bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fear and Violence in Late Ottoman Syria: The Ismaʿilis and the School of Agriculture
Authors: Merali Amaan
Published: April 2020

This article explores the changing relations between state officials and the Shiʿi Nizari Ismaʿilis in early 20th-century Ottoman Syria. It examines the history surrounding the founding of the School of Agriculture in the majority Ismaʿili town of Salamiyya. Ottoman authorities had only recently discovered that the Ismaʿilis were followers of an imam in Bombay, the Aga Khan III. Once the community was associated with a British Empire loyalist like the Aga Khan, officials suspected collusion. Subsequent criminal investigations sanctioned legal and political persecution against the Ismaʿilis. Arresting and imprisoning the Ismaʿilis, however, could only do so much. Officials decided on a policy to correct their beliefs through state schooling and turn the Ismaʿilis into loyal Ottomans. Provincial authorities, meanwhile, took advantage of Istanbul’s doubts over the Ismaʿilis’ loyalty to the Empire. They proceeded to arrest the Ismaʿilis and confiscate tens of thousands of gold liras in cash and jewellery from the community. The cash and valuables were buried in a fund which ultimately paid for the School of Agriculture. This article concludes that violence was mandated by all levels of government and prefigured any educational policy for the Ismaʿilis in Syria because of fears the community was a fifth column.
Utilización de nuevas herramientas para la evaluación de la asignatura Estadística Empresarial I: matrices de especificidades y hojas de evaluación
Authors: Márquez Durán Antonio Miguel
Published: April 2020

En este trabajo queremos mostrar una serie de herramientas que nos sirvan para comprobar la adquisición, por parte del alumnado de Estadística Empresarial I, de ciertas competencias, de una forma sencilla pero a la vez rigurosa.
Un curso de Cálculo con Wolfram Alpha
Authors: Palencia-González Francisco Javier , García Llamas María del Carmen
Published: April 2020

El objetivo de esta experiencia docente es proveer a los alumnos de herramientas informáticas que les permitan avanzar en el estudio de las asignaturas de contenido matemático por sí mismos, pudiendo detectar los errores cometidos a la hora de resolver problemas, mejorando paulatinamente en la resolución de los mismos, cuestión básica en el caso de los estudiantes de nuestra universidad, por ser los mismos estudiantes a distancia. El trabajo muestra como se ha utilizado el sitio web de Wolfram Alpha, www.wolframalpha.com, como herramienta de apoyo a la hora de estudiar y preparar la asignatura Matemáticas para la Economía: Cálculo, perteneciente al primer curso del Grado de Economía y la asignatura Fundamentos de Cálculo del primer curso del Grado de Turismo. Para que los estudiantes se familiarizaran y utilizaran el sitio web se han diseñado y escrito varias miniguías en formato digital, una por cada uno de los temas del curso, y se han publicado en el campus virtual. Se ha controlado el uso de la herramienta y su posible eficiencia mediante una serie de cuestionarios asociados a cada una de las miniguías, así como un cuestionario introductorio y uno final.
Las tecnologías que dan soporte a las “Jornadas de Experiencia e Innovación en Estadística y Matemáticas” (EXIDO 19)
Authors: Arias Vílchez Joaquín
Published: April 2020

EXIDO 19 pretende, como ya lo hiciese en los tres últimos años 2016, 2017 y 2018, ser un punto de encuentro para compartir experiencias educativas reales en Estadística y/o Matemáticas que se enmarquen en el ámbito cotidiano de la docencia en los diferentes niveles de la educación Matemática.
Motives of participation in Paraná School Games of students-athlets in Brazil
Authors: Grubertt Guilherme Alves , Cavazzotto Timothy , Junior Arnaldo Vaz , Mouad Mariana , Dib Luiz Roberto Paez , Junior Helio Serassuelo , Dourado Antônio Carlos
Published: April 2020

A sports practice for young people has been shown as an important tool in searching for physical, psychological and social benefits. However, some international surveys pointed out that only one part of the children and youths practice sports with some regularity, and that those who start a sports practice, there is a high rate of abandonment. In this sense, experts point out that understanding the reasons that lead to a sport practice can be an important way to understand this phenomenon, especially for the school athlete. Thua, the objective of this study was to identify the reasons for sports practice of school athletes in different sports modalities participating in the School Games of Paraná - 2016 and the variables, gender, age, and training time. In total, 2014 school athletes (1050 girls and 964 boys), aged 10 to 17, participated in the study. The results demonstrate that school athletes gave greatest importance to aspects related to improvement in technical skills, tackling challenges and exposure to risks, learning new skills, and moving to a higher level.
REPRESENTAÇÃO, APERCEPÇÃO E CONSTITUIÇÃO DO EU EM HERBART
Authors: Neitzel Odair
Published: April 2020

O presente trabalho se ocupa com a teoria da representação e apercepção de Johann Friedrich Herbart. A pesquisa é de natureza bibliográfica, de caráter analítico e interpretativo. Tem por objetivo fazer uma releitura destes conceitos, refletindo sobre sua relação com a educação, mostrando sua proximidade com discussões recentes na psicologia da educação. O texto ainda pretende contribuir para o resgate do pensamento de Herbart e à revisão dos equívocos de interpretação e leitura deste, que pode ser considerado um dos maiores clássicos da pedagogia. A partir da aproximação conceitual, o ensaio volta-se à reflexão sobre as implicação destes para a constituição do eu e dos possíveis desdobramentos para a educação.
GÊNERO E DIVER-CIDADE: EDUCAÇÃO E INVISIBILIDADE LGBTQ NOS ESPAÇOS URBANOS
Authors: Wisniewski Rudião Rafael
Published: April 2020

A invisibilidade condicionada aos sujeitos LGBTQ é fator determinante nas relações estruturantes dos espaços urbanos e, consequentemente, socioculturais. Esta temática se faz relevante no momento em que concebemos que os fatores que constituem os indivíduos são os mesmos que constituem o espaço no qual se inserem, num movimento continuamente recursivo. Nesta perspectiva, por meio de análise e pesquisa bibliográfica, o presente texto tem como objetivo ampliar a discussão sobre o comportamento dos sujeitos LGBTQ como agentes constituintes das cidades e por elas constituídos. Frequentemente reprimidos e marginalizados pelo status quo da heteronormatividade, resta-os se fazerem invisíveis ou lutarem por visibilidade, e a educação é, sem dúvida, a principal ferramenta para esta tarefa.
DEMANDAS IDENTITÁRIAS NAS POLÍTICAS DE CURRÍCULO PARA O ENSINO DAS CIÊNCIAS
Authors: Pimentel Junior Clívio
Published: April 2020

Focalizo, neste trabalho, as demandas identitárias presentes em políticas curriculares produzidas por comunidades epistêmicas para o Ensino das Ciências. Amparado em registro pós-estrutural e pós-fundacional acerca da identidade, busco questionar os universalismos identitários projetados sobre os professores, os estudantes e o social nos textos políticos analisados, argumentando criticamente sobre a fixidez dos perfis produzidos e sua vinculação explícita à questão da qualidade da educação em ciências. Defendo que a assunção radical da diferença permite bloquear a hipertrofia da razão controladora na educação em ciências, sendo capaz de desarticular princípios identitários fundacionistas marcados pela gana de signifixação de sujeitos e processos escolares em versões antecipadas e autorizadas da alteridade.
Educator's Learning Alignment Instrument (ELAI):
Authors: Vining Robert D. , Millard Timothy
Published: April 2020

Objective

To report the development and initial testing of a questionnaire designed to assess the concept of learning alignment within chiropractic college courses.

Methods

A 36-item questionnaire, Educator's Learning Alignment Instrument (ELAI), was created to evaluate how learning goals, course activities, and assessments align within a college course. Questionnaire development was informed by learning theories and tested using a 2-phased electronic survey mechanism among a chiropractic college faculty. Phase 1 included completing the ELAI for a currently implemented course. Phase 2 included questions about confidential reports generated from ELAI data.

Results

Thirty-one of 46 (67%) respondents completed an ELAI. Twelve (38%) participated in phase 2. Twenty-one (68%) courses demonstrated consistent learning focus across goals, activities, and assessments. Aggregate data from early, middle, and late chiropractic program courses revealed progressive shifts toward higher-level learning. Eighty-seven percent of courses contained 1 or more individual learning areas with potentially misaligned goals, activities, or assessment. Ninety-seven percent of respondents completed ELAI questions within 20 minutes. Most (87%) phase 2 respondents noted the report accurately reflected the course. Sixty-seven percent of phase 2 respondents agreed that confidential reports provided useful information to inform course design.

Conclusion

The ELAI is a nonburdensome instrument that can facilitate faculty reflection on how aligned learning concepts are applied in a course and provide novel data to assess general learning focus within college courses and within programs. Results indicate ELAI questions can be revised to improve clarity. Additional research comparing ELAI responses from experts, peer educators, and students is recommended.
Career Satisfaction among Community Pharmacists
Authors: Iqbal Muhammad Shahid , Iqbal Muhammad Zahid
Published: April 2020

Objective: This study's objective was to determine the level of career satisfaction among practicing Community Pharmacists (CPs) and the impact of various factors on career satisfaction.

Methods: This cross-sectional study used a self-administered instrument to access the current level of career satisfaction among CPs. The survey instrument questions were adopted from previous studies and were contextualized to suit study objectives and revalidated using face and content validation. The study instrument was distributed and collected. 

Results: A total of 172 responses from CPs were received, 112 (65.1%) from males and 60 (34.9%) from females. The difference in age categories was significantly profound in the less than 34 years old group being 113 (65.7%) compared with the more than 34 years old being 59 (34.3%). Around 98 (57%) were working in chain pharmacies and 74 (43%) in independent pharmacy stores. The study result showed126 (73.3%) were unsatisfied in their careers and 46 (26.7%) were satisfied.

Conclusion: Age and working experience are both major contributing factors to career satisfaction levels. Only 36.5% reported having higher career satisfaction levels among total participated CPs.
Out-of-pocket Healthcare Costs of COPD Exacerbation Episodes: A Hidden Cost and Growing Strain on Family Budgets
Authors: Iqbal Muhammad Shahid , Al-Saikhan Fahad I. , Iqbal Muhammad Zahid
Published: April 2020

Introduction: Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) appears to be the main reason for hospitalization among chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. This study aimed to evaluate the substantial economic burden of COPD in terms of out-of-pocket costs (OOPCs) among COPD patients.

Methods: This study consisted of 67 consenting patients with AECOPD. A cross-sectional study was performed via convenience sampling. Data were gathered based on per episode of exacerbation and the calculation of OOPCs was done based on direct and indirect costs.

Results: This study showed that the mean length of hospital stay for four severity levels (according to GOLD guidelines) was 3.4, 7.2, 10.3 and 14.1 days, respectively. The mean OOPCs per episode of exacerbation according to the severity level were 139.1, 153.3, 171.4 and 365.8 USD, respectively.

Conclusion: Impacts of OOPCs regarding AECOPD episodes on healthcare resources are worthy of attention. Cost estimation from patients’ perspective especially OOPCs estimation is important in decision and policy-making to improve healthcare states of a population.
Discussion Addendum for: 4‐Nonylbenzoic Acid
Authors: Fürstner* Alois
Published: April 2020

This addendum presents various examples that illustrate the tremendous advances in the iron‐catalyzed cross coupling since the original
Organic Syntheses
procedure was published in 2005. The 2005
Organic Syntheses
procedures describing the preparation of 4‐nonylbenzoic acid, a component of liquid crystalline materials, captures the state of development of iron catalysis. It is pointed out that alkyl/aryl cross coupling can be effected without preparing a Grignard reagent in a separate step. The promise that cheap and benign iron catalysts allow palladium to be substituted – at least in certain cross coupling reactions – was a major incentive. It soon became clear that this metal is also able to promote cross coupling reactions of substrates that have little or no precedent in the classical canon.
Discussion Addendum for: Phosphine‐Catalyzed [3 + 2] Annulation: Synthesis of Ethyl 5‐(tert‐Butyl)‐2‐Phenyl‐1‐Tosyl‐3‐Pyrroline‐3‐Carboxylate
Authors: Shaikh Aslam C. , Kwon* Ohuyn
Published: April 2020

Nitrogen heterocycles are core structural units of many natural products and drugs. Among them, pyrrolines are particularly widespread in natural products and bioactive molecules. This addendum describes the synthesis of ethyl 5‐(tert‐butyl)‐2‐phenyl‐1‐tosyl‐3‐pyrroline‐3‐carboxylate. It presents a potential mechanism for allene–imine [3 + 2] annulation. Many new phosphine‐catalyzed [3 + 2] imine–allene annulations, and their synthetic applications, have been reported. These advances are the focus of this addendum. Phosphine‐catalyzed [3 + 2] annulations of allenes and imines can be efficient protocols for regio‐ and stereoselective syntheses, under mild conditions, of valuable substituted pyrrolines presenting a variety of functional groups. Such methods are intriguing because the seemingly innocuous phosphine acts, in most cases, as the catalyst with no need for additional ligands or additives.
Stereoselective Synthesis of (
R
)‐((
R
)‐1‐Phenyl‐2,2,2‐Trichloroethyl)2‐(2‐Bromophenyl)aziridine‐1‐Carboxylate
Authors: Lebel* Hélène , Piras Henri
Published: April 2020

This chapter article the procedure for synthesis of (R)‐((R)‐1‐phenyl‐2,2,2‐trichloroethyl)2‐(2‐bromophenyl)aziridine‐1‐carboxylate. It presents some of the important points to be considered, the conditions that need to be maintained, characterization data, and the reagents required, as well as the techniques used and the equipment setup that are vital to carrying out the process. Stereoselective aminations of alkenes and alkanes are achieved using namely metal nitrene species. The scope of the aziridination reaction includes styrene derivatives containing diversely functionalized aromatic ring as well as β‐methylstyrene. The cleavage of the (R)‐2,2,2‐trichloro‐1‐phenylethyl carbamate undergoes under basic reaction conditions, avoiding the concomitant opening of the aziridine moiety, that is typically observed for cleavage of sulfonyl‐protected aziridines. The article also describes the hazards associated with working with chemicals and the ways to deal with these hazards.
Facile Reduction of Amides Using Nickel Catalysis: Reduction of 12‐Aminododecanolactam
Authors: Simmons Bryan J. , Ramirez Melissa , Garg* Neil K.
Published: April 2020

This article describes the procedure for facile reduction of amides using nickel catalysis by reduction of 12‐aminododecanolactam. It presents some important points to be considered, the conditions that need to be maintained and the reagents required, as well as the equipment setup that are vital to carrying out the process. This type of amide reduction often requires the use of Raney nickel, high temperatures, and high pressures of H2gas. A variety of amides, both secondary and tertiary, can be reduced to give the corresponding amine products. The article also describes the hazards associated with working with chemicals and the ways to deal with these hazards.
Discussion Addendum for: Fluorobis(phenylsulfonyl)methane (
FBSM
)
Authors: Ispizua‐Rodriguez Xanath , Krishnamurti Vinayak , Coe Mathew , Prakash* G. K. Surya
Published: April 2020

Monofluoromethylation is an important transformation that has been employed as a strategy to introduce fluoroalkyl functionalities into molecules. Among the known reactions, nucleophilic monofluoromethylation stands out as an important approach in which a fluoroalkyl anion is generated and reacted with a suitable electrophile. Fluorobis(phenylsulfonyl)methane (FBSM) has been widely employed as a pronucleophile given that the electron‐withdrawing nature of the phenylsulfonyl groups increases the acidity of the proton in the adjacent carbon atom, making its deprotonation facile and giving rise to a resonance stabilized fluoromethide species that can react with several electrophiles. This discussion addendum discloses the transformations available, employing FBSM as a monofluoromethylation reagent. The discussion includes Michael, multicomponent, and substitution reactions with FBSM and also additions of FBSM to alkenes, alkynes, and Morita‐Baylis‐Hillman Products.
Abalone Withering Syndrome Disease Dynamics: Infectious Dose and Temporal Stability in Seawater
Authors: Crosson Lisa M. , Lottsfeldt Nina S. , Weavil-Abueg Mariah E. , Friedman Carolyn S.
Published: April 2020

Withering syndrome (WS) is a chronic bacterial disease that affects numerous northeastern Pacific abalone Haliotis spp. The causative agent of WS is an obligate intracellular Rickettsiales-like bacterium (WS-RLO) that remains unculturable, thereby limiting our understanding of WS disease dynamics. The objectives of our study were to (1) determine the temporal stability of WS-RLO DNA outside of its abalone host in 14°C and 18°C seawater, (2) develop a standardized protocol for exposing abalones to known concentrations of WS-RLO DNA, and (3) calculate the dose of WS-RLO DNA required to generate 50% infection prevalence (ID50) in the highly cultured red abalone Haliotis rufescens. The WS-RLO stability trials were conducted in October 2016, February 2017, and June 2017. A quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis was used to quantify bacterial DNA for 7 d in seawater collected at an abalone farm in southern California, where the pathogen is now endemic. For all trials and temperature treatments, WS-RLO DNA was unstable in seawater for longer than 2 d. To determine an ID50, groups of uninfected juvenile red abalone were subjected to 3-h bath exposures with four concentrations of WS-RLO at 0, 103, 104, and 105 DNA copies/mL. Abalone feces were tested biweekly for the presence of WS-RLO DNA, and abalone tissues were sampled 9 weeks postinfection for histological and qPCR analyses. The ID50 results indicated that our protocol was successful in generating WS-RLO infections; a pathogen dose of 2.3 × 103 DNA copies/mL was required to generate a 50% infection prevalence in red abalone tissue. These findings are critical components of disease dynamics that will help assess WS transmission risk within and among abalone populations and facilitate appropriate management and restoration strategies for both wild and cultured abalone species in WS-endemic areas.
Understanding Fatigue‐Related Disability in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Ankylosing Spondylitis: The Importance of Daily Correlates
Authors: Hegarty Roisin S. M. , Conner Tamlin S. , Stebbings Simon , Fletcher Benjamin D. , Harrison Andrew , Treharne Gareth J.
Published: April 2020

Objective

Fatigue is common among people with inflammatory arthritis but is hard to manage. The aim of this study was to investigate how daily fluctuations in psychological variables correspond with changes in fatigue‐related disability in the daily lives of people with inflammatory arthritis and to identify factors to target in psychological interventions and routine clinical practice.

Methods

A cohort of 143 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (n = 97) or ankylosing spondylitis (n = 46) participated in a 10‐day online diary study. Each evening participants completed a diary questionnaire assessing their fatigue, pain, fatigue‐related disability, and 4 components of psychological flexibility (valued activity, mindfulness, cognitive fusion, and fatigue avoidance).

Results

On days when participants were more engaged in valued activities or more mindful, they reported less disability due to fatigue, even when controlling for levels of fatigue and pain that day. The daily psychological flexibility variables explained a total of 15.6% of the variance in daily fatigue‐related disability.

Conclusion

Psychological flexibility variables are directly associated with fatigue‐related disability in the daily lives of inflammatory arthritis patients. Further research is needed to investigate whether interventions that target psychological flexibility are effective at reducing fatigue‐related disability.
Comparison Between Clinical and Ultrasound Assessment of the Ankle Region in Children With Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Authors: Lanni Stefano , Marafon Denise P. , Civino Adele , Alongi Alessandra , Proverbio Emanuele , Agostoni Carlo , Ravelli Angelo , Filocamo Giovanni
Published: April 2020

Objective

To compare the frequency of joint and tendon disease on ultrasound (US) and clinical examination, and to investigate agreement between US and clinical evaluation in ankles with clinically active juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA).

Methods

US and clinical evaluation were performed independently in the joint and tendon compartments of 105 ankles. Gray‐scale (GS) US and power Doppler (PD) US joint abnormalities were scored on a 4‐point semiquantitative scale. A joint with a GS score ≥2 and/or a PD score ≥1 was defined as active on US. Agreement was tested using kappa statistics.

Results

A total of 163 joints in 89 ankles had active synovitis on US. The tibiotalar (TT) joint was the most commonly affected joint on US and on clinical evaluation. The intertarsal (IT) joint and the subtalar (ST) joint were the second in frequency on US and on clinical evaluation, respectively. Tenosynovitis was found more commonly on US than on clinical evaluation (70.5% and 32.4%, respectively), and was more frequent in the medial and lateral than in the anterior tendon compartment. Isolated tenosynovitis was detected on US in 12 of 105 ankles. Agreement between US and clinical evaluation for detection of active synovitis and tenosynovitis was less than acceptable (κ <0.4). No correlation was found between any feature of active disease recorded on clinical evaluation (joint swelling, tenderness/pain on motion, and restricted motion) and active synovitis on US in the TT joint, ST joint, and IT joint.

Conclusion

Coupling clinical evaluation with US aids in correctly localizing pathology. US training of practitioners is recommended to manage ankle disease in JIA.
Adaptive fuzzy control for nontriangular form systems with time‐varying full‐state constraints
Authors: Zhang Rui , Li Junmin , Jiao Jianmin
Published: April 2020

This article investigates an adaptive fuzzy tracking control problem for a class of nontriangular form systems with asymmetric time‐varying full state constraints. Unknown functions are approximated by the fuzzy logic systems. A domination approach is employed to tackle the nontriangular form structure. Time‐varying asymmetric barrier Lyapunov functions (ABLFs) are adopted to ensure full‐state constraints satisfaction. Based on the backstepping technique and time‐varying ABLFs, an adaptive controller is proposed and guarantees that all the signals in the closed‐loop system are ultimately bounded and the time‐varying full state constraints are met. Simulation examples are presented to further demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Autonomously Responsive Membranes for Chemical Warfare Protection
Authors: Li Yifan , Chen Chiatai , Meshot Eric R. , Buchsbaum Steven F. , Herbert Myles , Zhu Rong , Kulikov Oleg , McDonald Ben , Bui Ngoc T. N. , Jue Melinda L. , Park Sei Jin , Valdez Carlos A. , Hok Saphon , He Qilin , Doona Christopher J. , Wu Kuang Jen , Swager Timothy M. , Fornasiero Francesco
Published: April 2020

Stimuli‐responsive materials offer new opportunities to resolve long‐standing material challenges and are rapidly gaining pivotal roles in diverse applications. For example, smart protective garments that rapidly transport water vapor and autonomously block chemical threats are expected to enable an effective new paradigm of adaptive personal protection. However, the incorporation of these seemingly incompatible properties into a single responsive system remains elusive. Herein, a bistable membrane that can rapidly, selectively, and reversibly transition from a highly breathable state in a safe environment to a chemically protective state when exposed to organophosphate threats such as sarin is demonstrated. Dynamic response to chemical stimuli is achieved through the physical collapse of an ultrathin copolymer layer on the membrane surface, which efficiently gates transport through membrane pores composed of single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). The adoption of nanometer‐wide SWNTs for ultrafast moisture conduction enables a simultaneous boost in size‐sieving selectivity and water‐vapor permeability by decreasing nanotube diameter, thereby overcoming the breathability/protection trade‐off that limits conventional membrane materials. Adaptive multifunctional membranes based on this platform greatly extend the active use of a protective garment and present exciting opportunities in many other areas including separation processes, sensing, and smart delivery.
Integrated Saltwater Desalination and Energy Storage through a pH Neutral Aqueous Organic Redox Flow Battery
Authors: Debruler Camden , Wu Wenda , Cox Kevin , Vanness Brice , Liu T. Leo
Published: April 2020

Here, a pH neutral aqueous organic redox flow battery (AORFB) consisting of three electrolytes channels (i.e., an anolyte channel, a catholyte channel, and a central salt water channel) to achieve integrated energy storage and desalination is reported. Employing a low cost, chemically stable methyl viologen (MV) anolyte, and sodium ferrocyanide catholyte, this desalination AORFB is capable of desalinating simulated seawater (0.56 m NaCl) down to 0.023 m salt concentration at an energy cost of 2.4 W h L−1 of fresh water—competitive with current reverse osmosis technologies. Simultaneously, the cell delivers stored energy at 79.7% efficiency with a cell voltage of 0.85 V. Furthermore, the cell is also capable of higher current operation up to 15 mA cm−2, providing 4.55 mL of fresh water per hour. Combining energy storage and water desalination into such a bifunctional device offers the opportunity to address two growing global issues from one hardware installation.
Engineering of Polyanion Type Cathode Materials for Sodium‐Ion Batteries: Toward Higher Energy/Power Density
Authors: Li Huangxu , Xu Ming , Zhang Zhian , Lai Yanqing , Ma Jianmin
Published: April 2020

The development of high energy/power density sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) is still challenged by the high redox potential of Na/Na+ and large radius of Na+ ions, thus requiring extensive further improvement to, in particular, enhance the capacity and voltage of cathode materials. Among the various types of cathodes, the polyanion cathodes have emerged as the most pragmatic option due to their outstanding thermostability, unique inductive effect, and flexible structures. In this Review, a critical overview of the design principles and engineering strategies of polyanion cathodes that could have a pivotal role in developing high energy/power density SIBs are presented. Specifically, the engineering of polyanion cathode materials for higher voltage and specific capacity to increase energy density is discussed. The way in which morphology control, architectural design, and electrode processing have been developed to increase power density for SIBs is also analyzed. Finally, the remaining challenges and the future research direction of this field are presented.
High‐Power Lithium Metal Batteries Enabled by High‐Concentration Acetonitrile‐Based Electrolytes with Vinylene Carbonate Additive
Authors: Peng Zhe , Cao Xia , Gao Peiyuan , Jia Haiping , Ren Xiaodi , Roy Swadipta , Li Zhendong , Zhu Yun , Xie Weiping , Liu Dianying , Li Qiuyan , Wang Deyu , Xu Wu , Zhang Ji‐Guang
Published: April 2020

To enable next‐generation high‐power, high‐energy‐density lithium (Li) metal batteries (LMBs), an electrolyte possessing both high Li Coulombic efficiency (CE) at a high rate and good anodic stability on cathodes is critical. Acetonitrile (AN) is a well‐known organic solvent for high anodic stability and high ionic conductivity, yet its application in LMBs is limited due to its poor compatibility with Li metal anodes even at high salt concentration conditions. Here, a highly concentrated AN‐based electrolyte is developed with a vinylene carbonate (VC) additive to suppress Li+ depletion at high current densities. Addition of VC to the AN‐based electrolyte leads to the formation of a polycarbonate‐based solid electrolyte interphase, which minimizes Li corrosion and leads to a very high Li CE of up to 99.2% at a current density of 0.2 mA cm‐2. Using such an electrolyte, fast charging of Li||NMC333 cells is realized at a high current density of 3.6 mA cm‐2, and stable cycling of Li||NMC622 cells with a high cathode loading of 4 mAh cm‐2 is also demonstrated.
Fully Flexible Electromagnetic Vibration Sensors with Annular Field Confinement Origami Magnetic Membranes
Authors: Zhao Yicong , Gao Shenghan , Zhang Xin , Huo Wenxing , Xu Hang , Chen Cheng , Li Jiao , Xu Kexin , Huang Xian
Published: April 2020

Sensing of mechanical motion based on flexible electromagnetic sensors is challenging due to the complexity of obtaining flexible magnetic membranes with confined and enhanced magnetic fields. A fully flexible electromechanical system (MEMS) sensor is developed to conduct wearable monitoring of mechanical displacement with excellent adaptability to complex surface morphology through a suspended flexible magnet enclosed within a novel setup formed by a multi‐layer flexible coil and annular origami magnetic membranes. The annular membranes not only regulate the overall distribution of the magnetic field and enhance the overall magnetism by 291%, but also greatly increase the range of the magnetic field to cover the entire region of the coil. The sensor offers a broad frequency response ranging from 1 Hz to 10 kHz and a sensitivity of 0.59 mV µm−1 at 1.7 kHz. The fully flexible format of the sensor enables various applications demonstrated by biophysical sensing, motion detection, voice recognition, and machine diagnostics through direct attachment on soft and curvilinear surfaces. Similar sensors can combine multiple sensing and energy harvesting modalities to achieve battery‐less and self‐sustainable operation, and can be deployed in large numbers to conduct distributed sensing for machine status assessment, health monitoring, rehabilitation, and speech aid.
Nano and Microparticle Emerging Strategies for Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases: Multiple Sclerosis and Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Kwiatkowski Alexander J. , Stewart Joshua M. , Cho Jonathan J. , Avram Dorina , Keselowsky Benjamin G.
Published: April 2020

Autoimmune diseases affect 10% of the world's population, and 1 in 200 people worldwide suffer from either multiple sclerosis (MS) or type 1 diabetes (T1D). While the targeted organ systems are different, MS and T1D share similarities in terms of autoreactive immune cells playing a critical role in pathogenesis. Both diseases can be managed only symptomatically without curative remission, and treatment options are limited and non‐specific. Most current therapies cause some degree of systemic immune suppression, leaving the patients susceptible to opportunistic infections and other complications. Thus, there is considerable interest in the development of immunotherapies not associated with generalized immune suppression for these diseases. This review presents current and preclinical strategies for MS and T1D treatment, emphasizing those aimed to modulate the immune response, including the most recent strategies for tolerance induction. A central focus is on the emerging approaches using nano‐ and microparticle platforms, their evolution as immunotherapeutic carriers, including those incorporating specific antigens to induce tolerance and reduce unwanted generalized immune suppression.
Challenges and Advances in Aerosol Jet Printing of Regenerated Silk Fibroin Solutions
Authors: Xiao Yuhan , Kalaitzidou Kyriaki , Yao Donggang , Yeo Woon‐Hong , Harris Tequila A. L.
Published: April 2020

Silk fibroin materials are manufactured using printing and coating techniques at resolutions 1–2 µm. However, current processes are unstable, of low printability and versatility, and of limited feature size, and often require use of additives to process, which can impact material functionality and performance. Although there exist well established material synthesis and formulation approaches for making processable solutions from silkworm cocoons, these approaches do not translate to the emerging fabrication processes, such as aerosol jet printing (AJP). Here, a new approach is introduced to formulate silk‐worm solutions for AJP and subsequently analyze the processing limits, due to defects such as overspray, pooling, and cloudiness. It is found that the degumming step is critical and can lead to defects such as gelling and pooling. Furthermore, it is found that there exists a narrow processing window (sheath rate as a function of ink rate) for AJP formulations without defects. As with other materials (such as metal inks), overspray is an issue during the fabrication process; however, it is minimized within the processing window. This work stands to open a pathway for manufacturing new and emerging biodegradable materials suitable for pharmaceuticals, food packaging, and electronics, among others.
Synthesis of Multiple‐Twinned Pd Nanoparticles Anchored on Graphitic Carbon Nanosheets for Use as Highly‐Active Multifunctional Electrocatalyst in Formic Acid and Methanol Oxidation Reactions
Authors: Huang Huajie , Wei Yujie , Shen Bingfeng , Zhang Yao , He Haiyan , Jiang Quanguo , Yang Lu , Nanjundan Ashok Kumar , Na Jongbeom , Xu Xingtao , Zhu Jixin , Yamauchi Yusuke
Published: April 2020

Although direct formic acid fuel cells and direct methanol fuel cells have attracted a lot of interest owing to their high energy‐conversion efficiency and low pollutant emissions, their large‐scale commercial applicability is limited by lack of suitable catalysts that exhibit high activity and are cheap. Here, a synergistic morphology and defect engineering strategy for the “clean” synthesis of multiple‐twinned Pd nanoparticles on nitrogen‐doped low‐defect graphitic carbon nanosheets (Pd/NL‐GCN) without using a template or surfactant are presented. The unique grain‐boundary‐enriched multiple‐twinned Pd nanoparticles provide a large number of catalytically active sites, while the graphitic carbon frameworks with a modulated electronic structure afford high electron conductivity as well as strong poison tolerance. Consequently, the Pd/NL‐GCN hybrid shows outstanding catalytic performance with respect to the oxidation of formic acid and methanol, exhibiting a large electrochemically active surface area, high mass activity, and good long‐term durability. Moreover, the catalyst outperforms conventional Pd‐nanoparticle‐based catalysts supported on carbon black, carbon nanotubes, and graphene materials.
Transcribing In Vivo Blood Vessel Networks into In Vitro Perfusable Microfluidic Devices
Authors: Chen Yih Yang , Kingston Benjamin R. , Chan Warren C. W.
Published: April 2020

The 3D architecture of blood vessel networks dictates how nutrients, waste, and drugs are transported. These transport processes are difficult to study in vivo, leading researchers to develop methods to construct vessel networks in vitro. However, existing methods require expensive, customized equipment and cannot create large (>1 cm3) constructs. This makes them inaccessible to many researchers or educators. Here, a method that transcribes 3D images of blood vessel networks into physical microfluidic devices is developed. The method takes 3D images of blood vessel networks and uses fused‐filament 3D fabrication with standard polylactic acid (PLA) filament to print the imaged vessel network. The 3D printout is cast in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and dissolved, producing vessel channels that are lined with endothelial cells. Devices imprinted with different vessel networks including small intestinal villi, pancreatic islets, and tumors from mice and humans are created. The method replicates the complex geometries of blood vessel networks in an in vitro device with commonly available equipment and materials. This increases the accessibility of this technology by allowing researchers or educators without access to expensive laser ablation microscope set‐ups or custom 3D printers to be able to create vasculature network devices.
Photothermal Catalytic Gel Featuring Spectral and Thermal Management for Parallel Freshwater and Hydrogen Production
Authors: Gao Minmin , Peh Connor Kangnuo , Zhu Liangliang , Yilmaz Gamze , Ho Ghim Wei
Published: April 2020

Desalination processes often require large amounts of energy to create clean water, and vice versa for the generation of energy. This interdependence creates a tension between the two essential resources. Current research focuses on one or the other, which exacerbates water‐energy stress, while few tackle both issues jointly. Herein, a low‐carbon technology, H2O–H2 co‐generation system that enables concurrent steady freshwater and clean energy output is reported. The water‐energy coupled technology features a spectrally and thermally managed solar harvesting gel for photoredox and photoheating effects. This photothermal catalytic gel exploits interfacial solar heating for heat confinement, and localized plasmonic heating at the catalyst active sites to remarkably improve water and hydrogen production, thus maximizing energy value per area. To this end, a stand‐alone renewable solar desalination system is successfully demonstrated for parallel production of freshwater and hydrogen under natural sunlight. By doing so, the water–energy nexus is transformed into a synergistic bond that offers opportunities to better meet expected demand rather than acting in competition.
Coupling Magnetic Single‐Crystal Co2Mo3O8 with Ultrathin Nitrogen‐Rich Carbon Layer for Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Ouyang Ting , Wang Xiao‐Tong , Mai Xiu‐Qiong , Chen An‐Na , Tang Zi‐Yuan , Liu Zhao‐Qing
Published: April 2020

Transition‐metal oxides as electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) provide a promising route to face the energy and environmental crisis issues. Although palmeirite oxide A2Mo3O8 as OER catalyst has been explored, the correlation between its active sites (tetrahedral or octahedral) and OER performance has been elusive. Now, magnetic Co2Mo3O8@NC‐800 composed of highly crystallized Co2Mo3O8 nanosheets and ultrathin N‐rich carbon layer is shown to be an efficient OER catalyst. The catalyst exhibits favorable performance with an overpotential of 331 mV@10 mA cm−2 and 422 mV@40 mA cm−2, and a full water‐splitting electrolyzer with it as anode catalyst shows a cell voltage of 1.67 V@10 mA cm−2 in alkaline. Combined HAADFSTEM, magnetic, and computational results show that factors influencing the OER performance can be attributed to the tetrahedral Co sites (high spin, t23e4), which improve the OER kinetics of rate‐determining step to form *OOH.
One‐Step Ring Opening Metathesis Block‐Like Copolymers and their Compositional Analysis by a Novel Retardation Technique
Authors: Yasir Mohammad , Liu Peng , Markwart Jens C. , Suraeva Oksana , Wurm Frederik R. , Smart Jansie , Lattuada Marco , Kilbinger Andreas F. M.
Published: April 2020

Using a one‐step synthetic route for block copolymers avoids the repeated addition of monomers to the polymerization mixture, which can easily lead to contamination and, therefore, to the unwanted termination of chain growth. For this purpose, monomers (M1–M5) with different steric hindrances and different propagation rates are explored. Copolymerization of M1 (propagating rapidly) with M2 (propagating slowly), M1 with M3 (propagating extremely slowly) and M4 (propagating rapidly) with M5 (propagating slowly) yielded diblock‐like copolymers using Grubbs’ first (G1) or third generation catalyst (G3). The monomer consumption was followed by 1H NMR spectroscopy, which revealed vastly different reactivity ratios for M1 and M2. In the case of M1 and M3, we observed the highest difference in reactivity ratios (r1=324 and r2=0.003) ever reported for a copolymerization method. A triblock‐like copolymer was also synthesized using G3 by first allowing the consumption of the mixture of M1 and M2 and then adding M1 again. In addition, in order to measure the fast reaction rates of the G3 catalyst with M1, we report a novel retardation technique based on an unusual reversible G3 Fischer‐carbene to G3 benzylidene/alkylidene transformation.
Photochromic Free MOF‐Based Near‐Infrared Optical Switch
Authors: Kulachenkov Nikita K. , Sun Dapeng , Mezenov Yuri A. , Yankin Andrei N. , Rzhevskiy Sergey , Dyachuk Vyacheslav , Nominé Alexandre , Medjahdi Ghouti , Pidko Evgeny A. , Milichko Valentin A.
Published: April 2020

We demonstrate herein an all‐optical switch based on stimuli‐responsive and photochromic‐free metal–organic framework (HKUST‐1). Ultrafast near‐infrared laser pulses stimulate a reversible 0.4 eV blue shift of the absorption band with up to 200 s−1 rate due to dehydration and concomitant shrinking of the structure‐forming [Cu2C4O8] cages of HKUST‐1. Such light‐induced switching enables the remote modulation of intensities of photoluminescence of single crystals of HKUST‐1 as well visible radiation passing through the crystal by 2 order of magnitude. This opens up the possibility of utilyzing stimuli‐responsive MOFs for all‐optical data processing devices.
Photoredox‐Controlled β‐Regioselective Radical Hydroboration of Activated Alkenes with NHC‐Boranes
Authors: Zhu Congjun , Dong Jie , Liu Xueting , Gao Liuzhou , Zhao Yue , Xie Jin , Li Shuhua , Zhu Chengjian
Published: April 2020

In this Communication, we report an unprecedented β‐regioselective radical inverse hydroboration (compared with ionic hydroboration) of α,β‐unsaturated amides with NHC‐BH3 enabled by photoredox catalysis. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that the unique photoredox cycle is a key factor to control the β‐regioselective radical hydroboration, by lowering the energy barrier in comparison with other pathways. This protocol provides a general and convenient route to construct a wide range of structurally diverse β‐borylated amides in synthetically useful yields under mild conditions.
Reaction and thermal behavior of vitrimer‐like polyhydroxy esters based on polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether
Authors: Cunha Rodrigo H. , Nele Marcio , Dias Marcos L.
Published: April 2020

Vitrimers‐like polyhydroxy esters networks were thermally synthesized from mixtures of the diepoxide monomer diglycidyl ether polyethyleneglycol (DGEPEG), citric (CA), and sebacic acids (SA), using zinc acetate in proportions of 1 to –5 mol%. as catalyst for bond exchange reactions. Reaction of DGEPEG with the acids is exothermic with enthalpy up to 326 J/g and takes place even without any catalyst. The progress of the reaction is reduced as the content of SA is increased in the formulations, but reaction enthalpy in mixtures containing 1% of Zn catalyst is higher than those with 5%mol Zn. These polyhydroxy esters networks are rubber‐like materials with Tg varying from −24 to −43°C, with formulations containing SA showing the lowest Tg values. The presence of ester and hydroxyl groups and Zn catalyst in the polymers give rise to exchange reactions similar to those shown by vitrimers. However, the increase in Zn concentration from 1% to 5%, arouses a loss of thermal stability of these materials.
Chromatic response of cationic polydiacetylene vesicles induced by permeation of target compound
Authors: Shin Min Jae , Shin Jae Sup
Published: April 2020

A polydiacetylene vesicle was formed by sonication and UV irradiation of the diacetylene DPAI‐bis‐PCDA, which has quaternary ammonium head group. A color‐changeable detection system during permeation of the target compound from inside to outside the vesicle was prepared using this vesicle. A mixed vesicle system with DPAI‐bis‐PCDA and dioctadecyldimethylammonium chloride (DODMAC) was used in this study. DODMAC was necessary to exhibit sufficient color change. Methotrexate and neomycin were used as target compounds, and the optimum ratio of DPAI‐bis‐PCDA to DODMAC for sufficient color change was determined. When MTX was used as the target compound, 6:4 was the optimum ratio, whereas it was 7:3 for neomycin.
Tunable luminescence of Eu3+‐activated CaWO4nanophosphors via Bi3+incorporation
Authors: Nayak Priyanka , Nanda Sushri Sangita , Sharma R.K. , Dash S.
Published: April 2020

A series of CaWO4:3Eu3+:xBi3+(x= 2, 5, 7 and 10 at.%) nanophosphors was prepared through the efficient low‐temperature ethylene glycol route. Their structural, as well as photophysical, properties were studied. X‐ray diffraction analysis and a X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy survey confirmed that the Bi3+and Eu3+ions incorporated perfectly into Ca2+and without disturbing the lattice. The samples exhibited almost spherical morphology with average particle sizes from 10 to 30 nm. For the nanoparticles, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy featured broad absorption bands around 871 and 778 cm−1that were due to antisymmetric stretching, whereas a peak at 435 cm−1was assigned to antisymmetric bending vibrations of the bonds in [WO42−] clusters. The nanophosphors showed orange‐red luminescence, which was further tuned to red by incorporation of sensitizer Bi3+ions. This colour tuning of the nanoparticles is described in the context of energy transfer from the WO42−group to sensitizer Bi3+and activator Eu3+ions under 394 nm excitation. A CIE diagram supports this colour tunability.
The double effects of female executives' participation on corporate sustainable competitive advantage through unethical environmental behavior and proactive environmental strategy
Authors: Pan Chulin , Guo Hongpeng , Jiang Yufeng , Wang Hanying , Qi Weihong
Published: April 2020

Based on the upper echelons theory, ecofeminist theory, and natural resource‐based theory (NRBV), this study has constructed a relational model between female executives' participation, unethical environmental behavior, proactive environmental strategy, and corporate sustainable competitive advantage. The samples include a total of 496 female executives from listed 524 companies in the manufacturing sector in China, and multiple regression methods are used for the analysis. The study showed that female executives' participation had double positive effects on corporate sustainable competitive advantage, which included both the inhibiting effect on unethical environmental behavior and the stimulating effect on proactive environmental strategies. The study also explored the boundary conditions of “conservative” and “proactive” behaviors from the internal and external perspectives of enterprises. But it was shown that the effect would not be further improved when both moderation effects of environmental stakeholder pressure and environmental leadership were higher at the same time. As enterprises' behaviors should match with their capability range, radical behaviors might run counter to their desires.