bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Towards a New Architecture: Basil Bunting's Postwar Reconstruction
Authors: Niven Alex
Published: March 2014

This essay examines the postwar trajectory of the British modernist poet Basil Bunting. It combines a close reading of Bunting's long poem The Spoils (1951) with an examination of the contexts that led in the ensuing decade to his defining work Briggflatts (1966), and argues that the decisive moment of Bunting's career occurred during the postwar years, with his discovery of a supportive civic framework in post-war Britain for the production and dissemination of poetry. The article draws on unpublished materials from the Pound-Bunting correspondence at the Beinecke Library, Yale University.
The Politics of Shakespeare Criticism in the Restoration and Early Eighteenth Century
Authors: Novak Maximillian E.
Published: March 2014

Recent treatments of William Shakespeare's reputation during the Restoration and eighteenth century have attempted to demonstrate how little attention was paid to Shakespeare's excellence as a playwright before the middle of the eighteenth century. Although these works have usually emphasized performance and the little respect with which his texts were treated on the stage, they have left the impression that Shakespeare's reputation among literary critics was low. This essay attempts to sort out the various critical attitudes toward Shakespeare and the bases for them.
No Second Friend?: Perpetual Maidenhood and Second Marriage in In Memoriam and "The Conjugial Angel"
Authors: Corbett Mary Jean
Published: March 2014

In Memoriam (1850) opens with a parallel between the situations of the grieving poet and the poet's grieving sister after the death of his friend and her fiancé, Arthur Henry Hallam. Framed by a discussion of how A. S. Byatt treats this triangular relation in "The Conjugial Angel" (1992), this essay reconsiders the poem in light of Victorian thinking about the centrality of familial ties to both heterosexual marriage and male same-sex friendship. Revising even as it maintains its initial parallel, In Memoriam installs differing norms for women and men regarding the possibilities of second marriage and second friendship.
The Poetic Limit: Mathematics, Aesthetics, and the Crisis of Infinity
Authors: Feder Rachel
Published: March 2014

This article justifies a historically grounded method for reading Romantic aesthetics in mathematical terms, and argues that the application of this method: 1) helps us to reread Romantic texts that both do and do not address infinity explicitly, beginning with theories of the sublime; 2) helps to clarify certain aspects of the Romantic inheritance in later modern poetry; and 3) allows us to ground critical treatments of poetry and mathematics in an early nineteenth-century moment at which aesthetics and poetics participate in mathematical debates. The article identifies a century-long "crisis of infinity" during which the concept of infinity lacked a stable mathematical definition and, for that reason among others, generated heated discussion within the discourses of religion, philosophy, mathematics, and aesthetics. In this context, the article excavates models of infinity animating key intellectual resources for Romantic and Victorian poetry and then uses these models to illuminate famously enigmatic moments in the canonical poetries of both periods, taking William Wordsworth and Robert Browning as key examples.
David Hume, History Painter
Authors: Jost Jacob Sider
Published: March 2014

In David Hume's early philosophical works, the Treatise of Human Nature and the Essay Concerning Human Understanding , Hume describes himself as an "anatomist" rather than as a "painter" of morals: that is, he analyzes how morality works rather than warmly recommending virtue to his readers. In his later writings, particularly the History of England , Hume shifts to the role of an earnest moral activist, championing secular and sociable values. Yet there is a crucial continuity between these two roles: the theory of belief that Hume develops as a philosopher, which emphasizes vividness over rational argument, supplies him with the techniques that he uses as a moralist.
Vacant Time in The Faerie Queene
Authors: Barret J. K.
Published: March 2014

This essay argues that Edmund Spenser's The Faerie Queene accommodates "vacant" time, a kind of time that is un assigned rather than already determined and designated by obligation and duty. The poem's metatemporal moments privilege potential—what one might do as opposed to what one ought to do. Whether through the allegorical figure of Delay, who steals possibility and registers period anxiety about lost opportunity, through characters who attempt to recalculate the passage of time, or through characters who anticipate temporal excess, Spenser betrays an embrace of contingency that operates outside of established systems of valuation.
"I Lack Advancement": Public Rhetoric, Private Prudence, and the Political Agent in Hamlet , 1561-1609
Authors: Kiséry András
Published: March 2014

This article situates Shakespeare's Hamlet in the context of the changing political uses and readings of the history of Hamlet through the late 16th and early 17th centuries. It argues that by revising the story, Shakespeare's play introduces to the English stage a new perspective on the realm of politics. Instead of focusing on issues of legitimacy and on agents making public arguments about those issues, Shakespeare's play withdraws from the public, polemical mode of discussion implied by these topics (a mode of discussion Francois Belleforest's histoire tragique of Amleth was intensely engaged in), and restricts its attention to the political agents' private interests and loyalties. The elimination of open political opposition to royal power, and the parallel emergence of the character of the low-born, upwardly mobile friend provide the templates for the play's dramatization of the contemporary shift of emphasis in political discussion from counsel to statecraft. In this reading, the various "tragical histories" of Hamlet allow us to recognize a much-discussed change in the modality of political discussion as a function of the changed in the understanding of the political agent.
Red Passage to Iran: The Baku Trade Fair and the Unmaking of the Azerbaijani Borderland, 1922–1930
Authors: Forestier-Peyrat Etienne
Published: March 2014

Резюме: С 1922 по 1930 г. Бакинская торговая ярмарка играла ключевую роль в экономических отношениях СССР и Ирана. Задуманная азербайджанскими лидерами как способ усилить свое влияние в Закавказской Советской Федеративной Социалистической Республике в противовес Москве, ярмарка поддерживала традиционно глубокую экономическую интеграцию хозяйства советского Азербайджана и приграничных провинций Северного Ирана. Пространственная революция, сопровождавшая становление и консолидацию большевистского режима, стала причиной изменения характера советских окраин и разрушения традиционных трансграничных экономических и культурных связей. Свертывание нэпа усилило напряжение между иранскими купцами и советскими торговыми организациями, подрывая экономическое значение ярмарки. После первого кризиса Бакинской ярмарки (1926−1927) она стала объектом нарастающей критики и в итоге была закрыта в 1930 г. Прекращение Бакинской ярмарки свидетельствовало об успешной трансформации советских окраин и окончательном разрушении традиционных связей Азербайджана с Ираном и Ближним Востоком.
Свобода как Принуждение?: Совeтское наступление на “закрепощение женщины” и наследие империи (середина 1920 – начало 1930-х гг., Волго Уральский регион)
Authors: Градскова Юлия
Published: March 2014

The article explores the cross-section of gender differences and colonial/imperial differences on the example of the Soviet campaign of emancipation of the minority women in the Volga-Ural region during the 1920s and early 1930s. Drawing from Soviet publications and archival documents on the Commission for the Improvement of Work and Everyday Life of Women, the article shows that in spite of its emancipatory potential, the official campaign censored alternative projects of women’s emancipation that had emerged in the region before the Bolshevik revolution. At the same time, the institutionalized campaign for women’s equality privileged female activists on ideological rather than ethnic grounds. However, the existing structure of socialization in reality promoted mainly those of Russian and in general, Slavic background, thus reifying the old colonial disposition.
The Pussy Riot Case in Russia: Orthodox Canon Law and the Sentence of the Secular Court
Authors: Ponomariov Alexander
Published: March 2014

Статья Александра Пономарева посвящена проблеме взаимодействия канонического права православной церкви и светского законодательства в современной России. Эта проблема анализируется на примере судебного процесса по делу феминистской панк-группы Pussy Riot, участницы которой были приговорены в 2012 г. к тюремному заключению по обвинению в хулиганстве в главном православном соборе Москвы. Их уголовное дело впервые в современной российской истории апеллировало к канонам христианской церкви 1-го тысячелетия н.э. Разбирая положения канонов, на которые ссылалась сторона обвинения, автор вскрывает логику взаимодействия древних церковных правил и светского правосудия в современной России.
A Brief Response to Volodymyr Kulyk
Authors: Moser Michael
Published: March 2014

Michael Moser responds to the review of his book Language Policy and the Discourse on Languages in Ukraine under President Viktor Yanukovych (25 February 2010–28 October 2012) , written by Volodymyr Kulyk and published in Ab Imperio (no. 3, 2013) and on the Web Portal historians.in.ua . Moser argues that some important theses of his book were misinterpreted by Kulyk, and explains his position. Михаэль Мозер отвечает на рецензию своей книги о языковой политике в Украине во время президентства Виктора Януковича ( Language Policy and the Discourse on Languages in Ukraine under President Viktor Yanukovych (25 February 2010–28 October 2012) ), написанной Володымыром Кулыком и опубликованной в Ab Imperio (№ 3, 2013) и на портале historians.in.ua . Мозер утверждает, что некоторые важные тезисы его книги были неверно переданы Кулыком, и разъясняет свою позицию.
Law and Interethnic Relations in the Russian Empire: The Tatar Riots of 1878 and their Judicial Aftermath
Authors: Kirmse Stefan B.
Published: March 2014

В статье Штефана Кирмзе рассматриваются проблемы административно-правовой системы в России конца XIX в., в том числе изучается имперское управление многоконфессиональным населением. Обращаясь к татарским крестьянским бунтам в Казанской губернии (1878−1879 гг.) и их юридическим последствиям, автор показывает не только важность правовых норм и практик пореформенного периода, но и их влияние на изменение статуса нерусского населения. Новые правовые механизмы оказались востребованы этноконфессиональными меньшинствами, включая казанских татар-мусульман, которые смогли привлечь губернатора к суду за применение к ним насилия. В то же время в статье отмечаются внутренние противоречия и сложности пореформенной эпохи: успехи модернизации отдельных сфер управления в сочетании с хронической нехваткой квалифицированных кадров местного чиновничества, безалаберность администрации, восприятие реальности и поведение людей на местах в контексте внешних факторов, например международного положения. Исследование основано на мемуарах, докладе и переписке казанского губернатора, архивных материалах из Казани и Санкт-Петербурга, а также широком освещении этой истории в местных и центральных газетах.
Los countries en el country. Migración de amenidad, vino de altura y urbanizaciones cerradas en Cafayate (Salta, Argentina)
Authors: Rainer Gerhard , Malizia Matilde
Published: March 2014

La globalización del espacio rural se produce cada vez más a través de un boom de amenidades. En Cafayate la migración de amenidad se despliega mediante la reproducción de urbanizaciones cerradas en tanto éstas proponen una nueva particularidad: un vínculo estrecho con la producción vitivinícola. El paisaje de montaña cubierto de viñedos y la vitivinicultura de altura son utilizados por desarrolladores inmobiliarios para atraer clientes nacionales e internacionales en búsqueda de los mejores destinos tanto para el ocio como para realizar inversiones económicas. El artículo analiza las causas y consecuencias de este boom de amenidades y sus impactos a nivel local. The globalization of rural space is increasingly experienced through an amenity boom. In Cafayate this boom brings forward a new particularity: the construction of gated communities combined with wine production. Real estate agents promote the uniqueness of high altitude wine production in order to attract national and international clients in search for the best places for recreation and real estate investment. The article analyses the causes and consequences of this particular amenity boom and its impacts on a local level.
La Geografía Latinoamericana y la Unión Geográfica Internacional (UGI): los casos de Brasil (1956) y México (1966)
Authors: Vargas Héctor Mendoza , Bomfim Paulo Roberto de Albuquerque
Published: March 2014

Em meados do século XX, a importante tradição da geografia regional foi desafiada por uma perspectiva mais prática, orientada para a abordagem de problemas económicos e sociais. Este artigo examina o modo como a América Latina participou nesta transição académica no âmbito da União Geográfica Internacional (UGI), tendo presente, designadamente, a realização do XVIII Congresso Internacional de Geografia (Rio de Janeiro, 1956) e, em seguida, a Conferência Regional Latino-Americana (México, 1966). A perspectiva comparativa aqui adoptada permite assinalar determinadas coincidências entre estes dois eventos, mas também algumas diferenças importantes. Considerou-se aqui um primeiro período, entre 1928-1950, quando o Instituto Pan-americano de Geografia e História cumpriu um papel central na modernização da disciplina. No que se refere ao Brasil, os resultados deste trabalho indicam que o mencionado Congresso representou uma modernização e abertura no sentido de uma geografia activa, tendo como modelo a análise espacial e afirmando as bases para o planeamento e a divisão regional do país por meio de métodos próprios da geografia quantitativa. Já no México, o fórum da UGI tanto preparou o caminho para a adopção da geografia aplicada e a revolução quantitativa associadas aos planos de desenvolvimento do país (transportes, planeamento, água, produtividade agrícola e desenvolvimento urbano, por exemplo), como para a elaboração de uma nova cartografia do território nacional de alta precisão.
Alternatives to Rural Development: Organic Agriculture and Indigenous Communities in Chiapas, Mexico
Authors: Wohlgemuth Neusa Hidalgo-Monroy
Published: March 2014

Fair Trade has created democratic producer organizations that are able to benefit from the higher returns and more stable prices. However, non-income impacts are at least as important and with more lasting effects. The social empowerment generated and connections to the alternative markets have brought fundamental changes to the traditional social hierarchies. This study presents a geographical analysis of the profound social and economic impacts of Fair Trade markets and organic agriculture in community organizing, empowerment of women, and rural development in Chiapas, Mexico. It also looks at the new initiatives created through the Fair-Trade movement and the challenges that climate change offers. Los Mercados Alternativos (o Fair Trade) han permitido el desarrollo de organizaciones democráticas de productores que se han beneficiado de los sobre-precios ofrecidos así como de la mayor estabilidad de los mismos. Sin embargo, el impacto no monetario ha sido mucho más profundo y permanente. El fortalecimiento social generado, así como las conexiones con los mercados alternativos, ha propiciado cambios fundamentales en las jerarquías sociales tradicionales. Este ensayo presenta un análisis del profundo impacto socioeconómico que estos mercados y la agricultura orgánica han tenido en la organización comunitaria, el fortalecimiento del estatus de la mujer y el desarrollo rural. Así como también analiza las nuevas iniciativas generadas a través de los mercados alternativos y los retos que los cambios climáticos ofrecen.
Dinâmicas do sistema de gestão na Reserva Extrativista de Canavieiras, Bahia, Brasil: análise da robustez institucional
Authors: Dumith Raquel de Carvalho
Published: March 2014

O presente trabalho visou analisar o grau de robustez institucional da Reserva Extrativista de Canavieiras (RESEX Canavieiras), localizada no sul do Estado da Bahia, Brasil. Os dados foram coletados com pescadores tradicionais e com atores-chave da gestão da RESEX Canavieiras entre os anos 2010-2012, sob a perspectiva de descrever as principais relações sociopolíticas, socioeconômicas e socioecológicas que envolvem os sete principais núcleos extrativistas de Canavieiras. Foi possível descobrir os principais conflitos que ocorrem tanto entre os atores internos quanto os que se dão entre si e com os atores de instituições externas – conexões institucionais transescalares. Também foi possível perceber que esses conflitos afetam diretamente a robustez institucional da RESEX Canavieiras. This study presents an analysis of the degree of institutional robustness of the Canavieiras Extractive Reserve (RESEX Canavieiras), located in the South of the state of Bahia, Brazil. The data were collected from traditional fisherman and from key actors of RESEX Canavieiras’s management between 2010-2012, with the aim of describing the principal socio-political, socio-economic and socio-ecological relations associated with the seven main extraction segments of Canavieiras. It was possible to perceive the main conflicts that occur both between internal actors as well as between the actors of external institutions – nested enterprises. It was also possible to conclude that these conflicts directly affect the institutional robustness of RESEX Canavieiras.
Formal/Informal/Ilegal: Los Tres Circuitos de la Economía Espacial en América Latina
Authors: Valenzuela-Aguilera Alfonso , Monroy-Ortiz Rafael
Published: March 2014

Tres circuitos económicos se traslapan en las ciudades latinoamericanas: el formal, el informal y el ilegal. Ésta nueva configuración espacial deriva en parte de las dinámicas regionales que demanda el mercado financiero global, en donde las políticas públicas reproducen las condiciones que producen tanto la informalidad como la ilegalidad lo cual deja un escaso margen sobre el cual cimentar la práctica de la planeación urbana. Evidencias recientes sugieren que cuando el Estado intenta diluir la economía informal a través de normas y controles, las condiciones que originan la informalidad parecen deteriorarse aun más, fortaleciendo con ello el crimen organizado quien está atrayendo a la población joven hacia el circuito económico ilegal, debilitando con ello la estructura social de las comunidades. Three economic networks overlap in Latin American cities: the formal, informal and illegal. This novel spatial configuration is related to the regional dynamics that the global financial market demands, where public policies reproduce the conditions for informality and illegality to exist, leaving little margin as where to ground urban planning practices. Recent evidence suggest that whenever the State attempts to dilute the informal economy through regulations and controls, pre-existing conditions that cause informality seem to deteriorate even further, strengthening instead organized crime options which attract young people to the illegal economic circuit, further withering the social fabric of communities.
The Geopolitics of Land: Population, Security and Territory Viewed from the International Financing of the Land Survey in Bolivia (1996 - 2013)
Authors: Lerch Louca
Published: March 2014

Partiendo de una cartografía del financiamiento externo del catastro rural, este articulo ofrece una lectura geopolítica del reparto transnacional y por proyecto de tierras en Bolivia. Para ello moviliza la grilla de lectura foucaldiana de población, seguridad y territorio para ilustrar la manera en que los actores del sistema de ayuda internacional desplegaron sus territorialidades en articulación con las problemáticas de su prioridad. La canalización neoliberal de las reivindicaciones territoriales indígenas campesinas en un contexto de “ayuda atada” con empresas internacionales de catastro, el control policiaco-geoespacial de los cultivadores de coca y la construcción de las condiciones marco de la “concesionalización” del territorio constituyen las principales claves de interpretación de la concentración espacial de los financiamientos de actores como Estados Unidos, los países europeos o los organismos multilaterales hasta 2006. Pero el análisis cronológico del avance del catastro hasta 2013 también permite contrastar este panorama con el giro “post-neoliberal” boliviano en términos de costos, equidad y de eficiencia que la ruptura con la organización por proyecto significó.
Geographies of E-Government in Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Warf Barney
Published: March 2014

En la actualidad, casi la mitad de los latinoamericanos usan el Internet. Como era de esperarse, la tecnología ha cambiado la manera cómo los habitantes de la región pueden relacionarse (interactuar) con sus gobiernos. E-Gobierno incluye una variedad de formas, que van desde la simple obtención de información y descarga de formularios a formas más interactivas, como las solicitudes de certificados, el voto por Internet y la participación ciudadana en las políticas públicas. Este trabajo comienza con una revisión de la administración electrónica y sus implicaciones. En segundo lugar, se vuelve a la brecha digital en América Latina, uno de los principales obstáculos para la adopción de e-gobierno. En tercer lugar, se utiliza la puntuación de la disposición del gobierno electrónico de las Naciones Unidas para proporcionar una visión general de cómo la implementación del gobierno electrónico varía entre los países de la región. La cuarta parte ofrece una serie de viñetas que destacan cómo el gobierno electrónico varía entre los países, incluyendo los ejemplos más y menos exitosos. Se concluye haciendo hincapié en que no existe un modelo de “talla única para todos” estándar, sino que la administración electrónica debe entenderse contextualmente y de una manera dependiente de la trayectoria.
Raising the Flag over Rio de Janeiro’s Favelas: Citizenship and Social Control in the Olympic City
Authors: Freeman James
Published: March 2014

In preparation for a series of mega-events culminating in the 2016 Summer Olympics, the state has been reclaiming select favelas in Rio de Janeiro. Territories that have been controlled by drug gangs and largely off-limits for as long as thirty years are being colonized through a series of aggressive government programs that involve military occupation, infrastructure provision, beautification and selected removal. Following James Scott I argue that the production of “legibility and simplification” associated with these programs is necessary for residents to fully participate in modern society, but that these measures expose residents to predatory aspects of the state and capital. Durante os preparativos para uma série de megaeventos, inclusive os Jogos Olímpicos de 2016, o Estado tem recuperado o controle de certas favelas do Rio de Janeiro. Territórios que foram controladas por traficantes durante mais que 30 anos, tornam-se agora colonizados por uma série de programas governamentais que envolvem a ocupação militar, a provisão de infraestrutura, embelezamento e remoção seletiva. De acordo com o pensamento de James Scott, eu argumento que a produção de “legibilidade e simplificação” associada a esses programas é necessária para que os moradores possam participar plenamente na sociedade moderna, mas que estas medidas expõem os moradores a aspectos predatórios do Estado e do capital.
When Social Class Meets Ethnicity: College-Going Experiences of Chinese and Korean Immigrant Students
Authors: Kim Eunyoung
Published: March 2014

Successful educational outcomes among Asian American college students often obscure the challenges and nuanced educational experiences of Asian immigrant ethnic groups. Therefore, the aim of this study was to better understand the college‑going experiences of Chinese and Korean immigrant students by examining the relationship between these students’ college decisions and their parents’ expectations and involvement. Results indicate that parental expectations and involvement are deeply related to college enrollment decisions and extend influence well into the academic careers of these students after entry into college. The study reveals both differences and commonalities in parental involvement across ethnicity and social class.
Understanding the Racial Transfer Gap: Modeling Underrepresented Minority and Nonminority Students’ Pathways from Two-to Four-Year Institutions
Authors: Crisp Gloria , Nuñez Anne-Marie
Published: March 2014

This study models student- and institutional-level factors that influence vertical transfer among a national sample of White and underrepresented minority (URM) community college students. Results indicate that the predictors of transfer are different in many ways for White and URM students. Most notably, findings suggest that enrolling in vocational programs may hinder students’ odds of vertical transfer for URM (but not White) students. Implications for research, theory, and practice are discussed.
Gender Homophily, Ph.D. Completion, and Time to Degree in the Humanities and Humanistic Social Sciences
Authors: Main Joyce B.
Published: March 2014

Doctoral programs in the humanities and humanistic social sciences contend with relatively lower graduation rates and longer duration to degree. While reforming graduate education can include changes to financial aid awards and program requirements, enhancements in the area of advising can also improve student educational experiences and outcomes within existing institutional structures. The frequency of advisor-advisee communications during the dissertation process, as well as the advisor’s attitude toward dissertation completion, influences program duration. Moreover, gender homophily, or same-gender mentorship, is associated with higher graduation probabilities for women doctoral students.
Working with Missing Data in Higher Education Research: A Primer and Real-World Example
Authors: Cox Bradley E. , McIntosh Kadian , Reason Robert D. , Terenzini Patrick T.
Published: March 2014

Nearly all quantitative analyses in higher education draw from incomplete datasets--a common problem with no universal solution. In the first part of this paper, we explain why missing data matter and outline the advantages and disadvantages of six common methods for handling missing data. Next, we analyze real-world data from 5,905 students across 33 institutions to document how one’s approach to handling missing data can substantially affect statistical conclusions, researcher interpretations, and subsequent implications for policy and practice. We conclude with straightforward suggestions for higher education researchers looking to select an appropriate method for handling missing data.
Prime Time: Long‐Term Sexual Health Outcomes Of a Clinic‐Linked Intervention
Authors: Sieving Renee E. , McRee Annie‐Laurie , Secor‐Turner Molly , Garwick Ann W. , Bearinger Linda H. , Beckman Kara J. , McMorris Barbara J. , Resnick Michael D.
Published: March 2014

Context

Evidence about long‐term effects of preventive health services for youth with complex needs is lacking. Prime Time, a youth development intervention, aims to reduce pregnancy risk among vulnerable adolescent females seeking clinic services.

Methods

In a randomized trial, 253 sexually active females aged 13–17 who were at high risk for pregnancy were assigned to the Prime Time intervention or usual clinic services. The 18‐month intervention, initiated in 2007–2008, comprised regular meetings with case managers and participation in youth leadership groups. Trial participants completed surveys at baseline and 30 months. Regression analyses were used to evaluate differences between groups in sexual and psychosocial outcomes at follow‐up.

Results

At 30 months, the intervention group reported more months of consistent condom use (adjusted means, 1.8 vs. 1.1) and dual contraceptive use (0.9 vs. 0.3) in the past seven months than did controls. The intervention was most effective in promoting consistent use among participants with relatively high levels of connectedness to family or school. Fifteen percent of intervention participants, but only 6% of controls, reported having abstained from sex in the past six months (adjusted odds ratio, 2.9). Moreover, among high school graduates, those in the intervention group were more likely than those in the control group to have enrolled in college or technical school (72% vs. 37%; odds ratio, 4.5).

Conclusion

Health services grounded in a youth development framework can lead to reductions in sexual risk among vulnerable youth that are evident one year following conclusion of services.
Motivational Functions, Gender, Age and Religiosity Influences on Volunteerism: A Singapore Volunteer Organisation Perspective
Authors: Wong Chin Meng , Foo Koong Hean
Published: March 2014

This survey evaluated the influences of motivational functions, gender, age, and religiosity on two facets of volunteerism in Singapore. The two facets evaluated were length of service and fulfillment of duty commitments. One hundred and twenty-eight volunteers (Mage = 44.9 years; SD = 11.7 years; age range: 24–71 years) from a Singapore volunteer welfare organisation filled out 3 questionnaires: the Volunteer Functions Inventory (VFI; Clary et al., 1998), a questionnaire on facets of volunteerism, and a questionnaire on demographic data. Volunteer functions of these Singaporean volunteers were found to be similar to those of other cultures in the world. Values were the most important volunteer function. Age, frequency of worship, and volunteer functions were positively related to length of service. Volunteer functions were positively associated with fulfillment of duty commitments. No gender differences were found in the levels of volunteerism. The results suggested that the lower levels of volunteerism in Singapore might be the result of factors other than motivation functions. The result also highlighted that beyond motivational functions and demographics, other factors could influence facets of volunteerism.
Modeling and Analysis of Resin Bonded Sand Mould System Using Design of Experiments and Central Composite Design
Authors: Surekha B. , Rao D. Hanumantha , Rao G. Krishna Mohan , Vundavilli Pandu R. , Parappagoudar M. B.
Published: March 2014

In this paper an attempt has been made for
linear and non linear modeling of resin bonded
sand mould system using full factorial design
of experiments and response surface
methodology, respectively. It is important to
note that the quality of castings produced
using the resin bonded sand mould system
depends largely on properties of moulds, which
are influenced by the characteristics of sand,
like type of sand, grain fineness number,
grain size distribution and quantity and type
of resin, catalyst, curing time etc. In the
present study, percentage of resin, percentage
of hardener, number of strokes and curing time
are considered as input parameters and the
mould properties, such as compression
strength, shear strength, tensile strength and
permeability are treated as responses. In the
present work, phenol formaldehyde is used as
the resin whereas tetrahydrophthalic anhydride
as the hardener. A two level full factorial
and three level central composite designs are
utilized to develop input-output
relationships. Surface plots and main effects
plots are used to study the effects of amount
of resign, amount of hardener, number of
strokes and curing time on the responses,
namely, compression strength, tensile
strength, shear strength and
permeability. Moreover, the adequacies of the
developed models have been tested using
analysis of variance. The prediction accuracy
of the developed models have been tested with
the help of twenty test cases and found
reasonably good accuracy.
Nanostructured intercalation compounds as cathode materials for supercapacitors
Authors: Liu Yu , Zhang Baihe , Wang Faxing , Wen Zubiao , Wu Yuping
Published: March 2014

This article reviews the research progress in the intercalation compounds for cathode materials for supercapacitors. Typical methods to prepare various intercalation compounds with different nanostructures are summarized. More specifically, the approaches can be subdivided into physical routes such as sonication and microwaves, and chemical routes such as hydrothermal, sol-gel and template methods. The most recent work on nanostructured intercalation compounds including LiCoO2, LiMn2O4, Li[Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3]O2, Li1+xV3O8, NaxMnO2, and KxMnO2 is mainly focused including their preparation and electrochemical performance, and new trends in nanomaterials development for supercapacitors are pointed out.
Impact of Shear Stress on Strain and Pore Water Pressure Behavior of Intact Soft Clay Under Principal Stress Rotation
Authors: Jian Zhou , Changjie Xu
Published: March 2014

The effect of shear stress on strain development and pore water accumulation resulting from principal stress rotation tests on intact Hangzhou soft clay using a Zhejiang University hollow cylinder apparatus (ZJU-HCA) is reported. Different types of tests were designated, including a shearing test along the fixed principal stress direction, a pure rotation test, and both clockwise and anti-clockwise rotation tests. The mean principal stress was kept constant in all tests. The intermediate principal stress coefficient (b) was set to 0.5. The pore pressure coefficient, deduced using a double yield surface theory, revealed that the volume yield surface function was not affected by the rotation of the principal stress axes. The pore water pressure in the fixed principal stress direction test and in the pure rotation test was shown to be mainly controlled by the shear stress level. As the results revealed that the anti-clockwise rotation would have a higher effect on pore water pressure than clockwise rotation, the pore water pressure generated in the clockwise rotation test was relatively small. Because b was set to 0.5, the radial strain was very small. The development of the axial strain was symmetrical to the circumferential strain, which coincided with the horizontal symmetry of the axial stress and circumferential stress. Both the shear stress level and rotation angle have a pronounced effect on strain development. When soil subjected to pure principal stress rotation under the conditions of high stress levels, large strains would be expected and any underestimation will lead to insecurity. If the specimen experienced a preceding rotation, its influence on the strain development in the subsequent rotation was significant. The variation of octahedral shear stiffness Goct with rotation angle also demonstrated the deterioration of the preceding rotation in the following rotation.
Sequencing and Assembly of the 22-Gb Loblolly Pine Genome
Authors: Zimin Aleksey , Stevens Kristian A , Crepeau Marc W , Holtz-Morris Ann , Koriabine Maxim , Marçais Guillaume , Puiu Daniela , Roberts Michael , Wegrzyn Jill L , de Jong Pieter J , Neale David B , Salzberg Steven L , Yorke James A , Langley Charles H
Published: March 2014

Conifers are the predominant gymnosperm. The size and complexity of their genomes has presented formidable technical challenges for whole-genome shotgun sequencing and assembly. We employed novel strategies that allowed us to determine the loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) reference genome sequence, the largest genome assembled to date. Most of the sequence data were derived from whole-genome shotgun sequencing of a single megagametophyte, the haploid tissue of a single pine seed. Although that constrained the quantity of available DNA, the resulting haploid sequence data were well-suited for assembly. The haploid sequence was augmented with multiple linking long-fragment mate pair libraries from the parental diploid DNA. For the longest fragments, we used novel fosmid DiTag libraries. Sequences from the linking libraries that did not match the megagametophyte were identified and removed. Assembly of the sequence data were aided by condensing the enormous number of paired-end reads into a much smaller set of longer “super-reads,” rendering subsequent assembly with an overlap-based assembly algorithm computationally feasible. To further improve the contiguity and biological utility of the genome sequence, additional scaffolding methods utilizing independent genome and transcriptome assemblies were implemented. The combination of these strategies resulted in a draft genome sequence of 20.15 billion bases, with an N50 scaffold size of 66.9 kbp.
Genetics of Sexual Development: An Evolutionary Playground for Fish
Authors: Heule Corina , Salzburger Walter , Böhne Astrid
Published: March 2014

Teleost fishes are the most species-rich clade of vertebrates and feature an overwhelming diversity of sex-determining mechanisms, classically grouped into environmental and genetic systems. Here, we review the recent findings in the field of sex determination in fish. In the past few years, several new master regulators of sex determination and other factors involved in sexual development have been discovered in teleosts. These data point toward a greater genetic plasticity in generating the male and female sex than previously appreciated and implicate novel gene pathways in the initial regulation of the sexual fate. Overall, it seems that sex determination in fish does not resort to a single genetic cascade but is rather regulated along a continuum of environmental and heritable factors.
Introduction to the Issue
Authors: Martin Luther
Published: March 2014

Introduction to the Issue
Toward a Second Wave of Consilience in the Cognitive Scientific Study of Religion
Authors: Slingerland Edward
Published: March 2014

As a classicist religious studies scholar and someone involved in the growing cognitive science of religion movement, I find the essays in this inaugural issue of the Journal of Cognitive Historiography exciting, despite the fact that I know little about the Graeco-Roman world. In my contribution I have been asked to make a few concluding comments, and because I do not have a special area of interest I will focus primarily on some general theoretical and methodological issues raised by the essays in this issue of the journal.
The Asklepios Cult
Authors: Panagiotidou Olympia
Published: March 2014

The Asklepios cult flourished especially in the Hellenistic era, when the god encountered significant diffusion and popularity. The application of cognitive theoretical suggestions, along with a historical approach, can promote the understanding of the healing of diseases at the Asklepios temples and how people thought about and explained their experiences in his sanctuaries. This essay outlines the ways in which the Asklepios cult drew on the common ideas, conceptions and concepts shared by the people of the Hellenistic world. The construction of the Asklepieia, the propagation of the god’s healing power, the decision to visit one of his temples as well as the particular rules, norms, restrictions and actions, which the supplicants should follow, are presented as the product of the continual interplay of the embrained and embodied individuals living in that era and their social, cultural, conceptual and symbolic environment.
Pythiai and Inspired Divination in the Delphic Oracle: Can Cognitive Sciences Provide Us with an Access to “Dead Minds”?
Authors: Chalupa Aleš
Published: March 2014

The aim of this article is to deepen our knowledge of mantic procedures used at Delphi, especially with respect to the mental state of the Pythia, which was induced in the course of oracular sessions. The first section provides a short reconstruction of the Delphic oracular session based on the information gleaned from historical and (to lesser extent) archaeological sources. The second section aims for clarification of some contentious points, which are still the subject of intensive scholarly debates and controversies. They concern particularly questions about the authorship of pronounced oracles and the method by which the Pythia brought about her reputed mantic abilities. The third section raises a question about how and to what degree our knowledge about the history of the Delphic oracle and the Pythia’s behaviour in the course of oracular consultations is deepened by looking at it from the perspective of cognitive psychology. A cognitive perspective can, perhaps, give us useful material for possible comparisons based on analogically similar cases of spirit possession currently studied anthropologically, psychologically, and neurologically.
Dead Religion, Live Minds
Authors: Griffith Alison B.
Published: March 2014

An experiment was conducted using undergraduate Classical Studies majors and a painted replica of the richly detailed bull-slaying icon of the Roman Mysteries of Mithras, which flourished during the 1st-4th centuries CE. There are numerous interpretations about the meaning of this iconographic scene, but scholars agree that the icon was important for communicating the tenets of the cult to its members. The experiment tested what level of explanation best facilitated long-term recall of the details and the meaning of the icon. Three groups of subjects received either 1) a narrative explanation of its constituent parts and a description that related these to constellations (a familiar concept), or 2) only a narrative explanation of the constituent parts, or 3) no explanation at all. The results show that the longer explanation supports better recall of the meaning of the icon, but that little or no explanation supports better recall of the individual details.
“Star-Talk”
Authors: Beck Roger
Published: March 2014

In my book, The Religion of the Mithras Cult in the Roman Empire (2006), I postulated as the idiom of the Mysteries of Mithras the language of contemporaneous astronomy and astrology, “star-talk” for short. Star-talk, so conceived, was not only an actually existing language spoken/written by ancient astronomers and astrologers (this part of it is also a specialist discourse in Greek and Latin) but also an imagined language thought to be spoken by its own signs. For the latter, imagined dimension of star-talk (stars understood as both signs and speakers, the heavens as texted book) there is much evidence in ancient literature, which I discussed in my book and do not need to repeat here. Instead, I shall start to explore something of star-talk’s implied structure and grammar.
Memory and Early Monastic Literary Practices
Authors: Lundhaug Hugo
Published: March 2014

This article argues that certain important aspects of the institutionalized literary practices of early cenobitic monasticism and the rhetorics related to them may be significantly illuminated by insights from the cognitive study of the human mind and its relationship with the world. Using examples from our sources of early cenobitic monasticism in Egypt, specifically writings from the Pachomian federation and Shenoute of Atripe, this article suggests ways in which cognitive perspectives on memory and literature may shed light on the practices of reading, memorizing, and interpreting authoritative texts, and the corresponding need to control such practices, in the early monastic communities. In doing so, this article argues for the importance of keeping both individual and collective processes of memory in mind if we want to understand the influence of the mechanics of human memory systems on the ideas and practices of the early monastic communities, and suggests ways in which such perspectives may be combined.
Erythropoietin Signaling: A Novel Regulator of White Adipose Tissue Inflammation During Diet-Induced Obesity
Authors: Alnaeeli Mawadda , Raaka Bruce M. , Gavrilova Oksana , Teng Ruifeng , Chanturiya Tatyana , Noguchi Constance Tom
Published: March 2014

Obesity-induced white adipose tissue (WAT) inflammation and insulin resistance are associated with macrophage (Mф) infiltration and phenotypic shift from “anti-inflammatory” M2-like to predominantly “proinflammatory” M1-like cells. Erythropoietin (EPO), a glycoprotein hormone indispensable for erythropoiesis, has biological activities that extend to nonerythroid tissues, including antiapoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects. Using comprehensive in vivo and in vitro analyses in mice, EPO treatment inhibited WAT inflammation, normalized insulin sensitivity, and reduced glucose intolerance. We investigated EPO receptor (EPO-R) expression in WAT and characterized the role of its signaling during obesity-induced inflammation. Remarkably, and prior to any detectable changes in body weight or composition, EPO treatment reduced M1-like Mф and increased M2-like Mф in WAT, while decreasing inflammatory monocytes. These anti-inflammatory effects were found to be driven, at least in part, by direct EPO-R response in Mф via Stat3 activation, where EPO effects on M2 but not M1 Mф required interleukin-4 receptor/Stat6. Using obese ∆EpoR mice with EPO-R restricted to erythroid cells, we demonstrated an anti-inflammatory role for endogenous EPO. Collectively, our findings identify EPO-R signaling as a novel regulator of WAT inflammation, extending its nonerythroid activity to encompass effects on both Mф infiltration and subset composition in WAT.
Dietary Sugar and Body Weight: Have We Reached a Crisis in the Epidemic of Obesity and Diabetes?
Authors: Bray George A. , Popkin Barry M.
Published: March 2014

Sugar-sweetened drinks have been associated with several health problems. In the point narrative as presented below, we provide our opinion and review of the data to date that we need to reconsider consumption of dietary sugar based on the growing concern of obesity and type 2 diabetes. In the counterpoint narrative following our contribution, Drs. Kahn and Sievenpiper provide a defense and suggest that dietary sugar is not the culprit. Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and U.S. Department of Agriculture dietary surveys along with commercial Homescan data on household purchases were used to understand changes in sugar and fructose consumption. Meta-analyses and randomized clinical trials were used to evaluate outcomes of beverage and fructose intake. About 75% of all foods and beverages contain added sugar in a large array of forms. Consumption of soft drinks has increased fivefold since 1950. Meta-analyses suggest that consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) is related to the risk of diabetes, the metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease. Drinking two 16-ounce SSBs per day for 6 months induced features of the metabolic syndrome and fatty liver. Randomized controlled trials in children and adults lasting 6 months to 2 years have shown that lowering the intake of soft drinks reduced weight gain. Recent studies suggest a gene-SSB potential relationship. Consumption of calorie-sweetened beverages has continued to increase and plays a role in the epidemic of obesity, the metabolic syndrome, and fatty liver disease. Reducing intake of soft drinks is associated with less weight gain.
Delimitation of Maritime Boundary between Bangladesh and Myanmar by the ITLOS
Authors: Alam Md Khurshed
Published: March 2014

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/nujl.v3i0.18380 Northern University Journal of Law Vol.III 2012; p.7-14
Enforcing Socio-Economic Rights Judicially: Experiments in Bangladesh, India and South Africa
Authors: Shohag Md Reajul Hasan , Asrafuzzaman ABM
Published: March 2014

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/nujl.v3i0.18397 Northern University Journal of Law Vol.III 2012; p.87-115