bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Legal Frameworks for Cybersecurity in Nigeria - Adapting The Fourth Industrial Revolution
Authors:   CSEAN Administrative Officer/Cybersecurity Lawyer, Ibitamuno Pamela Victor
Published: August 2023

In this article titled "The Legal Framework for Cybersecurity in Nigeria: Adapting the Fourth Industrial Revolution," the author explores the legal landscape governing cybersecurity in Nigeria in the context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Industry 4.0). The Fourth Industrial Revolution is characterized by the integration of digital technologies such as the Internet of Things, cyber-physical systems, and cloud computing, which has created a hyper-connected system. As this revolution progresses, cybersecurity becomes critical to ensuring the security of the digital space. The article emphasizes the need for the legal framework to evolve in line with societal changes brought about by the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Nigeria's legal framework for cybersecurity must adapt to the challenges posed by the rapid integration of digital technologies and cyber-physical systems in our daily lives. A robust and adaptive legal framework is essential to safeguard national security, protect personal data, and foster a secure digital ecosystem conducive to economic growth and technological advancements. This Article also calls out to the stakeholders, policymakers and the Government of Nigeria to take the necessary steps required for signing the Malabo Convention, as Nigeria is yet to sign the African Union Malabo Convention. This is vital in our steps to adapt to the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Keyword: Proactive Approach, Security Challenges, Cloud Migration, Security, Risks, Models Proceedings Citation Format Ibitamuno, P.V. (2023): Legal Frameworks for Cybersecurity in Nigeria - Adapting The Fourth Industrial Revolution. Proceedings of the Cyber Secure Nigeria Conference. Nigerian Army Resource Centre (NARC) Abuja, Nigeria. 11-12th July, 2023. Pp 97-104. https://www.csean.org.ng/. dx.doi.org/10.22624/AIMS/CSEAN-SMART2023P12
جريمة العدوان بين الاقرار والتعريف والتفعيل
Authors: Abed Ibrahim A.
Published: August 2023

ا’قرت جريمة العدوان في نظام روما الاساسي للمحكمة الجنائية الدولية (ICC) عام 1998 ولكن ا’رجىء تعريفها لحين نفاذ نظام روما بعد مصادقة (30) دولة عليه ، وهو ما تم عام 2002 ، ثم اتفاق جمعية الدول الاطراف في هذا النظام بعد مرور (7) سنوات على نفاذه وهو ما تم عام  2010 (مؤتمر كامبالا) بعد اجراء تعديلات على النظام ، وكذلك ارجىْ تفعيل هذه التعديلات لحين اتفاق جمعية الدول الاطراف في عام 2017 ، وقد تم الاتفاق على التفعيل ابتداءا من عام 2018 ، وبذلك اصبحت ال (ICC) مختصة بجريمة العدوان اضافة الى الجرائم الثلاث الاخرى ( جريم الحرب، جريمة الابادة الجماعية ، والجريمة ضد الانسانية ).  وتناول البحث كيفية تعريف جريمة العدوان ومدى تاثر التعريف بقرار الجمعية العامة (3314) لسنة 1974 وماهية اركان هذه الجريمة وطبيعة تعديلات مؤتمر كامبالا وكيفية تفعيل هذه التعديلات ومدى الحاجة لاصدار اعلانات بموافقة الدول او رفضها لهذه التعديلات ، اضافة الى توضيح حدود اختصاص ال(ICC) على جريمة العدوان ، وماهية العلاقة بين المحكمة ومجلس الامن الدولي ومواقف الدول وبالاخص الاعضاء الدائميين فيه ، واخيرا بحث آثار الانسحاب من المحكمة ومدى شمولها باحكام اتفاقية فيينا لقانون المعاهدات لسنة 1969  .
پابه‌ندبوون به‌ خستنه‌ڕووی ئافره‌ت وئاریشه‌كانی له‌ ڕۆمانی(شار) ی "حوسێن عارف" دا‌‌
Authors: Qadir Sarkawt S. , Saeed Nawzad W.
Published: August 2023

ئه‌م توێژینه‌وه‌یه‌ كه‌ له‌ ژێر ناونیشانی (پابه‌ندبوون به‌ خستنه‌ڕووی ئافره‌ت و ئاریشه‌كانی له‌ ڕۆمانی (شار) ی "حوسێن عارف"‌)دایه‌‌، هه‌وڵیداوه‌ له‌ چوارچێوه‌ گشتییه‌كه‌دا وێنای بارودۆخ و ژیان و گوزه‌رانی ئافره‌تی كورد بكات له‌ ‌شاری سلێمانی، بێگومان له‌ ڕۆمانی ناوبراو دا. ئه‌م توێژینه‌وه‌یه‌ له‌ دوو به‌ش پێكدێت، به‌شی یه‌كه‌م ته‌رخانكراوه‌ بۆ په‌یوه‌ندی نێوان (ئه‌ده‌ب و پابه‌ندبوون)، ئه‌م به‌شه‌ش چه‌ند ته‌وه‌رێك له ‌خۆ ده‌گرێت، له‌ ته‌وه‌ری یه‌كه‌مدا باسی زاراوه‌ و چه‌مكی پابه‌ندبوون كراوه‌، له‌ ته‌وه‌ری دووه‌میشدا باسی ڕۆمان و پابه‌ندبوون به‌ بیری ماركسیزم كراوه‌، كه‌ تیایدا ڕونكردنه‌وه‌ی پێویست له‌ باره‌ی ئایدۆلۆژیا و فه‌لسه‌فه‌ی ماركسیزم خراوه‌ته‌ڕوو. هه‌رچی به‌شی دووه‌مه‌ ته‌رخانكراوه‌ بۆ وێناكردنی ئافره‌ت و ئاریشه‌كانی له‌ ڕۆمانی شاری (حوسێن عارف)دا، ئه‌م به‌شه‌ش شه‌ش ته‌وه‌ر له‌ خۆ ده‌گرێت، له‌ ته‌وه‌ری یه‌كه‌مدا باس له‌ به‌ كۆیله‌كردنی ئافره‌تان كراوه‌، له‌ كاتێكدا له‌ ته‌وه‌ری دووه‌مدا باسی به‌ زۆر به‌ شودانی كچان كراوه‌، هه‌رچی ته‌وه‌ری سێیه‌میشه‌ ته‌رخانكراوه‌ بۆ ڕونكردنه‌وه‌ی دیارده‌ی ڕه‌دوكه‌وتن. ته‌وه‌ری دواتریش خۆی له‌ باسكردنی دیارده‌ی ته‌ڵاقدان ده‌بینێته‌وه‌. ته‌وه‌ری پێنجه‌میش ته‌رخانكراوه‌ بۆ توندوتیژی و جۆره‌كانی، كه‌ سێكسی و  جه‌سته‌یین. له‌ كۆتا ته‌وه‌ریشدا ئاماژه‌ به‌ بێبه‌شكردنی ئافره‌تان كراوه‌ له‌ مافه‌كانیاندا.‌
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY OF DECALEPIS HAMILTONII LEAVES EXTRACT
Authors:   Faculty of Pharmacy, Bhagwant University, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India 305004, KUMAR ASHOK , DAS SATTWIK ,   Faculty of Pharmacy, Bhagwant University, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India 305004, SHARMA NEERAJ ,   Faculty of Pharmacy, Bhagwant University, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India 305004
Published: August 2023

In most nations, diabetes mellitus is a serious and rising health issue. The goal of the study was to compare the antidiabetic effects of leaves extracts of Decalepis hamiltonii in normal and diabetic rats induced with alloxan. Using 120 mg/kg of alloxan monohydrate, diabetes was induced. In order to considerably lower blood glucose levels in both normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats, D. hamiltonii methanolic extract was given at doses of 200 mg and 400 mg, along with glibenclamide at a dose of 7 mg/kg bwt. Additionally, the injection of the extract dramatically reduced the levels of AST, ALT, triglycerides, and total blood cholesterol while simultaneously raising the amount of liver glycogen. In order to perform the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), separate groups were given doses of D. hamiltonii methanolic extract (200 mg, 400 mg), and glibenclamide (7.5 mg), which effectively reduced blood sugar levels following an oral glucose load at all time points. These findings indicate that diabetic rats' blood glucose levels were successfully lowered by the methanolic extract of D. hamiltonii leaves. The antioxidant potential of the leaves was measured using various in vitro assays. The methanolic extracts showed high antioxidant activity measured as scavenging of DPPH, superoxide and hydroxyl radicals. The antioxidant activity did not correlate with the phenolic content of the extracts. These results demonstrate the antioxidant potency of the leaves extracts which could be the basis for its alleged health promoting potential of D. hamiltonii. The leaves of D. hamiltonii could serve as a new source of natural antioxidants or nutraceuticals with potential applications to reducing the level of oxidative stress and related health benefits. KEYWORDS: Decalepis hamiltonii, Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Alloxan, AST, OGTT
Biochemical Changes during Plantlet Regeneration in Two Accessions of Mucuna pruriens
Authors: Raghavendra S , Ramesh C K , Kumar V , Khan M H M , Harish B S
Published: August 2023

The genus Mucuna is an important medicinal herb and is extensively used in traditional Indian systems of medicine for various ailments. In vitro culture technique provides an alternative to plant propagation and germplasm conservation. Our aim was to study the biochemical changes occurring during regeneration of shoots (plantlets) from explants of two accessions of Mucuna pruriens, by monitoring the efficiency of nitrogen utilization and changes in levels of some hydrolytic enzymes. A rapid micropropagation system was developed using Murashige and Skoog's (MS) medium supplemented with BAP and IAA combined. In both the accessions, 3.0mg l-1 6-BAP, in combination with 0.2mg l-1 IAA, induced shoot buds and shoot elongation; however for multiple-shoot induction, a slightly higher concentration of cytokinin, i.e., 3.5mg l-16-BAP, in combination with 0.2mg l-1 IAA, was required. Results of the present study confirm an active growth of explants revealed by nitrate assimilation enzymes and hydrolytic enzymes. It is concluded that medium composition, growth regulator combination and culture incubation conditions are all vital in both the accessions of Mucuna pruriens for induction of in vitro plant regeneration.
Variation in Relation between Yield and Yield Attributes in 'Thompson Seedless' Grape and its Clones
Authors: Shikhamany S D , Jeughale Sanjay K , Khapre Kailas N , Venugopalan R
Published: August 2023

To study variation in the relationship between yield and yield attributes in 'Thompson seedless', 'Tas-A-Ganesh' and '2A clone' vines grafted onto Dogridge rootstock and trained on the extended Y training system, data collected from 120 vines in each variety were subjected to correlation and regression analysis. Numbers of clusters per vine was the main contributing factor for yield in all these varieties. It determined the yield by 87.9, 42.0 and 51.5%, respectively, in 'Thompson Seedless', 'Tas-A-Ganesh' and '2A clone', with the optimum number of clusters at 27.3, 43.1 and 46.5, respectively. Contrary to that in vars. Thompson Seedless and Tas-A-Ganesh, increase in number of canes was associated with higher cluster/cane ratio. Yield depended upon cluster weight in 'Thompson Seedless', mediated through number of clusters, but was not a contributory factor as evidenced by a negative correlation between clusterweight and yield. Increase in cluster weight was associated with increase in number of berries in all the varieties. Increase in berry weight was related to cluster weight in only Thompson Seedless and Tas-A-Ganesh. While berry number and berry weight together determined cluster weight by 96.3 and 92.4%, respectively, in vars. Thompson Seedless and Tas-A-ganesh, this value was just 39.0% in '2A clone'. These studies provide a clue that for realizing higher yield, cluster size needs to be greater while limiting the number of canes/vine in vars. Thompson Seedless and Tas-A-Ganesh. Increase in the number of canes would benefit '2A clone' by adopting suitable cultural practices.
Induction of Off-Season Flowering in Custard Apple (Annona squamosa L.) Cv. Balanagar
Authors: Vinay G M , Chithiraichelvan R
Published: August 2023

Pruning and defoliation are essential operations for inducing off-season flowering and fruiting to yield better quality and quantity of fruits in custard apple. Trees were subjected to two levels of pruning (25% and 50%) combined with use of chemical defoliants (urea 5%, Ethrel 2000ppm, potassium iodide 1%, or ortho-phosphoric acid 1%) besides the Control, with each treatment replicated thrice. Early initiation of flowering and better vegetative growth was seen in pruned (25%) and defoliated trees than in the Control or other treatments. Maximum off-season yield (10.33kg/ plant) was obtained in T4 (25% pruning, combined with 5% urea spray as defoliant) and T6 (25% pruning, combined with 1% potassium iodide-spray as defoliant). Findings of this investigation helped standardize pruning and defoliation practices on a scientific basis for off-season production of custard apple fruits.
Metabolite Profiling for Six 'B' Vitamins Using LC-MS in Tomato Genotypes at Different Stages of Fruit Maturity
Authors: Kavitha P , Shivashankara K S , Roy T K , Pavithra K C , Rao V K , Sadashiva A T , Ravishankar K V , Sathish G J
Published: August 2023

Vitamins are essential nutrients in food crucial for maintaining good health. Tomato, being a widely consumed vegetable, provides a good quantity of vitamins. Metabolite profiling of vitamins at different stages of fruit maturity in a crop helps identify the right stage for better quality. Based on preliminary screening for quality parameters, tomato lines rich in TSS, antioxidants, lycopene and beta-carotene were selected for the present study. Eight genotypes and a wild species were profiled for 'B' vitamins at three different stages of fruit maturity, viz., green, breaker and ripe stage. A simple and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) method for simultaneous determination of six 'B' vitamins was developed and validated by us. Among the genotypes studied, IIHR-249-1 recorded higher niacin, pantothenic acid and biotin content. Pyridoxine content was higher in the hybrid, Arka Rakshak. The wild species, LA-1777(Solanum habrochaites) was found to be rich in pantothenic acid, riboflavin and thiamine. Content of most of the vitamins increased with ripening of the fruit. IIHR-249-1 and LA-1777 were found to be rich in 'B' vitamins, earlier reported to be also rich in antioxidants and lycopene. These genotypes can be used for improving the nutritive value of tomato under crop improvement programmes, through conventional breeding or biotechnological approaches.
Effect of Polyamines on Storability and Quality of Pomegranate Fruit (Punica granatum L.) Cv. Bhagwa
Authors: Waskar D P , Khandare V S , Kalalbandi B M , Shelke P S
Published: August 2023

Pomegranate cv. Bhagawa fruits harvested at adequate stage of maturity were dipped in aqueous solutions containing various concentrations of the polyamines putrescine (1mM, 2mM and 3mM) and spermidine (0.5mM, 1mM and 1.5mM), along with Tween-20 as a surfactant, for 5 minutes. The fruits were then stored at 5°C and 8°C temperature with under 90-95% relative humidity. Polyamine-treated fruits showed reduced chilling-injury, weight loss and respiration rate during storage at these 5°C and 8°C temperatures. An increasing trend in total soluble solids (TSS) content, and a decreasing trend in acidity were found in polyamine-treated fruits during storage at 5°C and 8°C temperature. Maximum reduction in chilling-injury was obtained with putrescine (2mM) at both the storage temperatures. Control fruits stored at 5°C and 8°C temperature rapidly developed chilling-injury developed symptoms of brown discoloration of skin and weight-loss in pomegranate fruits.
Survey of Nematode-Destroying Fungi from Selected Vegetable-Growing Areas in Kenya
Authors: Wachira P M , Muindi J N , Okoth S A
Published: August 2023

Plant-parasitic nematodes cause severe damage to a wide range of economic crops, causing upto 5% yield losses globally. In Kenya, vegetables are affected, among other pests, by parasitic nematodes, causing upto 80% loss in yield. Nematode control is very difficult and relies heavily on use of chemical nematicides. Use of these chemical nematicides leads to biological magnification, and elimination of natural enemies of other pathogens, thus creating a need for greater application of pesticides, increased production costs, and development of insecticide-resistance. These factors have led to a growing interest in search for alternate management strategies. The objective of this study was, therefore, to document nematode-destroying fungi in selected, major vegetable-growing areas in Kenya as a step towards developing a self-sustaining system for management of plant-parasitic nematodes. Soil samples were collected from five vegetable-production zones, viz., Kinare, Kabete, Athi-river, Machakos and Kibwezi, and transported to the laboratory for extraction of nematode-destroying fungi. The soil-sprinkle technique described by Jaffee et al (1996) was used for isolating the nematode-destroying fungi from soil, while, their identification was done using identification keys described by Soto Barrientos et al (2001). From this study, a total of 171 fungal isolates were identified as nematodedestroying. The highest population was recorded in Kabete, at 33.9% of the total, followed by Machakos, Kibwezi, Athi-river, with the least in Kinare, at 24.6, 22.2, 11.7 and 7.6% of the total population, in that order. Arthrobotrys was the most frequent genus, with mean occurrence of 7.3, followed by Monacrosporium with 6 and Stylophage with 5.2. A. dactyloides was significantly (P=0.002) affected by the agro-ecological zone, with the highest occurrence recorded in Kabete, and the least in Athi-river. Kibwezi recorded highest diversity index, with a mean of 1.017, while, Athi-river recorded the least, with a mean of 0.333. Kibwezi had the highest species richness, recording a mean of 3.4, while, the least mean of 1.6 was recorded in Athi-river. Mean species richness of 2.2 was recorded for both Kabete and Machakos, and 1.8 for Kinare. From the three genera recorded, Arthrobotrys was more effective at trapping nematodes compared to Monocrosporium and Stylopage. The genus Arthrobotrys had the highest number of trapped nematodes, with a total population of 57, followed by Monacrosporium, the least being Stylopage, with 45 and 36, respectively, in a period of 104 hours. From the study, it is evident that agricultural practices affect occurrence and diversity of nematodedestroying fungi, and, Arthrobotrys can be used as a bio-control agent for managing plant-parasitic nematodes.
Economic Analysis of Post-Harvest Loss and Marketing Efficiency in Guava (cv. Allahabad safeda) in Karnataka
Authors: Gajanana T M , Murthy D Sreenivasa , Saxena A K , Rao D V Sudhakar , Sudha M , Dakshinamoorthy V
Published: August 2023

Post-harvest losses (PHL) in guava (cv. Allahabad safeda) were estimated at the field and retail levels in Karnataka, and impact of this loss on marketing efficiency was studied. Results indicated that the total PHL was 13.29% consisting of field-level loss (9.17%) and retail level loss (4.12%). The producer's share was 51.52% and PHL, when included as an item of cost, reduced the share to 45.80%. PHL also reduced marketing efficiency index from 1.06 to 0.88, thereby indicating the importance of PHL and scope for minimizing it to improve the efficiency of the marketing system in guava.
Evaluation of Brinjal Genotypes against Bacterial Wilt Caused by Ralstonia solanacearum
Authors: Santhosha H M , Indiresh K M , Gopalakrishnan C , Singh T H
Published: August 2023

Forty brinjal genotypes were screened by artificial inoculation using Ralstonia solanacearum inoculum at a concentration of 1.0 X 108 cfu/ml (O.D600 = 0.3). Genotypes Arka Nidhi, Haritha, Swetha, Surya, IIHR-3, IIHR-555, WCGR, R-2588, WL-2230, L-3261, L-3270, L-3272 and Arka Anand were found to be resistant to bacterial wilt, whereas, IIHR-7, L-3263, L-3268 and L-3269 were moderately resistant. Genotypes R-2584, R-2586, R- 2592, L-3260, L-3262, L-3264, L-3266 and L-3267 were moderately susceptible, and genotypes R-2580, R-2582, R-2587, R-2591, R- 2593 and R- 2595 were found to be susceptible. Lastly, genotypes R-2581, R- 2594, R-2589, R-2590, WL-2232, Pusa hybrid-6, Arka Shirish, R-2585 and R-2583 were found to be highly susceptible to bacterial wilt. Resistant and moderately resistant genotypes showed longer incubation period.
Plant Traits in Fig as Indicators of Resistance to Shoot Borer, Dyscerus? Fletcheri Marshall (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Jayanthi P D Kamala , Verghese Abraham , Chittiraichelvan R , Kumar Ravindra
Published: August 2023

A comparative study was conducted on fig (Ficus carica L.) cultivars Deanna and Poona to test whether antixenosis due to plant traits was at least partially responsible for a differential susceptibility to the shoot boring curculionid weevil, Dyscerus? fletcheri. Field evaluation revealed significant difference in borer incidence in cvs. Poona (6.25%) and Deanna (75%). Further, traits of plant architecture such as number of primary/ secondary/ terminal shoots, plant vigour and density of terminal shoots were significantly higher in cv. Deanna, which was highly susceptible to shoot borer. However, latex-flow index was significantly higher in cv. Poona that was resistant to the borer. A step-wise multiple regression analysis revealed that the tested plant traits explained 60% of the total variation in stem borer infestation (y=-0.96-0.02x1+0.23x2-0.03x3+0.24x4+1.28x5-1.31x6, R2=0.60) in the susceptible cultivar, Deanna. Role of these traits in preference/non-preference of D. fletcheri for a cultivar is discussed.
Influence of Nitrogen and Phosphorus on Flowering in African Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) Var. Cracker Jack
Authors: Naik M Raja
Published: August 2023

An investigation was conducted during the year 2000 to study the effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on flowering in African marigold. Results revealed that among the four levels of nitrogen tested, highest level of nitrogen (N3) led to minimum number of days for the first flower-bud to become visible (31.66 days), days to flower-break (38.55 days), days to full-flowering (50.66 days). Plants receiving N2 recorded significantly high number of flower heads per plant (28.42) and yield (11.11 t/ha). Among the three levels of phosphorus tested, days taken to appearance of the first flower-bud, flower-break and full-flowering were significantly earlier in a treatment with no phosphorus (P0). However, number of flower heads per plant was significantly higher in P2 (28.3). As for interaction effect, a combination of the highest level of nitrogen with no phosphorus (N3P0) recorded early flowering. Number of flower heads per plant was higher in N3P2 (31.83). Highest flower-yield (11.65 t/ha) was recorded in N3P2. Thus, it is concluded that nitrogen application advances flowering, while, phosphorus application delays flowering.
Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Vegetative Growth and Yield in Mango Cv. Himsagar
Authors: Singh S R , Banik B C , Hasan M A
Published: August 2023

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of various combinations of integrated nutrient management schedules on vegetative growth and yield in mango cv. Himsagar at Regional Research Station, Gayeshpur, B.C.K.V., Nadia, West Bengal, during the years 2009-2011. Maximum total increment in plant height (108.00 cm), plant spread in E-W direction (123.00 cm) and N-S direction (105.00 cm), and tree volume (85.95 m3) was recorded in 500:250:250g NPK/tree/year + 50kg FYM + 250g Azospirillium (T6) compared to that in other treatments. This treatment (T6) also significantly increased total number of fruits (234.12 fruits / tree), average fruit weight (263.10g) and yield (58.56kg /tree).
Studies on Genetic Divergence in Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Using SRAP Markers
Authors: Kanupriya C , Kumar D Manmohan , Nischita P , Gayathri M , Ravishankar K V , Kumar P Sampath
Published: August 2023

Pomegranate genotypes have been characterized mainly on the basis of morphological traits; but, these traits are affected to a large extent by environmental and cultivation conditions, resulting in their ambiguous discrimination. Molecular markers are more suited for accurate discrimination of genotypes and cultivars. Sequence-Related Amplified Polymorphism (SRAP) markers were used in the present study to analyze polymorphism among the important pomegranate genotypes grown in India. The total number of bands generated by 30 SRAP primers for 12 genotypes was 1448, with an average of 48.3 bands per primer. Polymorphism varied from 2.7 to 73.9, with an average of 40.95%. Similarity-value based on Jaccard's Coefficient ranged from 0.63 (between cvs. Naina and Amlidana) to 0.95 (between cvs. Kabul Yellow and Jalore Seedless). UPGMA (un-weighted pair group method with arithmetic mean) analysis was performed and a dendrogram was constructed using Jaccard's similarity matrix. The 12 genotypes used grouped into 5 clusters. SRAP markers were found suitable for determining variability among the pomegranate genotypes studied.
Molecular Exploration of Guava (Psidium guajava L.) Genome Using SSR and RAPD Markers: A Step towards Establishing Linkage Map
Authors: Padmakar B , Sailaja D , Aswath C
Published: August 2023

In the present study, molecular evaluation of two guava mapping populations (MP), MPI comprising 94 F1 progenies and MPII comprising 46 F1 progenies, was carried out using simple sequence repeat (SSR) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. A pseudo-test cross strategy was implemented where 'Kamsari' X 'Purple Local' and 'Purple Local' X 'Allahabad Safeda' were crossed, and, these showed variation in fruit quality traits such as seedstrength (hardness/softness), fruit weight, TSS and pulp color. A set of 30 RAPD markers was used for genotyping MPI while a set of 55 SSR markers was used for genotyping MPII. In case of MPI, 30 RAPD markers generated 214 scorable markers, of which 80 markers were specific to 'Kamsari', 14 markers to 'Purple Local' and the remaining 120 were intercross markers. As for MPII, 55 polymorphic SSR markers resulted in generation of 207 alleles (with a maximum of 4 alleles and a minimum of 3 alleles per locus), of which 108 alleles were specific to 'Purple Local' while 99 were specific to 'Allahabad Safeda'. Genotypic data thus generated can be further exploited for constructing genetic linkage maps and mapping complex QTLs governing fruit quality traits in guava..
Factors Affecting in Vitro Shoot Regeneration in Hypocotyls of Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) in the Early Steps of Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation
Authors: Prakash D P , Ramachandra Y L , Hanur Vageeshbabu S
Published: August 2023

An attempt was made to assess the effect of size, age and position of the explant, pre-culture and high cytokinin concentration in the pre-culture medium on shoot regeneration in brinjal hypocotyls co-cultivated with Agrobacterium. The study was carried out using hypocotyl explants of brinjal cv. Manjarigota, Agrobacterium strain A208 and shoot regeneration medium (full-strength basal MS medium, 2μM BAP + 0.05μM NAA, 3% sucrose and 0.8% agar) containing Cefotaxime (250-500mg l-1) and Kanamycin (100mg l-1). Hypocotyl explants showed callus initiation and shoot regeneration response after 10-12 and 20-22 days of culture, respectively. Five-day-old explants did not survive Agrobacterium infection, and ten-day-old explants showed higher shoot regeneration (29±1.91%) than older explants. Explants of medium size (1cm long; 32±2.62%) from the apical region (38.57±2.61%) showed better shootregeneration ability than explants of any other size or region. A period of four days of pre-culture (33.33±3.76) was optimal best for best shoot-regeneration in hypocotyl explants. No regeneration was seen in hypocotyl explants at shorter or longer pre-culture period. High cytokinin (10μM) in shoot regeneration medium during pre-culture enhanced shoot regeneration response (47.27±2.98%) in explants co-cultivated with Agrobacterium. Effects of various factors documented in this study will be useful in developing an efficient Agrobacterium-mediated transformation protocol in brinjal cv. Manjarigota.
Morpho-Agronomic Diversity in Pole-Type Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Landraces from Lushai Hills of North-East India
Authors: Dutta S K , Singh S B , Boopathi T , Singh A R , Ramakrishna Y
Published: August 2023

The present study was based on morphological and agronomical characterization of 23 pole-type common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) landraces collected from Lushai hills of North-East India. Extensive variation in plant and seed traits was found in 16 morphological and agronomical characters. Cluster analysis based on Euclidean distance grouped the genotypes into five main branches, reflecting their growth type and reproductive traits. Significant positive or negative correlation was observed among important traits. Principal component analysis was used for assessing patterns of variation by accounting for all the 10 quantitative and six qualitative variables together. Ordination among accessions showed that the first five principal components had Eigen values greater than one, and cumulatively accounted for 72% of the variation. Characterization based on quantitative and qualitative traits enabled separation of accessions into various groups representing landraces with distinct characters.
Evaluation of Taro (Colocasia esculenta L.) Cultivars for Growth, Yield and Quality Attributes
Authors: Angami T , Jha A K , Buragohain Juri , Deka Bidyut C , Verma V K , Nath Amit
Published: August 2023

A study on varietal evaluation in taro for growth, yield and quality attributes was carried out in a replicated experiment and morphological and chemical analysis was done. Significant differences were recorded for all the characteristics studied. 'Panchmukhi' recorded highest plant height (179.33cm), petiole length (153.11cm), petiole breadth (13.87mm) and leaf size (3095.67cm2), LAI (1.14), corm length (152.41mm) and breadth (107.77mm), average corm weight (1500.00g) and corm yield (20.00t/ha). 'C-3' recorded maximum (15.00) petiole number and cormel length (85.93mm). Cormel yield (15.29t/ha), total yield (25.92t/ha) and number of cormels per plant (30.33) was found to be maximum in cv. White Gouriya. 'ML-2' recorded maximum (7.33) number of side shoots. Highest average cormel weight (72.85g) was maximum in cv. Arcol-7, and 'Arcol-5' recorded maximum (67.43mm) cormel breadth; the least blight incidence percentage (8.00) was recorded in 'Nayabungalow'. As for biochemical constituents, 'Nainital' recorded the highest (5.85%) total sugars, 'Kandha-5' exhibited the highest (34.67%) starch content and 'Nadia Local' with showed highest levels of oxalic acid (1.05mg/100g). Highest dry matter content (27.50%) was recorded in cvs. KCA-1 and Panchmukhi, while the highest moisture percentage (82.83) was recorded in 'IG Coll-5'.
Performance of Gladiolus Genotypes: Growth, Flowering and Corm Production
Authors: Pattanaik Sanghamitra , Paul Amitava , Lenka Pravu Charan
Published: August 2023

Variance analysis was made for 20 quantitative traits in 29 genotypes of gladiolus. High variation in terms of range was recorded for almost all the traits except days to sprouting, number of leaves, flowering duration, number of florets/spike, floret diameter, number of cormels/plant, number of corms/plant, and number of spikes/corm. Tallest plants (159.25cm) were recorded in the variety Windlin, early spike-initiation was recorded in 'Intrepid' (45.5 days), and the highest number of florets per spike was recorded in 'Hunting Song' (20). Maximum floret diameter was recorded in 'Senset Jubilee' (7.28cm), while spike yield was highest in 'Ballerina' (139.05 q/ha). Maximum number of corms per plant was recorded in 'Hunting Song' (3.0).
Cultivar Variation for Capsaicinoid Content in some Processed Products of Chilli
Authors: Bhagawati M , Saikia A
Published: August 2023

Determination of capsaicinoids content in various products from seven chilli cultivars was made. Capsaicin, the major element among capsaicinoids, is found primarily in the fruit of Capsicum to which it provides spicy flavor. Extraction of capsaicin in the present study was done using acetonitrile as the solvent, and High Performance Liquid Chromatography was used for its quantification. Whole dried-fruits of 'Bhut Red' (Capsicum chinense) showed the highest concentration of capsaicin (2.59%) and level of pungency (4,40,000 SHU), whereas, salted mash of 'Lemon Drop' (Capsicum baccatum) had the lowest capsaicin concentration (0.07%) and pungency level (12,000 SHU). As capsaicinoids are important in food and pharmaceutical industries, developing products from selected cultivars of chilli with high pungency and high capsaicinoid content will prove useful in order to ensuring health security.
Effect of Packaging and Storage Temperature on Shelf-Life of Minimally Processed Onion (Allium cepa L.)
Authors: Bhuvaneswari S , Narayana C K , Udhayakumar R , Gowda R Veere
Published: August 2023

Minimally processed onion is a ready-to-use onion product offering the consumer a fully usable commodity, without much change to freshness of the produce. Effect of packaging and storage temperature on shelf-life in minimally processed onion was studied. Packaging and temperature play an important role in determining shelf-life in minimally processed onion. Onion pieces approx. 8-10mm thick were cut with a plain, sharp knife and subjected to dip-treatment with the firming agent, calcium lactate (2%), for 5 minutes. The samples were surface-dried and packaged in polypropylene bags of size 250 X 125mm, of variable thicknesses (25, 50 or 75μm) and stored at low temperatures and high RH:8±1°C and 83±2% RH; 10±1°C and 82±2% RH; and, 12±1°C and 80±2% RH. It was found that onion cv. Arka Sona sliced with a plain, sharp knife, pre-treated with 2% calcium lactate, surface-dried and packaged in polypropylene bags sized 250X125mm (50μm thick), and stored at 8+1°C and 83±2% RH retained freshness and nutritive value, were microbially safe and acceptable, with a shelf-life of 14 days at storage.
Organic Farming Practices for Double-Sucker Planted Banana
Authors: Sheela K R , Pushpakumari R , Shimi G J , Geethakumari V L
Published: August 2023

An experiment was conducted at College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Kerala, during December 2009 to September 2012 to standardize organic farming practices for double-sucker planted tissue-culture raised banana var. Nendran. Treatments included three nutrient levels, (M1-133, M2-100 and M3-75% of recommended dose for tissue culture banana as organic), two times of application viz., T1- in two splits- (basal and 2MAP), and T2 in three splits (basal, 2 and 4 MAP) along with the Control (integrated nutrient management for double-sucker planted banana, i.e., FYM + 250:150:400g NPK pit-1). The experiment was laid out in Factorial RBD with three replications. Results of the study indicated that though 33% of additional nutrients were required for double-sucker planting along with INM, 100% of the dose was sufficient under organic farming for realizing a reasonable yield. Pooled analysis of gross income and net income revealed that organic production practices are also profitable in double-sucker planted banana.
Evaluation of Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) Genotypes for Morphological Traits
Authors: Bala Madhu
Published: August 2023

Thirty small-flowered genotypes of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) were evaluated for various morphological and floral characters at Research Farm, Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, PAU, Ludhiana, during 2013-14. All the varieties suitable for different purposes like pot culture, garden decoration, cut flower, loose flower and bedding purposes were evaluated. Results revealed that the genotypes differed significantly with each other with respect to plant growth and flowering parameters like plant height, number of branches per plant, plant spread, days taken to bud appearance, and, floral traits like number of flowers per plant, diameter of flower, flowering duration, flower colour and flower type. On the basis of morphological traits, the varieties were grouped into various categories for different purposes, viz., cut flower, loose flower, bedding/garden decoration and pot culture.
Effect of Panchagavya and GA3 on Germination and Seedling Growth in Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.)
Authors: Singh L S , Pariari A , Shukla Gopal
Published: August 2023

An experiment consisting of three sowing periods (March-May, June-August and September-November) and seven pre-sowing treatments was undertaken to study the effect of these factors on seed germination and initial seedling growth in cashew. Seeds sowing during June - August gave significantly better germination and initial seedling growth. However, maximum germination percentage, maximal seedling growth and minimum days to germination were observed with GA3 200ppm during all three sowing periods compared to that in other treatments. As for panchagavya, @ 10% and 20%, was found to be beneficial in treated seeds. All the growth parameters studied were also superior with GA3 application,excepting root growth. Best root growth was recorded with panchagavya at 20%.
Root Activity Distribution and Inter-plant Root Competition in 'Robusta' Banana (Musa Sp., 'AAA') under High-Density Planting Determined by Tracer Technique
Authors: Kotur S C , Ramachandran V
Published: August 2023

By applying soil injection technique using carrier-free 32P as a tracer in 'Robusta' banana (Musa sp. 'AAA') planted at 1.5m x 1.5m spacing, during the 8th leaf stage of growth, 52.04 and 62.96% of active roots were present at 25cm across and 15cm depth, respectively. At the 16th leaf stage, only 40.5% of active roots were traced at 25cm across, and root activity increased at wider distances and deeper layers. At flower-initiation stage, a significant gain in root activity was seen at 45cm depth. Distance-wise distribution, however, did not change appreciably. At the shooting stage, 46.89% and 43.98% of the active roots were present closest to the pseudostem (25cm distance) and soil surface (15cm), respectively. However, the greatest depth (45cm) gained active roots (38.51%) at shooting-stage, creating an hour-glass pattern of root distribution, mainly owing to migration of roots from the surface (15cm deep) soil. However, a strong presence of active roots persisted close to the base of the plant, and in the surface-soil. A small proportion (>1%) of phosphorus applied to the main plant was absorbed by the orthogonal neighbour located at 1.5m distance, indicating practically insignificant competition with its closest neighbour. None of the diagonal neighbours located farthest (at 2.1m distance from the main plant) showed any activity of the tracer indicating that the root competition with the main plant was absent. Results indicate that a spacing of 1.5m × 1.5m in high-density planting of 'Robusta' banana raised in sandy-loam is optimum, with practically no untoward competition from the root for nutrients applied to each plant.
Genetic Variability and Heritability for Growth and Yield in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)
Authors: Pushpalatha N , Anjanappa M , Devappa V , Pitchaimuthu M
Published: August 2023

Quantification of variability is the most essential pre-breeding tool in any crop improvement programme. The present investigation was carried out to assess variability existing in twenty four diverse cucumber genotypes. Results revealed high phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation for yield per plant, fruit flesh thickness, number of fruits per plant, number of nodes per plant, number of branches per plant, average fruit weight, internode length and vine length. High heritability, coupled with high genetic advance as per cent mean, was recorded for all the characters studied except days to first female-flower opening, days to 50% flowering and days to first-fruit harvest, indicating a scope for improvement through selection.
Effects of Shade on Microclimate, Canopy Characteristics and Light Integrals in Dry Season Field-Grown Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) Seedlings
Authors: Agele S , Famuwagun B , Ogunleye A
Published: August 2023

Effect of shade regimes on gradients of microclimate, canopy extent (leaf area index: LAI) and light integrals in dry season field-grown cocoa (cacao) seedlings was investigated in a rainforest zone of Nigeria. The shade regimes tested were: unshaded/open-to-sun, dense shade and moderate shade. Shade intensity affected solar radiation transmission through cacao canopy, photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) and canopy light attenuation (extinction coefficient, k). Intensity of transmitted radiation below the canopy from incident radiation was highest for open-to-sun, followed by moderate and dense shade, respectively. The temporal trend of intercepted radiation showed that intercepted radiation increased from December to May, and, the values were highest for open-to-sun, followed by moderate and dense shade. The ratio of transmitted (Io) to incident (I) radiation (IO/I) was higher for open sun. Significant differences were found between open-to-sun (unshaded) and moderate and dense shade intensity for value of canopy extinction coefficient (k). The association of growing degree days (GDD), and, total leaf number (TLN) and leaf area index (LAI), were characterized by high coefficient of determination (R2) for the respective open, dense and moderate shade treatments. Inverse of the slope of the regression of relationship between estimated thermal time (°Cdays) and corresponding total leaf number (TLN) denotes leaf appearance rate (phyllochron, in °Cdays/leaf). Rate of leaf appearance was faster in open sun compared with to that in moderate or dense shade intensity. Characteristics of the cacao canopy development were measured by leaf area index (LAI), a parameter which affects the intercepted photosynthetic active radiation (PAR). Higher LAI was obtained in no shade (open sun) compared to that in moderate or dense shade treatments. Unshaded plants had a higher radiation use efficiency (RUE) and RUE values were significantly higher compared to the other two treatments. Low light intensity and LAI for under-storey cacao had negative implications for growth and biomass development. Air temperatures within the cacao field were highest for open sun cacao, followed by moderate and dense shade, respectively; the values increased from December to April, with peak values seen in April.
Development and Performance of Power-Operated Garlic Bulb Breaker
Authors: Channabasamma B B , Rathinakumari A Carolin , Kumaran G Senthil , Dayananda P
Published: August 2023

A power-operated garlic bulb breaker to separate cloves from whole-garlic-bulbs was developed, its operational parameters optimized and its performance evaluated. The garlic bulb breaker consisted of a feeding chute, two-stage padded rubber rollers, a blower, outlets for cloves and skins, a main frame, power and power transmission system. The garlic bulb breaker was evaluated using three types of rubber padding material viz., plain type, button type and corrugated type, with four levels of clearance between rubber rollers viz., 15, 18, 21 and 24mm, three levels of peripheral speed, viz., 259.2, 302.4 and 345.6 m/min. The machine displayed performance parameters in terms of breaking efficiency at 96%, per cent clumps of cloves 1.22, per cent clove damage 1.7, per cent clove loss 1.08, and bulb-breaking capacity of 780kg/h using corrugated padding material fitted at 18mm clearance and 259.4m/min peripheral speed. Operating cost of the machine was Rs. 0.06/kg against Rs. 2.25/kg incurred with manual clove separation of cloves.
Effect of Plant Growth Regulators and Micronutrients on Reproductive Attributes of Acid Lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) in Hasta bahar Cropping Season
Authors: Deshmukh H K , Paithankar D H , Nimbolkar P K , Dewangan R K , Awachare C
Published: August 2023

Plant growth regulators and micronutrients at various combinations [GA3 50ppm + Cycocel 1000ppm + KNO30.2% + Zn 0.3% + Boron 0.1%; GA3 50ppm + Cycocel 2000ppm + KNO3 0.2% + Zn 0.3% + Boron 0.1%; GA3 50ppm + Paclobutrazol 2.5g a.i./tree (soil application) + KNO3 0.2% + Zn 0.3% Boron 0.1%; GA350ppm + Paclobutrazol 3.5g a.i./tree (soil application) + KNO3 0.2% + Zn 0.3% + Boron 0.1%; GA3 50ppm + Paclobutrazol 1000ppm (foliar application) + KNO3 0.2% + Zn 0.3% + Boron 0.1%; and, GA3 50ppm + Paclobutrazol 2000ppm + KNO3 0.2% + Zn 0.3% + Boron 0.1%] were sprayed before flower emergence in acid lime. Minimum days taken to emergence of flower bud (39.57), duration of flowering (24.07), days to 50% fruit set (6.54) and days taken to fruit maturity (145.90) were observed with application of GA3 50ppm + Paclobutrazol 3.5g a.i./tree (soil application) + KNO3 0.2% + Zn 0.3% + Boron 0.1% (T5), whereas, fruit drop (5.92%) was minimum with GA3 50ppm + Cycocel 2000ppm + KNO3 0.2% + Zn 0.3% + Boron 0.1% (T3). Treatment T3 also increased the number of flowers per meter length of shoot (49.65) as well as fruit yield (8.90).
Development of Intermediate-Moisture Slices of Papaya (Carica papaya L.) by Hurdle Technology
Authors: Shrivastava Akanksha , Gowda I. N. Doreappa
Published: August 2023

Papaya fruits are highly perishable, with over 25% post-harvest losses which further rise during storage. To prevent these losses, we attempted to convert papaya slices into intermediate moisture (IM) slices using a novel combination-technology which included a combination of osmotic removal of water by sugar syrup (60°B) containing various preservatives/additives, and, added use of chemicals such as CaCl2, citric acid, sodium metabisulphite or potassium metabisulphite (KMS), to reduce water activity. The osmosed slices were surfacedried and analyzed for physico-chemical characters and sensory attributes. Further, the product was stored upto six months at LT (Low Temperature) (4±1°C) and assessed for composition, stability and sensory attributes. Steam blanching of papaya slices, followed by osmosis in sugar solution of 60°B syrup containing a combination of preservatives, viz., citric acid 0.5%, CaCl2 0.5%, sodium metabisulphite 75ppm and KMS 350ppm, was superior as a treatment in terms of quality and stability of the product. These findings can help reduce postharvest losses in papaya by providing a technology for preparing a ready-to-eat (RTE), nutrient rich intermediate-moisture product with good taste and flavour.
Influence of Nutrient Source on Yield, Quality and Economics of Seed Production in Vegetable Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata ssp. sesquipedalis)
Authors: Isaac Sheeba Rebecca , Mathew Babu
Published: August 2023

Field investigation was carried out to study the influence of different sources of nutrients on seed production in vegetable cowpea (Vigna unguiculata ssp. sesquipedalis) during 2010-11 in Randomized Block Design, with twelve combinations of nutrient sources. Results showed significant variation in seed yield potential in the crop. Highest seed yield (435.97kg ha-1) was recorded in the treatment where recommended NPK dose for the seed crop was applied along with vermicompost at 50 per cent nitrogen substitution. Yield attributes were found non-significant, but had a positive influence on seed yield. Germination percentage and 100-seed weight was significantly higher in treatments receiving a combination of vermicompost and poultry manure. Benefit:Cost analysis revealed that 50 per cent N substitution with vermicompost and 25% N with poultry manure were the most profitable in cowpea seed production.
Influence of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilization on Fruiting and Yield Characteristics in Ratoon Crop of Banana (Musa spp. AAA) Cv. Grande Naine
Authors: Navaneethakrishnan K S , Dhaliwal H S , Gill M I S , Brar J S
Published: August 2023

In ratoon crop of banana cv. Grande Naine, date of shooting could be advanced by 35 days with application of 200g N in 5 splits + 60g P2O5 (86 days), compared to 300g N in 5 splits + 60g P2O5 (121 days). Subsequently, date of harvest also got advanced by 53 days, and fruits were harvested on 9th December in the same treatment. Higher dose of N fertilization delayed shooting and harvesting period, taking 121 days for shooting and 145 days from shooting to harvest in the treatment 300g N (5 split doses) + 90g P2O5. Various N and P treatments affected bunch weight and number of hands per bunch significantly. Although N and P combination-treatments had no significant effect on bunch weight or number of hands per bunch, application of 200g N in 5 splits and 60g P2O5 per plant gave maximum bunch weight (18.11kg) and number of hands per bunch (10.61). Minimum bunch weight (15.37kg) and the least number of hands per bunch (7.08) were obtained with 150g N in 5 splits + 90g P2O5. Hand-weight (2.20kg), number of fingers per hand (19.75), and finger length (20.30cm) was highest with application of 200g N in 5 splits + 60g P2O5 per plant. Least hand-weight (1.64kg), number of fingers per hand (15.77), and finger-length (17.92cm) was recorded with 150g N in 5 splits + 90g P2O5. Bunch weight, number of hands per bunch, hand-weight and number of fingers per hand too was affected significantly with sole application of nitrogen or phosphorus.
Evaluation of Carrot (Daucus carota L.) Hybrids at Mid-Elevation and Higher in the Nilgiris
Authors: Santhi V P , Priya P A
Published: August 2023

Investigations were made on yield and quality in six hybrids of carrot spanning two seasons under Nilgiri hill conditions during the year 2012-2013. The hybrids were evaluated for per se performance, genotypic coefficient of variance, heritability and genetic advance. A high estimate for genotypic coefficient of variation was observed in root-splitting percentage, total chlorophyll, root carotenoids, leaf carotenoids and root-forking percentage in the hybrids, indicating a potential for improvement of these traits by simple selection, in kharif and summer. Leaf and root carotenoid content, total chlorophyll, number of leaves and root weight exhibited higher values for heritability, coupled with a high genetic advance, revealing these traits to be under the control of gene action. Simple selection can, therefore, effect improvement in these characters.