bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Happiness is job satisfaction
Authors: Avent Catherine
Published: February 2008

Tinker, tailor, soldier, sailor … it is very easy to think of the cliches: ‘Are you happy in your work?’ ‘Schooldays are the happiest days of your life’. I used to think that this was one of the silliest things ever said by distinguished people on speech‐day platforms; because if a boy or girl is miserable at school (and many are) then it's a pretty grim outlook that he faces; and if in fact he is perfectly happy at school, it is still very discouraging for him to suppose that in the eyes of successful middle‐aged adults he will never be so happy again. If young people are to have life satisfaction, then surely they should be encouraged to be optimistic and forward‐looking.
The Diploma in Higher Education — where now?
Authors: Byrne Eileen
Published: February 2008

Instinctive pragmatism, or planning by conviction rather than by coherence, is the hallmark of the government of education. We regularly devise new policies in a highly specific context (usually in the wake of a national report), and then negotiate their application in later circumstances in which many of the original suppositions, criteria and corollaries have been shed — either for educational or financial reasons, sometimes beyond our control. The Diploma in Higher Education is, in my view, in danger of following earlier casualties in this process; as we gradually change the educational criteria, and succumb to the recurrent financial crises which appear to follow all of our developmental White Papers with an inexorability which the Eumenides might have envied.
Management teachers—or developers?
Authors: Hyett Ken
Published: February 2008

In recent years the emphasis in educational activities for practising managers has changed from teaching them the principles and techniques of management towards more flexible approaches to help individuals and teams of managers develop themselves. As a result of this change the role of management educators, whether they work as internal trainers or are employed by independent educational agencies, has altered significantly.
The changing role of the personnel function
Authors: Price Norman
Published: February 2008

The personnel function is the management of human resources and:
Vertical training: a new concept
Authors: Sayer E.P.
Published: February 2008

Over a number of years the Port of London Authority has carried out a great deal of training, especially in its supervisory and management areas. This has largely taken the form of courses which, although using discussion and project methods, have relied quite heavily on lectures. The courses have been largely ‘knowledge’ courses, aiming to impart an appreciation of a wide range of management techniques to people grouped by their level of management.
English as she should be taught
Authors: Baker Edgar
Published: February 2008

Recently the BBC launched a campaign to help the two million adults in this country who are unable to read. Everyone of good will wishes the BBC great success, but one must wonder how so many people who, we are told, are of normal intelligence came to fail so lamentably in a basic skill like simple reading. The excuses are legend — large classes, sickness, absence from school for one reason or another; but the stark fact remains that two million of our fellow citizens cannot read at all. How many more are inadequate readers is, perhaps fortunately, not known; but if the performance of people observed in trains, buses and public libraries is anything to judge by, the total could be in excess of eighty per cent of the adult population. The slow, inefficient, laborious way in which ordinary men and women spell their way through the popular newspapers has to be seen to be believed. Most take at least five or six times as long to read the simple prose of our newspapers as a skilled reader, and probably retain much less.
Bridging the gap — with link courses
Authors: Skinner William
Published: February 2008

I expect most of us recall from our school days lessons which we enjoyed and lessons which bored us. I expect, too, that we have attempted to rationalise the reasons for our resulting feelings. Perhaps one such reason was that for some lessons we could see the applicability of our studies to the world outside school, whereas in others we seemed to be studying mainly theory — and that in a bit of a vacuum. This leads me to suggest that one of the first reasons for the success of Link Courses has been the introduction of a more practical element to the curricula of many thousands of schoolchildren.
Learning the law
Authors: Curzon L.B.
Published: February 2008

Dismay and disappointment! These emotions characterised the reactions of a large group of young students questioned recently on their feelings at the end of the first lesson in a course on General Principles of English Law. Dismay at the mass of material which, clearly, had to be digested and assimilated if the subject was to make sense, even at an elementary level. Disappointment at the somewhat arid nature of the subject content which seemed totally removed from the exciting picture of the legal process painted so often by fiction writers and the news media. So it is for many students of the law who must come to terms with its difficulties. There are no short cuts to competence in legal studies; so texts which hold out to the reader a promise that the law will be made easy, or that its essential features will be clarified in ten simple lessons, can give no more than a sketchy outline of some few topics. A difficult journey lies ahead of the young student, whether the goal be ONC/D, HNC/D with a law content, or the law examinations of the professional bodies. But the journey can be made much easier, much more enjoyable, once the inescapable rigours are accepted and precautions taken to mitigate their severity.
The automobile repair industry
Authors: Leeming David
Published: February 2008

Most colleges of further education nowadays offer a one‐year full‐time course in automobile engineering to young people who leave secondary school at the age of 16. Recruitment of potential students for this course is achieved in a variety of ways, which include the follow‐up of advice given by school careers teachers to their pupils or, alternatively, possibly the result of a careers convention, many of which are held in secondary schools where college lecturers are present to explain details of further education courses and their relevance to jobs in industry. Link courses are also arranged in FE colleges on a day‐release basis for pupils who are in their final year at secondary school, and these courses give them the opportunity to taste a variety of trade technologies, including automobile engineering. Recruitment is also affected by advertising courses in local newspapers, which invariably result in a flood of letters to the college principal asking for further details and an application form.
Careers:
Authors: Mercer John
Published: February 2008

Occupational therapy is an important branch of the remedial profession. Members of the British Association of Occupational Therapy in the green overall, and wearing the distinctive badge, are familiar to many hospital patients for their work in rehabilitation. The injured hand and bruised mind are alike helped by the skill and kindness of the OT. Some are found also in community medicine, providing support for the elderly or handicapped in adapting their homes for daily living. But the supply of occupational therapists does not equal the demand and this is doubly true of those engaged in teaching the students'. The course of training lasts three years; seven schools are within the National Health Service, five are privately financed. If more teachers were available more schools could be opened, and existing ones could expand to their full staffing establishments.
books
Authors: Boyson Rhodes
Published: February 2008

From time to time a book is published which is not only important in itself but represents a turn in a political, economic, or social climate. The Rape of Reason is such a book
Watch with brother
Authors: King Joe
Published: February 2008

Education & Training (October), contained a review of basic training and educational needs felt by shop stewards in industry and the public service. The severe shortfall between demand for such training and the supply of places offered by union training centres, technical colleges and university extra‐mural departments was indicated. The financial squeeze is of course preventing any significant expansion of this supply.
How to study statistics
Authors: Friend Derek
Published: February 2008

Why do people study Statistics? As a statistician I would like to think that all are fired with enthusiasm to become one — to be able to devise an opinion poll that would correctly forecast the General Election results; to compile unemployment statistics in such a way that Sir Keith Joseph and others would be satisfied; or to devise an experiment so that the best combination of fertilizers could be evaluated to give the highest crop yield at lowest economic cost. I am, however, a realist. Whilst it is true that a very small minority study to become statisticians (ability in Mathematics and a knowledge thereof to at least “A” level is essential) the great majority study simply because it is a compulsory subject in an examination. A glance at my local evening institute prospectus shows numerous classes in Drama, Creative Writing, Languages, etc., most of which are designed for people to improve their knowledge for pleasure or perhaps to help on a holiday abroad. But a class in Statistics? One for the accountants, maybe.
The educational scene: a ministerial viewpoint
Authors: Mulley Fred
Published: February 2008

A small group is proposed to be set up shortly under the chairmanship of the Minister of State, Gerry Fowler MP, to consider two questions:
GM asks the man on the job
Authors: Jones Lyndon
Published: February 2008

Time and again experience demonstrates that in a majority of cases the person most knowledgeable about a particular job is the individual actually performing the operation. Yet far too often organisations fail to tap this reservoir of knowledge and expertise. Indeed, in many organisations management policies actively discourage employee involvement in efforts to improve overall operating effectiveness.
Manpower Services Commission
Authors: Helmore Roy
Published: February 2008

The services now provided through the MSC have a long history. Employment exchanges started in 1909, and Government Training Centres (now called Skill‐centres) in 1925. For much of their life these services have been seen as mainly social in purpose, to alleviate the hardships of unemployment. Employment exchanges in particular came to be associated in the mind of the public more with the payment of unemployment benefits than with job placement. Only in the last decade or so has it been seen that effective working of the labour market brings economic as well as social benefits.
The bumph syndrome
Authors: Jaffa George
Published: February 2008

Experts are wont to assure us that there is no simple solution to our current national problems. Because there has seldom been an easy answer in any national crisis, they're obviously batting on a good wicket. But what they so frequently overlook in fevered searches for solutions is that any multiple problem is likely to have areas in which drastically radical solutions, when applied with determination, help significantly to turn the overall tide.
Let school‐leavers earn their keep
Authors: Steen Anthony
Published: February 2008

The Government's economic policy has branded nearly a quarter of a million school‐leavers as unemployed and herded them into a dead‐end. The Government's social philosophy will ensure that they stay there. The situation will deteriorate further since the Government views the rising tide of unemployed school leavers as a short term phenomenon soon to go away. It won't. The evidence shouts aloud: there were 28,000 unemployed school leavers in 1968, 58,000 in 1971, 158,000 in 1975, and now 209,000 in 1976 and rising. Today, 20 per cent of young people under the age of 21 are without work.
Working with science: the Nuffield project
Authors: Wild Ken , Gilbert John
Published: February 2008

The Second Sixth Form Working Party of the Schools Council showed, in Working Paper 45 16 – 19: Growth and Response, that as many as 25 per cent of students entering the sixth form in 1970 did not undertake studies beyond General Certificate of Education ‘O’ level or the Certificate of Secondary Education. To this number must be added the large number who entered further education colleges. Both figures seem to have risen in the last five years. Typically these students repeat, or take additional subjects, at ‘O’ level or CSE, or ‘convert’ a CSE into an ‘O’ level or take equivalent qualifications. Their time‐table may well contain a large number of private study periods. Most stay for only one year for a variety of reasons: because their parents wanted them to do so; because they want more time or more qualifications before getting a job; or because they are not old enough to start in their chosen career. Others attend as part of an educational programme, on day release from their jobs.
Wanted — an integrated plan of student priorities
Authors: Fowler Gerry
Published: February 2008

Education should meet the needs of productive industry. Education is concerned with the development of the whole man, not with fitting him for a particular role in life. Education is one of the most powerful determinants of the evolution of society, and looks less to the individual and his needs in isolation than to the interaction of man with his fellow men. Education, in a shrinking world, cannot confine itself to meeting the demands of a single society and its members, but must be directed to the spread of knowledge, skills, and understanding across the world; the more advanced societies must here help the less advanced, until parity is achieved.
Pre‐empting disaster
Authors: Page Denys
Published: February 2008

Those management trainers who have made serious attempts to apply Post‐Course Action Planning (1) to their course participants may have found that they run into difficulties in trying to persuade people to plan for the future — particularly for their own future within an organisation — and to take positive action in accordance with such plans. These difficulties frequently arise because people feel powerless and have an awful dread that something terrible will happen to them if they start “interfering with authority”. Indeed, it seems that many junior managers or supervisors, and their subordinates, go through their working lives mesmerised by the fear of some cataclysmic event which may be looming over them the whole time: such as redundancy, demotion, or the sack. They feel that it is not their job to question, still less to avert, this inevitable doom which lies in store for them. So they are content to spend their working lives adopting as low a profile as possible, hoping that thereby disaster will pass them by. Personal action planning is just not their cup of tea.
Books
Authors: Lancashire Ruth
Published: February 2008

Barrie Hopson and John Hayes, together and in combination with others, have already made a considerable contribution to the theory and practice of self‐evaluation and career planning in this country. Together in their book The Theory and Practice of Vocational Guidance, they made available scarce articles on the subject which previously had been difficult and expensive to obtain. In Careers Guidance they provided what has become the cookbook on developing a guidance service; and although this was primarily meant for schools it will be found on the bookshelves of most further and higher education advisers. Hopson, with Patricia Hough, began to broaden his whole concept of self‐exploration for planning ahead in Exercises in Personal and Career Development; and this latest volume Transition shows a further development in their thinking on the subject.
Higher Education Finance
Authors: Wylie A.W. (Sandy)
Published: February 2008

The first session was taken by Gerry Fowler MP, and I doubt whether a better qualified person could be found to talk on higher education finance. He started by outlining seven weaknesses in the present system of management and financing of advanced further education; the weaknesses can be summarised thus — AFE meets a national need, but management responsibility lies locally and is financed from the “pool”. As a result, management responsibility residing with the local education authority is effectively divorced from the financial responsibility residing with all LEAs collectively.
Education and training of teachers
Authors: Harris Frank
Published: February 2008

Whatever we say today on any of the topics before us comes down in the end to the quality of the teaching profession. It is the individual teacher in his classroom who is going to determine whether education ‘clicks’ for the children in his care. No amount of central direction, legislation, or advice is going to change that. We have, therefore, got to ask ourselves during this ‘great debate’ whether the system we have for the education and training of our teaching force is either adequate or efficient. Are the changes which are proposed or are taking place likely to improve the system?
Employee performance deficiencies
Authors: Jones Lyndon
Published: February 2008

In many organisations there is a discrepancy between the desired performance of employees and their actual performance. In some cases circumstances may be such that it is better not to take any action, but in the majority it may be important to bring the two into line; in which case management:
Theory of learning
Authors: Page Denys
Published: February 2008

Learning is a life‐long process; if we use our experience correctly we cannot avoid learning from it. But “20 years' experience” may merely mean the same year's experience repeated twenty times over. Learning involves all our senses, including our emotions. Some people learn better by seeing or hearing for themselves, others by thinking about what they have experienced; may prefer to learn by reading about other people's experience and from the theories and concepts that others have developed. Some, like the scientist, learn by carrying our experiments (which may be carefully planned, or merely trial and error) to see whether certain hypotheses can be “proved” to their satisfaction. We all have our own preferred styles of learning, ie we over‐use certain ways and consequently under‐use others. A complete learning experience uses all these methods.
Books
Authors: Lancashire Ruth
Published: February 2008

In Education & Training (April 1977) I reviewed the first book published in the United Kingdom on a generalised concept of transition coping — Transition by Adams, Hayes, and Hopson. In this article I am looking at three books on specific transitions. Two — The Graduate Connection and The Employment of Graduates — concern themselves with the transition from higher education to work; the third — Between Two Worlds — is on aspects of the transition from school to work.
Job enrichment and motivation
Authors: King‐Taylor Lynda
Published: February 2008

The second category of factors, called motivators, are those which have been found to produce greater efficiency on the job through growth, satisfaction and, in essence, motivation. Whilst both set of factors have a part to play in motivating employees, there are limited effects from ‘hygiene’ factors but far more effective and lasting motivation from the ‘motivator’ factors.
Careers in…
Authors: Taylor Eve
Published: February 2008

Most careers officers and teachers will have experienced the problems of advising young people about training and opportunities for beautician work. The situation has grown increasingly confusing, as colleges and schools continue to spring up — nearly all of them claiming international recognition for their certificates and diplomas. Detailed information on many of these organisations and their standing is very limited, sometimes nil. Information on the life‐style of the people involved is equally limited.
Managing higher education
Authors: Oakes Gordon
Published: February 2008

An effective system of management and financial control of higher education in the public sector is essential if the polytechnics and other colleges are to play a full part in future developments over the next decade. Whatever the outcome of the present discussions about that decade, higher education in the public sector had an important continuing role. The main reasons for the review are that under the present system there is no effective mechanism for central planning in the maintained sector, and financial responsibilities are not clearly defined. There are three particular criticisms of the present system.
Personnel management
Authors: Walsh Bill
Published: February 2008

How the personnel function is organised in any form of enterprise can vary enormously. Like any other kind of management, that of personnel is not an exact science; and although there are some well‐charted routes to the conventional situations, it is nevertheless true that it is a discipline towards which men and women can gravitate from all kinds of employment. What path of study or even interest will lead to ‘personnel’ is almost impossible to forecast. One of the most successful personnel managers (in terms of the company's profit record in a very labour‐intensive form of production) I have ever met was in fact a contracts engineer, whose main job was that of securing orders for the firm; he accepted personnel management only as a side‐line. But then, I should add, many of the functions of personnel management in more conventionally organised undertakings were performed by specialist officers, which left the contracts engineer with three main tasks: to secure the labour each contract required, to negotiate rewards, and to handle industrial relations. These are functions at the heart of personnel management.
Teaching by objectives to objectives
Authors: Chadwick Leslie
Published: February 2008

“What benefits did you derive from your teacher training course?” enquired a distinguished Head of Department. “Teaching by objectives”, I replied. “And do you teach by objectives?” was his next question, to which I answered a definite yes. But can we really claim that we all do in fact teach by objectives?
Degrees of esteem
Authors: Fowler Gerry
Published: February 2008

In the United States no one pretends that a degree from Kennedy (Nebraska) State University (if such a place exists) is exactly comparable to one from Harvard. A qualification from one of the lesser‐known Community Colleges may be of quite uncertain value, unless it has been topped‐up by study at another more widely known institution. Yet students graduating from a wide variety of colleges and universities, private and public, may be entitled to use the same initials after their names — perhaps BA or AB; although many of them will not normally do so, unlike their British counterparts.
Behaviour modification
Authors: Jones Lyndon
Published: February 2008

The subject matter of this article has the following characteristics:
Going for a song
Authors: Fowler Gerry
Published: February 2008

When I contemplate the development of policy for post‐secondary education, I am reminded of one of the least pleasant popular songs of the past two decades: the one which asked plaintively “What's it all about, Alfie?”, and was sung by a lady who sounded to me as if she were being slowly strangled while suffering from severe constipation. I am beginning to manifest the same symptoms myself — although it is my thought processes rather than my voice which they affect. For our problems seem never to come any nearer resolution. Perhaps indeed they cannot, until we have had a General Election. But if that goes wrong (from my point of view), I doubt if we shall be any further forward. One has only to contemplate the statements of Mark Carlisle, the Tory education spokesman, to justify those doubts: they are urbane and soothing, but unhappily vacuous. His back‐up man Dr. Keith Hampson is far from mentally constipated; he seems quite unable to control a constant flow of half‐digested views and nostrums about higher education, while neglecting totally the 16–19 year olds.
Training for counselling
Authors: Proctor Brigid , Milner Pat
Published: February 2008

The Counselling Courses run by South West London College are unusual in several respects, and unique in one respect. As such they may be of interest to trainers in a variety of interpersonal skills, as well as to those who may be particularly interested in counselling.
Home Economics
Authors: Boreham Heather
Published: February 2008

Home Economics today is an up‐and‐coming profession. Thanks to American and Canadian influence it has become a fashionable and respected career in western society. Along with advancing technology, the Home Economist has emerged from the image of the harassed cookery teacher to the skilled link position she now holds between ourselves and our technology. In the old days the profession was limited to cookery, needlework, household or institutional management; one either taught them or did them in order to earn a living. Although these subjects still form part of a modern Home Economist's repertoire they are only a few of the areas in which she now has to be the expert.
Now for education vouchers — 1
Authors: Seldon Marjorie
Published: February 2008

The education voucher is a method of financing education which allows parents to select suitable schools for their children. It gives each child of school age a voucher or grant equal to his or her appropriate share of State education. The parent takes the voucher to a chosen school, which encashes the voucher with the Local Education Authority. The school then has its own income to spend as the Head and Governors decide.
Books
Authors: Holdsworth Ruth
Published: February 2008

Perspectives on Academic Gaming and Simulation is the series title of the proceedings at the annual conferences of SAGSET (The Society for Academic Gaming and Simulation in Education and Training). The 1978 conference had as its theme Human factors in games and simulations, and its papers make up this volume edited by a past president of the Society's journal. The papers from the proceedings are grouped into five sections. Parts 1 and 2 concentrate on people's behaviour in gaming and simulation and on means of evaluating learning effectiveness; Part 3 looks at a number of specific games and simulations trying out new approaches; Part 4 provides some examples in the areas of teaching politics and English language; and the volume is rounded out in Part 5 with some views of the future.
Up & frontism
Authors: Gilbert‐Smith David
Published: February 2008

Leadership to many people is an emotive word with militaristic, autocratic, authoritarian overtones. To some it conjures up an elitism of leaders over the led, of strong dominant personalities exerting their will over their lesser brethren, of self‐glorification and ego trips. To many people leadership relates only to the great politico‐military leaders who stride through the history of mankind. Is this, however, its true face?
Punishment — its abuse and use
Authors: Jones Lyndon
Published: February 2008

In order to achieve the objectives of an organisation, it may be necessary to decrease the frequency of undesirable behaviour by employees. For example some meetings may be prolonged unnecessarily, or the tempo of discussion broken, because one person persists in telling jokes. To reduce the frequency of the undesired behaviour various strategies are available, including—
Industrial relations in the next decade
Authors: Prior James
Published: February 2008

Of course, we do not enter the 1980s with a clean slate. We start with a long established pattern in our industrial relations. We need to understand this first, before we can really begin to talk about making the necessary improvements for the decade ahead. So I want to begin by describing what I see as the most important features of the present system, what I regard as its strengths and its weaknesses.
British Standards in education and training
Authors: Sanson P.S.
Published: February 2008

Everyone knows that question And what do you do?, so useful in a casual meeting after other topics have proved unpromising. In my case, when I say that I work at the British Standards Institution I have often observed in my questioner a half‐guilty recollection that he or she may have seen a British Standard or Kitemark somewhere. But just where, exactly? Look next into the corner of your car windscreen, or the letters and number inside the ‘stars’ at the petrol pump. Do you use a bank credit card? Surely recently you have unplugged an electrical appliance or replaced a lamp? All these are made to a standard specification for size, composition or quality. You are in fact reading from a printed page of A4 paper — an international standard size. A standardized range of sizes leads to direct economies because it reduces unnecessary variety. In the case of paper sizes the production of a rational range of envelopes, files and reprographic machines follows from the initial internationally‐accepted standard sizes for sheets of paper.
Public relations
Authors: Morley Michael
Published: February 2008

Public relations is a growth industry. The past ten years have shown a significant increase in the amount spent on the business, as well as a definite broadening both in its definition and application. The past decade has shown that it is not solely concerned with marketing, but that it covers all aspects of communications between any organisation and the audiences it wishes to reach. It does not take much to realise that the permutations within the communications field are almost endless.
Science of the mind — or a mindless science?
Authors: Ibbett Carol
Published: February 2008

It is exactly one hundred years since Wundt founded the first laboratory at the University of Leipzig in an attempt to establish experimental psychology as a separate field of scientific enquiry. Five years ago, fired with enthusiasm, I enrolled for a degree in Experimental Psychology. I felt that this was a pioneering subject which was exploring new ways of examining the components which make up the individual. Two years ago, disillusioned, I obtained my degree and have since found it to be virtually worthless. Psychology has become the laughing‐stock of the social sciences, and unless a radical change is made in the assumptions underlying its research, it would seem that within fifty years it will be an obsolete subject.
Academic administration
Authors: Ryan Bob
Published: February 2008

When I describe myself as an administrator, people immediately ask: But what do you do? Administration, it seems, is all things to all men. A common mistake I find is that people confuse administration with management. University management is most commonly understood to be the policy‐making structure of bodies like Senate and Council, whereas the administration is the organisation which puts this policy into practice. The job content varies of course from department to department, and it certainly varies in different universities. I have heard people in my job described as clairvoyants, paragons, prophets, jacks‐of‐all‐trades, and it is even said that we can walk on water. Alas, I must admit I cannot claim to be representative of any of those people. “Measure me not by the heights to which I have climbed, but by the depths from which I have risen”.
Principles and practice of skills acquisition
Authors: James Roger
Published: February 2008

An article in Education & Training (March 1979) by H. Gershoni discussed the well known phenomenon of industrial workers obtaining, by trial and error, efficient — or more commonly inefficient — methods of performing motor tasks in the course of their day to day work. Mr. Gershoni centred his thoughts on macro and micro methods which he defined in terms of the movements of the workpieces or the work procedure (the macro method) and the motions made by the operator whilst performing the work procedure (the micro method). Essentially this distinction is the What/How distinction of Seymour.
Indefinite articles — Benson hedges
Authors: Allen OBE Bill
Published: February 2008

There are few professional men, lawyers or not, who do not know of the Benson Report with its widespread inquiry into most aspects of the legal profession. Less well known, beyond any doubt, is the outcome of the approach which the Benson Commission made to the Law Society for the views of its Council on the system of training under articles. The education sub‐committee of the Commission was under the chairmanship of Professor R. G. Dahrendorf, Director of the London School of Economics, and the Law Society was invited to submit its views on the manner in which articled training might be improved with a view to discussing the proposals with members of that sub‐committee.
Eliminate the negative and accentuate the positive
Authors: Jones Lyndon
Published: February 2008

There is increased awareness of the importance of improving productivity, and a growing number of organisations are experimenting with behaviour modification programmes. IBM, General Motors, 3M, Eastmann‐Kodak are among leading companies using this approach. Similarly, there is awakening interest in the use of behaviour modification in healthcare programmes, education, and the like.
DES News Releases
Authors: Carlisle Mark
Published: February 2008

The DES recently invited comments on Professor Keohane's recommendation that a Certificate of Extended Education (CEE) should be established for young people with modest attainments at GCE O‐level or in CSE. This important and complex issue is being studied alongside other proposals relating to the sixth‐form curriculum and examination structure. The education interests are divided about the proper solution. A little over half of the replies which I have received generally support the introduction of a CEE. The remainder are either opposed on educational grounds to the underlying philosophy of a single‐subject examination with no necessary vocational bias; or question the wisdom of inaugurating a separate new examination alongside existing examinations for a similar target group who follow pre‐employment courses in further education.
The communication chord — a vital link
Authors: Penrose William O.
Published: February 2008

Anyone who teaches or thinks is communicating. Therefore teachers must find out if they are getting their messages across to their students, and if their students are responding to those messages. Teachers should learn how to do a good job of thinking, of communicating, and of how to help their students to improve.
DES News Releases
Authors: Young Baroness , Boyson Rhodes
Published: February 2008

Voluntary service to the community is a tradition in this country, and one of which we can be justifiably proud. Many of the services which are now taken for granted owe their existence to the voluntary efforts of enlightened men and women who were willing to give their time, talents and money for the benefit of the community, with education being no exception. We believe a reduction in public expenditure is necessary if we are to bring down inflation and create conditions necessary for the resumption and sustainment of economic growth. However important we feel adult education to be, we have to give priority in expenditure to compulsory provision and that for which other sources of income are traditionally not available. This is likely to mean either some reduction in adult provision, or some increase in the fees charged for it.
The Stock Exchange
Authors: Allen OBE Bill
Published: February 2008

The history of the Stock Exchange goes back at least to the 17th century. Like so many City institutions it evolved from informal gatherings in coffee houses (hence the importance of breaks for coffee in today's meetings?). The daily price lists to which we shall refer go back as far as 1698. Interestingly we find the name of the Hudson's Bay Company in that list, and also in the Daily Office List of 1980.
Finance and the future of education
Authors: Fowler Gerry
Published: February 2008

There are problems in the funding of Advanced Further Education through a ‘capped pool’ which have not yet emerged. Most conspicuous among them is the lack of clarity at present about the effect of any large‐scale transfer of non‐poolable work to the poolable category. It may be argued that the Government would never permit this to occur. But it is already committed to one such transfer when, in 1982, the new Technician Education Council DATEC courses in Art and Design come on stream.
Performance feedback
Authors: Jones Lyndon
Published: February 2008

Feedback is information about past behaviour or knowledge of results presented to the individual who has performed. A system of feedback about job performance is central to motivating and encouraging the desired actions; and in the absence of a good feedback system, employees develop their own information system. Hence if a good network of feedback does not already exist, one should be established.
Audio‐visual engineering training
Authors: Markland Eric
Published: February 2008

I have been a University teacher of Engineering for thirty years, and I cannot recall any previous time when more interest was being shown in the whole business of technical education than there is now. To some extent this is due to the ever‐quickening rate of technological change. It is not so long ago that a technician or an engineer in the Western World could complete his education and training in his early twenties, in the confident expectation that he would then be equipped to deal with the technical problems likely to arise in most, if not all, of his career. Changes and innovations there would be, to be sure, but these could be assimilated in the normal course of professional develop‐ment. The current position is entirely different. Within the span of a single lifetime, technological development may sweep away whole areas of existing practice and replace them with new concepts scarcely imaginable during the educational period of those most directly affected.
ABEnews
Authors: Coffin Tom
Published: February 2008

In this issue we go almost to the two extremes of the alphabet — from Bahrain to Zimbabwe — with interest‐ing reports from Geoffrey Goldie (Member) and Ray Folcarelli (Member), which demonstrate very clearly the value of the ABE Courses on a world wide basis — or nearly so. All we need now is an active branch in Australia to complete our A to Z.
ABEnews
Authors: Strickland Nigel
Published: February 2008

You will have read in last month's issue that I have taken over from Tom Coffin as Director of Administration. As you can probably imagine, it was with some trepidation that I sat down to write my first edition of ABE News. However my primary duty is quite clear; this is to thank Tom Coffin very sincerely on behalf of all members for everything that he has done for the Association during his time as Director of Administration. I know you would like to wish him a very long and happy retirement. I am sure that he won't mind my recording the fact that this is his third and, as he himself put it, hopefully his final retirement.
Talent spotting — how good are we?
Authors: Markwell Don
Published: February 2008

It has commonly been assumed that most managers are good at finding their successors. Indeed many managers would also claim that they are good not only at finding their own successors, but also at tracing the number of people who will provide the future top management of the business in which they are involved. Talent spotting is regarded as a management skill which, if not inherent in managers, is soon acquired and known by all successful ones. Like the ability to perform all the basic functions of management, it is accepted as a preprequisite of the definition of any successful manager. Indeed many managers would feel themselves to be rebuffed if it were to be suggested that there were some ways in which they were lacking in the adequacy to fulfil the task of successful potential assessment; and others will only reluctantly seek assistance in finding the answer to this particular problem, even when they are much more open‐minded about using and developing other managerial skills.
Action learning — adaptation strategies and implementation
Authors: Van Beylen Andre
Published: February 2008

In the current society, characterised by frequently occurr‐ing rapid and tumultuous changes, unforeseen and impossible to forecast, there is a need for bright, effective and flexible managers. Increasing social complexity emphasises the necessity for a responsible decision‐making process. So many people are now concerned with this process that one can no longer be sure that it will develop appropriately. The responsibility of the decision will increasingly depend upon a small number of persons concerned.
Tackling absenteeism — GM provides a driving force
Authors: Jones Lyndon
Published: February 2008

Absenteeism can be a very expensive business. For example, in 1968 General Motors (GM) estimated the annual cost of a five per cent absenteeism level spread uniformly throughout the Corporation at $50m. Today the figure would be markedly higher. Further, such costs include only what is directly measurable. A variety of hidden costs are excluded; they include:
Use of human resources: a major European problem
Authors: Weddell George
Published: February 2008

The widening gap between the number of people seeking paid employment and the number of jobs for which open‐market wages are available has been a growing worry in all the EEC countries since the early 1970s. It is not as though there were not enough work to be done. One has but to look at the public squalor, the tackling of which would provide jobs for all, or the shortage of human resources in all the labour‐intensive areas of human need: the young, the old, the ill, the handicapped, the disadvantaged. But the cash nexus is missing, and governments properly worried about inflation hesitate to supply it. They still hope that the expected upturn in their economies will once again absorb all the unemployed.
Theory v. Practice: bridging the gap
Authors: Hughes John M.
Published: February 2008

It was Kurt Lewin, pre‐war pioneer of applied psychology, and inventor of the term group dynamics, who reputedly said: There is nothing so practical as a good theory. How right he was. In these days when action learning is all the rage, such a saying is a timely reminder both of the need for and the value of theories in the execution of practice. For we all have theories; we use them constantly, and managers are no exception. Consciously or unconsciously we employ them to guide our actions: theories about the world and the way it works, about men, money, machines and materials, about management, and the different ways of “handling” people and things.
Vertical integration in group learning
Authors: Parslow R.D.
Published: February 2008

This article is mainly concerned with the teaching of Computer Science to first year students. The method outlined is an attempt to change their generally convergent attitudes into a more divergent way of tackling problems.
Industrial relations and the law
Authors: Prior James
Published: February 2008

I can well understand that during this period of relative industrial peace some of the issues raised in the Green Paper may seem academic and not of immediate practical importance. But there are two reasons why I believe it is essential that they be considered seriously now.
Decision‐making Japanese style
Authors: Jones Lyndon
Published: February 2008

The patterns of overseas business activities conducted by Japanese corporations have changed significantly since the early 1970s. During the past decade there has been a marked increase in large‐scale investment in capital‐intensive manufacturing operations in advanced countries. This does not mean that features of the old pattern, in particular the drive for a high market share, have been abandoned. But the simplistic strategy of constantly striving to increase the volume of exports has been superseded.
Accounting for everyone's taste
Authors: Bradley Derek
Published: February 2008

Accountancy is undoubtedly the most fragmented profession of all at the present time. As long ago as 1968 a scheme for its unification was published, with the intention of providing for three professional bodies of accountants — one for England & Wales, one for Scotland, and one for Ireland. Below this there would probably have been a “second tier” body of accounting technicians.
Behaviour modification in banking
Authors: Jones Lyndon
Published: February 2008

New and more effective approaches to human resources management are required. Yet to such apparently simple questions as “why do I work?” and “why do others work?” some very complicated answers are forthcoming. Indeed a veritable jungle of theories exist, purporting to explain behaviour in general and employee motivation in particular. Basically, however, two major conceptions of the nature of human motivation and mental development dominate psychological thinking:
Management training in a clearing bank
Authors: Tighe Michael
Published: February 2008

Management development in the Banking industry has to be seen in the context of particular problems of scale and distribution. In industry generally there are not many individual companies which employ within the UK alone a staff of something like 75,000 spread over 3,000 individual sites, each of which has some form of independent management. These sites range from isolated three or four‐man country offices up to major commercial branches, which may have a management team alone of up to 25 — with the senior Manager carrying very considerable discretionary powers so far as lending and business development are concerned.
Devising a preparation for retirement course
Authors: Lysons Kenneth
Published: February 2008

Preparation for retirement is a growth industry. Through the pioneering work of enlightened employers, the national activities of the Pre‐Retirement Association and the 25 local Preparation for Retirement Organisations, there is now widespread recognition that the transition from full‐time work to full‐time leisure involves a fundamental change in the pattern of living. Coleman ranks retirement ninth in a list of stress‐causing events, ranging in order of severity from the death of one's spouse to going on holiday. There is good evidence that preparation for retirement courses results in stress education.
Safeguarding YOP trainees
Authors: Gilbertson John
Published: February 2008

New Government and Manpower Service Commission proposals for the young unemployed will eventually guarantee every school leaver some form of work experience scheme in the industry of his choice. Originally these schemes were designed to allow school pupils to sample vocational training in their final year of compulsory education, but now they include a vast proportion of the country's young unemployed. With as many as 100,000 places likely to be filled over the next year, the safety of these trainees must be given serious consideration.
Communicating with the examiner
Authors: Bergin Francis
Published: February 2008

Most professional examining bodies have introduced the subject of communications into their syllabus in recent years, either as a separate topic or as part of a larger one (such as business management or business administration). This is not just because communication has become a “buzz” word in the secod half of the 20th century, but because they realise how important it is to managers of a business enterprise and their advisers.
Management leadership in the eighties
Authors: Markwell Don
Published: February 2008

As business moves through the decade of the eighties, it is worthwhile looking ahead to see the shape of management leadership as it will be needed during this decade.