bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Precariat: Behavior of the Social Class During the Crisis
Authors:   Institute of Europe of Russian Academy Sciences, Lunkin Roman
Published: May 2021

In the article analyzed the role of the precariat (people with non-standard or informal employment, temporary or non-permanent work) in modern European society as a new social class of the post-industrial period. Stated that socio-economic and political crises, including the coronavirus pandemic, allow us to see the development trends of the precariat (it’s formation as more monolite class), as well as the conditions under which its representatives become politically active and, moreover, have a decisive influence on the development of a particular society and state. It is noted that the effectiveness of the performance of the precariat in the public space largely depends on the extent to which its interests coincide with the expectations of the rest of the employed population (mainly the working class that could became precariat time to time). The article uses the methods of sociological research (Eurostat surveys etc.), comparative analysis, as well as a political science approach for the scrutiny of the precarious employment.
France: Republic against «Political Islam» (Part II)
Authors:   Institute of Europe of Russian Academy Sciences, Shumilin Alexander
Published: May 2021

From March 30 to April 12, 2021, members of the French Senate considered the government-prepared draft law on «countering separatism». His ideology is primarily aimed at curbing the increased activity of supporters of «political Islam» (Islamism) in France. Earlier, on February 16, 2021, the National Assembly (lower house of parliament) had approved the document. As shown in the first part of the article, the discussion of the draft deepened the split in the Muslim community of France between followers of moderate Islam, who supported the efforts of the government, and Islamists, who rejected the main provisions of the document. This article attempts to analyze a new stage of relations between the state and the Muslim community of the country – against the background of the decisions made by the senators. Accusing the French government of «Islamophobia»”, Islamic radicals appeal to the leadership of the European Union. Behind them, the figure of the Turkish President R.T. Erdogan, who is increasingly using religious rows in Europe for his own political purposes. The author of the article comes to the conclusion that the escalating confrontation in the Muslim environment and around it is acquiring more and more obvious political implications in France.
Coronavirus Crisis in Italy: «a Stress Test» for the Faith and Trust of the Church
Authors:   Institute of Europe of Russian Academy Sciences, Yazkova Veronika
Published: May 2021

The article analyzes main mechanisms of the relationship between the Catholic Church and believers in Italy in the context of the coronavirus crisis. The author concludes that Italy has showed itself as a country in which, despite the processes of secularization, the religious feeling is still alive. Interest in the «message» of the Vatican testifies to the preservation of the trust of the Church among the majority of Italian Catholics, including those who were disappointed with her position at certain stages of the pandemic. This was facilitated by the fact that the Catholic Church avoided association with the authorities of order and sanitary authorities, accepting the necessary, but not allowed lary measures of supervision and restrictions. The program of pastoral and psychotherapeutic assistance offered by the Italian Episcopal Conference undoubtedly contributed to the strengthening of the authority of the Church in extraordinary circumstances. It also seems that the techniques of psychological rehabilitation for victims of covid – narrative and storytelling – will be developed as an effective way of communication between believers in post-covid Europe.
The Office of Constitution Protection of Germany: the Experience of 70 years
Authors:   Institute of Europe of Russian Academy Sciences, Kamkin Alexander
Published: May 2021

The article is dedicated to analysis and efficiency evaluation of the Office of Constitution protection – a key law-enforcement body in Germany, which prevents political extremism, spionage and anti-state activities. In 2020 the Office celebrated its 70th anniversary. The present article describes structure, main tasks and functions of the Office, as well as the most known failures in its operations, related to the Red Army Fraction and «National-socialist underground». The article also provides an analysis of current state of political extremism in Germany and other threads to the «struggling democracy».
The Crisis in Russian-Czech Relations and its Possible Consequences
Authors:   Institute of Europe of Russian Academy Sciences, Shishelina Lyubov
Published: May 2021

The article analyzes the possible reasons of the deepest political crisis in relations between the Czech Republic and Russia during еру last 50 years, which led to the unprecedented parade of mutual expulsion of diplomatic staff and exchange of unfriendly statements and actions. Among the probable reasons for the incident, the author names the internal political situation in the Czech Republic, when the parties are looking for all possible ways to increase their controversial political rating on the eve of parliamentary elections; the announced tender for the expansion of the Dukovany nuclear power plant, where Russia could compete with the United States, France and South Korea; a new round of increasing geopolitical influence in the region, associated with the planned overcoming of the consequences of the pandemic. The author notes the inadequacy of the actions of both sides in this conflict: the fundamental lack of proof of Russia's guilt in the explosions that occurred 7 years ago in the territory of armories in the Czech Republic; the excessively hasty and harsh reaction of Russia, which paralyzed the activities of the Czech Embassy in Moscow and could postpone for a long time the emergence of any positive agenda in the Czech-Russian relations in any sphere. According to the author, this situation does not benefit neither Russia nor the Czech Republic, and needs to look for all possible channels to overcome the consequences of populist and unjustified political actions.
German-Russian Cooperation – Challenges of 2020 and Prospects for 2021. Part 2. Economic Aspects
Authors:   Institute of Europe of Russian Academy Sciences, Belov Vladislav
Published: May 2021

In the first part of the article, the political results of 2020 and early 2021 were considered and an assessment of the medium-term prospects of German-Russian political cooperation was given. The second part is devoted to the peculiarities of economic cooperation during this period. The economy has come under the influence of restrictions on labor and capital mobility caused by the pandemic, disruptions in global supply chains, as well as negative dynamics of global commodity prices. Together, they led to a significant decrease in mutual trade. Negative processes took place against the background of a deep crisis of political confidence, the introduction of new sanctions by the EU and the US and the extension of existing sanctions. Efforts have increased to create a negative image of Russia in Germany. However, the business community of both countries managed to counter negative trends with steps aimed at stabilizing bilateral cooperation and giving it progressive development. Companies of both countries, despite negative events, did not stop their investment activity. A new area of cooperation has emerged – hydrogen energy, which should become one of the foundations for the energy transition of the EU countries to a climate-neutral economy. Interdepartmental state cooperation in the economic sphere continued. In September 2020, the results of the three-year German-Russian scientific and educational partnership were summed up. At the same time, the Year of Germany began in Russia, and in December, the common German-Russian Year of Economy and Sustainable Development. The article analyzes the features of economic cooperation, highlights the main factors that determine its content and gives a forecast of its mid-term development. Particular attention is paid to the Nord Stream 2 project.
EU Strategic Autonomy at the Cross-Roads
Authors:   Institute of Europe of Russian Academy Sciences, Shcherbak Igor
Published: May 2021

The author analyses evolution of the EU’s concept of strategic autonomy on the background of the new administration of the USA president D. Biden coming to power and efforts of Paris to enlarge the strategic autonomy by inclusion in it its own nuclear deterrence. Proposals and initiative of France in these regards and the discussion in the EU’s expert circles on the relationship between strategic autonomy and perspectives of transatlantic partnerships in the context of cooperation with NATO and the USA have been also analyzed. Special attention was devoted to the question of a possible transformation of strategic autonomy into the concept of «European sovereignty».
Arctic Vector for German Foreign Policy
Authors:   Institute of Europe of Russian Academy Sciences, Kotov Alexander
Published: May 2021

Germany updated its Arctic strategy in 2019. It is determined that in the context of achieving global climate goals this region for Germany to be one of the key ones. It is emphasized that the interests of Germany are in the sustainable supply of natural resources from the Arctic. The long-term Germany`s policy is formed by the informing the world community about the risks of further economic development of the macroregion for global climatic and environmental reasons, which is carried out within the framework of national policies by the Arctic countries. Russia is one of the key Arctic countries with which Germany closely cooperates in the region in the economic and scientific spheres. Based on the assessment of Germany's position on Russia’s Arctic strategy (2020), the paper analyzes the ambivalent relationship between the two countries in the Arctic macro-region with elements of confrontation and cooperation. The author concludes that Russia and Germany can productively cooperate in the Arctic at the level of regions and economic entities, using it at the same time as an implicit field for discussing the current complex agenda of bilateral relations
NATO Threat and National Security in the Arctic
Authors:   Institute of Europe of Russian Academy Sciences, Zhuravel Valery
Published: May 2021

The article reveals the real and potential threats to the national security of the Russian Federation in the Arctic region from the North Atlantic bloc. Special attention is paid to the study of the strengthening of the military presence in the Arctic of the Arctic states and other countries of the alliance, the main directions of discrediting the activities of the Russian Federation in the Arctic by our geopolitical opponents. The article analyzes the composition and direction of multinationnal military exercises that contribute to the growth of conflict potential in the region. It is noted that the North of Norway is becoming one of the most militarized regions of Scandinavia. It is concluded that the activation of NATO in the Far North can lead to a violation of the balance of forces and relations between states in the security sphere, negatively affect the course and results of the Russian presidency of the Arctic Council in 2021–2023.The measures of Russia to strengthen its defense capability in the Arctic direction, protect its sovereignty and territorial integrity are revealed. The importance of using the Recommendations of the participants of the expert dialogue on reducing the risks of military confrontation between Russia and NATO in Europe, which reflect specific measures to defuse military tensions on the European continent, including in the Arctic, is emphasized.
The New European Parties without Registration in the EU
Authors:   Institute of Europe of Russian Academy Sciences, Guseletov Boris
Published: May 2021

This article presents an analysis of the activities of ten new European parties that do not yet have official registration in the European Union: the Europe-Democracy-Esperanto, the New Europeans, European Party of Individual Freedoms, the European Pirate Party, the European Party for Animal Rights, the European Federalist Party, Volt Europe, the Movement for Democracy in Europe 2025, and Now the People, which have appeared on the European political arena in the last 15-20 years, do not yet have official recognition, Nevertheless, their representatives participate in pan-European and national elections, sometimes quite successfully. A brief historical overview of the emergence and formation of each of these parties is given, their ideological platforms and membership base are presented. The results of their participation in the European elections are considered and it is noted with which factions of European parties in the European Parliament the MEPs elected from these parties cooperate. In conclusion, an analysis of the future prospects for the development of these parties is presented.
Russia – EU: Dialogue without Dialogue
Authors:   Institute of Europe of Russian Academy Sciences, Danilov Dmitriy
Published: May 2021

The article deals with the problems of political and diplomatic relations between Russia and the European Union. The key event was the meeting of Josep Borrel as the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy with Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov in Moscow in February 2021. The Russian side considered it as an opportunity to outline the prospect of resuming the political dialogue interrupted by the European Union in 2014, notably in the context of the reviewing a strategy on Russia initiated by the EU. The author analyzes the differences in the approaches of European countries and institutions in the context of the ongoing aggravation of Russia – EU relations. The main result of the meeting was not its «ineffectiveness», but, on the contrary, its obvious counterproductive effect. The EU has even more consolidated its policy of deterring Russia and increasing sanctions pressure, which actually closes the prospect for systemic dialogue. In this context, the political and diplomatic conflict in connection with the mass expulsion of Russian diplomats by the Czech Republic (the «Czech case») and the narrowing of opportunities to compensate for the EU-Russia dialogue shortcomings by bilateral tracks are also considered. In conclusion, some finding are presented regarding the perspective Russian reaction.
Parliamentary Elections in Bulgaria
Authors:   Institute of Europe of Russian Academy Sciences, Kandel Pavel
Published: May 2021

The subject of this paper is the 2021 Bulgarian election to the National Assembly, which in fact turned into an electoral revolution. It scrutinizes its outcomes along with the reasons for the failure of all existing parties and the success of political newcomers. It considers the “stalemate” alignment of forces of an extremely fragmented parliament and forecasts possible developments. It resumes that the end of the ten-year tenure of Boyko Borisov was enforced by the new generation of the electorate that did not see life prospects under the current regime. The entry into politics of the showman Slavi Trifonov as a next idol of public opinion, is consistent with similar processes in neighboring countries and replicates the political cycle already observed twice in Bulgaria. This experience prompts caution in assessing the chances of a genuine renewal of the system of governance under new leadership.
Czech Republic on the Threshold of Parliamentary Elections: Pirate Party Factor
Authors:   Institute of Europe of Russian Academy Sciences, Vedernikov Mikhail
Published: May 2021

On the eve of the next parliamentary elections in the Czech Republic (October 2021), the leader of the electoral race changed. It was the Czech Pirate Party (CPP), which squeezed out the ruling movement of Prime Minister A. Babiš ANO (Action of Dissatisfied Citizens). It is highly probable «pirates» will head the Cabinet of Ministers in the fall of 2021. The situation emerging in the Czech Republic is unique, since for the first time in world practice, the national government will be headed by a Pirate party. The article examines the transformation of CPP from a «single issue party» to its current position. The features of the CPP functioning are indicated, the circumstances of the growth of its popularity are revealed. An explanation of the reasons for the weakening of the ANO is also given.
The European Turn in France’s Arms Export
Authors:   Saint-Petersburg State University, Chikhachev Aleksei
Published: May 2021

This article analyzes a new trend in the arms export policy of modern France – an increasing share of European countries in the geographical structure of sales. Based on statistics and examples, regional priorities of French export before Emmanuel Macron’s presidency are identified; the reasons for the turn towards Europe at present stage and its possible limits are studied. The author draws attention to the fact that until recently, the Middle East and Asia have been key partners of France, providing two thirds of international demand for the products of French defense industry. However, today their role is declining in favor of the EU countries: Belgium, Romania, Greece, etc., with which Paris has signed a series of major contracts in 2018–2021. This development primarily stems from a difficult foreign policy context forcing the EU members to allocate more funds for defense needs, as well as from temporary difficulties in France’s relations with Middle Eastern clients. The author concludes that the «Europeanization» of sales is likely to continue but it is too early to talk about a full reorientation of French exports towards Europe. A more realistic task Paris de facto solves is to balance its export structure by diversifying the range of customers.
Autoevaluación de prácticas inclusivas docentes en atención a la población con aptitudes sobresalientes
Authors: Márquez Cabellos Norma Guadalupe , Andrade Sánchez Adriana Isabel , García Cedillo Ismael
Published: May 2021

Las prácticas inclusivas en el contexto escolar implican el uso de una variedad de estrategias por parte del profesorado para asegurar el aprendizaje y la participación de todo el alumnado. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar la autoevaluación de prácticas inclusivas del profesorado que atiende a adolescentes con aptitudes sobresalientes de una escuela secundaria con modalidad de semi-internado del estado de Colima, México. Se diseñó un estudio cuantitativo, transversal, con alcance descriptivo, donde participaron 34 docentes que laboraron en el ciclo escolar 2019-2020. Los datos se recolectaron mediante la Guía de Evaluación de Prácticas Inclusivas en el Aula Regular –GEPIA- Formato de Autorreporte, la Escala de Autoeficacia para Implementar Prácticas Inclusivas y el Cuestionario de Estrategias para Fortalecer el Aprendizaje. Para la fiabilidad de los instrumentos se calculó el Alpha de Cronbach y para el tratamiento de los datos se aplicaron técnicas de la estadística descriptiva e inferencial, así como la U de Mann-Whitney. Los resultados indican que las personas docentes se autoevalúan con buenas prácticas inclusivas, por la implementación de estrategias diversificadas en la metodología y la evaluación, así como por la promoción del trabajo colaborativo con la comunidad escolar y la vinculación con padres de familia. Sin embargo, el profesorado menciona necesitar capacitación, actualización y formación en temas relacionados con la educación inclusiva y la atención a las aptitudes sobresalientes. Asimismo, indican que requieren mayores recursos para promover el aprendizaje entre sus estudiantes. Se concluye que las prácticas inclusivas valoran positivamente la diversidad escolar, conducen a la movilización de acciones pedagógicas para el logro de la calidad en el aprendizaje y la satisfacción de necesidades educativas de la población sobresaliente.
Ni enfermedad, ni pecado, ni déficit. Barreras y facilitadores para estudiantes con discapacidad y estudiantes LGBTIQ+ en el sistema educativo colombiano
Authors: Marulanda Páez Elena
Published: May 2021

Este artículo presenta los resultados de una revisión sistemática documental encaminada a determinar las barreras y facilitadores para el ingreso y permanencia en el sistema educativo colombiano de dos colectivos históricamente marginados de una educación de calidad en este país: estudiantes con discapacidad y niños, niñas y jóvenes LGBTIQ+. El estudio se desarrolló bajo una metodología cualitativa basada en el análisis de contenido de fuentes secundarias. Para alcanzar el propósito antes mencionado, se consultaron sistematizaciones de experiencias de aula e innovaciones educativas exitosas con alguno o los dos colectivos objeto de la investigación, desarrolladas entre los años 2016 y 2020. Así las cosas, se revisaron reportes de investigación tanto en artículos científicos, trabajos de pregrado y posgrado. Los trabajos incluidos tuvieron lugar en comunidades urbanas colombianas de distintas regiones del país y su elección siguió los principios de la declaración PRISMA. Para el colectivo con discapacidad, los hallazgos pusieron de manifiesto avances en cuanto a adaptaciones y ajustes curriculares tendientes a favorecer oportunidades de aprendizaje para esta población estudiantil, especialmente, en educación básica primaria. Una barrera que debe seguirse trabajando en educación secundaria y superior, en particular, tiene que ver con la ausencia de formación del profesorado y la prevalencia de falsas creencias sobre cómo aprenden las personas con discapacidad y sus posibilidades en la escuela. En lo que respecta al alumnado LGBTIQ+, se observó una brecha entre políticas institucionales que apoyan una educación para todos y todas, versus prácticas de convivencia que aún fomentan escenarios de marginación. Se identificaron diversas barreras ligadas a estereotipos sobre la orientación sexual y la identidad de género, así como ausencia de protocolos para mitigar las múltiples violencias que aún aquejan a estos colectivos.
Consideraciones para la incorporación de la Inteligencia Artificial en un programa de pregrado de Ingeniería Eléctrica
Authors: Coto Jiménez Marvin
Published: May 2021

Con la rápida proliferación de técnicas y aplicaciones, la inteligencia artificial ha adquirido gran relevancia en diversos campos de la sociedad, lo cual incluye nuevas formas de resolver problemas relacionados con sistemas de energía, de señales y de información, los cuales son analizados dentro de una carrera como Ingeniería Eléctrica en la Universidad de Costa Rica. Dada la relevancia del tema, algunos autores han señalado la importancia de difundir el conocimiento de la Inteligencia Artificial más allá de laboratorios especializados y programas de posgrado donde usualmente se han desarrollado. Este ensayo tiene como objetivo aportar a la discusión sobre la conveniencia y forma apropiada de introducir la inteligencia artificial en el currículo de pregrado en carreras de ingeniería, en especial en un programa de estudio de ingeniería eléctrica de la Universidad de Costa Rica, en el cual se propicia una formación general. Una propuesta como esta debe tener en cuenta las bases con que cuentan las personas discentes, así como los contenidos y estrategias convenientes para lograr una introducción adecuada en su formación académica y el beneficio de la profesión. En el ensayo se presentan y discuten estas consideraciones a la luz de la conceptualización de la inteligencia artificial y su aplicabilidad en la actualidad de la ingeniería.
Internacionalización del currículo en México desde la innovación de asignaturas en inglés
Authors: González Bello Edgar Oswaldo , García-Meza Isabel María
Published: May 2021

Las instituciones de educación superior evocan esfuerzos hacia acciones innovadoras que impulsen la internacionalización del currículo y promuevan el desarrollo de la competencia intercultural en sus programas educativos, a través del uso del inglés como medio de instrucción. Considerando el enfoque teórico de la innovación educativa y la perspectiva de la internacionalización, este texto tiene como objetivo analizar los factores que restringen un proceso innovador, en el cual se implementan asignaturas en la Universidad de Sonora, México desde la percepción del profesorado. Desde el enfoque cuantitativo y el método descriptivo, se realiza la aplicación de un cuestionario digital a 36 personas docentes que fueron acreditadas durante 2018-2019 para ofrecer este tipo de enseñanza. Los resultados denotan aspectos que, en su mayoría, restringen el proceso de innovación, aunque también destaca el interés y disposición de docentes hacia este proceso. Los factores que restringen comprenden la insuficiencia de la gestión institucional, al interior de instancias administrativas y de los departamentos, además de la falta de apoyo a docentes y el seguimiento a estas asignaturas, junto con la ausencia de un entendimiento compartido de los objetivos de la innovación; situación que permite suponer una comprensión programática acerca de la internacionalización. Se concluye la necesidad de promover políticas institucionales articuladas con la práctica, comprensión y adaptación a diferentes campos disciplinares, estableciendo pautas más prácticas para la implementación de este tipo de internacionalización. Además de la pertinencia de utilizar otras perspectivas teóricas en el estudio de la internacionalización del currículo.
Yolanda Oreamuno, “frivolidad ambiente” y pensamiento feminista en Costa Rica
Authors: Coto-Rivel Sergio
Published: May 2021

El ensayo “Medios que usted sugiere…” (1938) de la escritora costarricense, Yolanda Oreamuno, ha sido una referencia importante en la comprensión del pensamiento de la autora y de sus posiciones respecto de la situación de la mujer y del feminismo. En él, la autora lanza cuestionamientos y críticas importantes sobre la educación costarricense y el rol social de las mujeres; sin embargo, es posible constatar divergencias en las opiniones críticas sobre la solidez del pensamiento desarrollado en este. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la construcción teórico-argumentativa del ensayo a la luz del contexto del movimiento feminista de la época y de la noción de “frivolidad ambiente” utilizada por Oreamuno. El análisis permite una comprensión más detallada de las ideas, a veces contradictorias, defendidas respecto de la educación femenina y la relación compleja de la autora con el movimiento feminista de la década de 1930 en Costa Rica.
Antimicrobial activity of bacteria isolated from tissue of the coral Palythoa caribaeorum (Zoantharia: Sphenopidae) from Paraíba, Brazil coastal reefs
Authors: Pereira Jalcinês C. , Gorlach-Lira Krystyna , O. de Veras Bruno
Published: May 2021

Introduction: The coral-associated bacteria with antimicrobial activity may be important to promote the health of their host through various interactions, and may be explored as a source of new bioactive compounds. Objective: To analyze the antimicrobial activity of bacteria associated with the zoanthid Palythoa caribaeorum from the coral reefs of Carapibus, Paraiba state, Brazil. Methods: The phylogenetic analysis of the bacteria was conducted based on partial sequences of the 16S rRNA gene using molecular and bioinformatics tools. The antimicrobial activity of the 49 isolates was tested against four bacterial strains and one yeast strain: Bacillus cereus (CCT0198), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans (ATCC 10231). The antibiosis and antibiogram assays were conducted and the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was determined by the microdilution method. Results: The bacterial isolates belonged to Firmicutes phylum (84 % of the isolates) and the Proteobacteria phylum (16 % of the isolates). Among the 49 isolates five genera were found, with the Bacillus genus being the most abundant (82 % of the isolates), followed by Vibrio (10 %), Pseudomonas (4 %), Staphylococcus (2 %) and Alteromonas (2 %). Antibiosis test revealed that 16 isolates (33 %) showed antimicrobial activity against one or more of five tested reference strains. The highest number of antagonistic bacteria were found in the Bacillus genus (12 isolates), followed by Vibrio (three isolates) and Pseudomonas (one isolate) genera. The B. subtilis NC8 was the only isolate that inhibited all tested strains in the antibiosis assay. However, antibiogram test with post-culture cell-free supernatant of NC8 isolate showed the inhibition of only B. cereus, S. aureus and C. albicans, and the lyophilized and dialyzed material of this isolate inhibited only B. cereus. The lyophilized material showed bacteriostatic activity against B. cereus, with a MIC value of 125 μg/μl, and in the cytotoxicity assay, the hemolysis value was of 4.8 %, indicating its low cytotoxicity. Conclusions: The results show the antimicrobial potential of some bacterial isolates associated with the P. caribaeourum tissue, especially those belonged to Bacillus genus.
Actividad antioxidante en genotipos de Theobroma spp. (Malvaceae) en México
Authors: Iñiguez Jorge Cadena , Avendaño Arrazate Carlos Hugo , Campos Rojas Eduardo , López Palestina Cesar Uriel , Martínez Bolaños Misael , Caballero Pérez Juan Francisco , Báez Alonso Moisés , Ariza Flores Rafael
Published: May 2021

Introduction: The organoleptic qualities of aromatic species and their derived products are directly related to some characteristics of flavor, color and nutritional value and depend largely on their genetic origin and content of secondary metabolites. Objective: the antioxidant activity of different genotypes of Theobroma spp. from Mexico was evaluated in order to distinguish promising qualities for genetic improvement, and to differentiate phylogenetic traits, considering biochemical variables. Methods: the amount of phenols, flavonoids and antioxidant activity was determined by ABTS and DDPH, in addition to the content of anthocyanins, theobromine and caffeine in four species of Theobroma L., and 50 genotypes derived from T. cacao. The results were analyzed using an analysis of variance, means test, principal component analysis and cladistic analysis. Results: there are highly significant differences between genotypes. The phenol content ranged from 7.5-85 mg g-1; flavonoids 6.57-69.6 mg g-1, antioxidant activity by ABTS of 17.3-86.1 and by DDPH of 40.0-53.3; anthocyanin content of 0.01-3, caffeine of 1.8-6.7-and theobromine of 2.9-9.8 mg g-1. Principal component and cladistic analysis helped explain the variation found and distinguish evolutionary characters and phylogenetic brotherhoods. The variation in content of phenols, flavonoids, antioxidant activity, anthocyanins, theobromine and caffeine was mainly due to the degree of domestication, while for the group of genotypes derived from T. cacao (forastero, trinitario and criollo) it was the origin of the seeds. Conclusions: the degree of domestication influences the content of phenols and antioxidant capacity. The results suggest that the evaluated variables can help to form criteria for genetic improvement in the complex derived from T. cacao oriented to the selection of higher phenol content and greater antioxidant activity.
Variación fenotípica de los peces Curimata mivartii (Characiformes: Curimatidae) y Pimelodus grosskopfii (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) en hábitats lóticos y lénticos
Authors: Hincapié-Cruz Juan P. , Márquez Edna J.
Published: May 2021

Introducción: A pesar de su importancia en el rendimiento de la natación y la eficacia biológica individual, la forma del cuerpo y las variaciones de tamaño en respuesta a la velocidad del flujo de agua siguen siendo desconocidas para la mayoría de los peces migratorios de agua dulce en el Neotrópico. Objetivo: Contrastar la hipótesis de variación fenotípica en el tamaño y la conformación del cuerpo de dos especies de peces dulceacuícolas que enfrentan cambios de velocidad a través de sus migraciones en dos ríos pertenecientes a una cuenca neotropical. Métodos: Se utilizó la morfometría geométrica basada en hitos para estudiar las variaciones en el tamaño y la conformación del cuerpo para dos especies de peces Curimata mivartii y Pimelodus grosskopfii en hábitats lóticos y lénticos de la cuenca Colombiana del Magdalena-Cauca. Resultados: Los individuos de C. mivartii de dos hábitats lóticos fueron similares en tamaño y significativamente más grandes que los del hábitat léntico, mientras que los individuos de P. grosskopfii fueron similares en ambos hábitats. Ambas especies mostraron cuerpos más hidrodinámicos en hábitats lóticos y formas corporales más robustas en hábitats lénticos. Conclusión: Ambas especies exhiben cambios fenotípicos en la forma del cuerpo concordantes con las predicciones previas sobre las variaciones morfológicas de los peces. Esta información es relevante para predecir cambios en respuesta a la heterogeneidad ambiental, especialmente inducidos por actividades antropogénicas que cambian las velocidades del agua en el río.
Revisión: Distribución y efecto de los hongos micorrízicos en el agroecosistema de café
Authors: Bañuelos Trejo Jacob Isaias
Published: May 2021

El café es una planta altamente micotrófica, pues la interacción entre la planta y los hongos micorrízicos arbusculares (HMA) ha sido estudiada en distintos países tropicales. La mayoría de los trabajos indican que el café se beneficia de la asociación micorrízica, donde los HMA confieren protección ante patógenos y enfermedades, aumenta la absorción de agua, así como incrementar la adaptación de la planta al trasplante de vivero a la plantación. Objetivo: Se realizó una revisión y análisis de trabajos reportados alrededor de la asociación de HMA y café de los últimos 10 años. Nuestro trabajo también consideró estudios pioneros en Brasil y trabajos taxonómicos que reportaron la identificación de especies en este agroecosistema. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión extensiva bibliográfica que reportaron trabajos realizados en los principales países productores de café. La mayoría de la investigación revisada está dentro d elos últimos 10 años, pero cuando no se encontraron datos, se consideraron artículos clásicos en el tema. Organizamos el número de especies reportadas por país, y su papel ecológico en cada trabajo. También visualizamos la distribución general de la diversidad en el mundo, de acuerdo con los reportes bibliográficos. La mayoría de los trabajos involucran plantaciones de café y estudios en invernadero, y se enfocan en su significado ecológico. Trabajos donde solo se reportan géneros o las especies son ambiguas, se usaron como referencia, pero no se incluyeron en el análisis final. Resultados: Los datos recabados muestran que la inoculación micorrízica debe de ser implementada en la replantación de fincas de café. Los resultados más relevantes son que, las especies de HMA asociadas con el café representan más de la tercera parte del total de las especies reportadas en el mundo y que Colombia tiene la mayor riqueza reportada. Estos reportes incluyen en su mayoría taxonomía clásica pues había pocos moleculares.
Bat (Mammalia: Chiroptera) biodiversity in a subtropical inselberg ecosystem of Northeastern Argentina
Authors: Argoitia Maria A. , Cajade Rodrigo , Hernando Alejandra B. , Teta Pablo
Published: May 2021

Introduction: Rocky outcrops influence both micro and macro habitat for plants and animals by increasing the availability and predictability of food, providing shelter, and unique microclimatic conditions. Objective: We describe the bat assemblage in three isolated rocky outcrops and their surrounding pediments, adding new data about trophic guilds and roosts. Methods: We surveyed the bat fauna of Paraje Tres Cerros, Corrientes Province, Argentina, explored 13 sites during 26 field trips, using mist nets and search of roosts. We made an accumulation species curve and calculate inventory completeness. The similarity and composition of different habitats was compared by a non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) and an ANOSIM test. Results: We reported 13 species, with a completeness inventory of the 80 % (Jacknife1), corresponding to the families Vespertilionidae, Molossidae and Phyllostomidae. The insectivorous bats were the best represented guild. We found nine types of roost for eight species in different sites. The analysis expressed low differences in the species composition between both types of habitats in the area. Conclusions: The rocky outcrops and their pediments are important ecosystems for the conservation and diversity of the bats in the region, since their communities are regionally unique.
Condición nutricional de la langosta, Panulirus argus (Decapoda: Palinuridae): 60 años de índices extensivos y variación espacio-temporal en Cubas
Authors: Castillo Alexander Lopeztegui , Capetillo Piñar Norberto
Published: May 2021

Introducción: En el hábitat natural, el estado nutricional insatisfactorio de un número elevado de ejemplares es expresión de la influencia de factores desfavorables. Objetivo: Determinar variaciones espacio-temporales en el estado nutricional de langostas Panulirus argus, relacionarlas con variaciones reportadas en la comunidad bentónica y demostrar, mediante la aplicación de indicadores analíticos y morfométricos, que la variación de factores ambientales afecta a ambos grupos de índices; y que no todos los índices de condición nutricional evidencian por igual el impacto generalizado del proceso de deterioro ambiental en este golfo. Métodos: Las langostas se capturaron en seis áreas de pesca. La condición nutricional se estimó mediante tres índices no destructivos, poco costosos y de fácil y rápida aplicación (extensivos): índice de refracción de la hemolinfa (IRH), relación peso total / largo total = Klt, y factor de condición (FCA). Las variaciones a largo plazo (60 años) se determinaron mediante índices morfométricos (Klt y FCA). Se analizaron datos de los períodos 1963-1964 (N = 29 001), 1983-1993 (N = 3 123) y 2011-2017 (N = 3 600), separándolos en épocas de Lluvia y Seca. Resultados: En todos los períodos la condición nutricional varió significativamente entre áreas, pero sin similitudes entre períodos. Esto indica que los factores que impactan en el estado nutricional tienen una influencia estocástica más característica de factores ambientales. Aunque los tres índices fueron menores en 2017, sólo IRH disminuyó gradualmente entre 2011 y 2017, lo que sugiere que este índice, y los morfométricos, expresan diferente información. Todas las correlaciones fueron estadísticamente significativas, los coeficientes más altos se establecieron entre los índices morfométricos. El peso total y el Klt no mostraron diferencias entre Seca y Lluvia. Sin embargo, IRH y FCA resultaron mayores en Seca, hecho que se constató para cada sexo. FCA y Klt no presentaron diferencias entre el período 1963-1964 y el período 1983-1993, pero aumentaron (P < 0.05) en el período 2011-2017, lo que, dado el carácter morfométrico de estos índices, se atribuye a la presencia de langostas de mayor peso en las áreas de pesca. Conclusiones: Los menores valores en 2017 y la tendencia gradual al decrecimiento de IRH, corroboran el carácter generalizado del deterioro ambiental en el golfo de Batabanó, lo cual no fue igualmente expresado por los tres índices.
Estructura de tallas, distribución y abundancia de Anadara tuberculosa (Bivalvia: Arcidae) en dos sistemas de manglar del Pacífico de Panamá
Authors: Vega Ángel Javier , Robles P. Yolani A. , Alvarado Onelys , Cedeño Mitre Carlos
Published: May 2021

Introducción: Anadara tuberculosa es un recurso pesquero y económico importante, propio de los ecosistemas de manglar en el Pacífico Orienta Tropical. Objetivo: El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la estructura de tallas, distribución y densidad de A. tuberculosa, en el Golfo de Montijo y Manglares de David, para evaluar el estado del recurso en los dos sistemas de manglar del Pacífico de Panamá. Métodos: Los datos corresponden a información histórica de tallas y densidad levantada entre el 2004 y 2020 para el Golfo de Montijo (GM), así como datos de tallas, densidades y distribución levantados en el 2016 de manera simultánea en 51 cuadrantes en GM y 56 cuadrantes en Manglares de David (MD), muestreados en temporada seca, transición, lluviosa y transición, donde además se registró la temperatura, la salinidad y el pH del agua del canal y del agua retenida en el manglar. En el 2016 se instalaron y muestrearon cuadrantes fijos para seguimiento de densidades, muestreo que se repitió en el 2019. En el 2019 se establecen transectos desde el borde del manglar con el canal principal, hasta límite con tierra firme y en cada transecto se instalaron tres cuadrantes, en los estratos inicial, medio y final. Resultados: Los ejemplares del Golfo de Montijo resultaron más grandes, pero la densidad resultó superior en Manglares de David. La comparación de tallas por periodo de muestreo en el 2016, dentro de cada localidad, resultó significativa solo para el Golfo de Montijo, donde las mayores tallas se presentaron en marzo y junio y las menores en octubre-diciembre. No se encontró asociación entre la temperatura, salinidad y pH, y la distribución del molusco. Para el Golfo de Montijo se encontró un descenso sostenido de las densidades desde 1.82 conchas/m2 en el 2004 hasta 0.6 conchas/m2 en el 2019, contrario a lo observado en la estructura de tallas, donde se observó predominio de las tallas superiores a los 50 mm de longitud total y un aumento de la talla promedio de captura de 52.62 mm en el 2004 a 59.28 mm en el 2020. Atendiendo a la distancia del canal principal, se determinó la presencia del molusco hasta poco más de dos kilómetros dentro del manglar y hasta más de 500 m del canal secundario más cercano, así como una disminución de la densidad y un aumento de la talla conforme nos acercamos a tierra firme. Conclusiones: Para A. tuberculosa, la combinación de una estructura de tallas sobre los 50 mm y de bajas densidades, indican que la población de concha negra en el Golfo de Montijo presenta un grado de deterioro, asociado a estresores pesqueros y ambientales.
The geographic bias of mammal studies: a comparison of a half a century of research on Palearctic and Neotropical mammals
Authors: Guerrero-Casado José , Monge-Nájera Julián
Published: May 2021

Introduction: There are no studies that specifically compare research output of Palearctic and Neotropical mammalogy; such comparison would be useful for informed decisions in conservation and management. Objective: To compare the scientific documents and citations about Palearctic and Neotropical mammals over half a century. Methods: We compared 50 years (1970-2019) of documents on 60 medium and large-sized (heavier than 1 kg) mammal species, in Scopus and the Web of Science (WoS) Core Collection, considering number of documents and four citation indicators at the species level (h-index, citation rate, total citations, and citations per year). Results: We retrieved 13 274 documents in Scopus and 12 913 in WoS. We found that Palearctic mammals have 3.77 times more documents than Neotropical species in Scopus (3.91 times in WoS), and that the documents recorded 5.95 more total citations in Scopus (6.93 times more in WoS). Palearctic documents also record more yearly citations and a higher h-index in both Scopus and WoS. Scopus retrieved more articles for Neotropical species (2 782 vs. 2 631 in WoS) and had more citations (28 120 vs. 24 977 in WoS); differences for the citation indicators between regions were marker in WoS. The h-index and total citations are greatly affected by how many studies are published, i.e. the region with more production is the one with higher values. The Neotropical articles showed a greater growth rate in the last decade, decreasing the gap between both regions. Conclusion: There is a regional bias in WoS and Scopus, which retrieve more articles and citations about Palearctic mammals than about Neotropical mammals; this bias is worse in WoS and means that an urgent increase in indexed research about Neotropical species is needed to be on par with Palearctic research.
Diversity and foraging patterns of bees on flowers of Cucurbita pepo (Cucurbitaceae) in Costa Rica
Authors: Lobo Jorge A. , Bravo Méndez Yanil
Published: May 2021

Introduction. The species and functional diversity of pollinators are important components for the reproduction of cultivated plants. More information is necessary about this diversity and its geographical variation in crops such as Cucurbita pepo, one of the most important crops in global agriculture. Objective. To describe the diversity and geographic variation of the community of bees that visit C. pepo crops in Costa Rica and their foraging s
Introduction: The species and functional diversity of pollinators are important components for the reproduction of cultivated plants. More information is necessary about this diversity and its geographical variation in crops such as Cucurbita pepo, an important crop in global agriculture. Objective: To describe the taxonomic diversity, geographic variation and foraging patterns of the community of bees that visit C. pepo crops in Costa Rica. Methods: Squash fields were visited at 11 locations within three geographic regions of the country, where the groups of bees and their relative frequency were determined. Through video recordings, information was obtained on their behavior at two locations. Results: A minimum of 27 species belonging to 19 genera and 2 families of bees were found. Three species were dominant in 10 localities (Eucera limitaris, Apis mellifera and Trigona corvina). Altitude reduces bee diversity due to the dominance of Bombus ephipiatus in high regions. Two genera of halictids (Megalopta and Caenaugochlora) that are rarely reported in this crop were frequently observed. Trigona bees dominated among the flowers later in the morning, lacerating nectary holes to facilitate nectar collection. Conclusions: Squash fields in Costa Rica are visited by a highly diverse bee community, which may ensure pollination via complementarity in the face of spatial or seasonal changes in environmental conditions.
chedule and intrafloral behavior. Methods. Squash fields were visited at 12 locations within three geographic regions of the country, where the groups of bees and their relative frequency were determined. Through video recordings, information was obtained on their behavior at two locations. Results. A minimum of 27 species belonging to 19 genera and 2 families of bees were found. Three species were dominant at many localities (Eucera limitaris, Apis mellifera and Trigona corvina). Altitude causes drastic changes in their diversity and composition. Two genera of halictids (Megalopta and Caenaugochlora) that are rarely reported in this crop were frequently observed. Trigona bees dominated among the flowers later in the morning. Conclusions. Squash fields in Costa Rica are visited by a highly diverse bee community, which may ensure pollination via complementarity in the face of spatial or seasonal changes in environmental conditions.