bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dissecting Response to Cancer Immunotherapy by Applying Bayesian Network Analysis to Flow Cytometry Data
Authors: Rodin Andrei S. , Gogoshin Grigoriy , Hilliard Seth , Wang Lei , Egelston Colt , Rockne Russel C. , Chao Joseph , Lee Peter P.
Published: June 2020

Cancer immunotherapy, specifically immune checkpoint blockade therapy, has been found to be effective in the treatment of metastatic cancers. However, only a subset of patients achieve clinical responses. Consequently, elucidating immune system-related pre-treatment biomarkers that are predictive with respect to sustained clinical response is a major research priority. Another research priority is evaluating changes in the immune system before and after treatment in responders and non-responders. Our group has been studying immune signaling networks as an accurate reflection of the global immune state. Flow cytometry (FACS, Fluorescence-activated cell sorting) data characterizing immune signaling in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma (GEA) patients were used to analyze changes in immune signaling networks in this setting. Here, we describe a novel computational pipeline developed by us to perform secondary analyses of FACS data using systems biology / machine learning techniques and concepts. It is centered around comparative Bayesian network analyses of immune signaling networks and is capable of detecting true positive signals that conventional methods (such as FlowJo manual gating) might miss. Future studies are planned to validate and follow up immune markers (and combinations / interactions thereof) associated with clinical responses that were identified by this computational pipeline.
GluD2- and Cbln1-mediated Competitive Synaptogenesis Shapes the Dendritic Arbors of Cerebellar Purkinje Cells
Authors: Takeo Yukari H. , Shuster S. Andrew , Jiang Linnie , Hu Miley , Luginbuhl David J. , Rülicke Thomas , Contreras Ximena , Hippenmeyer Simon , Wagner Mark J. , Ganguli Surya , Luo Liqun
Published: June 2020

The synaptotrophic hypothesis posits that synapse formation stabilizes dendritic branches, yet this hypothesis has not been causally testedin vivoin the mammalian brain. Presynaptic ligand cerebellin-1 (Cbln1) and postsynaptic receptor GluD2 mediate synaptogenesis between granule cells and Purkinje cells in the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex. Here we show that sparse but not global knockout ofGluD2causes under-elaboration of Purkinje cell dendrites in the deep molecular layer and overelaboration in the superficial molecular layer. Developmental, overexpression, structure-function, and genetic epistasis analyses indicate that dendrite morphogenesis defects result from competitive synaptogenesis in a Cbln1/GluD2-dependent manner. A generative model of dendritic growth based on competitive synaptogenesis largely recapitulatesGluD2sparse and global knockout phenotypes. Our results support the synaptotrophic hypothesis at initial stages of dendrite development, suggest a second mode in which cumulative synapse formation inhibits further dendrite growth, and highlight the importance of competition in dendrite morphogenesis.
Reconstitution of Alveolar Regeneration via novel DATPs by Inflammatory Niches
Authors: Choi Jinwook , Park Jong-Eun , Tsagkogeorga Georgia , Yanagita Motoko , Koo Bon-Kyoung , Han Namshik , Lee Joo-Hyeon
Published: June 2020

Tissue regeneration involves a multi-step process composed of diverse cellular hierarchies and states that are also implicated in tissue dysfunction and pathogenesis. Here, we leveraged single-cell RNA sequencing analysis in combination within vivolineage tracing and organoid models to fine-map trajectories of alveolar lineage cells during injury repair and regeneration. We identified Damage-Associated Transient Progenitors (DATPs) as a distinct AT2-lineaged population arising during alveolar regeneration. Specifically, we found that IL-1β, secreted by interstitial macrophages, primes a subset ofIl1r1+AT2 cells for conversion into DATPs, via aHif1a-mediated glycolysis pathway, that are functional mediators for mature AT1 cell differentiation. Importantly, we show that chronic inflammation mediated by IL-1β prevents differentiation into AT1 cells, leading to aberrant accumulation of DATPs and impaired alveolar differentiation. Our step-wise fine-mapping of cell fate transitions demonstrates how the inflammatory niche impedes alveolar regeneration by directing stem cell fate behavior.
Pulmonary toxicity and inflammatory response of e-cigarettes containing medium-chain triglyceride oil and vitamin E acetate: Implications in the pathogenesis of EVALI but independent of SARS-COV-2 COVID-19 related proteins
Authors: Muthumalage Thivanka , Lucas Joseph H. , Wang Qixin , Lamb Thomas , McGraw Matthew D. , Rahman Irfan
Published: June 2020

Recently, there has been an outbreak associated with the use of e-cigarette or vaping products, associated lung injury (EVALI). The primary components of vaping products, vitamin E acetate (VEA) and medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) may be responsible for acute lung toxicity. Currently, little information is available on the physiological and biological effects of exposure to these products. We hypothesized that these e-cig cartridges and their constituents (VEA and MCT) induce pulmonary toxicity, mediated by oxidative damage and inflammatory responses, leading to acute lung injury. We studied the potential mechanisms of cartridge aerosol induced inflammatory response by evaluating the generation of reactive oxygen species by MCT, VEA, and cartridges, and their effects on the inflammatory state of pulmonary epithelium and immune cells both in vitro and in vivo. Cells exposed to these aerosols generated reactive oxygen species, caused cytotoxicity, induced epithelial barrier dysfunction, and elicited an inflammatory response. Using a murine model, the parameters of acute toxicity to aerosol inhalation were assessed. Infiltration of neutrophils and lymphocytes was accompanied by significant increases in IL-6, eotaxin, and G-CSF in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). In mouse plasma, eicosanoid inflammatory mediators, leukotrienes, were significantly increased. Plasma from e-cig users also showed increased levels of hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETEs) and various eicosanoids. Exposure to e-cig cartridge aerosols showed the most significant effects and toxicity compared to MCT and VEA. In addition, we determined at SARS-COV-2 related proteins and found no impact associated with aerosol exposures from these tested cartridges. Overall, this study demonstrates acute exposure to specific e-cig cartridges induces in vitro cytotoxicity, barrier dysfunction, and inflammation and in vivo mouse exposure induces acute inflammation with elevated pro-inflammatory markers in the pathogenesis of EVALI.
HMGXB4 TargetsSleeping BeautyTransposition to Vertebrate Germinal Stem Cells
Authors: Devaraj Anantharam , Singh Manvendra , Narayanavari Suneel , Yong Guo , Wang Jiaxuan , Wang Jichang , Becker Mareike , Walisko Oliver , Schorn Andrea , Cseresznyés Zoltán , Grzela Dawid , Raskó Tamás , Selbach Matthias , Ivics Zoltán , Izsvák Zsuzsanna
Published: June 2020

Transposons are parasitic genetic elements that frequently hijack key cellular processes of the host. HMGXB4 is a Wnt signalling-associated HMG-box protein, previously identified as a transcriptional regulating host factor ofSleeping Beauty(SB) transposition. Here, we establish that HMGXB4 is highly expressed from the zygote stage, and declines after transcriptional genome activation. Nevertheless, HMGXB4 is activated by its own promoter at 4-cell stage, responding to the parental-to-zygotic transition, marks stemness, and maintains its expression during germ cell specification. The HMGXB4 promoter is located at an active chromatin domain boundary. As a vertebrate-specific modulator of SETD1A and NuRF complexes, HMGXB4 links histone H3K4 methyltransferase- and ATP-dependent nucleosome remodelling activities. The expression of HMGXB4 is regulated by the KRAB-ZNF/TRIM28 epigenetic repression machinery. A post-transcriptional modification by SUMOylation diminishes its transcriptional activator function and regulates its nucleolar trafficking. Collectively, HMGXB4 positions SB transposition into an elaborate stem cell-specific transcriptional regulatory mechanism that is active during early embryogenesis and germline development, thereby potentiating heritable transposon insertions in the germline.
Formin FHOD1 regulates the size of EPEC pedestals
Authors: Liu Xuyao Priscilla , Shah Mrinal , Kenney Linda J.
Published: June 2020

EnteropathogenicE. coli(EPEC) is an extracellular pathogen that causes polymerization of actin filaments at the site of bacterial attachment, referred to as ‘actin pedestals’. Actin polymerization in the pedestal was believed to be solely regulated via the Nck-WASp-Arp2/3 pathway before formins were recently discovered to be associated with pedestals. Herein, we explored the collaborative role of formins in contributing to EPEC pedestal formation. In particular, we discovered that the formin FHOD1 preferentially localized to the pedestal base and its knockdown drastically reduced pedestal surface area. The pedestal localization of formin FHOD1 was found to be dependent on Tir phosphorylation at Y474, and on FHOD1 phosphorylation at Y99 from host Src family kinases (SFKs). Interestingly, differences in Arp2/3 and FHOD1 dynamics were observed. In large pedestals, Arp3 was nearly absent, but FHOD1 levels were high, suggesting that Arp2/3 and formins were segregated temporally. In line with this observation, as the pedestals grew in size, FHOD1 localization increased, while Arp3 localization decreased along the pedestals. Together, our results suggest that EPEC employs multiple actin nucleators that act at different stages of pedestal formation.

Graphical abstract
A neural circuit mechanism of categorical perception: top-down signaling in the primate cortex
Authors: Min Bin , Bliss Daniel P. , Sarma Arup , Freedman David J. , Wang Xiao-Jing
Published: June 2020

In contrast to feedforward architecture commonly used in deep networks at the core of today’s AI revolution, the biological cortex is endowed with an abundance of feedback projections. Feedback signaling is often difficult to differentially identify, and its computational roles remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated a cognitive phenomenon, called categorical perception (CP), that reveals the influences of high-level category learning on low-level feature-based perception, as a putative signature of top-down signaling. By examining behavioral data from a visual motion delayed matching experiment in non-human primates, we found that, after categorization training, motion directions closer to (respectively, away from) a category center became more (less) difficult to discriminate. This distance-dependent discrimination performance change along the dimension relevant to the learned categories provides direct evidence for the CP phenomenon. To explain this experimental finding, we developed a neural circuit model that incorporated key neurophysiological findings in visual categorization, working memory and decision making. Our model accounts for the behavioral data indicative of CP, pinpoints its circuit basis, suggests novel experimentally testable predictions and provides a functional explanation for its existence. Our work shows that delayed matching paradigms in non-human primates combined with biologically-based modeling can serve as a promising model system for elucidating the neural mechanisms of CP, as a manifestation of top-down signaling in the cortex.

Significant Statement

Categorical perception is a cognitive phenomenon revealing the influences of high-level category learning on low-level feature-based perception. However, its underlying neural mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, we found behavioral evidence for this phenomenon from a visual motion delayed matching experiment in non-human primates. We developed a neural circuit model that can account for this behavioral data, pinpoints its circuit basis, suggests novel experimentally testable predictions and provides a functional explanation for its existence. Our work shows that delayed matching paradigms in non-human primates combined with biologically-based modeling can serve as a promising model system for elucidating the neural mechanisms of categorical perception, as a manifestation of top-down signaling in the cortex.
Demographic history, cold adaptation, and recent NRAP recurrent convergent evolution at amino acid residue 100 in the world northernmost cattle from Russia
Authors: Buggiotti Laura , Yurchenko Andrey A. , Yudin Nikolay S. , Jagt Christy J. Vander , Daetwyler Hans D. , Larkin Denis M.
Published: June 2020

Native cattle breeds represent an important cultural heritage. They are a reservoir of genetic variation useful for properly responding to agriculture needs in light of ongoing climate changes. Evolutionary processes that occur in response to extreme environmental conditions could also be better understood using adapted local populations. Herein, different evolutionary histories for two of the world northernmost native cattle breeds from Russia were investigated. They highlighted Kholmogory as a typical taurine cattle, while Yakut cattle separated from European taurines ~5,000 years ago and contain numerous ancestral and some novel genetic variants allowing their adaptation to harsh conditions of living above the Polar Circle. Scans for selection signatures pointed to several common gene pathways related to adaptation to harsh climates in both breeds. But genes affected by selection from these pathways were mostly different. A Yakut cattle breed-specific missense mutation, H100Q, in a highly conservedNRAPgene, represents a unique example of a young amino acid residue convergent change shared with at least 16 species of hibernating/cold-adapted mammals from nine distinct phylogenetic orders. This suggests a convergent evolution event along the mammalian phylogenetic tree and fast fixation in a single isolated cattle population exposed to a harsh climate.
CellMAPtracer: A user-friendly tracking tool for long-term migratory and proliferating cells
Authors: Ghannoum Salim , Antos Kamil , Netto Waldir Leoncio , Köhn-Luque Alvaro , Farhan Hesso
Published: June 2020

Background

Cell migration is a fundamental cell biological process of key importance in health and disease. Advances in imaging techniques have paved the way to monitor cells motility. An ever-growing collection of computational tools to track cells has improved our ability to analyze moving cells. However, few if any tools let the user supervise and correct cell tracks that are automatically detected. Thus, we developed CellMAPtracer, a tool to track cells in a semi-automated supervised fashion, thereby improving the accuracy and facilitating the long term tracking of migratory and dividing cells. CellMAPtracer is available with a user-friendly graphical user interface and does not require any coding or programming skills.

Results

We used CellMAPtracer to track fluorescently-labelled BT549 breast cancer cells. It allowed us to track dividing cells and determine the fate of the daughter cells with respect to migration speed or directionality and cell cycle length. Of note, we were able to track multi-daughter divisions, wherein a cell divides and gives rise to more than two cells. We also identified a not previously described speed change in the terminal phase of the cell cycle.

Conclusion

CellMAPtracer is a software tool for tracking cell migration and proliferation through a user-friendly interface that has a great potential to facilitate new discoveries in cell biology.
Emerin regulation of nuclear stiffness is required for fast amoeboid migration in confined environments
Authors: Lavenus Sandrine B. , Vosatka Karl W. , Caruso Alexa P. , Ullo Maria F. , Khan Ayesha , Logue Jeremy S.
Published: June 2020

When metastasizing, tumor cells must traverse environments with diverse physicochemical properties. Recently, the cell nucleus has emerged as a major regulator of the transition from mesenchymal to fast amoeboid (leader bleb-based) migration. Here, in melanoma cells, we demonstrate that increasing nuclear stiffness through elevating Lamin A, inhibits fast amoeboid migration. Importantly, nuclei may respond to force through stiffening. A key factor in this process is the inner nuclear membrane (INM) protein, emerin. Accordingly, we determined the role of emerin in regulating fast amoeboid migration. Strikingly, we found that both the up- and down-regulation of emerin results in an inhibition of fast amoeboid migration. However, when key Src phosphorylation sites were removed, up-regulation of emerin no longer inhibited fast amoeboid migration. Interestingly, in confined cells, Src activity was low, as measured by a Src biosensor. Thus, the fast amoeboid migration of melanoma cells depends on the precise calibration of emerin activity.

Summary Statement

In mechanically constrictive microenvironments, amoeboid migrating melanoma cells require emerin for the precise calibration of nuclear stiffness.
Ultralow-input single-tube linked-read library method enables short-read second-generation sequencing systems to routinely generate highly accurate and economical long-range sequencing information
Authors: Chen Zhoutao , Pham Long , Wu Tsai-Chin , Mo Guoya , Xia Yu , Chang Peter L. , Porter Devin , Phan Tan , Che Huu , Tran Hao , Bansal Vikas , Shaffer Justin , Belda-Ferre Pedro , Humphrey Greg , Knight Rob , Pevzner Pavel , Pham Son , Wang Yong , Lei Ming
Published: June 2020

Long-range sequencing information is required for haplotype phasing, de novo assembly, and structural variation detection. Current long-read sequencing technologies can provide valuable long-range information but at a high cost with low accuracy and high DNA input requirements. We have developed a single-tube Transposase Enzyme Linked Long-read Sequencing (TELL-seq) technology, which enables a low-cost, high-accuracy, and high-throughput short-read second-generation sequencer to generate over 100 kb of long-range sequencing information with as little as 0.1 ng input material. In a PCR tube, millions of clonally barcoded beads are used to uniquely barcode long DNA molecules in an open bulk reaction without dilution and compartmentation. The barcoded linked-reads are used to successfully assemble genomes ranging from microbes to human. These linked-reads also generate megabase-long phased blocks and provide a cost-effective tool for detecting structural variants in a genome, which are important to identify compound heterozygosity in recessive Mendelian diseases and discover genetic drivers and diagnostic biomarkers in cancers.
Large field-of-view scanning small-angle X-ray scattering of mammalian cells
Authors: Cassini Chiara , Wittmeier Andrew , Brehm Gerrit , Denz Manuela , Burghammer Manfred , Köster Sarah
Published: June 2020

X-ray imaging is a complementary method to electron and fluorescence microscopy for studying biological cells. In particular, scanning small-angle X-ray scattering provides overview images of whole cells in real space as well as local, high-resolution reciprocal space information, rendering it suitable to investigate subcellular nanostructures in unsliced cells. One persisting challenge in cell studies is achieving high throughput in reasonable times. To this end, a fast scanning mode is used to image hundreds of cells in a single scan. A way of dealing with the vast amount of data thus collected is suggested, including a segmentation procedure and three complementary kinds of analysis,i.e.characterization of the cell population as a whole, of single cells and of different parts of the same cell. The results show that short exposure times, which enable faster scans and reduce radiation damage, still yield information in agreement with longer exposure times.
An empirical study on the correlation between university discipline and industrial structure in the Guangdong, Hong Kong, and Macao greater bay area
Authors: Ma Jinyuan , Zhu Kejin , Cao Yi , Chen Qiongqiong , Cheng Xuesen
Published: June 2020

Purpose

This paper examines the correlation between university discipline and industrial structure in the context of the integration and development of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area (hereinafter the Greater Bay Area). It aims to determine the industrial structure deviation, and further identify human resource shortages and complementarity through the lens of the university discipline layout in the three regions of the Greater Bay Area, namely, the nine mainland Guangdong cities in the Pearl River Delta, Hong Kong, and Macau.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper takes a quantitative Pearson correlation approach to determine the magnitude and strength of the relationship between regional university discipline and industrial structure in the Greater Bay Area, using predictor variables of percentage of compositions of GDP by sector to manifest the industrial structure and criterion variables of percentage of compositions of university enrollments by an academic program to represent the university discipline layout.

Findings

The most significant empirical result suggests that industrial structure deviation exists in the secondary industries of both Guangdong and Hong Kong. This indicates the complementarity between regions of the Greater Bay Area: the number of science and engineering talents graduating from the universities in Hong Kong exceeds the demands of Hong Kong’s local needs, while the science and engineering talents cultivated by universities in Guangdong cannot satisfy the needs of its secondary industries. However, the cities of Guangdong are not the primary choice of most Hong Kong graduates (Zhaopin, 2019).

Originality/value

There have been previous empirical studies dealing with the correlation between Chinese higher education discipline layout and industrial structure at the national level. There have been more case analyses at the provincial level, and some studies have used a comparative lens to find implications for the Chinese transformation. However, few studies have examined the correlation between higher education discipline layout and industrial structure in the context of the Greater Bay Area, with its emphasis on regional synergy and the distinction of “one country, two systems, and three tariff zones.” Based on its empirical findings, this study calls for a talent ecosystem that is beneficial for talent flow, talent sharing, and talent cultivation in a complementary manner.
FEM-CBS algorithm for convective transport of nanofluids in inclined enclosures filled with anisotropic non-Darcy porous media using LTNEM
Authors: Ahmed Sameh Elsayed
Published: June 2020

Purpose

The Galerkin finite element method (FEM) based on the characteristic-based split (CBS) scheme is applied to simulate the nanofluid flow and thermal fields inside an inclined geometry filled by a heat-generating hydrodynamically and thermally anisotropic non-Darcy porous medium using the local thermal non-equilibrium model (LTNEM). Property of the hydrodynamic anisotropy is taken in both the Forchheimer coefficient and permeability and these tools are considered as functions of inclination of the principal axes. Also, the thermal conductivity for the porous phase is assumed to be anisotropic.

Design/methodology/approach

The Galerkin FEM based on the CBS scheme is applied to solve the partial differential equations governing the flow and thermal fields.

Findings

It is noted that the net rate of the heat transfer between the nanofluid and solid phases are influenced by variations of the anisotropic properties. Also, the system is reached to the thermal equilibrium state at H > 100. Further, the maximum nanofluid temperature is reduced by 12.27% when the nanoparticles volume fraction is varied from 0% to 4%.

Originality/value

This paper aims to study the nanofluid flow and heat transfer characteristics inside an inclined enclosure filled with a heat-generating, hydrodynamically and thermally anisotropic porous medium using the CBS scheme. The LTNEM is considered between the nanofluid and porous phases while the local thermal equilibrium model (LTEM) between the base fluid (water) and the nanoparticles (alumina) is taken into account. The Galerkin FEM is introduced to discretize the governing system of equations. Also, examine influences of the anisotropic properties (permeability, Forchheimer terms and thermal conductivity of the porous medium), inclination angle and nanoparticles volume fraction on the net rate of the heat transfer between the nanofluid and porous phases and on the local thermal non-equilibrium state is one of the concerns of this paper.
Women’s career advancement in hotels: the mediating role of organizational commitment
Authors: Liu Ting , Shen Huawen , Gao Jie
Published: June 2020

Purpose

This study aims to uncover women’s career advancement (CA) in the hospitality industry, by examining the influence of female employees’ career expectation (CE) and work–family balance (WFB). It also investigated the extent to which organizational commitment (OC) mediates the relationships among women’s CE, WFB and CA.

Design/methodology/approach

A questionnaire was used to collect data. The data were collected from 525 hotel female employees in China. A structural equation model was conducted with all of the data to test the relationships between the constructs. The individual measurement model was tested using the exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. A structural model was estimated using analysis of moment structures to test all the hypotheses.

Findings

The results showed that women’s CE and WFB positively influenced their OC and CA. Women’s organizational commitment also positively influenced their CA. The results also confirmed that the indirect effect of CE and WFB on CA was mediated by OC.

Originality/value

This study examines how the CE and work–family relationships of female employees in the hospitality industry affect their OC and their CA. The results help female employees to overcome the glass ceiling effect and achieve greater career success. This study seeks to expand the research on the CA of female hotel employees by identifying the factors that influence their CA.
Experimental study on shear behavior of hollow slab beam strengthened with pasting steel plates
Authors: Wang Jiawei , Liu Jinliang , Zhang Guanhua , Han Jigang
Published: June 2020

Purpose

Considering the “size effect” and the properties degradation of building materials on the strengthened engineering, in this paper, the technology of pasting steel plate was adopted to shear strengthen a 16 m prestressed concrete hollow slab, which had serviced 20 years in cold regions. The shear properties of shear strengthen beams are analyzed.

Design/methodology/approach

Shear loading test of the shear strengthened beam and the contrast beam was conducted. Then the mechanical characteristics, failure mechanism, the mechanical response and shear capacity of shear strengthened beam and contrast beam had been discussed.

Findings

The failure mode of shear strengthened beam and contrast beam was shear compression failure, and the bond failure between concrete and prestressed reinforcement happened in both of test beams. The shear strengthening method of pasting steel plate can effectively improve the mechanical response for the shear strengthened beam. Compared with the contrast beam, the cracking load and failure shear capacity for the shear strengthened beam can be effectively increased by 12.2 and 27.6%, respectively.

Originality/value

The research results can be a reference for the detection and evaluation of shear strengthened bridges, which are strengthened by pasting steel plate. Engineers can refer to the shear strengthening method in this paper to strengthen the existing bridge, which can guarantee the safety of shear strengthened bridges.
Leader self-enhancement values: curvilinear and congruence effects
Authors: Dust Scott , Rode Joseph , Wang Peng
Published: June 2020

Purpose

Assumptions regarding the effect of leader self-enhancement values on leader-follower relationships are oversimplified. To advance this conversation, we test non-linear and congruence effects. We hypothesize that leader self-enhancement values (via prestige) have an inverted U-shaped relationship with employee perceptions of leader-member exchange (LMX) and leader interpersonal justice, and that leader-follower incongruence is negatively related to LMX and interpersonal justice.

Design/methodology/approach

To evaluate our hypotheses we use hierarchical regression, polynomial regression, and surface plot analysis. Our sample consists of 193 leader-follower dyads from a variety of organizations.

Findings

LMX and interpersonal justice increase as leader self-enhancement increases, but begin to decrease at higher levels of self-enhancement values. Additionally, leader-follower self-enhancement incongruence is negatively related to interpersonal justice. Finally, LMX is lowest when leaders are higher than followers in self-enhancement values compared to when followers are higher than leaders.

Practical implications

It is critical to evaluate the level of leader self-enhancement values and/or the joint influence of the follower values (self-enhancement) to fully understand the effect of leader values on follower perceptions of the dyadic relationship. Organizations interested in facilitating high-quality leader-follower relationships should focus on the levels of the values and on mechanisms that facilitate leader-follower value alignment.

Originality/value

This work extends prior research assuming a direct, linear effect of leader self-enhancement values on follower outcomes. To fully understand the influence of leader values it is important to consider curvilinear and congruence effects.
Design research in the practice of memory place-making
Authors: Tang Zixin , Lu Andong , Yang Yue
Published: June 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore the possibility that design research involving a series of actions is an appropriate approach to memory place-making. It tries to explore how memory expressed in public space and how memory place becomes an agency system and re-organize fragments of memory in practice specifically.

Design/methodology/approach

Taking the memory project of Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge (NYRB) as an example of design research and re-establishing new cognitions of contemporary memory place-making through the elaboration and analysis of the design process of a series of teaching, exhibition and public participatory activities.

Findings

Design research is oriented towards multi-discipline campaigns of agency and actions and acts as thinking patterns and integration mechanisms, so that the memory place-making can be incorporated into the scope of planning and design. This paper suggests that contemporary memory place-making should pay more attention to the spiritual experience of individual participation and the identity relations behind these emotional memories. On one hand, social bonds are established between people and have involved more public participation. On the other hand, multiple resources are integrated through a series of practical activities and design research, and the memory place becomes a catalyst for individual memory, emotions and communication thus redefining memory place-making.

Social implications

NYRB is a controversial mid-20th century national monument. In the social context of contemporary China, design research has helped to redefine and shape this national icon into a contemporary memory place where people can share memories of the bridge.

Originality/value

It is project-based in the sense of adding the dimension of memory to the practice of place-making through design research.
What’s in the brain for us: a systematic literature review of neuroeconomics and neurofinance
Authors: Srivastava Mrinalini , Sharma Gagan Deep , Srivastava Achal Kumar , Kumaran S. Senthil
Published: June 2020

Purpose

Neuroeconomics and neurofinance are emerging as intriguing fields of research, despite sharing ambiguity with the concepts of neuroscience. The relationship among the concepts of economics, finance and neuroscience is not explicitly defined in the past literature, which distorts the use of neuroeconomics and neurofinance approaches in real-world practice for financial decision-making. The purpose of this paper is to consolidate the literature in the field of neuroeconomics and neurofinance to set up the research agenda for the upcoming scholarship in the field.

Design/methodology/approach

The purpose of this paper is to consolidates the extant literature in the fields of neuroeconomics and neurofinance by conducting an extensive systematic literature review to investigate the current state and define the relationship between economics, finance and neuroscience.

Findings

This paper identifies and explains the explicit relationship between different sub-fields of neuroscience with neuroeconomics and neurofinance and providing instances for future research studies.

Originality/value

The exclusive and extensive literature survey in the form of systematic literature review is undertaken for understanding the fields of neuroeconomics and neurofinance and is the key highlight of this paper. Another, interesting fact lies with matching the literature in neuroeconomics and neurofinance with further sub-fields of neuroscience such as neurophysiology, neuroanatomy, molecular neuroscience and cognitive neuroscience.
Comparative studies of glial fibrillary acidic protein and brain‐derived neurotrophic factor expression in two transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Edwards Stephen R. , Khan Nemat , Coulson Elizabeth J. , Smith Maree T.
Published: June 2020

In Alzheimer’s disease (AD) glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is expressed by reactive astrocytes surrounding β‐amyloid (Aβ) plaques, whereas brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels are typically reduced. We compared the expression of GFAP, BDNF, and its precursor proBDNF in the dorsal hippocampus of two transgenic AD mouse models. APPSwe YAC mice expressing the APPSwe transgene on a yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) were assessed at age 4 and 21 months, and APPSwe/PS1dE9 mice co‐expressing mutant amyloid precursor protein (APPSwe) and presenilin‐1 (PS1dE9) were assessed at age 4 and 9 months. Significantly increased (1.4‐fold) GFAP expression was observed in APPSwe YAC c.f. wild‐type (Wt) mice aged 21 months, when Aβ deposition was first evident in these mice. In APPSwe/PS1dE9 mice aged 4 and 9 months, GFAP expression was significantly increased (1.6‐ and 3.1‐fold, respectively) c.f. Wt mice, and was associated with robust Aβ deposition at 9 months. BDNF expression was significantly lower in 4‐ and 21‐month old APPSwe YAC mice (0.8‐ and 0.6‐fold, respectively) c.f. age‐matched Wt mice, whereas proBDNF expression was significantly higher (10‐fold) in the APPSwe YAC c.f. Wt mice aged 21 months. In APPSwe/PS1dE9 mice aged 4 months, BDNF expression was significantly lower (0.4‐fold) c.f. age‐matched Wt mice and was equivalent to that in 9‐month old mice of both genotypes; proBDNF expression mirrored that of BDNF in this strain. These findings support a role for reactive astrocytes and neuroinflammation, rather than BDNF, in the spatial memory deficits previously reported for APPSwe YAC and APPSwe/PS1dE9 mice.
Assessment of an online piloted module targeted toward home‐based food operators in Iowa
Authors: Temen Tarah , Jaramillo Cherrez Nadia , Coleman Shannon
Published: June 2020

Understanding safe food practice is important for home‐based food operators to prevent foodborne illness. Earlier work has found that home‐based food operators lack food safety knowledge and may benefit from training that is specifically tailored to their needs. Unfortunately, home‐based food operators may be deterred from enrolling in traditional educational formats due to their busy schedules. The objective of this study was to pilot and evaluate the effectiveness of an online food safety education module for home‐based food operators in Iowa through three learning assessments. Twenty‐one participants enrolled in a blended workshop in which participants completed one online module before attending a face‐to‐face session where they completed the remaining five modules. The effectiveness of the online module was measured by examining the first‐attempt average scores on learning assessments, the number of assessment attempts required to achieve 100%, and the first‐attempt performance by question type. The three learning assessment tools resulted in first‐attempt averages of approximately 86%, 90%, and 83%, surpassing our standard of effectiveness of 75% and showing good potential for the online format. The learning assessment attempt numbers of 4.65, 1.67, and 3.81 showed difficulty with knowledge transfer for some topics. Comprehension and analysis‐style questions had first‐attempt success rates of approximately 85% and 88%, respectively. Scores on knowledge and application‐style questions were lower with first‐attempt success rates of approximately 80% and 75%, respectively. These findings were used to improve the first online module and guide the transition of the remaining five modules to the online format.
Destructuring and restructuring of foods during gastric digestion
Authors: Guo Qing , Ye Aiqian , Singh Harjinder , Rousseau Dérick
Published: June 2020

All foods harbor unique length scale‐dependent structural features that can influence the release, transport, and utilization of macro‐ or micronutrients in the human gastrointestinal tract. In this regard, food destructuring and restructuring processes during gastric passage significantly influence downstream nutrient assimilation and feelings of satiety. This review begins with a synopsis of the effects of oral processing on food structure. Then, stomach‐centric factors that contribute to the efficacy of gastric digestion are discussed, and exemplified by comparing the intragastric de‐ and restructuring of a number of common foods. The mechanisms of how intragastric structuring influences gastric emptying and its relationship to human satiety are then discussed. Finally, recently developed, non‐destructive instrumental approaches used to quantitively and qualitatively characterize food behavior during gastric destructuring and restructuring are described.
Procedural justice and legal compliance
Authors: Nagin Daniel S. , Telep Cody W.
Published: June 2020

Research Summary

In 2017, we published an essay (Nagin & Telep, 2017) that challenged the widely held view that research had plausibly demonstrated that procedurally just treatment of citizens by police increased the citizen's willingness to comply with the law and thereby reduced crime rates. This article updates Nagin and Telep (2017) with new evidence that has appeared since its publication, while exploring in more depth our critiques of the existing procedural justice evidence base. Overall, we reach a similar conclusion concerning the impact of procedurally just treatment on crime but with the qualification that the rapid growth in the literature offers some encouraging evidence on the effectiveness of procedural justice training in affecting officer's attitudes and the effectiveness of community policing infused with elements of procedural justice in improving citizen perceptions of police. Research on body‐worn cameras also provides indirect support that respectful police–citizen interactions have salutary impacts. We also set out a revisionist perspective on procedural justice that emphasizes the social value of procedural justice in its own right but also makes more modest predictions about impacts on legal compliance.

Policy Implications

Our critical assessment of the evidence on the crime prevention efficacy of procedurally just treatment, and even more fundamentally our skepticism about whether procedurally just treatment will reduce mala in se crimes against person and property, does not, however, mean that procedural justice should be relegated to a secondary status in policy discussion about effective policing. To the contrary, as we have argued and continue to argue, procedurally just treatment of citizens has social value independent of its impact on crime. Yet those benefits are still to be demonstrated. Police executives should, therefore, be cognizant that the effectiveness of this approach to policing should be closely monitored.
Synergistic role of abiotic factors driving viable but non‐culturable Vibrio cholerae
Authors: M Jayakumar Jane , Balasubramanian Deepak , Reddi Geethika , Almagro‐Moreno Salvador
Published: June 2020

Vibrio cholerae O1, a natural inhabitant of estuarine environments, is found in a dormant, viable but non‐culturable (VBNC) state during interepidemic periods. Although the individual roles of abiotic factors affecting VBNC formation have been extensively studied, their interplay in driving this phenomenon remains largely unaddressed. Here, we identified that major abiotic factors synergize with low nutrient conditions governing entry of cells into the VBNC state. Specifically, V. cholerae cells exposed to a combination of alkaline pH and high salinity under aeration at low temperatures (VBNC‐inducing conditions) synergize to facilitate rapid entry into VBNC, whereas the opposite conditions prevented entry into the state. The major virulence regulator ToxR, and the stringent response protein RelA played opposing roles, repressing and facilitating VBNC entry respectively. Further, VBNC‐inducing conditions negated the effects of ToxR and RelA, facilitating rapid formation of VBNC cells. In summary, this study highlights the synergy between critical abiotic factors and identified ToxR and RelA as two associated regulators, allowing for the persistence of V. cholerae in aquatic environments. Insights obtained in this study will help better understand environmental survival non‐sporulating bacteria and transmission of facultative bacterial pathogens.
Allergic contact dermatitis caused by timolol eyedrop application for classic Kaposi sarcoma
Authors: Pérez‐Tato Berta , Polimón Isabel , Marinero Silvia , Lozano‐Masdemont Belén , de la Cruz Evelina , Galván Cristina
Published: June 2020

Topical timolol has been shown to be effective on treatment of Kaposi sarcoma. We present the case of a 72‐year‐old man with classic Kaposi sarcoma on upper limbs, treated with topical timolol 0.5% twice a day with a pruritic eruption on areas of application.
Evolving insights into the mechanisms of toxicity associated with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy
Authors: Mangan Brendan L. , McAlister Renee K. , Balko Justin M. , Johnson Douglas B. , Moslehi Javid J. , Gibson Andrew , Phillips Elizabeth J.
Published: June 2020

Immune checkpoint inhibitors have emerged as a revolutionary treatment option for patients with various types of malignancy. Although these agents afford a significant improvement in outcomes for melanoma and other previously untreatable malignancies, their novel mechanism of action may predispose patients to immune‐related adverse effects (irAEs). In the tumour neoantigen environment, these irAEs are due to the activation of the immune system by the blockade of suppressive checkpoints, leading to increases in T‐cell activation and proliferation. IrAEs have been reported in almost any organ and at any point in time, even months to years after discontinuation of therapy. Certain populations with distinct physiological changes, genetic risk factors, and specific antigen exposures may be more highly predisposed to develop irAEs. This review discusses the incidence and mechanisms of irAEs and the relationship between host factors and irAE occurrence.
Does the heterogeneity of autism undermine the neurodiversity paradigm?
Authors: Hughes Jonathan A.
Published: June 2020

The neurodiversity paradigm is presented by its proponents as providing a philosophical foundation for the activism of the neurodiversity movement. Its central claims are that autism and other neurodivergent conditions are not disorders because they are not intrinsically harmful, and that they are valuable, natural and/or normal parts of human neurocognitive variation. This paper: (a) identifies the non‐disorder claim as the most central of these, based on its prominence in the literature and connections with the practical policy claims that the paradigm is supposed to support; (b) describes the heterogeneity of autism at the behavioural and causal levels, and argues that at the behavioural level this encompasses ways of being autistic that are harmful in ways that cannot be not wholly attributed to discrimination or unjust social arrangements, challenging the claim that autism is not a disorder; (c) considers and rejects responses to this challenge based on separation of high‐ and low‐functioning autism, separation of autism from co‐occurring conditions, and viewing autism as part of an individual’s identity. Two of these responses fail for reasons that are themselves connected with the behavioural and/or causal heterogeneity of autism.
Chest computed tomography is a valid measure of body composition in individuals with advanced lung disease
Authors: Mathur Sunita , Rozenberg Dmitry , Verweel Lee , Orsso Camila E. , Singer Lianne G.
Published: June 2020

There is growing interest in evaluating body composition using routine clinical computed tomography (CT) scans; however, the validity of this technique in lung transplant patients has not been described. The study objectives were to determine the reliability of measuring fat compartments from thoracic CT and evaluate the validity of muscle and fat cross‐sectional area (CSA) from thoracic CT by comparing to bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Thoracic CT scans from lung transplant assessments were obtained for analysis. Total thoracic muscle CSA, pectoral muscle CSA, subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), and mediastinal adipose tissue (MAT) were manually segmented by two independent raters. Reliability was analysed using intra‐class correlation coefficient (ICC). Correlations were determined between CT measures with fat‐free mass index (FFMI), body fat mass index (BFMI) and per cent body fat (%BF) from BIA; and anthropometrics [body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC)]. High inter‐ and intra‐rater reliability were found for SAT and MAT (ICCs = 0.99). Pectoral and total muscle CSA were correlated with FFMI (r = .41, p = .003 and r = .57, p < .001, respectively). SAT was associated with whole‐body fat from BIA and with BMI and WC (r = .61 to .80, p < .001). MAT was associated with BMI (r = .58, p < .001) and WC (r = .61, p < .001). This study supports the reliability and validity of using thoracic CT to measure muscle and fat. Future studies are needed to investigate whether these CT‐based measures are predictive of clinical and post‐transplant outcomes in advanced lung disease.