bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The strategies of overall spatial regulation for rural area: based on Shanghai’s experience
Authors: Geng Huizhi , Li Kaiming
Published: August 2023

Under the spatial planning system, the spatial regulation of rural areas faces the basic requirements of "comprehensive coverage of regulation objects, refined regulation measures at each level, and regulation level corresponding to the administrative power". Since the reform and opening up, Shanghai has gradually developed from the "single administrative area" regulation of rural construction spaces to the "comprehensive regulation" of three types of rural spaces. The regulation system consisting of three levels has been formed, including village layout planning, suburb unit planning, and village design. Comprehensive coverage of regulation objects and refined regulation measures at each level have been realized. However, there are also problems such as the weak regulation of the ecological space, the need to improve the level of fine regulation andexcessive restrictions on regulation contents at the town level. Based on the analysis of Shanghai's successful experience and existing problems, the zoning, grading and classification strategy for the spatial regulation in entire rural administrative areas is proposed. Refine the regulation objects based on "spatial zoning-usage unit-plot polygon", define regulation tasks of all levels as per "structural regulation-usage regulation-element regulation"; formulate classified regulation measures according to "transmission of basic element level by level, classified overlying of additional elements".
Theory of Machines and Mechanisms
Authors: Uicker, Jr John J. , Pennock Gordon R. , Shigley Joseph E.
Published: August 2023

Uniquely comprehensive and precise, this thoroughly updated sixth edition of the well-established and respected textbook is ideal for the complete study of the kinematics and dynamics of machines. With a strong emphasis on intuitive graphical methods, and accessible approaches to vector analysis, students are given all the essential background, notation, and nomenclature needed to understand the various independent technical approaches that exist in the field of mechanisms, kinematics, and dynamics, which are presented with clarity and coherence. This revised edition features updated coverage, and new worked examples alongside over 840 figures, over 620 end-of-chapter problems, and a solutions manual for instructors.
Luck, Leisure, and the Casino in Nineteenth-Century Europe
Authors: Poley Jared
Published: August 2023

Gambling was central to the cultural, social, and intellectual history of nineteenth-century Europe. By tracing the evolution of gambling and investigating the spatial qualities of the casino, this book reveals how Europeans used gambling to understand their changing world. The development of resorts and the architectural qualities of casinos demonstrate how new leisure practices, combined with revolutions in transportation and communication, fashioned resort gambling in the Rhineland and Riviera. Jared Poley explores the importance of casino gambling in people's lives, probing how gambling and fate intersected. The casino impacted understandings of the body, excited emotions, and drove the 'psychology' of the gambler, as well as affecting ideas about probability, chance, and luck. Ultimately, this book addresses the fundamental question of what gambling was for, and how it opened up opportunities to understand theories about aggression, play, and human development.
Analytic Information Theory
Authors: Drmota Michael , Szpankowski Wojciech
Published: August 2023

Through information theory, problems of communication and compression can be precisely modeled, formulated, and analyzed, and this information can be transformed by means of algorithms. Also, learning can be viewed as compression with side information. Aimed at students and researchers, this book addresses data compression and redundancy within existing methods and central topics in theoretical data compression, demonstrating how to use tools from analytic combinatorics to discover and analyze precise behavior of source codes. It shows that to present better learnable or extractable information in its shortest description, one must understand what the information is, and then algorithmically extract it in its most compact form via an efficient compression algorithm. Part I covers fixed-to-variable codes such as Shannon and Huffman codes, variable-to-fixed codes such as Tunstall and Khodak codes, and variable-to-variable Khodak codes for known sources. Part II discusses universal source coding for memoryless, Markov, and renewal sources.
Comparative Variation Analysis
Authors: Szmrecsanyi Benedikt , Grafmiller Jason
Published: August 2023

Variation studies is an increasingly popular area in linguistics, becoming embedded in curriculum design, conferences, and research. However, the field is at risk of fragmenting into different research communities with different foci. This pioneering book addresses this by establishing a canon of state-of-the-art quantitative methods to analyze grammatical variation from a comparative perspective. It explains how to use these methods to investigate large datasets in a responsible fashion, providing a blueprint for applying techniques from corpus linguistics, variationist, and dialectometric traditions in novel ways. It specifically explores the scope and limits of syntactic variability in a global language such as English, and investigates three grammatical alternations in nine varieties of English, exploring what we can learn about the grammatical choices that people make based on both observational and experimental data. Comprehensive yet accessible, it will be of interest to academic researchers and students of sociolinguistics, corpus linguistics, and World Englishes.
Identification of delirium from real-world electronic health record clinical notes
Authors: St. Sauver Jennifer , Fu Sunyang , Sohn Sunghwan , Weston Susan , Fan Chun , Olson Janet , Thorsteinsdottir Bjoerg , LeBrasseur Nathan , Pagali Sandeep , Rocca Walter , Liu Hongfang
Published: August 2023

Introduction:

We tested the ability of our natural language processing (NLP) algorithm to identify delirium episodes in a large-scale study using real-world clinical notes.

Methods:

We used the Rochester Epidemiology Project to identify persons ≥ 65 years who were hospitalized between 2011 and 2017. We identified all persons with an International Classification of Diseases code for delirium within ±14 days of a hospitalization. We independently applied our NLP algorithm to all clinical notes for this same population. We calculated rates using number of delirium episodes as the numerator and number of hospitalizations as the denominator. Rates were estimated overall, by demographic characteristics, and by year of episode, and differences were tested using Poisson regression.

Results:

In total, 14,255 persons had 37,554 hospitalizations between 2011 and 2017. The code-based delirium rate was 3.02 per 100 hospitalizations (95% CI: 2.85, 3.20). The NLP-based rate was 7.36 per 100 (95% CI: 7.09, 7.64). Rates increased with age (both p < 0.0001). Code-based rates were higher in men compared to women (p = 0.03), but NLP-based rates were similar by sex (p = 0.89). Code-based rates were similar by race and ethnicity, but NLP-based rates were higher in the White population compared to the Black and Asian populations (p = 0.001). Both types of rates increased significantly over time (both p values < 0.001).

Conclusions:

The NLP algorithm identified more delirium episodes compared to the ICD code method. However, NLP may still underestimate delirium cases because of limitations in real-world clinical notes, including incomplete documentation, practice changes over time, and missing clinical notes in some time periods.
From Bad to Worse: The Continuous Dilemma Facing Parliaments in European Economic and Fiscal Governance
Authors: Leino-Sandberg Päivi , Raunio Tapio
Published: August 2023

Analysing how the roles of national parliaments and the European Parliament have changed in European economic governance since the euro crisis, this article argues that their situation has deteriorated in the post-Next Generation EU regime. It identifies structural factors impeding more effective parliamentary engagement, relates these to empirical evidence about the role of domestic legislatures and the European Parliament and mirrors these practices against constitutional interpretations concerning the democratic role of parliaments in budgetary matters. The broader Economic and Monetary Union architecture has grown to encompass a variety of rules and mechanisms, many of which are located outside of the treaties and the budget of the Union. As a result, parliaments lack formal powers that would guarantee them meaningful participation rights in European economic and fiscal governance. The key to more effective parliamentary involvement is ensuring that the parliaments can genuinely shape policies and that a strong link is established between elections and budgetary politics.
Hygiene with wet wipes in bedridden patients to prevent catheter-associated urinary tract infection in cardiac surgery: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Castellà Laia , Casas Irma , Giménez Montse , Reina Dina , Sopena Nieves , García-Quesada Maria-José ,   the Clinical Working Group
Published: August 2023

We assessed hygiene with wet wipes in bedridden patients with urinary catheters for catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) prevention. CAUTIs occurred in 16.5% of the control group compared to 5.9% of the intervention group (P = .035). Hygiene with wet wipes can substitute for conventional hygiene for preventing CAUTI.
Islamic art and visualities of war from the Ottoman Empire to the Turkish Republic
Authors: Tongo Gizem , Schick İrvin Cemil
Published: August 2023

This article explores how Islamic art was produced and used in Turkey within the context of modern warfare during World War I, the War of Independence, and the nascent Republic – a subject still relatively understudied in Turkish history, as well as in international cultural histories of modern warfare and histories of modern art in the Middle East. Drawing on previously overlooked visual and textual sources such as calligraphic panels, miniature paintings, war posters, and religious timetables produced during the years 1914–1924, we examine the ways in which Islamic arts were articulated with the experience of war through both individual actions and official policies, revealing how Ottoman artists tried to make sense of war and how Islamic genres and motifs were appropriated, and sometimes subverted, in the service of the nationalist cause. We show that far from exhibiting a sharp discontinuity, the transition from Ottoman–Islamic to Republican–nationalist artistic content was gradual, involving the reappropriation and repurposing of Islamic motifs and techniques in a manner that reflected the religious mindset of the elites and masses in the early twentieth century.
A reimagined One Health framework for wildlife conservation
Authors: Stephen Craig , Wilcox Alana , Sine Sarah , Provencher Jennifer
Published: August 2023

The One Health discourse is dominated by the role of animal health as a determinant of human health. This discourse often disregards the intrinsic and ecological value of healthy animals and is thus an inadequate framing for wildlife conservation. Our paper reimagines One Health for conservation purposes based on five premises: (i) health is cumulative; (ii) there are multiple species with different health needs and goals in the same setting; (iii) One Health emphasizes “bundled” relationships unique to a setting, rather than independent and intersecting spheres of health; and One Health should be (iv) equity informed and (v) have a shared goal that can be achieved through intersectoral actions. The reimagined framework is centered on the guiding principle that all actions should ensure no species or generation is prevented from reaching good health by the actions to protect other species or generations. Grounded in the positive outcome of health equity, the framework uses three prompts to guide One Health planning – populations, places and goals. The paper discusses how the framework can be applied for research concerning wood bison herds under imminent threat in Canada.
Changing stereotypes of partisans in the Trump Era
Authors: Busby Ethan C. , Howat Adam J. , Daniel Myers C.
Published: August 2023

Stereotypes of the two parties play an important role in political cognition, and a range of recent studies have examined the content and effects of partisan stereotypes. However, little work has studied change in partisan stereotypes over time. We address this question by comparing data on stereotypes of partisans collected before and after the Trump presidency, a time when we might expect individuals' images of the two parties to undergo significant change. Using a structural topic model, we compare responses to open-ended questions asking respondents to list words describing members of the two parties from 2016 and 2021. We find that partisan stereotypes in the 2021 sample are less group- and issue-based and focused more on personal traits. These results suggest that, during the Trump era, members of the mass public came to see the parties in more personalized, character-focused terms, potentially contributing to affective polarization.
ON THE EXPECTED UNIFORM ERROR OF BROWNIAN MOTION APPROXIMATED BY THE LÉVY–CIESIELSKI CONSTRUCTION
Authors: BROWN BRUCE , GRIEBEL MICHAEL , KUO FRANCES Y. , SLOAN IAN H.
Published: August 2023

The Brownian bridge or Lévy–Ciesielski construction of Brownian paths almost surely converges uniformly to the true Brownian path. We focus on the uniform error. In particular, we show constructively that at level N, at which there are
$d=2^N$
points evaluated on the Brownian path, the uniform error and its square, and the uniform error of geometric Brownian motion, have upper bounds of order
$\mathcal {O}(\sqrt {\ln d/d})$
, matching the known orders. We apply the results to an option pricing example.
Does Protest Influence Political Speech? Evidence from UK Climate Protest, 2017–2019
Authors: Barrie Christopher , Fleming Thomas G. , Rowan Sam S.
Published: August 2023

How does protest affect political speech? Protest is an important form of political claim-making, yet our understanding of its influence on how individual legislators communicate remains limited. Our paper thus extends a theoretical framework on protests as information about voter preferences, and evaluates it using crowd-sourced protest data from the 2017–2019 Fridays for Future protests in the UK. We combine these data with ~2.4m tweets from 553 legislators over this period and text data from ~150k parliamentary speech records. We find that local protests prompted MPs to speak more about the climate, but only online. These results demonstrate that protest can shape the timing and substance of political communication by individual elected representatives. They also highlight an important difference between legislators' offline and online speech, suggesting that more work is needed to understand how political strategies differ across these arenas.
Using community science to identify predators of spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae), in North America
Authors: Johnson Anne E. , Cornell Alison , Hermann Sara , Zhu Fang , Hoover Kelli
Published: August 2023

Spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae), is an invasive insect that was first detected in the United States in 2014 and feeds on a wide variety of plants, with economic impacts on the agricultural, ornamental, and timber industries. Part of what likely contributes to the success of L. delicatula in its invaded range is that it appears to be chemically defended by sequestering toxins from its host plant(s), which may deter predators in the introduced range. To determine the identity and behavior of North American predators that feed on spotted lanternfly, we performed a community science study in which we asked members of the public to contribute reports of animals feeding on spotted lanternfly through a Facebook page. The largest group of reported predators was arthropods followed by birds. Araneae was the arthropod order with the most reports and Phasianidae was the most frequently reported bird family. Using Pearson's χ2 tests, we also identified significant relationships between predator behavior and (1) taxonomic group of the predator, (2) L. delicatula life stage, and (3) host plant L. delicatula was observed on. These results can help to guide future research on predator host shifting to spotted lanternfly and potential for biocontrol as a management tactic.
Nasal obstruction in adults: how it affects psychological status?
Authors: Yıldırım YS , Deveci E , Ozucer B , Kurt Y
Published: August 2023

Objective

This study investigated the psychological status of patients with unilateral or bilateral complete nasal obstruction.

Method

The study included 49 consecutive cases of unilateral or bilateral complete nasal obstruction. In order to assess participants’ personality traits, both groups completed the Personality Belief Questionnaire, State–Trait Anxiety Inventory form, Beck Depression Inventory and Beck Anxiety Inventory.

Results

The groups were similar in terms of demographic characteristics. Patients with unilateral or bilateral complete nasal obstruction had higher scores on all the psychological assessments compared with the healthy controls, except for the Beck Anxiety Inventory. Although all personality assessment scores were higher in patients, the only differences that were statistically significant were in the dependent, antisocial and avoidant personality trait scores.

Conclusion

The psychological conditions of patients with structural deformities that cause nasal obstruction may be affected, and appropriate treatment should be provided to improve their symptoms and quality of life.
Rat lungworm survives winter: experimental overwintering of Angiostrongylus cantonensis larvae in European slugs
Authors: Anettová Lucia , Šipková Anna , Izquierdo-Rodriguez Elena , Velič Vivienne , Modrý David
Published: August 2023

The rat lungworm Angiostrongylus cantonensis is a metastrongyloid nematode that causes neurological disorders in its accidental hosts, including humans. This invasive pathogen is native to Southeast Asia and adjacent regions and is gradually expanding its distribution to tropical and subtropical areas with new foci discovered near temperate regions. The parasite has a complex life cycle with a range of gastropods serving as intermediate hosts. A broad spectrum of poikilotherm vertebrates and invertebrates can serve as paratenic hosts. Since it has already been demonstrated that other, non-zoonotic metastrongyloids can survive in their intermediate hosts during the winter, the aim of our study was to evaluate the survival of A. cantonensis third-stage larvae in experimentally infected slugs (Limax maximus) kept at 4.5–7°C for 60 days. Third-stage larvae of A. cantonensis survived the period of low temperature and remained capable of infecting definitive hosts (laboratory rats) afterwards, even though their numbers dropped significantly. These results suggest that further spread to higher latitudes or altitudes is possible in areas with sufficient abundance of definitive hosts, since low winter temperatures are not necessarily an obstacle to the spread of the parasite.
Phase oscillator optimization eliminates jittering during transition gaits in multimodal locomotion assisted by a portable hip exoskeleton
Authors: Yang Wei , Yan Zehao , Yu Linfan , Xu Linghui , Liu Xiaoguang , Yang Canjun
Published: August 2023

To be successfully used in daily life situations, exoskeletons should be effective across multimodal scenarios, including walking on various terrains, and transitions between locomotion modes such as walking-to-stop. Correct continuous gait phase estimation is essential for high-level walking assistance control. Despite the impressive advances in gait phase estimation for a variety of locomotion modes, transition gait phase estimation is rarely researched, leading to the jittering of exoskeletons during walking-to-stop transitions. We propose an optimized phase oscillator (PO-opt) that estimates the gait phase correctly during transition gaits in multimodal locomotion, which is beneficial to eliminating the jittering. In the phase plane, a lateral axis extreme difference (LAED) is adopted to classify transition gaits. The threshold of LAED for transition gaits in multimodal locomotion was preliminarily determined by simulation, which was then applied and validated in experiments. Simulation results indicated that a threshold of 15.0 was suitable for transition gaits classification during treadmill walking, free walking, and ramp ascent/descent, while results of the experiment showed that a threshold between 6.5 and 10.5 was applicable for treadmill walking, free walking, and stair ascent/descent. In particular, the jittering elimination rates for 3, 4, and 5 km/h treadmill walking were improved from 29%, 21%, and 4% (PO model) to 100%, respectively, when the threshold of LAED was set at 15.0 in PO-opt model. The results indicated a significant increase in the rate of jittering elimination when the PO-opt model was applied. The model holds great promise in real-world applications for prostheses and other types of exoskeletons.
Modeling of a two-degree-of-freedom fiber-reinforced soft pneumatic actuator
Authors: Ferrandy Varell , Indrawanto  , Ferryanto F. , Sugiharto Arif , Franco Enrico , Garriga-Casanovas Arnau , Mahyuddin Andi Isra , Rodriguez y Baena Ferdinando , Mihradi Sandro , Virdyawan Vani
Published: August 2023

Fiber winding reinforcement is widely used in soft robotic manipulators actuated by pressurized fluids. However, the specific effect of each type of winding on the bending motion of a tubular soft robotics manipulator with three chambers has not been explored widely. We present the development of precise finite element (FE) simulations and investigate the effect of helical fiber winding parameters on the bending motion of a two-degree-of-freedom manipulator with three internal chambers. We first show the development of an FE simulation that optimizes convergence and computational time and precisely matches the behavior of soft robots in practice. Compared to single-chamber robots, simulating three-chamber designs is more challenging due to the complex geometry. We then apply our FE model to simulate all the parameter variations. We show that for helical winding with a constant pitch, the closer the center of a chamber is to the intersection of the windings, the lower the bending stiffness of the chamber is. To minimize bending stiffness variation in different bending directions, the optimal angle between the center of the first chamber and the intersection of the two helical windings are 0° and 12°. Reducing the pitch of the helical windings or using other types of windings (i.e., ring winding or six helical winding) reduces the stiffness variation across different bending directions. The FE simulations are compared with experiments showing that the model can capture complex bending behaviors of the manipulator, even though the estimation tends to be less accurate at higher bending angles.
Equidistribution of exponential sums indexed by a subgroup of fixed cardinality
Authors: UNTRAU THÉO
Published: August 2023

We consider families of exponential sums indexed by a subgroup of invertible classes modulo some prime power q. For fixed d, we restrict to moduli q so that there is a unique subgroup of invertible classes modulo q of order d. We study distribution properties of these families of sums as q grows and we establish equidistribution results in some regions of the complex plane which are described as the image of a multi-dimensional torus via an explicit Laurent polynomial. In some cases, the region of equidistribution can be interpreted as the one delimited by a hypocycloid, or as a Minkowski sum of such regions.
L’apport des données participatives pour l’étude linguistique des français du monde : le cas de l’opposition /a∼ɑ/
Authors: Hutin Mathilde , Allassonnière-Tang Marc
Published: August 2023

Le français est une langue parlée par plusieurs centaines de millions de locuteurs en Europe, en Afrique et en Amérique. Une telle dispersion favorise la variation, mais de grands corpus unifiés permettant de rendre compte de cette variation à l’échelle mondiale restent rares, et dans tous les cas nécessitent des efforts financiers et humains non négligeables, à l’instar du projet de Phonologie du Français Contemporain. Dans cet article, nous présentons une alternative possible : les données participatives. Pour ce faire, nous présentons Lingua Libre, la médiathèque linguistique participative de Wikimédia France, et l’utilisons pour décrire la variation sur une opposition phonémique entre deux voyelles ouvertes, /a/ et /ɑ/, dans de nombreuses variétés de français. Les données de 38 locuteurs provenant de 26 points d’enquête sont traitées automatiquement et comparées aux mesures présentées dans la littérature passée. Les résultats montrent que la plateforme a le potentiel de donner des résultats conformes à ceux des études de terrain professionnelles. L’article conclut sur les avantages et les limites de la plateforme, tout en proposant des pistes d’amélioration.
Implementing Backjumping by Means of Exception Handling
Authors: DRABENT WŁODZIMIERZ
Published: August 2023

We discuss how to implement backjumping (or intelligent backtracking) in Prolog by using the built-ins throw/1 and catch/3. We show that it is impossible in a general case, contrary to a claim that “backjumping is exception handling." We provide two solutions. One works for binary programs; in a general case it imposes a restriction on where backjumping may originate. The other restricts the class of backjump targets. We also discuss implementing backjumping by using backtracking and the Prolog database. Additionally, we explain the semantics of Prolog exception handling in the presence of coroutining.
Dyadic Existential Rules
Authors: GOTTLOB GEORG , MANNA MARCO , MARTE CINZIA
Published: August 2023

Existential rules form an expressive
${{\textsf{Datalog}}}$
-based language to specify ontological knowledge. The presence of existential quantification in rule-heads, however, makes the main reasoning tasks undecidable. To overcome this limitation, in the last two decades, a number of classes of existential rules guaranteeing the decidability of query answering have been proposed. Unfortunately, only some of these classes fully encompass
${{\textsf{Datalog}}}$
and, often, this comes at the price of higher computational complexity. Moreover, expressive classes are typically unable to exploit tools developed for classes exhibiting lower expressiveness. To mitigate these shortcomings, this paper introduces a novel general syntactic condition that allows us to define, systematically and in a uniform way, from any decidable class
$\mathcal{C}$
of existential rules, a new class called
${{\textsf{Dyadic-}\mathcal{C}}}$
enjoying the following properties: (i) it is decidable; (ii) it generalizes
${{\textsf{Datalog}}}$
; (iii) it generalizes
$\mathcal{C}$
; (iv) it can effectively exploit any reasoner for query answering over
$\mathcal{C}$
; and (v) its computational complexity does not exceed the highest between the one of
$\mathcal{C}$
and the one of
${{\textsf{Datalog}}}$
.
Detection and treatment of outliers for multivariate robust loss reserving
Authors: Avanzi Benjamin , Lavender Mark , Taylor Greg , Wong Bernard
Published: August 2023

Traditional techniques for calculating outstanding claim liabilities such as the chain-ladder are notoriously at risk of being distorted by outliers in past claims data. Unfortunately, the literature in robust methods of reserving is scant, with notable exceptions such as Verdonck & Debruyne (2011,Insurance: Mathematics and Economics,48, 85–98) and Verdonck & Van Wouwe (2011,Insurance: Mathematics and Economics,49, 188–193). In this paper, we put forward two alternative robust bivariate chain-ladder techniques to extend the approach of Verdonck & Van Wouwe (2011,Insurance: Mathematics and Economics,49, 188–193). The first technique is based on Adjusted Outlyingness (Hubert & Van der Veeken, 2008.Journal of Chemometrics,22, 235–246) and explicitly incorporates skewness into the analysis while providing a unique measure of outlyingness for each observation. The second technique is based onbagdistance(Hubertet al., 2016.Statistics: Methodology, 1–23) which is derived from the bagplot; however; it is able to provide a unique measure of outlyingness and a means to adjust outlying observations based on this measure.

Furthermore, we extend our robust bivariate chain-ladder approach to an N-dimensional framework. The implementation of the methods, especially beyond bivariate, is not trivial. This is illustrated on a trivariate data set from Australian general insurers and results under the different outlier detection and treatment mechanisms are compared.
Spectral Characteristics of Phase Fluctuations at High Latitude
Authors: Song K. , Hamza A. M. , Jayachandran P. T. , Meziane K. , Kashcheyev A.
Published: August 2023

It has long been established that ionospheric electron density irregularities cause random rapid amplitude and phase fluctuations in trans‐ionospheric radio signals. Various types of ground‐based measurements, including radar and Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers, have been utilized to gain insights into the plasma mechanisms that could lead to the development of these ionospheric irregularities. The spectral characteristics of radio wave signals emitted by GNSSs and detected by the Canadian High Arctic Ionospheric Network Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers are analyzed to try and identify the spectral signatures of the ionospheric plasma irregularities. In the polar region, we have confirmed that phase fluctuations in the GPS signal are not always accompanied by amplitude fluctuations. For the first time, a systematic comparison is conducted on the spectral properties of phase‐fluctuation events in the absence and presence of amplitude scintillations, respectively. More specifically, a spectral characterization is performed on 41 events recorded by three receivers positioned within the auroral oval. When fluctuations above the background level are solely observed in the signal's phase, the spectrum of phase variations exhibits a consistent steepness. Conversely, the presence of amplitude scintillation is accompanied by an increase in power at higher frequencies, resulting in shallower spectra. This analysis provides yet another physical element suggesting that the rapid fluctuations observed in the signal's amplitude may be caused by Fresnel‐scale irregularities arising from a gradient‐drift‐like instability while the phase variations seem to be consistent with a refractive mechanism caused by large‐scale ionospheric structures.
The Choice of Baseline Period Influences the Assessments of the Outcomes of Stratospheric Aerosol Injection
Authors: Visioni D. , Bednarz E. M. , MacMartin D. G. , Kravitz B. , Goddard P. B.
Published: August 2023

The specifics of the simulated injection choices in the case of stratospheric aerosol injections (SAI) are part of the crucial context necessary for meaningfully discussing the impacts that a deployment of SAI would have on the planet. One of the main choices is the desired amount of cooling that the injections are aiming to achieve. Previous SAI simulations have usually either simulated a fixed amount of injection, resulting in a fixed amount of warming being offset, or have specified one target temperature, so that the amount of cooling is only dependent on the underlying trajectory of greenhouse gases. Here, we use three sets of SAI simulations achieving different amounts of global mean surface cooling while following a middle‐of‐the‐road greenhouse gas emission trajectory: one SAI scenario maintains temperatures at 1.5°C above preindustrial levels (PI), and two other scenarios which achieve additional cooling to 1.0°C and 0.5°C above PI. We demonstrate that various surface impacts scale proportionally with respect to the amount of cooling, such as global mean precipitation changes, changes to the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation and to the Walker Cell. We also highlight the importance of the choice of the baseline period when comparing the SAI responses to one another and to the greenhouse gas emission pathway. This analysis leads to policy‐relevant discussions around the concept of a reference period altogether, and to what constitutes a relevant, or significant, change produced by SAI.
Seasonal Variability of the Surface Ocean Carbon Cycle: A Synthesis
Authors: Rodgers Keith B. , Schwinger Jörg , Fassbender Andrea J. , Landschützer Peter , Yamaguchi Ryohei , Frenzel Hartmut , Stein Karl , Müller Jens Daniel , Goris Nadine , Sharma Sahil , Bushinsky Seth , Chau Thi‐Tuyet‐Trang , Gehlen Marion , Gallego M. Angeles , Gloege Lucas , Gregor Luke , Gruber Nicolas , Hauck Judith , Iida Yosuke , Ishii Masao , Keppler Lydia , Kim Ji‐Eun , Schlunegger Sarah , Tjiputra Jerry , Toyama Katsuya , Vaittinada Ayar Pradeebane , Velo Antón
Published: August 2023

The seasonal cycle is the dominant mode of variability in the air‐sea CO2 flux in most regions of the global ocean, yet discrepancies between different seasonality estimates are rather large. As part of the Regional Carbon Cycle Assessment and Processes Phase 2 project (RECCAP2), we synthesize surface ocean pCO2 and air‐sea CO2 flux seasonality from models and observation‐based estimates, focusing on both a present‐day climatology and decadal changes between the 1980s and 2010s. Four main findings emerge: First, global ocean biogeochemistry models (GOBMs) and observation‐based estimates (pCO2 products) of surface pCO2 seasonality disagree in amplitude and phase, primarily due to discrepancies in the seasonal variability in surface DIC. Second, the seasonal cycle in pCO2 has increased in amplitude over the last three decades in both pCO2 products and GOBMs. Third, decadal increases in pCO2 seasonal cycle amplitudes in subtropical biomes for both pCO2 products and GOBMs are driven by increasing DIC concentrations stemming from the uptake of anthropogenic CO2 (Cant). In subpolar and Southern Ocean biomes, however, the seasonality change for GOBMs is dominated by Cant invasion, whereas for pCO2 products an indeterminate combination of Cant invasion and climate change modulates the changes. Fourth, biome‐aggregated decadal changes in the amplitude of pCO2 seasonal variability are largely detectable against both mapping uncertainty (reducible) and natural variability uncertainty (irreducible), but not at the gridpoint scale over much of the northern subpolar oceans and over the Southern Ocean, underscoring the importance of sustained high‐quality seasonally resolved measurements over these regions.
The Effect of Initial Vortex Asymmetric Structure on Tropical Cyclone Intensity Change in Response to an Imposed Environmental Vertical Wind Shear
Authors: Gao Qi , Wang Yuqing
Published: August 2023

Previous studies have investigated how the environmental vertical wind shear (VWS) may trigger the asymmetric structure in an initially axisymmetric tropical cyclone (TC) vortex and how TC intensity changes in response. In this study, the possible effect of the initial vortex asymmetric structure on the TC intensity change in response to an imposed environmental VWS is investigated based on idealized full‐physics model simulations. Results show that the effect of the asymmetric structure in the initial TC vortex can either enhance or suppress the initial weakening of the TC in response to the imposed environmental VWS. When the initial asymmetric structure is in phase of the VWS‐induced asymmetric structure, the TC weakening will be enhanced and vice versa. Our finding calls for realistic representation of initial TC asymmetric structure in numerical weather prediction models and observations to better resolve the asymmetric structure in TCs.
Thermally Direct Mesoscale Circulations Caused by Land Surface Roughness Anomalies
Authors: Cheng Yu , McColl Kaighin A.
Published: August 2023

Deforestation, urbanization and construction of wind farms can change the land surface roughness, which can further influence surface heat fluxes and thus weather and climate. Land surface roughness anomalies can dynamically trigger convergence through changing mean wind speed. Here, we report a new mechanism, in which roughness anomalies cause thermally direct mesoscale circulations and anomalous precipitation. To study this mechanism, we conduct cloud‐permitting simulations over an idealized land surface with prescribed surface roughness anomalies. Anomalously high roughness increases turbulent mixing near the surface, which decreases land surface temperature and outgoing longwave radiation. The additional surface net radiation partly goes into greater sensible heat flux, which triggers mesoscale circulations driven by differential heating. As a result, precipitation over the high‐roughness anomaly is generally larger than that over the low‐roughness background. This new mechanism, not present in climate models, may be relevant to storm formation over wind farms, cities and forests.
An Exact Solution to the Linearized Richards Equation for Layered Media With Flexible Initial Condition
Authors: Chen Zhang‐Long , Huang Yiyi , Fang Hongwei , Yeh Tian‐Chyi Jim , Zha Yuanyuan
Published: August 2023

Srivastava and Yeh (1991, https://doi.org/10.1029/90WR02772) derived an exact solution to the linearized Richards equation (LRE) for two‐layer medium infiltration using the Laplace transform (LT) method with a particular initial condition assumed, making the most pioneering contribution to the derivation of exact solutions to the layered‐medium LRE (i.e., ES‐LMLREs). However, the LT method is unsuitable for deriving an ES‐LMLRE that considers either an arbitrary initial condition or an arbitrary number of layers, or both, preventing further progress in developing ES‐LMLREs. Adopting a new solution strategy, namely a conjunctive use of the variable separation method and the transfer matrix method, we develop a novel exact layered‐medium‐LRE infiltration solution, overcoming the above difficulties. First, the proposed solution is successfully validated against the Srivastava‐Yeh solution. As a feature‐demonstration example, a layered‐medium water absorption process is simulated, and our solution well captures how the heterogeneity of hydraulic parameters affects the dynamics of this process. Moreover, the proposed solution is a valuable benchmark for related numerical models.
Sleep Patterns, Pain, and Emotional Functioning in Youth With Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Szabo Margo M. , Nelson Cecelia I. , Lilly Christa L. , Manegold Stoltman Ellen M. , Riedel Brian D. , Rouster Audra S. , Duncan Christina L.
Published: August 2023

Objective:

Youth with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) may be at increased risk for sleep difficulties due to the painful and inflammatory nature of their disease. Moreover, children and adolescents with IBD experience impairment across a variety of psychosocial domains. However, researchers have yet to investigate the complex interplay between sleep, disease-related symptoms, and psychosocial factors in this population. The purpose of this study was to examine sleep patterns, pain, and mood in pediatric IBD.

Method:

A sample of 25 children and adolescents with IBD ( Mage = 14.24, range = 10–18 years; 56% male) were recruited from a pediatric gastroenterology clinic. Youth wore an actigraphy watch and completed daily measures of affect and pain over the course of 14 days. Statistical analyses involved repeated measures general estimating equations.

Results:

No significant association for sleep with negative affect was demonstrated. Despite majority of this sample being in disease remission, results revealed that increased sleep onset latency was associated with presence of next day pain and pain was associated with better next night sleep efficiency.

Conclusions:

Findings of the current study suggest youth with IBD experience poor sleep quality, which is significantly related to the pain they experience. Consequently, healthcare providers should screen for and address sleep quality to optimize outcomes in their pediatric patients. Objectively assessing sleep patterns (e.g., actigraphy) may prove useful for pediatric IBD samples; however, additional research is needed to determine actigraphy’s feasibility and efficacy in assessing sleep patterns in real world settings (e.g., pediatric medical clinics).

Implications for Impact Statement

There is increasing awareness of the prevalence of poor sleep quality among children and adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This study suggests that such sleep difficulties are related to abdominal pain and may be present even for youth whose disease is in remission. It is essential to regularly screen for poor sleep quality and target these concerns in the pediatric IBD population.
Deciphering the genetic landscape of obesity: a data-driven approach to identifying plausible causal genes and therapeutic targets
Authors: Ang Mia Yang , Takeuchi Fumihiko , Kato Norihiro
Published: August 2023

Objectives

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have successfully revealed numerous susceptibility loci for obesity. However, identifying the causal genes, pathways, and tissues/cell types responsible for these associations remains a challenge, and standardized analysis workflows are lacking. Additionally, due to limited treatment options for obesity, there is a need for the development of new pharmacological therapies. This study aimed to address these issues by performing step-wise utilization of knowledgebase for gene prioritization and assessing the potential relevance of key obesity genes as therapeutic targets.

Methods and results

First, we generated a list of 28,787 obesity-associated SNPs from the publicly available GWAS dataset (approximately 800,000 individuals in the GIANT meta-analysis). Then, we prioritized 1372 genes with significant in silico evidence against genomic and transcriptomic data, including transcriptionally regulated genes in the brain from transcriptome-wide association studies. In further narrowing down the gene list, we selected key genes, which we found to be useful for the discovery of potential drug seeds as demonstrated in lipid GWAS separately. We thus identified 74 key genes for obesity, which are highly interconnected and enriched in several biological processes that contribute to obesity, including energy expenditure and homeostasis. Of 74 key genes, 37 had not been reported for the pathophysiology of obesity. Finally, by drug-gene interaction analysis, we detected 23 (of 74) key genes that are potential targets for 78 approved and marketed drugs.

Conclusions

Our results provide valuable insights into new treatment options for obesity through a data-driven approach that integrates multiple up-to-date knowledgebases.
Methylation across the central dogma in health and diseases: new therapeutic strategies
Authors: Liu Ruochen , Zhao Erhu , Yu Huijuan , Yuan Chaoyu , Abbas Muhammad Nadeem , Cui Hongjuan
Published: August 2023

The proper transfer of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein is essential for cell-fate control, development, and health. Methylation of DNA, RNAs, histones, and non-histone proteins is a reversible post-synthesis modification that finetunes gene expression and function in diverse physiological processes. Aberrant methylation caused by genetic mutations or environmental stimuli promotes various diseases and accelerates aging, necessitating the development of therapies to correct the disease-driver methylation imbalance. In this Review, we summarize the operating system of methylation across the central dogma, which includes writers, erasers, readers, and reader-independent outputs. We then discuss how dysregulation of the system contributes to neurological disorders, cancer, and aging. Current small-molecule compounds that target the modifiers show modest success in certain cancers. The methylome-wide action and lack of specificity lead to undesirable biological effects and cytotoxicity, limiting their therapeutic application, especially for diseases with a monogenic cause or different directions of methylation changes. Emerging tools capable of site-specific methylation manipulation hold great promise to solve this dilemma. With the refinement of delivery vehicles, these new tools are well positioned to advance the basic research and clinical translation of the methylation field.
Synthetic viability induces resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer cells
Authors: Liu Mingyue , Dong Qi , Chen Bo , Liu Kaidong , Zhao Zhangxiang , Wang Yuquan , Zhuang Shuping , Han Huiming , Shi Xingyang , Jin Zixin , Hui Yang , Gu Yunyan
Published: August 2023

Background

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have revolutionized the treatment for multiple cancers. However, most of patients encounter resistance. Synthetic viability (SV) between genes could induce resistance. In this study, we established SV signature to predict the efficacy of ICI treatment for melanoma.

Methods

We collected features and predicted SV gene pairs by random forest classifier. This work prioritized SV gene pairs based on CRISPR/Cas9 screens. SV gene pairs signature were constructed to predict the response to ICI for melanoma patients.

Results

This study predicted robust SV gene pairs based on 14 features. Filtered by CRISPR/Cas9 screens, we identified 1,861 SV gene pairs, which were also related with prognosis across multiple cancer types. Next, we constructed the six SV pairs signature to predict resistance to ICI for melanoma patients. This study applied the six SV pairs signature to divide melanoma patients into high-risk and low-risk. High-risk melanoma patients were associated with worse response after ICI treatment. Immune landscape analysis revealed that high-risk melanoma patients had lower natural killer cells and CD8+ T cells infiltration.

Conclusions

In summary, the 14 features classifier accurately predicted robust SV gene pairs for cancer. The six SV pairs signature could predict resistance to ICI.
Nuclear localization of TET2 requires β-catenin activation and correlates with favourable prognosis in colorectal cancer
Authors: Li Changpeng , He Jingcai , Meng Fei , Wang Fuhui , Sun Hao , Zhang Huizhong , Dong Linna , Zhang Mengdan , Xu Qiaoran , Liang Lining , Li Yuan , Yang Tingting , He Meiai , Wang Tao , Lin Jiechun , Sun Jiaqi , Huang Qiuling , Guo Lin , Zhang Xiaofei , Mai Shijuan , Zheng Hui
Published: August 2023

Mutation-induced malfunction of ten-eleven translocation methylcytosine dioxygenase 2 (TET2) is widely reported in haematological malignancies. However, the role of TET2 in solid cancers, including colorectal cancer (CRC), is unclear. Here, we found that TET2 malfunction in CRC is mostly due to decreased nuclear localization and that nuclear localization of TET2 is correlated with better survival of patients. To explore the underlying mechanisms, 14 immortalized solid tumour cell lines and 12 primary CRC cell lines were used. TET2 was mostly detected in the nucleus, and it induced significant DNA demethylation and suppressed cell growth by demethylating RORA and SPARC in cell lines like SW480. While in cell lines like SW620, TET2 was observed in the cytosol and did not affect DNA methylation or cell growth. Further examination with immunoprecipitation–mass spectrometry illustrated that β-catenin activation was indispensable for the nuclear localization and tumour suppression effects of TET2. In addition, the β-catenin pathway activator IM12 and the TET2 activator vitamin C were used simultaneously to enhance the effects of TET2 under low-expression conditions, and synergistic inhibitory effects on the growth of cancer were observed both in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, these data suggest that β-catenin-mediated nuclear localization of TET2 is an important therapeutic target for solid tumours.