separators with short residence times can be installed. The key point developed in this paper is to evaluate the water-oil separation regarding the oil properties including the effect of gas. A joint Industrial Program was performed in IFPEN on water separation efficiency in collaboration with Petrobras and ExxonMobil.

Experiment and numerical analysis of tests were performed on a facility platform. The GOwSP platform used is an industrial test facility designed to research and to test multiphase equipments. The closed loop is under pressure and temperature control to simulate real operating conditions. The material used is a crude oil supplied by Petrobras, synthetic brine and natural gas. The tests were performed in a horizontal separator unit implemented with specific instrumentation such as interface profiler gauge. The separation efficiency is calculated from flow mass balance. Various operating conditions were studied such as; gas and liquid flow rates, water fraction, temperature, pressure. Special attention was taken on pressure effect and gas/oil ratio.

Thus, a 1D model previously developed was used for tests simulation in order to predict the separation efficiency as a function of the operating production conditions. The 1D-model is based on an "experiment-modeling" methodology. The model is developed based on physical laws describing emulsion destabilization under only gravity effect and then it is extrapolated in case of fluid flows. Simulations shown a good accordance with experiment results. Whatever the conditions, most of simulation of the separation efficiency are within a 20% relative error margin. Classical behaviour of separation efficiency increase with oil residence time and temperature is confirmed as a decrease with initial water content increase. Simulations permitted to underline the important influence of oil characteristics viscosity, density on separation efficiency. At tested operating conditions, the gas had a slight influence on oil/water separation.
Flow of Complex Fluids Through Porous Media: Application in Oil Recovery
Authors: Carvalho M. S.
Published: October 2015

The most common oil recovery method used for displacing oil and maintaining the reservoir pressure is water injection. However, in most cases, the recovery efficiency of this method is limited by the high fluid mobility ratio and reservoir heterogeneities that limit the macroscopic efficiency of reservoir sweep and pore scale oil displacement.

The non-linear flow behavior of complex fluids through porous media gives rise to multiphase flow displacement mechanisms that operate at different scales, from pore-level to Darcy scale. Experiments have shown that injection of oil-in-water emulsions and viscoelastic polymer solutions can be used as an effective enhanced-oil recovery (EOR) method, leading to substantial increase in the volume of oil recovered. The mechanisms responsible for increasing the recovery factor in different EOR methods are not fully understood.

Here, we summarize recent pore-scale studies on oil displacement by oil-water emulsion and viscoelastic polymer solutions. Visualization of the flow of complex fluids through a transparent network of micro-channels, which serves as a model of a porous media, reveals that the non-linear flow behavior improves the pore-level displacement efficiency, leading to lower residual oil saturation.
Optimized Centralizer Placement for Pre-Salt Formation
Authors: Samuel Robello , Wang HanYi
Published: October 2015

While exploring deeper water depths, large hydrocarbon deposits have been found below salt formations. These reservoirs are located in formations called "pre salts". Salt formations create favorable conditions for trapping hydrocarbons but also introduce challenges in well drilling and completion because of their mobile nature. The rock salts behave in a visco-elastic manner and deform under pressure. This deformation is called "creep" and occurs over time once the salt is disturbed. Creep begins the instant the drilling penetrates the salt formation and occurs because of instability and formation stresses. Completion of the well does not stop the creep process. This continual creep causes an increase in load on the casing and causes excess stress on the well completions during the lifetime of the well. Creep can eventually cause the casing to collapse.

Poorly designed casing, centralizer placement against the salt formation, and the cement job can be at risk for casing collapse during production. Previous studies have demonstrated eccentricity can increase the stress load on casing dramatically in salt formations. To avoid eccentricity, the placement of centralizers in the salt formation is very important. Presently, there is no method for optimizing centralizer placement; hence, it remains a challenging problem.

This study presents a geomechanical model, which treats the formation, cement, and casing as a whole system. The eccentricities of casing in wellbores having different borehole inclination and centralizer placement are derived from analytic solutions. The creep behavior of the salt formation and the stress load on the casing are calculated using the finite element method. The results of this model can be used as input parameters for optimum wellbore design, centralizer placement, and wellbore integrity analysis to predict the in-situ casing stress throughout the lifetime of a well. This paper also presents derivations of the generalized methodology for optimum placement of centralizers and the application of the model in a field case. Simulations examples have been performed and are reviewed in this paper. In addition, this paper documents the mathematical simulation results under different well profile and well geometry scenarios.
A Review of Fitness-For-Service and Life Extension Assessment Methodologies Relating to Corrosion Features in Fatigue Sensitive Risers and Pipelines
Authors: Masson C. , Lou J. , Saranyasoontorn K. , Jesudasen A. S. , Zeng W. , Wang L. , Hahn G. D.
Published: October 2015

The objective of this paper is to share experience gathered from the ongoing integrity management of brownfield production flowlines, to help support future improvements in Fitness-For-Service (FFS) and Life Extension (LE) assessment methodologies, specifically for the case of corrosion features located in regions of higher fatigue loading.

The paper describes the nature of the problem being considered. This is followed by a brief review of the current state of flowline inspection technology to provide additional context. Industry standard practice and complementary literature relating to the assessment of corrosion features subject to fatigue loading are then reviewed. A possible enhancement to existing FFS methods for such cases is described. A hypothetical example is used to compare the different FFS assessment methods, including the "enhanced method." The findings are then reviewed and discussed addressing the limits of applicability and the advantages and disadvantages of each method, and conclusions are drawn.

Today's inspection equipment can provide information about the condition of a flowline, which is of great value for FFS and LE assessments. However, it will likely be some time before there are inspection tools available that can reliably detect and accurately size cracks growing from within corrosion features. This is particularly challenging when considering inspection over an extended length of flowline and within a practical timeframe. Therefore it is important to have a robust, rational and standardized method for assessing the fatigue life of detected or suspected corrosion features in the absence of specific knowledge about existing fatigue cracks within those features. Industry standards are somewhat limited in addressing this scenario with two quite different methods suggested.

The hypothetical example presented in this paper shows how those two methods might lead to inappropriate decisions regarding fitness-for-service, depending on specific circumstances. An initial investigation of an incremental enhancement in the methodology suggests that meaningful improvement is possible, and that further work in the area could be of significant value to the industry, helping to ensure appropriate run-repair-replace decision-making in the future.
A Data Mining Approach to Model Portfolios Oil Assets at High Risk
Authors: Cervantes Bravo R. , Fernández E. , Jiménez Nieves E. , Suma Tairo G.
Published: October 2015

Management and portfolio evaluations is one of the crucial tasks that accurately account for valuating a petroleum asset. Usually, variations in input parameters and uncertainty on the evaluation of oil assets affect those processes, as it has been occurring with the price of oil in the last year.

This paper presents a new systematic process for the evaluation of portfolios of oil and gas fields where the performance and economic value of an entire portfolio decrease rapidly. The automated cash flow-curve analysis tool presented here uses an event detection algorithm combined with the design of quantile regression technique to provide a robust probabilistic estimate of future PDP (proved-developed-producing) reserves on a well-by-well basis. Individual well behaviors then aggregate stochastically to provide expected field and portfolio declines, with uncertainty ranges. Future well trends are estimated using probabilistic type-curves computed by data mining algorithms with a high-level of granularity.

Most discussions and publications to date have centered on the methods to perform portfolio optimization. However, very little emphasis was put on using analytical and data mining methods to evaluate faster the status of a given portfolio. This paper will focus on the use of data mining related methods in analyzing oil assets/engineering data, identifying correlations, development of industry-based algorithms and in the determination of relationships that influence root cause and consequence of failure in mature fields.

This paper proposes a new approach for mature fields. It includes models with technical Data Mining reserves estimation (either applied for volumetric calculations or performance data based in technical of Extracting hidden knowledge), an scenario matrix to account for the risk expressed in expectation curves, an estimation of the "Pseudo-limiting" risk and value terms, and defining a hierarchy of portfolio with data mining technique. Furthermore, it proposes a methodology of life-cycle assessment and surveillance of reserves estimation by integrating of the "Pseudo-limiting" risk and the ratio expected value to capital investment under the concepts of risk management.

The developed models showed good performance with minimal prediction errors. These results are promising, lending credence to the application of computational Intelligence for even more complex reservoir systems. They should also boost confidence in the use of advanced well structures for field applications.

The consideration of such needs bring up the following purposes:

Extracting hidden knowledge or information not trivial of dataset to be used in making decision.

Discovery of unknown models [1] [2] in order to discover meaningful patterns and rules [3].
Failure Investigation of a High Strength Low Alloy Steel Threaded Connection in a High CO2 Oil and Gas Field
Authors: Craig B. D. , Thodla R. , Piza Paes M. T. , Donato G. V. T. , Flesner K. O.
Published: October 2015

Two connector failures occurred on two newly drilled wells using high strength API 5D Grade drill pipe joints as production risers in two deep water offshore wells. The first failure occurred after 64 days of well testing and producing while the second failure occurred after 111 days. Both wells had similar CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) with no H2S expected or measured. The fracture surfaces were similar on both failures and both failed by brittle cracking. The failure investigation was performed using microscopic, surface analysis methods and mechanical tests (tensile, hardness, SSRT-slow strain rate test and CTOD-crack tip opening displacement). Process modelling (HYSIS software) have shown that water condensed in a large spectrum of temperature and pressure. Fractured connectors were examined macroscopically and with SEM (scanning electron microscope) to determine the location of crack initiation which led to the final brittle failure. The unusual brittle fracture in the threaded connections was attributed to a corrosive environment formed during several cycles of well shutdown allowing low pH condensed water due the high pressure and high CO2 gas content to accumulate in the highly stressed area of the threads resulting in environmental cracking. This cracking was exacerbated by the presence of zinc in the thread dope and unusual, non-protective corrosion products.
Flow Assurance as a Show Stopper for Subsea Factory - Use of Subsea Separation for Mitigation and Elimination of Risks
Authors: Tienhaara Mika
Published: October 2015

Field developments, from greenfield to mature field rejuvenation are challenging and there are various possible options. Attention to production risks and flow assurance issues are key in determining what type of production concept that is optimal for any field in question.

Sand production issues can have a severe impact on any field architecture but this can be remediated by the use of sand removal technologies. With the advances in separation technology and the feasibility of using subsea separation solutions, there can be many benefits in terms of reducing erosion and clogging risks as well as enabling prevention of gas hydrates. Subsea separation can be an important enabler for field development decisions.

Some key technologies for subsea separation solutions, such as gas/liquid separators, desanders and hydrocyclones have been qualified for subsea applications and have been proven topsides. Gas/Liquid separation can be part of subsea solutions aimed to minimize formation risks of gas hydrate in the risers. Ongoing development work can contribute to reduce complexity and total project costs for field developments.

Adequate technology qualification for new technology should be done utilizing a large-scale realistic conditions flow loop.
Internal Lining of Carbon Steel Flowlines With a Plastic Liner Based on a Fluorinated Polymer: Introduction of the Concept and Evidences on CAPEX and OPEX Reductions
Authors: Messina N. , Colladon M. , Fossati P. , Meynet C.
Published: October 2015

Capex reduction and project management complexity are at the top of the list of the main drivers for subsea flowlines, together with the water depth and the opex increases. Rigid risers and flowlines remain the main solutions used for offshore fields but the new market conditions are forcing the industry to increase the attention towards more cost-competitive solutions over the current CRA-based ones.

This paper describes the main performances and characteristics of a fluorinated polymer, already used in offshore flexible risers, as potential use for internal lining of rigid flowlines.

The scope of the paper is: i) to provide the evidence on the positive impact on CAPEX and project management complexity brought by the lining solution, ii) to provide data on the flow assurance advantages and iii) to provide an insight on the positive impact on the OPEX reduction and on the operational complexity improvements.

The paper is composed of three sections. A first section will provide a mechanical analysis of the performance of the polymer in respect of the main technical requirements of the lining solution. Going through the existing track record in offshore, the main chemical and permeation resistance characteristics of the polymer are shown. The second section focuses on a cost analysis. A first Capex analysis, mainly based on material cost comparison, shows the advantage of using this lining solution over the CRA based ones. Then, starting from an overview of the main surface properties of the polymer proposed, this paper will also show wax-deposition test data and a drag reduction simulation analysis. The drag analysis was initiated from real service conditions, considering different types of service for the flowlines, and was done in comparison with existing metallic solutions. This analysis then provides an idea of the OPEX reduction and the operational advantages of the use of plastic lined pipelines vs metallic solutions.

The third section completes the paper with some results from real in-field tests, which were performed onshore, and also with a real track-record on a new lining technology, used offshore and based on the polymer here proposed.

Conclusions show CAPEX and OPEX advantages, the improvement in the project management, with the possibility to increase the level of the local content (where requested) of the project and then also the flow assurance advantages and the OPEX reduction associated to the lining solution.
The Development of the ULFPSO Concept Design
Authors: de Oliveira Allan Carre , Vilamea Eduardo Marçal
Published: October 2015

Oil production in Brazilian pre-salt fields has already become reality and its production has been reaching successive records in recent years. The development of these areas has required a major technological development effort and the application of several innovative technologies successfully.

One of the most remarkable characteristics of the Brazilian pre-salt fields is the high flow rate obtained from the producing wells. For the development of production in the most recent giant fields of the pre-salt, the high flow rate wells encourages the use of larger diameter production lines, saving costs in subsea engineering. However, the increasing of the oil production and the presence of contaminants and high gas concentrations in the oil reservoirs are technological challenges that increase the complexity of the oil processing, allied to more strict environmental rules. The use of larger diameter lines also requires the use of SCRs (Steel Catenary Risers), economically more advantageous in relation to flexible lines in this scenario. However, the use of rigid lines requires a Floating Production Unit with low level of motions, which implies in a large unit, more expensive. The use of larger diameter lines also increases the oil production platform requirements, increasing the need for additional production plant area as well as the ability to withstand heavier process plants.

These features encourage the search for innovative solutions that maximize production by FPU and still offer economic advantages through economies of scale. Based on this scenario, it was developed a concept of Floating Production Storage and Offloading Unit called ULFPSO (Ultra Large FPSO), which is capable of supporting plants more complex than the current ones, with a larger weight and a larger footprint, coupled with the receipt of the production lines in a region less affected by the environmental loads, enabling also the use of SCRs for larger diameter lines. This paper presents the characteristics of this new concept and present preliminary analysis of its feasibility.
Bijupira’ & Salema: An Innovative Integrated Approach to Subsea Field Re-Development
Authors: Herdocia O. , Delescen K. , Sbordone A. , Cribley L. , Garcia B.G. , Felipe L. , Lacourt R. , Nunes H.
Published: October 2015

The Bijupira' & Salema Fields were discovered in 1990 in Brazil and are located 250 km east of Rio de Janeiro, in water depths between 480 and 880 m. The field was one of the first to be developed by a foreign operator, and was also one of the first turnkey developments in the country. It started production in 2003, and in 2013 went through a re-development program presenting all the challenges of a typical brownfield project. It included the hook-up of 4 new wells, installation and commissioning of the production bundles, subsea control modules and hydraulic, electric and gas-lift flying leads. Production from 4 unproductive wells was suspended and some of the corresponding hardware such as production flexibles were decommissioned. The project also included topside modifications like the replacement of the master control system and of the electrical power unit, followed by the re-commissioning of the entire subsea system.

An innovative approach was taken by the Operator for the re-development program: project engineering, marine support and subsea operations were delivered as an integrated project by the selected contractor, FTO Services, which brought together the individual companies already working separately on the project. This presented significant advantages for the Operator, because it simplified the interfaces between equipment supplier and installer and also aligned the schedule of the installation vessel Island Enforcer with the other support vessel already operating in the field, the Holiday.

The close interaction and teamwork of the companies involved, together with the quality and commitment of the team members, enabled significant gains in efficiency and effectiveness during all phases of the project.

In the Planning phase, the companies collaborated to develop a novel optimized installation method: simultaneous use of the Island Enforcer´s cranes allowed a simple but yet safe and efficient method of constructing and installing the well jumper flexible bundles. The resulting strategy eliminated the need for a jumper fabrication worksite, eliminated the use of a transport vessel and thereby the number of vessel-to-vessel heavy lifts, and eliminated the use of a large spreader bar and risk to subsea assets during recovery.

During the Execution phase, the installation activities in the tight and congested drill centers of the 2 brown fields were completed in record time when compared to the original installation campaign. This was the result of significant improvements in the hardware design, as well as the selection of a state of the art vessel, ROV systems and tooling.

The paper details the scope of the project and its execution, pointing out the benefits brought by the integrated approach and by the unique capability of the contractor to deliver the full range of integrated subsea services along the whole life of the field.
Performance Analysis and Comparison of Membrane Permeation Versus Supersonic Separators for CO2 Removal From a Plausible Natural Gas of Libra Field, Brazil
Authors: Arinelli L. O. , de Medeiros J. L. , Araújo O. Q.
Published: October 2015

Libra Field is a giant oil and gas offshore field situated in Santos Basin, at 200 km from southeastern Brazil coast, 2200 m water depth and 5 km crust depth. The product of Libra is a 27°API oil with a remarkable characteristic: an impressive gas/oil ratio of approximately 600 sm/m with a CO2 content over 40%mol. The extraction of this oil obligates the processing of such CO2 rich gas, which must end with the reinjection of all CO2 into the field for environmental reasons and to sustain oil production. The removal of CO2 and adequate destination of specified gas with minimum footprint – due to space and weight constraints in offshore platforms – and energy consumption configure a central challenge in the Libra scenario. A strategy involves the separation of CO2 from natural gas at the platform and the transportation of the processed gas to shore via pipelines. Four alternatives of topside gas conditioning are assessed in terms of final gas quality and energy demand, using a professional process simulator. The conventional alternative (A) selects a Membrane Permeation (MP) train including TEG Dehydration and JT Expansion for respectively adjusting water dew-point and hydrocarbon dew-point. Case B is devised by using only a Supersonic Separator (3S) to treat the gas. The third alternative (C) uses 3S for dew points adjustment and MP for CO2 removal. Case D also involves TEG absorption and JT Expansion, however, CO2 removal is accomplished by a 3S. The results show that Case B could not completely specify the gas stream, practically not changing the CO2 content. Case C is considered an improvement of Case A, since it employed much less equipment and still presented a better quality natural gas, with 68% more liquid extraction and 18% less energy consumption. Both cases reduced CO2 content to nearly 20%mol. Case D confirms the potential application of 3S for CO2 removal from a dry gas at extremely low temperatures. The final gas CO2 content was slightly higher (24%mol) and the energy demand increased 23% regarding case A, due to the high pressure required. However, the CO2 rich stream in this case is at higher pressure, which means less compression power required for reinjection application.
Development of Rolled H-shape Steels for Low Temperature Applications
Authors: Ito H. , Ichikawa K. , Fujioka M. , Sugiyama H. , Mitsuyasu K.
Published: October 2015

In recent times, demand for steels, such as H-shaped steel for offshore structures for the world energy market is rapidly increasing. Such beams are often manufactured with steel plates and are welded to ensure the toughness, which is represented with Charpy V-notch energy, at low temperatures of -40 °C in H-shape steel. However, welded beams have several disadvantages, e.g., requirements of cost and operation period for welding fabrications and inspections and quality control in heat affected zones. Rolled H-shape steels enable to overcome these difficulties if they satisfy the mechanical property requirements such as Charpy V-notch absorbed energy at -40 °C.

In previous studies, grain refinement by facilitating intragranular ferrite nucleation on inclusions in steels has been analyzed to improve strength and toughness. For example, vanadium-nitride is reported to be particularly capable as ferrite nucleation sites. Furthermore, precipitates and inclusions can be useful for rolled H-shapes to improve the toughness by the refinement of ferrite grains. Chemical composition, particularly of microalloying elements, which form precipitates and inclusions, has to be carefully optimized to satisfy alloy ranges identified in EN10225 classification.

This study attempts to reveal the effects of microalloying elements in H-shapes for the low temperature applications. Series of experimental ingots were casted in a vacuum melting furnace and were laboratory rolled to plates. These test materials were investigated by mechanical tests and metallographic observations such as optical and transmission electron microscopy. The results of these experiments suggested that the toughness can be improved by the ferrite refinement using vanadium-containing nitrides on prior austenite grain boundaries.

Based on these experimental results, actual H-shapes were examined in the practical production line and it was confirmed that these results could meet the EN10225 Class S355 classification, where the Charpy V-notch minimum average impact energy at -40 °C required were 50 J in base metals and 36 J in weld heat affected zones.