bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Understanding the challenges to investigating and prosecuting organ trafficking: a comparative analysis of two cases
Authors: Ambagtsheer Frederike
Published: June 2021

The human organ trade is proliferating globally. However, far fewer cases have been prosecuted than would be expected based on estimates of the crime. Research exploring the challenges to investigating and prosecuting organ trafficking cases is practically non-existent. Also no studies exist that explain these challenges utilizing a criminal justice framework. This article aims to explain the legal, institutional and environmental factors that affected the investigation and prosecution of two organ trafficking cases: theNetcare case,exposed in South Africa and theMedicuscase, exposed in Kosovo. It analyzes these factors through a comparative, mixed-method design, utilizing a theoretical criminal justice framework. Both cases constituted globally operating criminal networks involving brokers and transplant professionals that colluded in organizing illegal transplants. Both cases contained human trafficking elements, however only the Medicus case was prosecuted as a human trafficking case. Legal uncertainty, a lack of institutional readiness and cross-border collaboration issues hampered investigation and prosecution of the Netcare case. The Medicus case also reported problems during cross-border collaboration, as well as a corrupt environment and institutional barriers, which impeded a successful case outcome. Recommendations to improve enforcement of organ trafficking include improving identification of suspicious transplant activity, strengthening cross-border collaboration and enhancing whistleblower protection laws.
Disparities in Students’ Propensity to Consent to Learning Analytics
Authors: Li Warren , Sun Kaiwen , Schaub Florian , Brooks Christopher
Published: June 2021

Use of university students’ educational data for learning analytics has spurred a debate about whether and how to provide students with agency regarding data collection and use. A concern is that students opting out of learning analytics may skew predictive models, in particular if certain student populations disproportionately opt out and biases are unintentionally introduced into predictive models. We investigated university students’ propensity to consent to learning analytics through an email prompt, and collected respondents’ perceived benefits and privacy concerns regarding learning analytics in a subsequent online survey. In particular, we studied whether and why students’ consent propensity differs among student subpopulations bysending our email prompt to a sample of 4,000 students at our institution stratified by ethnicity and gender. 272 students interacted with the email, of which 119 also completed the survey. We identified that institutional trust, concerns with the amount of data collection versus perceived benefits, and comfort with instructors’ data use for learning engagement were key determinants in students’ decision to participate in learning analytics. We find that students identifying ethnically as Black were significantly less likely to respond and self-reported lower levels of institutional trust. Female students reported concerns with data collection but were also more comfortable with use of their data by instructors for learning engagement purposes. Students’ comments corroborate these findings and suggest that agency alone is insufficient; institutional leaders and instructors also play a large role in alleviating the issue of bias.
Water film area and dust removal efficiency of string grilles: a theoretical analysis
Authors: Guo Hua , Wang Haiqiao , Chen Shiqiang , Wu Zhirong
Published: June 2021

Based on multiphase flow theory and capillary mechanics, the dimensionless bond number expression of the influence of string grille wire spacing on droplet spreading is derived. Taking a liquid film formed by spreading droplets based on Kelvin correlation, the Young–Laplace equation, and the Hagen–Poiseuille law, an equation for calculating the thickness and height of the liquid film is established with temperature, relative humidity and molar volume of liquid phase as independent variables. According to the theory of string grille filtration and dust removal, a dust removal efficiency calculation model covering the wet string grille wire group is constructed based on the liquid film thickness, height, wire diameter, water film area, and vortex shedding frequency. Finally, a theoretical analysis of the influence of water film area on the efficiency of wet string grille dust removal is carried out based on the spray pressure and the ratio of string grille wire distance to wire diameter. It is found that the effect of spray pressure on water film area and dust removal efficiency is more significant than the string grille wire distance diameter ratio. Moreover, the optimized combination of wet string grille wire distance diameter ratio 0.84, wind speed 3 m/s and spray pressure 0.8 MPa is found, which could provide an important reference for engineering applications.
System identification of wind effects on multirotor aircraft
Authors: Wei Peng , Lin Xinfan , Kong Zhaodan
Published: June 2021

Multirotor airplanes are widely used in many outdoor applications, e.g., agriculture, transportation, and public safety, where winds might be strong and prevalent. However, the effects of wind on multirotor aircraft are still not fully understood yet. The objective of this paper is to investigate and model wind effects on a real hovering octocopter. The wind is directly measured and considered as one of the inputs to the bare-airframe model. Then a series of models, each corresponding to a different wind condition, are identified from real flight data through a system identification approach. The time-domain validation results show that an average of 15% error reduction can be achieved by considering wind effects, captured by a wind correction term. The identified models will play an important role for the future development of model-based controllers for outdoor multirotor aircraft.
Fachspezifische Aspekte von Unterrichtsqualität im Schulfach Englisch
Authors: Wilden Eva
Published: June 2021

Der Beitrag fasst die englischdidaktische Diskussion um die Fachspezifität von Unterrichtsqualität im Schulfach Englisch zusammen und verweist dabei vor allem auf die Notwendigkeit einer fachspezifischen Adaption der Basisdimension „Kognitive Aktivierung“. Zudem werden vorliegende fachdidaktische Studien zur Unterrichtsqualität im Schulfach Englisch skizziert. Schließlich weist der Beitrag auf Anknüpfungspunkte zwischen dem fachdidaktischen Diskurs zu Merkmalen „guten“ Fremdsprachenunterrichts und dem von Praetorius et al. (2020) vorgelegten Syntheseframework zu (Sub‑)Dimensionen von Unterrichtsqualität hin.
Spatio-temporal variations in physicochemical water quality parameters of Lake Bunyonyi, Southwestern Uganda
Authors: Saturday Alex , Lyimo Thomas J. , Machiwa John , Pamba Siajali
Published: June 2021

The current study was carried out to examine the spatial and temporal variations of physicochemical water quality parameters of Lake Bunyonyi. The observations were made on the surface water of Lake Bunyonyi for 1 year to determine the water quality. The basic 12 variables used to determine the quality of water were measured monthly at nine stations. Water temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), turbidity, electric conductivity (EC), pH and Secchi depth (SD) were measured in the field, while parameters like total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), nitrite-nitrogen (NO2-N), nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N), soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) were determined following APHA 2017 standard guidelines for physicochemical analysis. Taking into account standard guidelines for drinking water by the Uganda National Bureau of Standards (UNBS) and the World Health Organization (WHO), the water quality index (WQI) was used to determine the water quality. Temperature, DO, pH, turbidity and EC did not differ significantly among the study stations (p > 0.05) but showed significant temporal variations among the study months (p < 0.05). Likewise, TN, TP, NO2-N, NO3-N and SRP did not differ significantly among the study stations (p > 0.05) but showed significant temporal variations among the study months (p < 0.05). The WQI values ranged from 28.36 to 49 across and from 28.2 to 56.2 between study months with an overall mean value of 36.9. The measured water quality variables did not exceed the UNBS and WHO standards for drinking water in all months and at all stations. According to these values, the water quality of Lake Bunyonyi generally belongs to the ‘good’ class in terms of drinking water quality based on the WQI classification. The study findings are fundamentally important for policy makers in setting guidelines for effective lake management.
Implications on Feature Detection When Using the Benefit–Cost Ratio
Authors: Jagdhuber Rudolf , Rahnenführer Jörg
Published: June 2021

In many practical machine learning applications, there are two objectives: one is to maximize predictive accuracy and the other is to minimize costs of the resulting model. These costs of individual features may be financial costs, but can also refer to other aspects, for example, evaluation time. Feature selection addresses both objectives, as it reduces the number of features and can improve the generalization ability of the model. If costs differ between features, the feature selection needs to trade-off the individual benefit and cost of each feature. A popular trade-off choice is the ratio of both, the benefit–cost ratio (BCR). In this paper, we analyze implications of using this measure with special focus to the ability to distinguish relevant features from noise. We perform simulation studies for different cost and data settings and obtain detection rates of relevant features and empirical distributions of the trade-off ratio. Our simulation studies exposed a clear impact of the cost setting on the detection rate. In situations with large cost differences and small effect sizes, the BCR missed relevant features and preferred cheap noise features. We conclude that a trade-off between predictive performance and costs without a controlling hyperparameter can easily overemphasize very cheap noise features. While the simple benefit–cost ratio offers an easy solution to incorporate costs, it is important to be aware of its risks. Avoiding costs close to 0, rescaling large cost differences, or using a hyperparameter trade-off are ways to counteract the adverse effects exposed in this paper.
Validation of the French-Canadian Version of the Sexual Inhibition and Sexual Excitation Scales-Short Form (SIS/SES-SF): Associations With Sexual Functioning, Sociosexual Orientation, and Sexual Compulsivity
Authors: Nolet Kévin , Guay Jean-Pierre , Bergeron Sophie
Published: June 2021

Introduction

The Dual control model proposes that both excitatory and inhibitory processes are responsible for the human sexual response.

Aim

To validate the French-Canadian translation of the Sexual Inhibition and Excitation Scales-Short Form (SIS/SES-SF) by exploring its factor structure and by investigating its capacity to retrospectively predict sexual functioning and behaviors, namely, sociosexual orientation and sexual compulsivity.

Methods

A French-Canadian translation of the SIS/SES-SF was created using forward-backward translation. A community sample of 362 men and 420 women completed an online survey. The factor structure and the measurement invariance between men and women was explored using Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling. Predictive power of the scales was tested using Multiple Linear Regression models using a corrected threshold (P< .008).

Main outcome measures

Sexual functioning was assessed using the International Index of Erectile Function and the Female Sexual Function Index while sexual compulsion and sociosexual orientation were measured using the Sexual Compulsion Scale and the Revised Sociosexual Orientation Inventory, respectively.

Results

The original three-factor solution of the SIS/SES-SF was replicated. All three scales showed acceptable internal consistency and good temporal stability. Yet, results only supported configural measurement invariance between men and women, suggesting that their scores cannot be directly compared. Overall, for both men and women, higher sexual excitation (SES) was significantly predictive of better sexual functioning, while higher sexual inhibition due to threat of performance failure (SIS1) was a significant predictor of lower sexual functioning. Both sexual compulsivity and sociosexual orientation were significantly predicted by higher SES and lower sexual inhibition due to threat of performance consequences (SIS2).

Conclusion

These results support the cross-cultural transferability of the SIS/SIS-SF and the Dual control model to French-Canadian men and women, higlighting the utility for clinicians to evaluate both excitatory and inhibitory factors associated with sexual dysfunction and sexual behaviors. Nolet K, Guay JP, Bergeron S. Validation of the French-Canadian Version of the Sexual Inhibition and Sexual Excitation Scales-Short Form (SIS/SES-SF): Associations With Sexual Functioning, Sociosexual Orientation, and Sexual Compulsivity. Sex Med 2021;9:100374.
Mastering Self-Control
Authors: Clarkson Joshua John
Published: June 2021

Grounded in nearly a century of scientific research, Mastering Self Control is an academic 'how to' in the mastery of self control. Though most of us have an acute awareness of the goals we want to achieve, we have little insight into how we respond to questions central to successful goal attainment. What is a realistic goal? Can we turn intentions to actions? Why do we need a support system? It is within this context that this volume identifies a series of actionable strategies to push readers to master self-control and consequently optimize goal progress.
Small World
Authors: Deane Seamus , Cleary Joe
Published: June 2021

Seamus Deane is one of the most vital and versatile authors of our time. His new book presents an unmatched survey of Irish writing, and of writing about Irish issues, from 1798 to the present day. Elegant, polemical and trenchant, it addresses the political, aesthetic and cultural dimensions of several notable literary and historical moments, and monuments, from the island's past and present. The style of Swift; the continuing influence of Edmund Burke's political thought in the USA; the echoing debates about national character; aspects of Joyce's and of Elizabeth Bowen's relation to modernism; memories of Seamus Heaney; analysis of the representation of Northern Ireland in Anna Burns's fiction – these topics constitute only a partial list of the themes addressed by a volume that should be mandatory reading for all those who care about Ireland and its history. The writings included here, from one of Irish literature's most renowned critics, have individually had a piercing impact, but they are now collectively amplified by being gathered together here for the first time between one set of covers. Small World: Ireland, 1798–2018 is an indispensable collection from one of the most important voices in Irish literature and culture.
An Italian Workshop at the Avignon Court: Matteo Giovannetti, Painter to Pope Clement VI (1342–1352)
Authors: Anheim Étienne
Published: June 2021

The artist Matteo Giovannetti, originally from Viterbo, arrived at the papal court of Avignon in the early 1340s. During the reign of pope Clement VI (1342–1352), he succeeded in organizing a court-based workshop of an unprecedented size, which has left numerous traces in the papal administrative archives. This exceptional documentation makes it possible to reconstruct the administrative, financial, material, and technical phases of this workshop’s development, corresponding to the increasing affirmation of Matteo’s artistic position. As well as his mastery of the new Italian visual culture, Matteo drew on innovative techniques in fresco production, project management, and bookkeeping. Studying his workshop thus shines a light on the figure of the artist, at once craftsman, courtier, and entrepreneur. It also reveals the collective and material dimension of creative labor in fourteenth-century Europe.
Riboflavin intake, MTRR genetic polymorphism (rs1532268) and gastric cancer risk in a Korean population: a case–control study
Authors: Lu Y-Thanh , Gunathilake Madhawa , Lee Jeonghee , Choi Il Ju , Kim Young-Il , Kim Jeongseon
Published: June 2021

The vitamin B group, including riboflavin, plays paramount roles in one-carbon metabolism (OCM), and disorders related to this pathway have been linked to cancer development. The variants of genes encoding OCM enzymes and the insufficiency of B vitamins could contribute to carcinogenesis. Very few observational studies have revealed a relationship between riboflavin and gastric cancer (GC), especially under conditions of modified genetic factors. We carried out a study examining the association of riboflavin intake and its interaction with MTRR (rs1532268) genetic variants with GC risk among 756 controls and 377 cases. The OR and 95 % CI were evaluated using unconditional logistic regression models. We observed protective effects of riboflavin intake against GC, particularly in the female subgroup (OR = 0·52, 95 % CI 0·28, 0·97, Ptrend = 0·031). In the MTRR (rs1532268) genotypes analysis, the dominant model showed that the effects of riboflavin differed between the CC and CT + TT genotypes. Compared with CC carriers, low riboflavin intake in T+ carriers was significantly associated with a 93 % higher GC risk (OR = 1·93, 95 % CI 1·09, 3·42, Pinteraction = 0·037). In general, higher riboflavin intake might help reduce the risk of GC in both CC and TC + TT carriers, particularly the T+ carriers, with marginal significance (OR = 0·54, 95 % CI 0·28, 1·02, Pinteraction = 0·037). Our study indicates a protective effect of riboflavin intake against GC. Those who carry at least one minor allele and have low riboflavin intake could modify this association to increase GC risk in the Korean population.
Nutrition Module design in Maintain Your Brain: an internet-based randomised controlled trial to prevent cognitive decline and dementia
Authors: Almendrales Rangel Carolina , Noble Yian , Radd-Vagenas Sue , Mavros Yorgi , Flood Victoria M. , O’Leary Fiona , Brodaty Henry , Sachdev Perminder S. , Heffernan Megan , Valenzuela Michael , Anstey Kaarin J. , Daniel Kenneth , Ginige Jeewani A. , San Jose Juan C. , Chau Tiffany , Garnés Rancurello Sandra , Fiatarone Singh Maria A.
Published: June 2021

The Maintain Your Brain (MYB) trial is one of the largest internet-delivered multidomain randomised controlled trial designed to target modifiable risk factors for dementia. It comprises four intervention modules: physical activity, nutrition, mental health and cognitive training. This paper explains the MYB Nutrition Module, which is a fully online intervention promoting the adoption of the ‘traditional’ Mediterranean Diet (MedDiet) pattern for those participants reporting dietary intake that does not indicate adherence to a Mediterranean-type cuisine or those who have chronic diseases/risk factors for dementia known to benefit from this type of diet. Participants who were eligible for the Nutrition Module were assigned to one of the three diet streams: Main, Malnutrition and Alcohol group, according to their medical history and adherence to the MedDiet at baseline. A short dietary questionnaire was administered weekly during the first 10 weeks and then monthly during the 3-year follow-up to monitor whether participants adopted or maintained the MedDiet pattern during the intervention. As the Nutrition Module is a fully online intervention, resources that promoted self-efficacy, self-management and process of change were important elements to be included in the module development. The Nutrition Module is unique in that it is able to individualise the dietary advice according to both the medical and dietary history of each participant; the results from this unique intervention will contribute substantively to the evidence that links the Mediterranean-type diet with cognitive function and the prevention of dementia and will increase our understanding of the benefits of a MedDiet in a Western country.
C. K. Barrett on Rudolf Bultmann as Symposiarch at the 1954 SNTS General Meeting in Marburg
Authors: de Jonge Henk Jan
Published: June 2021

This article calls attention to an unpublished account of the 1954 General Meeting of SNTS in Marburg, written by C. K. Barrett. The interesting part of Barrett's account is its picture of Rudolf Bultmann who, after the evening sessions, with a group of colleagues withdrew to a pavement café at the Marktplatz and sat there ‘at the head in undisputed preeminence’.
The Collapse of Society in Luke 23: A Thucydidean Take on Jesus’ Passion
Authors: Jeong Mark
Published: June 2021

Στάσις is an important theme in Luke-Acts, but one that remains understudied. Many Lukan scholars equate στάσις with Romanseditioor treason, thereby overlooking the rich philosophical reflection on στάσις in Greek political thought. In this article, I analyse Luke's use of the concept of στάσις in his depiction of Jesus’ trial against the background of Thucydides’ model of στάσις in book 3 of his history. Thucydides’ reflections on στάσις were highly influential for later historians such as Josephus, and I argue that Luke too employs the common topos of στάσις as a violent internal conflict and not an act of rebellion or insurrection to reveal how the conflict between Jesus and his opponents is symptomatic of a deeper inversion of social bonds and language within a community. He does this, I argue, to set the stage for the story of Acts where στάσεις erupt throughout the Empire wherever the gospel is preached.
In Defence of R. H. Lightfoot
Authors: Tuckett Christopher M.
Published: June 2021

A recent NTS article by B. Massey gives a highly critical appraisal of the work of R. H. Lightfoot, questioning Lightfoot's academic integrity and claiming that he borrowed much of his work from others without proper attribution. A study of Lightfoot's writings suggests however that Lightfoot did clearly acknowledge his debt to others and that he did not try to claim the ideas of others as his own. Further, his standing within English-speaking scholarship, as one who publicised the work of German form critics and who anticipated in a significant way the work of later redaction criticism, can remain intact and his work is still valuable today.
Carrying a σταυρός: A Re-Assessment of the Non-Christian Greek Sources
Authors: van Wingerden Ruben
Published: June 2021

The Gospels tell of Simon of Cyrene/Jesus carrying a σταυρός on the way to crucifixion. In the recent years influential scholars such as Gunnar Samuelsson and John Granger Cook entered a discussion about what we can know about crucifixion and what it was that Jesus carried. Often, scholars assume that carrying a σταυρός was a common crucifixion practice, and refer to a few Greek sources as parallels. Yet, do these sources speak of cross-bearing? In this article it is argued that possibly three of the sources could be counted as parallels to cross-bearing practices represented in the Gospels.
Opera Evangelica: A Lost Collection of Christian Apocrypha
Authors: Burke Tony , Fewster Gregory Peter
Published: June 2021

Within the holdings of the Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library at the University of Toronto there is a curious, rarely examined handwritten book entitledOpera Evangelica, containing translations of several apocryphal works in English. It opens with a lengthy Preface that provides an antiquarian account of Christian apocrypha along with a justification for translating the texts. Unfortunately, the book's title page gives little indication of its authorship or date of composition, apart from an oblique reference to the translator as ‘I. B.’ But citations in the Preface to contemporary scholarship place the volume around the turn of the eighteenth century, predating the first published English-language compendium of Christian apocrypha inprintby Jeremiah Jones (1726). A second copy of the book has been found in the Cambridge University Library, though its selection of texts and material form diverges from the Toronto volume in some notable respects. This article presentsOpera Evangelicato a modern audience for the first time. It examines various aspects of the work: the material features and history of the two manuscripts; the editions of apocryphal texts that lie behind its translations; the views expressed on Christian apocrypha by its mysterious author; and its place within manuscript publication and English scholarship around the turn of the eighteenth century. Scholars of Christian apocrypha delight in finding ‘lost gospels’ but inOpera Evangelicawe have something truly unique: a long-lost collection of Christian apocrypha.
Childhood trauma is associated with reduced frontal gray matter volume: a large transdiagnostic structural MRI study
Authors: Begemann Marieke J. H. , Schutte Maya J. L. , van Dellen Edwin , Abramovic Lucija , Boks Marco P. , van Haren Neeltje E. M. , Mandl Rene C. W. , Vinkers Christiaan H. , Bohlken Marc M. , Sommer Iris E. C.
Published: June 2021

Background

Childhood trauma increases risk for psychopathology and cognitive impairment. Prior research mainly focused on the hippocampus and amygdala in single diagnostic categories. However, other brain regions may be impacted by trauma as well, and effects may be independent of diagnosis. This cross-sectional study investigated cortical and subcortical gray matter volume in relation to childhood trauma severity.

Methods

We included 554 participants: 250 bipolar-I patients, 84 schizophrenia-spectrum patients and 220 healthy individuals without a psychiatric history. Participants filled in the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Anatomical T1 MRI scans were acquired at 3T, regional brain morphology was assessed using Freesurfer.

Results

In the total sample, trauma-related gray matter reductions were found in the frontal lobe (β= −0.049,p= 0.008;q= 0.048), this effect was driven by the right medial orbitofrontal, paracentral, superior frontal regions and the left precentral region. No trauma-related volume reductions were observed in any other (sub)cortical lobes nor the hippocampus or amygdala, trauma-by-group (i.e. both patient groups and healthy subjects) interaction effects were absent. A categorical approach confirmed a pattern of more pronounced frontal gray matter reductions in individuals reporting multiple forms of trauma and across quartiles of cumulative trauma scores. Similar dose−response patterns were revealed within the bipolar and healthy subgroups, but did not reach significance in schizophrenia-spectrum patients.

Conclusions

Findings show that childhood trauma is linked to frontal gray matter reductions, independent of psychiatric morbidity. Our results indicate that childhood trauma importantly contributes to the neurobiological changes commonly observed across psychiatric disorders. Frontal volume alterations may underpin affective and cognitive disturbances observed in trauma-exposed individuals.
“That Democratic Ink Must Be Wiped Away”: Hobbes and the Normativity of Democracy
Authors: Holman Christopher
Published: June 2021

Hobbes's preference for monarchical sovereign forms and his critique of democratic political organization are well known. In this article I suggest, however, that his opposition to democratic life constitutes the central frame through which we must understand some of the most important theoretical mutations that occur throughout the various stages of his civil science. Key alterations in the Hobbesian political theory from The Elements of Law to Leviathan can be interpreted as efforts to retroactively foreclose the emergence of a substantive democratic normativity that the prior theoretical framework allowed for or suggested. Hobbes's opposition to democracy is ultimately so significant so as to fundamentally structure various key elements of his political philosophy.
Horace's Programmatic Priamel
Authors: Sullivan Michael B.
Published: June 2021

Horace's MAECENAS ATAVIS (Hor.,Carm.1.1) is shown to enumerate nine allusive icons whose attributes evoke signature elements in the works and biographical traditions of the nine canonical Greek lyric poets. In his first ode the Roman poet thus announces the commencement of a lyric programme synthesising the distinctive styles and subjects of his illustrious predecessors. In so doing, Horace figuratively and literally inserts himself among these nine ‘lyric bards’ in ironic fulfilment of his own request for canonisation, with which the poem concludes. His programmatic priamel therefore harmonises archaic subject-matter and Hellenistic method in a manner which sets the tone for the entire project to follow.
Moduli of wild Higgs bundles on with -actions
Authors: FREDRICKSON LAURA , NEITZKE ANDREW
Published: June 2021

We study a set $\mathcal{M}_{K,N}$ parameterising filtered SL(K)-Higgs bundles over $\mathbb{C}P^1$ with an irregular singularity at $z = \infty$, such that the eigenvalues of the Higgs field grow like $\vert \lambda \vert \sim \vert z^{N/K} \mathrm{d}z \vert$, where K and N are coprime. $\mathcal{M}_{K,N}$ carries a $\mathbb{C}^\times$-action analogous to the famous $\mathbb{C}^\times$-action introduced by Hitchin on the moduli spaces of Higgs bundles over compact curves. The construction of this $\mathbb{C}^\times$-action on $\mathcal{M}_{K,N}$ involves the rotation automorphism of the base $\mathbb{C}P^1$. We classify the fixed points of this $\mathbb{C}^\times$-action, and exhibit a curious 1-1 correspondence between these fixed points and certain representations of the vertex algebra

$\mathcal{W}_K$

; in particular we have the relation

$\mu = {k-1-c_{\mathrm{eff}}}/{12}$

, where

$\mu$

is a regulated version of the L2 norm of the Higgs field, and

$c_{\mathrm{eff}}$

is the effective Virasoro central charge of the corresponding W-algebra representation. We also discuss a Białynicki–Birula-type decomposition of

$\mathcal{M}_{K,N}$

, where the strata are labeled by isomorphism classes of the underlying filtered vector bundles.
Two Immersive Virtual Reality Tasks for the Assessment of Spatial Orientation in Older Adults with and Without Cognitive Impairment: Concurrent Validity, Group Comparison, and Accuracy Results
Authors: da Costa Raquel Quimas Molina , Pompeu José Eduardo , Moretto Emerson , Silva Juliana Magalhães , dos Santos Michelle Didone , Nitrini Ricardo , Brucki Sonia Maria Dozzi
Published: June 2021

Objective:

Spatial disorientation is common in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), and preclinical individuals with AD biomarkers. However, traditional neuropsychological tests lack ecological validity for the assessment of spatial orientation and to date, there is still no gold standard. The current study aimed to determine the validity and accuracy of two virtual reality tasks for the assessment of spatial orientation.

Methods:

We adapted two spatial orientation tasks to immersive virtual environments: a “survey to route” task in which participants had to transfer information from a map to their body position within a maze [Spatial Orientation in Immersive Virtual Environment Test (SOIVET) Maze], and an allocentric-type, route learning task, with well-established topographic landmarks (SOIVET Route). A total of 19 MCI patients and 29 cognitively healthy older adults aged 61–92 participated in this study. Regular neuropsychological assessments were used for correlation analysis and participant performances were compared between groups. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed for accuracy.

Results:

The SOIVET Maze correlated with measures of visuoperception, mental rotation, and planning, and was not related to age, educational level, or technology use profile. The SOIVET Route immediate correlated with measures of mental rotation, memory, and visuoconstruction, and was influenced only by education. Both tasks significantly differentiated MCI and control groups, and demonstrated moderate accuracy for the MCI diagnosis.

Conclusion:

Traditional neuropsychological assessment presents limitations and immersive environments allow for the reproduction of complex cognitive processes. The two immersive virtual reality tasks are valid tools for the assessment of spatial orientation and should be considered for cognitive assessments of older adults.
Correlative Site-Specific Sample Preparation for Atom Probe Tomography on Complex Microstructures
Authors: Campo Schneider Lucía Paula , Barrirero Jenifer , Pauly Christoph , Guitar Agustina , Mücklich Frank
Published: June 2021

Site-specific specimen preparation for atom probe tomography (APT) is a challenging task. Small features need to be located using a suitable imaging technique and captured within a volume of less than 0.01 μm3. Correlative microscopy has shown to be helpful for target preparation as well as to gain complementary information about the material. Current strategies developed in that direction can be highly time-consuming and not always ensure the correct site extraction in complex microstructures. In this work, we present a methodology to study grain boundaries and interfaces in martensitic steels by combining electron backscattered diffraction, transmission Kikuchi diffraction (TKD), and APT. Furthermore, we include the design of a sample holder that allows to perform TKD and scanning transmission electron microscopy on the specimen during preparation without breaking the vacuum of the scanning electron microscope/focused ion beam workstation. We show a case study where a prior austenite grain boundary is traced from the bulk material to the apex of the APT specimen. The presence of contamination due to the specimen exposure to the electron beam and the use of plasma cleaning to minimize it are discussed.
Förderung von Peerbeziehungen durch soziales Fantasiespiel
Authors: Perren Sonja , Kalkusch Isabelle , Jaggy Ann-Kathrin , Burkhardt Bossi Carine , Weiss Barbara , Sticca Fabio
Published: June 2021

Zusammenfassung. Kinder mit einem eingeschränkten Sprachverständnis haben ein erhöhtes Risiko für negative Peerbeziehungen. Die Förderung der Qualität von Fantasiespiel hat sich als wirksame Förderstrategie für die Peerbeziehungsqualität erwiesen. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde untersucht, ob die Förderung der Fantasiespielqualität auch bei Kindern mit eingeschränktem Sprachverständnis eine wirksame Förderstrategie ist. Insgesamt 207 drei- bis vierjährige Kinder (Alter: M = 43.3 Monate, SD = 6.5; 48% weiblich) aus 27 Schweizer Spielgruppen nahmen an der Studie teil; 29% der Kinder hatten einen mehrsprachigen (inkl. deutsch) und 19% einen nicht-deutschsprachigen Familienhintergrund. Die Spielgruppen wurden randomisiert einer von drei Aktivitätsgruppen zugeordnet: Spieltutoring, Materialgruppe und Spielgruppenalltag. Die soziale Fantasiespielqualität während der Spielsessionen wurde beobachtet. Das Sprachverständnis wurde mit einem Untertesteines standardisieren Sprachtest (SETK 3–5) getestet. Die Spielgruppenleiterinnen berichteten über die Peerbeziehungsqualität (Akzeptanz und Peer Viktimisierung) zum Pre-test, Post-test und Follow-up. Die Analysen zeigten, dass die Kinder – unabhängig von ihrem Sprachverständnis – durch aktive Spielbegleitung in ihrer Fantasiespielqualität gefördert werden können. Je höher die soziale Fantasiespielqualität (experimentell manipuliert), desto grösser die Verbesserungen in der Peerbeziehungsqualität (d.h. verbesserte Akzeptanz und verringerte Peer Viktimisierung). Je eingeschränkter das Sprachverständnis der Kinder, umso stärker waren die Effekte der sozialen Fantasiespielqualität auf die Peerbeziehungsqualität. Die Studie zeigt, dass die Förderung der sozialen Fantasiespielqualität eine wirksame pädagogische Strategie zur Förderung der sozialen Integration Kindern mit eingeschränktem Sprachverständnis ist.
Children Who Lead Get the Language They Need!?
Authors: Syczewska Aleksandra , Licandro Ulla
Published: June 2021

Zusammenfassung. Der Zugang zu Peer-Interaktionen im Freispiel stellt eine wesentliche Voraussetzung für die Teilhabe am frühpädagogischen Alltag dar. Insbesondere Kinder mit (noch) geringen Kompetenzen in der Umgebungssprache sind auf vielfältige kommunikative Strategien angewiesen, um Interaktionen zu initiieren und sind einem höheren Risiko ausgesetzt, von ihren Peers ignoriert oder abgelehnt zu werden. In der vorliegenden Querschnittsstudie wurden erstmals die Peer-Interaktionen von Kindern im Zweitspracherwerb (L2-Erwerb; N = 30; M Alter = 4;4 Jahre) im Hinblick auf die Initiierungsstrategien und Reaktionen der Peers unter Berücksichtigung des L2-Wortschatzes untersucht. Videografien von Freispielsituationen in der Kita wurden transkribiert, bezüglich multimodaler Interaktionspraktiken kodiert und anschließend mit dem rezeptiven Wortschatz in der L2 korreliert. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass Kinder überwiegend multimodale Initiierungsstrategien einsetzten. Kinder mit einem größeren rezeptiven L2-Wortschatz initiierten häufiger verbal über eine Phrase, während Kinder mit geringerem L2-Wortschatz häufiger nonverbal über eine Handlung initiierten. Weiterhin traten signifikante Zusammenhänge zwischen niedrigen L2-Kompetenzen und Ablehnungen durch Peers auf. Die Ergebnisse tragen zu einem besseren Verständnis der sozialen und kommunikativen Entwicklung von Kindern im L2-Erwerb bei und können zur Identifizierung von Strategien zur Unterstützung von Peer-Beziehungen in sprachlich heterogenen Kita-Gruppen beitragen.
High‐Precision Relocation With the Burial Depths of the North Korean Underground Nuclear Explosions by Combining Pn and Pg Differential Traveltimes
Authors: Yang G. , Zhao L. F. , Xie X. B. , Zhang L. , Yao Z. X.
Published: June 2021

In seismic nuclear monitoring, an accurate source depth is an important prerequisite for reliably estimating the explosive yield. Relative location methods are often used for this purpose. However, the conventional method based on regional Pn waves usually fails to give satisfactory constraints on the source depth, mainly due to the strong trade‐off between the burial depth and origin time. This study explores a high‐precision relative location method to simultaneously determine the relative epicenter and source elevation by using differential traveltimes from both downward‐takeoff Pn waves and horizontal‐takeoff Pg waves. The properties of both Pg and Pn waves, including the consistency between waveforms, the reliability of differential traveltime measurements, and their sensitivities to epicenter and depth variations, are investigated. By jointly applying both types of waveform data, the proposed method significantly enhances the constraint on the source depth variation. This method is applied to regional seismic data collected from China, South Korea, and Japan to determine the relative epicenters, origin times and relative burial depths of six North Korean underground nuclear explosions. The source depths are then used to provide burial‐depth corrections to estimate the explosive yields. The depths of the six North Korean nuclear explosions detonated on October 2006, May 2009, February 2013, January 2016, September 2016, and September 2017 are determined to be 330, 540, 506, 468, 521, and 570 m, respectively, and their yields after burial depth corrections are 1.6, 5.7, 13.4, 12.6, 21.7, and 225.7 kt, respectively.
Influence of Different ENSO Types on Tropical Cyclone Rapid Intensification Over the Western North Pacific
Authors: Guo Yi‐Peng , Tan Zhe‐Min
Published: June 2021

This study investigates the influence of different types of El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on the properties of tropical cyclone (TC) rapid intensification (RI) over the western North Pacific (WNP). The RI numbers during all types of ENSO events have no significant difference from that of neutral years, except that eastern Pacific (EP) El Niño corresponds to fewer RI cases. The most robust response of RI properties is occurrence position. The mean RI occurrence position in La Niña events shifts northwards by about 2° in latitude during the peak TC season (July–September), which may be related to the northwestward shift of TC genesis positions. On the other hand, the mean RI occurrence positions during EP El Niño and La Niña events in the late TC season (October–December) shift westwards by about 10° and 14° in longitude, respectively. This westward shift in RI occurrence positions is mainly caused by the favorable conditions over the western part of the WNP in the late TC season. During October–December, EP El Niño shifts to a La Niña phase and warms the upper ocean of the western part of the WNP. La Niña events result in similar upper ocean conditions because they maintain negative phases during October–December. The warmed upper ocean is also accompanied by a moistened mid‐troposphere and weakened vertical wind shear, which are favorable for RI occurrence.
Role of Heat Wave‐Induced Biogenic VOC Enhancements in Persistent Ozone Episodes Formation in Pearl River Delta
Authors: Wang Haolin , Wu Kai , Liu Yiming , Sheng Bosi , Lu Xiao , He Yuanping , Xie Jielan , Wang Haichao , Fan Shaojia
Published: June 2021

Regional ozone (O3) pollution is influenced by a combination of anthropogenic sources and biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) emitted from vegetation. Under the influence of warming climate and projected expansion of urban green space, O3 pollution may get worse, especially during heat waves (HWs). However, HW‐induced changes in BVOC and subsequent effects on regional O3 pollution have not been adequately assessed. In this study, we used the Weather Research and Forecasting‐Community Multi‐scale Air Quality models to investigate the formation of a typical O3 episode and quantify the O3 response to BVOC in the Pearl River Delta during a HW in 2017. The results showed that the rate of increase of O3 during the HW was 27.1 µg m−3 °C−1, reflecting the rapid O3 formation under high temperature. Compared with the non‐HW (NHW), gas‐phase chemistry and vertical transport were dominant contributors to O3 formation. Sensitivity experiments indicate that the contribution of BVOC to ground‐level O3 formation in Pearl River Delta was up to 42.1 μg m−3 because BVOC emissions in HW were 430 mol d−1 higher than the NHW. Under northerly winds and strong sea‐land breezes, BVOC and oxidation products from rural areas were transported to downwind VOC‐limited regimes and result in severe O3 pollution owing to intense photochemical reactions and accumulated O3 precursors. These findings point to the essential role of BVOC enhancements induced by HWs to O3 formation and suggest the consideration of BVOC emission potential of planted trees in urban greening strategies for avoiding the offset effects from BVOC.
Roughness Calibration to Improve Flow Predictions in Coarse‐Bed Streams
Authors: Ferguson Robert I.
Published: June 2021

Logarithmic and variable‐power equations that use the bed D84 grain size as a roughness metric reproduce the general trend of flow resistance in streams with coarse beds, but they are unreliable for predictions in individual reaches. For site‐specific application of these equations, I propose that an effective roughness height can be calibrated by making a single flow measurement. I test this idea using published velocity‐depth data for eight coarse‐bed reaches of varied character. In 52 trials (8 reaches × 2 equations × 3 or 4 alternative calibration measurements), single‐measurement calibration reduced the root‐mean‐square error in predicting velocity at all depths by up to 79% (median 66%) compared to using D84. This approach may be useful when prescribing environmental flows, estimating bankfull discharge, or predicting bedload transport in coarse‐bed channels in which Manning's n is likely to vary considerably with discharge.
IRE1α RIDD activity induced under ER stress drives neuronal death by the degradation of 14-3-3 θ mRNA in cortical neurons during glucose deprivation
Authors: Gómora-García Juan Carlos , Gerónimo-Olvera Cristian , Pérez-Martínez Xochitl , Massieu Lourdes
Published: June 2021

Altered protein homeostasis is associated with neurodegenerative diseases and acute brain injury induced under energy depletion conditions such as ischemia. The accumulation of damaged or unfolded proteins triggers the unfolded protein response (UPR), which can act as a homeostatic response or lead to cell death. However, the factors involved in turning and adaptive response into a cell death mechanism are still not well understood. Several mechanisms leading to brain injury induced by severe hypoglycemia have been described but the contribution of the UPR has been poorly studied. Cell responses triggered during both the hypoglycemia and the glucose reinfusion periods can contribute to neuronal death. Therefore, we have investigated the activation dynamics of the PERK and the IRE1α branches of the UPR and their contribution to neuronal death in a model of glucose deprivation (GD) and glucose reintroduction (GR) in cortical neurons. Results show a rapid activation of the PERK/p-eIF2α/ATF4 pathway leading to protein synthesis inhibition during GD, which contributes to neuronal adaptation, however, sustained blockade of protein synthesis during GR promotes neuronal death. On the other hand, IRE1α activation occurs early during GD due to its interaction with BAK/BAX, while ASK1 is recruited to IRE1α activation complex during GR promoting the nuclear translocation of JNK and the upregulation of Chop. Most importantly, results show that IRE1α RNase activity towards its splicing target Xbp1 mRNA occurs late after GR, precluding a homeostatic role. Instead, IRE1α activity during GR drives neuronal death by positively regulating ASK1/JNK activity through the degradation of 14-3-3 θ mRNA, a negative regulator of ASK and an adaptor protein highly expressed in brain, implicated in neuroprotection. Collectively, results describe a novel regulatory mechanism of cell death in neurons, triggered by the downregulation of 14-3-3 θ mRNA induced by the IRE1α branch of the UPR.
Mechanical behavior predictions of additively manufactured microstructures using functional Gaussian process surrogates
Authors: Saunders Robert , Butler Celia , Michopoulos John , Lagoudas Dimitris , Elwany Alaa , Bagchi Amit
Published: June 2021

Relational linkages connecting process, structure, and properties are some of the most sought after goals in additive manufacturing (AM). This is desired especially because the microstructural grain morphologies of AM components can be vastly different than their conventionally manufactured counterparts. Furthermore, data collection at the microscale is costly. Consequently, this work describes and demonstrates a methodology to link microstructure morphology to mechanical properties using functional Gaussian process surrogate models in a directed graphical network capable of achieving near real-time property predictions with single digit error magnitudes when predicting full stress–strain histories of a given microstructure. This methodology is presented and demonstrated using computationally generated microstructures and results from crystal plasticity simulations on those microstructures. The surrogate model uses grain-level microstructural descriptors rather than whole microstructure descriptors so that properties of new, arbitrary microstructures can be predicted. The developed network has the potential to scale to predict mechanical properties of grain structures that would be infeasible to simulate using finite element methods.