bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
fMRI Artefact Rejection and Sleep Scoring Toolbox
Authors: Leclercq Yves , Schrouff Jessica , Noirhomme Quentin , Maquet Pierre , Phillips Christophe
Published: March 2011

We started writing the “fMRI artefact rejection and sleep scoring toolbox”, or “FAST”, to process our sleep EEG-fMRI data, that is, the simultaneous recording of electroencephalographic and functional magnetic resonance imaging data acquired while a subject is asleep. FAST tackles three crucial issues typical of this kind of data: (1) data manipulation (viewing, comparing, chunking, etc.) of long continuous M/EEG recordings, (2) rejection of the fMRI-induced artefact in the EEG signal, and (3) manual sleep-scoring of the M/EEG recording. Currently, the toolbox can efficiently deal with these issues via a GUI, SPM8 batching system or hand-written script. The tools developed are, of course, also useful for other EEG applications, for example, involving simultaneous EEG-fMRI acquisition, continuous EEG eye-balling, and manipulation. Even though the toolbox was originally devised for EEG data, it will also gracefully handle MEG data without any problem. “FAST” is developed in Matlab as an add-on toolbox for SPM8 and, therefore, internally uses its SPM8-meeg data format. “FAST” is available for free, under the GNU-GPL.
Strong Convergence Theorems by Shrinking Projection Methods for Class "Equation missing" Mappings
Authors: Dong Qiao-Li , He Songnian , Su Fang
Published: March 2011

We prove a strong convergence theorem by a shrinking projection method for the class of "Equation missing" mappings. Using this theorem, we get a new result. We also describe a shrinking projection method for a nonexpansive mapping on Hilbert spaces, which is the same as that of Takahashi et al. (2008).
Exogenous Superoxide Dismutase: Action on Liver Oxidative Stress in Animals with Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes
Authors: Di Naso Fábio Cangeri , Simões Dias Alexandre , Porawski Marilene , Marroni Norma Anair Possa
Published: March 2011

Aim. To investigate the effects of exogenous antioxidant copper zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn SOD) on oxidative stress in the experimental model of diabetes mellitus (DM).Methods. Twenty eight male Wistar rats divided in four groups were used: control (CO), controls treated with SOD (CO + SOD), diabetics (DM), and diabetics treated with SOD (DM + SOD). SOD (orgotein, 13 mg/Kg body weight was administered. DM was induced by a single streptozotocin injection (i.p., 70 mg/kg), and 60 days later, we evaluated liver oxidative stress.Results. Liver lipoperoxidation was increased in the DM group and significantly decreased in the DM + SOD group. Nitrite and nitrate measures were reduced in the DM and increased in the DM + SOD group, while iNOS expression in the DM group was 32% greater than in the CO and 53% greater in the DM + SOD group than in the DM group (P<.01). P65 expression was 37% higher in the DM (P<.05), and there was no significant difference between the DM and DM + SOD groups.Conclusion. SOD treatment reduced liver oxidative stress in diabetic animals, even though it did not change NFκB. SOD also increased NO, probably by the increased dismutation of the superoxide radical. The iNOS expression increase, which became even more evident after SOD administration.
Second-Order Contingent Derivative of the Perturbation Map in Multiobjective Optimization
Authors: Wang QL , Li SJ
Published: March 2011

Some relationships between the second-order contingent derivative of a set-valued map and its profile map are obtained. By virtue of the second-order contingent derivatives of set-valued maps, some results concerning sensitivity analysis are obtained in multiobjective optimization. Several examples are provided to show the results obtained.
A Spotlight on Liquefaction: Evidence from Clinical Settings and Experimental Models in Tuberculosis
Authors: Cardona Pere-Joan
Published: March 2011

Liquefaction is one of the most intriguing aspects of human tuberculosis. It is a major cause of the transition from the infection to active disease (tuberculosis, TB) as well as the transmission ofM. tuberculosisto other persons. This paper reviews the natural history of liquefaction in humans from a pathological and radiological point of view and discusses how the experimental models available can be used to address the topic of liquefaction and cavity formation. Different concepts that have been related to liquefaction, from the influence of immune response to mechanical factors, are reviewed. Synchronic necrosis or apoptosis of infected macrophages in a close area, together with an ineffective fibrosis, appears to be clue in this process, in which macrophages, the immune response, and bacillary load interact usually in a particular scenario: the upper lobes of the lung. The summary would be that even if being a stochastic effect, liquefaction would result if the organization of the intragranulomatous necrosis (by means of fibrosis) would be disturbed.
Thin Filament Mutations
Authors: Tardiff Jil C.
Published: March 2011

Sixteen years ago, mutations in cardiac troponin (Tn)T and α-tropomyosin were linked to familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, thus transforming the disorder from a disease of the β-myosin heavy chain to a disease of the cardiac sarcomere. From the outset, studies suggested that mutations in the regulatory thin filament caused a complex, heterogeneous pattern of ventricular remodeling with wide variations in clinical expression. To date, the clinical heterogeneity is well matched by an extensive array of nearly 100 independent mutations in all components of the cardiac thin filament. Significant advances in our understanding of the biophysics of myofilament activation, coupled to the emerging evidence that thin filament linked cardiomyopathies are progressive, suggests that a renewed focus on the most proximal events in both the molecular and clinical pathogenesis of the disease will be necessary to achieve the central goal of using genotype information to manage affected patients. In this review, we examine the existing biophysical and clinical evidence in support of a more proximal definition of thin filament cardiomyopathies. In addition, new high-resolution, integrated approaches are presented to help define the way forward as the field works toward developing a more robust link between genotype and phenotype in this complex disorder.
Pressure Sensor Drifts in Argo and Their Impacts
Authors: Barker Paul M. , Dunn Jeff R. , Domingues Catia M. , Wijffels Susan E.
Published: March 2011

In recent years, autonomous profiling floats have become the prime component of the in situ ocean observing system through the implementation of the Argo program. These data are now the dominant input to estimates of the evolution of the global ocean heat content and associated thermosteric sea level rise. The Autonomous Profiling Explorer (APEX) is the dominant type of Argo float (~62%), and a large portion of these floats report pressure measurements that are uncorrected for sensor drift, the size and source of which are described herein. The remaining Argo float types are designed to automatically self-correct for any pressure drift. Only about 57% of the APEX float profiles (or ~38% Argo profiles) can be corrected, but this typically has not been done by the data centers that distribute the data (as of January 2009). A pressure correction method for APEX floats is described and applied to the Argo dataset. A comparison between estimates using the corrected Argo dataset and the publically available uncorrected dataset (as of January 2009) reveals that the pressure corrections remove significant regional errors from ocean temperature, salinity, and thermosteric sea level fields. In the global mean, 43% of uncorrectable APEX float profiles (or ~28% Argo profiles) appear to largely offset the effect of the correctable APEX float profiles with positive pressure drifts. While about half of the uncorrectable APEX profiles can, in principle, be recovered in the near future (after inclusion of technical information that allows for corrections), the other half have negative pressure drifts truncated to zero (resulting from firmware limitations), which do not allow for corrections. Therefore, any Argo pressure profile that cannot be corrected for biases should be excluded from global change research. This study underscores the ongoing need for careful analyses to detect and remove subtle but systematic errors in ocean observations.
Conditioning the “Resource Curse”: Globalization, Human Capital, and Growth in Oil-Rich Nations
Authors: Kurtz Marcus J. , Brooks Sarah M.
Published: March 2011

Since the 1990s it has become conventional wisdom that an abundance of natural resources, most notably oil, is very likely to become a developmental “curse.” Recent scholarship, however, has begun to call into question this apparent consensus, drawing attention to the situations in which quite the opposite result appears to hold, namely, where resources become a developmental “blessing.” Research in this vein focuses predominantly on the domestic political and economic institutions that condition the growth effects of natural resource wealth. Less attention, however, has been paid to whether or how the context of economic integration has conditioned the domestic political economy of natural resource development. This article specifically addresses this theoretical disjuncture by arguing first that the developmental consequences of oil wealth are strongly conditioned by domestic human capital resources, which, where sizeable, make possible the management of resources in ways that encourage the absorption of technology and development of valuable new economic sectors. In the absence of robust human capital formation, however, the archetypal “resource curse” is likely to result. The authors argue moreover that international economic integration further amplifies the divergence between these outcomes by simultaneously raising the growth-enhancing effects of large stocks of human capital and by directly facilitating economic growth. Analysis of global data on growth and oil abundance (1979-2007) supports their main hypotheses that natural resource wealth can be either a “curse” or a “blessing” and that the distinction is conditioned by domestic and international factors, both amenable to change through public policy, namely, human capital formation and economic openness.
(Not) Just a Piece of Cloth: Begum, Recognition and the Politics of Representation
Authors: Thomassen Lasse
Published: March 2011

To understand the politics of recognition, one must conceive of it as a politics of representation. Like representation, recognition proceeds at once in a constative and a performative mode, whereby they bring into being what is simultaneously represented or recognized. This structure has paradoxical implications. The politics of recognition is also a politics of representation in the sense that it always involves questions such as, Which representations are recognized? Whose representations are they? The reverse is also true: the politics of representation involves recognition because representatives and representations must be recognized in order to gain authority. In short, we can examine recognition as representation, and there is no recognition without representation, and vice versa. This is demonstrated through a reading of a recent British legal case, Begum, where the issue at stake concerned which representation of Islam should form the basis for the recognition of Islam in the school uniform policy.
Effect Size in Single-Case Research: A Review of Nine Nonoverlap Techniques
Authors: Parker Richard I. , Vannest Kimberly J. , Davis John L.
Published: March 2011

With rapid advances in the analysis of data from single-case research designs, the various behavior-change indices, that is, effect sizes, can be confusing. To reduce this confusion, nine effect-size indices are described and compared. Each of these indices examines data nonoverlap between phases. Similarities and differences, both conceptual and computational, are highlighted. Seven of the nine indices are applied to a sample of 200 published time series data sets, to examine their distributions. A generic meta-analytic method is presented for combining nonoverlap indices across multiple data series within complex designs.
Effects of Hormonally Active Agents on Steroid Hormone Receptor Expression and Cell Proliferation in the Myometrium of Ovariectomized Macaques
Authors: Hill Georgette D. , Moore Alicia B. , Kissling Grace E. , Flagler Norris D. , Ney Elizabeth , Cline J. Mark , Dixon Darlene
Published: March 2011

Hormone replacement therapy and selective estrogen receptor modulators have been controversial treatment options for postmenopausal women because of their potential health benefits and/or risks. In this study, we determine the effects of the hormonally active compounds, conjugated equine estrogens (CEE), medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), CEE + MPA, and tamoxifen (TAM) on the myometrium of ovariectomized macaques. Immunoexpression of estrogen receptor-α (ERα), progesterone receptor (PR), and Ki-67 in the myometrium is assessed. We found no significant difference in ERα myometrial expression in the CEE, MPA, and CEE + MPA treatment groups, but there was a significant decrease in expression in animals administered TAM versus controls. Conjugated equine estrogen–, TAM–, and CEE + MPA-treated animals had significantly increased expression of PR in myometrial cells and there was no difference in PR expression in cells from MPA-treated animals versus control animals. Myometrial cell proliferation did not significantly differ between the controls and any of the treatment groups, although normalized Ki-67 values were somewhat higher in the CEE and TAM groups. These data suggest that ERα and PR expression in the myometrium is influenced by treatment with hormonally active agents.
Systematic Review of Pediatric Tonsil Size and Polysomnogram‐Measured Obstructive Sleep Apnea Severity
Authors: Nolan Jennifer , Brietzke Scott E.
Published: March 2011

Objective

Systematically review the biomedical literature for data comparing clinical, subjective tonsil size (0‐4+ scale) to objectively measured obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) using polysomnography (PSG).

Data Sources

PubMed database.

Review Methods

A comprehensive PubMed MeSH search was conducted to identify articles comparing subjective tonsil size to objectively measured OSAS. Inclusion criteria included pediatric patients only, sample size greater than 5, and sufficient data to extract for analysis. Exclusion criteria included patients with obesity or craniofacial syndromes.

Results

Twenty articles were included in the final data set. The mean sample size was 161 (range, 32‐700) and grand mean age was 6.7 (range, 2.7‐11.7). Case series (evidence based medicine [EBM] level 4) was the predominant study design (16 studies). Eleven of 20 studies concluded there was an association between subjective tonsil size and objective OSAS, whereas 9 did not. Varying statistical techniques were used including simple diagnostic tables (k = 8), linear or logistic regression (k = 19), correlation (k = 5), and analysis of variance (k = 2). A customized quality assessment of each study was performed. Studies showing no association between tonsil size and OSAS had a higher quality score than studies showing an association (3.22 vs 2.36, P =. 0317).

Conclusion

The association between subjective pediatric tonsil size using 0‐4+ scale and objective OSAS severity is weak at best. High‐quality studies suggest no association. Providers must recognize the limitations of using tonsil size in clinical decision making.
French Validation of the NOSE and RhinoQOL Questionnaires in the Management of Nasal Obstruction
Authors: Marro Magali , Mondina Michel , Stoll Dominique , de Gabory Ludovic
Published: March 2011

Objective

Until now, there has been no validated and specific questionnaire in French allowing the assessment of nasal obstruction and its consequences on quality of life. The aim of this study was to validate the French translation and sociocultural adaptation of the Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE) and Rhinosinusitis Quality of Life Survey (RhinoQOL) self‐questionnaires.

Study Design

Prospective instrument validation study.

Setting

French tertiary referral center.

Subjects and Methods

The questionnaires were translated into French and then translated back into English. The final version was administered twice to an asymptomatic control population (n = 50) and once to a population with symptomatic septal deviation (n = 50). The psychometric properties (reliability, reproducibility, validity, responsiveness) were assessed by test‐retest procedure, internal consistency, correlation intra‐ and interscores, and response sensitivity between both populations.

Results

There was no statistical difference in both responses obtained from the control population after the test‐retest procedure. Internal consistency was 0.86 for the NOSE and 0.57, 0.67, and 0.83 for the scores of the RhinoQOL (frequency, bothersomeness, and impact, respectively). There was always a strong correlation between all NOSE variables and RhinoQOL scores (r > 0.40; P < 10−3). Effect size showed a high sensitivity to change.

Conclusion

The French versions of both questionnaires appear to be as reliable, valid, and sensitive to change as the English versions. Their association was strong, allowing assessment of nasal obstruction in all its dimensions.
Emerging Trends in Tonsillectomy
Authors: Setabutr Dhave , Adil Eelam A. , Adil Tabrez K. , Carr Michele M.
Published: March 2011

Objective

To describe the tonsillectomy techniques and management used by practicing otolaryngologists in the United States.

Study Design

Anonymous 18‐question postal survey of pediatric and general otolaryngologists on their current tonsillectomy practices.

Setting

Tertiary academic medical center.

Subjects and Methods

Current preoperative, perioperative, and postoperative practices in tonsillectomy were queried with multiple‐choice and open‐ended questions. Pediatric otolaryngologists and general otolaryngologists were compared.

Results

Eighty percent of respondents perform subcapsular (total tonsillectomy) dissection. Most otolaryngologists trained with either monopolar cautery (52%) or cold steel (42%). The Coblator (ArthroCare ENT, Austin, Texas) is the most common single instrument used for tonsillectomy (27.5%), followed by monopolar cautery (26%), but in combination with other instruments, monopolar cautery was still more common (33.5%) than coblation (28.9%). Coblation was more common among private practice and general otolaryngologists. The majority of those surveyed do not use intraoperative local anesthesia, but most do use intraoperative steroids (67%). Compared with generalists, pediatric otolaryngologists were less likely to use coblation, were less likely to use local anesthetic, managed postoperative pain slightly differently, and were more likely to recommend diet ad libitum after surgery. Otolaryngologists were more likely to admit medically compromised patients postoperatively.

Conclusions

Coblation is becoming a more commonly used instrument for tonsillectomy. Pediatric otolaryngologists perform more tonsillectomies than do general otolaryngologists and manage their patients differently.
The Politics of Despair
Authors: Hernández-Tubert Reyna
Published: March 2011

Despair is more than the absence of hope. It is the outcome of a crisis in relationships, both at the interpersonal and the transpersonal levels, as a result of a rupture in a relationship that should have been trusting, caring and containing. This is particularly true in the relation between individuals and groups, and society at large.

In our present world, there has been a sharp turn away from the belief that the community is responsible for the welfare of its members, and especially those who are deprived or disadvantaged. There is an upsurge of a ruthless ideology of ferocious cannibalistic competition that drops the losers on the way. This implies a fracture in the very fabric of society, which breeds despair, crass materialism, a relentless exploitation of sensuality, and ultimately violence.

As this state of affairs emerges in our daily practice, it is frequently misinterpreted as being only an expression of internal conflicts or failures in early object relations. I believe the analytic approach should explore the dialectics between inner and outer, individual and collective, private and political, thus opening the way for thinking-through this highly complex situation. Group analysis offers a privileged opportunity for an in-depth exploration of the individual–society relations and their widespread pathology.
Transgenerational Trauma and Forgiveness
Authors: Kleinot Pam
Published: March 2011

This article is about how group analytic thinking can be applied outside the consulting room. I show how it can provide tools to analyse unconscious processes in society by examining a group of Israeli and Palestinian families who come together to reconcile a polarity. The group is called the Bereaved Families Forum (BFF)—made up of around 500 families—who provide a discourse around reconciliation. Their collaboration is to work for peace after losing a family member, usually a child, in the conflict. I demonstrate through excerpts from interviews how group analytic concepts can be applied in the much wider context of the BFF within the Israel–Palestine struggle as a way of understanding a process of reconciliation and forgiveness. I look at how a meeting in a Palestinian’s home is a living example of group analysis as Israelis and Palestinians acknowledge the suffering of the Other which permits participants to withdraw their projected hatred, come to terms with their undigested experiences and mourn their losses, as a platform for reconciliation.
Uncovering Shame in Groups
Authors: Scott Sara
Published: March 2011

The central role shame plays in the development of analytic groups has been neglected in the past. This article addresses the impact on groups of unconscious shame. It draws on existing literature from both group analytic and psychoanalytic traditions, which highlights how the inability to feel shame can disrupt relationships. It then explores clinical examples to demonstrate how unconscious shame can inhibit group communication. The article identifies ‘the shaming other’, a communication process that is unconsciously adopted in the group as a means of trying to avoid facing shame. It suggests that when shame is integrated within the group and becomes conscious, the communication pattern changes, both strengthening the connections between group members and their attachment to the group.
Measurement Invariance: A Foundational Principle for Quantitative Theory Building
Authors: Nimon Kim , Reio Thomas G.
Published: March 2011

This article describes why measurement invariance is a critical issue to quantitative theory building within the field of human resource development. Readers will learn what measurement invariance is and how to test for its presence using techniques that are accessible to applied researchers. Using data from a LibQUAL+TM study of user perceptions of service quality, we demonstrate how measurement invariance can threaten the validity of group comparison tests and ensuing theoretical conclusions. Moreover, we identify how measurement invariance can uncover important relationships in data that would otherwise go left unnoticed.
Repetitive Lumbosacral Nerve Magnetic Stimulation Improves Bladder Dysfunction Due to Lumbosacral Nerve Injury
Authors: Khedr Eman M. , Alkady Eman A. M. , El-Hammady Dina H. , Khalifa Fatema Alzahraa M. , bin-Humam Saleh
Published: March 2011

Background. Rapid rate magnetic stimulation of human sacral nerve roots can reduce stress incontinence. Objective. To test stimulation for urgency incontinence due to lumbosacral plexopathy. Methods. The authors studied patients with intractable neurogenic urinary dysfunction due to lumbosacral nerve injuries. Eligible patients were randomized to receive either real or sham repetitive lumbosacral magnetic stimulation (rLMS; 15 Hz with a total of 1500 pulses/session) for 10 sessions. Evaluation was performed before starting treatment, immediately after the 5th and 10th treatment session, and 1 month later, using rating scales to score urinary dysfunction and a visual analogue scale (VAS) to assess lower back pain. Posterior tibial nerve F-wave and H-reflexes were tested before and after treatment. Results. Both treatment and control groups were comparable for baseline characters and sphincteric disturbances. The mean number of voids and incontinence per 24 hours was significantly reduced in patients who received rLMS. The improvement was maintained 1 month after the end of treatment. Patients receiving real-rLMS also reported an improvement in VAS ratings. Improvement in F-wave and H-reflex latencies after real stimulation ( P = .002 and P = .036, respectively) was found as well. Conclusion. rLMS at 15 Hz may improve urinary dysfunction secondary to lumbosacral nerve injury. Further trials can determine the profile of patients who may benefit and optimal stimulation parameters.
Increasing response rates to lifestyle surveys: A pragmatic evidence review
Authors: McCluskey S. , Topping AE
Published: March 2011

Aims: Lifestyle surveys are often a key component of a local Joint Strategic Needs Assessment (JSNA), undertaken to inform public health planning. They are usually administered to a large number of people in order to provide a comprehensive profile of population health. However, declining response rates coupled with the under-representation of certain population groups in lifestyle survey data has led to doubts concerning the reliability of findings. In order to inform the design of their own lifestyle survey, NHS Calderdale commissioned an evidence-based review of the methodological literature relating to the administration of lifestyle surveys, with the specific aim of identifying practical and resource-efficient strategies shown to be effective for maximizing whole-population response rates.

Methods: A pragmatic review of the published literature was undertaken, specifically to explore the most practical and resource-efficient ways to maximize lifestyle survey response rates to the most commonly used methods (postal surveys, face-to-face interviews, telephone interviews and electronic surveys). Electronic databases including MEDLINE, CINAHL, DARE, EMBASE and PsychINFO were searched. Empirical evidence published in the last 10 years was identified and citation tracking performed on all retrieved articles. An internet search for ‘grey literature’ was also conducted.

Results: The postal questionnaire remains an important lifestyle survey tool, but reported response rates have decreased rapidly in recent years. Interviews and telephone surveys are recommended in order to supplement data from postal questionnaires and increase response rates in some population groups, but costs may be prohibitive. Electronic surveys are a cheaper alternative, but the empirical evidence on effectiveness is inconclusive. Careful planning and tailoring of survey design to the characteristics of target populations can increase response rates and representativeness of lifestyle survey data.

Conclusions: The results of this pragmatic review could provide a valuable resource for those involved in the design and administration of lifestyle surveys.
‘Healthipedia’
Authors: Hodge Selwyn
Published: March 2011

Dr Selwyn Hodge FRSPH, Chair of the RSPH, provides his view on the importance of health literacy in an increasingly computer literate society
The CX3C chemokine fractalkine mediates platelet adhesion via the von Willebrand receptor glycoprotein Ib
Authors: Meyer dos Santos Sascha , Klinkhardt Ute , Scholich Klaus , Nelson Karen , Monsefi Nadejda , Deckmyn Hans , Kuczka Karina , Zorn Anita , Harder Sebastian
Published: March 2011

The membrane-anchored CX3C chemokine fractalkine (FKN) is expressed on activated endothelium and is associated with the development of atherosclerosis. The potential of FKN in mediating platelet adhesion beyond platelet activation remains unexplored to date. A flow-based adhesion assay was used to study the adhesion of platelets to immobilized FKN under physiologic flow conditions. Platelet adhesion to von Willebrand factor (VWF) was increased in the presence of FKN at 600 inverse seconds. Additional platelet adhesion to FKN coimmobilized with VWF was dependent on the FKN receptor CX3CR1 and activation of glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa. The number of platelets rolling on VWF was likewise enhanced in the presence of FKN. The enhancement of rolling on FKN and VWF was insensitive to anti-CX3CR1 antibody but was fully inhibited by neutralizing GPIbα function. The extracellular domain of GPIbα was covalently coupled to fluorescent microspheres, and microsphere binding was significantly higher in the presence of FKN. Platelet adhesion to activated endothelium in vitro and to intact human arteries was substantially increased in an FKN-dependent manner. These data demonstrate that endothelial expressed FKN activates platelets via its cognate receptor CX3CR1, whereas platelet adhesion is predominantly mediated by GPIbα and independent of CX3CR1.
Role of the gap junctions in the contractile response to agonists in pulmonary artery from two rat models of pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Billaud Marie , Dahan Diana , Marthan Roger , Savineau Jean-Pierre , Guibert Christelle
Published: March 2011

Background

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is characterized by arterial vascular remodelling and alteration in vascular reactivity. Since gap junctions are formed with proteins named connexins (Cx) and contribute to vasoreactivity, we investigated both expression and role of Cx in the pulmonary arterial vasoreactivity in two rat models of PH.

Methods

Intrapulmonary arteries (IPA) were isolated from normoxic rats (N), rats exposed to chronic hypoxia (CH) or treated with monocrotaline (MCT). RT-PCR, Western Blot and immunofluorescent labelling were used to study the Cx expression. The role of Cx in arterial reactivity was assessed by using isometric contraction and specific gap junction blockers. Contractile responses were induced by agonists already known to be involved in PH, namely serotonin, endothelin-1 and phenylephrine.

Results

Cx 37, 40 and 43 were expressed in all rat models and Cx43 was increased in CH rats. In IPA from N rats only, the contraction to serotonin was decreased after treatment with 37-43Gap27, a specific Cx-mimetic peptide blocker of Cx 37 and 43. The contraction to endothelin-1 was unchanged after incubation with 40Gap27 (a specific blocker of Cx 40) or 37-43Gap27 in N, CH and MCT rats. In contrast, the contraction to phenylephrine was decreased by 40Gap27 or 37-43Gap27 in CH and MCT rats. Moreover, the contractile sensitivity to high potassium solutions was increased in CH rats and this hypersensitivity was reversed following 37-43Gap27 incubation.

Conclusion

Altogether, Cx 37, 40 and 43 are differently expressed and involved in the vasoreactivity to various stimuli in IPA from different rat models. These data may help to understand alterations of pulmonary arterial reactivity observed in PH and to improve the development of innovative therapies according to PH aetiology.
Antistaphylococcal and biofilm inhibitory activities of acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid from Boswellia serrata
Authors: Raja Alsaba F , Ali Furqan , Khan Inshad A , Shawl Abdul S , Arora Daljit S , Shah Bhahwal A , Taneja Subhash C
Published: March 2011

Background

Boswellic acids are pentacyclic triterpenes, which are produced in plants belonging to the genus Boswellia. Boswellic acids appear in the resin exudates of the plant and it makes up 25-35% of the resin. β-boswellic acid, 11-keto-β-boswellic acid and acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid have been implicated in apoptosis of cancer cells, particularly that of brain tumors and cells affected by leukemia or colon cancer. These molecules are also associated with potent antimicrobial activities. The present study describes the antimicrobial activities of boswellic acid molecules against 112 pathogenic bacterial isolates including ATCC strains. Acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid (AKBA), which exhibited the most potent antibacterial activity, was further evaluated in time kill studies, postantibiotic effect (PAE) and biofilm susceptibility assay. The mechanism of action of AKBA was investigated by propidium iodide uptake, leakage of 260 and 280 nm absorbing material assays.

Results

AKBA was found to be the most active compound showing an MIC range of 2-8 μg/ml against the entire gram positive bacterial pathogens tested. It exhibited concentration dependent killing of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 up to 8 × MIC and also demonstrated postantibiotic effect (PAE) of 4.8 h at 2 × MIC. Furthermore, AKBA inhibited the formation of biofilms generated by S. aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis and also reduced the preformed biofilms by these bacteria. Increased uptake of propidium iodide and leakage of 260 and 280 nm absorbing material by AKBA treated cells of S aureus indicating that the antibacterial mode of action of AKBA probably occurred via disruption of microbial membrane structure.

Conclusions

This study supported the potential use of AKBA in treating S. aureus infections. AKBA can be further exploited to evolve potential lead compounds in the discovery of new anti-Gram-positive and anti-biofilm agents.
When does poor subjective financial position hurt the elderly? Testing the interaction with educational attainment using a national representative longitudinal survey
Authors: Pu Christy , Huang Nicole , Tang Gao-Jun , Chou Yiing-Jenq
Published: March 2011

Background

Several studies have demonstrated that perceived financial status has a significant impact on health status among the elderly. However, little is known about whether such a subjective perception interacts with objective socioeconomic status (SES) measures such as education that affect the individual's health.

Methods

This research used data from the Survey of Health and Living Status of the Middle Age and Elderly in Taiwan (SHLS) conducted by the Bureau of Health Promotion, Department of Health in Taiwan. Waves 1996, 1999 and 2003 were used. The sample consisted of 2,387 elderly persons. The interactive effects of self-rated satisfaction with financial position and educational attainment were estimated. Self-rated health (SRH), depressive symptom (measured by CES-D) and mortality were used to measure health outcomes.

Results

Significant interaction effect was found for depressive symptoms. Among those who were dissatisfied with their financial position, those who were illiterate had an odds ratio (OR) of 8.3 (95% CI 4.9 to 14.0) for having depressive symptoms compared with those who were very satisfied with their financial position. The corresponding OR for those with college or above was only 2.7 (95% CI 1.0 to 7.3). No significant interaction effect was found for SRH and mortality.

Conclusions

Although poor financial satisfaction was found to be related to poorer health, the strongest association for this effect was observed among those with low educational attainment, and this is especially true for depressive symptoms. Subjective financial status among the elderly should be explored in conjunction with traditional measures of SES.
Virtual autopsy with multidetector computed tomography of three cases of charred bodies
Authors: Cittadini Francesca , Polacco Matteo , D'Alessio Pasquale , Tartaglione Tommaso , De Giorgio Fabio , Oliva Antonio , Zobel Bruno , Pascali Vincenzo L
Published: March 2011

Herein, we report a comparison of multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) and autopsy in the evaluation of three cases of charred human bodies. Interestingly, MDCT identified several findings useful for forensic purposes, including traumatic injuries not related to the fire, relevant vital reaction signs and detection of foreign bodies. Our results, in addition to data gathered in previous studies, indicate that MDCT is an excellent tool for imaging in postmortem investigations and that it has great potential for the forensic documentation and examination of charred bodies.
A Foldable Umbrella Structure – Developments and Experiences
Authors: Jaksch Stefan , Sedlak Vinzenz
Published: March 2011

Folded surface structures (FSS) offer a fascinating variety of structural and formal choices which are characterized by efficient use of lightweight materials such as thin flat cardboard, plywood, plastic sheet, or sheet metal for load bearing structures. FSS are particularly suitable for intelligent low-cost buildings – such uses include exhibitions, major events, as well as emergency operations. The properties of foldable umbrella shapes have been examined at the Department for Structural Design and Timber Engineering, Vienna University of Technology (VUT) within the context of a special seminar-workshop with architecture students.

This article highlights the determination of shape-geometry and their special characteristics when used in an constructional context (material thickness, joints and bracing). Design and construction of a foldable umbrella prototype-model structure within an educational context demonstrates a practical application. Findings of this work can also be assigned to other shapes of antiprismatic folded surface structures (6-fold pattern).
Singapore National Stadium Roof
Authors: Hladik Pavel , Lewis Clive J
Published: March 2011

The case study focuses on design of the Singapore National Stadium roof and its architectural and structural constraints. The dialog between performance form generation and aesthetics was challenged through several design iterations and is critically reviewed in this paper. The collaboration of engineers and architects gave a form to this significant building that was slightly changed several times due to various conditions. The complex shape of the dome structure was resolved in one parametric model that could react on aesthetical and structural requirements. The landmark roof structure generated in computer had to be evaluated by designers and presented to decision making bodies.
Parametric Performative Systems: Designing a Bioclimatic Responsive Skin
Authors: Sanchez Rafael Urquiza
Published: March 2011

This paper assumes the façade as an innovative element of interaction between the inside and the outside: the architectural skin. As in nature, one of its most significant functions is the energy exchange with the environment. Similarly, efficiency increases by passive and active responses to climate conditions and site orientation. This research explores the potential of parametric techniques, programming and digital manufacturing, to design and build a Bioclimatic Responsive Skin (BRS). Firstly, we designed a bio-component applicable to any surface due to its parametric nature. Secondly, we fabricated two non-reactive working prototypes to study the manufacturing and construction details. Thirdly, we integrated the physical and the digital interfaces by using Generative Components™, Arduino, and Ubimash to generate a kinetic responsive model. This prototype was presented at SmartGeometry Workshop and Conference 2010. Finally, Lem3a architecture used this BRS in a real design project for a Sustainable house in New Hope, PA.
A Framework of CAD/CAM Design and Construction Process for Freeform Architecture: A Case Study
Authors: Lim Chor-Kheng
Published: March 2011

This research aims to analyze the design and construction process of the built freeform architectural projects and understand deeply the applications of the CAD/CAM media tools, and come up with a preliminary framework of an executable general CAD/CAM design and construction process in freeform architectural design.
Stories as Personal Coaching Philosophy
Authors: Carless David , Douglas Kitrina
Published: March 2011

The importance of coaches developing and articulating a personal coaching philosophy which encapsulates their values and beliefs is widely recognised. Yet it is also acknowledged that many coaches resist what appears an abstract task or find it to be of limited use in their day-to-day practice. In this paper we explore the potential of an alternative approach to developing and articulating a personal coaching philosophy: storytelling. Following a discussion of the potential of stories, we present a story written by one coach which expresses her personal philosophy in a way that is firmly rooted in her coaching practice. Storytelling approaches, we suggest, can reveal the connections between abstract/general philosophy and the personal embodied experience of coaching. We reflect on the possibilities and problems of using stories as philosophy and offer some suggestions for how coaches may be supported in developing their coaching philosophy through storytelling.
Insights into Experiences: Reflections of an Expert and Novice Coach
Authors: Nash Christine , Sproule John
Published: March 2011

Coaches in sport are given many opportunities to embrace new practice with the ultimate aim of developing team or individual performance. Problems arise as the coach attempts to make sense of all the available information. Two coaches, one expert and one novice, were interviewed and provide a strong contrast on the ways in which coaches construct their knowledge. Our study evidences that the expert coach adapts her practice to the emerging situation by synchronising a number of pertinent variables, while the novice coach mimics perceived good practice during her sessions. The developmental process from novice to expert status within coaching adheres to certain principles formulated within other domains, but is perceived in this case to be due to the interest and application of the coach rather than the formal coach education input.
Effects of Ramadan Fasting on Perceived Exercise Intensity during High-Intensity Interval Training in Elite Youth Soccer Players
Authors: Aziz Abdul Rashid , Chia Michael , Singh Rabindarjeet , Wahid Mohamed Faizul
Published: March 2011

Ramadan fasting increases subjective feelings of fatigue and reduces self-motivation during exercise. Exercising in the Ramadan fasted state leads to a quality of training that is lower than normal due to a reduction in exercise intensity and/or physical efforts. This field investigation examined the impact of Ramadan fasting on perceived exercise intensity during high-intensity training sessions and its impact on maximal aerobic performance, in elite-level youth soccer players. The National Under-18 squad was organized into a fasting (FAS) and a non-fasting (control, CON) groups. During the Ramadan month, in addition to the normal soccer-specific training, both FAS and CON underwent six specific conditioning sessions consisting of high-intensity aerobic and anaerobic interval running. There were no significant differences between groups' post-exercise ratings of perceived exertion in all sessions. There were no significant differences between groups for Beep test performances at pre- and post-Ramadan. There was no adverse effect of fasting on perceived exercise intensity in Ramadan fasted players, and also no impact on their maximal aerobic performance post-Ramadan.
Image Filtering Based on an Improved Spring-Mass Model
Authors: Xia X. , Man L.-H. , Wang S.-T.
Published: March 2011

An iterative median filtering algorithm based on improved spring-mass model for the removal of impulse noises from image is proposed by analyzing the deficiencies of median filter when it is used to eliminate impulse noise. The algorithm of the noise detector is based on the mechanical balance principle. Then an iterative median filtering algorithm is used to filter the noise pixels. Compared with conventional methods, the results show that the proposed algorithm is effective in noise suppression and detail preservation.
A Modified Gauss-Newton Iterative Method for Nonlinear Models with Right-Censored Data
Authors: Xu-Ping Zong , Guolin Feng
Published: March 2011

This paper presents Modified Gauss-Newton iteration algorithm for the nonlinear regression models for Failure Time Data set. The convergence of the iteration is proved carefully. Simulation illustrated that our method is available. Our results may be regarded as an extension of Wei (1998) for exponential nonlinear regression models without failure time data.
Vectorial Scale-Based Image Filtering
Authors: Li Y.-Y. , Wang S.-T.
Published: March 2011

As to the filtering of medical images, it is important to preserve edges and details. A major drawback of filtering is that it often blurs important structures along with noise. Scale-based filtering methods of scalar images have been studied in recent years. In this paper, we generalize the scale-based filtering method from scalar images to vectorial images. Here we introduce three vectorial scale-based image filtering methods on the basis of conventional VMF, BVDF, and DDF. These new methods use local structure size or “object scale” information to arrest smoothing around fine structures. The object scale allows us to better control the filtering process by constraining smoothing in regions with fine details while permitting effective smoothing in the interior of homogeneous regions. Qualitative and quantitative experiments based on Visible Human Project data sets demonstrate that our proposed methods outperform the corresponding conventional filtering methods in preserving edges and details.
Introducing Gravitational Force into Affinity Propagation Clustering
Authors: Chen X.-F. , Wang S.-T. , Chung F.-L. , Cao S.-Q.
Published: March 2011

Clustering has long been an important data processing task in different applications. Typically, it attempts to partition the available data into groups according to their underlying distributions, and each cluster is represented by a center or an exemplar. In this paper, a new clustering algorithm called gravitational-force-based affinity propagation clustering (GFAPC) is proposed, based on the well-known Newton's law of universal gravitation. It views the available data points as nodes of a network (or planets of a universe) and the clusters and their corresponding exemplars can be obtained by transmitting affinity messages based on the gravitational forces between data points in a network. While GFAPC is inspired by the recently proposed affinity propagation clustering (APC) approach, it provides a new definition of the similarity between data points which makes the APC process more convincing and at the same time facilitates the differentiation of data points' importance. The experimental results show that the GFAPC algorithm, with comparable clustering accuracy, is even more efficient than the original APC approach.
Dynamical Systems: An Effective Way in Nanotoxicology Study
Authors: Han Yu , Xu Xiaoming , Yin Longping , Long Ling , Liu Rui , Liu Shiyuan
Published: March 2011

Bio-safety assessment of nanomaterials and related products is in great need for models to be developed, that enable to analyze nanotoxicity in intricate biological systems. However, up to date, there have been few investigations on feasible approaches to assess safety and toxicity of nanoscale products reported. In this paper, a dynamical system model has been proposed and a new approach for analyzing homeostasis and evaluating potential systemic toxicity in a living biological system has been developed for nanotoxicology study. Based on the model and approach, the toxicity of 30 nm-sized Fe3O4 and TiO2 nanoparticles were investigated and explained. Experiment results verify feasibility and effectiveness of the dynamical system we proposed. It also can be adapted to a wider range of applications such as general toxicology study, pharmacokinetics, diagnosis etc.