bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conclusions
Authors: Pearson Elizabeth
Published: June 2024

The final chapter of Extreme Britain discusses the key findings, and differences between the radical right and Islamist movements explored in the book. Through interviews, the book has argued that radicalization is in essence a masculinity project, which is to say that becoming extreme entails the fulfilment of particular and diverse masculinities, with one masculine performance able to legitimize another. It also explored misogyny in both movements, finding this directed against in-group, as well as out-group women. Nonetheless, the expressions of misogyny differed between groups, as did women’s opportunities for public leadership. The conclusions also explore how a new extremism definition might incorporate gender, recognizing its importance in identifying in- and out-group members. This finding is important for policymakers, and the chapter goes on to emphasize the need for caution in treating misogyny or toxic masculinity as causal factors in radicalization, or predictors of extremism. Finally, the chapter addresses the importance of gendered approaches in producing a rich and nuanced understanding of the power relations in extreme movements, and the lives of the people in them.
Capitalism and Democracy
Authors: Vuković Vuk
Published: June 2024

Chapter 8 examines the rise of capitalist democracies, from the early unjust exploitative capitalism, led by the violence power principle, to its gradual convergence into a much fairer democratic capitalism. Despite its early unjust outcomes capitalism managed to deliver an impetus for persistent social change, eventually resulting in political changes, as old aristocratic elites were being replaced by democratic governments. This permanent incentive for change gradually started delivering basic human rights, as well as equal representation, rule of law, equality of opportunities, and eventually equality of gender and race. All of this was achieved under capitalist democracies, through a unique trial-and-error mechanism that helps societies learn from their errors, never again to repeat them. Socialist countries also achieved rapid progress in the aftermath of World War II. However, when faced with their first major internal crisis, they failed as they had no trial-and-error mechanism that could help them overcome the crisis.
The Pitfalls of Political Power
Authors: Vuković Vuk
Published: June 2024

The unstoppable progress that lifted living standards and dramatically reduced poverty in the second half of the 20th century failed, however, to solve the issue of inequality. Inequality is driven by different forces, rooted deeply within political power. This does not mean it cannot be dealt with, but in order to curb its incentives successfully we must set the target toward its causes. This is why, as Chapter 9 will uncover, progressive taxation and greater redistribution will not be successful in solving the problem permanently—they are focused on the consequences (unequal incomes), not the causes. Granting too much political power to individuals to solve the issue of inequality leads to personalization of governing institutions, adverse selection into politics, and eventually declining trust in public institutions. This is the opposite effect of what we need to contain inequality.
Epilogue
Authors: Mujanovic Jasmin
Published: June 2024

The epilogue centers on the future of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s constitutional order. It argues the apparent political impossibility of reforming the country’s constitution, combined with the growing number of rulings by the European Court of Human Rights nevertheless necessitating such changes, has plunged Bosnia and Herzegovina into constitutional crisis. This chapter suggests it is essential that the country’s future constitutional regime be fundamentally liberal democratic in nature to ensure truly equal rights for all citizens and that this could be realized through the initiation of a constitutional convention.
Introduction
Authors: Ulrichsen Kristian Coates
Published: June 2024

This introduction provides an overview of the book’s main arguments and describes how the empirical and theorical components fit together. Much analysis of the development of the Gulf States has taken place under the shadow of rentier state theory and has been country-specific rather than comparative in nature. This chapter introduces key themes and explains in brief how the book breaks out of the rentier state paradigm and examines points of continuity as well as rupture, which mean that there is no binary division between the “traditional” (pre-oil) and “modern” era. Power is relational, and the introduction summarizes key aspects of the literature on power as a concept and its deployment in the regional setting of the Gulf States in practice.
Distribution
Authors: Ulrichsen Kristian Coates
Published: June 2024

This chapter examines the distributive processes that have tied states and regimes to societies in the Gulf before, during, and after the transformative impact of the discovery of oil. Control of economic resources and political choices on how (and to whom) to distribute the proceeds are critical to the study of relationships of power in Gulf societies. The chapter examines the nature and structure of pre-oil economies in the Gulf and describes how the advent of the oil era altered the balance of economic power. Change was evolutionary rather than revolutionary in nature with points of continuity as well as disruption. The dominance of rentier state theory in explaining patterns of allocation is critiqued by the study of the political decisions which determined how the distributive processes evolved.
The Collapse of the World
Authors: Edwards Terra
Published: June 2024

As members of the Seattle DeafBlind community grew increasingly blind, they relied more on sighted interpreters to describe their environment to them, relay utterances, and share impressions of people and places. However, using language to represent the environment was only effective insofar as DeafBlind people could relate those descriptions to memories or experiences of their own. Chapter 3 follows several individuals as their visual memories and experiences fade and statements about the world become useless and abstract. Due to sighted social constraints on touch, corresponding tactile experiences were also severely restricted. As a result, the visual world they once knew buckled and eventually collapsed. Individual and collective attempts to rebuild followed, some of which were deemed more successful than others. This chapter analyzes those attempts in order to understand how worlds collapse, to what extent language can be of use under those conditions, and what is needed to find a way forward.
Print Markets and Political Dissent
Authors: Brophy James M.
Published: June 2024

German publishers transformed the political culture of central Europe. Their presses, bookshops, and commercial networks promoted oppositional politics, especially those of liberalism and democratic radicalism. Adapting a centuries-long legacy of marketing forbidden literature to the modern era, the book trade vigorously contested the censorship regimes of Prussia and Austria with an array of legal and illegal tricks. Driven by profit and political conviction, publishers became cultural brokers and political actors, and their achievements are many. Alongside the smuggling of banned books, they promoted a broad spectrum of legal dissent—from highbrow journals to middlebrow lexica to flyers. They circulated Western political ideas through extensive translation, devised new formats to widen the reception of commentary, and designed marketing schemes to broaden the reading nation. But the aspiration of popularizing political dissent had mixed results. If the book trade established liberalism as an inexorable political force, democratic radicalism never achieved mainstream status. Between the Carlsbad Decrees of 1819 and the Imperial Press Law of 1874, governments criminalized republicanism and other democratic doctrines, denying them necessary access to broader audiences. Recounting the triumphs and setbacks of marketing political dissent, James Brophy’s study brings alive the turbulent world of publishing. This sweeping narrative redefines the political public sphere in nineteenth-century central Europe.
Conclusion
Authors: Brophy James M.
Published: June 2024

The conclusion summarizes the achievements of publishers. They challenged the restrictive information order of late absolutism, established a common ground of political literacy, and broadened the parameters of political dissent in central Europe. Despite the many triumphs of this liberal public sphere, the Austro-Prussian information order succeeded in pushing republicanism and other forms of radical democracy to the periphery of print markets. Democratic discourse remained confined mostly to clandestine print. The failure of radicalism to attain a legal, mainstream commercial readership in the 1840s looms as a critical milestone in the political history of the long nineteenth century.
4QSb (4Q256)
Authors: Collins John J. , Nati James
Published: June 2024

This chapter offers transcriptions, translations, notes, and commentary on 4QSb of the Rule of the Association. While recognizing the considerable textual overlaps across the manuscripts, each manuscript in Chapters 9–22 is presented separately in order to facilitate an analysis of their unique characteristics. Differences from 1QS in particular are highlighted in the analysis of each text, and the implications of these differences—and, in many cases, clusters of differences—are explored. While containing many of the same rules for life in the yaḥad (see 1QS 5–7), these different texts, it is suggested, often present those rules differently. The various presentations here point likewise to a variety of ways in which these rules were understood, even among members of the same Association.
4QSc (4Q257)
Authors: Collins John J. , Nati James
Published: June 2024

This chapter offers transcriptions, translations, notes, and commentary on 4QSc of the Rule of the Association. While recognizing the considerable textual overlaps across the manuscripts, each manuscript in Chapters 9–22 is presented separately in order to facilitate an analysis of their unique characteristics. Differences from 1QS in particular are highlighted in the analysis of each text, and the implications of these differences—and, in many cases, clusters of differences—are explored. While containing many of the same rules for life in the yaḥad (see 1QS 5–7), these different texts, it is suggested, often present those rules differently. The various presentations here point likewise to a variety of ways in which these rules were understood, even among members of the same Association.
Saudi Oil Policy
Authors: Fattouh Bassam
Published: June 2024

This chapter makes the point that the role of oil in shaping Saudi’s political and economic future will become more important as the transformations in the Saudi economy and global oil market continue, although its contribution to the future trajectory of the Kingdom will take different forms from in the past. It argues that diversifying away from oil and reducing the role of the oil sector in Saudi Arabia’s future development path is not only unrealistic but also, at a strategic and policy level, suboptimal. Saudi Arabia should continue to leverage its core sector by enhancing its competitiveness through improving efficiency, promoting greater integration, and decarbonizing oil production and products. Doom-and-gloom predictions infer that Saudi Arabia will emerge as a definite loser in the transition, with increasing risk of economic collapse and an inability to navigate through the transformations in global energy markets, and that its geopolitical importance and role in energy markets are destined only to decline. These predictions, it is argued, are rather simplistic to say the least.
Monetary Policy, Banking, and the Financial System
Authors: Wilson Rodney
Published: June 2024

Saudi Arabia has a highly developed financial system which has long served the Kingdom well. The banking system follows international best practice with provisions to ensure there is sufficient liquidity and appropriate capital adequacy. There is sound independent financial reporting and investors have confidence in the Saudi Arabian Monetary Authority and the Capital Market Authority as regulators, as well as in the banking and insurance institutions. Government debt is modest and mostly held by the financial institutions in Saudi Arabia; there is little debt held by foreign banks or investment companies, including hedge funds. The author argues that, as the economy continues to diversify, there will be new opportunities for the financial sector, not least in insurance provision where the market is underdeveloped. The financial sector has enjoyed considerable success in developing Islamic financial products that are sound and have proven public appeal. Saudi Arabia is a leader in the world of Islamic finance.
Saudi Vision 2030
Authors: Thompson Mark C. , Quilliam Neil
Published: June 2024

For the Saudi government, the principal challenge was the limited capacity of state institutions to break with the past and respond to the demands that Vision 2030, and the accompanying National Transformation Program (NTP), placed upon the existing bureaucratic system. Therefore, this chapter discusses how, in order to deliver Vision 2030, it has been necessary to introduce new methods of policy and decision making. This chapter explains how the institutional changes brought about since 2016, as well as ‘repurposing ministries’, are an important highlight of the reforms in Saudi Arabia. Not only is the Kingdom’s institutional infrastructure changing but also the country’s capacity is being developed by drawing on Saudi Arabia’s youth dividend. Repurposing key ministries and creating new agencies have been positive developments, as the newly established and reconfigured institutions and agencies coexist with their predecessors and, occasionally, pursue overlapping mandates. The authors also document how foreign management consultancies continue to play a significant role in the implementation of Vision 2030.
The Rann of Kutch Arbitration (India–Pakistan, 1966–1968)
Authors: Siniver Asaf
Published: June 2024

This chapter analyses the case of the Rann of Kutch arbitration between India and Pakistan. Following the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947, the state of Kutch was incorporated into India, while the province of Sindhe became part of Pakistan. The area of Rann, which has Kutch to the north and Sindh to the south, became a contested boundary between the two countries and remained undefined following independence. Following two months of British mediation in 1965, the parties agreed to refer the dispute to an arbitration tribunal, which in February 1968 awarded 90 per cent of the disputed territory to India. The arbitration of this case has since been widely recognized as a resounding success because it effectively ended a long-lasting territorial dispute between two enduring rivals. More pertinently, it demonstrates the constraining (and effective) power of international norms and reputational costs on a state’s decision to comply with the arbitration award despite its strong reservations about it.
Reclaiming the Sui Generis Nature of Arbitration
Authors: Siniver Asaf
Published: June 2024

The concluding chapter of the book summarizes the main findings and points to the most pertinent scholarly and policy implications. It draws comparative and generalized observations about the reasons for pursuing arbitration over mediation and the relevant factors behind the compliance with (or defiance) of the arbitration award. In so doing, it revisits the central claim of this book regarding the need to reclaim the sui generis nature of arbitration as a hybrid method of dispute settlement which combines the best attributes of mediation and adjudication. The chapter also points to additional findings which were not originally considered in the design of the research, such as the effects of buyer’s remorse and blame-shifting on state behaviour. It concludes with suggestions for future research.
Introducing Alien Structure
Authors: Eklund Matti
Published: June 2024

This chapter introduces the theme of the book, and defines the notions of alien language and alien metaphysical structure. It clarifies the topic by drawing distinctions and responding to some immediate objections. It provides a roadmap for the rest of the book, describing later chapters and how they relate to each other. An alien language is one differing structurally from familiar languages in terms of how it represents the world, and which does so by having resources not found in familiar languages. Alien metaphysical structure is metaphysical structure best represented in an alien language. But what is it for a language to be familiar? What is it for languages to differ structurally? What is it for metaphysical structure to be represented in a language?
Motivation
Authors: Eklund Matti
Published: June 2024

This chapter further motivates the investigation into alien languages and alien metaphysical structure. It relates these themes to the topic of conceptual engineering. It connects to what philosophers have claimed about language and representation, and specifically about the unity of the proposition. It shows how present themes interact with trends in contemporary metaphysics, and relates to what metaphysicians have claimed about the relationship between language and metaphysics. Specifically, it relates to what has been said about analytic metaphysics often having been too language-oriented and argues that it is in line with the attempted liberation of metaphysics from language to take seriously, in a way that hasn’t been done, that reality has alien structure. The chapter also discusses Josh Dever’s important work on the question of what possible concepts there are.
Age of fire
Authors: Muir-Wood Robert
Published: June 2024

This chapter focuses on the volcanic processes that shaped the landmass of Britain between 60 and 57 million years ago. It considers the principles of magma chemistry, according to partial melting, fractional crystallization, and how the hot magma can melt the continental crust through which it passes. In a surface basaltic lava flow magma freezes quickly, and the grains stay small, whereas in a ‘gabbro’ or ‘granite’ the crystal size may be a centimetre or more in size when the magma cools slowly underground. In Iceland today, recent studies have consistently shown that vertical sheet dykes emerge from over-pressured magma chambers beneath volcanoes. Where a dyke breaks surface lava flows form. Around the Hebrides, gravity mapping reveals the volume of dense mantle derived magma that has accumulated under each volcano, with the largest concentration beneath two least investigated volcanoes to the west: Blackstones and St Kilda.
The foothills of the Pyrenees
Authors: Muir-Wood Robert
Published: June 2024

The tectonic history under the seas around Britain and Ireland was revealed by dense seismic reflection surveys, pursued in the search for hydrocarbons. First recognised in an earthquake in Algeria in 1980, we now understand that many reverse faults do not rupture through to the surface, but warp the overlying sediment layers into folds (and are termed ‘blind’). Across southern England from Kent to Dorset there are numerous east-west oriented extensional faults that later reversed their displacement but are now hidden beneath symmetrical roof-like anticlines or one-sided slope monoclines. The largest of these is the fault that runs under the Isle of Wight. The reverse fault movement can be dated towards the end of the Eocene, contemporary with the rise of the Pyrenean mountain range which extended further to the east and west than today’s mountains and was the site of the plate tectonic collision between Africa and Eurasia. Southern England at this time, absorbed some of the collision and acted as the foothills of the Pyrenees. A similar configuration of former normal faults and rifting in the North Celtic Sea Basin lies offshore and parallel to the coast of southern Ireland and was also undergoing compressional tectonics and forming anticlines at the same time. This was linked with the tectonics across southern England by the NW-SE strike-slip Sticklepath Fault. The Sticklepath displacement continued north on the NNW Codling Fault offshore eastern Ireland with sediments accumulating in the intervening St George’s Channel Basin.
The Miocene dark ages
Authors: Muir-Wood Robert
Published: June 2024

The Miocene period is notable across Britain and Ireland for having left no marine geological formation, even while sea-levels were higher than today. The Miocene is Britain’s ‘geological dark ages’. Stone from all the other geological periods can be found exposed in the walls of British churches, houses and barns. However, the best we can find for the Miocene is boxstones, comprising sands lithified by the dissolution of an interior fossil bone or shell. In the collection of coprolites as a source of phosphate for fertiliser on the eastern edge of Suffolk, boxstones were considered value-less waste (and used to repair some barn walls). The Miocene saw intense tectonic activity around the Mediterranean including towards the end of the Miocene the collision of the Italian promontory into western Europe, raising the Jura mountains. At the same time the underwater continental margin to the northwest of Scotland was exposed to compressional tectonics caused by an acceleration in the spreading rate in the Norwegian Sea. Between these two forcefields we have evidence of compressional tectonics raising a number of prominent NE-SW oriented reverse faults around the Irish Sea including the Snowdonia Front. Other faults likely to have been active at this period include the Wimbledon/Streatham/Greenwich Fault under southeast London and another beneath Windsor Castle.
The rocky road
Authors: Muir-Wood Robert
Published: June 2024

The coastline of western Britain has become a fractal icon, summoned by the mathematician Benoit Mandelbrot to provide the best available fractal frontier. However, beyond the pure maths perspective Mandelbrot did not enquire why the coastline was so irregular on all scales. This reflects the combination of tectonic complexity and drowned river valleys carved at a time of lowered ice age sea-levels and not subsequently choked with sediment. Earthquakes also reveal fractal behaviour in the overall population of sizes. Charles Darwin wanted to use arguments about the longevity of the landscape of the Weald, close to where he lived in Kent, to provide a 300 million year span of evolution, but we now know he underestimated the pace of erosion by two orders of magnitude. However with the discovery of heat released by radioactive decay he was later proved correct in his estimation of the slow pace of geological time.The chapter explores how much landscape has already been lost to erosion, including an extension of the Scottish landmass to include the Orkney and Shetland islands as well as the whole of the Rockall plateau. On a smaller scale we find the vestiges of river valleys where most of the course has already been lost. We conclude with identifying the ten tectonic episodes in the prehistory of Britain and Ireland since the region emerged out of the sea soon after the death of the dinosaurs and the four occasions through this period when plate boundaries passed through the region.
The volcanoes return?
Authors: Muir-Wood Robert
Published: June 2024

This concluding chapter covers Britain’s record of many volcanoes in its geological past. It acknowledges the possibility of seeing more volcanoes in the future. Europe’s most impactful geo-catastrophe since the end of the last Ice Age was an eruption only 500 kilometres from London, at the Laacher See volcano, which blocked the river Rhine creating a lake that eventually burst leading to flooding downstream. With today’s exposure such an eruption would completely ruin nearby towns, and lead to long-term evacuation for more than a million people. Britain is today the only major country in western Europe without active volcanoes. France, Italy, Germany and Spain all have mainland volcanoes. If a new volcano did appear in southern Britain, scientists would find evidence consistent with this outcome, as seismic data already reveal a ‘low-velocity zone’ indicative of magma in the mantle beneath western Britain. We imagine what to expect should a new volcano emerge in central England.
The Wisdom of Spiritual Elders
Authors: Aalders Cynthia
Published: June 2024

Honoured as spiritual elders, older women across religious cultures were active in supporting and directing the lives of younger women and men, and the exchange of letters and other life writings supported those mentoring relationships. Taking a broad view of parenthood and priesthood, this chapter analyses the multiple meanings of such roles for both men and women and shows how overlapping affectionate and spiritual ties could strengthen (and sometimes complicate) mentoring relationships. Older women engaged in a range of unofficial and highly important leadership roles within diverse religious cultures. Looking beyond local contexts highlights letter writing as a powerful and versatile mode of spiritual direction. A spiritual theme with particular significance to older women and men as they aged was the assurance of salvation. Often the subject of formal religious debate, spiritual assurance was also the subject of informal literary interactions that illuminate another of the hidden ways in which women constituted religious communities.
Symmetry reductions and the integrable chiral model
Authors: Dunajski Maciej
Published: June 2024

Most integrable systems arise as symmetry reductions of ASDYM, where the potential one-form is assumed not to depend on one or more coordinates on the space-time. The resulting system will admit a (reduced) Lax pair with a spectral parameter as well as a twistor correspondence, and thus will be integrable. This leads to a classification of those integrable systems that can be obtained by reduction from the ASDYM equations as well as a unification of the theory of these equations by reduction of the corresponding theory for the ASDYM equations. We describe this reduction process with an emphasis on the integrable chiral model in 2+1 dimensions.
Civil Society, Activism, and Repression in Authoritarian Regimes
Authors: Sika Nadine
Published: June 2024

This chapter sheds light on major debates concerning different modes of repression in authoritarian regimes and through conceptualizing civil society. It argues that an autocratization process after regime breakdown is like a state-building process and is characterized by an increase in the use of coercion and repression against social actors. Thus regimes which have foreseen breakdown and are in the process of authoritarian regime-building increase their repressive strategies towards civil society. They want to build their reputation for ferocity, but at the same time they want to build consent through hegemonizing the public sphere. On the other hand, in resilient authoritarian regimes that do not face imminent threats to their existence, co-optation of the majority of civil society actors is rather the norm, while repression is the exception.
Coalition Partnerships in Light of Concessions and Targeted Repression in Jordan
Authors: Sika Nadine
Published: June 2024

This chapter demonstrates the complexities within social and political relations, and how they add to the ebb and flow of contentious politics under a resilient authoritarian regime. It also demonstrates how the political and social contexts are both conducive to and restrictive to political opportunities. Like other resilient authoritarian regimes, the Jordanian regime uses some concessions in the form of political liberalization measures to co-opt the majority of civil society actors, mainly those concerned with women’s rights issues, development, and charity. Mass violence and coercion against civil society actors are rare, while targeted repression is utilized strategically against certain individual activists. The regime utilizes both subtle and targeted repression against actors to control the public sphere.
Principles Underlying The Recognition of The Grounds of Restitution
Authors: Virgo Graham
Published: June 2024

This chapter identifies the reasons for the recognition of grounds of restitution, with reference to those which are claimant-orientated (involving absence of intention to benefit, vitiation of intention, and qualified intention), those which are defendant-orientated, and those which are policy-based. The particular ground of free acceptance is considered and rejected. The chapter also considers whether the orthodox grounds of restitution should be rejected in favour of recognizing a principle that restitution should lie if there was no legal basis for the defendant’s receipt. This principle is analysed and rejected because it is inconsistent with the state of the authorities and cannot be justified for policy and theoretical reasons.
Incapacity
Authors: Virgo Graham
Published: June 2024

This chapter examines the reasons which justify the recognition of incapacity as a ground of restitution in its own right and the extent to which the claimant’s incapacity is recognized as a ground of restitution within the Law of Unjust Enrichment and why this might be the case, with regards to vitiation of intention and public policy. The relevance of the claimant’s mental incapacity is examined, as is the impact of the claimant’s minority on a restitutionary claim. Intoxication and somnambulism are also considered. Finally, the chapter examines where the claimant is a public authority and whether its incapacity can operate to obtain restitution from the defendant.
Criminal Offences
Authors: Virgo Graham
Published: June 2024

This chapter considers the extent to which the commission of a crime may result in a restitutionary response or one involving the disgorgement of the proceeds of a crime. It considers the extent to which the victim of a crime can obtain a gain-based remedy. Then restitutionary claims brought by the State are considered, with particular reference to legislation to confiscate the proceeds of crime. Finally, the principles relating to the denial of benefits arising from the commission of a crime are examined, with particular reference to the forfeiture rule and the denial of benefits arising from the commission of homicide.
Editors’ Introduction
Authors: Moss Donald , Steffen Patrick R.
Published: June 2024

This book introduces research and clinical approaches to the integration of psychotherapy and psychophysiology. The book highlights concepts in neuroscience and autonomic physiology which illuminate what happens in therapeutic transformation. The authors emphasize that interventions impacting brain and nervous system can accomplish much that we expect from psychotherapy. For example, compassion training and heart rate variability training not only impact autonomic regulation but also impact sub-cortical brain systems. Integrating such interventions as preparation for psychotherapy or as an integral part of therapy, can enhance therapeutic benefits. The book provides both a theoretical framework supported by current research in neuroscience and psychophysiology, and a practical guide for mental health practitioners in the clinic, who seek to utilize mind–body interventions in psychotherapy. The theoretical framework includes an emphasis on an embodied unitary concept of affect and cognition, an evolutionary approach, and an integration of interpersonal, affective, relational, and biological perspectives.
Therapist Flexibility
Authors: Lehrer Paul M.
Published: June 2024

This paper briefly reviews the history of various forms of nondrug therapy, some emphasizing cognitive processes, some behavioral, some relational, some psychophysiological. Evidence is presented for specific effects of various therapy modalities on particular symptoms, respectively, cognitive, behavioral, relational, and psychophysiological. Of these, the psychophysiological component is often de-emphasized or absent in current clinical psychology training and practice. The specific contributions of psychophysiological therapy components are reviewed. These include intensive progressive muscle relaxation as originally taught by Edmund Jacobson, autogenic therapy, and various forms of biofeedback. Expertise in all therapy components is deemed necessary for maximal therapist effectiveness and flexibility.
Compassion as an Integrative and Integrating Therapeutic Process
Authors: Gilbert Paul
Published: June 2024

For thousands of years humans have sought to find ways to help other humans with difficult and distressing mental states. With the advent of modern psychotherapy there has been a proliferation of approaches to helping people with various mental states. Compassion-focused therapy (CFT) seeks to be an evolution-informed, biopsychosocial approach that pulls from all the relevant sciences. CFT proposes that the evolution of caring and prosocial motives and behaviors came with a range of physiological systems that help us regulate threat emotion. These same systems serve as sources of meaning and positive affect (e.g., affection, social joy). CFT utilizes evidence-based interventions from a range of therapies but contextualizes them within compassion motivational systems thereby integrating the physiological mechanisms for threat regulation and positive affect generation into psychotherapy. Since compassion is specifically focused on the identification, alleviation, and prevention of suffering, this chapter argues it needs to be a central focus within psychotherapy.
Emotions of Conflict, Israel 1949-1967
Authors: Rozin Orit
Published: June 2024

Israel’s citizens have had to cope with the emotional challenges of the threats their country has faced during its first two decades. The book unpacks the history of citizens’ emotions—an analysis of the reports about how they felt and of the emotional regime—the emotional repertoire designed by political leaders and cultural agents wishing to mold the feelings of Israeli citizens. Policy makers—Prime Minister and Defense Minister David Ben-Gurion first and foremost—sought to fortify the spirits of Israelis and to inculcate an emotional regime that would rise to the challenges of the new frontier state. Israel’s emotional regime was meant to mitigate fear, foster preparedness, and instill a shared feeling of purpose, belonging, and solidarity; it served as foundation for the political elite’s ideology and nurtured a model of citizenship. This emotional regime imbued Israelis with a sense of moral rectitude and equipped them with tools to manage their fears and, in extreme cases, despair. Most significantly, it met the human need for existential meaning in times of crisis, meaning that is essential to overcome the fear of impending death. Yet the emotional regime sometimes failed, as in the cases of immigrants unable to acculturate and adopt Israel’s norms and practices and soldiers and citizens unable to withstand the thirst for revenge. The perspective of the history of emotions leads to hitherto untapped and nuanced insights about the weaknesses and strengths of Israelis, and reveals new connections between identity, morality, state-sanctioned violence, politics, and law, along with a new understanding of the motivations behind policy makers’ decisions.
Introduction
Authors: Besharov Gregory
Published: June 2024

This chapter introduces the key ideas of microeconomics developed in the book, not only proven results but also informal insights that are less often discussed. Starting with a simple supply and demand model, it surveys taxation, market failures and their correction, and finally implications of transaction costs and institutions. From applied topics in net benefit analysis, prohibited markets, and free trade, it describes the difficulties of determining efficiency because of second-best considerations and asks when market efficiency is desirable. A focus throughout is on simplifying assumptions, ethical judgments, and how the ideas of microeconomics relate to reality.
Accounting for Tastes
Authors: Besharov Gregory
Published: June 2024

This chapter addresses statements about the social good in microeconomic models. It begins with the individual preferences that are at the heart of the welfarist approach, with an emphasis on rationality. It defines the Pareto criterion, shows how to use it, and discusses why it is insufficient to reach a specific conclusion. From there, it discusses how statements about the social good are generally limited, as proven by Arrow’s Impossibility Theorem. The chapter also considers richly described states of the world, preferences over them, including altruism, and their implications for efficiency. Last, it compares positive and normative analyses.
Wrong Prices from Taxes
Authors: Besharov Gregory
Published: June 2024

This chapter uses price distortions from commodity taxes to develop intuitions about how markets allocate resources efficiently—and inefficiently. In models with no distortions, a tax on a good prevents the full gains from trade from being realized. With other taxes in place, the same tax could be beneficial by the logic of the general theory of the second best, that in the presence of multiple distortions, the elimination of a single one has ambiguous consequences. The chapter probes how optimal tax rates depend on elasticities of supply and demand as well as other factors. It also discusses the informal principle that taxes should have a broad base and low rates.
A Tale of Two Valuations
Authors: Besharov Gregory
Published: June 2024

This chapter develops the technique of net benefit analysis with a focus on situations where people can die. In the standard microeconomic approach, valuing the lives of people equally is inefficient, and the chapter discusses valuation by revealed preference and stated valuation. It introduces the key concepts and series of steps in net benefit analysis, with an emphasis on necessary simplifications and ethical judgments. The example of cigarette taxation explores the concepts of efficiency, market failure, welfarism, the general theory of the second best, the values of the market, and the bedrock assumption of rationality.
Conclusions
Authors: Besharov Gregory
Published: June 2024

This chapter summarizes the contents of the book, from market efficiency, to market failures, to their correction, to informational limitations, to institutional considerations. It begins by reviewing the treatment of the social good, with particular attention to the use of market values to make moral choices such as in valuing lives. It then reviews the key insights of microeconomics, both formal and informal. In evaluating analyses, the assumptions not made can be difficult to appreciate, so the chapter offers a list of questions that can be asked. It ends with a discussion of how readers can choose to interpret microeconomic analyses.
Meritocratic Democracy
Authors: Ziliotti Elena
Published: June 2024

This book offers a new theory of democracy that advances debates on democracy and political meritocracy by synthesizing the best of contemporary Western democratic theory and Confucian political theory. The general questions that this book poses, and attempts to answer, are: can findings in Western democratic theories be used to address the Confucian meritocrats’ concern for the ability of democracy to produce desirable outcomes? What is the relationship of political leaders with democracy? Can insights from Confucian political theory be used to reconceptualize how political parties in democratic societies ensure that their leaders use their power for common political goals? The answer to these questions is the theory of democracy defended in this book: meritocratic democracy. Meritocratic democracy comprises three main propositions: (a) Democratic rule is epistemically superior to meritocratic forms of government; (b) Contemporary democracies need public-spirited political leaders; (c) A system of partisan juries that preselect the candidates running for the party leadership can bring about public-spirited leadership. Meritocratic democracy opens a path for a global debate on democratic theory by exemplifying the inherent capacity of political theorization to transcend boundaries between various philosophical standpoints, and highlighting its potential for constructive reciprocal contestation.
China and Singapore
Authors: Ziliotti Elena
Published: June 2024

This chapter concludes the book’s first part by questioning Daniel A. Bell’s empirical claims that China and Singapore offer evidence for the success of political meritocratic governance. First, I show that Bell’s comparison of China with Western democracies is inappropriate. While China and several Western democracies are presently confronted with similar political challenges, the performances of China and Western democracies have responded to different indicators of good government in the past decades. Second, I contend that it is dubious that Singapore is an example of political meritocracy because, since the 1980s, the government has made efforts to integrate public opinion within the decision-making process. The chapter examines the increasing public participation in decision-making since the 2011 Singapore general election.
Implications for Political Theory and Neighbouring Fields
Authors: Ziliotti Elena
Published: June 2024

This chapter concludes the book. It summarizes the overall argument defended in the book and discusses the contributions of this book to the field of Western democratic theory and debates on Confucian political theory. Meritocratic Democracy presents Western democratic theory with new normative opportunities: it urges Western democratic theorists to reflect on the role of political leaders and proposes a novel solution to overcome the limitations of democratic institutions that control the quality of political leaders. To debates in Confucian political theory, Meritocratic Democracy shows that the space for engagement between meritocratic and democratic principles is wider than we thought, allows Confucian democrats to hold on to the concern for people’s material well-being, and illustrates the need for more research to establish how Confucian principles can be directed to crucial democratic institutions and political agencies. The chapter also reflects on the implications for further theoretical and empirical studies. Finally, it argues that because the present book proves the normative justifiability of intra-party ethical screenings of future political leaders, the next step is empirically testing this proposal.
Emily Davies and the Mid-Victorian Women's Movement
Authors: Hendry John
Published: June 2024

This book combines the first scholarly biography of Emily Davies, a central figure in the mid-Victorian women’s movement, with a radically new account of that movement, focusing on its rapid growth, increasing acceptance, and subsequent division. With Emily Davies as its focus, it traces the movement as it grew from a small network of radical Unitarian families in the 1850s into a major presence in the intellectual life of Britain in the 1860s, cutting across religious and political boundaries. At the centre of operations, the socially and politically conservative but fiercely determined Davies found common ground with the leading intellectual churchman of the day and understood better than most of her colleagues the values that led people to resist change, even while accepting at least part of the women’s case. As the movement grew in size and influence it came to encompass a growing range of social and political ideals and priorities, and by the 1870s it had effectively split into three separate strands, each with its own subdivisions, one focused on legal change and women’s rights, one on the protection of vulnerable women, and one on the improved education of girls and young women. Following Davies’s particular priorities and strategic instincts, the book focuses on the battle for secondary and especially university education, but the achievements of all three sets of campaigns are assessed and compared in the context of the different priorities guiding them.
Joining the Movement
Authors: Hendry John
Published: June 2024

This chapter explains how Emily Davies became aware of and came to join the emerging women’s movement. During the illness of three of Davies’s four siblings, in the course of which she accompanied her brother Llewelyn to Algiers to bring back another brother, dying of tuberculosis, she met Barbara Bodichon’s sister, who enthused about the new movement. Llewelyn, meanwhile, had married wealth and moved into a large London house in the same square as Bodichon’s. Emily could now visit London and mix with the women in Langham Place. Elizabeth Garrett, encouraged by Emily Davies and drawing heavily on Llewelyn Davies’s Christian Socialist and broad church connections, began her attempts to qualify as a doctor; Jane Crow moved to London to work for SPEW and Davies tried to establish a SPEW outpost in Gateshead and Newcastle. In 1861 John Davies died, freeing Emily to move permanently with her mother to London.
The Education of Girls
Authors: Hendry John
Published: June 2024

Beginning with a survey of the state of girls’ secondary education in the 1860s, this chapter explores Davies’s efforts in mid-decade to bring about change, primarily through the medium of the Schools Inquiry Commission, which had been set up with the intention of reviewing boys’ grammar schools. In public she made a case for change that was reasoned and fundamentally conservative, accepting rather than challenging established views on the role of women in society and arguing how men could be best served by giving middle-class girls the same education as their brothers. In private she lobbied to have girls’ schools included in the SIC’s work; built up a network of the most advanced schoolmistresses of the day; created an organization through which she could assert authority; and worked closely with the SIC secretary and assistant commissioners to build up the evidence needed to convince the commissioners of her case.
‘A Good Age for Retiring into Private Life’
Authors: Hendry John
Published: June 2024

This chapter focuses on the early years of Girton College, during which Davies was reluctant mistress. It explores the challenges, mainly of her own making, that she faced in that role, as she attempted the maintain the degree of control she had exercised in setting up the launching the college, within the context of a maturing institution. It covers her decision to retire as mistress and return to a more private, behind the scenes role; her continuing involvement both with the college and its attempts to secure proper Cambridge degrees; and, in later years, her renewed active involvement in the suffrage movement. It also tracks the successful culmination of her long campaign for the admission of women to London University degrees, and related developments.
From Plassey to the Permanent Settlement in the Company’s Bengal
Authors: Chaudhry Faisal
Published: June 2024

This chapter addresses the East India Company’s rule in the Bengal Presidency and how discourse about property in the colonial public sphere focused less on absolute dominion than absolute security in the proprietor’s control over rent. It considers how the Company’s unique brand of ‘absolute’ property talk was translated into a unique species of doctrinal discourse focused on revenue payment, following from the Company’s founding political economy of surplus appropriation and a precociously ‘modern’ emphasis on entitlement to abstract value. The Company’s property discourse was, thus, consonant with an older discourse about the forms that political constitutions could take, being more alike than different with respect to how they arranged the alignment between sovereignty, land control, and practices of adjudicatory rectification. For these ‘constitutionist’ outlooks the most discernible shape of a distinctly legal normativity was in the guise of the laws, not the law as a system.