bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vibrational spectroscopy and DFT calculations of di‐amino acid cyclic peptides. Part I: cyclo(Gly‐Gly), cyclo(L‐Ala‐L‐Ala) and cyclo(L‐Ala‐Gly) in the solid state and in aqueous solution
Authors: Mendham Andrew P. , Dines Trevor J. , Snowden Martin J. , Chowdhry Babur Z. , Withnall Robert
Published: May 2009

Investigations of the vibrational spectra of cyclo(Gly‐Gly), cyclo(L‐Ala‐L‐Ala) and cyclo(L‐Ala‐Gly) are reported. Raman scattering and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of solid‐state and aqueous protonated samples, as well as their corresponding N‐deuterated isotopomers, have been examined. In addition, density functional theory (DFT) (B3‐LYP/cc‐pVDZ) calculations of molecular structures and their associated vibrational modes were carried out. In each case, the calculated structures of lowest energy for the isolated gas‐phase molecules have boat conformations. Assignments have been made for the observed Raman and FTIR vibrational bands of the cyclic di‐amino acid peptides (CDAPs) examined. Raman polarization studies of aqueous phase samples are consistent with C2 and C1 symmetries for the six‐membered rings of cyclo(L‐Ala‐L‐Ala) and cyclo(L‐Ala‐Gly), respectively. There is a good correlation between experimental and calculated vibrational bands for the three CDAPs. These data are in keeping with boat conformations for cyclo(L‐Ala‐L‐Ala) and cyclo(L‐Ala‐Gly) molecules, predicted by the ab initio calculations, in both the solid and aqueous solution states. However, Raman spectroscopic results might infer that cyclo(L‐Ala‐Gly) deviates only slightly from planarity in the solid state. The potential energy distributions of the amide I and II modes of a cis‐peptide linkage are shown to be significantly different from those of the trans‐peptides. For example, deuterium shifts have shown that the cis‐amide I vibrations found in cyclo(Gly‐Gly), cyclo(L‐Ala‐L‐Ala), and cyclo(L‐Ala‐Gly) have larger N‐H contributions compared to their trans‐amide counterparts. Compared to trans‐amide II vibrations, cis‐amide II vibrations show a considerable decrease in NH character. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative Raman spectroscopy: speciation of cesium silicate glasses
Authors: Malfait Wim J.
Published: May 2009

The silicate speciation forms an important aspect of the structure of silicate melts, a subject of interest to both the earth‐ and materials science communities. In this study, the Qn speciation of binary cesium silicate glasses was studied by Raman spectroscopy. A method to extract the equilibrium constant from a set of Raman spectra is presented, and the least‐squares optimization algorithm is given (in Supporting Information). Log(K), the equilibrium constant of the speciation reaction, 2Q3 = Q4 + Q2, equals −2.72 ± 0.11 at the glass transition. This extends the previously established correlation between log(K) and the inverse of the ionic radius of the network modifier to cesium. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The content and distribution of condensed tannins in different species of the genus sorghum (Sorghum Moench) and their effect on seed protein electrophoresis
Authors: Liu Min‐Xuan , Wang Yun‐Wen , Han Jian‐Guo , Mao Pei‐Sheng
Published: May 2009

BACKGROUND: The interaction between condensed tannins (CTs) and seed protein in varieties of sorghum interferes with protein extraction and the separation by electrophoresis, so electrophoresis can not be used widely for determining seed purity and identifying a variety. The objective of this research was to classify the effect of CTs on the extraction of seed storage proteins and on their analysis by SDS–PAGE, and to search for a promising solution to reduce the negative effect of CTs in sorghum.

RESULTS: The vanillin–HCl test confirmed that CTs were localised mainly in the glumes of grain sorghum, but distributed in every fraction of sudangrass. Samples with high CT content did not produce any bands in the gel after electrophoresis. Removal of the glumes and pericarp/testa prevented the influence of CTs on electrophoresis for grain sorghum but had little effect for sudangrass. Adding tannin/catechin to the protein extraction of sorghum kernel decreased the number of bands in the gel. Adding polyvinylpyrrolidine to the protein extraction of sudangrass increased the bands.

CONCLUSION: Tannin–protein interactions are responsible for the absence of bands in varieties with high CT content. For grain sorghum, decortication can prevent the influence. Adding polyvinylpyrrolidine during the extraction of seed protein could solve the problem of tannin–protein interactions for varieties of sudangrass. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Development and validation of UPLC for the determination of phenolic compounds and furanic derivatives in Brandy de Jerez
Authors: Schwarz Mónica , Rodríguez M. Carmen , Guillén Dominico A. , Barroso Carmelo G.
Published: May 2009

Brandy and other aged distillates are a rich source of polyphenols. For brandies, contact with wood during ageing makes an important contribution to their polyphenols content. This paper describes the use of a previously devised ultra performance LC (UPLC) method to study the polyphenols content of Brandy de Jerez. UPLC is a new technique in LC offering several potential advantages, especially the reduction of time. Analyses of brandy performed by HPLC were repeated by UPLC. A special UPLC analytical column (Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column, 100×2.1 mm), with a particle size of 1.7 μm, forms part of this system. Using the UPLC system enabled the time needed for analysis to be reduced to one tenth of the time needed in the conventional HPLC system. In conclusion, the separation factor results of the UPLC were compared to those obtained using HPLC methods; this demonstrated that simple, high efficiency UPLC gradients are viable and advantageous substitutes for traditional analysis of polyphenols in brandy by HPLC. The method enabled 14 phenolic compounds to be identified and determined in 33 different commercial brandies, and this allowed them to be differentiated in function of quality.
GC‐MS/MS multi‐residue method for the determination of organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human breast tissues
Authors: Medina Cecilia M. , Pitarch Elena , Portolés Tania , López Franciso J. , Hernández Félix
Published: May 2009

In this work, a multiresidue method for the quantification and confirmation of around 30 organohalogenated compounds in human breast tissue samples has been developed. Analytes tested included organochlorine (OC) (pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls) and organobromine (OBr) (polybrominated diphenyl ether) compounds. The approach is based on a simple extraction with hexane, followed by a SPE clean‐up using silica cartridges and final measurement by GC coupled to triple quadrupole MS. Analyses were performed in both ionizations, electron impact (EI) (selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode) and negative chemical ionization (NCI) (selected ion recording (SIR) mode). Three isotopically labeled standards were added before extraction and used as surrogates: HCB‐13C6, lindane‐D6 and p,p′‐DDE‐D8. The method was validated in terms of accuracy, precision, LOQ and LOD and confirmation reliability, using breast tissue spiked at three concentration levels in the range 1–100 ng/g for OC compounds and at two levels 0.1 and 10 ng/g for OBr compounds (0.5 and 50 ng/g for BDE 209). The usefulness of the developed method was tested by the analysis of real human samples, giving as a result the detection of several OC and OBr compounds in different samples analyzed. The acquisition of at least two SRM transitions (in EI) or ions (in NCI) per analyte allowed positive findings to be confirmed by accomplishment of ion ratios between the quantification and the confirmation transitions or ions.
Separation of D‐psicose and D‐fructose using simulated moving bed chromatography
Authors: Van Duc Long Nguyen , Le Thai‐Hoang , Kim Jin‐Il , Lee Ju Weon , Koo Yoon‐Mo
Published: May 2009

Simulated moving bed (SMB) processes have been widely used in the sugar industries with ion‐exchange resin as a stationary phase. D‐Psicose, a rare monosaccharide known as a valuable pharmaceutical substrate, was synthesized by the enzymatic conversion from D‐fructose. The SMB process was adopted to separate D‐psicose from D‐fructose. Before the SMB experiment, the reaction mixture including D‐psicose and D‐fructose was treated by a deashing process to remove contaminants, such as buffers, proteins, and other organic materials. Four columns packed with Dowex 50WX4‐Ca2+ (200–400 mesh) ion‐exchange resins were used in the four‐zone SMB. Single‐step frontal analysis was performed to estimate the isotherm parameters of each monosaccharide. The operating conditions of the SMB process were determined based on the Equilibrium Theory. According to the simulation of the SMB process, the purity and yield of extract product (D‐psicose) achieved were 99.04 and 97.46%, respectively and those of raffinate product (D‐fructose) were 99.06 and 99.53%, respectively. Under the optimized operating condition, complete separation (extract purity = 99.36%, raffinate purity = 99.67%) was achieved experimentally.
Ion‐exchanger synthesis using reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer polymerization
Authors: Unsal Ender , Uguzdogan Erdal , Patir Süleyman , Tuncel Ali
Published: May 2009

An ion‐exchanger with polyanionic molecular brushes was synthesized by a “grafting from” route based on “surface‐controlled reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer polymerization” (RAFT). The RAFT agent, PhC(S)SMgBr was covalently attached to monodisperse‐porous poly(dihydroxypropyl methacrylate‐co‐ethylene dimethacrylate), poly(DHPM‐co‐EDM) particles 5.8 μm in size. The monomer, 3‐sulfopropyl methacrylate (SPM), was grafted from the surface of poly(DHPM‐co‐EDM) particles with an immobilized chain transfer agent by the proposed RAFT protocol. The degree of polymerization of SPM (i. e. the molecular length of the polyanionic ligand) on the particles was controlled by varying the molar ratio of monomer/RAFT agent. The particles carrying polyanionic molecular brushes with different lengths were tested as packing material in the separation of proteins by ion exchange chromatography. The columns packed with the particles carrying relatively longer polyanionic ligands exhibited higher separation efficiency in the separation of four proteins. Plate heights between 130–200 μm were obtained. The ion‐exchanger having poly‐(SPM) ligand with lower degree of polymerization provided better peak‐resolutions on applying a salt gradient with higher slope. The molecular length and the ion‐exchanger group content of polyionic ligand were adjusted by controlling the degree of polymerization and the grafting density, respectively. This property allowed control of the separation performance of the ion‐exchanger packing.
Simplifying the setup for vacuum‐outlet GC: Using a restriction inside the injection port
Authors: de Zeeuw Jaap , Reese Shawn , Cochran Jack , Grossman Scott , Kane Tom , English Chris
Published: May 2009

The application of vacuum GC has several advantages over pressurized GC. One of the key characteristics is that the optimal gas velocity is very high. Combined with short capillary columns of wide internal diameter, this results in short analysis times using standard GC‐MS equipment. To make vacuum GC possible using a GC‐MS system, a restriction must be positioned at the injection side of the column. This restriction is usually made of deactivated 0.1 mm i.d. fused‐silica tubing which is coupled to the analytical column. Such restrictions will work, but practical challenges are found in coupling, reducing dead volume and robustness. A new way of making restrictions is by incorporating the restriction into the injection port. Using well‐defined short pieces of fused silica with internal diameter of 0.025 mm, one can make a restriction using a Press‐Tight® type connector, and position this inside the injection port. By doing this, the restriction is very short and at high temperature all the time. Activity plays a minimal role, and also leaks will not be an issue as the coupling is in 100% inert gas. Data obtained using this concept is promising as vacuum GC becomes easier and more robust.
Evaluation of a generalized use of the log Sum(k+1)AA descriptor in a QSRR model to predict peptide retention on RPLC systems
Authors: Bodzioch Karolina , Dejaegher Bieke , Baczek Tomasz , Kaliszan Roman , Vander Heyden Yvan
Published: May 2009

At the current state of knowledge, the rational optimization of the chromatographic separation of peptides, as well as the identification of proteins in proteomics are challenges for analytical chemists. In this paper the generalized applicability of a recently derived descriptor log Sum(k+1)AA in a QSRR equation to model peptide retention in RP‐LC systems was evaluated. For that purpose, two sets of peptides analyzed on dissimilar RP‐LC systems were considered. A first set of 28 peptides was measured on 17 columns/systems, while a second of 70 peptides was eluted on four. The aim of this work was to confirm the usefulness of the partly experimental log Sum(k+1)AA descriptor for the prediction of peptides retention compared to the initially applied, fully experimental log SumAA descriptor. The verification of the predictive abilities of both QSRR models, applying either the initial or the alternative descriptor, was done by using the leave‐one‐out and leave‐three‐out cross‐validation procedures. The results seem to demonstrate that the QSRR model with log Sum(k+1)AA, for which the retention measurement of only seven out of 20 existing amino acids is necessary, possesses similar or in some cases even better predictive abilities than that containing log SumAA.
Determination of basic azaarenes in aviation kerosene by solid‐phase extraction and HPLC‐fluorescence detection
Authors: Rocha da Luz Elaine , Mota Gonsalves Thiago Fernando , Queiroz Aucélio Ricardo
Published: May 2009

SPE in combination with HPLC and fluorescence detection has been used for sensitive determination of six basic azaarenes (7,8‐benzoquinoline, 7,9‐dimethylbenz[c]acridine, 9‐amino‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroacridine, 9‐methylacridine, acridine, and dibenz[a,j]acridine) in aviation kerosene (jet fuel). SPE was performed in a single step using a strong cation exchange sorbent. The HPLC system consisted of C18 column with a selected detection program of optimal λexc and λem. A gradient elution with ACN and phosphate buffer (pH 6.5) at a flow rate of 1 mL/min allowed efficient and fast separation of azaarenes within 15 min. The LOD and LOQ values (S/N ratio 3:1 and 10:1, respectively) were between 0.0013 and 0.021 and from 0.0044 to 0.072 ng per injection. The calibration curves showed linear behavior from the LOQ to 250 μg/L (r2 >0.99). For the spiked concentration of 6.0 μg/L, recoveries were from 92 to 107% for jet fuel samples, except for 9‐amino‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroacridine, which presented 68% recovery. The proposed method was applied to the quantification of those six basic azaarenes in one commercial kerosene and in three aviation kerosene samples. The presence of 7,8‐benzoquinoline (up to 3.2 μg/L) and dibenzo[a,j]acridine (up to 6.3 μg/L) was confirmed in aviation kerosene.
Electrophoretic methods for separation of nanoparticles
Authors: Surugau Noumie , Urban Pawel L.
Published: May 2009

This article reviews progress in the application of electrophoretic techniques for the separation of nanoparticles. Numerous types of nanoparticles have recently been synthesised and integrated into different products and procedures. Consequently, analytical methods for the efficient characterisation of nanoparticles are now required. Several studies have revealed that gel electrophoresis can readily be used for separating nanoparticles according to their size or shape. However, many other studies focused on separation of nanoparticles by CE. In some cases nanoparticles could be separated by CZE, simply using pure buffer as the BGE. In other studies, buffer additives (most often SDS) were used, enabling fast separations of metallic nanoparticles by size. Other CE methods also allowed for separation of nanoparticle conjugates with biomolecules. Dielectrophoresis is yet another electrophoretic technique useful in separation and characterisation of nanoparticles; particularly nanotubes. Detection methods often used after electrophoretic separation include UV/Vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. Examples of recent and relevant older reports are presented here. The authors conclude that electrophoretic methods for nanoanalysis can provide inexpensive and efficient tools for quality assurance and safety control; and as a consequence, they can augment transfer of nanotechnologies from research to industry.
Two‐dimensional coordination polymer matrix for solid‐phase extraction of pesticide residues from plant Cordia salicifolia
Authors: Viana de Carvalho Pedro Henrique , Santos Barreto Alysson , Rodrigues Marcelo O. , de Menezes Prata Vanessa , Barreto Alves Péricles , de Mesquita Maria Eliane , Alves Júnior Severino , Navickiene Sandro
Published: May 2009

The 2D coordination polymer (∞[Gd(DPA)(HDPA)]) was tested for extraction of acephate, chlorpropham, pirimicarb, bifenthrin, tetradifon, and phosalone from the medicinal plant Cordia salicifolia, whose extracts are commercialized in Brazil as diuretic, appetite suppressant, and weight loss products, using GC/MS, SIM. Considering that there are no Brazilian regulations concerning maximum permissible pesticide residue concentrations in medicinal herbs, recovery experiments were carried out (seven replicates), at two arbitrary fortification levels (0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg), resulting in recoveries in range of 20 to 107.7% and SDRSDs were between 5.6 and 29.1% for ∞[Gd(DPA)(HDPA)] sorbent. Detection and quantification limits for herb ranged from 0.10 to 0.15 mg/kg and from 0.15 to 0.25 mg/kg, respectively, for the different pesticides studied. The developed method is linear over the range assayed, 0.5–10.0 μg/mL, with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.9975 to 0.9986 for all pesticides. Comparison between ∞[Gd(DPA)(HDPA)] sorbent and conventional sorbent (neutral alumina) showed similar performance of ∞[Gd(DPA)(HDPA)] polymeric sorbent for three (bifenthrin, tetradifon, and phosalone) out of six pesticides tested.
Screening for generalized anxiety disorder symptoms in the wake of terrorist attacks: A study in primary care
Authors: Ghafoori Bita , Neria Yuval , Gameroff Marc J. , Olfson Mark , Lantigua Rafael , Shea Steven , Weissman Myrna M.
Published: May 2009

Little is known about the mental health impact of terrorism beyond posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. The associations between exposure to the September 11, 2001 (9/11) attacks in New York City and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) symptoms were examined in a sample of 929 primary care patients. After controlling for PTSD, depression, panic and substance use disorders, and pre‐9/11 trauma, patients who screened positive (vs. negative) for GAD symptoms were roughly twice as likely to report having a loved one at the 9/11 disaster site, twice as likely to know someone who was killed by the attacks, and twice as likely to know someone who was involved with the rescue/recovery efforts after the disaster. Implications for treatment and future research are discussed.
Management of meningoencephalic herniation of the temporal bone: Personal experience and literature review
Authors: Sanna Mario , Paolo Fois , Russo Alessandra , Falcioni Maurizio
Published: May 2009

Objectives/Hypothesis:

Temporal bone meningoencephalic herniation is a rare condition with potentially dangerous complications. The aim of this study is to analyze the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, surgical treatment, and postoperative outcome of 133 cases of surgically confirmed temporal bone meningoencephalic herniations. A review of the literature is also presented.

Study Design:

Retrospective case series (quaternary referral otology and skull base center).

Methods:

This study is based on the analysis of the collected data of 133 cases of temporal bone meningoencephalic herniations surgically treated from 1984 to 2006. The follow‐up ranged from 12 to 204 months with a mean of 38.4 months.

Results:

Meningoencephalic herniations were divided into four etiologic groups: spontaneous (24.8%), secondary to chronic otitis media (21.8%), iatrogenic (45.9%), and posttraumatic (7.5%). Different surgical techniques were used for treatment: transmastoid approach (27.8%), middle cranial fossa approach (27.8%), combined technique (transmastoid plus minicraniotomy, 3%), and middle ear obliteration with blind sac closure of the external auditory canal (41.4%).

Conclusions:

Temporal bone meningoencephalic herniations are potentially life threatening, and surgery must take place expeditiously. The choice of the most appropriate surgical approach must be based on the localization and size of the herniated tissue, preoperative auditory function, the presence of active infection, intraoperative cerebrospinal fluid leak, and concomitant pathology. Laryngoscope, 2009
Brain‐derived nerve growth factor in the treatment of sensorineural hearing loss
Authors: Meen Eric , Blakley Brian , Quddusi Taeed
Published: May 2009

Objectives/Hypothesis:

A possible medical treatment for sensorineural hearing loss using brain‐derived nerve growth factor (BDNF) was explored. The hypothesis is that direct intracochlear application of BDNF will result in improved hearing.

Study Design:

Animal research study.

Methods:

Significant hearing loss was created using cisplatin in 11 guinea pigs. One month later, bilateral cochleostomies were performed placing 0.05 μg of BDNF in one cochlea of each animal prior to plugging with connective tissue. The other cochlea served as a control. Auditory brain‐stem response (ABR) testing was then carried out for three months at 6,000, 8,000, 12,000, and 24,000 Hz.

Results:

ABR thresholds were better in the treated ear for all frequencies. Threshold differences were statistically significantly better two months after treatment (general linear model, repeated measures P = .045).

Conclusions:

Intracochlear application of BDNF may prevent hearing loss. Laryngoscope, 2009
Advanced UV Lasers Enable Precision Processing
Authors: Rauch Torsten , Delmdahl Ralph
Published: May 2009

Lasers with ultraviolet (UV) output offer unique benefits for processing a wide range of materials. In particular, the short wavelength, high energy UV photons experience less diffraction than longer visible or infrared wavelengths, which enables materials processing at higher spatial resolution. In addition, UV lasers micromachine primarily by non‐thermal means, thus minimizing the heat affected zone due to processing. As a result, UV lasers are now employed for many demanding, high precision tasks in semiconductor fabrication, display manufacture, medical device production, therapeutic medical procedures and scientific research. This article explores some of these applications as well as recent advances in the laser technology that has been developed to service them.
High Energy Picosecond Lasers: Ready for Prime Time
Authors: Weingarten Kurt
Published: May 2009

High‐pulse energy picosecond laser systems provide industrial‐level reliability combined with the performance features required for many ultrafast material processing applications. Current diodepumped solid‐state systems provide pulse energies into the 100's of microjoules at 1064 nm wavelength and pulse widths of approximately 10 picoseconds, which allows effective “cold” ablation of most materials with high efficiency. Average power of these systems is scalable up to 50 W and will further increase into the multi‐100 W range, allowing for very high speed picosecond micromachining.

This article first reviews the basics of picosecond micromachining, gives a short perspective on the development of these lasers over the last few decades, then summarizes their current performance. We review some of the applications that are enabled with these lasers, before we discuss future developments in this rapidly changing field.
Impact of the Donor Risk Index on the Outcome of Hepatitis C Virus–Positive Liver Transplant Recipients
Authors: Maluf Daniel G. , Edwards Erick B. , Stravitz Todd R. , Kauffman Myron H.
Published: May 2009

Abstract

We have investigated the impact of the donor risk index (DRI) on the outcome of hepatitis C virus (HCV)–infected patients undergoing liver transplantation (LTx). Retrospective analysis was performed from the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network database (January 1, 2000 to June, 2006). The DRI was calculated as described by Feng et al. (Am J Transplant 2006;6:783–790). Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) exceptions were excluded from the analysis. Relative risk (RR) estimates of patient and graft loss were derived from Cox regression models. The Wald test was used to test the effect of the MELD score at transplant on the HCV-DRI interaction. Of the LTx recipients (16,678), 76.1% were Caucasian, and 66.7% were male; the median age was 52 (range, 18–80 years), and the mean follow-up time was 1148 days (range, 0–2959 days). Forty-six percent (n = 7675) of LTx recipients were HCV(+). The median DRI was 1.3 (range, 0.77–4.27). Increasing DRI was associated with a statistically significant increase in the RR of graft failure and patient death for both HCV(+) and HCV(−) recipients. However, HCV(+) recipients demonstrated a significantly higher increase in the RR of patient and graft loss as a function of the DRI than HCV(−) subjects, even after adjustments for several recipient factors, including MELD. In conclusion, a synergistic interaction between donor DRI and recipient HCV status exists, such that an allograft from a high-DRI donor more adversely affects the outcome of an HCV(+) recipient than that of an HCV(−) recipient. Liver Transpl 15:592–599, 2009. © 2009 AASLD.
Smoking Behavior in Liver Transplant Recipients
Authors: van der Heide Frans , Dijkstra Gerard , Porte Robert J. , Kleibeuker Jan H. , Haagsma Elizabeth B.
Published: May 2009

Abstract

Long-term morbidity and survival after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) are to a large degree determined by cardiovascular disease and cancer. Tobacco use is a well-known risk factor for both. The aim of this study was to examine smoking behavior before and after OLT and to define groups at risk for resuming tobacco use after OLT. In addition, we looked for a relation between smoking and morbidity after OLT. All 401 adult patients with a follow-up of at least 2 years after OLT were included. Data were collected from the charts. A questionnaire about smoking habits at 4 time points before and after OLT was sent to all 326 patients alive, and 301 (92%) patients responded. Both before and after OLT, 53% of patients never used tobacco, and around 17% were active smokers. Of the active smokers during the evaluation for OLT, almost one-third succeeded in cessation, often during the waiting time for OLT. Twelve percent of former smokers restarted smoking, mainly after OLT. Tobacco use was the highest in patients with alcoholic liver disease (52% were active smokers before OLT, and 44% were after OLT) and the lowest in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (1.4% were active smokers before OLT). At 10 years, the cumulative rate of malignancies was 12.7% in active smokers versus 2.1% in nonsmokers (P = 0.019). No effect on skin cancer or cardiovascular disease was found. In conclusion, smoking is a serious problem after OLT and increases the risk for malignancy. Prevention programs should focus not only on active smokers but also on former smokers. Liver Transpl 15: 648–655, 2009. © 2009 AASLD.
Donor Livers with Steatosis Are Safe To Use in Hepatitis C Virus–Positive Recipients
Authors: Burra Patrizia , Loreno Massimiliano , Russo Francesco Paolo , Germani Giacomo , Galligioni Alessandra , Senzolo Marco , Cillo Umberto , Zanus Giacomo , Fagiuoli Stefano , Rugge Massimo
Published: May 2009

Abstract

Whether donor graft steatosis affects liver function and influences survival after liver transplantation is still open to debate. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of donor graft steatosis on long-term liver histology after liver transplantation. One hundred sixteen consecutive liver transplants were performed in 56 hepatitis C virus–positive (HCV+) patients and 60 HCV− patients who had protocol liver biopsies at 6, 12, 24, and 36 months after liver transplantation. Liver biopsies were obtained from all grafts. No steatosis was seen in 50.9% of the biopsies taken at the back table before implantation, whereas steatosis was mild in 39.6% of the samples and moderate/severe in 9.5% of the samples. In the 56 HCV+ recipients, fibrosis stage 3 was seen in 22.2% and stage 4 was seen in 2.2% of 45 biopsies at 36 months after liver transplantation. There was no correlation between donor graft steatosis and fibrosis after liver transplantation, regardless of the etiology of liver disease. No difference in 36-month survival after liver transplantation was seen, regardless of whether the etiology of the patient's liver disease was HCV-related or non–HCV-related (80.3% versus 75%; P = 0.4) and whether the steatosis in the graft was reportedly absent, mild, or moderate/severe (79.7% versus 73.9% versus 81.1%; P = 0.7). In conclusion, nearly one-quarter of HCV+ recipients have precirrhosis/cirrhosis 3 years after liver transplantation. Steatotic grafts do not seem to exacerbate the progression of fibrosis in HCV+ recipients, nor do they seem to negatively affect 3-year patient survival. Liver Transpl 15:619–628, 2009. © 2009 AASLD.
Solvent Influence on Propagation Kinetics in Radical Polymerizations Studied by Pulsed Laser Initiated Polymerizations
Authors: Beuermann Sabine
Published: May 2009

The influence of the reaction medium (organic solvents, water, ionic liquids, supercritical CO2) on the propagation rate in radical polymerizations has very different causes, e.g., hindered rotational modes, hydrogen bonding or electron pair donor/acceptor interactions. Depending on the origin of the solvent influence propagation rate coefficients, kp, may be enhanced by up to an order of magnitude associated with changes in the pre‐exponential or the activation energy of kp. In contrast, non‐specific interactions, size and steric effects lead to rather small changes in the vicinity of the radical chain end and are reflected by modest variations in kp.

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Nanoelectrospray emitters: Trends and perspective
Authors: Gibson Graham T.T. , Mugo Samuel M. , Oleschuk Richard D.
Published: May 2009

The benefits of electrospray ionization are many, including sensitivity, robustness, simplicity and the ability to couple continuous flow methods with mass spectrometry. The technique has seen further improvement by lowering flow rates to the nanoelectrospray regime (<1,000 nL/min), where sample consumption is minimized and sensitivity increases. The move to nanoelectrospray has required a shift in the design of the electrospray source which has mostly involved the emitter itself. The emitter has seen an evolution in architecture as the shape and geometry of the device have proved pivotal in the formation of sufficiently small droplets for sensitive MS detection at these flow rates. There is a clear movement toward the development of emitters that produce multiple Taylor cones. Such multielectrospray emitters have been shown to provide enhanced sensitivity and sample utilization. This article reviews the development of nanoelectrospray emitters, including factors such as geometry and the manner of applying voltage. Designs for emitters that take advantage of multielectrospray are emphasized. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 28:918–936, 2009
Prognostic indicators of poor short‐term outcome of physiotherapy intervention in women with stress urinary incontinence
Authors: Hendriks Erik J.M. , Kessels Alfons G.H. , de Vet Henrica C.W. , Bernards Arnold T.M. , de Bie Rob A.
Published: May 2009

Aims

To identify prognostic indicators independently associated with poor outcome of physiotherapy intervention in women with primary or recurrent stress urinary incontinence (stress UI).

Methods

A prospective cohort study was performed in physiotherapy practices in primary care to identify prognostic indicators 12 weeks after initiation of physiotherapy intervention. Patients were referred by general practitioners or urogynecologists. Risk factors for stress UI were examined as potential prognostic indicators of poor outcome. The primary outcomes were defined as poor outcome on the binary Leakage Severity scale (LS scale) and the binary global perceived effectiveness (GPE) score.

Results

Two hundred sixty‐seven women, with a mean age of 47.7 (SD = 8.3), with stress UI for at least 6 months were included. At 12 weeks, 43% and 59% of the women were considered recovered on the binary LS scale and the binary GPE score, respectively. Prognostic indicators associated with poor outcome included 11 indicators based on the binary LS scale and 8 based on the binary GPE score. The prognostic indicators shared by both models show that poor recovery was associated with women with severe stress UI, POP‐Q stage > II, poor outcome of physiotherapy intervention for a previous UI episode, prolonged second stage of labor, BMI > 30, high psychological distress, and poor physical health.

Conclusions

This study provides robust evidence of clinically meaningful prognostic indicators of poor short‐term outcome. These findings need to be confirmed by replication studies. Neurourol. Urodynam. 29:336–343, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fibrin glue versus martius flap interpositioning in the repair of complicated obstetric vesicovaginal fistula. A prospective multi‐institution randomized trial
Authors: Safan Ahmed , Shaker Hassan , Abdelaal Abdalla , Mourad M. Sherif , Albaz Mohammed
Published: May 2009

Aims

To examine the efficacy of using fibrin glue (FG) as an interpositioning layer in the repair of complicated vesioovaginal fistulae (VVFe) as compared to the classical repair using martius flaps (Ml′).

Methods

The study was conducted in 3 African institutions. Forty female patients with complicated VVFs were randomized into 2 groups. Group A were repaired anatomically using PG as interpositioning layer. Group B were repaired anatomically using MF as an interpositioning layer. FG used in this study was prepared from patients own blood. Complicating factors were recurrence, local moderate lo severe fibrosis, fistula location involving the bladder neck, and or size of the fistola being more than 1.5 cm in its largest diameter. Patients were evaluated after 2 weeks, one month and 3 months postoperatively.

Results

Thirty eight patients were evaluable as 2 patients, one from each group, lost to follow‐up. Patient demographics were not different between the two study groups. The frequency of occurrence of complicating factors was not different between the 2 groups. Thirteen of group A and eleven from group B were rendered dry and that was maintained for as long as they were followed‐up. The difference in the outcome was not statistically significant.

Conclusion

The use of FG as an interpositioning layer during the vaginal anatomical repair of complicated VVF appears to be of great value as an alternative to the use of MF interpositioning. Decreasing the operative time and adding simplicity to the already complicated procedure are additional values of using this procedure. Neurourol. Urodynam. 28:438–441, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Geometrical modeling of granular structures in two and three dimensions. Application to nanostructures
Authors: Benabbou A. , Borouchaki H. , Laug P. , Lu J.
Published: May 2009

A granular structure can be modeled by a parallelepiped containing spherical balls in three dimensions or by a rectangle filled with disks in two dimensions. These grains (spherical balls or disks) are separated by interfaces called grain boundaries and their size correspond to a size distribution, which is obtained experimentally. The geometrical modeling of such a structure consists in determining the repartition of the set of disjoint grains according to these specifications. In this paper, a new constructive algorithm based on an advancing‐front approach, usually used in the context of mesh generation, is proposed. This algorithm is nearly linear in complexity, robust and fast in both two and three dimensions. Enhancements in computing time and density are observed and reported via comparisons with existing methods. Moreover, we propose a method to transform spherical balls (disks) into polyhedral (polygonal) cells similar to the real grain shapes. Examples of nanostructure modeling in two and three dimensions are presented. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A uniform estimate for the MMOC for two‐dimensional advection‐diffusion equations
Authors: Wang Kaixin , Wang Hong
Published: May 2009

We prove an optimal‐order error estimate in a weighted energy norm for the modified method of characteristics (MMOC) and the modified method of characteristics with adjusted advection (MMOCAA) for two‐dimensional time‐dependent advection‐diffusion equations, in the sense that the generic constants in the estimates depend on certain Sobolev norms of the true solution but not on the scaling diffusion parameter ε. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 2010
Organic–inorganic polypyrrole‐surface modified SiO2 hybrid nanocomposites: a facile and green synthetic approach
Authors: Yuvaraj Haldorai , Shim Jae‐Jin , Lim Kwon Taek
Published: May 2009

Organic–inorganic hybrid nanocomposites composed of conductive polypyrrole (PPy) and surface modified silica (SiO2) were successfully prepared through an in situ chemical oxidative polymerization in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2). SiO2 nanoparticles were surface modified using 3‐methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTMS) in order to disperse well in the medium. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the SiO2 nanoparticles were encapsulated into the polymer. UV‐visible spectra of the diluted colloidal dispersions of PPy/SiO2 hybrid nanocomposites were similar to those of PPy system. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) suggested the strong interaction between PPy and SiO2. Surface characterizations of nanocomposites were described by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The nanocomposites synthesized in scCO2 have been shown to possess higher electrical conductivity and thermal stability. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Medical, psychological, cognitive and educational late‐effects in pediatric low‐grade glioma survivors treated with surgery only
Authors: Turner Christopher D. , Chordas Christine A. , Liptak Cori C. , Rey‐Casserly Celiane , Delaney Brian L. , Ullrich Nicole J. , Goumnerova Liliana C. , Scott R. Michael , Begley Heather C. , Fletcher William J. , Yao Xiaopan , Chi Susan , Kieran Mark W.
Published: May 2009

Background

Surgical resection is often the only treatment necessary for pediatric low‐grade gliomas (LGGs) and is thought to define a population with an excellent long‐term prognosis. The goal of this study was to describe the multidimensional late‐effects of pediatric LGG survivors treated exclusively with surgery.

Methods

A retrospective chart review of “surgery‐only” LGG survivors followed at Dana‐Farber/Children's Hospital Cancer Care was undertaken. Patients had to be diagnosed with an LGG before the age of 22 years, treated with “surgery‐only” and be at least 2 years from diagnosis.

Results

Sixty survivors were eligible with a median age at the time of review of 16.3 years and the median time since diagnosis of 8.4 years. Tumor locations were predominantly posterior fossa (47%) or cortical (33%). Eighty‐five percent of patients had at least one ongoing late‐effect, and 28% had three or more. The most common late‐effects consisted of motor dysfunction (43%), visual problems (32%), anxiety (19%), social difficulties (19%), seizure disorders (17%), depression (15%), poor coordination/ataxia (14%), behavioral problems (13%), and endocrinopathies (10%). Nine patients had a history of suicidal ideation; two with suicide attempts. The mean full‐scale IQ was normal, however, the number of survivors scoring one standard deviation below the mean was twice the expected number. Special education services were utilized by more than half of the survivors.

Conclusions

“Surgery‐only” LGG survivors may be more affected by their tumor and its resection than previously appreciated. A prospective study is needed to address this survivor population. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;53:417–423. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Barriers to adherence and hypertension control in a racially diverse representative sample of elderly primary care patients
Authors: Turner Barbara J. , Hollenbeak Christopher , Weiner Mark G. , Ten Have Thomas , Roberts Craig
Published: May 2009

Purpose

To examine the effect of antihypertensive adherence on blood pressure and barriers to adherence in racially diverse elderly patients.

Methods

Telephone survey of a representative sample of 300 of all 3416 hypertensive patients aged >70 from four urban primary care practices. From electronic records, we calculated subjects' annual mean systolic blood pressure. We asked about the last missed antihypertensive dose in six time intervals. Based on association with blood pressure control, non‐adherence was defined as missing any dose in the past 3 months. Subjects were also asked about six domains of adherence barriers: health, personal support, drug coverage, medication filling and use, doctor–patient interaction and knowledge. All models adjust for demographics, treatment regimen and sampling weights.

Results

The 202 subjects (67% response rate) were: female (65.9%), black (64.8%), mean age 77.4 years (5.49) and on mean 2.4 (SD 1.3) antihypertensive drugs. Mean annual systolic pressure for non‐adherent subjects (22% of the cohort) was higher than adherent subjects (137.7 vs.133.4 mmHg, p = 0.065). After adjustment, the association between adherence and blood pressure was stronger in black than white patients (p = 0.007). In an initial model, being unaware of Medicare Part D had a lower adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of adherence (p < 0.05). In the final model, adherence barriers were: medication filling/use (run out of pills [AOR 0.25, CI 0.09‐0.66] and 28% reduction per each of eight barriers); doctor–patient interaction (less important to discuss hypertension [AOR 0.32, CI 0.12–0.84]); and knowledge (38% lower AOR per incorrect answer about diseases unrelated to hypertension).

Conclusion

Self‐reported adherence was associated with a higher blood pressure, especially in elderly black patients. To promote adherence, our data suggest targeting: filling prescriptions, prioritizing hypertension care and educating about effects of hypertension. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cancer incidence in The Health Improvement Network
Authors: Haynes Kevin , Forde Kimberly A. , Schinnar Rita , Wong Patricia , Strom Brian L. , Lewis James D.
Published: May 2009

Background

The utility of electronic medical record databases for clinical research relies on the validity and completeness of the recorded medical diagnoses. This study assessed whether the recorded incidence of cancer among patients in The Health Improvement Network (THIN) database is comparable to that expected in the UK based on national cancer registry data.

Methods

We examined incidence rates of any cancer other than non‐melanoma skin cancer and the specific cancers colorectal, lung, pancreas, and lymphoma from 1992 to 2007. Indirect standardization was used to calculate standardized incidence ratios (SIR) using age‐ and sex‐specific rates from the UK cancer registry for England and Wales for the corresponding years.

Results

Recording of the incidence of all cancers combined in THIN was very close to the expected rates from 2001 to 2007, that is, SIR within 10% of unity. Recording of the solid cancers was less than the expected based on cancer registry data, but with SIRs > 0.80 in 2007 for each cancer. Recording of lymphoma was close to the expected rate for the entire follow‐up period. Time and experience with Vision software emerged as important factors in reported incidence rates for all cancers.

Conclusions

For all cancers combined and for lymphoma the observed rates in THIN are very close to those reported in cancer registry data for the years 2001–2007. However, for solid cancers the observed rates in THIN are below those reported in cancer registry data. This may reflect the use of non‐specific codes to record solid cancers. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Patterns of medication use in the immigrant population resident in Spain: associated factors
Authors: Carrasco‐Garrido P. , Jiménez‐García R. , Hernández Barrera V. , López de Andrés A. , Gil de Miguel A.
Published: May 2009

Purpose

This study mainly aimed at to ascertain to ascertain the prevalence of the consumption of medications, prescribed and self‐medicated, among the immigrant population (economic immigrants and not economic immigrants) resident in Spain, and to identify the factors associated with such consumption in this population.

Methods

We have worked with individualized secondary data, collected in the Spanish National Health Survey carried out in 2006 and 2007 (SNHS‐06), from the Ministry of Health and Consumer Affairs. A total of 2055 subjects born outside Spain, aged 16 years or over, were analysed. The independent variables were sociodemographic and health‐related, and the dependent variable was medication use. Using logistic multivariate regression models we have estimated the independent effect of each of these variables on the medication consumption.

Results

The 55.8% of immigrant population responded affirmatively to having consumed some type of medication. The drugs that registered the highest consumption prevalence were analgesics (53.09%). It should be stressed here that 8.75% of the not economic immigrant population has consumed antibiotics. The variables that were independently and significantly associated with a greater probability of medication consumption were: sex, age, presence of chronic disease, use of alternative medicines and a negative perception of health. The most strongly associated variable is medical consultation.

Conclusions

The prevalence of medication use higher among economic immigrant women. In our population, the use of alternative medicines use and medical visits to the physician are associated with higher consumption. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The relationship between computerized physician order entry and pediatric adverse drug events: a nested matched case‐control study
Authors: Yu Feliciano , Salas Maribel , Kim Young‐il , Menachemi Nir
Published: May 2009

This study assesses the impact of computerized physician order entry (CPOE) implementation in pediatric hospitals on reported adverse drug events. Using a nested matched case‐control design; we linked CPOE implementation information from the health information management systems society analytics database with reported adverse drug event (ADE) from the national association of children's hospitals and related institutions case mix comparative data program. Differences were examined using univariate and multivariate conditional logistic regression analyses. Patients from CPOE hospitals were more frequently seen in larger hospitals have more co‐morbidities than those from non‐CPOE hospitals. When matched by admitting diagnosis, age, gender and race, ADE cases were associated with more reported co‐morbidities, and were reported less frequently in hospitals with CPOE. Patients from hospitals without CPOE were 42% more likely to experience reportable ADE after adjusting for the presence of co‐morbidities. In conclusion, we found significant beneficial associations between reportable ADE and CPOE adoption in a representative sample of pediatric hospitals. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.