bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biennial review of planar chromatography: 2011–2013
Authors: Sherma Joseph
Published: January 2014

The most important advances in planar chromatography published between November 1, 2011 and November 1, 2013 are reviewed in this paper. Included are an introduction to the current status of the field; student experiments, books, and reviews; theory and fundamental studies; apparatus and techniques for sample preparation and TLC separations (sample application and plate development with the mobile phase); detection and identification of separated zones (chemical and biological detection, TLC/mass spectrometry, and TLC coupled with other spectrometric methods); techniques and instruments for quantitative analysis; preparative layer chromatography; and thin layer radiochromatography. Numerous applications to a great number of compound types and sample matrices are presented in all sections of the review.
Chloride-Induced Stress Corrosion Cracking in 316Ti Fuel Oil Pipes of a Gas Turbine Power Plant
Authors: Neidel A. , Fischer B.
Published: January 2014

Two bent pipe sections of the fuel oil system of a heavy-duty gas turbine engine had to be disassembled due to leakage. One of the two specimens received by the laboratory of the engine manufacturer featured a sub-standard weld repair performed by customer personnel. A metallurgical failure investigation was ordered to determine the root cause of the leakage and to verify the results of a laboratory investigation already performed by a third party at the customer's request. The repair-welded bent pipe section failed due to halide-induced pitting corrosion that propagated through-wall in a transgranular stress corrosion cracking (SCC) mode.
Entangled History and the Scholarly Concept of Enlightenment
Authors: Burson Jeffrey D.
Published: January 2014

This article considers the methodology of entangled history and its potential for nuancing or circumventing scholarly controversies over the nature and extent of the Enlightenment in eighteenth-century religious thought. After sketching the development of entangled history theory and its potential applicability to studying the Enlightenment, the rest of the article provides a case study of one way in which the insights discussed in the first parts of the article can be applied to current controversies about how historians construct the concept of Enlightenment. As will be shown, the transdiscursive entanglement of Jesuit missionary output with the debates between Voltaire and Bergier illustrates the mutability and rhetorical malleability of historical paradigms concerning the Enlightenment and religion.
Festival, Conference and Book Reviews
Authors: Tufts Clare , Sutliff Sanders Joe , McKinney Mark , Fabrice Leroy , Pratt Murray , Mitaine Benoît , Labio Catherine , Baetens Jan , Magnussen Anne
Published: January 2014

FESTIVAL AND CONFERENCE REVIEWS

Angoulême 2013, Festival International de la Bande Dessinée (FIBD), 31 January–3 February

The 2013 Joint International Comics and Bande Dessinée Conference, Scotland, 24–28 June

2012 American Bande Dessinée Society Conference, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 2–3 November

BOOK REVIEWS

Groupe ACME, L'Association: Une utopie éditoriale et esthétique [L'Association: An Editorial and Aesthetic Utopia]

Thierry Groensteen, Entretiens avec Joann Sfar [Conversations with Joann Sfar]

Jean-Marc Pontier, Lectures de David B. [Reading David B.] and Nicolas de Crécy: Périodes graphiques [Nicolas de Crealcy: Graphic Periods]

Vicent Sanchis, Tebeos mutilados: La Censura franquista contra Editorial Bruguera [Mutilated Comics: The Franquist Censorship of Editorial Bruguera]

Elisabeth El Refaie, Autobiographical Comics: Life Writing in Pictures

Jean-Noël Lafargue, Entre la plèbe et l'élite: Les Ambitions contraires de la bande dessinée [Between Plebs and the Elite: The Contradictory Ambitions of Comics]
Regulating Toxin-Antitoxin Expression: Controlled Detonation of Intracellular Molecular Timebombs
Authors: Hayes Finbarr , Kędzierska Barbara
Published: January 2014

Genes for toxin-antitoxin (TA) complexes are widely disseminated in bacteria, including in pathogenic and antibiotic resistant species. The toxins are liberated from association with the cognate antitoxins by certain physiological triggers to impair vital cellular functions. TAs also are implicated in antibiotic persistence, biofilm formation, and bacteriophage resistance. Among the ever increasing number of TA modules that have been identified, the most numerous are complexes in which both toxin and antitoxin are proteins. Transcriptional autoregulation of the operons encoding these complexes is key to ensuring balanced TA production and to prevent inadvertent toxin release. Control typically is exerted by binding of the antitoxin to regulatory sequences upstream of the operons. The toxin protein commonly works as a transcriptional corepressor that remodels and stabilizes the antitoxin. However, there are notable exceptions to this paradigm. Moreover, it is becoming clear that TA complexes often form one strand in an interconnected web of stress responses suggesting that their transcriptional regulation may prove to be more intricate than currently understood. Furthermore, interference with TA gene transcriptional autoregulation holds considerable promise as a novel antibacterial strategy: artificial release of the toxin factor using designer drugs is a potential approach to induce bacterial suicide from within.
Synthesis and biological activity of N-substituted-tetrahydro-γ-carbolines containing peptide residues
Authors: Sokolova Nadezhda V , Nenajdenko Valentine G , Sokolov Vladimir B , Vinogradova Daria V , Shevtsova Elena F , Dubova Ludmila G , Bachurin Sergey O
Published: January 2014

The synthesis of novel peptide conjugates of N-substituted-tetrahydro-γ-carbolines has been performed using the sequence of the Ugi multicomponent reaction and Cu(I)-catalyzed click chemistry. The effect of obtained γ-carboline–peptide conjugates on the rat liver mitochondria was evaluated. It was found that all compounds in the concentration of 30 µM did onot induce depolarization of mitochondria but possessed some inhibitory effect on the mitochondria permeability transition. The original N-substituted-tetrahydro-γ-carbolines containing an terminal alkyne group demonstrated a high prooxidant activity, whereas their conjugates with peptide fragments slightly inhibited both autooxidation and the t-BHP-induced lipid peroxidation.
Stethoscope disinfection campaign in a Nigerian teaching hospital:results of a before-and-after study
Authors: Uneke Chigozie Jesse , Ndukwe Chinwendu Daniel , Nwakpu Kingsley Onuora , Nnabu Richard C , Ugwuoru Cletus Duhu , Prasopa-Plaizier Nittita
Published: January 2014

Introduction: This study aimed to assess the impact of a stethoscope disinfection sensitization campaign among doctors and nurses in a Nigerian teaching hospital. Methodology: The design was a before-and-after study. Pre-program measurements were used to provide a baseline against which the post-program results were compared. Interventions that promoted compliance with stethoscope disinfection practice that were implemented included training and education on stethoscope disinfection and introduction of 70% isopropyl alcohol disinfectant at points-of-care places. Microbiological assessment of stethoscopes used by health workers was conducted after the intervention and the outcome was compared with the pilot study results. Results: After the intervention, of the 89 stethoscopes screened, 18 (20.2%) were contaminated with bacterial agents. A higher prevalence of stethoscope contamination was observed among stethoscopes from the intensive care unit (66.7%), the VIP unit (50%), and the antenatal unit (37.5%). The main isolates were Staphylococcus aureus (44.4%) and Escherichia coli (50%). The antibiotic sensitivity assessment indicated that the bacterial isolates were resistant to nearly all the antibiotics tested. All the 89 health workers whose stethoscopes were screened after the intervention admitted to cleaning their stethoscopes after seeing each patient, representing a compliance rate of 100%, unlike the 15% compliance at the pilot phase. The baseline stethoscope contamination rate was 78.5% versus 20.2% post-intervention. Conclusions: Training and education and introduction of alcohol-based disinfectants inexpensive but very effective methods to improve stethoscope disinfection compliance among health workers in low-income settings.
Differential Early Secreted Antigen Target (ESAT) 6 kDa–induced IFN-γ and SOCS1 expression distinguishes latent and active tuberculosis
Authors: Masood Kiran Iqbal , Hussain Rabia , Rao Nisar , Rottenberg Martin E , Salahuddin Naseem , Irfan Muhammad , Hasan Zahra
Published: January 2014

Introduction: Expression of Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)-1 molecules is increased in patients with tuberculosis (TB). Early Secreted Antigen Target (ESAT)-6 kDa – induced IFN-γ responses indicate Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. The effect of ESAT6- stimulation on SOCS1 in the host is not known. Methodology: Healthy asymptomatic controls had a negative (n = 16) or a positive ( n = 13) tuberculin skin test (TST). ESAT6-induced IFN- γ responses classified these controls as positive (EC ESAT6 IFN-γ (+), n = 5) or negative (EC ESAT6 IFN-γ (-), n = 24) responders. Patients had pulmonary (n = 21) or extra-pulmonary (n = 30) tuberculosis. Peripheral blood cells were stimulated with ESAT6 and mRNA expression of IFN- γ and SOCS1 was determined. Results: ESAT6-induced IFN-γ expression was raised in EC ESAT6 IFN-γ (+) as compared with EC ESAT6 IFN-γ (-), p = 0.019. ESAT6-induced SOCS1 mRNA expression was increased in both pulmonary TB and extra-pulmonary TB patients as compared with both EC groups. ESAT6-induced IFN-γ/SOCS1 mRNA expression ratio was decreased in TB patients as compared with both EC groups. Conclusion: M. tuberculosis infection induces increased ESAT6-induced IFN- γ responses in both latent and active TB. Our data shows down-regulation of IFN- γ / SOCS1 expression to be induced only in active TB cases, distinguishing them from healthy individuals likely to have latent TB. A decreasing IFN- γ /SOCS1 ratio may leads to reduced Th1 immunity which contributes to inability of the host to control clinical disease.
High genetic diversity of hepatitis delta virus in eastern Turkey
Authors: Bulut Yasemin , Bahcecioglu Ibrahim Halil , Aygun Cem , Oner Pinar Demirel , Ozercan Ibrahim , Demirdag Kutbeddin
Published: January 2014

Introduction: Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is a serious cause of liver-related mortality in patients infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV). Determination of genotypes of HDV and phylogenetic analysis are important for better understanding the pathogenesis of the liver diseases associated with HBV infection. The aim of this study was to determine the genotype or genotypes of HDV among chronically infected patients with HBV in eastern Turkey. Methodology: A group of 113 patients infected with HBV and HDV were included in this study. The samples taken from the patients were analyzed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and restriction enzyme cleavage. Results: According to the results of the restriction enzyme analysis, all of the RT-PCR products were determined to be HDV genotype I. Furthermore, for phylogenetic analysis and genotyping, 40 of HDV RT-PCR positive products were sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequences showed that all of the samples were infected with HDV genotype I. In addition, the results of the alignment analysis showed that the sequences of clinical samples were 82%-95% similar. Conclusion: These results indicate that high genetic diversity of the virus is possible in endemic areas such as Turkey.
Ear, nose and throat (ENT) involvement in zoonotic diseases: a systematic review
Authors: Galletti Bruno , Mannella Valentina K , Santoro Roberto , Rodriguez-Morales Alfonso J. , Freni Francesco , Galletti Claudio , Galletti Francesco , Cascio Antonio
Published: January 2014

Introduction: Zoonoses are infections transmitted from animal to man, either directly (through direct contact or contact with animal products) or indirectly (through an intermediate vector, such as an arthropod). The causative agents include bacteria, parasites, viruses, and fungi. The purpose of this review is to make an accurate examination of all zoonotic diseases that can be responsible of ear, nose, and throat (ENT) involvement. Methodology: A PubMed search was performed combining the terms (otorhinolaryngology OR rhinology OR laryngology OR otology OR mastoiditis OR otitis OR sinusitis OR laryngitis OR rhinitis OR pharyngitis OR epiglottitis OR dysphonia OR ear OR larynx OR nose OR pharynx) with each one of the etiological agents of zoonoses for the period between January 1997 and August 2012 without language restrictions. Results: A total of 164 articles were selected and examined. Larynx was the most commonly involved ENT organ, followed by oral cavity, pharynx, and neck. Bacteria were the most representative microorganisms involved. Nose and major salivary glands were affected most frequently by protozoa; paranasal sinus, oral cavity, ear, neck, nerves and upper airway by bacteria; and larynx by fungi. Conclusions: ENT symptoms and signs may be present in many zoonotic diseases, some of which are also present in industrialized countries. Most zoonotic diseases are not commonly encountered by ENT specialists. Appreciation of the possible occurrence of these diseases is important for a correct microbiological approach, which often requires special culture media and diagnostic techniques.
Malaria in developing countries
Authors: Ruiz Lopez del Prado Gema , Hernán García Cristina , Moreno Cea Lourdes , Fernández Espinilla Virginia , Muñoz Moreno Mari Fe , Delgado Marquez Antonio , Polo Polo Maria José , Andrés García Irene
Published: January 2014

Malaria still poses a real threat to travellers, particularly in areas with high transmission rates such as sub-Saharan Africa, Papua New Guinea, and the South Pacific islands. Malaria causes an estimated 660,000 deaths each year from 219 million cases of illness. It is a preventable and curable disease. Malaria symptoms appear after a period of seven days or longer, and without treatment, the disease can lead to death. Mosquito bite prevention is the main way to reduce malaria transmission. Chemoprophylaxis recommendations depend on travelers’ age, destination, type of travelling, or length of stay. Pregnant women, children, and immunosuppressed travelers are the most susceptible. There are currently no licensed vaccines against malaria. Results about a research vaccine candidate known as RTS,S/AS01 are expected in 2015.
La grenade, la batte et le modèle américain. Baseball et acculturation sportive dans la France de la Première Guerre mondiale
Authors: Marquis Peter
Published: January 2014

Cet article dresse un bilan des connaissances sur la diffusion du baseball en France en amont et en aval de la Grande Guerre, et dessine des pistes d’interprétation sur son rôle en terme d’acculturation. Ce sport occupait une place de choix dans la préparation du contingent américain. Une fois en France, appelés et volontaires, pratiquaient le baseball comme un divertissement qui leur rappelait leur pays natal, et comme une continuation de la guerre par d’autres moyens. Par l’entremise des Foyers du soldat, ils furent mis au contact de Français avec qui ils partageaient des temps de détente et des compétitions sportives. La littérature existante considère ces contacts comme des moments d’acculturation, mais ce concept n’est pas approprié. Nous constatons plutôt une transfiguration du baseball en miroir des valeurs civiques de la société américaine, société qui n’est pas encore un modèle pour de nombreux Français de l’entre-deux-guerres.
Externalization of User Model in Mobile Services
Authors: Asif Muhammad , Krogstie John
Published: January 2014

In most personalized mobile services, the user model remains invisible, and users do not have control over it. Externalization of user models can allow users to get an overview the user model that is used for personalization, and adjust the profile and personalization effects to their needs and preferences. We have evaluated the interactive user model with 42 users, which were exposed to a prototype of interactive user model of personalized news service, for determining whether the proposed externalization, scrutability and privacy privileges were acceptable to the users. The purpose of the study was to find out if it is appropriate to present a user model on the mobile device and to control the sharing of the user model with the service provider. The conclusions show that the users expressed their general approval of the proposed privileges while making useful suggestions regarding improvements to the presentation and interface to the system.
Tablets (iPad) for M-Learning in the Context of Social Constructivism to Institute an Effective Learning Environment
Authors: Thinley Palmo , Geva Shlomo , Reye James
Published: January 2014

With the proliferation of mobile devices, educational institutions have experimented with various mobile devices to implement mobile learning (M-Learning). Mobile devices have been used to facilitate, support, and enhance and extend the reach of teaching and learning. Although there are very few empirically evaluated studies on M-Learning projects, these studies reported that mobile devices brought a transformation to the educational process. To be able to view M-Learning as a rich, collaborative and conversational experience, whether in the classroom or outside we need good mobile applications. Studies have revealed that effective learning happens when teachers and learners are actively participating in the knowledge building process. Therefore, there is a need for applications that create effective learning environments which are learner-centred, knowledge-centred, assessment-centred and community-centred.
MOOC M4D: An Overview and Learner's Viewpoint on Autumn 2013 Course
Authors: Ghosh Maitrayee
Published: January 2014

The MOOC M4D (Mobiles for Development) was a six weeks course from 2nd October- 16th November,2013 on advances of mobile services in many sectors that are vital to human development, such as education, health and agriculture and access to credit and finance. As a librarian the author is interested to know about the teaching/learning process within a MOOC because of reasons that MOOC is an increasingly growing phenomenon and libraries have potential to support MOOCs. The author shares her personal experiences and observations as a MOOC student and presents a short overview of MOOC M4D course, specifically on core issues covered in the course lectures
Public health and research funding for childhood neurodevelopmental disorders in Sub-Saharan Africa: a time to balance priorities
Authors: Bakare Muideen O. , Munir Kerim M. , Bello-Mojeed Mashudat A.
Published: January 2014

Sub-Saharan African (SSA) population consists of about 45% children, while in Europe and North America children population is 10- 15%. Lately, attention has been directed at mitigating childhood infectious and communicable diseases to reduce under-five mortality. As the under-five mortality index in Sub-Saharan Africa has relatively improved over the last two decades, more Sub-Saharan African children are surviving beyond the age of five and, apparently, a sizeable percentage of this population would be living with one or more childhood neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD). The distribution of child mental health service resources across the world is unequal. This manifests in the treatment gap of major childhood onset mental health problems in SSA, with the gap being more pronounced for childhood NDD. It is important to balance the public health focus and research funding priorities in Sub-Saharan Africa. We urgently need to define the burden of childhood NDD in the region for healthcare planning and policy formulation.
Conventional Radiographic Assessment of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders in Young Saudi Patients: A Retrospective and Prospective Radiographic Study
Authors: Kaleem Sultan Mohammed , Sheik Asif , Ajmal Muhammad , Hameed Muhammad Shahul , Luqman Master
Published: January 2014

Objective

The objective of the study is to evaluate temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders in young Saudi patients in Southern Aseer Region of the province and to find out the diagnostic efficacy of conventional radiography as basic diagnostic tool.

Materials and methods

A random sample of 200 patient radiographic data was collected in which 60 radiographs showing osseous changes are taken as study group. The patients in this study group are then recalled for clinical correlation of the radiographic findings along with the assessment of clinical signs and symptoms, sticking on to the research diagnostic criteria.

Results

There was no statistical difference in age groups and gender of the population and 14 patients (21.87%) showed clinical symptoms like clicking and pain in the preauricular region, correlating to the radiographic findings. mostly young female patients reported to have TMJ related symptoms (29.68%) whose radiographic findings correlate with that of clinical symptoms.

Conclusion

According to our knowledge, highest prevalence rate of TMDs is found in young Saudi females and is around 43% and 35% in young Saudi males. The sensitivity of conventional radiographs in diagnosing TMDs is 78.12% and specificity is 21.8%.

How to cite this article

Kaleem SM, Sheik A, Ajmal M, Hameed MS, Luqman M. Conventional Radiographic Assessment of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders in Young Saudi Patients: A Retrospective and Prospective Radiographic Study. Int J Experiment Dent Sci 2013;2(2):76-81.
Comparison of Periodontal Status between Pregnant and Nonpregnant Women
Authors: Azimi Somayyeh , Taheri Jamile Bigom , Mathew Ashok , Pishgahi Mahdiye
Published: January 2014

Aim

Providing complete oral health care for pregnant women is essential. Purpose of this study was to determine the periodontal diseases in pregnant and nonpregnant women in United Arab Emirates (UAE).

Materials and methods

A cross-sectional study was carried out in UAE. The sample consisted of two groups of women resident in UAE were selected, one pregnant (mean age 28 years) and nonpregnant (mean age of 23 years). The questionnaires which include personal information, habit, medical and dental history were distributed among women attending the outpatient clinics of Iranian Hospital Dubai and Fujairah AUST Campus. In periodontal chart debris and calculus score for teeth #16, 11, 26, 46, 31, 36 were recorded and simplified oral hygiene index was determined. The periodontal parameters like bleeding on probing and loss of attachment of same teeth were independently checked and recorded.

Results

Based on the findings over the questionnaires that were distributed between two groups of 80 volunteers one pregnant and nonpregnant woman, bleeding on probing and loss of attachment is seen more in pregnant women (p = 0.00).

Conclusion

There was a significant difference between the periodontal status between pregnant and nonpregnant women in UAE. Thus, pregnant women are more in danger of periodontal diseases and they need more dental care and preventive dentistry programs.

How to cite this article

Taheri JB, Azimi S, Mathew A, Pishgahi M. Comparison of Periodontal Status between Pregnant and Nonpregnant Women. Int J Experiment Dent Sci 2013;2(2):82-85.
Bacterial Distribution in Teeth with Pulp Necrosis and Apical Granuloma
Authors: Pinheiro Tiago Novaes , Consolaro Alberto , Ribeiro Francisco Carlos
Published: January 2014

Aim

To evaluate the distribution of bacteria in teeth with pulp necrosis and apical granuloma.

Materials and methods

Thirty-two extracted teeth with pulp necrosis and apical granulomas and 16 cases of isolated apical granulomas were sectioned and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) and Brown-Brenn staining for microscopic evaluation. The specimens were observed as to the location and distribution of bacteria involved in the process of pulp necrosis and their relationship with the periapical tooth structures and soft tissues.

Results

Stainable Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were found in the entire root canal system. Bacterial biofilms were detected in 81.2% of cementum root canal, 46.8% in apical delta, 65.6% at the apical surface and 79.2% of the granulomas above all the specimens. Bacteria and bacterial biofilms were present in the entire root canal system of the infected teeth with apical granulomas.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that bacterial infections can reach inaccessible areas to instrumentation.

How to cite this article

Ribeiro FC, Consolaro A, Pinheiro TN. Bacterial Distribution in Teeth with Pulp Necrosis and Apical Granuloma. Int J Experiment Dent Sci 2013;2(2):86-91.
Interrelationship between Periodontitis and Cardiovascular Diseases
Authors: Yooprasert Pimpimol , Siribamrungwong Monchai
Published: January 2014

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) contributes to a large number of morbidities and mortalities globally. The main cause is due to development of atherosclerosis. Many risk factors have been identified and are treated to improve the disease outcome. Besides traditional risk factors (such as hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus and smoking), systemic inflammatory process was found to increase risk of cardiovascular events, as inflammation promotes atherosclerosis. Periodontal disease is a chronic disease of tooth-supporting structure, reported to have a high prevalence worldwide. The earliest step of the disease is bacterial biofilm formation on tooth surface which subsequently triggers host inflammation, both locally and systemically. With chronic inflammatory response, periodontitis can enhance atherosclerosis, and is considered a potential contributive factor for development of CVD. The purpose of this review is to provide information on periodontitis, CVD, an association between these two conditions and current knowledge on the effect of periodontal treatment on improving cardiovascular outcome.

How to cite this article

Yooprasert P, Siribamrungwong M. Interrelationship between Periodontitis and Cardiovascular Diseases. J Experiment Dent Sci 2013;2(2):110-117.
Cemento-ossifying Fibroma Involving Mandible
Authors: Bokhari Kamran , Bagi Mustafa Abdel , Nager Mutasim Al , Basheer Sulphi Abdul , Assiri Mohammed Abdullah M
Published: January 2014

Cemento-ossifying fibroma (COF) is a rare neoplasm representing one of the benign fibro-osseous lesions of the jaw. This benign mesenchymal odontogenic lesion occurs more frequently in women than in men. Clinically, these tumors are slow growing with a centrifugal growth pattern. Radiologically, COFs present a number of patterns depending on the degree of mineralization. Histologically, these lesions are characterized by fibrous tissue with islands of bone or cementiform calcifications. We present a case of COF involving mandible in a 35-year-old male patient treated by excision.

How to cite this article

Bagi MA, Bokhari K, Al Nager M, Basheer SA, Assiri MAM. Cemento-ossifying Fibroma Involving Mandible. Int J Experiment Dent Sci 2013;2(2):127-129.
Diode Laser: An Ideal Option for Treatment of Gingival Hyperpigmentation
Authors: Pazinatto Flavia Bittencourt
Published: January 2014

Gingival hyperpigmentation are major concerns for a large number of patients visiting the dentist. Melanin hyperpigmentation usually does not present a medical problem, but patients usually complain of dark gums as unesthetic. Pigmentation of gingiva is commonly caused by deposition of melanin in the basal layer of oral epithelium. Gingival melanin pigmentation may be seen across all the races and at any age without gender predilection. This case report describes the application of semi conductor diode laser procedure for gingival depigmentation.

How to cite this article

Saini R, Pazinatto FB, Radnai M. Diode Laser: An Ideal Option for Treatment of Gingival Hyperpigmentation. Int J Experiment Dent Sci 2013;2(2): 139-140.
Long-range transport of giant particles in Asian dust identified by physical, mineralogical, and meteorological analysis
Authors: Jeong G. Y. , Kim J. Y. , Seo J. , Kim G. M. , Jin H. C. , Chun Y.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. Giant particles transported over long distances are generally of limited concern in atmospheric studies due to their low number concentrations in mineral dust and possible local origin. However, they can play an important role in regional circulation of earth materials due to their enormous volume concentration. Asian dust laden with giant particles was observed in Korea on 31 March 2012, after a migration of about 2000 km across the Yellow Sea from the Gobi Desert. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that 20% of the particles exceeded 10 μm in equivalent sphere diameter, with a maximum of 60 μm. The median diameter from the number distribution was 5.7 μm, which was larger than the diameters recorded of 2.5 and 2.9 μm in Asian dust storms in 2010 and 2011, respectively, and was consistent with independent optical particle counter data. Giant particles (>10 μm) contributed about 89% of the volume of the dust in the 2012 storm. Illite–smectite series clay minerals were the major mineral group followed by quartz, plagioclase, K-feldspar, and calcite. The total phyllosilicate content was ~52%. The direct long-range transport of giant particles was confirmed by calcite nanofibers closely associated with clays in a submicron scale identified by high-resolution SEM and transmission electron microscopy. Since giant particles consisted of clay agglomerates and clay-coated quartz, feldspars, and micas, the mineral composition varied little throughout the fine (<5 μm), coarse (5–10 μm), giant-S (10–20 μm), and giant-L (>20 μm) size bins. Analysis of the synoptic conditions of the 2012 dust event and its migration indicated that the mid-tropospheric strong wind belt directly stretching to Korea induced rapid transport of the dust, delivering giant particles. Giant dust particles with high settling velocity would be the major input into the terrestrial and marine sedimentary and ecological systems of East Asia and the western Pacific. Analysis of ancient aeolian deposits in Korea suggested the common deposition of giant particles from Asian dust through the late Quaternary Period. The roles of giant particles should be reviewed with regard to regional circulation of mineral particles and nutrients.
Missing SO2 oxidant in the coastal atmosphere? – Evidence from high resolution measurements of OH and atmospheric sulfur compounds
Authors: Berresheim H. , Adam M. , Monahan C. , O'Dowd C. , Plane J. M. C. , Bohn B. , Rohrer F.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. Diurnal and seasonal variations of gaseous sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and methane sulfonic acid (MSA) were measured in N.E. Atlantic air at the Mace Head atmospheric research station during the years 2010 and 2011. The measurements utilized selected ion/chemical ionization mass spectrometry (SI/CIMS) with a detection limit for both compounds of 4.3 × 10 4 cm−3 at 5 min signal integration. The H2SO4 and MSA gas-phase concentrations were analysed in conjunction with the condensational sink for both compounds derived from 3 nm–10 μm (diameter) aerosol size distributions. Accommodation coefficients of 1.0 for H2SO4 and 0.12 for MSA were assumed leading to estimated atmospheric lifetimes of the order of 7 min and 25 min, respectively. With the SI/CIMS instrument in OH measurement mode alternating between OH signal and background (non-OH) signal evidence was obtained for the presence of one or more unknown oxidants of SO2 in addition to OH. Depending on the nature of the oxidant(s) their ambient concentration may be enhanced in the CIMS inlet system by additional production. The apparent unknown SO2 oxidant was additionally confirmed by direct measurements of SO2 in conjunction with calculated H2SO4 concentrations. The calculated concentrations were consistently lower than the measured concentrations by a factor 4.8 ± 3.4 when considering the oxidation of SO2 by OH as the only source of H2SO4. Both the OH and the background signal were also observed to increase significantly during daytime aerosol nucleation events, independent of the ozone photolysis frequency, J(O1D), and were followed by peaks in both H2SO4 and MSA concentrations. This suggests a strong relation between the unknown oxidant(s), OH chemistry, and the atmospheric photo-oxidation of biogenic iodine compounds. As to the identity of the oxidant(s), we have been able to exclude ClO, BrO, IO, and OIO as possible candidates based on ab initio calculations. Stabilized Criegee intermediates (sCI) produced from ozonolysis of alkenes potentially contribute to the oxidation efficiency of the coastal and marine atmosphere. However, analysis of the CIMS background signal in context with recently published kinetic data currently suggests that larger Criegee intermediates produced from ozonolysis play no significant role for SO2 oxidation in the marine atmosphere. The possibility of H2SO4 formation without SO2 as precursor or from SO2 oxidation by small sCI produced photolytically should be explored.
Design, prototyping, and evaluation of a collapsible device for single-operator sheathing of ultrasound probes
Authors: Lopez S. A. , Hernley L. R. , Bearrick E. N. , Tanenbaum L. M. , Thomas M. A. C. , Toussaint T. A. , Romano J. J. , Hanumara N. C. , Slocum A. H.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. During interventional ultrasound-guided procedures, sterility is maintained by covering the transducer head and cord with a sterile sheath. The current sheathing technique is cumbersome, requires an assistant to complete, and poses a risk of tangling the probe cord and breaching the sterile barrier. This paper presents the design, proof-of-concept prototyping, and evaluation of a probe holder and cartridge-style, single-use applicator that enables faster, more reliable, single-user sheathing of ultrasound probes, with a decreased risk of compromising sterility.
Discharge of landslide-induced debris flows: case studies of Typhoon Morakot in southern Taiwan
Authors: Chen J.-C. , Chuang M.-R.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. Three debris-flow gullies, the Hong-Shui-Xian, Sha-Xin-Kai, and the Xin-Kai-Dafo gullies, located in the Shinfa area of southern Taiwan were selected as case studies of the discharge of landslide-induced debris flows caused by Typhoon Morakot in 2009. The inundation characteristics of the three debris flows, such as the debris-flow volume, the deposition area, maximum flow depth, and deposition depth, were collected by field investigations and simulated using the numerical modeling software FLO-2D. The discharge coefficient cb, defined as the ratio of the debris-flow discharge Qdp to the water-flow discharge Qwp, was proposed to determine Qdp, and Qwp was estimated by a rational equation. Then, cb was calibrated by a comparison between the field investigation and the numerical simulation of the inundation characteristics of debris flows. Our results showed that the values of cb range from 6 to 18, and their values are affected by the landslide ratio The empirical relationships between Qdp and Qwp were also presented.
Present and future variations in Antarctic firn air content
Authors: Ligtenberg S. R. M. , Kuipers Munneke P. , van den Broeke M. R.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. A firn densification model (FDM) is used to assess spatial and temporal (1979–2200) variations in the depth, density and temperature of the firn layer covering the Antarctic ice sheet (AIS). Results from a time-dependent version of the FDM are compared to more commonly used steady-state FDM results. Although the average AIS firn air content (FAC) between both models is similar (22.5 m), large spatial differences are found: in the ice-sheet interior, the steady-state model underestimates the FAC by up to 2 m, while the FAC is overestimated by 5–15 m along the ice-sheet margins, due to significant surface melt. Applying the steady-state FAC values to convert surface elevation to ice thickness (i.e. assuming flotation at the grounding line) potentially results in an underestimation of ice discharge at the grounding line, and hence an underestimation of current AIS mass loss by 23.5%, or 16.7 Gt yr−1 (with regard to the reconciled estimate over 1992–2011, Shepherd et al., 2012). The timing of the measurement is also important as temporal FAC variations of 1–2 m are simulated within the 33 yr period. Until 2200, the Antarctic FAC is projected to change due to a combination of increasing accumulation, temperature and surface melt. The latter two result in a decrease of FAC, due to (i) more refrozen meltwater, (ii) a higher densification rate and (iii) a faster firn-to-ice transition at the bottom of the firn layer. These effects are however more than compensated by increasing snowfall, leading to a 4–14% increase in FAC. Only in melt-affected regions, future FAC is simulated to decrease, with the largest changes (−50 to −80%) on the ice shelves in the Antarctic Peninsula and Dronning Maud Land. Integrated over the AIS, increased precipitation results in a combined ice and air volume increase of ∼300 km3 yr−1 until 2100, equivalent to an elevation change of +2.1 cm yr−1. This shows that variations in firn depth remain important to consider in future mass balance studies using (satellite) altimetry.
Front Matter
Authors: Jacob W. James
Published: January 2014

This is the first issue of Volume 4, with articles that examine higher education and/or action research projects in India, Indonesia, the United States, and other contexts.
Success Factors in a Comprehensive International Partnership: Lessons Learned from a Case Study of an Indo-American Collaboration
Authors: Strittmatter Cynthia L. , Bharadwaj Prashanth N. , Camp Robert C.
Published: January 2014

This article thoroughly examines a specific case of a partnership between educational institutions in India and the United States with the help of in-depth interviews of key stakeholders in the program. The article outlines factors that are necessary ingredients for a collaborative program to succeed. The factors are classified as external, internal, financial, and intangible. The findings of the article can be used by administrators and faculty in the two countries as a road map while starting or growing a partnership. The paper also outlines the constraints and threats for a partnership such as this. Finally, there are suggestions for future research that can enhance the body of literature in this area. This research is of particular importance since both India and the United States are significant higher-education hubs and are the sources of a high level of educational partnership activity.
Charles Dickens in Pennsylvania in March 1842:
Authors: Cowden Jane S.
Published: January 2014

Charles Dickens visited the United States in 1842, including a significant amount of time in Pennsylvania. Dickens's travels resulted in a tour book, American Notes for General Circulation; a novel containing a harshly critical American segment, Martin Chuzzlewit; a vast quantity of letters that were later published; and American-inspired passages in other novels, such as the prison inmate descriptions in A Tale of Two Cities. Dickens shocked and angered American readers when the beloved author found much to criticize. In the Keystone State, for example, he noted that the transportation system was primitive, the people's manners and habits abhorrent, and the prison system appalling. Dickens discovered there was no sympathy for authors whose works were being routinely pirated by publishers in an era of virtually no copyright protection. Dickens hoped that his six-month tour of the States could, at the very least, open American eyes to the need for institutional reforms and a copyright law.
Petróleo e sustentabilidade no Brasil, uma questão intergeracional
Authors: Vilani Rodrigo Machado
Published: January 2014

O objetivo deste estudo é analisar a atual discussão brasileira sobre o marco regulatório para as reservas petrolíferas da camada do pré-sal tomando como elemento de comparação a evolução histórica da regulamentação ambiental e energética no Brasil. Com base no princípio do desenvolvimento sustentável, o estudo procura demonstrar a compatibilidade do novo modelo com os objetivos e ações definidos nas políticas nacionais de energia e meio ambiente e na Constituição Federal. O trabalho defende o processo holístico e participativo na elaboração das políticas públicas nacionais, que contemple imperativamente a perspectiva intergeracional.
Shawinigan Falls de 1898 à 1930
Authors: Lanthier Pierre , Brouillette Normand
Published: January 2014

This paper deals with Shawinigan Falls, a town which appears in the early years of this century in a rural milieu thanks to an electricity production company, Shawinigan Water and Power Ca (SWP). This company not only attracted big manufacturing plants near its power houses but was strongly implicated in the development of the new urban space. The authors analyse the implication of SWP and some other companies in the development of the city and note that, although important, this implication was not large enough to favour adequate municipal services until 1920. In the second part of the paper, they examine the rise of a small local bourgeoisie which, not at all pledged to big firms, compels them to share the municipal taxation in a fairer manner. Shawinigan Falls cannot be ranked with a company town; and its growth did not ensue from any kind of boosterism. Rather, the authors conclude, the type of development Shawinigan Falls experienced resulted from the meeting of two social universes.
The Keepers of the Gate
Authors: Burley David G.
Published: January 2014

Recent scholarship has identified inequality in real property ownership as a constant feature of urban social structure. This study of Winnipeg during the boom of 1881-82 examines the reproduction of that inequality in terms of the strategies employed by major landowners to profit in an inflationary real estate market. Such men preferred to invest in rental properties, especially commercial accommodation. Best able to do so were those members of the bourgeoisie who, by virtue of their early arrival, had acquired cheap vacant land, the sale of which financed their acquisition of rental units. Thus, the reproduction of inequality involved the conversion of prior advantage in one real estate market, that for vacant land, into an advantage in a second market, that for rental accommodation.
Planning Urban Waterfront Industrial Districts
Authors: Desfor Gene
Published: January 2014

The process by which one particular section of Toronto's waterfront, Ashbridge's Bay, was developed during the 1889-1910 period is analysed in the context of broader industrialization and urban reform movements. Primary sources, largely from the Toronto Harbour Commissioners'Archives recently opened to the public, and the City of Toronto Archives, provide the basis for the analysis. Evidence demonstrates that Toronto's influential 1912 waterfront plan, crucial in reshaping the lakefront, was built on numerous previous schemes for improving the port, the harbour, and adjacent areas. Ownership of Toronto's waterfront remained under the control of civic authorities more from pragmatic considerations than from a commitment to serve community-wide interests.
Port Authorities as Urban Land Developers
Authors: Merrens Roy
Published: January 2014

Port authorities have been important presences in Canada's port cities, playing major roles in determining the physical form and land-use functions of urban waterfront lands. Their formative roles warrant attention from scholars concerned with the city-building process in Canada. This study focuses upon one such body, The Toronto Harbour Commissioners, and how and why it has functioned as a land development agency. An analysis of the commissions Outer Harbour project between 1912 and 1968 shows the commissions central concern with land development: ostensibly presented as a harbour facility, the project was actually intended to be a key component in the commissions proposed redevelopment of Toronto's central waterfront for profitable commercial and residential use. The project also reveals the significance of landfilling in the commissions urban development role, and, incidentally, explains the existence of the three-mile artificial headland projecting out into Lake Ontario from Toronto's waterfront. The role of the commission as a development agency is explained in terms of its original 1911 mandate, which in turn reflects the intentions of the Toronto Board of Trade, the body that had led the drive to create the commission.
Introduction
Authors: Weaver John C.
Published: January 2014

Historical studies about aspects of urban life seldom recount the past with detachment from the concerns of the present. Some areas of inquiry about the past shield themselves from contemporary relevance, thereby risking a slide into antiquarianism. At the other extreme, historical scholarship that is too keenly aware of the present risks looking foolish after the fad or concern which inspired or guided it has come and gone. This dilemma of whether or not to associate current and past events cannot be a real one for the history of policing; it would be difficult to imagine historical accounts of criminal justice within urban areas that could be detached from the present. There also are misconceptions in criminology concerning the historical functions of policing. There is an even more compelling reason for allowing contemporary concerns to edge into the history of policing. Police administrators in many large Canadian urban centres have initiated educational programmes, hired university graduates, and generally recognized the value of education. Police forces and the new types of constables and officers require well-researched and critically balanced studies that are pertinent to these initiatives. And historians like those who have contributed to this issue of UHR/RHU are able to provide such a service; they have ideas that take policing history far beyond the undigested tidbits and lists filling spaces between the photographs in commemorative and souvenir histories of urban forces.
The History of Policing in the Maritime Provinces
Authors: Marquis Greg
Published: January 2014

This article is an overview of the development of policing in the Maritime provinces and a commentary on the potential of such research to augment our understanding of the urban past. Police records, it is argued, are important social indicators which can reveal more than crime or fear of crime in a community. The article discusses police records and statistics; 19th century urban policing; early 20th century themes such as technology and Prohibition; the role of the Provincial police and Royal Canadian Mounted Police in the region; police and labour and police organizations. It concludes that researchers should be sensitive to both 'hard' and 'soft' police policies and pay special attention to the police service role.