bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MUTANTS RESISTANT TO COLICIN CA42‐E2: CROSS RESISTANCE AND GENETIC MAPPING OF A SPECIAL CLASS OF MUTANTS
Authors: Reeves Peter
Published: December 2007

Spontaneous mutants resistant to colicins CA42‐E2, or K317‐E2 were isolated. Ninety‐five per cent of these mutants probably lack receptor; 10 of the remaining 5%, still possessing receptor and able to adsorb colicin, were studied further. They showed frequent cross resistance to 3 colicins of other types, CA31‐A, CA57‐C and K235‐K, yet were often sensitive to some other colicins of type E. Eight of these mutations were closely linked to Gal and are thought to be at a locus concerned with the bacterial system affected by the colicins involved.
THE EFFECT OF CHANGES IN LOCAL TEMPERATURE ON THE TRANSFER OF PROTEINS AND LIPOPROTEINS FROM PLASMA TO LYMPH IN THE NORMAL AND INJURED PAW OF THE HYPERCHOLESTEROLAEMIC RABBIT
Authors: Courtice FC , Sabine Mary S
Published: December 2007

The effect of local temperature an the transference of protein mid of the lipoproteins from plasma to lymph in the hind paw of hypercholesterolaemic rabbits has been studied before and after thermally injuring the paw by immersion in water at 60° for 1 min.

The hind paws were kept either at 10° or 45°. In uninjured limbs the lymph flow was greater, but the concentrations of albumin, globulin, total cholesterol and phospholipid were less with the paw at 45° than at 10°.

After injury to both paws, the lymph flow and also the concentrations of albumin and of the lipoproteins of densities 1·063–1·200, 1·019–1·063 and < 1·019 g./ml. were greater with the paw at 45° than at 10°, but in each case molecular sieving of these macromolecules was evident, although at a different level. These results suggest that, after a thermal injury, the sieving mechanism of the skin capilliries can be varied by altering the capillary pressure.
A SIMPLIFIED HAEMAGGLUTINATION TEST FOR TOXOPLASMOSIS USING PYRUVIC ALDEHYDE TREATED CELLS
Authors: Jennis F
Published: December 2007

The haemagglutination test for toxoplasmosis can be made simpler and easier to perform by the use of pyruvic aldehyde treated cells and by omitting tanning of the red cells.

Pyruvic aldehyde treated cells or sensitized pyruvic aldehyde treated cells are stable over a period of months, thus eliminating the necessity of a continual supply of fresh red cells.
HUMAN SERUM ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE VARIANTS AND THEIR ASSOCIATION WITH THE ABO BLOOD GROUPS IN AN AUSTRALIAN SAMPLE
Authors: Hope RM
Published: December 2007

Starch gel electrophoresis of serum samples from 303 healthy adult Australians of known ABO blood group revealed 2 major zones of alkaline phosphatase activity. As reported by other workers, the staining intensity of the slower‐moving B zone varied between individuals, and this was associated with the ABO blood group of the donor. The majority of sera from group A donors showed little or no B zone activity, whereas sera from individuals of other ABO groups showed a wide range of B zone activity. Spectrophoto‐metric studies showed that the mean serum alkaline phosphatase activity of group B and O individuals was 18% higher than that of group A, group AB being intermediate in activity.
MECHANISM OF INDUCTION OF IMMUNOLOGICAL TOLERANCE
Authors: Nossal GJV , Austin Caroline M
Published: December 2007

Previous work has shown that multiple injections of flagellar antigens into rats, starting at birth, can induce Immunological tolerance. In the present paper we have examined in some detail the effects of single, neonatal antigen injections on subsequent immune reactivity. The soluble, monomeric form of flagellin fails to induce detectable IgM antibody formation in tolerant or normal adult rats, in contrast to polymerized flagellin which, particularly in high dosage, causes brisk IgM responses. Utilizing this fact, we have shown that single neonatal injections of polymerized flagellin can lead to a substantial degree of tolerance as tested by adult monomer challenge, and also to some memory or priming as tested by adult polymer challenge. Polymerized flagellin can both prime and induce tolerance; monomeric flagellin gives less priming and perhaps slightly less tolerance.

Multiple injections of antigen over the neonatal period can enhance the tolerance and eliminate the priming, and both monomer or polymer are effective when given repeatedly in a dose of 10 μg. Animals rendered completely tolerant by monomer injections retain some slight reactivity to polymer which manifests itself as a brief phase of IgM antibody production. Animals receiving multiple polymer injections do not show this if the course is maintained for 10 weeks.

The apparently opposite effects of priming and tolerance induction induced by neonatal injections are speculatively explained by the hypothesis that the single antigen pulse drives some lymphoid cells (x cells) towards tolerance, others to memory (y cells). The memory cells may undergo a transient phase of susceptibility to antigen during which a second contact kills them. Thus, a single neonatal injection causes a reduction in the x cell population but also creates some y cells. A multiple injection protocol can cause a virtually total depletion of the x cell pool without causing y cell accumulation.

The results and hypotheses are contrasted with Mitchison's (1964) findings in an adult tolerance model system.
NON‐SPECIFIC RESPONSES IN THE ASSAY OF THYROTROPHIN AND LONG‐ACTING THYROID STIMULATOR
Authors: Adams DD , Kennedy TH , Purves HD
Published: December 2007

In McKenzie's modification of Adams' and Purves' bioassay method for thyrotrophin and long‐acting thyroid stimulator serum samples from euthyroid people may elicit significant responses. These responses have a time course which differs from those of long‐acting thyroid stimulator and thyrotrophin. Unlike long‐acting thyroid stimulator, the activity is present in the albumin fraction of the serum proteins as well as in the gamma globulin fraction, and concentrates of the latter show no increase in activity over the serum.

Other differences from human thyrotrophin are failure to be neutralized by rabbit antisera to human thyrotrophin and failure to disappear from people treated with thyroid hormone in suppressive dosage.

It is concluded that the activity of euthyroid serum is not due to the presence of either long‐acting thyroid stimulator or thyrotrophin, and that the assay method is not specific for these substances.
STUDIES OF ARTHROPOD‐BORNE VIRUS INFECTIONS IN QUEENSLAND
Authors: Doherty RL , Gorman BM , Whitehead RH , Carley JG
Published: December 2007

Antibody to group A arboviruses reacting to higher titre to Ross River virus than to Getah, Bebaru or Sindbis viruses was found widespread in Queensland in man, horses, cattle, kangaroos and wallabies, and was shown to be present in goats, sheep, bandicoots, dogs and possibly in rats, but could not be demonstrated in wild or domestic birds. Infections of man with Ross River virus or a closely related agent were shown to have occurred on at least 4 occasions between 1957 and 1964 at Mitchell River Mission near the Gulf of Carpentaria.

Many sera from man and other mammals reacted to Getah and Bebaru viruses by haemagglutination‐inhibition and neutralization tests, but in titres lower than to Ross River virus. Serum from 1 child from Brisbane, however, neutralized Getah virus but showed no evidence of antibody to Ross River virus. Many sera from domestic fowls inhibited haemagglutination by Getah virus but did not neutralize it, and were considered to contain a non‐antibody inhibitor unrelated to previous infection.

Antibody to Sindhis virus was found in sera from wild and domestic birds from several areas in Queensland, in 3 sera from man (2 from Yarrabah and 1 from Brisbane), and rarely in sera from other mammals.
SOME ASPECTS OF POST‐EXERCISE HYPERAEMIA IN MAN
Authors: Brandon KW , Cooper CJ , Fewings JD , Walsh JA , Whelan RF
Published: December 2007

A technique is described for the assay of vasoactive substances in venous blood draining from the forearm muscles of one arm by the injection of a sample of the venous blood into the brachial artery of the opposite arm and the measurement of blood flow through that forearm. Using this technique, no vasoactive substance was detected in venous blood from exercising muscle.

An altered response of the superfused guinea‐pig ileum to venous blood draining from human skeletal muscle at the end of a 4‐minute period of rhythmic exercise was observed in 8 of 11 experiments. The precise identity of the substance responsible was not determined, but the nature of its effect on the guinea‐pig ileum was more suggestive of acetylcholine than of histamine.

The role of acetylcholine in the post‐exercise hyperaemia of the human forearm was examined by determining the effect of intra‐arterial infusions of the acetylcholine‐blocking agents atropine and hyoscine and the anticholinesterase neostigmine. Intra‐arterial infusions of atropine and hyoscine did not alter the post‐exercise hyperaemia and it is concluded that acetylcholine normally plays no part in the production of the hyperaemia. Post‐exercise hyperaemia was increased by the use of neostigmine, suggesting that, in this circumstance, acetylcholine liberated from the motor end‐plates causes vasodilatation which is additive to the post‐exercise hyperaemia.
REFLEX EFFECTS OF CAROTID BODY CHEMORECEPTOR STIMULATION ON THE HEART RATE OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Scott Mary J
Published: December 2007

The isolated carotid bifurcation regions of the rabbit were perfused with blood. Stimulation of the chemoreceptors in the carotid bodies was achieved by perfusion with hypoxic blood from a donor rabbit. Under conditions of controlled ventilation, chemoreceptor stimulation caused a slowing of the heart. This response was considerably modified by hyperventilation, either occurring spontaneously with the chemoreceptor excitation or induced artificially. The responses occurred whether the aortic depressor nerves were intact or not. The bradycardia of chemoreceptor origin was mediated both by vagal efferent pathways and by sympathetic fibres to the heart.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF YOUNG MICE BORN AND REARED AT 36°
Authors: Pennycuik Pamela R
Published: December 2007

About 90% of the pups born to mothers gestating and lactating at 36° died during the first 24 hr. of extra‐uterine life. Maternal failure accounted for approximately 50% of these losses, and poor pup viability for about 25% of pup deaths. Maternal failure appeared to be due to several factors: to failure to secrete milk in the pre‐natal period, to an increase in the time between the birth of the litter and the first feed or to a reduction in the amount of milk produced during the first 24 hr. after parturition.

Transfer of mothers from 21° to 36° on the day of parturition led to the death of all pups. When transfer to 36° was delayed until 4 days after parturition, 83% of the mothers were alile to rear a litter, in whole or in part, to 21 days. The weaning weights of pups reared by mothers gestating at 21° and lactating at 36° were similar to those of pups reared by mothers gestating and lactating at 36°. The weaning weights of pups reared by mothers gestating at 36° and lactating at 21° were similar to those of pups reared by mothers Restating and lactating at 21°. There was a significant difference between the weaning weights of pups reared at 21° and those reared at 36°.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MICE GESTATING AND LACTATING AT 21° AND AT 34°–36° WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE MAMMARY GLAND
Authors: Pennycuik Pamela R
Published: December 2007

Pup survivals, weaning weights, mammary gland histology and composition, carcase composition and endocrine weights were examined at various stages of the reproductive cycle in mice reared at 21° and at 34° and in mice adapted as adults to 36°.

Mice gestating at 36° lost their entire litters during the first 2 days of extra‐uterine life. At 34° mice were able to rear their litters, but the weight gains up to weaning were not as great as those for pups reared at 21°.

The development of the alveolae and tubules in the mammary glands of mice gestating and lactating at 34° and at 36° lagged a little behind that of animals at 21°. By 18 days' gestation the quantity of secretory tissue formed by animals at higher temperatures was rather less than that of animals at 21°. During lactation the difference between the groups at 21° and 34° increased to such an extent that by 35 days the mice at 34° had only ⅔ of the amount of secretory tissue of those at 21°.

Fat stores in the mammary fat pad and in the whole animal rose during pregnancy in mice at 21° and at 34° and 36°. During lactation fat stores fell abruptly in the animals at 21° and more slowly in animals at 34°. The ultimate level reached was the same in both cases.

At 21° maternal fat free tissue (excluding the uterus and the posterior mammary glands) increased in amount during the last third of pregnancy and the early stages of lactation. This weight gain during pregnancy was also observed in mice at 34° but the gain during lactation was reduced. At 36° the weight gain during pregnancy was missing. Although these gains were significant, particularly in animals at 21°, they were small in comparison with the changes in live weight brought about by variations in the weight of the uterus and its contents and by variations in the amount of food held in the gut.

The response of the weights of pituitary, ovaries and adrenal glands to pregnancy and lactation were similar for mice at 21°, 34° and 36°. At 21° the thyroid weight showed a significant drop during the perinatal period. This change was not observed in animals at 36°.
THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT DEGREES OF THERMAL INJURY ON THE TRANSFER OF PROTEINS AND LIPOPROTEINS FROM PLASMA TO LYMPH IN THE LEG OF THE HYPERCHOLESTEROLAEMIC RABBIT
Authors: Courtice FC , Sabine Mary S
Published: December 2007

The transfer of albumin, globulin and the lipopruteins of density 1·063–1·200, 1·019–1·063 and < 1·019 across the capillaries of the hind paw of the hypercholcsterolaemic rabbit was determined by collecting and analysing the lymph draining from this region.

These measurements were made in the uninjured paw and in thr paw after a thermal injury which varied in intensity in different groups of animals. This was achieved by immersing the paw in water for 1 min. at one of the following temperatures: 50°, 52·5°, 55°, 57·5°, 60° or 70°.

The total transfer ol fluid, protein anil lipoprutein showed a graded response from normal with injuries of increasing intensity. The lymph: plasma ratios, however, suggested a sudden change after injury in the degree of molecular sieving. The results suggest that, if the basement membrane is the only sieving mechanism in the capillaries of both normal and injured tissue, its effectiveness decreases with injury.
THE ESTIMATION BY BIOASSAY OF “TOTAL GONADOTROPHIN” LEVELS IN THE PLASMA OF NORMAL ADULTS
Authors: Ekkel Ida , Taft P
Published: December 2007

The gonadotrophin in plasma pools from young and old adult women and men was extracted using acetone precipitation followed by ammonium acetate‐ethanol extraction. Using the immature mouse uterine weight assay with the Proposed International Working Standard (equipotent with the Second International Reference Preparation) and with H.M.G. 20A as reference preparations, total gonadotrophin levels have been estimated in sexually mature men and women as well as in post‐menopausal women. Levels in menstruating women and in younger and older men were similar. Levels in post‐menopausal women were 11 to 15 times higher than the levels in the other groups. Recovery experiments indicate that the extraction procedure is efficient.
THE DIRECT EFFECT OF INCREASED SODIUM CONCENTRATION IN ADRENAL ARTERIAL BLOOD ON CORTICOSTEROID SECRETION IN SODIUM DEFICIENT SHEEP
Authors: Blair‐West JR , Coghlan JP , Denton DA , Coding JR , Wintour Marelyn , Wright RD
Published: December 2007

Sheep with autotransplanted adrenal glands were made sodium deficient by continuous uncompensated loss of saliva from a parotid fistula for 2–3 days. The mean decrease of plasma sodium concentration was 9 mEq./l.

Adrenal arterial infusion which increased the sodium concentration in the Mood supply of the transplanted adrenal gland by 5–30 mEq./l. did not stop the aldosterone hypersecretion caused by established sodium deficiency. Thus, local decrease of sodium concentration was not the sole or a major cause of aldosterone secretion in sodium deficiency.

However, in sodium deficiency a mean increase in adrenal blood sodium concentration of 8 mEq./l. caused an approximately 25% decrease of aldosterone secretion rate during 1–3 hr. This significant suppression of aldosterone secretion rate tended to disappear over 3–6 hr. despite continued infusion or increase of adrenal arterial infusion rate, so that mean increase of adrenal plasma sodium concentration was 15 mEq./l. Infusions of hypertonic mannitol solution causing similar increase of osmotic pressure of adrenal plasma did not cause similar reduction of aldosterone secretion.

In experiments made at the onset of sodium deficiency, aldosterone secretion rate continued to increase despite adrenal arterial infusion of NaCl which increased adrenal plasma sodium concentration by 2–4 mEq./l. This adrenal plasma sodium infusion was adequate to correct any fall of local sodium concentration occurring as a result of onset of sodium deficiency. Increase of adrenal plasma sodium concentration by 6–15 mEq./l. at the onset of sodium deficiency usually caused a large decrease of aldosterone secretion which was sustained. In some instances secretion rate returned to the sodium replete range. After stopping the adrenal arterial infusion aldosterone secretion rose rapidly.

The results were consistent with an hypothesis that increase of sodium concentration in adrenal arterial blood in established sodium deficiency deleted the effect of that minor component of the hypersecretion of aldosterone caused by reduction of systemic plasma sodium concentration. An alternative interpretation is that the increased plasma sodium concentration to some extent antagonized the effect of the non‐ionic humoral stimulus of aldosterone secretion. The results indicated also that at the onset of sodium deficiency the mechanisms of stimulation of the adrenal were more sensitive to increase of plasma sodium concentration than in established sodium deficiency.
PREPARATION, ISOLATION AND PROPERTIES OF [35S] PHENYLTHIOCARBAMYL ANGIOTENSIN
Authors: Osborn EC , Louis WJ , Doyle AE
Published: December 2007

The [35S] phenylthiocarbamyl derivative of the octapeptide angiotensin II has been prepared and isolated by paper chromatography. The derivative has been shown to have about a quarter of the biological activity of the original angiotensin, to have a parallel dose response curve and to exhibit cross tachyphylaxis with angiotensin II.

It is suggested that this substance may prove of value in determining the metabolic degradation and site of action of angiotensin.
EFFECTS OF IONIC ALTERATIONS ON VARIOUS SYMPATHETIC NERVE‐SMOOTH MUSCLE PREPARATIONS
Authors: Sabine JR , Bentley GA
Published: December 2007

Isolated preparations of guinea pig, rat and rabbit vas deferens, and Finkleman preparations of rabbit ileum and rat and guinea pig colon have been used to study the effects of ionic alterations on responses to added noradrenaline and to stimulation of sympathetic nerves. With vas deferons preparations it was found that, depending on the species used, these responses were affected differently by certain of the ionic alterations. Intestinal preparations from the three species behaved more consistently.

Species difierences in vas deferens preparations were seen in response to the following ionic changes: (i) reduction in sodium chloride (replaced by sucrose); (ii) absence of potassium; (iii) increasing potassium to 15 and 20 mM, and (iv) raising calcium to 5–10 mM. Lowering calcium to 0·25–0·5 mM depressed the responses of vas deferers from all three species.

Intestinal preparations showed a uniform depression in 7·5–10 mM calcium. Raised potassium depressed the response to sympathetic nerve stimulation in all three species, though the response to noradrenaline was affected differently with different species.

The interactions of drugs and ions also showed differences with the three species. While 15 mM potassium could reverse the blocking action of both guanethidine and procaine on guinea pig vas deferens, it was almost ineffective on rat vas deferens, and on intestinal preparations raised potassium increased the blocking action of these drugs. High calcium, which enhanced the effects of sympathetic nerve stimulation in varions tissues, failed to modify the blocking action of guanethidine.
FACTORS INFLUENCING RESPONSE OF MAMMALIAN SPECIES TO THE METHAEMOGLOBIN REDUCTION TEST
Authors: Robin Helen , Harley JD
Published: December 2007

Factors influencing variations observed with mammalian species in response to the methaemoglobin reduction test have been investigated by extending the test to include measurements of the stability of “intact” haemoglobin (methaemoglobin plus oxyhaemoglobin) and of the stability of reduced glutathione, by modifying the conditions of the test and by comparing the results obtained with the rates of methaemoglobin reduction in erythrocytes from the various species. The rate of methaemoglobin reduction in the presence of methylene blue seemed in general the most important inverse determinant of the amount of residual methaemoglobin, not only by the obvious effect but also by influencing directly the degree of “intact” haemoglobin destruction. In addition, evidence was obtained of intrinsic susceptibility to oxidative destruction in haemoglobin of the ox and guinea pig, and of a very rapid rate of methaemoglobin reduction in the absence of methylene blue in the rabbit. Discrepant degrees of accumulation of methaemoglobin were associated with instability of reduced glutathione in the sheep, dog and cat. The results appeared to support the concept that the extended methaemoglobin reduction test evaluates the overall erythrocytic response to redox stress, rather than merely the functional capacity of the pentose phosphate pathway.
ADHESION OF HOMOLOGOUS AND HETEROLOGOUS RED CELLS TO PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES
Authors: Lee A , Cooper GN
Published: December 2007

Adhesion of red cells to the surface of peritoneal macrophages has been used as a model to study certain factors involved in the initiation of phagocytosis. Serum opsonins are required for adhesion of fresh, heterologous red cells to mouse macrophages; however, both homologous and heterologous cells artificially aged in vitro readily adhere in the absence of serum factors. In both instances, the rates of adhesion are similar and not affected by low temperatures; calcium and/or magnesium ions are essential for the reactions which do not seem to be dependent solely on charge neutralisation. The importance of a physico‐chemical explanation of the phenomenon of adhesion and its relationship to the phagocytic event is stressed.
THE DIFFUSION OF [131]‐LABELLED ALBUMIN IN THE EXTRACELLULAR SPACE OF AMPHIBIAN MUSCLE
Authors: Freeman Shirley E , Freeman WP , Dewhurst DJ
Published: December 2007

A study has been made of the kinetics of diffusion of [131I]‐labelled albumin in the extracellular space of the sartorius muscle of the toad. Efflux curves have been compared with theoretical curves for diffusion from a plane sheet or cylinder. Unlike both these curves, the semilogarithmic plot of efflux was found never to straighten.

The loss of labelled albumin from the muscle at early times was faster than predicted from the plane sheet model. This is presumed to be due to loss from the ends of the elliptical muscle; at later times the loss was slower than predicted.

An analogue computer was used to describe mathematically the delay in the late‐time diffusion of labelled albumin.

The structure of the muscle and the distribution of albumin in the extracellular space were studied histologically. The labelled albumin did not enter the muscle cells. It penetrated all the connective tissue of the extracellular space, including such dense areas of connective tissue as the adventitia of blood vessels, and nerve sheaths. It did not enter the capillaries and, accordingly, it will underestimate the volume of extracellular water by an amount equal to the trapped plasma volume in the vascular bed.

Staining for mucopolysaccharides, which could be expected to delay protein diffusion, was negative.

The sequestration of labelled albumin is probably at least partly due to an impeded diffusion through areas such as the nerve sheath, which is known to delay the diffusion of small molecular weight substances.
EOSINOPHILIA IN RATS INFECTED WITH AMPLICAECUM ROBERTSI
Authors: Archer GT , Barker Angela , Air Gillian , McGovern VJ
Published: December 2007

Infective ova of the ascaroid parasite Amplicaecum robertsi were shown to cause pronounced eosinophilia following injection into the stomach of rats. Eosinophila developed 7 days after injection of the eggs and reached maximum values at approximately 18 days after infection, when there was a 8‐fold increase above control values. The level of eosinophils in the blood gradually decreased from the maximum values, but significant eoinophilia was still present at 40 days. A significant decrease was found in the level of 11‐hydroxycorticoids in the plasma of Amplicaecum‐infected rats compared with normal animals. The rate of clearance of colloidal carbon from the bloodstream was found to be greater in Amplicaecum‐treated animals than in normal rats. No significant difference was demonstrated in plasma histamine levels in normal and Amplicaecuminfected animals following an injection of the histamine release agent, dextran.
SALMONELLA ANTIBIOTICS
Authors: Atkinson Nancy
Published: December 2007

The production and characteristics of salmonellin, a new colicin‐like antibiotic, are described. It is produced by a strain of S. bergedorf and inhibits a wide range of Salmonella serotypes from many different Kaufmann‐White (K.W.) groups. It is relatively heat stable, relatively resistant to trypsin and highly diffusible. The ability to produce salmonellin is transmissible from the producer strain to members of Salmonella, Arizona and Escherichia, and is considered to be under the control of a plasmid which has been called the Salm factor. So far only one Salmonella strain has been found which is naturally Salm+ although over 2,000 were examined.
LOCALIZATION OF THE IMMUNOGLOBULIN FACTORS Gm(a), Gm(b) AND Gm(x) IN LYMPHOID TISSUE OBTAINED FROM AN INDIVIDUAL OF Gmax/ab GENOTYPE
Authors: Curtain CC , Colab T
Published: December 2007

The immunoglobulin markers Gm(a) and Gm(b) were localized by fluorescent antibody in separate populations of plasma cells in the medullary cords of a lymph node obtained from a Melanesian of Gmax/ab genotype. Gm(x) was always found in the same cells as Gm(a), although Gm(a) also occurred alone. It is suggested that Gm(a) and Gm(b) are coded by separate, although closely associated, cistrons with separate regulator genes. In individuals possessing Gmab the cistrons are on the same chromosome; in Caucasian populations which possess Gma and Gmb they are not.
A CONVENIENT APPARATUS FOR ANALYTICAL DISC ELECTROPHORESIS
Authors: Catt KJ , Moffat Barbara
Published: December 2007

A modified apparatus for analytical disc electrophoresis is described. The electrophoresis tubes are sealed into a glass plate to form a single unit which considerably simplifies the preparation and running of the acrylamide gels.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE GROWTH OF EPIPHYSEAL CARTILAGE
Authors: Rose S , Bradley TR , Nelson JF
Published: December 2007

The growth of epiphyseal cartilage of femur and tibia is stimulated by operative interference and insertion of a tube into the knee joint.
THE DISTRIBUTION AND BEHAVIOUR OF INTRAVENOUSLY INJECTED PULMONARY ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES IN THE MOUSE
Authors: Russell P , Roser B
Published: December 2007

A technique was developed which provided large numbers of viable pulmonary alveolar macrophages from the mouse.

These cells were labelled in vitro with 198Au and their distribution following intravenous injection in isologous strain mice was determined and compared with that of peritoneal macrophages in the same experimental system.

Those transfused cells which localised in the liver were found to be indistinguishable both morphologically and functionally from indigenous Kupffer cells.

In general, pulmonary alveolar and peritoneal macrophages were distributed in a very similar manner, although alveolar macrophages did not accumulate in the spleen in as high a concentration as did peritoneal macrophages.
TOXOPLASMOSIS IN THE ROTTNEST QUOKKA (SETONIX BRACHYURUS)
Authors: Gibb DGA , Kakulas BA , Perret Dorothy H , Jenkyn Dorothy J
Published: December 2007

Evidence of toxoplasma infection was found in 32 Rottnest Island quokkas. Pseudocysts containing the organisms were demonstrated histologically in skeletal muscle, heart, brain or kidney in 25 animals and serologic evidence of infection was present in 13. The organisms were cultured from 2 animals. Quokkas from all topographic areas of Rottnest were tested, but evidence of infection was found only in those animals captured near the island settlement. The existence of toxoplasmosis in the wild quokka population is another factor to be considered in the ecology of the species.
THE EFFECT OF PENTOBARBITONE ANAESTHESIA ON INCREASED VASCULAR PERMEABILITY TO 131I‐ALBUMIN IN GUINEA‐PIGS
Authors: Garlick DG
Published: December 2007

The effect of sodium pentobarbitone anaesthesia on increased vascular permeability was investigated in guinea‐pigs. Increased permeability was indicated by the local exudation of circulating Evans blue dye and 131I‐albumin in skin sites injected with histamine. Paired comparison tests and a factorial split‐plot design were used. Responses 10 minutes after histamine injections were measured as the amount of 131I‐albumin per gram of skin per millilitre of blood. Anaesthetised animals were maintained in the first plane of surgical anaesthesia and warmed to maintain a constant body temperature.

In unwarmed conscious animals the response was significantly less than that of the experimental (anaesthetised) group. The responses for the two groups were not significantly different when both anaesthetised and conscious animals were warmed. In a factorial experiment there was no significant interaction between the main effect of anaesthesia and the responses to three concentrations of histamine.
PLASMA CELLS IN THE HUMAN THYMUS
Authors: Goldstein Gideon
Published: December 2007

The density (number/sq. mm.) of plasma cells in the human thymus was determined in three groups of cases: infections, autoimmune diseases and “chronic diseases of unknown cause”, and controls. The density of plasma cells in the thymus was increased, as compared with controls, in septicaemia and in the autoimmune diseases systemic lupus erythematosus and myasthenia gravis. The increased density in septicaemia may be due to penetration of bacterial antigens and an immune reaction in the thymus; the increased density in systemic lupus erythematosus and myasthenia gravis may be due to an autoimmune reaction within the thymus.
AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF REOVIRUS HAEMAGGLUTINATION
Authors: Papadimitriou JM
Published: December 2007

Reovirus haemagglutination of human erythrocytes was studied by means of electron microscopic techniques. Both complete and coreless virus particles were attached to the mucoid coat of erythrocytes and were concentrated at the site of apposition. The lattice of cells thus formed results in haemagglutination. These findings add support to the theory of involvement of glycoprotein surface reactants in reovirus haemagglutination. Precipitates of erythrocytes from suspensions of polystyrene Latex particle showed neither cell adhesion nor particle attachment.
ACTIVITY OF CHOLINESTERASE IN THE RETINA WITH DIFFERENT LEVELS OF PHYSIOLOGICAL STIMULATION
Authors: Glow Peter H , Rose Sam
Published: December 2007

Rats with an opaque lens over one eye for 15 days have a depressed cholinesterase activity in that retina. Cholinesterase activity returns to normal 4 days after the opaque lens is removed. An opaque lens decreases the rate of return of cholinesterase activity after diisopropyl fluorophosphate administration. Variation in light stimulation does not significantly alter the rate of return of cholinesterase activity. Despite its pupil‐enlarging effect, continuous systemic administration of atropine depresses the rate of return of cholinesterase activity in the light‐stimulated eyes of diisopropyl fluorophosphate‐treated rats. In these animals atropine also depresses the ratio of cholinesterase content of the visual cortex to whole brain.
IODOMETRIC DETECTION OF STAPHYLOCOCCAL PENICILLINASE IN CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY
Authors: Cooper RG , Brown Geraldine W , Vesey Betty V
Published: December 2007

Iodometric detection of staphylococcal penicillinase is eminently suitable for use in diagnostic clinical bacteriology. The method is simple, reliable and readily subject to control. The population of infecting staphylococcal cells can be sampled with rapidity and with control of the inoculum.
THE EFFECT OF ACUTE AND CHRONIC TREATMENT WITH DIISOPROPYL FLUOROPHOSPHATE ON CHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITIES OF SOME TISSUES OF THE RAT
Authors: Glow PH , Rose S , Richardson A
Published: December 2007

The activity of cholinesterase was measured in brain cortex, basal ganglia, hippocampus, thalamus, colliculi, cerebellum, medulla, hypothalamus, spinal cord, gastrornemius muscle, adrenal gland and retina at various times after treatment of rats with diisopropyl fluorophosphate alone or together with 1,3‐bis(4‐hydroxyiminomethylpyridinium) propane dibromide (C434)2. After injection of 1 mg. diisopropyl fluorophosphate/kg. body weight intramuscularly in the; leg the eholinesterase activity of neural tissue was decreased to 30–40% of control values and it increased to 70–100% of control values in 25 days. In each case the rate of increase of activity with time decreased throughout this period, and was not changed significantly by concurrent treatment with C434. The proportional rate of increase in the cerebellum was significantly greater than that in other neural tissue.

The decrease in cholinesterasc activity of leg muscle injected with diisopropyl fluorophosphate was less marked in animals treated with C434. The activity in adrenals returned to control values within 5 days and was 100–120% of control values for 5–10 days; these effects were not altered by treatment with C434.

Rats injected initially with 1·0 mg. and subsequently on every third day with 0·5 mg./kg. body weight of diisopropyl fluorophosphate, with or without C434, for periods up to 62 days showed no behavioural abnormalities or evidence of toxic effects, although the cholinesterase activity of regions of the brain was 20–40% of control values. In chronic treated animals C434 did not significantly alter muscle cholinesterase activity.
SEROLOGICAL AND CHROMATOGRAPHIC CHARACTERIZATION OF EXO‐ANTIGENS OF THE DERMATOPHILUS
Authors: Kwapinski JB
Published: December 2007

Dialysed and concentrated culture filtrates and purified exo‐antigen preparations of 21 Dermatophilus strains were tested against the exo‐antigen antisera by the diffusion‐precipitation and the immunoelectrophoresis tests. Chromatography showed that exo‐antigen complexes contained a hexosamine‐galactose‐xylose peptide. Four exo‐antigen groups of the Dermatophilus were distinguished together with an intermediate group, which was serologically related to Nocardia turbata and Nocardia caviae. Exo‐antigens of the Dermatophilus strains did not cross‐react with antisera against other Actinomycetales, Corynebacterium and Arthrobacter strains.
THE ROLE OF CIRCULATING FLUID VOLUME AND RELATED PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN THE CONTROL OF ALDOSTERONE SECRETION.
Authors: Blair‐West JR , Boyd GW , Coghlan JP , Denton DA , Wintour Marelyn , Wright RD
Published: December 2007

In an investigation of the role of circulating fluid volume in the control of aldosterone secretion in sodium deficient sheep with cervical adrenal autotransplants, measurements of adrenal secretion of cortisol, corticosterone and aldosterone, I131 gamma globulin space, plasma sodium and potassium concentrations and adrenal blood flow were made under the following circumstances:‐

A. When the estimated sodium deficit was replaced by the intravenous infusion of sodium solution (i) as 4M ‐NaCl, (ii) as isotonic Ringer type solution, B. When plasma volume was increased without substantial alteration of sodium status by the intravenous infusion of plasma volume expanders, using (i) 25% sheep albumin and (ii) 6% dextran in normal saline.

These procedures produced concurrent variation in other parameters of known importance in aldosterone control, including plasma sodium and potassium concentrations, and therefore the relationship between plasma volume and aldosterone secretion rate was assesed by a system of multivariate analysis. Plasma volume was found to be inversely related to aldosterone secretion rate both during established sodium deficiency and during the subsequent intravenous infusion in 6% dextran in normal saline, but no such relationship could be established for the experiments in groups A or B (i). Even in the expertmental groups where the relationship was significant, the derived regression equations indicated that any causal roll of plasma volume in the regulation of aldosterone secretion was relatively minor.

Results from experiments of the types A and B above did not suggest the existence of a simple relationship between aldosterone secretion and the observed changes in systolic, diastolic mean arterial or pulse pressures.
TICK RESISTANCE IN CATTLE: ITS STABILITY AND CORRELATION WITH VARIOUS GENETIC CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: Francis J , Ashton GC
Published: December 2007

Ticks were counted on 51 Droughtmaster and 12 Bos taurus cattle on about 120 occasions during 1962–64. The mean tick count on the Bos taurus cattle was 15·94 in 1962 which fell to 2·10 by 1964. The respective figures for the Droughtmaster cattle were 2·62 and 0·18. The steady fall in numbers was attributed to the relatively small proportion of female ticks which reach maturity on Droughtmaster cattle.

Within the group of 51 Droughtmaster cattle the tick burden carried by an individual varied with environmental and other factors, but did not alter much relative to other individuals (simple correlation 0·7). Similar results were obtained with the Bos taurus cattle. It is assumed that average tick numbers on the various individuals within a group were inversely related to the tick resistance of the animals concerned.

There was no significant correlation between tick infestation and the distribution of alleles at the following loci: haemoglobin, albumin, transferrin, post‐albumins and soluble J antigen.

There was a signiflcant association between the distribution of amylase genes and tick burden in the Droughtmaster cattle, and a similar but not significant association in the Bos taurus cattle.

There was a significant difference in both the mean erythrocyte potassium concentration [K+e] and packed cell volume betweeu the Bos taurus and Droughtmaster cattle, but these characteristics were not correlated with tick burden within the Droughtmaster cattle.
SIMULTANEOUS TITRIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF BICARBONATE AND TITRATABLE ACID OF URINE
Authors: Györy AZ , Edwards KDG
Published: December 2007

An acid‐titration method for the determination of bicarbonate and titratable acid in the one sample of urine is described. The method needs only one manipulation of the sample of urine, and was devised to simplify routine laboratory methodology. The accuracy and precision of the urinary bicarbonate method during routine laboratory use is comparable to that obtained by using the Van Slyke manometric apparatus.

The titratable acid obtained by this method gave values which were persistently lower by about 0·5 mM/L than those obtained by the direct titration method at present in use. This difference was attributed to the carbonic acid present in urine which is partly titrated in the determination of titratable acid by the direct method.
THE ORIGIN AND SEQUENCE OF THE CELLS FOUND IN THE ACUTE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
Authors: Ryan GB
Published: December 2007

Experiments were designed to investigate first the origin of the mononuclear cells in inflamed areas, and secondly, the cellular sequence in the acute inflammatory response.

It was found that, following several injections of a carbon suspension intravenously into rats, 7–10% of the blood mononuclear cells were labelled with carbon particles. A similar level of labelling was found in exudate mononuclear cells on “skin‐windows” applied to skin surface abrasions, except for a much higher level on those “skin‐windows” applied soon after the last dose of carbon; further experiments indicated that this latter result was a form of artefact due to the ingestion by these cells of carbon particles from labelled polymorphs which had died and disintegrated on the coverslips.

In a second series of experiments abrasions made on the skin of rabbits were covered with a “window‐box” chamber containing fluid which was changed and examined at certain intervals. It was found that, although polymorph emigration into the fluid of the chamber reached its peak less than 6 hr. after initiation of an injury, no mononuclear cells were found in the exudates until 8 hr., and then only in very small numbers; the mononuclear cell counts in the fluid did not reach a peak until approximately 24 hr. later.

The results of the “skin‐window” experiments indicate that the mononuclear cells found in inflammatory exudates are of haematogenous origin; the results of the “window‐box” experiments confirm that, following injury, there is an early but transient emigration of polymorphs into the acute inflammatory exudate followed by a delayed but more prolonged escape of mononuclear cells.
IMMUNOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE
Authors: Marmion BP , Plackett P , Lemcke Ruth M
Published: December 2007

A lipid fraction extracted from Mycoplasma pneumoniae with chloroform‐methanol contained the major part of the serological activity associated with whole cell preparations in complement fixation (CF) tests with homologous human and rabbit antisera. Like whole cell antigens of M. pneumoniae, the lipid fraction also reacted with bovine sera containing antibody to M. mycoides and with rabbit antiserum against Streptococcus MG.

In addition to this major lipid fraction from M. pneumoniae, there was apparently another component which came out in the potassium chloride washings of the lipid extract, in an ethanol soluble, acetone insoluble (Dafaalla B) fraction and in a warm aqueous phenol extract. These fractions all reacted more strongly with rabbit and bovine M. mycoides sera than with homologous rabbit antisera to M. pneumoniae. The cross‐reacting component has not yet been characterised; extracts were of low activity compared with the lipid extract and improved extraction methods are required.

In contrast to M. pneumoniae, the chloroform‐methanol soluble fraction of M. mycoides had limited serological activity with homologous rabbit and bovine sera. Its major serological activity appeared in the potassium chloride washings of the lipid extract and in the warm phenol extract made after preliminary chloroform‐methanol extraction of the cells. Like the partly purified galactans previously described, the crude phenol extract reacted with certain human sera with antibody to M. pneumoniae.

The heterogenetic reaction of the M. pneumoniae chloroform‐methanol fraction with Streptococcus MG antiserum could not be attributed to contamination of the organisms with medium constituents. The corresponding component in Streptococcus MG has still to be isolated and identified. The relation of the cross‐reaction to the formation of Streptococcus MG agglutinins in patients infected with M. pneumoniae has still to he elucidated.
THE INCIDENCE OF FOLLICULAR STRUCTURES IN THE HUMAN THYMUS AT AUTOPSY
Authors: Middleton G
Published: December 2007

A survey of 928 autopsy thymic glands from hospital and accident deaths was carried out to determine the incidence of follicular structures in the human thymic medulla. It was found that, contrary to previous opinions, follicular structures with pale centres are indeed common in the normal human thymus. The incidence in young people is identical with the figure quoted for myasthenia gravis. Follicles are not present in neonates and the incidence decreases with illness and with advancing age.

The presence of follicular structures with pale centres in the human thymic medulla cannot be regarded as diagnostic of auto‐immune disease.
CHANGES IN MILK COMPOSITION OF THE RED KANGAROO, MEGALEIA RUFA (DESMAREST), DURING LACTATION
Authors: Lemon Meredith , Barker S
Published: December 2007

Observations were made on quantitative changes which occurred in the milk of four female red kangaroos during the progress of lactation. These changes were related to growth of the pouch‐young and to development of the delayed blastocyst. In the two animals which produced pouch‐young from a delayed blastocyst alter the first young had developed normally and permanently emerged from the pouch, total solids increased until the time of redevelopment of the blastocyst when they decreased steadily. In these two animals solids‐not‐fat showed the same trend as total solids. Protein levels increased also until redevelopment of the blastocyst and then fell and stabilised. Unbound reducing sugars remained consistently low throughout. There was a large discrepancy between the sum of the measured parameters and total solids, which may be accounted for by bound sugars not measured during this study. The results are discussed in relation to what little is known of lactational changes which occur in other species of marsupials.
THE RESPONSE OF THE ISOLATED UTERUS OF THE GUINEA‐PIG TO STIMULATION OF THE OVARIAN NERVES DURING THE OESTROUS CYCLE
Authors: Pennefather Jocelyn N , Isaac PF
Published: December 2007

This paper describes a preparation consisting of a guinea‐pig isolated uterine horn with the ovarian nerves attached. The response to nerve stimulation and to some drugs depends on the stage of the oestrous cycle.

Uteri taken from guinea‐pigs in dioestrous, in which the vaginal closure membrane was intact, responded to stimulation of the nerves accompanying the ovarian vessels with large contractions. Uteri taken from guinea‐pigs in oestrous, in which the membrane was absent, responded to stimulation with relaxation or irregular or feeble contractions.

Noradrernaline usually caused contraction of the uterus from animals in dioestrous but not of those in oestrous. Adrenaline caused inhibition and acetylcholine contraction of uteri, irrespective of the stage of the sexual cycle.

The response of the dioestrons uterus to nerve stimulation was reduced by phentolamine and by guanethidine increased by propranolol and by cocanie, and was unaffected by atropine, hyoscine or hexamethonium. It is concluded that the fibres stimulated are postganglionic and noradrenergic. In uteri taken during oestrons the addition of pronethalol to the bath led to the appearance of contractile responses to nerve stimulation.

Oestrous uterine horn were often quiescent, while those taken during the remainder of the cycle often exhibited spontaneous activity which gradually increased during the course of an experiment, but often increased rapidly after phentolamine or guanethidine was added to the bath.

The relationship between these results and the changing levels of ovarian hormones during the oestrous cycle is discussed.