bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metformin-Induced Vitamin B12 Deficiency in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Narrative Review with a Practical Approach for Screening, Diagnosing, and Managing Vitamin B12 Deficiency
Authors: Yazidi Meriem , Kammoun Elyes , Oueslati Ibtissem , Chihaoui Melika
Published: July 2024

Metformin is the most widely used antihyperglycemic drug in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Over the past 2 decades, several studies have highlighted a substantial increase in the risk of vitamin B12 deficiency in patients with T2D on metformin therapy. This can lead to several complications and induce or exacerbate peripheral neuropathy. Despite these data, there are no definite guidelines for screening, diagnosing, and treating vitamin B12 deficiency in patients with T2D on metformin therapy. Therefore, in this narrative review, we aimed to suggest a practical diagnostic and therapeutic strategy to address vitamin B12 deficiency in patients with T2D receiving metformin treatment. Clinical evidence supporting an increased risk of vitamin B12 deficiency in patients with T2D on metformin therapy and its risk factors and potential complications are also discussed.
Association of Prior COVID-19 Infection with Risk of Breakthrough Infection Following Vaccination: A Cohort Study in Isfahan, Iran
Authors: Manteghinejad Amirreza , Rasti Sina , Nasirian Maryam , Javanmard Shaghayegh Haghjooy
Published: July 2024

Background:

Many people worldwide have developed a combination of natural and vaccine-induced immunity to COVID-19. This study investigated whether exposure to SARS-CoV-2 before full vaccination promotes protection against a breakthrough infection.

Methods:

We studied a total of 2,902,545 people in the Isfahan COVID-19 Registry. All the participants had received two doses of either Sinopharm BIBP, ChAdOx1-nCoV-19, Gam-COVID-Vac, or BIV1-CovIran vaccines. A cohort study examined the association between prior COVID-19 infection and the risk of a breakthrough infection for each vaccine. Cohorts in each pair were matched by gender, age group, calendar week of the first dose, the interval between the first and second doses, and the proportion of healthcare workers. The probable virus variant for the previous infections was also considered. Each individual’s follow-up started 14 days after their second vaccine dose until either the end of the study censoring date, occurrence of a COVID-19 infection, or death. The breakthrough infection risk was compared between each cohort pair by using the hazard ratio (HR) and incidence rate ratio (IRR).

Results:

Total breakthrough HRs (95% confidence interval) (previously infected over infection-naïve matched cohort) were 0.36 (0.23–0.55), 0.35 (0.32–0.40), 0.37 (0.30–0.46), and 0.43 (0.32–0.56) for the BIV1-CovIran, Sinopharm BIBP, Gam-COVID-Vac, and ChAdOx1-nCoV-19 vaccine groups, respectively. The breakthrough infection IRRs were approximately similar to the total HRs mentioned above.

Conclusion:

Prior SARS-CoV-2 infection conferred additive immunity against breakthrough after vaccination, no matter which vaccine brand was injected. Such a result could guide health authorities to codify low-cost high-benefit vaccination protocols and protect the community’s well-being.
Solitary Functioning Kidneys Attenuate Renal Hemodynamics Responses to Angiotensin II in Male But Not in Female Rats
Authors: Pezeshki Zahra , Nematbakhsh Mehdi
Published: July 2024

Backgrounds:

People with solitary functioning kidneys (SFK) are prone to renal failure with time. Accordingly, local renin angiotensin system (RAS) and renal functions in subjects with SFK may act differently compared to normal condition. This study was designed to determine the renal hemodynamics responses to angiotensin II (Ang. II) in SFK male and female rats.

Methods:

Fifty to sixty-day-old male and female Wistar rats were subjected to unilateral renal artery obstruction, and 28 days later basal renal hemodynamic responses to Ang. II were examined in SFK groups compared to sham groups.

Results:

The findings indicated lower renal vascular resistance (RVR) and renal blood flow (RBF) responses to Ang. II in male SFK compared to sham group. Such observation was not seen in female animals.

Conclusions:

An increase in renal metabolism due to hyperfunction, especially in SFK male rats, may cause a decrease in RVR. Moreover, the lower RBF response to Ang. II may be related to alteration to Ang. II receptors in the remnant kidneys in SFK rats.
Advancing Diabetes Self-Management: A Novel Smartphone Application Featuring a Scoring Algorithm for Tailored User Engagement
Authors: Tebianian Mohammad A. , Jahromi Soodeh Razeghi
Published: July 2024

Background:

We developed and evaluated an intelligent diabetes assistant application (Diabetter) for the self-management of diabetes. It suggested that increasing the patient’s interest and participation in using smartphone apps is important for the effectiveness of diabetes management apps.

Methods:

After evaluating all-encompassing features for diabetes management, we divided the selected factors into sub-factors for use in the application. Then, we created the first high-fidelity prototype using related programs and conducted early user testing to validate and improve Diabetter. To handle the user transaction time and keep them motivated, we designed and implemented a scoring system based on the nudge theory rules within the app.

Results:

To evaluate Diabetter’s impact on diabetes self-management, we measured HbA1c levels after a prolonged period. The Diabetter prototype was developed and modified in a revised version for better user interaction with the app. The scoring system increased the input of users’ information, which resulted in more analysis and recommendations to users. Clinical studies showed that as a result of continuous input of information from users who had been using the application for a longer period of time, their HbA1c levels were within the healthy range.

Conclusions:

The results demonstrate that the Diabetter application has been able to play an effective role in diabetes self-management by increasing users’ app usage time. However, future study is needed to provide a better interpretation.
Ayurveda Treatment for Cardiorespiratory Endurance Enhancement in a Marathon Runner—A Case Study in a 21-Year-Old Athlete
Authors: Lakshmi Vasantha
Published: July 2024

Marathon runners are a group of endurance athletes who spend a remarkable amount of energy during which they may manifest fatigue and restlessness. However, these athletes are prone to musculoskeletal and cardiovascular disorders when not under ideal dietary recommendations or medical supervision. The existing medical remedies seem to be self-administered “commercial supplements” for the improvement of cardiopulmonary endurance (CPE), which may affect the functioning of the kidney. We present a case of a marathon runner who presented with generalized weakness/fatigue during running, lack of sleep, and appetite, seeking improvement in overall health condition for his run. We considered the case to be of an endurance athlete in need of improved CPE and initiated an ayurvedic treatment and dietary plan. Ashwagandha, Triphala, and Gokshura churnas significantly improved the CPE while simultaneously improving his generalized weakness after treatment.
Are primary care physicians familiar enough with potentially inappropriate medications in geriatric care? A cross-sectional study in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alharkan Khalid S. , Alfarea Abdulaziz M. , Alkhateeb Abdulrahman F. , Alsousi Safaa A. , Althwaiqb Sarah A. , Alshammari Malak O.
Published: July 2024

BACKGROUND:

Potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) and polypharmacy constitute increasing healthcare costs and significant risk for adverse outcomes in older adults. The American Geriatrics Society Beers Criteria form a screening tool for the identification of PIMs and guidance for healthcare providers in prescribing appropriate medications. However, primary care physicians’ knowledge of screening tools, of Beers Criteria, in particular, is not known. Therefore, this study was to investigate primary care physicians in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia and their awareness of Beers Criteria and knowledge of PIMs.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

This cross-sectional study was conducted among primary care physicians working in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Data were collected using an online self-administered questionnaire that consisted of sections on the general characteristics of respondents and their knowledge of Beers Criteria as a screening tool. Eight clinical-based vignettes concerning different therapeutic areas of medication use in the elderly were included, with a score of 1 and 0 for correct and wrong answers, respectively. Data presented as frequency and percentage. Chi-square test was used to determine the association between duration of practice and the level of awareness about Beers criteria.

RESULTS:

Of the 121 physicians who returned completed questionnaires, 41.3% of respondents knew about Beers Criteria. Most respondents (52.9%) were confident in prescribing appropriately for elderly patients. The association between the duration of practice and confidence level was statistically significant (P = 0.040). Respondents showed an above-average knowledge of the clinical vignettes with a correct answer rate >50% in all clinical scenarios. Online search (84.2%) and physician colleagues’ knowledge and experiences (39.2%) were the primary source of information reported by the respondents.

CONCLUSION:

Awareness of Beers Criteria of primary care physicians in Saudi Arabia’s Eastern Province is low. Therefore, our results will educate healthcare workers on the importance of Beers Criteria in Geriatric patients’ prescriptions, in order to significantly improve the well-being of the elderly.
An Exploratory Pilot Study to Assess the Effect of Intermittent Fasting on Anthropometric Parameters, Biochemical Factors, and Pro-Inflammatory Biomarkers
Authors: Pushkar Kumar , Kaushik S. K. , Bobdey Saurabh C. , Faujdar Dharamjeet S. , Kapoor Suraj , Namaji Mohammed Ashraf A. , Yadav Arun K. , Nagari Niharika
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT

Introduction:

Fasting denotes abstinence from food or drink or both for well-being, ritualistic, and spiritual purposes. This study was conducted to explore the effect of Navratras fasting on anthropometric parameters, biochemical factors, and pro-inflammatory biomarkers.

Materials and Methods:

This study was a short-term longitudinal follow-up study conducted during Navratras (Oct 2020) in a residential medical college campus in western Maharashtra. Assessment of the participants based on anthropometry, biochemical, and pro-inflammatory markers was done at three-time points 7 days before the start of intermittent fasting (T1) (before the start of Navratras), at the end of intermittent fasting (the last day of the festival) (T2) (during Navratras), and 1 week after completion of intermittent fasting (T3) (after the end of Navratras).

Results:

A total of 50 subjects participated in the study, and the mean age of study participants was 33.6 ± 10 years. There was a significant reduction in body weight (P = 0.001), waist circumference (P = 0.001), and hip circumference (P ≤ 0.05) during the intermittent fasting period (T2). Significantly lower levels of total cholesterol (P < 0.01) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) (P < 0.01) were observed in the T2 and T3 time points of sampling. However, a significant increase in TNF-alpha, IL-1, IL-6, and IL-8 levels was observed during the T2 phase (P < 0.001).

Conclusion:

The current exploratory study evaluating the importance of intermittent fasting during Navratras showed a significant reduction in certain anthropometric as well as biochemical parameters. It is recommended that intermittent fasting may be considered by individuals who are overweight and need to improve overall health. However, it is important that like any other weight-loss program, intermittent fasting should also be undertaken under medical supervision.
Coblation-Assisted Endoscopic Approach for Airway Stenosis
Authors: Gupta Vikas , Upadhyay Kiran , Datta Rakesh , Raina Sheetal , Bhatia Ritika , Lohith BR
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT

Background:

Acquired laryngotracheal stenosis is a challenging condition for the otolaryngologist. The gold standard of treatment for a long time has been open surgical procedure but not without significant morbidities. To avoid morbidities, various endoscopic approaches like balloon dilatation, stenting, CO2 laser, and cryotherapy have emerged in the last decade. Coblation-assisted tracheoplasty is one such novel approach which enables the removal of target tissue with minimal damage to surrounding tissues.

Aim and Objectives:

The aim of this case series is to evaluate the use of bipolar radiofrequency plasma ablation (Coblation) in the treatment of acquired adult tracheal stenosis.

Materials and Methods:

This is a retrospective case series in a tertiary care center. The medical records of six patients with tracheal stenosis who were treated with coblation from March 2020 to December 2020 were reviewed. Patient presentation, surgical intervention(s), post-operative course, and complications were analyzed.

Result:

All six patients had acquired tracheal stenosis post-tracheostomy. Coblation along with balloon dilatation and Mitomycin-C were done for these patients. All six patients could be successfully decannulated without complications, perioperative, or post-operative sequalae.

Conclusion:

The results of this study suggest that coblation may be an effective endoscopic tool for the treatment of tracheal stenosis. Further studies with a large number of patients are required as this technique comes more in application.
Not All Glandular Structures in Lymph Nodes Draining Ovarian Neoplasms Equate to Metastasis: Epiphany Taught by Endosalpingiosis!
Authors: Shetty Archana , Murali Nirupama , Supriya TR , Edupuganti Hima Sree , Krishnamurthy Mukunda
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT

Endosalpingiosis is characterized by the presence of the ectopic tubal epithelium and is known to occur in pelvic organs, peritoneum, urinary bladder, and retroperitoneal nodes. Occurrence in pelvic lymph nodes must be differentiated from metastasis. We present a case of 30-year-old female who underwent staging laparotomy for suspected bilateral ovarian cancer. Histopathology revealed bilateral borderline serous tumor with two pelvic nodes having benign glandular structures of fallopian tubal morphology. WTI was positive in ovarian tumor and nodal structures but with pattern difference. The Ki-67 labeling index was 2% in nodal lesions as compared to 9% in ovarian tumor, confirming endosalpingiosis. Nodal endosalpingiosis must not be misdiagnosed as “metastasis” to avoid overtreatment in ovarian neoplasms. It is pertinent to recognize this entity rightly as it has a definitive role in clinical decision and treatment protocols. Glandular structures in lymph nodes must undergo a thorough workup, especially when associated with neoplastic lesions elsewhere.
Primary Tuberculosis of the Chest Wall Without Pulmonary Involvement: A Case Report
Authors: Nayak Priyadarshini S. , Bhaskar Ranjith K. , Pai Gopinath , Chandrashekar S.
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT

Chest wall tuberculosis (TB) is often associated with primary pulmonary TB. Primary chest wall TB without any pulmonary involvement is a rare form of musculoskeletal TB and is relatively difficult to diagnose due to nonspecific symptoms. Without significant clinical indications, accepting the possibility of a tubercular origin in chest wall tuberculosis can be challenging, which can mimic a pyogenic abscess or tumor. To rule out potential mycobacterial causes, all abscesses in tuberculosis-endemic areas like India that are resistant to standard therapy must be investigated. Herein, we present a case of primary tuberculosis of the chest wall, which was treated successfully.
Comparison of Opioid Versus Non-opioid-based Anesthesia Techniques for Hemodynamic and Neuro-endocrine Responses in Laparoscopic Surgeries
Authors: Kore Shilpa S. , Vazhakalayil Subha Teresa J. , Fasil Fathima
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT

Objective:

To analyze the effectiveness of dexmedetomidine and fentanyl pre-medication, followed by infusion in modulating hemodynamic and neuro-endocrine responses to laryngoscopy and pneumoperitoneum during laparoscopic surgery.

Methods:

Forty adult patients were randomized into two groups. Before induction, group dexmedetomidine (group D) were given dexmedetomidine at 0.5 μgm/kg IV as loading over 10 min and infusion at the rate of 0.2 mcg/kg/hour during the surgical procedure. Group fentanyl (group F) were given 0.5 mcg/kg as loading over 10 min and infusion at the rate of 0.2 mcg/kg/hour during the surgical procedure. Hemodynamic parameters and blood glucose levels were pre-operatively monitored.

Results:

No significant differences were observed in the demographic profiles. There was a discernible difference in the heart rate compared to the pre-operative values in both groups. The systolic blood pressure was significantly lower in group D than in group F. There were no significant changes in the blood glucose levels during the intra-operative period, and the blood glucose levels remained low after extubation in group D (P= 0.0001).

Conclusion:

Dexmedetomidine causes greater attrition of the hemodynamic response to intubation and pneumoperitoneum during the peri-operative period and modulates the neuro-endocrine stress response, resulting in better hemodynamic stability.
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole-induced Pancytopenia in a Newly Diagnosed HIV Patient
Authors: Vikhe Vikram B. , Faruqi Ahsan A.
Published: July 2024

ABSTRACT

We present a case of a young male from a low socioeconomic background who presented with mucosal ulceration, hematemesis episodes, and pancytopenia following treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) for a urinary tract infection. On examination, the patient exhibited signs of severe anemia and hemodynamic instability. After stabilization and a thorough workup a diagnosis of idiosyncratic drug reaction secondary to TMP-SMX was established, believed to be exacerbated by the patient’s immune-hyperactive state due to a recent HIV diagnosis. Initiation of methylprednisolone therapy resulted in rapid improvement in blood parameters. This case highlights the complexity of TMP-SMX-induced pancytopenia in the context of HIV infection and emphasizes the prompt recognition and management of such life-threatening adverse reactions in immunocompromised individuals.
Editor’s choice: Infections, sexual reproductive and child health out shine NCDs in the African environment
Authors: K Tumwine James
Published: July 2024

NIL
Effect of socio-economic factors on malaria prevalence in a Peri-urban setting in Vihiga County, Western Kenya Highlands
Authors: Aleyo Muzame Beatrice , Omukunda Elizabeth , Mulama David , Okoth Patrick
Published: July 2024

Background: Malaria is the leading cause of mortality in sub-Saharan Africa.
Objective: The study assessed the effect of socio-economic factors on high malaria prevalence in a peri-urban setting in Vihiga County, Western Kenya highlands aimed at strengthening implementation of cost-effective malaria control strategies at household level.
Method: A longitudinal study was carried out in the study area from December 2019 to November 2020. From patients who presented themselves at Mbale Provincial Rural Training health center for various treatments, 768 malaria confirmed patients were recruited and signed consent before the study commenced. Data was collected using microscopy and structured questionnaires used to stratify malaria patients into socio-economic status and their residence. Data was presented through graphs, frequency, analyzed using linear regression and correlation. P-value ≤ 0.05as considered statistically significant.
Results: Linear regression analysis showed effect of socio-economic factors on malaria prevalence was statistically significant, R2 = 0.061, [F (7,760) = 7.063], p < 0.0001). Level of education, wealth, land size, house type and house ventilation were statistically significant to malaria prevalence as opposed to salary and household size.
Conclusion: Socio-economic factors influenced malaria prevalence in the study area. Implementation of cost-effective malaria control strategies should be strengthened at household level.
Keywords: Malaria prevalence; socio-economic factors; malaria control strategies; mosquitoes breeding sites; household level.
Report on status of treatment and rehabilitation centres in Kenya
Authors: Lelei Kirwa , Njenga Adrian , Muteti John
Published: July 2024

No abstract
The relationship between patterns of using internet, media literacy, alcohol consumption and drug abuse: a case of Malaysian youths
Authors: Joorabchi Toktam Namayandeh , Salleh Amla , Fouladiyan Majid
Published: July 2024

The concerning statistics regarding alcohol consumption and substance abuse among young individuals in Malaysia necessitate endeavors to comprehend this occurrence. The aim of the current research was to ascertain the correlations between media literacy, Internet usage patterns, alcohol intake, and drug misuse among Malaysian youths. A quantitative research approach was employed to collect data from 440 students at University Putra Malaysia through a method of stratified random sampling. The findings of the investigation indicated that the association between media literacy and alcohol consumption was statistically significant (p=0.017), whereas it was deemed insignificant for drug consumption (p=0.90). Notably, no statistically significant connections were found between the two dimension of Internet usage patterns and alcohol intake (p=0.22, p=0.54) or drug use (p=0.41, p=0.48). Nevertheless, the link between Internet usage patterns and media literacy was found to be significant (p=0.00). Additionally, outcomes from the independent t-test displayed that male participants exhibited higher levels of drug and alcohol usage compared to their female counterparts (p=0.00, p=0.045). Significant mean disparities were also observed between drug consumption and gender. The outcomes of the one-way ANOVA revealed notable mean differences between ethnic groups and alcohol consumption (p=0.00), while no mean differences were identified between ethnic groups and drug usage (p=0.82). The implications of this  study are also deliberated.
The role of family in the initiation and enabling of alcohol and substance abuse
Authors: Eddah Kipchumba Heather , Loong’onyo Peter Mangistu
Published: July 2024

Family is the basic unit of a nation, and the primary institution for knowledge and skill acquisition, and it further shapes individual attitudes, desires, and behavior, both in the right and negative manner. The family regarding the rising dependence on alcohol and drug abuse has not been a critical focus for empirical analysis, a gap that this study sought to fill. The study utilized secondary data sources from Kenya, sourced from the internet, particularly in journals on alcohol and drug abuse. Content analysis was adopted, and data was presented in themes. It was found that there are factors within the family that promote the initiation of alcohol and substance abuse and maintain its continuous use. These factors included different parenting styles; authoritarian, permissive, and uninvolved styles of parenting, the circumstances and conditions within the home environment, primary caregiver role modeling and any close relatives, adverse childhood experiences and in some instances, disposition from genetic makeup, that cause inter-generational alcoholism in certain families. To resolve this problem, the family should be recognized as a focal area of interventions to curb alcohol and drug abuse.
The Role of Federal Government Intervention in Development Programmes in Niger Delta
Authors: Abdullahi Yammah , Erunke Canice , Giniwa Prince
Published: July 2024

The Niger Delta region in Nigeria makes significant contribution to Nigeria's economy through oil and gas production but has long been plagued by various socio-economic challenges, including environmental degradation, poverty, and conflict. In response to these issues, the federal government has implemented intervention programs aimed at addressing the region’s needs. This work aims to explore and analyze the role of federal government intervention programmes in the Niger Delta with a focus on their effectiveness and sustainability as well as the impacts overtime that has remained questionable. The paper used literature review to ascertain existing federal government intervention programmes. Case studies were used to highlight the various intervention programmes implemented in the region. Quantitative data from government reports and databases were used to gather data to identify the role of successive administration in Nigeria in enhancing development through the establishment of various intervention agencies and policy recommendations with the intention improving the plight of the people. The paper employed Structural Functional theory by Gabriel Almond to access structures and functions performed in the region where resources contribute to the Nation’s economy from oil and gas generated revenue. The issue of militancy attack on oil assets as well as government’s intervention by granting Amnesty Program to the agitators for peace, the protection of lives and property and security to region in the region suffice as major interventions in the Niger Delta. This study contributes to the existing body of knowledge on Federal Government intervention programmes in the Niger Delta, offering a critical analysis of the past and present initiatives, identifying gaps and challenges, and proposing actionable recommendations for future policy formulation and implementation. The ultimate goal is to facilitate positive change, promote inclusive growth, and achieve lasting peace, stability, and prosperity in the Niger Delta region and Nigeria as a whole.
A synthesis of 1,3-dienes using a Ni(II) mediated Suzuki-Miyaura reaction
Authors: S. Al-Jawaheri Yassir , S. Ezzat Nameer
Published: July 2024

Synthesis of the 1,3-dienes from arylboronic acids with propargyl alcohols using a Ni(II) precatalysts is presented. Through detailed reaction screening NiCl2(PCy3)2 has been identified as the optimal catalyst for this transformation. The reaction is thought to proceed through a Ni(II) allenyl complex, which undergoes a base free Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling through arylboronic acids, with the resultant aryl allene rearranging to its 1,3-diene. Application of these optimized reaction conditions then provides several dienes in reasonable to good, isolated yields.
KEY WORDS: Suzuki-Miyaura, NiCl2(PCy3)2, 1,3-Dienes, Allenyl, Base free
Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2024, 38(5), 1405-1412.                                                           
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i5.16
Dual fluorescence emission of p-N,N-(dialkylamino) benzyl-idenemalononitrile and related systems: Evidence for direct excitation of ground state twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) conformer
Authors: G. Woldegiorgis Desta , T. Mengesha Ephriem , Babu G. Neelaiah , Susai  Boobalan Maria , B. Demissie Taye , Teju Endale
Published: July 2024

The mechanism of dual fluorescence emission of a fluorophore is controversial ever since its first observation in p-N,N-dimethylaminobenzonitrile (DMABN). Excited state twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) and planarized intramolecular charge transfer (PICT) models have been the two prominent theories used to explain the dual fluorescence mechanism in several systems. These mechanisms are based on excited state adiabatic structural changes of the fluorophore. Nevertheless, pieces of evidences based on excitation spectral measurements at different emission windows suggest the possibility of additional and/or alternative mechanisms based on ground state structural changes of the fluorophore. In this paper, we have presented a systematic steady-state absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy of a donor-πacceptor system, p-N,N-(dialkylamino)benzylidenemalononitrile, and related compounds in solvents of different polarities. The excitation spectrum of p-N,N-(dialkylamino) benzylidenemalononitrile is found to be dependent on the emission window. Furthermore, the emission spectra of the molecule are dependent on the excitation wavelength which suggest that the molecule consists of two stable ground state conformational isomers. The spectroscopic pieces of evidence together with results from DFT calculations are in favor of the solvent-induced ground state structural change of the fluorophore. Hence, two ground state conformers of p-N,N-(dialkylamino)benzylidenemalononitrile are attributed to the dual emission of the molecule.
KEY WORDS: Dual fluorescence, Charge transfer, TICT, PICT, Excitation, Benzylidenemalononitriles
Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2024, 38(5), 1413-1427.                                                        
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i5.17
Vanillin and 4-nitroanilline derived Schiff-base and its nickel(II) complex: spectral analysis and antibacterial investigation
Authors: Misganaw Kasanesh , Thillairasu Ponnusamy , Shumi Gemechu , Debebe Habtamu , Berhanu Sintayehu
Published: July 2024

Ni(II) metal complex of Schiff base (SB) ligand 2-methoxy-4-[(4-nitrophenyl) iminomethyl]phenol (MNIMP); derived from vanillin and 4-nitroanilline was synthesized in 1:2 M:L by refluxing solution containing metal salt (NiCl2.6H2O, 97.0%) and SB in ethanol and characterized based on powder (XRD), NMR, FT-IR, UV-Vis spectrophotometer, and physicochemical measurements. The FT-IR spectra revealed that the complex is coordinated through azomethine nitrogen and phenolic oxygen of the bi-dentate ligands. The chemical shift δ = 9.8 ppm in 1H-NMR of SB; corresponds to the azomethine proton of the ligand suggesting the presence of -C=N- linkage and 13C-NMR confirms the presence of 14C in the ligand and the complex. The shift to a lower wavelength of UV-Vis spectra of the complex compared to the ligand signifying complex formation. The powder (XRD) pattern put forward the crystalline phase of the complex through nickel(II) occupying the center of octahedron geometry. The higher molar conductance value of the complex confirms its electrolytic nature. In-vitro antibacterial activities for synthesized compounds have been evaluated towards human pathogenic microbes Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli and compared with standard, gentamicin. The result demonstrated that Ni(II) complex; [Ni (MNIMP)2(H2O)2]Cl2 has greater zone of inhibition against the tested organism than free MNIMP ligand as antibacterial agent.
KEY WORDS: Derivatization, Schiff base ligand, Vanillin, Nickel (II) complex, Bi-dentate, Antibacterial activity
Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2024, 38(5), 1275-1289.                                                   
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i5.7
Transmission of antibiotic-resistant bacteria through laptop keyboard among students of a tertiary institution in Lagos, Nigeria and the associated risk factors
Authors: Ezeanya-Bakpa Chinyere Charity , Martins Joseph Bolutife
Published: July 2024

In today’s technology world, the use of the laptop is a global practice. This device could be a means of transmission of antibiotic-resistant bacteria because of its regular use by man. This study therefore aims to determine the bacteria contamination of laptop keyboards with antibiotic-resistant strains among students of a tertiary institution in Lagos, Nigeria. A total of thirty four (34) laptop keyboard swab samples were collected from male and female students respectively. Standard bacteriological identification methods were employed to ascertain the identity of likely contaminants. The culture media used for isolation and identification procedures included: nutrient agar, MacConkey agar, mannitol salt agar and eosin methylene blue agar. Reactions to Gram staining and key biochemical tests were performed using standard protocols. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done using the disc diffusion method to determine the susceptibility pattern of the isolates followed by extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) phenotypic test on the recovered isolates. A self-structured questionnaire was used to obtain data on laptop usage from each participant. The distribution of the isolates across both gender (Male vs Female) was 1:1 with the isolates: Staphylococcus aureus (72%), Escherichia coli (16%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (10%) and Shigella spp. (2%). Multi-drug resistance to S. aureus, K. pneumoniae and E. coli with S. aureus, resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (59%), erythromycin (88%), ciprofloxacin (64%), and clotrimazole (52%) were observed. Klebsiella pneumoniae demonstrated resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (82%), ceftazidime (63%), and cefoxitin (55%). Finally, in E. coli, resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cefoxitin, ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime (100%) and imipenem (50%) was observed. A total of 2 (2.9%) of the isolates were ESBL-positive.  Majority 50 (74%) of the students were between the ages of 20 – 24 years. Significant association (p < 0.05) was found between colonization of laptop keyboards by resistant isolates and sharing of laptops, use of laptops while eating and use of laptop in public gathering. With the high percentage of resistant isolates from laptop keyboards, good personal hygiene/sanitary measures or limited use of the laptop by students where possible is encouraged.
Design of a standalone photovoltaic system for the Department of Physics, Faculty of Science Complex, Gombe State University, Nigeria
Authors: Madugu M. L. , Nafada A. I. , Danladi Muhammad Mukhtar
Published: July 2024

Energy is generally essential to economic and social development and improves quality of life globally. Most of the residences derive their electricity from utility companies but due to their inefficient services some people have resort to diesel and gasoline powered generators among others. These machines are usually associated with noise pollution and also with the disadvantage of increasing the greenhouse gas emission which has a negative impact on the environment. It is therefore necessary to look for an alternative and reliable source of energy to obtain steady power in the Department of Physics, Faculty of Science complex in Gombe State University for effective learning condition. In this work, a standalone photovoltaic (PV) system was designed for the Department of physics to overcome some of the challenges mentioned earlier. The aim was achieved through energy audit, battery sizing, charge controller sizing, inverter sizing, and photovoltaic system sizing were carried out. In this research design analysis of PV system were carried out based on the load assessment of the Department of physics, faculty of science. The system was planned to have a 3 days of autonomy and has a total power of 13185W and total energy requirement 80897.857 Wh /day which would require 25280.580 AH; 141 photovoltaic panels of 280W each; 50 KVA rated inverter; 11 charge controller rated 60A each; panel covers area of 17.2 m2.
Growth Impact of Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), Meyrick, on tomato plants and factors associated with the pest longevity in Nigeria
Authors: Awodoyin Tosin Ifedolapo , Omoloye Adebayo Amos , Alabi Olajumoke Y , Adesoye O. Adegbola
Published: July 2024

Identifying damage pattern and studying the longevity of Tuta absoluta is essential for developing sustainable and effective strategies to manage this pest and mitigate its impact on agricultural systems and food security. The present study aims to elucidate the invasion impact of Tuta absoluta on tomato plants and factors associated with the pest longevity in Nigeria. Rearing of Tuta absoluta were carried out under an average 27.5 ± 3 °C temperature and 75.5 ± 3% relative humidity following standard procedure. Obtained data were analyzed using descriptive analysis and SPSS version 20.0. Subsequently, they were subjected to ANOVA with significance level at P = 0.05. The larval stage represents the destructive phase of Tuta absoluta on tomato plants. Virgin males and females had lifespans of up to 7.3 ± 2.13 and 12.9 ± 3.55 days, respectively, with significantly different values (P<0.05) observed between the sexes. Mating affected longevity of T. absoluta moths. Males lived up to 7.0 +0.15 days while the females lived up to 20.5 + 0.44 days. These values are significantly different at P<0.05. Generally, female live longer than the male counterpart of Tuta absoluta under any condition. It is therefore recommended that the most effective stage to target for control of the pest is typically the larval stage.
Design and Implementation of a Portable Ventilator with Variable Breath per Minute (BPM)
Authors: Arowolo Mathew Oluwole , Ohiani-Greg Cyril Omeiza , Ademola Ademilua Busayo
Published: July 2024

The Covid-19 pandemic underscored the critical role of ventilators in society, prompting attention to the shortage and cost of medical  ventilators. This study focuses on the development of a portable ventilator designed for use in resource-limited settings, addressing the  need for a small, lightweight mechanical ventilator. The device, controlled by an Arduino microcontroller, features adjustable ventilation  modes and monitoring capabilities for vital signs. Utilizing a cam arm mechanism and a touch screen LED display, the ventilator aims to  provide reliable and cost-effective ventilation. Evaluation includes performance, usability, and safety assessments. The device, weighing  11 lbs. and measuring 6.6 x 11.4 x 9.4 inches, contributes to accessible and portable ventilators for emergency situations, benefiting rural  communities with vulnerable populations and limited hospital ventilators. The ventilator system, powered by an internal battery lasting  up to three hours, offers hot-swappable detachable and external batteries for extended ventilation.
Modelling and Analysis of Temperature and Humidity within a Greenhouse System
Authors: Arowolo Mathew Oluwole , Clinton Daniel Ibeojo , Akinade Akinbo Olamide
Published: July 2024

This research explored the various behaviors of climatic conditioning elements, weakness as well as ways to improve them. Remote  monitoring using Arduino Internet of a Thing (IoT) technology was implemented in the automated greenhouse environment used to gain  access to some necessary generated data. Implementation unit yield is of vital essence as population of people is on a steady rise,  food insecurity is invariably on the rise also. Means need to be developed to enhance agricultural output to meet up with the need of the  ever increasing-population of man. One of the main goals of this research is to improve efficiency to enhance agricultural productivity  and resource management by enabling real-time data-collection and control of crucial greenhouse parameters such as temperature and  humidity. With the integration of sensors like Dht11 and actuators connected to the Esp32 wroom-32 which we employed in this work.  This methodology helps to optimize crop growth conditions while overcoming the challenges posed by Nigeria's diverse climatic  conditions. The study evaluated the effectiveness of this remote monitoring approach in terms of improved crop yields, and system  efficiency thus contributing to sustainable and technology-driven agriculture in Nigeria. This hourly data was taken on Sunday, 31st  August 2023 at Ikole – Ekiti at the Faculty of Engineering. From analysis the percentage effectiveness of ambient temperature on this  rainy day for the selected crop was 70%. This trend deciphered inefficiency in the microclimatic element but could also end up  transforming the dreaded blue-collar agriculture to an attractive niche in the future.
Quality evaluation of commercial alcohol-based hand sanitizers in Nairobi, Kenya: A post COVID-19 pandemic survey
Authors: Maingi Catherine N , Okaru Alex O , Abuga Kennedy O , Ndwigah Stanley N , King'ondu Obed K
Published: July 2024

The global public health impact of COVID-19 necessitated multifaceted approaches such as use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers (ABHS) to control transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This study evaluated compliance with Kenya Bureau of Standards (KEBS) specification of commercially available alcohol-based hand sanitizers purchased from selected retail outlets in the Nairobi metropolitan area. Out of the 122 samples analyzed, 63% met KEBS specifications based on visual inspection, while gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) identified methanol as a contaminant in 26% of samples. Quantification of the permitted alcohols, ethanol and isopropanol, using gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID) revealed that 44.3% had an alcohol content within the specified range of 60 - 95% v/v, with 5.7% containing neither alcohol. Furthermore, only 10% of samples from local manufacturers met KEBS specifications. These results highlight the need for strict monitoring and regulation of alcohol-based hand sanitizers, particularly in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, the presence of methanol and variations in alcohol content underscore the importance of implementing comprehensive quality control measures to ensure the effectiveness and safety of these highly important public health tools.
The effect of COVID-19 phobia on employee performance and job satisfaction: a cross-sectional study
Authors: KOÇAK Hatice Serap , GÜMÜŞ Ecem ÇİÇEK , TAŞDEMİR Derya ÇEVİK
Published: July 2024

BackgroundThe mass fear of COVID-19, which is called “coronaphobia”, causes many negative effects such as increasing unemployment rates, decreased performance in working life and organisational problems in the business world. The study is conducted to examine how COVID-19 is reflected in job performance and job satisfaction in terms of the sustainability of occupational health and safety of workers especially white-collar workers, in enterprises due to the pandemic.MethodsThe study was conducted as a descriptive, cross-sectional type. Data were collected from the employees in the designated factories by creating an online form using the “COVID-19 Phobia Scale”, “Employee Performance Scale”, and “Job Satisfaction Scale”.Results The findings obtained in the study showed a significant positive relationship between employee performance and job satisfaction.It was determined that job satisfaction and employee performance had a significant but weak relationship with COVID-19 phobia.ConclusionsThe findings expand previous studies by filling the lack of knowledge on how job performance and job satisfaction have effected at workplace during a pandemic. The study data show that job performance and job satisfaction in workplace employees affect each other and that both are affected by unexpected or extraordinary situations such as pandemics.
Antibiotic Use in Home Treatment of Childhood Diarrhoea in Uyo, Nigeria0
Authors: Udoh Ekong , Ekpo Lovina , Okpokowuruk Frances , Uhegbu Kelechi , Igri Ebunlomo
Published: July 2024

Background: Diarrhoea is a common reason for hospitalisation among under-fives. Caregivers often administer medications, including antibiotics before hospitalisation.
Objective: To determine the pattern of antibiotic use by caregivers before hospitalisation of under-fives with diarrhoeal diseases.
Methods: This was a descriptive, cross-sectional study of under-fives admitted for diarrhoea at the University of Uyo Teaching Hospital, Uyo. A validated semi-structured questionnaire was used to obtain information on diarrhoeal illness in the children and home treatment by caregivers.
Results: One hundred under-five children were enrolled in the study. Of these, 75 (75.0%) had acute watery diarrhoea, 22 (22.0%) had dysentery, and 3 (3.0%) had persistent diarrhoea. Caregivers administered antibiotics to 32 (32.0%) children. Twenty-five children (78.1%) received a single antibiotic, while 7 (21.9%) received multiple antibiotics. Metronidazole 10/39 (25.6%), Amoxicillin 9/39 (23.1%) and Cefuroxime 5/39 (12.8%) were the most frequently administered antibiotics. The rate of antibiotic use was high in children of high social class and those with dysentery. The association between diarrhoea type and unwarranted antibiotic use by caregivers was statistically significant (χ2 = 4.127; p = 0.04).
Conclusion: About one-third of the caregivers administered antibiotics in home treatment of childhood diarrhoea. Metronidazole, amoxicillin and cefuroxime were the most frequently used antibiotics. Antibiotic use was related to social class and children with dysentery. The type of childhood diarrhoea was significantly associated with unwarranted use of antibiotics.
Paediatric Emergency Admissions, Mortalities, and Unmet Intensive Care Needs at a Tertiary Hospital in Southern Nigeria
Authors: Eki-Udoko Fidelis E , Ani Chidiebere , Osagie Ekienabor G , Atimati Anthony O
Published: July 2024

Background: The essence of seeking medical services is to be provided with essential medical care to prevent complications and possibly death from the illness.
Objective: To examine the pattern of admissions into the Children’s Emergency Room and unmet intensive care needs in a tertiary health facility.
Methods: This prospective, cross-sectional study was conducted at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital (UBTH), Benin, Nigeria, over a 24-month period (2018 – 2019).
Results: A total of 10 138 children presented to the children's emergency room, and 2 914 children (28.6%) were admitted. There were a total of 144 mortalities (4.94%) of the total admissions. Infectious diseases accounted for the Majority of the deaths. The commonest morbidity necessitating admission was meningitis, while the sickle cell crisis and oncologic pathologies contributed the least - most children presented with multiple morbidities. The under-5s made up 61.1% of deaths recorded. More deaths amongst males compared to female children (1.3:1.1). Majority of the deaths occurred within 12 hours of presentation. Of the 144 mortalities recorded, 140 (97.2%) required intensive care services, while four did not qualify for ICU care. Of the 140 children who qualified for ICU care, 17 (12%) were admitted into the ICU for further care, of which only 2 (12.3%) survived and were discharged home. The others died.
Conclusion: The persistently high contribution of infectious disease to infant and child mortality, coupled with an inability to offer intensive care services, should be an important consideration for health planners and administrators.
Evaluation of the pattern of referrals to a Paediatric Emergency Unit in relation to the outcome of care in Benin City
Authors: Eki-Udoko Fidelis E , Israel-Aina Yetunde T
Published: July 2024

Background: The referral system is a process where a patient is moved from one level of care to a higher or better level of care for appropriate treatment. Healthcare workers usually initiate referrals, which should be accompanied by a referral letter.
Objective: To evaluate the pattern and content of referral notes received in a children’s emergency unit at a tertiary facility in Benin City.
Methods: Over six months, a cross-sectional study reviewing all referral notes accompanying children to the Paediatric Emergency Unit of the University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Nigeria was done.
Results: Two hundred and six of 300 children (68.7%) had formal written referral letters, while 94 (31.3%) had verbal referrals. Eighty-nine per cent were initiated by healthcare personnel, while clients were initiated in 33 (11.0%) of cases. Doctors made referrals in 238 (79.3%) cases, while 26 (8.7%) referrals were made by nurses. Doctors (182; 76.5%) were more likely to write referrals compared to nurses (9; 31.0%) (χ2 = 32.3, p<0.001). Referrals from medical doctors had significantly better content, including complaints, examination findings, diagnosis investigations, treatment and reason for referral, hospital, name and qualification of doctor (p <0.05). Referral type, source and referring personnel did not significantly affect the mortality of the children (p = 0.24, 0.70, 0.41 respectively).
Conclusion: Referrals were more frequently documented and the contents were more comprehensive when written by doctors.