bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What Constitues a Diligent Search Under Present and Proposed Orphan Work Regimes?
Authors: Urban Jennifer
Published: July 2018

*Abstract: *Numerous legal regimes or proposals have been devised to address the problem of whether or under what circumstances in-copyright works can be made available if the works are “orphans,” because their rights holders are unknown or cannot be found. A common feature is a requirement that a prospective user make a diligent search for the rights holder. This White Paper complements an earlier one on orphan work searches which considered who would be expected to conduct a search. The present White Paper focuses instead on different conceptions about what a diligent search might consist of. It does not offer a normative assessment of what “diligent search” should mean. Rather, it intends to provide information about various approaches to this concept to aid in reasoned conversations about this concept.Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2229021
Ethical Approaches to Robotic Data Gathering in Academic Research
Authors: Burk Dan
Published: July 2018

Internet researchers increasingly have at their disposal of an array of automated software agents, or "bots," which can rapidly and efficiently retrieve a variety of economic and technical data from publicly accessible web sites. While these automated tools greatly facilitate the retrieval and analysis of data for academic research, they may pose ethical problems for Internet researchers. Specifically, automated software bots place some load on servers being accessed, possibly in contradiction to the expected use of such servers, and possibly in violation of the legal prerogatives of web site owners. Determining how and when to access such web sites, and whether to seek the consent of web site owners for retrieval of publicly accessible data presents an apparent conflict between general principles of information policy and the emerging legal precedent regarding trespass to computers. This conflict may be characterized as pitting utilitarian considerations against deontological considerations in a fashion reminiscent of previous debates over informed consent in on-line research. In this paper, we examine both utilitarian and deontological characterizations of the ethical obligations of researchers employing automated data retrieval bots, and argue that the contrasts between the two approaches do not necessarily result in conflict. Instead, we argue that the tension within the relevant practices indicates the need for a "meta-choice" between utilitarian and deontological considerations. We further suggest certain factors that may differentiate such a "metaethical" choice in the context of automated data retrieval from the "meta-ethical" choice presented in previously identified contexts of human subjects research or of web browser technology design. In the end, we argue that by analyzing the ethical issues in terms of the contrast between utilitarian and deontological ethics, it is possible to resolve some of the ethical dilemmas regarding automated data retrieval in fruitful and cogent ways.
Race and Trends in Pornography Viewership, 1973-2016: Examining the Moderating Roles of Gender and Religion
Authors: Perry Samuel , Schleifer Cyrus
Published: July 2018

While some research has uncovered racial differences in patterns of pornography viewership, no studies to date have considered how these patterns may be changing over time or how these trends may be moderated by other key predictors of pornography viewership, specifically, gender and religion. Using nationally representative data from the 1973-2016 General Social Surveys (N = 20,620), and taking into account different ethno-religious histories with pornography as a moral issue, we examine how race, gender, and religion intersect to influence trends in pornography viewership over 43 years. Analyses reveal that black Americans in general are more likely to view pornography than whites, and they are increasing in their pornography viewership at a higher rate than whites. Moreover, black men are more likely to consume pornography than all other race-gender combinations, but only differ from white women in their increasing rate of pornography viewership. Lastly, frequent worship attendance only moderates trends in pornography viewership for white men. By contrast, regardless of attendance frequency, black men and women show increasing rates of pornography use while white women show flat rates. We conclude by discussing the implications of these findings for research on the intersections of race, gender, religion, and sexuality.
Qualitative Regressions: Model the uncertainty in your (qualitative) data to make better inferences
Authors: Ruedin Didier
Published: July 2018

Objective: Make better inferences by modelling the uncertainty in your (qualitative) data. Methods: Use regression analysis with qualitative data. Use standard statistical distributions to express uncertainty in the data, then sample from these distributions to create multiple data sets, which is then the same 'problem' as multiple imputations for missing data. Results: I show that this approach is feasible. Conclusion: It is possible to run regression analyses on qualitative data, and we can use information on uncertainty to make better inferences.
ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION IN RURAL AREAS - A REAL SUPPORT FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Authors: MIHAI Florin Constantin
Published: July 2018

Sustainable development represents the future for Romanian rural areas anda viable solution to solve the environmental problems. This concept can beput into practice through the interaction between economic, sociocultural,environmental and political-institutional dimension. In this interaction,an important role has the ecological education of citizens from rural areasand their involvement in environmental policy decisions. So, a low level ofecological education in rural areas leads to a permanent degradation ofenvironmental factors. In this research, we showed some negativeenvironmental practices related to the inhabitants of rural areas.Citizen’s education in environmental spirit should promote the principlesof prevention, conservationand recycling.
Baldermath: A DesignBased Research Approach to Developing a Game for Student Work Analysis
Authors: Pershan Michael , Kim YJ
Published: July 2018

In this study, we use design-based research methods to develop a game to aid instructors in creating high-quality LASW opportunities for prospective teachers. Games have the potential to provide a situated, action-oriented, embodied experience where teachers can take the “projective identity” of students or other teachers (Gee, 2003). In addition, games can trigger emotional and psychological responses that spark empathy and perspective taking (Boltz et al., 2015). Actions and choices that players make in the game are “pleasantly frustrating” and playful (Gee, 2003). This embodied experience within a game can help teachers to develop empathy for students’ perspective and approximate desirable practices around LASW.
Review: Ontology after Carnap
Authors: Button Tim
Published: July 2018

Ontology after Carnap focusses on metaontology in the light of recent interest in Carnap’s ‘Empiricism, Semantics and Ontology’. That paper is at the centre of things, as it is where Carnap formulates his internal/external dichotomy. If you haven’t already encountered the dichotomy, then neither Ontology after Carnap, nor this review, is for you. My aim in this review is to try to tease out some of the book’s themes, thereby giving some sense of contemporary neo-Carnapianism.
IP Litigation in US District Courts: 1994 to 2014, 101 Iowa Law Review 1065-1112 (2016)
Authors: Sag Matthew
Published: July 2018

This Article undertakes a broad-based empirical review of intellectualproperty (“IP”) litigation in U.S. federal district courts from 1994 to2014. Unlike the prior literature, this study analyzes federal copyright,patent, and trademark litigation trends as a unified whole. It undertakes asystematic analysis of the records of more than 190,000 cases filed infederal courts and examines the subject matter, geographical, and temporalvariation within federal IP litigation over the last two decades.This Article analyzes changes in the distribution of IP litigation overtime and their regional distribution. The key findings of this Article stemfrom an attempt to understand long-term patterns in the filing data as wellas short-term deviations from various trends. This data-driven approach hasyielded insights in relation to such diverse topics as Internet filesharinglitigation, the true impact of patent trolls on the level of patentlitigation, and the extent of forum shopping and forum selling patentlitigation. Just as importantly, this Article lays the foundation forplanning and evaluating future empirical studies of IP litigation with anarrower focus. Many of the results and conclusions herein demonstrate thedangers of basing empirical conclusions on narrow slices of data fromselected regions or selected time periods.
Investing in the Future: Norway, Climate Change, and Fossil Fuel Divestment
Authors: Rimmer Matthew
Published: July 2018

Book ChapterRimmer, Matthew (2016) Investing in the future: Norway, climate change, and fossil fuel divestment. In Sosa-Nunez, Gustavo; Atkins, Ed (Eds.) Environment, Climate Change and International Relations. E-International Relations, Bristol, pp. 206-225.
Type M error can explain Weisburd's Paradox
Authors: gelman andrew
Published: July 2018

Simple calculations seem to show that larger studies should have higher statistical power, but empirical meta-analyses of published work in criminology have found zero or weak correlations between sample size and estimated statistical power. This is “Weisburd’s paradox” and has been attributed by Weisburd, Petrosino, and Mason (1993) to a difficulty in maintaining quality control as studies get larger, and attributed by Nelson, Wooditch, and Dario (2014) to a negative correlation between sample sizes and the underlying sizes of the effects being measured. We argue against the necessity of both these explanations, instead suggeting that the apparent Weisburd paradox is an artifact of systematic overestimation inherent in post-hoc power calculations, a bias that is large with small n. Furthermore, we recommend abandoning the use of statistical power as a measure of the strength of a study, because implicit in the definition of power is the bad idea of statistical significance as a research goal.
Chronotopeography: Nostalgia and Modernity in South Delhi’s Linguistic Landscape
Authors: Lyons Kate , Karimzad Farzad
Published: July 2018

This paper explores the process through which visceral experience is cultivated, packaged and commodified in the Linguistic Landscape (LL) of South Delhi, India. We engage the theoretical concept of cultural chronotopes (Agha, 2007a) to demonstrate how spatially and temporally entwined experiences of nostalgia and modernity are produced in South Delhi’s commercial LL, and show how such positioning serves to compress or flatten such experiences for ready consumption (Kockelman, 2006). Focusing on particularized chronotopes tied to a privileged and elite experience, imagination and aspiration, we highlight how discourses of the ‘ideal’ are reproduced and positioned as visceral through specific references or semiotic arrangements. In so doing, we discuss the quantification of experience executed by these signs in commodifying the visceral, and the problematic way these instances propagate an idealized, sanitized and simplified understanding of Indian rural communities, Indian history and Indian traditional practices.
Co-habitality in Translation: The Comparative Case of Collocations
Authors: Studies AWEJ-tls for Translation & Literary , Bin Naser Mohammad
Published: July 2018

The Present paper examines the nature of collocations in Arabic and English as a frequent multi-word item in both languages. The aim of this research is to illustrate the semantic and syntactic nature of collocations and these linguistic features’ effect on translation in both Arabic and English. The supportive examples showcase the problems that might arise in the translation process and their reflection on the quality of translation and level of competence of Arab translators. The findings have shown that collocations are not open to any word, as they co-habit with a limited range of words, which is the real translation crisis for the translator. These findings were supported by a proposed lexicographical model for collocation translation, which could improve the way Arab translators transfer English and Arabic collocations when encountered during the translation process.
Copyright and Paratext in Computer Gaming
Authors: Burk Dan
Published: July 2018

Adoption of information technologies is dependent upon the availability of information to be channeled via such technologies. On-line multiplayer role-playing games have become an important social and business feature of the Internet. The virtual worlds that game players inhabit now encompass population counts and economic activity greater than that of many nations in the physical world. The activity of players participating in an on-line game community is closely tied to paratexts that may include magazines, websites, and even devices that lie outside the formal boundaries of the game, but which are intimately bound up in the transmission of knowledge and culture surrounding the game. In this paper, I examine the legal structures that foster or inhibit particular gaming paratexts. Such laws are in some senses extrinsic to the "magic circle" of the game, but these external rules are deployed as constraints to enforce the internal logic of the game. Typically this occurs in cases where violation of the game's internal parameters would affect the owner's external marketing or business control. Commercial game developers may use copyright and related anti-circumvention laws to enforce preferred readings of the game, largely by dominating the paratexts associated with their product. Examining the control of paratexts yields important insights into the logic of legal rubrics governing on-line gaming.
Countering Trump: Toward a Theory of Charismatic Counter-Roles
Authors: Joosse Paul
Published: July 2018

This article conducts a negative reading of Weber’s ideal type of charismatic authority, seeking to anticipate and discern hidden social interactants that are implicated in his descriptions of charismatic social processes. In so doing, this article advances the “charismatic counter-role” as an umbrella term that captures the performative bearing of a variety of actors on processes of charismatic interaction. Speciﬁcally, in addition to devoted followers (already much discussed in the literature), this typology contains unworthy challengers (competitors who fall short when judged by the new terms of legitimacy that the charismatic leader creatively establishes); and colossal players (interlocutors that are appropriately “to scale” for highlighting the extraordinary missions to which the charismatic leader aspires). Together, these charismatic counter-roles interact in ways that comprise a charismatic social system that gives a better account than has heretofore been available for the unstoppable momentum of charismatic challenges. Using the “Trump phenomenon” of 2015–2016 as its empirical source, and employing analytical tools from symbolic interactionist and performative approaches to social theory, this article has implications for future studies of how charisma destabilizes traditional and/or rational-legal social orders.
Measuring Public Opinion in U.S. Metro Areas, 2006-2016
Authors: Lindner Andrew Micah
Published: July 2018

While a great many state-level longitudinal measures of public opinion are now available, few measures exist at the Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) level. I demonstrate a method for estimating public opinion annually in the fifty-three largest MSAs via disaggregation from the Cooperative Congressional Election Study (CCES). Using this method, I construct an MSA-level citizen political ideology measure from 2006 through 2016. This measure is strongly correlated with MSA-level results from the Presidential Elections in 2008, 2012, and 2016. While the MSA ideology scale itself has many potential applications for future research, so, too, does the underlying method of estimating MSA-level measures using CCES data.
Rethinking Assignor Estoppel
Authors: Lemley Mark
Published: July 2018

The Supreme Court and the Federal Circuit have repeatedly emphasized thepublic interest in testing the validity of patents, weeding out patentsthat should not have been issued. But there is one important group ofpeople the law systematically prevents from challenging bad patents.Curiously, it is the very group patent law is supposed to support:inventors themselves. The century-old doctrine of assignor estoppelprecludes inventors who file patent applications from later challenging thevalidity or enforceability of the patents they receive. The statedrationale for assignor estoppel is that it would be unfair to allow theinventor to benefit from obtaining a patent and later change her tune andattack the patent when it benefits her to do so. The Supreme Court hastraditionally disfavored the doctrine, reading it narrowly. But the FederalCircuit has expanded the doctrine in a variety of dimensions, and appliedit even when the benefit to the inventor is illusory. Further, the doctrinemisunderstands the role of inventor-employees in the modern world.More important, the expansive modern form of assignor estoppel interferessubstantially with employee mobility. Inventors as a class are put underburdens that we apply to no other employee. If they start a company, oreven go to work for an existing company in the same field, they will not beable to defend a patent suit from their old employer. The result is a sortof partial noncompete clause, one imposed without even the fiction ofagreement and one that binds anyone the inventor comes in contact withafter leaving the job. Abundant evidence suggests that noncompetes ingeneral retard innovation and economic growth, and several states prohibitthem outright, while all others limit them. But assignor estoppel is afederal law doctrine that overrides those state choices.It is time to rethink the doctrine of assignor estoppel. I describe thedoctrine, its rationale, and how it has expanded dramatically in the past25 years. I argue that the doctrine is out of touch with the realities ofboth modern inventing and modern patent law, and that it interferes withboth the invalidation of bad patents and the goal of employee mobility.Should the Supreme Court take up the doctrine, it is unlikely to survive inits current form. Rather, it should – and will – return to its much morelimited roots.
Every now and then, no-futurism faces no sceptical problems
Authors: Button Tim
Published: July 2018

Tallant (2007) has challenged my recent defence of no-futurism (Button 2006), but he does not discuss the key to that defence: that no-futurism’s primitive relation ‘x is real-as-of y’ is not symmetric. I therefore answer Tallant’s challenge in the same way as I originally defended no-futurism. I also clarify no-futurism by rejecting a common mis-characterisation of the growing-block theorist. By supplying a semantics for no-futurists, I demonstrate that no-futurism faces no sceptical challenges. I conclude by considering the problem of how to interpret the relation ‘x is real-as-of y’.NB: a correction to this article appears in Analysis 68.1. The archived pdf here incorporates the change made in this correction.Published in Analysis 67.4: 325–32
Schemas and Frames
Authors: Wood Michael Lee , Stoltz Dustin S. , Van Ness Justin , Taylor Marshall A.
Published: July 2018

A perennial concern in frame analysis is explaining how frames structure perception and persuade audiences. In this paper, we suggest that the distinction between personal culture and public culture offers a productive way forward. We propose an approach centered on an analytic contrast between schemas, which we define as a form of personal culture, and frames, which we define as a form of public culture. We develop an “evocation model” of the structure and function of frames. In the model, frames are conceived as material assemblages that activate a network of schemas, thereby evoking a response when people are exposed to them. We discuss how the proposed model extends, and clarifies, extant approaches, and consider new directions for future research.
Ethnic Conflict Regulation Through Territorial Autonomy – A Configurational Analysis of Success and Failure
Authors: Schulte Felix
Published: July 2018

Territorial autonomies (TA) are increasingly implemented as tools forregulating ethnic conflicts. Since there are successful as well as failed cases,the ongoing debate about a general conflict-solving potential is not a veryfruitful one. The article turns towards the analysis of various factors affectingthe success and failure of conflict regulating autonomies. It is argued thatautonomy consolidation requires specific conditions which support theprocess of mutual recognition between ethnic groups. Two causal models aredeveloped and tested on a global data set on all conflict regulatingautonomies using a two-step Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA). It isfound that a combination of low horizontal inequalities, a high scope ofautonomy, inclusive institutions and international support lead to autonomysuccess whereas persistent inequalities, a low scope of transferredcompetencies and exclusive institutions result in a return to violent strategies.One important implication of these findings is that favorable conditions forpost-conflict institutional engineering can, at least to some extent, be created.
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND WELL BEING AT BOLIVIA. Migration of young indigenous to the cities
Authors: Martinelly - Zeballos Erik
Published: July 2018

Is a Master Thesis about the migration of young indigenous to the cities in Bolivia. The main issue is the believes about the well being in the context of human development theories and the Bourdieu sociological theories. The work show how the well being it is a invention of indigenous intellectuals of Bolivia (the young people talk about progress or economic development) but it is a real opportunity to think how the indigenous conception of society and nature are some kind of GPS for the contemporaneous values of the modern societies of the world.
Culture and Choice: Toward Integrating Cultural Sociology with the Judgment and Decision-Making Sciences
Authors: Vaisey Stephen , Valentino Lauren
Published: July 2018

Cultural sociologists frequently theorize about choices and decisions, although we tend to shy away from this language and from concepts that are used by the judgment and decision-making (JDM) sciences. We show that cultural sociology and JDM are compatible and complementary fields by dispelling some common misunderstandings about JDM. We advocate for a strategic assimilation approach in which cultural sociologists are able to translate their work into key JDM terms like beliefs, preferences, and endowments. Learning to speak the JDM language will allow cultural sociologists to make important, and uniquely sociological, contributions to social scientific explanations of choices and decisions.
Freedom, ownership and copyright: why does Kant reject the concept of intellectual property?
Authors: Pievatolo Maria Chiara
Published: July 2018

In 1785 Immanuel Kant wrote a short essay, Von der Unrechtmäßigkeit des Büchernachdrucks, which is sometimes translated as Of the injustice of counterfeiting books; later, he repeated almost the same thesis in the Rechtslehre, § 31, II, within Die Metaphysik der Sitten (1797). As most scholars, in the field of humanities, take intellectual property for granted, the representation of Kant like an intellectual property forerunner is still a dangerously mistaken commonplace. According to Kant's Architectonic of Pure Reason the philosopher is closer to a lawgiver than to an artificer, if philosophy is considered in its Weltbegriff or cosmopolitan concept (AA.03: 542.23-30). Because such a lawgiving is based upon that reason with which every human being is endowed, the laws of reason should be thought as public laws and not as individual, private creations. How could a public law be consistently viewed as an object of private intellectual property? Kant avoids such a contradiction because his justification of authors' right does not rely on intellectual property, but on the meaning and the function of both authors and publishers in the world of the public use of reason. Therefore, Kant's theory of copyright is compatible with the Weltbegriff of philosophy. Furthermore, more interestingly, it is also possible to demonstrate that it is consistent with his general theory of property, as stated in the Metaphysik der Sitten. The following essay, after presenting a short sketch of Kant's authors right as personal right, will introduce Fichte's theory of intellectual property to strengthen the case of Kant's rejection of intellectual property, by comparing his ideas with the theory of an actual intellectual property advocate, like Fichte. Eventually, to read the proposed interpretation of Kant in a wider theoretical perspective, it will attempt to connect it to his general theory of property of the Metaphysik der Sitten.
Measuring coordinated vs. spontaneous activity in online social movements
Authors: Francois Camille , Barash Vladimir , Kelly John
Published: July 2018

Social media platforms provide people all over the world with an unprecedented ability to organize around social and political causes. However, these same platforms enable institutional and organized actors to engineer fabricated social movements to advance their agenda. These “astroturfing” or “false amplification” phenomenons leverage a variety of of tools and techniques, ranging from fully automated bot activity to accounts manned by extrinsically motivated (e.g. compensated) human operators. These campaigns also range from simple spam operations to sophisticated efforts involving numerous orchestrated accounts, sometimes coordinated across linguistic and cultural clusters. While the former category is straightforward to analyze via data mining methods, sophisticated fabricated campaigns in the latter category are engineered to mask their true nature from the public.Working from the proposition that a large number of accounts controlled by a small number of coordinated entities will lack the behavioral diversity of a similar number of accounts controlled by uncoordinated individual actors, we propose a framework of signals (metrics) along three dimensions: Network: how accounts are connected to one another, and the clusters they form within the online conversation, Temporal: patterns of messaging across time in the online conversation, Semantic: an observation of the diversity of topics and meaning throughout the online conversation.We test this framework on three case studies: the online conversation on #ColumbianChemicals in the U.S., the international discussion of the #DopingLeaks event, and an analysis of political discussions in Venezuela. In all three cases, we find what we assess to be anomalous, fabricated behavior on at least one dimension.
Patenting Speech
Authors: Burk Dan
Published: July 2018

Recent court cases regarding the regulation of computer software have held that such code may be protected expression under the First Amendment. Some courts have drawn on the law of copyright to conclude that because copyright protects expression, and software is copyrightable, that software must contain protected expression. But because of the recent expansion of patent doctrine to encompass software and other digital communications, it appears that such "speech" will also be patentable. Patent law is even more poorly equipped than copyright to distinguish function from expression. The paper reviews the likely problems inherent in applying patent law to expressive subject matter, and suggests the doctrinal changes that may be required to accommodate First Amendment interests in patentable speech.
Graduated Response and the Turn to Private Ordering in Online Copyright Enforcement
Authors: Bridy Annemarie
Published: July 2018

At the end of 2008, the music industry ended its five-year campaign of litigation against individual peer-to-peer file sharers and announced that it would be shifting its online copyright enforcement efforts to a model known as graduated response. The most widely publicized form of graduated response is a "three strikes and you're out" model, in which a user's Internet access is suspended or terminated by his or her ISP following that user's receipt of three successive notices of copyright infringement. As it has been presented by entertainment industry trade groups, the enforcement paradigm embodied in graduated response forgoes litigation and statutory mandates in favor of voluntary cooperation between rights owners and Internet access providers - parties that have long been at loggerheads with each other in the war on piracy.This article seeks to explain, in the context of evolving network management technology and its impact on intermediary liability rules, why the time may be ripe for broadband providers and corporate rights owners to renegotiate their respective roles in the project of online copyright enforcement. Following an analysis of the turn to private ordering and technology-based mechanisms for policing copyrights online, this article proposes a set of principles to guide the implementation of graduated response regimes so that consumers, who have come to rely on uninterrupted Internet access for everything from banking to blogging, do not fall victim to immature filtering technologies and overzealous enforcement.Annemarie BridyProfessor|University of Idaho College of Law|PO Box 83720-0051|Boise, ID 83720|Ph. 208.364.4583Affiliate Scholar|Stanford Center for Internet and SocietyAffiliate Fellow|Yale Information Society ProjectSSRN|HeinOnline|LinkedIn|Twitter
American geography of opportunity reveals European origins
Authors: Berger Thor , Engzell Per
Published: July 2018

A large literature documents how intergenerational mobility—the degree to which (dis)advantage is passed on from parents to children—varies across and within countries. Less is known about the origin or persistence of such differences. We show that U.S. areas populated by descendants to European immigrants have similar levels of income equality and mobility as the countries their forebears came from: highest in areas dominated by descendants to Scandinavian and German immigrants, lower in places with French or Italian heritage, and lower still in areas with British roots. Similar variation in mobility is found for the black population and when analyzing causal place effects, suggesting that mobility differences arise at the community level and extend beyond descendants of European immigrant groups. Our findings indicate that the geography of U.S. opportunity may have deeper historical roots than previously recognized.
Effect of Gender on Senior Secondary Chemistry Students' Achievement in Stoichiometry using Hands-on Activities
Authors: Ajayi Victor Oluwatosin
Published: July 2018

The study examined the effect of gender on students’ achievement in stoichiometry using hands-on activities. A sample of 292 students from eight purposively selected secondary schools out of a population of 8,381 SS II students from zone C of Benue State, Nigeria was used for the study. The study adopted a quasi-experimental research design. Stoichiometry Achievement Test (SAT) was used for data collection. Reliability coefficient of 0.92 was established using Pearson correlation moment coefficient. Two research questions and two hypotheses guided the study. The research questions were answered using mean and standard deviation while the hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance using Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). The study revealed that there is no significant difference in the mean achievement scores between male and female students taught stoichiometry using hands-on activities; (F(1, 145) = 4.160, p>0.05). It also found no significant interaction effect between methods and gender on the mean achievement scores of students in stoichiometry; (F(1, 291) = 0.11, p>0.05). It was recommended among others that since hands-on activities method is not gender sensitive therefore both male and female students should be involved in hands-on activities to enhance their achievement in stoichiometry.
Algorhythmic governance: Regulating the ‘heartbeat’ of a city using the Internet of Things
Authors: Kitchin Rob
Published: July 2018

To date, research examining the socio-spatial effects of smart city technologies have charted how they are reconfiguring the production of space, spatiality and mobility, and how urban space is governed, but have paid little attention to how the temporality of cities is being reshaped by systems and infrastructure that capture, process and act on real-time data. In this paper, we map out the ways in which city-scale Internet of Things infrastructures, and their associated networks of sensors, meters, transponders, actuators and algorithms, are used to measure, monitor and regulate the polymorphic temporal rhythms of urban life. Drawing on Lefebvre (1992[2004]), and subsequent research, we employ rhythmanalysis in conjunction with Miyazaki’s (2012, 2013a/b) notion of ‘algorhythm’ and nascent work on algorithmic governance, to develop a concept of ‘algorhythmic governance’. We then use this framing to make sense of two empirical case studies: a traffic management system and sound monitoring and modelling. Our analysis reveals: (1) how smart city technologies computationally perform rhythmanalysis and undertake rhythm-work that intervenes in space-time processes; (2) three distinct forms of algorhythmic governance, varying on the basis of adaptiveness, immediacy of action, and whether humans are in, on-, of-, off-the-loop; (3) and a number of factors that shape how algorhythmic governance works in practice.
Inequality is a problem of inference: How people solve the social puzzle of unequal outcomes
Authors: Mijs Jonathan Jan Benjamin
Published: July 2018

A new wave of scholarship recognizes the importance of people’s understanding of inequality that underlies their political convictions, civic values, and policy views. Much less is known however about the sources of people’s different beliefs. I argue that scholarship is hampered by a lack of consensus regarding the conceptualization and measurement of inequality beliefs, in the absence of an organizing theory. To fill this gap, in this paper I develop a framework for studying the social basis of people's explanations for inequality. I propose that people observe unequal outcomes and must infer the invisible forces that brought these about, be they meritocratic or structural in nature. In making inferences about the causes of inequality, people draw on lessons from past experience and information about the world, both of which are biased and limited by their background, social networks, and the environments they have been exposed to. Looking at inequality beliefs through this lens allows for an investigation into the kinds of experiences and environments that are particularly salient in shaping people’s inferential accounts of inequality. Specifically, I make a case for investigating how socializing institutions such as schools and neighborhoods are inferential spaces that shape how children and young adults come to learn about their unequal society and their own place in it. I conclude by proposing testable hypotheses and implications for research.
The evolution of Western tonality: a corpus analysis of 24,000 songs from 190 composers over six centuries
Authors: Huang Pu , Wilson Mark , Mayfield-Jones Dustin , Coneva Viktoriya , Frank Margaret , Chitwood Daniel H.
Published: July 2018

The corpus of Western music offers the chance to analyze trends in its evolution. Here, we analyze greater than 24,000 MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) transcriptions of Western classical music from 197 composers spanning from the 15th to 20th centuries. The unique file format of MIDI files (notes of discrete frequencies turning “on” and “off” at specific times) allows us to statistically quantify note usage with respect to pitch class and intervals. We first perform a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) on pitch class and show that the data creates a ring. Songs strongly associated with a particular key fall on the ring, whereas highly chromatic and atonal works fall in the center, revealing that the evolution of Western music is constrained by the circle of fifths. We then examine interval usage. Discriminant analysis on composer identity reveals that a major source of evolutionary change is incremental and linear. Interval usage predicts individual composer identity at levels above chance. A Self-Organizing Map (SOM) reveals four major groups of composers with similar tonal styles. These groups are loosely based on traditional musical eras, but reveal unexpected continuity between co-existing schools of composers.
Working Anita Bryant: the Impact of Christian Antigay Activism on Lesbian and Gay Movement Claims
Authors: Fetner Tina
Published: July 2018

Social movement scholarship claims that opposing movements can createopportunities and generate mobilization for the other side. However, thereare still open questions as to how this influence between opposingmovements operates on an organizational level. This paper looks closely atone aspect of the impact of opposing movements: rhetorical strategies. Iexamine historical documents produced by social movement organizations todetermine the processes through which interactions between opposingmovements are integrated into the everyday work of producing movementclaims. This historical analysis evaluates the flyers, newsletters, andpress releases of lesbian and gay movement organizations in the UnitedStates over time, comparing documents produced before the emergence of theChristian antigay countermovement in 1977, with those produced immediatelyfollowing the countermovement’s entry into the political scene. I analyzethe shifts in lesbian and gay activists' claims between these two brieftime periods and link these changes to the presence of Christian antigayactivists. I find that frames, tone, and language shift for issues thatwere directly addressed by the Christian antigay movement (lesbian and gayrights), but that no similar change was present for issues on which theantigay movement remained silent (police harassment and lesbian/gay mediarepresentations). These findings support the claim that opposing movementsalter the political context in which the other side works, but they alsodemonstrate that new opportunities produced by an opposing movement may beissue-specific rather than movement-wide.
Bumper Stickers on the Twitter Highway: Analyzing the Speed and Substance of Profile Changes
Authors: Wesslen Ryan , Nandu Sagar , Eltayeby Omar , Gallicano Tiffany , Levens Sara , Jiang Min , Shaikh Samira
Published: July 2018

We describe a novel longitudinal study of the frequency and significance of social media users' profile changes. Drawing upon two formative theories from communication and psychology: self-construal and signaling theory, we examine the likelihood that users will change their profiles and what constitutes a significant profile change. Our findings indicate that users are more likely to change their Profile Summaries and Display Names than their Locations and Screen Names (i.e. handles). Further, we used topic modeling to partition users based on their profiles to identify themes and explored how profile changes differ among these thematic groups (e.g., Trump supporters). Last, we identified the most significant word changes by users in their profiles. Our findings provide valuable baseline data for further study of Twitter profiles, including the spread of social contagion through these profiles.
Secular but not Superficial: An Overlooked Nonreligious/Nonspiritual Identity
Authors: Delaney Daniel G.
Published: July 2018

Since Durkheim’s characterization of the sacred and profane as “antagonistic rivals,” the strict dichotomy has been framed in such a way that “being religious” evokes images of a life filled with profound meaning and value, while “being secular” evokes images of a meaningless, self-centered, superficial life, often characterized by materialistic consumerism and the cold, heartless environment of corporate greed. Consequently, to identify as “neither religious nor spiritual” runs the risk of being stigmatized as superficial, untrustworthy, and immoral. Conflicts and confusions encountered in the process of negotiating a nonreligious/nonspiritual identity, caused by the ambiguous nature of religious language, were explored through qualitative interviews with 14 ex-ministers and 1 atheist minister—individuals for whom supernaturalist religion had formed the central core of identity, but who have deconverted and no longer hold supernatural beliefs. The cognitive linguistics approach of Frame Semantics was applied to the process of “oppositional identity work” to examine why certain identity labels are avoided or embraced due to considerations of the cognitive frames evoked by those labels.Through the constant comparative method of grounded theory, a host of useful theoretical concepts emerged from the data. Several impediments to the construction of a “secular but not superficial” identity were identified, and a framework of new theoretical concepts developed to make sense of them: sense disparity, frame disparity, identity misfire, foiled identity, sense conflation, and conflated frames. Several consequences arising from these impediments were explored: (1) consequences of sense conflation and conflated frames for the study of religion; (2) consequences of conflated frames for religious terminology; and (3) consequences of the negation of conflated frames for those who identify as not religious, not spiritual, or not Christian. Additionally, four types of oppositional identity work were identified and analyzed: (1) avoidance identity work, (2) dissonant identity work, (3) adaptive identity work, and (4) alternative identity work. Finally, the concept of conflated frames was applied to suggest a new interpretation of the classic Weberian disenchantment narrative.
Visual Analysis of Nonlinear Dynamical Systems: Chaos, Fractals, Self-Similarity and the Limits of Prediction
Authors: Boeing Geoff
Published: July 2018

Nearly all nontrivial real-world systems are nonlinear dynamical systems. Chaos describes certain nonlinear dynamical systems that have a very sensitive dependence on initial conditions. Chaotic systems are always deterministic and may be very simple, yet they produce completely unpredictable and divergent behavior. Systems of nonlinear equations are difficult to solve analytically, and scientists have relied heavily on visual and qualitative approaches to discover and analyze the dynamics of nonlinearity. Indeed, few fields have drawn as heavily from visualization methods for their seminal innovations: from strange attractors, to bifurcation diagrams, to cobweb plots, to phase diagrams and embedding. Although the social sciences are increasingly studying these types of systems, seminal concepts remain murky or loosely adopted. This article has three aims. First, it argues for several visualization methods to critically analyze and understand the behavior of nonlinear dynamical systems. Second, it uses these visualizations to introduce the foundations of nonlinear dynamics, chaos, fractals, self-similarity and the limits of prediction. Finally, it presents Pynamical, an open-source Python package to easily visualize and explore nonlinear dynamical systems’ behavior.
Waking Yourself Up: The Liberatory Potential of Critical University Studies
Authors: Arthur Mikaila Mariel Lemonik , Renshaw Scott
Published: July 2018

Critical university studies courses can provide students with a context in which to learn not only about the concealed workings and hidden curriculum of the university, but more than that a liberatory space in which to find voice in shaping their own futures. This paper explores the liberatory potential of critical university studies through a conversation between a faculty member who designed and taught an interdisciplinary general education course on higher education and a student who was enrolled in the course the first time it was offered. The conversation explores the course’s pedagogy as both professor and student contemplate the ways in which contemporary higher education may limit the horizons of first-generation students and the ways in which critical university studies can open up possibilities and provide students with a sense of self-efficacy.
Inventing Around Copyright
Authors: Burk Dan
Published: July 2018

Patent law has long harbored the concept of "inventing around," under which competitors to a patent holder may be expected, and even encouraged, to design their technologies so as to skirt the boundaries defined by patent claims. It has become increasingly clear that, for better or for worse, copyright also fosters inventing around. Copyright is not based on written claims, but because copyright links exclusive rights to technological actions such as reproduction, distribution, or transmission, the language of the copyright statute, and judicial readings of the statute, create boundaries around which potential infringers may technologically navigate. For example, the Aereo case recently decided by the Supreme Court involves technology that was explicitly designed to conform to non-infringing definitions of private transmission found in previous court decisions. But in copyright, unlike patent, there has been little analysis of the tendency to foster alternative technological development. In this paper I draw upon previous analyses of inventing around in patent law to assess the benefits and detriments of inventing around in copyright.
Response Error and the Medicaid Undercount in the Current Population Survey
Authors: Noon James , Fernandez Leticia , Rastogi Sonya
Published: July 2018

The Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement (CPS ASEC) is an important source for estimates of the uninsured population. Previous research has shown that survey estimates produce an undercount of beneficiaries compared to Medicaid enrollment records. We extend past work by examining the Medicaid undercount in the 2007-2011 CPS ASEC compared to enrollment data from the Medicaid Statistical Information System for calendar years 2006-2010. By linking individuals across datasets, we analyze two types of response error regarding Medicaid enrollment – false negative error and false positive error. We use regression analysis to identify factors associated with these two types of response error in the 2011 CPS ASEC. We find that the Medicaid undercount was between 22 and 31 percent from 2007 to 2011. In 2011, the false negative rate was 40 percent, and 27 percent of Medicaid reports in CPS ASEC were false positives. False negative error is associated with the duration of enrollment in Medicaid, enrollment in Medicare and private insurance, and Medicaid enrollment in the survey year. False positive error is associated with enrollment in Medicare and shared Medicaid coverage in the household. We discuss implications for survey reports of health insurance coverage and for estimating the uninsured population.