bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Performativity of Code
Authors: Mackenzie Adrian
Published: January 2005

This article analyses a specific piece of computer code, the Linux operating system kernel, as an example of how technical operationality figures in contemporary culture. The analysis works at two levels. First of all, it attempts to account for the increasing visibility and significance of code or software-related events. Second, it seeks to extend familiar concepts of performativity to include cultural processes in which the creation of meaning is not central, and in which processes of circulation play a primary role. The analysis concentrates on the practices and patterns of circulation of Linux through versions, distributions, clones and reconfigurations. It argues that technical ‘culture-objects’ such as Linux take on a social existence within contemporary technological cultures because of the authorizing contexts in which the reading, writing and execution of code occur. The ‘force’ or performance of certain technical objects, their operationality, can be understood more as the stabilized nexus of diverse social practices, rules and personae than as a formal property of the objects themselves.
Computing the Human
Authors: Hayles N. Katherine
Published: January 2005

Researchers in artificial intelligence and robotics often include a timeline stretching into the future in which they predict the convergence between human and artificial intelligence. Ray Kurzweil, for example, predicts that in a mere 100 years humans and intelligent machines will become indistinguishable from one another, both ceasing to have permanent corporeal forms. This article argues that the one thing we can know for sure about the future is that when it arrives, it will be different from what we imagined. The cultural work that predictions like Kurzweil’s perform is less to prognosticate the future than to shape our understanding of what it means to be human in the present. Working from the ‘sense-think-act’ paradigm foundational to work in artificial intelligence and robotics, this article argues that predictions in all three areas (sensing, thinking, acting) feed back to affect how the human is envisioned in the present. The reconfigurations these predictions bring about are to downplay consciousness, embodied cognition, and evolutionary inertia. The article concludes by critically evaluating contemporary resistances to the posthuman, especially in the writings of Rodney Brooks and Francis Fukuyama.
Metamorphoses
Authors: Kember Sarah
Published: January 2005

This article takes as its starting point and its main problematic the status of evolution as a ‘sterile belief’ in contemporary technoscientific culture. Focusing in particular on the role of evolution across the boundaries of art and science in the contexts of artificial life and transgenic engineering, it offers a critique of the belief in evolutionary possibility as an abstract process. The lack of what François Jacob refers to as a dialogue between the possible and the actual is seen to account for the sterility of evolutionary possibility and for its status as myth. In particular, evolutionary possibility recalls the myth of metamorphoses, the conservatism of which is demonstrated in an analysis of two art/science works - Galápagos by Karl Sims and Genesis by Eduardo Kac. Lacking a dialogue with the actual, metamorphic evolutionary possibility here becomes self-referential and produces nothing new. Rather than a rejection of evolution per se, this article takes up Jacob’s critique of its over-extension by showing how this operates in two works representing the fields of artificial life and transgenesis respectively.
Making Music Matter
Authors: Fraser Mariam
Published: January 2005

This article is based on a performance piece, Thought Conductor # 2, by the artist Bruce Gilchrist. In a live-art context, the signals generated by an individual hooked up to an EEG are converted into passages of musical notation and played by a string quartet. What is happening here, or rather what kind of happening is taking place, is the focus of this article. The article explores the relations between the author, the score, and the sound in Thought Conductor # 2 as well in John Cage’s 4’33” (1952), the landmark work that inspired the Thought Conductor pieces, and which has been described as one of the first happenings in America. These key elements offer clues to the different kinds of ‘presences’ that the performances embody, and the different notions of ‘life’ to which they refer. The sound of TC2 is the sound of an event.
Traffic Violations
Authors: Saunders Penelope
Published: January 2005

This contribution will consider the current linkages among migration, sex work, trafficking in persons, and violence. Efforts to end trafficking in persons are perhaps the most important contribution to antiviolence program design in the global arena over the past decade. Significant funding and technical assistance are flowing to organizations to prevent and alleviate the effects of trafficking, and new legislative regimes have been established within countries and globally (e.g., the 2002 UN Crimes Commission’s Protocolon Trafficking in Persons). To explore how trafficking and international sex trade issues converge, the author draws on participant observation in international debates such as Beijing Plus Five and the Crimes Commission from 2000 to 2001, on interviews with key figures in the antitrafficking world and with sex-worker rights advocates, and on program documentation.
Sex Work Research
Authors: Shaver Frances M.
Published: January 2005

The challenges involved in the design of ethical, nonexploitative research projects with sex workers or any other marginalized population are significant. First, the size and boundaries of the population are unknown, making it extremely difficult to get a representative sample. Second, because membership in hidden populations often involves stigmatized or illegal behavior, concerns regarding privacy and confidentiality are paramount and difficult to resolve. In addition, they often result in challenges to the validity of the data. Third, in spite of evidence to the contrary, associations between sex work and victimization are still strong, dichotomies remain prevalent, and sex workers are often represented as a homogeneous population. Drawing on three research projects in which the author has been involved—all grounded in a sex-as-work approach—as well as the work of others, this article provides several strategies for overcoming these challenges. Clear guidelines for ethical, nonexploitive methodologies are embedded in the solutions provided.
The de-gaying and re-gaying of AIDS: contested homophobias in lesbian and gay awareness training
Authors: Kitzinger Celia , Peel Elizabeth
Published: January 2005

From the first recognition of AIDS as a disease, it was publicly conceptualized as a ‘gay plague’. In response, health education and diversity training sought to counter this association claiming that AIDS is an ‘equal opportunity’ virus - that it can affect anyone. In this article, we analyse talk about HIV/AIDS within a data corpus of 13 tape-recorded lesbian and gay awareness training sessions. Counter to the way in which interactions are described in the lesbian and gay awareness training literature, we found that it was trainees, rather than trainers, who pursued discussions about HIV/AIDS, and who did so in order to claim the ‘de-gaying’ of AIDS, which they treated as representing a ‘non-prejudiced’ position. By contrast, and in response to trainees’ insistence on de-gaying AIDS, trainers were ‘re-gaying’ AIDS. Our analysis highlights that in these sessions - designed explicitly to counter homophobic attitudes - apparently ‘factual’ claims and counter-claims about infection rates and risk groups are underpinned by essentially contested definitions of what constitutes a ‘homophobic’ attitude. We conclude by pointing to the value of detailed analysis of talk-in-interaction for understanding professional practices, and suggest strategies for improving the pedagogic value of training.
Normalization behaviours of rural fathers living with chronically-ill children: an Australian experience
Authors: Peck Blake , Lillibridge Jennifer
Published: January 2005

This article reports findings from a larger qualitative study conducted to gain insight into the experience of fathers living with their chronically-ill children in rural Victoria, Australia. Data were collected via unstructured interviews with four fathers. The findings presented in this article explore the phenomena of normalization for fathers within the chronic illness experience. Fathers described normalizing the experience of living with their chronically-ill child as involving a combination of various coping strategies and behaviours including: (1) accepting the child’s condition, (2) changing expectations, (3) focusing energies on a day-to-day basis, (4) minimizing knowledge-seeking behaviours, and (5) engaging in external distraction activities. Findings highlight the complex and unique normalization strategies these men utilized and contribute to knowledge and understanding of the complex nature of raising a chronically-ill child in rural Australia and provide a sound basis upon which to guide an ongoing and holistic assessment of fathers with chronically-ill children.
Research with children: a critical review of the guidelines
Authors: Neill Sarah J.
Published: January 2005

The development of research with children highlights a number of ethical issues for the research process concerning consent, confidentiality and protection from harm. This article aims to analyse the extent to which these issues have been considered within the published guidance for research involving children. Several key principles emerged: there is consensus that it is unethical not to conduct research with children; consent should be obtained from both the child and the parent or guardian; where the child does not have sufficient understanding of what is involved and the implications of such involvement, the assent of the child should be sought; children involved in research should be made aware that, where information concerning risks to themselves or others emerges, confidentiality cannot be guaranteed; and finally researchers must consider the potential impact of research participation on the child, building methods of providing support to children into the research proposal.
Caring for children with complex needs: staff education and training
Authors: Hewitt-Taylor Jaqui
Published: January 2005

Children who live with medical conditions that were previously considered incompatible with long term survival are often highly dependent on interventions and equipment which would traditionally have required hospitalization. However, it is generally accepted that their social, psychological, emotional and developmental needs are best met at home. One of the many factors that can impede these children from being discharged from hospital is the lack of availability of staff who can provide care and support for them and their families. Increasing the number of staff who are able to provide such support might, therefore, assist in providing for their care needs. This article reports on a study of the perceived education and training needs of staff who care for children with complex needs and their families.
Correlation of lung surface area to apoptosis and proliferation in human emphysema
Authors: Imai K. , Mercer B. A. , Schulman L. L. , Sonett J. R. , D'Armiento J. M.
Published: January 2005

Pulmonary emphysema is associated with alterations in matrix proteins and protease activity. These alterations may be linked to programmed cell death by apoptosis, potentially influencing lung architecture and lung function.

To evaluate apoptosis in emphysema, lung tissue was analysed from 10 emphysema patients and six individuals without emphysema (normal). Morphological analysis revealed alveolar cells in emphysematous lungs with convoluted nuclei characteristic of apoptosis. DNA fragmentation was detected using terminal deoxynucleotide transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labelling (TUNEL) and gel electrophoresis. TUNEL revealed higher apoptosis in emphysematous than normal lungs. Markers of apoptosis, including active caspase-3, proteolytic fragment of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, Bax and Bad, were detected in emphysematous lungs. Linear regression showed that apoptosis was inversely correlated with surface area. Emphysematous lungs demonstrated lower surface areas and increased cell proliferation. There was no correlation between apoptosis and proliferation, suggesting that, although both events increase during emphysema, they are not in equilibrium, potentially contributing to reduced lung surface area.

In summary, cell-based mechanisms associated with emphysematous parenchymal damage include increased apoptosis and cell proliferation. Apoptosis correlated with airspace enlargement, supporting epidemiological evidence of the progressive nature of emphysema. These data extend the understanding of cell dynamics and structural changes within the lung during emphysema pathogenesis.
Pulmonary ischaemia–reperfusion injury: role of apoptosis: Fig. 1—
Authors: Ng C. S. H. , Wan S. , Yim A. P. C.
Published: January 2005

The central role of lung ischaemia–reperfusion injury in pulmonary dysfunction after cardiac surgery, particularly thoracic organ transplantation, has been well recognised.

Lung tissue necrosis after prolonged ischaemia is known to worsen lung function, which was believed to be due largely to adjacent tissue inflammation. Recent studies suggest that lung apoptosis following ischaemia–reperfusion could be equally important in the development of post-operative lung dysfunction.

The current literature on the mechanism and pathways involved in pulmonary dysfunction and, in particular, its relationship with apoptosis after lung ischaemia–reperfusion is briefly reviewed here.

A better understanding of lung apoptosis, as well as the upstream pathways, may help in the development of therapeutic strategies that could benefit patients undergoing cardiac and lung transplantation.
Bronchoalveolar lavage in COPD: fluid recovery correlates with the degree of emphysema
Authors: Löfdahl J. M. , Cederlund K. , Nathell L. , Eklund A. , Sköld C. M.
Published: January 2005

Bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is an important research tool for assessing airway inflammation in a variety of inflammatory lung diseases. In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), BAL recovery is often low, making analysis of the recovered fluid difficult to interpret. The present authors hypothesised that the degree of emphysema may predict BAL recovery.

A total of 20 COPD patients (mean age 57 yrs, range 49–69) with a median (interquartile range) forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) of 51 (33–69)% predicted underwent BAL. Matched “healthy” smokers and nonsmokers served as controls. Emphysema index in COPD patients was calculated on computed tomography scan as the percentage of the right lung with pixels <−950 Hounsfield units. The carbon monoxide diffusing capacity of the lung (DL,CO) was determined by the single-breath method.

COPD patients had lower BAL recovery than controls. COPD patients with an emphysema index <1 had higher BAL recovery than patients with an emphysema index >1. BAL recovery correlated negatively to emphysema index and positively toDL,CO. However, no correlation was found between recovery and FEV1.

In conclusion, the extent of emphysema evaluated by computed tomography-scan index and carbon monoxide diffusing capacity of the lung may predict a low bronchoalveolar lavage recovery in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. These parameters may, therefore, be useful when chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients are selected for bronchoscopy with bronchoalveloar lavage. The present study underlines the importance of careful phenotyping of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients.
Obesity increases the risk of incident asthma among adults
Authors: Rönmark E. , Andersson C. , Nyström L. , Forsberg B. , Järvholm B. , Lundbäck B.
Published: January 2005

The annual incidence of asthma in adults in northern Sweden has been estimated at 2.3 per thousand population. Risk factors for incident asthma among adults were studied in a case–referent study based on incident cases of asthma during 1995–1999.

The healthcare providers reported suspected cases of incident asthma. After clinical examination, 309 (65% female) of 473 reported subjects were included. Inclusion criteria were a history of incident asthma (onset <12 months) and verified bronchial variability. Referents were randomly selected and stratified by age, sex and area of residence.

The significant risk factors were hay fever, a family history of asthma, ex-smoking status and elevated body mass index (25.0–29.9 and ≥30). The risk factor pattern was similar for females and males, and increased body mass index was a significant risk factor for both males and females, as well as for allergic and nonallergic subjects.

In conclusion, in addition to hay fever, a family history of asthma, allergic sensitisation and ex-smoking status, increased body mass index was a significant risk factor for incident asthma independent of sex and allergic status.
Survival with first-line bosentan in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension
Authors: McLaughlin V. V. , Sitbon O. , Badesch D. B. , Barst R. J. , Black C. , Galiè N. , Rainisio M. , Simonneau G. , Rubin L. J.
Published: January 2005

Primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH) is a progressive disease with high mortality. Administration ofi.v.epoprostenol has demonstrated improved exercise tolerance, haemodynamics, and survival. The orally active, dual endothelin receptor antagonist bosentan improves exercise endurance, haemodynamics, and functional class over the short term. To determine the effect of first-line bosentan therapy on survival, this study followed 169 patients with PPH treated with bosentan in two placebo-controlled trials and their extensions.

Data on survival and alternative treatments were collected from September 1999 (start of the first placebo-controlled study) to December 31, 2002. Observed survival up to 36 months was reported as Kaplan-Meier estimates and compared with predicted survival as determined for each patient by the National Institutes of Health Registry formula.

Kaplan-Meier survival estimates were 96% at 12 months and 89% at 24 months. In contrast, predicted survival was 69% and 57%, respectively. In addition, at the end of 12 and 24 months, 85% and 70% of patients, respectively, remained alive and on bosentan monotherapy. Factors that predicted a worse outcome included World Health Organization Functional Class IV and 6-min walk distance below the median (358 m) at baseline.

First-line bosentan therapy was found to improve survival in patients with advanced primary pulmonary hypertension.
Is it bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome or is it chronic rejection: a reappraisal?: Fig. 1—
Authors: Verleden G. M. , Dupont L. J. , Van Raemdonck D. E.
Published: January 2005

Chronic rejection (obliterative bronchiolitis) is the single most important cause of chronic allograft dysfunction and late mortality after lung transplantation. As this condition is difficult to prove using biopsy specimens, a clinical term, bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) has been in use for >10 yrs to describe the progressive decrease of pulmonary function. However, before diagnosing a patient as having BOS, based on a sustained and progressive decrease in forced expiratory volume in one second and/or forced mid-expiratory flow between 25–75% of forced vital capacity, different confounding factors have to be eliminated.

Treatment of BOS mainly consists of an increase or a change in the immunosuppressive drug regimen, which may lead to more pronounced infectious complications. Recently, two new options have become available to treat patients with BOS, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux and azithromycin.

In the present paper, the authors give an overview of the current data on these two modalities, which may lead to a restoration of the pulmonary function in some of the patients, illustrating once more the fact that bronchitis obliterans syndrome is not always a manifestation of chronic rejection.
Nontuberculous mycobacteria in cystic fibrosis associated with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and steroid therapy
Authors: Mussaffi H. , Rivlin J. , Shalit I. , Ephros M. , Blau H.
Published: January 2005

Nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infection, particularly due toMycobacterium abscessus, is an emerging disease that can be relentlessly progressive, particularly in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. The risk factors that were associated with this increasingly symptomatic infection in a group of CF patients were investigated.

A total of 139 CF patients aged 2–52 yrs were reviewed. Sputum was cultured for NTM annually or whenever clinical deterioration was unexplained.

In total, 12 patients (8.6%) had positive cultures and six (4.3%) met the criteria for NTM pulmonary disease (five withM. abscessus). Five had allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) compared with one out of 133 patients without NTM disease. Five had received systemic steroids (four as a treatment for ABPA) compared with only one out of 133 without NTM lung disease. All six NTM patients deteriorated markedly following mycobacterial infection, and forced expiratory volume in one second dropped 18–46%. Despite prolonged triple antibiotic therapy,M. abscessuswas not eradicated, and four out of six did not return to baseline clinically.

In conclusion, severe nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease, particularly withMycobacterium abscessus, is becoming a perplexing challenge in cystic fibrosis patients. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and systemic steroids appear to be risk factors, although small patient numbers limit this to a descriptive observation. When pulmonary condition deteriorates, increased surveillance for mycobacteria would enable prompt diagnosis and treatment.
Understanding dyspnoea by its language: Fig. 1—
Authors: Scano G. , Stendardi L. , Grazzini M.
Published: January 2005

Dyspnoea is a general term used to characterise a range of qualitatively distinct descriptors that vary in intensity. Based on the hypothesis that various qualities of respiratory discomfort result from different pathophysiological abnormalities, language could help to define one or more of the abnormalities responsible for breathing discomfort. The use of descriptors of dyspnoea may contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms of dyspnoea, and assist in identifying or predicting a specific diagnosis. Symptoms that can be reliably discriminated imply different pathophysiological mechanisms, whereas symptoms that cannot be reliably discriminated imply similar pathophysiological mechanisms. Since dyspnoea is a fundamental part of patient's clinical history, physicians should become more fluent in the language of dyspnoea.
A chart of failure risk for noninvasive ventilation in patients with COPD exacerbation
Authors: Confalonieri M. , Garuti G. , Cattaruzza M. S. , Osborn J. F. , Antonelli M. , Conti G. , Kodric M. , Resta O. , Marchese S. , Gregoretti C. , Rossi A.
Published: January 2005

Knowing the likelihood of failure of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) in patients with exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) could indicate the best choice between NPPV and endotracheal intubation instituted earlier. For this purpose, two risk charts were designed (at admission and after 2 h of NPPV) that included all relevant measurable clinical prognostic indicators derived from a population representing the patients seen routinely in clinical practice.

Risk stratification of NPPV failure was assessed in 1,033 consecutive patients admitted to experienced hospital units, including two intensive care units, six respiratory intermediate care units, and five general wards. NPPV was successful in 797 patients.

Patients with a Glasgow Coma Score <11, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) II ≥29, respiratory rate ≥30 breaths·min−1and pH at admission <7.25 have a predicted risk of failure >70%. A pH <7.25 after 2 h greatly increases the risk (>90%). The risk charts were validated on an independent group of 145 consecutive COPD patients treated with NPPV due to an acute ventilatory failure episode. To identify patients with a probability of failure >50%, the sensitivity and specificity were 33% and 96.7% on admission and 52.9% and 94.1% after 2 h of NPPV, respectively.

The prediction chart, based on data from the current study, can function as a simple tool to predict the risk of failure of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation and thus improve clinical management of patients tailoring medical intervention.
Prone position improves expiratory airway mechanics in severe chronic bronchitis
Authors: Mentzelopoulos S. D. , Roussos C. , Zakynthinos S. G.
Published: January 2005

Based on lung parenchyma-airways' interdependence, the present authors hypothesised that prone positioning may reduce airway resistance in severe chronic bronchitis.

A total of 10 anaesthetised/mechanically ventilated patients were enrolled. Partitioned respiratory system (RS) mechanics during iso-flow experiments (flow = 0.91 L·s−1, tidal volume (VT) varied within 0.2–1.2 L), haemodynamics, gas-exchange, expiratory airway resistance (Raw,exp), functional residual capacity (FRC), change in FRC (ΔFRC), end-expiratory lung volume (EELV), expiratory airway resistance at EELV (Raw,exp,EELV), intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEPi), and mean end-expiratory flow were determined in baseline semirecumbent (SRBAS), prone, and post-prone semirecumbent (SRPP) postures.

PronationversusSRBASresulted in significantly reducedRaw,exp(atVT≥0.8 L),Raw,exp,EELV(18.3±1.4versus31.6±2.6 cm H2O·L−1·s−1), inspiratory airway resistance (atVT≥1.0 L), static lung elastance (atVT≤0.6 L), “additional” RS/lung resistance (at a range ofVTs), ΔFRC (0.35±0.03versus0.47±0.03 L), EELV (4.92±0.49versus5.65±0.65 L), RS/lung PEEPi (6.7±1.1/5.4±0.6versus8.9±1.7/7.8±1.1 cm H2O), mean end-expiratory flow (63.9±4.2versus47.9±4.0 mL·s−1), and shunt fraction (0.16±0.03versus0.21±0.03); benefits were reversed in SRPP.

In severe chronic bronchitis, prone positioning reduces airway resistance and dynamic hyperinflation.
Incidence of bipolar affective disorder in three UK cities
Authors: Lloyd Tuhina , Kennedy Noel , Fearon Paul , Kirkbride James , Mallett Rosemarie , Leff Julian , Holloway John , Harrison Glynn , Dazzan Paola , Morgan Kevin , Murray Robin M. , Jones Peter B.
Published: January 2005

Background

There has been a relative dearth of epidemiological research into bipolar affective disorder. Furthermore, incidence studies of bipolar disorder have been predominantly retrospective and most only included hospital admission cases.

Aims

To determine the incidence of operationally defined bipolar disorder in three areas of the UK and to investigate any differences in gender and ethnicity.

Method

All patients who contacted mental health services with first-episode psychosis or non-psychotic mania between September 1997 and August 1999 were identified and diagnosed according to ICD–10 criteria. Incidence rates of bipolar affective disorder were standardised for age and stratified by gender and ethnic group across the three areas.

Results

The incidence rate per 100 000 per year in south-east London was over twice that in Nottingham and Bristol. There was no significant difference in the rates of disorder in men and women. Incidence rates of bipolar disorder in the combined Black and minority ethnic groups in all three areas were significantly higher than those of the comparison White groups.

Conclusions

The incidence of bipolar disorder was higher in south-east London than in the other two areas, and was higher among Black and minority ethnic groups than in the White population.
Time trends in eating disorder incidence
Authors: Currin Laura , Schmidt Ulrike , Treasure Janet , Jick Hershel
Published: January 2005

Background

During the years 1988–1993 the primary care incidence of anorexia nervosa in the UK remained stable, but the incidence of bulimia nervosa increased threefold.

Aims

To determine whether the incidence of anorexia nervosa remained stable, and that of bulimia nervosa continued to increase, in the years 1994–2000.

Method

The General Practice Research Database was screened for new cases of anorexia and bulimia nervosa between 1994 and 2000. Annual incidence rates were calculated for females aged 10–39 years and compared with rates from the previous 5 years.

Results

In 2000 primary care incidence rates were 4. 7 and 6. 6 per 100 000 population for anorexia and bulimia nervosa, respectively. The incidence of anorexia nervosa remained remarkably consistent over the period studied. Overall there was an increase in the incidence of bulimia, but rates declined after a peak in 1996.

Conclusions

This study provides further evidence for the stability of anorexia nervosa incidence rates. Decreased symptom recognition and changes in service use might have contributed to observed changes in the incidence of bulimia nervosa.
Experience of social stigma by people with schizophrenia in Hong Kong
Authors: Lee Sing , Lee Margaret T. Y. , Chiu Marcus Y. L. , Kleinman Arthur
Published: January 2005

Background

Research on stigma often focuses on general public attitudes and overlooks patients' subjective experiences of everyday stigma arising from significant others.

Aims

To document and compare the interpersonal experiences of stigma in patients with schizophrenia and patients with diabetes mellitus in Hong Kong.

Method

Four focus groups were conducted to generate a self-report questionnaire. Data were collected from out-patients with schizophrenia (n=320) and diabetes (n=160).

Results

Significantly more patients with schizophrenia (>40%) than diabetes (average 15%) experienced stigma from family members, partners, friends and colleagues. Over 50% anticipated stigma and about 55% concealed their illness. Dysphoria occurred in over half.

Conclusions

Interpersonal (especially intrafamilial) stigma was pervasive, hard to avoid and devastating to patients with schizophrenia. Family support had to be realised rather than assumed, despite the emphasis on relationship bonds in Chinese society Programmes that build the family as a rehabilitative resource should start early to reduce the development and adverse impacts of stigma.
Career choices for psychiatry: national surveys of graduates of 1974–2000 from UK medical schools
Authors: Goldacre Michael J. , Turner Gill , Fazel Seena , Lambert Trevor
Published: January 2005

Background

Concerns continue about recruitment levels of junior doctors into psychiatry in the UK.

Aims

To report career choices for and career progression in psychiatry.

Method

Postal questionnaire surveys of qualifiers from all UK medical schools in eight qualification years since 1974.

Results

Totals of 75% (21 845 out of 28 980) and 74% (17 741 out of 24 044) of doctors responded atone and three years after qualification. One and three years after qualification, 4–5% of doctors chose psychiatry This has changed very little between 1974 and 2000. Most doctors who chose psychiatry one and three years after qualification were working in psychiatry at year 10. Hours and conditions of work, the doctor's personal assessment of their aptitudes and skills and their experience of the subject as a student influenced long-term career choices for psychiatry.

Conclusions

Greater exposure to psychiatry for clinical students and in junior hospital jobs might improve recruitment.
Impact of a foot and mouth disease crisis on post-traumatic stress symptoms in farmers
Authors: Olff Miranda , Koeter Maarten W. J. , Van Haaften E. Heleen , Kersten Paul H. , Gersons Berthold P. R.
Published: January 2005

Culling 27000 farm animals during an epidemic of foot and mouth disease in The Netherlands in 2001 resulted in substantial psychological distress among Dutch farmers. We investigated the association of exposure to this crisis with symptoms of intrusions and avoidance as found in post-traumatic stress disorder. Survey results from the Impact of Event Scale administered to 661 Dutch dairy farmers showed that about half of those whose animals were culled suffered from severe post-traumatic distress; we conclude that such agricultural crises can have a substantial impact on mental health.
Black robes and white coats: who will win the new mental health tribunals?
Authors: Sarkar Sameer P. , Adshead Gwen
Published: January 2005

Under current proposals for new mental health legislation, psychiatrists increasingly will be involved in tribunal processes examining the grounds for compulsory detention and treatment, both in hospitals and in the community. They will lose some authority over admission and discharge, with decision-making instead being given over to legal bodies that will regulate admission and discharge. The proposals for wholesale change in UK mental health law are an opportunity to devise a new type of legal hearing where all ‘sides' are properly represented. However, the new mental health tribunals proposed in the draft UK bill sit in a twilight zone of ‘quasi-criminal’ courts. The use of single joint experts or ‘expert panels', consistent with the recent civil law reforms, means that problems of undisputed medical evidence may become even more acute. American experience shows that judicial deference to clinical opinion, even in overtly adversarial commitment hearings, is considerable (Bursztajnet al, 1997). In this editorial, we argue that these proposals justify a re-examination of the values of law and psychiatry.
Changes to training in medicine and psychiatry: a trainee's perspective on a possible way forward
Authors: Mukherjee Raja A. S. , Nimmagadda S. Rao
Published: January 2005

The next 2 years will see radical changes to the way medical training is delivered. First, the old apprenticeship and time served model will no longer be applicable. Second, from August 2004 the European Work Time Directive (EWTD) applies to trainees in the same way that it applies to all other grades (European Union, 1993, 2000). August 2005 will bring the first full intake into foundation programmes and will see the implementation of Modernising Medical Careers (MMC) (Department of Health, 2003). Further in 2005, the General Medical Council's (GMC's) new requirements for revalidation will come into force (GMC, 2003).
Specialist registrar training: at the crossroads (again)
Authors: Vassilas Christopher A. , Brown Nicholas
Published: January 2005

Great improvements have taken place within higher training in psychiatry, influenced by the Calman report on specialist training (Department of Health, 1993) and the publication by the Royal College of Psychiatrists (2004) of its competency-based curriculum for specialist training. Alongside these developments have been huge changes in the way that psychiatric services are configured and increased difficulties in recruiting consultant staff (O'Connor & Vize, 2003). We believe a gap has arisen between higher training and the real-world needs of psychiatric services, which needs to be tackled. These concerns are not new (Deahl & Turner, 1998) but the problems in recruitment mean that an urgent review of higher training is necessary.
Patient-centred psychiatry. Training and assessment: the way forward
Authors: Bhugra Dinesh , Holsgrove Gareth
Published: January 2005

Patient-centred psychiatry depends upon delivering care which is patient focused. Patient-centred care is defined as

(Care) which explores the Patients' reasons for their visit, their concerns and need for information, seeks an integrated understanding of the patient's world i.e. their whole person, emotional needs and life issues and finds common ground on what the problem is and mutually agrees on management, enhances prevention and health promotion and enhances the continuing relationship between the patient and the doctor (Stewart, 2001)
Copying letters to patients: a study of patients' views
Authors: Marzanski Marek , Musunuri Padmapriya , Coupe Tim
Published: January 2005

Aims & Method

To investigate patients' views on receiving copies of letters sent by their healthcare professionals, 72 patients were asked about their willingness to receive a copy of the letter sent to their general practitioner and about preferences for the type of information to be included in such letters. We also asked what concerns, if any, they had about the process.

Results

Three-quarters of the respondents (n=55) said they would like to receive a copy of the letter. Patients accepted the inclusion of information about their illness but were reluctant for data about their family, work and finances to be included.

Clinical Implications

Although the majority of the patients we interviewed wished to have the copy letter, many of them expressed concerns about confidentiality, the risk of distress and the cost of the process to the National Health Service. The rights of those who do not want copy letters should also be respected.
Changing jobs at 50
Authors: Smithies Joan
Published: January 2005

As I was celebrating my 50th birthday in March 2003, I was serving out my notice in the job I had held for 17 years as a consultant in old age psychiatry for a population of 18 500 and latterly as trust deputy medical director for elderly mental health.
Organising a mock OSCE for the MRCPsych Part I examination
Authors: Pryde Iain , Sachar Amrit , Young Stephanie , Hukin Amanda , Davies Teifion , Rao Ranga
Published: January 2005

Aims and Method

With the changes introduced recently to the Part I clinical examination, trainers will be expected to modify MRCPsych course teaching accordingly. The aim of this paper is to describe the procedure for organising a mock objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) for MRCPsych trainees.

Results

Prior to the introduction of the new OSCE, we organised an authentic mock OSCE for our trainees. We have now run three consecutive mock examinations which have been successfully evaluated.

Clinical Implications

A well-organised mock OSCE requires significant investment in terms of planning, resources and enthusiasm, but can have a potentially beneficial impact on and preparation for the real OSCE and training in general.
A Mixed-metal Single-molecule Magnet: [Mn8Fe4O12(O2CCH2Cl)16(H2O)4]
Authors: Yang Chen-I , Tsai Hui-Lien , Lee Gene-Hsiang , Wur Ching-Shuei , Yang Shwu-Fen
Published: January 2005

The synthesis, X-ray crystal structure and magnetic properties of a new single-molecule magnet [Mn8Fe4O12(O2CCH2Cl)16(H2O)4]·2CH2ClCOOH·2CH2Cl2 (3·2CH2ClCOOH·2CH2Cl2) are reported. Reduced magnetization data of complex 3 indicate an S = 4 ground state, and the out-of-phase components of AC magnetic susceptibilities have frequency dependent maxima.
Control of Morphology and Reaction Activity of CeO2–TiO2 Composite Nanostructures by Changing the Mole Ratio of Cerium to Titanium Alkoxides
Authors: Nakagawa Keizo , Murata Yusuke , Kishida Masahiro , Adachi Motonari
Published: January 2005

Crystallized CeO2–TiO2 composite nanostructures were prepared by surfactant-assisted method using mixed solution of alkoxides at 353 K. The morphology and crystalline structure of CeO2–TiO2 composite were varied with changing the mole ratio of cerium n-butoxide/tetraisopropyl orthotitanate. These nanostructured materials after calcinations showed reaction activity to oxidize I− to I2 owing to Lewis acid sites without irradiation of light.
Magnetic Mullite–iron Composite Nanoparticles Prepared by Solid Solution Reduction
Authors: Wang Hao , Sekino Tohru , Niihara Koichi
Published: January 2005

Magnetic composite nanoparticles containing iron and mullite were prepared by reduction of sol–gel-made mullite–iron oxide solid solution. The magnetic properties of nanocomposite suggest that a part of the iron particle exists in the superparamagnetic state. TEM observation shows that metal nanoparticles have an intragranular distribution with iron embedded in mullite grains.
Polymorphism, Photoluminescence, and Electroluminescence of Diaminodicyanopyrazine
Authors: Shiozaki Hisayoshi , Inoue Yotaro , Sakurai Yoshiaki
Published: January 2005

A diaminodicyanopyrazine derivative, having bulky substituents, was designed and synthesized. The synthesized dye exhibited an intense photoluminescence in the solid state. An electroluminescent device was prepared by using the dye. The dye exhibited polymorphism. Red and yellow single crystals of the dye were prepared by using a gas-phase sublimation growth procedure. The spectral shift due to the polymorphism is also discussed, and a candidate dye for red colored electroluminescent devices is proposed.
Unusual Solvatochromism Based on Intramolecular Hydrophobic Interaction in Water-soluble Azobenzene Dendrimers
Authors: Momotake Atsuya , Arai Tatsuo
Published: January 2005

Azobenzene dendrimer E-2, having water-soluble dendrons at the ortho-position in azobenzene, showed novel solvatochromism with changing the solvent ratio of water/EtOH which is based on the intramolecular hydrophobic interaction due to poly-aryl(ether) dendrons. The thermodynamic parameters for Z-to-E thermal isomerization of 2 also greatly depended on the water/EtOH ratio.
Imidazolium Ionic Liquid-Grafted 2,2′-Bipyridine—A Novel Ligand for the Recyclable Copper-catalyzed Selective Oxidation of Alcohols in Ionic Liquid [bmim][PF6]
Authors: Wu Xue-E , Ma Li , Ding Meng-Xian , Gao Lian-Xun
Published: January 2005

A novel imidazolium ionic liquid-grafted 2,2′-bipyridine ligand has been prepared and successfully employed in the copper-catalyzed selective oxidation of alcohols to the corresponding carbonyl compounds in ionic liquid [bmim][PF6] under mild conditions, and the catalytic ionic liquid solution can be recovered and reused without significant loss of catalytic efficiency.
Introduction of Tyramide Signal Amplification (TSA) to Pre-embedding Nanogold-Silver Staining at the Electron Microscopic Level
Authors: Lee Seung-won , Lee Song Eun , Ko Seong Hyuk , Hong Eun Kyoung , Nam Kwang Il , Nakamura Kei-ichiro , Imayama Shuhei , Park Yeong-Joon , Ahn Kyu Youn , Bae Choon Sang , Kim Baik Yoon , Park Sung Sik
Published: January 2005

The tyramide signal amplification (TSA) technique has been shown to detect scarce tissue antigens in light and electron microscopy. In this study we applied the TSA technique at the electron microscopic level to pre-embedding immunocytochemistry. This protocol was compared to the non-amplified protocol. With the TSA protocol, the labeling of GM130, a cis-Golgi matrix protein, was tested in a cell line and found to be highly sensitive and more enhanced than that with the simple protocol. Moreover, the gold particles were well localized to the cis-side of the Golgi apparatus in both the TSA and the simple protocol.
Colocalization of Apolipoprotein AI in Various Kinds of Systemic Amyloidosis
Authors: Sakata Naohiro , Hoshii Yoshinobu , Nakamura Tomomi , Kiyama Makiko , Arai Hirofumi , Omoto Masatoshi , Morimatsu Mitsunori , Ishihara Tokuhiro
Published: January 2005

Apolipoprotein AI (apoAI), a major component of high-density lipoproteins, is one of the major amyloid fibril proteins and a minor constituent of the senile plaques observed in Alzheimer's disease. We examined colocalization of apoAI in various kinds of systemic amyloidosis in this study. Forty-three of 48 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded heart specimens with various forms of systemic amyloidosis reacted immunohistochemically with anti-human apoAI antibody. ApoAI was also detected in water-extracted amyloid material by immunoblotting. In addition, we observed colocalization of apoAI and murine amyloid A (AA) amyloidosis in human apoAI transgenic mice. This is the first report of colocalization of apoAI with amyloid deposits in various forms of human systemic amyloidosis and murine AA amyloidosis in human apoAI transgenic mice. ApoAI may not always be a major component of amyloid fibrils, even when it is present in systemic amyloid deposits.
Histomathematical Analysis of Clinical Specimens: Challenges and Progress
Authors: Gannot Gallya , Gillespie John W. , Chuaqui Rodrigo F. , Tangrea Michael A. , Linehan W. Marston , Emmert-Buck Michael R.
Published: January 2005

Proteomic analysis of clinical tissue specimens is a difficult undertaking. Described here is a multiplex study of protein expression levels in histological sections of human prostate that addresses many of the associated challenges. Whole-mount sections from 10 prostatectomy specimens were studied using 15 antibodies, immunohistochemical staining, digital imaging, and mathematical analysis of the data sets. The approach was successful in stratifying cell lineages present in the samples based on proteomic patterns, including differentiating normal epithelium from cancer. This strategy likely will be a useful method for extending the number of proteins that can be analyzed in clinical cancer specimens using currently available laboratory techniques.
Zinc-specific Autometallographic In Vivo Selenium Methods: Tracing of Zinc-enriched (ZEN) Terminals, ZEN Pathways, and Pools of Zinc Ions in a Multitude of Other ZEN Cells
Authors: Danscher Gorm , Stoltenberg Meredin
Published: January 2005

In vivo-applied sodium selenide or sodium selenite causes the appearance of zinc-selenium nanocrystals in places where free or loosely bound zinc ions are present. These nanocrystals can in turn be silver enhanced by autometallographic (AMG) development. The selenium method was introduced in 1982 as a tool for zinc-ion tracing, e.g., in vesicular compartments such as synaptic vesicles of zinc-enriched (ZEN) terminals in the central nervous system, and for visualization of zinc ions in ZEN secretory vesicles of, e.g., somatotrophic cells in the pituitary, zymogene granules in pancreatic acinar cells, beta-cells of the islets of Langerhans, Paneth cells of the crypts of Lieberkühn, secretory cells of the tubuloacinar glands of prostate, epithelium of parts of ductus epididymidis, and osteoblasts. If sodium selenide/selenite is injected into brain, spinal cord, spinal nerves containing sympathetic axons, or intraperitoneally, retrograde axonal transport of zinc-selenium nanocrystals takes place in ZEN neurons, resulting in accumulation of zinc-selenium nanocrystals in lysosomes of the neuronal somata. The technique is, therefore, also a highly specific tool for tracing ZEN pathways. The present review includes an update of the 1982 paper and presents evidence that only zinc ions are traced with the AMG selenium techniques if the protocols are followed to the letter.
Constructing Cultures Then and Now
Authors: Graburn Nelson H. H.
Published: January 2005

Constructing Cultures Then and Now:. Centenary Conference Celebrating Franz Boas and the Jesup North Pacific Expedition 1897‐1997. American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, November 13‐17 1997.
The Garifuna Journey
Authors: Moberg Mark
Published: January 2005

The Garifuna Journey. 1998. 47 minutes, color. video by Andrea E. Leland and Kathy L. Berger. For more information contact Leland/Berger Productions, 1200 Judson, Evanston, IL 60202.
In Darkest Hollywood: Cinema and Apartheid/In Darkest Hollywood: Exploring the Jungles of South Africa's Cinema
Authors: Gordon Robert J. , Elder Glen
Published: January 2005

In Darkest Hollywood: Cinema and Apartheid. 1993. 112 minutes, color. video by Daniel Riesenfeld and Peter Davis. For more information contact Nightingale Films, 5214 N. Lakewood Ave. Chicago, IL 60640.

In Darkest Hollywood: Exploring the Jungles of South Africa's Cinema. Peter Davis. Athens: Ohio University Press, 1996.214 pp.
Science or Sacrilege: Native Americans, Archaeology and the Law
Authors: Stone Pamela Kendall , Perez Ventura R. , Martin Debra
Published: January 2005

Science or Sacrilege: Native Americans, Archaeology and the Law. 1996. 60 minutes, color. video by Nicholas Nicastro. For more information contact University of California Extension Center for Media and Independent Learning, Berkeley, CA 94704 (510/624‐0460).