bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Periodontal Parameters and Whole Salivary Cytokine Profiles Among Habitual Gutka Chewers and Non‐Chewers
Authors: Javed Fawad , Al‐Kheraif Abdulaziz A. , Al Amri Mohammad D. , Mikami Toshinari , Vohra Fahim , Warnakulasuriya Saman , Romanos Georgios E.
Published: January 2015

Background: Whole salivary interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐8, and MMP‐9 levels among habitual gutka chewers and non‐chewers (controls) have not been investigated. The aim of the present study is to assess clinical periodontal parameters and whole salivary IL‐1β, IL‐6, MMP‐8, and MMP‐9 levels among habitual gutka chewers and controls.

Methods: Forty‐five gutka chewers and 45 controls were included. Demographic information regarding age, sex, duration and daily frequency of gutka chewing, duration of gutka placement in the mouth, and daily toothbrushing habits were collected using a questionnaire. Periodontal parameters, including plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD) >3 mm, clinical attachment loss (AL), marginal bone loss (MBL), and number of missing teeth, were recorded. Unstimulated whole saliva samples were collected, and unstimulated whole salivary flow rate (UWSFR) was determined. Levels of IL‐6, IL‐1β, MMP‐8, and MMP‐9 were measured in UWS using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.

Results: PI (P <0.01), BOP (P <0.01), PD >3 mm (P <0.01), and clinical AL (P <0.01) were significantly higher in gutka chewers than controls, as were whole salivary IL‐6 (P <0.01), IL‐1β (P <0.01), MMP‐8 (P <0.01), and MMP‐9 (P <0.01) concentrations. There was no significant difference in UWSFR, number of missing teeth, or MBL among habitual gutka chewers and controls.

Conclusion: Periodontal inflammatory conditions were worse, and whole salivary IL‐6, IL‐1β, MMP‐8, and MMP‐9 levels were higher among gutka chewers than non‐chewers.
Two-Phase Gas-Condensate Flow in Pipeline Open-Network Systems
Authors: Martinez A. F .F. , Adewumi M. A.
Published: January 2015

Even if the gas transmission occurs after the necessary processing of the gas has been completed, condensation still occurs in the natural gas transmission and/or distribution systems. The quantity of condensate formed will not only depend on composition, pressure, and temperature, but also on the unequal splitting phenomenon that takes place at T-junctions in a network system. This work investigates the splitting phenomenon in horizontal-branching-T-junctions. The compositional hydrodynamic model developed at Penn State is used to evaluate gas-condensate flow in a pipeline under steady state conditions. Using a double stream model for splitting analysis at T-junctions, the mass liquid intake fractions are determined. The junction is considered as a separator and the new compositions are calculated at the run and at the branch of the junction. Although quantitative validation of the model is limited by the lack of completeness of the available data, a reasonable qualitative match of experimental data is achieved. The results demonstrate the predictive capability of liquid route preference in two-phase natural gas/condensate flow at T-junctions. In addition to liquid split, compositional split is tested using PCB as the focal point. It is found that the concentration of PCB is distributed in direct proportion to the liquid preference route and the PCB concentration in the delivery points can be higher or lower than the inlet concentration at the supply point.
Cost optimization of water distribution networks by using artificial immune systems
Authors: Eryiğit Miraç
Published: January 2015

This study aims at the development of an optimization model based on artificial immune systems (AIS) to minimize cost designs of water distribution networks (WDNs). Clonal selection algorithm (Clonalg), a class of AIS, was used as an optimization technique in the model, and its mutation operation was modified to increase the diversity (search capability). EPANET, a widely known WDN simulator, was used in conjunction with the proposed model. The model was applied to four WDNs of Two-loop, Hanoi, Go Yang, New York City, and the results obtained were compared with other heuristic and mathematical optimization models in the related literature, such as harmony search, genetic algorithm, immune algorithm, shuffled complex evolution, differential evolution, and non-linear programming-Lagrangian algorithm. Furthermore, the modified Clonalg was compared with the classic Clonalg in order to demonstrate the impact of the modification on the diversity. The proposed model appeared to be promising in terms of cost designs of WDNs.
Inhalational Steroids and Iatrogenic Cushing’s Syndrome
Authors: A.V Raveendran
Published: January 2015

Bronchial asthma (BA) and Allergic rhinitis (AR) are common clinical problems encountered in day to day practice, where inhalational corticosteroids (ICS) or intranasal steroids (INS) are the mainstay of treatment. Iatrogenic Cushing syndrome (CS) is a well known complication of systemic steroid administration. ICS /INS were earlier thought to be safe, but now more and more number of case reports of Iatrogenic Cushing syndrome have been reported, especially in those who are taking cytochrome P450 (CYP 450) inhibitors. Comparing to the classical clinical features of spontaneous Cushing syndrome, iatrogenic Cushing syndrome is more commonly associated with osteoporosis, increase in intra-ocular pressure, benign intracranial hypertension, aseptic necrosis of femoral head and pancreatitis, where as hypertension, hirsuitisum and menstrual irregularities are less common. Endocrine work up shows low serum cortisol level with evidence of HPA (hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal) axis suppression. In all patients with features of Cushing syndrome with evidence of adrenal suppression always suspect iatrogenic CS. Since concomitant administration of cytochrome P450 inhibitors in patients on ICS/INS can precipitate iatrogenic CS, avoidance of CYP450 inhibitors, its dose reduction or substitution of ICS are the available options. Along with those, measures to prevent the precipitation of adrenal crisis has to be taken. An update on ICS-/INS- associated iatrogenic CS and its management is presented here.
Dentin Bonding: Can We Make it Last?
Authors: Tjäderhane L
Published: January 2015

In dentin bonding, contemporary dental adhesive systems rely on formation of the hybrid layer, a biocomposite containing dentin collagen and polymerized resin adhesive. They are usually able to create at least reasonable integrity of the hybrid layer with high immediate bond strength. However, loss of dentin-bonded interface integrity and bond strength is commonly seen after aging both in vitro and in vivo. This is due to endogenous collagenolytic enzymes, matrix metalloproteinases, and cysteine cathepsins, responsible for the time-dependent loss of hybrid layer collagen. In addition, the hydrophilic nature of adhesive systems creates problems that lead to suboptimal hybrid layers. These problems include, for example, insufficient resin impregnation of dentin, phase separation, and a low rate of polymerization, all of which may reduce the longevity of the bonded interface.

Preservation of the collagen matrix integrity by inhibition of endogenous dentin proteases is key to improving dentin bonding durability. Several approaches to retain the integrity of the hybrid layer and to improve the long-term dentin bond strength have been tested. These include the use of enzyme inhibitors, either separately or as incorporated into the adhesive resins; increase of collagen resistance to enzymatic degradation; and elimination of water from the interface to slow down or eliminate hydrolytic loss of the hybrid layer components. This review looks at the principles, current status, and future of the different techniques designed to prevent the loss of hybrid layer and bond strength.
An outbreak of measles associated with an international dog show in Slovenia, November 2014
Authors: Grgič-Vitek M , Frelih T , Ucakar V , Fafangel M , Jordan Markocic O , Prosenc K , Kraigher A
Published: January 2015

In Slovenia, where measles virus had not been circulating for many years, an outbreak of measles among visitors of an international dog show occurred in November 2014. We identified 23 measles cases plus 21 presumable secondary and tertiary cases. Thirty-nine cases were adults, 27 to 56 years-old, 12 of them vaccinated with two doses. Five were unvaccinated children. Thanks to high vaccination coverage (95.3% in birth cohort 2011) wider transmission is not expected in Slovenia.
Seizure and anticonvulsant outcomes following stereotactic radiosurgery for intracranial arteriovenous malformations
Authors: Przybylowski Colin J. , Ding Dale , Starke Robert M. , Yen Chun-Po , Quigg Mark , Dodson Blair , Ball Benjamin Z. , Sheehan Jason P.
Published: January 2015

OBJECT

Epilepsy associated with arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) has an unclear course after stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). Neither the risks of persistent seizures nor the requirement for postoperative antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are well defined.

METHODS

The authors performed a retrospective review of all patients with AVMs who underwent SRS at the University of Virginia Health System from 1989 to 2012. Seizure status was categorized according to a modified Engel classification. The effects of demographic, AVM-related, and SRS treatment factors on seizure outcomes were evaluated with logistic regression analysis. Changes in AED status were evaluated using McNemar's test.

RESULTS

Of the AVM patients with pre- or post-SRS seizures, 73 with pre-SRS epilepsy had evaluable data for subsequent analysis. The median patient age was 37 years (range 5–69 years), and the median follow-up period was 65.6 months (range 12–221 months). Sixty-five patients (89%) achieved seizure remission (Engel Class IA or IB outcome). Patients presenting with simple partial or secondarily generalized seizures were more likely to achieve Engel Class I outcome (p = 0.045). Twenty-one (33%) of 63 patients tapered off of pre-SRS AEDs. The incidence of freedom from AED therapy increased significantly after SRS (p < 0.001, McNemar's test). Of the Engel Class IA patients who continued AED therapy, 54% had patent AVM nidi, whereas only 19% continued AED therapy with complete AVM obliteration (p = 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Stereotactic radiosurgery is an effective treatment for long-term AVM-related epilepsy. Seizure-free patients on continued AED therapy were more likely to have residual AVM nidi. Simple partial or secondarily generalized seizure type were associated with better seizure outcomes following SRS.
Amino Acid Distribution Rules Predict Protein Fold: Protein Grammar for Beta-Strand Sandwich-Like Structures
Authors: Kister Alexander
Published: January 2015

We present an alternative approach to protein 3D folding prediction based on determination of rules that specify distribution of “favorable” residues, that are mainly responsible for a given fold formation, and “unfavorable” residues, that are incompatible with that fold, in polypeptide sequences. The process of determining favorable and unfavorable residues is iterative. The starting assumptions are based on the general principles of protein structure formation as well as structural features peculiar to a protein fold under investigation. The initial assumptions are tested one-by-one for a set of all known proteins with a given structure. The assumption is accepted as a “rule of amino acid distribution” for the protein fold if it holds true for all, or near all, structures. If the assumption is not accepted as a rule, it can be modified to better fit the data and then tested again in the next step of the iterative search algorithm, or rejected. We determined the set of amino acid distribution rules for a large group of beta sandwich-like proteins characterized by a specific arrangement of strands in two beta sheets. It was shown that this set of rules is highly sensitive (~90%) and very specific (~99%) for identifying sequences of proteins with specified beta sandwich fold structure. The advantage of the proposed approach is that it does not require that query proteins have a high degree of homology to proteins with known structure. So long as the query protein satisfies residue distribution rules, it can be confidently assigned to its respective protein fold. Another advantage of our approach is that it allows for a better understanding of which residues play an essential role in protein fold formation. It may, therefore, facilitate rational protein engineering design.
Rescue Effects: Irradiated Cells Helped by Unirradiated Bystander Cells
Authors: Lam R. , Fung Y. , Han W. , Yu K.
Published: January 2015

The rescue effect describes the phenomenon where irradiated cells or organisms derive benefits from the feedback signals sent from the bystander unirradiated cells or organisms. An example of the benefit is the mitigation of radiation-induced DNA damages in the irradiated cells. The rescue effect can compromise the efficacy of radioimmunotherapy (RIT) (and actually all radiotherapy). In this paper, the discovery and subsequent confirmation studies on the rescue effect were reviewed. The mechanisms and the chemical messengers responsible for the rescue effect studied to date were summarized. The rescue effect between irradiated and bystander unirradiated zebrafish embryos in vivo sharing the same medium was also described. In the discussion section, the mechanism proposed for the rescue effect involving activation of the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathway was scrutinized. This mechanism could explain the promotion of cellular survival and correct repair of DNA damage, dependence on cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and modulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level in irradiated cells. Exploitation of the NF-κB pathway to improve the effectiveness of RIT was proposed. Finally, the possibility of using zebrafish embryos as the model to study the efficacy of RIT in treating solid tumors was also discussed.
Supported Decision-Making for People with Cognitive Impairments: An Australian Perspective?
Authors: Carney Terry
Published: January 2015

Honouring the requirement of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities to introduce supported decision-making poses many challenges. Not least of those challenges is in writing laws and devising policies which facilitate access to formal and informal supports for large numbers of citizens requiring assistance with day-to-day issues such as dealing with welfare agencies, managing income security payments, or making health care decisions. Old measures such as representative payee schemes or “nominee” arrangements are not compatible with the CRPD. However, as comparatively routine social security or other government services become increasingly complex to navigate, and as self-managed or personalised budgets better recognise self-agency, any “off the shelf” measures become more difficult to craft and difficult to resource. This paper focuses on recent endeavours of the Australian Law Reform Commission and other local and overseas law reform and policy initiatives to tackle challenges posed both for ordinary citizens and those covered by special programs (such as Australia’s National Disability Insurance Scheme and “disability trusts” in Australia and Canada).
Natural Products as Leads in Schistosome Drug Discovery
Authors: Neves Bruno , Andrade Carolina , Cravo Pedro
Published: January 2015

Schistosomiasis is a neglected parasitic tropical disease that claims around 200,000 human lives every year. Praziquantel (PZQ), the only drug recommended by the World Health Organization for the treatment and control of human schistosomiasis, is now facing the threat of drug resistance, indicating the urgent need for new effective compounds to treat this disease. Therefore, globally, there is renewed interest in natural products (NPs) as a starting point for drug discovery and development for schistosomiasis. Recent advances in genomics, proteomics, bioinformatics, and cheminformatics have brought about unprecedented opportunities for the rapid and more cost-effective discovery of new bioactive compounds against neglected tropical diseases. This review highlights the main contributions that NP drug discovery and development have made in the treatment of schistosomiasis and it discusses how integration with virtual screening (VS) strategies may contribute to accelerating the development of new schistosomidal leads, especially through the identification of unexplored, biologically active chemical scaffolds and structural optimization of NPs with previously established activity.
Mapping Oil Palm Plantations in Cameroon Using PALSAR 50-m Orthorectified Mosaic Images
Authors: Li Li , Dong Jinwei , Njeudeng Tenku Simon , Xiao Xiangming
Published: January 2015

Oil palm plantations have expanded rapidly. Estimating either positive effects on the economy, or negative effects on the environment, requires accurate maps. In this paper, three classification algorithms (Support Vector Machine (SVM), Decision Tree and K-Means) were explored to map oil palm plantations in Cameroon, using PALSAR 50 m Orthorectified Mosaic images and differently sized training samples. SVM had the ideal performance with overall accuracy ranging from 86% to 92% and a Kappa coefficient from 0.76 to 0.85, depending upon the training sample size (ranging from 20 to 500 pixels per class). The advantage of SVM was more obvious when the training sample size was smaller. K-Means required the user’s intervention, and thus, the accuracy depended on the level of his/her expertise and experience. For large-scale mapping of oil palm plantations, the Decision Tree algorithm outperformed both SVM and K-Means in terms of speed and performance. In addition, the decision threshold values of Decision Tree for a large training sample size agrees with the results from previous studies, which implies the possible universality of the decision threshold. If it can be verified, the Decision Tree algorithm will be an easy and robust methodology for mapping oil palm plantations.
A Flexible Ultrasound Transducer Array with Micro-Machined Bulk PZT
Authors: Wang Zhe , Xue Qing-Tang , Chen Yuan-Quan , Shu Yi , Tian He , Yang Yi , Xie Dan , Luo Jian-Wen , Ren Tian-Ling
Published: January 2015

This paper proposes a novel flexible piezoelectric micro-machined ultrasound transducer, which is based on PZT and a polyimide substrate. The transducer is made on the polyimide substrate and packaged with medical polydimethylsiloxane. Instead of etching the PZT ceramic, this paper proposes a method of putting diced PZT blocks into holes on the polyimide which are pre-etched. The device works in d31 mode and the electromechanical coupling factor is 22.25%. Its flexibility, good conformal contacting with skin surfaces and proper resonant frequency make the device suitable for heart imaging. The flexible packaging ultrasound transducer also has a good waterproof performance after hundreds of ultrasonic electric tests in water. It is a promising ultrasound transducer and will be an effective supplementary ultrasound imaging method in the practical applications.
Phase Interrogation Used for a Wireless Passive Pressure Sensor in an 800 °C High-Temperature Environment
Authors: Zhang Huixin , Hong Yingping , Liang Ting , Zhang Hairui , Tan Qiulin , Xue Chenyang , Liu Jun , Zhang Wendong , Xiong Jijun
Published: January 2015

A wireless passive pressure measurement system for an 800 °C high-temperature environment is proposed and the impedance variation caused by the mutual coupling between a read antenna and a LC resonant sensor is analyzed. The system consists of a ceramic-based LC resonant sensor, a readout device for impedance phase interrogation, heat insulating material, and a composite temperature-pressure test platform. Performances of the pressure sensor are measured by the measurement system sufficiently, including pressure sensitivity at room temperature, zero drift from room temperature to 800 °C, and the pressure sensitivity under the 800 °C high temperature environment. The results show that the linearity of sensor is 0.93%, the repeatability is 6.6%, the hysteretic error is 1.67%, and the sensor sensitivity is 374 KHz/bar. The proposed measurement system, with high engineering value, demonstrates good pressure sensing performance in a high temperature environment.
Impacts of Returning Unsold Products in Retail Outsourcing Fashion Supply Chain: A Sustainability Analysis
Authors: Shen Bin , Li Qingying
Published: January 2015

l outsourcing with a return policy is quite commonly adopted in the fashion supply chain. Under the return policy, the supplier as a brand owner may focus on production, and then outsource retailing to the retailer. In the meanwhile, the retailer may receive some support money from the supplier for subsidizing the loss of unsold products at the end of the selling season and be asked for shipping back. Motivated by this real practice in the fashion industry, we examine a two-echelon supply chain with one supplier and one retailer under the return policy. Several interesting findings are obtained from our analysis. First, we find that when the supply chain achieves channel coordination, the cost of physical return is at least partially borne by the supplier, no matter who is responsible for it in reality. Second, we find that the cost of physical return is significantly affecting the sustainability factors such as the expected amount leftover (which represents environmental friendliness), the expected sales to expected goods leftover ratio (which implies both environmental friendliness and economic sustainability), and the rate of return on investment (which indicates economic sustainability). Third, from a sustainability perspective, we find that the pure wholesale price contract is more sustainable than the coordinating return policy. A numerical study by the real company data is conducted and managerial insights from analysis are discussed.
Predicting Financial Distress in the Hong Kong Growth Enterprises Market from the Perspective of Financial Sustainability
Authors: Hu Hui , Sathye Milind
Published: January 2015

The present study, according to our knowledge, is the first attempt to establish a financial distress prediction model for a unique set of enterprises, which are the enterprises listed on the specialized Hong Kong Growth Enterprise Market. It also makes an analysis of corporate financial sustainability and its relationship to financial distress prediction. The logistic regression and jackknife method are used to test the predictability of various models with data drawn from the Growth Enterprise Market for the years 2000–2010. The study finds that a model that includes firm-specific financial variables, firm-specific non-financial variables and a macro-economic variable is a better predictor of financial distress than is a model that includes only the first set of variables or a model that includes the latter two sets of variables. It also finds that a model that includes the latter two sets of variables is a better predictor of financial distress than is a model that includes only the first set of variables. These findings are vital for financial sustainability, as investors, policymakers, auditors and stakeholders of this market would find the conclusions emanating from the study extremely useful.
Dispelling Gendered Myths in Tourism Promotional Materials: An Upstream Social Marketing Perspective
Authors: Chhabra Deepak , Johnston Erin
Published: January 2015

This study performs an important task of revisiting gender representations over time in tourism advertisements by destination marketing organizations in the US (after 5 years), using a geographic strata approach. Subtle evidence with regard to manipulation of visual imagery is noted in ritualized images of women, although equitable profiling is also reported in several gender display categories. This study suggests an “upstream” social marketing agenda to minimize stereotype representations.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel MUC1 glycopeptide conjugate vaccine candidate comprising a 4’-deoxy-4’-fluoro-Thomsen–Friedenreich epitope
Authors: Johannes Manuel , Reindl Maximilian , Gerlitzki Bastian , Schmitt Edgar , Hoffmann-Röder Anja
Published: January 2015

The development of selective anticancer vaccines that provide enhanced protection against tumor recurrence and metastasis has been the subject of intense research in the scientific community. The tumor-associated glycoprotein MUC1 represents a well-established target for cancer immunotherapy and has been used for the construction of various synthetic vaccine candidates. However, many of these vaccine prototypes suffer from an inherent low immunogenicity and are susceptible to rapid in vivo degradation. To overcome these drawbacks, novel fluorinated MUC1 glycopeptide-BSA/TTox conjugate vaccines have been prepared. Immunization of mice with the 4’F-TF-MUC1-TTox conjugate resulted in strong immune responses overriding the natural tolerance against MUC1 and producing selective IgG antibodies that are cross-reactive with native MUC1 epitopes on MCF-7 human cancer cells.
L'énergie, facteur d'intégration et de désintégration en Europe : Bilan du quart de siècle depuis la chute du mur de Berlin
Authors: Nies Susanne
Published: January 2015

Les relations énergétiques entre pays peuvent autant stabiliser que déstabiliser et l’Europe est un laboratoire formidable pour le démontrer. La présente contribution revient sur un quart de siècle de tergiversations énergétiques en Europe. Bien que le point de départ soit la chute du mur de Berlin, et que la relation Est-Ouest dans ce nouveau contexte apparaîtra comme l’élément central, l’auteur analyse également les relations énergétiques et leur évolution en Union européenne. Son analyse est basée sur trois dimensions déterminantes pour la relation énergétique : les liens physiques gaziers et électriques ; la régulation comme facteur d’intégration, de désintégration et de désorientation ; ainsi que les choix politiques et visions des uns et des autres, et qui peuvent être compatibles ou incompatibles. Elle démontre qu’au début le lien gazier, vecteur de confiance sans faille depuis les années 1970, ne l’est plus en 2014. Elle présente par la suite le lien électrique, et développe le mouvement géopolitique Est-Ouest des nouveaux États membres de l’UE. Ce mouvement a fait émerger un groupe de pays « entre deux mondes » qui ont cherché en vain une identité positive comme pont entre deux mondes. La situation actuelle en Ukraine de l’Est semble leur montrer que seule une appartenance claire peut leur fournir la sécurité et la prospérité auxquelles ils aspirent. La transition énergétique européenne enfin a émergé comme nouvelle pierre angulaire des relations énergétiques. L’adhésion à cette transition énergétique ou son rejet marquera sans aucun doute les années à venir. Dans sa conclusion l’auteur formule cinq thèses résumant l’analyse et des recommandations quant à l’avenir des relations énergétiques en Europe.
Du « pays perdu » du Blayais à l'« émirat de Saint-Vulbas » : les territoires de dépendance au nucléaire en France
Authors: Meyer Teva
Published: January 2015

À l’heure de la transition énergétique, la baisse de la part du nucléaire dans le mix électrique français annoncée par François Hollande après son élection en 2012 soulève une opposition transpartisane tant à l’échelle nationale que locale. En France, les territoires d’implantation des centrales, communes et intercommunalités, se sont enrichis qualitativement et quantitativement sous l’effet conjoint des retombées économiques et des stratégies d’EDF. Peu à peu, ces améliorations ont forgé un lien de dépendance entre les infrastructures et les collectivités. Face à la possibilité d’une disparition de leurs ressources, ces dernières se sont constituées en acteurs du conflit dans un contexte de forte politisation des agents des centrales, comme le montre actuellement le débat autour de l’avenir de Fessenheim. L’existence en France de territoires de dépendance au nucléaire, politiquement actifs, freine le désaménagement du parc électronucléaire que nécessiterait une modification du bouquet énergétique du pays.
Motion discrimination byBombus impatiens(Hymenoptera: Apidae)
Authors: Mirwan Hamida B. , Kevan Peter G.
Published: January 2015

Mobility of flowers in the wind has been proposed to affect the performances of pollinators in landing on flowers, nectar extraction, and pollen dispersal. Our study examined the preferences of workerBombus impatiensCresson (Hymenoptera: Apidae) for landing on and feeding from immobile or mobile artificial flower. Mobile flowers moved at varied frequencies (0.1–3.0 Hz) and in different directions, horizontalH(left to right wave) and verticalV(fromen-facepresentation at the lowest point to horizontal presentation at the zenith). We found that the bees showed no preference for mobile or immobile flowers. In general, we found that landing ability (time spent from the bees entering the testing arena to landing and starting to feed on the artificial flower) decreased as frequency (Hz) or speed of motion (cm/second) increased. Directionality of waving affected performance with the bees being able to forage from horizontally moving flowers better than from vertically moving flowers. Experience played a major role in improving individual performances. We also found that the bees could differentiate between horizontally and vertically waving flowers as well as between frequencies or speeds of motion.
Molecular systematics of the Pardosa groenlandica species complex (Araneae: Lycosidae): large sample sizes fail to find monophyletic species
Authors: Slowik Jozef , Sikes Derek S.
Published: January 2015

Relationships within the Pardosa groenlandica species complex (sensu Slowik and Sikes 2013) were analysed to test two competing hypotheses – the species complex consists of either four or seven species. We conducted a partitioned Bayesian analyses of the mitochondrial gene COI and the nuclear genes ITS1, 5.8S, and ITS2. These genes provided a dataset composed of 1874 nucleotides each from 144 specimens. Additional analyses included application of the DNA barcoding protocol and a phylogeographic study of a subset of specimens. Analyses found no support for either hypothesis and only one species was found monophyletic in a subset of analyses. Mitochondrial DNA yielded clades discordant with geography. Species in the P. groenlandica species complex show various amounts of genetic support, with a general lack of agreement between genetics and morphology for species boundaries.
Moyamoya disease presenting as bilateral acute subdural hematomas without deficits
Authors: Vijayasaradhi Mudumba , Prasad Vangala
Published: January 2015

We report a patient presenting with imageological features of bilateral acute subdural hematomas and subarachnoid hemorrhage, who was subsequently diagnosed as a case of moyamoya disease. Imageological features, source of hemorrhage, literature review, and management are discussed. We report this case in view of its rarity in presentation with these imageological features.
Facilitators and Barriers to Using Treadmill Workstations under Real Working Conditions: A Qualitative Study in Female Office Workers
Authors: Cifuentes Manuel , Qin Jin , Fulmer Scott , Bello Anila
Published: January 2015

Purpose.

Characterize barriers and facilitators to use treadmill workstations in real work sites.

Design.

For 6 months, workers tried a sit-stand-walk treadmill workstation at will with expert ergonomic support. Qualitative data were collected monthly.

Setting.

Administrative and academic departments at a higher education institution in Massachusetts, United States.

Participants.

Five female administrative office workers.

Method.

One monthly group interview and one personal interview per participant during 6 months. Emerging topics from previous interviews were used in successive data gatherings. Transcribed data were manually coded according to the predefined topics of usability, comfort, safety, and productivity.

Results.

The setup of the work station, communication difficulties while walking (disrespectful, noisy), and peer pressure to maximize use were the main usability barriers. There was no event of falls. Trips were minimized. About comfort, subjects reported it hard to get used to prolonged standing position during the first month. Treadmill speed affected productivity mostly while drawing and working in spreadsheets. Lack of job autonomy was revealed as a generic barrier.

Conclusion.

In this female group, treadmill workstations had serious design problems for workers with not enough control of their jobs. The early identification and removal of barriers likely needs to be considered when offering these workstations to workers with low job autonomy.
The post-modern scientific thoughts of Thomas Kuhn and Paul Feyerabend: implications for Africa
Authors: Agbo JN
Published: January 2015

Postmodernism is like a spectre hunting the intellectual world, and there is a sense in which the attitude is, first and foremost, against modern science. This essay is, therefore, an expository analysis of the thoughts of Thomas Kuhn and Paul Feyerabend, as classical representations of the postmodern reaction against modern science. The paper argues that the colossal image of science, as well as the idea of a “unity of sciences” had to be jettisoned by postmodernism in order to make way for the relativism and multiplicity of points of view that are symptomatic of postmodern thinking. The paper concludes with some critical reflections of the thoughts of the two scholars, and notes that postmodernism opened the door for the recognition of African ideas and ideals. The implication is that postmodernism not only vitiates the hold exercised by Western European models of reality but equally gives fresh cultural confidence to other modes of cognition, especially in Africa, that have long been pushed to the periphery.Keywords: Modernity, Postmodernity, Transmodernity, Science, Paradigm, Pluri-versality, Incommensurability.
The culture-oriented bias of African philosophical inquiry
Authors: Oyedola DA
Published: January 2015

African philosophers with Levy Bruhlian disposition like Appiah, Masolo, and Wiredu posit that African philosophy is culture-biased. Some other African philosophers like Nkrumah, Janz, Hountondji, and Makinde assert that Africa’s precolonial indigenous culture is ahistorical and the dependence of contemporary African philosophy on culture cannot be de-emphasized. However, these views, though opposing, undermine two things; the way African philosophy has chosen to divulge itself and the objectivity that is peculiar to African philosophy. Nevertheless, this study concedes that if by implication, what these views are saying is that African philosophy will have to sink because it is culture-biased; then, this study insists that any other philosophy (e.g., European philosophy) would have to sink. Precisely, there is no difference between any of the philosophies with respect to the fact that the interests of the European philosopher determine what he selects for investigation, just like what an African philosopher chooses to investigate and it is safe to speculate that these interests whether in the West or in Africa are culture-colored.Keywords: African philosophy, European philosophy, Culture, Bias, Inquiry
Ududo reasoning in African thought: a postmodern formalist method for logic
Authors: Chimakonam JO
Published: January 2015

The dominance of methods of mathematical reasoning such as the axiomatic method in modern logic has taken a toll on the independent development of logic as a separate discipline. However, the emergence of other non-standard systems of logic which could be described as postmodernist shows how a radical break might be necessary in salvaging logic from the grip of mathematics. Our goal in this essay would be to propose and articulate a post modern formalist method called Ududo Reasoning for logic.Keywords: Postmodernism, Logic, Ududo, Reasoning, Method, Formalist
Suitability and Stability of 2-Mercaptobenzimidazole as a Corrosion Inhibitor in a Post-Combustion CO2 Capture System
Authors: Zheng Liangfu , Landon James , Koebcke Neal C. , Chandan Payal , Liu Kunlei
Published: January 2015

The corrosion inhibition of 2-mercaptobenzimidazole on A106 carbon steel and its stability in a post-combustion CO2 capture system with application of 5 M monoethanolamine aqueous solutions has been evaluated by linear polarization resistance, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, immersion corrosion testing, scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, and liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy. Although no notable layer of protective corrosion product was found on the A106 surface at 80°C and atmospheric pressure for >180 h, corrosion was inhibited, and its polarization resistance increased nearly an order of magnitude when 2-mercaptobenzimidazole was added. However, degradation of 2-mercaptobenzimidazole, associated with the formation of an FeS layer with cracks, occurred at 108°C and 4.13×105 Pa.
Tropospheric vertical column densities of NO2 over managed dryland ecosystems (Xinjiang, China): MAX-DOAS measurements vs. 3-D dispersion model simulations based on laboratory-derived NO emission from soil samples
Authors: Mamtimin B. , Behrendt T. , Badawy M. M. , Wagner T. , Qi Y. , Wu Z. , Meixner F. X.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. We report on MAX-DOAS observations of NO2 over an oasis–ecotone–desert ecosystem in NW China. There, local ambient NO2 concentrations originate from enhanced biogenic NO emission of intensively managed soils. Our target oasis "Milan" is located at the southern edge of the Taklimakan desert, very remote and well isolated from other potential anthropogenic and biogenic NOx sources. Four observation sites for MAX-DOAS measurements were selected, at the oasis centre, downwind and upwind of the oasis, and in the desert. Biogenic NO emissions in terms of (i) soil moisture and (ii) soil temperature of Milan oasis (iii) different land-cover type sub-units (cotton, Jujube trees, cotton/Jujube mixture, desert) were quantified by laboratory incubation of corresponding soil samples. Net potential NO fluxes were up-scaled to oasis scale by areal distribution and classification of land-cover types derived from satellite images using GIS techniques. A Lagrangian dispersion model (LASAT, Lagrangian Simulation of Aerosol Transport) was used to calculate the dispersion of soil emitted NO into the atmospheric boundary layer over Milan oasis. Three-dimensional (3-D) NO concentrations (30 m horizontal resolution) have been converted to 3-D NO2 concentrations, assuming photostationary state conditions. NO2 column densities were simulated by suitable vertical integration of modelled 3-D NO2 concentrations at those downwind and upwind locations, where the MAX-DOAS measurements were performed. Downwind–upwind differences (a direct measure of Milan oasis' contribution to the areal increase of ambient NO2 concentration) of measured and simulated slant (as well as vertical) NO2 column densities show excellent agreement. This agreement is considered as the first successful attempt to prove the validity of the chosen approach to up-scale laboratory-derived biogenic NO fluxes to ecosystem field conditions, i.e. from the spatial scale of a soil sample (cm2) to the size of an entire agricultural ecosystem (km2).
Natural manganese deposits as catalyst for decomposing hydrogen peroxide
Authors: Knol A. H. , Lekkerkerker-Teunissen K. , van Dijk J. C.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. Drinking water companies more and more implement Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP) in their treatment schemes to increase the barrier against organic micropollutants (OMPs). It is necessary to decompose the excessive hydrogen peroxide after applying AOP to avoid negative effects in the following, often biological, treatment steps. A drinking water company in the western part of the Netherlands investigated decomposition of about 5.75 mg L−1 hydrogen peroxide in pre-treated Meuse river water with different catalysts on pilot scale. In down flow operation, the necessary reactor Empty Bed Contact Time (EBCT) with the commonly used Granulated Activated Carbon (GAC) and waste ground water filter gravel (MCFgw) were the same with 149 s, corresponding with a conversion rate constant r of 0.021 s−1. The EBCT of the fine coating of ground water filter gravel (MC) was significantly shorter with a little more than 10 s (r = 0.30 s−1). In up flow operation, with a flow rate of 20 m h−1, the EBCT of coating MC increased till about 100 s (r = 0.031 s−1), from which can be concluded, that the performance of this waste material is better compared with GAC, in both up and down flow operation. The necessary EBCT at average filtration rate of full scale dual layer filter material (MCFsw) amounted to 209 s (r = 0.015 s−1). Regarding the average residence time in the full scale filters of 700 s, applying AOP in front of the filters could be an interesting alternative which makes a separate decomposition installation superfluous, on the condition that the primary functions of the filters are not affected.
The role of predictive uncertainty in the operational management of reservoirs
Authors: Todini E.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. The present work deals with the operational management of multi-purpose reservoirs, whose optimisation-based rules are derived, in the planning phase, via deterministic (linear and nonlinear programming, dynamic programming, etc.) or via stochastic (generally stochastic dynamic programming) approaches. In operation, the resulting deterministic or stochastic optimised operating rules are then triggered based on inflow predictions. In order to fully benefit from predictions, one must avoid using them as direct inputs to the reservoirs, but rather assess the "predictive knowledge" in terms of a predictive probability density to be operationally used in the decision making process for the estimation of expected benefits and/or expected losses. Using a theoretical and extremely simplified case, it will be shown why directly using model forecasts instead of the full predictive density leads to less robust reservoir management decisions. Moreover, the effectiveness and the tangible benefits for using the entire predictive probability density instead of the model predicted values will be demonstrated on the basis of the Lake Como management system, operational since 1997, as well as on the basis of a case study on the lake of Aswan.
Dealing with variability in water availability: the case of the Verde Grande River basin, Brazil
Authors: Collischonn B. , Lopes A. V. , Pante A. R.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. This paper presents a water resources management strategy developed by the Brazilian National Water Agency (ANA) to cope with the conflicts between water users in the Verde Grande River basin, located at the southern border of the Brazilian semi-arid region. The basin is dominated by water-demanding fruit irrigation agriculture, which has grown significantly and without adequate water use control, over the last 30 years. The current water demand for irrigation exceeds water availability (understood as a 95 % percentile of the flow duration curve) in a ratio of three to one, meaning that downstream water users are experiencing more frequent water shortages than upstream ones. The management strategy implemented in 2008 has the objective of equalizing risk for all water users and consists of a set of rules designed to restrict water withdrawals according to current river water level (indicative of water availability) and water demand. Under that rule, larger farmers have proportionally larger reductions in water use, preserving small subsistence irrigators. Moreover, dry season streamflow is forecasted at strategic points by the end of every rainy season, providing evaluation of shortage risk. Thus, water users are informed about the forecasts and corresponding restrictions well in advance, allowing for anticipated planning of irrigated areas and practices. In order to enforce restriction rules, water meters were installed in all larger water users and inefficient farmers were obligated to improve their irrigation systems’ performance. Finally, increases in irrigated area are only allowed in the case of annual crops and during months of higher water availability (November to June). The strategy differs from convectional approached based only on water use priority and has been successful in dealing with natural variability of water availability, allowing more water to be used in wet years and managing risk in an isonomic manner during dry years.
Methodologies for hydraulic hazard mapping in alluvial fan areas
Authors: Milanesi L. , Pilotti M. , Ranzi R. , Valerio G.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. Hydraulic hazards in alluvial fan areas are mainly related to torrential floods and debris flows. These processes are characterized by their fast time evolution and relevant sediment load. Rational approaches for the estimation of hazard levels in flood-prone areas make use of the maps of depth and velocity, which are provided by numerical simulations of the event. This paper focuses on national regulations regarding quantitative debris-flow hazard mapping and compares them to a simple conceptual model for the quantification of the hazard levels on the basis of human stability in a flood. In particular, the proposed method takes into account, in a conceptual fashion, both the local slope and the density of the fluid, that are crucial aspects affecting stability for processes in mountain environments. Physically-based hazard criteria provide more comprehensible and objective maps, increasing awareness among stakeholders and providing more acceptable constraints for land planning.
Panta Rhei: an evolving scientific decade with a focus on water systems
Authors: Montanari A. , Ceola S. , Baratti E.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. The paper presents an overview of the activity of Panta Rhei, the research decade launched in 2013 by the International Association of Hydrological Sciences. After one year of activity Panta Rhei has already stimulated several initiatives and a worldwide involvement of researchers in hydrology and sister disciplines. Providing an overview of the status of Panta Rhei is essential to further promote the participation of scientists and the completion of its structure, which is currently being shaped by receiving Research Theme and Working Group proposals from the community.
A model of river bank deformations under the simultaneous effect of waves from a hydropower plant and warming
Authors: Debolskaya E.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. This paper presents a mathematical model of the river bed deformations in permafrost areas. The deformations are caused by the influence of waves of various origins under an increase of the ambient temperature. The model system consists of an unsteady hydrodynamic module, a thermal module and a bed deformation module. The hydrodynamic module is based on the two-dimensional shallow water equations. The bed deformation module is based on the sediment mass balance conditions. The thermal module is based on the Stefan equation, which defines the "water–ice" boundary movement. We present two applications of the model in which the bed deformation is calculated for the alluvial channels with melting bed under the influences of waves of different duration and intensity. We compared the model predictions with the laboratory data, generally obtaining a good agreement between the two.