bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Terahertz Time-domain Spectra of Inter- and Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonds of Fumaric and Maleic Acids
Authors: Ueno Yuko , Rungsawang Rakchanok , Tomita Isao , Ajito Katsuhiro
Published: September 2006

The inter- and intramolecular hydrogen-bonding modes of two steric isomers, namely fumaric acid and maleic acid, are observed by using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS). The intermolecular modes observed with fumaric acid crystals are inactivated by incorporating the molecules in the nano-sized pores of a mesoporous silicate (SBA-16) due to the separation of the molecules, whereas the intramolecular modes of maleic acid of the crystal and the incorporated samples are similar.
Micropatterning of Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Film Using Photosensitive Sol–Gel System Consisting of Double-decker-shaped Multifunctional Silsesquioxane
Authors: Watanabe Akira , Miyashita Tokuji
Published: September 2006

The micropatterning of an organic–inorganic hybrid film consisting of a double-decker-shaped multifunctional silsesquioxane was achieved using a photosensitive sol–gel system containing a titanium alkoxide modified with β-diketone. Negative patterns with a high-resolution of ca. 1 μm were obtained by UV-irradiation.
Enhanced Sensitivity of a Surface-plasmon-resonance (SPR) Sensor for 2,4-D by Controlled Functionalization of Self-assembled Monolayer-based Immunosensor Chip
Authors: Kim Sook Jin , Gobi K Vengatajalabathy , Tanaka Hiroyuki , Shoyama Yukihiro , Miura Norio
Published: September 2006

A highly sensitive SPR immunosensor has been fabricated by covalent binding of a protein conjugate of 2,4-D (2,4-D-BSA) on SAM of 3-mercaptopropionic acid. With indirect inhibition immunoassay, it demonstrated a low detection limit of 0.1 ppb 2,4-D. Taking advantage of the combination of the SAM technique and immobilization of 2,4-D-BSA at controlled surface coverage, a remarkable enhancement of the low detection limit by 10-fold to 10 ppt with no use of any labels was demonstrated, while keeping the response time constant at 4 min.
Oxidation of 1,3-Diphosphacyclobutane-2,4-diyl with Ammoniumyl Antimonate and EPR Study of the Corresponding Cation Radical
Authors: Yoshifuji Masaaki , Arduengo, III Anthony J , Konovalova Tatyana A , Kispert Lowell D , Kikuchi Manabu , Ito Shigekazu
Published: September 2006

A sterically protected biradical species, 1-tert-butyl-3-methyl-2,4-bis(2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3-diphosphacyclobutane-2,4-diyl was allowed to react with tris(4-bromophenyl)ammoniumyl hexachloroantimonate as an oxidant and the product was analyzed by EPR to show that the biradical was oxidized to give the corresponding radical cation species. The structure of the cation radical was also supported by ab initio calculations on a model compound.
Antioxidant Properties of Layer-by-Layer films on the Basis of Tannic Acid
Authors: Shutava Tatsiana G , Prouty Malcolm D , Agabekov Vladimir E , Lvov Yuri M
Published: September 2006

Tannic acid, a polyphenol of natural origin, assembled in alternation with polyelectrolytes via the layer-by-layer method retains its ability to scavenge free radicals. Kinetics of 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) cation-radical bleaching by tannic acid/polyelectrolyte films depend on multilayer architecture, while total radical scavenging capacity depends on the amount of adsorbed TA.
A Novel Carbothermal Method for the Preparation of Nano-sized WC on High Surface Area Carbon
Authors: Liu Wei , Soneda Yasushi , Hatori Hiroaki
Published: September 2006

Nano-sized WC was successfully synthesized on high surface area carbon by a novel carbothermal method wherein carbonization of mixture of hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) and K2WO4 at 800 °C resulted in the simultaneous formation of carbon and WC nano-particles. Different with the common carbothermal method, porous carbon was obtained by pyrolysis of hydroxypropyl cellulose and the reducing gas of H2 was not necessary.
Oligothiophene-based Liquid Crystals Exhibiting Smectic A Phases in Wider Temperature Ranges
Authors: Kimura Masaomi , Yasuda Takuma , Kishimoto Kenji , Götz Günther , Bäuerle Peter , Kato Takashi
Published: September 2006

Oligothiophene-based block molecules having a tetra(ethylene oxide) chain exhibit enantiotropic smectic A phases in wider temperature ranges.
Symposium on basic ear research. I. Cochlear microvasculature in normal and damaged ears
Authors: Hawkins Joseph E. , Johnsson Lars‐Göran , Preston Robert E.
Published: September 2006

The minute vessels of the cochlea were examined post mortem in normal guinea pigs and in others exposed to intense noise or treated with the ototoxic drugs gentamicin and quinine. The benzidine stain was used to display the capillary networks, and osmic acid for surface preparations, “thick” sections, and ultrathin sections for electron microscopic examination.

The capillaries of the spiral ligament, i.e., the so‐called arteriovenous anastomoses, do not show the characteristics of the muscular shunts described by Chambers and Zweifach. They are divided into two groups, the adstrial capillaries closely applied to the basal surface of the stria vascularis, and the poststrial capillaries which supply the tissue of the spiral ligament. Continuing beneath the floor of the external sulcus they form an alternating pattern with the root cells, and are surrounded by a specialized pericapillary tissue which resembles that found around the capillaries of the spiral prominence. These tissues are readily destroyed by gentamicin and other ototoxic aminoglycosidic antibiotics.

Vasoconstriction of the outer and inner spiral vessels in response to noise and quinine appears to involve both contraction of pericytes and swelling of the endothelial cells. After prolonged exposure to noise or treatment with gentamicin, degeneration of capillaries with formation of intervascular strands and avascular channels is found in the suprastrial network of the spiral ligament. Similar capillary changes are seen in presbycusis, and in the deaf Dalmatian dog.
Symposium on basic ear research. III. Auditory evoked averaged responses in monkeys
Authors: Nagafuchi Masaaki , Cody D. Thane R.
Published: September 2006

Averaged responses evoked by tone‐bursts were investigated in the alert, anesthetized, and sedated Rhesus monkey. Identified were a short latency (peak 13.5 msec) triphasic extracranial response and a longer latency (P1 38 msec, N1 93 msec, P2 152 msec, N2 199 msec) polyphasic intracranial response. The early and late components of the intracranial response seemed to originate in different auditory centers. It was concluded that, with intracranially implanted electrodes, determining averaged response thresholds for tone‐bursts in the monkey sedated with phencyclidine hydrochloride is a reasonably accurate method of estimating behavioral thresholds of hearing.
Symposium on ear surgery. I. Soft tissue technique in musculoplasty obliteration of mastoidectomy cavities
Authors: Turner Jack
Published: September 2006

When properly performed musculoplasty is capable of producing a satisfactory canal reproduction and a high percentage of postoperative trouble free ears. Failure to obtain mastoid cavity obliteration with this procedure is due to improper preparation and placement of the soft tissue pedicles and does not represent a deficiency in the operation itself.

A method of musculoplasty which evolved during the performance of 346 cases of this type of operation during the past 11 years is described in detail. The method is based upon the principles of an adequate incision; utilization of all available adjacent soft tissue for obliteration; sufficient mobility of the pedicle flaps to insure cavity adaptation; beveling of the cavity margins; “overfilling” of the mastoid defect; and, finally, fixation of the obliterative pedicles by suturing.

Using this technique, the following results have been obtained:

Eighty‐one percent trouble‐free postoperative cavities with a satisfactory canal reproduction rate of 68 percent. (Five or more years observation on 100 cases.)

Where combined with tympanoplasty, utilizing a malleostapediopexy conductive repair, closure of the air‐bone gap to within 15 db was maintained in 65 percent of the cases. (Two or more years observation on 40 cases.)

Postoperative occurrence of cholesteatoma has been limited to 2 percent residual and 1 percent recurrent. (Five or more years observation on 100 cases.)
Symposium on ear surgery. II. Facial nerve neuroma
Authors: Pulec Jack L.
Published: September 2006

Facial nerve neuromas are uncommon, slow growing, and readily treatable when detected. Fourteen patients with facial nerve neuromas are reported here. These tumors can occur within any part of the intratemporal course of the facial nerve. Occurrence and progression of the symptoms depend on the site of origin of the tumor and are those of facial nerve paralysis, hearing loss, or vertigo; occasionally there may be no symptoms at all. Initial facial paralysis may recover leading to a mistaken diagnosis of Bell's palsy. All patients with facial paralysis should be seen by an otologist whose examination would include audiogram for pure tones and speech, positional and caloric vestibular examination and roentgenogram of the temporal bone. If the possibility of intracranial extension exists, a pre‐operative myelogram of the posterior fossa should be made. Early diagnosis, prompt surgical removal, and graft or end to end anastomosis of the facial nerve would be the goal in the treatment of facial nerve neuromas.
Symposium on ear surgery. III. Reconstructive mastoidectomy with homograft knee cartilage
Authors: Wehrs Roger
Published: September 2006

During the past decade the trend in surgery on the mastoid segment of the temporal bone has been toward restoration of function and normal anatomical configuration. The primary preservation of the posterior bony canal wall with aeration of the mastoidectomy cavity has eliminated many of the problems associated with an open cavity. The likelihood of good hearing increases when the support for the posterior and superior portions of the tympanic membrane are preserved; however, there are many patients whose surgery included removal of this bony barrier and exposure of the mastoid segment to the outside. It is for these patients that a means has been sought to eliminate the cavity and reconstruct the hearing mechanism.

Previous techniques have sought to eliminate the mastoidectomy cavity by obliteration with muscle pedicles, fascia, cartilage and bone. All these techniques tend to modify rather than to reconstruct nature's plan of the middle ear and mastoid. It would seem more physiologic to rebuild these structures as nearly as possible in their normal anatomical relationship and function. It was with this goal in mind that the herein described technique of knee cartilage reconstructive mastoidectomy was developed.

A review of the literature revealed that in 1940 cartilage homografts were being used in rhinoplasty by Brown. This author preserved the cartilage in alcohol because it was “simple and safe.” Homograft nasal septum cartilage had been utilized in tympanoplasty by Smyth and Jansen and in otosclerotic surgery by Pfaltz. No previous article referring to the use of knee cartilage for transplantation could be found.

Homograft knee cartilage was discovered to possess the gentle curve and thin lower border characteristic of the posterior bony canal wall. With this support the homograft tympanic membrane may be used to reconstruct the drumhead in normal anatomical position. The homograft incus then becomes a prosthesis to rebuild the conduction mechanism in this one stage operation. Silastic sheeting from the eustachian tube to the mastoid antrum prevents adhesions and assures aeration of these structures. Likewise, mucoid discharge from the remaining mastoid cells finds its way to the eustachian tube and nasopharynx.

Fifteen ears have been reconstructed by this technique. All cases have healed completely and uneventfully with no infection or extrusion of the knee cartilage transplant. Postoperatively the ear canal and drumhead have an almost normal appearance, and epithelial migration keeps these structures clean and functioning. Hearing improvement has been gratifying with a return to normal in some instances. Three case presentations are included as examples of the procedure.
Symposium on ear surgery. IV. Postoperative complications associated with bilateral stapedectomy
Authors: Pratt Lindsay L.
Published: September 2006

The need for surgical restoration of hearing is frequently expressed by otologic surgeons. All too frequently the surgeon's concern centers around the mechanical reconstruction of the auditory apparatus as demonstrated by the closure of the air bone gap. The functional value of restored hearing to the patient is not considered.

A successful operation should be measured by its functional restoration. A successful closure of an air bone gap may not be accompanied by an equally successful functional result.

Six functional complications following stapedectomy are discussed. An awareness of their existence should influence the decision to perform a stapedectomy on the opposite ear.
Symposium on ear diseases. I. Sudden deafness and its several treatments
Authors: Saunders William H.
Published: September 2006

Idiopathic sudden deafness, generally unilateral and always sensorineural, is more common than generally recognized. The site of the lesion producing deafness may be either cochlear or neural (retrocochlear), and it is important to attempt to try to distinguish, by means of audiometric examination, one locus from the other.

The causes generally are believed to be either vascular or viral. Recently there is evidence to suggest that the two causes need not be separate or mutually exclusive but, in fact, a viral etiology may cause certain vascular changes that result in a reduced blood flow to the cochlea.

There is no consensus concerning proper treatment for sudden deafness and about one‐third of the otolaryngologists replying to a questionnaire said they were not certain that any treatment helps; but because the only alternative is no treatment, most physicians will want to offer treatment. A brief plan is given using the site of the lesion as a prognostic and therapeutic guide.
Symposium on ear diseases. II. Vestibular evaluation and the brain stem
Authors: Stroud Malcolm H. , Keltner John
Published: September 2006

Vertigo can be caused by many lesions at many locations both in the peripheral organ and in the central nervous system. The lesions occurring in the central nervous system should be diagnosed and treated by a neurologist, but the otolaryngologist can be of great assistance through the study of the VIIIth cranial nerve function and its connections with the oculomotor system. As examples, four different brain stem syndromes are mentioned. (These were illustrated by movies at the meeting.)
Symposium on ear diseases. III. The older cleft palate patient. (A Clinical Otologic‐Audiologic Study.)
Authors: Bennett Maxine
Published: September 2006

A clinical study of 100 randomly selected cleft lip and/or palate adult patients, ages 14 to 77 years. Forty‐nine out of 100 were otologically normal. Forty‐two out of 100 were audiologically normal. A negative history of past ear disease is not an accurate screening method for abnormality. Auditory impairments (27 out of 58) suggesting a sensori‐neural loss were found in relatively young adults. Is there a progressive degenerative sensori‐neural hearing impairment in congenital cleft disease? Thirty‐one out of 58 had conductive losses: these were correlated with the otologic findings on examination. Twenty‐three out of 100 had had palatal pharyn‐goplasty. The surgical procedure to reduce hypernasality probably does not aggravate the Eustachian tubal dysfunction.

Approximately 50 percent of the congenital cleft lip and/or palate adults continue to have ear problems, probably for their lifetime.
Symposium on malignancy. I. Supraglottic carcinoma: A 10‐year review at the university hospital
Authors: Rowley Nicholas J. , Boles Roger
Published: September 2006

The records of all patients with supraglottic laryngeal cancer seen and definitively treated from 1961 to 1970 at the University Hospital were reviewed. The total number of carcinomas felt to arise primarily from the supraglottic area was 118. Of these, 89 had what we considered sufficient follow‐up to be used in tabulating the results of treatment.

Tumors irradiated primarily received 6,500 R Cobalt therapy. There were 50 of the 89 patients who received primary irradiation therapy. Thirty‐one of the patients received primary surgical therapy. Of these, three had laryngectomies only, seven partial laryngectomies and neck dissections, and the remaining patients had total laryngectomies and neck dissection. Only eight of the 89 patients received initial combined therapy, or surgery and irradiation within three months of each other.

In our experience, supraglottic cancers without nodal metastasis, regardless of size, will have about 73 percent absolute three‐year survival, whether treated with irradiation or surgery primarily.

The absolute three‐year survival for supraglottic carcinomas with nodal metastasis and primary irradiation therapy was 6 percent. On the average, these were larger lesions with nodal metastasis. The absolute three‐year survival for supraglottic carcinomas with nodes receiving primary surgery was 23 percent. These were significantly smaller lesions than those irradiated primarily.

Of the patients without lymph node metastasis, 24 percent of the supraglottic lesions irradiated primarily developed laryngeal recurrences requiring secondary therapy. None of the patients with similar lesions receiving primary surgery developed laryngeal recurrences. Of the supraglottic carcinomas with nodal metastasis and receiving primary irradiation, 75 percent developed local recurrences and 83 percent had persistent or recurrent neck metastasis in the same neck. Of the patients with similar lesions receiving primary surgery, 20 percent developed local recurrences and 33 percent developed recurrent neck metastasis in the same neck.

The alternatives of treatment for primary therapy of a supraglottic carcinoma without nodal metastasis are either full dose irradiation or a partial laryngectomy, if possible, and a neck dissection. Supraglottic carcinomas with evidence of nodal metastasis are probably best treated surgically, in some cases in combination with irradiation therapy.
Symposium on malignancy. V. Hypothyroidism following combined therapy in carcinoma of the laryngopharynx
Authors: Murken Roger E. , Duvall Arndt J.
Published: September 2006

There is an increasing trend to combine high dosage pre‐operative radiation with radical surgery for carcinoma of the laryngopharynx. This could be a hazard to thyroid function, especially when surgery includes a partial thyroidectomy. We initiated a study in 1969 to determine the effect on thyroid function produced by external radiation of the neck followed by radical surgery of the laryngopharynx. A group of 24 patients previously treated with external radiation and/or surgery for carcinoma of the laryngopharynx, and without recurrence, were studied with laboratory determinations of PBI and total serum thyroxine (T4).

Out of 12 patients treated with 3,800 to 5,500 tissue rads of pre‐operative Cobalt 60 to the neck, laryngectomy and hemithyroidectomy, eight or 66 percent were found to be hypothyroid at varying time periods (two to 74 months) after treatment. A PBI determination was done on five of these patients and ranged from 0.8 to 3.2 mcg percent (n = 4.0 to 8.0). A total serum thyroxine was done for all eight patients. Those performed by the column method ranged from 0.8 to 2.5 mcg percent thyroxine iodine (n = 2.9 to 6.4) and those performed by the Murphy‐Pattee method ranged from 1.3 to 4.9 meg percent thyroxine (n = 5.0 to 13.7).

Two of the other 12 patients were found to be hypothyroid. One patient received 7,000 tissue rads of Cobalt 60 and no surgery. One year following therapy his thyroid studies were normal, but two years after therapy his studies were within the hypothyroid range. The other patient found to be hypothyroid had a laryngectomy and hemithyroidectomy with no pre‐op‐erative Cobalt 60. The operative report indicated that both the superior and inferior thyroid vessels to the remaining lobe were ligated.
Long‐Term results of thornell arytenoidectomy in the surgical treatment of bilateral vocal cord paralysis
Authors: Whicker James H. , Devine Kenneth D.
Published: September 2006

Unilateral or bilateral Thornell arytenoidectomy provided relief from laryngeal obstruction in 135 of 147 patients (92 percent). Twelve patients required contralateral arytenoidectomy an average of six and one‐half years after an initially successful unilateral procedure. Voice preservation was excellent in all but six patients (4 percent). Complications in seven patients included the formation of granulation polyps (five) and webs (two); corrective procedures rehabilitated all seven.
Laryngeal transplantation: Current status 1974
Authors: Tucker Harvey M.
Published: September 2006

There are four major areas of concern that must be examined before human laryngeal transplantation can be considered feasible in clinical practice. These are: 1. surgical mechanics of revascularization; 2. reinnervation; 3. prevention of host rejection; and 4. justification.

Of these criteria, the first two have been met successfully at present. Safe suppression of rejection without increased risk of cancer recurrence remains to be achieved. Until this third criterion is satisfied, one is probably not justified to make further attempts at laryngeal transplantation in humans.
Open tube, proximal illumination mirror and direct laryngeal photography
Authors: Holinger Paul H. , Brubaker Joseph D. , Brubaker James E.
Published: September 2006

Equipment is described for mirror and open tube direct laryngoscopic photography. It consists of specially constructed reflex camera systems that provide adequate exposure and depth of the desired field, sharpness of focus, correct color and effective composition for meaningful illustrations. The separate cameras for still and motion pictures consist of units that contain the light source, lenses, optic reflex systems and film chambers. The mirrors for indirect laryngoscopy and the open tube direct laryngoscopes are attached by rigid, easily released clamps for quick interchange. It is stressed that the laryngologist himself must be the photographer. The pictures are adjuncts to case recording, are supportive evidence of investigative work and may be used as chronologic sequences in study of physiology and pathology and in pre‐ and postoperative evaluation.
D'emblee type of mycosis fungoides of head and neck
Authors: Gupta I. M. , Gupta O. P. , Samant H. C. , Bhatia P. L. , Ankaiah S.
Published: September 2006

Mycosis fungoides as a disorder of reticulo‐endothelial system occurs in the eczematous or psoriatic stage, progresses to infiltrated plaque stage and finally to tumorous form with or without systemic spread. The head and neck is rarely involved. A case is presented in which the disease process started as a tumor (d'emblee type) and remained localized in the head and neck region without a generalized spread. The tumorous lesion rapidly increased in size and involved deeper tissues of the neck to cause infranuclear facial palsy and medial bulging of the tonsil; it also extended in the superior mediastinum causing pressure on the trachea and the esophagus. The patient died of respiratory failure.
Soft chemical approaches to inorganic nanostructures
Authors: Rao C. N. R. , Agrawal Ved Varun , Biswas Kanishka , Gautam Ujjal K. , Ghosh Moumita , Govindaraj A. , Kulkarni G. U. , Kalyanikutty K. P. , Sardar Kripasindhu , Vivekchand S. R. C.
Published: September 2006

Chemical approaches have emerged as the preferred means to synthesize nanostructures of various inorganic materials due to superior control over size, shape, and surface functionality. This article provides an overview of the contributions made in the authors' laboratory toward the synthesis of nanocrystals, nanowires, nanotubes, nanowalls, and other nanostructures of several inorganic materials. Thus, thiolized monodisperse metal nanocrystals have been obtained by a ligand exchange process and the stability of their 2D assemblies studied. Nanocrystals of pure CoO and ReO3 have been synthesized, for the first time, employing a one-pot solvothermal technique. The solvothermal method has also been used to obtain organic soluble nanocrystals of semiconducting materials such as CdS, CdSe, and GaN. Inorganic nanowires and nanotubes have been prepared by several soft chemical routes, including surfactant-assisted synthesis and hydrogel templating. A simple reaction between elemental Se and Te with NaBH4 in water has been utilized to obtain nanowires of Se and Te. We also describe the nebulized spray pyrolysis (NSP) technique to synthesize carbon nanotubes and nanowires of metals and III-V nitride semiconductors with improved yields. An important new technique for preparing nanocrystalline films of materials is by the reaction of the metal precursors in the organic layer at the interface of two immiscible liquids, with appropriate reagents. Nanocrystalline films of metals, alloys, and semiconductors and ultra-thin single-crystalline films of metal chalcogenides and oxides have been obtained by this technique. Apart from these, we discuss single precursor routes to iron sulfide, GeSe2, and III-V nitride nanostructures as well as the first synthesis of GaS and GaSe nanowalls and nanotubes obtained through exfoliation by laser irradiation and thermal treatment.
Vapor-phase synthesis of metallic and intermetallic nanoparticles and nanowires: Magnetic and catalytic properties
Authors: Glaspell Garry , Abdelsayed Victor , Saoud Khaled M. , El-Shall M. Samy
Published: September 2006

In this paper, we present several examples of the vapor-phase synthesis of intermetallic and alloy nanoparticles and nanowires, and investigate their magnetic and catalytic properties. In the first example, we report the vapor-phase synthesis of intermetallic aluminide nanoparticles. Specifically, FeAl and NiAl nanoparticles were synthesized via laser vaporization controlled condensation (LVCC) from their bulk powders. The NiAl nanoparticles were found to be paramagnetic at room temperature, with a blocking temperature of approximately 15 K. The FeAl nanoparticles displayed room-temperature ferromagnetism. In the second example, we report the vapor-phase synthesis of cobalt oxide nanoparticle catalysts for low-temperature CO oxidation. The incorporation of Au and Pd nanoparticles into the cobalt oxide support leads to significantly improved catalytic activity and stability of the binary catalyst systems. Finally, we report the synthesis of nanowires of Ge, Mg, Pd, and Pt using the vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) method where the vapor-phase growth of the wire is catalyzed using a proper metal catalyst present in the liquid phase.
Spontaneous generation of negatively charged clusters and their deposition as crystalline films during hot-wire silicon chemical vapor deposition
Authors: Kim Jin-Yong , Kim Doh-Yeon , Hwang Nong-Moon
Published: September 2006

The hot-wire silicon chemical vapor deposition (CVD) was approached by the new concept of the theory of charged clusters (TCC). The role of a hot wire is to enhance the rate of negative surface ionization producing negative ions. These ions induce nucleation and produce negatively charged silicon clusters, which deposit as polycrystalline films at low temperatures. During the deposition of silicon, an appreciable amount of negative current (~nA/cm2) was measured, and clusters, a few nanometers in size, were captured and observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The effect of bias on the deposition behavior of the clusters indicated that most of the clusters were negatively charged. In order to deposit films with a large grain size with a high mobility, both the generation of neutral clusters and the cluster size should be minimized. A working pressure of 0.3 Torr and a wire temperature of 1800 °C were found to be optimal. Under these conditions, the film with grain size of almost 1 μm could be deposited with a mobility of 175 cm2/Vsec.
Experimental approaches to the preparation of supported metal nanoparticles
Authors: Barkhuizen David , Mabaso Itai , Viljoen Elvera , Welker Cathrin , Claeys Michael , van Steen Eric , Fletcher Jack C. Q.
Published: September 2006

Supported metal particles play an important role in heterogeneous catalysis. It has been shown lately that the size of the metal crystallites in the supported metal catalysts has a profound effect on the catalytic activity, thus necessitating the need for synthesis methods aimed at a strict control of the metal crystallite size in these catalysts. The classical methods used to synthesize supported metal catalysts typically yield a wide metal crystallite size distribution, and average crystallite sizes which are difficult to control. Suitable techniques have been developed to obtain supported metal catalysts with defined crystallite size distributions, inter alia impregnation of reverse micelle microemulsions, colloid impregnation following reverse micelle precipitation or crystallization, and deposition-precipitation. Using these techniques, a series of supported Ru/γ-Al2O3, Co/SiO2, Fe/γ-Al2O3, Fe/C, and Au/ZnO catalysts have been prepared and characterized.
Feline Progressive Histiocytosis
Authors: Affolter V. K. , Moore P. F.
Published: September 2006

Histiocytic proliferative diseases include reactive and neoplastic proliferations of dendritic cells (DC) or macrophages. Various forms of DC proliferations have been documented in humans and dogs; their etiology is largely unknown. With the exception of a few case reports, histiocytic proliferations have not been characterized in cats. This study summarizes clinical, morphologic, and immunophenotypic features of a feline progressive histiocytosis (FPH) in 30 cats. There was no breed or age predilection. Females were more often affected than males. Solitary or multiple nonpruritic firm papules, nodules, and plaques had a predilection for feet, legs, and face. Lesions consisted of poorly circumscribed epitheliotropic (13/30) and nonepitheliotropic (17/30) histiocytic infiltrates of the superficial and deep dermis, with variable extension into the subcutis. The histiocytic population was relatively monomorphous early in the clinical course. With disease progression, cellular pleomorphism was more frequently encountered. Histiocytes expressed CD1a, CD1c, CD18, and major histocompatibility complex class II molecules. This immunophenotype suggests a DC origin of these lesions. Coexpression of E-cadherin, a feature of cutaneous Langerhans cells, was only observed in 3 cats. FPH followed a progressive clinical course; the lesions, however, were limited to the skin for an extended period of time. Terminal involvement of internal organs was documented in 7 cases. Treatment with chemotherapeutics or immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory drugs was not successful. The etiology of FPH remains unknown. FPH is best considered an initially indolent cutaneous neoplasm, which is mostly slowly progressive and may spread beyond the skin in the terminal stage.
Eosinophilic Crystalline Pneumonia as a Major Cause of Death in 129S4/SvJae Mice
Authors: Hoenerhoff M. J. , Starost M. F. , Ward J. M.
Published: September 2006

Eosinophilic crystalline pneumonia is an idiopathic disease that occurs in many strains and stocks of mice, more commonly in strains on a C57BL/6 background. The disease occurs sporadically in most strains of mice and varies from mild and subclinical to severe and fulminating, sometimes resulting in respiratory distress and death. In this study, 94 aged male and female 129S4/SvJae mice were evaluated for eosinophilic crystalline pneumonia lesions. There was an 87% incidence, with females overrepresented. Histologically, there were multifocal to coalescing inflammatory infiltrates composed of numerous large eosinophilic macrophages and multinucleate cells admixed with eosinophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and plasma cells within alveolar and bronchiolar spaces, associated with refractile, brightly eosinophilic, angular crystals. Alveolar macrophages and multinucleate cells contained fine needlelike to rectangular intracytoplasmic crystalline material. Similar crystals were often free within alveoli and conducting airways, often associated with mucous metaplasia of bronchiolar epithelium. This disease may occur spontaneously or in concert with other pulmonary lesions, such as pulmonary adenomas, lymphoproliferative disease, allergic pulmonary disease, and parasitic or fungal infections. The characteristic crystals morphologically resemble Charcot-Leyden crystals, which represent eosinophil breakdown products in humans with eosinophil-related disease. However, crystals in eosinophilic crystalline pneumonia are composed predominantly of Ym1 protein, a chitinase-like protein associated with neutrophil granule products and secreted by activated macrophages. The function of Ym1 protein is not fully understood but is believed to be involved in host immune defense, eosinophil recruitment, and cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions consistent with tissue repair. The mechanism of induction of eosinophilic crystalline pneumonia with Ym1 crystal formation is unknown.
Coexpression of NRAMP1, iNOS, and Nitrotyrosine in Bovine Tuberculosis
Authors: Pereira-Suárez A. L. , Estrada-Chávez C. , Arriaga-Díaz C. , Espinosa-Cueto P. , Mancilla R.
Published: September 2006

In murine models the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and the natural resistance associated macrophage protein (NRAMP1) play major roles in host defense against mycobacteria. iNOS regulates nitric oxide (NO) production, which is noxious for ingested mycobacteria, and NRAMP1 displays pleiotropic antimicrobial effects, including upregulation of iNOS expression. Little is known about the role of these molecules in bovine tuberculosis (TB). In this work we demonstrate by Western blot a high expression of NRAMP1 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), alveolar macrophages (obtained by bronchioalveolar lavage), and lymph node granulomas from 8 Holstein-Freisian cattle with autopsy-proven bovine TB. Immunohistochemistry revealed the abundant expression of NRAMP1 and iNOS in lymph node and lung granulomas. Immunoreactivity was abundant in the cytoplasm of many epithelioid macrophages and multinucleated giant cells of the Langhans type. A striking accumulation of nitrotyrosine (NT), an indicator of iNOS activity and local NO production, was observed in granuloma cells, particularly in multinucleated Langhans cells. This study shows that the expression of NRAMP1 and iNOS is costimulated in granulomas, which are protective T-cell reactions against mycobacteria.
Potentiation of Porcine Circovirus 2-induced Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome by Porcine Parvovirus Is Associated with Excessive Production of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α
Authors: Kim J. , Ha Y. , Chae C.
Published: September 2006

This study investigated the potentiation of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2)-induced postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome by porcine parvovirus (PPV) and found it was associated with excessive production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Colostrum-deprived conventional pigs were inoculated intranasally with PCV2 or PPV alone or in combination (PCV2 and PPV). In vitro assay of TNF-α, obtained from alveolar macrophages coinfected with PCV2 and PPV, showed a significant increase in TNF-α compared to single infection of macrophages with either PCV2 or PPV alone ( P < 0.05). All pigs inoculated with PCV2 and PPV developed severe postweaning wasting syndrome, whereas clinical signs (e.g., weight loss) were present but perhaps less severe in either PCV2- or PPV-inoculated pigs. Compared to the pigs inoculated with PCV2 or PPV alone, pigs inoculated dually with PCV2 and PPV showed significantly ( P < 0.05) increased levels of TNF-α. Levels of TNF-α in the sera were reversely correlated with the body weight in pigs experimentally infected with dual inoculation of PCV2 and PPV ( rs = -0.92, P < 0.001). These data suggest that a potentiation of PPV in PCV2-induced PMWS is associated with the excessive production of TNF-α.
Defective γ-Glutamyl Carboxylase Activity and Bleeding in Rambouillet Sheep
Authors: Johnson J. S. , Soute B. A. , Olver C. S. , Baker D. C.
Published: September 2006

A flock of Rambouillet sheep was examined because of increased lamb mortality caused by ineffective hemostasis at parturition. Neonatal-affected lambs presented with inadequate hemostasis at the umbilicus, pale mucus membranes, and markedly prolonged activated clotting time. Affected lambs had consistently prolonged 1-stage prothrombin times and activated partial thromboplastin times that supported a defect in the common pathway or defects in both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade. Decreased activity of vitamin K-dependent procoagulant factors II, VII, IX, and X in male and female lambs suggested either a defect of the hepatic enzyme γ-glutamyl carboxylase, or vitamin K1 2,3 epoxide reductase. Affected lamb hepatic γ-glutamyl carboxylase activity was markedly decreased compared with that of age- and sex-matched control lambs, while vitamin K1 2,3 epoxide reductase and glucose-6-phosphatase activities were similar between an affected and normal lamb. Subcutaneous vitamin K1 supplementation did not increase vitamin K-dependent procoagulant factor activities in 3 lambs administered vitamin K1 daily. These data confirm defective γ-glutamyl carboxylase activity as the cause of impaired coagulation of sheep in this flock. This flock represents the only viable animal model of hereditarily defective γ-glutamyl carboxylase activity.
A Case of Interface Perianal Dermatitis in a Dog: Is This an Unusual Manifestation of Lupus Erythematosus?
Authors: Gerhauser I. , Strothmann-Lüerssen A. , Baumgärtner W.
Published: September 2006

Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) is a well-known autoimmune disorder described in dogs and humans. In dogs, DLE is considered the second most common immune-mediated dermatitis and is usually localized to the nasal planum. DLE does not evolve to generalized disease, however lesions may spread to the bridge of the nose and less commonly may extend to periocular region, pinnae, distal limbs, and mucocutaneous junctions (lips, oral cavity, and genital region). A 4-year-old male Bavarian Mountain Scenthound developed a chronic, erosive, cutaneous lesion located exclusively in the perianal region without facial skin involvement. Clinical signs included erythema, depigmentation, severe alopecia, crusting, and ulceration. Histologically, the hallmarks of the changes were an interface dermatitis consisting of plasma cells, lymphocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages, hydropic degeneration of basal cells, few apoptotic cells in the basal layer, pigmentary incontinence, and a focal thickening of the basement membrane, which was characterized by linear deposition of IgG. Despite the unusual localization the lesion was diagnosed as DLE based on the characteristic histologic and immunohistologic features. Following diagnosis, corticosteroid therapy resulted in a complete resolution of perianal lesions.
Natural Occurrence of Amyloid-Aβ Deposits in the Brain of Young Common Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus): A Morphological and Immunohistochemical Evaluation
Authors: Palazzi X. , Switzer R. , George C.
Published: September 2006

The spontaneous incidence and distribution of β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide and argyrophilic deposits were extensively investigated in the common marmoset ( Callithrix jacchus). In 12 young marmosets, up to 67 coronal step sections were evaluated in the brain. One brain hemisphere was stained by a silver method and also immunohistochemically with a primary antibody directed against Aβ. Argyrophilic deposits were observed in 4 (33%) of 12 animals with silver stain, and Aβ was seen in 4 (33%) of 12 animals with anti-4G8 antibody. The overall incidence was 6 (50%) of 12 affected animals. These results show that the young marmoset brain displays Aβ deposits at a low incidence and that immunohistochemistry is more suitable than silver staining to reveal rare amyloid plaques. These findings also provide evidence for the early onset of amyloid deposits in marmoset brain.
Avian Riboflavin Deficiency: An Acquired Tomaculous Neuropathy
Authors: Cai Z. , Finnie J. W. , Blumbergs P. C.
Published: September 2006

The finding of tomacula, focal areas of sausage-shaped hypermyelination in peripheral nerves, is reported for the first time in avian riboflavin deficiency. Day-old, meat-type chickens were fed a riboflavin-deficient diet (1.8 mg/kg) and were killed on postnatal days 6, 11, 16, and 21, while control chickens were fed a conventional diet containing 5.0 mg/kg riboflavin. Tomacula were found in sciatic and brachial nerves from day 11 onward, became more frequent and prominent with increasing time, and preceded the onset of segmental demyelination.
Placental Tumor from an East African Bongo (Eurycerus isaaci) Fetus
Authors: Zabka T. S. , Papendick R. E. , Benirschke K.
Published: September 2006

This case report describes a placental tumor from a stillborn East African bongo fetus. On gross examination, the tumor was reminiscent of a chorangioma; however, based on histomorphology, histochemical and immunophenotypic characterization, comparison to 21 human cases of chorangioma, and embryogenesis, this tumor is hypothesized to be a placental stem cell tumor. Histologically, the tumor had 2, often comingled morphologies with one area having dense cellularity and scant vascularity and a second area having scant cellularity and prominent vascularity. Pleomorphic mesenchymal cells were arranged in intersecting fascicles, often whorled around, or were contiguous with vascular channels and had features of skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, pericyte, endothelial, fibrous, and undifferentiated mesenchymal cells. Phosphotungstic acid-hematoxylin outlined cross-striations in some cells. cells variably were immunoreactive for vimentin, CD31, von Willebrand factor VIII, desmin, muscle specific actin, alpha-smooth muscle actin, and skeletal myosin and negative for cytokeratin antigens. The relationship of this tumor to the presence of fetal musculoskeletal and omental anomalies is discussed.
Chromosome Instability in a Calf with Amelia of Thoracic Limbs
Authors: Szczerbal I. , Stefaniak T. , Dubiel A. , Siembieda J. , Nizanski W. , Switonski M.
Published: September 2006

We report here on a case of a Holstein-Friesian male calf with the congenital total absence of thoracic limbs (amelia). cytogenetic study showed a high rate of chromosome instability, represented by chromosome or chromatid breaks and gaps in 46% of the analyzed metaphase spreads. Moreover, 12% of the spreads appeared to be polypolid. The number of micronuclei also was significantly higher when compared to control animals. This paper discusses the association between chromosome instability and limb malformation.
Liposarcoma in the Nasal Cavity of a Cow
Authors: Shive H. , Mohammed F. , Osterstock J. , Porter B. , Mansell J.
Published: September 2006

Liposarcomas are rare neoplasms in domestic animals, but have been reported to occur in many species. in humans, liposarcoma is one of the most common malignant mesenchymal tumors. classification of liposarcomas in humans has been well established and categorization by type can be of prognostic value; no such unique classification scheme has been established for liposarcomas in animals. Liposarcoma of the head and neck in humans are uncommon, and are rarely reported in the nasal cavity, sinuses, and nasopharynx. To our knowledge, a liposarcoma has never been reported in the nasal cavity of a domestic animal. In this report we describe a liposarcoma that developed in the nasal cavity of a cow, with local invasion into the oral cavity.
Unprotected Sex Among Youth Living with HIV Before and After the Advent Of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy
Authors: Rice Eric , Batterham Philip , Rotheram‐Borus Mary Jane
Published: September 2006

CONTEXT: Since the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in 1996, the incidence of HIV—especially among young men who have sex with men—and the prevalence of unprotected sex among HIV‐positive persons have increased. The characteristics associated with unprotected sex among youth living with HIV since the advent of HAART have not been explored.

METHODS: Samples of HIV‐positive youth aged 13‐24 were taken from two intervention studies that targeted the sexual behaviors of HIV‐positive youth—one from 1994 to 1996 (pre‐HAART) and the other from 1999 to 2000 (post‐HAART). Generalized estimating equations were used to identify characteristics associated with unprotected sex in each sample.

RESULTS: The prevalence of unprotected sex in the post‐HAART sample was more than twice that in the pre‐HAART sample (62% vs. 25%). Among the pre‐HAART sample, being a man who has sex with men and having sex with a casual partner were negatively associated with the odds of unprotected intercourse (odds ratios, 0.5 and 0.2, respectively). Among the post‐HAART sample, unprotected sex was negatively associated with knowing that a partner was HIV‐negative (0.2) and positively associated with poorer mental health (1.02). In analyses among the post‐HAART sample, poorer mental health was associated with increased odds of unprotected sex among youth living with HIV who were not receiving the treatment (1.02).

CONCLUSIONS: Interventions for HIV‐positive youth must be designed to address the complex needs of those youth who simultaneously suffer from HIV and poor mental health.
Spatial Characteristics of Serial Sexual Assault in New Zealand
Authors: Lundrigan Samantha , Czarnomski Sarah
Published: September 2006

This study examines the crime patterns of New Zealand serial sexual assaulters in order to determine the extent to which such offenders display spatial behaviour in line with their overseas counterparts. Hypotheses concerning journey to crime, criminal range and spatial pattern were tested. Geographical information on 76 serial offenders was extracted from police files and mapped. A series of spatial analyses were conducted in order to examine the spatial mobility of the offenders. It was found that, in line with much overseas research, offenders typically did not travel very far to offend (a median of 3 km) and operated over identifiable criminal ranges. However, in contrast to much overseas research into serial spatial patterns, New Zealand offenders were characterised by transience and commuting patterns of behaviour rather than a predominant marauder style. The implications of these findings for geographic profiling are discussed.
Punishing Monsters, Judging Aliens: Justice at the Borders of Community
Authors: Hudson Barbara
Published: September 2006

The article asks the questions of how we could, and why we should, do justice to people who are outside the limits of our geographical, political, moral or cognitive communities. After looking at political, moral and criminological aspects of the relationship between community and justice, the article argues that the tendency in late-modern societies is to treat those we cannot understand or whose presence among us is unsought-for — aliens — as if they were dangerous and other than human — monsters. The article then draws on recent work by Bauman, Derrida, Habermas, and Rorty to look for new ideas which could form a basis for theories of justice which could move beyond the borders of community. It is suggested that the ethics of hospitality espoused by these writers is the best basis currently available for a form of justice which could react to the stranger without hostility.