bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The fossil record of the sixth extinction
Authors: Plotnick Roy E. , Smith Felisa A. , Lyons S. Kathleen
Published: March 2016

Comparing the magnitude of the current biodiversity crisis with those in the fossil record is difficult without an understanding of differential preservation. Integrating data from palaeontological databases with information on IUCN status, ecology and life history characteristics of contemporary mammals, we demonstrate that only a small and biased fraction of threatened species (< 9%) have a fossil record, compared with 20% of non‐threatened species. We find strong taphonomic biases related to body size and geographic range. Modern species with a fossil record tend to be large and widespread and were described in the 19th century. The expected magnitude of the current extinction based only on species with a fossil record is about half of that of one based on all modern species; values for genera are similar. The record of ancient extinctions may be similarly biased, with many species having originated and gone extinct without leaving a tangible record.
Quantifying the Impact of Research for Tenure and Promotion in Family and Consumer Sciences
Authors: Delgadillo Lucy M.
Published: March 2016

This paper provides an overview of different metrics to quantify the impact of scholarly work in Family and Consumer Sciences, for scholars involved in the tenure and promotion process. Even though each institution will have their set of rules, most professors in university settings are increasingly subjected to monitoring and evaluation of their research outputs. This paper describes several metrics that are valid and reliable including age of the journal, acceptance rate, ISI impact factors, the SJR journal ranking, and the journals’ h‐index. Two author‐level metrics, the Hirsh h‐index and the HLA index, are described. In the remainder of the article, three other quantifiable criteria are included.
Credit Use of U.S. Households after the Great Recession: The Role of Credit Constraint
Authors: Kim Kyoung Tae , Wilmarth Melissa J. , Choi Shinae
Published: March 2016

This study investigated the relationship between credit constraint and credit use of U.S. households after the Great Recession using the 2010 and 2013 Survey of Consumer Finances datasets. When both datasets were used for analysis, the size of the sample was 12,497 households. Credit use was investigated for the following: (i) installment loan debt and (ii) outstanding credit card balances. A household was categorized as credit‐constrained if the household had been turned down for credit in the past five years or if the household was discouraged from applying for credit. Results of the analyses using a Heckman selection model indicated that households experiencing credit constraint were 13.62% more likely to hold installment loans and to have larger loan amounts than those not experiencing credit constraint. Also, constrained households were 6.65% more likely to hold outstanding credit card balances, but those households had smaller outstanding credit card balances than households who were not experiencing credit constraint. In other words, there were higher rates of credit use among households experiencing credit constraint. This could be the result of past credit use instead of inability to borrow.
Mobile Phone Practices and Policies in Family and Consumer Sciences Programs in Texas
Authors: Godfrey Roxie V.
Published: March 2016

The purpose of the current study was to learn about Family and Consumer Sciences (FCS) teachers’ mobile phone practices, the mobile phone policy of their school districts, and to understand the readiness of teachers and school districts for integrating mobile phones. The FRAME model provided a theoretical framework for the study. FCS teachers in Texas who belonged to a FCS professional organization were contacted by email and asked to participate in an online survey. The results indicate that FCS teachers are receptive to the use of mobile phones as an educational tool in the classroom. Based on the results, the author believes that mobile phones can be used to create technology‐enhanced, learner‐centered, and personalized learning for FCS students.
Sustainable Versus Conspicuous Luxury Fashion Purchase: Applying Self‐Determination Theory
Authors: Ki Chung‐Wha , Kim Youn‐Kyung
Published: March 2016

Building on Self‐Determination Theory, the researchers examined whether consumers’ intrinsic values precede a relatively new concept of a “sustainable luxury purchase (SLP),” in which consumers make a conscious choice of purchasing luxury for its timeless style over short‐lived fashion and long‐lasting quality over excessive quantity. Also, the researchers explored whether extrinsic values drive a traditional, conspicuous luxury purchase (CLP). In addition, the researchers assessed whether both SLP and CLP led to positive affect which in turn influenced repurchase intention. Structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis based on 452 responses revealed the critical roles that intrinsic values (i.e., seeking personal style and social consciousness) and extrinsic values (i.e., seeking latest fashion, public self‐consciousness, and status consciousness) played in SLP and CLP, respectively. Interestingly, SLP predicted positive affect more strongly than did CLP stressing the importance of sustainable purchase in creating positive emotional responses toward luxury brands, which ultimately lead to repurchase intention.
Transforming growth factor β1 antagonizes the transcription, expression and vascular signaling of guanylyl cyclase/natriuretic peptide receptor A – role of δEF1
Authors: Sen Anagha , Kumar Prerna , Garg Renu , Lindsey Sarah H. , Katakam Prasad V. G. , Bloodworth Meaghan , Pandey Kailash N.
Published: March 2016

The objective of this study was to determine the role of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF‐β1) in transcriptional regulation and function of the guanylyl cyclase A/natriuretic peptide receptor A gene (Npr1) and whether cross‐talk exists between these two hormonal systems in target cells. After treatment of primary cultured rat thoracic aortic vascular smooth muscle cells and mouse mesangial cells with TGF‐β1, the Npr1 promoter construct containing a δ‐crystallin enhancer binding factor 1 (δEF1) site showed 85% reduction in luciferase activity in a time‐ and dose‐dependent manner. TGF‐β1 also significantly attenuated luciferase activity of the Npr1 promoter by 62%, and decreased atrial natriuretic peptide‐mediated relaxation of mouse denuded aortic rings ex vivo. Treatment of cells with TGF‐β1 increased the protein levels of δEF1 by 2.4–2.8‐fold, and also significantly enhanced the phosphorylation of Smad 2/3, but markedly reduced Npr1 mRNA and receptor protein levels. Over‐expression of δEF1 showed a reduction in Npr1 promoter activity by 75%, while deletion or site‐directed mutagenesis of δEF1 sites in the Npr1 promoter eliminated the TGF‐β1‐mediated repression of Npr1 transcription. TGF‐β1 significantly increased the expression of α‐smooth muscle actin and collagen type I α2 in rat thoracic aortic vascular smooth muscle cells, which was markedly attenuated by atrial natriuretic peptide in cells over‐expressing natriuretic peptide receptor A. Together, the present results suggest that an antagonistic cascade exists between the TGF‐β1/Smad/δEF1 pathways and Npr1 expression and receptor signaling that is relevant to renal and vascular remodeling, and may be critical in the regulation of blood pressure and cardiovascular homeostasis.
Afterword: spatialities of transnational lived citizenship
Authors: MARTIN LAUREN , PAASI ANSSI
Published: March 2016

The articles collected here show how the terms transnational, everyday lives and citizenship inflect each other in different ways, depending on the site and context in question. In this afterword, we want to explore how these three terms change each other and the implications of ‘transnational lived citizenship ’. The articles mark out important theoretical arguments for conceptualizing the spatialities of transnational identity, migrant life and emotional citizenship.
Safety and efficacy of BAY 81‐8973 for surgery in previously treated patients with haemophilia A: results of the LEOPOLD clinical trial programme
Authors: Oldenburg J. , Windyga J. , Hampton K. , Lalezari S. , Tseneklidou‐Stoeter D. , Beckmann H. , Maas Enriquez M.
Published: March 2016

Introduction

BAY 81‐8973 is a recombinant factor VIII (rFVIII) with the same amino acid sequence as Bayer's sucrose‐formulated rFVIII (rFVIII‐FS) but manufactured with certain more advanced technologies.

Aim

To describe surgery outcomes with BAY 81‐8973 in the LEOPOLD trials.

Methods

Male patients with severe haemophilia A and no inhibitors aged 12–65 years with ≥150 exposure days (EDs) to FVIII (LEOPOLD I and II), or aged ≤12 years with ≥50 EDs to FVIII (LEOPOLD Kids), received BAY 81‐8973 based on dosing recommendations for rFVIII‐FS according to surgical requirements. Haemostasis‐related complications, investigator/surgeon assessment of haemostasis, blood loss, need for transfusion and use of BAY 81‐8973 were determined.

Results

In LEOPOLD I and II, 11 patients (mean age, 35.3 years) underwent 13 major surgeries. In LEOPOLD Kids, one patient (aged 6 years) underwent one major surgery. Thirty‐two adult and paediatric patients underwent 46 minor surgeries. Haemostasis was rated good or excellent in all major and minor surgeries. Blood loss during surgery did not exceed expected amounts; blood transfusions were required in three of the 14 major surgeries. For major surgeries in LEOPOLD I and II, patients received a presurgical 50‐IU kg−1 dose of BAY 81‐8973; median nominal dose on day of surgery was 7000 IU (107.5 IU kg−1). Total BAY 81‐8973 dose was 2500 IU (108.7 IU kg−1) on the day of the only major surgery in LEOPOLD Kids. No haemostasis‐related complications were reported.

Conclusions

Haemostatic control with BAY 81‐8973 during all surgeries in the LEOPOLD trials was good or excellent, with no haemostasis‐related complications.
Associations of components of PTEN/AKT/mTOR pathway with cancer stem cell markers and prognostic value of these biomarkers in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Su Rujuan , Nan Haocheng , Guo Hui , Ruan Zhiping , Jiang Lili , Song Yuanyuan , Nan Kejun
Published: March 2016

Aim

We aimed to investigate the associations between components of the phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (PTEN/AKT/mTOR) pathway and liver cancer stem cell (LCSC) markers, including CD133, CD90, CD44, and epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), and to further evaluate the predictive values of these biomarkers for recurrence and survival in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Method

Protein expressions and mRNA levels of PTEN and LCSC markers were determined in 110 HCC tissues and 98 adjacent non‐tumor tissues. Protein expressions of phosphorylated AKT (p‐AKT) and phosphorylated mTOR (p‐mTOR) were detected to evaluate the activation of the PTEN/AKT/mTOR pathway by using immunohistochemistry. Prognostic significance was analyzed by univariate and multivariate analysis.

Results

Loss of PTEN expression was negatively correlated with positive expression of CD133, CD90, and EpCAM (P < 0.05). Positive expression of p‐AKT and p‐mTOR were positively associated with positive expression for CD133, CD90, and EpCAM (P < 0.05). By univariate and multivariate analysis, a higher level of α‐fetoprotein, loss of PTEN expression, and CD133‐positive, p‐AKT‐positive, p‐mTOR‐positive, and EpCAM‐positive signals were predictors for HCC recurrence, whereas advanced TNM stage, loss of PTEN expression, and positive expression of p‐AKT, p‐mTOR, and CD133 were predictors for survival. Patients with PTEN−/CD133+ or PTEN−/EpCAM+ HCC had shorter recurrence‐free survival and overall survival times.

Conclusion

The PTEN/AKT/mTOR pathway might play a crucial role in driving recurrence and influencing prognosis in HCC. There could be a potential repressive relationship between components of the PTEN/AKT/mTOR pathway and LCSCs. The combination of PTEN with CD133 or EpCAM expression may serve as a screening tool to monitor recurrence and predict prognosis.
Portal response related to shunt occlusion by balloon‐occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration may determine the prognosis of cirrhosis
Authors: Kobayashi Kazufumi , Maruyama Hitoshi , Kiyono Soichiro , Sekimoto Tadashi , Kondo Takayuki , Shimada Taro , Takahashi Masanori , Okugawa Hidehiro , Yokosuka Osamu
Published: March 2016

Aim

To determine the prognostic effect of portal hemodynamic responses after balloon‐occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration (B‐RTO) for gastric varices (GV) in cirrhosis patients.

Methods

This retrospective study consisted of 37 cirrhosis patients (aged 62.5 ± 9.7 years) with medium‐ or large‐grade GV treated with B‐RTO. Portal hemodynamic response was assessed by the changes in flow volume in the portal trunk (PFV, mL/min) before and after the treatment. Group I showed increased PFV and group II showed no increase in PFV. The median observation period was 49.8 months (range, 4.7–150.3 months).

Results

All patients showed complete embolization of GV without any recurrence. There were 30 patients in group I and 7 patients in group II (decreased PFV in 6 and unchanged PFV in 1). The PFV at baseline was significantly lower in the former (583.5 ± 232.0 mL/min) than in the latter (880.7 ± 345.9 mL/min; P = 0.009). The survival rate was significantly lower in group II (83.3% at 1 year and 66.7% at 3 years) than in group I (96.7% at 1 year, 81.5% at 3 years, and 61.8% at 5 years; P = 0.012). The incidence of deterioration of the esophageal varices was 18/30 (60%) in group I and 5/7 (71.4%; P = 0.687) in group II. Multivariate analysis identified only no increase in portal response (hazard ratio, 8.086; P = 0.005) as an independent factor for poor prognosis.

Conclusion

Balloon‐occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration for GV may result in a poor prognosis when portal hemodynamics shows no increase in portal response.
Stigma: Content analysis of the representation of people with personality disorder in the UK popular press, 2001–2012
Authors: Bowen Matt Laurence
Published: March 2016

There is evidence that people with personality disorder are stigmatized within healthcare settings; however, little is known about the role that the media has played in the wider processes of stigmatization. This research examines the degree to which the popular press in the UK have established a link between personality disorder and homicide, and the impact this may have had on the processes of stigmatization. Using a content analysis approach, it was identified that there were 552 articles in the popular press, between 2001 and 2012, that made reference to personality disorder and 42% of those articles established a link with homicide. Comparison between two time periods, 2001–2006 and 2007–2012, identified that there was a significant reduction in the proportion of homicide articles (Pearson χ2 (5, n = 552) = 5.64, P > .05), however, the effect size of this change was only small. These findings suggest that the press may have contributed to the processes of stigmatization, and may have encouraged the general public to hold prejudicial attitudes towards people with a diagnosis of personality disorder.
A typology of user liability to IT addiction
Authors: Vaghefi Isaac , Lapointe Liette , Boudreau‐Pinsonneault Camille
Published: March 2016

To date, information systems (IS) research mainly has provided a monolithic view of information technology (IT) use, considering it to be a desired behaviour with positive outcomes. However, given the dramatic increase in the use of technology during the last few years, susceptibility to IT addiction is increasingly becoming an important issue for technology users and IS researchers. In this paper, we report the results of a study that focuses on identifying variations in user liability to IT addiction, which reflects the susceptibility of individual users to develop IT addiction. First, a review of the literature in different disciplines (e.g. health, psychology and IS) allows us to better understand the concepts of IT addiction and liability to addiction. The literature review also provides an overview of the antecedents and consequences associated with IT addiction. Then, building on the analysis of 15 in‐depth interviews and 182 exploratory open‐ended surveys collected from smartphone users, we apply the concept of liability to addiction in the IT use context and propose a typological theory of user liability to IT addiction. Our typology reveals five ideal types; each can be associated to a user profile (addict, fanatic, highly engaged, regular and thoughtful). Building upon both the extant literature and our results, we put forth propositions to extend the theoretical contributions of the study. We finally discuss the contributions and implications of our paper for research and practice.
Impact of SnS Buffer Layer at Mo/Cu2ZnSnS4 Interface
Authors: Chen Hui‐Ju , Fu Sheng‐Wen , Wu Shih‐Hsiung , Tsai Tsung‐Chieh , Wu Hsuan‐Ta , Shih Chuan‐Feng
Published: March 2016

Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) compound is a promising candidate for thin‐film solar cells since its constituents are earth abundant and nontoxic. One of the major challenges to obtain a high‐quality CZTS absorber is to overcome the interfacial mismatch and formation of secondary phases between the CZTS and Mo substrate during the sulfurization process. Generally, the CZTS decomposed into Cu2S, ZnS, and SnS phases during sulfurization, and high‐density voids and cracks were observed. These micro‐ or macroreactions changed the stoichiometry of CZTS. In this paper, we present the insertion of a SnS buffer layer at Mo/CZTS interface to inhibit the undesired reaction and improve the thin‐film quality. The insertion of the thin SnS buffer layer prevented the CZTS absorber to contact directly with Mo and suppressed the present of secondary phases, pores and cracks. Crack‐free and smooth morphology was obtained. The cell efficiency was significantly improved.
Solid‐State Sintering of Glasses with Optical Nonlinearity from Mesoporous Powders
Authors: Zhang Xin , Gu Shijia , Zhou Beiying , Shi Liwei , Yang Fengjiu , Wang Lianjun , Jiang Weihui , Luo Wei , Jiang Wan
Published: March 2016

Silica glasses dispersed with Pt nanoparticles and Ag nanoparticles are derived from solid‐state sintering of mesoporous silica SBA‐15 encapsulated with Pt nanoparticles and Ag nanoparticles, respectively. Using mesoporous powders for sintering is a facile method to lower synthesis temperature for glass making and to efficiently disperse noble metal nanoparticles in silica glass matrix. The included nanoparticles still play their functional roles in impacting on optical properties of the glass products prepared by this novel method. The glass dispersed with Pt nanoparticles exhibits brown color due to the interband electron transition of Pt nanoparticles. The coloring effect of surface plasmon resonance absorption from Ag nanoparticles colors the glass dispersed with Ag nanoparticles with yellow. Open‐aperture and closed‐aperture Z‐scan methods are applied to measure third‐order nonlinear absorption and refraction coefficient of the composite glasses, respectively, under femtosecond laser radiation at 880 nm wavelength. The glass dispersed with Pt nanoparticles behaves intense nonlinear absorption comparing with nonlinear refraction in magnitude, which could be attributed to interband electron transition by monophoton absorption of Pt nanoparticles. The glass dispersed with Ag nanoparticles shows stronger nonlinear refraction than saturated absorption. The dominant contribution to third‐order optical nonlinearity of silica glass dispersed with Ag nanoparticles is intraband transition of free electrons near the Fermi surface of Ag nanoparticles. This method may have potential applications for fabricating silica glasses dispersed with ultrafine functional particles, which are potentially applicative in the fields of photonics.
Does comorbid anxiety counteract emotion recognition deficits in conduct disorder?
Authors: Short Roxanna M.L. , Sonuga‐Barke Edmund J.S. , Adams Wendy J. , Fairchild Graeme
Published: March 2016

Background

Previous research has reported altered emotion recognition in both conduct disorder (CD) and anxiety disorders (ADs) – but these effects appear to be of different kinds. Adolescents with CD often show a generalised pattern of deficits, while those with ADs show hypersensitivity to specific negative emotions. Although these conditions often cooccur, little is known regarding emotion recognition performance in comorbid CD+ADs. Here, we test the hypothesis that in the comorbid case, anxiety‐related emotion hypersensitivity counteracts the emotion recognition deficits typically observed in CD.

Method

We compared facial emotion recognition across four groups of adolescents aged 12–18 years: those with CD alone (n = 28), ADs alone (n = 23), cooccurring CD+ADs (n = 20) and typically developing controls (n = 28). The emotion recognition task we used systematically manipulated the emotional intensity of facial expressions as well as fixation location (eye, nose or mouth region).

Results

Conduct disorder was associated with a generalised impairment in emotion recognition; however, this may have been modulated by group differences in IQ. AD was associated with increased sensitivity to low‐intensity happiness, disgust and sadness. In general, the comorbid CD+ADs group performed similarly to typically developing controls.

Conclusions

Although CD alone was associated with emotion recognition impairments, ADs and comorbid CD+ADs were associated with normal or enhanced emotion recognition performance. The presence of comorbid ADs appeared to counteract the effects of CD, suggesting a potentially protective role, although future research should examine the contribution of IQ and gender to these effects.
Developmental and Ultrastructural Characterization and Phylogenetic Analysis of Trypanosoma herthameyeri n. sp. of Brazilian Leptodactilydae Frogs
Authors: Attias Márcia , Sato Lyslaine H. , Ferreira Robson C. , Takata Carmen S. A. , Campaner Marta , Camargo Erney P. , Teixeira Marta M. G. , de Souza Wanderley
Published: March 2016

We described the phylogenetic affiliation, development in cultures and ultrastructural features of a trypanosome of Leptodacylus chaquensis from the Pantanal biome of Brazil. In the inferred phylogeny, this trypanosome nested into the Anura clade of the basal Aquatic clade of Trypanosoma, but was separate from all known species within this clade. This finding enabled us to describe it as Trypanosoma herthameyeri n. sp., which also infects other Leptodacylus species from the Pantanal and Caatinga biomes. Trypanosoma herthameyeri multiplies as small rounded forms clumped together and evolving into multiple‐fission forms and rosettes of epimastigotes released as long forms with long flagella; scarce trypomastigotes and glove‐like forms are common in stationary‐phase cultures. For the first time, a trypanosome from an amphibian was observed by field emission scanning electron microscopy, revealing a cytostome opening, well‐developed flagellar lamella, and many grooves in pumpkin‐like forms. Transmission electron microscopy showed highly developed Golgi complexes, relaxed catenation of KDNA, and a rich set of spongiome tubules in a regular parallel arrangement to the flagellar pocket as confirmed by electron tomography. Considering the basal position in the phylogenetic tree, developmental and ultrastructural data of T. herthameyeri are valuable for evolutionary studies of trypanosome architecture and cell biology.
An Assessment of Juvenile Drug Courts’ Knowledge of Evidence‐Based Practices, Data Collection, and the Use of AA/NA
Authors: Yelderman Logan A.
Published: March 2016

The use of evidence‐based practices (EBPs) has become a core component of juvenile drug courts (JDCs). This research, using a sample of JDCs listed with the National Association of Drug Court Professionals, tests two current assumptions in the field: 1) many JDCs do not use or are unaware of their use of EBPs and 2) JDCs tend to overuse sober support groups (e.g., AA/NA), which are thought to be inappropriate for youth. Results suggest that nearly all JDCs, in the sample, reported using EBPs; however, only about a quarter of them collected treatment data and knew the outcomes of the data. Also, only about half of the JDCs use sober support groups (predominantly AA/NA), and nearly all of the sober support groups were tailored toward youth. Overall, these findings suggest that the current assumptions in the field do not accurately reflect the practices reported by these JDCs. Implications are discussed.
SUMO‐regulated mitochondrial function in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Guerra de Souza Ana Cristina , Prediger Rui Daniel , Cimarosti Helena
Published: March 2016

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cardinal motor signs such as rigidity, bradykinesia or rest tremor that arise from a significant death of dopaminergic neurons. Non‐dopaminergic degeneration also occurs and it seems to induce the deficits in olfactory, emotional, and memory functions that precede the classical motor symptoms in PD. Despite the majority of PD cases being sporadic, several genes have previously been associated with the hereditary forms of the disease. The proteins encoded by some of these genes, including α‐synuclein, DJ‐1, and parkin, are modified by small ubiquitin‐like modifier (SUMO), a post‐translational modification that regulates a variety of cellular processes. Among the several pathogenic mechanisms proposed for PD is mitochondrial dysfunction. Recent studies suggest that SUMOylation can interfere with mitochondrial dynamics, which is essential for neuronal function, and may play a pivotal role in PD pathogenesis. Here, we present an overview of recent studies on mitochondrial disturbance in PD and the potential SUMO‐modified proteins and pathways involved in this process.

image

SUMOylation, a post‐translational modification, interferes with mitochondrial dynamics, and may play a pivotal role in Parkinson's disease (PD). SUMOylation maintains α‐synuclein (α‐syn) in a soluble form and activates DJ‐1, decreasing mitochondrial oxidative stress. SUMOylation may reduce the amount of parkin available for mitochondrial recruitment and decreases mitochondrial biogenesis through suppression of peroxisomal proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ co‐activator 1 α (PGC‐1α). Mitochondrial fission can be regulated by dynamin‐related protein 1 SUMO‐1‐ or SUMO‐2/3‐ylation. A fine balance for the SUMOylation/deSUMOylation of these proteins is required to ensure adequate mitochondrial function in PD.
Sustaining Teen Pregnancy Prevention Programs in Schools: Needs and Barriers Identified by School Leaders
Authors: Craft Lesley R. , Brandt Heather M. , Prince Mary
Published: March 2016

BACKGROUND

To reduce teen pregnancy rates, prevention programs must be consistently available to large numbers of youth. However, prevention efforts have been historically conducted with little emphasis on ensuring program sustainability. This study examined the needs and barriers to sustaining teen pregnancy prevention (TPP) programming in schools after grant funding has ended, as identified by school leadership.

METHODS

A total of 11 qualitative interviews were conducted between June and September 2012 with middle school leaders from 11 schools involved in current implementation of a TPP program in South Carolina. Interviews were audio‐recorded, transcribed verbatim, and thematically coded.

RESULTS

Identified needs and barriers to sustainability varied across schools. Common barriers to program sustainability included: lack of materials and supplies, insufficient funding (at the school and district level), lack of support and/or parental opposition, and other school/district priorities. School leaders also identified several needs to continue TPP programming, including: continued funding, trainings, outcome/effectiveness data to support the program, and regularly updated curriculum.

CONCLUSION

Schools with greater perceived needs and barriers may be less likely to sustain. Knowledge gained through this research may be used to inform future interventions and sustainability planning efforts, allowing us to maximize prevention programming.
The sphingosine‐1‐phosphate receptor 1 binding molecule FTY720 inhibits osteoclast formation in rats with ligature‐induced periodontitis
Authors: Lee D.‐E. , Kim J.‐H. , Choi S.‐H. , Cha J.‐H. , Bak E.‐J. , Yoo Y.‐J.
Published: March 2016

Background and Objective

Osteoclast precursors (OPs) re‐migrate from the bone surface into blood vessels through sphingosine‐1‐phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1) expression. T cells also express S1PR1, mediating their migration from the lymph nodes into blood vessels. OP and T‐cell migration are one of the sequential steps related to osteoclast formation. To characterize the role of S1PR1 in osteoclast formation induced by periodontitis, we investigated the effect of S1PR1‐binding molecule FTY720 (FTY) on the number of OPs and T cells in periodontal tissue and peripheral blood of rats with ligature‐induced periodontitis.

Material and Methods

Rats were divided into four groups; control (Con), FTY, periodontitis (Peri), and periodontitis+FTY (Peri+FTY) groups. Ligatures were placed around the first molars in the left and right mandibles. The rats were intraperitoneally injected with vehicle or 3 mg/kg FTY daily until they were killed. The number of osteoclasts and cluster of differentiation (CD)11b, CD3 and receptor activator of NF‐κB ligand (RANKL)‐positive cells in first molar furcation were counted by tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase or immunohistochemistry staining. The number of CD11b‐ and CD3‐positive cells in peripheral blood was estimated by flow cytometry.

Results

The number of osteoclasts in the Peri group was higher than Con, Peri+FTY and FTY groups (p < 0.05) and CD11b, CD3 and RANKL‐positive cells were also higher in the Peri group than other groups in furcation (p < 0.05). While CD11b‐positive cells in furcation of the Peri+FTY group were lower than the Peri group (p < 0.05), they were higher in peripheral blood (p < 0.05). Dissimilar to CD11b‐positive cells, CD3‐positive cells in the Peri+FTY group were lower in peripheral blood as well as furcation than the Peri group (p < 0.05). RANKL‐positive cells in furcation of the Peri+FTY group were also lower than Peri group (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

These results indicate that FTY may facilitate re‐migration of OPs from the alveolar bone surface into blood vessels, blocking T‐cell migration from the lymph nodes into blood vessels and subsequently reducing osteoclast formation induced by periodontitis. This suggests that S1PR1‐S1P binding may play a role in osteoclast formation of periodontitis by modulating OP and T‐cell migration.
The Long‐term Impacts of the Cultural Revolution: A Micro‐Analysis
Authors: Zhou Dong
Published: March 2016

This paper provides a micro‐analysis of the long‐term impacts of a particular historical event: the Cultural Revolution in urban labor market of China. Using the life‐cycle models and synthetic cohort approach, I demonstrate that the Cultural Revolution produced a lasting negative effect on permanent income for the subjected birth cohorts and this effect was amplified from the middle 1990s to the early 2000s as the Chinese market economy increasingly evolved. Channels in the mechanism of the impact includes productivity determinants (educational attainment, work experience, and health), marriage, and personality. The conclusions are robust to a variety of controls for family background as well as contamination factors, examinations with various control groups, contemporaneous comparisons, and placebo tests.
Autoregulation of the tufB operon in Salmonella
Authors: Brandis Gerrit , Bergman Jessica M. , Hughes Diarmaid
Published: March 2016

In Salmonella enterica and related species, translation elongation factor EF‐Tu is encoded by two widely separated but near‐identical genes, tufA and tufB. Two thirds of EF‐Tu is expressed from tufA with the remaining one third coming from tufB. Inactivation of tufA is partly compensated by a doubling in the amount of EF‐TuB but the mechanism of this up‐regulation is unknown. By experimental evolution selecting for improved growth rate in a strain with an inactive tufA we selected six different noncoding or synonymous point mutations close to the tufB start codon. Based on these results we constructed a total of 161 different point mutations around the tufB start codon, as well as tufB 3′‐truncations, and measured tufB expression using tufB‐yfp transcriptional and translational fusions. The expression data support the presence of two competing stem‐loop structures that can form in the 5′‐end of the tufB mRNA. Formation of the ‘closed’ structure leads to Rho‐dependent transcriptional termination of the tufB mRNA. We propose a model in which translational speed is used as a sensor for EF‐Tu concentration and where the expression of tufB is post‐transcriptionally regulated. This model describes for the first time how expression of the most abundant Salmonella protein is autoregulated.
Detection of dermatophytes in human nail and skin dust produced during podiatric treatments in people without typical clinical signs of mycoses
Authors: Nowicka Danuta , Nawrot Urszula , Włodarczyk Katarzyna , Pajączkowska Magdalena , Patrzałek Anna , Pęcak Anna , Mozdyniewicz Paulina , Fleischer Małgorzata
Published: March 2016

Pedicures are the most common cosmetic foot treatment. Many pedicurists and podiatrists suffer from respiratory infections and diseases such as asthma, sinusitis, chronic cough and bronchitis. Skin and nail dust may play an important role in the development of occupational diseases and the transmission of mycosis to other clients. To examine the presence of dermatophytes in nail and skin dust produced during podiatric treatments of people without typical symptoms of mycosis and to assess the epidemiological hazards of tinea pedis for podiatrists as well as other clients. Seventy‐seven samples underwent direct microscopy and culture. The results of direct microscopy were positive in 28/77 samples (36.36%) and doubtful in 3/77 (3.9%). Fungi were cultured from 36/77 samples (46.75%), including 8/77 (10.3%) positive for dermatophytes (Trichophyton rubrum‐6 isolates and Trichophyton mentagrophytes‐2). Material collected during podiatric treatments is potentially infected by pathogenic fungi; thus, there is a need to protect both workers who perform such treatments, as well as other clients, to prevent the transmission of pathogens in the Salon environment. Exposure to this occupational hazard may increase not only the risk of respiratory infections but also increase asthmatic or allergic reactions to Trichophyton.
Candidemia in major burns patients
Authors: Renau Escrig Ana I. , Salavert Miguel , Vivó Carmen , Cantón Emilia , Pérez del Caz M. Dolores , Pemán Javier
Published: March 2016

Major burn patients have characteristics that make them especially susceptible to candidemia, but few studies focused on this have been published. The objectives were to evaluate the epidemiological, microbiological and clinical aspects of candidemia in major burn patients, determining factors associated with a poorer prognosis and mortality. We conducted a retrospective observational study of candidemia between 1996 and 2012 in major burn patients admitted to the La Fe University Hospital, Valencia, Spain. The study included 36 episodes of candidemia in the same number of patients, 55.6% men, mean age 37.33 years and low associated comorbidity. The incidence of candidemia varied between 0.26 and 6.09 episodes/1000 days stay in the different years studied. Candida albicans was the most common species (61.1%) followed by Candida parapsilosis (27.8%). Candidemia by C. krusei, C. glabrata or C. tropicalis were all identified after 2004. Central vascular catheter (CVC) was established as a potential source of candidemia in 36.1%, followed by skin and soft tissues of thermal injury (22.2%) and urinary tract (8.3%). Fluconazole was used in 19 patients (52.7%) and its in vitro resistance rate was 13.9%. The overall mortality was 47.2%, and mortality related to candidemia was 30.6%. Factors associated with increased mortality were those related to severe infection and shock. CVC was the most usual focus of candidemia. Fluconazole was the most common antifungal drug administered. The management of candidemia in major burn patients is still a challenge.
Acute hypoxic‐ischemia in cardiac arrest encephalopathy causes only minimal demyelination
Authors: Alturkustani Murad , Ang Lee‐Cyn
Published: March 2016

The underlying pathological process of “ischemic leukoencephalopathy” is not well studied in humans and “demyelination” is thought to represent a major component. We selected brains from autopsy cases with definite histories of recent cardiac arrest, in which the autopsy findings demonstrated gray matter ischemic changes consistent with the survival time. We excluded cases with clinical or pathological evidence of other diseases that may affect the white matter, specifically those with moderate‐severe edema. The selected cases were then subjected to a review of the gross pathology (photographs) and microscopy. We used the normal white matter areas in the same brains as internal controls to exclude artefactual changes. Sixteen cases were selected. The pathological changes in acute ischemic leukoencephalopathy include: white matter pallor with separation of myelinated fibers and fine vacuoles, coarse vacuoles with or without attenuated axons, apoptotic nuclei, axonal abnormalities, focal scattered demyelinated axons and infarcts. The interpretation of these findings is controversial (i.e. ischemia, edema, artifact or combination) due to the postmortem nature of the specimens. However, these factors should not affect our interpretation of minimal demyelination in the pathological process. The major underlying pathological process in acute ischemic leukoencephalopathy is axonal degeneration, while demyelination represents only a minor component.
Diurnal variation of anterior scleral and conjunctival thickness
Authors: Read Scott A. , Alonso‐Caneiro David , Free Kelly A. , Labuc‐Spoors Elspeth , Leigh Jaron K. , Quirk Charlotte J. , Yang Zoe Y.‐L. , Vincent Stephen J.
Published: March 2016

Purpose

To examine whether anterior scleral and conjunctival thickness undergoes significant diurnal variation over a 24‐h period.

Methods

Nineteen healthy young adults (mean age 22 ± 2 years) with minimal refractive error (mean spherical equivalent refraction −0.08 ± 0.39 D), had measures of anterior scleral and conjunctival thickness collected using anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS‐OCT) at seven measurement sessions over a 24‐h period. The thickness of the temporal anterior sclera and conjunctiva were determined at six locations (each separated by 0.5 mm) at varying distances from the scleral spur (SS) for each subject at each measurement session.

Results

Both the anterior sclera and conjunctiva were found to undergo significant diurnal variations in thickness over a 24‐h period (both p < 0.01). The sclera and conjunctiva exhibited a similar pattern of diurnal change, with a small magnitude thinning observed close to midday, and a larger magnitude thickening observed in the early morning immediately after waking. The amplitude of diurnal thickness change was larger in the conjunctiva (mean amplitude 69 ± 29 μm) compared to the sclera (21 ± 8 μm). The conjunctiva exhibited its smallest magnitude of change at the SS location (mean amplitude 56 ± 17 μm) whereas the sclera exhibited its largest magnitude of change at this location (52 ± 21 μm).

Conclusions

This study provides the first evidence of diurnal variations occurring in the thickness of the anterior sclera and conjunctiva. Studies requiring precise measures of these anatomical layers should therefore take time of day into consideration. The majority of the observed changes occurred in the early morning immediately after waking and were of larger magnitude in the conjunctiva compared to the sclera. Thickness changes at other times of the day were of smaller magnitude and generally not statistically significant.
Developmental quotient to estimate intelligence in autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Kawabe Kentaro , Kondo Shizuka , Matsumoto Miki , Seo Kanae , Ochi Marina , Oka Yasunori , Horiuchi Fumie , Ueno Shu‐ichi
Published: March 2016

Background

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across contexts, and are associated with restricted patterns of behavior. The developmental quotient (DQ) is based on the developmental age and chronological age of children. This study investigated the utility of the DQ to estimate cognitive ability in young children with ASD.

Methods

The DQ and intelligence quotient (IQ) were assessed using the Kyoto Scale of Psychological Development 2001 (KSPD) and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children‐III (WISC‐III), respectively. The correlation between the DQ and IQ was then analyzed among children with ASD.

Results

We enrolled 18 children with ASD (16 boys, two girls; age, 63.6 ± 9.4 months; age range, 45–83 months). Overall, Cognitive‐Adaptive and Language‐Social DQ scores were significantly correlated with IQ score in the full scale, verbal, and performance domains. Full‐scale IQ and overall DQ had a linear correlation (y = −22.747 + 1.177x, R2 = 0.677, R = 0.823).

Conclusions

The DQ scores obtained using the KSPD were a reasonable estimate of cognitive ability in children with ASD. The KSPD may be a useful alternative to the WISC‐III for young children with ASD and could facilitate earlier assessment.
Sympathetic and hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal asymmetry in generalized anxiety disorder
Authors: Reeves Jonathan W. , Fisher Aaron J. , Newman Michelle G. , Granger Douglas A.
Published: March 2016

Physiologic investigations of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) have skewed toward assessment of the autonomic nervous system, largely neglecting hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis variables. Although these systems coordinate—suggesting a degree of symmetry—to promote adaptive functioning, most studies opt to monitor either one system or the other. Using a ratio of salivary alpha‐amylase (sAA) over salivary cortisol, the present study examined symmetry between the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and HPA axis in individuals with GAD (n = 71) and healthy controls (n = 37). Compared to healthy controls, individuals with GAD exhibited greater baseline ratios of sAA/cortisol and smaller ratios of sAA/cortisol following a mental arithmetic challenge. We propose that the present study provides evidence for SNS‐HPA asymmetry in GAD. Further, these results suggest that increased SNS suppression in GAD may be partially mediated by cortisol activity.
Multivariate Emulation of Computer Simulators: Model Selection and Diagnostics with Application to a Humanitarian Relief Model
Authors: Overstall Antony M. , Woods David C.
Published: March 2016

We present a common framework for Bayesian emulation methodologies for multivariate output simulators, or computer models, that employ either parametric linear models or non-parametric Gaussian processes. Novel diagnostics suitable for multivariate covariance separable emulators are developed and techniques to improve the adequacy of an emulator are discussed and implemented. A variety of emulators are compared for a humanitarian relief simulator, modelling aid missions to Sicily after a volcanic eruption and earthquake, and a sensitivity analysis is conducted to determine the sensitivity of the simulator output to changes in the input variables. The results from parametric and non-parametric emulators are compared in terms of prediction accuracy, uncertainty quantification and scientific interpretability.
The Ebb and Flow of Environmentalism
Authors: Ogrodnik Corinne , Staggenborg Suzanne
Published: March 2016

This essay examines the pattern of ebb and flow in the environmental movement in the United States. Although the movement has experienced periods of expansion and contraction over the last century, environmentalism has sustained significant mobilization with the evolution of its organizational forms and tactics. Mass demonstrations and other forms of public protest defined the emergence of the modern environmental movement in the 1960s and early 1970s, and grassroots action remains important, particularly in response to the urgency of climate change. However, the movement has also relied increasingly on institutionalized organizational forms and conventional tactics such as litigation and lobbying. Some critics argue that decentralized networks and disruptive tactics are essential for inspiring a new era of impassioned environmental activism, while others contend that the complexity of current environmental problems requires more formalized structures and focused legislative advocacy. We conclude that the diversity of organizational forms and activities in the environmental movement has maintained the movement over many decades, and that this diversity can aid in effecting comprehensive change.
Neighborhood Crime Rate, Weight‐Related Behaviors, and Obesity: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Authors: Yu Edward , Lippert Adam M.
Published: March 2016

A growing body of literature has focused on the link between objectively‐measured neighborhood crime rates, obesity, and weight‐related behaviors including physical activity and diet. Through a systematic search of this literature, the current review evaluates these relationships and stratifies by type of crime (violent or property). Searches on PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar retrieved 24 articles on physical activity/inactivity and 19 articles on obesity or diet. Evidence points to neighborhood crime as being positively associated with obesity and physical inactivity. Studies differentiating these associations by type of crime were lacking, although findings suggest that the link between neighborhood crime and physical activity is stronger for females versus males. Fear of victimization is one explanation for this pattern. Limitations of extant studies are explored, and suggestions for future research are outlined.
Establishing Validity of the Thai Mathematics Teaching Efficacy Beliefs Instrument
Authors: Matney Gabriel , Jackson Jack L. , Panarach Yupadee
Published: March 2016

This article presents our work in translating the Mathematics Teaching Efficacy Beliefs Instrument (MTEBI) from English to Thai and our resulting investigation of validity with Thai preservice teachers. The translation process occurred over several meetings between two U.S. mathematics educators and one Thai mathematics educator. To check for reliability the instrument was translated into Thai, back‐translated into English, and then cognitive interviews were conducted with native Thai speakers to check for accuracy, meaning, and readability. We used the newly translated Thai‐Mathematics Teaching Efficacy Beliefs Instrument (T‐MTEBI) to measure teacher efficacy beliefs as they related to Thai preservice mathematics teachers. Eight of the questions measure Mathematics Teaching Outcome Expectancy (MTOE). The mean of the scores on these questions was computed to form a MTOE score for each student. The remaining 13 questions measure Personal Mathematics Teaching Efficacy (PMTE). The mean of these scores was computed to obtain the PMTE score for each student. The mean of all 21 questions was computed to find an overall efficacy score for each student. The results of this study showed that the newly constructed T‐MTEBI produced reliability and validity measures comparable to the original MTEBI (Enochs, Smith, & Huinker, 2000).