bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Zur Wirkungsweise amphiphiler Korrosionsinhibitoren in Rostschutzemulsionen
Authors: Förster Th. , von Rybinski W. , Schwuger M. J.
Published: March 2014

A prerequisite for the protection of metallic materials against atmospheric corrosion is to prevent the deposition of water on the metal surface. If present in sufficient concentration, amphiphilic corrosion inhibitors are adsorbed on metallic surfaces as closely packed hydrophobic films which form a barrier against the ambient air. As a consequence, the metal surface is no longer exposed to the humidity so that the atmospheric corrosion is strongly reduced. Good corrosion protection is achieved if the metal surface is covered by a strongly hydrophobic and irreversibly adsorbed inhibitor film. For ecological reasons rust‐preventive oils are increasingly substituted by anticorrosion emulsions. Unlike corrosion‐inhibiting oils, the performance of an anticorrosion emulsion is influenced not only by the choice of the corrosion inhibitor but also by the choice of the emulsifier. A synergistic reinforcement of the hydrophobic action was obtained by using an emulsifier that matched the corrosion inhibitor. In addition, the distribution equilibrium of corrosion inhibitors capable of ionizing at the oil‐water interface, like fatty acids at the proper pH, influences the performance of the anticorrosion emulsion.
Vapour Liquid Equilibria for Pure Fluids from the Perturbation Theory of the Kihara Molecule Systems
Authors: Kantor R. , Bonblík T.
Published: March 2014

The second‐order perturbation theory of the Kihara fluids is employed for the description of the vapour‐liquid equilibria of pure compounds. On the basis of vapour pressures and liquid volumes the Kihara potential parameters of 48 models for 28 pure fluids were adjusted. Good agreement between the theoretical and experimental values of orthobaric properties up to temperature T/Tc = 0.9 was observed.
Intermediates and Products of Ethanol Oxidation on Platinum in Acid Solution
Authors: Bittins‐Cattaneo B. , Wilhelm S. , Cattaneo E. , Buschmann H. W. , Vielstich W.
Published: March 2014

The adsorbate formed during ethanol oxidation in acidic solutions is studied by Fourier transform infrared reflection‐absorption spectroscopy (FTIR) at constant potential, on‐line (DEMS) and thermal desorption mass spectroscopy (ECTDMS). – As in the case of methanol adsorbate COad was identified by FTIR and in addition COHad by ECTDMS. On‐line MS experiments showed the formation of methane during the cathodic sweep of the voltammogram. Main products of ethanol oxidation from the bulk are carbon dioxide and acetaldehyde.
Electrochemically Induced Structural Changes in Conducting Polymers
Authors: Heinze Jürgen , Bilger Ralf , Meerholz Klaus
Published: March 2014

The cis/trans isomerization of cis‐PA upon cathodic reduction can be detected voltammetrically. The analysis of the redox data reveals that the trans‐form is thermodynamically more favourable in the charged than in the neutral state. Cyclic voltammetry also reflects geometric relaxation processes which occur in conjugated materials such as PPy or PTh during charging and discharging. The results are in good agreement with quantummechanical predictions based on the bipolaron model. Additional spectroelectrochemical studies unambiguously show that the charging process in the whole accessible potential range is faradaic.
(Na, Sr) Beta″ Aluminas – Herstellung und Charakterisierung neuer polykristalliner Festelektrolyte mit gemischter Leitfähigkeit
Authors: Allitsch G. , Linhardt P. , Breiter M. W.
Published: March 2014

Technical applications of isomorphs of the beta″ alumina family are described in the beginning of the paper. The production and characterization of new polycrystalline solid electrolytes, obtained by partial replacement of the monovalent sodium cation by the bivalent strontium cation in the starting material, sodium beta″ alumina from Ceramatec Inc., is reported next. The equilibrium distribution curve and the conductivities are discussed.
Simultaneous Photoacoustic and Photoelectrochemical Studies at Semiconductor Electrodes. Internal Quantum Efficiency, Peltier Heat, and Energy Conversion Efficiency for Photoanodic Water Oxidation at Flame‐Oxidized Titanium in 0.5 M H2SO4
Authors: Rappich Jörg , Dohrmann Jürgen K.
Published: March 2014

At an n‐TiO2 (rutile) thin‐film electrode made by flame‐oxidation of Ti foil, photoacoustic and photocurrent spectra have been measured simultaneously in 0.5 M H2SO4 at various electrode potentials. The potential dependence of the photoacoustic signal at constant light energy has been analyzed in terms of a simple model of the heat producing processes at the electrode. The internal quantum efficiency of the photocurrent, the Peltier heat and the energy conversion efficiency for photoanodic water oxidation have been determined from the photoacoustic measurement without the necessity to calibrate the intensity of the light source.
Properties of Slurry Electrodes from Activated Carbon Powder
Authors: Kastening Bertel
Published: March 2014

Slurry electrodes (suspensions of particulate electrode material) are suitable for carrying out electrochemical processes outside an electrochemical cell while removing the required charge from one electrode of such a cell. The suspended material must be stable against electrochemical attack within a certain range of potentials and must exhibit a sufficient capacity. Properly pretreated activated carbon powder can be polarized in acidic aqueous solution within potentials between about −0.2 and +1.0 V (vs. standard hydrogen electrode). In alkaline solutions, the limit towards positive potentials in considerably lower, about +0.3 V. Within these ranges, an almost constant capacity of about 100 … 120 F/g is observed, and there are no primary indications for Faradaic processes. While the capacity can essentially be attributed to a double‐layer behaviour, electrochemical surface reactions without a distinct redox potential may well be present; this presumption is supported by an examination of the ion exchange between the electrolyte within the pores of the particles and the external electrolyte. Frequent contacts with the “feeder” electrode are required for charging the capacity of the particles because, for particles with diameters between 0.2 and 0.5 mm, typically less than 0.01% of the charge necessary for complete adaptation to the feeder electrode potential is transferred during a single contact. This is due to the short duration of a collision (2 to 7 μs at liquid flow rates about 1 m/s towards the electrode) and to the sum of electrolyte and contact resistances. In 4 M H2SO4, the electrolyte resistance ranges from 5 to 2 Ω. The values of the contact resistance (15 to 5 Ω) are compatible with the behaviour expected from the theory of an elastic collision.
Kinetics of Ketyl Radical Reactions Occurring in the Photoreduction of Benzophenone by Isopropyl Alcohol
Authors: Demeter A. , László B. , Bérces T.
Published: March 2014

Benzophenone – isopropyl alcohol – acetonitrile, benzophenone – benzhydrol – acetonitrile and acetone – isopropyl alcohol – acetonitrile systems were studied by laser flash photolysis transient absorption technique and by steady‐state quantum yield determinations. Kinetic parameters were derived for reactions of the ketyl radicals formed in the primary photoreduction steps. The room temperature overall rate coefficients at 0.001 mol dm−3 benzophenone and 2.6 mol dm−3 isopropyl alcohol in acetonitrile are in 108 dm3 mol−1 s−1 units: 12.8 ± 0.6, 8.0 ± 0.4 and 0.59 ± 0.01 for Mc2ĊOH + Me2ĊOH, Me2ĊOH + Ph2ĊOH and Ph2ĊOH + Ph2ĊOH, respectively. (The error limits represent 2 standard deviations.) Combination was shown to be the only significant reaction in the interaction of two Ph2ĊOH radicals, while disproportionation is the dominating path in the reactions inolving Me2ĊOH radicals. Evidences are presented for the existence of four reaction channels in the cross reaction of the two ketyl radicals. These are combination (4a), disproportionations (4b) and (4c) and formation of a “light absorbing transient” (4d), with branching ratios k4a/k4 = 0.18 ± 0.08, k4b/k4 = 0.61 ± 0.11, k4c/k4 = 0.05 ± 0.02 and k4d/k4 = 0.18 ± 0.03, respectively. – The radical transfer reaction Me2ĊOH + Ph2CO → Me2CO + Ph2ĊOH, which may change considerably the product distribution and quantum yields in the photoreduction of benzophenone by isopropyl alcohol at medium and low light intensities, was investigated by quantum yield determinations and a room temperature rate coefficient of k5 = (7.3 ± 1.2) · 104 dm3 mol−1 s−1 was extracted through computer model simulation. This rate coefficient is considerably lower than the values reported previously.
Influence of Substituents and Functional Groups on the Surface Composition of Ionic Liquids
Authors: Kolbeck Claudia , Niedermaier Inga , Deyko Alexey , Lovelock Kevin R. J. , Taccardi Nicola , Wei Wei , Wasserscheid Peter , Maier Florian , Steinrück Hans‐Peter
Published: March 2014

We have performed a systematic study addressing the surface behavior of a variety of functionalized and non‐functionalized ionic liquids (ILs). From angle‐resolved X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, detailed conclusions on the surface enrichment of the functional groups and the molecular orientation of the cations and anions is derived. The systems include imidazolium‐based ILs methylated at the C2 position, a phenyl‐functionalized IL, an alkoxysilane‐functionalized IL, halo‐functionalized ILs, thioether‐functionalized ILs, and amine‐functionalized ILs. The results are compared with the results for corresponding non‐functionalized ILs where available. Generally, enrichment of the functional group at the surface is only observed for systems that have very weak interaction between the functional group and the ionic head groups.
Reactivity of Hydroxy‐ and Aquo(hydroxy)‐λ3‐iodane–Crown Ether Complexes
Authors: Miyamoto Kazunori , Yokota Yukie , Suefuji Takashi , Yamaguchi Kentaro , Ozawa Tomoyuki , Ochiai Masahito
Published: March 2014

We have designed a series of hydroxy(aryl)‐λ3‐iodane–[18]crown‐6 complexes, prepared from the corresponding iodosylbenzene derivatives and superacids in the presence of [18]crown‐6, and have investigated their reactivities in aqueous media. These activated iodosylbenzene monomers are all non‐hygroscopic shelf‐storable reagents, but they maintain high oxidizing ability in water. The complexes are effective for the oxidation of phenols, sulfides, olefins, silyl enol ethers, and alkyl(trifluoro)borates under mild conditions. Furthermore, hydroxy‐λ3‐iodane–[18]crown‐6 complexes serve as efficient progenitors for the synthesis of diaryl‐, vinyl‐, and alkynyl‐λ3‐iodanes in water. Other less polar organic solvents, such as methanol, acetonitrile, and dichloromethane, are also usable in some cases.
Arthrospira (Spirulina) Species as Bioadsorbents for Lead, Chromium, and Cadmium – a Comparative Study
Authors: Balaji Sundaramoorthy , Kalaivani Thiagarajan , Rajasekaran Chandrasekaran , Shalini Mohan , Siva Ramamoorthy , Singh Rajan Kumar , Akthar Mohammed Asif
Published: March 2014

Arthrospira (Spirulina) belongs to the cyanobacterial family has been reported as a potential bioremediation agent. The bioadsorption potential of Arthrospira species, namely A. indica, A. maxima, and A. platensis, was tested against lead, chromium, and cadmium toxicity under laboratory conditions. Arthrospira species were cultured in Zarrouk's medium containing lead, chromium, and cadmium with two varying concentrations (0.01 and 0.05 mM) and in river water contaminated with tannery effluent containing these heavy metals. Parameters like specific growth rate, total chlorophyll, and total protein contents were analyzed and compared. Specific growth rate, total chlorophyll, and total protein contents possess dose dependent decrease with increase in concentrations of metals and also in heavy metal contaminated tannery effluent when compared with control. Statistical analysis revealed that there is a good correlation between the specific growth rate and protein content in all the species. Atomic absorption spectrometry analysis also revealed that there is a maximum bioadsorption potential of the Arthrospira species. Results indicated that the three Arthrospira species used in this experiment were found to be potential candidates for bioadsorption against lead, chromium, and cadmium.
Spent Mushroom Compost as Biosorbent for Dye Biosorption
Authors: Toptas Aslı , Demierege Salih , Mavioglu Ayan Ebru , Yanik Jale
Published: March 2014

In this study, spent mushroom compost was investigated as a biosorbent for the removal of textile dyes from aqueous solution. Batch adsorption method was implemented for the study and analysis of the pH function, biosorbent amount, and contact time of the biosorption process. Biosorption kinetics followed the pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model for Acid Red 111 (AR111) and Basic Red 18 (BR18), whilst biosorption of Levafix Braun E‐RN (LB) was well described by pseudo‐first‐order and intra‐particle diffusion models. The biosorption process was found to be spontaneous and exothermic. The biosorption data conformed best with the Langmuir model. The maximum adsorption capacities were found as 140.9, 400.0, and 169.5 mg g−1 for AR111, BR 18 and LB, respectively. The results showed that spent mushroom compost can be utilized as low‐cost biosorbent in treating colored dye effluents.
Cell fusion mediates dramatic alterations in the actin cytoskeleton, focal adhesions, and E‐cadherin in trophoblastic cells
Authors: Ishikawa Atsuko , Omata Waka , Ackerman William E. , Takeshita Toshiyuki , Vandré Dale D. , Robinson John M.
Published: March 2014

The syncytiotrophoblast of the human placenta is a unique epithelia structure with millions of nuclei sharing a common cytoplasm. The syncytiotrophoblast forms by cell–cell fusion of cytotrophoblasts (CTB), the mononuclear precursor cells. The trophoblastic BeWo cell line has been used as a surrogate for CTB since they can be induced to fuse, and subsequently display numerous syncytiotrophoblast differentiation markers following syncytial formation. In this study, we have focused on alterations in the cell‐adhesion molecule E‐cadherin, actin cytoskeleton, and focal adhesions following BeWo cell fusion, since these entities may be interrelated. There was a dramatic reorganization of the distribution of E‐cadherin as well as a reduction in the amount of E‐cadherin following cell fusion. Reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton was also observed, which was associated with a change in the globular actin (G‐actin)/filamentous actin (F‐actin) ratio. Concomitantly, the morphology of focal adhesions was altered, but this occurred without a corresponding change in the levels of focal adhesion marker proteins. Thus, extensive remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton and focal adhesions accompanies cell fusion and differentiation and appears related to alterations in E‐cadherin in trophoblastic cells. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An overview of EMPaCT and fundamental issues affecting minority participation in cancer clinical trials: Enhancing minority participation in clinical trials (EMPaCT): Laying the groundwork for improving minority clinical trial accrual
Authors: Vickers Selwyn M. , Fouad Mona N.
Published: March 2014

This supplement provides an overview of the interventional efforts as well as scientific data regarding the undertaking by the EMPaCT consortium to document the scope of the problem and the results from multiple methods of interventions for increasing minority accrual in clinical trials.
Ruthenium Halide Complexes as N‐Alkylation Catalysts
Authors: Rodríguez‐Bárzano Andrea , Fonseca Joel D. A. , Blacker A. John , McGowan Patrick C.
Published: March 2014

A range of ruthenium‐arene compounds with chloride, bromide or iodide ligands were prepared and tested as catalysts for the homogeneous redox neutral alkylation of tert‐butylamine with phenethyl alcohol, and compared to the previously reported catalyst [RuCl2(p‐cymene)]2, in the presence of the diphosphine 1,1′‐bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene (dppf). The best catalytic activities were obtained with ruthenium iodide compounds. The formation of either [RuX(p‐cymene)(dppf)][X] or [(RuX2(p‐cymene))2(dppf)] (X = halide) under the catalytic conditions employed was investigated.
Phosphane‐ and Amine‐Catalyzed Ring‐Opening Reactions of Cyclopropenones with Isatin Derivatives: Synthesis of Carboxylated 1H‐Indoles and Multisubstituted 2H‐Pyran‐2‐ones
Authors: Zhao Wen‐Tao , Tang Xiang‐Ying , Shi Min
Published: March 2014

The phosphane‐ and amine‐catalyzed ring‐opening reactions of cyclopropenones with isatin derivatives give different reaction outcomes. Under phosphane catalysis, carboxylated 1H‐indoles are afforded in good yields, and under amine catalysis, multisubstituted 2H‐pyran‐2‐ones are provided in moderate yields. The mechanistic aspects of these reactions are discussed on the basis of control experiments.
Sol–Gel‐Derived Lithium Superionic Conductor Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3 Electrolyte for Solid‐State Lithium–Oxygen Batteries
Authors: Kichambare Padmakar D. , Howell Thomas , Rodrigues Stanley
Published: March 2014

Lithium aluminium germanium phosphate (LAGP) is attracting a great deal of attention as a solid electrolyte for lithium–oxygen (Li–O2) batteries due to its high ionic conductivity. In this study, LAGP is prepared by a sol–gel process using comparatively low‐cost GeCl2 as one of the reactants. The final product (LAGP) is obtained by sintering the dry precursor gel at 900 °C for 6 h. The influence of the duration of water evaporation during polymerization on the microstructure of LAGP has been examined. The structure, morphology, and electrochemical properties of LAGP are investigated by employing X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), nitrogen adsorption–desorption analysis, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. XRD studies confirm the formation of Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3 as a primary phase along with small amounts of AlPO4 and Li2O as impurity phases. LAGP specimens have ionic conductivities in the range of 10−4 to 10−5 S cm−1 at room temperature. In addition, LAGP also exhibits electrocatalytic activity towards the oxygen‐reduction and evolution reactions. These results demonstrate the potential of LAGP prepared by sol–gel processes as a solid electrolyte for lithium‐ion conduction in solid‐state lithium–oxygen batteries.
Controlled Growth of CoSx Nanostrip Arrays (CoSx‐NSA) on Nickel Foam for Asymmetric Supercapacitors
Authors: Dubal Deepak P. , Gund Girish S. , Lokhande Chandrakant D. , Holze Rudolf
Published: March 2014

A high‐energy‐density asymmetric supercapacitor based on cobalt sulfide nanostrip arrays (CoSx‐NSA) as the cathode and reduced graphene oxide as the anode has been prepared; the CoSx‐NSA was synthesized on three‐dimensional (3D) nickel (Ni) foam by using a simple and scalable chemical bath deposition (CBD) method. The reduced graphene oxide sheets were deposited on the Ni foam by hydrothermal treatment of the foam in a graphene oxide solution. Novel and unique nanostructured architectures of the CoSx electrode provide a large effective surface area. In addition, both of the electrode materials are directly grown on the substrate without any conductive additives or binders, avoiding unnecessary materials. The asymmetric supercapacitor device operates in a wider potential window, achieving a remarkably high energy density, excellent rate capability, and long‐term cycling stability. These attractive results make CoSx‐NSA a promising material for asymmetric supercapacitors of high energy and power density, utilizing an aqueous electrolyte solution.
Assessing the dependency between the magnitudes of earthquakes and the magnitudes of their aftershocks
Authors: Nichols Kevin , Schoenberg Frederic Paik
Published: March 2014

Current assumptions on the level of inter‐dependency between the magnitudes of earthquakes and the magnitudes of their aftershocks vary significantly, ranging from assumed independence for models like epidemic type aftershock‐sequence (ETAS) to assumed positive correlation, at least for the events leading up to the largest earthquakes, for models like accelerated moment release. Recently, a method was developed by Marsan and Lengline for model independent stochastic de‐clustering (MISD) of a multidimensional Hawkes self‐exciting process, or as is the case here, earthquake activity. After expanding the algorithm to allow for a spatially dependent background rate (henceforth SDMISD), repeated application of SDMISD to a global earthquake catalog allows for estimates with confidence bounds for the average magnitude of an aftershock conditioned upon the magnitude(s) of the earthquake(s) that caused the aftershock. 15 years of data on M 5.3 earthquakes from the global Centroid Moment Tensor earthquake catalog indicate that the magnitudes of aftershocks are dependent on the magnitudes of the earthquakes that cause them, and indeed, larger than average earthquakes are more likely to trigger larger than average aftershocks. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hybrid simulation testing of a self‐centering rocking steel braced frame system
Authors: Eatherton Matthew R. , Hajjar Jerome F.
Published: March 2014

The self‐centering rocking steel frame is a seismic force resisting system in which a gap is allowed to form between a concentrically braced steel frame and the foundation. Downward vertical force applied to the rocking frame by post‐tensioning acts to close the uplifting gap and thus produces a restoring force. A key feature of the system is replaceable energy‐dissipating devices that act as structural fuses by producing high initial system stiffness and then yielding to dissipate energy from the input loading and protect the remaining portions of the structure from damage. In this research, a series of large‐scale hybrid simulation tests were performed to investigate the seismic performance of the self‐centering rocking steel frame and in particular, the ability of the controlled rocking system to self‐center the entire building. The hybrid simulation experiments were conducted in conjunction with computational modules, one that simulated the destabilizing P‐Δ effect and another module that simulated the hysteretic behavior of the rest of the building including simple composite steel/concrete shear beam‐to‐column connections and partition walls. These tests complement a series of quasi‐static cyclic and dynamic shake table tests that have been conducted on this system in prior work. The hybrid simulation tests validated the expected seismic performance as the system was subjected to ground motions in excess of the maximum considered earthquake, produced virtually no residual drift after every ground motion, did not produce inelasticity in the steel frame or post‐tensioning, and concentrated the inelasticity in fuse elements that were easily replaced. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Silver nanoparticles induced accumulation of reactive oxygen species and alteration of antioxidant systems in the aquatic plant Spirodela polyrhiza
Authors: Jiang Hong-Sheng , Qiu Xiao-Ni , Li Gen-Bao , Li Wei , Yin Li-Yan
Published: March 2014

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely used commercially because of their antibacterial properties. Oxidative stress is known to be involved in the toxicity of AgNPs to bacteria, animals, and algae. The authors used Spirodela polyrhiza to investigate whether AgNPs can induce oxidative stress in higher plants. Results showed that there was a dose-dependent increase in levels of reactive oxygen species, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activity, and the antioxidant glutathione content in 6-nm AgNP treatments. Catalase activity and malondialdehyde content in 6-nm AgNP treatments was significantly higher than the control at silver concentrations of 5 mg L−1. Superoxide dismutase and catalase activity and antioxidant glutathione and malondialdehyde content were not significantly different at 10 mg L−1 of AgNPs (6 nm and 20 nm). Treatment with 20 µg L−1 Ag+ (the amount almost equal to 10 mg L−1 AgNPs released) did not change the reactive oxygen species level or antioxidant enzymes activity. Micron-sized Ag particles had no effect on S. polyrhiza. Transmission electron microscopy showed that, compared with the control, chloroplasts in S. polyrhiza treated with 6-nm and 20-nm AgNPs accumulated starch grains and had reduced intergranal thylakoids. These results clearly indicate that AgNPs are able to cause oxidative stress and affect the chloroplast structure and function of S. polyrhiza, and this effect was not caused by Ag+ released from particles. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:1398–1405. © 2014 SETAC
Oncologic outcomes of total laryngectomy: Impact of margins and preoperative tracheostomy
Authors: Basheeth Naveed , O'Leary Gerard , Khan Habib , Sheahan Patrick
Published: March 2014

Background

The purpose of this present study was to investigate risk factors for local recurrence and death after total laryngectomy, with particular emphasis on pattern of local recurrence (stomal vs pharyngeal/base of tongue) and impact of preceding tracheostomy.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective review of 75 consecutive total laryngectomies for cancer of the larynx.

Results

Nineteen patients underwent preoperative tracheostomy, which was a significant risk factor for local recurrence (p = .04). With regard to pattern of local recurrence, preoperative tracheostomy (p = .03) and pathological nodal status (pN+; p = .04) were significant for stomal, but not pharyngeal recurrence; whereas positive margins (p = .01) was significant for pharyngeal, but not stomal recurrence. Preoperative tracheostomy, pN+, lymphovascular invasion, and positive margins were all significant for survival.

Conclusion

Preoperative tracheostomy continues to be a significant adverse prognosticator in patients undergoing total laryngectomy. Our findings also suggest distinct causative factors for different patterns of postlaryngectomy local recurrence. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 37: 862–869, 2015
An Irish Cohort Study of Risk and Protective Factors for Infant Language Development at 9 Months
Authors: McNally Sinéad , Quigley Jean
Published: March 2014

This nationally representative study of Irish infants explores whether the set of child and environmental factors established as predicting language outcomes aged 3 years would also predict language and communication development as early as age 9 months. Associations between infant and environmental characteristics and infant language outcomes at 9 months, as measured on the ASQ 10‐month communication questionnaire, were explored in a series of bivariate logistic regression models and in a fully adjusted multivariable logistic regression model. Infant gender, health, birthweight and temperament were significantly associated with passing the ASQ communication measure at 9 months. Being an only child and having some experience of relative childcare predicted positive communication outcomes. Infants of older mothers and mothers who spoke less to the child while doing other things were significantly less likely to pass. Infants of mothers with the lowest educational level were more likely than their peers to pass at 9 months. Unlike language outcomes at 3 years, low maternal education does not appear to be a risk factor for poorer outcomes at 9 months. This study adds significantly to the infant language development literature by focussing on communication outcomes in early infancy and identifying protective and risk factors at such an early stage. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
WATER, FOOD AND ENERGY SUPPLY CHAINS FOR A GREEN ECONOMY
Authors: Vlotman Willem F. , Ballard Clarke
Published: March 2014

A new paradigm for sustainable, integrated, water resources management is emerging from international conferences around the world. Its most succinct description is ‘the water–food–energy nexus for a green economy’. The water, food and energy nexus aims at the most efficient, best practice principles applied throughout the full food supply chain. This includes consideration of reducing wastage of the food for various reasons in the supply chain. This paper describes the global opportunities for better efficiency and resources conservation in the water, food, and energy supply chains with examples from Australia. Food wastage equates on average to 243 l day−1 of water per person in the food they throw away, which is 1.5 times the daily water use per person in the UK. The concepts of virtual water and water footprint can help in identifying opportunities to save water by targeting reduction of wastage of food that has the highest virtual water content. A green economy aims at achieving optimised supply chain objectives in a manner that espouses the sustainability principle, gives due attention to environmental concerns and helps with eradication of poverty and hunger. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Human polyethylene granuloma tissues inhibit bone healing in a novel xenograft animal model
Authors: Esposito Christina I. , Oliver Rema A. , Campbell Patricia A. , Yu Yan , Walter William L. , Walter William K. , Walsh William R.
Published: March 2014

During revision of a conventional polyethylene joint replacement, surgeons usually remove the source of osteolysis (polyethylene) but cannot always remove all of the polyethylene granuloma tissues. We developed a human/rat xenograft model to investigate the effects of polyethylene granuloma tissues on bone healing. Human osteoarthritic and periprosthetic tissues collected during primary and revision hip arthroplasty surgeries were transplanted into the distal femora of athymic nude rats. After 3 weeks in vivo, there was a significant difference in the bone volume fraction (Vf) between empty, primary, and revision defects (p = 0.02), with a lower Vf in defects with revision granuloma tissues compared to defects with primary osteoarthritic tissues. Polyethylene granuloma tissues in trabecular bone defects inhibited bone healing. Therefore, debridement around a metal‐on‐polyethylene hip replacement may shorten the time it takes to achieve secondary stability around a revision hip replacement. © 2014 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:735–743, 2014.
Country Image of Pakistan: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Fan Ying , Shahani Akram
Published: March 2014

This paper reports an empirical study of the country image of Pakistan. The purpose is to analyse key factors that influence perceptions. Four focus groups were conducted with both Pakistani nationals and people from other countries. Findings include the following: (i) there was little positive image of Pakistan as a country; (ii) most non‐Pakistani respondents lacked knowledge of the country; (iii) the self‐perception of Pakistanis was also largely negative; and (iv) media was the main source of information about the country. However, perceptions could be changed simply, as respondents gave very different responses after watching a slide show of Pakistan. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Porphyrin Network Polymers Prepared via a Click Reaction and Facilitated Oxygen Permeation Through Their Membranes
Authors: Chikushi Natsuru , Ohara Emiko , Hisama Ayako , Nishide Hiroyuki
Published: March 2014

Network polymers of cobaltporphyrin derivatives are prepared by a facile click reaction via the Michael addition of acetoacetate‐substituted tetraphenyl cobaltporphyrin and tri‐ or tetra‐acrylates. The conversion is saturated for 1 h in the presence of a catalyst, which almost reaches the same gelation point of the formed network polymers. Deeply and homogeneously red‐colored membranes with a sub‐micrometer thickness are yielded on a porous supporting membrane. They are still tough even with a very high content of the rigid porphyrin residue. The oxygen permeability is high, at 10–100 Barrer, and the oxygen/nitrogen permselectivity (PO2/PN2) is significantly enhanced with the porphyrin content reaching 30, for the membranes with ca. 70 wt% porphyrin content.

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Compact quasi‐self‐complementary antenna for portable UWB applications
Authors: Zou Jinze , Liu Li , Cheung S. W.
Published: March 2014

A quasi‐self‐complementary (QSC) antenna with microstrip fed and a compact size of 19.7 × 19 mm2 is proposed for portable ultrawideband (UWB) applications. The antenna consists of a half‐elliptical conductor patch with two small half‐circular structures (HCSs) printed on one side of the substrate, and a slot with the complement of the conductor shape cut on the L‐shaped ground plane on the other side of the substrate. Computer simulation is used to design the QSC antenna. Results show that the HCSs can increase the lengths of the current paths on the antenna and hence, increase the operation bandwidth. As a result, for the same operation bandwidth, the size of the antenna can be reduced by 15% using the HCSs. Simulation is used to study the performance of the antenna in terms of S11, radiation pattern, realized gain, and efficiency. For verification of simulation results, the prototype of the antenna is measured using the antenna measurement system, Satimo Starlab system. The effects of the feeding cable used in measurement are also studied using computer simulation. The simulated cable effect on efficiency is evaluated and used to remove the cable effect on the measured result. Then, the simulated and measured efficiencies agree very well. Results show that the antenna has a bandwidth from 3.1 GHz to more than 12 GHz and efficiency of over 60%, making it suitable for portable UWB applications. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:1317–1323, 2014
A high selectivity and wide stopband UWB bandpass filter using asymmetric SIRs with split‐end
Authors: Weng Min‐Hang , Chen Wei‐Yu , Lan Siang‐Wen , Chang Shoou‐Jinn , Hon‐Kuan  , Su Yi‐Hsin
Published: March 2014

In this article, a design of high selectivity and wide stopband ultrawideband (UWB) filter based on the asymmetric step‐impedance resonator (SIR) with split‐end is proposed. By properly selecting the impedance ratio, R, and the length ratio, α, and arranging the length of split‐ends of the asymmetric SIR, the good UWB passband using only one asymmetric SIR is realized from 2.9 to 5.1 GHz. Moreover, by tuning the feedlines as I/O ports with the split‐ends of the asymmetric SIR, three transmission zeros are well investigated and introduced for improving the selectivity of passband and providing the spurious suppression. Measured results of the fabricated filter have a good agreement with the full‐wave simulated results. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:1353–1356, 2014
Small sierpinski bowtie patch antenna with modified ground plane for improved bandwidth
Authors: Tseng Ching‐Fang , Wan Chia‐Chun
Published: March 2014

A small sierpinski bowtie patch antenna with improved bandwidth is described in this article. With variation in ground plane geometry, the measured 10 dB bandwidth of the proposed antenna is obtained 62.7% compared with a bandwidth of 0.4% in the antenna without modified ground plane. By adjusting the ground plane size of sierpinski bowtie patch antenna, the proposed antenna area is reduced to a half of the traditional one and it can have still high gain and directivity. The designed antenna is simulated by electromagnetic simulation software HFSS 10.0. The results of simulation and actual measurements are in good agreement. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:1385–1387, 2014
A triband bandpass filter with low loss and high band selectivity using the split‐end asymmetric stepped impedance resonators
Authors: Weng Min‐Hang , Chang Shoou‐Jinn , Chen Wei‐Yu , Lan Siang‐Wen , Hung Cheng‐Yuan , Su Yi‐Hsin , Hon‐Kuan
Published: March 2014

In this article, a triband bandpass filter for the applications of global system for mobile communications at 1.8 GHz, WiMAX at 3.5 GHz, and WLAN at 5.2 GHz with low insertion loss and high selectivity is presented. First, the triband passband responses are designed by tuning the length ratio (u) and impedance ratio (R) of asymmetric stepped impedance resonators (SIRs). Second, the band performances are improved by carefully arranging the coupling structure of the SIR. In this design, the split‐end asymmetric SIRs are used to provide desired triband performances. Due to the four transmission zeros near the passband edge, the band selectivity of the proposed filter is much improved. The filter was fabricated and the measured results have a good agreement with the full‐wave simulated results. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:1427–1430, 2014
Broadband 270° sectoral microstrip antenna
Authors: Deshmukh Amit A. , Jain Ankita R. , Ray Kamla P.
Published: March 2014

A new 270° sectoral microstrip antenna (MSA) is proposed. It has additional resonance mode whose frequency lies below the fundamental mode of equivalent circular patch. Furthermore, slot cut 270° sectoral MSA is proposed. It gives bandwidth of more than 500 MHz (> 45%) with broadside radiation pattern and peak gain of 8.5 dBi. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:1447–1449, 2014
A frequency‐reconfigurable antenna for internal mobile handset applications
Authors: Sung Youngje
Published: March 2014

In this article, a frequency‐reconfigurable planar antenna for mobile handset applications that covers the GSM, DCS, PCS, and UMTS bands is presented and studied. The antenna consists of a single continuous loop element with three connections to a printed circuit board through a feeding point and two shorting points. Additionally, a protruded ground plane is printed on the circuit board near the radiating element. Depending on the switching states of the PIN diode, the reconfigurable antenna operates in a planar inverted‐F antenna (PIFA) mode or loop mode. It is found from the measured results that the PIFA mode covers the GSM band, and the loop mode covers the DCS/PCS/UMTS bands. The occupied antenna volume of the proposed design is 27.8 × 10 × 1.6 mm3, which is quite compact as compared to internal mobile handset antennas that have been reported recently. Good radiation pattern characteristics with reasonable gains have been observed over the operating bandwidths. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:1366–1371, 2014
Design of compact antenna for 2.4/4.9/5.2/5.8‐GHz WLAN
Authors: Sun Xiaolei L. , Cheung S. W. , Yuk T. I.
Published: March 2014

The design of a compact antenna for wireless devices in the 2.4/4.9/5.2/5.8‐GHz wireless local area network (WLAN) application is presented. The antenna consists of a U‐element with microstrip‐fed on one side of the substrate and an L‐element connected to ground on the other side. The U‐element generates a high‐frequency band at around 5.5 GHz for the 4.9/5.2/5.8‐GHz WLAN bands. The same U‐element, by forming a loop element with the L‐element and the ground, also generates a low‐frequency band at 2.44 GHz for the low‐WLAN band. The two radiating elements together have a compact size of 12.6 × 9 mm2 and the whole antenna has a very small size of only 25 × 25 mm2, including the ground plane. Computer simulation and measurement are used to study and optimize the antenna. For practical use of the design, the antenna is also designed on a mobile‐phone printed‐circuit board and studied using computer simulation and measurement. A simulation model of the feeding cable is included in simulation. Simulated and measured performances show good agreements. Finally, the effect of mobile phone housing is also studied using computer simulation. All results show that the antenna can cover all the 2.4/4.9/5.2/5.8‐GHz WLAN bands; hence the proposed antenna is a very promising candidate for practical WLAN devices. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:1360–1366, 2014
Altered resting state functional connectivity in young survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Kesler Shelli R. , Gugel Meike , Pritchard‐Berman Mika , Lee Clement , Kutner Emily , Hosseini S.M. Hadi , Dahl Gary , Lacayo Norman
Published: March 2014

Background

Chemotherapy treatment for pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has been associated with long‐term cognitive impairments in some patients. However, the neurobiologic mechanisms underlying these impairments, particularly in young survivors, are not well understood. This study aimed to examine intrinsic functional brain connectivity in pediatric ALL and its relationship with cognitive status.

Procedure

We obtained resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) and cognitive testing data from 15 ALL survivors age 8–15 years and 14 matched healthy children. The ALL group had a history of intrathecal chemotherapy treatment but were off‐therapy for at least 6 months at the time of enrollment. We used seed‐based analyses to compare intrinsic functional brain network connectivity between the groups. We also explored correlations between connectivity and cognitive performance, demographic, medical, and treatment variables.

Results

We demonstrated significantly reduced connectivity between bilateral hippocampus, left inferior occipital, left lingual gyrus, bilateral calcarine sulcus, and right amygdala in the ALL group compared to controls. The ALL group also showed regions of functional hyperconnectivity including right lingual gyrus, precuneus, bilateral superior occipital lobe, and right inferior occipital lobe. Functional hypoconnectivity was associated with reduced cognitive function as well as younger age at diagnosis in the ALL group.

Conclusions

This is the first study to demonstrate that intrinsic functional brain connectivity is disrupted in pediatric ALL following chemotherapy treatment. These results help explain cognitive dysfunction even when objective test performance is seemingly normal. Children diagnosed at a younger age may show increased vulnerability to altered functional brain connectivity. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014;61:1295–1299. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
RESPONSES OF INTERMITTENT STREAM FISH ASSEMBLAGES TO IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Godinho F. N. , Pinheiro P. J. , Oliveira J. M. , Azedo R.
Published: March 2014

Large‐scale irrigation projects are being undertaken in the Mediterranean region, and agricultural practices are being intensified, but their impacts on instream biota remain poorly documented. The present study assesses the effects of an irrigation scheme on fish community structure in Mediterranean streams. Fish assemblages were sampled in unregulated intermittent streams over 6 years concurrently with the development of a new irrigation project in southwestern Iberia, and the biotic variation was separately related to increases in human activity and environmental gradients. Overall, fish assemblages were influenced by reservoir proximity (likely functioning as a source of non‐native species), the proportion of irrigated lands, average water depth and wetted width (likely related with habitat permanency), and elevation. Results indicated that human actions linked to the irrigation project significantly shaped fish assemblage changes, after accounting for the effect of environmental variables. The proportion of irrigated lands in the catchment was related to some fish metrics (proportion of less tolerant specimens, proportion of invertivores and proportion of non‐native specimens, except G. holbrooki). Our results support the thesis that the development and exploitation of irrigation schemes impact fish assemblages and reinforce the need to ensure that the ongoing agricultural intensification is compatible with the ecological integrity of Mediterranean intermittent streams. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Corrosion effect to the surface of stainless steel treated by two processes of low temperature carburization
Authors: Balijepalli S. K. , Ceschini L. , Chiavari C. , Kaciulis S. , Martini C. , Mezzi A. , Montanari R. , Verona Rinati G.
Published: March 2014

AISI 316L austenitic stainless steel is widely used in industrial applications, usually in contact with corrosive environments. Low temperature carburization (LTC) is a treatment increasingly applied to these steels in order to harden the surface without decreasing the corrosion resistance.In the present work, LTC techniques such as industrial and plasma‐assisted treatments were applied to stainless steel and compared for their resistance to corrosion. The micro‐chemical composition of hardened layer before and after corrosion treatments was studied on both the samples by surface‐sensitive XPS and AES techniques. The results of plasma‐assisted LTC treatment showed similar behavior of corrosion resistance as industrial LTC treatment. Hence, the plasma‐assisted LTC treatment can be a suitable replacement for the industrial LTC treatment of stainless steels Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterization of carbon nanoparticle films prepared by plasma‐based ion implantation
Authors: Sawai Shu , Nakahara Yuya , Matsumoto Naohiro , Choi Junho , Kato Takahisa , Kawaguchi Masahiro
Published: March 2014

Carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) were synthesized by the plasma‐based ion implantation method, and structural variations and the synthesis mechanism of CNPs were investigated. CNPs were grown by implanting carbon ions from methane gas into thin silver films. To obtain pure CNPs from the silver matrix, the silver films were evaporated by a thermal process under high vacuum. XPS depth analysis revealed that initially silver atoms were preferably sputtered during implantation, then CNPs gradually started to appear on the silver and carbon atoms concentrated near the surface. Stacked carbons on the surface may prevent silver films from being sputtered and carbon ions from penetrating into the silver matrix. The CNPs grew up to 20 nm, but their size did not increase after the implantation for 2 h. Instead, a membrane cluster among the CNPs was observed after the implantation for 3 h. Thermal process at 750 °C for removing silver to obtain only CNPs did not affect CNP growth. Raman spectra indicated that spherical CNPs consist of graphitic structure and long‐time implantation yielded amorphous membranes as well as the CNPs. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Autobiographical Memory and Imagining Future Personal Events: Event Specificity and Symptoms of Depression and Stress Following Exposure to an Analogue Trauma
Authors: Belcher Jessica , Kangas Maria
Published: March 2014

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether reduced autobiographical memory and future event specificity were associated with elevated depressive and stress symptoms immediately and 1 week following exposure to a trauma film. A non‐clinical sample comprising 101 participants completed all phases of the study, which included the following: baseline tests of autobiographical memory and future event specificity; a diary recording intrusions of the film over a 7‐day period; and self‐report questionnaires assessing depressive, posttraumatic stress and ruminative symptoms 7 days following the trauma film viewing. Overgeneral autobiographical memory was significantly related to deficits in the specificity with which participants imagined future events. Participants who were more specific when remembering past and imagining future events reported less intrusions related to the trauma film over the 7‐day period following the film; however, event specificity was not associated with depressive and stress symptoms 7 days later. These findings suggest that reduced past and future event specificity may play a role in the experience of intrusions following the experience of a stressful event. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.