bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Circadian regulation of locomotor activity and skeletal muscle gene expression in the horse
Authors: Martin Ann-Marie , Elliott Jeffrey A. , Duffy Pat , Blake Catriona M. , Attia Sarra Ben , Katz Lisa M. , Browne John A. , Gath Vivian , McGivney Beatrice A. , Hill Emmeline W. , Murphy Barbara A.
Published: September 2010

Circadian rhythms are innate 24-h cycles in behavioral and biochemical processes that permit physiological anticipation of daily environmental changes. Elucidating the relationship between activity rhythms and circadian patterns of gene expression may contribute to improved human and equine athletic performance. Six healthy, untrained mares were studied to determine whether locomotor activity behavior and skeletal muscle gene expression reflect endogenous circadian regulation. Activity was recorded for three consecutive 48-h periods: as a group at pasture (P), and individually stabled under a light-dark (LD) cycle and in constant darkness (DD). Halter-mounted Actiwatch-L data-loggers recorded light exposure and motor activity. Analysis of mean activity (average counts/min, activity bouts/day, average bout length) and cosinor parameters (acrophase, amplitude, mesor, goodness of fit) revealed a predominantly ultradian (8.9 ± 0.7 bouts/24 h) and weakly circadian pattern of activity in all three conditions (P, LD, DD). A more robust circadian pattern was observed during LD and DD. Muscle biopsies were obtained from the middle gluteal muscles every 4 h for 24 h under DD. One-way qRT-PCR results confirmed the circadian expression ( P < 0.05) of six core clock genes ( Arntl, Per1, Per2, Nr1d1, Nr1d2, Dbp) and the muscle-specific transcript, Myf6. Additional genes, Ucp3, Nrip1, and Vegfa, demonstrated P values approaching significance. These findings demonstrate circadian regulation of muscle function and imply that human management regimes may strengthen, or unmask, equine circadian behavioral outputs. As exercise synchronizes circadian rhythms, our findings provide a basis for future work determining peak times for training and competing horses, to reduce injury and to achieve optimal performance.
High Levels of Hsp90 Cochaperone p23 Promote Tumor Progression and Poor Prognosis in Breast Cancer by Increasing Lymph Node Metastases and Drug Resistance
Authors: Simpson Natalie E. , Lambert W. Marcus , Watkins Renecia , Giashuddin Shah , Huang S. Joseph , Oxelmark Ellinor , Arju Rezina , Hochman Tsivia , Goldberg Judith D. , Schneider Robert J. , Reiz Luiz Fernando Lima , Soares Fernando Augusto , Logan Susan K. , Garabedian Michael J.
Published: September 2010

p23 is a heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) cochaperone located in both the cytoplasm and nucleus that stabilizes unliganded steroid receptors, controls the catalytic activity of certain kinases, regulates protein-DNA dynamics, and is upregulated in several cancers. We had previously shown that p23-overexpressing MCF-7 cells (MCF-7+p23) exhibit increased invasion without affecting the estrogen-dependent proliferative response, which suggests that p23 differentially regulates genes controlling processes linked to breast tumor metastasis. To gain a comprehensive view of the effects of p23 on estrogen receptor (ER)-dependent and -independent gene expression, we profiled mRNA expression from control versus MCF-7+p23 cells in the absence and presence of estrogen. A number of p23-sensitive target genes involved in metastasis and drug resistance were identified. Most striking is that many of these genes are also misregulated in invasive breast cancers, including PMP22, ABCC3, AGR2, Sox3, TM4SF1, and p8 (NUPR1). Upregulation of the ATP-dependent transporter ABCC3 by p23 conferred resistance to the chemotherapeutic agents etoposide and doxorubicin in MCF-7+p23 cells. MCF-7+p23 cells also displayed higher levels of activated Akt and an expanded phosphoproteome relative to control cells, suggesting that elevated p23 also enhances cytoplasmic signaling pathways. For breast cancer patients, tumor stage together with high cytoplasmic p23 expression more accurately predicted disease recurrence and mortality than did stage alone. High nuclear p23 was found to be associated with high cytoplasmic p23, therefore both may promote tumor progression and poor prognosis by increasing metastatic potential and drug resistance in breast cancer patients. Cancer Res; 70(21); 8446–56. ©2010 AACR.
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Gene Polymorphisms and Risk of Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration in a Chinese Cohort
Authors: Qu Yi , Dai Hong , Zhou Fang , Zhang Xiaoyan , Xu Xiaoyi , Zhang Xiao , Bi Hongsheng , Pan Xuemei , Wang Hongge , Jiang Hua , Yin Ningning , Dang Guangfu
Published: September 2010

Aims: To evaluate the association between vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene polymorphism and the risk of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in a case-control study in a Chinese cohort. Methods: We genotyped 4 common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), namely –460T/C (rs833061), +405C/G (rs2010963), +674C/T (rs1413711) and +936C/T (rs3025039), simultaneously detected 7 tag SNPs (tSNPs) in the VEGF gene, in 159 neovascular AMD patients and 140 age- and sex-matched control subjects. Genetic analyses for an additive, dominant and recessive model were performed on all available genotype data. All the possible haplotypes of these 11 SNPs were detected. Results: No evident association was found in the allele frequencies of any individual SNP between patients and controls; the combined p values in each genotype group were greater than 0.05. Haplotype analyses of these SNPs did not provide any evidence for an association with the risk of neovascular AMD in this Chinese cohort (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Detection of 4 common SNPs and 7 tSNPs in the VEGF gene did not find any statistically significant association with neovascular AMD in the Chinese cohort. Further studies of comprehensive VEGF gene variations are required to characterize the susceptibility of the VEGF gene in the pathogenesis of AMD.
Indirubin-3′-Monoxime Blocks Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation by Inhibition of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 Signaling and Reduces Neointima Formation In Vivo
Authors: Schwaiberger Andrea V. , Heiss Elke H. , Cabaravdic Muris , Oberan Tina , Zaujec Jan , Schachner Daniel , Uhrin Pavel , Atanasov Atanas G. , Breuss Johannes M. , Binder Bernd R. , Dirsch Verena M.
Published: September 2010

Objective—

Our goal was to examine the influence of indirubin-3′-monoxime (I3MO), a natural product–derived cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, on vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation in vitro, experimentally induced neointima formation in vivo, and related cell signaling pathways.

Methods and Results—

I3MO dose-dependently inhibited platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)–BB-induced VSMC proliferation by arresting cells in the G
0
/G
1
phase of the cell cycle as assessed by 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine incorporation and flow cytometry. PDGF-induced activation of the kinases Akt, Erk1/2, and p38
MAPK
was not affected. In contrast, I3MO specifically blocked PDGF-, interferon-γ-, and thrombin-induced phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). Human endothelial cells (EA.hy926) responded to I3MO with increased endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity as assessed via [
14
C]
l
-arginine/[
14
C]
l
-citrulline conversion. The specific STAT3 inhibitor Stattic led to decreased VSMC proliferation, and transient expression of a constitutively active form of STAT3 overcame the I3MO-induced cell cycle arrest in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. In a murine femoral artery cuff model, I3MO prevented neointima formation while reducing STAT3 phosphorylation and the amount of proliferating Ki67-positive cells.

Conclusion—

I3MO represses PDGF- and thrombin-induced VSMC proliferation and, in vivo, neointima formation, likely because it specifically blocks STAT3 signaling. This profile and its positive effect on endothelial NO production turns I3MO into a promising lead compound to prevent restenosis.
Low Clusterin Levels in High-Density Lipoprotein Associate With Insulin Resistance, Obesity, and Dyslipoproteinemia
Authors: Hoofnagle Andrew N. , Wu Mingyuan , Gosmanova Albina K. , Becker Jessica O. , Wijsman Ellen M. , Brunzell John D. , Kahn Steven E. , Knopp Robert H. , Lyons Timothy J. , Heinecke Jay W.
Published: September 2010

Objective—

To determine whether obesity and insulin resistance associate with changes in the protein content of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in 2 different groups of men by using targeted proteomics.

Methods and Results—

Insulin resistance and obesity are hallmarks of type 2 diabetes mellitus and the metabolic syndrome, which confer an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Recent studies suggest that the protein cargo of HDL makes important contributions to the lipoprotein’s cardioprotective effects. In a discovery study, we used isotope dilution mass spectrometry to quantify the relative concentrations of 5 proteins previously implicated in HDL’s cardioprotective effects in 3 groups of healthy subjects: lean insulin-sensitive, lean insulin-resistant, and obese insulin-resistant individuals. We validated our findings in a different group of subjects. The clusterin concentration in HDL strongly and negatively associated with insulin resistance and body mass index in both populations. HDL clusterin levels were lower in subjects with low HDL and high triglycerides, key components of the metabolic syndrome. There was an inverse correlation between clusterin levels in HDL and very-low-density lipoprotein/low-density lipoprotein.

Conclusion—

Clusterin levels in HDL are lower in men with reduced insulin sensitivity, higher body mass index, and an unfavorable lipid profile. Our observations raise the possibility that clusterin depletion contributes to the loss of HDL’s cardioprotective properties.
The Wnt Antagonist Dickkopf-1 Increases Endothelial Progenitor Cell Angiogenic Potential
Authors: Smadja David M. , d'Audigier Clément , Weiswald Louis-Bastien , Badoual Cécile , Dangles-Marie Virginie , Mauge Laetitia , Evrard Solène , Laurendeau Ingrid , Lallemand François , Germain Stéphane , Grelac Françoise , Dizier Blandine , Vidaud Michel , Bièche Ivan , Gaussem Pascale
Published: September 2010

Objective—

To determine the role of Wnt antagonist Dickkopf (DKK) 1 in human endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) in view of the emerging importance of Wnt pathways in vascular biology.

Methods and Results—

Endothelial progenitor cells have been proposed to be crucial in tumor neovascularization. Recombinant DKK1 has been tested in ECFC angiogenic properties in vitro. DKK1 enhanced ECFC proliferation and the capacity of ECFCs to form pseudotubes in Matrigel. These effects have been attributed to enhancement of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2, SDF-1, and CXCR4.
DKK1
gene silencing has been realized on ECFCs and mesenchymal stem cells, and we found that DKK1 silencing in the 2 cell types decreased their angiogenic potential. We then examined the possible role of DKK1 in tumor neovasculogenesis and found that blood vessels of breast cancer tissues expressed DKK1 far more strongly in human breast tumors than in normal breast tissues. By studying 62 human breast tumors, we found a significant positive correlation between DKK1 expression and von Willebrand factor. In vivo, DKK1 strongly enhanced the vascularization of Matrigel plugs and increased tumor size in a xenograft model of human breast carcinoma in nude mice.

Conclusion—

DKK1 enhances angiogenic properties of ECFCs in vitro and is required for ECFC and mesenchymal stem cell angiogenic phenotypes in vivo. DKK1 also increases tumoral angiogenesis. Thus, we demonstrated a major role of DKK1 in angiogenic processes.
Late Gadolinium-Enhancement Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Identifies Postinfarction Myocardial Fibrosis and the Border Zone at the Near Cellular Level in Ex Vivo Rat Heart
Authors: Schelbert Erik B. , Hsu Li-Yueh , Anderson Stasia A. , Mohanty Bibhu D. , Karim Syed M. , Kellman Peter , Aletras Anthony H. , Arai Andrew E.
Published: September 2010

Background—

Using a resolution 1000-fold higher than prior studies, we studied (1) the degree to which late gadolinium-enhancement (LGE) cardiac magnetic resonance tracks fibrosis from chronic myocardial infarction and (2) the relationship between intermediate signal intensity and partial volume averaging at distinct “smooth” infarct borders versus disorganized mixtures of fibrosis and viable cardiomyocytes.

Methods and Results—

Sprague-Dawley rats underwent myocardial infarction by coronary ligation. Two months later, rats were euthanized 10 minutes after administration of 0.3 mmol/kg intravenous gadolinium. LGE images ex vivo at 7 T with a 3D gradient echo sequence with 50×50×50 μm voxels were compared with histological sections (Masson trichrome). Planimetered histological and LGE regions of fibrosis correlated well (
y
=1.01
x
−0.01;
R
2
=0.96;
P
<0.001). In addition, LGE images routinely detected clefts of viable cardiomyocytes 2 to 4 cells thick that separated bands of fibrous tissue. Although LGE clearly detected disorganized mixtures of fibrosis and viable cardiomyocytes characterized by intermediate signal intensity voxels, the percentage of apparent intermediate signal intensity myocardium increased significantly (
P
<0.01) when image resolution was degraded to resemble clinical resolution consistent with significant partial volume averaging.

Conclusions—

These data provide important validation of LGE at nearly the cellular level for detection of fibrosis after myocardial infarction. Although LGE can detect heterogeneous patches of fibrosis and viable cardiomyocytes as patches of intermediate signal intensity, the percentage of intermediate signal intensity voxels is resolution dependent. Thus, at clinical resolutions, distinguishing the peri-infarct border zone from partial volume averaging with LGE is challenging.
Genetic Epidemiology of Spontaneous Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Authors: Korja Miikka , Silventoinen Karri , McCarron Peter , Zdravkovic Slobodan , Skytthe Axel , Haapanen Arto , de Faire Ulf , Pedersen Nancy L. , Christensen Kaare , Koskenvuo Markku , Kaprio Jaakko ,   the GenomEUtwin Project
Published: September 2010

Background and Purpose—

It would be essential to clinicians, familial aneurysm study groups, and aneurysm families to understand the genetic basis of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), but there are no large population-based heritability estimates assessing the relative contribution of genetic and environmental factors to SAH.

Methods—

We constructed the largest twin cohort to date, the population-based Nordic Twin Cohort, which comprised 79 644 complete twin pairs of Danish, Finnish, and Swedish origin. The Nordic Twin Cohort was followed up for 6.01 million person-years using nationwide cause-of-death and hospitalization registries.

Results—

One hundred eighty-eight fatal and 321 nonfatal SAH cases were recorded in the Nordic Twin Cohort. Thus, SAH incidence was 8.47 cases per 100 000 follow-up years. Data for pairwise analyses were available for a total of 504 SAH cases, of which 6 were concordant (5 monozygotic and 1 opposite sex) and 492 discordant twin pairs for SAH. The concordance for SAH in monozygotic twins was 3.1% compared with 0.27% in dizygotic twins, suggesting at most a modest role for genetic factors in the etiology of SAH. The population-based probability estimate for SAH in dizygotic siblings of a patient with SAH is 0.54%, and only 1 of 185 full siblings experience familial SAH. The corresponding risk of SAH in monozygotic twins is 5.9%. Model-fitting, which was based on the comparison of the few monozygotic and dizygotic pairs, suggested that the estimated heritability of SAH is 41%.

Conclusions—

SAH appears to be mainly of nongenetic origin, and familial SAHs can mostly be attributed to environmental risk factors.
China's Search for Assured Retaliation: The Evolution of Chinese Nuclear Strategy and Force Structure
Authors: Fravel M. Taylor , Medeiros Evan S.
Published: September 2010

After exploding its first nuclear device in 1964, China did not develop sufficient forces or doctrine to overcome its vulnerability to a first strike by the United States or the Soviet Union for more than three decades. Two factors explain this puzzling willingness to live with nuclear vulnerability: (1) the views and beliefs of senior leaders about the utility of nuclear weapons and the requirements of deterrence, and (2) internal organizational and political constraints on doctrinal innovation. Even as China's technical expertise grew and financial resources for modernization became available after the early 1980s, leadership beliefs have continued to shape China's approach to nuclear strategy, reflecting the idea of assured retaliation (i.e., using the fewest number of weapons to threaten an opponent with a credible second strike). The enduring effect of these leadership ideas has important implications for the trajectory of China's current efforts to modernize its nuclear force.
Triggering Nationalist Violence: Competition and Conflict in Uprisings against Colonial Rule
Authors: Lawrence Adria
Published: September 2010

Nationalist conflict has been one of the most pervasive and intractable types of conflict in the modern era. In some places, nationalist conflict has entailed lengthy wars, terrorist campaigns, and rural insurgency. Yet in many others, nationalist organizations have pursued peaceful strategies, engaging in bargaining, diplomacy, and popular protest. Why do some nationalist movements turn violent, whereas others remain primarily peaceful? Drawing on nationalist struggles against the French colonial empire, the competitive violence theory posits that violence was primarily driven by competition among nationalists. Nationalist violence erupted when colonial states pursued policies to restrict nationalist opposition and repress leading nationalists, creating a leadership vacuum and encouraging new nationalist actors to use violence to vie for influence. The competitive violence theory exemplifies an approach that can explain variation in both the timing and location of violence.
Electrophysiological Evidence for Different Inhibitory Mechanisms When Stopping or Changing a Planned Response
Authors: Krämer Ulrike M. , Knight Robert T. , Münte Thomas F.
Published: September 2010

People are able to adapt their behavior to changing environmental contingencies by rapidly inhibiting or modifying their actions. Response inhibition is often studied in the stop-signal paradigm that requires the suppression of an already prepared motor response. Less is known about situations calling for a change of motor plans such that the prepared response has to be withheld but another has to be executed instead. In the present study, we investigated whether electrophysiological data can provide evidence for distinct inhibitory mechanisms when stopping or changing a response. Participants were instructed to perform in a choice RT task with two classes of embedded critical trials: Stop signals called for the inhibition of any response, whereas change signals required participants to inhibit the prepared response and execute another one instead. Under both conditions, we observed differences in go-stimulus processing, suggesting a faster response preparation in failed compared with successful inhibitions. In contrast to stop-signal trials, changing a response did not elicit the inhibition-related frontal N2 and did not modulate the parietal mu power decrease. The results suggest that compared with changing a response, additional frontal and parietal regions are engaged when having to inhibit a response.
Love or Money?
Authors: Wiik Kenneth Aarskaug , Bernhardt Eva , Noack Turid
Published: September 2010

Using data from Sweden and Norway on cohabitors aged 25 to 35, we examine the association between socio-economic resources, relationship quality and commitment and cohabitors’ marriage intentions. The individualization process, i.e. the arguably growing importance of individual choice, leads us to assume that relationship assessments are more important predictors of marriage intentions than socio-economic variables. Nonetheless, multivariate results show that university education and having a partner whose education is higher than one’s own increase the likelihood that cohabitors intend to marry. Likewise, being satisfied with and committed to the union is positively related to having marriage plans. Separate analyses for men and women reveal that whereas commitment is positively related to women’s marriage intentions, men’s marriage intentions are significantly more influenced by their own education, income, as well as the income of their partners. In this sense, one conclusion to be drawn is that both love and money are associated with cohabitors’ intention to marry.
The Analyst’s Ambivalence About Continuing and Deepening an Analysis
Authors: Ehrlich Lena Theodorou
Published: September 2010

Of the many variables that affect an analyst’s capacity to analyze, the analyst’s ambivalence about analysis has received minimal attention. A previous paper (Ehrlich 2004) addressed how the analyst’s ambivalence manifests itself in reluctance to recommend analysis and address the patient’s resistances to the recommendation. The present paper examines the analyst’s ambivalence about maintaining and deepening the analytic engagement. More specifically, it explores the analyst’s conflicts around maintaining the analytic frame. A detailed clinical example illustrates how the analyst’s continued scrutiny of her reluctance to maintain the analytic frame allowed a continuation of the analysis and a deepening of the analytic process. Given the current economic crisis and patients’ increased propensity to use concerns about fee and frequency as a mode of resistance, it becomes increasingly important for analysts to recognize how their own ambivalence undermines their capacity to address those resistances effectively.
Treating Patients Who Are Parents: the Good Grandparent Transference and Countertransference
Authors: Imber Ruth R.
Published: September 2010

Psychoanalysis has paid scant attention to the role of grandparenthood, especially as it may appear in treatment. Clinical material is presented to illustrate the transference-countertransference phenomenon of what will be called the good grandparent; this is not an uncommon occurrence in the treatment of patients who are parents. But while the occurrence of a grandparent transference may occur with some frequency, it is not always recognized as such. When patients require support, mirroring, and general encouragement for their parenting skills, they may be demonstrating a legitimate need that should not be rejected out of hand by the analyst. At the same time, such an apparently benign process may mask negative feelings and fantasies to which we must remain alert.
C-Reactive Protein, Interleukin 6, and N-Terminal Pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide Following Cardioversion of Atrial Fibrillation: Is There a Role of Biomarkers in Arrhythmia Recurrence?
Authors: Psychari Stavroula N. , Chatzopoulos Dionyssios , Iliodromitis Efstathios K. , Apostolou Thomas S. , Kremastinos Dimitrios T.
Published: September 2010

Aims: We investigated the role of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NTpro-BNP), in atrial fibrillation (AF) recurrence rate. Methods: A total of 80 patients with first AF episode were studied prospectively. Echocardiography (ECG), Holter ECG, and measurements of hsCRP, IL-6, and NTproBNP were performed immediately post conversion and at 1 month. Results: Recurrence was positively related to left atrial volume (P < .001), with no difference in NTpro-BNP, hsCRP, and IL-6. Decreased NTpro-BNP was observed in all at 1 month (P < .001, F = 63.4) and was positively related to left atrial volume (P < .01). In the lone AF subgroup, NTpro-BNP was lower and dropped significantly at 1 month (interaction F = 6.53, P < .01). Conclusions: Atrial volume was related to AF recurrence, whereas hsCRP, IL-6, and NTpro-BNP were not reliable for AF relapse. Relation of NTpro-BNP to left atrial volume could indicate a role in the atrial remodeling process.
Determinants of Lower Extremity Amputation or Revascularization Procedure in Patients With Peripheral Artery Diseases: A Population-Based Investigation
Authors: Chen Jien-Jiun , Lee Chang-Hsing , Lin Lian-Yu , Liau Chiau-Suong
Published: September 2010

We used the National Health Insurance Claim data in Taiwan to evaluate determinants for nontraumatic lower extremity amputation (LEA) or peripheral revascularization procedures (PRP) in patients with peripheral artery diseases (PAD). We identified 14 241 patients. Sex-specific odds ratios of age, diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension (HTN), coronary artery disease (CAD), cerebral vascular accident (CVA), or using cilostazol for LEA or PRP were explored. In patients with PAD, 14.3% of male and 7.4% of female had LEA; whereas 7.1% of male and 4.6% of female had PRP. Among male patients, HTN and CAD were significant risk factors for LEA, whereas DM and using cilostazol had protective roles. Findings in female patients were similar. For PRP, elderly patients had less such procedures. The risk/protective factors were similar. In conclusion, PAD patients having DM and using cilostazol had less LEA or PRP, whereas those having HTN and CAD had more LEA or PRP.
The Role of Stenting the Superior Vena Cava Syndrome in Patients With Malignant Disease
Authors: Cho Tae H. , Janho Kristi , Mohan Irwin V.
Published: September 2010

Superior vena cava (SVC) obstruction occurs in patients with intrathoracic malignancies. Clinical symptoms can be distressing but presentation is insidious. We investigated the outcome of endovascular management for patients with SVC syndrome. We retrospectively reviewed the case histories of 17 patients (9 men) from January 2003 to June 2009. All patients had malignant disease. There were 24 interventions (2 patients with 2 interventions and 2 patients with 3 interventions). All had SVC stenosis over 90%. All patients were treated with intrathoracic angioplasty and stenting. All procedures were technically successful, and all patients had insertion of 10 to 18 mm diameter stents with symptom resolution in 16 patients. There were 2 occlusions at 1 and 6 weeks and 2 patients with restenosis (3 and 7 months). Endovascular intervention is technically feasible for SVC occlusion, relieves symptoms, and is a useful palliation measure.
Transformative Leadership: Working for Equity in Diverse Contexts
Authors: Shields Carolyn M.
Published: September 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this article is twofold: to delineate a theory of transformative leadership, distinct from other theories (transformational or transactional leadership); and to assess the utility of the theory for guiding the practice of educational leaders who want to effect both educational and broader social change. Approach and Methods: This article is both conceptual and empirical.The delineation of transformative leadership theory is conceptual and draws on its historical and more recent theoretical roots. To investigate it empirically, the author identified two principals from a larger study and, using a backward mapping approach, attempted to determine, using Evers and Wu’s (2006) abductive reasoning, whether transformative leadership might include “inference to the best explanation” (p. 518) for their practices. Participants, Data Collection, and Analysis: Using a set of predetermined criteria, the author selected two principals from a wider study of educators’ pedagogical conceptions of social justice. The two were studied, using multiple interviews, confirmatory interviews with others, and observations in situ, to identify practices that might conform to categories of transformative leadership theory. Findings and Implications: Transformative leadership begins with questions of justice and democracy, critiques inequitable practices, and addresses both individual and public good. The author traced the practices of these principals to determine whether they were consistent with these and other elements of transformative leadership. She then considered alternate explanations and inferred from the data the best fit for transformative leadership, thus supporting its relevance for leadership for equity, deep democracy, and social justice.
Place-Identity in a School Setting: Effects of the Place Image
Authors: Marcouyeux Aurore , Fleury-Bahi Ghozlane
Published: September 2010

Studies on place identity show positive relationships between the evaluation of a place and mechanisms involved in place identification. However, individuals also identify with places of low social prestige (places that bear a negative social image). Few authors investigate the nature of place identity processes in this case. The goal of this study is to highlight the specific connections between the three components of place identification, place attachment, place dependence, and group identity, which depend on the social evaluation of the environmental context (negative vs. positive image). The author uses self-administered questionnaires to interview 542 high-school students, to collect data on the basis of these three dimensions of their high school place identity, and their evaluation of their high school’s image. Results show positive relationships between the students’ evaluation of his or her high-school’s image and his or her place identity. However, findings show that some students reported strong place identification even though they had rated their high school as having low social prestige (negative image). Findings also show that such place identification occurred through strong attachment ties, which were a strong influence.
Incompatibility and Mental Fatigue
Authors: Herzog Thomas R. , Hayes Lauren J. , Applin Rebecca C. , Weatherly Anna M.
Published: September 2010

A straightforward prediction from attention restoration theory is that the level of incompatibility in a person’s life should be positively correlated with that person’s level of mental (or directed attention) fatigue. The authors tested this prediction by developing a new self-report measure of incompatibility in which they attempted to isolate all the six categories of incompatibility described by S. Kaplan: distraction, deficit of information, duty, deception, difficulty, and danger. Factor analysis revealed six factors that corresponded reasonably well to those six categories. This article found that a composite incompatibility score was positively correlated with a separate self-report measure of mental fatigue and so were all six of the subscale scores. With the exception of the score for duty, these positive correlations remained after partialing out a separate measure of the level of stress in the person’s life. The authors concluded that the proposed categories of incompatibility can be validly measured; that the constructs of incompatibility, mental fatigue, and stress are discriminable from each other; and that incompatibility is generally positively correlated with mental fatigue.
An investigation on different parameters used for characterizing short cotton fibers
Authors: Yiyun Cai  , Xiaoliang Cui  , Rodgers James , Thibodeaux Devron , Martin Vikki , Watson Mike , Pang Su-Seng
Published: September 2010

The quantity of short fibers in a cotton sample is an important cotton quality parameter. Short cotton fibers have detrimental impacts on yarn production performance and yarn quality. There are different parameters for characterizing the amount of short fibers in a cotton sample. The most widely used parameter is short fiber content (SFC). However, SFC has a significant shortcoming of very high measured variation. An investigation was carried out to compare the short fiber parameters to find a parameter that has lower variation and predicts yarn properties similarly as SFC does, including SFC defined at 0.5 inch length, SFC defined at 16 mm length, lower half mean length (LHML), floating fiber index (FFI), floating fiber percentage (FFP), and relative short fiber content (Rel. SFC). Based on our experimental data, we found that LHML had the lowest variation, was highly correlated with SFC, and predicted yarn properties similarly as SFC did. Therefore, LHML is a suitable alternative to short fiber content.
Effects of Sesame Oil Against After the Onset of Acetaminophen‐Induced Acute Hepatic Injury in Rats
Authors: Chandrasekaran Victor Raj Mohan , Chien Se‐Ping , Hsu Dur‐Zong , Chang Yu‐Chung , Liu Ming‐Yie
Published: September 2010

Background: Acetaminophen (APAP) is a safe and effective analgesic and antipyretic when used at therapeutic levels. However, an acute or cumulative overdose can cause severe liver injury with the potential to progress to liver failure in humans and experimental animals. Much attention has been paid to the development of an antioxidant that protects against APAP‐induced acute hepatic injury. Hence, we aimed to investigate the effect of sesame oil against after the onset of acute hepatic injury in APAP‐overdosed rats. Methods: Male Wistar rats were first given 2 oral doses (1,000 mg/kg each) of APAP (at 0 and 24 hours) and then 1 oral dose of sesame oil (8 mL/kg at 24 hours). Results: After 48 hours, APAP increased aspartate and alanine aminotransferase levels in the rats' serum and centrilobular necrosis in liver tissue. In addition, APAP significantly decreased the rats' glutathione levels and mitochondrial aconitase activity, but increased superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical, and lipid peroxidation levels. Oral sesame oil (8 mL/kg, given at 24 hours) reversed all APAP‐altered parameters and protected the rats against APAP‐induced acute liver injury. Conclusion: We hypothesize that sesame oil acts as a useful agent that maintains intracellular glutathione levels and inhibits reactive oxygen species, thereby protecting rats against after the onset of APAP‐induced acute oxidative liver injury.
A New Intravenous Fat Emulsion Containing Soybean Oil, Medium‐Chain Triglycerides, Olive Oil, and Fish Oil
Authors: Goulet Olivier , Antébi Helena , Wolf Claude , Talbotec Cécile , Alcindor Louis‐Gérald , Corriol Odile , Lamor Michèle , Colomb‐Jung Virginie
Published: September 2010

Background: SMOFlipid 20% is an intravenous lipid emulsion (ILE) containing soybean oil, medium‐chain triglycerides, olive oil, and fish oil developed to provide energy, essential fatty acids (FAs), and long‐chain ω‐3 FAs as a mixed emulsion containing α‐tocopherol. The aim was to assess the efficacy and safety of this new ILE in pediatric patients receiving home parenteral nutrition (HPN) compared with soybean oil emulsion (SOE). Methods: This single‐center, randomized, double‐blind study included 28 children on HPN allocated to receive either SMOFlipid 20% (n = 15) or a standard SOE (Intralipid 20%, n = 13). ILE was administered 4 to 5 times per week (goal dose, 2.0 g/kg/d) within a parenteral nutrition regimen. Assessments, including safety and efficacy parameters, were performed on day 0 and after the last study infusion (day 29). Lipid peroxidation was determined by measurement of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Results: There were no significant differences in laboratory safety parameters, including liver enzymes, between the groups on day 29. The mean ± standard deviation changes in the total bilirubin concentration between the initial and final values (day 29 to day 0) were significantly different between groups: SMOFlipid group −1.5 ± 2.4 µmol/L vs SOE group 2.3 ± 3.5 µmol/L, P < .01; 95% confidence interval [CI], −6.2 to −1.4). In plasma and red blood cell (RBC) phospholipids, the ω‐3 FAs C20:5ω‐3 (eicosapentaenoic acid) and + C22:6ω‐3 (docosahexaenoic acid) increased significantly in the SMOFlipid group on day 29. The ω‐3:ω‐6 FA ratio was significantly elevated with SMOFlipid 20% compared with SOE group (plasma, day 29: 0.15 ± 0.06 vs 0.07 ± 0.02, P < .01, 95% CI, 0.04–0.11; and RBC, day 29: 0.23 ± 0.07 vs 0.14 ± 0.04, P < .01, 95% CI, 0.04–0.13). Plasma α‐tocopherol concentration increased significantly more with SMOFlipid 20% (15.7 ± 15.9 vs 5.4 ± 15.2 µmol/L, P < .05; 95% CI, −2.1 to 22.6). The low‐density lipoprotein–TBARS concentrations were not significantly different between both groups, indicating that lipid peroxidation did not differ between groups. Conclusions: SMOFlipid 20%, which contains 15% fish oil, was safe and well tolerated, decreased plasma bilirubin, and increased ω‐3 FA and α‐tocopherol status without changing lipid peroxidation.
Free Space Optics in the Czech Wireless Community: Shedding Some Light on the Role of Normativity for User-Initiated Innovations
Authors: Söderberg Johan
Published: September 2010

The article investigates how users in the Czech wireless network community invented a technology for sending data over visible, red light. For five years, this was the most affordable method for connecting computers. The development of this technology was guided by the idea that it should be controlled by its users. With reference to this experiment, it is argued that a shared ethical and/or political vision can contribute to the establishment of norms within user communities encouraging their members to share information with each other. Thus, it is suggested that ethical and political convictions can be crucial for enabling collective innovation processes. This highlighting of normativity is intended as a complement to the common premise in Innovation Studies that users innovate to satisfy unfulfilled needs. In opposition to this view, it is argued that the needs of users are not a constant but something which emerge together with the transformation of the user community and the technology in question. Particular focus is placed on the tension between, on one hand, the norms and ethical— political motives of the user community, and, on the other hand, the needs satisfied through product development, both stemming from the same innovation process.
Distinguishing children who form new best-friendships from those who do not
Authors: Bowker Julie C. , Fredstrom Bridget K. , Rubin Kenneth H. , Rose-Krasnor Linda , Booth-LaForce Cathryn , Laursen Brett
Published: September 2010

Three groups were identified using best-friendship nominations at two time points surrounding the transition to middle school (Time 1: Spring of 5th grade; Time 2: Fall of 6th grade): (i) children who had no best-friendship at Time 1, but had a best-friendship at Time 2 (best-friendship gain; N = 109); (ii) children who had no best-friendship at either Time 1 or 2 (chronically best-friendless; N = 105); and (iii) children with a best-friendship at both Times 1 and 2, but with different peers at each time (best-friendship change; N = 120). Peer nominations of social behaviors and victimization were collected at Times 1 and 2. Findings suggest that attraction to similar others, in addition to increased displays of prosocial behaviors, facilitate the formation of new best-friendships for both initially best-friendless and best-friended children.
Computerization of the Fatiu Ademola Akesode Library, Lagos State University
Authors: Ademola Adekanye E.
Published: September 2010

This paper discusses the computerization of the Fatiu Ademola Akesode Library, Lagos State University, Ojo, Lagos. It traces the history, planning and implementation of the integrated computerized systems. The paper provides a detailed overview of the planning process designed to help librarians make decisions about library automation. Practical suggestions are provided and the problems encountered, solutions proffered and planned future developments are discussed.
On the Founding of the Journal of Macromarketing
Authors: Hunt Shelby D.
Published: September 2010

This article chronicles the events leading to the founding of the Journal of Macromarketing, including (1) the first Macro-Marketing Seminar, which was organized by Charles C. ‘‘Chuck’’ Slater and held the University of Colorado at Boulder in 1976, (2) the subsequent Macro-Marketing Seminars of 1977 to 1979, (3) the formation of the Macro-Marketing Editorial Advisory Board in 1978, and (4) a meeting of the Advisory Board on August 9, 1979, at the Broker Inn in Boulder, Colorado. The article represents the author’s personal account. Accordingly, it relies on personal recollections of the events and some documents that were retained in an old manila folder.
Characterization of consistent triggers of migraine with aura
Authors: Hauge Anne Werner , Kirchmann Malene , Olesen Jes
Published: September 2010

Objective

The aim of the present study was to characterize perceived consistent triggers of migraine with aura (MA).

Method

Questionnaires specifically designed to characterize various trigger factors were sent to 181 participants identified in an earlier study. All participants had formerly identified at least one factor that often or always triggered an MA attack. They only answered questions regarding this or these factor(s).

Results

The response rate to the questionnaire was 70% (126/179). A number of subtype triggers were mentioned by a high proportion of patients: too much work (under the stress category 54/64), reflected sunlight (under the light category 35/44), too little sleep (under the sleep category 19/24), red wine (under the alcohol category 20/22), passive smoking (under the smoke category 11/11), menstruation (under the menstruation or break from the pill category 12/14) and perfume (under the fumes/heavy scents category 12/15). Hormones, light and stress were reported to cause at least 50 % of MA attacks in 62%, 47% and 42% of participants, respectively. No participants reported alcohol to be the trigger of 50% or more of their attacks. In the groups of participants with “light”, “fumes/heavy scents”, “smoke” or “physical effort” as triggers, nearly all patients reported that an exposure time to the trigger of less than 3 hours (90-100% of patients) was necessary to trigger an attack and a latency to onset of attack of less than 3 hours (90-100% of patients).

Conclusion

Our study has provided new knowledge about factors that in particular patients consistently trigger MA. In daily routine practice this information should be helpful in identifying factors to avoid. Patients with trigger factors that always or usually trigger attacks of MA will be highly useful for imaging and other experimental studies.
Arthroscopic Restoration of Terminal Elbow Extension in High-Level Athletes
Authors: Blonna Davide , Lee Gwo-Chin , O'Driscoll Shawn W.
Published: September 2010

Background

Although most people can lead near-normal lives with a limited but functional arc of elbow motion, athletes may find loss of terminal extension severely impairing.

Hypothesis

Arthroscopic contracture release is effective in restoring full elbow extension in athletes whose loss of terminal extension impairs their intensities and/or levels of performance in sport.

Study design

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods

Between 1997 and 2007, 24 athletes (26 elbows; mean age, 38 years [range, 12-58]) whose chief complaint was limited elbow extension (≤35°) underwent arthroscopic release of contractures (average follow-up, 33 months [range, 12-88]). All the patients were classified according to a sport-specific scoring system using the subjective patient outcome for return to sports score and the summary outcome determination score.

Results

All 26 elbows improved subjectively and objectively with surgery. Of the 26 elbows, 25 were rated by the patients as normal (n = 15) or near-normal (n = 10) at final follow-up. Pain during intense sporting activities was absent in 17, mild and occasional without affecting performance in 6, and severe enough to affect performance in 1. Of the 24 patients (26 elbows), 22 patients (23 elbows) returned to the same sport at the same level of intensity and performance as before injury. Two patients (3 elbows) returned to the same sport but failed to reach their preinjury levels of performance. Extension improved in all patients, with the average flexion contracture decreasing from 27° ± 7° (range, 10°-35°) to 6° ± 9° (range, 10° of hyperextension to 25°; P < .001). Lack of extension was not a residual impairment factor in any patients. Three patients developed delayed-onset ulnar neuropathy after surgery, 2 of which were treated by subcutaneous transposition. All 3 resolved completely, 2 within the first 6 weeks; the other took longer than a year.

Conclusion

The arthroscopic release of contractures is a predictable technique to achieve a highly functional elbow in athletes.
The Effects of a Support Group on Dementia Caregivers’ Burden and Depression
Authors: Chu Hsin , Yang Chyn-Yng , Liao Yen-Hsueh , Chang Lu-I , Chen Chiung-Hua , Lin Chun-Chieh , Chou Kuei-Ru
Published: September 2010

Objective: The aim of the study is to investigate the effects of a support group on depression levels and burden among dementia caregivers in Taiwan. Method: An experimental, pre-intervention postintervention control group design was used in this study. The experimental group received intervention consisting of a 12-week support group for dementia caregivers. A total of 85 subjects were evaluated before intervention, after intervention, and at 1-month follow-up. Results: (a) The depression level of participants in the experimental group was significantly decreased after the intervention and at 1-month follow-up. (b) There was no significant difference in caregiver’s burden after the support group intervention and 1-month follow-up. Discussion: The improvement in dementia caregivers’ depression levels shows that the support group was effective for reducing caregivers’ depression although not effective for relieving their burden of care.
Children’s construction and experience of racism and nationalism in Greek-Cypriot primary schools
Authors: Zembylas Michalinos
Published: September 2010

This article presents findings that highlight children’s construction and experience of racism and nationalism among a sample of Greek-Cypriot (the majority) and Turkish-speaking (the minority) children in Greek-Cypriot schools through the lens of intersectionality theory. The article first reviews previous work in relation to children, racism and nationalism and describes the theoretical framework that is grounded in intersectionality theory. The second section outlines the study, its sociopolitical context and its methodology. The third section presents findings with respect to three areas: Greek-Cypriot children’s perceptions of Turkish-speaking children; Turkish-speaking children’s experiences of racism and nationalism; and children’s strategies to negotiate racism and nationalism in school. Finally, the last section discusses the conclusions and implications with respect to educational policy and classroom practice.
Power, agency and participatory agendas: A critical exploration of young people’s engagement in participative qualitative research
Authors: Holland Sally , Renold Emma , Ross Nicola J. , Hillman Alexandra
Published: September 2010

This article critically explores data generated within a participatory research project with young people in the care of a local authority, the (Extra)ordinary Lives project. The project involved ethnographic multi-media data generation methods used in groups and individually with eight participants (aged 10—20) over a school year and encouraged critical reflexive practices throughout. The article problematizes aspects of power, ethics and agency in participatory research from poststructural perspectives and cautions against the assumption that participatory research per se necessarily produces ‘better’ research data, equalizes power relations or enhances ethical integrity. Yet, throughout the article, there are examples of the potential contributions and challenges of participatory methodologies.