bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Subjective and Objective Assessment of Physical Activity—Influence of Newly Diagnosed Exercise Induced Bronchoconstriction and Gender
Authors: Holmback Ulf , Berglund Marie , Johansson Henrik
Published: November 2023

Aim

To investigate if occurrence of newly diagnosed exercise induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) would affect adolescents' ability to assess their physical activity.

Methods

99 selected adolescents with self‐reported exercise induced dyspnea, and 47 randomly selected controls were included. All of the 146 adolescents then performed a standardized exercise challenge test on a treadmill with dry‐air inhalation to detect EIB. Free living physical activity was assessed during 7 days with both accelerometer (objective assessment) and a validated activity diary (subjective assessment). Height, weight and subjective sleep was recorded.

Results

Forty‐six of the adolescents with EIB (35 girls and 11 boys) and 84 of the control adolescents (45 girls and 39 boys) had complete 7 day activity diary and accelerometer data. There were no differences in age, BMI and sleep between EIB and control children. Boys with EIB showed a bigger difference between subjective and objective assessment, compared to girls with EIB. No difference was seen between control boys and girls. Furthermore, boys with EIB reported a much higher frequency of high intensity exercise than girls with EIB, but no difference was observed between control boys and girls.

Conclusion

Adolescent boys with newly diagnosed EIB have a bigger difference between subjective and objective assessment of physical activity compared to EIB girls. Caution may thus be used when choosing methods measuring level of physical activity in this group and especially when investigating gender differences.

Support or Funding Information

This study was funded by the Swedish Heart Lung Foundation, the Signhild Engqvist Foundation, and the Bror Hjerpstedt Foundation.
Prior exposure of angiogenic factors promote cell‐autonomous brown adipogenesis of human classical brown precursor cells
Authors: Kim Jiyoung , Chung Soonkyu
Published: November 2023

Humans contain substantial amount of classical brown fat in the neck area. In contrast to beige fat that requires stimulatory signal, classical brown fat constitutively expresses uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), thereby significantly contributing to energy balance. Despite metabolic significance, environmental factors that alter brown fat development in humans have not been clearly established. Given the intimate relationship between brown adipogenesis and capillary network in vivo, we hypothesize that angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) modulate brown adipogenic potential. Immortalized classical brown precursors established from human, were pre‐exposed with or without endothelial growth medium (EGM) containing VEGF and FGF2 before the induction to adipogenic differentiation. Pre‐exposure of anigoenic medium resulted in >10‐fold increases of brown signature gene expressions including UCP1, Cidea and DIO2, as well as oxygen consumption rate. In addition, exposure to angiogenic media significantly modulated brown adipogenesis via epigenetic mechanisms: 1) downregulation of histone deacetylase (HDAC) expression specifically HDAC1 and HDAC9, and 2) biogenesis of functional cluster of brown‐specific microRNAs, i.e., miR‐378, miR‐30b and miR‐193b/365. Collectively, we demonstrated that prior exposure of anigogenic environment promotes cell‐autonomous potential to convert brown precursor cells into metabolically active human brown adipocytes via epigenetic mechanisms.

Support or Funding Information

Supported by NIH 1P20GM104320
Effect of Mid‐morning Snacks on Subjective Appetite, Food intake, and Glucose and Insulin Responses in Healthy Men and Women
Authors: Guo Qing , Hayden Julia , Chang Jennifer , de Zepetnek Julia Totosy , Crozier Stephen J. , Rousseau Dérick , Bellissimo Nick
Published: November 2023

Snacking contributes a significant proportion of daily energy intake. Altering the macronutrient composition of snacks may increase satiety and promote lower food intake throughout the day, which could play an important role in weight management. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of mid‐morning gel‐based snacks fortified with different macronutrients on subjective appetite, short‐term food intake, and glycaemia in healthy young adults. In a repeated measures design, 23 healthy weight adults (BMI: 23.7 ± 0.8 kg/m2) received in random order five gel snacks (238 g) containing whey‐protein (202 kcal), steel cut oats (276 kcal), coconut oil (276 kcal), maltodextrin (272 kcal), or a control snack (186 kcal) 2 h after a standardized breakfast and 2 h prior to an ad libitum pizza meal at which food intake was measured. Glucose and insulin in capillary blood samples and subjective appetite were measured at baseline and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min. Compared to snack skipping, all test treatments similarly reduced subjective appetite (p=0.0026), but only the snacks containing steel cut oats (p=0.0322) and coconut oil (p=0.0307) significantly decreased test meal food intake. Blood glucose was higher after maltodextrin (p<0.0001) compared with the other gel snacks. Cumulative insulin was higher after maltodextrin (p<0.01) snack consumption compared to the coconut oil snack and snack skipping. Blood glucose and insulin responses had a strong positive linear correlation (R2 = 0.7897). In conclusion, gel snacks differed in their effects on food intake, blood glucose and insulin responses. Both macronutrient composition and calorie content were primary determinants of food intake but macronutrient composition was the main factor in glycaemic and insulin responses.

Support or Funding Information

This work was funded by the Hershey Company.
Relationship Between Within‐day Energy Balance on Body Composition in Professional Cheerleaders
Authors: Bellissimo Moriah P , Benardot Dan , Thompson Walt , Nucci Anita
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between hourly and daily energy balance on body composition in professional cheerleaders on an active roster. Using a detailed hourly food intake and energy expenditure interview protocol, female professional cheerleaders (N=19) between ages 18–32 yr. (mean= 25.4 yr.) were assessed to obtain typical 24‐hour training day energy intake and expenditure. Within‐day (hourly) and daily energy balance and energy substrate values were obtained using NutriTimingTM as follows: Energy intake was predicted using USDA Food Composition Database SR26, and energy expenditure was predicted using Harris‐Benedict plus a MET‐Based relative intensity activity scale. Body composition was predicted using multi‐current, 8‐mode segmental bioelectrical impedance analysis (InBody 230, InBody USA). Data analysis found that dietary 24‐hour energy intake was significantly below (p<0.001) the unadjusted predicted energy requirement (mean intake= 1482 kcal vs. requirement= 2199 kcal), resulting in a negative 24‐hour energy balance of −720 kcal. Daily carbohydrate intake was also significantly below (<0.001) the recommended level (mean intake= 3.1 g/kg vs. requirement = 6–10 g/kg). Higher daily energy intakes (kcal/kg) were significantly associated with lower body fat % (r= −0.55; p=0.014), higher lean body mass % (r=0.56; p=0.015), higher fat intake gm/kg (r= −0.56; p=0.014), and more hours spent in an energy balance of ±300 kcal (p=0.013). Using a Mann‐Whitney U‐Test and the median of LBM% and BF% as the cut point, we found that participants with fewer hours in a negative energy balance had a lower body fat % (p=0.043) and higher lean body mass % (p=0.035). These data suggest that eating behaviors resulting in large energy balance deficits and/or more hours in a negative energy balance are counterproductive for achieving the desired lean body composition.
Fiber Intake, Dietary Energy Density, and Adherence to Diet Assignment are Positively Associated with Weight‐Loss in Free‐Living Adults Consuming Calorie‐Restricted Diets at 6‐Month Follow‐Up: The POUNDS LOST Study
Authors: Miketinas Derek , Bray George , Sacks Frank , Champagne Catherine
Published: November 2023

Low‐fat diets were previously thought to be a key to achieving healthy weight; but higher fat and protein diets have also been shown to produce weight loss. The POUNDS LOST study was a randomized clinical trial which examined the effects of four calorie‐restricted diets of varying macronutrient composition on weight loss in free‐living adults with obesity. Participants were randomized to receive one of four diets: 1) 20% fat, 15% protein; 2)20% fat, 25% protein; 3) 40% fat, 15% protein; and 4) 40% fat, 25% protein. The objective of this analysis was to identify possible predictors of weight loss after 6 months including: diet type, dietary adherence, demographics, and dietary behaviors. Dietary adherence was defined as consuming within ± 5% of the target macronutrient composition for fat and protein. Three hundred forty‐five participants (54.8% female; 86.5% Caucasian, 12.4% African American, and 1.1% other) who provided baseline and 6‐month follow‐up data were included in the analyses. Stepwise regression and cross‐validation techniques were used to model weight loss as a function of all possible predictors. Average Squared Error was the primary model fit criterion by which the final model was selected; the following model fit criteria were also in agreement with the selection of the final model: Akaike information criterion (AIC), Corrected AIC, and Adjusted R‐Square. The following variables were retained: Age, dietary adherence, energy density change, and fiber intake. Mean weight loss was −8.4 ± 5.0 kg and did not vary across diet‐type. Energy density change was positively associated with weight change while age, dietary adherence, and fiber intake were inversely associated with weight change. Fiber intake was the strongest predictor; on average, a 10g increase in fiber intake was associated with 2.2kg decrease in body weight. These findings provide evidence for modifying dietary components like fiber and energy density to positively influence weight loss.

Support or Funding Information

Funded by NIH‐NHLBI. ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00072995.
Dietary energy density is positively associated with body composition in Chinese adults: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Yin Jun , Chen Yuan‐yuan , Xue Hong‐mei , Cheng Guo
Published: November 2023

Objective

We aim to study whether dietary energy density (ED) is associated with body composition among Chinese adults.

Methods

A total of 1933 adults (49.2% men) aged 25–65 years were included from an ongoing prospective study conducted in Southwest China between 2013 and 2014. Dietary data were collected through the validated 24‐hour dietary recalls. ED, computed as the amount of energy (kcal) divided by total consumed foods (g), was calculated based on five calculation methods (ED1, foods only; ED2, foods and alcohol; ED3, foods and milk; ED4, foods and energy‐containing beverages; ED5, foods and all beverages). Body weight and height were measured to calculate body mass index (BMI), percentage body fat (%BF), fat mass index (FMI) and fat‐free mass index (FFMI). Multiple linear generalized regression models were used to examine the association between ED and body composition parameters.

Results

Among women, ED based on any calculation methods was positively and significantly associated with BMI, FMI, FFMI and %BF after adjusting for age, education level, smoking, monthly family income per capita and energy expended on moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activities (MVPAEE) (p < 0.01). In men, ED1 was positively related to BMI, FMI, FFMI and %BF (p < 0.05); however, ED5, including all beverages in the calculation, was not associated with each of body composition parameters. Moreover, the changes of body composition contributed by per unit of ED were much higher in women than in men (p < 0.01).

Conclusion

The present study identified the positive association between ED and body composition in Chiese adults. Beverages may have profound effects on the association between ED and body composition, especially in men.

Support or Funding Information

All phases of this study were supported by research grant from the National Nature Science Foundation of China (No. 81472976)
The Body Composition Changes and Energy Requirements for Body Weight Gain in Rats
Authors: Inoue Haruna , Okamura Koji , Maeda Megumi , Kondo Emi , Okumura Yuka , Miyazaki Shiho
Published: November 2023

The relationship between the energy required for body weight (BW) gain and the ratio of increases in the lean body mass (LBM) and the adipose tissue mass (FM) was examined in rats. Rats of 4 weeks of age (n=5, W4 group), 9 weeks of age (n=6, W9 group) and 14 weeks of age (n=6, W14 group) were used. The oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production were measured for 11 days in the W4 group and for 14 days in the W9 and W14 groups to calculate the energy expenditure. All of the rats had ad libitum access to a standard diet throughout the experiment. Energy deposition was calculated as the difference between energy consumption and energy expenditure during the experimental period. The accretion of the LBM and FM was calculated according to the assumption that the energy content of the LBM and FM was 1400 kcal/kg and 7900 kcal/kg, respectively. The energy required for BW gain was calculated by subtracting the estimated basal metabolic rate (based on the BW) from energy expenditure. The BW gain was 90 g (SD: 9) in the W4 group, 44 g (SD: 11) in the W9 group, and 28 g (SD: 7) in the W14 group. The energy consumption, expenditure and deposition during the experimental period were 797.6 kcal (SD: 48.3), 582.5kcal (SD: 50.1) and 215.1 kcal (SD: 20.7), respectively, in the W4 group; 1231.2 kcal (SD: 69.9), 971.3 kcal (SD: 74.2) and 259.9 kcal (SD: 82.0) in the W9 group; and 1235.7 kcal (SD: 49.7), 1039.6 kcal (SD: 71.6) and 196.1 kcal (SD: 39.7) in the W14 group. The deposition of the LBM and FM was estimated to be 84:16 in the W4 group, 26:74 in the W9 group and 4:96 in the W14 group. The energy required for BW gain during the experiment and for 1 g were calculated to be 292.6 kcal (SD: 43.5) and 3.3 kcal (SD: 0.2), respectively, in the W4 group, 384.3 kcal (SD: 63.8) and 9.4 kcal (SD: 3.2) in the W9 group and 364.6 kcal (SD: 52.7) and 13.8 kcal (SD: 3.6) in the W14 group. A positive correlation was observed between the ratio of FM gain to BW gain and the energy required for BW gain (r=0.81). The estimated energy cost to gain 1 kg of LBM and FM was 3291 kcal and 12,385 kcal, respectively.
Influence of Age in Metabolic Syndrome Parameters Among College Students
Authors: Jenkins Heidi , Soule William , Aguilar‐Alvarez David
Published: November 2023

Objectives

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) incidence becomes more prevalent as we age. Taking this into consideration, we sought to investigate which parameters were more influenced by age. We hypothesized that various components of MetS will be more significantly influenced by age compared to other factors.

Methods

We assessed MetS parameters in 167 Weber State University student participants, age 17–40 years. Participants were separated by gender and into 3 different age groups: <20, 20–30, and 30–40. Correlations between MetS parameters and age, as well as mean comparisons were done with SPSS software.

Results

Mean triglyceride (TG), blood pressure (BP), waist circumference (WC) and glucose increased significantly with increased age group in both genders (p<0.05). Interestingly, age had no significant influence in High‐Density Lipoprotein (HDL‐C) in either gender. Nonetheless, among males, the total cholesterol (TC) TC/HDL ratio increased with age. Among males, it was also seen that an increased waist circumference was the factor most strongly associated with age (r=501, p=0.03). In contrast, for females increases in blood glucose were most strongly associated with age (r=491, p= 0.01) compared to other factors.

Conclusions

Aging appears to have a strong influence on many of the parameters in metabolic syndrome. Our data indicates that age may affect different metabolic syndrome parameters in men and women. HDL‐C seems to be unaffected by age increases. However, it is possible that this is a consequence of increases in total cholesterol. Nonetheless, when we assessed TC/HDL ratio no differences were observed among females which may indicate that age have very little influence on HDL in premenopausal women.

Support or Funding Information

Weber State University, Athletic Training and Nutrition Department
The prevalence of Obesity and metabolic syndrome in Tibetan immigrants living in high altitude area in Ladakh, India
Authors: Lin Belle Yanyu , Genden Karma , Shen Wei , Wu Po‐Shu , Hung Hui‐Fang , Yang Kuen‐Cheh , Lin Wen‐Yuan
Published: November 2023

OBJECTS

To examine the prevalence of obesity and related metabolic factors in Tibetan immigrants living in high altitudes.

METHODS

A total of 149 Tibetan immigrants aged 20 years and over were recruited in 2016 in Ladakh, India. Anthropometric indices and biochemical factors were measured. Obesity classified by body mass index (BMI) was defined using the World Health Organization Asia‐Pacific criteria. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) was defined using the American Heart Association and the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute definitions.

RESULTS

Men were older and had greater height, fasting glucose, and uric acid than women. The prevalence of overweight, general obesity, central obesity, and metabolic syndrome was 23.4%, 42.6%, 42.6%, and 10.6% in men and 7.8%, 64.7%, 69.6%, and 33.3% in women, respectively. The prevalence of overweight, obesity, and metabolic syndrome was higher in older age groups. In both genders, subjects in higher BMI groups had higher prevalence of hypertension, central obesity, and MetS than subjects in lower BMI groups. Compared to the non‐central obesity group, subjects in the central obesity group have higher weight, BMI, body fat, hip circumference, systolic and diastolic BP, and prevalence of hypertension in both genders. The prevalence of diabetes and fasting glucose are not related to any BMI groups or central obesity groups in both genders.

CONCLUSIONS

Among this group of Tibetan immigrants living in a high altitude area, women have a higher prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome than men. No relationship was found between diabetes and obesity among this group.

Support or Funding Information

None
Post‐prandial glycemic and insulin response to VERSAFIBE&[trade] 2470 dietary fiber in healthy adults
Authors: Stewart Maria , Zimmer J. Paul
Published: November 2023

VERSAFIBE™ 2470 dietary fiber is a resistant starch type 4 derived from high‐amylose maize. This product is high in dietary fiber (70% TDF, AOAC 2009.01 method) and can be used in a variety of bakery applications. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of VERSAFIBE 2470 dietary fiber on the glycemic response of healthy adults (n=28). This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB Services, Aurora, Ontario). All subjects provided informed consent prior to enrolling in the study. The primary outcome was the two‐hour (baseline to 120 min) intravenous blood glucose incremental area under the curve (iAUC0‐120min) after consuming a muffin top made with VERSAFIBE 2470 dietary fiber (11.6 g TDF, treatment) or a muffin top made with conventional refined wheat flour (0.9 g TDF, control). The muffin tops were matched for total weight, total carbohydrate, sugars, protein, and fat. Subjects were randomly assigned the treatment order. During each 24‐hour study period, subjects consumed a standard evening meal, fasted for 12 hours, and arrived at the study clinic the following morning. Serum glucose, serum insulin, and capillary glucose were measured at 0 min, 15 min, 30 min, 45 min, 60 min, 90 min, 120 min, 180 min and 240 min after muffin top consumption. Breath hydrogen and methane concentrations were measured at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 24 hrs. The subjects completed a seven day washout between treatments. Product perception (sensory evaluation and overall liking) was similar between the two treatments. Consumption of the VERSAFIBE™ 2470 dietary fiber muffin top resulted in a significant 33% reduction in post‐prandial serum glucose iAUC0‐120min and an 8% decrease in maximum glucose concentration (Cmax 0‐120min) versus the control muffin (p = 0.037, p= 0.007 respectively). Correspondingly, consumption of the VERSAFIBE™ 2470 dietary fiber muffin top reduced post‐prandial serum insulin iAUC0‐120min by 38% versus the control muffin (p < 0.001). Capillary glucose iAUC0‐120min did not differ between treatments. Serum glucose, serum insulin, and capillary glucose values were significantly lower at individual time points when the VERSAFIBE 2470 dietary fiber muffin top was consumed versus the control muffin top. There were no differences in breath hydrogen or breath methane after consumption. This study demonstrates that inclusion of a practical dose of dietary fiber (11.6 g TDF) from VERSAFIBE 2470 dietary fiber in a bakery product significantly reduced postprandial glucose and insulin responses in healthy adults.

Support or Funding Information

This study was funded by Ingredion Incorporated, Bridgewater, NJ, USA. Copyright 2016 by Ingredion Incorporated
Modulating Postprandial Glycemic Response Through Inhibition of Potato Peel on Mucosal α‐Glucosidase
Authors: Chen Chen , Lin Hui‐Mei
Published: November 2023

Objective

Type II diabetes and obesity are two main health concerns in United States with both associated with the rapid release of dietary glucose as the result of enzymatic hydrolysis of starch. Potato peel as an industrial waste contained functional molecules such as dietary fiber and micro‐ molecules (e.g. calystegine) which interfered the interaction between starch digestive enzymes and substrates. The objective of the study was to examine the inhibition of industrial potato peel waste on mucosal α‐glucosidase and identify the inhibition mechanism to develop a food approach strategy for modulating glycemic response.

Methods

Potato peel was obtained from industrial potato processors and was dehydrated and grinded. The water‐soluble portion of potato peel showed significant inhibition function and therefore was chosen as the main research material. Maltose and soluble starch were used as the reaction substrate to study the inhibition on rat mucosal α‐glucosidase. Reaction velocity plots and Lineweaver‐Burk plot were constructed to study inhibition kinetic and mechanism. Protein, starch and dietary fiber composition of potato were studied through chemical and enzymatic assays. Ions and calystegine were isolated and quantified using ion‐exchange chromatography and LC‐MS. Multiple linear regression was performed to determine the significance of the inhibition caused from each source of potential inhibitors.

Results

The inhibition function and mechanism study showed significant dose‐responsive inhibition of potato peel extract on α‐glucosidase activity with mixed inhibition mechanism that contained both competitive and noncompetitive inhibition. Ion‐exchanged chromatography followed by MS showed significant content of ions in the peel and the followed inhibition study indicated the function of ions as noncompetitive inhibitor. Calystegine A3 and B2 were determined as the main forms of calystegines in the peel and were the main source of competitive inhibitor. Soluble dietary fiber, due to its low content in potato peel extract, did not show significant inhibition on α‐glucosidase activity. Statistical analysis indicated ions and claystegine were the significant factors of inhibition.

Conclusion

potato peel, as an agriculture waste, showed significant inhibition on mucosal α‐glucosidase activity with mixed inhibition mechanism caused by micro‐ and macro‐molecules. The study indicated the high potential for potato peel extract to be used as functional supplement to modulate postprandial glycemic response.

Support or Funding Information

The study is funded by Idaho State Department of Agriculture Specialty Crop Block Grant.
CHEWING RATE IS LINKED TO APPETITE AND HUNGER
Authors: Uğur Elif , Nergiz‐Unal Reyhan
Published: November 2023

Objective

Energy balance is vital for the prevention and treatment of the obesity. In this context, the controlling of appetite has a critical role for both energy balance and obesity. Therefore, the aim of the study was to examine the effect of chewing rate on appetite and hunger.

Methods

This study was conducted to the healthy adults (n=36) aged 18–28 years. The dietary manipulation started after a standard breakfast. Then, lunch was served ad libitum consisting of standard mini pizza with balanced macronutrient and micronutrient content. During the study, while the number and the duration of chewing (second) were recorded, visual analog scale (VAS) was filled by subjects at 0., 5., 10., 15., 20., 25., 30., 45., 60. minutes and at the end of the study. Chewing rate was calculated by dividing the number of chewing by duration of the chewing (chew/second). One day 24 h dietary recall was recorded. The manipulation period was repeated three times in two weeks intervals.

Results

This study showed that, the higher chewing rate was associated with the feeling of hunger at 0th, 5th, 10th and 15th minutes significantly (p<0.05). In parallel, increased chewing rate was significantly related to the formation of the desire to eat more at the 5th and 10th minutes (p<0.05). Between chewing rate and energy intake was a positive correlation, but this was not significant. However, chewing rate did not affect the feeling of fullness and the opinion about the taste of meal.

Conclusion

The results reveal that the higher chewing rate caused delay in suppression of appetite and hunger, especially at the first 15 minutes after the meal started. Therefore, decreasing chewing rate may be a strategy to develop the feeling of satiety, daily energy intake and thus controlling the obesity.
Dietary factors associated with high fat meal challenge based metabolic flexibility in women with metabolic syndrome
Authors: Krishnan Sridevi , Que Excel , Justin Waller , Gale Barbara , Lee Fanny , Horn William F , Vedula Aneeta M , Hall Joanne , Welch Lucas C , Kishimura Kathleen , Keim Nancy L
Published: November 2023

Objective

The primary aim was to assess metabolic flexibility as it relates to habitual diet, as well as in response to a high fat meal challenge (HFMC).

Methods

Thirty‐three women with insulin resistance and/or dyslipidemia were enrolled in this study. Block food frequency 2014 questionnaire was used to evaluate habitual dietary patterns. A HFMC test (800 kcal, 60% fat, 25% cho, 15% pro) was provided in a protocol that included blood sampling and measures of O2 and CO2 exchange using a metabolic cart at fasting and at 30, 180 and 360 minutes postprandial. Metabolic rate (MR), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), fat (FOx) and carbohydrate (COx) oxidation rates were calculated from metabolic cart data. Food quotients (FQ) for habitual diets and the HFMC were calculated. Metabolic flexibility was assessed in the fasted state by comparing the FQ of the habitual diet with fasting RER (FQDIET/RERf). In the postprandial state, metabolic flexibility was defined as a ratio of [difference between average postprandial FOx and fasting FOx]/[difference between average postprandial COx and fasting COx] (ΔFOx/ΔCOx) and also the HFMC‐FQ compared to postprandial RER (FQHFMC/RERHFMC). Higher values for FQDIET/RERf, ΔFOx/ΔCOx, and FQHFMC/RERHFMC indicate higher FOx relative to COx. Spearman's correlation analysis was used to evaluate associations between dietary variables and metabolic flexibility.

Results

Three women were outliers (with reported dietary intake > 4000 Kcal/d), and the remaining 30 women were included for analysis. ΔFOx/ΔCOx was inversely associated with resting MR (r = −0.444, p =0.010), and showed an inverse trend with omega‐3 fatty acid 20:4 (r = −0.33, p = 0.07). FQDIET/RERf similar to ΔFOx/ΔCox, showed an inverse trend with omega‐3 fatty acid 20:5 and 22:6 intakes (r = −0.31, p = 0.09, r = −0.33, p = 0.07). Similarly, FQHFMC/RERHFMC also showed an inverse trend with 20:5 and 22:6 (r = −0.33, p = 0.07 for both). It is of interest to note that while both FQDIET/RERf and FQHFMC/RERHFMC were positively associated with habitual caffeine intake (r = 0.53, p<0.01, r = 0.39, p = 0.03), ΔFOx/ΔCOx was not (r =−0.15, p = 0.43). Also, both FQDIET/RERf and FQHFMC/RERHFMC were positively associated with habitual intake of flavanones (r = 0.37, p = 0.05; r = 0.35, p = 0.06), specifically hesperetin intake (r = 0.41, p = 0.03; r = 0.38, p = 0.04).

Conclusions

Metabolic flexibility based on fasting measures was associated with lower intake of some long chain omega‐3 fatty acids, and higher intake of caffeine and flavanones in women. Higher intakes of omega‐3 fatty acids also indicated poorer adaptation to the HFMC. However, these must be tested in a larger sample size, as well as in a controlled feeding trial.

Support or Funding Information

National Dairy Council Project 23370, and USDA‐ARS‐CRIS Project 2032‐51530‐022‐00D
The Effect of Combined Calcium and Vitamin D Supplementation on Premenstrual Symptoms and Depression
Authors: Yürük Armağan Aytuğ , Tamer Funda , Nergiz‐Unal Reyhan
Published: November 2023

Introduction

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a common cyclic disorder of young and middle‐aged women and is characterized by psychological and physical symptoms. Co‐occurrence of depression might increase the risk and severity of this syndrome. Current studies suggest that blood calcium and vitamin D levels are lower in women with PMS and calcium supplementation has been advocated for the reduction of certain symptoms of PMS. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine the impact of combined use of calcium and vitamin D on premenstrual symptoms and depression.

Methods

This study was carried out 23 (22.2±3.4 years) healthy women. In the intervention period of the study women received calcium (600mg) and vitamin D (400IU) supplementation. The severity of the symptoms of PMS before and after the intervention was recorded. The diagnosis of PMS was confirmed by Premenstrual Questionnaire (PQ) and the symptoms were assessed by Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scales. Analyses were carried out by McNemar Chi‐square test using SPSS software version 23.

Results

From 23 participants 60.9% (n=14) met the PMS and 26.1% (n=6) met the BDI criteria before the supplementation. 52.2% (n=12) of the participants reported premenstrual symptoms and 17.4% (n=4) of women met BDI score after supplementation. Also five women met both of the PMS and BDI criteria before supplementation while only two women showed similar results after supplementation. Calcium and vitamin D supplementation caused a reduction in PMS and BDI score but this reduction was not statistically significant (8.7% and 8.7% respectively) (p>0.05).

Conclusion

A high intake of calcium and vitamin D may reduce the risk of PMS. According to the results of this study, using combination of calcium and vitamin D supplementation did not reduce the risk of PMS but the effects of supplementation might be increased by longer duration and higher dose of the treatment.
Dairy, Dairy, Quite Contrary: Associations of Reported Dairy Consumption with Indices of Cardiovascular Health
Authors: Que Excel S , Krishnan Sridevi , Waller Justin , Lee Fanny , Horn William F , Vedula Aneeta , Hall Joanne , Welch Lucas C , Kishimura Katie , Keim Nancy L
Published: November 2023

Objective

To determine the associations between reported dairy consumption and indices of cardiovascular health.

Methods

33 women fitting pre‐metabolic syndrome criteria, mean age 46.9 y, mean BMI 32.5 kg/m2, were included in a 9‐week, free‐living, controlled‐feeding study. At baseline, the validated Block 2014 Food Frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was administered to determine habitual diet. Fasting blood was drawn to determine triglycerides (TG) and non‐HDL cholesterol (nHDL). The EndoPAT 2000, a non‐invasive finger plethysmography system, was used to measure cardiovascular functional parameters such as the reactive hyperemia index (RHI‐a measure of endothelial function), and augmentation index (AI – a measure of arterial stiffness). The AI was normalized to a 75 beats per minute heart rate across the volunteers to control for variation induced by differing heart rates (AI@75). Habitual intake of yogurt, milk, cheese, and total dairy (a summation of the aforementioned plus whey) in cup equivalents was obtained from the FFQ and used for this study. Spearman's non‐parametric correlation analysis was performed to evaluate associations between dairy intake and measured cardiovascular risk factors.

Results

Fasting TG was inversely associated with habitual consumption of yogurt (r = −0.561, p = 0.0007), milk (r = −0.438, p = 0.011), combined milk, yogurt and cheese (r = −0.37, p = 0.0342), and total dairy (r = −0.35, p = 0.046). Yogurt consumption was also inversely associated with nHDL (r = −0.376, p = 0.03). EndoPAT indices were also correlated with dairy consumption. Contrastingly, AI@75 was associated with yogurt consumption (r = 0.378, p = 0.03), and RHI was inversely associated with cheese consumption (r = −0.34, p = 0.053).

Conclusions

Elevated TG and nHDL are associated with cardiovascular disease, and their inverse association with dairy consumption suggests a likely beneficial effect of consuming dairy products, such as milk and yogurt. However, physiological measurements of cardiovascular function give contrasting results in terms of dairy's influence on cardiovascular health. Yogurt was also positively associated with AI@75, and cheese was inversely associated with RHI. Further dairy intervention studies are needed to confirm these relationships.

Support or Funding Information

National Dairy Council Project 23370; USDA‐ARS‐CRIS Project 2032‐51530‐022‐00D
Increase in Serum Insulin, Urinary C‐Peptide Immunoreactivity (CPR) Excretion Levels by Skimmed Milk Intakes Is Attenuated by Endurance Physical Exercise
Authors: Yamada Tetsuo , Okada Masaki , Matsuzaki Masami , Tanaka Akira
Published: November 2023

It is well known that insulin brings protein anabolism effects and hyperinsulinemia is improved by exercise. We investigated the effects of skimmed milk intakes and endurance physical exercise on serum insulin and urinary C‐peptide immunoreactivity (CPR) excretion levels.

Methods

Eight adult female volunteers participated in crossover trial, i.e., two experiments over five days. The first two days were an adjustment period consuming control diets (energy, 2,010 kcal; protein, 51.9 g). During the following three days as an experiment period, the participants consumed experimental diets (energy, 2,010 kcal; protein 82.3 g) which contained skimmed milk of 402 kcal, and either performed only normal daily activities (non‐Ex period) or exercised on a bicycle ergometer at a target intensity of about 50% of maximal oxygen intake expending additional energy of 402 kcal (Ex period). Total urine samples for 24 hours were collected during day (8am to 8pm) and night (8pm to 8am). Fasting blood samples were collected early in the morning before and after the experiment period.

Results

Plasma leucine, valine levels were elevated after both the non‐Ex and the Ex period, and serum insulin level was significantly elevated only after the non‐Ex period. Urinary CPR excretion level was significantly increased during the non‐Ex period, on the other hand, was significantly lower during the Ex‐period than during the non‐Ex period. Serum triglyceride, remnant lipoprotein cholesterol levels were decreased after the Ex period, and serum insulin level was significantly lower after the Ex‐period than after the non‐Ex period.

Conclusions

Increase in serum insulin and urinary CPR excretion levels is brought about by skimmed milk intakes, and is attenuated accompanying improvement of lipid metabolism by endurance physical exercise.

Support or Funding Information

This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP15K00852.
Differential Uptake of RRR α‐Tocopherol, All‐racemic α‐Tocopherol, and RRR γ‐Tocopherol into Primary Human Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells
Authors: Ranard Katherine M , Kuchan Matthew J , Lai Chron‐Si , Erdman John W
Published: November 2023

Alpha‐tocopherol (α‐Toc), one of the eight compounds constituting vitamin E, may play a role in preventing atherosclerosis in humans. Previous studies have shown that severe α‐Toc deficiency promotes atherosclerosis in mice and that α‐Toc is anti‐inflammatory. In contrast, another vitamin E vitamer, γ‐tocopherol (γ‐Toc), may be pro‐inflammatory. A synthetic (all‐racemic) form of α‐Toc is also commonplace in our food supply; this is important because humans may have a biological preference for natural (RRR) α‐Toc. Consuming foods with differing forms of tocopherol could impact the vitamin E profile in human tissues. Our in vitro study aimed to compare these three human disease‐relevant tocopherol forms (RRR α‐Toc, all‐racemic α‐Toc, and RRR γ‐Toc), by first focusing on uptake of the vitamers into human vascular aortic smooth muscle cells (HVASMC). Primary HVASMC (pass <8) were grown to 70% confluency in 6‐well plates. RRR α‐Toc, all‐racemic α‐Toc, and RRR γ‐Toc were added to the media in DMSO (0.2% v/v) at 25uM to simulate physiological conditions of human serum. DMSO vehicle was also added to cells alone to serve as a control. After 24, 48, and 72 hours of incubation, cells from each treatment well (n=3 per group) were trypsinized and pelleted. Tocopherols were extracted from the HVASMC and analyzed via high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). After 48 hours, there was an approximately 5‐fold higher cell uptake of γ‐Toc than all‐racemic α‐Toc and a 6‐fold higher γ‐Toc uptake compared to RRR α‐Toc. After 72 hours, there was an approximately 6.5‐fold higher and 7.5‐fold higher cell uptake of γ‐Toc than all‐racemic α‐Toc and RRR α‐Toc, respectively. We will also report the impact of these vitamers on the transcription of atherosclerosis‐related genes in this cell line, as well as how stimulation by a pro‐inflammatory cytokine (TNF‐α) following a dose of tocopherol impacts the gene expression profiles. Differential changes in gene expression between the three tocopherol forms could support the suggested non‐antioxidative functions of RRR α‐Toc, as well as distinguish the impact of the individual tocopherol isomers.

Support or Funding Information

Funding provided by Abbott Nutrition through the Center for Nutrition, Learning and Memory, University of Illinois, Urbana‐Champaign, and NIH grant P51OD011092.
Effect of Housing Type on Vitamin D in Serum of Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Preston Alan M , Rodriguez‐Orengo Jose , Ayala‐Torres Sylvette , Maldonado‐Maldonado Elizabeth , Gonzalez‐Sepulveda Lorena
Published: November 2023

Vitamin D is currently one of the “hot” nutrients as its contribution to a variety of health parameters, in addition to that of its importance in bone metabolism, is becoming recognized. Furthermore, concern is directed at circulating levels of its bio‐indicator, 25 OH Vitamin D which are sub‐optimal for many populations studied. Common determinants affecting levels are sun exposure, dietary levels, age, skin pigmentation, weight status, season of the year, time of day, latitude and cultural aspects. It is often difficult to distinguish the relative contribution of each of these determinants however, sun exposure and diet are considered to be most important. We have compared blood levels of 25 OH Vitamin D in our close relative, the rhesus monkey, fed comparable amounts dietary D3 and housed in a quarantine area (no sunlight), in an open corral (direct sun but shady areas) and in “corn‐cob” housing (direct sun). Fifty five monkeys, aged 1 through 31 years at the Puerto Rico Primate Research Center had blood sampled in October and 25 OH Vitamin D was determined via HPLC. Results showed significantly higher levels in “corn‐cob” and corral‐housed animals vs quarantined animals. In animals within the same type of housing, age was not a factor. These findings should further emphasize the importance of documenting the environment in which subjects typically spend their time when Vitamin D results are interpreted.
Evaluation of vitamin E intake in Korean adults
Authors: Kim Young‐Nam , Cho Youn‐Ok
Published: November 2023

The recommendation for vitamin E in the Korean Dietary Reference Intakes (KDRI) has been established as the Adequate Intakes (AIs) due to insufficient evidence to set the Estimated Average Requirement. Therefore, this study assessed vitamin E intakes of Korean healthy adults. Twenty four‐hour food recalls for three days were collected from 309 (113 men and 196 women) healthy adults, aged 20–64 years, living in South Korea. Macronutrient and vitamin E intakes were estimated and mean and percentile values of dietary and total (dietary+supplemental) vitamin E intakes were reported by gender. The mean energy was 1878.7±359.1 kcal/day and the intakes of macronutrients in men were significantly higher than those of women except carbohydrate (p<0.001). The mean dietary vitamin E intake was 17.0±5.3 mg α‐tocopherol equivalent (TE)/day, and the intake of dietary vitamin E in men was significantly higher than that in women (p<0.01). The dietary intake of vitamin E per energy intake was 9.1±2.6 mg α‐TE/1000kcal and there was no significant difference in the intake by gender (p≥0.05). The mean total vitamin E intake in men and women was 21.3 and 19.0 mg α‐TE/day, respectively, which are much higher than AIs for Koreans (12 mg α‐TE for men and women). Median dietary and total vitamin E intake of men was 17.8 and 19.4 mg α‐TE/day, respectively. Women consumed median dietary and total vitamin E intake of 16.2 and 17.6 mg α‐TE/day, respectively. In this study, vitamin E intakes of Korean adults were adequate based on current KDRI. These results would be useful to revise the Korean Dietary References Intakes for vitamin E.
Effect of vitamin D intake levels on vitamin D metabolism in high fat diet‐induced obese mice compared to the control
Authors: Park Chan Yoon , Zhu Shuang , Jung Youngsun , Han Sung Nim
Published: November 2023

An inverse relationship between vitamin D levels and body mass index (BMI) has been observed and vitamin D deficiency has been often reported in obese human. Previously, we observed an alteration of vitamin D metabolism associated with obesity in mice. In this study, we investigated whether obesity affects vitamin D status when various levels of dietary vitamin D were provided. We compared serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels and expression of genes involved in vitamin D absorption and transportation in obese and control mice fed different levels of vitamin D.

Six week old C57BL/6 mice were fed control (10% kcal fat, CON) or high fat diets (45% kcal fat, HFD) containing three different levels of vitamin D (cholecalciferol); low vitamin D (50 IU/kg of diet, LVd), control vitamin D (1000 IU/kg of diet, CVd) or high vitamin D (25000 IU/kg of diet, HVd) for 13 weeks. Serum 25(OH)D levels were determined by radioimmunoassay. mRNA levels of Mtp which is involved in assembly of chylomicron and cholesterol membrane transporters (Cd36, Sr‐b1, Npc1l1, and Abca1) in jejunum, and chylomicron remnant receptor (Lrp1) and 25‐hydroxylases (Cyp2r1 and Cyp27a1) in liver were determined by real‐time PCR.

Overall, dietary vitamin D levels affected serum 25(OH)D levels. Serum 25(OH)D levels were lower in LVd groups and higher in HVd groups compared with CVd groups (P < 0.001). However, when 25(OH)D levels were compared between HFD and CON group, differential pattern was observed depending on dietary vitamin D levels. In vitamin D deficiency diet groups, HFD‐LVd group showed higher serum 25(OH)D levels than CON‐LVd group (P = 0.001, 76.6% higher). On the other hand, when vitamin D intake was at a supplementation level, HFD‐HVd group had lower serum 25(OH)D levels than CON‐HVd group (P= 0.005, 19.7% lower). In jejunum, mRNA levels of Mtp and Abca1 were significantly higher and Cd36 mRNA levels tended to be higher (P= 0.083) in HFD group compared with CON group. However, jejunal mRNA levels of Sr‐b1 were significantly lower in HFD group than CON group, notably HFD‐HVd group showed lower Sr‐b1 expression compared with CON‐HVd group (P = 0.013, 82.7% lower). Hepatic Lrp1 mRNA levels were also lower in HFD‐HVd group than CON‐HVd group (P = 0.004, 52.5% lower). mRNA levels of hepatic 25‐hydroxylases (Cyp2r1 and Cyp27a1) were not significantly different among groups.

In conclusion, expression of genes involved in dietary vitamin D absorption and metabolism was altered by HFD‐induced obesity. When vitamin D intake was at a supplementation level, expression of Sr‐b1 and chylomicron remnant receptor was reduced in HFD group and might have contributed to a lower 25(OH)D level comapred with the control.

Support or Funding Information

Supported by the grant from the National Research Foundation (NRF) of Korea (NRF‐2015R1D1A1A01059679)
Pharmacokinetics of Vitamin E Forms, Tocopherols and Tocotrienols, and Time‐Dependent Formation of Their Metabolites in Rats
Authors: Liu Kilia Y. , Jiang Qing
Published: November 2023

Compared to α‐tocopherol (αT), γ‐tocopherol/tocotrienol (γT/γTE) or δ‐T/δTE have been demonstrated to have unique and superior bioactive functions relevant to disease prevention and therapy. Unlike α‐T, other vitamin E forms are highly metabolized to generate carboxychromanols via cytochrome P450‐initiated side‐chain oxidation. Recent studies indicate that long‐chain 13′‐carboxychromanols (13′‐COOH) appear to have stronger anti‐inflammatory and anticancer activity than un‐metabolized vitamin E forms. Herein, we investigated the pharmacokinetics of vitamin E forms and their metabolite formation in Wistar rats. Seven‐week male rats received a single gavage of δTE/γTE (8:1, 35mg/kg BW) or γT‐rich mixed tocopherol (γTmT, γT/δT/αT at ~60/30/10, 50mg/kg BW). Tocopherol stripped corn oil were given orally as vehicle control. The vitamin E forms and metabolites in feces, urine, and plasma were quantified using HPLC‐EC and LC‐MS/MS, respectively. The pharmacokinetic parameters in the plasma can be summarized as following: for δTE/γTE, Tmax at 2 h, Cmax of 16.02 ± 3.9 μM, T1/2 at 1.3 h; for γTmT, Tmax at 4 h, Cmax at 25.62 ± 9.05 μM, T1/2 at 2.4 h. Sulfated CEHC (3′‐COOH) and sulfated 11′‐COOH were the predominant metabolites found in the plasma of δTE/γTE supplemented rats with Tmax at 4 h, Cmax of 0.32 ± 0.1 μM, T1/2 at 4h and Tmax at 4 h, Cmax at 0.17 ± 0.054 μM, T1/2 at 14 h, respectively. Sulfated CEHC and 11′‐COOH also were the most abundant metabolites in the plasma of γTmT administered animals with Tmax at 8 h, Cmax of 0.16 ± 0.004 mM, T1/2 at 14.1 h and Tmax at 8 h, Cmax of 0.1 ± 0.02 mM, T1/2 at 12.2 h, respectively. Sulfated CEHC was the predominant metabolites found in the urine after the administration of δTE/γTE (sulfated d‐CEHC: baseline: 4.77 ± 2.5nM, gavaged: 71.2 ± 36 nM) and γTmT (sulfated g‐CEHC, baseline: 7.2 ± 4.03 nM, gavaged: 47.5 ± 4.5 nM). Fecal excretion of δTE increased ~600‐fold in animals after 8–24 h receiving δTE/γTE (baseline: 3.2 ± 4.07 nmol/g, gavaged: 2044.8 ± 1371.5 nmol/g). Unconjugated 13′‐COOH was the major metabolite found in feces of both δTE/γTE (baseline: 1.1 ± 0.1 nmol/g, gavaged: 594.1 ± 83.2 nmol/g) and γTmT (baseline: 3.4 ± 1.8 nmol/g, gavaged: 54.5 ± 20.7 nmol/g) administered animals, and 13′‐COOHs accounted for ~50% of the all metabolites identified in feces. Our data indicate that δTE and γT supplementation can achieve plasma concentrations comparable to those used in cell‐based studies regarding their effects on inflammation and cancer. High levels of 13′‐COOHs in feces may contribute to beneficial effects of vitamin E forms on colon cancer and other GI related diseases.