bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sustainability
Authors: Talen Emily
Published: February 2013

This article discusses sustainability, one of the key objectives of urban planning. It provides an overview of what is believed to be consensus thinking concerning what sustainable places are and reviews the generalized principles of sustainable cities. The article highlights the disagreements among planners about the parameters, effects, and implementation strategies necessary. It argues that scholarship and research on sustainable urbanism are still needed to define more specific parameters, to understand and work to offset perverse effects, and to figure out ways to more effectively implement the essential objectives.
The Local Regulation of Climate Change
Authors: Deshazo J. R. , Matute Juan
Published: February 2013

This article discusses the importance of measuring the greenhouse gas (GHG) effects of urban and regional planning and policy in order to develop and implement policies to reduce GHG emissions. It argues that existing local government GHG measurement methods fail to support the local governments in their evaluation of policy design and the GHG reductions resulting from their policies. The article highlights the need for a large amount of observational data, from different locations and different times, as well as for control variables in order to disentangle local policy effects from nonpolicy and extra-local effects.
The Changing Character of Urban Redevelopment
Authors: Fainstein Norman , Fainstein Susan S.
Published: February 2013

This article outlines the theoretical approaches to analyzing urban redevelopment in the United States and Western Europe. It examines the policies that have been adopted in more than sixty years of public intervention within the already built environment and evaluates the role played by different social interests in affecting this intervention. The article suggests that programs for urban redevelopment rest within a field of forces which connects local conditions with global transformations, and considers the issue of slum clearance.
Urban Informality
Authors: Roy Ananya
Published: February 2013

This article examines contemporary understandings of the informal city and situates them in a broader history of ideas. It investigates why certain land uses and settlement patterns are designated as formal by the state while others are criminalized and maintained as informal, and considers the ownership and use of property, focusing on the splintered landscapes of spatial value that mark the metropolitan regions of the Global South. The article also proposes a conceptual framework for the study of urban informality.
The Real Estate Development Industry
Authors: Charney Igal
Published: February 2013

This article provides an overview of the real estate development industry and evaluates its connection to urban planning. It reviews principal approaches used to study the real estate industry and explains the concept of development rhythms that encapsulate the unevenness of development over time. The article explains that the real estate development industry has not come to occupy an important position in urban planning because of the preference of urban scholars for social, political, and cultural issues. It also examines the workings of the core agents in the development process, real estate developers.
Planning and Citizenship
Authors: Miraftab Faranak
Published: February 2013

This article examines the relation between citizenship and urban planning. It discusses the debates on citizenship as theory and practice that mediate the relationship between the state and citizens, and highlights the crisis of the liberal social contract as the fallacy of its promises of equality and freedom are increasingly exposed. The article argues that the goals and objectives of planning practice are complicated by their formulation on a contested terrain of citizenship, and suggests that it is essential for progressive planning to engage with the expanded focus of the citizenship debate, from formal rights to justice and from representative to participatory democracy.
Indo-Europeans
Authors: Melchert H. Craig
Published: February 2013

This article presents an overview of the arrival and florescence of the Indo-European languages in Anatolia, the most famous of which is Hittite. The weight of current linguistic evidence supports the traditional view that Indo-European speakers are intrusive to Asia Minor, coming from somewhere in eastern Europe. There is a growing consensus that the differentiation among the Indo-European Anatolian languages begins at least by the mid-second millennium BCE and possibly earlier. It is likely, but not strictly provable, that this differentiation correlates with the entry of the Indo-European speakers into Anatolia and their subsequent dispersal. Nothing definitive can be said about the route by which the Indo-European entry took place.
Assyrians and Urartians
Authors: Radner Karen
Published: February 2013

This article traces the interactions between Assyria and Urartu, military and otherwise, and their impact on the neighboring Anatolian kingdoms, especially the chain of buffer states situated between Assyria's northern and Urartu's southern border. To the Assyrian mind, Urartu was on one hand an anti-Assyria, the archenemy and eternal temptation for its vassals, and on the other a mirror image, a kind of Assyria in the mountains; inscriptions and archival materials alike attribute Assyrian concepts to Biainili, for example, by superimposing the Assyrian administrative structure onto the other country, referring to provinces and governors and using various specifically Assyrian titles for Urartian officials. This tends to promote the idea that the two kingdoms were very much alike, but the fact that climatic conditions and the economic basis of Assyria and Urartu were very different should make it clear that this assumption is implausible. The various states situated in the border region between Assyria and Urartu, too, had their own distinct identities and traditions.
Arslantepe-Malatya: A Prehistoric and Early Historic Center in Eastern Anatolia
Authors: Frangipane Marcella
Published: February 2013

This article discusses findings from excavations at Arslantepe–Malatya. Arslantepe is a tell about 4.5 hectares in extension and 30 meters high, at the heart of the fertile Malatya Plain, some 12 kilometers from the right bank of the Euphrates, and surrounded by mountains, which, in the past, were covered by forests. In the earliest phases of its history, in the Chalcolithic period, it had close links with the Syro-Mesopotamian world, with which it shared many cultural features, structural models, and development trajectories. But in the early centuries of the third millennium BCE, far-reaching changes took place in the site that halted the development of the Mesopotamian-type centralized system and reoriented Arslantepe's external relations toward eastern Anatolia and Transcaucasia. A further radical change occurred in the second millennium BCE, when the site interacted with the rising Hittite civilization, which exerted a strong influence on it. But it was with the Late Bronze I and, more evidently, Late Bronze II, that the expanding Hittite state, which expanded as far as the banks of the Euphrates, imposed its cultural and political domination over the populations in the Malatya region, heralding another important stage in the history of Arslantepe.
Key Sites Of The Hittite Empire
Authors: Mielke Dirk Paul
Published: February 2013

This article discusses findings from excavations of key Hittite sites: Bo ğ azköy–Hattu ša, Ortaköy– Š apinuwa, Alaca Höyük, Kuşakli–Šarişşa, and Maşat Höyük–Tapikka. These sites shed light on both the characteristic features and diversity of Hittite urban forms.
Gordion: The Changing Political and Economic Roles of a First Millennium B.C.E. City
Authors: Voigt Mary M.
Published: February 2013

This article discusses findings from excavations at Gordion. Near the juncture of the Porsuk and Sakarya Rivers in west-central Turkey lies a large, flat-topped mound called Yass ıhöyük. In 1893 Alfred Körte visited the site, hoping to find ancient Gordion, capital of the Phrygian kingdom of the first millennium BCE. Convinced that Yass ıhöyük was the best match for descriptions left by ancient historians, Körte returned to the site in 1900 with his brother Gustav to carry out excavations on the mound and five of the surrounding tumuli. Today an identification of Yass ıhöyük as Gordion is supported by excavated remains of appropriate scale and date, and by associated inscriptions in the Phrygian language. The site has not, however, yielded inscribed material attesting the place-name Gordion, and the name of its most famous king, Midas, occurs only as a graffito on a potsherd.
Introduction
Authors: Steketee Gail
Published: February 2013

The Oxford Handbook of Obsessive Compulsive and Spectrum Disorders reviews current literature on obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and its associated spectrum conditions of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), hoarding, trichotillomania and tic disorders. Authors who are leading researchers in their fields summarize and synthesize the current knowledge about these OC spectrum disorders to provide a road map for the field and open the door to new research and further study. This introduction previews the contents of the book and highlights some of the challenges in current research on epidemiology, features, and diagnosis, as well as biological and psychosocial theories and treatments for these conditions.
Information Processing in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder and Related Problems
Authors: Radomsky Adam S. , Alcolado Gillian M.
Published: February 2013

Information processing research has become increasingly important in understanding a large number of different disorders, including obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). This work, which focuses on the factors affecting attention, encoding (learning), and different types of memory, promises not only to improve our knowledge of the psychopathology of OCD and related problems, but also to influence the treatment of these often severe and debilitating conditions. This chapter reviews the history and research associated with aspects of information processing as they relate to both the psychopathology and treatment of OCD, trichotillomania, and body dysmorphic disorder. This includes descriptions of some experimental methodologies used to assess challenging aspects of cognition in OCD. Consistencies and inconsistencies in the literature are highlighted, and an attempt is made to resolve some of them through conceptualizing information-processing studies as either relevant or irrelevant to the experience of OCD. Ideas and questions for future research are proposed.
Assessing OCD Symptoms and Severity
Authors: Dorfan Nicole M. , Woody Sheila R.
Published: February 2013

This chapter describes methods and tools for assessing obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). The chapter outlines the purposes of assessment and discusses special challenges presented by OCD, such as shame associated with socially unacceptable obsessional content. Several types of assessment tools are discussed, including structured diagnostic interviews, semistructured clinician interviews to assess OCD symptom profile and severity, self-report instruments, behavioral assessment and self-monitoring, assessment of appraisals and beliefs relevant to OCD, and functional impairment. The importance of linking assessment findings to an evidence-based treatment plan is discussed.
Pharmacological Treatments for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Authors: Dougherty Darin D. , Rauch Scott L. , Jenike Michael A.
Published: February 2013

Progress in treating OCD has accelerated in recent years. Effective first-line treatments include behavior therapy and medications, with overwhelming evidence supporting the efficacy of serotonergic reuptake inhibitors (SRIs). Second-line medication treatments for OCD include augmentation of SRIs with neuroleptics, clonazepam, or buspirone, with limited support for other strategies at present. Alternative monotherapies (e.g., buspirone, clonazepam, phenelzine) have more limited supporting data and require further study. Behavior therapy, and perhaps cognitive therapy, is as effective as medication and may be superior in risks, costs, and enduring benefits. Future rigorous research is needed to determine which patients respond preferentially to which medications, at what dose, and after what duration. Emerging treatments include new compounds acting via serotonergic, dopaminergic, glutamatergic, and opioid systems.
Other Biological Approaches to OCD
Authors: McLaughlin Nicole C. R. , Greenberg Benjamin D.
Published: February 2013

Interest in psychiatric neurosurgery has waxed and waned since the 1930s. This chapter reviews the history of these methods, with a focus on OCD. This review of lesion procedures and deep brain stimulation includes neuropsychological and neuroimaging research in the context of putative neurocircuitry underlying symptoms and response to treatment. The chapter highlights how an abundance of caution is needed, as well as key issues in long-term management of patients so treated.
Exposure-Based Treatment for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Authors: Abramowitz Jonathan S. , Taylor Steven , McKay Dean
Published: February 2013

Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is one of the oldest and most effective treatments for obsessive compulsive disorder. The present chapter describes the empirical foundations, development, delivery, and latest research on ERP. Commonly used methods and procedural variants of ERP are described, along with findings concerning the underlying mechanisms of action. The efficacy of ERP in relation to other treatments is discussed, in addition to research on the long-term effects of ERP and its effects in non-research settings. Pretreatment predictors of the outcome of treatments using ERP are also considered. Efforts to improve treatment outcome are discussed, including research into the benefits of combining ERP with other psychosocial interventions such as cognitive therapy, or with particular medications. The chapter concludes by considering important future research directions for improving the outcome of treatment packages that include ERP.
Cognitive Treatment for OCD
Authors: Whittal Maureen L. , Robichaud Melisa
Published: February 2013

The cornerstone of cognitive treatment (CT) for OCD is based upon the knowledge that unwanted intrusions are essentially a universal experience. As such, it is not the presence of the intrusion that is problematic but rather the associated meaning or interpretation. Treatment is flexible, depending upon the nature of the appraisals and beliefs, but can include strategies focused on inflated responsibility and overestimation of threat, importance and control of thoughts, and the need for perfectionism and certainty. The role of concealment and the relationship to personal values are important maintaining and etiological factors. The short-term and long-term treatment outcome is reviewed, along with predictors of treatment response and mechanisms of action, and the chapter concludes with future directions regarding CT for OCD.
Treatment of Compulsive Hoarding
Authors: Grisham Jessica R. , Norberg Melissa M. , Certoma Sarah P.
Published: February 2013

Compulsive hoarding is a prevalent and chronic problem that is associated with a profound public health burden. Individuals with hoarding symptoms who have been included in OCD treatment outcome trials have responded poorly to standard pharmacological and psychological treatments. Interventions based on a cognitive-behavioral model specific to compulsive hoarding have shown more promise, according to recent studies. This chapter reviews assessment practices, current evidence regarding biological and psychological treatments for hoarding, and challenges associated with treating hoarding. The cognitive-behavioral treatment for hoarding developed by Steketee and Frost (2007) is described, followed by research questions regarding how to improve treatment outcomes for hoarding.
Managing Change in Urban Infrastructure Systems
Authors: Donaghy Kieran
Published: February 2013

Infrastructure systems are widely acknowledged to have influenced the evolution of urban spatial structure. Interurban infrastructure systems also make possible commerce, travel, the sharing of resources (e.g., electrical power and information), and collaboration between residents of far flung cities. This article, specifically deals with the problem of managing changes in interdependent infrastructure-based networked systems (or urban infrastructure systems, for short). It also highlights some important issues of infrastructure planning, which could be addressed by urban economics. These include the real meaning and essential properties of infrastructure, characteristics of a properly functioning urban infrastructure system, managing and sustaining changes in infrastructure systems and resources available to finance, decision making associated with managing changes in infrastructure systems, and finally, policy considerations and research on the management of urban infrastructure systems.
Urban Structure and Economic Growth
Authors: Gordon Peter , Richardson Harry W.
Published: February 2013

Research in recent years has reemphasized the importance of institutions that best poise entrepreneurs to succeed. This idea has been enriched over the years with the insights of Joseph Schumpeter F. A. Hayek, Douglass North, and many others. This article surveys recent work in urban economics and suggests that its challenge is to explain how entrepreneurs and others can be spatially poised to succeed. It calls attention to the underestimation of urban structure as a factor explaining affluence. Parallel to Douglass North's explanation that institutions matter, it describes how cities matter. It argues that favorable institutions make it possible to get favorable spatial arrangements, and both of them are essential to economic growth. Furthermore, it argues that urban form matters to economic growth. It also challenges policy discussions that presume planners can and should attempt to reorganize urban structure.
The Drug War and Inner-City Neighborhoods
Authors: Goldsmith William W.
Published: February 2013

In depressed big-city neighborhoods, the drug trade serves as a key business, creating local jobs and income but at the same time introducing danger and stress. Besides drug sales or drug use, nearly all of the troublesome effects of drugs in the neighborhoods come from their illegality. This article focuses on the coexistence of a drug economy with neighborhood violence. It reports the size of the U.S. drug economy and its fiscal burdens. It also describes retail drug marketing as an inner-city business with a special labor market. Following this, it explores corporate earnings in the prison industrial complex and also looks at political earnings. Furthermore, it examines the high cost of collateral damages of drug illegality, and finally, discusses solutions. The drug war does not attack drugs, but it attacks the nation's most vulnerable neighborhoods and the people who live in them.
Gentrification: Perspectives of Economists and Planners
Authors: Ellen Ingrid Gould , O'Regan Katherine
Published: February 2013

Gentrification touches on issues at the core of the fields of urban economics, planning, and geography. This article aims to look across disciplines and review the literature on gentrification. It begins by discussing how gentrification is defined and understood by different researchers and assessing its importance or prevalence over time. It then contrasts the theoretical approaches used to explain the causes of gentrification in different fields. It focuses on different models used by economists on the one hand and planners, on the other. The economic models of neighborhood change focus more on market forces and individual choices, while planning and geography models emphasize class and politics. Following this, the article reviews the literature on the consequences of gentrification, summarizing the empirical evidence. Finally, it highlights what is still unknown about gentrification, in terms of the process and drivers, its consequences, and the role it might play in future urban revitalization.
Housing Markets, Prices, and Policies
Authors: Green Richard K.
Published: February 2013

This article provides a detailed explanation of housing markets. Housing markets are different from other kinds of markets, in part because housing is not a commodity, and in part because when one buys (or rents) a house, one is also buying a set of neighborhood amenities, schools, transportation systems, and taxes. Housing markets are also heavily regulated. It discusses housing markets and policies and examines related issues, revealing why different cities have different housing markets and why housing markets are different within metropolitan areas. It also looks into measurement issues and house prices, rents and house prices and house price bubbles. Furthermore, it describes the U.S. housing policy, and concepts such as land-use regulation and housing; taxes and housing; and looks into the issues of segregation and discrimination.
Exclusionary Land-Use Policies: Economic Rationales and Legal Remedies
Authors: Dawkins Casey J.
Published: February 2013

This article provides an overview of the economic and legal issues surrounding exclusionary land-use policies. It begins by exploring the economic means and motivation for adopting and enforcing exclusionary land-use policies. It then examines the legal context surrounding exclusionary land-use policies and explores tools for detecting and measuring the extent of exclusion perpetuated by local governments. Local governments may choose to adopt exclusionary policies for a variety of rationales, ranging from fiscal to purely discriminatory purposes. Furthermore, policies designed to affect one particular motivation for discrimination will likely not be effective and will invariably influence other motivations to exclude. Finally, the article reveals recent empirical evidence on the impacts of exclusionary land-use policies, and this is followed by a discussion of potential remedies for the exclusionary effects of such policies which could be used to identify which local governments would be required to participate in such audits.
The Economics of New Urbanism and Smart Growth: Comparing Price Gains and Costs between New Urbanist and Conventional Developments
Authors: Song Yan , Stevens Mark
Published: February 2013

Smart Growth, New Urbanism, and other land-use reforms are ever-growing trends altering the style of sprawling residential developments throughout the United States. Deeply rooted in traditional concepts of town and neighborhood planning, design, and development, New Urbanist communities are based on the principles of walkability, connectivity, mixed land uses and diversity, mixed housing types, quality architecture and urban design, traditional neighborhood structure, increased density, multiple transportation choices, sustainability, and quality of life. This article provides a discussion on how to assess the values and costs of New Urbanist features. In the analysis prsented in this discussion, the article reviews the history of the New Urbanism movement and a list of amenities that New Urbanists attempted to deliver. It then explores the values and costs of New Urbanist features in comparison to conventional developments. Finally, it identifies understudied areas regarding the economics of New Urbanism and subsequent future research questions.
Fiscal Impact Analysis and the Costs of Alternative Development Patterns
Authors: Juntunen Lorelei , Knaap Gerrit‐Jan , Moore Terry
Published: February 2013

The growing recognition of the relationship between decisions about growth (how and where it occurs) and public sector budgets has contributed to the attention given in academia and in practice to fiscal impact analysis. This article explores the theory and practice of fiscal impact analysis with a focus on the relationship between government budgets and urban development patterns. Conventional wisdom states that higher-density development, or compact growth, produces more favorable fiscal impacts than low-density suburban sprawl. Furthermore, the article presents a framework for understanding fiscal impact analysis. It also presents a discussion of the methods of fiscal impact analysis and a discussion of the relationship between development patterns and fiscal impacts. Finally, it highlights some thoughts on the use of fiscal impact analysis for making development decisions.
Globalization and Urban Growth in the Developing World with Special Reference to Asian Countries
Authors: Kundu Amitabh
Published: February 2013

This article examines the basis of the alarmist perspective on urbanization in less developed countries, particularly Asia. It begins by presenting an overview of the methods adopted by the Population Division of the United Nations in projecting urban population figures over the first five decades of this century. It then analyzes the myth of “southward shift” of the epicenter of urbanization and that of urban explosion in Asia. A similar analysis has been undertaken across the countries within the regions of Asia as well. Furthermore, it reviews the growth of urban centers in different size categories, the shift of growth dynamics from large metros to second order cities, and the stagnation of small and medium-sized towns in Asia in the context of their implications for balanced regional development. Finally, it examines policies and programs at the national and regional levels, summarizing the major findings of the study.
Third World Urban Migration as a Global Sustainability Challenge
Authors: Vietorisz Thomas
Published: February 2013

Third World growth is concentrated in urban areas and accounts for much of the global population increase projected by the United Nations. The trend is disastrously unsustainable. This article is concerned with the immediate dynamics that are faced, the excessively fast urban migration to large cities in the Third World, which threatens serious crises with global consequences. Rather than growth versus sustainability, it focuses on the development trap created by the wrong kind of growth in which many Third World countries are now being caught. Understanding the problem posed by this trap is a prerequisite for heading off the increasing risk of serious crises in large Third World urban areas. The article draws on European information primarily as a guide for designing and supporting limited-scale proactive Third World initiatives on a pilot basis to define useful policies for countering migration pressures, thereby offering experience on which to build much more intensively.
Heterogeneity in Delinquency
Authors: Piquero Alex R. , Weiss Douglas B.
Published: February 2013

This article gives an overview of the heterogeneity observed in delinquency and criminal careers. It begins with a discussion of the classic age–crime relationship, which has formed the basis for much of the theoretical, empirical, and policy discussion regarding crime and criminals. Following this, it discusses the criminal career framework that parcels the longitudinal patterning of criminal offending into different dimensions, and overviews the theories it helped to generate. Furthermore, the article reviews some of the key empirical investigations that have assessed hypotheses emerging from these theories. It then highlights several promising future research directions that are anticipated to help fill some of the gaps in understanding the heterogeneity among offenders. It concludes with a brief discussion about the policy implications emerging from theoretical and empirical literature surrounding offender heterogeneity.
The Victim-Offender Overlap and Its Implications for Juvenile Justice
Authors: Schreck Christopher J. , Stewart Eric A.
Published: February 2013

Victimization and offending are problems linked to youth. This article is about the victim offender overlap, which is a phenomenon where a person's offending activity and victimization experiences are positively correlated. It highlights the victim-offender overlap, which is a well-documented empirical fact. Although persistent, there are few criminological theories about the victim-offender correlation and this article focuses on insights offered by some of the leading criminological theories, particularly cultural deviance, strain, control, and life-course perspectives. It interprets victim-offender overlap from this vantage point and examines the implications of a life-course approach to the study of the victim-offender overlap. In sum, it provides a review that indicates that the victim-offender nexus is not well understood, notwithstanding the vast literature connecting childhood victimization and mistreatment to offending. Finally, it poses a few questions that are vital to understanding victim-offender correlation, but are unanswered so far.
The Social Side of Delinquent Behavior
Authors: Warr Mark
Published: February 2013

This article explores questions regarding the social side of delinquent behavior. It begins with discussing crime as a group behavior, suggesting that, as social beings, humans sometimes indulge illegal or unacceptable behavior when others are present that they would never contemplate doing alone. Following this, it reviews some evidence on the social nature of crime and delinquency. Although delinquent behavior is predominantly group behavior, some offenses are more likely to be committed in groups than others. It suggests that the motivation to engage in delinquency ordinarily arises after a group assembles and as a consequence of group interaction and then discusses the implications of sociality, focusing on peer influence and some ecological theories. The search for the social aspects of delinquency remains one of the most vital areas of research in contemporary criminology.
Strain and Delinquency
Authors: Agnew Robert
Published: February 2013

Strain theories state that certain strains or stressors increase the likelihood of delinquency. These strains include such things as harsh parental discipline, negative relations with teachers, peer abuse, criminal victimization, and a desperate need for money. Delinquency may be a way to escape from strain. This article discusses the link between strain and delinquency. It begins with an account of history of strain theories of delinquency. It then describes those strains that are most likely to cause delinquency, discussing why these strains increase delinquency. Following this, the article reveals those factors that increase the likelihood that juveniles will cope with strains through delinquency. It draws on strain theory to explain group differences in delinquency, such as the higher rates of offending among males. Researchers continue to examine factors that affect the likelihood of delinquent coping. Finally, the article concludes with a discussion of the implications of strain theory for controlling delinquency.
An Emergent Situational and Transactional Theory of Urban Youth Violence
Authors: Wilkinson Deanna L.
Published: February 2013

Youth violence is a public health problem that compromises the healthy development of youth and communities. This article makes an attempt to develop a theoretical model of the situational and transactional features of urban youth violence. It describes the heuristic presentation of the compositional aspects of youth violence events focusing on the most central situational characteristics. Following this, it describes how those characteristics converge in the early stages of a conflict interaction. It emphasizes on opening interactions, interpretations of social cues, relational distance between actors, and respondents' perceptions of the hostile intent of others. Furthermore, it specifies an emergent transactional model by focusing on the sequential stages of the event and the roles that actors play as the event moves through time. It concludes by situating the emergent transactional theory for urban youth violence within the broader violence literature and make suggestions for its relevance to juvenile justice policy.
Delinquency Prevention
Authors: Welsh Brandon C.
Published: February 2013

Delinquency prevention involves intervening in the lives of children and youths before they engage in delinquency. Delinquency control or repression responds to individuals after a delinquent act has been committed. Delinquency prevention takes place outside of the juvenile justice system, but delinquency prevention programs are not designed with the intention of excluding justice personnel. This article reviews the research on and key issues facing the prevention of delinquency. It opens by drawing attention to two important yet divergent issues confronting the present state and future of delinquency prevention, which are, research in prevention of delinquency, and the reality of policy and practice. It reviews scientific evidence on what works to prevent delinquency through individual, family, and environmental interventions that are delivered in the early years of the life course. Finally, it examines the implications of this research for juvenile justice policy and practice.
Policing Juveniles
Authors: McGarrell Edmund F.
Published: February 2013

The historic experience of the police and juveniles parallels that of the emergence and development of the juvenile court and juvenile justice system. Just as the juvenile court has faced contradictory pressures inherent in the tension between community crime control and the individualized needs of youth, so too have the police. Policing juveniles involves responding to the diverse range of juvenile crime and delinquency. Contemporary policing has been influenced by a number of philosophies including community policing, problem-solving, and evidence-based policing. All of these models appear to hold some promise for improving practice related to policing juveniles. Community partnerships with schools, youth service organizations, parents, neighborhood groups, employers, recreational programs, and other local agencies and institutions offer promise for enhancing prevention and intervention efforts.
Detention
Authors: Barton William H.
Published: February 2013

The term detention refers to that part of the juvenile justice system that handles youths between the time of their arrest and court hearings. Detention centers are secure facilities intended to hold youths deemed too risky to release during that time period. This article attempts to provide an overview of juvenile detention in the United States. It also addresses a range of questions and issues concerning the use of juvenile detention, discussing the purpose and intention of detention and arguing if it really matches its intended purpose. It also gives information on the number of young people placed in juvenile detention, and the reasons and procedures of them landing there. Furthermore, it describes the consequences of juvenile detention policies and practices for society and for the children who are affected by them. Finally, it poses a question, asking if there is a better way to structure juvenile detention.
Restoration, Shame, and the Future of Restorative Practice in U.S. Juvenile Justice
Authors: Bazemore Gordon
Published: February 2013

Restorative justice and reintegrative shaming theory became prominent on the North American juvenile justice scene in the mid- to late 1990s. This article considers the impact of Braithwaite's macro theory of reintegrative shaming and also the larger strengths and weaknesses of the restorative justice movement on juvenile justice policy, practice, and research. To move forward in the United States, restorative justice, as an evidence-based practice, must be viewed as a mainstream, problem-oriented intervention capable of responding effectively to a range of chronic juvenile justice and community concerns. Currently, widespread implementation of restorative policies and practices in U.S. juvenile justice appears to be limited by the absence of a legislative mandate or incentives for presumptive referral to restorative programs; the political role of elected prosecutors in justice decision-making; and an unshakeable commitment to punishment and maximum use of adversarial and quasi-adversarial dispositional decision-making at the expense of informal decision-making.
Probation and Other Noninstitutional Treatment
Authors: Greenwood Peter W. , Turner Susan
Published: February 2013

A delinquency record is one of the strongest predictors of adult criminality. Preventing delinquency helps stop the onset of adult criminal careers and thus reduces the burden of crime on its victims and on society. This article focuses on community-based programs for youths. It reviews the concept of evidence-based practice in juvenile justice, its benefits, and the challenges for adoption by agencies. It begins by presenting an appraisal of the traditional juvenile justice programming. It then reviews the methods currently accepted as the best way to identify the most effective programs. Following this, it gives a comprehensive overview of community-based programs that work, with some information about programs that are proven failures. Finally, it describes how jurisdictions are implementing the best of these programs and overcoming the challenges they meet.
Juvenile Corrections
Authors: Krisberg Barry
Published: February 2013

A sampling of major scandals and abusive practices has dominated juvenile corrections throughout its history and has become especially pronounced in recent years. These trends contributed to the closures of many juvenile facilities across the nation. This article reviews the forces that led to the decline in the population of juvenile correctional institutions. It begins with the history of the first specialized corrections facilities for young people. The history of juvenile corrections has been plagued with a legacy of abuse, tragedies, and limited positive results. The evolution of juvenile corrections has been an ongoing struggle between advocates for secure congregate care and the reformers who pushed for more community-based solutions for juvenile offenders. Finally, the article presents some observations about policy directions for the future and states that the current status of juvenile corrections is deeply troubled; the future of this enterprise is uncertain.
Youth in Prison and Beyond
Authors: Mulvey Edward P. , Schubert Carol A.
Published: February 2013

The juvenile court was established to separate adolescent offenders from the potentially harmful effects of involvement in the adult criminal justice system. Due to glitches in this plan, there have been mechanisms for transferring particular adolescents to the adult criminal justice system and punishing them accordingly. The debate about the appropriate time and policy to incarcerate these adolescents in adult facilities still goes on. This article, under the person-environment “fit”, explores how the fundamental orientation and the operational realities of the adult versus juvenile system appear to affect young offenders in terms of both their prison experience and their life afterwards. Furthermore, it identifies unique issues of particular needs of adult prisons and jails when dealing with adolescents, highlighting the fact that addressing the issue of what to do with serious adolescent offenders requires more than simple political posturing. Finally, it considers the reentry issues associated with young prison releases.
Theater
Authors: Wolff Tamsen
Published: February 2013

The article emphasizes the unique and distinct features of musical theaters. Live theater involves performers, spectators, and performance material that it is an immediate, transient, embodied, and unpredictable medium. The relationship between an audience and musical theater is different from straight theater in at least two ways such as in the communication, circulation, and shelf life of musical numbers and in a pronounced focus in musicals on communal action, thematically, musically, and choreographically. The significant musical theater conventions are to ensemble singing and matching choreography. The characters express themselves simultaneously, and the build-up of a number to a simultaneous performance is often a dramatic event itself. A crowded, synchronized musical number on stage is also different from the same big number performed on screen. Performers' singing and dancing skills are also exposed in the present tense, embodied theater. The frequent movement among the basic dramatic elements of speech, song, and dance in musical theater underscores many abilities of the performers on stage and repeatedly reminds the audience that they are watching a performance. A character becomes most articulate and emotionally truthful in song and dance. Songs that are characters' truthful asides or confessionals to the audience can allow audiences to feel closer to the characters and their dilemmas during musical numbers.
The Evolution of the Original Cast Album
Authors: Reddick George
Published: February 2013

The article provides detailed information on the emergence of the original cast album. Decca's 1943 cast recording of the original Broadway production of Oklahoma!, is often cited as the first original Broadway cast album. Although many recordings of Broadway material appeared before Oklahoma!, but they largely consisted of songs recorded by studio singers rather than by cast members of stage productions, and usually with different arrangements and different orchestras. Columbia introduced a technological innovation in 1948 that had been in development in different forms for years. The long-playing (LP) record could hold over twenty minutes on each side, allowing an entire cast album to fit on one record. The vinyl material used for the LP was also more durable and provided better sound than the old 78s. Jazz artists were able to capture the elusive and ephemeral nature of a long improvised set in a format that anyone could revisit after that one single performance. Lengthy classical works that had previously existed in complete form only in a concert hall could now be heard in their entirety in one manageable set of LPs. Cast recordings were considered to be the ideal product for the LP. The approximate forty-five minute playing time of an LP perfectly reflected the average amount of music in a two-act musical.
Race, Ethnicity, Performance
Authors: Decker Todd
Published: February 2013

The racial and ethnic masks in musical terms take the form of a melody that sounds foreign, such as the pentatonic “Oriental” sound of Richard Rodgers's “March of the Siamese Children” from The King and I. The racial and ethnic stereotypes are most often added to a show or film otherwise populated by ethnically and racially unmarked “white” characters with which the broadest audience in a majority white nation can identify. Latin-inspired music has not affected the sound of the musical beyond its use as an exotic component and Asian-derived sounds have had little to no presence outside of “oriental” tropes drawn from European classical music and American popular song. Asian stereotypes, comic or serious, have never been staples of the American musical and there has never been a sizable group of Asian American musical theater professionals. The identifiably African American musical styles have had, and continue to have, a formative impact on the sound of the musical. Hammerstein collaborated with composer Richard Rodgers on a series of musicals in the postwar decades that brought Asians and Asian Americans into the Broadway musical in a substantial way for the first time.
The Institutional Structure of the American Musical Theater
Authors: Sanjek David
Published: February 2013

The article gives an introduction to the important agencies supporting and maintaining the musical theater. One of these agencies is the producer who manages all the finances, and the logistics required to run a musical theater. Another category is the publisher who solicits and merchandizes the songs featured in those productions. The theatrical songwriters for a considerable period of time after the premiere of The Black Crook focused mainly on producing their material and left its promotion and legal protection to others. Working out a contractual obligation to a publishing firm allowed them to be single-minded about their craft. These obligations differed from individual to individual, although during the early years of the genre, most negotiations tended to be short and direct. Many would not even pursue a long-term association, selling their songs outright, while others recognized the benefits of a regular paycheck and worked out a system of advances. Most theatrical songwriters have been beholden to publishers in order to maintain their presence in the musical theater and were treated much like workers on an assembly line. The public fascination with American musical theater increased significantly between the 1920s and the 1960s. The musical theater requires all the technologies provided by a well-equipped stage. The principal location of the stages in New York City has shifted corresponding to the gravitation of both population centers and centers of public influence from the lower portion of Manhattan to midtown and thence the precinct surrounding Times Square.
Sets, Costumes, Lights, and Spectacle
Authors: Anderson Virginia
Published: February 2013

The article focuses on technological and artistic advancements within scenic and lighting design in American musicals. The stagecraft that proved most influential to the American musical was developed in Germany in the late nineteenth century. The composer Richard Wagner from Germany developed an equally influential approach to design with his theory of the Gesamtkunstwerk, or total artwork. Wagner called for the complete synthesis of artistic elements, pointing toward opera as the vehicle with the greatest potential for such a totalizing effect. The director/producer/playwright David Belasco signaled the imminent pendulum swing toward the extravagant. Belasco's electrician, Louis Hartmann, with technicians John H. and Anton Kliegl, were devoted to the creation of mood through light, but they tried to create unparalleled realism through lighting. They famously enabled a sunrise to coincide with approximately twenty minutes of action within the saloon setting of Belasco's 1905 play The Girl of the Golden West, using tightly controlled lighting cues. Hartmann's developed the practical lensed spotlight, a device regularly used to separate the stars of musical theater from the chorus. Belasco, Hartmann, and Kliegl developed multiple forms of electronic equipment to advance significantly the lighting technology of the early twentieth century. The advancements in stage machinery enabled audiences to experience a remarkable and precedent setting “transformation scene”, in which a rocky cavern became a fairyland throne room before their eyes.