bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Are Dietary Intakes Related to Obesity in Children?
Authors: Papandreou Dimitrios , Makedou Kali , Zormpa Areti , Karampola Maria , Ioannou Anastasia , Hitoglou-Makedou Areti
Published: March 2016

AIM: The purpose of this study was to report obesity status and identify any dietary substances that may be related to obesity in healthy school children from Northern Greece.METHODS: Four hundred and twenty-five (n = 425) children were randomly selected to participate in the study. A 24-h recall of three days (two weekdays and one weekend day) was used to analyze the dietary data of the subjects.RESULTS: Out of 425 subjects, 146 (34.3%) of them were found to be overweight and obese. Energy, protein, carbohydrate and thiamin intake was statistically positively correlated with obesity while dietary iron intake was statistically negatively correlated with obesity. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the children with dietary iron deficiency were 1.128 (95% CI: 0.002, 0.161 P < 0.031) times more likely of being obese compared to the normal group after adjustment for energy intake. CONCLUSIONS: Although most of the dietary intakes of our subjects were adequate, special consideration should be given to energy, carbohydrate, protein, and sugar and iron intake especially and its relation to obesity. Furthermore, additional studies are required to investigate any possible relation of low dietary iron consumption and obesity.
Politique des coûts, politique des écarts
Authors: Juven Pierre-André
Published: March 2016

Depuis 2004, les établissements de santé sont rémunérés en France par un mécanisme de tarification à l’activité (T2A). Cependant, au moment où est instauré ce mécanisme, les tarifs diffèrent selon le secteur, ceux du public étant plus élevés que ceux du privé, considérant que l’hôpital public est plus coûteux. Une politique de convergence tarifaire a été initiée à partir de 2007 afin de contraindre les hôpitaux publics à diminuer leurs coûts de production. Cette convergence a fait l’objet d’une controverse vive entre les représentants des hôpitaux publics, ceux des cliniques privées et le ministère de la Santé. L’article analyse cette controverse en étudiant la façon dont des mécanismes comptables et financiers mettent à l’épreuve les catégories et identités publiques et privées dans le domaine hospitalier et en montrant que cette controverse sur la convergence conduit à penser les objets que constituent les « coûts » des séjours et les « écarts » de coûts entre secteur public et secteur privé. Cette étude montre en quoi les coûts et les écarts constituent des instruments d’action publique singuliers en matière de politiques hospitalières.
Action publique et fabrique du consensus
Authors: Cloteau Armèle , Mourad Marie
Published: March 2016

La publicisation récente du problème du « gaspillage alimentaire » ou «  food waste  », en France comme aux États-Unis, aboutit à un consensus apparent entre des opérateurs économiques, des organisations publiques et des associations aux intérêts concurrents dans la production, la distribution et la consommation alimentaires. C’est à travers des dispositifs d’action publique participatifs que s’opère la mise en retrait des divergences. La « lutte contre le gaspillage alimentaire » se révèle alors être un modèle de prise en charge sectorielle et technicienne, reposant principalement sur l’innovation logistique et managériale, par opposition à des mesures prescriptives et à la politisation de l’enjeu. Aussi entraîne-t-elle plus d’adaptations marginales des systèmes alimentaires – telles que la marchandisation de denrées jusqu’alors non consommées – que de changements structurels. Les deux cas nationaux offrent ainsi une perspective sur la régulation conjointe des systèmes productifs par des acteurs publics et privés ainsi que sur les recompositions contemporaines de l’action publique.
La lecture honnéthienne de Hegel dans La lutte pour la reconnaissance
Authors: Guéguen Haud
Published: March 2016

Cet article vise à interroger l’usage qu’Axel Honneth fait de la philosophie de Hegel dans sa théorisation de la reconnaissance, et ceci suivant un triple objectif. Il s’agit d’abord, à un niveau génétique, de comprendre comment et pourquoi Honneth en est venu, dès son ouvrage Kritik der Macht, à l’idée qu’il y avait une nécessité à réactualiser le motif hégélien de la « lutte pour la reconnaissance ». À partir de quoi, nous cherchons dans un second moment à montrer en quel sens l’interprétation de Hegel que propose Honneth dans La lutte pour la reconnaissance apparaît déterminante pour comprendre le sens de la « lutte » qui est en jeu dans sa propre théorie de la reconnaissance. Ce qui, à un niveau davantage critique, nous conduit pour finir à présenter les objections qui, à partir d’interprétations alternatives de la philosophie hégélienne, ont pu être adressées à la théorie de la lutte de la reconnaissance élaborée par Honneth. Objections qui, à chaque fois, entendent souligner que la suspension, par Honneth, de la figure du maître et de l’esclave que l’on trouve dans la Phénoménologie de l’esprit constitue une limite de taille dès lors que, comme Honneth, on se place dans la perspective d’élaborer une théorie critique de la société.
Hegel : de la reconnaissance à l’intégration
Authors: Bourgeois Bernard
Published: March 2016

Hegel est aujourd’hui présenté comme le philosophe de la reconnaissance ; or si le moment de la reconnaissance joue bien un rôle dans la Phénoménologie de l’esprit, il est loin d’avoir l’importance centrale ou la portée fondatrice qu’on lui prête. La vie humaine pleinement accomplie n’est pas construite, chez Hegel, sur la reconnaissance comme lien horizontal, intersubjectif ou interactif, mais plutôt sur ce à quoi elle conduit : l’intégration – lien vertical – à un tout, l’État.
Pourquoi se lancer dans la coproduction des services publics ? Théorie et données empiriques
Authors: Van Eijk Carola , Steen Trui
Published: March 2016

Les processus de coproduction permettent aux citoyens de collaborer avec les agents de la fonction publique dans la prestation de services publics. Malgré l’intérêt des chercheurs pour la coproduction, quelques lacunes importantes subsistent dans nos connaissances. L’une d’entre elles concerne la question de savoir pourquoi les citoyens participent à des processus de coproduction des services publics. Dans le présent article, nous développons un modèle théorique, qui intègre le facteur humain dans l’étude de la coproduction. Ce modèle tente d’expliquer la participation des citoyens à la coproduction en s’intéressant à la manière dont ils perçoivent la fonction de coproduction et leur aptitude à contribuer au processus de prestation de service public, les caractéristiques individuelles des citoyens et leurs motivations, qu’elles soient personnelles ou collectives. Nous utilisons les données empiriques extraites de quatre cas de coproduction aux Pays-Bas et en Belgique pour démontrer l’utilité du modèle. Nous analyserons la pertinence théorique et pratique de nos observations et formulerons quelques suggestions pour les recherches futures. 2 Remarques à l’intention des praticiens Les administrations recherchent des moyens de faire participer un vaste éventail de citoyens, compte tenu, notamment, du faible nombre d’entre eux qui répondent aux initiatives des administrations visant à les associer. Nous allons vérifier ce que l’on sait au sujet de la participation des citoyens dans quatre cas : les conseils de clients dans les organismes de soins de santé destinés aux personnes âgées et dans les organismes d’aide aux personnes handicapées, les conseils consultatifs représentatifs dans les écoles primaires et les patrouilles de surveillance de quartier. Les praticiens seront heureux d’en savoir plus sur ce qui amène les citoyens à participer à la coproduction. Cela leur permettra d’améliorer leurs méthodes de recrutement participatif.
Promouvoir la coproduction collective des services publics : comment encourager les citoyens à participer à des mécanismes de gouvernance complexes au Royaume-Uni
Authors: Bovaird Tony , Stoker Gerry , Jones Tricia , Loeffler Elke , Pinilla Roncancio Monica
Published: March 2016

Les recherches antérieures laissent entendre que la participation des citoyens à la production des services publics est plus probable lorsque les actions concernées sont simples et peuvent être réalisées individuellement plutôt qu’en groupe. Dans le présent article, nous vérifions si cette tendance est la même dans les collectivités locales en Angleterre et au pays de Galles. L’idée est de déterminer qui sont les personnes les plus susceptibles de participer à la coproduction individuelle et collective et quels sont les moyens d’influencer les personnes pour les amener à renforcer leurs efforts de production en participant davantage aux activités collectives. Les données ont été recueillies dans cinq zones, au moyen de panels organisés par les autorités locales. Les observations indiquent que la coproduction individuelle et la coproduction collective présentent des caractéristiques et des corrélats relativement différents et qu’il est important de les distinguer à des fins stratégiques. Plus précisément, la coproduction collective sera d’autant plus populaire, quelle que soit la question traitée, que les citoyens ont le sentiment qu’ils peuvent faire avancer les choses (« auto-efficacité politique »). Les « coups de pouce » destinés à encourager la coproduction n’ont qu’un effet limité. Remarques à l’intention des praticiens Une grande partie des résultats potentiels de la coproduction découlent sans doute des activités de groupe. Encourager les citoyens à passer de la coproduction individuelle à la coproduction collective est dès lors sans doute une question importante à aborder dans le cadre des politiques. Dans le présent article, nous verrons qu’il est parfaitement possible de promouvoir la coproduction collective, étant donné que le niveau de coproduction collective à laquelle les personnes participent n’est pas forcément lié à leur parcours et peut être influencé par des variables liées à la politique publique. Les « coups de pouce » peuvent encourager la coproduction collective, mais ils doivent être assez sérieux pour aboutir.
La coproduction de la sécurité sur les campus : Étude de cas sur l’université de Géorgie
Authors: Williams Brian N. , LePere-Schloop Megan , Silk P. Daniel , Hebdon Alexandra
Published: March 2016

La sécurité sur les campus est une question importante et à laquelle les établissements d’enseignement sont de plus en plus confrontés aux États-Unis. On sait cependant peu de choses sur les initiatives en cours et les difficultés rencontrées dans la coproduction de la sécurité sur les campus. Le présent article vise à enrichir la littérature sur la coproduction en examinant la manière dont la relation entre le professionnel et l’utilisateur des services est perçue par les étudiants et les agents de police sur le campus dans le contexte de la sécurité sur ces sites. Nos observations indiquent que les facteurs démographiques et contextuels déterminent la manière dont les usagers et les professionnels perçoivent leur relation et que ces différences de perception se font sentir sur les initiatives de coprestation des services. Remarques à l’intention des praticiens Dans le présent article, nous décrivons le point de vue du personnel de police de l’université et des étudiants en ce qui concerne la coproduction de la sécurité sur le campus d’une université de recherche aux États-Unis. Les données glanées dans les recherches indiquent que si les agents de police et les étudiants ont une vision divergente des uns et des autres et de leur rôle dans la coproduction, ils sont d’accord pour dire que le fait d’offrir aux agents de police et aux étudiants des occasions de se rencontrer et de dialoguer en dehors de situations formelles liées au maintien de l’ordre serait tout bénéfice pour la sécurité publique. Cette observation confirme l’intérêt de stratégies de participation bien développées, ainsi que l’intérêt potentiel de tirer parti des « moments propices à l’apprentissage » pendant lesquels les agents de police et les étudiants peuvent apprendre à se connaître.
L’impact de la coproduction sur l’imputabilité sur le terrain : Le cas du service de conciliation
Authors: Tuurnas Sanna , Stenvall Jari , Rannisto Pasi-Heikki
Published: March 2016

Le mélange des fonctions entre professionnels, bénévoles et utilisateurs des services crée un environnement nouveau et complexe dans le cadre de la production et de la prestation des services publics. Dans ce type d’environnement, les questions d’imputabilité deviennent encore plus importantes. Dans le présent article, nous présentons une étude de cas qualitative axée sur la coproduction faisant intervenir des bénévoles et des professionnels dans les services de justice réparatrice juridiquement réglementés en Finlande. Au niveau théorique, nous avons réuni la notion de coproduction citoyenne et la littérature sur la bureaucratie de proximité et l’imputabilité. Sur la base de cette étude, on peut dire que la coproduction entre les bénévoles et les professionnels renforce les liens d’imputabilité. Plus particulièrement, l’imputabilité centrée sur le processus prend tout son sens dans les relations d’imputabilité horizontales. Par conséquent, la coproduction en tant que système de gouvernance modifie la culture de travail des professionnels de la fonction publique. Dans les nouveaux partenariats, même s’ils ne sont pas entièrement horizontaux, on observe le germe d’un changement culturel pour les organisations de service public professionnalisées. Remarques à l’intention des praticiens Dans le présent article, nous nous intéressons à la coproduction entre professionnels et bénévoles au sein d’un service public juridiquement réglementé (la conciliation), en analysant la manière dont l’imputabilité est perçue dans les pratiques de première ligne. Les résultats indiquent que la nature centrée sur le processus des services coproduits réduit la marge de manœuvre des travailleurs de première ligne et leurs possibilités d’appliquer les règles. Par ailleurs, étant donné que les utilisateurs des services ne considèrent pas les bénévoles comme des agents investis d’une autorité, la coproduction est plus fluide. Ce phénomène est important, en particulier dans les services sociaux, où les clients ne sont en soi pas forcément motivés pour coproduire, mais où la coproduction serait essentielle pour atteindre les objectifs du service.
Le point de vue des agents de l’État sur le rôle des citoyens dans la prestation de service public en Ouganda
Authors: Wenene Mary Theopista , Steen Trui , Rutgers Mark R.
Published: March 2016

Dans le présent article, nous étudions le point de vue des agents de l’État sur le rôle des citoyens dans la prestation de services publics en Ouganda. En d’autres termes, nous étudions le point de vue de ceux qui sont en charge de la prestation de service public à propos de l’influence réelle et souhaitée des bénéficiaires des services. Une étude empirique axée sur les secteurs de la santé et de l’éducation a été réalisée en Ouganda. Nous verrons qu’en raison d’un certain nombre de tensions concernant le rôle du citoyen en Ouganda, les agents de l’État ont le sentiment que les bénéficiaires des services ne sont pas encore suffisamment associés à la demande et à la prestation de services publics de qualité. Pour améliorer l’efficacité de la prestation de service public en Ouganda, il est indispensable de développer une culture qui favorise le renforcement des capacités à tous les niveaux, y compris aux niveaux de la communauté et des différents bénéficiaires de services. Remarques à l’intention des praticiens On observe plusieurs contradictions en ce qui concerne le rôle du citoyen en Ouganda, qui se traduisent par une participation insuffisante des bénéficiaires des services dans la demande et la prestation de services publics de qualité. Il y a non seulement lieu de permettre aux utilisateurs des services de faire pression en vue d’améliorer les services de manière ascendante, mais il est aussi essentiel d’encourager les prestataires de services publics à assumer leurs responsabilités vis-à-vis du public.
Construction et validation d’un modèle hybride de mesure de la qualité perçue des services publics (QSP)
Authors: Guenoun Marcel , Goudarzi Kiane , Chandon Jean-Louis
Published: March 2016

Les organisations publiques recourent désormais intensivement aux méthodes et concepts du marketing pour concevoir, mettre en œuvre et évaluer les prestations qu’elles délivrent à leurs bénéficiaires. La qualité des services offerts est au cœur de leurs préoccupations. Le marketing dans le secteur public nécessite une adaptation des outils aux spécificités du contexte. Le principal apport de la recherche est de proposer la construction d’un modèle de mesure hybride de la qualité perçue des services publics (QSP) intégrant les dimensions publiques et privées à partir d’une étude quantitative conduite sur un échantillon de 760 habitants de la ville de Besançon. Point pour les praticiens La qualité de service est un des piliers de la modernisation administrative. Cependant, la qualité des services publics renvoie à une conception élargie de la qualité de service. En plus des dimensions que l’on retrouve dans le secteur privé, des dimensions propres au secteur public ont un impact important sur la perception des services publics par les bénéficiaires. Dans cet article nous développons un modèle de mesure de la Qualité de Service Public qui incorpore dans une même conceptualisation les dimensions publique et privée. Cette recherche apporte aux praticiens un outil de mesure opérationnel pour interroger leurs bénéficiaires sur la qualité des services publics.
A Single Server Retrial Queueing System with Two Types of Batch Arrivals
Authors: Rathinasabapathy Kalyanaraman
Published: March 2016

A retrial queueing system with two types of batch arrivals is considered. The arrivals are called type I and type II customers. The type I customers arrive in batches of size k with probability c_k and type II customers arrive in batches of size k with probability d_k. Service time distributions are identical independent distributions and are different for both type of customers. If the arriving customers are blocked due to server being busy, type I customers are queued in a priority queue of infinity capacity whereas type II customers entered into retrial group in order to seek service again after a random amount of time. For this model the joint distribution of the number of customers in the priority queue and in the retrial group in closed form is obtained. Some particular models and operating characteristics are obtained. A numerical study is also carried out.
Stochastic Inventory System with Compliment Item and Retrial Customers
Authors: Anbazhagan N.
Published: March 2016

In this chapter, the author consider a two commodity stochastic inventory system under continuous review with maximum capacity of i-th commodity is Si(i=1,2). In this two commodity one is main item and the other is compliment item. It is assumed that demand for the i-th commodity is of unit size and demand time points form a Poisson process. The compliment item is supplied as a gift whenever the demand occurs for the main item, but no main item is provided as a gift for demanding a compliment item. Reordering for supply is initiated as soon as the on-hand inventory level of the main item reaches a certain level s1, and there is a lead time until the reorder arrives but instantaneous replenishment for the compliment item. The arriving any primary demands enter into an orbit, when the inventory level of main item is zero. The limiting probability distribution for both commodities and the number of demands in the orbit, is computed and various operational characteristics are derived. The results are illustrated with numerical examples.
Utility Maximization and Optimal Portfolio Selection
Authors: Udayabaskaran S.
Published: March 2016

Utility maximization and optimal portfolio selection with or with-out consumption/transaction cost based on stochastic models of prices of securities with stochastic volatility are discussed.
miR-181a Expression in Donor T Cells Modulates Graft-versus-Host Disease after Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplantation
Authors: Lee Chun-Wei , Wohlan Katharina , Dallmann Iris , Förster Reinhold , Ganser Arnold , Krueger Andreas , Scherr Michaela , Eder Matthias , Koenecke Christian
Published: March 2016

Because miR-181a has been described to alter T cell activation, we hypothesized that manipulation of miR-181a expression in donor T cells may alter acute graft-versus-host disease (aGvHD) after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). We therefore analyzed the impact of enhanced and reduced miR-181a expression in donor T cells on aGvHD induction by lentiviral gene transfer into primary T cells and using miR-181a/b-1−/− T cells, respectively. BMT-recipient mice receiving donor T cells with enhanced miR-181a expression showed no signs of aGvHD and survived for the time of follow-up, whereas T cells lacking miR-181a/b-1 accelerated aGvHD. In line with these data, analysis of donor T cells in blood, secondary lymphoid organs, and target organs of aGvHD after BMT showed significantly reduced numbers of miR-181a–transduced T cells, as compared with controls. In addition, expansion of activated T cells with enhanced miR-181a expression was reduced in vitro and in vivo. We further show that anti-apoptotic BCL-2 protein expression is reduced in murine and human T cells upon overexpression of miR-181a, suggesting that regulation of BCL-2-expression by miR-181a may contribute to altered alloreactivity of T cells in aGvHD. These data indicate that proteins regulated by miR-181a may be therapeutic targets for aGvHD prevention.
HIV Protease Inhibitor–Induced Cathepsin Modulation Alters Antigen Processing and Cross-Presentation
Authors: Kourjian Georgio , Rucevic Marijana , Berberich Matthew J. , Dinter Jens , Wambua Daniel , Boucau Julie , Le Gall Sylvie
Published: March 2016

Immune recognition by T cells relies on the presentation of pathogen-derived peptides by infected cells, but the persistence of chronic infections calls for new approaches to modulate immune recognition. Ag cross-presentation, the process by which pathogen Ags are internalized, degraded, and presented by MHC class I, is crucial to prime CD8 T cell responses. The original degradation of Ags is performed by pH-dependent endolysosomal cathepsins. In this article, we show that HIV protease inhibitors (PIs) prescribed to HIV-infected persons variably modulate cathepsin activities in human APCs, dendritic cells and macrophages, and CD4 T cells, three cell subsets infected by HIV. Two HIV PIs acted in two complementary ways on cathepsin hydrolytic activities: directly on cathepsins and indirectly on their regulators by inhibiting Akt kinase activities, reducing NADPH oxidase 2 activation, and lowering phagolysosomal reactive oxygen species production and pH, which led to enhanced cathepsin activities. HIV PIs modified endolysosomal degradation and epitope production of proteins from HIV and other pathogens in a sequence-dependent manner. They altered cross-presentation of Ags by dendritic cells to epitope-specific T cells and T cell–mediated killing. HIV PI-induced modulation of Ag processing partly changed the MHC self-peptidome displayed by primary human cells. This first identification, to our knowledge, of prescription drugs modifying the regulation of cathepsin activities and the MHC-peptidome may provide an alternate therapeutic approach to modulate immune recognition in immune disease beyond HIV.
Global and non Global Solutions for Some Fractional Heat Equations With Pure Power Nonlinearity
Authors: Saanouni Tarek
Published: March 2016

The initial value problem for a semi-linear fractional heat equation is investigated. In the focusing case, global well-posedness and exponential decay are obtained. In the focusing sign, global and non global existence of solutions are discussed via the potential well method.
The Hardy inequality and the heat flow in curved wedges
Authors: Krejčiřík David
Published: March 2016

We show that the polynomial decay rate of the heat semigroup of the Dirichlet Laplacian in curved planar wedges that are obtained as a compactly supported perturbation of straight wedges equals the sum of the usual dimensional decay rate and a multiple of the reciprocal value of the opening angle. To prove the result, we develop the method of self-similar variables for the associated heat equation and study the asymptotic behaviour of the transformed non-autonomous parabolic problem for large times. We also establish an improved Hardy inequality for the Dirichlet Laplacian in non-trivially curved wedges and state a conjecture about an improved decay rate in this case.
Parametric rigidness of germs of analytic unfoldings with a Hopf bifurcation
Authors: Arriagada Waldo , Fialho João
Published: March 2016

In this paper we prove that families of germs of one-parameter analytic differential equations with a Hopf bifurcation are rigid in the parameter. These systems are intrinsically real: the complex phase portrait is invariant under an antiholomorphic involution. The latter permits to identify the modulus of the analytic classification. The dynamics in the Siegel domain does not explain the existence of the real structure. Rather, these properties are meaningful in the Poincaré domain, where the fixed points are linearizable.
Significant increase of summertime ozone at Mt. Tai in Central Eastern China: 2003–2015
Authors: Sun Lei , Xue Likun , Wang Tao , Gao Jian , Ding Aijun , Cooper Owen R. , Xu Pengju , Wang Zhe , Wang Xinfeng , Wen Liang , Zhu Yanhong , Chen Tianshu , Yang Lingxiao , Wang Yan , Chen Jianmin , Wang Wenxing
Published: March 2016

Abstract. Tropospheric ozone (O3) is a trace gas playing key roles in atmospheric chemistry, air quality and climate change. In contrast to North America and Europe, China has limited long-term records of surface O3 that can be used to establish trends. In this study, we compiled the available observations of O3 at Mt. Tai – the highest mountain over the North China Plain (NCP), and analyzed their seasonal and diurnal behavior as well as the trends over 2003–2015. The summertime climatological air mass transport pattern was established by back trajectory calculation and a subsequent cluster analysis. A significant increase of surface O3 (p < 0.01) in the summertime from 2003 to 2015 was derived from a linear regression analysis, with increasing rates of 1.7 ppbv yr−1 for June and 2.1 ppbv yr−1 for the July–August period. Analysis of satellite trace gas retrievals indicates that the O3 increase was mainly due to the increased emissions of O3 precursors, in particular volatile organic compounds (VOCs). An important finding is that the emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) have diminished since 2011, but the increase of VOCs appears to have enhanced the ozone production efficiency and contributed to the observed O3 increase in northern China. This study provides direct evidence that controlling NOx alone, in the absence of VOC controls, is not sufficient to reduce regional O3 levels in North China. In addition, the ozone observations at this regionally representative mountain site are ideal for evaluating global and regional scale chemical transport models.
How big is an OMI pixel?
Authors: de Graaf Martin , Sihler Holger , Tilstra Lieuwe G. , Stammes Piet
Published: March 2016

Abstract. The Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) is a push-broom imaging spectrometer, observing solar radiation backscattered by the Earth's atmosphere and surface. The shape of an OMI pixel is not quadrangular, which is common for scanning instruments, but rather Gaussian-shaped as light from neighbouring pixels enters the Field of View (FoV). This has consequences for pixel-area dependent applications, like cloud fraction products, and visualisation. The shape and sizes of OMI pixels were determined pre-flight by theoretical and experimental tests, but never verified after launch. In this paper the OMI point spread function (PSF) is characterised using collocated MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) reflectance measurements. MODIS measurements have a much higher spatial resolution than OMI measurements and spectrally overlap at 469 nm. The optimal OMI PSF was determined by finding the highest correlation between MODIS and OMI reflectances for both cloud-free and partially clouded scenes. Our results show that the semi-official OMPIXCOR product 75FOV corner coordinates accurately fix the Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) of a super-Gaussian PSF, when this pixel shape is assumed. The exponent of the super-Gaussian PSF is dependent on OMI pixel row number, from about n = 2 at nadir to 3.5 at the swath edges, due to the increase in pixel size. The optimal Gaussian exponent depends on scene changes between overpasses and reduces to about n = 1 for partially clouded scenes before 2008. Then, the time difference between Aqua and Aura was 15 minutes instead of 8 minutes after 2008. Between overpasses, clouds change the scene, reducing the correlation and changing the shape of the optimal overlap.
The Aerosol Limb Imager: acousto-optic imaging of limb-scattered sunlight for stratospheric aerosol profiling
Authors: Elash B. J. , Bourassa A. E. , Loewen P. R. , Lloyd N. D. , Degenstein D. A.
Published: March 2016

Abstract. The Aerosol Limb Imager (ALI) is an optical remote sensing instrument designed to image scattered sunlight from the atmospheric limb. These measurements are used to retrieve spatially resolved information of the stratospheric aerosol distribution, including spectral extinction coefficient and particle size. Here we present the design, development and test results of an ALI prototype instrument. The long-term goal of this work is the eventual realization of ALI on a satellite platform in low earth orbit, where it can provide high spatial resolution observations, both in the vertical and cross-track. The instrument design uses a large-aperture acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) to image the sunlit stratospheric limb in a selectable narrow wavelength band ranging from the visible to the near infrared. The ALI prototype was tested on a stratospheric balloon flight from the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) launch facility in Timmins, Canada, in September 2014. Preliminary analysis of the hyperspectral images indicates that the radiance measurements are of high quality, and we have used these to retrieve vertical profiles of stratospheric aerosol extinction coefficient from 650 to 1000 nm, along with one moment of the particle size distribution. Those preliminary results are promising and development of a satellite prototype of ALI within the Canadian Space Agency is ongoing.
Spatial dimensions of the electron diffusion region in anti-parallel magnetic reconnection
Authors: Nakamura Takuma , Nakamura Rumi , Haseagwa Hiroshi
Published: March 2016

Abstract. Spatial dimensions of the detailed structures of the electron diffusion region in anti-parallel magnetic reconnection were analyzed based on two-dimensional fully kinetic particle-in-cell simulations. The electron diffusion region in this study is defined as the region where the positive reconnection electric field is sustained by the electron inertial and non-gyrotropic pressure components. Past kinetic studies demonstrated that the dimensions of the whole electron diffusion region and the inner non-gyrotropic region are scaled by the electron inertial length de and the width of the electron meandering motion, respectively. In this study, we successfully obtained more precise scalings of the dimensions of these two regions than the previous studies by performing simulations with sufficiently small grid spacing (1∕16–1∕8 de) and a sufficient number of particles (800 particles cell−1 on average) under different conditions changing the ion-to-electron mass ratio, the background density and the electron βe (temperature). The obtained scalings are adequately supported by some theories considering spatial variations of field and plasma parameters within the diffusion region. In the reconnection inflow direction, the dimensions of both regions are proportional to de based on the background density. Both dimensions also depend on βe based on the background values, but the dependence in the inner region ( ∼ 0.375th power) is larger than the whole region (0.125th power) reflecting the orbits of meandering and accelerated electrons within the inner region. In the outflow direction, almost only the non-gyrotropic component sustains the positive reconnection electric field. The dimension of this single-scale diffusion region is proportional to the ion-electron hybrid inertial length (dide)1∕2 based on the background density and weakly depends on the background βe with the 0.25th power. These firm scalings allow us to predict observable dimensions in real space which are indeed in reasonable agreement with past in situ spacecraft observations in the Earth's magnetotail and have important implications for future observations with higher resolutions such as the NASA Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission.
Assessing approaches to determine the effect of ocean acidification on bacterial processes
Authors: Burrell Tim J. , Maas Elizabeth W. , Teesdale-Spittle Paul , Law Cliff S.
Published: March 2016

Abstract. Bacterial extracellular enzymes play a significant role in the degradation of labile organic matter and nutrient availability in the open ocean. Although bacterial production and extracellular enzymes may be affected by ocean acidification, few studies to date have considered the methodology used to measure enzyme activity and bacterial processes. This study investigated the potential artefacts in determining the response of bacterial extracellular glucosidase and aminopeptidase to ocean acidification, and the relative effects of three different acidification techniques. Tests confirmed that the fluorescence of the artificial fluorophores was affected by pH, and that addition of MCA fluorescent substrate alters seawater pH. In experiments testing different acidification methods, bubbling with CO2 gas mixtures resulted in higher β-glucosidase activity relative to acidification by their introduction via gas-permeable silicon tubing, or by acid addition (HCl). In addition, bacterial numbers were 15–40 % higher with bubbling relative to seawater acidified with gas-permeable silicon tubing and HCl. Bubbling may lead to overestimation of carbohydrate degradation and bacterial abundance, and consequently incorrect interpretation of the impacts of ocean acidification on organic matter cycling.
Transition to El Niño conditions in the eastern tropical Pacific in October 2015
Authors: Stramma Lothar , Fischer Tim , Grundle Damian S. , Krahmann Gerd , Bange Hermann W. , Marandino Christa A.
Published: March 2016

Abstract. A strong El Niño developed in early 2015. Measurements from a research cruise on the RV Sonne in October 2015 near the equator east of the Galapagos Islands and off the shelf of Peru, are used to investigate changes related to El Niño in the upper ocean in comparison with earlier cruises in this region. At the equator at 85°30’ W, a clear temperature increase leading to lower densities in the upper 350 m, despite a concurrent salinity increase from 40 to 350 m, developed in October 2015. Lower nutrient concentrations were also present in the upper 200 m, and higher oxygen concentrations were observed between 40 and 130 m. Except for the upper 60 m at 2°30’ S, however, there was no obvious increase in oxygen concentrations at sampling stations just north (1° N) and south (2°30’ S) of the equator at 85°30’ W. In the equatorial current field, the Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC) east of the Galapagos Islands almost disappeared in October 2015, with a transport of only 0.02 Sv in the equatorial channel between 1° S and 1° N, and a weak current band of 0.78 Sv located between 1° S and 2°30’ S. Such near-disappearances of the EUC in the eastern Pacific seem to occur only during strong El Niño events. Off the Peruvian shelf at ~9° S, where the sea surface temperature (SST) was elevated, upwelling was modified, and warm, saline and oxygen rich water was upwelled. Despite some weak El Niño related SST increase at ~12 to 16° S, the upwelling of cold, low salinity and oxygen-poor water was still active at the easternmost stations at three sections at ~12° S, ~14° S and ~16° S, while further west on these sections a transition to El Niño conditions appeared. Although in early 2015 the El Niño was strong and in October 2015 showed a clear El Niño influence on the EUC, in the eastern tropical Pacific the measurements only showed developing El Niño water mass distributions. In particular the oxygen distribution indicated the ongoing transition from ‘typical’ to El Niño conditions progressing southward along the Peruvian shelf.
Brer Rabbit and the Destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem: The Double Voice in Literatures of Exile
Authors: Mikva Rachel S.
Published: March 2016

The connection between Brer Rabbit and the story of the Jewish community after 70 CE is that both are recorded in literatures of exile. As a result, they share a significant quality—the double voice—deployed as one of many literary strategies for survival under oppression. Using passages from Brer Rabbit and Lamentations Rabba, this article focuses on riddles and trickster tales because they present an especially striking witness of the double voice as expounded within African-American literary theory. These genres appear in the folklore of most cultures, but their encoding enables a unique inversion of cultural meaning for subaltern and dispersed peoples, which gives the tales remarkable power to fashion and sustain identities, and to articulate the complexity of their experience. They absorb the imagery and language of the dominant culture, yet re-signify their meaning in the process of assimilation. Both elements of this voice—the adoption and the inversion—are essential representations of the authors or redactors. Separated by time, space, language, culture, and context, the tales of Brer Rabbit and the Palestinian rabbinic midrash speak to each other through this strategic polyphony.
Feminist Pedagogy and the Socratic Method: Partners in the Classroom or a Disaster Waiting to Happen?
Authors: Shah Rita , Kopko Kyle C.
Published: March 2016

This article presents a case study analyzing the relationship between the Socratic method and feminist pedagogy in a team-taught undergraduate classroom in the United States. Specifically, we analyze the feedback provided by our students to determine the ways in which the Socratic method conflicted with, but also complemented, feminist pedagogy. Data were collected through two online surveys and an in-class open-ended response. The results suggest that the Socratic method is compatible with feminist pedagogy as it improved critical thinking and consideration of diverse points of view. On the other hand, the results suggest that students felt discomfort when analyzing and discussing their own views, as opposed to the views of others. This discomfort potentially undermines the benefits of a feminist pedagogical approach to classroom discussion. We suggest several ways to improve compatibility of these techniques in undergraduate courses and suggest avenues for future research to better understand the relationship between these pedagogical approaches.
The Mediating Role of Corporate Characteristics on the Relationship between the Strategic Learning and the Competitive Capabilities of the Telecommunications Companies in Jordan
Authors: Al-jawazneh Bahjat E. , Al -Awawdeh Waleed M.
Published: March 2016

This study aims at studying the mediating role of corporate characteristics on the relationship between the strategic learning and the competitive capabilities of the Telecommunications Companies in Jordan.

The population of this research are the three major telecommunications companies in Jordan, namely, Zain, Orange and Umniah. The study respondents consisted of those who occupy different managerial positions at these companies, for they have acquired enough experience that makes them eligible to answer the questionnaire.

The researchers adopted the construct of Siren (2012) in order to measure the independent variable, which is strategic learning, and made use of the studies of Zhang and Sharifi (2000) and Toni (2001) to measure the competitive capabilities. A total of 278 questionnaires were distributed, out of which 195 were retrieved, but only 150 questionnaires were valid for statistical analysis.

The major finding of the study is: strategic knowledge distribution and the implementation of strategic knowledge, mediated by company’s age and type of service, do have an impact on the competitive capabilities of the researched companies. However, the creation and the interpretation of strategic knowledge mediated by the same variables have statistically insignificant impact on the competitive capabilities.
Stability Characterization of Three Porous Layers Model in the Presence of Transverse Magnetic Field
Authors: R. AlHamdan Ahmad , Alkharashi Sameh A.
Published: March 2016

The current study concerns, the effect of a horizontal magnetic field on the stability of three horizontal finite layers of immiscible fluids in porous media. The problem examines few representatives of porous media, in which the porous media are assumed to be uniform, homogeneous and isotropic. The dispersion relations are derived using suitable boundary and surface conditions in the form of two simultaneous Mathieu equations of damping terms having complex coefficients. The stability conditions of the perturbed system of linear evolution equations  are investigated  both analytically and numerically and stability diagrams are obtained. The stability diagrams are discussed in detail in terms of various parameters governing the flow on the stability behavior of the system such as the streaming velocity, permeability of the porous medium and the magnetic properties. In the special case of uniform velocity, the fluid motion has been displayed in terms of streamlines concept, in which the streamlines contours are plotted. In the  uniform velocity motion, a fourth order polynomial equation with complex coefficients is obtained. According to the complexity of the mathematical treatments, when the periodicity of the velocity is taken into account, the method of multiple scales is applied to obtain stability solution for the considered system.
It is found that a stability effect is found for increasing, the magnetic permeability ratio, the magnetic field, and  the permeability parameter  while the opposite influence is observed for increasing the upper layer velocity.
Va banque: een snel kansspel en het Europese rechtszekerheidsbeginsel
Authors: Fierstra M.A.
Published: March 2016

Va banque: een snel kansspel en het Europese rechtszekerheidsbeginsel

Over de toepassing van het Europees recht op nationaal beleid ter regulering van gokactiviteiten wees het Hof van Justitie inmiddels een aanzienlijk aantal arresten waarin met name de vrijverkeerbepalingen tot op detailniveau worden uitgelegd aan nationale rechters. Het arrest Berlington Hungary lijkt het zoveelste arrest over dit onderwerp. Een indruk die wordt versterkt doordat de zaak zonder conclusie werd berecht. Het arrest bevat echter ook een noviteit doordat wordt geoordeeld dat slechts sprake kan zijn van een gerechtvaardigde beperking van het vrij verkeer van diensten als de nationale wetgever het Unierechtelijke vertrouwensbeginsel respecteert. De betekenis van deze voorwaarde staat in deze bijdrage centraal.

HvJ 11 juni 2015, zaak C-98/14, Berlington Hungary Tanáncsadό és Szolgáltatό kft e.a./Magyar Állam, ECLI:EU:C:2015:386
What Exactly Is a Media Mentor?
Authors: Keeler Rachel
Published: March 2016

After reading “Media Mentorship in Libraries Serving Youth,” a white paper adopted by the Association for Library Service to Children board of directors, I had a lot to think about. The authors effectively outline why media mentorship is an ideal role for librarians, and I immediately started brainstorming, “What can I do today to be a media mentor to my community?”
Today’s Tech Literacy Tools: Parental Perceptions of Apps for Preschoolers
Authors: Howard Vivian , Wallace Maureen
Published: March 2016

Several studies have also shown that literacy software on traditional (i.e., non-touchscreen) computers has a positive effect on children’s emergent literacy. However, as a new technology, interactive multimedia book apps, designed for young children and installed on touchscreen devices, have not been the focus of much previous research and our understanding of their use and impact is limited.
Disruption of glycolytic flux is a signal for inflammasome signaling and pyroptotic cell death
Authors: Sanman Laura E , Qian Yu , Eisele Nicholas A , Ng Tessie M , van der Linden Wouter A , Monack Denise M , Weerapana Eranthie , Bogyo Matthew
Published: March 2016

When innate immune cells such as macrophages are challenged with environmental stresses or infection by pathogens, they trigger the rapid assembly of multi-protein complexes called inflammasomes that are responsible for initiating pro-inflammatory responses and a form of cell death termed pyroptosis. We describe here the identification of an intracellular trigger of NLRP3-mediated inflammatory signaling, IL-1β production and pyroptosis in primed murine bone marrow-derived macrophages that is mediated by the disruption of glycolytic flux. This signal results from a drop of NADH levels and induction of mitochondrial ROS production and can be rescued by addition of products that restore NADH production. This signal is also important for host-cell response to the intracellular pathogen Salmonella typhimurium, which can disrupt metabolism by uptake of host-cell glucose. These results reveal an important inflammatory signaling network used by immune cells to sense metabolic dysfunction or infection by intracellular pathogens.
How drug resistance takes shape
Authors: Jeselsohn Rinath , Brown Myles
Published: March 2016

Mutations in a hormone receptor can lead to therapeutic resistance by making it less able to bind and respond to hormone blocking drugs and by making it active, even when the hormome is not present.
300 mm InGaAs-on-insulator substrates fabricated using direct wafer bonding and the Smart Cut™ technology
Authors: Widiez Julie , Sollier Sébastien , Baron Thierry , Martin Mickaël , Gaudin Gweltaz , Mazen Frédéric , Madeira Florence , Favier Sylvie , Salaun Amélie , Alcotte Reynald , Beche Elodie , Grampeix Helen , Veytizou Christelle , Moulet Jean-Sébastien
Published: March 2016

This paper reports the first demonstration of 300 mm In0.53Ga0.47As-on-insulator (InGaAs-OI) substrates. The use of direct wafer bonding and the Smart Cut™ technology lead to the transfer of high quality InGaAs layer on large Si wafer size (300 mm) at low effective cost, taking into account the reclaim of the III–V on Si donor substrate. The optimization of the three key building blocks of this technology is detailed. (1) The III–V epitaxial growth on 300 mm Si wafers has been optimized to decrease the defect density. (2) For the first time, hydrogen-induced thermal splitting is made inside the indium phosphide (InP) epitaxial layer and a wide implantation condition ranges is observed on the contrary to bulk InP. (3) Finally a specific direct wafer bonding with alumina oxide has been chosen to avoid outgas diffusion at the alumina oxide/III–V compound interface.