bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perinatal maternal feeding with an energy dense diet and/or micronutrient mixture drives offspring fat distribution depending on the sex and growth stage
Authors: Cordero P. , Gonzalez‐Muniesa P. , Milagro F. I. , Campion J. , Martinez J. A.
Published: December 2014

Maternal nutrition during pregnancy and lactation influences offspring development and health. Novel studies have described the effects on next generation obesity‐related features depending on maternal macro‐ and micro‐nutrient perinatal feeding. We hypothesized that the maternal obesogenic diet during pregnancy and lactation programs an obese phenotype, while maternal micronutrient supplementation at these stages could partially prevent these features. Thus, the aim was to assess the influence of a perinatal maternal feeding with an obesogenic diet enriched in fat and sucrose and a micronutrient supplementation during pregnancy and lactation on offspring growth and obese phenotypical features during life course. Female Wistar rats were assigned to four dietary groups during pregnancy and lactation: control, control supplemented with micronutrients (choline, betaine, folic acid and vitamin B12), high‐fat sucrose (HFS) and HFS supplemented. At weaning, the offspring were transferred to a chow diet, and weight and fat mass were measured at weeks 3, 12 and 20. At birth, both male and female offspring from mothers fed the obesogenic diet showed lower body weight (−5 and −6%, respectively), while only female offspring weight decreased by maternal micronutrient supplementation (−5%). During lactation, maternal HFS diet was associated with increased body weight, while micronutrient supplementation protected against body weight gain. Whole body fat mass content increased at weeks 3, 12 and 20 (from 16 to 65%) due to maternal HFS diet. Maternal micronutrient supplementation decreased offspring fat mass content at week 3 (−8%). Male offspring showed higher adiposity than females at weeks 12 and 20. In conclusion, maternal HFS feeding during pregnancy and lactation was associated with a low offspring weight at birth and obese phenotypical features during adult life in a sex‐ and time‐dependent manner. Furthermore, maternal methyl donor supplementation protected against body weight gain in male offspring during lactation and in female offspring also during juvenile period.
NO‐ARBITRAGE IN A NUMÉRAIRE‐INDEPENDENT MODELING FRAMEWORK
Authors: Herdegen Martin
Published: December 2014

The classic approach to modeling financial markets consists of four steps. First, one fixes a currency unit. Second, one describes in that unit the evolution of financial assets by a stochastic process. Third, one chooses in that unit a numéraire, usually the price process of a positive asset. Fourth, one divides the original price process by the numéraire and considers the class of admissible strategies for trading. This approach has one fundamental drawback: Almost all concepts, definitions, and results, including no‐arbitrage conditions like NA, NFLVR, and NUPBR depend by their very definition, at least formally, on initial choices of a currency unit and a numéraire. In this paper, we develop a new framework for modeling financial markets, which is not based on ex‐ante choices of a currency unit and a numéraire. In particular, we introduce a “numéraire‐independent” notion of no‐arbitrage and derive its dual characterization. This yields a numéraire‐independent version of the fundamental theorem of asset pricing (FTAP). We also explain how the classic approach and other recent approaches to modeling financial markets and studying no‐arbitrage can be embedded in our framework.
Ectomycorrhizal fungi – potential organic matter decomposers, yet not saprotrophs
Authors: Lindahl Björn D. , Tunlid Anders
Published: December 2014

Although hypothesized for many years, the involvement of ectomycorrhizal fungi in decomposition of soil organic matter remains controversial and has not yet been fully acknowledged as an important factor in the regulation of soil carbon (C) storage. Here, we review recent findings, which support the view that some ectomycorrhizal fungi have the capacity to oxidize organic matter, either by ‘brown‐rot’ Fenton chemistry or using ‘white‐rot’ peroxidases. We propose that ectomycorrhizal fungi benefit from organic matter decomposition primarily through increased nitrogen mobilization rather than through release of metabolic C and question the view that ectomycorrhizal fungi may act as facultative saprotrophs. Finally, we discuss how mycorrhizal decomposition may influence organic matter storage in soils and mediate responses of ecosystem C sequestration to environmental changes.

Contents

Summary
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I.
Introduction
1443

II.
New insights from genomics, transcriptomics and spectroscopy
1444

III.
What do mycorrhizal fungi gain from decomposition?
1445

IV.
Ectomycorrhizal fungi as regulators of soil C dynamics
1446

V.
Conclusions
1446

Acknowledgements
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References
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Prophylactic versus reactive transfusion of thawed plasma in patients undergoing surgical repair of craniosynostosis: a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Pieters Benjamin J. , Conley Lisa , Weiford Jennifer , Hamilton Marilyn , Wicklund Brian , Booser Adam , Striker Adam , Whitney Susan , Singhal Virender
Published: December 2014

Background

Surgical repair of craniosynostosis in young children is associated with copious bleeding and often coagulopathy. Typically, a reactive transfusion strategy is used to treat coagulopathy whereby fresh frozen plasma (FFP) is given only after clinical manifestation of clotting abnormality. This prospective, randomized clinical trial was designed to test the hypothesis that prophylactic FFP during craniofacial surgery reduces blood loss and blood transfusion requirements compared to a reactive FFP transfusion strategy.

Methods

Eighty‐one patients less than 2 years of age requiring primary repair of craniosynostosis were randomized to receive FFP using either a prophylactic or reactive strategy. Laboratory values were measured at four standardized time points. The volume of blood products transfused, length of stay in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU), hospital length of stay, and number of donor exposures were recorded for each patient.

Results

The prophylactic FFP group received a significantly greater average volume of FFP compared to the reactive group (29.7 ml·kg−1 vs 16.1 ml·kg−1; P < 0.001), which was associated with improvement in coagulation values at multiple time points. However, there was no difference in blood transfusion requirements or blood loss between the two groups. The two transfusion strategies resulted in similar median donor exposures. There was no difference in PICU or hospital length of stay.

Conclusion

A reactive FFP transfusion strategy required less plasma transfusion and was associated with similar rates of blood loss and PRBC transfusion as prophylactic FFP despite improvement in coagulation values in the prophylactic FFP group.
Basic and applied problems in developmental biology and immunobiology of cestode infections: Hymenolepis,Taenia and Echinococcus
Authors: Ito A.
Published: December 2014

Differentiation and development of parasites, including longevity in host animals, are thought to be governed by host–parasite interactions. In this review, several topics on the developmental biology of cestode infections are discussed from immunobiological perspective with a focus on Hymenolepis, Taenia and Echinococcus infections. The basic premise of this review is that ‘differentiation and development of cestodes’ are somehow affected by host immune responses with an evolutionary history.
Phylogeography of Chinese cherry (Prunus pseudocerasus Lindl.) inferred from chloroplast and nuclear DNA: insights into evolutionary patterns and demographic history
Authors: Chen T. , Chen Q. , Luo Y. , Huang Z.‐L. , Zhang J. , Tang H.‐R. , Pan D.‐M. , Wang X.‐R.
Published: December 2014

Chinese cherry (Prunus pseudocerasus Lindl.) is a commercially valuable fruit crop in China. In order to obtain new insights into its evolutionary history and provide valuable recommendations for resource conservation, phylogeographic patterns of 26 natural populations (305 total individuals) from six geographic regions were analyzed using chloroplast and nuclear DNA fragments. Low levels of haplotype and nucleotide diversity were found in these populations, especially in landrace populations. It is likely that a combined effect of botanical characteristics impact the effective population size, such as inbreeding mating system, long life span, as well as vegetative reproduction. In addition, strong bottleneck effect caused by domestication, together with founder effect after dispersal and subsequent demographic expansion, might also accelerate the reduction of the genetic variation in landrace populations. Interestingly, populations from Longmen Mountain (LMM) and Daliangshan Mountain (DLSM) exhibited relatively higher levels of genetic diversity, inferring the two historical genetic diversity centers of the species. Moreover, moderate population subdivision was also detected by both chloroplast DNA (GST = 0.215; NST = 0.256) and nuclear DNA (GST = 0.146; NST = 0.342), respectively. We inferred that the episodes of efficient gene flow through seed dispersal, together with features of long generation cycle and inbreeding mating system, were likely the main contributors causing the observed phylogeographic patterns. Finally, factors that led to the present demographic patterns of populations from these regions and taxonomic varieties were also discussed.
Characterization of Hawaiian freshwater and terrestrial cyanobacteria reveals high diversity and numerous putative endemics
Authors: Sherwood Alison R. , Carlile Amy L. , Vaccarino Melissa A. , Johansen Jeffrey R.
Published: December 2014

Fifty samples of cyanobacteria were collected and characterized as part of the Hawaiian Freshwater Algal Biodiversity Survey. Fifty‐two percent of the samples originated from Oahu, while the remainder were collected from Kauai (14%), Maui (20%) and Hawaii (14%). A diversity of habitats (e.g. streams, wet walls, taro fields, terrestrial areas and ditches) was represented by the collection sites, which is reflective of the abundance of suitable non‐marine algal substrata in these isolated, humid, subtropical islands. Most samples were isolated and cultured for observation of morphological features, and all were sequenced for both the Universal Plastid Amplicon (UPA) marker (partial 23S rRNA) and 16S rRNA gene. Alignments of both markers (separately and concatenated) with additional GenBank sequences for phylogenetic representation were analyzed using Maximum Likelihood, Bayesian and Maximum Parsimony approaches. Nodal support was highest for the concatenated UPA+16S rRNA gene alignment, and phylogenetic analyses indicated a monophyletic Nostochophycidae, and monophyly, although with low support, for the Oscillatoriophycidae and Synechococcophycidae. A conservative estimate is that 11 of the taxa are putative endemics to the Hawaiian Islands, further highlighting the uniqueness of this isolated and understudied flora, and the potential for discovery of novel taxa through taxon‐focused biodiversity surveys.
Seroepidemiology and clinical features of hepatitis delta among HBsAg carriers: a study from Hepatitis Clinic of Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization
Authors: Keshvari M. , Alavian S. M. , Aghaee B. , Behnava B. , Mahdavi M. , Fesharaki M. Gholami , Sharafi H.
Published: December 2014

Background

Hepatitis B is a significant health problem and more than 350 million individuals are infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) globally. About 5% of these individuals are coinfected with hepatitis D virus (HDV). HBV–HDV coinfection increases the rate of fulminant hepatitis, chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis. This study aimed to evaluate the epidemiology of HDV in individuals positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) who were referred to Tehran Blood Transfusion Hepatitis Clinic from 2011 to 2012.

Materials and Methods

HBsAg‐positive individuals attending this clinic were tested for anti‐HDAg antibodies (anti‐HDAbs). All samples positive for anti‐HDAb were also tested for detection of HDV RNA by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). A questionnaire consisting of demographic characteristics and potential risk factors for acquisition of HDV was filled for each individual.

Results

Among 1038 individuals, HBsAg was detected in 660 (63·6%) cases following blood donation and in 378 (36·4%) cases following blood testing. In this study, 23 [2·2%, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1·3–3·2%] patients were HDV‐seropositive. In HDV‐seropositive patients, 14 (60·9%, 95% CI = 39·1–78·3%) were positive for HDV RNA. HDV‐seropositive cases were more likely to have evidence of severe forms of hepatitis than the group of individuals without anti‐HDAb (P < 0·01). Familial history of hepatitis D infection was more observed in HDV‐seropositive patients than in individuals negative for anti‐HDAb (P < 0·01).

Conclusion

The seroprevalence of HDV in HBsAg‐positive individuals in this study was about 2% which seems to be lower than the global prevalence of HDV.
Transport and Retention Mechanisms Govern Lipid Droplet Inheritance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Knoblach Barbara , Rachubinski Richard A.
Published: December 2014

Lipid droplets are ubiquitous cellular structures involved in energy homeostasis and metabolism that have long been considered as simple inert deposits of lipid. Here, we show that lipid droplets are bona fide organelles that are actively partitioned between mother cell and daughter cell in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Video microscopy revealed that a subset of lipid droplets moves from mother cell to bud in an ordered, vectorial process, while the remaining lipid droplets are retained by the mother cell. Bud‐directed movement of lipid droplets is mediated by the molecular motor Myo2p, while retention of lipid droplets occurs at the perinuclear endoplasmic reticulum. Lipid droplets are thus apportioned between mother cell and daughter cell at cell division rather than being made anew.
Doxorubicin chemotherapy for presumptive cardiac hemangiosarcoma in dogs†
Authors: Mullin C.M. , Arkans M.A. , Sammarco C.D. , Vail D.M. , Britton B.M. , Vickery K.R. , Risbon R.E. , Lachowicz J. , Burgess K.E. , Manley C.A. , Clifford C.A.
Published: December 2014

Sixty‐four dogs were treated with single‐agent doxorubicin (DOX) for presumptive cardiac hemangiosarcoma (cHSA). The objective response rate (CR + PR) was 41%, and the biologic response rate (CR + PR + SD), or clinical benefit, was 68%. The median progression‐free survival (PFS) for treated dogs was 66 days. The median survival time (MST) for this group was 116 days and was significantly improved compared to a MST of 12 days for untreated control dogs (P = 0.0001). Biologic response was significantly associated with improved PFS (P < 0.0001) and OS (P < 0.0001). Univariate analysis identified larger tumour size as a variable negatively associated with PFS. The high rate of clinical benefit and improved MST suggest that DOX has activity in canine cHSA.
Efficacy and reduced fuel use for hot water weed control on pavements
Authors: De Cauwer B , Bogaert S , Claerhout S , Bulcke R , Reheul D
Published: December 2014

Non‐chemical weed control on pavements needs more frequently repeated treatments than the application of glyphosate and often uses large amounts of fuel. To obtain effective hot water control with minimum energy consumption, an in‐depth study of efficacy‐influencing factors was performed. Three dose–response pot experiments were conducted outdoors to investigate the impact of growth stage (39, 60 and 81 day old), water temperature (78, 88 and 98°C), time of the day (2, 7 and 12 h after sunrise) and treatment interval (2, 3, 4 and 6 week intervals) on hot water sensitivity of seven weed species that are hard to control on pavements. Responses to hot water were quantified by weed coverage and total dry biomass. In general, hot water sensitivity was highest for species with large planophile leaves and lowest for grasses with small erectophile leaves. Most species were twofold to sixfold more sensitive to water at 98°C than at 78 and 88°C, particularly when treated at early growth stages. Among treatment intervals, treating at 3‐week intervals was up to twofold more effective and energy efficient than treating at 6‐week intervals. Sensitivity was about twofold lower in the morning than in the afternoon. For effective control of weeds, while using less fuel, it is recommended to apply hot water in the late afternoon, to operate at high water temperature (98°C) and to treat plants as young as possible at 3‐week intervals.
The specific influence of carbon dioxide and carbamate compounds on the buffer power and Bohr effects in human haemoglobin solutions
Authors: Rossi-Bernardi L. , Roughton F. J. W.
Published: December 2014

1. The difference of pH (ΔpH) between human deoxygenated haemoglobin (Hb) and oxygenated haemoglobin (O2Hb) solutions when equilibrated with physiological pressures of carbon dioxide is (experimentally) much less than previously supposed.

2. This smaller ΔpH is in contradiction to Wyman's (1948) theoretical calculations, wherein no allowance was made for the specific effect of carbamino‐compounds on the amount of base neutralized by haemoglobin. Other previous authorities have also neglected this factor, which when properly allowed for restores the role of carbamino‐compounds in CO2 transport practically to that previously estimated by Ferguson & Roughton (1934a, b).

3. At a given pH and PCO2, more CO2 is bound by Hb solutions than by O2Hb, the difference increasing with pH. This result provides further, and seemingly decisive, evidence that the bound‐CO2 in the blood other than HCO3— (i.e. x‐bound CO2) is oxygen‐linked.

4. According to a modified form of the Henderson—Hasselbalch equation for haemoglobin solutions [Formula: see text]. The value of pK1′ is the same in Hb as in O2Hb solution and from the data in 3 is found to have the value 6·15 at 37° C.

5. The difference between the titration curves of O2Hb and Hb (ΔX̄), at a given pH had been hitherto supposed to be the same in presence of CO2 as in its absence. Our experiments show, however, that ΔX̄ is less in presence of CO2 and at pH > 7·5 may even change sign. This paradoxical effect is also explicable, at any rate semi‐quantitatively, by the effect of carbamino compounds on the buffer power, according to the theory put forward in the paper.

6. The results show that the buffer power (dB/dpH) of haemoglobin solution under physiological conditions is 20‐30% greater than previously estimated, and this also is in line with the new theory.

7. In graphs of total CO2 versus PCO2 in haemoglobin solutions (or blood) it has been customary to suppose that points on straight lines radiating from the origin are points of equal pH. Our data, however, show that the iso‐pH lines drawn through the experimental points in the pH range, 7·2‐7·4 do not, when produced as straight lines, pass through the origin, but intercept the PCO2 axis significantly to the right thereof.

8. Calculations indicate that most of the x‐bound CO2 in haemoglobin solutions at pH 7·2‐7·4 and at 37° C can be accounted for by carbaminobound CO2 without the need of postulating the existence of appreciable amounts of yet other forms, i.e. y‐bound CO2, in this range.
The action of dopamine on neurones of the caudate nucleus
Authors: McLennan H. , York D. H.
Published: December 2014

1. Dopamine applied iontophoretically to neurones of the caudate nucleus of cats caused excitation of some (9% of those encountered) and depression of others (60%). Some cells have been found affected both by dopamine and by acetylcholine.

2. The effects of dopamine could be prevented by the previous iontophoretic administration of phenoxybenzamine, but not by dichloroisopropylnoradrenaline.

3. Responses evoked in caudate neurones by electrical stimulation of substantia nigra were depressed by dopamine. No evidence for enhancement of the effects of nigral stimulation through the application of dopamine were detected.

4. Stimulation of nucleus centromedianus thalami depressed firing of caudate neurones.

5. The hypothesis that dopamine may act as an inhibitory synaptic transmitter within the caudate is put forward.
The production of persistent changes in the level of neuronal activity by brief local cooling of the cerebral cortex of the rat
Authors: Gartside I. B. , Lippold O. C. J.
Published: December 2014

1. Local cooling of the surface of the cerebral cortex of the rat gives rise to an increase in the spontaneous firing rate of cortical neurones.

2. When this increase in firing is maintained, by continued cooling, for 5 min or more, a prolonged after‐effect consisting of an increase in rate above the control level is produced lasting up to at least 3½ hr following restoration of temperature.

3. The potential gradient across the cortical surface during cooling is in the opposite direction to that required to produce an increase in firing during and after trans‐cortical polarization.

4. It is therefore likely that the important factor in producing after‐effects is associated with the actual firing rate of the neurones during the cooling (or polarizing) procedure rather than the accompanying extracellular potential gradient.
Transport and distribution of sodium across frog skin
Authors: Cereijido M. , Rotunno Catalina A.
Published: December 2014

1. The time course of 22Na influx across frog skin mounted as a flat sheet between two lucite chambers has been studied. The flux reaches its maximal steady value in about 30 min.

2. The time course of changes in 22Na specific activity in the cells has been followed by two different methods: (1) periodical measurements of 22Na activity in pieces of skin mounted in a special device in which the outer facing membrane was in contact with the tracer and (2) measurement of uptake of 24Na in individual pieces of skin suspended in Ringer solution. Under both circumstances the skin failed to exchange all its Na.

3. Considerations on the basis of the kinetics of 22Na influx and 22Na specific activity indicate that there exist at least two different Na compartments in the epithelium, one of them being directly involved in Na transport.

4. The 22Na specific activity profile was studied in skins which had previously been mounted as a flat sheet between two chambers with tracer in one of them. This was carried out by removing the skin from the chamber, freezing, slicing and analysing the slices for Na and 22Na. The results indicate that both Na compartments are distributed across the whole epithelium.

5. The results of these studies are taken to indicate: (a) that the Na partition in the tissue is not a result of the Na being contained in different cellular layers; (b) that Na transport across frog skin is carried out by all the epithelial cells and is not restricted to those of a particular layer; (c) that Na entry from an outer solution containing from 1 to 10 m
M‐Na occurs into the transporting cells down an electrochemical potential gradient and therefore need not involve an active mechanism at the outer border of the cells.
The inhibitory action of monoamines on lateral geniculate neurones
Authors: Phillis J. W. , Tebēcis A. K. , York D. H.
Published: December 2014

1.
L‐Noradrenaline (NA), dopamine, 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) and lysergide were administered iontophoretically to neurones in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat and the responses to these drugs recorded.

2. Many neurones were depressed by the monoamines and lysergide.

3. This depression was manifested by a reduction or abolition of the effects of optic nerve or visual stimulation, by a failure in some instances of an antidromically propagating spike to invade the cell soma, and by a depression of the excitant effects of
L‐glutamate and acetylcholine.

4. Although there was considerable variation in the magnitude of the depressant effects of the monoamines, dopamine was found to be slightly more potent than 5‐HT and NA. Neurones which were inhibited by catecholamines did not always respond to 5‐HT and lysergide and vice versa.

5. The inhibitory actions of monoamines on lateral geniculate neurones are comparable with those that have been recorded in other structures of the central nervous system.

6. Lysergide did not antagonize the action of 5‐HT.

7. Catecholamines and 5‐HT are present in nerve terminals in the lateral geniculate nucleus and the findings of this study suggest that they act as inhibitory transmitters.
Visual resolution when light enters the eye through different parts of the pupil
Authors: Green Daniel G.
Published: December 2014

1. Threshold contrasts for resolution of sinusoidal gratings imaged on to the retina through a decentred 2 mm pupil were measured.

2. No loss in resolution was found when the pupil was decentred parallel to the lines of the gratings. A loss in resolution by a factor of 3 occurred when the pupil was decentred by 3 mm perpendicular to the lines of the gratings.

3. The effects of focus on the threshold contrast for a grating viewed through a centred and decentred pupil were used to show that at least a portion of the loss in resolution is due to optical aberrations.

4. Using a neon‐helium gas laser as a coherent light source, interference fringes were produced on the retina directly. Threshold contrasts for resolution of the fringes were determined for different positions of entry of the beams of light through the pupil. When the Stiles—Crawford brightness effect was compensated for, no loss in resolution was found to occur for decentred entry of the beams.

5. It is concluded that the off‐axis loss of visual acuity is wholly due to optical aberrations in the eye.

6. The ratios between the threshold contrasts for sinusoidal gratings and for interference fringes are used to calculate the optical transfer functions of the off‐axis aberrations of the eye.
The synaptic basis of a bilateral lingual‐hypoglossal reflex in cats
Authors: Porter R.
Published: December 2014

1. Reflex discharge of some hypoglossal neurones innervating the intrinsic musculature of the tongue occurred following single stimuli delivered to low threshold afferents in the ipsilateral or contralateral lingual nerves of decerebrate cats.

2. The discharge produced by contralateral lingual nerve stimuli was smaller and had a longer latency than that produced by ipsilateral lingual nerve stimuli. The timing of the ipsilateral response suggested that two synapses were included in the reflex arc.

3. Intracellular recordings in hypoglossal motoneurones revealed complex depolarizing and later hyperpolarizing synaptic respones following single nerve stimuli. The direction of the early synaptic action in any cell was the same whether low threshold afferents in the ipsilateral or the contralateral lingual nerve were stimulated. The timing of these synaptic responses and the occurrence of ripples on the rising phase of many of the depolarizing potentials was consistent with the presence of an internuncial neurone in the pathway from the afferent fibres to the motoneurone.

4. Recordings were made of the discharges of neurones in or near the sensory nucleus of the spinal trigeminal tract caused by lingual nerve stimuli. The latencies of these discharges and the characters of the bursts of responses which followed single lingual nerve stimuli indicated that these neurones could be the internuncials on the reflex pathway.

5. The relationship of these findings to the observations of Miller & Sherrington (1915) on the ‘licking’ reflex is discussed.
A comparative study of middle cerebral pressure in dogs and macaques
Authors: Symon Lindsay
Published: December 2014

1. A comparison has been made of the pressures recorded from pial branches of the middle cerebral artery in dogs and macaques. This pressure has been shown to be between 88 and 95% of femoral arterial pressure in dogs under chloralose anaesthesia, and between 80 and 90% of femoral arterial pressure in macaques similarly anaesthetized.

2. The effect of occlusion of the main vessels in the neck is shown to differ considerably in the two species. Blood pressure within the forebrain of the dog is shown to be largely dependent upon the integrity of the external carotid artery, whereas in the monkey the external carotid artery is without effect in the maintenance of forebrain blood pressure. Occlusion of the four major arteries in the neck is shown to produce a greater effect in the macaque and to be accompanied by signs of medullary ischaemia in this species.

3. After occlusion of the main middle cerebral artery, arterial pressure measured distal to the occlusion depends upon the integrity of collateral vessels from the other cerebral arteries. When only a branch of the middle cerebral artery is occluded, the greater part of the residual blood pressure depends upon anastomoses from other branches of the middle cerebral artery itself.
Temperature effects produced in dogs and monkeys by injections of monoamines and related substances into the third ventricle
Authors: Feldberg W. , Hellon R. F. , Lotti V. J.
Published: December 2014

1. In dogs the effects on rectal temperature of noradrenaline, adrenaline, 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) and of the monoamine oxidase inhibitor tranylcypromine were studied following their injection into the third ventricle through a chronically implanted cannula. Tranylcypromine was given also by the intraperitoneal route.

2. The hypothermic effect of the catecholamines and the hyperthermic effect of 5‐HT previously demonstrated in anaesthetized dogs were obtained also in an unanaesthetized dog, but 5‐HT was effective only in doses under 20 μg.

3. Tranylcypromine (1 mg) injected into the third ventricle of dogs anaesthetized with pentobarbitone sodium produced shivering and a rise in temperature.

4. Tranylcypromine (10 mg/kg) injected intraperitoneally caused a rise in temperature in the unanaesthetized dog. For a time shivering and panting, two effects which produce opposite change in temperature, were observed together. When injected shortly before an intraperitoneal injection of an anaesthetizing dose of pentobarbitone sodium, tranylcypromine not only prevented the fall in temperature which is normally produced by the anaesthetic but caused a greater and longer lasting rise than when given alone.

5. The intraperitoneal injections of tranylcypromine produced profuse salivation, a peripheral effect which persisted after acute denervation and which was not abolished by atropine or tolazoline.

6. In rhesus monkeys anaesthetized with intraperitoneal pentobarbitone sodium, noradrenaline, adrenaline, 5‐HT and 5‐hydroxytryptophan (5‐HTP) were injected into the cannulated third ventricle. The catecholamines caused a fall in rectal temperature. No evidence was obtained that the fall resulted from a rise in hypothalamic temperature. The injections of 5‐HT or of its precursor 5‐HTP raised rectal temperature. Monkeys thus respond to the monoamines injected intraventricularly, in the same way as cats and dogs, and unlike rabbits, sheep, goats, oxen and rats.
Somato‐sensory paths to the second cortical projection area of the group I muscle afferents
Authors: Landgren S. , Silfvenius H. , Wolsk D.
Published: December 2014

1. Cats anaesthetized with chloralose and paralysed with Flaxedil were used. The projections of muscle, joint and skin afferents to the cortical fold hidden in the anterior suprasylvian sulcus were investigated with micro‐electrode recording techniques.

2. Electrical stimulation of Group I muscle afferents from the contralateral forelimb evoked a negative focal potential (latency 5 msec) in a locus of 1–2 mm diameter found in the lower bank of the fold. In one experiment a response to Group I muscle afferents from the contralateral hind limb was observed. The Group I potentials disappeared after sectioning of the dorsal columns at C3.

3. Groups II and III muscle afferents, low threshold skin afferents and joint afferents also evoked potentials in the Group I locus. It was concluded that the joint afferents originated mainly in the Ruffini endings of the joint capsule.

4. Groups II and III muscle afferents, low threshold skin and low threshold joint afferents projected to the upper bank of the suprasylvian fold. A certain somatotopic arrangement was observed.

5. The possibility of connexions between the cortex of the anterior suprasylvian fold and the primary somato‐sensory projection areas was discussed, as well as the organization of the loci in the fold in terms of cell colonies with different properties.
Saccadic and smooth pursuit eye movements in the monkey
Authors: Fuchs A. F.
Published: December 2014

1. Voluntary eye movements were measured in the chronic, unanaesthetized monkey. A training technique is described which conditions the animals to follow a large variety of target trajectories.

2. The eye movements of the monkey are not qualitatively different from those of man. In response to random target motions the monkey also employs a combination of saccadic and smooth pursuit movements.

3. Monkeys execute their saccades more rapidly than humans.

4. Monkeys are capable of attaining smooth pursuit velocities which are twice as fast as those of man.

5. Most of the critical experiments showing the separate nature of the saccadic and smooth pursuit modes in man have been performed on monkeys with similar results.

6. Therefore, if one remains aware of the quantitative differences between the two primates, results of neurophysiological studies of the occulomotor system of the monkey can be expected to have considerable relevance when extrapolated to man.
An investigation of pyramidal tract cells in the somatosensory cortex of the rat
Authors: McComas A. J. , Wilson P.
Published: December 2014

1. An electrophysiological study has been made of pyramidal tract (PT) cells in the somatosensory cortex of the rat; the axons of the cells were shown to project either to the dorsal column nuclei or to the corticospinal tract.

2. The corticospinal axons had conduction velocities of 7·6‐10·8 m/sec. and therefore must have belonged to the large population of PT axons with relatively small diameters.

3. PT cells constituted almost a quarter of the units encountered; they were distributed throughout the forepaw area within the deeper layers of the cortex.

4. The sizes of the receptive fields of PT cells varied widely and did not differ significantly from those of non‐PT cells.

5. The latencies of PT cell discharges following peripheral stimulation showed less variation than those of non‐PT cells though the mean latencies were identical.

6. Most PT cells could be driven from the periphery and exhibited spontaneous activity in addition; they therefore function to maintain a continuous control over the somatosensory input to the brain which can be increased whenever the skin is stimulated.
Gastric blood flow in anaesthetized cats
Authors: Harper A. A. , Reed J. D. , Smy J. R.
Published: December 2014

1. The gastric mucosal blood flow has been measured by the amidopyrine clearance technique in anaesthetized cats. The total gastric blood flow has been (a) measured directly and (b) calculated by the Fick principle from the amidopyrine concentrations in gastric arterial and venous blood and the gastric output of amidopyrine.

2. Observations on the recovery of added amidopyrine from arterial and venous blood and plasma, and on the rate of transfer of amidopyrine from corpuscles to plasma, support the underlying assumptions of the amidopyrine method of measuring mucosal blood flow.

3. If acid solutions are instilled into the stomach the mucosal blood flow of the non‐secreting stomach may be measured by the amidopyrine technique.

4. Total gastric and mucosal blood flow increased linearly with increase in H+ secretion, stimulated by histamine or gastrin. The increase in total flow was entirely due to the increase in mucosal flow.

5. The relationship between mucosal blood flow and H+ secretion was the same for histamine and gastrin responses, and was unaffected by maintaining the total flow at a constant level, or by reduction of the circulating blood volume. Increase in blood volume altered the relationship so that there was a greater increment in mucosal blood flow for any increase in H+ secretion.

6. It is concluded that valid observations may be made on secretion and blood flow relationships in acute anaesthetized preparations.
The effect of intraventricular injections of noradrenaline, 5‐hydroxytryptamine, acetylcholine and tranylcypromine on the ox (Bos taurus) at different environmental temperatures
Authors: Findlay J. D. , Thompson G. E.
Published: December 2014

1. Noradrenaline, 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT), acetylcholine and tranylcypromine were injected or infused into the lateral ventricle of the ox. The effects of these drugs on heart and respiration rates, heat production, rectal, skin and hypothalamic temperatures and skin evaporative loss were measured when the animal was exposed to environmental temperatures ranging from ‐1° C to +30° C.

2. Acetylcholine (0·001‐2 mg) had no detectable effect on temperature regulation at 20° C.

3. In small doses (0·005‐0·05 mg) 5‐HT had no detectable effect. Larger doses (2‐5 mg) given in a cold environment (‐1° C) also had no effect but the same doses given in warm environments (15‐30° C) caused increases in skin temperatures, skin evaporative loss and respiratory rate, and decreases in rectal and hypothalamic temperatures.

4. Infusion of tranylcypromine (0·107 ml./min of a 1 in 50 solution) in a warm environment (20° C) also caused a decrease in rectal temperature after a delay of 1‐1½ hr during which no effects were apparent.

5. Noradrenaline (2 mg) had no effect on temperature regulation when injected into animals in a warm environment (30° C). When injected (1 mg) into animals in a cold environment (‐1° C) shivering stopped and heat production and rectal and hypothalamic temperatures were decreased.

6. It is concluded that intraventricular 5‐HT and noradrenaline both cause a decrease in body temperature, and it is unlikely that central temperature regulation in the ox is mediated only by these two substances.
The site of action of ‘chlormadinone acetate’ (6‐chloro‐Δ6‐dehydro‐17α‐acetoxyprogesterone) in blocking ovulation in the mated rabbit
Authors: Exley D. , Gellert R. J. , Harris G. W. , Nadler R. D.
Published: December 2014

1. In a study of the site of action of a steroid in current use for contraceptive purposes (6‐chloro‐Δ6‐dehydro‐17α‐acetoxyprogesterone; ‘chlormadinone acetate’), the ovarian responses [secretion rate of 20α‐hydroxypregn‐4‐en‐3‐one (20 α‐OH), and the occurrence of ovulation] were observed in control oestrous rabbits and in rabbits following mating, injection of luteinizing hormone, and after electrical stimulation of the median eminence.

2. Chlormadinone acetate pretreatment (0·5 mg
I.V.) did not lower significantly the secretion of 20 α‐OH in otherwise untreated oestrous rabbits.

3. Chlormadinone acetate, given 24 hr before mating, prevented the rise in 20α‐OH that would otherwise have occurred, and also blocked the ovulation response following mating.

4. Chlormadinone acetate pretreatment did not prevent the ovarian responses to administration of luteinizing hormone.

5. Chlormadinone acetate pretreatment did not prevent the ovarian responses to electrical stimulation of the median eminence of the tuber cinereum of the hypothalamus.

6. The conclusion is drawn that the chlormadinone acetate block of the ovarian responses following mating is at a site in the central nervous system located above the median eminence.
Somatic afferent input to posterior thalamic neurones and their axon projection to the cerebral cortex in the cat
Authors: Rowe M. J. , Sessle B. J.
Published: December 2014

1. A technique of reversible block of synaptic transmission through the dorsal column nuclei and the trigeminal nucleus caudalis (n. caudalis) has been employed to assess the somatic afferent input to individual posterior thalamic neurones in the cat. The axon projection to the cerebral cortex of these neurones has been identified by antidromic activation following cortical stimulation.

2. Unitary responses in the nucleus ventralis posterolateralis (VPL) evoked by cutaneous stimulation were abolished or depressed following block of transmission in the dorsal column nuclei. Block in n. caudalis, however, depressed unitary responses in nucleus ventralis posteromedialis (VPM) evoked by facial skin stimulation in less than 10% of cells.

3. A more complex source of the somatic input to the posterior nuclear region of the thalamus (PO) was found. It was most commonly noted that PO unitary activity evoked by cutaneous stimulation of the face was unaffected by block of synaptic transmission in n. caudalis. No uniform effect was observed on unitary responses in PO evoked by limb stimulation when transmission in the dorsal column nuclei was blocked.

4. Antidromic activation from the cerebral cortex was seen in 69% of ventrobasal neurones. Most cells (66%) had ‘antidromic cortical fields’ restricted to a region consisting of a third to a half of the specific somatic projection areas. In 10% of cells evidence was obtained for discontinuous cortical ‘antidromic fields’ suggesting subcortical bifurcation of the projecting axon.

5. An axon projection to the cortex was found in 35% of PO cells, about half of which projected only to specific somatic projection areas. Evidence for subcortical branching of the axon was obtained for seven PO cells.
The distribution of proteins that bind neurohypophysial hormones
Authors: Ginsburg M. , Jayasena K.
Published: December 2014

1. Protein fractions were prepared from serum and various organs of pigs following the methods used to extract and purify neurophysin from posterior pituitaries.

2. Protein fractions extracted from porcine kidney, uterus, mammary gland or serum, which contain antigen reacting with anti‐neurophysin serum, form non‐dialysable complexes with oxytocin and/or lysine vasopressin.

3. Protein from uterus or mammary gland bound oxytocin but not lysine vasopressin, while protein extracted from kidney bound lysine vasopressin but not oxytocin: protein from serum bound both hormones.

4. Protein fractions prepared in the same way from porcine liver, spleen, skeletal muscle and brain, which do not contain antigen reacting with anti‐neurophysin serum, did not form complexes with neurohypophysial hormone.

5. The formation of complexes between the renal or uterine protein fractions and lysine vasopressin or oxytocin is inhibited by the addition of 1·0 × 10−6
M‐CaCl2.

6. 1‐Desamino 8‐arginine vasopressin is not bound by neurophysin prepared from porcine posterior pituitaries or the protein from porcine kidneys, while 8‐arginine vasopressin does form non‐dialysable complexes with proteins from both sources.

7. A protein fraction extracted from guinea‐pig kidney by similar preparative methods also bound lysine vasopressin and the binding was inhibited by addition of CaCl2.
Circadian rhythms in rat mid‐brain and caudate nucleus biogenic amine levels
Authors: Friedman Alexander H. , Walker Charles A.
Published: December 2014

1. The circadian rhythms of rectal temperature and biogenic amine levels in mid‐brain and caudate nucleus have been measured in normal and adrenalectomized rats adapted to and maintained under fixed illumination cycle.

2. Rectal temperature reaches a peak value between 24.00 hr and 06.00 hr during the dark phase of the illumination cycle at a time when motor activity is maximal. In adrenalectomized rats, the pattern is similar but the peak is significantly lower.

3. Highest histamine levels in the caudate nucleus and mid‐brain of normal and adrenalectomized rats are found at the time when body temperature and motor activity is maximal.

4. Similarly, caudate nucleus and mid‐brain noradrenaline levels reach their peak during the dark phase of the illumination cycle. These levels are significantly different from those found during the light phase of the illumination cycle. The rise in noradrenaline in the mid‐brain of adrenalectomized rats, however, was not significant.

5. Peak 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) levels in the caudate nucleus of normal rats and the mid‐brain of adrenalectomized rats were found to be 12 hr out of phase with peak values obtained for other parameters that were measured.

6. The significance of these circadian rhythms in relation to states of sleep and wakefulness, general metabolism, and motor activity is discussed.
Effects of water diuresis and osmotic (mannitol) diuresis on urinary solute excretion by the conscious rat
Authors: Atherton J. C. , Hai M. A. , Thomas S.
Published: December 2014

1. The time course and extent of changes in urinary flow and in the outputs of urea, Na+, K+, and NH4+ over a period of 7½ hr in conscious rats during water and osmotic (mannitol) diuresis were determined, and compared with spontaneous changes in non‐diuretic animals.

2. In non‐diuretic rats, a morning rise and subsequent decline in urinary osmolal, sodium, potassium and ammonium outputs occurred, possibly attributable to circadian rhythms.

3. Water diuresis was accompanied by (i) a rapid increase in urea excretion during the phase of increasing urine flow, followed by a fall in later periods to values similar to those in non‐diuresis, (ii) a slower increase in sodium output, continuing after the establishment of the constant water load, (iii) unchanged potassium excretion, but slightly increased ammonium outputs.

4. Mannitol diuresis was accompanied by (i) a rapid increase in urea outputs which subsequently fell but remained significantly higher, (ii) a steep rise in sodium and potassium outputs to values which remained far higher than those in non‐diuretic and water diuretic animals.

5. The changes in mannitol diuresis are considered to result mainly from decreased tubular reabsorption, due to the lowered intraluminal sodium, potassium and urea concentrations and increased intratubular fluid flow. Some of the acute increase in urea excretion may be due to washout of medullary urea into the tubular fluid.

6. In water diuresis, some of the changes in solute excretion may similarly result from altered tubular reabsorption, perhaps influenced by suppression of anti‐diuretic hormone (A.D.H.). In addition, the slower changes in sodium output may be related to several consequences of change in body fluid volume.