bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A complexidade dos sistemas de assentamentos ameríndios no Planalto Ocidental Paulista vistos a partir da arqueologia: a contribuição do LAG/MAR
Authors: Faccio Neide Barrocá
Published: September 2019

O Planalto Ocidental Paulista foi, outrora, densamente ocupado por povos agricultores indígenas. Apresenta-se, aqui, o levantamento dos dados arqueológicos das ocupações indígenas pesquisadas na área do Planalto Ocidental Paulista, pelo LAG (Laboratório de Arqueologia Guarani e Estudos da Paisagem) e MAR (Museu de Arqueologia Regional) da FCT/UNESP (Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia/Universidade Estadual Paulista). No Planalto Ocidental Paulista, encontramos as etnias Guarani e/ou Tupi; Kaingang e Kayapó. Objetiva-se trazer à luz a cultura material, a partir da caracterização dos objetos, da localização das habitações e do meio físico dessas ocupações, a partir dos quais, ainda que de forma inicial, se possa conhecer, ao menos em parte, as características desses grupos indígenas.
Estado e reestruturação urbana em Sergipe (2000 - 2018): uma análise sobre os principais programas de habitação de interesse social
Authors: Campos Antonio Carlos , Santos Flávio Henrique Matos
Published: September 2019

A pesquisa visa discutir a atuação do Estado no processo de produção do espaço urbano em Sergipe e, principalmente em Aracaju através da provisão de habitações de interesse social vinculadas aos Programas Moradia Cidadã, Arrendamento Residencial, Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento e Minha Casa, Minha Vida e seu rebatimento espacial estruturante e contraditório. O marco temporal se estende desde os anos 2000 até os dias atuais. Este objeto faz parte de uma pesquisa mais ampla que busca analisar os agentes e a reestruturação urbana das cidades sergipanas. Metodologicamente, optamos por adotar a pesquisa de base qualitativa e quantitativa com procedimentos sistemáticos que envolvem pesquisa de dados secundários e o mapeamento temático, que serviram para analisar a produção das frações desses espaços através das distintas políticas habitacionais direcionadas para as camadas populares.
A vigência do medo, sofrimento e sobrecarga física para o trabalhador no corte da cana de açúcar no estado de São Paulo
Authors: Messias Iracimara Anchieta , Lizarazo Robinzon Piñeros
Published: September 2019

No presente artigo são apresentados como o medo, sofrimento e o desgaste físico determinam o trabalho do corte manual de cana de açúcar para produção de açúcar e o biocombustível etanol. O estudo foi realizado na região oeste do estado de São Paulo, em dois momentos distintos: - no primeiro são apresentados os resultados quando a atividade de corte manual representava 70% da produção na região. Em um segundo momento, discutem-se os resultados com outros estudos realizados nos últimos anos, sendo que a mecanização corresponde por 90% do corte no estado de São Paulo. O estudo foi realizado no enfoque da ergonomia da atividade, utilizando-se a abordagem da psicodinâmica do trabalho, com questões relativas ao prazer e ao sofrimento destes trabalhadores. Realizou-se observação sistemática do trabalho utilizando a Análise Ergonômica do Trabalho e aplicou-se o instrumento de análise postural Win-Owas, para conhecimento do desgaste físico. Dos resultados obtidos emergem questões relacionadas ao sofrimento e medo, dentro de alguns recortes como trabalho por produção, exaustão física e desconfiança. Quando comparados os dados com os de estudos atuais onde prevalecem a mecanização, observa-se que as penosidades do trabalho não foram amenizadas. Concluiu-se que o sofrimento durante essa atividade de trabalho é fato presente, principalmente devido ao ganho ser por produção, e as cargas biomecânicas que causam grande desgaste físico a esse trabalhador são intensificadas pelas cargas mentais associadas a esse trabalho.
Marc Ferrez, un photographe témoin des mutations du Brésil
Authors: Confins
Published: September 2019

Marc Ferrez (1843-1923) a été témoin des extraordinaires transformations qu’a connu le Brésil du milieu du XIXe siècle au premier quart du XXe, de l'esclavage à la naissance du cinéma en passant par la construction des chemins de fer et la modernisation de ses villes et nous a laissé sur elles un précieux témoignages sous formes de photographie d’une grande qualité
Bacia urbano-regional do petróleo: a zona costeira do Espírito Santo associada ao estado do Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Zanotelli Cláudio Luiz , Dota Ednelson Mariano , Ferreira Francismar Cunha , Rodrigues Rennan Moraes
Published: September 2019

Este artigo parte da hipótese que uma bacia urbano-regional está em constituição entre os estados do Espírito Santo e Rio de Janeiro, mas com foco principal no Espírito Santo. Esta bacia se sobrepõe ou é contígua às bacias sedimentares costeiras dos dois estados (em particular entre a região metropolitana de Vitória e a Região Metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro). Estando em processo de formação, tal bacia tem se densificado na última década em função do acentuado desenvolvimento da exploração e extração do petróleo. Para demonstrar tal hipótese, mapeamos as principais infraestruturas e as empresas presentes na bacia urbano-regional, bem como os fluxos migratórios e de deslocamento habitat-trabalho, associados ao petróleo no período de 2000 a 2010 a partir dos microdados do Censo Demográfico Brasileiro.
Modo de vida e territorialidade quilombola da comunidade Ressaca da Pedreira – Macapá, Amapá
Authors: Lomba Roni Mayer , Campos Roberto Júnior de Almeida
Published: September 2019

A comunidade quilombola Ressaca da Pedreira está localizada em Macapá, Amapá, Brasil. Oficialmente, desde 2010 encontra-se em processo de regularização fundiária pelo INCRA, tornando-se território quilombola. Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o modo de vida e a territorialidade na comunidade quilombola Ressaca da Pedreira abarcando suas metamorfoses socioeconômicas, ambientais, culturais, territoriais e políticas. Em termos de metodologia, com base no materialismo dialético e fenomenológico foram realizadas revisões bibliográficas sobre o tema, trabalho de campo valorizando a oralidade dos moradores, séries fotográficas e mapas, o que permitiu uma análise crítica sobre a necessidade de ampliação dessas políticas públicas de reconhecimento de territórios ancestrais, assim como a garantia de permanência de grupos sociais com características econômicas pautadas na agricultura de excedentes na terra oficialmente protegida. As conclusões nos indicaram a importância do processo de regularização fundiária, que garante, além da posse da terra, o acesso a outras políticas socioeconômicas que garantem bem-estar das comunidades.
OS IMPACTOS SOCIOCULTURAIS E SOCIOAMBIENTAIS DO TURISMO NO AMBIENTE COSTEIRO: UM OLHAR PARA O LITORAL SUL SERGIPANO.
Authors: Alexandre Lillian Maria de Mesquita , Macedo Heleno dos Santos , Araújo Hélio Mario de
Published: September 2019

A compreensão de que o turismo se baseia em um sistema complexo, integrado e dinâmico é necessário para refletir novas possibilidades no momento em que ele passa a ser repensado na gestão do espaço turístico, onde uma interação não só na dinâmica econômica, mas também na social, cultural e ambiental, fortalecem as ações das políticas públicas de turismo em uma localidade. Assim, o estudo proposto buscou apresentar as relações entre as dinâmicas necessárias a partir das dimensões de sustentabilidade necessárias para fundamentar os pilares de um desenvolvimento possível do turismo no litoral sul sergipano. Apresentar algumas realidades impactantes e trazer algumas propostas de intervenções que sejam possíveis de serem aplicadas para a busca de um fomento sustentável da atividade, é o que propomos neste. Pautado na pesquisa descritiva e qualitativa, o trabalho é baseado em pesquisas realizadas no litoral sul sergipano, no período de 2014 a 2018, quanto da escrita da tese de doutorado desenvolvido pela autora, intitulada “(Re) Invenção do Turismo de Base Comunitária no Litoral Sul Sergipano: turismo e economia criativa como elos de gestão participativa”. Espera-se que a contribuição desta pesquisa nas áreas de turismo e geografia pensadas na dinâmica ambiental, posso corroborar para um desenvolvimento mais salutar, em busca de uma organização espacial de fato sustentável.
The Changing Roles of Teachers With AI
Authors: Shen Libi , Su Anchi
Published: September 2019

Artificial intelligence (AI) is ubiquitous in our lives and is progressing at an accelerated rate in the past 60 years. AI application is diverse and AI technology continues to grow. It enables a machine to think like human beings and has opened a new horizon for industries, businesses, transportation, hospitals, and schools. How is AI applied to educational settings? How will the emergence of AI technology assist teachers' teaching and improve students' learning? Will the implementation of AI technology in education replace schoolteachers? What would be the ethical concerns of AI technology? What role do teachers play with AI in education? The purpose of this chapter is to explore the roles that teachers play in the innovation and evolution of AI and to seek approaches teachers should take in coping with AI technology. Issues and problems of teaching with AI will be discussed; solutions will be recommended.
Impact of Social and Cultural Challenges in Education Using AI
Authors: Sethi Kapil , Sharma Ajay , Chauhan Shweta , Jaiswal Varun
Published: September 2019

Learning is the main feature that is connected to education. Education increases the power of visualization and to differentiate between the right and wrong. Education in these days has become expensive for the poor guardians. Education indeed helps to know the real values in relation to social and cultural behavior so that one can become a decent person in nature in society. The role of technology in modern education helps to lookout the current trends and to solve the problems using artificial intelligence in education. AI tools play a vital role in research and help to access the literature worldwide. AI can also provide the solution to social challenges like diversity in nature, security, and privacy of the person. Apart from education, AI has made an impact in other fields like social media, communication, and technology.
Intelligent Tutoring Systems for Filipino Learners
Authors: Bringula Rex Perez
Published: September 2019

Intelligent tutoring systems (ITS) research is not a new field of study. Despite its pedagogical value, very few ITS are developed intended for Filipino learners. The dearth of ITS research in a local setting discounted the fact Filipino learners might need a different learning approach. This chapter presented the state of ITS research in the Philippines. Readers would be informed that there is a need for multidisciplinary studies relating to Filipino learners that could serve basis for the development of culturally-related ITS. It also described Filipino learners in terms of culture, and it will attempt to link these descriptions as design considerations for the development of ITS. Finally, it provided insights and directions on how to develop an ITS for Filipino learners.
A New Paradigm for Acceptance of Analytics in Learning Management Systems at Jordanian Universities (JLMS)
Authors: Al Amoush Abdeleh Bassam , Sandhu Kamaljeet
Published: September 2019

E-learning or learning management systems (LMS) are broadly used in higher education systems. They've become a necessity to help the participants (instructors, students, and administrators) in their daily use. Learning analytics presents an auspicious approach. This chapter aims to examine the acceptance of analytics and use of an LMS at Jordanian universities. It also focuses on the factors influencing acceptance of analytics in LMS at Jordanian universities. Therefore, the chapter presents a new model for acceptance of analytics in learning management systems at Jordanian universities. It calls Jordanian learning management system (JLMS). This chapter is based on the most recent and related literature explaining various scenarios where learning management systems address learning issues in the digital environment in a way that was not possible in the previous confines of print logics.
The Issue of Post-Merger Integration Boundary Management
Authors: Vieru Dragos
Published: September 2019

This study analyzes the interactions among individuals engaged in two information system development (ISD) projects aimed to support an organization created by the merger of previously independent entities. The literature on post-merger integration (PMI) suggests that new information systems (IS) that would span the boundaries of the previously independent firms need to be implemented to facilitate a specific level of integration. Yet, there is a lack of studies on the issue of post-merger boundary management during ISD projects. The authors draw on a sociomaterial perspective to analyze two ISD projects in a PMI context of a merger of three hospitals. In both projects, the final IS-enabled practices differed from the post-merger practices that had been planned by the new hospital management. The analysis suggests that post-merger practices were the result of dialectic processes of resistance to, and negotiation of, the two systems reconfiguration after their implementation.
Collective Behavior Under the Umbrella of Blockchain
Authors: Saxena Kanak , Banodha Umesh
Published: September 2019

Any social or organization system will fetch the properties from economics, sociology, and social psychology. In the digital world everyone is trying to cope with the new technologies for the survival. The dynamics of such a system are very multifarious due to the complexity in the convergence of the digital, physical, and biological realms. The dynamics of the society and organization are rapidly changing due to the imparting of the new technologies, such as artificial intelligence, internet of things, virtual reality, etc. The resultant is revolutionizing of opportunities and expectations due to the changes in the values, norms, identities, and future potential. The collective behavior (CB) plays an important role in predicting the various dynamics which are not only coherent but also paying attention. Blockchain will not only help in detecting but also help in finding the major causes and challenges for current scenario dynamics. The chapter describes the agent-based modeling and ant colony optimization components of the CB.
Sustainable Supply Chain Management in the Era of Digitialization
Authors: Kumar Ravinder
Published: September 2019

In the last two decades the term sustainable supply chain management (SSCM) has become quite popular. Organizations are working on sustainability of their supply chain (SC). Sustainability covers environmental, social, and economic aspects of different supply chain management activities. Organizations are continuously working in the direction of making their processes and product green. On the environmental front, use of renewable source of energy, reducing waste of energy, reducing carbon footprints is important. Simultaneously, reuse of products, re-cycling, and following environmental standards while disposing off is also recommended. In this chapter, the author has identified 13 issues and challenges of SSCM from literature review and expert opinion. Simultaneously, the author has also identified nine new technologies of modern time used in industries. Further, the author has tried to analyze the linkage between the challenges of sustainability and intelligent technologies by Jaccard's similarity coefficient methodology.
An Optimal Control Problem of Knowledge Dissemination
Authors: Elastic Pantry , Bakhtiar Toni , Jaharuddin
Published: September 2019

In this chapter, the authors develop an optimal control model of knowledge dissemination among people in the society. The knowledge transfer system is formulated in term of compartmental model, where the society members are categorized into four classes based on knowledge acquisition and their willingness to disseminate. The model is equipped with a set of control variables for process intervening, namely technical training for ignorant-immigrants, information dissemination through social media for solitariants and enthusiants, and technical training for solitariants. Optimality conditions in terms of differential equations system was derived by using Pontryagin minimum principle leading to the characterization of optimal control strategies that minimizing the number of solitariants, enthusiants, and ignorants simultaneously with the control efforts. The sweep method and the fourth order Runge-Kutta algorithm was implemented to numerically solve the equation systems. The effectiveness of the control strategies toward a set of control scenarios was evaluated through examples.
An ANN Model for Predicting the Quantity of Lead and Cadmium Ions in Industrial Wastewater
Authors: Olajubu E. A. , Ajayi Gbemisola , Oke Isaiah Adesola , Asahiah Franklin Oladiipo
Published: September 2019

Rapid industrialization has contributed immensely to the discharge of heavy metals into receiving water bodies untreated. The quantity of heavy metals prediction in industrial wastewater is very essential before treatment so that the quantity is precisely removed. This article formulates, simulate and evaluate a predictive model that mimics electrochemical treatment of lead and cadmium ions present in paint industrial wastewater using artificial neural network. The predictive model was formulated using Fuzzy Logic toolbox in MATLAB and the simulation was done in the environment. The prediction of the model was evaluated by comparing the predicted quantity of lead ions and cadmium ions with the result of the experimental work in the laboratory. The article concludes that the developed prediction model demonstrated very high prediction accuracy in predicting the percentage of lead and cadmium ions present in paints wastewater.
Novel Scalable Deep Learning Approaches for Big Data Analytics Applied to ECG Processing
Authors: Mennour Rostom , Batouche Mohamed
Published: September 2019

Big data analytics and deep learning are nowadays two of the most active research areas in computer science. As the data is becoming bigger and bigger, deep learning has a very important role to play in data analytics, and big data technologies will give it huge opportunities for different sectors. Deep learning brings new challenges especially when it comes to large amounts of data, the volume of datasets has to be processed and managed, also data in various applications come in a streaming way and deep learning approaches have to deal with this kind of applications. In this paper, the authors propose two novel approaches for discriminative deep learning, namely LS-DSN, and StreamDSN that are inspired from the deep stacking network algorithm. Two versions of the gradient descent algorithm were used to train the proposed algorithms. The experiment results have shown that the algorithms gave satisfying accuracy results and scale well when the size of data increases. In addition, StreamDSN algorithm have been applied to classify beats of ECG signals and provided good promising results.
Efficient Large-Scale Stance Detection in Tweets
Authors: Yan Yilin , Chen Jonathan , Shyu Mei-Ling
Published: September 2019

Stance detection is an important research direction which attempts to automatically determine the attitude (positive, negative, or neutral) of the author of text (such as tweets), towards a target. Nowadays, a number of frameworks have been proposed using deep learning techniques that show promising results in application domains such as automatic speech recognition and computer vision, as well as natural language processing (NLP). This article shows a novel deep learning-based fast stance detection framework in bipolar affinities on Twitter. It is noted that millions of tweets regarding Clinton and Trump were produced per day on Twitter during the 2016 United States presidential election campaign, and thus it is used as a test use case because of its significant and unique counter-factual properties. In addition, stance detection can be utilized to imply the political tendency of the general public. Experimental results show that the proposed framework achieves high accuracy results when compared to several existing stance detection methods.
Counterfactual Autoencoder for Unsupervised Semantic Learning
Authors: Sadiq Saad , Shyu Mei-Ling , Feaster Daniel J.
Published: September 2019

Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) are best known for being the state-of-the-art in artificial intelligence (AI) applications including natural language processing (NLP), speech processing, computer vision, etc. In spite of all recent achievements of deep learning, it has yet to achieve semantic learning required to reason about the data. This lack of reasoning is partially imputed to the boorish memorization of patterns and curves from millions of training samples and ignoring the spatiotemporal relationships. The proposed framework puts forward a novel approach based on variational autoencoders (VAEs) by using the potential outcomes model and developing the counterfactual autoencoders. The proposed framework transforms any sort of multimedia input distributions to a meaningful latent space while giving more control over how the latent space is created. This allows us to model data that is better suited to answer inference-based queries, which is very valuable in reasoning-based AI applications.
Application of Artificial Neural Networks to Reliable Nuclear Data for Nonproliferation Modeling and Simulation
Authors: Lagari Pola Lydia , Sobes Vladimir , Alamaniotis Miltiadis , Tsoukalas Lefteri H.
Published: September 2019

Detection and identification of special nuclear materials (SNMs) are an essential part of the US nonproliferation effort. Modern cutting-edge SNM detection methodologies rely more and more on modeling and simulation techniques. Experiments with radiological samples in realistic configurations, is the ultimate tool that establishes the minimum detection limits of SNMs in a host of different geometries. Modern modeling and simulation approaches have the potential to significantly reduce the number of experiments with radioactive sources needed to determine these detection limits and reduce the financial barrier to SNM detection. Unreliable nuclear data is one of the principal causes of uncertainty in modeling and simulating nuclear systems. In particular, nuclear cross sections introduce a significant uncertainty in the nuclear data. The goal of this research is to develop a methodology that will autonomously extract the correct nuclear resonance characteristics of experimental data in a reliable way, a task previously left to expert judgement. Accurate nuclear data will in turn allow contemporary modeling and simulation to become far more reliable, de-escalating the extent of experimental testing. Consequently, modeling and simulation techniques reduce the use and distribution of radiological sources, while at the same time increase the reliability of the currently used methods for the detection and identification of SNMs.
A Survey on Supervised Convolutional Neural Network and Its Major Applications
Authors: Mane D. T. , Kulkarni U. V.
Published: September 2019

With the advances in the computer science field, various new data science techniques have been emerged. Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is one of the Deep Learning techniques which have captured lots of attention as far as real world applications are considered. It is nothing but the multilayer architecture with hidden computational power which detects features itself. It doesn't require any handcrafted features. The remarkable increase in the computational power of Convolutional Neural Network is due to the use of Graphics processor units, parallel computing, also the availability of large amount of data in various variety forms. This paper gives the broad view of various supervised Convolutional Neural Network applications with its salient features in the fields, mainly Computer vision for Pattern and Object Detection, Natural Language Processing, Speech Recognition, Medical image analysis.
BP-Neural Network for Plate Number Recognition
Authors: Wang Jia , Yan Wei Qi
Published: September 2019

The License Plate Recognition (LPR) as one crucial part of intelligent traffic systems has been broadly investigated since the boosting of computer vision techniques. The motivation of this paper is to probe in plate number recognition which is an important part of traffic surveillance events. In this paper, locating the number plate is based on edge detection and recognizing the plate numbers is worked on Back-Propagation (BP) Artificial Neural Network (ANN). Furthermore, the authors introduce the system implementation and take advantage of the well-known Matlab platform to delve how to accurately recognize plate numbers. There are 80 samples adopted to test and verify the proposed plate number recognition method. The experimental results demonstrate that the accuracy of the authors' character recognition is above 70%.
Deep Learning and Online Education as an Informal Learning Process
Authors: Neimann Theresa , Wang Viktor
Published: September 2019

Informal learning is a universal current phenomenon of learning via participation, experience, or learning via student-centered knowledge creation. It stands in stark contrast with the traditional view of didactic teacher-centered learning. Online education can be regarded as a positive and self-directed form of informal learning. Whether or not deep learning takes place for the online learner is a controversial topic for many educators. This chapter will discuss the benefits and challenges of the relationship between informal online learning leading to deeper learning. But, what isn't controversial is that in this century more education has been delivered in digital platforms than in any other time in history. For most providers of education to remain highly competitive, they must engage in electronic education of some form by moving beyond the brick and mortar of the traditional classroom. Informal learning has become the impetus resulting in the extensive and intensive application of electronic education.
The comparison of general health in athlete and non-athlete women
Authors: Hemati Alamdarloo Ghorban , Chahardah Cheric Majid , Doostzadeh Maryam , Nazari Zahra
Published: September 2019

The aim of the present study was to compare the general health in athlete and non-athlete women. The statistical population of the present study included all athlete and non-athlete women in Shiraz, Iran. The sample consisted of 764 subjects (382 athletes, 382 non- athletes) that the athletes sample selected by Gerjesy and Morgan’ sample size table and non-athletes sample selected by purposeful sampling method. The General Health Questionnaire (Goldberg, 1978) was used for measuring the general health. Independent t-test and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) tests were used for data analysis. The results showed a significant difference between athlete and non-athlete women in the general health and its subscales (p<0.05). According to this finding, general health in athletes is better than non-athlete women. Regarding the findings of this study, it can be argued that sport activities are effective in improving general health of women.
Un rinnovamento nella continuità / A renewal within continuity
Authors: Spagnolo Antonio G.
Published: September 2019

Non disponibile / Not available
A study of the professional image of the department of physiotherapy at the Tygerberg hospital complex
Authors: Mouton E.
Published: September 2019

In this study the professional image of the Department of Physiotherapy as observed by physicians, physiotherapists, paramedical staff and laymen (patients) was looked at. The Nominal Group Technique (N.G.T.) was used to develop the Semantic Differential (S.D.) which was used as the criterion of measurement. In the results, the afore-mentioned groups indicated a positive image of the Department of Physiotherapy and there seems to be a minimal difference in image observation amongst the different groups.
On Dirac operators with electrostatic $\delta$-shell interactions of critical strength
Authors: Behrndt Jussi , Holzmann Markus
Published: September 2019

In this paper we prove that the Dirac operator

A_\eta

with an electrostatic

\delta

-shell interaction of critical strength

\eta = \pm 2

supported on a

C^2

-smooth compact surface

\Sigma

is self-adjoint in

L^2(\mathbb{R}^3;\mathbb{C}^4)

, we describe the domain explicitly in terms of traces and jump conditions in

H^{-1/2}(\Sigma; \mathbb{C}^4)

, and we investigate the spectral properties of

A_\eta

. While the non-critical interaction strengths

\eta \neq \pm 2

have received a lot of attention in the recent past, the critical case

\eta = \pm 2

remained open. Our approach is based on abstract techniques in extension theory of symmetric operators, in particular, boundary triples and their Weyl functions.
Profinite extensions of centralizers and the profinite completion of limit groups
Authors: Zalesskiĭ Pavel A. , Zapata Theo A.D.
Published: September 2019

We introduce and investigate a class of profinite groups defined via extensions of centralizers analogous to the extensively studied class of finitely generated fully residually free groups, that is, limit groups (in the sense of Z. Sela). From the fact that the profinite completion of limit groups belong to this class, results on their group-theoretical structure and homological properties are obtained.
Assessing IMF Lending
Authors: Mäder Nicolas , Poulain Jean-Guillaume , Reynaud Julien
Published: September 2019

Extending previous work on the determinants of IMF lending in an interconnected world, we
introduce a model of sample selection in which both selection and size dimensions of
individual IMF arrangements are presented within a unified econometric framework. We
allow for unobserved heterogeneity to create an additional channel for sample selection at the
country level. The results suggest that higher external financing needs, larger exchange rate
depreciation, lower GDP growth, as well as deteriorated global financial conditions, are
associated with larger individual IMF arrangement sizes. Using the estimated parameters,
Monte Carlo simulation of a wide spectrum of global shock scenarios suggest that the
distribution of potential aggregate IMF lending exhibits a substantial right tail. Our approach
may provide an insightful input to broader policy discussions on the adequacy of the IMF
resources.
Morocco
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. Middle East and Central Asia Dept.
Published: September 2019

Selected Issues
Update on the Financing of the Fund's Concessional Assistance and Debt Relief to Low-Income Member Countries
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

This paper provides a semi-annual review of the status of financing for PRGFESF lending, HIPC-MDRI debt relief, and subsidization of emergency assistance to PRGF-eligible members. The last update was issued to the Executive Board in March 2006.
Treatment of Exchange Rate Issues in Bilateral Surveillance - A Stocktaking
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

Review the quality of the Fund staff’s analysis and policy advice on exchange rate issues. The Fund is sometimes criticized for not taking a sufficiently clear position on several exchange rate issues, ranging from the assessment of the level of exchange rates to the description of exchange rate policies, and their adequacy. Is this criticism valid, and in what respect? Answering these questions is critical as exchange rate issues are at the heart of the Fund’s surveillance mandate.
Consideration of a New Liquidity Instrument for Market Access Countries
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

The objective of this paper is to consider key issues in the design of a new liquidity instrument for market access countries. It reviews the motivations and challenges of creating such an instrument and lays out options and issues related to four key design elements. Recognizing the need to consider the relationship between these elements, the paper sets out an example of how they might be combined in a lending instrument – called here the Reserve Augmentation Line, or RAL. It also discusses risks.
Sierra Leone - Evaluation of the Technical Assistance Program (November 2001 to November 2004) for the Bank of Sierra Leone
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

Over the period 2001–2004, Sierra Leone was a major recipient of MFD Technical Assistance, generally among the 10 countries in the world receiving the most assistance. This involvement represented a substantial contribution by the IMF towards the reconstruction of the country after the devastating civil war that ended in 2000.
Making the Misreporting Policies Less Onerous in De Minimis Cases
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

The Managing Director's Medium-Term Strategy referred to complex misreporting procedures for even trivial forms of misreporting and called for streamlining. This paper presents a proposal to reduce the burden of the Fund’s misreporting policies in cases involving de minimis deviations from program conditions. The proposal is to consider deviations from a performance criterion or other condition to be de minimis where they are so small as to be trivial with no impact on the assessment of program performance.
Report on the Incidence of Longer-Term Program Engagement
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

The assessments are intended to provide an analysis of the economic problems facing the member and a critical and frank review of progress during the period of Fund-supported programs, as the basis for a forward-looking assessment and strategy for future Fund engagement, including, where appropriate, an explicit exit strategy.
Fund-Supported Programs and Crisis Prevention
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

This paper examines the theoretical foundations for, and empirical evidence of, Fund support in preventing capital account crises. At a theoretical level, Fund supported programs can lower the crisis probability in two ways. First, such programs provide the member with additional external reserves, making a run for the exit by private creditors less likely. Second, such programs induce and signal better economic policies, though this needs to be supported by conditionality.
Precautionary Arrangements - Purposes and Performance
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

This paper compares experience under precautionary and non-precautionary programs over the period 1992-2005, with a view to answering two questions: Are there systematic differences between precautionary and non-precautionary programs in terms of policies, conditionality, or macroeconomic outcomes? And, if so, are these attributable to the nature of the arrangement or to the economic problems facing the member and the circumstances that led it to seek the Fund’s support? The paper finds that countries with weak initial macroeconomic performance tend to request drawing programs whereas those with stronger macroeconomic fundamentals, but facing economic uncertainties, favor precautionary programs. While significant differences exist in the behavior of key macroeconomic variables (output growth and inflation) at the outset of the programs, these differences tend to disappear over the following two to three years, and can be largely explained by the different initial conditions facing the member.
Thirteenth General Review of Quotas - Assessing the Adequacy of IMF Resources
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

The Thirteenth Review provides an opportunity to take stock of the overall adequacy of IMF resources in light of developments in the world economy and the international monetary system. The Resolution concluding the Twelfth Review indicated that the Executive Board intended, during the period of the Thirteenth Review, to monitor closely and assess the adequacy of Fund resources and to consider measures to achieve a distribution of quotas that reflects developments in the world economy and to strengthen the governance of the Fund. The latter two issues have since been taken up under the work program on quota and voice reform. Accordingly, the focus of this paper is on the adequacy of Fund resources.
Globalization, Financial Markets, and Fiscal Policy
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

This paper examines how fiscal policy can contribute to realizing the benefits of two important ongoing developments, globalization and financial deepening.
Report of the Executive Board to the Board of Governors - Quota and Voice Reform - Progress Since the 2006 Annual Meetings
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

At the Annual Meetings in Singapore, the Board of Governors approved a program of quota and voice reforms (Resolution 61-5) that aims to enhance the effectiveness and credibility of the Fund. This report responds to that request and reflects the extensive discussions by the Executive Board over the past year on the reform agenda agreed in Singapore.
Progress Report on the Activities of the Independent Evaluation Office
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

Since its April 2007 Report to the IMFC, the IEO has released its report on The IMF’s Advice on Exchange Rate Policy, continued work on three other evaluations, and issued its Annual Report for 2006–07.
Enhancing Collaboration - Joint Management Action Plan
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

In March 2006, the Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the President of the World Bank commissioned the External Review Committee on IMF-World Bank Collaboration to look at the status of institutional collaboration and provide suggestions for improvement. The Committee’s report, released in February 2007, called for the strengthening of the culture of collaboration in the two institutions, and made a number of specific proposals in that direction. The Joint Management Action Plan (JMAP) was prepared against this background, and the actions agreed between Bank and Fund managements in the JMAP are scheduled to be presented in informal Board meetings in early October. The JMAP will be launched immediately after the Annual Meetings. The goal is for most new systems to be operational in time for the preparation of FY09 budgets.
Enhanced Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative - Status of Non-Paris Club Official Bilateral Creditor Participation
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

This paper provides an update on the delivery of HIPC Initiative debt relief by non- Paris Club official bilateral creditors and proposes measures to increase their participation. It finds that non-Paris Club creditors have provided about one third of the total HIPC Initiative debt relief expected from them, with significant variations among creditors. Although the response rate to the survey sent by staffs of the Bank and the Fund to creditors was higher than in previous years, the information received is still limited and partial, and the estimate of debt relief delivered remains preliminary.
Aid for Trade-Harnessing Globalization for Economic Development
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

Aid for trade can support countries trying to further benefit from the expanding global market place by helping to address poorly performing infrastructure and institutions. Needless to say, good policies also matter: trade liberalization, improving incentives for private investment in trade, and reducing the costs and improving the quality of services. Market access also matters; accordingly, a successful conclusion to the Doha Round remains a top policy objective.

The paper highlights three challenges and suggests some areas for further consideration/action: making competitiveness a pillar of country growth strategies; filling the remaining gaps in trade-related assistance; and expanding the overall aid envelope and making full use of opportunity to replenish the International Development Association.
Aid Inflows - The Role of the Fund and Operational Issues for Program Design
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

The paper focuses on the operational implications of high and volatile aid for the design of Fund-supported programs. It provides a conceptual framework that should guide country teams in giving advice to low-income countries on a case-by-case basis, without specific quantitative performance thresholds for the spending and absorption of additional aid. In doing so, it responds to some of the concerns raised by the Independent Evaluation Office (IEO) in its recent evaluation of the Fund and aid to sub-Saharan Africa
Code of Good Practices on Fiscal Transparency, revised April 2007
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

The IMF has revised its Code of Good Practices on Fiscal Transparency, following a public consultation process. Nine new practices have been added to the Code and many existing practices have been broadened in scope. The four pillars of the original Code remain unchanged: clarity of roles and responsibilities, open budget processes, public availability of information and assurances of integrity. The revised Code will be used in IMF surveillance and in voluntary assessments of fiscal transparency in member countries under the standards and codes initiative. Two associated documents - the Manual on Fiscal Transparency (2007) and the Guide on Resource Revenue Transparency (2007) - provide supporting in-depth coverage of good practices.
Review of the Fund's Income Position for FY2007 and FY200
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

The review of income for the year ended April 30, 2007 (FY07) builds on the midyear income review and the February 2007 meeting of the Committee on the Budget
Update on the Financing of the Fund's Concessional Assistance and Debt Relief to Low-Income Member Countries
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

This paper provides a semi-annual review of the status of financing for PRGF-ESF lending, HIPC and MDRI debt relief, and subsidization of emergency assistance to PRGF-eligible members. The last review was completed by the Executive Board on September 6, 2006.
The FY2008-FY2010 Medium-Term Administrative and Capital Budgets
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

This paper presents proposals for the FY2008–FY2010 medium-term budget (MTB) and seeks Board approval for the proposed FY2008 annual net administrative budget. The paper also presents the FY2008–FY2010 medium-term capital plan and seeks approval for expenditures on new capital projects beginning in FY2008. The impact of the proposed administrative and capital budgets on the Fund’s administrative expenses (as classified in the Fund’s financial statements), and hence on the Fund’s net income over the next three years, is identified.
Fund Financial Support and Moral Hazard - Analytics and Empirics
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

Since Fund financial support helps reduce the expected cost of crises, members and markets might engage in greater risk-taking; in other words, moral hazard. Empirically, however, the Fund’s rate of charge has adequately reflected the default risk it faces and the high political, social, and economic costs of crises are likely to limit debtor moral hazard. As regards the design of a contingent, crisis prevention instrument, the use of qualification standards can help address issues of debtor moral hazard directly. In addition, the small amounts of Fund financial support -- in relation to a country's financial needs -- suggest that creditor moral hazard is likely to be limited. While existing empirical tests are far from definitive, the paper suggests that creditor moral hazard is less likely to be a concern after the Fund sent the signal in mid-1998 that it would interrupt support when program success is unlikely.
Key Trends in Implementation of the Fund's Transparency Policy -- 2007
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

The set of tables provided in this report updates the last Key Trends with information on documents published through December 2006. Rolling updates will continue to be issued annually to the Board.
Benin - Assessment Letter for Donors
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

This letter provides an assessment of recent macroeconomic developments in Benin and an update on the discussions of Fund staff with the Beninese authorities on macroeconomic policies and structural reforms that could form the basis for the authorities’ request for a new arrangement supported by the International Monetary Fund.
Seychelles - Assessment Letter for the African Development Bank
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

Macroeconomic performance of Seychelles under the Stand-by Arrangement (SBA) has been favorable and the reforms continue to be pursued with a high degree of ownership and broad public support. The liberalization of the exchange regime, a strong fiscal adjustment, and prudent monetary policies have contributed to restoring macroeconomic stability. Program implementation has been exemplary and talks to restructure public external debt are progressing well. A debt restructuring agreement with commercial creditors, on terms comparable to those agreed with Paris Club creditors, is a crucial element in reestablishing a sustainable public debt outlook and supporting economic recovery.
Framework Administered Account for Selected Fund Activities—European Commission Subaccount for Selected Fund Activities
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

The Fund, represented by the Managing Director, has reached understandings with the European Commission (EC), to finance capacity building (technical assistance and training) and related activities. On the basis of these understandings, the Managing Director and EC President Barroso signed a framework agreement on January 12, 2009. The provisions of the framework agreement serve as the essential terms and conditions of the Subaccount with respect to the nature, design, and implementation of the activities to be financed and the method by which the costs of the activities will be financed from the Subaccount.
Borrowing Agreement with Danmarks Nationalbank
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

In light of the multilateral effort to ensure the adequacy of the financial resources available to the International Monetary Fund (the “Fund”), and with a view to supporting the Fund’s ability to provide timely and effective balance of payments assistance to its members, Danmarks Nationalbank agrees to lend to the Fund an SDR-denominated amount up to the equivalent of EUR 1.95 billion, on the terms and conditions set out in this paper.
Progress Report on the Activities of the Independent Evaluation Office
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

Since its last report to the IMFC in April 2009, the IEO has completed its evaluation report on IMF Involvement in International Trade Policy Issues; released the issues papers for the evaluations on the IMF’s role in the run-up to the present crisis and on IMF research; and also issued the 2009 Annual Report.
Framework Administered Account for Selected Fund Activities
Authors:   International Monetary Fund
Published: September 2019

In March 2009, the Fund established a new Framework Administered Account to administer external financial resources for selected Fund activities (the “SFA Instrument”). The financing of activities under the terms of the SFA Instrument is implemented through the establishment and operation of a subaccount within the SFA. This paper requests Executive Board approval to establish the Liberia Macro-Fiscal Subaccount (the “Subaccount”) under the terms of the SFA Instrument.