bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Emerging Unified View of Dynamic Interphases in Polymers
Authors: Simmons David S.
Published: December 2015

The properties of nanostructured polymeric materials reflect the presence of a dynamic interphase in which polymer segmental dynamics, glass formation, mechanics, and transport properties are altered from their bulk states. Examples include nanoconfinement effects on polymer nanofilms, reinforcement effects in polymer nanocomposites and filled rubbers, formation of a rigid amorphous fraction in semicrystalline polymers, and observation of suppressed‐mobility domains around ionic aggregates in ionomers. Whereas many of these phenomena have been viewed as emerging from system‐specific mechanisms, here recent work is highlighted that contributes to an emerging unified understanding of the dynamic interphase in all of these systems. This view suggests that the size scales of dynamic interphases in polymers are generally determined by the scale of cooperative rearrangements intrinsic to relaxation dynamics in supercooled glass‐forming liquids. It also implicates alterations in local segmental rattling as playing a central role in the dynamic interphase, and it suggests that near‐interface modifications in dynamics exhibit a general dependence on the interfacial work of adhesion and the relative high‐frequency moduli of the interface‐adjacent domains.

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The proline‐rich region of glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase from human sperm may bind SH3 domains, as revealed by a bioinformatic study of low‐complexity protein segments
Authors: Tatjewski Marcin , Gruca Aleksandra , Plewczynski Dariusz , Grynberg Marcin
Published: December 2015

Glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase from human sperm (GAPDHS) provides energy to the sperm flagellum, and is therefore essential for sperm motility and male fertility. This isoform is distinct from somatic GAPDH, not only in being specific for the testis but also because it contains an additional amino‐terminal region that encodes a proline‐rich motif that is known to bind to the fibrous sheath of the sperm tail. By conducting a large‐scale sequence comparison on low‐complexity sequences available in databases, we identified a strong similarity between the proline‐rich motif from GAPDHS and the proline‐rich sequence from Ena/vasodilator‐stimulated phosphoprotein‐like (EVL), which is known to bind an SH3 domain of dynamin‐binding protein (DNMBP). The putative binding partners of the proline‐rich GAPDHS motif include SH3 domain‐binding protein 4 (SH3BP4) and the IL2‐inducible T‐cell kinase/tyrosine‐protein kinase ITK/TSK (ITK). This result implies that GAPDHS participates in specific signal‐transduction pathways. Gene Ontology category‐enrichment analysis showed several functional classes shared by both proteins, of which the most interesting ones are related to signal transduction and regulation of hydrolysis. Furthermore, a mutation of one EVL proline to leucine is known to cause colorectal cancer, suggesting that mutation of homologous amino acid residue in the GAPDHS motif may be functionally deleterious. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 83: 144–148, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bone morphogenetic protein 4 and retinoic acid trigger bovine VASA homolog expression in differentiating bovine induced pluripotent stem cells
Authors: Malaver‐Ortega Luis F. , Sumer Huseyin , Jain Kanika , Verma Paul J.
Published: December 2015

Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are the earliest identifiable and completely committed progenitors of female and male gametes. They are obvious targets for genome editing because they assure the transmission of desirable or introduced traits to future generations. PGCs are established at the earliest stages of embryo development and are difficult to propagate in vitro—two characteristics that pose a problem for their practical application. One alternative method to enrich for PGCs in vitro is to differentiate them from pluripotent stem cells derived from adult tissues. Here, we establish a reporter system for germ cell identification in bovine pluripotent stem cells based on green fluorescent protein expression driven by the minimal essential promoter of the bovine Vasa homolog (BVH) gene, whose regulatory elements were identified by orthologous modelling of regulatory units. We then evaluated the potential of bovine induced pluripotent stem cell (biPSC) lines carrying the reporter construct to differentiate toward the germ cell lineage. Our results showed that biPSCs undergo differentiation as embryoid bodies, and a fraction of the differentiating cells expressed BVH. The rate of differentiation towards BVH‐positive cells increased up to tenfold in the presence of bone morphogenetic protein 4 or retinoic acid. Finally, we determined that the expression of key PGC genes, such as BVH or SOX2, can be modified by pre‐differentiation cell culture conditions, although this increase is not necessarily mirrored by an increase in the rate of differentiation. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 83: 149–161, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Preparation and characterization of acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene nanocomposites reinforced with cellulose nanocrystal via solution casting method
Authors: Ma Libo , Zhang Yang , Wang Siqun
Published: December 2015

In order to avoid the drawbacks of cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) and develop the potential for using it as a reinforcement phase in thermoplastic engineering plastic, nanocomposites from acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene (ABS) and CNC were prepared through solution casting method. SEM images revealed that just the addition of 1 wt% CNC can influence the fracture morphology of the nanocomposites. The FTIR tests showed that free hydroxyl and hydrogen bonds between the CNCs almost disappeared after they were combined with ABS. In addition, CNC content can influence the thermal degradation temperature of the nanocomposites. The mechanical properties from the tensile and DMA tests increased obviously at 5 wt% CNC content. These improved results show that good interface interaction between ABS and CNC occurred and the polar solvent and polar matrix is critical to the interface compatibility of the nanocomposite. The solution casting method can avoid thermal degradation and mass aggregation of CNC. POLYM. COMPOS., 38:E167–E173, 2017. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers
Comparison of experimental and modeling results for cure induced curvature of a carbon fiber laminate
Authors: Stair Sarah , Jack David A.
Published: December 2015

The use of carbon fiber laminated structures has steadily grown in industrial use during recent decades where the part performance is a function of both the manufacturing process and the underlying constitutive materials. This work presents an approach to predict the part geometry and internal stress state from experimentally characterized constitutive properties due to the manufacturing cure cycle. Our predicted results for the internal stress state are in agreement with that of previous published works, and the predicted part deformations agree with the experimental results for both of the fiber packing densities investigated. The uniqueness of this work is in the aspect of using basic micromechanical models to determine the dependence of the lamina behavior on the structural and thermal constitutive properties of an individual fiber and the surrounding polymer matrix. A full three‐dimensional (3D) FEA model is constructed with spatially varying properties obtained from the predicted lamina properties. The study models the cooling aspect of part fabrication after cure has been completed and the furnace temperature has dropped below the polymer's glass transition temperature. A discussion is provided at the end for the limitations of the approach and also where additional work would be needed to extend this approach to a physical system that does not follow the epoxy system investigated. POLYM. COMPOS., 38:2488–2500, 2017. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers
H2 and N2 Remote Plasma Processing of Wurtzite‐Like Oxides: Implications for Energy Applications
Authors: Giangregorio Maria M. , Bianco Giuseppe V. , Capezzuto Pio , Bruno Giovanni , Losurdo Maria
Published: December 2015

Remote plasma processing is one of the most effective methods for the manipulation of intrinsic defects, doping, stoichiometry, and morphology of a large variety of oxides. Here, we discuss the interaction of polar ZnO and of LiGaO2 and LiAlO2 with atomic hydrogen and nitrogen produced by remote H2 and N2 plasmas. We show that the various crystallographic faces of those wurtzite‐like oxides are characterized by a different reactivity to hydrogen and nitrogen. Specifically, we demonstrate that the O‐polar ZnO is the most stable surface to hydrogen and, therefore, it should be the one of interest to preserve electrode stability in all those applications involving hydrogen. Conversely, we found that H2 remote plasma processing does not significantly alter Li‐based oxides LiGaO2 and LiAlO2, while their nitridation can be exploited to alter the Li composition and mobility.
Atomistic analysis of the electronic structure of m‐plane InGaN/GaN quantum wells: Carrier localization effects in ground and excited states due to random alloy fluctuations
Authors: Tanner Daniel P. , Caro Miguel A. , O'Reilly Eoin P. , Schulz Stefan
Published: December 2015

We present a detailed atomistic analysis of the electronic properties of m‐plane InGaN/GaN quantum wells. The tight‐binding model used treats realistically sized systems atomistically and accounts for compositional and structural inhomogeneities. Local variation in strain and built‐in potential arising from random alloy fluctuations are explicitly included in the model. Many energy states of the supercells considered are calculated in order to determine the impact of the alloy fluctuations on the electronic structure of the system under investigation. We find that while the electrons are relatively insensitive to the local indium environment, the hole states are highly sensitive to it and are subject to very strong localization effects. These effects persist several states into the valence band. This strong localization of the hole states leads to a very broad distribution of ground state energies in different random configurations. Furthermore, we see that the localization leads to poor overlap between different hole states resulting in a reduced probability of transfer of carriers between different states. This feature should play an important role for transport properties in m‐plane InGaN/GaN QWs.
Optimal Design for Step‐Stress Accelerated Test with Random Discrete Stress Elevating Times Based on Gamma Degradation Process
Authors: Amini Morteza , Shemehsavar Soudabeh , Pan Zhengqiang
Published: December 2015

Recently, a step‐stress accelerated degradation test plan, in which the stress level is elevated when the degradation value of a product crosses a prespecified value, was proposed. The times of stress level elevating are random and vary from product to product. In this paper, we extend this model to a more economic plan. The proposed extended model has two economical advantages compared with the previous one. The first is that the times of stress level elevating in the new model are identical for all products, which enable us to use only one chamber (oven) for testing all test units. The second is that, the new method does not require continuous inspection and to elevate the stress level, it is not necessary for the experimenter to inspect the value of the degradation continually. The new method decreases the cost of measurement, and also there is no need to use electronic sensors to detect the first passage time of the degradation to the threshold value in the new method. We assume that the degradation path follows a gamma process. The stress level is elevated as soon as the measurement of the degradation of one of the test units, at one of the specified times, exceeds the threshold value. Under the constraint that the total experimental cost does not exceed a prespecified budget, the optimal settings including the optimal threshold value, sample size, measurement frequency, and termination time are obtained by minimizing the asymptotic variance of an estimated quantile of the lifetime distribution of the product. A case study is presented to illustrate the proposed method. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An improved method of high‐precision determination of Δ17O of CO2 by catalyzed exchange with O2 using hot platinum
Authors: Mahata Sasadhar , Bhattacharya S. K. , Liang Mao‐Chang
Published: December 2015

Rationale

CO2 and O2 can exchange their oxygen isotopes rapidly in the presence of hot (~670 °C) platinum and this has led to a method for determining the δ17O value of a CO2 sample. We have improved the method to achieve a precision of 0.008 ‰ (1‐σ standard deviation) in the determination of δ17O values. Such high precision is essential to identify the stratospheric component in tropospheric CO2 and use it for global carbon flux studies. The crucial issue in the accurate determination of the δ17O value is estimation of a correction factor, which depends on the amount ratio CO2/O2. An attempt was also made to investigate the mechanism of exchange with their controlling parameters.

Methods

The oxygen isotopes of a CO2 sample gas are exchanged with those of an appropriate amount of tank O2 in the presence of hot platinum. The pre‐exchange CO2 and O2 gas samples as well as the post‐exchange O2 sample are analyzed by isotope ratio mass spectrometry. A mixing model was developed involving the δ18O value of the CO2 and δ17O and δ18O values of pre‐ and post‐exchange O2 to obtain the δ17O value of the CO2 sample. A correction to the measured value was determined to obtain the actual value with high accuracy and precision.

Results

To obtain a precision better than 0.01 ‰ requires the amount ratio CO2/O2 to be controlled to better than ~15 %. We also find that the oxygen isotopes are nearly homogeneously distributed between the O2 and the CO2 molecules. In addition, determination of the 16O13C18O/16O12C16O isotopologue ratio in the CO2 shows that the abundance of 16O13C18O is close to that expected for random partitioning of the isotopes among the CO2 isotopologues.

Conclusions

The isotopic scrambling between O2 and CO2 that occurs on hot platinum allows one to accurately determine the δ17O values of CO2 through isotopic analysis of O2. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TGF-β1 and GDF5 Act Synergistically to Drive the Differentiation of Human Adipose Stromal Cells toward Nucleus Pulposus-like Cells
Authors: Colombier Pauline , Clouet Johann , Boyer Cécile , Ruel Maëva , Bonin Gaëlle , Lesoeur Julie , Moreau Anne , Fellah Borhane-Hakim , Weiss Pierre , Lescaudron Laurent , Camus Anne , Guicheux Jérôme
Published: December 2015

Degenerative disc disease (DDD) primarily affects the central part of the intervertebral disc namely the nucleus pulposus (NP). DDD explains about 40% of low back pain and is characterized by massive cellular alterations that ultimately result in the disappearance of resident NP cells. Thus, repopulating the NP with regenerative cells is a promising therapeutic approach and remains a great challenge. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the potential of growth factor-driven protocols to commit human adipose stromal cells (hASCs) toward NP-like cell phenotype and the involvement of Smad proteins in this differentiation process. Here, we demonstrate that the transforming growth factor-β1 and the growth differentiation factor 5 synergistically drive the nucleopulpogenic differentiation process. The commitment of the hASCs was robust and highly specific as attested by the expression of NP-related genes characteristic of young healthy human NP cells. In addition, the engineered NP-like cells secreted an abundant aggrecan and type II collagen rich extracellular matrix comparable with that of native NP. Furthermore, we demonstrate that these in vitro engineered cells survived, maintained their specialized phenotype and secretory activity after in vivo transplantation in nude mice subcutis. Finally, we provide evidence suggesting that the Smad 2/3 pathway mainly governed the acquisition of the NP cell molecular identity while the Smad1/5/8 pathway controlled the NP cell morphology. This study offers valuable insights for the development of biologically-inspired treatments for DDD by generating adapted and exhaustively characterized autologous regenerative cells.
Unified cyclic stress‐strain model for FRP‐confined concrete circular, square and rectangular prisms
Authors: Ziaadiny Hadi , Abbasnia Reza
Published: December 2015

The behaviour and modelling of concrete columns confined with FRP composites under monotonic compression has been extensively studied, but far fewer studies of the cyclic behaviour of FRP‐confined circular and rectangular columns have been carried out. A reliable model indicating the cyclic stress‐strain behaviour of FRP‐confined columns is of great importance, especially for seismic retrofits and the design of these columns. In this paper, based on the results from a series of cyclic compressive loading tests on FRP‐confined specimens, a unified cyclic stress‐strain model is proposed for circular, square and rectangular columns confined with FRP composites. The model contains different parts of the cyclic stress‐strain curve, including plastic strain, maximum strain in unloading path and corresponding stress, stress deterioration, effect of loading history, partial unloading and partial reloading. New expressions are also proposed for predicting unloading and reloading paths. The proposed model agrees well with the test results.
Does it matter whether levator avulsion is diagnosed pre‐ or postoperatively?
Authors: Abdul Jalil S. S. , Guzman Rojas R. , Dietz H. P.
Published: December 2015

Objective

Levator ani muscle avulsion is found in 15–30% of parturients and is associated with recurrence of pelvic organ prolapse (POP) following surgery, although most published evidence on recurrence relates to postoperative diagnosis. We performed a study to determine whether a diagnosis of avulsion after pelvic floor surgery can be used as a proxy for preoperative diagnosis.

Methods

This was a retrospective study of 207 patients who were seen before and after surgery for POP between February 2007 and May 2013. All assessments included a three/four‐dimensional transperineal tomographic ultrasound examination. Volume data were stored and analyzed at a later date by an operator who was blinded against all clinical data. The primary outcome measure was agreement between preoperative and postoperative diagnoses of avulsion, as evaluated by Cohen's kappa. Secondary outcome measures were the associations of pre‐ and postoperative diagnoses of levator avulsion with prolapse recurrence, defined as International Continence Society POP‐Q Stage ≥ 2 in any compartment.

Results

Mean follow‐up after surgery was 1.3 (range, 0.3–5.5) years. Levator avulsion was found preoperatively in 111 (53.6%) patients and postoperatively in 109 (52.7%). The kappa value for the association between pre‐ and postoperative avulsion was 0.864 (95% CI, 0.796–0.933), signifying high agreement. The odds ratio of prolapse recurrence in women with a preoperative diagnosis of avulsion was 2.5 (95% CI, 1.3–4.5) and in those with a postoperative diagnosis it was 2.3 (95% CI, 1.3–4.2).

Conclusions

The diagnosis of levator avulsion by tomographic pelvic floor ultrasound is equally valid before and after pelvic reconstructive surgery for POP, and both diagnoses show excellent agreement. This implies that a postoperative diagnosis of avulsion can be used as a proxy for preoperative diagnosis. Hence, avulsion can be identified postoperatively and used for subgroup analysis in prospective surgical intervention trials to define high‐risk patients. Copyright © 2015 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Can middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity predict polycythemia in monochorionic–diamniotic twins? Evidence from a prospective cohort study
Authors: Fishel‐Bartal M. , Weisz B. , Mazaki‐Tovi S. , Ashwal E. , Chayen B. , Lipitz S. , Yinon Y.
Published: December 2015

Objective

The antenatal diagnosis of twin anemia–polycythemia sequence (TAPS) in monochorionic–diamniotic (MCDA) twin pregnancies is based on elevated peak systolic velocity in the middle cerebral artery (MCA‐PSV) in the donor twin and decreased MCA‐PSV in the recipient twin. However, the association between these parameters and polycythemia has not yet been established. The aim of this study was to determine whether MCA‐PSV can predict polycythemia in MCDA pregnancies.

Methods

This was a prospective cohort study of MCDA pregnancies recruited at 14–18 weeks' gestation from a single tertiary care center between January 2011 and June 2014. Fetal MCA Doppler waveforms were recorded every 2 weeks from 18 weeks' gestation until delivery. Only those with an MCA‐PSV measurement within 1 week of delivery were included in the analysis. Neonatal hematocrit level was determined in all twins from venous blood obtained within 4 h of delivery. Polycythemia was defined as a hematocrit of > 65%, and anemia as a hematocrit of < 45%. TAPS was diagnosed when an intertwin hemoglobin difference of > 8 g/dL and reticulocyte count ratio of > 1.7 were observed.

Results

Of 162 MCDA pregnancies followed during the study period, 69 had an MCA‐PSV measurement within 1 week of delivery and were included in the study. Twenty‐five neonates were diagnosed with polycythemia and nine twin pairs met the criteria for TAPS. In a pooled analysis, MCA‐PSV was negatively correlated with neonatal hematocrit (P = 0.017, r = −0.215) and was significantly higher in anemic fetuses than in normal controls (1.15 multiples of the median (MoM) vs 1.02 MoM, respectively; P = 0.001). However, MCA‐PSV was similar among polycythemic and normal fetuses (0.95 MoM vs 1.02 MoM, respectively; P = 0.47). Intertwin difference in MCA‐PSV (delta MCA‐PSV) was positively correlated with intertwin hematocrit difference (P = 0.002, r = 0.394). Moreover, twin pregnancies with an intertwin hematocrit difference of > 24% had a significantly greater delta MCA‐PSV than did those with an intertwin hematocrit difference of ≤ 24% (delta MCA‐PSV, 19 vs 5 cm/s; P < 0.001).

Conclusions

MCA‐PSV is not significantly decreased in polycythemic MCDA twins. However, delta MCA‐PSV is associated with a large intertwin difference in hematocrit, and its use may be better than conventional methods for the risk assessment of TAPS. Copyright © 2015 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Abscheidung von SiOxNy Sperrschichten durch Dual Magnetron Sputtering
Authors: Tinkham Brad P.
Published: December 2015

SiOxNy Sperrschichten wurden mittels reaktiven Sputterns unter Verwendung von Mittelfrequenz (MF‐) und gepulster Gleichstrom (DC‐) Generatortechnologie auf GEN 5 (ca. 1,54 m2) Glassubstraten abgeschieden. Zur Bestimmung der optischen und elektrischen Eigenschaften der Schichten, inklusive Homogenität, wurden UV/VIS Spektroskopie, Ellipsometrie und Rasterkraftmikroskopie eingesetzt. Die Wirksamkeit der SiOxNy Beschichtungen als Sperrschicht gegen thermisch aktivierte Na+‐Diffusion wurde durch Anlegen einer elektrischen Spannung und Lagerung in einer feuchten Umgebung anschließend evaluiert.
Wind turbine overspeed protection based on polytopic robustly invariant sets
Authors: Hure Nikola , Vašak Mario , Jelavić Mate , Perić Nedjeljko
Published: December 2015

Complex mechanical systems, such as wind turbines, often include safety constraints which should not be violated in order to avoid high risk of structural damage. Adherence to the safety constraints is ensured with a well‐designed operating envelope protection. In this paper, we present an invariant set‐based protection concept with the application to the wind turbine overspeed protection. The approach is model‐based and operates without wind‐preview measurements. Instead, it is based on the evolution model of the wind disturbance in the worst‐case scenario manner. Accurate system estimation utilizing the blade root in‐plane measurement is proposed, along with the efficient algorithm for the hard real‐time operation of the protection system. The overspeed protection system is validated in extensive simulations on extreme turbulent wind, performed in GH Bladed. The results show the effectiveness of the proposed concept compared with the baseline controller performance. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sociological Research Methods in Context
Authors: Devine Fiona , Heath Sue
Published: December 2015

This book seeks to introduce students to the challenges of 'real life' social research through a detailed consideration of eight recent empirical studies. Designed to complement existing introductory methods texts, it emphasises the importance of context in understanding and interpreting both the practice and 'product' of empirical research. The book focuses on research from eight key sub-areas of sociology, making it a useful secondary text for introductory courses on contemporary British society.
Bisphosphonate Treatment in Osteoporosis: Optimal Duration of Therapy and the Incorporation of a Drug Holiday
Authors: Villa Jordan C. , Gianakos Arianna , Lane Joseph M.
Published: December 2015

Background

Bisphosphonates are the most widely used treatment for osteoporosis. They accumulate in the bone for years, and therefore, their inhibitory effects on osteoclasts may persist after drug discontinuation. The ideal duration of therapy remains controversial.

Questions/Purposes

The purpose of this study is to review the literature to determine the (1) indications for drug holiday, (2) the duration of drug holiday, (3) the evaluation during drug holiday, and (4) the proper treatment and maintenance after drug holiday.

Methods

A review of two electronic databases (PubMed/MEDLINE and EMBASE) was conducted using the term “(Drug holiday),” in January 29, 2015. Inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) clinical trials and case control, (2) human studies, (3) published in a peer-review journal, and (4) written in English. Exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) case reports, (2) case series, and (3) in vitro studies.

Results

The literature supports a therapeutic pause after 3–5 years of bisphosphonate treatment in patients with minor bone deficiencies and no recent fragility fracture (low risk) and in patients with moderate bone deficiencies and/or recent fragility fracture (moderate risk). In these patients, a bone health reevaluation is recommended every 1–3 years. Patients with high fracture risk should be maintained on bisphosphonate therapy without drug holiday.

Conclusion

The duration and length of drug holiday should be individualized for each patient. Evaluation should be based on serial bone mass measurements, bone turnover rates, and fracture history evaluation. If after drug therapy, assessments show an increased risk of fracture, the patient may benefit from initiating another treatment. Raloxifene, teriparatide, or denosumab are available options.
Lower Irritation Potential of Laureth‐3 Carboxylate Amino Acid Salt
Authors: Ito Seito , Kawata Jyunichi , Kameda Munekazu , Miyazawa Mitsuo
Published: December 2015

Sodium laureth sulfate and amino acid type surfactants have been categorized as low‐skin irritation chemicals based on results of previous skin irritation tests. However, detergent‐induced skin irritation still occurs. Detergents with a low‐skin irritation effect are required, since the number of cosmetics for sensitive skin has increased. Therefore, an in vitro method of testing the safety of cosmetics for sensitive skin is required. Skin irritation by anionic surfactants was investigated to determine the effect of laureth‐3 carboxylate (polyoxyethylene lauryl carboxymethyl ether) amino acid salt on skin irritation. In addition, sodium laureth sulfate and amino acid type surfactants, regarded as low‐irritation surfactants, were also tested for skin irritation. The skin irritation effect of laureth‐3 carboxylate lysine salt (Surfactant 1), sodium laureth sulfate (Surfactant 2), and sodium N‐lauroyl glutamate (Surfactant 3) were investigated using a reconstructed human cultured epidermal model, LabCyte EPI‐MODEL24 6D. Cell viabilities of cultured epidermal cells exposed to Surfactant 1 (5.0 % aq.), Surfactant 2, and Surfactant 3 were 82.0, 45.0 and 19.1 %, respectively. There were significant differences in cell viability upon exposure to 5.0 % aqueous test solutions of the three test chemicals. The results of the current investigation indicate that Surfactant 1 has a low skin‐irritation effect.
The Simulacrum System as a Construct for Mass Spectrometry of Triacylglycerols and Others
Authors: Byrdwell William Craig
Published: December 2015

A construct called a simulacrum is defined that provides all possible solutions to a sum of two mass spectral abundances, based on values (abundances) or ratios of those values. The defined construct is applied to atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (MS) of triacylglycerols (TAG). A simulacrum has precisely defined components, specifically a simulacrum sum, four Possibilities to Observe, two Cases, and eight solutions. A simulacrum with no restrictions is the First General Form of a Simulacrum. When one value is specified to be 1 (as in MS), the construct is called a Unit Simulacrum, also called the First Specified Form of a Simulacrum. When one value is 1 and no value can be greater than 1 (the two specifications dictated by mass spectrometry), the construct is called the Second Specified Form of a Simulacrum, or the Mass Spectrometry Simulacrum. Simulacra are used with three Critical Ratios calculated from raw abundances in mass spectra of TAG to provide structural information about the degree of unsaturation in TAG, the identity and quantity of regioisomers, and other structural characteristics. Three‐level‐deep nested simulacrum solutions yield the recently reported Updated Bottom Up Solution, from which the protonated molecule, [MH]+, and all diacylglycerol‐like fragments, [DAG]+, of TAG can be reproduced from the Critical Ratios. Thus, the simulacrum solutions constitute a reduced data set in which more information is provided in fewer values than raw abundances, such that the Critical Ratios constitute a compact library of mass spectra.
Neue syndromale Krankheitsbilder mit Mikrozephalie
Authors: Wieczorek Dagmar
Published: December 2015

Die Mikrozephalie ist definiert als Kopfumfang unterhalb der dritten Perzentile bzw. ein Kopfumfang, der mehr als zwei Standardabweichungen unterhalb des Mittelwerts unter Berücksichtigung von Alter und Geschlecht liegt. Auch wenn es isolierte Formen der Mikrozephalie gibt, so ist eine Kombination mit anderen klinischen Zeichen doch häufig zu beobachten. Hierbei handelt es sich dann um syndromale Mikrozephalien. Die Tatsache, dass in der London Medical Database fast 1000 Entitäten eingetragen sind, die mit einer Mikrozephalie einhergehen, zeigt, wie komplex dieses Thema ist. Dieser Artikel hat deshalb auch nicht den Anspruch, einen kompletten Überblick zu dieser Thematik zu geben, sondern fokussiert auf einzelne neue Mikrozephaliesyndrome, deren molekulare Ursachen erst kürzlich identifiziert wurden. Anhand von kurzen Beschreibungen des klinischen und molekularen Spektrums unter Einbeziehung von Fotografien sollen diese neuen Syndrome vorgestellt werden.
Limitations and Ambiguities of Colonialism in Guinea-Bissau. Examining the Creole and “Civilized” Space in Colonial Society
Authors: Kohl Christoph
Published: December 2015

This paper is about the exploration of discrepancies between words and deeds of Portuguese colonial rule in Guinea-Bissau, Portugal pretending to “integrate” and “enable” into colonial society those individuals of African origin who were deemed to be “civilized.” The essay illustrates potentials and limitations of margins of maneuver of those supposedly subjected under colonial rule. Against this background I will analyze the transformations, continuities, and ruptures of creole identities throughout time, showing how identitarian categories and classifications evolved, changed, and disappeared. It will be shown how the intersection with other identities has been a key characteristic of creole identity over time. In doing so, the analysis focuses on different areas, such as population demographics and classifications, education, and political participation.
On the Boundary Value Kirsch's Problem
Authors: Rezini D. , Khaldi A. , Rahmani Y.
Published: December 2015

Analytical closed-form solution to the stress distribution associated with a hole in finite plates subjected to tension has not been obtained yet. Wherefore, a method developed in this paper is based on a Beltrami-Michell methodology analyzing the Kirsch's problem under finite dimensions conditions of both plane stress and plane strain. This aimed ability is achieved by combining the Beltrami-Michell plane equations, isochromatic information on the boundaries only; and the finite difference method into an effectual hybrid method for analyzing rectangular plates of finite width with circular holes. Furthermore, the Beltrami-Michell methodology suggested may be applied on other plate and cut-out forms.
Dynamic Inhomogeneous Isoparametric Element with Coordinate Transformation
Authors: Yang Z.-L. , Zhang J.-W. , Wang Y.
Published: December 2015

Based on the coordinate transformation method, the formula of the dynamic inhomogeneous isoparametric finite element method is presented for generating element stiffness, damping and mass matrices. First, the global coordinate form and simplified form of dynamic inhomogeneous finite element are given in this paper. Then, the discrete material parameter distributions under the isoparametric coordinate system are obtained by using the transformation relationship between the global coordinates and the isoparametric coordinates. The simplified form with the discrete material parameter distributions is obtained for generating the element stiffness and mass matrices of the dynamic inhomogeneous isoparametric element. The numerical examples show that the scheme proposed in present paper has high precision.
Animal Magnetism, Psychiatry and Subjective Experience in Nineteenth-Century Germany: Friedrich Krauß and hisNothschrei
Authors: Brückner Burkhart
Published: December 2015

Friedrich Krauß (1791–1868) is the author ofNothschrei eines Magnetisch-Vergifteten[Cry of Distress by a Victim of Magnetic Poisoning] (1852), which has been considered one of the most comprehensive self-narratives of madness published in the German language. In this 1018-page work Krauß documents his acute fears of ‘mesmerist’ influence and persecution, his detainment in an Antwerp asylum and his encounter with various illustrious physicians across Europe. Though in many ways comparable to other prominent nineteenth-century first-person accounts (eg. John Thomas Perceval’s 1838Narrative of the Treatment Experienced by a Gentlemanor Daniel Paul Schreber’s 1903Memoirs of my Nervous Illness), Krauß’s story has received comparatively little scholarly attention. This is especially the case in the English-speaking world. In this article I reconstruct Krauß’s biography by emphasising his relationship with physicians and his under-explored stay at the asylum. I then investigate the ways in which Krauß appropriated nascent theories about ‘animal magnetism’ to cope with his disturbing experiences. Finally, I address Krauß’s recently discovered calligraphic oeuvre, which bears traces of his typical fears all the while showcasing his artistic skills. By moving away from the predominantly clinical perspective that has characterised earlier studies, this article reveals how Friedrich Krauß sought to make sense of his experience by selectively appropriating both orthodox and non-orthodox forms of medical knowledge. In so doing, it highlights the mutual interaction of discourses ‘from above’ and ‘from below’ as well as the influence of broader cultural forces on conceptions of self and illness during that seminal period.
Constructing Patient Stories: ‘Dynamic’ Case Notes and Clinical Encounters at Glasgow’s Gartnavel Mental Hospital, 1921–32
Authors: Morrison Hazel
Published: December 2015

This article contextualises the production of patient records at Glasgow’s Gartnavel Mental Hospital between 1921 and 1932. Following his appointment as asylum superintendent in 1921, psychiatrist David Kennedy Henderson sought to introduce a so-called dynamic approach to mental health care. He did so, primarily, by encouraging patients to reveal their inner lives through their own language and own understanding of their illness. To this effect, Henderson implemented several techniques devised to gather as much information as possible about patients. He notably established routine ‘staff meetings’ in which a psychiatrist directed questions towards a patient while a stenographer recorded word-for-word the conversation that passed between the two parties. As a result, the records compiled at Gartnavel under Henderson’s guidance offer a unique window into the various strategies deployed by patients, but also allow physicians and hospital staff to negotiate their place amidst these clinical encounters. In this paper, I analyse the production of patient narratives in these materials. The article begins with Henderson’s articulation of his ‘dynamic’ psychotherapeutic method, before proceeding to an in-depth hermeneutic investigation into samples of Gartnavel’s case notes and staff meeting transcripts. In the process, patient–psychiatrist relationships are revealed to be mutually dependent and interrelated subjects of historical enquiry rather than as distinct entities. This study highlights the multi-vocal nature of the construction of stories ‘from below’ and interrogates their subsequent appropriation by historians.
The Moral Career of ‘Outmates’: Towards a History of Manufactured Mental Disorders in Post-Socialist China
Authors: Wu Harry Yi-Jui
Published: December 2015

This study focuses on ‘manufactured mentally ill’ (bei jingshenbing, 被精神病) individuals in post-socialist China. In Chinese society,bei jingshenbingis a neologistic catchphrase that refers to someone who has been misidentified as exhibiting symptoms of mental illness and has been admitted to a mental hospital. Specifically, it refers to those individuals who were subjected to unnecessary psychiatric treatment during the first decade of the twenty-first century. Based on archival analysis and ethnographic fieldwork, this study addresses the ways in which the voices ofbei jingshenbingvictims and those who support them reveal China’s experiences with psychiatric modernity. It also discusses the active role of these individuals in knowledge production, medical policymaking, and the implications for reforming the psychiatric and mental health systems in post-socialist China.
That tower of Scottish prehistory—the broch
Authors: Hedges John W. , Bell Bernard
Published: December 2015

MacKie, the foremost Scottish scholar to address himself in recent years to the study of brochs, has said, with characteristic firmness, that ‘brochs are among the most striking of all the prehistoric monuments of Europe’ (1975, 72). Certainly this is so, and ever since the first real awakening of interest in Scottish antiquities around the midnineteenth century the broch has always been felt to be Scotland’s archaeological show-piece. Yet, close on a hundred years after Alexander Rhind set the ball rolling with his excavations at the broch of Kettleburn, Wick, Sir Lindsay Scott was forced to admit that ‘No ancient sites have been more excavated than those of the broch and, unfortunately, none with less result’ (1947, 3). In the 30 odd years since Scott, the full excavation reports of only three brochs have appeared. With this consideration it is perhaps less surprising to see so little space devoted to brochs in Cunliffe’s recent major review of the British Iron Age (1974a, 219–22; 2nd ed. 1978, 235–8) and their total omission from British prehistory (1974b) is marginally less startling; such summary treatment is a result of a dearth of the right kind of information, which itself derives from the whole approach to brochs throughout most of the history of Scottish archaeology.
Plank-built in the Bronze Age
Authors: Hale J. R.
Published: December 2015

In 1972 Paul Johnstone initiated a project to build and sail a hide-covered boat which would embody the theories of those Norwegian scholars—in particular Professor Sverre Marstrander—who have classified the boats of the Scandinavian Bronze Age with the Eskimo umiak and the Irish curragh. Thanks to the publicity given the experimental model by the BBC ‘Chronicle’ series and the enthusiastic advocacy of Bregger, Marstrander and Johnstone himself (‘Bronze age sea trial’, Antiquity, XLVI, 1972), the skin-boat theory has become almost an orthodoxy in Britain and Scandinavia. In fact, however, the reconstructed boat itself clearly demonstrated the awkwardness of translating into the medium of a hidecovered frame the boat designs of the bronze age rock art, which include several features utterly irreconcilable with the requirements and norms of skin-boat construction.

For no type of boat before the age of photography has such a vast corpus of evidence been preserved as for the vessel that served the fishermen, traders and raiding parties of Scandinavia between 1200 and 600 BC (that is, the Bronze Age periods 111, IV and V). The boat is a favoured motif in thousands of rock carvings in southern Norway, Sweden, and the Baltic islands, and on at least 200 late bronze age razors from Denmark and North Germany.
The Naveta of Els Tudons (Menorca)
Authors: Grinsell Leslie
Published: December 2015

The Naveta of Els Tudons (Boat of the Wood-pigeons) is the name of a prehistoric tomb whose shape resembles an upturned boat, situated on the estate of Els Tudons about 4 km east of Ciudadela. On one of the walls of Mahon Airport is shown a greatly enlarged reproduction of the engraving of it from Die Balearen in Wort und Bild (II, 1897, 419) by the Archduke Louis Salvator. This monument, and a Taula, are indeed the symbols of Menorca's past and have to some extent been recently adopted as emblems for Menorcan tourism.
A NOTE ON THE ENDPOINT REGULARITY OF THE HARDY–LITTLEWOOD MAXIMAL FUNCTIONS
Authors: LIU FENG , CHEN TING , WU HUOXIONG
Published: December 2015

In this note we give a simple proof of the endpoint regularity for the uncentred Hardy–Littlewood maximal function on $\mathbb{R}$. Our proof is based on identities for the local maximum points of the corresponding maximal functions, which are of interest in their own right.
ON ISOMETRIC REPRESENTATION SUBSETS OF BANACH SPACES
Authors: ZHOU YU , ZHANG ZIHOU , LIU CHUNYAN
Published: December 2015

Let $X,Y$ be two Banach spaces and $B_{X}$ the closed unit ball of $X$. We prove that if there is an isometry $f:B_{X}\rightarrow Y$ with $f(0)=0$, then there exists an isometry $F:X\rightarrow Y^{\ast \ast }$. If, in addition, $Y$ is weakly nearly strictly convex, then there is an isometry $F:X\rightarrow Y$. Making use of these results, we show that if $Y$ is weakly nearly strictly convex and there is an isometry $f:B_{X}\rightarrow Y$ with $f(0)=0$, then there exists a linear isometry $S:X\rightarrow Y$.
Stable isotope composition of hypogenic speleothem calcite in Kalana (Estonia) as a record of microbial methanotrophy and fluid evolution
Authors: EENSAAR JAAN , PANI TÕNU , GAŠKOV MIKK , SEPP HOLAR , KIRSIMÄE KALLE
Published: December 2015

Aeronian (Silurian Period) carbonate rocks in Kalana quarry in central Estonia contain cave and fracture structures filled with calcitic speleothem precipitates of atypical composition. Calcite crystals in dolomitized limestone cave walls have diverse shapes (equant-blocky, bladed and fibrous), but most of the cave walls and speleothems are covered with an up to 10 cm thick crust of microcrystalline botryoidal calcite. The morphology of precipitates suggests their formation in low hydrodynamic conditions in water supersaturated with calcite. Calcite in speleothems is associated with the mineralization of sulphur-bearing minerals, such as pyrite and abundant barite. Unlike that of speleothem calcite, the stable isotope composition of authigenic calcite shows extreme depletion in13C and large variations in δ13CPDBfrom –11 to –56‰, whereas the δ18OPDBvalues range from –5 to –12‰, suggesting calcite precipitation from a13C-depleted carbon source supplied by microbially mediated anaerobic oxidation of methane and/or other hydrocarbons at elevated temperatures (up to 70°C). Systematic variation in the δ13CPDBand δ18OPDBvalues of layered precipitates indicates a change from an initially biogenic methane source to an either thermogenic methane or hydrocarbon source in the low-temperature hydrothermal fluid. Calcite speleothems in Kalana possibly developed at the mixing front of sulphate-rich seawater or groundwater and low-temperature methane-bearing hydrothermal fluids in the phreatic zone of a hypogenic-hydrothermal (karst) system.
Reframing Memory in the School Classroom: Remembering the Malvinas War
Authors: BENWELL MATTHEW C.
Published: December 2015

Narratives of memory have received considerable attention in Argentina but rarely have these been examined in relation to the 1982 Malvinas War. This article focuses on national memory narratives of the war manifest in educational resources and explores how and under what conditions local ways of remembering can transform and/or reproduce such narratives, through research within secondary schools in Río Gallegos, a city in the south of Argentina. It shows how the city's connections with the military and the war generated sensitivities that influenced how the Malvinas was engaged in the classroom. The localised framings deviated from predominant national memory narratives by underplaying the broader context of state terror and overlooking histories associated with the Malvinas before 1982.
Frankenmom: Theatre as History in Deconstructing American Celebrity Motherhood
Authors: Roxworthy Emily
Published: December 2015

When Paper magazine attempted in 2014 to “break the Internet” (as its cover declared) by publishing French artist Jean-Paul Goude's photos of reality star Kim Kardashian brazenly displaying her infamous derriere, the public reprimands to Kardashian from fellow celebrities quickly zeroed in on an even more essentializing aspect of her identity. As actress Naya Rivera posted, “You're someone's mother.” Singer Lorde articulated Kardashian's transgression even more simply, retweeting the photos along with a single word that served as a hex: “mom.” The judgment of her female peers seemed to be that Kardashian, who gave birth to daughter North West in June 2013, should have known better than to flaunt her sexuality on the public stage now that she was a mother. Meanwhile, in a related realm, an American celebrity tabloid such as Us Weekly can generate annual advertising revenues of $403 million (that magazine's 2013 figure) with a profit model based on spectacularizing celebrity mothers and appraising their so-called “baby bumps.” Former US Weekly editor-in-chief Janice Min coined the term “Frankenmom” in a now-notorious 2012 New York Times article about the pressure she felt to regain her pre-pregnancy body after the birth of her third child. In that article, she paid penance for “our ideal of this near-emaciated, sexy and well-dressed Frankenmom” that she had helped create through celebrity journalism. (Kardashian's decision to pose nude in Paper was later explained by celebrity outlet TMZ as a gesture “to show the world how she bounced back after giving birth to North West.”) Despite the personal pressure she experienced as a mother, Min boasted that because of her magazine's focus on maternal bodies during her time as editor (2003–9), American novelist “Tom Wolfe once remarked, ‘the one thing that Us Weekly has done that's a great boost to the nation is, they've probably increased the birthrate.’”