bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Insulated Railroad Joint Design Evaluation by Coordinated Test and Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Iranmanesh Amir H. , West Robert L. , Ahmadian Mehdi
Published: February 2014

The railroad industry faces challenges with bonded insulated joint designs in the present practice. A program initiated by Virginia Tech and the Transportation Technology Center Incorporated (TTCI) has been in progress to analyze and test a class of insulated joint designs featuring non-adhesive bolted connections. A hierarchical approach to finite element modeling with a parametric model maintaining essential mechanics of the joints has been applied to develop a bolted insulated joint design.

The current paper reports on the recent phase of the program including development of experimental tests along with finite element analyses on scaled simplified insulated rail joint models. Two baseline rail joint configurations with simplified sections were considered for studying dominant mechanics under the AREMA (American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association) rail joint acceptance standard test loading and boundary conditions. The finite element models developed based on three-dimensional continuum elements incorporated bolt preloads and full-contact analysis. In the experimental tests, the strain analyses on 1/4 scaled polycarbonate rail joint specimens were performed by means of an array of strain gauge transducers mounted on the joint bars and a photoelasticity technique. The results of the experimental stress analyses were employed to validate the finite element models quantitatively and qualitatively in terms of load transfer mechanics and stress distribution.

The validated models serve as baseline insulated joint configurations for developing fracture-mechanics-based fatigue-failure analysis. To investigate the role of cracks on the performance and reliability of joint bars, a damage tolerant analysis is performed on the rail joints utilizing linear elastic fracture mechanics. The locations of most critical type defects are estimated based on high stress/strain regions from stress analyses along with past experiences on failure of rail joints. To characterize the severity of theses defects under alternating loading conditions, stress intensity factors are computed as a function of crack length. Cracks of different lengths are introduced in the vicinity of the most fatigue-prone locations of the joint bar in a parametric modeling fashion. The fatigue-crack-growth-rate properties in terms of Paris Law scaling constants are selected from a survey of available material data. The number of loading cycles to failure is obtained by employing the computed stress-intensity factors as well as initial and final crack sizes. Predicted lifetimes as a function of pre-existing crack sizes and geometry of joint configuration can be used as a fracture-mechanics-based function for more accurate design of the rail joints.
Evaluation of LIDAR Track Measurement Systems in Car Body and Truck-Mounted Configurations
Authors: Muñoz Joshua , Ahmadian Mehdi , Craft Michael
Published: February 2014

This study presents track alignment and curvature measurement results from a Doppler LIDAR (light detection and ranging) speed measurement system, a non-contact speed and distance measurement system comparable to encoders found on research geometry cars. The system has multiple mounting capabilities with the primary implementations being body-mounted and truck-mounted. Track speed is measured using the individual rails as reference targets, producing two speed signals. Curvature data is obtained from the measured speed differential as the train navigates tangent and curved track. The different dynamic behaviors of the truck and car body influence the motion of the LIDAR system, and thus the results vary depending on the mounting configuration. The curvature, speed, and distance data obtained from the LIDAR system has been compared with results from a geometry car and manual track measurements. The results indicate the LIDAR system has strong potential in serving as a highly precise, non-contact speed, distance, and curvature measurement device suitable for implementation in rail geometry applications.
Onboard Detection of Rail Friction Conditions
Authors: Gray Robert , Watson Jeff
Published: February 2014

A sensor system is proposed that measures sound and vibration close to the interface, mounted to the locomotive while the train is in motion. Through the use of navigation technology, measurement ‘snapshots’ are tagged with time, location and speed information. The data is subsequently analyzed in both the time and frequency domains, coupled to the location where the measurement was taken on the track.
Transfer Bond Test Used to Predict Transfer Length of Concrete Railroad Ties
Authors: Holste Joseph R. , Peterman Robert J. , Bodapati Naga Narendra B. , Beck B. Terry , Wu Chih-Hang John
Published: February 2014

A study was conducted at Kansas State University to determine the correlation between tensioned-wire pullout tests and the corresponding transfer lengths in prestressed concrete railroad ties. Five different 5.32-mm-diameter pre-stressing wires were selected to be used on this project based on previous testing conducted at Kansas State University (KSU). The wires were tested to simulate the transfer-length bond.

The transfer-length bond test involved tensioning each of the wires to 75% of their ultimate capacity, casting concrete around each wire and then de-tensioning the wire when the concrete had reached 4,500 psi. End-slip and force measurements were recorded on both sides of the specimen as the wire was de-tensioned.

Transfer bond data was used to investigate the transfer length that each wire type would expect to see in a concrete railroad tie. Prisms with each wire type were cast and the transfer length was measured for each type of wire. Prism measurements were used along with the transfer bond data to correlate a relation between the transfer bond test and the transfer lengths of the prisms.
Predicting error in detecting mammographic masses among radiology trainees using statistical models based on BI‐RADS features
Authors: Grimm Lars J. , Ghate Sujata V. , Yoon Sora C. , Kuzmiak Cherie M. , Kim Connie , Mazurowski Maciej A.
Published: February 2014

Purpose:

The purpose of this study is to explore Breast Imaging‐Reporting and Data System (BI‐RADS) features as predictors of individual errors made by trainees when detecting masses in mammograms.

Methods:

Ten radiology trainees and three expert breast imagers reviewed 100 mammograms comprised of bilateral medial lateral oblique and craniocaudal views on a research workstation. The cases consisted of normal and biopsy proven benign and malignant masses. For cases with actionable abnormalities, the experts recorded breast (density and axillary lymph nodes) and mass (shape, margin, and density) features according to the BI‐RADS lexicon, as well as the abnormality location (depth and clock face). For each trainee, a user‐specific multivariate model was constructed to predict the traineeˈs likelihood of error based on BI‐RADS features. The performance of the models was assessed using area under the receive operating characteristic curves (AUC).

Results:

Despite the variability in errors between different trainees, the individual models were able to predict the likelihood of error for the trainees with a mean AUC of 0.611 (range: 0.502–0.739, 95% Confidence Interval: 0.543–0.680,p < 0.002).

Conclusions:

Patterns in detection errors for mammographic masses made by radiology trainees can be modeled using BI‐RADS features. These findings may have potential implications for the development of future educational materials that are personalized to individual trainees.
Revisiting the Bragg reflector to illustrate modern developments in optics
Authors: Horsley S. A. R. , Wu J.-H. , Artoni M. , Rocca G. C. La
Published: February 2014

A series of thin layers of alternating refractive index are known to make a good optical mirror over certain bands of frequency. Such a device, often termed the Bragg reflector, is usually introduced to students in isolation from other parts of the curriculum. Here, we show that the basic physics of wave propagation through a stratified medium can be used to illustrate some more modern developments in optics and quantum physics, from transfer matrix techniques to the optical properties of cold trapped atoms and optomechanical cooling. We also show a simple example of how such systems exhibit an appreciable level of optical nonreciprocity.
Reduced Mortality in Former Elite Endurance Athletes
Authors: Ruiz Jonatan R. , Fiuza-Luces Carmen , Garatachea Nuria , Lucia Alejandro
Published: February 2014

For centuries, the general consensus has been that vigorous, competitive exercise was harmful and shortened life expectancy. Recent data from prospective cohort studies conducted on marathon runners, professional cyclists, and Olympic athletes indicate, however, that regular intense endurance-exercise training has protective benefits against cardiovascular disease and premature death. There are still important questions to be answered, such as what is the optimal dose, in terms of both duration and intensity of training or competition, beyond which the health benefits of regular exercise stabilize or might even potentially disappear.
The Tropical Pacific Ocean—Back in the Driver's Seat?
Authors: Clement Amy , DiNezio Pedro
Published: February 2014

Persistent cool conditions in the eastern tropical Pacific may explain the current global warming “hiatus.”
Structure of Human RNase L Reveals the Basis for Regulated RNA Decay in the IFN Response
Authors: Han Yuchen , Donovan Jesse , Rath Sneha , Whitney Gena , Chitrakar Alisha , Korennykh Alexei
Published: February 2014

Crossed Homodimer

Our cells respond to infection by releasing interferons, which protect neighboring cells, in part through the cleavage of intracellular RNA by a protein kinase family receptor, RNase L. RNase L is activated by 2′,5″-linked oligoadenylates (the second messenger 2-5 A), sensors of pathogen- and damage-associated RNA.

Han
et al.

(p.
1244
, published online 27 February) report crystal structures of human RNase L in complexes with 2-5 A, nucleotides, and an 18-nucleotide oligomer RNA target.
Science Misused to Justify Ugandan Antigay Law
Authors: Balter Michael
Published: February 2014

Science couldn't stop Uganda's antigay law.
New Look at Ancient Mineral Could Scrap a Test for Early Oxygen
Authors: Kerr Richard A.
Published: February 2014

A new study of ancient sea floor exposed in Australia suggests that the mineral record of atmospheric oxygen from 2.5 billion years ago has been misinterpreted.
Enzyme-Linked Immunospot Assay for Detection of Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus F Protein-Specific Gamma Interferon-Producing T Cells
Authors: Patton Kathryn , Aslam Shahin , Lin Jim , Yu Li , Lambert Stacie , Dawes Glenn , Esser Mark T. , Woo Jennifer , Janetzki Sylvia , Cherukuri Anu
Published: February 2014

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes significant disease in elderly adults, and we have previously reported that individuals 65 years of age and older have reduced RSV F protein-specific gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-producing T cells compared to healthy younger adults. To measure RSV F-specific memory T cell responses in the elderly following infection or vaccination, we optimized and qualified an IFN-γ enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay. Since peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from the elderly could be more fragile, we established optimal cryopreservation techniques and minimal viability acceptance criteria. The number of cells per well, types and concentrations of stimulation antigens, and incubation times were evaluated to maximize assay sensitivity and precision. The optimized assay uses 300,000 cells/well, 2 μg/ml of an RSV F peptide pool (RSV Fpp), and incubation for 22 ± 2 h in serum-free CTL-Test medium. The assay was qualified by 3 analysts using 3 RSV F-responding donor PBMC samples (high, medium, and low responders) tested on 5 different assay days. The assay sensitivity or limit of detection (LOD) was determined to be 21 spot-forming cells (SFC) per 106PBMC, and the lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) was estimated to be 63 SFC/106PBMC. The intra- and interassay percent coefficients of variation (CV) were <10.5% and <31%, respectively. The results of the qualification study demonstrate that a robust, precise, and sensitive IFN-γ ELISPOT assay has been developed that is fit for measuring RSV F-specific IFN-γ T cell responses in subjects enrolled in a vaccine clinical trial or in epidemiology studies.
Antibodies to the HMW1/HMW2 and Hia Adhesins of Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae Mediate Broad-Based Opsonophagocytic Killing of Homologous and Heterologous Strains
Authors: Winter Linda E. , Barenkamp Stephen J.
Published: February 2014

The HMW1/HMW2 and Hia proteins are highly immunogenic surface adhesins of nontypeableHaemophilus influenzae(NTHi). Approximately 75% of NTHi strains express HMW1/HMW2 adhesins, and most of the remaining 25% express an Hia adhesin. Our objective in this study was to assess the ability of antisera raised against purified HMW1/HMW2 proteins or recombinant Hia proteins to mediate opsonophagocytic killing of a large panel of unrelated NTHi strains. Native HMW1/HMW2 proteins were purified from three HMW1/HMW2-expressing NTHi strains. Recombinant fusion proteins expressing surface-exposed segments of either of two prototype Hia proteins were purified fromEscherichia colitransformants. Immune sera raised in guinea pigs were assessed for their ability to mediate killing of NTHi in an opsonophagocytic assay with the HL-60 phagocytic cell line. The three HMW1/HMW2 antisera mediated killing of 22 of 65, 43 of 65, and 28 of 65 unrelated HMW1/HMW2-expressing NTHi strains, respectively. As a group, the three sera mediated killing of 48 of 65 HMW1/HMW2-expressing strains. The two Hia immune sera mediated killing of 12 of 24 and 13 of 24 unrelated Hia-expressing NTHi strains, respectively. Together, they mediated killing of 15 of 24 Hia-expressing strains. Neither the HMW1/HMW2 nor the Hia antisera mediated killing of NTHi expressing the alternative adhesin type. Antibodies directed against native HMW1/HMW2 proteins and recombinant Hia proteins are capable of mediating broad-based opsonophagocytic killing of homologous and heterologous NTHi strains. A vaccine formulated with a limited number of HMW1/HMW2 and Hia proteins might provide protection against disease caused by most NTHi strains.
Septic Arthritis of a Native Knee Joint Due to Corynebacterium striatum
Authors: Westblade Lars F. , Shams Farah , Duong Scott , Tariq Oosman , Bulbin Alan , Klirsfeld Dava , Zhen Wei , Sakaria Smita , Ford Bradley A. , Burnham Carey-Ann D. , Ginocchio Christine C.
Published: February 2014

We report a case of septic arthritis of a native knee joint due to
Corynebacterium striatum
, a rare and unusual cause of septic arthritis of native joints. The isolate was identified by a combination of phenotypic, mass spectrometric, and nucleic acid-based assays and exhibited high-level resistance to most antimicrobials.
Use of Mycobacteriophage Quantitative PCR on MGIT Broths for a Rapid Tuberculosis Antibiogram
Authors: Foongladda Suporn , Klayut Wiphat , Chinli Rattapha , Pholwat Suporn , Houpt Eric R.
Published: February 2014

Phenotypic culture-based drug susceptibility testing (DST) for
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
is a valuable tool to identify four to six active drugs for individualized multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis (TB) regimens. Current culture-based methods are slow, however; therefore, we evaluated a rapid mycobacteriophage-based quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay for use directly on
M. tuberculosis
-positive MGIT broths. We compared phage qPCRs, using a simple cutoff of 3 for the ΔCq value (where Cq is quantification cycle, and ΔCq is calculated as the Cq of starting phage minus the Cq of TB isolates in drug-containing medium), on 325 clinical
M. tuberculosis
MGIT broth cultures versus the respective subcultured isolates tested by agar proportion. The median accuracy for the 13 drugs/concentrations tested was 98%, with most discrepancies being false-resistant results. Evaluation of phage qPCR on greater numbers of resistant strains of 393 isolates grown on Löwenstein-Jensen medium showed similar findings, with a median accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of 97%, 90%, and 99%, respectively. This rapid culture-based DST methodology can be performed for any drug on TB-positive MGIT broths, with a specimen-to-antibiogram turnaround time of approximately 23.9 days, compared with waiting 58.6 days for isolate growth on solid medium followed by agar proportion DST.
Brown Planthopper Nudivirus DNA Integrated in Its Host Genome
Authors: Cheng Ruo-Lin , Xi Yu , Lou Yi-Han , Wang Zhuo , Xu Ji-Yu , Xu Hai-Jun , Zhang Chuan-Xi
Published: February 2014

The brown planthopper (BPH),
Nilaparvata lugens
(Hemiptera:Delphacidae), is one of the most destructive insect pests of rice crops in Asia. Nudivirus-like sequences were identified during the whole-genome sequencing of BPH. PCR examination showed that the virus sequences were present in all of the 22 BPH populations collected from East, Southeast, and South Asia. Thirty-two of the 33 nudivirus core genes were identified, including 20 homologues of baculovirus core genes. In addition, several gene clusters that were arranged collinearly with those of other nudiviruses were found in the partial virus genome. In a phylogenetic tree constructed using the supermatrix method, the original virus was grouped with other nudiviruses and was closely related to polydnavirus. Taken together, these data indicated that the virus sequences belong to a new member of the family
Nudiviridae
. More specifically, the virus sequences were integrated into the chromosome of its insect host during coevolution. This study is the first report of a large double-stranded circular DNA virus genome in a sap-sucking hemipteran insect.

IMPORTANCE
This is the first report of a large double-stranded DNA virus integrated genome in the planthopper, a plant sap-sucking hemipteran insect. It is an exciting addition to the evolutionary story of bracoviruses (polydnaviruses), nudiviruses, and baculoviruses. The results on the virus sequences integrated in the chromosomes of its insect host also represent a story of successful coevolution of an invertebrate virus and a plant sap-sucking insect.
Coxsackievirus A9 Infects Cells via Nonacidic Multivesicular Bodies
Authors: Huttunen Moona , Waris Matti , Kajander Ritva , Hyypiä Timo , Marjomäki Varpu
Published: February 2014

Coxsackievirus
A9 (CVA9) is a member of the human enterovirus B species in the
Enterovirus
genus of the family
Picornaviridae
. According to earlier studies, CVA9 binds to αVβ3 and αVβ6 integrins on the cell surface and utilizes β2-microglobulin, dynamin, and Arf6 for internalization. However, the structures utilized by the virus for internalization and uncoating are less well understood. We show here, based on electron microscopy, that CVA9 is found in multivesicular structures 2 h postinfection (p.i.). A neutral red labeling assay revealed that uncoating occurs mainly around 2 h p.i., while double-stranded RNA is found in the cytoplasm after 3 h p.i. The biogenesis of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) is crucial for promoting infection, as judged by the strong inhibitory effect of the wild-type form of Hrs and dominant negative form of VPS4 in CVA9 infection. CVA9 infection is dependent on phospholipase C at the start of infection, whereas Rac1 is especially important between 1 and 3 h p.i., when the virus is in endosomes. Several lines of evidence implicate that low pH does not play a role in CVA9 infection. The infection is not affected by Bafilomycin A1. In addition, CVA9 is not targeted to acidic late endosomes or lysosomes, and the MVBs accumulating CVA9 have a neutral pH. Thus, CVA9 is the second enterovirus demonstrated so far, after echovirus 1, that can trigger neutral MVBs, which are important for virus infection.

IMPORTANCE
We demonstrate here that the enterovirus coxsackievirus A9 (CVA9) uses a nonclathrin and nonacidic pathway to infect cells. CVA9 does not accumulate in conventional late endosomes or lysosomes. We found that inhibitors of phospholipase C (PLC), Rac1, and the Na
+
/H
+
exchanger decreased CVA9 infection. The PLC inhibitor acts on early entry, the Rac1 inhibitor acts between 1 and 3 h, when the virus is in endosomes, and the Na
+
/H
+
exchange inhibitor acts during various steps during the virus life cycle. The infection depends on the formation of novel neutral multivesicular bodies (MVBs), which accumulate CVA9 during the first hours of entry. Thus, CVA9 is the second enterovirus demonstrated so far, after echovirus 1, that can trigger formation of neutral MVBs. The data show that these enteroviruses favor nonacidic conditions and complex MVBs to promote virus infection.
Activities of Transmitted/Founder and Chronic Clade B HIV-1 Vpu and a C-Terminal Polymorphism Specifically Affecting Virion Release
Authors: Jafari Moein , Guatelli John , Lewinski Mary K.
Published: February 2014

Acute HIV-1 infection is characterized by a type I interferon response, resulting in the induction of host restriction factors. HIV-1 has evolved to counteract these factors, and one such adaptation, the ability of Vpu to counteract BST2/tetherin, is associated with the evolution of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV
cpz
) into pandemic group M human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). During transmission between individuals, very few viruses or even a single virus, the “transmitted/founder” (T/F) virus, gives rise to the new infection, but in the new host the selective pressure of the immune response yields the diverse “quasispecies” of chronic infection. Here we examine the functional characteristics of Vpu proteins encoded by T/F viruses compared to acute and chronic viruses from longitudinally sampled subjects. The studied T/F Vpu proteins showed a trend toward optimized CD4 downregulation compared to chronic Vpu proteins but did not differ substantially in their ability to downregulate BST2 or enhance virion release, although individual clones from each group were impaired in these activities. Analysis of the functionally impaired clones identified a C-terminal residue, W76, as important specifically for Vpu enhancement of virion release. Primary Vpu clones encoding a W76G polymorphism, or site-directed mutants encoding a W76G substitution, were impaired in their ability to enhance virion release, but they were not defective for BST2 surface downregulation. Conversely, the virion release function of impaired primary clones was restored by creating a G76W substitution. The identification of W76 as important for virion release enhancement that is independent of BST2 surface downregulation supports the potential to mechanistically separate these functions of Vpu.

IMPORTANCE
To establish infection in a host, HIV-1 must evade the host's immune response, including the production of antiviral factors. HIV-1 encodes proteins that antagonize these defenses, including Vpu. Vpu counteracts the host protein BST2, which blocks the release of progeny viruses from the host cell. To determine the importance of Vpu activity to HIV-1 transmission, this study assessed the functionality of Vpu from viruses isolated soon after transmission (“transmitted/founder” viruses) compared to isolates from chronic infection. Although the anti-BST2 activity of Vpu proteins from the tested transmitted/founder viruses did not differ from the activity of the chronic Vpu proteins, the transmitted/founder Vpu proteins trended toward having superior activity against another host protein, CD4. Further, this study identified an amino acid near the C terminus of Vpu that is specifically important for Vpu's ability to enhance the release of progeny virus from the host cell, supporting the notion of a new mechanism for this function of Vpu.
Crystal Structure of Marburg Virus VP24
Authors: Zhang Adrianna P. P. , Bornholdt Zachary A. , Abelson Dafna M. , Saphire Erica Ollmann
Published: February 2014

The VP24 protein plays an essential, albeit poorly understood role in the filovirus life cycle. VP24 is only 30% identical between Marburg virus and the ebolaviruses. Furthermore, VP24 from the ebolaviruses is immunosuppressive, while that of Marburg virus is not. The crystal structure of Marburg virus VP24, presented here, reveals that although the core is similar between the viral genera, Marburg VP24 is distinguished by a projecting β-shelf and an alternate conformation of the N-terminal polypeptide.
Role of Poultry in the Spread of Novel H7N9 Influenza Virus in China
Authors: Pantin-Jackwood Mary J. , Miller Patti J. , Spackman Erica , Swayne David E. , Susta Leonardo , Costa-Hurtado Mar , Suarez David L.
Published: February 2014

The recent outbreak of H7N9 influenza in China has resulted in many human cases with a high fatality rate. Poultry are the likely source of infection for humans on the basis of sequence analysis and virus isolations from live bird markets, but it is not clear which species of birds are most likely to be infected and shedding levels of virus sufficient to infect humans. Intranasal inoculation of chickens, Japanese quail, pigeons, Pekin ducks, Mallard ducks, Muscovy ducks, and Embden geese with 10
6
50% egg infective doses of the A/Anhui/1/2013 virus resulted in infection but no clinical disease signs. Virus shedding was much higher and prolonged in quail and chickens than in the other species. Quail effectively transmitted the virus to direct contacts, but pigeons and Pekin ducks did not. In all species, virus was detected at much higher titers from oropharyngeal swabs than cloacal swabs. The hemagglutinin gene from samples collected from selected experimentally infected birds was sequenced, and three amino acid differences were commonly observed when the sequence was compared to the sequence of A/Anhui/1/2013: N123D, N149D, and L217Q. Leucine at position 217 is highly conserved for human isolates and is associated with α2,6-sialic acid binding. Different amino acid combinations were observed, suggesting that the inoculum had viral subpopulations that were selected after passage in birds. These experimental studies corroborate the finding that certain poultry species are reservoirs of the H7N9 influenza virus and that the virus is highly tropic for the upper respiratory tract, so testing of bird species should preferentially be conducted with oropharyngeal swabs for the best sensitivity.

IMPORTANCE
The recent outbreak of H7N9 influenza in China has resulted in a number of human infections with a high case fatality rate. The source of the viral outbreak is suspected to be poultry, but definitive data on the source of the infection are not available. This study provides experimental data to show that quail and chickens are susceptible to infection, shed large amounts of virus, and are likely important in the spread of the virus to humans. Other poultry species can be infected and shed virus but are less likely to play a role of transmitting the virus to humans. Pigeons were previously suggested to be a possible source of the virus because of isolation of the virus from several pigeons in poultry markets in China, but experimental studies show that they are generally resistant to infection and are unlikely to play a role in the spread of the virus.
Mitophagy Enhances Oncolytic Measles Virus Replication by Mitigating DDX58/RIG-I-Like Receptor Signaling
Authors: Xia Mao , Gonzalez Patrick , Li Chunyan , Meng Gang , Jiang Aiqin , Wang Hongwei , Gao Qian , Debatin Klaus-Michael , Beltinger Christian , Wei Jiwu
Published: February 2014

The success of future clinical trials with oncolytic viruses depends on the identification and the control of mechanisms that modulate their therapeutic efficacy. In particular, little is known about the role of autophagy in infection by attenuated measles virus of the Edmonston strain (MV-Edm). We investigated the interaction between autophagy, innate immune response, and oncolytic activity of MV-Edm, since the antiviral immune response is a known factor limiting virotherapies. We report that MV-Edm exploits selective autophagy to mitigate the innate immune response mediated by DDX58/RIG-I like receptors (RLRs) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. Both RNA interference (RNAi) and overexpression approaches demonstrate that autophagy enhances viral replication and inhibits the production of type I interferons regulated by RLRs. We show that MV-Edm unexpectedly triggers SQSTM1/p62-mediated mitophagy, resulting in decreased mitochondrion-tethered mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) and subsequently weakening the innate immune response. These results unveil a novel infectious strategy based on the usurpation of mitophagy leading to mitigation of the innate immune response. This finding provides a rationale to modulate autophagy in oncolytic virotherapy.

IMPORTANCE
In vitro
studies, preclinical experiments
in vivo
, and clinical trials with humans all indicate that oncolytic viruses hold promise for cancer therapy. Measles virus of the Edmonston strain (MV-Edm), which is an attenuated virus derived from the common wild-type measles virus, is paradigmatic for therapeutic oncolytic viruses. MV-Edm replicates preferentially in and kills cancer cells. The efficiency of MV-Edm is limited by the immune response of the host against viruses. In our study, we revealed that MV-Edm usurps a homeostatic mechanism of intracellular degradation of mitochondria, coined mitophagy, to attenuate the innate immune response in cancer cells. This strategy might provide a replicative advantage for the virus against the development of antiviral immune responses by the host. These findings are important since they may not only indicate that inducers of autophagy could enhance the efficacy of oncolytic therapies but also provide clues for antiviral therapy by targeting SQSTM1/p62-mediated mitophagy.
Solitary necrotic nodule of the liver: a very challenging diagnosis!
Authors: Martins Ricardo Jorge Teixeira , Tralhão José Guilherme , Cipriano Maria A , Castro Sousa Francisco
Published: February 2014

Solitary necrotic nodule of the liver is a rare entity of unknown aetiology. We describe the case of a 59-year-old woman reporting sporadic right upper quadrant pain. An abdominal CT scan revealed a liver nodule located in segment 4. The complementary investigation was unable to identify the neoplastic lesion, and its surgical resection was performed, with an uneventful recovery. Pathological examination revealed a ‘solitary necrotic nodule of the liver.’ The patient remains asymptomatic and free of recurrence 3 years after surgery. This case corroborates that despite the advances in liver imaging and biopsy, liver nodules are sometimes a diagnostic challenge; quite often, only its surgical resection allows a definitive diagnosis.
All that wheezes is not asthma
Authors: Koul Parvaiz A , Khan Umar H , Shah Tajamul Hussain , Dar Abdul Majid
Published: February 2014

A young woman was admitted with respiratory failure. Prior to her admission, she had been treated for clinical bronchial asthma for about 2 years for recurrent wheezing. Endotracheal intubation was difficult. A fibroptic brochoscopy, while the patient was ventilated, revealed a central tracheal tumour compromising >90% of the tracheal lumen. The tumour was cored out during rigid bronchoscopy while ventilating the patient through tracheostomy. Histopathology of the tumour was suggestive of adenoid cystic carcinoma.
Herpes simplex keratitis-induced endophthalmitis in a patient with AIDS with disseminated tuberculosis
Authors: Singh Ajit , Khera Kanav , Inam Sabih , Hande H Manjunath
Published: February 2014

We present the case of a 42-year-old man with AIDS who had lost complete vision of his left eye for the past 15 days. MRI and brightness scan ultrasonography were performed on his eyes that suggested of endophthalmitis with dendritic involvement in the left eye. Viral DNA PCR was performed in aqueous humour sample that confirmed the presence of herpes simplex virus and showed a negative result for cytomegalovirus. The patient was treated with a high dose of oral acyclovir for 10 days and long-term topical acyclovir. Neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet procedure was performed to clear up the cornea, and intraocular pressure was controlled with brimonidine and timolol maleate. The patient was diagnosed to have disseminated tuberculosis (tuberculoma of the brain) and was started with antituberculosis therapy. His condition improved significantly after the treatment, and keratitis in cornea started to clean up.
α-Methyldopa-induced hepatitis during the postpartum period
Authors: Kashkooli Soleiman , Baraty Brandon , Kalantar Jamshid
Published: February 2014

A 34-year-old woman, with a history of pre-eclampsia, was diagnosed with α-methyldopa-induced hepatotoxicity, after she presented with severe jaundice and hepatitis 8 weeks following delivery. Laboratory investigations and liver biopsy ruled out other causes of hepatitis. She continued to improve clinically after cessation of α-methyldopa, and was discharged 10 days after admission. This case report emphasises that it may not be possible to predict which patients may develop α-methyldopa-induced hepatitis, hence regular monitoring of liver function tests during treatment should be implemented.
Combat Casualty Care research programme
Authors: Kirkman Emrys , Watts S
Published: February 2014

The Combat Casualty Care research programme is an integrated suite of projects designed to address Defence Medical Services’ research needs for casualty care. The programme covers a broad spectrum of topics ranging from the pathophysiological and immunological impact of military relevant injuries to the effects of these disturbances on the response to early treatment. Dstl Porton Down has a long history of studying military injuries and has developed models, bothin vivoand physical, to address the research needs. The work is conducted in close collaboration with clinical colleagues at the Royal Centre for Defence Medicine who have direct experience of the clinical issues faced by combat casualties and insights into the potential clinical implications of emerging strategies. This article reviews progress in research areas spanning forward resuscitation, with a particular focus on blast-related injuries, trauma coagulopathy, effects of drugs on the response to haemorrhage and deployed research. A significant ‘value added’ component has been the underpinning of higher degrees for seconded military clinicians at Dstl Porton Down who have made a valuable contribution to the overall programme.
Teen dating violence perpetration and relation to STI and sexual risk behaviours among adolescent males
Authors: Reed Elizabeth , Miller Elizabeth , Raj Anita , Decker Michele R , Silverman Jay G
Published: February 2014

Objectives

To investigate teen dating violence (TDV) perpetration (physical, sexual or psychological violence) and association with STI and related sexual risk behaviours among urban male adolescents.

Methods

Adolescent male survey participants (N=134) were aged 14–20 years, recruited from urban health centres. Using crude and adjusted logistic regression, TDV perpetration was examined in relation to self-reported: STI, having sex with another person when they were only supposed to have sex with their main partner, and consistent condom use.

Results

Over one-third of males (45%) reported any TDV; 42% reported sexual violence perpetration, 13% reported perpetrating physical violence against a dating/sexual partner and 11% reported psychological violence, including threats of physical or sexual violence. Approximately 15% of males reported having ever had an STI, one quarter reported having sex with another person when they were only supposed to have sex with their main partner and 36% reported consistent condom use (past 3 months). In adjusted logistic regression models, TDV perpetration was significantly associated with self-reports of an STI (OR=3.3; 95% CI 1.2 to 9.2) and having sex with another person when they were supposed to be only having sex with their main partner (OR=4.8; 95% CI 2.0 to 11.4). There was no significant association between TDV perpetration and consistent condom use.

Conclusions

Current study findings are the first within the literature on adolescents to suggest that greater STI and sexual risk behaviours among male adolescents perpetrating TDV may be one mechanism explaining increased STI among female adolescents reporting TDV victimisation.
Pathogen presence in feral pigs and their movement around two commercial piggeries in Queensland, Australia
Authors: Pearson H. E. , Toribio J‐A. L. M. L. , Hernandez‐Jover M. , Marshall D. , Lapidge S. J.
Published: February 2014

Feral pigs are wild animal reservoirs of infectious pathogens transmissible to other species, all of which are transmissible to domestic pigs. The objective of this study was to detect the presence of harmful production‐limiting pathogens; Brucella suis, Leptospira species, Lawsonia intracellularis, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in a feral pig population within a 10 km radius of two large‐scale commercial piggeries in Southern Queensland, Australia. The movement pattern of six pigs within the feral population was also investigated using geographic positioning system collars. All pathogens were present in the feral pig population except for A pleuropneumoniae. The true seroprevalence (TP) from 83 serum samples was 10.5 per cent for B suis, 48.6 per cent for Leptospira species, 100 per cent for L intracellularis and 42.1 per cent for M hyopneumoniae. Of 72 lung samples, 27.6 per cent were positive for M hyopneumoniae. Serum samples from 86 domestic sows within the study region were positive for Leptospira species (TP 2.1 per cent), L intracellularis (TP 100 per cent) and M hyopneumoniae (TP 100 per cent). The majority of feral pig movement was within 5 km of the piggeries, with one approaching to 100 m of the free‐range piggery. The presence of pathogens in feral pigs in such close proximity to commercial piggeries could pose a biosecurity risk.
Modeling shell disease in American lobster (Homarus americanus) as individual-based health trajectories
Authors: Tlusty Michael F. , Kim Anita , Castro Kathleen M.
Published: February 2014

The emergence of epizootic shell disease in American lobsters (Homarus americanus) has presented many new challenges to understanding the interface between disease and the management of the lobster fishery. While a variety of the potentially causative and correlative factors for shell disease have been explored, a clear etiological agent remains elusive. The recency of this disease and the lack of identifiable causal agents have hindered the development of conceptual models that can yield testable predictions. Here, a model originally developed for human–parasite interactions was applied to lobster shell disease as a means to unify the broad experimental and field observations. The model is a graphical means to understand the onset and severity of shell disease and is a function of the length of the molt cycle and the rate of the decrease of health both before and after lesion formation as a function of bacterial abundance and pathogenicity. The model also accounts for shell hardening and passive and active portals of entry for the bacteria. The timing for a conceptual understanding of the epidemiology of shell disease is critical because its prevalence is increasing in key fishing areas. Ideally, such a model will help researchers create hypothesis-driven predictive experiments from which we can further our understanding of an important disease to a critical member of the Gulf of Maine ecosystem.
Daytime avoidance of chemosensory alarm cues by adult sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus)
Authors: Di Rocco Richard T. , Belanger Cowan F. , Imre István , Brown Grant E. , Johnson Nicholas S.
Published: February 2014

Sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) avoid damage-released and predator chemosensory cues at night, but their response to these cues during the day is unknown. Here, we explored (i) whether sea lamprey avoid these cues during the day and (ii) the effect of water temperature on the avoidance of chemosensory alarm cues in two diurnal laboratory experiments. We hypothesized that daytime activity would be temperature-dependent and that only sea lamprey vulnerable to predation (i.e., not hiding) would behaviourally respond to chemosensory alarm cues. Ten groups of ten sea lamprey were exposed to one of a variety of potential chemosensory cues. The experiments were conducted over a range of temperatures to quantify the effect of temperature on avoidance behaviour. Consistent with our hypothesis, a higher proportion of animals were active during daytime as water temperature increased. Moving sea lamprey showed an avoidance response to 2-phenylethylamine (a compound found in mammalian urine) and human saliva once water temperatures had risen to mean (±SD) = 13.7 (±1.4) °C. Resting and hiding sea lamprey did not show an avoidance response to any of the experimental stimuli.
Nuclear and chloroplast DNA phylogeny reveals complex evolutionary history of Elymus pendulinus
Authors: Yan Chi , Hu Qianni , Sun Genlou
Published: February 2014

Evidence accumulated over the last decade has shown that allopolyploid genomes may undergo complex reticulate evolution. In this study, 13 accessions of tetraploid Elymus pendulinus were analyzed using two low-copy nuclear genes (RPB2 and PepC) and two regions of chloroplast genome (Rps16 and trnD-trnT). Previous studies suggested that Pseudoroegneria (St) and an unknown diploid (Y) were genome donors to E. pendulinus, and that Pseudoroegneria was the maternal donor. Our results revealed an extreme reticulate pattern, with at least four distinct gene lineages coexisting within this species that might be acquired through a possible combination of allotetraploidization and introgression from both within and outside the tribe Hordeeae. Chloroplast DNA data identified two potential maternal genome donors (Pseudoroegneria and an unknown species outside Hordeeae) to E. pendulinus. Nuclear gene data indicated that both Pseudoroegneria and an unknown Y diploid have contributed to the nuclear genome of E. pendulinus, in agreement with cytogenetic data. However, unexpected contributions from Hordeum and unknown aliens from within or outside Hordeeae to E. pendulinus without genome duplication were observed. Elymus pendulinus provides a remarkable instance of the previously unsuspected chimerical nature of some plant genomes and the resulting phylogenetic complexity produced by multiple historical reticulation events.
GOODBY TO THE KINDHEARTED DRAGON PROF. SHENG YU, 1950–2012
Authors: SALOMAA ARTO , SALOMAA KAI T. , SZILARD ANDREW L.
Published: February 2014

Professor Sheng Yu passed away on January 23, 2012, the first day of the Lunar New Year, the Year of the Dragon. He was only sixty-one years old. His death was a tremendous loss to his family, friends, colleagues, co-workers, co-authors, co-editors, members of conference program committees, students, the theoretical Computer Science Community and especially to his beloved wife, Lizhen. Through his teachings, international committee work, seminars and some 150 refereed publications, he left us a huge legacy of many interesting and important research contributions in the areas of the theory and implementation of automata and formal languages, fuzzy logic, object-oriented modeling methodologies, parallel processing for parallel programming languages, important software projects for automata theory research, the creation of the international Conference on Implementation and Application of Automata (CIAA) and a gallery of vivid memories of the wonderful times shared. He is remembered for his enormous energy, competence, diligence, anticipatory thoughtfulness, over-the-top generosity, measured politeness, noble sportsmanship and committed friendship. This paper, an extension of a talk with a similar title at DLT 2012, is an account how we are commemorating Sheng.
FROM EQUIVALENCE TO ALMOST-EQUIVALENCE, AND BEYOND: MINIMIZING AUTOMATA WITH ERRORS
Authors: HOLZER MARKUS , JAKOBI SEBASTIAN
Published: February 2014

We introduce E-equivalence, which is a straightforward generalization of almost-equivalence. While almost-equivalence asks for ordinary equivalence up to a finite number of exceptions, in E-equivalence these exceptions or errors must belong to a (regular) set E. The computational complexity of deterministic finite automata (DFAs) minimization problems and their variants w.r.t. almost- and E-equivalence are studied. We show that there is a significant difference in the complexity of problems related to almost-equivalence, and those related to E-equivalence. Moreover, since hyper-minimal and E-minimal automata are not necessarily unique (up to isomorphism as for minimal DFAs), we consider the problem of counting the number of these minimal automata.
MULTIPSEUDOPERIODIC WORDS
Authors: MASSÉ ALEXANDRE BLONDIN , DESMEULES SARAH , GABOURY SÉBASTIEN , HALLÉ SYLVAIN
Published: February 2014

We consider words over an arbitrary alphabet admitting multiple pseudoperiods according to permutations. We describe the conditions under which such a word exists. Moreover, a natural generalization of Fine and Wilf's Theorem is proved. Finally, we introduce and describe a new family of words sharing properties with the so-called central words. In particular, under some simple conditions, we prove that these words are pseudopalindromes, a result consistent with the fact that central words are palindromes.
λϕ4 KINK AND SINE-GORDON SOLITON IN THE GUP FRAMEWORK
Authors: ASGHARI M. , PEDRAM P.
Published: February 2014

We consider λϕ4 kink and sine-Gordon soliton in the presence of a minimal length uncertainty proportional to the Planck length. The modified Hamiltonian contains an extra term proportional to p4 and the generalized Schrödinger equation is expressed as a fourth-order differential equation in quasiposition space. We obtain the modified energy spectrum for the discrete states and compare our results with one-loop resummed and Hartree approximations for the quantum fluctuations. We finally find some lower bounds for the deformations parameter, so that the effects of the minimal length have the dominant role.
The Park Hotels: Designing Communications
Authors: Gupta Seema , Ramachandran J.
Published: February 2014

The case describes how Priya Paul, the Chairperson of The Park Hotel (TPH), and her team created a uniquely Indian boutique hotel network — infusing each property with local ethos and a charming distinction, emphasizing intimate and personalized service, and positioning each hotel as an entertainment destination for customers. The case invites students to consider the communication choices open to the TPH management in 2010 as they cope with growing competition from the entry of international majors (Hyatt, Starwood Hotels and JW Marriott) and the expansion plans of domestic giants (The Taj, Oberoi and ITC Welcomgroup) while seeking to retain the distinctiveness and individuality of each of the properties in the network.

The case describes the communication strategy adopted by TPH and elaborates on the various channels of communication used such as personal selling, advertising, public relations, and social media. The rich exhibits of the case allow for analysis of creative as well as media strategy. The case will enable participants to understand the challenges in integrating the different elements of marketing communications and the challenges in communicating experiences as opposed to products or services.