bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From the Womb of Things to Their Grave: Madness and Memory in Swift
Authors: Deporte Michael
Published: March 2013

In his 'Digression on Madness,' the narrator of A Tale of a Tub insists that the quarrel between fiction and truth is really only a debate between 'Things past' and 'Things conceived.' The question, he says, comes down to this: 'Whether Things that have Place in the Imagination, may not as properly be said to Exist, as those that are seated in the Memory; which may be justly held in the Affirmative, and very much to the Advantage of the former, since This is acknowledged to be the Womb of Things, and the other allowed to be no more than the Grave.' Swift's crazy narrator is exploiting, of course, that ancient axiom of psychology according to which memory and imagination are differing aspects of the mind's power to picture things not present—the pictures of memory being limited by past experience, those of imagination only by a person's conjectural resources. Why confine ourselves to the circumscribed, usually distasteful realities retailed by memory, he asks, when imagination opens every door to wishful thinking? Since both memory and imagination deal in images, why not choose the ware we like best? We should not, surely, let fear of delusion affect our choice. So what if imagination leads us into madness? The whole point of the 'Digression on Madness' is to promote its 'Use and Improvement,' to show what wonderful prospects await the man whose 'Fancy gets astride of his Reason' (171). Only madness will carry us to the provinces of greatness, for when a 'man gives the Spur and Bridle to his Thoughts' his mind 'doth never stop, but naturally sallies out into both extremes of High and Low, Good and Evil' (157). On these journeys one may make extraordinary discoveries—that one is 'God Almighty' (115), say, or has unravelled the secrets of nature, or should take armies on the march to devastate neighbouring kingdoms.
Translations
Authors: Godard Barbara
Published: March 2013

Reviews of literary translations published in Canada in 1988.
Pindar and the Problem of Freedom
Authors: English
Published: March 2013

The question of human freedom has forced itself upon minds in every age, and all history is littered with tentative and partial solutions of the problem. In the realm of practical affairs the answer invariably assumes one form; and energetic leaders in modern public life join hands across the ages with those political realists in fifth-century Athens who declared that men rule wherever they can by a necessary law of their nature. Invariably, also, this crude elucidation of the problem in terms of power presently comes to demand a form of intellectual statement more in accord with the professions and pious wishes of civilized society. Hence arises a philosophy whose function is to reinforce power-politics by means of an intellectual structure wherein the conscience of men who have in part emerged from the level of brutes may find comfortable asylum. Power, crude and uncultured in the beginning, becomes conservative with old age, and reaches after the garb of respectability. Eventually it comes to seek a greater degree of stability by means of decentralization, and regularizes its position by making use of those forms of expression which meet with universal acceptance, such as constitutional government and codified law.
Reviews
Authors: Carver  , Glazebrook  , Brown  , MacGibbon
Published: March 2013

Franklyn Bliss Snyder, Robert Burns: His Personality, his Reputation, and his Art, reviewed by P. L. Carver

William L. Langer, The Diplomacy of Imperialism, 1890–1902, reviewed by G. de T. Glazebrook

G. P. Gooch, Before the War: Studies in Diplomacy. Vol I: The Grouping of the Powers, reviewed by G. de T. Glazebrook

Theodor Wolff, The Eve of 1914, reviewed by G. de T. Glazebrook

George H. Mead, Movements of Thought in the Nineteenth Century, reviewed by E. K. Brown

Joseph Warren Beach, The Concept of Nature in Nineteenth Century English Poetry, reviewed by E. K. Brown

D. C. Harvey, The Colonization of Canada, reviewed by D. A. MacGibbon

Robert England, The Colonization of Western Canada, reviewed by D. A. MacGibbon

C. A. Dawson, Group Settlement: Ethnic Communities in Western Canada, reviewed by D. A. MacGibbon
St. Paul at the Tomb of Virgil
Authors: Falconer Sir Robert
Published: March 2013

There is nothing incredible in the tradition that St. Paul, during the seven days which he spent with “the brethren” at Puteoli on the Bay of Naples, turned aside to visit the spot in his seaside villa at Posilipo near Naples, whither the poet's ashes had been taken for burial after his death at Brundisium. Virgil died on the twenty-first of September, 19 B.C. St. Paul may have reached Puteoli in the spring of 60, or 62, A.D. Long before this, educated society of the Western World was familiar with the Aeneid; tags of it were scribbled on stucco in the streets of Pompeii. Already in the poet's lifetime, the Eclogues and the Georgics had become school-books. Martial, who arrived in Rome as a young man a year or two after St. Paul, mentions that a portrait of Virgil was often prefixed to the schoolbooks, and accepts the verdict of antiquity as to his pre-eminence. As “the saint of poets” meriting divine honours, the Ides of October were sacred to him.
The Theme-Song of American criticism
Authors: Gohdes Clarence
Published: March 2013

When the echoes of the Revolutionary War were beginning to be lost amid the noise of shipbuilding, the groans of waggon-wheels crossing the Appalachians, and the oratorical clamours of the politicians whose theories were to shape the national destiny, a very significant literary movement in America was the hurried manufacture of epics to extol the merits of the new nation and to prophesy the triumph of democratic principles. That these hasty and imitative performances should have failed to satisfy the critics of the day—so far as there were any—goes without saying, for it was not long before American literary men were echoing the query uttered with such vicious force by Sydney Smith: “Who reads an American book?” A reader of the magazines published in the United States during the thirties and forties is struck by the repeated inquiries of critics as to the existence of solid American works and the reasons for their absence. One of Emerson's best known, but weakest, performances, his Harvard Phi Beta Kappa oration, is an example of the partial treatment of a topic already well-worn by 1837, “What is wrong with American creative genius?”
The Value of Colonies
Authors: Maxwell W. Russell
Published: March 2013

It is an interesting fact that those who believe in the value of colonies are, on the whole, those who haven't got them, and those who profess not to believe in their value nevertheless possess them. The arguments on both sides commonly contradict not only each other but themselves, while the assumptions involved, and the conclusions reached, contradict established fact, past experience, and present practice. In short, the whole matter is in an even more chaotic state than most human affairs. The following is an attempt to introduce some semblance of order in to one corner of the subject. It is concerned with general principles and not with statistics, though without statistics no conclusions as to the amount of value can be reached. Some discussion of the development of opinion on the subject is included, while a few references to authors, ancient and modern, are introduced to give the necessary air of literary culture and erudition to the whole.
English Irony Before Chaucer
Authors: Birney Earle
Published: March 2013

We appear to be living in times whose economic urgencies require the blunt satire of invective or the perilous constructivism of revolt. Irony is as nearly out of fashion as it can ever be; Anatole France and Conrad disappear behind Gide and Dos Passos; Aldous Huxley leaves the goat-foot dance to march, without benefit of fife or drum, in the somewhat formless ranks of the fighting pacifists. One feels the need to apologize for being concerned with irony at all, and more especially with irony so far-away and long ago. But while Ottawa remains unbombed, we continue to read English literature, or literature about English literature. The excuse for the present essay lies in the fact that if we confine our studies to the second category, as too many wise men continue to do for the centuries on the far side of 1400, we shall have no knowledge whatever of a long tradition of English irony worthy of notice in itself, and doubly interesting because it may have helped to form the style of that most pervasive of all English ironists, Geoffrey Chaucer.
Letters in Canada: 1936. Part II: French-Canadian Letters
Authors: Walter Felix
Published: March 2013

Reviews of french works published in Canada in 1936.
Theatre
Authors: McEwen Barbara
Published: March 2013

Reviews of French-Canadian books on theatre published in 1989.
'A language that is ever green': The Ecological Vision of John Clare
Authors: McKusick James
Published: March 2013

John Clare described himself on the title page of his first collection of poems as a 'Northamptonshire Peasant,' a bold assertion of regional identity that situated his voice in an East Midland county that was becoming increasingly a zone of ecological conflict, marked by unequal struggle between the advocates of parliamentary enclosure and the forlorn adherents of the older, sustainable methods of open-field agriculture. The arguments advanced in favour of parliamentary enclosure during the early nineteenth century will sound familiar to late twentieth-century readers still subjected to the insidious rhetoric of Progress: it was claimed that the enclosure of common fields and 'waste' land would rationalize the existing patchwork of land-ownership and enhance the productivity of agriculture by providing an incentive for individual farmers to exploit their newly consolidated plots with maximum efficiency. Swamps and marshes would be drained, streams would be rechannelled, forests and scrublands would be cleared, and subsistence farming in general would give way to capital intensive agriculture. Overlooked in the arcane legal and political process of enclosure were the traditional grazing and gleaning rights of the poor, as well as the environmental impact of this radical change in agricultural methods. Parliamentary enclosure proceeded by legal consensus among various classes of landholders; only a few voices were raised to question the fate of the poor, and virtually nobody questioned the fate of the earth.
Making (Up) the Truth: Constructivist Contributions
Authors: Smith Barbara Herrnstein
Published: March 2013

There is, it appears, the appearance of truth, 'verisimilitude,' and, over and against that, the reality of truth, truth itself. Or so it appears, but perhaps it is not true, or not any longer. Certainly, the certification of true truth and genuine knowledge in their classic senses—as, for example, the accurate affirmation or faithful representation of an altogether autonomous reality—has proved elusive. And, as we know, alternative conceptions of truth and knowledge—as, for example, the relatively coherent, relatively viable, and relatively stable products of various social and institutional practices—have been proposed in recent years ... and have proved relatively coherent, viable, and stable. These alternative conceptions have emerged from a number of fields: philosophy, of course, especially along lines marked by Nietzsche and Wittgenstein, but also other fields, such as biology and psychology, which have yielded important redescriptions of the interactive mechanisms of language, perception, and cognition, and, of particular interest here, the history and sociology of science, which, during the past two decades, have developed a pragmatist/rhetoricist approach to these questions often referred to as 'constructivism.'
Lucretius and Swift's Tale of a Tub
Authors: De Quehen
Published: March 2013

Swift wrote about mad philosophers, 'Of this Kind were Epicurus, Diogenes, Apollonius, Lucretius, Paracelsus, Des Cartes, and others.' To say 'Lucretius is simply included in this list as the popularizer of the Epicurean system' is a cruel denial of his individuality; yet Phillip Harth's comment expresses accurately enough the preference of Swift's critics for the history of ideas over De rerum natura and its writer. Despite some refocusing of attention — conspicuously by John Traugott and A.C. Elias, Jr. — Swift's affinity with a fellow poet, like himself the dependant of a great man, still deserves more notice. In 1697, when Swift was at Moor Park, working on A Tale and for Sir William Temple, he read Lucretius three times. He read other poets too — Virgil (twice), Horace and Homer — but no philosophers; and in his going back to Lucretius, when a student of ideas and Epicurus might have turned instead to Diogenes Laertius, his lifelong preoccupation with texts and authorship may be observed. In A Tale Swift's awareness of the writing in De rerum natura and his association of its shadowy creator with a variety of other persons make Lucretius a fairly substantial character.
Orpheus and the Shades: The Myth of the Poet in David Copperfield
Authors: Bauer Matthias
Published: March 2013

In his Sonnets to Orpheus, Rilke interprets the myth of the singer's descent to the nether world as an image of the poet who must experience death. In The Mystery of Edwin Drood, the novel on which Dickens was working until his death, the central motifs of Rilke's lines can be discovered: John Jasper, the protagonist of the story, is a musician, a singer who is regarded as an author. He 'captures' the celestial praise in the cathedral but he also tastes of the 'flower' and is haunted by the shadows of his opium dreams. Furthermore, he descends to the region of death, a journey most strikingly visualized in chapter 12, when he accompanies the deathlike stonemason, Mr Durdles, to the crypt, his nightly abode. Jasper, who lives in a 'gatehouse,' is a mysterious border-crosser passing through the doors opened for him by Durdles.
Catching Up with Edward Bellamy
Authors: Halewood
Published: March 2013

Looking Backward, 2000–1887 is a 'canon' problem only in its absence from the canon. It is an almost vanished work, interesting to consider as the date draws near that might have validated its prophecies only to take note of the different route we have come—not just our failure to achieve its utopia, but our rejection of it—and our rejection, also, of its kind as a possible kind for serious fiction. Clearly, the contributors to Edward Bellamy Abroad (1962), who hoped that their work would 'promote a reassessment of Bellamy in the literary histories of the United States,' misjudged the depth and firmness of modern indifference. This is not a minor eclipse but a major one, for Looking Backward had an immense reputation and influence in its time, and that time extended for decades. It was published in millions of copies and translated into all major languages including Russian and Japanese. It had some sort of effect (fiercely negative in the case of William Morris) on everyone who thought about social questions. It influenced movements of Christian Socialism wherever they appeared. Its positions echo and re-echo in George Bernard Shaw, Veblen, Debs, Norman Thomas, and the early Zionists.
Humanities
Authors: Westphal Sarah , Fortier Mark , Patton Brian
Published: March 2013

Reviews of books on the humanities published in Canada in 1993.
Drama
Authors: Knowles Richard
Published: March 2013

Reviews of drama published in Canada in 1994.
Translations
Authors: Koustas Jane
Published: March 2013

Reviews of literary translations published in Canada in 1994.
Comments
Authors: Horn Michiel
Published: March 2013

My thoughts and feelings as I read the late Bill Readings's book a few weeks ago returned vividly to me when I first heard the papers by Ernest Sirluck and Asha Varadharajan. They were much the same thoughts and feelings that I had when I first read Understanding Media rather more than thirty years ago: the sense that what I was reading contained some valuable `small' ideas, but that the `big' idea of the book was quite probably wrong.
Comments
Authors: Grier Terence
Published: March 2013

As I worked my way through Bill Readings's The University in Ruins, I kept wondering what John Snobolen would make of it. Apart from any difficulties navigating the specialized vocabulary of postmodernism (and I was relieved to hear from Heather MacIvor I was not alone in this), how would he or any other education minister react to, for example, Bill Readings's proposition that in the University `we should try to replace the empty idea of excellence with the empty idea of Thought'? Might not that reaction include an element of incomprehension, of incredulity?
Medieval Maintenance, the Great Interrogations, and the Ruins of the University
Authors: Winchester Ian
Published: March 2013

The University has been around for most of this millennium and its forms have been remarkably constant throughout that time. It began as an attempt by some young Italians who wanted to know about Roman law and Greek medicine and who banded together to hire some instructors. But local disputes with the townsfolk gave the Church a chance to butt in and within a hundred years or so the Church granted charters to universities. Meanwhile, back in Paris the Cathedral school, organized on Roman models organized on Greek ones, became a place for vigorous lecturers to take on students in the heart of the most vigorous market town in Europe. Soon the students in Paris also wanted law and medicine, and, with the Church in charge, theology was the third learned profession.
Comments
Authors: Sheinin Rose
Published: March 2013

One can appreciate and sympathize with the lament, both for the idea and the fact of the ideal of a University, in place in the nineteenth century and emulated widely through the twentieth century down to our own times. Bill Readings's University in Ruins is a comprehensive requiem for such institutions. He, along with many colleagues known and unknown to him, has watched with concern as the University has undergone transformation after transformation, as it sought to fulfil its bargain with society, forged so long ago. The University would be granted control over all of its affairs, in exchange for services to be rendered to society, as required. Society has changed significantly since this relationship was codified in the sixteenth century when universities were granted the protected status of artisan guilds in the emerging Hanseatic towns of Europe. This connected journey is well described elsewhere in this issue.
Hans Pfitzner's Palestrina and the Impotence of Early Lateness
Authors: McClatchie Stephen
Published: March 2013

A strong critical tradition,virtually contemporary with the work's creation, interprets the title figure of Hans Pfitzner's 1917 opera, Palestrina, as a thinly veiled allegory for the composer himself: a lone figure at the end of an age, pessimistic and conservative, fighting against a decadent culture. The scent of decay, of overripeness, is strong; in his Reflections of a Nonpolitical Man (1918), Thomas Mann describes Palestrina as `something ultimate [`Letztes'], consciously ultimate, from the sphere of Schopenhauer and Wagner, of romanticism ... its metaphysical mood, its ethos of ``cross, death, and grave," its mixture of music, pessimism and humor' (297). Critics have been led along this interpretive path owing to the striking similarities between the argument of Palestrina and the positions taken by Pfitzner in his many polemical writings. Even the titles of these works, written around the time of Palestrina, make clear his conservative stance: The Threat of Futurism (from 1917) and The New Aesthetic of Musical Impotence: A Symptom of Decline? (1920). Despite John Williamson's attempt to contest this view in his recent monograph on the composer, it seems most fruitful to follow, and perhaps even intensify, this interpretative tradition by highlighting several contradictory aspects of the opera — most particularly, the striking (and apparently unnoticed) aesthetic inconsistency at the heart of the work.
Nouvelle
Authors: Lord Michel
Published: March 2013

Reviews of French-Canadian short stories published in 1997.
Drama
Authors: Knowles Richard Paul
Published: March 2013

Reviews of drama published in canada in 1997.
Poésie
Authors: Chamberland Roger
Published: March 2013

Reviews of French-Canadian poetry published in Canada in 1997.
Remarques sur la nouvelle
Authors: Andersen Marguerite
Published: March 2013

La nouvelle représente pour moi d'abord et avant tout une tradition. Tradition familiale, puisque mon père, écrivain allemand (Theodor Bohner, Lachendes, Liebendes Rom, Bâle, Orell Füssli, 1921), en écrivait. Tradition nationale, puisque j'ai grandi en Allemagne et que de nombreux écrivains allemands du passé et du présent ont excellé dans ce genre. Tradition internationale, puisqu'on trouve des nouvellistes dans le monde entier : Guy de Maupassant, Conrad Ferdinand Meyer, Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach, Edgar Allan Poe, Nicolas Gogol, Herman Melville, Franz Kafka, Robert Musil, Marcel Schwob, Stig Dagerman, Vladimir Nabokov, Hector Biancotti, Italo Calvino, Flannery O'Connor, F.S. Fitzgerald. Eudora Welty, Grace Paley, Julio Cortazar, Italo Svevi, Luigi Pirandello, G.A. Borgese, Henry James, Thomas Mann, Lygia Fagundes Telles, Annie Saumont, Ingeborg Bachmann, Maria Desplechin , Margaret Atwood, Marie-Claire Blais, et la liste, à laquelle il faudrait ajouter toutes les nouvellistes féminines du xviiie siècle réunies dans l'anthologie de Raymond Trousson (Romans de femmes du XVIIIe siècle, Paris, Laffont), continue ad infinitum. René de Ceccaty souligne dans son article « Le Japon ou le pays du bref » (« Éloge de la nouvelle », Le Monde, 26 juin 1997), que les nikkis, courts récits féminins rédigés au xi siècle, « isolentun événementpourmettre à nu le territoire infinide l'inconscient ».
What's the Point
Authors: Butala Sharon
Published: March 2013

With the exception of those written by Alice Munro, I almost never read short stories any more, although I still buy the occasional collection in order to support a particular writer. I don't write them any more, either. My last collection was Fever, published in 1990, and I have written since then in total only four or five short stories, even though I have been fairly successful at writing them, and, up to a point, enjoyed doing so.
Alice Munro and Charlotte Brontë
Authors: Garson Marjorie
Published: March 2013

It has become conventional to recognize in Jane Eyre a consistent pattern of doubling and displacement: specifically to see Bertha Rochester as acting out the narrator’s own anger against Rochester. Notoriously, when the madwoman burns down Thornfield, delivering over to Jane a subdued and handicapped husband, she is seen to be expressing Jane’s impulse to revenge and desire for control. But other details of the text are also interpreted along the same lines. Mary Poovey, for example, reads Bertha’s attack on Richard Mason as an expression of Jane’s rage against Rochester, who had just disguised himself as a gypsy fortune-teller to observe, test, and tease her (Poovey, 39). There is some doubt, though, about how much rage Jane would be feeling at her unmasked interviewer, whose reading of her character has been decidedly flattering. Though Rochester’s deception of Jane invites retribution, his surveillance, arguably, does not: the gaze of the master is a form of penetration that the text on the whole seems deeply to desire.
Réponses plurielles: la nouvelle québécoise au féminin (1980–2000)
Authors: Dansereau Estelle
Published: March 2013

Écrites vers 1983, ces paroles de Suzanne Lamy, placées en épigraphe, pourraient résumer les pratiques de la nouvelle québécoise au féminin telle qu’elles se sont manifestées au cours des derniers vingt ans. Les nouvellières ont expérimenté avec ce genre, devenu de plus en plus malléable et polymorphe, pour inventer leurs histoires fictionnalisées, parfois étroitement collées au corps féminin bien que cernant surtout une grande diversité de sujets. Ce que nous voyons en effet dans les nouvelles écrites depuis deux décennies, c’est que, lorsque les femmes écrivent, elles explorent selon des perspectives et des expériences hétérogènes, les constatations et les questions de l’existence humaine, les déboires et les inquiétudes tout comme les illusions, les désirs et les rêves. Si les thèmes récurrents sinon obsessionnels des nouvelles au féminin reflètent la diversité de la vie des femmes et des hommes de tous les milieux et de toutes les couches sociales, elles présentent souvent des perspectives distinctes sur l’amour, la sexualité, le menu quotidien, la quête d’identité, le rapport au corps, à la mère, à l’autre, au social, et à l’écriture. Lucie Joubert écrit à ce sujet : « [L]e choix d’accorder à la signature une importance primordiale est motivé par le parti pris suivant: les femmes, par leur position – ou devrait-on dire leur imposition – politique, sociale et culturelle, ont une vision du monde différente de celle des hommes» (Joubert, 1998: 14). Les histoires qu’inventent les femmes s’ajoutent aux histoires que les cultures produisent pour se décrire; lorsque les femmes écrivent en si grand nombre, elles donnent à ces représentations des dimensions différentes, dimensions encore à peine cernées, car longtemps absentes des récits culturels. Depuis vingt ans, les récits courts de toutes sortes, y compris les nouvelles écrites par des femmes, abondent au Québec. Les nouvellières ont fait paraître pendant university of toronto quarterly, volume 69, number 4, fall 2000 cette période plus de cent soixante-dix recueils , sans compter les multiplesrécits publiés dans les revues et les anthologies.
‘Voice Is Everything’: Reading Mavis Gallant’s ‘The Pegnitz Junction’
Authors: Wilkshire Claire
Published: March 2013

Mavis Gallant has written plays, novels, and non-fiction, but the short story remains her mostimportantgenre.While it is impossible to characterize the entire body of any writer’s work, Gallant’s short fictions lend themselves to description more readily than some. Gallant is a writer’s writer, which is to say that her stories tend to appeal to readers accustomed to reading with care; her stories are subtle – nuanced rather than exuberant, witty rather than comic; strong emotions and desires may be evoked, but they are evoked coolly, often from the perspective of a detached observer. Her characters, as is frequently noted, suffer various forms of alienation, often living or staying in foreign countries, speaking languages not their own – or, as is the case in ‘The Pegnitz Junction,’ always on their way home but never arriving.
De l’oralité à l’oralité: le récit bref au Canada français (1990–2000)
Authors: Olscamp Marcel
Published: March 2013

Au cours de la dernière décennie, le portrait éditorial du Canada francophone s’est en quelque sorte stabilisé. Après leur fondation quasi simultanée au début des années 1970, les principaux éditeurs de l’Ouest, de l’Acadie et de l’Ontario français sont parvenus à assurer, sinon leur pérennité, du moins un sentiment de sécurité relative quant à leur durée. Un bon degré de professionnalisme s’est installé chez la plupart d’entre eux. Simultanément, la pratique des genres littéraires a eu tendance à se diversifier peu à peu, si bien qu’il est maintenant possible d’affirmer que les éditeurs canadiens-français « couvrent», à travers leur production, l’éventail complet des discours littéraires.
Reviews
Authors: Brown  , Brett  , King  , Scott
Published: March 2013

Van Wyck Brooks, The Flowering of New England, 1815–1865, reviewed by E. K. Brown

Rupert C. Lodge, The Questioning Mind: A Survey of Philosophical Tendencies, reviewed by G. S. Brett

Rupert C. Lodge, Philosophy of Education, reviewed by G. S. Brett

Theophile James Meek, Hebrew Origins, reviewed by G. B. King

Sir Robert Falconer, The Pastoral Epistles, reviewed by E. F. Scott
The Plight of Canadian Ficiton
Authors: Callaghan Morley
Published: March 2013

Speaking at the Toronto Book Fair, I pointed out that a young Canadian wirter who had an authentic talent for creative prose, and wanted to develop it honestly, had little or no chance in this country; immediately people protested that Ralph Connor had made a million dollars, and that anyway it was sour grapes for a writer to make faces at people for not reading his work.
Tudor Humanism and Henry VIII
Authors: Bush Douglas
Published: March 2013

In his admirable Thomas More, Professor R. W. Chambers pillories Henry VIII as the ruthless destroyer of the rich culture which England possessed at the opening of the sixteenth century. He makes his own the argument put forth by J. S. Phillimore in what he calls "a vital essay, to which every student of More is under a heavy debt." Phillimore's thesis was "that the Humanist Movement in England was arrested at the middle of the sixteenth century and did not mature till more than a century later; that the movement was typically personified in More; and that his death was the blow which paralysed it." In a brief survey of a complex problem I must pass by many topics that Mr. Chambers touches. The lack of good poets in the middle of the century, for instance, might be charged against God rather than against his royal representative, for there are many ages of peace and plenty in which good poets simply do not happen to be born. As for a blank in the history of the sonnet between 1547 and 1580, if Henry was responsible for that it ought to be listed along with the royal navy as one of his major achievements; one can only wish the blank had lasted twenty years longer. And, in spite of Mr. Chambers's notable study of early English prose, one is bewildered by the critical judgment which finds no eminence in prose between More's time and Hooker and Bacon. But our concern here is with humanism in its special sense, and with the theory that it was paralysed by the execution of More.
The Originality of Bernardin de Saint-Pierre
Authors: Green
Published: March 2013

It is an English tradition to deplore the lack of imagination displayed by French writers of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Before endorsing this opinion, however, it might be well to examine its general implications. This verdict embraces the dramatic creations of Corneille, Racine, and Molie`re, the fairy-tales of Perrault and his school, the fables of La Fontaine, and the remarkable suite of novels which" from the middle of the seventeenth century until the Revolution, illustrate the variety and richness of the French inventive genius. It implies that no imagination was required to conceive the comedies of Regnard, Dancourt, Marivaux, and Beaumarchais, and assumes that by a purely rational process the French presented Europe with a new type of play, le drame, and brought to perfection the genre known as the ope´ra comique. Finally, it ignores the fact that Rousseau and Bernardin de Saint-Pierre first showed the novelists of Europe how to observe and to exploit the artistic possibilities of external nature in their fictions.
Canada's Foreign Policy
Authors: Gebler Marvin
Published: March 2013

The development of a foreign policy for Canada has been occasioned by certain basic facts implicit in the structure of Canadian society. These facts are economic, social, and strategic. (1) Canadian economy has been built on the easy exploitation of vast natural resources, which in turn has provided the impetus for capital expenditures on industrialization and on competitive transportation networks. The staple commodities have been dependent on a highly fluctuating world market, and the loan expenditure for industrial development has been supplied from abroad. The burden of Canada's obligations is a rigid annual toll on the economy. The basic economic problem of the country, therefore, is to equate her variable export income with the rigidity of her capital cost structure. As a matter of policy, barring major economic upheavals, Canada's own programme of action can be of only secondary importance. (2) The next basic fact germane to Canada's foreign policy is the social complexion of our national community. Both the temper and structure of Canadian society are variations of Western European civilization. The history of this country is an aspect of the expansion of Europe overseas, and the political and social institutions which we have borrowed still look to their forbears for continued inspiration. Our society has been conceived in the image of its maker, and difficult would be the fate of both should that social equilibrium, which is the basis of their relationship, be destroyed. (3) The enviable strategic position of Canada results from the gifts both of gods and men. Geographically, Canada is remote from the present theatres of social upheaval. On the military side, she is shielded by the dominance of France and England in Western Europe, while the community of British and American interests in the Pacific gives strong assurance of safety in that region. Canadians are not vitally interested in the question of collective security because they feel that bounties both political and geographic have endowed their national eXlstence with a comfortable margin of reassurance.
Avenues of Apporach to the English Bible
Authors: Falconer
Published: March 2013

The translations of the Bible in present use by the Englishspeaking peoples are the outcome of a process extending over centuries. It goes back as far as the Venerable Bede and King Alfred; John Wycliffe in the fourteenth century first turned the whole Bible from the Vulgate into English, and he left for Tyndale and his successors his bold example, though perhaps little direct legacy of language. The English translations were made to be read and understood by the common people, and the Authorized Version of 1611 became so nationally important that it stands on its own merits with the value to them of an original. It has moulded the English language, determined the moral and social attitudes of average persons, and is even yet an authoritative Word to the majority. This translation of the Bible is quite different from those of the Greek and Latin classics.
Mr Eliot and Some Enemies
Authors: Brown
Published: March 2013

Mr Eliot has a greater number, and a greater variety, of enemies than any other poet of our time. The lazy dislike his poetry because hard brainwork is required to understand it. The conventional dislike it because it does not conform to any previously dominant type of English poetry. The decorous dislike it because it habitually mentions subjects not directly mentioned in our poetry since the time of Churchill, and mentions them with a salty vigour and brooding subtlety unknown since the time of Donne. Romantics dislike his poetry because it seldom gives free play to rapture or to sensuous moods. Marxists dislike it because it is chiefly concerned with peculiar states of peculiar minds and obtrudes no sociological gospel. Conservatives dislike it because the traditionalism from which it issues is unrelated to the political and insular conservatism which alone they understand. Conservatives and Marxists, conventionalists and romantics, lazy people and decorous people—it is a formidable roster of enemies. The most significant deduction from such a roster is that Mr. Eliot's poetry must be a remarkable phenomenon.
Poetry
Authors: Brown
Published: March 2013

Reviews of poetry published in Canada in 1938.
The Age-Long Drama of Church and State
Authors: Falconer Sir Robert
Published: March 2013

Throughout the history of Christianity Church and State have found themselves in protean relations to each other, amicable for long stretches of time, often sullen, sometimes hostile. But since the Great War the relationship has become radically altered. So much so indeed that over wide areas of Europe, the limits of Christendom, that phase of western civilization which has hitherto been generally unified by a common spiritual faith, have been drastically—perhaps permanently—reduced. The Russian state and Nazified Germany have renounced the Christian religion as accepted hitherto by Europe and the Americas. Until now, the manifold antagonisms that have from time to time arisen between Church and State have been fought out within a civilization in which the Christian religion has had an accepted place. But the verity and intrinsic worth of its principles are denied or challenged by the Russian and the German governments. Even in what remains of Christendom the churches find themselves in a seriously modified situation. Partly by reason of the influence of the aggressive scientific mind, partly of resultant changes in society, the scope of the State has been enlarged and the churches have sulfered loss of authority within it. The State has taken over, in the interest of the common welfare of the people, duties for which formerly the churches held themselves responsible, and it is no longer in the mood to share with them the direction of, nor to accept their advice on, activities even in the moral field which may trench on the domain of religion.
Welchen Beitrag leisten private Organisationen für den Naturschutz im Wald?
Authors: Tester Urs , Helbling Lesly , Horat Bärbel
Published: March 2013

How do non-governmental organizations contribute to forest nature conservation measures?

Since the beginning of the 20th century non-governmental organizations are involved in forest nature conservation. They do this by raising public awareness, through political relationship, environmental education and specific conservation measures in the forest. Only the conservation measures are subject of this text. The aims of these measures include research, raising public awareness, support of forest management, allowing natural forest development, conservation of rare and endangered species and forest communities, support of species richness and preservation of traditional forest management systems. Non-governmental organizations contribute only on a small percentage of the surface to forest conservation measures. But they have an effect on and pave the way for conservation measures of public forest owners and the cantons.
Brauchen Kinder und Jugendliche die Natur?
Authors: Schwery Nicole
Published: March 2013

Do children and adolescents need nature?

Increasingly, children and adolescents spend their life indoors and lose contact with nature. However, if one considers the needs of these children, it is clear that it is important for them to spend time in natural surroundings, where they can satisfy their needs for adventure, movement and independence. Often adolescents turn away from nature; however, if they have the possibility to make real nature experience, then nature can promote their personal development. Most important are teamwork, meaningful physical challenges and finding limits.
Phosphine-Thiophenolate Half-Titanocene Chlorides: Synthesis, Structure, and Their Application in Ethylene (Co-)Polymerization
Authors: Tang Xiao-Yan , Liu Jing-Yu , Li Yue-Sheng
Published: March 2013

A series of novel half-titanocene complexes CpTiCl2[S-2-R-6-(PPh2)C6H3] (Cp = C5H5, 2a, R = H; 2b, R = Ph; 2c, R = SiMe3) have been synthesized by treating CpTiCl3 with the sodium of the ligands, 2-R-6-(PPh2)C6H3SNa, which were prepared by the corresponding ligands and NaH. These complexes have been characterized by 1H, 13C and 31P NMR as well as elemental analyses. Structures for 2a–b were further confirmed by X-ray crystallography. Complexes 2a–b adopt five-coordinate, distorted square-pyramid geometry around the titanium center, in which the equatorial positions are occupied by sulfur and phosphorus atoms of the chelating phosphine-thiophenolate and two chlorine atoms, and the cyclopentadienyl ring is coordinated on the axial position. The complexes 2a–c were investigated as the catalysts for ethylene polymerization and copolymerization of ethylene with norbornene in the presence of MMAO or Ph3CB(C6F5)4/iBu3Al as the cocatalyst. All complexes exhibited low to moderate activities towards homopolymerization of ethylene. However, they displayed moderate to high activities towards copolymerization of ethylene with norbornene.
Defect-Driven Restructuring of TiO2 Surface and Modified Reactivity Toward Deposited Gold Atoms
Authors: Park Kenneth , Meunier Vincent , Pan Minghu , Plummer Ward
Published: March 2013

A partially reduced TiO2 surface exhibits increasingly complex nature when forming various defects, whose stoichiometry, structure and properties are markedly different from those of bulk TiO2. Using scanning tunneling microscopy and density functional theory, we investigate different types of surface defects formed by Ti interstitials on TiO2 (110) and their reactivity toward deposited gold atoms. Sub-stoichiometric strands greatly enhance bonding of Au by transferring the excess charges from the reduced Ti3+ onto the strands. Thus the sub-stoichiometric strands behave as strong electron donor sites toward reactants. On the contrary, fully stoichiometric nanoclusters provide increased Au bonding through its 1-coordinated oxygen, which acts as a strong electron acceptor site. Specific interactions between Au and defects as well as the implication of electron donor/acceptor complexes for catalytic reactions are discussed.
Induction of Cell Death Mechanisms and Apoptosis by Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Fields (nsPEFs)
Authors: Beebe Stephen , Sain Nova , Ren Wei
Published: March 2013

Pulse power technology using nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEFs) offers a new stimulus to modulate cell functions or induce cell death for cancer cell ablation. New data and a literature review demonstrate fundamental and basic cellular mechanisms when nsPEFs interact with cellular targets. NsPEFs supra-electroporate cells creating large numbers of nanopores in all cell membranes. While nsPEFs have multiple cellular targets, these studies show that nsPEF-induced dissipation of ΔΨm closely parallels deterioration in cell viability. Increases in intracellular Ca2+ alone were not sufficient for cell death; however, cell death depended of the presence of Ca2+. When both events occur, cell death ensues. Further, direct evidence supports the hypothesis that pulse rise-fall times or high frequency components of nsPEFs are important for decreasing ΔΨm and cell viability. Evidence indicates in Jurkat cells that cytochrome c release from mitochondria is caspase-independent indicating an absence of extrinsic apoptosis and that cell death can be caspase-dependent and –independent. The Ca2+ dependence of nsPEF-induced dissipation of ΔΨm suggests that nanoporation of inner mitochondria membranes is less likely and effects on a Ca2+-dependent protein(s) or the membrane in which it is embedded are more likely a target for nsPEF-induced cell death. The mitochondria permeability transition pore (mPTP) complex is a likely candidate. Data demonstrate that nsPEFs can bypass cancer mutations that evade apoptosis through mechanisms at either the DISC or the apoptosome.
Analysis and Performance Comparison of Different Power Conditioning Systems for SMES-Based Energy Systems in Wind Turbines
Authors: Rodríguez Ana , Huerta Francisco , Bueno Emilio , Rodríguez Francisco
Published: March 2013

Suitability of energy systems based on Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) has been widely tested in the field of wind energy, being able to supply power in cases such as low wind speeds or voltage dips, and to store energy when there are surpluses. This article analyzes and compares the performance of three SMES-based systems that differ in the topology of power converter: a two-level Voltage Source Converter (VSC), a three-level VSC and a two-level Current Source Converter (CSC). Their performance has been improved by means of an appropriate modulation strategy. To obtain a high reliability and accuracy, a co-simulation between MATLAB/Simulink® (running the control system) and PSIM® (running the power system) has been executed.
Gene Expressions for Signal Transduction under Acidic Conditions
Authors: Fukamachi Toshihiko , Ikeda Syunsuke , Wang Xin , Saito Hiromi , Tagawa Masatoshi , Kobayashi Hiroshi
Published: March 2013

Although it is now well known that some diseased areas, such as cancer nests, inflammation loci, and infarction areas, are acidified, little is known about cellular signal transduction, gene expression, and cellular functions under acidic conditions. Our group showed that different signal proteins were activated under acidic conditions compared with those observed in a typical medium of around pH 7.4 that has been used until now. Investigations of gene expression under acidic conditions may be crucial to our understanding of signal transduction in acidic diseased areas. In this study, we investigated gene expression in mesothelioma cells cultured at an acidic pH using a DNA microarray technique. After 24 h culture at pH 6.7, expressions of 379 genes were increased more than twofold compared with those in cells cultured at pH 7.5. Genes encoding receptors, signal proteins including transcription factors, and cytokines including growth factors numbered 35, 32, and 17 among the 379 genes, respectively. Since the functions of 78 genes are unknown, it can be argued that cells may have other genes for signaling under acidic conditions. The expressions of 37 of the 379 genes were observed to increase after as little as 2 h. After 24 h culture at pH 6.7, expressions of 412 genes were repressed more than twofold compared with those in cells cultured at pH 7.5, and the 412 genes contained 35, 76, and 7 genes encoding receptors, signal proteins including transcription factors, and cytokines including growth factors, respectively. These results suggest that the signal pathways in acidic diseased areas are different, at least in part, from those examined with cells cultured at a pH of around 7.4.
Biotransformation of Isoflavone Using Enzymatic Reactions
Authors: Roh Changhyun
Published: March 2013

The roles of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs) from Streptomyces spp. which are called the “treasure islands” for natural products for medicine and antibiotics are not well understood. Substrate specificity studies on CYPs may give a solution for elucidation of their roles. Based on homology sequence information, the CYP105D7 of a soluble cytochrome P450 known as heme protein from Streptomyces avermitilis MA4680 was expressed using the T7 promoter of the bacterial expression vector pET24ma, over-expressed in Escherichia coli system and characterized. An engineered whole cell system for daidzein hydroxylation was constructed using an exogenous electron transport system from ferredoxin reductase (PdR) and ferredoxin (Pdx). Also, an in vitro reaction study showed the purified CYP105D7 enzyme, using NADH-dependent-reducing equivalents of a redox partner from Pseudomonas putida, hydroxylated daidzein at the 3' position of the B ring to produce 7,3,'4' trihydroxyisoflavone. The hydroxylated position was confirmed by GC-MS analysis. The turnover number of the enzyme was 0.69 μmol 7,3,'4'-trihydroxyisoflavone produced per μmol P450 per min. This enzyme CYP105D7 represents a novel type of 3'-hydroxylase for daidzein hydroxylation. A P450 inhibitor such as coumarin significantly (ca.98%) inhibited the daidzein hydroxylation activity.