bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effects of recent control policies on trends in emissions of anthropogenic atmospheric pollutants and CO2 in China
Authors: Zhao Y. , Zhang J. , Nielsen C. P.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. To examine the effects of China's national policies of energy conservation and emission control during 2005–2010, inter-annual emission trends of gaseous pollutants, primary aerosols, and CO2 are estimated with a bottom-up framework. The control measures led to improved energy efficiency and/or increased penetration of emission control devices at power plants and other important industrial sources, yielding reduced emission factors for all evaluated species except NOx. The national emissions of anthropogenic SO2, CO, and total primary PM (particulate matter) in 2010 are estimated to have been 89%, 108%, and 87% of those in 2005, respectively, suggesting successful emission control of those species despite fast growth of the economy and energy consumption during the period. The emissions of NOx and CO2, however, are estimated to have increased by 47% and 43%, respectively, indicating that they remain largely determined by the growth of energy use, industrial production, and vehicle populations. Based on application of a Monte-Carlo framework, estimated uncertainties of SO2 and PM emissions increased from 2005 to 2010, resulting mainly from poorly understood average SO2 removal efficiency in flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems in the power sector, and unclear changes in the penetration levels of dust collectors at industrial sources, respectively. While emission trends determined by bottom-up methods can be generally verified by observations from both ground stations and satellites, clear discrepancies exist for given regions and seasons, indicating a need for more accurate spatial and time distributions of emissions. Limitations of current emission control polices are analyzed based on the estimated emission trends. Compared with control of total PM, there are fewer gains in control of fine particles and carbonaceous aerosols, the PM components most responsible for damages to public health and effects on radiative forcing. A much faster decrease of alkaline base cations in primary PM than that of SO2 may have raised the acidification risks to ecosystems, indicating further control of acid precursors is required. Moreover, with relatively strict controls in developed urban areas, air pollution challenges have been expanding to less-developed neighboring regions. There is a great need in the future for multi-pollutant control strategies that combine recognition of diverse environmental impacts both in urban and rural areas with emission abatement of multiple species in concert.
Summertime cyclones over the Great Lakes Storm Track from 1860–2100: variability, trends, and association with ozone pollution
Authors: Turner A. J. , Fiore A. M. , Horowitz L. W. , Bauer M.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. Prior work indicates that the frequency of summertime mid-latitude cyclones tracking across the Great Lakes Storm Track (GLST, bounded by: 70° W, 90° W, 40° N, and 50° N) are strongly anticorrelated with ozone (O3) pollution episodes over the Northeastern United States (US). We apply the MAP Climatology of Mid-latitude Storminess (MCMS) algorithm to 6-hourly sea level pressure fields from over 2500 yr of simulations with the GFDL CM3 global coupled chemistry-climate model. These simulations include (1) 875 yr with constant 1860 emissions and forcings (Pre-industrial Control), (2) five ensemble members for 1860–2005 emissions and forcings (Historical), and (3) future (2006–2100) scenarios following the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5) and a sensitivity simulation to isolate the role of climate warming from changes in O3 precursor emissions (RCP 4.5*). The GFDL CM3 Historical simulations capture the mean and variability of summertime cyclones traversing the GLST within the range determined from four reanalysis datasets. Over the 21st century (2006–2100), the frequency of summertime mid-latitude cyclones in the GLST decreases under the RCP 8.5 scenario and in the RCP 4.5 ensemble mean. These trends are significant when assessed relative to the variability in the Pre-industrial Control simulation. In addition, the RCP 4.5* scenario enables us to determine the relationship between summertime GLST cyclones and high-O3 events (> 95th percentile) in the absence of emission changes. The summertime GLST cyclone frequency explains less than 10% of the variability in high-O3 events over the Northeastern US in the model, implying that other factors play an equally important role in determining high-O3 events.
Quality control of 10-min air temperature data at RMI
Authors: Bertrand C. , Gonzalez Sotelino L. , Journée M.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. In the '90s, the Royal Meteorological Institute (RMI) of Belgium started to replace its conventional ''manual'' meteorological network by automated weather stations (AWSs). The meteorological measurement network is now fully automated. RMI counts 18 AWSs that made automated observations centrally available in our headquarters in Uccle, Brussels to internal as well as external users. Due to the large increase in the data amount associated with the automation, quality assurance (QA) procedures are being automated. However, human operators continue to play an essential role in the data validation processes. This contribution describes our newly developed semi-automatic quality control (QC) of 10-min air temperature data. After an existence test, the data are checked for limits consistency, temporal consistency and spatial consistency. At the end of these automated checks, a decision algorithm attributes a flag to each particular data. Each day the QC staff analyzes the preceding day observations in the light of the quality flags assigned by automated QA procedures during the night. It is the human decision whether or not a value is accepted.
Excitation of equatorial Kelvin and Yanai waves by tropical cyclones in an ocean general circulation model
Authors: Sriver R. L. , Huber M. , Chafik L.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. Tropical cyclones (TCs) actively contribute to the dynamics of Earth's coupled climate system. They influence oceanic mixing rates, upper-ocean heat content, and air–sea fluxes, with implications for atmosphere and ocean dynamics on multiple spatial and temporal scales. Using an ocean general circulation model with modified surface wind forcing, we explore how TC winds can excite equatorial ocean waves in the tropical Pacific. We highlight a situation where three successive TCs in the western North Pacific region, corresponding to events in 2003, excite a combination of Kelvin and Yanai waves in the equatorial Pacific. The resultant thermocline adjustment significantly modifies the thermal structure of the upper equatorial Pacific and leads to eastward zonal heat transport. Observations of upper-ocean temperature by the Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) buoy array and sea-level height anomalies using altimetry reveal wave passage during the same time period with similar properties to the modeled wave, although our idealized model methodology disallows precise identification of the TC forcing with the observed waves. Results indicate that direct oceanographic forcing by TCs may be important for understanding the spectrum of equatorial ocean waves, thus remotely influencing tropical mixing and surface energy budgets. Because equatorial Kelvin waves are closely linked to interannual variability in the tropical Pacific, these findings also suggest TC wind forcing may influence the timing and amplitude of El Niño events.
Can pH and electrical conductivity monitoring reveal spatial and temporal patterns in wetland geochemical processes?
Authors: Gerla P. J.
Published: January 2013

Abstract. Carbonate reactions and equilibria play a dominant role in the biogeochemical function of many wetlands. The US Geological Survey PHREEQC computer code was used to model geochemical reactions that may be typical for wetlands with water budgets characterized by: (a) input dominated by direct precipitation, (b) interaction with groundwater, (c) variable degrees of reaction with organic carbon, and (d) different rates of evapotranspiration. Rainfall with a typical composition was progressively reacted with calcite and organic carbon at various rates and proportions using PHREEQC. Contrasting patterns of the results suggest that basic water quality data collected in the field can reveal differences in the geochemical processes in wetlands. Given a temporal record, these can signal subtle changes in surrounding land cover and use. To demonstrate this, temperature, pH, and electrical conductivity (EC) were monitored for three years in five large wetlands comprising 48 sample sites in northwest Minnesota. EC and pH of samples ranged greatly – from 23 to 1300 μS cm−1 and 5.5 to 9. The largest range in pH was observed in small beach ridge wetlands, where two clusters are apparent: (1) low EC and a wide range of pH and (2) higher pH and EC. Large marshes within a glacial lake – till plain have a broad range of pH and EC, but depend on the specific wetland. Outlying data typically occurred in altered or disturbed areas. The inter-annual and intra-wetland consistency of the results suggests that each wetland system hosts characteristic geochemical conditions.
Therapeutic Education's Role in the Management of Hypertension in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Haddiya Intissar , El Harraqui Ryme , Karimi Ilham , Benabdallah Nawal , Bentata Yassamine
Published: January 2013

The prevalence of hypertension remains high in hemodialysis (HD) patients, leading to a considerable morbimortality. The “dry weight method (DW),” established by Scribner, presents an undeniable interest in the management of hypertension in HD patients.Aim. The aim of our work was to determine the prevalence and risk factors (RFs) of hypertension in our chronic HD patients and try to reduce it by using a therapeutic education (TE) strategy based on Scribner’s recommendations.Patients and Methods. We led an interventional prospective study in three phases. In phase 1, we determined the prevalence of hypertension. In phase 2, hypertensive patients benefited of a TE strategy. In phase 3, we evaluated the effects of our TE.Results. Hypertension was noted in 57 patients. RFs for hypertension included age, important interdialytic weight gain (IDWG), noncompliance to the dietary rules, and a rhythm of 2 sessions of dialysis per week. The use of a TE strategy enabled us to correct hypertension in some of our HD patients.Conclusion. A TE strategy improved the hypertension rate in our HD unit. This success could not be conceived without an educational effort supported by the whole medical team.
Imaging of Focal Autoimmune Pancreatitis and Differentiating It from Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Vijayakumar Abhishek , Vijayakumar Avinash
Published: January 2013

Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is an inflammatory disorder of pancreas. Two types have been identified: the diffuse and the focal or mass forming. Clinical presentation of AIP overlaps that of pancreatic cancer (PC). Sometimes serum IgG4 and CA 19-9 levels are unable to differentiate AIP from PC. Various series have shown that 5%–21% of resected pancreatic masses for suspected malignancy turned out to be AIP. Accurate diagnosis of focal AIP can avoid unnecessary surgeries. This paper elaborates the various imaging modalities useful in differentiating focal AIP from PC.
Bactericidal Effects of Natural Tenderizing Enzymes on Escherichia Coli and Listeria monocytogenes
Authors: Eshamah Hanan , Han Inyee , Naas Hesham , Rieck James , Dawson Paul
Published: January 2013

The objective of this study was to determine the antimicrobial activity of proteolytic, meat-tenderizing enzymes (papain and bromelain) against E. coli and L. monocytogenes at three different temperatures (5, 25 and 35°C). Two overnight cultures of E. coli JM109 and L. monocytogenes were separately suspended in 1% peptone water and exposed to a proteolytic enzyme (papain or bromelain) at three different temperatures. Bromelain concentrations (4 mg/ml) and (1 mg/ml) tested at 25°C against E. coli and L. monocytogenes, respectively, were the most effective concentrations tested reducing populations by 3.37 and 5.7 log CFU/ml after 48 h, respectively. Papain levels of (0.0625 mg/ml) and (0.5 mg/ml) were the most effective concentration tested at 25°C against E. coli and L. monocytogenes, respectively, reducing populations by 4.94 and 6.58log CFU/ml after 48h, respectively. Interestingly, the lower papain concentration tested (0.0625 mg/ml) was more effective than the higher concentration (0.5 mg/ml) against E. coli at all three temperatures. As expected, the temperature was directly related to enzyme efficacy against both E. coli and L. monocytogenes.
Thermodynamics of Synthesis of New Phenoxazine Derivatives
Authors: V. José Cotuá  , Sandra Cotes  , Fernando Castro  , Pedro Castro
Published: January 2013

This article describes a semi-empirical study on the thermodynamics involved in the synthesis of three novel ortho, meta and para, potentially intercalatingphenoxazine 1 derivatives o-(6), m-(7) and p-(8). Quantum chemical calculations at the semi-empirical PM3 method were used in order to evaluate conformational states of the molecules, as well as to predict thermodynamic properties and equilibrium constants. The more favourable product was found to be the compound with the methoxy group in ortho-position. The methoxy group in para-position hinders the reaction by steric factor, which is reflected from the small constant, Kp.
Training Program To Improve Well Control Operations
Authors: Langston J.V.
Published: January 2013

A well control training program has been developed to give drilling superintendents and drilling engineers the necessary understanding, skill, and practice in well control. The program was designed to 1) teach the theory of well kicks, 2) give a complete understanding of the physical equipment used for controlling kicks and 3) utilize sessions on a practice well where several gas kicks are controlled by actually implementing what has been learned in classroom seminars. The blowout prevention practice well is unique to this program and enables drilling supervisors to increase their confidence and skills under controlled conditions. During the two years that the program has been in operation, all of the drilling personnel in South Texas and many from other company operations have utilized the practice well. The handling of well kicks plus the increased confidence of the supervisors in all phases of drilling operations proves the tangible and reoccuring benefits of the training program.
Standard Methods For Determination Of Relative Toxicity Of Oil Dispersants And Mixtures Of Dispersants And Various Oils To Aquatic Organisms
Authors: Tarzwell C.M.
Published: January 2013

It is the policy of the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration of the U. S. Department of the Interior that the relative toxicity of all chemical dispersants, both alone and in combination with oil, will be determined prior to their use for the dispersion of oil spills, and the cleaning of beaches and shore installations. Data on the relative toxicity of these materials alone-and when mixed with oil-provide the basis for the effective selection of those materials least toxic to aquatic life and for recommending or prohibiting their use.

The Department takes the position that it is the responsibility of the manufacturer of such products to provide for their product alone and in oil mixture accurate tolerance limit values based on standard short-term bioassays with designated test organisms. The standard bioassay procedure used will be the one recommended by the FWPCA. This procedure is solely for the purpose of providing data which will indicate relative toxicity of dispersants and oil dispersant mixtures. These standard tests do not indicate the long-term toxicity of these materials to aquatic organisms, safe levels for the aquatic biota or for humans, nor do they constitute an endorsement of any material by the FWPCA.
Dispersant Toxicity Test Procedures
Authors: Shelton R.G.J.
Published: January 2013

The toxicity of chemicals used to disperse oil is considered on the basis of British experience and in relation to effects on fisheries and marine life. It is concluded that although toxic dispersants may be of value in treating oil at sea, they should not be used in large quantities in shallow coastal water, over shellfish beds or fish nursery grounds, or in estuaries. When oil comes ashore the problem should be reduced by mechanical means and chemical methods used only on high-amenity beaches.

Toxicity-testing procedures for dispersants have so far been based upon the determination of LC50 values in static-water aerated tanks at 15°C over a 48-hour period, but a continuous-flow apparatus is being devised. Test animals regularly used are Pandalus montagui, Crangon crangon, Carcinus maenas and Cardium edule, but the fish Solea solea and Limanda limanda and the lobster Homarus gammarus are now being included.

A large number of commercially available dispersants have been tested and also some experimental formulations. Some recently-developed materials for use at sea have low toxicities but are of little value for treating oil which has come ashore. Tainting by oil and dispersants may affect fisheries by adding unwanted flavours to fish and shellfish and so affecting marketability over several weeks.
Laboratory Evaluation Of Chemical Oil Dispersants
Authors: Oda A.
Published: January 2013

This paper describes some of the methods which can be used to evaluate chemical oil dispersants in order to obtain some preliminary data related to their effectiveness as dispersants and problems that may result from their use. Most of the techniques are quite simple and can be done fairly rapidly in the laboratory. Some of these were borrowed from the standard procedures employed in water and wastewater treatment practices and include jar tests, bioassays, oxygen uptake measurements and threshold odor determinations.

Data derived from these tests may be of some value in situations where a selection of a suitable dispersant must be made on the basis of only limited knowledge and experience.
Chemical Treatment Of Oil Spills
Authors: Struzeski E.J. , Dewling R.T.
Published: January 2013

Chemical treatment methods have been used at all recent major oil spills with varying degrees of success. It is the intention of this paper to bring to light the latest technical information on the applicability and effectiveness of the various chemicals and materials presently available for preventing and or controlling oil spills. Special emphasis is given to techniques designed to absorb and gel oils floating on the water surface, to sink oils, and to permit burning of the oil mass upon open waters and affected shorelines.

The impact, consequences and damages of small and large oil spills are covered by other prominent speakers at this Conference, and therefore, will be only briefly mentioned as necessary.
Kinetics Of Dissipation And Biodegradation Of Crude Oil In Alaska's Cook Inlet
Authors: Kinney P.J. , Button D.K. , Schell D.M.
Published: January 2013

The results of a study to quantitatively define the magnitude of oil pollution problems in Alaska's Cook Inlet are reported. Physical dissipation and biodegration rates were determined and combined with estimates of hydrocarbon input rates to assess the fate of oil in Cook Inlet. The question of accumulation of crude oil components within the Inlet is considered from the above results and by direct analysis. Results indicate that hydrocarbon accumulation is less than our present limits of detection. Cook Inlet flushing is 90 per cent complete in 10 months. Experimental results show that unsupplemented Cook Inlet water effectively degrades Cook Inlet crude, that this biodegradation is essentially complete in the order of a few months, and that the biodegration capacity of Cook Inlet is large. Thus biodegration is more important than physical flushing in removing hydrocarbon pollutants from Cook Inlet. The methods and results are discussed in terms of their applicability to other areas.
A History Of Major Oil Spill Incidents
Authors: Biglane K.E.
Published: January 2013

This paper summarizes some of the major oil spills of recent years and discusses some of the causes of these spills and their effects on the environment. Information is presented on research needed to control oil spills and on domestic and international legislation needed to provide compensation for oil pollution damage.
OIL SPILLED WITH ICE: SOME QUALITATIVE ASPECTS
Authors: Barber F.G.
Published: January 2013

The note gives an indication of the ways in which containment by an ice cover of spilled oil can occur and of some of the ways in which the containment may be utilized in cleanup. There is in the experience the implication that certain characteristics of an ice cover may be usefully simulated in a man-made structure.
A JOINT STATE-INDUSTRY PROGRAM FOR OIL POLLUTION CONTROL
Authors: Neal R. W. , Schimke G.R.
Published: January 2013

This paper describes a project undertaken to establish specific measures for reducing the threat of oil pollution and to respond more effectively to oil spills in an intensely utilized estuarine area near Boston. Its recommendations are the result of a study of potential sources of pollution and the mechanisms that spread it. To help design a fast-response system for containing and removing spilled oil, the study team developed a computer program that could predict the probable path of oil spilled anywhere in the area under various conditions of wind and tide. This information was used to select locations for containment devices and determine the speed with which they would have to be deployed. The study was supported by the Massachusetts Division of Water Pollution Control and aided by the active cooperation of local industries through a joint industry committee.
A CHEMICAL TAGGING SYSTEM FOR USE IN THE PREVENTION OF OIL SPILLS
Authors: Landowne R.A. , Wainright R.B.
Published: January 2013

The bulk handling of various oils, especially crudes and fuel oils, presents many chances for accidental spills. The single most effective deterrent would be a tag in the oil which would positively identify the party responsible for spilled oil at the time of spillage. Crude petroleum from one field can usually be distinguished from another by analyzing for trace constituents, such as heavy metals, but would not discriminate among operators and carriers who handle the same crude. Such discrimination is best achieved via chemical tags blended into the oil at the time of change in responsibility.

The most important property criteria for chemical tags are discussed, including sensitivity, stability in the spill environment, and non-interference with processing or use of the oil. It is also necessary that the tags belong to a system providing a large coding vocabulary. The Organic Electrophore System is described, together with preliminary findings which suggest it will satisfy the above criteria. Ability to detect a tag at 1 ppb concentration in crude oil using commercially available gas chromatographic instrumentation is reported. Questions to be resolved before the system can be brought to operational status are discussed.
CALIFORNIA CONTINGENCY PLAN FOR OIL AND OTHER HAZARDOUS MATERIAL SPILLS
Authors: Matthews John F.
Published: January 2013

There is a dual approach in California for the contingency plan for spills in that it must tie in with federal plans plus suffice for the needs of local areas within the state. There are specifications in the plan for one state authority to be in complete charge of the state's response. In addition, the California approach also includes a State Interagency Oil Spill Committee which draws its members from the various affected state agencies. Members of industry cooperatives, industry itself, and federal agencies aid by adding input at committee meetings.

In organizing the state plan, three basic items have been catalogued: the type of areas within the state, the possible sources of pollution including probable quantities, and the capability of the local areas. Types of areas include the various shoreline configurations including offshore islands and inland areas. Probable sources include tankers, pipelines, and transportation systems. The capability of local areas includes manpower, equipment, and dump sites; the prime consideration, though, is the interest of the governmental entities in these areas as lack of interest will require increased involvement by the state government.

Overall regulations must be continually reviewed in relation to the federal plans or local conditions and the State Interagency Oil Spill Committee is used in California for this purpose.

The state's basic consideration always is the protection of its populace and natural resources.
OIL VERSUS OTHER HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES
Authors: Thompson C. Hugh
Published: January 2013

The Water Quality improvement Act of 1970 requires that pollution by oil and hazardous substances other than oil be addressed by the Federal Government. By satisfying the several provisions of the Law an overlap occurs when dealing with establishing the difference between oil and hazardous substances.

To satisfy in part the provisions of sections 11 and 12 of the Law, regulations are to be promulgated for oil and hazardous substances. A rationale is presented in this paper which, when combined with the regulations, should allow industry and government to proceed in this area without detailed lists of materials being required. The rationale is based upon a material being petroleum derived or extractable or having defined chemical structure.
LABORATORY INVESTIGATION INTO THE SINKING OF OIL SPILLS WITH PARTICULATE SOLIDS
Authors: Fordes O. , Jongbloed L. J. Schmit
Published: January 2013

This paper describes experimental laboratory work relevant to the sinking of floating oil spills.

The results show that aqueous sand slurries treated with an amine acetate salt have satisfactory sinking and retention properties. In general, aqueous sand slurries containing cationic wetting agents of widely different water solubilities can effect sinking provided that the concentration of the wetting agent is within the range necessary to give oleophilic sand surfaces. Fine powders have better retention properties than have sands, but are unsatisfactory sinkers unless mechanical stirring is provided.

To sink stable water-in-oil emulsions effectively a sinker application rate is required which allows for the cohesive structure of the emulsion as well as for the wetting of the sinker by the oil phase.

Work relevant to fears that bottom trawling fishing gear may be fouled in areas where oil slicks had been sunk shows that under very severe experimental conditions hydrophilic and oleophilic fishing net twines can be fouled, but the significance of this in relation to practical considerations is unknown. The feasibility of preventing carpet formation by sunken oil/solid masses by reducing the size of the sinking oil/solid droplets and delaying or preventing their coalescence by spraying a dispersant onto the oil before sinker application is discussed.

Standard laboratory procedures in direct support of the Shell Sand Sink method are detailed.
BURNING AGENTS FOR OIL SPILL CLEANUP
Authors: Freiberger Arnold , Byers John M.
Published: January 2013

The accidental spillage of oil into surface waters continues to pose a pollution hazard as tankers and cargoes increase in size. Burning of oil slicks offers an attractive means of eliminating spilled oil, however, the heavier crudes and fuel oils require the addition of burning agents to assist in ignition and in sustaining combustion. The advantages of burning oil slicks are set forth, and currently available commercial burning agents are listed. Results of laboratory and field tests of a variety of burning agents are given, and several incidents where burning was used in an actual oil spill are reported. Current and future development in this area is described.
OIL SPILL DISPERSANTS – CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE OUTLOOK
Authors: Canevari Gerard P.
Published: January 2013

The use of chemical dispersants for the handling of oil spills has had a brief but highly turbulent history. Despite extensive laboratory data and field application experience, their role in oil spill cleanup is still controversial.

This paper reviews some of this past history as background in order to derive the pros and cons regarding their use. Opinions vary from an extreme of no use whatsoever to an acceptance of this as the only practical technique to combat an oil spill under rough sea conditions.

Improvements in the formulation of dispersants during the past several years are reviewed. These innovations involve modifications to improve effectiveness, application techniques and toxicological properties. A brief outline of the mechanism of dispersing is presented to permit a better understanding of these formulation modifications and the manner in which said changes influence dispersant properties.

The future outlook for dispersants, based on current and anticipated research in this field, is also discussed. This research involves biological as well as operational aspects of dispersants.
DISPERSANT USE vs WATER QUALITY
Authors: Dewling Richard T. , Dorrler J. Stephen , Pence George D.
Published: January 2013

As environmentalists, we must constantly be aware of, and recognize the potential pollution problems that might result from an oil spill cleanup approach or system. Based on biodegradability and ultimate oxygen demand data developed by the Edison Water Quality Laboratory as well as others, it would appear that more than knowledge of toxicity and emulsion efficiency should guide our decisions regarding the use of chemical dispersants for oil spill cleanup.
*
DEVELOPMENT OF TOXICITY TEST PROCEDURES FOR MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON
Authors: Strand J.A. , Templeton W.L. , Lichatowich J.A. , Apts C. W.
Published: January 2013

Recommended bioassay procedures are presented that can be routinely applied to evaluate the relative toxicity of oil, chemical dispersants, and oil-dispersant mixtures to 1) naturally occurring populations of phytoplankton, and 2) representative marine phytoplankters grown in pure culture. The methods presented, in general, represent 1) application of techniques routinely employed in the measurement of marine primary productivity, and 2) application of the Inhibitory Toxicity Test, a tentative method devised by the American Society for Testing and Materials to evaluate acute toxicity of industrial wastes to diatoms.
*
TOXICITY OF SOIL DISPERSING AGENTS DETERMINED IN A CIRCULATING AQUARIUM SYSTEM
Authors: Engel Robert H. , Neat Marilynn J.
Published: January 2013

The toxicity of two non-ionic oil-dispersing agents was determined on a number of marine species: the edible mussel Mytilis edulis, winter flounder, soft shell clam, mummichog, Atlantic silversides and fourth stage lobster larvae.

The bioassay system used consisted of a series of storage reservoirs and exposure tanks with a total volume of 112 liters. Water movement was provided by a series of marine aquarium pumps which circulated water at a rate of 4 liters/min. Additional aeration was not required for the mummichog, mussel or fourth stage lobster larvae.

At 20°C, TL 50's calculated from 24 to 96 hours fell between 30 and 75 mg/1, with no significant difference in toxicity between the two dispersants. At 5°C, toxicity in the mummichog was significantly lower; this may be explained by the accompanying higher oxygen levels.

The advantages of the circulating aquarium system in relation to the static and continuous-flow bioassay systems are discussed.
A STUDY OF THE PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE OLEOPHILIC BELT “OIL SCRUBBER”
Authors: Oxenham J.P.
Published: January 2013

Analyses and experimentation have indicated that the maximum recovery rate of an oleophilic belt oil recovery system is generally limited by the rate at which oil may be transferred to the belt surface and interior. The rate of absorption of oil by an oleophilic belt increases with increasing specific surface and permeability of the belt material increasing slick depth, decreasing oil viscosity, and decreasing interfacial tension between the oil and belt material. In operations with high viscosity oils and high belt speeds significant quantities of oil may be withdrawn on the belt's outer surface. The oil scrubber's performance is not detrimentally affected by the presence of waves, nor by the presence of solid materials, emulsions, or “rag” in limited quantities. The stability of the belt is a primary concern for operations in the presence of transverse currents.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF TEST PROCEDURES FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EFFICIENCY IN BEACH CLEANING
Authors: Jeffery P. G.
Published: January 2013

A bewildering variety of materials has been suggested for the removal of spilt oil from beaches, rocks and shore-line structures. These vary considerably in composition, toxicity, efficiency and cost. Early laboratory test procedures developed in 1961, were concerned only with efficiency in cleaning and were demonstrably non-reproducible. Since that date considerable efforts have been made to refine the procedures in use, and to introduce new tests closely allied to the beach cleaning process.

A co-operative exercise, undertaken in conjunction with the maljor oil companies of the United Kingdom demonstrated the degree of agreement between laboratories that could be expected from such standardized test procedures. Recent developments in this field at Warren Spring Laboratory, and the procedure at present used for the assessment of these materials for beach cleaning in the United Kingdom are described.
THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF OIL SPILL CONTROL DEVICES1
Authors: Marks Wilbur , Geiss Gunther R. , Hirshman Julius
Published: January 2013

This paper describes the first phases of a program aimed at providing a means for evaluation of existing oil containment devices (booms, barriers, etc) and for improving basic design through variation of geometric and physical parameters. A mathematical/computer model is derived that describes the behavior (forces and motions) of a spill-control device in given environmental conditions of wind, current, and waves, and specified deployment configuration. The results of evaluating 14 booms in terms of probability of mechanical (structural) and spill-control failure are discussed in general terms as are the results of model-tank tests aimed at obtaining data for comparative evaluation of booms and for validating and improving the analytical model A more definitive statement of results awaits the completion of at-sea experiments and data analysis which are presently being carried out.
STUDY OF EQUIPMENT AND METHODS FOR REMOVING OR DISPERSING OIL FROM OPEN WATERS
Authors: Henager C.H. , Walkup P.C. , Blacklaw J.R. , Smith J.D.
Published: January 2013

A cost effectiveness analysis was performed for equipment, materials and techniques applicable to the removal or dispersal of spilled oil from U.S. Navy oilers and gasoline tankers on open waters. Effectiveness parameters included oil product types (JP-5, Distillate Fule, Navy Special and Bunker C), a range of spill locations (3 and 12 miles from shore) and varying spill sizes (2,700 gal, 270,000 gal, and 6,750,000 gal). Criteria for evaluation of systems under the above parameter situations, formulated for presently available equipment and materials, included: completeness of oil removal; rate of removal; hazard and pollution; use in limited access areas; sensitivity to expected environmental factors; sensitivity to temperature extremes; toxicity to marine life; and system availability. Cost effectiveness was determined using the 3 spill sizes and checked for spill frequency sensitivity, The three most cost effective systems for the range of spill sizes were found to be burning, dispersing, and mechanical skimming. Considering system applicability to avrious products and the requirements of rate of removal for massive spills, the most practical universal system with a favorable cost effectiveness ratio was found to be dispersing. This is followed by dispersing plus a containment boom. Burning agents applied directly to the spill were judged to be the third best system based on its favorable cost effectiveness but limited applicability to oil types and permissible burning circumstances.
THE INFLUENCE OF OIL AND DETERGENTS ON RECOLONIZATION IN THE UPPER INTERTIDAL ZONE
Authors: Straughan Dale
Published: January 2013

Re colonization of asbestos fouling plates treated variously with oil and detergents is dependent on the season of the year. The presence of oil favors C. fissus settlement but retards algal settlement.
SOURCES AND BIODEGRADATION OF CARCINOGENIC HYDROCARBONS
Authors: ZoBell Claude E.
Published: January 2013

Carcinogenic hydrocarbons (CHC) are widely distributed in air, soil, marine mud, water, oils (vegetable as well as mineral), and other materials. Most organisms appear to contain little or no CHC, but from 1 to more than 1,000 µg/kg has been detected in certain plants and animals. A major source of CHC is the combustion or pyrolysis of carbonaceous materials, including fossil fuels, organic refuse, forest fires, etc. Airborne, liquid, or solid pollutants tend to find their way into soil, streams, lakes, and the sea. Pertinent to the problem of oil spills is the quantity of CHC contributed by such spills as compared with that from aerial transport, terrestrial drainage, biosynthesis of CHC, and other sources.

Evidence is presented for the synthesis of carcinogenic hydrocarbons by various species of bacteria, algae, and higher plants. Although some may be retained by their tissues, a good many animals metabolize various carcinogenic hydrocarbons and excrete the oxidation products. In most aquatic environments as well as in moist aerobic soil, bacteria bring about the degradation of CHC.
EFEECTS OF EXPOSURE TO OIL ON MYTILUS CALIFORNIANUS FROM DIFFERENT LOCALITIES
Authors: Kanter Robert , Straughan Dale , Jessee William N.
Published: January 2013

The results of the first two of a series of experiments in a study to determine if organisms exposed to natural oil seepage have a higher tolerance to a spill of similar crude oil than organisms that have not been exposed to natural oil seepage are presented. My tilus californianus from different localities along the California Coast were exposed to varying crude oil concentrations in the laboratory. The data shows a higher tolerance to oil in M. californianus from a natural oil seep area than in M. californianus from non-oil seep areas. There is also a different tolerance to oil between M. californianus from different non-oil seep areas.
AN INTEGRATED PROGRAM FOR OIL SPILL CLEANUP
Authors: BETTS W. E. , FULLER H. I. , JAGGER H.
Published: January 2013

This paper discusses the necessary requirements of an integrated program for dealing with oil spills on water. Such a program necessarily involves a designated administrative organization, sound contingency planning, preselection of equipment and materials to cover a range of techniques, and a recognition of the importance of flexibility so that the proper combination of techniques can be united into the optimum operation to meet the special circumstances of each individual spill.

This philosophy is illustrated by a description of the administrative organization in the United Kingdom at central and local government level, by the contingency planning of one of the major oil companies, and by the different combinations of confinement, removal, and other techniques that have proved appropriate in Europe for water surfaces ranging from streams to seas.

The paper emphasizes that the optimum cleanup operation for the unique conditions of each spill requires preparedness, flexibility and an integration of appropriate techniques.
Development of U. S. Coast Guard Prototype Airborne Oil Surveillance System
Authors: Ketchel R. J. , Edgerton A. T.
Published: January 2013

In the past, the U. S. Coast Guard has relied on visual and photographic sightings for detection, monitoring and law enforcement associated with the oil pollution control mission. However effective enforcement of the provisions of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended, pertaining to the discharge of oil and hazardous substances into the U. S. navigable waters and the contiguous zone, the effective execution of responsibilities assigned by the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan, and the assessment of the impact on the marine environment of pollutants introduced by the transportation process requires a supporting surveillance system. To meet this need, the U. S. Coast Guard has contracted with the Aerojet Electrosystems Company, a Division of Aerojet-General Corporation, for the design, development and flight test evaluation of a prototype Airborne Oil Surveillance System. This system as conceived will utilize multispectral sensors to provide for the day / night all-weather airborne detection, mapping and documentation of oil spills at sea. The sensors used in this system will operate from the ultraviolet to the microwave region of the electromagnetic spectrum. This paper will describe the development of this Airborne Surveillance System including the sensor mix and their relationship to the oil pollution surveillance mission. In addition the operational mission and system performance requirements used to define the system will be briefly considered. This prototype system will be ready for flight test evaluation by early 1974.
Oil Spill-Source Correlation by Gas Chromatography: An Experimental Evaluation of System Performance
Authors: Zafiriou Oliver C. , Myers John , Bourbonniere Richard , Freestone Frank J.
Published: January 2013

A simple gas chromatographic method correlates unknown oils in natural waters with possible source oils. Under the operating procedures involved, unique matches are generally achieved without miscorrelations, even when up to 15 oils of the same type (#2, #4, #6 fuel; crudes, etc.) are possible sources.

Oil samples are quantitatively characterized by ratios of intensities corresponding to their contents of several components of known geochemical variability and resistance to weathering. The effects of weathering, sample types, and added spill control chemicals were determined by “blind” correlation of 35 artificially weathered oils, each with one of 17 possible sources. Oil type and weathering did not seriously influence spill-source matching success. The presence of highly similar source oils was the major performance-limiting factor.

We determined the extent of this limitation, and thereby the probability of successful performance, for collections of oils from Greater New York Harbor products, and from Portland, Maine (crudes: 450 tankers/yr.). The probability that a unique correlation can be reached decreased with increase in the number of oils of the same type which were a priori possible sources and therefore candidates for matching; for the New York Harbor and Portland collections examined success rates were: 1–8 candidate oils, 100 percent; 14 oils, 50 percent; 22 oils, 27 percent.
Identification of Oil Pollutants: A Review of Some Recent Methods
Authors: Gruenfeld Michael
Published: January 2013

Some recent studies of methods for identifying weathered oils through chemical fingerprints (passive tagging) are reported. These studies were performed by Esso Research and Engineering Company, Phillips Scientific Corporation, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, and Baird Atomic Corporation under U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sponsored grants and contracts. A broad range of analytical instruments and techniques were used, e.g., adsorption chromatography, molecular emission and absorption spectrophotometry, atomic absorption spectrophotometry, gas chromatography, computerized mass spectrometry, et. al. Some of the oil parameters evaluated as potential fingerprint indices are vanadium, nickel, sulfur and nitrogen content, gas chromatographic profile appearance, carbon and sulfur isotope ratios, API gravity, and pour point. Several promising methods for passive tagging oils are suggested by these studies.
Characteristics of Naturally Occurring and Pollutant Hydrocarbons in Marine Sediments
Authors: Tissier M.
Published: January 2013

Hydrocarbons spilled on the sea may, naturally or by sinking agent, settle on the sea bed and pollute marine muds which are the substratum of the benthic fauna and flora. They may be absorbed by these organisms which are the basis of the nutrition for a large part of the aquatic fauna. This hydrocarbon pollutants will enter by this way in the marine food chain and raise the problem of long term toxicity. Therefore it is important to measure the quantity of hydrocarbons in the marine sediments in order to know the level of pollution. We must, however, be able to make the difference between indigenous hydrocarbons and crude-oil derived hydrocarbons. Both contain, n and iso-alkanes, cyclo-alkanes and aromatics, but their quantity, the percentage of each type of compounds and the distribution of some specific molecules are often very particular. A detailed analysis of the chloroform extract of the sediment by chromatography, mass spectrometry and U. V. fluorescence can discriminate between unpolluted and polluted sediments even in the case of low level pollution. The samples which have been analysed, were collected on the French coast of the English channel in Normandie and in the Seine Bay. It has been noted in the unpolluted samples a higher percentage of heavy products (resins and asphaltènes), a more important odd carbon dominance in the n-alkanes distribution than in the polluted ones. The aromatic fraction of the indigenous hydrocarbons is mainly composed of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons without alkyl chains whereas polluted samples show many types of alkylaromatics.
Determination of Hydrocarbon Solubility in Sea Water and the Analysis of Hydrocarbons in Water-Extracts
Authors: Wasik Stanley P. , Brown Robert L.
Published: January 2013

An apparatus is described for measuring the solubility of hydrocarbons in sea water and for analyzing hydrocarbons in water-extracts. The relative concentrations of the hydrocarbons in the gas phase in equilibrium with the water extract were determined by gas chromatography. A known volume of the gas phase was purged out from the apparatus and replaced with helium. The concentration of the hydrocarbons were measured after the second equilibration. The solubility of the hydrocarbon solutes in the sea water extract were determined from the peak area ratios of the solute peaks and the volume of the apparatus.

Complex mixtures of hydrocarbons in aqueous solutions may be analyzed using this apparatus by examining the chromatograms obtained after each flush out. The peaks are identified as to hydrocarbon group (olefinic, aromatic, paraffinic) from the rate that the solute peak area decreases after each flush out. Overlapping peaks may be resolved using this technique. By extrapolating peak areas to zero flush out, the concentration of each solute in the original extract may be obtained. The analysis of a non-lead gasoline in sea water is presented.