bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Desserte ferroviaire à grande vitesse et tourisme
Authors: Bazin-Benoit Sylvie , Delaplace Marie
Published: August 2016

À partir d’une revue de la littérature grise (rapports, etc.) et théorique pluridisciplinaire (économie, géographie, aménagement), relative aux interactions entre desserte ferroviaire à grande vitesse et tourisme, cet article vise à présenter un cadre conceptuel permettant d’éclairer les évolutions différenciées des mobilités touristiques en lien avec cette desserte. Suite aux modifications d’accessibilité dont peuvent bénéficier les territoires qui sont desservis, les acteurs locaux attendent un dynamisme économique en général et dans le secteur du tourisme en particulier. Les études conduites après la mise en service relativisent cependant ces attentes : il n’y a pas de dynamisation systématique du tourisme. Si la fréquentation touristique peut croître dans des villes dotées d’actifs très spécifiques et à l’aide de politiques d’accompagnement fortes, la desserte est parfois associée à une réduction de la durée des séjours. L’éventuelle dynamisation du tourisme ne repose pas sur la seule amélioration de l’accessibilité. La desserte peut toutefois améliorer l’image de la destination et également produire de la coordination entre les acteurs au sein de cette destination.
Grande vitesse ferroviaire et tourisme, des relations conditionnées et à double sens
Authors: Ruggeri Charlotte
Published: August 2016

Si les acteurs locaux ont souvent tendance à tout attendre en termes de développement économique de la grande vitesse ferroviaire, le cas d’Anaheim (Californie) démontre que le tourisme peut aussi servir d’argument pour défendre un projet de ligne et de gare à grande vitesse. Le tourisme et les loisirs deviennent alors une opportunité pour stimuler la construction d’infrastructures de transport, ou pour repenser les réseaux existants.

Cet article se propose donc d’étudier les rapports entre grande vitesse ferroviaire et tourisme, sous l’angle des politiques d’aménagement d’infrastructures entrepris par les acteurs locaux dans le cadre du projet de ligne à grande vitesse en Californie. Cette étude a été réalisée au cours d’une thèse de doctorat en géographie et à partir d’un travail de terrain, essentiellement centré sur des entretiens menés en 2012 et 2013. Ce projet permet de mettre en évidence les conditions d’élaboration d’une relation grande vitesse ferroviaire-tourisme dans le cadre d’un contexte touristique favorable. Toutefois, l’exemple d’Anaheim démontre également que la grande vitesse ferroviaire renforce les activités touristiques préexistantes plus qu’elle ne les initie. Enfin, cette étude insiste sur la nécessité de penser des infrastructures de transport intégrées aux territoires et réseaux locaux afin d’optimiser les bénéfices attendus sur le tourisme.
L’accessibilité aérienne aux espaces insulaires comme révélateur des mutations des systèmes touristiques
Authors: Mondou Véronique , Pébarthe-Désiré Hélène
Published: August 2016

Les îles touristiques de l’océan Indien — les Maldives, les Seychelles, l’île Maurice et l’île de la Réunion — constituent un excellent laboratoire pour observer les mutations à l’oeuvre dans les champs du tourisme et du transport aérien. Alors que ce dernier constitue le mode d’accès principal, voire exclusif, l’analyse fait apparaître pourtant des systèmes d’acteurs, des mises en tourisme et une diversification des clientèles différentes selon les cas. À partir de points de départ assez comparables, on aboutit à des modèles de développement touristique variés. Par une approche géographique, l’article s’attache à comprendre les logiques des différents acteurs, locaux ou exogènes et publics ou privés, et à saisir leurs choix et arbitrages. L’analyse des volumes et des origines des flux touristiques, des programmes de vol des compagnies et des plans de développement gouvernementaux met en lumière la complexité des liens entre la qualité de l’accessibilité et la nature de la fréquentation touristique. Oscillant entre maintien de la compagnie nationale et ouverture à de nouveaux voyagistes aériens, entre sécurisation de la clientèle traditionnelle la plus rémunératrice et recherche de nouvelles clientèles des pays dits « émergents », les États insulaires de l’océan Indien sont représentatifs des enjeux de la mondialisation du tourisme.
Accessibilité et droit français
Authors: Degros Éric B.
Published: August 2016

La question de l’accès au patrimoine est absente des études sur l’économie touristique. Pourtant, cet enjeu, faute d’avoir été pris en compte par la logique du tourisme de masse, demeure d’actualité. En effet, de fortes inégalités persistent en raison de l’inaccessibilité des sites patrimoniaux. Or, ces inégalités font obstacle au respect du principe d’égalité d’accès de « tous à tout ».

En France, la question de l’accessibilité constitue un objectif phare de la loi no 2005-102 du 11 février 2005 pour l’égalité des droits et des chances, la participation et la citoyenneté des personnes handicapées, dite également « loi handicap ». À cet égard, le droit français de l’accessibilité offre l’occasion de réfléchir aux liens existants entre l’accessibilité du patrimoine et le tourisme durable, à l’aune du droit au tourisme. Si le développement d’un tourisme plus durable doit permettre de réduire les conséquences préjudiciables des activités humaines sur le patrimoine, il doit aussi favoriser le droit universel au tourisme pour chacun, au nom de la diversité et sur le fondement de l’égalité.

À partir d’une analyse de la loi française et de la question de l’accès au tourisme pour les personnes handicapées ou à mobilité réduite, cette étude cherche à montrer que l’accessibilité du patrimoine mise en oeuvre par le droit de l’accessibilité, constitue un critère fondamental du tourisme durable, sur lequel repose le droit au tourisme.
Les stratégies de conversion touristique des stades d’eau vive olympiques
Authors: Marsac Antoine
Published: August 2016

Cet article analyse l’implantation de sites olympiques — les stades d’eau vive (SEV) — comme un enjeu stratégique pour développer le tourisme urbain. Il s’agit d’étudier comment ces équipements conçus à l’origine pour le slalom, discipline apparue aux Jeux olympiques (JO) en 1972 puis réintroduite à partir de 1992, sont réutilisés pour l’accueil du public. J’analyserai les jeux d’acteurs autour de la reconversion de ces équipements en lieu touristique pour comprendre comment la délocalisation de ces sites a engendré une fréquentation des périphéries métropolitaines. L’objectif consiste à appréhender les phénomènes qui participent à leur mise en tourisme. Des études de cas (Yin, 2003) de quatre SEV des JO de Munich (1972), Sydney (2000), Athènes (2004) et Londres (2012) servent d’appui à la recherche. L’étude d’un corpus d’articles issus de la presse spécialisée complète le traitement d’archives du Comité international olympique (CIO) et de la Fédération internationale de canoë. Lors de la candidature des villes hôtes, les élus se servent des SEV pour accroître la notoriété des métropoles. Loin de s’aligner sur un modèle unique, l’examen des stratégies de développement territorial montre combien la question du devenir des installations olympiques reste tenace dans l’optique d’un avantage métropolitain (Halbert, 2009) vis-à-vis des sites délocalisés.
L’organisation d’un méga-événement sportif et l’image touristique de la ville hôte
Authors: Vo Thanh Tan , Kirova Valentina , Daréous Roxane
Published: August 2016

Cette recherche s’attache à comprendre en profondeur comment et pourquoi un méga-événement sportif peut influencer l’image touristique perçue de la ville hôte dans le contexte particulier des Jeux olympiques (JO) de Londres en 2012, via le concept de transfert d’image. En cohérence avec les objectifs exploratoires, cette recherche de nature qualitative repose sur l’analyse d’une série d’entretiens semi-directifs réalisés auprès des résidents et touristes dans la période précédant les JO en 2012. Son apport essentiel est d’affirmer la pertinence du concept de transfert d’image pour étudier l’influence de l’image de l’événement sur l’image touristique de la ville hôte. Les résultats suggèrent aussi que l’image de l’événement est en mesure d’affecter non seulement les associations existantes, mais également de créer de nouvelles associations à l’image touristique de la ville hôte.
Gestion des risques en tourisme d’aventure
Authors: Tranquard Manu , Bourbeau André-François
Published: August 2016

Dans un contexte de pratique croissante des activités de tourisme d’aventure, notamment au Québec (KPMG, 2010 ; Tourisme Québec, 2007), la fréquence des confrontations des touristes avec des situations de précarité et d’engagement physique et psychologique parfois très avancé augmente. Le risque encouru de se retrouver un jour confronté à une situation critique en milieu naturel s’accroit proportionnellement. Pour favoriser la pratique sécuritaire de ces activités, des mesures de gestion des risques peuvent être mises en oeuvre pour anticiper les situations d’urgence et planifier des interventions adaptées.

L’objet de cette contribution est de présenter un exemple concret de mesures préventives. Après avoir déterminé les facteurs qui caractérisent la capacité d’un individu à gérer au mieux une situation dans laquelle sa vie est en danger en forêt, un outil, soit le modèle AEPS (Auto-évaluation du potentiel de survie), permet de les quantifier. Le but est de favoriser l’identification des facteurs de risques et des facteurs de survie individuels pour mieux autonomiser les touristes d’aventure et autres adeptes de plein air en révélant les forces et faiblesses de chacun face aux dangers en milieu naturel. L’outil développé permet l’évaluation de la capacité d’un individu à surmonter les dangers hypothétiquement les plus fréquents. Son utilisation repose sur une auto-évaluation diagnostique sous forme d’un questionnaire à compléter.
Le Couchsurfing
Authors: Decrop Alain , Degroote Livie
Published: August 2016

Le couchsurfing est une forme d’hébergement non marchand qui renvoie au nom du réseau d’hospitalité web le plus populaire. Via ce réseau, des voyageurs établissent des contacts avec d’autres personnes dans le but de les héberger ou de bénéficier gratuitement de leur « canapé » (« couch »). Cet article vise à comprendre, d’un point de vue marketing et comportemental, les raisons de ce nouvel engouement et le sens donné par les consommateurs à leur expérience de couchsurfing grâce à une étude qualitative, comportant des interviews, des sessions d’observation ainsi que des données « netnographiques ».
L’informalisation de la violence physique légitime : le Sénégal à l’épreuve des milices islamiques
Authors: Ndao Alassane
Published: August 2016

La prolifération des milices islamiques, leur armement et leur propension à faire usage de la violence physique, en marge des procédures formelles, constitue l’une des manifestations de l’informalisation de la violence physique légitime au Sénégal. Quelles que soient leurs formes, ces milices ne sont pas complètement hors de portée du pouvoir politique. Ce dernier tente de les contrôler politiquement. Le pouvoir transforme les miliciens en auxiliaires de la sécurité publique, de façon permanente ou ponctuelle. Il mobilise les miliciens pour s’attaquer à des opposants, citoyens ou militants politiques, tout en leur assurant une impunité. Les actions des milices peuvent produire des effets politiques indésirables, qui appellent une réponse vigoureuse de la part du pouvoir. Les contestations qui menacent l’autorité politique sont ainsi durement réprimées.
Informalisation du travail rémunéré et risques sociaux pour les travailleurs : le rôle des États-providence
Authors: Pfau-Effinger Birgit , Pascal Eugénie
Published: August 2016

L’article a pour objectif d’explorer comment les politiques des États-providence européens affectent la croissance du travail informel visant à échapper à la pauvreté. L’auteure avance qu’il est important d’établir des distinctions entre les types d’emplois informels — qui diffèrent significativement en fonction des types d’États-providence qui président les sociétés dans lesquelles le travail informel se développe —, en prenant en compte l’importance de la réglementation du travail, le degré de contrôle et de sanctions du travail informel, l’accès aux mesures de protection sociale, la dynamique démographique des migrations, etc. L’ensemble de ces facteurs contribue à exposer à des degrés divers les travailleurs de l’économie formelle les plus vulnérables aux risques sociaux, qui sont généralement couverts par les mesures de protection sociale et les droits sociaux.

Dans sa portion empirique, l’article se base sur les données comparatives du Rapport Eurobaromètre spécial de 2014 pour cinq pays européens (Danemark, Finlande, Allemagne, Pologne et Espagne), qui permettent d’analyser les différences entre ces pays de l’étendue du travail informel pratiqué pour échapper à la pauvreté, et qui se fondent sur des données d’enquêtes nationales et de recherche qualitative.
Magnetic and structural characteristics of multiferroic Fe3O4/(Bi3.25Nd0.65Eu0.10)Ti3O12 composite thin films deposited by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition
Authors: Kobune Masafumi , Furotani Ryosuke , Fujita Satoshi , Kikuchi Kazuki , Kikuchi Takeyuki , Fujisawa Hironori , Shimizu Masaru , Fukumuro Naoki
Published: August 2016

Ferromagnetic magnetite (Fe3O4) thin films for magnetoelectric multiferroic applications were deposited on (200) (Bi3.25Nd0.65Eu0.10)Ti3O12 (BNEuT)/(101) Nb:TiO2 substrates by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) using an iron(III) tris(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionato) precursor as the iron source. The BNEuT film utilized as a ferroelectric template material was in the form of freestanding nanoplates with narrow spaces between them. The effects of deposition conditions such as the deposition time and substrate temperature on the magnetic and structural characteristics of the Fe3O4/BNEuT composite films were investigated. All the films consisted of mostly single-phase Fe3O4 with a cubic inverse-spinel structure. When deposition was carried out at temperatures of 400–420 °C, the filling rates of particles introduced into the narrow spaces between the BNEuT nanoplates exhibited high values of 76–89% including the amorphous phase. This suggested that the deposition in this temperature range made progress according to the growth mechanism of MOCVD in the surface reaction rate determining state. Room-temperature magnetic moment–magnetic field curves for Fe3O4 thin films deposited at 400–500 °C for 60 min exhibited narrow rectangular hysteresis loops, indicating typical soft magnetic characteristics.
Taxonomic revision ofEoalligator(Crocodylia, Brevirostres) and the paleogeographic origins of the Chinese alligatoroids
Authors: Wang Yan-yin , Sullivan Corwin , Liu Jun
Published: August 2016

Background.The primarily Neotropical distribution of living alligatoroids raises questions as to when and how the ancestors ofAlligator sinensismigrated to China. As phylogeny provides a necessary framework for historical biogeographic issues, determining the phylogenetic positions of the Chinese alligatoroids is a crucial step towards understanding global alligatoroid paleobiogeography. Besides the unnamed alligatoroids from the Eocene of Guangdong Province, three Chinese fossil taxa have been referred to Alligatoroidea:Alligator luicus,Eoalligator chunyiiandEoalligator huiningensis. However, none of these fossil taxa has been included in a phylogenetic analysis. The genusEoalligatorwas established to accommodateE. chunyiifrom Guangdong Province.E. huiningensisfrom Anhui Province was later erected as a second species, despite no distinctive similarities withE. chunyii. By contrast, the putative crocodylineAsiatosuchus nanlingensiswas established based on material from Guangdong Province, close to theE. chunyiispecimens geographically and stratigraphically. Furthermore, specimens ofA. nanlingensisandE. chunyiishare four distinctive characters, but display no evident differences. As a result, the taxonomic relationships of these three species require restudy.

Methods.In this paper, all specimens ofE. chunyiiandE. huiningensisare reassessed in detail, and compared to specimens ofA. nanlingensis. Detailed re-descriptions and revised diagnoses are provided, and a cladistic analysis is carried out to assess the phylogenetic positions ofE. chunyii,E. huiningensisandA. nanlingensis.

Results.The analysis recoversE. chunyiiandA. nanlingensisas sister taxa among basal Crocodylidae, whileP. huiningensisis posited as an alligatoroid. Two key characters support the monophylyE. chunyii+A. nanlingensis: sulcus within surangular, and anteroposteriorly oriented surangular-articular suture. The former character is unique toE. chunyiiandA. nanlingensisamong crocodyloids, although a smaller and more posteriorly positioned surangular fossa is known inDiplocynodon. Detailed comparisons show the two species to be synonymous, withE. chunyiias the junior synonym ofA. nanlingensisbased on page priority. BecauseE. chunyiiwas erected as the type species ofEoalligator, the genus is now invalid. We establish the new genusProtoalligatorto accommodate “Eoalligator”huiningensis, an alligatoroid whose exact phylogenetic position is uncertain. In particular,P. huiningensisretains primitive characters such as a lacrimal that extends further anteriorly than the prefrontal, and a notch at the premaxilla-maxilla suture. However,P. huiningensisalso appears to share one important derived character, a complete nasal bar, with alligators. Our taxonomic revisions imply that four alligatoroids are currently known from China, and these species must have dispersed from North America to Asia in more than one event.
Western boundary currents and climate change
Authors: Seager Richard , Simpson Isla R.
Published: August 2016

A recent paper in Journal of Geophysical Research‐Oceans connects recent changes in atmospheric circulation to poleward movement and intensification of western boundary currents. Causes and characteristics of past and future trends in surface wind stress and western boundary currents are discussed here.
Environmental perturbations at the early Eocene ETM2, H2, and I1 events as inferred by Tethyan calcareous plankton (Terche section, northeastern Italy)
Authors: D'Onofrio Roberta , Luciani Valeria , Fornaciari Eliana , Giusberti Luca , Boscolo Galazzo Flavia , Dallanave Edoardo , Westerhold Thomas , Sprovieri Mario , Telch Sonia
Published: August 2016

Several early Eocene hyperthermals have been recently investigated and characterized in terms of temperature anomalies and oceanographic changes. The effects of these climatic perturbations on biotic communities are much less constrained. Here we present new records from the Terche section (northeastern Italy) that, for the first time, integrates data on planktic foraminifera and calcareous nannofossils across three post‐Paleocene‐Eocene Thermal Maximum negative carbon isotope excursions (CIEs). The biomagnetostratigraphic framework generated at Terche allows us to confidently relate such CIEs to the Eocene Thermal Maximum 2 (ETM2), H2, and I1 events. Each of these events coincides with lithological anomalies characterized by significantly lower calcium carbonate content (marly units, MUs). We interpret these MUs as mainly linked to an effect of increased terrigenous dilution, as dissolution proxies do not display significant variations. Calcareous plankton assemblages change significantly across these events and radiolarians increase. Observed changes suggest that transient warming and environmental perturbations, though more intense during ETM2, occurred during each of the three investigated perturbations. Variations among calcareous plankton suggest increase in surface‐water eutrophication with respect to the pre‐event conditions, coupled with a weakening of the upper water‐column thermal stratification. Higher nutrient discharge was related to intensification of the hydrological cycle as a consequence of the warmer climate. These conditions persisted during the early CIE recovery, implying slower recovery rates for the environment and biota than for the carbon cycle.
Simulating secondary waterflooding in heterogeneous rocks with variable wettability using an image‐based, multiscale pore network model
Authors: Bultreys Tom , Van Hoorebeke Luc , Cnudde Veerle
Published: August 2016

The two‐phase flow properties of natural rocks depend strongly on their pore structure and wettability, both of which are often heterogeneous throughout the rock. To better understand and predict these properties, image‐based models are being developed. Resulting simulations are however problematic in several important classes of rocks with broad pore‐size distributions. We present a new multiscale pore network model to simulate secondary waterflooding in these rocks, which may undergo wettability alteration after primary drainage. This novel approach permits to include the effect of microporosity on the imbibition sequence without the need to describe each individual micropore. Instead, we show that fluid transport through unresolved pores can be taken into account in an upscaled fashion, by the inclusion of symbolic links between macropores, resulting in strongly decreased computational demands. Rules to describe the behavior of these links in the quasistatic invasion sequence are derived from percolation theory. The model is validated by comparison to a fully detailed network representation, which takes each separate micropore into account. Strongly and weakly water‐and oil‐wet simulations show good results, as do mixed‐wettability scenarios with different pore‐scale wettability distributions. We also show simulations on a network extracted from a micro‐CT scan of Estaillades limestone, which yields good agreement with water‐wet and mixed‐wet experimental results.
Role of Demand Response
Authors: Bai Xiaomin
Published: August 2016

Demand response (DR) plays an important role in energy resources optimal allocation, rational utilization of electricity energy, energy saving, and consumption reduction by adjusting and controlling the loads by means of advanced information and communication technologies. It is also a major smart grid practice to change users' electricity consumption behavior from passive price taking and uncontrollable load into an active participation in system operation and load management through the interaction between power system and customers, which has changed the power supply and consumption characteristics of power supply enterprises and power users to a certain extent, benefiting both power grid and users. This chapter introduces the role of DR in smart grid from the perspective of the impacts of DR on power systems, related technologies and standards, as well as approaches and practices.
Cybersecurity of Distribution Devices and Systems
Authors: Ten Chee‐Wooi , Guo Yonghe
Published: August 2016

This is a cyber‐physical security chapter that provides an interdependent overview between the communication infrastructure and distribution networks. An enumeration of devices at each distribution level and attack event plausibility for each device are reviewed. Among all attack vectors enumerated, consumers are motivated to underreport fraud owing to the financial advantage. These are related to integrity and availability of the confidentiality, integrity, and availability (CIA). Triad where tampered metering information would result in imprecise electricity bills. As the metering information of consumers' Internet protocol (IP)‐based energy devices in a secondary network can be electronically tampered by fraudulent users, the primary metering infrastructure can be leveraged as a more trustworthy means for data validation. The metering infrastructure of a primary distribution network is instrumented with feeder remote terminal units (FRTUs), connecting remote‐controlled switches or reclosers, for the purpose of dispatching and remote control. These devices in primary and secondary networks can be utilized to cross‐validate with the 15‐min IP‐based “smart” meters on the potential billing discrepancy.
Regulation of Smart Grids
Authors: Meeus Leonardo , Hadush Samson Y. , Momber Ilan
Published: August 2016

The market‐driven implementation of smart grid solutions and technologies depends on many factors, such as their costs and benefits relative to the alternatives, and the regulatory frameworks that apply to the relevant actors. This chapter focuses on the latter by illustrating that some countries have already started to adapt their regulatory frameworks to better incentivize power grid companies and grid users to consider smart grid solutions and technologies in the transition toward a more sustainable power system. We introduce four innovative smart grid cases: the introduction of active distribution grid management in the Orkney Isles in the north of Scotland to increase the integration of wind power on the archipelago; the deployment of smart meters in Italy to enable demand response; the development of an offshore HVDC grid in Kriegers Flak area in the Baltic sea to connect offshore wind farms to shore and to enable cross‐border trade among Denmark, Germany, and Sweden; and the demonstration of distributed system platform project in New York that integrates distributed energy resources securely and efficiently while maintaining interoperability. We discuss the main shortcomings of the conventional regulatory frameworks in relation to these cases: the bias toward cost reductions at the expense of innovation, the bias toward capital expenditures at the expense of operating expenditures; coordination issues between power grid companies; and disincentives for grid users to contribute to ongoing power grid innovation. Moreover, we provide an overview of smart regulations in other parts of the world, which are not covered in the four cases. We conclude by deriving lessons learned for other countries that still have to start adapting their regulatory frameworks to the context of smart grids.
Factors Influencing Adoption of Smart Meters
Authors: Moneta Diana , Mauri Giuseppe
Published: August 2016

Market liberalization and exploitation of renewable energy sources require an increasing participation of customers in the power system. An improved flexibility of the demand side can help to gain an overall efficiency, avoiding excessive reinforcement of energy infrastructures and allowing the deployment of small size generators.

Automated metering infrastructures‐AMI (smart metering), integrated systems of smart meters, communications networks, and data management systems enable a two‐way communication between utilities and customers. AMI can be considered a first step toward the smart grid concept, as it allows delivering “signals” to customers to increase their awareness, supporting the transition toward more energy efficient behaviors.

This chapter outlines the possible benefits AMI can bring to customers and utilities, giving a glimpse on the diverse architectures adopted in project and rollout experiences in different countries in order to implement the various “smart” functionalities.
Application of Distributed Intelligence to Industrial Demand Response
Authors: Lai Chun S. , Xu Fangyuan , McCulloch Malcolm , Lai Loi L.
Published: August 2016

This chapter explains the approach in using distributed intelligence to power system applications. The reason why this could be a better approach than the centralized one was given. Multiagent model was used to implement distributed intelligence for industrial demand response. Practical data was obtained from a distribution system in China.
Implications of Smart Grid Innovation for Organizational Models in Electricity Distribution
Authors: Kiesling Lynne
Published: August 2016

Digital technologies from outside the electricity industry are prompting changes in both regulatory institutions and electric utility business models, leading to the disaggregation or unbundling of historically vertically integrated electricity firms in some jurisdictions and not others, and simultaneously opening the door for competition with the traditional electric utility business. This chapter uses the technological and organizational history of the industry, combined with the transactions cost theory of the firm and of vertical integration, to explore the implications of smart grid technologies for future distribution company business models. Smart grid technologies reduce transactions costs, changing economical firm boundaries and reducing the traditional drivers of vertical integration. Possible business models for the distribution company include an integrated utility, a network manager, or a coordinating platform provider.
Advanced Protection Systems
Authors: Apostolov Alexander
Published: August 2016

This chapter covers advanced distribution protection systems required by smart grid‐related applications. It starts with a discussion of the effects of short‐circuit faults on sensitive equipment or processes and distributed energy resources (DERs). This is followed by the description of the protection requirements for distribution systems with penetration of DERs. This is followed by the presentation of advanced distribution substations protection schemes based on IEC 61850 GOOSE (generic object‐oriented substation event) messages. The use of multiple setting groups and programmable scheme logic, together with the adaptation to changes in the substation environment, is discussed as well. Load shedding in substations is presented at the end.
Reliability Evaluation in Transmission Systems
Authors: Singh Chanan , Mitra Joydeep
Published: August 2016

Composite power system reliability models provide a comprehensive methodology for evaluating the reliability of the bulk power system. These models include the generation and transmission facilities and appropriate network flow models. These models provide tools for rational decision making regarding cost–benefit analysis. This chapter discusses the component models of the power system, their interrelationships, and the network flow models needed. Various techniques, analytical as well as Monte Carlo, are described. Contemporary issues such as integration of renewable intermittent sources of energy and the interdependence of cyber and current‐carrying parts are also discussed.
Substation Automation Systems
Authors: Apostolov Alexander
Published: August 2016

This chapter covers substation automation systems as a building block of a smart grid. It describes the different types of substation automation systems functions, the components of these systems, and the messages and services being used. It later compares the design of conventional (hard wired) and digital substations and presents some details on the IEC 61850 GOOSE (generic object‐oriented substation event) and sampled values messages. The architecture of digital substations and their benefits are later presented.
PMUHardware and Algorithms
Authors: Dotta Daniel , Murphy R. Jay , Bi Tianshu , Chow Joe H.
Published: August 2016

Phasor measurement units (PMUs) are digital instruments that report the magnitude and phase of sinusoidal voltages and currents on an AC power system at a rate of 30/50/60 samples per second. Coupled with a precise time signal such as GPS (global positioning system) time pulses, the magnitude and phase information can be time tagged and communicated via the Internet, allowing the investigation of power system dynamics over a large geographical area. This chapter reviews the PMU specifications and algorithms to compute the magnitude and phase of a sinusoidal signal, hardware components, and testing methods.
Distributed Energy Resources (
DER
) Using
IEC
61850 with Cyber Security and Resilience Guidelines
Authors: Cleveland Frances M.
Published: August 2016

A paradigm shift is occurring in the power industry from centralized generation to decentralized electric power production, based in large part on distributed energy resources (DERs), consisting of generation, energy storage systems, and controllable load that are interconnected with the distribution power systems. This shift is due to increasing pressures for renewable energy, the reduction in cost of DER systems, and the technology advances that permit effective management of large numbers of these DER systems. The increasing numbers of DER systems impact the stability, reliability, and efficiency of the power grid. Their unplanned locations, their variable sizes and capabilities, and their fluctuating responses to both environmental and power situations make them difficult to manage. Utilities cannot directly control these large numbers of DER systems as they do bulk generation but must coordinate with DER owners and third parties on managing these resources. At the same time, thanks to new technologies, DER systems are becoming quite “smart” and can perform “autonomously” according to preestablished settings while still responding to occasional commands. DER systems can “sense” local conditions of voltage levels, frequency deviations, and temperature, and can receive commands that allow them to modify their power and reactive power output.
Demand Response
Authors: Pratt Robert G. , Fuller Jason C.
Published: August 2016

This chapter introduces the concept of demand response, that is, flexible loads that can respond to the needs of the electric power system by changing their demand for power. It describes a broad range of services that demand response services can provide to the grid and provides a basis for estimating their value to today's grid operations. The nature of electrical loads in buildings is described including sources of information for estimating end‐use load shapes and key characteristics of building/customer populations. The basic physics of demand response from building cooling loads is described, as are the techniques and tools used to analyze the technical potential of demand response potential and design the control and coordination schemes to dispatch it. Prototypical analyses are presented that illustrate some of the fundamental challenges of developing such schemes. The chapter concludes with a description of various types of programs used by utilities and aggregators to engage customers and realize value from demand response.
Dynamic Security Assessment
Authors: Wang Lei , Lin Xi , Howell Fred , Morison Kip
Published: August 2016

This chapter covers the subject of dynamic security assessment (DSA) of power systems. Development of advanced DSA technologies is considered as part of the trend in building smart control centers. After a short discussion on the concept of power system security analysis, three basic elements of DSA are described, namely, security criteria and contingencies to be applied, models to be used, and analysis methods to perform the studies. This is followed by DSA applications using the traditional off‐line approach and more advantageous online approach. Further details for the deployment of the online DSA systems are provided to illustrate the applications of this innovative technology.
Demand‐Side Response/Home Energy Management
Authors: Ishii Hideo , Hirohashi Wataru , Mitsuoka Masataka , Hayashi Yasuhiro
Published: August 2016

This chapter describes demand‐side issues specific to home energy management. Two key issues pertain to home energy management: (i) supporting a power network operation by controlling the consumption of electricity and (ii) providing optimum household operation for devices and appliances (e.g., cost of electricity). To achieve the desired performance from the cooperation of various devices and applications, automated control via a home energy management system (HEMS) is required. HEMS is classified into three distinct categories based on physical form and allocation of the appropriate control algorithm. Then, elemental technologies are summarized, which are combined with HEMS to constitute a global energy management system (EMS). To showcase the effectiveness of this system, we present some use cases of HEMS as well as experiments conducted at the EMS Shinjuku R&D Center established in Waseda University. At this site, four smart houses were built and equipped with an air conditioner, a battery, electric vehicles/plug‐in hybrid vehicle and charger, a heat‐pump water heater, a fuel cell cogeneration system, and a solar inverter. The potential for expansion of HEMS beyond the function of energy management through collaboration with different disciplines is mentioned.
IEC61970 for Energy Management System Integration
Authors: Santodomingo Rafael , Uslar Mathias , Specht Michael , Rohjans Sebastian , Taylor Gareth , Pantea Stefan , Bradley Martin , McMorran Alan
Published: August 2016

The optimal planning, operation, and management of electricity transmission networks requires a wide range of software applications, such as energy management systems, network planning tools, data historians, and asset management applications, which all need to exchange data with each other. Standard data models make these data exchanges possible by formally defining the semantics of the information to be shared among the power system applications. The common information model (CIM) as defined by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Technical Committee (TC) 57 is the most widely accepted standard data model that promotes interoperability in electricity power systems. This chapter gives an overview of the CIM IEC 61970 transmission series by describing its scope, structure, modeling aspects, exchange formats, integration processes, and tools. Moreover, it presents real case studies showing the benefits of adopting IEC 61970 series in terms of transmission network operation and planning.
High Efficiency Epitaxial‐Graphene/Silicon‐Carbide Photocatalyst with Tunable Photocatalytic Activity and Bandgap Narrowing
Authors: Mathur Aakash , Dutta Surjendu Bikash , Pal Dipayan , Singhal Jaya , Singh Ajaib , Chattopadhyay Sudeshna
Published: August 2016

A novel way of tuning photocatalytic activity and bandgap narrowing in epitaxial graphene/silicon carbide (EG/SiC) yields high efficiency photocatalyst. Graphitization of SiC by high‐temperature thermal decomposition method with different annealing time forms sets of EG/SiC composites having different quality of graphene layers, confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. The Raman intensity ratio of the 2D band to the G band, I2D/IG, represents a measure of quality and quantity of graphene and heterojunction interface layer between EG and SiC. Experimental results reveal that I2D/IG plays a crucial role in tuning the bandgap and enhancement of photocatalytic activity of EG/SiC composites in a systematic manner irrespective of crystal structure or size of the SiC particles. In addition, EG/SiC shows intense broad background absorption in the visible range with increasing I2D/IG. The suitable selection of I2D/IG for EG/SiC gives excellent photocatalytic activity under UV light, up to ≈1000% enhancement and remarkable bandgap narrowing, upto 2 eV and even lesser, which is more than ≈30% reduction, relative to the as received SiC. The efficient control of the electronic structure in such EG/SiC heterojunctions obtained by tailoring the structural parameter I2D/IG opens up promising pathway for bandgap engineering and enhancement of photocatalytic activity.
ALD Protection of Li‐Metal Anode Surfaces – Quantifying and Preventing Chemical and Electrochemical Corrosion in Organic Solvent
Authors: Lin Chuan‐Fu , Kozen Alexander C. , Noked Malachi , Liu Chanyuan , Rubloff Gary W.
Published: August 2016

Chemical and electrochemical instability of the Li metal interface with organic solvent has been a major impediment to use of Li‐metal anodes for next‐generation batteries. Here the character of Li surface degradation and the application of atomic layer deposition (ALD) as a protection layer to suppress the degradation are addressed. Using standard Li foil samples in organic solvent with and without in situ deposited ALD Al2O3 protective layers, results from in situ atomic force microscopy, mass spectrometry (including differential electrochemical mass spectrometry), X‐ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), and ex situ scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy are reported. Despite the presence of a thin oxide/hydroxide/carbonate layer on the Li foil surface, degradation readily occurs in organic solvent, particularly at surface features such as ridges. Introduction of the ALD protective layer – deposited directly on this Li foil surface – dramatically suppresses the degradation.
Surface Natrotantite Phase Induced Efficient Charge Carrier Separation and Highly Active Surface of TaON for Superior Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance
Authors: Zhou Yansong , Chen Gang , Liu Yue , He Fang
Published: August 2016

Physicochemical properties of semiconductors are highly sensitive to the interface from other heterophase, which provides great potential to enhance the solar energy conversion performance through interfacial modification. Surface natrotantite (Na2Ta4O11)‐modified TaON photocatalyst is successfully synthesized and it is demonstrated that, although Na2Ta4O11 itself is not involved in the charge carrier transfer process, a small amount of the natrotantite phase (less than 0.1%) on TaON surface has a great effect on charge carrier separation behavior, surface reactivity, and photocatalytic performance of TaON. The photocurrent and corresponding photocatalytic performance toward water oxidation of modified TaON with optimal amount of Na2Ta4O11 under visible light are about five and seven times that of pristine TaON. In particular, the water oxidation performance on Na2Ta4O11‐modified TaON is comparable to that loaded with noble metal cocatalyst platinum (Pt), which demonstrates a facial method to modify the solar energy convention materials.
Novel model for the sintering of ceramics with bimodal pore size distributions: Application to the sintering of lime
Authors: Maya Juan C. , Chejne Farid , Bhatia Suresh K.
Published: August 2016

A mathematical model for the sintering of ceramics with bimodal pore size distributions at intermediate and final stages is developed. It considers the simultaneous effects of coarsening by surface diffusion, and densification by grain boundary diffusion and lattice diffusion. This model involves population balances for the pores in different zones determined by each porosimetry peak, and is able to predict the evolution of pore size distribution function, surface area, and porosity over time. The model is experimentally validated for the sintering of lime and it is reliable in predicting the so called “initial induction period” in sintering, which is due to a decrease in intra‐aggregate porosity offset by an increase inter‐aggregate porosity. In addition, a novel methodology for determination of mechanisms based on the analysis of the pore size distribution function is proposed, and with this, it was demonstrated that lattice diffusion is the controlling mechanism in the CaO sintering. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 893–902, 2017
Shared decision making and the pathways approach in the prenatal and postnatal management of the trisomy 13 and trisomy 18 syndromes
Authors: Andrews Sasha E. , Downey Ann G. , Showalter David Scott , Fitzgerald Heather , Showalter Vivian P. , Carey John C. , Hulac Peter
Published: August 2016

The medical management of infants with the trisomy 13 and trisomy 18 syndromes is challenging and controversial. Both conditions have high neonatal and infant mortality, and surviving children display significant cognitive and motor disabilities. Currently, there exists a tension in the neonatal and perinatal communities regarding care. One view holds that management should consist solely of comfort care, while another opinion recommends offering medical and surgical intervention in appropriate situations. The purpose of this manuscript is to present a model for the care of fetuses and infants with trisomy 13 and 18 during the prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal periods. Adopting the pathways approach as a framework, we have identified several pertinent decision points, characterizing the goals of care and the resources needed for the decision points at various times. Additionally, we identified themes surrounding parental and professional experiences. The authors propose a care model for trisomy 13 and 18 that uses shared decision making as its foundational principle and the pathways approach as the method. Our model requires further investigation as a strategy for care in order to render it useful in other complex medical situations. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Empty Nose Syndrome 6‐Item Questionnaire (ENS6Q): a validated 6‐item questionnaire as a diagnostic aid for empty nose syndrome patients
Authors: Velasquez Nathalia , Thamboo Andrew , Habib Al‐Rahim R. , Huang Zhenxiao , Nayak Jayakar V.
Published: August 2016

Background

Empty nose syndrome (ENS) is considered an acquired condition that remains difficult to diagnose objectively. Defining specific symptoms that can be reliably associated with this disorder would be essential to identifying possible ENS patients. We sought to validate an ENS‐specific, 6‐item questionnaire as an adjunct to the standard Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test 22 (SNOT‐22) questionnaire to discriminate patients suspected of having ENS.

Methods

The Empty Nose Syndrome 6‐item Questionnaire (ENS6Q) paired 6 common ENS symptoms (nasal suffocation, nasal burning, nasal openness, crusting, dryness, and impaired air sensation through nasal cavities) with testing on 75 patients divided in 3 patient cohorts: ENS; chronic rhinosinusitis without polyposis; and healthy controls. Participants answered 2 rounds of both the SNOT‐22 questionnaire and ENS6Q within 48 hours of each other. No changes in treatments occurred in the test interval between questionnaires. Internal consistency, test‐retest reliability, validity, and area under the curve were assessed to differentiate between patient cohorts using the 2 instruments.

Results

We found high internal consistency for ENS6Q and SNOT‐22 questionnaire at 0.93 (95% CI, 0.90‐0.95) and 0.94 (95% CI, 0.94‐0.96), respectively. The test‐retest reliability between timepoints for ENS6Q testing was 0.969. The ENS6Q statistically significantly discriminated between ENS and control patients and between ENS and chronic rhinosinusitis without polyposis (CRSsNP) patients, without significant differences between CRSsNP and controls. The area‐under‐the‐curve (AUC) threshold score comparison further supported the ability of the ENS6Q to differentiate ENS from CRSsNP patients.

Conclusion

The ENS6Q is the first validated, specific, adjunct questionnaire to the SNOT‐22 to more reliably identify patients suspected of developing ENS.
First Synthesis of Continuous Mesoporous Copper Films with Uniformly Sized Pores by Electrochemical Soft Templating
Authors: Li Cuiling , Jiang Bo , Wang Zhongli , Li Yunqi , Hossain Md. Shahriar A. , Kim Jung Ho , Takei Toshiaki , Henzie Joel , Dag Ömer , Bando Yoshio , Yamauchi Yusuke
Published: August 2016

Although mesoporous metals have been synthesized by electrochemical methods, the possible compositions have been limited to noble metals (e.g., palladium, platinum, gold) and their alloys. Herein we describe the first fabrication of continuously mesoporous Cu films using polymeric micelles as soft templates to control the growth of Cu under sophisticated electrochemical conditions. Uniformly sized mesopores are evenly distributed over the entire film, and the pore walls are composed of highly crystalized Cu.