bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Disequilibrium effects from misallocated markets: An application to agriculture
Authors: Badau Flavius , Rada Nicholas
Published: December 2021

Prices and the allocation of resources are essential components of efficient markets. Yet due to market failures or other imperfections, observed prices, and the allocation of resources can diverge from socially optimum equilibria, misinforming private and public decision making and distorting welfare. In this study, we present a two‐step framework for valuing market inefficiencies and the foregone monetary value from disequilibrium. Specifically, we measure the degree that observed prices and quantities diverge from equilibrium and capture this divergence in terms of foregone revenue impacts. Empirically, we illustrate this framework using Indian agricultural data, where we estimate that on average and over the study period this particular market has been underpriced and overproduced compared to the estimated efficient equilibrium. The potential additional gains in value to Indian agriculture from correcting this market disequilibrium ranges from $11 billion USD to $75 billion USD depending on the degree of disequilibrium and the adjustment level.
COVID‐19 and varicocele: The possible overlap factors and the common therapeutic approaches
Authors: Mahdavinezhad Forough , Farmani Ahmad Reza , Pakniat Hamideh , Taghavi Saeed , Gharaei Roghaye , Valipour Jamal , Amidi Fardin
Published: December 2021

Varicocele is recognized as one of the main attributable causes of male infertility which can affect spermatogenesis by various pathophysiological mechanisms. Recent studies have identified oxidative stress and reduction in antioxidant, hyperthermia, hypoxia, hormonal dysfunction, and inflammatory conditions as major factors in the pathophysiology of varicocele, all of which have known direct associations with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) and can significantly increase the risk of detrimental COVID‐19‐related outcomes. Emerging data have shown an association between COVID‐19 and inflammation, overproduction of cytokine, and other pathophysiological processes. The present review, summarizes the current understanding of the pathophysiology of varicocele and investigates the potential correlation between the severity of COVID‐19 and the varicocele disease. In addition, various possible treatments which can be effective in both diseases were examined. Despite numerous challenges associated with the prevalence of COVID‐19 in healthcare systems in infected countries, special attention should be given to maintaining a high level of care for complex patients with a pre‐existing disease such as varicocele and providing appropriate practical advice for optimal control of the COVID‐19 disease.
Significance of laboratory parameters in diagnosing acute appendicitis during pregnancy
Authors: Peksöz Rıfat , Dişçi Esra , Kaya Abdulkadir , Ağırman Enes , Korkut Ercan , Aksungur Nurhak , Altundaş Necip , Kara Salih , Atamanalp Sabri Selçuk
Published: December 2021

Background

Acute appendicitis (AA) is the most frequently seen surgical emergency in pregnant women and the most frequently encountered cause of non‐obstetric acute abdomen. Due to the physiological and anatomical changes that occur during pregnancy and the limited use of radiological methods, it is difficult to diagnose AA during pregnancy. These conditions increase the risk of morbidity and mortality; therefore, it is crucial to identify ideal laboratory markers that can be utilized to diagnose disease.

Methods

One hundred and ten pregnancies that fulfilled the inclusion criteria for AA diagnosis were retrospectively analysed between 2010 and 2021. Markers with high diagnostic values were discussed.

Results

The patients were divided into three groups as follows; Group I: negative appendectomy (n = 19); Group IIa: uncomplicated appendicitis (n = 59); Group IIb: complicated appendicitis (n = 32). There was no statistically significant difference in mean age or gestational week (P > 0.05). Group IIb had a higher rate of complications and a longer length of hospital stay (P < 0.05). There were significant differences between the groups in terms of white blood cell (WBC), neutrophil, neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (PLR), C‐reactive protein, lymphocyte‐to‐ C‐reactive protein ratio, total, direct, and indirect bilirubin values (P < 0.05). While platelet and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) values did not differ substantially between groups, both were found to have a high diagnostic value.

Conclusion

It was concluded that WBC, neutrophil, NLR, PLR, total, direct and indirect bilirubin levels could be utilized to diagnose AA. Moreover, levels of WBC, neutrophil, NLR, platelet, PLR, LDH, total, direct and indirect bilirubin can be utilized to diagnose complicated appendicitis.
The molecular ontogeny of follicular lymphoma: gene mutations succeeding the BCL2 translocation define common precursor cells
Authors: Haebe Sarah , Keay William , Alig Stefan , Mohr Anne‐Wiebe , Martin Larissa K. , Heide Michael , Secci Ramona , Krebs Stefan , Blum Helmut , Moosmann Andreas , Louissaint Abner , Weinstock David M. , Thoene Silvia , von Bergwelt‐Baildon Michael , Ruland Jürgen , Bararia Deepak , Weigert Oliver
Published: December 2021

Relapsed follicular lymphoma (FL) can arise from common progenitor cells (CPCs). Conceptually, CPC‐defining mutations are somatic alterations shared by the initial and relapsed tumours, mostly B‐cell leukaemia/lymphoma 2 (BCL2)/immunoglobulin heavy locus (IGH) translocations and other recurrent gene mutations. Through complementary approaches for highly sensitive mutation detection, we do not find CPC‐defining mutations in highly purified BCL2/IGH‐negative haematopoietic progenitor cells in clinical remission samples from three patients with relapsed FL. Instead, we find cells harbouring the same BCL2/IGH translocation but lacking CREB binding protein (CREBBP), lysine methyltransferase 2D (KMT2D) and other recurrent gene mutations. Thus, (i) the BCL2/IGH translocation can precede CPC‐defining mutations in human FL, and (ii) BCL2/IGH‐translocated cells can persist in clinical remission.
A comparison of prebunking and debunking interventions for implied versus explicit misinformation
Authors: Tay Li Qian , Hurlstone Mark J. , Kurz Tim , Ecker Ullrich K. H.
Published: December 2021

Psychological research has offered valuable insights into how to combat misinformation. The studies conducted to date, however, have three limitations. First, pre‐emptive (“prebunking”) and retroactive (“debunking”) interventions have mostly been examined in parallel, and thus it is unclear which of these two predominant approaches is more effective. Second, there has been a focus on misinformation that is explicitly false, but implied misinformation that uses literally true information to mislead is common in the real world. Finally, studies have relied mainly on questionnaire measures of reasoning, neglecting behavioural impacts of misinformation and interventions. To offer incremental progress towards addressing these three issues, we conducted an experiment (N = 735) involving misinformation on fair trade. We contrasted the effectiveness of prebunking versus debunking and the impacts of implied versus explicit misinformation, and incorporated novel measures assessing consumer behaviours (i.e., willingness‐to‐pay; information seeking; online misinformation promotion) in addition to standard questionnaire measures. In general, both prebunking and debunking reduced misinformation reliance. We also found that individuals tended to rely more on explicit than implied misinformation both with and without interventions.
User satisfaction with Dental Specialty Centers in Brazil: Proposal of satisfaction index and associated factors
Authors: da Silva Naiana Braga , Martiniano Suilane Gomes , Cardoso Andreia Medeiros Rodrigues , Cavalcanti Yuri Wanderley , Figueiredo Nilcema , Padilha Wilton Wilney Nascimento
Published: December 2021

Objectives

To investigate the satisfaction of users of Dental Specialty Centers (CEO) in Brazil employing the Service Satisfaction Index (SSI) and identify associated factors.

Methods

This quantitative, evaluative, and cross‐sectional study used secondary data extracted from the Second External Evaluation of the Program for the Improvement of Access and Quality of Brazilian Dental Specialty Centers (PMAQ‐CEO) held in 2018 in 901 municipalities, accounting for 1097 CEO, of which 1042 were investigated. A total of 10391 users participated in the study. Considering user satisfaction as an aggregate variable, SSI was classified into two categories: Lower Satisfaction (SSI < 20) and Maximum Satisfaction (SSI = 20). Data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics using the SPSS® software. The exploratory factor analysis verified the statistical correlations between attributes and SSI.

Results

The maximum satisfaction with the service was 21.1%; factors that expressed the most significant influence on SSI were waiting time (OR = 1.17; CI 95%: 1.05–1.31), feeling that CEO has good conditions of use (OR = 7.05; CI 95%: 5.15–9.65), not wishing to be assisted at another CEO (OR = 4.17; CI 95%: 3.12–5.57), not having treatment interrupted due to lack of material (OR = 2.05; CI 95%: 1.70–2.47), age up to 40 years of users (OR = 1.31; CI 95%: 1.18–1.46) and higher education (OR = 1.30; CI 95%: 1.14–1.49).

Conclusions

SSI appropriately described the user's satisfaction with the service. The maximum satisfaction with the service was influenced by age, education, waiting time, not having treatment interrupted, and considering CEO clean and hygienic environment.
Oral health care for people with disabilities in Brazil: Transition from the specialized dental services between 2014 and 2018
Authors: Queiroz Rejane Christine de Sousa , Oliveira Izabel Cristina Vieira de , Silva Núbia Cristina da , Borges Tassia Silvana , Nunes Ana Margarida Melo , Figueiredo Nilcema , Thomaz Erika Barbara Abreu Fonseca
Published: December 2021

Objective

To identify changes in the dental service provision to people with disabilities (PD) in the Dental Specialties Centers (acronym CEO in Portuguese‐Centro de Especialidades Odontológicas) between the first and second cycles of the Program for the Improvement of Access and Quality of CEO and analyse factors associated with any changes.

Methods

This nationwide ecological time series study adopted the CEO as the analysis unit. The 827 CEO who participated in the two program's cycles (2014 and 2018) were included. Data on the structure and the work process were considered to identify features of providing services to PD in both cycles. Latent transition analysis (LTA) was performed to identify latent status (LS) with similar features and model the transition between LS over time. Models with five variables and with two to five LS were tested, considered best conceptual interpretability and best model fit parameters: human resources structure (dentist working exclusively with PD) and work process that identified guarantee of PD treatment at the CEO, the CEO’s interface with primary care, and the interface with tertiary care. Spatial analysis was performed to identify spatial patterns of LS in the Brazilian territory with choropleth maps. A multinomial logistic regression model was performed to identify factors associated with changes in the provision of CEO (improved, remained or worsened).

Findings

The best‐fit model identified four LS: ‘Better’, ‘Medium better’, ‘Medium worse’ and ‘Worse’. CEO remained in the LS ‘Better’ (94%), LS ‘Medium’ (5.3%) and LS ‘Worse’ (78.4%). It is noteworthy that the highest proportion of CEO, in both cycles, was in the LS ‘Better’, featured by the CEO, characterized by all the CEO guaranteeing treatment to users with PD, high proportions of professionals working exclusively with PD, and most CEO articulated with primary care and with tertiary care. However, there is a decrease in the number of postgraduate professionals specializing in this service profile (1.3%). The higher the population growth, the greater the likelihood of the CEO achieving ‘improved’ in the LS. Moreover, the higher the number of goals, the lower the likelihood of the CEO getting ‘worse’ in the LS.

Conclusion

Advances in dental service provision were observed, with more significant transitions to the ‘Better’ class, with improvements mainly in the interface with primary and tertiary care. Disability will be an even more significant concern as the population ages. Initiatives that can remove barriers and empower PD are potent in the provision of oral health services.
Factors associated with the waiting time for access to specialized oral healthcare services in Brazil
Authors: Cavalcanti Ronald Pereira , da Silva Rênnis Oliveira , Martelli Petrônio José de Lima , Sobrinho José Eudes de Lorena , Pucca Júnior Gilberto Alfredo , da Silveira Gaspar Gabriela , de Lucena Edson Hilan Gomes
Published: December 2021

Objectives

To explore the factors associated with the waiting time for access to specialized care at Dental Specialties Centers (CEO, in Portuguese), by specialty (Stomatology, Surgery, Endodontics, Patients with Special Needs and Periodontology).

Methods

The study was a descriptive and analytic exploratory secondary analysis of data from the 2nd phase of the National Program for Improving the Access to and Quality of CEO (PMAQ‐CEO, in Portuguese). All 1097 CEO in Brazil were evaluated in loco in 2018. Binary logistic regression was used to analyse the likelihood of users having a shorter time for assistance at CEO, by specialty.

Results

The highest and lowest median waiting times were found for endodontics (30 days) and stomatology (5 days), respectively. Smaller centres (type I CEO) had a shorter waiting list for patients with special needs (95%CI: 1.20–3.37), Endodontics (95%CI: 1.03–3.02) and Surgery (95%CI: 1.04–3.05). As for the specialties with the longest waiting list (Endodontics and Surgery), the direct route of user access to CEO was more effective than that regulated by the Healthcare System.

Conclusions

Factors related to the service, management, and to the form of relationship with primary health care influenced the waiting time for specialized care in CEO. The contact between professionals in the oral health network (primary care and secondary) was associated with a shorter waiting time, regardless of the specialty.
Di‐genic inheritance of germline POLE and PMS2 pathogenic variants causes a unique condition associated with pediatric cancer predisposition
Authors: Michaeli Orli , Ladany Hagay , Erez Ayelet , Ben Shachar Shay , Izraeli Shai , Lidzbarsky Gabriel , Basel‐Salmon Lina , Biskup Saskia , Maruvka Yosef E. , Toledano Helen , Goldberg Yael
Published: December 2021

Polymerase proofreading‐associated polyposis (PPAP) and Lynch syndrome, caused by mutated POLE and mismatch repair (MMR) genes, respectively, are associated with adult‐onset cancer. PPAP and MMR‐deficient tumors are both hypermutated, and each has a unique mutational signature. We describe a 4.5‐year‐old boy with multiple café au lait spots who presented with metastatic Sonic Hedgehog‐activated medulloblastoma, with partial response to intensive chemotherapy and immunotherapy. The tumor showed microsatellite stability, loss of PMS2 nuclear expression, and an exceptionally high tumor mutational burden of 276 Mut/Mb. Germline molecular analysis revealed an inherited heterozygous pathogenic POLE variant and a de novo heterozygous PMS2 pathogenic variant. The tumor featured the MMR, POLE, and POLE+MMR mutational signatures. This is the first description of a di‐genic condition, which we named “POL‐LYNCH syndrome,” manifested by an aggressive ultra‐mutant pediatric medulloblastoma with a unique genomic signature.
Mechanism of transcription regulation by Acinetobacter baumannii HpaR in the catabolism of p‐hydroxyphenylacetate
Authors: Permsirivisarn Permkun , Yuenyao Anan , Pramanpol Nuttawan , Charoenwattanasatien Ratana , Suginta Wipa , Chaiyen Pimchai , Pakotiprapha Danaya
Published: December 2021

HpaR is a transcription regulator in the MarR family that controls the expression of the gene cluster responsible for conversion of p‐hydroxyphenylacetate to pyruvate and succinate for cellular metabolism. Here, we report the biochemical and structural characterization of Acinetobacter baumannii HpaR (AbHpaR) and its complex with cognate DNA. Our study revealed that AbHpaR binds upstream of the divergently transcribed hpaA gene and the meta‐cleavage operon, as well as the hpaR gene, thereby repressing their transcription by blocking access of RNA polymerase. Structural analysis of AbHpaR‐DNA complex revealed that the DNA binding specificity can be achieved via a combination of both direct and indirect DNA sequence readouts. DNA binding of AbHpaR is weakened by 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylacetate (DHPA), which is the substrate of the meta‐cleavage reactions; this likely leads to expression of the target genes. Based on our findings, we propose a model for how A. baumannii controls transcription of HPA‐metabolizing genes, which highlights the independence of global catabolite repression and could be beneficial for metabolic engineering toward bioremediation applications.

Databases

The structural data that support these findings are openly available in the wwPDB at https://doi.org/10.2210/pdb7EL2/pdb and https://doi.org/10.2210/pdb7EL3/pdb for AbHpaR and AbHpaR‐DNA complex, respectively.
Improving the framework for assessment of ecological change in the Arctic: A circumpolar synthesis of freshwater biodiversity
Authors: Goedkoop Willem , Culp Joseph M. , Christensen Tom , Christoffersen Kirsten S. , Fefilova Elena , Guðbergsson Guðni , Lárusson Kári Fannar , Liljaniemi Petri , Novichkova Anna A. , Ólafsson Jón S. , Sandøy Steinar , Lento Jennifer
Published: December 2021

Climate warming and subsequent landscape transformations result in rapid ecological change in Arctic freshwaters. Here we provide a synthesis of the diversity of benthic diatoms, plankton, macrophytes, macroinvertebrates, and fish in Arctic freshwaters.

We developed a multi‐organism measure of α diversity to characterise circumpolar spatial patterns and their environmental correlates, and we assessed ecoregion‐level β diversity for all organism groups across the Arctic.

Alpha diversity was lowest at high latitudes and elevations and where dispersal barriers exist. Diversity was positively related to temperature, and both temperature and connectivity limited diversity on high latitude islands. Beta diversity was highly variable among ecoregions for most organism groups, ranging from 0 (complete similarity) to 1 (complete dissimilarity). The high degree of dissimilarity within many ecoregions illustrates the uniqueness of many Arctic freshwater communities.

Northward range expansion of freshwater taxa into Arctic regions may lead to increased competition for cold‐stenothermic and cold‐adapted species, and ultimately lead to the extinction of unique Arctic species. Societal responses to predicted impacts include: (1) actions to improve detection of changes (e.g., harmonised monitoring, remote sensing) and engagement with Arctic residents and Indigenous Peoples; and (2) actions to reduce the impact of unwanted changes (e.g., reductions of CO2 emissions, action against the spread of invasive species).

Current Arctic freshwater monitoring shows large gaps in spatial coverage, while time series data are scarce. Arctic countries should develop an intensified, long‐term monitoring programme with routine reporting. Such an approach will allow detection of long‐term changes in water quality, biodiversity, and ecosystem services of Arctic freshwaters.
Spatiotemporal spread characteristics and influencing factors of COVID‐19 cases: Based on big data of population migration in China
Authors: Zhang Yizhen , Deng Zhen , Supriyadi Agus , Song Rui , Wang Tao
Published: December 2021

As a public health emergency, the COVID‐19 pandemic has attracted widespread attention from scholars worldwide. Combining social network models, GIS analysis and spatial econometric models, we explored the characteristics of the Wuhan population outflow network and factors affecting the number of COVID‐19 cases. The results show that the Wuhan population outflow network has strong temporal and spatial heterogeneity. Cities in Hubei Province, central cities such as Beijing and Shanghai, and cities rich in tourism resources were the main destinations of Wuhan’s population inflow. The distribution of COVID‐19 cases not only showed a strong spatial autocorrelation but also a hierarchical diffusion effect. The benchmark regression results showed that the population outflow from Wuhan determines the number of COVID‐19 cases in other cities. Temperature was negatively correlated with the number of COVID‐19 cases, while the PM2.5 concentration failed the significance test. Thus, the lower is the temperature, the greater are the survival and spread of the virus facilitated. Furthermore, cities with a higher population density and more employees in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River are more vulnerable to COVID‐19. Finally, by replacing the weight matrix and setting instrumental variables, we proved the robustness of the above main conclusions.
Helicobacterspecies binding to the human gastric mucosa
Authors: Matos Rita , Sousa Hugo Santos , Nogueiro Jorge , Magalhães Ana , Reis Celso A. , Carneiro Fátima , Amorim Irina , Haesebrouck Freddy , Gärtner Fátima
Published: December 2021

Helicobacter pyloriinfects half of the world population, being associated with several gastric disorders, such as chronic gastritis and gastric carcinoma. TheHelicobactergenus also includes other gastric helicobacters, such asH.heilmannii¸ H.ailurogastricus,H.suis,H.felis,H.bizzozeronii, andH.salomonis. These gastric helicobacters colonize both the human and animal stomach. The prevalence of gastric non‐Helicobacter pylori Helicobacter(NHPH) species in humans has been described as low, and thein vitrobinding to the human gastric mucosa was never assessed. Herein, human gastric tissue sections were used for the evaluation of the tissue glycophenotype and for the binding of gastric NHPH strains belonging to different species. Histopathological evaluation showed that 37.5% of the patients enrolled in our cohort presented chronic gastritis, while the presence of neutrophil or eosinophilic activity (chronic active gastritis) was observed in 62.5% of the patients. The secretor phenotype was observed in 68.8% of the individuals, based on the expression of Lewis B antigen and binding of the UleX lectin. Thein vitrobinding assay showed that all the NHPH strains evaluated were able to bind, albeit in low frequency, to the human gastric mucosa. TheH.heilmannii,H.bizzozeronii, andH.salomonisstrains displayed the highest binding ability both to the gastric superficial epithelium and to the deep glands. Interestingly, we observed binding of NHPH to the gastric mucosa of individuals with severe chronic inflammation and intestinal metaplasia, suggesting that NHPH binding may not be restricted to the healthy gastric mucosa or slight chronic gastritis. Furthermore, thein vitrobinding of NHPH strains was observed both in secretor and non‐secretor individuals in a similar frequency. In conclusion, this study is the first report of thein vitrobinding ability of gastric NHPH species to the human gastric mucosa. The results suggest that other glycans, besides the Lewis antigens, could be involved in the bacterial adhesion mechanism; however, the molecular intervenients remain unknown.
The effect of whitening toothpastes on polyurethane and silicone orthodontic clear ligatures: A clinical study
Authors: Flores Milagros Juliana Sueiro , Saraiva Maria da Conceição Pereira , Scheicher Gabriel Valente , Souza Fernanda de Carvalho Panzeri Pires de , Stuani Maria Bernadete Sasso , Romano Fabio Lourenço , Matsumoto Mirian Aiko Nakane
Published: December 2021

Background

This study aimed to verify the effects of bleaching toothpaste on colour stability, elastic properties, surface topography between aesthetic polyurethane and silicone elastomeric ligatures from different brands.

Methods

Elastomeric ligatures tested were: 1‐Mini Single Case Ligature Stick (RMO‐polyurethane); 2‐Ligature “S” Shaped Dispenser (RMO‐Silicone); 3‐Sany‐tie (GAC‐translucent polyurethane); and 4‐Sili‐tie (GAC‐translucent silicone). The ligatures were randomly assigned from the brackets of canines and lower incisors of 40 patients. The study had two phases of 30 days in which a different toothpaste was used, followed by a washout period of 30 days. After each phase, ligatures were submitted to colour checking, tensile strength, and SEM.

Results

The average of the ultimate tensile strength (m = 2.59; DP = 0.014) was higher in the control ligatures if compared to the tested ones (m = 2.24; DP = 0.014). There were no statistically significant differences between toothpastes regarding the type of ligature. Also, no interaction was observed between toothpastes in ligature's ultimate tensile strength and strain. The type of toothpaste did not minimize colour changes.

Conclusion

In conclusion, there was no difference in colour stability and elastic properties between polyurethane or silicone aesthetic elastomeric modules. Whitening toothpastes had no impact on ligatures performance after 30 days in the oral cavity.
Virtual simulation: New method for assessing teamwork skills
Authors: Kotlyar Igor , Krasman Joe
Published: December 2021

The objective of this study is to explore the potential of a new method for assessing teamwork skills—a virtual high‐fidelity behavioral simulation. In this paper, we describe the development and validation of a chatbot‐driven simulation for assessing teamwork skills of university students. We present the results of a criterion validation study using a sample of 215 undergraduate students. The simulation was found to significantly predict peer ratings following a live team‐based exercise, over and above a teamwork situational judgment test, and a personality inventory. The mean score for women on the simulation was significantly higher than for men. Limitations and future directions are discussed.
Mandibular condyle morphology among patients with mucopolysaccharidosis: An observational study of panoramic radiographs
Authors: Schmid‐Herrmann Carmen Ulrike , Muschol Nicole Maria , Fuhrmann Vera Ulrike , Koehn Anja Friederike , Lezius Susanne , Kahl‐Nieke Bärbel , Koehne Till
Published: December 2021

Background

Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are a group of rare metabolic diseases characterized by a wide spectrum of symptoms including progressive condylar resorption.

Aim

The aim of this study was to quantify the severity of condylar involvement in MPS I individuals in comparison with a group of non‐MPS individuals and to describe how condylar changes may vary among the different types of MPS.

Design

Fifty panoramic radiographs of MPS patients (13.4 ± 6.2 years) with MPS I (n = 14), MPS II (n = 2), MPS IV (n = 8) and MPS VI (n = 2) were compared with forty panoramic radiographs of non‐MPS individuals. The severity of condylar resorption was evaluated using a qualitative score (grades 0–3) and using the ratio of condylar height to ramus height (CH: RH).

Results

All MPS I and VI individuals showed pronounced bilateral degenerative condylar resorption. In contrast, individuals with MPS II and IV exhibited heterogeneous findings. The quantification of condylar height to ramus height revealed that CH: RH was significantly decreased in MPS I as compared to that of non‐MPS individuals (P < .001). In contrast, the CH: RH ratios of MPS II and IV showed great variability.

Conclusion

Mucopolysaccharidoses subtypes differ with regard to the severity of condylar resorption.
Rival or comrade? A systematic review and conceptual framework of when and why the powerful act prosocially or antisocially towards each other
Authors: Feenstra Sanne , Oedzes Jacoba , van der Vegt Gerben S. , Stoker Janka I.
Published: December 2021

We present a systematic review of the literature on power and its interpersonal consequences. Our review, comprising 339 studies published in 145 research articles, shows that this line of research has primarily examined how powerholders attend to and act towards powerless individuals, or others in general. We therefore know surprisingly little about how powerholders attend to and act towards other powerholders. To address this issue, we present a conceptual framework that outlines how an actor’s power interacts with a target’s power to influence prosocial and antisocial beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors. We identify two routes in the literature detailing how powerholders respond to one another. First, building on rivalry literature, we present a competitive route suggesting that powerholders rival each other and engage in conflict. Second, building on social identity and social dominance literature, we present a harmonious route suggesting that powerful peers will show compassion and care for each other. Finally, we bring forth suggestions for how future research could test these two perspectives, by presenting moderators that determine when each of these two routes is activated. In doing so, we offer important implications for the power literature and open a new line of inquiry for future research.
An active fixation quadripolar left ventricular lead for cardiac resynchronization therapy with reduced postoperative complication rates
Authors: Robertson Calum , Duffey Owen , Tang Pok‐Tin , Fairhurst Natalie , Monteiro Cristiana , Green Peregrine , Grogono Joanna , Davies Mark , Lewis Andrew , Wijesurendra Rohan , Ormerod Julian , Gamble James , Ginks Matthew , Rajappan Kim , Bashir Yaver , Betts Tim R. , Herring Neil
Published: December 2021

Background

The rate of left ventricular (LV) lead displacement after cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) remains high despite improvements in lead technology. In 2017, a novel quadripolar lead with active fixation technology became available in the UK.

Methods

This was a retrospective, observational study analyzing device complications in 476 consecutive patients undergoing successful first‐time implantation of a CRT device at a tertiary center from 2017 to 2020.

Results

Both active (n = 135) and passive fixation (n = 341) quadripolar leads had similar success rates for implantation (99.3% vs. 98.8%, p = 1.00), although the pacing threshold (0.89 [0.60–1.25] vs. 1.00 [0.70–1.60] V, p = .01) and lead impedance (632 [552–794] vs. 730 [636–862] Ohms, p < .0001) were significantly lower for the active fixation lead. Patients receiving an active fixation lead had a reduced incidence of lead displacement at 6 months (0.74% vs. 4.69%, p = .036). There was no significant difference in the rate of right atrial (RA) and right ventricular (RV) lead displacement between the two groups (RA: 1.48% vs. 1.17%, p = .68; RV: 2.22% vs. 1.76%, p = .72). Reprogramming the LV lead after displacement was unsuccessful in most cases (successful reprogramming: Active fix = 0/1, Passive fix = 1/16) therefore nearly all patients required a repeat procedure. As a result, the rate of intervention within 6 months for lead displacement was significantly lower when patients were implanted with the active fixation lead (0.74% vs. 4.40%, p = .049).

Conclusion

The novel active fixation lead in our study has a lower incidence of lead displacement and re‐intervention compared to conventional quadripolar leads for CRT.
Trends in hospitalization and factors associated with in‐hospital death among pediatric admissions with implantable cardioverter defibrillators
Authors: Qasim Amna , Dam Tam , Kim Jeffrey J. , Valdes Santiago O. , Howard Taylor , Diaz Matthew A. , Morris Shaine A. , Miyake Christina Y.
Published: December 2021

Background

As pediatric implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator (ICD) utilization increases, hospital admission rates will increase. Data regarding hospitalizations among pediatric patients with ICDs are lacking. In addition, hospital mortality rates are unknown. This study aimed to evaluate (1) trends in hospitalization rates from 2000 to 2016, (2) hospital mortality, and (3) factors associated with hospital mortality among pediatric admissions with ICDs.

Methods

The Kids’ Inpatient Database (2000, 2003, 2006, 2009, 2012, 2016) was used to identify all hospitalizations with an existing ICD ≤20 years of age. ICD9/10 codes were used to stratify admissions by underlying diagnostic category as: (1) congenital heart disease (CHD), (2) primary arrhythmia, (3) primary cardiomyopathy, or (4) other. Trends were analyzed using linear regression. Hospital and patient characteristics among hospital deaths were compared to those surviving to discharge using mixed multivariable logistic regression, accounting for hospital clustering.

Results

Of 42 570 716 hospitalizations, 4165 were admitted ≤20 years with an ICD. ICD hospitalizations increased four‐fold (p = .002) between 2000 and 2016. Hospital death occurred in 54 (1.3%). In multivariable analysis, cardiomyopathy (odds ratio [OR]: 3.5, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1–11.2, p = .04) and CHD (OR: 4.8, 95% CI: 1.5–15.6, p = .01) were significantly associated with mortality. In further exploratory multivariable analysis incorporating a coexisting diagnosis of heart failure, only the presence of heart failure remained associated with mortality (OR: 8.6, 95% CI: 3.7–20.0, p < .0001).

Conclusions

Pediatric ICD hospitalizations are increasing over time and hospital mortality is low (1.3%). Hospital mortality is associated with cardiomyopathy or CHD; however, the underlying driver for in‐hospital death may be heart failure.
Cardiovascular and haematological events post COVID‐19 vaccination: A systematic review
Authors: Al‐Ali Dana , Elshafeey Abdallah , Mushannen Malik , Kawas Hussam , Shafiq Ameena , Mhaimeed Narjis , Mhaimeed Omar , Mhaimeed Nada , Zeghlache Rached , Salameh Mohammad , Paul Pradipta , Homssi Moayad , Mohammed Ibrahim , Narangoli Adeeb , Yagan Lina , Khanjar Bushra , Laws Sa’ad , Elshazly Mohamed B. , Zakaria Dalia
Published: December 2021

Since COVID‐19 took a strong hold around the globe causing considerable morbidity and mortality, a lot of effort was dedicated to manufacturing effective vaccines against SARS‐CoV‐2. Many questions have since been raised surrounding the safety of the vaccines, and a lot of media attention to certain side effects. This caused a state of vaccine hesitancy that may prove problematic in the global effort to control the virus. This review was undertaken with the aim of putting together all the reported cardiovascular and haematological events post COVID‐19 vaccination in published literature and to suggest possible mechanisms to explain these rare phenomena.
Synthetic neuroactive steroids as new sedatives and anaesthetics: Back to the future
Authors: Manzella Francesca M. , Covey Douglas F. , Jevtovic‐Todorovic Vesna , Todorovic Slobodan M.
Published: December 2021

Since the 1990s, there has been waning interest in researching general anaesthetics (anaesthetics). Although currently used anaesthetics are mostly safe and effective, they are not without fault. In paediatric populations and neonatal animal models, they are associated with learning impairments and neurotoxicity. In an effort to research safer anaesthetics, we have gone back to re‐examine neuroactive steroids as anaesthetics. Neuroactive steroids are steroids that have direct, local effects in the central nervous system. Since the discovery of their anaesthetic effects, neuroactive steroids have been consistently used in human or veterinary clinics as preferred anaesthetic agents. Although briefly abandoned for clinical use due to unwanted vehicle side effects, there has since been renewed interest in their therapeutic value. Neuroactive steroids are safe sedative/hypnotic and anaesthetic agents across various animal species. Importantly, unlike traditional anaesthetics, they do not cause extensive neurotoxicity in the developing rodent brain. Similar to traditional anaesthetics, neuroactive steroids are modulators of synaptic and extrasynaptic γ‐aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors and their interactions at the GABAA receptor are stereo‐ and enantioselective. Recent work has also shown that these agents act on other ion channels, such as high‐ and low‐voltage‐activated calcium channels. Through these mechanisms of action, neuroactive steroids modulate neuronal excitability, which results in characteristic burst suppression of the electroencephalogram, and a surgical plane of anaesthesia. However, in addition to their interactions with voltage and ligand gated ions channels, neuroactive steroids interact with membrane bound metabotropic receptors and xenobiotic receptors to facilitate signaling of prosurvival, antiapoptotic pathways. These pathways play a role in their neuroprotective effects in neuronal injury and may also prevent extensive apoptosis in the developing brain during anaesthesia. The current review explores the history of neuroactive steroids as anaesthetics in humans and animal models, their diverse mechanisms of action, and their neuroprotective properties.
Looks and status are still essential: Testing the mate preference priority model with the profile‐based experimental paradigm
Authors: Yong Jose C. , Tan Yi Wen , Li Norman P. , Meltzer Andrea L.
Published: December 2021

Objective

Although the mate preference priority model (MPPM) has advanced our understanding of mate preferences, tests of the MPPM have relied on methods using text labels and thus lack ecological validity. We address this gap by testing the MPPM using J. M. Townsend's profile‐based experimental paradigm, which utilizes profiles comprising photos of pre‐rated models to manipulate physical attractiveness as well as costumes and descriptions to manipulate social status.

Method

Using Singaporean samples, we conducted two studies (Study 1 n = 431, Study 2 n = 964) where participants judged the short‐term and long‐term mating desirability of opposite‐sex profiles varying systematically on physical attractiveness and social status. We also tested whether treating these attributes as ordinal or continuous variables would be more valid.

Results

Results showed broad support for evolutionary predictions of mate preferences and priorities while revealing an increased premium placed on social status in our sample. We also found that continuous operationalizations produced less inflated results.

Conclusions

The current research provides the first non‐label, profile‐based test of the MPPM, a well‐powered replication of the profile‐based paradigm, and an opportunity to observe the robustness and variations of mate preferences in a non‐Western culture.
Gender and Racial Identity Moderate the Effects of Online and Offline Discrimination on Mental Health
Authors: Perkins Tiani , Durkee Myles , Banks Jasmine , Ribero‐Brown Brittany
Published: December 2021

The present study highlights the growing need to examine Black youths’ exposure to racial discrimination in online and offline contexts. Using a sample of 353 Black college students, findings indicate that high public regard moderates the positive association between online and offline racial discrimination and psychological consequences (i.e., depression, anxiety, and psychological well‐being) among Black women. Additionally, racial centrality moderated the positive association between online and offline racial discrimination and mental health consequences regardless of gender. The findings highlight the importance of considering context, gender, and racial identity when examining the links between Black emerging adults’ experiences of discrimination and mental health.
Participatory Action Research with Immigrant Youth in Tokyo: Possibilities and Challenges of Ibasho Creation Project
Authors: Tokunaga Tomoko , Machado Da Silva Isabel , Fu Mengyuan
Published: December 2021

The last decade saw a 32 percent increase in the number of immigrant children and youth in Japan and the educational difficulties they experienced. Part‐time high schools have played a critical role in furthering equity and inclusion by securing ibasho (places where one feels comfortable, safe, and accepted) toward these students. Drawing on the participatory action research approach, we collaborated with a part‐time high school and a nonprofit organization, and developed an afterschool program that aimed to nurture ibasho among immigrant youth through intercultural and language exchanges. This article, collaboratively written by a faculty member and former university students, explores the possibilities and challenges of the “ibasho creation project” which took place from 2017 to 2018 in Tokyo. Specifically, it reflects on how we attempted to develop ibasho that responded to the needs and strengths of high school students and dealt with the dilemmas associated with ibasho creation.
Effectiveness of green tea extract (Camellia sinensis) capsule supplementation for post-exercise muscle recovery in healthy adults: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Tavares Camila Taise , Lobo Alline Cristina Schüncke , Almeida Cláudia Choma Bettega , Lima-Silva Adriano Eduardo , Ferreira Sila Mary Rodrigues
Published: December 2021

Objective:

The objective of the review is to evaluate the effectiveness of green tea extract (Camellia sinensis) capsule supplementation compared with placebo for post-exercise muscle pain and muscle recovery in healthy adults.

Introduction:

Green tea extract is popularly consumed by athletes and practitioners of physical activity, as it is easily accessible in supermarkets and health food stores. It is a source of catechins, which assist the endogenous antioxidant system in combating free radicals produced during exercise that can lead to oxidative stress and, therefore, muscle damage and delayed-onset muscle pain. However, there is no consensus on the effect of green tea extract and the ideal and safe dosage to promote muscle recovery.

Inclusion criteria:

Studies on the effectiveness of supplementation with green tea extract capsules compared with placebo in post-exercise muscle pain and muscle recovery in healthy adults will be included. Studies that are associated with any other source of polyphenols with green tea extract will be excluded.

Methods:

Studies will be identified using the following databases: Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Virtual Health Library, SPORTDiscus, Science Direct, and Scopus. OpenGrey, DART-Europe, and Google Scholar will be used to identify unpublished studies. Studies published in English, French, Spanish, or Portuguese will be included. There will be no restriction on the date of publication. Two authors will independently screen titles and abstracts following previously defined eligibility criteria. After excluding irrelevant studies, the authors will read the full texts of any articles potentially eligible for further evaluation. Any disagreements will be resolved by discussion or by consulting a third author. The included studies will be assessed on their methodological quality using the appropriate JBI critical appraisal checklist, and the data will be extracted by the two authors. A meta-analysis will be performed using a random effects or fixed effects model. The heterogeneity of the data will be calculated. This review will follow the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) to classify the certainty of the evidence.

Systematic review registration number:

PROSPERO CRD42020138772
Insulin potentiates the response to capsaicin in dorsal root ganglion neurons in vitro and muscle afferents ex vivo in normal healthy rodents
Authors: Hori Amane , Hotta Norio , Fukazawa Ayumi , Estrada Juan A. , Katanosaka Kimiaki , Mizumura Kazue , Sato Jun , Ishizawa Rie , Kim Han‐Kyul , Iwamoto Gary A. , Vongpatanasin Wanpen , Mitchell Jere H. , Smith Scott A. , Mizuno Masaki
Published: December 2021

Systemic insulin administration evokes sympathoexcitatory actions, but the mechanisms underlying these observations are unknown. We reported that insulin sensitizes the response of thin‐fibre primary afferents, as well as the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) that subserves them, to mechanical stimuli. However, little is known about the effects of insulin on primary neuronal responses to chemical stimuli. TRPV1, whose agonist is capsaicin (CAP), is widely expressed on chemically sensitive metaboreceptors and/or nociceptors. The aim of this investigation was to determine the effects of insulin on CAP‐activated currents in small DRG neurons and CAP‐induced action potentials in thin‐fibre muscle afferents of normal healthy rodents. Additionally, we investigated whether insulin potentiates sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) responses to CAP. In whole‐cell patch‐clamp recordings from cultured mice DRG neurons in vitro, the fold change in CAP‐activated current from pre‐ to post‐application of insulin (n = 13) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than with a vehicle control (n = 14). Similar results were observed in single‐fibre recording experiments ex vivo as insulin potentiated CAP‐induced action potentials compared to vehicle controls (n = 9 per group, P < 0.05). Furthermore, insulin receptor blockade with GSK1838705 significantly suppressed the insulin‐induced augmentation in CAP‐activated currents (n = 13) as well as the response magnitude of CAP‐induced action potentials (n = 9). Likewise, the renal SNA response to CAP after intramuscular injection of insulin (n = 8) was significantly (P < 0.05) greater compared to vehicle (n = 9). The findings suggest that insulin potentiates TRPV1 responsiveness to CAP at the DRG and muscle tissue levels, possibly contributing to the augmentation in sympathoexcitation during activities such as physical exercise.

Key points

Evidence suggests insulin centrally activates the sympathetic nervous system, and a chemical stimulus to tissues activates the sympathetic nervous system via thin fibre muscle afferents.

Insulin is reported to modulate putative chemical‐sensitive channels in the dorsal root ganglion neurons of these afferents.

In the present study, it is demonstrated that insulin potentiates the responsiveness of thin fibre afferents to capsaicin at muscle tissue levels as well as at the level of dorsal root ganglion neurons. In addition, it is demonstrated that insulin augments the sympathetic nerve activity response to capsaicin in vivo.

These data suggest that sympathoexcitation is peripherally mediated via insulin‐induced chemical sensitization.

The present study proposes a possible physiological role of insulin in the regulation of chemical sensitivity in somatosensory thin fibre muscle afferents.
Acoustic streaming resulting from compression of the cochlear bony capsule
Authors: Thompson Charles , Chandra Kavitha
Published: December 2021

Acoustic streaming resulting from the time-harmonic compression of the cochlear capsule is examined in this paper. The cochlear pressure is expressed as an integral equation in the cochlear partition velocity. Rapid spatial variation in the velocity of the cochlear partition requires one to treat high-order fluid modes within the cochlear fluid. Hence, evanescent pressure modes are needed in the analysis. Asymmetry in the oval and the round window velocity is shown to give rise to a pressure gradient across the cochlear partition. The time-average fluid motion is obtained using the method of matched asymptotic expansions in conjunction with numerical evaluation of the outer flow field.