bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
International political marketing: a case study of its application in China
Authors: Sun Henry H.
Published: October 2007

The practice of International Political Marketing can be seen increasingly in the foreign relations of independent states. A review of relevant Political Marketing and International Relations publications reveals close linkage between the two. Based on the review, this paper categorizes political marketing into three aspects: the election aspect, the governing aspect (permanent campaign) and the international aspect of political marketing. The focus of this study is on international political marketing which was defined based on the review. This paper then reports a case study of the utilization of International Political Marketing by the government of the People's Republic of China. It looks at the recent events of China's accession of the WTO in 2001, China's hosting of Sino‐African Summit in 2006 and the on going promotion of China's image of ‘Peaceful Development and Cooperation’. The paper advances the argument that practically all nation states and international organizations apply International Political Marketing to both their strategic planning as well as conduct of day‐to‐day affairs. The paper concludes that there is a great demand both at a theoretical as well as practical level for International Political Marketing, requiring further study.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Melt grafting of polymethyl methacrylate onto poly(ethylene‐co‐1‐octene) by reactive extrusion: Model compound approach
Authors: Badel Thierry , Beyou Emmanuel , Bounor‐Legaré Veronique , Chaumont Philippe , Flat Jean Jacques , Michel Alain
Published: October 2007

The grafting of poly(methylmethacrylate) onto poly(ethylene‐co‐1‐octene) by in situ radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate is a process where the side reactions are difficult to characterize. To increase the understanding of both the nature and the extent of such reactions, products resulting from the same chemical system, where polymer is replaced by squalane and/or pentadecane, are analyzed. The influence of the temperature, the nature of peroxides (used as radicals generators) and the monomer concentration are investigated toward the chain length of the grafts. The resulting grafted PMMA and PMMA homopolymer are qualitatively analyzed by MALDI‐TOF spectroscopy and size exclusion chromatography. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 5215–5226, 2007
Synthesis and characterization of poly(benzodithiophene) derivative for organic thin film transistors
Authors: Dang Thi Tuyet Mai , Park Sung‐Jin , Park Jong‐Won , Chung Dae‐Sung , Park Chan Eon , Kim Yun‐Hi , Kwon Soon‐Ki
Published: October 2007

Poly{2,6‐bis(3‐dodecylthiophen‐2‐yl) benzo[1,2‐b;4,5‐b′]dithiophene} (PTBT) was synthesized, via oxidative polymerization by oxidative agent (FeCl3). The mole ratio of FeCl3 and monomer (3.5:1), and keeping low temperature during the dropping of diluted catalyst were very important for the polymerization without crosslinking. The PTBT was confirmed by 1H NMR, FTIR spectra, and elemental analysis. The PTBT has very good solubility in organic solvents such as chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, etc, and good thermal stability with Tg of 164 °C. The PTBT shows UV‐optical absorption at 406 nm and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy at 504 nm in a film. The highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy of the polymer is −5.71 eV by measuring cyclic voltammetry (CV). A solution‐processed polymer thin film transistor device shows a mobility of 3 × 10−5 – 8 × 10−5 cm2 V−1 s−1, and an on/off current ratio of 104. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 5277–5284, 2007
Synthesis of amphiphilic and thermosensitive graft copolymers with fluorescence P(St‐co‐(p‐CMS))‐g‐PNIPAAM by combination of NMP and RAFT methods
Authors: Wang Sumei , Cheng Zhenping , Zhu Jian , Zhang Zhengbiao , Zhu Xiulin
Published: October 2007

A three‐step process, combining nitroxide‐mediated polymerization (NMP) and reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization techniques, for synthesizing well‐defined amphiphilic and thermosensitive graft copolymers with fluorescence poly(styrene‐co‐(p‐chloromethylstyrene))‐g‐poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (P(St‐co‐(p‐CMS))‐g‐PNIPAAM), was conducted. Firstly, the NMP of styrene (St) and p‐chloromethylstyrene (p‐CMS) were carried out using benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as the initiator to obtain the random copolymers of P(St‐co‐(p‐CMS)). Secondly, the random copolymers were converted into macro‐RAFT agents with fluorescent carbazole as Z‐group through a simple method. Then the macro‐RAFT agents were used in the RAFT polymerization of N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAM) to prepare fluorescent amphiphilic graft copolymers P(St‐co‐(p‐CMS))‐g‐PNIPAAM with controlled molecular weights and well‐defined structures. The copolymers obtained were characterized by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and FT‐IR spectroscopy. The size of self‐assembly micelles of the resulting graft copolymers in deionized water was studied by high performance particle sizer (HPPS), the results showed that the Z‐average size of the micelles increased with the increase of molecular weights of PNIPAAM in side chains. The aqueous solution of the micelles prepared from P(St‐co‐(p‐CMS))‐g‐PNIPAAM using a dialysis method showed a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) at ∼ 27.5 °C, which was below the value of NIPAAM homopolymer (32 °C). © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 5318–5328, 2007
Calcium‐channel blockers: current place in hypertension
Authors: Girvin Briegeen , Johnston Dennis
Published: October 2007

Recent NICE guidelines have reaffirmed the place of calcium‐channel blockers as first‐line antihypertensive agents. Our Drug Review considers their properties and place in the management of hypertension, followed by sources of further information, an analysis of prescription data and the Datafile. Copyright © 2007 Wiley Interface Ltd
First and second optical transitions in single‐walled carbon nanotubes: a resonant Raman study
Authors: Telg H. , Maultzsch J. , Reich S. , Thomsen C.
Published: October 2007

Resonant Raman spectroscopy was performed to study electron–phonon coupling in single‐walled carbon nanotubes separated in solution. By varying the excitation energy from 1.26 eV to 1.93 eV we obtained radial breathing mode resonance profiles of the first and second optical transitions E11 and E22 of the (9,1) and (8,3) tubes. We observe up to 16 times stronger Raman intensities for the E11 transitions which can mostly be attributed to a two times broader linewidth of the E22 transition. Comparison of the matrix element ratio ℳ︁11/ℳ︁22 to theoretical predictions on the electron–phonon coupling show a deviation of a factor 1.7 which might be associated with the change of the exciton–photon matrix element. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Thermodynamic analysis of nucleation of boron nitride nanotubes on metal particles
Authors: Kuznetsov V. L. , Mazov I. N. , Delidovich A. I. , Obraztsova E. D. , Loiseau A.
Published: October 2007

Boron nitride nanotubes nucleation on the catalyst's surface after the formation of metal particle alloys oversaturated with boron and nitrogen atoms is the most important step for any type of the catalytic pro‐cesses of BN nanotubes formation. A thermodynamic analysis of the boron‐nitride nanotubes nucleation on the catalysts surface was performed. The master equations for the dependence of critical size of BN nucleus on reaction parameters, such as reaction temperature, supersaturation degree of catalyst particles with B and N, work of adhesion of catalyst to BN were obtained. These equations combined with the phase diagram approach can be used for the description of different scenarios of BN deposits formation and for the development of the main principles of catalysts design for BN nanotube production. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Thermal transfer in SWNTs and peapods under UV‐irradiation
Authors: Puech P. , Puccianti F. , Bacsa R. , Arrondo C. , Monthioux M. , Bacsa W. , Paillard V. , Bassil A. , Bardé F.
Published: October 2007

Results of UV irradiation experiments in vacuum on SWNTs and peapods, as followed by in‐situ Raman spectroscopy with increasing laser power up to 300 mW are reported. UV micro‐Raman measurements were used to record spectra free of black‐body radiation. Photon absorption was found to induce both the shifting and broadening of the G+ and G– bands. The local temperature increase (up to a temperature gain of ∼1000 K) was able to be reliably calculated from the band feature variation, more specifically considering the G+ band. Meanwhile, a specific sensitivity to oxidation of the nanotubes from peapods was revealed, due the fullerene‐catalysed dissociation of molecular oxygen traces into active species. In addition, both silica and diamond substrates were used. The different thermal conductivity of the substrates has the effect of changing the laser power levels needed to induce structural transformations. Carrying‐out UV irradiation of nanotube‐based material while monitoring the induced temperature via in situ Raman spectroscopy therefore appears as a new tool likely to be useful for the nano‐engineering of nanotube‐based devices. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Identification of protein phosphorylation sites within Ser/Thr‐rich cluster domains using site‐directed mutagenesis and hybrid linear quadrupole ion trap Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry
Authors: King Julie B. , Gross Julia , Lovly Christine M. , Piwnica‐Worms Helen , Townsend R. Reid
Published: October 2007

We describe a method for the analysis of multi‐site phosphorylation in serine/threonine (Ser/Thr)‐rich protein sequences. Site‐specific mutagenesis was used to introduce tryptic cleavage sites in the serine glutamine/threonine glutamine cluster domain (SCD) of the human checkpoint protein kinase (Chk2). The mutant proteins were shown to autophosphorylate on residues that are inducibly phosphorylated when mammalian cells are exposed to ionizing radiation (serine 33/35, serine 516, threonine 68 and threonine 432). Five Ser/Thr clusters within the SCD were flanked by arginine or lysine residues to produce tryptic peptides for nanospray liquid chromatography (nanoLC)/linear quadrupole ion trap Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Phosphorylation sites were assigned using accurate‐mass‐driven analysis and interpretation of low‐energy collision‐induced dissociation spectra acquired in the ion trap. In addition to verifying known phosphorylation sites, seventeen novel sites were identified within the SCD of Chk2. The approach should be applicable to other O‐linked post‐translational modifications that occur in proteins with Ser/Thr‐rich sequences. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of the aeronautical satellite navigation channel through high‐resolution measurement and physical optics simulation
Authors: Steingass Alexander , Lehner Andreas , Pérez‐Fontán Fernando , Kubista Erwin , Arbesser‐Rastburg Bertram
Published: October 2007

In this paper we discuss the results of a measurement campaign investigating the environment of satellite navigation receivers for aeronautical applications, where reflections on the plane as well as from the ground decrease the accuracy of the positioning. The focus is on the most critical flight phase—the final approach. For this scenario a wideband model is derived, which allows to investigate the performance of present and future global navigation satellite systems. The work was carried out under an European Space Agency contract (ESTEC Contract number 16059/02/NL/DS) entitled ‘Navigation signal measurement campaign for critical environments’, by Joanneum Research (Austria) with subcontracts to DLR (Germany) and the University of Vigo (Spain). Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Charge Contrast Imaging of Nonconductive Samples in the High‐Vacuum Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope
Authors: Ji Yuan , Wang Li , Quan Xueling , Fu Jingyong , Zhang Yinqi , Xu Xuedong , Zhong Taoxing , Wei Bin , Liu Cuixiu
Published: October 2007

The charge contrast images (CCI) on insulating or poorly conducting samples were observed under steady‐state charging conditions with a thermal field emission scanning electron microscope under high vacuum by using an Everhart‐Thornley detector. The charge contrast on plumbous titanate‐nickel composite particles and patterned sapphires could be the indicators of near‐surface features, compositional variations and conductivity distributions. Optimum imaging conditions for observing the CCI include the electron energy, the electron flux density and the electron dose. Contrast characteristics associated with surface and near‐surface secondary electron emission yield enhanced above the trapped charge‐up regions, as charge trapping selectively enhanced the poorly conductive phase and lattice distorted area. SCANNING 29: 230‐237, 2007. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sialolith Characterization by Scanning Electron Microscopy and X‐ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
Authors: Giray C. Bahadir , Dogan Meral , Akalin Ayse , Baltrusaitis Jonas , Chan Daniel C. N. , Skinner H. Catherine W. , Dogan A. Umran
Published: October 2007

The objective of this study has been to characterize sialolith, a calcium phosphate deposit that develops in the human oral cavity, by high‐resolution field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The morphological and chemical data obtained helped in the determination of their formation mechanism in salivary glands. Sialoliths in the submandibular salivary glands may arise secondary to sialodenitis, but not via a luminal organic nidus. We believe this is the first study that characterizes a sialolith by XPS. SCANNING 29: 206‐210, 2007. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Time and temporality as mediators of science learning
Authors: Roth Wolff‐Michael , Tobin Kenneth , Ritchie Stephen M.
Published: October 2007

Few studies have focused on understanding how teaching and learning in classrooms are mediated by other dimensions of the organizational systems of which education is an integral part. Our 7‐year ethnographic study of an urban high school shows how time and temporality constitute key practical and theoretical resources to the actors in the cultural organization of schools, a product of transactions involving individuals and artifacts that traverse multiple cultural fields, each with its own distinctive structures. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 92:115–140, 2008
Corporate diversification: the impact of foreign competition, industry globalization, and product diversification
Authors: Wiersema Margarethe F. , Bowen Harry P.
Published: October 2007

The globalization of markets and industries has fundamentally changed the competitive conditions facing firms. Yet, how globalization has influenced the international diversification strategies of firms is an issue largely overlooked in both the strategic management and international business literatures. This paper develops a theoretical framework to understand how industry globalization, foreign competition, and firm product diversification may influence a firm's choice of its degree and scope of international diversification. Utilizing a panel dataset of U.S. manufacturing firms for the period 1987–99, we provide the first empirical evidence that industry globalization and foreign‐based competition are statistically significant factors explaining the degree and scope of international diversification by U.S. firms. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An empirical evaluation of a methodology‐tailoring information system development model
Authors: Burns Timothy , Klashner Robb , Deek Fadi
Published: October 2007

Over the years a multitude of methodologies of information systems development have emerged. While many of these methodologies have shown promise, prior research has shown that system development is a highly circumstantial process, and that no one methodology will be optimal for every context of every project. Research has also shown that system development practitioners have been using an ad hoc approach to modify formal methodologies in order to create a better fit for their circumstances.

This article presents a more formal approach: a new model informed by the principles of general systems theory, which can be used to adapt existing information system development methodologies through the identification of general isomorphic properties.

The results are reported from an experiment that was conducted to measure the model in terms of developer satisfaction with the finished product, the development process, and the problem solving process. Also, the results of an evaluation by expert judges on finished products created using the model are shown. These results show that there is promise in the new model and that more research needs to be conducted. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two‐ and four‐dimensional echocardiography with B‐flow imaging and spatiotemporal image correlation in prenatal diagnosis of isolated total anomalous pulmonary venous connection
Authors: Volpe P. , Campobasso G. , De Robertis V. , Di Paolo S. , Caruso G. , Stanziano A. , Volpe N. , Gentile M.
Published: October 2007

Objectives

To explore whether the use of four dimensional (4D) ultrasound examination with B‐flow imaging and spatiotemporal image correlation (STIC) can supply additional information with respect to two‐dimensional (2D) gray‐scale and color Doppler echocardiography in the prenatal characterization of isolated total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC).

Methods

The study population comprised a group of three TAPVC fetuses that had been examined exclusively by conventional echocardiography, and a group of four additional cases initially identified by conventional echocardiography and examined further by 4D ultrasonography; a thorough postnatal work‐up was available for all fetuses.

Results

At our center, isolated TAPVC was found in seven of 1040 fetuses with cardiac defects (0.67%). Anomalous drainage was supracardiac to the innominate vein in three cases, cardiac to the coronary sinus in two, and infracardiac to the portal vein in the remaining two cases. An evident asymmetry between left heart and right heart structures was observed in 4/7 cases. The confluence of the anomalous pulmonary veins (PVs) was visualized in 4/7 cases and the connecting vertical vein was identified in 3/5 cases at 2D echocardiography. 4D ultrasound imaging with B‐flow imaging and STIC clearly visualized the anomalous PV confluence and the draining vertical vein in all four cases examined.

Conclusion

2D and color Doppler echocardiography appears to diagnose reliably TAPVC, albeit with some limitations in thorough assessment of the pathology, depending on the anatomy of the defect, on the technical adequacy of the equipment used and on the experience of the operator. 4D ultrasound examination with B‐flow imaging and STIC is apparently able to facilitate identification of the anatomical features of TAPVC, thus supplying additional information over that provided by 2D fetal sonography. Copyright © 2007 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation, Structural Characterization and Ligand Exchange Reactivity of Sterically Hindered 1,3‐Bis‐(4‐methyl‐2‐thiazolylimino)isoindolinatopalladium(II) Complexes
Authors: Bröring Martin , Kleeberg Christian
Published: October 2007

Two new palladium(II) complexes of sterically hindered 1,3‐bis‐(4‐methyl‐2‐thiazolylimino)isoindoline ligands [(4‐MeBTI)PdX] with X = OAc (4) and X = Cl (5) have been prepared from the free base H(4‐MeBTI) (3) and Pd(OAc)2 or PdCl2, respectively, in good yields. Both species reside as distinct mononuclear entities in the solid state, the latter as a chloroform solvate. The acetato derivative 4 is slowly transformed into the chlorido complex 5 by the action of chloroform or by chloride anions via a salt metathesis reaction. Mixed crystals containing both compounds can be obtained in which the molecules are situated in an isotypical arrangement with respect to 5 × CHCl3.
Oligonuclear Amide‐bridged Ferrocenes from N‐Fmoc Protected 1‐Amino‐1′‐fluorocarbonyl Ferrocene
Authors: Heinze Katja , Siebler Daniel
Published: October 2007

Oligoamides with ferrocenes in the backbone were prepared by stepwise coupling techniques using ferrocenoyl fluorides. The key building block is N‐Fmoc protected 1‐amino‐1′‐fluorocarbonyl ferrocene FmocNH–fn–COF (5). Stepwise coupling of 5 with amino ferrocene Fc–NH2 and (after deprotection) ferrocene carboxylic acid fluoride Fc–COF or 1‐(acetylamino)‐ferrocene‐1′‐carboxylic acid fluoride CH3C(O)NH–fc–COF yielded the dinuclear ferrocene Fc–NHC(O)–fn–NHFmoc (6) and the trinuclear ferrocenes Fc–NHC(O)–fn–NHC(O)–Fc (8) and Fc–NHC(O)–fn–NHC(O)–fn–NHC(O)CH3 (11), respectively. In solution 6 prefers a conformation with an intramolecular hydrogen bond while in the solid state intermolecular hydrogen bonds prevail. The electronic interaction of the ferrocene units in bi‐ and trinuclear ferrocenes with amide linkers has been assessed by electrochemical studies.
Crystal Structure and Properties of (H9O4)2[Mo2(S2)2X8] (X = Cl, Br)
Authors: Sokolov Maxim N. , Abramov Pavel A. , Peresypkina Eugenia V. , Virovets Alexander V. , Uvarov Nikolai F. , Gerasko Olga A. , Fedin Vladimir P.
Published: October 2007

The crystal structure of (H9O4)2[Mo2(S2)2Cl8] (1), obtained by treatment of MoS2Cl3(TeCl4)2 with hot concentrated HCl with subsequent crystallization upon cooling, was determined. The isostructural bromide (H9O4)2[Mo2(S2)2Br8] (2) was obtained in the same way. The proton conductivity of 1 and 2 was measured. Thermal decomposition of both compounds leads to amorphous MoS2 with a large specific surface (143 m2/g for MoS2, obtained from 1).
Organozinnoxometallate mit neuartigen Strukturen
Authors: Kondracka Małgorzata , Herntrich Tobias , Merzweiler Kurt
Published: October 2007

Organozinnoxometallate zeichnen sich durch eine große strukturelle Vielfalt aus, die von Koordinationspolymeren mit unterschiedlichen Netzwerktopologien bis zu Clustern und kleineren Molekülverbindungen reicht. In diesem Beitrag beschreiben wir einige unserer jüngsten Ergebnisse in der Synthese und der strukturellen Charakterisierung von Organozinnvandaten, ‐molybdaten und ‐wolframaten. Organozinnvandate sind durch die Umsetzung von Organozinnhalogeniden R3SnCl bzw. R2SnCl2 mit Vanadaten, wie z. B. NH4VO3 oder Na3VO4 zugänglich. Für die Synthese der Organozinnmolybdate und ‐wolframate ist die Umsetzung von R3SnCl mit (NR′4)2[M6O19] (M = Mo, W) in Gegenwart von (NR′4)OH geeignet.
Reaction of the Acyl(hydrido)cobalt(III) Complex with 2‐Propyn‐1‐ol
Authors: She Lei , Sun Hongjian , Li Xiaoyan
Published: October 2007

Acyl(hydrido)cobalt(III) complexes mer‐[CoIII(O∩C=O)(H)(PMe3)3] (1 and 2) stabilized by 2‐acylphenolato‐chelating ligands and with the support of trimethylphosphine react with 2‐propyn‐1‐ol to generate inserting products of alkyne bond into Co‐H bond bearing bis‐chelating vinyl cobalt(III) complexes cis‐[CoIII(O∩C=O)(HO∩C=CH2)(PMe3)2] (3 and 4). In complexes 3 and 4 the vinyl chelating ligands form a novel four‐membered chelate ring. Single crystal of complex 3 was analyzed by X‐ray diffraction.
Heterozyklische Verbindungen mit fünfgliedrigen ESi4‐Ringen (E = Ga, In)
Authors: Uhl Werner , Jasper Beate , Lawerenz Andreas , Marschner Christoph , Fischer Jelena
Published: October 2007

Heterocyclic Compounds Containing Five‐membered ESi4 Rings (E = Ga, In)

Treatment of the dimeric indium(II) subhalide (In2R2Cl2)2 [R = C(SiMe3)3] possessing In‐In single bonds with the dipotassium tetrasilane dianion [K(18‐crown‐6)+]2[Si(SiMe3)2‐SiMe2‐SiMe2‐Si(SiMe3)2] (1) did not yield the corresponding six‐membered In2Si4 heterocycle by salt elimination. Instead cleavage of the In‐In bond occurred, and a compound containing a five‐membered InSi4 heterocycle (2) was isolated in a low yield. An ionic compound was formed with the indium atoms of the anions coordinated by two silicon and two chlorine atoms. The counterion [K2(18‐crown‐6)3]2+ contained two potassium atoms bridged by a crown ether molecule. Compound 2 and the corresponding gallium derivative 3 were obtained on a specific route by the reaction of the tetrasilane dianion with indium or gallium trichloride.
Fluorenone and Fluorene Complexes with a Slipped Triple Decker Structure DisplayingVariable Hapticity of ((Pentaalkyl)cyclopentadienyl)cobalt(I) Fragments
Authors: Guo Shengli , Hauptmann Ralf , Schneider Jörg J.
Published: October 2007

The reaction of the toluene triple decker complexes [{(η5‐Me5C5)Co}2μ‐(η6:η6‐toluene)] and [{(η5‐EtMe4C5)Co}2μ‐(η6:η6‐toluene)] with fluorenone leads to the first triple decker compounds [{(η5‐Me5C5)Co}2μ‐(η5:η4‐fluorenone)] (1) and [{(η5‐EtMe4C5)Co}2μ‐(η5:η4‐fluorenone)] (2) of this ligand. In 1 and 2 two [(η5‐RMe4C5)Co] fragments are bridged by a fluorenone ligand. One Co atom in 1 and 2 is coordinated by the five‐membered ring of the fluorenone ligand in a η5‐fashion, whereas the other Co atom is coordinated by the six‐membered ring in a η4‐fashion. The reaction of [{(η5‐Me5C5)Co}2μ‐(η6:η6‐toluene)] with 9H‐fluorene results in the formation of the first slipped triple decker [{(η5‐Me5C5)Co}2μ‐(η5:η3‐1H‐fluorene)] (3) of this ligand. One {(η5‐Me5C5)Co} fragment is bonded to the fluorene ligand via one of the six‐membered rings in a η3‐fashion, whereas the other {(η5‐Me5C5)Co} fragment is coordinated by the five‐membered ring of the fluorene ligand in a η5 manner. In 3 the coordination of the {(η5‐Me5C5)Co} fragments leads to tautomerism of the fluorene ligand, one H atom has been moved from C9 to C1, consequently 9H‐fluorene has been tautomerised to 1H‐fluorene.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of [K([2.2]crypt)]2[HgGe9](dmf)
Authors: Boeddinghaus M. Bele , Hoffmann Stephan D. , Fässler Thomas F.
Published: October 2007

The title compound [K([2.2]crypt)]2[HgGe9](dmf) (1) has been obtained by reaction of elemental mercury with the binary phase of the formal composition K4Ge9 in dmf and after addition of [2.2]crypt. The X‐ray single crystal analysis shows that 1 contains polymeric $^{1}_{\infty}\rm [HgGe_{9}]^{2-}$ units in which Ge9 clusters are linked together by mercury atoms. The differences in the structures of 1 and the related compound [K([2.2.2]crypt)]2[HgGe9](en)2 2 are discussed.
Bimetallic Metal‐Organic Frameworks Containing the ${\rm [M(2,}x-{\rm pdc)^{2-}_{2}}]$ (M = Cu, Pd, Pt; x = 4, 5) Building Block – Synthesis, Structure, and Magnetic Properties
Authors: Humphrey Simon M. , Angliss Timothy J. P. , Aransay Marta , Cave Dale , Gerrard Lee A. , Weldon Gerald F. , Wood Paul T.
Published: October 2007

New bimetallic coordination polymers containing the ${\rm [Cu(2,}x-{\rm pdc)^{2-}_{2}}]$ (pdc = pyridine dicarboxylate, NC5H3(CO2)2; x = 4,5) ‘metalloligand’ unit, linked by MnII or CoII cations, have been obtained by hydrothermal synthesis. The metalloligand species K2[Cu(2,x−pdc)2(OH2)n]·mH2O (1, 2) were reacted under basic conditions with MnCl2 at 200 °C to form the compounds [CuMn(2,x−pdc)2] (3, x = 4; 4, x = 5), which are unexpectedly isostructural. Similar reaction with CoCl2 gave [Co3Cu2(2,4–pdc)4(μ4−OH)2(OH2)]2 (5), which has a ladder‐like framework based on Co‐hydroxide chains, and the 2‐dimensional sheet polymer [CoCu(2,4‐pdc)2(OH2)4] (6). A related CuII‐only chain compound, [Cu2(2,5−pdc)2(OH2)2]·4H2O (7) is also reported. The compounds 1–7 have been structurally characterized by single crystal X‐ray diffraction. The DC magnetic susceptibilites of 3–6 and [M3M′2(2,4−pdc)4(μ4−OH)2(OH2)] (8: M = Co, M′ = Pd; 9: M = Co, M′ = Pt; 10: M = Ni, M′ = Pd; 11: M = Ni, M′ = Pt) have been studied by SQUID magnetometry; 3 and 4 undergo antiferromagnetic ordering at low temperature, 5, 8 and 9 are metamagnets, 6 exhibits weak ferromagnetic exchange, while 10 and 11 show canted antiferromagnetism.
Two Routes of Electrophilic Addition and Unexpected Cluster Core Transformation in the Reactions of the K2[Fe3(μ3‐Q)(CO)9] (Q = Se, Te) Clusters with iPr2PCl
Authors: Pushkarevsky Nikolay A. , Virovets Alexander V. , Gerber Stefan , Konchenko Sergey N.
Published: October 2007

The reactions of the K2[Fe3(μ3‐Q)(CO)9] (Q = Se (K2[1a]), Te (K2[1b])) clusters with iPr2PCl in THF lead to the formation of mixtures of two products: [{Fe2(CO)6(μ‐PiPr2)}2(μ4,η2‐Q2)] (2a, 2b) and [Fe3(μ3‐Q)(μ‐PiPr2)2(CO)7] (3a, 3b). The compounds 3a and 3b are the products of addition of two {PiPr2}+ units to two Fe‐Fe edges of the initial cluster accompanied by the elimination of two CO‐ligands. The compounds 2a and 2b are the products of the initial cluster core fragmentation followed by assembling of the diiron fragments via Q–Q bond formation.

In contrast to that the reaction of K2[1a] with iPr2PCl in CH2Cl2 leads mostly to the electrophilic insertion of {PiPr2}+ into the Se–Fe bond and formation of [(μ‐H)Fe3(μ3,η2‐SePiPr2)(CO)9] (4a). Reaction of K2[1b] with iPr2PCl in CH2Cl2 leads primarily to unstable unidentified products, although 2b and 3b in minor amounts present in the reaction solution. The crystal structures of 2a, 2b, 3a and 4a were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction.
Synthesis and Characterization of Organic‐Soluble Ag/AgBr Dimer Nanocrystals
Authors: Saunders Aaron E. , Popov Inna , Banin Uri
Published: October 2007

Colloidal metal/semiconductor hybrid nanoparticles, containing a Group I‐VII semiconductor (AgBr) coupled with a noble metal (Ag), are synthesized in an organic solvent using a single‐phase, room‐temperature method. Methanol is added to a precursor solution containing silver ions complexed with an alkylammonium bromide surfactant. The methanol appears to cause AgBr precipitation while also acting as a reducing agent for silver ions in solution; the reduced silver clusters grow preferentially onto the AgBr, forming dimer particles that are coated with an alkanethiol to passivate the surface. The structure and composition of the hybrid nanocrystals are studied using TEM and XRD. Surprisingly, despite the relatively broad size distribution of the colloids, the ratio between the diameters of the two domains is approximately constant. This suggests that both portions of the dimer nanocrystal nucleate and grow simultaneously, representing a new type of mechanism for the formation of hybrid nanoparticles.
Hydrothermal Synthesis and Characterization of a Layered Copper(II) Compound with Glycolate [HGLYCO]− and Lactate [HLACO]− Ligands
Authors: Balboa S. , Castiñeiras A. , Herle P. S. , Strähle J.
Published: October 2007

A new bi‐dimensional neutral coordination polymer of formula $^{2}_{\infty}\rm [Cu(HGLYCO)(HLACO)$ (HGLYCO− = glycolate, HLACO− = lactate) has been hydrothermally synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, electronic and EPR spectroscopy, magnetic measurements, TG analysis and single crystal X‐ray diffractometry. Each CuII atom is six‐coordinated in a tetragonally distorted fashion by four oxygen atoms from carboxylate groups and two oxygen atoms of OH groups in a κ2O,O″:κO′ configuration. The α‐hydroxycarboxylate ligands are tridentate monoanionic systems and exhibit chelating and bridging behavior with the carboxylate groups adopting an anti‐anti mode.
Reactivity of the Unusually Structured Silicon Cluster Compound Si8(SitBu3)6
Authors: Wiberg Nils , Vasisht Sham‐Kumar , Fischer Gerd , Mayer Peter , Huch Volker , Veith Michael
Published: October 2007

When Si8R*6 (R* = Si(tBu)3) is reacted with mild halogenation reagents like carbon tetrachloride, carbon tetrabromide, tin tetrachloride and iodine, new compounds are formed which besides the Si(tBu)3 groups have halide ligands and a silicon‐silicon back‐bone which is either cyclic, bicyclic or polycyclic. We here report on the molecular and crystal structures of four derivatives: Si5R*3Cl5 (9), Si4R*3Br5 (10), Si8R*4Cl6 (11) and Si8R**3I11 (12). The molecule 9 has a bicyclic silicon back‐bone with a three‐ and four‐membered cycle sharing one edge, 10 is monocyclic with a four membered silicon‐silicon‐ring, 11 is polycyclic and can be derived from a Si8‐cube and 12 is bicyclic with a four‐ and five‐membered silicon ring sharing one edge.

We also propose some possible reaction mechanisms which follow from observations found during our experiments.
Coordination Architectures of Large Heavy Metal Cations (Hg2+ and Pb2+) with Bis‐tridentate Ligands: Solution and Solid‐State Studies
Authors: Ramírez Juan , Stadler Adrian‐Mihail , Harrowfield Jack M. , Brelot Lydia , Huuskonen Juhani , Rissanen Kari , Allouche Lionel , Lehn Jean‐Marie
Published: October 2007

Solution and solid state studies of the complexation of Hg2+ and Pb2+ by the homologous bis‐tridentate ligands 1 and 2H2 obtained by condensation of bis(methylhydrazino)phenylpyrimidine and bis(hydrazino)phenylpyrimidine, respectively, with pyridine‐2‐carboxaldehyde, have provided evidence for the formation of both grid and rack species. With Hg2+, there is little indication for other than grid species, the grid complex [Hg4(2H2)4](CF3SO3)8 being characterised crystallographically. With Pb2+, the only crystalline species readily isolated are rack complexes of the ligands 1 and 2H2.
Thiosilicate der Selten‐Erd‐Elemente: IV. Die quasi‐isostrukturellen Verbindungen NaSm3S3[SiS4], CuCe3S3[SiS4], Ag0,63Ce3S2,63Cl0,37[SiS4] und Sm3S2Cl[SiS4] – Synthese, Kristallstruktur und Untersuchungen zur Silberionendynamik
Authors: Hartenbach Ingo , Nilges Tom , Schleid Thomas
Published: October 2007

Thiosilicates of the Rare‐Earth Elements: IV. The quasi‐isostructural Compounds NaSm3S3[SiS4], CuCe3S3[SiS4], Ag0,63Ce3S2,63Cl0,37[SiS4] and Sm3S2Cl[SiS4] – Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Investigations of the Silver‐Cation Motion

The four lanthanoid(III) thiosilicates NaSm3S3[SiS4] (1), CuCe3S3[SiS4] (2), Ag0,63Ce3S2,63Cl0,37[SiS4] (3) and Sm3S2Cl[SiS4] (4) crystallize all hexagonally in the non‐centrosymmetric space group P63 (no. 173) showing basically the same structure. Besides an eightfold square‐antiprismatic sulfide coordination sphere about the M3+ cations these compounds display discrete tetrahedral thiosilicate units [SiS4]4− which are trigonally distorted. All tops of the remaining pyramids point into the same direction along the c axis and therefore the structure needs to be non‐centrosymmetric. However, the main feature of these crystals are channels along [001], built up by non‐silicon bonded sulfide anions and providing trigonal planar (CN = 3) and trigonal antiprismatic (CN = 6) voids. In the sodium derivative (1) the Na+ cations reside almost in the center of the latter ones exhibiting a trigonally distorted octahedral surrounding (CN = 6) while the Cu+ cations of the respective thiosilicate (2) are situated in the middle of an (S2−)3 triangle (CN = 3), just 7 pm above its plane. The same is true for the silver compound (3) with the exception of the Ag+ cations sitting about 53 pm above the sulfide triangle and showing a marked under‐occupation along with a very large U33 displacement parameter. These facts lead to the assumption that (3) could be a promising material for ionic Ag+ conduction. In order to maintain electroneutrality the silver derivative has to contain a certain amount of Cl− anions (CeCl3 was used as fluxing agent) substituting S2− which was doubtlessly confirmed by WDX analyses. In the absence of any monovalent cation (A+) the analogous structure is realized in (4) displaying an empty channel along [001] and a complete substitution of one sulfide by one chloride anion per formula unit, also confirmed by electron‐beam microanalysis.
Effect of Linker Length in semi‐flexible 4,4′‐Bispyridyl Ligands with Functional Spacer on the Architecture of their M(NO3)2 Complexes
Authors: Qiao Yu‐Qin , Lü Xing‐Qiang , Su Cheng‐Yong , Kang Bei‐Sheng
Published: October 2007

Two semi‐flexible 4,4′‐bispyridyl ligands, N,N′‐bis(4‐pyridylethyl) pyromellitic diimide (4‐pepmd) and N,N′‐bis(4‐pyridylmethyl)pyromellitic diimide (4‐pmpmd), with different linker length, and their coordination polymers obtained by reaction with M(NO3)2 (M = Co or Cd) in mixed CHCl3 and ROH solvents are reported. 2D (6,3) brick‐wall networks with Py3M nodes for the isostructural [Co(4‐pepmd)1.5(NO3)2]n · nCHCl3 · 2nH2O · nEtOH (1) and [Cd(4‐pepmd)1.5(NO3)2]n · nCHCl3 · nH2O · 2nMeOH (2), and 1D zigzag chain with Py2M nodes for [Co(4‐pmpmd)(NO3)2]n · nCHCl3 (3) are observed. The ligand 4‐pepmd with longer linker –(CH2)2– induces exclusively trispyridyl building blocks and 2D networks in its Co and Cd complexes, while the coordination preference of metal ions works more effectively for shorter linked 4‐pmpmd to give either 1D (for Co, 3) or 2D [Cd(4‐pmpmd)1.5(NO3)2]n · nCHCl3 (4) [10] polymer depending on the size of the metal ion.
Synthese und Kristallstruktur der spirocyclischen Gallium‐ und Indium‐Chalkogen‐Heterocyclen [(Me2Ga)6S(SSiMe3)4], [(Me2Ga)6Se(SeSiMe3)4] und [(Me2In)6S(SSiMe3)4]
Authors: Kluge Oliver , Puidokait Martin , Biedermann Ralf , Krautscheid Harald
Published: October 2007

Synthesis and Crystal Structures of Spirocyclic Gallium and Indium Chalcogen Heterocycles [(Me2Ga)6S(SSiMe3)4], [(Me2Ga)6Se(SeSiMe3)4] and [(Me2In)6S(SSiMe3)4]

The isostructural title compounds [(Me2M)6E(ESiMe3)4] (M = Ga, In; E = S, Se) crystallize in space group C2/c and consist of two M3E3 rings in twist conformation, sharing a common chalcogen atom. The reactivity of the remaining M–CH3 and E–SiMe3 bonds can be used for further reactions.
Cyclopentadienyl Tantalum(V) Complexes with Primary and Secondary Ferrocenylphosphine Ligands
Authors: Kalio René , Lönnecke Peter , Cinquantini Arnaldo , Zanello Piero , Hey‐Hawkins Evamarie
Published: October 2007

The reaction of [Cp*TaCl4] (1a, Cp* = C5Me5) or [Cp′TaCl4(THF)] (1b, Cp′ = C5MeH4) with PH2Fc [Fc = Fe(η5‐C5H5)(η5‐C5H4)] and PH2CH2Fc gives the primary ferrocenylphosphine complexes [CpRTaCl4(PH2Fc)] [CpR = Cp* (2a), Cp′ (2b)] and [CpRTaCl4(PH2CH2Fc)] [CpR = Cp* (3a), Cp′ (3b)], respectively. 1 reacts with (PH2)2fc [fc = Fe(η5‐C5H4)2] or with the new secondary phosphine PH(CH2Fc)2 to give the ferrocenyl‐bridged complexes [{(CpRTaCl4)[PH2(η5‐C5H4)]}2Fe] [CpR = Cp* (4a), Cp′ (4b)] or [CpRTaCl4{PH(CH2Fc)2}] [CpR = Cp* (5a), Cp′ (5b)]. Complexes 1b and 2–5 were characterised spectroscopically (1H, 13C, 31P NMR, MS, IR) and 1b, 2a, 3a, 4a, and 5a also by X‐ray crystallography. The electrochemical behaviour of complexes 3a and 5b exhibits complicated electron transfer processes, which are due to the complex redox activity of the corresponding ferrocenylphosphine ligands PH2CH2Fc and PH(CH2Fc)2.
Racial Inequality and White Employment: An Interpretation and Test of the Bargaining Power Hypothesis
Authors: Shulman Steven
Published: October 2007

This article disputes the argument and the evidence used to conclude that white workers are hurt by discrimination against blacks. Racism may increase the bargaining power of white workers if it unifies white ethnics, and may benefit them if it reduces job competition. The distributional consequences of discrimination will vary with the intensity of aggregate unemployment and the degree of racial segmentation in the labor market. The impact of racial inequality on the probability of employment is evaluated with a cross-sectional model using census summary data on SMSAs. Results show that racial inequality improves white male and female employment prospects in 1980, and suggest the same for 1970.
What Else do Unions do?: Race and Gender in Local 35
Authors: Williams Rhonda M. , Smith Peggie R.
Published: October 2007

Most analyses of the relationship between job segregation and gender wage inequality do not examine the race-specific dimensions of occupational segregation. Using personnel data, we examine the impact of race-gender occupational segregation on occupational grading and wage setting within a service and maintenance union. Our empirical results show that the job grading and wage setting processes significantly favor white men's jobs and penalize black women's jobs.
Racial Steering in Urban Housing Markets: A Review of the Audit Evidence
Authors: Galster George
Published: October 2007

A secondary analysis of thirty-six fair housing audits conducted between 1974 and 1987 reveals that racial steering has been a widespread, consequential phenomenon in many urban housing markets during the last decade. It is difficult from extant work to assess precisely its incidence nationally in the home sales sector because sites reporting such data have had atypically active fair housing enforcement efforts. It appears, however, that selective commentary by agents has been practiced as much if not more than differential patterns of home-showings. The consequence of this steering rarely has been to limit the number or concentration of geographic alternatives available to black auditors. Nor have all their options in predominantly white communities typically been precluded. Rather, steering in the sales sector most often has constituted a failure to show white auditors options in areas (and school districts) with nontrivial proportions of minority residents, and a propensity to show black auditors disproportionate numbers of homes in areas currently possessing or expected to possess significant proportions of minority residents. Limited evidence suggests that steering has occurred often in the rental apartment sector, although its consequences have yet to be ascertained in a systematic fashion. Implications of the findings for racial stability in neighborhoods and for fair housing policy are discussed.
Foreign aid as a Promotional Strategy
Authors: Jolly Curtis M. , Gadbois Millie A.
Published: October 2007

Developed countries are motivated by several forces when allocating aid to developing countries. The forces could be humanitarian in one country, and commercial self-interests in another. The principal objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of aid as a promotional strategy for trade, and to investigate whether major donor countries are optimally allocating their aid resources to increase their export and total trade.

Models were developed to explore the effectiveness of aid as a promotional instrument for exports and total trade. Donor exports and total trade were expressed as functions of aid, per capita GNP of the recipient country, and aid from competing donors. The study showed that exports and total trade responded to total expected aid contributions and per capita GNP of the recipient countries. Also, all donors, but one, were maximizing the returns to aid, given the level of trade with recipient countries and will be reluctant to increase aid flows, given the current trade level.
Transfusion Alert for Patients with Curable Cancer
Authors: Yamashita Keishi , Sakuramoto Shinichi , Kikuchi Shiroh , Katada Natsuya , Kobayashi Nobuyuki , Watanabe Masahiko
Published: October 2007

Background

Perioperative transfusion (POT) is a negative prognostic factor for outcome in cancer patients undergoing surgery, and splenectomy (SPL) has been suggested to help obviate this negative effect. However, the prognostic independence among related factors and clinical significance of the interaction remains elusive.

Patients and methods

Between January 1, 1990 and January 31, 2005, a total of 200 patients with proximal gastric cancer classified as having stage IB to III disease after curative resection were enrolled at Kitasato University Hospital in a retrospective manner, according to a previous report by Weitz et al.

Findings

POT was reconfirmed to be a potent univariate prognostic predictor in this model (p< 0.0001). The tendency was further augmented in patients without SPL, suggesting that SPL can counteract the negative aspects of POT. A multivariate analysis including related factors revealed that POT was one of the most potent independent prognostic factors, as were stage and age. Stratification analysis following the JCGC staging system revealed that the outstanding prognostic difference according to POT was recognized in patients anticipated to be cured, such as those with stage IB (p= 0.012) or II (p= 0.003) but not stage III. SPL could dramatically improve the prognosis with POT in stage IB patients but modestly if at all in those with stage II or III.

Interpretation

Our findings support the need for a clinical alert against POT throughout the course of cancer treatment, especially for curable disease; thus, POT should be carefully considered from an oncologic point of view. Appropriate strategies to minimize POT should be urgently developed.
Surgical Site Infection Among Women Discharged with a Drain In Situ After Breast Cancer Surgery
Authors: Felippe Wilza Andrade Barbosa , Werneck Guilherme Loureiro , Santoro‐Lopes Guilherme
Published: October 2007

Background

There are scarce data on the factors associated with surgical site infection (SSI) among women who are discharged with a drain in situ after breast cancer surgery. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and the factors associated with SSI in a center where women are routinely discharged with a drain in place.

Methods

A prospective cohort study included 354 women who underwent surgical treatment for breast cancer at a referral center in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Results

SSI was diagnosed in 60 patients (17%) after a median follow‐up of 17 days. Most infections were caused by Staphylococcus aureus. The probability of bacterial colonization of the drain was 33% on postoperative day (POD) 7 and rose to 80.8% up to the POD 14. In 83% of the cases of microbiologically documented infection, SSI was caused by the same bacterial species that had been previously isolated from the drainage fluid. In multivariate regression analyses, age 50 years (p < 0.001), skin flap necrosis (p < 0.001), and bacterial colonization of the drain (p = 0.03) were independently associated with a higher incidence of SSI.

Conclusion

The incidence of SSI among women who were routinely discharged with a drain in place was high. Older age, skin flap necrosis, and bacterial colonization of the drain were independent predictors of SSI. Modifications of the surgical technique aimed at reducing the risk of wound necrosis and early removal of the drain may contribute to lowering the risk of SSI among these patients.
Effect of Deep‐Fat Frying on Phytosterol Content in Oils with Differing Fatty Acid Composition
Authors: Winkler Jill K. , Warner K. , Glynn Martin T.
Published: October 2007

The objective of this study was to determine the fate of phytosterols in vegetable oils with varying fatty acid composition used for frying. High oleic sunflower (HOSun), corn (Corn), hydrogenated soybean (HSBO), expeller pressed soybean (ESBO), and expeller pressed low‐linolenic acid soybean oil (ELLSBO) were used for frying potato chips in a pilot plant‐scale continuous fryer. The same oils, and regular soybean oil (SBO) were also used in intermittent batch frying of tortilla chips. Phytosterols were measured in oils collected at various times during frying by GC to determine their loss. The formation of polymerized triacylglycerides (PTAGs) and total polar compounds (TPC) were analyzed to determine the extent of oil degradation. In the continuous frying system, phytosterol loss ranged between 4 and 6% in ESBO, ELLSBO, HOSun, and Corn, with no loss in HSBO. PTAGs and TPC were highest in ESBO and ELLSBO, followed by Corn, HOSun, and HSBO. In the batch frying experiment, phytosterol loss ranged from 1 to 15%, and was highest in Corn followed by SBO and HSBO. There was no significant loss of phytosterols in ESBO, ELLSBO, and HOSun. Formation of PTAGs and TPC during batch frying was highest in SBO and ESBO, followed by Corn, ELLSBO, HOSun, and HSBO. In conclusion, phytosterol loss in both the continuous fryer and in the batch frying system appeared to be unrelated either to fatty acid composition, or to the extent of oil degradation.