bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fractional-Order Grey Prediction Method for Non-Equidistant Sequences
Authors: Shen Yue , He Bo , Qin Ping
Published: June 2016

There are lots of non-equidistant sequences in actual applications due to random sampling, imperfect sensors, event-triggered phenomena, and so on. A new grey prediction method for non-equidistant sequences (r-NGM(1,1)) is proposed based on the basic grey model and the developed fractional-order non-equidistant accumulated generating operation (r-NAGO), and the accumulated order is extended from the positive to the negative. The whole r-NAGO deletes the randomness of original sequences in the form of weighted accumulation and improves the exponential law of accumulated sequences. Furthermore, the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm is used to optimize the fractional order. The optimal r-NGM(1,1) can enhance the predicting performance of the non-equidistant sequences. Results of three practical cases in engineering applications demonstrate that the proposed r-NGM(1,1) provides the significant predicting performance compared with the traditional grey model.
Elusive Learning—Using Learning Analytics to Support Reflective Sensemaking of Ill-Structured Ethical Problems: A Learner-Managed Dashboard Solution
Authors: Vovides Yianna , Inman Sarah
Published: June 2016

Since the turn of the 21st century, we have seen a surge of studies on the state of U.S. education addressing issues such as cost, graduation rates, retention, achievement, engagement, and curricular outcomes. There is an expectation that graduates should be able to enter the workplace equipped to take on complex and “messy” or ill-structured problems as part of their professional and everyday life. In the context of online learning, we have identified two key issues that are elusive (hard to capture and make visible): learning with ill-structured problems and the interaction of social and individual learning. We believe that the intersection between learning and analytics has the potential, in the long-term, to minimize the elusiveness of deep learning. A proposed analytics model is described in this article that is meant to capture and also support further development of a learner’s reflective sensemaking.
All-Trans Retinoic Acid Modulates DNA Damage Response and the Expression of the VEGF-A and MKI67 Genes in ARPE-19 Cells Subjected to Oxidative Stress
Authors: Tokarz Paulina , Piastowska-Ciesielska Agnieszka , Kaarniranta Kai , Blasiak Janusz
Published: June 2016

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is characterized by the progressive degradation of photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. ARPE-19 is an RPE cell line established as an in vitro model for the study of AMD pathogenesis. Oxidative stress is an AMD pathogenesis factor that induces DNA damage. Thus, the oxidative stress-mediated DNA damage response (DDR) of ARPE-19 cells can be important in AMD pathogenesis. The metabolism of retinoids—which regulates cell proliferation, differentiation, and the visual cycle in the retina—was reported to be disturbed in AMD patients. In the present work, we studied the effect of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA, a retinoid) on DDR in ARPE-19 cells subjected to oxidative stress. We observed that ATRA increased the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), alkali-labile sites in DNA, DNA single-strand breaks, and cell death evoked by oxidative stress. ATRA did not modulate DNA repair or the distribution of cells in cell cycle in the response of ARPE-19 cells to oxidative stress. ATRA induced autophagy in the absence of oxidative stress, but had no effect on this process in the stress. ATRA induced over-expression of proliferation marker MKI67 and neovascularization marker VEGF-A. In conclusion, ATRA increased oxidative stress in ARPE-19 cells, resulting in more lesions to their DNA and cell death. Moreover, ATRA can modulate some properties of these cells, including neovascularization, which is associated with the exudative form of AMD. Therefore, ATRA can be important in the prevention, diagnosis, and therapy of AMD.
Effects of Probiotics and Synbiotics on Obesity, Insulin Resistance Syndrome, Type 2 Diabetes and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Review of Human Clinical Trials
Authors: Sáez-Lara Maria , Robles-Sanchez Candido , Ruiz-Ojeda Francisco , Plaza-Diaz Julio , Gil Angel
Published: June 2016

The use of probiotics and synbiotics in the prevention and treatment of different disorders has dramatically increased over the last decade. Both probiotics and synbiotics are well known ingredients of functional foods and nutraceuticals and may provide beneficial health effects because they can influence the intestinal microbial ecology and immunity. The present study reviews the effects of probiotics and synbiotics on obesity, insulin resistance syndrome (IRS), type 2 diabetes (T2D) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in human randomized clinical trials. Select probiotics and synbiotics provided beneficial effects in patients with obesity, mainly affecting the body mass index and fat mass. Some probiotics had beneficial effects on IRS, decreasing the cell adhesion molecule-1 levels, and the synbiotics decreased the insulin resistance and plasma lipid levels. Moreover, select probiotics improved the carbohydrate metabolism, fasting blood glucose, insulin sensitivity and antioxidant status and also reduced metabolic stress in subjects with T2D. Some probiotics and synbiotics improved the liver and metabolic parameters in patients with NAFLD. The oral intake of probiotics and synbiotics as co-adjuvants for the prevention and treatment of obesity, IRS, T2D and NAFLD is partially supported by the data shown in the present review. However, further studies are required to understand the precise mechanism of how probiotics and synbiotics affect these metabolic disorders.
Resilience of Soil Microbial Communities to Metals and Additional Stressors: DNA-Based Approaches for Assessing “Stress-on-Stress” Responses
Authors: Azarbad Hamed , Van Gestel Cornelis , Niklińska Maria , Laskowski Ryszard , Röling Wilfred , Van Straalen Nico
Published: June 2016

Many microbial ecology studies have demonstrated profound changes in community composition caused by environmental pollution, as well as adaptation processes allowing survival of microbes in polluted ecosystems. Soil microbial communities in polluted areas with a long-term history of contamination have been shown to maintain their function by developing metal-tolerance mechanisms. In the present work, we review recent experiments, with specific emphasis on studies that have been conducted in polluted areas with a long-term history of contamination that also applied DNA-based approaches. We evaluate how the “costs” of adaptation to metals affect the responses of metal-tolerant communities to other stress factors (“stress-on-stress”). We discuss recent studies on the stability of microbial communities, in terms of resistance and resilience to additional stressors, focusing on metal pollution as the initial stress, and discuss possible factors influencing the functional and structural stability of microbial communities towards secondary stressors. There is increasing evidence that the history of environmental conditions and disturbance regimes play central roles in responses of microbial communities towards secondary stressors.
Fabrication of Wood-Rubber Composites Using Rubber Compound as a Bonding Agent Instead of Adhesives
Authors: Shao Dongwei , Xu Min , Cai Liping , Shi Sheldon
Published: June 2016

Differing from the hot-pressing method in the manufacturing of traditional wood-rubber composites (WRCs), this study was aimed at fabricating WRCs using rubber processing to improve water resistance and mechanical properties. Three steps were used to make WRCs, namely, fiber-rubber mixing, tabletting, and the vulcanization molding process. Ninety-six WRC panels were made with wood fiber contents of 0%–50% at rotor rotational speeds of 15–45 rpm and filled coefficients of 0.55–0.75. Four regression equations, i.e., the tensile strength (Ts), elongation at break (Eb), hardness (Ha) and rebound resilience (Rr) as functions of fiber contents, rotational speed and filled coefficient, were derived and a nonlinear programming model were developed to obtain the optimum composite properties. Although the Ts, Eb and Rr of the panels were reduced, Ha was considerably increased by 17%–58% because of the wood fiber addition. Scanning electron microscope images indicated that fibers were well embedded in rubber matrix. The 24 h water absorption was only 1%–3%, which was much lower than commercial wood-based composites.
Antifungal Activity and Biochemical Response of Cuminic Acid against Phytophthora capsici Leonian
Authors: Wang Yong , Sun Yang , Zhang Ying , Zhang Xing , Feng Juntao
Published: June 2016

Phytophthora blight of pepper caused by Phytophthora capsici Leonian is a destructive disease throughout the world. Cuminic acid, extracted from the seed of Cuminum cyminum L., belongs to the benzoic acid chemical class. In this study, the sensitivity and biochemical response of P. capsici to cuminic acid was determined. The mean EC50 (50% effective concentration) values for cuminic acid in inhibiting mycelial growth and zoospore germination of the 54 studied P. capsici isolates were 14.54 ± 5.23 μg/mL and 6.97 ± 2.82 μg/mL, respectively. After treatment with cuminic acid, mycelial morphology, sporangium formation and mycelial respiration were significantly influenced; cell membrane permeability and DNA content increased markedly, but pyruvic acid content, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content, and ATPase activity decreased compared with the untreated control. In pot experiments, cuminic acid exhibited both protective and curative activity. Importantly, POD and PAL activity of the pepper leaves increased after being treated with cuminic acid. These indicated that cuminic acid not only showed antifungal activity, but also could improve the defense capacity of the plants. All the results suggested that cuminic acid exhibits the potential to be developed as a new phytochemical fungicide, and this information increases our understanding of the mechanism of action of cuminic acid against Phytophthora capsici.
Abiotic Controls on Macroscale Variations of Humid Tropical Forest Height
Authors: Yang Yan , Saatchi Sassan , Xu Liang , Yu Yifan , Lefsky Michael , White Lee , Knyazikhin Yuri , Myneni Ranga
Published: June 2016

Spatial variation of tropical forest tree height is a key indicator of ecological processes associated with forest growth and carbon dynamics. Here we examine the macroscale variations of tree height of humid tropical forests across three continents and quantify the climate and edaphic controls on these variations. Forest tree heights are systematically sampled across global humid tropical forests with more than 2.5 million measurements from Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) satellite observations (2004–2008). We used top canopy height (TCH) of GLAS footprints to grid the statistical mean and variance and the 90 percentile height of samples at 0.5 degrees to capture the regional variability of average and large trees globally. We used the spatial regression method (spatial eigenvector mapping-SEVM) to evaluate the contributions of climate, soil and topography in explaining and predicting the regional variations of forest height. Statistical models suggest that climate, soil, topography, and spatial contextual information together can explain more than 60% of the observed forest height variation, while climate and soil jointly explain 30% of the height variations. Soil basics, including physical compositions such as clay and sand contents, chemical properties such as PH values and cation-exchange capacity, as well as biological variables such as the depth of organic matter, all present independent but statistically significant relationships to forest height across three continents. We found significant relations between the precipitation and tree height with shorter trees on the average in areas of higher annual water stress, and large trees occurring in areas with low stress and higher annual precipitation but with significant differences across the continents. Our results confirm other landscape and regional studies by showing that soil fertility, topography and climate may jointly control a significant variation of forest height and influencing patterns of aboveground biomass stocks and dynamics. Other factors such as biotic and disturbance regimes, not included in this study, may have less influence on regional variations but strongly mediate landscape and small-scale forest structure and dynamics.
Synergistic Use of Citizen Science and Remote Sensing for Continental-Scale Measurements of Forest Tree Phenology
Authors: Elmore Andrew , Stylinski Cathlyn , Pradhan Kavya
Published: June 2016

There is great potential value in linking geographically dispersed multitemporal observations collected by lay volunteers (or “citizen scientists”) with remotely-sensed observations of plant phenology, which are recognized as useful indicators of climate change. However, challenges include a large mismatch in spatial scale and diverse sources of uncertainty in the two measurement types. These challenges must be overcome if the data from each source are to be compared and jointly used to understand spatial and temporal variation in phenology, or if remote observations are to be used to predict ground-based observations. We investigated the correlation between land surface phenology derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) data and citizen scientists’ phenology observations from the USA National Phenology Network (NPN). The volunteer observations spanned 2004 to 2013 and represented 25 plant species and nine phenophases. We developed quality control procedures that removed observations outside of an a priori determined acceptable period and observations that were made more than 10 days after a preceding observation. We found that these two quality control steps improved the correlation between ground- and remote-observations, but the largest improvement was achieved when the analysis was restricted to forested MODIS pixels. These results demonstrate a high degree of correlation between the phenology of individual trees (particularly dominant forest trees such as quaking aspen, white oak, and American beech) and the phenology of the surrounding forested landscape. These results provide helpful guidelines for the joint use of citizen scientists’ observations and remote sensing phenology in work aimed at understanding continental scale variation and temporal trends.
Label-Free Fluorescence Assay of S1 Nuclease and Hydroxyl Radicals Based on Water-Soluble Conjugated Polymers and WS2 Nanosheets
Authors: Li Junting , Zhao Qi , Tang Yanli
Published: June 2016

We developed a new method for detecting S1 nuclease and hydroxyl radicals based on the use of water-soluble conjugated poly[9,9-bis(6,6-(N,N,N-trimethylammonium)-fluorene)-2,7-ylenevinylene-co-alt-2,5-dicyano-1,4-phenylene)] (PFVCN) and tungsten disulfide (WS2) nanosheets. Cationic PFVCN is used as a signal reporter, and single-layer WS2 is used as a quencher with a negatively charged surface. The ssDNA forms complexes with PFVCN due to much stronger electrostatic interactions between cationic PFVCN and anionic ssDNA, whereas PFVCN emits yellow fluorescence. When ssDNA is hydrolyzed by S1 nuclease or hydroxyl radicals into small fragments, the interactions between the fragmented DNA and PFVCN become weaker, resulting in PFVCN being adsorbed on the surface of WS2 and the fluorescence being quenched through fluorescence resonance energy transfer. The new method based on PFVCN and WS2 can sense S1 nuclease with a low detection limit of 5 × 10−6 U/mL. Additionally, this method is cost-effective by using affordable WS2 as an energy acceptor without the need for dye-labeled ssDNA. Furthermore, the method provides a new platform for the nuclease assay and reactive oxygen species, and provides promising applications for drug screening.
SPR and SPR Imaging: Recent Trends in Developing Nanodevices for Detection and Real-Time Monitoring of Biomolecular Events
Authors: Puiu Mihaela , Bala Camelia
Published: June 2016

In this paper we review the underlying principles of the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technique, particularly emphasizing its advantages along with its limitations regarding the ability to discriminate between the specific binding response and the interfering effects from biological samples. While SPR sensors were developed almost three decades, SPR detection is not yet able to reduce the time-consuming steps of the analysis, and is hardly amenable for miniaturized, portable platforms required in point-of-care (POC) testing. Recent advances in near-field optics have emerged, resulting in the development of SPR imaging (SPRi) as a powerful optical, label-free monitoring tool for multiplexed detection and monitoring of biomolecular events. The microarrays design of the SPRi chips incorporating various metallic nanostructures make these optofluidic devices more suitable for diagnosis and near-patient testing than the traditional SPR sensors. The latest developments indicate SPRi detection as being the most promising surface plasmon-based technique fulfilling the demands for implementation in lab-on-a-chip (LOC) technologies.
Feature Selection Method Based on Neighborhood Relationships: Applications in EEG Signal Identification and Chinese Character Recognition
Authors: Zhao Yu-Xiang , Chou Chien-Hsing
Published: June 2016

In this study, a new feature selection algorithm, the neighborhood-relationship feature selection (NRFS) algorithm, is proposed for identifying rat electroencephalogram signals and recognizing Chinese characters. In these two applications, dependent relationships exist among the feature vectors and their neighboring feature vectors. Therefore, the proposed NRFS algorithm was designed for solving this problem. By applying the NRFS algorithm, unselected feature vectors have a high priority of being added into the feature subset if the neighboring feature vectors have been selected. In addition, selected feature vectors have a high priority of being eliminated if the neighboring feature vectors are not selected. In the experiments conducted in this study, the NRFS algorithm was compared with two feature algorithms. The experimental results indicated that the NRFS algorithm can extract the crucial frequency bands for identifying rat vigilance states and identifying crucial character regions for recognizing Chinese characters.
Nondestructive Evaluation of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites Using Reflective Terahertz Imaging
Authors: Zhang Jin , Li Wei , Cui Hong-Liang , Shi Changcheng , Han Xiaohui , Ma Yuting , Chen Jiandong , Chang Tianying , Wei Dongshan , Zhang Yumin , Zhou Yufeng
Published: June 2016

Terahertz (THz) time-domain spectroscopy (TDS) imaging is considered a nondestructive evaluation method for composite materials used for examining various defects of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites and fire-retardant coatings in the reflective imaging modality. We demonstrate that hidden defects simulated by Teflon artificial inserts are imaged clearly in the perpendicular polarization mode. The THz TDS technique is also used to measure the thickness of thin fire-retardant coatings on CFRP composites with a typical accuracy of about 10 micrometers. In addition, coating debonding is successfully imaged based on the time-delay difference of the time-domain waveforms between closely adhered and debonded sample locations.
GC×GC-TOFMS for the Analysis of Metabolites Produced by Termites (Reticulitermes flavipes) Bred on Different Carbon Sources
Authors: Brasseur Catherine , Bauwens Julien , Tarayre Cédric , Millet Catherine , Mattéotti Christel , Thonart Philippe , Destain Jacqueline , Francis Frédéric , Haubruge Eric , Portetelle Daniel , Vandenbol Micheline , De Pauw Edwin , Focant Jean-François
Published: June 2016

More and more studies are dedicated to termites and their symbionts, to better understand how they efficiently produce energy from lignocellulose. In that context, a powerful analytical method was developed to perform the detection, separation and identification of compounds in the 1 µL fluid volume of the gut of the termite Reticulitermes flavipes. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) was tested with three different column combinations: (1) low-polar/mid-polar; (2) polar/low-polar and (3) mid-polar/low-polar. The column set (3) offered the best separation and was chosen for further analysis and comparison study. Metabolites were detected in the samples, including amino acids, sugars, amines and organic acids. Samples collected from termites fed for 30 days on Avicel cellulose or xylan powder diets were analyzed and compared with the wood diet. Principal component analysis (PCA) of metabolite profiles demonstrated a separation of different clusters corresponding to the three different diets, with a similar trend for diets containing cellulose. The Analysis of variance (ANOVA) (one way-ANOVA and Tukey’s test) was used to compare compound levels between these three different diets. Significant differences were observed, including higher levels of aromatic derivatives in the wood diet and higher levels of sugar alcohols in the xylan diet. A higher accumulation of uric acid was observed with the artificial diets (cellulose and xylan), likely to be related to the nitrogen deficiency. The present study highlighted the capability of adaptation of the termite system to non-optimal carbon sources and the subsequent modification of the metabolite profile. These results demonstrate the potential interest to investigate metabolite profiling with state-of-the-art separation science tools, in order to extract information that could be integrated with other omics data to provide more insight into the termite-symbiont digestion system.
Sustainable Urban Development? Exploring the Locational Attributes of LEED-ND Projects in the United States through a GIS Analysis of Light Intensity and Land Use
Authors: Smith Russell , Bereitschaft Bradley
Published: June 2016

LEED®-ND™ is the latest attempt to develop more sustainable urban environs in the United States. The LEED®-ND™ program was created to provide a green rating system that would improve the quality of life for all people through the inclusion of sustainable development practices. To achieve this, a premium is placed on the locational attributes of proposed projects under the “Smart Location and Linkages” credit category. The purpose of this paper is to explore the locational attributes of LEED®-ND™ projects in the United States to determine if projects are being located in areas that will result in achieving the program’s stated objectives. Specifically, this paper will examine two locational variables (i.e., night-time light intensity and land use cover) through the use of GIS to determine the effectiveness of these criteria.
Stress Beyond Translation: Poxviruses and More
Authors: Liem Jason , Liu Jia
Published: June 2016

Poxviruses are large double-stranded DNA viruses that form viral factories in the cytoplasm of host cells. These viruses encode their own transcription machinery, but rely on host translation for protein synthesis. Thus, poxviruses have to cope with and, in most cases, reprogram host translation regulation. Granule structures, called antiviral granules (AVGs), have been observed surrounding poxvirus viral factories. AVG formation is associated with abortive poxvirus infection, and AVGs contain proteins that are typically found in stress granules (SGs). With certain mutant poxviruses lack of immunoregulatory factor(s), we can specifically examine the mechanisms that drive the formation of these structures. In fact, cytoplasmic macromolecular complexes form during many viral infections and contain sensing molecules that can help reprogram transcription. More importantly, the similarity between AVGs and cytoplasmic structures formed during RNA and DNA sensing events prompts us to reconsider the cause and consequence of these AVGs. In this review, we first summarize recent findings regarding how poxvirus manipulates host translation. Next, we compare and contrast SGs and AVGs. Finally, we review recent findings regarding RNA- and especially DNA-sensing bodies observed during viral infection.
Failure Analysis of a New Irrigation Water Allocation Mode Based on Copula Approaches in the Zhanghe Irrigation District, China
Authors: Li Haoxin , Shao Dongguo , Xu Baoli , Chen Shu , Gu Wenquan , Tan Xuezhi
Published: June 2016

The risk analysis of an irrigation water allocation strategy based on physical mechanisms is critically important in practice. Conventional risk analysis only considers the role of the channel system and ignores the factors related to on-farm ponds. This paper proposes a channel-pond joint water supply mode (CPJM) based on copula approaches. Two copulas, the Plackett copula and No.16 copula, are chosen and two types of analyses are carried out with the proposed mode: (1) a risk assessment of CPJM with joint probability and conditional probability; and (2) determination of the water supply strategy given the pond water supply frequency. With a case study of the second channel in the Zhanghe Irrigation District (ZID), Southern China, nine combinations of channel water supply frequency (CWSF) and pond water supply frequency (PWSF) are studied. The results reveal that the failure probabilities of the joint distribution and the conditional distribution of the CPJM are 0.02%–16.54% and 0.45%–33.08%, respectively, with corresponding return period of 42–5000 and 10–222 years. Nevertheless, a previous study has shown that the real probability is 33.3%, which means that the return period is equals to three years. Therefore, the objective failure evaluation of the irrigation water-use strategy is useful for water saving in this channel system. Moreover, the irrigation water allocation strategy can be determined and the failure charts relating the CWSF and PWSF can be obtained for a predetermined PWSF. Thus, the channel-pond joint water supply mode provides a more reasonable estimate of the irrigation water allocation strategy reliability.
Villages et maisons rurales dans la vallée moyenne du Gave de Pau
Authors: Loubergé Jean
Published: June 2016

Le terme de groupement aéré conviendrait bien pour l'habitat , groupé de la vallée- moyenne du Gave de. Pau, car les maisons sont séparées par des cours et des jardins ; mais il y a aussi des formes de dispersion, dues à des différences de sol et de mise en valeur. Les maisons offrent des caractères constants dans toute la région étudiée ; elles ont subi de notables améliorations dans l'aspect et les matériaux au cours des deux derniers siècles. On peut se demander si l'industrialisation de Lacq et le remembrement agraire apporteront dans l'avenir des modifications sensibles de l'habitat.
L'habitat dans le Vaurais
Authors: Gayrard G.
Published: June 2016

Les collines molassiques autour de Lavaur, de part et d'autre de l'Agout, portent des habitations très dispersées, fort vétustes et mal entretenues ; les maisons sont le plus souvent de terre, armée ou non de galets, avec ou sans colombage ; basses, très allongées, à toit unique, elles contrastent avec les maisons de pierre plus hautes, plus ramassées, qui sont relativement nombreuses près des cuestas orientales où affleure le calcaire. De nombreuses gentilhommières ou châteaux parsèment la région. Les bourgs sont essentiellement des marchés agricoles.
La «Borda» dans la zone pastorale du Haut Aragon oriental
Authors: Daumas Max
Published: June 2016

Les bordas, ou granges-étables isolées, existent dans tout le Haut Aragon oriental, mais il y a un contraste entre la haute Cinca où pullulent les petites «bordas», les vallées plus orientales où elles sont cantonnées aux endroits les moins accessibles, la haute Esera, aux volumineuses constructions et le Valle de Broto où les bordas ne sont plus que des magasins à foin. Ces contrastes sont dus principalement aux différences entre terroirs (relief, extension plus ou moins grande des prairies de fauche) ; il faut tenir compte aussi de la structure sociale, des influences externes (celles des vallées françaises, des Prépyrénées). L'évolution économique entraîne un léger accroissement du nombre de bordas.
Le port de Bayonne : son trafic et ses perspectives d'expansion
Authors: Lerat Serge
Published: June 2016

La reprise du trafic bayonnais, amorcée au lendemain de la dernière guerre, se poursuit ; le port n'a cependant pas retrouvé un trafic comparable à celui de 1913. En même temps, à l'ancien trafic, essentiellement orienté vers l'Europe occidentale, se substituent, peu à peu, des relations à l'échelle mondiale. Les minerais, les bois et, en quantité moindre, le charbon, sont les éléments principaux, de cette activité : le port ravitaille les industries locales et sert de débouché à un arrière-pays limité et peu industrialisé. Le développement de la sidérurgie du Boucau, la création d'un ensemble industriel à Lacq, suscitent de grands espoirs d'expansion dans les milieux bayonnais : celle-ci est en partie conditionnée par l'amélioration des accès du port et de ses installations.
Enquête au centre de Biarritz
Authors: Ruscassie Marie-Paule
Published: June 2016

Avant de redessiner un centre nouveau pour la ville de Biarritz, les différents responsables ont désiré connaître l'opinion dès habitants sur la commune et sur le centre ville actuel. Biarritz est ressenti par eux comme une petite ville touristique où doivent s'harmoniser la vie quotidienne' et le moteur économique qu'est le tourisme. Cependant, selon leur lieu de résidence, plus ou moins éloigné du centre, selon leur classe sociale, les appréciations des habitants sur le centre sont différentes, les aspirations concernant son avenir aussi. Il s'agit là d'un, recueil de données, outil d'aide à une décision et non d'une prise en charge par les habitants du devenir du lieu où ils résident.
Mobilité et déstabilisation de la main-d'œuvre
Authors: Arnaud Ch. A.
Published: June 2016

Despidos colectivos. — El despido económico será un accidente en los trayectos profesionales y los ¿ comportamiento de mobilidad de la mano de obra, o inaugurará un período de trastornos profundos, favoreciendo una deestabilización de la mano de obra ? El análisis económico no puede prescindir en adelante de la noción de « mobilidad » del trabajo, concepto central en la percepción de las condiciones de existencia de la fuerza de trabajo y de los medios de usarla.
La formation des travailleurs immigrés
Authors: De Bortoli Dolorès
Published: June 2016

Vocational training amongst immigrant manpower. — Though the various vocational training programs designed for adult immigrant workers tend to maintain them at the lower levels of the socio-professional hierarchy rather than facilitate their upward mobility, such programs can help the migrants to recover their self confidence and reach their personal aims.
Un exemple de formation post-industrielle au G.R.E.T.A. de Jurançon
Authors: Badel Raymond
Published: June 2016

Some considerations on an experimental vocational training program. — There are various schemes of vocational training programs designed for adults who have already been employed or for newcomers. Many of these schemes tend to adapt these people to the offered jobs and cannot satisfy those who wish to choose a job that would fit them, with the exception of a capacity training system divided into capitalizable units that is presented by the author with special reference to the results of a Pool of enterprises located in Jurançon, near Pau, SW France.
L'Université de Pau dans les pays de l'Adour
Authors: Charles Jean
Published: June 2016

The catchment area of the university of Pau (SW Fraonce). The little recent University of Pau recruits most of its 6 000 students in Pau and in its suburbs (1980-81). Meanwhile most of the 15 500 students (1978-79) who were living in the Adour basin were inscribed in other universities and mainly in those of Toulouse and Bordeaux, the catchment areas of which interfere and extend over that of Pau.
Les effets de la planification spatiale sur les activités rurales
Authors: Chassagne Marie-Elisabeth
Published: June 2016

The impact of land-use planning on rural activities. The structure of rural economic activity at the local level has been altered by the development of the industrial economy. In this context, a number of land-use regulations used by individuals taking an active part in the economy, favour those who are most likely to find out about and control them. Therefore they tend to increase the selective impact of the market economy. However, local individuals subjected to these influences manage to counteract them by « cheating the regulations ». Field research has shown how people find out about, interpret, judge and use the land-use regulations. They are often critical of their content : they do not take local problems into account and so produce unfortunate results. The study makes proposals to improve the effects of land-use regulations and so to revitalise local social and economic structures.
Population et vie rurale dans le bassin de la Têt (Pyrénées-Orientales)
Authors: Mayero Luis
Published: June 2016

Le RGA 80 permet de constater l'aggravation de l'abandon de la montagne au bénéfice de la plaine. L'actuelle récupération de cet espace en faveur de l'implantation de résidences secondaires ne fait qu'accentuer l'abandon. Le rétrécissement de la SAU de la montagne entraîne une concentration de la production dans les vallées et les plaines agricoles. Cependant, les potentialités agricole et touristique de la région sont une base toujours très solide d'aménagement de l'espace, qui tienne compte des caractéristiques d'une population qui, à travers des siècles de travail productif, a su façonner son pays et tient à y demeurer.
Géographie des comportements électoraux dans les provinces d'Albacete, Alicante et Murcia (Sud-Est de l'Espagne)
Authors: Hérin Robert
Published: June 2016

Geografía de las elecciones del sureste de España. Las Provincias de Albacete, Alicante y Murcia, provincias del sureste de España, pertenecen à la España de izquierda, pero con mayoridades reducidas y con resultados muy diferentes de un municipio al otro. Las poblaciones rurales votan mas bien conservador y las ciudades para los socialistas y otros partidos de izquierdas, con fuertes contrastes entre los barrios del centro y los suburbios. Pero existen numerosas exceptiones .Los factores influyendo sobre las decisiones de los electores son, par eso, difíciles de analysar Las estructuras socio-economicas parecen de gran influencia para la mayoría de las ciudades y unos municipios campesinos ; en los campos y algunas ciudades muy ligadas al medio rural, los factores locales, religiosos y mentales siguen teniendo tal papel que no parecen los resultados electorales en relaciones con las estructuras sociales.
Les élections du 1er mars 1979 en Galice (Espagne)
Authors: Bertrand Jean-René
Published: June 2016

Les élections législatives de 1979 en Galice ont souligné l'originalité des comportements électoraux de la région. La Galice se distingue en Espagne par des records d'abstention, traduisant l'indifférence de la population et exaltant les résultats des partis du centre et de la droite, mieux implantés et riches de personnalités influentes. Dans ce « bastion du conservatisme », les électeurs de gauche ne prennent quelque poids que dans les centres industriels traditionnels alors que les mouvements autonomistes ne parviennent pas à capter une revendication historique.
Pour une nouvelle définition de l'érosion différentielle : actions hydro-éoliennes en Chaîne ibérique orientale
Authors: Pailhé Pierre
Published: June 2016

L'évidement des dépressions en roches meubles dans la Chaine ibérique orientale, a été acquis entre le Pliocène inférieur ou moyen et le Quaternaire moyen, au Villafranchien donc. Or les dépôts datés de cette époque sont fournis en sables éolisés (Puebla de Valverde et formations assimilées). Ceci légitime de faire appel aux processus éoliens pour expliquer ce creusement.
Innovations agricoles et transformations récentes dans une zone d'élevage (Salies-du-Salat)
Authors: Mc Arthur John A.
Published: June 2016

Cet article considère les théories anglo-américaines et françaises sur l'innovation en agriculture pour développer, un cadre théorique pour étudier la vulgarisation de l'ensilage dans la zone pré-pyrénéenne. Alors que les théories anglo-américaines développent des modèles d'adoption et de diffusion basées sur l'individu et la spécificité de la société locale, les théories françaises considèrent l'innovation comme partie du processus d'incorporation du secteur agricole au mode de production capitaliste. Ce sont donc les conséquences de l'adoption de l'ensilage qui sont étudiées — cette technique et les CUMA qui la vulgarisent dans la région d'étude favorisent les agriculteurs qui sont déjà à la pointe du progrès, au dépens des autres.
Budgets communaux et gestion municipale à Toulouse de 1945 à 1980
Authors: Nevers Jean-Yves
Published: June 2016

L'auteur recherche les grandes lignes de l'évolution des dépenses et des recettes de la commune de Toulouse depuis une quarantaine d'années. La croissance des dépenses à partir de 1960 marque une rupture historique qui correspond à l'accession de Toulouse aux rôles de métropole régionale. Parallèlement, diminution des dépenses relatives aux infrastructures et aux équipements industriels et commerciaux et croissance des dépenses affectées aux équipements collectif sociaux conduisent à signaler l'émergence d'une commune-providence, ce que confirme l'analyse des recettes recherchées de plus en plus dans la fiscalité.
Quartiers anciens et centre ville : nouveaux enjeux d'une politique de réhabilitation
Authors: Lévy Jean-Paul
Published: June 2016

New changes in the central older districts of Toulouse. The author asks who is going to conquer the central older districts in Toulouse and what are the present rehabilitation stakes. He stresses that a new trend has appeared for 10 years though nothing was changed at the population level which is still decreasing. After an expectancy phase, the town administration itself supports and launches a large scheme of central administration and business district located on a large estate formerly occupied by large barracks. Though somewhat anachronical nowadays such a scheme appears as a good illustration of a global social strategy that fits the aims of higher and higher middle classes.
L'espace industriel de Toulouse : effets de l'absence d'une politique d'agglomération
Authors: Laborie Jean-Paul
Published: June 2016

L'auteur rappelle que le rayon de l'agglomération de Toulouse s'est beaucoup allongé depuis une vingtaine d'années et souligne que l'offre de terrains à usage industriel spécialement aménagés, venant de nombreux aménageurs institutionnels se consultant peu, fut tardive par rapport au moment de l'expansion industrielle maximale. Dès lors le desserrement des activités industrielles jusque là contenues dans la ville et l'installation des activités nouvelles se sont faits sans plan d'aménagement intercommunal, aboutissant à un saupoudrage sans cohérence foncière ou technique et multipliant les coûts sociaux.
Le Huron et les forestiers
Authors: Sautter Gilles
Published: June 2016

El Ingenio y los professionales del monte. Del conjunto de las ponencias, discusiones, intercambios de ideas en el mismo bosque de Ecouves, se pueden apuntar las directrices del Coloquio, las inquietudes comunes a los participantes de muy diversos orígenes y formación de lo natural y de lo social en los montes del Oeste europeo, los ritmos contradictorios de la ordenación forestal y de la historia económica y socia, la evolución particular de cada uno de los macizos forestales frente a las directivas generales unifi- cadoras, las oposiciones entre los montes de los campesinos y los montes de especies segregadas.
La grande réformation dans les Pyrénées : temps fort de l'aménagement ou aménagement réussi ?
Authors: Fruhauf Christian
Published: June 2016

Réflexions sur la notion d'aménagement forestier à partir d'exemples différenciés dans la hêtraie-sapinière pyrénéenne. La réussite d'un aménagement s'évalue-t-elle en fonction de seuls critères techniques et gestionnaires ou doit- elle prendre en compte des données sociales ?
Aménagement des bois et approvisionnement du foyer au XVIIe siècle
Authors: Corvol Andrée
Published: June 2016

Ordenación de los bosques y abastecimiento de los hogares en el sjglo xvii. Con la instauración en el XVII de la corta « tire et aire » (corta controlada efectuada poco después de otrah se trata de equilibrar el volumen de la leña sacada para calefacción y la capacidad de regeneración de los bosques. Esta reglamentación no era del gusto de los vecinos que solían abastecerse de forma anárquica. El desplazamiento anual del asiento de la corta implicó una organización de las parcelas en relación con el número de años necesarios para su regeneración.
A propos du dépérissement du chêne : réflexion sur la place actuelle de cette espèce dans la forêt française
Authors: Becker Michel
Published: June 2016

About the decay ob the oak : a reflexion on this species in the French forest. For a century now, the pedunculate oak has been affected by several agents of decay while the sessile oak has been spared. The comparative study of the sites concerned by the decay and of the « characters » of the two species, together with an analysis of both to-day's sylviculture and the past difficulties of the French forest, bring us to question their respective « natural » places in to-day's forest.
Les Chênes et le Hêtre dans l'aménagement des milieux hydromorphes (Armorique méridionale)
Authors: Palierne Jean-Marc
Published: June 2016

Robles y hayas en la ordenación de medios hidromorfos : armorica meridional. En el sur de Bretaña, la repoblación en robles ha fracasado en parte a causa de la inaptitud biológica del roble (principalmente el carvallo — Quercus peduncunlata) a vencer las dificultadas que resultan del régimen hídrico del suelo. En cambio, el haya y el roble albar (Quercus sessiliflora) , biológicamente más adaptados, resisten mejor las condiciones del medio.
Les humus résineux : effets supposés et réels
Authors: Bonneau Maurice
Published: June 2016

Los mantillos resinosos : efectos supuestos y reales. La hojarasca de resinosos, cuya descomposición en suelos ácidos es más difícil que la de los frondosos, no sólo puede provocar una pérdida de bases de intercambio, sino también una alteración excesiva de la reserva de silicatos. Las investigaciones en cuencas de cabecera muestran sin embargo que las correspondientes pérdidas no son graves. Así se pueden cultivar resinosos sin mayor riesgo a condición de tomar algunas precauciones : existencia de suelos con efectos de elasticidad química, aclareo, mezcla con frondosos, fertilización.
La fausse querelle des «exotiques» en sylviculture
Authors: Boullard Bernard
Published: June 2016

The false quarrel about the « exotic » species in sylviculture. The data of paleobotany must induce one to moderate his appreciations as regards the introduction of so-called « exotic » species. What the French forest requires before all, to be saved, is the respect of the correspondance between each species and the biotope in which one decides to plant it.
La forêt de Carnoët, nuance hyper-atlantique dans le contexte sylvatique armoricain
Authors: Rougerie Gabriel , Riou Gérard
Published: June 2016

El bosque de Carnoët : matiz hiperatlantico dentro del contexto de Armorica. El bosque de Carnoët es típico de los hayedos-robledales que se mantienen en el distrio fitogeográfico de Baja Bretaña. Su rasgo dominante es la hiperoceanidad. Presentación de los resultados obtenidos durante un decenio por un observatorio de este sistema forestal.
Aménagements et évolution des forêts : l'exemple d'Ecouves
Authors: Houzard Gérard
Published: June 2016

Ordenación y evolución de los bosques. El caso de Ecouve. Con los documentos relativos a la ordenación del bosque estatal de Ecouves se puede reconstruir su historia. Ya estrechamente vinculado con la industria metalúrgica bajo el Antiguo Régimen, el bosque real fue explotado hasta principios del XIX como bosque tallar en ciclos de cortas cada vez más breves. Deteriorado y hasta en parte despoblado, se emprendió su restauración a partir de 1850 (conversión en árboles de la mejores zonas, repoblación en resinosos de las parcelas mediocres). El nuevo plan de mejora vigente a partir de 1985 significará un aumento de la superficie de frondosos.
Le Sud-Ouest, terre d'accueil pour des agriculteurs. Enquêtes dans les Landes et le Gers
Authors: Viel Jeanne-Marie
Published: June 2016

Examen, à partir de résultats d'enquêtes, des conditions d'installation de deux groupes d'agriculteurs étrangers au Sud-Ouest, dont l'influence sur le développement régional se révèle faible. Des rapatriés d'Afrique du Nord, implantés au cours des années 1960, dans les campagnes dépeuplées du Gers, dont la polyproduction peu intensive était alors en voie de motorisation, y ont rencontré des conditions d'installation souvent difficiles ; et le manque de capitaux les contraignant à s'endetter lourdement, ils n'ont pu conserver leur avance technique initiale. Quant aux premiers agriculteurs du Bassin parisien arrivés à Solférino (Landes) à partir de 1950, tentant d'y créer la grande culture du maïs dans une région dont l'économie forestière était en crise, ils ont, au prix de lourds investissements, grâce aux bénéfices transférés de leurs exploitations d'origine et à l'aide de l'État, constitué, non sans déboires, des enclaves productives dans une région dont l'agriculture avait presque disparu ; mais les effets d'entraînement sont réduits : main-d'œuvre immigrée, bénéfices réinvestis ailleurs, monoculture spéculative dont le maintien dépend des cours du maïs.
Problèmes territoriaux et instruments d'aménagement du territoire en Andalousie
Authors: Benabent Fernández de Córdoba Manuel
Published: June 2016

L'article présente un aperçu de la problématique territoriale actuelle en Andalousie et des politiques territoriales — plus exactement des mesures législatives — entreprises par la Communauté Autonome depuis que celle-ci a acquis un droit complet d'autogouvernement au début de 1982. Il traite brièvement des principaux problèmes économiques et territoriaux de la région : manque de relations entre les secteurs productifs, désarticulation spatiale, désertification humaine du territoire, chômage, insuffisance de l'exploitation et de la transformation des ressources, inégalités territoriales. Puis il fait référence aux principales lois et instruments de l'action territoriale, notamment la Loi d'Aménagement du Territoire, celle du Plan Économique et celle de la Réforme Agraire. Enfin il mentionne la loi de Politique Territoriale actuellement au stade d'avant-projet, qui représenterait, si elle était adoptée, le cadre de référence de toutes les actions publiques à incidence territoriale.
Chasse et activité agricole en Espagne et en Andalousie: évolution récente
Authors: López Ontiveros Antonio
Published: June 2016

Caza y actividad agraria en España y Andalucía : su evolución reciente. La importancia antropológica de la caza fundamenta su ininterrumpida continuidad histórica. Pero recientemente en España dicha actividad se ha impulsado sobremanera como moderna manifestación de la outdoor recreation. En este contexto, Andalucía — y sobre todo las provincias de Jaén y Córdoba — se pergeña como la segunda región cinegética española, tras la Submeseta Sur. Este « boom » cinegético, por otra parte, reclama el análisis de los tipos de cazadores que lo han impulsado y los rasgos de la geografía española. En ambos temas Andalucía se comporta de forma bastante peculiar, intentando el artículo desentrañar esa especificidad, así como la reciente evolución de la actividad cinegética andaluza desde finales del siglo XIX hasta el momento actual, haciendo hincapié en la implicaciones agrarias que ello conlleva.