bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Watsons Bay
Authors: Derricourt Robin
Published: July 2018

In March 1791 Elizabeth Macarthur described her visit as an early tourist to what would later be called Watsons Bay: ‘We passed the day in walking among the Rocks, and upon the sands very agreeable.’ There were no longer the Aboriginal people found there three years earlier, but she recorded the presence of ‘a few huts’ for the crew despatched by the authorities to man a lookout post and flagpole at the adjacent South Head, to signal arriving ships. Fifty-six years later, in 1847, she was back in Watsons Bay, staying in one of the area’s grand ‘marine villas’, Clovelly (where she eventually died), owned by her nephew Hannibal (and later by two state premiers). Around these fine houses were spread the homes of fishermen, tradesmen, pilots and their crews.
Suburban Sydney
Authors: Ashton Paul
Published: July 2018

Sydney has been described as a ‘City of Suburbs’. Indeed, the process of suburbanisation is arguably one of the most important developments in Australia’s post-invasion history. Kilometre after kilometre of suburb has for decades dominated Sydney and other Australian capital cities cultural landscapes while suburbia has been the heartland of bourgeois ideology that has been dominant for more than two generations. Metropolitan Sydney’s phenomenal suburban expansion during much of the twentieth century has been explored by a small number of urban historians. But the impact and importance of suburbanisation in and around Sydney – by far the largest annual metropolitan investment item – has still to attract the attention it deserves. This article looks at the physical evolution of suburban Sydney and its ideological underpinnings.
Nursing
Authors: Godden Judith
Published: July 2018

The history of nursing in Sydney is central to understanding a range of issues including healthcare and gendered employment. This article is an introduction to nursing’s complex, fascinating and much neglected history in Sydney, Australia. Its focus is on hospitals as these have been, and remain, a central site for nursing practice and education. It explores the very different experiences of nursing students and matrons, the difficult working conditions which led to the ‘battleaxe’ stereotype, and the battle for even senior nurses to match their responsibilities with adequate power. Two major themes since the introduction of trained nursing has been the chronic nursing shortage and the sustained hostility towards formal education for nurses. Despite all the problems, nurses have practiced in such a way that they are perceived as the most ethical of all professions.
Charity and philanthropy
Authors: O'Brien Anne
Published: July 2018

Abstract to come
Berala
Authors: Gordon Lawrence
Published: July 2018

Berala is a small residential suburb centred on the railway station of that name, located 17.7 kilometres west of the city on the Lidcombe to Cabramatta railway line. It is part of the Auburn local government area and is entirely in the catchment of the main arm of Haslams Creek, a tributary of Parramatta River, which flows north into Homebush Bay. The Wangal clan of the Eora/Dharawal culture were the original inhabitants of the area.
Bronte
Authors: Vesper Stan
Published: July 2018

There is no clear evidence for the name or names of the particular bands of the Eora people who lived in what is now the Waverley area. Most sources agree on the Cadigal, but some sources name the Biddigal and Birrabirragal bands as well.In the early part of the nineteenth century, land in the eastern suburbs of Sydney was given to settlers as free grants. Governor Phillip had been instructed to grant land to ‘deserving emancipated convicts’ and ‘soldiers of the Marine Corps’ from 1789. The free grants ceased in 1831, and in 1836 William Mortimer Lewis, New South Wales Colonial Architect, became the first to purchase land at Nelson Bay, later known as Bronte.
Engadine
Authors: McDonald Helen
Published: July 2018

The township of Engadine in Sutherland Shire is on the Old Princes Highway (formerly Princes Highway) and the Illawarra railway line. It borders the Royal National Park on the eastern side and is sited along a ridge with a steep decline to the Woronora River to the west. It is very rocky with underlying layers of Hawkesbury sandstone and shallow topsoil.The earliest inhabitants of Engadine were the Dharawal people.In 1844, a road from Sydney to the Illawarra district was opened, which established access to an area near the Woronora River in the parish of Heathcote. However, the road was not well used as it was difficult to traverse, and cargo was generally transported by ship down the coast.1 By 1865, a new route was established from Sylvania.
The Jews in Sydney
Authors: Rutland Suzanne D
Published: July 2018

With the arrival of around 16 Jewish convicts on board the First Fleet in 1788, a rudimentary Jewish community was present from the beginning of European settlement in Sydney. However, it took time before formal communal structures were created. The first developments related to burial, because correct interment of the dead is one of the most important religious imperatives a Jewish community must observe. From 1817, Jews in Sydney came together to perform Jewish burials. In 1832, a section of Devonshire Street Cemetery (where Central Station stands today) was consecrated as Jewish.
The Croatians in Sydney
Authors: Lalich Walter F , Budak Luka
Published: July 2018

Croatian settlement in Sydney has a dynamic history of arrivals, desertions, internment, collective departures, and a continuously rich social and political life although only several hundred Croatians lived in Sydney until 1949. At least 5,000 Croatians lived in Australia in 1947, mostly from the coastal region of Dalmatia, mainly from the Makarska area and the island of Korcula. They made up around 80 per cent of all migrants from what was then Yugoslavia and a majority among the approximately 425 ‘Yugoslavs’ who in lived in Sydney in that period. Many more arrived afterwards and at least 118,046 people in Australia, 33,930 in Sydney, were of Croatian ancestry in 2006.3 The experience of Croatians in Sydney is observed through two historical periods, linked by continuous market gardening in the northern suburbs of Mona Vale and Warriewood, and the western suburbs of Cabramatta and Blacktown. Inevitably, it must be understood against the background of the dramatic political and social events that Croatia and Croatians experienced over the twentieth century.
The Vietnamese in Sydney
Authors: Carruthers Ashley
Published: July 2018

Australians of Vietnamese origin form one of the largest and most visible migrant communities in Sydney. Vietnamese is the fifth most commonly spoken community language in Sydney other than English, and ranks above Italian. Arriving as refugees and family reunion migrants in the wake of the fall of Saigon to advancing communist forces in 1975, the Vietnamese were the first large group of Asian immigrants to settle in Australia after the end of the White Australia policy, and the first significant group to arrive after the advent of official multiculturalism.
In this issue
Authors: Grahame Emma
Published: July 2018

In this issue
Gay men in Sydney
Authors: Wotherspoon Garry
Published: July 2018

Early in February 2005, the Governor of New South Wales, Professor Marie Bashir, launching the annual Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras Festival, noted that this event had been 'absolutely priceless' in helping change social attitudes to sexual variation. This had helped create a more tolerant society:

Most Australians are increasingly taking pride in that sense of freedom which springs from the considerable diversity within our society – diversity of race, religion, culture and also sexual orientation. Increasingly we have seen this diversity engender a greater environment of inclusiveness, respect and tolerance. Indeed, more than 'tolerance' – rather 'acceptance' – an acceptance and respect.

Such public approbation from the head of state is in stark contrast to the views, expressed over 200 years previously, by the first governor, Arthur Phillip:

There are two crimes that would merit death – murder and sodomy. For either of these crimes I would wish to confine the criminal till an opportunity offered of delivering him as a prisoner to the natives of New Zealand, and let them eat him.

In the intervening centuries, attitudes to same-sex sexual activity, affection and relationships underwent dramatic changes, to the point where Sydney has acquired the reputation of being one of the iconic gay cities of the contemporary world. Yet the process has not been easy, and the major changes are only relatively recent. Indeed, over most of Australia's history since the white invasion of 1788, governments have actively persecuted those men who have been caught expressing their homoerotic desires, even though lesbian identity and behaviour were never criminalised in the same way.

Further adding to the complexities of social change, men with same-sex desires have seen themselves transformed from persons who might commit an act – sodomy – to persons with an identity inextricably bound up with their sexuality – homosexual or gay. Two centuries have seen attitudes and conceptualisations change dramatically.

A problem for writing a history of groups or communities designated criminal, demonised and persecuted over so much of our white history is both the relative paucity of records, and the bias in those that exist.

Three institutions of society – the law, the Christian churches, and the medical profession – have played particularly important roles in setting the parameters for controlling homosexuality, both directly and by conditioning the wider society's attitudes to homosexuality and thus how gay people can live. This can be seen when we look back over the emergence of gay, lesbian, and what some now refer to as 'queer', life and subcultures in Sydney, from criminal secrecy within a disapproving society to such open activity, and at the more general changing attitudes to homosexuality in Australia.
Camellia
Authors: McClymont John
Published: July 2018

Camellia is an industrial suburb about five kilometres east of Parramatta city centre, on the south bank of the Parramatta River. The suburb is located between Clay Cliff Creek to the west, Duck River to the east, and Grand Avenue. The major roads dissecting the suburb are Grand Avenue (east-west) and James Ruse Drive (north-south). The rail link between Rydalmere and Clyde and the spur line from it to Camellia railway station were important transport links, as were the roads that opened the suburb for industrial use. This little suburb has had no school, post office or retail outlets (other than 'a lunch shop' on Grand Avenue near Devon Street) to sustain the nearby industrial workers during the week.
Croydon
Authors: Johnson John
Published: July 2018

Croydon is a suburb approximately 10 kilometres from central Sydney. It is situated between two highways (Parramatta Road and Liverpool Road), it is bisected by the railway and railway station, and it lies between the retail and commercial centres of Ashfield and Burwood. It is bounded on the north by Parramatta Road, on the east by Iron Cove Creek and Milton Street, on the south by Arthur Street, and on the west by a number of streets separating it from Burwood.
Hunters Hill
Authors: Sherry Beverley
Published: July 2018

The first colonists who came to Sydney in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries had come from crowded industrial cities in Britain. It is therefore not surprising that a particular suburban ideal began to emerge here, the 'Australian dream', of a house of one's own, set in its own grounds. By the twenty-first century that ideal was challenged by population pressure and economic factors, yet the Sydney suburb of Hunters Hill remains largely intact, and historically important, as the oldest surviving example of the ideal.
The East Timorese in Sydney
Authors: McCormack Terri
Published: July 2018

A boy befriended a sick crocodile and carried it to the sea. In gratitude, the crocodile took the boy on many journeys across the sea. As it grew old and approached death, the crocodile said: 'I will change into a land where you and your descendants will live from my fruits, as payment for your kindness.' According to legend, the land was the island of Timor and the descendants were the Timorese.East Timor is the world's newest democracy and Australia's nearest neighbour. The first president of the independent nation in May 2002 was the former resistance leader Xanana Gusmâo who married Australian activist Kirsty Sword in 2000. He became the country's fourth Prime Minister on 8 August 2007.Timor, meaning 'east' in Indonesian, is a narrow mountainous island at the south-eastern end of the Indonesian archipelago. Half the island was colonised by the Portuguese in the seventeenth century and remained so when the western, formerly Dutch, half joined the newly independent Indonesian republic in 1945. East Timor is now called Timor-Leste in Portuguese and Timor Loro Sa'e in Tetum, the two official languages. The East Timorese are culturally and linguistically distinct from Bahasa-speaking Indonesians in the western half of the island.
The Egyptians in Sydney
Authors: Ho Stephanie , Ashton Paul
Published: July 2018

Although Egyptians are generally known to be a non-migrating people closely tied to their land, the late 1950s and 1960s saw waves of Egyptians leaving their homeland for Europe, North America and Australia. Migration to Australia was limited prior to this period. In 1933, there were only 500 Egyptian-born people recorded as living in Australia. This number jumped to 8,000 in 1954 and 22,000 by 1966. Today there are around 34,000 Egyptian-born people in Australia and approximately 16,500 of them (nearly 50 per cent) live in Sydney.Around three-quarters of Egyptian migrants settled in Australia before 1976. However, there were substantial numbers of 'recent arrivals' (accounting for almost 15 per cent of this group) in 1986–91. Most of these later migrants came under the family reunion scheme. Generally the Egyptian community is a highly educated one, with qualification levels that exceed those of the average Australian. Today many Egyptian migrants living in Sydney belong to the professional and managerial classes.
Education
Authors: Sherington Geoffrey , Campbell Craig
Published: July 2018

In the late twentieth century historians of education came to argue that the urban experience can only be fully understood through the social processes and social relations associated with schooling. The new 'social history' of education has thus often been closely aligned to the history of cities. In Australia the 'new' social history of the city has often been written in terms of family formation, sometimes related to the history of childhood, but there has only been marginal attention to the specific nature of education in Sydney as an urban phenomenon.

This essay focuses on Sydney schools and other educational institutions, although it raises questions about social processes and social formations. It suggests that the history of education in Sydney can be understood in a number of phases and themes, each related to the changing social history of Sydney. Informal education had long been part of the culture of indigenous society prior to the British invasion of 1788. In the early colonial period, up to about 1830, governments established schools for the children of convicts based in Sydney and even for Aboriginal children. There were also 'private venture' schools for the sons and sometimes daughters of free settlers. In the period from 1830 to 1870 the city of Sydney emerged as a metropolitan centre of educational establishments including schools, colleges and the University. From around 1870 to the end of World War II, with the growth of the city of Sydney and its suburbs, schooling was increasingly related to social class, gender and religion as part of suburban life. From 1945, the 'neighbourhood' school and even the 'local' university has become part of a pattern of regional differences associated with the expansion of the city through migration and population growth.
Sailing
Authors: De Montfort Carlin
Published: July 2018

Sydney's first European colonists clung to the coastline and looked to the harbour and the sea for survival. Early recreational sailing was a product of the city's function as a seaport town. Sailing has since adapted to reflect and contribute Sydney's changing culture and customs. Recreational sailing includes a broad spectrum of activities, from sailing small dinghies in sheltered waters to long distance ocean races and cruises sailed out of and in to Sydney Harbour. This essay traces the broad and overlapping developments of Sydney's recreational sailing cultures.
Belmore
Authors: Muir Lesley , Madden Brian
Published: July 2018

Belmore, in the City of Canterbury, is part of the traditional land of the Bediagal people. The area was once covered by a forest of Sydney blue gum, blackbutt, red mahogany and ironbark trees, growing on clay soils derived from Wianamatta shales. Water came from three small creeks, which flowed in a north-easterly direction into Cooks River.The earliest colonial surveyors followed an Aboriginal pathway (which became Punchbowl Road/Milperra Road) which led from Cooks River to Georges River. Before 1810, this pathway became a convenient access road from Sydney through Canterbury Farm, crossing Cooks River at the 'Punch Bowl' ford, and land grants were surveyed along the route. Once over the ford, travellers could turn south on a track, now Burwood Road at Belfield, and pass through country which is today's suburb of Belmore, south-east to King's Grove Farm and the land grants beyond. Canterbury Road was not formed as an access road into Sydney until after the 1830s, and it was not gazetted until 1856.
Lake Parramatta
Authors: Keentok Matti
Published: July 2018

Lake Parramatta is about two kilometres north of Parramatta's central business district, on Hunts Creek. The reserve in which Lake Parramatta lies has gone through significant changes in its short history of European settlement. Originally a place of Aboriginal habitation by the Burramattagal clan, it has since seen occupation by people engaging in illicit production of spirits and by bushrangers (as was the case for neighbouring Darling Mills Creek); a short period of farming; a water reservoir supplying drinking water for Parramatta; and subsequently a place of recreation including swimming. These and other uses have left a number of relics still visible, although not obvious.
Circus
Authors: St Leon Mark Valentine
Published: July 2018

From 1833 when two ropewalkers performed in Sydney, circus skills have provided popular entertainment. By the 1850s thousands watched circus performances outdoors and in purpose-built theatres. The travelling circus was prompted by goldrush crowds far from the cities, and became the default when circus men found it was easier to change audiences than to change repertoires. Sydney seasons were regular annual engagements for many of Australia's circuses well into the twentieth century. Strong links were formed with international performers, and exchanges between the American and Australian circus worlds were frequent.
Pymble
Authors: Edwards Zeny
Published: July 2018

Pymble is a suburb of Ku-ring-gai, the traditional land of the Guringgai (also spelt Guringai) tribe. It is located 16 kilometres north of central Sydney between the suburbs of Gordon and Turramurra and is bounded by Pentecost Avenue, part of Rosedale Road, a section of Mona Vale Road, Blackbutt Creek, a section of Lane Cove National Park, Avondale Golf Course and Sheldon Forest. The Pacific Highway runs across it and intersects the railway line at Grandview Street. It has an area of 651 hectares.
Maori in Sydney
Authors: Kamira Jo
Published: July 2018

From the early days of the colony, Maori visitors and immigrants were part of Sydney's cultural and economic life.
Tourism
Authors: White Richard , Greenwood Justine
Published: July 2018

Sydney has been shaped by tourism but in a large metropolis, where tourist experiences so often overlap with everyday activity, its impact often escapes attention. Urban tourism involves not just international visitors, but people from interstate and regional NSW and even day trippers, who all see and use the city differently. Tourist Sydney has never been the same as workaday Sydney – the harbour, beaches, city centre, the Blue Mountains and national parks to the north and south loomed disproportionately large in the tourist gaze, while vast swathes of suburbia were invisible.
Greeks
Authors: Diamadis Panayiotis
Published: July 2018

An account of the history of Sydney's Greek community.
Russians
Authors: Moustafine Mara
Published: July 2018

An account of the history of Sydney's Russian community.
Botany
Authors: Butler Mark
Published: July 2018

Botany is situated on the northern shores of Botany Bay in the south-eastern suburbs of Sydney, 10 kilometres south of Sydney's central business district. The presence of water, whether fresh or salt, is so inextricably bound to the history of Botany that the two are almost synonymous.In modern terms, the area is also strongly associated with various industries, aeroplanes, major arterial roads and seaports. For these reasons it is often regarded as the 'gateway' to Sydney, yet it is also much maligned and often overlooked, as people quickly pass through on their way to other destinations around the country or across the world. Still it is steeped in history of national significance with a large record of 'firsts' to its credit.
Glebe
Authors: Solling Max
Published: July 2018

Aboriginal clans of the Sydney region observed the First Fleet enter Port Jackson in January 1788. The pale-skinned people (gubbas) the ships brought from Britain would quickly have a catastrophic impact on their lives. The territory of the Cadigal and Wangal clans adjacent to the British settlement at Sydney Cove embraced a tract measured out in 1790 as the Sydney Glebe lands. Smallpox (galgal) swept through the local indigenous population within 18 months of first contact, killing half the Aboriginal population of the Sydney district.Governor Phillip's instructions from the British authorities directed him to allocate 400 acres (161.8 hectares) in each township to support a Church of England clergyman. The first chaplain appointed to the colony, Richard Johnson, set out to clear his heavily timbered glebe, which he later wrote was unsuitable for cultivation; it was '400 acres for which I would not give 400 pence'. About 1794, Johnson obtained a much more productive 100-acre (40.4-hectare) grant which he named Canterbury Vale, where he engaged in stock raising and agriculture, ending his contact with Glebe.
Alessandro Malaspina: An Italian/Spaniard at Port Jackson
Authors: Olcelli Laura
Published: July 2018

Tuscan-born and Spanish-trained Alessandro Malaspina (1754-1810) captained the most significant scientific expedition ever launched by Spain in the years 1789-1794. After a survey of the Spanish colonies in America, he directed the course of the Descubierta towards the South Pacific and anchored at Port Jackson on 11 March 1793. In my essay I will scrutinize the New South Wales leg of Malaspina’s voyage account, comparing 'Viaje político-científico alrededor del mundo' (the original 1885 Spanish edition) and 'Journal of a Voyage by Alejandro Malaspina' (its 2001 English translation), and integrating them with the captain’s secret reports. The examination of Malaspina’s comments on the infant colony will simultaneously expose the Spanish attitude to early British colonialism in New South Wales, and help assess Malaspina’s complex role as the first explorer who reached Terra Australis from the Italian peninsula.
‘“problem” children of this community’: Christ Church St Laurence and the Children’s Court, Sydney, 1936-41
Authors: Curthoys Patricia
Published: July 2018

This article seeks to explore the experiences of those boys who, in late 1930s/ early 1940s Sydney, were considered, by the courts and the churches, amongst others, to be 'the "problem" children of this community'. The sources for this exploration are the records of the Metropolitan Children's Court, Surry Hills and the Christ Church St Laurence Boys' Welfare Bureau. Children's courts were established in New South Wales in 1905. From 1934 onwards all metropolitan cases were heard at Surry Hills. The Boys' Welfare Bureau was established in April 1936 by Christ Church St Laurence, an Anglican church situated near Central Railway Station, Sydney. The records of the Bureau and the Court provide insights into the ways in which both religion and the law attempted to shape the lived experience of these boys, in inner city Sydney, within the context of current ideas about juvenile delinquency and its treatment.
Science, Fashion, Knowledge and Imagination: Shopfront Natural History in 19th-Century Sydney
Authors: Coote Anne
Published: July 2018

Natural history dealers' shops offered colour, interest and occasional sensation to the people of mid-nineteenth century Sydney. This essay examines the nature of shop-front natural history enterprise in this period, and its significance in the history of the city and the wider colony. It begins by discussing dealers and their businesses, going on to argue for the role both played in the ongoing process of colonisation. In particular, it highlights the contribution made to those aspects of territorial appropriation which were taking place in the imaginations of Sydney's inhabitants.
Playing On: John York and the Sydney Brass Musical Instrument Factory
Authors: Evans Andrew
Published: July 2018

The history of John York and the Sydney Brass Musical Instrument Factory contains familiar elements of a quintessential nineteenth-century Australian narrative. It features a skilled English immigrant who brought his family to a developing capital city and became a manufacturer and small business owner. It is an unusual story in that York practised the specialised skill of brass instrument making and repairing and was one of a handful of brass instrument makers known to have operated in Sydney at the time. At the end of the nineteenth century the significant purchasing power of an expanding Australian middle class, and a strong demand for the many musical instruments required for home entertainment, generated vigorous competition amongst Sydney’s music retailers. Cheaper British mass produced instruments were aggressively marketed by Palings and Nicholsons whose ‘emporiums’ were located at the more fashionable northern end of George Street. In order to succeed in this market, John York’s reputation as an instrument maker and repairer was paramount. This was largely founded on the promise of consistent, high quality workmanship and superior, personalised service. Even after his death in 1910, this enduring reputation sustained loyalty from York’s customers well into the middle of the twentieth century when the business continued under the management of his wife and sons.
Ragged Schools in Sydney
Authors: Henrich Eureka
Published: July 2018

During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries Ragged Schools were a feature of many of Sydney’s overcrowded inner city suburbs. At their height over 500 children were taught across five Schools each day. This article charts the formation of the Ragged Schools in 1860, preceded by an overview of their precursors in Great Britain and a survey of the social and demographic changes in Sydney in the 1850s. It explores the relationships between teachers, scholars and their parents and probes at the slum stereotypes that affected the way the Ragged Schools were written about by middle-class philanthropists. Finally, the reasons for the disintegration of Sydney’s Ragged Schools in the 1920s are surmised and the article concludes with a reflection on how this part of Sydney’s history has been both remembered and forgotten.
Imaginings on Sydney’s Edge: Myth, Mourning and Memory in a Fringe Community
Authors: Willis Ian
Published: July 2018

Sydney’s metropolitan fringe is a theatre for the creation and loss of collective memories, cultural myths and community grieving around cultural icons, traditions and rituals. European settlement took the dreaming of the Aborigines and then had its own dreaming removed by an invasion from the east in the form of Sydney’s urban growth. The re-making of place in and around the fringe community of Camden illustrates the destruction and re-construction of cultural landscapes. Locals dream of retaining the aesthetics of an inter-war country town and in doing so have created an illusion of a historical myth of a ‘country town idyll’. In the new suburbs of Oran Park, Mt Annan and Harrington Park urbanites have invaded the area drawn by developer spin, which promised to fulfil hopes and dreams and never really lives up to the hype. Unfulfilled expectations mean that Sydney’s rural-urban fringe is a zone of transition where waves of invasion and succession have created perceptions of reality and all that is left is imaginings.
‘walking a tightrope’: Shirley Fitzgerald, Public Historian
Authors: Ashton Paul , Murray Lisa
Published: July 2018

Shirley Fitzgerald has made a significant contribution to public history in Australia, primarily through her work as City Historian with the City of Sydney Council. This historiographical article traces and analyses her contribution to this field via her work on Sydney.
The Sydney History Group: From the Beginning
Authors: Roe Jill
Published: July 2018

Formally speaking, the Sydney History Group (SHG) began in 1977, and ran for almost 20 years to 1995, when the last of its seven books appeared.1 The books all presented original research on aspects of Sydney history and were edited by members of the Group, all whom are here today except for first president, the Warrnambool-born economic historian and urbanist Max Kelly.2 His MA on the history of Paddington, later published as A Paddock Full of Houses in 1978, set a new standard in suburban history and whose outline for a history of Sydney delivered to an informal interdisciplinary gathering of economic historians in the early seventies was ahead of its time. Max died too soon in 1996.
World City?
Authors: Fitzgerald Shirley
Published: July 2018

When I began to study Australian history the idea that there was anything worth saying about our cities, in a theoretical sense, was only just beginning to gain traction. There were works of what is called ‘local history’ about particular places, but back then a theorised study of the urban condition did not loom large in Australian historiography. Certainly in my undergraduate years in the 1960s the debates and flash points in Australian history did not include any conscious focus on cities as discrete sites of discourse.
On Oxford Street: A Professional and Personal Story
Authors: Wotherspoon Garry
Published: July 2018

It has often been noted that a person’s professional interests can spring from a personal partiality, and in so many ways that is my story. The sort of history I now write is more often motivated by the personal. And urban history led me down that road. But I would like to start by considering what might be called the ‘historiography’ of urban history and look at some significant mileposts.
Phillip and the Eora: Governing race relations in the colony of New South Wales
Authors: Karskens Grace
Published: July 2018

What was Governor Arthur Phillip's relationship with the Eora, and other Aboriginal people of the Sydney region? How do we interpret Philip in the light of his actions towards Aboriginal people? Looking at the colony's early years through the twin lenses of British and Eora perspective and experience banishes the notion that there can be only one 'right' story or way of interpreting Phillip's legacy.
Phillip's Table: Food in the early Sydney settlement
Authors: Newling Jacqui
Published: July 2018

Using food as a lens, this essay looks at what we can discover about Sydney's early settlement from a gastronomic perspective, and what Phillip's table reveals about life at Government House.

With few explicit or descriptive references to meals at Government House or in Phillip's company, there are myriad clues in extant journals and information in primary sources about the food available to the colonists and the cross-cultural exchanges involving food between indigenous Australians and settlers.
Table of Contents: The first governor – A bicentenary symposium on Arthur Phillip.
Authors: Braidwood Linda
Published: July 2018

The first governor – A bicentenary symposium on Arthur Phillip.

A selection of papers presented to commemorate the bicentenary

of Arthur Phillip's death at Sydney Living Museums.
Glycerin as a factor for moderating quality changes in table eggs during storage
Authors: Drabik Kamil , Chabroszewska Patrycja , Vasiukov Kostiantyn , Adamczuk Agnieszka , Batkowska Justyna
Published: July 2018

Abstract. Glycerol, a by-product of biodiesel production, is non-toxic to humans and the environment. With the current increase in the demand for fuels obtained from biomass, the amount of glycerine waste production is increasing. There are many ways to dispose this substance (in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and in chemical industry), but its utilization is still insufficient. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the possibility of limiting quality changes in table eggs during storage by coating the shells with a glycerol solution. The material used in this research consisted of 270 table chicken eggs collected on the same day. On the first day of the experiment, quality traits of 30 eggs were evaluated (initial control group). The remaining 240 eggs were divided into two equal groups: control (eggs that were not subjected to any treatment) and experimental (eggs that were coated with a 5 % aqueous solution of glycerol). The eggs were placed on transport trays and stored at 14 ∘C and 70 % humidity. Quality evaluations were carried out after 14 and 28 days of storage. The depth of the air cell, mass and specific gravity of the egg, the shell characteristics (water vapour conductance, strength, mass, thickness, and density), and the content traits (pH of the albumen and yolk, Haugh units, and colour and weight of the yolk) were evaluated. The results obtained suggest that the use of glycerine may contribute to slowing adverse changes in egg quality during storage by limiting CO2 removal from the egg content, which allows the egg to maintain albumen structure. Due to the fact that glycerine is a safe, cheap, and easy-to-apply substance, its large-scale use in poultry raw material storage seems to be a very real possibility.
Crisis de los caracteres chinos
Authors: 陈豪 Hao Chen
Published: July 2018

En 2013, el periódico Xin Jing Bao realizó una encuesta sobre el uso de los caracteres chinos y dedujo que había una crisis nueva de los caracteres chinos, producida por la influencia del tremendo desarrollo tecnológico y la globalización cada día más profundizada. Se trata de una de varias crisis amonestadas, recaudadoras de atención a lo largo de la historia y sigue latente y patente en la sociedad actual de China. Este artículo pretende hacer un análisis cronológico sobre las crisis de los caracteres chinos acorde con las influencias de evoluciones culturales e informáticas en el entorno social a partir de la primera aparición durante el Movimiento de Nueva Cultura, con el objetivo de sacar una conclusión sobre si se limita a ser una preocupación de sobra o un problema que hay que tomarlo en serio en la nueva era en que estamos viviendo.
La metáfora EL SER HUMANO ES UNA PLANTA en Sueño en el Pabellón Rojo (红楼梦) y su traducción al español: un análisis desde la perspectiva cognitiva
Authors: 罗莹 Ying Luo
Published: July 2018

La metáfora EL SER HUMANO ES UNA PLANTA en Sueño en el Pabellón Rojo (红楼梦) y su traducción al español constituyen un tema poco estudiado en los trabajos anteriores a pesar de su posición prominente en la obra. Este artículo aborda el tema desde la perspectiva cognitiva apoyándose en la Teoría de la Metáfora Conceptual de Lakoff y Johnson (1980) y Lakoff (1992). El estudio se desarrolla basándose en un corpus paralelo chino-español con 160 casos de expresión de dicha metáfora recolectados de la novela y de sus dos versiones en español mediante una versión modificada del método MIP (Metaphor Identification Procedure, Pragglejaz Group, 2007). Los resultados del estudio permiten extraer las siguientes conclusiones: 1) en la versión original de la novela la metáfora estudiada forma una red jerárquica de proyecciones metafóricas en tres rangos; 2) se nota una considerable pérdida de las proyecciones metafóricas en la traducción al español, pero las asociaciones metafóricas cognitivamente prominentes en el contexto están mejor conservadas; 3) en un 26,9% de los datos recogidos se observan notables diferencias de sentido o de imagen metafórica en la versión de Zhao y García Sánchez respecto a la de Láuer, en las cuales se manifiestan un mayor nivel de precisión en el uso léxico, más consciencia de las diferencias culturales, una mayor tendencia hacia el mantenimiento de la metáfora original, una mejor coherencia interna entre las imágenes metafóricas de un mismo contexto y una inclinación hacia mayor especificidad en la descripción de las imágenes metafóricas.
Evolución de las imágenes chinas en la poesía de Lorca
Authors: 张悦 Zhang Yue
Published: July 2018

Federico García Lorca hace referencia a China en doce poemas. Este artículo tiene como objetivo estudiar la evolución del simbolismo de las imágenes chinas en las distintas etapas de su trayectoria creativa. El análisis parte de las posibles fuentes de dichas imágenes, como la influencia del orientalismo modernista y la inspiración de las artes orientales que Lorca tenía a su alcance. A través de la lectura detenida de tres poemas, —”Jardín chino”, “Fábula y rueda de los tres amigos” y “Panorama ciego de Nueva York”—, demostramos que, en el primer Lorca, las imágenes orientales están vinculadas con el mundo infantil de ilusión y amor. En las obras posteriores, además de dicha asociación, los chinos representan a la mitad marginada ante la civilización deshumanizada. De este modo, Lorca no se limita al exotismo, sino que adapta las imágenes de otra cultura a sus propias inquietudes poéticas mostrando una evolución desde el tema intimista hasta el tema social.
Efectos del contexto de inmersión en la competencia sociolingüística de EL2: La adquisición del "laísmo" madrileño
Authors: Salgado-Robles Francisco
Published: July 2018

Aunque una cuantiosa investigación sobre el impacto de la inmersión en aprendices de español como segunda lengua se ha desarrollado en las pasadas dos décadas, todavía quedan por responder preguntas relativas al grado de exposición de estos a la comunidad local y la adquisición de los patrones de la variación lingüística común a una determinada comunidad de habla. En este artículo se presentan los resultados cuantitativos de un estudio de la adquisición de estructuras variables del lenguaje, específicamente, el fenómeno del laísmo, por cuarenta (N=40) aprendices de español (grupos experimentales) matriculados en dos tipos de programas de inmersión (programa académico de corte tradicional y de voluntariado) durante cuatro meses en Madrid (España). La producción oral de estos participantes se compara con el habla de treinta (N=30) hablantes nativos (grupo de control). Los análisis estadísticos revelan que un mayor contacto con la comunidad de habla meta facilita significativamente la incorporación de las formas no convencionales en la competencia sociolingüística. Este trabajo contribuye a conocer mejor la adquisición de la variación dialectal y a aportar nuevo conocimiento sobre el impacto lingüístico de un programa de voluntariado durante una experiencia académica internacional.
La propuesta olvidada de Bruno Snell
Authors: Viana Amadeu
Published: July 2018

En este trabajo nos ocupamos de La estructura del lenguaje (1971 [1952]) de Bruno Snell, donde se aborda la génesis de la gramática con parámetros semióticos y cognitivos. Su aportación sigue la estela de los fundadores de la antropología cognitiva, al considerar el lenguaje como el producto de la acción y la comunicación; pero Snell, y aquí radica el interés de su propuesta, sigue los pasos de la formación gramatical a partir de datos filológicos relevantes sobre lenguas indoeuropeas. Su idea de unos modos de significar arraigados en la práctica comunicativa básica, que se articulan en los diferentes niveles de la gramática y la sintaxis, permite aproximar su aportación a la semiótica de Peirce, y más concretamente a la investigación biosemiótica actual. Hacia el final de este estudio, su aportación se compara con la de su contemporáneo Benjamin L. Whorf, señalando el interés de ambos para entender las formas primitivas del lenguaje y su persistencia en lenguas contemporáneas.
Relationship between Core Self-Evaluation and Academic Procrastination among Female Students in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Rajapakshe Wasantha
Published: July 2018

Four personality traits of core self-evaluation are used to describe human character and their behavior. Personality comes from within the person and remains consistent throughout his or her life. Therefore, many research papers and academic studies were carried out to understand personality and its connection to academic related behavior. This study is examined the relationship between personality dimensions and academic procrastination. This is a survey research primarily rely on data collected from undergraduate students. For this research, female undergraduates from Universities in Saudi Arabia were selected. To select the sample, three private universities are selected from the eastern province randomly and then 160 students randomly chosen for the test. The data collection is conducted by using online survey website that is only given to the selected students. The dependent variable in the analysis is the measure of academic procrastination of female Saudi students in private universities and independent variables are four personality traits defined under the core self-evaluation; self-esteem, locus of control, generalized self-efficacy and emotional stability. Collected data is analysed through; mean, standard deviation, correlation, and regression analysis. The results of the study obtained proved that there is a significance negative relationship between self-esteem, generalized self-efficacy and emotional stability and students’ academic procrastination behavior. Also, there was a slightly positive relationship between a locus of control and students’ procrastination behavior. However, according to the regression analysis all four personality traits are significant but show negative impact on students’ procrastination behavior.
Does Anyone Care about Martyrdom Anymore?
Authors: Cook David
Published: July 2018

One major question comes out when one considers contemporary martyrdom operations: why Islam? Hatina's book is an excellent survey of the theoretical and religious source material on Islamic martyrdom. Hatina places the study of Islamic martyrdom squarely within overarching theoretical frameworks, and does so with a full command of the primary source materials. This marriage was not previously accomplished with regard to Islamic martyrdom.
Studying the Middle East: Between the Particular, the Exceptional, and the Universal
Authors: Susser Asher
Published: July 2018

This article provides some observations on the field of Middle Eastern studies. It argues that the Middle East is exceptional, possessing certain particular cultural characteristics. But that is true of all regions, states and cultures. They all have their particularisms and are, therefore, all “exceptional” in their various ways. That is to say, “culture matters.” Exceptionalism is one facet of the broader question related to analyzing the Other. Multiculturalism and its inherent respect for, and acceptance of, the Other are an important social development in Western societies in recent decades. Yet, it is precisely in these multicultural societies of the West where one frequently encounters, together with the acceptance of the Other, a surprising reluctance to actually recognize the Otherness of the Other. Instead of accepting this trend in Middle Eastern studies, the objective should be to establish a balanced perspective on the continuum between uniqueness and universalism.
Race and Sex in Western Philosophy: Another Answer to the Question “What Does It Mean to Orient Oneself in Thinking?”
Authors: Sandford Stella
Published: July 2018

This article critically extends Kant's 1786 discussion of “orientation in thinking” to ask what it means to “orient oneself in thinking” around the concepts of race and sex, addressed in the context of 1) the central place and historical importance of Kant in Western philosophy; and 2) Kant's theory of race and its relation to his critical philosophy. As presumptions about race and sex are already built into the history of philosophy, taking these concepts as an explicit orientation is not the expression of subjective interests, but a reflection and criticism of some of the objective forces that shape the world and have shaped the history of philosophy. An intellectual orientation around the concepts of race or sex can thus be understood as a critical position in relation to the problematic “historical universality” of these concepts, with the aim of transforming the false universality of biological race thinking, in particular, into the historical universality of critical social analysis.
Out of the Binary and Beyond the Spectrum: Redefining and Reclaiming Native American Race
Authors: Steers-McCrum Alex R.
Published: July 2018

Race in the United States is most often talked about in terms of black and white, sometimes as a spectrum running from whiteness to blackness. Such a conception does not map onto actual racial structures in the United States and excludes Native Americans. This article will criticize this binary, detailing a theory of race in which colonialism and racism are prior to racial formation, following Patrick Wolfe and Michael Omi and Howard Winant. In assembling this theory, this article attempts to bridge philosophical critical race studies and Native American and Indigenous Peoples studies. It argues that to be a member of a race is to be in a relationship of dominance and resistance with settler colonialism. It discusses the implications of a political mode (following Tommie Shelby) of Native race in greater detail, including how it can be differentiated from ethnicity and tribal identity, and how it might be politically useful in anti-domination solidarity. Finally, the article examines the similarities and differences between Native race as construed here and concepts of being Indigenous, suggesting that what Indigenous is at the global level, Native race may be at the local.
Unconscious Racial Prejudice as Psychological Resistance: A Limitation of the Implicit Bias Model
Authors: Castillo Lori Gallegos de
Published: July 2018

Studies have shown that a person can consciously believe that they value racial equality and desire not to perpetuate racial stigmas, but unwittingly exhibit racist attitudes and beliefs. In order to explain this discrepancy between conscious beliefs and behavior, scholars have turned their attention to unconscious racial prejudice. One approach that is gaining wide acceptance is the Implicit Bias Model, which appeals to distinct implicit and explicit cognitive processes, coupled with an account of the ways in which people unconsciously internalize widespread stereotypes and stigmas. This article claims that although the Implicit Bias Model is in many respects useful, it leaves out a central aspect of unconscious racial prejudice: the underlying motivations and incentives for harboring racist attitudes and beliefs, which generate psychological resistances to knowing about or changing prejudices. A more complete account of unconscious racial prejudice can be developed by turning to theories of active ignorance, which contribute to what this article calls the Resistance Model.