bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Meta‐analysis of the impact of positive psychological capital on employee attitudes, behaviors, and performance
Authors: Avey James B. , Reichard Rebecca J. , Luthans Fred , Mhatre Ketan H.
Published: June 2011

The positive core construct of psychological capital (or simply PsyCap), consisting of the psychological resources of hope, efficacy, resilience, and optimism, has recently been demonstrated to be open to human resource development (HRD) and performance management. The research stream on PsyCap has now grown to the point that a quantitative summary analysis of its impact on employee attitudes, behaviors, and especially performance is needed. The present meta‐analysis included 51 independent samples (representing a total of N = 12,567 employees) that met the inclusion criteria. The results indicated the expected significant positive relationships between PsyCap and desirable employee attitudes (job satisfaction, organizational commitment, psychological well‐being), desirable employee behaviors (citizenship), and multiple measures of performance (self, supervisor evaluations, and objective). There was also a significant negative relationship between PsyCap and undesirable employee attitudes (cynicism, turnover intentions, job stress, and anxiety) and undesirable employee behaviors (deviance). A sub‐analysis found no major differences between the types of performance measures used (i.e., between self, subjective, and objective). Finally, the analysis of moderators revealed the relationship between PsyCap and employee outcomes were strongest in studies conducted in the United States and in the service sector. These results provide a strong evidence‐based recommendation for the use of PsyCap in HRD and performance programs. Theoretical contributions, future research directions, and practical guidelines for HRD conclude the article. Gallup Polls in recent years suggest that Americans are pessimistic about incremental
Globalization and the inward flow of immigrants: Issues associated with the inpatriation of global managers
Authors: Harvey Michael , Kiessling Tim , Moeller Miriam
Published: June 2011

Assembling a diverse global workforce is becoming a critical dimension in gaining successful global performance. In the past, staffing has focused on control of the multinational organization as the primary goal when staffing overseas positions. As organizations globalize their operations, the goal of staffing is shifting from control to diversity, which in turn will provide the global organization with a means to gain/maintain competitive advantage. This diversity will be accomplished by integrating foreigners into the home country organization (i.e., inpatriation) through a permanent assignment. This article examines the inward flow of inpatriate managers by using social learning theory as a lens to better understand the means to integrate foreign managers into the domestic organization culture. The stages that inpatriate managers will go through (i.e., survival, integration, acculturation, and pluralistic integration) are explored to ascertain how to effectively utilize these global managers.
Determination of lumiracoxib by a validated stability‐indicating MEKC method and identification of its degradation products by LC‐ESI‐MS studies
Authors: Sangoi Maximiliano S. , Wrasse‐Sangoi Micheli , Oliveira Paulo R. , Bernardi Larissa S.
Published: June 2011

A stability‐indicating MEKC method was developed and validated for the analysis of lumiracoxib (LMC) in pharmaceutical formulations using nimesulide as the internal standard (IS). Optimal conditions for the separation of LMC and degradation products were investigated. The method employed 50 mM borate buffer and 50 mM anionic detergent SDS solution at pH 9.0. MEKC method was performed on a fused‐silica capillary (50 μm id; effective length, 40 cm) maintained at 30°C. The applied voltage was 20 kV and photodiode array (PDA) detector was set at 208 nm. The method was validated in accordance with the International Conference on Harmonisation requirements. The stability‐indicating capability of the method was established by enforced degradation studies combined with peak purity assessment using PDA detection. The degradation products formed under stressed conditions were investigated by LC‐ESI‐MS and the two degraded products were identified. MEKC method was linear over the concentration range of 5–150 μg/mL (r2=0.9999) of LMC. The method was precise, accurate, with LOD and LOQ of 1.34 and 4.48 μg/mL, respectively. The robustness was proved by a fractional factorial design evaluation. The proposed MEKC method was successfully applied for the quantitative analysis of LMC in tablets to support the quality control.
Thermal, Optical, and Static/Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Linear‐core Crosslinked Star Polymer Blends
Authors: Spoljaric Steven , Goh Tor Kit , Blencowe Anton , Qiao Greg G. , Shanks Robert A.
Published: June 2011

Core crosslinked star (CCS) polymers ae synthesized and blended with linear polymers. Constrained mobility is revealed by an increase in modulus and strength with CCS polymer concentration, while creep deformation decreases and permanent strain increases. Storage modulus, loss modulus, and glass transition temperature increase with CCS polymer concentration due to miscibility and linear‐CCS polymer “arm” interactions. Master curves shift to lower frequencies with blends that experience segmental relaxation across a broader time scale due to a range of molecular environments from linear to maximum constraints in the vicinity of the crosslinked cores. Fragility and apparent activation energy increase with CCS polymer content, while fractional free volume and volume expansion decrease.

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Consumer loyalty in sport spectatorship services: The relationships with consumer satisfaction and team identification
Authors: Bodet Guillaume , Bernache‐Assollant Iouri
Published: June 2011

This research aimed to investigate the possible relationships between the concepts of consumer loyalty (attitudinal and behavioral), satisfaction, and team identification in the context of sport spectatorship. Specifically, several models were tested to investigate (1) the direct influence of team identification, consumer behavioral loyalty, and consumer satisfaction on consumer attitudinal loyalty, and (2) the mediating or moderating role of team identification in the relationship between consumer satisfaction, behavioral loyalty, and attitudinal loyalty. Results from a sample of 395 spectators of French ice hockey first division clubs revealed that consumer transaction–specific satisfaction was found to be the stronger predictor for consumer attitudinal loyalty alongside team identification and the average number of home games attended per year. A second indirect route is possible because team identification was also found to play a mediating role between consumer transaction–specific satisfaction, home and away games attended per year, and some dimensions of consumer attitudinal loyalty. Finally, team identification was also found to moderate the impact of consumer satisfaction and the number of away games attended on different facets of attitudinal loyalty. Marketing and theoretical implications are discussed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Matching a cause with self‐schema: The moderating effect on brand preferences
Authors: Chowdhury Tilottama G. , Khare Adwait
Published: June 2011

The moderating roles of consumer brand involvement type and product type on the effect of a match between consumers' self‐schema and the cause a brand supports on consumers' preference for the cause‐supporting brand is investigated. The authors show that a schema–cause match enhances consumer preference for a brand engaging in cause‐related marketing when (1) consumers' involvement with the brand is of the impression‐relevant type (vs. outcome‐relevant type) and (2) when the branded product is functional (vs. hedonic). © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis of Poly(anilineboronic acid) Nanofibers for Electrochemical Detection of Glucose
Authors: Li Guicun , Li Yingmei , Peng Hongrui , Chen Kezheng
Published: June 2011

Poly(anilineboronic acid) (PABA) nanofibers with U‐shaped and ring‐shaped morphologies have been synthesized successfully by chemical polymerization of 3‐aminophenylboronic acid (APBA) in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and NaF. The morphologies and sizes of PABA nanofibers can be controlled by adjusting the synthetic parameters, such as the concentrations of CTAB and APBA. The U‐shaped PABA nanofibers exhibit excellent electrochemical redox activity and high sensitive detection of D‐glucose in phosphate‐buffered saline stock solution (pH 7.4) because of their high effective surface area as well as the high density of boronic acid groups.

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Pre‐operative evaluations for DBS in dystonia
Authors: Thobois Stéphane , Taira Takaomi , Comella Cynthia , Moro Elena , Bressman Susan , Albanese and Alberto
Published: June 2011

Background: The preoperative evaluation in dystonia aims at characterizing the severity and topography of motor symptoms in patients, who have previously been selected for deep brain stimulation (DBS). Methods: The literature search was performed using PubMed, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Collaborative databases. Results: Commonly used scales for clinical assessment are the Burke‐Fahn‐Marsden dystonia rating scale for generalized dystonia and the Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Scale for cervical dystonia. Motor assessment is completed by quality of life and functional scales, such as the Short‐Form Health Survey (SF‐36) or the Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire 39. Validated rating scales for cranial or upper limb dystonia are lacking. Discussion: In common clinical practice, these outcome measures can be administered in an open‐label fashion because double blind assessment is only required for ascertaining new treatment indications or research purposes. The same measures are to be used postoperatively to revaluate outcome after DBS. Brain MRI is required to confirm diagnosis and assess structural abnormalities. Other imaging techniques, particularly functional imaging, are used for research purposes. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Identification of blood‐protein carriers of the CA 19‐9 antigen and characterization of prevalence in pancreatic diseases
Authors: Yue Tingting , Partyka Katie , Maupin Kevin A. , Hurley Mary , Andrews Philip , Kaul Karen , Moser A. James , Zeh Herbert , Brand Randall E. , Haab Brian B.
Published: June 2011

The current best serum marker for pancreatic cancer, CA 19‐9, detects a carbohydrate antigen on multiple protein carriers. Better knowledge of the protein carriers of the CA 19‐9 antigen in various disease states may lead to improved diagnostic tests. To identify proteins that carry the CA 19‐9 antigen, we immunoprecipitated the CA 19‐9 antigen from pooled sera and identified the associated proteins using MS. Among the high‐confidence identifications, we confirmed the presence of the CA 19‐9 antigen on Apolipoprotein B‐100 by antibody arrays and Western blot and on kininogen, ARVCF, and Apolipoprotein E by antibody arrays. We characterized the frequency and levels of the CA 19‐9 antigen on the four proteins across various patient groups (pancreatic cancer, pancreatitis, and healthy controls) using antibody arrays. Nearly, 10–25% of the subjects showed elevations of the antigen on each protein, but the elevations were not associated with disease state or total CA 19‐9 levels. These results contribute to our knowledge of the carrier proteins of an important functional glycan and the rate at which the glycan is displayed. This work also demonstrates a strategy for using the complementary methods of MS and antibody microarrays to identify protein carriers of glycans and assess the diagnostic value of measuring glycans on individual proteins.
Convenient grafting through approach for the preparation of stealth polymeric blood pool magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents
Authors: Grogna Mathurin , Cloots Rudi , Luxen André , Jérôme Christine , Passirani Catherine , Lautram Nolwenn , Desreux Jean‐F. , Detrembleur Christophe
Published: June 2011

New hydrosoluble magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) macrocontrast agents are synthesized by reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) copolymerization of poly(ethylene oxide) methyl ether acrylate (PEOMA) with an acrylamide bearing a ligand for gadolinium, followed by the complexation of Gd3+. This convenient and simple grafting through approach leads to macrocontrast agents with a high relaxivity at high frequency that is imparted by the restricted tumbling of the Gd3+ complex caused by its attachment to the polymer backbone. Importantly a very low protein adsorption is also evidenced by the hemolytic CH50 test. It is the result of the poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) brush that efficiently hides the gadolinium complex and renders it stealth to the proteins of the immune system. Improved contrast and long blood circulating properties are thus expected for these macrocontrast agents. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Controlling crosslinking in thermosets via chain transfer with monoterpenes
Authors: Delancey Justin M. , Cavazza Matthew D. , Rendos Matthew G. , Ulisse Cory J. , Palumbo Susan G. , Mathers Robert T.
Published: June 2011

Renewable resources have been utilized to control the degree of crosslinking during ring‐opening metathesis polymerizations (ROMP). In this regard, the addition of monoterpenes to thermosets created a sustainable method for adjusting the physical properties and thermal stability. A number of monoterpenes with alkenes were examined as monofunctional reactants. The presence of these monoterpenes, such as β‐pinene, during the ROMP of dicyclopentadiene altered the degree of crosslinking and plasticized the thermoset. The resulting physical properties were tailored to obtain desired modulus and glass transition (Tg) temperatures. The influence of time, temperature, weight percent β‐pinene, and different metathesis catalysts was examined by dynamic mechanical analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and FTIR spectroscopy. A comparison of β‐pinene with other monoterpenes, such as carvone, limonene oxide, myrcene, and d‐limonene, resulted in a reactivity profile for this general method. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Combining renewable gum rosin and lignin: Towards hydrophobic polymer composites by controlled polymerization
Authors: Wang Jifu , Yao Kejian , Korich Andrew L. , Li Shigeng , Ma Shuguo , Ploehn Harry J. , Iovine Peter M. , Wang Chunpeng , Chu Fuxiang , Tang Chuanbing
Published: June 2011

Rosin polymer–grafted lignin composites were prepared via “grafting from” atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) with the aid of 2‐bromoisobutyryl ester‐modified lignin as macroinitiators. Three different monomers derived from dehydroabietic acid (DA) were used for execution of grafting from ATRP, while DA was separately attached onto lignin by a simple esterification reaction. Kinetic studies indicated controlled and “living” characteristics of all monomer polymerizations. Thermal studies indicated that rosin polymer–grafted lignin composites exhibited glass transition temperatures in a broad temperature range from ∼20 to 100°C. The grafting of both DA and rosin polymers significantly enhanced hydrophobicity of lignin. Static contact angle measurement of water droplets showed ∼90° for all these rosin modified lignin composites. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy demonstrated that the surface of rosin–lignin composites was dominated with chemical compositions originating from the hydrocarbon rich rosin moiety. The impartation of hydrophobicity of rosin into lignin provided excellent water resistance of this class of renewable polymers, as all rosin‐modified lignin composites showed water uptake below 1.0 wt %. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Effect of H‐dilution and hydrogen bonding configuration on optical and electronic properties of a‐Si:H/a‐Ge:H multilayers
Authors: Abo‐Ghazala M. S.
Published: June 2011

The a‐Si:H/a‐Ge: H multilayers were prepared at 200 °C by alternating deposition from SiH4 and GeH4plasmas in a computer‐controlled four chamber glow‐discharge deposition system with capacitively coupled diode reactors (Abo Ghazala, Physica B 293, 132 (2000) [1]). The individual thickness dSi of a‐Si:H layers was varied by changing deposition rate, while the layer thickness dGe of a‐Ge:H was controlled by changing hydrogen dilution ratio as well as by changing the deposition time. The optical absorption and the electrical conductivity have been investigated as a function of a‐Ge:H well width (dGe) and the barrier width (dSi) as well as the total hydrogen content (NH). The hydrogen bonding configuration was discussed using the IR absorption measurements. A real quantum confinement was recorded for the optical gap measurements. The results reveal that the electrical and optical properties of a‐Si:H/a‐Ge:H multilayers are improved compared to a bulk a‐SiGe:H alloys. For a‐Si:H(8 nm)/a‐Ge:H(1.2 nm) of the optical gap 1.47 eV, the photoconductivity reaches to 2.69 x 10‐5 S/cm. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Nanopendeo coalescence overgrowth of GaN on etched nanorod array
Authors: Shields Philip , Liu Chaowang , Šatka Alexander , Trampert Achim , Zúñiga‐Pérez Jesus , Alloing Blandine , Haško Daniel , Uherek Frantisek , Wang Wang , Causa Federica , Allsopp Duncan
Published: June 2011

This paper reports the characteristics of gallium nitride layers that have been grown on top of an etched array of nanorods. Nanoimprint lithography has been used to create nanorods on a wafer‐scale that are subsequently passivated to allow selective regrowth from their tips by MOVPE. The first epitaxial growth step favoured lateral growth and the second resulted in a planar coalesced layer of gallium nitride. It was found that smooth planarised overgrowth required careful timing of the growth transition between the two steps and that the crystallographic quality of the overgrown layer was very sensitive to the nanorod template properties, in particular the amount of unpassivated nanorod surface. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Selective epitaxial growth of nanomesh InGaN MQWs on nanopore arrays of GaN substrate
Authors: Zang Keyan , Chua Soo Jin
Published: June 2011

Nanomesh InGaN/GaN multi‐quantum‐well (MQWs) were grown on nanopore arrays of GaN by metal organic vapour phase epitaxy (MOCVD). The hexagonal nanopore arrays in GaN with average diameter ∼200 nm and wall thickness ∼100 nm was fabricated by inductively couple plasma (ICP) etching using anodic alumina (AAO) template as a mask. Nanoepitaxial GaN is found to deposit on the top surface of nanoporous GaN to form a nanomesh structure, with inverted pyramid at the initial stage and followed by the nano‐pyramid structure. The existence of the inverted pyramid demonstrates the 3D strain relaxation in the GaN layer, which is confirmed by the peak shift in photoluminescence, and diffraction patterns. Better light emission is demonstrated on nanomesh InGaN MQWs, attributed to the improvement of the internal quantum efficiency by the reduction of threading dislocations and the improvement of light extraction efficiency by random scattering at the nanopores in GaN. In addition, more indium incorporation has been demonstrated compared to the control InGaN MQWs, benefiting from the strain relaxation in nanoepitaxial GaN. The nanomesh InGaN/GaN MQWs are beneficial for high efficiency LEDs and future design of emission spectrum of nitride semiconductors for solar cells applications. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
High‐performance GaN/InGaN double heterojunction bipolar transistors with power density >240 kW/cm2
Authors: Zhang Yun , Lee Yi‐Che , Lochner Zachary , Kim Hee Jin , Choi Suk , Ryou Jae‐Hyun , Dupuis Russell D. , Shen Shyh‐Chiang
Published: June 2011

We report GaN/In0.03Ga0.97N npn double heterojunction bipolar transistors (DHBTs) grown on sapphire substrates for high power applications. High current gain and high power density are obtained using a simple single‐growth mesa etching process. A device with an emitter area (AE) of 20×20 µm2 achieves a peak d.c. current gain (β) of 84, a maximum collector current density (JC) of 7.2 kA/cm2 and a maximum power density > 240 kW/cm2. A large‐area (AE = 12163 μm2) multi‐finger device also shows a peak β = 30, maximum collector current (Ic) = 200 mA and maximum d.c. power = 3.76 W. These values are among the best for the reported III‐N HBTs to date (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
N‐arylamides and N‐arylcarbamates NCO internal rotation barrier study by molecular modeling
Authors: Grasel Fábio Dos Santos , De Oliveira Tiago Charão , Fontoura Luiz Antonio Mazzini , Da Cruz Rigotti Italo José , Netz Paulo Augusto
Published: June 2011

Amides and carbamates present an energetic barrier associated to NC(O) bond rotation, which determines two different equilibrium geometries. In this work, the conformational equilibrium of formanilide, acetanilide, methyl and t‐butyl phenylcarbamates, and their N‐methylderivatives was studied by AM1 and B3LYP/6‐31G(d,p) calculations. The effect of aryl p‐substituents (MeO, Me, Cl, Br, CN, and NO2) was also studied. Amide barriers were found by DFT calculation between 12 and 21 kcal/mol. Carbamates, on the other hand, showed barriers between 11 and 15 kcal/mol. AM1 underestimates the energetic barriers and provides values around half those obtained by B3LYP/6‐31G(d,p) calculations. Electron withdrawing substituents on aryl group decrease the barrier. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2012
An Intervention to Help Community‐Based Organizations Implement an Evidence‐Based HIV Prevention Intervention: The Mpowerment Project Technology Exchange System
Authors: Kegeles Susan M. , Rebchook Gregory , Pollack Lance , Huebner David , Tebbetts Scott , Hamiga John , Sweeney David , Zovod Benjamin
Published: June 2011

Considerable resources have been spent developing and rigorously testing HIV prevention intervention models, but such models do not impact the AIDS pandemic unless they are implemented effectively by community‐based organizations (CBOs) and health departments. The Mpowerment Project (MP) is being implemented by CBOs around the US. It is a multilevel, evidence‐based HIV prevention program for young gay/bisexual men that targets individual, interpersonal, social, and structural issues by using empowerment and community mobilization methods. This paper discusses the development of an intervention to help CBOs implement the MP called the Mpowerment Project Technology Exchange System (MPTES); CBOs’ uptake, utilization and perceptions of the MPTES components; and issues that arose during technical assistance. The seven‐component MPTES was provided to 49 CBOs implementing the MP that were followed longitudinally for up to two years. Except for the widely used program manual, other program materials were used early in implementing the MP and then their use declined. In contrast, once technical assistance was proactively provided, its usage remained constant over time, as did requests for technical assistance. CBOs expressed substantial positive feedback about the MPTES, but felt that it needs more focus on diversity issues, describing real world implementation approaches, and providing guidance on how to adapt the MP to diverse populations.
Gabapentin therapy in patients with orofacial neuropathic pain: Report of 12 cases
Authors: Seto Mika , Sakamoto Yumiko , Furuta Haruhiko , Kikuta Toshihiro
Published: June 2011

Objective: There are several types of orofacial neuropathic pain and some of these types are often refractory to treatment. Gabapentin is an oral antiepileptic agent with a proven analgesic effect in various traumatic neuropathic pain syndromes. We retrospectively examined the analgesic effect of gabapentin on non‐dental and non‐traumatic orofacial neuropathic pain.

Subjects and methods: This study included 12 patients. All patients showed an excessive response to noxious (hyperalgesia) and/or innocuous (allodynia) stimuli in the affected region. Gabapentin therapy was initiated with a dosage of 200–600 mg/day. Pain intensity was assessed using a modified numerical rating scale (m‐NRS) (0, no pain; 10, pain equal to that experienced on the day gabapentin therapy was initiated). In addition, the side effects were also recorded.

Results: All the patients had received medications for their pain prior to referral, but the drugs failed to provide adequate relief from their neuropathic pain. The m‐NRS scores for all patients started decreasing within 7 days after internal use was initiated. The average time taken for the m‐NRS score to decrease to half was 3.3 (1.7) days. Side effects were observed in 2 patients.

Conclusion: We concluded that gabapentin therapy is efficacious for the treatment of orofacial neuropathic pain in selected patients.
Symmetric presentations of Coxeter groups
Authors: Fairbairn Ben
Published: June 2011

We apply the techniques of symmetric generation to establish the standard presentations of the finite simply laced irreducible finite Coxeter groups, that is, the Coxeter groups of typesAn,DnandEn, and show that these are naturally arrived at purely through consideration of certain natural actions of symmetric groups. We go on to use these techniques to provide explicit representations of these groups.
Some algebras of symmetric analytic functions and their spectra
Authors: Chernega Iryna , Galindo Pablo , Zagorodnyuk Andriy
Published: June 2011

In the spectrum of the algebra of symmetric analytic functions of bounded type on ℓp, 1 ≤ p < +∞, and along the same lines as the general non-symmetric case, we define and study a convolution operation and give a formula for the ‘radius’ function. It is also proved that the algebra of analytic functions of bounded type on ℓ1 is isometrically isomorphic to an algebra of symmetric analytic functions on a polydisc of ℓ1. We also consider the existence of algebraic projections between algebras of symmetric polynomials and the corresponding subspace of subsymmetric polynomials.
Spatial Inequity and National Territory: Remapping 1905 in Bengal and Assam
Authors: LUDDEN DAVID
Published: June 2011

In 1905, Viceroy Nathaniel Curzon applied well-worn principles of imperial order to reorganize northeastern regions of British India, bringing the entire Meghna-Brahmaputra river basin into one new administrative territory: the province of Eastern Bengal and Assam. He thereby launched modern territorial politics in South Asia by provoking an expansive and ultimately victorious nationalist agitation to unify Bengal and protect India's territorial integrity. This movement and its economic programme (swadeshi) expressed Indian nationalist opposition to imperial inequity. It established a permanent spatial frame for Indian national thought. It also expressed and naturalized spatial inequity inside India, which was increasing at the time under economic globalization. Spatial inequities in the political economy of uneven development have animated territorial politics in South Asia ever since. A century later, another acceleration of globalization is again increasing spatial inequity, again destabilizing territorial order, as nationalists naturalize spatial inequity in national territory and conflicts erupt from the experience of living in disadvantaged places. Remapping 1905 in the long twentieth century which connects these two periods of globalization, spanning eras of empire and nation, reveals spatial dynamics of modernity concealed by national maps and brings to light a transnational history of spatial inequity shared by Bangladesh and Northeast India.
The structure of depression, anxiety and somatic symptoms in primary care
Authors: Simms L. J. , Prisciandaro J. J. , Krueger R. F. , Goldberg D. P.
Published: June 2011

Background

Observed co-morbidity among the mood and anxiety disorders has led to the development of increasingly sophisticated dimensional models to represent the common and unique features of these disorders. Patients often present to primary care settings with a complex mixture of anxiety, depression and somatic symptoms. However, relatively little is known about how somatic symptoms fit into existing dimensional models.

Method

We examined the structure of 91 anxiety, depression and somatic symptoms in a sample of 5433 primary care patients drawn from 14 countries. One-, two- and three-factor lower-order models were considered; higher-order and hierarchical variants were studied for the best-fitting lower-order model.

Results

A hierarchical, bifactor model with all symptoms loading simultaneously on a general factor, along with one of three specific anxiety, depression and somatic factors, was the best-fitting model. The general factor accounted for the bulk of symptom variance and was associated with psychosocial dysfunction. Specific depression and somatic symptom factors accounted for meaningful incremental variance in diagnosis and dysfunction, whereas anxiety variance was associated primarily with the general factor.

Conclusions

The results (a) are consistent with previous studies showing the presence and importance of a broad internalizing or distress factor linking diverse emotional disorders, and (b) extend the bounds of internalizing to include somatic complaints with non-physical etiologies.
Depressive symptom dimensions and cardiac prognosis following myocardial infarction: results from the ENRICHD clinical trial
Authors: Bekke-Hansen S. , Trockel M. , Burg M. M. , Taylor C. Barr
Published: June 2011

Background

Depression following myocardial infarction (MI) independently increases risk for early cardiac morbidity and mortality. Studies suggest that somatic, but not cognitive, depressive symptoms are responsible for the increased risk. However, the effects of somatic depressive symptoms at follow-up, after sufficient time has elapsed to allow for physical recovery from the initial infarction, are not known. Our aim was to examine the relationship between cognitive and somatic depressive symptom dimensions at baseline and 12 months post-MI and subsequent mortality and cardiovascular morbidity.

Method

Patients were 2442 depressed and/or socially isolated men and women with acute MI included in the Enhancing Recovery in Coronary Heart Disease (ENRICHD) clinical trial. We used principal components analysis (PCA) of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) items to derive subscales measuring cognitive and somatic depressive symptom dimensions, and Cox regression with Bonferroni correction for multiple testing to examine the contribution of these dimensions to all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and first recurrent non-fatal MI.

Results

After adjusting for medical co-morbidity and Bonferroni correction, the somatic depressive symptom dimension assessed proximately following MI did not significantly predict any endpoints. At 12 months post-MI, however, this dimension independently predicted subsequent all-cause [hazard ratio (HR) 1.43, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.13–1.81] and cardiovascular mortality (HR 1.60, 95% CI 1.17–2.18). No significant associations were found between the cognitive depressive symptom dimension and any endpoints after Bonferroni correction.

Conclusions

Somatic symptoms of depression at 12 months post-MI in patients at increased psychosocial risk predicted subsequent mortality. Psychosocial interventions aimed at improving cardiac prognosis may be enhanced by targeting somatic depressive symptoms, with particular attention to somatic symptom severity at 12 months post-MI.
Acquisition of compound words in Chinese–English bilingual children: Decomposition and cross-language activation
Authors: CHENG CHENXI , WANG MIN , PERFETTI CHARLES A.
Published: June 2011

This study investigated compound processing and cross-language activation in a group of Chinese–English bilingual children, and they were divided into four groups based on the language proficiency levels in their two languages. A lexical decision task was designed using compound words in both languages. The compound words in one language contained two free constituent morphemes that mapped onto the desired translations in the other language, such as tooth(牙) brush(刷).Two types of compound words were included: transparent (e.g., toothbrush) and opaque (e.g., deadline) words. Results showed that children were more accurate in judging semantically transparent compounds in English. The lexicality of translated compounds in Chinese affected lexical judgment accuracy on English compounds, independent of semantic transparency and language proficiency. Implications for compound processing and bilingual lexicon models are discussed.
The Witch-Hunting Vanguard: The Central Secretariat's Roles and Activities in the Anti-Rightist Campaign
Authors: Chung Yen-lin
Published: June 2011

When the king went astray, the people suffered for it. Just as a wayward king needed loyal and capable courtiers to implement his wishes, so too did Mao Zedong in the People's Republic of China. The Anti-Rightist Campaign was one of Mao's controversial policies, and involved him delegating his trusted followers to implement his political initiatives. This article examines how the Central Secretariat, led by Deng Xiaoping, effectively implemented and strictly supervised the process, as well as the negative influences of the Central Secretariat on this witch-hunt-like campaign. It thus provides a case study of how the Central Secretariat operated and functioned as a powerful political apparatus in the political processes of the Chinese Communist Party during the pre-Cultural Revolution period.
Irregular plurals in Brazilian Portuguese: An exemplar model approach
Authors: Huback Ana Paula
Published: June 2011

This paper discusses a group of Brazilian Portuguese plurals that end with the nasal diphthong [–ão] in their singular form. When pluralized, these words can take three plural forms: [–ões], [–ãos], or [–ães]. Each of these words has an etymological source that defines which morpheme should be applied to the plural form. However, in some cases, a different plural form is used instead of the etymological one. A set of psycholinguistic experiments was carried out with Brazilian Portuguese speakers. The goal was to analyze whether token or type frequency affects the choice of plural form for these words. The results show an interaction between type and token frequency, in the sense that type frequency serves as the basis for analogy, and token frequency can determine which words will be affected by the variation.
What do Religious Believers Believe?
Authors: Norman Richard
Published: June 2011

A common response to Richard Dawkins' assault on religious belief has been that he is attacking a straw man. The beliefs of religious believers, so the protest goes, are not as crude and simplistic as the ones which he attributes to them. Here is Terry Eagleton's comment to that effect:

Imagine someone holding forth on biology whose only knowledge of the subject is the Book of British Birds, and you have a rough idea of what it feels like to read Richard Dawkins on theology. Card-carrying rationalists like Dawkins…invariably come up with vulgar caricatures of religious faith that would make a first-year theology student wince.
The role of AGN jets and intracluster magnetic fields in the formation and acceleration of cosmic rays
Authors: Gizani Nectaria A. B.
Published: June 2011

Using radio and X-ray data of two powerful radio galaxies, we attempt to find out the role that radio jets (in terms of composition and power), as well as intracluster magnetic fields, play in the formation, propagation, and acceleration of cosmic rays. For this study we have selected the powerful radio galaxies Hercules A and 3C 310 because of the presence of ring-like features in their kpc-scale radio emission instead of the usual hotspots. These two FR1.5 lie at the center of galaxy cooling flow clusters in a dense environment. We observed the unique jets of Hercules both in kpc-scales (multifrequency VLA data) and pc-scales (EVN observations at 18 cm). We have also observed the core and inner jets of 3C310 at 18 cm using global VLBI. We report on the work in progress.
Searching for radio relics and halos. Their role in the formation and acceleration of extragalactic cosmic rays
Authors: Gizani Nectaria A. B.
Published: June 2011

We search for extended regions of radio emission not associated with Active Galactic Nuclei, known as ‘relics’, ‘halos’ and ‘mini halos’, in a sample of 70 Abell clusters for which we have radio, optical and X-ray data. AGN can produce particle bubbles of non-thermal emission, which can restrict cosmic rays. Hence, radio relics and (mini) halos could be forming as a result of the confinement of cosmic rays by these bubbles. We are probing the role that intracluster magnetic fields (using Faraday rotation measure and inverse compton arguments), mergers (through radio/X-ray interactions), cooling flows (X-ray data), radio jets/shocks, as well as radio (mini) halos/relics, play in the formation, acceleration, and propagation of cosmic rays. For the current study, we have selected two powerful nearby radio galaxies from our sample: Hercules A and 3C 388. We report on the work in progress and future plans.
Precessing AGN jets, bubbles and cooling flows
Authors: Falceta-Gonçalves D. , Caproni A. , Abraham Z. , de Gouveia Dal Pino E. M. , Teixeira D. M.
Published: June 2011

Several galaxy clusters are known to present multiple and misaligned pairs of cavities seen in X-rays, as well as twisted kiloparsec-scale jets at radio wavelengths. It suggests that the AGN precessing jets play a role in the formation of the misaligned bubbles. Also, X-ray spectra reveal that typically these systems are also able to supress cooling flows, predicted theoretically. The absence of cooling flows in galaxy clusters has been a mistery for many years since numerical simulations and analytical studies suggest that AGN jets are highly energetic, but are unable to redistribute it at all directions. We performed 3D hydrodynamical simulations of the interaction between a precessing AGN jet and the warm intracluster medium plasma, in which dynamics is coupled to a NFW dark matter gravitational potential. Radiative cooling has been taken into account and the cooling flow problem was studied. We found that precession is responsible for multiple pairs of bubbles, as observed. The misaligned bubbles rise up to scales of tens of kiloparsecs, where the thermal energy released by the jets are redistributed. After ~150 Myrs, the temperature of the gas within the cavities is kept of order of ~107 K, while the denser plasma of the intracluster medium at the central regions reaches T ~ 105 K. The existence of multiple bubbles, at diferent directions, results in an integrated temperature along the line of sight much larger than the simulations of non-precessing jets. This result is in agreement with the observations. The simulations reveal that the cooling flows cessed ~50–70 Myr after the AGN jets are started.
Determinants of inter-annual variation in the area burnt in a semiarid African savanna
Authors: Mulqueeny C. M. , Goodman P. S. , O'Connor T. G.
Published: June 2011

Fire is a key driver of savannas. It was predicted that the area of a summer-rainfall savanna burnt per annum should depend on the amount of fuel, which depends on variable grass production resulting from variable rainfall, ‘carry-over’ from the preceding season and attrition of fuel by herbivores. Most fires occur during the dry season, thus the amount of green growth resulting from occasional winter rainfall could influence fuel combustibility and therefore the area burnt. These predictions were examined with a 37-year (1963–99) data set for Mkuzi Game Reserve, South Africa. Total area burnt was related to wet season rainfall separately for years with a ‘wet’ dry season or a ‘dry’ dry season. Against prediction, the amount of dry-season rainfall had no influence on the total area burnt. For years with a ‘dry’ dry season, rainfall of the preceding wet season had an additional influence. Herbivore density had no influence. A dry-season burn was twice as large as a wet-season burn, and the largest burns were the most intense. Monitoring of wet season rainfall is sufficient for planning burning programs. Intense, large fires can be achieved for control of bush encroachment following 2 or more successive years of high rainfall.
Defining fire spread event days for fire-growth modelling
Authors: Podur Justin , Wotton B. Mike
Published: June 2011

Forest fire managers have long understood that most of a fire’s growth typically occurs on a small number of days when burning conditions are conducive for spread. Fires either grow very slowly at low intensity or burn considerable area in a ‘run’. A simple classification of days into ‘spread events’ and ‘non-spread events’ can greatly improve estimates of area burned. Studies with fire-growth models suggest that the Canadian Forest Fire Behaviour Prediction System (FBP System) seems to predict growth well during high-intensity ‘spread events’ but tends to overpredict rate of spread for non-spread events. In this study, we provide an objective weather-based definition of ‘spread events’, making it possible to assess the probability of having a spread event on any particular day. We demonstrate the benefit of incorporating this ‘spread event’ day concept into a fire-growth model based on the Canadian FBP System.
Great tit (Parus major) breeding in fire-prone oak woods: differential effects of post-fire conditions on reproductive stages
Authors: Bellia Enrico , Campobello Daniela , Sarà Maurizio
Published: June 2011

Wildfires negatively affect the overall reproductive success of several woodland avian species, but there is scarce information about which stages of the nesting cycle are specifically affected. We conducted a 3-year study to identify the effects of fire on the reproductive parameters of the great tit (Parus major) and the survival of its nests at different stages of the nesting cycle. We recorded the occupancy rate, clutch and brood size, hatching, fledging and nesting success in nest boxes placed on study plots with different post-fire age. By examining the post-fire succession, we analysed the survival of eggs and nestlings under predation risks. As the forest matured after a wildfire, tits occupied more nest boxes and laid more eggs that suffered less predation than in earlier successional stages. Although the incubation fate improved at each step of succession, the conditions to fully raise nestlings seemed to be suitable only in the oldest woods. Our findings indicate that the population dynamics of a reputed generalist avian species may be affected by fire. Furthermore, the effects of wildfires on stage-specific reproductive parameters show that an avian species that inhabits woodlands regains its full productivity only when its habitat has completely recovered from fire.
The art of learning: wildfire, amenity migration and local environmental knowledge
Authors: Eriksen Christine , Prior Timothy
Published: June 2011

Communicating the need to prepare well in advance of the wildfire season is a strategic priority for wildfire management agencies worldwide. However, there is considerable evidence to suggest that although these agencies invest significant effort towards this objective in the lead up to each wildfire season, landholders in at-risk locations often remain under-prepared. One reason for the poor translation of risk information materials into actual preparation may be attributed to the diversity of people now inhabiting wildfire-prone locations in peri-urban landscapes. These people hold widely varying experiences, beliefs, attitudes and values relating to wildfire, which influence their understanding and interpretation of risk messages – doing so within the constraints of their individual contexts. This paper examines the diversity of types of local environmental knowledge (LEK) present within wildfire-prone landscapes affected by amenity-led in-migration in south-east Australia. It investigates the ways people learn and form LEK of wildfire, and how this affects the ability of at-risk individuals to interpret and act on risk communication messages. We propose a practical framework that complements existing risk education mechanisms with engagement and interaction techniques (agency–community and within community) that can utilise LEK most effectively and facilitate improved community-wide learning about wildfire and wildfire preparedness.
The transferability of a dNBR-derived model to predict burn severity across 10 wildland fires in western Canada
Authors: Soverel Nicholas O. , Coops Nicholas C. , Perrakis Daniel D. B. , Daniels Lori D. , Gergel Sarah E.
Published: June 2011

Wildfire is a complex and critical ecological process that is an integral component of western Canadian terrestrial ecosystems. Therefore, Canadian land management agencies such as Parks Canada require detailed burn severity data for the monitoring and managing of both wildland and prescribed fires. In order to gather this type of information for our study, the acquisition of Landsat imagery was acquired and the differenced Normalised Burn Ratio was computed, a technique that has been shown to be sensitive to field measured burn severity. It is less known if this technique can be transferred and extrapolated over space and time so as to make routine and operational application of the approach feasible. To answer this question, we combined burn severity data from 10 fires across western Canada to test the transferability of an overall model as well as one stratified by land cover and ecozone. Finally, we tested the statistical benefit of incorporating pre- and post-fire data directly into the statistical model using transformations of the remote sensing imagery. Our results indicated that an overall differenced Normalised Burn Ratio derived model successfully estimated burn severity for the majority of fires in the study, which supports its transferability across multiple western Canadian landscapes.
Emergent learning in successive activities
Authors: Schwarz Baruch , Perret-Clermont Anne-Nelly , Trognon Alain , Marro Pascale
Published: June 2011

The present study focuses on the observation of learning processes as they emerge in the context of conversations among two students in three successive tasks designed to foster conceptual change in proportional reasoning. The three tasks were set according to a pre-test treatment post-test paradigm. In the pre-test and the post-test tasks, the two students solved individually several items in the presence of an experimenter. In the treatment task, the two students worked as a dyad to solve similar items; they used a balance to check their conclusions and subsequently continued solving the items when the weighing did not match their expectations. We adopt a micro-genetic approach and develop new analytical tools to observe what happened in the conversation (both socially and cognitively). Throughout the three successive tasks, we observed the interplay between tools, peers, experimenter, and task demands and how they are managed through the rules of conversation. We identified four processes that involved the emergence of new high-order strategies from coordinated actions distributed among peers, the guidance of the experimenter in coordinating actions, and ways the participation in solving a previous task was actualized in a successive one.