bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Azithromycin distinctively modulates classical activation of human monocytes in vitro
Authors: Vrančić M , Banjanac M , Nujić K , Bosnar M , Murati T , Munić V , Stupin Polančec D , Belamarić D , Parnham MJ , Eraković Haber V
Published: July 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Azithromycin has been reported to modify activation of macrophages towards the M2 phenotype. Here, we have sought to identify the mechanisms underlying this modulatory effect of azithromycin on human monocytes, classically activated in vitro.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Human blood monocytes were primed with IFN‐γ for 24 h and activated with LPS for 24 h. Azithromycin, anti‐inflammatory and lysosome‐affecting agents were added 2 h before IFN‐γ. Cytokine and chemokine expression was determined by quantitative PCR and protein release by ELISA. Signalling molecules were determined by Western blotting and transcription factor activation quantified with a DNA‐binding ELISA kit.

KEY RESULTS Azithromycin (1.5–50 µM) dose‐dependently inhibited gene expression and/or release of M1 macrophage markers (CCR7, CXCL 11 and IL‐12p70), but enhanced CCL2, without altering TNF‐α or IL‐6. Azithromycin also enhanced the gene expression and/or release of M2 macrophage markers (IL‐10 and CCL18), and the pan‐monocyte marker CD163, but inhibited that of CCL22. The Toll‐like receptor (TLR) 4 signalling pathway was modulated, down‐regulating NF‐κB and STAT1 transcription factors. The inhibitory profile of azithromycin differed from that of dexamethasone, the phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitor roflumilast and the p38 kinase inhibitor SB203580 but was similar to that of the lysosomotropic drug chloroquine. Effects of concanamycin and NH4Cl, which also act on lysosomes, differed significantly.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Azithromycin modulated classical activation of human monocytes by inhibition of TLR4‐mediated signalling and possible effects on lysosomal function, and generated a mediator expression profile that differs from that of monocyte/macrophage phenotypes so far described.
Medieval Archaeology and Ethnicity: Where are We?
Authors: Curta Florin
Published: July 2011

During the last few decades, medieval archaeology has considerably grown into a respectable, and much needed academic discipline. Although no systematic reflection exists to date about ethnicity, the topic has dominated the field, primarily because of new claims (especially among German scholars) that ethnicity in the medieval past is beyond the conceptual reach of archaeologists interested in the Middle Ages. The recent contributions are however building upon theories of ethnicity developed in anthropology and sociology to approach the problem from an angle different from both the primordialist and the instrumentalist agendas. Issues of private vs. public, gender and ethnicity, and the role of the archaeological discourse in the construction of nationalist ideologies have been drawn much attention in recent years.
The Role of Mixed Emotions in the Risk Perception of Novice and Serial Entrepreneurs
Authors: Podoynitsyna Ksenia , Van der Bij Hans , Song Michael
Published: July 2011

This study examines the role of mixed emotions in the risk perception of entrepreneurs, an important determinant of entrepreneurial decision making. We extend the literature on mixed emotions by applying the cognitive appraisal tendency approach and contrasting it with ambivalence stemming from the valence–based approach. We test our hypotheses on a data set of 253 entrepreneurs from the United States. We show that mixed and conflicting emotions are an important predictor of the risk perception of entrepreneurs. At the same time, we find that emotional reactions of entrepreneurs on strategic issues change substantially as they found more ventures and become habitual entrepreneurs.
Unfolded proteins and endoplasmic reticulum stress in neurodegenerative disorders
Authors: Doyle Karen M. , Kennedy Donna , Gorman Adrienne M. , Gupta Sanjeev , Healy Sandra J. M. , Samali Afshin
Published: July 2011

Introduction

ER stress and the UPR

ER stress–induced apoptosis

ER stress and autophagy

The UPR and neurodegenerative disease

Future perspectives

The stimuli for neuronal cell death in neurodegenerative disorders are multi‐factorial and may include genetic predisposition, environmental factors, cellular stressors such as oxidative stress and free radical production, bioenergy failure, glutamate‐induced excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation, disruption of Ca2+‐regulating systems, mitochondrial dysfunction and misfolded protein accumulation. Cellular stress disrupts functioning of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), a critical organelle for protein quality control, leading to induction of the unfolded protein response (UPR). ER stress may contribute to neurodegeneration in a range of neurodegenerative disorders. This review summarizes the molecular events occurring during ER stress and the unfolded protein response and it specifically evaluates the evidence suggesting the ER stress response plays a role in neurodegenerative disorders.
Submerged and transmucosal healing yield the same clinical outcomes with two‐piece implants in the anterior maxilla and mandible: interim 1‐year results of a randomized, controlled clinical trial
Authors: Hämmerle Christoph H. F. , Jung Ronald E. , Sanz Mariano , Chen Stephen , Martin William C. , Jackowski Jochen ,   On behalf of this multicenter study group, Ivanoff Carl‐Johan , Cordaro Luca , Ganeles Jeffrey , Weingart Dieter , Wiltfang Jörg , Gahlert Michael
Published: July 2011

Objectives: To test whether or not transmucosal healing at two‐piece implants is as successful as submerged placement regarding crestal bone levels and patient satisfaction.

Material and methods: Adults requiring implants in the anterior maxilla or mandible in regions 21–25, 11–15, 31–35 or 41–45 (WHO) were recruited for this randomized, controlled multi‐center clinical trial of a 5‐year duration. Randomization was performed at implantation allowing for either submerged or transmucosal healing. Final reconstructions were seated 6 months after implantation. Radiographic interproximal crestal bone levels and peri‐implant soft tissue parameters were measured at implant placement (IP) (baseline), 6 and 12 months. Patient satisfaction was assessed by a questionnaire. A two‐sided t‐test (80% power, significance level α=0.05) was performed on bone‐level changes at 6 and 12 months.

Results: One hundred and twenty‐seven subjects were included in the 12‐month analysis (submerged [S]: 52.5%, transmucosal [TM]: 47.2%). From IP to 6 months, the change in the crestal bone level was −0.32 mm (P<0.001) for the S group and −0.29 mm (P<0.001) for the TM group. From IP to 12 months, bone‐level changes were statistically significant in both groups (S −0.47 mm, P<0.001; TM −0.48 mm, P<0.001). The mean differences of change in the bone levels between the two groups were not statistically significant at either time point, indicating the equivalence of both procedures. For both groups, very good results were obtained for soft tissue parameters and for patient satisfaction.

Conclusions: Transmucosal healing of two‐piece implants is as successful as the submerged healing mode with respect to tissue integration and patient satisfaction within the first 12 months after IP.

To cite this article: Hämmerle CHF, Jung RE, Sanz M, Chen S, Martin WC, Jackowski J, Ivanoff CJ, Cordaro L, Ganeles J, Weingart D, Wiltfang J, Gahlert M. Submerged and transmucosal healing yield the same clinical outcomes with two‐piece implants in the anterior maxilla and mandible: interim 1‐year results of a randomized, controlled clinical trial. Clin. Oral Impl. Res 23, 2012; 211–219.  doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2011.02210.x
Oral treatment with complement factor C5a receptor (CD88) antagonists inhibits experimental periodontitis in rats
Authors: Breivik T. , Gundersen Y. , Gjermo P. , Taylor S. M. , Woodruff T. M. , Opstad P. K.
Published: July 2011

Breivik T, Gundersen Y, Gjermo P, Taylor SM, Woodruff TM, Opstad PK. Oral treatment with complement factor C5a receptor (CD88) antagonists inhibits experimental periodontitis in rats. J Periodont Res 2011; 46: 643–647. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S

Background and Objective:  The complement activation product 5a (C5a) is a potent mediator of the innate immune response to infection, and may thus also importantly determine the development of periodontitis. The present study was designed to explore the effect of several novel, potent and orally active C5a receptor (CD88) antagonists (C5aRAs) on the development of ligature‐induced periodontitis in an animal model.

Material and Methods:  Three different cyclic peptide C5aRAs, termed PMX205, PMX218 and PMX273, were investigated. Four groups of Wistar rats (n = 10 in each group) were used. Starting 3 d before induction of experimental periodontitis, rats either received one of the C5aRas (1–2 mg/kg) in the drinking water or received drinking water only. Periodontitis was assessed when the ligatures had been in place for 14 d.

Results:  Compared with control rats, PMX205‐ and PMX218‐treated rats had significantly reduced periodontal bone loss.

Conclusion:  The findings suggest that complement activation, and particularly C5a generation, may play a significant role in the development and progression of periodontitis. Blockade of the major C5a receptor, CD88, with specific inhibitors such as PMX205, may offer novel treatment options for periodontitis.
Topical and intermittent application of parathyroid hormone recovers alveolar bone loss in rat experimental periodontitis
Authors: Tokunaga K. , Seto H. , Ohba H. , Mihara C. , Hama H. , Horibe M. , Yoneda S. , Nagata T.
Published: July 2011

Tokunaga K, Seto H, Ohba H, Mihara C, Hama H, Horibe M, Yoneda S, Nagata T. Topical and intermittent application of parathyroid hormone recovers alveolar bone loss in rat experimental periodontitis. J Periodont Res 2011; 46: 655–662. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S

Background and Objective:  Periodontitis is characterized by periodontal tissue inflammation and alveolar bone loss. The intermittent administration of parathyroid hormone (PTH), a major regulator of bone remodeling, has been demonstrated to stimulate osteoblastic activity. Although the systemic administration of PTH has been reported to protect against periodontitis‐associated bone loss, the effect of the topical administration of PTH is unclear. In this study, the effect of intermittent administration of PTH on osteoblastic differentiation was examined in cultured calvaria cells and then the effect of topical and intermittent administration of PTH was determined by measuring the recovery of alveolar bone loss after inducing experimental periodontitis in rats.

Material and Methods:  Alkaline phosphatase activity and bone nodule formation were measured in fetal rat calvaria cells. Experimental periodontitis was induced by placing nylon ligature around rat maxillary molars for 20 d. After ligature removal (day 0), PTH was topically injected into buccal gingiva three times a week for 10 wk. Micro‐computed tomography analysis and histological examination were performed on days 35 and 70.

Results:  Intermittent exposure of PTH in calvaria cells increased alkaline phosphatase activity and bone nodule formation by 1.4‐ and 2.4‐fold, respectively. Ligature procedures induced marked alveolar bone loss around the molars on day 0 and greater bone recovery was observed in the PTH‐treated rats on day 70. An increase in osteoid formation on the surface of alveolar bone was detected in the PTH‐treated rats.

Conclusion:  Intermittent treatment with PTH stimulated osteoblastic differentiation in fetal rat calvaria cell cultures, and topical and intermittent administration of PTH recovered alveolar bone loss in rat experimental periodontitis.
Long‐Term Consequences of Non‐Optimal Birth Characteristics
Authors: Sydsjö Gunilla
Published: July 2011

Citation Sydsjö G. Long‐term Consequences of Non‐Optimal Birth Characteristics. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011; 66 (Suppl. 1): 81–87

Problem  The intrauterine milieu, gestational length as well as size at birth have a profound impact on the individual’s mental, physical health and development both in childhood as well as in adult life.

Method of study  This paper reviews the associations between preterm birth and restricted fetal growth with neuro‐developmental sequelae, including increased symptoms of psychiatric disorder in childhood and early adulthood. There is also evidence that physical morbidity such as the metabolic syndrome is more common in adult life. In addition, preterm birth and restricted fetal growth have been shown to be related to respiratory disease, infectious disease, and even malignancy. Morbidity, mental and physical as well as personality/intellectual traits hugely impact on family planning and reproductive performance in adults. As restricted fetal growth may alter organ structure and functions, it is likely to also influence subsequent fertility and/or reproductive health.

Results  Individuals with non‐optimal birth characteristics appears to have a reduction in childbearing and a deviant reproduction pattern compared to controls.

Conclusion  Future studies with sophisticated models for measuring the most vulnerable period of birth for children who have a low birth weight or who are at risk for being born preterm are needed to be able to explore the underlying biological mechanisms and also to plan for prevention as well as for interventions during pregnancy.
Regulatory T Helper Cells in Pregnancy and their Roles in Systemic versus Local Immune Tolerance
Authors: Ernerudh Jan , Berg Göran , Mjösberg Jenny
Published: July 2011

Citation Ernerudh J, Berg G, Mjösberg J. Regulatory T Helper Cells in Pregnancy and their Roles in Systemic versus Local Immune Tolerance. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011; 66 (Suppl. 1): 31–43

Problem  During pregnancy, the maternal immune system needs to adapt in order not to reject the semi‐allogenic fetus.

Method  In this review, we describe and discuss the role of regulatory T (Treg) cells in fetal tolerance.

Results  Treg cells constitute a T helper lineage that is derived from thymus (natural Treg cells) or is induced in the periphery (induced Treg cells). Treg cells are enriched at the fetal‐maternal interface, showing a suppressive phenotype. In contrast, Treg cells are not increased in the circulation of pregnant women, and the suppressive capacity is similar to that in non‐pregnant women. However, aberrations in Treg frequencies and functions, both systemically and in the uterus, may be involved in the complications of pregnancy.

Conclusion  Treg cells seem to have distinguished roles locally versus systemically, based on their distribution and phenotype.
Are oral and dental diseases linked to cancer?
Authors: Meurman JH , Bascones‐Martinez A
Published: July 2011

Oral Diseases (2011) 17, 779–784

Objective:  Infection and inflammation play a role in carcinogenesis, and highly prevalent oral and dental diseases have been significantly linked to some types of cancer. This article reviews current literature in this area.

Materials and Methods:  Open literature review using the PubMed database and focused on publications from 2000 to 2010.

Results:  Numerous potential mechanisms are implicated in the oral disease/carcinogenesis paradigm, including infection‐ and inflammation‐associated cell pathology and microbial carcinogen metabolism. Poor oral hygiene is associated with oral cancer, but there is also evidence of a possible link between oral or dental infections and malignancies in general.

Conclusion:  Oral infections may trigger malignant transformation in tissues of the mouth and other organs. However, scientific evidence to date remains weak and further well‐conducted studies are warranted before cancer can be properly added to the list of oral infection‐related systemic diseases.
Three Studies in Literature and Medicine: Reading, Writing, Performance and Empathy
Authors: Howell Jessica , Matharu Kabir , McIntyre Marilyn , Mimran Masha
Published: July 2011

These essays may be seen as representing three main contemporary approaches to literature and medicine research: the educational, therapeutic and theoretical. Kabir Matharu’s piece discusses the applications of literary study in a medical education setting; Marilyn McIntyre’s piece shows the therapeutic value of poetry, and its unique ability to capture experiences of illness; and Masha Mimran’s piece uses literary criticism to interpret both medical and fictional texts. By grouping these three essays together, we hope to show the commonality and complementarity between research done by scholars in the Medical Humanities from disparate disciplinary backgrounds: all three attempt to break down the boundaries between medical diagnosis and lived human experience. One can best appreciate this project by keeping in mind the empathic process, which links the mind and body, intellect and emotion, creativity and interpretation.
The Post‐9/11 Hero
Authors: Jankowski Eileen
Published: July 2011

Following the September 11, 2001 attacks on New York City’s Twin Towers, America and the world seemed to shift in and out of focus as people and governments grappled with the unreality of this very real event. Artists, too, sought ways to express the angst and confusion of the attack itself, as well as the debate over the sometimes controversial steps taken both to protect and avenge in its aftermath.

Among these artistic responses we find an unusual number of treatments of the Anglo‐Saxon poem Beowulf appearing, particularly between 2005 and 2007. This article focuses on one of those productions, Sturla Gunnarsson’s 2006 film “Beowulf & Grendel,” starring Gerard Butler, tracing the ways this adaptation of the poem captures the essence of the original text while questioning the origin and nature of violence, heroism, and honor; the danger in demonizing the ‘other’; and the proper exercise of power in a society marked by random violence. Given the ruptured social and political climate post‐9/11, it is perhaps not surprising that Gunnarsson and screenwriter Andrew Rai Berzin turned to a classic poem involving monsters, heroes, violence, and death to explore the complicated relationships among these issues evident both in the 10th and 21st centuries.
Opportunism in Polarization: Presidential Success in Senate Key Votes, 1953‐2008
Authors: BECKMANN MATTHEW N. , KUMAR VIMAL
Published: July 2011

That Congress has experienced increased polarization is clear, and burgeoning is the literature investigating its causes and consequences. Here we examine a counterintuitive wrinkle on the latter. Drawing from a simple game‐theoretic model in which a president strategically allocates scarce “political capital” to induce changes in legislators' votes, we show congressional polarization can actually improve a president's prospects for winning key roll‐call votes—a hypothesis that emerges inasmuch as polarization enables presidents to concentrate their resources lobbying fewer members (compared to a more homogenous chamber). We test this hypothesis by investigating presidents' success on Congressional Quarterly's “key” Senate roll‐call votes, 1953‐2008.
The Law: Barack Obama and Budget Deficits: Signs of a Neo‐Whig Presidency?
Authors: FARRIER JASMINE
Published: July 2011

In his muted leadership on deficit reduction, Barack Obama has highlighted the continuing tensions between the Constitution and the modern presidency. The framers did not structure nor envision vigorous day‐to‐day executive leadership on any subject and largely granted the power of the purse to Congress. Yet in response to new fiscal realities, the Budget and Accounting Act of 1921 required presidents to think holistically about agency estimates and budget aggregates. But neither this act nor its belated 1974 congressional sibling was designed to rein in majority will to balance the budget. Deficits result from a complex stew of old and new policy decisions made by both branches. From a constitutional view, then, deficit reduction should be an equal burden on both branches. From a modern view, the president must lead the way. By that measure, President Obama has failed. With his deliberative style and open political sensitivity to a volatile economic and electoral landscape, he has not yet offered a clear and bold fiscal vision. He has also ignored the fiscal commission he created. This neo‐Whig strategy keeps pressure on Congress but also excuses the president from the spirit and purpose of the 1921 law.
The Intellectual Presidency: Presidential Leadership and the Development of Political Thought
Authors: Vaughn Justin S.
Published: July 2011

Review of: Presidents and Political Thought; Reading Obama: Dreams, Hope, and the American Political Tradition
‘I'm older and more interested in my community’: Older people's contributions to social capital
Authors: Hodgkin Suzanne
Published: July 2011

Aim:  To explore and compare older people's contributions to social capital in a large rural community.

Methods:  Data were collected from a large representative sample (n= 1431), through a social capital questionnaire. The survey was cross‐sectional and measured frequency of participation across different age cohorts in informal social activities, group activities and community and civic activities.

Results:  Age and life stage pattern proved to be a factor in determining the types of activities people were involved in. While younger people were more involved in social participation that involved public places or group and sporting events, older people, particularly those in the retirement age group of 60–69 were more involved in community and civic activities.

Conclusion:  Older people living in non‐metropolitan areas are not only recipients of social capital. Their considerable involvement in volunteer groups, service clubs, church groups and local government demonstrates significant involvement in civic and community life.
Dual endothelin receptor blockade with tezosentan markedly attenuates hypoxia‐induced pulmonary vasoconstriction in a porcine model
Authors: Hedelin P. , Kylhammar D. , Rådegran G.
Published: July 2011

Aim:  Our aim was to test the hypothesis that dual endothelin receptor blockade with tezosentan attenuates hypoxia‐induced pulmonary vasoconstriction.

Methods:  Fourteen anaesthetized, ventilated pigs, with a mean ± SEM weight of 30.5 ± 0.6 kg, were studied, in normoxia (FiO2 0.21) and with tezosentan (5 mg kg−1) infusion during (n = 7) or before (n = 7) hypoxia (FiO2 0.10).

Results:  Compared to normoxia, hypoxia increased (P < 0.05) pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) by 3.4 ± 0.7 WU, mean pulmonary artery pressure by 13.7 ± 1.3 mmHg, mean right atrial pressure by 1.9 ± 0.4 mmHg and decreased (P < 0.02) systemic vascular resistance (SVR) by 5.2 ± 2.1 WU. Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP), mean aortic blood pressure, heart rate, cardiac output, stroke volume and blood‐O2‐consumption were unaltered (P = ns). Tezosentan infused during hypoxia, normalized PVR, decreased (P < 0.05) maximally mean pulmonary artery pressure by 7.5 ± 0.8 mmHg, SVR by 5.8 ± 0.7 WU, mean aortic blood pressure by 10.8 ± 3.0 mmHg and increased (P < 0.04) stroke volume by 8.5 ± 1.8 mL. Mean right atrial pressure, PCWP, heart rate, cardiac output and blood‐O2‐consumption were unaltered (P = ns). Tezosentan infused before hypoxia additionally attenuated approx. 70% of the initial mean pulmonary artery pressure increase and abolished the PVR increase, without additionally affecting the other parameters.

Conclusion:  Dual endothelin receptor blockade during hypoxia attenuates the ‘sustained’ acute pulmonary vasoconstrictor response by reducing the mean pulmonary artery pressure increase by approx. 62% and by normalizing PVR. Pre‐treatment with tezosentan before hypoxia, additionally attenuates the initial hypoxia‐induced mean pulmonary artery pressure rise by approx. 70% and abolishes the PVR increase, during stable circulatory conditions, without affecting oxygenation.
Low hemoglobin density potential marker of iron availability
Authors: URRECHAGA E. , UNCETA M. , BORQUE L. , ESCANERO J. F.
Published: July 2011

Introduction:  Low hemoglobin density (LHD%) is a new parameter provided by Beckman‐Coulter derived from the mean cell hemoglobin concentration, using the mathematical sigmoid transformation
image

This study investigated the reliability of LHD% for the assessment of iron status in the presence of inflammation.

Methods:  Healthy subjects (n = 90) and patients with iron deficiency (IDA, n = 110), chronic kidney disease (CKD, n = 65) and anemia of chronic disease (ACD, n = 85; 24 were iron deficient and 61 were iron sufficient) were analyzed on a LH 780 analyzer (Beckman Coulter Inc., Miami, FL, USA).

Independent samples U test and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis were applied. To determine the concordance between LHD% and soluble transferrin receptor (sTrR) Cohen’s κ index was calculated.

Results:  LHD % values showed no statistical difference in patients with IDA and patients with ACD accompanied with IDA (P = 0.6427); LHD% values in these patients were significantly different (P < 0.0001) compared with the iron‐sufficient patients with ACD.

ROC analysis for LHD% in the detection of iron deficiency showed the following: area under curve 0.903; cut off 5.5%, sensitivity 88.6%, specificity 76.9%; κ index, 0.65.

Conclusion:  LHD% is a reliable parameter for the detection of iron deficiency in patients with anemia in the presence of inflammation.
Competing Narratives about Competing Narratives: Psychology and Palestinian–Israeli Conflict
Authors: Fox Dennis
Published: July 2011

In their professional and academic roles as well as their personal and political efforts, many psychologists seek to understand, and ultimately help resolve, the conflict between Palestinians and Israelis. Too often, however, they overemphasize the centrality of competing narratives, partly in response to depoliticizing academic norms that demand the appearance of objectivity and neutrality. As a result, conflict‐resolution approaches such as dialog and mediation and common suggestions based on split‐the‐difference compromise favor a status quo in which the side with more power, Israel, remains dominant. In contrast, a critical psychology perspective consistent with justice‐based conflict transformation understands that even‐handed empathy‐seeking and negotiations prioritizing procedural minutiae can achieve neither justice nor reconciliation.
Emotion Socialization in Cross‐Cultural Perspective
Authors: Friedlmeier Wolfgang , Corapci Feyza , Cole Pamela M.
Published: July 2011

Emotion socialization aims to promote children’s emotion competence. Children’s competence is embedded in cultural contexts that influence caregivers’ expectations of appropriateness of children’s expression and experience of emotions. Two aspects of emotion competence – individualistic and relational emotion competence – are outlined. They offer a theoretical framework to interpret cultural commonalities and differences in emotion socialization strategies. This review summarizes current knowledge about caregivers’ emotion socialization strategies toward children’s negative emotional expressions and related behaviors in cultural perspective. The number of empirical studies in cultures outside of United States remains low. Nonetheless, the available evidence describes a range of emotion socialization strategies that are embedded in caregiving, and their consequences for children’s emotion development. Besides several commonalities across cultures, we describe differences in the degree to which strategies are endorsed by caregivers as well as some of the qualitative information that point to cultural variations. Finally, we note gaps in the literature and suggest future research directions.
Self‐Control Inhibits Aggression
Authors: DeWall C. Nathan , Finkel Eli J. , Denson Thomas F.
Published: July 2011

Aggression brings tremendous costs to individuals, relationships, and society. Yet, people behave aggressively toward strangers and close others at alarmingly high rates. The current article seeks to unlock part of the mystery of why people behave aggressively. We review evidence that self‐control failure plays an integral role in many acts of aggression and violence. We begin by reviewing theoretical models that emphasize the importance of self‐control processes in understanding aggressive and other criminal behaviors. We also discuss how a theoretical model that originally neglected self‐control processes can be extended to incorporate self‐control theorizing. We then discuss recent empirical evidence (a) showing that self‐control failure is a crucial predictor of aggression toward strangers and romantic partners and (b) identifying the neural processes relevant to the self‐control of aggression. Finally, we review evidence that self‐control processes can also explain why people engage in displaced aggression toward bystanders. By appreciating the importance of self‐control processes, researchers and laypersons can gain a better understanding of why people behave aggressively – and how aggression can be prevented.
Interpersonal Emotion Transfer: Contagion and Social Appraisal
Authors: Parkinson Brian
Published: July 2011

Exposure to someone else’s emotion can lead us to experience similar feelings. This paper considers two processes (emotion contagion and social appraisal) that may contribute to interpersonal emotion transfer (IET) effects of this kind. Research shows that people automatically mimic other people’s perceived movements including their emotion expressions. However, IET does not seem to depend directly on mimicry, suggesting that other processes underlie contagion. Social appraisal is supported by studies showing that IET may depend on changes in explicit interpretations and evaluations of events, as well as implicitly registered cues relating to the direction of attention. Future research needs to focus more on the object‐focus of emotion expressions and their contextual meaning in order to explain the variety of reported IET effects.
When Do People Deploy Genetic Determinism? A Review Pointing to the Need for Multi‐factorial Theories of Public Utilization of Scientific Discourses
Authors: Condit Celeste M.
Published: July 2011

For over two decades, scholars in the humanities and social sciences have attended warily and thoughtfully to the growing influence of biological and especially genetics‐based explanations of human behavior. Concern about genetic determinism has formed a focal point of this attention, because it was presumed to provide a lynchpin for discriminatory effects arising from genetics technologies. Substantial empirical research has now demonstrated that genetic determinism is in fact linked to discriminatory attitudes including prejudice, Social Dominance Orientation, sexism, and racism. Fortunately, however, the research has also indicated that most lay people’s deployment of genetic determinism is both limited and strategic, primarily serving self‐interests such as protecting valued behaviors (which are not health conducive) or avoiding blame. The disjunction between predictions based on existing social theories of discourse and empirical research on individual‐level practices highlights the need for a theoretical integration of biological biases, individual actions, and social structures in future social theories, especially theories about health behaviors, science studies, and public understanding of science.
Methodology and Measurement in the Study of Multiracial aMericans: Identity, Classification, and Perceptions
Authors: Herman Melissa R.
Published: July 2011

This article lays out some of the methodological issues in doing research on multiracial people (those whose immediate and/or distant ancestors come from different racial or ethnic groups), including how they are counted, how they are perceived, how they identify themselves, what factors affect their self‐identifications, and how their identifications change over time.
From Organizational Sexuality to Queer Organizations: Research on Homosexuality and the Workplace
Authors: Williams Christine , Giuffre Patti
Published: July 2011

Organization scholars historically ignored the crucial importance of sexuality in the workplace. But in the last 20 years, scholars influenced by the ‘sexuality in organizations’ perspective have documented the ways that the management and deployment of workers’ sexuality are key elements in organizational life. While most of these studies have documented persistent privileging of heterosexuality in work organizations, a recent trend is to investigate a new organizational form: the gay‐friendly workplace. We review legal and policy changes in US workplaces that have made them more accepting of gay and lesbian employees. Then we examine ethnographic studies of gay‐friendly organizations. Although they are certainly an advance over previous homophobic workplaces, the literature suggests that they may reproduce inequalities of race, class, and gender. Few studies have investigated ‘queer organizations’, which we identify as a rich area for future scholarship.
Anatomical changes of the mandibular canal, displaced root fragment and neurosensory deficit after removal of a mandibular third molar: report of a case
Authors: Ninkov P. , Svanæs D. , Bjørnland T.
Published: July 2011

We report an unusual case of anatomical changes of the mandibular canal, displacement of a tooth fragment and post‐operative inferior alveolar nerve neurosensory deficits after removal of a mandibular third molar. This article analyses the possible cause of anatomical changes of the mandible canal, and makes a contribution to studies in the literature about non‐surgical treatment of displaced tooth fragment and low‐level laser therapy of post‐operative inferior alveolar nerve neurosensory deficits after removal of a mandibular third molar.
Dental implants in patients with osteogenesis imperfecta: a retrospective and prospective study with review of the literature
Authors: Jensen J.L. , Brox H.T. , Storhaug K. , Ambjørnsen E. , Støvne S.A. , Bjørnland T.
Published: July 2011

Aim:  The aims of the present study were to retrospectively examine Norwegian patients with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) and dental implants, and to prospectively study a group of patients with OI in need of such treatment. Our hypothesis was that implant treatment in these patients has approximately the same success rate as in healthy persons.

Study group:  Seven patients with a diagnosis of OI and a total of 26 dental implants were invited to participate in the retrospective study. The prospective part of the study included a total of 20 implants in seven patients.

Results:  The patients in the retrospective study were seen after an average of 74 months after loading, range 25–135 months. Two implants had been lost, both of them before prosthetic loading and in the same patient. Bone loss of 4 mm or more was seen around three implants in two patients. The patients in the prospective study were followed for a mean observation time of 20 months after loading, range 12–33 months. No implants were lost in that group, and only minimal bone loss was observed (less than 1 mm around two implants in one patient).

Conclusion:  In these OI patients, the total implant survival rate was 95.7%, being 93.3% in the retrospective group and 100% in the prospective group, respectively.
Identification of DNA repair gene Ercc1 as a novel target in melanoma
Authors: Song Liang , Ritchie Ann‐Marie , McNeil Ewan M. , Li Weiling , Melton David W.
Published: July 2011

Increased expression of DNA repair genes contributes to the extreme resistance shown by melanoma to conventional DNA‐damaging chemotherapeutics. One such chemotherapeutic effective against a range of other cancers, but not melanoma, is cisplatin. The DNA repair protein, ERCC1, is needed to remove cisplatin‐induced DNA damage. We have shown that ERCC1 is essential for melanoma growth and resistance to cisplatin in a mouse xenograft model. Untreated xenografts of our transformed Ercc1‐proficient melanocyte cell line grew very rapidly as malignant melanoma. Cisplatin treatment caused initial shrinkage of xenografts, but cisplatin‐resistant regrowth soon followed. Cells reisolated into culture had twofold elevated levels of ERCC1 compared to both input cells and cells reisolated from untreated xenografts. An isogenic Ercc1‐deficient derivative grew equally well in vitro as the Ercc1‐proficient melanocyte cell line. However, in xenografts, the Ercc1‐deficient melanomas were much slower to establish and were completely cured by just two cisplatin treatments.
Diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma presenting as large anterior chest wall mass involving pleura and lung: A possible result of post‐traumatic chronic inflammation
Authors: Atoini Fouad , Ouarssani Aziz , Hachimi Moulay Ahmed , Aitlhou Fatima , Guenoun Fatima Zohra , Elmejereb Charafeddine , Rguibi Mustapha Idrissi , Baaj Mohammed
Published: July 2011

A 67 year‐old‐man was hospitalized due to chronic pain and a large mass on the anterior chest wall. His medical history showed chest trauma in 1970, the reconstitution of the scenario revealed there was blunt trauma with swelling and rib fracture on the same side. Physical examination revealed an isolated large anterior chest wall mass. Chest radiography showed two bilateral irregular masses, chest computed tomography showed a large right chest wall tumor with pleural effusion, nodules of the right upper lobe and tumor of the left lower lobe without mediastinal lymphadenopathy. Whole body exploration showed only the chest disease. Transthoracic biopsy showed inflammatory reaction. Surgical biopsy by anterior thoracotomy of the right mass was performed under general anesthesia. Histological and immunohistological analysis revealed lymphoid diffuse large cell proliferation with positive staining of CD 20, BCL‐6 and MUM1, confirming the diagnosis of diffuse large B‐cell malignant lymphoma. Chemotherapy based on CHOP‐21 (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisolone) was administered with good response after three cycles. The patient was discharged under surveillance in good condition after the end of chemotherapy. We report an infrequent neoplasm with an unusual and subtle clinical presentation.
Association between basic numerical abilities and mathematics achievement
Authors: Sasanguie Delphine , De Smedt Bert , Defever Emmy , Reynvoet Bert
Published: July 2011

Various measures have been used to investigate number processing in children, including a number comparison or a number line estimation task. The present study aimed to examine whether and to which extent these different measures of number representation are related to performance on a curriculum‐based standardized mathematics achievement test in kindergarteners, first, second, and sixth graders. Children completed a number comparison task and a number line estimation task with a balanced set of symbolic (Arabic digits) and non‐symbolic (dot patterns) stimuli. Associations with mathematics achievement were observed for the symbolic measures. Although the association with number line estimation was consistent over grades, the association with number comparison was much stronger in kindergarten compared to the other grades. The current data indicate that a good knowledge of the numerical meaning of Arabic digits is important for children's mathematical development and that particularly the access to the numerical meaning of symbolic digits rather than the representation of number per se is important.
Quantification of Cavitation in Neat and Calcium Carbonate-Filled High-Density Polyethylene Subjected to Tension
Authors: Addiego F. , Di Martino J. , Ruch D. , Dahoun A. , Godard O. , Patlazhan S.
Published: July 2011

Cavitation-induced deformation mechanisms in neat semicrystalline polymers, i.e., crazing, and in the derived composites, i.e., particle-matrix debonding, are generally activated during the transition between viscoelastic and viscoplastic deformation stages. However, little quantitative information about the void evolution with the drawing level is to date available in the literature. The objective of this work is to quantify cavitation mechanisms in neat and calcium carbonate-filled high-density polyethylene (HDPE) subjected to tensile deformation. Attention was first focused on the properties of the materials that were assessed by means of a thermogravimetric analyzer, a differential scanning calorimeter, a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and a dynamic mechanical analyzer. In a second step, macroscopic aspects of cavitation were studied by quantifying volume variation of the materials subjected to tension using an accurate optical extensometer (VidéoTraction). Attention was then turned to microscopic features of cavitation through a careful quantification of void density and shape factor by means of a method coupling a SEM with an image analysis procedure. At the two scales of interest, the results demonstrate that (i) the void density generated by crazing in neat HDPE or particle-matrix debonding in the composites gradually increases with the deformation state, (ii) void density induced by debonding is higher than that generated by crazing, and (iii) decreasing particles size causes an increase of void density. We also estimated the void shape factor, that is, ratio between the height and the width of the cavities. In all the studied materials, this parameter starts from a value that is below 1 and increases by a factor of 2 with increasing deformation. Moreover, in the case of the composites, one notes a higher void shape factor compared with the neat material, and particle size does not influence this parameter. The results provided by this paper can be the basis of a physically based model predicting cavitation mechanisms in semicrystalline polymers.
Evaluating Wikis as a Communicative Medium for Collaboration Within Colocated and Distributed Engineering Design Teams
Authors: Walthall Carolynn J. , Devanathan Srikanth , Kisselburgh Lorraine G. , Ramani Karthik , Hirleman E. Daniel , Yang Maria C.
Published: July 2011

Wikis, freely editable collections of web pages, exhibit potential for a flexible documentation and communication tool for collaborative design tasks as well as support for team design thinking early in the design process. The purpose of this work is to analyze dimensions of wiki technologies from a communication perspective as applicable to design. A wiki was introduced in a globally distributed product development course, and the experiences and performance of colocated and distributed teams in the course were assessed through observations, surveys, and site usage analytics. With a focus on communication in design, we explore the advantages and disadvantages of using wikis in student engineering design teams. Our goal is to use wiki technologies to enhance support for design processes while exploiting the potential for increasing shared understanding among teams. Distributed teams used the wiki more as a design tool and were more supportive of its use in the course whereas colocated teams used it for documentation. The usage patterns, the number and type of files uploaded, and the wiki structure provided indicators of better performing teams. The findings also suggest ways to improve and inform students about best practices using the wiki for design and to transform the wiki as a support tool for communication during early design collaboration.
A Rate-Sensitive Plasticity-Based Model for Machining of Face-Centered Cubic Single-Crystals—Part I: Model Development
Authors: Kota Nithyanand , Rollett Anthony D. , Ozdoganlar O. Burak
Published: July 2011

With the increased application of micromachining, including micromilling and microdrilling, the need to develop accurate models for machining at the microscale has been recognized. In particular, the crystallographic effects that are generally neglected in the macroscale cutting models must be incorporated into the micromachining models. Diamond turning and mechanical nanomanufacturing techniques also require an understanding of crystallographic effects during material removal. This work presents a rate-sensitive plasticity-based machining (RSPM) model that is used to determine the specific energies (and thus forces) for orthogonal cutting of face-centered cubic (fcc) single-crystals. The RSPM model uses kinematics and geometry of orthogonal cutting for an ideally sharp cutting edge. The total power is expressed in terms of the plastic power, which is spent for shearing the material within a finite shear zone, and the friction power, which is spent for overcoming the friction at the rake face. In calculating the shearing power, rate-sensitive plastic behavior of fcc metals is considered. In addition, realistic effects of lattice rotation and strain hardening are included in the model. Subsequently, the total power is minimized within the space of geometrically allowable shear angles to determine the shear angle solution, and associated cutting and thrust specific energies, as a function of cutting plane orientation, cutting direction (with respect to the crystal orientation), rake angle, and the coefficient of friction. The calibration procedure for and the experimental validation of the model are provided in Part II.
Out-of-Autoclave Composite Fairing Design, Fabrication, and Test
Authors: Lane Steven A. , Higgins John , Biskner Adam , Sanford Greg , Springer Chris , Berg Jerome
Published: July 2011

This paper documents a recent R&D effort conducted by the Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, to assess the feasibility of fabricating large composite launch vehicle fairings without the use of autoclaves. Two composite manufacturing approaches were demonstrated: vacuum-bag compaction with oven cure and vacuum assisted resin transfer molding with oven cure. For this project, a 2.8-m diameter fairing was developed for the Minotaur IV launch system. The prototype fairing was instrumented and tested up to qualification test loads. No damage or permanent deformations were observed. Measured strain and displacement data were compared to model predictions; trends and amplitudes were generally in agreement.
Organic thin film induced substrate restructuring: An STM study of the interaction of naphtho[2,3-a]pyrene Au(111) herringbone reconstruction
Authors: Iski Erin V. , Jewell April D. , Tierney Heather L. , Kyriakou Georgios , Sykes E. Charles H.
Published: July 2011

The structural properties and the interaction strength of naphtho[2,3-a]pyrene (NP), a promising multifunctional organic material for optoelectronic devices, has been studied on Au(111) by means of scanning tunnelling microscopy. The perturbation of the native herringbone reconstruction of the pristine Au(111) surface was used to assess the interaction strength of the organic film with the surface. It was found that a moderate temperature treatment (500 K) of the NP film led to a new equilibrium structure, which dramatically perturbed the herringbone reconstruction. Our data suggest that organic-metal interfaces studied at room temperature or lower do not necessarily reflect the true equilibrium structures of the organic films, which are important in understanding the associated properties of organic thin film electronic devices. Interpretation of the self-assembled NP structure on Au(111) is discussed in conjunction with STM tip induced imaging effects which appear prevalent on these complex organic/metal interfaces.