bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development and Testing of the Survey of Illness Beliefs in Heart Failure Tool
Authors: Albert Nancy M. , Zeller Richard A.
Published: May 2007

This study establishes reliability and construct validity of the Survey of Illness Beliefs in Heart Failure (HF) tool, which measures the accuracy and certainty of illness beliefs people have about HF. Factor analysis produced a 2‐component structure of 14 items that revealed accurate and inaccurate illness beliefs (α=0.87 and 0.71, respectively). Construct validity was supported with significantly greater accuracy in illness belief scores in patients evaluated or listed for heart transplantation or enrolled in an HF research study (P=.008 and .02, respectively). The reliability and validity of the tool is sufficient to support its use in clinical research.
Roles of P2X receptors and Ca2+sensitization in extracellular adenosine triphosphate‐induced hyperresponsiveness in airway smooth muscle
Authors: Oguma T. , Ito S. , Kondo M. , Makino Y. , Shimokata K. , Honjo H. , Kamiya K. , Kume H.
Published: May 2007

BackgroundThe release of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from the airway epithelial cells during the inflammatory process is considered to play an important role in the pathophysiology of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

ObjectiveThis study was designed to determine whether extracellular ATP is involved in the bronchial hyperresponsiveness as an interaction between epithelium and smooth muscle in the airways.

MethodsWe examined the contractile response to methacholine (MCh) before and after exposure to low concentrations (10 μm) of ATP in isolated, epithelium‐denuded guinea‐pig tracheal smooth muscle by measuring isometric tension. Intracellular Ca2+concentrations ([Ca2+]i) were assessed by fluorescent intensities of fura‐2.

ResultsMCh‐induced contractile force was increased with no change in [Ca2+]iafter exposure to 10 μmATP for 15 min. The ability of ATP to enhance the MCh‐induced contraction was markedly attenuated by suramin, a non‐selective P2 receptor inhibitor. Pre‐incubation with ATPγS, a non‐hydrolysable analogue of ATP and α,β‐meATP, a P2X agonist, also enhanced the MCh‐induced contraction. In contrast, uracil triphosphate, a P2Y agonist, did not affect the MCh‐induced contraction. Y‐27632, a Rho‐kinase inhibitor, suppressed the ability of ATP to enhance the MCh‐induced contraction. Moreover, PP1 and PP2, Src tyrosin kinase inhibitors, suppressed the enhancement of MCh‐induced contraction by ATP.

ConclusionPre‐treatment with ATP induces hyperresponsiveness to MCh mediated by Ca2+sensitization via the P2X receptor in airway smooth muscle. The present findings suggest the possible involvement of both the Rho‐kinase and Src pathways in the intracellular mechanism of this phenomenon.
The major horse allergen Equ c 1 contains one immunodominant region of T cell epitopes
Authors: Immonen A. , Kinnunen T. , Sirven P. , Taivainen A. , Houitte D. , Peräsaari J. , Närvänen A. , Saarelainen S. , Rytkönen‐Nissinen M. , Maillere B. , Virtanen T.
Published: May 2007

Background
Despite the fact that most significant mammalian respiratory allergens are lipocalin proteins, information on the human T cell reactivity to these allergenic proteins is largely missing.

Objective
Knowing the T cell epitopes in allergens is a prerequisite for developing novel preparations for allergen immunotherapy.

Methods
Specific T cell lines were generated with recombinant Equ c 1 from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of 10 horse‐allergic subjects. For determining T cell epitopes, the lines were stimulated with 16mer synthetic Equ c 1 peptides overlapping by 14 amino acids. The binding capacity of Equ c 1 peptides to human leucocyte antigen class II molecules was determined by the competitive ELISA.

Results
The major horse allergen Equ c 1 resembles two other lipocalin allergens, the major cow allergen Bos d 2 and the major dog allergen Can f 1, in that it is weakly stimulatory for the PBMCs of sensitized subjects. Moreover, the T cell epitopes of Equ c 1 are clustered in a few regions along the molecule, as is the case with Bos d 2 and Can f 1. Similar to Bos d 2, Equ c 1 contains one immunodominant epitope region at the carboxy‐terminal end of the molecule. The T cell lines of eight horse‐allergic subjects out of 10 showed strong reactivity to one or both of the two overlapping peptides, p143–158 and p145–160, in this region. The region probably contains two overlapping epitopes.

Conclusion
The 18mer peptide p143–160 from the immunodominant region of Equ c 1 is a potential candidate for the peptide‐based immunotherapy of horse‐sensitized subjects.
Immunoreactivity profile of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with ragweed‐induced allergic rhinitis
Authors: Sun J. , Wong B. , Cundall M. , Goncharova S. , Conway M. , Dalrymple A. , Coyle A. J. , Waserman S. , Jordana M.
Published: May 2007

Background
Seasonal rhinitis is manifested by a series of nasal symptoms in response to exposure to seasonal allergens including ragweed pollen. Understanding its immunological mechanisms may help to better manage the disease.

Objective
We sought to determine comprehensively ragweed‐induced cytokine and chemokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from normal individuals and patients with seasonal rhinitis sensitized to ragweed pollen, and to assess its regulation by exogenous IL‐10.

Methods
Cells were cultured in the presence or absence of a purified ragweed pollen extract with or without exogenous IL‐10. Cytokines and chemokines were measured in the supernatant. Gene expression was evaluated using real‐time quantitative reverse transcription PCR.

Results
Ragweed stimulation significantly increased the production of the Th2‐associated cytokines IL‐5, IL‐9 and IL‐13, the chemokines CCL17 and CCL22 and the regulatory cytokine IL‐10 in allergic patients, whereas transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) production was increased only in normal individuals. No difference was detected between groups in the production of the Th1 cytokine IFN‐γ or the Th1‐affiliated chemokines CXCL10 and CXCL11. Exogenous IL‐10 significantly suppressed spontaneous and induced production of both Th1‐ and Th2‐associated cytokines and chemokines.

Conclusion
Our work demonstrated that locally manifested allergic rhinitis is underlined by a systemic Th2 immune response specific to allergens. The molecular pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis may be linked to a compromised allergen‐specific immune regulation, e.g., reduced spontaneous and allergen‐induced TGF‐β production in patients compared with healthy controls. Our data also show that IL‐10 inhibits both the effector and directional mechanisms of allergen‐specific immune response, further supporting its potential therapeutic benefit in preventing and treating allergic diseases.
The efficacy of amino acid‐based formulas in relieving the symptoms of cow's milk allergy: a systematic review
Authors: Hill D. J. , Murch S. H. , Rafferty K. , Wallis P. , Green C. J.
Published: May 2007

The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the efficacy of amino acid‐based formulas (AAF) in patients with cow's milk allergy (CMA). Studies were identified using electronic databases and bibliography searches. Subjects eligible for inclusion were patients of any age with CMA or symptoms suggestive of it. Comparisons of interest were AAF vs. extensively hydrolysed formula (eHF), AAF vs. soy‐based formula (SF) and AAF vs. cow's milk or cow's milk‐based formula. Outcomes of interest were gastrointestinal (GI), dermatological, respiratory and behavioural symptoms as well as growth. A total of 20 studies [three head‐to‐head randomized controlled trials (RCTs), three cross‐over challenge RCTs, seven clinical trials (CTs) and seven case reports (CRs)] were included in the review. In infants with confirmed or suspected CMA, the use of an AAF was shown to be safe and efficacious. Findings from RCT comparisons of AAF with eHF showed that both formulas are equally efficacious at relieving the symptoms of CMA in confirmed or suspected cases. However, infants in specific subgroups (e.g. non‐IgE mediated food‐induced gastro‐enterocolitis‐proctitis syndromes with failure to thrive, severe atopic eczema, or with symptoms during exclusive breastfeeding) were more likely overall to benefit from AAF, as intolerance to eHF may occur. In such cases, symptoms persisting despite eHF feeding usually remit on AAF, and catch‐up growth may be seen. Meta‐analysis of the findings was not possible due to lack of homogenous reporting of outcomes in the original trials. This systematic review shows clinical benefit from use of AAF in both symp̂toms and growth in infants and children with CMA who fail to tolerate eHF. Further studies are required to determine the relative medical or economic value of initial treatment with AAF in infants at high risk of eHF intolerance.
Matrix metalloproteases in vernal keratoconjunctivitis, nasal polyps and allergic asthma
Authors: Leonardi A. , Brun P. , Di Stefano A. , Motterle L. , Abatangelo G.
Published: May 2007

Background
Allergic conditions in different organs share many similarities in their inflammatory response. Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC), asthma and nasal polyps exhibit several similar, but site‐specific mucosal structural changes. The aim of the study was to investigate whether matrix metalloproteases contribute to different tissue remodelling aspects in different organs.

Methods
Mucosal biopsies were obtained from conjunctiva of healthy donors, tarsal conjunctiva of vernal patients, bronchi of non‐asthmatic subjects, bronchi of mild stable asthmatic patients, nasal mucosa of non‐allergic donors and nasal polyps of allergic patients. Distribution of metalloprotease‐1, ‐3, ‐9, ‐13, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteases‐1, collagens I and III and the presence of eosinophils and CD4+ cells were evaluated by immunohistochemistry.

Results
Collagens were highly diffuse in the giant papillae of VKC and in nasal polyps, and yet less increased in the subepithelium of asthmatic patients. Immunostaining for metalloprotease‐1, ‐3, ‐9 and ‐13 was significantly higher in VKC compared with normal conjunctiva. Metalloprotease‐9 staining was higher in the stroma of polyps vs. normal nasal mucosa, and only metalloprotease‐13 was significantly more expressed in asthmatic vs. non‐asthmatic subjects. Metalloprotease‐9 immunostaining was more intense in vernal compared with other tissues. In all pathological tissues, metalloprotease‐9‐positive staining was in association with eosinophils and CD4+ cells.

Conclusions
Expression of metalloproteases may play an important role in inducing the structural changes seen in VKC, nasal polyps and asthma. Tissue remodelling and gelatinase immunoexpression was more dramatic in giant papillae of vernal patients compared with other tissue sites of chronic allergic inflammation.
Human bronchial epithelial cells express an active and inducible biosynthetic pathway for leukotrienes B4 and C4
Authors: Jame A. J. , Lackie P. M. , Cazaly A. M. , Sayers I. , Penrose J. F. , Holgate S. T. , Sampson A. P.
Published: May 2007

Background
Human bronchial epithelial cells synthesize cyclooxygenase and 15‐lipoxygenase products, but the 5‐lipoxygenase (5‐LO) pathway that generates the leukotriene (LT) family of bronchoconstrictor and pro‐inflammatory mediators is thought to be restricted to leucocytes.

Objective
We hypothesized that human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) express a complete and active 5‐LO pathway for the synthesis of LTB4 and LTC4, either constitutively or after stimulation.

Methods
Flow cytometry, RT‐PCR, Western blotting, enzyme immunoassays and reverse‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography were used to investigate constitutive and stimulated expression of 5‐LO pathway enzymes and the synthesis of LTs B4 and C4 in primary HBECs and in the 16‐HBE 14o− cell line.

Results
Constitutive mRNA and protein expression for 5‐LO, 5‐LO‐activating protein (FLAP), LTA4 hydrolase and LTC4 synthase were demonstrated in primary HBECs and in the 16‐HBE 14o− cell line. In 16‐HBE 14o− cells, treatment with calcium ionophore A23187, bradykinin or LPS up‐regulated the expression of these enzymes. The up‐regulation of 5‐LO was blocked by the anti‐inflammatory glucocorticoid dexamethasone. Human bronchial epithelial cells were shown to generate bioactive LTs, with primary HBECs generating 11‐fold more LTC4 and five‐fold more LTB4 than 16‐HBE 14o− cells. LT production was enhanced by ionophore treatment and blocked by the FLAP inhibitor MK‐886.

Conclusions
Expression of an active and inducible 5‐LO pathway in HBEC suggests that damaged or inflamed bronchial epithelium may synthesize LTs that contribute directly to bronchoconstriction and leucocytosis in airway inflammation.
Phylogeography of cave pseudoscorpions in southern Australia
Authors: Moulds T. A. , Murphy N. , Adams M. , Reardon T. , Harvey M. S. , Jennings J. , Austin A. D.
Published: May 2007

Aim To investigate molecular phylogenetic divergence and historical biogeography of the cave‐dwelling pseudoscorpion genusProtochelifer.

Location Caves and nearby epigean habitats in southern Australia were sampled from western Victoria, Naracoorte Caves, Flinders Ranges, Kangaroo Island, Nullarbor Plain and south‐west Western Australia.

Methods Allozyme electrophoresis (57 individuals) and a 569‐base‐pair section of the mtDNACOIgene (22 individuals) were used to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships among four cave species and three epigean species from 13 locations.

Results Phylogenetic reconstruction using the allozyme and mtDNA sequence data revealed a similar topology, showing recent speciation of severalProtocheliferpopulations in caves from Naracoorte to the Nullarbor Plain. Naracoorte Caves contained a single species,Protochelifer naracoortensis, found in four separate caves, while all other cave species appear to be restricted to single caves.

Main conclusions At a local scale, as indicated by the four Naracoorte caves, dispersal is thought to occur via micro‐ and mesocaverns, and possibly by phoresy using insect or bat vectors. With current data we are unable to determine if cavernicolous species ofProtocheliferhave arisen from a single cave colonization event followed by phoretic dispersal on bats to other caves, or multiple cave‐invasion events from independent epigean ancestors. Genetic heterogeneity amongProtocheliferpopulations from Nullarbor caves suggest thatP. cavernarum, the only species presently recorded from this region, is likely to constitute a species complex requiring further study to fully resolve its relationships.
Exploring the distribution ofSterocoraxOrtuño, 1990 (Coleoptera, Carabidae) species in the Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Jiménez‐Valverde A. , Ortuño V. M. , Lobo J. M.
Published: May 2007

Aim The first aim of this paper was to evaluate the distribution of the threeSterocoraxspecies found in the Iberian Peninsula by estimating the main environmental factors that constrain their distributions. The second aim was to explore the potential importance of competitive interactions in limiting their current distributions using predictive distribution models.

Location Iberian Peninsula.

Methods Species presence data were collected from records in the literature and private and public collections. Ecological niche factor analysis was performed to extract pseudo‐absences (probable absences), which, together with presence data, were modelled using generalized additive models. The models were run twice. Initially we used only environmental variables, and thereafter additional spatial variables were included in order to account for spatially structured factors not accounted for in the environmental variables.

Results Highly reliable distribution models were obtained for the three species, with AUC scores (area under the receiver operating characteristics curve) higher than 0.96. The addition of spatial variables to the first model significantly improved the predicted distribution ofCorax (Sterocorax) globosusandCorax (Sterocorax) insidiator, by reducing their potential distribution area. In contrast, the model ofCorax (Sterocorax) galicianuswas not improved by the addition of a spatial term.

Main conclusions Generated pseudo‐absences, such as those used in this study, helped to avoid problems of using erroneous data (false absences) in distribution records. Pseudo‐absences greatly improved the models by only selecting absences within the area with the most unfavourable environmental conditions. The importance of spatial variables to bothC. (S.) globosusandC. (S.) insidiatordistributions probably relates to a number of unknown factors, such as unique historical events. The absence of established populations ofC. (S.) globosusnorth of the Ebro Valley appears to be one such historical factor. The distribution ofC. (S.) galicianusonly marginally overlaps with that ofC. (S.) globosus, according to our environmental factor models. As this overlap is restricted it is not likely to be a result of competitive exclusion; rather, their geographical segregation seems to be environmentally mediated. The addition of spatial variables reduced the potential habitat ofC. (S.) insidiator, eliminating some environmentally optimal areas from its distribution. As no environmental barrier seems apparent in this case, competitive interaction withC. (S.) globosusis a plausible hypothesis for its absence in these optimal parts of its range.
Analysing botanical collecting effort in Amazonia and correcting for it in species range estimation
Authors: Schulman Leif , Toivonen Tuuli , Ruokolainen Kalle
Published: May 2007

Aim  The aim of this study is to analyse the distribution pattern of the botanical collecting effort in Amazonia so that it can be accounted for when interpreting phytogeographical patterns such as inferred species ranges. We also develop a mechanistic and transparent method for taking into account the bias in collecting effort when estimating likelihoods of species occurrences.

Location  Amazonia, Neotropics.

Methods  We utilized electronic data sets of georeferenced herbarium collections (1,063,530 in total). We plotted collecting localities (68,246 in total) on maps overlaid with 1° and 0.5° square grids, and analysed collecting effort using a geographical information system (GIS). We also drew a map of Thiessen polygons, using collecting localities as polygon centres, to visualize collecting density in a scale‐independent way. We then created a ‘collecting activity landscape’ in which well‐collected areas appear as peaks and poorly studied areas as valleys. We demonstrate how this surface can be utilized when estimating species distributions.

Results  The data available to us confirm that botanical collecting activity is still severely biased in Amazonia. The uncollected area represents 43% of the total area of Amazonia, while another 28% is poorly collected and only 2% can be considered relatively well collected. The Thiessen polygon network represents an improvement in the presentation of collecting intensity compared with square grids.

Main conclusions  The maps of botanical collecting effort in the Neotropics should be used for visually correcting phytogeographical interpretations. With the help of GIS applications the observed spatial bias in collecting effort can be utilized in estimating the likelihood of occurrence of species in a repeatable manner. These estimates, in turn, can be used for various purposes in basic and applied science as well as in decision‐making. The biased collecting effort should, in the long run, be corrected by further field work in unexplored areas, which can be identified with the maps presented here.
Holocene vegetation history of the Sahel: pollen, sedimentological and geochemical data from Jikariya Lake, north‐eastern Nigeria
Authors: Waller Martyn P. , Street‐Perrott F. Alayne , Wang Hongya
Published: May 2007

Aim This study aims to separate regional and local controls on Holocene vegetation development and examine how well pollen records reflect climate change in a semi‐arid region. The relative importance of climate and human activity as agents of vegetation change in the Sahel during the late Holocene is also considered.

Location Jikariya Lake, an inter‐dune depression in the Manga Grasslands of north‐eastern Nigeria.

Methods Pollen and charcoal were used to provide a record of Holocene vegetation history. Palaeoclimate and hydrological changes were reconstructed from sedimentary and geochemical data. Regional and local influences were separated by comparing the evidence obtained from Jikariya Lake with previously published data from the Manga Grasslands.

Results The Manga Grasslands experienced a prolonged wet period during the early and mid‐Holocene, during which swamp forest vegetation with Guinean affinities (Alchornea,Syzygium,Uapaca) occupied the inter‐dune depressions. However, variation in the pollen records between sites suggests that their establishment was dependent on conditions being locally favourable, rather than being directly coupled to regional climate. The pollen records from the Manga Grasslands are more consistent in suggesting the colonization of the dunefields by trees associated with Sudanian savanna (Combretaceae,Detarium)c.8700 cal. yrbp. The Jikariya Lake pollen data are in accordance with the sedimentological and geochemical data from the region in indicating that the onset of arid conditions occurred progressively during the late Holocene (fromc. 4700 cal. yrbp). Abrupt changes in pollen stratigraphy, recorded at other Manga Grasslands sites 3500 cal. yrbp, appear to be the product of the local passing of ecological thresholds. The dunefield vegetation (Sahelian savanna) appears to have been resilient to (or at least palynologically silent regarding) to the climatic variability of the late Holocene.

Main conclusions While climate appears to have been the primary control on vegetation development in the Manga Grasslands during the Holocene, local conditions (particularly depression size and sand influx) had a strong influence on the timing of pollen stratigraphic changes. Anthropogenic influences are difficult to detect, even during the late Holocene.
Differential Effects of Stress on Adult Hippocampal Cell Proliferation in Low and High Aggressive Mice
Authors: Veenema A. H. , De Kloet E. R. , De Wilde M. C. , Roelofs A. J. , Kawata M. , Buwalda B. , Neumann I. D. , Koolhaas J. M. , Lucassen P. J.
Published: May 2007

Male wild house mice selected for a long (LAL) or a short (SAL) latency to attack a male intruder generally show opposing behavioural coping responses to environmental challenges. LAL mice, unlike SAL mice, adapt to novel challenges with a highly reactive hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis and show an enhanced expression of markers for hippocampal plasticity. The present study aimed to test the hypothesis that these features of the more reactive LAL mice are reflected in parameters of hippocampal cell proliferation. The data show that basal cell proliferation in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus, assessed by the endogenous proliferation marker Ki‐67, is lower in LAL than in SAL mice. Furthermore, application of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) over 3 days showed an almost two‐fold lower cell proliferation rate in the SGZ in LAL versus SAL mice. Exposure to forced swimming resulted, 24 h later, in a significant reduction in BrdU + cell numbers in LAL mice, whereas cell proliferation was unaffected by this stressor in SAL mice. Plasma corticosterone and dentate gyrus glucocorticoid receptor levels were higher in LAL than in SAL mice. However, no differences between the SAL and LAL lines were found for hippocampal NMDA receptor binding. In conclusion, the data suggest a relationship between coping responses and hippocampal cell proliferation, in which corticosterone may be one of the determinants of line differences in cell proliferation responses to environmental challenges.
Bacterial diversity, composition and dynamics in and around recreational coastal areas
Authors: Nogales Balbina , Aguiló‐Ferretjans Ma Mar , Martín‐Cardona Celia , Lalucat Jorge , Bosch Rafael
Published: May 2007

A comparative study on the composition of bacterial communities in a coastal area in the West Mediterranean receiving the impact of recreation‐derived activities (from a marina and a beach) was performed by terminal‐restriction fragment length polymorphism (T‐RFLP) of 16S rDNA along spatial and temporal scales. Interpolation of concentration of hydrophobic compounds, chlorophyll and bacterial cells in seawater over the geography of the sampling area using geographic information systems techniques (GIS) allowed the delineation of two different habitats: bay and marina (with low and high levels of impact respectively), and a transition zone between them. Accordingly, the 16S rDNA T‐RFLP profiles of bacterial communities in the area differed mainly spatially, with gradual changes in community composition and structure when approaching the beach and marina. Bacterial communities in impacted areas had higher diversity and equitability, as well as different composition. The main bacterial populations inferred in bay samples, which were members of the Alphaproteobacteria (mainly SAR11 and Roseobacter groups), were replaced by a different population of the Roseobacter clade, and members of the Gammaproteobacteria and Bacteroidetes in more impacted areas. There were also differences in the dynamics of bacterial communities. While temporal variations in bacterial communities in bay samples were lower and mainly determined by temperature, an important factor for the functioning of this ecosystem, variation in impacted areas was more irregular, not so much temperature‐driven, and in the case of the transition zone (beach) reflected the use of the coast during warmer periods.
Phylogenetic and physiological diversity of dissimilatory ferric iron reducers in sediments of the polluted Scheldt estuary, Northwest Europe
Authors: Lin Bin , Hyacinthe Christelle , Bonneville Steeve , Braster Martin , Van Cappellen Philippe , Röling Wilfred F. M.
Published: May 2007

The potential for dissimilatory ferric iron [Fe(III)] reduction in intertidal sediments of the polluted Scheldt estuary, Northwest Europe, was assessed by combining field‐based geochemical measurements with laboratory experiments on the associated microbiology. Microbial communities at a freshwater and brackish location were characterized by culture‐independent 16S rRNA gene analysis, as well as enrichments, strain isolation and physiological screening. Dilution‐to‐extinction batch enrichments using a variety of Fe(III) sources were performed. The dilution factor of the inoculum in the enrichments had a more determining effect on the Fe(III)‐reducing microbial community structure than the Fe(III) source. Well‐known Fe(III) reducers, including members of the family Geobacteraceae and the genus Shewanella, constituted only a small fraction (≤ 1%) of the in situ microbial community. Instead, facultative anaerobic Ralstonia and strictly anaerobic, spore‐forming Clostridium species dominated Fe(III) reduction. These species were able to utilize a variety of electron acceptors. This flexibility may help the organisms to survive in the dynamic estuarine environment. The high diversity and abundance of culturable Fe(III) reducers (4.6 × 105 and 2.4 × 104 cells g−1 sediment at the freshwater and brackish site respectively), plus the high concentrations of chemically reducible solid‐phase Fe(III) at the sites, implied a high potential for dissimilatory Fe(III) reduction in the estuarine sediments. Pore water chemical data further supported in situ dissimilatory Fe(III) reduction.
An experimental test of the symbiosis specificity between the ciliate Paramecium bursaria and strains of the unicellular green alga Chlorella
Authors: Summerer Monika , Sonntag Bettina , Sommaruga Ruben
Published: May 2007

The ciliate Paramecium bursaria living in mutualistic relationship with the unicellular green alga Chlorella is known to be easily infected by various potential symbionts/parasites such as bacteria, yeasts and other algae. Permanent symbiosis, however, seems to be restricted to Chlorella taxa. To test the specificity of this association, we designed infection experiments with two aposymbiotic P. bursaria strains and Chlorella symbionts isolated from four Paramecium strains, seven other ciliate hosts and two Hydra strains, as well as three free‐living Chlorella species. Paramecium bursaria established stable symbioses with all tested Chlorella symbionts of ciliates, but never with symbiotic Chlorella of Hydra viridissima or with free‐living Chlorella. Furthermore, we tested the infection specificity of P. bursaria with a 1:1:1 mixture of three compatible Chlorella strains, including the native symbiont, and then identified the strain of the newly established symbiosis by sequencing the internal transcribed spacer region 1 of the 18S rRNA gene. The results indicated that P. bursaria established symbiosis with its native symbiont. We conclude that despite clear preferences for their native Chlorella, the host–symbiont relationship in P. bursaria is flexible.
Sacral neuromodulation in patients with faecal incontinence: results of the first 100 permanent implantations
Authors: Melenhorst J. , Koch S. M. , Uludag Ö. , Van Gemert W. G. , Baeten C. G.
Published: May 2007

Objective  Faecal incontinence (FI) is a socially devastating problem. Sacral nerve modulation (SNM) has proven its place in the treatment of patients with FI. In this study, the first 100 definitive SNM implants in a single centre have been evaluated prospectively.

Method  Patients treated between March 2000 and May 2005 were included. Faecal incontinence was defined as at least one episode of involuntary faecal loss per week confirmed by a 3‐week bowel habit diary. Patients were eligible for implantation of a permanent SNM when showing at least a 50% reduction in incontinence episodes or days during ambulatory test stimulation. Preoperative workup consisted of an X‐defaecography, pudendal nerve terminal motor latency measurement, endo‐anal ultrasound and anal manometry. The follow‐up visits for the permanent implanted patients were scheduled at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months and annually thereafter. The bowel habit diary and anal manometry were repeated postoperatively during the follow‐up visits.

Results  A total of 134 patients were included and received a subchronic test stimulation. One hundred patients (74.6%) had a positive test stimulation and received a definitive SNM implantation. The permanent implantation group consisted of 89 women and 11 men. The mean age was 55 years (range 26–75). The mean follow‐up was 25.5 months (range 2.5–63.2). The mean number of incontinence episodes decreased significantly during the test stimulation (baseline, 31.3; test, 4.4; P < 0.0001) and at follow‐up (36 months postoperatively, 4.8; P < 0.0001). There was no significant change in the mean anal resting pressure. The squeeze pressures were significantly higher at 6 months (109.8 mmHg; P = 0.03), 12 months (114.1 mmHg; P = 0.02) and 24 months postoperatively (113.5 mmHg; P = 0.007). The first sensation, urge and maximum tolerable volume did not change significantly. Twenty‐one patients were considered late failures and received further treatment.

Conclusion  Sacral neuromodulation is an effective treatment for FI. The medium‐term results were satisfying.
Comparison between vildagliptin and metformin to sustain reductions in HbA1c over 1 year in drug‐naïve patients with Type 2 diabetes
Authors: Schweizer A. , Couturier A. , Foley J. E. , Dejager S.
Published: May 2007

Aims  To evaluate the ability of vildagliptin and metformin to sustain reductions in HbA1c over a 1‐year treatment period in drug‐naïve patients with Type 2 diabetes (Type 2 DM).

Methods  Double‐blind, randomized, multicentre, active‐controlled, parallel‐group study of 52‐week treatment with vildagliptin (100 mg daily, n = 526) or metformin (titrated to 2000 mg daily, n = 254) in drug‐naïve patients (baseline HbA1c = 7.5–11.0%). HbA1c was measured periodically over 1 year.

Results  Vildagliptin and metformin each rapidly decreased HbA1c from an equal baseline of 8.7%. Most of the HbA1c reduction was attained by week 12, and the efficacy was sustained throughout 1‐year treatment with both agents. At the study end, significant HbA1c reductions from baseline were seen with both vildagliptin (–1.0 ± 0.1%, P < 0.001) and metformin (–1.4 ± 0.1%, P < 0.001); however, statistical non‐inferiority of 50 mg vildagliptin twice daily to 1000 mg metformin twice daily was not established. Body weight did not change during the 1‐year treatment with vildagliptin (0.3 ± 0.2 kg, P = 0.17) and decreased in metformin‐treated patients (–1.9 ± 0.3 kg, P < 0.001). The proportion of patients experiencing an adverse event was 70.1 vs. 75.4% in patients receiving vildagliptin and metformin, respectively. The proportion of patients experiencing a gastrointestinal adverse event was twofold higher in the metformin group, driven by a 3–4‐fold greater incidence of diarrhoea, nausea and abdominal pain. The incidence of hypoglycaemia was similarly low in both groups (< 1%).

Conclusions  A clinically meaningful decrease in HbA1c that was sustained throughout a 1‐year treatment in drug‐naïve patients with Type 2 DM was seen with both metformin and vildagliptin monotherapy.
Influence des differents constituents de la couche cornee sur la mesure de son élasticité
Authors: RASSENEUR L. , de RIGAL J. , LEVEQUE J. L.
Published: May 2007

Un nouvel appareillage, permettant une détermination simultanée des modules d'élasticité statique de dynamique du Stratum Corneum, a été mis au point.

L'étude systématique de ces paramètres mécaniques pour différents échantillons de SC humain permet de mettre en évidence les avantages de la mesure du module d'élasticité dynamique pour quantifier l'effet des traitements.

L'effet de certains traitements ‘kératolytiques’sur l'élasticité du SC peut ainsi être discuté. Ces résultats ainsi que ceux obtenus par microscopie électronique sur l'effet de ces produits, permettent de discuter les relations existant entre la structure et les paramètres élastiques.

The effect of various constituants of the corneous layer on measurements of its elasticity

A new instrument has been developed which enables simultaneous determinations of the static and dynamic moduli of elasticity of the stratum corneum to be made.

A systematic study of these mechanical parameters for various samples of human SC demonstrates the advantages of the dynamic measurement of the modulus of elasticity in evaluating the effect of treatments.

The effect of treatment of thioglycollic acid (TA) and salicylic acid (SA) on the stratum corneum was studied by means of this technique and electron microscopy.

TA markedly reduces the elastic modulus. Electron microscopy shows that horny cell structure is fully disorganized. On the contrary, SA treatment increases the elastic modulus without any noticeable changes on corneocytes. This last study confirms the preferential effect of SA on the intercorneocyte spaces.
Inhibition de l'action phototoxique du bergaptène par des filtres UV‐A
Authors: SAETTONE M. F. , Et M. TRAMBUSTI , GIANNACCINI B.
Published: May 2007

Il est bien acquis que le 5‐méthoxypsoralène (5‐MOP, bergaptène) contenu dans l'essence de bergamote exerce plusieurs actions biologiques à la suite d'irradiation en lumière UV‐longue (UV‐A, λ > 320 nm). Cette étude a eu pour but de vérifier si la réponse phototoxique, déclenchée chez le cobaye à la suite d'application cutanée de 5‐MOP suivie par rayonnement UV, peut être réduite ou même annulée par l'application simultanée de substances absorbant les rayons UV‐A. Les solutions photosensibilisatrices employées étaient (a) une solution alcoolique de 5‐MOP, (b) de l'essence de bergamote diluée, et (c) un parfum expérimental. Parmi les filtres qui ont été essayés, deux dérivés du dibenzoylméthane se sont révelés particulièrement efficaces. On a observé que l'activité protectrice de ces filtres augmente de façon significative lorsqu'ils sont dissous dans l'essence de bergamote, ou dans le parfum, par rapport à l'activité demontrée dans la solution alcoolique de 5‐MOP. Un dérivé du distirylbiphényle possédant un maximum d'absorption à 350 nm s'est révelé particulièrement actif.

Inhibition of bergaptene toxicity by UV‐A filters
Dermatology and the cosmetic industry
Authors: COOKE M. A.
Published: May 2007

Synopsis

Co‐operation between the cosmetic industry and dermatology is essential for identifying potentially hazardous substances and ensuring optimal product safety. With dermatological consultation, epidemiological surveys of patients or employees in the cosmetic, toiletry or chemical industry provide useful information to distinguish product‐induced or occupational dermatitis from other types of contact dermatitis or constitutional disease (such as psoriasis, lichen planus, or disorders of collagen or immune response). Some examples of the inherent complexities of this process and the solutions that have been achieved are presented. Care is necessary by dermatologists and cosmetic scientists in carrying out controlled use trials and interpreting patch test results in the search for an offending ingredient. Some medical conditions and treatment regimens of the patient/consumer that may affect the response to a cosmetic ingredient are mentioned.

La dermatologie et l'industrie cosmétique
The physico‐chemical properties and protein denaturation potential of surfactant mixtures
Authors: MIYAZAWA K. , OGAWA M. , MITSUI T.
Published: May 2007

Synopsis

Protein denaturation was investigated to establish an in vitro evaluation method of surfactants in connection with their in vivo irritation potency to human skin. Eventually a new method with simplicity and high reproducibility was established by using quantitative analysis with gel‐permeation chromatography (GPC). The protein denaturing potency of the commercially available surfactants was measured by using the developed method. Synergistic reduction in protein denaturation was observed in the mixed systems of anionic and amphoteric surfactants. The synergistic reduction was explained in terms of the physico‐chemical properties of the mixed surfactants. A possible mechanism is the remarkable lowering of the total monomer concentration by the formation of hydrophobic complexes between the anionic and amphoteric surfactants.

Relation entre les propriétés physico‐chimiques des mélanges de surfactifs et leur potentiel de dénaturation des protéines
Viscoelastic properties of paracrystalline phases appearing in water‐surface agent‐oil diagrams
Authors: ORECCHIONI A. M. , COUARRAZE G. , GROSSIORD J. L. , SEILLER M. , PUISIEUX F.
Published: May 2007

Synopsis

The ternary mixtures investigated were obtained from water, mineral oil and ether‐linked non‐ionic surfactants (polyoxyethylene derivatives of oleic alcohol). The examination of the rheological properties of these mixtures, particularly the viscoelastic properties of the various phases encountered in these diagrams, was expanded. The phases examined were:

‐ anisotropic paracrystalline phases: hexagonal phase and lamellar phase;

‐ the isotropic paracrystalline phase: type I viscous isotropic phase.

The measurement instrument used for this work was a creep rheometer. The paracrystalline phases were subjected to very low shear stresses, and the strains induced were recorded as a function of time. The analysis of creep functions obtained enabled us to construct a viscoelastic model and obtain the value of its parameters for each particular case.

This analysis of the viscoelastic properties provides an accurate identification of each of the paracrystalline phases: the lamellar and isotropic viscous phases show respectively a Newtonian fluid nature with a yield value (Bingham model), and a perfect elastic solid. The hexagonal phase on the other hand shows an intermediate type of behaviour which is characterized by a well‐defined retarded elasticity. This study could also lead to a microscopic interpretation of their structure.

Propriétés viscoélastiques des phases paracristallines se trouvant dans les diagrammes ternaires ‐ eau/tensio‐actif/huile
Role of proteins in cosmetics
Authors: CHVAPLI M. , ECKMAYER Z.
Published: May 2007

Synopsis

The review critically evaluates the safety and effectiveness of proteins or peptides in cosmetic formulations designed for skin and hair care. Special attention is paid to soluble collagen and the use of this fibrillar protein in combination with detergents.

The authors indicate various misconceptions on the mechanism of the effect of collagen and possible risks if the formulations containing collagen are not used on intact skin. Besides the moisturizing effect of collagen on the stratum corneum, the formation of a protective layer on the surface of the skin or hair, and the formation of complexes with detergents and the mechanisms of the effectiveness of this protein are considered.

Le role des proteines dans les cosmetiques
A study of the penetration of five novel synthetic steroids through hairless mouse skin in vitro
Authors: Michniak‐Mikolajczak B. B. , Bodor N.
Published: May 2007

Synopsis

The change in the physiochemical properties of topical corticosteroids by addition of one or more chemical substituents is probably one of the most important factors affecting the activity and bioavailability of the steroid. During work on developing new steroids five synthetic steroids were tested for their ability to pass through freshly excised hairless mouse skin placed in diffusion cells at 33 1°C. Analysis of the compounds was made using high performance liquid chromatography. The presence of flourine at carbon 9, in the chemical grouping at carbon 17, or the addition of a pentyl group was found to increase the penetration of the steroid through the skin.
Application d'une méthodologie expérimentale à l'étude du diagramme ternaire d'un gel
Authors: FORESTIER JEAN‐PIERRE , PUECH EDITH , TICHADOU JEAN‐LOUIS
Published: May 2007

Nous avons montré sur l'exemple d'un gel, mélange de trois constituants (C12–C15 Alcohols Benzoate, Cyclomethicone et Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Copolymer) qu'il est possible d'optimiser une formulation en un nombre preécis d'essais en faisant appel à une stratégic expérimentale optimale. Le gel avait déjàétéétudié par Chang,1mais par approches successives.

Nous avons utlisé les matrices d'expériences développées dans le cas des mélanges par Scheffe sous le nom de ‘reseaux‐simplex'. Prévoyant des intéractions de 2éme ordre entre les constituants nous avons retenu le modéle appelé‘cubique réduit'. Cette approche permet l'exploration systémique de tout le domaine.

Les réponses étudiées sont la compatibilité (gel homogène ou non), la consistance, la blancheur et le coût. Le meilleur gel étant celui qui se rapproche le plus de la vaseline.

A partir des résultats, nous avons tracé des courbes d'isoréponse en blancheur, consistance et coût. La superposition des diagrammes conduit à la détermination d'une zone où les réponses sont optimales.

En ajoutant la réponse supplémentaire: ‘facilité d'étalement sur la peau’on arrive au meilleur gel avec un nombre réduit d'essais.

La même méthode s'appliquerait à des mélanges de plus de trois constituants.

Study of a ternary diagram gel according to a methodology of experimental research
Transparent macroemulsions for cosmetic applications
Authors: GARTI N. , ASERIN A. , KOPILOVICH A.
Published: May 2007

Synopsis

This study proposes a method for preparation of transparent emulsions for cosmetic applications. The continuous phase in oil‐in‐water emulsions consisted of both water and several polyols in order to equalize the refractive indices of the two phases. Sorbitol, glycerol and mannitol were the main polyols used in the adequate concentration and isopropyl myristate was the oil phase. Stabilities of a few days in 60°C incubation and a few months on the shelf were obtained.

Combinations of triethanolamine oleate together with sorbitan esters and ethoxylated sorbitan esters were found to improve the emulsion stability.

The optimal water concentration was checked by spectrophotometer measurements at 660 nm in order to achieve best transparency.

In conclusion, it was demonstrated that relatively stable transparent macroemulsions can be prepared by equalizing the refractive indices of the two phases composing the emulsion.

Application des macroémulsions transparentes a la cosmétique
A new technique for the evaluation of cosmetics effect on mechanical properties of stratum corneum and epidermis in vitro
Authors: ROCHEFORT A. , DRUOT P. , LEDUC M. , VASSALET R. , AGACHE P.
Published: May 2007

Synopsis

The mechanical properties of stratum corneum and epidermis have been measured in vitro and a dispersity of approximately 30% to 50% between samples from the same donor has been found. To overcome such a limitation, a technique was developed in order to compare the mechanical properties of the same skin sample before and after treatment. The chosen parameter (initial slope of the stress‐strain curve) appeared to be influenced by the topical application of products. A different time response was found with stratum corneum and epidermis reflecting their structural differences.

Une nouvelle technique d'evaluation de l'effet des produits cosmétique sur les propriétés mécaniques du stratum corneum et de l'épiderme humains (etude in vitro)
Dandruff: infection or not?
Authors: ABBE NORMAN J. VAN , HEAD DEBORAH , REED JOHN V. , MURRELL ELSPETH A. , BAXTER PATRICIA M.
Published: May 2007

Synopsis

The presence of apparently normal corneocytes as well as parakeratotic material in dandruff scales suggests that atypical keratinization in the scalp epidermis has not been of long duration. Abundance of hair fat on the scalp after puberty, colonization by fat‐splitting micro‐organisms (notably yeasts of the genus Pityrosporum) and transitory upsurges of epidermal mitosis in response to fatty acids produced by lipolysis of sebum triglycerides within the hair follicles, especially those in the anagen phase, seem likely to be implicated in the generation of dandruff scaling.

Antidandruff efficacy apparently calls not only for antifungal potency demonstrable in vitro but also for the ability, when incorporated in a suitable formulation, to reach the microflora within the hair follicles and to inhibit the metabolic activity of these microorganisms even in the presence of sebum. The in vivo demonstration of an alleged ‘anti‐hyperproliferative'effect of an antidandruff compound has been described but probably has only coincidental relationship to its normal function in the control of dandruff, which seems more likely to depend on its antimicrobial properties. The available evidence thus tends to favour the view that the scalp microflora have a predominant role in the generation of dandruff.

Pellicules: origine microbienne ou non microbienne?