bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecular mechanism of positive allosteric modulation of the metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 by JNJ‐46281222
Authors: Doornbos Maarten L J , Pérez‐Benito Laura , Tresadern Gary , Mulder‐Krieger Thea , Biesmans Ilse , Trabanco Andrés A , Cid Jose María , Lavreysen Hilde , IJzerman Adriaan P , Heitman Laura H
Published: November 2015

Background and Purpose

Allosteric modulation of the mGlu2 receptor is a potential strategy for treatment of various neurological and psychiatric disorders. Here, we describe the in vitro characterization of the mGlu2 positive allosteric modulator (PAM) JNJ‐46281222 and its radiolabelled counterpart [3H]‐JNJ‐46281222. Using this novel tool, we also describe the allosteric effect of orthosteric glutamate binding and the presence of a bound G protein on PAM binding and use computational approaches to further investigate the binding mode.

Experimental Approach

We have used radioligand binding studies, functional assays, site‐directed mutagenesis, homology modelling and molecular dynamics to study the binding of JNJ‐46281222.

Key Results

JNJ‐46281222 is an mGlu2‐selective, highly potent PAM with nanomolar affinity (KD = 1.7 nM). Binding of [3H]‐JNJ‐46281222 was increased by the presence of glutamate and greatly reduced by the presence of GTP, indicating the preference for a G protein bound state of the receptor for PAM binding. Its allosteric binding site was visualized and analysed by a computational docking and molecular dynamics study. The simulations revealed amino acid movements in regions expected to be important for activation. The binding mode was supported by [3H]‐JNJ‐46281222 binding experiments on mutant receptors.

Conclusion and Implications

Our results obtained with JNJ‐46281222 in unlabelled and tritiated form further contribute to our understanding of mGlu2 allosteric modulation. The computational simulations and mutagenesis provide a plausible binding mode with indications of how the ligand permits allosteric activation. This study is therefore of interest for mGlu2 and class C receptor drug discovery.
The high frequency relationship: implications for torsadogenic hERG blockers
Authors: Champeroux P , Le Guennec J Y , Jude S , Laigot C , Maurin A , Sola M L , Fowler J S L , Richard S , Thireau J
Published: November 2015

Background and Purpose

Ventricular arrhythmias induced by human ether‐a‐go‐go related gene (hERG; Kv11.1 channel) blockers are a consequence of alterations in ventricular repolarisation in association with high‐frequency (HF) oscillations, which act as a primary trigger; the autonomic nervous system plays a modulatory role. In the present study, we investigated the role of β1‐adrenoceptors in the HF relationship between magnitude of heart rate and QT interval changes within discrete 10 s intervals (sorted into 5 bpm heart rate increments) and its implications for torsadogenic hERG blockers.

Experimental Approach

The HF relationship was studied under conditions of autonomic blockade with atenolol (β1‐adrenoceptor blocker) in the absence or presence of five hERG blockers in beagle dogs. In total, the effects of 14 hERG blockers on the HF relationship were investigated.

Key Results

All the torsadogenic hERG blockers tested caused a vertical shift in the HF relationship, while hERG blockers associated with a low risk of Torsades de Pointes did not cause any vertical shift. Atenolol completely prevented the effects four torsadogenic agents (quinidine, thioridazine, risperidone and terfenadine) on the HF relationship, but only partially reduced those of dofetilide, leading to the characterization of two types of torsadogenic agent.

Conclusions and Implications

Analysis of the vertical shift in the HF relationship demonstrated that signs of transient sympathetic activation during HF oscillations in the presence of torsadogenic hERG blockers are mediated by β1‐adrenoceptors. We suggest the HF relationship as a new biomarker for assessing Torsades de pointes liability, with potential implications in both preclinical studies and the clinic.
Post‐breakup burial and exhumation of the southern margin of Africa
Authors: Green Paul F. , Duddy Ian R. , Japsen Peter , Bonow Johan M. , Malan Jean A.
Published: November 2015

Despite many years of study, the processes involved in the development of the continental margin of southern Africa and the distinctive topography of the hinterland remain poorly understood. Previous thermochronological studies carried out within a monotonic cooling framework have failed to take into account constraints provided by Mesozoic sedimentary basins along the southern margin. We report apatite fission track analysis and vitrinite reflectance data in outcrop samples from the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous sedimentary fill of the Oudtshoorn, Gamtoos and Algoa Basins (Uitenhage Group), as well as isolated sedimentary remnants further west, plus underlying Paleozoic rocks (Cape Supergroup) and Permian‐Triassic sandstones from the Karoo Supergroup around the Great Escarpment. Results define a series of major regional cooling episodes. Latest Triassic to Early Jurassic cooling which began between 205 and 180 Ma is seen dominantly in basement flanks to the Algoa and Gamtoos Basins. This episode may have affected a wider region but in most places any effects have been overprinted by later events. The effects of Early Cretaceous (beginning between 145 and 130 Ma) and Early to mid‐Cretaceous (120–100 Ma) cooling are both delimited by major structures, while Late Cretaceous (85–75 Ma) cooling appears to have affected the whole region. These cooling events are all interpreted as dominantly reflecting exhumation. Higher Late Cretaceous paleotemperatures in samples from the core of the Swartberg Range, coupled with evidence for localised Cenozoic cooling, are interpreted as representing Cenozoic differential exhumation of the mountain range. Late Cretaceous paleotemperatures between 60°C and 90°C in outcropping Uitenhage Group sediments from the Oudtshoorn, Gamtoos and Algoa Basins require burial by between 1.2 and 2.2 km prior to Late Cretaceous exhumation. Because these sediments lie in depositional contact with underlying Paleozoic rocks in many places, relatively uniform Late Cretaceous paleotemperatures across most of the region, in samples of both basin fill and underlying basement, suggest the whole region may have been buried prior to Late Cretaceous exhumation. Cenozoic cooling (beginning between 30 and 20 Ma) is focussed mainly in mountainous regions and is interpreted as representing denudation which produced the modern‐day relief. Features such as the Great Escarpment are not related to continental break up, as is often supposed, but are much younger (post‐30 Ma). This history of post‐breakup burial and subsequent episodic exhumation is very different from conventional ideas of passive margin evolution, and requires a radical re‐think of models for development of continental margins.
Silica diagenesis in Cenozoic mudstones of the North Viking Graben: physical properties and basin modelling
Authors: Wrona Thilo , Jackson Christopher A.‐L. , Huuse Mads , Taylor Kevin G.
Published: November 2015

Silica diagenesis can significantly change physical properties of the host strata and release large volumes of water. Predicting these changes and their timing is essential to understanding compaction, fluid flow and rock deformation in sedimentary basins. In this paper, the influence of silica diagenesis (opal‐A/CT transformation) on physical properties is determined, the sediment volume affected by these changes is mapped, and a new technique to model silica diagenesis is introduced. A petrophysical analysis of 16 exploration wells shows that the opal‐A/CT transformation leads to a porosity reduction of c.20% (from 49 to 29%) in Cenozoic mudstones of the North Viking Graben. Using three‐dimensional seismic reflection data, it is shown that the c.50 m thick opal‐A/CT transformation zone covers an area of >1500 km2, equating to a minimum volume of 75 km3. The spatial and temporal evolution of opal‐A/CT transformation is simulated using an innovative basin modelling approach, the results of which indicate that the transformation started around Middle‐to‐Late Eocene times and then migrated upwards until it gradually fossilised between the Miocene and present. These findings are important, as they help understanding how these sediments compact and when fluids are released by diagenesis.
Immunogenicity associated with metreleptin treatment in patients with obesity or lipodystrophy
Authors: Chan Jean L. , Koda Joy , Heilig Joseph S. , Cochran Elaine K. , Gorden Phillip , Oral Elif A. , Brown Rebecca J.
Published: November 2015

Objective

Recombinant human leptin (metreleptin) improves glycaemia and hypertriglyceridaemia in patients with generalized lipodystrophy; antibody development with in vitro neutralizing activity has been reported. We aimed to characterize antimetreleptin antibody development, including in vitro neutralizing activity.

Design

Two randomized controlled studies in patients with obesity (twice‐daily metreleptin ± pramlintide for 20–52 weeks; 2006–2009); two long‐term, open‐label studies in patients with lipodystrophy (once‐daily or twice‐daily metreleptin for 2 months to 12·3 years; 2000–2014).

Patients

A total of 579 metreleptin‐treated patients with obesity and 134 metreleptin‐treated patients with lipodystrophy (antibody/neutralizing activity data: n = 105).

Measurements

Antimetreleptin antibodies, in vitro neutralizing activity.

Results

Antimetreleptin antibodies developed in most patients (obese: 96–100%; lipodystrophy: 86–92%). Peak antibody titers (approximately 1:125 to 1:3125) generally occurred within 4–6 months and decreased with continued therapy (lipodystrophy). Antibody development did not adversely impact efficacy or safety (patients with obesity), except for inflammatory injection site reactions, but was associated with elevated leptin concentrations. Three patients with obesity developed in vitro neutralizing activity coincident with weight gain. Weight later returned to baseline in one patient despite persistent neutralizing activity. Four patients with generalized lipodystrophy developed in vitro neutralizing activity concurrent with worsened metabolic control; two with confounding comorbidities had sepsis. One patient with lipodystrophy had resolution of neutralizing activity on metreleptin.

Conclusions

Development of in vitro neutralizing activity could be associated with loss of efficacy but has not been consistently associated with adverse clinical consequences. Whether neutralization of endogenous leptin with clinical consequences occurs remains unclear.
Ellipsoid zone on optical coherence tomography: a review
Authors: Tao Lingwei William , Wu Zhichao , Guymer Robyn H , Luu Chi D
Published: November 2015

Emergence of the high‐resolution optical coherence tomography has allowed better delineation of retinal layers, and many of the anatomical correlations of these layers have now been agreed upon. However, some anatomical correlates still remain contentious, such as the second hyper‐reflective band, which is now termed ellipsoid zone. Despite the lack of consensus of the actual origin of the ellipsoid zone, there has been much interest in evaluating its integrity and intensity in different disease processes. This review paper aims to provide an overview of the ellipsoid zone and its clinical and research applications.
A re‐appraisal of publication rates of scientific papers presented at the Otorhinolaryngology Research Society meetings
Authors: Lau A.S. , Krishnan M. , Williams S.P. , Mamais C. , Sweed A. , Bhat J. , Somashekar S. , Leong S.C.
Published: November 2015

Objectives

To review the rate of publication of papers in peer‐reviewed journals after oral presentations at the Otorhinolaryngology Research Society meetings between 1996 and 2013 and to compare trends with the previous review (1979–1995).

Design

Literature review.

Setting

Merseyside ENT Research Collaborative.

Participants

The abstracts of presentations at Otorhinolaryngology Research Society meetings are published in Clinical Otolaryngology. A structured search of PubMed was undertaken to identify published Otorhinolaryngology Research Society presentations.

Main outcome measures

Publication rates.

Results

A total of 460 abstracts were identified. The interobserver reliability among reviewers was 98%. Of the total, 259 (56.3%) abstracts were published in peer‐reviewed journals. The average time from Otorhinolaryngology Research Society presentation to publication was 27.7 months (median 23), which was not significantly different from the previous review. Publication by subspeciality was as follows: head and neck (45.6%), otology (30.5%), rhinology (22%) and others (1.9%). Most published Otorhinolaryngology Research Society presentations were published in Clinical Otolaryngology (22.4%), followed by the Journal of Laryngology and Otology (8.1%) and the Laryngoscope (7.3%). Clinical research was the most common category of abstracts being presented at Otorhinolaryngology Research Society meetings, followed by laboratory‐based research. Over half (56.5%) of laboratory research presented were head and neck themed, while otology and rhinology predominated clinical research presentations. Over half (52.1%) of Otorhinolaryngology Research Society abstracts originated from units in the North of England. Bristol presented the most abstracts (30.1%), followed by Newcastle (25.1%).

Conclusions

The publication rate of Otorhinolaryngology Research Society presentations remains high and many are subsequently published in high‐impact factor otolaryngology journals. More Otorhinolaryngology Research Society presentations are now published in American and European journals.
Long‐term outcomes of locally or radically resected T1 colorectal cancer
Authors: Nam M. J. , Han K. S. , Kim B. C. , Hong C. W. , Sohn D. K. , Chang H. J. , Kim M. J. , Kim S. Y. , Baek J. Y. , Park S. C. , Oh J. H.
Published: November 2015

Aim

Little is known about the long‐term outcome of T1 colorectal cancer (CRC) following curative resection. The present study addressed the long‐term outcome of locally or radically resected T1 CRCs.

Method

A total of 430 patients with T1 CRC who underwent local or radical resection were considered. Unfavourable histological factors were defined as positive resection margin, deep submucosal invasion, vascular invasion, Grade 3 and budding. The patients were classified as low‐risk (unfavourable histological factor negative, n = 65) or high‐risk (unfavourable histological factor positive, n = 365).

Results

Over a median follow‐up of 78.4 months, disease recurred in 16 (3.7%) patients in the high‐risk group, and no recurrence in the low‐risk group. Resection type and vascular invasion were significantly associated with recurrence. In the vascular invasion (+) high‐risk group, both 5‐year disease‐free survival rate and 5‐year overall survival rate were significantly associated with resection type (radical 94.6%, local 43.8%, P < 0.001, and radical 99.1%, local 66.7%, P < 0.001). In the vascular invasion (−) high‐risk group, 5‐year disease‐free survival rate was also significantly associated with resection type (radical 98.9%, local 84.7%, P = 0.001). However, 5‐year overall survival rate was not associated with resection type (radical 98.9%, local 95.2%, P = 0.816).

Conclusion

Local resection may be effective and oncologically safe in low‐risk T1 CRC. Although additional surgery should be recommended for the locally resected high‐risk T1 CRC cases, intensive surveillance without additional surgery and timely salvage operation may offer another treatment option, if vascular invasion is negative.
Mediastinal schwannoma with atypical localization diagnosed by endobronchial ultrasound
Authors: Çiftci Fatma , Gürün Kaya Aslıhan , Karaçay Ebru , Çiledağ Aydın , Ceyhan Koray , Kaya Akın , Çelik Gökhan
Published: November 2015

Introduction

Schwannoma is a peripheral nerve sheath tumor usually originating from the posterior mediastinum. Because schwannomas can exhibit high fluorodeoxyglucose uptake on positron emission tomography, they cannot be distinguished from malignant tumors.

Objectives

We present this case to stress the importance of endobronchial ultrasonography in the diagnosis of intrapulmonary masses with rare occurrence and different localization.

Methods

A patient was referred to our clinic for further workup of a soft tissue mass in the anterior mediastinum and diagnosed with a benign schwannoma by endobronchial ultrasonography.

Results

The diagnosis is thus largely based on pathological examination. Until today schwannomas have been diagnosed by pathology examination of lesions excised surgically for suspected malignancy.

Conclusion

This article was reported since intrapulmonary schwannoma is a very rare tumor and this was the first case of an anterior mediastinal schwannoma diagnosed by endobronchial ultrasonography.
A simple bedside approach to therapeutic goals achievement during the management of deceased organ donors – An adapted version of the “VIP” approach
Authors: Westphal Glauco Adrieno
Published: November 2015

The disproportion between the supply and demand of transplant organs could be alleviated by improving the quality of clinical management of deceased potential donors. As a large number of donor losses by cardiac arrest occur due to hemodynamic instability, without instituting all essential maintenance measures, it is likely that the application of simplified potential donor maintenance protocols will help to decrease potential donor losses and increase the supply of organs for transplantation. The Ventilation, Infusion and Pumping (VIP) strategy is a mnemonic method that brings together key aspects of the restoration of oxygen delivery to tissues during hemodynamic instability: adequate mechanical Ventilation, volume Infusion and evaluation of heart Pump effectiveness. The inclusion of the additional initials, “P” and “S,” refers to Pharmacological treatment and Specificities involved in the etiology of shock. The use of simplified care standards can assist in adhering to essential potential donor management measures. Therefore, using a simplified method as the adapted VIP approach can contribute to improving management standards of potential organ donors and increasing the supply of organs for transplantation.
Trends and outcomes in right vs. left living donor nephrectomy: an analysis of the OPTN/UNOS database of donor and recipient outcomes – should we be doing more right‐sided nephrectomies?
Authors: Khalil Ali , Mujtaba Muhammad A. , Taber Tim E. , Yaqub Muhammad S. , Goggins William , Powelson John , Sundaram Chandru , Sharfuddin Asif A.
Published: November 2015

Background

Discussion continues about right vs. left donor nephrectomy (LDN). Left side is preferred due to longer renal vein while right side has been associated with renal vein thrombosis and shorter vessels.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of UNOS database for adult living donor transplants between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2009.

Results

We identified 58 599 living donor transplants, of which 86.1% were LDN. There were no significant differences between the recipients or donors demographics. There were higher rates of delayed graft function in right donor nephrectomy (RDN) recipients with a hazard risk of 1.38 (95% CI 1.24–1.53; p < 0.0001). Primary failure rates were similar. In the RDN group, graft thrombosis as cause of graft failure was statistically higher with a hazard ratio of 1.48 (95% CI 1.18–1.86, p = 0.0004), and graft survival was significantly inferior (p = 0.006 log‐rank test). For living donors outcomes, the conversion from laparoscopic to open was higher in the RDN group with an odds ratio of 2.02 (95% CI 1.61–2.52; p < 0.00001). There was no significant difference in vascular complications or re‐operation required due to bleeding. Re‐operations and re‐admissions were higher in the LDN group.

Conclusion

There are statistical differences between left and right kidney donor nephrectomies on recipient outcomes, but the difference is extremely small. The choice and laterality should be based on center and surgeon preference and experience.
Feasibility of whole‐body vibration as an early inpatient rehabilitation tool after lung transplantation – a pilot study
Authors: Brunner Stefan , Brunner Dorothee , Winter Hauke , Kneidinger Nikolaus
Published: November 2015

Objective

Optimal rehabilitation programs are essential in the early phase after lung transplantation (LTx). Whole‐body vibration (WBV) may be a novel approach in rehabilitation that has not yet been investigated in these patients.

Patients and methods

Ten patients in the early postoperative phase after LTx after discharge from the intensive care unit (ICU) were included in the study. WBV training was performed until transfer to a rehabilitation center. Six‐minute walk distance (6‐MWD), pulmonary function, maximal workload, and quality of life (SF‐36) were assessed at the beginning and after completion of the training program.

Results

Patients revealed a significant improvement of the 6‐MWD, the vital capacity (VC), the maximal workload, and in quality of life. Peak cough flow (PCF), forced expiratory volume (FEV1), and parts of the quality of life questionnaire showed no significant changes. No adverse events occurred in these patients.

Conclusion

WBV in lung transplant recipients after discharge from ICU is safe and feasible. WBV may effectively support rehabilitation programs improving pulmonary function and quality of life.
Reasons for, and outcomes of patients who were referred for a ventricular assist device but were declined: the recent era forgotten ones
Authors: Johnson Alexis K. , McCandless Sean P. , Alharethi Rami , Caine William T. , Budge Deborah , Wright G. Andrew , Rauf Asad , Miller Andrew , Stoker Sandi , Smith Hildegard , Afshar Kia , Reid Bruce B. , Rasmusson Brad Y. , Kfoury Abdallah G.
Published: November 2015

Background

Ventricular assist devices (VADs) have a proven survival benefit in select patients with advanced heart failure, yet many patients considered for implantation are declined for various reasons. The outcome of these patients is obscure owing to their exclusion from recent VAD studies. We aim to compare the outcomes of patients who received a VAD to those who did not.

Methods

For this study, the Artificial Heart Program's database at Intermountain Medical Center was queried from 2006 to 2012 for patients referred for a VAD. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis was performed with log‐rank test determining significance.

Results

Of 232 patients included, 118 patients received a VAD and 114 patients did not. The prevailing reason for VAD decline in eligible and willing patients was due to pre‐existing illness (39%). Mortality was higher in non‐VAD vs. VAD patients (58.8% vs. 35.6%, p < 0.001) with a median time‐to‐death of 67 (IQR:12–314) and 301 (IQR:136–694) d, respectively (p = 0.007).

Conclusions

In the current era of non‐pulsatile VADs, mortality of patients who are considered but not implanted remains high. Additionally, mortality of these patients occurred much sooner. Educational efforts ensuring timely referral for VAD therapy are important to maximize the number of patients who may benefit.
Treatment of cytomegalovirus infection and disease pre‐ and post‐quantitative nucleic acid test standardization: does use of a more sensitive assay lead to longer treatment duration?
Authors: Dioverti M. Veronica , Lahr Brian , Razonable Raymund R.
Published: November 2015

Quantitative cytomegalovirus (CMV) nucleic acid testing (NAT) has been standardized using the World Health Organization (WHO) international calibration standard. A new FDA‐approved WHO‐calibrated assay (CA) was found to be more sensitive than a laboratory‐developed test (LDT). We hypothesized that monitoring therapeutic response using a more sensitive assay may lead to longer antiviral therapy in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients with CMV infection. We reviewed transplant patients with CMV disease retrospectively, and divided them into two groups: those diagnosed and managed based on LDT and those managed using WHO‐CA. Compared to patients monitored by LDT, the time to reach an undetectable viral load was significantly longer in the group monitored by the WHO‐CA. However, a trend toward shorter duration of antiviral treatment was observed (median, 34 vs. 41 d; p = 0.058), with earlier discontinuation of induction antiviral therapy upon reaching undetectable viral load using WHO‐CA (11 vs. 18 d; p = 002). We concluded that despite using a more sensitive CMV NAT, the total duration of antiviral treatment was not significantly prolonged in transplant patients with CMV infection and disease. Relapse rates did not differ between the two groups.
Peak oxygen uptake and self‐reported physical health are strong predictors of long‐term survival after heart transplantation
Authors: Yardley Marianne , Havik Odd E. , Grov Ingelin , Relbo Anne , Gullestad Lars , Nytrøen Kari
Published: November 2015

Background

Peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) is known as the gold standard measure of cardiopulmonary fitness. We therefore hypothesized that measures of physical health would predict long‐term survival in heart transplant recipients (HTx).

Methods

This retrospective study investigated survival in two HTx populations; the cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) cohort comprised 178 HTx patients who completed a VO2peak test during their annual follow‐up (1990–2003), and the SF‐36 cohort comprised 133 patients who completed a quality of life questionnaire, SF‐36v1 (1998–2000).

Results

Mean (SD) age in the CPET cohort was 52 (12) yr and 54 (11) yr in the SF‐36 cohort. Mean observation time was, respectively, 11 and 10 yr. Mean (SD) VO2peak was 19.6 (5.3) mL/kg/min, and median (IR) physical function (PF) score was 90 (30). VO2peak and PF scores were both significant predictors in univariate Cox regression. Multiple Cox regression analyses adjusted for other potential predictors showed that VO2peak, age, and cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) were the most important predictors in the CPET cohort, whereas age, PF score, smoking, and CAV were the most important predictors in the SF‐36 cohort. In Kaplan–Meier analysis, VO2peak and PF scores above the median value were related to significant longer survival time.

Conclusion

Peak oxygen uptake and self‐reported physical health are strong predictors for long‐term survival in HTx recipients. VO2peak is a crucial measurement and should be more frequently used after HTx.
A Japanese case of lymphocytic esophagitis
Authors: Maejima Ryuhei , Uno Kaname , Iijima Katsunori , Fujishima Fumiyoshi , Noguchi Tetsuya , Ara Nobuyuki , Asano Naoki , Koike Tomoyuki , Imatani Akira , Shimosegawa Tooru
Published: November 2015

We report the case of a 68‐year‐old Japanese man diagnosed with lymphocytic esophagitis (LE), a rare disease associated with refractory dysphagia. He has had severe dysphagia and heartburn since 2007. Findings of esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) carried out by a local physician in 2010 showed pale mucosa with white exudate and lateral furrows in the esophagus. He was referred to Tohoku University Hospital in 2012, because the symptoms did not improve, despite regular use of a proton pump inhibitor (PPI). At that time, EGD revealed the coexistence of a slight stricture in the upper esophagus, the histopathological findings of which included a predominantly peri‐papillary distribution of abundant, infiltrating CD3+/CD4+/CD8+/CD20− lymphocytes without any granulocytes (CD4+ : CD8+ = 3.3:1). These were consistent with a diagnostic criteria of LE. Thereafter, severe dysphagia with food impaction occurred twice a month, despite the long‐term use of a PPI, and EGD showed worsened strictures, where endoscopic ultrasonography findings showed marked circumferential thickness of the mucosal and submucosal layers. Then, one session of endoscopic balloon dilatation dramatically improved the dysphagia. Accordingly, LE should be considered an important differential diagnosis of refractory dysphagia based on the characteristic features of endoscopic and pathological findings.
A scent shield to survive: identification of the repellent compounds secreted by the male offspring of the cuckoo bumblebee Bombus vestalis
Authors: Lhomme Patrick , Ayasse Manfred , Valterová Irena , Lecocq Thomas , Rasmont Pierre
Published: November 2015

In social insects, the high cost of parental investment has promoted the evolution of traits that reduce or avoid care for unrelated offspring. They have evolved a sophisticated recognition system which enables them to reject foreign individuals, and therefore prevent their nest's exploitation by parasites and predators. Nonetheless, many social parasites are able to overcome social insect recognition and parasitize their parental care behaviour by laying their eggs in host nests. Although several studies have already been conducted on the strategies used by social parasites to successfully invade host nests, the strategy used by its offspring to evade host rejection is still poorly understood. In bumblebees, previous investigations indicated that male offspring of Bombus vestalis (Geoffroy) (Hymeno‐ptera: Apidae), the specific obligate social parasite of Bombus terrestris (L.), may use allomones to evade host worker attacks. Following these studies, we performed electrophysiological studies and behavioural experiments to identify the potential repellents. Six compounds elicited electroantennographic responses in host worker antennae. The corresponding mixture of synthetic volatiles as well as pure tetradecyl acetate, and to a lesser extent pure (Z)‐11‐hexadecenyl acetate, showed a repellent effect on starved host workers in a feeding bioassay. We hypothesize that tetradecyl acetate has a key function in the repellent effect of the secretions of B. vestalis male offspring towards B. terrestris host workers.
Material affects attack rates on dummy caterpillars in tropical forest where arthropod predators dominate: an experiment using clay and dough dummies with green colourants on various plant species
Authors: Sam Katerina , Remmel Triinu , Molleman Freerk
Published: November 2015

Predation can be one of the key factors that determine abundance in insect herbivore communities, and drive evolution of body size, and anti‐predator traits, including crypsis. Population dynamics and selection pressures will depend on the identity of dominant predators in the system, and these may vary substantially among habitats. Arthropods emerge as chief predators on caterpillars in the understorey of non‐montane tropical forest, whereas birds dominate elsewhere. In a tropical forest in Uganda, Africa, we evaluated marks on dummy caterpillars that differed in size, material (clay vs. dough), colourant, and plant species on which dummy caterpillars were exposed. We included live caterpillars to estimate the extent to which studies using artificial caterpillars reflect actual levels of predation. Ants and wasps were the most important damagers of dummy caterpillars, whereas bug and beetle damage was very rare, and no bird or small mammal damage was observed. Daily attack rates did not differ significantly from apparent mortality of live caterpillars (daily mortality = 12.1%), but dummy caterpillars made from dough were attacked more frequently (daily attack rate = 18.4%) than those from clay (daily attack rate = 6.9%). Caterpillars of different colour and size, and caterpillars exposed on different plant species had the same chances to be predated. This is in contrast to results from temperate area studies where birds dominate and are not affected by dummy caterpillar material, but prefer larger caterpillars. Our results are consistent with dominant predators on tropical forest caterpillars being invertebrates that are more chemically than visually oriented, so that: (1) material used for dummy caterpillars is important, (2) background matching is relatively unimportant, and (3) being large may have less of a cost. These patterns in predation might facilitate polyphagy and evolution of large body size in tropical Lepidoptera.
Fine‐scale variation in natural nitrogen isotope ratios of ants
Authors: Cronin Adam L. , Donnerhack Oliver , Seidel Felix , Yamanaka Toshiro
Published: November 2015

Stable isotopes provide a powerful means of elucidating the trophic ecology of organisms. Analyses of variation in the ratio of nitrogen isotopes (δ15N) can provide insights into the trophic position of species with broad diets and the ability to occupy multiple positions in food webs, such as ants. The most powerful studies compare subjects across various spatial scales, but to do so, local variation in δ15N baselines must be taken into account. To date, a wide variety of baseline calibration methods have been employed, leading some authors to suggest that a standard approach is needed, and that the reality of environmental variation necessitates that this should be at fine scales. In this study, we examine the fine‐scale variation in δ15N value of colonies of the ant Formica kozlovi Dlussky (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Formicini) along a sloped transect in Mongolia, and compare these with values for associated soils in an effort to shed further light on this issue. We find variation in ant δ15N to the order of one trophic level (ca. 3‰), over a distance of only 1 km. Ant δ15N was highly correlated with soil δ15N, and variation in mineral soil δ15N explained ca. 81% of the variation in ant δ15N. This study underlines the importance of local‐scale baseline corrections for isotopic studies, particularly in environments where baseline variation might be expected. It further suggests that δ15N of mineral soils may provide a suitable baseline for ecological studies of terrestrial arthropods.
Artificial selection, pre‐release diet, and gut symbiont inoculation effects on sterile male longevity for area‐wide fruit‐fly management
Authors: Rull Juan , Lasa Rodrigo , Rodriguez Christian , Ortega Rafael , Velazquez Olinda Elisabeth , Aluja Martín
Published: November 2015

Longevity is an important life‐history trait for successful and cost‐effective application of the sterile insect technique. Furthermore, it has been shown that females of some species – e.g., Anastrepha ludens (Loew) (Diptera: Tephritidae) – preferentially copulate with ‘old’, sexually experienced males, rather than younger and inexperienced males. Long‐lived sterile males may therefore have greater opportunity to find and mate with wild females than short‐lived males, and be more effective in inducing sterility into wild populations. We explored the feasibility of increasing sterile male lifespan through selection of long‐lived strains and provision of pre‐release diets with added protein, and inoculated with bacterial symbionts recovered from cultures of the gut of wild Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart). Artificial selection for long‐lived A. ludens resulted in a sharp drop of fecundity levels for F1 females. Nevertheless, the cross of long‐lived males with laboratory females produced a female F1 progeny with fecundity levels comparable to those of females in the established colony. However, the male progeny of long‐lived males*laboratory females did not survive in higher proportions than laboratory males. Provision of sugar to A. obliqua adults resulted in increased survival in comparison to adults provided only with water, whereas the addition of protein to sugar‐only diets had no additional effect on longevity. Non‐irradiated males lived longer than irradiated males, and supplying a generic probiotic diet produced no noticeable effect in restoring irradiated male longevity of A. obliqua. We discuss the need to evaluate the time to reach sexual maturity and survival under stress for long‐lived strains, and the inclusion of low amounts of protein and specific beneficial bacteria in pre‐release diets to increase sterile male performance and longevity in the field.
Effects of diapause on post‐diapause reproductive investment in the moth Ostrinia scapulalis
Authors: Win Aye T. , Ishikawa Yukio
Published: November 2015

Diapause is a strategy used by many insect species to survive adverse environmental conditions. However, diapause incurs costs that may have adverse effects on post‐diapause development and reproduction. We herein investigated the effects of diapause on the post‐diapause reproductive investment of males and females in a multivoltine moth, the adzuki bean borer, Ostrinia scapulalis (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). We found that (1) post‐diapause males and females were smaller and had lower mating success than non‐diapause individuals, (2) post‐diapause females had lower fecundity and shorter longevity than non‐diapause females, (3) post‐diapause males transferred similar numbers of eupyrene and apyrene sperm as non‐diapause males, (4) the fecundity and longevity of non‐diapause females mated with post‐diapause males and those mated with non‐diapause males were not significantly different, and (5) no significant relationship was found between diapause duration (short and long) and post‐diapause reproductive investments in both males and females. These results suggest that post‐diapause males did not reduce reproductive investment in spite of the cost of diapause, and the significant decline in reproductive output in post‐diapause females was due to their reduced body weight and longevity, which appeared to be direct consequences of the cost of diapause.
Communication interference in sympatrically occurring moth species
Authors: Juárez M.L. , Ruiz M.J. , Fernández P.C. , Goane L. , Villagrán M.E. , Arce O.E.A. , Armiñana A. , Páez Jerez P.G. , de la Vega M.H. , Vera M.T. , Groot A.T.
Published: November 2015

In moth species, females emit a species‐specific sex pheromone that is perceived over long distance by conspecific males. The species‐specificity in the chemical communication channel is achieved by a combination of unique components in specific ratios and sometimes also by interspecific behavioural antagonists to deter sympatrically occurring heterospecific males. In this study, we determined possible antagonistic effects in Helicoverpa gelotopoeon Dyar (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) males to the major sex pheromone component of sympatrically occurring heliothine moths, Z11‐16:Ald, as well as to the sex pheromone of the sympatrically occurring Heliothis virescens (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (Z11‐16:Ald and Z9‐14:Ald). We also explored whether other co‐occurring species are attracted to these pheromone blends. Our field experiments showed that the addition of Z11‐16:Ald alone or in combination with Z9‐14:Ald inhibited trap catches of H. gelotopoeon males and that this inhibition depended on the concentration of these compounds. In addition, other moth species were attracted to the blends. Together, our results confirm the antagonistic effect of heterospecific sex pheromone compounds of H. virescens to H. gelotopoeon.
Effect of host‐plant and infection with ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ on honeydew chemical composition of the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri
Authors: Hijaz Faraj , Lu ZhanJun , Killiny Nabil
Published: November 2015

The Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae), transmits the citrus greening pathogen ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ (CLas) by feeding on citrus phloem sap. Because phloem sap is rich in sugars but low in amino acids, ACP sucks large quantities and excretes most of it as honeydew. We studied the chemical composition of ACP honeydew on various host plants. Honeydew samples were analyzed with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Fourteen sugars, 13 amino acids, and six organic acids were detected in the honeydew of ACP. Sugars composed about 95% of the total compounds. Sucrose and trehalose were the predominant sugars, composing about 58 and 23% of the total sugars, respectively. Proline, asparagine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid were the most abundant amino acids in ACP honeydew. The host plant and its infection with CLas had some effect on the honeydew composition. Glucose, chiro‐inositol, myo‐inositol, inositol, maltose, and turanose were lower in honeydew collected from CLas‐infected citrus compared to that collected from non‐infected trees. In CLas‐infected citrus (pineapple sweet orange, Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) and Bergera koenigii (L.) Spreng. [curry leaf tree (both Rutaceae)] honeydews, valine, alanine, serine, glutamine, glycine, and the organic acids were lower than in honeydew from healthy citrus. Mannose, galactose, inositol, mannitol, an unknown disaccharide, and proline were higher in the honeydew collected from B. koenigii than in honeydew collected from healthy citrus (pineapple sweet orange), whereas fructose, chiro‐inositol, myo‐inositol, trehalose, and lactic acid were lower. The findings of this study help us understand the metabolism and the nutrient needs of ACP that transmits CLas, the pathogen of huanglongbing in citrus.
Using optimality models to improve the efficacy of parasitoids in biological control programmes
Authors: Wajnberg Eric , Roitberg Bernard D. , Boivin Guy
Published: November 2015

Biological control of insect pests relies on the ability of natural enemies to limit pest populations. The behaviours expressed by natural enemies against their prey or hosts are modulated by a number of factors and a better understanding of these factors is key to obtaining more efficacious pest control. We propose here that optimality models based upon a behavioural ecology approach can provide a framework that should enable optimisation of biological control practices. We limit our discussion to parasitoid natural enemies and review the factors known to influence the behaviour of these insects. The most important areas that have been studied extensively in the behavioural ecology of insect parasitoids are addressed here: (1) residence time in a host patch, (2) clutch size, (3) sex ratio, (4) host and patch marking, and (5) diet choice. We discuss the implications of the incorporation of these optimality models into efficacious biological control practices and suggest areas where a better knowledge of the behavioural ecology of these insects could improve the efficacy of parasitoid‐based pest control.
Surveillance for severe acute respiratory infections in Southern Arizona, 2010–2014
Authors: Wansaula Zimy , Olsen Sonja J. , Casal Mariana G. , Golenko Catherine , Erhart Laura M. , Kammerer Peter , Whitfield Natalie , McCotter Orion Z.
Published: November 2015

Background

The Binational Border Infectious Disease Surveillance program began surveillance for severe acute respiratory infections (SARI) on the US–Mexico border in 2009. Here, we describe patients in Southern Arizona.

Methods

Patients admitted to five acute care hospitals that met the SARI case definition (temperature ≥37·8°C or reported fever or chills with history of cough, sore throat, or shortness of breath in a hospitalized person) were enrolled. Staff completed a standard form and collected a nasopharyngeal swab which was tested for selected respiratory viruses by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.

Results

From October 2010–September 2014, we enrolled 332 SARI patients. Fifty‐two percent were male and 48% were white non‐Hispanic. The median age was 63 years (47% ≥65 years and 5·2% <5 years). During hospitalization, 51 of 230 (22%) patients required intubation, 120 of 297 (40%) were admitted to intensive care unit, and 28 of 278 (10%) died. Influenza vaccination was 56%. Of 309 cases tested, 49 (16%) were positive for influenza viruses, 25 (8·1%) for human metapneumovirus, 20 (6·5%) for parainfluenza viruses, 16 (5·2%) for coronavirus, 11 (3·6%) for respiratory syncytial virus, 10 (3·2%) for rhinovirus, 4 (1·3%) for rhinovirus/enterovirus, 3 (1·0%) for enteroviruses, and 3 (1·0%) for adenovirus. Among the 49 influenza‐positive specimens, 76% were influenza A (19 H3N2, 17 H1N1pdm09, and 1 not subtyped), and 24% were influenza B.

Conclusion

Influenza viruses were a frequent cause of SARI in hospitalized patients in Southern Arizona. Monitoring respiratory illness in border populations will help better understand the etiologies. Improving influenza vaccination coverage may help prevent some SARI cases.
Improving the representativeness of influenza viruses shared within the WHO Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System
Authors: Pereyaslov Dmitriy , Zemtsova Galina , Gruessner Christine , Daniels Rodney S. , McCauley John W. , Brown Caroline S.
Published: November 2015

Background

Sharing influenza viruses within the WHO Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System is crucial for monitoring evolution of influenza viruses.

Objectives

Analysis of timeliness and geographic representativeness of viruses shared by National Influenza Centres (NICs) in the WHO European Region with the London WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza for the Northern Hemisphere's 2010–2011 and 2011–2012 influenza seasons.

Materials and methods

Data from NICs on influenza‐positive specimens shared with WHO CC London for the above‐mentioned influenza seasons were analyzed for timeliness of sharing with respect to the February deadline (31 January) for inclusion in the WHO consultations on the composition of influenza virus vaccines for the Northern Hemisphere and geographic representativeness.

Results

The 2010–2011 and 2011–2012 seasons were different in terms of the seasonal pattern, the timing of the epidemic, and the dominant virus. Consistent patterns of virus sharing across the seasons were observed. Approximately half the viruses collected before the deadline were not shared within the deadline; the average delay between date of specimen collection and shipment receipt was 3 and 1·5 months for the first and second season, respectively.

Conclusion

A baseline was provided for future work on enhancement of specimen sharing in the WHO European Region and improving the vaccine virus selection process. Greater insight into virus selection criteria applied by countries and the causes of delays in shipment are needed to understand the representativeness of viruses shared and to assess the importance of this for vaccine strain selection.
Synthesis of Nano Calcium Hydroxide in Aqueous Medium
Authors: Samanta Aniruddha , Chanda Dipak K. , Das Pradip Sekhar , Ghosh Jiten , Mukhopadhyay Anoop Kumar , Dey Arjun
Published: November 2015

The present work reports a simple, inexpensive method for synthesis of calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] nanoparticles (CHNPs). The method involves chemical precipitation (CP) in aqueous medium at room temperature. Calcium nitrate dihydrate [Ca(NO3)2.2H2O] and sodium hydroxide were used as precursors. The CHNPs were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Rietveld analysis, field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), BET surface area evaluation as well as particle size distribution analysis techniques. The results confirmed the synthesis of CHNPs as the major phase. The CHNPs exhibited an average size of about 350 nm. In addition, some calcite phase formed due to the inevitable carbonation process. A very minor amount of aragonite phase was also present. A schematically developed new qualitative model is proposed to explain the genesis and subsequent evolution of the various phases at the nanoscale. The model helps to identify the rate‐controlling step. It also highlights the implication of reaction kinetics control in synthesis of predesigned nanophase assembly.