bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
De la métaphore dans les proverbes
Authors: Conenna Mirella , Kleiber Georges
Published: November 2007

Mirella Conenna & Georges Kleiber : Metaphor in proverbs

The authors try to confirm the idea that so-called metaphorical proverbs show the same characteristics as classical lexical metaphors. They thus apply a grid of metaphorical analysis to the interpretation of one specific proverb chosen as a typical case. They also study the synecdochical link between proverbial meaning and literal meaning, as displayed by several proverbs. They also study, to a certain extent, the problem of proverbs and metaphor in general.
De l'adjuvant expressif au « projet sémiologique »
Authors: Fontanille Jacques
Published: November 2007

Jacques Fontanelle : From the expressive helper to the "semiotic plan" (stylistics and rhetoricin competitive examinations "Agrégation" and "CAPES")

This paper studies the official reports about the competitive examinations (to choose teachers) named in France "Agrégation" and "Capes" from 1985 tol998. Our purpose is to define the place of rhetoric into the stylistic descriptions (which are required for a specific test, coming within these examinations), and, further, to precise with witch theoretical presuppositions, and with witch special effects on the description itself. Furthermore, we suggest to place all this facts onto the "rhetoric dimension" of discourses, and more generally, in the perspective of the "enunciative praxis". This analysis is first concerned with underlining the main semantic, syntactic and enunciative categories witch link the rhetorical analysis with the stylistic one. But, on the whole, and secondly, the matter is to examine how the stylistic analysis makes the rhetorical figures significant. Our final proposition is to consider that the stylistic analysis converts each rhetorical figure, and the whole of them gathered in the text, too, in a canonical sequence composed with three stages: (1) the stage of "confrontation" between two (at least) domains or enunciative positions, (2) the stage of "enunciative assuming" witch modifies the respective weight of the confronted domains, and (3) the stage of "resolution" of the semantic conflict, which defines the conditions and the process of interpretation. Our final proposition is to consider that the stylistic analysis converts each rhetorical figure, and the whole of them gathered in the text, too, in a canonical sequence composed with three stages: (1) the stage of "confrontation" between two (at least) domains or enunciative positions, (2) the stage of "enunciative assuming" witch modifies the respective weight of the confronted domains, and (3) the stage of "resolution" of the semantic conflict, which defines the conditions and the process of interpretation.
Analyse linguistique des textes et stylistique
Authors: Combettes Bernard , Karabétian Étienne Stéphane
Published: November 2007

Bernard Combettes : Linguistic analysis of Texts and Stylistics

The recent progress of studies in cognitive field in linguistic text analysis can allow text grammar and stylistics to find common problematics. Some of the fields in which cognitive processing and discursive specificity may be taken in account conjointly are presented: drawing up connections between linguistic markers and textual structures, determining relevant textual units, defining a dynamic context, taking into account the discursive memory and the processing of informational structure. The emphasis is on interaction that occurs between various subsystems in coherence processing.
Incidence énonciative des adjectifs vrai et véritable en antéposition nominale
Authors: Legallois Dominique
Published: November 2007

Dominique Legallois : Rethinking "hedges": argumentative and enonciative function of the French adjectives vrai & véritable

This paper aims at bringing out the function of the french adjectives vrai/véritable used before the noun, through an examination of the role they play as hedges. Contrary to the traditional analysis highlighting a semantic functioning, we argue that these adjectives confirm - in order to face up to a contradiction, or to anticipate it - the truth (the relevance) of the enunciation.
Interpréter en langue des signes : un acte militant ?
Authors: Quipourt Christine , Gache Patrick
Published: November 2007

Christine Quipourt et Patrick Gache : Sign Language interpretation, is it a militant act?

Following the example from interpreters-translators of all languages, interpreters in sign language, the language of the deaf people, conceive their profession and carry on their activity with an explicit aim to establish a communicational bridge between two people, or two groups of people, not speaking the same language, that means, between deaf and hearing people. By doing this, in a social, cultural and political context in which sign language is not completely recognized by authorities, for whom the deafness is above all a health affair, the following question is often raised: doesn't this situation give an evidence of militancy for interpreters members of the French Association of the interpreters in Sign Languages (AFILS)?
L'interprétation Français/LSF à l'université
Authors: Jeggli Francis
Published: November 2007

Francis Jeggli : French/FSL interpretation at university

This article begins with a description of the cognitive mechanism of interpretation in Sign Language by drawing a parallel with the interpretation of vocal languages. The article goes on to describe the two problems faced by the interpreters: preparation courses and lexical creation when interpreting lectures at university. In conclusion, after a few examples of the situation of interpretation in Parisian universities, it raises the issue of the considerable delay of deaf people integration in France, compared to other European countries.
Productivité morphologique : définitions et notions connexes
Authors: Dal Georgette
Published: November 2007

Georgette Dal : Morphological productivity: definitions and related concepts

This is a state of the art article on the question of productivity. It first discusses the various definitions of productivity that have been proposed, and then examines the measures that have been suggested, with special attention to those proposed by Baayen.

This survey leads to two results. The first is that the main recent developments do not concern the concept of productivity itself, but rather new measuring procedures which integrate both qualitative and quantitative aspects. The second is a significant increase in the importance of corpus-based studies in constructional morphology. Complex words are observed in situ in naturally occurring environments. Corpus-based studies allow one to distinguish active and inactive areas in a language, and to avoid confusing central and peripheral types of data.
La notion de productivité morphologique : modèles psycholinguistiques et données expérimentales
Authors: Meunier Fanny
Published: November 2007

Fanny Meunier : Morphological productivity: psycholinguistic models and experimental data

In this article, we first described word recognition theoretical models that included or take position about morphology. Models that have been proposed belong to a continuum going from morphology as part of the mental lexicon to morphology as a post-lexical phenomena. Between these two extreme models, others postulated more refined processes taking into account linguistic and /or statistical parameters. In a second part, experimental data that are theoretically or statistically linked to productivity are exposed; in particular the non-word structures effect, the morphological family size effect, the semantic transparency effect and the affix productivity effect.
La suffixation en -et et la question de la productivité
Authors: Fradin Bernard , Hathout Nabil , Meunier Fanny
Published: November 2007

Bernard Fradin & Nabil Hathout : -ET suffixation and the question of productivity

This article first sketches an analysis of the system of -et suffixation in French. The analysis shows that -ET suffixation involves approximatively fifteen patterns of lexeme formation organized around two poles (Referent and Speaker pole). Building on this analysis, the article examines the productivity of the derivational suffixes -et and -ette in the French newspaper Libération in a five years period. Formal tools provided by H. Baayen are used to gauge the degree of productivity of both affixes. Two partial results are worth mentioning: first, -ette's degree of productivity exceeds that of -et; this result supports the idea that these suffixes must not be considered as exponents of one and same morphological process. Second, not all derivational patterns are productive to the same degree, which means that it is meaningless to speak of the global degree of productivity of -et suffixation, except as the sum of the degrees of productivity obtained for each pattern. lexeme formation organized around two poles (Referent and Speaker pole). Building on this analysis, the article examines the productivity of the derivational suffixes -et and -ette in the French newspaper Libération in a five years period. Formal tools provided by H. Baayen are used to gauge the degree of productivity of both affixes. Two partial results are worth mentioning: first, -ette's degree of productivity exceeds that of -et; this result supports the idea that these suffixes must not be considered as exponents of one and same morphological process. Second, not all derivational patterns are productive to the same degree, which means that it is meaningless to speak of the global degree of productivity of -et suffixation, except as the sum of the degrees of productivity obtained for each pattern.
Le passé simple et son co-texte : examen de quelques distributions
Authors: Leeman Danielle
Published: November 2007

Danielle Leeman : The simple past and its context: a study of selected distribution

The much decried if referentialist-based definition of the simple past as a "punctual" aspect established by Damourette & Pichon is evoked and its substantiality in the light of distributional compatibilities with a few prepositions and conjunctions like depuis (que) and pendant (que) is examined. Next follows an explanation of why the periphrasis être en train de - which generally can not logically be used with the simple past - can be found associated with it in certain subordinate conjunctions, for example Quand les invités furent en train de prendre l'apéritif, Max monta sur l'estrade et prit la parole . Lastly, the case of the combination of the simple past with the adverb déjà, a combination which is traditionally described as impossible despite proof to the contrary, is examined, using the example La nuit tomba déjà (P. Bourgeade).
Objets et discours de représentation
Authors: Borel Marie-Jeanne
Published: November 2007

L'aporie du Ménon met en scène une difficulté connue : comment saisir une réalité qu'on nomme pour émettre à son sujet quelque proposition, alors qu'on ne sait rien d'elle, même pas si elle existe ? Distinguer « parler de » et « parler sur » quelque chose est essentiel quand il s'agit de vérité comme l'entend Socrate. Les langues logiques ont pu contourner la difficulté en n'opérant que sur des objets « quelconques ». Nos discours eux doivent l'affronter, leurs objets, « ordinaires » ou non, n'étant jamais « sans qualités ». La réflexion d'E. Cassirer sur la « fonction symbolique » et la « représentation » permet de donner à ce problème une solution moins mythique que la « Réminiscence » platonicienne ou que les théories empiristes du « Mind ». La « morphologie » de l'objectivation que le philosophe dégage des langues, de l'intuition, des mythes et de la science est un soutien heuristique pour réfléchir aux opérations d'une logique naturelle des objets de la pensée discursive.
La linguistique variationniste face à l'expertise linguistique et au sens
Authors: Boutet Josiane
Published: November 2007

Why and for whom do linguists build linguistic theories ? One possibility is for the pleasure of theory, another for their relevance to social concerns. Labov showed how variationism could help him working as a linguistic expert in a courtroom. But variationism remains unable to help when the point concerns the production of meaning in interactions. In this paper, alternative sociolinguistic theories are examined for their relevance to social issues.
Le passif dans le système des voix du français
Authors: Descles Jean-Pierre , Guentchéva Zlatka
Published: November 2007

This article is a wide-ranging study of the passive in the broadest sense of the term. The authors postulate a reduction of the argument and study the passive in its relations with the active, the reduction of the agent and the problem of aspect. The predicate passive is given attention, situated in the general expression of voice.
La mise en ordre des relations actancielles : les conditions d'accès des rôles actanciels aux fonctions de sujet et d'objet
Authors: François Jacques , Broschart Jürgen
Published: November 2007

J. Francois & J. Broschart. La mise en ordre des relations actancielles : les conditions d'acces des roles actanciels aux fonctions de sujet et d'objet

The aim of this contribution is to contrast different conceptions of the linking between semantic roles (agent, patient, experiencer, locative, benefactive, etc.) and syntactic functions (subject, direct and indirect object), especially investigating the form of an access hierarchy. We begin with the notion of (un)marked selection of subject and object in Fillmore's semantic case theory. Then we trace the evolution of the principle of « thematic hierarchy » in JackendofPs model of conceptual semantics. The third section is devoted to the discussion of universality and accessibility of the syntactic functions « subject » and « object » from a functionalist point of view. The fourth section is concerned with the distinction between case

marking systems and the observed shifts from one system to another. Finally we demonstrate that the « participation » model of the UNITYP group in Cologne is able to provide a multi-factorial description of the grammaticalisation of case relations.
Relations casuelles et schèmes sémantico-cognitifs
Authors: Descles Jean-Pierre
Published: November 2007

J. P. Desclěs, Relations casuelles et schemes sémantico-cognitifs

The Fillmore's cases are only labels and are not integrated in structures. Others approaches (for instance : Pottier, Shaumyan) have already presented structurations of different casual relations. The author gives an extension to precedent publications (published in the present journal : Langages). His approach belongs to the so called « cognitive localism » and not to the « pure localism » founded only on spatial relations. The author uses differents relational semantic primitives, spatio-temporal and intentional primitives, as : to localize, to move, to change, to do, to control, to anticipate..., to construct different semantico-cognitive schemes.

These schemes (stative and dynamic schemes) represent the meanings of lexical predicates.

The primitives and schemes are elements of a cognitive representation level. With the relational semantic primitives it is possible to organize grammatical continua (as agentivity, passivity, aspectuality, transitivity, diathesis). The schemes are also integrated into predicative relations by means of specific operators (combinators) of combinatory logic ; these predicative relations express different places of arguments and casual relations. Some schemes are not specific to typologie group of languages but are invariants : for instance the scheme of transitive active diathesis is a dynamic scheme which is related to the scheme of ergativity and to the schemes of active/inactive languages.
Le cas russe : Anamnèse de la langue et quête identitaire (la langue-mémoire du peuple)
Authors: Seriot Patrick
Published: November 2007

Patrick Sériot : The Russian Model : Anamnesis of Language and Quest for Identity (the Language-Memory of the People)

Patrick Seriot reconstructs the history of the discourse on language in Russia, in order to demonstrate how a collective memory and identity are built upon it. Through different periods of Russian contemporary history, he uncovers a persisting focus on language conceived as the memory of the Russian people, and the deeply rooted idea of a national memory grounded on an ethnic definition of language and culture.
Classes d'objets et description des verbes
Authors: Gross Gaston
Published: November 2007

G. Gross : Classes d'objet et description des verbes

This article aims at clarifying the concept of « object classes » in natural languages and its usefulness in describing verbal predicates. Syntactic features such as human, concrete, abstract are not accurate enough to account for the polysemy of the operators. Object classes can be put to other uses, some of which are outlined here.
Les compléments nominaux du verbe lire, une illustration de la notion de « classe d'objets »
Authors: Le Pesant Denis
Published: November 2007

D. Le Pesant : Les compléments nominaux du verbe lire — une illustration de la notion de « classe d'objets »

This article purports to illustrate the concept of class of objects, derived by Gaston Gross from computer science. About 1500 nouns share the common characteristic of being directs objects to the verb lire (to read). According to what verbs can accept what objects, it is possible to subdivide this wide class into many semantically homogeneous subclasses. These are classes of objects, they are defined by the type of

syntactic relations, that they have with verbs called appropriate operators.
Les compléments nominaux des verbes de parole
Authors: Giry-Schneider Jacqueline
Published: November 2007

J. Glry-Schneider : Les compléments nominaux des verbes de parole

We study here the noun complements of French speech verbs (dire-say, proclamer-proclaim, etc.), and in particular the appropriate noun complements. We have tried to shaw that these complements are related syntactically to these containing the nominalization of the verb in a complement clause.
« Traduction et informatique : les implications pour la formation »
Authors: Gouadec Daniel
Published: November 2007

Daniel Gouadec : « Traduction et informatique : les implications pour la formation »

The effect of data-processing systems on the translating process — whether as aids to translators or as automata requiring substantial help from humans — must be taken into account by whoever purports to train translators. The article analyses the various functions of data processors within and around the translating process and offers guidelines for the development of translator-training programs geared to

the new technological, pratical, and intellectual requirements of the emerging « computer-invaded market ».
Questions d'histoire et de sens
Authors: Branca-Rosoff Sonia , Collinot André , Guilhaumou Jacques , Mazière Francine
Published: November 2007

S. Branca-Rosoff, A. Collinot, J. Guilhaumou, F. Mazière

The research of this article centers on a commitment to a discourse analysis focusing on history. Herein lies an attempt at interpreting the meaning of utterance in the forms of language and in the effects of archivization. It is first question of a historian-observer describing linguistic events in a precise historical environment. Then the linguist devises an observatory of various discourses which make it possible to confront the materiality of forms and the values of social practices. Finally, a study of utterances based on linguistic and discursive properties (reflexivity, interdiscursivity) goes towards constructing an observatory of interpretative processes.
Analyse du discours, lexicométrie, communication et politique
Authors: Bonnafous Simone , Tournier Maurice
Published: November 2007

P. Achard

Applying discourse theory in the field of sociology leads to considering social organization as involving discourse « registers », with their associated genres. The non-linear relation registers induces a dialogic view (in Voloshinov's sense) of discourse formations which can be analyzed through enunciation. Concrete examples of analysis are provided.
La stylistique française
Authors: Delas Daniel
Published: November 2007

Daniel Delas : French stylistic»

Two principal tendencies are opposed in France regarding the definition and delineation of the field of stylistic analysis. The first limits style to a fact of expression and strictly inscribes stylistice within a linguistics of the sign. The other does open up to an interdisciplinary and empirical approach but it often abandons the term 'style' or 'stylistice' and opts instead for concepts that it deems more precise — such as ecriture or 'rhythm' or 'maniere' (manner) on the one hand, or 'poetics' or 'textual analysis', on the other hand.

One can only hope to extricate stylistice from the double aporia by taking into account everything that in discourse is a manifestation of the subject in his/her relation to the Other — especially, the dialogic and the interactional.
L'énonciation philosophique comme institution discursive
Authors: Maingueneau Dominique
Published: November 2007

Dominique Maingueneau : « L'énonciation philosophique comme institution discursive »

This article studies the way philosophical discourse articulates text and context. Rejecting the traditional idea that context is a set of circumstances around the text, it develops an approach to discourse as « discursive institution » : operations with which discourse presents its doctrine and institutional organization must not be separated from each other. Discourse must be considered as an event and as a device that validates its own utterance ; it builds the representation of a world, but its utterance interferes in this world. This conception is exemplified from various points of view : the situation of philosophers in society, media, genre, « scenography », language.
Embrayage énonciatif et théorie de la conscience : à propos de l' Être et le Néant
Authors: Philippe Gilles
Published: November 2007

Gilles Philippe : « The Linguistic and/or Philosophical Status of / : apropos of Being and Nothingness »

A precise linguistic study of deictic morphemes in Being and Nothingness brings to light two modes of enunciation which structure the text : the first refers to the effective scene of enunciation, while the second constitutes a non-specified reference. The object of this study is the second mode, which is often that of the text's narrative sequences ; in it, there would seem to be both an identification with and a generalization of the /. However its status can only be defined by taking Sartre's philosophy into account : the / would in fact figure the scene of an ideal, reflexive consciousness, and therefore, the second mode of enunciation can only be explained from within the overall problematics of phenomenological writing's effort to render the real as pure perceptum.
La notion de modifieur obligatoire dans des phrases à verbe support avoir complexes
Authors: Giry-Schneider Jacqueline
Published: November 2007

Jacqueline Glry-Schneider : Noun predicates with compulsory modifier : complex sentences with support verb avoir

The aim of this paper is to account for sentences with have as support verb and with predicative nouns which have an obligatory adjective or nominal modifier (Ce pianiste a un jeu raffine ! *Ce pianiste a un jeu). Semantical relationships between predicative nouns and adjectives will be described. Such nouns also raise the theoretical problem of complexity of support verbs constructions.
Prédicats et supports chez un enfant de trois ans
Authors: Martinot Claire
Published: November 2007

Claire Martinot : Predicates and support verbs as used by children aged 3

Support verbs appear in children's speech at the same time as they start using their first verbal forms. The use of support verbs is a sure indicator of the way in which children begin to internalize the grammar of their mothertongue. Using the verb METTRE both as an ordinary and as a support verb is one of the signal of children's early steps in the acquisition of syntax.
Une analyse sans catégories vides des phénomènes d'extraction
Authors: Sag Ivan A. , Fodor Janet Dean
Published: November 2007

Janet Fodor, Ivan Sag : A traceless account of extraction phenomena

Trace theory is an unquestioned part of transformational grammars and Governement and Binding theory. We show that theory external motivation for positing phonetically empty elements is in fact minimal, and no empirical evidence (syntactic, phonetic or psycholinguistic) can be found in favor of them in extraction contexts. We present an alternative view in Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar that can formalize the notion of a missing complement via syntactic features without positing a trace in a syntactic tree.
«Struments de temps et struments oncinatifs : L'exemple de encore »
Authors: Fuchs Catherine
Published: November 2007

Catherine Fuchs, : « "Temporal struments" and "oncinative struments" : the example of encore »

The way Damourette & Pichon deal with the semantics of polysemous grammatical terms ("struments") is illustrated here on the exemple of the word encore. Encore is analysed as having one basic sense, namely a temporal one, which can be observed in affirmative ("occeptive") as well as in negative ("forclusive") constructions. From that basic sense, a large range of logical values can be derived, provided that encore is concatenated with specific items, such as encore + postponed subject, encore + comparative, encore + superlative, and the subordinating conjunction ("strument oncinatif") encore + que.
Nouvelles Phonologies
Authors: Laks Bernard
Published: November 2007

Along with an introduction to the present issue of Langages, the paper offers an analysis of the contemporary field of phonology. From the seventies up to now, different phonological approaches and frameworks are examined : autosegmental and metrical phonology, natural, lexical, dependency, government and geometry feature models are analysed as are more contemporary theories such as connectionism, harmonic phonology and optimality theory. The configurational and dynamical hypotheses that organise current phonological research are presented and discussed.
Sur quoi peut porter un adjectif épithète ? L'expression du temps et de l'aspect dans les groupes nominaux
Authors: Giry-Schneider Jacqueline
Published: November 2007

Adjectives like former, used in a strictly adnominal position, are deprived of the properties of predicative adjectives with a qualifying meaning, namely gradability and an attributive construction : This is his former house. These adjectives are numerous and semantically diverse. They can be used with abstract predicative nouns as well as concrete nouns.

The adjectives of this class have a particular syntax. They can be analyzed as adverbs whose scope is a complete predicate, situated in a relative clause outside the noun phrase where they occur. For example, the exact scope of former is not the house, but the relation expressed by a sentence, He had a house. Theoretically, the interpretation of such adjectives and our analysis lead to question the usual view of noun phrases as compact syntactic and semantic blocks.
Le sujet et sa praxis dans l'expression de l'espace : les énoncés de « mouvement fictif »
Authors: Barberis Jeanne-Marie
Published: November 2007

Our analysis uses an oral corpus made up of sequences in which informants are asked a specific question i.e. to indicate the boundaries of their neighbourhoods. The answers obtained are utterances of the following type, « The neighbourhood runs from Street X as far as to Street Y » . How are we to define the roles and inter-relations of these « fictive motion » sentences in the production of meaning ? How can praxis — that concerning motion here — be inscribed in the forms of language ? In order to try and answer that question one is led to posit hypotheses concerning the meeting points of both linguistic representation of praxis and the praxis of linguistic output itself, i.e. of both represented praxis and representing praxis.
La synonymie dans les manuels pédagogiques du début de la Renaissance
Authors: Chevalier Jean-Claude
Published: November 2007

Question of synonymy is very important in logic, rhetoric and grammar in the Middle Ages. Collections of Synonyma and Aequivoca, written in verses, such as those of Jean de Garlande, with their commentaries in Latin and with annotations in native languages, last over centuries. This article studies how, at the Renaissance, they open way to a new pedagogy of languages.
Utilisation des propriétés des anaphores dans la définition des relations lexicales
Authors: Le Pesant Denis
Published: November 2007

Some lexical relations (such as hyperonymy, synonymy, meronymy, polysemy and predicate/argument relation) can be defined by using, among other criteria, discursive relations. Different types of anaphora are taken into account.
Classification des adjectifs : étude exploratoire sur l'organisation sémantique-pragmatique des adjectifs
Authors: Marquez E.
Published: November 2007

This article examines a theoretical point of view about the organisation of adjectives. Two major classes are proposed : objectives and subjectives. Objective adjectives ascribe to their nouns, values founded on normative perceptual identification ; subjective adjectives expresses affective participation and evaluative judgements about objects, events and facts. The formers plays an important role in the recognition processes of discourse reference, the latter constitutes the evaluative knowledge activated to denote the referents of discourse. The principal operation of adjectives is to direct and adjust the denotative description and the psychological assessment about the referents of discourse. In an empirical study, a list of 1600 adjectival lexical entries is tested, both categories were composed by 75 participant-students in social sciences at the university of Paris 8 (psychology, sociology, educational sciences and language sciences). Semantic and pragmatic hypothesis are proposed and some research directions examined.
La restructuration du sujet dans les phrases adjectivales à substantif approprié
Authors: Meydan Métiyé
Published: November 2007

In this paper, we study the restructuration of the subject in adjectival constructions containing an appropriate noun like Les cheveux de Léa sont frisés. The restructuration is studied in three steps. First, we examine on which syntactic conditions it can take place. Then we describe the syntactic properties of regular sequences Prep Det Napp which appear in restructurated sentences. Finally, we show that these sequences are also semantically homogeneous.
Les adjectifs chaud et froid comme attributs de l'objet
Authors: Balibar-Mrabti Antoinette
Published: November 2007

An adjective - traditionally qualificative - in constructions with strong syntactic and lexical constraints like those in which object complements appear, is a striking example of the fact that the meaning of a word results from a network of relationships between the various constituents of the sentence. Selectional compatibilities ? Combination rules ? The properties of complementarity and gradation of a pair of antonyms like the temperature adjectives hot and cold, applied to food, vary according to modality and aspect, and, as far as aspect is concerned, it is essential to deal with the adjective in close connection with the determiner of the noun it qualifies . This is a type of analysis which brings into play aspectual adverbs as "lexical keys" and offers a new approach to the question of calculation of meanings that diverge from literal meanings.
Dialogues, soliloques et projet d'apprenant chez une étudiante avancée
Authors: Vasseur Marie-Thérèse
Published: November 2007

This case study focuses on one particular learner's particular practice of « technical reiteration » in soliloquies, besides other intercultural communicative tasks. The interest of such a case is that it emphasizes the fact that the learner may, in some situations, conceive and organise her « second language training » as based on the whole activity of task achievement. The analysis shows that the learner may focalise and organise her reflexive activities on the interactional event as a whole. This does not mean that she is not interested in linguistic forms but it highlights the fact that she also gives importance to other aspects and levels which constitute interactions. This case and similar ones tend to indicate that focalising on and negociating linguistic forms is not the only way of conceiving L2 learning and acquisition (or of studying it) .
La notion d'auxiliaire verbal. Origine et développement
Authors: Chevalier Jean-Claude
Published: November 2007

A historical perspective is presented by Jean-Claude Chevalier who studies the origin and the development of the concept « auxiliary ». The interpretation of verbal morphology in French, within a Latin frame, encourages the first French grammarians to try and understand the reasons for replacing Latin forms such as amavi or amor by French periphrases. The first step would be to list all the forms called « notae » . The second step would be to restrain them to forms of être and avoir named « auxiliaries ». A third step discovers in the use of the two main auxiliaries a very productive range of significations (Ramus). Henceforth, the category « auxiliary » tends to be incorporated in the verbal analysis (Maupas, Oudin, Vaugelas). Nevertheless, it is only with the Grammaire Générale de Port Royal that a complete analysis is suggested.
La préposition : un «auxiliaire» du nom ?
Authors: Leeman-Bouix Danielle
Published: November 2007

Danielle Leeman evokes the resemblance existing between the preposition's fonction with respect to the noun on the one hand, and some tenses with respect to the verb, on the other hand. She rejects, like many others, the partition between lexical and grammatical items and offers to elaborate a hypothesis regarding the meaning of these forms.

She presents different categories of nouns and examines their compatibility with the preposition dans. Leeman further demonstrates that dans is susceptible to forming both temporal and causal complements. She concludes that whatever the noun category introduced by dans is, the preposition presents the event as a whole. Leeman supports the hypothesis that the preposition establishes a certain aspectual feature of the noun, in the same way as the auxiliary establishes an aspectual interpretation of the verb.
Sémantique lexicale et connecteurs
Authors: Gross Gaston
Published: November 2007

The goal of this article is to propose a model of semantic description of connectives (here of causal connectives). For a given connective, we proceed first by giving factorization of the morphological forms, thus avoiding redundancy in the description and putting forward equivalencies. A connective is considered to be a predicate, defined by the semantic nature of its arguments which are represented by the predicates of the main and subordinate clauses. We are thus in a position to enumerate the connectives that have the same arguments from a semantic point of view
Structure syntaxique des proverbes français et italiens
Authors: Conenna Mirella
Published: November 2007

This article shows an application of the lexico-grammatical model built up by Maurice Gross and his team at LADL to the study of proverbs. Our starting principle is that a rigorous methodology and a system of classification are vital elements to the description of proverbs. This research intends to provide a theoretical and applied linguistic contribution to the comparative study of French and Italian proverbs. Tools such as electronic dictionaries and libraries of finite state automata have been built up, and can be used both for theoretical analysis and in practical applications. For example in fast retrieval of proverbs from a wide corpus of textual data, translation, recording of variants, and storage of citations. The aim of this study is the comparison of certain classes of French and Italian proverbs. These classes are examined with emphasis on the correlation between them.
Imitations et reformulations de l'adulte entendant - reformulations de l'enfant sourd : quelles articulations?
Authors: Vinter Shirley
Published: November 2007

Among the various strategies of scaffolding used by the adult to engage the child in linguistic interaction, imitation, reformulation occupy a central position and facilitate the appropriation of different linguistics behaviours by the child.

Through examples of adult-deaf child linguistic interaction analysed in the framework of Intonology Developmental Interactive, we will try to better understand effects of this strategies to solve the problems of intercomprehension that they find in the course of their conversations and on children' linguistic behaviour.
La reprise aux sources de la construction discursive
Authors: Salazar Orvig Anne
Published: November 2007

Reprise is used to refer not only to repetition but also to any new use of the same linguistic segment, wich can either reproduce its pragmatic value or constitute a referential, formal or generic link. Reprise is indeed a multidimensional and plurifonctionnal discursive move. This article deals with the way (allo and self) reprise moves of a toddler contribute to discursive continuity and construction. First, reprise establishes a link between utterances, allowing the articulation of propositions inside a turn and continuity between adjacent or distant turns. At the same time, reprise conveys not only a formal link between utterances but also specific inter-discursive and co-referential relationships. It carries the seeds of later anaphoric relationships. Finally, reprise plays a key role in the development of the child's dialogic involvement, allowing him to take over adult's discourse and to build on these basis his own contribution and footing.
Le rôle de la mise en forme matérielle dans le traitement cognitif de consignes
Authors: Cellier Jean-Marie , Terrier Patrice
Published: November 2007

We report the results of two experiments intended to study the effect of text format (compact, structured, logigramme) on the visual browsing of the instructions, the realisation of the actions and their memorising. For a same duration of realisation of the task, one often notes that more the structuring of the text increases more the acquisition of visual information decreases. This suggests that the format of the procedural text can reinforce the perception of the causal structure of the problem. However, the results obtained on the level of the acquisition of information vary according to the problem to solve and the results concerning the recall of the instructions do not show any effect of text format.
Critères argumentatifs et analyse lexicale
Authors: Ducrot Oswald
Published: November 2007

The meaning of words is studied within the framework of Carel's theory of « blocs sémantiques ». Each word is defined by a set of argumentative discourses, containing DONC {therefore) or POURTANT {however). Thus, neither things, nor ideas, are involved in lexical description, and criteria can be established to choose between the various definitions that each studied word seems to have.

Key words: Argumentation, Lexicon, Paradox, Grading, Negation, Semantic Block
Argumentation interne et enchaînements dans les matrices définitoires
Authors: Ibrahim Amr Helmy
Published: November 2007

To make sense is to set up, through the words and their grammar, the shapes that have, just by being shaped as they are, alike DNA coding for polypeptidic chains, the power to give instructions that code, in an abridged version, for very redundant definitions. This paper shows how and why the general framework of defining matrixes allows to deal with these instructions and, namely, with the aim of accounting for the chains in discourse, to integrate into the analysis of a strictly grammatical and derivational lexical data, that of the semantics of internal arguments.

Key words: Internal arguments, Matrixes, Definition, Lexicon, Grammar, Chains, Redundancy.
La modélisation des raisonnements générés dans les interlocutions
Authors: Trognon Alain , Coulon Daniel
Published: November 2007

Until now, the study of reasoning include inside interlocutions (language aspect of dialogs between 2 individuals or more) is made with pragmatic models emanated from linguistic and psychological approaches. The observation that we follow now in the framework of interlocution logic aims at deepening the assumption done about the way to proceed. In the particular case of this paper, we improve interlocution logic with the study of the cognitive domain of interlocution 1) by investigating conceivable reasonings done by the speakers to represent and understand the position they are, 2) by making clear the followed reasonings with the natural deduction procedure, 3) by adding an default operator to outstrip classic logics power, 4) and at the end by transposing these mecanisms to explain the behavior of speakers.
Homo narrans : le rôle de la narration dans l'émergence du langage.
Authors: Victorri Bernard
Published: November 2007

What is at stake in this paper is the origin of the human language from an evolutionary point of view. It is argued that the emergence of the narrative function started the process that led to the acquisition of the very specific properties the human language is endowed with. This hypothesis is compatible with our current knowledge of the last steps of hominid evolution, and it permits to understand the development of a novel level of organisation, specific to our species, in which socio-cultural laws replace, to a large extent, the socio-biological constraints governing all the rest of the animal kingdom.
Study on thermal expansion in injection‐molded isotactic polypropylene and thermoplastic elastomer blends
Authors: Ono Michio , Nakajima Ken , Nishi Toshio
Published: November 2007

The linear thermal expansion coefficients (CLTEs) along flow direction (FD) for the injection‐molded blends composed of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) and various ethylenic thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) were investigated using a thermo‐mechanical analyzer. The iPP/TPE blends with higher comonomer contents in the TPE showed extremely low CLTE. TEM observation revealed that the array of the TPE whose MFR was adjusted to be higher than the iPP matrix was in lamella‐like sheet stacked normal to normal direction (ND) with being elongated along both FD and transverse‐to‐flow direction. At higher magnification of TEM, the iPP lamellae in the blend with higher comonomer contents in the TPE deeply penetrated into the TPE phase as a consequence of the faster iPP crystallization before the completion of the phase‐separation. Hence, the location of the iPP amorphous chains would change depending on the comonomer contents in the TPE; in the case of the iPP/TPE blend with higher comonomer contents, large amount of the iPP amorphous chains would be trapped inside the TPE phase because of incomplete phase‐separation arrested by faster crystallization. Therefore, the extremely low CLTE for the iPP/TPE blend with higher comonomer contents was accounted for by the simultaneous suppression of the thermal expansions from both the TPE phase and the iPP amorphous chains trapped inside the TPE by rigid iPP crystalline lamellae connecting in parallel with the TPE phase. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Preparation of a sodium alginate–poly(vinyl alcohol)–chitosan bipolar membrane and its application in the electrogeneration of ferrate(VI)
Authors: Xu Cai‐Xia , Chen Ri‐Yao , Zheng Xi , Chen Zhen
Published: November 2007

A sodium alginate (SA)–poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)–chitosan (CS) bipolar membrane (BPM) was prepared by a paste method with PVA, SA, and CS as starting materials and modified by Fe3+ and GA as a crosslinking agent. The morphology, functional groups, and physical properties of the film were studied by scanning electron microscopy, IR spectroscopy, and tensile testing, respectively. The SA–PVA–CS BPM was used as a separator in the electrolysis cell for electrogenerated ferrate(VI). The results show that the SA–PVA–CS BPM possessed reasonable physical and electrochemical properties. The SA–PVA–CS BPM not only prevented ferrate(VI) from diffusing into the cathode room but also played an important role in the supply of OH− consumed during the electrogenerated ferrate(VI) process. Compared with the traditional method of preparing ferrate(VI), electrodialysis with the BPM (SA–PVA–CS) had the further advantage of lower alkali and energy consumption. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Alignment and optimization of nylon 6 nanofibers by electrospinning
Authors: Bazbouz Mohamed B. , Stylios George K.
Published: November 2007

Nonwoven electrospun nylon 6 nanofibers produced with formic acid under different concentrations have been examined. The effects of the solution properties, electric field, and spinneret‐to‐collection distance on the fiber uniformity, morphology, and average diameter have been established. The optimum polymer solution concentration (20 wt %), applied voltage (15 kV), and spinning distance (8 cm) have been found to make uniform nylon 6 fibers. A simple technique that can produce a bundle of aligned electrospun fibers suspended between two grounded disks is described. Alignment and stretching of the fibers are derived by the electrostatic interactions between the positive electrode on the spinneret and the grounded disks. The gap between the disks and the collection time have been varied to systematically study the degree of alignment and the density of the collected nylon 6 fibers. The number of the distributed fibers in the bundle can be controlled by the alteration of the deposition time, the voltage, and the width of the gap. Scanning electron microscopy images have indicated a greater degree of fiber alignment with increasing disk gaps and collection times. The article also provides a comprehensive review of the design of various mechanisms for nanofiber alignment. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008
Tunable transport of glucose through ionically‐crosslinked alginate gels: Effect of alginate and calcium concentration
Authors: McEntee Mari‐Kate E. , Bhatia Sujata K. , Tao Ling , Roberts Susan C. , Bhatia Surita R.
Published: November 2007

Alginate beads have numerous biomedical applications, ranging from cell encapsulation to drug release. The present study focuses on the controlled release of glucose from calcium‐alginate beads. The effects of alginate concentrations (1–6 wt %) and calcium chloride concentrations (0.1–1.0M) on glucose release from beads were examined. It was found that the time required for complete glucose release from beads could be tuned from 15 min to over 2 h, simply by varying alginate and calcium chloride concentrations in beads. For calcium‐alginate beads with sodium alginate concentrations of 1–4 wt %, higher sodium alginate concentrations lead to more prolonged release of glucose and thus a smaller value of a rate constant k, a parameter shown to be proportional to the diffusion coefficient of glucose in the alginate gel. For beads with sodium alginate concentrations of 4–6 wt %, there was no statistically significant difference in k values, indicating a lower limit for glucose release from calcium‐alginate beads. Similarly, higher calcium chloride concentrations appear to extend glucose release, however, no conclusive trend can be drawn from the data. In a 50 : 50 mixture of calcium‐alginate beads of two different alginate concentrations (1 and 4 wt %), glucose release showed a two‐step profile over the time range of 20–50 min, indicating that the pattern and time of glucose release from beads can be tuned by making combinations of beads with varying alginate and/or calcium chloride concentrations. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008