bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HLA-B27 Prevalence in Arab Populations and Among Patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis: Table 1.
Authors: MUSTAFA KHADER N. , HAMMOUDEH MOHAMMED , KHAN MUHAMMAD ASIM
Published: July 2012

Objective.

To investigate prevalence of HLA-B27 among general Arab populations and among patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS), and to review published data.

Methods.

The prevalence of HLA-B27 was studied among 2579 unrelated healthy Jordanians, almost equally divided among Palestinian refugees and natives of Jordan, reflecting the general population of Jordan. The prevalence of HLA-B27 was also studied among 129 patients with AS, 70 from Jordan, and the remaining 59 from Qatar. HLA typing was performed by standard 2-stage micro-lymphocytotoxicity method. We also reviewed published English language studies of HLA-B27 in Arab patients with AS and general populations retrieved through Medline and cross-reference search.

Results.

We observed that the general prevalence of HLA-B27 among Jordanians is 2.4%; while the reported prevalence ranges between 2% and 5% among major Arab populations. The prevalence of HLA-B27 among patients with AS is 71% in Jordan and 73% in Qatar, while the reported prevalence from pooled published data from various Arab populations is 64%.

Conclusion.

From these data one can conclude that HLA-B27 is present in about 2% to 5% among major Arab populations and that its prevalence in Arab patients with AS is closer to 70%.
La interpretación morfológica de la tésera celtibérica K.0.6 y los derivados de temas en nasal en celtibérico
Authors: Jordán Cólera Carlos
Published: July 2012

En este artículo se trata de explicar desde el punto de vista morfológico lo que realmente se lee en la tésera celtibérica K.0.6, sin tener que suponer un lapsus del grabador. A partir de esas explicaciones se realizan unas consideraciones sobre los derivados de temas en nasal en celtibérico.
Significado de σωφροσύνη (αὐτή) en el Encomio a Eusebia de Juliano
Authors: García Ruiz M. P.
Published: July 2012

Análisis del uso de σωφροσύνη en el Encomio que Juliano dirige a la esposa de Constancio II, en particular la representación de Eusebia como Σωφροσύνη αὐτή. La potencial relación con la iconografía del prototipo Pudicitia difundida tanto en Oriente como en Occidente y la analogía que el autor establece entre Penélope, esposa de Ulises, y Eusebia pueden ayudar a comprender cuál sería el significado último de esta caracterización.
La crítica de Aristóteles y Teofrasto a la concepción ígnea del ojo
Authors: Aguirre Javier
Published: July 2012

Aristóteles en De Sensu y Teofrasto en De Sensibus subrayan el hecho de que la mayoría de los que se han dedicado a estudiar la percepción visual desarrollan doctrinas que identifican la visión con el fuego. Ambos filósofos rechazan tales doctrinas, y particularmente la concepción ígnea del ojo en las que se basan. Aristóteles y Teofrasto analizan críticamente las doctrinas de Alcmeón, Empédocles y Platón, y frente a ellos Aristóteles defiende la naturaleza acuosa del ojo y una doctrina de la percepción visual centrada en el carácter diáfano del medio acuoso.
Los priscilianistas o «los otros gnósticos»
Authors: Gabriel Sanchez Sylvain Jean
Published: July 2012

En Indiculus de Haeresibus 13-16 el Pseudo-Jerónimo menciona la existencia de «otros gnósticos» (De Gnosticis aliis). De acuerdo con H.-Ch. Puech y B. Vollmann, el autor interpreta esta mención como alusión al priscilianismo. Proporciona una traducción y un comentario en los que, tras la descripción heresiológica, se reconocen los rasgos originarios del pensamiento de Prisciliano. La falta de comprensión entre el movimiento y sus adversarios deriva de que el obispo de Ávila difundía en Occidente un cristianismo de rasgos orientales y concepciones doctrinales arcaizantes.

[fr] Les priscillianistes ou «les autres Gnostiques».
Les paragraphes 13 à 16 de l’Indiculus de Haeresibus du Pseudo-Jérôme mentionnent l’existence «d’autres gnostiques» (De Gnosticis aliis). À l’instar de H.- Ch. Puech et B. Vollmann, l’auteur propose d’identifier le priscillianisme. Il donne une traduction et développe un commentaire qui déconstruit l’image hérésiologique pour retrouver les traits initiaux de la pensée de Priscillien. La source de l’incompréhension entre le mouvement et ses adversaires provient du fait que l’évêque d’Avila diffuse en Occident un christianisme oriental aux conceptions doctrinales archaïques.
Fusión de estilo directo e indirecto en la transmisión de doctrina en el Ars grammatica de Carisio
Authors: Pérez Alonso Marcos Antonio
Published: July 2012

Al transmitir la doctrina de sus predecesores, el gramático Carisio utiliza normalmente oraciones subordinadas o estilo directo, pero rara vez emplea el llamado estilo indirecto, que caracteriza más a las obras estrictamente literarias que a las técnicas. No obstante, hemos detectado algunos pasajes en los que periodos en estilo directo preceden a frases en estilo indirecto, un curioso fenómeno que podría considerarse como textos corruptos que exigen enmienda. Sin embargo, del hecho de que el fenómeno se encuentre principalmente en partes de la obra de Carisio que están tomadas del De analogía de Julio Romano (donde éste cita el Dubius sermo de Plinio el Viejo), deducimos que el texto es correcto y que se trata de un tipo de cita característico de Julio Romano, cuya descripción no se encuentra en la bibliografía sobre sintaxis latina.
Understanding Information Seeking Behavior of Faculty and Students
Authors: Falciani-White Nancy
Published: July 2012

This chapter reviews significant information seeking literature, focusing on general models that can provide a framework for those not familiar with the research in that area. It then explores models and characteristics that are unique to academic users, specifically undergraduate students, graduate students, and faculty members, highlighting similarities and differences among these groups of users. Changes to information seeking that have resulted from technological advances are also examined. The chapter concludes with a look at resource discovery tools in light of what is known about the information seeking behaviors of academic users, and recommendations are provided for those considering adoption of resource discovery tools.
Details, Details, Details
Authors: Brennan David P.
Published: July 2012

This chapter presents a high-level, non-system-specific discussion of issues surrounding the planning, implementation, use, and maintenance of discovery tools. The purpose of this chapter is to facilitate discussion as the library prepares to evaluate discovery tools and prepare for their implementation. In some ways, these issues are not markedly different from any library system implementation and can be understood on the basis of existing project management literature; however, there are issues specific to discovery tools and their integration with existing library systems and workflows that should be considered. Additional post-implementation issues specific to discovery tools are also presented.
Evaluating and Selecting a Library Web-Scale Discovery Service
Authors: Vaughan Jason
Published: July 2012

Selecting a major new discovery service for students and researchers is an important undertaking. Web-scale discovery has implications for library staff and the work they do. More importantly, Web-scale discovery offers promise in simplifying the research process for library users and steering them toward selected and often scholarly content owned or licensed by the host library. Given such broad implications, prospective customers should carefully evaluate options to meet their goal of finding the best potential match for their library. This chapter provides a frame for such an evaluation, based in part on the evaluation process used at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas Libraries. It highlights the important internal and external steps library staff may wish to consider as they evaluate these discovery services for their local environment. By involving a wide range of stakeholders and conducting thorough research, libraries are in the best position to make an informed and confident decision.
Best Practices for Selecting the Best Fit
Authors: Metz-Wiseman Monica , Griffin Melanie , Borchert Carol Ann , Henry Deborah
Published: July 2012

The authors of this chapter interviewed librarians from fifteen academic institutions who participated in a selection process for a discovery service. The pool of academic institutions engaged in the interviews represented universities and colleges of varying sizes in order to capture a variety of approaches to selection. Institutions were further chosen based on their use of a defined selection process that resulted in a recommendation and implementation of a discovery service. These interviews informed the identification of best practices and challenges faced in the selection process. The methodology and a summary of the interviews are described. The challenge of pursuing best practices is also discussed.
Criteria to Consider when Evaluating Web-based Discovery Tools
Authors: Hoseth Amy
Published: July 2012

As libraries re-think their collections, emphasizing online access and building digital resource collections that are growing at an exponential pace, Web-based discovery tools are under consideration by many academic libraries. These tools enable users to easily and quickly search across a broad range of pre-harvested, indexed content, including materials from databases, library catalogs and local collections. In 2010, the Colorado State University (CSU) Libraries conducted an extensive review of four Web-scale discovery services (EBSCO Discovery Service™1; Primo Central™2 from ExLibris™3; Summon™4 from Serials Solutions®5; and WorldCat®6 Local) in order to recommend one for purchase. Based on that experience, this chapter suggests five key criteria to consider when evaluating and selecting Web-based discovery tools.
Designing an Evaluation Process for Resource Discovery Tools
Authors: Bietila David , Olson Tod
Published: July 2012

This chapter discusses a process that can be used by libraries to evaluate the current generation of resource discovery tools. The process considers a three-tiered approach to the application, considering technical, functional, and usability layers. Because the current generation of discovery tools is very flexible, the process discussed uses an initial pass of evaluation to gain insight into the abilities of the tool and how users approach it. This leads to a further evaluative iteration, mainly at the usability level, where the user observations from the first iteration are used to inform more refined use cases.
Resource Discovery Tools
Authors: Race Tammera M.
Published: July 2012

Serendipity, the accidental discovery of something useful, plays an important role in discovery and the acquisition of new knowledge. The process and role of serendipity varies across disciplines. As library collections have become increasingly digital faculty lament the loss of serendipity of browsing library stacks. Resource discovery tools may have features that support serendipity as part of information seeking. A comparison of four commercial Web-scale discovery tools, Online Computer Library Center (OCLC) WorldCat® Local1, Serials Solution2® Summon3™, ExLibris4® Primo Central5™, and EBSCO Discovery Services (EDS)6™, links product features to characteristics that support serendipitous discovery. However, having such features is only part of the equation. Educators need to include serendipity in discussions about the research process. Future research opportunities include determining whether serendipity can be encouraged, evaluating its occurrence in the web scale environment, and studying serendipity in relation to research instruction.
Replicating Top Users’ Searches in Summon and Google Scholar
Authors: Noe David Earl
Published: July 2012

This chapter discusses the results of a review of the first 25 results for some of the most common searches in one college’s instance of Summon™1 and the results for the same searches in Google Scholar™2. The results of the searches were provided to a panel of three librarians who did not know from which discovery service the results came. The chapter treats each search and its results as case studies and discusses both quantitative and qualitative evaluations. The study finds that neither search tool can provide reliable results for a simple search without further refinement of the search.
How Users Approach Discovery Tools
Authors: Holman Lucy , Darraj Elias , Glaser Jonathan , Hom Alice , Mathieson Heather , Nettles Deane , Waller Aronya
Published: July 2012

Researchers observed 21 participants (undergraduates, graduate students, and faculty) conduct known item and topic searches using EBSCO Discovery Service (EDS)™1, Ex Libris’ Primo®2, and Serials Solutions’®3 Summon™4 discovery tools to compare users’ reaction to their interface design and evaluate each tool’s functionality. Participants generally liked the tools’ simple interfaces but had difficulty identifying material formats and faceted search features and were often confused by advanced search limiters and other features. Most demonstrated right-side blindness, failing to notice features or options on the right side of the screen. Participants expressed frustration with what they perceived as less than relevant results in many of their searches.
Usability Testing Summon on the USC Libraries Home Page
Authors: Palsson Felicia
Published: July 2012

This chapter describes the situational context and strategic goals at the University of Southern California (USC) Libraries that led to implementation of a discovery layer interface on the home page. User testing of the library website pointed to the need for unified and intuitive access to library holdings. Summon™ was introduced as a single access point, and usability testing was conducted on the website both pre- and post-Summon™ implementation. Results indicated that success rates for basic tasks improved after Summon™ became the default search box on the library home page. The objectives of the testing, methodology, demographics of test subjects, findings, and test instruments are described and shared.
Implementing Library Discovery
Authors: Welch Andrew J.
Published: July 2012

In the summer of 2010, Drake University’s Cowles Library implemented EBSCO Discovery Service™1 (EDS). During the implementation and throughout the first year of use, the library faced challenging decisions regarding resource selection, how to present resources in a way that maximized their utility, and configuring the public interface to appeal to both first-time users and experienced researchers. This chapter provides libraries considering or having purchased a Web-scale discovery tool a look at the various issues and potential solutions they may face when implementing a discovery service. It will specifically target those aspects of implementation that concern resource selection and configuration of the public interface. Issues and examples discussed refer to EDS™, but many of the issues are common to all discovery solutions.
Discovering Our Library’s Resources
Authors: Jackson Amy S. , Comerford Kevin , Schadl Suzanne M. , Lubas Rebecca
Published: July 2012

The University Libraries (UL) at the University of New Mexico has experience implementing both a resource discovery tool from a standard library vendor and an in-house, custom built federated search using Drupal® as a Content Management System. The standard vendor-based resource discovery tool was the library’s first attempt at a federated search, and feedback from librarians and users was not always positive, largely because results seemed inconsistent and lacking clear relevance to the terms searched. The Drupal® approach proved to be straightforward to implement, very flexible, and customizable, but the project team determined it would not be scalable as a solution for searching the library’s entire collection. This chapter describes the UL’s experience with both tools, and provides best practices and recommendations for libraries considering either type of approach.
Discovery in a Hurry
Authors: Exner Nina , Bollinger Stephen , Sims Iyanna
Published: July 2012

F.D. Bluford Library is a mid-sized library serving over 10,000 undergraduate and graduate students. In 2010, the Library began to transition from federated search technology to Web-scale discovery to meet user expectations. Users expected to have quick access to the library resources. The promise of discovery was an idealized solution for all stakeholders. Discovery platform vendors touted quick access to multiple resources using centralized indexing or highly-efficient database connectors. In the selection process, however, it became evident that there are no easy choices. Each platform currently on the market had advantages and disadvantages. The library’s task force therefore defined priorities and environmental factors to select the optimum solution while meeting an aggressive deadline for selection. This chapter discusses the particular needs of mid-size libraries and makes suggestions for an evaluation process.
Implementation and Acceptance of a Discovery Tool
Authors: Dahl David , MacDonald Patricia
Published: July 2012

Discovery tools have the potential to disrupt the workflows and established practices of libraries, which can lead to resistance in their use. In 2009, the University System of Maryland and Affiliated Institutions (USMAI) consortium acquired WorldCat Local (WCL). Survey and interview instruments were developed to examine staff’s reasons for resisting and motivations for accepting discovery tools. All librarians and staff at USMAI libraries were invited to participate in a Web survey and interviews were arranged with key individuals who were involved with the implementation of WCL at their respective institutions. Results indicate that technical issues are the most common reason for resistance, but other factors have an impact as well. The state of “perpetual beta” in which most discovery tool applications are developed requires continued attention and dedicated staffing and resources to ensure acceptance.
Putting Library Discovery Where Users Are
Authors: Garrison Scott , Prestamo Anne , Rodriguez Juan Carlos
Published: July 2012

A number of studies have shown that people start research with Google and other easy, convenient tools. Though they recognize the value of library content, users prefer unmediated, intuitive searching, and consult libraries less than before alternatives existed. To “bring users back,” libraries began adopting discovery systems more like Google in the late 2000s. While these systems, especially good for beginning research, are proving popular, libraries must ask how many users are finding them given how few begin research at the library. This chapter describes why and how to place library discovery systems within the user’s academic context and what tools may facilitate the process, and suggests how libraries may determine how well discovery systems are working, within and beyond this context.
Implementing a Discovery Layer in a Consortial Environment
Authors: Christel Mark , Koehler Jacob , Upfold Michael
Published: July 2012

A consortium of five liberal arts colleges (Denison, Kenyon, Oberlin, Wooster, and Ohio Wesleyan), decided to investigate discovery tools, established a process for reviewing and selecting a product, and worked through the delicate implementation decisions of a shared resource. Consortial cooperative efforts between libraries have very deep roots in Ohio, where OhioLINK has established an enviable record of success. This effort of The Five Colleges of Ohio marks one of the first forays into consortial discovery layer implementation. Selection criteria for use in a consortial environment and best practices for implementation are included in the chapter. Throughout the selection and implementation process, local preferences and considerations were continually balanced against the needs of the consortium
Early Adoption
Authors: Foster Anita K. , Williams Sarah C.
Published: July 2012

This chapter provides a case study of EBSCO Discovery Service™1 at Illinois State University’s Milner Library. After a formal selection process, Milner chose EBSCO Discovery Service™ to replace its federated search engine. The implementation team considered what local collections to include, ways to present catalog data, and the customizations to make. EBSCO Discovery Service™, locally called Search It, was implemented in August 2010. During the Fall, six informal usability sessions were conducted to determine Search It’s ease of use for students. Since Milner’s initial implementation, several changes have been made to Search It locally and by EBSCO. The presentation of Search It on Milner’s website also changed and became more prominent, due to a Web site redesign and user feedback. Statistics indicate that EBSCO Discovery Service™ has resulted in a significant increase in Milner’s database usage.
The Long and Winding Road
Authors: Greene Courtney
Published: July 2012

In early 2010, Indiana University Bloomington Libraries became a beta tester for the EBSCO Discovery Service (EDS)™ 1 product, and subsequently selected it in September of that year. After working through various issues with library content and staff expectations, the IUB Libraries launched EDS™ - branded as OneSearch@IU, in August 2011. This case study provides an overview of the decision-making process and challenges encountered in the process of implementation of a Web-scale discovery tool. Specific topics such as working with a vendor Application Program Interface (API) to integrate a discovery tool within a library website, formulating an effective extract of library catalog records to import into a discovery tool, customizing a vendor discovery interface, and assessing use and user satisfaction with a discovery system are described. Broad concepts addressed in this chapter include information technology project implementation and library information systems.
Implementation of Resource Discovery
Authors: Babbitt Elizabeth P. , Foster Amy , Rossmann Doralyn
Published: July 2012

Academic libraries have a myriad of information sources for their communities, yet meeting users at their point of need can be a daunting task. Web-scale discovery tools offer a way to pull together many library resources for retrieval through a single search interface. The lessons learned in this case study at Montana State University include challenges with implementation, troubleshooting, collection development, and user education. Strategies and solutions to problems such as “full-text red herrings” (broken links to articles from aggregated databases) as well as techniques for prioritizing search results are described. Incorporating locally digitized collections in the discovery tool is also explained. The impact of discovery on collection development can take many forms and this case study details three issues that this implementation caused to emerge. The examples described in this chapter serve as helpful considerations for other academic libraries in their Web-scale discovery product exploration, implementation, and analysis.
WorldCat Local
Authors: Faiks Angi , Oberg Johan , Gabrio Katy
Published: July 2012

OCLC’s WorldCat®1 Local has offered users at Macalester College information discovery and retrieval experiences well beyond what was provided by traditional library catalogs. WorldCat® Local has seamlessly exposed campus users to a range of resources including institutional repository items, vendor-based database content, digital collections, traditional local collections, and library holdings worldwide. In this new information environment, the ability to search only one library’s traditional collection is fast becoming an outdated notion, especially in the age of Google. This chapter describes how the library at Macalester College has harnessed the power of a new form of discovery system and transformed the user experience for staff, faculty, and students
Web-Scale Discovery
Authors: Breitbach William
Published: July 2012

With significant developments in library discovery systems, many libraries are exploring options for improving access to content. Although these new systems appear to be better than what has come before (federated searching), many problems remain. Libraries therefore should consider a number of interrelated issues/challenges before investing. These challenges include: an information glut, devaluation of metadata, disconnection of content from discourse communities, the notion that libraries compete with Google, and the creation of false expectations for users searching for scholarly content.
The Web-Scale Discovery Environment and Changing Library Services and Processes
Authors: Webster Peter
Published: July 2012

Discovery services, such as Serials Solutions Summon, OCLC Local WorldCat, ExLibris Primo, and EBSCO Discovery Service, are built around increasingly comprehensive indexes to books, articles, and other materials. Discovery services and the global bodies of metadata which support them make up an online discovery environment. This chapter outlines the current makeup of this metadata environment. It explores the possibilities and the challenges this environment presents for libraries. It addresses discovery services’ central role in reducing the fragmentation of library resources. The chapter looks at the areas where discovery services can provide access to expanded and more comprehensive collections of materials. It discusses discovery services’ role as central hubs, seamlessly linking library access and delivery services together. The chapter addresses opportunities for more centralized and cooperative management of library metadata, and the need for less reliance on duplication of MARC format metadata.
The Trial of Searching for Musical Works Using Resource Discovery Tools
Authors: Breckbill Anita
Published: July 2012

It is not possible to perform a complete or efficient search for musical works using current resource discovery tools. Using examples from Encore, EBSCO Discovery Service™1, Primo®2, and WorldCat®3 Local, the author shows the limitations inherent in using the latest generation of discovery tools for music searches. Music searching is problematic in these tools for three reasons: inadequate use of authority information, displays which do not use uniform titles, and systems that do not recognize that results appearing in a single field have a higher relevancy. They cannot fulfill a basic catalog objective of finding and displaying what works a library has by a composer. Music librarians must band together to tell vendors the needs for music searching. Librarians must be vigilant to present catalogs and discovery tools in the most useful way to patrons.
Performance Studies of Voice and Video Conferencing over ATM and Gigabit Ethernet Backbone Networks
Authors: Nisar Kashif , Sarkar Nurul I. , Dole Yash
Published: July 2012

This research paper compares two popular backbone network technologies – Gigabit Ethernet and Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM). ATM has been a popular choice for years for providing multimedia applications over the network effectively by making use of its features like Quality of Service (QoS). Gigabit Ethernet matches ATM’s functionality by providing higher bandwidth at lower cost, less complexity and easier integration into the existing Ethernet technologies. Hence, it becomes important to compare these two technologies against various network performance metrics to find out which technology performs better for what type of applications under what circumstances. This research paper will analyze and compare the performance of those two technologies based on the throughput, end-to-end delay for Voice and Video conferencing and jitter for the Voice applications. For this purpose, two different simulations were created, one for the Gigabit Ethernet and the other one for the ATM network, using the popular commercial and academic simulation software – OPNET modeler.
Effect of Albumin on Diuretic Response to Furosemide in Patients With Hypoalbuminemia
Authors: Doungngern Thitima , Huckleberry Yvonne , Bloom John W. , Erstad Brian
Published: July 2012

Background

Albumin is broadly prescribed for critically ill patients although it does not have a mortality benefit over crystalloids. One common use of albumin is to promote diuresis.

Objectives

To compare urine output in patients treated with furosemide with and without albumin and to assess other variables possibly associated with enhanced diuresis.

Methods

A retrospective study was conducted on patients in a medical intensive care unit who received furosemide therapy as a continuous infusion with and without 25% albumin for more than 6 hours. Primary end points were urine output and net fluid loss.

Results

A total of 31 patients were included in the final analysis. Mean urine output in patients treated with furosemide alone did not differ significantly from output in patients treated with furo-semide plus albumin at 6, 24, and 48 hours: mean output, 1119 (SD, 597) mL vs 1201 (SD, 612) mL, P = .56; 4323 (SD, 1717) mL vs 4615 (SD, 1741) mL, P = .42; and 7563 mL (SD, 2766) vs 7432 (SD, 2324) mL, P = .94, respectively. Additionally, net fluid loss did not differ significantly between the 2 groups at 6, 24, and 48 hours. Higher concentrations of serum albumin did not improve urine output. The only independent variable significantly associated with enhanced urine output at 24 and 48 hours was increased fluid intake.

Conclusion

Addition of albumin to a furosemide infusion did not enhance diuresis obtained with furosemide alone in critically ill patients.
Sensitivity towards the reaction of outsiders as ethical motivation in early Christian paraenesis
Authors: Du Toit Andrie B.
Published: July 2012

Early Christian documents contain many indications of a sensitivity towards the presence of non-Christians in their environment, a sensitivity which increased as the expectation of an imminent end receded. This study concentrated on those paraenetic texts which maintain that Christians, in the shaping of their lifestyle, should reckon with the reaction of outsiders. Two trajectories, a negative as well as a positive one, were identified. Subsequently the double perlocutionary aim of these ‘outsider sayings’ was scrutinised. A final word summarised the hermeneutic implications of these sayings for today. Since in many societies the credibility of the gospel message is under pressure, exemplary living is a sine qua non.
Ethics in Context: The Thessalonians and their neighbours
Authors: Malherbe Abraham J.
Published: July 2012

First Thessalonians was written within a few months, following the conversion of Paul’s Greek readers, and reflects how his ethical teaching was part of his proclamation. Paul’s preaching of the gospel, intimately connected with the kind of person he was, brought about a close personal relationship between him and his converts. Whilst he stood as a moral model for them, he nevertheless spoke for God, and thus, his ethical instruction was grounded theologically. His converts would have understood how moral dicta, with which they were familiar, were derived from philosophy, but not from religion, as Jews and Christians held. In the overtly paraenetic sections of the letter (ch. 4 and 5), Paul was at great pains to underline this connection, which was the main point he was making.
Missionary Ethics in Q 10:2−12
Authors: Roth Dieter T.
Published: July 2012

Elements of the mission discourse of the Synoptic Gospels are found in Mark 6:6b−13; Matthew 9:35−10:15; Luke 9:1−6 and Luke 10:1−20. Similarities and differences in these accounts have led many New Testament scholars to posit the presence of a mission discourse in Q. This discourse, along with the parable that introduces it (Q 10:2), provides insight into how Q conceives of ‘mission’ as well as the ethical principles and precepts that are part of Jesus’ missional charge in this document. Through an intertextual approach to Q, with particular emphasis on narrative structure and imagery, this paper considered the interplay of mission and ethics in this early Christian text.
Mission versus ethics in 1 Corinthians 9? ‘Implicit ethics’ as an aid in analysing New Testament texts
Authors: Zimmermann Ruben
Published: July 2012

The central question concerning how mission and ethics are related arises within the context of the understanding of ethics itself and in this way often leads back to the familiar ‘indicative and imperative’ model. This oversimplified approach, however, is ultimately inadequate for the Pauline ethic in general and for the particular problem concerning mission and ethics. In this article, 1 Corinthians 9 was drawn upon as an example for the ‘implicit ethics’ model, a model which allows for a more nuanced presentation of the grounds and justification for behaviour and action. Through this approach it became clear that the proclamation of the Gospel does not have to be ‘unethical’; rather, it could be located and understood within the realm of the Pauline reflection on conduct. This, in turn, justified speaking of an ‘ethic of missions (activity)’ in Paul.
Provision for the poor and the mission of the church: Ancient appeals and contemporary viability
Authors: Hays Christopher M.
Published: July 2012

Composed for the 2011 Prestige FOCUS Conference on Mission and Ethics at the University of Pretoria, this essay addressed the interrelationship between the New Testament conception of mission and one of the most significant moral topics in Scripture: the provision for the needy. In keeping with the investigative focus of the conference, the article began with an exegetical analysis of Matthew, Luke, the Pauline Epistles, James, and 1 John, demonstrating that generosity to the poor is an integral feature of these authors’ understanding of mission. The second half of the article investigated the rhetorical and theological strategies utilised by the aforementioned New Testament authors in motivating their readership to charitable action. Without aiming to be exhaustive, the article identified ten different strategies utilised by the New Testament texts in question: the authority of Jesus, the imitation of Christ, the theology of the cross, the imitation of the saints, equality, eschatological punishment, eschatological reward, earthly blessings, observing the Law, and love. The author not only described the ways in which these appeals functioned, but evaluated to what degrees and in which 21st century global Christian contexts these various appeals might be effective in motivating contemporary expressions of provision for the needy.
Mission and Ethics in 1 Corinthians: Reconciliation, corporate solidarity and other-regard as missionary strategy in Paul
Authors: Kok Jacobus
Published: July 2012

In this article the dynamic relationship between mission and ethics in contexts of conflict and change in the Corinthian correspondence was investigated, and the role Paul played as reconciling leader, examined. The early Christian writers like Paul wanted to instruct and shape communities of faith. Paul was especially concerned with the maintenance and growth of his congregations and also with the social and ethical boundaries between the community of faith and the ‘world’. In the article it was illustrated that within the Corinthian congregational context there existed several conflict situations, and that much of it was a result of diversity within the congregation. Diversity is a fact of life and reality of the church. In Paul’s vision for unity and reconciliation, and in his attempt to address the factionalism in the Corinthian congregation, he would in all cases, ground his practical solution in a theological identity construction. Paul focuses on corporate solidarity and unity and urges the congregation to find their fellow brothers and sisters in times of conflict by means of ethical reciprocity and other-regard, a matter in which he is also an example, typical of other philosophers of his time – but with a significant difference. At the end it becomes clear that Paul’s ethical advice has a missional dimension, in the sense that the conflict management should take place in such a way that God is honoured and that both Jews, Greeks and fellow believers will see that the way this community handles conflict, is different to the way the ‘world’ would do it, and that in the process, even more might be saved.
The righteousness of God, begging for the poor and Paul’s apostolic mission according to his Letter to the Romans
Authors: Van Aarde Andries G.
Published: July 2012

In Romans 15:22−33 (the concluding section of Paul’s last written letter) ‘the apostle for the gentiles’ motivates his financial contribution (diakonia) to the poor (ptōchous) in Jerusalem in terms of his mission to the nations (ta ethnē). The aim of this article is to argue that Paul’s notion, ‘the righteousness of God’ (diakaiosunē tou theou), mentioned for example in Romans 1:18−3:20, not only accentuates God’s saving act (a vertical dimension) but also God’s intervention on behalf of the poor and other outcasts through the apostolic mission (the horizontal dimension). The article explains Paul’s use of the concept righteousness as a ‘virtue’ by focusing on both the Hellenistic moral philosophy and the occurrence of the term zedaqah in the Old Testament. For Paul, the revelation of God is the revelation of the righteousness of God (Rm 1:17) in, among others, the Law (e.g. Ex 22:21−24), the Prophets (e.g., Zch 7:9−10) and the Writings (e.g. Job 24:9). Those affected, are the poor without patrons, women without patriarchs, children without parentage and foreigners without a paterfamilias. The pilgrimage to the nations includes all four groups of marginalized people. Blending the concepts ‘the righteousness of God’, ‘begging for the poor’ and Paul’s apostolic mission helps us to understand why the end of Romans (15:22−33) and its beginning (1:18−2:20) come to full circle. The vertical dimension of God’s saving act merges with the horizontal dimension of God’s saving act.
Morality and boundaries in Paul
Authors: Lietaert Peerbolte Bert Jan
Published: July 2012

In the Pauline communities, ethics, ethos and identity were closely intertwined. This essay analyses the way in which Paul emphasised the mental boundaries of the Christ communities to turn them into moral boundaries. In this process, the fencing off of these communities over against their past and their present was a fundamental feature of Paul’s reasoning. The communities thus became fenced off from their past, because the Christ event was seen as causing a major change in history. This change affected both Gentile and Jewish believers. At the same time, Paul stressed the boundaries with the outside world: he characterised the inside world as the loyal remnant of Israel, consisting of Jews and Gentiles alike, and pointed out that this group is the group of the elect ‘saints’. The perspective with which Paul looked at ethics and morality inside this group was strongly coloured by the assumed identity of this group as ‘Israel’. Even though the Mosaic Law was no longer the focal point for the identity of this eschatological Israel, the ethical demands Paul mentioned over against the members of this new Israel were highly influenced by the morality of the law. For Paul, sanctification was a fundamental ideal, and this ideal reflected the spirituality of the Holiness Code of Leviticus. This particular ethical model was framed by the awareness that Paul (and Christ before him) was ‘sent’ by God, much in the same way the prophets of Israel themselves had been sent.
DNA Structural Properties in the Classification of Genomic Transcription Regulation Elements
Authors: Meysman Pieter , Marchal Kathleen , Engelen Kristof
Published: July 2012

It has been long known that DNA molecules encode information at various levels. The most basic level comprises the base sequence itself and is primarily important for the encoding of proteins and direct base recognition by DNA-binding proteins. A more elusive level consists of the local structural properties of the DNA molecule wherein the DNA sequence only plays an indirect supportive role. These properties are nevertheless an important factor in a large number of biomolecular processes and can be considered as informative signals for the presence of a variety of genomic features. Several recent studies have unequivocally shown the benefit of relying on such DNA properties for modeling and predicting genomic features as diverse as transcription start sites, transcription factor binding sites, or nucleosome occupancy. This review is meant to provide an overview of the key aspects of these DNA conformational and physicochemical properties. To illustrate their potential added value compared to relying solely on the nucleotide sequence in genomics studies, we discuss their application in research on transcription regulation mechanisms as representative cases.
Simple F Test Reveals Gene-Gene Interactions in Case-Control Studies
Authors: Chen Guanjie , Yuan Ao , Zhou Jie , Bentley Amy R. , Adeyemo Adebowale , Rotimi Charles N.
Published: July 2012

Missing heritability is still a challenge for Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS). Gene-gene interactions may partially explain this residual genetic influence and contribute broadly to complex disease. To analyze the gene-gene interactions in case-control studies of complex disease, we propose a simple, non-parametric method that utilizes the F-statistic. This approach consists of three steps. First, we examine the joint distribution of a pair of SNPs in cases and controls separately. Second, an F-test is used to evaluate the ratio of dependence in cases to that of controls. Finally, results are adjusted for multiple tests. This method was used to evaluate gene-gene interactions that are associated with risk of Type 2 Diabetes among African Americans in the Howard University Family Study. We identified 18 gene-gene interactions ( P < 0.0001). Compared with the commonly-used logistical regression method, we demonstrate that the F-ratio test is an efficient approach to measuring gene-gene interactions, especially for studies with limited sample size.
La productividad científica en Comunicación a través de la revista Zer
Authors: Roca-Correa David , Pueyo-Ayhan Natalia
Published: July 2012

Esta investigación estudia los artículos publicados en Zer (Revista de Estudios de Comunicación) durante sus diez primeros años (1996-2005) para diagnosticar la contribución de autores y universidades a la publicación vasca. Se ha escogido esta revista por cuatro motivos: es la más valorada; es la que eligen más los investigadores para publicar sus últimos trabajos; está entre las tres revistas de mayor impacto en el ámbito de la Comunicación y, además, es una de las doce revistas académicas españolas de Comunicación que está presente en una base de datos internacional. Esta es la primera investigación que se lleva a cabo en España de productividad científica donde aparecen rankings de autores. Se examinan 220 artículos utilizando un análisis de contenido cuantitativo. El objetivo es conocer la productividad científica en base a los autores más productivos y a las universidades más productivas. El estudio establece un ranking tanto para autores como para universidades. Los hallazgos revelan que la producción es baja e indican que tres universidades producen más de la mitad de los artículos. Además, se observa que la colaboración entre universidades es escasa y la presencia internacional es discreta.
Understanding and forecasting polar stratospheric variability with statistical models
Authors: Blume C. , Matthes K.
Published: July 2012

Abstract. The variability of the north-polar stratospheric vortex is a prominent aspect of the middle atmosphere. This work investigates a wide class of statistical models with respect to their ability to model geopotential and temperature anomalies, representing variability in the polar stratosphere. Four partly nonstationary, nonlinear models are assessed: linear discriminant analysis (LDA); a cluster method based on finite elements (FEM-VARX); a neural network, namely the multi-layer perceptron (MLP); and support vector regression (SVR). These methods model time series by incorporating all significant external factors simultaneously, including ENSO, QBO, the solar cycle, volcanoes, to then quantify their statistical importance. We show that variability in reanalysis data from 1980 to 2005 is successfully modeled. The period from 2005 to 2011 can be hindcasted to a certain extent, where MLP performs significantly better than the remaining models. However, variability remains that cannot be statistically hindcasted within the current framework, such as the unexpected major warming in January 2009. Finally, the statistical model with the best generalization performance is used to predict a winter 2011/12 with warm and weak vortex conditions. A vortex breakdown is predicted for late January, early February 2012.
Regional and global modeling of aerosol optical properties with a size, composition, and mixing state resolved particle microphysics model
Authors: Yu F. , Luo G. , Ma X.
Published: July 2012

Abstract. There exist large uncertainties in the present modeling of physical, chemical, and optical properties of atmospheric particles. We have recently incorporated an advanced particle microphysics (APM) model into a global chemistry transport model (GEOS-Chem) and a regional weather forecasting and chemistry model (WRF-Chem). Here we develop a scheme for calculating regional and global aerosol optical depth (AOD) from detailed aerosol information resolved by the APM model. According to GEOS-Chem-APM simulations, in most parts of the globe, the mass of secondary species resides mainly within secondary particles (60–90%), but in certain regions a large fraction (up to 50–80%) can become coated on various primary particles. Secondary species coated on black carbon and primary organic carbon particles significantly increase the size and hygroscopicity of these particles and thus impact their optical properties. The GEOS-Chem-APM model captures the global spatial distributions of AOD derived from AERONET, MODIS, and MISR measurements, generally within a factor of ~2. Our analysis indicates that modeled annual mean AODs at all sky and clear sky conditions differ by ~20% globally averaged and by >50% in some regions. The time series of WRF-Chem-APM predicted AOD over the northeastern United States in June 2008 have been compared to those from seven AERONET sites. Overall, the model mostly captures the absolute values as well as the variations of AOD at the AERONET sites (including dramatic changes associated with the crossing of high AOD plumes). Both GEOS-Chem and WRF-Chem simulations indicate that AOD over the northeastern US is dominated by secondary particles and have large spatiotemporal variations.