bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How to Compute Equilibrium Prices in 1891
Authors: Brainard William C. , Scarf Herbert E.
Published: August 2009

Abstract.  Irving Fisher's Ph.D. thesis, submitted to Yale University in 1891, contains a fully articulated general equilibrium model presented with the broad scope and formal mathematical clarity associated with Walras and his successors. In addition, Fisher presents a remarkable hydraulic apparatus for calculating equilibrium prices and the resulting distribution of society's endowments among the agents in the economy. In this paper we provide an analytical description of Fisher's apparatus, and report the results of simulating the mechanical/hydraulic “machine,” illustrating the ability of the apparatus to “compute” equilibrium prices and also to find multiple equilibria.
Stable Prices, Money, and the Cost of Living
Authors: Shubik Martin
Published: August 2009

Abstract.  An analysis of indexed units of account such as that proposed by Robert Hall.
Comments on “Econometric Analysis of Fisher's Equation” by Peter C. B. Phillips
Authors: Rust John
Published: August 2009

Abstract.  A comment on the article by Peter C. B. Phillips in this volume.
Comments on John B. Shoven and John Whalley’s, “Irving Fisher's Spendings (Consumption) Tax in Retrospect”
Authors: Auerbach Alan J.
Published: August 2009

Abstract.  A comment on the article by John Shoven and John Whalley in this volume.
Comments on John B. Shoven and John Whalley, “Irving Fisher's Spendings (Consumption) Tax in Retrospect”
Authors: Graetz Michael J.
Published: August 2009

Abstract.  A comment on the article by John Shoven and John Whalley in this volume.
Comments on John Geanakoplos's “The Ideal Inflation‐Indexed Bond and Irving Fisher's Impatience Theory of Interest with Overlapping Generations”
Authors: Shiller Robert J.
Published: August 2009

Abstract  A comment on the article by John Geanakoplos in this volume.

It is refreshing to hear an account of Irving Fisher's views on risk and indexation juxtaposed with an account of our modern concerns with the same issues. It is interesting for me to hear this, partly since it shows that many of the issues we worry about today were concerns 70 or more years ago, and thus perhaps that these issues are indeed as deep and fundamental as we now think they are. But I found this history‐of‐thought presentation most interesting because it clarifies, by starting with simple notions that were on Irving Fisher's mind and moving forward, some of the critical issues concerning the innovations of indexation and Social Security reform.
Comment on W. Erwin Diewert’s, “Index Number Theory Using Differences Rather Than Ratios”
Authors: Shapiro Matthew D.
Published: August 2009

Abstract  A comment on the article by W. Erwin Diewert in this volume.
Irving Fisher and the Contribution of Improved Longevity to Living Standards
Authors: Nordhaus William D.
Published: August 2009

Abstract  It is not widely recognized that conventional measures of national income and output exclude the value of improvements in the health status of the population. The present study discusses the theory of the measurement of national income, proposes a new concept called “health income” that can be used to incorporate improvements in health status, and applies the theory to data for the United States over the 20th century. It concludes that accounting for improvements in the health status would, over the twentieth century in the United States, make a substantial difference to our measures of economic welfare.
Comments on William D. Nordhaus, “Irving Fisher and the Contribution of Improved Longevity to Living Standards”
Authors: Srinivasan T. N.
Published: August 2009

Abstract  A comment on the article by William D. Nordhaus in this volume.
Health, Government, and Irving Fisher
Authors: Fuchs Victor R.
Published: August 2009

Abstract  This paper provides a few historical notes on government involvement in health, followed by a summary of the theoretical arguments that economists offer in its support. Irving Fisher's views and recommendations about health are examined in the light of today's perceptions concerning health, health economics, and health policy. The wide variety of roles that the U.S. and other governments currently play in health is reviewed, and the ability of economics to explain these roles is assessed. The consequences of government involvement for the health of populations, for expenditures on health care, and for political and social stability are examined. The paper concludes with an overview of new worldwide trends in health policy and some probable explanations for these trends.
Irving Fisher, Victor Fuchs, and the Health‐Government Tangle
Authors: Zeckhauser Richard
Published: August 2009

Abstract  A comment on the article by Victor Fuchs in this volume.
University Leaders and the Public Agenda: Talking About Women and Diversity in STEM Fields
Authors: Hopewell Lindsey , McNeely Connie L. , Kuiler Erik W. , Hahm Jong‐on
Published: August 2009

We undertake an investigation of public statements and pronouncements from leaders at various universities to gain insight into institutional values and environments relative to women and their participation and advancement in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) and other disciplinary fields. Employing content analysis techniques to focus on terminological use and keyword interdependencies in these speeches, our findings indicate that, while gender equality is addressed as a separate topic in its own right, university leaders raise issues of gender in the context of STEM participation primarily in conjunction only with other topics. As expected, the data also support arguments suggesting diversity in general as an important goal espoused in the rhetoric of university representatives. Questions remain, however, concerning whether these speeches presage concrete institutional commitments and responses relative to the achievement of diversity, gender equality, and gender equity in the STEM professoriate.
Biologic markers in endometrial cancer treatment
Authors: ENGELSEN INGEBORG B , AKSLEN LARS A , SALVESEN HELGA B
Published: August 2009

With a lifetime risk among women of 2–3%, endometrial cancer is the most common pelvic gynecologic malignancy in industrialized countries. Approximately 75% of cases are diagnosed at an early stage with a tumor confined to the uterine corpus. Although most patients are cured by surgery alone, about 15–20% with no signs of locally advanced or metastatic disease at primary treatment recurs, with limited responsiveness to systemic therapy. The most common basis for determining the risk of recurrent disease has been classification of endometrial cancers into two subtypes. Type I, associated with a good prognosis, accounts for the majority of cases and is associated with a low‐stage, low‐grade and endometrioid histology. In contrast, type II, associated with a poor prognosis, is characterized by a high‐stage, high‐grade and non‐endometrioid histology. However, the prognostic value of this distinction is limited, as up to 20% of type I endometrial cancers recur, while half of type II cancers do not. We review the current literature on epidemiology, etiology, pathology, molecular alterations, staging, treatment and prognostic factors in endometrial cancer. Ongoing molecular‐based clinical trials and newly reported molecular alterations with a potential for development of new targeted therapy are discussed.
Differential cytokine expression by human dendritic cells in response to different Porphyromonas gingivalis capsular serotypes
Authors: Vernal Rolando , León Rubén , Silva Augusto , Van Winkelhoff Arie J. , Garcia‐Sanz Jose A. , Sanz Mariano
Published: August 2009

Aim: Capsular polysaccharides play an important role in the virulence of Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria. In Porphyromonas gingivalis, six serotypes have been described based on capsular antigenicity and its pathogenicity has been correlated both in vitro and in animal models. This study aimed to investigate the differential response of human dendritic cells (DCs) when stimulated with different P. gingivalis capsular serotypes.

Materials and Methods: Using different multiplicity of infection (MOI) of the encapsulated strains K1–K6 and the non‐encapsulated K− strain of P. gingivalis, the mRNA expression levels for interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐2, IL‐5, IL‐6, IL‐10, IL‐12, IL‐13, interferon (IFN)‐γ, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, and TNF‐β in stimulated DCs were quantified by real‐time reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction.

Results: All P. gingivalis capsular serotypes induced a T‐helper type 1 (Th1) pattern of cytokine expression. K1‐ and K2‐stimulated DCs expressed higher levels of IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐12p35, IL‐12p40, and IFN‐γ and at lower MOI than DCs stimulated with the other strains.

Conclusions: These results demonstrate a differential potential of P. gingivalis capsular serotypes to induce DC responses and a higher capacity of strains K1 W83 and K2 HG184 than other K serotypes to trigger cytokine expression.
Tributaries influence recruitment of fish in large rivers
Authors: Pracheil B. M. , Pegg M. A. , Mestl G. E.
Published: August 2009

Abstract –  Recent work demonstrates that tributary inputs are important community reorganisation points for river biota; however, no studies have examined the long‐term effects of tributary inputs on fish population dynamics. This study examines nearly 40 years of young‐of‐year (yoy) paddlefish recruitment data to investigate the hypothesis that tributaries influence mainstem fish population dynamics. We generated hydrological variables from daily mean flow data (1965–2007) from an impounded reach of the mainstem Missouri River and from the Niobrara River, a relatively unaltered tributary, using Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration software. Three multiple regression models using natural‐log transformed catch per unit effort (log cpue) as the response variable were created using (1) Missouri River‐only flow variables, (2) Niobrara River‐only flow variables and (3) Missouri River and Niobrara River flow variables. Flow variables from the Niobrara River explain a greater proportion of yoy paddlefish log cpue variability demonstrating that tributaries can positively impact fish population dynamics in altered rivers.
Spring home ranges of white bass in irrigation reservoirs of the Republican River Basin, Nebraska
Authors: Martin D. R. , Powell L. A. , Pope K. L.
Published: August 2009

Abstract –  Fishery biologists have documented small home ranges, relative to available habitat, for many littoral freshwater fishes. Home ranges for pelagic species, such as white bass Morone chrysops, are generally not well described, yet are thought to be large. We studied white bass movement using acoustic telemetry in two irrigation reservoirs of the Republican River basin in south‐western Nebraska. Acoustic transmitters were implanted in fall of the previous year and tracking occurred a minimum of once per week throughout spring (mid‐March to May) 2007 and 2008. Linear home ranges were calculated from observed locations of individual fish. Twelve of the twenty‐seven tagged fish with at least five locations exhibited localised home ranges throughout the spring whereas the remaining fish exhibited home ranges extending across large portions of each reservoir. Home range size was not correlated with fish size or condition.
Pioneer vegetation on glacier forelands in southern Norway: emerging communities?
Authors: Robbins Jane A. , Matthews John A.
Published: August 2009

Question: How variable is the pioneer plant community on glacier forelands in southern Norway, both in terms of species composition and geographical distribution?

Location: The Jotunheim and Jostedalsbreen regions of southern Norway (61°‐62°N, 6°‐9°E).

Methods: The relative frequencies of vascular plant species were recorded in the pioneer zones of 43 glacier forelands, with an altitudinal range of 80‐1860 m (boreal to high alpine) and an east‐west range of 100 km. Classification and ordination techniques were used to search for evidence of consistently recurring communities, variability along a continuum or stochasticity.

Results: Mean variability in species composition between all glacier forelands sampled was 65% (Sørensen dissimilarity). Poa alpina, Oxyria digyna, Deschampsia alpina and Festuca ovina had the highest frequency, occurring on over 80% of forelands. Non‐metric multidimensional scaling did not reveal clear divisions between groups of sites, but cluster analysis, multi‐response permutation procedures and indicator species analysis suggested two sub‐communities: the Saxifraga cespitosa‐Trisetum spicatum sub‐community is restricted to forelands above 1100 m in the Jotunheim region; whereas the D. alpina‐O. digyna sub‐community has a wider altitudinal range of 80‐1780 m. Variance partitioning indicated that altitude alone accounts for 24%, distance east for 18%, and the component shared by altitude and distance east for 17% of the variance in species composition.

Conclusions: At the broadest scale, pioneer vegetation on the glacier forelands can be viewed as a single P. alpina‐O. digyna community of predominantly wind‐ and water‐dispersed perennials. However, this community shows a high degree of variability, with dominant species missing from a number of sites, and is poorly structured, suggesting a degree of stochasticity. Furthermore, the pioneer vegetation can be dissected within a continuum of variation to produce two emerging sub‐communities, reflecting the influence of environmental factors and, possibly, early successional development within the pioneer zone. Variance partitioning indicates that altitudinal and continentality gradients are important in accounting for a significant proportion of the variability within this dataset.
Benedict XVI, Human Dignity, and Absolute Moral Norms
Authors: Kirchhoffer David G.
Published: August 2009

Pope Benedict XVI often uses the concept of the dignity of the human person in his discourse. This article firstly attempts to present a synthesis of Benedict XVI's understanding of human dignity. The result is a multidimensional understanding of human dignity based on the belief that the human person is created in the image of God. Human dignity is constituted by the given-ness of human existence, the capacities inherent in being human—freedom, reason, love and community—and the telos of human existence, namely, spiritual union with God and the practical realisation of a peaceful and mutually edifying human coexistence. Based on this understanding of human dignity, Benedict XVI develops a normative morality. The second part of this article asks whether interpretations of this normative morality that would claim that some of these norms are absolute moral norms are in fact correct. Particular attention is paid to the apparent equation or reduction of human dignity to the dignity of life. The conclusion is, though it is possible to read Benedict XVI's normative morality as advocating absolute moral norms, such an interpretation would be usually incorrect in light of Benedict XVI's more comprehensive understanding of human dignity.
The Sacramental Consummation of the Moral Life According to St. Thomas Aquinas
Authors: Harmon Thomas P.
Published: August 2009

This paper shows the theological vision of Aquinas’ moral theology by exploring the intimate connectedness of his moral thought in the prima secundae of the Summa theologiae with his sacramental theology and Christology in the tertia pars. While some have disputed the theological and Christological character of Aquinas’ moral thought, both the structural presentation of the Summa and the key role grace plays in his treatment of the moral life point to the importance of the sacraments, which, empowered by the Holy Spirit, communicate the grace of Christ's Passion to men, who by themselves cannot act to attain their end in God because of God's infinity and man's sinfulness. The paper proceeds by exploring Aquinas’ moral writings on man's end, habits and human action, and law and grace to a discussion of why man needs a savior. The paper then discusses the Passion of Christ the savior and its function in forgiving sin and opening the way to the infinite God in heaven for finite men, and concludes with a discussion of the importance of the Sacraments in the moral life as the instruments through which the effects of Christ's Passion are transmitted to men.
A Note on Scripture in the Summa theologiae
Authors: Levering Matthew
Published: August 2009

Beginning with the question of whether Aquinas's Summa theologiae inevitably distorts the meaning of biblical texts by removing them from their narrative context, this essay suggests that one way to think about Aquinas's use of Scripture in the Summa theologiae is to read together, as an ensemble, the biblical texts that he cites when treating a particular theme. Focusing on his first four questions on the virtue of faith (ST II-II, qq. 1–4), I argue that Aquinas's selection of biblical texts from across the canonical Scriptures enables him to provide a nuanced biblical perspective on a particular theme even without finding it necessary to quote Scripture in every article. I seek to bring to light the way that the various biblical texts in the question—whose functions within the articles are widely diverse, from providing the hinge for a responsio to framing a minor objection–complement and echo one another.
Liturgy in the Broadest Sense
Authors: Lloyd Vincent
Published: August 2009

Theologians interested in postmodernism and contemporary culture have recently turned to liturgy as a resource. However, these scholars often overlook the rich tradition of philosophically and theologically sophisticated reflection on liturgy of the past few decades. The result is that essential features of liturgy are overlooked. These features include the authoritative nature of liturgy for theology, and the impossibility of fully expressing the content of liturgy in propositional theology. By turning to the work of liturgical theologians, including Alexander Schmemann, Aidan Kavanagh, and Geoffrey Wainwright, I suggest that the attempt to grapple with contemporary issues by appealing to liturgy will always be compromised unless liturgy is understood in a modest, not broad, sense. I argue that recent work by Catherine Pickstock and William Cavanaugh, among others, ignores the authoritative nature of liturgy. These recent enthusiasts of liturgy promote a ‘liturgical culture’, but in the process their work takes away what makes liturgy most potent.
Central nervous system congenital anomalies: A prospective neurosurgical observational study from Nigeria
Authors: Adeleye Amos Olufemi , Olowookere Kayode Gabriel
Published: August 2009

This is a prospective observational study on the profile of central nervous system (CNS) anomalies in a neurosurgical unit in Ikeja, Nigeria. All cases of CNS anomalies seen by the authors in 1 year, January to December 2005, were analyzed. Descriptive variables include some demographics of the patients and their parents; profiles of CNS anomalies, cranial or spinal, neural tube defects (NTD) or others; presence of associated anomalies; and rate of surgical correction of these anomalies. Sixty‐one cases were recorded, approximately 64% of our total pediatric neurosurgical output. Forty‐one cases were males, 20 females, with a male to female ratio of approximately 2 to 1. The age at presentation ranged from 2 days to 60 months (mean 5.6 months) and the majority of the parents were young (the mean ages of the fathers and mothers were 35 years and 28 years, respectively), and low income earners (70%). The cases comprised cranial (61%) and spinal (39%) anomalies, or 54% of NTD versus others. The cranial lesions were mainly congenital primary hydrocephalus in 44% of cases, encephalocele in 28%, and microcephaly in 17%. The spinal lesions were spinal dysraphism in more than 90%; all in the lumbosacral region. Seventy percent of the NTD had associated cranial or other system anomalies, mainly secondary hydrocephalus in 65%. The surgical correction rate of all of these cases was 38%. NTD were significantly more likely to present early, be associated with other anomalies and undergo surgical correction in this series (P < 0.001). CNS congenital anomalies are under‐reported in Nigeria and other developing countries. A call is made for the establishment of nationwide efforts to fully clarify the epidemiology of this silent epidemic.
Cytomegalovirus‐associated acute hydramnios treated by amniocentesis and maternal indomethacin
Authors: Suzumori Nobuhiro , Hattori Yukio , Kaneko Saori , Suzuki Yoshikatsu , Sugiura‐Ogasawara Mayumi
Published: August 2009

A 22‐year‐old pregnant woman noticed a rapid increase of abdominal growth, uterine tenderness and irregular contraction, for which she hospitalized at 25 weeks of gestation. An ultrasound examination demonstrated a single fetus with normal anatomy and massive hydramnios. Serial therapeutic amniocentesis was performed for relief of maternal symptoms and indomethacin compress was initiated. Both the maternal and amniotic fluid IgM were positive for cytomegalovirus (CMV). Maternal compress indomethacin was discontinued at 32 weeks. Cesarean section was performed due to fetal distress at 34 weeks of gestation. A female infant was delivered and the neonatal examination was within normal limits with urine culture positive for CMV. At 1 year of age the child was developing normally with normal hearing and no clinical sequelae of intrauterine CMV infection. We postulate that serial and large volume reduction of amniotic fluid by amniocentesis and compress indomethacin in our case interrupted the natural course and provided sufficient time for the fetus to recover from the acute phase of viral infection.
Early embryonic losses in mice induced by diethylstilbestrol
Authors: Nagao Tetsuji , Yoshimura Shinsuke
Published: August 2009

Estrogens cause embryonic lethality and the disturbance of early placental development in mice. Diethylstilbestrol (DES) at 1, 10, or 100 µg/kg was orally administered to Institute of Cancer Research mice on gestational days (GD) 4 through 8, and the uterus and placenta were examined histopathologically on GD 9. Decidua of DES‐treated mice showed insufficient development, and the uterine lumen at the implantation site did not effectively minimize. The trophoblast giant cell layer was not separated from the uterine lumen by the decidua capsularis, and hemorrhage from the denuded trophoblast giant cell layer into the uterine lumen was noted at the peripheral part of the decidua basalis. The results of the present study suggest that decidual hypoplasia and subsequent placental hemorrhage causes fetal death due to the administration of DES during the early stage of pregnancy.
When the prairie varies: the importance of site characteristics for strategising insect conservation
Authors: LOONEY CHRIS , CALDWELL BENJAMIN T. , EIGENBRODE SANFORD D.
Published: August 2009

Abstract.  1. The bunchgrass prairies of the Palouse region in eastern Washington state and adjacent Idaho have been mostly converted to agriculture in the past century. Prairie habitat currently exists only on small remnants scattered across the landscape.

2. The invertebrate fauna of these habitat remnants is poorly known, both in terms of species diversity and community composition.

3. Baited pitfall traps were used to sample carrion‐attracted beetles during June and July of 2003 from high‐quality prairie remnants of varying size and soil characteristics.

4. Twenty‐three beetle species in five families were found. Species richness and Shannon‐Wiener diversity were not significantly correlated with habitat area or perimeter–area ratio.

5. Beetle abundance and community structure were strongly correlated with soil characteristics. Deeper, loessal soils had greater overall beetle abundance than shallower, rocky soils, although some species were more frequently captured in shallower, rocky soil sites.

6. Conservation plans emphasising only remnant size and condition do not sufficiently capture variability in insect communities across Palouse prairie remnants.
A prospective evaluation of hemoptysis cases in a tertiary referral hospital
Authors: Uzun Oğuz , Atasoy Yıldız , Findik Serhat , Atici Atilla Güven , Erkan Levent
Published: August 2009

Background and Aims:  Hemoptysis is symptomatic of a potentially serious and life‐threatening thoracic disease. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relative frequency of the different causes of hemoptysis, the change of the frequency of diseases, the value of the evaluation process and the outcome in a tertiary referral hospital.

Methods:  A prospective study was carried out on consecutive patients presented with hemoptysis.

Results:  A total of 178 patients (136 male, 42 female) were included to the study. Lung cancer (51), pulmonary embolism (23) and bronchiectasis (23) constituted most of the diagnosis. The most frequent cause of hemoptysis in males was by far lung carcinoma (50). Twelve cases of bronchiectasis and 11 cases of pulmonary embolism were observed in females. While lung cancer and pulmonary embolism were associated with mild to moderate amounts of bleeding (84% and 100%, respectively), patients with active tuberculosis and pulmonary vasculitis had severe to massive hemoptysis (50% and 44%, respectively). Transthoracic and other organ biopsies, spiral computed tomography (CT) angiography (X pres/GX model TSX‐002a, Toshiba, Tochigi Ken, Japan) and aortography yielded high diagnostic results in our group (100%, 67%, 59% and 100%, respectively). The most frequent final diagnosis in patients with normal chest radiograph was pulmonary embolism (seven cases).

Conclusions:  Lung cancer, pulmonary embolism and bronchiectasis were the main causes of hemoptysis in this prospective cohort; however, this is the first report showing pulmonary embolism as a leading cause of hemoptysis. CT angiography with high‐resolution CT should be the primary diagnostic modality if the initial investigation is inconclusive in hemoptysis cases.

Please cite this paper as: Uzun O, Atasoy Y, Findik S, Atici AG and Erkan L. A prospective evaluation of hemoptysis cases in a tertiary referral hospital. The Clinical Respiratory Journal 2010; 4: 131–138.
A Dialectic Perspective on Innovation: Conflicting Demands, Multiple Pathways, and Ambidexterity
Authors: Bledow Ronald , Frese Michael , Anderson Neil , Erez Miriam , Farr James
Published: August 2009

Innovation, the development and intentional introduction of new and useful ideas by individuals, teams, and organizations, lies at the heart of human adaptation. Decades of research in different disciplines and at different organizational levels have produced a wealth of knowledge about how innovation emerges and the factors that facilitate and inhibit innovation. We propose that this knowledge needs integration. In an initial step toward this goal, we apply a dialectic perspective on innovation to overcome limitations of dichotomous reasoning and to gain a more valid account of innovation. We point out that individuals, teams, and organizations need to self-regulate and manage conflicting demands of innovation and that multiple pathways can lead to idea generation and innovation. By scrutinizing the current use of the concept of organizational ambidexterity and extending it to individuals and teams, we develop a framework to help guide and facilitate future research and practice. Readers expecting specific and universal prescriptions of how to innovate will be disappointed as current research does not allow such inferences. Rather, we think innovation research should focus on developing and testing principles of innovation management in addition to developing decision aids for organizational practice. To this end, we put forward key propositions and action principles of innovation management.
Extending and Refining the Dialectic Perspective on Innovation: There Is Nothing as Practical as a Good Theory; Nothing as Theoretical as a Good Practice
Authors: Bledow Ronald , Frese Michael , Anderson Neil , Erez Miriam , Farr James
Published: August 2009

We have proposed that a dialectic perspective on innovation may serve well as a first step of an integrative framework for research on innovation and for effective practice. We would like to thank all commentators for their stimulating and challenging ideas and SIOP for enabling this dialog. In keeping with the process view inherent to dialectic thinking, we would like to use this reply to refine and extend the core ideas presented in the focal article by means of integrating explanatory concepts, by critically examining the add-on value of a dialectic perspective, and by pointing out future research needs and ideas for management.
The Need for a Holistic Approach to Specialized Domestic Violence Court Programming: Evaluating Offender Rehabilitation Needs and Recidivism
Authors: Pitts Wayne J. , Givens Eugena , McNeeley Susan
Published: August 2009

This quasi‐experimental historical outcome study is based on the Domestic Violence Repeat Offender Program (DVROP) housed within the Bernalillo County Metropolitan Court in Albuquerque, New Mexico. The treatment group includes data for 100 male domestic violence offenders collected between July 1, 2004 and November 30, 2006. A strictly matched group of 100 males who were technically eligible but who were not served by the DVROP made up the comparison. Using NCIC data as an outcome measure, the results of the study show that DVROP participants are significantly less likely to receive subsequent charges for domestic violence, other violent offenses, or any other criminal offense. The study draws conclusions about the extensive collateral needs of the offender population and draws attention to the need for a holistic approach to special offender populations.
Low‐Risk Youths Referred to Pima County Juvenile Court Center Detention Intake: Needs, Detention, and Recidivism
Authors: Frola Margaret
Published: August 2009

Delinquent youths who were low risk to re‐offend were the subject of this study. It was hypothesized that these youths would have high levels of need (e.g., mental illness) and that detention would lead to increased recidivism. Demographic and social factors, delinquency history, and recidivism data were analyzed, producing four major findings: low‐risk youths have high needs, low‐risk youths recidivate at high rates, unaddressed needs increase the likelihood of detention and recidivism, and behavioral health needs were among the strongest predictors of recidivism. The factors that lead to recidivism are discussed, and suggestions for improving outcomes are also presented.
Spatial and temporal diversity of methanotrophs in a landfill cover soil are differentially related to soil abiotic factors
Authors: Kumaresan Deepak , Abell Guy C. J. , Bodrossy Levente , Stralis‐Pavese Nancy , Murrell J. Colin
Published: August 2009

Methanotrophs present in landfill cover soil can limit methane emissions from landfill sites by oxidizing methane produced in landfill. Understanding the spatial and temporal distribution of populations of methanotrophs and the factors influencing their activity and diversity in landfill cover soil is critical to devise better landfill cover soil management strategies. pmoA‐based microarray analyses of methanotroph community structure revealed a temporal shift in methanotroph populations across different seasons. Type II methanotrophs (particularly Methylocystis sp.) were found to be present across all seasons. Minor shifts in type I methanotroph populations were observed. In the case of spatial distribution, only minor differences in methanotroph community structure were observed with no recognizable patterns (both vertical and horizontal) at a 5 m scale. Correlation analysis between soil abiotic parameters (total C, N, NH4+, NO3‐ and water content) and distribution of methanotrophs revealed a lack of conclusive evidence for any distinct correlation pattern between measured abiotic parameters and methanotroph community structure, suggesting that complex interactions of several physico‐chemical parameters shape methanotroph diversity and activity in landfill cover soils.
Activity and structure of methanotrophic communities in landfill cover soils
Authors: Gebert Julia , Singh Brajesh Kumar , Pan Yao , Bodrossy Levente
Published: August 2009

The composition of the methanotrophic community in soil covers on five landfills in Northern and Eastern Germany was investigated by means of diagnostic microarray and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T‐RFLP), both targeting the pmoA gene of methanotrophs. Physical and chemical properties of the 15 sampled soil profiles varied greatly, thus providing for very different environmental conditions. The potential methane oxidation activity, assessed using undisturbed soil cores, varied between 0.2 and 28 µg CH4 gdw−1 h−1, the latter amounting to 426 g CH4 m−2 h−1. Total nitrogen was found to be the soil variable correlating most strongly with methanotrophic activity. Explaining close to 50% of the observed variability, this indicates that on the investigated sites activity and thus abundance of methanotrophs may have been nitrogen‐limited. Variables that enhance organic matter and thus nitrogen accumulation, such as field capacity, also positively impacted methanotrophic activity. In spite of the great variability of soil properties and different geographic landfill location, both microarray and T‐RFLP analysis suggested that the composition of the methanotrophic community on all five sites, in all profiles and across all depths was similar. Methylocystis, Methylobacter and Methylococcus species, including Methylococcus‐related uncultivated methanotrophs, were predominantly detected among type II, Ia and Ib methanotrophs, respectively. This indicates that the high methane fluxes typical for landfill environments may be the most influential driver governing the community composition, or other variables not analysed in this study. Principal component analysis suggested that community diversity is most influenced by the site from which the samples were taken and second, from the location on the individual sites, i.e. the soil profile. Landfill and individual profiles reflect the combined impact of all effective variables, including those that were not measured in this study.
Origin of complex behaviour of spatially discordant alternans in a transgenic rabbit model of type 2 long QT syndrome
Authors: Ziv Ohad , Morales Eduardo , Song Yoon‐kyu , Peng Xuwen , Odening Katja E. , Buxton Alfred E. , Karma Alain , Koren Gideon , Choi Bum‐Rak
Published: August 2009

Enhanced dispersion of repolarization has been proposed as an important mechanism in long QT related arrhythmias. Dispersion can be dynamic and can be augmented with the occurrence of spatially out‐of‐phase action potential duration (APD) alternans (discordant alternans; DA). We investigated the role of tissue heterogeneity in generating DA using a novel transgenic rabbit model of type 2 long QT syndrome (LQT2). Littermate control (LMC) and LQT2 rabbit hearts (n= 5 for each) were retrogradely perfused and action potentials were mapped from the epicardial surface using di‐4‐ANEPPS and a high speed CMOS camera. Spatial dispersion (ΔAPD and Δslope of APD restitution) were both increased in LQT2 compared to LMC (ΔAPD: 34 ± 7 ms vs. 23 ± 6 ms; Δslope:1.14 ± 0.23 vs. 0.59 ± 0.19). Onset of DA under a ramp stimulation protocol was seen at longer pacing cycle length (CL) in LQT2 compared to LMC hearts (206 ± 24 ms vs. 156 ± 5 ms). Nodal lines between regions with APD alternans out of phase from each other were correlated with conduction velocity (CV) alternation in LMC but not in LQT2 hearts. In LQT2 hearts, larger APD dispersion was associated with onset of DA at longer pacing CL. At shorter CLs, closer to ventricular fibrillation induction (VF), nodal lines in LQT2 (n= 2 out of 5) showed persistent complex beat‐to‐beat changes in nodal line formation of DA associated with competing contribution from CV restitution and tissue spatial heterogeneity, increasing vulnerability to conduction block. In conclusion, tissue heterogeneity plays a significant role in providing substrate for ventricular arrhythmia in LQT2 rabbits by facilitating DA onset and contributing to unstable nodal lines prone to reentry formation.
Vagally mediated effects of glucagon‐like peptide 1: in vitro and in vivo gastric actions
Authors: Holmes Gregory M. , Browning Kirsteen N. , Tong Melissa , Qualls‐Creekmore Emily , Travagli R. Alberto
Published: August 2009

Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) is a neuropeptide released following meal ingestion that, among other effects, decreases gastric tone and motility. The central targets and mechanism of action of GLP‐1 on gastric neurocircuits have not, however, been fully investigated. A high density of GLP‐1 containing neurones and receptors are present in brainstem vagal circuits, suggesting that the gastroinhibition may be vagally mediated. We aimed to investigate: (1) the response of identified gastric‐projecting neurones of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) to GLP‐1 and its analogues; (2) the effects of brainstem application of GLP‐1 on gastric tone; and (3) the vagal pathway utilized by GLP‐1 to induce gastroinhibition. We conducted our experiments using whole‐cell recordings from identified gastric‐projecting DMV neurones and microinjection in the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) of anaesthetized rats while monitoring gastric tone. Perfusion with GLP‐1 induced a concentration‐dependent excitation of a subpopulation of gastric‐projecting DMV neurones. The GLP‐1 effects were mimicked by exendin‐4 and antagonized by exendin‐9–39. In an anaesthetized rat preparation, application of exendin‐4 to the DVC decreased gastric tone in a concentration‐dependent manner. The gastroinhibitory effects of exendin‐4 were unaffected by systemic pretreatment with the pro‐motility muscarinic agonist bethanechol, but were abolished by systemic administration of the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor NG‐nitro‐l‐arginine methyl ester (l‐NAME), or by bilateral vagotomy. Our data indicate that GLP‐1 activates selective receptors to excite DMV neurones mainly and that the gastroinhibition observed following application of GLP‐1 in the DVC is due to the activation of an inhibitory non‐adrenergic, non‐cholinergic input to the stomach.
Downregulation of oxytocin and natriuretic peptides in diabetes: possible implications in cardiomyopathy
Authors: Gutkowska Jolanta , Broderick Tom L. , Bogdan Danalache , Wang Donghao , Lavoie Jean‐Marc , Jankowski Marek
Published: August 2009

Regular physical activity is beneficial in preventing the risk of cardiovascular complications of diabetes. Recent studies showed a cardioprotective role of oxytocin (OT) to induce natriuretic peptides (NPs) and nitric oxide (NO) release. It is not known if the diabetic state is associated with a reduced OT–NPs–NO system and if exercise training improves this system. To address this, we investigated the effects of treadmill running using the db/db mouse model of type 2 diabetes. Eight‐week‐old db/db mice were subjected to running 5 days per week for a period of 8 weeks. The lean db/+ littermates were used as controls. Sedentary db/db mice were obese and hyperglycaemic, and exercise training was not effective in reducing body weight and the hyperglycaemic state. Compared to control mice, db/db mice had lower heart weight and heart‐to‐body weight ratios. In these mice, this was associated with augmented cardiac apoptosis, cardiomyocyte enlargement and collagen deposits. In addition, db/db mice displayed significant downregulation in gene expression of OT (76%), OT receptors (65%), atrial NP (ANP; 43%), brain NP (BNP; 87%) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) (54%) in the heart (P < 0.05). Exercise training had no effect on expression of these genes which were stimulated in control mice. In response to exercise training, the significant increment of anti‐apoptotic Bcl‐2 gene expression was observed only in control mice (P < 0.05). In conclusion, downregulation of the OT–NPs–NO system occurs in the heart of the young db/db mouse. Exercise training was not effective in reversing the defect, suggesting impairment of this cardiac protective system in diabetes.
Staircase and saw-tooth field emission steps from nanopatterned n-type GaSb surfaces
Authors: Kildemo M. , Levinsen Y. Inntjore , Le Roy S. , Søndergård E.
Published: August 2009

High resolution field emission experiments from nanopatterned GaSb surfaces consisting of densely packed nanocones prepared by low ion-beam-energy sputtering are presented. Both uncovered and metal-covered nanopatterned surfaces were studied. Surprisingly, the field emission takes place by regular steps in the field emitted current. Depending on the field, the steps are either regular, flat, plateaus, or saw-tooth shaped. To the author’s knowledge, this is the first time that such results have been reported. Each discrete jump in the field emission may be understood in terms of resonant tunneling through an extended surface space charge region in an n-type, high aspect ratio, single GaSb nanocone. The staircase shape may be understood from the spatial distribution of the aspect ratio of the cones.
Fabrication of microtemplates for the control of bacterial immobilization
Authors: Miyahara Yasuhiro , Mitamura Koji , Saito Nagahiro , Takai Osamu
Published: August 2009

The authors described a region-selective immobilization methods of bacteria by using superhydrophobic/superhydrophilic and superhydrophobic/poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) micropatterns for culture scaffold templates. In the case of superhydrophobic/superhydrophilic micropatterns, the superhydrophobic surface was prepared first by microwave-plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (MPECVD) from trimethylmethoxysilane. Then the superhydrophilic regions were fabricated by irradiating the superhydrophobic surface with vuv light through a stencil mask. In the case of the superhydrophobic/PEG micropatterned surfaces, PEG surfaces were fabricated first by chemical reaction of ester groups of p-nitrophenyl PEG with NH2 group of NH2-terminated self assembled monolayer from n-6-hexyl-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane. The superhydrophobic regions were fabricated by MPECVD thorough a stencil mask. In this study four bacteria were selected from viewpoint of peptidoglycan cell wall (E. coli versus B. subtilis), extracellular polysaccharide (E.coli versus P. stutzeri, P. aeruginosa), and growth rate (P. stutzeri versus P. aeruginosa). The former micropattern brought discrete adhesions of E. coli and B. subtilis specifically on the hydrophobic regions, Furthermore, using the superhydrophobic/PEG micropattern, adhesion of bacteria expanded for E. coli, B. subtilis, P. stutzeri, and P. aeruginosa. They observed a high bacterial adhesion onto superhydrophobic surfaces and the inhibitive effect of bacterial adhesion on PEG surfaces.
Strategic Reading, Ontologies, and the Future of Scientific Publishing
Authors: Renear Allen H. , Palmer Carole L.
Published: August 2009

Strategic Reading

Scanning the scientific literature these days is more akin to flicking through TV channels and trying to watch everything at once. Often the outcome of the scan will not have located any specific paper and it is unlikely to have involved any in-depth reading, but it achieves an undefined “assimilation” of knowledge from a melange of titles and abstracts, tables, indexes, databases, and figures.Renear and Palmer(p.828) review how scientists use new forms of the “literature” and how the ascendance of novel computing technologies will combine to revolutionize the way scientific data is accessed, synthesized, and turned to practical use.
Local Adaptation of Bacteriophages to Their Bacterial Hosts in Soil
Authors: Vos Michiel , Birkett Philip J. , Birch Elizabeth , Griffiths Robert I. , Buckling Angus
Published: August 2009

A host-parasite system indicates how ecological and evolutionary mechanisms shape the distribution of microbes in soil.
Epigenetic Determinism
DNA
Promise and Peril

by Linda L. McCabe and Edward R. B. McCabe

University of California Press, Berkeley, 2008. 355 pp. $39.95, £27.95. ISBN 9780520251878.
Authors: Goldman Michael A.
Published: August 2009

Discussing both their hopes and reservations, the McCabes highlight ethical issues while conveying the potential of genomic medicine.
Fire and Stone
Authors: Webb John , Domanski Marian
Published: August 2009

For at least 72,000 years, humans have used heat treatment of stone materials to make more efficient tools.
New Land Reform in Nigeria
Authors: Mabogunje Akin L.
Published: August 2009

In an interview for
allafrica.com
that was connected to his visit last month to Ghana, U.S. President Obama noted that progress was being made in the rule of law, anti-corruption efforts, and the protection of property rights in Africa. Success in these endeavors requires that Africa faces squarely several fundamental impediments to progress. In doing so, it must access the best available science and technologies not only from the natural sciences and engineering, but also from the social sciences. A critical example that combines all of these elements relates to property rights and land tenure reform, which is an issue at the heart of reducing poverty, promoting wide-ranging development, and ensuring the basic rights of African citizens.
Gamma-Ray Pulsars Old and New
Authors: Halpern Jules P.
Published: August 2009

The Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope is discovering neutron stars that are high-energy gamma-ray emitters.
U.S. Panel Urges Clearer, Cleaner Role for Science
Authors: Mervis Jeffrey
Published: August 2009

A bipartisan panel of experts suggested last week how U.S. regulatory agencies can make better use of scientific advice by being more open in selecting and vetting outside experts, clearer in defining the questions they want answered, and more rigorous in reviewing the relevant literature.
Leaping the Efficiency Gap
Authors: Charles Dan
Published: August 2009

Experience has shown that there is more to saving energy than designing better light bulbs and refrigerators. Researchers say it will need a mixture of persuasion, regulation, and taxation.
Inhibition of the Multiplication of
Mycobacterium leprae
by Vaccination with a Recombinant
M. bovis
BCG Strain That Secretes Major Membrane Protein II in Mice
Authors: Maeda Y. , Tamura T. , Matsuoka M. , Makino M.
Published: August 2009

The ability of a recombinant
Mycobacterium bovis
BCG strain that secretes major membrane protein II (MMP-II) of
Mycobacterium leprae
(BCG-SM) to confer protection against leprosy was evaluated by use of a mouse footpad model. C57BL/6J mice intradermally inoculated with BCG-SM produced splenic T cells which secreted significant amounts of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) in response to either the recombinant MMP-II, the
M. leprae
-derived membrane fraction, or the BCG-derived cytosolic fraction in vitro more efficiently than those from the mice infected with the vector control BCG strain (BCG-pMV, a BCG strain containing pMV-261). A higher percentage of CD8
+
T cells obtained from BCG-SM-inoculated mice than those obtained from BCG-pMV-inoculated mice produced intracellular IFN-γ on restimulation with the
M. leprae
antigens. BCG-SM inhibited the multiplication of
M. leprae
in the footpads of C57BL/6J mice more efficiently than BCG-pMV. These results indicate that a BCG strain that secretes MMP-II could be a better vaccine candidate for leprosy.
Lysine Gingipain (kgp) Biovars ofPorphyromonas gingivalisExhibit Differential Distribution on Oral Mucosal Sites
Authors: Nadkarni Mangala A. , Chhour Kim-Ly , Browne Gina , Jacques Nicholas A. , Hunter Neil
Published: August 2009

A predominantkgpbiovar colonized subgingival sites and buccal and tongue mucosa in 45 of 56 adults in an isolated community. The presence of biovars 381, W83, and W83v, but not HG66, correlated with thePorphyromonas gingivalisload at diseased sites. Biovars W83 and W83v poorly colonized tongue and buccal mucosa.