bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Climate warming and sea turtle sex ratios across the globe
Authors: Laloë Jacques‐Olivier , Schofield Gail , Hays Graeme C.
Published: November 2023

Climate warming and the feminization of populations due to temperature‐dependent sex determination may threaten sea turtles with extinction. To identify sites of heightened risk, we examined sex ratio data and patterns of climate change over multiple decades for 64 nesting sites spread across the globe. Over the last 62 years the mean change in air temperature was 0.85°C per century (SD = 0.65°C, range = −0.53 to +2.5°C, n = 64 nesting sites). Temperatures increased at 40 of the 64 study sites. Female‐skewed hatchling or juvenile sex ratios occurred at 57 of the 64 sites, with skews >90% female at 17 sites. We did not uncover a relationship between the extent of warming and sex ratio (r62 = −0.03, p = .802, n = 64 nesting sites). Hence, our results suggest that female‐hatchling sex ratio skews are not simply a consequence of recent warming but have likely persisted at some sites for many decades. So other factors aside from recent warming must drive these variations in sex ratios across nesting sites, such as variations in nesting behaviour (e.g. nest depth), substrate (e.g. sand albedo), shading available and rainfall patterns. While overall across sites recent warming is not linked to hatchling sex ratio, at some sites there is both is a high female skew and high warming, such as Raine Island (Australia; 99% female green turtles; 1.27°C warming per century), nesting beaches in Cyprus (97.1% female green turtles; 1.68°C warming per century) and in the Dutch Caribbean (St Eustatius; 91.5% female leatherback turtles; 1.15°C warming per century). These may be among the first sites where management intervention is needed to increase male production. Continued monitoring of sand temperatures and sex ratios are recommended to help identify when high incubation temperatures threaten population viability.
When do plant hydraulics matter in terrestrial biosphere modelling?
Authors: Paschalis Athanasios , De Kauwe Martin G. , Sabot Manon , Fatichi Simone
Published: November 2023

The ascent of water from the soil to the leaves of vascular plants, described by the study of plant hydraulics, regulates ecosystem responses to environmental forcing and recovery from stress periods. Several approaches to model plant hydraulics have been proposed. In this study, we introduce four different versions of plant hydraulics representations in the terrestrial biosphere model T&C to understand the significance of plant hydraulics to ecosystem functioning. We tested representations of plant hydraulics, investigating plant water capacitance, and long‐term xylem damages following drought. The four models we tested were a combination of representations including or neglecting capacitance and including or neglecting xylem damage legacies. Using the models at six case studies spanning semiarid to tropical ecosystems, we quantify how plant xylem flow, plant water storage and long‐term xylem damage can modulate overall water and carbon dynamics across multiple time scales. We show that as drought develops, models with plant hydraulics predict a slower onset of plant water stress, and a diurnal variability of water and carbon fluxes closer to observations. Plant water storage was found to be particularly important for the diurnal dynamics of water and carbon fluxes, with models that include plant water capacitance yielding better results. Models including permanent damage to conducting plant tissues show an additional significant drought legacy effect, limiting plant productivity during the recovery phase following major droughts. However, when considering ecosystem responses to the observed climate variability, plant hydraulic modules alone cannot significantly improve the overall model performance, even though they reproduce more realistic water and carbon dynamics. This opens new avenues for model development, explicitly linking plant hydraulics with additional ecosystem processes, such as plant phenology and improved carbon allocation algorithms.
Development and validation of a rapid sarcopenia screening questionnaire: The Otassha study
Authors: Kera Takeshi , Osuka Yosuke , Kawai Hisashi , Ejiri Manami , Ito Kumiko , Hirano Hirohiko , Fujiwara Yoshinori , Ihara Kazushige , Obuchi Shuichi
Published: November 2023

Aim

To develop a rapid and easy screening tool to detect sarcopenia.

Methods

In total, 683 community‐dwelling older adults who participated in our cohort study, the “Otassha Study,” in 2019, completely responded to a questionnaire, and were diagnosed with sarcopenia were included. Participants responded to a nine‐item questionnaire, including candidate items for a new sarcopenia screening tool named rapid sarcopenia screening, based on items of the Strength, Assistance with walking, Rising from a chair, Climbing stairs, and Falls (SARC‐F) questionnaire. To select appropriate items for the new screeening tool, multiple logistic regression analyses were performed, with sarcopenia as the dependent variable and questionnaire responses as independent variables. The area under the curve using 10 000 bootstraps was used to assess the rapid sarcopenia screening diagnostic ability for detecting sarcopenia.

Results

Responses to question nos 2 (how much can you squeeze a wet towel?), 5 (how much muscle strength do you think you have compared with that of people of your age and sex?), 7 (how fast do you usually walk?), and 9 (age‐related item) were related to sarcopenia in multiple logistic regression analysis. The area under the curve of the total score of rapid sarcopenia screening was 0.82, 0.80, and 0.81 for men, women, and overall, respectively. At a cut‐off value of 14/15, the sensitivity and specificity for sarcopenia detection were 0.73 and 0.73, respectively.

Conclusions

The newly developed sarcopenia screening tool has a better diagnostic ability for sarcopenia than the SARC‐F. Rapid sarcopenia screening does not require physical function measurements, making it a useful and accessible tool among older adults to detect sarcopenia. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2023; 23: 945–950.
Mechanochemical synthesis of nanostructured and composite oxide ceramics: From mechanisms to tailored properties
Authors: Zhang Yu , Xu Jinyun , Zhang Ziqi , Zhao Liping , Li Ming , Li Minjing , Zhao Di , Zhong Guoqiang , Hu Xudong , Zhang Xiaojun , Zhu Wenju , Zheng Chunming , Sun Xiaohong
Published: November 2023

Mechanochemical synthesis is a technology formed in the 1950s. By applying mechanical energy, mechanochemical synthesis stimulates chemical reactions, causing structural and phase changes and enabling difficult or otherwise impossible reactions to occur. Mechanochemical reactions are relatively safe, clean and efficient. At present, the synthesis of oxide ceramic materials by mechanochemical methods has attracted widespread attention. In the production of oxide ceramic materials, the characteristics of ceramic powder have a certain influence on the molding, sintering, microstructure, and mechanical properties of subsequent ceramics. In this paper, the research progress of mechanical chemistry in the synthesis of nanostructures and composite oxide ceramic powders is reviewed. The effects of process parameters such as ball milling time, speed, atmosphere, grinding media, additives, and ball‐to‐powder ratio on reaction kinetics, phase formation, and powder properties are summarized. In addition, challenges and opportunities for ceramic powder synthesis are also discussed.
Right sided approach for left bundle branch pacing using lumen‐less lead: Technical considerations and follow‐up outcome
Authors: Ponnusamy Shunmuga Sundaram , Ganesan Vithiya , Ramalingam Vadivelu , Kumar Mahesh , Rupert Lydia Joyce , Vijayaraman Pugazhendhi
Published: November 2023

Introduction

Left bundle branch pacing has gained significant momentum in the last few years. The procedure involves deploying the lead deep inside the interventricular septum through left subclavian vein. We aimed at analyzing the feasibility, efficacy and long‐term outcome of left bundle branch pacing (LBBP) using lumen‐less lead through the right subclavian vein.

Methods

This was a retrospective‐institutional, single center observational study done in consecutive patients who underwent LBBP using 3830 selectsecuretm lead. Left subclavian venous access was the primary strategy for lead implantation. Patients requiring right sided approach due to venous obstruction or persistent left superior‐vena‐cava (PLSVC) for LBBP were included in the study.

Results

Right sided approach was successful in 16 out of 19 (84%) attempted patients. C315‐His catheter was used in all patients without modifying its curvature. PLSVC (n = 7), left venous obstruction (n = 7), right sided device upgradation (n = 1) and left pocket infection (n = 1) were the reasons for right sided approach. Mean follow‐up duration was 17 ± 12 months. LBBP resulted in reduction in QRS duration from 137.3 ± 37.8 ms to 122.3 ± 9.5 ms (p −.13) and increase in LV ejection fraction from 46.2 ± 16.3% to 54.4 ± 11.6% (p −.11). The mean fluoroscopy duration and radiation dose were significantly high in right sided approach (n = 16) as compared to left sided approach (n = 293). In patients requiring cardiac‐resynchronization therapy (CRT), right sided LBBP resulted in reduction in QRS duration from 171.8 ± 18.5 to 125.5 ± 11.9 ms (p −.0001) and increase in LVEF from 29.1 ± 3.8 to 45.1 ± 11.9% (p −.005).

Conclusion

Right sided LBBP is feasible, safe and effective in patients requiring pacing for symptomatic bradyarrhythmia and CRT. Further development in dedicated tools for right‐sided approach would help in reducing the fluoroscopy‐duration and radiation‐dose.
Left bundle branch pacing versus left ventricular septal pacing as a primary procedural endpoint during left bundle branch area pacing: Evaluation of two different implant strategies
Authors: Cano Óscar , Jover Pablo , Ayala Hebert D. , Navarrete‐Navarro Javier , Osca Joaquín , Izquierdo Maite , Navarro Josep , Martínez‐Dolz Luis
Published: November 2023

Introduction

Implant procedure features and clinical implications of left bundle branch pacing (LBBP) and left ventricular septal pacing (LVSP) have not been yet fully described. We sought to compare two different left bundle branch area pacing (LBBAP) implant strategies: the first one accepting LVSP as a procedural endpoint and the second one aiming at achieving LBBP in every patient in spite of evidence of previous LVSP criteria.

Methods

LVSP was accepted as a procedural endpoint in 162 consecutive patients (LVSP strategy group). In a second phase, LBBP was attempted in every patient in spite of achieving previous LVSP criteria (n = 161, LBBP strategy group). Baseline patient characteristics, implant procedure, and follow‐up data were compared.

Results

The final capture pattern was LBBP in 71.4% and LVSP in 24.2% in the LBBP strategy group compared to 42.7% and 50%, respectively, in the LVSP strategy group. One hundred and eighty‐four patients (57%) had proven LBB capture criteria with a significantly shorter paced QRS duration than the 120 patients (37%) with LVSP criteria (115 ± 9 vs. 121 ± 13 ms, p < .001). Implant parameters were comparable between the two strategies but the LBBP strategy resulted in a higher rate of acute septal perforation (11.8% vs. 4.9%, p = .026) without any clinical sequelae. Patients with CRT indications significantly improved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) during follow‐up irrespective of the capture pattern (from 35 ± 11% to 45 ± 14% in proven LBBP, p = .024; and from 39 ± 13% to 47 ± 12% for LVSP, p = .003). The presence of structural heart disease and baseline LBBB independently predicted unsuccessful LBB capture.

Conclusion

The LBBP strategy was associated with comparable implant parameters than the LVSP strategy but resulted in higher rates of septal perforation. Proven LBB capture and LVSP showed comparable effects on LVEF during follow‐up.
Impact of multi‐pin atmospheric cold plasma on dynamic rheological characteristics of kodo millet starch
Authors: Sonkar Shivani , Jaddu Samuel , Dwivedi Madhuresh , Pradhan Rama Chandra
Published: November 2023

Kodo millet's popularity grows due to its diverse applications and health benefits, primarily as a starch source for industries like food processing, requiring modifications to overcome raw starch limitations. In this study, raw kodo starch underwent treatment with cold plasma, varying in voltage (10, 20, and 30 kV) and duration (10, 20, and 30 min). The treated samples were designated as S1 to S9. The results showed that the modified starch exhibited significantly higher G' and G" values compared to the control sample. Three different models were attempted to describe the flow behavior, with the most suitable model selected. This analysis led to an increase in yield stress from 86.55 to 217.98 Pa and an increase in the flow index from 0.31 to 0.56 for the modified starch. This understanding of the rheological characteristics of modified starch can be invaluable for innovating new products, blending novel ingredients, and optimizing manufacturing processes.

Practical applications

Kodo millet has gained significant popularity in recent times owing to its high fiber content and low glycemic index. In this research, starch extracted from kodo millet underwent plasma treatment, resulting in a modified starch with enhanced functional properties. The study focused on exploring the rheological properties of this treated starch, and the findings revealed notable improvements in dynamic rheological parameters, including the storage modulus, loss modulus, and viscosity of the starch, all of which increased due to the plasma treatment. The enhanced viscosity makes kodo millet starch particularly suitable for a wide range of food applications. This modified starch finds practical use in the preparation of porridges, soups, and as a reliable filling agent in various food products. This emerging technology has captured the attention of food manufacturers in the grain processing sector, offering a means to elevate the quality and desirability of new food products.
The predictability of daily rainfall during rainy season over East Asia by a Bayesian nonhomogeneous hidden Markov model
Authors: Cao Qing , Zhang Hanchen , Lall Upmanu , Holsclaw Tracy , Shao Quanxi
Published: November 2023

Precipitation plays a significant role in human society and the environment, and how large‐scale climatic features influence precipitation has obtained worldwide attention. The nonhomogeneous hidden Markov model (NHMM) is a typical method to downscale large‐scale climatic elements to the regional level for many hydrologic applications. The traditional NHMM using point estimates of parameters has the risk to have no solutions for parameter estimation, but the Bayesian‐NHMM provides a Bayesian method to estimate parameters and avoids the risk. In this study, the suitability of the Bayesian‐NHMM in East Asia is evaluated. Two typical regions (i.e., the Yangtze River basin and the Zhujiang River basin in China) dominated by different climates were chosen to check model performance. Results show that: (1) the model could divide rainy‐season precipitation into several hidden states, whose variation is correspondent to the variability of monsoon and flux moisture transportation; (2) the model captures seasonality and inter‐annual variation of precipitation amount and also wet days during rainy season well in both river basins. These results suggest that the model could improve the prediction of daily precipitation in East Asia, which in turn could help many regions with similar climatic conditions worldwide to supervise floods and droughts.
A pharmacovigilance study of association between proton‐pump inhibitors and rhabdomyolysis event based on FAERS database
Authors: Sun Yuxuan , Zhang Ailin , Zuo Meiling , Chen Jingtao , Zhu Liqin
Published: November 2023

Background and Aim

The association between proton‐pump inhibitors (PPIs) and rhabdomyolysis were unclear. The aim of this study was to explore and systematically analyze the potential link between five PPIs and the rhabdomyolysis events using the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database.

Methods

Suspected rhabdomyolysis events associated with PPIs were identified by data mining with the reporting odds ratio (ROR), proportional reporting ratio (PRR), the information component (IC), and Empirical Bayes Geometric Mean (EBGM). Demographic information, drug administration, and outcomes of PPI‐induced rhabdomyolysis events were also analyzed.

Results

There were 3311 reports associated with PPI‐induced rhabdomyolysis that were identified. After removing duplicates, 1899 cases were determined to contain complete patient demographic data. The average age was 65 ± 18 year and 57% were male. Omeprazole and pantoprazole had the same largest percentage of reports. Lansoprazole had the highest ROR index of 12.67, followed by esomeprazole (11.18), omeprazole (10.27), rabeprazole (10.06), and pantoprazole (9.24). PRR, IC, and EBGM showed similar patterns. This suggested that lansoprazole exhibited the strongest correlation with rhabdomyolysis. In rhabdomyolysis events, PPIs were mainly “concomitant” (>60%), and only a few cases were “primary suspects” (<15%). Rabeprazole showed the lowest death rate while lansoprazole showed the highest.

Conclusions

The study suggested that significant rhabdomyolysis signals were associated with PPIs. Further research should be performed in drug safety evaluation for a more comprehensive association.
Recalibration of limits to growth: An update of the World3 model
Authors: Nebel Arjuna , Kling Alexander , Willamowski Ruben , Schell Tim
Published: November 2023

After 50 years, there is still an ongoing debate about the Limits to Growth (LtG) study. This paper recalibrates the 2005 World3‐03 model. The input parameters are changed to better match empirical data on world development. An iterative method is used to compute and optimize different parameter sets. This improved parameter set results in a World3 simulation that shows the same overshoot and collapse mode in the coming decade as the original business as usual scenario of the LtG standard run. The main effect of the recalibration update is to raise the peaks of most variables and move them a few years into the future. The parameters with the largest relative changes are those related to industrial capital lifetime, pollution transmission delay, and urban‐industrial land development time.
Communication Between Pregnant People of Color and Prenatal Care Providers in the United States: An Integrative Review
Authors: Goh Amy H. , Altman Molly R. , Canty Lucinda , Edmonds Joyce K.
Published: November 2023

Introduction

Racism and discrimination negatively affect patient–provider communication. Yet, pregnant people of color consistently report being discriminated against, disrespected, and ignored. The purpose of this integrated review was to identify studies that examined communication between pregnant people of color and their prenatal care providers and evaluate the factors and outcomes arising from communication.

Methods

We searched the PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, and PsychINFO databases for studies published between 2001 and 2023. Articles were eligible for inclusion if they reported on primary research conducted in the United States, were written in English, and focused on patient–provider communication with a sample that included pregnant people of color, defined as those who self‐identified as Black, African American, Hispanic, Latina/x/e, Indigenous, American Indian, Asian, Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and/or Pacific Islander American. Twenty‐six articles were included in the review. Relevant data were extracted and compiled into an evidence table. We then applied the rating scale of the Johns Hopkins Evidence‐Based Practice model to assess the level of evidence and quality of the studies. Themes were identified using a memoing technique and organized into 3 a priori categories: factors, outcomes, and recommendations.

Results

Two overarching themes emerged from our analysis: racism/discrimination and unmet information needs. Subthemes were then identified as factors, outcomes, or recommendations. Factors included provider behaviors, language barriers, structural barriers, provider type, continuity of care, and fear. Outcome themes were disrespect, trust, decision‐making power, missed appointments, and satisfaction with care. Lastly, culturally congruent care, provider training, and workforce development were categorized as recommendations.

Discussion

Inadequate communication between prenatal care providers and pregnant people of color continues to exist. Improving access to midwifery education for people of color can contribute to delivering perinatal care that is culturally and linguistically aligned. Further research about digital prenatal health communication is necessary to ensure equitable prenatal care.
Glycyrrhizin regulates antioxidation through Nrf2 signaling pathway in rat temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis
Authors: Hu Zhihui , Zhao Jie , Liu Xin , Li Yanyan , Jiang Henghua , Fang Wei , Long Xing
Published: November 2023

Background

Regulation of redox homeostasis could reduce osteoarthritis severity and limit disease progression, while glycyrrhizin (GL) shows great antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory capacity.

Objective

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of GL on oxidative stress and the potential regulatory mechanism in rat temporomandibular joint (TMJ) chondrocytes under oxidative stress, and investigate the effect of GL in the rat temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJOA) model.

Methods

Rat TMJ chondrocytes were cultured in oxidative stress with different doses of GL. The effect of glycyrrhizin on the nuclear factor‐erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2) in oxidative stress was evaluated by western blot and immunofluorescence staining. A rat model of TMJOA was treated with GL. Micro‐computed tomography, histological and immunohistochemical analysis were used to assess the pathological change of TMJOA.

Results

The expression of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1), and peroxiredoxin 6 (PRDX6) were decreased, and intracellular Nrf2 signaling pathway was activated in chondrocytes in oxidative stress. GL upregulates the expression of antioxidants, especially PRDX6, as well as increases Nrf2 expression and nuclear translocation in rat condylar chondrocytes. Administration of GL attenuates condylar bone destruction, cartilage degeneration, and synovitis in rats TMJOA. Meanwhile, GL alleviated oxidative stress and enhanced the antioxidant capacity of TMJOA cartilage.

Conclusion

This study suggested that GL alleviates rat TMJOA by regulating oxidative stress in condylar cartilage.
First‐best health policy in vaccine markets with health and network externalities
Authors: Amir Rabah , Garcia Filomena , Topolyan Iryna
Published: November 2023

This paper considers an oligopolistic market for a vaccine, characterized by negative network effects, which stem from the free‐riding behavior of individuals engaged in a vaccination game. Vaccine markets often suffer from three imperfections: high concentration, network effects, and a health externality (contagion). The first conclusion of the paper is that the negative network externality is important as a market distortion, as it may lead to significant welfare losses. The second and main part of the paper develops a two‐part per‐unit subsidy scheme that a social planner could use to target both consumers and producers of vaccines. The scope of such a subsidy scheme to induce the firms to produce the first‐best output without network effects (which is the most ambitious first‐best target) is investigated. In many cases, while the first‐best is attainable, it requires negative prices for vaccines, which amounts to rewarding consumers to induce them to vaccinate.
The signaling pathways involved in non‐coding RNA regulation during osteogenic differentiation of periodontal tissue‐derived cells in the field of periodontitis
Authors: Zhu Yinci , Guan Xiaoyan , Geng Xiaorui , Du Yuanhang , Jin Suhan , Liu Jianguo
Published: November 2023

Periodontitis is a prevalent oral disease caused by chronic inflammation of the periodontal tissues surrounding the teeth, which can lead to bone loss, tooth loosening, and even tooth loss. This inflammation has a negative impact on the osteogenic differentiation capacity of periodontal tissue‐derived cells. Non‐coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are a class of RNA molecules that do not encode proteins but can regulate various physiological processes. In this review, we summarized the critical signaling pathways that ncRNAs modulate in osteogenic differentiation of periodontal tissue‐derived cells, such as the Wnt, BMP/Smad, NF‐κB, and PI3‐K/Akt/mTOR pathways. This comprehensive exploration of ncRNA‐mediated modulation offers fresh and promising insights for prospective approaches in the management of periodontitis and the advancement of periodontal regeneration therapies.
The objective assessment of sleep in cluster headache: State of the art and future directions
Authors: Gorgoni Maurizio , Giuliani Giada , Fratino Mariangela , Di Piero Vittorio
Published: November 2023

Several lines of evidence suggest that cluster headache is related to chronobiology and sleep. Nevertheless, the nature of such a relationship is unclear. In this view, the objective evaluation of sleep in cluster headache has strong theoretical and clinical relevance. Here, we provide an in‐depth narrative review of the literature on objective sleep assessment in cluster headache. We found that only a small number of studies (N = 12) focused on this topic. The key research aims were directed to assess: (a) the relationship between cluster headache and sleep breathing disorders; (b) the temporal relationship between sleep stages/events and cluster headache attacks; (c) sleep macrostructure in patients with cluster headache. No studies considered sleep microstructure. The reviewed studies are heterogeneous, conducted by a few research groups, and often characterised by relevant methodological flaws. Results are substantially inconclusive considering the main hypothesis. We outline several methodological points that should be considered for future research, and suggest that evaluating sleep microstructure, local sleep electrophysiology and actigraphic measures may strongly increase knowledge on the relationship between sleep and cluster headache.
Rare plant species occurrence patterns are associated not with soil properties, but with frequent fire in a southeast Australian dry sclerophyll forest
Authors: Sritharan Meena S. , Bowd Elle J. , Scheele Ben C. , Blanchard Wade , Foster Claire N. , Lindenmayer David B.
Published: November 2023

Question

Soil properties can play a crucial role in influencing the abundance and distribution of plant species. Fire regimes can also have substantial impacts on plant community composition. However, few studies have examined the effects of both fire regimes and soil properties on the occurrence of rare plant species. Here, we asked if rare species have specific soil and fire regime associations relative to common species, and if soil properties may explain potential fire effects.

Location

Booderee National Park, southeastern Australia.

Methods

We collected soil cores and completed vegetation surveys on 42 sites in Sydney Coastal Dry Sclerophyll Forest vegetation. We tested for associations between the number of rare species and common species present in relation to three soil chemical properties (available phosphorus, ammonium and organic carbon), fire frequency, and time since fire.

Results

We found that rare and common species were not associated with any of the examined soil properties. However, rare species were associated with sites with a high fire frequency, while common species were negatively associated with time since fire.

Conclusions

Our results indicate that rare species’ occurrence patterns may be influenced by the direct effects of fire or mediated by multiple factors, rather than shaped solely by soil properties in our study area. Future work to understand the factors that underpin rare species’ occurrence patterns in response to fire is critical to develop fire management protocols that effectively conserve rare species in dry sclerophyll forests.
Income distribution and nudity on social media: Attention economics of Instagram stars
Authors: Gaenssle Sophia
Published: November 2023

Social media stars gain star‐status with uploads on social media pages like YouTube, TikTok, or Instagram. One of the most popular platforms is “Instagram” owned by Meta/Facebook. The growing social, cultural, and economic power of so‐called influencers raises questions about key drivers of success and, moreover, distribution of income on social media platforms. Instagram has been accused of strategically favoring images with nude content. In order to shed light on this socio‐critical aspect, this paper examines the following research questions: Does body exposure drive income success on Instagram? Is there a difference between male and female content in this regard? This paper empirically analyzes 500 top Instagram stars within the categories (1) fashion and beauty, (2) fitness and sports, (3) music, (4) photo and arts, and (5) food and vegan. The data provide information on popularity, posting behavior, and price estimates per post. Using hybrid regression models, the results show indeed positive impact of body exposure on monetary success. Accounts with high level of body exposure achieve higher prices and advertising revenues than accounts with less nudity, regardless of the gender. Regarding gender differences, male content achieves on average higher advertising prices, whereas female accounts provide more branded content and eventually achieve higher advertising revenues.
Contact lens wear and follow‐up and its association with signs and symptoms of meibomian gland dysfunction
Authors: Ifrah Reut , Quevedo Lluisa , Hazrati Gal , Maman Shiran , Mangisto Huluager , Shmuel Eden , Gantz Liat
Published: November 2023

Introduction

This study investigated the equivocal association between contact lens (CL) wear and meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) by comparing the morphological, functional and subjective outcomes of CL wearers versus control, non‐CL wearers. CL wearers were examined as two cohorts based on the annual attendance of follow‐up visits (FLU—attended these visits, whereas non‐FLU did not).

Methods

Habitual logMAR visual acuity, invasive and non‐invasive tear break‐up time, Schirmer test, Efron grading scales, meibum quality score (MQS), meibum expressibility score (MES), meibomian gland (MG) loss, lid margin abnormalities and subjective dry eye (DE) symptoms were assessed.

Results

Of the 128 participants, 31 were in the FLU cohort, 43 were in the non‐FLU cohort and 54 were controls (mean ages: 22.2 ± 3.1, 23.0 ± 4.6 and 22.3 ± 3.5, respectively). Non‐FLU CL wearers had more symptoms than controls (3.7 ± 2.4 vs. 2.3 ± 2.1, p < 0.01). Morphologically, FLU (16.9 ± 8.8%, p = 0.02) and non‐FLU (18.6 ± 11.3%, p = 0.001) had more MG loss than controls (11.2 ± 6.8%). Functionally, FLU (0.6 ± 0.7, p = 0.01) and non‐FLU (0.8 ± 0.9, p = 0.001) had worse MES than controls (0.2 ± 0.5). FLU and non‐FLU were both associated with corneal staining (odds ratio [OR] = 3.42, 95% CI: 1.16–10.11, p = 0.03 and OR = 5.23, 95% CI: 1.89–14.48, p = 0.001, respectively) and MG loss (OR = 10.47, 95% CI: 1.14–96.29, p = 0.04 and OR = 16.63, 95% CI: 1.96–140.86, p = 0.01, respectively). Non‐FLU CL wear was also associated with abnormal MQS (OR = 12.87, 95% CI: 1.12–148.41, p = 0.04), conjunctival staining (OR = 12.18, 95% CI: 3.66–40.51, p < 0.001) and lid margin telangiectasia (OR = 3.78, 95% CI: 1.55–9.21, p = 0.003). MGD was three times more prevalent in CL wearers (12%) than in controls (4%).

Conclusions

Both CL‐wearing cohorts demonstrated significantly more MG abnormalities than controls though the difference was not clinically significant. Non‐FLU CL wearers had more DE symptoms. Non‐FLU CL wear is an independent predictor for more abnormalities than FLU CL wear, emphasising the importance of follow‐ups.
Unravelling inversions: Technological advances, challenges, and potential impact on crop breeding
Authors: Hu Haifei , Scheben Armin , Wang Jian , Li Fangping , Li Chengdao , Edwards David , Zhao Junliang
Published: November 2023

Inversions, a type of chromosomal structural variation, significantly influence plant adaptation and gene functions by impacting gene expression and recombination rates. However, compared with other structural variations, their roles in functional biology and crop improvement remain largely unexplored. In this review, we highlight technological and methodological advancements that have allowed a comprehensive understanding of inversion variants through the pangenome framework and machine learning algorithms. Genome editing is an efficient method for inducing or reversing inversion mutations in plants, providing an effective mechanism to modify local recombination rates. Given the potential of inversions in crop breeding, we anticipate increasing attention on inversions from the scientific community in future research and breeding applications.
The COP27 decision and future directions for loss and damage finance: Addressing vulnerability and non‐economic loss and damage
Authors: McDonnell Siobhan
Published: November 2023

This article discusses critical gaps in finance for loss and damage and analyses the decision on funding arrangements for loss and damage made at the Sharm el‐Sheikh climate conference (COP27) in 2022. The article first considers the history of various loss and damage finance proposals, including the loss and damage negotiations in the lead‐up to COP27. The article then considers in detail the agreed COP27 decision on loss and damage finance. The article concludes with a discussion of future directions in loss and damage finance. In particular, it discusses the importance of future loss and damage finance arrangements for addressing non‐economic loss and damage and also offers analysis of the criteria associated with ‘particularly vulnerable’ developing countries.
Global contagion risk and IMF credit cycles: Emergency exits and revolving doors
Authors: Kaplan Stephen B. , Shim Sujeong
Published: November 2023

Why does the International Monetary Fund (IMF) exit its lending relationships before member states have resolved their financial crises? It is particularly surprising given that the IMF often resumes its lending shortly after its withdrawal. We argue that IMF withdrawals are conditioned by global contagion risk. The tension between the IMF's mandate of global financial stability and its limited financial resources compels the IMF's early exit from its lending relationships. During periods of high global contagion, the IMF prioritizes its mandate by continuing its lending despite noncompliance. However, when the IMF perceives minimal contagion risk, it focuses on moral hazard, and willingly cuts its lending ties to preserve its reputation and resources for future crises. Employing a comparative analysis of IMF decision‐making in two of its largest borrowers, Argentina and Greece, we find supportive evidence for our claims.
Individuals with chronic ankle instability show altered regional activation of the peroneus longus muscle during ankle eversion
Authors: Mendez‐Rebolledo Guillermo , Guzmán‐Venegas Rodrigo , Cruz‐Montecinos Carlos , Watanabe Kohei , Calatayud Joaquín , Martinez‐Valdes Eduardo
Published: November 2023

Individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI) present muscular weakness and potential changes in the activation of the peroneus longus muscle, which likely explains the high recurrence of ankle sprains in this population. However, there is conflicting evidence regarding the role of the peroneus longus activity in CAI, possibly due to the limited spatial resolution of the surface electromyography (sEMG) methods (i.e., bipolar sEMG). Recent studies employing high‐density sEMG (HD‐sEMG) have shown that the peroneus longus presents differences in regional activation, however, it is unknown whether this regional activation is maintained under pathological conditions such as CAI. This study aimed to compare the myoelectric activity, using HD‐sEMG, of each peroneus longus compartment (anterior and posterior) between individuals with and without CAI. Eighteen healthy individuals (No‐CAI group) and 18 individuals with CAI were recruited. In both groups, the center of mass (COM) and the sEMG amplitude at each compartment were recorded during ankle eversion at different force levels. For the posterior compartment, the sEMG amplitude of CAI group was significantly lower than the No‐CAI group (mean difference = 5.6% RMS; 95% CI = 3.4–7.6; p = 0.0001). In addition, it was observed a significant main effect for group (F1,32 = 9.608; p = 0.0040) with an anterior displacement of COM for the CAI group. These findings suggest that CAI alters the regional distribution of muscle activity of the peroneus longus during ankle eversion. In practice, altered regional activation may impact strengthening programs, prevention, and rehabilitation of CAI.
Investigational non‐antibiotic therapeutics for infections in hematopoietic cell transplant recipients and patients with hematologic malignancies receiving cellular therapies
Authors: Garner Will , Hamza Amjad , Haidar Ghady
Published: November 2023

In the age of progressive antimicrobial resistance and increased difficulty combating infections in immunocompromised hosts, there has been renewed interest in the use of nontraditional therapeutics for infections. Herein, we review the use of investigational non‐pharmaceutical anti‐infective agents targeting fungal, bacterial, and viral infections in patients with hematologic malignancies, focusing on those receiving hematopoietic cell transplantation or cellular therapies. We discuss immune checkpoint inhibitors, granulocyte transfusions, bone marrow colony‐stimulating factors, bacteriophages, fecal microbiota transplantation, and virus specific T‐cell therapy. Although there is promising early experience with many of these treatments, further studies will be required to define their optimal role in the therapeutic armamentarium against infections in immunocompromised hosts.
Predictors of intraoperative massive transfusion in orthotopic liver transplantation
Authors: Alhamar Mohamed , Uzuni Ajna , Mehrotra Harshita , Elbashir Jaber , Galusca Dragos , Nagai Shunji , Yoshida Atsushi , Abouljoud Marwan S. , Otrock Zaher K.
Published: November 2023

Background

Although transfusion management has improved during the last decade, orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) has been associated with considerable blood transfusion requirements which poses some challenges in securing blood bank inventories. Defining the predictors of massive blood transfusion before surgery will allow the blood bank to better manage patients' needs without delays. We evaluated the predictors of intraoperative massive transfusion in OLT.

Study Design and Methods

Data were collected on patients who underwent OLT between 2007 and 2017. Repeat OLTs were excluded. Analyzed variables included recipients' demographic and pretransplant laboratory variables, donors' data, and intraoperative variables. Massive transfusion was defined as intraoperative transfusion of ≥10 units of packed red blood cells (RBCs). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 17.0.

Results

The study included 970 OLT patients. The median age of patients was 57 (range: 16–74) years; 609 (62.7%) were male. RBCs, thawed plasma, and platelets were transfused intraoperatively to 782 (80.6%) patients, 831 (85.7%) patients, and 422 (43.5%) patients, respectively. Massive transfusion was documented in 119 (12.3%) patients. In multivariate analysis, previous right abdominal surgery, the recipient's hemoglobin, Model for End Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score, cold ischemia time, warm ischemia time, and operation time were predictive of massive transfusion. There was a direct significant correlation between the number of RBC units transfused and plasma (Pearson correlation coefficient r = .794) and platelets (r = .65).

Discussion

Previous abdominal surgery, the recipient's hemoglobin, MELD score, cold ischemia time, warm ischemia time, and operation time were predictive of intraoperative massive transfusion in OLT.
Towards meaningful transparency at the WTO: Reinforcing the trade policy review mechanism1
Authors: Brotto Reigado André , Evenett Simon J. , Martin Fernando
Published: November 2023

We characterise the operation of the World Trade Organization's Trade Policy Review as an exercise, albeit valuable, in performative transparency. We describe steps taken by the St. Gallen Endowment for Prosperity Through Trade to augment this review process so as contribute towards meaningful transparency. Drawing from recent Trade Policy Reviews of G20 countries, specific examples are described where revealing evidence was provided that facilitates government assessment of their economies' exposure to the commercial policy practices of the reviewed nation. While a step forward, further steps are needed to attain meaningful transparency at the multilateral level that translates into better commercial policies.
Isavuconazole use and TDM in real-world pediatric practice
Authors: Fernández Ledesma Berta , Mendoza-Palomar Natalia , Melendo Pérez Susana , Fernández-Polo Aurora , Renedo Miró Berta , Pau Parra Alba , Luque Pardos Sonia , Grau Cerrato Santiago , Vima Bofarull Jaume , Martín-Gómez María Teresa , Pujol Jover Montserrat , Benítez-Carbante Maria Isabel , Díaz de Heredia Cristina , Soler-Palacin Pere
Published: November 2023

Isavuconazole (ISA) is approved for treating invasive aspergillosis and mucormycosis in adults, but its use in children remains off-label. We report on the use of ISA in real-world pediatric practice with 15 patients receiving ISA for treatment of invasive fungal infections. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) was performed in all patients, with 52/111 (46.8%) C
trough
determinations out of range, thus supporting the need for TDM in children, especially those receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO).
Archaeal GPN-loop GTPases involve a lock-switch-rock mechanism for GTP hydrolysis
Authors: Korf Lukas , Ye Xing , Vogt Marian S. , Steinchen Wieland , Watad Mohamed , van der Does Chris , Tourte Maxime , Sivabalasarma Shamphavi , Albers Sonja-Verena , Essen Lars-Oliver
Published: November 2023

Three GPN-loop GTPases, GPN1–GPN3, are central to the maturation and trafficking of eukaryotic RNA polymerase II. This GTPase family is widely represented in archaea but typically occurs as single paralogs. Structural analysis of the GTP- and GDP-bound states of the
Sulfolobus acidocaldarius
GPN enzyme (
Sa
GPN) showed that this central GPN-loop GTPase adopts two distinct quaternary structures. In the GTP-bound form, the γ-phosphate induces a closed dimeric arrangement by interacting with the GPN region that is relaxed upon hydrolysis to GDP. Consequently, a rocking-like motion of the two protomers causes a major allosteric structural change toward the roof-like helices. Using a lock-switch-rock mechanism, homo- and heterodimeric GPN-like GTPases are locked in the GTP-bound state and undergo large conformational changes upon GTP hydrolysis. A Δ
saGPN
strain of
S. acidocaldarius
was characterized by impaired motility and major changes in the proteome underscoring its functional relevance for
S. acidocaldarius in vivo
.

IMPORTANCE

GPN-loop GTPases have been found to be crucial for eukaryotic RNA polymerase II assembly and nuclear trafficking. Despite their ubiquitous occurrence in eukaryotes and archaea, the mechanism by which these GTPases mediate their function is unknown. Our study on an archaeal representative from
Sulfolobus acidocaldarius
showed that these dimeric GTPases undergo large-scale conformational changes upon GTP hydrolysis, which can be summarized as a lock-switch-rock mechanism. The observed requirement of
Sa
GPN for motility appears to be due to its large footprint on the archaeal proteome.
Genome characterization of
Streptomyces
sp. strain VNUA74, a potential biocontrol against pathogenic fungus
Colletotrichum
spp.
Authors: Nguyen Thu Thi , Dinh Son Truong , Nguyen Canh Xuan
Published: November 2023

The whole genome sequence of
Streptomyces
sp. strain VNUA74, isolated from soil in a banana farm in Vietnam and exhibited fungicidal effects on banana
Colletotrichum
spp., was sequenced by PacBio RS II and DNBseq sequencing platforms. The complete circular genome is 7,250,076 bp with a GC content of 72.69%.
Heteroresistance to colistin in wild-type
Klebsiella pneumoniae
isolates from clinical origin
Authors: Sánchez-León Irene , Pérez-Nadales Elena , Marín-Sanz Juan Antonio , García-Martínez Teresa , Martínez-Martínez Luis
Published: November 2023

Heteroresistance to colistin can be defined as the presence of resistant subpopulations in an isolate that is susceptible to colistin. The aim of this work was to study heteroresistance in 10 wild-type
Klebsiella pneumoniae
isolates of clinical origin, to determine the importance of persisters variants and stable mutants in heteroresistance, and to describe genomic changes observed in mutants obtained in population analysis profiling (PAP) assays. Mutations in genes related to colistin resistance (including
pmr
A,
pmr
B,
pmr
C,
pmr
D,
pho
P,
pho
Q,
crr
A,
ccr
B,
mgr
B,
ram
A,
rom
A,
lax
A,
lpx
C,
lpx
D,
acr
A, and
acr
B) were investigated by whole-genome sequencing with an Illumina platform. Additionally, PCR and Sanger sequencing of the
mgr
B gene of the selected mutants were also performed. PAP showed that the investigated
K. pneumoniae
isolates present heteroresistance to colistin, which is related to both the growth of persisters variants and the selection of resistant mutants. A total of 31-point mutations were identified in proteins PhoP, PhoQ, PmrB, and CrrB of which novel mutations were reported in PhoP (E22K, L12Q, and M175K), PhoQ (V24G and L105Q), PmrB (G207D), and CrrB (G183V). MgrB changes included amino acid substitutions (D31N and L19R), deletions (∆C28, ∆C39, ∆Q22, and ∆W6) or the presence of insertion sequences belonging to the IS1 (ISKpn14) and IS5 (ISKpn74) families that inactivated the gene. The results of this study will help to understand the mechanisms involved in colistin heteroresistance among wild-type
K. pneumoniae
isolates.

IMPORTANCE

Colistin is one of the last remaining therapeutic options for dealing with Enterobacteriaceae. Unfortunately, heteroresistance to colistin is also rapidly increasing. We described the prevalence of colistin heteroresistance in a variety of wild-type strains of
Klebsiella pneumoniae
and the evolution of these strains with colistin heteroresistance to a resistant phenotype after colistin exposure and withdrawal. Resistant mutants were characterized at the molecular level, and numerous mutations in genes related to lipopolysaccharide formation were observed. In colistin-treated patients, the evolution of
K. pneumoniae
heteroresistance to resistance phenotype could lead to higher rates of therapeutic failure.