bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multivariable quantitative feedback theory approach to robust control of vibrational micro-electromechanical systems gyroscope
Authors: Torabi K , Vali M , Ebrahimi B
Published: September 2011

Recent advances in micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) have led to the creation of small low-cost gyroscopes that have low power consumption levels. This paper presents a novel design methodology for a robust controller that can improve the performance of a vibratory MEMS gyroscopes despite the existence of coupling between vibratory gyroscope modes and inherent model uncertainties. The drive-mode of the gyroscope is able to track a desired sinusoidal trajectory while the sensing mode is bounded against uncertainties. In other words, while the sensing mode of the gyroscope operates under a bounded unknown disturbance and measurement noise, the multivariable robust quantitative feedback theory (QFT)-based controller compensates undesirable mechanical spring coupling between two vibrating directions, regulates both modes, and most significantly compels the output of the sensing mode to be bounded and the output of the drive mode to track a desired sinusoidal reference signal at a given amplitude and frequency. The robust performance of the closed-loop system is verified through a series of frequency-domain analyses. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed QFT-based controller is demonstrated through simulations.
Reconfiguration of four-legged walking robot for actuator faults
Authors: Krishnan V L , Pathak P M , Jain S C , Samantaray A K
Published: September 2011

This paper presents fault accommodation through the reconfiguration of a four legged (quadruped) walking robot. It is assumed that the walking robot is moving using a bounding gait. A bond graph model to represent the robot’s locomotion in the sagittal plane is developed. A novel and simple attitude control device based on a moving appendage is proposed. This appendage device serves as redundant hardware and is activated only when the robot experiences a locked joint failure. The bond graph model of the system is used to generate the analytical redundancy relations which are then evaluated with actual measurements to generate residuals. These residuals are used to perform structural fault isolation. Once the fault list is updated in the equipment availability database, an automaton selects the best option to reconfigure the system such that the given control objectives are achieved. The developed methodology is validated by considering the failure of a joint’s actuator.
Modelling, design, and testing of an electromagnetic power generator optimized for integration into shoes
Authors: Carroll D , Duffy M
Published: September 2011

Modelling and analysis of an electromagnetic generator designed for harvesting power produced during walking is presented. The generator is designed to be unobtrusive to the user by embedding it within the thickness of a normal shoe sole, and by applying a passive generation principle which requires minimal additional force over that normally exerted by the user during walking. In this way, a portion of the power used in walking is harvested for potential use in powering portable electronic devices. Analysis of different geometrical and material properties is applied to identify conditions for optimized designs; average power levels of up to 14 mW (200 mW of instantaneous power) are demonstrated within a volume of 15 × 15 × 100 mm3 at a walking speed of 2 steps per second. At least two of these volumes can be easily accommodated within a shoe heel to provide up to a 56 mW average power per user, and higher power levels can be achieved for faster walking or running speeds.
Development of a real-time clutch transition strategy for a parallel hybrid electric vehicle
Authors: Minh V T , Mohd Hashim F B , Awang M
Published: September 2011

The present paper develops a real-time clutch transition strategy for a parallel hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) in order to achieve quick and smooth clutch transition engagements between pure electrical driving and hybrid driving. Model predictive control (MPC) has been used for this model and tested with different control horizons and weighting factors to verify the ability of MPC to control the vehicle speeds for the clutch engagement. Some modified MPC algorithms with softened constraints and with output regions have been also studied to improve the robustness and the ability of this controller. Comprehensive simulations for the HEV have been conducted in MATLAB and Simulink. Results show that the system can provide real-time optimal control actions subject to input and output constraints for real-time clutch transition engagement with high driving comfort. The system can be implemented in electronic control units and applied for real HEVs.
Adaptive robust stabilization of a class of uncertain non-linear systems with mismatched time-varying parameters
Authors: Arefi M M , Jahed-Motlagh M R
Published: September 2011

In this paper, an adaptive robust stabilization algorithm is presented for a class of non-linear systems with mismatched uncertainties. In this regard, a new controller based on the Lyapunov theory is proposed in order to overcome the problem of stabilizing non-linear time-varying systems with mismatched uncertainties. This method is such that the stability of the closed-loop system is guaranteed in the absence of the triangularity assumption. The proposed approach leads to asymptotic convergence of the states of the closed-loop system to zero for unknown but bounded uncertainties. Subsequently, this method is modified so that all the signals in the closed-loop system are uniformly ultimately bounded. Eventually, numerical simulations support the effectiveness of the given algorithm.
Estimating overall exposure effects for zero-inflated regression models with application to dental caries
Authors: Albert Jeffrey M , Wang Wei , Nelson Suchitra
Published: September 2011

Zero-inflated (ZI) models, which may be derived as a mixture involving a degenerate distribution at value zero and a distribution such as negative binomial (ZINB), have proved useful in dental and other areas of research by accommodating ‘extra’ zeroes in the data. Used in conjunction with generalised linear models, they allow covariate-adjusted inference of an exposure effect on the mixing probability and on the mean for the non-degenerate distribution. However, these models do not directly provide covariate-adjusted inference for the overall exposure effect. Focusing on the ZINB and ZI beta binomial models, we propose an approach that uses model-predicted values for each person under each exposure state. This ‘average predicted value’ method allows covariate-adjusted estimation of flexible functions of exposure group means such as the difference or ratio. A second approach considers a log link for both components of the ZINB to allow a direct approach to estimation. We apply these new methods to a study of dental caries in very low birth weight adolescents. Simulation studies show good bias and robustness properties for both approaches under various scenarios. Robustness diminishes when there is exposure group imbalance for a covariate with a large effect.
Modelling the effect of baseline risk in meta-analysis: A review from the perspective of errors-in-variables regression
Authors: Ghidey Wendimagegn , Stijnen Theo , van Houwelingen Hans C
Published: September 2011

In meta-analysis of clinical trials, investigating the relationship between the baseline risk and the treatment benefit is often of interest in order to explain the between trials heterogeneity with respect to treatment effect. The relationship is commonly described with a linear model taking into account the fact that the latent baseline risk is estimated from a finite sample and thus subjected to measurement error. Depending on the specific assumption about the latent baseline risks, two different classes of methods can be pursued. In the literature, it is commonly assumed that the latent baseline risks are sampled from a (normal) distribution. Such methods are often criticised for needing a distribution. Here, we propose the use of methods that require no distributional assumption on the baseline risks. A number of alternative methods are reviewed and are illustrated via simulation and by application to a published meta-analysis data.
Accounting for perception, placebo and unmasking effects in estimating treatment effects in randomised clinical trials
Authors: Jamshidian Farid , Hubbard Alan E , Jewell Nicholas P
Published: September 2011

There is a rich literature on the role of placebos in experimental design and evaluation of therapeutic agents or interventions. The importance of masking participants, investigators and evaluators to treatment assignment (treatment or placebo) has long been stressed as a key feature of a successful trial design. Nevertheless, there is considerable variability in the technical definition of the placebo effect and the impact of treatment assignments being unmasked. We suggest a formal concept of a ‘perception effect’ and define unmasking and placebo effects in the context of randomised trials. We employ modern tools from causal inference to derive semi-parametric estimators of such effects. The methods are illustrated on a motivating example from a recent pain trial where the occurrence of treatment-related side effects acts as a proxy for unmasking.
Antimicrobial susceptibility of Arcanobacterium pyogenes isolated from the lungs of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) with pneumonia
Authors: Tell Lisa A. , Brooks Jason W. , Lintner Valerie , Matthews Tammy , Kariyawasam Subhashinie
Published: September 2011

In vitro susceptibilities of 29 strains of Arcanobacterium pyogenes isolated from lung lesions of white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus) with pneumonia were determined using the broth microdilution method to ascertain efficacious treatment options for pneumonic white-tailed deer. All 29 A. pyogenes strains tested were susceptible to ceftiofur, spectinomycin, tiamulin, and trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole but were resistant to both danofloxacin and sulfadimethoxine. Likewise, all 29 isolates were either fully susceptible or intermediately susceptible to gentamicin (25 susceptible; 4 intermediate) and tulathromycin (25 susceptible; 4 intermediate). At least one isolate of A. pyogenes tested was resistant to ampicillin, chlortetracycline, clindamycin, enrofloxacin, florfenicol, oxytetracycline, penicillin, and tilmicosin suggesting their ineffectiveness in treating A. pyogenes–associated lung infections in white-tailed deer. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) data for tylosin and neomycin could not be interpreted due to unavailability of Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)-approved breakpoints for these 2 agents. In summary, based on MIC values, ceftiofur, spectinomycin, tiamulin, and trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole are more efficacious than other antimicrobial agents for treating A. pyogenes–related pneumonia in white-tailed deer. However, ceftiofur may be preferred over the other 4 drugs as it is being widely used to treat respiratory disease in cattle and other animal species, as well as is available for single dose parenteral administration.
Isolation of Cokeromyces recurvatus from the gastrointestinal tract in a dog with protein-losing enteropathy
Authors: Parker Valerie J. , Jergens Albert E. , Whitley Elizabeth M. , Frana Timothy S.
Published: September 2011

The present case report describes the isolation of the fungus Cokeromyces recurvatus from the intestinal tract of a canine patient. Infection by this fungus is rare, having only been reported in 8 human beings and 1 cat. The fungus is not reported to exhibit tissue invasion. Cokeromyces recurvatus is most likely an opportunistic agent, and most cases described involve some degree of immunosuppression.
Single-step multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay for detection and differentiation of the 2009 H1N1 Influenza A virus pandemic in Thai swine populations
Authors: Thontiravong Aunyaratana , Tantilertcharoen Rachod , Tuanudom Ranida , Sreta Donreuthai , Thanawongnuwech Roongroje , Amonsin Alongkorn , Oraveerakul Kanisak , Kitikoon Pravina
Published: September 2011

A recently emerged H1N1 Influenza A virus (pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1)) with a Swine influenza virus (SIV) genetic background spread globally from human-to-human causing the first influenza virus pandemic of the 21st century. In a short period, reverse zoonotic cases in pigs followed by a widespread of the virus in the pig population were documented. The implementation of effective control strategies, rapid diagnosis, and differentiation of such virus from endemically circulating SIV in the various swine populations of the world is needed. To address the problem, a multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay utilizing a combination of the PB1, H1, and N1 primers that can rapidly and simultaneously subtype and screen for the presence of pH1N1 virus infection in Thai pigs was developed. The assay had 100% specificity and did not amplify genetic material from other subtypes of SIV, seasonal H1N1 human influenza (huH1N1) virus, highly pathogenic influenza H5N1 virus, and other important swine respiratory viral pathogens. The assay was able to both detect and subtype pH1N1 virus as low as 0.1–50% tissue culture infective doses/ml (TCID50/ml). The assay was used to screen 175 clinical samples obtained from SIV suspected cases, of which 6 samples were pH1N1 positive and were confirmed through virus isolation and whole genome sequencing. The results of the study suggested that the assay would be useful for the rapid diagnosis of pH1N1 in suspected Thai swineherds, where genetics of the endemically circulating SIV differ from the strains circulating in North American and European herds.
Diagnosis of Deerpox virus infection in a white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) fawn
Authors: Baughman Brittany , Zhang Shuping , Jin Ling , Pace Lanny W. , Cooley Jim , Yan Lifang , Zhang Michael Z.
Published: September 2011

A 3-month-old fawn from a group of 12 captive white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus) displaying cutaneous lesions was presented to the Mississippi Veterinary Research & Diagnostic Laboratory for necropsy. Postmortem examination identified multiple discrete, round, alopecic, flat, proliferative dermal lesions scattered along the skin of the lips, muzzle, pinna, ventral thorax, medial limbs, and most notably the abdomen. Multiple ulcers were present on the commissures of the lips, dorsal surface of the tongue, and left caudal buccal surface of the oral cavity. The abdomen was filled with fibrinopurulent exudate and ruminal contents. Multiple to coalescing transmural ulcers were identified in the rumen. Histopathological evaluation of the skin revealed markedly thickened epidermis and focal areas of superficial dermal fibrosis, intracytoplasmic, eosinophilic inclusions in swollen keratinocytes and lymphocytic and plasmacytic perivascular dermatitis. The rumen ulcers were surrounded with necrotic cellular debris mixed with fibrin, bacteria, hemorrhages, and a collection of mixed inflammatory cells. Some swollen ruminal mucosal epithelia had eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions. Poxvirus was isolated from the skin and rumen tissue specimens. Electron microscopy detected viral particles with poxvirus morphology. Polymerase chain reaction assays detected A21, a gene conserved within family Poxviridae, in the skin and rumen tissues. Phylogenic analysis of the A21 sequences indicated that the viral isolate (M10-9055) was closely related to known members of genus Cervidpoxvirus. In conclusion, findings indicate that Deerpox virus can produce extensive lesions in white-tailed deer.
Fast measurement of serum amyloid A in different specimens from swine by using a new one-step time-resolved fluorescent immunoassay
Authors: Soler Laura , Gutiérrez Ana , Martínez-Subiela Silvia , Cerón Jose J.
Published: September 2011

The objective of the present study was to develop a one-step, fast, competitive time-resolved fluorescent immunoassay to determine porcine serum amyloid A (SAA) by using species-specific reagents. The assay consisted of an all-in-one format involving only 55 min of incubation that was adapted and validated for use in 3 different specimens: serum, saliva, and meat juice. The method had overall within- and between-run coefficients of variation under 8% and 12%, respectively, and coefficients of determination higher than 0.93 for linearity under dilution analysis for all specimens. The limits of detection were 0.32 mg/l, 0.28 mg/l, and 1.74 mg/l for serum, saliva, and meat juice measurements, respectively. Upper and lower limits of quantification were determined for each sample type and resulted in wide assay ranges that allowed a precise SAA measurement in all the fluids investigated. Statistically significant differences (P = 0.0004 for serum and P < 0.0001 for the saliva and meat juice samples) in SAA levels were found when healthy (n = 20) and diseased (n = 20) pigs were compared. The obtained results indicate that this fast, sensitive, and robust assay for SAA measurement could be of use to determine health and welfare status in swine by employing alternative samples to serum.
Bovine cryptococcal meningoencephalitis
Authors: Riet-Correa Franklin , Krockenberger Mark , Dantas Antônio F. M. , Oliveira Diego M.
Published: September 2011

Cryptococcal meningitis and encephalitis is reported in a 5-year-old bull. The clinical signs included multifocal neurological deficits manifested by hypermetria, ataxia, depression, circling, impaired vision, head pressing, low head carriage, wide-based stance, and falling to the side or backwards. At necropsy, 6 cavities with a gelatinous content were observed in the brain and brain stem, and the meninges were thickened and off white. Numerous yeasts, with a nonstaining capsule, and associated mild inflammatory reaction were observed histologically. Specimens for culture were not collected at necropsy, but the identity of the yeast in tissue sections as Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii was supported by immunohistochemistry.
A quadrigeminal dermoid cyst with concurrent necrotizing granulomatous leukoencephalomyelitis in a Yorkshire Terrier dog
Authors: Beard Philippa M. , Munro Elizabeth , Gow Adam G.
Published: September 2011

A 2-year-old female Yorkshire Terrier dog presented with neurological deficits. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed an 8 mm in diameter mass centered left of midline arising from the quadrigeminal cistern, with a fatty or proteinaceous content. A further fat signal intensity focus was present in the tip of the temporal horn of the right lateral ventricle, in keeping with a “floating” fat embolus within the cerebrospinal fluid. A ruptured dermoid cyst was diagnosed. Within the frontal lobe on both sides were ill-defined and extensive high T2 signal areas, with mass effect within the white matter, and asymmetrical contrast enhancement following intravenous injection of gadolinium. Postmortem gross and histological examination confirmed the mass in the quadrigeminal cistern to be a dermoid cyst. In addition, severe multifocal necrotizing granulomatous leukoencephalomyelitis was found in the corona radiata and spinal cord. The relationship between these 2 pathologies is discussed.
Canine ovarian tumors
Authors: Banco Barbara , Antuofermo Elisabetta , Borzacchiello Giuseppe , Cossu-Rocca Paolo , Grieco Valeria
Published: September 2011

The morphology of ovarian tumors is characterized by a variety of histological features causing diagnostic difficulties. In human medicine, HBME-1 (Hector Battifora mesothelial epitope)-1 is one of the immunohistochemical markers employed in the diagnosis of ovarian epithelial tumors. The aim of the current study was to investigate the reliability of the marker HBME-1 in canine ovaries, granulosa cell tumors, and epithelial ovarian neoplasms to determine whether this marker could be included in an immunohistochemical panel for differential diagnoses of canine ovarian tumors. Samples were obtained from 4 normal ovaries, 10 granulosa cell tumors, and 18 epithelial ovarian tumors. After formalin fixation and paraffin embedding, tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and probed immunohistochemically for the HBME-1 marker. Granulosa cells and related tumors were consistently negative for HBME-1. Normal ovarian surface epithelium and 17 out of 18 ovarian epithelial tumors were positive for HBME-1. The results suggested that HBME-1 would be a useful marker for the differential diagnosis of ovarian tumors in the dog.
Classical swine fever virus detection
Authors: Hoffmann Bernd , Blome Sandra , Bonilauri Paolo , Fernández-Piñero Jovita , Greiser-Wilke Irene , Haegeman Andy , Isaksson Mats , Koenen Frank , LeBlanc Neil , Leifer Immanuel , Le Potier Marie-Frederique , Loeffen Willie , Rasmussen Thomas Bruun , Stadejek Tomasz , Ståhl Karl , Tignon Marylène , Uttenthal Åse , van der Poel Wim , Beer Martin
Published: September 2011

The current study reports on a real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (real-time RT-PCR) ring trial for the detection of Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) genomic RNA undertaken by 10 European laboratories. All laboratories were asked to use their routine in-house real-time RT-PCR protocols and a standardized protocol commonly used by the Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI) on a panel of well-characterized samples. In general, all participants produced results within the acceptable range. The FLI assay, several in-house assays, and the commercial kits had high analytical sensitivity and specificity values. Nevertheless, some in-house systems had unspecific reactions or suboptimal sensitivity with only a single CSFV genotype. Follow-up actions involved either improvement of suboptimal assays or replacement of specific laboratory assays with the FLI protocol, with or without modifications. In conclusion, the ring trial showed reliability of classical swine fever diagnosis on an international level and helped to optimize CSFV-specific RT-PCR diagnostics.
Development of a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for detection of Actinobacillus suis in porcine lung
Authors: Kariyawasam Subhashinie , Strait Erin , Jordan Dianna , Kroll Jeremy
Published: September 2011

In the current study, the development and validation of a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay using a TaqMan-labeled probe for the detection of Actinobacillus suis from porcine lung samples is described. This real-time PCR amplified a 110-bp region of the 23S ribosomal RNA gene from A. suis but not from other bacteria. First, the assay was validated with 183 bacterial strains representing different species of bacteria. Subsequently, 85 porcine lung specimens that were declared A. suis–positive and –negative by bacterial culture and identification were tested to assess whether it can be performed directly on tissue specimens. The bacterial culture results and real-time PCR results agreed across all the samples tested assigning 100% positive and negative predictive values to the PCR. Further, the detection limit of the assay was 380 colony-forming units (CFU) per ml or approximately 1 CFU per reaction. In conclusion, the TaqMan real-time PCR assay described herein is a highly specific, sensitive, and reproducible test, which can be used to detect A. suis DNA in porcine lung specimens, thus providing a timely diagnosis.
Localized toxoplasmosis in a ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta) causing placentitis, stillbirths, and disseminated fetal infection
Authors: Juan-Sallés Carles , Mainez Mireia , Marco Alberto , Malabia Sanchís Ana M.
Published: September 2011

Localized, myocardial toxoplasmosis contributed to the death of a female ring-tailed lemur ( Lemur catta) 1 week after the delivery of 4 stillborn offspring with disseminated toxoplasmosis; the diagnosis was obtained by histopathology and immunohistochemistry in all 5 lemurs. Varying degrees of placentitis and placental edema with intralesional Toxoplasma gondii immunolabeling were observed in the 3 available placentas. The dam had severe myocarditis, and T. gondii antigen was only detected in the myocardial lesions. Disseminated toxoplasmosis with mild encephalitis was noted in all 4 fetuses, and 2 of the fetuses had mild acute multifocal hepatic necrosis. Fetal death was attributed to placental insufficiency with subsequent hypoxia and amniotic fluid aspiration.
Development and validation of an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of Avian leukosis virus antibodies based on a recombinant capsid protein
Authors: Qiu Yu , Qian Kun , Shen Haiyu , Jin Wenjie , Qin Aijian
Published: September 2011

Avian leukosis virus (ALV) is associated with tumor development and growth retardation in poultry. Eradication of virus infection at the primary breeder level is the principal method for controlling ALV infection in chickens. An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA) method that utilized the prokaryotically expressed and affinity-purified viral capsid protein antigen p27 was developed for the detection of ALV-specific antibodies in chicken sera. The protocol of iELISA was validated and resulted in a higher agreement value than fluorescent antibody test (FAT) and was shown to be more sensitive and specific compared to the commercial ALV antibody test kit when FAT was used as a reference test. The main advantage of this method is the use of a single immunogenic protein to detect antibodies against all ALV exogenous subgroups. The results show that the developed iELISA is an inexpensive alternative and can potentially be used as a confirmatory test for the presence of anti-ALV antibodies on a large scale.
Thermophilic helicase-dependent DNA amplification using the IsoAmp™ SE experimental kit for rapid detection of Streptococcus equi subspecies equi in clinical samples
Authors: Artiushin Sergey , Tong Yanhong , Timoney John , Lemieux Bertrand , Schlegel Anne , Kong Huimin
Published: September 2011

A simple and portable assay for detection of Streptococcus equi subspecies equi has been developed based on amplification of S. equi–specific sequence using a thermophilic helicase-dependent reaction followed by visual detection of the amplicon in a disposable lateral flow cassette. An experimental kit (IsoAmp™ SE) was evaluated. Analytical sensitivity was 50 copies of S. equi genomic DNA per reaction. The IsoAmp SE assay had 100% specificity when applied to nasal swabs and washes. The assay was more sensitive than culture but less sensitive than nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The test requires neither expensive equipment nor extensive training of personnel, provides a practical alternative to culture or PCR assays for detection of S. equi in clinical samples, and expedites identification of atypical colonies of S. equi and Streptococcus zooepidemicus in the laboratory.
Development, optimization, and validation of a Classical swine fever virus real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay
Authors: Eberling August J. , Bieker-Stefanelli Jill , Reising Monica M. , Siev David , Martin Barbara M. , McIntosh Michael T. , Beckham Tammy R.
Published: September 2011

Classical swine fever (CSF) is an economically devastating disease of pigs. Instrumental to the control of CSF is a well-characterized assay that can deliver a rapid, accurate diagnosis prior to the onset of clinical signs. A real-time fluorogenic-probe hydrolysis (TaqMan) reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for CSF was developed by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) at the Plum Island Animal Disease Center (CSF PIADC assay) and evaluated for analytical and diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. A well-characterized panel including Classical swine fever virus (CSFV), Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), and Border disease virus (BDV) isolates was utilized in initial feasibility and optimization studies. The assay was initially designed and validated for use on the ABI 7900HT using the Qiagen QuantiTect® Probe RT-PCR chemistry. However, demonstrating equivalency with multiple one-step RT-PCR chemistries and PCR platforms increased the versatility of the assay. Limit of detection experiments indicated that the Qiagen QuantiTect® Multiplex (NoROX) and the Invitrogen SuperScript® III RT-PCR kits were consistently the most sensitive one-step chemistries for use with the CSF PIADC primer/probe set. Analytical sensitivity of the CSF PIADC assay ranged from <1–2.95 log10 TCID50/ml on both the ABI 7900HT and ABI 7500 platforms. The CSF PIADC assay had 100% diagnostic sensitivity and specificity when tested on a panel of 152 clinical samples from the Dominican Republic and Colombia. The ability to perform this newly developed assay in 96-well formats provides an increased level of versatility for use in CSF surveillance programs.
Q fever diagnosis in domestic ruminants
Authors: Horigan Mark W. , Bell Michael M. , Pollard Tim R. , Sayers Anthony R. , Pritchard Geoff C.
Published: September 2011

Q fever is an important zoonotic disease caused by infection with the bacterium Coxiella burnetii. Veterinary diagnostic laboratories, including the Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA) in England and Wales, have traditionally relied on the complement fixation test (CFT) for serological diagnosis. However, Q fever has assumed greater significance in recent years following several large human outbreaks linked to exposure to infected ruminants and it is essential that more reliable tests are introduced to detect the presence of C. burnetii infection in animals. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the performance of 3 commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for detection of antibodies to C. burnetii and to compare the findings with the CFT using a sample panel of 548 sera from sheep, goats, and cattle, including animals of known disease status. The statistical analysis using TAGS (test accuracy in the absence of a gold standard) software and receiver operating characteristic techniques demonstrated that the 3 ELISAs all showed improved sensitivity over the CFT. The test based on ovine antigen demonstrated the best overall performance and therefore, the VLA has adopted this test for routine use.
Lymphosarcoma associated with Heterobilharzia americana infection in a dog
Authors: Stone Richard H. , Frontera-Acevedo Karelma , Saba Corey F. , Ambrose Dana , Moorhead Andrew R. , Brown Cathy A.
Published: September 2011

Hepatic T-cell lymphosarcoma with involvement of regional lymph nodes and concurrent schistosomiasis were diagnosed in an 11-year-old male neutered mixed-breed dog with a history of chronic weight loss, inappetence, vomiting, and diarrhea. Trematode ova present in the hepatic parenchyma and mesenteric node were surrounded by sheets of neoplastic lymphocytes while those in the intestinal wall were surrounded by large numbers of non-neoplastic lymphocytes. Immunohistochemistry revealed that both the neoplastic and hyperplastic populations were T lymphocytes. The ova were identified by fecal saline sedimentation as Heterobilharzia spp., and fecal ova shedding resolved after praziquantel anthelmintic treatment. The lymphoma progressed despite chemotherapy, and the dog was euthanized after developing neurologic signs and a necropsy was performed. A monomorphic population of neoplastic T cells expanded and replaced normal architecture in the liver and spleen, surrounded nerve roots within the cauda equina, and infiltrated the meninges of the brain. The presence of schistosome ova embedded within neoplastic T-cell infiltrates suggests that, as previously reported in human schistosomiasis, heterobilharziasis may be associated with neoplasia.
Characterization of parvoviruses from domestic cats in Brazil
Authors: de Cássia Nasser Cubel Garcia Rita , de Castro Tatiana Xavier , de Miranda Suzana Carvalho , Júnior Gláucio Lopes , de Lima Marcelo , Labarthe Norma Volmer , Gagliardi Leite José Paulo
Published: September 2011

To characterize Feline parvovirus (FPV) circulating in domestic cats in Brazil, 51 fecal samples from unvaccinated domestic cats were collected during 2004–2005. Six parvoviruses were characterized by hemagglutination (HA) assay at different pH values and temperatures and by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using different pairs of primers. However, data obtained from HA and PCR did not allow the discrimination between FPV and Canine parvovirus (CPV). Two regions of the VP2 capsid gene (1,171-bp fragment) involved in controlling canine and feline host range were sequenced; 9 synonymous and 10 non-synonymous nucleotide substitutions were detected. All samples were confirmed as FPV by nucleotide sequencing, but 3 feline samples had amino acid changes at residues 93, 375, and 426, which are present in canine strains. The phylogenetic tree built based on nucleotide sequences showed that Brazilian feline samples form a cluster distinct from other parvoviruses deposited in GenBank. Taken together, the findings reinforce the importance of monitoring the continuous evolution of CPV and FPV in the feline population in Brazil.
The influence of temperature and simulated transport conditions of diagnostic samples on real-time polymerase chain reaction for the detection of Tritrichomonas foetus DNA
Authors: Clavijo Alfonso , Erol Erdal , Sneed Loyd , Sun Feng , Swinford Amy
Published: September 2011

Bovine trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted disease in cattle that causes considerable economic loss due to abortions and infertility. In vitro culture of the organisms is the traditional method for diagnosis. However, culture cannot differentiate Tritrichomonas foetus from other, closely related nonpathogenic protozoa. Recently, a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was developed for the differential diagnosis of trichomoniasis. The objective of the current work was to evaluate the effect of different simulated transport conditions on samples containing T. foetus for the diagnosis of trichomoniasis using culture and qPCR. Results indicate that transport temperatures of 4–20°C for 1–3 days before culture will reduce or temporarily inhibit parasite replication but maintain viability. Testing of samples by either culture or qPCR would be expected to give positive results. However, diagnosis of trichomonads by both methods was negatively affected when specimens were maintained at transport temperatures of 42°C for 24 hr or more. The current study stresses the importance of ensuring that clinical samples arrive to the diagnostic laboratory within 24–48 hr and of avoiding temperature transport conditions above 37°C in order to achieve an accurate diagnosis of trichomoniasis in cattle.
Mycobacterium avium subspecies hominissuis disseminated infection in a Basset Hound dog
Authors: Campora Luca , Corazza Michele , Zullino Cristina , Ebani Valentina V. , Abramo Francesca
Published: September 2011

In the current report, a case in Italy of disseminated Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis infection in a dog from an American lineage of Basset Hounds is described. A 2-year-old intact female Basset Hound presented with persistent lymphadenopathy, lameness, and a history characterized by coccidiosis, bacterial gastroenteritis, and alopecia. Lymphadenitis, with macrophages containing a few intracytoplasmic, negative staining, Ziehl–Neelsen-positive bacilli, was detected by a popliteal fine-needle aspirate leading to the diagnosis of mycobacteriosis. Ultrasound and X-ray examinations revealed visceral and mediastinal lymphadenopathy. Because of the extent of the disease, the dog was humanely euthanized. Significant gross abnormalities, such as enlargement of the cranial mediastinal lymph nodes with encapsulated areas of caseous necrosis and generalized lymphadenopathy, were observed at necropsy. Granulomatous lesions were histopathologically detected in the liver and spleen. Ziehl–Neelsen-positive bacilli were observed in all examined lymph node, liver, spleen, lung, and bone marrow smears. Lymph nodes and liver were collected in order to pursue speciation by bacterial culture and molecular biology; multiplex polymerase chain reaction results classified the pathogen as M. avium subsp. hominissuis. Although an immune system deficiency was not investigated, anamnesis suggests that the dog was immunocompromised. Furthermore, the dog came from an American stock of Basset Hound, and for some of this breed, a predisposition to this infection has been hypothesized.
Extinction of Care-Induced Vocalizations by a Desensitization Routine on a Palliative Care Unit
Authors: Adams Jennifer , Cheng P , Deonarain L , Frank C , Mayers A , Smith Beverley Jean , Yuen Harold
Published: September 2011

Vocalizations during care occur frequently in patients with dementia, and are not uncommon in the palliative setting. Underlying trigger factors may include pain during movement, fear of being turned, startle reflex, attempts at verbal communication, environmental factors such as cold water, and other possible etiologies. A case of a 92 year old female who screamed and called out during bathing is presented. This patient with comorbid dementia and brain lesions did not respond to pre-event pain medication, and became somnolent due to opioid administration for presumed incident pain. A non-pharmacological approach, with a patient-centered focus rather than task orientation, succeeded in extinguishing the vocalizations after a period of six weeks.
Program-Level Influences on the Measurement of Early Communication for Infants and Toddlers in Early Head Start
Authors: Greenwood Charles R. , Buzhardt Jay , Walker Dale , Howard Waylon J. , Anderson Rawni
Published: September 2011

Measurement in early childhood is an increasingly large-scale endeavor addressing purposes of accountability, program improvement, child outcomes, and intervention decision making for individual children. The Early Communication Indicator (ECI) is a measure relevant to intervention decision making for infants and toddlers, including response to intervention approaches. The widespread use of the ECI is growing in multiple programs and states. Local program staff members collect ECI data and, with their program directors, manage their own system of ECI measurement. Program-level implementations represent independent ECI measurement replications, and the success of each potentially influences the quality of data produced and, ultimately, the validity of the inferences made thereof. The purpose of this research was to examine program-level influences on child-level ECI total communication growth and 36-month outcomes in a large sample of children, including those with individual family service plans served by multiple Early Head Start programs in two states. Results indicated variation in programs’ sociodemographic composition, ECI implementation quality, ECI total communication growth, and 36-month outcomes. Program-level sociodemographic composition was found not to be an influence on ECI growth or 36-month outcomes, whereas state location and implementation quality were. Implications are discussed.
Single-Case Experimental Methods
Authors: Wolery Mark , Dunlap Glen , Ledford Jennifer R.
Published: September 2011

This editorial describes important issues in the reporting of studies using single case experimental methods. The intent is to provide authors with a short description of information that should be included in manuscripts using single case experimental methods and submitted to the Journal of Early Intervention. The editorial is organized by several questions, and these questions refer to the major sections of research reports. References are provided to give authors more detailed descriptions of single case methods and the reporting of studies using those methods.
DEC Personnel Preparation Standards
Authors: Lifter Karin , Chandler Lynette K. , Cochran Deborah C. , Dinnebeil Laurie A. , Gallagher Peggy A. , Christensen Kimberly A. , Stayton Vicki D.
Published: September 2011

The revision and process of validation of standards for early childhood special education (ECSE) and early intervention (EI) personnel at the initial and advanced levels of preparation, which occurred during 2005-2008, are described to provide a record of the process and to inform future cycles of standards revision. Central components focus on the importance of the relationships forged in the process, especially with Council for Exceptional Children, and their contributions to its success. The results are discussed in terms of changes in terminology for the ECSE/EI standards, limitations of the process, and suggestions for next revisions.
Antiasthmatic Effects of Gleditsia sinensis in an Ovalbumin-Induced Murine Model of Asthma
Authors: Lee Mee-Young , Shin In-Sik , Seo Chang-Seob , Ha Heykyung , Shin Hyeun-Kyoo
Published: September 2011

This study evaluated the antiasthmatic effects of Gleditsia sinensis ethanolic extract (GSEE) and its underlying mechanisms, using an in vivo murine model of asthma. Female BALB/c mice were sensitized, challenged with ovalbumin, and then examined for asthmatic reactions. The results showed that GSEE exerted profound inhibitory effects on the accumulation of eosinophils in the airways and reduced the levels of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-5 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and immunoglobulin E (IgE) in BALF and plasma. Gleditsia sinensis ethanolic extract also suppressed the production of reactive oxygen species in BALF and inflammatory infiltration, in a dose-dependent manner, and it inhibited goblet-cell hyperplasia in lung tissue. Thus, GSEE shows antiasthmatic effects in a murine model of allergic asthma, which appeared to be mediated partially by the reduction of oxidative stress and airway inflammation. These results indicate that GSEE could be an effective novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of allergic asthma.
HLA, PTPN22 and PD-1 associations as markers of autoimmunity in neuromyelitis optica
Authors: Asgari N , Nielsen C , Stenager E , Kyvik KO , Lillevang ST
Published: September 2011

Background: Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is a disease with autoimmune characteristics. A genetic autoimmune dependency for NMO has not been clarified in detail.

Objective: To investigate immunogenetic aspects of NMO.

Methods: Forty-one patients with NMO and 42 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) were diagnosed in a population-based Caucasian cohort. HLA DQA1, DQB1, and DRB1 alleles were determined. Polymorphisms in programmed death 1 (PD-1) PD-1.3 G/A and protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor 22 (PTPN22) 1858 C/T were genotyped.

Results: In the NMO group 15% had other autoimmune disorders and 39% had family occurrence of autoimmunity, comparable to MS. A higher frequency of a family history (17%) of NMO and MS was found in the NMO group ( p < 0.026). The frequency of HLA-DQB1*0402 allele was increased in NMO ( p after Bonferroni correction, cp < 0.035) and the HLA-DRB1*15 and DQB1*06 alleles were increased in MS ( cp < 0.0027, cp < 0.01), compared to controls. No associations of the PTPN22 1858 T were detected. The PD-1.3A allele was increased both in NMO ( p < 0.0023) and in MS patients ( p < 0.028) compared to controls.

Conclusion: Patients with NMO had frequent co-existence of autoimmunity and family occurrence of NMO and MS. The PD-1.3A allele was associated with NMO. The data suggest genetic autoimmune dependency of NMO.
Statin therapy and multiple sclerosis disability in a population-based cohort
Authors: Soldán M Mateo Paz , Pittock Sean J , Weigand Stephen D , Yawn Barbara P , Rodriguez Moses
Published: September 2011

Background: Axonal damage and inflammatory demyelination both occur in multiple sclerosis (MS). Some studies suggest that statins, through pleiotropic effects, reduce inflammatory episodes and protect neurons. However, other studies suggest statins have disparate impacts on these pathologic processes.

Objective: The objective of this study was to assess disability progression in MS patients receiving statin therapy.

Methods: We performed a retrospective medical record review of an established population-based MS prevalence cohort in Olmsted County, Minnesota, comparing disability progression between patients receiving statins and controls.

Results: Duration of statin use ranged from 1.9 to 20.3 years with a mean and standard deviation of 6.8 ± 4 years. Years between assessments ranged from 0.6 to 8.2 (75% of patients having intervals >6.4 years). The median (interquartile range) absolute change of disability among the statin group was 0 (0 to +1), compared with +0.5 (0, +1) in the no-statin group. Distributions were not significantly different ( p = 0.39). The mean (standard deviation) absolute change of disability scores among the statin group was +0.69 (+1.49), not significantly different from +0.61 (+1.31) in the no-statin group. Likewise, annualized disability scores did not differ significantly ( p = 0.23). Eighteen (40%) patients worsened by 1.0 or more on Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) in the statin group and 36 (40%) in the no-statin group ( p = 0.85, chi-squared test).

Conclusions: In this cohort, disability progression did not differ between those receiving statin therapy and controls. These findings support the hypothesis that statins, in doses currently prescribed for hyperlipidemia, do not affect the long-term course of MS.
Determinants of renal function in patients with renal artery stenosis
Authors: Yu Haifeng , Zhang Dong , Haller Steven , Kanjwal Khalil , Colyer William , Brewster Pamela , Steffes Michael , Shapiro Joseph I , Cooper Christopher J
Published: September 2011

Renal artery stenosis (RAS) is an important cause of renal failure; however, the factors associated with loss of kidney function in patients with RAS are poorly described, as are the predictors of an improvement in kidney function after stenting. One hundred patients at seven centers undergoing renal stenting were randomly assigned to an embolic protection device or double-blind use of a platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was measured using the creatinine-derived modified Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation, cystatin C, and iohexol clearance. In univariate and multivariate models, baseline MDRD and cystatin C GFR were associated with congestive heart failure (CHF) ( p = 0.01), lesion length ( p = 0.01), and percent stenosis (–0.27, p = 0.01). In multivariate models, MDRD-estimated GFR 1 month after stenting was associated with bilateral stenosis ( p < 0.05) and lesion length ( p < 0.05), whereas with cystatin C the multivariate model included angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) ( p < 0.05) and minimal luminal diameter (MLD) ( p < 0.05). The improvement in GFR from baseline to 1 month, measured as percent change, was related to baseline MDRD ( p = 0.009) and cystatin C ( p = 0.03) GFR. For MDRD GFR combined treatment with abciximab and Angioguard® embolic protection ( p = 0.02) remained significant in multivariate analysis as did CHF, which was also significant with cystatin C ( p = 0.05). In conclusion, CHF and lesion characteristics (MLD, percent stenosis and lesion length) are determinants of renal function in patients with RAS. In contrast, the acute improvement in renal function after revascularization is most strongly influenced by baseline GFR, and to a lesser degree CHF and combined procedural treatment with abciximab and embolic protection but not lesion characteristics. Clinical Trial Registration – URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT00234585