bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mantled Howler Monkeys (Alouatta palliata) in a Costa Rican Forest Fragment Do Not Modify Activity Budgets or Spatial Cohesion in Response to Anthropogenic Edges
Authors: Schreier Amy L. , Bolt Laura M. , Russell Dorian G. , Readyhough Taylor S. , Jacobson Zachary S. , Merrigan-Johnson Carrie , Coggeshall Elizabeth M.C.
Published: December 2020

Forest fragmentation increases forest edge relative to forest interior, with lower vegetation quality common for primates in edge zones. Because most primates live in human-modified tropical forests within 1 km of their edges, it is critical to understand how primates cope with edge effects. Few studies have investigated how primates inhabiting a fragment alter their behaviour across forest edge and interior zones. Here we investigate how anthropogenic edges affect the activity and spatial cohesion of mantled howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata) at the La Suerte Biological Research Station (LSBRS), a Costa Rican forest fragment. We predicted the monkeys would spend greater proportions of their activity budget feeding and resting and a lower proportion travelling in edge compared to forest interior to compensate for lower resource availability in the edge. We also predicted that spatial cohesion would be lower in the edge to mitigate feeding competition. We collected data on activity and spatial cohesion (nearest neighbour distance; number of individuals within 5 m) in forest edge and interior zones via instantaneous sampling of focal animals. Contrary to predictions, the monkeys spent equal proportions of time feeding, resting and travelling in forest edge and interior. Similarly, there were no biologically meaningful differences in the number of individuals or the distance between nearest neighbours in the edge (1.0 individuals; 1.56 m) versus the interior (0.8 individuals; 1.73 m). Our results indicate that A. palliata at LSBRS do not adjust their activity or spatial cohesion patterns in response to anthropogenic edge effects, suggesting that the monkeys here exhibit less behavioural flexibility than A. palliata at some other sites. To develop effective primate conservation plans, it is therefore crucial to study primate species’ responses to fragmentation across their geographic range.
Efficacy of Medium Cut-Off Dialyzer and Comparison with Standard High-Flux Hemodialysis
Authors: Rambabova Bushljetik Irena , Trajceska Lada , Biljali Sefedin , Balkanov Trajan , Dejanov Petar , Spasovski Goce
Published: December 2020

Background: A new medium cut-off (MCO) membranes has been designed to achieve better removal capacities for middle and large middle molecules in hemodialysis (HD) treatment. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the removal efficacy of Theranova® in standard HD in comparison with standard high-flux HD. Methods: Four HD patients (M/F 1/4) were included in 12-week observational pilot study in HD with Theranova® 400 and Theranova® 500 dialyzers. Each patient was assessed 4 times, T0 with high-flux dialyzers, T1 at 1 month, T2 at second month, and T3 at third month, by measuring pre- and post-HD samples of urea, Cr, β2-microglobilin (β2M), myoglobin, albumin, free light chains kappa (FLC-k), and free light chains lambda (FLC-λ). Results: The data showed a higher average removal rate for all the uremic toxins with Theranova® dialyzers for β2M, myoglobin, FLC-k, and FLC-λ (62.7, 56.9, 63.5, and 54.6%, respectively) during the 3 months. Albumin retention was observed and did not change between T0 and T3 (p = 0.379). Conclusion: Compared to high-flux membranes, MCO membranes show greater permeability for middle molecules in midterm report.
Long-Term Outcomes of Tamoxifen Citrate Therapy and Histo- and Immunopathological Properties in Riedel Thyroiditis
Authors: Gökçay Canpolat Asena , Cinel Murat , Dizbay Sak Serpil , Taşkaldıran Işılay , Korkmaz Hakan , Demir Özgür , Ersoy Reyhan , Dağdelen Selçuk , Berker Dilek , Dalva Klara , Bahçecioğlu Mutlu Adile Begüm , Erdoğan Murat Faik
Published: December 2020

Background: Riedel thyroiditis (RT) is a rare form of thyroiditis; thus, data about the disease course and treatment options are limited. Therefore, we aimed to assess the clinical, serological, radiological, and histopathological features, as well as short- and long-term follow-up of RT patients under glucocorticoid (GC) and tamoxifen citrate (TMX). Parameters related to IgG4-related diseases (IgG4-RD) were also investigated. Methods: Eight patients with RT diagnosed between 2000 and 2019 were enrolled. Data were collected in a retrospective and prospective manner. The diagnosis was confirmed with histopathological features in all patients. Results of the treatment with GCs on short- to mid-term, followed by TMX in the long term, were evaluated. Results: The mean age at diagnosis was 40.5 ± 6.8 years; female predominance was observed (F/M:7/1). Parameters related to IgG4-RD, like increase in IgG4 serum levels, total plasmablast counts, and IgG4+ plasmablasts, were negative in most of our patients in both active and inactive states of the disease. Likewise, an increased ratio of IgG4/IgG-positive plasma cells >40% could only be observed in 2 cases. GCs followed by TMX were given to the patients with an over-all median follow-up time of 67 (8–216) months. All the patients considerably improved clinically and had a reduction in the size of the mass lesion on GCs, followed by TMX therapy. None of the patients had a recurrence under TMX therapy for a median period of 18.5 (7–96) months. Conclusion: Even though RT is suggested to be a member of IgG4-RD, serologic or histological evidence of IgG4 elevation or positivity is only useful for diagnosis and follow-up of RT. The diagnosis should be based on clinical and radiological evidence and confirmed by histopathology. GCs are effective for initial treatment, and TMX is a successful and safe therapeutic option for long-term maintenance therapy.
The Role of Fusobacterium nucleatum in Colorectal Carcinogenesis
Authors: Datorre José Guilherme , de Carvalho Ana Carolina , Guimarães Denise Peixoto , Reis Rui Manuel
Published: December 2020

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most frequent and deadly neoplasms worldwide. Genetic factors, lifestyle habits, and inflammation are important risk factors associated with CRC development. In recent years, growing evidence has supporting the significant role of the intestinal microbiome in CRC carcinogenesis. Disturbances in the healthy microbial balance, known as dysbiosis, are frequently observed in these patients. Pathogenic microorganisms that induce intestinal dysbiosis have become an important target to determine the role of bacterial infection in tumorigenesis. Interestingly, the presence of different bacterial strains, such as Fusobacterium nucleatum, has been detected in tissue and stool from patients with CRC and associated with substantial clinical and molecular features, as well as with patient therapy response. Therefore, understanding how the presence and levels of F. nucleatumstrains in the gut affect the risk of CRC onset and progression may inform suitable candidates for interventions focused on modulation of this bacteria. Here we review new insights into the role of gut microbiota in CRC carcinogenesis and the clinical utility of using the detection of F. nucleatum in different settings such as screening, prognosis, and microbiota modulation as a means to prevent cancer, augment therapies, and reduce adverse effects of treatment.
Role for Histone Deacetylation in Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Deficits in Neuropeptide Y in Arcuate Nucleus: Possible Implications in Feeding Behavior
Authors: Balasubramanian Nagalakshmi , Sagarkar Sneha , Jadhav Meha , Shahi Navneet , Sirmaur Richa , Sakharkar Amul J.
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Repeated traumatic events result in long-lasting neuropsychiatric ailments, including neuroendocrine imbalances. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the arcuate nucleus (Arc) is an important orexigenic peptide. However, the molecular underpinnings of its dysregulation owing to traumatic brain injury remain unknown. Methods: Rats were subjected to repeated mild traumatic brain injury (rMTBI) using the closed head weight-drop model. Feeding behavior and the regulatory epigenetic parameters of NPY expression were measured at 48 h and 30 days post-rMTBI. Further, sodium butyrate (SB), a pan-histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, was administered to examine whether histone deacetylation is involved in NPY expression post-rMTBI. Results: The rMTBI attenuated food intake, which was coincident with a decrease in NPY mRNA and protein levels in the Arc post-rMTBI. Further, rMTBI also reduced the mRNA levels of the cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and CREB-binding protein (CBP) and altered the mRNA levels of the various isoforms of the HDACs. Concurrently, the acetylated histone 3-lysine 9 (H3-K9) levels and the binding of CBP at the NPY promoter in the Arc of the rMTBI-exposed rats were reduced. However, the treatment with SB corrected the rMTBI-induced deficits in the H3-K9 acetylation levels and CBP occupancy at the NPY promoter, restoring both NPY expression and food intake. Conclusions: These findings suggest that histone deacetylation at the NPY promoter persistently controls NPY function in the Arc after rMTBI. This study also demonstrates the efficacy of HDAC inhibitors in mitigating trauma-induced neuroendocrine maladaptations in the hypothalamus.
O conteúdo do princípio da moralidade: probidade, razoabilidade e cooperação
Authors: Marrara Thiago
Published: December 2020

O artigo trata da problemática do princípio da moralidade administrativa e busca fixar seu conteúdo básico no direito brasileiro como determinação de probidade, razoasbilidade e cooperação no exercício das funções administrativas.
Forma e formalidades: a superação da centralidade do ato administrativo na Administração Pública contemporânea
Authors: Maciel Ana Paula Magalhães , Moura Natalia Torquete
Published: December 2020

O presente artigo propõe-se a analisar a existência de uma autonomia dos vícios do procedimento com relação aos vícios do ato administrativo. Para tanto, inicialmente buscou-se conceituar o que a doutrina tradicional entende por ato administrativo e por seus elementos. Em seguida, realiza-se um contraste a partir das concepções doutrinárias no que se refere à forma e às formalidades, perpassando, ao final, pela necessidade de procedimentalização da função administrativa. Conclui-se pela autonomia do procedimento administrativo como unidade do exercício da função administrativa.
Ridesharing-Angebote als Herausforderung für das Personenbeförderungs- und das Ordnungsrecht
Authors: Schröder Meinhard
Published: December 2020

Fornecedores como o americano Uber tentam estabelecer, também na Alemanha, uma alternativa aos serviços de taxi por meio dos chamados serviços de “ridesharing”. Esse artigo busca verificar como esses serviços devem ser avaliados à luz das disposições jurídicas relativas ao transporte de pessoas, quais as formas de gerenciamento que o direito regulatório oferece nessa área e como o direito administrativo econômico pode reagir de modo geral à tendência da economia de compartilhamento.
Estado de Direito e contratos administrativos: o poder de invalidar da Administração Pública
Authors: Rainer Yahn
Published: December 2020

No presente trabalho pretende-se investigar os contornos legais da invalidação dos contratos administrativos, em razão do decurso do tempo.
A influência neoliberal sobre o poder legislativo: o caso das parcerias público-privadas
Authors: Frias Ligia Souza , Silva Tamires Cristina da
Published: December 2020

A pesquisa que por ora se apresenta neste artigo analisa a influência da Escola Neoliberal sobre o Poder Legislativo Brasileiro ao longo da reforma administrativa do Estado durante o governo do ex-presidente Fernando Henrique Cardoso, a qual encabeçou a adição da “eficiência” no art. 37 da Constituição Brasileira de 1988 como princípio, em 1995, e a aprovação da Lei das Parcerias Público-Privadas, em 2004. Assim, é demonstrado o discurso neoliberal forjado em tal lei e os enormes benefícios que ela traz aos parceiros privados, baseado no descumprimento da Constituição Econô­mica Brasileira, bem como no desrespeito do interesse público e social.
Arbitragem e Administração Pública: um panorama global
Authors: Accioly João Pedro
Published: December 2020

Resumo: Este trabalho analisa como diversos sistemas jurídicos tratam a participação de entes e entidades administrativas em procedimentos arbitrais. Com base no diagnóstico obtido, pretendere­mos analisar as tendências verificadas e estudar o papel jurígeno que vem desempenhando as arbitra­gens internacionais que envolvem o Poder Público. Por fim, tentaremos extrair propostas objetivas para aperfeiçoar o regramento da matéria no Direito brasileiro.
direito administrativo sancionador e a individualização da conduta dos agentes sancionados
Authors: Serrano Antonio Carlos Alves Pinto
Published: December 2020

O presente artigo pretende explorar a importância da individualização da conduta na aplicação de sanções administrativas. Trata-se de análise inicial rumo a um aprofundamento em pesquisa acadêmica a ser explorada por este autor, contemplando a Teoria do Direito Administrativo Sancionador, bem como o papel do Estado e da Administração Pública no jus puniendi, com enfoque nesta garantia constitucional albergada nos princípios da razoabilidade e da proporcionalidade.
Atuação das organizações sociais de saúde no estado de Pernambuco
Authors: Gomes Cecília de Freitas
Published: December 2020

O trabalho aborda as Organizações Sociais, que são entidades que atuam paralelamente ao Estado, fornecendo serviços semelhantes aos ofertados na esfera estatal. Para tanto, é necessária realização de contrato de gestão com o Poder Público, sendo prevista na Constituição Federal de 1988 a possibilidade de dispensa de licitação na contratação. Inclusive, há uma ADI que questiona tal previsão. Mister analisar as implicações de tal dispensa nos contratos e o controle realizado quando existem irregularidades no processo. Figura como objetivo da pesquisa analisar o julgamento da Ação Direta de Inconstitucionalidade nº 1.923 e a repercussão desta quanto à instituição de Organizações Sociais cujo objetivo principal é a obtenção de lucro, desrespeitando, assim, o que é disposto pela lei específica, bem como o processo de controle para combater tal prática nas Organizações sociais em saúde em Pernambuco.
Effect of the 2017 European Guidelines on Reclassification of Severe Aortic Stenosis and Its Influence on Management Decisions for Initially Asymptomatic Aortic Stenosis
Authors: Chan Daniel C.S. , Singh Anvesha , Greenwood John P. , Dawson Dana K. , Lang Chim C. , Berry Colin , Pakkal Mini , Everett Russell J. , Dweck Marc R. , Ng Leong L. , McCann Gerry P.
Published: December 2020

Background:

The 2017 European Society of Cardiology guidelines for valvular heart disease included changes in the definition of severe aortic stenosis (AS). We wanted to evaluate its influence on management decisions in asymptomatic patients with moderate-severe AS.

Methods:

We reclassified the AS severity of the participants of the PRIMID-AS study (Prognostic Importance of Microvascular Dysfunction in Asymptomatic Patients With AS), using the 2017 guidelines, determined their risk of reaching a clinical end point (valve replacement for symptoms, hospitalization, or cardiovascular death) and evaluated the prognostic value of aortic valve calcium score and biomarkers. Patients underwent echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, exercise tolerance testing, and biomarker assessment.

Results:

Of the 174 participants, 45% (56/124) classified as severe AS were reclassified as moderate AS. This reclassified group was similar to the original moderate group in clinical characteristics, gradients, calcium scores, and remodeling parameters. There were 47 primary end points (41 valve replacement, 1 death, and 5 hospitalizations—1 chest pain, 2 dyspnea, 1 heart failure, and 1 syncope) over 368±156 days follow-up. The severe and reclassified groups had a higher risk compared with moderate group (adjusted hazard ratio 4.95 [2.02–12.13] and 2.78 [1.07–7.22], respectively), with the reclassified group demonstrating an intermediate risk. A mean pressure gradient ≥31 mm Hg had a 7× higher risk of the primary end point in the reclassified group. Aortic valve calcium score was more prognostic in females and low valve area but not after adjusting for gradients. NT-proBNP (N-terminal pro-brain-type natriuretic peptide) and myocardial perfusion reserve were associated with the primary end point but not after adjusting for positive exercise tolerance testing. Troponin was associated with cardiovascular death or unplanned hospitalizations.

Conclusions:

Reclassification of asymptomatic severe AS into moderate AS was common using the European Society of Cardiology 2017 guidelines. This group had an intermediate risk of reaching the primary end point. Exercise testing, multimodality imaging, and lower mean pressure gradient threshold of 31 mm Hg may improve risk stratification.

Registration:

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT01658345.
Ultrafiltration in Acute Heart Failure: Implications of Ejection Fraction and Early Response to Treatment From CARRESS‐HF
Authors: Fudim Marat , Brooksbank Jeremy , Giczewska Anna , Greene Stephen J. , Grodin Justin L. , Martens Pieter , Ter Maaten Jozine M. , Sharma Abhinav , Verbrugge Frederik H. , Chakraborty Hrishikesh , Bart Bradley A. , Butler Javed , Hernandez Adrian F. , Felker G. Michael , Mentz Robert J.
Published: December 2020

Background

Ultrafiltration is not commonly used because of higher incidence of worsening renal function without improved decongestion. We examined differential outcomes of high versus low fluid removal and preserved versus reduced ejection fraction (EF) in CARRESS‐HF (Cardiorenal Rescue Study in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure).

Methods and Results

Baseline characteristics in the ultrafiltration arm were compared according to 24‐hour ultrafiltration‐based fluid removal above versus below the median. Patients were stratified by EF (≤40% or >40%). We compared clinical parameters of clinical decongestion during the hospitalization based on initial (≤24 hours) response to ultrafiltration. Cox‐proportional hazards models were used to identify associations between fluid removal <24 hours and composite of death, hospitalization, or unscheduled outpatient/emergency department visit during study follow‐up. The intention‐to‐treat analysis included 93 patients. Within 24 hours, median fluid removal was 1.89 L (Q1, Q3: 1.22, 3.16). The high fluid removal group had a greater urine output (9.08 versus 6.23 L,
P
=0.027) after 96 hours. Creatinine change from baseline to 96 hours was similar in both groups (0.10 mg/dL increase,
P
=0.610). The EF >40% group demonstrated larger increases of change in creatinine (
P
=0.023) and aldosterone (
P
=0.038) from baseline to 96 hours. Among patients with EF >40%, those with above median fluid removal (n=17) when compared with below median (n=17) had an increased rate of the combined end point (87.5% versus 47.1%,
P
=0.014).

Conclusions

In patients with acute heart failure, higher initial fluid removal with ultrafiltration had no association with worsening renal function. In patients with EF >40%, ultrafiltration was associated with worsening renal function irrespective of fluid removal rate and higher initial fluid removal was associated with higher rates of adverse clinical outcomes, highlighting variable responses to decongestive therapy.
Associations of Observational and Genetically Determined Caffeine Intake With Coronary Artery Disease and Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Said M. Abdullah , van de Vegte Yordi J. , Verweij Niek , van der Harst Pim
Published: December 2020

Background

Caffeine is the most widely consumed psychostimulant and is associated with lower risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, whether these associations are causal remains unknown. This study aimed to identify genetic variants associated with caffeine intake, and to investigate evidence for causal links with CAD or T2DM. In addition, we aimed to replicate previous observational findings.

Methods and Results

Observational associations were tested within UK Biobank using Cox regression analyses. Moderate observational caffeine intakes from coffee or tea were associated with lower risks of CAD or T2DM, with the lowest risks at intakes of 121 to 180 mg/day from coffee for CAD (hazard ratio [HR], 0.77 [95% CI, 0.73–0.82;
P
<1×10
−16
]), and 301 to 360 mg/day for T2DM (HR, 0.76 [95% CI, 0.67–0.86];
P
=1.57×10
−5
). Next, genome‐wide association studies were performed on self‐reported caffeine intake from coffee, tea, or both in 407 072 UK Biobank participants. These analyses identified 51 novel genetic variants associated with caffeine intake at
P
<1.67×10
−8
. These loci were enriched for central nervous system genes. However, in contrast to the observational analyses, 2‐sample Mendelian randomization analyses using the identified loci in independent disease‐specific cohorts yielded no evidence for causal links between genetically determined caffeine intake and the development of CAD or T2DM.

Conclusions

Mendelian randomization analyses indicate genetically determined higher caffeine intake might not protect against CAD or T2DM, despite protective associations in observational analyses.
Risk Factors for Polyvascular Involvement in Patients With Peripheral Artery Disease: A Mendelian Randomization Study
Authors: Dikilitas Ozan , Satterfield Benjamin A. , Kullo Iftikhar J.
Published: December 2020

Background

Atherosclerosis in >1 vascular bed (ie, polyvascular disease), often a feature of peripheral artery disease (PAD), is associated with high morbidity and mortality. We sought to identify risk factors for polyvascular involvement in patients with PAD.

Methods and Results

We performed 2‐sample Mendelian randomization using an inverse‐variance‐weighted approach, to assess 60 exposures including size and lipid content of atherogenic lipoproteins, blood pressure, glycated hemoglobin, and smoking as causal mediators for polyvascular disease in patients with PAD. Genetic instruments for these exposures were obtained from prior genome‐wide association studies. Patients with PAD were from the Mayo Vascular Disease Biorepository, and polyvascular disease (ie, concomitant coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and/or abdominal aortic aneurysm) was ascertained by validated phenotyping algorithms. Of 3279 patients with PAD, 61% had polyvascular disease. Genetically predicted levels of the lipid content and/or particle measures of very small and small size very low‐density lipoprotein, intermediate‐density lipoprotein, and large low‐density lipoprotein were associated with polyvascular disease: odds ratios (OR) of 1.80 (95% CI, 1.23–2.61), 1.70 (95% CI, 1.17–2.61), and 1.40 (95% CI, 1.09–1.80) per 1 SD increase in genetically determined levels, respectively. Both genetically predicted diastolic and systolic blood pressure were associated with polyvascular disease; OR per 10 mm Hg genetic increase in diastolic and systolic blood pressure were 1.66 (95% CI, 1.19–2.33) and 1.31 (95% CI, 1.07–1.60), respectively.

Conclusions

Lifetime exposure to increased lipid content and levels of very small and small very low‐density lipoprotein, intermediate‐density lipoprotein, and large low‐density lipoprotein particles as well as elevated blood pressure are associated with polyvascular involvement in patients with PAD. Reduction in levels of such exposures may limit progression of atherosclerosis in patients with PAD.
Prognostic Markers and Long‐Term Outcomes After Aortic Valve Replacement in Patients With Chronic Aortic Regurgitation
Authors: Kim Min‐Seok , Kim Jung Hwan , Joo Hyun‐Chel , Lee Sak , Youn Young‐Nam , Lee Seung Hyun
Published: December 2020

Background

The objectives of the present study were (1) to evaluate the echocardiographic prognostic factors associated with improved left ventricular (LV) systolic function after aortic valve replacement, and (2) to compare the long‐term outcomes after aortic valve replacement in chronic aortic regurgitation (AR) patients with or without LV dysfunction.

Methods and Results

A total of 280 patients who underwent aortic valve replacement because of chronic aortic regurgitation were studied. Patients with reduced LV systolic function (LV ejection fraction [LVEF] <50%; group reduced LVEF [rEF]; N=80) were compared with those with preserved LV systolic function (LVEF ≥50%; group preserved LVEF; N=200). Postoperative clinical outcomes, overall survival, and freedom from cardiac death were compared. Postoperative echocardiographic examinations were reviewed, and changes in echocardiographic parameters were analyzed. The parameters related to LVEF improvement or normalization were evaluated, and risk factors affecting long‐term survival were identified. Follow‐up was complete in 100% of patients, with a median follow‐up of 104.8 months. Overall and cardiac mortality‐free survival rates at postoperative 10 years were 80.1% and 92.9% and 87.3% and 97.2% in groups rEF and preserved LVEF, respectively (
P
=0.036 and
P
=0.058, respectively). LVEF tended to decrease in the early postoperative period but improved thereafter in both groups. Preoperative early diastolic transmitral flow velocity/mitral annular tissue velocity ratio was a parameter of postoperative improvement or normalization of LVEF in all patients (area under the curve, 0.719;
P
=0.003) and in group rEF patients (area under the curve, 0.726;
P
=0.011) with a cutoff value of 12.73. Preoperative early diastolic transmitral flow velocity/mitral annular tissue velocity ratio also was the parameter of overall survival in all patients (hazard ratio [HR], 1.08;
P
=0.001) and in group rEF patients (HR, 1.08;
P
=0.005).

Conclusions

Long‐term outcomes and survival after aortic valve replacement were related to preoperative LV function in patients with chronic aortic regurgitation. Preoperative early diastolic transmitral flow velocity/mitral annular tissue velocity ratio was correlated with the postoperative improvement or normalization of LVEF and long‐term survival, especially in group rEF patients.
Lipid Management in Patients Presenting With Acute Coronary Syndromes: A Review
Authors: Claessen Bimmer E. , Guedeney Paul , Gibson C. Michael , Angiolillo Dominick J. , Cao Davide , Lepor Norman , Mehran Roxana
Published: December 2020

Despite many improvements in its prevention and management, acute coronary syndrome (ACS) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the developed world. Lipid management is an important part of secondary prevention after ACS, but many patients currently remain undertreated and do not attain guideline‐recommended levels of low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction. This review details the current state of evidence on lipid management in patients presenting with ACS, provides directions for identification of patients who may benefit from early escalation of lipid‐lowering therapy, and discusses novel lipid‐lowering medication that is currently under investigation in clinical trials. Moreover, a treatment algorithm aimed at attaining guideline‐recommended low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol levels is proposed. Despite important advances in the initial treatment and secondary prevention of ACS, ≈20% of ACS survivors experience a subsequent ischemic cardiovascular event within 24 months, and 5‐year mortality ranges from 19% to 22%. Knowledge of the current state of evidence‐based lipid management after ACS is of paramount importance to improve outcomes after ACS.
Coltriciella multipileata (Agaricomycetes, Hymenochaetaceae), a new species from Mexico, related to ectomycorrhizal lineages

Authors: VALENZUELA RICARDO , RAYMUNDO TANIA , DECOCK CONY , LARA-CHÁVEZ MA BLANCA NIEVES , LUNA-VEGA ISOLDA , GARCÍA-SANDOVAL RICARDO
Published: December 2020

Coltriciella multipileata is described here as a new species from Mexico. The species grow on soils in open areas at the vicinity of living trees of Pinus patula, and its known only from the Parque Recreativo Los Colomos, Jalisco. The phylogenetic analysis based on partial nuclear 28S ribosomal DNA sequences, recovered Coltriciella multipileata as sister group with a specimen reported as ectomycorrhizal, and closely related with other two species that are considered saprophitic. According with our preliminary analysis of character states reconstruction, the ectomycorrhizal condition appeared early in the Coltriciella clade, with a high rate of transitions between ectomycorrhizal and saprophitic conditions. A key for species similar to Coltriciella multipileata is presented.
One more flower remains in the Emperor’s bouquet: Bellucia imperialis as a prior name for B. dichotoma (Melastomataceae)
Authors: CHAGAS EARL CELESTINO DE OLIVEIRA , COSTA-LIMA JAMES LUCAS DA
Published: December 2020

The names Bellucia dichotoma and B. imperialis have been treated as synonyms and both had been considered as published in the same work, the Cogniaux’s monograph for Flora Brasiliensis. Bellucia dichotoma is the currently accepted name and it is widely applied to herbarium specimens and used in some Melastomataceae floristic treatments and South American checklists. However, based on literature review, we detected that the name B. imperialis was effectively published in a work prior to Cogniaux’s monograph, more precisely a year earlier. Therefore, the name B. imperialis should be considered as the correct name. Additionally, we elected a second-step lectotype for the name B. dichotoma.
Revision of Pleuroprion zur Strassen, 1903 (Holidoteidae) and re-evaluation of Spectrarcturus Schultz, 1981 (Arcturidae) (Crustacea, Isopoda, Valvifera)
Authors: STRANSKY BENTE , SVAVARSSON JÖRUNDUR , POORE GARY C.B. , KIHARA TERUE CRISTINA
Published: December 2020

Pleuroprion zur Strassen, 1903 is revised and restricted to its type species, Antares chuni zur Strassen, 1902, which is redescribed, using the type material from the German Deep-Sea Expedition in 1898–1899 and more recent material. Pleuroprion is transferred to Holidoteidae Wägele, 1989. Pleuroprion frigidum Hansen, 1916 is transferred to Astacilla Cordiner, 1793 (Arcturidae), while all other species previously placed in Pleuroprion, i.e. P. murdochi (Benedict, 1898), P. chlebovitschi Kussakin, 1972, P. fabulosum Gujanova, 1955, P. furcatum Kussakin, 1982, P. hystrix (Sars, 1877), P. intermedium (Richardson, 1899), P. iturupicum Kussakin & Mezhov, 1979 and P. toporoki Kussakin, 1972, are transferred to Spectrarcturus Schultz, 1981 (Arcturidae). The type species of Spectrarcturus, S. multispinatus Schultz, 1981, is a subjective junior synonym of Arcturus murdochi Benedict, 1898, now S. murdochi comb. nov. Spectrarcturus murdochi (Benedict, 1898) is redescribed on the basis of its type material and new material from South Greenland.
Notes on Eurypalpae genus group (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae), with description of two new species
Authors: WU CHAO , ZHANG JIA-ZHI , WANG XIANGPING , LIU CHUN-XIANG
Published: December 2020

The Eurypalpae genus group includes two genera, Ceratopompa Karsch and Zulpha Walker, which are distributed from southeastern Asia to northern Oceania southwards, and to southern China northwards. Each genus has been recorded as monotypic, including two mysterious taxa: C. festiva Karsch and Z. perlaria (Westwood). In this study, we redescribe the known species with broadened distributional ranges, and describe 2 new species: Zulpha ruohua sp. nov. and Zulpha fenghuang sp. nov., with relevant illustrations. The geographic fistribution of the genus group is discussed and mapped. The types are deposited in Insect Collection of Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (IZCAS).
Imbriea nom. nov., a replacement name for Orthopleura Imbrie, 1959 (Brachiopoda)
Authors: REILY BRIAN H.
Published: December 2020

The genus Orthopleura Imbrie, 1959 (Brachiopoda: Rhynchonelliformea: Strophomenata: Orthotetida: Orthotetidina: Chilidiopsoidea: Areostrophiidae: Areostrophiinae, following the classification of Kaesler & Selden 1997–2007) was erected to contain three species of extinct brachiopods from Devonian deposits in the United States. Orthopleura rhipis Imbrie, 1959 was assigned as the type species at time of erection. Streptorhynchus flabellum Whitfield, 1882, Schuchertella orthoplicata Stainbrook, 1943, and two undescribed species, “Orthopleura sp. A” and “Orthopleura sp. B”, were treated as congeneric (Imbrie 1959). However, Orthopleura Imbrie, 1959 is a junior homonym of Orthopleura Spinola, 1845 (Insecta: Coleoptera: Cleridae), the latter being the type genus of the subfamily Orthopleurinae Böving & Craighead, 1931: 56 (see also Opitz 2017 on the validity of this name), The aforementioned usage for the brachiopod taxon must be rejected because the name is not available per Article 60 of The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999, and henceforth “the Code”). The rejected junior homonym has no known available and potentially valid synonym and must be replaced by a new substitute name.
Three Mesoscale Eddy Detection and Tracking Methods: Assessment for the South China Sea
Authors: Xing Tao , Yang Yikai
Published: December 2020

Complex topography and the Kuroshio eddy-shedding process produce active mesoscale eddy activity in the South China Sea (SCS). Three eddy detection and tracking methods, the Okubo–Weiss (O-W), vector-geometry (V-G), and winding-angle (W-A) algorithms, have been widely applied for eddy identification. This study provides a comprehensive assessment of the O-W, V-G, and W-A methods in the SCS, including their detection, statistical analysis, and tracking capabilities. The mean successful detection rates of the O-W, V-G, and W-A methods are 51.9%, 56.8%, and 61.4%, respectively. The O-W and V-G methods preferentially detect eddies with medium radii (½°–1°), whereas the W-A method tends to detect eddies with larger radii (>1°). The V-G method identifies an excessive number of weak (radius < ⅓°) eddylike structures in the SCS, accounting for 48.2% of the total eddy number. The highest mean excessive detection rate of the V-G method biases the data on eddy number, probability, and propagation direction. With the lowest mean successful tracking rate (STR), the O-W method might not be suitable for tracking long-lived eddies in the SCS. The V-G method performs well with regard to the overtracking issue and has the lowest mean questionable tracking rate of 1.1%. Among the three methods, the W-A method tracks eddies most accurately, with the highest mean STR of 80.6%. Overall, the W-A method produces reasonable statistical eddy characteristics and eddy tracking results. Each method has advantages and disadvantages, and researchers should choose wisely according to their needs.
Atmospheric River Sectors: Definition and Characteristics Observed Using Dropsondes from 2014–20 CalWater and AR Recon
Authors: Cobb A. , Michaelis A. , Iacobellis S. , Ralph F. M. , Delle Monache L.
Published: December 2020

Atmospheric rivers (ARs) are responsible for intense winter rainfall events impacting the U.S. West Coast, and have been studied extensively during CalWater and AR Recon field programs (2014–20). A unique set of 858 dropsondes deployed in lines transecting 33 ARs are analyzed, and integrated vapor transport (IVT) is used to define five regions: core, cold and warm sectors, and non-AR cold and warm sides. The core is defined as having at least 80% of the maximum IVT in the transect. Remaining dropsondes with IVT > 250 kg m−1 s−1 are assigned to cold or warm sectors, and those outside of this threshold form non-AR sides. The mean widths of the three AR sectors are approximately 280 km. However, the core contains roughly 50% of all the water vapor transport (i.e., the total IVT), while the others each contain roughly 25%. A low-level jet occurs most often in the core and warm sector with mean maximum wind speeds of 28.3 and 21.7 m s−1, comparable to previous studies, although with heights approximately 300 m lower than previously reported. The core exhibits characteristics most favorable for adiabatic lifting to saturation by the California coastal range. On average, stability in the core is moist neutral, with considerable variability around the mean. A relaxed squared moist Brunt–Väisälä frequency threshold shows ~8%–12% of core profiles exhibiting near-moist neutrality. The vertical distribution of IVT, which modulates orographic precipitation, varied across AR sectors, with 75% of IVT residing below 3115 m in the core.
Influence of manufacturing error tolerances on contact pressure in gears
Authors: Hjelm Rikard , Hansson Hans , Ahadi Aylin , Andersson Carin , Wahlström Jens
Published: December 2020

Gear manufacturing always results in some degree of manufacturing errors, i.e. deviations from the desired gear geometry. These errors alter how the gears mesh, typically causing increased contact pressure which in turn shortens service life. It is therefore crucial to choose tolerances such that excessive contact pressure, and especially tip contact, is avoided. With increasing demands due to electrification, this becomes even more important. The aim of this paper is to study how pitch error and profile slope error affect the contact pressure in spur gears sets. The meshing is simulated using a novel simulation approach that uses a parametric description of the reference profile and gear geometry, and a hybrid model for the compliance. The method includes tooth modifications such as tip relief, and uses the true geometry to find contacts. Thus, it also handles contact outside the nominal line of action, including tip contact. The study includes cases where a gear is subjected to both pitch error and profile slope error simultaneously. Numerical examples, relevant to the automotive industry, show the outcome of the simulations. It is shown how simulation-based tolerances for relevant industrial applications can be used to improve manufacturing outcome.
Aerodynamic optimization of a SCO2 radial-inflow turbine based on an improved simulated annealing algorithm
Authors: Wang Yuqi , Li Yunzhu , Zhang Di , Xie Yonghui
Published: December 2020

Supercritical carbon dioxide plays a vital role in the development of power generation applications. It owns the characteristics of high density and low viscosity, which can ensure a compact structure for turbomachinery. With the blossom of optimization algorithm, an interdisciplinary research which applies optimization method to a traditional design process of turbomachinery can accelerate the course and promote the validity by leaps and bounds. We improve the traditional simulated annealing algorithm and establish an optimization process containing the optimization of rotor meridian plane and nozzle profile. This process can effectively reduce the computation time by establishing a surrogate model of coarse mesh simulation. The effects of traditional simulated annealing algorithm (SAA), genetic algorithm (GA) and improve simulated annealing algorithm (ISAA) are compared. As a result, we realize a maximum of 4.94% promotion for isentropic efficiency in ISAA computation. Also, ISAA method saves the computation time by 59.6% compared to GA and by 41.5% compared to SAA. Applying ISAA optimization method to the turbine in a kW-scale solar-driven Brayton cycle power system, we realize a 1.17% increase for the system efficiency.
App-based learning for kindergarten children at home (Learning4Kids): study protocol for cohort 1 and the kindergarten assessments
Authors: Niklas Frank , Annac Efsun , Wirth Astrid
Published: December 2020

Background

Children’s literacy and mathematical competencies are a critical platform for their successful functioning as individuals in society. However, many children, in particular those with low socio-economic status (SES) backgrounds who may not receive the home support needed to develop to their full potential, are at risk of not reaching sufficient competence levels. The overall aim of this project is to develop innovative computer tablet applications (‘apps’) and test whether the apps support parents in the provision of high-quality home learning environments (HLEs) and impact positively on the short- and long-term development of children’s competencies.

Altogether, “App-based learning for kindergarten children at home” (Learning4Kids) is a 5-year longitudinal study funded by the EU and designed to assess the potential impact of a tablet-based family intervention on children’s learning, development, social inclusion and well-being.

Methods/design

This study uses a multi-method intervention approach and draws on expertise from psychology, education, informatics, and didactics to evaluate the effectiveness of learning apps and the intervention approach. It also exploits new technological possibilities afforded by tablet computers that are very common nowadays in families. Learning4Kids sets out to measure the quality of the HLE, children’s early mathematical, literacy, and cognitive competencies and their behaviour. Here, data will be gathered via standardized tests, observations, and parental and educator surveys and checklists. Data collection also includes the assessment of app usage times via mobile sensing. In cohort 1, 190 families are assigned to one of four groups. One business-as-usual group will only participate in the child assessments, whereas the three remaining groups are provided with tablets for about 10 months. Two intervention groups will receive mathematical or literacy learning apps as well as parental information about these topics and the tablet-control-group will receive similar apps and information that focus on general child development, but not on mathematics or literacy.

Discussion

Whilst offering substantive advances for the scientific fields of psychology and education, the Learning4Kids study also has broad societal implications. Improving young children’s learning trajectories is both a social and economic imperative as it equips them to achieve greater individual success and to contribute to societal prosperity.
Intrauterine cytomegalovirus infection: a possible risk for cerebral palsy and related to its clinical features, neuroimaging findings: a retrospective study
Authors: Xu H , Zhang L , Xuan XY , Zhu M , Tang J , Zhao XK
Published: December 2020

Background

Abundant clinical evidences indicate that the increased risk of cerebral palsy (CP) may be associated with the intrauterine exposure to maternal infection. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a common cause of CP. However, little is known about the relationship between the intrauterine exposure of the fetus to CMV infection and CP. This study aims to explore the relationships between intrauterine CMV infection and clinical symptoms, classification, intelligence development and brain neuroimaging findings in children with CP.

Methods

In this study, 147 children with CP in recent 6 years were retrospectively analyzed (average age: 14.76 ± 3.07months; sex (M/F): 103/44). 148 children had CMV IgG and IgM positive sera identified by TORCH examination were selected as the control group (average age: 15.10 ± 3.21months; sex (M/F): 102/46), which also undergo the examination of CMV-DNA in urine. The age and sex of children in the control group were matched with those in the CP group. CMV-DNA in urine was detected by CMV fluorescence quantitative PCR, and t-test was performed to analyze the number of copies. For the CP group, standardized rehabilitation treatment was performed and the function of gross motor was evaluated by GMFM scale before and after treatment. The Gesell developmental scale (GDS) was used to assess the level of intellectual development. The classification of CP was conducted and the results of magnetic resonance imaging were analyzed. Finally, the correlations between the copy number of CMV-DNA and the clinical characteristics of children with CP were evaluated by the method of Pearson and Spearman correlation analysis.

Results

The level of CMV infection was negatively correlated with the developmental quotient (DQ) of children with CP. Negative association was found between the level of CMV infection and the level of the gross motor development. The level of CMV infection was positively related with the occurrence probability of spastic quadriplegia. However, no associations were found between the abnormalities of brain tissue and the number of CMV copies. Moreover, CMV infection might add the difficulty of the rehabilitation treatment.

Conclusions

CMV infection is a risk factor for the occurrence of CP in children. Pregnancy examination should be strengthened. Early detection and control of CMV infection may contribute to the rehabilitation of children with CP and reduce the disability and social burden.
Three-dimensional classification of the Lenke 1 adolescent idiopathic scoliosis using coronal and lateral spinal radiographs
Authors: Pasha Saba , Ho-Fung Victor , Eker Malcolm , Nossov Sarah , Francavilla Michael
Published: December 2020

Background

Classification of the spinal deformity in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) remains two-dimensional (2D) as the spinal radiographs remain the mainstay in clinical evaluation of the disease. 3D classification systems are proposed, however are time consuming. We here aim to evaluate the clinical application of a 3D classification system by the use of only posterior-anterior and lateral radiographs in Lenke 1 adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS).

Methods

Forty Lenke 1 AIS were classified by five observers following a three-step flowchart, developed based on our previous 3D classification system. This 3D classification characterizes the curve in the frontal and sagittal views and infers the third dimension with rules based on prior data to determine the 3D subtypes of the curve. Repeated rating was performed for 20 randomly selected patients in the same cohort. In addition to the classification by the raters, the 3D model of the spines were generated to determine the actual curve subtype based on the algorithm that was originally used to develop the 3D classification system. The interobserver and intraobserver reliability and the classification accuracy were determined for both 3D and axial classifications of the cohort.

Results

The interobserver reliability was moderate to strong with a kappa value between 0.61–0.89 for 3D and axial classifications. Comparing the mathematical classification and the raters’ classification, the classification accuracy among all raters ranged between 56 and 89%.

Conclusion

We evaluated the reliability of a previously developed 3D classification system for Lenke 1 AIS patients when only two-view spinal radiographs are available. Radiologists and orthopedic surgeons were able to identify the 3D subtypes of Lenke 1 AIS from the patients’ radiographs with moderate to strong reliability. The new 3D classification has the potential to identify the subtypes of the Lenke 1 AIS without a need for quantitative 3D image post-processing.
The use of induced pluripotent stem cells in domestic animals: a narrative review
Authors: Scarfone Rachel A. , Pena Samantha M. , Russell Keith A. , Betts Dean H. , Koch Thomas G.
Published: December 2020

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are undifferentiated stem cells characterized by the ability to differentiate into any cell type in the body. iPSCs are a relatively new and rapidly developing technology in many fields of biology, including developmental anatomy and physiology, pathology, and toxicology. These cells have great potential in research as they are self-renewing and pluripotent with minimal ethical concerns. Protocols for their production have been developed for many domestic animal species, which have since been used to further our knowledge in the progression and treatment of diseases. This research is valuable both for veterinary medicine as well as for the prospect of translation to human medicine. Safety, cost, and feasibility are potential barriers for this technology that must be considered before widespread clinical adoption. This review will analyze the literature pertaining to iPSCs derived from various domestic species with a focus on iPSC production and characterization, applications for tissue and disease research, and applications for disease treatment.