bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mysterium Fidei. La Capilla Sacramental de la Parroquia de Santa María del Soterraño de Aguilar de la Frontera: Arca de la Alianza y Templo de Cristo
Authors: Galisteo Martínez José
Published: August 2018

La Capilla del Sagrario de la Parroquia de Santa María del Soterraño representa un conjunto arquitectónico clave para entender la evolución morfológica y conceptual de los espacios específicos dedicados al culto y la adoración eucarísticas en el contexto de la Andalucía del Barroco. Todo ello, habida cuenta de la importancia capital concedida a esta cuestión en el marco ideológico de la Reforma Católica, a partir del Quinientos. El presente trabajo analiza los avatares constructivos del conjunto junto a la problemática que todavía rodea su autoría. Asimismo, lo relaciona con sus modelos y secuelas en el ámbito de la provincia cordobesa, reivindicando aquellos valores conceptuales, planimétricos y simbólicos que convierten el Sagrario aguilarense en la morada efectiva de Cristo y, por extensión, en una sugestiva reinterpretación cristiano-humanista del arquetipo del Templo de Salomón
Revival y eclecticismo en las colecciones decimonónicas: Enrique Heredia Livermore y sus bienes artísticos
Authors: Ramos Frendo Eva María
Published: August 2018

Nuestro objetivo con este trabajo es presentar una importante colección artística, hasta ahora desconocida, fraguada por uno de los miembros de la familia Heredia, Enrique Heredia Livermore, perteneciente a uno de los clanes burgueses más influyentes en la Málaga del siglo XIX.
HOLISTIC APPROACH TO DEVELOPING TEXTBOOKS FOR CHILDREN-BEGINNERS IN PIANO PLAYING
Authors: Zīmele – Šteina Ineta
Published: August 2018

The paper presents a summary of a four-year long research on the text books in piano playing for the beginners. On the one hand, today, changes in paradigms are discussed much about (child-centered education), national standards are defined and author programmes have been developed by teachers; on the other hand, teaching aids adequate to the new paradigm and aimed at promoting 5-7 year old children’s education in piano playing do not exist. The Aim of the Study is to formulate holistic approach-based principles that would underlie the development of a contemporary, scientifically valid teaching aid in piano playing for 5-7 year old children. Research subject: holistic approach to the development of a teaching aid in piano playing for 5-7 year old children. Research object: principles of developing a teaching aid. The research results in defining the holistic approach-based principles for developing a teaching aid: gradualness, visuality, musical diversity, compactness, regularity, esthetics, national/ multinational principle, perceptibility, adequacy to the age, self-creation and scientific principle. On the basis of these principles, a text book for 5-7 year old children has been designed by the author and assessed by experts. The research data are analyzed both qualitatively (surveys of teachers and pupils’ parents) and quantitatively (method of experts’ conclusions). A textbook could help to comprehend what is happening at music lessons and easier join the piano training process, and it could also make the piano training process, whose participants are children, teachers and parents, more diverse and creative.
O papel das redes sociais na relação com os públicos internos das organizações
Authors: Ruão Teresa , Lopes Ana Isabel
Published: August 2018

Este artigo reflete sobre a introdução de redes sociais na comunicação interna das organizações, centrando-se na análise da sua utilidade para a interação formal e desempenho de tarefas. Foi estudada uma empresa multinacional que criou uma rede social interna e que se depara com resistências na sua adoção. Foram analisadas as respostas ao inquérito anual distribuído aos colaboradores e dados primários recolhidos via observação direta. O objetivo da análise foi perceber o grau de penetração da rede social na organização, descobrir a sua importância percebida e identificar os fatores que influenciaram a sua implementação. Desenvolveram-se algumas orientações sobre o processo de mudança organizacional implicado.
Parlamenter Sistemde Katılımcı Yerel Yönetim Mekanizmaları Olarak Kent Konseyleri: Bursa Kent Konseyi Örneği
Authors: KARAKURT TOSUN Elif
Published: August 2018

Türkiye’de kökleri İkinci Meşrutiyete kadar uzanan
parlamenter sistemde, sistemin aksayan yönlerinin düzeltilmesi ve halkın
yönetim sürecine aktif olarak dâhil olabilmesi için çeşitli yasal düzenlemeler
yapılarak katılımcı mekanizmalar geliştirilmiştir. Bu çerçevede 2005 tarihli
5393 sayılı Belediye Kanunu’nda halkın yerel kararlarda fikirlerinin dikkate
alınmasına, yönetsel süreçlere dâhil olmasını sağlayacak mekanizmaların
geliştirilmesini sağlayacak düzenlemeler ön plana çıkmıştır. Bu yolla
vatandaşların politika geliştirme süreçlerine dâhil olmasının önünün açılması
istenmiştir. Neticede 5393 sayılı Belediye Kanunu’nun 76. maddesi ile “Kent
Konseyleri” uygulaması yerel yönetimler mevzuatımıza girmiştir.

Çalışmada ilk olarak kent konseylerinin gelişim süreci ve
yasal mevzuattaki yeri analiz edilmiştir. İkinci olarak ise Türkiye’de kurulan kent
konseylerinden birisi olarak Bursa Kent Konseyi’nin kuruluşundan günümüze kadar
geçen süreçteki gelişimi irdelenmiştir. Bu çerçevede yerel düzeydeki
vatandaşların kent yönetime katılımları bağlamında konsey tarafından
gerçekleştirilen faaliyetler ve bunların kent yönetimine yansımaları ele
alınmıştır. Çalışmada Bursa’da yaşayan vatandaşların kent konseyleri ile ilgili
bilgi düzeylerini ve kent konseyinin çalışmalarına katılımlarını tespit
edebilmek amacıyla bir saha çalışması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Saha çalışmasının gerçekleştirildiği Bursa
kentinin nüfusu, 2016 yılı verilerine göre 2.901.396’dır. Saha
çalışmasında Bursa kenti merkez ilçeler bazında 7 bölgeye ayrılmıştır. Bu 7 bölgenin nüfus
dağılımları göz önünde bulundurularak “tabakalı rastgele örnekleme yöntemi”
kullanılmıştır. Saha çalışmasına katılan
kişilerin verdikleri cevaplar irdelendiğinde yüksek bir oranda Bursa Kent
Konseyi’nin bilindiği ortaya çıkmaktadır. Kişiler böyle bir kurumun varlığından
haberdardır fakat bu kurumun çalışmalarına yeterince ilgi göstermemektedirler.
PENGARUH INOKULASI FUNGI MIKORIZA ARBUSKULA (FMA) PLUS ORGANIK TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN PRODUKSI JAGUNG PADA ULTISOL
Authors: Eddiwal Eddiwal , Saidi Amrizal , Husin Eti Farda , Rasyidin Azwar
Published: August 2018

Mycorrhizal symbiosis increases nutrient uptake for plants, resistance to disease, stabilizes soil aggregates and promotes the growth of soil organisms. Fungal hyphae containing glomalin is essential for soil biological processes because of their interactions with plants, soils, and microbes. Activity of AMF in the area of rhizosphere and mycorizosphere will improve the physical, chemical and biological conditions of the soil, thereby providing a healthy soil environment for plants. How the influence of AMF inoculants plus organic ingredients on growth and production of maize on Ultisol needs to be tested in the field.  The purpose of this experiment is the application of AMF plus organic inoculants to corn planting, to determine the effect on growth and increase of corn production. Experiments using a randomized block design with four groups. The AMF inoculation treatment was the administration of organic plus inoculant from G. luteum (F1), G. verruculosum (F2), G. versiforme (F3), Multi species of AMF (F4) and without AMF inoculation (F0). The results showed that AMF inoculation had significant effect on total glomalin. G. versiforme has the highest total glomalin, which is 10.59 mg.g-1. The effect of AMF species had no significant effect on aggregate stability, but was significantly different from the treatment without AMF inoculation. The effect of AMF on N, P and K uptake is significantly different. The highest dry corn kiln production from G. versiforme, which is 8.07 kg / plot or 4.04 ton / ha, has the same effect as G. luteum (7.98 kg / plot or 3.99 ton / ha) and Multi AMF (7.67 kg / plot or 3.84 tons / ha). Increased production of dried corn plants inoculated with AMF plus organics can reach 40-83% higher than the plants without giving the AMF.Key words : mycorizosphere, productivity, rhizosphere, Ultisol
Study of the Approaches on the "Civic Center Massacre" in Magazines Carta Capital and Revista Fórum
Authors: Luvizotto Caroline Kraus , Amôr Ana Cristina Consalter , Caldeira Priscila Santana
Published: August 2018

This article analyzes, through content analysis, the coverage made by Carta Capital and Revista Fórum magazines about the "Civic Center Massacre", held on April 29, 2015 in Curitiba/PR. Specifically, this study aimed to check how these vehicles represented the episode in question, which reached great repercussion throughout Brazil due to the truculent repression applied by the Military Police of Paraná state. We chose the online version of the weekly magazines Carta Capital and Revista Fórum since they present themselves as plurals and propose a positive analysis of social movements and collective actions. Both magazines assumed positive editorial positions regarding teachers' manifestations and their motivations, as well as, in a negative way, the police truculence on the fateful day of April 2015.Este artigo analisa, por meio da análise de conteúdo, a cobertura realizada pelas revistas Carta Capital e Revista Fórum sobre o “Massacre do Centro Cívico”, ocorrido em 29 de abril de 2015, em Curitiba/PR. Especificamente, o estudo objetivou verificar como esses veículos representaram o episódio em questão, que alcançou grande repercussão em todo o Brasil devido a truculenta repressão aplicada pela Polícia Militar do Paraná. Optou-se pela versão online das revistas semanais Carta Capital e Revista Fórum, pois se apresentam como plurais e propõem uma análise positiva de movimentos sociais e ações coletivas. Ambas as revistas assumiram posturas editoriais positivas em relação à manifestação dos professores e suas motivações, bem como de maneira negativa a truculência policial no dia fatídico de abril de 2015.Esta ponencia analiza, por la metodología del análisis de contenido, la cobertura realizada por las revistas Carta Capital y Revista Fórum sobre el "Masacre del Centro Cívico", ocurrido en 29 de abril de 2015, en Curitiba/PR. Esa investigación objetivó comprobar como los vehículos representaron el episodio en cuestión, que alcanzó gran repercusión en todo Brasil debido a la truculenta aplicada por la Policía Militar del estado de Paraná. Se optó por la versión online de las revistas semanales Carta Capital y Revista Fórum, pues se presentan como plurales y proponen un análisis positivo de los movimientos sociales y acciones colectivas. Las dos revistas asumieron posturas editoriales positivas en relación con la manifestación de los profesores y sus motivaciones, y representó de manera negativa la truculencia policial en el aquel día de abril de 2015.
Gatekeeping Changes in the New Media Age: The Internet, Values and Practices of Journalism
Authors: Ferreira Gil Baptista
Published: August 2018

This article re-evaluates the relevance of the concept of gatekeeping in the 21st century. Sustained in the literature on this subject, it argues that, in an age marked by new media and digital journalism, a classical understanding of the concept of gatekeeper will narrow the scope of the study of journalism and its relationship with the public.  Taking into account the predominant trends and lines of research, and analyzing practices and events that, from a political point of view, marked the most recent years, this article seeks to reflect upon new directions with civic value for the practice of journalism and on a reconfigured concept of the gatekeeper in the western word. It concludes by showing the normalization of the new media devices and their appropriateness to conventional values and practices of journalism.Este artigo reavalia a relevância do conceito de gatekeeping no século XXI. Sustentado na literatura sobre esta matéria, argumenta que, numa era marcada pelos novos media e pelo jornalismo digital, um entendimento clássico do conceito de gatekeeper cerceará o âmbito do estudo do jornalismo e da sua relação com os públicos. Deste modo, tomando em consideração as tendências e as linhas de investigação predominantes, e analisando práticas e acontecimentos que, de um ponto de vista político, marcaram os anos mais recentes, o artigo procura equacionar novos sentidos, com valor cívico, para a ação do jornalismo e para uma noção reconfigurada do gatekeeper no mundo ocidental. Conclui mostrando a normalização e a adequação dos novos dipositivos mediáticos a valores e práticas convencionais do jornalismo.Este artículo re-evalúa la relevancia del concepto de "gatekeeping" en el siglo XXI. Sostenido en la literatura sobre este tema, argumenta que, en una época marcada por los nuevos medios y el periodismo digital, una comprensión clásica del concepto de gatekeeper reducirá el alcance del estudio del periodismo y su relación con el público. Teniendo en cuenta las tendencias y líneas de investigación predominantes, y el análisis de las prácticas y eventos que, desde un punto de vista político, marcaron los últimos años, este artículo busca reflexionar sobre nuevas direcciones con valor cívico para la práctica del periodismo y sobre un concepto reconfigurado del gatekeeper en el mundo occidental. Concluye mostrando la normalización de los nuevos dispositivos y su adecuación a los valores y prácticas convencionales del periodismo.
STUDY OF THE STRATIFICATION PROCESS AT THE RESERVOIR OF THE HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT GOV. PEDRO VIRIATO PARIGOT DE SOUZA (CAPIVARI-CACHOEIRA), PARANÁ, BRAZIL.
Authors: Lopes Sarah Meier , De Arruda Nicole Machuca Brassac , Pagioro Thomaz Aurélio
Published: August 2018

The study of the stratification processes in reservoirs is important because they happen along with several physical and chemical changes in the water, as in the distribution of dissolved gases and nutrients. The aim of this work was to study the stratification process of the Capivari-Waterfall Hydroelectric Power Plant, based on the data of the vertical profiles of dissolved oxygen and temperature, as well as the comparison of them with the calculation of Froude's Densimetric Number, and reservoir residence time. The data used are part of the self-monitoring program carried out by COPEL. These data were collected quarterly between 2005 and 2016. The hydraulic and operational data from the reservoir were used to calculations. According to the measurements of dissolved oxygen and temperature, it was considered to be stratified during almost all the year, with a trend of circulation in the colder months, this behavior characterizes lakes with warm monomictic circulation pattern. Therefore, the result of Froude's Densimetric Number, corresponded correctly with the observed. Regarding the residence time, this was not consistent with the results obtained, from the models. The use of different methodologies in evaluating circulation in reservoirs should be used in order to make the best management decision.
Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in a Greek worker returning from Bulgaria, June 2018
Authors: Papa Anna , Markatou Filothei , Maltezou Helena C. , Papadopoulou Elpida , Terzi Eirini , Ventouri Sarantoula , Pervanidou Danai , Tsiodras Sotirios , Maltezos Efstratios
Published: August 2018

We report a tick-borne case of severe Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) imported into Greece from Bulgaria. The patient presented severe thrombocytopenia, hemophagocytosis, haemodynamic instability, large haematomas and altered mental status. Supportive treatment and ribavirin were administered. Symptoms started one day after the tick was removed; the patient was discharged from the hospital 26 days after symptom onset. No secondary cases were observed. Phylogenetically the CCHF virus strain belongs to clade Europe 1.
FİNANSAL PERFORMANSIN SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİRLİK RAPORLAMASI ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ: BİST100 ŞİRKETLERİ ÜZERİNDE BİR İNCELEME
Authors: UZUN KOCAMIŞ Tuğçe , YILDIRIM Gülçin , KUZU Serdar
Published: August 2018

Sürdürülebilirlik raporlaması (SR), sürdürülebilir kalkınma hedefleri için kurumsal
performans ölçümüyle ilgili bir sorumluluk uygulamasıdır. Sürdürülebilirlik raporu, şirket
performansı hakkında ekonomik, çevresel, sosyal ve yönetsel bilgi sağlayan bir rapordur.
Hesap verilebilirliğin ve iletişimin bir aracı olarak görülen sürdürülebilirlik raporları
hissedarlara işletmelerin strateji, yönetim sistemi ve hedeflerini değerlendirmelerini sağlar.
Sürdürülebilirlik raporlarının temel niteliklerinden biri de şirketlerin mali ve mali olmayan
verileri arasında ilişkiyi ortaya koymalarıdır.
Günümüzde yatırımcılar şirketlerden sadece finansal performanslarının iyi olmasını değil
aynı zamanda şirketlerin sürdürülebilirlik faaliyetlerine katılımı ile kurumsal sosyal
sorumluluğu üstlenmesini beklemektedirler. Son zamanlarda yapılan çalışmalar
yatırımcıların sürdürülebilirlik faaliyetlerinde aktif olarak yer alan şirketlere yönlendiğini
göstermektedir. Bu durum sürdürülebilirlik raporları ile firma performansı arasındaki
ilişkinin araştırılmasının önemini arttırmıştır.
Bu çalışma ile sürdürülebilirlik raporlaması ile finansal performans arasındaki ilişki
araştırılarak, finansal performansın sürdürülebilirlik raporlaması üzerine etkisi ortaya
konulmaktadır. Finansal performansın, şirketlerin sürdürülebilirlik raporlaması yapma
ihtimalini arttırdığı yönündeki hipotezimizi test etmek amacıyla BİST 100 endeksinde yer
alan şirketler esas alınarak regresyon modeli oluşturulmuştur. Sürdürülebilirlik
çalışmalarına etki eden faktörler konusunda yapılan çalışmalardan yola çıkılarak bağımsız
değişkenlere firma büyüklüğü değişkenini de eklemiştir. Şirketler sürdürülebilirlik
raporlaması yapan ve yapmayan şirketler olarak iki gruba ayrılmıştır. Finansal performans
göstergesi olarak alınan Aktif Karlılığı (ROA) ve Özsermaye Karlılığı (ROE) değerleri
modelin bağımsız değişkenlerini oluştururken SR uygulaması bağımlı değişken olarak
modelde yer almıştır. Regresyon analizi sonucu iki grup arasında anlamlı farklılıklar elde
edilmiştir.
Factors Affecting Childhood Immunisation in Bangladesh
Authors: Soma Chowdhury Biswas  , Md. Abu Darda  , Md. Fasiul Alam
Published: August 2018

This study has examined the coverage of childhood immunisation and tried to identify the factors affecting the acceptance of immunisation practice among children in Bangladesh using the data from Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) 93-94. Results from multinomial logistic regression analysis indicate that education, occupation, household economic condition, mother’s age at birth, sex of child, mother’s TT immunisation acceptance, mother’s health facility visit, health worker’s visit to mothers, and contraceptive use are the independent variables that have statistically significant association with immunisation acceptance. The most important variable identified is the health worker’s visit to mothers.
Rita Manchanda (ed.). Women, War and Peace in South Asia: Beyond Victimhood to Agency. New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2001. 304 pages. Paperback. Indian Rs 295.00.
Authors: Afia Malik
Published: August 2018

In the past few decades, South Asia has experienced a number of intra-state (caste, class, communal, ethnic or nationality-based) conflicts. Civil society has lost its existence as a consequence of the panic created by the security forces and armed groups (two major parties involved in the conflict). The worst victim in these riots are women, who have been affected both directly and indirectly. However, in these instances, women, instead of moving only in their private sphere with their traditional role as a victim (on humanitarian grounds), have surfaced with a new responsibility in the public sphere, which used to be the preserve of the male. There was no choice left for them except to take up arms to protect themselves and their families.
Tasneem Ahmad Siddiqui. Towards Good Governance. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2000. 235 pages Hardback. Rs 495.00.
Authors: Hyder Hussain Khan Yusafzai
Published: August 2018

Tasneem Ahmad Siddiqui is a former civil servant who has written a book that is in tune with the governance issues being faced by Pakistan on a variety of fronts. The author has had much experience of the grassroots level and provides the reader a view of the changes at that level for a dynamic societal change. There is clear evidence of the faith that he seems to have in the resourcefulness of the people of Pakistan. The hallmark of the book is its concise and easy reading with not just criticisms but workable solutions that are offered by the author. At the outset, the crisis being faced by Pakistan is highlighted. The author delves into the historical antecedents of this crisis, apportioning blame to the Harvard Advisory Group, as it was their flawed development strategy with a pro-industry bias that ignored agriculture. They believed in jump-start modernisation without giving serious consideration to the fact that Pakistan has a strong agricultural base. The stated wisdom of such a policy at that time was that surplus labour from agriculture would be shifted to industry and this would tackle poverty and income inequalities as espoused by the ‘trickle-down theory’. This thinking was not an exclusive one, as such a strategy was pursued by policy-makers of many newly independent states in the post-Second World War era. However, the ensuing importance granted to profits as opposed to wages in the ‘development decade’ resulted in greater inequalities of income, and a greater concentration of economic resources, whereby twenty-two families came to own 80 percent of the banks and 95 percent of the insurance companies. According to the author, what the policy-makers failed to realise, through the import of such a Western model, was that in the long run low wages would generate low profits.
Gurli Jakobsen and Jens Erik Torp (ed.). Understanding Business Systems in Developing Countries. New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2001. Paperback. 260 pages. Indian Rs 225.00.
Authors: Ilhan Niaz
Published: August 2018

Edited by Gurli Jakobsen and Jens Erik Torp, Understanding Business Systems in Developing Countries strives to do just that by presenting the views of scholars in the field of development economics. Analyses of developing business systems at the international, national, and sector levels provide the reader with significant insight into how economies actually function. The dominant paradigm within which these analyses take place is that of growth-oriented capitalistic development. Richard Whitley’s study of emerging capitalistic economies and Henrik Schaumburg-Mueller’s study of firms in the developing world represent the international level studies. Their overviews provide some interesting perspectives on the response of the private sector to structures at the national and international levels.
WTO’s Trade Liberalisation, Agricultural Growth, and Poverty Alleviation in Pakistan
Authors: Anwar F. Chishti  , Waqar Malik
Published: August 2018

Pakistan is an agrarian based developing country, and like many other developing countries, its agriculture sector is subjected to domestic forces of demand and supply and changes in prices at international level, as well. More specifically, in the late 1990s, the World Trade Organisation (WTO) emerged as one the major players affecting such market changes more vigorously at international arena. The WTO’s Agreement on Agriculture, which was established as a result of the 1986-94 Uraguay Round talks, requires, for both developed and developing countries, to initiate a process of reforms in their agrarian economies with the objective of establishing a fair and market oriented agricultural trading system through multilateral trade negotiations. This Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) specifically asks for major reductions in export subsidies, domestic support and import barriers on agricultural products to achieve this objective, the WTO’s Agreement of Agriculture [WTO (2001)] had set the following quantitative targets for cuts in each of the three specified area, namely import tariffs, domestic supports and export subsidies.
The Economics of Stateless Nations: Sovereign Debt and Popular Well-being in Pakistan
Authors: Arshad Zaman
Published: August 2018

The conventional wisdom is that “persistent fiscal and balance of payments deficits are a fundamental source of Pakistan’s high debt burden” [Pakistan (2001), p. xv)].1 The State Bank of Pakistan (2001, p. 117) goes further: “This…public debt is the result of structural weaknesses in the domestic economy and the external account. Excessive government expenditures, stagnant tax revenues, high returns on government securities and inappropriate sequencing of financial reforms, led to a bludgeoning (sic.) domestic debt profile. On the external front, large current account deficits, stagnant export revenues and declining worker (sic.) remittances, effectively forced Pakistan into an unsustainable situation”. All this is true, but hardly exhaustive.
Stabilisation Policy vs. Growth-oriented Policy: Implication for the Pakistan Economy
Authors: Kaiser Bengali
Published: August 2018

Pakistan has initiated a comprehensive reforms efforts aiming at tracking the economy on a higher and sustainable economic growth, reduce level of poverty, reducing unemployment, raising their level of standard of living. These objective were to be achieved through a programme that would build on the macro-economic stability which encompasses structural reforms, trade liberalisation, privatisation, fiscal reforms and financial sector. This paper makes one of the early attempt to analyse the Pakistan stabilisation experiences. In Pakistan the stabilisation programme was started in 1988-89. In this paper we mainly examine the fiscal and monetary policy package since 1988 when the Pakistan committed to a set of conditionalities under the Structural Adjustment Programme of the IMF. The fundamental question that has risen was the relative efficacy of stabilisation oriented versus growth oriented policies on development and welfare. Admittedly, stabilisation and growth are not mutually exclusive and any policy package has to incorporate both the elements. However, the manner in which the policy has been implemented in Pakistan has tended to pursue stabilisation at the expense of growth.
February 2001 Crisis in Turkey: Causes and Consequences
Authors: Levent Koch  , M A Chaudhry
Published: August 2018

Turkey has suffered from different economic crises since 1990. However, the February 2001 crisis has been unprecedented in intensity and repercussions. Although many factors, both internal and external, may have contributed to their occurrences, the former owing to their inducing corruption and waste in the economy, seem to have fomented them more than the latter. Although Turkey has been getting transformed into a market economy since 1980, government intervention is still pervasive in its economy. Government still controls Central Bank, owns commercial banks, and operates public enterprises. It has liberalised market, currency, foreign trade and foreign direct investment (FDI), but still operates sectors like energy, sugar and tobacco. Such a level of state intervention had adverse implications for corruption, waste, effective reforms, etc. in the country. Further, since the transformation of the economy could not be accompanied by concomitant structural, legal and institutional reforms in 1990s, resources have constantly been misused over the years. Further still, groups owning bank, media and holding companies jointly have notoriously precipitated domestic financial crisis by stashing away the home deposits in their offshore branches. Finally, supporting agriculture and industry with politically-motivated credit for voting purposes has constantly been aggravating the drain of resources and thereby financial crises of the country. This paper attempts a critical examination of how such factors may have contributed to the occurrence and accentuation of economic crises suffered by Turkey over the last decade.
Redistributive Effects of Fiscal Policy across the Income Groups in the Urban-Rural Areas of Pakistan
Authors: Nasim Shah Shirazi  , Muhammad Ilyas  , Mehboob Ahmed
Published: August 2018

There exist a large number of studies related to the estimates of government budgetary redistributive effects and its related problems with regard to different countries of the world.1 Studies of the impacts of government expenditures and taxes in Pakistan have been conducted within the framework of either incidence of taxes or the impact of expenditures across the income groups. The studies carried out by Azfar (1972); Jeetun (1978); Alauddin and Raza (1981) Malik and Saqib (1985, 1989) cover different aspects of taxation—tax incidence, progressivity or regressivity of the tax system across the income groups/individuals and regions. These studies did not discuss the expenditure side of the budget. Shirazi (1996) analysed the impact of government transfer programmes (Zakat and Ushr) across the income deciles. Ghaus (1989) studied the incidence of provincial and municipal government service-related expenditure benefits in Karachi metropolitan and therefore, the scope of her study was limited to one city only. Despite the existence of a rich bibliography on the subject of government redistrbutive budgetary effects and its related problems, no study is available which covers the overall redistributive impacts of government budgetary policy in Pakistan. This study explores the impacts of government expenditures and taxes on the distribution of income across various income groups along with net fiscal impacts in the urban-rural areas of Pakistan. The rest of our study is organised as follows. In the following section, Part II, we describe the methodology and data set. In Part III, the results of the study are presented. The Part IV concludes the paper.
Fertility Transition in Pakistan: Evidence from Census
Authors: Syed Mubashir Ali  , Jaffar Hussain
Published: August 2018

In the absence of an accurate and complete registration system, efforts were made to estimate the levels of vital statistics through sample surveys. The first such effort was made through the Population Growth Estimation (PGE) project conducted from January, 1962 to December 1965. Later on, various demographic surveys were conducted almost at regular intervals and the last effort in the series was Pakistan Reproductive Health and Family Planning Survey (PRHFPS) in the year 2000-01. Although all these efforts were made to ascertain levels and trends of various demographic events, yet the estimates particularly the ones on fertility remained controversial. The first signal of fertility reduction was emanated from the 1975 Pakistan Fertility Survey (PFS) which estimated a Total Fertility Rate (TFR) of 6.3 children from over 7 children estimated earlier from PGE data. However, all hopes of the onset of fertility transition were shattered by the [Retherford’s, et al. (1987)] study entitled “Fertility Trend in Pakistan: The Decline that Wasn’t”. By using the Own Children Method, they confirmed that the decline in fertility was an artifact of the data. Another study by Shah, Pullum, and Irfan (1986) also termed the fertility decline shown by the PFS data as spurious. The Pakistan Labour Force and Migration Survey, conducted five years later, in 1979-80, estimated a TFR of 6.5 children, thus providing another proof supporting the fact that fertility had not declined to the extent believed.
The Long-run Relationship between Real Exchange Rate and Real Interest Rate in Asian Countries: An Application of Panel Cointegration
Authors: Shaista Alam  , Muhammad Sabihuddin Butt  , Azhar Iqbal
Published: August 2018

The role of exchange rate policy in economic development has been the subject of much debate and controversy in the development literature. Interest rates and exchange rates are usually viewed as important in the transmission of monetary impulses to the real economy. In the short run the standard view of academics and policy-makers is that a monetary expansion lowers the interest rate and rises the exchange rate, with these price changes then affecting the level and composition of aggregate demand. Frequently, these influences are described as the liquidity effects of monetary expansion, viewed as the joint effect of providing larger quantities of money to the private sector. Popular theories of exchange-rate determination also predict a link between real exchange rates and real interest rate differentials. These theories combine the uncovered interest parity relationship with the assumption that the real exchange rate deviates from its long-run level only temporarily. Under these assumptions, shocks to the real exchange rate—which are often viewed as caused by shocks to monetary policy—are expected to reverse themselves over time. This study investigates the long-run relationship between real exchange rates and real interest rate differentials using recently developed panel cointegration technique. Although this kind of relationship has been studied by a number of researchers,1 very little evidence in support of the relationship has been reported in the case of developing countries. For example, Meese and Rogoff (1988) and Edison and Pauls (1993), among others, used the Engle-Granger cointegration method and fail to establish a clear long-run relationship in their analysis.
Determinants of Debt Rescheduling in Pakistan
Authors: Rizwana Siddiqui  , Rehana Siddiqui
Published: August 2018

Pakistan’s total debt has reached to 115 percent of GDP in 2001 [Pakistan (2001)]; per capita debt exceeded per capita GDP. The outstanding stock of public debt was roughly 400 percent of government revenue in 1980 and it increased to 624 percent by mid-2000 [Pakistan (2001)]. It is the only country in South Asia, classified as “severely indebted low-income country” by the World Bank (2001). Debt servicing is more problematic than debt. It has been 2.5 percent of GNP during seventies and increased to 3.5 percent of GNP during eighties. In 2001, debt servicing consumes more than seventy percent government revenue and leaves less than thirty percent for every thing else [The News (2001)]. This increase in debt and debt servicing has affected creditworthiness of the country and raised the concern about its future growth prospects. The deterioration in all the indicators, like debtexport ratio, debt-GDP ratio, debt servicing to GDP ratio etc. raised the risk of default and increased vulnerability of the country to external and internal shocks. One possible way out is the rescheduling of debt to minimise total loss to creditor countries as well as subside the burden of debtor country. Pakistan’s debt has been rescheduled many times during the last thirty years.
Determinants of Higher Wheat Productivity in Irrigated Pakistan
Authors: Muhammad Iqbal  , M. Azeem Khan  , Munir Ahmad
Published: August 2018

While agriculture plays a vital role in overall performance of the economy of Pakistan, its crop sub-sector contributes the major portion to total value added in the sector. Wheat constitutes the most important crop that contributed 12.1 percent towards value added in agriculture and accounted for 37.18 percent of the total cropped area in the country during 1999-2000 [Pakistan (2001)]. The performance of wheat crop affects the overall growth rate, import bill, and nutritional standard of our people especially, the urban poor. It occupies a pivotal position for attaining national food-security goals. Wheat management in complex farming systems is influenced by time conflicts in the harvesting of preceding crops and the sowing of wheat, and interactions due to residual effects on succeeding crops [Byerlee, et al. (1986]. Conventionally, less dynamism is found in wheat management practices, especially when it is grown after cash crops like cotton, rice and sugarcane. The rabi 1999-2000 was an exceptional season for wheat as rice, cotton, and sugarcane crops succumbed to market forces which ultimately resulted into heavy economic losses to the farming community. Timely announcement of a quantum increase in the support price of wheat is assumed to induce the farmers to deviate from usual wheat management practices for better production. The payback to the presumed transition in conventional wheat production practices was unprecedented.
Dynamic Consequences of the 1997 NFC Award: Provincial Social Sector Expenditures
Authors: Muhammad Sabir
Published: August 2018

An adequate provision of social services is a concurrent function of federal and provincial governments. However, in Pakistan, the financing and delivery of social services largely prevails in the hands of provinces and major sources of revenues in the hand of federal government, which creates vertical imbalances. Federal transfers are the mechanism for their correction and these are constituted through the National Finance Commission (NFC) Awards. The last NFC Award was constituted in 1997 and it changed both the size of divisible pool and the share of federal and provincial governments in the divisible pool. The changed provincial shares have based on higher tax revenue collection, which was not materialised during the following four-year period after the award. Therefore, provincial governments experienced the shortfall in the federal transfers during last four years after the award and have experienced a lower growth in transfers than projected in 1997 NFC Award. This is in contrast with the provincial experience during 1991 NFC Award, in which provinces had received higher revenue transfers from federal government than projected.
Social Development, the Empowerment of Women, and the Expansion
of Civil Society: Alternative Ways out of the Debt and Poverty Trap
(Distinguished Lecture)
Authors: Weiss Anita M.
Published: August 2018

In Pakistan’s fifty-five years, most governments have terribly
neglected the overall well-being of their people. When economic growth
has occurred in the past, it has been grossly inequitable. For Pakistan
to escape the debt and poverty trap in which it is becoming inextricably
immersed, it must prioritise social development, the empowerment of
women, and the expansion of civil society over economic growth
strategies. Only then can there be balanced growth—not just growth for
the élites—as knowledgeable people from myriad backgrounds feel vested
in Pakistan’s future. The process of globalisation has all but
eliminated the possibility of a local economy being able to become
competitive in the global market. Though by prioritising social
development, enabling women to become full participants in the state,
and expanding the power and possibilities that civil society groups can
play, Pakistan will find that these are the most viable strategies to
break free from the debt and poverty trap in which it finds itself
today.
Naila Kabeer, Geetha B. Nambissan, and Ramya Subrahmanian. Child Labour and the Right to Education in South Asia: Needs versus Rights? New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2003. 412 pages. Paperback. Indian Rs 365.00.
Authors: Afia Malik
Published: August 2018

The volume is based on the proceedings of a workshop, organised on the issue of child labour and the right to education. The studies in the volume reflect on topics related to the problems of universalising education in South Asia. All the studies are based on the experience of either Bangladesh or India, with the exception of one or two studies where a comparison with other South Asian countries is considered. The problem of child labour is quite widespread in South Asia and that has prevented children in these societies from participating in schooling. At the same time, there are children who are neither at school nor at work. The reason identified for this is not only poverty but also the school system, as well as discrimination on the basis of caste, gender, tribal, or religious reasons. The volume generally examines the patterns of social discrimination and how this problem has been aggravated by the formal educational system. It also reflects on policy interventions addressing the problem—the efforts by the government, on the one hand, and by the non-governmental organisations, on the other.
The Changing Profile of Regional Inequality
Authors: Haroon Jamal  , Amir Jahan Khan
Published: August 2018

There is a growing concern in developing and transition economies that spatial and regional inequality, of economic activity, incomes, and social indicators, is on the increase. Regional inequality is a dimension of overall inequality, but it has added significance when spatial and regional divisions align with political and ethnic tensions to undermine social and political stability. Despite these important popular and policy concerns, surprisingly there is little systematic and coherent documentation of the facts of what has happened to spatial and regional inequality over the past twenty years. This paper is an attempt to meet this gap. It provides changing scenarios of multi-dimensional inter-temporal spatial inequality and level of development in Pakistan during early 1980s and late 1990s.
Sophie Laws, with Caroline Harper and Rachel Marcus. Research for
Development: A Practical Guide. New Delhi: Vistaar Publications. 2003.
xiii+475 pages. Paperback. Indian Rupees 450.00.
Authors: Mahmood Mir Annice
Published: August 2018

To implement any successful policy, research about the
subject-matter is essential. Lack of knowledge would result in failure
and, from an economic point of view, it would lead to a waste of scarce
resources. The book under review is essentially a manual which
highlights the use of research for development. The book is divided into
two parts. Part One informs the reader about concepts and some theory,
and Part Two deals with the issue of undertaking research for
development. Both parts have 11 chapters each. Chapter 1 asks the basic
question: Is research important in development work? The answer is that
it is. Research has many dimensions: from the basic asking of questions
to the more sophisticated broad-based analysis of policy issues. The
chapter, in short, stresses the usefulness of research which development
workers ignore at their own peril.
Mapping the Spatial Deprivation of Pakistan
Authors: Haroon Jamal  , Amir Jahan Khan  , Imran Ashraf Toor
Published: August 2018

Geographical targeting may be a viable way to allocate resources for poverty alleviation in developing countries. Efficiency can be increased, and leakages to the nonpoor reduced substantially, by targeting needy areas. A national and regional database of substantial poverty maps or deprivation indices are not readily available in Pakistan. Further, existing activities of poverty alleviation are carried out on ad hoc basis in the absence of identified pockets of poverty. This paper presents indices of multiple deprivations based on the 1998 Population and Housing Census data. Possible applications of this exercise include identifying areas of need, making decisions on regional and sectoral priorities, facilitating targeted public interventions through special poverty alleviation programmes, understanding the relationship between poverty and its causes, and helping federal and provincial governments in determining financial awards.
Economic Valuation of the Environment and the Travel Cost Approach: The Case of Ayubia Natioanl Park
Authors: Himayat Ullah
Published: August 2018

Environmental and natural resource systems such as lakes, rivers, streams, estuaries, forests, and parks provide goods in terms of resources (e.g., flora, fauna, and minerals) and services (e.g., waste sink assimilation), a source of amenity services, use for recreational purposes, and life-support functions. Knowledge of the values of these services may be important for a variety of reasons. Access to such resources for recreation is typically not allocated through markets. Rather, access is typically open to all visitors at a zero price or a nominal entrance fee that bears no relationship to the cost of providing access. And there is no or little variation in these access prices over time or across sites to provide data for econometric estimation of demand functions [Freeman (1993); Nillesen (2002)]. Ever since the second half of the twentieth century, concern about current and future use of our natural resources and environment has emerged at an increasing rate. This growing concern is accompanied by an increasing interest in so-called nature-based ecotourism. Presently, both benefits and threats have been observed resulting from the growing importance of ecotourism in environmentally sensitive areas [Nillesen (2002)]. Ecotourism plays an important role in increasing natural resource conservation and economic growth. It may also lead to management and policy challenges.
Gender Exploitation: from Structural Adjustment Policies to Poverty Reduction Strategies
Authors: Khadija Ali
Published: August 2018

The aim of this paper is to review the existing empirical research concerning women’s exploitation as a result of policy measures imposed by the World Bank and the IMF, particularly under Structural Adjustment Policies (SAPs). The central argument here is that SAPs have not been successful in achieving their basic objectives of ‘adjusting’ the economies instead, these policies have created severe social problems for the human beings, particularly for the poor and middle-income groups, in the countries where they (SAPs) have been implemented [Beneria and Feldman (1992); Cornia, Jolly and Stewart (1987); Floro (1995); Messkoub (1996) Moser (1989)]. Among these groups, although all members have to mobilise their efforts to support households so as to cope with the economic crisis, women have to bear an unequal share of this burden [Agrawal (1992); Ali (2000); Beneria (1992, 1995); Cagatay (1995); Chant (1991); Elson (1991, 1992a); Feldman (1992); Floro (1995); Reilly and Gorden (1995); McFarren (1992); Moser (1992); Perez-Aleman (1992); Sahn and Haddad (1991); Safa and Antrobus (1992); Stewart (1992); Trip (1992)].
The Relationship between Economic Growth and Capital Structure of Listed Companies: Evidence of Japan, Malaysia, and Pakistan
Authors: Muhammad Mahmud
Published: August 2018

Corporate enterprise is a natural outcome of capitalism in the course of economic development. The underwriter firms and banks etc. initially meet the capital requirements of such enterprise. Later on it is the stock exchange that carries out redistribution of shares of the enterprise. Corporate decisions on capital structure policy have long been a subject of debate and still remain an unresolved issue. The traditional view of capital structure was that it results in the weighted average cost of capital being U-shaped, which means that there exists as an optimal mix between debt and equity, at which point a firm’s value is maximised. However, Modigliani-Miller (1958), in a world of no tax and no financial distress, proved that capital structure is irrelevant to explaining firm values. When company taxes are considered, the benefits from tax shield leads Modigliani-Miller (1963) to conclude that the value maximising capital structure is extreme leverage. In a subsequent paper Miller (1977), by introducing both corporate tax and personal taxes into the model, points towards irrelevance of capital structure for any particular firm.
Women’s Rights as Propounded by Fatima Jinnah
Authors: Kishwar Sultana
Published: August 2018

During the years (1937-1947) when Pakistan movement was at its peak, Fatima Jinnah’s role was nothing less than a beacon of hope for the Muslim women. Though the guidance of her elder brother Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, she herself became a role model not only for the Muslims women of South Asia, but for the women of whole Asian society. Her role as a women leader was even more important when after the death of Quaid-i-Azam in 1948 she became the focal point for aspirations of Pakistani women. It was under very difficult circumstances that she worked for the promotion of women’s rights and privileges in Pakistan.