bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of thermal material properties on precision of transient temperatures in pulsed laser welding of Ti6Al4V alloy
Authors: Junaid Massab , Cheema Taqi Ahmad , Haleem Hani , Saad-ul-Fatah  , Rahman Khalid , Park Cheol Woo
Published: September 2018

This study investigates the effect of temperature-dependent material properties on the precision of a simulation in pulsed laser beam welding of Ti6Al4V alloy. Ti6Al4V is one of the most extensively used titanium alloys. The precision in transient temperature distributions developed in the thermal modeling part of a sequentially coupled thermo-mechanical simulation is crucial to the end results of structural mechanics. The temperature profile obtained by a finite element model at two distinct locations is validated by experimental results using temperature-dependent material properties. Then, the effect of assuming constant room temperature values for thermal conductivity, specific heat, and density on the temperature distribution is studied at different welding speeds. Temperature distributions are unaffected by the constant density assumption. The constant thermal conductivity assumption underestimates the peak temperatures far from the weld region, whereas the constant specific heat assumption overestimates these temperatures. This effect becomes prominent at low welding speeds. The temperature profile when conductivity and specific heat are assumed to be constant is nearly similar to that in the case of constant conductivity when conductivity and specific heat are assumed constant. Therefore, conductivity is the dominant variable. The constant conductivity assumption also restricts the heat flow from the weld to the edge region, thus increasing the size of the weld pool. This effect also becomes increasingly prominent at low welding speeds.
Experimental evaluation of selective laser melting process for optimized lattice structures
Authors: De Pasquale G , Luceri F , Riccio M
Published: September 2018

Lattice structures fabricated with micromelting of metal powders are promising solutions for lightweight applications. Additive manufacturing processes as selective laser melting are largely used to build bulk components, but the influence of laser settings on lattice struts morphology is not jet fully investigated. Previous studies demonstrate the effect of laser speed and layers thickness on the material density and lattice struts dimensions. In this paper, the effects of the laser volume energy density associated with the process setup parameters are analyzed in relation to the dimensional accuracy of lattice struts. The statistical approach based on design of experiments used in this paper allows getting appreciable reduction of the average errors of struts dimensions (from 48% to 16% and from 22% to 7% in horizontal and vertical orientations, respectively).
Telementoring for improving primary care provider knowledge and competence in managing chronic pain: A randomised controlled trial
Authors: Eaton Linda H , Godfrey Daniel S , Langford Dale J , Rue Tessa , Tauben David J , Doorenbos Ardith Z
Published: September 2018

Introduction

Primary care providers are frequently unprepared to manage chronic pain adequately due in part to insufficient professional training. This study evaluated the effect of a telementoring intervention on knowledge and perceived competence related to chronic pain management.

Methods

The study design was a cluster randomised controlled trial. Primary care clinics that were part of the University of Washington Medicine Telehealth network were the unit of randomization. Primary care providers comprised the intervention group ( n = 23) and the control group ( n = 18). Providers in the intervention group attended telementoring sessions through the TelePain programme and presented patient cases at the beginning and end of their enrolled patients’ 12-week study period. TelePain sessions included a didactic presentation and telementoring for specific patient cases by a panel of pain specialists from the disciplines of pain medicine, internal medicine, anaesthesiology, rehabilitation medicine, psychiatry, addiction medicine, nursing and complementary and integrative pain management. Providers’ baseline and end-of-study knowledge and perceived competence in managing chronic pain were assessed by three questionnaires: Knowledge and Attitudes Survey Regarding Pain, the KnowPain-12 and the Perceived Competence Scale.

Results

Knowledge (Z = –0.34, p = 0.97 (Knowledge and Attitudes Survey Regarding Pain) and Z = 0.49, p = 0.62 (KnowPain-12)) and perceived competence (Z = –0.74, p = 0.46) did not increase for providers in the intervention group compared with providers in the control group. These providers attended on average 12.5 sessions (range 0–31) while participating in the study.

Discussion

Further research is recommended to establish the effectiveness of this telementoring intervention.
Wavelet packet energy–based damage identification of wood utility poles using support vector machine multi-classifier and evidence theory
Authors: Yu Yang , Dackermann Ulrike , Li Jianchun , Niederleithinger Ernst
Published: September 2018

This article presents a novel assessment framework to identify the health condition of wood utility poles. The innovative approach is based on the integration of data mining and machine learning methods and combines advanced signal processing, multi-sensor data fusion and decision ensembles to classify different damage condition types of wood poles. In the proposed framework, wavelet packet analysis is employed to transform captured multi-channel stress wave signals into energy information, which is consequently compressed by principal component analysis to extract a feature vector. Furthermore, support vector machine multi-classifier, optimized by genetic algorithm, is designed to identify the pole condition type. Finally, evidence theory is applied to fuse different assessment results from different sensors for a final decision. For validation of the proposed approach, the wood pole specimens with three common damage condition types are tested using a novel multi-sensor narrow-band frequency-excitation non-destructive testing system in the laboratory. The final experimental analysis results confirm that the proposed approach is capable of making full use of multi-sensor information and providing an effective and accurate identification on types of conditions in wood poles.
Uniting action research and citizen science: Examining the opportunities for mutual benefit between two movements through a woodsmoke photovoice study
Authors: Evans-Agnew Robin A , Eberhardt Chris
Published: September 2018

As an emerging movement in participatory inquiry, citizen science presents an opportunity for advancing the disciplinary reach and usefulness of action research. In this article, we explore this opportunity by considering a case study involving youth-driven air sampling, photovoice, and environmental justice in the Pacific Northwest. When combined with photovoice as an action research method, citizen scientists can be empowered through collective learning to transform themselves from data collectors into builders of community knowledge and generators of policy change.
You Want to Spend My Money How? Framing Effects on Tax Increases via Ballot Propositions
Authors: Braidwood Travis
Published: September 2018

Recent scholarly work has discovered that modest changes in the framing of the titles and summaries of ballot measures can have dramatic effects on voter approval. This work expands upon these findings by exploring the effect of language specificity on support for ballot propositions that require the voter to pay for the measure with tax dollars. Although extensive research has explored ballot measure language complexity (e.g., position on the ballot, electoral effects, and prepossessed knowledge have all been shown to play a role in the outcome for propositions), left unanswered is the role of detailed language in altering support. Utilizing original experimental data, this work explores the framing effects of increasing specificity of proposed use of tax expenditures on support for ballot questions. Ultimately, this research finds that propositions providing more information to voters substantially increases the likelihood of support for those measures. Moreover, this increased specificity also bolsters certainty as to how the money will be spent, and intensifies how strongly voters feel about the issues being considered.
Virtual Reality Exergames for People Living with Dementia Based on Exercise Therapy Best Practices
Authors: Eisapour Mahzar , Cao Shi , Domenicucci Laura , Boger Jennifer
Published: September 2018

Exercise is an important factor for people living with dementia as it improves physical fitness and quality of life; however, it can be challenging for them to engage in exercise. This research created two virtual reality environments using Oculus Rift head-mounted display and Oculus touch controllers, with the goal of increasing the accessibility to exercise for people living with dementia. A three-week evaluation was conducted with six persons living with dementia to compare the virtual programs with human/therapist-guided exercise. The results showed that both virtual exercise programs were comparable to the therapist-guided exercise in terms of subjective enjoyment, comfort, and difficulty level of the activities. All the participants completed all the tasks designed for them in each day and five wanted to continue using virtual reality exercises. This research demonstrates promising potential of virtual reality exergames for people living with dementia. Future studies are needed to expand the available tasks, increase the available environments, and to examine clinical impact.
Can Surgical Performance for Varying Experience be Measured from Hand Motions?
Authors: Azari David P. , Miller Brady L. , Le Brian V. , Greenberg Jacob A. , Greenberg Caprice C. , Pugh Carla M. , Hu Yu Hen , Radwin Robert G.
Published: September 2018

This study evaluates if hand movements, tracked using digital video, can quantify in-context surgical performance. Participants of varied experience completed simple interrupted suturing and running subcuticular suturing tasks. Marker-less motion tracking software traced the two-dimensional position of a region of the hand for every video frame. Four expert observers rated 219 short video clips of participants performing the task from 0 to 10 along the following visual analog scales: fluidity of motion, motion economy, tissue handling, and coordination. Expert ratings of attending surgeon hand motions (mean=7.5, sd=1.3) were significantly greater ( p<0.05) than medical students (mean=5.0, sd=1.9) and junior residents (mean=6.4, sd=1.5) for all rating scales. Significant differences ( p<0.02) in mean path length per cycle were also observed both between medical students (803 mm, sd=374) and senior residents (491 mm, sd=216), and attendings (424 mm, sd=250) and junior residents (609 mm, sd=187). These results suggest that substantial gains in performance are attained after the second year of residency and that hand kinematics can predict differences in expert ratings for simulated suturing tasks commensurate with experience – a necessary step to develop valid and automatic on-demand feedback tools.
Teaming with Technology at the TSA: An Examination of Trust in Automation’s Influence on Human Performance in Operational Environments
Authors: Korbelak Kristopher , Dressel Jeffrey , Tweedie Donald , Wilson Whitney , Erchov Simone , Hilburn Brian
Published: September 2018

Automated systems are not only commonplace but a necessity to complete highly specialized tasks in many operational environments. Problems arise, however, when the automation is used injudiciously. Trust is known to influence how workers use and rely on automated systems, especially when the operational environment poses a great amount of complexity for the user. The environment in which most Transportation Security Administration (TSA) workers operate is characterized by complexity that often demands the use of automation to complete required tasks. The TSA aims to better understand the influence of trust in automation on operational performance to better support its mission and workforce. This paper will discuss the methods, findings, and practical implications gleaned from an examination of the role trust plays on human-automation interactions in the operational environment at TSA.
An Analysis of Video Games Using the Dimensions of Human-Agent Interaction
Authors: Tokadlı Güliz , Ouverson Kaitlyn , Meusel Chase , Garcia Austin , Gilbert Stephen B. , Dorneich Michael C.
Published: September 2018

Designers of human-agent interaction techniques may benefit from an analysis of existing video games that include aspects of human-agent teaming. Many popular multi-player video games have been designed to integrate multiple human and computer agents in pursuit of a common objective and can serve as a testbed to explore novel interaction methods in human-agent teams. A guiding framework of human-agent interaction was created to bridge best practices between video game and real-world domains. The framework was used to analyze games on five main dimensions: 1) Levels of Automation, 2) Levels of Interaction, 3) Control Mode, 4) Teaming, and 5) Interaction Timing. Two video games, Final Fantasy XIV and Mass Effect, were assessed to identify human-agent interaction paradigms, and ramifications for real-world applications for human-agent teaming. This research draws on interaction design principles, human-agent interaction theory, and existing video games to offer human-agent team designers potential examples of successful interaction paradigms.
Low Cost Eye Tracking: Ready for Individual Differences Research?
Authors: Sibley Ciara , Foroughi Cyrus , Brown Noelle , Coyne Joseph T.
Published: September 2018

The recent availability of low cost of eye tracking hardware provides researchers a fruitful opportunity to collect additional human subject data for under $700. This current study sought to investigate whether low-cost eye tracking is capable of replicating a large effect showing a relationship between resting pupil size and working memory capacity. Seventy-nine Navy and Marine Corps student pilots participated in this study and granted access to their aviation selection test scores. The study demonstrated the capability of the Gazepoint GP3 system to detect the pupillary light reflex within every participant. However, in contrast to findings from other researchers, analyses revealed a negative correlation between resting pupil size and partial Operation Span scores and no correlation between resting pupil size and two cognitive components of the aviation selection test. These findings, in addition to other reasons discussed herein, suggest that the Gazepoint GP3 system’s millimeter pupil size measurements should not be used in isolation to compare values between individuals. They also suggest the need for further investigation of the relationship between baseline pupil size and working memory capacity.
Busting the Myth of the Non-Social Gamer: Comparing Friendship Quality Between Gamers and Non-Gamers
Authors: Zhang Tianxin , Frederick Christina M.
Published: September 2018

Beyond the use of social media, people now often connect with people around the globe through online gaming. There are more than one billion people worldwide who play online games, and almost one-half of the population in the U.S are video gamers (Liu, Li, & Santhanam. 2013). There are still common stereotypes that gamers lack “real” friends and hide away from social activities as social isolates because the online world is not conducive to healthy social connections (Nie, 2001, Shen & Williams, 2010; Williams, 2006). However, there are also studies showing that online connections between gamers are healthy. Research with MMORPG players found that game play helped created strong online friendships, and social motives drove player participation (Griffiths et al., 2011). A German study showed that there was no significant difference between gamers and non-gamers in terms of how to socialize with other people online (Domahidi, Festl & Quandt, 2014). To gain a better understanding of gamers’ social characteristics, the present study examined friendships in online and offline domains in a gamer group and a non-gamer group. Ninety-two gamers and fifty-nine non-gamers completed the McGill Friendship Questionnaire (Mendelson & Aboud, 2014). for their closest online and offline friend, and a general measure of personal happiness using the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (Hills and Argyle, 2002). Within group comparison found that for gamers the online friendship was of significantly higher quality than the offline friendship. For non-gamers, the opposite results were found. Of particular importance and interest in this study was the finding that the closest online friendship for the gamer group was not significantly different on any friendship dimension than the closest offline friendship for the non-gamer group, and both groups also showed no difference in general life happiness. In essence, the closest face to face friendship non-gamers enjoy looks the same as the closest online friendship reported by gamers. The results support the conclusion that gamers do have close and important friendships with other people, and that these occur online rather than face to face. The explanation could be that for gamers, their comfort in the online environment allows them to meet and grow close to others within this milieu, even though they may never meet their closest friend face to face. For further study, it will be valuable to see how this finding varies by personal qualities, such as gender, age or loneliness level.
Predicting Task-Induced State Changes in a Multitasking Environment from Personality Factors
Authors: Teo G. , Reinerman-Jones L. , Matthews G.
Published: September 2018

Very often, technologies are developed with more of an understanding about the tasks to be accomplished than of the mental processes associated with performing the task. In multitasking environments, this can be detrimental to system and task design since the brain may not distinguish and process tasks in the same way as systems do. This can result in technologies that work against the individual’s mental inclinations which can, in part, be attributed to personality factors. The present study investigated the relationships between selected traits and various task outcomes in a multitasking environment. Although several traits were associated with different task-induced states, Emotional Stability and Conscientiousness were significant predictors of several task outcomes, having the most lasting effects throughout the tasks.
The Influence of Load Handling Height on Shoulder Biomechanics during Sudden Loading
Authors: Motabar Hossein , Madinei Saman , Ning Xiaopeng
Published: September 2018

Shoulder disorders have been reported as the most severe musculoskeletal disorders among all body parts. Multiple occupational risk factors such as manual material handling, repetitive motion, overexertion, fatigue, and overhead tasks have been reported to be associated with the development of shoulder disorders. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of height (low, middle, high) on shoulder muscles during sudden loading. Kinematics and Electromyography (EMG) was recorded from 14 male participants. Effect of height found to be significant on normalized EMG and load travel distance. Bilateral shoulder muscles indicated higher NEMG with the increase of the load’s altitude. This increase of muscle activity could have resulted from the greater potential energy of the load at higher altitudes which required extra muscle activity to maintain the biomechanical stability of the shoulder. Reduced stability of shoulder at higher altitudes caused proprioceptive deficit which resulted in higher load travel distance.
An Optimization Framework for Job Rotation to Better Assess the Impact on Overall Risk
Authors: Vinel Alexander , Mehdizadeh Amir , Schall Mark C. , Gallagher Sean , Sesek Richard F.
Published: September 2018

We aim to study the potential of job rotation schemes to improve worker safety. To this end, we developed a novel optimization framework based on a recently proposed fatigue-failure model for musculoskeletal disorder (MSD) risk evaluation. We then employed it to conduct an illustrative case study. We demonstrate that the effect of job rotation is highly dependent on the composition of the job pool. Namely, if the job pool contains high-risk tasks (e.g., those carrying greater than 90% probability of developing a disorder), then it may be impossible to observe any risk improvement with rotations alone. On the other hand, if all jobs are already relatively low-risk, then a rotation may be very helpful in achieving risk equity.
Heart Rate and Perceived Exertion Among Young Adult Obese Males During One-Handed Carrying
Authors: Badawy Mohamed , Schall Mark C. , Gallagher Sean , Sesek Richard F. , Davis Gerard A.
Published: September 2018

Obesity is an increasing problem across the globe that has been strongly associated with work-related injury. One-handed carrying is considered one of the most fatiguing methods of load carrying. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of obesity and load magnitude on heart rate and ratings of perceived exertion among young adult males during one-handed carrying. Load magnitude was observed to have a statistically significantly effect on heart rate and perceived exertion of the arm, back and whole body, whereas obesity was significant only for perceived exertion of the arm. The results suggest that young adult obese males can carry similar loads as young adult non-obese males without having a statistically significant increase in heart rate or perceived exertion. However, more research is needed to validate these results for longer distances and carrying times.
These Labels are Nuts: Challenges to Safe Product Identification for Nut-Allergic Consumers
Authors: Parikhal Lauren , Abraham Hillary , Mehler Alea , McWilliams Thomas , Dobres Jonathan , Chahine Nadine , Reimer Bryan
Published: September 2018

Allergen information on food labels is not standardized, making allergen avoidance difficult for consumers. This study investigated the speed and accuracy of allergen identification on commercial packaging across different types of warning labels. The results identified packaging label characteristics significantly correlated with faster and more accurate identification of allergens. Standardizing warning and safe-to-consume labels may reduce risk of accidental allergen exposure for consumers managing food allergies.
Ergonomic Design Strategy for Crutches of a Lower-limb Exoskeleton for Paraplegic Individuals: An Experimental Study
Authors: Han Jimin , Jin Hyun Dong , Jung Kyungmo , Yoon Kim Kye , Youn Seokyoung
Published: September 2018

This paper presents a design strategy for crutches used to operate paraplegic exoskeletons. With Hyundai Medical Exoskeleton (H-MEX) and its controller crutch, we conducted an experiment performing a series of movements with 30 subjects followed by post-interviews. With regard to previous design of crutches, significant design issues such as operational logic and button layout were identified. We suggest HMI strategies to improve the crutch in four specific directions: simple operation, comfortable shape and arrangement, clear information feedback, and enhanced convenience. A new design has been proposed by applying the HMI strategy and will help patients more effectively by reducing burden and fatigue when using crutch.
Mini Breaks, Many Benefits: Development and Pilot Testing of an Intraoperative Microbreak Stretch Web-Application for Surgeons
Authors: Abdelall Esraa S. , Lowndes Bethany R. , Abdelrahman Amro M. , Hawthorne Hunter J. , Hallbeck M. Susan
Published: September 2018

Periodic intraoperative microbreaks with calesthenic exercises performed within the sterile field improved self-reported mental focus (38%) and physical performance (57%) for 56 surgeons. Therefore, targeted stretching exercises and a web-application (web-app) leading the stretches with a reminder system were developed and piloted using user-centered design principles. A focus group with 10 users was conducted to refine the developed app. Seven surgeons (4 females) at a quaternary medical institute piloted the periodic stretching web-app in their operating rooms. At the end of each surgical day, the surgeons completed a short survey about the intraoperative stretching exercises web-app impact on their physical performance, mental focus and workflow disruption. Non-Routine Events were captured during the procedures. Twelve surgical days were followed with a median of 6 microbreaks/day/surgeon. Results showed that better physical performance and lower fatigue were reported (91.7%) across the surgical days, also better mental focus was reported (83.3%) across the surgical days, and less pain/discomfort was reported (100%) across the surgical days, with others reporting no change. The web-app leading sterile field microbreak stretches helped reduce physical pain, discomfort/pain, fatigue, and improve mental focus with minimal disruption for a small sample. The web-app is a promising tool for improving surgeon mental focus and physical performance and potentially musculoskeletal health.
Non-invasive Wearable System for Hypoglycemia Detection: A Proof of Concept User-Centered Design Process
Authors: Zhu Yibo , Zahed Karim , Mehta Ranjana K. , Sasangohar Farzan , Erraguntla Madhav , Lawley Mark , Abbas Hasan Tahir , Qaraqe Khaled
Published: September 2018

About 425 million adults around the world were living with diabetes in 2017. A relevant condition called Hypoglycemia is characterized by a dangerous low level of blood sugar that could be fatal to diabetic patients. Continuous glucose monitoring systems (CGMS) are the most popular commercially available technology for detecting diabetic hypoglycemia. However, CGMSs are invasive, costly, and not user-centric thereby not sustainable for diabetes management. This paper documents our initial efforts in designing an inexpensive, non-invasive, wearable physiological tremor sensory system to detect the onset of hypoglycemic events of diabetic patients. The design cycle briefly presented here includes: 1) determination of system (technology and user) requirements, 2) development of the tremor detection prototype, and 3) testing and validation of the system in non-clinical and clinical settings using human factors, data analytics, and biomedical sciences techniques and approaches.
The Impact of Scientific Management Principles on Food Hub
Authors: Stone Richard T. , Fales Colten , Jose Dean , Schweiger Thomas , Krejci Caroline , Wang Zhonglun , Schweiger Drew , Hernandez Christopher
Published: September 2018

Food hubs have seen substantial growth in the past few decades but the overall operational efficiency and effectiveness is a concern for the managers of these facilities. The experiment designed consisted of 60 participants divided into four treatment groups that simulated tasks completed at food hubs. The experiment designed was a 2x2 factorial design and each treatment group had five teams with three members. The treatment groups had all combinations of the two independent variables ‘training’ and ‘process improvement’ and the impact these factors made on time to pack (TP), time to stack (TS), number of errors while stacking (ES), and number of errors while packing (EP) were investigated. The results show that for TS, TP, and ES, both training and process improvement significantly increased the food hub’s efficiency. For EP, process improvement significantly reduced errors while training had less impact.
The Paradox of Preference vs. Performance: Towards a Unified View of Simulation Experience
Authors: Kapalo Katelynn A. , Pfeil Kevin P. , Wisniewski Pamela , LaViola Joseph J.
Published: September 2018

Interactive simulation is one of the most prominent methods used to train and measure learning outcomes across multiple disciplines. Despite the ubiquity of simulation-based training in a variety of domains including nursing, serious games, military operations, etc., there is a paucity of research on how simulation experience is defined and how individual differences impact user experience. Towards this end, this paper provides a critical review of the existing literature. We describe how we can leverage existing findings and emergent themes to better understand and define simulation experience, and we outline areas for further investigation of the role of individual differences in user experience to enhance not only training outcomes, but also perception of simulation.
Creating Amazing Leaders
Authors: Cuevas Haydee M. , Mullins Kadie J. , Summers Baron C. , Hancock Gabriella M.
Published: September 2018

Three elements for creating amazing leaders are: passion to effect change, mentorship, and opportunity. The objective of this alternative format session is to promote the development of future leaders in human factors and ergonomics. The session will be organized as a mini-workshop where attendees participate in break-out groups involving various interactive exercises targeting each of the above three elements. Attendees will gain actionable knowledge they can use immediately to develop and apply their leadership skills.
Qualitative or Quantitative Data for Nuclear Control Room Usability Studies? A Pragmatic Approach to Data Collection and Presentation
Authors: Ulrich Thomas A. , Boring Ronald L. , Lew Roger
Published: September 2018

Qualitative and quantitative approaches provide alternative, but often incompatible means to answer design questions during the early formative and later summative evaluation phases of the human-system interface design process. Human factors practitioners and researchers should identify which approach best addresses their particular research needs. Nuclear control room studies, particularly those conducted for control room modernization efforts, pose unique challenges. Due to the challenge of sampling large numbers of operators, the interface improvement goals of a usability evaluation, and the limited resources available for study analyses, a traditional quantitative approach is often not feasible or reasonable. Qualitative data provides a more pragmatic means to address design questions early on during the formative stage of the evaluation. Quantitative data can also be useful to bolster the qualitative data by presenting the data in a simple and intuitive graphic to provide evidence for design choices. An example case study using this approach during a formative evaluation study of a turbine control system human-system interface is described in this paper.
Towards a Theoretical Model of Aggregate Fatigue in Nursing
Authors: Flores James , Sasangohar Farzan
Published: September 2018

Burnout among shiftwork personnel such as nurses are prevalent, and the evidence suggests an increasing trend of nurse drop out in complex healthcare settings. While nurses’ acute and chronic fatigue have been studied, current models of fatigue do not capture the pre-chronic phase we refer to as “aggregate fatigue” – the buildup of fatigue and stress exceeding the capacity for physiological and cognitive recovery processes. Understanding aggregate fatigue requires a holistic understanding of a wide range of contributors including sleep, work, non-work-related stress, cognitive load and other psychosocial factors. This paper proposes an integrated model of fatigue in hospital nursing and presents a comparison to the common models of fatigue and burnout. We use a narrative review of literature to ground this multi-attribute model of aggregate fatigue which may shed light on future methods to identify and mitigate fatigue build-up contributing to burnout.
Graphical Instructions for Procedures Involving Material Flow
Authors: Pugh Zachary H. , Gillan Douglas J.
Published: September 2018

Certain tasks, such as cooking and chemistry lab work, involve the transformation, combination, and separation of materials. Because these tasks are concerned with material flow, they can be represented using a type of formal diagram commonly used in chemistry and biology to represent chemical reaction pathways. A unique feature of this notation is its graphical depiction of changes in partonomy—how certain materials combine to form a single product, or how a material is decomposed into multiple products. In the present study, participants performed a series of abstract object transformation tasks in a virtual laboratory according to different instruction formats (text, semi diagram, full diagram). Each participant tested the three formats, each with one of three unique tasks. Differences in viewing time address whether the graphical depiction of partonomic change is advantageous for the user.
Understanding Drivers’ Steering Behavior: Chain And One-Time Corrections
Authors: DinparastDjadid Azadeh , Lee John D. , Schwarz Chris , Brown Timothy L. , Gunaratne Pujitha
Published: September 2018

Drivers’ steering adjustments can be categorized into one-time and chain corrections. One-time corrections lead to no further steering corrections for a minimum of one second, while chain corrections have at least two consecutive steering actions. Chain corrections represent a novel indicator of steering instability. Evolving vehicle dynamics along with drivers’ state and situational factors can cause these different correction types. In a driving simulator study, drivers’ experienced different roadway widths with and without distraction. The results show that higher steering wheel angle values at the beginning or end of a correction lead to chain corrections and the duration of these corrections tends to be shorter than adjustments not leading to chain corrections. Exploring the underlying causes of different corrections can guide efforts to model drivers’ control actions in recovering from distractions and in taking over control during automation failures.
Short and Long-term Transfer of Training in a Tablet-based Teen Driver Hazard Perception Training Program
Authors: Ahmadi Nima , Katrahmani Aftefeh , Romoser Matthew R.
Published: September 2018

Engaged Driver Training System (EDTS) is a tablet-based training method which was developed to elevate hazard perception skills of teen drivers. The objective was to investigate the effectiveness of the EDTS training program on drivers’ hazard perception skills in driving situations. Drivers’ situation awareness was measured by mapping eye movements and verbal protocols of teen drivers to Endsley’s model of situation awareness. Thirty-two drivers were randomly assigned to two groups: the experimental and placebo group. Drivers’ situation awareness was first measured at one week and six months after training via an 8-mile on road drive. The situation awareness of drivers in two groups were compared with each other’s in four categories of driving scenarios: crosswalks, turns, 4-way intersections, and rotary. Results show that in most of the categories the EDTS training had both short-term and long-term positive effects on drivers’ hazard perception skills.
Use of Mouse-tracking Method to Measure Cognitive Load
Authors: Rheem Hansol , Verma Vipin , Becker D. Vaughn
Published: September 2018

Integrated with computerized education platforms, the mouse-tracking technique could provide an inexpensive and less intrusive tool for assessing cognitive load. The present study examined whether mouse-tracking can quantify changes in cognitive load. Participants performed a dual-task, which required them to perform primary tasks of moving a computer mouse cursor along the vertical and the horizontal axes to a target, and secondary arithmetic tasks designed to impose different levels of cognitive load. Analyses of the mouse-tracking data indicated that slower mean response time and less trajectory deviation were observed when participants were given secondary tasks imposing a greater cognitive load, whereas slower mean response time and greater trajectory deviation were observed when participants moved a cursor toward a smaller-sized target. The cause behind the quantitative difference between the cognitive load effect, and the motor task difficulty (target size) is discussed, as are implications of these results for computerized education platforms.
Lextant Usability Impact Score: A New, Objective Approach to Indexing Usability Issues
Authors: Torelli Gina , Rossi Alvarez Alexandria , Nagavarapu Shasank , Pruttianan Arisa , del Rio Richard , Nguyen Bobby
Published: September 2018

An important step in evaluating system usability involves identifying and prioritizing usability issues to help guide future development. Many methods exist for this purpose, yet there is no consensus on which method is most applicable in a consulting environment. Traditionally, subjective scoring methods are used. These methods require subjective judgment from evaluators, which can result in low inter-rater reliability. Additionally, various domains use different subjective scoring methods, making it difficult to compare results across studies. The Lextant Usability Impact System (LUIS) was created to objectively prioritize usability issues and to be applicable across domains and comparable across studies. To increase reliability, LUIS objectively measures frequency, subjective probability, and severity separately prior to combining into an overall impact score. The results suggest that LUIS provides scores of higher granularity than traditional subjective scores and can be calculated by a single rater.
Using the SUS: Lessons Learned & Forward Looking Research
Authors: Grier Rebecca A. , Allanson Katie , Bangor Aaron , Kortum Philip , Acemyan Claudia Ziegler , Oswald Frederick L.
Published: September 2018

This panel will discuss the System Usability Scale. Panelists all have extensive experience using the SUS within a broad range of contexts: diverse people (e.g., abilities, languages); different types of products; and different testing scenarios. Members of the audience will have the opportunity to ask questions about new research on the validity of the SUS in different environments as well as about lessons learned from practitioners using it to evaluate commercial products. Topics of specific interest to the authors are detailed within this paper.
Automated Writing Instruction and Feedback: Instructional Mode, Attitudes, and Revising
Authors: Roscoe Rod D. , Allen Laura K. , Johnson Adam C. , McNamara Danielle S.
Published: September 2018

This study evaluates high school students’ perceptions of automated writing feedback, and the influence of these perceptions on revising, as a function of varying modes of computer-based writing instruction. Findings indicate that students’ perceptions of automated feedback accuracy, ease of use, relevance, and understandability were favorable. Immediate perceptions of feedback received on a selected essay were minimally related to how and whether students revised their essays. However, attitudes formed over multiple sessions were significantly related to revising. More importantly, the mode of instruction appeared to influence how feedback perceptions shaped revising behaviors. Students who engaged in traditional writing-based training and practice seemed to focus on their own perceived writing abilities when deciding how to revise. In contrast, students who also received strategy instruction and game-based practice attended more carefully to the perceived quality of the automated feedback.
Toward Holographic-Guided Surgery
Authors: Meulstee Jene W. , Nijsink Johan , Schreurs Ruud , Verhamme Luc M. , Xi Tong , Delye Hans H. K. , Borstlap Wilfred A. , Maal Thomas J. J.
Published: September 2018

The implementation of augmented reality (AR) in image-guided surgery (IGS) can improve surgical interventions by presenting the image data directly on the patient at the correct position and in the actual orientation. This approach can resolve the switching focus problem, which occurs in conventional IGS systems when the surgeon has to look away from the operation field to consult the image data on a 2-dimensional screen. The Microsoft HoloLens, a head-mounted AR display, was combined with an optical navigation system to create an AR-based IGS system. Experiments were performed on a phantom model to determine the accuracy of the complete system and to evaluate the effect of adding AR. The results demonstrated a mean Euclidean distance of 2.3 mm with a maximum error of 3.5 mm for the complete system. Adding AR visualization to a conventional system increased the mean error by 1.6 mm. The introduction of AR in IGS was promising. The presented system provided a solution for the switching focus problem and created a more intuitive guidance system. With a further reduction in the error and more research to optimize the visualization, many surgical applications could benefit from the advantages of AR guidance.
Workplace Health and Safety Hazards Faced by Informally Employed Domestic Workers in the United States
Authors: Theodore Nik , Gutelius Beth , Burnham Linda
Published: September 2018

Informally employed domestic workers encounter a range of workplace hazards, though these have been poorly documented and are typically left unacknowledged. Safety concerns include exposure to toxic cleaning products, a high prevalence of ergonomic injuries, and inadequate access to medical care. Presenting the results of an in-person survey of 2,086 informally employed nannies, housecleaners, and caregivers in 14 U.S. cities, this article documents the range of common health and safety hazards faced by domestic workers and suggests some interventions that could improve their working conditions. The survey was conducted in nine languages and data were collected from workers from 71 countries, including a substantial proportion with irregular immigration status. We observed that substandard workplace health and safety conditions are shaped by three aspects of domestic work: long-standing exclusions from federal employment protections, the common disregard of the home as a workplace, and the complexity of care work and the bonds of intimacy that often form through caregiving. Together these factors have served to perpetuate substandard working conditions. Regulatory reforms, as well as worker and employer education, are necessary to improve health outcomes for domestic workers.
A textual research on manuscript inventory no. 4434 in the Russian Khara-khoto collection
Authors: Qin Guangyong
Published: September 2018

Manuscript inv. No. 4434 is a record of horoscope astrological fortunetelling with an example of divining the fortune of somebody during the age of 37–67 by the “Great Limit of Dongwei” paralleling certain statements in A Corpus of Astrology. Simultaneously, it is meaningful to unscramble the shape and structure of this manuscript and to provide the methods of fortunetelling at that time.
Barriers to using clozapine in treatment-resistant schizophrenia: systematic review
Authors: Farooq Saeed , Choudry Abid , Cohen Dan , Naeem Farooq , Ayub Muhammad
Published: September 2018

Aims and method

To systematically review the literature on barriers to the use of clozapine and identify any interventions for optimizing clozapine use in treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Journal databases were searched from 1972 to March 2018. The following search terms were used: treatment-resistant schizophrenia, clozapine, barriers, use, prescription rates, implementation, clozaril and prescribing practices. Following a review of the literature, 15 papers were included in the review.

Results

The major barriers that were identified included mandatory blood testing, fear of serious side-effects and lack of adherence by the patients, difficulty in identifying suitable patients, service fragmentation, and inadequate training in or exposure to using clozapine.

Clinical implications

In view of consistent evidence across the studies on inadequate knowledge and skills as a significant barrier, we suggest that a certification requiring competence in initiating and managing side-effects of clozapine becomes a mandatory requirement in training programmes.

Declarations of interest

None.
Epacadostat Plus Pembrolizumab in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors: Phase I Results From a Multicenter, Open-Label Phase I/II Trial (ECHO-202/KEYNOTE-037)
Authors: Mitchell Tara C. , Hamid Omid , Smith David C. , Bauer Todd M. , Wasser Jeffrey S. , Olszanski Anthony J. , Luke Jason J. , Balmanoukian Ani S. , Schmidt Emmett V. , Zhao Yufan , Gong Xiaohua , Maleski Janet , Leopold Lance , Gajewski Thomas F.
Published: September 2018

Purpose

Tumors may evade immunosurveillance through upregulation of the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) enzyme. Epacadostat is a potent and highly selective IDO1 enzyme inhibitor. The open-label phase I/II ECHO-202/KEYNOTE-037 trial evaluated epacadostat plus pembrolizumab, a programmed death protein 1 inhibitor, in patients with advanced solid tumors. Phase I results on maximum tolerated dose, safety, tolerability, preliminary antitumor activity, and pharmacokinetics are reported.

Patients and Methods

Patients received escalating doses of oral epacadostat (25, 50, 100, or 300 mg) twice per day plus intravenous pembrolizumab 2 mg/kg or 200 mg every 3 weeks. During the safety expansion, patients received epacadostat (50, 100, or 300 mg) twice per day plus pembrolizumab 200 mg every 3 weeks.

Results

Sixty-two patients were enrolled and received one or more doses of study treatment. The maximum tolerated dose of epacadostat in combination with pembrolizumab was not reached. Fifty-two patients (84%) experienced treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs), with fatigue (36%), rash (36%), arthralgia (24%), pruritus (23%), and nausea (21%) occurring in ≥ 20%. Grade 3/4 TRAEs were reported in 24% of patients. Seven patients (11%) discontinued study treatment because of TRAEs. No TRAEs led to death. Epacadostat 100 mg twice per day plus pembrolizumab 200 mg every 3 weeks was recommended for phase II evaluation. Objective responses (per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors [RECIST] version 1.1) occurred in 12 (55%) of 22 patients with melanoma and in patients with non–small-cell lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma, endometrial adenocarcinoma, urothelial carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. The pharmacokinetics of epacadostat and pembrolizumab and antidrug antibody rate were comparable to historical controls for monotherapies.

Conclusion

Epacadostat in combination with pembrolizumab generally was well tolerated and had encouraging antitumor activity in multiple advanced solid tumors.