bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determination de l'époque de floraison du poirier en function de la température en vue de l'estimation des risques potentials de feu bactérien1
Authors: JACQUART‐ROMON C.
Published: April 2008

L'époque de floraison est la période de sensibilité maximale des plantes‐hôtes du feu bactérien. La bactérie responsable (Erwinia amylovora) est capable d'infecter les fleurs des que certaines conditions de temperature et de pluviosité sont réalisées. Une méthode de détermination de l'époque de floraison reste nécessaire pour estimer les risques potentiels de la maladie en un lieu donné, pour une espèce végétale donnée. A partir de la méthode mise au point par Bidabe pour le pommier, l'utilisation d'une approximation exponentielle de I'action thermique et de méthodes statistiques, basées sur la constance des besoins en froid et en chaud conduisant respectivement à la levée de dormance et à la floraison, permet de déterminer, pour le poirier, avec une précision suffisante, le stade de pleine floraison. Les risques épidémiologiques peuvent être ainsi évalués pour une période de floraison théorique centrée sur ce stade. Cette étude a été mise en oeuvre à partir de séries de données climatiques et phénologiques en région Pays de la Loire (FR), pour le cv. Passe‐Crassane.
Application of weather data in forecasting treatment data for Cydia pomonella in Iran
Authors: KAMALI G. A.
Published: April 2008

Mashhad Province is the second largest apple‐producing area in north‐east Iran. Cydia pomonella is one of the important pests in this province. This pest, which passes through 3–4 generations, may cause serious damage in apple orchards. Forecasting and supervising C. pomonella by a pest control network started in 1984 in this province. Forecasting is based on the accumulated heat‐unit requirement for different stages of pest development. Peak flight dates were determined by the use of pheromone traps. The flight date of the first generation was determined on the basis of a 130 degree‐day requirement (by 10°C threshold). The probability interval for the arrival of this date was calculated (at 25% risk) using long‐period weather data. Recommended data for pest treatment are forecast.
A simulation model for forecasting the timing of attacks of Delia radicum on cruciferous crops1
Authors: COLLIER R. H. , FINCH S. , PHELPS K.
Published: April 2008

The cabbage root fly (Delia radicum) is a major pest of cruciferous crops in temperate regions of the world. A model using weather data has been developed to forecast the timing of D. radicum attacks. The model simulates development of a field population of D. radicum, commencing with the overwintering stage (diapause pupa) and following development through the first, second and, where appropriate, third generation until autumn. The model is based on a series of rate equations which describe the relationship between the rate of development of D. radicum and temperature. The model uses soil temperatures in the simulation of the development of the egg, larval and pupal stages, and air temperatures with the adult‐fly stage, taking account of periods of summer dormancy (aestivation) and the onset of winter dormancy (diapause). Using local weather data or standard measurements of air and soil temperatures taken at agrometeorological stations, the model can forecast D. radicum activity in any region.
Micrometeorology of vineyards and phytopathological models1
Authors: ORLANDINI S. , ZIPOLI G. , GOZZINI B. , EGGER E. , MARINELLI E. , STORCHI P.
Published: April 2008

In intensive viticulture, the distribution of the principal meteorological elements depends principally on aspect, slope and altitude. The present research aims to examine microclimate modelling in vineyards, by connecting local atmospheric conditions with macroscale meteorological conditions as reported by the standard meteorological networks. To study the effect of topography on crop microclimate, vineyard temperature has been measured with an infrared thermometer, and phenological, allometrical and yield measurements have been made in vineyards located close to the Chianti Classico hills (IT). The climatic and pathological data has been used to verify mathematical models simulating microclimatic conditions and to protect grapevines from downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola). The models allow a reduction in the number of treatments against the disease, lightening at the same time the damage to the ecosystem and the cost for the farmer.
Etude micrométéorologique de la durée d'humectation des grappes de vigne1
Authors: HUBER L. , FLURA D. , DURAND B. , CLERJEAU M.
Published: April 2008

Une étude micrométéorologique de la durée d'humectation des grappes de vigne a donné lieu à une expérimentation dans la région de Bordeaux (FR) pendant I'été 1988. L'article présente les résultats relatifs a des grappes humectées artificiellement et dont on a suivi la cinétique d'évaporation pour des conditions de faible demande évaporative. Une modélisation de la durée d'humectation des grappes est élaborée dans le cadre de la simulation des conditions de I'environnement physique favorables à la contamination des baies par les champignons pathogénes de la vigne.
The use of rainfall and accumulated mean temperature to indicate fungicide activity in the control of leaf diseases of winter wheat in the UK1
Authors: HIMS M. J. , COOK R. J.
Published: April 2008

During 1988/1990, a series of 21 experiments was established in commercial crops of winter wheat. Chlorothalonil, fenpropimorph and propiconazole were chosen as protectant, eradicant or curative fungicides active against leaf diseases of winter wheat in the UK. To test their properties each one was applied once only to separate plots during a period of 7–8 consecutive weeks in May and June (GS 32–39). Disease progress was assessed weekly on adjacent unsprayed control and sprayed plots up to GS 85. Septoria tritici leaf blotch (Mycosphaerella graminicola) was the disease that occurred most frequently and severely across the 21 sites. Powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis), brown rust (Puccinia recondita) and yellow rust (P. striiformis) occurred at fewer sites and were sufficiently severe to distinguish differences between the active ingredients at only two or three sites. Analysis of the disease progress curves for 75% control of each disease at one site only indicated that chlorothalonil possessed very good protectant but shorter‐term eradicant activity against M. graminicola and P. striiformis. Fenpropimorph exhibited only short‐term eradicant control of M. graminicola, but gave excellent protectant and eradicant control of E. graminis and P. striiformis; against P. recondita only eradicant activity was apparent. Propiconazole showed activity similar to that of fenpropimorph against P. recondita and excellent protectant and eradicant activity against M. graminicola and P. striiformis; against E. graminis, it gave good protectant and eradicant control. From disease progress curves, it was possible to calculate the period of protectant and eradicant activity in thermal time (accumulated degree days above zero) for each of the three active ingredients and to identify the most effective timing(s) for fungicide application in relation to rainfall or imputed infection.
CERCOPRI: a forecasting model for primary infections of cercospora leaf spot of sugarbeet1
Authors: ROSSI V. , BATTILANI P.
Published: April 2008

A computerized model for forecasting the appearance of primary infections of cercospora disease on sugarbeet was worked out using meteorological and epidemiological data collected in the western Po Valley from 1980 to 1989. This program, called CERCOPRI, gives a figure for the current risk of disease appearance, a forecast of the risk on a pre‐established day or a forecast of the day on which risk will reach a pre‐established threshold.
Réflexions sur l'avenir des modèles dans les systèmes informatisés d'avertissements et d'aide à la décision1
Authors: TOUZEAU J.
Published: April 2008

L'implantation progressive de la micro‐informatique et l'installation en cows de réseaux denses de stations météorologiques automatiques dans le milieu agricole sont des facteurs favorables à la mise en service de systèmes automatisés d'avertissements et d'aide á la décision. Les modéles ont leur place dans ces systèmes, mais il faut que les concepteurs proposent des produits simples et rustiques et que les informaticiens développent des logiciels agréables, conviviaux, bien documentés et faisant l'objet d'une maintenance sérieuse. Si ces conditions sont remplies, les modeles ont de beaux jours devant eux.
Mathematical description of the Colorado beetle life cycle in the crop/pest/environment agroecosystem1
Authors: VOLVACH V. V. , MORGUNOV Yu. A.
Published: April 2008

A model is presented of the Colorado beetle life cycle, with transfer functions from each development stage to the next (egg, larva, pupa, adult). Calculated results have been matched with field observations. In its developed form, the model can be used to forecast the amounts of chemical treatment for different districts of USSR, using 10‐day average temperatures and precipitation. A preliminary forecast is made in October for the following year, and refined in June on the basis of observed meteorological data.
Remote‐sensing applications for desert‐locust monitoring and forecasting
Authors: CHERLET M. R. , GREGORIO A. DI , HIELKEMA J. U.
Published: April 2008

Successful implementation of a preventive desert‐locust control strategy implies early and reliable detection of areas where rainfall and vegetation conditions are suitable for egg laying and hatching and for development. Satellite data provides high‐frequency information on these parameters and data is operationally available through the FAO ARTEMIS system as standard products, such as cold cloud duration and vegetation index maps covering the recession area. A calibration study was undertaken to assess the reliability of vegetation index data, and to evaluate the level of detection of areas with sparse vegetation. Through a field study in the Tamesna area in Niger, factors were derived for soil and plant species‐based calibration. In a GIS (Geographic Information System) environment, the use of a detailed land‐unit map allows calibration of the standard vegetation index. This data, together with rainfall information, can be introduced into a CIS system to be synthesized, through a simple model, as a map delimiting potential desert‐locust breeding areas.
Influence of meteorological factors on primary production of Sahelian regions estimated by remote‐sensing techniques1
Authors: CONESE C. , MARACCHI G. , MASELLI F. , BINDI M.
Published: April 2008

Several investigations have shown the notable capability of meteorological satellites, particularly those of the NOAA series, for the large‐scale monitoring of terrestrial vegetation. The relevant indices, such as AVHRR Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), were demonstrated to be highly correlated with total primary production, especially in subtropical regions, where the vegetation cover is generally not markedly variable. The present study aims at assessing the current possibilities for relating meteorological limiting factors to remotely sensed estimates of green biomass in these areas. Niger was chosen as the test site, and attention was focussed on the major limiting factor of this kind of climate, i.e. total rainfall. NDVI images of the rainy seasons of 3 years were reconstructed, and the relevant meteorological data collected in all available WMO stations were processed, together with agricultural production data derived from FAO archives. First results show that the method has good potential to allow ready and effective forecasting of drought and consequent famine conditions.
Détection infrarouge thermique des maladies du blé d'hiver1
Authors: LILI Z. , DUCHESNE J. , NICOLAS H. , RIVOAL R. , de BREGER P.
Published: April 2008

Toutes les maladies des plantes provoquent un stress hydrique qui se traduit par une augmentation de la température du couvert végétal. Des mesures differentielbs de température radiative sur deux parcelles (l'une maintenue saine, l'autre infestée) permettent de détecter la maladie ou le parasite d'une rnaniire rapide, simple et non destructive. Nos travaux sur le blé, entrepris depuis 1985, ont fourni plusieurs types de résultats: la possibilité d'utiliser la température de surface du couvert pour détecter la présence de maladies; la detection precoce du pietin‐verse; la bonne corrélation entre le niveau d'infestation et la difference des temperatures des couverts sain et infestk; la possibilite d'utiliser la thermographie en vue d'elargir ladetection a l'echelle parcellaire. Les applications possibles sont nombreuses et importantes.
Implications of potential global warming on agricultural pests in Australia1
Authors: FARROW R. A.
Published: April 2008

The potential influence of climate warming on the future status of agricultural pests in Australia is discussed in terms of the possible effects that changes in temperature, rainfall and weather patterns will have on the future distribution, numbers, fluctuations and movements of pest populations. Event‐driven outbreaks are distinguished from rate‐driven processes in pest populations. The future severity and frequency of pest outbreaks will depend on changes in the frequency of extreme weather events, some of which are related to the El Niño/Southern Oscillation phenomenon. Three scenarios are presented for geographical changes to rate‐driven and to event‐driven processes: little change (displacement of agroecosystems and their associated pests to new climatic optima); expansion of tropical pests, contraction of Mediterranean (winter rainfall) pests; increased pest multiplication in geographically fixed agroecosystems such as irrigation schemes and some animal production systems. There is considerable uncertainty about the future severity of outbreaks and chronic infestations because of our current difficulties in forecasting and realistically simulating population changes in agroecosystems. This probably results from the complex feedback mechanisms involving natural enemies and other factors. In Australia the overall expansion of areas affected by tropical pests portends an overall worsening of agricultural pest problems.
Influence of relative humidity on development and egg‐laying in Panonychus citri under controlled conditions
Authors: BEITIA F. , GARRIDO A.
Published: April 2008

The influence of relative humidity on several aspects of the biology of citrus red mite, Panonychus citri, has been analysed. Five constant RH values (45, 55, 65, 75, 85%), with a fixed constant temperature of 25±2°C, have been studied. An RH of 65% was optimal for mite development and egg‐laying potential, providing a maximum rm value of 0.145.
Recherche des bactérioses de la pomme de terre dans le littoral algérois
Authors: AGHA N. NASSAN , FETTOUCHE F.
Published: April 2008

Une recherche des bactérioses de la pomme de terre de consommation a été entreprise en Algérie. Les prospections dans le littoral algérois et les analyses des plants et tubercules par des moyens de diagnostic adéquats nous ont permis de confirmer, pour la premiere fois, la présence de deux bactérioses potentiellement graves: la pourriture annulaire due àClavibacter michiganensis ssp. sepedonicus et la jambe noire due àErwinia carotovora ssp. alroseptica. En revanche, aucun cas de Pseudomonas solanacearum n'a été dépisté.
Nouveaux organismes nuisibles sous serre en Europe1
Authors: MAISONNEUVE J. C.
Published: April 2008

Depuis de très nombreuses années et malgré les efforts des services officiels de contróle phytosanitaire des différents pays, de nouveaux ravageurs ont été introduits en Europe en cultures sous serre (Spodoptera exigua, Liriomyza trifolii, Liriomyza huidobrensis, Frankliniella occidentalis, Bemisia tabaci, etc.). De plus, l'utilisation croissante de la lutte biologique sous serre comme moyen de protection des cultures ainsi que la recherche des conditions climatiques optimales pour la croissance des plantes ont favorisé la recrudescence d'autres ravageurs (sur tomate, Tetranychus urticae, Tetranychus cinnabarinus et Hauptidia maroccana). Ces introductions et recrudescences engagent chercheurs et techniciens dans une recherche permanente de nouvelles methodes de lutte. En lutte biologique, ce travail ne s'avère pas facile.
Soil mulch and foliar sprays as a programme for control of Frankliniella occidentalis on cucumber1
Authors: NAWROCKA B.
Published: April 2008

Frankliniella occidentalis has been one of the most important pests of vegetables in Polish glasshouses for 4 years. Investigations of the effectiveness of soil mulch with white plastic foil and foliar sprays with Nomolt SC 15 (teflubenzuron) and Dimilin 25 WP (diflubenzuron) were carried out in glasshouse‐grown cucumbers in the spring of two consecutive years. The results indicate that this programme, using either of the insecticides, could keep the pest population at the level tolerated by plants.
Use of Encarsia formosa adults in biological control of Trialeurodes vaporariorum on glasshouse vegetable crops1
Authors: PIĄTKOWSKI J. , DOMAGAŁA T. , FAŁOWSKI S.
Published: April 2008

In Poland, where possibilities for complete microclimate regulation in glasshouses are limited and there is a relatively low degree of automation and computerization, satisfactory biological control of Trialeurodes vaporariorum with Encarsia formosa depends on precise and uniform release of the parasite in the glasshouse, as well as on rapid reaction to increasing pest numbers. This can be achieved by a method, developed in Poland and presented here, of using adults of E. formosa in specially prepared capsules. This paper reports on the principles for using E. formosa in capsules, and on the numbers and frequency of release of the parasite which are appropriate for different crops.
Microbial control of soil‐borne pathogens in Hungary1
Authors: SIMON E. , CEGLARSKA‐HÓDI E. , APONYI‐GARAMVÖLGYI I.
Published: April 2008

Biological control of soil‐borne pathogens has been the aim of the Biological Control Laboratory in Hódmezövásárhely since 1982. In Hungarian glasshouses (this means areas both under glass and plastic foil cover), the growing medium is still the natural soil or mixtures based on soil. This is the reason why soil‐borne pathogens, such as species of Fusarium, Sclerotinia, Pythium, Botrytis, Rhizoctonia and Alternaria, cause increasing problems, especially at sites where there has been intensive continuous cropping for many years. Soil steaming is very expensive, while methyl bromide and other soil disinfectants are harmful for the environment and especially for the soil microflora. All this favours the introduction of biological control against soil‐borne plant diseases. After laboratory tests, experiments have been carried out over a 9‐year period, with good results, on several Trichoderma species and strains in relation to practically all glasshouse crops (capsicum, lettuce, tomato, ornamentals, etc.) and in some field crops also. Since 1986, experiments have been done with Finnish‐originated strains of Streptomyces griseoviridis, then with the preparation Mycostop which was developed from this actinomycete. These were carried out on ornamentals, on vegetables and on some cereals. The preparation was especially effective against Fusarium spp. but also against other pathogens.
USDA pest risk assessment of biological control organisms1
Authors: LIMA P. J.
Published: April 2008

Today, as managers of plant pest control programs seek more and more alternatives to chemical pesticides, the demand for biological control organisms in the USA has increased significantly in volume and variety. There is a corresponding increase in the numbers of permit requests for biological control agents from foreign sources. Environmentalists, Federal and State plant regulatory agencies in the USA are concerned over the long‐term effects of these ‘beneficials’ on the target hosts, non‐target organisms, codependency of flora and fauna, and on the general environment. Within the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of USDA, Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) protects US agriculture from the introduction and dispersal of harmful plant pests. It does this with the help of a network of Plant Quarantine Officers. PPQ strongly supports biological control strategies and the importation of more effective agents by accommodating the needs of agribusiness under appropriate safeguards. Although most biological control organisms are not plant pests, certain precautions are in order prior to release since shipments may contain unwanted pests, other contaminants and prohibited plant material.
Increasing the effectiveness of rearing and release of the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis1
Authors: JEDLICKOVA J.
Published: April 2008

A simplified method of mass rearing Phytoseiulus persimilis is described. Modifications have been introduced in the ways of supplying food, creating better shelter possibilities, removal and transportation, as well as the application to glasshouse crops. The method of continuous application of P. persimilis to crops is compared with the ‘pest in first’ and ‘natural infestation’ methods of controlling Tetranychus urticae. The continuous method has proved the most satisfactory under the conditions of Czechoslovakia.
Cultural practices and integrated pest management (IPM) in glasshouses1
Authors: CRÜGER G.
Published: April 2008

Sufficient hygiene is an important instrument in preventing infestations of glasshouse crops. Since chemical soil sterilization is more and more restricted, soil‐steaming and closed growing systems are coming more and more in use. With closed systems, the question of disinfecting the circulating nutrient solution arises. Screens of different mesh are being tested for the exclusion of pests from glasshouse crops. More and more attention is being paid to the influence of the glasshouse microclimate on the occurrence and spread of pests. Various aspects are discussed in relation to temperature, humidity, leaf wetness, radiation, etc.
Integrated thrips control on glasshouse cucumbers1
Authors: PIĄTKOWSKI J.
Published: April 2008

Thrips are among the most dangerous pests of glasshouse cucumbers in Poland. The most frequent species, causing the greatest damage, are Frankliniella occidentalis and Thrips tabaci. The integrated programme of glasshouse cucumber protection against thrips consists of prophylactic treaments, use of the predators Amblyseius barkeri and Neoseiulus cucumeris, and agrotechnical measures.
The efficiency of yellow boards and selective insecticides in control of Trialeurodes vaporariorum on tomatoes1
Authors: NARKIEWICZ‐JODKO J. , KANIA S.
Published: April 2008

At the Research Institute of Vegetable Crops in Skierniewice, investigations were carried out on the effectiveness of control of Trialeurodes vaporariorum with the new selective insecticides based on insect growth regulators, and with yellow boards covered with glue. Experiments with yellow boards showed that this method can keep whitefly populations at a tolerable level for about 30 days. Good effects with yellow boards were only obtained with low whitefly populations, up to a few adults per leaf. The best result in whitefly control was given by Applaud 25 WP (buprofezin) at the rate of 0.5–1 kg ha−1 of product. One treatment with Applaud 25 WP kept the whitefly population below tolerable levels for about 40 days, and had an effect similar to that of six treatments with the methomyl‐based insecticides.
Augmentation de l'efficacité de Praon volucre, parasitoïde de Macrosiphum euphorbiae sur tomate de serre, grâce à une plante relais, le rosier1
Authors: MAISONNEUVE J. C.
Published: April 2008

Cette étude montre comment implanter un nouvel insecte parasite, Praon volucre, dans les serres de tomate, pour lutter contre les pucerons de cette culture, en particulier Macrosiphum euphorbiae, à l'aide d'une plante relais, le rosier. Ce dernier, contaminé avec Macrosiphum rosae aide P. volucreà s'implanter et attire la faune auxiliaire naturelle qui vient ainsi conforter l'action de P. volucre. Ce système donne satisfaction dans le Finistére (Bretagne, FR) où en 1990 il a été utilisé sur 15 ha de serres et en 1991 sur 30 ha. C'est un élément important de la stratégie de lutte biologique sous serre qu'il vient efficacement compléter.
Life history parameters of Tetranychus cinnabarinus on glasshouse plants1
Authors: WITUL A.
Published: April 2008

During the last few years, mass outbreaks of Tetranychus cinnabarinus have occurred on different host plants in Poland. The most heavy damage has been noted on glasshouse tomatoes, but the species was frequent on other host plants such as cucumber, capsicum, aubergine and gerbera. The aim of the study was to estimate the potential of development of T. cinnabarinus on different host plants. Demographic parameters such as intrinsic rate of natural increase, net reproductive rate, and the mean generation time, have been used as criteria of life‐history traits on glasshouse tomato, cucumber, capsicum and gerbera. The relationships between the difference in life‐history parameters of T. cinnabarinus and the different degree of damage on these host plants are discussed.
Development of glasshouse pests of cucumber under different conditions, in relation to possibilities for their biological control1
Authors: POPOV N. A. , ZABUDSKAYA I. A. , SHIIKO E. S. , MENCHER E. M. , SHEVCHENKO V. B.
Published: April 2008

Experiments were performed under controlled conditions on the development of four cucumber pests (Trialeurodes uaporariorum, Tetranychus urticae, Aphis gossypii and Thrips tabaci). The main variables were temperature, photoperiod and light intensity. The effect of these factors on the natural enemies Encarsia formosa and Amblyseius mckenziei was also assessed. Comparison of the results allows recommendations on manipulation of the glasshouse environment to favour biological control.
Eradication of Frankliniella occidentalis and tomato spotted wilt virus in Finland: a case study on costs and benefits
Authors: RAUTAPÄÄ J.
Published: April 2008

Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) invaded Finland in 1987/1988. In the following year, tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) was identified in vegetable and ornamental crops. An eradication campaign was initiated in autumn 1987. Growers were ordered to take measures against F. occidentalis and TSWV and were advised how to avoid these new pests; the import regulations were amended to intensify pre‐export and pre‐entry control; a research programme was started to develop biological control of F. occidentalis. At present, F. occidentalis occurs only sporadically in a few places and is not a problem for the growers. TSWV has not been identified since 1989. Eradication measures cost the government FIM 1.6 million in 1987/1990. The financial cost of eradication to the industry has been impossible to assess. It has been calculated that ‘living with’F. occidentalis and TSWV cost at least FIM 35 million over a period of 4 years. The cost/benefit ratio is thus about 1:20. The eradication campaign has therefore been highly profitable.
Method for honeybee brood feeding tests with insect growth‐regulating insecticides
Authors: OOMEN P. A. , DE RUIJTER A. , VAN DER STEEN J.
Published: April 2008

A method is proposed for testing the side‐effects of plant protection products on honeybee brood, particularly aimed at products with insect growth‐regulating properties. It is intended to complement the EPPO guideline on test methods for evaluating the side‐effects of plant protection products on honeybees and to be used in the framework of the EPPO/CoE decision‐making scheme on environmental risk assessment.
Réflexions sur CERES, système d'aide à la décision pour les traitements fongicides du blé1
Authors: TOUZEAU J.
Published: April 2008

CERES est un prototype de logiciel en cours de validation en France, fonctionnant sur micro‐ordinateur PC. Son objectif est l'optimisation, au niveau de la parcelle, des traitements fongicides du blé. CERES concerne la rouille brune, la rouille jaune, l'oïdiuni, les septorioses et le piétin‐verse. C'est un logiciel destiné dans un premier temps aux prescripteurs de conseils phytosanitaires (techniciens de coopératives et de chambres d'agriculture, négociants, techniciens de firmes…). A partir d'observations de terrain, CERES estime les pertes probables de rendement et l'intérêt économique d'un traitement. Dans sa conception actuelle, le programme de simulation de ces pertes met en jeu de nombreux parametres biologiquesissus de recherches en epidemiologie, provenant pour la plupart de I'Universite agricole deWageningen (NL). La validation des résultats obtenus à partir de ces paramètres devrait permettre d‘établir des abaques simples des pertes potentielles de récolte à partir des observations de terrain (% de feuilles mdlades, stades phénologiques du blé, cultivar de blé…). La précision de ces abaques, sans doute moins fine que celle des paramètres initiaux, devrait suffire pour répondre à l'unique question posée:‘faut‐il traiter?’. En revanche, les utilisateursdu logiciel pourraient comprendre son fonctionnement et adapter éventuellement les abaques aux conditions locales.
Computerized information system for cereal disease management in Emilia‐Romagna (Italy)1
Authors: BATTILANI P. , RACCA P. , RANIERI R. , ROSSI V. , STOPPELLII N.
Published: April 2008

CERMAL is a computerized system on cereal diseases in Emilia‐Romagna (IT), holding yearly data on severity of fungal diseases (powdery mildew, rusts, septoria diseases, scab, net and spot blotch, scald and black point) on bread wheat, durum wheat, barley and triticale collected in the experimental trials of the Union of Experimental Stations in Emilia‐Romagna (CERAS) since 1979. The data base contains information on approximately 300 experimental trials. Basic trial data (year, location, cereal‐growing area) and severity of disease on each cultivar are stored. A management program allows data to be retrieved on the basis of year, cereal‐growing area and/or cultivar, for use in statistical analyses. Information on the behaviour of cultivars in relation to disease, the probability of disease appearance and development, and the level of disease risk in a given cereal‐growing area can be output and used for cultivar choice and disease management. CERMAL operates within the integrated production program for wheat and barley supported by the Emilia‐Romagna region.
Evaluation of a system for optimizing fungicide application to control Rhynchosporium secalis on winter rye1
Authors: WERRES G. , HINDORF H.
Published: April 2008

Since 1989, the subproject on leaf spot diseases of cereals of the German forecasting project ‘Pflanzenschutz‐Warndienst/Wetterdienst’, financed by the German Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Forestry, has included the development of a control/forecasting system against Rhynchosporiurn secalis (scald). Several models were elaborated, of which one was already presented at the 1990 WMO/EPPO/NAPPO Symposium in Firenze (IT). During the 1990/1991 growing season, two control systems (RHYNCHO‐OPT I and 11) were tested under field conditions at two winter rye locations in Rheinland (Hennef and Köln‐Wahn). In addition to these, the control system of Volk was tested. The aim of all three models was to optimize fungicide application to a necessary minimum. A prophylactic variant with leaf (EC 30/32) and ear treatment (EC 49/51), and a variant without fungicide application, were included in the forecasting systems for verification. No significant differences in yield or profit were found between the three tested forecasting systems, but all three were superior to the prophylactic and untreated variants.
PEST‐MAN: a forecasting system for apple and pear pests1
Authors: MORGAN D. , SOLOMON M. G.
Published: April 2008

To achieve satisfactory management of insect pests of apple and pear, growers must accurately establish the necessity for control actions such as supplementing natural enemy numbers or applying pesticides, and the optimal timing for these actions. Inaccurate determination of these questions can lead to unnecessary or inefficient actions being taken, with undesirable environmental and financial consequences. A project, funded by the British Apple and Pear Research Council, began in 1988 to describe mathematically the population dynamics and phenology of several apple and pear pests. The objective of the research was to develop a suite of simulation models to be used in conjunction with automatic meteorological monitoring equipment to provide a rational basis for decision making in pest management. The models have been thoroughly validated using historical results of pest populations in orchards in south‐east England. Output from the models has been satisfactorily accurate, and as a result a delivery system for the models has been developed. This package, named PEST‐MAN, has an intuitive style of presentation involving simple pull‐down menus, context‐sensitive help statements and colour graphics, and allows users to familiarize themselves quickly with the system.
Météopro: un logiciel d'aide à la décision pour la protection des cultures1
Authors: MAURIN G. , FRICOT L.
Published: April 2008

Le logiciel Météopro, utilisable sur microordinateur type IBM permet le transfert et le stockage en temps réel. par voie téléphonique ou interface, des données saisies par une station météorologique automatique. Ces données peuvent être gérées, visualisées et traitées au travers de différents modèles de comportement de maladies ou de ravageurs validés à des degrés divers. Le système appliqué au cas de la vigne dans la région de Bordeaux (FR) a permis d'optimiser les interventions phytosanitaires, fongicides en particulier, en les adaptant au risque réel local. D'autres applications sont envisageables.
PLASMO: a simulation model for control of Plasmopara viticola on grapevine1
Authors: ORLANDINI S. , GOZZINI B. , ROSA M. , EGGER E. , STORCHI P. , MARACCHI G. , MIGLIETTA F.
Published: April 2008

The problem of protecting grapevine against diseases is an old one, but in the last few years new techniques have been developed to reduce cost to the farmer and damage to the ecosystem. These are based on mathematical models describing the state of the plant‐parasite environment system. A model for forecasting development of grapevine downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) is presented. The input variables are temperature, rainfall and leaf wetness (determining infection by sporangia), and RH and temperature (for incubation period). The model also takes into account the limited survival of spores. The output is expressed as %, disease progress. Field validation tests, performed in 1990, 1991 and 1992 in several vineyards in Toscana (central Italy) showed a good correlation between observed and simulated infections. The model allowed the number of treatments to be reduced without any increase in downy mildew damage. It could in future be integrated with grapevine growth and development simulation models in an expert system to determine infected tissue area and thus the economic damage threshold.
An information‐management system for pest warning in field crops in Sweden1
Authors: GRÖNTOFT M.
Published: April 2008

Since 1988 a pest‐warning system has covered the southern and central parts of Sweden. These parts are divided into five plant protection regions with a centre in each. Approximately 1000 fields in eleven crops are assessed each Monday from May to July. The same day the results are computerized and distributed by fax to the advisers. The following morning the advisers in the region discuss the results and what measures to take, by telephone conference. Immediately after the conference, plant protection letters are written with the guidance of there commendations agreed by the conference. This system is fast, has a very good coverage and is much appreciated amongst extension staff.
An integrated PC environment for the dissemination of plant protection warnings in Norway, together with weather reports and forecasts1
Authors: MAGNUS H. A. , LIGAARDEN Å. , MUNTHE K.
Published: April 2008

As part of a national project set up in 1988 to incorporate all pest warning activities in Norway into one information system, NORPRE provides warnings for cereal growers. The system is based on growers' observations and on meteorological data. It can be accessed by an audiotex system TELEWISE, which also provides weather reports and forecasts.
A climatic station with wireless transmission1
Authors: HØSTGAARD M. B.
Published: April 2008

The Met Pole and its data presentation software have been developed to be utilized by farmers. The pole is equipped with sensors for collection of the following weather data: wind velocity 2 m above the ground; surface wetness 2 m above the ground; global radiation 2 m above the ground; air temperature and air humidity (RH) 1.5 and 0.2 m above the ground; soil temperature and soil water content, at 0.1 and 0.3 m depth. The data is transmitted by radio to a receiver at the farm and presented by the PC‐software. All data can be transferred to files in ASCII format and used in any other software program for future use in computerized monitoring and forecasting systems.
Logiciel du modèle PLASMO1
Authors: GOZZINI B. , ORLANDINI S. , ROSA M.
Published: April 2008

Le logiciel d'exploitation est présenté pour le modéle PLASMO (Plasmopara Simulation Model), utilisé pour la prévision du développement du mildiou (Plasmopara viticola) de la vigne et développé de façon à rendre trés simple sa validation, son éventuelle amélioration et son emploi direct dans le vignoble. Le programme n'utilise pas de fonctions d'aide car il comporte de simples légendes dans la partie inférieure de l'écran. Pour se dérouler correctement, il a besoin seulement, sur PC, d'une carte graphique ordinaire et d'un disque dur. Chaque ensemble de données doit figurer dans un fichier ASCII, qui sera transformé automatiquement en un format interne. Par traitement de ces données, des options sont disponibles dans le menu principal et donnent des informations utiles comme, par exemple, le développement des périodes d'incubation du mildiou ou les époques d'application de fongicides.
Revised methodology for a blood‐clotting response test for identification of warfarin‐resistant Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus)
Authors: MAcNICOLL A. D. , GILL J. E.
Published: April 2008

A blood‐clotting response test for warfarin resistance in Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) was developed by our laboratory in the late 1970s, based on knowledge of biochemical mechanisms available at that time. That test used warfarin, its the free base which is not watersoluble, and vitamin K1 2,3‐epoxide as an antidote for warfarin‐resistant rats only. We have modified the above test to use a water‐soluble salt of vitamin K3 (1 mg kgg−1 body weight), which is an antidote in a wider range of warfarin‐resistant rat strains than vitamin K1 2,3‐ epoxide, and a water‐soluble salt of warfarin (5.4 mg kg−1 body weight). Sodium warfarin and vitamin K3 are administered by oral gavage, and the blood‐clotting response measured 24 h later. In a series of validation tests there were no significant differences between results obtained by either method. The new method, however, uses materials which are commercially available, and eliminates the possibility of misclassifying warfarin‐resistant rats as susceptible because vitamin K1 2,3‐epoxide was not an antidote in those strains. We also present evidence that measuring blood‐clotting response to feeding on a vitamin K‐free diet for 4 days is not a reliable method for determining the genotype of warfarin‐resistant rats.
Measurement of parameters and application of the maximum pest limit concept for importation of hosts of tephritid fruit flies
Authors: COWLEY J. M. , BAKER R. T. , HARTE D. S.
Published: April 2008

In developing its quarantine policy for the importation of fruit‐fly host material, New Zealand has used the concept of a maximum pest limit. An equation which links the maximum permissible numbers of fruit flies with lot size (N), mean number of mature fruit fly larvae per infested fruit (μ), proportion of infested fruit (p), and treatment efficacy (μ) has been suggested. We discuss the research which is needed to obtain accurate measurements of the parameters in the model. Decisions based on these parameters support the development of a quarantine policy that can be justified scientifically. Methods for collection of biological data to determine μ and p are detailed. It is suggested that efficacy trials to measure φ should be based on dose/mortality assessments. Experimental techniques used in efficacy trials should focus on assessment of variability and determination of confidence limits. Application of the maximum pest limit equation is discussed.
Olive scab: a review1
Authors: GRANITI A.
Published: April 2008

Olive scab or leaf spot, caused by the fungus Spilocaea oleagina, is widespread in the Mediterranean region. Losses arise mostly from defoliation of severely infected trees, with consequently reduced yield. Symptoms are mainly confined to leaves and appear as dark brown, circular, zonate spots surrounded by yellow haloes (‘peacocks eye’). S. oleagina shows a typical subcuticular growth, forming flat colonies within the cutinized layer of the thick epidermal cell wall. This habit has been associated with a defence reaction of the host involving mobilization and breakdown of the phenolic glucoside oleuropin and inhibition of pectolytic enzymes produced by the pathogen. The disease is particularly severe in densely planted groves of susceptible olive cultivars and in nurseries. Infections may occur throughout the year, except during hot and dry summers, when favourable temperatures (opt. 16–21°C) and rains occur. Conidia, formed at the apex of short ampulliform conidiophores, are usually carried by rain droplets, but recent data show that humid air currents and insects also contribute to limited aerial dissemination. Usually, the incubation period is about 2 weeks; however, if infection is followed by a hot season, it may last several weeks. Spots already formed in spring may stop growing in summer and resume their growth and sporulation in autumn. Chemical control schedules include fungicide (especially copper) treatments during the main infection seasons (spring and autumn).
Studies on the spread of the olive scab pathogen, Spilocaea oleagina1
Authors: LOPS F. , FRISULLO S. , ROSSI V.
Published: April 2008

Investigations were carried out to study the occurrence and effectiveness of wind dispersal of conidia of the olive spot pathogen Spilocaea oleagina. Dissemination in absence of rain was confirmed both by collecting conidia at various distances from an inoculum source and by using trap plants. The dispersal gradient of conidia was very steep: 3–10% of leaves of olive seedlings placed 20 m from diseased trees became infected.
Systemic fungicide residues in oil from field‐treated olive1
Authors: CORDA P. , MADDAU L. , MARRAS F.
Published: April 2008

A survey was carried out in Sardegna (IT) on residues in olive oil from olive treated against Spilocaea oleugina with several systemic fungicides at normal and double dose rate: benomyl, thiophanate‐methyl, bitertanol, penconazole and fenarimol, all currently not registered for this use in Italy. There was a rapid decrease in benomyl, thiophanate‐methyl, and bitertanol in the samples of oil from treated olives collected 0, 10, and 20 days after last treatment, but the degradation of fenarimol appeared slower. In contrast, the concentration of penconazole increased with time. It is suggested that registration of the first four compounds for use on olive would be justified.
Mycocentrospora cladosporioides on olive in Greece1
Authors: PAPPAS A. C.
Published: April 2008

Mycocentrospora cladosporioides has been recorded as present and widely distributed on olive fruits and leaves in Greece since 1972. The fungus frequently appears on the lower surface of the older leaves, growing like a dark olivaceous mould. The disease, known as cercosporiosis, sometimes causes severe defoliation. Green and mature olives are occasionally attacked. The severity of fruit infection seems to be related to mild humid weather in the 3 months prior to harvest. Diseased fruits show superficial slightly sunken irregular dry spots often covered by the characteristic fructifications of the fungus. Infection of artificially inoculated detached olives starts with the appearance of slow‐growing brown lesions surrounding the lenticels. Cultivars producing large fruits for table use (e.g. Conservolia) are more susceptible. The fungus grows very slowly in culture and forms only a few conidia. Epidemiology and control have been little studied. Copper‐based fungicides used for olive scab control are not always effective against cercosporiosis.
Observations on spore production in Spilocaea oleagina in southern Italy1
Authors: LAVIOLA C. , SCARITO G.
Published: April 2008

Sporogenesis in Spilocaea oleagina was investigated in the field in relation to climatic conditions, in a 2‐year trial. At the beginning of each trial, a standard number of infected leaves still attached to the plant were gently scraped in order to remove completely all the fungal structures present on the lesion. At 1‐week intervals, four such leaves were detached from the plant, examined in the laboratory for new conidiophores and conidia production, and rated for number of conidia produced by 100 conidiophores. In the first year of the trial, the fungus showed intense activity from the first week of April (beginning of the trial) to the end of April. This activity continued at reduced intensity with small variations until the end of September. In the second year (starting at the beginning of December), the fungus showed an initial lag, starting producing conidia in the last week of December. Activity increased progressively until the beginning of April. After a relatively static period during summer, the fungus resumed intense activity during September and October (end of the trial). Sporogenesis in S. oleugina appears to be linked to climatic conditions, especially to RH, maximum activity of the fungus being recorded during rainy or highly humid periods.
Olive knot disease in Greece1
Authors: PANAGOPOULOS C. G.
Published: April 2008

Olive knot disease caused by Pseudomonas syringae subsp. savastanoi is widespread all over Greece where olive is grown and its severity varies from heavy in some areas and cultivars to very mild in others. Hypertrophied enlargements (galls or knots) more or less spherical in shape and up to 2.5 cm in diameter develop mostly on shoots, twigs, branches and trunks. Fruit infection, as roughly circular brown spots of 0.5‐2.5 mm in diameter, is another form of disease which develops during wet summers. All olive cultivars are equally susceptible to the pathogen. However, the differences in disease distribution and severity observed between cultivars and areas are directly related to the degree of wounding from whatever cause (frost, hailstorm, harvesting injuries), especially when they are accompanied by rainy and wet weather or moist winds. Harvesting by beating the trees with sticks is an important epidemiological factor for disease incidence in Greece. Suggested control measures are summarized.
Occurrence of unusual strains of Pseudomonas syringae subsp. savastanoi on olive in central Italy1
Authors: IACOBELLIS N. S. , SISTO A. , SURICO G.
Published: April 2008

Bacteria forming levan colonies and not producing fluorescent pigments have been isolated from olive knots and the olive phylloplane in central Italy. By their pathogenicity to olive and their morphological, biochemical and physiological features, they clearly belong to Pseudomonas syringae subsp. savastanoi.
Glomerella cingulata on olive in India: morphological and pathological notes1
Authors: MUGNAI L. , SURICO G. , RAGAZZI A.
Published: April 2008

Two strains of a species of Colletotrichum were obtained from infected olives in India. Their morphological characteristics and pathogenicity to various fruits were compared with those of isolates of C. acutatum, C. gloeosporioides, and C. musae. Despite their morphological variability, the two isolates were referred to C. gloeosporioides, the anamorph of Glomerella cingulata. For one isolate, the presence of ascocarps was recorded in culture.