bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intersectionality and candidate selection in Sweden
Authors: Freidenvall Lenita
Published: April 2016

This article addresses how intersectionality can be applied to studies of candidate selection. Based on empirical examples on the three stages of candidate selection in Sweden, it concludes that intersectionality is of importance not only in addressing the intersections between different forms of inequality and the resulting hierarchies between them, but also in drawing attention to dominant categories in any given context. By asking ‘which women’ and ‘which men’ are included as aspirants, candidates, and/or elected representatives, the mechanisms of inclusion and exclusion in candidate selection can be brought to the fore, particularly the ways in which the ‘norm’ (usually white privileged men) remains in power.
The dark double: the American media perception of Russia as a neo-Soviet autocracy, 2008–2014
Authors: Tsygankov Andrei P
Published: April 2016

This article combines quantitative and textual analysis of editorials in leading American newspapers devoted to Russia’s internal politics from 2008 to 2014. Despite rapprochement under President Dmitry Medvedev, the media image of Russia has been overwhelmingly negative since 2008. Negative media editorial opinions of Russia reflect fears of autocratic political systems that are represented as a dangerous mirror image of the American system. To maintain this binary, aspects of Russian politics that did not fit into the neo-Soviet autocracy narrative were ignored. An original contribution of the article is its identification of key frames used by leading American media outlets to construct a narrative about contemporary Russia as a neo-Soviet autocracy. It demonstrates that this narrative is instrumental in confirming domestic perceptions of American national identity that emphasize its association with freedom at home and leadership of the ‘free world’ abroad. As such, these findings are significant for reaffirming the importance of media framings, associated narratives, and control over them to global governance and soft power.
Immunohistochemical analysis of insulin-like growth factor 1 and its receptor in sporadic schwannoma/peripheral nerve sheath tumour
Authors: Matsubara Fumiaki , Katabami Takuyuki , Asai Shiko , Ariizumi Yasushi , Maeda Ichiro , Takagi Masayuki , Keely May McNamara , Ono Katsuhiko , Maekawa Takashi , Nakamura Yasuhiro , Tanaka Yasushi , Sasano Hironobu
Published: April 2016

Objective

To investigate the immunohistochemical localization of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) in archival specimens of sporadic schwannoma.

Method

This study retrospectively analysed the immunolocalization of IGF-1 and IGF-1R in schwannoma specimens collected from all patients with sporadic schwannoma that were treated by two institutions in Japan. The study also evaluated the association between the extent of the IGF-1 and IGF-1R immunoreactivity and several clinicopathological characteristics (age, sex and maximum tumour dimension).

Results

The study examined a total of 29 sporadic schwannoma specimens. IGF-1 and IGF-1R immunoreactivity was detected in the majority of the specimens regardless of their anatomical location. IGF-1 and IGF-1R were not co-localized. There was no association between the extent of the IGF-1 and IGF-1R immunoreactivity and the clinicopathological characteristics of the patients.

Conclusions

As IGF-1 and IGF-1R immunoreactivity was detected in the majority of sporadic schwannoma specimens regardless of their anatomical location, these findings suggest that an IGF-1/IGF-1R loop could play a role in the tumorigenesis and progression of schwannomas via an autocrine–paracrine mechanism.
Renal parenchymal resistance in patients with biopsy proven glomerulonephritis: Correlation with histological findings
Authors: Gigante Antonietta , Barbano Biagio , Di Mario Francesca , Rosato Edoardo , Simonelli Marzia , Rocca Anna Rachele , Conti Fabrizio , Ceccarelli Fulvia , Giannakakis Konstantinos , Valesini Guido , Cianci Rosario
Published: April 2016

Renal Doppler ultrasound is increasingly used in nephrology for the evaluation of renovascular disease, allograft dysfunction, and chronic nephropathies. We compared intrarenal hemodynamic parameters to biopsy findings of glomerular sclerosis, tubular atrophy, interstitial fibrosis, crescents, arteriolosclerosis, and clinical variables in 100 patients. A positive correlation exists between renal function and percentage of glomerular sclerosis ( P <0.01, r = 0.26), conversely a negative correlation exists between glomerular filtrate rate and percentage of glomerular sclerosis( P <0.0001, r = −0.35). The percentage of glomerular sclerosis correlate positively with pulsatile index (PI) ( P <0.05, r = 0.21) and renal resistive index (RI) ( P <0.05, r = 0.20). The percentage of crescents correlates positively with PI( P <0.05, r = 0.21) and RI ( P <0.05, r = 0.20). Classifying arteriolosclerosis in four groups according to a severity scale, from absence to severe, PI ( P <0.05) and RI ( P <0.01) were significantly different. In the post hoc analysis, the median values of PI and RI are significantly different in patients with severe arteriolosclerosis than others. Ultrasound examination is a non-invasive diagnostic technique used on patients with suspected or established renal disease. Our study shows a close correlation between kidney function, ultrasound parameters, and histological findings. Measurement of renal parenchymal resistance by ultrasound could be used in association with biopsy and glomerular function for the evaluation of renal damage in patients with glomerulonephritis.
Factors Associated With Community Corrections Involvement Among Formerly Incarcerated People in Recovery
Authors: Chavira Dina , Lopez-Tamayo Roberto , Jason Leonard A.
Published: April 2016

The current study examined whether current community supervision status was associated with differences in demographic characteristics, lifetime substance use patterns, and criminal history among a sample of formerly incarcerated individuals with a history of substance use problems. Results of multivariate analyses revealed participants on community supervision were more likely to have graduated from high school or earned a General Education Development test credential (GED; odds ratio [OR] = 1.60; 95% confidence interval [CI] = [0.15, 17.24]) and were less likely to have a history of psychiatric hospitalization (OR = 0.88; 95% CI = [0.08, 9.35]). These characteristics may be proxies for social and emotional functioning that influence eligibility for community supervision. Despite these apparent advantages, the community supervision group did not significantly differ from the formerly incarcerated group without current justice involvement on lifetime substance use patterns or criminal history, suggesting formerly incarcerated individuals with substance use disorders may require more intensive interventions to promote existing strengths.
Wear and progression of life of plasma nitrided four-faceted high-speed steel drills with varying geometries
Authors: Das Ranjan , Nayak Nikesh , Barshilia Harish C , Joshi Suhas S
Published: April 2016

TiN-coated high-speed steel drills are known to give improved performance. However, when coatings are coupled with a careful selection of drill geometry parameters, the performance can be improved further. Consequently, in this work, progression of flank wear land width on four-faceted split-point plasma nitrided high-speed steel drills with varying point and helix angles in drilling of SS304 was analyzed along with a conventional drill with a point angle of 118°. Elaborate experimentation was undertaken to test the drills and capture the effect of flank wear on the drill performance. The drills with moderate point angle of 124° outperformed other drills with point angles of 130° and 118°. As the wear progresses, the thrust and torque show a minor increase in the case of four-faceted drills as compared to the conventional drills. Abrasion and chipping were found to be the dominant wear mechanisms while drilling SS304, whereas major drill failure mechanisms appear to be excessive abrasive wear followed by chipping.
RETRACTED: Antecedents to Customer Dependency in Buyer–Seller Relationship: A BOP Retailer Investigation
Authors: Koul Surabhi , Sinha Piyush Kumar , Mishra Hari Govind
Published: April 2016

At the request of the Journal Editor and the author, the following article has been retracted.

Koul, S., Sinha, P.K., & Mishra, H.G. (2016). Antecedents to customer dependency in buyer– seller relationship: A BOP retailer investigation. Global Business Review, 17(3), 610–629. DOI: 10.1177/0972150916630472

It was brought to the attention of the Editors and the Publisher that the article has some text and data issues. Upon further review, such errors were deemed to be significant enough to affect the reliability of the published research and the overall quality of the paper. Keeping such an article in public domain with high similarity index is not ethical and it was therefore decided to retract the article.
The Impact of Organizational Factors and Government Policy on Psychiatric Nurses’ Family-Focused Practice With Parents Who Have Mental Illness, Their Dependent Children, and Families in Ireland
Authors: Grant Anne , Reupert Andrea
Published: April 2016

Government policy and organizational factors influence family-focused practice (FFP) in adult mental health services. However, how these aspects shape psychiatric nurses’ practice with parents who have mental illness, their dependent children, and families is less well understood. Drawing on the findings of a qualitative study, this article explores the way in which Irish policy and organizational factors might influence psychiatric nurses’ FFP, and whether (and how) FFP might be further promoted. A purposive sample of 14 psychiatric nurses from eight mental health services completed semi-structured interviews. The analysis was inductive and presented as thematic networks. Both groups described how policies and organizational culture enabled and/or hindered FFP, with differences between community and acute participants seen. This study indicates a need for policies and organizational supports, including child and family skills training, to promote a whole family approach in adult mental health services.
Susac’s syndrome: Leptomeningeal enhancement on 3D FLAIR MRI
Authors: Engisch Renate , Titelbaum David S , Chilver-Stainer Lara , Kellner-Weldon Frauke
Published: April 2016

Background:

Contrast-enhanced (ce) fluid-attenuated inversion recovery magnetic resonance imaging (FLAIR MRI) has recently been shown to identify leptomeningeal pathology in multiple sclerosis.

Objective:

To demonstrate leptomeningeal enhancement on three-dimensional (3D) FLAIR in a case of Susac’s syndrome.

Methods:

Leptomeningeal enhancement was correlated with clinical activity over 20 months and compared to retinal fluorescein angiography.

Results:

The size, number, and location of leptomeningeal enhancement varied over time and generally correlated with symptom severity. The appearance was remarkably similar to that of retinal vasculopathy.

Conclusion:

Ce 3D FLAIR may aid in diagnosis and understanding of pathophysiology in Susac’s syndrome and may serve as a biomarker for disease activity.
Energy balance education in schools
Authors: Chen Senlin , Nam Yoon Ho
Published: April 2016

Obesity prevention and control have been identified as top public health priorities in modern societies. Sport and exercise science researchers from multiple perspectives (e.g. behavioral, pedagogical, psychological, and physiological) have been active contributors addressing this topic. This paper examines the importance of energy balance (EB) knowledge in enabling behaviors associated with weight management in youth (e.g. physical activity and dietary behaviors). Relevant research studies were searched using ERIC, Proquest, PubMed, and Scopus. A total of 48 articles that met the inclusion criteria were identified and retrieved. The research findings of the included articles were summarized after being thoroughly reviewed. The paper reveals mixed findings about the association between EB knowledge and behaviors, reinforcing the importance of developing knowledge through education. The literature review further identifies that there is inadequate knowledge about EB among youth, coinciding with a national call for action to enhance EB education in schools. The knowledge inadequacy is related to two plausible reasons: the science of EB is still evolving and systematic EB education is lacking in schools. In addition, while some school-based EB education programmes are available, many of these programmes are expensive and lack generalizability and sustainability over time. The paper concludes with a proposal to enhance EB education using concept-based physical education.
Continuous traumatic stress as a mental and physical health challenge: Case studies from South Africa
Authors: Kaminer Debra , Eagle Gillian , Crawford-Browne Sarah
Published: April 2016

This article discusses the condition of continuous traumatic stress as common on the African continent and in other international settings characterised by very high levels of ongoing violence and threat of community, political or war-related origin. Through consideration of three case studies from South Africa, contexts of continuous traumatic stress are described, and the mental health and physical health effects of living in such contexts are elaborated. Cautions are raised about attempting to transpose existing posttraumatic stress models onto individuals exposed to situations of continuous traumatic stress, and guidelines for optimal interventions with such cases are proposed.
Utilisation of evidence-based practices by ASD early intervention service providers
Authors: Paynter Jessica M , Ferguson Sarah , Fordyce Kathryn , Joosten Annette , Paku Sofia , Stephens Miranda , Trembath David , Keen Deb
Published: April 2016

A number of autism intervention practices have been demonstrated to be effective. However, the use of unsupported practices persists in community early intervention settings. Recent research has suggested that personal, professional and workplace factors may influence intervention choices. The aim of this research was to investigate knowledge and use of strategies, organisational culture, individual attitudes, sources of information and considerations informing intervention choices by early intervention providers. An online survey was completed by 72 early intervention providers from four organisations across Australia. Providers reported high levels of trust and access of information from internal professional development, therapists and external professional development. A range of considerations including child factors, family values and research were rated as important in informing intervention choices. Participants reported greater knowledge and use of evidence-based and emerging practices than unsupported. Levels of use were linked to levels of knowledge, as well as some organisational and attitudinal factors. Areas for future research and implications are discussed.
Psychosocial intervention for children with narcolepsy:
Authors: Kippola-Pääkkönen Anu , Härkäpää Kristiina , Valkonen Jukka , Tuulio-Henriksson Annamari , Autti-Rämö Ilona
Published: April 2016

The study focuses on the parents of children who were affected by narcolepsy after a pandemic influenza and vaccination campaign in Finland. The main aim of the study was to clarify parents’ expectations and perceived support from the intervention and to assess their need for additional support. The data were gathered using questionnaires. Fifty-eight parents answered the baseline questionnaire and 40 parents the final questionnaire. Parents’ expectations of and perceived support from the intervention mainly related to peer support. The intervention offered an arena for sharing information and experiences and provided encouragement for coping in everyday life. Many expectations were not met, especially those concerning information about needed services, financial benefits and availability of local support. The results highlight that for persons with rare disorders and their families, an inpatient psychosocial intervention can offer an important arena to receive both informal and professionally led peer support. Comprehensive psychosocial and other support services are also needed in the community. Listening to parents’ perspectives on the intervention and perceived support can help to establish multiform family-centred support for families with children affected by a rare chronic disabling condition.
Broadband noise suppression for turbofan inlet applications
Authors: Eversman Walter
Published: April 2016

Broadband noise in turbofan inlets is represented in a frequency domain analysis by a statistical distribution of propagating duct modes. The required number of modes is estimated by Rice’s approximation method. A brief overview of essential results from the theory of acoustic propagation in ducts is given, providing a starting point for Rice’s estimation of the distribution of propagating modes in a uniform unlined duct required to represent a broadband noise source. The relationship between mode cut-off ratio and attenuation in lined ducts is examined to connect cut-off ratio to modal attenuation, and it is shown by example that for arbitrary impedance at a specified frequency, modes with similar cut-off ratios have similar attenuation. It is then shown by example that the attenuation of a low-order circumferential mode, specifically the axially symmetric circumferential mode, with a large range of propagating radial mode cut-off ratios, is insensitive to impedance variations near the optimum impedance. Two models for estimating achievable attenuation for broadband noise attenuation, based on equipartition of acoustic power among propagating modes, are considered. One uses only the axially symmetric circumferential mode, and the second uses all propagating circumferential modes and their associated propagating radial modes. A new parallel architecture version of an established propagation code, designed to include all propagating modes on a statistical basis, is described. Examples for prediction of acoustic power attenuation of broadband noise at low frequency and at moderate frequency are used to compare the performance of the axially symmetric circumferential mode and the all circumferential mode models. It is shown by example that a broadband noise model based on the axially symmetric circumferential mode predicts lower attenuation than a model with all propagating circumferential modes. Rice’s correlation of mode cut-off ratio with attenuation justifies this observation.
Some fundamental considerations of streamwise vortices found useful in mixing enhancement and jet noise suppression
Authors: Liu Joseph TC
Published: April 2016

The present contribution addresses the possibility of extracting more jet noise suppression capabilities of stationary chevron nozzle exits through unsteady excitation of secondary instabilities. An example of insertion of steady streamwise vorticity into a mixing region is given to illustrate its effectiveness in promoting enhanced mixing. Using stability theory as a guide, unsteady secondary instability of the streamwise vorticity is excited with emphasis on nonlinear effects. The averaged combined effect on the steady flow, through the Reynolds stresses, provides significant further enhancement. Possible implementation in the laboratory is discussed as is further extensions of the much-simplified considerations.
reIndustrializing Architecture
Authors: Yanagawa Kane
Published: April 2016

After decades of improving the efficiency and economy of our existing building ecology, instruments of the Third Industrial Revolution are redefining the practice of architecture, both internally and externally. This article focuses on the employment of the Constrained Design Hysteresis methodology as a mediating strategy, in which computational tools for content creation and fabrication can merge in post-industrial societies to effectively reindustrialize the fields of architectural design manufacturing and building. Such reformation of the accepted norms of architectural building practice do not represent a regression of the profession to a pre-industrial mode of building craftsmanship, but an evolution into one that directly addresses various shortcomings of global industrialization, ranging from restrictions imposed by mass production to the creation of social class disparity. In this context, the application of computational tools and processes can both empower and liberate design individuals through the restructuring of the existing industrial manufacturing ecosystems.
Central arterial stiffness is associated with systemic inflammation among Asians with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Zhang Xiao , Liu Jian Jun , Fang Sum Chee , Ying Yeoh Lee , Tavintharan Subramaniam , Ng Xiao Wei , Su Chang , Low Serena , Lee Simon BM , Tang Wern Ee , Lim Su Chi
Published: April 2016

Objective:

To examine the relationship between inflammation and central arterial stiffness in a type 2 diabetes Asian cohort.

Method:

Central arterial stiffness was estimated by carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity and augmentation index. Linear regression model was used to evaluate the association of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products with pulse wave velocity and augmentation index. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein was analysed as a continuous variable and categories (<1, 1–3, and >3 mg/L).

Results:

There is no association between high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and pulse wave velocity. Augmentation index increased with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein as a continuous variable ( β = 0.328, p = 0.049) and categories ( β = 1.474, p = 0.008 for high-sensitivity C-reactive protein: 1–3 mg/L and β = 1.323, p = 0.019 for high-sensitivity C-reactive protein: >3 mg/L) after multivariable adjustment. No association was observed between augmentation index and soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products. Each unit increase in natural log–transformed soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products was associated with 0.328 m/s decrease in pulse wave velocity after multivariable adjustment ( p = 0.007).

Conclusion:

Elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and decreased soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products are associated with augmentation index and pulse wave velocity, respectively, suggesting the potential role of systemic inflammation in the pathogenesis of central arterial stiffness in type 2 diabetes.
Effects of an Obesity Prevention Intervention on Physical Activity Among Preschool Children
Authors: Cruz Theresa H. , Davis Sally M. , Myers Orrin B. , O’Donald Elena R. , Sanders Sarah G. , Sheche Judith N.
Published: April 2016

Background. Limited research addresses interventions to increase physical activity among American Indian and Hispanic preschool-aged children living in rural areas. We examined the impact of a Head Start-based intervention (Child Health Initiative for Lifelong Eating and Exercise [CHILE]) on physical activity at home. Method. Sixteen Head Start centers in predominantly Hispanic or American Indian communities were group randomized to the six-component intervention or a comparison group for 2 years. Structured surveys were administered at four assessment times to a convenience sample of caregivers of 655 children in the study. Multilevel modeling was used to assess the effects of the intervention on physical activity. Results. The relative change in physical activity in the intervention group compared with the comparison group over the 2-year period was 1.56 (95% confidence interval [1.02, 2.38]; p = .04). Among specific promoted activities (ball playing, dancing, active games, jumping, and walking), dancing increased significantly in the intervention compared with the comparison group (2.9; 95% confidence interval [1.2, 7.1]; p = .02). Conclusions. The CHILE intervention was effective at increasing physical activity at home in preschool children in priority populations. Future research should focus on increasing family involvement and strengthening messaging about physical activity in these populations.
Applying Ecological Positive Youth Development Theory to Address Co-Occurring Health Disparities Among Immigrant Latino Youth
Authors: Edberg Mark C. , Cleary Sean D. , Andrade Elizabeth L. , Evans W. Douglas , Simmons Lauren K. , Cubilla-Batista Idalina
Published: April 2016

This article outlines the theory and resulting approach employed in a multilevel, integrated, collaborative community intervention called Adelante, implemented by a university–community partnership in a Latino immigrant community to address co-occurring health disparities of substance abuse, sex risk, and interpersonal violence among youth. The basis for the intervention is a social–ecological interpretation of positive youth development theory, which focuses on changes in the person environment context and community assets as a preventive mechanism. This approach is viewed as appropriate for a community facing multiple barriers to health equity. The article describes the translation of this positive youth development model to practice, including the design of the intervention, intervention components, and the protocol for evaluation. The Adelante intervention is intended to reduce health disparities and, in addition, to add a broader community model to the evidence base.
Complete Antegrade Transapical Deployment of a Branched Aortic Arch Endograft
Authors: Wipper Sabine , Lohrenz Christina , Kersten Jan F. , Akkra Mohamad Marwan , Tsilimparis Nikos , Detter Christian , von Kodolitsch Yskert , Larena-Avellaneda Axel , Debus Eike Sebastian , Kölbel Tilo
Published: April 2016

Purpose: To describe and prove the concept of a technique for complete transapical deployment of a single-branch aortic arch endograft in a porcine model. Methods: Eight domestic pigs underwent antegrade transapical delivery of a single-branch arch endograft, including a mating stent-graft to the innominate artery. Technical feasibility, operating time, radiation parameters, and hemodynamic changes were studied according to a standardized protocol during baseline (T0), after establishing the transapical access and through-and-through wire (T1), and after stent-graft deployment (T2). Myocardial and cerebral blood flow status was assessed using fluorescent microspheres (FM) and transit-time flow measurement (TTFM) monitoring. Results: Transapical access, introduction and deployment of the endograft, side branch catheterization, and deployment of the mating stent-graft were feasible in 6 of 8 animals. One animal died due to irreversible heart rhythm disorders and one due to accidental graft rotation during deployment, resulting in unintended coverage of the innominate artery. The mean operating and fluoroscopy times were 223±11 minutes and 27.2±6.3 minutes, respectively. During introduction and deployment of the stent-graft, transient aortic valve insufficiency occurred in all animals. Hemodynamic stability recovered within 10 minutes after retrieval of the delivery system in all animals. The innominate artery was patent, with unchanged TTFM measurements throughout the procedure. FM evaluation revealed stable cerebral blood flow. Conclusion: An antegrade transapical access to the aortic arch for implantation of a single-branch endograft is feasible in a porcine model with reversible impact on hemodynamic measures during deployment. Transapical access allows deployment of a complex endograft through a single large-bore access site in a porcine model.
Measuring the Vice-Presidential Home State Advantage With Synthetic Controls
Authors: Heersink Boris , Peterson Brenton D.
Published: April 2016

Measuring the effect strategic choices have on electoral outcomes is problematic, because this requires an assessment of the outcome under a counterfactual that is not observed. To overcome this problem, we extend the synthetic control approach for causal inference to circumstances with multiple treated cases and use it to estimate the effect of vice-presidential candidates on their home states’ vote. Existing research has concluded that vice-presidential candidates have little effect on the outcome of elections in their home states. However, our results from elections spanning 1884-2012 suggest that vice-presidential candidates increase their tickets’ performance in their home states by 2.67 percentage points on average—considerably higher than previous studies have found. In addition, our results suggest that the vice-presidential home state advantage (HSA) could have swung four presidential elections since 1960, if presidential candidates had chosen running mates from strategically optimal states.
Sympathy for the Devil
Authors: Smith Glen
Published: April 2016

This study examines whether broadcast news reduces negativity toward political leaders by exposing partisans to opposing viewpoints. For analysis, both exposure to broadcast news and variation in media content are used to predict changes in feelings toward the candidates during the 2008 presidential election. The results suggest that increased exposure to broadcast news increased partisans’ favorability toward the out-party candidate. In addition, increased coverage of the candidates was followed by increased favorability among members of the opposing party. These results demonstrate the benefits of exposure to two-sided communications flows for the reduction of animosity between the political parties. Moreover, these results suggest that public negativity toward political leaders might be even worse if not for the large amount of overlap between the audiences for partisan and mainstream news outlets.
Computed tomography angiography with pulmonary artery thrombus burden and right-to-left ventricular diameter ratio after pulmonary embolism
Authors: Ouriel Kenneth , Ouriel Richard L , Lim Yeun J , Piazza Gregory , Goldhaber Samuel Z
Published: April 2016

Purpose

Computed tomography angiography is used for quantifying the significance of pulmonary embolism, but its reliability has not been well defined.

Methods

The study cohort comprised 10 patients randomly selected from a 150-patient prospective trial of ultrasound-facilitated fibrinolysis for acute pulmonary embolism. Four reviewers independently evaluated the right-to-left ventricular diameter ratios using the standard multiplanar reformatted technique and a simplified (axial) method, and thrombus burden with the standard modified Miller score and a new, refined Miller scoring system.

Results

The intraclass correlation coefficient for intra-observer variability was .949 and .970 for the multiplanar reformatted and axial methods for estimating right-to-left ventricular ratios, respectively. Inter-observer agreement was high and similar for the two methods, with intraclass correlation coefficient of .969 and .976. The modified Miller score had good intra-observer agreement (intraclass correlation coefficient .820) and was similar to the refined Miller method (intraclass correlation coefficient .883) for estimating thrombus burden. Inter-observer agreement was also comparable between the techniques, with intraclass correlation coefficient of .829 and .914 for the modified Miller and refined Miller methods.

Conclusions

The reliability of computed tomography angiography for pulmonary embolism was excellent for the axial and multiplanar reformatted methods for quantifying the right-to-left ventricular ratio and for the modified Miller and refined Miller scores for quantifying of pulmonary artery thrombus burden.
Negotiating the principles and practice of school leadership
Authors: Yakavets Natallia
Published: April 2016

This paper aims to provide an account of how school leaders in Kazakhstan learn about leadership and management, and what strategies are in place to support leadership development. The paper draws on empirical data collected over three years, derived mainly from interviews and focus groups with school leaders and teachers. The findings suggest that a hierarchical education system and strict policy regulations diminish the likelihood that the changes needed to encourage leadership practice by teachers will take place. The paper examines Kazakhstani school leaders’ learning opportunities, and focuses on the implications of borrowing leadership theories from the West. The key argument is that, if genuine change is to occur, these leaders will require time and space for critical reflection about what it is they need to learn and to do. The paper raises important issues about the conceptualisation of leadership learning and development in non-Western contexts.
Reliability of intracerebral hemorrhage classification systems: A systematic review
Authors: Rannikmäe Kristiina , Woodfield Rebecca , Anderson Craig S , Charidimou Andreas , Chiewvit Pipat , Greenberg Steven M , Jeng Jiann-Shing , Meretoja Atte , Palm Frederic , Putaala Jukka , Rinkel Gabriel JE , Rosand Jonathan , Rost Natalia S , Strbian Daniel , Tatlisumak Turgut , Tsai Chung-Fen , Wermer Marieke JH , Werring David , Yeh Shin-Joe , Al-Shahi Salman Rustam , Sudlow Cathie LM
Published: April 2016

Background

Accurately distinguishing non-traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) subtypes is important since they may have different risk factors, causal pathways, management, and prognosis. We systematically assessed the inter- and intra-rater reliability of ICH classification systems.

Methods

We sought all available reliability assessments of anatomical and mechanistic ICH classification systems from electronic databases and personal contacts until October 2014. We assessed included studies’ characteristics, reporting quality and potential for bias; summarized reliability with kappa value forest plots; and performed meta-analyses of the proportion of cases classified into each subtype.

Summary of review

We included 8 of 2152 studies identified. Inter- and intra-rater reliabilities were substantial to perfect for anatomical and mechanistic systems (inter-rater kappa values: anatomical 0.78–0.97 [six studies, 518 cases], mechanistic 0.89–0.93 [three studies, 510 cases]; intra-rater kappas: anatomical 0.80–1 [three studies, 137 cases], mechanistic 0.92–0.93 [two studies, 368 cases]). Reporting quality varied but no study fulfilled all criteria and none was free from potential bias. All reliability studies were performed with experienced raters in specialist centers. Proportions of ICH subtypes were largely consistent with previous reports suggesting that included studies are appropriately representative.

Conclusions

Reliability of existing classification systems appears excellent but is unknown outside specialist centers with experienced raters. Future reliability comparisons should be facilitated by studies following recently published reporting guidelines.
Fault diagnosis for large diesel fuel engine based on chaotic fractal method
Authors: Li Jie , Zhao Jian min , Wang Xu An
Published: April 2016

In contrast with the large diesel engine fuel system operational condition complexity, the chaotic fractal characteristics in the combustion process of the diesel engine fuel system are systematically analyzed. Then, based on chaotic fractal method, an effective fault diagnosis method is further proposed. And under the two kinds of typical failure modes, the two important characteristic parameters variation trend for chaotic system, namely, correlation dimensions and the calculation methods of the maximum Lyapunov exponent are discussed. On the process of chaotic parameters calculation the wavelet noise reduction method is used to handle the original signal to conquer the linear scaling region properly. The results show that the maximum Lyapunov exponent method is a more effective method on the diesel engine fuel system fault diagnosis than the correlation dimension method, which can be further used in health condition assessment for this type fuel engine.
Supermarket self-checkouts and retail theft: The curious case of the SWIPERS
Authors: Taylor Emmeline
Published: April 2016

When self-service checkout (SCO) first launched in the United States in 1992 there was considerable scepticism and, perhaps not surprisingly, concern that huge losses would follow. Despite conflicting evidence on their impact on shrinkage, and customer theft in particular, consumer-oriented payment systems are an increasingly common feature of the retail environment. This paper reviews how the move to SCO has affected retail theft. Drawing on recent market research surveys suggesting that up to a third of customers regularly steal when using SCO in supermarkets, the paper outlines the aetiology of a new breed of shoplifter, ‘the SWIPERS’, and presents a typology of these offenders.
Additional afterburning energy value to simulate fully confined trinitrotoluene explosions
Authors: Hernandez Francisco , Hao Hong , Abdel-jawad Madhat
Published: April 2016

Euler–Lagrange software packages are commonly employed in the analysis and design of chambers subjected to internal detonations of high explosives because they allow modeling the interaction between high-explosive gas products, air, liquid, and structures. In general, the expansion of high-explosive products is modeled by the Jones-Wilkinson and Lee equation of state, and additional extension methods such as the Miller or the additional energy release extensions are used to model the afterburning energy which is released after the detonation. These extension methods require that the additional energy by unit mass is predefined. Although the difference between the heat of combustion and the heat of detonation provides a specific value for the additional energy, for example, 10.01 MJ/kg TNT for trinitrotoluene charges detonated inside of chambers with rich oxygen, this value is generally inappropriate if high-explosive gas products and air are modeled separately, that is, by the Jones-Wilkinson and Lee equation of state and the ideal gas equation of state, respectively. This article explains how to determine an appropriate value for the specific additional energy value for use in the commercial software package AUTODYN for more reliable predictions of the quasi-static gas pressure in fully confined chambers subjected to trinitrotoluene explosion. The procedure detailed in this article can be applied to any kind of chamber geometries and chamber materials. A simplified chart for the afterburning energy as a function of the charge mass density is derived. The proposed approach in predicting the quasi-static gas pressure is validated with the quasi-static gas pressure described by the Unified Facilities Criteria’s guideline and some experimental tests. A procedure to determine the additional afterburning energy that should be employed for highly deformable chambers is also explained.
Exploring Hepatitis From the Perspective of Iranian Traditional Medicine
Authors: Yousefi Mahdi , Hosseini Seyed Mous al-Reza , Taghipour Ali , Zibaee Saeed , Noras Mohammad Reza
Published: April 2016

Hepatitis is a global health problem, with significant adverse impacts on patients’ quality of life. In this study, we aimed to review major resources of Iranian traditional medicine and determine whether the etiology and semiology of hepatitis, in particular chronic hepatitis, in traditional and conventional medicine might be aligned. Through such studies, we might be able to develop new approaches for clinical research to improve our current knowledge on the etiology and treatment of this condition. In this qualitative study, recently published studies, scientific databases, and reliable Iranian traditional medicine resources, including the Canon of Medicine, were searched. The integrative use of conventional and traditional medicine for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes could be evaluated to develop new modalities for dealing with this condition. An integrated approach is recommended in clinical research in order to find more efficient and safer treatment.
Return to Elite Level of Play and Performance in Professional Golfers After Arthroscopic Hip Surgery
Authors: Newman Justin T. , Saroki Adriana J. , Briggs Karen K. , Philippon Marc J.
Published: April 2016

Background:

Hip conditions, such as femoroacetabular impingement and labral injury, can cause pain and limit the ability to play sports at a professional level.

Purpose:

To evaluate performance metrics of professional golfers prior to arthroscopic hip surgery and after surgery.

Study Design:

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods:

This study included professional golfers who underwent arthroscopic hip surgery. Primary outcome variables were greens in regulation and driving distance. Metrics were recorded for 2 years prior to arthroscopic hip surgery and 1, 2, and 5 years after arthroscopy.

Results:

A consecutive cohort of 20 male professional golfers (27 hips) from 2000 to 2011 underwent arthroscopic hip surgery by a single surgeon. All players were on the PGA Tour with a mean age of 38 years (range, 26-54 years). Eleven hips had labral repair and 16 had labral debridements. Four hips required microfracture of a chondral lesion. All players returned to play at a mean of 4.7 months (range, 1 month to 2 years). The mean number of years played after surgery was 5.72. There was no significant difference between preoperative and postoperative greens in regulation ( P = .227). The mean distance per golf drive was significantly longer at 1 and 2 years postoperative compared with prior to surgery ( P < .01), and driving distance at 5 years was also longer than preoperative ( P = .008).

Conclusion:

Arthroscopic management of chondrolabral dysfunction due to femoroacetabular impingement in the professional golfer allowed the golfer to return to the same skill level prior to surgery. Mean driving distance was found to increase after arthroscopy, demonstrating not only a return but also an improvement in driving performance from prior level of play.
A low-rank approximation for large-scale 3D controlled-source electromagnetic Gauss-Newton inversion
Authors: Amaya Manuel , Morten Jan Petter , Boman Linus
Published: April 2016

We have developed an approximation to the Hessian for inversion of 3D controlled source electromagnetic data. Our approach can considerably reduce the numerical complexity in terms of the number of forward solutions as well as the size and complexity of the calculations required to compute the update direction from the Gauss-Newton equation. The approach makes use of “supershots,” in which several source positions are combined for simultaneous-source simulations. The resulting Hessian can be described as a low-rank approximation to the Gauss-Newton Hessian. The structure of the approximate Hessian facilitates a matrix-free direct solver for the Gauss-Newton equation, and the reduced memory complexity allows the use of a large number of unknowns. We studied the crosstalk introduced in the approximation, and we determined how the dissipative nature of marine electromagnetic field propagation reduces the impact of this noise. Inversion results from recent field data demonstrated the numerical and practical feasibility of the approach.
Automatic boundary extraction from magnetic field data using triangular meshes
Authors: Foks Nathan Leon , Li Yaoguo
Published: April 2016

Boundary extraction is a collective term that we use for the process of extracting the locations of faults, lineaments, and lateral boundaries between geologic units using geophysical observations, such as measurements of the magnetic field. The process typically begins with a preprocessing stage, where the data are transformed to enhance the visual clarity of pertinent features and hence improve the interpretability of the data. The majority of the existing methods are based on raster grid enhancement techniques, and the boundaries are extracted as a series of points or line segments. In contrast, we set out a methodology for boundary extraction from magnetic data, in which we represent the transformed data as a surface in 3D using a mesh of triangular facets. After initializing the mesh, we modify the node locations, such that the mesh smoothly represents the transformed data and that facet edges are aligned with features in the data that approximate the horizontal locations of subsurface boundaries. To illustrate our boundary extraction algorithm, we first apply it to a synthetic data set. We then apply it to identify boundaries in a magnetic data set from the McFaulds Lake area in Ontario, Canada. The extracted boundaries are in agreement with known boundaries and several of the regions that are completely enclosed by extracted boundaries coincide with regions of known mineralization.
Controlled, Randomized, Open-Label Trial of Risk-Stratified Corticosteroid Prevention of Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease After Haploidentical Transplantation
Authors: Chang Ying-Jun , Xu Lan-Ping , Wang Yu , Zhang Xiao-Hui , Chen Huan , Chen Yu-Hong , Wang Feng-Rong , Han Wei , Sun Yu-Qian , Yan Chen-Hua , Tang Fei-Fei , Mo Xiao-Dong , Liu Kai-Yan , Huang Xiao-Jun
Published: April 2016

Purpose

This study evaluated whether a prophylaxis strategy directed by the graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) biomarker might reduce the 100-day incidence of acute GVHD grades II to IV.

Patients and Methods

This controlled, open-label, randomized trial included 228 patients who underwent haploidentical transplantation. On the basis of bone marrow allogeneic graft CD4:CD8 ratios, patients were categorized as low risk (n = 83; group A) or high risk (n = 145). Patients at high risk were randomly assigned to either receive (n = 72; group B) or not receive (n = 73; group C) low-dose corticosteroid prophylaxis.

Results

The incidence in group B was 21% (95% CI, 11% to 31%) compared with 26% (95% CI, 16%to 36%; P = .43) in group A and 48% (95% CI, 32% to 60%; P < .001) in group C. Low-dose corticosteroid prophylaxis was significantly associated with a relatively low risk of acute GVHD grades II to IV (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.49 to 0.89; P = .007) and rapid platelet recovery (hazard ratio, 0.30; 95% CI, 0.23 to 0.47; P < .001). The incidence of moderate-to-severe chronic GVHD in group B (21%) was lower than that in both group A (50%; P = .025) and group C (36%; P = .066). The 100-day corticosteroid doses were 205 ± 111 mg in group B, 229 ± 149 mg in group A (P = .256), and 286.54 ± 259.67 mg in group C (P = .016). Compared with group C, group B showed significantly lower incidences of femoral head necrosis (P = .034) and hypertension (P = .015). Infection rates were comparable among these groups.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that risk stratification–directed, low-dose corticosteroid prophylaxis significantly decreased the incidence of acute GVHD grades II to IV, accelerated platelet recovery, and reduced adverse events without increasing infections.