bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
État présent des études sur Rétif de la Bretonne
Authors: Testud Pierre
Published: June 2016

Pierre Testud : The present State of Studies on Rétif de La Bretonne.

Ten years after the last review, by Angus Martin, P. Testud here surveys recent publications and the present state of research on Rétif de la Bretonne. In spite of an upsurge of interest, few studies of importance have appeared recently and the large majority of Rétifs works remain generally unavailable. Listing publications of his works, the author shows how almost exclusive concentration on one or two works has reinforced misinterpretations. He emphasizes the need for historical and bibliographical research and for exploitation of manuscript sources. He discusses recent interpretations of aspects of Rétifs work in France and abroad, gives information on work in progress, and reviews translations of his works into various languages.
Le Néo-classicisme autour de 1800
Authors: Pariset François-Georges
Published: June 2016

François-Georges Pariset : Neoclassicism Around 1800 : Three Exhibitions.

The author reviews three exhibitions held in France in 1974-5 : Neoclassical drawings and From David to Delacroix in Paris, and Revolutionary festivals, held in Clermont-Ferrand. He emphasizes the richness and variety of these exhibitions, corresponding to that of the art of the time.
Georges Gusdorf et le Siècle des Lumières
Authors: Arénilla Louis
Published: June 2016

Louis Arénilla : G. Gusdorf and the Enlightenment.

This article discusses the works of G. Gusdorf devoted to the origins of the human sciences : six volumes, of which the last three deal with the Enlightenment. According to G. G., the 18th Century, although rationalising and naturalising the Galilean revolution which had rejected transcendental causation, did not completely exclude the religious dimension (seen in its Deism), nor retreat into a sterile intellectualism. Its empiricism fostered humanitarianism and gave birth to the ideas of well-being, happiness and philanthropy. The natural and human sciences contributed to the understanding, as well as the creation, of a better world. But G. G. insists that these developments were not the result of economic and social forces ; instead they are to be understood in terms of an eternal spirituality — his notion of ' mental space '.
Les anecdotes inédites des Mémoires de Trévoux (1720-1744)
Authors: Sgard Jean , Weil Françoise
Published: June 2016

Jean Sgard, Françoise Weil : Anecdotes of the «mémoires de trévoux » (1720-1744).

An unpublished document concerning the least-known period in the history of the M.T. : a report by Castel in 1743 on the crisis which had affected the journal under Thoubeau, Hongnant, Rouillé and Souciet. He thereby pro¬ vides an internal history which, although partial, is vivid and well-informed. He also analyses the causes of the crisis, describes the functioning of the journal and proposes a general reform.
Les Mémoires de Trévoux et l'événement, ou Jean-Jacques Rousseau vu par les Jésuites
Authors: Garagnon Jean
Published: June 2016

Jean Garagnon : J. -J. Rousseau as seen by the jesuits.

The M. T., in its opposition to the Enlightenment, manifests a conception of history based on immobility and eternity, in which nothing new can happen. This conception proved an effective weapon, by depriving Enlightenment writers of their most dangerous characteristic, their very novelty. The example of their treatment of Rousseau demonstrates how the journal attempts to exorcise the idea of history and change. This article lists the main devices it uses to deny the possibility of an intellectual event.
Documents sur l'histoire du 18e siècle conservés aux archives des Jésuites de la Province de Paris
Authors: Dehergne Joseph
Published: June 2016

Joseph Dehergne : 18th-century documents in the archives of the province OF PARIS.

The principal sources extant concern the suppression of the Society, Chinese documents (Jews of K'aifeng, etc.), Canada and Guyana, and the papers of Barruel, Brotier, Clorivière and Grou. The author indicates the necessity for collective work on China : for a critical edition of the Lettres édifiantes, of the Correspondences of Bouvet, Fontaney, Parrenin, Prémare, and for the publication of the Correspondance littéraire et scientifique with Bertin.
Sur l'établissement de la Régence : mémoire inédit du chancelier de Pontchartrain
Authors: Picciola André
Published: June 2016

André Picciola : Pontchartrain's «mémoire sur l'établissement de la Régence».

This Mémoire, drafted in 1712 by the Chancellor Pontchartrain and hitherto unpublished, aims to prevent the troubles accompanying kings' minorities and to enforce such clauses of royal wills. His proposals restrict the king's power, by envisaging government by a council, meeting regularly, with the power to summon the States General. The States, convened before Louis XIV's death, were to give judicial assent to the clauses dealing with the Regency, by a decree to take effect during the king's lifetime.
Voltaire : Trois lettres sur des rentes viagères à Mannheim. Présentation
Authors: Voss Jürgen
Published: June 2016

Jürgen Voss : Three Unpublished letters of voltaire concerning his investments at Mannheim.

Three letters from Voltaire to Charles Theodore, Prince-Elector of the Palatinate, whose court at Mannheim was in the 18th Century one of the cultural centres of Southern Germany. After his visit to the court in 1753, V. remained in contact with Charles Theodore and, as can be seen from the letters, dating from 1759, invested part of his money at Mannheim.
Censure royale et censure épiscopale : le conflit de 1702
Authors: Woodbridge John
Published: June 2016

John Woodbridge : Royal and episcopal censorship. The conflict of 1702.

On 25th November 1702, the Chancellor Pontchartrain and the Archbishop of Paris, Noailles, settled a dispute, arising from Bossuet's attempts to censor R. Simon's work, over the censorship of books on religion and morality ; henceforth they could not be published without a royal privelege, and thus Noailles' claim that bishops should control such books was defeated. As a result the Philosophes' works faced censorship by the State, not the Church. The background to this conflict is reviewed, and its implications analysed.
Empire et patrie. Politique et esthétique comparées de Hume, Gibbon et Rousseau
Authors: Baridon Michel
Published: June 2016

Michel Baridon : Empire and nation. The relation of aesthetics to politics in Hume, Gibbon and Rousseau.

With the triumph of Harringtonian " Antick balance" over the contract theory of government re-cast by Locke, Britain became a "New Rome in the West", spreading classical values which could be circulated by existing art forms. After 1750 a split occurred among the Philosophes due to the emergence of the peasant class in France and the American crisis. While Hume and Gibbon remained Ciceronians, Rousseau revived the contract theory, played nation against Empire and association against reason. He associated patriotism with a definite horizon and promoted art forms which answered the needs of revolutionary Europe.
Sur les Œuvres complètes de Diderot. Une réponse qui s'impose
Authors: Dieckmann Herbert , Proust Jacques , Varloot Jean
Published: June 2016

Herbert Dieckmann, Jacques Proust, Jean Varloot : on the «œuvres complètes de Diderot».

This reply to an attack in Studies on Voltaire, vol. CXLIII, 1975, gives a history of the edition of Diderot's Works and of the problems posed — order of texts, attribution, modernisation of the text, organisation. It evokes H. Dieckmann 's initiation of the project and gives extracts from Jean Fabre's report on method. It includes a review by J. Proust (1969) of Écrits inédits de D. published by Th. Besterman in 1974, ed. by J. de Booy, criticising in particular the lack of proofs of attribution. Finally, problems of transcription are consi dered, notably the importance of punctuation.
Des organismes problématiques
Authors: Delaporte François
Published: June 2016

François Delaporte : Problem organisms.

This article discusses the problem of the distinction between animality and vegetality which preoccupied many 18th-century scientists, in particular Peyssonnel, Tremblay, Reaumur and Bonnet. They were attempting to construct a coherent image of the ladder of beings by analysing their characteristics, but the problem was compounded by the nature of the criteria they had chosen. As a result they were forced to reduce the role attributed to zoophytes, which enabled them to gain a clearer picture of nature.
La représentation des interdits et la poétique du malsain
Authors: Martinon Jean-Pierre
Published: June 2016

Jean-Pierre Martinon : The representation of the forbidden and the literature of the unhealthy.

This article discusses the links between the description of places in certain 18th-century literary texts, and the opposition between the healthy and the unhealthy. This is to be seen both in the actions of the characters and in the descriptions of imaginary places impregnated with contradictory connotations, not only in connection with mental and physical hygiene, but also with sexuality. In particular, texts in the Nouvelle Hèloïse concerning «natural » gardens represent physical and moral health in sentimental and sexual relations with others. In the works of Sade, on the contrary, cellars, vaulted rooms, labyrinths, oozing water, shadows, indicate the unhealthy side of erotic relations. This analysis must be accompanied by methodological reflection on the literary text as representation of the dichotomy clean /unclean, healthy/sick, mind/body.
L'hygiène et l'État selon Montyon
Authors: Coleman William
Published: June 2016

William Coleman : Hygiene and the state according to Montyon.

The populationist programme contained in Montyon 's Recherches et considérations sur la population de la France was essentially sociopolitical. But behind his call for action lay a conception of man's nature and his interaction with the environment based on the ancient medical doctrine of the influence on human well-being of the «six things non-natural ». In turn, the non-naturals provided a vocabulary and a theoretical framework for exploring and expressing factors which the state might use to increase its population. Montyon's bold demographic investigation was thus heavily invested with contemporary medical belief, at precisely the point where his discussion passed from analysis of population movement to considerations of action intended to direct that movement.
Un Mémoire sur les hôpitaux de Condorcet
Authors: Tzonis Alexandre
Published: June 2016

Condorcet : An unpublished report on hospitals.

This report by Condorcet is part of a debate in the Académie des Sciences before the Revolution concerning the replacement of the Hôtel-Dieu. Con-dorcet's propositions are highly original. His hospital planning is presented within the framework of an optimisation problem based on data selected through an empirical process. Instead of a single structure, he recommended breaking up the hospital into smaller neighbourhood units designed by a mul-tidisciplinary team of architects, mathematicians, surgeons, «political scientists » and other specialists. In addition, this is probably the first text to propose community participation in the design decision-making process.
Du «médico-topographique» à Lyon en 1783
Authors: Favre Robert
Published: June 2016

Robert Favre : «Medico-topography » in lyon in 1783.

The growing medical concern for the problems of urban police and administration accounts for Berthelet de Barbot's Topographie médicale of Lyon. This forgotten work provides information on the conditions of the «workers » (as distinct from the «Lyonnais »). The proposed remedies for improving conditions in a town subject to both floods and epidemics indicate a lucid but timid mind. He demonstrates the dangers of overcrowding, urban burials and the state of the roads, he wisely recommends the rational paving of the streets (studied by the Lyon doctor Bertholon in 1786) and the construction of thoroughfares between the Saône and the Rhône. But with surprising reticence he proposes merely sops to improve the habitat, despite the engineer Perrache's transformation of the town, and he seems ignorant of the debate among Lyon doctors since the Royal Ordonnance of 1776, concerning the best burial place.
Espaces et commodités dans la Lisbonne de Pombal
Authors: França José-Augusto
Published: June 2016

José-Augusto Fran ça : Space and amenities in pombal's lisbon.

Lisbon, destroyed by an earthquake on 1st November 1757, was reconstructed following a plan discussed with the Marquis of Pombal, in the style of «Enlightened Europe ». It became a rationally planned, functional town, entirely different from the old city, a labyrinth of winding alleyways. Open spaces and public hygiene were the particular concerns of «Pombalian » urbanists ; wide streets and huge squares were laid out, in which air and light were the new criteria. The introduction of pavements, the attention paid to drains and street-cleaning, the idea of water conduits to every house, the creation of obligatory cemeteries, were the basic principles integrated into the plans for the new city by a government whose main concern was public health.
Une lettre à Voltaire sur «La Ligue»
Authors: Raynaud Jean-Michel
Published: June 2016

J.-M. Raynaud : A letter to Voltaire on «la ligue ».

A letter from a certain la Bruyère in Amiens concerning Voltaire's poem la Ligue. This letter, published in the Journal historique in 1724, had been sent (according to the editors' note) to Voltaire, who had not replied. Contrary to what la Bruyère wrote to the Mercure de France in 1731, his criticism had no part in Voltaire's alterations to his poem.
Beccaria traduit par Morellet
Authors: Pandolfi Jean
Published: June 2016

Jean Pandolfi : Beccaria translated by Morellet.

Beccaria's Dei delitti e delle pene was published in July 1764, by Guiseppe Au-bert at Livorno ; Morellet's translation appeared in Paris in December 1765. This article studies the genesis of this publication among the Encyclopédistes, analyses the translation itself and Morellet's modifications, such as the reo-ganisation of the work, the reordering of the chapters and their contents. The reasons for these modifications, which are significant, are considered. This translation gave rise to a wide debate, involving Grimm, Diderot and d'Alembert, which can be seen as a microcosm of the philosophical debates of the second half of the 18th Century.
Style et anti-style dans l'œuvre de Dom Deschamps
Authors: Strugnell Anthony
Published: June 2016

Anthony Strugnell : style and anti-style in the works of Dom Deschamps.

Despite Dom Deschamps' attempts to convey philosophical truth in a pure, impersonal language, his tortuous style is immediately recognisable. But his correspondance indicates that, when dealing with non-philosophical matters, his writing can be witty and elegant. The dominant stylistic barbarity of his philosophical writings is determined by the requirements of a rigorous metaphysics which identifies language and truth, and seeks to produce a discours free from the corruption suffered by language in a state of laws. The anti-style thus created failed to convince because of the inadequate mechanistic psychology of language on which it was based.
Dom Deschamps et la fin du politique
Authors: Barthel Georges
Published: June 2016

Georges Barthel : Dom Deschamps and the end of politics.

The ameliorations proposed by the «philosophes » remained within the essence of politics and simply exasperated the problems. It is both illusory and dangerous to expect the political authorities to justify themselves before the tribunal of reason. For Dom Deschamps, politics is a perpetual movement between total disunion and total union. It is therefore necessary to find a form of society to translate the non-necessity of politics into a systems which prevents its return, to found a metaphysics which will reveal the true nature of politics, and be at the same time the True System which will put an end to politics.
Quinze années d'études rousseauistes
Authors: Trousson Raymond
Published: June 2016

Raymond Trousson : Fifteen years of Rousseau studies.

A survey of Rousseau studies during the fifteen years since the bicentenary of the Social Contract in 1962. This article discusses in turn the different fields of research : editions, biography, general studies, political, relitious and educational thought, novels, writings on art, studies of influence and reputation. It also analyses the main lines of study as well as new directions of research and indicates the most overcrowded sectors, together with those in which research still needs to be carried out.
Lumières reflétées ou les origines du dilemme canadien de la liberté
Authors: Tichoux Alain
Published: June 2016

Alain Tichoux : Canada and freedom : a dilemma.

New France, after fighting to retain its freedom, then appears to have lost all taste for it. She stood by while America won its independence and helped the British keep American freedom out of Canada. Historians have ascribed this turnabout to loyalty to the sovreign, to a liking for British rule, or even to a natural penchant for dependency. Recently French-Canadian historians have shown that it was merely resignation to the lesser of two evils. The English speaking settlers soon introduced «freedom» in the form of govern¬ ment by popular assemblies of the Protestant population, excluding French Canadians. Later the American invasion showed that accepting the revolution from the South brought the same result. Canada would rather have been free and French but, realising the impossibility of achieving this, she preferred a remote and relatively tolerant government rather than deliver herself into the hands of the bearers of a militantly Protestant freedom.
Les Provinces-Unies et les Lumières
Authors: Bots Hans , De Vet Jan
Published: June 2016

Hans Bots and Jan De Vet : The united provinces and the enlightenment.

The chronological limits of the Enlightenment in the U.P. are not those of England or France. «Enlightened » ideas circulated earlier, due tho the Revolt ; the bourgeois Revolution took place in the 1780s but the old structures of government were not removed until 1795. In addition, the particular charac¬ ter of the Enlightenment here is due to the fact the the optimistic faith in the perfectibility of man and society was accompanied by a belief in Christian revelation. The authors insist on the continuity of 16th-century Biblical humanism which inspired 18th-century tolerance, on the important mystical current, on the defenders of liberalism and the development of philosophy and literature ; on the role of learned societies and academies and the important part played by the U.P. in the diffusion of Enlightened ideas. The authors also emphasize the large extent to which this movement extended to all categories of society and was inspired by their rational Christian faith. The resulting hostility to materialism and free thought gave this Enlightenment its special character which is still to be studied in depth.
Les Lumières dans les Pays-Bas français
Authors: Trenard Louis
Published: June 2016

Louis Trenard : The enlightenment in the french low countries.

A review of different aspects of the Enlightenment in the French Netherlands, particularly in Lille. The activity of the editor C.J. Panckoucke and Lille-based periodicals, the theatre, muscial activity, learned societies and Freemasonry spread the new ideas and created a cultural climate which encouraged Voltaire to stay in Lille, where Mahomet was first performed. This article goes on to consider the development of education, the foundation of professional schools and colleges, as well as the extent of alphabétisation among the population, which indicates the urban nature of the Enlightenment. It is also clear that is was connected with the development of the French language and limited to an élite, often clerical ; it contributed to a weakening of traditional local culture and thus to the uniformisation of French culture.
Les Lumières en Pologne
Authors: Jedryka Zygmunt
Published: June 2016

Zygmunt Jedryka : The enlightenment in Poland.

This article reviews the reforms and the development of a new spirit in Poland, in particular after the accession of Stanislas Augustus Poniatowski in 1764. In the field of government he attempted to remove the abuses of the liberum veto to enable the introduction of necessary reforms. Education was reformed with the introduction of elementary public schooling and the Ordonances of 1753 which modernised the syllabus and favoured the creation of en educated élite. The development of the arts, a national literature and theatre together with foreign influences and their political importance, are also studied.
Deux facéties inédites du baron d'Holbach
Authors: Lizé E.
Published: June 2016

Émile Lizé : two unpublished texts of d'Holbach.

The Moscow manuscript of the Correspondance littéraire by Grimm and with an eloquent farewell to Catherine. In his introduction, E.L. suggests that Diderot must have originally intended to leave Russia by the end of 1773, which would explain the existence of two written farewells to the Empress, one in December 1773 and the other in February-March 1774. Meister reveals here two further light-hearted essays, which were selected by Meister in 1790-91 from d'Holbach's papers after his death. In these amusing pieces, the atheist Baron ridicules the hypocrisy of man, who justifies his despotism under the guise of religion.
Etat actuel de nos connaissances sur Morelly. Biographie, accueil et fortune de l'œuvre
Authors: Wagner Nicolas
Published: June 2016

Nicolas Wagner : Morelly : present state of research.

Although little known and superficially read, Morelly has nevertheless been enlisted by critics among the Utopians and precursors of socialism. It is neces¬ sary above all to return to the author himself, as far as possible, and to the manuscript sources, which are listed here for the first time. Their interest is briefly explained (personal documents, Ferme Générale, editors, protectors, police). There is also an important corpus of 18th-century reviews of Morelly's works, which enables us to place him in his political and ideological context (1743-1754). Thus we can evaluate more concretely the significance and literary value of his work, and in particular of the Code.
Mimésis et philosophie : approche du récit philosophique voltairien
Authors: Raynaud Jean-Michel
Published: June 2016

Jean-Michel Raynaud : Mimesis and philosophy. An approach to Voltairean philosophical narratives.

An analysis of the reader's approach to this ill-defined literary genre, with in particular a discussion of the Relation de la maladie ...du jésuite Bert hier. The problem posed is that of the relation between realistic representation and allegory, between the real and the imaginary, which takes three different forms in Voltaire's stories. In one type (Zadig, l'Ingénu) there is a synthesis of the two, in a second (Candide ) it is possible but not realised, while in the third (Berthier) they are radically separated. The two parts of the title (e.g. Candide ou l'optimisme ) are thus seen to be necessary, to be separate and not interchangeable ; they are an indication of the dialectical nature of the text.
Voltaire et l'affaire Saurin
Authors: Gargett Graham
Published: June 2016

Graham Gargett : Voltaire and the Saurin affair.

New light is thrown on the Saurin affair by the unpublished minutes of the Colloque of Lausanne ; at its meeting in September 1758 it censured Polier de Bottens and two other pastors for a certificate, published by V. in the 1757 Cramer edition of his Works, to rehabilitate the pastor J. Saurin who had left Vaud in 1689 after an accusation of theft. This certificate denied the existence of a letter by Saurin, supposedly written just before his death and published by the Mercure suisse in 1736, admitting his guilt. The allegation that V. had destroyed the incriminating letter (in Bottens' keeping) is seen to be unfounded. The anonymous author of a letter published in the Mercure suisse in October 1758 attacking Saurin, V. and the three pastors was probably Jean-Pierre Leresche, an important pastor in the Lausanne area. This affair interrupted Bottens' compromising contacts with V.
En guise d'éditorial... Morts parallèles
Authors: Sgard Jean
Published: June 2016

Jean Sgard : Parallel deaths.

The development of the parallel drawn between Voltaire and Rousseau since their deaths in 1778 is seen in a study of 22 contemporary periodicals. Immediately the tone adopted for Voltaire was that of poetical apotheosis, while Rousseau's subsequent death prompted prosaic announcements. But soon interest was manifested for the circumstances surrounding the latter's death ; this was followed by parallels drawn between ithe two Philosophes. At first a comparison, the parallel became opposition which reflected the judgements of the two upon each other.
La poésie en 1778
Authors: Guitton Edouard
Published: June 2016

Edouard Guitton : Poetry in 1778.

The vitality of French poetry in 1778 can be seen in the tables of the Almartach des Muses. The "old" genres were renovated ; the descriptive wave introduced by Saint-Lambert reached a high point with les Fastes and les Mois. This was the golden age of translation, with which A. Chénier began (his first extant attempts date from 1778). Following in the wake of sensualism, there is a new form of personal poetry (Parry, Bertin) which invades all poetical styles. The blending of the individual into the different manifestations of the exterior world is the dominant aesthetic trait, which is particularly visible in Delille's Jardins. Thus, through passing fashions, modern poetry emerges.
Les arts graphiques en France autour de 1778
Authors: Pariset François-Georges
Published: June 2016

François-Georges Pariset : The graphic arts in France c. 1778.

Around 1778 artistic activity in France was noteworthy for the role of Paris, the Salons, art criticism, and showed both rapid transformation and the persistence of' moderate neo-classicism. Particularly to be noted are technical innovations in engravings, a concern for the people, outline drawing used by David, a new style in portraiture (Chardin). Romantic tendencies appear in the ruins te be seen in landscapes, which accompanied a general return to French history, also seen in the troubadour fashion. The ideal of the Enlightenment is best expressed by David, whose art became more and more philosophical.
Paris en 1778 : l'architecture en question
Authors: Rabreau Daniel , Mosser Monique
Published: June 2016

Daniel Rabreau & Monique Mosser : Paris in 1778 : architecture.

1978 is also the anniversary of the death of Piranese, whose influence on French architects of the second half of the 18th Century was consi¬derable. Voltaire left Paris' as the monarchy decided the construction of two monumental projects : the Place Louis XV and the Ecole Militaire. In the following years, despite the lack of an urban plan, young architects produced a series of modern public buildings : the Corn Market, the Mint, Saint Philippe du Rouie, the Surgery School, the Vauxhiall. In 1778, on balance, we see that urbanism was subjected to speculation and the greed of shareholders. But finally, with the comte d'Angiviller, an era of reforming projects seems to be beginning, and in 1778 the new plan for the construction of the Odeon was accepted.
La Lisbonne de Pombal en 1778
Authors: França José-Augusto
Published: June 2016

José-Augusto França : The marquis of Pombal's Lisbon in 1778.

The death of Joseph I in 1777 led to tlie fall of his powerful minister Pombal who was exiled and condemned, but finally pardoned. The pious Queen Mary I provided a symbol for the change in Portuguese society with the church of Estela, consacrated in 1790, the last Old Regime basilica in Europe, built with the trade tax intended for the reconstruction of Lisbon. In 1778 the works of the modem "perverted philosophers", already condemned by Pombal, were banned but they were distributed clandestinely by the French booksellers in Lisbon and the colony of foreign technicians and soldiers. Popular opinion came to regret Pombal.
L'année 1778 dans le Journal encyclopédique
Authors: Wagner Jacques
Published: June 2016

Jacques Wagner : 1778 in the journal encyclopédique.

The Journal encyclopédique represented a resolutely "economistic" ideology. Knowledge is linked to the needs of a society defined in terms of a market economy. There is on the one hand productive work, necessary in a world threatened by death because of the contradiction between human needs and natural scarcity, and the other property, alone able to guarantee the profitability of production. This conception of society, totally opposed to that of the Christian era, which was feudal, has two basic notions, history and the individual. Thus the J.E. looiks forward to a change in the means and relations of production and demands a redefinition of the works of the intellectual. In future men will be esteemed because of the political value of their work.
David Williams, prêtre de la Nature, lecteur de Voltaire et de Rousseau
Authors: France Peter
Published: June 2016

Peter France : David Williams, priest of nature, reader of Voltaire and Rousseau.

The Welsh author and philanthropist David Williams (1738-1816), a leading London' radical during the last 3 decades of the 18th Century, was known as an educational reformer, the priest' of the first public deistic chapel in Europe, the friend and adviser of Brissot and the Girar-dins, and the founder of the Royal Literary Fund. He provides an interesting example of the way in which the ideas of Voltaire and Rous¬ seau were combined in a synthesis of radical thought. He translated several works of V. and discussed R.'s views in various writings. The former provided a model for the advocacy of free thought and toleration, the latter a stimulus for educational and political reform. Williams took what he needed from both, adapting them to the Engllish tradition and situation.
L'article «Jouissance» et l'idéologie érotique de Diderot
Authors: Benrekassa Georges
Published: June 2016

Georges Benrekassa : The article «jouissance » and diderot's erotic ideology.

This article aims to show, by means of a stylistic commentary, that Diderot's article JOUISSANCE in the Encyclopédie is composed of a linguistic fracture which can be seen in an important modification of the system of «shifters » (Jakobson). This modification determines two apparently contradictory ideological aspects, whose relationship poses the problem of Diderot's moral and philosophical language. The solution to this problem is probably to be found, to a certain extent, in Le Père de famille, whose dedication, and even more, scenario, are linked to the Encyclopédie article. Here it becomes apparent on which level Diderot's moral systems are linked, and how they reflect a coherent social practice.
«Prêtons la main à la nature... » I. L'Onanisme de Tissot
Authors: Tarczylo Théodore
Published: June 2016

Theodore Tarczylo : «Give nature a helping hand... » (1) : Tissot's

«onanism ».

The break with theology, already perceptible in 1710 (Bekker) is definitely established with Tissot, whose work marks the medical monopoly of sexuality. But, by refusing to take account of pleasure, Tissot is unable to form a coherent medical naturalism ; he reproduces theological morality in a secular guise. His consideration of the body is hindered by the fantasm of loss, and the cases described are more appropriate to a chamber of horrors than to clinical analysis. From the individual, the menace extends to the whole social body and to the race. This motley work encouraged, as much as it denounced, the «scourge », that Tissot's followers attempted to limit with a whole arsenal of repressive measures. We are here at the origins of the bourgeois sexual imagination.
Les crimes sexuels dans les «Causes célèbres»
Authors: Lüsebrink Hans-Jürgen
Published: June 2016

Hans-Jurgen Lusebrink : Sexual crimes in the «causes célèbres».

A quantitative and idelological analysis of the 169 texts in the «Causes célèbres » and «Procès fameux » concerned with sexual crimes (adultery, bigamy, fornication, pimping, public prostitution, incest, rape), shows the importance of this 18th-century «Encyclopaedia of Crime ». The desire to represent, as completely as possible, the interesting, or scandalous, trials undermines these texts' conservative intention, which was to justify the courts' actions and to decide clearly between crime and innocence. By an analysis of the representation of sexual crimes, we can perceive both the contradictions of justice and the social divisions of the Ancien Régime.
Le droit de la filiation légitime à la fin de l'Ancien Régime
Authors: Allemand-Gay Marie-Thérèse
Published: June 2016

Marie-Thérèse Allemand : The right of legitimate descendence at the end of the old régime.

Under the Old Régime the Roman adage pater is est quem nuptiae demonstrant is the foundation of the right to legitimate descendence ; Parlements applied it rigorously and only allowed one exception, based on the physical impossibility for the spouses to cohabit. The argument of moral impossibility, based on facts indicating that the husband is not the father of his wife's child, was rarely accepted by courts. The reasons for this prudence are perhaps imputable to the difficulty of defining a system of proof. Nevertheless, on the eve of the Revolution, the courts systematically excluded, for civil cases, recourse to oral proof unaccompanied by any written proof. Yet, differences between courts, or within the same court, are numerous and show, in the absence of any particular legislation, the incomplete nature of the legal edifice in this matter.
Entre peuple et hiérarchie : l'échec d'une pastorale
Authors: Froeschlé-Chopard Marie-Hélène , Bernos Marcel
Published: June 2016

Marie-Hélène Froeschlé-Chopard and Marcel Bernos : Between people and hierarchy : the failure of a priesthood.

In 1709, Jean-Baptiste Deguignes, vicar of Tourrettes (Alpes-Maritimes), was accused by the Bishop of Vence of both Jansenism and scandalous conduct. Although educated by the Jesuits in Marseilles, he was early on in contact with Jansenist circles. His adherence can be seen less by his preaching, vigorous but orthodox, than by his books, two-thirds of which were Jansenist, and which he lent generously. In fact, what is at stake is his contact with the people. The young priest led lay congregations, took part in or organised «assemblies », which, although pious, were outside the framework of «normal » liturgy, and prayer meetings ; he also spoke Provençal. The people, except for a chosen few from the middle classes, rejected this cleric who did not know his place, which was apart. In the face of this dual opposition, the missionary vicar returned to the fold, and ended an original pastoral experiment.
Le développement du journalisme en Amérique espagnole : la «Gazeta de Guatemala»
Authors: Browning John D.
Published: June 2016

John D. Browning : The development of modern journalism in spanish

america : The case of the «gazeta de Guatemala ».

Spanish America's newspapers passed through three phases of development before the outbreak of the wars of indépendance. In the early decades of the century, prominent Creoles began to publish regular newsheets. These modest publications sprang from local pride and an awareness of the differences between the Old World and the New. Such chauvinism was evident throughout the Century. After the mid-century, a new breed of publications emerged, expressing the spirit of the Hispanic Enlightenment. In the 1780s and 90s, the discovery of how Buffon and de Pauw had misrepresented America to European readers, and the anxiety over the economy, ushered in the third phase. The little-known Gazeta de Guatemala, with its denunciations of de Pauw, its concern over social problems, and its proposals for saving the economy, is a fine example of Spanish American journalism in its period of maturity.
Etat actuel des recherches sur Diderot
Authors: Chouillet Anne-Marie , Chouillet Jacques
Published: June 2016

Jacques and Anne-Marie Chouillet : The present state of diderot studies.

This survey covers the period since 1974 and includes all works known to the authors at the date of writing (end of 1979). In addition, using, on the one hand, information given by scholars concerning their current research, and on the other, the papers read at the Fifth International Congress on the Enlightenment (Pisa, August 1979), we attempt to analyse the present state, and main trends, of present research, and highlight neglected areas.
Le rayonnement de Moïse Mendelssohn hors d'Allemagne
Authors: Meyer Paul Hugo
Published: June 2016

Moses Mendelssohn's fame outside Germany.

During his lifetime, Moses Mendelssohn (1729-1786) was best known in Germany as a moral philosopher and «literary critic, the fact that he was Jewish being considered above all as an interesting curiosity. It seems possible that his great reputation was due more to a dearth of contemporary major thinkers than to his intrinsic originality and that may explain why his fame was even more shortlived abroad, although his place in history as the foremost spokesman for his people is secure. From France, where the demands for civil equality of the Jews intensified with the approach of the Revolution, the fame of his works and his personal reputation spread to other countries and indirectly inspired an analogous movement throughout Europe.
L'activité économique des juifs anglais
Authors: Endelman Todd M.
Published: June 2016

The jewish economic activity in England.

The character of Jewish economic activity in eighteenth-century England was misrepresented in the polemics that accompanied the incorporation of the Jews into English society. Both friends and foes exaggerated the role of the Anglo-Jewish financial and mercantile elite and ignored almost completely the bulk of the Jewish community, who were engaged in a variety of low-status street trades. Most Anglo-Jewish economic activity was non-innovative and unrevolutionary, and had little bearing on the emergence of England as the first industrial nation. Most English Jews followed trades similar to those of Jews in Western and Central Europe, from whence most English Jews, or their immediate ancestors, had emigrated.
La condition historienne à la fin de l'Ancien Régime
Authors: Gembicki Dieter
Published: June 2016

The situation of historiography at the end of the Ancien Régime.

This study is based on France and particularly on the historical work going on around the Dépôt des chartes and its leader Jacob-Nicolas Moreau. The situation of the collaborators at the Dépôt is difficult, from both a material and a moral point of view. Whilst research and the copying of original documents are being carried on throughout France, a great number of history manuals tas well as technical treatises appear, whose success is assured. The authorities support this work and even develop the teaching of history : the second Chair in Hebrew at the Collège Royal is replaced by a chair in History. But all that is slight, compared for example with Germany, where the development of scientific history is probably in line with that of law. In France, history is still a literary genre, when it does not fall into the category of pure erudition.
Le discours de Jean-Jacques Rousseau sur les femmes, et sa réception critique
Authors: Piau-Gillot Colette
Published: June 2016

Jean-Jacques Rousseau's discussion of women and its reception.

In the twentieth century the analysis of Jean-Jacques Rousseau's discussion of women remains very ambiguous. Was Rousseau anti-feminist ? By rejecting masculine authority, paternal or conjugal, by criticising the education of women, and marriages of convenience, he exculpates women ; thanks to him a higher value is attached to their moral force. In those revolutionary times the majority of illiterate women claim social rather than political rights and like Rousseau blame the women of the corrupt upper classes. Though Rousseau refuses women any political rôle, they see him nonetheless as their spokesman not their enemy.
Voltaire et ses sources historiques
Authors: Albina Larissa
Published: June 2016

Voltaire and his historical sources.

History books in Voltaire's personal library amount to 28 % (1.886 vols) of the total (6.814). Voltaire made use of an impressive number of these in writing most of his historical works (The Essai sur les mœurs, the Siècle de Louis XIV, the Histoire de l'Empire de Russie sous Pierre le Grand, etc.). The marginal notes and other indications of Voltaire's reading permit a fuller comprehension of his critical method of work. When the Corpus of marginal notes has been published in its entirety, it will be possible to establish the whole range of his sources more accurately and to draw firmer conclusions about Voltaire as an historian.
L'édition des œuvres complètes de Diderot
Authors: Varloot Jean
Published: June 2016

The edition of Diderot's complete works.

The new edition of Diderot's Œuvres Complètes, despite its quality, is still either known imperfeotly or not at all. J. Varloot, the general editor, traces the history of this enterprise : the difficult initial stages and thie development of the scientific norms which constitutes its originality (the critical apparatus ; the explanatory comment). Varloot presents the volumes that have appeared in 5 years (11 out of 33) and those that have gone to press or are in preparation. He stresses the enthusiasm of the collaborators. Lastly he details the «spin-off » from the collective efforts : discoveries of documents, methodological research on punctuation and textual edition, etc.
Casanova aujourd'hui (1960-1979)
Authors: Luna Marie-Françoise
Published: June 2016

Casanova today (1960-1979).

Casanova studies were renewed twenty years ago by the efforts of J. Rives Childs and by the first appearance of the original text of the Histoire de ma vie. The text of the Memoirs is still however mishandled by editors (rewritings and selections) despite the efforts of Casanova scholars to bring out serious editions and to make known some other works of the Venetian. Research on Casanova, which is very active, remains essentially historical and biographical though people are beginning to be interested in the writer and his ideas. His works have still, however, not acquired the place they deserve in eighteenth-oentury research as a whole.
Un extrait manuscrit inconnu du Mémoire de Meslier
Authors: Melo António
Published: June 2016

A new manuscript extract from Meslier's «Mémoire».

In its content, this new manuscript goes beyond the summaries of the first proofs of the Mémoire. Judging by the state of preservation, the careful calligraphy and the richness of the contemporary binding, it must be an exceptionally good copy. This extract entitled, on the spine, Traité de Théolog(ie), is divided up in a particularly interesting way : a Preface followed by 12 chapters. The text is largely given over to the 6th and 7th proofs, which allows for the materialist aspects of the social and political criticism in Meslier's thought to be developed in a way unusual in the existing extracts.
La transition du 18e au 19e siècle
Authors: Mortier Roland
Published: June 2016

Roland Mortier : The transition from the i8th to the 19th century.

After the hopes raised by the American and French Revolutions, this period was one of reaction against the Terror ; the Enlightenment's message, including its conception of man and the world, was questioned. With the reappearance of the theme of evil, there was a renewal of the concept of the impenetrability of the soul, and a certain difficulty of living and loving. Ancient Greece and the Middle Ages provided refuge for some, while others turned inwards to the heart. The 18th century tradition was continued by the Ideologues, but in the direction of epistemology and anthropology, and the Coppet group developed a liberal European spirit. As for fiction ; it was marked by a feminine invasion, whose importance has still to be analysed.
Oxygène et thérapeutique
Authors: Guillerme Jacques
Published: June 2016

Jacques Guillerme : Oxygen and therapeutics.

The advances of pneumatic chemistry at the end of the century and the emphasis on the preeminence of oxygen inevitably led to creative trends in therapy. Although effective in cases of asphyxia, the stimulating properties of 'vital air' were soon found to be incapable of curing chronic diseases. However, the prestige of its stimulating properties was such that it gave rise to indirect therapy, using oxygenized compounds which were generally ineffective and/or hazardous. Many rationalisations were found, based on Brownian 'Stimulism', and often also on the fact that they followed the pattern of formalisation of applied mathematics. The aim of this article is to retrace the various stages of a therapeutic error which came to an end when rational empiricism was restored, together with a denial of chemistry's ability to account for the mechanism of life.
La Bibliothèque Nationale sous la Révolution
Authors: Thien Ly-Hoang
Published: June 2016

Ly-Hoang Thien : The Bibliothèque Nationale under the Revolution.

The Royal Library could not remain untouched by the Revolution. Its close links with the Old Regime brought about its downfall ; Le Noir was replaced by d'Ormesson (1789-1792). The first revolutionary measures reduced considerably the library's budget ; this provoked a reaction from the guards who gave a precise description of the threatened institution's workings. After 10th August 1792, the minister Roland appointed Chamfort and Cance as Directors (1792-3), and the library — no longer royal but national — experienced one of the richest periods of its history. In 1793-5, Gregoire brought about the most far-reaching and long-lasting of the library's transformations and drew up its rules. The post of Librarian was replaced by a joint direction — the 'Conservatoire' -set up under the Directory.
Jacobinisme et libéralisme
Authors: Brunel Françoise , Revault d'Allones Myriam
Published: June 2016

Françoise Brunel and Myriam Revault d'Allonnes : Jacobinism and Liberalism.

The Regime of 1795 (year III) did not simply represent a 'dislocation' of the revolutionary government set up by the Jacobins in the year II. On the contrary, the old power structure — which remained perfectly efficient — was taken over and made to serve a fundamentally different political goal. The Thermidor reaction, which was a true political creation, can be seen to have initiated both a new practice and a new language ; this latter, while not completely original, was the negative reflection of Jacobinism. The values underlying the two systems (Jacobin and liberal) are shown to be the individual and social links, property, work, virtue, etc. In particular, this article dwells on the opposition between their different plans for education, which exemplify two specific forms of emerging bourgeois ideology.
La loi et ses monuments en 1791
Authors: Deming Marc K. , de Vaulchier Claudine
Published: June 2016

Mark K. Deming and Claudine de Vaulchier : The law and its monuments in

1791.

Reflecting the Enlightenment's intellectual preoccupations, architecture in late 18th-century France, was intended to exert a social and moralizing influence, especially through public buildings. Nowhere, perhaps, was such an idea more explicitly illustrated than in the Discours sur les monuments publics delivered by A.G. Kersaint in 1791, which called for the construction of several Parisien monuments embodying the new political order. Two of these were meant to strengthen the power of the law : the 'prytanée', a structure for bill-posting, originated in response to the conflict about placarding rights ; three different types, throughout the city, were to be the main source of instructions for citizens. The second, the national assembly hall, was to provide the People's delegates