bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Allelochemical autotoxicity in the emergent wetland macrophyte Juncus effusus (Juncaceae)
Authors: Ervin Gary N. , Wetzel Robert G.
Published: April 2006

Bioassays for allelochemical toxicity of aboveground Juncus effusus tissues were conducted with seeds and seedlings of Eleocharis obtusa and Scirpus cyperinus, two emergent sedge species (Cyperaceae) found sympatric with J. effusus, and with seeds and seedlings of J. effusus itself to evaluate potential autotoxicity. Bioassays were performed under controlled, axenic conditions with aqueous shoot extract treatments simulating in situ dissolved organic carbon concentrations. With respect to the two sedge species, neither shoot development nor seedling biomass accrual was significantly suppressed by lyophilized whole extracts from J. effusus. Although the extracts induced no significant reduction in growth of E. obtusa or S. cyperinus, biomass‐specific chlorophyll a concentration was significantly reduced in E. obtusa seedlings. In contrast, seedlings of J. effusus exhibited significant reductions of biomass and chlorophyll a concentrations, and seedling shoot development was retarded in response to leachate exposure. Results of the present study suggest that J. effusus seedlings possess autotoxic sensitivity to extracts of dead, aboveground tissues of adult plants.
Pollination by flies, bees, and beetles of Nuphar ozarkana and N. advena (Nymphaeaceae)
Authors: Lippok Barbara , Gardine Angela A. , Williamson Paula S. , Renner S. S.
Published: April 2006

Nuphar comprises 13 species of aquatic perennials distributed in the temperate Northern Hemisphere. The European species N. lutea and N. pumila in Norway, the Netherlands, and Germany are pollinated by bees and flies, including apparent Nuphar specialists. This contrasts with reports of predominant beetle pollination in American N. advena and N. polysepala. We studied pollination in N. ozarkana in Missouri and N. advena in Texas to assess whether (1) there is evidence of pollinator shifts associated with floral‐morphological differences between Old World and New World species as hypothesized by Padgett, Les, and Crow (American Journal of Botany 86: 1316–1324. 1999) and (2) whether beetle pollination characterizes American species of Nuphar. Ninety‐seven and 67% of flower visits in the two species were by sweat bees, especially Lasioglossum (Evylaeus) nelumbonis. Syrphid fly species visiting both species were Paragus sp., Chalcosyrphus metallicus, and Toxomerus geminatus. The long‐horned leaf beetle Donacia piscatrix was common on leaves and stems of N. ozarkana but rarely visited flowers. Fifteen percent of visits to N. advena flowers were by D. piscatrix and D. texana. The beetles' role as pollinators was investigated experimentally by placing floating mesh cages that excluded flies and bees over N. advena buds about to open and adding beetles. Beetles visited 40% of the flowers in cages, and flowers that received visits had 69% seed set, likely due to beetle‐mediated geitonogamy of 1st‐d flowers. Experimentally outcrossed 1st‐d flowers had 62% seed set, and open‐pollinated flowers 76%; 2nd‐d selfed or outcrossed flowers had low seed sets (9 and 12%, respectively). Flowers are strongly protogynous and do not self spontaneously. Flowers shielded from pollinators set no seeds. A comparison of pollinator spectra in the two Old World and three New World Nuphar species studied so far suggests that the relative contribution of flies, bees, and beetles to pollen transfer in any one population depends more on these insects' relative abundances (and in the case of Donacia, presence) and alternative food sources than on stamen length differences between Old World and New World pond‐lilies.
Comparative pollen morphology and ultrastructure of the Callitrichaceae
Authors: Cooper Ranessa L. , Osborn Jeffrey M. , Philbrick C. Thomas
Published: April 2006

The Callitrichaceae are an aquatic family of dicots that include the single, geographically cosmopolitan genus Callitriche. Callitriche contains 40–50 terrestrial, amphibious, and obligately submersed species, and it is the only known genus in the plant kingdom with co‐occurring aerial and hydrophilous pollination syndromes. Pollen morphology and ultrastructure were described for 13 Callitriche species using scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy. Representative taxa of each growth form were examined; these included three terrestrial species (C. deflexa, C. peploides, and C. nuttallii), nine amphibious species (C. brutia, C. cophocarpa, C. cophocarpa‐stagnalis hybrid, C. cribrosa, C. hamulata, C. heterophylla var. heterophylla, C. lusitanica, C. marginata, and C. trochlearis), and one obligately submersed species (C. truncata). Of the amphibious taxa, C. heterophylla var. heterophylla and C. trochlearis had internal geitonogamy, a type of internal self‐fertilization. Pollen from all taxa was spheroidal, small, intectate, and lacked well‐defined apertures. Taxa primarily differed with respect to exine thickness, surface ornamentation, and the presence or absence of aperture‐like regions. The pollen of terrestrial species, as well as that of C. marginata, had well‐developed exines with thick sculptured and basal layers. In general, amphibious taxa produced pollen with distinct, but thinner, exines than that of terrestrial taxa. Pollen of the amphibious taxa with internal geitonogamy had a thicker basal layer than species without internal geitonogamy, whereas the overall exine was reduced in C. hamulata and absent in C. brutia and C. lusitanica. Pollen of the obligately submersed C. truncata also lacked an exine. These palynological data were correlated with growth habits and related pollination biologies, as well as with phylogenetic interpretations of Callitrichaceae. Exine reduction or loss has evolved at least twice in the family, and it is associated with aneuploid reduction in chromosome number.
Execution of the auxin replacement apical dominance experiment in temperate woody species
Authors: Cline Morris G.
Published: April 2006

The classic Thimann‐Skoog or auxin replacement apical dominance test of exogenous auxin repression of lateral bud outgrowth was successfully executed in both seedlings and older trees of white ash, green ash, and red oak under the following conditions: (1) decapitation of a twig apex and auxin replacement were carried out during spring flush, (2) the decapitation was in the previous season's overwintered wood, and (3) the point of decapitation was below the upper large irrepressible lateral buds but above the lower repressible lateral buds. Although it has been suggested that neither auxin, the terminal bud, nor apical dominance have control over the outgrowth of the irrepressible buds during spring flush, there is evidence in the present study that indicates that such control over the repressible buds exists. In seedlings, second‐order branching, which resulted from decapitation of elongating current shoots, was also inhibited by exogenous auxin in the three species. Hence, the auxin replacement experiments did work on year‐old proleptic buds (of branches of older trees) that would have entered the bud bank and also on current buds of seedlings. Cytokinin treatments were ineffectual in promoting bud growth.
Cryptic dioecy and leaky dioecy in endemic species of Dombeya (Sterculiaceae) on La Re´union
Authors: Humeau Laurence , Pailler Thierry , Thompson John D.
Published: April 2006

The high frequency of dioecy on oceanic islands such as Hawaii and New Zealand has attracted a great deal of attention from plant evolutionary biologists. One reason suggested for the high prevalence of dioecy on oceanic islands is that taxa considered truly dioecious may have occasional hermaphrodite flowers, i.e., show leaky dioecy. In this study, we quantified the presence and distribution of leaky dioecy in a group of congeneric endemic species of the genus Dombeya (Sterculiaceae) on La Re´union island (Indian Ocean). All eight species show cryptic dioecy. Five species show strict dioecy and three species show leaky dioecy due to the presence of male trees that set fruit. Species with strict dioecy and large populations tend to occur in mid‐ to high‐altitude moist tropical cloud forest, whereas species in smaller populations at lower altitude and in semidry tropical forest tend to show leaky dioecy. Two reasons for this differential distribution of strict dioecy and leaky dioecy are discussed. First, environmental variation along the altitudinal gradient, biotic and/or abiotic, may influence the breeding system. Second, leaky dioecy may be favored in lowland populations due to the small size and disturbed nature of such populations.
Wind‐acclimated thallus morphogenesis in a lichen (Evernia prunastri, Parmeliaceae) probably favored by grazing disturbances
Authors: Prinzing Andreas J.
Published: April 2006

How does the morphogenesis of a widespread epiphytic lichen interact with the environment, leading to amazingly polymorphic and wind‐tolerant fruticose thalli? A series of photographs showed that the normal branches were basically even and flat with isotomic‐dichotomous branchings. Numerous deviations from this basic regular pattern were found and traced back to their origins in the asymmetry of the branches’ cross sections. This was observed quantitatively (statistically testable) in the field, while the thalli were growing. This large variability in growth of single branches was a prerequisite for the polymorphism seen in complete thallus growth forms. The structure and distribution of the mentioned important asymmetries in branch cross sections can best be explained by the effect of grazing on cortex and phycobiont layer. Very small‐scale growth observations and experimental simulation confirmed this. In thalli with many such small‐scale variations in branch growth the overall thallus growth form became wind acclimated as a result of the selective effect of wind exposure on the thallus phenotype: branches growing windwardly grew more slowly. Such thalli were well protected from being dislodged by wind, and they desiccate slowly as demonstrated by a previous study.
What does morphology tell us about orchid relationships?—a cladistic analysis
Authors: Freudenstein John V. , Rasmussen Finn N.
Published: April 2006

A cladistic analysis of Orchidaceae was undertaken for 98 genera using 71 morphological apomorphies based on a reconsideration of previous character analyses and newly discovered variation. The equally weighted analysis found 60 000 most parsimonious trees with low consistency (CI = 0.29) but high retention (RI = 0.83). The strict consensus reveals a significant amount of structure, and most traditionally recognized subfamilies are supported as monophyletic, including the Apostasioideae, Cypripedioideae, Spiranthoideae, and Epidendroideae. Orchidoideae in the broad sense are paraphyletic, giving rise to spiranthoids. Vanilloids are sister to epidendroids, although exhibiting several states otherwise found only in clearly basal groups, such as Apostasioideae. The nonvandoid epidendroids are poorly resolved, due to a high degree of homoplasy. The vandoids appear to be monophyletic, contrary to recent molecular evidence, possibly due to repeated parallel development of the vandoid character suite. The importance of vegetative characters as evidence putatively independent from floral features is demonstrated in the placement of Tropidia. Implied weighting analysis of these data resulted in similar patterns at high levels, although the Orchidoideae and Spiranthoideae may each be monophyletic and the nonvandoid epidendroids are more resolved. The high degree of structure implied in previous orchid classifications must be reconsidered, given the poor resolution at lower levels in the present trees.
Genetic consequences of a single‐founder population bottleneck inTrifolium amoenum(Fabaceae)
Authors: Knapp Eric E. , Connors Peter G.
Published: April 2006

We investigated the genetic consequences of a single‐founder bottleneck in a population of showy Indian clover (Trifolium amoenum), a species presumed to be extinct until rediscovered near Occidental, California, in 1993. Electrophoretic variation was evaluated in the bottlenecked population and in a larger population (Dillon Beach) discovered during the course of this study, as well as in populations of two closely related species,T. albopurpureumvar.dichotomumandT. macraei. We found a surprisingly high amount of polymorphism in the single‐founderT. amoenumpopulation from Occidental (15% of loci polymorphic; an average of 1.1 alleles per locus). However, this represents a 53% reduction in number of polymorphic loci and a 20% reduction in average number of alleles per locus compared to threeTrifoliumpopulations with putatively similar mating systems (the Dillon BeachT. amoenumpopulation and both populations ofT. albopurpureumvar.dichotomum). Expanding the genetic base of the OccidentalT. amoenumpopulation is a priority due to concerns about loss of evolutionary potential and the possibility of deleterious effects associated with inbreeding. However, using seed from the Dillon BeachT. amoenumpopulation may not be beneficial due to distinct, presumably adaptive differences between plants from the two populations and concerns about outbreeding depression.
Consequences of preformation for dynamic resource allocation by a carnivorous herb, Pinguicula vulgaris (Lentibulariaceae)
Authors: Worley Anne C , Harder Lawrence D
Published: April 2006

When resource availability changes frequently and unpredictably, natural selection favors flexible resource allocation; however, such versatility may be compromised in perennial plants that differentiate leaves or flowers a year in advance of their development (preformation). We investigated resource allocation by the carnivorous perennial Pinguicula vulgaris to determine whether increased resource availability changes within‐season allocation to growth, vegetative propagation, and reproduction. In response to resource supplementation (feeding with fruit flies), plants attained a mass 60% greater than that of unfed plants after a single growing season. Feeding also enhanced vegetative propagation, which is closely associated with growth, without modifying relations between these two vegetative functions. In contrast, feeding did not alter the size of vegetative rosettes or the within‐season incidence of either flowering or fruiting. This lack of immediate responses occurred because floral and leaf primordia differentiated up to 10 mo before resource supplementation and flower development. However, enhanced resource status likely affected future reproduction indirectly through resource effects on plant size. Large plants produced more floral primordia and between‐year changes in fruiting status corresponded to changes in plant size. These results illustrate that preformation can delay responses to enhanced resources by perennial plants.
Paleoazolla, a new heterosporous fern from the Upper Cretaceous of Argentina
Authors: Archangelsky Ana , Phipps Carlie J , Taylor Thomas N , Taylor Edith L
Published: April 2006

Megaspore and microspore massulae ofPaleoazolla patagonicagen. et sp. nov. are described from the Upper Cretaceous of La Colonia Formation, Chubut Province, Argentina. The new fern possesses megaspore complexes with three to four glochidiate floats attached directly to the megaspore; a columella‐like structure appears to be absent. The megaspore wall consists of a two‐layered exine that is smooth to irregularly perforate, a two‐layered perine with a spongy, densely packed endoperine, and a loosely organized exoperine. Infrafilosum hairs cover the exoperine. Microspore massulae are irregular in size and shape and bear multibarbed glochidia that generally have anchor‐shaped tips. A comparison with other azollaceous and salviniaceous genera, particularlyAzolla, is provided, together with a discussion of some evolutionary trends within the family.
Is thePrunella(Lamiaceae) hybrid zone structured by an environmental gradient? Evidence from a reciprocaltransplant experiment
Authors: Fritsche Franz , Kaltz Oliver
Published: April 2006

Hybrid zones may be structured by environmentally independent selection against intrinsically unfit hybrids (tension zone models), or by environmentally dependent fitness differences among parental species and hybrids (ecological selection‐gradient models). A 30‐m slope in a mountain grassland harbors a hybrid zone of the clonal perennials,Prunella grandifloraandP. vulgaris(Lamiaceae), withP. grandiflorain the upper,P. vulgarisin the lower, and both parental species andP. grandiflora×P. vulgaris Hybridsin a narrow middle part. We found gradients for soil depth and water content, and vegetation height and biomass along the slope. A reciprocal transplant experiment yielded crossing reaction norms for vegetative reproduction. Parental species were locally adapted to their home sites, while the three taxa did not differ in vegetative reproduction in theHybridtransplant site. Local adaptation for vegetative reproduction ofP. grandiflorawas mediated through higher survival and that ofP. vulgaristhrough higher ramet number, indicating adaptation of their clonal growth strategies (phalanx vs. guerrilla) to the different habitats.Hybridperformance was intermediate between that of the parental species in all three sites, althoughHybridsflowered more often than the parental species in theHybridsite. Our results support ecological selection‐gradient rather than tension zone models.
Phylogenetic relationships within the Gentianales based on NDHF and RBCL sequences, with particular reference to the Loganiaceae
Authors: Backlund Maria , Oxelman Bengt , Bremer Birgitta
Published: April 2006

Phylogenetic relationships in the Gentianales with focus on Loganiaceae sensu lato are evaluated using parsimony analyses of nucleotide sequence data from the plastid genes rbcL and ndhF. Inter‐ and intrafamilial relationships in the Gentianales, which consist of the families Apocynaceae (including Asclepiadaceae), Gelsemiaceae, Gentianaceae, Loganiaceae, and Rubiaceae, are studied and receive increased support from the combination of rbcL and ndhF data, which indicate that the family Rubiaceae forms the sister group to the successively nested Gentianaceae, Apocynaceae, and Loganiaceae, all of which are well supported. The family Gelsemiaceae forms a distinct, supported group sister to Apocynaceae. The Loganiaceae sensu stricto form a strongly supported group consisting of 13 genera: Antonia, Bonyunia, Gardneria, Geniostoma, Labordia, Logania, Mitrasacme, Mitreola, Neuburgia, Norrisia, Spigelia, Strychnos, and Usteria. These genera form two well‐supported lineages. Several members of Loganiaceae sensu Leeuwenberg and Leenhouts, i.e., Androya, Peltanthera, Plocosperma, Polypremum, and Sanango are clearly not members of the Gentianales. The earlier exclusion of Buddlejaceae (including Buddleja, Emorya, Gomphostigma, and Nicodemia) as well as the reclassification of the genera Nuxia and Retzia to Stilbaceae of the Lamiales are all well supported.
Cytology and mating systems in the climbing cacti Hylocereus and Selenicereus
Authors: Lichtenzveig Judith , Abbo Shahal , Nerd Avinoam , Tel‐Zur Noemi , Mizrahi Yosef
Published: April 2006

Chromosome numbers and meiotic behavior are reported for the climbing cacti species Hylocereus undatus, Hylocereus polyrhizus, and Selenicereus megalanthus. The Hylocereus spp. are diploid (2n = 22), while S. megalanthus is a tetraploid (2n = 44). Irregular chromosome disjunction at anaphase I in pollen mother cells of S. megalanthus is probably the major cause of its reduced pollen viability and may contribute to low seed set, low number of viable seeds and, consequently, low fruit mass. A pollination study confirmed self‐incompatibility in H. polyrhizus and a weakened incompatibility reaction in H. undatus and S. megalanthus. Major crossability barriers do not exist between the Hylocereus spp. investigated. Reciprocal intergeneric crosses were successful between Hylocereus spp. and S. megalanthus, suggesting that an Hylocereus sp. might be one of the diploid progenitors of the tetraploid S. megalanthus. The implications of the results on cacti nomenclature and systematics are briefly discussed.
Origin of Livistona chinensis var. subglobosa (Arecaceae) on the “islet of the gods”: Aoshima, Japan
Authors: Yoshida Naoto , Nobe Rika , Ogawa Kihachiro , Murooka Yoshikatsu
Published: April 2006

RAPD analysis was performed to discuss the origin of Livistona chinensis var. subglobosa using samples from eight localities, Iriomotejima, Ishigakijima, Okinawa, Yakushima, Tanegashima, Cape Sata, Tsukishima, and Aoshima, in Japan. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were obtained using five random primers and analyzed by the unweighted pair group method arithmetic (UPGMA). Data from Iriomotejima clustered with data from Aoshima, suggesting the possibility that seeds or green woods were carried by the tidal current from the southern fields of Iriomotejima to Aoshima.
The Great Leap Upwards: Anthropometric Data and Indicators of Crises and Secular Change in Soviet Welfare Levels, 1880-1960
Authors: Wheatcroft Stephen G.
Published: April 2006

Assessing the change in the level of Soviet welfare in the first half of the twentieth century presents many problems. There are the problems associated with the reliability and accessibility of Soviet statistics, and there are those associated with the problem of understanding the peculiar nature of the Soviet situation in which a trend toward rapid secular improvements in welfare and life expectancy were accompanied by massive shortterm welfare and mortality crises. These problems are made even more complicated by the intense politicization of this question. In this paper I address all of these problems.
Arbitration—UNCITRAL Rules—justiciability and indispensable Third parties—legal status of Hawaii
Authors: Oxman Bernard H. , Bederman David J. , Hilbert Kurt R.
Published: April 2006

Lance Paul Larsen v. The Hawaiian Kingdom. At .

Permanent Court of Arbitration Tribunal, February 5, 2001.

In Larsen v. The Hawaiian Kingdom Lance Paul Larsen, a resident of the state of Hawaii, sought redress from the Hawaiian Kingdom for its failure to protect him from the United States and the State of Hawaii. The parties, who agreed to submit their dispute to arbitration by the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA), shared similar goals and wished the Arbitral Tribunal (Tribunal) to address the question of the international legal status of Hawaii.
The Use of Military Commissions to Prosecute Individuals Accused of Terrorist Acts
Authors: Mundis Daryl A.
Published: April 2006

In the wake of the terrorist attacks in the United States on September 11, 2001, a variety of proposals emerged for bringing the perpetrators tojustice. These proposals included the use of courts-martial, the creation of a special tribunal (whether under the auspices of the United Nations or otherwise), and prosecution in U.S. federal courts.1 On November 13, 2001, President George W. Bush issued a military order entitled "Detention, Treatment, and Trial of Certain Non-Citizens in the War Against Terrorism" (Military Order).2 Pursuant to the Military Order, the United States may establish military commissions to prosecute terrorists for violations of the laws of war and "other applicable laws."
The Rise of Crime and Punishment from the Air of the Media
Authors: Klioutchkine Konstantine
Published: April 2006

The rapid expansion of the Russian press at the turn of the 1860s had a profound effect on how literary texts were written and read. Fedor Dostoevskii was among the writers most closely involved in the changing discursive environment. The vicissitudes of his precarious position in the field of letters put him under pressure to adopt the most successful discursive strategies and to open his work to the popular genres (feuilleton, local news, courtroom reports), themes (crime, the identity of the new man), and characters (struggling university students, who are also writers or translators) that were enjoying the greatest popularity in the Russian press of the time. By opening his text to the press, Dostoevskii became the first Russian writer to investigate die effects of the media on the personal identity of writer and reader in the new context of uncontrolled discursive proliferation.
Citizenship and the Russian Nation during World War I: A Comment
Authors: Smith S. A.
Published: April 2006

Historians of late imperial Russia have been categorical in asserting that Russian peasants lacked any form of national identity. Scholars as diverse as Orlando Figes, Geoffrey Hosking, John Keep, Bruce Lincoln, Richard Pipes, Robert Service, Ronald Suny, and Allan Wildman have agreed that Russian peasants were too rooted inGemeinschaft,too particularistic in their social identities, to be capable of identifying with the polity and territory of Russia. John Keep expresses the consensus concisely when he writes:

At the beginning of the twentieth century the Russian people lagged behind many others in the tsarist realm (Poles, Finns, even Baits and Ukrainians) in the development of a modern national consciousness. The social elite identified with the multinational empire; in the terminology of the day their thinking wasrossiiskiirather thanrusskii.Ordinary folk either opted for a social class orientation or else had none at all, in that their horizons were limited to the local community. This helps to explain why Russia was defeated in World War One, why the Bolsheviks with their Utopian internationalist creed won mass support in 1917 and why the Whites failed to worst the Reds in the ensuing civil war.
More Than Imagined: A Few Notes on Modern Identities
Authors: Sanborn Josh
Published: April 2006

I was tremendously pleased when I read Steve Smith's thoughtful and erudite comments. Smith's piece is a work of substantial scholarship in its own right, and it nicely complements the discussion articles. I am quite in agreement with most of what Smith has to say, but I do want to respond briefly to the two significant criticisms that Smith makes. The first is that the articles do not sufficiently “attend to the issue of continuity between national identity and earlier forms of politicized ethnicity,” since Seregny and I “implicitly subscribe to the modernist paradigm of nation building.” The second is that the “interplay between nation and empire” and the “relationship between national and class identities” were more conflictual than we allowed.
Peasants, Nation, and Local Government in Wartime Russia
Authors: Seregny Scott J.
Published: April 2006

More than a decade ago, in a discussion in this journal, Leopold Haimson argued that peasant soldiers’ perception of Soviet power in 1917-18 “did not encompass any conception of the relationships between themselves, their village communities, or even the peasant estate as a whole, and other social groups—let alone any generalized view of the Russian body politic as a whole.” He went on to note that this peasant particularism “reflected a continuity in the mentalité of Russian peasants stretching back to the very inception of the Russian state.” Peasants rejected any superordinate authority and consistently acted out “a profound urge to be left alone.” Haimson's description of Russian peasants at the outset of civil war is a powerful evocation of peasant mentalités, not only of peasants in Russia but of peasants the world over, and would seem to preclude their inclusion in a nation.
Institutionalizing Party Systems in Multiethnic States: Integration and Ethnic Segmentation in Czechoslovakia, 1918-1992
Authors: Leff Carol Skalnik , Mikula Susan B.
Published: April 2006

A country’s multinational diversity does not by itself predict the way this diversity will be reflected in the party system. The pattern of party politics also depends on the context: electoral and institutional rules, differential political assets, and different incentives to cooperate or dissent. To demonstrate variations in the dynamics of ethnic politics, this article examines the divergent ways in which Slovak political parties were organized within the larger political system in two periods—the interwar unitary Czechoslovak state and the postcommunist federal state. Differences in political resources and institutional setting help explain why interwar Slovakia had a hybrid party system composed of both statewide and ethnoregional parties, while the postcommunist state saw the emergence of two entirely separate party systems in Slovakia and the Czech Republic. In turn, differing patterns of party politics in these two cases had different consequences for the management of ethnonational conflict in the state.
Postcommunist Subversion: Social Science and Democratization in East Europe and Eurasia
Authors: Steven Fish M.
Published: April 2006

Our political malaise is due to the same cause as our social malaise: that is, to the lack of secondary cadres to interpose between the individual and the State. We have seen that these secondary groups are essential if the State is not to oppress the individual: they are also necessary if the State is to be sufficiently free of the individual.

–Émile Durkheim, Professional Ethics and Civic Morals

Human progress never rolls in on the wheels of inevitability

–Martin Luther King, Jr., A Knock at Midnight
The Evolution of Executive-Legislative Relations in Russia since 1993
Authors: Remington Thomas F.
Published: April 2006

Boris El'tsin's abrupt departure from the presidency on New Year's Eve 1999 began a new phase in Russia's postcommunist political development. With the presidency no longer occupied by the author of the constitution, the question arises whether his successor will consider himself more bound by the constitutional arrangements in place since 1993, or less. Rather than to speculate on Vladimir Putin's political personality, this paper will instead examine the record of president-parliament relations since 1993 for indications concerning whether Russia's institutions have begun to settle into those of a consolidated constitutional democracy.
The Other Archipelago: Kulak Deportations to the North in 1930
Authors: Viola Lynne
Published: April 2006

The “other archipelago” of “special setdements” was a cornerstone of the evolving gulag (Glavnoe upravlenie ispravitel’no-trudovykh lagerei) order. Scholars have paid relatively scant attention to the special settlements, which emerged first to isolate and exploit the labor of the dekulakized peasantry and within a short time would house a variety of other state-defined social and ethnic aliens through the course of the Stalin years. This article explores the history of the other archipelago in the year 1930, its founding and perhaps most difficult year, focusing on the NortiV ern Region. It was here that the state chose to send over a quarter of a million peasants, the single largest contingent of dekulakized peasant families in 1930. Against this icy backdrop, the special setders—men, women, and children—built the villages of the other archipelago within the wilderness.
The Icebreaker Controversy: Did Stalin Plan to Attack Hitler?
Authors: Uldricks Teddy J.
Published: April 2006

Historians have had a great deal of difficulty accounting for the debacle wrought by Operation Barbarossa. How could the Red Army, a large and heavily equipped force, be so thoroughly decimated by the Wehrmacht, especially when evidence of the impending attack was plentiful? Most commonly, explanations have focused on the unexpectedly rapid success of the Blitzkrieg in western Europe, the impact of the Great Purges on the Soviet officer corps, the problems of reequipping the Red Army with modern weaponry and protecting newly expanded borders, the lack of adequate training for the rapidly growing Soviet armed forces, the confusing nature of available intelligence, and, most of all, the nearly fatal self-delusion of Iosif Stalin, which prevented the implementation of proper defensive measures. Although Stalin certainly realized that the Nazi-Soviet Pact was no more than a temporary truce and that a German attack was ultimately inevitable, he deluded himself that Adolf Hitler could be appeased until Soviet forces had grown strong enough to meet the Nazi assault. Soviet shipments of petroleum products, various raw materials, and foodstuffs were critically important to the German war machine and, thus, the key element in Stalin's strategy of appeasing Hitler.
Russification and the Lithuanians, 1863–1905
Authors: Weeks Theodore R.
Published: April 2006

In the half-century after the Polish insurrection of 1863, the Russian government applied many restrictive measures to Lithuanian culture, including the prohibition against printing Lithuanian except in Cyrillic letters. Some have argued that St. Petersburg aimed to wipe out the culture and language of Lithuanians in this period. A close look at the archival sources shows, however, that the Russian authorities were very little concerned with the Lithuanians per se and far more worried about Polish influences in the region. In the end, the Russian government saw Lithuanians only as a pawn in the “age-old struggle” between Poles and Russians. The failure of official Russians to take Lithuanian nationalism seriously meant that the Russian empire was quite unprepared to deal with this popular movement in the early twentieth century.
Henryson's Testament of Cresseid and Heywood's A Woman Killed with Kindness
Authors: McDermott John J.
Published: April 2006

In Thomas Heywood's drama, A Woman Killed with Kindness, John Frankford, an injured lover, causes his wife's death when he intensifies her remorse by his unexpected kindness to her; and when he has perhaps unwittingly killed her with his kindness, he promises ruefully to memorialize her by a gravestone marked with letters of gold. As far back as a study by J. A. Symonds in 1884 and as recently as an important article by W. F. McNeir in 1959, a number of scholars have offered possible sources for Hey wood's play: certain medieval miracle plays, a tale in the Gesta Romanorum, the works of Illicini, Sermini, Bandello, Belleforest, Painter, Fenton, Gascoigne, Whetstone, Greene, Shakespeare, the native homiletic tradition, and earlier English domestic tragedies, have each during the last three-quarters of a century found proponents with varying intensities of conviction who have offered one or the other of them as more or less important sources for Hey wood's drama.
The Sources of Shakespeare's Merry Wives
Authors: Bennett A. L.
Published: April 2006

It Is a commonplace of criticism that the Falstaff of The Merry Wives of Windsor is an altogether different comic from the ready and resourceful, the irrepressible Sir John of Henry IV. Could it have been otherwise? If the Queen wished to see Falstaff'in love,’ that would mean unsuccessfully in love, and nothing would do but to make Falstaff an amorous buffoon taken in repeatedly by transparent devices and exposed to the ridicule of ordinary minds. The tradition of the Queen's command aside, making Falstaff the dupe in a domestic comedy would require a radical change in character. And had not the real, the original knight died babbling of green fields and gone to Arthur's bosom? Finally, if Shakespeare had in mind Ralph Doister (or some other strictly thrasonical figure) while he was making Merry Wives, as it seems possible he did, would not the lusterless Sir John wooing citizens’ wives be more fully accounted for?
Astrology, Magic, and Optics: Facets of John Dee's Early Natural Philosophy
Authors: Clulee Nicholas H.
Published: April 2006

John Dee (1527-1608) has received increasing scholarly attention since the completion in 1952 of I. R. F. Calder's massive dissertation, ‘John Dee Studied as an English Neoplatonist,’ and with the publication of Peter French'sJohn Dee: The World of an Elizabethan Magus,Dee's career and works should be fairly familiar. Prior to Calder's study, John Dee's press had been none too good, and serious scholars have labored under the burden of demonstrating Dee's place within some important intellectual tradition, so that he might be rescued from the opinion, based upon his penchant for occult studies, that he was ‘… the sport, the laughing-stock and die pray of daemons,’ or, in more modern form, ‘a rather silly man.’
Enrique IV and Gregorio Marañón
Authors: Eisenberg Daniel
Published: April 2006

Enrique IV is commonly acknowledged to be Spain's worst king; in the frequently picturesque words of Menéndez Pelayo, ‘son, sin duda, los veinte años de aquel reinado … uno de los más tristes y calamitosos períodos de nuestra historia.’ We can find favorable points about him, and there are many favorable comments in the early sources. We can point out that the contemporary opinion was much influenced by the comparison with his father, Juan II, whose reign was all show and little substance, and with his successor, Isabel la Católica, who with her husband concluded the reconquest of Granada, seen as the glorious culmination of eight centuries of struggle. Certain hard facts, however, remain.
Venetian Schools and Teachers Fourteenth to Early Sixteenth Century:
A Survey and a Study of Giovanni Battista Egnazio
Authors: Ross James Bruce
Published: April 2006

What do we know about the education of boys and young men in Venice in this
period? Who dispensed instruction, who received it, and who paid for it? What
intellectual baggage did the élite of the young Venetian patricians take
with them to the Studium of Padua, the sole center of advanced learning
sanctioned by the Serenissima? No comprehensive answer to these questions
exists, and most of the scholarly essays concerning Venetian education appeared
in the learned journals of Italy many decades ago. For the benefit of future
inquirers into this obscure and confusing subject it may be useful to survey the
major contributions of Italian scholars from the notes of Bartolomeo Cecchetti
in 1886 to the essays of the late Bruno Nardi, and to include some current
additions to the subject made by Italian and American scholars incidental to
more specialized studies.
Erasmus' Praise of Follyand the Spirit of Carnival
Authors: Watson Donald Gwynn
Published: April 2006

In his far-ranging study,Rabelais and His World,Mikhail Bakhtin describes Erasmus’Praise of Follyas the most complete expression in the Renaissance of Medieval Latin humour and as ‘one of the greatest creations of carnival laughter in world literature.’ For all Erasmus's wit and comic irony, thePraise of Follymight seem an unlikely embodiment of the comic spirit central to Carnival and other popular festivals such as New Year's, May Day, Midsummer, and the Twelve Days of Christmas. In the light of Bakhtin's remarks, however, I will here explore the importance of popular traditions of Carnival and other holiday celebrations for understanding the spirit and structure of Erasmus’ work.
Janus Pannonius, Bartolomeo Melzi, and the Sforzas
Authors: Birnbaum Marianna D.
Published: April 2006

Janus Pannonius (1434-72), Hungary's foremost Renaissance poet, has been the subject of continuous work by Hungarian students of the period engaged in identifying and describing his oeuvre and its European reception. This endeavor, of course, also includes searching for any and all contacts Pannonius had with his humanist contemporaries. Each time a new Janus MS is discovered (and it still happens), new titles are added to his ‘bibliography’ and new names to the roster of his many foreign friends. Here and there among his famous acquaintances an unknown name appears which in turn triggers new research and speculations, often yielding new insights into the varied activities of Pannonius, and, as a by-product, reveals additional information regarding the dynamism of fifteenth-century Europe.
Maerten van Heemskerck's Bel and the Dragon and Iconoclasm
Authors: Bangs Jeremy D.
Published: April 2006

Engravings designed by Maerten van Heemskerck were used often enough by sixteenth-century painters of stained-glass panels, but the subject of Daniel and the Priests of Bel and the Dragon is preserved in only two panels known to me. The apocryphal story (Dan. 14:2-21) states that the Babylonians worshipped Bel, whose statue was given large quantities of edible offerings daily. The nightly disappearance of the food convinced King Cyrus that Bel was a living god, but the prophet Daniel proved that the priests of Bel in fact ate the offerings secretly. Daniel covered the temple floor with ashes and Cyrus sealed the doors. The next morning Daniel showed the king that the priests and their families had a secret passage under the altar because footprints led to it, and they and not Bel, therefore, had eaten the food.
Scholastic Philosophy and Renaissance Magic in the De vita of Marsilio Ficino
Authors: Copenhaver Brian P.
Published: April 2006

Marsilio Ficino completed the third part of his De vita libri tres, titled De vita coelitus comparanda, in July of 1489; by the fall of that year he felt obliged to write an Apologia on behalf of his new book. Though it was destined to be the most popular of his original works, this analysis and defense of astrological magic and medicine caused Ficino worry from the moment of its composition. The Apology shows that he was particularly anxious about the religious orthodoxy of De vita III, among whose readers he expected to find many ignorant critics and some malignant:
Observations on the Text of the Histoires des amans fortunez
Authors: Stone Donald
Published: April 2006

In any discussion of Marguerite de Navarre's Heptaméron, the first printing of her stories, a volume prepared by Pierre Boaistuau and entitled Histoires des amans fortunez (Paris, 1558), tends to receive slight as well as negative treatment. Mention of the Boaistuau text figures in only ten of the 866 notes appended by Michel François to his edition of the Heptaméron in the Classiques Gamier series. Of the 1558 volume Jourda wrote, "L'édition Gruget remplaça . . . l'édition Boaistuau. Elle reste la seule qui, malgré les critiques que Ton peut lui faire, mérite d'être consultée."
"All eyes": Prospero's Inverted Masque
Authors: Gilman Ernest B.
Published: April 2006

For Theatre audiences the central moment in The Tempest is more likely to be Prospero's revels than the "revels" speech long anthologized for readers as one of the beauties of Shakespeare. In performance die nuptial masque for Ferdinand and Miranda, suddenly resplendent and suddenly dissolved, displays Shakespeare's most elaborate stage spectacle, and it is on the force of that moment that the more famous speech reflects.
Jacques Amyot and the Clerical Polemic Against the Chivalric Novel
Authors: Fumaroli Marc
Published: April 2006

The first part of Cervantes’ Don Quixote, published in 1605, is, as is well known, a satire on chivalric novels. We must all the same take note that the purpose which is clearly assigned to the novel in the prologue: “to destroy the authority which chivalric books have in the world and among the vulgar,” is never directly assumed by the narrator. Not that the latter is trifling with the purpose which he has publicly assigned to his narration; quite the contrary. But he takes care not to present himself as other than the docile and modest instrument which happens to be at the service of this higher end.
Marvell's Games with Teleology
Authors: Gent Lucy
Published: April 2006

Marvell has long been recognized as a poet who enjoys play. One of the games he likes is to highlight the human habit of thinking in terms of purpose—what today would be called a teleological habit of thought. The most notable Renaissance form of this was to regard the world as made for a purpose, which as far as the human point of view was concerned, was man himself. ‘This worldly stage was purposely prepared, that God the father might secretly behold us.’ The teleological approach argued that the sun existed to shine on man, that the silkworm labored in order to provide man with silk, and so forth—an outlook shared by the ‘Suttle Nunns’of ‘Upon Appleton House,’ who take their solipsism so far that they claim ‘These Walls restrain the World without, / … These Bars inclose that wider Den / Of those wild Creatures, called Men.’
Conciliarism, Republicanism and Corporatism: the 1415-1420 Constitution of the Florentine Clergy*
Authors: Peterson David S.
Published: April 2006

A striking feature of fifteenth-century historiography is the manner in which accounts of political thought in this period have tended to follow two basically distinct courses. One group of historians has pursued the avenue of humanist political theory, primarily in Florence, running from Coluccio Salutati and Leonardo Bruni at the beginning of the fifteenth century down to Machiavelli at its end, tracing the rise and decline of the republican ideal, or myth, in Florentine politics and from there into the mainstream of Western political theory. Another group has concerned itself with conciliar theory in the Church, pursuing its development through the councils of Pisa, Constance, and Basel to its demise in the early sixteenth century. These historians, too, have connected conciliar thought to the broader course of Europe's political development.
Veronica Franco's Terze Rime: the Venetian Courtesan's Defense*
Authors: Rosenthal Margaret F.
Published: April 2006

Against a system of gender ideologies that defined a woman's social position and intellectual pursuits as private, devoted to domestic concerns and the moral welfare of her family, the emergency of thecortigiana onesta, the intellectual courtesan, dramatically calls into question the humanists’ injunction against women's public status and speech. How did Veronica Franco, the foremost example of thecortigiana onestain sixteenth-century Italy, succeed in infiltrating the “academy of learned men“? Were any restrictions placed upon her professional activities when she vied with men for public recognition and literary commissions? How did social forces contain or compel the courtesan's cultivation of a literary identity in Venetian society? And finally, what were the maneuvers, both personal and professional, that thecortigiana onestaadopted when she obtained entrance into an elite literary circle and allied herself with powerful male patrons and intellectuals?
Julius Caesar and the Tyrannicide Debate
Authors: Miola Robert S.
Published: April 2006

The rich and important debate over tyrannicide, in which Julius Caesar figures centrally, engaged the best political minds of antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the Renaissance and raged with particular intensity during Shakespeare's time. The tremendous upheaval of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation ignited fiery polemics on the rights of subjects and on the nature and foundations of civil order. At various times Protestants and Catholics arose to challenge the authority of the earthly crown and to claim the right of deposition and tyrannicide. Monarchomachs like Christopher Goodman, John Ponet, George Buchanan, François Hoffman, Théodore de Bèze, the author of Vindiciae Contra Tyrannos, the Ligue, and the Jesuits Robert Persons, Francisco Suarez, and Juan de Mariana drew upon the classics (especially Aristotle), the Bible, and other works (especially those of Aquinas, Salutati, and Bartolus) to reexamine fundamental assumptions about political order.
The Evolution of the Form of Plays in English During the Renaissance
Authors: Howard-Hill T. H.
Published: April 2006

The modern arrangement of the texts of plays evolved from the confluence of two distinct methods of setting out plays for readers and theatrical use. The earliest, which I shall call the native tradition, had its seeds in the European liturgical drama and is most clearly manifested in the manuscripts of the early moral plays and of guild plays associated with Corpus Christi from the fourteenth century to the cessation of the performances late in the sixteenth century. The second is the classical method, exemplified by the early printings of the plays of Terence, Plautus, and Seneca from 1470 onwards and adopted by the university educated writers of secular plays in the sixteenth century.