bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Future as Social Technology. Prediction and the Rise of Futurology
Authors: Andersson Jenny
Published: September 2018

Chapter 5 examines the experiments at RAND with a new future science, a “general theory of the future” capable of explaining human behavior and developments in the world system. The chapter also proposes that futurology was ultimately a failure, as forms of prediction encountered criticism and led to a discussion within RAND about the epistemological limits of prediction. As RAND researchers came to the conclusion that prediction was logically and empirically impossible, they shifted their interest from predicting actual future developments, to prediction as a “social technology”—a means of actively intervening into the future and shape desirable developments. The chapter zeroes in on the so called Delphi technology, the purpose of which was to conduct an expert driven reflection on a possible wide array of social futures, produce judgments on desirable and undesirable futures, and choose the optimal future.
Health Care
Authors: Pestieau Pierre , Lefebvre Mathieu
Published: September 2018

This chapter reviews the public health care systems as well as their challenges. It first shows how expenditure on health care has evolved in previous decades and deals with the reasons for the growth observed in almost every European country. It emphasizes the role of technological progress as a main explanatory factor of the increase in medical expenditure but also points to the challenges facing cost-containment policies. Especially, the main common features of health care systems in Europe, such as third-party payment, single provider approach and cost-based reimbursement are discussed. Finally the chapter shows that although inequalities in health exist in the population, health care systems are redistributive. Reforms are thus needed but the trade-off between budgetary efficiency and equity is difficult.
Conclusion
Authors: Ingleheart Jennifer
Published: September 2018

The conclusion explores the wider implications of the argument of this book, and of the study of Bainbriggean classicism, or Queer Classics. The most queer Classical Receptions look to Rome for a range of transgressive models of sexual desire and pleasure, rather than turning to Greece to apologize for same-sex love. In private writings, Bainbrigge and others are free to focus on sex and its role in the ancient and modern worlds. Queer classicists are fascinated by the body—the ancient body and the pleasures it experienced, as well as the modern embodiment of classical education. Queer classicists remind us that the body and sexuality cannot be separated from the study of Classics—an important insight for a discipline in which expurgation of (homo)sexual material in classical texts at school is still all too common.
Nineteenth Century Perspectives on Private International Law
Authors: Banu Roxana
Published: September 2018

This book seeks to demonstrate that contrary to conventional histories of the discipline, various nineteenth-century writings on Private International Law (PrIL), which focused on the individual, rather than the state, adopted an account of the individual as social and relationally constituted. The book dispels two common assumptions about the nineteenth-century intellectual history of the field: first all individual- and private-law-centered perspectives were overly liberal and individualistic; and second, the association between public and private international law enabled the latter to focus on global public goods and global justice generally. By contrast, the book shows that while many nineteenth-century theories focused on the relationship between public and private international law injected much of the formalism and alleged neutrality of today’s private international law, several individual-centered perspectives adopted a relational, rather than individualistic image of the individual. By recovering academic debates in private international law between the mid-nineteenth to the mid-twentieth century, the book traces how this “relational internationalist” perspective was misunderstood and eventually disappeared from the memory of the field. Through a detailed analysis of the writings of the three main protagonists of the “relational internationalist” perspective, namely Joseph Story, Carl von Savigny, and Josephus Jitta, the book recovers the analytical foundation of this theoretical perspective with respect to rights, legitimate authority, and the cosmopolitan dimensions of private international law.
Individual-Centered and State-Centered Internationalist Perspectives in American Private International Law Theory
Authors: Banu Roxana
Published: September 2018

This chapter starts by briefly describing the first wave of the realist theory in the writings of Walter Wheeler Cook and Ernest G. Lorenzen and then Brainerd Currie’s much more developed state-interest theory. The chapter then outlines a rich and underexplored debate among American realist scholars, with their critics, about the implications of choosing the individual or the state as the analytical point of departure in PrIL theory and methodology. It underscores three different ways in which individual-centered arguments were used to try to temper Currie’s state-centered premises. In reviewing critiques against Currie’s state-centered perspective, the analysis in this chapter distinguishes between arguments focused on fairness, those based on equity and equality, and those based on a sociological notion of disaggregated state interests. The chapter further discusses the parallels between the American realist perspective and the nineteenth-century relational internationalist perspective introduced in Chapter 2.
Introduction
Authors: Mačák Kubo
Published: September 2018

This chapter introduces the central aim of this book: to provide a comprehensive examination of the notion, process, and effects of internationalization of armed conflicts in international law. It presents a brief research overview, outlining the scope of the enquiry, the research methodology, and the structure of the book. It then lays out the conceptual and normative framework for the rest of the book. To that end, it first justifies the need for the present study by confirming the continuing distinction between international and non-international armed conflicts in international law. Then, it puts forward a conception of internationalization that expresses the legal transformation from a non-international to an international armed conflict.
Normative Underpinnings
Authors: Mačák Kubo
Published: September 2018

This chapter considers the normative underpinnings of the present-day regulation of combatancy. It argues that a wholesale denial of combatant status to fighters in internationalized armed conflicts would be incongruous with the principles of distinction and equal application of the law. The chapter then considers specific objections against the extension of combatant status to non-state actors from the perspective of internationalized armed conflicts. It argues that although some of the objections carry certain weight in the context of traditional civil wars, their effect in internationalized armed conflicts is significantly weaker. The chapter thus shows that in principle, the availability of combatant status to fighters in internationalized armed conflicts is in accordance with the normative underpinnings of International Humanitarian Law.
Normative Underpinnings
Authors: Mačák Kubo
Published: September 2018

This chapter considers the theoretical ramifications of extending the law of belligerent occupation to internationalized armed conflicts. It examines three logically connected assumptions that seemingly militate against its applicability to non-state actors. These could be summarized as claims that non-state actors lack the capacity to have rights and duties under the law of occupation; that they may not become subjects of the law of occupation due to their sovereignty deficit; and that in any event, they would be unable to comply with the rules of this body of law. The chapter argues that none of those obstacles is insurmountable in the context of internationalized armed conflicts. Overall, this chapter thus stands for the proposition that the law of belligerent occupation may in principle apply to those conflicts.
Practical Application
Authors: Mačák Kubo
Published: September 2018

This chapter analyses the practical application of the law of belligerent occupation in internationalized armed conflicts in its temporal, geographical, and personal dimensions. Firstly, from a temporal perspective, the law is shown to apply once one of the conflict parties consolidates its control over the enemy territory and substitutes its own authority for that of the displaced enemy. Secondly, the chapter assesses the geographical scope of the applicable law and draws specific guidelines for the determination of the territory subject to the law of occupation in various types of internationalized armed conflicts. Thirdly, the chapter endorses the allegiance-based approach to the designation of protected persons under the law of occupation and applies it to the reality of internationalized armed conflict. Overall, the chapter presents a workable toolkit for the application of the law of occupation to internationalized armed conflicts.
Conclusion
Authors: Mačák Kubo
Published: September 2018

This chapter presents the conclusions of the book. It summarizes the argument of the book and makes some general observations about the process and effects of internationalization of armed conflicts in international law. Specifically, the chapter builds on the preceding analysis to argue that the study stands for a specific understanding of the notion of internationalized armed conflicts, one that is subject to an extensive application of the law of armed conflict. It further highlights some of the gaps in the legal regulation that result from the particular features of internationalized conflicts. The chapter closes by sketching potential directions in which the law and practice may develop in order to address those lacunae.
The Personality of Individuals in Positive International Law—General Issues
Authors: Kjeldgaard-Pedersen Astrid
Published: September 2018

Chapter 3 examines a number of issues of general relevance to public international law. It first inquires why the overall issue of the applicability of international law to individuals was not long ago resolved once and for all. Focusing on treaty law, Section 3.1 analyses the work of the ILC pertaining to the application of treaties to individuals, and studies the few, controversial, rulings by the PCIJ and ICJ on this issue. With the example of the 1920 debate on the proposal for a High Court of International Justice, Section 3.2 studies individual obligations under customary international law. Section 3.3 considers the doctrine of diplomatic protection and its correlation to the notion of direct individual rights under international law. Finally, as an introduction to Chapters 4–8, Section 3.4 sketches out the considerations that are particularly relevant for the determination of treaty provisions as direct rights and obligations of individuals.
The Legal Personality of Individuals in International Claims
Authors: Kjeldgaard-Pedersen Astrid
Published: September 2018

Chapter 4 discusses international claims, that is, claims arising out of injury inflicted upon an individual by a foreign State in violation of international law. Such claims may be enforced either through diplomatic protection or by granting the injured individual himself the right to bring a case against the foreign State before an international dispute settlement body. The common idea is that claims of individuals against foreign States were solely asserted through diplomatic protection before the Second World War, whereas the right of individuals to petition international courts independently is a post-1945 phenomenon. By studying international claims practice in three historical periods (before the First World War, the interwar period, and after the Second World War), the present chapter tests this account against positive international law, and inquires whether the concept of international legal personality played a role in the contracting States’ choice of one method of dispute resolution over the other.
The Legal Personality of Individuals in International Criminal Law
Authors: Kjeldgaard-Pedersen Astrid
Published: September 2018

No one seriously disputes that the individual is a subject of international criminal law. But it is much less certain whether international crimes a priori entail individual responsibility, which would be in line with the ‘individualistic’ conception of international legal personality, or whether the responsibility arises a posteriori consistent with the Kelsenian approach. Following a brief account of some historical antecedents, Chapter6 provides a detailed examination of the pivotal post-Second World War trials and the subsequent development of individual responsibility for international crimes by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), and the International Criminal Court (ICC). Moreover, the chapter shows that the common practice of categorizing criminal courts as either international, internationalized, or domestic according to the ‘involvement of the international community’ ultimately rests on the orthodox ‘States-only’ conception of international legal personality.
An Alternative Approach to Lie Groups and Geometric Structures
Authors: Ortaçgil Ercüment H.
Published: September 2018

This book is about the foundations of geometric symmetry, namely, Lie groups and differential geometry. Although this is a classical subject about which hundreds of books have been written, this book takes a new and innovative approach. The main idea is to replace the Maurer–Cartan form with absolute parallelism and its curvature. Unlike the classical approach, where the model is fixed beforehand by the Maurer–Cartan form, this new approach is model-free, and also revisits the foundational concepts of differential geometry, such as covariant differentiation, from a different perspective.
The Van Est Theorem
Authors: Ortaçgil Ercüment H.
Published: September 2018

The horizontal cohomology of a PDE was introduced by A.M. Vinogradov. Using this concept, this chapter gives a simple proof of the Van Est theorem as an application of the theory.
Introduction “Reduced to doing a lap with Führer”
Authors: McNaughton James
Published: September 2018

The Introduction justifies and demonstrates strategies for understanding Beckett’s political aesthetic. It shows how Beckett performs contradictions within debates about the political value of modernism. It situates Beckett in terms of Adorno’s early insights into Beckett’s work. And, working with Beckett’s German Diaries, the chapter demonstrates how Beckett’s work directly engages political material from contemporary history. As a pertinent example, the chapter reads the famous “pot” episode in the novel Watt, illustrating how Beckett satirizes Eintopf, or communal onepot, central to Nazi propaganda. Examining the implications, the chapter marks out new ways to read Beckett’s work, and summarizes the arguments from the chapters ahead.
“Prophetic Relish”
Authors: McNaughton James
Published: September 2018

Chapter 6 demonstrates how Endgame reckons with man-made genocide through famine to broaden debates about what counts as genocide postwar, to source recent starvation policies in European imperialism, and to extend Joyce’s indictment of English literary complicity, from Shakespeare to Kipling. The drama replays into dwindled dialogue political tactics from the 1930s centered on food politics: both catastrophic threats of starvation used to subordinate, and saving prophecies of plenitude used as advocacy for barbarity. Endgame performs the aftermath of Hitler’s central biopolitical concept, Lebensraum: the promise of living room comforts through the acquisition of colonial territory in the east. The play arguably alludes to Ukrainian terrain, but geographic place remains filtered through the no-place of political imagination, reflecting how colonial spaces targeted for their granaried bounty themselves are largely linguistic constructions. Finally, the play asks whether fictional depictions of nineteenth-century imperialist history naturalize and help decriminalize modern murder by starvation.
Making Mathematical Culture
Authors: Oosterhoff Richard
Published: September 2018

In 1503, for the first time, a student at Paris could spend his entire university career studying only the printed textbooks of his teacher, in the works of the humanist and university reformer Jacques Lefèvre d’lÉtaples (c. 1455–1536). In this hinge moment in the cultural history of Europe, as printed books became central to the intellectual habits of following generations, Lefèvre turned especially to mathematics as a way to renovate the medieval university. This book relies on the student manuscripts and annotated books of Beatus Rhenanus, the sole surviving archive of its kind, to consider university learning in the new age of print. Making Mathematical Culture offers a new account of printed textbooks as jointly made by masters and students, and how such collaborative practices informed approaches to mathematics. This book places this moment within the longer history of mathematical practice and Renaissance method, and suggests growing affinities between material practices of making and mathematical culture—a century before Galileo and Descartes.
A Mathematical Turn
Authors: Oosterhoff Richard
Published: September 2018

Lefèvre described his own mathematical turn as a kind of conversion. This chapter explains what motivated his turn to mathematics, considering the place of mathematics in fifteenth-century Paris in relation to court politics and Lefèvre’s own connections to Italian humanists. But more importantly, Lefèvre’s attitude to learning and the propaedeutic value of mathematics drew on the context of late medieval spiritual reform, with its emphasis on conversion and care of the soul. In particular, Lefèvre’s turn to university reform seems to have responded to the works of Ramon Lull, alongside the devotio moderna and Nicholas of Cusa, which he printed in important collections. With such influences, Lefèvre chose the university as the site for intellectual reform.
The Body in Contemplation
Authors: Ram-Prasad Chakravarthi
Published: September 2018

This chapter follows the process by which a highly detailed account of the human being as bodily being emerges through a series of contemplative practices described in the fifth century by Buddhaghosa in The Path of Purification, a Theravada Buddhist manual. In the first three practices studied, meditation practices are described that disrupt intuitions about the stability of subject and objects, intuitions held to lead to entanglement in suffering. The monk seeking disentanglement comes to be attentive of the way that an apparent sense of isolation of human from environment and of separation of subject from material body is dissolved. The fourth practice addresses the constitution of phenomenology, by analysis of experience through the abhidhamma categories taught by the Buddha. What results is a creative destabilization of any fixed tripartite ontology of subject–body–world, leaving a methodologically sustained practice of treating the human as a phenomenologically dynamic system of analytic categories.
Introduction
Authors: Koslicki Kathrin
Published: September 2018

The Introduction briefly lays the groundwork for the main project of Form, Matter, Substance: to defend a hylomorphic analysis of concrete particular objects. According to Aristotle’s doctrine of hylomorphism, entities are in some sense compounds of matter (hulē) and form (morphē or eidos). Since Aristotle introduced this doctrine in the context of his analysis of change in Physics I, it has found wide application throughout the history of philosophy and across many different subdisciplines of philosophy. The Introduction briefly summarizes each of the chapters contained in this book and indicates how the focus of Form, Matter, Substance continues and extends the work first begun in The Structure of Objects.
Independence Criteria of Substancehood
Authors: Koslicki Kathrin
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines some initially attractive attempts by E. J. Lowe and Michael Gorman at formulating an independence criterion of substancehood in terms of a particular essentialist construal of ontological dependence. It is argued that the stipulative exclusion of non-particulars and proper parts (or constituents) from these accounts raises difficult issues for their proponents. These results indicate that, in order for a criterion of substancehood to yield the desired results when applied to hylomorphic compounds, a unity criterion for composite substances is more suitable to the task at hand than an independence criterion, despite a general preference among Aristotelians for the latter.
Dopamine and the elements of incentive learning
Authors: Beninger Richard J.
Published: September 2018

Dopamine and the elements of incentive learning explains how, in lever pressing for food tasks, incentive learning produces a gradient of attractiveness of environment stimuli: during magazine training, food activates dopaminergic neurons and the click and food cup become conditioned incentive stimuli, acquiring the ability to elicit approach and other responses; during lever-press training, the click activates dopaminergic neurons and the lever and lever-related stimuli become conditioned incentive stimuli. In conditioned place preference, amphetamine enhances dopaminergic neurotransmission and stimuli paired with amphetamine become conditioned incentive stimuli. In conditioned activity experiments, test-box stimuli paired with a dopamine-enhancer, e.g., cocaine, produce greater activity revealing incentive learning. In conditioned avoidance, the offset of an aversive warning stimulus putatively activates dopaminergic neurons leading safety-related stimuli to become conditioned incentive stimuli. If trained animals are treated with a dopamine receptor blocker, the initially intact ability of conditioned incentive stimuli to control responding declines over trials.
Neuroanatomy and dopamine systems
Authors: Beninger Richard J.
Published: September 2018

Neuroanatomy and dopamine systems explains how sensory signals ascend the central nervous system via a series of nuclei; axons detecting specific elements converge onto higher-order neurons that respond to particular stimulus features. Assemblies of feature-detection cells in the cerebral cortex detect complex stimuli such as faces. These cell assemblies project to motor nuclei of the dorsal and ventral striatum where they terminate on dendritic spines of efferent medium spiny neurons. Dopaminergic projections from ventral mesencephalic nuclei terminate on the same spines. Individual corticostriatal afferents contact relatively few medium spiny neurons and individual dopaminergic neurons contact a far larger number. Stimuli activate specific subsets of corticostriatal synapses. Synaptic activity that is closely followed by a rewarding stimulus, that produces a burst of action potentials in dopaminergic neurons, is modified so that those specific corticostriatal synapses acquire an increased ability to elicit approach and other responses in the future, i.e., incentive learning.
Dopamine and mental experience
Authors: Beninger Richard J.
Published: September 2018

Dopamine and mental experience argues that mental experience arises from brain activity. Ratings of “pleasantness” of a meal correlate with dorsal striatal dopamine receptor occupancy. People with schizophrenia, who suffer from hyperdopaminergia, report that stimuli are difficult to shut out and Parkinson’s-like patients, who suffer from hypodopaminergia, report that nothing moves them—they cease to feel happy or sad. Animal studies suggest that drugs produce discriminable effects on their brains that might be like mental experiences in humans, but we have no information about those putative experiences. Without reliable means for evaluating the possible mental experiences of other animals, we should avoid the use of language that implies mental experience when discussing the behavioral neuroscience of nonhuman animals. The terms “reward-related learning” or “incentive learning” may be preferable over terms such as “pleasure” or “wanting” to describe the effects of increased synaptic concentrations of dopamine on the behavior of animals.
How Organizational Structure Affects Actual Power Relationships between Territorial Levels of Government
Authors: Egeberg Morten , Trondal Jarle
Published: September 2018

This chapter opens by clarifying some main organizational structures within which multilevel public governance takes place. As argued, each organization structure tends to privilege certain interests and this seems to hold as regards ‘upstream’ (policy formulation) processes as well as ‘downstream’ (implementation) processes. Theoretically, the chapter builds on some classic insights from organizational research. Empirically, it draws on studies of international organizations, the European Union, and federal as well as unitary states. The chapter shows how the power of lower-level territories to shape these processes depends on the extent to which organizational structures are arranged according to a territorial principle. In the same vein, higher levels of government tend to strengthen their position when non-territorial principles of specialization prevail.
Colliding Coordination Structures in Multilevel Systems of Government (and How to Live with It)
Authors: Egeberg Morten , Trondal Jarle
Published: September 2018

This chapter discusses governance dilemmas that are often overlooked in studies that do not encompass the ecology of organization in public governance. The chapter discusses how coordination structures may counteract each other in multilevel systems of government. The ambition of the chapter is twofold: Firstly, a coordination dilemma is theoretically and empirically illustrated by the seeming incompatibility between a more direct (interconnected) and sectorally specialized implementation structure in the multilevel EU administrative system and trends towards strengthening coordination and control within nation states. Secondly, the chapter discusses organizational arrangements that may enable governance systems to live with the coordination dilemma in practice. This coordination dilemma seems to have been largely ignored in the literature on EU network governance and national ‘joined-up government’ respectively.
Introduction
Authors: Sharpe Marina
Published: September 2018

This introductory chapter begins by presenting the book’s structure in section A. Section B then delineates the book’s contours, outlining four aspects of refugee protection in Africa that are not addressed. Section C provides context, with a contemporary overview of the state of refugee protection in Africa. It also looks at the major aspects of the refugee situations in each of Africa’s principal geographic sub-regions: East Africa (including the Horn of Africa), Central Africa and the Great Lakes, West Africa, Southern Africa, and North Africa. Section D then concludes with an outline of the theoretical approach to regime relationships employed throughout the book.
The Relationship Between the 1951 and 1969 Conventions
Authors: Sharpe Marina
Published: September 2018

Chapter 4 begins with an articulation of the various approaches to refugee status determination in states party to both the regional and international refugee Conventions. This elucidates how and why a refugee might be recognized only under the 1969 Convention, the implications of which are then analysed. It is argued that in states party to both refugee Conventions, refugees recognized only under the 1969 Convention are entitled to the same standards of treatment as refugees recognized under the 1951 Convention. Finally, other aspects of the relationship between the 1951 and 1969 Conventions are considered. These are analysed within two categories: relationships of interpretation and relationships of conflict. The relationship addressed in the first category relates to the 1951 Convention’s article 1C(5) ‘compelling reasons’ proviso. The second category addresses the freedoms of movement and association, and the provision of travel documents.
Regional Human Rights Law
Authors: Sharpe Marina
Published: September 2018

Chapter 5 begins with a review of the literature on the relationship between international human rights law and international refugee law, which charts the evolution of human rights in refugee protection. Section C then goes on to address regional human rights law, beginning with the African Charter overall, followed by its provisions of particular relevance to refugees, in terms of both non-refoulement and asylum and rights during exile. This is followed by surveys of relevant aspects of the Women’s Protocol and the Children’s Charter. Having articulated the human rights component of the regional legal regime for refugee protection, section D then goes on to analyse how it interacts with regional refugee law. A final section concludes.
Conclusion
Authors: Sharpe Marina
Published: September 2018

Chapter 8 concludes with a summary of the book’s main findings, which relate to the initial impetus for a regional refugee instrument, the meaning of key terms of the 1969 Convention, its relationships with the international refugee convention and with regional human rights law, and the institutional architecture supportive of this treaty framework. It also addresses several overarching issues: the lack of formal supervision of the 1969 Convention, the challenge of effective implementation, and both negative and constructive forms of international responsibility sharing. Finally, it suggests a protection priority the AU and states should focus on going forward: fostering the local integration of refugees in protracted situations, including by respecting refugees’ work rights and their freedom of movement.
Christian Radicalism and the Enactment of Secular Theology
Authors: Brewitt-Taylor Sam
Published: September 2018

This chapter outlines three examples of how secular theology was put into practice in the 1960s: Nick Stacey’s innovations in the parish of Woolwich; the radicalization of the ‘Parish and People’ organization; and the radicalization of Britain’s Student Christian Movement, which during the 1950s was the largest student religious organization in the country. The chapter argues that secular theology contained an inherent dynamic of ever-increasing radicalization, which irresistibly propelled its adherents from the ecclesiastical radicalism of the early 1960s to the more secular Christian radicalism of the late 1960s. Secular theology promised that the reunification of the church and the world would produce nothing less than the transformative healing of society. As the 1960s went on, this vision pushed radical Christian leaders to sacrifice more and more of their ecclesiastical culture as they pursued their goal of social transformation.
Christian Radicalism and the Hope of Christian Unity
Authors: Brewitt-Taylor Sam
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores the sudden outbreak of ecumenical enthusiasm that swept over the early-1960s Church of England against the backdrop of superpower confrontation. Radical readings of Christian eschatology suggested that global church reunion would provide the key to world peace. These Christian longings for world unity formed part of a wider Sixties assault on British moral exceptionalism, whose problematization at the dawn of the 1960s paved the way for more radical criticisms of existing British culture in the early- and mid-1960s. The ecumenical movement’s eschatological critique of the existing Christian churches was also a crucial ingredient in the making of Anglican radicalism. By the early 1970s, however, the ecumenical agenda seemed to have failed. This disappointed the initial hopes of many Anglican radicals, prompting them to seek alternative methods of transforming society.
Augustine on the Election of Jacob
Authors: Wu Tianyue
Published: September 2018

This essay aims to take up the philosophical challenge of causal determination in divine predestination to human freedom by reconstructing Augustine’s relevant insights to argue that divine predestination still can accommodate our intuitions concerning freedom and moral responsibility today. Section 1 briefly reconstructs the development of Augustine’s reflections on predestination by focusing on his interpretation of the election of Jacob. Section 2 appeals to attacks from the Idle Argument and the Manipulation Argument to present the theoretical difficulties in Augustine’s account. Section 3 argues that Augustine’s teaching of predestination contains a significant but often-neglected aspect of moral intuitions: the asymmetry of moral responsibility, namely, the conditions of being praised for a good action are substantially different from those of being blamed for an evil one. In conclusion, this essay considers some possible objections to the Augustinian asymmetry thesis to show its relevance to our moral responsibility practices today.
Beings for Beauty
Authors: Lopes Dominic McIver
Published: September 2018

The main argument for the network theory of aesthetic value is that it better explains the facts about aesthetic activity than does its rival, aesthetic hedonism. Aesthetic activity is not limited to appreciation, and six case studies are presented of aesthetic agents whose expertise covers a range of aesthetic activities. From a survey of the case studies, we see that six facts need explaining. Aesthetic experts disperse into almost all demographic niches, they jointly inhabit the whole aesthetic universe, they specialize by aesthetic domain, they specialize by type of activity, they specialize by activity and domain interact, and their expertise is rooted in relatively stable psychological traits.
Six Degrees of Separation
Authors: Lopes Dominic McIver
Published: September 2018

The main argument for the network theory of aesthetic value is that it better explains six facts about aesthetic activity than does its rival, aesthetic hedonism. The chapter indicates why aesthetic hedonism does not predict how aesthetic experts disperse into almost all demographic niches, how they jointly inhabit the whole aesthetic universe, how they specialize by aesthetic domain, how they specialize by type of activity, how they specialize by activity and domain interact, or how their expertise comes to be relatively stable. In addition, the account of the normativity of aesthetic reasons has some revealing flaws. The account has trouble with the plasticity of pleasure, the bounded rationality of aesthetic agents, the importance of aesthetic personality, and the possibility of the alienation of aesthetic reasons from desires.
Hundred Mile Aesthetics
Authors: Lopes Dominic McIver
Published: September 2018

The main argument for the network theory of aesthetic value is that it better explains the facts about aesthetic activity than aesthetic hedonism. According to the network theory, an aesthetic value figures in a fact that lends weight to the proposition that it would be an aesthetic achievement for an agent to act in the context of an aesthetic practice. Each aesthetic practice has its own aesthetic profile, in which determinate aesthetic values are distinctively realized, and each has core aesthetic norms centred on its distinctive aesthetic profile. An account is given of the valence of aesthetic values. The theory explains why aesthetic experts disperse into almost all demographic niches, why they jointly inhabit the whole aesthetic universe, why they specialize by aesthetic domain, why they specialize by type of activity, why they specialize by activity and domain interacts, and why their expertise is rooted in relatively stable psychological traits.
Getting Personal
Authors: Lopes Dominic McIver
Published: September 2018

A theory of aesthetic value should ultimately help us to make sense of how our aesthetic commitments matter to us as individuals. A theory need not convince someone with no aesthetic commitments to acquire some; it is enough that it makes sense of the specific commitments we have, taking for granted that we live aesthetic lives. The network theory proposes that each of us has reason to acquire the specific commitments that best enable us to achieve, given who we are. Thus our aesthetic commitments matter to us in so far as they express who we are, equip us to live meaningful lives, and promote well-being. The network theory is a virtue theory.
Upper Germany in the Reign of Sigismund of Luxemburg, c. 1410–37
Authors: Hardy Duncan
Published: September 2018

The second case study shows how associative political culture shaped Upper Germany during the reign of King/Emperor Sigismund (r. 1410/11–37). What marked out these decades from earlier and later cycles of alliance-making, feuding, and mediation was the unusually prominent role played by the monarch himself, who was present in the southern Empire for most of the 1410s and 1430s. Sigismund judiciously cultivated relationships with key princely allies and tried to encourage leagues of towns and knightly societies to coalesce into peace-keeping coalitions that he could direct. The monarch proved the value of harnessing associative dynamics to his agenda in a war against his rival Duke Friedrich IV of Austria-Tyrol, who was overwhelmed and dispossessed by a network of Upper Rhenish and Swabian alliances which then turned against each other. Imperial efforts against the Hussites in the 1420s also depended upon associative coalitions, including a grand alliance of the prince-electors.
Conclusion
Authors: Hardy Duncan
Published: September 2018

It is clear from the comparative study of Upper German evidence undertaken in this book that multilateral associations were ubiquitous in the Holy Roman Empire in the period 1346–1521, and that they structured the interactions of all the diverse political actors within it. Indeed, inhabitants of the late medieval Empire used an ‘associative’ language of membership and mutual assistance, and the multilateral metaphor of the Quaternion (a symbolic amalgam of political actors of various statuses), when attempting to apprehend and articulate the structure and function of their polity. Modern unitary concepts of statehood and constitutionality, which dominate how we narrate and describe late medieval and early modern history, are inadequate to make sense of the Empire’s structure. The paradigm of ‘associative political culture’ offered in this book therefore not only reconceptualizes the Empire, but also has implications for alternative ways of envisioning political configurations and developments in pre-modern Europe.
Paradox and Dialectic in Cultural Knowledge Systems
Authors: Nuckolls Charles W.
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores the Kantian antinomies and the knowledge systems that develop out of them, then turns to antinomies that are not rationally construed, but embedded in cultural knowledge systems, like kinship. The example given is the case of the kinship system of south India, which pits different modes of solidarity against each other while insisting that both should exist as ends toward which the system should progress. The result is an analysis of antinomies as robust and powerful creators of knowledge systems by showing that knowledge systems are deeply paradoxical, and develop as dialectical structures in pursuit of resolutions that can never be achieved.
The Changing Face of Leadership
Authors: Joshi Mahesh K. , Klein J.R.
Published: September 2018

Cultural differences, geographical differences, and generational differences are all contributing to complexity for leaders in their management of the global business environment. The recognition, aspirations, and examination of leadership are not recent developments. For thousands of years, the human species has been telling stories about, honoring, aspiring to, and examining leaders. In a globalized world the dimensions of leadership are uniquely different from at any time in history, yet, in essence, it contains the same core set of principles. The structured process of leadership development is under pressure with rapid changes in the marketplace as the pace of technological advances are changing organizational dynamics. The leaders are now required to learn faster, make quick decisions, keep pace with the change in environment and to lead effectively in global and demographically diverse organizations and markets.
Emerging Economies as Growth Drivers
Authors: Joshi Mahesh K. , Klein J.R.
Published: September 2018

The role of emerging markets is changing in the twenty-first century, from the traditional provider of low-cost, labor-intensive goods to a global growth engine. These emerging economies are growing at double the rate of advanced economies because of technology and global connectivity. Traditionally they have been big exporters of commodities and raw materials to the rest of the world. The export of commodities has contributed significantly to the development of industrial and physical infrastructure in many countries around the world. However, emerging markets are also lucrative markets and an important source of growth for many international companies as they export their products or increase their presence in these markets by opening subsidiaries or through joint venture mechanisms. Today these markets are coming into their own, moving from sole source exporters feeding the world’s growth to becoming increasingly significant normative economic members of the global family.
Australia—The Hidden Jewel
Authors: Joshi Mahesh K. , Klein J.R.
Published: September 2018

The twenty-first century is being touted as the Asian century. With its stable economy, good governance, education system, and above all the abundant natural resources, will Australia to take its place in the global economy by becoming more entrepreneurial and accelerating its rate of growth, or will it get infected with the so-called Dutch disease? It has been successful in managing trade ties with fast-developing economies like China and India as well as developed countries like the United States. It has participated in the growth of China by providing iron ore and coal. Because it is a low-risk country, it has enabled inflow of large foreign capital investments. A lot will depend on its capability and willingness to invest the capital available in entrepreneurial ventures, its ability to capture the full value chain of natural resources, and to export the finished products instead of raw materials, while building a robust manufacturing sector.
Geopolitical Upheavals: Brexit and Trump
Authors: Joshi Mahesh K. , Klein J.R.
Published: September 2018

Over recent years, investments had been going down, living standards had deteriorated, and inequality had risen. The underlying disaffection was picked up by Brexit and the Trump campaigns. Although these problems were not the inevitable results of globalization, but rather of domestic policy choices influenced by flawed economic theories, these populist standard bearers exploited it by blaming those challenges on external forces, including globalization. The Brexit vote and the election of Trump can be considered as the voice of the economically “left behind,” a protest by working-class voters at the impact of globalization on their jobs and living standards.
Cambridge and the Cavendish
Authors: Stuewer Roger H.
Published: September 2018

J.J. Thomson was elected Cavendish Professor of Experimental Physics at the University of Cambridge in 1884, and after new degree regulations were instituted in 1895, he led the Cavendish Laboratory to become the leading research school in experimental physics in the world. He relinquished the Cavendish Professorship in 1919 to become Master of Trinity College and was succeeded by his first research student, Ernest Rutherford, who led the Cavendish to become the leading research school in nuclear physics in the world. Rutherford attracted outstanding research students, among them Englishman John Cockcroft and Russian Peter Kapitza, both of whom were perceptive observers of Rutherford’s personality, style, and methods.
European and Nuclear Disintegration
Authors: Stuewer Roger H.
Published: September 2018

The horrific carnage on both sides of the conflict in the Great War of 1914–18 and the harsh postwar treaties transformed the face of Europe. Nuclear physics was also transformed, shortly before Rutherford left Manchester for Cambridge in early 1919, by his discovery of artificial nuclear disintegration, that alpha particles can disintegrate the nitrogen nucleus. He pursued his discovery at the Cavendish with his former Manchester student James Chadwick, who along with Charles Ellis and many others had been interned during the war in former racehorse stables in Ruhleben on the western outskirts of Berlin. Rutherford explained his discovery by assuming that an incident alpha particle expels a proton orbiting about a central core in the nitrogen nucleus, leaving a residual nucleus of lower atomic number.
The Cambridge–Vienna Controversy
Authors: Stuewer Roger H.
Published: September 2018

The intense Cambridge–Vienna controversy, which was carried out in the literature and in private correspondence, lasted six years. It was resolved in December 1928, when Chadwick visited Meyer’s institute in Vienna and found that under Pettersson and Kirsch’s influence their women scintillation counters had fallen prey to a misleading psychological effect. That was never published in the literature, however, so outsiders could only sense that something had gone seriously wrong in Meyer’s institute, which greatly affected its scientific reputation. The major positive consequence of the controversy was that it encouraged the further development of electrical techniques for counting charged particles to replace human scintillation counters.
The Quantum-Mechanical Nucleus
Authors: Stuewer Roger H.
Published: September 2018

Rutherford extended his satellite model to encompass an explanation of the alpha decay of radioactive nuclei, which was abruptly disproven in the summer of 1928 by Russian theoretical physicist George Gamow, while visiting Max Born’s institute in Göttingen, and simultaneously by English theoretical physicist Ronald Gurney and American theoretical physicist Edward Condon at Princeton University, who showed that alpha decay is a quantum-mechanical tunneling phenomenon. That December, Gamow, now in Bohr’s institute in Copenhagen, also conceived the liquid-drop model of the nucleus, which he presented in January 1929 at a meeting of the Royal Society in London, and which he discussed that April at the first of Bohr’s annual conferences in Copenhagen. He developed that model further in the 1929–30 academic year at the Cavendish and in the 1930–1 academic year in Copenhagen, where he also wrote the first monograph on theoretical nuclear physics in which he cleverly expressed his doubt that electrons are present in nuclei.
Nuclear Electrons and Nuclear Structure
Authors: Stuewer Roger H.
Published: September 2018

Serious contradictions to the existence of electrons in nuclei impinged in one way or another on the theory of beta decay and became acute when Charles Ellis and William Wooster proved, in an experimental tour de force in 1927, that beta particles are emitted from a radioactive nucleus with a continuous distribution of energies. Bohr concluded that energy is not conserved in the nucleus, an idea that Wolfgang Pauli vigorously opposed. Another puzzle arose in alpha-particle experiments. Walther Bothe and his co-workers used his coincidence method in 1928–30 and concluded that energetic gamma rays are produced when polonium alpha particles bombard beryllium and other light nuclei. That stimulated Frédéric Joliot and Irène Curie to carry out related experiments. These experimental results were thoroughly discussed at a conference that Enrico Fermi organized in Rome in October 1931, whose proceedings included the first publication of Pauli’s neutrino hypothesis.