bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sexual reproduction of Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica s.l.) at its northern distribution limit: New evidence of the effect of climate warming on an invasive species
Authors: Groeneveld Elisabeth , Belzile François , Lavoie Claude
Published: February 2014

• Premise of the study: In response to climate warming, plant species may shift their distribution northward, but such a process is slow and hard to detect. Alternatively, phenological changes (earlier flowering) are expected as first adaptations for populations located near their distribution limit. That could be the case for the invasive Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica s.l., including the hybrid Bohemian knotweed F. ×bohemica). We hypothesized that climate warming now allows the species to produce viable seeds in the northernmost populations.

• Methods: Seeds were collected along a 550 km long transect in Quebec, Canada, and tested for germination. The genetic diversity of a population was determined using polymorphic microsatellite markers to verify whether the species is actually producing new individuals through sexual reproduction.

• Key results: Japanese knotweed produces, in Quebec, a large number of seeds with a high germination rate (up to 93%). The geographical limit for viable seed production in North America has been extended to Quebec City, about 500 km north of the formerly reported limit. Bohemian knotweeds are genetically diverse, while true Japanese knotweeds all share a common multilocus genotype. This suggests that Bohemian knotweed stands mostly arose from seed, while true Japanese knotweeds result only from the propagation of rhizome or stem fragments.

• Conclusions: The effect of climate change is already palpable on the phenology of invasive plant species at their northern distribution limit. Bohemian knotweed, which until recently was rare in Quebec, could rapidly spread in the near future with the help of an additional diaspore type (seeds).
Can floral display size compensate for Allee effects caused by low population abundance and density inSynthyris bullii(Plantaginaceae), a rare species?
Authors: Chi Katherine , Molano‐Flores Brenda
Published: February 2014

•Premise of the study:Conservation seeks to address the issues of small population size, and the reproductive limitations confronting these populations. Sparse, small plant populations often suffer Allee effects such as pollinator limitation. However, some studies show that plants in sparse populations experience reduced resource competition. As a result, these plants may produce larger floral displays, which are also predicted to attract pollinators. The negative impacts from reduced floral quantity may thus be offset by improved floral quality.

•Methods:In a 2‐yr field study, population abundance and density were quantified for 24 populations ofSynthyris bullii(Plantaginaceae), a rare prairie endemic. In each population, data were collected on inflorescence size, fruit/seed set, and seed germination.

•Key results:Inflorescence size had a positive relationship with population inflorescence abundance and density. Fruit set and germination responded positively to floral quality (i.e., flower density). In comparison, seed set showed a positive relationship with only floral quantity (i.e., population abundance).

•Conclusions:Contrary to our predictions, inflorescence size and population size were not inversely related. While attractive floral displays in sparse populations potentially compensate in terms of fruit set, population abundance nevertheless plays an important role in seed set. Because floral quality and quantity differ in their ability to explain reproductive outcomes, studies should examine reproduction at several stages, otherwise the impacts of population size may be overlooked. Allee effects manifesting at a critical stage of reproduction, such as seed production, may act as a bottleneck impeding successful recruitment.
Kaboul-Paris : voyage d'un gramme d'héroïne
Authors: Roudaut Mickaël R.
Published: February 2014

En retraçant le voyage d’un gramme d’héroïne de Kaboul à Paris, cet article souligne la portée géopolitique et géoéconomique de l’économie du pavot. Loin d’une simple réalité afghane, son trafic enrichit avant tout des puissances criminelles européennes (Turquie incluse), principales bénéficiaires d’un commerce aux profits sans doute largement réinvestis dans l’économie licite du continent et de ses franges sud-orientales. Ce trafic alimente un puissant levier corrupteur minant l’État de droit.
Rente pétrolière et crise économique
Authors: Greggio Rodolphe , Mafféi Benoît
Published: February 2014

La situation actuelle sur le marché du pétrole est traversée par un paradoxe majeur : des cours élevés du brut coexistent avec un équilibre très précaire en termes de quantités, une offre surabondante faisant face à une demande minée notamment par la crise économique. Mais un tel contraste, qui – au passage – remet en question la validité de l’hypothèse du « pic pétrolier », du moins à court-moyen terme, peut être élucidé à condition de porter son attention, au-delà des déterminants classiques de nature technico-économique, sur des problématiques plus spécifiquement géopolitiques, au croisement de l’économique, du social et du politique. Il apparaît alors que les cours du pétrole sont tout d’abord tributaires des stratégies intérieures et extérieures des nations (notamment les grands exportateurs) et plus largement des intérêts des acteurs de la filière, qui ont pour objectif, dans un contexte de forte opacité du marché, la stabilisation d’un certain nombre de zones géographiques sous tension.
Géoéconomie du Brésil : un géant empêtré ?
Authors: de Almeida Paulo Roberto
Published: February 2014

Cet article analyse l’évolution politique du Brésil de ces dernières années, en soulignant les changements pertinents opérés depuis l’orientation social-démocrate de l’administration Cardoso, ainsi que les choix économiques étatiques voulus par Lula et les gouvernements successifs du Parti des Travailleurs (à partir de 2003). Il affirme que le Brésil pourrait tomber dans une phase de relative stagnation de la croissance économique et d’une détérioration sensible de son appareil institutionnel en raison de l’orientation néo-bolchevique des nouveaux dirigeants.
Gabon, pays émergent
Authors: Gambotti Christian
Published: February 2014

Dès son élection, en 2009, le président de la République Ali Bongo Ondimba a lancé un Plan stratégique Gabon émergent 2025 (PSGE) dont les trois piliers sont le « Gabon industriel », le « Gabon vert » et le « Gabon des services ». L’objectif est de diversifier l’économie gabonaise pour sortir de l’économie de la rente que représentent encore les revenus du pétrole. La marche vers l’émergence est engagée. Mais le temps presse avec l’échéance électorale de 2016. La population, avide de croissance et de consommation, attend encore les résultats du PSGE, comme elle attend un meilleur partage des fruits de la croissance. Déjà, le mérite du PSGE aura été de rendre visible, sur la scène internationale, l’action des dirigeants gabonais. Mais il faut passer des slogans mobilisateurs aux actes, ce qui est une manière de réhabiliter l’action politique et l’idée d’une destinée collective.
L'amélioration des services de l'eau en faveur des pauvres dans les pays émergents
Authors: Mugisha Silver , Dahan Lionel , Morel Pierre
Published: February 2014

Le besoin d’améliorer des services de l’eau en faveur des pauvres se fait de plus en plus ressentir parmi les donateurs, dans les gouvernements et parmi les représentants de la société civile. Cet article est fondé sur l’expérience de compagnies des eaux des pays africains sub-sahariens. Il vise à mettre en valeur des projets durables de toute nature en faveur des pauvres : collaboration, communication, intégration ou mise en œuvre effective. En nous appuyant sur l’expérience du secteur de l’eau en Ouganda, nous discutons également la difficulté de mettre en place des incitations pour un service de l’eau qui soit en faveur des pauvres, et de définir des critères permettant d’évaluer l’efficacité de subventions ciblées pour l’investissement.
La croissance de l'économie mexicaine sous les gouvernements du PAN et bien au-delà
Authors: Esquivel Gerardo
Published: February 2014

Ce travail analyse le développement de l’économie mexicaine sous les deux présidences du Parti d’Action Nationale (PAN). Nous verrons que la croissance économique du Mexique est restée médiocre au regard des résultats passés ou de ceux des autres pays. Nous verrons également que cette évolution s’inscrit dans une tendance à long terme, ce qui nous amènera à qualifier ces problèmes de structurels. En ce sens, nous verrons que la productivité au travail est actuellement inférieure à ce qu’elle était il y a 30 ans. Pour expliquer cette situation, deux facteurs sont à analyser : le faible niveau de crédit accordé par le secteur privé et la faiblesse des taux de formation de capital humain.
Le travail universitaire au Mexique, du salaire au mérite au travail à la tâche ?
Authors: Gil Antón Manuel
Published: February 2014

À partir de 1989, suite à la profonde crise économique que connut le Mexique, le mode de régulation des professions de l’éducation supérieure a radicalement changé. La rémunération du travail, auparavant essentiellement salarial (c’est-à-dire garantie par des Conventions Collectives) perdait 60 % de sa valeur. Par la suite, le redressement progressif du revenu des personnels académiques, ne s’est pas fait par des augmentations salariales, mais par la mise en place de programmes laissant aux enseignants à temps plein la possibilité d’obtenir des ressources supplémentaires, « payées au mérite », individuellement et hors-salaire, sous condition d’évaluation positive de leur production académique. Aujourd’hui, la part du salaire dans le revenu de l’élite de l’enseignement supérieur est tombée à tout juste 30 %, l’essentiel étant composé de prestations ou de récompenses additionnelles et irrégulières. En nous penchant sur le modèle des Transferts Monétaires Conditionnés, nous montrerons les réussites et les limites d’un tel système, ainsi que les effets contradictoires qu’il peut engendrer.
L'État et les mouvements sociaux durant la transition à la démocratie (2000-2012)
Authors: Estrada Saavedra Marco Antonio
Published: February 2014

Nous avons l’habitude de penser que les transitions démocratiques, comme celle qu’a connu le Mexique en l’an 2000, supposent une rupture avec les pratiques politiques de l’ancien régime. Le domaine de la lutte sociale fournit des indications précieuses sur le degré d’ouverture du nouveau système politique et son caractère démocratique. Cet article prend pour objet les relations tissées ces 12 dernières années entre le gouvernement fédéral et trois mouvements sociaux. L’auteur y observe le prolongement d’interactions autrefois en vigueur (cooptation et répression), la naissance de relations inédites (reconnaissance des opposants comme des interlocuteurs légitimes et fonctionnement de l’État de droit), enfin l’apparition de répertoires, de ressources, d’acteurs et d’arènes nouveaux. Paradoxalement, faire appel à l’État de droit a autant servi à résoudre des conflits de manière institutionnelle et démocratique, qu’à criminaliser la lutte sociale en en faisant une menace à l’ordre social.
Changer ou procrastiner. L'Union européenne face à elle-même en 2014
Authors: Nivet Bastien
Published: February 2014

La conjonction entre les élections européennes, le renouvellement de la Commission européenne et d’autres postes européens, ainsi que la mise en œuvre de certaines dispositions prévues dans le traité de Lisbonne fait de 2014 une année européenne lourde d’enjeux. Le résultat des arbitrages entre une politisation et une redynamisation attendues des institutions européennes, et les tendances des États membres à la procrastination détermineront le bilan réel de cette année européenne.
Consumers' perceptions of stakeholder credibility: who has it and who perceives it
Authors: Dentoni D. , Tonsor G. , Calantone R. , Peterson H.C.
Published: February 2014

Based on the case of US consumer choice of beef steak brands, this study investigates how individual perceptions of information source credibility influence food brand choices. In particular, it tackles the questions: which stakeholders inside or outside the food chain are perceived as credible information sources in promoting food quality? Which consumer segments perceive different stakeholders as credible? What is the relationship between consumers' perceptions of stakeholder credibility and their brand choices? Data are collected from a representative sample of 460 US citizens through an online survey in November 2009 and analyzed through a set of path models. Results provide evidence that: perceptions of stakeholder credibility overall influence their beef brand choices; consumer perceptions that a stakeholder is knowledgeable and has no vested interests are negatively associated; government and family & friends are the stakeholders that mostly influence consumer beef brand choice, although differences across consumer segments are substantial; age, gender, and education are factors that significantly influence consumer perceptions of stakeholder credibility. Marketing managers, policy-makers and their stakeholders in the food sector can use results and methods from this study to design both generic and brand promotion campaigns, especially to influence consumers' perceptions on intangible yet valuable attributes of food, such as locally grown, ‘fair trade’, or sustainable.
Artificial Immune Systems for Anomaly Detection in Ambient Assisted Living Applications
Authors: Bersch Sebastian , Azzi Djamel , Khusainov Rinat , Achumba Ifeyinwa E.
Published: February 2014

This paper makes a case for the use of Artificial Immune Systems (AIS) in the area of Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) for anomaly detection and long term monitoring. A brief literature review of some of the solutions developed for AAL and the use of AIS in other fields of research is presented. The authors advocate the use of AIS in AAL based on their unique features and their ability to address problems specific to the long term monitoring of people. An improved method for the optimisation of detector generation for AIS, which uses a novel intelligent seeding technique, is presented. The new seeding technique is compared with two other detector seeding methods. The simulation results are presented showing an improvement in the classification accuracy and warranting current and future work.
An Efficient Protocol for Privacy and Authentication for Resource-Constrained Devices in Wireless Networks
Authors: Mulkey Clifton , Kar Dulal , Katangur Ajay
Published: February 2014

The authors envision a scenario for security of wireless networks that include and integrate nodes of all different capabilities, including tiny sensors or similarly battery-powered, resource-constrained tiny nodes. However, the existing Wireless Protected Access (WPA) protocol that supports security services for wireless networks today may not be suitable for such resource-constrained, low-end nodes since its existing authentication and privacy mechanisms are complex and computationally intensive. In this work, the authors propose an efficient protocol for authentication and privacy in wireless networks using identity-based encryption (IBE) techniques. Specifically, the authors propose an enhanced and extended version of the WPA protocol by incorporating IBE based authentication methods in the existing WPA protocol at the link layer level. The enhanced WPA protocol can be used for small and resource-constrained wireless devices to integrate them in existing wireless networks. Their proposed protocol is proven to be secure against common attacks and vulnerabilities in wireless networks. Also, the authors’ analysis of the protocol shows that it is feasible and efficient in terms of computation, communication, and storage overheads to support many resource-constrained devices.
Investigating a Process Approach on Business Cases
Authors: Maes Kim , De Haes Steven , Van Grembergen Wim
Published: February 2014

Strategic information technology (IT) enabled investments are among other types of IT investments, characterised by the highest level of uncertainty and the highest potential for value creation. They are often associated with product/service innovation, new business models or an enterprise-wide transformation (e.g. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) investment). Although these may deliver operational excellence and a competitive advantage, it is a risky endeavour with high failure rates. One of the critical factors to achieve a successful outcome is to develop a sound business case. Many organisations perceive a business case as a valuable instrument for investment justification and decision-making, yet other organisations still do not develop a business case due to insufficient knowledge. In response to this knowledge gap, Ward, Daniel, and Peppard (2008) designed a business case development process that ends on investment approval. Others scholars however call for a continuous usage of business cases throughout the entire investment life cycle. The present research responds to this call with an exploratory case study in order to identify multiple business case tasks that complement the process of Ward et al. (2008). The paper starts with a description of background literature on what constitutes a business case whereof the authors derive a new definition. The authors then set the context and structure for an initial business case process based on the contribution by (Ward et al., 2008). The findings of the exploratory case study and the initial business case process are discussed.
Comparison of SEMG Derived Parameters and Blood Oxygen Saturation in Monitoring Neuromuscular Fatigue in Humans
Authors: Tarata M. , Wolf W. , Georgescu D. , Alexandru D. , Serbanescu M.
Published: February 2014

The effects of neuromuscular fatigue are various and with serious consequences on work performance and safety. This paper provides a practical overview of several noninvasive methods of investigating neuromuscular fatigue (NMF), mainly via the surface electromyographic signal (SEMG), as essentially related to the muscle contraction and intimately mirroring muscle activation and contraction mechanisms. The purpose of this paper is to identify the most suitable non-invasively derived parameters for detecting and quantifying NMF, to be practically used in monitoring people exposed to high risks, such as fighter pilots. Wavelet Transform-based techniques (WT), as well as another original approach, together with the blood oxygen saturation are analyzed and discussed, based on results from preliminary experiments.
Radiation Safety of the Patients Investigated by Radiological Imaging Methods
Authors: Dobrescu Lidia , Stanciu Silviu , Ropot Armand
Published: February 2014

Imaging methods such as radiographies, computed tomographies or scintigraphies expose the patients to a cumulative effective dose of radiation that could often exceed the maximum allowed dose. A three months medical study in a Romanian hospital showed, despite the great concern of radiation exposure, the skyrocketing volume of imaging investigations with radiation risk that lack monitoring and tracking the cumulative radiation doses of the patients. In order to solve this problem, in this paper the authors propose an integrated system that ensures the radiation safety and security of the patients investigated by radiological imaging methods such as radiographies, computed tomographies or scintigraphies. The system uses state of the art technologies such as smart cards, digital signature and Public Key Infrastructure. The proposed system provides a couple of secure services like electronic patient record of radiological investigations, assistance in prescription of future radiological investigations based on the patient history, different reports and statistics and even the control access of persons to areas with risk of radiation exposure based on information stored on their smart cards.
A Prototype MR Compatible Positioning Device for Guiding a Focused Ultrasound System for the Treatment of Abdominal and Thyroid Cancer
Authors: Mylonas Nicos , Damianou Christakis
Published: February 2014

A prototype magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-compatible positioning device that navigates a high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) transducer is presented. The intended application is to treat eventually tumours in the abdominal and thyroid. The positioning device has 3 user-controlled stages that allow access to various targets using a top to bottom coupling approach. Materials and Methods. The positioning device incorporates only MRI compatible materials such as piezoelectric motors, ABS plastic, brass screws, and brass rack and pinion. Results The MRI compatibility and the accuracy of the system were successfully demonstrated in an open MRI scanner. The robot has the ability to accurately move the transducer thus creating discrete and overlapping lesions in rabbit liver in vivo. This simple, cost effective positioning device can be placed mostly on the structure of an open MRI gantry. Due to the size of this positioning device, the proposed prototype in its current form cannot be used in any closed MRI system. The novelty of this positioning device is the MRI compatible design and its intended application which is the treatment of tumors in the abdominal area using focused ultrasound. This system can be utilized in the future to treat patients with cancer in the liver, kidney, pancreas and thyroid provided that the accuracy of the positioning device is greatly improved.
Realization of CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) Based on LabView
Authors: Gao Wei , Tang Zhong
Published: February 2014

Algorithm and characteristics of CRC were investigated, and a pipeline algorithm steps to achieve it was introduced. The Modbus protocol RTU mode with CRC-16 was developed based on LabView using two methods, embedded c statements and graphical language based on LabView2012. The programs developed were verified in a serial communication system consist of infrared temperature robe and IPC. The successful embodies the reliability and the high efficiency of CRC, provides examples of a specific CRC-16 check.
Research on Exploitation Technology of Snow Disaster Forecast Warning System on Roads
Authors: Wang Ye Dan , Cheng Yong Chun , Zhang Peng , Tao Jing Lin , Gong Ya Feng
Published: February 2014

Through using the technology of laser ranging and establishing the stations which can monitor snow depth automatically, a real-time, continuous and automatic monitoring for the status of snow-covered roads was achieved. In this paper, forecast warning system was constructed. Firstly, the data of snow depth was transmitted to database using GPRS technology. Then the snow disaster was evaluated quantitatively according to the existing criteria, and the evaluation results were stored back to the database. Finally, the evaluation results about snow disaster were published through the publishing platform. The results indicated that the forecast warning system was stable and fast, which could estimate the road snow disaster levels accurately.
The Application of Improved Entropy Method in the Sustainable Utilization of Russia Oil Resources
Authors: Li Sha
Published: February 2014

The oil resource is the important energy and the strategic resource. It has the significant influence on the long-term, steady, sustainable development to national economy and the society. The oil resource sustainable use directly is deciding a national or the local economic potentiality and the development potential. Therefore, the research oil resource sustainable use the oil resource strategy choice and the plan will provide the important policy-making basis for its reasonable development as well as the national economy.
Targeting S1P1 Receptor Protects against Murine Immunological Hepatic Injury through Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells
Authors: Liu Guangwei , Bi Yujing , Wang Ruoning , Yang Hui , Zhang Yan , Wang Xiao , Liu Huanrong , Lu Yun , Zhang Zhengguo , Chen Wanna , Chu Yiwei , Yang Ruifu
Published: February 2014

Although FTY720 may alter migration and homing of lymphocytes via sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptors, our recent studies indicated that FTY720 directly controls the differentiation of Th1 cells to regulatory T cells (Tregs) by targeting S1P1. However, the pharmacological function of FTY720 in immunological hepatic injury remains unknown. In this study, the role and regulatory signaling pathway of S1P receptor were investigated using a pharmacological approach in immune-mediated hepatic injury (IMH). In the context of IMH, FTY720 significantly ameliorated mortality and hepatic pathology. In FTY720-treated mice, recruited CD11b+Gr1+ myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) mediate protection against IMH and are functional suppressive immune modulators that result in fewer IFN-γ–producing Th1 cells and more Foxp3+ Tregs. In agreement, FTY720-treated MDSCs promote the reciprocal differentiation between Th1 cells and Tregs in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, FTY720 treatment induced inducible NO synthase expression and NO production in MDSCs. Pharmacologic inhibition of inducible NO synthase completely eliminates MDSC suppressive function and eradicates their inducible effects on T cell differentiation. Finally, the mTOR inhibitor, rapamycin, photocopies the effects of FTY720 on MDSCs, implicating mTOR as a downstream effector of S1P1 signaling. This study identifies MDSCs as an essential component that provides protection against IMH following FTY720 or rapamycin treatment, validating the S1P1–mTOR signaling axis as a potential therapeutic target in hepatic injury.
Noncoding RNAs and LRRFIP1 Regulate TNF Expression
Authors: Shi Lihua , Song Li , Fitzgerald Michael , Maurer Kelly , Bagashev Asen , Sullivan Kathleen E.
Published: February 2014

Noncoding RNAs have been implicated in the regulation of expression of numerous genes; however, the mechanism is not fully understood. We identified bidirectional, long noncoding RNAs upstream of the TNF gene using five different methods. They arose in a region where the repressors LRRFIP1, EZH2, and SUZ12 were demonstrated to bind, suggesting a role in repression. The noncoding RNAs were polyadenylated, capped, and chromatin associated. Knockdown of the noncoding RNAs was associated with derepression of TNF mRNA and diminished binding of LRRFIP1 to both RNA targets and chromatin. Overexpression of the noncoding RNAs led to diminished expression of TNF and recruitment of repressor proteins to the locus. One repressor protein, LRRFIP1, bound directly to the noncoding RNAs. These data place the noncoding RNAs upstream of TNF gene as central to the transcriptional regulation. They appear to serve as a platform for the assembly of a repressive complex.
Tim-3 Directly Enhances CD8 T Cell Responses to Acute Listeria monocytogenes Infection
Authors: Gorman Jacob V. , Starbeck-Miller Gabriel , Pham Nhat-Long L. , Traver Geri L. , Rothman Paul B. , Harty John T. , Colgan John D.
Published: February 2014

T cell Ig and mucin domain (Tim) 3 is a surface molecule expressed throughout the immune system that can mediate both stimulatory and inhibitory effects. Previous studies have provided evidence that Tim-3 functions to enforce CD8 T cell exhaustion, a dysfunctional state associated with chronic stimulation. In contrast, the role of Tim-3 in the regulation of CD8 T cell responses to acute and transient stimulation remains undefined. To address this knowledge gap, we examined how Tim-3 affects CD8 T cell responses to acute Listeria monocytogenes infection. Analysis of wild-type (WT) mice infected with L. monocytogenes revealed that Tim-3 was transiently expressed by activated CD8 T cells and was associated primarily with acquisition of an effector phenotype. Comparison of responses to L. monocytogenes by WT and Tim-3 knockout (KO) mice showed that the absence of Tim-3 significantly reduced the magnitudes of both primary and secondary CD8 T cell responses, which correlated with decreased IFN-γ production and degranulation by Tim-3 KO cells stimulated with peptide Ag ex vivo. To address the T cell–intrinsic role of Tim-3, we analyzed responses to L. monocytogenes infection by WT and Tim-3 KO TCR-transgenic CD8 T cells following adoptive transfer into a shared WT host. In this setting, the accumulation of CD8 T cells and the generation of cytokine-producing cells were significantly reduced by the lack of Tim-3, demonstrating that this molecule has a direct effect on CD8 T cell function. Combined, our results suggest that Tim-3 can mediate a stimulatory effect on CD8 T cell responses to an acute infection.
Tissue Distribution and Dependence of Responsiveness of Human Antigen-Specific Memory B Cells
Authors: Giesecke Claudia , Frölich Daniela , Reiter Karin , Mei Henrik E. , Wirries Ina , Kuhly Rainer , Killig Monica , Glatzer Timor , Stölzel Katharina , Perka Carsten , Lipsky Peter E. , Dörner Thomas
Published: February 2014

Memory B cells (mBCs) are a key to immunologic memory, yet their distribution within lymphoid organs and the individual role of these for mBC functionality remain largely unknown. This study characterized the distribution and phenotype of human (Ag-specific) mBCs in peripheral blood (PB), spleen, tonsil, and bone marrow. We found that the spleen harbors most mBCs, followed by tonsils, BM, and PB, and we detected no major differences in expression of markers associated with higher maturity. Testing the distribution of tetanus toxoid–specific (TT+) mBCs revealed their presence in PB during steady state, yet absolute numbers suggested their largest reservoir in the spleen, followed by tonsils. To explore the role of both tissues in the maintenance of reactive B cell memory, we revaccinated controls and splenectomized and tonsillectomized individuals with TT. All donor groups exhibited comparable emergence of anti-TT IgG, TT+ plasma cells, and TT+ mBCs in the PB, together with similar molecular characteristics of TT+ plasma cells. In summary, human mBCs recirculate through PB and reside in different lymphoid organs that do not reflect different mBC maturity stages. The spleen and tonsil, although harboring the largest number of overall and TT+ mBCs, appear to be dispensable to preserve adequate responsiveness to secondary antigenic challenge.
Regulator of Fatty Acid Metabolism, Acetyl Coenzyme A Carboxylase 1, Controls T Cell Immunity
Authors: Lee JangEun , Walsh Matthew C. , Hoehn Kyle L. , James David E. , Wherry E. John , Choi Yongwon
Published: February 2014

Fatty acids (FAs) are essential constituents of cell membranes, signaling molecules, and bioenergetic substrates. Because CD8+ T cells undergo both functional and metabolic changes during activation and differentiation, dynamic changes in FA metabolism also occur. However, the contributions of de novo lipogenesis to acquisition and maintenance of CD8+ T cell function are unclear. In this article, we demonstrate the role of FA synthesis in CD8+ T cell immunity. T cell–specific deletion of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase 1 (ACC1), an enzyme that catalyzes conversion of acetyl coenzyme A to malonyl coenzyme A, a carbon donor for long-chain FA synthesis, resulted in impaired peripheral persistence and homeostatic proliferation of CD8+ T cells in naive mice. Loss of ACC1 did not compromise effector CD8+ T cell differentiation upon listeria infection but did result in a severe defect in Ag-specific CD8+ T cell accumulation because of increased death of proliferating cells. Furthermore, in vitro mitogenic stimulation demonstrated that defective blasting and survival of ACC1-deficient CD8+ T cells could be rescued by provision of exogenous FA. These results suggest an essential role for ACC1-mediated de novo lipogenesis as a regulator of CD8+ T cell expansion, and may provide insights for therapeutic targets for interventions in autoimmune diseases, cancer, and chronic infections.
Pre-Exercise Ingestion of Pickle Juice, Hypertonic Saline, or Water and Aerobic Performance and Thermoregulation
Authors: Peikert Jarett , Miller Kevin C. , Albrecht Jay , Tucker Jared , Deal James
Published: February 2014

Context:

Ingesting high-sodium drinks pre-exercise can improve thermoregulation and performance. Athletic trainers (19%) give athletes pickle juice (PJ) prophylactically for cramping. No data exist on whether this practice affects aerobic performance or thermoregulation.

Objective:

To determine if drinking 2 mL/kg body mass of PJ, hypertonic saline, or deionized water (DIW) pre-exercise affects aerobic performance or thermoregulation.

Design:

Crossover study.

Setting:

Controlled laboratory study.

Patients or Other Participants:

Nine euhydrated men (age = 22 ± 3 years, height = 184.0 ± 8.2 cm, mass = 82.6 ± 16.0 kg) completed testing.

Intervention(s):

Participants rested for 65 minutes. During this period, they ingested 2 mL/kg of PJ, hypertonic saline, or DIW. Next, they drank 5 mL/kg of DIW. Blood was collected before and after ingestion of all fluids. Participants were weighed and ran in the heat (temperature = 38.3°C ± 1°C, relative humidity = 21.1% ± 4.7%) at increasing increments of maximal heart rate (50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%) until exhaustion or until rectal temperature exceeded 39.5°C. Participants were weighed postexercise so we could calculate sweat volume.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Time to exhaustion, rectal temperature, changes in plasma volume, and sweat volume.

Results:

Time to exhaustion did not differ among drinks (PJ = 77.4 ± 5.9 minutes, hypertonic saline = 77.4 ± 4.0 minutes, DIW = 75.7 ± 3.2 minutes; F2,16 = 1.1, P = .40). Core temperature of participants was similar among drinks (PJ = 38.7°C ± 0.3°C, hypertonic saline = 38.7°C ± 0.4°C, DIW = 38.8°C ± 0.4°C; P = .74) but increased from pre-exercise (36.7°C ± 0.2°C) to postexercise (38.7°C ± 0.4°C) (P < .05). No differences were observed for changes in plasma volume or sweat volume among drinks (P > .05).

Conclusions:

Ingesting small amounts of PJ or hypertonic saline with water did not affect performance or select thermoregulatory measures. Drinking larger volumes of PJ and water may be more effective at expanding the extracellular space.
An Evidence-Based Practice Educational Intervention for Athletic Trainers: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Welch Cailee E. , Van Lunen Bonnie L. , Hankemeier Dorice A.
Published: February 2014

Context:

As evidence-based practice (EBP) becomes a necessity in athletic training, Web-based modules have been developed and made available to the National Athletic Trainers' Association membership as a mechanism to educate athletic trainers (ATs) on concepts of EBP.

Objective:

To assess the effect of an educational intervention on enhancing knowledge of EBP among ATs.

Design:

Randomized controlled trial.

Setting:

Web-based modules and knowledge assessment.

Patients or Other Participants:

A total of 164 of 473 ATs (34.7% response rate), including professional athletic training students, graduate students, clinical preceptors, educators, and clinicians, were randomized into a control group (40 men, 42 women) or experimental group (33 men, 49 women).

Intervention(s):

Ten Web-based modules were developed that covered concepts involved in the EBP process. Both groups completed the Evidence-Based Practice Knowledge Assessment before and after the intervention phase. During the intervention phase, the experimental group had access to the Web-based modules for 4 weeks, whereas the control group had no direct responsibilities for the investigation. The knowledge assessment consisted of 60 multiple choice questions pertaining to concepts presented in the 10 modules. Test-retest reliability was determined to be good (intraclass correlation coefficient [2,1] = 0.726, 95% confidence interval = 0.605, 0.814).

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Independent variables consisted of group (control, experimental) and time (preassessment, postassessment). Knowledge scores were tabulated by awarding 1 point for each correct answer (maximum = 60). Between-group and within-group differences were calculated using a 2 × 2 repeated-measures analysis of variance (P ≤ .05), post hoc t tests, and Hedges g effect size with 95% confidence intervals.

Results:

We found a group × time interaction (F1,162 = 26.29, P < .001). No differences were identified between the control (30.12 ± 5.73) and experimental (30.65 ± 5.93) groups during the preassessment (t162 = 0.58, P = .84). The experimental group (36.35 ± 8.58) obtained higher scores on the postassessment than the control group (30.99 ± 6.33; t162 = 4.55, P = .01). No differences were identified among time instances within the control group (t81 = 1.77, P = .08); however, the experimental group obtained higher scores on the postassessment than the preassessment (t81 = 7.07, P < .001).

Conclusions:

An educational intervention consisting of 10 Web-based modules was an effective mechanism to increase knowledge of foundational EBP concepts among ATs. However, it is not known whether ATs are integrating EBP into daily clinical practice. Researchers should determine whether increased knowledge of EBP affects the daily clinical decision making of ATs.
Future Directions of Evidence-Based Practice in Athletic Training: Perceived Strategies to Enhance the Use of Evidence-Based Practice
Authors: Welch Cailee E. , Hankemeier Dorice A. , Wyant Aimee L. , Hays Danica G. , Pitney William A. , Van Lunen Bonnie L.
Published: February 2014

Context:

The shift to a culture of evidence-based practice (EBP) in athletic training is a necessary step in both the optimization of patient care and the advancement of athletic trainers (ATs) as health care professionals. Whereas individuals have gained knowledge in this area, most ATs still are not practicing in an evidence-based manner. Exploring perceived strategies to enhance the use of EBP will help to determine the best approaches to assist ATs in applying EBP concepts to practice to improve patient care.

Objective:

To explore beneficial strategies and techniques ATs perceived would promote successful implementation of EBP within athletic training education and clinical practice.

Design:

Qualitative study.

Setting:

Individual telephone interviews.

Patients or Other Participants:

Twenty-five ATs (12 educators, 13 clinicians; athletic training experience = 16.00 ± 9.41 years) were interviewed.

Data Collection and Analysis:

One phone interview was conducted with each participant. After the interview was transcribed, the data were analyzed and coded into common themes and categories. Triangulation of the data occurred via the use of multiple researchers and member checking to confirm the accuracy of the data.

Results:

Participants identified several components they perceived as essential for enhancing the use of EBP within the athletic training profession. These components included the need for more EBP resources, more processed information, focused workshops, peer discussion and mentorship, and continual repetition and exposure. Participants also indicated that ATs need to accept their professional responsibilities to foster EBP in their daily practices.

Conclusions:

The proper shift to a culture of EBP in athletic training will take both time and a persistent commitment by ATs to create strategies that will enhance the implementation of EBP across the profession. Researchers should focus on continuing to identify effective educational interventions for ATs and to determine successful strategies to implement EBP into didactic curricula and clinical practice. Additional focus should be given to which strategies most effectively produce changes in clinical practice.
Conservation of fishes in the Elands River, Mpumalanga, South Africa: Past, present and future
Authors: O’Brien Gordon C. , Smit Nico J. , Wepener Victor
Published: February 2014

In an isolated reach, between two large natural waterfalls in the Elands River in Mpumalanga, populations of a critically endangered Kneria sp., the endangered Chiloglanis bifurcus and a genetically unique population of Labeobarbus polylepis occur. The aim of this article was to evaluate past efforts to conserve these fishes, describe the current status and propose future conservation and management actions. The population status assessments were based on a series of fish community composition and population structure evaluations from surveys undertaken at 22 sites during seven surveys from 2002 to 2006. Although water-use activities have continued to increase in the area, impacts have been offset by conservation efforts initiated almost 30 years ago. The existing C. bifurcus population appears to be stable, which is reflected in the downgrading of the conservation status of the species from critically endangered to endangered. The abundance of the kneriid population appears to be increasing and spreading to other tributaries in the study area. The abundance of L. polylepis appears to be increasing but has still not reached historical levels.Conservation implications: Continued conservation efforts are required to protect these fishes. This case study presented a rare example of how the impacts associated with the use of aquatic resources in South Africa can successfully be offset by conservation efforts.
The meaning of the diakon word group in John 12:26 applied to the ministry in congregations
Authors: Breed Gert
Published: February 2014

This article investigates the meaning of the diakon word group in the Bible with the focus on the use of this word group in the Gospel of John. John 12:26 is considered in depth. The results of this investigation reveal important differences from other recent research on this word group. The results of the research are then applied to the ministry in congregations.
Hyperdense Endobronchial Mass - A Rare Manifestation of Metastatic Melanoma
Authors: Chung Chul Y , Likhari Gauruv S , Zarrin-Khameh Neda , Nachiappan Arun C
Published: February 2014

Parenchymal lung metastases are common in malignant melanoma. However, endobronchial metastatic melanoma is uncommon. In this report, we describe a patient with a hyperdense endobronchial mass diagnosed as a melanoma metastasis. We review the imaging findings of pulmonary metastatic melanoma and discuss the differential diagnosis of an endobronchial mass in adults.
Initial Experience with Combination Digital Breast Tomosynthesis Plus Full Field Digital Mammography or Full Field Digital Mammography Alone in the Screening Environment
Authors: Destounis Stamatia , Arieno Andrea , Morgan Renee
Published: February 2014

Objectives:

Initial review of patients undergoing screening mammography imaged with a combination of digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) plus full field digital mammography (FFDM) compared with FFDM alone.

Materials and Methods:

From June 2011 to December 2011, all patients presenting for routine screening mammography were offered a combination DBT plus FFDM exam. Under institutional review board approval, we reviewed 524 patients who opted for combination DBT plus FFDM and selected a sample group of 524 FFDM screening exams from the same time period for a comparative analysis. The χ2 (Chi-square) test was used to compare recall rates, breast density, personal history of breast cancer, and family history of breast cancer between the two groups.

Results:

Recall rate for FFDM, 11.45%, was significantly higher (P < 0001) than in the combination DBT plus FFDM group (4.20%). The biopsy rate in the FFDM group was 2.29% (12/524), with a cancer detection rate of 0.38% (2/524, or 3.8 per 1000) and positive predictive value (PPV) of 16.7% (2/12). The biopsy rate for the DBT plus FFDM group was 1.14% (n = 6/524), with a cancer detection rate 0.57% (n = 3/524, or 5.7 per 1000) and PPV of 50.0% (n = 3/6). Personal history of breast cancer in the FFDM group was significantly lower (P < 0.0001) than in the combination DBT plus FFDM group; 2.5% and 5.7%, respectively. A significant difference in family history of breast cancer (P < 0.0001) was found, with a higher rate in the combination DBT plus FFDM group (36.0% vs. 53.8%). There was a significant difference between the combination DBT plus FFDM group and FFDM alone group, when comparing breast density (P < 0.0147, 61.64% vs. 54.20% dense breasts, respectively) with a higher rate of dense breasts in the DBT plus FFDM group. In follow-up, one cancer was detected within one year of normal screening mammogram in the combination DBT plus FFDM group.

Conclusion:

Our initial experience found the recall rate in the combination DBT plus FFDM group was significantly lower than in the FFDM alone group, despite the fact that the combination DBT plus FFDM group had additional risk factors.
Clinical and Immunological Outcome in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Patients Treated with Pentoxifylline
Authors: Brito Graça , Dourado Mayra , Polari Ludmila , Celestino Daniela , Carvalho Lucas P. , Queiroz Adriano , Carvalho Edgar M. , Machado Paulo R. L. , Passos Sara
Published: February 2014

Pentoxifylline is a tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) inhibitor that also attenuates the immune response and decreases tissue inflammation. The association of pentoxifylline with antimony improves the cure rate of mucosal and cutaneous leishmaniasis. In this randomized and double blind pilot trial, cure rate was higher, although not significant, in patients who received antimony plus pentoxifylline than in those patients receiving antimony plus placebo. A significant decrease in TNF-α and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) levels during therapy was more pronounced in the antimony plus pentoxifylline group, whereas CCL-3 (Chemokine [C-C motif] ligand 3) decreased similarly in both groups. The increased levels of CXCL-9 (Chemokine [C-X-C motif] ligand 9) during therapy were lower in the antimony plus pentoxifylline group. Therapy with pentoxifylline modifies cytokines and chemokines production, which may be associated with therapeutic outcome.
Evaluating Capacity to Live Independently and Safely in the Community: Performance Assessment of Self-Care Skills
Authors: Chisholm Denise , Toto Pamela , Raina Ketki , Holm Margo , Rogers Joan
Published: February 2014

To determine clients' capacity for community living, occupational therapists must use measures that capture the person—task–environment transaction and compare clients' task performance to a performance standard. The Performance Assessment of Self-care Skills, a performance-based, criterion-referenced, observational tool, fulfills this purpose. In this practice analysis, using data from this tool from multiple clinical studies (N = 941), the authors describe tasks that clients from various diagnostic populations could and could not perform independently and safely. For clinicians, the Performance Assessment of Self-care Skills can be used to identify which daily tasks are compromised and the point of task breakdown, as well as to provide guidance about potential interventions.
Proving the Effectiveness of Community Occupational Therapy in the Equipment and Adaptation Setting Using the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure
Authors: Davis Rowena , Rodd Rebecca
Published: February 2014

The Community Occupational Therapy Service (Equipment and Adaptations) at Worcestershire Health and Care National Health Service Trust, Redditch and Bromsgrove Locality identified the need to find an outcome measure that would determine its effectiveness. The Canadian Occupational Performance Measure was chosen as a client-centred, reliable, and validated outcome measure that was integrated within existing paperwork. The process followed is outlined in this practice analysis.

The service completed 1,869 Canadian Occupational Performance Measure scores, which showed a statistically significant increase in client ratings of performance and satisfaction in 90% of clients, illustrating the effectiveness of the service. The aim of this practice analysis is to explain the process that this service followed to integrate the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure into practice and, thus, share the benefit of using it as an outcome measure with colleagues who work in a similar setting. The authors highlight the importance of continuing with the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure and look to develop its use further.