bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Glucose Intolerance Induced by Oligemic Brain Hypoxia: The Effect of Terguride
Authors: Golda Věroslav , Hilgertová Jiřina
Published: December 2020

Two series of experiments were performed. In the first one experiments were carried out in Koletsky genetically hypertensive lean female rats and in the normotensive female rats of Wistar strain. Glucose intolerance was induced by oligemic brain hypoxia (4 hours of occlusion of both common carotid arteries followed by 44 hours reperfusion). Brain water content were used as a marker of brain edema.Changes in insulinemia and specific insulin binding were used as expression of regulative mechanisms participating in modification of glucose tolerance. The effect of terguride (trans-dihydro- lisuride) was tested.Brain hypoxia induced glucose intolerance in both strains of rat but brain edema was found only in the normotensive females. Both abnormalities were alleviated by terguride treatment. Basal glycaemia was not changed either by the brain hypoxia or by terguride treatment,except normoternsive female where brain hypoxia induced hyperglycaemia. The second series of experiments were carried out in the normotensive females. The arrangement of experiments was the same as in first series except omission of the final glucose tolerance test. Brain hypoxia causes increase in brain water content. The mentioned elevation of brain water content was alleviated by terguride treatmnet. Insulin binding to erythrocytes was not influenced by brain hypoxia. Terguride treatment shows decrease of insulin binding to erythrocytes. Brain hypoxia elevates insulinemia which was not alleviated by terguride treatment.
Surgery of the Thyroid Gland
Authors: Vokurka Jan , Jakoubková Stanislava , Růžička Jaroslav
Published: December 2020

Since the year 1987 to 1996 all kinds of thyroid surgeries were performed at the ENT Department. Altogether 604 patients underwent 655 surgeries. Total lobectomy or total thyroidectomy represented the most common procedures. Due to a gentle surgical technique, which we call ãpreparationÒ, good results were achieved in the morbidity of laryngeal recurrent nerve (permanent palsy in 0.6%), and in perioperative or postoperative bleeding (0.3% of wound revisions, 0.5% of blood transfusions). Postoperative hypoparythyroidism was found in 4.7% patients. There is no correlation between postoperative hoarseness and laryngeal recurrent nerve palsy. Laryngeal endoscopy immediately after surgery is the most valuable diagnostic procedure.
Potential Hazard of Open Space Fire in Black Pine Stands (Pinus nigra J.F. Arnold) in Regard to Fire Severity
Authors: Barčić Damir , Dubravac Tomislav , Vučetić Marko
Published: December 2020

Black pine (Pinus nigra J.F. Arnold) is one of the most important reforestation species for dry and rocky terrain in the sub-Mediterranean zone. Fire is an important factor in black pine stands that largely defines the distribution range of black pine and the floristic composition of its stands. Fire causes less damage during autumn or early spring when tree cones contain ripe seeds that can partially reforest burnt surfaces. Every fire is a potentially significant threat to forest habitats. There are many damages, from direct damages to wood mass and reforestation costs, to indirect ecological, edaphic, protective damages and the loss of biological diversity. The aim of prevention works in forestry is to reduce the number of fires and reduce burnt surface area per fire. Research was based on vegetation analysis performed on each experimental plot in a black pine stand. The assessment of fire severity was performed using the Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index (FWI). The assessment of the severity of fire indicates the suitability of conditions for the occurrence of forest fires, and enables sound and effective protective methods beginning with silvicultural works. The results indicate better quality stands in the higher parts of the sub-Mediterranean area. Taking into account the climatic parameter, the areas on the border with the continental climate have better habitat conditions for black pine. Also, attention should be focused on 2012 and 2015. High values (Figure 13 – 16.22, Figure 11 – 6.99, Figure 8 – 8.38, Figure 7 – 12.02 and 12.25, Figure 5 – 8.32) indicate the overlapping of extremely dry periods and extremely high summer temperatures, and probably a strong wind influence that further increases the index. Fire severity assessments indicate the suitability of conditions for the onset of fire.
An Analysis of The Sustainable Fishing Land Conservation Policy
Authors: Nasikh Nasikh
Published: December 2020

In order to implement the food sustainability and sovereignt, the sustainable fishing development has to be carried out. The research problem is how to analyze to sustain land conservation after the implementation of the Law number 23 in 2014 Pasuruan Regency, East Java, Indonesia. The specific aims of this analysis is to identify the implementation of the sustainable land conservation after the implementation of the Law number 23 in 2014 about the regional government, to identify the obstacle in the implementation of the policy, to identify the stabilizer of the implementation of the policy, and to propose recommendation of the policy strategy to be carried out by the regional government of Pasuruan, This study employs qualitative descriptive approach. The respondent of this study comes from farmer’s, in which Pasuruan regency is represented by respondents of SKPD (Satuan Kerja Perangkat Daerah or Regional Work Unit) from Regional Development Planning Agency (henceforth Bappeda). The research finding shows that Overall, the implementation of the lahan pangan berkelanjutan or the Sustainable Food Land (henceforth LPB) has complied with the Law number 1 2011 despite the planning and decision of LPB in RTRW (spatial planning), the obstacle in LPB is the absence of regional regulation, the model of strategic policy; the regencies synergistically coordinate with each other, encouraging the development of pond reserve as well as the role of private sector and society, and the synchronization of the state budget and the regional government budget, and all regional governments have to protect all LPB areas complying with the Law number 1 2011 and its derivation, and the strategy to improve the welfare of the farmer is related to the instruments which have the lowest force intensity, namely market instrument, family and community, and voluntary organizations.
Similarities between bovine and human germline development revealed by single-cell RNA sequencing
Authors: Soto Delia Alba , Ross Pablo Juan
Published: December 2020

The germ cell lineage ensures the creation of new individuals and perpetuates the genetic information across generations. Primordial germ cells are pioneers of gametes and exist transiently during development until they differentiate into oogonia in females, or spermatogonia in males. Little is known about the molecular characteristics of primordial germ cells in cattle. By performing single-cell RNA-sequencing, quantitative real-time PCR, and immunofluorescence analyses of fetal gonads between 40 and 90 days of fetal age, we evaluated the molecular signatures of bovine germ cells at the initial stages of gonadal development. Our results indicate that at 50 days of fetal age, bovine primordial germ cells were in the early stages of development, expressing genes of early primordial germ cells, including transcriptional regulators of human germline specification (e.g. SOX17, TFAP2C, and PRDM1). Bovine and human primordial germ cells also share expression of KIT, EPCAM, ITGA6, and PDPN genes coding for membrane-bound proteins, and an asynchronous pattern of differentiation. Additionally, the expression of members of Notch, Nodal/Activin, and BMP signaling cascades in the bovine fetal ovary, suggests that these pathways are involved in the interaction between germ cells and their niche. Results of this study provide insights into the mechanisms involved in the development of bovine primordial germ cells and put in evidence similarities between the bovine and human germline.
Modelling of derivatives pricing using methods of spectral analysis
Authors: Burtnyak Ivan , Malytska Anna
Published: December 2020

In this article expands the method of finding the approximate price for a wide class of derivative financial instruments. Using the spectral theory of self-adjoint operators in Hilbert space and the wave theory of singular and regular perturbations, the analytical formula of the approximate asset price is established. Methods for calculating the approximate price of options using the tools of spectral analysis, singular and regular wave theory in the case of fast and slow factors are developed. Combining methods from the spectral theory of singular and regular perturbations, it is possible to estimate the price of derivative financial instruments as a schedule by eigenfunctions. The approximate value of securities and their rate of return are calculated. Applying the theory of Sturm-Liouville, Fredholm’s alternative and analysis of singular and regular perturbations at different time scales have enabled us to obtain explicit formulas for the approximate value of securities and their yield on the basis of the development of their eigenfunctions and eigenvalues of self-adjoint operators using boundary value problems for singular and regular perturbations. The theorem of closeness estimates for bond prices approximation is proved. An algorithm for calculating the approximate price of derivatives and the accuracy of estimates has been developed, which allows to analyze and draw precautionary conclusions and suggestions to minimize the risks of pricing derivatives that arise in the stock market. A model for finding the value of derivatives corresponding to the dynamics of the stock market and the size of financial flows has been developed. This model allows you to find the prices of derivatives and their volatility, as well as minimize speculative changes in pricing, analyze the progress of stock market processes and take concrete steps to improve the situation to optimize financial strategies. The used methodology of European options pricing based on the study of volatility behavior and analysis of the yield of financial instruments allows to increase the accuracy of the forecast and make sound management strategic decisions by stock market participants.
Modelling of the strategic planning process at an agricultural enterprise
Authors: Boryshkevych Iryna , Iwaszczuk Aleksander
Published: December 2020

The development strategy is a long-term roadmap of the company's activities, which makes it possible to achieve higher performance in relation to competitors. Almost all managers of agricultural enterprises in the process of strategic management face a number of problems, such as the choice of appropriate tools for strategic analysis and methods for building a strategy. This is based on the fact that different agricultural enterprises have different existing capabilities, available resources and strategic planning needs. Depending on the strategic ability of agricultural enterprises, it is proposed to use various tools of strategic analysis and methods of strategy development. Based on the conducted research, there was formed a mechanism for implementing strategic planning at an agricultural enterprise. It consists of three stages. The developed mechanism was tested at a private agricultural enterprise 'Ridna Zemlia' (Native Land) with the typical main indicators of economic activity in the Ivano-Frankivsk region. At the first stage, using a balanced system of economic indicators, it was found that this enterprise has an average level of strategic ability. Following the recommended strategic analysis tools, at the second stage of strategic planning, SWOT analysis of an agricultural enterprise was conducted identifying its strengths and weaknesses, existing opportunities and threats. At the third stage, a roadmap for implementing the strategy was developed within the framework of using the road mapping method, which is allowed by the appropriate level of strategic capability. The main strategic goal of the developed strategy is to ensure sustainable profits in the long term by increasing the productivity and efficiency of agricultural production. Based on this, the following strategic tasks were proposed to implement: the introduction of a new technology, which consists of constant monitoring of the herd of cows, opening of a new farm to expand the existing market and increase production volumes, the construction of a pellet boiler farm using biofuels, as well as the formation of a personnel training plan and the development and implementation of training programs for employee development.
Determination of financial factors in the latest theories of economic growth of territorial communities
Authors: Voznyak Halyna , Patytska Krystyna , Kloba Taras
Published: December 2020

In today's modern circumstances ensuring the economic growth of territorial communities requires theoretical redefining and additional research, since new challenges have negatively affected the well-being of the population and ensuing progress.

The purpose of the article is to determine financial factors in the latest theories of economic growth of territorial communities.

Scientific approaches to the definition of “territorial community” are generalized, own approach is offered and the main features of territorial community (territorial, natural, social-psychological, historical-cultural, organizational-functional, political, economic) are substantiated. Emphasis is placed on the need for a new theoretical approach to the development of territorial communities based on the synthesis and combination of basic guidelines and principles of modern scientific concepts and models, their interpretation in the context of local development. The latest theories of economic growth are studied, including: the theory of endogenous growth, inclusive development and the theory of sustainable development (E. Ostrom's concept of community resource management is highlighted). It is substantiated that the model of endogenous growth is focused on reducing inequality of economic development through the use of internal factors, mechanisms of management and management of the territory. There are two vectors of achieving inclusive development of territorial communities: internal - maximum involvement of community members in the process of its development; external - ensuring access of members of the territorial community to the opportunities provided by more developed communities. It is emphasized that the key idea in E. Ostrom's research is to achieve efficiency and substantiation of ways of community management of common resources. Within the framework of the theory of inclusive development, a review of the concept of financial inclusion, which raises the issue of community development – “banking deserts”. The existence of interdependence of perception of members of territorial communities – “banking deserts” of opportunities and prospects of obtaining banking services is indicated, which requires the involvement of theoretical foundations of behavioral economics in the study of this issue. The factors of economic growth of territorial communities are systematized, which are united into five groups: natural, factors of human development; social, production and financial. The financial factors of economic growth of territorial communities include: budget; investment, inflation, monetary. The expediency of applying the ideas of the latest theories of economic growth in the process of analyzing financial factors is substantiated.
Disputed aspects of the reputation management implementation
Authors: Shkromyda Vitaliy
Published: December 2020

The recognition of the company and its products, its positive perception among stakeholders are important drivers of sustainable development, which together generate constant sales, provide high margins and strengthen competitive positions in the relevant market. The key factor in this success is the company’s impeccable corporate reputation, the importance and role of which is more and more attested by the researchers in their publications, both on the theoretical and practical levels.

Reputation management as a separate component of the company’s governance system is accompanied by debatable issues regarding its separation and independence. The sources on this subject trace differing views among scholars and practitioners to be agreed. Some researchers attribute reputation management to the “public relations” and “corporate relations” competencies and, while others single out and prove its independence as a separate management system, which has its own purpose and specific tasks.

The study proved that reputation management is an independent component of the company’s governance system. The substantiation of such a statement is revealed by the essential content of corporate reputation, is accompanied by the clearly outlined goal and performed functions, as well as the justification of the importance of reputation management in the company’s activities and its strategic development. We agree that reputation management is deeply integrated with other components of the governance system, such as “public relations”, “corporate communications” and “corporate relations”, as a result of which they are often equated. However, these components of the governance system differ from each other both in content and purpose. It is established that the highest goal of reputation management is to build a corporate reputation and achieve the key stakeholders’ loyalty.

The scientific value of the research is to supplement the theoretical and methodological basis of reputation management, in particular in terms of addressing the disputed aspects of its implementation in the companies’ activities.
Search for persuasive strategies in tourism advertising discourse
Authors: Zakharova Ganna
Published: December 2020

Tourism as a social phenomenon has attracted the attention of marketers throughout all stages of its development. Successful cooperation between tourism entities and customers is based on communication. The persuasive power of advertising language is very much experienced today. The same happens in relation to tourism marketing materials. In fact, in order to attract the attention of the viewers, the travel companies choose various signs to express their notion of the brand. Hence, there exist different approaches in tourism marketing to attract and convince potential tourists to book a tourism product. The present article elucidates and discusses important aspects in relation to the language of tourism and the ways of its analysis for detecting persuasive techniques that are used to allure potential tourists. In this regard, the speech impact on travel advertising is realized by convincing a potential customer of the need for service / product. When advertising a travel product, the advertiser influences the consumer, attracting various effective means to intensify his desire to purchase travel services (travel product). The paper reviews the elements of persuasive tourism marketing such as structured communication, storytelling, copywriting, neuromarketing; Cialdini’ (2001) persuasion techniques to influence people, namely, reciprocation, commitment and consistency, social proof, liking, authority, and scarcity. The article also highlights gender-targeting factors as important components in selecting an appropriate persuasive strategy when designing tourism promotional materials. The result section provides the real examples of deployment of the mentioned strategies in influencing the audience by the websites of “Karpaty” and “Solva” resorts. All these techniques form a theoretical framework for researches on persuasiveness and are worth attention as they play a main role in promotion of any kind. The data collection of this study will provide updated information in relation to rhetoric of tourism.
Tourism and Heritage: A Case Study
Authors:   University of Jaén, Alcalá Concepción Martínez , Pajares Encarnación Moral ,   University of Jaén
Published: December 2020

Culture-related economic activity accounts for more than 2.4% of Spain’s GDP. Specifically, according to the 2017 Spanish Cultural Statistical Yearbook, cultural tourism was the motivation for 16.8% of total trips within Spain taken by domestic tourists in 2016, and more than 12% of trips by foreign tourists visiting Spain. The valuation of the cultural heritage assets that attract tourists involves using, among other techniques, direct methods that account for potential visitors’ preferences. The aim of this research is twofold: first, to identify the socioeconomic profile of the tourists who visit Jaén; and second, to quantitatively assess, by means of the contingent valuation method, visitors’ willingness to pay for the services offered by a cultural heritage interpretation centre. The results of this case study confirm the tourism potential of the site.
Changing Attitudes toward Executive Perquisites: Indications from TARP
Authors:   University of Prince Edward Island, Carrothers Andrew G. , Yao Liufang ,   University of Prince Edward Island
Published: December 2020

This paper examines what happened to Chief Executive Officer (CEO) monetary and nonmonetary compensation at Standard & Poors (S&P) 500 firms in the years surrounding the 2008 financial crisis and in the context of the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) legislation. We use novel data on executive perks at S&P 500 firms from 2006 to 2012. Overall, the results are consistent with lasting impact on nonmonetary compensation and temporary impact on monetary compensation.
Regulatory Regionalism and State Rescaling: A New Orientation in the Regional Development in Vietnam
Authors:   Szent István University, Pham Duy , Zoltán Hajdú ,   Szent István University
Published: December 2020

By applying to Brenner’s theory of state rescaling, this paper assesses Vietnam’s multi-scalar regionalism strategies at two levels: macro regulatory regionalism, particularly GMS and ASEAN+ and intra-regional development institution. Then, the paper is to suggest a new government approach at a regional level as rescaling state for regional development in Vietnam and take its SWOT into account.
Factors Affecting the Organizational Justice in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Authors:   Academy of Social Science, Thanh Vu Ba , Toan Ngo Van ,   University of Banking
Published: December 2020

The study was conducted to examine the factors affecting organizational justice in Ho Chi Minh City. Through quantitative analysis from the survey data for 242 civil servants working in Ho Chi Minh city to evaluate the scale and research model. Research results show that four factors: feedback, training, organizational culture and internal communication affect organizational justice in Ho Chi Minh city.
Concentration of Income in the Service Sharing Economy: Service Platform Cases in Mexico
Authors:   Ciudad Universitaria, Treviño Leonel Corona
Published: December 2020

The objective of this paper is to propose an economic approach to analyse the concentration of income through platform firms, the marketplace linking users (customer/client) and providers within production through app developers and devices owners. It is important to identify the actors that put the assets into play by looking mainly at: 1) at transaction costs, 2) the externalities (network effects), and 3) the effects on the concentration-distribution of incomes. A selection of 19-service platform firms in Mexico in transportation and crowdfunding are analysed considering their fees, market share and income. The study revealed that these variables allow them to earn large profits when an oligopoly is developed. Then the question of counterbalances through competition arises, but the main concern is about the need (or not) for regulation during this phase of SES production.
Sustainable Development i n ECOWAS: A Super Highway Study
Authors:   Leeds Beckett University, Ogiri Itotenaan Henry
Published: December 2020

Over the last four decades, countries in West Africa sub-region have continued to search for an economic integration model through which its socio-economic prosperity will be enhanced. However, despite numerous sub-regional summits, little has been achieved to date in terms of sustainable economic development thus securing an almost permanent seat for the region as one of the world poorest. While regional integration is increasingly being accepted as essential in facilitating socio-economic growth, various accounts from the extant literature indicates that the lack of political will by ECOWAS leaders, among other concomitant factors, have led to the region’s inability to drive home the lofty ideas as contained in its numerous protocols. This paper examines the critical factors that have hampered socio-economic growth in the West Africa sub-region and highlights the imperative of an ECOWAS Super Highway as a driving force for the rapid transformation of a region so rich in human and materials resources yet is nested in a web of abject poverty. The study adopts survey method for its data collection. Data were collected by means of self-designed questionnaire designed on a 5-point Likert scale. The SPSS data software was used in the empirical analysis. Three main hypotheses were formulated and tested for this study. Results from this study indicate a strong association between a super Highway and improve economic integration in the ECOWAS sub-region. Our study further reveals that a Super Highway will serve to promote political stability within the ECOWAS sub-region, although not to a significant extent. Our findings also show that the challenge of language will be highly mitigated if an ECOWAS Super Highway is in place as this will aid in bridging the cultural divide that has existed between its Anglo-phone and Franco-Phone member-states. As a policy-driven research, this study has implications for theory and practice. The study makes original contribution to knowledge as the empirical literature is enriched. Furthermore, the study provides a platform that brings the ECOWAS Super Highway conundrum to both regional and International conversations. Finally, the paper provides an opportunity for further research to assist regional policy formulation particularly as it affects cross-border transportation system within the ECOWAS sub-region.
Global Town to Town Relations: An Exploratory Study of the City of Tshwane in South Africa
Authors:   Tshwane University of Technology, Molepo John Ntshaupe
Published: December 2020

The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 1996 describes its government as national, provincial and local sphere which are distinctive, interdepend and interrelated. The national and provincial government, by legislative and other measures must support and strengthen the capacity of the municipalities (Local Government) to manage their affairs, to exercise power and to perform their functions. Towns across the world make relationships with other towns. International relation is a complex field, its practice and scope involves numerous role players whether in government or non-governmental organizations. City of Tshwane is like other towns which seek investment opportunities for its citizens. City of Tshwane has several relations with different countries. The paper seeks to examine the impact of the relations, whether they are beneficial for the city or not. For the purpose of this paper, the study used qualitative research approach. The views and opinions of the officials were directly and indirectly captured by means of interviews and observations. The study adopted the use of data triangulation approach.
Classify Countries by the Degree of Interest Groups Influence on the Economies
Authors:   Technical University of Crete, Papadakis Charalampos , Atsalakis George S. ,   Technical University of Crete
Published: December 2020

As it emerges from Olson's theory and as confirmed by the studies that followed, interest groups affect the economies of the countries. This impact of interest groups on the economy of each country is very difficult to quantify, as well as the corruption. The aim of this study is to classify a group of countries by the degree of influence of the interest groups on the economy, following the same methodology as for the countries classification process based on the corruption perception index.
Análisis de los efectos de los “equipos de aprendizaje por divisiones de rendimiento” en el aprendizaje y los resultados académicos
Authors: Vázquez-Toledo Sandra , Latorre-Cosculluela Cecilia , Liesa-Orús Marta
Published: December 2020

A type of response to future teachers’ educational needs, based on a methodological transformation in which the students are the protagonists of their learning process, is required in the university field. In light of these needs, this study was proposed to develop a cooperative learning experience with students of the Teaching Degree, betting on one of the strategies framed in these learning methods: the Student Team-Achievement Divisions (STAD). As a second objective, it was proposed to analyze the perceptions of the effectiveness of applying this procedure in learning and the development of professional skills. Based on a descriptive study with a mixed methodology, a sample of 123 students from this university degree was selected; they were administered an assessment questionnaire designed ad hoc and validated by an expert judgment. Subsequently, two discussion groups were held to complement the information collected in the first phase of the research. The obtained results, and later submitted to descriptive analysis, allowed to conclude evident improvements related to the university students’ learning process, to the motivational states and positive attitudes, to the development of transversal competencies, and, finally, to academic results. As these improvements are considered, it is recommended that each teacher adapts, in each case, their way of teaching to the characteristics of their group and how their students learn.
Biopolítica y ontología del presente. Nacimiento de la biorobótica
Authors: Fernández Agis Domingo
Published: December 2020

El objetivo de este artículo es contextualizar el nacimiento de la biorobótica en el entramado de las vinculaciones que existen entre el nacimiento de la biopolítica y la ontología de la modernidad. Con ese objetivo se aborda la tarea de reflexionar acerca de las íntimas conexiones existentes entre la tecnociencia, cuya emergencia se produce precisamente en paralelo a la aparición de la biopolítica, y las distintas formas de construcción y ejercicio del poder que modulan la consistencia de la realidad en la que vivimos. En particular, el desarrollo de la robótica y su progresiva conexión con diversas formas de vida, entre las que se encuentra la humana. Por ello se introduce en este trabajo el concepto de biorobótica.
Problematicidad de la emoción en la estética moderna. Negaciones y alternativas
Authors: Infante del Rosal Fernando
Published: December 2020

La condición problemática de la emoción en la estética moderna está unida al ideal de la autonomía del arte. En Kant aparece formulada esa problematicidad, que pertenece al marco estético moderno y que se traspasa al contemporáneo. Tras analizar las formulaciones, de Kant, Diderot, Schiller, Schleiermacher y Hegel principalmente, se propone una caracterización de las tres vías de negación o inhibición de la emoción y de sus respectivas alternativas en la estética y en el arte del siglo XX.
Field Evaluation of a Novel, Granular Soil Fumigant for Controlling Phytophthora ramorum in Field Nursery Soils
Authors: Marissa L. Layman  , Craig Ramsey  , Wolfgang Schweigkofler  , Steven E. Newman
Published: December 2020

Phytophthora ramorum, the causal agent of Sudden Oak Death (SOD) and ramorum blight, infects a wide range of hardwood and nursery ornamental species. Chlamydospores of P. ramorum can survive for extended periods of time in soils. Two studies were conducted, including: 1) a laboratory study to evaluate two liquid disinfectants for controlling P. ramorum chlamydospores, and 2) a field study to evaluate a novel soil fumigation treatment as an alternative to soil steaming or methyl bromide soil fumigation. The liquid disinfectants were ElectroBiocide and Oxidate 2.0. The laboratory study resulted in complete inactivation of the P. ramorum chlamydospores after six minutes of contact time for both the liquid disinfectants The field study evaluated a chlorine dioxide granule formulation that was applied at two rates in a nursery soil. Rhododendron leaf discs were inoculated with P. ramorum, placed in permeable sachets and buried at two soil depths in a research nursery. Soil treatments also included saturated hydrogels (with and without gels) so that soil moisture effects on chlamydospore survival could be estimated. The sachets were recovered 5, 15 and 30 days after the soil treatment. Efficacy of the soil treatments was evaluated by the number of leaf discs showing P. ramorum growth recovered from the sachets. The soil fumigation treatment with highest efficacy occurred when the sachets were buried at the 5 cm soil depth, were treated with hydrogels, at the highest Z-series granule rate (800g/tube), and had a contact time of 30 days. The probability of P. ramorum growth for this soil treatment was 0.18, or 18%, i.e. the probability of that fumigation treatment inactivating the pathogen was 82%. Also, as the soil moisture increased, the efficacy of the fumigation treatments also increased.
Equipment Decontamination with a Mobile Power Washer Followed by Disinfectant Applications
Authors: Marissa L. Layman  , Craig L. Ramsey  , Steve E. Newman
Published: December 2020

Decontamination of field equipment has been used by farmers for many years in order to prevent the spread of plant and animal diseases. A greenhouse study evaluated the effects of an electrostatic sprayer, and several disinfectants on their efficacy to inactivate Bacillus subtilis spores. In addition, a field study was conducted with a two stage, decontamination system that evaluated a mobile power washer, five disinfectants, and repeated disinfectant applications on their efficacy to dislodge and inactivate B. subtilis spores. In the first study, EasyDecon@ DF 200 reduced viable spores by a log10 reduction of 1.42. In the second study, power washing effectively dislodged viable spores by nearly 3-fold compared to applying the disinfectants alone. EasyDecon@ DF 200 applied three times and Electro Biocide applied twice resulted in the greatest reduction of viable spores (4.51 log10) when applied after power washing. Two stage decontamination of agricultural equipment is effective for sanitizing most equipment that do not have exposed electronic instruments or sensors. Mobile power washers are economical for small scale sanitization of farm equipment daily.
Evaluation of a Mobile Two-Stage Decontamination System using a Power Washer Combined with Eight Disinfectant Treatments
Authors: Marissa L. Layman  , Craig L. Ramsey  , Kenneth Burton  , Steve E. Newman
Published: December 2020

With the increased frequency of pandemics that threaten the spread of zoonotic diseases associated with agricultural commodities and trade, it is becoming a national priority to advance more effective and efficient decontamination technologies. A field study was conducted to evaluate a two-stage, mobile power washing system. The study factors were power washing, disinfectant type, sample surfaces, and number of repeat disinfectant applications. Study factors were evaluated based on log10 reduction of viable Bacillus subtilis spores on inoculated sample surfaces. Diluted bleach from Clorox Concentrate, applied without power washing, had the greatest sporicidal activity when applied three times to non-porous surfaces (steel washers), which resulted in a 3.0 log10 reduction of viable spores. The two-stage decontamination treatment with the greatest sporicidal activity was power washing porous surfaces (wool fabric), followed by three applications of EasyDECON DF-200, resulting in a 4.8 log10 reduction of viable spores. The results showed that power washing was the most important factor for dislodging spores and overall decontamination effectiveness. Also, sporicidal activity was slightly greater for non-porous surfaces compared to porous surfaces. Repeated applications of disinfectants resulted in little to no improvement in sporicidal efficacy. The results from this field study were comparable with a similar two-stage equipment decontamination study, which was conducted the year before this study. Further research is needed to evaluate large stationary decontamination systems and refine any interactions between power washing parameters and innovative sanitation methods.
The Metaphors of Rain in Lithuanian and Russian Poetry
Authors: Konickaja Jelena , Jasiūnaitė Birutė
Published: December 2020

The current article, which is one of the further researches on the metaphors of natural phenomena in Lithuanian and Russian poetry, discusses the metaphors of rain (based on the works of 45 Lithuanian and 57 Russian poets). They reflect the following aspects of the phenomenon: acoustic, dynamic, temporal, visual, temperature, as well as its intensity, destructive consequences, belonging to a certain season and others. The metaphorical expressions are divided into seven semantic groups: 1) anthropomorphic, 2) zoomorphic, 3) biomorphic (plant), 4) associated with inanimate nature objects and phenomena, 5) ‘material’ (subject), 6) related to abstract concepts, and 7) others. In both languages, the anthropomorphic and subject groups of metaphors have turned out to be the largest, while the smallest groups are zoomorphic, biomorphic (plant) and abstract metaphors. The comparison of the metaphorical expressions that define rain in Lithuanian and Russian poetry showed that there are common metaphorical models, however, there are also differences that are related to the prevalence of certain models, as well as their presence/absence in one of the two languages. Thus, among zoomorphic metaphors, the models rain-bird (with a common wing image), rain-horse and rain-small creature are common, while their difference consists in the fact that the models are used to characterize various properties of rain. For instance, a popular Lithuanian verb metaphor the rain blooms, as well as the comparison of rain with flowers (a biomorphic (plant) group of metaphors), are absent in Russian poetry.The richness and diversity of rain metaphors in Lithuanian and Russian poetry illustrate the authors’ ability to use a number of images that have already existed in the language and their creativity to utilize absolutely new comparisons that are usually fit for the existing metaphorical models.
Little Fire, Zygmunt! You are a Guest and I am a Guest… Conceptualization of Fire as a Living Creature in the Polish Folk Culture. An Ethnolinguistic Analysis
Authors: Szadura Joanna
Published: December 2020

The analysis is focused on the reconstruction of an image of fire as a living creature, preserved in the Polish folk culture. This image is corroborated by linguistic data, e.g. names, epithets, established connections, riddles, proverbs, formulas of greeting and bidding farewell to a home fire and of obviating fire, as well as by “paralinguistic data” that is beliefs and practices. Conceptualization of natural phenomena (such as fire) in the categories of a living “being” has a general cultural character, corresponds to a vision of the world as an integrated organism whose components are endowed with life and consciousness, and can be a manifestation of the mythical perception of the world. The analysed material has been acquired from dictionaries of dialects, works of folklore collectors and archive resources (i.e. the Ethnolinguistic Archive of Maria Curie-Skłodowska University and the File of the Dictionary of Polish Dialects of the Polish Academy of Sciences).
The Pankisi Valley and Its Values in Reportage All Lara’s Wars by Wojciech Jagielski
Authors: Akram Sara
Published: December 2020

The aim of the article is to analyse values connected with a particular space, presented in the reportage All Lara’s wars by Wojciech Jagielski. Jagielski is one of the most well-known Polish reporters, author of eight reportage books and a large number of news reportages. He worked as a war correspondent for twenty-one years and travelled to many countries in Europe, Asia and Africa.In the introduction part, there has been referred chosen literature on space and values (works of such experts as Janusz Sławiński, Mieczysław Porębski and Jadwiga Puzynina). There are two basic types of space in general human experience – physical and symbolic. Humans have no influence over the first one, but they are able to create their symbolic spaces, using values which are important to them. In European culture value means something perceived as good by a particular subject. Values determine the way of human lives, their decisions and actions.The Pankisi Valley is both a physical and symbolic space. It lies within Georgia, right beside the border with Chechnya (today Russia). Inhabitants of this valley are called Kists and the main character of the book – Lara – is one of them. The Valley is presented as isolated from the rest of the country, because it is surrounded by Caucasus mountains. Thus it is perceived as microcosmos, completely sufficient for people living there, without a need of change. The most important value in Kists’ life is tradition, which meaning has been referred in works of Jerzy Szacki and Kazimierz Dobrowolski. Tradition inherited after ancestors includes such elements as: values, laws, customs and it has determined the rules of coexistence in the valley. Tradition has been accepted by Kists unconditionally, treated almost as something sacred, so it has become a deciding power in their lives. One of its elements is social hierarchy, which puts the elders on the top – everyone else has to respect their decisions.Another important value is stability of reality and events – Kists choose to be subordinated to fate, so they never have to make a single change on their own. Being passive and accepting what comes forward is a way of keeping peace and order in life and guaranteeing security. It also takes off the responsibility of making individual choices as well as their consequences. Thanks to that, every person lives the same life, follows the identical ways in which everything happens. It is worth to emphasize that Kists always perceive such way of life as something positive.Everlasting tradition shapes the constant pace of Kists’ lives and so their axiological space. The Pankisi Valley is perceived mainly as home and community, not only in the meaning of family, but everyone living in the valley. Pankisi is also described as destiny – a place where particular things are destined to happen and cannot be changed.
Explicating Cultural Concepts
Authors: Niebrzegowska-Bartmińska Stanisława
Published: December 2020

Ethnolinguistics deals with collective identities and reality-interpreting narratives. Collective identity (beliefs, values, and their symbolisations shared by a community) is defined as a mental construct, access to which can be obtained through complementary and linguistically “externalised” images. Inquiry into identity is the most effective when it is concerned with language, both in the narrower sense of linguistic structure and textual narratives, and in the broader semiotic sense. Whichever option is selected, the important issues to be addressed include the linguistic phenomena that make up identity, the methodology of identity research, as well as the data on the basis of which collective identity can be reconstructed.In this study, attention is paid to narrative linguistic phenomena: language is viewed as a most human phenomenon and a significant social fact that contributes to the construction of collective identity. The notion of “reality-interpreting narratives” pertains to subjectivised stories of the world, more or less stable judgements, stories that interpret reality and assume the shape of cognitive definitions.In the course of thirty years of work on and with the cognitive definition, two types of ethnolinguistic description have emerged: holistic (integrated) and separated (isolated). The former is preferred in the Dictionary of Folk Stereotypes and Symbols, the latter in the Axiological Lexicon of Slavs and Their Neighbours. Both types of description reveal the functioning of images (sterotypes/concepts) in a network of relationships that allows one to capture the system of values that underlies the languages and cultures being studied. These relationships are here illustrated with the Polish images of róża ‘rose’ and wolność ‘freedom’.
Lithuanian Poles Values in the Poetic Texts of Dr. Gabriel Jan Mincewicz
Authors: Fedorowicz Irena , Geben Kinga
Published: December 2020

The current paper presents an overview of the poetic texts of Gabriel Jan Mincewicz (1938–2016) (PhD in the field of humanities, branch of theology). Merits of Gabriel Jan Mincewicz as the director of the song and dance ensemble “Wileńszczyzna” are emphasized. The poetic works of G. J. Mincewicz were divided into several thematic groups, among them the cultural determinants of the Polish identity and the linguistic image of the homeland were analyzed. The works were discussed in the sacred, historical, social, and linguistic contexts. The article emphasizes as well the social impact that G. J. Mincewicz’s songs have on the society of Vilnius region.
On the estimation of the Lyapunov function in solutions of a quasilinear fractional system
Authors:   S.P. Timoshenko Institute of Mechanics of the NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Martynyuk A.A.
Published: December 2020

Qualitative theory of the equations of perturbed motion with a fractional derivative of the state vector has been developed in the last several years. These studies were initiated by the introduction of a fractional derivative for the Lyapunov function (Martynyuk, 2018). The development of this idea in a number of works has made it possible to create an analogue of the Lyapunov’s theory of stability of motion for fractional systems of equations. This paper is devoted to the consideration of a class of quasilinear systems with a fractional deri vative of the system state vector. For this type of equations, a new estimate of the Lyapunov functions over time on their solutions is obtained.
Enhancement of erythrocyte oxygen transport function after hydrothermic storage under the action of human cord blood low-molecular fraction and the Actovegin drug
Authors:   Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine of the NAS of Ukraine, Kharkiv, Gulevskyy O.K. , Akhatova Yu.S. ,   Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine of the NAS of Ukraine, Kharkiv, Zharkova Ye.Ye. ,   Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine of the NAS of Ukraine, Kharkiv
Published: December 2020

We study the effect of a low-molecular fraction (below 10 kDa) derived from human cord blood and Actovegin on the content of various forms of hemoglobin in erythrocytes stored under hypothermia (2-4 ºС) for 21 days. During the long-term storage of erythrocytes, there is known to be a change in the hemoglobin forms ratio toward the decrease of the relative content of oxyhemoglobin and an increase of deoxy- and methemoglobin. As a result, the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen reduces. The incubation of erythrocytes in a rehabilitation medium with each of the studied low-molecular drugs was found to be crucial to increase the content of oxyhemoglobin and to reduce the amounts of deoxy- and methemoglobin relative to the control. As a result, there was a rise in the oxygenation coefficient, reflecting the oxygen saturation of hemoglobin, up to the level characteristic of freshly isolated erythrocytes. The data obtained show that the human cord blood low-molecular fraction and the Actovegin normalize the ratio of hemoglobin forms in hypothermically stored erythrocytes, but the use of the Actovegin drug is more effective.