bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structure and binding specificity of the receiver domain of sensor histidine kinase CKI1 from Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Pekárová Blanka , Klumpler Tomáš , Třísková Olga , Horák Jakub , Jansen Séverine , Dopitová Radka , Borkovcová Petra , Papoušková Veronika , Nejedlá Eliška , Sklenář Vladimír , Marek Jaromír , Žídek Lukáš , Hejátko Jan , Janda Lubomír
Published: May 2011

Multistep phosphorelay (MSP) signaling mediates responses to a variety of important stimuli in plants. In Arabidopsis MSP, the signal is transferred from sensor histidine kinase (HK) via histidine phosphotransfer proteins (AHP1–AHP5) to nuclear response regulators. In contrast to ancestral two‐component signaling in bacteria, protein interactions in plant MSP are supposed to be rather nonspecific. Here, we show that the C‐terminal receiver domain of HK CKI1 (CKI1RD) is responsible for the recognition of CKI1 downstream signaling partners, and specifically interacts with AHP2, AHP3 and AHP5 with different affinities. We studied the effects of Mg2+, the co‐factor necessary for signal transduction via MSP, and phosphorylation‐mimicking BeF3− on CKI1RD in solution, and determined the crystal structure of free CKI1RD and CKI1RD in a complex with Mg2+. We found that the structure of CKI1RD shares similarities with the only known structure of plant HK, ETR1RD, with the main differences being in loop L3. Magnesium binding induces the rearrangement of some residues around the active site of CKI1RD, as was determined by both X‐ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy. Collectively, these results provide initial insights into the nature of molecular mechanisms determining the specificity of MSP signaling and MSP catalysis in plants.
Resistance to first‐line tuberculosis drugs in three cities of Nigeria
Authors: Lawson L. , Yassin M. A. , Abdurrahman S. T. , Parry C. M. , Dacombe R. , Sogaolu O. M. , Ebisike J. N. , Uzoewulu G. N. , Lawson L. O. , Emenyonu N. , Ouoha J. O. , David J. S. , Davies P. D. O. , Cuevas L. E.
Published: May 2011

Objectives  To determine the levels of resistance to first‐line tuberculosis drugs in three cities in three geopolitical zones in Nigeria.

Methods  A total of 527 smear‐positive sputum samples from Abuja, Ibadan and Nnewi were cultured on BACTEC‐ MGIT 960. Drug susceptibility tests (DST) for streptomycin, isoniazid, rifampicin and ethambutol were performed on 428 culture‐positive samples on BACTEC‐MGIT960.

Results  Eight per cent of the specimens cultured were multi‐drug‐resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MDR‐TB) with varying levels of resistance to individual and multiple first–line drugs. MDR was strongly associated with previous treatment: 5% of new and 19% of previously treated patients had MDR‐TB (OR 4.1 (95% CI 1.9–8.8), P = 0.001) and with young adult age: 63% of patients with and 38% without MDR‐TB were 25–34 years old (P = 0.01). HIV status was documented in 71%. There was no association between MDR‐TB and HIV coinfection (P = 0.9) and gender (P > 0.2 for both).

Conclusions  MDR‐TB is an emerging problem in Nigeria. Developing good quality drug susceptibility test facilities, routine monitoring of drug susceptibility and improved health systems for the delivery of and adherence to first‐ and second‐line treatment are imperative to solve this problem.
Communities of practice: the missing link for knowledge management on implementation issues in low‐income countries?
Authors: Meessen Bruno , Kouanda Seni , Musango Laurent , Richard Fabienne , Ridde Valéry , Soucat Agnès
Published: May 2011

The implementation of policies remains a huge challenge in many low‐income countries. Several factors play a role in this, but improper management of existing knowledge is no doubt a major issue. In this article, we argue that new platforms should be created that gather all stakeholders who hold pieces of relevant knowledge for successful policies. To build our case, we capitalize on our experience in our domain of practice, health care financing in sub‐Saharan Africa. We recently adopted a community of practice strategy in the region. More in general, we consider these platforms as the way forward for knowledge management of implementation issues.
Promotion of flowering in azaleas by manipulating photoperiod and temperature induces epigenetic alterations during floral transition
Authors: Meijón Mónica , Feito Isabel , Valledor Luis , Rodríguez Roberto , Cañal María Jesús
Published: May 2011

The ability to control the timing of flowering is a key strategy for planning production in ornamental species such as the azalea; however, this requires a thorough understanding of floral induction pathways. DNA methylation is one of the main mechanisms involved in controlling the functional state of chromatin and gene expression in response to environmental and developmental signals. This work investigated the promotion of flowering in azaleas by the manipulation of environmental factors, using DNA methylation levels as a marker of floral bud development. The results showed that the change of long‐day (LD) to short‐day (SD) photoperiod is the primary factor responsible for floral induction in azaleas, whereas the existence of the previous cold period as well as the physiological memory are factors which improve floral production. Furthermore, for blooming to take place, 1300 units of growing degree days under an LD were necessary. The promotion of flowering in azaleas by alterations of photoperiod and temperature induced DNA methylation changes. The demethylation observed after the change from LD to SD is linked to a change in cell fate which is necessary for floral transition to take place and seems to be associated with the floral signal.
A novel isotonic balanced electrolyte solution with 1% glucose for intraoperative fluid therapy in neonates: results of a prospective multicentre observational postauthorisation safety study (PASS)
Authors: Sümpelmann Robert , Mader Thomas , Dennhardt Nils , Witt Lars , Eich Christoph , Osthaus Wilhelm A.
Published: May 2011

Background:  Neonates have a higher metabolic rate and an increased risk of perioperative hypoglycemia and lipolysis, but during anesthesia, both oxygen consumption and metabolic rate are decreased, and this may lead to reduced intraoperative glucose requirements.

Objective:  The objective of this prospective multicentre observational postauthorisation safety study was to evaluate the intraoperative use of a novel isotonic balanced electrolyte solution with a low glucose concentration of 1% (BS‐G1) in neonates with a particular focus on changes in acid‐base, electrolyte, and glucose concentrations.

Methods:  Following the local ethics committee approval, neonates with a postmenstrual age under 45 weeks and an ASA risk score of I–IV undergoing intraoperative administration of BS‐G1 were enrolled. Patient demographics, the performed procedure, adverse drug reactions, hemodynamic data, and the results of blood gas analysis before and after infusion were documented with a focus on changes in acid‐base, electrolyte, and glucose concentrations.

Results:  In 66 neonates (ASA I–IV; postmenstrual age 38 ± 4, range 25–45 weeks; body weight 2.9 ± 0.9, range 0.65–4.6 kg), the mean infusion rate was 10.4 ± 3.2 (range 4.5–19.6) ml·kg−1·h−1 BS‐G1. During the infusion, hemoglobin, hematocrit, bicarbonate, base excess, anion gap, strong ion difference, and calcium decreased, and chloride and glucose increased significantly within the physiological range. All other measured parameters including sodium and lactate remained stable. Neither hypoglycemia (glucose < 3 mm) nor hyperglycemia (glucose > 10 mm) was documented after BS‐G1 infusion. No adverse drug reactions were reported.

Conclusion:  The study shows that the intraoperative use of an isotonic balanced electrolyte solution with 1% glucose and a mean infusion rate of 10 ml·kg−1·h−1 helps to avoid acid‐base dysbalance, hyponatraemia, hypoglycemia, ketoacidosis, and hyperglycemia in surgical neonates. A careful intraoperative monitoring and adaptation of the infusion rate as needed is crucial because the glucose and fluid requirements may vary widely between subjects.
Floral, climatic and soil pH controls on leaf ash content in China's terrestrial plants
Authors: Han Wenxuan , Chen Yahan , Zhao Fang‐Jie , Tang Luying , Jiang Rongfeng , Zhang Fusuo
Published: May 2011

Aim  To investigate broad‐scale patterns of plant leaf ash content and their possible causes in China.

Location  Mainland China and Hainan island, with the geographic ranges for the data used from 18.7° N to 49.2° N and 76.0° E to 128.3° E.

Methods  By analysing a data set of 2022 leaf samples, involving 704 species of terrestrial plants.

Results  Leaf ash content increases with increasing latitude at an average rate of 2.7 mg ash g−1 dry weight per degree latitude from south to north of China. Plant functional group shows a more powerful influence on the spatial variation in leaf ash than soil pH and climate. Fast‐growing species or those with leaves with a short life span have higher leaf ash than slow‐growing species or those with a long leaf life span. Plants from alkaline soils have higher leaf ash than those from acid soils (39.5 mg g−1 increase in leaf ash content per unit increase of pH). Increasing precipitation significantly reduces leaf ash (with a mean rate of 4.8 mg g−1 for every 100 mm rainfall), whereas the effect of temperature appears to be nonlinear.

Main conclusions  This study shows a significant latitudinal trend in leaf ash content in China. This geographic pattern is possibly shaped by the floral, edaphic and climatic factors that control the biogeochemical cycling of plant minerals. The results suggest that leaf ash content is a useful biogeographic indicator that can be used to explore the complex interactions between plants and the environment.
Ideology, Fear of Death, and Death Anxiety
Authors: Castano Emanuele , Leidner Bernhard , Bonacossa Alain , Nikkah John , Perrulli Rachel , Spencer Bettina , Humphrey Nicholas
Published: May 2011

Ideological beliefs have long attracted the attention of social psychologists, who have investigated their genesis as well as their influence on a host of social phenomena. Conservatism, from the Motivated Social Cognition framework, stems from epistemic and existential needs of the individual, and notably the fear of death. However, Terror Management Theory proposes a view of conservatism and its contrary, liberalism, as equivalent cultural worldviews, equally fit to fulfill such needs. In the present contribution, results are presented from five studies, which test the contrasting hypotheses derived from these two perspectives. A new perspective is considered that accounts for these and previous findings.
The Emotional Citizen: Emotion as a Function of Political Sophistication
Authors: Miller Patrick R.
Published: May 2011

Scholars and popular commentators have often stereotyped emotion as a tool that citizens use to reason about politics in place of hard fact and critical thought. Indeed, critics have often seen emotion as a potentially dangerous force that can sway the unsophisticated masses to undesirable ends. This article challenges the view that emotion is an outgrowth of low sophistication, arguing that high sophisticates are more likely to experience emotion in reaction to politics and that emotions are more influential on the political behavior of high sophisticates. Drawing upon appraisal theory, this article develops a theory of how political engagement elicits emotionality about politics, and how emotion interacts with understanding and motivation to produce its greatest impact on the behavior of those citizens who are the most politically sophisticated. Behavioral effects are examined in the contexts of presidential voting behavior and Iraq War policy attitudes. Hypotheses are tested on pooled American National Election Studies (ANES) data and an original web‐based survey of undergraduates.
The Loss Rank Criterion for Variable Selection in Linear Regression Analysis
Authors: TRAN MINH‐NGOC
Published: May 2011

Abstract.  Lasso and other regularization procedures are attractive methods for variable selection, subject to a proper choice of shrinkage parameter. Given a set of potential subsets produced by a regularization algorithm, a consistent model selection criterion is proposed to select the best one among this preselected set. The approach leads to a fast and efficient procedure for variable selection, especially in high‐dimensional settings. Model selection consistency of the suggested criterion is proven when the number of covariates d is fixed. Simulation studies suggest that the criterion still enjoys model selection consistency when d is much larger than the sample size. The simulations also show that our approach for variable selection works surprisingly well in comparison with existing competitors. The method is also applied to a real data set.
Supervised Classification for a Family of Gaussian Functional Models
Authors: BAÍLLO AMPARO , CUEVAS ANTONIO , CUESTA‐ALBERTOS JUAN ANTONIO
Published: May 2011

Abstract.  In the framework of supervised classification (discrimination) for functional data, it is shown that the optimal classification rule can be explicitly obtained for a class of Gaussian processes with ‘triangular’ covariance functions. This explicit knowledge has two practical consequences. First, the consistency of the well‐known nearest neighbours classifier (which is not guaranteed in the problems with functional data) is established for the indicated class of processes. Second, and more important, parametric and non‐parametric plug‐in classifiers can be obtained by estimating the unknown elements in the optimal rule. The performance of these new plug‐in classifiers is checked, with positive results, through a simulation study and a real data example.
ON THE DYBVIG‐INGERSOLL‐ROSS THEOREM
Authors: Kardaras Constantinos , Platen Eckhard
Published: May 2011

The Dybvig‐Ingersoll‐Ross (DIR) theorem states that, in arbitrage‐free term structure models, long‐term yields and forward rates can never fall. We present a refined version of the DIR theorem, where we identify the reciprocal of the maturity date as the maximal order that long‐term rates at earlier dates can dominate long‐term rates at later dates. The viability assumption imposed on the market model is weaker than those appearing previously in the literature.
POWER UTILITY MAXIMIZATION IN CONSTRAINED EXPONENTIAL LÉVY MODELS
Authors: Nutz Marcel
Published: May 2011

We study power utility maximization for exponential Lévy models with portfolio constraints, where utility is obtained from consumption and/or terminal wealth. For convex constraints, an explicit solution in terms of the Lévy triplet is constructed under minimal assumptions by solving the Bellman equation. We use a novel transformation of the model to avoid technical conditions. The consequences for q‐optimal martingale measures are discussed as well as extensions to nonconvex constraints.
The transfer of training: what really matters
Authors: Grossman Rebecca , Salas Eduardo
Published: May 2011

Although organizations invest billions of dollars in training every year, many trained competencies reportedly fail to transfer to the workplace. Researchers have long examined the ‘transfer problem’, uncovering a wealth of information regarding the transfer of training. Inconsistencies remain, however, and organizations may find it difficult to pinpoint exactly which factors are most critical. Using Baldwin and Ford's model of transfer, we identify the factors relating to trainee characteristics (cognitive ability, self‐efficacy, motivation, perceived utility of training), training design (behavioral modeling, error management, realistic training environments) and the work environment (transfer climate, support, opportunity to perform, follow‐up) that have exhibited the strongest, most consistent relationships with the transfer of training. We describe our reasoning for extracting such variables from the literature and conclude by discussing potential implications for practice and future research.
Employees' perceptions of the opportunities to utilize their competences: exploring the role of perceived competence mobilization
Authors: Lai Linda
Published: May 2011

Perceived competence mobilization is the degree to which employees perceive that they have adequate opportunities to utilize their competences in their current jobs. The findings of the research reported here suggest that employees' perceived competence mobilization is associated with a number of favourable employee attitudes, including intrinsic motivation, organizational commitment and intention to stay with the organization. Findings based on cross‐sectional data from 881 public workers indicate that perceived competence mobilization better predicts relevant employee attitudes than any of the other variables included. The indicated effect of perceived competence mobilization on intrinsic motivation overpowers the effect of self‐efficacy (perceived competence), one of the core variables of self‐determination theory. Perceived competence mobilization also appears to mediate many relationships involving self‐efficacy or perceived training opportunities. Hence, continued research into this construct is of potential value to researchers and organizations.
Teacher perceptions of professional development in the context of national educational reform: the case of Qatar*
Authors: Nasser Ramzi , Romanowski Michael
Published: May 2011

In light of nationally mandated educational changes in Qatar, this study investigates in‐service teachers' perceptions of professional development (PD). The aims are to identify challenges facing teachers' PD. The respondents were 40 in‐service teachers from two schools in Doha, Qatar, who had received PD connected with national educational reforms. They supplied data through questionnaires, interviews and concept maps indicating their perceptions of mandated PD. Generally, they expressed a belief in the importance of PD and its role in the improvement of teaching practice, motivation and communication. However, the findings revealed, among other things, that they had only a rudimentary understanding of PD and lacked the awareness that PD evoked any sense of personal growth, collaboration and self‐reflection. The implications of the findings are discussed.
Indolent systemic mastocytosis treated with narrow‐band UVB phototherapy: study of five cases
Authors: Brazzelli V. , Grasso V. , Manna G. , Barbaccia V. , Merante S. , Boveri E. , Borroni G.
Published: May 2011

Background  Mastocytoses represent a heterogeneous group of stem cell disorders marked by an abnormal hyperplasia and accumulation of mast cells in one or more tissues, including bone marrow, gastrointestinal tract, liver, spleen, lymph nodes and skin. Indolent systemic mastocytosis (ISM) is characterized by red‐brownish and pruriginous maculopapular lesions, a bone marrow infiltration without functional impairment and an indolent clinical course with a good prognosis. In particular, the most common cutaneous symptoms are urticarial rash and mild‐to‐high pruritus.

Objectives  This study analyses the clinical outcome of patients affected by ISM with prevalent pruriginous cutaneous symptoms and a scarce response to anti‐histamines treated using narrowband ultraviolet B (NB‐UVB) phototherapy.

Methods  Narrowband ultraviolet B phototherapy was administered in a UV‐irradiation cabin equipped with fluorescent UVB lamps with a peak emission at 311–313 nm. The perception of pruritus severity was assessed using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) before starting the treatment and at each control.

Results  A complete remission of the cutaneous lesions and pruritus was documented in all patients after a median of 40.3 UV treatments and a median cumulative dose of 51.4 J/cm2, with a lasting remission over a 6‐month follow‐up. The median VAS score at the beginning of the treatment was 86.6 (SD = 6.64), whereas it decreased to 6.66 (SD = 3.75) after 3 months of therapy.

Conclusions  Our work provides evidence that NB‐UVB phototherapy is useful for the treatment of the cutaneous symptoms and pruritus in ISM.
The 220‐age equation does not predict maximum heart rate in children and adolescents
Authors: VERSCHUREN OLAF , MALTAIS DÉSIRÉE B , TAKKEN TIM
Published: May 2011

Our primary purpose was to provide maximum heart rate (HRmax) values for ambulatory children with cerebral palsy (CP). The secondary purpose was to determine the effects of age, sex, ambulatory ability, height, and weight on HRmax. In 362 ambulatory children and adolescents with CP (213 males and 149 females; age range 6–19y; 195 spastic unilateral, 162 spastic bilateral, and five ataxic CP), HRmax was measured during a 10‐m (Gross Motor Function Classification System [GMFCS] levels I and II) or 7.5 m (GMFCS level III) shuttle run test. The mean HRmax was 194 (SD 9.9) beats per minute (bpm), with a 95% prediction interval between 174 and 214 bpm. No associations were found in HRmax related to age, sex, ambulatory ability, height, and weight. Since the HRmax did not vary with age, equations such as 220‐age are not appropriate. When direct evaluation of HRmax with exercise testing is not feasible, we suggest the mean value of 194 bpm be considered as an estimate of HRmax at the individual level.
Pain control at the end of life: a comparative study of hospitalized cancer and noncancer patients
Authors: Steindal Simen A. , Bredal Inger Schou , Sørbye Liv Wergeland , Lerdal Anners
Published: May 2011

Scand J Caring Sci; 2011; 25; 771–779
 
Pain control at the end of life: a comparative study of hospitalized cancer and noncancer patients

Background:  Pain is a common symptom in dying patients. Previous studies have paid little attention to pain and pain control in terminally ill patients with diseases other than cancer.

Aims:  This study investigated whether there were differences in healthcare workers’ documentation of pain characteristics in cancer and noncancer patients. We investigated what types of analgesics were administrated to dying patients, and if there were differences in the administration routes of opiates in cancer patients compared to noncancer patients in the last 3 days of life.

Methods:  Data were collected retrospectively in a cross‐sectional comparative study at a hospital. The sample included 220 deceased patients (110 died of cancer and 110 died of other causes). Data were extracted from patients’ medical records using the Resident Assessment Instrument of Palliative Care.

Results:  Healthcare workers consistently documented more pain in cancer patients during their last 3 days of life than in noncancer patients. The odds for having severe to excruciating pain was four times higher in cancer patients compared to noncancer patients. Morphine was the most frequently administrated analgesic for all dying patients; however, the odds ratio of cancer patients compared to noncancer patients receiving morphine plus scopolamine was 0.27. The odds of a cancer patient receiving analgesics classified as fentanyl, ketobemidone and oxycodone was more than 4–5 times higher than for noncancer patients. Opiates were more frequently administered transdermally or by oral administration on an as‐need basis in cancer patients; 10% in both groups did not receive adequate pain control.

Conclusions:  Pain is a highly prevalent symptom among dying hospitalized patients. Healthcare workers consistently documented more pain in cancer patients and also assessed that the intensity of pain was more severe in these patients than in noncancer patients. The dying patients’ intensity of pain was poorly documented.
Self‐rated health of Chinese adolescents: distribution and its associated factors
Authors: Xu Zhiwei , Su Hong , Zou Yanfeng , Chen Juan , Wu Jialing , Chang Weiwei
Published: May 2011

Scand J Caring Sci; 2011; 25; 780–786
 
Self‐rated health of Chinese adolescents: distribution and its associated factors

Aim:  Self‐rated health is a valid and relevant indicator of individuals’ and populations’ health status, and has been shown to be a critical predictor of some medical endpoints. The studies concentrating on Chinese adolescents’ self‐rated health were scarce. The present study aimed to understand the self‐rated health and its associated factors of Chinese adolescents.

Methods:  Ten schools including junior schools, senior schools and universities of Hefei in Anhui Province of China were randomly selected. A cross‐sectional survey was conducted to the selected 5226 students to investigate their demographic variables, sleep quality, self‐rated health and degree of depression, anxiety and loneliness. In terms of the instruments, Self‐rated Health Measurement Scale Version 1.0, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, UCLA Loneliness Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, Self‐rating Anxiety Scale and the demographic survey were used in the present study.

Results:  The sleep quality, self‐rated health and degree of depression, anxiety and loneliness among different grade levels were different (p < 0.01 or <0.05). The multivariate analysis indicated that young age, poor sleep quality and high degree of depression, anxiety and loneliness were significantly associated with poor self‐rated health of adolescents.

Conclusion:  The adolescents’ poor self‐rated health may be attributed to many causes especially the psychological reasons. Future interventions that focus more on the inner causes may be the better steps to make adolescents healthy.
Vetulicolians from the Lower Cambrian Sirius Passet Lagerstätte, North Greenland, and the polarity of morphological characters in basal deuterostomes
Authors: VINTHER JAKOB , SMITH M. PAUL , HARPER DAVID A. T.
Published: May 2011

Abstract: Vetulicolians are problematic Cambrian fossils with a debated phylogenetic history. Here, we describe two vetulicolian specimens from the Lower Cambrian Sirius Passet locality in North Greenland. One of the specimens is assigned toOoedigera peeligen. et sp. nov, whereas the other is retained under open nomenclature. The mode of tail flexibility has been debated in the literature, and we argue here that the tail normally flexed laterally to generate power strokes rather than dorsoventrally. The phylogenetic relationships of vetulicolians are discussed in the light of current knowledge of deuterostome phylogeny and morphology, and it is concluded that the best hypothesis on currently available evidence is that vetulicolians are a clade or paraphyletic assemblage of stem‐Deuterostomata. The presence of a voluminous, sediment‐filled anterior chamber suggests that the atrium may be a synapomorphy of deuterostomes.
Early Jurassic gastropods from England
Authors: GRÜNDEL JOACHIM , KAIM ANDRZEJ , NÜTZEL ALEXANDER , LITTLE CRISPIN T. S.
Published: May 2011

Abstract:  Twenty‐five gastropod taxa are reported from the Early Jurassic (Hettangian to Toarcian) of England. Of these, 14 are identified to species level, and the remaining 11 are treated in open nomenclature. One genus (Lensataphrus) and six species are introduced as new. The new species are Lensataphrus tatei, Lensataphrus tenuis, Tricarilda toddi, Cylindrobullina dorsetensis, Cylindrobullina ventricosa and Consobrinella greeni. The following new combinations are introduced: Cassianopsis hebertana (d’Orbigny, 1852) for Neritopsis hebertana; Cryptaulax abscisum (Terquem and Piette, 1868) for Cerithium abscisum; and Cylindrobullina avena (Terquem, 1855) for Striactaeonina avena. Most of the genera and some of the species are also known from Central Europe (Germany and France). Typical vetigastropod genera that are present in England and Central Europe are Colpomphalus, Costataphrus, Ooliticia, Eucycloscala and Eucycloidea. The caenogastropod genera Levipleura and Cryptaulax are present in both regions, as are the heterobranchs Tricarilda and Cylindrobullina. The heterobranch genus Consobrinella is reported from England for the first time. Gastropods seem to follow the diversity trends of other marine invertebrates during the Early Jurassic. They diversify until the Late Pliensbachian but decrease sharply in number around the Pliensbachian–Toarcian boundary. This may reflect both regional anoxia and a global mass extinction event in the Early Toarcian.
The cranial anatomy and taxonomy of Peloneustes philarchus (Sauropterygia, Pliosauridae) from the Peterborough Member (Callovian, Middle Jurassic) of the United Kingdom
Authors: KETCHUM HILARY F. , BENSON ROGER B. J.
Published: May 2011

Abstract:  Peloneustes philarchus is the most abundant pliosaurid from the Peterborough Member of the Oxford Clay Formation (Callovian) of the UK. It is a valid taxon possessing a unique character combination, including a single autapomorphy: the interdentary symphysis is raised dorsally on a narrow platform. Twenty‐one specimens can be positively referred to P. philarchus. However, other specimens previously referred to Peloneustes, from the Peterborough Member near Peterborough, and the lower Oxfordian strata of Marquise, northern France, represent distinct, unnamed taxa. The skull of P. philarchus is described in detail, including new information from an uncrushed, three‐dimensionally preserved specimen and a specimen with a well‐preserved palate. Well‐preserved material clearly indicates that P. philarchus lacked nasals, but possessed a lacrimal. A previously unrecognised ‘palpebral’ forms part of the dorsal orbit margin adjacent to the prefrontal. The number of maxillary (30–31) and dentary (36–44) alveoli, the number of dentary alveoli adjacent to the mandibular symphysis (13–15), the number of foramina on the frontal and jugal, the breadth of the parasphenoid, breadth of the anterior (narial) process of the palatine and the presence of a lappet of the angular that extends onto the posterodorsal surface of the retroarticular process vary among individuals but are not considered sufficient to justify the recognition of new taxa. The presence of an open palpebral–prefrontal suture, the size of the ventral midline tubercle of the basioccipital and the presence of an anterior interpterygoid vacuity seem to vary with body size.
Jealousy mediates the relationship between attractiveness comparison and females' indirect aggression
Authors: ARNOCKY STEVEN , SUNDERANI SHAFIK , MILLER JESSIE L. , VAILLANCOURT TRACY
Published: May 2011

Indirect aggression is considered an evolutionarily adaptive mechanism that can improve female mating success. It has been hypothesized that indirect aggression toward romantic partners and peers is used more frequently by females who make appearance‐based comparisons and that these relationships are mediated by jealousy. Females (N = 528) currently in romantic relationships were surveyed. Results confirmed females who made more frequent appearance comparisons aggressed more often toward partners and peers. Low‐comparing females reported being more frequent targets of peer indirect aggression. Jealousy partially mediated the relationships between making frequent attractiveness comparisons and indirect aggression. Results are discussed as effort allocated toward deterring partner defection and fending off rivals, and the role of emotion as a motivational influence for aggression.
The endocannabinoid system in the rat dorsolateral periaqueductal grey mediates fear‐conditioned analgesia and controls fear expression in the presence of nociceptive tone
Authors: Olango WM , Roche M , Ford GK , Harhen B , Finn DP
Published: May 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Endocannabinoids in the midbrain periaqueductal grey (PAG) modulate nociception and unconditioned stress‐induced analgesia; however, their role in fear‐conditioned analgesia (FCA) has not been examined. The present study examined the role of the endocannabinoid system in the dorsolateral (dl) PAG in formalin‐evoked nociceptive behaviour, conditioned fear and FCA in rats.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Rats received intra‐dlPAG administration of the CB1 receptor antagonist/inverse agonist rimonabant, or vehicle, before re‐exposure to a context paired 24 h previously with foot shock. Formalin‐evoked nociceptive behaviour and fear‐related behaviours (freezing and 22 kHz ultrasonic vocalization) were assessed. In a separate cohort, levels of endocannabinoids [2‐arachidonoyl glycerol (2‐AG) and N‐arachidonoyl ethanolamide (anandamide; AEA)] and the related N‐acylethanolamines (NAEs) [N‐palmitoyl ethanolamide (PEA) and N‐oleoyl ethanolamide (OEA)] were measured in dlPAG tissue following re‐exposure to conditioned context in the presence or absence of formalin‐evoked nociceptive tone.

KEY RESULTS Re‐exposure of rats to the context previously associated with foot shock resulted in FCA. Intra‐dlPAG administration of rimonabant significantly attenuated FCA and fear‐related behaviours expressed in the presence of nociceptive tone. Conditioned fear without formalin‐evoked nociceptive tone was associated with increased levels of 2‐AG, AEA, PEA and OEA in the dlPAG. FCA was specifically associated with an increase in AEA levels in the dlPAG.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Conditioned fear to context mobilises endocannabinoids and NAEs in the dlPAG. These data support a role for endocannabinoids in the dlPAG in mediating the potent suppression of pain responding which occurs during exposure to conditioned aversive contexts.

LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Cannabinoids in Biology and Medicine. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2012.165.issue‐8. To view Part I of Cannabinoids in Biology and Medicine visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2011.163.issue‐7
Characteristics and molecular basis of celecoxib modulation on Kv7 potassium channels
Authors: Du XN , Zhang X , Qi JL , An HL , Li JW , Wan YM , Fu Y , Gao HX , Gao ZB , Zhan Y , Zhang HL
Published: May 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Celecoxib is a selective cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) inhibitor used for the treatment of pain and inflammation. Emerging and accumulating evidence suggests that celecoxib can affect cellular targets other than COX, such as ion channels. In this study, we characterized the effects of celecoxib on Kv7 K+ channels and compared its effects with the well‐established Kv7 channel opener retigabine.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

A perforated whole‐cell patch technique was used to record Kv7currents expressed in HEK 293 cells and M‐type currents from rat superior cervical ganglion neurons.

KEY RESULTS

Celecoxib enhanced Kv7.2–7.4, Kv7.2/7.3 and Kv7.3/7.5 currents but inhibited Kv7.1 and Kv7.1/KCNE1 currents and these effects were concentration dependent. The IC50 value for inhibition of Kv7.1 channels was approximately 4 µM and the EC50 values for activation of Kv7.2–7.4, Kv7.2/Kv7.3 and Kv7.3/Kv7.5 channels were approximately 2–5 µM. The effects of celecoxib were manifested by increasing current amplitudes, shifting the voltage‐dependent activation curve in a more negative direction and slowing the deactivation of Kv7 currents. 2,5‐Dimethyl‐celecoxib, a celecoxib analogue devoid of COX inhibition activity, has similar but greater effects on Kv7currents. Kv7.2(A235T) and Kv7.2(W236L) mutant channels, which have greatly attenuated responses to retigabine, showed a reversed response to celecoxib, from activation to inhibition.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

These results suggest that Kv7 channels are targets of celecoxib action and provide new mechanistic evidence for understanding the effects of celecoxib. They also provide a new approach to developing Kv7 modulators and for studying the structure–function relationship of Kv7 channels.
Diffusion tensor imaging tractography to visualize the relationship of the optic radiation to epileptogenic lesions prior to neurosurgery
Authors: Winston Gavin P. , Yogarajah Mahinda , Symms Mark R. , McEvoy Andrew W. , Micallef Caroline , Duncan John S.
Published: May 2011

Purpose:  About one‐third of patients with epilepsy are refractory to medical treatment and may be amenable to surgery. However, in patients with lesions on or near the presumed course of the optic radiation, the potential benefits of resection must be balanced against the risk of a visual field deficit. This study demonstrates the utility of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) tractography in delineating the course of the optic radiation and its relationship to the epileptogenic lesion prior to epilepsy surgery.

Methods:  Anatomic and DTI scans were acquired on 10 patients with medically refractory epilepsy undergoing presurgical evaluation at the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery. Five patients underwent surgery and repeat scans postoperatively. The optic radiation was delineated and visualized in relation to the lesions on anatomic images and in three‐dimensional (3D) reconstructions. Preoperative and postoperative visual fields were acquired by Goldmann perimetry.

Key Findings:  The entire optic radiation was reliably delineated bilaterally in all patients. The results provide helpful additional information in informing the patient of the risks of surgery and in planning the surgical procedure and approach. Postoperative imaging findings correlated with the visual field data.

Significance:  The optic radiation shows significant anatomic variability, but can be reliably delineated by tractography. Because surgical disruption of the optic radiation has serious consequences for the patient, DTI tractography is a useful technique in this population. Future integration with real‐time neuronavigation will minimize the risks of neurosurgery.
Cognitive impairment in preschool children with epilepsy
Authors: Rantanen Kati , Eriksson Kai , Nieminen Pirkko
Published: May 2011

Purpose:  Studies have shown that underlying pathology and early onset of seizures are both significant factors contributing to cognitive impairment in children with epilepsy. However, there are only few studies focusing on cognitive impairment in preschool children with epilepsy. The purpose of this study was to describe the cognitive performance in a population‐based cohort of preschool children with epilepsy. The aims of the study were to determine frequency of cognitive impairment, level of cognitive functions, and epilepsy‐related factors correlating with cognitive impairment.

Methods:  The study group consisted of a population‐based cohort (N = 64) of preschool children (3–6 years 11 months) with active epilepsy. Medical data and results from previous psychological evaluations were reviewed retrospectively from the medical records. A logistic regression model was used for the prediction of cognitive impairment.

Key Findings:  Prevalence of epilepsy was 3.2 per 1,000 children. Cognitive function was considered to be within normal or borderline range for 50%, mildly retarded for 22%, and moderately to severely retarded for 28%. Cognitive impairment was related to complicated epilepsy, age at onset of epilepsy, abnormal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and additional neurologic problems. Age at the onset of seizures was the only significant predictor of cognitive impairment.

Significance:  The results concur with those of earlier studies on cognitive impairment in childhood epilepsy. Age at onset of epilepsy is also an important factor for cognitive impairment on young children with epilepsy. The results suggest that cognitive impairment is evident early in the course of epilepsy.
Self‐reported and parent‐reported quality of life of children and adolescents with new‐onset epilepsy
Authors: Taylor Joanne , Jacoby Ann , Baker Gus A. , Marson Anthony G.
Published: May 2011

Purpose:  To investigate the self‐reported quality of life (QOL) of children and adolescents with new‐onset epilepsy and explore parent’s perceptions of their child’s QOL and the impact of epilepsy on the family.

Methods:  As part of the Standard and New Antiepileptic Drug (SANAD) trial, 248 children (aged 8–15 years) with new‐onset epilepsy and their parents completed batteries of QOL measures. Children completed the KINDL and subscales of the QOLIE‐AD‐48. Parental questionnaires included the Rutter Parent Scales, Adverse Events Profile, and subscales of the Child Health Questionnaire.

Key Findings:  Compared with published norms, children with epilepsy had significantly poorer QOL across multiple domains compared with healthy children and children with asthma. Parents, particularly of younger children and those with other long‐term health problems, were affected by their child’s health or behavior, which affected their emotional well‐being and time for their own needs.

Significance:  Children with new‐onset epilepsy, particularly those with comorbid conditions, are at risk of reduced QOL at the time of diagnosis. It is important that children with epilepsy and their families are assessed for psychosocial problems so that early intervention can be undertaken.
Is current serologic RhD typing of blood donors sufficient for avoiding immunization of recipients? (CME)
Authors: Krog Grethe Risum , Clausen Frederik Banch , Berkowicz Adela , Jørgensen Lone , Rieneck Klaus , Nielsen Leif Kofoed , Dziegiel Morten Hanefeld
Published: May 2011

BACKGROUND: Avoiding immunization with clinically important antibodies is a primary objective in transfusion medicine. Therefore, it is central to identify the extent of D antigens that escape routine RhD typing of blood donors and to improve methodology if necessary.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: We screened 5058 D− donors for the presence of the RHD gene, targeting Exons 5, 7, and 10 with real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Samples that were positive in the screen test were investigated further by adsorption‐elution, antibody consumption, flow cytometry, and sequencing of all RHD exons with intron‐specific primers. Lookback was performed on all recipients of RBCs from RHD+ donors.

RESULTS: We found 13 RHD+ samples (0.26%). No variants or chimeras were found. Characterization of DNA revealed a novel DEL type (IVS2‐2 A>G). In the lookback of the 136 transfusions with subsequent antibody follow‐up, of which 13 were from DEL donors, one recipient developed anti‐D. However, in this case, a competing and more likely cause of immunization was the concurrent transfusion of D+ platelets. Eleven recipients were immunized with 13 antibodies different from anti‐D, of which five were anti‐K.

CONCLUSION: In our laboratory, serologic RhD typing was safe. We detected all D variants and only missed DEL types. In assessing the immunization risk we included a DEL donor, found previous to this study, that did immunize a recipient with anti‐D. We conclude that inadvertent immunization with D antigens in our setting was rare and in the order of 1.4 in 100,000 D− transfusions.
Knops blood group polymorphism and susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection
Authors: Noumsi Ghislain T. , Tounkara Anatole , Diallo Hama , Billingsley Katrina , Moulds John J. , Moulds Joann M.
Published: May 2011

BACKGROUND: Complement receptor 1 (CR1) protein carries the Knops blood group antigens and is the receptor for the major ligand involved in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) adhesion to macrophages. Erythrocyte CR1 binds immune complexes (ICs) formed during Mtb invasion, facilitating their clearance by the host immune system. The occurrence of specific Knops blood group genotypes among African populations was investigated to evaluate their impact on resistance or susceptibility to Mtb infection.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The distribution of the Knops blood group genotypes (McC and Sl) was compared between tuberculosis (TB) patients with confirmed diagnosis of Mtb in isolates and negative controls. Conditional logistic regression was used to access the association between genotypes distribution and susceptibility to Mtb infection.

RESULTS: At the McC locus, individuals heterozygous (McCa/McCb) were more resistant to Mtb infection (odds ratio [OR], 0.42; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.22‐0.81; p = 0.007). Although less significant, a similar effect was conferred by Sl1/Sl2 genotype (OR, 0.05; 95% CI, 0.28‐0.9; p = 0.02). This protective effect was maintained among individuals presenting the McCb/Sl2 haplotype (OR, 0.25; 95% CI, 0.08‐0.74; p = 0.008).

CONCLUSION: Acquisition of McCb and Sl2 alleles among African population is correlated with resistance to Mtb infection, adding this bacterium to the list of mechanisms underlying the selection of the Knops blood group polymorphism among these populations.
Stored red blood cell viability is maintained after treatment with a second‐generation S‐303 pathogen inactivation process
Authors: Cancelas Jose A. , Dumont Larry J. , Rugg Neeta , Szczepiorkowski Zbigniew M. , Herschel Louis , Siegel Alan , Pratt P. Gayle , Worsham D. Nicole , Erickson Anne , Propst Meisa , North Anne , Sherman Claire D. , Mufti Nina A. , Reed William F. , Corash Laurence
Published: May 2011

BACKGROUND: Transfusion‐transmitted infections and immunologic effects of viable residual lymphocytes remain a concern in red blood cell (RBC) transfusion. Pathogen reduction technologies for RBC components are under development to further improve transfusion safety. S‐303 is a frangible anchor‐linker‐effector with labile alkylating activity and a robust pathogen reduction profile. This study characterized the viability of RBCs prepared with a second‐generation S‐303 process and stored for 35 days.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: This was a two‐center, single‐blind randomized, controlled, crossover study in 27 healthy subjects. S‐303 (test) or control RBCs were prepared in random sequence and stored for 35 days, at which time an aliquot of radiolabeled RBCs was transfused. The 24‐hour recovery, RBC life span, and in vitro metabolic and viability variables were analyzed.

RESULTS: The mean 24‐hour RBC recovery and hemolysis of test RBCs were similar to control RBCs and were consistent with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidance for RBC viability. The mean differences in life span and median life span (T50) of circulating test RBCs were 13.7 and 6.8 days, while the mean difference in the area under the curve of surviving RBCs was 1.38%, in favor of control RBCs. There were no clinically relevant abnormal laboratory values after the infusion of test RBCs. All crossmatch assays of autologous S‐303 RBCs were nonreactive.

CONCLUSIONS: RBCs prepared using the S‐303 pathogen inactivation process were physiologically and metabolically suitable for transfusion after 35 days of storage, met the FDA guidance criteria for 24‐hour recovery, and did not induce antibody formation.
Exploring the dynamics of the theory of planned behavior in the context of blood donation: does donation experience make a difference?
Authors: Veldhuizen Ingrid , Ferguson Eamonn , de Kort Wim , Donders Rogier , Atsma Femke
Published: May 2011

BACKGROUND: This study investigates the influence of different variables from the theory of planned behavior (TPB) on intention within multiple donation categories, covering the entire range of lifetime number of donations (LND). Does the same set of variables predict intention equally strong throughout the donor career?

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Measures of intention, self‐efficacy, cognitive and affective attitude, and subjective and moral norms were assessed within a sample of 11,480 whole blood donors. Donors were categorized into 65 donation classes using their LND; for example, all donors with one donation (n = 483) in the first donation class, all donors with two donations (n = 447) in the second donation class, and so on. For each donation class, separately for men and women, linear multiple regression models for intention were fitted using self‐efficacy, cognitive attitude, affective attitude, subjective norm, and moral norm as predictor variables.

RESULTS: During all stages of the donor career, self‐efficacy is the main predictor of intention, with a relatively constant beta (β = 0.64, p < 0.001). Cognitive attitude (β = 0.11, p < 0.001) and moral norm (β = 0.10, p < 0.001) contributed marginally to the prediction. Several sex effects were observed; self‐efficacy is a stronger predictor of intention in women, whereas subjective norm predicts intention in men only.

CONCLUSION: Regardless of the number of lifetime donations, the same set of TPB variables, both in composition and in relative strength, predicts intention. A feeling of self‐efficacy remains equally important for all donors. It is worthwhile to study whether directed intervention strategies are necessary to target self‐efficacy within donor groups with different levels of donation experience.