bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Compliance Training in an Adult With Dementia of the Alzheimer’s Type and Down Syndrome
Authors: Horovitz Max , Kozlowski Alison M. , Matson Johnny L.
Published: April 2010

The authors describe the treatment of noncompliance and public stripping in a 53-year-old man with Down syndrome and dementia. On the basis of a review of the relevant literature and a comprehensive functional behavioral analysis, an intervention procedure utilizing contingent reinforcement of compliance is conducted. Compliance with requests to allow assistance getting dressed is reinforced with a combination of verbal praise, physical contact, and edible reinforcers. Noncompliance decreases by 85.22% at follow-up. Factors responsible for intervention success and implications for clinicians are discussed.
Iron and Enhanced Performance in Adolescents
Authors: Volpe Stella Lucia
Published: April 2010

Exercise alone affects nutrient needs, but if exercise is coupled with underconsumption of the proper amount of energy needed, micronutrient deficiencies can occur. The goal for every athlete, especially adolescents who are in a period of rapid growth, is to consume adequate energy and the proper balance of micronutrients and macronutrients, that is, the amount required for appropriate growth as well as optimal performance. Although athletes may be deficient in different micronutrients, this review will focus on iron. Iron is a required trace mineral that is involved in a number of metabolic processes throughout the body. The purpose of this review is the following: (1) to briefly discuss the dietary reference intakes for iron, (2) to present a brief background of iron’s role in the body, (3) to describe the stages of iron deficiency anemia, (4) to discuss some of the metabolic processes that require iron and may affect performance in the adolescent athlete, and (5) to discuss research conducted on iron and exercise performance in the adolescent athlete.
Measurement of a number of indices of hand and movement angles in pianists with overuse disorders
Authors: Sakai N. , Shimawaki S.
Published: April 2010

Abduction angles of the thumb and little finger, hand span, length of thumb, middle finger and little finger were measured using radiographs of the right hand with the thumb and the little finger abducted, in a comparative study of 220 pianists with overuse disorder and 62 unaffected pianists. Overuse disorders included tenosynovitis, lateral and medial epicondylitis, forearm flexor muscle pain, distal tendinitis of the wrist extensors and flexors and intrinsic muscle pain. Hand span or other hand size parameters showed significant differences, while abduction angles showed no difference. The patients’ group had smaller hand size than the controls when analyzed for tenosynovitis, epicondylitis and muscle pain. From these results we hypothesize that pianists with small hands tend to hyper-abduct and hyper-extend the thumb to attain greater hand span. Their little finger is also stiffer and the hypothenar muscle and the wrist flexors need greater strength to resist the reaction force in each piano key.
The Effect of Radioscapholunate Fusion On Wrist Movement and the Subsequent Effects of Distal Scaphoidectomy and Triquetrectomy
Authors: Berkhout M.J. , Shaw M.N. , Berglund L.J. , An K.N. , Berger R.A. , Ritt M.J.P.F.
Published: April 2010

Radioscapholunate arthrodesis is a salvage procedure indicated for osteoarthritis of the radiocarpal joint involving the lunate facet of the radius. This cadaver study examines changes in wrist motion resulting from radioscapholunate arthrodesis, and the effects of surgical techniques to improve the range of motion. Simulated radioscapholunate arthrodesis, distal scaphoidectomy and triquetrectomy were carried out sequentially on six cadaver forearms and measurements (maximum flexion/extension and radial/ulnar deviation) were taken in the intact situation and after each surgical step using a magnetic tracking device. Radioscapholunate arthrodesis diminishes the amplitudes of movements of the wrist in all directions, but range of motion in the radioscapholunate fused wrist improves after scaphoidectomy and improves further after triquetrectomy (88% of original flexion/extension and 98% of original radial/ulnar deviation). Radioscapholunate arthrodesis causes a significant change in kinematics between the hamate and the triquetrum in flexion/extension.
Modified flexor digitorum superficialis slip technique for A4 pulley reconstruction
Authors: Odobescu A. , Radu A. , Brutus J.-P. , Gilardino M. S.
Published: April 2010

We describe a variation in the A4 pulley reconstruction technique using one slip of the flexor digitorum superficialis insertion and report the results of a biomechanical analysis of this reconstruction in cadavers. While conserving the distal bony insertion, one slip of flexor digitorum superficialis is transferred over the flexor digitorum profundus tendon and sutured to the contralateral superficialis slip insertion. This creates a new pulley at the base of the original A4 pulley that can be adjusted to accommodate an FDP repair of increased bulk. We found a 57% reduction in excess excursion due to bowstringing when compared with no repair. Furthermore the repairs were sturdy, 94% of specimens maintaining their integrity when a proximally directed force of 50 N was applied.
The long-term risk of continuous immunosuppression using thioguanides in inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: O'Connor Anthony , Qasim Asghar , O'Moráin Colm A.
Published: April 2010

The efficacy of thiopurine treatment in the induction, and especially maintenance, of remission in inflammatory bowel disease is well proven; however, it is associated with side effects in both medium and long-term use. The potential harmful effects may be anticipated and minimised by due diligence prior to commencing these drugs followed by close monitoring of haematological and biochemical parameters once started. Careful clinical examination and history taking are also essential. Affected patients are expected to lead lives that include travel, employment and pregnancy — the implications of continued thiopurine therapy in such patients are discussed.
Evidence for statin therapy in polycystic ovary syndrome
Authors: Sathyapalan Thozhukat , Atkin Stephen L.
Published: April 2010

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age group that is associated with increased cardiovascular risk. In addition to its lipid-lowering effects, statin therapy has shown been shown to have beneficial pleiotropic effects that may contribute to their reduction in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. In this review, the effect of statins on PCOS is discussed with reference to the underlying potential mechanism of action.
Bonding behaviour of nickel base single crystal to polycrystal superalloys by transient liquid phase method
Authors: Liu J.-D. , Jin T. , Zhao N.-R. , Wang Z.-H. , Sun X.-F. , Guan H.-R. , Hu Z.-Q.
Published: April 2010

Transient liquid phase bonding between single crystal superalloy DD98 and polycrystal superalloy M963 has been characterised in terms of microstructure, crystallographic orientation analysis and stress rupture test. Result shows that during isothermal solidification (IS), with increasing bonding time, the liquid interlayer thickness decreases. As a result of incomplete IS, many compounds formed in the centreline. After 1190°C/4 h bonding, the IS process has been complete. It is notable that an interface formed in the bonding zone due to crystallographic orientation difference between parent metals. Result of stress rupture test shows that the rupture life of the bonded joint is more than 140 h at 800°C/350 MPa, which is comparable to that of the M963 alloy. Failure of the joint occurs in the segment of M963 alloy.
Analysis of intermetallic layer in dissimilar TIG welding–brazing butt joint of aluminium alloy to stainless steel
Authors: Song J. L. , Lin S. B. , Yang C. L. , Fan C. L. , Ma G. C.
Published: April 2010

Intermetallic layer of dissimilar tungsten inert gas welding–brazing butt joint of aluminium alloy/ stainless steel has been studied. A visible unequal thickness intermetallic layer has formed in welded seam/steel interface, and the thickness of the whole layer is <10 μm. The interface with Al–12Si filler metal consists of τ 5-Al8Fe2Si layer in welded seam side and θ-(Al,Si)13Fe4 layer in steel side with the hardness values of 1025 and 835 HV respectively, while the interface with Al–6Cu filler metal consists of θ-Al13(Fe,Cu)4 layer with the hardness of 645 HV. The average tensile strength of the joint with Al–12Si filler metal is 100–120 MPa, and the fracture occurs at θ-(Al,Si)13Fe4 layer, while the joint with Al–6%Cu filler metal presents high crack resistance with tensile strength of 155–175 MPa, which reaches more than 50% of aluminium base metal strength.
Comparing similar and dissimilar friction stir welds of 2017–6005A aluminium alloys
Authors: Simar A. , Jonckheere C. , Deplus K. , Pardoen T. , de Meester B.
Published: April 2010

Similar and dissimilar friction stir welds made of aluminium alloys 2017-T6 and 6005A-T6 are compared in terms of heat inputs, temperatures, material flow distributions and resulting local and overall tensile properties. Similar welds are systematically hotter and weaker than the dissimilar welds. Predictions of a three-dimensional finite element model of the tensile test transverse to the weldline are assessed towards local deformation fields measured by digital image correlation. Deformation systematically localises on the weakest heat affected zone, which is on the 6005A side in the dissimilar welds.
Enhanced melt pool stirring in welding with dynamic polarised laser beam
Authors: Gräf S. , Staupendahl G. , Seiser C. , Meyer B.-J. , Müller F. A.
Published: April 2010

The stirring of the molten material during CO2 laser welding with a dynamic polarised laser beam (DP) was studied. The key element of the set-up is a high power interference laser beam modulator for CW power rating up to 4 kW. Metallographic cross-sections and EDX analyses of the realised welds in St37 using the contrast material nickel proved the enhancement of melt pool stirring due to DP. Moreover, roughness measurements confirmed a smoothing of the top bead surface as well as a correlation between melt pool stirring and the formation of the top bead ripple structure.
Knockdown of N-cadherin suppresses the long-term engraftment of hematopoietic stem cells
Authors: Hosokawa Kentaro , Arai Fumio , Yoshihara Hiroki , Iwasaki Hiroko , Nakamura Yuka , Gomei Yumiko , Suda Toshio
Published: April 2010

During postnatal life, the bone marrow (BM) supports both self-renewal and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in specialized microenvironments termed stem cell niches. Cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions between HSCs and their niches are critical for the maintenance of HSC properties. Here, we analyzed the function of N-cadherin in the regulation of the proliferation and long-term repopulation activity of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) by the transduction of N-cadherin shRNA. Inhibition of N-cadherin expression accelerated cell division in vitro and reduced the lodgment of donor HSPCs to the endosteal surface, resulting in a significant reduction in long-term engraftment. Cotransduction of N-cadherin shRNA and a mutant N-cadherin that introduced the silent mutations to shRNA target sequences rescued the accelerated cell division and reconstitution phenotypes. In addition, the requirement of N-cadherin for HSPC engraftment appears to be niche specific, as shN-cad–transduced lineage−Sca-1+c-Kit+ cells successfully engrafted in spleen, which lacks an osteoblastic niche. These findings suggest that N-cad–mediated cell adhesion is functionally required for the establishment of hematopoiesis in the BM niche after BM transplantation.
Retinoic acid enhances the generation of hematopoietic progenitors from human embryonic stem cell–derived hemato-vascular precursors
Authors: Yu Chen , Liu Yanxia , Miao Zhenchuan , Yin Ming , Lu Wei , Lv Yaxin , Ding Mingxiao , Deng Hongkui
Published: April 2010

Current induction schemes directing hematopoietic differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are not well defined to mimic the sequential stages of hematopoietic development in vivo. Here, we report a 3-stage method to direct differentiation of hESCs toward hematopoietic progenitors in chemically defined mediums. In the first 2 stages, we efficiently generated T-positive primitive streak/mesendoderm cells and kinase domain receptor–positive (KDR+) platelet-derived growth factor receptor α–negative (PDGFRα−) hemato-vascular precursors sequentially. In the third stage, we found that cells in a spontaneous differentiation condition mainly formed erythroid colonies. Addition of all-trans retinoic acid (RA) greatly enhanced generation of hematopoietic progenitors in this stage while suppressing erythroid development. The RA-treated cells highly expressed definitive hematopoietic genes, formed large numbers of multilineage and myeloid colonies, and gave rise to greater than 45% CD45+ hematopoietic cells. When hematopoietic progenitors were selected with CD34 and C-Kit, greater than 95% CD45+ hematopoietic cells could be generated. In addition, we found that endogenous RA signaling at the second stage was required for vascular endothelial growth factor/basic fibroblast growth factor–induced hemato-vascular specification, whereas exogenously applied RA efficiently induced KDR−PDGFRα+ paraxial mesoderm cells. Our study suggests that RA signaling plays diverse roles in human mesoderm and hematopoietic development.
Deficiency of the dual ubiquitin/SUMO ligase Topors results in genetic instability and an increased rate of malignancy in mice
Authors: Marshall Henderson , Bhaumik Mantu , Aviv Hana , Moore Dirk , Yao Ming , Dutta Jayeeta , Rahim Hussein , Gounder Murugesan , Ganesan Shridar , Saleem Ahamed , Rubin Eric
Published: April 2010

Background

Topors is a nuclear protein that co-localizes with promyelocytic leukemia bodies and has both ubiquitin and SUMO E3 ligase activity. Expression studies implicated Topors as a tumor suppressor in various malignancies. To gain insight into the function of Topors, we generated a Topors-deficient mouse strain.

Results

Mice homozygous for a mutant Topors allele exhibited a high rate of perinatal mortality and decreased lifespan. In addition, heterozygotes were found to have an increased incidence of malignancy, involving a variety of tissues. Consistent with this finding, primary embryonic fibroblasts lacking Topors exhibited an increased rate of malignant transformation, associated with aneuploidy and defective chromosomal segregation. While loss of Topors did not alter sensitivity to DNA-damaging or microtubule-targeting agents, cells lacking Topors exhibited altered pericentric heterochromatin, manifested by mislocalization of HP1α and an increase in transcription from pericentric major satellite DNA. Topors-deficient cells exhibited a transcriptional profile similar to that of cells treated with histone deacetylase inhibitors, and were resistant to the anti-proliferative effects of the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A.

Conclusion

These results indicate a unique role for Topors in the maintenance of genomic stability and pericentric heterochromatin, as well as in cellular sensitivity to histone deacetylase inhibitors.
Oncological outcome and patient satisfaction with skin-sparing mastectomy and immediate breast reconstruction: a prospective observational study
Authors: Reefy Sara , Patani Neill , Anderson Anne , Burgoyne Gwyne , Osman Hisham , Mokbel Kefah
Published: April 2010

Background

The management of early breast cancer (BC) with skin-sparing mastectomy (SSM) and immediate breast reconstruction (IBR) is not based on level-1 evidence. In this study, the oncological outcome, post-operative morbidity and patients' satisfaction with SSM and IBR using the latissimus dorsi (LD) myocutaneous flap and/or breast prosthesis is evaluated.

Methods

137 SSMs with IBR (10 bilateral) were undertaken in 127 consecutive women, using the LD flap plus implant (n = 85), LD flap alone (n = 1) or implant alone (n = 51), for early BC (n = 130) or prophylaxis (n = 7). Nipple reconstruction was performed in 69 patients, using the trefoil local flap technique (n = 61), nipple sharing (n = 6), skin graft (n = 1) and Monocryl mesh (n = 1). Thirty patients underwent contra-lateral procedures to enhance symmetry, including 19 augmentations and 11 mastopexy/reduction mammoplasties. A linear visual analogue scale was used to assess patient satisfaction with surgical outcome, ranging from 0 (not satisfied) to 10 (most satisfied).

Results

After a median follow-up of 36 months (range = 6-101 months) there were no local recurrences. Overall breast cancer specific survival was 99.2%, 8 patients developed distant disease and 1 died of metastatic BC. There were no cases of partial or total LD flap loss. Morbidities included infection, requiring implant removal in 2 patients and 1 patient developed marginal ischaemia of the skin envelope. Chemotherapy was delayed in 1 patient due to infection. Significant capsule formation, requiring capsulotomy, was observed in 85% of patients who had either post-mastectomy radiotherapy (PMR) or prior radiotherapy (RT) compared with 13% for those who had not received RT. The outcome questionnaire was completed by 82 (64.6%) of 127 patients with a median satisfaction score of 9 (range = 5-10).

Conclusion

SSM with IBR is associated with low morbidity, high levels of patient satisfaction and is oncologically safe for T(is), T1 and T2 tumours without extensive skin involvement.
Use of platelet rich plasma to treat plantar fasciitis: design of a multi centre randomized controlled trial
Authors: Peerbooms Joost C , van Laar Wilbert , Faber Frank , Schuller Hans M , van der Hoeven Henk , Gosens Taco
Published: April 2010

Background

If conservative treatment for chronic plantar fasciitis fails, often a corticosteroid injection is given. Corticosteroid injection gives temporarily pain reduction, but no healing. Blood platelets initiate the natural healing rate. GPS® gives an eightfold concentrate platelets of patients own blood. Injection of these platelets in the attachment of the fascia to the os calcis might induce a healing rate.

Methods and design

A randomized controlled multi centre trial will be performed. The study population consists of 120 patients of 18 years and older. Patients with chronic plantar fasciitis will be allocated randomly to have a steroid injection or an autologous platelet concentrate injections. Data will be collected before the procedure, 4,8,12,26 weeks and 1 year after the procedure.

The main outcome measures of this study are pain and function measured with questionnaires.

Conclusion

Recent literature show positive effects for the treatment of tendinosis with autologous platelet injections. The forthcoming trial will compare treatment for chronic plantar fasciitis with a steroid injection versus an autologous platelet injection. Our results will be published as soon as they become available.

Trial Registration

Trial registration number: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov NCT00758641.
Heterogeneous detection of circulating tumor cells in patients with colorectal cancer by immunomagnetic enrichment using different EpCAM-specific antibodies
Authors: Antolovic Dalibor , Galindo Luis , Carstens Anina , Rahbari Nuh , Büchler Markus W , Weitz Jürgen , Koch Moritz
Published: April 2010

Background

Circulating tumor cells (CTC) and disseminated tumor cells (DTC) are thought to be responsible for metastasis, so the detection of CTC may serve as individual prognostic factor in patients suffering from colorectal cancer. Therefore, a series of immunomagnetic enrichment methods for CTC have been developed using a variety of monoclonal antibodies against the Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule (EpCAM). However, it remains unclear whether all commercially available EpCAM antibodies show the same sensitivity and specificity. Furthermore, it remains unclear which method of sample preparation and cell extraction is most suitable for immunomagnetic enrichment and detection of CTC. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether the detection of CTC by a cytokeratin 20 reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (CK20 RT-PCR) may be influenced by the use of various Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule (EpCAM) antibodies for immunomagnetic isolation of CTC.

Results

Using both EpCAM antibodies (mAb BerEP4 and mAb KS1/4) for immunomagnetic enrichment in blood samples of 39 patients with colorectal cancer we found heterogenous results in each patient with regard to tumor cell detection. In the tumor cell spiking experiments with whole blood samples the sensitivity of the CK 20 RT-PCR assay was higher using immunomagnetic beads coated with mAb KS1/4 compared to precoated mAb BerEP4 Dynabeads. Extraction of MNC fraction with Ficoll gradient centrifugation prior to immunomagnetic enrichment resulted in a higher sensitivity of the CK 20 RT-PCR assay.

Conclusions

We concluded that isolation and detection of CTC with immunomagnetic enrichment methods is critically dependent on the used EpCAM clone. Further studies with a larger number of patients should clarify if the enrichment protocol influences the prognostic value of the tumor cell detection protocol.
Activation of the transcription factor, nuclear factor kappa-B, during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy in the pig
Authors: Ross Jason W , Ashworth Morgan D , Mathew Daniel , Reagan Patrick , Ritchey Jerry W , Hayashi Kanako , Spencer Thomas E , Lucy Matthew , Geisert Rodney D
Published: April 2010

Establishment and maintenance of pregnancy in the pig involves intricate communication between the developing conceptuses and the maternal endometrium. This process occurs during trophoblast elongation which is spaciotemporally associated with conceptus synthesis and release of IL1B concomitant with pregnancy-specific endometrial up-regulation of IL-1 receptors, providing the potential for activation of the transcription factor, NFKB. The objective of the current investigation was to determine changes in expression and cellular localization of NFKB and associated factors during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy in the pig. In situ hybridization was used to localize changes in PGR, ESR1, and TNFRSF11A during the peri-implantation period. Quantitative RT-PCR was utilized to demonstrate gene expression changes for NFKB1, RELA, TNFRSF11A, TLR4, NFKBIA and NFKBIB. Transcription factor ELISA demonstrated an overall increase in RELA during the peri-implantation period in both cyclic and pregnant gilts. While the presence of TNFSF11A and TLR4 were both detected, TLR4 expression changes were temporally associated with NFKB expression and activation. Collectively, these data demonstrate that NFKB activation may occur during the period of uterine receptivity in both the cyclic and pregnant endometrium.
Mutations at opposite Ends of the DIII/S4-S5 Linker of Sodium Channel NaV1.7 Produce Distinct Pain Disorders
Authors: Cheng Xiaoyang , Dib-Hajj Sulayman D , Tyrrell Lynda , Wright Dowain A , Fischer Tanya Z , Waxman Stephen G
Published: April 2010

Background:

Two groups of gain-of-function mutations in sodium channel NaV1.7, which are expressed in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, produce two clinically-distinct pain syndromes – inherited erythromelalgia (IEM) and paroxysmal extreme pain disorder (PEPD). IEM is characterized by intermittent burning pain and skin redness in the feet or hands, triggered by warmth or mild exercise, while PEPD is characterized by episodes of rectal, ocular and mandibular pain accompanied with skin flushing, triggered by bowel movement and perianal stimulation. Most of the IEM mutations are located within channel domains I and II, while most of the PEPD mutations are located within domains III and IV. The structural dichotomy parallels the biophysical effects of the two types of mutations, with IEM mutations shifting voltage-dependence of NaV1.7 activation in a hyperpolarized direction, and PEPD mutations shifting fast-inactivation of NaV1.7 in a depolarized direction. While four IEM and four PEPD mutations are located within cytoplasmic linkers joining segments 4 and 5 (S4–S5 linkers) in the different domains (IEM: domains I and II; PEPD: domains III and IV), no S4–S5 linker has been reported to house both IEM and PEPD mutations thus far.

Results:

We have identified a new IEM mutation P1308L within the C-terminus of the DIII/S4–S5 linker of NaV1.7, ten amino acids from a known PEPD mutation V1298F which is located within the N-terminus of this linker. We used voltage-clamp to compare the biophysical properties of the two mutant channels and current-clamp to study their effects on DRG neuron excitability. We confirm that P1308L and V1298F behave as prototypical IEM and PEPD mutations, respectively. We also show that DRG neurons expressing either P1308L or V1298F become hyperexcitable, compared to DRG neurons expressing wild-type channels.

Conclusions:

Our results provide evidence for differential roles of the DIII/S4-S5 linker N- and C-termini in channel inactivation and activation, and demonstrate the cellular basis for pain in patients carrying these mutations.
Experimental and computational validation of models of fluorescent and luminescent reporter genes in bacteria
Authors: de Jong Hidde , Ranquet Caroline , Ropers Delphine , Pinel Corinne , Geiselmann Johannes
Published: April 2010

Background

Fluorescent and luminescent reporter genes have become popular tools for the real-time monitoring of gene expression in living cells. However, mathematical models are necessary for extracting biologically meaningful quantities from the primary data.

Results

We present a rigorous method for deriving relative protein synthesis rates (mRNA concentrations) and protein concentrations by means of kinetic models of gene expression. We experimentally and computationally validate this approach in the case of the protein Fis, a global regulator of transcription in Escherichia coli. We show that the mRNA and protein concentration profiles predicted from the models agree quite well with direct measurements obtained by Northern and Western blots, respectively. Moreover, we present computational procedures for taking into account systematic biases like the folding time of the fluorescent reporter protein and differences in the half-lives of reporter and host gene products. The results show that large differences in protein half-lives, more than mRNA half-lives, may be critical for the interpretation of reporter gene data in the analysis of the dynamics of regulatory systems.

Conclusions

The paper contributes to the development of sound methods for the interpretation of reporter gene data, notably in the context of the reconstruction and validation of models of regulatory networks. The results have wide applicability for the analysis of gene expression in bacteria and may be extended to higher organisms.
Tuberculosis of the breast with erythema nodosum: a case report
Authors: Kao Pao-Tsuan , Tu May-Yu , Tang Sai-Hung , Ma Hon-Kwong
Published: April 2010

Introduction

There has been an increasing number of tuberculosis cases worldwide, but tuberculosis of the breast remains rare. In rare cases this is seen with a cutaneous manifestation of erythema nodosum.

Case presentation

We report the case of a 33-year-old Chinese woman with tuberculosis of the left breast accompanied by erythema nodosum on the anterior aspect of both lower legs. Due to her poor clinical response to conventional therapy, and the histopathological findings of fine needle aspiration cytology, there were strong indications of tuberculosis. Her clinical diagnosis was confirmed by molecular detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex by polymerase chain reaction. The diagnosis was further confirmed by a second polymerase chain reaction test of erythema nodosum which tested positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. She received anti-tuberculous therapy for 18 months, and finally underwent residual lumpectomy. During her follow-up examination after 12 months, no evidence of either residual or recurrent disease was present.

Conclusion

Histopathological features and a high index of clinical suspicion are necessary to confirm a diagnosis of tuberculosis of the breast. Anti-tuberculous therapy with or without simple surgical intervention is the core treatment.
Editorial: Celiac disease and intestinal bacteria: not only gluten?
Authors: Rossi Mauro , Schwartz Kathryne B
Published: April 2010

Editorial discusses the possible role of intestinal microbiota in modulating the immune response in celiac disease.
Response to BMP4 signalling during ES cell differentiation defines intermediates of the ectoderm lineage
Authors: Harvey Nathan T. , Hughes James N. , Lonic Ana , Yap Charlotte , Long Catherine , Rathjen Peter D. , Rathjen Joy
Published: April 2010

The formation and differentiation of multipotent precursors underlies the generation of cell diversity during mammalian development. Recognition and analysis of these transient cell populations has been hampered by technical difficulties in accessing them in vivo. In vitro model systems, based on the differentiation of embryonic stem (ES) cells, provide an alternative means of identifying and characterizing these populations. Using a previously established mouse ES-cell-based system that recapitulates the development of the ectoderm lineage we have identified a transient population that is consistent with definitive ectoderm. This previously unidentified progenitor occurs as a temporally discrete population during ES cell differentiation, and differs from the preceding and succeeding populations in gene expression and differentiation potential, with the unique ability to form surface ectoderm in response to BMP4 signalling.
The life of an mRNA in space and time
Authors: Ben-Ari Ya'ara , Brody Yehuda , Kinor Noa , Mor Amir , Tsukamoto Toshiro , Spector David L. , Singer Robert H. , Shav-Tal Yaron
Published: April 2010

Nuclear transcribed genes produce mRNA transcripts destined to travel from the site of transcription to the cytoplasm for protein translation. Certain transcripts can be further localized to specific cytoplasmic regions. We examined the life cycle of a transcribed β-actin mRNA throughout gene expression and localization, in a cell system that allows the in vivo detection of the gene locus, the transcribed mRNAs and the cytoplasmic β-actin protein that integrates into the actin cytoskeleton. Quantification showed that RNA polymerase II elongation progressed at a rate of 3.3 kb/minute and that transactivator binding to the promoter was transient (40 seconds), and demonstrated the unique spatial structure of the coding and non-coding regions of the integrated gene within the transcription site. The rates of gene induction were measured during interphase and after mitosis, demonstrating that daughter cells were not synchronized in respect to transcription initiation of the studied gene. Comparison of the spatial and temporal kinetics of nucleoplasmic and cytoplasmic mRNA transport showed that the β-actin-localization response initiates from the existing cytoplasmic mRNA pool and not from the newly synthesized transcripts arising after gene induction. It was also demonstrated that mechanisms of random movement were predominant in mediating the efficient translocation of mRNA in the eukaryotic cell.
A new lock-step mechanism of matrix remodelling based on subcellular contractile events
Authors: Castella Lysianne Follonier , Buscemi Lara , Godbout Charles , Meister Jean-Jacques , Hinz Boris
Published: April 2010

Myofibroblasts promote tissue contractures during fibrotic diseases. To understand how spontaneous changes in the intracellular calcium concentration, [Ca2+]i, contribute to myofibroblast contraction, we analysed both [Ca2+]i and subcellular contractions. Contractile events were assessed by tracking stress-fibre-linked microbeads and measured by atomic force microscopy. Myofibroblasts exhibit periodic (~100 seconds) [Ca2+]i oscillations that control small (~400 nm) and weak (~100 pN) contractions. Whereas depletion of [Ca2+]i reduces these microcontractions, cell isometric tension is unaffected, as shown by growing cells on deformable substrates. Inhibition of Rho- and ROCK-mediated Ca2+-independent contraction has no effect on microcontractions, but abolishes cell tension. On the basis of this two-level regulation of myofibroblast contraction, we propose a single-cell lock-step model. Rho- and ROCK-dependent isometric tension generates slack in extracellular matrix fibrils, which are then accessible for the low-amplitude and high-frequency contractions mediated by [Ca2+]i. The joint action of both contraction modes can result in macroscopic tissue contractures of ~1 cm per month.
Improving dimensional accuracy in the production of a CastForm™ polystyrene pattern for investment casting
Authors: Soe S P
Published: April 2010

The focus of this paper was to analyse all stages of the CastForm™(CF) polystyrene pattern fabrication process, identify the reasons leading to poor dimensional accuracy, and outline techniques for its improvement. Rapid manufacturing of patterns for shell or flask investment casting using the laser sintering (LS) technique with CF material involves LS fabrication of a part, cleaning, and wax infiltration. Wax infiltration consists of preheating the part, the application of the liquefied wax in a convection oven, and the cooling of the part to room temperature. To study the dimensional accuracy of the process, a benchmark part was designed in such a way that its thickness could be modified from 2 mm to 20 mm and fabricated with the optimum processing parameters. The experiments conducted show that different wall thicknesses of the parts shrink differently after wax infiltration, particularly in the Z (vertical) direction, and this was found to be the major factor contributing towards poor dimensional accuracy. Using the Pro/Mechanica software package, transient heat transfer analysis has been conducted as an aid to understanding the effect of time and temperature on different wall thicknesses of a part during wax infiltration. In doing so, the thermal properties of CF material were investigated. The paper reports shrinkage factors for different wall thicknesses; the data can be applied in adjusting the appropriate shrinkage factor for a part with uniform thickness. For a part having non-uniform thickness, it was found that hollowing the part to leave a uniform thickness is an option to improve the final dimensional accuracy of the part.
Dynamics of machine tool drive housings
Authors: Mohan K M , Srinivasan K , Ramamurti V
Published: April 2010

A review of available literature on machine tool transmission housings with specific reference to structural vibration, chatter analysis, and noise radiation is presented in this paper. Housings include gearboxes and structures supporting other transmission elements like vee pulleys, impellers, and motor shafts. Analytical and experimental methodologies reported in the recent past for strength, vibration and noise analysis, mounts and suspension, structural optimization, overall drive and housing systems are discussed. Typical design guidelines, as outlined by various investigators, are included. Future research trends are also indicated.
Hybrid-dynamical modelling, characterization, and experimental verification of a free-wheeling clutch
Authors: Richter H , Maynard R E
Published: April 2010

In this paper, two alternative modelling approaches for a one-way mechanical coupling device known as a free-wheeling clutch are considered. Unlike existing mathematical models which account for variables primarily aimed at design and life expectancy calculations, a simple model capturing the essential couple-decouple behaviour is sought for future use in control design. The bond graph methodology is used as a framework in which to examine two alternative models for the clutch: a semi-ideal model involving non-linear resistance and an ideal model introducing hybrid-dynamical behaviour. Some properties of each model are made explicit and their desirable and undesirable features highlighted. Experimental verifications using a twin electric motor drive are conducted to validate the models and then used to evaluate their practical usefulness. The ideal model is then used to characterize the behaviour of a typical two-driver transmission. Finally, preliminary considerations are discussed regarding the use of the ideal model in subsequent control designs.
Fuzzy multicriteria group decision making for real estate investments
Authors: Cebi S , Kahraman C
Published: April 2010

This paper proposes a hybrid fuzzy multicriteria decision-making method for the solution of the problem of selecting the best site for a real estate investment. The proposed methodology consists of three steps: an aggregation algorithm, a fuzzy analytic hierarchy process, and a fuzzy information axiom. The aggregation algorithm is used to aggregate experts' preferences to satisfy group decisions. The proposed methodology is applied to a mixed use development being considered by a construction firm in Istanbul. The relative importance levels of the criteria were determined by the managing partners of the construction firm. The required data for the evaluation phase was collected by consulting with experts.
Observer-feedback fuzzy control with passivity property for discrete-time affine Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy models
Authors: Chang W-J , Ku C-C , Ku F-C
Published: April 2010

By considering discrete-time affine Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy models, this paper presents an observer-feedback fuzzy control approach for achieving the passivity property of closed-loop systems. The passivity property of the system is used to deal with all external disturbances. The proposed observer-feedback fuzzy controller is developed based on the parallel distribution compensation technique. Also, an iterative linear matrix inequality algorithm is used to obtain a feasible solution for the proposed observer-feedback fuzzy control problem. Finally, two numerical simulations of discrete-time nonl-inear systems are presented that highlight the application of the proposed observer-feedback fuzzy controller design approach.
Adaptive spacecraft formation flying with actuator saturation
Authors: de Ruiter A
Published: April 2010

This paper presents a non-linear adaptive controller for the multiple spacecraft formation flying problem. The formulation allows for gravitational field models of arbitrary order, and a broad class of linearly parameterized external disturbance force models. This paper builds upon previous results using feedback of the filtered error. Making use of Barbalat's lemma, a broad class of controllers feeding back the filtered error is obtained, which encompasses the linear feedback that is typically used in the literature. In particular, conditions are presented under which the linear feedback is asymptotically stable under actuator saturation. The resulting controller performance is demonstrated with a numerical simulation for a relative orbit under J2 perturbations.
Organic Field-Effect Transistors Based on π-Extended Dibenzotetrathiafulvalene Analogues with Thiophene Spacers
Authors: Omata Keiko , Mamada Masashi , Nishida Jun-ichi , Tokito Shizuo , Yamashita Yoshiro
Published: April 2010

Dibenzotetrathiafulvalene (DBTTF) analogs containing fused thiophene spacers were synthesized and characterized by cyclic voltammetry, UV–vis absorption spectroscopy, quantum chemical calculations, single-crystal X-ray analysis, overlap integral calculations, field-effect transistor (FET) characteristics, X-ray diffraction, and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The single-crystal X-ray analysis revealed that the DBTTF with a thieno[3,2-b]thiophene spacer has a molecular geometry with short intramolecular S···S contacts and a herringbone packing structure with short intermolecular S···S contacts leading to large two-dimensional overlap integrals. The molecule afforded a crystalline thin film with well-ordered molecular orientation corresponding to the single-crystal structure. The FET device based on this molecule exhibited good mobility of 0.29 cm2 V−1 s−1 and low threshold voltage of −0.3 V. The effects of the thiophene spacer on the properties, structure, and FET performances were investigated here.
Self-Organized Anionic Networks in Quaternary Ammonium and Phosphonium Salts of Mellitate
Authors: Minemawari Hiromi , Naito Toshio , Inabe Tamotsu
Published: April 2010

Mellitate is a unique anion that can form hydrogen-bonding anionic networks. In this study, crystal structures of the salts with quaternary ammonium and phosphonium cations that bear no hydrogen-bonding functional groups are investigated. When the number of deprotonation (n) from the parent mellitic acid is one, two kinds of networks, a two-dimensional sheet and a three-dimensional network containing helical chains, have been obtained. Both networks involve a common network motif, and this variation arises from the difference in the connection sequence of the motif. When n = 2, a rhombic motif that frequently occurs in the salts with proton-donating cations is also found to form. However, the vacant proton accepting sites of the anions are occupied by water molecules, and a sheet-like network with corner-sharing connection of the rhombic motifs occurs. For the salt of n = 3, a triangular motif that has commonly been found in the other mellitate salts of n = 3 with proton-donating cations is also involved in the network. Because the charge density in the simple two-dimensional sheet composed solely of the triangular motif is rather high, the network is divided into one-dimensional belts.
Translational repression by PUF proteins in vitro
Authors: Chritton Jacqueline J. , Wickens Marvin
Published: April 2010

PUF (Pumilio and FBF) proteins provide a paradigm for mRNA regulatory proteins. They interact with specific sequences in the 3′ untranslated regions (UTRs) of target mRNAs and cause changes in RNA stability or translational activity. Here we describe an in vitro translation assay that reconstitutes the translational repression activity of canonical PUF proteins. In this system, recombinant PUF proteins were added to yeast cell lysates to repress reporter mRNAs bearing the 3′UTRs of specific target mRNAs. PUF proteins from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Caenorhabditis elegans were active in the assay and were specific by multiple criteria. Puf5p, a yeast PUF protein, repressed translation of four target RNAs. Repression mediated by the HO 3′UTR was particularly efficient, due to a specific sequence in that 3′UTR. The sequence lies downstream from the PUF binding site and does not affect PUF protein binding. PUF-mediated repression was sensitive to the distance between the ORF and the regulatory elements in the 3′UTR: excessive distance decreased repression activity. Our data demonstrate that PUF proteins function in vitro across species, that different mRNA targets are regulated differentially, and that specific ancillary sequences distinguish one yeast mRNA target from another. We suggest a model in which PUF proteins can control translation termination or elongation.
Reviews
Authors: Abdo Lil , Momen Moojan , van den Hoonaard Will C , Momen Wendi , Kingdon Roger
Published: April 2010

Thirih in History: Perspectives on Qurratu'l-Ayn from East and West, Sabir Afaqi (ed.), Studies in the Bb and Bah' Religions, Volume 16 (2004) Los Angeles: Kalimat Press xiv 292 pp. (including 11 pp. of poetry in Persian) ISBN 1890688355, 29.95

The Genesis of
the Bb-Bah' Faiths in Shiraz and Fars, Mirza Habbullh Afnn (translated and annotated by Ahang Rabbani) (2008) Numen Book Series, vol. 122, Leiden: Brill, xxi 404 pp., ISBN 9789004170544 (hbk), 129.00/US 199.00

Take My Love to the Friends: The Story of Laura R. Davis, Marlene
Macke (2009) St Marys, ON, Canada: Chestnut Park Press. xviii 287 pp. (index, bibliography, 37 b&w photographs), ISBN 9780981025605 (pbk), US/Canadian 29.95

Church and State: A Postmodern Political Theology, Sen McGlinn (n.d.) Leiden: University of Leiden (Distributed
by Kalimt Press, Los Angeles as volume 19 of Studies in the Babi and Baha'i Religions), 441 pp. ISBN 9080746029

The God Delusion, Richard Dawkins (2006) London: Black Swan, 463pp., ISBN 9780552773317 (pbk), 8.99
Bahaullah's Bishrt (Glad-Tidings): A Proclamation to Scholars and Statesmen
Authors: Buck Christopher , Ioannesyan Youli A
Published: April 2010

This article is a historical and textual study of the one of the major writings of Bahaullah: the Law-i Bishrt (Tablet of Glad-Tidings), revealed circa 1891, and advances new theories as to its provenance and purpose. The Tablet of Glad-Tidings is a selective compendium of Bahaullah's
laws and principles, sequentially presented in a series of 15 Glad-Tidings. As the Arabic term, Bisharat, suggests, these Glad-Tidings were a public announcement of some of the essential teachings of the new Baha'i religion. The Glad-Tidings is the most extensive of several tablets by Bahaullah
that present key teachings in a numbered structure. The Glad-Tidings may, in part, be regarded as serially articulated world reforms intermixed with religious reforms emanating from Bahaullah in his professed role as World Reformer. The Glad-Tidings also functioned analogously (albeit anachronistically)
to a press release, serving not only as a public proclamation but to rectify the inaccuracies and gross misrepresentations that had previously circulated in print. Intended for widespread translation and publication, the Glad-Tidings was sent to scholars notably Russian orientalist, Baron
Viktor Rosen (18491908) and Cambridge orientalist, Edward Granville Browne (18621926) and possibly pre-revolutionary Russian statesmen as well. As a Proclamatory Aqdas, the Tablet of Glad-Tidings was part of a much broader proclamation by Bahaullah, who proclaimed his mission to the political
and religious leaders of the world. This study will argue that Bahaullah may have revealed the Tablet of Glad-Tidings for E. G. Browne or rather through him, since Bahaullah evidently intended that Browne should translate and publish the Bisharat in order to make the nature of the Baha'i teachings
more widely known. This would then correct the distortions that had previously been published regarding Bahaullah's purpose and the nature of the religion that he founded, thereby promoting a public awareness that a new world religion was on the horizon of modernity.
The Tablet of All Food: The Hierarchy of the Spiritual Worlds and the Metaphoric Nature of Physical Reality
Authors: Lepain Jean-Marc , Terry Peter
Published: April 2010

This paper analyses some of the terminology that Bahaullah uses in one of his earliest tablets, the Tablet of All Food (Law-i Kull ut- am), which is addressed to a Babi, j Mrz Kamlud-Dn Narq, who visited Bahaullah in Baghdad. In particular the hierarchy of the spiritual worlds is examined
under the headings of the four terms that Bahaullah uses to describe this hierarchy: Hht, Lht, Jabart and Malakt.
Effects of Microstructure on the Incipient Fatigue and Fretting Crack Processes in Al-Cu-Li Alloys
Authors: Delacroix Jessica , Buffiere Jean-Yves , Fouvry Siegfried , Danielou Armelle
Published: April 2010

The influence of microstructure on the crack nucleation and growth under fatigue and fretting loadings was investigated on two different Al-Cu-Li alloys used for aerospace applications (2050-T8 and 2196-T8) and containing different hardening precipitates (mainly T1 precipitates for 2050-T8 and T1+δ′ for 2196-T8). Fatigue tests have been carried out on specimens with a central hole to take into account the stress concentration present in riveted plates. The number of cycles for crack initiation in fatigue is found to be smaller in the plate which contains larger intermetallic particles. Concerning the fretting tests, cracking seems to be essentially controlled by contact conditions and no influence of precipitation microstructure was observed for the experimental conditions investigated.