A new derivative of valproic acid amide possesses a broad‐spectrum antiseizure profile and unique activity against status epilepticus and organophosphate neuronal damage
Authors: White H. Steve , Alex Anitha B. , Pollock Amanda , Hen Naama , Shekh‐Ahmad Tawfeeq , Wilcox Karen S. , McDonough John H. , Stables James P. , Kaufmann Dan , Yagen Boris , Bialer Meir 
Published: December 2011

Purpose:  sec‐Butyl‐propylacetamide (SPD) is a one‐carbon homolog of valnoctamide (VCD), a central nervous system (CNS)–active amide derivative of valproic acid (VPA) currently in phase II clinical trials. The study reported herein evaluated the anticonvulsant activity of SPD in a battery of rodent seizure and epilepsy models and assessed its efficacy in rat and guinea pig models of status epilepticus (SE) and neuroprotection in an organotypic hippocampal slice model of excitotoxic cell death.

Methods:  The anticonvulsant activity of SPD was evaluated in several rodent seizure and epilepsy models, including maximal electroshock (MES), 6‐Hz psychomotor; subcutaneous (s.c.) metrazol‐, s.c. picrotoxin, s.c. bicuculline, and audiogenic, corneal, and hippocampal kindled seizures following intraperitoneal administration. Results obtained with SPD are discussed in relationship to those obtained with VPA and VCD. SPD was also evaluated for its ability to block benzodiazepine‐resistant SE induced by pilocarpine (rats) and soman (rats and guinea pigs) following intraperitoneal administration. SPD was tested for its ability to block excitotoxic cell death induced by the glutamate agonists N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) and kainic acid (KA) using organotypic hippocampal slices and SE‐induced hippocampal cell death using FluoroJade B staining. The cognitive function of SPD‐treated rats that were protected against pilocarpine‐induced convulsive SE was examined 10–14 days post‐SE using the Morris water maze (MWM). The relationship between the pharmacokinetic profile of SPD and its efficacy against soman‐induced SE was evaluated in two parallel studies following SPD (60 mg/kg, i.p.) administration in the soman SE rat model.

Key Findings:  SPD was highly effective and displayed a wide protective index (PI = median neurotoxic dose/median effective dose [TD50/ED50]) in the standardized seizure and epilepsy models employed. The wide PI values of SPD demonstrate that it is effective at doses well below those that produce behavioral impairment. Unlike VCD, SPD also displayed anticonvulsant activity in the rat pilocarpine model of SE. Thirty minutes after the induction of SE, the calculated rat ED50 for SPD against convulsive SE in this model was 84 mg/kg. SPD was not neuroprotective in the organotypic hippocampal slice preparation; however, it did display hippocampal neuroprotection in both SE models and cognitive sparing in the MWM, which was associated with its antiseizure effect against pilocarpine‐induced SE. When administered 20 and 40 min after SE onset, SPD (100–174 mg/kg) produced long‐lasting efficacy (e.g., 4–8 h) against soman‐induced convulsive and electrographic SE in both rats and guinea pigs. SPD ED50 values in guinea pigs were 67 and 92 mg/kg when administered at SE onset or 40 min after SE onset, respectively. Assuming linear pharmacokinetics (PK), the PK–PD (pharmacodynamic) results (rats) suggests that effective SPD plasma levels ranged between 8 and 40 mg/L (20 min after the onset of soman‐induced seizures) and 12–50 mg/L (40 min after the onset of soman‐induced seizures). The time to peak (tmax) pharmacodynamic effect (PD‐tmax) occurred after the PK‐tmax, suggesting that SPD undergoes slow distribution to extraplasmatic sites, which is likely responsible for antiseizure activity of SPD.

Significance:  The results demonstrate that SPD is a broad‐spectrum antiseizure compound that blocks SE induced by pilocarpine and soman and affords in vivo neuroprotection that is associated with cognitive sparing. Its activity against SE is superior to that of diazepam in terms of rapid onset, potency, and its effect on animal mortality and functional improvement.