bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What is mentalizing?
Authors: Hutsebaut Joost , Nijssens Liesbet , Vessem Miriam van
Published: November 2023

Mentalizing is the process by which we give meaning to our own behaviour and that of others from the mental states that lie behind it, such as feelings, needs, and expectations. It allows us to do what we physically cannot do: look inside our own head and the heads of others. As a result, we can better understand ourselves and others and behaviour also become more predictable. Without this capacity, human relationships would go horribly wrong. In this chapter, we discuss the various features of this mentalizing process. Probably the most important characteristic of a mentalizing stance is the authentic curiosity to understand the other person’s behaviour, combined with the uncertainty and modesty that we can never do this with absolute certainty. We describe how fragile the mentalizing process can be in each of us, and how quickly we can switch between effective and ineffective mentalizing.
Insecure attachment
Authors: Hutsebaut Joost , Nijssens Liesbet , Vessem Miriam van
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we discuss the three main forms of insecure attachment: anxious-ambivalent, avoidant, and disorganized attachment. We outline the characteristic experiences these children have, the strategies they use in scary or stressful situations, and their effects on the confidence these children develop in themselves and in others. In our discussion we make reality a little more orderly and simpler than it is. In reality, these three categories are not so clearly distinguishable from each other. Nor is the distinction with secure attachment always so clear. In addition, children can be more securely attached to one attachment figure than to another. Also, we must not forget that an attachment style can change in the course of a lifetime.
Collaboration towards a mentalizing environment
Authors: Hutsebaut Joost , Nijssens Liesbet , Vessem Miriam van
Published: November 2023

In this chapter some tips are given to improve the functioning of a team. Everywhere where people work together, you have to deal with differences. Differences can have a positive impact on performance if there is room for them and justice is done to the different points of view. If the differences become too big and the positions polarized, they can have a negative effect: Team members will find themselves on opposite sides of the table, which can easily lead to inconsistent and therefore confusing task performance. Our basic assumption is that substantive functioning improves as the underlying process becomes more mentalized. This requires safety in the team and a basic mentalizing attitude from all team members, in which they are open to and curious about their own feelings, needs, and meanings as well as those of others.
Mapping the Interactions: Status Quo
Authors: Majcher Klaudia
Published: November 2023

This chapter illustrates that the multitude of ways in which data protection and competition law cohere on a broader normative level, and on the level of specific empirical challenges posed by digital markets, is barely mirrored in the regulatory, enforcement, policy, and institutional approaches in the EU and beyond. It first sheds light on competition law by scrutinizing the extensive policy discourse related to digital competition: it explores how competition law’s substantive boundaries are tested through enforcement and investigates the contribution of new policy and regulatory initiatives, such as the EU Digital Markets Act, in fostering a synergetic approach towards data protection and competition. Turning subsequently to data protection law’s repercussions for competition, the chapter posits that it is an effectively enforced rather than a weakened data protection regime that can best complement competition law. Under-enforcement of data protection and a fragmented data protection legal landscape in Europe therefore also present concerns for market competitiveness. The chapter additionally explores how agnostic or supportive data protection law actually is in terms of market competitiveness. Reflecting on an institutional dimension, it shows that enormous progress still needs to be made before dialogue and enforcement collaboration between data protection and competition authorities take the desired shape.
A Competition Law Perspective on Sectional Coherence
Authors: Majcher Klaudia
Published: November 2023

This chapter’s analysis is devoted to one of the book’s central inquiries, namely how competition law should adapt to better integrate the value of data protection into its analysis. Starting with the notion of ‘data power’, it first explores how the economic strength of technology companies should be better reflected in competition law assessments of market power. It then turns to the area of abuse of a dominant position to discuss a set of exploitative and exclusionary theories of harm that could better capture new data protection harms in digital markets. This is complemented with an overview of the role of data protection in antitrust justifications and remedies. Next to the area of abuse of dominance, merger control constitutes another major focal point of this chapter. It explores how merger theories of harm, potential justifications, and remedies should be rethought to better respond to the demands of sectional coherence.
Late Coloniality and Post-coloniality in Mozambique
Authors: Stennett Tom
Published: November 2023

This chapter traces how the role of authors in Mozambique changed from the late colonial to the post-colonial periods, identifying continuities and ruptures. It locates the central paradox of authorship in Mozambique—that to be an author is to be politically essential and politically useless—in the curious overlap of discourses on authorship promulgated by the Portuguese dictatorship and by Mozambican nationalist party Frelimo. It discusses the role of authors in the contexts of formal colonial censorship and authoritarian Frelimo rule. It also explores issues related to readership in Mozambique, given the country’s historically low literacy rates and the peculiar place of Portuguese as a national language inherited from Mozambique’s colonizers.
The Shifting Identity of João Pedro Grabato Dias
Authors: Stennett Tom
Published: November 2023

Chapter 2 analyses the identity of António Quadros’s main penname João Pedro Grabato Dias to discuss the paradoxes of moçambicanidade (Mozambican identity). It contrasts the configuration of Grabato Dias’s identity in the late colonial period with its framing in the post-Carnation Revolution context, arguing that the shift in Grabato Dias’s identity maps onto the sudden change in political paradigm. The trajectory of Grabato Dias’s identity reveals the disjunction between the utopian universalism of moçambicanidade as a loose cultural identity accepting of settler writers like Quadros and the relatively rigid nationalist definition underlying Frelimo’s conception of Mozambican civic identity. In the late colonial period, Grabato Dias’s Luso-Mozambican identity functions as a form of resistance to Portuguese colonial rule; in the post-independence period, he fears that his identity will exclude him from the new nation of Mozambique.
Duplicitous Writers and Totalitarian Readers in As Quybyrycas (1972)
Authors: Stennett Tom
Published: November 2023

Chapter 3 analyses António Quadros’s engagement with Os Lusíadas, a major work of the Portuguese canon by Luís de Camões that was appropriated by Portugal’s dictatorship, the Estado Novo (New State), as a foundational imperial text. As Quybyrycas and its preface, authored by dissident critic Jorge de Sena, provide subversive rereadings of Camões’s epic. Quadros’s and Sena’s reframings of Camões draw out the tensions and ambiguities in Os Lusíadas as a counter to the authoritative interpretations of conservative literary critics. In As Quybyrycas, opacity is highlighted as a textual strategy that forestalls attempts, by political authorities, to appropriate literary texts. The author deploys Quadros’s nuanced discussions of the pitfalls of such a strategy to challenge deconstructionist post-colonial criticism, which posits ambiguity as an historically effective anti-colonial tool.
I, the People
Authors: Stennett Tom
Published: November 2023

Chapter 5 examines the phenomenon of collective poetry published by Frelimo through the case of Eu, o Povo: a collection of poems written by a Portuguese, António Quadros, but attributed to the author construct Mutimati Barnabé João, a ficitonal guerrila soldier of Mozambique's ruling party, Frelimo. It analyses Quadros’s attempt in Eu, o Povo to reconcile the anti-colonial and post-independence functions of poetry in Mozambique: resistance to authoritarian rule and the celebration of Frelimo’s nationalist project, respectively. Mutimati’s text is concerned with challenging Frelimo’s populist discourses and with emphasizing the role that individuals can play in the project of national reconstruction.
António Quadros and the Future
Authors: Stennett Tom
Published: November 2023

This chapter discusses the knotty relationship between António Quadros and posterity as he frames it in the literary works that he published under three pennames. Quadros’s anxieties over how posterity will respond to his works reflect the reality that many authors writing in Mozambique rely on international or, in Quadros’s case, speculative future audiences for recognition. The author situates Quadros’s framing of the uncertain place of his literary works in the Mozambican canon within the broader context of Mozambican letters. He relates Quadros’s relationship to posterity to his analysis in previous chapters of Quadros’s elusive authorial strategies, focusing, in particular, on Quadros’s continuing to publish cryptic poetry even after the end of colonial censorship.
Forbidden Desire in Early Modern Europe
Authors: Malcolm Noel
Published: November 2023

This book describes and analyses the nature of male-male sexual relations in Europe, the Ottoman Empire and the European colonies in the Americas and Asia during the period 1400-1750. It discusses the sexual behaviour itself, its social and institutional contexts, the treatment of it in religious doctrine and law (both Christian and Muslim) and the representation of it in literature (both Western and Ottoman). While synthesising, and adding to, a mass of evidence accumulated by historians since the 1980s, it also challenges the fundamental assumptions that have dominated the modern historiography. Previous writers have taken evidence from Southern European countries such as Italy and Spain, where a distinctive pattern of age-differentiated sex predominated, and treated it as universal in Europe before 1700. They have then struggled to explain the existence, well documented soon after that date, of a very different pattern in Northern Europe, concluding that the early 18th century saw the sudden and inexplicable emergence of something resembling modern homosexuality. This book presents an original solution to the problem, both by distinguishing between typical and untypical sexual behaviour in Southern Europe, and by demonstrating that the standard pattern in the South was not replicated in the North. This makes it possible, for the first time, to give a coherent account of the long-term development in Europe of what we now call homosexuality.
Diplomats, renegades and catamites
Authors: Malcolm Noel
Published: November 2023

Diplomatic contacts between Western European powers and the Ottomans could expose cultural differences in sensitive ways—including differences between sexual cultures. Western powers sometimes had to deal with sodomitical behaviour by men who came in the entourages of Ottoman envoys; and Western diplomats in Ottoman territories took note of such behaviour there. The Venetian bailo (see Ch. 1) feared a diplomatic incident in which the embassy baker would convert to Islam to avoid punishment. There was a standard view of ‘renegades’ (converts to Islam) which associated them particularly with sodomy. Some examples of sodomitical renegades are certainly found in the records, though the idea that there was an intrinsic link between such sexual behaviour and conversion to Islam was baseless. The more general perception that sodomitical behaviour was a feature of Ottoman life was held by many Western writers, some of whom had spent long periods in Ottoman territory.
Prejudices
Authors: Malcolm Noel
Published: November 2023

Historians reading early modern West European accounts of Ottoman sodomy are right to suspect that strong prejudices were at work—the most basic being the belief, generated by medieval anti-Muslim texts and widely held in Christendom, that sodomy was permitted by Islam. For this reason much modern scholarship, influenced by Edward Said’s theory of Orientalism, has tended to treat Western depictions of Ottoman sodomy as examples of ideologically motivated ‘demonization’. But attempts to dismiss accounts by witnesses such as former captives on such generic grounds are unconvincing; the evidence is too extensive and too consistent. Above all, it is necessary to consider not just Western descriptions (which may often have been essentially true even if reinforced by prejudice), but the evidence from Ottoman sources.
The Western Mediterranean lands
Authors: Malcolm Noel
Published: November 2023

The evidence does not permit a proper survey of the distribution of sodomy in these Christian Western Mediterranean territories. Many Europeans believed that Italy was the most sodomitical society. Prima facie support for this may be found in the Florentine evidence; but that was generated by an unusually lenient legal regime. Lucca provides similar evidence; Venice and Rome convicted significant numbers of sodomites; evidence from Naples suggests a thriving male–male sexual culture there; and the same is true of Sicily, which may have ranked with Tuscany as one of the most sodomitical areas. Spanish and Portuguese evidence, mainly from Inquisition trials, is substantial. Much less is known about the French Mediterranean region.
Ottoman religion, law and culture
Authors: Malcolm Noel
Published: November 2023

The Koran condemned sodomy, and the ḥadīths were strongly hostile to it. While condemning such sexual acts, however, Islamic culture accepted that male desire for a good-looking boy was natural. In the Sufi tradition, the contemplation of young male beauty was regarded by some as a way of drawing closer to God, the creator of it; anti-Sufi writers denounced this as a mere pretext for actual sodomy. Islamic law decreed severe penalties, but also set high requirements for witnesses, so convictions were rare. Ottoman sultanic law (the kanun) made conviction easier, but imposed lesser penalties (mostly fines). Ottoman literary culture was saturated with homoeroticism. The general effect of these factors was to make male–male desire more avowable, and perhaps more easily acted upon. Sodomitical ‘renegades’ were thus able to enact more openly, in this context, a form of sexual behaviour learned originally in their own societies.
Northern Europe: contexts of sexual life
Authors: Malcolm Noel
Published: November 2023

This chapter considers the possible social and institutional contexts for male–male sex in Northern Europe. The Church was one example, furnishing a number of known cases. The evidence from schools and universities is, however, very limited. Seafaring yielded only a small tally of cases in both England and the Netherlands; known cases involving soldiers are also rare. Members of the nobility were seldom prosecuted. In late-17th-century France, the upper nobility were virtually beyond the reach of the law in such matters. Some were notorious sodomites, though the widely repeated story of their forming a secret ‘confraternity’ in the 1680s was probably fictitious. Accusations against monarchs, and especially against their favourites, were politically motivated; there is no clear evidence of sodomy in the case of either Henri III of France or James VI and I of Scotland and England.
Imperial Power, Provincial Government, and the Emergence of Roman Asia, 133 BCE-14 CE
Authors: Jordan Bradley
Published: November 2023

What ambitions lay behind Roman provincial governance? How did these change over time and in response to local conditions? To what extent did local agents facilitate and contribute to the creation of imperial administrative institutions? The answers to these questions shape our understanding of how the Roman empire established and maintained hegemony within its provinces. This issue is particularly acute for the period during which the political apparatus of the Roman Republic was itself in crisis and flux—precisely the period in which many provinces first came under Roman control. This work takes up the challenge by focusing closely on the formation and evolution of the administrative institutions of the Roman empire through a case study of the province of Asia. Comparatively well excavated, Asia’s rich epigraphy lends itself to detailed study, while the region’s long history of autonomous civic diplomacy and engagement with a range of Roman actors provide important evidence for assessing the ways in which Roman empire and hegemony affected conditions on the ground in the province. Its unique history, moving from allied kingdom to regularly assigned provincia to a reconquered and reorganized territory, offers an insight into the complex mechanics of institutional formation during this crucial transition. From an investigation of the institutions which emerged in the province over a long first century (133 bce–14 ce), the book moves to consider the discursive power of official utterances of the Roman state, and the strategies employed by local actors to negotiate a favourable relationship with the empire.
Introduction
Authors: Jordan Bradley
Published: November 2023

The Introduction introduces the core questions which underlie the work as a whole: (What ambitions lay behind Roman provincial governance? How did these change over time and in response to local conditions? To what extent did local agents facilitate and contribute to the creation of imperial administrative institutions?) and key academic debates. Starting from the edict on the calendar of Asia issued by Paullus Fabius Maximus in 9/8 bce, it lays out the frameworks and approach to institutional development taken in the work, defining core concepts including ‘power’ and ‘hegemony’. It closes by summarizing the content and argument of the subsequent chapters.
The Government of Asia during the Late Republic, 81–49 bce
Authors: Jordan Bradley
Published: November 2023

Chapter 2 analyses the development of Roman provincial government in Asia between the end of the First Mithridatic War and the outbreak of the civil wars between Caesar and Pompeius (c.85/84–50/49 bce). It begins with a detailed investigation of Sulla’s settlement of the province after Mithridates’ withdrawal and its implications, before analysing changes in taxation practices, monetary policy, and the treatment of free and stipendiary cities. Finally, it provides a detailed overview of the evidence for the conventus iuridici and the koinon of Asia. Overall, it argues that the Roman state, after Sulla, effectively extended the coercive and fiscal elements of its power in Asia in a novel and unique form, with existing institutions evolving to support the new situation.
Speaking to Roman Power
Authors: Jordan Bradley
Published: November 2023

Chapter 7 concerns the attempts of individual communities to establish new norms of behaviour and interaction with the Roman state and its representatives through diplomatic and personal contact. It argues that embassies in the period concerned were proactive, strategic, and targeted; almost exclusively undertaken by individual cities, not on a collective basis. It then shifts the perspective to the increasingly prevalent phenomenon of unofficial contacts between individual provincials and Romans, which undermined existing institutional vectors, arguing that as power was progressively monopolized at Rome, personal contacts came to play an increasingly important role in the grant of privileges to provincial communities and they responded by relying on private relationships over public ones.
Local Displays of Imperial Documents
Authors: Jordan Bradley
Published: November 2023

Chapter 8 analyses the display of Roman official documents in civic contexts in the province of Asia, arguing that the most plausible explanation of this phenomenon during the period of study is that local agents inscribed these documents for their own reasons: for example, to protect privileges granted by Roman actors, to demonstrate their loyalty to a Roman magistrate or the Roman state, or to honour individual locals for their service as connections to Rome. It emphasizes the interests and role of provincial bodies and individuals in such documents and underscores the importance of inscription in reinforcing the patterns and hierarchy of Roman power.
British Philanthropy in the Globalizing World
Authors: Allpress Roshan
Published: November 2023

Between 1756 and 1840, philanthropy in the British world grew from a domain of small, associational committees, to a vast enterprise of philanthropic and humanitarian societies with global reach. This book traces how philanthropy emerged from intersecting family, religious, and commercial networks, how clusters of entrepreneurial and intellectual collaboration—such as the Clapham Sect—formed and operated within these networks, and how philanthropy expanded globally and developed a common formative culture through transnational projects and networks. It frames the growth of philanthropy as a series of experiments in effecting social change, from which emerged distinctive models of non-profit organization, increasingly interconnected networks, the idea of the ‘philanthropist’ as a vocation and identity, and a common intellectual framework for understanding the globalizing world centred on notions of ‘trust’. By contextualizing the worlds of key figures such as John and Henry Thornton, William Wilberforce, and Sir James Stephen, drawing together their inner lives, social networks, and global imaginations, British Philanthropy in the Globalizing World tells the story of how philanthropy developed as a movement, and how activist networks seeking social and cultural change operate in the modern world.
Conclusion
Authors: Allpress Roshan
Published: November 2023

British philanthropy between the 1750s and 1830s was both an expansive movement with a global vision, and for many who participated, an intensely personal overlay of vocation, religious faith, and personal identity. Philanthropists were innovators in modern forms of non-profit organization, fundraising, public mobilization, and transnational engagement. During this period, philanthropy became a cultural tradition that derived its vitality from Evangelical convictions, developed influential intellectual reach, and innovated during periods of economic and globalizing change. The development of the movement is both the story of networks, organizational models, and associational activism, and of the inner lives of individuals and small communities such as the Clapham Sect.
Measuring Noise
Authors: Yeang Chen-Pang
Published: November 2023

Chapter 4 examines various attempts engineers and technologists made to turn noise into measurable quantities in the 1910s–30s. Two approaches characterized these attempts. One was to gauge the subjective loudness of noise through an ear-balancing method that compared the measurable with an adjustable reference sound. The other was to measure the physical intensity of disturbance through automatic instruments. Several episodes in this metrological development are highlighted. They include American naval researchers’ early exploration of recording the effects of atmospheric statics on wireless communication, AT&T engineers’ development of the ear-balancing method and the 1-A Noise Meter for monitoring various telephone noise, the employment of the 1-A for gauging atmospheric noise in transoceanic radio links, AT&T’s introduction of an “objective” noise meter in the 1930s, German researchers’ exploration of measuring electronic noise, and the British Meteorological Office’s use of the oscillograph in monitoring the waveforms of atmospheric noise after World War I.
Brownian Motion and the Origin of Stochastic Processes
Authors: Yeang Chen-Pang
Published: November 2023

While technologists and engineers in the early twentieth century tackled noise in sound reproduction through material manipulations and measurements, physicists and mathematicians developed a theory of noise as random fluctuations. In chapter 5, we trace the origin of this theory from the studies of Brownian motion, irregular movements of suspended particles in a fluid, in the 1900s. Albert Einstein in Bern introduced a statistical-mechanical formulation of Brownian motion as resulting from random molecular collisions and sought to solve its probability density function. Marian Smoluchowski in Lviv took a similar approach, albeit with a more visual characterization analogous to random walk and a broader connotation of fluctuations. Paul Langevin in Paris pictured Brownian motion as a stochastic force and focused on its dynamics. Louis Bachelier in Paris identified comparable fluctuations of stock market prices.
Spectrum of Random Noise
Authors: Yeang Chen-Pang
Published: November 2023

Chapter 8 examines the theoretical explorations of noise in the design of radio and telephony in the 1920s–30s. Unlike physicists’ time-domain approach, engineers’ theories concentrated on the impacts of random noise on the performance of telecommunication systems, and plausible ways to reduce such impacts. To meet this goal, they treated noise as a bundle of single-frequency components. Sometimes an even simpler assumption of noise as a single sinusoid was staged. This “frequency-domain” approach to noise focusing on spectral analysis was related to the core technological architecture of telecommunication systems and the changing sensibilities that emphasized the “high fidelity” of sound reproduction in the early twentieth century. This chapter focuses on the work of engineering researchers, such as John Carson, at AT&T to explain why newly developed telecommunication systems including single-sideband amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM) could or could not mitigate noise.
Introduction
Authors: Mayer Colin
Published: November 2023

Capitalism is a remarkable system for coordinating the activities of an economy without the intervention of a central coordinator. Markets and competition are critical to this. But markets have their failures and limitations. In response, governments are expected to intervene to correct those failures and regulate the conduct of the private sector where they arise. But governments also have their limitations and frequently fail in the face of increasingly powerful profit-motivated corporations. Underpinning this reliance on a combination of competitive markets and regulation is Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations. This established the conceptual basis for the economic benefits of freely functioning markets. The precursor to the Wealth of Nations was Smith’s Theory of Moral Sentiments, which laid the moral foundations for a successfully functioning capitalist system. The importance of this is that the operation of economies depends extensively on relations of trust between individuals and organizations as well as formal contractual arrangements. However, in the drive to promote economic growth and prosperity, those moral foundations have been eroded to the point where financial value has come to dominate consideration of a broader range of values. This has been to the detriment of the functioning of both markets and societies and threatens our political as well economic systems. We need to put moral foundations back at the heart of capitalism to correct the damage capitalism has done in their absence to human, social, and natural world wellbeing.
Nomad Invasion
Authors: Lau Maximilian C. G.
Published: November 2023

This chapter analyses John’s most celebrated victory: his defeat of the nomads at the battle of Berroia in 1122, whose fame stretched to Norse sagas and was still celebrated over a century later. It opens by outlining the campaigns by the Rus that drove the nomads south, and how John prepared all winter for the confrontation to come. It then describes the events of Berroia from multiple sources to reconstruct a ‘face of battle’. From this focus, the chapter then describes the wider conflict of the settled peoples against the nomadic by all the polities around the Black Sea. The nature of the imperial border province of the Paristrion by the Danube has been debated by historians before, and this chapter will then outline how it was reorganized to accommodate nomadic peoples, rather than becoming some form of ‘no-mans land’. The chapter ends by noting the Venetian raids on Byzantine islands that were carried out in response to John’s cancelling of trading privileges, which would be the first warning sign that all was not well, despite an otherwise brilliant start to his reign.
The Great Eastern Campaign for Cilicia and Syria
Authors: Lau Maximilian C. G.
Published: November 2023

John’s 1136–9 campaign conquered Cilicia and parts of Syria, and is probably the most recorded events of his reign, as they are commented on by Latin, Syriac, Armenian, and Arabic writers in the east as well as receiving a great deal of coverage in court texts. Consequently, this campaign has also received more attention by historians. The background to this expedition is first outlined, such as the Antiochene proposal of marriage, the siege of Seleukeia, and John’s considerable diplomatic initiatives with the Papacy, the Normans, Germans, Italians, and even Fatimid Egypt. The Cilician background is also outlined before John’s conquest of this province is related, and problems with its chronology and course cleared up, taking note of ecclesiastical dimension as well. John’s subsequent arrival at Antioch and the agreement with the crusaders has long been debated by historians, and this chapter outlines this dispute and offers a new interpretation of the factors at work, which would spill over into the campaign and its resolution the following year. The importance of the autumn campaign back in Cilicia is then highlighted, as Ghazi’s heir, Mohammed, attempts to disrupt John’s plans, before the combined crusader-byzantine Syrian expedition is analysed. Described as both a huge success and a failure, the mixed legacy of this year is unpacked as events are dissected, and a new interpretation is again offered as to what John’s plans were for the region.
The Last Campaigns
Authors: Lau Maximilian C. G.
Published: November 2023

John’s last years continued to see major conquests, and John came very close to seeing further major designs fulfilled before his sudden death. John’s defence of his Anatolian borders was immediately followed by his finally putting down Gabras’ rebellion and reintegrating Trebizond in 1140. He then immediately struck inland in an attempted reconquest of northern Cappadocia, which led to troubles at the siege of Neakaesareia as John’s supply lines were stretched too thin, and he suffered further betrayal by his nephew. Though forced to withdraw, his combined further Italian diplomacy with a renewed expedition against Mas’ud with a successful campaign to reconquer Lake Pousgouse in 1142, taking advantage of the continuing Turkish civil war. Unfortunately, John’s co-emperor Alexios died during this campaign together with his son Andronikos, though John continued to campaign following a call for aid from Prince Raymond of Antioch. John returned east to finish what he had started in his great eastern campaign, and we will see in this chapter how the integration of Antioch, Edessa, and even Jerusalem was being negotiated when John suddenly died, leaving his son Manuel suddenly empowered to continue his designs.
Fortresses, the Provinces, and the Army
Authors: Lau Maximilian C. G.
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines one of the central contradictions of John’s reign. On the one hand, John expanded and strengthened the empire he inherited, while on the other his capital would fall just over sixty years after he died. This chapter offers a new interpretation, highlighting that in the provinces John reconquered his regime was able to restore a resilient administration that would survive the fall of Constantinople and birth vibrant successor states. This chapter will open with a tour of the major fortifications John built in Anatolia, and what this tells us about how he was able to hold the lands he conquered. From there, we examine the evidence as to how these lands were administered, and the nature of provincial life in both texts and surviving ecclesiastical buildings. The final ingredient to his success was, however, an army that won more often than not due to organization, numbers, and professionalism, and so the last section of this chapter will analyse John’s military machine.
Asylum
Authors: Peers Steve
Published: November 2023

Chapter 5 describes and analyses the EU law on asylum, examining the rules on qualification for refugee or subsidiary protection status (and the benefits for those who qualify), temporary protection (including its application by the EU after the invasion of Ukraine), asylum procedures, reception conditions for asylum seekers (including issues of detention, access to employment, housing, and benefits), the Dublin system for allocating applications for asylum between Member States (including the Eurodac database), the EU Asylum Agency, and EU external relations in asylum, particularly the resettlement of refugees from non-EU countries. It includes discussion of the proposals to overhaul EU legislation in this area. It fully considers the extensive case law on this subject, covering issues such as the definition of persecution on various grounds in refugee law, subsidiary protection in civil wars, the grounds for and conditions of detention of asylum seekers, rules on appeals and admissibility of applications, and non-application of the Dublin system on human rights grounds.
Legal Migration
Authors: Peers Steve
Published: November 2023

Chapter 6 describes and analyses the EU law on legal migration, including admission for employment (for the highly skilled, intra-corporate transferees and seasonal workers, as well as a ‘single permit’ for non-EU workers generally), students, researchers, and trainees, family reunion, the acquisition of long-term residence, and the uniform EU residence permit, including proposals to amend some of these laws and the amendments to the ‘Blue Card’ law on highly skilled workers and the law on admission of students, trainees, and researchers. It includes a discussion of the links with EU free movement law (as regards the status of non-EU family members of EU citizens) and with EU external relations law (such as the status of UK citizens who moved to the UK before Brexit, as set out in the withdrawal agreement, and the EU association agreement with Turkey). It fully covers the case law in this area, for instance on non-EU family members and free movement law, family reunion, long-term residence rights, and equal treatment for non-EU workers.
Introduction
Authors: Peers Steve
Published: November 2023

This first chapter introduces Volume II’s main topics. This volume sets out and analyses both the institutional arrangements for EU cooperation and the substantive law which has been adopted (and to some extent, which is under discussion) in the fields of policing, criminal law, and civil cooperation. The chapter outlines the contents of the rest of the volume. The four fields covered here are united by a series of four common and closely connected themes. First, a central issue in EU policing and criminal law is the balance between protection of human rights and civil liberties and the State interests in public order and security. A second theme, now largely of historical importance following the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon, is the complex and often controversial interaction and overlap between the supranational European Community legal order and the intergovernmental legal order of the EU’s ‘third pillar’ (as those legal orders were known before the Treaty of Lisbon came into force). The third theme is the continued dispute over the scope of the powers granted to the EU in the areas of policing, criminal, and civil cooperation law, because these issues are considered to be central to the sovereignty of each State, and because there has often been a great reluctance to amend the details of particular national laws. Finally, the fourth theme is the convoluted territorial scope of EU policing, criminal, and civil cooperation law, which has several elements.
Criminal Law
Authors: Peers Steve
Published: November 2023

This chapter describes and analyses the law on EU mutual recognition in criminal matters, in particular the European Arrest Warrant, pre-trial measures such as gathering evidence via the European Investigation Order and laws on electronic evidence, and post-trial measures such as the transfer of prisoners and the recognition of sentences, confiscation orders, and probation and parole decisions. It also examines the EU’s external relations in this area, including the continued cooperation with the UK post-Brexit in this field, and constraints imposed by EU law upon extradition to non-EU countries. It examines the human rights context of these issues and analyses the extensive case law, particularly on the European Arrest Warrant, the European Investigation Order, confiscation orders, and transfer of prisoners.
Energy Law and Infrastructure Dependencies
Authors: Boute Anatole
Published: November 2023

The development of Europe’s and Eurasia’s energy dependence on Russian-controlled gas pipelines provides important insights into the geopolitical dimension of energy and investment law. Pipeline networks are crucial for gas trade and supply security, and are also at the centre of the geopolitics of energy. The understanding of investments as an instrument of geopolitical power challenges the perception of foreign investments as a force of energy security under the liberal principles governing the international law of energy. This chapter aims to understand the role that EU energy law, and international energy investment agreements, played in establishing the dependencies on Russian pipelines that allowed for the weaponization of energy. More fundamentally, it builds on the literature on imperialism and international law to propose a critical reflection on the role of energy investment law in facilitating and entrenching dangerous infrastructure dependencies. Energy producers and capital-exporting states can make use of investment instruments to secure control over, and exclude foreign interference in, their sphere of influence.
Managing New Energy Dependencies
Authors: Boute Anatole
Published: November 2023

The 2022 energy crisis has reinvigorated states’ concerns over their vulnerability to supply and infrastructure dependencies in the clean energy industry. The concept of energy security, which has traditionally been limited to securing the availability of fossil fuels, is being expanded to include the resilience of clean energy supply chains. The geopolitics of energy is no longer confined to fossil fuels, but now includes the international competition to control clean technologies, critical minerals, and clean energy investments. In this new energy landscape, what is the role of energy law in managing the investment, technology, and resources dependencies that are created as part of the clean energy transition? This chapter maps the new dependencies in the clean energy landscape and, on this basis, examines states’ responses to clean energy security and supply chain resilience, and their compatibility with international energy, trade, and investment law.
An Empire of Magnetism
Authors: Gillin Edward J.
Published: November 2023

During the 1840s and 1850s, the British government financed a worldwide investigation into how the Earth’s magnetic phenomena operated, consisting of a network of naval expeditions and colonial observatories. Questions surrounding terrestrial magnetism were not just philosophical, but also engendered urgent concerns over the accurate navigation on which Britain’s commercial and colonial power depended. With the guidance of a powerful lobby of scientific and social elites, the British state was able to mobilize the extensive resources of its empire to the collection of magnetic data through carefully coordinated observations. Yet, as An Empire of Magnetism argues, the experimental instruments and techniques required to conduct this work were to be found amid Britain’s booming industry, where the harnessing of coal and iron, and use of steam power, shaped a scientific culture prominently concerned with the relationship between heat, pressure, and motion. In particular, it was philosophical apparatus fashioned within the mines of Cornwall that the government conscripted within this worldwide magnetic investigation. These locally produced experimental techniques and technologies proved capable of transformation into a system for obtaining magnetic measurements over great expanses of time and space. As this book demonstrates, this not only resulted in the most eminent global science of the age, but also became inseparable from the proliferation of empire as British naval crews and natural philosophers surveyed previously unknown regions in the search for magnetic data. This vast scientific enterprise had crucial implications for the formation of the ‘modern state’, its use of empirical knowledge, and the expansion of nineteenth-century empire.
Expedition and Experiment
Authors: Gillin Edward J.
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines how, between 1841 and 1843, Edward Sabine and Robert Were Fox collaborated to transform the British Magnetic Scheme into a truly global scientific experiment. Specifically, they worked to turn the collection of magnetic data from around the world into a system of synchronized measurement. This took place through a series of new expeditions, building on the success of James Clark Ross’s 1839–43 Antarctic voyage. Yet the results from this were mixed. While voyages to the Caribbean and Americas went well, the 1841 Niger Expedition was a disaster, with tropical disease ravishing the crew and forcing the venture’s speedy termination. Likewise, Henry Lefroy’s attempt to use Fox dipping needles to measure magnetic phenomena overland, across Canada, showed the limitations of this instrument. Throughout these trials, Fox busied himself in Falmouth, working to regulate and improve his dipping needles. For all that Fox and Sabine conceived of the British Magnetic Scheme as a systematized scientific project, such work on a global scale was, as this chapter demonstrates, immensely capricious.
Discovery, Disaster, and the Dipping Needle
Authors: Gillin Edward J.
Published: November 2023

By the mid-1840s, the British Magnetic Scheme was in full sway. Edward Sabine and Robert Were Fox were becoming highly adept at equipping expeditions of increasing ambition and examining the magnetic data they returned. This chapter examines the evolving system of the British state in the surveying of the Earth’s magnetic phenomena between 1843 and 1850 through the series of expeditions that sustained this enterprise. The voyages of HMS Samarang and HMS Rattlesnake to the Far East, Japan, and around the world, examined regions previously uncharted by European travellers and represented an escalation from the BMS’s initial ambitions in 1839. Yet this chapter also explores the disastrous Franklin Expedition that the Admiralty had charged with magnetically surveying the Arctic regions in 1845. Throughout this chapter, both the fulfilment and the failure of Britain’s imperial, scientific ambitions are analysed. And the place of Fox’s dipping needles is evaluated throughout. Questions of managing instruments and their fallibilities were inseparable from projects of imperial ambition that proclaimed the pursuit of science as their ultimate aim.
Scoreboards Without Scorekeepers
Authors: Dever Josh
Published: November 2023

Theories in the tradition of Lewis’s “Scorekeeping in a Language Game” conceive of linguistic expressions as providing instructions for updating a public conversational scoreboard. Metaphysically, that scoreboard is typically conceived psychologistically, as grounded in epistemically-coordinated mental states of conversational participants. But we can depsychologize scoreboards, taking them instead as mind-independent informational entities manipulated by linguistic moves. The psychologism is then relocated to a story about our collective tracking of the public scoreboard. Having scoreboards that are not effluences of our scorekeeping requires reorganization of much of our linguistic theory. As a test case, a reoriented perspective on presupposition and accommodation is given.
Singularism vs. Descriptivism?
Authors: Goodman Rachel
Published: November 2023

This chapter’s most general aim is to illuminate the disagreement between singularists about thought (who claim there are non-descriptive thoughts about ordinary external objects) and descriptivists about thought (who claim all thought about ordinary external objects is descriptive). It does this by clarifying the common claim that singular thoughts have an anchoring role with respect to thought in general and by making two further claims: 1) some of the putative disagreements between singularists and descriptivists are illusory once properly understood; and 2) singularists can more productively argue for their view by separating it from some of the framework in which it is commonly packaged. Separating the singular/descriptive thought distinction from the structured content framework, and casting the singularist’s central claim as one about the structure or form of what I will call referentially anchored thoughts, allow us to move past a common kind of impasse.
Being a Jewish Soldier in Nazi Captivity
Authors: Linenberg Yorai
Published: November 2023

Chapter 2 deals with the issue of being a Jew in a Nazi POW camp and maintaining the POW’s Jewish identity, beginning at the time of joining the army and the decision whether to declare one’s ethnicity and have it inscribed on his identification discs, to the moment they became POWs. The chapter also describes the way the POWs displayed their Jewish identity as it related to religious activities, cultural activities, and funerals, and their interaction with their doomed civilian brethren. The chapter demonstrates how maintaining the POWs’ Jewish identity not only helped them to strengthen their spirit and resolve during their time in captivity, but was also used as an act of defiance against their captors.
Segregation of American and British Jewish POWs
Authors: Linenberg Yorai
Published: November 2023

Chapter 3 deals with the segregation of American and British Jewish POWs from their non-Jewish comrades and uses cases of segregation to assess to what extent orders related to Jewish POWs were actually implemented by commanders of POWs in the military districts and by their subordinates, the POW camp commandants. The chapter reviews cases of segregation of these POWs and the response their non-Jewish comrades, as well as western governments and international organizations, had to the segregations, and suggests explanations as to why, when it came to American and British Jewish POWs, camp commandants in most cases chose to ignore segregation orders, even after the POW Office was taken over in October 1944 by SS General Gottlob Berger, who was known as ‘der allmächtige Gottlob’ (‘the almighty Gottlob’).