bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How an election loss leads to a social movement: Reactions to the 2016 U.S. presidential election among liberals predict later collective action and social movement identification
Authors: Bilali Rezarta , Godfrey Erin Brooke , Freel Samuel Hansen
Published: June 2019

Donald J. Trump's 2016 presidential election victory spurred strong reactions and unprecedented collective action in the American Left. Taking advantage of the political climate in the wake of the election, this study examined whether the main antecedents of collective action (anger, political identification, and efficacy beliefs) in the immediate aftermath of the election loss for the American Left predicted varying types of collective action and social movement identification one month into Trump's presidency, and whether these factors in turn fuel anger and influence efficacy beliefs. Data collected from 913 self‐identified liberal Clinton supporters at two time points (respectively, 7–10 days following the election and one month into Trump's presidency) revealed that political identification, anger, and efficacy to oppose Trump at Time 1 predicted engagement in collective action during the first month of Trump's presidency as well as higher identification with the emerging movement. While efficacy to oppose Trump predicted higher social movement identification, efficacy to change hearts and minds predicted lower social movement identification. We also examined the iterative processes of collective action, showing that the anger route was more central to galvanizing collective action than the efficacy route. These findings extend collective action research to contexts of emerging social movements following electoral processes.
Prospective two‐year study of clinical outcomes following epithelium‐off pulsed versus continuous accelerated corneal crosslinking for keratoconus
Authors: Ziaei Mohammed , Gokul Akilesh , Vellara Hans , Meyer Jay , Patel Dipika , McGhee Charles N. J.
Published: June 2019

Importance

Keratoconus is a debilitating condition with a disproportionately high impact on health resources and vision‐specific quality of life.

Background

This study aimed to compare 2‐year outcomes of epithelium‐off pulsed (p‐ACXL) and epithelium‐off continuous (c‐ACXL) accelerated corneal crosslinking in progressive keratoconus.

Design

Prospective, interventional case series.

Participants

Eighty eyes of 80 patients were included.

Methods

The visual, refractive and tomographic results of the two crosslinking protocols were compared.

Main Outcome Measures

Uncorrected distance visual acuity, corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), manifest refraction spherical equivalent (MRSE) and maximum keratometry (KMAX) on corneal tomography assessment.

Results

The mean patient age was 22.51 ± 6.12 years (SD) and 22.08 ± 5.72 years in the p‐ACXL and c‐ACXL groups, respectively. The mean CDVA significantly improved from 0.30 ± 0.16 logMAR at baseline to 0.23 ± 0.17 logMAR at 24 months (P = .04) in the p‐ACXL group and from 0.36 ± 0.22 logMAR to 0.26 ± 0.27 logMAR (P = .02) in the c‐ACXL group. The mean induced change in MRSE (+1.79 ± 2.30 D vs +0.27 ± 3.19 D, P = .04) and KMAX (−1.75 ± 1.80 D vs −0.39 ± 1.95 D, P = .04) were superior in the c‐ACXL group compared to the p‐ACXL group at 24 months. No complications were encountered.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this prospective study, both p‐ACXL and c‐ACXL treatments were safe methods to halt the progression of keratoconus within a follow‐up period of 24 months. c‐ACXL appeared to offer superior refractive and tomographic outcomes when compared to p‐ACXL but this did not translate into better visual outcomes.
No significant association of type 2 diabetes‐related genetic risk scores with glycated haemoglobin levels after initiating metformin or sulphonylurea derivatives
Authors: Martono Doti P. , Heerspink Hiddo J.L. , Hak Eelko , Denig Petra , Wilffert Bob
Published: June 2019

Aim

To explore the added value of diabetes‐related genetic risk scores (GRSs) to readily available clinical variables in the prediction of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels after initiation of glucose‐regulating drugs.

Materials and methods

We conducted a cohort study in people with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) from the Groningen Initiative to Analyse Type 2 Diabetes Treatment (GIANTT) database who initiated metformin (MET) or sulphonylurea derivatives (SUs) and for whom blood samples were genotyped. The primary outcome was HbA1c level at 6 months, adjusted for baseline HbA1c. GRSs were based on single nucleotide polymorphisms linked to insulin sensitivity, β‐cell activity, and T2DM risk in general. Associations were analysed using multiple linear regression to assess whether adding the GRSs increased the explained variance in a prediction model that included age, gender, diabetes duration and cardio‐metabolic biomarkers.

Results

We included 282 patients initiating MET and 89 patients initiating SUs. In the MET prediction model, diabetes duration of >3 months when starting MET was associated with 2.7‐mmol/mol higher HbA1c level. For SUs, no significant clinical predictors were identified. Addition of the GRS linked to insulin sensitivity (for MET), β‐cell activity (for SUs) and T2DM risk (for both) to the models did not improve the explained variance significantly (22% without vs. 22% with GRS) for the MET and (14% without vs. 14% with GRS) for the SUs model, respectively.

Conclusion

This study did not indicate a significant effect of GRS related to T2DM in general or to the drugs' mechanism of action for prediction of inter‐individual HbA1c variability in the short term after initiation of MET or SU therapy.
DOES PUBLIC ATTENTION REDUCE THE INFLUENCE OF MONEYED INTERESTS? POLICY POSITIONS ON SOPA/PIPA BEFORE AND AFTER THE INTERNET BLACKOUT
Authors: Matter Ulrich , Stutzer Alois
Published: June 2019

We investigate the role of public attention in determining the effect that campaign contributions by interest groups have on legislators' policy positions. We exploit the shock in public attention induced by the Internet service blackout of January 2012 that increased the salience of the Stop Online Piracy Act/Protect IP Act (SOPA/PIPA) bills aimed at stronger protection of property rights on the Internet. Using a new dataset of U.S. congressmen's public statements, we find a strong statistical relationship between campaign contributions funded by the affected industries and legislators' positions. However, this relationship evaporates once the two bills become primary policy issues. Our results are consistent with the notion that legislators choose positions on secondary policy issues in order to cater to organized interests, whereas positions on primary policy issues are driven by electoral support. (JEL D72, L82, L86)
A review of the abundance, behaviour and detection of clostridial pathogens in agricultural soils
Authors: Palmer Joseph S. , Hough Rupert L. , West Helen M. , Avery Lisa M.
Published: June 2019

The soil is a reservoir for various clostridial pathogens, with agricultural soils representing a major source of contamination for overlying crops and grazing livestock. Understanding the prevalence and behaviour of pathogens in these soils is fundamental to ascertaining and mitigating the risk of disease from agroecosystems. This article reviews research pertaining to the overall distribution and abundance of clostridial pathogens in the soil while identifying possible environmental and soil factors influencing their behaviour. Large‐scale soil screens have identified pathogens across the globe, although some Clostridium botulinum toxinotypes are more prevalent in certain geographic regions. Faecal inputs and organic waste amendments to the soil can elevate the levels of enteric clostridial pathogens in the soil and the subsequent disease risk, as highlighted by case–control studies. The ability of Clostridia to sporulate results in their long‐term persistence post‐introduction, increasing the time period for disease transmission. Regularly or permanently saturated soils may also enhance survival, or potentially facilitate the regrowth of some indigenous or introduced Clostridia. This is supported by the high prevalence of Clostridia in paddy soils, greater detection of pathogens in flooded soils, and the higher onset of some clostridial diseases in regions with poorly drained soils. Future research should elucidate soil types and environmental conditions which can enhance pathogen survival/regrowth. The adoption of molecular and sequencing technologies for future diagnostics can facilitate more sensitive detection and a higher resolution of pathogen typing, allowing a better understanding of pathogen population dynamics in farm soils and disease epidemiology.

Highlights

Understanding the behaviour of soil‐borne clostridial pathogens is key for disease management.

Soil, environmental and management factors affecting pathogen survival/introduction are discussed.

Soil waterlogging and application of organic soil amendments may increase the number of soil pathogens.

More pathogen surveillance and standardisation of diagnostics to better understand behaviour is needed.
COPPADIS‐2015 (COhort of Patients with PArkinson's DIsease in Spain, 2015): an ongoing global Parkinson's disease project about disease progression with more than 1000 subjects included. Results from the baseline evaluation
Authors: Santos García D. , Jesús S. , Aguilar M. , Planellas L. L. , García Caldentey J. , Caballol N. , Legarda I. , Hernández Vara J. , Cabo I. , López Manzanares L. , González Aramburu I. , Ávila Rivera M. A. , Catalán M. J. , López Díaz L. , Puente V. , García Moreno J. M. , Borrué C. , Solano Vila B. , Álvarez Sauco M. , Vela L. , Escalante S. , Cubo E. , Carrillo Padilla F. , Martínez Castrillo J. C. , Sánchez Alonso P. , Alonso Losada M. G. , López Ariztegui N. , Gastón I. , Kulisevsky J. , Menéndez González M. , Seijo M. , Rúiz Martínez J. , Valero C. , Kurtis M. , de Fábregues‐Boixar O. , González Ardura J. , Prieto Jurczynska C. , Martinez‐Martin P. , Mir P. ,   on behalf of the COPPADIS Study Group
Published: June 2019

Background and purpose

In Parkinson's disease (PD), the course of the disorder is highly variable between patients. Well‐designed, prospective studies for identifying PD progression biomarkers are necessary. Our aim was to show the results of baseline evaluations of an ongoing global PD project, COPPADIS‐2015 (Cohort of Patients with PArkinson's DIsease in Spain, 2015).

Methods

This was an observational, descriptive, nationwide study (Spain). The recruitment period ended in October 2017. Baseline evaluation included more than 15 validated scales and complementary studies in a subgroup of participants.

Results

In total, 1174 subjects from 35 centres were considered valid for baseline analysis: 694 patients (62.6 ± 8.9 years old, 60.3% males), 273 caregivers (58.5 ± 11.9 years old, 31.8% males) and 207 controls (61 ± 8.3 years old, 49.5% males). The mean disease duration was 5.5 ± 4.4 years. Hoehn and Yahr stage was 1 or 2 in 90.7% of the patients whilst 33.9% and 18.1% of them presented motor fluctuations and dyskinesias, respectively. The mean Non‐Motor Symptoms Scale total score was 45.4 ± 38.1, and 30.4% of the patients presented cognitive impairment, 16.1% major depression, 12.7% impulse control disorder, 7.2% compulsive behaviour, 57.2% pain and 13.2% falls. Compared to the control group, PD patients presented a significantly higher burden of non‐motor symptoms and a worse quality of life. More than 300 subjects conducted complementary studies (serum biomarkers, genetic and neuroimaging).

Conclusions

Parkinson's disease is a complex disorder and different non‐motor symptoms are frequently present and are more prevalent than in controls. In real clinical practice it is important to ask for them.
Phenotypic selection under two contrasting environments in wild sunflower and its crop–wild hybrid
Authors: Presotto Alejandro , Hernández Fernando , Mercer Kristin L.
Published: June 2019

Hybridization is a common phenomenon in plants and can lead to the introgression of alleles from one population into another, generate new hybrid lineages, or cause species extinction. The environmental conditions and the genetic background of the participating populations may influence these outcomes since they can affect the fitness of hybrids, thereby increasing or decreasing the chances of introgression. Thus, it is important to understand the context‐dependent prospects for introgression of alleles into diverse populations and under multiple ecological environments. Crop–wild hybridization presents an opportunity to explore these dynamics in agroecosystems. To this end, we used diverse wild and hybrid sunflowers from across the northern United States as a basis for evaluating variation in morphological traits and assessing context‐dependent selection. These crop–wild hybrids and their wild counterparts were grown under agricultural conditions in the field with and without wheat competition. Interactions between origin and cross type affected expression of early functional traits, while interactions between competition and cross type acted on reproductive traits. A smattering of early and reproductive traits was affected by interactions between cross type and competition that varied by origin (i.e., 3‐way interactions). Seven functional traits, especially number of branches and tertiary head diameter, underwent net and direct directional selection, while six out of these seven traits appear to also be experiencing nonlinear selection dynamics. In general, wild‐like traits were favored under both sets of conditions, while, under wheat competition, some crop‐like traits related to fast growth and primary head diameter became important. These data reaffirm the hypothesis that stressful conditions establish a scenario more suitable for crop introgression and clarify that nonlinear selection dynamics may play a role in this process.
Developing the Shanghai online games industry: A multi‐scalar institutional perspective
Authors: Gong Huiwen , Hassink Robert
Published: June 2019

In recent decades, while place‐based policies and local development have attracted the interest of institutional economic geography, the issue of features of certain industries and how they are shaping and shaped by institutions at multiple spatial scales, has not been taken up sufficiently. This paper, based on a local creative industry—the Shanghai online games industry, which is an essential part of the new media sector, takes issue with it. It explores two aspects, namely how multi‐scalar institutions relate and influence the development of the online games industry in Shanghai and how local firms and entrepreneurs affect local and national institutions. It shows that the three aspects that are related to media sector in general and games industry in particular (i.e., cultural influence, technological significance, and economic value) matter much as they have resulted in diverse industry‐relevant policies and regulations devised by local and national states. Moreover, local firms and entrepreneurs with different capacities and characteristics also differ much in influencing the design of the industry‐specific institutions in the face of institutional voids.
What do we know about the health and health care of people with intellectual disabilities from minority ethnic groups in the United Kingdom? A systematic review
Authors: Robertson Janet , Raghavan Raghu , Emerson Eric , Baines Susannah , Hatton Chris
Published: June 2019

Background

People with from minority ethnic communities face inequalities in health and health care. This systematic review considers the question of what we know about the health and health care of children and adults with intellectual disabilities from ethnic minority communities in the UK.

Method

Studies published from 1990 to 2018 were identified via electronic literature databases, email requests and cross‐citations. Studies were reviewed narratively in relation to identified themes.

Results

Twenty‐three studies were identified, most commonly focusing on South Asian communities. Very little information was identified on physical health or physical health care, with the identified evidence tending to focus on mental health care, access to specialist intellectual disability services, and inpatient services.

Conclusion

Little is known about the health status of people with intellectual disabilities from minority ethnic groups in the UK. It is clear that they may experience barriers to accessing specialist intellectual disability services and other forms of health care.
Impaired early‐phase suppression of glucagon secretion after glucose load is associated with insulin requirement during pregnancy in gestational diabetes
Authors: Horie Ichiro , Haraguchi Ai , Ito Ayako , Nozaki Aya , Natsuda Shoko , Akazawa Satoru , Mori Yoshitaka , Ando Takao , Higashijima Ai , Hasegawa Yuri , Yoshida Atsushi , Miura Kiyonori , Masuzaki Hideaki , Kawakami Atsushi , Abiru Norio
Published: June 2019

Aims/Introduction

The role of glucagon abnormality has recently been reported in type 2 diabetes; however, its role in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is still unknown. The glucose intolerance in GDM is heterogeneous, and not all patients require insulin treatment during pregnancy. Here, we investigated whether glucagon abnormality is associated with the requirement for insulin treatment during pregnancy.

Materials and Methods

A total of 49 pregnant women diagnosed with GDM were enrolled. They underwent a 75‐g oral glucose tolerance test during mid‐gestation, and we measured their plasma glucagon levels (by a new sandwich enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay) at fasting (0 min), and at 30, 60 and 120 min after glucose load in addition to the levels of plasma glucose and serum insulin. All participants underwent another oral glucose tolerance test at postpartum.

Results

Of the 49 patients, 15 required insulin treatment (Insulin group) and 34 were treated with diet therapy alone until delivery (Diet group). The early‐phase glucagon secretion after glucose load, as determined by the changes in glucagon from the baseline to 30 min, was paradoxically augmented during mid‐gestation in the Insulin group, but not in the Diet group. The impaired glucagon suppression during mid‐gestation in the Insulin group was not associated with insulin secretory/sensitivity indexes studied, and was ameliorated postpartum, although the plasma glucose levels remained higher in the Insulin group versus the Diet group.

Conclusions

Impaired early‐phase suppression of glucagon could be associated with the requirement for insulin treatment during pregnancy in patients with GDM.
Gastrointestinal symptoms, gastrointestinal bleeding and the role of diet in patients with autoimmune blistering disease: a survey of the International Pemphigus and Pemphigoid Foundation
Authors: Kneiber D. , Kowalski E.H. , Kridin K. , Yale M.L. , Grando S.A. , Amber K.T.
Published: June 2019

Background

Autoimmune blistering diseases are a group of severe mucocutaneous conditions that typically require the use of prolonged corticosteroids and immunosuppression. Properly managing associated comorbidities is an integral part of these patients’ care. The frequency of gastrointestinal symptoms, particularly gastrointestinal bleeding in these patients, is not known. Likewise, the effect of diet on disease is unknown.

Objective

To determine the incidence of gastrointestinal comorbidities and the role of diet in patients with autoimmune blistering disease.

Methods

We distributed an e‐survey to patients with autoimmune blistering disease utilizing the International Pemphigus and Pemphigoid Foundation's listserv. The incidence of gastrointestinal symptoms and gastrointestinal bleeding were recorded, as were foods avoided and those noted to be beneficial in patients' disease. Historical incidences in the general population were used as controls.

Results

A total of 200 responses were collected. 30.3% of patients experienced gastroesophageal reflux following treatment of their autoimmune blistering disease, with 51.7% utilizing some form of gastrointestinal symptomatic treatment. The incidence of gastrointestinal bleeding following an autoimmune blistering diagnosis was 2.1%, which remained significant despite correction for non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory use (NSAID), but not corticosteroid use. 65.2% of patients reported dietary limitations because of their autoimmune blistering disease. Significant intolerances after correction for multiple comparisons included alcohol, citrus and spicy foods. Greater than 10% of patients reported improvements in their disease with vegetables and dairy.

Conclusions

Gastrointestinal comorbidities are common in patients with autoimmune blistering diseases, with gastrointestinal bleeding occurring in 2.1% of patients following a diagnosis of autoimmune blistering disease. While further work is needed to determine the relative risk of routine gastrointestinal prophylaxis in this population, gastrointestinal bleeding prophylaxis should be considered in patients receiving corticosteroids, particularly those taking NSAIDs. Dietary limitations are additionally frequent in this population. Patients should be cautious of alcohol, citrus and spicy foods.
Frontal fibrosing alopecia: demographic and clinical characteristics of 490 cases
Authors: Kanti V. , Constantinou A. , Reygagne P. , Vogt A. , Kottner J. , Blume‐Peytavi U.
Published: June 2019

Background

Frontal fibrosing alopecia (FFA) is a cicatricial alopecia mostly affecting the frontotemporal hairline. Its aetiology and associated factors remain unclear.

Objective and methods

An observational, cross‐sectional and descriptive study was conducted in France and Germany to identify demographic and health characteristics associated with the severity of FFA.

Results

Of 490 included patients, 95% were female, of which 84% were postmenopausal. Age at onset of FFA symptoms ranged between 15 and 89 years, but diagnosis was frequently delayed up to 24 years. Lichen Planopilaris Activity Index scores were low (median 1.8, IQR 1.0 to 3.5). Thyroid function disorders were reported in 13% of men and 35% of women. Abnormal blood lipid levels were found in 42% of tested men and 47% of women. In the bivariate analyses, LPPAI scores were negatively correlated with abnormal testosterone (rs = −0.775) and oestrogen values (rs = −0.664), regular use of face cleaning products (rs = −0.465), hair colourants (rs = −0.679) and hairspray (rs = −0.500).

Conclusions

The most common comorbidity was thyroid disease, with proportions higher than in the European population, possibly reflecting a role of thyroid hormones in FFA pathogenesis. The association of abnormal testosterone and oestrogen values with lesser disease activity needs to be explored in further studies. Our correlation analyses do not support a role of leave‐on cosmetic products in the pathophysiology of FFA.
Sex differences in the peripubertal response to a short‐term, high‐fat diet intake
Authors: Freire‐Regatillo Alejandra , Fernández‐Gómez María J. , Díaz Francisca , Barrios Vicente , Sánchez‐Jabonero Ismael , Frago Laura M. , Argente Jesús , García‐Segura Luis Miguel , Chowen Julie A.
Published: June 2019

Obesity is one of the most important health problems facing developed countries because being overweight is associated with a higher incidence of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer, as well as other comorbidities. Although increased weight gain results from a combination of poor dietary habits and decreased energy expenditure, not all individuals have equal propensities to gain weight or to develop secondary complications of obesity. This is partially a result not only of genetics, including sex, but also the time during which an individual is exposed to an obesogenic environment. In the present study, we have compared the response of male and female mice to short‐term exposure to a high‐fat diet (HFD) or a low‐fat diet during the peripubertal period (starting at 42 days of age) because this is a stage of dramatic hormonal and metabolic modifications. After 1 week on a HFD, there was no significant increase in body weight, although females significantly increased their energy intake. Serum leptin levels increased in both sexes, even though no change in fat mass was detected. Glyceamia and homeostasis model assessment increased in males, suggesting a rapid change in glucose metabolism. Hypothalamic pro‐opiomelanocortin mRNA levels were significantly higher in females on a HFD compared to all other groups, which may be an attempt to reduce their increased energy intake. Hypothalamic inflammation and gliosis have been implicated in the development of secondary complications of obesity; however, no indication of activation of inflammatory processes or gliosis was found in response to 1 week of HFD in the hypothalamus, hippocampus or cerebellum of these young mice. These results indicate that there are both sex and age effects in the response to poor dietary intake because peripubertal male and female mice respond differently to short‐term dietary changes and this response is different from that reported in adult rodents.
A review and guide to drug‐associated oral adverse effects—Oral mucosal and lichenoid reactions. Part 2
Authors: Teoh Leanne , Moses Geraldine , McCullough Michael J.
Published: June 2019

Dental practitioners and other health professionals commonly encounter and manage adverse medicine effects that manifest in the orofacial region. Numerous medicines are associated with a variety of oral adverse effects. However, due to lack of awareness and training, these side effects are not always associated with medicine use and are underreported to pharmacovigilance agencies by dentists and other health professionals. This article aims to inform health professionals about the various oral adverse effects that can occur and the most commonly implicated drugs to improve the management, recognition and reporting of adverse drug effects. This article follows on from Part 1; however, the focus here is on lichenoid reactions and oral mucosal disorders including oral aphthous‐like ulceration, mucositis and bullous disorders such as drug‐induced pemphigus, pemphigoid, Stevens‐Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis.
Melatonin receptors in Atlantic salmon stimulate cAMP levels in heterologous cell lines and show season‐dependent daily variations in pituitary expression levels
Authors: Ciani Elia , Fontaine Romain , Maugars Gersende , Mizrahi Naama , Mayer Ian , Levavi‐Sivan Berta , Weltzien Finn‐Arne
Published: June 2019

The hormone melatonin connects environmental cues, such as photoperiod and temperature, with a number of physiological and behavioural processes, including seasonal reproduction, through binding to their cognate receptors. This study reports the structural, functional and physiological characterization of five high‐affinity melatonin receptors (Mtnr1aaα, Mtnr1aaβ, Mtnr1ab, Mtnr1al, Mtnr1b) in Atlantic salmon. Phylogenetic analysis clustered salmon melatonin receptors into three monophyletic groups, Mtnr1A, Mtnr1Al and Mtnr1B, but no functional representative of the Mtnr1C group. Contrary to previous studies in vertebrates, pharmacological characterization of four receptors in COS‐7, CHO and SH‐SY5Y cell lines (Mtnr1Aaα, Mtnr1Aaβ, Mtnr1Ab, Mtnr1B) showed induction of intracellular cAMP levels following 2‐iodomelatonin or melatonin exposure. No consistent response was measured after N‐acetyl‐serotonin or serotonin exposure. Melatonin receptor genes were expressed at all levels of the hypothalamo‐pituitary‐gonad axis, with three genes (mtnr1aaβ, mtnr1ab and mtnr1b) detected in the pituitary. Pituitary receptors displayed daily fluctuations in mRNA levels during spring, prior to the onset of gonadal maturation, but not in autumn, strongly implying a direct involvement of melatonin in seasonal processes regulated by the pituitary. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of cAMP induction mediated via melatonin receptors in a teleost species.
Being other: Intersubjectivity, allocentrism and the possible
Authors: Glaveanu Vlad Petre
Published: June 2019

This paper engages with the issues of intersubjectivity by raising three main questions about it: What is the status of the other and of the perspective of the other? How would a social ontology that starts from the other look like? and What is the relation between intersubjectivity and the possible? In addressing these questions, I propose four main approaches to self–other relations, each one focused on a different set of theories of intersubjectivity: cognitive (being self), pragmatist (becoming other), dialogical (becoming self), and allocentric (being other). Their main premises, processes, theories and proponents, as well as implications for ethics and the emergence of novelty, are reflected on in turn. Allocentrism emerges as a useful way to shift the focus from self to other in discussions of intersubjectivity, as an ontological condition of the possible, but also as a difficult position to adopt in practice, particularly in polarized societies.
Identification of a meteoritic component using chromium isotopic composition of impact rocks from the Lonar impact structure, India
Authors: Mougel Berengere , Moynier Frederic , Koeberl Christian , Wielandt Daniel , Bizzarro Martin
Published: June 2019

The existence of mass‐independent chromium isotope variability of nucleosynthetic origin in meteorites and their components provides a means to investigate potential genetic relationship between meteorites and planetary bodies. Moreover, chromium abundances are depleted in most surficial terrestrial rocks relative to chondrites such that Cr isotopes are a powerful tool to detect the contribution of various types of extra‐terrestrial material in terrestrial impactites. This approach can thus be used to constrain the nature of the bolide resulting in breccia and melt rocks in terrestrial impact structures. Here, we report the Cr isotope composition of impact rocks from the ~0.57 Ma Lonar crater (India), which is the best‐preserved impact structure excavated in basaltic target rocks. Results confirm the presence of a chondritic component in several bulk rock samples of up to 3%. The impactor that created the Lonar crater had a composition that was most likely similar to that of carbonaceous chondrites, possibly a CM‐type chondrite.
An Adversarial Risk Analysis Framework for Cybersecurity
Authors: Rios Insua David , Couce‐Vieira Aitor , Rubio Jose A. , Pieters Wolter , Labunets Katsiaryna , G. Rasines Daniel
Published: June 2019

Risk analysis is an essential methodology for cybersecurity as it allows organizations to deal with cyber threats potentially affecting them, prioritize the defense of their assets, and decide what security controls should be implemented. Many risk analysis methods are present in cybersecurity models, compliance frameworks, and international standards. However, most of them employ risk matrices, which suffer shortcomings that may lead to suboptimal resource allocations. We propose a comprehensive framework for cybersecurity risk analysis, covering the presence of both intentional and nonintentional threats and the use of insurance as part of the security portfolio. A simplified case study illustrates the proposed framework, serving as template for more complex problems.
A Stochastic Model with Penalized Coefficients for Spatial Price Comparisons: An Application to Regional Price Indexes in Italy
Authors: Montero José‐María , Laureti Tiziana , Mínguez Román , Fernández‐Avilés Gema
Published: June 2019

This paper focuses on a new strand of research that uses stochastic approach for making spatial price comparisons. We propose a novel method to account for the presence of spatial dependencies in consumer prices and consequently in price indexes by imposing penalization conditions on the estimation of traditional CPD models leading to the spatially‐penalized country‐product‐dummy (SP‐CPD) model. The paper proposes an appropriate estimation strategy, which enables us to simultaneously estimate all the parameters in the model, including the smoothing parameter of the penalization term instead of determining it externally. In order to estimate spatial price indexes for areas lacking in price data, we suggest applying the kriging methodology to the price indexes obtained from the SP‐CPD model. This new approach is applied to official Italian CPI data for constructing regional spatial price indexes for 2014. The results show that price levels are higher in the Northern‐Central regions than in the South.
Measuring Economic Insecurity Using a Counting Approach. An Application to Three EU Countries
Authors: Romaguera‐de‐la‐Cruz Marina
Published: June 2019

In this paper, we propose the use of a multidimensional approach to the measurement of economic insecurity in three European countries. We combine six different unidimensional indicators proxying the subjective and objective determinants of economic insecurity into a single index based on a counting approach method, which allows us to measure the incidence and the intensity of the phenomenon. Using longitudinal data from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU‐SILC) from 2008 to 2016, we find that the incidence of insecurity falls as income grows, being significantly present in middle‐income households both in Spain and France but not in Sweden. Interestingly, in all three countries, the contribution of different dimensions to insecurity changes as household income grows, while for all income levels a higher education and being employed in a non‐fixed term contract are strongly related to a lower probability of being economically insecure.
Human T‐Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 and associated diseases in Latin America
Authors: Eusebio‐Ponce Emiliana , Candel Francisco Javier , Anguita Eduardo
Published: June 2019

This narrative review, which is based on a systematic literature search following the PRISMA guidelines, provides a general overview of Human T‐cell Lymphotropic Virus type 1 (HTLV‐1) and associated diseases: Adult T‐cell Leukaemia–Lymphoma (ATLL) and HTLV‐1‐Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/TSP) in Latin America, focusing on epidemiology and prevention. Using the published information on HTLV‐1, ATLL and HAM/TSP prevalence, we present comprehensive and accurate maps and tables, and developed an algorithm to assist in the prevention of HTLV‐1 transmission through breastfeeding while considering socio‐economic status. Latin America is an interesting scenario to study HTLV‐1 because of the diverse origin of its population. Apart from the expected high prevalence in inhabitants of African ancestry, the presence of endemic foci affecting indigenous populations is particularly striking. ATLL prevention is the biggest challenge in this field. Most ATLL cases are transmitted through breastfeeding; thus, prevention methods to avoid ATLL in endemic countries have to be focused on this. In view of the high inequality in most Latin American countries, reduction in breastfeeding duration, freezing/thawing and pasteurisation of breastmilk can be suitable interventions in poor settings, considering that avoiding the risk of malnutrition and infant mortality must be the priority.
Infection, colonization and shedding of Campylobacter and Salmonella in animals and their contribution to human disease: A review
Authors: Rukambile Elpidius , Sintchenko Vitali , Muscatello Gary , Kock Richard , Alders Robyn
Published: June 2019

Livestock meat and offal contribute significantly to human nutrition as sources of high‐quality protein and micronutrients. Livestock products are increasingly in demand, particularly in low‐ and middle‐income settings where economies are growing and meat is increasingly seen as an affordable and desirable food item. Demand is also driving intensification of livestock keeping and processing. An unintended consequence of intensification is increased exposure to zoonotic agents, and a contemporary emerging problem is infection with Campylobacter and Salmonella spp. from livestock (avian and mammalian), which can lead to disease, malabsorption and undernutrition through acute and chronic diarrhoea. This can occur at the farm, in households or through the food chain. Direct infection occurs when handling livestock and through bacteria shed into the environment, on food preparation surfaces or around the house and surroundings. This manuscript critically reviews Campylobacter and Salmonella infections in animals, examines the factors affecting colonization and faecal shedding of bacteria of these two genera as well as risk factors for human acquisition of the infection from infected animals or environment and analyses priority areas for preventive actions with a focus on resource‐poor settings.
Effect of Good Corporate Governance (GCG) Mechanism on Earning Management Practices and the Impact on Stock Returns (Case Study on LIQUID (lQ 45) Companies Listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange Period 2013-2017)
Authors: Salim M. Noor , HN M. Rusman
Published: June 2019

This study aims to analyze the effect of the mechanism of good corporate governance (GCG) on earnings management practices and their impact on stock returns. The population used in this study is the companies included in the go public LQ 45 group listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2017. The analytical tool used in this study is Eviews software version 8.0. The results of the analysis in this study indicate that (1) Institutional Ownership has a negative and significant effect on Earning Management Practices, (2) Managerial Ownership has a negative and significant effect on Earning Management Practices, (3) Independent Board of Commissioners has a negative and significant effect on Earnings Management, (4) The Audit Committee has a negative and significant effect on Earning Management Practices, (5) Institutional Ownership, Managerial Ownership, Independent Board of Commissioners and Simultaneous Audit Committee (Together) have a significant effect on earnings management, (6) Earning Management Practices have a negative and significant effect on stock returns(7) Institutional Ownership has a positive and significant effect on stock returns, (8) Managerial ownership has a positive and significant effect on stock returns, (9) The Independent Board of Commissioners has a positive and significant effect on stock returns, (10) The Audit Committee has a positive and significant to stock returns, and (11) Earning Management is able to mediate the influence of Institutional Ownership, Managerial Ownership, Independent Board of Commissioners, and the Audit Committee simultaneously (jointly) on Stock Returns. It is recommended that the LQ45 company increase the portion of Institutional ownership as part of a supervision for management in managing the company so as to increase stock returns on an ongoing basis.
Core temperature after birth in babies with neonatal encephalopathy in a sub‐Saharan African hospital setting
Authors: Enweronu‐Laryea Christabel , Martinello Kathryn A , Rose Maggie , Manu Sally , Tann Cally J , Meek Judith , Ahor‐Essel Kojo , Boylan Geraldine B , Robertson Nicola J
Published: June 2019

Key points

Therapeutic hypothermia (HT) to 33.0–34.0°C for 72 h provides optimal therapy for infants with neonatal encephalopathy (NE) in high‐resource settings. HT is not universally implemented in low‐ and middle‐income countries as a result of both limited resources and evidence.

Facilitated passive cooling, comprising infants being allowed to passively lower their body temperature in the days after birth, is an emerging practice in some West African neonatal units.

In this observational study, we demonstrate that infants undergoing facilitated passive cooling in a neonatal unit in Accra, Ghana, achieve temperatures within the HT target range ∼20% of the 72 h. Depth of HT fluctuates and can be excessive, as well as not maintained, especially after 24 h.

Sustained and deeper passive cooling was evident for severe NE and for those that died.

It is important to prevent excessive cooling, to understand that severe NE babies cool more and to be aware of facilitated passive cooling with respect to the design of clinical trials in low‐ and mid‐resource settings.

Neonatal encephalopathy (NE) is a significant worldwide problem with the greatest burden in sub‐Saharan Africa. Therapeutic hypothermia (HT), comprising the standard of care for infants with moderate‐to‐severe NE in settings with sophisticated intensive care, is not available to infants in many sub‐Saharan African countries, including Ghana. We prospectively assessed the temperature response in relation to outcome in the 80 h after birth in a cohort of babies with NE undergoing ‘facilitated passive cooling’ at Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana. We hypothesized that NE infants demonstrate passive cooling. Thirteen infants (69% male) ≥36 weeks with moderate‐to‐severe NE were enrolled. Ambient mean ± SD temperature was 28.3 ± 0.7°C. Infant core temperature was 34.2 ± 1.2°C over the first 24 h and 35.0 ± 1.0°C over 80 h. Nadir mean temperature occurred at 15 h. Temperatures were within target range for HT with respect to 18 ± 14% of measurements within the first 72 h. Axillary temperature was 0.5 ± 0.2°C below core. Three infants died before discharge. Core temperature over 80 h for surviving infants was 35.3 ± 0.9°C and 33.96 ± 0.7°C for those that died (P = 0.043). Temperature profile negatively correlated with Thompson NE score on day 4 (r2 = 0.66): infants with a Thompson score of 0–6 had higher temperatures than those with a score of 7–15 (P = 0.021) and a score of 16+/deceased (P = 0.007). More severe NE was associated with lower core temperatures. Passive cooling is a physiological response after hypoxia–ischaemia; however, the potential neuroprotective effect of facilitated passive cooling is unknown. An awareness of facilitated passive cooling in babies with NE is important for the design of clinical trials of neuroprotection in low and mid resource settings.
Reflection of an ultrasonic wave on the bone−implant interface: Effect of the roughness parameters
Authors: Hériveaux Yoann , Nguyen Vu-Hieu , Brailovski Vladimir , Gorny Cyril , Haïat Guillaume
Published: June 2019

Quantitative ultrasound can be used to characterize the evolution of the bone−implant interface (BII), which is a complex system due to the implant surface roughness and to partial contact between bone and the implant. The aim of this study is to derive the main determinants of the ultrasonic response of the BII during osseointegration phenomena. The influence of (i) the surface roughness parameters and (ii) the thickness W of a soft tissue layer on the reflection coefficient r of the BII was investigated using a two-dimensional finite element model. When W increases from 0 to 150 μm, r increases from values in the range [0.45; 0.55] to values in the range [0.75; 0.88] according to the roughness parameters. An optimization method was developed to determine the sinusoidal roughness profile leading to the most similar ultrasonic response for all values of W compared to the original profile. The results show that the difference between the ultrasonic responses of the optimal sinusoidal profile and of the original profile was lower to typical experimental errors. This approach provides a better understanding of the ultrasonic response of the BII, which may be used in future numerical simulation realized at the scale of an implant.
Specificity and generalization in perceptual adaptation to accented speech
Authors: Alexander Jessica E. D. , Nygaard Lynne C.
Published: June 2019

The present study investigated the degree to which perceptual adaptation to foreign-accented speech is specific to the regularities in pronunciation associated with a particular accent. Across experiments, the conditions under which generalization of learning did or did not occur were evaluated. In Experiment 1, listeners trained on word-length utterances in Korean-accented English and tested with words produced by the same or different set of Korean-accented speakers. Listeners performed better than untrained controls when tested with novel words from the same or different speakers. In Experiment 2, listeners were trained with Spanish-, Korean-, or mixed-accented speech and transcribed novel words produced by unfamiliar Korean- or Spanish-accented speakers at test. The findings revealed relative specificity of learning. Listeners trained and tested on the same variety of accented speech showed better transcription at test than those trained with a different accent or untrained controls. Performance after mixed-accent training was intermediate. Patterns of errors and analysis of acoustic properties for accented vowels suggested perceptual improvement for regularities arising from each accent, with learning dependent on the relative similarity of linguistic form within and across accents.
Assessing the Validity of Standing Long Jump to Predict Muscle Power in Children With and Without Motor Delays
Authors: Bulten Rheanna , King-Dowling Sara , Cairney John
Published: June 2019

Purpose: To determine the validity of standing long jump (SLJ) for predicting muscle power in children with and without developmental coordination disorder (DCD). Methods: A total of 589 children were recruited as part of the Coordination and Activity Tracking in CHildren study (251 girls and 338 boys; mean age 59.2 mo). Children were classified as typically developing (>16th percentile), at risk for DCD (sixth to 16th percentile), or probable DCD (<sixth percentile) based on Movement Assessment Battery for Children—Second Edition scores. SLJ was measured from the back of the heel. Peak power and mean power over 10 seconds and 30 seconds were measured using the Wingate test. Results: SLJ was moderately correlated with peak and mean powers in all groups (R = .51–.55). Regression analysis showed that when combined with weight and age, SLJ performance could predict peak power and mean power over 10 seconds and 30 seconds in typically developing children (adjusted R2 = .68, .61, and .58, P < .001, respectively) and in children with risk for DCD (adjusted R2 = .74, .65, and .60, respectively) and probable DCD (adjusted R2 = .68, .61, and .59, respectively). Conclusions: SLJ, in combination with weight and age, may be used to measure muscle power in typically developing children, and in children with risk for DCD and probable DCD. This measure can be used as an inexpensive estimate of musculoskeletal fitness in children regardless of motor abilities.
Rat eradication launched on populated island
Authors: Pickrell John
Published: June 2019

"Landmark" Lord Howe Island project alarms some residents but will likely save local fauna.
Rising methane: A new climate challenge
Authors: Fletcher Sara E. Mikaloff , Schaefer Hinrich
Published: June 2019

The amount of the greenhouse gas methane in Earth's atmosphere is rising rapidly