bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transplantation and restoration of functional synapses between an identified neuron and its targets in the intact brain of Lymnaea stagnalis
Authors: Lee Thomas K.M. , Syed Naweed I.
Published: December 2003

Most information available to date regarding the cellular and synaptic mechanisms of target cell selection and specific synapse formation has primarily come from in vitro cell culture studies. Whether fundamental mechanisms of synapse formation revealed through in vitro studies are similar to those occurring in vivo has not yet been determined. Taking advantage of the regenerative capabilities of adult molluscan neurons, we demonstrate that when transplanted into the host ganglia an identified neuron reestablishes its synaptic connections with appropriate targets in vivo. This synaptogenesis, however, was possible only if the targets were denervated from the host cell. Specifically, the giant dopamine neuron right pedal dorsal 1 (RPeD1) located in the pedal ganglia was isolated from a donor brain and transplanted into the visceral ganglia of the recipient brain. We discovered that within 2–4 days the transplanted RPeD1 exhibited extensive regeneration. However, simultaneous intracellular recordings failed to reveal synapses between the transplanted cell and its targets in the visceral ganglia, despite physical overlap between the neurites. To test whether the failure of a transplanted cell to innervate its target was due to the fact that the targets continued to receive input from the native RPeD1, the latter soma was surgically removed prior to the transplantation of RPeD1. Even after the removal of host soma, the transplanted RPeD1 failed to innervate the targets such as visceral dorsal 4 (VD4)—despite extensive regeneration by the transplanted cell. However, when RPeD1 axon was allowed to degenerate completely, the transplanted RPeD1 successfully innervated all of its targets and these synapses were similar to those seen between host RPeD1 and its targets. Taken together, our data demonstrate that the transplanted cells will innervate their potential targets only if the targets were denervated from the host cell. These data also lend support to the idea that, irrespective of their physical location in the brain, the displaced neurons are able to regenerate, recognize their targets, and establish specific synapses in the nervous system. Synapse 51:186–193, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Temporal characterisation of amphetamine‐induced dopamine release assessed with [11C]raclopride in anaesthetised rodents
Authors: Houston Gavin C. , Hume Susan P. , Hirani Ella , Goggi Julian L. , Grasby Paul M.
Published: December 2003

Competition between endogenous neurotransmitters and radiolabelled tracers, as measured by positron emission tomography (PET), may provide a measure of endogenous neurotransmitter flux in vivo. For example, carbon‐11 labelled raclopride has been effectively used to monitor dopamine release following pharmacological and behavioural manipulations. The current study describes a rodent model of amphetamine‐induced [11C]raclopride reduction, which allowed the characterisation of the dose–response and temporal dynamics of this reduction over a 24‐h time course. Over the range studied, a monotonic dose–response relationship between amphetamine dose and [11C]raclopride reduction was observed. When compared with previously published microdialysis data, an approximate 16% reduction in [11C]raclopride binding potential was associated with a ∼25‐fold increase in extracellular dopamine. A reduction of 20–30% in raclopride binding was observed 30 min after amphetamine injection (4 mg/kg IP). This reduction in [11C]raclopride binding persisted for 4 h but returned to baseline by 8 h. The data suggest a persistent amphetamine‐induced raclopride displacement in rodents and reinforce findings from nonhuman primates that a simple competitive occupancy model may not adequately explain the temporal characteristics of the amphetamine‐induced decrease in radiotracer binding. Synapse 51:206–212, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intensification of cataleptic response in 6‐hydroxydopamine‐induced neurodegeneration of substantia nigra is not dependent on the degree of dopamine depletion
Authors: Srinivasan J. , Schmidt Werner J.
Published: December 2003

An intensification of catalepsy has been observed upon repeated testing in rats with permanent neurodegeneration of substantia nigra. Here, the question is addressed whether the rate of development of intensification of catalepsy upon repeated testing in the same context is dependent on dopamine level in the basal ganglia. Rats were lesioned with 2 μg or 6 μg of 6‐hydroxydopamine in the median forebrain bundle to produce dopamine depletion in substantia nigra in two different proportions. Both groups were exposed to catalepsy tests for 7 successive days in the same context, and the context was changed on day 8. On day 9 the catalepsy test was repeated with the old context. After the completion of the behavioral experiments, various regions of basal ganglia were analyzed for dopamine and its metabolites 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, 3‐methyl tyronine, and homovanillic acid. Lesions with 6 μg of 6‐hydroxydopamine produced strong dopamine depletion (78%) and akinetic response in the catalepsy test on day 1. Repeated exposure of this group to the catalepsy tests in the same context produced intensification of cataleptic response. Changing the context on day 8 reduced catalepsy. Performing the experiments again with the old context on day 9 produced an intensified response. Lesions with 2 μg of 6‐hydroxydopamine produced partial dopamine depletion (46%) without any motor disturbances. However, repeated exposure and context changes produced a similar pattern of catalepsy as in the 6 μg lesioned animals. These results indicate that the rate of building up of intensification of catalepsy is not dependent on the degree of dopamine depletion. It signifies the importance of context in the expression and augmentation of parkinsonian symptoms during the course of the disease to subjects with subthreshold dopaminergic neurodegeneration that could not produce motor disturbances alone. Prevention of context‐dependent intensification of catalepsy could be beneficial in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Synapse 51:213–218, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chemical anatomy of the human paraventricular thalamic nucleus
Authors: Uroz Victoria , Prensa Lucía , Giménez‐Amaya José Manuel
Published: December 2003

The paraventricular thalamic nucleus (Pa) lies in the most medial aspect of the thalamus and is considered one of the midline thalamic nuclei. In the present study, we carried out histochemical and immunohistochemical procedures in the Pa of normal individuals to visualize the pattern of distribution of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), calbindin D‐28k (CB), parvalbumin (PV), calretinin (CR), limbic system‐associated membrane protein (LAMP), substance P (SP), and enkephalin (ENK). Other cytoarchitectural and myeloarchitectural techniques, such as Nissl and Gallyas, were also employed to delineate the boundaries of the Pa. The main findings of this study are: 1) AChE staining in the Pa was heterogeneously distributed along its anteroposterior and mediolateral axes; 2) the Pa harbored numerous CB‐ and CR‐immunoreactive (ir) cells and neuropil, but this nucleus was largely devoid of PV; 3) the Pa was highly enriched in LAMP and this protein appeared uniformly distributed through its whole extent; and, 4) the SP and ENK immunoreactivities in the Pa revealed numerous highly varicose fibers scattered throughout this nucleus, but no stained cells. This morphological study demonstrates that the Pa is a heterogeneous chemical structure in humans. The functional significance of these results is discussed in the light of similar data gathered in several mammalian species. Synapse 51:173–185, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Amyloid β‐protein fragment 31–35 suppresses delayed rectifying potassium channels in membrane patches excised from hippocampal neurons in rats
Authors: Qi Jin‐Shun , Ye Lan , Qiao Jian‐Tian
Published: December 2003

To clarify the early initial mechanism underlying the neurotoxicity of amyloid β‐protein (AβP) and the shorter essential active sequence in native AβP molecules, the effects of AβP31–35 and AβP25–35 on delayed rectifier K+ current (Ik) were investigated in the inside‐out membrane patches excised from hippocampal neurons of rats. The results showed that: 1) After application of AβP31–35 (5 μM) to the inside of patches, the average open frequency and open probability of Ik channels reversibly decreased by 70.45 ± 35.75% and 86.9 ± 11.13%, respectively; the mean open time decreased by 47.1 ± 38.8%, while the mean current amplitude of Ik channels was not significantly affected. 2) Application of AβP25–35 at the same concentration showed similar effects as did the AβP31–35 application. It has generally been accepted that AβP25–35 acts as a full‐length AβP molecule does, so our findings suggest that the neurotoxicity of AβP may be initiated by the functional suppression of Ik channels and the sequence of 31–35 might be the shorter active sequence in AβP responsible for its neurotoxicity. Synapse 51:165–172, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Doing business in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Rice Gillian
Published: December 2003

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is the largest market in the Arabian Gulf region and, despite current political and economic uncertainties, offers
investors and exporters many opportunities in a wide variety of business sectors. Key factors driving economic policy include the desire to reduce
the dependence on oil, and the need to provide jobs, housing, and services to citizens in a time of rapid population growth. The foreign investment
law of 2000 significantly changed the rules for foreign investors, permitting 100% ownership of projects. There is a streamlined foreign
investment application process with various investment incentives. Important policies are privatization, economic diversification (such as the
development of a tourism sector), and the education and training of Saudi workers. Although lifestyle in the kingdom is ultramodern and
high‐tech, Saudi Arabia is an extremely conservative country and many of its citizens desire to preserve their religious values and ancient
traditions. The Saudi culture is influenced by two dimensions: Islam and the Bedouin tradition. Foreign executives doing business in Saudi Arabia
must be prepared to conduct thorough preliminary research, visit the kingdom regularly, show genuine concern for Saudi development goals and culture,
be patient in business negotiations, and adapt carefully to the Saudi environment. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Platelet rich plasma and fresh frozen bone allograft as enhancement of implant fixation an experimental study in dogs
Authors: Jensen T. B. , Rahbek O , Overgaard S. , Søballe K.
Published: December 2003

Platelet rich plasma (PRP) is an autologous source of growth factors. By application of PRP around cementless implants alone or in combination with bone allograft chips, early implant fixation and gap healing could be improved.

We inserted two porous HA coated titanium implants extraarticularly in each proximal humerus of eight dogs. Each implant was surrounded by a 2.5 mm gap. Four treatments were block randomized to the four gaps in each dog: Treatment 1: empty gap, treatment 2: PRP, treatment 3: fresh frozen bone allograft, treatment 4: fresh frozen bone allograft + PRP.

PRP was prepared from each dog prior to operation by isolating the buffycoat from centrifuged blood samples. Platelet count in PRP was increased 670% compared to baseline level. Calcium/thrombin was added to degranulate platelets and form a gel.

Three weeks after surgery, push‐out test and histomorphometri was performed.

After three weeks, the non‐allografted implants had poor mechanical properties. Bone grafting significantly increased implant fixation, bone formation in the gap and bone growth on the implant surface. We found no significant effect of PRP alone or mixed with bone allograft on implant fixation or bone formation.

In conclusion, we showed the importance of bone allografting on early implant fixation and bone incorporation but we found no effect of PRP. More studies are needed to investigate the effect and possible clinical applications of platelet concentrates which are now being commercialised. © 2003 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Single additional methylene group in the head‐group region imparts high gene transfer efficacy to a transfection‐incompetent cationic lipid
Authors: Singh Rajkumar Sunil , Chaudhuri Arabinda
Published: December 2003

In combination with equimolar 1,2‐dioleoyl‐L‐α‐glycero‐3‐phosphatidyl ethanolamine, a novel cholesterol‐based cationic lipid with β‐alanine head‐group (2) has been demonstrated to be strikingly more efficacious (10–24‐fold) in transfecting CHO, COS‐1 and HepG2 cells than its glycine analog (1) containing just one less methylene unit in its head‐group region. Syntheses, characterizations and in vitro transfection biology of lipids 1 and 2 are described. Present findings demonstrate that even truly minor structural alterations, such as inclusion of just one additional methylene functionality in the polar head‐group region, can convert an essentially transfection‐incompetent cholesterol‐based cationic amphiphile to a remarkably efficient cationic transfection lipid.
Identification of the primary electron donor in PS II of the Chl d‐dominated cyanobacterium Acaryochloris marina
Authors: Mimuro Mamoru , Akimoto Seiji , Gotoh Takanori , Yokono Makio , Akiyama Machiko , Tsuchiya Tohru , Miyashita Hideaki , Kobayashi Masami , Yamazaki Iwao
Published: December 2003

The primary electron donor of photosystem (PS) II in the chlorophyll (Chl) d‐dominated cyanobacterium Acaryochloris marina was confirmed by delayed fluorescence (DF) and further proved by pigment contents of cells grown under several light intensities. The DF was found only in the Chl a region, identical to Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, and disappeared following heat treatment. Pigment analyses indicated that at least two Chl a molecules were present per each two pheophytin a molecules, and these Chl a molecules are assigned to PD1 and PD2. These findings clearly indicate that Chl a is required for water oxidation in PS II.
8‐Oxoguanine induces intramolecular DNA damage but free 8‐oxoguanine protects intermolecular DNA from oxidative stress
Authors: Kim Ja-Eun , Choi Seongwon , Yoo Ju-Ah , Chung Myung-Hee
Published: December 2003

7,8‐Dihydro‐8‐oxoguanine (8‐oxoguanine; 8‐oxo‐G), one of the major oxidative DNA adducts, is highly susceptible to further oxidation by radicals. We confirmed the higher reactivity of 8‐oxo‐G toward reactive oxygen (singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radical) or nitrogen (peroxynitrite) species as compared to unmodified base. In this study, we raised the question about the effect of this high reactivity toward radicals on intramolecular and intermolecular DNA damage. We found that the amount of intact nucleoside in oligodeoxynucleotide containing 8‐oxo‐G decreased more by various radicals at higher levels of 8‐oxo‐G incorporation, and that the oligodeoxynucleotide damage and plasmid cleavage by hydroxyl radical were inhibited in the presence of 7,8‐dihydro‐8‐oxo‐2′‐deoxyguanosine (8‐oxo‐dG). We conclude that 8‐oxo‐G within DNA induces intramolecular DNA base damage, but that free 8‐oxo‐G protects intermolecular DNA from oxidative stress. These results suggest that 8‐oxo‐G within DNA must be rapidly released to protect DNA from overall oxidative damage.
2‐APB inhibits volume‐regulated anion channels independently from intracellular calcium signaling modulation
Authors: Lemonnier L. , Prevarskaya N. , Mazurier J. , Shuba Y. , Skryma R.
Published: December 2003

It has previously been suggested that volume‐regulated anion channels (VRACs) and store‐operated channels (SOCs) interact with each other according to their expected colocalization in the plasma membrane of LNCaP cells. In order to study interactions between these two channels, we used 2‐aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2‐APB) as a regular SOC inhibitor. Surprisingly 2‐APB reduced VRAC activity in a dose‐dependent manner (IC50=122.8 μM), but not 2,2‐diphenyltetrahydrofuran (a structural analog of 2‐APB). This effect was also present in keratinocytes. We conclude that 2‐APB is an inhibitor of the VRAC family, and is also a potent tool to study the SOC–VRAC interaction in LNCaP cells.
Fibronectin is a hypoxia‐independent target of the tumor suppressor VHL
Authors: Bluyssen Hans A.R. , Lolkema Martijn P.J.K. , van Beest Moniek , Boone Michelle , Snijckers Cristel M.J.T. , Los Maartje , Gebbink Martijn F.B.G. , Braam Branko , Holstege Frank C.P. , Giles Rachel H. , Voest Emile E.
Published: December 2003

The von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor gene regulates the extracellular matrix by controlling fibronectin deposition. To identify novel VHL target genes, we subjected mRNA from VHL‐deficient RCC cells (786‐0‐pRC) and a transfectant re‐expressing wildtype VHL (786‐0‐VHL) to differential expression profiling. Among the differentially expressed genes, we detected that fibronectin is upregulated in the presence of VHL, while it is not affected by hypoxia. Thus regulation of fibronectin deposition by VHL occurs at the transcriptional level, irrespective of oxygen levels.
Propionyl‐coenzyme A synthetases of Ralstonia solanacearum and Salmonella choleraesuis display atypical kinetics
Authors: Rajashekhara Eranna , Watanabe Kazuya
Published: December 2003

Propionyl‐coenzyme A synthetases (PrpE) of Salmonella choleraesuis and Ralstonia solanacearum sharing 62% identity in amino acid sequence to each other were cloned, expressed in Escherichia coli and purified. Both enzymes catalyzed acetyl‐, propionyl‐, butyryl‐ and acrylyl‐coenzyme A formation with the highest k
cat/K
m values for propionate. They displayed sigmoidal homotrophic autoactivation kinetics for propionate but not for the other acyl substrates tested. Besides, substrate inhibition kinetics was observed for co‐substrates, i.e. ATP and CoA. Based on the kinetic data reported herein, the reaction mechanisms of the enzyme are discussed.
Genomic expression pattern in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells in response to high hydrostatic pressure
Authors: Fernandes Patricia M.B. , Domitrovic Tatiana , Kao Camilla M. , Kurtenbach Eleonora
Published: December 2003

Gene expression patterns in response to hydrostatic pressure were determined by whole genome microarray hybridization. Functional classification of the 274 genes affected by pressure treatment of 200 MPa for 30 min revealed a stress response expression profile. The majority of the >2‐fold upregulated genes were involved in stress defense and carbohydrate metabolism while most of the repressed ones were in cell cycle progression and protein synthesis categories. Furthermore, uncharacterized genes were among the 10 highest expressed sequences and represented 45% of the total upregulated genes. The results of this study revealed a hydrostatic pressure‐specific stress response pattern and suggested interesting information about the mechanisms involved in adaptation of cells to a high‐pressure environment.
Cu2+ binding triggers αBoPrP assembly into insoluble laminar polymers
Authors: González-Iglesias Reinerio , Elvira Gema , Rodrı́guez-Navarro José A , Vélez Marisela , Calero Miguel , Pajares Marı́a A , Gasset Marı́a
Published: December 2003

Cu2+ binding is so far the best characterized property of the prion protein. This interaction has been mapped to the N‐terminal domain of the prion protein where multiple His residues occur largely embedded within the repetitive PHGGGWGQ sequence known as octarepeats. When Cu2+ interaction is studied using a solution of full‐length bovine prion protein containing six octarepeats at protein concentrations above 25 μM, a drastic increase in solution turbidity is observed due to the formation of insoluble cation–protein complexes that appear as bidimensional polymer meshes. These bidimensional meshes consist of a single layer of protein molecules crosslinked by Cu2+ cations. Polymer formation is a cooperative process that proceeds by nucleation of protein molecules with a Cu2+ site occupancy of above 2. These results support the hypothesis that the N‐terminal domain of prion protein is a ligand binding module that promotes crosslinked assembly, and suggest the existence of inter‐repeat Cu2+ sites.
Clinical Teaching and Learning in Midwifery and Women's Health
Authors: Raisler Jeanne , O'Grady Michelle , Lori Jody
Published: December 2003

Although there is an abundance of literature about clinical teaching in the health professions, a much smaller body of information focuses on the art and science of clinical teaching in midwifery and women's health. We reviewed preceptor handbooks, training manuals, and Web sites created by nursing and nurse‐midwifery education programs, medical and pharmacy schools, and national associations of health professionals. Using the search terms (clinical teaching, clinical learning, preceptor, clerkship, residency training, and midwifery education), we searched the MEDLINE and CINAHL databases and health sciences libraries for relevant articles and books. The information and practical strategies about clinical teaching that we found are synthesized and presented in this article. It includes a discussion of challenges in clinical teaching; an overview of expectations and responsibilities of the education program, students, and preceptors; suggestions about orienting students to clinical sites; clinical teaching strategies and skills; suggestions for incorporating critical thinking and evidence‐based care into clinical teaching; guidelines for giving constructive feedback and evaluation; characteristics of excellent clinical teachers; and suggestions about how education programs and professional associations can support and develop clinical sites and preceptors. The Appendix contains manuals, books, and Web sites devoted to clinical teaching.
Innovations in Midwifery Education
Authors: Carr Katherine Camacho
Published: December 2003

Midwifery educators and the American College of Nurse‐Midwives (ACNM) have created educational pathways for Certified Nurse‐Midwives (CNMs) and Certified Midwives (CMs) based on sound principles and creativity. A review of these educational innovations portrays the strong foundation that exists and provides direction for the future. Accreditation of educational programs, the development of core competencies, and the certification process for graduates of midwifery education programs form the foundation for excellence in midwifery education, while the early development of the modular mastery learning curriculum provided a transition to later use of telecommunications and the incorporation of various instructional technologies into midwifery education. Midwifery educators have continued to innovate with distance‐learning, Web‐enhanced curricula and community‐based clinical preceptorships, and a master's degree in midwifery option to increase access to midwifery education and degree programs. Continued innovation and creativity will be required to prepare midwives for the 21st century.
Redesigning Courses for the World Wide Web
Authors: Carr Katherine Camacho , Farley Cynthia L.
Published: December 2003

The use of computer‐based instructional technologies has become almost ubiquitous in education, including health professions education. In addition, clinical practice requires the use of digital information, networking, and continued learning. Faculty, students, and clinicians must be prepared to use computer‐based technologies and telecommunications. Many faculty members in the health professions need assistance with the transfer of traditional (campus‐based) courses or course material to the World Wide Web. This article presents the instructional design and pedagogical aspects of redesigning a traditional campus‐based course for the World Wide Web. Specific steps and a template are identified. The development of a virtual community of learners is also discussed as a critical element of on‐line teaching and learning.
The Transition to Web‐Based Education: Enhancing Access to Graduate Education for Women's Health Providers
Authors: Avery Melissa D. , Ringdahl Debbie , Juve Catherine , Plumbo Peg
Published: December 2003

Nurse‐midwives and women's health nurse practitioners have a long history as positive change agents in health care as well as education. This article chronicles the transition of a traditional face‐to‐face nurse‐midwife and women's health nurse practitioner graduate curriculum to a Web‐based format with campus seminars and clinical laboratories. This change was made to increase access to these graduate programs. A total of 20 courses, including both graduate core and specialty courses, was converted to the Web‐based format over a 3‐year period. Practical considerations for implementing a similar program, including faculty development and support, student orientation and ongoing support, development of a learning community, and time management, are discussed. The importance of listening to student feedback and partnering with them as the program continues to develop is emphasized as a key element of program evaluation and improvement.
Evaluation Strategies for Midwifery Education Linked to Digital Media and Distance Delivery Technology
Authors: Fullerton Judith T. , Ingle Henry T.
Published: December 2003

The goal of the teaching and learning process for health professionals is the acquisition of a fundamental core of knowledge, the demonstration of critical thinking ability, and the demonstration of competency in the performance of clinical skills. Teaching and learning in distance education programs require that the administration, teachers, and students be creative in developing evaluation strategies that can be adapted to the challenges of the cyberspace on‐line educational environment. Evaluation standards for distance education programs recently have been delineated by federal agencies, private organizations, and academic accreditation associations. These standards are linked to principles of sound education practice that promote program quality, high levels of student‐faculty interaction, and support effective teaching and learning in the distance education context. A growing body of evidence supports the conclusion that technology‐enhanced teaching is equivalent in effectiveness compared with traditional methods when student‐learning outcomes are the focus of measurement. An allied body of literature offers model approaches that can be useful to educators who must also conduct the evaluation of clinical skills, provide feedback, and promote socialization to the nurse‐midwifery/midwifery role for students being educated in whole or in part through instruction delivered at a distance.
Service Learning: Applications in Midwifery Education
Authors: Farley Cindy L.
Published: December 2003

Service learning is learning acquired through experiential education that deliberately links service to others with the goal of achieving specific academic objectives. Service learning is an educational innovation that encompasses a wide range of activities and pedagogies while maintaining a commitment to principles of service. Although midwifery is a profession rooted in service to women and their families, scant attention has been paid to the purposeful inclusion of service‐learning experiences in midwifery curricula. This article describes service learning and discusses practical applications in midwifery education.
International Service Learning in Midwifery and Nursing Education
Authors: Walsh Linda V.
Published: December 2003

The health of women and childbearing families is a global concern that must be addressed if we are to be successful in ensuring healthy families. Numerous strategies have been suggested to increase appreciation for the global factors that influence maternal and child health and the overall health status of a community. Inclusion of cultural content in courses offered in educational programs and provision of clinical learning experiences in diverse communities have commonly been used in midwifery and nursing education. This article reviews the concept of service learning and its application in a course that provides an opportunity for students to participate in an international immersion program. Evaluation of the course found that participants increased their knowledge and skills in providing reproductive health care, developed appreciation for the knowledge and skills of traditional birth attendants, and expanded their worldview of women and families in communities.
Pearls of Wisdom for Clinical Teaching: Expert Educators Reflect
Authors: Lichtman Ronnie , Burst Helen Varney , Campau Nancy , Carrington Betty , Diegmann Elaine K. , Hsia Lily , Thompson Joyce E.
Published: December 2003

A group of expert educators, each with more than 20 years of experience in midwifery education, was asked to contribute a “pearl (or pearls) of wisdom” for clinical teaching. Despite minimal instructions regarding what type of wisdom was being solicited, remarkable similarities emerged from the educators' contributions. Themes included the need for self‐evaluation to become a competent preceptor, the role‐modeling function of the preceptor, the development of critical thinking in students, the need to appreciate students' varying learning styles and individual ways of functioning, and the use of positive reinforcement. Although these may seem like universally accepted concepts in clinical teaching, one contributor related stories she heard from students about “hazing” behaviors that have a negative impact on learning. This points to the need for ongoing education about being an educator, another theme echoed in several of the contributions.
Web‐Based Data Collection in Midwifery Clinical Education
Authors: Walker Deborah S. , Pohl Joanne M.
Published: December 2003

A Web‐based computerized database for clinical data collection use by midwifery and nurse practitioner students was developed and revised over 2 years. The database provided insight into the number and diversity of clients seen as well as the student's level of autonomy. Students documented a selected set of data elements sensitive to nursing and midwifery care for all client encounters. Analysis of the clinical encounter data entered by nurse‐midwifery students in the Antepartum Care course during two winter semesters included 1,417 client encounters. Results of the analyses are presented as well as educational and clinical issues involved in the development and maintenance of the database. Future work includes refining the current database, expanding the data set to include the ACNM nurse‐midwifery clinical data sets for antepartum and intrapartum care, and pilot testing the Web‐based version in Fall 2003 by using wireless, handheld technology.
Genealogic Origins of Nurse‐Midwifery Education Programs in the United States
Authors: Burst Helen Varney , Thompson Joyce E.
Published: December 2003

This article presents a genealogy of all known basic and refresher nurse‐midwifery education programs enabling every CNM and CM to track their individual lineage back to Hattie Hemschemeyer or Mary Breckinridge. Feeling connected to our founding foremothers increases our understanding of who we are and what our commitment is to the families we serve. Genealogy also gives us an opportunity to reflect on the early history and continuing historical trends of our education programs.
‘Christus starb für uns’. Zur Tradition und paulinischen Rezeption der sogenannten ‘Sterbeformeln’.
Authors: BREYTENBACH CILLIERS
Published: December 2003

Im Mittelpunkt des Aufsatzes stehen drei Fragekomplexe: (1) Wie ist die Formulierung Χριστος υπερ + X/Y απεθανεν überhaupt zu verstehen? Welche Vorstellung ist mit der Wendung verbunden? Bezeichnet sie etwa ein sühnendes, vielleicht ein stellvertretendes Sterben? Der erste Teil des Aufsatzes zeigt diese Probleme anhand der verschiedenen Vorschläge, die in der bisherigen Diskussion Bedeutung gewonnen haben, auf. (2) Woher stammt die Vorstellung, dass Christus ‘für uns’, ‘für unsere Sünden’ bzw. ‘als wir noch Sünder waren’ gestorben ist? Paulus nimmt nach 1 Kor 15.3 eine gemein-christliche Tradition auf. Aber woher stammt diese Tradition? Ist sie, wie sie von sich behauptet, κατα τας γραϕας? Oder liegt der Ursprung dieser urchristlichen Formulierung vielmehr in der griechischen Tradition? (3.1) Worin liegen die Hauptdifferenzen zwischen der Verwendung des Gedankens des ‘Sterbens für’ in 4 Makk und bei Paulus? (3.2) Wie verhalten sich die zweifellos traditionelle Formulierung Χριστος απεθανεν υπερ των αμαρτιων ημων und die personale Formulierungsweise des Paulus zueinander? (3.3) Wie denkt sich Paulus die Beziehung zwischen dem Tod Christi ‘für’ und dem Leben mit ihm, der Rechtfertigung des Sünders oder der Versöhnung des feindlichen Menschen?
The Justification of Wisdom (Matt 11.19b/Luke 7.35)
Authors: GATHERCOLE SIMON
Published: December 2003

This article challenges the conventional translation and interpretation of the perplexing aphorism in Matt 11.19/Luke 7.35. Linguistic evidence in particular indicates that the phrase should not be interpreted as defiant (‘but Wisdom is justified by her deeds/children’). The initial και should be read as a simple connective rather than an adversative. The εδικαιωθη … απο refers to the separation or dissociation of Wisdom from the ministries of John and Jesus according to this generation. Jesus' statement is a bitter complaint, then, of the lack of response by his contemporaries to the message of the kingdom. Matthew's version should be rendered: ‘And Wisdom has been absolved of her deeds.’ Luke 7.35, similarly, can be translated: ‘And Wisdom has been dissociated from her children.’

και εδικαιωθη η σοϕια απο των εργων αυτης. (Matt 11.19b)

και εδικαιωθη η σοϕια απο παντων των τεκνων αυτης. (Luke 7.35)
‘Ungefähr 30’: Anmerkungen zur Altersangabe Jesu im Lukasevangelium (Lk 3.23)
Authors: MÜLLER CHRISTOPH G.
Published: December 2003

Bei einem Streifzug durch biographisch orientierte Texte aus alttestamentlich-jüdischer Tradition sowie aus der griechischen und lateinischen Literatur der Antike zeigt sich wiederholt, dass die Altersangabe ‘30 Jahre’ mehr als eine bloße numerische Angabe darstellt. Die Zahl ‘30’ kann vielmehr dazu dienen, eine besondere Altersschwelle zu markieren. Das scheint auch im Lukasevangelium (3.23)
der Fall zu sein. Die Altersangabe Jesu ist im lukanischen Erzähltext vor allem hinsichtlich ihrer Positionierung aufschlussreich. Der Erzähler setzt dabei nicht nur biographische und literarische Akzente. Auch in heilsgeschichtlicher und christologischer Perspektive erweist sich Lk 3.23 als besonders interessanter Erzählerkommentar.
Can Everyone be Wrong? A Reading of John 11.1–12.8
Authors: MOLONEY FRANCIS J.
Published: December 2003

Reading John 11.1–12.8, focusing upon the roles of Martha, Mary and ‘the Jews’, suggests that widely held positions concerning Martha's expression of faith in 11.27, the function of ‘the Jews’ across the narrative as a whole, and Mary's relationship to Jesus, especially in the light of 11.2, 31–3, 45; 12.1–8, should be questioned. The death and the raising of Lazarus manifest the glory of God and are the means by which the Son will be glorified (11.4, 40). Consequently, the passage summons Johannine readers to transcend understandable sorrow and pain generated by the menacing realm of human mortality (11.19, 21–2, 31, 33, 39) by means of belief in Jesus, the resurrection and the life (11.25–6).
Of Cherubim and the Divine Throne: Rev 5.6 in Context
Authors: HANNAH DARRELL D.
Published: December 2003

This article seeks to establish that Rev 5.6, despite its imprecise language, situates Christ on the divine throne and not merely next to it or alongside it. That Christ shares the divine throne is clearly asserted elsewhere in the book of Revelation (3.21; 7.17; 22.1, 3). Since this is the case, and as the other ways in which John's language at 5.6 can be understood introduces a number of difficulties, it is probable that John also intended 5.6 to be another affirmation of Christ's enthronement on the one divine throne. This conclusion is confirmed when it is noticed that John envisioned the living creatures which surround the throne to be living, constituent parts of the divine throne itself. Christ is thus in the midst of the throne and in the midst of the living creatures because they, as components of the throne, are both a part of it and surround it. This has been argued by at least one earlier interpreter. It has not, however, been noted just how widespread or how early is the evidence for the living creatures or cherubim as both living and constituent parts of the heavenly divine throne. Archaeological evidence, as well as passages from 1 Enoch, the Song of the Three Young Men, the Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice, Josephus, 2 Enoch, the Apocalypse of Abraham and On the Origin of the World are examined and shown to support such a conception of the divine throne and of the cherubim.
Recapitulation and Chronological Progression in John's Apocalypse: Towards a New Perspective
Authors: JAUHIAINEN MARKO
Published: December 2003

Most critical scholars have adopted some form of recapitulation theory to explain the chronological relationship between the seven seals, trumpets and bowls, but John was more interested in the chronological progression within the last days than is usually acknowledged. The seventh (or sixth) seal does not describe the ‘end’, but ushers in the Day of the Lord, which culminates in the seven bowls. While John does use the technique of recapitulation, he does not do so in the key texts usually adduced in support of the theory.
Rm 1.11–15 (17): Proemium ou Propositio?
Authors: LEGRAND LUCIEN
Published: December 2003

Rom 1.16f. is often seen as the propositio of Romans. More specifically, if 1.17 summarizes the developments of chapters 1–8, v. 16b introduces chapters 9–11 and v. 16a points to the life programme of 12.1–15.13. However, Paul's explanation of his Roman visit in 15.14–33 ought not to be overlooked. Forming an inclusio with 1.8–15, it sets forth the main purpose of the letter. Therefore 1.8–15 is also to be considered as the propositio of the letter, to which vv. 16f. are subordinated in the same way as the theological consideration of Rom 1–11 are subordinated to Paul's mission perspectives.
What did Paul mean by ‘Those Who Know the Law’?
(Rom 7.1)
Authors: TOMSON PETER J.
Published: December 2003

In the framework of his grand argument on the law in Rom 6 and 7, Paul in Rom
7.1-4 uses a comparison that specifically appeals to ‘those who know the law’.
Advanced visual interfaces: the focus is on the user
Authors: DI MASCIO TANIA , TARANTINO LAURA
Published: December 2003

The current trend in the production of information appliances is the human-centred, customer-centred approach, where technology serves human needs invisibly,
unobtrusively. The emphasis shifts from the application programs to the users, their tasks and their workplaces, making computation often move off the desktop to become embedded in the world around us. In this scenario the role of the visual interface becomes crucial since, as far as the customer is concerned, the interface is the product. In this paper we briefly survey the most recent results in the field of advanced visual interfaces, with focus on users' needs and ways to serve them.
Effects of age, density and sex ratio on reproductive effort in male reindeer (Rangifer tarandus)
Authors: Mysterud Atle , Holand Øystein , Røed Knut H. , Gjøstein Hallvard , Kumpula Jouko , Nieminen Mauri
Published: December 2003

In sexually dimorphic ungulates, male reproductive success depends on fighting with other males for access to females during a brief rutting season. Large body size is necessary for success in intrasexual competition, and a few large‐sized males are often able to monopolize access to female groups. Earlier studies have reported that reproductive effort increases with age until prime‐age is reached, and one study that population density lowered effort in (older) males. No study has directly assessed whether there is within‐age‐class variation in effort resulting from varying levels of intra‐male competition. It is reported here the weight loss during the rutting season of 54 individual male reindeer Rangifer tarandus coming from eight herds with varying density (3.3–6.0 deer/km2) and sex ratio (4–28% males). In agreement with earlier studies, reproductive effort was lower for young (1‐ to 2‐year‐old) than for prime‐aged (3‐ to 5‐year‐old) males both on an absolute and relative scale. Among 1‐year‐old males (n=33), effort was lower as sex ratio became closer to even, but density during the rutting season had no effect. This suggests that yearling males take a more active role when prime‐aged males are absent. In addition to the insight into male ungulate life history, understanding male rutting behaviour may also have implications for population dynamics.
The breeding biology of palm cockatoos (Probosciger aterrimus): a case of a slow life history
Authors: Murphy Stephen , Legge Sarah , Heinsohn Robert
Published: December 2003

The breeding of palm cockatoos Probosciger aterrimus was studied for 3 years from July 1999 to February 2002 in and around Iron Range National Park, Cape York Peninsula, Australia. Palm cockatoos were weakly seasonal breeders, with the peak of egg‐laying occurring in September; 41 breeding attempts were monitored at 28 nesting hollows. Nearly all (27/28) nests were in tropical savanna woodland and an average distance of 320 m to rainforest. Males defended about four nest sites, only a subset of which were used for breeding. The typical active nest tree was in a near‐vertical hollow with an opening that faced skywards; 62.1% of active nests were in living trees and the most common species of nest tree was Eucalyptus tetrodonta (48.3%). DNA fingerprinting revealed that some pairs reused the same nest hollow even when breeding attempts were separated by 1 or more years of no breeding activity, but that changes in hollow ownership also occurred. Nest usurpation, male territorial displays at the nest and evidence of interference competition by conspecifics suggest strong competition for nest sites, which is probably driven by variation in hollow quality and high investment in the nesting platform. Of active nests, 81% failed to produce a fledgling, thereby ranking the breeding success of palm cockatoos among the lowest reported for any species of parrot. They also invariably laid a single egg and seemed to breed infrequently, and thus they use an extremely slow life‐history strategy. We suggest that this slow life history makes palm cockatoos on Cape York Peninsula sensitive to environmental perturbations, with fire being the most probable threatening process.
Incubation temperature affects hatchling growth but not sexual phenotype in the Chinese soft‐shelled turtle, Pelodiscus sinensis (Trionychidae)
Authors: Ji Xiang , Chen Fang , Du Wei‐Guo , Chen Hui‐Li
Published: December 2003

Eggs of Pelodiscus sinensis were incubated under one fluctuating and four constant temperatures, and hatchlings from different incubation temperatures were maintained under identical conditions to assess the effects of incubation temperature on sexual phenotype and hatchling growth. The incubation length decreased as temperature increased, but it did not differ between sexes within each temperature treatment. Hatching success was higher at intermediate temperatures (28 °C, 30 °C and the fluctuating temperature regime) than at low (24 °C) and high (34 °C) temperatures. The sex ratio of hatchlings did not differ from equality within each temperature treatment. Thus, our data support previous work that P. sinensis does not have temperature‐dependent sex determination, and add evidence for the prediction that turtles within the Trionychidae have genotypic sex determination exclusively. Incubation temperature affected hatchling mass, with hatchlings from intermediate incubation temperatures being heavier than those from low (24 °C) and high (34 °C) incubation temperatures. Hatching size was not a predictor of post‐hatching growth. Incubation temperature affected hatchling growth, with hatchlings from 24 °C overall growing faster than did hatchlings from higher incubation temperatures. The influence of incubation temperature on hatchling growth was well buffered within the range of constant temperatures from 28 °C to 34 °C. Fluctuating incubation temperatures augmented male growth but reduced female growth, as female embryos were more vulnerable to extremely high temperatures.
Tail growth in Chamaeleo dilepis (Sauria: Chamaeleonidae): functional implications of segmental patterns
Authors: Bergmann Philip J. , Lessard Sarah , Russell Anthony P.
Published: December 2003

Patterns of growth of caudal vertebrae in the chameleon Chamaeleo dilepis were determined using principal component analysis, and compared to growth of the entire tail relative to snout–vent length. Despite significant positive allometry of the whole tail, growth rates of vertebrae differed along the length of the tail. Specifically, there was a proximal region that grew positively allometrically, and an extensive distal portion that grew with negative allometry. Intervening, was a short transitional region of approximate isometry. Positive allometry of the entire tail resulted from the extensive proximal region that grew in this manner. Although the region of positive allometry extended further caudad than the m. caudofemoralis longus, m. retractor penis magnus, and m. ischiocaudalis, its extent correlated more closely with the presence of neural spines (which are used as a proxy for the extent of the m. transversospinalis) and with tail coiling in this species. The positively allometric region housed the non‐segmental musculature of the tail and did not bend, and the negatively allometric region identified the portion of the tail that was prehensile.
The influence of body size, breeding experience and environmental variability on egg size in the northern fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis)
Authors: Michel Pascale , Ollason Janet C. , Grosbois Vladimir , Thompson Paul M.
Published: December 2003

Procellariform seabirds provide a good model for studies of the causes and consequences of variability in avian egg size, because females can only adjust reproductive investment by breeding intermittently, or by altering the size of their single egg. Maternal characteristics such as age, breeding experience and body size, as well as environmental variability, can influence egg size, but the effect of these factors has rarely been assessed simultaneously in the same study. Previous studies in Scotland have shown that the egg size of northern fulmars Fulmarus glacialis increased in relation to breeding experience. At this colony the influence of breeding experience, body size and inter‐annual variability upon egg size was tested simultaneously. Data collected over seven breeding seasons between 1975 and 2002 showed that egg size varied significantly both between years and in relation to the length of the breeding experience of females, but that female body size explained most variation in egg size. Inter‐annual variability in egg size was not related to the winter North Atlantic Oscillation, which had recently been shown to influence other measures of reproductive success at this colony. Larger eggs also seem to be more likely to produce successful fledglings. These findings are discussed in relation to the relative contribution of egg quality and parental quality on increased reproductive success.