bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reconstructing the public sphere: AST and the observation of postmodernity
Authors: Arvidsson Adam
Published: July 2002

While sociology has usually aimed at producing general accounts of the postmodern social condition, it has not been influenced by the postmodern epistemological challenge but kept its accounts within the modern episteme. Suggests that autopoietic systems theory (AST) can supply a theoretical framework in which this can be done. Based on the concept of communication, this approach can sustain a theory of postmodernity that does not require ontological foundations and in which the fundamental self‐referentiality of scientific truths is affirmed rather than hidden. As such it is able to accommodate the postmodern epistemological challenge. Based on the concept of structural coupling, such a theory would be able to retain the fundamental connection between changes between structure and “culture”, while leaving the specifics of this connection open to empirical analysis.
Intelligence differences: neural transmission errors or cerebral arousability?
Authors: Robinson David L. , Behbehani Jaafar
Published: July 2002

Considers the thesis that intelligence differences and EEG‐intelligence correlations can both be explained in terms of differences in the frequency of neural transmission errors. Considers an alternative theory which holds that intelligence variance and correlated EEG variance are both caused by variation of cerebral arousability. Refers to technical and methodological problems that bedevil the EEG‐intelligence literature and measurement difficulties that have arisen through lack of adequate concepts. Concludes that the principal measurement problems derive from failure to appreciate the important distinction that must be made between “cerebral arousal” and “cerebral arousability”; and that any useful EEG‐intelligence concept must go beyond vague and general ideas such as “neural efficiency” or “neural transmission errors” to explain how EEG differences relate to differences in brain function that can account for the main facts recorded in the intelligence literature.
Problems and difficulties related to information science
Authors: Johannessen Jon‐Arild
Published: July 2002

Questions the relationship between information science, the theory of science, and ethics. Defines the differences between the views of the theory of science used in information science and introduces the concept “The context of solution”, in addition to the entities “The context of discovery” and “The context of justification”. These three contexts constitute what is thought should be normative for the research community. Finally couples this unit to moral/ethical consequence considerations, where the basis is local knowledge. Concludes with a model for the integration of science and ethics.
Elementary paths in a cubic lattice and application to molecular biology
Authors: Dachraoui T. , Cherruault Y. , Reiss Cl.
Published: July 2002

Determining the possible configurations number of a native protein involves a combinatorial study of the elementary paths in the cubic lattice Z3 . The main result consists of illustrating a construction of an elementary path called an associated elementary path. This construction allows the calculation of paths of given length.
12. Numerical experiments on “stability” of 2‐D quasi‐linear advection equation
Authors: OuYang Soucheng , Lin Yi
Published: July 2002

While still arguing whether a quasi‐linear equation has a “stability” problem in integration, comparative analyses are made by numerical experimentations using conservation with smoothing and non‐conservation schemes as well as a time‐moving treatment scheme proposed by the first author respectively. The results show that the solution seeking method of the quasi‐linear model should not be considered as a “stability” problem. The traditional well‐posed computational model needs to be improved. The Lorenz’s “butterfly effect” should be in nature a Richardson’s explosive increase in time evolution of moving fluid.
16. Invisible Tao and realistic nonlinearity proposition
Authors: Lin Yi , OuYang Soucheng
Published: July 2002

In this paper, we consider the fundamental characteristics of motion in the universe in terms of the whole and local evolutionary forms of fluids, based on the theory of blown‐ups and the experiment of spinning disc of currents. It is pointed out that the practical meaning of “the invisible Tao”, see Lao Tsu for more details, is that of currents, and the central theory of fluid dynamics is the vortex flow dynamics, and the practicability of the nonlinear evolutions of mathematical models is getting away from the assumption of continuity.
Algorithms for generating generalized gray codes
Authors: Lee Edward T.
Published: July 2002

Gray code is a code with the property that there is one and only one bit‐change between any two neighboring numbers. An algorithm for generating gray codes is presented. It turns out that there are other codes which have the same characteristics as gray codes. We call this class of codes generalized gray code (GGC). More precisely, a GGC is a code which has both the reflective property and the unit distance property. Algorithms for generating n‐bit GGC from the (n – 1)‐bit GGC are presented with illustrative examples. It is found that the number of n‐bit GGC is equal to 2n times the number of (n – 1)‐bit GGC. GGC generation trees are used to find GGC. Shows that GGC may be used in the two cases: where 1: gray code cannot be used, and as 2: member of the GGC is better suited than the gray code. Deduces that through the use of GGC, we have more choices than using just gray codes, and that we may obtain better results in terms of fan‐in, fan‐out, propagation delays, power consumption, or other related constraints in designing digital systems. The results obtained in this paper may also have useful applications in implementing special logic functions such as fuzzy threshold functions or fuzzy symmetric functions.
Heterocyclic corrosion inhibitors for aluminium and zinc pigments
Authors: Müller Bodo , Kubitzki Sonja
Published: July 2002

Aluminium and zinc pigments react in aqueous alkaline media (e.g. water‐borne paints) by the evolution of hydrogen which can be measured gasvolumetrically. Certain organic heterocycles are well‐known corrosion inhibitors for different metals. The six different heterocyclic compound which were examined inhibited the corrosion reaction of zinc pigment in aqueous alkaline media. The most efficient inhibitors were 1H‐benzotriazole at pH 8 and 10 and 2‐(5‐aminopentyl)benzimidazole only at pH 10. In contrast, with addition of all heterocycles there was no corrosion inhibition on aluminium pigment. This complete difference in the corrosion inhibiting effect of the heterocycles with respect to the two different metal pigments can be explained with Pearson’s “Principle of Hard and Soft Acids and Bases”.
Advanced colour matching theory
Authors: Wakeford Colin
Published: July 2002

Traditionally, computer colour matching systems have employed the Kubelka‐Munk algorithms. This approach makes many assumptions which do not hold true when colour matching in non‐hiding applications such as printing inks, plastics and woodstains. A many flux mathematical model has been proven to give accurate colour matches across all regions of optical density. The GretagMacbeth ProPalette™ colour matching software employs this many flux approach; allowing the user to obtain a higher percentage of first time matches for transparent, translucent and opaque colours.
Pigment dispersion degree and its evolution in storage
Authors: Giúdice Carlos A. , Benítez Juan C.
Published: July 2002

The current size of individual particles in most pigments is usually below 1μm; this ensures powerful forces of attraction causing the particles to cling to one another forming aggregates. If pigment dispersion stability is not appropriate, particles join again and form flocculates. It is important to know the initial degree of dispersion, its evolution during coating storage and the influence on its dry film anticorrosive properties. Several anticorrosive coatings were formulated starting from an epoxy resin as binder, tin tannates as inhibitor and a red iron oxide‐micronised talc mixture as inert pigment. Variables studied were pigment dispersion time and coating ageing time in storage. The degree of dispersion was determined by optical photomicroscopy to establish the shape and size of associated particles present in the system. The flow properties of anticorrosive coatings due to the different dispersion degree were evaluated through rheological tests. Coating film behaviour was also assessed for several dispersion times and ageing periods in laboratory, employing a salt spray (fog) cabinet and a 100 per cent relative humidity chamber.
Discovery of a fluorescent adhesive: a case of serendipity
Authors: Rajendran Susai
Published: July 2002

A light yellow luminescence is emitted when an adhesive binding two sheets of paper is stretched. The adhesive present on the paper is found to be fluorescent. The paper, even without the adhesive, is found to be fluorescent. The fluorescent nature of the materials has been confirmed by fluorescence spectra.
Review of Z39.50 servers and Z39.50 environment in Russia
Authors: Baranov Vladimir , Plemnek Alexander , Riabev Valery , Sokolova Natalia , Sova Dmitry , Usmanov Rustam
Published: July 2002

The article covers the five‐year history of the implementation of Z39.50‐type products in Russia. All existing projects are mentioned in the order of their development. Since the authors are from RUSLANet, that project is described in greater detail. The architecture of a distributed library system, as well as its basic components, are presented, and the place and role of Z39.50 facilities in Russian libraries are highlighted. The obstacles the Russian library community faces in moving to a networked environment are covered. The need to develop uniquely Russian Z39.50 databases grew from specific document‐ processing features within the libraries. Some prospects for future development and use of Z39.50 environment in Russian libraries are also given.
Individual differences in intrinsic motivation and the use of cooperative negotiation tactics
Authors: Bolman Pullins Ellen , Haugtvedt Curtis P. , Dickson Peter R. , Fine Leslie M. , Lewicki Roy J.
Published: July 2002

Considers cooperative negotiation tactic use in early stages of business‐to‐business buyer‐seller relationships. Specifically, it addresses a serious gap in the study of individual difference effects on cooperative negotiation, an area that has received little academic attention. In doing so, insight is provided on an area that marketing researchers say needs attention now. We conduct a study where subjects take the role of a salesperson. They make offers, or respond to buyers’ offers, to negotiate. Subjects indicate what offers they would make, or what counteroffers they would respond with. Results support the notion that individual differences in intrinsic motivation (operationalized as autonomy causality orientation) affect the use of cooperative offers, but do not affect counteroffers, due possibly to reciprocation.
Restructuring vocational education in Hong Kong
Authors: Lumby Jacky
Published: July 2002

The reversion of Hong Kong to Mainland China has led to swift and major changes in the economic base, and a consequent change in the vocational education and training needed to support economic prosperity. To meet the requirements of the new environment, the Vocational Training Council is leading a restructuring of the seven technical institutes and two technical colleges of Hong Kong to become a new invigorated single organisation, the Institute of Vocational Education, with a revised structure, management culture and curriculum. Reports on interviews with the principals of the technical institutes. Explores their views on the planned changes and their approach to managing large‐scale change. Concludes that the process to date has largely avoided the destructive results of comprehensive change and has resulted in optimism for the future of vocational education in Hong Kong.
Evaluating higher education leadership: indicators of trustees’ effectiveness
Authors: Michael Steve O. , Schwartz Michael , Cravcenco Ludmila
Published: July 2002

Comments on the lack of literature on trustees in higher education. Suggests three important areas that determine individual trustee effectiveness: the trustee’s knowledge, the trustee’s contribution to his or her institution and the trustee’s relationships. Insights derived from this study can be used to develop instruments that boards can use for periodical evaluation of individual trustee effectiveness.
Cybercheating: has morality evaporated in business education?
Authors: Phillips Melodie R. , Horton Veronica
Published: July 2002

This article addresses many new problems facing educators with regard to integrating the Internet in to the marketing curriculum. Traditional modes of education and research have led to abuses of academic integrity by a small percentage of undergraduate students. Recent findings indicate that the Internet has led to an explosion of sites designed to provide research and term papers for a fee to students. This article begins by examining the current state of integration and research regarding the use of the Internet in marketing education. Then it explores current issues of concern facing educators relating to the use of the Internet by students. Areas of interest include student research and reference techniques, plagiarism and accessibility to custom and off‐the‐shelf term papers.
Managing Assessment in the Classroom
Authors: Heaney Liam F.
Published: July 2002

Considers some of the issues related to the management of assessment
within the classroom. Explores the forms of assessment presently being
used by teachers in schools as well as discussing the notion of
“continuous” monitoring/ assessment. There is a deliberate attempt to
avoid jargon, with the emphasis being on what can be feasibly done in
the classroom. Frequent revision and regular testing are suggested ways
of keeping in touch with children′s progress in English, maths and
science. Although emphasis is on managing assessment in the classrooms,
stresses the need for a whole‐school policy on assessment if balanced,
consistent judgements about children′s learning are to be made.
Advanced Skills Teachers:
Authors: Watkins Peter
Published: July 2002

Reviews the literature pertaining to the implementation of the advanced
skills teacher (AST) category. Presents initial data from a current
research programme which is investigating the introduction of the AST
category into the education systems of Victoria and South Australia.
Research involves a study of the implementation of the AST category in
two primary schools, interviews with senior administrators and perusal
of memoranda and other documents relating to AST introduction. Discusses
perceptions of teachers on work and skills with reference to whether the
teacher′s skill is an art or a craft and the changing importance of
skill. The current scenario evident in education is a mix of deskilling,
upgrading of skills and a maintenance of the existing skills.
School Administrative Style and the Curriculum
Authors: Sturman Andrew
Published: July 2002

Investigates the relationship between schools′ administrative styles and
the curriculum and teaching practices that occur within them. As part of
a wider study conducted into the effects of the decentralization of
curriculum decision making in Australia, sampled schools were grouped
according to teachers′ perceptions of the extent of autonomy that they
were able to exercise. Curricular structures and instructional practices
within two discipline areas –science and social science – were then
compared across the groupings of schools. The results revealed that the
extent of autonomy that teachers perceived they possessed within schools
affected both curriculum emphases and instructional practices within the
programme in practice although, when asked about curriculum emphases and
instructional practices in an ideal programme, there was little
difference in the views of the teachers in the different groups of
schools.
Leadership Attributes in a Cultural Setting in Singapore
Authors: Zhang Yenming
Published: July 2002

Deals with one aspect of cultural leadership – leadership attributes.
Based on recent research on cultural aspects in educational leadership
in Singapore, attempts to identify essential attributes possessed by
school principals that are found to be an indispensible yardstick for
measuring leadership effectiveness. The leader, e.g. a school principal,
has the responsibility to design and maintain a school culture as a
framework with its unique environment and atmosphere in which teachers
and administrators work. Attempts to search for some answers to: what
are the personal characteristics that one possesses to be a school
leader?; what leadership attributes are essential for leadership
effectiveness?; how do these characteristics and attributes help a
leader build up the strengths of the school culture? Presents the
results of interviews and discussions with around 200 heads of
departments of schools in Singapore.
The African teacher of the twenty‐first century
Authors: Obanya Pai
Published: July 2002

Surveys the evolution of education in Africa, from pre‐colonial
times through the periods of contact with Islam, Christianity,
colonialism, and the reforms of the post‐colonial period. In the past,
the teacher (or any knowledgeable person who played the teaching role)
was respected in African societies. Societal transformations (increased
educational opportunities, the multiple job options available to
school‐leavers, erosion in the earning power of teachers, and a
watered‐down teacher education curriculum) have reduced teacher morale,
motivation, and societal recognition. To restore good quality education
in Africa in the twenty‐first century, it would be necessary (among
other things) to restore the prestige of the teaching profession. This
can be done through more rigorous selection, sound education and
training, and adequate opportunities for continuing career‐long
education of teachers.
Virtual conferencing as a tool for the development of pedagogical competence for vocational educators
Authors: McAleavy Gerry , McCrystal Patrick
Published: July 2002

Reports on how the implementation of competence‐based approaches to vocational education and training has resulted in structural changes to the delivery of courses in this sector. A vocational education course offered at the University of Ulster for lecturers in further education in Northern Ireland was radically restructured to assist teachers to develop strategies for responsive and flexible learning. One critical aspect of the restructuring was the decision to provide tutoring during the second year of the course using virtual conferencing in the form of the Caucus System provided by British Telecom through Campus 2000. A postal survey of candidates who completed the course was undertaken by the School of Education at the University over a four‐year period. The results showed that a significant proportion of candidates favoured the use of the system and were aware of its advantages. However, many candidates still showed a preference for the traditional face‐to‐face approach of teacher training. Examines the reasons for this preference and makes recommendations for alleviating the situation and enhancing the use of the Campus 2000‐based computer conferencing system.
Education for living tomorrow: premisses for developmental planning
Authors: Choy Chong Keng
Published: July 2002

States that the foreseeable future scenario of Singapore suggests the need to include premisses about the future in school developmental planning. Outlines a futuring process taught in Singapore as a possible way of obtaining such premisses. This five‐step process includes a delphi survey. Gives results from three delphi surveys done in Singapore at the end of the article to illustrate the kinds of data that school leaders could use as premisses in developmental planning.
Managerial imperatives for the improvement of school reporting to parents
Authors: Dimmock Clive A.J. , O’Donoghue Thomas A.
Published: July 2002

Highlights the importance of school reporting to parents and the need for its effective management, as fundamental practices underpinning the central purpose of schools. Argues that, in spite of the centrality of reporting to the core activities of teaching and learning, current efforts to secure accountability appear to focus more on increasing school accountability to central offices and school councils than on addressing much needed and long overdue improvements in parent reporting. Identifies, through a review of literature on school reporting to parents, aspects of reporting on individual student achievement and progress which need to be rethought in order to align with developments in education policy and parental expectations in the latter half of the 1990s. Uses the aspects of reporting in need of improvement, as elicited from the literature review, to generate a set of roles and responsibilities for school leaders and administrators to adopt in improving the reporting process, which, it is argued, needs to be well managed and organized if it is to meet the expectations of all stakeholders.
Strategic planning in higher education athletic departments
Authors: Kriemadis Athanasios
Published: July 2002

The primary purposes of this study were: to determine the extent to which the strategic planning process was being used in NCAA Division I‐A athletic departments; to identify the key factors that discourage the above mentioned departments from engaging in strategic planning activities; to develop and recommend a generic strategic planning process model, which could be implemented by the athletic departments; and to examine the relationships between the extent of strategic planning used by the athletic departments and these selected variables: type of the university (private versus public), university size, and background of athletic directors. All 106 NCAA Division I‐A athletic departments were surveyed. The response rate was 72 per cent. Findings of this study were as follows: 33 (43.4 per cent) of the athletic departments were classified as strategic planners; insufficient financial resources and time were the factors that highly discouraged the athletic departments from engaging in strategic planning; a strategic planning process model was developed and an analysis of its several components was presented; the extent of strategic planning used by the athletic departments was not related to the type of university, university size, and the background of athletic directors.
Managing platform conversion in educational institutions
Authors: Reisman Sorel , Dear Roger G.
Published: July 2002

This paper describes a re‐engineering project undertaken by a comprehensive university’s extended education department. The project involved a transition from a decentralized workplace dominated by Macintosh personal computers to an IBM PC/clone‐based client/server environment. Lessons learned during the decision making and platform conversion stages of the project are emphasized. These lessons are applicable to other similar re‐engineering projects.
Unlocking the culture for quality schools: reengineering
Authors: Weller L. David
Published: July 2002

Successful school reform requires a paradigm shift which begins with unlocking the school’s existing culture before attempts are made to integrate reform variables. Reengineering, and rethinking and radical redesign of internal processes calls for discarding current practices and reinventing better ways to supply products and services. Holistic thinking, cross‐sectional configurations, proactive behaviour patterns, reward for innovation and creativity, and the demise of traditional infrastructures are essential for facilitating fluid social, economic and political trends into the 21st century. Educators must think differently about the purpose of schools and their delivery and redesign infrastructures which are built on shared values and beliefs, multiple interacting linkages and teamwork. School leaders are the catalysts for change and, working with the school’s power agents and modeling expected behaviours, motivate teachers to replace the old culture with new processes of schooling. Shared ownership of case values, realistic and achievable goals and collaboration places the responsibility for creating a reengineered delivery system on teachers themselves.
Calculating the cost of an undergraduate Initial Teacher Education (ITE) course
Authors: Burton Neil
Published: July 2002

Through a documentary analysis approach, the data included in the validation documentation for a new course designed for undergraduate Initial Teacher Education are used in an attempt to calculate the direct costs of the course. The portion of the costs that are visible are then compared to the pricing policy of the funding agency involved. The devolution of financial responsibility within higher education is suggested as a means of making courses more responsive to market trends.
The knowledge base for re‐engineering schools: multiple functions and internal effectiveness
Authors: Cheong Cheng Yin
Published: July 2002

Numerous school reforms have failed to pursue educational effectiveness and quality in different parts of the world because of the ignorance of the multiplicity of school functions in the rapidly changing environment and the lack of understanding of the internal school process. This paper aims to propose a framework for developing a new knowledge base for re‐engineering schools. The framework requests new knowledge about multiple school functions including technical/economic function, human/social, political, cultural, and educational functions at the individual, institutions, community, society, and international levels in the new century. The understanding of these functions and their inter‐relations is necessary for policy development and formulation.
Total quality management in education: problems and issues for the classroom teacher
Authors: Crawford Lachlan E.D. , Shutler Paul
Published: July 2002

Total quality management (TQM), a management philosophy developed for industrial purposes, is now attracting increasing attention in the field of education. Different interpretations of TQM in industry, however, may result in contrasting outcomes when TQM is applied in schools. Briefly reviews how TQM operates in the industrial context and clarifies how the philosophy of TQM may be translated into the context of education. Examines one inter‐pretation of TQM which aims at improving the quality of the production system in order to produce a quality product with “zero defects”. This may lead to a teaching and learning process which focusses exclusively on achieving good examination results. This is contrasted with a second interpretation of TQM as a never‐ending cycle of improvement in the system of production. In the context of education, this may lead to continually improving the quality of instruction in order to encourage students to become critical and creative thinkers in a fast‐changing technological world.
Wettability test method for surface mount technology assessment
Authors: Tu C.C. , Natishan M.E.
Published: July 2002

A study was performed to develop a different experimental methodology to assess wettabilities of solders on various printed wiring board (PWB) finishes, based on a modified spreading test in which solder pastes were heated following temperature reflow profiles representative of those used in surface mount technology (SMT) instead of using a fixed rate temperature ramp. Three solder alloys (Sn63‐Pb37, Sn96.5‐Ag3.5, and CASTINTM: Sn96.2‐Ag2.5‐Cu0.8‐Sb0.5), two fluxes (rosin, mildly activated, RMA, and no‐clean, NC), and seven PWB finishes (Pd, Au/Ni, Ni, Ag, Sn, and organic solderability preservatives: OSP), and bare copper were involved in the study. Better wettabilities were observed in the current study than the results reported in the literature for conventional tests on the same combination of solder alloy, flux, and substrate. The different results in measurement of wettabilities obtained in the current study were attributed to the more adequate heating process allowing flux activation, which reduced reoxidation of solder powders and substrates during the reflow process and thus improved wettabilities of solders. Compared to the results obtained from the popular wetting balance test, the current study demonstrated a more realistic simulation of, and approach to, assessing the wettability of solder for SMT.
A study of solder paste printing requirements for CSP technology
Authors: Kennedy Jeff
Published: July 2002

This paper describes the methodology used to evaluate several different stencil fabrication methods, aperture sizes and thicknesses and different solder pastes. Data collected included the number of printing defects and measurement of solder paste volume and height. Statistics have been used for the analysis of quantitative data. Results from this evaluation have been critical in the success of a new process for CSP assembly in a standard SMT environment. Stencil designs and solder paste selection for other applications have also benefited from the conclusions of this study.
Creating a winning corporate culture: experience inside the Asian telecommunications industry
Authors: Elashmawi Farid
Published: July 2002

This article introduces a process that helps companies define and develop their current and future corporate cultures. Working with the top executives within a company, the process enables participants to identify their internal organization’s subcultures as well as the culture of the external business environment. The program identifies the core corporate values that need to be enhanced in order to achieve success in this environment. The program helps participating managers develop action plans to achieve these new corporate values, and company‐wide cultural cement programs are implemented throughout the organization to ensure continued business success.
Economic opening, strategic alliances, and the military: the development of the high‐technology sector in Turkey
Authors: Murillo Luis
Published: July 2002

Turkey represents a fascinating case in late industrialization or “late late developing”. Under the Kemalist tradition of continuous modernization, the Turkish context of the 1990s, which heavily involves the military establishment, may actually support high‐technology sectors. Such a conclusion is derived from an examination of economic and geopolitical realities, and benchmarks provided by highly industrialized countries. A strategic TOWS analysis underlines the strengths, weaknesses, threats, and opportunities, of a hypothetical microelectronics industry. Strategies for such industry are suggested including international strategic alliances.
Change and cross‐border activity in the European defence industry
Authors: Kenny Brian
Published: July 2002

Following on from the thawing‐out of the cold war and the revolutions of Eastern Europe, the threat of lower armament levels provided opportunities for the rationalisation of European defence and its military‐industrial complexes. Coupled with the continuing threat of reduced defence expenditures and increasing competition, defence companies have reacted to the changes with a number of strategic moves involving mergers and acquisitions, market nicheing and diversification, in addition to lay‐offs and plant closures. More recently, moves towards a single European defence industry have been discussed among the major contributing member countries and their industry leaders. The integration of a defence aerospace industry seems well placed to succeed, given French co‐operation, and this should produce a formidable, global competitor. East and Central Europe’s contribution to the equation is questionable, although the early signs are that west European defence companies are establishing firm footholds in the region against strong US competition.
Economic policy making in the UK: to what extent should this be endorsed by other EU member countries?
Authors: Floyd David , Willis Robert , Adcroft Andy
Published: July 2002

The UK has often looked abroad in search of a successful approach to managing the economy, e.g. lessons were taken up in the 1960s from French planning, from worker participation in Germany in the 1970s, from monetarism in the USA in the 1980s and, in the 1990s, from Japan and South East Asia, until the current crisis. Shows how economic policies from outside the UK have influenced the UK economy. Also questions whether now, in the late 1990s, there has been a change in direction and a situation has been reached whereby other countries in Europe and beyond are actually looking towards the UK for guidance in the field of economic policy making. Much was made of the benefits of UK economic policy making during the recent Blair Government’s presidency of the EU. Moreover, it needs to be questioned whether individual governments will, in future, have much influence on economic policy making, with the creation of a single currency. Draws upon evidence from countries including Spain, France and Germany and considers various theoretical explanations concerning globalisation and European integration; also questions whether the UK economic model will continue to prosper or whether, like its fashion equivalent, it comes and goes. The current weaknesses are considered.
Fabric hand property of Polish linen fabrics for ladies’ outerwear
Authors: Kawabata S. , Niwa Masako , Koztowsky R. , Manys S. , Nakano K. , Inoue Takako
Published: July 2002

Recently, the Polish National Fiber Research Laboratory provided linen samples. In addition to these Polish fabric samples, we also collected linen fabric samples which were made in Japan and throughout Europe. We have investigated hand properties of various linen fabrics, and identification of the Polish linen fabrics quality from those of other linen fabrics. The fabric hand of Polish linen fabrics is unique, it possesses a hand just between wool‐like and cotton‐like fabrics. We have clarified that the Polish linen fabrics are suitable for hari‐type and tailored type silhouette designs for women’s wear, and the fabrics are well‐suited for finishing garment appearance.
Manufacturing Technology for Apparel Automation – Layup Module Part II: The Impact of Fabric Properties on the Gap Length between Two Slats
Authors: Seyam A. , Sun F.
Published: July 2002

Applies a sound theory to predict in‐plane bending deformation of flexible beams under large overall motions to predict the locus of the trailing end of the ply during wiping off the conveyor surface of the layup machine. A computerized numerical solution was used to estimate the locus of the trailing end of the ply for seven woven fabrics of wide range of thickness, weight, and bending rigidity. The least square method was employed to obtain regression relationship between the horizontal and vertical displacement of the trailing end of the ply for each of the seven fabrics. The regression equations and the slat height were used to calculate the minimum gap between two slats of the stacking conveyor so that the fabric trailing end does not touch the top or the side surfaces of a slat during the layup process.
Resistance to creasing of clothing wool fabrics
Authors: Mihailovic T.V. , Nikolic  , Simovic Lj.M.
Published: July 2002

Examines the resistance to creasing of a group of clothing wool fabrics by measuring the crease recovery angle in a definite time interval. Determines the boundary zones of elastic, viscoelastic and plastic deformation component values as well as the relaxation velocity. Describes through results the behaviour of clothing wool fabrics in conditions to which they are exposed during wearing.
Low‐stress fabric testing for process control in garment assembly: application of robotics
Authors: Potluri P. , Porat I. , Atkinson J.
Published: July 2002

A robotic system for testing fabrics under low‐stress conditions has been developed at UMIST. This system is capable of conducting all the mechanical tests on a single piece of fabric, without operator intervention, thus eliminating human‐related errors. Looks at test control strategy and acquisition of force and deformation data, from the viewpoint of process control in garment assembly.
Aspects of a product model supporting apparel virtual enterprises
Authors: Denno Peter
Published: July 2002

Emerging computer technology, including an infrastructure for virtual enterprises and more capable apparel product development software, is providing an opportunity to re‐invent how apparel is produced. The development of an information‐rich and unambiguous garment product model would help realize this opportunity This product model would improve the effectiveness of product development software and enhance the industry′s ability to distribute work in virtual enterprises. Suggests what such a product mode should contain, how it can be developed and how it would be utilized throughout the product development life cycle to enable apparel virtual enterprises.
The causes and prevention of rippling or localized delamination in fused garment parts
Authors: Fan J. , Leeuwner W.
Published: July 2002

Examines the causes of rippling, localized delamination or surface distortion in fused garment theoretically and experimentally. On the basis of this study proposes a parameter, called rippling potential, to combine the effects of bond strength, differential shrinkage, compliance of outer fabrics and fusible interlinings and fabric formability on the degree of rippling. Suggests preventive measures to avoid rippling in fused garment parts.
Integrated 3D sewing technology and the importance of the physical and mechanical properties of fabrics
Authors: Moll Philipp
Published: July 2002

Presents a new sewing technology developed by Moll Automatische Nähsysteme GmbH, a German company. This allows complex shapes to be sewn in three dimensions as well as providing the means to automate the manufacture of apparel and other objects.
Dynamic clothing simulation based on skeletal motion of the human body
Authors: Saeki Takatoshi , Furukawa Takao , Shimizu Yoshio
Published: July 2002

Describes the construction of an interactive apparel design system using the Word Wide Web. The system permits end‐users to design clothes reflecting their tastes. Variable renderings of the human body and of clothing within environmental modules simulate apparel design in the virtual world. Proposes a simulation of the human body’s skeletal motions for displaying the dynamic shape‐changes in clothes. Suggests that this method of created animation, though more complex than static representation, nonetheless is more accurate in depicting the actual shapes of clothing.
Instrumental design for capturing three‐dimensional moiré images
Authors: Yu W.M. , Harlock S.C. , Leaf G.A.V. , Yeung K.W.
Published: July 2002

Describes the setting up of a moiré topographic system to measure three‐dimensional convex and concave surfaces of moulded brassière cups. The essential features of the system consisted of a photographic instrument which precisely controlled the position of the light source, the camera, the grid and the cup sample. As the uniformity of the grid was most crucial to produce a high contrast moiré picture, a photochemical‐machined grid plate was developed, and a pneumatic grid translation device was incorporated into the system to produce a clear image. The tolerance of the instrumental error was derived by the law of error propagation and the confidence with the moiré set‐up was assured.
A study of the effect of time variations for assembly line balancing in the clothing industry
Authors: Leung Patrick Hui Chi , Fun Frency Ng Sau
Published: July 2002

The problem of assembly line balancing is to assign different tasks to individual workstations for ensuring the sum of task times at any station not exceeding the station time. Standard minute time is generally used in the clothing industry as a predictor of sewing speed and production efficiency. In the clothing industry, the standard minute time derived from the work study methods is generally assumed as a constant for line balancing. However, a lot of factors cause variations on operational time of the same task such as the fabrics and sub‐materials, performance of the machinery, working environment and quality level of the product. With the aid of an illustrating example selected from a men’s shirt manufacturing factory, the effect of time variations for assembly line balancing has been studied in this paper.
Manufacturing firms’ performance and technology commitment – the case of the electronics industry in China
Authors: Li Ji , Lam Kevin , Fang Yong‐qing
Published: July 2002

This study deals with one strategic issue for manufacturing firms operating in Asian emerging markets – technology commitment or investment. It compares two different approaches adopted by international manufacturing firms in China, one of the major emerging markets in the world. Analyzing the data from the 100 largest manufacturing firms (in terms of market share) competing in one of China’s manufacturing industries, i.e. electronics, this paper shows an interesting positive relationship between technology investment and firm performance in China’s manufacturing industries. This paper concludes with a discussion on the implications of the findings.
A Curriculum Model for Administrator Preparation and Continuing
Professional Development
Authors: Carter David S.G.
Published: July 2002

Reviews the current debate in the USA concerning the general
dissatisfaction with administrator preparation and resulting tensions
between the award of the PhD versus the EdD, with a preference for the
award of the latter articulated by critical observers of the profession.
Design considerations are highlighted for the implementation of EdD
curricula in Australia, where the professional doctorate is now being
offered at a number of universities. Implications are drawn from the US
experience regarding the need to legitimate the EdD as a valued
qualification of standing in its own right and clearly focused on
meeting the needs of practitioners. Describes a curriculum process
model, initially developed at the University of Texas at Austin, with
the potential and capacity to guide and inform university‐based
administrator preparation as well as on going professional development
over the course of a career span of intermediate length. Concludes that
appropriate models are needed which gave shape and form to a
professionally oriented EdD, abstracting from relevant theoretical
principles and derived from a knowledge base that can be justified on
its own terms.
Perceptions of women principals’ leadership and teachers’ work attitudes
Authors: Ching Shum Lai , Cheong Cheng Yin
Published: July 2002

Investigates the relationship between perceptions of women principals’ leadership (in terms of sex‐role orientation and leadership functions) and teachers’ work attitudes (in terms of sense of efficacy, sense of community and sense of professional interest) by controlling teachers’ personal demographics in a sample of teachers under the administration of women principals in secondary schools. Gives the results of Pearson and canonical correlation analyses, which indicated that, according to teachers’ perceptions, among the measures of perceived women principals’ leadership, human leadership, political leadership, symbolic leadership, structural leadership, educational leadership, androgynous orientation and undifferentiated orientation (negatively) were strong predictors of a teacher’s work attitudes. The findings of this study support the advocacy of the five leadership dimensions and androgynous orientation in women principals’ leadership. Advances implications for further study and practice.
School governance: is the clash between teachers and principals inevitable?
Authors: Harrison Jo‐Ann
Published: July 2002

Based on the structural theory of tensions between bureaucratic and professional control, many analyses of recent educational reforms argue that teachers and administrators typically adhere to divergent views of governance. Others argue that conflict between administrators and teachers is not inevitable. The degree of competition among professions is affected by the nature of institutional and occupational differentiation and by particular cultural and historical forces in different societies. This study examines the way teachers and principals in a representative sample of Israeli schools view current and preferred control over school curricula in the wake of a decade and a half of decentralization reforms. Our findings show institutional variation in the degree of conflict between the perceptions and preferences of teachers and principals in secondary and elementary schools and major differences in perceptions and preferences by school level. These findings reflect the interplay of occupational segmentation, the functional differentiation of educational institutions, and government policies in Israeli society.
Principals’ optimism and perceived school effectiveness
Authors: Harris Mary M. , Willower Donald J.
Published: July 2002

Hypotheses on principals’ optimism, teacher perceptions of that optimism, and of school effectiveness were tested. The school was the unit of analysis. Teachers and principals in 50 secondary schools responded to two standard measures. To avoid same respondent bias, about half of the teachers in each school completed one instrument, half the other. Teacher perceptions of their principal’s optimism and of their school’s effectiveness were correlated, but the principal’s self‐reported optimism was not a predictor of perceived effectiveness. The congruence of teacher perceptions of the principal’s optimism and the measured optimism was associated with perceived school effectiveness. Teachers saw the principals to be less optimistic than the principals scored; however, teacher perceptions of optimism and self‐reported optimism were correlated across schools. We suggested explanations for this unusual combination of significant difference with significant correlation, and for other findings
When lemonade is better than whisky: investigating the equitableness of a supermarket’s reward scheme
Authors: Parker Cathy , Worthington Steve
Published: July 2002

Store incentivisation and reward schemes are an increasingly common aspect of UK grocery retailing with most large‐scale operators investing in such schemes. Despite their popularity many researchers have questioned whether or not store loyalty schemes do, indeed, deliver in terms of encouraging loyalty behaviour from their customers. In this paper the authors take the consumers’ perspective and investigate whether one such scheme (Safeway’s ABC card) “delivers” in terms of equitably rewarding the loyalty of those customers that participate in the scheme. From the analysis it is concluded that the scheme does not appear to be operating in a fair and equitable manner, as consumer fidelity to the scheme is not rewarded above non‐fidelity. Areas of research are identified that may help to discover whether retailers are rewarding the loyalty behaviour of their customers in a fair and ethical way.
Keys to the adoption and use of voice recognition technology in organizations
Authors: Goette Tanya
Published: July 2002

In this paper, results are presented from a field study of individuals with disabilities who used voice recognition technology (VRT). Twenty‐three individuals who were successful in the use of VRT and 17 who were unsuccessful were interviewed by the researcher. Qualitative results indicated that task‐technology fit, training, the environment, and the disability limitations were the differentiating items. The ability to use the VRT for a trial period may be the major factor resulting in successful adoption of the technology.