bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A METHOD FOR CONTINUOUS DETERMINATION OF DISPLACEMENT ACTIVITY IN A GROUP OF FLYING INSECTS
Authors: Edwards D. K.
Published: August 2008

A method is described for obtaining a continuous record of the amount of flight activity occurring in a group of flying insects. The test insects are kept in an earthed metal cage. When an insect flies it accumulates a positive charge on its body. This charge influences a sensitive electrometer-probe in the center of the cage. The impulse resulting from the flight is amplified by the electrometer and is recorded as a deflection on a pen-recorder chart. By counting the number of deflections in a given time an activity curve for the test insects can be plotted.
EFFECTS OF INITIAL DENSITIES AND PERIODS OF INFESTATION ON THE GROWTH-FORMS OF A HOST AND PARASITE POPULATION
Authors: Burnett T.
Published: August 2008

Initial densities and periods of infestation of adults of Trialeurodes vaporariorum and its chalcid parasite Encarsia formosa influence subsequent fluctuations in numbers of adults of both host and parasite.
MACROLAIMUS CANADENSIS N. SP. (NEMATODA: PANAGROLAIMINAE), FROM THE FRASS OF THE BARK BEETLE PHLOEOSINUS CANADENSIS SWAINE, 1917, WITH REMARKS ON OTHER SPECIES OF THE GENUS MACROLAIMUS MAUPAS, 1900
Authors: Sanwal K. C.
Published: August 2008

Macrolaimus canadensis n. sp., collected from the frass of Phloeosinus canadensis Swaine, 1917, infesting a log of eastern white cedar from Lac Tremblant, Quebec, is described and figured. The new species differs from other members of the genus in having a small, thornlike ventral spine on the spicules and in having comparatively stouter cheilorhabdions.M. aculeatus (Daday, 1905) Thorne, 1937, and M. citri Rahm, 1928, are regarded as species inquirendae. Ruehm's synonymy of M. hamatus Thorne, 1937, and M. crucis of Fuchs, 1938, with M. crucis Maupas, 1900, is not accepted. The systematic positions of M. crucis of Ruehm, 1956, and M. crucis of Fuchs, 1938, are briefly discussed. M. maupasi Hnatewytsch, 1929, is transferred from Macrolaimus Maupas, 1900, to Myolaimus Cobb, 1920.
HELMINTH PARASITES OF REPTILES, BIRDS, AND MAMMALS OF EGYPT: VI. DENTOSTOMELLA KUNTZI N. SP., A NEW OXYURID NEMATODE FROM ACOMYS SPP.
Authors: Myers Betty J.
Published: August 2008

A new oxyurid nematode, Dentostomella kuntzi is described from Acomys spp. from Egypt.
MARINE NEMATODES FROM THE COAST LINE OF THE GULF OF MEXICO
Authors: Hopper B. E.
Published: August 2008

A collection of marine nematodes from two locations along the coast line of the Gulf of Mexico is herein reported. Of the 14 species included, 9 species (Lauratonema reniamphidum, Enoplolaimus punctatus, Oncholaimoides elongatum, Halichoanolaimus macrospiculatus, Desmodora dimorpha, Metachromadora (Neonyx) pseudocampycoma, M. (Bradylaimus) setosa, Neochromadora alatocorpus, and Prochromadora asupplementa) are described as new. In addition, Microlaimus dimorphus Chitwood of Wieser, 1956 is renamed M. wieseri n. nom., and Parachromadora Timm, 1952 becomes Timmia n. nom., with new combinations T. parva (Timm, 1952) and T. bipapillata (Chitwood, 1951).
SPOROGONY OF LEUCOCYTOZOON AND HAEMOPROTEUS IN SIMULIIDS AND CERATOPOGONIDS AND A REVISED CLASSIFICATION OF THE HAEMOSPORIDIIDA
Authors: Fallis A. M. , Bennett G. F.
Published: August 2008

Sporogony of species of Leucocytozoon and Haemoproteus in simuliids and ceratopogonids respectively is described and illustrated. Oöcysts of both types of parasites are only slightly larger than the zygotes and contain relatively few sporozoites at maturity. Sporogony of some individuals is completed in fewer than 5 days at approximately 22 °C; others may require 14–18 days. Comparisons of the morphology and life histories of these parasites with those of Plasmodium suggest that the three genera should be placed in separate families.
OVARIOLE NUMBERS IN COLEOPTERA
Authors: Robertson J. G.
Published: August 2008

A list of ovariole numbers in 329 species in 45 families of Coleoptera is presented of which about one-third are determinations made by the author. The polytrophic Adephaga have a. range of 4–40 ovarioles, the acrotrophic Polyphaga, 1–200 ovarioles, The Coprinae (Scarabaeidae) are the only group containing a single ovary. A few families such as the Curculiomdae contain nearly a uniform number of ovarioles. The work is briefly discussed from the viewpoint of taxonomy, evolution, and fecundity. It is suggested that ovariole numbers may be of aid to taxonomists; that multiplication, reduction, and stabilization of ovariole numbers have occurred in the evolution of beetles; and that extremes in ovariole number may reflect extremes in the level of egg production.
OBSERVATIONS ON EXPERIMENTAL INFECTIONS WITH ECHINOCOCCUS IN RODENTS
Authors: Webster Gloria A. , Cameron T. W. M.
Published: August 2008

Experimental infections in rodents with Echinococcus multilocularis sibiricensis, Echinococcus granulosus canadensis, and Echinococcus granulosus (Lebanon origin) both by ingestion of onchospheres and by parenteral injection are recorded. The microscopic anatomy of the larval parasite and of the host reaction are discussed and illustrated in detail. Voles and cotton rats display little resistance to the development of the cyst of E. m. sibiricensis and ultimately destroy the host, while collared lemmings and golden hamsters overcome the cyst and destroy it. Muskrats and certain white mice are intermediate in their effects. In all cases, however, some degree of degeneration of the parasite into the alveolar form is shown. White rats, guinea pigs, and rabbits could not be infected with this parasite. E. g. canadensis was developing in the lung of one AKR strain mouse while in the chinchilla the parasite commenced to develop in the lung but was overcome at an early stage. No development took place in the other species of hosts. E. granulosus (Lebanon) appeared to be developing successfully in some cotton rats and white mice fed on onchospheres.
THE MONONCHIDAE: A FAMILY OF PREDACEOUS NEMATODES: III. GENUS MICONCHUS (ENOPLIDA: MONONCHIDAE)
Authors: Mulvey Roland H.
Published: August 2008

Males and females of two new species, Miconchus californicus and M. hopperi, are described and illustrated. The male of M. dadayi (Micoletzky, 1914) Andrássy, 1958 and of M. digiturus (Cobb, 1893) Andrássy, 1958 are described and figured for the first time. The female of M. fasciatus (Cobb, 1917) Andrássy, 1958 is illustrated for the first time. Females of M. studeri (Steiner, 1914) Andrássy, 1958 and M. trionchus (Thorne, 1924) Andrássy, 1958 are redescribed and illustrated. Keys for the males and females are provided.
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND PHOTOPERIOD ON THE SERUM PROTEINS OF THE RAINBOW TROUT, SALMO GAIRDNERI
Authors: Meisner Herman M. , Hickman Jr. C. P.
Published: August 2008

The serum of 1- and 2-year-old rainbow trout, acclimated at least 43 days to four conditions of temperature and daylength (16°–8L (hours daily photoperiod), 16°–16L, 8°–8L, and 8°–16L) was examined by paper electrophoresis. The albumin/globulin ratio was significantly greater in trout acclimated to 8 °C (pooled photoperiod) than in those acclimated to 16 °C (pooled photoperiod). Photoperiod had no significant effect on the serum protein pattern.
THE NEARCTIC SPECIES OF THE GENUS CEPHENEMYIA (DIPTERA, OESTRIDAE)
Authors: Bennett Gordon F. , Sabrosky Curtis W.
Published: August 2008

The adults and larvae of the North American species of Cephenemyia are described. (1) C. apicata n. sp., with a western distribution; larvae in Odocoileus hemionus. (2) C. jellisoni Townsend, with a northwestern distribution; larvae in O. hemionus, Odoicoileus virginianus, Alces americana, Cervus canadensis. (3) C. phobifera (Clark), with a northeastern distribution; larvae in O. virginianus, A. americana. (4) C. pratti Hunter, with a southwestern distribution; larvae in O. hemionus, O. virginianus. (5) C. trompe (Modeer) with a northern distribution; larvae in Rangifer spp., O. hemionus.
PARATYLENCHUS VERUCULATUS N. SP. (CRICONEMATIDAE:NEMATODA) FROM SCOTLAND
Authors: Wu Liang-Yu
Published: August 2008

Paratylenchus veruculatus n. sp. was collected by Mrs. John Darroch of Woodstock, New Brunswick, Canada, from soil around roots of heather from Scotland in 1961. This species has characters close to P. microdorus and P. brevihastus, but it is a smaller species. It also differs from P. microdorus in having slightly coarser body annulation, base of spear not conical, spear slightly shorter, and males present. It differs from P. brevihastus in that the male has a median esophageal bulb, a spear is present, and the spicule is shorter; in the female, the spear is shorter also; tip of tail with a great variation of shape and pointed tip is common.
THE SALIVARY GLAND CHROMOSOMES OF SEVEN SPECIES OF PROSIMULIUM (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE) FROM ALASKA AND BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Basrur Parvathi K.
Published: August 2008

A survey of salivary gland chromosomes of larval Prosimulium revealed a. group of seven west coast species that form a natural unit by virtue of sharing arrangement IIIL-2 in the long arm of chromosome III. Detailed band comparison showed that the Alaskan species P. frohnei Sommerman and P. hirtipes E belong together on one line of descent while P. fulvum (Coquillett), P. hirtipes 2 (Alaska), P. travisi Stone, P. formosum Shewell, and P, "species 1" belong to another branch.
AN EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF THE COURTSHIP PATTERN OF TIPULA OLERACEA (DIPTERA)
Authors: Stich H. F.
Published: August 2008

The courtship pattern of Tipula oleracea consists of a complex series of reciprocal stimulus–response reactions. The sequence of the reactions (grabbing, mounting, pinning, searching, kissing, and sliding reaction) is rigidly fixed, whereas the procedure of a reaction exhibits a certain degree of flexibility. Courtship may be broken off at any point between the males' grabbing response and the actual copulation if a reaction cannot be completed, a sign stimulus is missing, or a sign stimulus is given at the wrong time.The grabbing and the pinning reactions of the stimulus–response pattern have a specific "filter effect" leading to the copulation of active males with unfertilized, receptive females and preventing a mating between two males or between a male and a fertilized or too young female. The grabbing reaction is also involved in the prevention of an interspecific mating.
THE SENSORY ORGANS OF THE MOSQUITO ANTENNA
Authors: Steward C. C. , Atwood C. E.
Published: August 2008

Using Aedes aegypti (L.) as the chief example, an account of the adult mosquito antenna, male and female, is given, and the different types of setae found thereon are described. Two of these, called types A1 and A3, are, respectively, sensilla trichoidea and sensilla basiconica; they are located chiefly at the distal end of the antenna and diminish in numbers towards its base. Type A2 setae are also sensilla trichoidea, but are smaller than type A1; they are most numerous at the base of the antenna and diminish in numbers towards the distal end. The total number of these three types is over 600 on each antenna in A. aegypti. At the tip of the antenna there are two sensilla campaniformia. Another type of seta, called A4, consisting of sensilla coeloconica, has been found so far only on the antenna of Anopheles spp. There are also two types of sensilla chaetica, making altogether seven different kinds of setae found on the mosquito antenna. Experiments with A. aegypti indicate that type A1 setae may mediate attractive odors such as that of the human hand, while type A2 setae may mediate repellent odors such as that of "612". The possible functions of the other setae are briefly considered.
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE TAXONOMY OF METASTRONGYLES (NEMATODA: METASTRONGYLOIDEA) OF MUSTELIDAE IN ONTARIO
Authors: Anderson Roy C.
Published: August 2008

Trilobostrongylus bioccai n.gen., n.sp. from cysts on the lungs of Martes pennanti pennanti (Erxleben) from Algonquin Park is distinct from other members of the Angiostrongylinae primarily on the basis of its large, trilobed bursa. In addition, the dorsal ray is long and well developed, the spicules are long and slender, the externolateral rays are large, the caudal extremity of the female is pointed, and the species is ovoviviparous. Larvae developed in Discus cronkhitei (Newcomb), Zonitoides arboreus (Say), Deroceras gracile (Rafinesque), and Physa integra Haldeman. Filaroides canadensis n.sp. from small nodules in the lungs of Lutra canadensis canadensis (Schreber) from Algonquin Park is distinguished from F. martis by its much shorter spicules, its weakly developed gubernaculum, and its longer and more slender first-stage larva which failed to develop in Physa integra. Perostrongylus Schlegel 1934 is reinstated and redefined to include ovoviviparous species, namely P. falciformis (Schlegel, 1933) Schlegel, 1934, and P. pridhami (Anderson, 1962) n.comb., which were formerly assigned to Aelurostrongylus.
SOME FACTORS DETERMINING THE SIZE OF INFESTATIONS OF THE EUROPEAN CORN BORER, OSTRINIA NUBILALIS (HBN.) (PYRALIDAE: LEPIDOPTERA)
Authors: Barlow C. A. , Wressell H. B. , Driscoll G. R.
Published: August 2008

Partial regression analysis of the indicial size of first generation, or summer. infestations of Ostrinia nubilalis estimated from light-trap matches and surveys of cornfields in Kent County, Ontario, suggested that the size of infestations was largely determined by three factors: (1) the number of females in the first flight, (2) average rainfall per day during the first flight, and (3) average daily temperature during the first flight. The first factor was apparently most important, rainfall had less effect, and the influence of temperature was evidently negligible. Estimated size of first generation infestations increased by 3.7 individuals for every unit increase in the number of females trapped during the first flight, by 12.2 individuals for every 0.01 in. of rain which fell during the first flight, and by 1.3 individuals for every 1°-F increase in mean daily temperature during the first flight. The regression explained 94% of the variation in estimated size of summer infestations of the corn borer between 1947 and 1961. A hyperbolic relationship was implied between the number of females in the first flight and the number of progeny per female in first generation infestations.
PUNCTODORA EXOCHOPORA N. SP. (CHROMADORIDAE: NEMATODA) FROM THE CANADIAN SHORE OF LAKE ONTARIO
Authors: Hopper B. E.
Published: August 2008

Punctodora exochopora n. sp., collected from the Canadian shore of Lake Ontario in the vicinity of Bath, Ontario, differs from the type, P. ratzeburgensis, in having the excretory duct projecting from the body and in having 15–16 pre-anal supplements. Only one to three are recorded for P. ratzeburgensis. P. exochopora differs from P. ohridensis by its shorter rectum (30 vs. 50 μ) and having spicules with blunt distal ends. An emended generic diagnosis is given, distinguishing the genus from Prochromadora. Neochromadora trilineata Schneider, 1943 is removed from synonymy with P. ohridensis and is regarded as incertae sedis.
THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE OLFACTORY ORGAN OF HOPLOPAGRUS GUENTHERI GILL 1862
Authors: Pfeiffer Wolfgang
Published: August 2008

The olfactory organ of Hoplopagrus guentheri Gill 1862, (Family Lutjanidae) was examined in 11 fish ranging from 63 to 480 mm in body length. Detailed measurements showed that the growth of the olfactory epithelium occurs by increase in both size and number of olfactory lamellae. A 63-mm fish had 36 lamellae, each approximately 1 mm2. A 480-mm fish had 230 lamellae, each about 11 mm2. Water is drawn into the nose through the anterior opening by a large lacrimal sac. A valve in the posterior opening prevents entrance of water, but allows the water to flow out. The olfactory organ of Hoplopagrus is extremely well developed. The number of folds (230 in one nose) and the size of the olfactory epithelium (up to 2450 mm2) are much greater than have been reported for any other fish. It is suggested that Hoplopagrus is, unlike most Sparidae, nocturnal and that this specialized olfactory organ is of biological importance in life at low light intensities.
AN ACARINE PREDATOR–PREY POPULATION INFESTING STORED PRODUCTS
Authors: Burnett T.
Published: August 2008

Populations of the stored product mite Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) and its predator Blattisocius dentriticus (Berl.) were propagated in two experimental universes. Although the predator determined the size of the prey populations, the densities of both species fluctuated with peaks of abundance occurring every 6 to 8 weeks. A number of factors modified, to some extent, the role of "predator searching" as a mechanism controlling both the average densities and fluctuations in abundance of the two species. With large fluctuations in the abundance of the prey there was a pronounced cycle in the age structure of the predator and prey populations. The larger stages of the prey were largely immune to attack by the predator. Individuals of the predator developed to about one-half their normal size when the prey were scarce. The combination of immune stages of the prey and adjustment of predators to scarcity of prey ensured the coexistence of the predator–prey system. Contamination of experimental populations by psocids was one of the major hazards in rearing the populations for extended periods.
ETHER EXTRACTS FROM BIRDS AND CO2 AS ATTRACTANTS FOR SOME ORNITHOPHILIC SIMULIIDS
Authors: Fallis A. M. , Smith S. M.
Published: August 2008

Attraction of Simulium euryadminiculum to the common loon is confirmed and attraction of this fly to an ether extract of the tail of the loon is demonstrated. S. rugglesi is attracted at the lakeshore to a combination of an ether extract of the uropygial glands of ducks and CO2, and to a lesser extent to CO2 alone, but not to the extract alone. S. aureum, S. latipes, S. quebecense, S. croxtoni, and Prosimulium decemarticulatum are attracted to a source of CO2 placed in the forest canopy.
INTERACTION OF EVENING GROSBEAK (HESPERIPHONA VESPERTINA) AND SPRUCE BUDWORM (CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEM.)) IN A LOCALIZED BUDWORM OUTBREAK TREATED WITH DDT IN QUEBEC
Authors: Blais J. R. , Parks G. H.
Published: August 2008

Control of a localized spruce budworm outbreak in southeastern Quebec was achieved through the combined effects of chemical treatment with DDT and natural control factors. Amongst the latter, predation by evening grosbeaks was suspected to have been of considerable importance. It appears that the birds were attracted to the outbreak area in unusually large numbers during their spring migration. The yearly influx of the grosbeaks in the area occurred when the budworm was in the late larval and the pupal stages, an especially critical period with respect to generation survival of this insect. In 1963, the year following collapse of the outbreak, very few grosbeaks were seen in the area. There was no direct evidence that the birds suffered ill effects from the spraying operation.
INFLUENCE OF WEATHER ON FLIGHT ACTIVITY OF PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA
Authors: Juillet J. A.
Published: August 2008

The influence of temperature, relative humidity, wind velocity, light intensity, and precipitation on the flight activity of diurnal ichneumonids and braconids is discussed. Light rain stimulates flight activity, but light intensity does not affect it. Ichneumonids are most active at moderate temperature, high humidity, and low wind velocity, while braconids are most active at high temperature, low humidity, and low wind velocity. The optimum weather for maximum flight activity coincides with the fact that ichneumonids predominate on forest insect pests, and braconids on agricultural insect pests.
THE LATERAL AND VENTRAL SCLERITES OF THE INSECT THORAX
Authors: DuPorte E. Melville
Published: August 2008

Theories of the origin and homologies of the pleural and sternal sclerites are discussed and the structure of the pleuron and sternum in some primitive and specialized insects is described.The arthropod leg was set primitively in the latero-ventral region of the segment; therefore elements derived from its lower margin lie in the ventral region. These elements, here called the coxosternites, are considered as parts of the sternum. On this interpretation the sternum, apart from the small spinasternite, consists of a pair of coxosternal (subcoxal) sclerites and a mediosternite. The three sclerites are separated by a pair of laterosternal sutures. The furcal pits, orifices of the sternal apophyses, lie in these sutures. A sternacostal suture extends across the mediosternite and usually continues across the coxosternites dividing the sternum into an anterior basisternite and a posterior furcasternite. These primitive relations are clearly shown in some of the lower insects and the interpretation of the sternum given here is based on the assumption that they are constant throughout.Modifications in the structure of the pleuron and sternum resulting from the loss of the primary sutures, appearance of new sutures, expansion or contraction of sclerites, partial desclerotization, and changes in the position of the legs are discussed.
SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN INTERPHASE NUCLEI OF THE LION, FELIS LEO
Authors: Moore Keith L.
Published: August 2008

A sex difference is present in the structure of interphase nuclei of somatic cells in a variety of tissues of the lion. In the female, but not in the male, there is a special mass of chromatin, the sex chromatin, which stands out from the general particulate chromatin. In neurons the sex chromatin is usually located adjacent to the nucleolus, but in other cell types it nearly always lies against the inner surface of the nuclear membrane. The sex chromatin has the cytochemical properties of desoxypentose nucleic acid and is probably derived from heterochromatic regions of one of the X-chromosomes of the female's sex chromosome complex. A mass similar to the sex chromatin of females is rarely encountered in nuclei of males. The sexual dimorphism present in interphase nuclei of the lion is similar to that described previously in other carnivores and in primates.
ECOLOGY OF THE FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA OF IRAQ
Authors: Harris Stuart A.
Published: August 2008

Study of the ecology of the present-day freshwater fauna of Iraq shows that there is a consistent correlation between current velocity and the distribution of the more common species present. Thus a given fauna would be found in a very limited range of current velocity. A study of the lower limit of concentration of certain ions for the waters in relation to species distribution suggested important correlations. Magnesium, nitrate, and bicarbonate appear to be crucial ions. Overall salinity, sedimentary environment, and temperature appeared to have little ecological effect.Although colonization of new environments is rapid, there are also certain notable deficiencies in dispersal in the cases of three species, suggesting that they are new to the area.It would seem that freshwater molluscan faunas could be used for determining current velocity, certain aspects of water chemistry, and origin of the water and associated deposits when they are collected from alluvial deposits.
THE UTILIZATION OF BODY FAT DURING HIBERNATION IN WOODCHUCKS
Authors: Bailey E. D. , Davis D. E.
Published: August 2008

The woodchuck (Marmota monax) is a true hibernator that does not store food for winter use but subsists entirely on fat reserve stored in the body. The rate at which the stored fat is utilized determines the duration of survival during the months of normal hibernation. Woodchucks were induced to hibernate in a laboratory situation. As they were given no food or water during the hibernation period, the daily loss of weight was an indication of the amount of fat utilized.The hibernation state was found to be about seven times more efficient than the aroused state in conserving energy. An average rate of weight loss for woodchucks for the period from the time of disappearance from above ground in fall to the time of emergence in the spring and to the end of the breeding season is presented.
DORSAL AORTIC BLOOD PRESSURES RECORDED FROM THE RAINBOW TROUT (SALMO GAIRDNERI)
Authors: Randall D. J. , Smith L. S. , Brett J. R.
Published: August 2008

Dorsal aortic blood pressures were recorded from unanesthetized, free-swimming intact fish by a previously described cannulation technique. Some cardiovascular and breathing changes during recovery from the operation and anesthesia are reported. Dorsal aortic systolic blood pressures of 38.7 ± 2.9 mm Hg were recorded from unrestrained intact trout (Salmo gairdneri). A limited study indicated that there were no variations in dorsal aortic systolic blood pressure with changes in oxygen consumption in quiescent fish.
THE BIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT OF RHYSIA AUTUMNALIS GEN. N., SP. N. (ANTHOMEDUSAE/ATHECATAE, RHYSIIDAE FAM. N.)
Authors: Brinckmann Anita
Published: August 2008

A new family, Rhysiidae (Anthomedusae/Athecatae), is established for a new genus, Rhysia gen. n., with one new species, R. autumnalis gen. n., sp. n. The development and the structure of the colony, the gonads, the embryonic development, and the ecology of the new species are described.
PARASITES OF THE CANADA LYNX, FELIS (LYNX) CANADENSIS (KERR)
Authors: Jong C. G. van Zyll de
Published: August 2008

Monopsyllus vison was collected from 1 of 19 lynxes examined for ectoparasites. Taenia laticollis and T. rileyi were the most frequent cestodes in 113 lynxes examined for endoparasites. Scoleces of T. pisiformis were often present in large numbers, but no segmented specimens were encountered. Scoleces of Multiceps sp. were found twice. One trematode, Alaria (Paralaria) sp., was collected. The nematodes Toxascaris leonina, Cylicospirura subaequalis, and Troglostrongylus wilsoni were common, and Toxocara cati and Physaloptera praeputialis occurred less frequently.
THE BASIS OF DDT TOLERANCE IN THE LABORATORY MOUSE
Authors: Barker P. S. , Morrison F. O.
Published: August 2008

DDT tolerance in the Macdonald strain of the laboratory mouse is shown to be related to lipid content. Relatively large amounts of sesame oil injected into DDT-treated mice, either with the DDT or up until the symptoms of poisoning appeared, protected the recipients from severe symptoms and death. DDT-tolerant mice excreted14C-labelled DDT or its metabolites in the urine, at a significantly lower rate than the normal mice. DDT-susceptible mice excreted 8 to 10% of the injected dose of DDT within 12 days. DDT tolerance could not be related to the production of DDE or TDE.
THE SALIVARY GLAND CHROMOSOMES OF THREE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF TWINNIA (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE)
Authors: Rothfels K. , Freeman Margaret
Published: August 2008

The salivary gland chromosomes of the three known North American species of Twinnia Stone and Jamnback are described, and compared with those of Prosimulium Roubaud. Twinnia tibblesi S. and J. has the standard arm association and the standard sequence in IS, II, IIIL. It differs from standard in inversions IL-1, IIIS-2,3, and a repatterning of the centromere region of chromosome III. Twinnia nova (Dyar and Shannon) and T. biclavata Shewell share these T. tibblesi traits and, in addition, have, in common, inversion IIIL-1 and a whole arm interchange giving the combinations IIL, IIIL and IIS, IIIS. Twinnia biclavata differs from T. nova by inversion IS-1 and a nucleolar shift. Both are good species. Evidence is presented that Twinnia is phylogenetically intermediate between Gymnopais Stone and the subgenus Helodon Enderlein of Prosimulium.
THE DENSITY OF LAND BIRDS ON THE TRES MARÍAS ISLANDS IN MEXICO: II. DISTRIBUTION OF ABUNDANCES IN THE COMMUNITY
Authors: Grant P. R.
Published: August 2008

Census data from the Tres Marías Islands and adjacent mainland have been applied to a model which predicts the abundance of bird species in a community. The mainland data fit the model; the island data do not. The most common species on the islands is considerably more common than predicted. Departure from prediction of this type is a feature of several island bird communities, and is related to the number of bird species in the community. The considerable abundance of the most common species on islands is considered to be indicative of the opportunities afforded by the absence of potentially competitive species and by paucity of predator species.When species which are ecologically similar and in the same genus occur together on islands they differ in density by a greater amount than do their mainland counterparts. This is attributed to a greater need for exploiting different resources on the island than on the mainland because of the restricted nature of the former.
ANAL PORES IN LEPTOSYNAPTA CLARKI (APODA)
Authors: Anderson R. Stewart
Published: August 2008

Anal pores were observed in living specimens of Leptosynapta clarki. Subsequent histological preparations substantiated these observations. The posterior anatomy of the animal and the possible functions of the anal pores is discussed.
SEASONAL CHANGES IN RETICULOCYTE NUMBER AND IN RELATIVE WEIGHTS OF THE SPLEEN, THYMUS, AND KIDNEYS IN THE NORTHERN RED-BACKED MOUSE
Authors: Sealander John A. , Bickerstaff Linda K.
Published: August 2008

Seasonal variations were observed in reticulocyte numbers and relative organ masses of the spleen, thymus, and kidneys in the northern red-backed mouse, Clethrionomys rutilus, in the vicinity of College, Alaska, during 1963 and 1964. There was a significant correlation between reticulocyte level and relative spleen weight and between relative spleen and thymus weights. There was no correlation between reticulocyte number and relative weight of the paired kidneys, but there were corresponding peaks in these parameters which appeared to be approximately 1 month out of phase with increase in kidney weights preceding increases in reticulocyte numbers. The probable significance of these variations is discussed in terms of adjustments of the red-backed mouse to seasonal cold exposure.
NEW FRESHWATER OSTRACODA FROM SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA
Authors: Delorme L. D.
Published: August 2008

The collection of freshwater ostracods from lakes, ponds, streams, and postglacial sediments in Saskatchewan reveals the presence of 61 species, of which six are new to the literature. These are Candona acutula n. sp., Cypriconcha ingens n. sp., Limnocythere posterolimba n.sp., and Limnocythere robusta n. sp. The genus Dolerocypris is reported for the first time from the Americas while six species Candona compressa, Candona rostrata, Cyprinotus elatior, Dolerocypris fasciata, Dolerocypris sinensis, and Potamocypris granulosa are newly recorded for North America.
THE EMBRYOLOGY OF LYTTA VIRIDANA LE CONTE (COLEOPTERA: MELOIDAE): II. THE STRUCTURE OF THE VITELLINE MEMBRANE
Authors: Gerrity R. G. , Rempel J. G. , Sweeny P. R. , Church N. S.
Published: August 2008

This paper deals with the structure of the vitelline membrane of Lytta viridana as seen through the light microscope and the electron microscope. Through the light microscope, the vitelline membrane of a freshly laid egg appears to be porous. This condition persists for 15–30 min. During this time the pores become progressively smaller until the membrane becomes solid and continuous. The electron microscope reveals that the vitelline membrane of the freshly laid egg is actually composed of a three-dimensional membranous system which condenses into a homogeneous membrane after 15–30 min. The apparent porosity of the membrane as seen through the light microscope is interpreted in terms of its fine structure, and the belief is expressed that solidification of the membranous system is initiated by sperm penetration.
THE LIFE CYCLE OF THE MARINE AMPHIPOD STEGOCEPHALUS INFLATUS KRØYER IN THE NORTHWEST ATLANTIC
Authors: Steele D. H.
Published: August 2008

Collections from the arctic and the Gulf of St. Lawrence were analyzed in order to study the life cycle. Evidence is presented to show that Stegocephalus inflatus is protandrous, produces broods throughout the year, and that each female has more than one brood. The relationship between length and brood size is calculated to be N =.000036 L4.03.
NEMATODES ASSOCIATED WITH TREE-INFESTING INSECTS: PAURODONTIDAE NEW FAMILY AND MISTICIINAE NEW SUBFAMILY WITH A DESCRIPTION OF ONE NEW GENUS AND FOUR NEW SPECIES
Authors: Massey Calvin L.
Published: August 2008

Misticius mustus n. gen. n. sp,, Pseudhalenchus hylobii n. sp., Mikotetzkya pierci n. sp., and Dirhabdilaimus carolinensis n. sp. are described. M. mustus was recovered from the galleries of the Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk., and P. hylobii from the frass of the pales weevil, Hylobius pales Boh., M. pierci, and D. carolinensis were taken from beneath the wing covers of Pachylobius picivorus Germ, and H. pales. Misticius is closely related to the genera Stictylus and Paurodontus in its esophageal characters. In the writer's opinion, the characters of the three genera vary sufficiently from other genera in the superfamily Tylenchoidea to justify familial rank.
DISPERSAL OF LAND BIRDS ON THE ISLANDS OF THE GULF OF ST. LAWRENCE, CANADA
Authors: Ouellet Henri
Published: August 2008

The distribution of the species of 16 families of land birds on the islands of the Gulf of St. Lawrence is reviewed. The writer has reached the conclusion that the distance separating the islands from the mainland is the limiting factor in two species only, and that the most important limiting factor is the availability of suitable habitats, at least in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Interspecific and intraspecific competition also play a role, but this has not been analyzed here.
Bird predation on black fly larvae and pupae in Ontario
Authors: James H. G.
Published: August 2008

Seven species of shore and water birds fed on immature stages of the black fly, Simulium vittatum Zetterstedt.
Subdivisions of stage E (ecdysis) in the crayfish Orconectes virilis
Authors: Aiken D. E.
Published: August 2008

Recent studies on the environmental regulation of molting in the crayfish Orconectes virilis have indicated that the death of an animal during exuviation may be important to the understanding of the physiology and endocrinology of ecdysis. In O. virilis molt mortalities may occur at any of four distinct points during stage E, and the practice of describing a molt mortality as occurring "when well along in the molt" is inadequate. To introduce more precision into the reporting of such mortalities the following classification is proposed.Stage E1: the thoracoabdominal intertergal membrane is distended and the posterior margin of the carapace is elevated slightly. Stage E2: the carapace is thrown forward and the cephalic structures are withdrawn. Stage E3: the abdomen and related components are withdrawn. Stage E4: the chelipeds and other walking legs are withdrawn.
Histochemical studies of dopa oxidase and peroxidase in the mantle-edge of the freshwater gastropod, Helisoma duryi eudiscus (Pilsbry)
Authors: Kapur S. P. , Gibson M. A.
Published: August 2008

The mantle-edge gland produces the highly tanned, densely fibrous periostracum, and the cubocolumnar cells contribute to the deposition of the less highly tanned matrix of the inner shell layers. The mantle-edge gland gives positive reactions for dopa oxidase and peroxidase, but does not contain melanin. The cubocolumnar cells reveal a positive reaction for dopa oxidase, possess numerous melanin granules, and exhibit a negative reaction for peroxidase. It is suggested that quinones may contribute to the process of tanning and hardening of the structural proteins of the shell. The dopa oxidase reaction within the cubocolumnar cells indicates the presence of tyrosine and suggests that these cells are capable of producing quinones to color and harden the protein component of the inner shell layers. It also explains the abundance of melanin granules within these cells. Within the mantle-edge gland, it is suggested that the peroxidase inhibits the formation of melanin from dopa quinone, and peroxidase, by accentuating quinone production, may cause further hardening of the periostracum.
Osmotic and ionic regulation in embryos, alevins, and fry of the five species of Pacific salmon
Authors: Weisbart Melvin
Published: August 2008

The physiological basis of the differences in the early life histories of pink (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha), chum (O. keta), coho (O. kisutch), chinook (O. tshawytschd), and sockeye (O. nerka) were examined.The LD50 values indicated that the embryos and alevins of the five species are stenohaline; that coho, chinook, and sockeye fry are stenohaline; and that pink and chum fry are euryhaline. However, pink and chum embryos and alevins showed significantly greater salinity resistance and osmoregulatory ability than embryos and alevins of the other species. This ability of pink and chum alevins was correlated with better serum regulation of sodium and chloride. Similarly, pink and chum fry manifested better blood sodium and chloride regulation than coho, chinook, and sockeye fry.Osmotic and ionic blood concentrations indicated that the greater salinity resistance of chinook alevins and fry over coho and sockeye alevins and fry was due to high tissue tolerance.The five species of embryos and fry, taken as a group, have greater salinity resistance and osmoregulatory ability than the five species of alevins.
An Arctic fairy shrimp (Artemiopsis stefanssoni Johansen 1921) in southern Alberta, with a note on the genus Artemiopsis
Authors: Hartland-Rowe R. , Anderson R. S.
Published: August 2008

The Arctic fairy shrimp Artemiopsis stefanssoni Johansen 1921 is reported from southern Alberta. Artemiopsis stefanssoni groenlandicus Linder 1932 is regarded as synonymous with the nominate species. A. stefanssoni is briefly compared with A. bungei Sars 1897.
Glomerular filtration and urine flow in the euryhaline southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma, in seawater
Authors: Hickman Jr. Cleveland P.
Published: August 2008

The glomerular filtration rate, determined with C-14 inulin, and urine flow rate were studied over a 10-month period in adult female southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma. The rate of glomerular filtration was low in winter, varying between 0.005 and 0.68 ml/h × kg body wt. (four fish), and higher in late spring, summer, and early fall, varying between 1.06 and 2.10 ml/h × kg (seven fish). The seasonal change in filtration rate corresponded to the migratory behavior of adults which migrate between a fully marine winter habitat on the continental shelf and a summer habitat in dilute, inshore waters. Urine flow rates varied between 0.11 and 0.85 ml/h × kg in different specimens, and was associated more closely with the solute load excreted than with the filtration rate. Both the glomerular filtration rate and the urine flow may fluctuate appreciably during an experiment.
Changes produced by a ruby laser on stages of Neodiprion sertifer Geoff.
Authors: Kobylnyk Ronald W. , Wilde Walter H. A.
Published: August 2008

External and developmental changes in eggs, feeding larvae, pronymphal larvae, pupae, and adults of Neodiprion sertifer were produced after exposure to single focussed pulses of 25 joules/cm2 of a ruby laser. Lesions ranged from mild depigmentation to complete obliteration of surfaces. After lasing, feeding larvae exhibited avoidance behavior. High mortality occurred in lased eggs, feeding larvae, and pronymphal larvae. Life spans of adults were shortened but pupae were unaffected. Decreasing sensitivity of N. sertifer stages to focussed lasing was as follows: eggs, feeding larvae, pronymphal larvae, adults, and pupae.
Electroretinogram of the sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus L.)
Authors: Kobayashi H. , Ali M. A.
Published: August 2008

The electroretinogram (ERG) of the sunfish recorded from the unpunctured eye in situ is of the cone type. It has a-, b-, and d-waves in the light-adapted state. In the dark-adapted fish the response is slower and lacks the c-wave. When stimulus duration is progressively reduced (in the light-adapted state), the b- and d-waves approach each other and fuse at a duration of about 40 msec. The sunfish's ERG resembles, in general, that of the salmon except that it lacks a c-wave and has more prominent waves.
On regeneration of the tentacular arm of the giant squid Architeuthis dux Steenstrup (Decapoda, Architeuthidae)
Authors: Aldrich Frederick A. , Aldrich Margueritte M.
Published: August 2008

The first specimen of giant squid studied from Newfoundland waters in 29 years, here identified as Architeuthis dux Steenstrup, was found to demonstrate regeneration of the terminal or club portion of the left tentacular arm. The regenerated club differed in length and width, and in the size and pattern of suckers, when compared with the normal tentacular arm. The process, as interpreted, is compared with the few references to regeneration in other species of decapod cephalopods found in the literature. It is stressed that this regeneration does not comply with Mathilda Lange's (1920) concept of regeneration in decapods by compensatory regulation.
The structure of a pregenital abdominal ganglion of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria (Forskäl)
Authors: Seabrook W. D.
Published: August 2008

The structure of the seventh abdominal ganglion of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria is described. Seven transverse commissures are shown to unite the opposing sides of the ganglion and six longitudinal tracts pass through each half of the structure to continue into their respective ventral connective. Seven discrete groups of cell bodies are located within the ganglion.Seventy-six neurone tracts are described and illustrated.
Elaborations of the cuticle of Acanthonchus duplicatus Wieser, 1959 (Nematoda: Cyatholaimidae) as revealed by light and electron microscopy
Authors: Wright K. A. , Hope W. D.
Published: August 2008

The light microscopic appearance of punctations and pore complexes of the cuticle of Acanthonchus duplicatus Wieser, 1959 are shown by electron microscopy to be due to the presence of dense material within the middle (matrix) layer of the cuticle in the form of rods and collar-like rings. The cuticle is considered to be composed of three layers. The rods of the middle layer are complex, having radiating prong-like processes at both proximal and distal ends. Patterns of five, six, seven, and eight radiating processes have been seen although most rods show the six-rayed pattern. Similar patterns are shown in the cuticle of a Halichoanolaimus sp. The pore complex is composed of a depression in the surface of the cuticle, a transverse slit-like pore, and the collar-like ring of dense material in the middle cuticle layer. It is concluded that this morphology is not indicative of campaniform sense receptors. The dense rods and rings of the middle cuticle layer may serve as supportive structures in the cuticle. Modified punctations, a second type of less dense punctation, and transverse striae are also described.
Nematode morphogenesis: fine structure of the cuticle of each stage of the nematode, Panagrellus silusiae (de Man 1913) Goodey 1945
Authors: Samoiloff M. R. , Pasternak J.
Published: August 2008

The fine structure of the cuticle of each of the five stages of the free-living nematode Panagrellus silusiae (de Man 1913) Goodey 1945 has been examined. The cuticle plan is made up of a few regions: (1) an outer region (~350 Å) which consists of three layers: a thin outer layer, an electron transparent layer, and a thin but diffuse inner layer; (2) an inner region which has virtually no resolvable substructure other than a striated layer. This layer is not usually seen in the early stages of development but is readily apparent in the L4 and adult stages. The pattern of the cuticle is the same for each stage.The lateral fields—alae—reveal a definite differentiation during the life cycle; in the larval stages they are mere bulges but in the adults they take on a distinct four-lobed shape. The cuticle lining the pharynx consists of two regions, and there is never a striated band present nor does the cuticle increase in width during nematode growth.The interchordal hypodermis is devoid of endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi material, and mitochondria, but in some regions glycogen is found.
A study of lobster (Homarus americanus) ecology using serum protein concentration as an index
Authors: Stewart James E. , Li M. F.
Published: August 2008

Previous work established that the serum protein concentration of lobster hemolymph was a valid index of the amount of muscle in the live lobster and its measurement provided a rapid non-destructive determination of the animal's physical condition. This measurement has been applied to slightly more than 1000 adult lobsters captured from widely separated locations in the Canadian Atlantic littoral to determine their physical condition throughout the annual cycle. A statistical analysis of these data was performed.The recovery of serum protein concentrations from the low levels following ecdysis, in all areas, was rapid initially, and appeared to be arrested during the winter. It was completed rapidly during the spring-summer warming period, culminating again in ecdysis. The maximal and minimal serum protein concentrations and their rate of change were quite different in the different areas. The results show clearly that the characteristics of the annual cycle for an area were unique to that area. The effect of temperature was considered as well as the effect of the long-term cooling trend in the northwestern Atlantic. The importance of the possibility of the observed differences being genetically fixed was discussed. The overall method would appear to afford a good, rapid means for studying the impact of the entire environment on the lobster as well as supplying information on the environment itself on which to base management practices and the selection of experimental animals.
Le larynx du phoque de Weddell (Leptonychotes weddelli, Lesson, 1826)
Authors: Piérard Jean
Published: August 2008

A descriptive and functional study of cartilages, muscles, and cavities of the Weddell seal larynx is made.Several conclusions can be drawn from this study, (a) The glottis is, more than in other pinnipeds, better adapted toward protective closure of the larynx, (b) The membranous part of the vocal fold is in such position that it contributes little or not to sound production, (c) However, short howls may be produced at the level of the glottis, mainly of its intercartilaginous part, (d) It is suggested that trilling sounds are made at the level of the cricotracheal junction and that the rostral part of the trachea acts as a resonating chamber for these sounds.
Whale milk. I. Fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) and beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas) milk: gross composition and fatty acid constitution
Authors: Lauer B. H. , Baker B. E.
Published: August 2008

Milk was obtained from a fin whale which was killed in the North Atlantic and from a beluga whale which was killed in Hudson Bay. The gross composition and fatty acid constitution of the milks were determined.
The trypanosomes of Ranidae. I. The effects of temperature and diurnal periodicity on the peripheral parasitaemia in the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana Shaw)
Authors: Bardsley J. E. , Harmsen R.
Published: August 2008

The peripheral parasitaemia of the Trypanosoma rotatorium complex in the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) is markedly affected by temperature. Over the long term, high temperatures are always coincident with high peripheral parasitaemia and vice versa; over the short term, increases in temperature bring about a corresponding increase in parasite level, and vice versa. A distinct diurnal cyclicity in parasitaemic level is found for one morph (type D) at elevated temperatures (26 °C); no such cyclicity was apparent at low temperatures (10 °C). Other morphs did not display any cyclicity at either temperature. It is proposed that the control of peripheral parasitaemia is due to changes in the level of metabolic activity of the host.Natural selection will favor any behavioral or growth pattern among trypanosomes which results in an increased peripheral parasitaemia at times and under conditions of optimal host–vector contact. The present results suggest an optimal host–vector contact for basking frogs. The possibility of an insect vector is discussed.