bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Therapy for pneumonitis and sialadenitis by accumulation of CCR2-expressing CD4+CD25+regulatory T cells in MRL/lpr mice
Authors: Hasegawa Hitoshi , Inoue Atsushi , Muraoka Masatake , Yamanouchi Jun , Miyazaki Tatsuhiko , Yasukawa Masaki
Published: February 2007

Adoptive transfer of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells has been shown to have therapeutic effects in animal models of autoimmune diseases. Chemokines play an important role in the development of autoimmune diseases in animal models and humans. The present study was performed to investigate whether the progression of organ-specific autoimmune diseases could be reduced more markedly by accumulating chemokine receptor-expressing CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells efficiently in target organs in MRL/MpJ-lpr/lpr (MRL/lpr) mice. CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells (Treg cells) and CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ CCR2-transfected T cells (CCR2-Treg cells) were transferred via retro-orbital injection into 12-week-old MRL/lpr mice at the early stage of pneumonitis and sialadenitis, and the pathological changes were evaluated. Expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1)/CCL2 was observed in the lung and submandibular gland of the mice and increased age-dependently. The level of CCR2 expression and MCP-1 chemotactic activity of CCR2-Treg cells were much higher than those of Treg cells. MRL/lpr mice to which CCR2-Treg cells had been transferred showed significantly reduced progression of pneumonitis and sialadenitis in comparison with MRL/lpr mice that had received Treg cells. This was due to more pronounced migration of CCR2-Treg cells and their localization for a longer time in MCP-1-expressing lung and submandibular gland, resulting in stronger suppressive activity. We prepared chemokine receptor-expressing Treg cells and demonstrated their ability to ameliorate disease progression by accumulating in target organs. This method may provide a new therapeutic approach for organ-specific autoimmune diseases in which the target antigens remain undefined.
The Molecular Control of Corpus Luteum Formation, Function, and Regression
Authors: Stocco Carlos , Telleria Carlos , Gibori Geula
Published: February 2007

The corpus luteum (CL) is one of the few endocrine glands that forms from the remains of another organ and whose function and survival are limited in scope and time. The CL is the site of rapid remodeling, growth, differentiation, and death of cells originating from granulosa, theca, capillaries, and fibroblasts. The apparent raison d’etre of the CL is the production of progesterone, and all the structural and functional features of this gland are geared toward this end. Because of its unique importance for successful pregnancies, the mammals have evolved a complex series of checks and balances that maintains progesterone at appropriate levels throughout gestation. The formation, maintenance, regression, and steroidogenesis of the CL are among the most significant and closely regulated events in mammalian reproduction. During pregnancy, the fate of the CL depends on the interplay of ovarian, pituitary, and placental regulators. At the end of its life span, the CL undergoes a process of regression leading to its disappearance from the ovary and allowing the initiation of a new cycle. The generation of transgenic, knockout and knockin mice and the development of innovative technologies have revealed a novel role of several molecules in the reprogramming of granulosa cells into luteal cells and in the hormonal and molecular control of the function and demise of the CL. The current review highlights our knowledge on these key molecular events in rodents.
Incorporation of Fe in the interlayer of Na-bentonite via treatment with FeCl3 in acetone
Authors: Komlósi Andrea , Kuzmann Ernő , Nagy Noémi M. , Homonnay Zoltán , Kubuki Shiro , Kónya József
Published: February 2007

The effect of FeCl3 in acetonic medium on the structure of Na-bentonite was studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy to describe the structure of the bentonite before and after treatment. In the samples treated with FeCl3, an increase in the basal spacing was found by XRD, while a new magnetically split component assigned to Fe3+ incorporated within the interlayer regions of montmorillonite showed up in the low-temperature Mössbauer spectra. The Mössbauer parameters observed were close to those of Fe oxyhydroxides, suggesting the presence of some kind of nanoparticles. These results show that the treatment with acetonic FeCl3 solution is an effective method for introducing Fe into montmorillonite in the form of Fe3+ accommodated in the interlayer region. The treated samples proved to be efficient Lewis catalysts in the acylation of aldehydes (benzaldehyde and 4-OH-benzaldehyde) by acetic acid anhydride.
Long-time existence for small amplitude semilinear wave equations
Authors: Lindblad Hans , Sogge Christopher D.
Published: February 2007

We prove that a certain class of semilinear wave equations has global solutions if the initial data is small. These existence results rely on mixed-norm angular-radial space-time estimates. More specifically, we consider power nonlinearities, □ u = F p ( u ), where F p ( u ) ~ | u | p and □ = ∂ 2 t - Δ denotes the D'Alembertian on [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="01i" /]. In 1979, John investigated this equation for small initial data in dimension n = 3. He proved that if p > 1 + √2 then there is a global solution whereas for p < 1 + √2, the solution may blow up. Shortly afterwards Strauss conjectured that a similar result should hold in n dimensions, and the critical power p c above which global solutions exist should be the positive root of ( n -1) p 2 c -( n +1) p c - 2 = 0. Sideris proved that for all n the solutions can blow up if p < p c . Recently Zhou proved that for n = 4 one has global solutions if p > p c = 2. Here we prove that for n ≤ 8 one has global solutions if p > p c . Furthermore, we proved that for all n , one has global solutions if p > p c and the initial data are spherically symmetric. In the radial case we use L p estimates, derived from the explicit form of the fundamental solution using inequalities from classical analysis. In the nonradial case we write the fundamental solution in polar coordinates and use Fourier integral and special function estimates to handle the angular part.
Exact smoothing properties of Schrödinger semigroups
Authors: Gulisashvili Archil , Kon Mark A.
Published: February 2007

We study Schrödinger semigroups in the scale of Sobolev spaces, and show that, for Kato class potentials, the range of such semigroups in L p has exactly two more derivatives than the potential; this proves a conjecture of B. Simon. We show that eigenfunctions of Schrödinger operators are generically smoother by exactly two derivatives (in given Sobolev spaces) than their potentials. We give applications to the relation between the potential's smoothness and particle kinetic energy in the context of quantum mechanics, and characterize kinetic energies in Coulomb systems. The techniques of proof involve Leibniz and chain rules for fractional derivatives which are of independent interest, as well as a new characterization of the Kato class.
A conjecture on coincidence among the zeta functions associated with the space of binary cubic forms
Authors: Ohno Yasuo
Published: February 2007

About twenty-five years ago T. Shintani defined and studied four Dirichlet series whose coefficients are class numbers of integral binary cubic forms by using the theory of prehomogeneous vector spaces. In this paper, we give a conjecture that two of these Dirichlet series are essentially the same as the remaining two series. The conjecture is based on our calculation of the first two hundred nonzero coefficients of the four Dirichlet series, and is also consistent with the known functional equation and residues at poles. If the conjecture is true, we get simpler symmetric functional equations than previously known. Namely, if we take a certain linear combination of Shintani's Dirichlet series, that a single function is invariant under the variable change of s into 1 - s .
Flips from 4-folds with isolated complete intersection singularities
Authors: Kachi Yasuyuki
Published: February 2007

We investigate a flipping contraction g : X → Y from a 4-fold X with at worst isolated complete intersection singularities. If Y has an anti-bicanonical divisor (= bi-elephant ) with only rational singularities, then g carries an inductive structure involving a chain of blow-ups (which we call La Torre Pendente ), and in particular, the flip exists. This naturally contains Reid's " Pagoda " as an anticanonical divisor (= elephant ) and its proper transforms.
On regular square integrable representations of p -adic groups
Authors: Tadíc Marko
Published: February 2007

We study the problem of construction of noncuspidal irreducible square integrable representations of classical p -adic groups, and questions related to it. Starting from cuspidal reducibilities in the generalized rank one case, we give a construction of regular irreducible square integrable representations of p -adic GSp ( n ), Sp( n ) and SO(2 n + 1). Under an assumption (expected to hold in general), we show that all such representations should come from this construction. Further, we obtain a number of general results about places where square integrable representations can appear in parabolically induced representation. Among others, we show that in irreducible cuspidal representations of general linear groups, only the self-contragredient ones play a role in the construction of square integrable representations of the above groups. At the end, we use our regular square integrable representations to study some basic properties of Whittaker models. We also show that there exists nondegenerate standard modules of classical groups which contain degenerate irreducible subrepresentations.
On the legacy of free divisors: discriminants and Morse-type singularities
Authors: Damon James
Published: February 2007

We investigate when the freeness of a divisor ( V , 0) is inherited by the discriminants for the versal deformations of nonlinear sections of V . We introduce Morse-type singularities for sections and give a criterion for freeness of the discriminant in terms of ( V , 0) generically having Morse-type singularities. This criterion is applied to determine when the bifurcation sets of mappings and smoothings of space curves and complete intersections are free. It also explains the failure of freeness for discriminantal arrangements of hyperplanes.
Curvature of the L 2 -metric on the direct image of a family of Hermitian-Einstein vector bundles
Authors: To Wing-Keung , Weng Lin
Published: February 2007

For a holomorphic family of simple Hermitian-Einstein holomorphic vector bundles over a compact Kähler manifold, the locally free part of the associated direct image sheaf over the parameter space forms a holomorphic vector bundle, and it is endowed with a Hermitian metric given by the L 2 pairing using the Hermitian-Einstein metrics. Our main result in this paper is to compute the curvature of the L 2 -metric. In the case of a family of Hermitian holomorphic line bundles with fixed positive first Chern form and under certain curvature conditions, we show that the L 2 -metric is conformally equivalent to a Hermitian-Einstein metric. As applications, this proves the semi-stability of certain Picard bundles, and it leads to an alternative proof of a theorem of Kempf.
Équations d'ondes quasilinéaires et estimations de Strichartz
Authors: Bahouri Hajer , Chemin Jean-Yves
Published: February 2007

Dans cet article, notre but est de résoudre des équations d'ondes quasilinéaires pour des données initiales moins régulières que ce qu'imposent les méthodes d'énergie. Ceci impose de démontrer des estimées de type Strichartz pour des opérateurs d'ondes à coefficients seulement lipschitziens.
On- and off-diagonal heat kernel behaviors on certain infinite dimensional local Dirichlet spaces
Authors: Bendikov A. , Saloff-Coste L.
Published: February 2007

This paper studies on-diagonal and off-diagonal bounds for symmetric diffusion semi-groups that admit a continuous kernel, in the case where the underlying space is typically infinite dimensional. For invariant diffusions on the infinite dimensional torus, the equivalence between a certain on-diagonal estimate and a certain off-diagonal behavior is proved. This gives a necessary and sufficient condition, in terms of the associated infinite symmetric matrix, for an elliptic Harnack inequality to be satisfied. As a consequence, elliptic and parabolic Harnack inequalities are in fact equivalent properties in this setting. In terms of potential theory, this gives a necessary and sufficient condition for the associated harmonic sheaf to be a Brelot harmonic sheaf. A new distance associated to certain Dirichlet spaces is also introduced. It plays a crucial role in relating on-diagonal behavior to off-diagonal behavior in cases where the intrinsic distance is infinite almost everywhere.
Generalized Tate curve and integral Teichmüller modular forms
Authors: Ichikawa Takashi
Published: February 2007

In this paper, we establish a higher genus version of the Tate (elliptic) curve, i.e., for a given degenerate curve, we construct its universal deformation defined over the ring of formal power series of certain deformation parameters whose coefficients are in a finitely generated z-algebra described by the dual graph of the degenerate curve. Further, we study automorphic forms on the moduli space of algebraic curves (which we call Teichmüller modular forms) by evaluating these forms on the generalized Tate curve. In particular, we show that integral Teichmüller modular forms of given degree make a finitely generated ring, and we describe the structure of this ring in degree 2 and 3 cases.
Simplicial structures on model categories and functors
Authors: Rezk Charles , Schwede Stefan , Shipley Brooke
Published: February 2007

We produce a highly structured way of associating a simplicial category to a model category which improves on work of Dwyer and Kan and answers a question of Hovey. We show that model categories satisfying a certain axiom are Quillen equivalent to simplicial model categories. A simplicial model category provides higher order structure such as composable mapping spaces and homotopy colimits. We also show that certain homotopy invariant functors can be replaced by weakly equivalent simplicial, or "continuous," functors. This is used to show that if a simplicial model category structure exists on a model category then it is unique up to simplicial Quillen equivalence.
Boundedness of singular radon transforms on L p spaces under a finite-type condition
Authors: Greenblatt Michael
Published: February 2007

In this paper, a new method is presented for proving boundedness of singular Radon transforms on L p for 1 < p < ∞. Two closely related results generalizing the corresponding theorem of Christ, Nagel, Stein, and Wainger are proven.
Descendant invariants and characteristic numbers
Authors: Graber Tom , Kock Joachim , Pandharipande Rahul
Published: February 2007

On a stack of stable maps, the cotangent line classes are modified by subtracting certain boundary divisors. These modified cotangent line classes are compatible with forgetful morphisms, and are well-suited to enumerative geometry: tangency conditions allow simple expressions in terms of modified cotangent line classes. Topological recursion relations are established among their top products in genus 0, yielding effective recursions for characteristic numbers of rational curves in any projective homogeneous variety. In higher genus, the obtained numbers are only virtual, due to contributions from spurious components of the space of maps. For the projective plane, the necessary corrections are determined in genus 1 and 2 to give the characteristic numbers in these cases.
Riemannian metrics on locally projectively flat manifolds
Authors: Loftin John C.
Published: February 2007

The expression [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="01i" /] transforms as a symmetric (0, 2) tensor under projective coordinate changes of a domain in R n so long as u transforms as a section of a certain line bundle. On a locally projectively flat manifold, the section u can be regarded as a metric potential analogous to the local potential in Kählergeometry. Let M be a compact locally projectively flat manifold. We prove that if u is a negative section of the dual of the tautological bundle such that [inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="02i" /] is a Riemannian metric, then M is projectively equivalent to a quotient of a bounded convex domain in R n . The same is true for such manifolds M with boundary if u = 0 on the boundary. This theorem is an analog of a result of Schoen and Yau in locally conformally flat geometry. The proof involves affine differential geometry techniques developed by Cheng and Yau.
Limits of tangent spaces to real surfaces
Authors: O'Shea Donal B. , Wilson Leslie C.
Published: February 2007

We investigate the tangent semicone C and the Nash space N (the fiber of the Nash blowup) of an algebraic surface V (with singular locus S ) in R 3 . We prove a structure theorem for N : there are finitely many "exceptional rays" in C so that N is the union of N ( C ) and the set of elements in N containing one of the exceptional rays. The set of elements in N containing an exceptional ray is semialgebraic, but can be disconnected and have discrete elements if the ray is tangent to S . Any ray not tangent to S , but along which C is singular, must be exceptional (except in one case), and the set of elements in N containing the exceptional ray is closed, connected and 1-dimensional, and we can give a lower bound on the size of this set.
Young Converts: Christian Missions, Gender and Youth in Onitsha, Nigeria 1880-1929
Authors: Bastian Misty L.
Published: February 2007

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries Church Missionary Society missionaries, both of African and European descent, became interested in gaining converts among Igbo-speaking women in southeastern Nigeria. Schooling was an integral part of the conversion process. This article contends that separate body/mind disciplines for Igbo "youth" were not only based in European gender categories but helped to develop a separate category of personhood among Igbo themselves: ndi kris , the Christian people, who marked gender dichotomies differently than their unmissionized compatriots. The article discusses what the development of this socially separate, gendered, and youthful category of persons meant for Igbo society, and offers a way to consider how gender is necessarily part of the historical construction of "youth" in colonial contexts.
Evangelism and Consumer Culture in Northern Tanzania
Authors: Stambach Amy
Published: February 2007

Ethnographic description of a revival camp in Northern Tanzania illustrates how the social idea of "youth as consumers" emerges in the context of government downsizing and expanding international markets. An evangelical message effects a link between religion and consumerism. It imbues decisions about what to buy with moral understandings of good and evil. At the same time, the interconnection of evangelism and consumerism gives rise to a paradox: that "youth" who are supposed to be Born Again, and as such, removed from the temptations of consumer culture, in many cases identify themselves as experts in consumption. Participants' descriptions of themselves as consumers point to the consumerist values that underlie revivalism. They also show how "youthful consumption" itself is influenced by alternative registers of value and understandings of personhood.
Getting To Persuasion
Authors: Mccreery John L.
Published: February 2007

The argument of this article is that persuasion is a topic largely neglected by anthropologists, who prefer to see human behavior as conforming to cultural rules or driven by social forces. Drawing on his experience in the advertising business in Japan, the author examines persuasion in light of cultural heuristics available to would-be persuaders striving to create different types of social relationships.
[Pas domos erroi]: Myth and Plot in Euripides' Medea
Authors: Holland Lora Louise
Published: February 2007

This study explores the significance of Medea's conjugal family
for the plot of the Medea. Both Jason and the royal family at Corinth
belong to the House of Aeolus; coherent reference to this House is central
to the play's mythological imagery. The House's mythography, of which
the chorus shows awareness, involves an inherited curse associated with
the Aeolid most closely connected with Corinth, namely, Sisyphus. The
outcome of Medea's oath-invoked curse calling for the eradication of
Jason's line is thus over-determined.
Elian Gonzalez and "The Purpose of America": Nation, Family, and the Child-Citizen
Authors: Banet-Weiser Sarah
Published: February 2007

The preoccupation of the North American media with the story of Elian Gonzalez in late 1999 and early 2000 was unprecedented, even given a historical obsession with sensationalism and scandal. The plight of this "innocent" child, perfectly represented in the telegenic Elian Gonzalez, was a continual theme in the media coverage that relentlessly covered every move that was made in the negotiations between US and Cuba. This essay explores the cultural impact of the media story of Elian Gonzalez, focusing on the contradictory media discourses that shape dominant understandings of national identity, ethnicity, and immigration for American media audiences. The story of Elian demonstrates not only how mediated images of the family work to fuse individuals and communities with the nation/state and its project, but also how spectacularized media events speak to deep fears and anxieties about personal identity.
Introduction: Los Angeles Studies and the Future of Urban Cultures
Authors: Villa Raul , Sanchez George J
Published: February 2007

The transfer of the editorial and administrative offices of the American Quarterly to the University of Southern California and Los Angeles affords us an opportunity to explore the meaning of the abstraction "America" in 2004. Los Angeles is a site of struggle and servitude, imagination and affluence, gluttonous greed, and punitive poverty. It is a place where people secure unpredictable pleasures and suffer unendurable pain. Learning from Los Angeles requires us to listen to the voices of its vernacular artists and activists.
Looking into the Gap: Land Use and the Tropical Forests of Southern Thailand
Authors: Kealhofer Lisa
Published: February 2007

The pollen and phytolith analysis of a 20,000-year lake core from
southern Thailand provides the first long-term environmental sequence
for this region. The evidence suggests that groups continuously
occupied southern Thailand through both the early Holocene formation
of the tropical rainforest and the transition from hunting and gathering to
agriculture. Hunter-gatherers of the late Pleistocene apparently made
the initial transition to the new tropical forest in the early Holocene by
maintaining, expanding, or creating localized areas of disturbance or
forest gaps to focus economic resources.
Nine New Painted Rock Art Sites from East Timor in the Context of the Western Pacific Region
Authors: O'Connor Sue
Published: February 2007

Few rock art sites are known for the islands of Wallacea. This paper
reports nine new painted rock art sites located in East Timor during
archaeological reconnaissance in 2000 to 2001; bringing the total
number of painted rock art sites in East Timor to 15. Both the new and
previously known rock art sites in East Timor are reviewed in the context
of painted rock art elsewhere in the western Pacific region. They are
also evaluated in terms of the criteria used by Ballard (1992) to define
the "Austronesian painting tradition" and the relationship between the
art, topography, and language groups for the new sites is described.
Motif content, motif placement within the sites, and design elements
are compared in a preliminary fashion with that of other painting sites
known from East Timor and the western Pacific. The East Timor sites
are conformable with Austronesian-painted rock art sites elsewhere
although they display some features that appear to be locally or
regionally distinctive. It is likely that with systematic survey, and
thorough inspection of cave and shelter walls, many more sites will be
found in East Timor and elsewhere in Island Southeast Asia. The faded
and deteriorated condition of many of the East Timor paintings
indicates that recording should be undertaken with some urgency.
Recasting the Foundations: New Approaches to Regional Understandings of South Asian Archaeology and the Problem of Culture History
Authors: Johansen Peter
Published: February 2007

The archaeological record of South Asia's rich and diverse past has been largely
dominated by interpretational frameworks, which have the construction of culture
histories as their core, if not their end. Normative and conservative understandings
of culture implicit in the culture-history paradigm have resulted in the construction
of static archaeological cultures coterminous with ethnolinguistic communities, races
or 'peoples' from material culture trait lists. An understanding of culture that recognizes
its contingent, dynamic, and categorical nature is required in order to
approach the complex and unique sets of historical circumstances and relationships
that have shaped South Asia's past. Articles in this volume present new research and
perspectives that pose a variety of new questions about the organization of social,
political, and economic processes that push beyond the epistemic limitations of the
culture-history foundations of South Asian archaeology.
The Break-up of the Ksar: Changing Settlement Patterns and Environmental Management in Southern Morocco
Authors: Ilahiane Hsain
Published: February 2007

In spite of the French colonial intrusion, up to the 1950s, resource management in Saharan villages constituted what some have called the syndrome of collectivity. The syndrome of collectivity was the product of three interrelated factors: the Ksar, or a nucleated settlement pattern, ethnicity, and village-drawn constitutions. Since Independence, however, the Ksar's compact and nucleated settlement began to break up. I argue that the break-up of the Ksar and the emergence of a dispersed settlement pattern have led to signifi cant erosion in village institutions governing the commons. In addition to the appropriate emphasis on environmental strategies in the literature, I also contend that refl ection upon settlement change and dynamic ethnic relations is critical to crafting sustainable environmental strategies in the new millennium .
Edward Gordon Craig and Japanese Theatre
Authors: Lee Sang-Kyong
Published: February 2007

Edward Gordon Craig's conception of theatre was stimulated not only by the European past but also by the Far East, especially the Japanese theatre. This influence can be claimed in particular for his endeavors to devise an aesthetic in which all the arts combined on stage to create a "total" theatre and in his emphasis on dance and color symbolism. Professor Lee's essay offers a detailed account of the myriad ways in which Craig was influenced by traditional Japanese theatre.
The Origin of Kala: A Sundanese Wayang Golek Purwa Playby Abah Sunarya andGamelan Giri Harja I
Authors: Foley Kathy
Published: February 2007

These scenes from a performance done on December 24, 1978, at Cibintinu near Bandung in West Java were presented in the style of wayang golek purwa —a wooden rod-puppet theatre telling Ramayana and Mahabharata stories that is popular among the Sundanese-speakers who live in this region of Indonesia. The dalang (puppetmaster), Abah Sunarya, was at that time one of the foremost popular performers in West Java. In this genre intricately carved doll puppets dance to the music of the gamelan orchestra on a temporary stage set up in front of the house of the person who has hired the troupe. The dalang does the narration, singing, and dialogue with occasional comments or questions added by the musicians, especially the lurah sekar (head musician). The puppeteer and troupe perform on a raised stage; in front of it is a banana log placed horizontally to form the playboard where the puppets present the play. The play is at once an entertainment and an exorcism. As the performance progresses, the puppets on stage all have their counterparts in the ritual. But rather than a play within a play, this is a play within a ceremony where the script and ritual action intersect at key points. While the mantras are efficacious regardless of the entertainment or educational value, there is no doubt that being able to point out parallels between the mythic monsters and members of the Suharto family won this performer the rapt attention of his audience. Perhaps it was his renown as a dalang who did exorcisms that prevented the censors from stopping his performances.
Money versus Mission at an African-American Medical School: Knoxville College Medical Department, 1895-1900
Authors: Savitt Todd L.
Published: February 2007

Knoxville College Medical Department (KCMD) was, to all appearances, a missionary medical school established in 1895 by a small black Presbyterian college in the Tennessee mountains to train African-American physicians. In reality, it functioned as a proprietary medical school organized and operated by a group of local white physicians who were more interested in making money than in furthering the school's mission of educating black Christian physicians. KCMD limped along until 1900 when the college's new president reported to the trustees about the white faculty's greed, irreligious behavior, poor teaching, and bad medical reputation, and about how the presence of the medical school on campus undermined the college's overall mission. KCMD graduated two students before closing its doors in 1900. A group of faculty then reopened the school off-campus as the Knoxville Medical College. That school closed in 1910.
Early Conjectures That Down Syndrome Is Caused by Chromosomal Nondisjunction
Authors: Carter K. Codell
Published: February 2007

In 1959, cytologic studies demonstrated that Down syndrome was associated with a nondisjunction now known as trisomy 21. Twenty years earlier (1932-39), at least three writers conjectured, independently of one another, that Down syndrome might be a form of nondisjunction: Petrus J. Waardenburg (1932), Adrien Bleyer (1934), and G. Fanconi (1938). In separate papers, Raymond Turpin (1937), Walter E. Southwick (1939), and Lionel S. Penrose (1939) also proposed that Down syndrome could be a chromosomal anomaly, but without specifying nondisjunction. However, these conjectures were largely ignored by contemporary medical writers. This essay (1) explores the background and context of early conjectures that Down syndrome is a form of nondisjunction, (2) provides some possible reasons why these conjectures were not given greater credence, and (3) traces early efforts to assimilate Down syndrome and other genetic disorders to what Robert Koch called the etiologic standpoint.
Teaching an Old Genre New Tricks: The Diary on the Internet
Authors: McNeill Laurie
Published: February 2007

This article examines the diary's transformation from print culture practice
to online phenomenon, considering the implications of this change for the
diary as a literary genre and as life writing. This discussion explores the challenges
the online diary represents to traditional concepts of the genre as private
and monologic, investigating the ways in which online diarists attract
readers, build communities, and create identities in cyberspace.
Women Biography: Biographies and Portraits about, by, or for Women: An International Conference, University of Bern, 6-9 November 2002
Authors: Schwindt Bianca
Published: February 2007

Report on an International Conference on women's life writing held at the University of Bern, 6—9 November 2002.
Inscribing Ordinary Trauma in the Diary of a Military Child
Authors: Sinor Jennifer
Published: February 2007

Using her own diary as a case study, the author examines how the life writing of a military child inscribes ordinary trauma, defining ordinary trauma as a response to extraordinary events masked as ordinary. For the military child, the possibility of war is made ordinary and rendered such in her writing.
Black Germans and Transnational Identification
Authors: Faymonville Carmen
Published: February 2007

This article engages the question of how Black women in diaspora have come to challenge and redefine what it means to be Black within their particular national communities. The essay contends that in the German context, being Black and German contests a system of binary oppositions ingrained in German cultural and national self-definitions. Through a critical reading of the work of Black German poet and essayist Sheila Mysorekar, Faymonville argues that Black German women's strategic use of blackness as a political tool resists attempts to reify racial and cultural categories of identification, while at the same time leaving open the possibility for the redefinition and recreation of Black German identity in a transnational context.
Cowboys and Free Markets: Post-World War II Westerns and U.S. Hegemony
Authors: Corkin Stanley
Published: February 2007

This essay looks at the historical phenomenon of the western as a focal genre in postwar America. Through discussion of Howard Hawks's Red River and John Ford's My Darling Clementine , it shows how the western was well suited to convey important ideological rationales for postwar U.S. foreign policy, including the inevitability of American expansion and the strategies for hegemony that guided the Truman administration's foreign policy.
"A Struggle of Contending Stories": Race, Gender, and Political Memory in Forrest Gump
Authors: Wang Jennifer Hyland
Published: February 2007

Forrest Gump revises popular memories of the 1960s through its representations of gender and race and its visualization of postwar history. This essay examines how political conservatives used the film to articulate a traditional version of recent American history and to define their political ground in the 1994 congressional elections.
Crossing Borders: Time, Memory, and the Construction of Identity in Song of the Exile
Authors: Erens Patricia Brett
Published: February 2007

This article analyzes the construction of memory in Ann Hui's Song of the Exile as it intersects with issues of cultural identity, national allegory, and women's autobiographies.
Fighting Films: The Everyday Tactics ofWorld War II Soldiers
Authors: Fagelson William Friedman
Published: February 2007

American soldiers watching movies near the front lines during World War II talked back to the screen, interacting with the texts and with each other.
A Mountain of a Ship: Locating the Bergfilm in James Cameron's Titanic
Authors: Dassanowsky Robert von
Published: February 2007

An examination of James Cameron's Titanic (1997) reveals its structural and narrative roots in the German Bergfilm genre and strong relationship to Leni Riefenstahl's Tiefland (1945-1954). The popular appeal of Titanic's Bergfilm message suggests gender-role repression and a postmodern American correspondence to the social conditions of Weimar Germany.
Film Stills Methodologies: A Pedagogical Assignment
Authors: Mauer Barry J.
Published: February 2007

This essay describes an innovative film studies assignment in which students explore still photography and Hollywood cinema. The author and his freshman cinema studies students learned by doing—they created their own film stills after Cindy Sherman, employing frame analysis, semiotics, and Barthes's concept of the "third meaning" along the way.
The Gang's All Here: Generic versus Racial Integration in the 1940s Musical by Sean Griffin
Authors: Griffin Sean
Published: February 2007

The integrated musical of the late 1940s (led by MGM) often excluded minority performers in an attempt to create a utopian environment. In contrast, Fox's nonintegrated musicals of the early 1940s negotiated a space for these performers, which, while problematic, created opportunities for individual agency.
"To Hear and See the Matter": Communicating Technology in Michael Almereyda's Hamlet (2000)
Authors: Burnett Mark Thornton
Published: February 2007

This essay argues that Michael Almereyda's film of Hamlet (2000)
is a distinctively postmodernist cinematic statement that charts the
ways in which the act of filmmaking allows a release from the pressures
of global capitalism at the same moment as it creates a space for the
articulation of a coherent subjectivity.
Freeport and the Suharto Regime, 1965-1998
Authors: Leith Denise
Published: February 2007

In 1967 the transnational mining company Freeport was the first foreign company to sign a contract after Sukarno was sidelined by Suharto. Eventually, Freeport-McMoRan Copper and Gold, through its subsidiary PT Freeport Indonesia, came to operate the biggest gold mine and lowest extraction-price copper mine in the world in the isolated mountains of the Indonesian province of West Papua. It also became politically and economically significant to the Suharto regime. In the absence of the central government, the American mining company became the de facto developer and administrator of its concession in West Papua while in the United States it served as an important political lobby group for Jakarta. With Freeport becoming the largest taxpayer in Indonesia, one of the largest employers, and eventually running one of the largest socioeconomic programs in the republic, it was described by Suharto as essential to the nation's economy. Freeport's importance encouraged the development of mutually beneficial and supportive relationships between the company, the Indonesian president, his military, and the nation's political elite. In return, Freeport was politically and physically protected by the regime. Eventually, Freeport's financing of the president and his cronies' interests in the company threatened to see Freeport violating the United States' Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. Today Freeport's past relationship with Suharto has made it a high-profile target for anticorruption reformers in Indonesia. Because of the pivotal economic role the company continues to play in Jakarta and West Papua, any question of future independence for the province will be inextricably linked to the company.
Māori Retribalization and Treaty Rights to the New Zealand Fisheries
Authors: Webster Steven
Published: February 2007

By the end of the 1980s Māori had regained a treaty right to a share of New Zealand's lucrative commercial fisheries. The case history of the continuing struggle to distribute its benefits among factions of retribalized and urban Māori, through a Māori commission set up as a state-owned enterprise, raises issues of cultural renaissance and identity politics in capitalist differentiation. After more than a century of Crown disregard of commercial and restriction of customary fishery rights, Māori court actions in 1986 regained recognition of both aspects of the treaty right in what appeared to be the advent of a new legal pluralism and economic independence. However, by 1992 legislation promoting tribes and other traditionalist concepts, and finalizing a settlement with a half partnership in a large fishing corporation, also radically narrowed customary and extinguished commercial fishery treaty rights while locking the settlement into the restructured economy. Over the next decade a Māori Fisheries Commission attempted to devise a formula for allocation of assets to qualifying tribal organizations pressing for conflicting criteria, while urban and other Māori organizations lacking recognition as tribes remained precluded from the formula. Major shifts in political power in both the government and the commission since 1999 show promise of a compromise out of court. Meanwhile, increasing wealth and influence of a Māori elite contribute to widening social class differences among Māori, obscured by an ideology of traditionalism and modernity.
Decolonizing Pacific Studies: Indigenous Perspectives, Knowledge, and Wisdom in Higher Education
Authors: Thaman Konai Helu
Published: February 2007

As part of a larger effort to reflect critically on the nature, scope,
and processes of colonialism in Oceania, decolonizing the field of
Pacific studies must focus on the impact of colonialism on people's
minds—particularly on their ways of knowing, their views of who
and what they are, and what they consider worthwhile to teachand to
learn. It is essential to challenge the dominance of western philosophy,
content, and pedagogy in the lives and the education of Pacific peoples,
and to reclaim indigenous Oceanic perspectives, knowledge, and wisdom
that have been devalued or suppressed. Modern scholars and writers
must examine the western disciplinary frameworks within which they
have been schooled, as well as the ideas and images of the Pacific they
have inherited, in order to move beyond them. The curricula of formal
education, particularly higher education, should include indigenous
Oceanic knowledge, worldviews, and philosophies of teaching and learning,
for several reasons: to contribute to and expand the general knowledge
base of higher education; to make university study more meaningful for
many students; to validate and legitimize academic work, particularly
in the eyes of indigenous peoples; and to enhance collaboration between
indigenous and nonindigenous peoples.
Is There a Tongan Middle Class? Hierarchy and Protest in Contemporary Tonga
Authors: James Kerry
Published: February 2007

Benguigui used the term "middle class" in a way that suggested it
exerted significant social agency in contemporary Tonga (1989). My
review of his analysis concludes that there is no coherent, durable
middle class in Tonga capable of the effective class action he claimed
for it. Instead, the social struggles of recent decades, typically led
by members of commoner educated elites, may be seen as protests against
the traditional patriarchal hierarchy and especially what they perceive
to be the actions of an arrogant, paternalistic government. Rather
than issues theoretically associated with class, the struggles have
involved commoners' claims to respect from socially superior leaders and
recognition of the covenant-like relationship that ideally should exist
between them within the body politic. The sporadic protests or fragmentary
proto-conflicts that have occurred might in time produce significant
class consciousness and appropriate forms of class organization. But
they probably will not because of the people's continuing adherence to
particularistic tiesâto family, locality, church, and chiefs. While
the crusading efforts of protesters have created a more informed and
active public sphere, most educated achievers are more concerned with
personal advancement and entry intonewly created status groups than with
membership in a common class that seeks appropriate political expression
for a unified common social purpose. The increasing social visibility
of educated professional and business people should be seen as part of
the changing patterns of social stratification instead of class formation.
College Adjustment in a Multiethnic Sample: Attachment, Separation-Individuation, and Ethnic Identity
Authors: Kalsner Lydia , Pistole M. Carole
Published: February 2007

Two hundred fifty-two students (105 males, 147 females; mean age = 19.9
years) completed the Parental Attachment Questionnaire, the Multigroup
Ethnic Identity Measure, the Multigenerational Interconnectedness Scales,
and the Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire. Results from Asian,
Asian Indian, Black, Hispanic, and White participants revealed sex
differences in predicting college adjustment. Implications for college
counselors are discussed.
Gender Role Conflict and Sex-Specific Drinking Norms: Relationships to Alcohol Use in Undergraduate Women and Men
Authors: Korcuska James S , Thombs Dennis L
Published: February 2007

Drinking motivations among undergraduates were examined with a
76-item questionnaire administered to 640 undergraduates, (53%)
female and (47%) male. The questionnaire contained four sections:
sociodemographic information, alcohol use and perceived drinking norms,
drinking consequences, and the Gender Role Conflict Scale (GRCS) (O'Neil
et al., 1986). Findings from the canonical correlation analysis suggest
undergraduate alcohol use in both sexes was best explained by same-sex,
peer drinking norms. Gender role conflict and sociodemographic variables
had substantially weaker associations with drinking behavior. The findings
provide further theoretical support for interventions seeking to change
campus drinking norms and suggest that normative feedback should be
sex specific.
Differences Between Women and Men in Objectively Measured Outcomes, and the Factors That Influence Those Outcomes, in the First Three Years of College
Authors: Whitt Elizabeth J , Pascarella Ernest T , Nesheim Becki Elkins , Marth Brian P , Pierson Christopher T
Published: February 2007

We examined the correlation between sex and cognitive outcomes
of a national sample of students at four-year institutions. Outcomes
data included objective tests and self-reported gains. In the presence
of controls for a wide variety of potentially confounding variables,
significant differences were found between women and men in outcomes
and in factors influencing those outcomes.
Approaches to Technology Transfer in History and the Case of Nineteenth-Century Mexico
Authors: Beatty Edward
Published: February 2007

The transfer of productive technologies from the industrial
nations of the North Atlantic to the rest of the world underlay dramatic
economic and social transformations in the 19th century. Technology
transfer has continued to play a central role in both international
economics and national development policy through the late 20th
century. Yet efforts to transfer novel technologies across national
borders have varied widely, with outcomes ranging from success, to
significant adaptation, to failure. This article offers a conceptual model
for examining cases of technology transfer, illustrated with examples
from Mexico's historical experience of 1870 through 1911. Although this
approach comes from an historian's perspective, it is broadly applicable
to interdisciplinary interest in technology transfer.
New African American life tables from 1935–1940 to 1985–1990
Authors: Elo Irma T.
Published: February 2007

New life tables for African Americans are presented from 1935 through 1990. They are based on a historical series of vital statistics data on deaths that have been corrected for age misreporting, on reconstructed population counts that have been adjusted for census underenumeration, and on births that have been corrected for underregistration. The new life tables show rapid mortality declines for both African American males and females from 1935 to 1950, and relatively steady reductions thereafter for females. The smaller declines in male mortality in young adulthood and middle age since the 1950s have led to exceptionally high ratios of male to female mortality at these ages. Corrections for census undercounts lead to higher values of life expectancy than in official life tables, but to less improvement over time. Official estimates of life expectancy at age 65 appear to be about 10% too high around 1940 but only about 1.5% too high in the late 1980s.