bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
OCCURRENCE AND PATHOGENICITY OF VALSA (CYTOSPORA) SPECIES AND OTHER FUNGI ASSOCIATED WITH PEACH CANKER IN SOUTHERN ONTARIO
Authors: Wensley R. N.
Published: August 2008

In a survey of peach canker in widely separated areas of southern Ontario, Valsa leucostoma Fr. was recovered more frequently and consistently than V. cincta and other suspect pathogens. V. cincta predominated on only a few varieties. While some evidence was found of a seasonal influence and of effects of maturity and varietal specificity on the relative frequency of Valsa species, inconsistencies occurred. Infection of nursery stock was established, and to a considerable extent this may determine the subsequent occurrence of canker fungi in infected trees. The pathogenicity of the two Valsa species was a function of temperature. At temperatures of 60 °F and above, V. leucostoma was more pathogenic than V. cincta on young trees. At temperatures below 50 °F the latter was more pathogenic. Coniothyrium fuckelii Sacc. proved weakly pathogenic, and Fusicoccum amygdali Delacr. was not a factor of canker in southern Ontario.
CYTOTAXONOMIC STUDIES ON NEW WORLD ANEMONE (SECTION ERIOCEPHALUS) WITH WOODY ROOTSTOCKS
Authors: Boraiah G. , Heimburger Margaret
Published: August 2008

New World taxa of Anemone L. (section Eriocephalus Hook. f. & Thoms.) with woody rootstocks have few morphological differences on which to delimit species. With the aid of data from cytological, distributional, and hybridization studies, the following species with ternate leaves could be recognized: A. multiceps (Greene) Standl., A. multifida Poir., 2n 32, A. tetonensis Porter, 2n 32, A. stylosa Nelson, 2n 32. A. drummondii S. wats., 2n 32, and A. lithophila Rydb., 2n 48, are complexes with two or more taxa in each. All these taxa except A. multifida are restricted in distribution to the Rocky Mountains. A. multifida is a morphologically variable but cytologically homogeneous species widely distributed in both North and South America. The remaining taxa have biternate leaves and are sparingly represented in herbaria by specimens from widely separated localities. Their status has not been determined. A collection from Mt. Rainier, Wash., is diploid and one from Kittitas Co., Wash., is tetraploid.Karyotype studies indicate a close relationship among the tetraploids, A. multifida, A. tetonensis, and A. stylosa, all of which have one set of large and one set of small chromosomes. The other taxa have sets of small chromosomes only. Affinities among taxa in the A. lithophila and A. drummondii. complexes are suggested by the sharing of distinctive marker chromosomes. The European alpine A. baldensis L., 2n 16, is not related to the ternate-leaved taxa of the above complexes but a relationship with the biternate-leaved taxa may possibly exist.
GROWTH AND MORPHOGENESIS IN THE CANADIAN FOREST SPECIES: VII. PROGRESS AND CONTROL OF LONGITUDINAL GROWTH OF BRANCHES IN PINUS RESINOSA AIT.
Authors: Forward D. F. , Nolan N. J.
Published: August 2008

The course of longitudinal growth of branches of red pine was followed through weekly measurements, and analyzed in relation to position in the crown, season, site, and spacing. Certain observations were also made on the effects of age of the tree, root or branch pruning, and the application of growth regulators. The growth of branches is essentially like that of the main axis, but quantitatively is highly dependent on position in the crown. The pattern of growth appears to be more closely related to fluctuating environmental conditions than to qualities inherent in the individual tree. The length of the growing season is relatively stable, while the rate of growth is widely variable and dependent on the immediate environment.
WATER-SOLUBLE SUBSTANCES IN DEAD BRANCHES OF ASPEN (POPULUS TREMULOIDES MICHX.) AND THEIR EFFECTS ON FOMES IGNIARIUS
Authors: Wall R. E. , Kuntz J. E.
Published: August 2008

Cold-water extracts from the basal portions of dead branches of trembling aspen markedly stimulated basidiospore germination and mycelial growth of Fomes igniarius var. populinus at concentrations which inhibited spore germination and growth of other varieties of F. igniarius. Water extracts which caused these differential effects could not be obtained from living aspen branches. Selective effects in favor of F. igniarius var. populinus were characteristic of extracts from the surface tissues of branch stubs, as well as from the total cross section, except that surface extracts were less fungistatic and were not found in branches in all stages of deterioration. Extracts from the axillary regions of dead branches were more fungistatic than those from more distal parts. The stimulatory and inhibitory components of dead branch extracts were heat stable and partially soluble in organic solvents.
STUDIES ON WHITE PINE PHENOLS IN RELATION TO BLISTER RUST
Authors: Boyer M. G.
Published: August 2008

Healthy white pine leaf tissue and leaf tissue infected with the white pine blister rust fungus (Cronartium ribicola Fischer) were studied using histochemical methods to determine the location of phenolic substances in the host and to observe any changes in their distribution as a result of disease. All of the phenolic compounds detectable at the cellular level were observed in the vacuoles of the cells. After infection with the blister rust fungus, some of the phenols normally found in the vacuoles could be detected in the cytoplasm of the cells and on the cell walls. The release of the phenolic substances occurred in conjunction with fragmentation of the vacuoles, a phenomenon observed in infected first-season foliage but not in second-season foliage. The possibility that this could be associated with the known greater resistance of first year leaves when compared with second year leaves is discussed.
STUDIES ON TRICHOSPORIUM HETEROMORPHUM NANNFELDT
Authors: Wang C. J. K.
Published: August 2008

The slides of the paratype of Trichosporium heteromorphum Nannf. and an authentic culture of its nomenclatural variant Margarinomyces heteromorpha (Nannf.) Mangenot represent different species. Trichosporium heteromorphum is reassigned to the genus Phialophora based on the presence of collarettes along hyphae, at the tips of phialides, and on the sclerotial bodies.
MORPHOGENESIS IN VERTICILLIUM: EFFECTS OF LIGHT AND ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION ON MICROSCLEROTIA AND MELANIN
Authors: Brandt W. H.
Published: August 2008

Delay or total suppression of microsclerotia and melanin formation by light seems general among Verticillium isolates of the microsclerotial form. White, fluorescent light delayed or prevented production of microsclerotia and melanin in 14 of 16 microsclerotial isolates on agar, and in 30 of 31 isolates which produced at least some microsclerotia and melanin in liquid culture. Most isolates produced more melanin and microsclerotia on a complex medium (potato dextrose agar) than in a defined medium (sucrose–nitrate liquid). Near-ultraviolet radiation (peak 3650 Å) suppressed melanin and microsclerotia production in one isolate (H-13) of Verticillium in both liquid and solid media. On agar, colonies of isolate H-13 grew larger in near-UV than in darkness. Isolate H-13 retained its ability to produce melanin and microsclerotia during 21 days suppression by near-UV. On some media, near-UV inhibits all steps in microsclerotia development. On others it inhibits only the final steps. There appear to be at least two places in the chain of events leading to melanin and microsclerotia production where near-UV can inhibit the process.
THE FORMATION OF STROMA-LIKE STRUCTURES IN CULTURES OF A STERILE LOW-TEMPERATURE BASIDIOMYCETE
Authors: Ward E. W. B.
Published: August 2008

A study was made of factors influencing the formation and development of stroma-like structures in cultures of a sterile low-temperature basidiomycete. The stromata grow from the surface of the colony at various inclinations, usually concentrically around and close to the inoculum plug. They are club-shaped, dull white in color, and composed of a dense mass of interwoven hyphae. Most extensive development occurred on a malt – yeast extract agar medium. Light, which retards mycelial growth, greatly stimulated stroma formation, and development was also influenced by temperature, pH, and composition of the medium.
NOMENCLATURE AND DESCRIPTION OF DIPLODIA TUMEFACIENS (SHEAR) ZALASKY [≡MACROPHOMA TUMEFACIENS SHEAR APUD HUBERT]
Authors: Zalasky H.
Published: August 2008

Macrophoma tumefaciens Shear apud Hubert is transferred to Diplodia. The morphological and cultural characteristics of the fungus are described. Spore septation and a microconidial state of this fungus are reported for the first time.
TWO INTERESTING HYPHOMYCETES
Authors: Subramanian C. V. , Lodha B. C.
Published: August 2008

Two interesting Hyphomycetes isolated from horse dung from Mussoorie, Uttar Pradesh, India, are described. Gliophragma setosum gen. et sp. nov. is a synnematous form with slimy, solitary, hyaline blastospores (phragmospores); the cells of the spore are produced by acropetal budding. The synnema is adnate to a seta and also bears smaller seta-like processes along with the conidiophores (free ends of hyphae of synnema). Another fungus producing staurospores closely similar in basic ontogeny to the spores of G. setosum, but on mononematous conidiophores, is classified in the genus Speiropsis Tubaki as S. hyalospora sp. nov. Both genera may be placed in the family Torulaceae Corda emend. Subram.
MAPPING THE DISTRIBUTION OF PLANTS BY MACHINE
Authors: Soper James H.
Published: August 2008

This paper describes the introduction of data-processing methods to the recording of data on the distribution of the vascular plants of Ontario. A programmatic typewriter is used to prepare the complete record for filing in the Catalogue and a by-product tape can be converted into a punched card. The punched card contains a code number for the name of the plant and X and Y co-ordinate readings for the geographic location of the record, together with other information. These cards are used to print distribution maps of the species by means of a tabulating machine or a digital plotter. Tests were carried out on three different machines. Tabulators are satisfactory to display records on a regular gridded pattern (as used in the Atlas of the British Flora), but digital plotters are required for the accurate plotting of exact localities on "dot maps" usually made by hand. Examples of various forms used in recording data and one distribution map plotted by an I.B.M. 407 Accounting Machine are illustrated.
TRACHEID SIZE AND ANTICLINAL DIVISIONS IN THE CAMBIUM OF LODGEPOLE PINE
Authors: Bannan M. W.
Published: August 2008

Tracheid size and rate of anticlinal divisions in the cambium were determined for lodgepole pine at several sites in western North America ranging in elevation from 3000 to 11,000 feet. The determinations were made at breast height in trees with boles 10–20 in. in diameter. The base rate of anticlinal division was low as compared with other conifers, the average being 0.8 divisions per cm of xylem increment when ring width exceeded 1.5 mm. The frequency of division increased as annual xylem production fell below 1 mm, and rose sharply with continued reduction in ring width under 0.3 mm. Maximum cell length was associated with a ring width of 1 mm, and the length decreased in both wide and narrow rings. The tangential width of the tracheids likewise lessened as ring width fell below 1 mm, the decline becoming accentuated with continued waning of growth to less than 0.3 mm. Cell diameter differed from the overall mean by more than 1 µ at only one site after allowance was made for dissimilarities in growth rate. Cells were shortest at the two highest sites. The newly formed partition in pseudotransverse division tended to be inclined in the same direction in neighboring cells, but the percentage of divisions deviating from the preferred orientation was higher than in other conifers. Reversals in direction of tilt occurred after varied intervals, these apparently being corrective in function.
THE LEPTOGRAPHIUM COMPLEX. SCOPULARIA VENUSTA PREUSS
Authors: Kendrick W. Bryce
Published: August 2008

The type of Scopularia venusta Preuss (1851), believed to be the first species ever described in the group of fungi now known as the Leptographium complex, has recently been rediscovered. Examination of this material has shown it to be in such poor condition that recognition of the species is impossible. Therefore, the generic names Scopularia Preuss (already a later homonym of Scopularia Lindley), Lindavia Nieuwland, and Outhovia Nieuwland, all based on this species, must be rejected.
TEMPERATURE IN RELATION TO THE TRANSMISSION AND PATHOGENICITY OF WHEAT STRIATE MOSAIC VIRUS
Authors: Slykhuis J. T. , Sherwood P. L.
Published: August 2008

Endria inimica Say acquired the North American type of wheat striate mosaic virus during periods of 15 minutes or longer on diseased plants held at five constant temperatures ranging from 10 to 33 °C. When infective insects were given inoculation access periods varying from 1 to 4 days at different temperatures, the percentage of test plants infected increased with temperature from 12.5% at 10° to 81.4% at 33 °C. After an acquisition access period of 2 days at 24 °C, insects kept at 8 or 10 °C did not transmit virus, but the percentage of others that transmitted at successively higher temperatures increased from 3.3% at 16 °C to 73.3% at 33 °C. The preinfective period was more than 29 days for insects kept at 16 °C and only 5 days for some kept at 27, 30, and 33 °C. The average preinfective period was 11 days at 20 °C, but decreased to 6.4 days as temperature increased to 33 °C. The percentage of test plants that became infected increased from 0.1% at 16 °C to 44.3%, at 33 °C. Stewart and Ramsey wheat seedlings exposed to infective E. inimica for 2 days did not develop symptoms during a subsequent 60 day period at 10 °C. After the same plants were placed in a greenhouse at 20–25 °C, 26% and 27%, respectively, developed symptoms. The incubation period for symptoms in plants ranged from 17 to more than 62 days at 16 °C. It decreased as temperature increased but varied from 6 to 25 days at 30 °C. Forty-two and 48% of Stewart and Ramsey wheat plants respectively, developed symptoms at 16 °C, and increased to almost 100% for both varieties at 30 and 33 °C. The above results indicate that high temperatures during early summer are prerequisite for severe epidemics of wheat striate mosaic in spring wheat.
A SEROLOGICAL COMPARISON OF THREE FUSARIUM SPECIES
Authors: Madhosingh C.
Published: August 2008

Fusarium oxysporum, F. moniliforme, and F. solani were compared serologically. Antigen–antibody precipitations formed by double-diffusion in agar showed cross-reactions among the three species in addition to lines of precipitation specific to each species. The feasibility of the use of serology as a tool in the study of fungus taxonomy is indicated.
CULTURAL STUDIES OF BOLETACEAE: CARPOPHORES OF XEROCOMUS BADIUS AND XEROCOMUS ILLUDENS IN CULTURE
Authors: Pantidou Maria E.
Published: August 2008

Xerocomus badius (Fr.) Kühner ex Gilbert and Xerocomus illudens (Peck) Singer produced small but mature carpophores in culture. These are the first species in the genus Xerocomus of the Boletaceae to fruit in culture.
PHYSIOLOGIC RACES OF OAT CROWN RUST ISOLATED FROM AECIA ON BUCKTHORN AND THEIR RELATION TO THE RACIAL POPULATION ON OATS IN SOUTHEASTERN ONTARIO AND MANITOBA
Authors: Fleischmann George
Published: August 2008

The physiologic race composition of isolates of oat crown rust, Puccinia coronata Corda f. sp. avenae Erikss., from aecia on buckthorn, Rhamnus cathartica L., was correlated with the races isolated from oats, Avena saliva L., in southwestern Ontario and Manitoba respectively. Among the races isolated from aecia in each region, predominant were virulent races which were isolated also from infected oats growing in the buckthorn areas. This suggests strongly that the alternate host is important in initiating crown rust epiphytotics.Races virulent on Landhafer and Santa Fe oats comprised 52% of the isolates from oats and 45% of the isolates from buckthorn in Manitoba. Isolates from oats and buckthorn in Ontario were also correlated, with the most prevalent races being those virulent on Victoria and Bond. They comprised 55% and 45% of the isolates from the principal and alternate hosts respectively.Eight races of crown rust recently discovered in Canada are described in terms of their reactions on the standard set of differential varieties. It is suggested that hybridization on the alternate host would adequately account for the origin of these new races.
SOME EFFECTS OF VIRUS SOURCE AND ACQUISITION FEEDING ON THE APHID TRANSMISSION OF POTATO LEAF ROLL AND TURNIP LATENT VIRUSES
Authors: MacKinnon J. P.
Published: August 2008

Upper whole leaves from the same or different Physalis floridana Rydb. plants provided about equally good sources of potato leaf roll and turnip latent viruses for young nymphs of Myzus persicae (Sulz.). Half leaves infected with potato leaf roll virus varied as much as whole leaves, but half leaves infected with turnip latent virus differed the least of all sources tested. Newly detached leaves were better sources of potato leaf roll virus than those detached for 3 or 7 days, and leaves from plants that showed early symptoms of infection were better sources than those from plants that showed later symptoms. This was not true for sources of turnip latent virus.In serial transfer work that began with single nymphs, the number of plants infected with potato leaf roll virus increased as aphid time on the virus source increased, although a similar increase did not result with turnip latent virus. Some aphids differed by 5 days or more in the time they first transmitted either virus after leaving the source. No aphids lived for longer than 12 serial transfers or 13 days after leaving the virus source.
INDUCED FLUORESCENCE IN GAMETOPHYTES OF SOME LAMINARIALES
Authors: Cole Kathleen
Published: August 2008

The effectiveness of fluorescence microscopy in cytological studies of some Laminariales in culture has been demonstrated in preliminary experiments. Gametophytes were initiated and grown for several weeks in culture media containing different fluorescent compounds. In addition, culture slides were removed from control dishes at different developmental stages and vitally stained with fluorescent media for periods up to 48 hours. Acridine orange and coriphosphine selectively stained the nuclei and cytoplasm in vivo. However, acridine orange had to be applied in the dark, and applications of both fluors were limited to relatively short staining periods since they were toxic to the cultures after 48 hours. Calcofluor White and Biofluor fluorescent brighteners, particularly Calcofluor White PMS, were highly successful. They were (i) non-toxic to the cultures, (ii) selectively absorbed by the cell walls quickly and permanently, (iii) intensely fluorescent at pH 7.8, (iv) stable, and (v) transported to subsequent gametophytic growth. Actively growing regions of the gametophytes fluoresced most brightly, while reproductive and sporophytic cells absorbed the brighteners very weakly. Possible applications of the brighteners in cytological, genetical, developmental, and ecological studies of the marine algae are suggested.
RED SNOW FROM MT. SEYMOUR, BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Stein Janet R. , Brooke Robert C.
Published: August 2008

Samples of 'red snow' occurring in shaded areas in Mt. Seymour Park, British Columbia, were studied in the field and laboratory. The dominant alga is the volvocalean form Sphaerellopsis rubra nov. sp. The light- and temperature-sensitive organism has been observed in living collections and attempts to culture it have been unsuccessful. The habitat of the new taxon is discussed as well as its relation to the ubiquitous 'red snow alga', Chlamydomonas nivalis.
MORPHOLOGY OF THE BUR OF XANTHIUM
Authors: Trivedi B. S. , Sharma Prakash Chandra
Published: August 2008

This communication reports on an anatomical study of Xanthium strumarium Linn., with respect to the receptacle, the bur, its spines, and septum between the two flowers of a female inflorescence. The anatomical details, presented here, support Farr's view (1915), which was based entirely on ontogenical studies, that the bur is a continuation of the receptacle, and that the spines it carries are modified floral bracts.
NUTRITIONAL FACTORS AFFECTING GROWTH, FRIABILITY, AND LIGNIFICATION OF SUSPENSION CULTURES OF HIGHER PLANT CELLS
Authors: Venketeswaran S. , Chen Peter K.
Published: August 2008

Suspension cultures of Lactuca and Euphorbia were grown in three different experimental media. Growth measurements in terms of increase in fresh weight of tissue, and degree of tissue dissociation after 6 weeks in culture was found to be greatest in medium containing yeast extract (1 g/l.), less in medium containing a completely defined synthetic mixture, and least in medium containing coconut milk (15%). Quantitative lignin determinations made on tissues growing in the three media showed high lignin values (in μg/mg dry weight of tissue sample) in tissue growing in coconut milk medium, less in tissues growing in synthetic mixture, and least in tissues growing in yeast extract medium. The results thus point out that nutritional factors added to culture media influence not only the growth rate of cultures but also the nature of friability of callus tissue, and the degree of lignification of the growing tissue. Potentialities of using suspension cultures to study lignification processes are pointed out.
PHIALOMYCES, A NEW GENUS OF HYPHOMYCETES
Authors: Misra P. C. , Talbot P. H. B.
Published: August 2008

Phialomyces macrosporus Misra & Talbot, a new genus and species of Hyphomycetes isolated from soil, is illustrated and described, and is briefly compared with Paecilomyces, Stachybotrys, and Memnoniella.
AN UNUSUAL TRANSMISSION RATE OF THE DEFICIENT MALE GAMETE IN A SUBSTITUTION MONOSOMIC OF CHROMOSOME 3D IN WHEAT
Authors: Bhowal J. G.
Published: August 2008

An unusual segregation of disomics, monosomics, and nullisomies (11, 38, and 51%, respectively, in summer and 11, 50, and 39%, respectively, in fall) was observed in the offspring of a substitution monosomic of chromosome 3D from Red Bobs into a hybrid of Rescue (Triticum aestivum L. emend Thell.) and Golden Ball (T. durum Desf.).Pollen with 20 and 21 chromosomes occurred in the frequency of 64 and 36%, respectively.The deficient male gametes effected fertilization in a frequency of 61%, that is, about the same frequency in which they occur, with two female parents, and in a frequency of 31% with two others, thereby showing the effect of stylar parent on the transmission of male gametes. The deficient female gametes are transmitted in a frequency of 76%. The 61% transmission of the deficiency on the male side and 76% on the female explain the unusual segregation in the summer crop.Monosomic plants selfed in the summer produced more nullisomics and fewer monosomics in their progeny than monosomics selfed in fall. The lower rate of functioning of the deficient male gamete in fall (about 51%) has been assumed to cause this difference.
COMPARATIVE GROWTH AND FUNCTION OF NORMAL AND DEFICIENT POLLEN IN A SUBSTITUTION MONOSOMIC OF CHROMOSOME 3D IN WHEAT
Authors: Bhowal J. G.
Published: August 2008

Normal pollen with chromosome 3D from Red Bobs had little competitive advantage over pollen deficient for chromosome 3D when a substituted monosomic line of wheat derived from the hybrid Rescue × Golden Ball was selfed. Although the initial rate of pollen tube growth of the 21-chromosome pollen was greater than that of the 20-chromosome pollen, ultimately the two kinds of pollen functioned in the proportions in which they were formed. The 21-chromosome pollen of the substitution monosomic had an advantage over 20-chromosome pollen in a cross with monosomic 3D of Red Bobs, but not with three other 3D monosomic varieties. However, normal pollen in all the reciprocal crosses showed a competitive advantage, affecting fertilization in up to approximately 90% of the cases. Thus chromosome 3D in the Rescue – Golden Ball medium gives the normal pollen little competitive advantage.
SURFACTANTS AS FUNGICIDES
Authors: Forsyth F. R.
Published: August 2008

The cationic (Hyamine 3500, Cyprex, or dodine, and Triton X-400), anionic (Atlox G-3300 and Santomerse), and non-ionic (Tritons X-100, X-114, and B-1956 as well as Tween 81) surfactants were compared as inhibitors of respiration, as agents promoting the passage of amino acids out of spores into the surrounding medium, and as inhibitors of germination of the spores of one or more of the test organisms Monilinia fructicola, Alternaria solani, Puccinia recondita, and Puccinia coronata. The loss of cell constituents by leakage caused by the various surfactants paralleled their efficacy as fungicides against A. solani. Although the surfactants do cause reduction in respiration rates paralleling their fungicidal activity, the effect of the compounds on respiratory or other enzyme systems is considered to be secondary to the irreparable damage caused to the semipermeable outer membrane of the cytoplasm. The cations Ni++ and Cu++ were compared with the surfactants as inhibitors of respiration and as stimulators of cell leakage.
POLLEN DEPOSITION IN LAKES AND BOGS NEAR OTTAWA, CANADA
Authors: Terasmae J. , Mott R. J.
Published: August 2008

A palynological study of surface samples of lake deposits and peat in the Ottawa area has indicated that pollen and spore assemblages obtained from these samples reflect both the local vegetation and the regional one characteristic of the Great Lakes – St. Lawrence Forest Region. Palynological differences between the upland sites and those of the clay plain of the Ottawa Valley are sufficient to identify these environments. Results of this study will help to strengthen the interpretation based on fossil pollen and spore assemblages found in postglacial deposits, when past environments are inferred from these fossil assemblages.
SELF-FERTILITY IN BOTRYOTINIA PORRI
Authors: Elliott Mary E.
Published: August 2008

Apothecia were produced in culture from mass conidial isolates of Botrylis porri (v. Beyma) Buchw. From these apothecia single ascospore cultures were obtained which produced apothecia in unspermatized dishes. It is concluded that Botryotinia porri is self-fertile.
THE EFFECT OF SODIUM DIMETHYLDITHIOCARBAMATE ON WATER UPTAKE, TRANSPIRATION, AND STOMATAL OPENING
Authors: Thorn G. D. , Minshall W. H.
Published: August 2008

Sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate, applied to the roots of tomato and bean plants, markedly decreases the rate of transpiration and prevents stomatal opening. The chemical also causes a large reduction in water movement associated with metabolic root pressure. The concentration of total amino acids moving out of the root system is reduced by as much as 50% of normal. Transpiration and stomatal opening of detached leaves from untreated plants are not affected appreciably by solutions of sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate.
PHYTOPHTHORA SPP. IN SOILS OF THE OKANAGAN AND SIMILKAMEEN VALLEYS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: McIntosh D. L.
Published: August 2008

Phytophthora cactorum is widely distributed in irrigated soils in the Okanagan and Similkameen valleys of British Columbia. Other species isolated, when over 1800 soil samples were assayed for the presence of Phytophthora fungi, were P. cryptogea twice, P. cambivora once, P. megasperma var. sojae once, and P. drechsleri twice. Phytophthora spp. were not recovered from virgin soils nor from non-irrigated cultivated soils, nor from orchard soils receiving irrigation water that is chlorinated. P. cactorum, P. cryptogea, and P. cambivora are pathogenic to rootlets of pear, cherry, apricot, and peach seedlings. P. megasperma var. sojae and P. drechsleri were weakly to non-pathogenic to these hosts. Pear and apple rootlets exerted a chemotactic effect on zoospores of P. cambivora and P. cactorum.
THE FOREST HABITAT TYPES IN SOUTHEASTERN MANITOBA AND THEIR APPLICATION TO FOREST MANAGEMENT
Authors: Mueller-Dombois D.
Published: August 2008

A forest ecological land classification in southeastern Manitoba resulted in the description of 14 forest habitat types, including three subtypes. These are based on silviculturally significant differences of soil moisture and nutrient regime, which are interpreted through tangible features of the three ecosystem components: vegetation, soil, and landform. The types encompass the regional environment from the driest habitats on sand dunes to the wettest in low moor bogs and from the nutritionally poorest on siliceous sandy podzols to the richest on alluvial bottomlands.The classification is to serve as a basic framework for silvicultural practices in the area. Aspects of application to current forest management are discussed.
BIOSYSTEMATIC STUDIES OF THREE SPECIES IN THE GENUS LIATRIS
Authors: Cruise James E.
Published: August 2008

An attempt has been made to clarify the genetic relationships of Liatris spicata, L. pycnostachya, and L. aspera, using hybridization experiments, transplant studies, and related biosystematic techniques. The species represent three different series within the genus, but are morphologically rather closely related, and are sympatric in at least five U. S. states of the Mississippi Valley. The species are homoploid, with n = 10. Two ecological races are recognized within each species, and a high degree of inter fertility exists between races and species, with the exception of ruderal races of L. pycnostachya and L. aspera. Further hybridization experiments involved the additional species punctata, cylindracea, and scariosa. The latter species shows a high degree of genetic isolation from the others. Liatris spicata, pycnostachya, aspera, punctata, and cylindracea should be termed ecotypes: they appear to be elements of a larger diploid complex (ecospecies) composed of at least these five taxonomic species.
PYCNIDIAL DEVELOPMENT AND SPORE DISCHARGE OF PLENODOMUS MELILOTI
Authors: Colotelo Nicholas , Netolitzky Hans
Published: August 2008

Stages in the development of pycnidia and pycnospore discharge of Plenodomus meliloli Dearness and Sanford are presented. Liquid droplets, which exude from pycnidia prior to pycnospore discharge, contained 17 amino compounds. Reducing sugars or sucrose were not detected.
THE CONCENTRATION OF NUCLEIC ACIDS IN SOME COMMON MARINE ALGAE
Authors: Young E. Gordon
Published: August 2008

The method of Smillie and Krotkov has been applied to the estimation of soluble ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid in nine species of marine algae, representative of the Chlorophyceae, Rhodophyceae, and Phaeophyceae. Treatment of the extract with an anion exchange resin was essential for the determination of RNA. Values for RNA and DNA, expressed as percentages of total solids, were respectively as follows: Ulva lactuca 0.63 and 0.10, Chondrus crispus 0.91 and 0.65, Rhodymenia palmata 0.73 and 0.41, Porphyra umbilicalis 1.62 and 0.19, Furcellaria fastigiata 0.37 and 0.36, Laminaria longicruris 0.68 and 0.06, L. digitata 0.67 and 0.30, L. agardhii 0.90 and 0.07, Fucus vesiculosus 0.29 and 0.05, based on commercial nucleic acids assayed by ultraviolet absorption, as standards. Use of ribose and deoxyribose as standards gave lower results. Attempts to prepare pure polynucleotides from several marine algae were unsuccessful.
THE SITES OF ALKALOID CONCENTRATION IN LUPINUS LUTEUS TISSUES
Authors: White H. A. , Spencer Mary
Published: August 2008

A new method for determination of the location of alkaloids in plant tissue is described. The method utilizes freeze-dried tissue and an iodine-based staining procedure. With Lupinus luteus tissue, the amounts of alkaloids were found to be highest in areas of greatest chloroplast concentrations.
NEW FACTS ON HOST–PARASITE RELATIONSHIPS IN THE HYPOXYLON CANKER OF ASPEN
Authors: Hubbes Martin
Published: August 2008

The isolation of Hypoxylon pruinalum (Klotzsche) Cke. from discolored wood beyond visible canker limits provided the first indication that this fungus invades xylem under sound bark of Populus tremuloides Michx. The strong inhibition of the fungus growth on bark meal agar and the active growth on wood meal agar is another demonstration of this particular host and parasite interaction. Further evidence for this behavior was obtained experimentally with living bark and wood of aspen. These studies have also shown that the fungus produces diffusible substances toxic to the living host tissues. It is concluded that H. pruinatum is a sapwood parasite.
A LARCH CANKER CAUSED BY LEUCOSTOMA KUNZEI (FR.) MUNK EX KERN
Authors: Lavallée André
Published: August 2008

A branch and stem canker disease, affecting up to 40% of exotic larch trees in plantations and a number of native larch trees in natural stands, was investigated in Quebec. The disease was found to be associated with the imperfect stage of Leucostoma kunzei (Fr.) Munk ex Kern. The taxonomic position of this fungus is reviewed.Monoascosporic isolates obtained from different sources yielded various cultural patterns but these could not be related to hosts or to ascospore size. Isolates from exotic larches developed less rapidly than those from native larch on various media.Results of field inoculations indicated that exotic larches are more susceptible than the native species. Susceptibility of a number of other coniferous species was also demonstrated. Unfavorable environmental factors, such as persistent summer drought, seemed necessary for the establishment and development of the disease.
A NEW ASPERGILLUS FROM INDIAN SOILS: A. STRIATUS SPEC. NOV.
Authors: Rai J. N. , Tewari J. P. , Mukerji K. G.
Published: August 2008

A spergillus striatus spec, nov., a new member of the A. nidulans group, has been described from Mangrove mud, collected from Kagh Islands, West Bengal, India. It is distinct from all the hitherto known ascosporic aspergilli in having large, lenticular, purple-red, and striate ascospores, devoid of equatorial crests.
ASCOCARPIC DEVELOPMENT IN DIPOROTHECA RHIZOPHILA
Authors: Gordon C. C. , Shaw C. Gardner
Published: August 2008

In Diporotheca rhizophila Gordon & Shaw upright unicellular perithecial initials are produced on the superficial mycelium covering the host's roots. By septation the initial becomes a three-celled primordium. Two cells, produced laterally from the penultimate cell of the primordium, by division in two planes, form the perithecial wall. During final maturation two to three divisions in the third plane make the wall three to five cells thick. The centrum originates from the apical cell of the primordium. Dikaryotization of an immature perithecium involves the production of one to many hyaline receptive hyphae from the dark, pigmented, peridial cells. These receptive hyphae fuse with superficial vegetative hyphae, and a nucleus from a cell of the vegetative hypha apparently migrates into the centrum. No structure within the centrum of the perithecium could be interpreted as an ascogonium. The same hyaline, pseudoparenchymatous filaments which form the ascal generative cells in the basal and central areas of the centrum give rise to periphyses within the perithecial neck.
THE PHYSIOLOGY OF HOST–PARASITE RELATIONS: XIV. THE EFFECT OF RUST INFECTION ON THE NUCLEIC ACID CONTENT OF WHEAT LEAVES
Authors: Quick W. A. , Shaw Michael
Published: August 2008

The increase in respiration in rust-infected leaves of Little Club wheat was followed and paralleled by an increase in RNA per gram dry weight. The massive increase in dry weight of infected leaves in the later stages of rust development (9–12 days after inoculation) sometimes obscured the increase in RNA when RNA was expressed on a dry weight but not when it was expressed on a fresh weight basis. There was no increase in RNA in rust-infected Khapli. Rust infection had no effect on DNA per gram dry weight in Little Club or Khapli, but DNA per gram fresh weight increased slightly (15%) in Little Club, indicating the synthesis of fungal DNA. Infection had little effect on the protein content of Little Club but markedly lowered that of Khapli. The results are discussed in relation to earlier cytochemical determinations of DNA and RNA in infected tissue.
THE MICROFUNGAL FLORA OF BAT CAVE SOILS FROM ELEUTHERA ISLAND, THE BAHAMAS
Authors: Orpurt Philip A.
Published: August 2008

A total of 55 species of microfungi, representing 30 genera, were isolated from 19 samples of soil and 1 sample of dung obtained from a bat cave located on Eleuthera Island, the Bahamas.Frequencies of occurrence of individual species and major groups of fungi plus a brief comparison with other ecological studies of soil fungi are presented. Guano deposits of insectivorous bats represent the dominant factor in determining the fungal composition of the cave.
A COLOR MUTATION, ITS INHERITANCE, AND THE INHERITANCE OF PATHOGENICITY IN PUCCINIA GRAMINIS PERS.
Authors: Green G. J.
Published: August 2008

Seven lots of teliospores of Puccinia graminis Pers. gave rise to mutant white infections on barberry. Cultures heterozygous for the white mutation produced equal numbers of white and normal orange infections indicating that a single mutation caused the absence of color. White pycnial infections fertilized with nectar from normal pycnial infections, and normal infections fertilized with nectar from white infections produced normal aecia, but white infections fertilized with nectar from white infections produced white aecia. White aecia gave rise to greyish-brown uredial cultures. A single dominant gene governed virulence on the varieties Arnautka and Mindum and it appeared to be linked to the locus governing color. Virulence on lines of the variety Marquis carrying genes Sr8 or Sr9a was governed by single recessive genes. Tests of significance indicated that virulence on the line carrying Sr7 was linked with virulence on the line carrying Sr10, and virulence on Lee with virulence on Sr10.
ORIENTATION OF THE PARTITION IN PSEUDOTRANSVERSE DIVISION IN CAMBIA OF SOME CONIFERS
Authors: Hejnowicz Z.
Published: August 2008

On the basis of studies of wood sections the orientations of anticlinal partitions were established over two cambial areas, of 70 cm2 and 90 cm2, in Thuja stem during a few successive years. Similar determinations were also performed over longer time periods in limited sections of cambium in Thuja, Larix, and Pinus. The term "domain" was introduced to designate a sector of the cambium where anticlinal partitions are tilted in one direction. It is shown that the domains differ in size and that the domain pattern changes with time.
AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE NATURE OF THE LAYERING OF DEEP-WATER SEDIMENTS IN TWO EASTERN ONTARIO LAKES
Authors: Tippett Roger
Published: August 2008

The sediments deposited beneath the thermocline in certain lakes are finely banded with alternating dark and light bands. Most workers have assumed this banding to be an annual phenomenon, with the light bands representing summer deposits and the dark bands representing winter deposits. The microfossils contained in each layer, particularly pollen and diatoms, should represent the flora of the time of year at which the sediment was deposited. If this banding is annual, different species will be consistently associated with particular parts of a pair of layers.Pollen and diatom contents of individually separated dark and light layers from different depths of a core were analyzed. Pollen produced in late spring and early summer, and summer forms of diatoms, are associated with light layers whereas pollen produced early in the year, and winter diatoms, are associated with dark layers. The junction between layer types and the position of fossils in each layer were studied by observing sections cut from wax impregnated sediment blocks. The light layers contain much more calcareous material than the dark layers. From all evidence accumulated it is concluded that the layering is annual.
H-POLYNOMIALS AND ROOK POLYNOMIALS
Authors: CAN MAHIR BILEN , RENNER LEX E.
Published: August 2008

The purpose of this paper is twofold. First we describe a useful procedure for computing the H-polynomials of reductive monoids. Second we use this procedure to compute the H-polynomial of the monoid of n × n matrices in terms of the q-analogues of the rook polynomials of Garsia and Remmel.
COMBINATORIAL REES–SUSHKEVICH VARIETIES ARE FINITELY BASED
Authors: LEE EDMOND W. H.
Published: August 2008

A variety is said to be a Rees–Sushkevich variety if it is contained in a periodic variety generated by 0-simple semigroups. It is shown that all combinatorial Rees–Sushkevich varieties are finitely based.
GLOBAL EXISTENCE AND ASYMPTOTIC BEHAVIOR OF THE COMPRESSIBLE NAVIER–STOKES EQUATIONS FOR A 1D ISOTHERMAL VISCOUS GAS
Authors: QIN YUMING , ZHAO YANLI
Published: August 2008

In this paper, we prove the global existence and asymptotic behavior of solutions in Hi (i = 1, 2) to an initial boundary value problem of a 1D isentropic, isothermal and the compressible viscous gas with an non-autonomous external force in a bounded region.
THE ROLE OF OXYGEN IN TISSUE MAINTENANCE: MATHEMATICAL MODELING AND QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
Authors: FRIEDMAN AVNER , HU BEI
Published: August 2008

The cells in a tissue occupying a region Ωtare divided according to their cycling phase. The density piof cells in phase i depends on the spatial variable x, the time t, and the time sisince the cells entered in phase i. The pi(x, t, si) and the oxygen concentration w(x, t) satisfy a system of PDEs in Ωt, and the boundary of Ωtis a free boundary. We denote by [Formula: see text] the oxygen concentration on the free boundary and consider the radially symmetric case, so that Ωt= {r < R(t)}. We prove that R(t) is always bounded; furthermore, if [Formula: see text] is small, then R(t) → 0 as t → ∞, and if [Formula: see text] is large, then R(t) ≥ c > 0 for all t. Finally, we prove the existence and uniqueness of a stationary solution in a special case.
Women Association Struggle for Development (WASFD)
Authors: Amir Irfan , Arif Farrah
Published: August 2008

Women Association Struggle for Development (WASFD) was established in December 1998 by 15 women of the Swabi district with a vision to build a society where poor women could enjoy their rights for social and economic development. WASFD extended its area of operation to the Mardan district in June 2002. In June 2005, WASFD was working in 25 villages of the Swabi district and 15 villages of the Mardan district. Since its inception, WASFD had been actively working towards the economic uplift of women in the area. After six years of its operations, the executive body of WASFD wanted to examine the viability of increasing its impact of operations in line with its mission and objectives. This case is useful in examining the expansion and long-term planning of a social organization.
Beauty and the Beast: The Brand Crisis of SK-II Cosmetics in China
Authors: Tai Susan H. C.
Published: August 2008

On September 14, 2006, customers in all major mainland China cities flooded SK-II counters with refund requests after health authorities found banned metals in SK-II cosmetics products. The report of possible health risks prompted a fierce backlash from some Chinese consumers, a movement partly orchestrated on the Internet, which forced P&G into offering compensation. P&G ended up pulling all its SK-II products from mainland China shops amid security fears after outbreaks of violence in Shanghai, where hundreds of people pushed, shouted, and broke a glass door of the office building at which product returns were being accepted. The case is useful in dealing with marketing issues such as product safety concerns, product recalls and negative publicity.
Cavinkare Private Limited: Serving Low Income Consumers
Authors: Jaiswal Anand Kumar , Venugopal Pingali
Published: August 2008

This case deals with the strategies adopted by CavinKare Private Limited to serve the low income consumers in India. Chik brand of CavinKare established its leadership in rural markets and emerged as the second largest selling shampoo brand. The factors contributing to the success of CavinKare were (a) keen understanding of rural markets, (b) focus on innovation, (c) development of affordable products, (d) low cost operations, and (e) extensive distribution and access. The study of CavinKare highlights the business strategies organizations can use for the successful exploitation of opportunities present in the low income markets.
Sanctions, Cooperation, and the Stability of Plant-Rhizosphere Mutualisms
Authors: Kiers E. Toby , Denison R. Ford
Published: August 2008

There are both costs and benefits for host plants that associate with microbes in the rhizosphere. Typically, an individual plant associates with multiple microbial genotypes varying in mutualistic benefit. This creates a potential tragedy of the commons where less-mutualistic strains potentially share in the collective benefits, while paying less of the costs. Therefore, maintaining cooperation over the course of evolution requires specific mechanisms that reduce the fitness benefits from “cheating.” Sanctions that discriminate among partners based on actual symbiotic performance are a key mechanism in rhizobia and may exist in many rhizosphere mutualisms, including rhizobia, mycorrhizal fungi, root endophytes, and perhaps free-living rhizosphere microbes. Where they exist, sanctions may take different forms depending on the system. Despite sanctions, less-effective symbionts still persist. We suggest this is because of mixed infection at spatial scales that limit the effects of sanctions, variation among plants in the strength of sanctions, and conflicting selection regimes.
The Case for Cultural Competency in Psychotherapeutic Interventions
Authors: Sue Stanley , Zane Nolan , Nagayama Hall Gordon C. , Berger Lauren K.
Published: August 2008

Cultural competency practices have been widely adopted in the mental health field because of the disparities in the quality of services delivered to ethnic minority groups. In this review, we examine the meaning of cultural competency, positions that have been taken in favor of and against it, and the guidelines for its practice in the mental health field. Empirical research that tests the benefits of cultural competency is discussed.
Synthesis of NiO Nanowiress for Use in Lithium Batteries
Authors: Cohen-Hyams Tzipi , Bhargava Yash , Thorne Shawn , Wilcox James , Devine Thomas
Published: August 2008

Nickel oxide (NiO) nanowires were used as electrodes in lithium batteries for capacity assessments. The nanowires were grown directly on Alloy 600 foil (16 Cr- 8Fe - bal Ni) that serves as the current collector. The nanowires are synthesized by a novel electrochemical process. The technique grows self-assembled, high quality, high density nickel-rich oxide nanowires with an average diameter of 25nm and aspect ratios between 400:1 and 600:1. Preliminary testing indicates that the battery is stable with constant capacities from the third cycle onward. The addition of sputtered carbon increased the capacitance from 70 mAhg−1 to ~600 mAhg−1. The batteries demonstrate controlled and sustainable lithium diffusion with reversible capacities.
Nanocomposite Solid Electrolytes Based on Lithium Perchlorate
Authors: Uvarov Nikolai F. , Ulihin Artem S. , Slobodyuk Arseny B. , Kavun Valery Y. , Kirik Sergey D.
Published: August 2008

High-conductive composite solid electrolytes with the conductivity of 10-3-10-2 S/cm at 200oC were obtained by doping of lithium perchlorate with different oxide additives, such as nanocrystalline α-Al2O3, α-LiAlO2, γ-Al2O3, γ-LiAlO2, MgO and mesoporous SiO2 (MCM-41). It was experimentally shown that the crystal structure and chemical nature of the oxide influence upon electrical properties of the composites, primarily on the activation energy of connductivity. The composite 0.4LiClO4 - 0.6γ-Al2O3 was investigated by 7Li, 27Al and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance methods. It was shown that practically all lithium cations in the composite are mobile. The NMR data agree with ac-conductivity data at high temperatures, whereas there is a discrepancy at low temperatures.