bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immunotherapy targeting mesothelin in acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Wang Qingguang , Gong Rui
Published: August 2022

Mesothelin (MSLN) is an emerging target that exists in soluble and membrane-associated forms. It is usually used for the diagnosis and treatment of MSLN-positive solid tumors. Interestingly, recent studies have shown that MSLN is highly expressed in 36% of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients and barely expressed in normal hematopoietic cells, which makes MSLN a promising target for the treatment of AML. It has been shown that MSLN is detectable as a diagnostic marker in its soluble form. Although the mechanism of action is unclear, MSLN remains a promising target for immunotherapy. Most MSLN research has been conducted in solid tumors, and less research has been conducted in hematopoietic tumors. Increasing research on MSLN is underway in AML, a hematopoietic neoplasm. For example, MSLN is related to extramedullary disease, minimal residual disease, and relapse in AML patients. Decreasing the expression of MSLN reduces the severity of the disease course. This information suggests that MSLN may be an ideal target for the treatment of many AML-related diseases to improve the prognosis and survival rate. At present, there are a few immunotherapies targeting MSLN in AML in preclinical and clinical trials, such as antibody‒drug conjugates, bispecific T-cell engagers, and chimeric antigen receptor-T cells, which opens new room for the treatment of MSLN-related AML.
Mud in the city: Effects of freshwater salinization on inland urban wetland nitrogen and phosphorus availability and export
Authors: Kinsman‐Costello Lauren , Bean Eban , Goeckner Audrey , Matthews Jeffrey W. , O'Driscoll Michael , Palta Monica M. , Peralta Ariane L. , Reisinger Alexander J. , Reyes Gabriela J. , Smyth Ashley R. , Stofan Marie
Published: August 2022

Salinization and eutrophication are nearly ubiquitous in watersheds with human activity. Despite the known impacts of the freshwater salinization syndrome (FSS) to organisms, we demonstrate a pronounced knowledge gap on how FSS alters wetland biogeochemistry. Most experiments assessing FSS and biogeochemistry pertain to coastal saltwater intrusion. The few inland wetland studies mostly add salt as sodium chloride. Sodium chloride alone does not reflect the ionic composition of inland salinization, which derives from heterogeneous sources, producing spatially and temporally variable ionic mixtures. We develop mechanistic hypotheses for how elevated ionic strength and changing ionic composition alter urban wetland sediment biogeochemistry, with the prediction that FSS diminishes nutrient removal capacity via a suite of related direct and indirect processes. We propose that future efforts specifically investigate inland urban wetlands, a category of wetland heavily relied on for its biogeochemical processing ability that is likely to be among the most impacted by salinization.
Are the Temporal Changes Observed in the Reproductive Biology of the Estuarine Conguito Sea Catfish Related to Increased Small-Scale Fishing Effort on the Northwestern Pacific Coast of Mexico?
Authors: Amezcua-Linares Felipe , Cruz-González Karen A. , Flores-de-Santiago Francisco , Muro Victor , Green Lucinda , Amezcua Felipe
Published: August 2022

Biological parameters relating to the reproductive biology of Conguito Sea Catfish Cathorops liropus were investigated in 1979–1984 and 2015–2018 from an estuarine system on the northwestern Pacific coast of Mexico. In the first period, the spawning season occurred during the dry–warm season (April–June), according with the percentage of mature females and the highest gonadosomatic index (GSI) values. Mean TL was 12.3 cm, two cohorts were found, length at maturity was 18.6 cm, and fecundity was 24.47 oocytes/organism. In the second period, the spawning season extended to the rainy–warm season (July–November), as reflected by the percentage of mature females and the GSI values. Mean TL was 11.6 cm, length at maturity decreased to 17.1 cm, and fecundity decreased to 20.67 oocytes/organism, indicating a reduction in the size-based indicators and a change in the spawning period and reproductive effort as time passed. The number of fishing skiffs increased from 1,103 in 1980 to 2,434 in 2019, representing a 220% increase, and the landings increased from 400 to 3,432 metric tons in the same period. Temporal trends in surface water temperature, salinity, and the Oceanic Niño Index did not explain the observed changes between the study periods. These results suggest that the observed changes in the reproductive potential of Conguito Sea Catfish have been at least partially due to fishing.
Technical note: Rapid and high‐resolution deep learning–based radiopharmaceutical imaging with 3D‐CZT Compton camera and sparse projection data
Authors: Yao Zhiyang , Shi Changrong , Tian Feng , Xiao Yongshun , Geng Changran , Tang Xiaobin
Published: August 2022

Background

The Compton camera (CC) has great potential in nuclear medicine imaging due to the high detection efficiency and the ability to simultaneously detect multi‐energy radioactive sources. However, the finite resolution of the detectors will degrade the images that the real‐world CC can obtain. Besides, the CC sometimes can be limited by the detection efficiency, leading to difficulty in using sparse projection data to realize high‐resolution reconstruction with short‐time measurement, which limits its clinical application for real‐time or rapid radiopharmaceutical imaging.

Purpose

To overcome the difficulty and promote the usage of the CC in radiopharmaceutical imaging, we present a deep learning (DL)–based CC reconstruction method to realize rapid and high‐resolution imaging with short‐time measurement.

Methods

We developed a DL–based algorithm MCBP‐CCnet via Monte Carlo sampling–based back projection and a dedicated convolutional neural network, called CC‐Net, to realize the rapid and high‐resolution reconstruction with sparse projection data. A CC prototype based on a single three‐dimensional position‐sensitive CdZnTe (3D‐CZT) detector was used to demonstrate the feasibility of our proposed method. The simulations and experiments of radiopharmaceutical imaging used the 3D‐CZT CC and [18F]NaF. A 3D‐printing mouse phantom was also further used to evaluate the performance of the proposed method in animal molecular imaging.

Results

The simulation and experimental results showed that the proposed method could realize the images reconstruction within 5 s for list‐mode projection data and realized a rapid reconstruction within 35 s for experimental radiopharmaceutical imaging based on the 3D‐printing mouse phantom, as well as realized the high‐resolution imaging with an accuracy of within 0.78 mm in terms of the sparse projection data that only contained hundreds of events. Besides, the deviations between the reconstructed radiative activities and the exact values were less than 1.51%.

Conclusion

The results demonstrated that the proposed method could realize the rapid and high‐resolution CC reconstruction with sparse projection data obtained by the 3D‐CZT CC and realize the high‐resolution radiopharmaceutical imaging. The study in this paper also demonstrated the potential and feasibility of future applications of a 3D‐CZT CC for real‐time high‐resolution radiopharmaceutical imaging with short‐time measurement.
Early Iron Age cavalry? Evidence of oral and thoracolumbar pathologies on possible warhorses from Iron Age, Denmark
Authors: Kveiborg Jacob , Nørgaard Maria
Published: August 2022

This article presents paleopathological analyses of six adult male Iron Age horses (4th century BC to 5th century AD) found in association with large amounts of ritually deposited warrior paraphernalia including horse tack. Pathological lesions have been observed on all six horses. The observed pathologies can be divided into three major categories: oral pathologies including abnormal dental wear, spinal pathologies and trauma, and pathologies of the limb bones. Some of the observed pathologies (e.g., cranial asymmetry) are most likely developmental, and some (e.g., arthritic thoracolumbar lesions and bone spavin) are possibly age related. Other observed lesions, such as mandibular periostitis (bony spurs) at the dorsal interalveolar margin and abnormal dental wear, seem to be more directly associated with horseback riding or the use of bits. The close match between a reconstructed ported bit from one of the sites included in the study and dental lesions and wear in two of the horses suggests that the horses were ridden with equipment strongly connected to warfare. The presence of vertebral endplate fractures in the thoracolumbar region in three of the horses may further relate to the use of horses for riding. The analyses thus support previous studies in suggesting that pathologies located in the lower thoracic/lumbar region and various types of bit wear are indicative of horseback riding.
Prediction of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease using anthropometry and body fat measures by sex and race/ethnicity in the United States
Authors: Jones Gieira S. , Graubard Barry I. , Alvarez Christian S. , McGlynn Katherine A.
Published: August 2022

Objective

The prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasing in the United States and is strongly linked to obesity in many, but not all, racial/ethnic groups. It is conceivable that the lack of correspondence is related to differential fat distribution. The study objective was to examine which fat distribution measures best predicted NAFLD by sex within racial/ethnic groups.

Methods

The analysis included 1,404 participants from the 2017‐2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) analyses compared the ability of dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry‐measured percentage total fat and abdominal fat with measured BMI, waist circumference, and waist to height ratio to predict ultrasound transient‐elastography‐assessed NAFLD in each sex and racial/ethnic group.

Results

AUC analysis found the best predictors of NAFLD among men were waist circumference and total abdominal fat area (AUC: 84.1%) and the best predictor among women was visceral fat (AUC: 85.2). NAFLD prediction by body fat measures, however, was similar between racial/ethnic groups.

Conclusions

The best predictors of NAFLD, using body fat distribution measures, vary by sex but not by racial/ethnic group.
Desulfurization of Morupule Coal with Subcritical Aqueous Ethanol Extraction
Authors: Nermark Fiona M. , Mapolelo Mmilili M. , Darkwa James , Wendt Ola F. , Turner Charlotta
Published: August 2022

Coal combustion greatly contributes to global emissions of toxic gases into the atmosphere, with sulfur emissions as one of the prominent pollutants in addition to carbon dioxide. Nevertheless, Botswana utilizes Morupule's sub‐bituminous coal with average sulfur and ash contents, as determined in this study being 1.9 and 24.4 % by weight with an average calorific value of 22 MJ Kg−1 to generate electricity. We report an optimized extraction method for reducing total sulfur in Morupule coal from 1.9±0.2 to 0.43±0.02 wt.% at optimum conditions of ethanol/water (90/10, v/v %) at 129 °C (105 bars) in 10 minutes. A Box–Behnken experimental design was employed to select the optimal conditions of temperature (100–180 °C), water proportion in ethanol (10–90, v/v %) and extraction time (10–30 minutes), thus reducing the total sulfur under these mild conditions compared to conventional extraction. The optimized conditions were however not efficient in removing ash.
The in situ synthesis of weakly entangled ultrahigh‐molecular‐weight polyethylene/polyethylene wax blends and its synergetic disentanglement effect on LLDPE reinforcement
Authors: Chen Yuming , Tao Gan , Li Wei , Zhou Qi , Shu Baoqiang , Jiang Binbo , Wang Jingdai , Yang Yongrong
Published: August 2022

High‐performance ultrahigh‐molecular‐weight polyethylene (UHMWPE)/low‐molecular‐weight polyethylene (PE) mixture additives were proven to be effective for enhancing commercial high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) resins, which were synthesized by the complicated dual‐site immobilized catalyst system. In this paper, PE wax components were preadded in the polymerization reactor for in situ synthesizing the UHMWPE/PE wax binary blends with just a single SiO2/MgCl2 supported Z–N catalyst modified by the active site isolators. The influence of PE wax addition on the catalytic activity, molecular weight, thermodynamic property, particle size, and entanglement density was systematically researched. It was evidenced that the catalytic activity and molecular weight exhibit a linear relationship with the ethylene solubility caused by the PE wax addition. Besides, the competition between chain propagation/crystallization balance and PE wax long chains entanglement effect arising from the PE wax addition leads to the minimum entanglement density (GNt = 0.59) of UHPE‐20%. The disbalance of chain propagation rate and chain crystallization rate can be broken by PE particle fragmentation, inducing rapidly increased entanglements. Furthermore, with the synergistic disentanglement influence of reduced entanglements for UHMWPE and the chain diffusion ability for PE wax, the LU‐30 sample with a mixture of UHPE‐30% and linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) exhibits the optimum strength/stiffness/toughness properties. The tensile strength, Young's modulus, and impact strength of LU‐30 reach 18.2 MPa (+4%), 172.1 MPa (+53.8%), 60.5 kJ/m2 (+13.1%), respectively, compared with those of pure LLDPE. The overall enhanced mechanical properties are attributed to the intensive signal intensity and tightly stacked form of shish‐kebab structures, which were verified by the two‐dimensional small angle X‐ray scattering and two‐dimensional wide angle X‐ray diffraction patterns. In addition, the in situ polymerization method of UHMWPE/PE wax with SiO2/MgCl2 supported Z–N catalysts exhibits a great probability of efficient utilization of low‐molecular‐weight polyethylene by‐products (PE wax).
The effect of dielectric and thermal properties of plastic mold materials on the high frequency welding of three‐dimensional foam components
Authors: Schneider Kevin , Gothe Bastian , Drexler Maximilian , Siltamaeki Jarkko , Weiger Helge , Seefried Andreas , Drummer Dietmar
Published: August 2022

High‐frequency heating processes are widely used in industry, for example, for food processing, wood drying, or plastic welding. A recent development in this field uses radio‐frequency heating to fuse particle foam beads to complex components. The aim of using the modified process is to reduce the energy consumption of particle foam fusion. Within this process, the molds used must be electrically insulating to ensure the building of an electrical field. For this purpose, mold made of two different plastics were analyzed. Additional to the dielectric, mechanical, and thermal expansion, the thermal conductivity of the mold materials are of great interest. Although welding is finished quickly, cooling to the demolding temperature is comparably long. To achieve shorter cooling and therefore shorter process times, the mold materials were modified by two different thermal conductive but electrically insulating fillers. By the use of the thermally optimized mold materials, a reduction in cooling time of up to 40% was possible. At the same time, the heating step was hardly affected. Mechanical properties were enhanced while thermal expansion was reduced.
Registration of ‘UC‐Capay’, a low‐grain‐protein, non–glycoside nitrile producing, California‐adapted, two‐rowed spring malting barley
Authors: del Blanco Isabel Alicia , Hegarty Joshua M. , Dubcovsky Jorge
Published: August 2022

California has a fast‐growing malting industry in need of local production of malting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) to provide malt to a well‐established craft brewing industry. ‘UC‐Capay’ (Reg. no. CV‐376, PI 698168, PVP application number 202100205) is the third malting barley cultivar released by the University of California, following ‘UC Tahoe’ (2016) and ‘Butta 12’ (2019). UC‐Capay is an early‐flowering, two‐rowed spring malting barley with low grain protein content, characterized by its exceptional large and plump grains. UC‐Capay is adapted to the California's Central Valley (Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys) and is resistant to all common diseases present in this region. UC‐Capay is a non‐glycoside nitrile producer, a trait highly valued by craft maltsters and distillers. UC‐Capay meets the quality standards of a craft malting and brewing industry interested in sourcing locally grown barley.
Efficacy and safety of permissive hypercapnia in preterm infants: A systematic review
Authors: Ozawa Yuri , Miyake Fuyu , Isayama Tetsuya
Published: August 2022

Context

In adults, permissive hypercapnia reduces mortality and ventilation duration. However, in preterm infants, the findings from past research regarding the efficacy and safety of permissive hypercapnia are controversial.

Objective

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of permissive hypercapnia versus normocapnia in preterm infants on mechanical ventilation.

Data Sources

MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, and CINAHL

Study Selection

Published randomized controlled trials (RCTs), non‐RCTs, interrupted time series, cohort studies, case–control studies, and controlled before‐and‐after studies were included.

Data Extraction

Two reviewers independently screened the title, abstract, and full text, extracted data, assessed the risk of bias, and evaluated certainty of evidence (CoE) according to the Grading of Recommendations Assessment and Development and Evaluation approach. A meta‐analysis of RCTs was performed using the random‐effects model.

Results

Four RCTs (693 infants) and one cohort study (371 infants) were included. No significant differences existed between the permissive hypercapnia and normocapnia groups for bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) (risk ratio [RR], 0.94; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.74–1.18; very low CoE) and a composite outcome of death or BPD (RR, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.90–1.23; very low CoE). Permissive hypercapnia may increase necrotizing enterocolitis (RR, 1.69; 95% CI, 0.98–2.91; very low CoE), but the null or trivial effect cannot be excluded. No significant differences existed between the two groups for any other outcome assessed (very low‐to‐low CoE).

Limitations

The sample sizes were less than the optimal sizes for all outcomes assessed, indicating the need for further trials.

Conclusions

Permissive hypercapnia did not have any significant benefit or harm in preterm infants.
An avirulent Ralstonia solanacearum strain FJAT1458 outcompetes with virulent strain and induces tomato plant resistance against bacterial wilt
Authors: Zheng Xuefang , Xiao Rongfeng , Chen Meichun , Wu Huijun , Gao Xuewen , Wang Jieping
Published: August 2022

BACKGROUND

Bacterial wilt (BW) caused by Ralstonia solanacearum (RS) is considered as one of the most destructive plant diseases. An avirulent strain of RS, FJAT1458, is a potential biocontrol agent of BW. In this study, the mechanism of FJAT1458 against BW was evaluated.

RESULTS

FJAT1458 was tagged with the red fluorescent protein gene, and the resulting strain was named as FJAT1458‐RFP. When FJAT1458‐RFP and FJAT91‐GFP (a virulent strain of RS labelled with the green fluorescent protein gene), were co‐inoculated in potted tomato plants, the colonization of FJAT91‐GFP reached an almost undetectable level at 7 days post‐inoculation (dpi) in the roots and at 9 dpi in rhizosphere soil. When they were co‐inoculated in a hydroponic tomato growing system, numbers of the two strains were similar at 3 dpi in the root tissues; however, FJAT91‐GFP was not detected at 9 dpi while FJAT1458‐RFP maintained 1.77 × 105 CFU g−1. The inoculation of FJAT1458‐RFP alone or combination with FJAT91‐GFP significantly increased tomato root activity. Moreover, expression levels of the defense‐related genes PR‐1a, GLUA, and CHI3 in tomato roots were significantly up‐regulated by FJAT1458‐RFP and co‐inoculation of FJAT1458‐RFP and FJAT91‐GFP at 5 dpi, compared to the control (water, CK) treatment. Noteworthy, expression levels of GLUA in the treatments of FJAT1458‐RFP and FJAT1458‐RFP + FJAT91‐GFP were 12.22‐ and 12.05‐fold higher than that in the CK at 5 dpi, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

The results suggested that the avirulent strain FJAT1458‐RFP could suppress colonization of the virulent strain in tomato roots, and induce tomato plant resistance against BW. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Cluster Gauss‐Newton method analyses of PBPK model parameter combinations of coproporphyrin‐I based on OATP1B‐mediated rifampicin interaction studies
Authors: Yoshikado Takashi , Aoki Yasunori , Mochizuki Tatsuki , Rodrigues A. David , Chiba Koji , Kusuhara Hiroyuki , Sugiyama Yuichi
Published: August 2022

Coproporphyrin I (CP‐I) is an endogenous biomarker supporting the prediction of drug–drug interactions (DDIs) involving hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B (OATP1B). We previously constructed a physiologically‐based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for CP‐I using clinical DDI data with an OATP1B inhibitor, rifampicin (RIF). In this study, PBPK model parameters for CP‐I were estimated using the cluster Gauss–Newton method (CGNM), an algorithm used to find multiple approximate solutions for nonlinear least‐squares problems. Eight unknown parameters including the hepatic overall intrinsic clearance (CLint,all), the rate of biosynthesis (vsyn), and the OATP1B inhibition constant of RIF(Ki,u,OATP) were estimated by fitting to the observed CP‐I blood concentrations in two different clinical studies involving changing the RIF dose. Multiple parameter combinations were obtained by CGNM that could well capture the clinical data. Among those, CLint,all, Ki,u,OATP, and vsyn were sensitive parameters. The obtained Ki,u,OATP for CP‐I was 5.0‐ and 2.8‐fold lower than that obtained for statins, confirming our previous findings describing substrate‐dependent Ki,u,OATP values. In conclusion, CGNM analyses of PBPK model parameter combinations enables estimation of the three essential parameters for CP‐I to capture the DDI profiles, even if the other parameters remain unidentified. The CGNM also clarified the importance of appropriate combinations of other unidentified parameters to enable capture of the CP‐I concentration time course under the influence of RIF. The described CGNM approach may also support the construction of robust PBPK models for additional transporter biomarkers beyond CP‐I.
Deep Insights into Complicated Superdislocation Dissociation and Core Properties of Dislocation in L12‐Al3RE Compounds: A Comprehensive First‐Principles Study
Authors: Ma Li , Huang Jingli , Tang Pingying , Huang Guohua , Zeng Li , Wang Zhipeng , Fan Touwen
Published: August 2022

The complicated superdislocation dissociation, dislocation core properties, and slip mechanism of L12 structural alloys have been controversial. Herein, the generalized stacking‐fault energy surfaces (γ‐surfaces) of the {001}, {110}, and {111} planes in L12‐Al3RE (RE = Er, Tm, Yb, Lu) compounds are first calculated according to ab initio density functional theory. Based on the γ‐surfaces, the superdislocation dissociation modes are preliminarily estimated using the unstable and stable stacking‐fault energies and their ratio. The result shows that the possible type of dissociations cannot be determined just from these ratios. Then, the 2D Peierls–Nabarro (PN) model is applied to simulate the ⟨110⟩{111} superdislocation dissociation configuration evolution in L12‐Al3RE, and the complete dislocation properties, including the dissociation width, the dislocation movement, and the Peierls energy and stress, are also investigated. The present study indicates that the combination of the γ‐surface and the 2D PN model can comprehensively elucidate the superdislocation properties and deformation mechanisms of L12 structural alloys.
Interband Transitions and Critical Points of Single‐Crystal Thoria Compared with Urania
Authors: Dugan Christina , Wang Lu , Zhang Kai , Mann James Matthew , Kimani Martin M. , Mei Wai-Ning , Dowben Peter A. , Petrosky James
Published: August 2022

The interband transitions of UO2are validated independently through cathode luminescence. A picture emerges consistent with density functional theory. While theory is generally consistent with experiment, it is evident from the comparison of UO2and ThO2that the choice of functional can significantly alter the bandgap and some details of the band structure, in particular at the conduction band minimum. Strictly ab initio predictions of the optical properties of the actinide compounds, based on density functional theory alone, continue to be somewhat elusive.
Experimental and Theoretical Validation of Room Temperature Intrinsic Ferromagnetism in Cr3C2 Due to Interstitial Carbon Atoms
Authors: Javid Muhammad , Jiang Xue , Gao Yinlu , Zhao Lizhong , Zhang Xuefeng , Xu Xiaohui , Farid Amjad , Saleem Muhammad Farooq , Zuo Xueqing , Zhao Yongpeng , Pan Lujun , Dong Xinglong
Published: August 2022

Ferromagnetism is explored in Cr3C2 from microscopic to electronic levels and the spin coupling is attributed to the p electrons of the nearest‐neighbor carbon atoms around the Cr–C atomic interactions. By using the spin‐polarized density functional calculations, four models are formulated. The models reveal that the C atoms seated in tri‐prism I site can induce magnetic moments and the C vacancies can also take part in the induced magnetic moment. The p–d orbital interactions between C interstitial atom and Cr atom contribute to two asymmetric states of majority and minority spins and lead to weak magnetic moments. The C interstitial atoms and C vacancies in the crystal lattice of Cr3C2 are observed by high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy and electron‐spin resonance (ESR) techniques. The magnetic properties of Cr3C2 are investigated by a superconducting quantum interference device.
Olive leaf extract inhibits metastatic melanoma spread through suppression of epithelial to mesenchymal transition
Authors: De Cicco Paola , Ercolano Giuseppe , Tenore Gian Carlo , Ianaro Angela
Published: August 2022

Olive tree leaves are an abundant source of bioactive compounds with several beneficial effects for human health, including a protective role against many types of cancer. In this study, we investigated the effect of an extract, obtained from olive tree (Olea europaea L.) leaves (OLE), on proliferation, invasion, and epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) on metastatic melanoma, the highly aggressive form of skin cancer and the deadliest diseases. Our results demonstrated that OLE inhibited melanoma cells proliferation through cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptotic cell death. Moreover, OLE suppressed the migration, invasion, and colonies formation of human melanoma cells. Similar to our in vitro findings, we demonstrated that the oral administration of OLE inhibited cutaneous tumor growth and lung metastasis formation in vivo by modulating the expression of EMT related factors. In addition, the anti‐proliferative and anti‐invasive effects of OLE against melanoma were also related to a simultaneous targeting of mitogen‐activated protein kinase and PI3K pathways, both in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, our findings suggest that OLE has the potential to inhibit the metastatic spread of melanoma cells thanks to its multifaceted mechanistic effects, and may represent a new add‐on therapy for the management of metastatic melanoma.
Food sensors: Off‐package and on‐package approaches
Authors: Kuswandi Bambang , Moradi Mehran , Ezati Parya
Published: August 2022

Food sensors are an emerging technology used in food quality monitoring and safety, potentially decreasing food loss and waste and protecting the health of consumers. Food sensors integrated into intelligent packaging systems are promising to enhance food shelf‐life during transportation, distribution, storage, and selling. In this review, the role of food sensors in the intelligent packaging system, their developments, and challenges are discussed. First, we discuss the motivation behind food sensors in the food quality and safety management system, followed by the background of the intelligent packaging development and factors involved in the food properties monitoring. Then, food sensor approaches, both on‐package and off‐package sensors, were discussed. Following, the examples of potential food sensors integrated into a packaging system, which allows monitoring food quality and safety, were also described, followed by several strategies to monitor premature food spoilage. Finally, the prospects of an on‐package sensor as a smart packaging and related challenges are addressed.
A review of microservices autoscaling with formal verification perspective
Authors: Jawaddi Siti Nuraishah Agos , Johari Muhammad Hamizan , Ismail Azlan
Published: August 2022

The process of scaling microservices is a challenging task, especially in maintaining optimum resource provisioning while respecting QoS constraints and SLA. Many research works have proposed autoscaling approaches for microservices, however, less likely concerned with the correctness guarantee of the proposed algorithms. Hence, it is significant to gather and summarize these approaches to foster future innovation. Meanwhile, a few reviews have been published concerning microservices from different aspects. Therefore, our review complements the existing by focusing on autoscaling with verification perspectives. This study highlights the recent contributions in three inter‐related main topics that were published within the year 2017 to 2022, namely, microservice, verification, and autoscaling. Due to limited resources on verification for microservice autoscaling, we widen the perspective by considering the verification for autoscaling in cloud‐based systems. Based on our findings, we found that the formal method is not a new thing in verifying the autoscaling policies in cloud‐based systems, and one recent study that implements the formal method in the microservices area has been identified. Apart from the autoscaling techniques, we have also determined several factors that have been a concern in scaling the microservices as well as the relatable metrics. Meanwhile, from a verification perspective, we identified that probabilistic model checking is the common formal verification technique used to verify microservices and cloud autoscaling. Finally, we recommend open challenges from two perspectives which highlight the verification for existing microservice autoscaling and verification for ML‐based microservice autoscaling.
A model for predicting the splitting bearing capacity of Fiber Reinforced Concrete elements under partially loaded areas
Authors: Trabucchi Ivan , Tiberti Giuseppe , Plizzari Giovanni A.
Published: August 2022

Concrete elements are frequently subjected to partially loaded areas; a typical example is represented by precast tunnel segments. In fact, during the excavation process, the hydraulic jacks of the boring machine exert, on the last assembled ring, high forces concentrated on small areas with respect to the size of ring joint. Similarly, when lining is embedded in ground, high hooping forces are transmitted through longitudinal joints, which present a contact zone smaller than the segment cross section. In both cases, spreading these loads into tunnel segments result in tensile transverse stresses which may cause splitting cracks. In the last decades, the growing desire to find more economic and sustainable solutions has driven enormous efforts in the tunnel industry to find new design solution such those based on Fiber Reinforced Concrete (FRC) or a combination of FRC and traditionally steel rebars. Research studies have already demonstrated the ability of fibers in controlling splitting crack phenomena. However, there is a lack of knowledge on reliable analytical approaches to quantify these benefits. The main aim of this paper is to develop a new model for determining the bearing capacity of FRC elements under partially loaded areas when splitting failure occurs. The analytical model herein reported allows a good prediction of the maximum loads exhibited by FRC prisms tested under high concentrated loads, whose data were selected from the literature.
Investigating the performance of stone columns in an extremely soft clay—A case study
Authors: Harelimana Vincent , Ping Yuan Jun , Gao Zhu Jun , Umuhuza Salomon K. A.
Published: August 2022

Stone columns are used to improve soft soils; however, they fail through bulging, punching, and lateral expansion when the soil is extremely soft. The present study investigated the performance of stone columns in an extremely soft clay (ESC) through the addition of the appropriate geosynthetic materials. Field test was conducted for the foremost purpose of obtaining the optimal spacing between the consecutive stone columns and therefore prevents the failures of stone columns in ESC soils. The study further examined the failure modes of stone columns for the case of ESC soils. The computer programming software FLAC 3D was used for modeling and simulation, while Auto CAD was used to draw needed geometries of the case study. The results revealed that the full encasement of the stone column with suitable geogrids, optimal spacing, and proper design of cushion will enable the efficient use of stone columns as a composite foundation in ESC. The considered appropriate thickness of the cushion was found to be 30 cm, and this cushion helps the embedded soft clay soils to work together with the installed encased stone columns in ESC soils. The center‐to‐center (optimal) spacing between two consecutive stone columns showed optimal performance at distance S ≤ 5d of the diameter of the stone column. These findings show that stone column encased with suitable geogrids and optimal spacing will improve the bearing capacity, reduce settlement, and decrease the lateral deflection as well as hoop strain of the foundation.
A New Fuzzy Sliding Mode Control Method for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Servo System Based on Optimization of Fuzzy Rules
Authors: Guo Liang , Zhang Xu , Zheng Chao , Zhang Peng , Wu Xiaowen
Published: August 2022

Aiming at the problems of inherent chattering of traditional sliding mode control system of permanent magnet synchronous motor and further improving the control precision, a new fuzzy exponential reaching law sliding mode control method optimized by improved differential evolution (DE) algorithm (DEFSMC) is proposed in this article. A new hyperbolic tangent function with fuzzy boundary layer is proposed to instead of the traditional switching function, and the improved DE algorithm is used to optimize the fuzzy rules of parameters in sliding mode controller. Simulation and experimental results prove that the proposed strategy can effectively reduce the chattering and overshoot, and improve the response speed and robustness of the system. © 2022 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Multimodal analgesic technique in a peacock (Pavo cristatus) anaesthetised for orthopaedic surgery
Authors: Marchese Giorgia Anna , Calvo Carrasco Daniel , Pascal Manuel
Published: August 2022

A 6‐month‐old, male peacock (Pavo cristatus) underwent right‐sided corrective tibiotarsal osteotomy under general anaesthesia. Butorphanol (1 mg/kg) and midazolam (1 mg/kg) were administered in the pectoral muscle as pre‐anaesthetic medications. Anaesthesia was induced with intravenous alfaxalone (2.5 mg/kg) and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. Intermittent positive‐pressure ventilation was applied. A nerve stimulator‐guided femoral nerve block and a nerve stimulator‐ and ultrasound‐guided sciatic nerve block were performed before surgery with lidocaine. An intravenous bolus of ketamine (1 mg/kg), followed by infusion (20 µg/kg/min) was administered intraoperatively. No nociception was recorded during surgery. This case report describes a successful multimodal analgesic technique in a peacock anaesthetised for orthopaedic surgery.
Four‐Coordinate Germylene and Stannylene and their Reactivity towards Se & Te**
Authors: Hossain Jabed , Parvin Nasrina , Shah Brij Kumar , Khan Shabana
Published: August 2022

In this work, we have prepared a bulky ligand supported chlorogermylene (LGeCl) [L=C6H4‐2‐{C(Me)=NAr*}; Ar*=(2,6‐bis(diphenylmethyl)‐4‐methylphenyl)] (2), chlorostannylene (LSnCl) (3), four‐coordinate germylene (L2Ge) (4) and four‐coordinate stannylene (L2Sn) (5). Subsequently, the reactions of 4 and 5 with elemental selenium and tellurium led to the isolation of respective heavy ketones (7‐9). All the compounds are well characterized by multinuclear NMR techniques and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies.
Finding the Right Balance: Technical and Political Decentralization in the Token Economy
Authors: Pfister Michelle , Kannengießer Niclas , Sunyaev Ali
Published: August 2022

Token economy instances can be built on a variety of protocols, such as distributed ledger technology (DLT) protocols. DLT protocols are used to operate DLT systems that perform, in a decentralized way, several tasks (e.g., the prevention of double-spending) that are usually handled by central actors, such as banks. Using DLT can be subject to challenges in terms of interoperability between DLT systems (e.g., due to incompatible interfaces), limiting the dynamics in token economy instances, for example, regarding collaboration between organizations operating on separate distributed ledgers. Cross-ledger interoperability (CLI) systems can connect DLT systems. However, it is unclear how the degree of decentralization (i.e., technical and political) of CLI systems affects token economy instances that comprise multiple DLT systems. To better understand such effects, we describe patterns for the implementation of CLI systems and present our notion of political decentralization in token economy instances using CLI. We describe potential implications of CLI patterns and governance mechanisms on token economy instances. Drawing from those implications, we discuss balancing centralization and decentralization in token economy instances that comprise multiple DLT and CLI systems.
Tokenization and Regulatory Compliance for Art and Collectibles Markets: From Regulators’ Demands for Transparency to Investors’ Demands for Privacy
Authors: Barbereau Tom , Sedlmeir Johannes , Smethurst Reilly , Fridgen Gilbert , Rieger Alexander
Published: August 2022

Art and collectibles markets tend to involve lower liquidity and higher fees than public equity markets. Distributed ledger technology can tokenize artworks and collectibles, so that claims to these assets can be exchanged digitally without intermediaries. Tokenization offers investors access to a global market plus a digitized paper trail, as well as new options for the fractional ownership of artworks, art-collateralized loans, and yield-bearing art assets. The main challenge for tokenization researchers and platform developers is to simultaneously satisfy regulators’ demands for transparency and auditability as well as art investors’ demands for privacy. New technological solutions are required that enable market participants to disclose the absolute minimum amount of information that is demanded by regulators. We investigate how distributed ledger technology, cryptography, and digital identity management can help address this challenge.
General Background
Authors: Petter Françoise , Trontin Charlotte , Anthoine Géraldine , Mehle Nataša , Ravnikar Maja , Dreo Tanja , Lukežič Tadeja , Vučurović Ana
Published: August 2022

The recent COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the importance of rapid and reliable pathogen detection. In the field of plant health accurate and timely detection is a corner stone for successful pest control. Plant pests can be diagnosed with a variety of tests, which may be developed by commercial companies or research institutions. The reliability of diagnostic tests depends on the intended use of the tests, their performance characteristics and associated uncertainty obtained from validation studies and the experience of the laboratories. The performance characteristics of tests are obtained during a process called validation. Performance characteristics that are frequently used to characterise tests include: analytical sensitivity, analytical specificity (inclusivity and exclusivity), selectivity, repeatability and reproducibility. The validation process requires significant investment in terms of human and financial resources and can be conducted by a single diagnostic laboratory or through interlaboratory comparisons. The purpose of this book is to provide practical and technical guidance for the organisation of test performance studies (TPS), which are one type of interlaboratory comparison where the performance of (a) test(s) (is)are assessed by two or more laboratories. The major steps and challenges faced during the preparation, organisation and reporting of TPS are identified and can be used by organisers of future TPS not only in the field of plant pest detection, but also in other areas.
Description of the Process of TPS Organisation
Authors: Anthoine Géraldine , Brittain Ian , Chappé Anne-Marie , Chabirand Aude , Dreo Tanja , Faggioli Francesco , Harrison Catherine , Mehle Nataša , Mezzalama Monica , Mouaziz Hanna , Raaymakers Tom M. , Renvoisé Jean-Philippe , Westenberg Marcel , Petter Françoise , Trontin Charlotte , Lukežič Tadeja , Vučurović Ana , Ravnikar Maja
Published: August 2022

The organisation of a test performance study (TPS) involves different steps that are mostly sequential, but some may be conducted simultaneously. This chapter details the following: the steps regarding the selection of the tests to be validated; the selection of the laboratories to participate in the TPS; the preparation of the materials and the dispatch of the samples; and the completion of the TPS (including the collection and analysis of the TPS results). The reader will be able to get the detailed information on how to define and plan timeline of the TPS, the appropriate number of samples (including replicates) and of laboratories that should be included in the TPS to ensure an appropriate statistical analysis, and how to perform basic analyses of the obtained data. In addition, this chapter covers the most important critical points which can endanger successful TPS organization providing the future TPS organisers in the field of plant health (but also in other similar fields) with the possibility to identify them in advance and carry-out successful TPS.
Conclusions
Authors: Vučurović Ana , Anthoine Géraldine , Trontin Charlotte , Dreo Tanja , Lukežič Tadeja , Petter Françoise , Ravnikar Maja , Mehle Nataša
Published: August 2022

The organisation of a test performance study (TPS) requires significant inputs in finances, time, and a high level of expertise from the TPS organiser to ensure a smooth process and reliable results. In this book authors have used collective experience gained in the organization of 12 TPS studies, as well as previous extensive experience in the organization of similar studies to prepare a ‘textbook’ for organisers of future TPS not only in the field of plant pest detection, but also in other areas of microbiology. This chapter summarises the main challenges which can occur during the TPS organisation and provides the recommendations how to foresee them and successfully organize TPS.
Time dependent field correlators from holographic EPR pairs
Authors: Kawamoto Shoichi , Lee Da-Shin , Yeh Chen-Pin
Published: August 2022

Abstract

We study the correlators of the fields that couple to the quark and anti-quark EPR pair in the super Yang-Mills theory using the holographic description, which is a string in AdS space with its two ends anchoring on the boundaries. We consider the cases that the endpoints of the string are static and that the endpoints are uniformly accelerated in opposite directions where the exact solutions for the string’s profiles are available. In both cases, the two-point correlators of the boundary field, described by the linearized perturbations in the worldsheet, can also be derived exactly where we obtain the all-time evolution of the correlators. In the case of the accelerating string, the induced geometry on the string worldsheet has the causal structure of a two-sided AdS black hole with a wormhole connecting two causally disconnected boundaries, which can be a realization of the ER=EPR conjecture. We find that causality plays a crucial role in determining the nature of the dispersion relation of the particle and the feature of the induced mutual interaction between two particles from the field. In the case that two boundaries of the worldsheet are causally disconnected, the induced effect from the field gives the dissipative dynamics of each particle with no dependence on the distance between two particles, and the induced mutual coupling between them vanishes in the late times, following a power law. When two ends are causally connected, the induced dispersion relation becomes non-dissipative in the late times. Here, we will also comment on the implications of our findings to the entangled particle dynamics and the ER=EPR conjecture.
Scattering bound states in AdS
Authors: Ma Wen-Jie , Zhou Xinan
Published: August 2022

Abstract

We initiate the study of bound state scattering in AdS space at the level of Witten diagrams. For concreteness, we focus on the case with only scalar fields and analyze several basic diagrams which more general diagrams reduce to. We obtain closed form expressions for their Mellin amplitudes with arbitrary conformal dimensions, which exhibit interesting behavior. In particular, we observe that certain tree-level bound state Witten diagrams have the same structure as loop diagrams in AdS.
Exploring the landscape of (anti-) de Sitter and Minkowski solutions: group manifolds, stability and scale separation
Authors: Andriot David , Horer Ludwig , Marconnet Paul
Published: August 2022

Abstract

We classified in [1] certain 10d supergravity solutions with a 4d de Sitter, Minkowski or anti-de Sitter spacetime. We then found new solutions in previously unexplored classes. In this paper we study their properties, compare them to swampland conjectures, and make new observations.

Using new numerical tools, we first identify all Lie algebras underlying the 6d group manifolds, allowing us to discuss their compactness. We then investigate scale separation, and prove related no-go theorems. Last but not least, we automatize and analyze the stability of all solutions. This leads us to propose the Massless Minkowski Conjecture, claiming the systematic presence of a 4d flat direction.
Nonlinear (chiral) p-form electrodynamics
Authors: Avetisyan Zhirayr , Evnin Oleg , Mkrtchyan Karapet
Published: August 2022

Abstract

In our previous article Phys. Rev. Lett.127 (2021) 271601, we announced a novel ‘democratic’ Lagrangian formulation of general nonlinear electrodynamics in four dimensions that features electric and magnetic potentials on equal footing. Here, we give an expanded and more detailed account of this new formalism, and then proceed to push it significantly further by building the corresponding Lagrangian theories of higher form field interactions in arbitrary dimensions. Special attention is given to interactions of chiral 2k-forms in 4k + 2 dimensions, with further details for 2-forms in 6 dimensions and 4-forms in 10 dimensions. We comment more broadly on the structure of covariant equations of motion for chiral fields, and on the place of our Lagrangian theories in this context. The Lagrangian theories we develop are simple and explicit, and cover a much broader class of interactions than all past attempts in the literature.