bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adios, Rotenone, and Conventional Insecticides for Striped Cucumber Beetle Control in Cucurbits, 1994
Authors: Burkness E. C. , Hutchison W. D. , Battels D. W. , Bolin P. C. , O’Rourke P. K.
Published: December 2017

This study was conducted in a commercially grown field of pumpkin managed by Owatonna Canning Co., in Dodge County, Minnesota. The predominant cultivar in the field was ‘Buckskin’ but some ‘Dickinson’ was also present. The field was planted 18 May. Plots consisted of single 25 ft (7.62 m) rows on 5 ft (1.52 m) centers. Plant spacing was 18 inches (0.46 m). Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block with 5 replications. All plots were separated by one skip row. Treatments were applied once (8 Jun) with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer fitted with a XRTeejet 8002 flat fan nozzle calibrated to deliver 25 gpa (233.8 liter/ha) at 35 psi (242 kPa). Adios, a cucurbitacin bait treatment, contained 13% carbaryl. Percent infestation and insect counts were taken on 9 Jun (1 DAT), 11 Jun (3 DAT), and 15 Jun (7 DAT). SCB was the dominant insect pest, with only a low-level population of spotted cucumber beetle, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi present in the plots. Count and percentage data were transformed by x + 0.5 and arcsin (x), respectively.
Soil and Foliar Insecticides to Control Insects in Sweet Potatoes, Painter, VA, 1994
Authors: Speese John
Published: December 2017

Sweet potatoes were planted on 17 Jun at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of 3 rows 20 ft long on 3 ft spacing, replicated six times in a randomized, complete block design. A single untreated guard row separated each plot. Soil treatments were applied immediately prior to planting in the manner indicated in the table and incorporated. Lorsban 4E and Fipronil 80WG were applied using a 6 flat fan nozzle boom backpack sprayer delivering 20 gal water/acre at 40 psi. The gallonage was increased to 40 gal/acre for the Sevin foliar sprays. The granular treatments were applied using a hand-held shaker. Application dates are indicated in the table. Foliar sprays were started when the first click beetles (wireworm adults) appeared in the black light trap at Painter, VA. The threshold sprays were terminated after the wireworm flights had stopped, and the scheduled sprays were applied weekly through 23 Aug. The center row of each plot was harvested on 12 Oct and 25 market sized roots were randomly chosen, washed, and then examined for insect damage. Damage from wireworms, Southern corn rootworm (Diabrotica) and Systena flea beetles is similar and was, therefore, counted and analyzed together as a complex (WDS damage).
Control of Insects on Fresh Market Tomatoes in West-Central Florida, Spring 1994
Authors: Schuster David J.
Published: December 2017

On 10 Mar, transplants were set 18 inches apart on raised beds of EauGallie fine sand covered with black polyethylene mulch. Plots were 3-18 ft long rows on 5 ft centers and were irrigated by a seepage subirrigation system. Insecticidal sprays were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design and were applied with a high clearance, self-propelled sprayer on 5, 12, 19, 26 Apr, 3, 10, 17, 26 May, and 2 Jun. The sprayer was operated at 200 psi and 3.4 mph and used hollow cone nozzles fitted with #3 disks and 25° cores. The number of nozzles per row was increased from 4 to 8 to increase gallonage as the plants grew. Thus, 60 gpa were applied the first four sprays (4 nozzles), 90 gpa the next two sprays (6 nozzles) and 120 gpa for the remaining three sprays (8 nozzles). Admire treatments were applied in 4 oz water/plant on 29 Mar. All control and yield data were collected on the middle 10 plants of the middle row of each plot. The terminal leaflet was collected from a leaf from the upper third of each of ten plants on 18 Apr, 23 May, and 7 Jun. The number of eggs, crawlers, sessile nymphs, pupae and pupal exuviae of the silverleaf whitefly were counted. Counts were totalled over all dates for analysis. On 3 May, all plots were inadvertently sprayed with a combination of Danitol 2EC and Monitor 4EC (0.2 and 0.75 lb Al/acre, respectively). On 5 May, the number of southern armyworm larvae that had been killed by the misapplication was counted on the plastic soil mulch in each plot. On 13 Jun, the numbers of leafmines and leaf rolls of the tomato pinworm were counted in a 2 min whole plant search of each plot. All fruit of marketable size were harvested on 25 May and 10 Jun, separated by the presence of tomato pinworm and southern armyworm damage, counted and weighed. On the last harvest date, a maximum of 100 fruit per plot were examined and rated 1 to 4 for increasing severity of irregular ripening, a disorder associated with high populations of the silverleaf whitefly. Ratings of 3 and 4 are considered unmarketable.
Igr Evaluation Experiment I, 1994
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Winfield Tim , Collins Kate , Myers Isabelle
Published: December 2017

This experiment was conducted in 3 miniblocks, each Vi acre, of 14-yr-old trees on M 7A rootstock. Trees measured 18 ft in height and 17 ft in width and were planted at a spacing of 20 × 20 ft. The experimental design consisted of a single Vi acre miniblock for each of two V71639 treatments, and half of the center Vi acre miniblock for each of a Guthion treatment and untreated plot. Insecticides were applied as complete sprays to both sides of the tree with a Swanson DA500A airblast sprayer, which traveled at 2.3 mph and delivered a spray volume of 100 gpa. Dates of application were 6 May (petal fall [PF]), 24 May (first cover [1C]) for Guthion only, 31 May (first cover [1C]) for V71639 only, 8 Jun (second cover [2C]) for Guthion only, 14 Jun (second cover [2C]) for V71639 only, 23 Jun (third cover [3C]) for Guthion only, 7 Jul (fourth cover [4C]), 21 Jul (fifth cover [5C]), 4 Aug (sixth cover [6C]), 18 Aug (seventh cover [7C]), and 1 Sep (eighth cover [8C]). This program resulted in a total of 8 applications in the V71639 plots and 9 applications in the Guthion plot. Other materials applied separately to all treatments were Captan, Kocide, Nova, Penncozeb, Rubigan, Streptomycin, Topsin-M, and Ziram. Treatment effect was evaluated by counting insects on the periphery of four single-tree replications in the center row(s) of each treatment plot periodically during the season. Control of SA was determined by counting aphids on the most infested leaf on each of 5 terminals/tree. Effect of treatments against RLH was evaluated by counting nymphs on the underside of 25 leaves/tree. Treatment effect against STLM was determined by counting tissue-feeding mines observed during a 5 min period. Control of fruit-feeding insects was determined by scoring injury on 100 picked apples/replication on 3 Aug and on 100 picked apples/replication plus up to 100 drop apples/replication on 21 Sep.
Insect Control on Staked Tomato, 1994
Authors: Walgenbach J. F. , Palmer C. R.
Published: December 2017

Transplants were set on 16 Jun at the Mountain Horticultural Crops Research Station, Fletcher, NC. Plants were set two ft apart within 20 ft rows and rows were on 10 ft centers. Single-row plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Materials were applied on 13, 20, 29 Jul, 8, 19, 29 Aug and 12 Sep with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer delivering 55-125 gpa (gpa increased as plants grew) through 7 hollow cone nozzles per row (three on each side and one overhead). The Dipel, Xentari and Mattch treatments also received the experimental aphicide RH-7988 on 8 and 29 Aug, and the Kryocide treatment received RH-7988 on 8 Aug. PA populations were monitored on 14, 21, 28 Jul, 4, 11, 19 and 31 Aug by observing 10 leaves (3rd most recently expanded leaf) per treatment and recording the number infested with > 1 apterous aphid. FT were monitored twice during the season on 22 Jul and 12 Aug by counting the total number of thrips on 10 flowers per treatment (40 flowers total per 4 reps). Fruit was harvested on 22 Aug, 2, 9, 16, 23, and 28 Sep and those damaged by SB, TFW, and FT were recorded. All data were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA, and means were separated using LSD (P = 0.05).
Potato Leafhopper Control, 1994
Authors: Parr J. C. , Pass B. C.
Published: December 2017

The plots, 68 ft × 68 ft, were in a 3-yr-old stand of ‘Wampr’ alfalfa. All treatments and the untreated control were replicated 3 times in a RCBD. Treatments were applied at 20 gpa on 17 Jun with a low pressure, low volume Hahn field sprayer equipped with 21 stainless steel 8003 TeeJet nozzles operated at 35 psi. A standard treatment of Cygon 4 EC was applied at the rate of 0.25 lb (AI)/acre. PLH population densities were determined 3, 7, 10, 14 and 18 DAT by collecting 20 sweeps from each plot with a standard 15-inch-diam beating net.
Alfalfa Weevil Control, 1994
Authors: Parr J. C. , Pass B. C.
Published: December 2017

The plots, 34 ft × 36 ft, were in a 1-yr-old stand of ‘Wampr’ variety alfalfa. All treatments and the untreated control were replicated 3 times in a CRD. Treatments were applied at 20 gpa on Apr 19 with a low pressure, low volume, Hahn field sprayer equipped with 21 Spraying Systems 8003 stainless steel Tee Jet nozzles and operated at a pressure of 35 psi. A standard treatment of Furadan 4F was applied at the rate of 0.5 lb (AI)/acre for comparison. Population densities of AW larvae were determined 3, 6, 13, 16, 20, 24 and 27 DAT by collecting 10 sweeps from each plot with a standard 15-inch-diam beating net.
Control of Cabbage Seedpod Weevil in Winter Canola, 1994
Authors: David Buntin G.
Published: December 2017

Ten insecticide treatments were evaluated for control of CSPW in winter canola at the Bledsoe Research Farm near Griffin, GA. Canola was planted on 12 Oct in 7 inch rows with a grain drill. Treatments were applied at 50% bloom on 31 Mar and 8 d later at full bloom using a tractor-mounted, CO2-powered sprayer (40 psi) equipped with 003 flat-fan nozzles which delivered 21.5 gal/acre. Plots measured 30 × 30 ft and were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. CSPW adults were sampled at 0 (pretreatment), 2, 7, 10 and 16 DAT (days after 31 Mar) by taking 8 sweeps per plot with a 15-inch diam sweep-net. The percentage of CSPW infested pods was measured by inspecting 200 pods/plot on 27 May. The center 2 drill passes were harvested on 2 Jun with a small-plot combine. Grain weighi and test weight were measured, and yields were adjusted to 8% moisture content.
“Compel” Evaluated for Control of Corn Rootworm Beetles and Effects on Other Corn Arthropods, 1993-1994
Authors: Buschman L. L. , Sloderbeck P. E.
Published: December 2017

This test was conducted as a paired test repeated in 3 fields in Haskell Co. KS. Half of each field (160-200 acre) was treated with “Compel” and the other half was left untreated. “Compel” mixed with Sevin XLR (0.75 oz/acre or 0.0234 lb [Al]/acre) was applied as a bait at a rate of 1.0 lb/acre. Compel treatments were made on 17 Jul. Rootworm beetles were counted twice each wk on 40 plants per half field and on 12 yellow Scentry Multigard®’ sticky traps per half field. Beetle counts over 3 wk posttreatment were averaged for presentation. Spider mite damage and predator mites were counted on 40 plants per half field on 3 dates, but only data for pretreatment and one posttreatment count is presented. The following season. 2 pair of planter-wide strips were planted with or without soil insecticide (Force 1.5G 8.0 oz/1000 ft) in each half field. Rootworm ratings were made 30 Jun by digging 20 plants per treatment in each half field. Grain yield was determined in each treatment for 1993 and 1994.
Sevin XLR Plus Block Treatment, 1994
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Winfield Tim , Collins Kate , Myers Isabelle
Published: December 2017

A treatment which included Sevin XLR PLUS, and a standard treatment, was each applied to a 1/4 acre block (five rows × five trees/row) of 14-yr-old trees on MM. 106 rootstock. Trees measured 19.5 ft in height and 19 ft in width and were planted at a spacing of 18 × 24 ft. Insecticides were applied as complete sprays to both sides of the tree with a Swanson DA500A airblast sprayer, which traveled at 2.3 mph and delivered a spray volume of 100 gpa. Dates of application were 6 May (petal fall [PF]), 24 May (first cover [1C]), 8 Jun (second cover [2C]), 23 Jun (third cover [3C]), 7 Jul (fourth cover [4C]), 21 Jul (fifth cover [5CJ), 4 Aug (sixth cover [6C]), 18 Aug (seventh cover [7C]), and 1 Sep (eighth cover f8CJ). Other materials applied separately to both treatments and an untreated plot during this experiment were Captan, Kocide, Nova, Penncozeb, Rubigan, Streptomycin, Topsin-M, and Ziram. Treatment effect was determined by counting insects on the periphery of four single-tree ‘Delicious’ replications in the center two rows of each block. Effect of treatments against STLM was determined by counting tissue-feeding mines observed during a 5 min period. Control of RLH and WALH was evaluated by counting nymphs on the underside of 25 leaves per tree. Control of fruit-feeding insects was determined on ‘Delicious’ by scoring 100 picked apples per replication plus up to 100 drop apples per replication for injury on 26 Sep.
Corn Rootworm Control, 1994
Authors: Patton T. W. , Dively G. P. , Hellman L.
Published: December 2017

Four liquid insecticide evaluation studies were conducted at three sites in Beltsville, Uniontown, and Burkittsville, MD. Corn was planted no-till on 29 Apr and 15 May at Burkittsville and Beltsville, respectively. Conventionally tilled corn was planted at Uniontown I and II on 29 Apr and 13 May, respectively. Treatment plots were 4 rows × 50 ft arranged in a RCB with 3 replications. Furadan 4 F broadcast was applied with a COz backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 21 gpa at 40 psi. Force 1.5 G was applied in a 7 inch band over the row with a hand powered bicycle wheel applicator. Both treatments were made at or near planting. Post-planting treatments of Furadan 4F were directed at the base of the plant in a 11 inch band during 8-10 Jun with a CO2 backpack sprayer delivering 12 gpa at 40 psi. Root damage was evaluated during 7- 12 Jun. Six roots were dug, washed, and rated in accordance to the Iowa 1-6 scale. Yields were determined by hand harvesting 50 ft of row. Percent moisture was measured for each plot and used to convert yields to 15.5%.
Evaluation of Soil Insecticides Against Larval Corn Rootworms, Clay Center, Ne, 1994
Authors: Wright Robert J. , DeVries Terry
Published: December 2017

Planting and first cultivation time soil insecticide trials were conducted at Clay Center, NE, to evaluate their performance against larval corn rootworms. All plots were in trap crop (insecticide free) during 1993. In 1992, Force 1.5G at 0.13 lb (AI)/acre was applied to all plots and, in 1991 and 1990 Lorsban 15G at 1.3 lb (AI)/acre. Prior to 1990, multiclass soil insecticide trials were conducted periodically. The experimental design was a RCB with 4 replicates. Each replicate consisted of a single row 40 ft long with 30-inch row spacing. All plots were planted on 9 May. Soil type was a silty clay loam. Subsoil temperature at 4 inches was 59.2°F. Subsoil moisture at 0-2 inches was 17.7% and 19.0% at 2-4 inches using the gravimetric method. Planting-time application equipment consisted of V-belt seeders mounted on a 2-row White air planter. Preweighed amounts of insecticide granules were evenly distributed on the V-belts and either directed into the open seed furrow (IF), a 7-inch band behind the press wheel then incorporated with drag chains (B) or a 7-inch band in front of the press wheel and over the open seed furrow and incorporated with drag chains (TB). Stand counts were taken on 23 May. Initial corn rootworm egg hatch was detected on 2 Jun. First-cultivation time treatments were applied on 13 Jun. Subsoil temperature at 4 inches was 75.3°F. A mason jar with holes in the lid was used to apply granular insecticides at first-cultivation. Granules were applied uniformly to the base of the plants by shaking the mason jar and immediately incorporated by cultivation (GC). A CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer with a spray volume of 18.4 gpa at 30 psi was used to apply liquid insecticides at first-cultivation. The liquid insecticide was directed at the base of the plants and immediately incorporated by cultivation (LC). Larval feeding damage was evaluated on 12 Jul. Five plants were dug from each plot and rated using the Iowa 1-6 scale (1, no feeding, 6, 3 or more nodes of roots completely destroyed). From the planting date (9 May) to the root evaluation (12 Jul), precipitation totalled 7.36 inches plus irrigation 3.91 inches.
Evaluation of Soil Insecticides Against Corn Rootworms, Clay Center, NE, 1993
Authors: Wright Robert J. , DeVries Terry
Published: December 2017

Planting-time soil insecticide trials were conducted at Clay Center, NE, to evaluate their performance against corn rootworms. All insecticides were granular products. All plots were in trap crop (insecticide free) during 1992. In 1991 and 1990 Lorsban 15G at 1.2 lb (AI)/acre was applied to all plots and multiclass soil insecticide trials had been conducted periodically during the previous 12 years. The soil texture was a silty clay loam. The experimental design was a RCB with 4 replicates. Each replicate consisted of a single row 40 ft long with 30-inch row spacing. Plots were planted on 21 May. Planting-time application equipment consisted of V-belt seeders mounted on a 2-row White air planter. Preweighed amounts of insecticide granules were evenly distributed on the V-belts and either directed into the seed furrow (IF), a 7-inch band behind the press wheel (B) or a 7-inch band in front of the press wheel (T-B). Stand counts were taken on 7 Jun. Initial corn rootworm egg hatch was detected on 14 Jun. A first-cultivation time standard treatment was applied on 21 Jun. A Noble granular insecticide metering unit mounted on a hand-powered bicycle applicator was used to apply insecticides at first-cultivation. Granules were directed over the plant whorl in a 7-inch band and immediately incorporated with a rake. All test plots were cultivated on 28 Jun. Larval feeding damage was evaluated on 29 Jul. Five plants were dug from each plot and rated using the Iowa 1-6 scale (1, no feeding, 6, 3 or more nodes of roots completely destroyed). Above normal precipitation and below normal temperatures occurred during the growing season. From the planting date (21 May) to the root evaluation (29 Jul), precipitation totalled 18.6 inches.
Efficacy of Granular Insecticides Against Western Corn Rootworm, 1994
Authors: Youngman R. R. , Kuhar T. P. , Laub C. A.
Published: December 2017

An experiment was conducted in Montgomery Co., VA, to determine the effectiveness of several granular insecticides applied in-furrow or T-band against western corn rootworm larvae on ‘Pioneer 3140’ corn. The experiment was conducted in a 20-acre, no-till cornfield consisting of a predominant Duffield-Ernest silt loam soil. The field had been in continuous corn production since 1988 and had been treated with granular insecticides at planting every year since 1989. Plots of 40 X 5 ft (2 rows wide) were arranged in a RCBD with all insecticide treatments and an untreated check replicated 4 times. An Almaco, 2-row Max- Emerge planter was used to plant the plots on 13 May at a population density of 26,100 seeds/acre. Insecticide granules were applied in front of the press wheels either directly in the seed furrow or in a 5-inch wide T-band over the furrow, depending on the treatment. The regular granular insecticide applicator was removed from each row unit and replaced with a wooden device which held an inverted pint canning jar (Mason) used to dispense the insecticide granules. Attached to the underside of the wooden holder was a plastic funnel and tube through which the insecticide granules flowed. A single opening, drilled into the lid of each jar, was calibrated in the laboratory to deliver insecticides accurately at a speed of 3 mph. The possibility of mixing one or more insecticides was avoided by using a separate jar and lid for each treatment. At the start of application, a jar containing the appropriate insecticide granules was inverted and placed in each of the wooden holders. This method helped minimize soil compaction because the tractor made only 1 pass per plot. Root ratings and stand counts were made in all plots on 11 Jul. The roots of 5 consecutive corn plants were dug from each plot and washed of excess soil before ratings were made. Corn rootworm damage ratings were based on the Iowa 1-6 scale (1, no feeding damage; 6, 3 or more root nodes completely destroyed). Stand counts consisted of counting all of the cornstalks along a 20 row-ft section in each plot. A 2-way ANOVA with Fisher’s protected LSD was used to analyze differences among treatments.
Efficacy of Selected Pyrethroids Against Bollworms and European Corn Borers in Southern North Carolina, 1994
Authors: Bacheler J. S. , Mott D. W.
Published: December 2017

Cotton was planted on 25 Apr in a Norfolk sandy loam near Johns, NC. Recommended agronomic practices for fertility and weed control were followed and 0.75 lb (AI)/acre Temik 15G used at planting for thrips. A RCBD was used with 5 replicates and 6-row (38 inch centers) x 50 ft plots with 10 ft alleys were utilized. Treatments were applied with a backpack CO2-pressurized sprayer calibrated to deliver 8.0 gal water at 50 psi with one TX-8 Spraying Systems hollow cone nozzle per row. Applications were made on 17, 22 Jul, 4 and 24 Aug. One hundred twenty five squares and 125 bolls (25/plot) were examined on 28 Jul and 7 Sep for damage and live BW and ECB. Insect data were subjected to ANOVA and DMRT.
Align, Raptor and Pirate Test for Boll Worm-Tobacco Budworm Control, 1994
Authors: Burris E. , Leonard B. R. , Graves J. B.
Published: December 2017

The test was conducted at the Northeast Research Station near St. Joseph, LA. Plots were replicated 4 times in a RCBD and were 4 rows wide (40 inch spacing) × 65 ft. Stoneville LA 887 seed was planted 24 May on a Bruin silt loam soil with a John Deere model 7300 series planter equipped with standard seed hoppers. Temik 15G and Ridomil PC 11G were applied at 3.5 and 10 lb product/acre, respectively. Foliar treatments were applied with a compressed air powered sprayer multi-boom system attached to a John Deere 6000 Hi-Cycle equipped with two X-12 hollow cone nozzles/row and calibrated to deliver 10 gpa finished spray. Foliar treatments were applied on 25 Jul, 1, 15, and 19 Aug. Twenty-five squares from the 2 center rows of each plot were examined for boll weevil damage, bollworm-tobacco budworm damage and presence of bollworm-tobacco budworm larvae on 28 Jul, 4 and 25 Aug. All plant terminals in a 3 m section on one of the 2 center rows were examined for bollworm-tobacco budworm damage, eggs and larvae on 28 Jul. Plots were harvested on 5 Oct.
Cotton Aphid Control, 1993A
Authors: Elzen G. W.
Published: December 2017

Treatments were tested for relative efficacy against cotton aphid in nonirrigated cotton planted 6 May at Stoneville, MS. Plots of 8 rows (40 inch centers) by 65 ft, separated by 15 ft alleys, were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replicates. All treatments were applied by a high-clearance spray machine equipped with a compressed air spray system. Total spray volume was 6 gpa at 5 mph and 35 psi using 2 TX10 nozzles/row. Plots within a replicate were sprayed consecutively with the boom rinsed twice and blown clear between plots. A pretreatment survey indicated a moderate aphid infestation. Treatments were applied on 6 Jul. Efficacy was determined by counting aphids per square inch on leaves in the top, middle, and bottom third portions of 40 randomly-chosen plants/treatment at 3, 5, and 8 DAT.
Cotton Aphid Control, 1993B
Authors: Elzen G. W.
Published: December 2017

Insecticides were evaluated for relative efficacy against cotton aphid in nonirrigated cotton planted 6 May at Stoneville, MS. Plots of 8 rows (40 inch centers) by 65 ft, separated by 15 ft alleys, were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replicates. All treatments were applied by a high-clearance spray machine equipped with a compressed air spray system. Total spray volume was 6 gpa at 5 mph and 35 psi using 2 TX10 nozzles/row. Plots within a replicate were sprayed consecutively with the boom rinsed twice and blown clear between plots. Treatments were applied on 6 Jul. Efficacy was determined by counting aphids per square inch on leaves in the top, middle, and bottom third portions of 40 randomlychosen plants 1 h before initial treatment and at 3, 7, and 14 DAT.
Evaluation of Insecticide Combinations Against Late Season Populations of Bollworms, Tobacco Budworms and Boll Weevils, 1994
Authors: Graves J. B. , Pankey J. H. , Leonard B. R. , White C. A.
Published: December 2017

Six insecticide treatments were evaluated at the Macon Ridge Branch of the Northeast Research Station, Winnsboro, LA, to determine their efficacy in controlling the bollworm/tobacco budworm complex and boll weevils. Cotton was planted 18 Jun in plots consisting of 4 rows (40 inch centers) × 50 ft. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Treatments were applied with a high clearance sprayer calibrated to deliver 6 gal total spray/acre through Teejet X-8 hollow cone nozzles (2/row) at 46 psi. Insecticides were applied on 22, 26 Aug and 1 Sep against established populations of bollworms, tobacco budworms (primarily tobacco budworms) and boll weevils. Efficacy of the various treatments against these species was determined on 25, 31 Aug and 7 Sep by examining 50 squares/plot for evidence of feeding damage. Also numbers of larvae per 50 squares were recorded for the bollworm/tobacco budworm complex. The plots were mechanically harvested on 25 Oct to determine seed cotton yields. The test area received 0.57 and 0.20 inches rainfall on 1 and 6 Sep, respectively.
Evaluation of Selected Insecticides for Control of Boll Weevil, 1993
Authors: Johnson D. R. , Jordan A. M. , Klein C. D.
Published: December 2017

Cotton was planted on 15 May at the James Ray farm in Lonoke County. Insecticides were applied on 17, 20, 23, 27 Aug and 1 Sep using a John Deere 6000 hi-cycle equippped with a CO2 sprayer. Total volume was 10 gal/acre at 50 psi using Teejet TX-8 hollowcone nozzles on 19 inch spacing. Plots consisted of 10 rows (38 inch centers) x 50 ft. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Boll weevil ratings were made 2-4 DAT by examining 25 squares/plot for boll weevil damage.
Efficacy of the Aphicides M-Pede, Align and Thiodan, 1994
Authors: Beers Elizabeth H.
Published: December 2017

This experiment was conducted in a 2-yr-old commercial nonbearing orchard near East Wenatchee, WA. Plots consisted of groups of four trees across in four rows. There were four to five buffer trees within rows between plots. One shoot per tree was tagged, and all counts were taken from tagged shoots. Pre-treatment counts of the number of aphids on the most infested leaf were used as a blocking factor for randomization. Treatments were applied with a handgun to the point of drip on 18 Aug. Posttreatment counts were taken ca. weekly until late Sep, when counts dropped to zero.
Control of the Boll Worm/Tobacco Budworm Complex in Northwest Louisiana, 1994
Authors: Micinski S. , Fitzpatrick B. J. , Forrester F. D. , Graves J. B.
Published: December 2017

Ten insecticide treatments were evaluated at the Red River Research Station, Bossier City, LA, to determine their efficacy in controlling the bollworm/tobacco budworm complex on cotton. Cotton was planted 28 Apr and plots were 4 rows × 30.5 m on 102 cm centers. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. All plots had Temik 15G (0.56 kg (AI)/ha) and Terraclor Super-X 10-2.5G (1.12 + 0.28 kg (AI)/ha) applied infurrow at planting. The entire test was oversprayed with Vydate C-LV (0.28 kg (AI)/ha) for plant bugs and weevils on 17 Jun. Plots were oversprayed for the bollworm/tobacco budworm complex before and after the trial with Karate 1EC (0.034 kg (AI)/ha) and Baythroid 2EC + Orthene 90SP (0.031 + 1.12 kg (AI)/ha) on 30 Jun and 26 Aug, respectively. During the trial, plots were oversprayed for weevils with Methyl Parathion 4EC at 0.28 and 0.37 kg (AI)/ha on 5 and 10 Aug, respectively. Insecticide treatments were applied with a high-clearance sprayer equipped with a COz system for spraying small plots. Treatments were applied in 52.4 liters of finished spray solution/ha at 4.22 kg/cm2 with TX-3 hollow-cone nozzles spaced 50.8 cm apart (2 nozzles/row). Insecticides were applied on 20, 26 Jul, 1 and 15 Aug. The 14-day interval between sprays in Aug resulted from a 5.54-cm rainfall on 8 Aug. Infestations of larvae and square damage were monitored on 25, 28 Jul, and 4 Aug. During the trial, the bollworm was the predominant species. Yields were determined by mechanically harvesting the center 2 rows of each plot on 21 Oct.
Control of Boll Weevil and Tarnished Plant Bug in Cotton with Selected Insecticides, 1994
Authors: Pankey J. H. , Leonard B. R. , White C. A. , Graves J. B.
Published: December 2017

Three tests were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of selected insecticides against boll weevil and tarnished plant bug in irrigated cotton planted 18 Apr. Plots consisted of 4 rows (40 inch centers) × 50 ft. in all tests. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied on 1, 6, 11, 18, and 21 Jul in all tests. Applications were made with a high clearance sprayer calibrated to deliver 6 gal total spray/acre through TX-8 hollow cone nozzles (2/row) at 48 psi. Treatments were evaluated 4-5 times by examining 50 cotton squares (flower buds) per plot 3-5 DAT for evidence of boll weevil damage. Treatments were evaluated for tarnished plant bug control with a standard 15 inch diam sweep net by counting the number of adults and nymphs in a 25 sweep sample/plot on 25 Jul. No additional foliar insecticides were applied to the plots during this test. The test area received 0.46 inch rainfall on 4 Jul, 0.72 inch rainfall on 9 Jul, 1.6 inches rainfall on 14 Jul, 0.51 inch rainfall on 16 Jul, and 0.46 inch rainfall on 22 Jul. Data from each test were analyzed with ANOVA, and means were separated according to DMRT.
Control of Whitefly in Cotton with Capture and Various Additives, 1992
Authors: Riley David G.
Published: December 2017

Two-month old cotton plants grown in Sunshine Mix® potting mixture in 15 cm diam. pots and exposed to heavy whitefly infestations were transferred on 26 Jun into spray booths (60 cm X 60 cm × 90 cm frames covered with polyethylene on three sides) arranged in a randomized complete block design with eight treatments and six replicates. Plants were irrigated daily using drip tubes to avoid wetting of foliage. Adult SW were counted on the third expanded leaf node from the growing point and nymphs were counted on a 2.1 cm diameter leaf disk from the central portion of the leaf on the fifth or sixth node. A pre-treatment count of whiteflies was made before the first spray on 29 Jun 1992 and then SPWF adults were counted at 24 and 72 hours after treatment and immatures were counted at 72 and 144 hours after each of three weekly treatments. Plants were treated by spraying to runoff (approximately 3 seconds/15 ml/plant, ca. 473 liters/ha) using a CO2 backpack sprayer with two TX-2 hollow cone spray tips (Spraying Systems Co.) positioned 5 to 10 cm from the plant canopy (one above and one below) at 4.2 kg/cm2. Bartlett’s test for homogeneity of variance indicated that a log transformation was needed for analysis of variance of immature whitefly data and a square-root transformation was needed for adult data. Analysis of variance and LSD tests for separation of treatment means were calculated on means averaged over six sample dates. ValOil® (a cottonseed oil spray adjuvant), jojoba oil, and Butacide® 8EC (piperonyl butoxcide) were tested alone and in combination with Capture® 2EC (bifenthrin) to assess their potential as adjuvants to enhance whitefly control.
Control of Whitefly in Cotton with Danitol, Asana, Monitor, Orthene and Combinations, 1992
Authors: Riley David G.
Published: December 2017

Twomonth old cotton plants grown in Sunshine Mix® potting mixture in 15 cm pots and exposed to heavy whitefly infestations were transferred on 1 May into spray booths (60 cm × 60 cm × 90 cm frames covered with polyethylene on three sides) arranged in a randomized complete block design with eight treatments and six replicates. Plants were irrigated daily using drip tubes to avoid wetting of foliage. Adult SW were counted on the third expanded leaf node from the growing point and nymphs were counted on a 2.1 cm diameter leaf disk from the leaf on the 5-6 node. A pre-treatment count of whitefly was made 48 h before the first spray. Whitefly adults were counted at 24 and 72 hours after each treatment on 6 May and 16 May (with exception to 17 May). Immatures were counted at 72 and 144 hours after each treatment. Plants were treated by spraying to runoff (concentration based on 568 liters/ha spray volume, ca. 5 ml/plant) using a CO2 backpack sprayer with two TX-2 hollow cone spray tips (Spraying Systems Co.) positioned 5 to 10 cm from the plant canopy (one above and one below) at 4.2 kg/cm2. The treatments on 6 May and 16 May were: 1) fenpropathrin (Danitol® 2.4 EC) 0.20 lb Al/acre, 2) methamidophos (Monitor® 4 EC) 0.75 lb Al/acre, 3) acephate (Orthene® 90 S) 1.00 lb Al/acre, 4) fenpropathrin + methamidophos, 5) fenpropathrin + acephate, 6) esfenvalerate (Asana® XL) 0.04 lb Al/acre + methamidophos, 7) esfenvalerate + acephate, and 8) an untreated check.
Effects of Insecticides, with and Without Vapam, on Thrips Injury and Peanut Growth and Yield, 1994
Authors: Herbert D. A.
Published: December 2017

Efficacy of selected insecticides, with and without fumigation with Vapam, was evaluated against TT injury and for effects on growth and yield of Virginia-type peanut in Suffolk, VA. Peanuts were planted 9 May with 36-inch row spacing. Granular insecticides were applied into the seed furrow (IF) at planting with a tractor-mounted Noble granular applicator. Liquids were applied using a CO2 pressurized tractor-mounted sprayer calibrated to deliver 5 gal/acre at 24 psi through 1 SS8001E flat fan nozzle per row mounted just above planter disks and turned parallel to row direction. Vapam (metam-sodium) at the rate of 10 gal per acre was applied two weeks before planting 6 to 8 inches below the soil surface with a single chisel shank centered over each in front of a Tilrowvator with Virginia-type bedshapers. Beds were 24 inches wide and 4 inches tall. A randomized complete block experimental design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows by 30 ft. Treatments were evaluated by determining plant injury based on a 0-10 scale where 0 = no TT injured leaves and 10 = 100 percent injured leaves. Flower, peg and plant canopy measurements were taken in the 2 center rows of each plot. Flowers were counted on 6 or 80 row feet (depending on the sample date); pegs were counted on 2 or 6 row feet (depending on the sample date); and terminal leader height and lateral branch width were measured on five randomly selected plants. Yield was based on digging, combining, drying and weighing peanuts from the 2 center rows (60 row ft) of each plot. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD procedures.
Control of Rice Water Weevil with Karate, 1994
Authors: Bernhardt J. L.
Published: December 2017

Two rates of Karate 1 EC each applied at 3 postflood treatments were compared with carbofuran (Furadan 3G) and an untreated check for control of RWW. Karate was applied to test the efficacy as an adulticide, hence the applications shortly after permanent flood. Experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. Rice was drill-seeded (9 rows with a 7 inch row spacing) in a Crowley silt loam at 110 lb/acre 28 Apr and emerged 9 May. Propanil and thiobencarb at 2 lb (AI)/acre each and bentazon at 1 lb (AI)/acre were applied 17 May. Permanent flood was applied on 3 Jun. Nitrogen was applied in a 3-way split of 120 lb/acre on 3 Jun and 30 lb/acre each on 5 and 19 Jul. Plots were circular with a 5 ft diam each and bounded by a 12 inch tall aluminum sheet. Plots were infested naturally by RWW adults and by adding 13 field-collected mating pairs per circular plot on 3 Jun. Foliar treatments were applied with a CO2 backpack sprayer delivering 16 gpa at 22 psi with a single nozzle (9501-E fiat-fan) boom. Furadan 3G was applied broadcast with a hand shaker on 8 Jun. On 23 and 30 Jun three 4 × 4 inch (diam by depth) soil cores were removed from each plot. Soil was washed from plant roots into 40-mesh screens. Screens were immersed in salt water and RWW immatures were recovered and counted.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Rice Water Weevil Control in California, 1994
Authors: Palrang A. T. , Godfrey L. D.
Published: December 2017

The experiment was conducted at the Rice Experiment Station near Biggs. The design was a randomized complete block with 21 treatments and 4 replications. Each plot was 0.7 m2 and encircled by 36 cm high aluminum sheeting. The plots were fertilized on 20 Apr with urea at 76 kg nitrogen/ha and with 18-46-0 at 20 kg nitrogen/ha. Copper sulfate at 11.2 kg (AI)/ha was applied 12 May. Ordram 10G at 4.5 kg (AI)/ha was applied on 17 May and Londax at 70 gm (AI)/ha was applied on 18 May. Rice ‘M-202’ was pre-soaked for 22 h, drained for 4h, and hand seeded at 400 seeds per plot. The plots were flooded and seeded on 6 May. The plots were thinned to 128 plants per square meter between 16 May and 25 May. The pre-flood insecticide treatments were applied on 6 May. Post-plant insecticide applications went on 23 May (3-leaf rice stage), 30 May (5-leaf) and 7 Jun (7-leaf). A moderately heavy natural rice water weevil (RWW) infestation was supplemented with hand collected adults on 26 May (4 RWW), 6 Jun (2 RWW), 10 Jun (4 RWW), and 17 Jun (5 RWW/plot). Adult RWW feeding activity was estimated with leaf scar counts on 7 and 15 Jun. Larval densities were evaluated by randomly selecting ten soil cores (9.5 cm diam × 10 cm deep), each containing one plant, from each plot. The cores were washed through a 20 mesh screen (0.9 mm openings) to separate and count the larvae and pupae. Larval counting occurred on 5 Jul and was repeated on 17 Jul. Cored plants were measured for height, root length, number of tillers and leaves, and dry weight of roots and leaves. Plots were harvested on 23 Sep.
Greenhouse Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Yellow Sugarcane Aphid and Greenbug on Sorghum Seedlings, 1994
Authors: Anderson R. M. , Teetes G. L.
Published: December 2017

Foliar treatments of 2 organophosphates and imidachloprid (Confidor) were evaluated for yellow sugarcane aphid (YSA) and greenbug (GB) control in a research greenhouse at Texas A&M University. Hybrid grain sorghum seedlings (ATx399 × RTx430) were grown in 110-mm germination pots containing a prepared soil mixture composed of peat, vermiculite, and periite in a 2:1:1 ratio, respectively. Four days after plant emergence and 3 d prior to insecticide applications, each seedling plant was infested with 10-20 YSA or GB. There were 5 singleseedling replications for each treatment. Insecticides were applied by using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer, through TX-3 hollow-cone nozzles at 35 psi, producing a finished spray volume of 5.6 gpa. Pre-treatment counts of YSA and GB were made the day of insecticide application; post-treatment counts of aphids were made 1, 2, and 3 DAT. Percent control was calculated by using Abbott’s (1925) formula. Data were statistically analyzed by using ANOVA and LSD.
Evaluation of Selected Insecticides for Control of Red Imported Fire Ant in Grain Sorghum, 1994
Authors: Castro B. A. , Riley T. J. , Leonard B. R.
Published: December 2017

The efficacy of selected insecticides and application methods for management of RIFA in no-till sorghum was evaluated in two tests at the Macon Ridge Branch of the Northeast Research Station in Franklin Parish, LA. Both tests were planted in a Gigger silt loam (pH = 5.0, 1.4% organic matter) in an area that had been covered with a hairy vetch (Vicia villosa) winter cover crop. Plots consisting of 4 rows (40 inch centers) by 35 ft were planted on 28 Apr in a RCB with 4 replications. Lorsban 4EC and Asana XL were applied as in-furrow sprays at planting (IFSAP) with a CO2 charged system calibrated to deliver 5 gpa at 35 psi through 8002E flat fan nozzles (1/row). Lorsban 4EC and Asana XL were also applied as pre-emergence surface sprays (PRE) with a CO2 charged system calibrated to delvier 10 gpa at 35 psi through 8001 flat fan nozzles (1/row) in a 20 inch band immediately post-plant. Other insecticide treatments were applied either as in-furrow granules at planting (IFGAP), T-banded granules at planting (T-BAND) or seed treatments (SEEDT). RIFA numbers were estimated on 11 May by placing an unruled index card (3 × 5 inches) baited with peanut butter in each plot and recording the no. of ants attracted after 3 h. Plant stand densities were recorded on 19 May by sampling the entire 2 center rows in each plot. Plant heights were estimated on 25 May by measuring 20 plants in each plot. Sorghum seed yields were recorded on 15 Aug by harvesting the 2 center rows of each plot.
Selected Insecticides for Corn Earworm Control in ‘Pioneer 9444’ Soybean in Virginia, 1994
Authors: Chappell G. F. , Herbert D. A.
Published: December 2017

Efficacy of selected insecticides, with and without adjuvants, was evaluated against CEW in double-crop ‘Pioneer 9444’ soybean planted in 15-inch rows on 3 Jul. Treatments were applied on 20 Aug with water using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 12.0 gpa at 18 psi through 8002VS flat fan nozzles spaced 18 inches apart on the spray boom. A randomized complete block design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 10 ft by 30 ft. Treatments were evaluated 1 h before and 2 and 6 d DAT by comparing numbers of larvae using a rigid beat cloth sampling technique. Percent pod damage was determined 9 DAT by randomly selecting 3 plants from the center rows of each plot and recording the number of damaged pods. Yield was determined by combining the 4 center rows of each plot (130 row feet) using an Almaco small-plot combine. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD statistical procedures.
Apple, IGR Timing Trial for Broad Spectrum Insect Control, 1994
Authors: Johnson James W. , Wise John C.
Published: December 2017

Insecticides were applied to mature trees in Fennville, MI (Red Block) at a rate of 100 gpa with a FMC 1029 sprayer. Treatments were arranged as a completely randomized design. Plots consisted of three rows by three trees, each replicated 4 times. Applications were made on 27 May (petal fall), 7 Jun (1C), 20 Jun (2C), 30 Jun (3C), 14 Jul (4C), 21 Jul (5C), 26 Jul (6C), 2 Aug (7C), 8 Aug (8C) and 12 Aug (9C) as indicated in the table. Guthion applications were timed with the CM predictive model of the Neogen Envirocaster. V 71639 applications were timed for first sustained CM flight followed by second app. in 21-28 days, for both CM generations. RH treatments were timed for 150 degree days base 50 after first sustained CM flight, followed by two more applications 10-14 days apart, for both CM generations. In addition, RH treatments received petal fall applications. Captan was applied separately to all treatments. Midseason fruit evaluations were made on 23 Jun by randomly picking 50 apples from the periphery of the center tree from each replicate, for a total of 200 fruit per treatment, and on 14 Jul by similarly picking 25 apples per rep. A harvest fruit evaluation was made on 26 Sep by randomly picking 50 apples from the periphery of the center tree, per replicate or a total of 200 apples per treatment. OBLR terminal evaluations on 13, 20, and 29 Jul consisted of visual inspection of 100 terminals from the center tree of each replicate for presence of live and dead (this category also includes damaged terminals with no larvae present) leafrollers. OFM terminal evaluations on 20 Jul and 29 Jul consisted of visual inspection of 100 terminals from the center tree of each replicate for the presence of flagging damage. STLM evaluations were made on 14 Jun by picking 50 randomly selected leaves from the center tree of each replicate, for a total of 200 leaves per treatment. Damage from STLM sap feeding and tissue feeding stages were distinguished and recorded separately for comparison.
Field Test of a Pathogenic Virus Against Scb, 1994
Authors: Rodriguez L. M. , Woolwine A. E. , Ostheimer E. A. , Reagan T. E. , White W. H.
Published: December 2017

Season long control of the SCB was evaluated in a RCB design (5 replications) of plant cane at the St Gabriel Research Station, St Gabriel, LA. Two biological treatments were compared to that of an insecticide treatment and an untreated control. All treatments were applied over the sugarcane canopy with a CO2 backpack sprayer on 20 Jul, 10 Aug, and 1 Sept when the SCB infestation exceeded the economic threshold (5% of the stalks containing live larvae in the leafsheaths). Four 0.004 flat fan spray tips per 6 ft width of row at 32 psi applied 20.1 gpa of finished formulation. Prior to the initiation of the experiment, 2 applications of Lorsban 15G were made (15 lb/acre each) to suppress red imported fire ant predation on SCB larvae (10 May and 9 Jun). The two Crop Genetics International treatments were applied with Plyac at a rate of 6 oz/100 gallons and powdered skim milk at 0.5% wt:vol. SCB damage was assessed by counting the bored internodes, exit holes, and total number of internodes from 100 randomly selected stalks of sugarcane (20 stalks/replication) in each treatment (18 Oct). Analysis of variance was conducted and separation of means was by LSD.
Effects of Aerially Applied Insecticides for Sugarcane Borer Control on Non-Target Arthropods, 1994
Authors: Wool wine A. E. , Rodriguez L. M. , Ostheimer E. A. , Reagan T. E.
Published: December 2017

Six different insecticide treatments were used for control of SCB at Goldmine Farm, near Edgard, LA. Treatments were randomly assigned to plots (ca. 2.12 to 1.03 acres) according to RCBD with 4 replications. Plots were treated when 5% of sugarcane stalks contained live larvae of third instar or smaller in leaf sheaths (28 Jun, 26 Jul, and 20 Aug). Treatments were applied in water using a Cessna AG Cat with swaths of 54 ft delivering 2 gpa finished formulation. Confirm treatments were applied with Latron CS-7 at 0.025% vol/vol. Non-target arthropods were monitored continuously using 3 pitfall traps (pt jars filled with 150 ml 70% ethanol and 40 ml mineral oil) embedded to the soil surface near the center of each plot and spaced 20 m apart. Traps were sheltered by a 22 cm diam disc supported on a tripod at 4 cm above the surface. Traps were installed 7 Jul, collected and replaced 26 Jul and 16 Aug, and removed 12 Sept.