bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In Defence of State Directed Enhancement
Authors: Fowler Tim
Published: June 2014

This article considers the ways in which a liberal society ought to view the potential to cognitively or physically enhance children. At present, the dominant approach in the literature is to leave this decision to parents. I suggest that the parental choice approach is often inadequate and fails to account properly for the interests of children and wider society in enhancement decisions. Instead I suggest that the state should play a greater role in determining when, and how, to enhance. To make this case, I compare the case of enhancement with existing practices of education, an area in which the state already plays a significant role. Finally I suggest that some concerns with a statist approach are not as serious as has been argued.
Periodontitis in coronary heart disease patients: strong association between bleeding on probing and systemic biomarkers
Authors: Bokhari Syed Akhtar H. , Khan Ayyaz A. , Butt Arshad K. , Hanif Mohammad , Izhar Mateen , Tatakis Dimitris N. , Ashfaq Mohammad
Published: June 2014

Aim

Few studies have examined the relationship of individual periodontal parameters with individual systemic biomarkers. This study assessed the possible association between specific clinical parameters of periodontitis and systemic biomarkers of coronary heart disease risk in coronary heart disease patients with periodontitis.

Materials and Methods

Angiographically proven coronary heart disease patients with periodontitis (n = 317), aged >30 years and without other systemic illness were examined. Periodontal clinical parameters of bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD), and clinical attachment level (CAL) and systemic levels of high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen (FIB) and white blood cells (WBC) were noted and analyzed to identify associations through linear and stepwise multiple regression analyses.

Results

Unadjusted linear regression showed significant associations between periodontal and systemic parameters; the strongest association (r = 0.629; p < 0.001) was found between BOP and CRP levels, the periodontal and systemic inflammation marker, respectively. Stepwise regression analysis models revealed that BOP was a predictor of systemic CRP levels (p < 0.0001). BOP was the only periodontal parameter significantly associated with each systemic parameter (CRP, FIB, and WBC).

Conclusion

In coronary heart disease patients with periodontitis, BOP is strongly associated with systemic CRP levels; this association possibly reflects the potential significance of the local periodontal inflammatory burden for systemic inflammation.
Turnover and Knowledge Loss: An Examination of the Differential Impact of Production Manager and Worker Turnover in Service and Manufacturing Firms
Authors: Eckardt Rory , Skaggs Bruce C. , Youndt Mark
Published: June 2014

This research examines the comparative effects of production manager and worker turnover in service and manufacturing settings. We suggest that, due to the centrality of human action in services and the ability of manufacturers to insulate the technical core, service and manufacturing companies are differentially dependent on and impacted by the loss of production manager and worker knowledge. The results from a survey of 150 service and manufacturing firms provide partial support for this notion and show that turnover impacts these organizations differently. More specifically, we find that: (1) the negative impact of production worker turnover on firm performance is greater in service settings than in manufacturing settings; and (2) the negative impact of production worker turnover on firm performance is greater than the impact of production manager turnover in service firms. In addition, our findings show that organizational capital moderates the turnover–performance relationship for production workers in service firms.
Ear, nose and throat foreign bodies: The experience of the Pediatric Hospital of Turin
Authors: Pecorari Giancarlo , Tavormina Paolo , Riva Giuseppe , Landolfo Vincenzo , Raimondo Luca , Garzaro Massimiliano
Published: June 2014

Aim

Ear, nose and throat (ENT) foreign body (FB) injuries represent an emerging problem in the paediatric population because of their human and social costs. The aim of the study is the site‐specific evaluation of FB injuries in the paediatric population referred to the emergency department of the Pediatric Hospital of Turin.

Methods

This retrospective analysis was carried out sifting medical reports between 2002 and 2011. We collected information about 338 patients’ FB characteristics, complications and hospitalisation.

Results

The mean age was 4.2 ± 2.9 years. Nose and ear are the most involved anatomical sites, followed by pharynx, oesophagus and trachea‐bronchi. The most common FBs are balls, beads and toys parts (29.6%), followed by fishbones (13.6%). A lower mean age is observed in tracheo‐bronchial and oesophageal FBs. The 9.2% of cases reported complications.

Conclusions

A quick and proper diagnosis followed by an effective treatment of FB injuries and their complication is mandatory. Surveillance registries have a key role in prevention and management of FB injuries; useful information can be obtained also for nurse and ENT specialist training in order to create professionals ready to recognise and manage FB injuries in the most effective way.
Discriminating four temperate lakes using phytoplankton absorption spectra
Authors: Kalenak David
Published: June 2014

Photosynthetic algal particles are integral to the ecology and optical quality of lake water. Their absorption properties (photopigments, often >20 per species) are modified in response to drivers that affect the intensity and spectral distribution of incident solar energy, including the plankton itself, water, and chromophoric dissolved and suspended particulate matter. The present study was based on the hypothesis that this complex interaction imparts a distinguishing optical signature in lakes. A multivariate discriminant model was applied to in situ phytoplankton spectra from four temperate lakes of different trophy to test this hypothesis. The analysis identified a small set of wavelengths with significant discriminatory power that permitted near‐perfect lake classification solely on the basis of the aggregate spectral features in the absorption coefficient of phytoplankton. Furthermore, weighting the sample spectra by the corresponding standard deviation increased model robustness considerably, as shown in both unsupervised and supervised classification. Also presented are additional multivariate techniques that allow for the visualization of the data structure to help explain contributing factors. The results support the possibility of utilizing the optical properties of the phytoplankton to monitor ecological change in lakes.
The state as a symbol or a means to an end: internal border changes in multinational federations
Authors: Basta Karlo
Published: June 2014

Federalism is an important institutional option for the management of difference in multinational states. A number of scholars have argued that the internal boundaries of such states should divide each constituent group into several federal units. In theory, boundary engineering of this type should activate cross‐cutting cleavages, subvert secessionist movements and, ultimately, foster political integration and stability. This article, by contrast, demonstrates the conditions under which the subdivision of territorial units can destabilise polities. Where statehood is a central symbol in nationalist narratives of constituent groups, the fragmentation of the sub‐state unit will be perceived as a threat to national identity of the group in question. The article compares formerYugoslavia andNigeria, two cases in which such processes led to divergent outcomes.
Reconstructed nationalism inTaiwan: a politicised and economically driven identity
Authors: Chen Rou‐lan
Published: June 2014

Since the late 1980s,Taiwan has been engulfed in waves of both democratisation and integration with mainlandChina. These two waves have pulled identity reconstruction inTaiwan in two different directions. In the process of democratisation, a shift to a majoritarian system encouraged aTaiwanese renaissance on the political platform and consequently led to the deconstruction ofChinese identity. On the other hand, in the 1990s, with the high mobility of capital and people across theTaiwanStrait, close economic ties could have put the brakes onTaiwan independence movements. Hence, this paper uses random coefficient models to explore how the democratic transition and increasing cross‐strait relations brought about psychological and structural mechanisms that motivated people to opt for identity change inTaiwan. It also attempts to investigate how people dealt with the dissonance between rising Taiwanese nationalism and the economic interests that deterred a radical Taiwanese identity.
Experiences of undergraduate African health sciences students: A hermeneutic inquiry
Authors: Inyama Davis , Williams Allison , McCauley Kay
Published: June 2014

While efforts have been made to understand the experiences of African students in predominantly white environments, the experiences of African students in clinical placement areas have rarely been explored. This paper is a report on a study designed to address the gap in educational research on the experiences of African health sciences students in clinical placements in predominantly white environments. Interviews adopting an open approach to conversations were conducted with nine African students from three health disciplines at one metropolitan university in Australia between 2012 and 2013. Interview transcripts were analyzed using philosophical hermeneutics, where shared meanings were arrived at by employing key Gadamerian hermeneutic components. Findings revealed a number of factors that had a direct effect on the meaning students derived from their clinical placement experiences. These, as revealed in the interlinked domains of body, space, relationships, and time included difference, acceptance, resilience, and cultural sensitivity. Insights from this study may lead to the adoption of strategies designed to improve the experiences of African students studying health sciences in predominantly white environments.
X‐ray microtomography (micro‐CT): a reference technology for high‐resolution quantification of xylem embolism in trees
Authors: COCHARD H. , DELZON S. , BADEL E.
Published: June 2014

As current methods for measuring xylem embolism in trees are indirect and prone to artefacts, there is an ongoing controversy over the capacity of trees to resist or recover from embolism. The debate will not end until we get direct visualization of the vessel content. Here, we propose desktop X‐ray microtomography (micro‐CT) as a reference direct technique to quantify xylem embolism and thus validate more widespread measurements based upon either hydraulic or acoustic methods. We used desktop micro‐CT to measure embolism levels in dehydrated or centrifuged shoots of laurel – a long‐vesseled species thought to display daily cycles of embolism formation and refilling. Our direct observations demonstrate that this Mediterranean species is highly resistant to embolism and is not vulnerable to drought‐induced embolism in a normal range of xylem tensions. We therefore recommend that embolism studies in long‐vesseled species should be validated by direct methods such as micro‐CT to clear up any misunderstandings on their physiology.
Successful treatment of non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma using R‐CHOP in a patient with Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome followed by a reduced‐intensity stem cell transplant
Authors: Koga Yuhki , Takada Hidetoshi , Suminoe Aiko , Ohga Shouichi , Hara Toshiro
Published: June 2014

WAS is an X‐linked primary immunodeficiency characterized by microthrombocytopenia, eczema, recurrent infections, and increased incidence of autoimmunity and malignancy. HSCT is the only curative treatment for WAS. Herein, we report the case of a 17‐yr‐old boy with WAS who received an unrelated HSCT while in complete remission of diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma after chemotherapy. Pretransplant conditioning consisted of fludarabine, busulfan, and total body irradiation (4 Gy). GvHD prophylaxis consisted of tacrolimus and short‐course methotrexate. Following HSCT, rapid and stable engraftment was observed. Platelet count gradually increased, and the generalized eczema improved. The patient developed grade II acute GvHD and limited chronic GvHD on days 30 and 210, respectively, which resolved with immunosuppressive treatment. Symptoms caused by the reactivation of human herpes virus‐6, BK virus, and VZV were observed from days 21, 60, and 96, respectively; they were resolved after conservative treatment and acyclovir administration. No other regimen‐related toxicity was observed. Complete donor bone marrow chimerism was achieved one month after transplantation. RIST is an effective therapeutic option for older children with WAS accompanied by malignant lymphoma.
Bortezomib use in a pediatric cardiac transplant center
Authors: Zinn Matthew D. , L'Ecuyer Thomas J. , Fagoaga Omar R. , Aggarwal Sanjeev
Published: June 2014

Data are limited on the efficacy and safety of bortezomib for the treatment of AMR following OHT for pediatric acquired or CHD. Retrospective chart review identified patients who received bortezomib for acute (n = 3, within two wk of diagnosis) and chronic (n = 1, three months after diagnosis) AMR or as part of a desensitization regimen (n = 1). Bortezomib was associated with a 3–66% reduction in class I DSA and a 7–82% reduction in class II DSA. Two of the three acute AMR cases resolved by the first follow‐up biopsy. Two patients with AMR resolution are currently well. One patient developed a second episode of AMR, which was unresponsive to bortezomib therapy and required retransplantation for progressive coronary allograft vasculopathy. One patient died shortly after the third cycle from multi‐organ failure. The desensitization patient showed transient HLA reduction with two cycles, but died five months after transplant from sepsis. Complications included infection (3/5), peripheral neuropathy (2/5), AKI (2/5), and thrombocytopenia (3/5). Adverse events appear more common in critically ill patients. Bortezomib therapy resulted in variable DSA reduction and AMR resolution in AMR in OHT secondary to pediatric acquired or CHD.
Development of a New Stereo‐Panorama System Based on off‐The‐Shelf Stereo Cameras
Authors: Amini Amir Shahrokh , Varshosaz Masood , Saadatseresht Mohammad
Published: June 2014

There exist a number of techniques which are used to produce stereo panoramas, each of which has its own advantages and disadvantages. In this paper, a new stereo‐panorama generating system is presented which uses off‐the‐shelf stereo cameras. In addition to stereoviewing, the system offers the possibility of making geometric measurements. The benefits of such a system are: (a) overcoming the effects of moving objects in the images; (b) increased automation of matching and stitching; (c) simple geometric information extraction; and (d) equal resolution over the whole stereo panorama. The structure of the system is described, including system implementation, calibration, stereo‐panorama generation, georeferencing, co‐registration of multiple panoramas and 3D measurements. In addition, an experiment to evaluate the capability of the system in modelling 3D environments is reported. Evaluation results show that the system can produce a suitable 3D panoramic environment for the simultaneous 3D visualisation and measurement of objects, especially in urban areas.
Assessment of interferometric dems from terrasar‐x stripmap and spotlight stereopairs: case study in istanbul
Authors: Sefercık Umut G. , Yastıklı Nacı
Published: June 2014

TerraSAR‐X (TSX) has led to a new era for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging, offering high‐resolution (1 m) data that was not previously available from space. The TSX X‐band sensor can be operated in three interferometrically compatible imaging modes: Stripmap (SM), high‐resolution Spotlight (HS) and ScanSAR. Due to the low resolution of ScanSAR (16 to 30 m), SM and HS images are preferred for resolution‐based applications. This paper attempts to validate and compare the digital elevation models (DEMs) derived from TSX SM and HS image pairs. Digital surface models (DSMs) were generated by interferometry in a part of Istanbul with a variety of ground types. These DSMs were converted to DEMs by filtering and then compared with a reference DEM produced from aerial photographs. The quality assessment was performed using advanced analyses concerned with accuracy and morphologic detail. The results of both absolute and relative accuracy analyses clearly reveal that the quality of the TSX HS DEM is better than SM and very consistent with the reference model.
The Influence of ISO 9000 Certification on Process Compliance
Authors: Gray John V. , Anand Gopesh , Roth Aleda V.
Published: June 2014

This article examines the influence of ISO 9000 certification on plant‐level process compliance, which arguably is its first‐order, targeted performance dimension. The empirical setting is the medical device manufacturing industry. Process compliance is measured through Food and Drug Administration inspections of manufacturing plants. We control for several observable factors that possibly affect process compliance by matching certified plants with non‐certified plants. Using longitudinal data, we find plants that obtained certification in the earlier diffusion period (early‐certified plants) tend to have significantly better process compliance than a matched, non‐certified control group of plants. The compliance difference between early‐certified plants and their matched control group is greater than the compliance difference between late‐certified plants and their matched control group. We also find deterioration in process compliance over time after certification. Because we capture longitudinally the first‐order effects of ISO 9000 on process compliance, this study provides a useful baseline for assessing causality in ISO 9000‐performance linkages. Also, we explain, in part, the inconsistencies observed in related ISO 9000 literature examining the performance effects of certification. Further, this research offers managerial insights on the dynamics of certification and process compliance with time, and highlights the need for continued vigilance post certification.
Detection ofDiplodia sapineain Corsican pine seeds
Authors: Decourcelle T. , Piou D. , Desprez‐Loustau M.‐L.
Published: June 2014

Diplodia sapineais one of the major pathogens of pines worldwide. Despite the putative critical importance of seed infection in the epidemiology of the disease, this aspect of the biology of the fungus is poorly known. Here, biological and molecular methods were developed for the detection of the fungus and applied to assessD. sapineainfection in Corsican pine seeds. A buffered medium containing tannic acid and malt extract as a nutrient base was the most efficient and selective forD. sapinearecovery. A molecular method based onDNAextraction with a commercial kit and specific amplification, including an internal amplification control, was developed. A high percentage of infection (57% positive isolations) was observed in seeds obtained from fallen cones in a Corsican pine stand with no apparent symptoms ofD. sapinea. Seeds collected from trees in a seed orchard showing severe symptoms of dieback caused byD. sapineahad comparatively lower infection (38%). Moreover, very low infection levels (1–5%) were observed after the standard treatment used for seed extraction, which included heating at 40°C.Diplodia sapineawas not recovered from seedlings grown from infected seed lots submitted to water stress. Overall, results suggest that the risk of disease transmission by commercial seeds is probably low, but could be further reduced by thermotherapy.
Methyl jasmonate affects phenolic metabolism and gene expression in blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum)
Authors: Cocetta Giacomo , Rossoni Mara , Gardana Claudio , Mignani Ilaria , Ferrante Antonio , Spinardi Anna
Published: June 2014

Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) is a fruit very much appreciated by consumers for its antioxidant potential and health‐promoting traits. Its beneficial potential properties are mainly due to a high content of anthocyanins and their amount can change after elicitation with methyl jasmonate. The aim of this work is to evaluate the changes in expression of several genes, accumulation of phenolic compounds and alterations in antioxidant potential in two different blueberry cultivars (‘Duke’ and ‘Blueray’) in response to methyl jasmonate (0.1 mM). Results showed that 9 h after treatment, the expression of phenylalanine ammonium lyase, chalcone synthase and anthocyanidin synthase genes was stimulated more in the ‘Blueray’ variety. Among the phenols measured an increase was recorded also for epicatechin and anthocyanin concentrations. ‘Duke’ is a richer sourche of anthocyanins compared to ‘Blueray’, treatment with methyl jasmonate promoted in ‘Blueray’ an increase in pigments as well as in the antioxidant potential, especially in fully ripe berries, but treated ‘Duke’ berries had greater levels, which were not induced by methyl jasmonate treatment. In conclusion, methyl jasmonate was, in some cases, an effective elicitor of phenolic metabolism and gene expression in blueberry, though with different intensity between cultivars.
Does Dispersal Limit Beetle Re‐colonization of Restored Fenland? A Case Study Using Direct Measurements of Dispersal and Genetic Analysis
Authors: Martay Blaise , Robertshaw Tom , Doberski Julian , Thomas Alison
Published: June 2014

Dispersal ability is known to limit the colonization by many fenland species onto restored habitat but factors determining colonization by wetland invertebrates onto restored fenland have not been previously examined. We used mark‐release‐recapture and harmonic radar tracking coupled with genetic analysis (ISSR‐PCR, inter‐simple sequence repeat—polymerase chain reaction) to assess the population structure and colonization of a brachypterous wetland carabid (Carabus granulatus) onto restored fenland. The first two methods were used to determine the dispersal rate ofC. granulatusin the absence of barriers, while the genetic analysis was used to examine whether populations were separated by either distance or the water channels and drainage ditches that intersect fenland landscapes. Mark‐release‐recapture and harmonic radar tracking indicated that the most active 6% of individuals could travel over 25 m in a day and individuals found to be traveling these distances remained atypically active throughout the season. Thus,C. granulatuscan disperse at a rate great enough to colonize all areas of restored fenland in the study site within 1 year in the absence of barriers. We found no evidence of genetically distinct sub‐populations ofC. granulatusshowing that distance and water barriers did not limit the movement of individuals from potential source populations to the restored habitat. This research indicates that where fenland is created with nearby established fenland, colonization opportunities should not be considered a limiting factor to colonization by wetland carabids, even where waterways divide sites.
Recovery of Foredune and Blowout Habitats in a Freshwater Dune Following Removal of Invasive Austrian Pine (Pinus nigra)
Authors: Leege Lissa M. , Kilgore Jason S.
Published: June 2014

Invasive species removal is an important first step toward restoring invaded ecosystems; however, restoration following removal may be hindered by (1) unintended consequences of management, such as habitat destabilization, and/or (2) legacy effects of the invader, such as persistent alterations of soil structure or plant community composition. During 1956–1972, approximately 26,000 individuals of the non‐native pine, Pinus nigra, were planted into multiple freshwater sand dune habitats as a stabilization measure on the eastern shore of Lake Michigan in Allegan County, MI, U.S.A. From 2004 to 2010, we evaluated the recovery of foredune and blowout habitats following P. nigra removal in 2003–2005. We compared sand movement and plant community structure, composition, and richness between removal and control sites over the 6 years following pine removal. In addition, we evaluated the impact of litter removal on recolonization of native graminoids in foredunes. Sand movement patterns never differed between removal and control sites in foredunes; however, accumulation was more common in removal sites in blowouts 1 and 6 years following pine removal. Vegetation cover in removal sites became indistinguishable from control sites in both foredunes and blowouts, but species richness for both forb and woody species was higher in removal sites in blowouts. Removal sites in both foredunes and blowouts had higher cover by forbs and lower cover by graminoids. Pine litter did not inhibit recolonization of foredunes by native graminoids. These results suggest that high disturbance habitats, such as sand dunes, have the potential to recover from invasion if the mechanism of disturbance is restored and pioneer species are present to recolonize the system.
Positive effects of football on fitness, lipid profile, and insulin resistance in Brazilian patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: de Sousa M. V. , Fukui R. , Krustrup P. , Pereira R. M. R. , Silva P. R. S. , Rodrigues A. C. , de Andrade J. L. , Hernandez A. J. , da Silva M. E. R.
Published: June 2014

We evaluated the effects of recreational football training combined with calorie‐restricted diet (football + diet) vs calorie‐restricted diet alone (diet) on aerobic fitness, lipid profile, and insulin resistance indicators in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients. Forty‐four T2D patients aged 48–68 years (27 females, 17 males) were randomly allocated to the football + diet group (FDG; n = 22) or to the diet group (DG; n = 22), of whom 19 FDG and 15 DG subjects completed the study. The football training was performed for 3 × 40 min/week for 12 weeks. Dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry scanning, treadmill testing, and fasting blood samplings were performed pre and post‐intervention. After 12 weeks, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) was elevated (P < 0.05) by 10 ± 4% in FDG but not in DG (−3 ± 4%, P < 0.05). After 12 weeks, reductions in blood triglycerides (0.4 ± 0.1 mmol/L), total cholesterol (0.6 ± 0.2 mmol/L), low‐density lipoprotein, and very low‐density lipoprotein levels were observed only in FDG. Fat mass decreased (P < 0.05) by 3.4 ± 0.4 kg in FDG and 3.7 ± 0.4 kg in DG. The lower (P < 0.05) glucagon and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance indicated an improvement in insulin sensitivity in FDG. In conclusion, football combined with restricted diet was effective in enhancing VO2max, reducing total cholesterol and triglycerides, and increasing insulin sensitivity, potentially providing better tools for the prevention of T2D complications than diet alone.
Policing Disaster: An Analytical Review of the Literature on Policing, Disaster, and Post‐traumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Faust Kelly L. , Ven Thomas Vander
Published: June 2014

A large body of research findings suggests that law‐enforcement officers are confronted with erratic, periodic, and unpredictable high‐stress experiences in the line of duty. There is also an increasing amount of research on police as first responders to disasters and their mental health. Recent high‐stress events, like the social disorder generated by Hurricanes Sandy and Katrina, the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks, and the violence at Newtown, created a unique matrix for stressors on police officers who may not have had much training to deal with the associated disorder or much social support to draw upon when confronting the residual emotional and mental traumas that they experienced as a result. In this context, we conduct an analytical review of the literature on police stress in instances in which officers have responded to disasters. Moreover we discuss the extant research related to rates of post‐traumatic stress disorder, the effects of PTSD and related diagnoses on the personal and professional lives of officers, and the sources of social support available to them in the aftermath of trauma‐inducing events. We conclude with a summary of current research and a critique of what is missing in the literature including attention to subclinical PTSD, proper training, the lack of attention to institutional screening for PTSD vulnerability, and the dearth of evaluation research on “what works” in disaster preparedness for police officers.
Visions of Protest. A Media‐Historic Perspective on Images in Social Movements
Authors: Mattoni Alice , Teune Simon
Published: June 2014

Social movements and the messages they wish to spread are essentially visual phenomena. Although this is both an obvious and momentous assertion, social movement research has been hesitant to integrate visual data. Until lately, most insights into the use of images in social movements originated from historical and media studies. This contribution presents the recent surge in literature devoted to the visual analysis of social movements. It focuses on activists' practices of image production and distribution under certain media‐historic constellations. In this perspective, the current opportunities to create and spread images of dissent are contrasted with previous appropriations of technical possibilities from early print to electronic media. In times of mobile devices combined with social network sites, scholars of movement images are confronted with profound changes in the ways images contribute to the emergence and dynamics of social movements. Thus, we argue for a media‐sensitive analysis of images in social movements.
Restratification, Hybridity and Professional Elites: Questions of Power, Identity and Relational Contingency at the Points of ‘Professional–Organisational Intersection’
Authors: Waring Justin
Published: June 2014

This paper re‐visits and re‐appraises Freidson's restratification thesis. His thesis was proposed in the mid‐1980s to counter the idea of de‐professionalisation, suggesting professional elites can retain collective interests in a more bureaucratic and marketised workplace. Contemporary research highlights the growth of professional–managerial hybrids, and the blurring of professional and organisational boundaries. Within this context, the restratification thesis offers a relevant sociological lens for understanding the emergence and implications of these hybrid elite roles. Research tends to support the broad descriptive aspect of the thesis, but there remains much debate about its explanatory accuracy. The paper reviews Freidson's thesis and develops three areas of theoretical debate and elaboration related to questions of elite power, culture and identity, and relational contingency, with particular reference to the experiences of the medical profession. The paper re‐interprets hybrid elite roles in terms of their points of ‘professional–organisational intersection’ from which it develops a tentative extension of Freidson's categorisation.
The ‘First Three Years’ Movement and the Infant Brain: A Review of Critiques
Authors: Macvarish Jan , Lee Ellie , Lowe Pam
Published: June 2014

This article reviews a particular aspect of the critique of the increasing focus on the brain and neuroscience; what has been termed by some, ‘neuromania’. It engages with the growing literature produced in response to the ‘first three years’ movement: an alliance of child welfare advocates and politicians that draws on the authority of neuroscience to argue that social problems such as inequality, poverty, educational underachievement, violence and mental illness are best addressed through ‘early intervention’ programmes to protect or enhance emotional and cognitive aspects of children's brain development. The movement began in the United States in the early 1990s and has become increasingly vocal and influential since then, achieving international legitimacy in the United States, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, the UK and elsewhere. The movement, and the brain‐based culture of expert‐led parent training that has grown with it, has been criticised for claiming scientific authority whilst taking a cavalier approach to scientific method and evidence; for being overly deterministic about the early years of life; for focusing attention on individual parental failings rather than societal or structural problems, for adding to the expanding anxieties of parents and strengthening the intensification of parenting and, ultimately, for redefining the parent–child relationship in biologised, instrumental and dehumanised terms.
Zero‐interest Rate Policy and Unintended Consequences in Emerging Markets
Authors: Hoffmann Andreas
Published: June 2014

Since 2009, central banks in the major advanced economies have held interest rates at very low levels to stabilise financial markets and support the recovery of their economies. This paper outlines the unintended consequences of the prolonged period of very low world funding interest rates in emerging markets. The paper is informed by a Mises–Hayek‐BIS view on credit booms and Mises' law of unintended consequences. Consistent with the presented credit boom view, I provide evidence that the very low world funding interest rates are associated with a rise in volatile capital flows and asset market bubbles in fast‐growing emerging markets. In line with Mises' law, I further show that these unintended consequences give rise to a new wave of interventionism as policymakers in emerging markets increasingly reintroduce financially repressive measures to isolate the economies from foreign capital inflows.
A comparison of clinical, magnetic resonance imaging and pathological findings in dogs with gliomatosis cerebri, focusing on cases with minimal magnetic resonance imaging changes‡
Authors: Bentley R. T. , Burcham G. N. , Heng H. G. , Levine J. M. , Longshore R. , Carrera‐Justiz S. , Cameron S. , Kopf K. , Miller M. A.
Published: June 2014

The primary study objective was to determine whether clinical examination and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can underestimate canine gliomatosis cerebri (GC); we also investigated immunohistochemical features. Seven dogs with GC were studied; four recruited specifically because of minimal MRI changes. Neuroanatomic localization and the distribution of MRI, gross and sub‐gross lesions were compared with the actual histological distribution of neoplastic cells. In six cases, clinical examination predicted focal disease and MRI demonstrated a single lesion or appeared normal. Neoplastic cells infiltrated many regions deemed normal by clinical examination and MRI, and were Olig2‐positive and glial fibrillary acid protein‐negative. Four dogs had concurrent gliomas. GC is a differential diagnosis for dogs with focal neurological deficits and a normal MRI or a focal MRI lesion. Canine GC is probably mainly oligodendrocytic. Type II GC, a solid glioma accompanying diffuse central nervous system neoplastic infiltration, occurs in dogs as in people.
A molecular study of hemotropic mycoplasmas (hemoplasmas) in cats in Iran
Authors: Ghazisaeedi Fereshteh , Atyabi Nahid , Zahrai Salehi Taghi , Gentilini Fabio , Ashrafi Tamai Iraj , Akbarein Hesam , Tasker Séverine
Published: June 2014

Background

Three feline hemoplasma species are recognized: Mycoplasma haemofelis, ‘Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum’, and ‘Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis’. These species can cause anemia in cats and have a worldwide distribution.

Objectives

There was no previous information on hemotropic mycoplasma spp in cats in Iran and the Middle East. Accordingly, we investigated the molecular presence, and clinical signs and hematological profile in cats infected with these microorganisms in Iranian cats.

Methods

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays and cytology were performed on 100 blood samples collected from Iranian Shorthair cats. ACBC and case history were also collected for each sample.

Results

By PCR, 22 (22%; 14–30%, 95% CI) samples were positive. The prevalence of M haemofelis, ‘Ca M haemominutum’, and ‘Ca M turicensis’ was 63.63% (14/22), 54.54% (12/22), and 18.18% (4/22), respectively. Some double and triple co‐infections were also found. Using PCR as the reference method, cytology had poor sensitivity (27%) and reasonable specificity (89.74%). Male cats were at a higher risk of infection (P = .001). Cats older than 8 years were more frequently infected than the younger cats (P = .0018). Lower HCT (P = .018), RBC count (P = .028) and HGB concentration (P = .003) were also associated with hemoplasma PCR‐positive status.

Conclusions

Based on this study, the most prevalent feline hemoplasma species in Iranian cats was M haemofelis, but double and triple co‐infections are also documented. Age and sex, as well as reduced RBC parameters, were predisposing factors for hemoplasma infection.
Faster cross‐bridge detachment and increased tension cost in human hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with the R403Q MYH7 mutation
Authors: Witjas‐Paalberends E. Rosalie , Ferrara Claudia , Scellini Beatrice , Piroddi Nicoletta , Montag Judith , Tesi Chiara , Stienen Ger J. M. , Michels Michelle , Ho Carolyn Y. , Kraft Theresia , Poggesi Corrado , van der Velden Jolanda
Published: June 2014

Key points

The R403Q mutation, located in the S1 domain of the β‐myosin heavy chain, is associated with a severe phenotype of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM).

Increased cross‐bridge relaxation kinetics caused by the R403Q mutation might underlie increased energetic cost of sarcomeric tension generation; however, direct evidence is absent.

We studied the relationship between cross‐bridge kinetics and energetics in single cardiac myofibrils and multicellular cardiac muscle strips in human HCM tissue with and without the R403Q mutation.

In human HCM with the R403Q mutation, cross‐bridge relaxation was faster and correlated well with a rise in energetic cost of tension generation.

Our data suggest that an increase in tension cost is one of the causes underlying cardiomyopathy development in patients with the R403Q mutation.

The first mutation associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the R403Q mutation in the gene encoding β‐myosin heavy chain (β‐MyHC). R403Q locates in the globular head of myosin (S1), responsible for interaction with actin, and thus motor function of myosin. Increased cross‐bridge relaxation kinetics caused by the R403Q mutation might underlie increased energetic cost of tension generation; however, direct evidence is absent. Here we studied to what extent cross‐bridge kinetics and energetics are related in single cardiac myofibrils and multicellular cardiac muscle strips of three HCM patients with the R403Q mutation and nine sarcomere mutation‐negative HCM patients (HCMsmn). Expression of R403Q was on average 41 ± 4% of total MYH7 mRNA. Cross‐bridge slow relaxation kinetics in single R403Q myofibrils was significantly higher (P < 0.0001) than in HCMsmn myofibrils (0.47 ± 0.02 and 0.30 ± 0.02 s−1, respectively). Moreover, compared to HCMsmn, tension cost was significantly higher in the muscle strips of the three R403Q patients (2.93 ± 0.25 and 1.78 ± 0.10 μmol l–1 s−1 kN−1 m−2, respectively) which showed a positive linear correlation with relaxation kinetics in the corresponding myofibril preparations. This correlation suggests that faster cross‐bridge relaxation kinetics results in an increase in energetic cost of tension generation in human HCM with the R403Q mutation compared to HCMsmn. Therefore, increased tension cost might contribute to HCM disease in patients carrying the R403Q mutation.
Disjoining Pressure and Gas Condensate Coupling in Gas Condensate Reservoirs
Authors: Mohammadi-Khanaposhtani Mohammad , Bahramian Alireza , Pourafshary Peyman
Published: June 2014

Pore-scale coupled flow of gas and condensate is believed to be the main mechanism for condensate production in low interfacial tension (IFT) gas condensate reservoirs. While coupling enhances condensate flow due to transport of condensate lenses by the gas, it dramatically reduces gas permeability by introducing capillary resistance against gas flow. In this study, a dynamic wetting approach is used to investigate the effect of viscous resistance, IFT and disjoining pressure on pore-scale coupling of gas and condensate. Disjoining pressure arises from van der Waals interactions between gas and solid through thin liquid films, e.g., condensate films on pore walls. Low values of IFT and small pore diameters, as involved in many gas condensate reservoirs, give rise to importance of disjoining pressure. Calculations show that disjoining pressure postpones gas condensate coupling to higher condensate flow fractions-from about 0.08 for vanishing disjoining effect to more than 0.16 for strong disjoining effect. Results also suggest that strong disjoining effect will result in higher gas relative permeability after coupling. Finally, the positive rate effect on gas permeability is only observed when disjoining effects are weak.
Droplet Impingement and Vapor Layer Formation on Hot Hydrophobic Surfaces
Authors: Yong Park Ji , Gardner Andrew , King William P. , Cahill David G.
Published: June 2014

We use pump–probe thermal transport measurements and high speed imaging to study the residence time and heat transfer of small (360 μm diameter) water droplets that bounce from hydrophobic surfaces whose temperature exceeds the boiling point. The structure of the hydrophobic surface is a 10 nm thick fluorocarbon coating on a Si substrate; the Si substrate is also patterned with micron-scale ridges using photolithography to further increase the contact angle. The residence time determined by high-speed imaging is constant at ≈1 ms over the temperature range of our study, 110 < T < 210 °C. Measurements of the thermal conductance of the interface show that the time of intimate contact between liquid water and the hydrophobic surface is reduced by the rapid formation of a vapor layer and reaches a minimum value of ≈0.025 ms at T > 190 °C. We tentatively associate this time-scale with a ∼1 m s − 1 velocity of the liquid/vapor/solid contact line. The amount of heat transferred during the impact, normalized by the droplet volume, ranges from 0.028 J mm − 3 to 0.048 J mm − 3 in the temperature range 110 < T < 210 °C. This amount of heat transfer is ≈1–2% of the latent heat of evaporation.
Magnetocaloric effect in nanoscale thin films and heterostructures
Authors: Miller Casey W. , Belyea Dustin D. , Kirby Brian J.
Published: June 2014

This review focuses on the magnetocaloric effect with special attention to nanoscale thin films and heterostructures. The authors outline the general phenomenon of the magnetocaloric effect and discuss how using materials in reduced dimensions can impact this emerging area. The authors note works of significance to date and highlight general features emanating from the community. They provide important details related to sample fabrication, relevant metrology, and discuss advanced data analyses, all of which are done in a tutorial fashion. Finally, the authors provide an outlook for the application of nanoscience to magnetocalorics.
Nanocolumnar growth of thin films deposited at oblique angles: Beyond the tangent rule
Authors: Alvarez Rafael , Lopez-Santos Carmen , Parra-Barranco Julian , Rico Victor , Barranco Angel , Cotrino Jose , Gonzalez-Elipe Agustin R. , Palmero Alberto
Published: June 2014

The growth of nanostructured physical vapor deposited thin films at oblique angles is becoming a hot topic for the development of a large variety of applications. Up to now, empirical relations, such as the so-called tangent rule, have been uncritically applied to account for the development of the nanostructure of these thin films even when they do not accurately reproduce most experimental results. In the present paper, the growth of thin films at oblique angles is analyzed under the premises of a recently proposed surface trapping mechanism. The authors demonstrate that this process mediates the effective shadowing area and determines the relation between the incident angle of the deposition flux and the tilt angle of the columnar thin film nanostructures. The analysis of experimental data for a large variety of materials obtained in our laboratory and taken from the literature supports the existence of a connection between the surface trapping efficiency and the metallic character of the deposited materials. The implications of these predictive conclusions for the development of new applications based on oblique angle deposited thin films are discussed.
Infrared sensing characteristics of multiwalled carbon nanotube sheet
Authors: Jung Daewoong , Han Maeum , Lee Gil S.
Published: June 2014

In this paper, a multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT)-sheet-based infrared sensor is proposed along with an easy, simple, reliable, and low-cost fabrication process that does not require manipulation of individual or bunches of MWCNTs or complex, expensive techniques such as photolithography. The output signal (resistance) is produced by a temperature change induced by infrared illumination. The authors found that the responsivity of the sensor could be improved by acid treatment. In addition, the density of the MWCNTs played a critical role in the performance of the sensor.
Atomistic modeling of peptide adsorption on rutile (100) in the presence of water and of contamination by low molecular weight alcohols
Authors: Friedrichs Wenke , Langel Walter
Published: June 2014

Previous models for the interface between titanium implants and biosystems take into account the oxide passivation layer and the hydroxylation, but omit the hydrocarbon contamination on air-exposed samples. The authors develop a consistent model for the contamination of the rutile (100) surface by small alcohols, which are known to be present in ambient atmosphere, and use this approach in molecular dynamics calculations. Contact angle evaluation reveals that hydrophobic surfaces can be generated. During molecular dynamics simulations with three peptides (RPRGFGMSRERQ, WFCLLGCDAGCW, and RKLPDA), polar side chains penetrate the hydrocarbons and become immobilized on the titanium dioxide. In the carbon layer, the peptide recognizes a hydrophobic environment, which was not present on the clean surface, and the authors attribute changes in the secondary structure in one case to this interaction. The authors further include the popular Matsui–Akaogi approach [M. Matsui and M. Akaogi, Mol. Simul. 6, 239 (1991)] into the frame of the AMBER force field and quote van der Waals parameters for fitting the original Buckingham part. With the new potential, the authors evaluated lattice parameters, thermal fluctuation, and bulk modulus. Translational diffusion coefficients and dipole autocorrelation functions of water on the surface are discussed in relation to surface properties, and it is shown that the water layers are more rigid than on earlier titanium dioxide models, and that contacts between peptide and surface are less direct.