bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effects of low dietary calcium during egg‐laying on eggshell formation and skeletal calcium reserves in the Zebra Finch Taeniopygia guttata
Authors: REYNOLDS S. JAMES
Published: April 2008

Many small passerines forage intensively for calcium‐rich foods during laying. Increased incidences of shell defects in eggs of small passerines have been reported, particularly in western Europe, and these have been explained in terms of declining calcium availability in soils, resulting from prolonged anthropogenic acid deposition. Studies in the field have provided laying birds, nesting in areas of low calcium availability, with calcium supplements. An alternative approach was adopted in this study by allowing captive Zebra Finches Taeniopygia guttata to lay first clutches on ad libitum calcium, switching them to a low calcium diet for 72 hours for the formation of all but the first egg of the second clutch and reinstating ad libitum calcium for the final clutch. Control females had access to ad libitumcalcium for all three clutches. Clutch sizes did not vary significantly between birds on low calcium and controls. The former took over three days longer to lay clutch 3 than did controls but the difference was not statistically significant. Birds on low calcium laid eggs that declined in shell ash mass with laying sequence, indicating that birds may have been calcium‐limited. Although not statistically significant, eggshell thickness also declined with laying sequence in clutches laid by females on low calcium. The remaining egg measurements (shell mass, shell surface area and volume] of clutches laid by birds on low calcium did not differ significantly from those of controls. Furthermore, females on low calcium did not resort to skeletal reserves to provide sufficient calcium for egg formation. Dietary calcium appears to be of paramount importance in providing sufficient calcium for clutch formation.
Seasonal change in Red‐backed Shrike Lanius collurio territory quality ‐ the role of nest predation
Authors: SÖDERSTRÖM BO
Published: April 2008

This paper examines the relationships between territory preference, reproductive performance and nest predation in a Red‐backed Shrike Lanius collurio population breeding in rapidly changing farmland. Territory preference was measured by (a) the order of laying dates in territories within years and (b) territory occupation frequency over a five‐year period. Seven environmental variables were tested but only the density of Sloe (Blackthorn) Prunus spinosa in territories was correlated positively with territory occupation frequency. Within years, Red‐backed Shrikes started to breed earlier in territories with more Sloe, but reproductive performance was not related consistently to territory differences. A high proportion of Sloe‐rich territories was vacant each year. Thus, the observed negative association between settlement order and amount of Sloe may reflect a seasonal change in habitat preference. Early breeders prefer Sloe‐rich territories whereas late birds prefer Sloe‐poor territories. Supporting evidence is that the proportion of occupied territories that was Sloe‐rich was higher for early than for average or late first breeding attempts. Moreover, in contrast to early in the season, the probability of a replacement clutch following nest failure was not associated with the amount of Sloe, but increased with increasing densities of Juniper Juniperus communis. Late in the nesting season, pairs breeding in Sloe‐rich territories suffered higher nest predation than those breeding in Sloe‐poor territories. In early nesting attempts, however, the relationship was reversed. Nest predation is probably an important selective agent on habitat selection since it was the principal factor explaining variation in the numbers of fledglings produced among territories. Thus, the Red‐backed Shrike may shift territorial preferences adaptively as the season progresses to match within‐season changes in predation pressure in different types of territories.
Mixed‐species bird flocks in dipterocarp forest of north‐central Burma (Myanmar)
Authors: KING DAVID I. , RAPPOLE JOHN H.
Published: April 2008

We studied the bird community in deciduous, dipterocarp forest of north‐central Burma (Myanmar) during December 1994, March 1996, and January 1997 and 1999. Most members of this community participated in mixed‐species flocks. Seventy‐three flocks were encountered during our study, containing 52 species. Of these, 25 species occurred in more than 10% of flocks, and were included in our analyses. There were 26 significant correlations among species pairs, 25 of which were positive. Cluster analysis indicated that there were three principal types of flocks: one consisting mostly of small passerines and picids, commonly including Common Wood‐Shrike, Small Minivet and White‐browed Fantail, among others; a second type consisting mainly of sylviids, e.g. Arctic, Dusky and Radde's Warblers; and a third type which generally centred around Greater and Lesser Necklaced Laughingthrushes. Bird‐eating hawks were numerous at these sites, and we witnessed several attacks on flocks during the study. Thus we infer that enhanced protection from predation is an important benefit conferred by flock membership. In contrast, there was little overlap in foraging behaviour among species, suggesting that foraging facilitation is a relatively minor benefit enjoyed by flock members, although we did observe White‐browed Fantails and Greater Racket‐tailed Drongos kleptoparasitizing other species on occasion.
Species richness estimation of bird communities: how to control for sampling effort?
Authors: WALTHER BRUNO A. , MARTIN JEAN‐LOUIS
Published: April 2008

Since estimates of total species richness increase with sampling effort, methods to control for this sampling effect need to be tested and used. We present seven non‐parametric and 12 accumulation curve methods that have been used recently in the ecological literature. To test their performance, we used data from bird communities in the Queen Charlotte Islands, Canada. The performance of each method was evaluated by calculating the bias and precision of its estimates against the known total species richness. For our data set, the two Chao estimators were the overall least biased and most precise estimation methods, followed by the two jackknife estimators, thus supporting results of previous studies. Nonparametric estimators tended to perform better than accumulation curve models. Most estimation methods had the problem that they tended to underestimate species richness for early samples, but slightly overestimated it for late samples. We briefly discuss the practical use of these methods which may greatly increase our ability to answer ecological questions and to guide conservation decisions, especially for species‐rich tropical bird communities.
Are baroreflex events detected by invasive and non‐invasive techniques coincident?
Authors: Smith Stephen M. , Potter John F. , Samani Nilesh J. , Sammons Emily L. , Rathbone Wendy E. , Bentley Stephen , Panerai Ronney B.
Published: April 2008

Cardiac baroreceptor sensitivity, a prognostic indicator for a range of diseases, such as myocardial infarction and stroke, may be estimated from spontaneous fluctuations of arterial blood pressure (BP) and heart rate using sequence analysis. We tested the hypothesis that BP values recorded with the non‐invasive Finapres device do not always produce sequences coincident with sequences detected from central BP measurements. Finapres recordings of resting BP in the finger, ascending aorta (Millar catheter‐tip transducer) and ECG were obtained from 34 patients undergoing coronary angioplasty, including 24 patients treated with betablockers. Coincidence of baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) sequences was expressed by the sensitivity of the Finapres to detect a simultaneously occurring sequence in aortic pressure. The influence of different criteria to detect and accept sequences from beat‐to‐beat values of systolic BP (SBP) and cardiac interval (RRi) on the Finapres sensitivity was also assessed. The Finapres was able to detect 70·7% of all three beat intra‐arterial sequences when the selection criteria was based on the correlation coefficient between SBP and RRi (>0·85), but decreased to 27·5% when the P‐value of the linear regression was limited to 0·05. Changing the thresholds for minimum changes in SBP and RRi also had significant effects on sensitivity, as well as in the corresponding values of BRS. Significant differences in BRS were obtained between invasive and non‐invasive estimates, but there was no difference between non‐invasive estimates calculated from coincident and non‐coincident sequences. Non‐invasive, compared with intra‐arterial estimates of BRS by sequence analysis are not influenced by coincidence of sequences if acceptance of sequences is based on the correlation coefficient criteria (>0·85).
Endoscopic Removal of a Bronchial Carcinoma in a Dog Using One‐Lung Ventilation
Authors: MOSING MARTINA , IFF ISABELLE , MOENS YVES
Published: April 2008

Objective— To describe anesthetic management of endoscopic electrosurgical removal of a bronchial carcinoma, partially blocking the right main stem bronchus in a Cocker Spaniel.

Study Design— Clinical case report.

Animals— Dog with a bronchial carcinoma.

Methods— To allow sufficient space for the endoscope and to avoid an oxygen‐rich gas mixture in the trachea, which carries the risk of an airway fire when electrocautery is used, a 1 lumen endobronchial tube (EBT) was inserted into the left main stem bronchus. One‐lung ventilation (OLV) started with a volume‐controlled ventilator was switched to pressure‐controlled ventilation in combination with positive end‐expiratory pressure (PEEP).

Results— Resection of the bronchial carcinoma was successful. The dog was hypercapnic throughout the procedure and a high alveolar‐arterial oxygen gradient was measured.

Conclusion— An EBT may be a feasible and safe option to provide OLV for bronchoscopic electrocautery with a closed thoracic cavity in dogs.

Clinical Relevance— EBT intubation for OLV should be considered as part of the anesthetic management of airway diseases treated with bronchoscopic electrocautery.
Canine Stifle Positive Contrast Computed Tomography Arthrography for Assessment of Caudal Horn Meniscal Injury: A Cadaver Study
Authors: TIVERS MICHAEL S. , MAHONEY PAUL , CORR SANDRA A.
Published: April 2008

Objective— To investigate the use of computed tomography (CT) arthrography in cadaveric canine stifles with particular emphasis on the diagnosis of meniscal injury.

Study Design— Prospective cadaver study.

Sample Population— Pelvic limbs from adult Beagles (n=10).

Methods— After survey CT scan of each stifle oriented in the dorsal plane, positive contrast stifle CT arthrogram (CTA) was performed using the same slice orientation. Each stifle was then randomly allocated into 1 of 2 treatment groups: group A—arthrotomy, cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) transection and simulated injury to the caudal horn of the medial meniscus; group B—arthrotomy and CCL transection only. CT scan was repeated as before and post‐arthrotomy images were interpreted by a radiologist unaware of treatment grouping.

Results— The cranial and caudal cruciate ligaments, medial and lateral menisci, menisco‐femoral ligament, and long digital extensor tendon were all identifiable on CTA images. CTA was 90% sensitive and 100% specific for diagnosing simulated caudal horn meniscal injury.

Conclusions— Stifle CTA enables identification of intra‐articular structures within the stifle and is a reliable method for identifying simulated meniscal injuries in a cadaver model.

Clinical Relevance— CTA imaging of the canine stifle has potential clinical value for detection of meniscal injury.
History of hemodialyzers' designs
Authors: TWARDOWSKI Zbylut J.
Published: April 2008

Accumulation of knowledge requisite for development of hemodialysis started in antiquity and continued through Middle Ages until the 20th century. Firstly, it was determined that the kidneys produce urine containing toxic substances that accumulate in the body if the kidneys fail to function properly; secondly, it was necessary to discover the process of diffusion and dialysis; thirdly, it was necessary to develop a safe method to prevent clotting in the extracorporeal circulation; and fourthly, it was necessary to develop biocompatible dialyzing membranes. Most of the essential knowledge was acquired by the end of the 19th century. Hemodialysis as a practical means of replacing kidney function started and developed in the 20th century. The original hemodialyzers, using celloidin as a dialyzing membrane and hirudin as an anticoagulant, were used in animal experiments at the beginning of the 20th century, and then there were a few attempts in humans in the 1920s. Rapid progress started with the application of cellophane membranes and heparin as an anticoagulant in the late 1930s and 1940s. The explosion of new dialyzer designs continued in the 1950s and 1960s and ended with the development of capillary dialyzers. Cellophane was replaced by other dialyzing membranes in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. Dialysis solution was originally prepared in the tank from water, electrolytes, and glucose. This solution was recirculated through the dialyzer and back to the tank. In the 1960s, a method of single‐pass dialysis solution preparation and delivery system was designed. A large quantity of dialysis solution was used for a single dialysis. Sorbent systems, using a small volume of regenerated dialysis solution, were developed in the mid 1960s, and continue to be used for home hemodialysis and acute renal failure. At the end of the 20th century, a new closed system, which prepared and delivered ultrapure dialysis solution preparation, was developed. This system also had automatic reuse of lines and dialyzers and prepared the machine for the next dialysis. This was specifically designed for quotidian home hemodialysis. Another system for frequent home hemodialysis or acute renal failure was developed at the turn of the 21st century. This system used premanufactured dialysis solution, delivered to the home or dialysis unit, as is done for peritoneal dialysis.
Putting “Culture” into Cultural Psychology: Anthropology's Role in the Development of Bruner's Cultural Psychology
Authors: Lutkehaus Nancy C.
Published: April 2008

AbstractI present an intellectual history of the impact of cultural anthropology on Jerome Bruner's cultural psychology and discuss the influence of Bruner's role during the 1960s in the creation of an elementary school science curriculum based on the study of anthropology, Man, A Course of Study (MACOS). Funded by the National Science Foundation, the MACOS curriculum became highly politicized in a national science textbook controversy in the 1970s. I argue that during the 1960s, Bruner had three key experiences that influenced his understanding of the role that culture plays in learning and cognition and that thus grounded his vision of cultural psychology. These include his role in the development of the MACOS curriculum, his involvement with the federally funded Head Start preschool program, and the research conducted by several of his graduate students in Africa and the Arctic. [psychological anthropology, history of anthropology, science curricula, cultural psychology, MACOS]
Preparation and Process Chemistry of SnO2 Films Derived from SnC2O4 by the Aqueous Sol–Gel Method
Authors: Liu Tongjun , Jin Zhengguo , Yang Jingxia , Feng Lirui
Published: April 2008

Nanocrystalline SnO2 films were prepared from SnC2O4 by a sol–gel route. A clarified and stable Sn‐containing sol was obtained by dissolving and chelating SnC2O4 with C6H8O7 and H2C2O4 in a C6H8O7/triethanolamine (TEA) mixing aqueous solution with a pH of 6.5–7.0. The chelation and condensation reactions were deducted based upon infrared, Raman, and X‐ray photoelectron spectra analysis. Results illuminated that a number of ionized‐state carboxyl groups and active tin hydrate were produced in the mixing solution by amido association of TEA with H on –COOH of H3L and H2C2O4, supplying a precondition for tin sol formation. X‐ray diffraction and field emission scanning electron microscope analysis indicated that SnO2 film had a rutile structure and consisted of nanocrystals with a mean size of about 7 nm. Film thickness could be controlled by the number of dip coating—annealing cycles according to 30–45 nm/cycle for a Sn concentration of 0.25 mol/L.
How well do care providers know the children with developmental disabilities they care for?
Authors: Meester‐Delver Anke , Beelen Anita , Folmer Katinka , Medema Dorien , Hadders‐Algra Mijna , Nollet Frans
Published: April 2008

Aim: To assess the knowledge from memory of caregivers about the most significant impairments contributing to additional care needs in children with developmental disabilities in therapeutic toddler groups.

Methods: Children's needs for additional care due to impairments of physical health, motor, sensory, mental and voice and speech functions were separately classified using the capacity profile (CAP). Twenty‐three therapists and teachers of toddler groups in two regional centres for paediatric rehabilitation assessed the CAP individually, unprepared and without consulting their notes or the clinical record. These CAP scores (150 CAPs of 44 children) were compared with those based on the clinical record using weighted kappa statistics.

Results: Weighted kappa values for the two sets of CAP scores ranged from 0.22–0.74 (median 0.53), with the lowest scores for the sensory domain (median 0.32, range 0.22–0.52) and the highest scores for the motor domain (median 0.62, range 0.56–0.74).

Conclusion: Team members in general had only moderate remembered knowledge of the current impairments determining need of additional care. Remembered knowledge was the poorest for domains not easily observable, such as sensory functions. As this knowledge is essential for optimizing the child's daily environment, improvement of this type of knowledge should be facilitated.
Maternal use of loperamide in early pregnancy and delivery outcome
Authors: Källén Bengt , Nilsson Emma , Olausson Petra Otterblad
Published: April 2008

Aim: To study delivery outcome including presence of infant congenital malformations after maternal use of loperamide in early pregnancy.

Methods: Using the Swedish Medical Birth Register, women reporting the use of loperamide in early pregnancy were compared with other women for the period July 1, 1995–2004. Odds ratios (OR) or risk ratios (RR) were estimated after adjustment for some variables, which were associated with the use of loperamide (year of delivery, maternal age, parity, smoking, number of previous miscarriages).

Results: Characteristics of women using loperamide in early pregnancy were identified. An analysis of concomitant drug use indicated that only few of the women had inflammatory bowel disease. The risk of any congenital malformation was increased (OR = 1.43, 95% CI 1.04–1.96), based on 43 cases, but no major contributing type could be identified. The risk of hypospadias was significantly increased (RR = 3.2, 95% CI 1.3–6.6), based on seven cases. A statistically significant increase was seen also for placenta previa, large for gestational age and caesarean section.

Conclusion: Maternal use of loperamide in early pregnancy may be associated with a moderate risk increase for a malformation in the infant. The finding should be evaluated from other large studies.
Neurodevelopmental outcomes of very low‐birth‐weight infants after enteral glutamine supplementation in the neonatal period
Authors: Van Zwol Annelies , Van Den Berg Anemone , Huisman Jaap , Vermeulen R. Jeroen , Fetter Willem P. , Twisk Jos W.R. , Van Elburg Ruurd M.
Published: April 2008

Aim: To determine the effect of neonatal glutamine‐enriched enteral nutrition in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants on neurodevelopmental outcome at 2 years of age.

Methods: Eighty‐eight out of one hundred two infants participating in the initial study were eligible for the follow‐up study (13 died, one exclusion due to a chromosomal abnormality). Neurodevelopmental outcome (neurologic status, vision, hearing and Mental Developmental Index (MDI) and Psychomotor Developmental Index (PDI) of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development II) was evaluated at the corrected age of 2 years. To adjust for potential confounders, data were analyzed by multiple linear or logistic regression (for continuous and dichotomous variables, respectively)

Results: Seventy‐two out of eighty‐eight (82%) infants participated in the follow‐up study: 40 and 32 infants in glutamine‐supplemented and control groups, respectively. The incidence of neither an MDI nor a PDI ≤ 85 was different in glutamine‐supplemented and control groups (MDI ≤ 85: 27 and 19%, p = 0.17; PDI ≤ 85: 28 and 16% p = 0.16, respectively). The incidence of neurodevelopmental impairment was not different between both groups (OR: 2.16, 95% CI: 0.64–7.28).

Conclusions: A positive effect of neonatal glutamine‐enriched enteral nutrition in VLBW infants on neurodevelopmental outcome at 2 years of age was not found in this study.
Co‐occurrence of vitamin D‐dependent rickets type 1 and phenylketonuria
Authors: Søvik Oddmund , Boman Helge
Published: April 2008

Vitamin D‐dependent rickets type 1 (VDDR1) was diagnosed in a 15‐month‐old girl with well‐controlled phenylketonuria (PKU). The patient was homozygous for the PAH mutation L249F. The PAH and CYP27B1 genes are both located on the long arm of chromosome 12 and could possibly have been inherited from a common ancestor. The parents were not aware of any ancestral relationship and the patient was compound heterozygous for two different CYP27B1 mutations (R389H and S416X). Her mutations were shown to originate from each of her four grandparents. In Norway, the co‐occurrence of PKU and VDDR1 is expected to occur by chance one to two times per billion births.

Conclusion: The extremely rare co‐occurrence of VDDR1 and PKU requires careful genetic work‐up and close attention to family information, but the combined treatment of the two metabolic disorders may not create special problems.
Neonatal infective endarteritis complicating patent ductus arteriosus
Authors: Grover Anuj , Barnes Nick , Chadwick Cathryn , Thompson Fiona , Adams Eleri , Wilson Neil
Published: April 2008

Infective endarteritis complicating patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a rare occurrence. Most cases are reported in older children and adults, and there are little published data describing this condition in the preterm neonate. We outline the presentation, clinical course, management and outcome of two affected infants born at less than 27 weeks of gestation.

Conclusion: This report highlights the importance of a detailed cardiac evaluation in a neonate with persisting bacteraemia. An increasing awareness of neonatal ductal endarteritis combined with the wider availability of more sensitive echocardiography has implications for local neonatal service delivery.
Nasal respiratory support in premature infants: short‐term physiological effects and comfort assessment
Authors: Kugelman A , Bar A , Riskin A , Chistyakov I , Mor F , Bader D
Published: April 2008

Aim: To evaluate the effects of nasal respiratory support on physiologic parameters and comfort of premature infants, when compared to spontaneous breathing without nasal respiratory support.

Methods: This was a prospective, randomized, controlled, cross‐over clinical study. Infants were enrolled into the study when in ‘stable’ condition (when discontinuation of nasal respiratory support was considered appropriate). Infants were randomized to receive first 3 h of nasal respiratory support (nasal continuous positive airway pressure or nasal intermittent mandatory ventilation) or to spontaneous breathing, and then were crossed‐over to the other assignment. Each infant served as his own control.

Results: Fifty‐four infants were included in the study (birth‐weight: 1528 ± 545 g; gestational age: 30.5 ± 2.7 weeks). Average values of systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressure and discomfort score were significantly higher while respiratory rate was significantly slower on nasal respiratory support compared to spontaneous breathing. Heart rate was comparable on both modes.

Conclusions: Nasal respiratory support in ‘stable’ premature infants is associated with increased blood pressure and increased discomfort, despite a decreased respiratory rate. The clinical importance of these effects is modest. Medical teams should consider these effects and balance its need with its adverse effects according to the clinical condition.
On intimacy, sexual activities and exposure to sexual abuse among children and adolescents with mobility impairment
Authors: Jemtå L , Fugl‐Meyer KS , Öberg K
Published: April 2008

Aim: The aim was to describe experiences of intimacy and sexual activity and exposure to sexual abuse among children and adolescents with mobility impairment, and to relate these experiences to socio‐demographic data, disability characteristics and well‐being.

Methods: This study included semi‐structured interviews with 141 children and adolescents aged 7–18 years with mobility impairment. Interpersonal experiences of intimacy and sexuality, socio‐demographic data, disability characteristics and well‐being were registered.

Results: About half of the children and adolescents in the study had been in a boy‐ or a girlfriend relationship, and about a fifth had an ongoing relationship. Of the adolescents, 15% had at least one experience of a sexual relationship. Whereas no particular sexual dysfunction was reported, 15% had concerns about their future sexual activities, presumably related to mobility impairment. A history of sexual abuse was reported by 7% in the age cohort of 13–18 years. The socio‐demographic and disability‐related features had a marginal influence on the experiences of intimacy and sexual activities.

Conclusion: Several aspects of sexual health are not fully realized for children and adolescents with impaired mobility, and there is a need for specialized sexual health care services to protect the sexual rights of this group.
Cartilaginous choristoma of the tongue
Authors: Rossi‐Schneider T. R. , Salum F. G , Cherubini K , Yurgel L. S. , Figueredo M. A. Z.
Published: April 2008

Choristomas are lesions composed of normal cells or tissues occurring in an abnormal location. Cartilaginous choristomas of the oral mucosa are rare and occur preferentially on the tongue and less often in sites such as the soft palate and gingiva. Oral lesions are generally covered by integral mucosa and can occur at any age. The present study describes a case of a 73‐year‐old female presenting with an asymptomatic cartilaginous choristoma on the ventral surface of the tongue which had developed over a period of 3 years. The clinical presentation and management of the case are discussed and the literature is reviewed. This is the 28th reported case of a cartilaginous choristoma of the tongue and the third with a ventral localisation.
Inducible direct plant defense against insect herbivores: A review
Authors: Chen Ming‐Shun
Published: April 2008

Plants respond to insect herbivory with responses broadly known as direct defenses, indirect defenses, and tolerance. Direct defenses include all plant traits that affect susceptibility of host plants by themselves. Overall categories of direct plant defenses against insect herbivores include limiting food supply, reducing nutrient value, reducing preference, disrupting physical structures, and inhibiting chemical pathways of the attacking insect. Major known defense chemicals include plant secondary metabolites, protein inhibitors of insect digestive enzymes, proteases, lectins, amino acid deaminases and oxidases. Multiple factors with additive or even synergistic impact are usually involved in defense against a specific insect species, and factors of major importance to one insect species may only be of secondary importance or not effective at all against another insect species. Extensive qualitative and quantitative high throughput analyses of temporal and spatial variations in gene expression, protein level and activity, and metabolite concentration will accelerate not only the understanding of the overall mechanisms of direct defense, but also accelerate the identification of specific targets for enhancement of plant resistance for agriculture.
Mechanisms of resistance to spinosad in the western flower thrip, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
Authors: Zhang Shu‐Yun , Kono Satoshi , Murai Tamotsu , Miyata Tadashi
Published: April 2008

Cross‐resistance, resistance mechanisms, and mode of inheritance of spinosad resistance were studied in the western flower thrip, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande). Spinosad (naturalyte insecticide) showed low cross‐resistance to prothiophos (organophosphorus insecticide) and chlorphenapyr (respiratory inhibitor) showed some cross‐resistance to thiocyclam (nereistoxin). The synergists PBO (piperonyl butoxide), DEM (diethyl maleate), and DEF (s, s, s‐tributyl phosphorotrithioate) did not show any synergism on the toxicity of spinosad in the resistant strain (ICS), indicating that metabolic‐mediated detoxification was not responsible for the spinosad resistance, suggesting that spinosad may reduce sensitivity of the target site: the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and GABA receptor. Following reciprocal crosses, dose‐response lines and dominance ratios indicated that spinosad resistance was incompletely dominant and there were no maternal effects. The results of backcross showed that spinosad resistance did not fit a single‐gene hypothesis, suggesting that resistance was influenced by several genes.
Reducing Capture Zone Uncertainty with a Systematic Sensitivity Analysis
Authors: Esling Steven P , Keller John E , Miller Kenneth J
Published: April 2008

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has established several methods to delineate wellhead protection areas (WHPAs) around community wells in order to protect them from surface contamination sources. Delineating a WHPA often requires defining the capture zone for a well. Generally, analytical models or arbitrary setback zones have been used to define the capture zone in areas where little is known about the distribution of hydraulic head, hydraulic conductivity, or recharge. Numerical modeling, however, even in areas of sparse data, offers distinct advantages over the more simplified analytical models or arbitrary setback zones. The systematic approach discussed here calibrates a numerical flow model to regional topography and then applies a matrix of plausible recharge to hydraulic conductivity ratios (R/K) to investigate the impact on the size and shape of the capture zone. This approach does not attempt to determine the uncertainty of the model but instead yields several possible capture zones, the composite of which is likely to contain the actual capture zone. A WHPA based on this composite capture zone will protect ground water resources better than one based on any individual capture zone. An application of the method to three communities illustrates development of the R/K matrix and demonstrates that the method is particularly well suited for determining capture zones in alluvial aquifers.
Long‐Term Reactive Solute Transport in an Aquitard Using a Centrifuge Model
Authors: Timms W. A. , Hendry M. J.
Published: April 2008

Characterizing and predicting reactive solute transport in low hydraulic conductivity (K) clay‐rich media is challenging because the very long transport time for solutes renders conventional column tests impractical. In this study, a centrifugation technique was developed to assess the transport of a simple aqueous solution (NaCl) by accelerating flow by centrifugal force through low K (1.1 × 10−11 m/s) core samples. Duplicate cores (52‐mm length × 33‐mm diameter) were centrifuged at 330 ×g for 90 d to model the migration of saline pore water (0.5 M NaCl) under in situ conditions through an approximately 17‐m‐thick clay prototype over approximately 24,000 years. A PHREEQC one‐dimensional reactive solute transport code simulated effluent breakthrough of the NaCl during centrifugation, with best‐fit cation exchange coefficients similar to batch tests. The calibrated code was used to predict solute profile development over the long term in the prototype or simulated field‐scale conditions. Chromatographic separation of solutes due to ion exchange was evident over several meters in the simulated prototype and the field profile. The applicability of centrifugation methods to predict transport of more complex suites of reactive solutes over the long term is yet to be verified.
Modeling Axisymmetric Flow and Transport
Authors: Langevin Christian D
Published: April 2008

Unmodified versions of common computer programs such as MODFLOW, MT3DMS, and SEAWAT that use Cartesian geometry can accurately simulate axially symmetric ground water flow and solute transport. Axisymmetric flow and transport are simulated by adjusting several input parameters to account for the increase in flow area with radial distance from the injection or extraction well. Logarithmic weighting of interblock transmissivity, a standard option in MODFLOW, can be used for axisymmetric models to represent the linear change in hydraulic conductance within a single finite‐difference cell. Results from three test problems (ground water extraction, an aquifer push‐pull test, and upconing of saline water into an extraction well) show good agreement with analytical solutions or with results from other numerical models designed specifically to simulate the axisymmetric geometry. Axisymmetric models are not commonly used but can offer an efficient alternative to full three‐dimensional models, provided the assumption of axial symmetry can be justified. For the upconing problem, the axisymmetric model was more than 1000 times faster than an equivalent three‐dimensional model. Computational gains with the axisymmetric models may be useful for quickly determining appropriate levels of grid resolution for three‐dimensional models and for estimating aquifer parameters from field tests.
Increased extracellular 5‐HT but no change in sleep after perfusion of a 5‐HT1A antagonist into the dorsal raphe nucleus of rats
Authors: Fiske E. , Portas C. M. , Grønli J. , Sørensen E. , Bjorvatn B. , Bjørkum A. A. , Ursin R.
Published: April 2008

Aim:  The 5‐HT1A receptor antagonist 4‐Iodo‐N‐[2‐[4‐(methoxyphenyl)‐1‐piperazinyl]ethyl]‐N‐2‐pyridinyl‐benzamide hydrochloride (p‐MPPI) (10 μm) was perfused into the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) to study simultaneously the effects of the drug on the DRN and frontal cortex extracellular serotonin (5‐hydroxytryptamine, 5‐HT) levels and concurring behavioural states.

Methods:  Waking, slow wave sleep and rapid eye movement sleep were determined by polygraphic recordings during microdialysis perfusion and extracellular sample collection. The samples were analysed by microbore high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrochemical detection for analysis of 5‐HT.

Results:  p‐MPPI perfusion into the DRN (n = 6) produced a sixfold 5‐HT increase in the DRN during all behavioural states. The increased 5‐HT level was most likely related to the blockage of 5‐HT1A receptors in the DRN by p‐MPPI. No significant effect was seen on sleep.

Conclusion:  Despite the dramatic increase in DRN extracellular 5‐HT produced by p‐MPPI, only a transient and nonsignificant effect on sleep was recorded. It is suggested that the usual coupling between 5‐HT level and behavioural state may be lost when an excessive serotonergic output is pharmacologically achieved.
Secularisation and the ‘Holistic Milieu’: Social and Psychological Perspectives
Authors: Main Roderick
Published: April 2008

In sociology of religion, there is an ongoing debate about whether alternative, holistic or New Age spirituality represents a significant resurgence of concern for the sacred in the West and, if so, whether it amounts to counter‐evidence to the thesis that the West is undergoing an irreversible process of secularisation. In this article, I examine representative accounts of the contrasting views that New Age or holistic spirituality is not significant and that it is significant. Both views turn on interpretations of the importance within New Age spirituality, or the ‘holistic milieu’, of the self and its relation to society and the sacred. However, neither sociological perspective explores in depth the nature of this central concept of the self. For a deeper theorisation of the self that may cast some light on the contradiction between the two sociological viewpoints and provide a model for appreciating the potential significance of New Age spirituality, I propose an interdisciplinary intervention from the perspective of Jungian analytical psychology. Jungian psychology, I argue, is particularly fitted to contribute to the debate about secularisation and New Age spirituality because of its having emerged out of, and embedding insights from, both secularising and sacralising tendencies in modern Western culture. The Jungian approach points to a conception of the self, congruent with New Age notions, that counters the all too common assumption that the new forms of subjective spirituality are socially insignificant.
Recognition of Indigenous Interests in Australian Water Resource Management, with Particular Reference to Environmental Flow Assessment
Authors: Jackson Sue
Published: April 2008

Australia's new national water policy represents a substantial change from the previous approach, because it recognises a potential need for allocations to meet particular indigenous requirements, which will have to be quantitatively defined in water allocation plans. However, indigenous values associated with rivers and water are presently poorly understood by decision‐makers, and some are difficult to quantify or otherwise articulate in allocation decisions. This article describes the range of Australian indigenous values associated with water, and the way they have been defined in contemporary water resource policy and discourse. It argues that the heavy reliance of indigenous values on healthy river systems indicates that, theoretically at least, they are logically suited for consideration in environmental flow assessments. However, where indigenous interests have been considered for assessment planning purposes indigenous values have tended to be overlooked in a scientific process that leaves little room for different world views relating to nature, intangible environmental qualities and human relationships with river systems that are not readily amenable to quantification. There is often an implicit but untested assumption that indigenous interests will be protected through the provision of environmental flows to meet aquatic ecosystem requirements, but the South African and New Zealand approaches to environmental flow assessment, for example, demonstrate different riverine uses potentially can be accommodated. Debate with indigenous land‐holders and experimentation will show how suited different environment flow assessment techniques are to addressing indigenous environmental philosophies and values.
Experimental Investigation of Dynamics Effects on Multiple-Injection
Common Rail System Performance
Authors: Catania Andrea E. , Ferrari Alessandro , Manno Michele , Spessa Ezio
Published: April 2008

Fundamental aspects of Common Rail (CR) fuel-injection-system dynamics were investigated, paying specific attention to the wave propagation induced pressure oscillations and to their relationships with the system control parameters and multiple-injection performance. A detailed experimental analysis of the pressure-wave propagation phenomena in a last-generation CR Multijet equipment of the solenoid type was carried out on a high performance new test-bench Moehwald-Bosch MEP2000-CA4000 under real engine simulated conditions. The experimental results include pressure time histories in the rail and at the injector inlet, as well as flow-rate patterns, for both single and multiple injection events. The measured volume of fuel injected at each injection pulse is also reported. The analysis of the system oscillating behavior was carried out with the support of a simple lumped parameter model. Such a model was shown to be capable of predicting the main frequencies of the hydraulic circuit and their dependence on the geometrical parameters. The good agreement between the outcome of this simple model and the experimental data also substantiated the reliable authors’ interpretation of the primary cause and effect relations underlying the complex flow phenomena occurring in the system. A refined computational model was developed and validated in a parallel work, providing a hydrodynamic analysis tool that is complementary to experimentation and also a means of hydraulic-system layout design and optimization. Finally, the mutual fluid-dynamic interactions taking place between consecutive injection events by distinct injectors of the same system are investigated in addition to the difference in dynamics of valve covered orifice and Minisac-nozzle injectors. Cycle-to-cycle variations in system performance were also investigated.
Laboratory Study of Premixed H2-Air and H2–N2-Air Flames in a Low-Swirl Injector for Ultralow Emissions Gas Turbines
Authors: Cheng R. K. , Littlejohn D.
Published: April 2008

The objective of this study is to conduct laboratory experiments on low-swirl injectors (LSIs) to obtain the basic information for adapting LSI to burn H2 and diluted H2 fuels that will be utilized in the gas turbines of the integrated gasification combined cycle coal power plants. The LSI is a novel ultralow emission dry-low NOx combustion method that has been developed for gas turbines operating on natural gas. It is being developed for fuel-flexible turbines burning a variety of hydrocarbon fuels, biomass gases, and refinery gases. The adaptation of the LSI to accept H2 flames is guided by an analytical expression derived from the flow field characteristics and the turbulent flame speed correlation. The evaluation of the operating regimes of nine LSI configurations for H2 shows an optimum swirl number of 0.51, which is slightly lower than the swirl number of 0.54 for the hydrocarbon LSI. Using particle image velocimetry (PIV), the flow fields of 32 premixed H2-air and H2–N2-air flames were measured. The turbulent flame speeds deduced from PIV show a linear correlation with turbulence intensity. The correlation constant for H2 is 3.1 and is higher than the 2.14 value for hydrocarbons. The analysis of velocity profiles confirms that the near field flow features of the H2 flames are self-similar. These results demonstrate that the basic LSI mechanism is not affected by the differences in the properties of H2 and hydrocarbon flames and support the feasibility of the LSI concept for hydrogen fueled gas turbines.
A Fracture-Mechanics-Based Methodology for Fatigue Life Prediction of Single Crystal Nickel-Based Superalloys
Authors: Ranjan Srikant , Arakere Nagaraj K.
Published: April 2008

A comprehensive fracture-mechanics-based life prediction methodology is presented for fcc single crystal components based on the computation of stress intensity factors (SIFs), and the modeling of the crystallographic fatigue crack growth (FCG) process under mixed-mode loading conditions. The 3D finite element numerical procedure presented for computing SIFs for anisotropic materials under mixed-mode loading is very general and not just specific to fcc single crystals. SIFs for a Brazilian disk specimen are presented for the crack on the {111}) plane in the ⟨101⟩ and ⟨121⟩ directions, which represent the primary and secondary slip directions. Variation of SIFs as a function of thickness is also presented. Modeling of the crystallographic FCG behavior is performed by using the resolved shear stress intensity coefficient, Krss. This parameter is sensitive to the grain orientation and is based on the resolved shear stresses on the slip planes at the crack tip, which is useful in identifying the active crack plane as well as in predicting the crack growth direction. A multiaxial fatigue crack driving force parameter, ΔKrss, was quantified, which can be used to predict the FCG rate and, hence, life in single crystal components subject to mixed-mode fatigue loading.
On Membrane and Plate Problems for Which the Linear Theories are Not Admissible
Authors: Kerr Arnold D. , Coffin Douglas W.
Published: April 2008

A horizontal clamped plate is subjected to the weight of a liquid above it. When the free surface of the liquid coalesces with the plane of the undeformed upper surface of the plate, according to the classical theory of plates (which results in an eigen-value problem), nonzero deflections will exist only for discrete values of the ratio γ/D; where γ is the specific weight of the liquid and D is the flexural stiffness of the plate. The purpose of this paper is to clarify this apparently unreasonble result. It is shown, using a nonlinear analysis, that problems of this type exhibit a bifurcation point from the undeformed state and that the eigenvalues of the linear analysis determine merely the bifurcation points. Thus, for problems of this type, a linear formulation is not suitable. Because of its analytical simplicity, at first, the membrane strip is analyzed in detail. This is followed by the analysis of the plate.
Large Axisymmetric Deformation of a Laminated Composite Membrane
Authors: Joshi S. P. , Murphy L. M.
Published: April 2008

The formulation and solution of the large elastic axisymmetric deformation problem corresponding to a membrane shell from an initially flat laminated composite material is provided. The numerical solution method developed is found to be very stable and accurate and is easily implemented on a personal computer. The results which consider initial pretension in the membrane are compared with the finite element results and with results obtained by assuming an approximate deflected shape in conjunction with the energy methods. The deformed profile, surface slope, and in-plane tensions are presented as a function of radial distance. Their variation with initial tension and normal pressure parameters is also shown. This problem is of importance in the design of large-diameter membrane concentrators for solar applications.
Effects of Interleaves on Fracture of Laminated Composites: Part II—Solution and Results
Authors: Kaw A. K. , Goree J. G.
Published: April 2008

The numerical solution of the integral equations derived in Part I of this work is developed and the critical stresses and displacements are calculated. These results indicate that interleaves increase the interfacial damage tolerance and significantly relieve the stresses in the undamaged plies. Interface (H-shaped) cracks have a stable growth with the mode I opening stress becoming compressive after a small longitudinal growth. Additional interface crack extension is due to shear stresses (mode II) only. In order to recommend an interleaf thickness-to-layer width ratio, the influence of relative material properties, structural weight, and stress reduction is studied.
Derivatives of Buckling Loads and Vibration Frequencies With Respect to Stiffness and Initial Strain Parameters
Authors: Haftka Raphael T. , Cohen Gerald A. , Mro´z Zenon
Published: April 2008

A uniform variational approach to sensitivity analysis of vibration frequencies and bifurcation loads of nonlinear structures is developed. Two methods of calculating the sensitivities of bifurcation buckling loads and vibration frequencies of nonlinear structures, with respect to stiffness and initial strain parameters, are presented. A direct method requires calculation of derivatives of the prebuckling state with respect to these parameters. An adjoint method bypasses the need for these derivatives by using instead the strain field associated with the second-order post-buckling state. An operator notation is used and the derivation is based on the principle of virtual work. The derivative computations are easily implemented in structural analysis programs. This is demonstrated by examples using a general purpose, finite element program and a shell-of-revolution program.