bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Validation of modelled imaging plates sensitivity to 1-100 keV x-rays and spatial resolution characterisation for diagnostics for the “PETawatt Aquitaine Laser”
Authors: Boutoux G. , Batani D. , Burgy F. , Ducret J.-E. , Forestier-Colleoni P. , Hulin S. , Rabhi N. , Duval A. , Lecherbourg L. , Reverdin C. , Jakubowska K. , Szabo C. I. , Bastiani-Ceccotti S. , Consoli F. , Curcio A. , De Angelis R. , Ingenito F. , Baggio J. , Raffestin D.
Published: April 2016

Thanks to their high dynamic range and ability to withstand electromagnetic pulse, imaging plates (IPs) are commonly used as passive detectors in laser-plasma experiments. In the framework of the development of the diagnostics for the Petawatt Aquitaine Laser facility, we present an absolute calibration and spatial resolution study of five different available types of IP (namely, MS-SR-TR-MP-ND) performed by using laser-induced K-shell X-rays emitted by a solid silver target irradiated by the laser ECLIPSE at CEntre Lasers Intenses et Applications. In addition, IP sensitivity measurements were performed with a 160 kV X-ray generator at CEA DAM DIF, where the absolute response of IP SR and TR has been calibrated to X-rays in the energy range 8-75 keV with uncertainties of about 15%. Finally, the response functions have been modeled in Monte Carlo GEANT4 simulations in order to reproduce experimental data. Simulations enable extrapolation of the IP response functions to photon energies from 1 keV to 1 GeV, of interest, e.g., for laser-driven radiography.
On interfacial properties of tetrahydrofuran: Atomistic and coarse-grained models from molecular dynamics simulation
Authors: Garrido J. M. , Algaba J. , Míguez J. M. , Mendiboure B. , Moreno-Ventas Bravo A. I. , Piñeiro M. M. , Blas F. J.
Published: April 2016

We have determined the interfacial properties of tetrahydrofuran (THF) from direct simulation of the vapor-liquid interface. The molecules are modeled using six different molecular models, three of them based on the united-atom approach and the other three based on a coarse-grained (CG) approach. In the first case, THF is modeled using the transferable parameters potential functions approach proposed by Chandrasekhar and Jorgensen [J. Chem. Phys. 77, 5073 (1982)] and a new parametrization of the TraPPE force fields for cyclic alkanes and ethers [S. J. Keasler et al., J. Phys. Chem. B 115, 11234 (2012)]. In both cases, dispersive and coulombic intermolecular interactions are explicitly taken into account. In the second case, THF is modeled as a single sphere, a diatomic molecule, and a ring formed from three Mie monomers according to the SAFT-γ Mie top-down approach [V. Papaioannou et al., J. Chem. Phys. 140, 054107 (2014)]. Simulations were performed in the molecular dynamics canonical ensemble and the vapor-liquid surface tension is evaluated from the normal and tangential components of the pressure tensor along the simulation box. In addition to the surface tension, we have also obtained density profiles, coexistence densities, critical temperature, density, and pressure, and interfacial thickness as functions of temperature, paying special attention to the comparison between the estimations obtained from different models and literature experimental data. The simulation results obtained from the three CG models as described by the SAFT-γ Mie approach are able to predict accurately the vapor-liquid phase envelope of THF, in excellent agreement with estimations obtained from TraPPE model and experimental data in the whole range of coexistence. However, Chandrasekhar and Jorgensen model presents significant deviations from experimental results. We also compare the predictions for surface tension as obtained from simulation results for all the models with experimental data. The three CG models predict reasonably well (but only qualitatively) the surface tension of THF, as a function of temperature, from the triple point to the critical temperature. On the other hand, only the TraPPE united-atoms models are able to predict accurately the experimental surface tension of the system in the whole temperature range.
Photodissociation of HCN and HNC isomers in the 7-10 eV energy range
Authors: Chenel Aurelie , Roncero Octavio , Aguado Alfredo , Agúndez Marcelino , Cernicharo José
Published: April 2016

The ultraviolet photoabsorption spectra of the HCN and HNC isomers have been simulated in the 7-10 eV photon energy range. For this purpose, the three-dimensional adiabatic potential energy surfaces of the 7 lowest electronic states, and the corresponding transition dipole moments, have been calculated, at multireference configuration interaction level. The spectra are calculated with a quantum wave packet method on these adiabatic potential energy surfaces. The spectra for the 3 lower excited states, the dissociative electronic states, correspond essentially to predissociation peaks, most of them through tunneling on the same adiabatic state. The 3 higher electronic states are bound, hereafter electronic bound states, and their spectra consist of delta lines, in the adiabatic approximation. The radiative lifetime towards the ground electronic states of these bound states has been calculated, being longer than 10 ns in all cases, much longer that the characteristic predissociation lifetimes. The spectra of HCN is compared with the available experimental and previous theoretical simulations, while in the case of HNC there are no previous studies to our knowledge. The spectrum for HNC is considerably more intense than that of HCN in the 7-10 eV photon energy range, which points to a higher photodissociation rate for HNC, compared to HCN, in astrophysical environments illuminated by ultraviolet radiation.
Magnetic vortex in epitaxially-grown Co2(Fe,Mn)Si alloy
Authors: Yamamoto T. , Seki T. , Kotsugi M. , Takanashi K.
Published: April 2016

We report magnetic vortex formation in epitaxially grown Co2Fe0.4Mn0.6Si (CFMS) Heusler alloy discs that was confirmed using photoemission electron microscopy and the magneto-optical Kerr effect. The phase diagram of magnetic domain structures as functions of the disc thickness (t) and diameter (D) indicates that the magnetic vortex is stable in wide ranges of t and D even for the epitaxial CFMS. The annihilation field of vortex core depended not only on the disc aspect ratio but also on t. Numerical simulation suggests that this t dependence results from extrinsic pinning of a vortex core due to the epitaxial growth.
Novel approaches for integrated grain storage management
Authors: Kostyukovsky Moshe , Trostanetsky Anatoly , Quinn Elazar
Published: April 2016

The solution of the global food crisis and improvement of the food security situation may be reached by increasing food production and prevention of losses during the food supplying chain. Most of the scientific efforts so far have aimed to increase the yield of agricultural crops. However, food losses during storage and the supply chain may reach levels of 20–40%. One of the most significant factors responsible for the global food crisis is grain losses during storage that are largely caused by pest insects. Today, there are two main chemical methods used for stored product insect pest control: fumigation and grain protection by contact insecticides. For both these methods phyto-sanitarian, health, and ecological disadvantages are well documented. Therefore, the global current tendency is to prevent/decrease the common wide use of chemical insecticides with high toxicity to humans for pest control in foods. Thus, there is an urgent need for the development of alternative eco-friendly approaches for insect pest control in order to prevent grain quantity losses and the quality degradation of stored grain and dry food caused by insect pests. In this article, we propose an integrated protection approach which includes prevention measures, systematic inspection and monitoring for grain storage risk factors; use of eco-friendly protectants and volatiles; and improved technologies for currently used fumigants. Implementation of this approach in Israel resulted in a dramatic reduction in grain losses to less than 0.5%.
Montaigne on Imagination
Authors: Williams Wes
Published: April 2016

This article explores aspects of Montaigne’s imagination with a focus on questions of conception and generation, volition and cognition, human and animal being. Engaging critically with the reception of early modern theories of the imagination in both poetic and medical discourse, and with a set of now canonical essays in the field (I, 8; II, 6; II, 12 as well as I, 21), it explores a number of resonant themes, tropes, and actions: falling, watching, reading, and (almost) dying. Discussion of Montaigne’s inheritance is best conducted alongside consideration of the complex afterlives of the Essays, and their powerful effects on the imagination of his readers. Particular attention is here paid to a “family” of privileged figures in the writing: monsters, children, and cats, and the argument, throughout, is that the imagination in, and of, Montaigne is best grasped as a distinctly embodied force.
Political Abuse of Psychiatry
Authors: van Voren Robert , Keukens Rob
Published: April 2016

Political abuse of psychiatry refers to the misuse of psychiatric diagnosis, treatment, and detention for the purposes of obstructing the fundamental human rights of certain individuals and groups in a given society. The practice is common to but not exclusive to countries governed by totalitarian regimes. In this chapter the question is raised as to why, in spite of the fact that in most countries medical practice takes place according to internationally accepted guidelines, there is at the same time continued evidence of cases of incarcerating dissidents in mental institutions and of social activists and/or practitioners of various religions who are subjected to psychiatric treatment. In addition, the authors analyze why in particular in mental health the ethical borders have been corrupted and which measures can be put in place to combat these excesses.
Ship Reconstruction, Documentation, and In Situ Recording
Authors: Kahanov Yaacov
Published: April 2016

The objective of recording the excavated shipwreck is to provide a basis for reconstructing the ship from the archaeological findings. This article describes two projects, carried out between 1985 and 2009, that demonstrate shallow-water excavation methods and the treatment of shipwrecks, employed in Ma'agan Mikhael ship and the shipwrecks in Dor lagoon. The process of excavating, documenting, analyzing, and reconstructing the original form and construction of a shipwreck is different in each case, although the general principles are common. Proper archaeology—delicate excavation, recording, measuring, and photographing—becomes tricky and complicated and must be done fast, professionally, and efficiently. The shipwreck provides details about construction, trading route, place of wreck, and the cargo gives information on trading of the period.
The Seafarers and Shipwrecks of Ancient Greece and Rome
Authors: Carlson Deborah N.
Published: April 2016

Classical archaeology comprises of the study of Greek and Roman cultures and the result is a mix of textual, visual, and material evidence. Underwater archaeology as a discipline has increased the understanding of cargoes, construction, and size of Greco-Roman ships. The raw archaeology data is helpful in drawing conclusions about maritime trade and economy. Maritime archaeological evidence for the ancient art trade first came to light in the early twentieth century. New methods to extract new information from old objects and shipwreck archaeology are being continuously developed. At the same time, the unpublished data stored in the museums are also informative. A challenge for maritime archaeologists is to balance between text, image, and artifact to get a maritime illustration.
Medieval Ships and Seafaring
Authors: Rose Susan
Published: April 2016

Seafaring in northern waters and the Western Approaches developed in a different way from that in the virtually landlocked Mediterranean and Black Seas. This article describes seafaring over different regions during the fourteenth and the fifteenth centuries. Most seafarers during the fourteenth century were involved in commercial trade. During a warfare situation, most ships carried some kind of arms. There were some changes in the rigging of the ships and design of the vessels in the fifteenth century. By the end of the fifteenth century ce, however, these changes were much less pronounced. For use inshore, for fishing, or for the transport of small local cargoes, all kinds of craft existed, exhibiting special adaptations for particular local circumstances. The mingling of seafarers from all the leading maritime powers of the Mediterranean in Iberian ports provided for great advancements science of navigation during the fifteenth century.
Maritime Archaeological Studies in India
Authors: Gaur Aniruddh S. , Vora Kamlesh H.
Published: April 2016

India has played a major role in Indian Ocean trade and the development of shipbuilding technology. The study of the maritime history of India commenced in the first decade of the twentieth century and was largely based on literary data. Maritime archaeological investigations have been undertaken at various places along the Indian coast, such as in Dwarka, Pindara, the Gulf of Khambhat, the Maharashtra coast, the Tamil Nadu coast, etc. Despite a long coastline and a rich maritime history, there are no proper coastal records or records of shipwrecks that are preserved, except some literary references, which suggest a large number of shipwrecks dating between the early sixteenth century and the nineteenth century. This article discusses important shipwrecks on which detailed work is in progress.
Australian Maritime Archaeology
Authors: Staniforth Mark
Published: April 2016

Australia is quintessentially a maritime nation where sea travel and transportation have been vitally important. Despite being an island, Australia hasd never completely felt isolated, and the indigenous peoples were never cut off from the rest of the world. This article presents four case studies in order to provide insights into the types and extent of maritime archaeological research that has been conducted over more than three decades in Australia. One of the great influences of Australian maritime archaeology over the years has been the Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology. A drawback in Australian maritime archaeology is the lack of funding for academic research. Australia has developed legislation for the protection of the historic shipwreck component of its underwater cultural heritage.
The Archaeology of Steamships
Authors: Crisman Kevin
Published: April 2016

Since the beginning of human seafaring endeavors, all watercraft were limited to three modes of propulsion: muscle, currents, and wind, all of which had their limitations. Steam propulsion gave a radical departure from the old and familiar, and it overcame various limitations. This article describes the evolution of steamboats as commercially successful ships. It gives the examples of the Vermont, Phoenix, and Lady Sherbrooke to explain the structure, engineering, and evolution of early steamboats. The effects of maritime steam were particularly notable in North American waters. The wrecks of western river steamboats dating to the 1850s or later have been found and subjected to some level of archaeological study. Maritime archaeology has allowed people to see for themselves the processes of invention, engineering, and construction that made the steamboat a reality.
Caribbean Maritime Archaeology
Authors: Leshikar-Denton Margaret
Published: April 2016

Maritime environments, such as oceans, seas, bays, lakes, rivers, marshes, and cenotes, and the landscapes bordering them, hold maritime archaeological sites. This article describes archaeological sites in the Caribbean. It gives information on regional and international developments in the Caribbean region, in which all the countries share the same maritime heritage. This maritime heritage is described by different case studies presented here. Furthermore, this article provides an insight into the future of maritime archaeology in this region. It calls attention to the need of identifying key persons, training them, and placing them in authorities of management and research. Archaeological excavations must be undertaken selectively and in such a way that scientific objectives, adequate funding, professional staff, and provisions for documentation, conservation, curation, reporting, and public interpretation are well looked into.
Shipwreck Archaeology in South America
Authors: Elkin Dolores
Published: April 2016

This article focuses on archaeological discoveries of shipwrecks as a component of nautical, maritime, and underwater archaeology in the South American region. It gives insight into shipwreck research studies conducted in different South American countries through various case studies. In the mid-1990s, Argentina witnessed the birth of two underwater archaeology research groups. Both teams conduct various activities pertaining to maritime cultural heritage, research, management, education, and public outreach. Brazil was the first country in South America to begin conducting activities related to underwater cultural heritage. Chile has recently been developing several initiatives oriented toward preservation, public outreach, and investigation of the country's underwater cultural heritage. Shipwreck archaeology in Colombia is still at a nascent stage. Legislation in Uruguay has allowed the activities of treasure hunting and other forms of commercial exploitation of historic shipwrecks. The field of conservation of waterlogged materials is less mature than the archaeology front in South America.
Shipyard Archaeology
Authors: Moser Jason D.
Published: April 2016

This article describes archaeological horizons that include all material culture of the maritime world. The concept of broader interpretation of maritime sites was introduced as the maritime cultural landscape, which includes all of the material remains at the shoreline, under or above water. Shipyards are one of the least often investigated industrial archaeological sites archaeologically and many of the archaeological investigations have focused on relatively small areas of the overall shipyard. Apart from the primary focus of post medieval shipyards, this article also describes a few earlier shipyards that have been archaeologically identified and studied. It describes the shipyard design, their construction and repair methods. The best method for a reliable comparison and to describe the cultural variability of shipyard sites over time, involves thorough documentation of fixed shipyard infrastructure. As a whole, shipyard archaeology is a relatively new topic and is being continuously developed.
Maritime History and Maritime Archaeology
Authors: Domingues Francisco C.
Published: April 2016

Maritime history embraces naval history, which is the relationship of human societies with the sea. Maritime history began to be recognized as a disciplinary field about half a century ago. In this context, archaeology is defined as the systematic study of past human life, behaviors, activities, and cultures using material remains and the relationships among them. Underwater archaeology defines archaeological activities carried out underwater and includes inland water activity. This article defines and underlines the distinctions between underwater archaeology, marine archaeology, and nautical archaeology. Maritime archaeology has undergone a boost in recent years. This article elucidates that both maritime archaeology and maritime history focus on the relationship between human societies and the maritime world, i.e., they have a common subject matter but have different theoretical and methodological perspectives. This is explained by a case study of the Pepper Wreck.
Neuroticism
Authors: Tackett Jennifer L. , Lahey Benjamin B.
Published: April 2016

This chapter provides a comprehensive review of the personality domain of Neuroticism. Neuroticism is not only one of the more salient higher-order personality domains across different trait models, it also includes great public health care significance. We begin by describing the domain, including its facets. We then consider genetic and environmental influences for its development. We also consider developmental considerations, including evidence for stability and change across the lifespan. We then turn to the importance of Neuroticism for predicting consequential outcomes in several relevant domains of functioning: psychopathology, physical health, and quality of life. We then summarize and end with suggestions for future directions in research and public health care application.
How Next-Generation Neuroscience Technologies Can Facilitate Comparison Across Cultural Contexts and Species
Authors: Harris Lasana T. , Capestany Beatrice H. , Tan Jingzhi
Published: April 2016

Studies in small-scale societies and nonhuman primates demonstrate evidence of xenophobia and xenophilia as basic responses to strangers. These studies highlight a cultural universal among social animals during interpersonal interaction: Group distinctions matter. We review the literature of small-scale societies and nonhuman primates, comparing them to the human social psychological literature on minimalist intergroup behavior in an attempt to delineate cognition, affect, and behavior common to intergroup contexts. In the process, we redefine culture, making it amenable to specific social groups and social contexts. We discuss the limitations of these comparisons—specifically, highly variable technological approaches, experimental environments, and paradigms. We then look forward to next-generation neuroscience technologies currently being developed that could facilitate comparison across human cultural context and cross-species in ecologically valid, unconstrained, nonlaboratory environments. We conclude by discussing the implications of these technologies for cultural neuroscience and global health.
Cultural Neuroscience of Pain and Empathy
Authors: Chiao Joan Y. , Mathur Vani A.
Published: April 2016

Population health disparities exist in the prevalence of pain throughout the world due to social and biological factors. We examine the etiology of population health disparities in pain prevalence with the cultural neuroscience model. We review empirical evidence for population health disparities in acute and chronic pain, particularly in people from the United States of different racial and ethnic heritages. We discuss how culture, race, and ethnicity affect pain and empathy at the level of neurobiology as well as how an understanding of the mechanisms underlying population health disparities in pain can lead to more effective treatments in multicultural and cross-cultural communities. Implications for understanding the etiology of pain prevalence from a cultural neuroscience perspective for public health are discussed.
Culture, Genes, and Socioemotional Neurodevelopment
Authors: Maselko Joanna
Published: April 2016

The country, or even region, in which an individual is born is a significant determinant of risk of developing a neuropsychiatric disorder. Differences in risk of developing a disorder are closely tied to the overall burden of neuropsychiatric disorders in a given population. Using age-standardized disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) per 100,000 inhabitants as a measure of disease burden, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that neuropsychiatric disorders are responsible for 10–15% of disease burden worldwide, with unipolar depression and alcohol disorders making the largest contributions. WHO estimates that the burden of unipolar depressive disorder ranges from 315 DALYs per 100,000 in China to 1235 DALYs in Cuba and 1651 DALYs per 100,000 in the United States. Similar patterns have been documented with other disorders, such as anxiety and schizophrenia. Variation in disease burden remains even after accounting for varying definitions of mental health and sources of data.
Culture as a Response to Uncertainty
Authors: Tobler Phillipe N. , Christopoulos George I.
Published: April 2016

Cultures are dynamic by nature. This characteristic stems from constant changes of the natural and social environment, pressure and influences from other cultures, and evolutionary needs for adaptive responses, both at the individual and collective level. In decision and social neuroscience, individual adaptive responses to changing, unknown, or uncertain environments have been successfully described by the integration of the computational framework of reinforcement learning models with principles of game theory and microeconomics. This framework identifies a valuation system that constantly updates values attached to actions and stimuli in order to reduce reducible uncertainty and efficiently guide actions in the face of irreducible uncertainty. We propose that this theoretical and methodological framework can be fruitful in explaining dynamic cultural phenomena—an approach we term computational culture neuroscience.
Embodied Brains, Social Minds
Authors: Immordino-Yang Mary Helen
Published: April 2016

Psychologically, the emotions we feel about ourselves and about other people, known as social emotions, shape the very essence of our acculturated selves, including our relationships, morality, beliefs, and decisions. Neurobiologically, these emotions co-opt neurobiological mechanisms whose original, evolutionary purpose is to feel and regulate the body and to manage homeostasis. This confluence of social psychological and biological homeostatic functions has important implications for our understanding of human development, culture, and learning. Understanding the dynamic interplay of biology and culture in emotion will require integrating perspectives from anthropology, cultural psychology, psychiatry, child development, social affective neuroscience, and other disciplines, but it will ultimately shed new light on the inherently social nature of the human mind. Progress in this direction is reviewed, including experimental evidence, theoretical insights, practical benefits, and challenges.
A Stigma Lens for Considering What Targets Can Do
Authors: Hebl Michelle R. , Moreno Carlos , King Eden B.
Published: April 2016

This chapter adopts an individual-level approach to reducing workplace discrimination with a focus on the actions of its targets. We consider the intersection of two dimensions of stigmatized attributes—their visibility and perceived controllability—as factors that directly influence the likely effectiveness of a range of remediation strategies. Through this lens and the evidence we synthesize, we build enhanced understanding of why there is a variance in the effectiveness of coping strategies and insight into what, when, and why certain strategies might be most effective. Finally, we articulate that the influence of stigma visibility and perceived controllability—and the remediation strategies that are likely to be most effective—should be considered in light of the stigma’s fluid course.
Astronomy and Astrophysics
Authors: Anderl Sibylle
Published: April 2016

This article looks at the philosophical aspects and questions that modern astrophysical research gives rise to. Other than cosmology, astrophysics particularly deals with understanding phenomena and processes operating at “intermediate” cosmic scales, which has rarely aroused philosophical interest so far. Being confronted with the attribution of antirealism by Ian Hacking because of its observational nature, astrophysics is equipped with a characteristic methodology that can cope with the missing possibility of direct interaction with most objects of research. In its attempt to understand the causal history of singular phenomena, it resembles the historical sciences, while the search for general causal relations with respect to classes of processes or objects can rely on the “cosmic laboratory”: the multitude of different phenomena and environments naturally provided by the universe. Furthermore, the epistemology of astrophysics is strongly based on the use of models and simulations and a complex treatment of large amounts of data.
Faith and Reason
Authors: Mezei Balázs M.
Published: April 2016

After considering the mutual implication of faith and reason in John Paul II’s Fides et ratio this chapter considers the concept of revelation, emphasizing ways in which revelation is both open and not open to human reason. The chapter then explores different models of faith and reason that have emerged through the history of Christianity, showing that conceptions of reason are defined by conceptions of faith, and that concepts of faith are defined by the concept of revelation. Throughout, the chapter also argues that a radical notion of divine self-revelation underlies Christian thought, and is accompanied by a radical notion of faith that involves not only intellectual assent but the commitment of the whole person, and a radical notion of reason that recognizes its end in that which transcends reason.
Natural Language Generation
Authors: Bateman John , Zock Michael
Published: April 2016

Communication via a natural language requires two fundamental skills: producing ‘text’ (written or spoken) and understanding it. This chapter introduces newcomers to computational approaches to the former—natural language generation (henceforth NLG)—showing some of the theoretical and practical problems that linguists, computer scientists, and psychologists encounter when trying to explain how language production works in machines or in our minds. The chapter first defines and illustrates the abstract components of the NLG task and their distinctive roles in accounting for the coherence and appropriateness of natural texts and then sets out the principal methods that have been developed in the field for building working computational systems. Current problems, new proposals for solutions and potential applications are also briefly characterized.
Ontologies
Authors: Navigli Roberto
Published: April 2016

This chapter is about ontologies: that is, knowledge models of a domain of interest. We introduce ontologies, its building blocks and sections, view them from the perspective of several fields of knowledge (computer science, philosophy, software engineering, etc.), and present existing ontologies and the different tasks of ontology building, learning, matching, mapping, and merging. We also review interfaces for building ontologies and the knowledge representation languages used to implement them. Finally, we discuss the different ways of evaluating an ontology and the applications in which it can be used, including word sense disambiguation, reasoning, question answering, semantic information retrieval. and machine translation.
Soils, Plants, and Texts
Authors: Sulas Federica
Published: April 2016

Archaeologists are increasingly used to producing and synthesizing multidisciplinary data, particularly where threats to environmental conservation and subsistence have led to calls for applied research. This chapter explores how environmental, geoarchaeological, and historical information can help us understand the long-term impact of farming in northern Ethiopia. Here, the expansion of farming communities and, later, the rise of the kingdom of Aksum (first millennium AD) are thought to have set this region onto the road of environmental degradation. This narrative of cultural-environmental history has informed modern understandings of Ethiopian landscapes and peoples. However, new information extracted from buried soils (soil micromorphology), plant microfossils (phytoliths), and travel accounts indicate prolonged settlement and landscape stability until recent times. The resulting new narrative offers an opportunity to discuss the challenges of translating knowledge of the past into applied research.
Foreign Aid and Democratization in Developing Countries
Authors: Resnick Danielle
Published: April 2016

This article examines how donors influence democracy through foreign aid. Focusing on development aid and democracy assistance, it considers three mechanisms through which aid is disbursed: the diffusion of norms and knowledge, the provision of incentives, and the use of coercion. The article first looks at different types of foreign aid before providing a conceptualization of the democratization process. It then discusses the mechanisms linking different types of aid with elements of democratization and how well these mechanisms have worked in practice. It argues that coercion has been most conducive at influencing democratic transitions and addressing breakdown. Norms and knowledge diffusion as well as incentives are more directly influential, in both positive and negative ways, on issues of accountability and competitive party systems.
How Do Governments Build Capabilities to Do Great Things?
Authors: Andrews Matt
Published: April 2016

Governments can play great roles, resolving festering problems and opening new pathways for progress. Examples are numerous and raise an important question: How do governments build the capabilities required to do great things? This chapter identifies ten cases of such governments to answer four dimensions of this question: how do governments to ramp up their capability? Who leads these interventions ?, When do they occur, and why? How changes implemented to ensure they yield sustainable results? The chapter suggests two sets of answers to these concerns, combining rival theories that explain how governments enhance capabilities and strengthen their role: “solution- and leader-driven change” (SLDC) and “problem-driven iterative adaptation” (PDIA). It proposes using these two theories in future research about how governments foster the kinds of achievements one could call great and argues this research should employ a version of theory-guided process tracking (TGPT) called systematic process analysis.
American Indians in World History
Authors: Witgen Michael
Published: April 2016

This chapter explains the role of American Indians in world history by exploring the concept of a mutual encounter in the Americas in the first centuries following the Columbus voyages. The chapter quickly shifts to an examination of narrative constructions of North American history, in particular focusing on the relationship between American Indians, Atlantic World empires, and their settler colonies. This examination centers on an analysis of American Indian history and world history in the context of evolving social worlds that formed after contact. That context delineates an Atlantic New World of empires, colonies, trade, and alliance, and an indigenous New World in the interior of the continent, where autonomous Native peoples and homelands experience radical change as they incorporate new peoples, things, and ideas into their lives.
Gender, Sexuality, and Family History
Authors: Child Brenda
Published: April 2016

In 1939, an Ojibwe woman named Naynaabeak was involved in a conflict that shows some of the complexities that American Indians experienced throughout the history of settler colonialism in the United States. Her family did not live on a reservation, but they were Ojibwe people and tribal citizens and her home and fishing spot were historically Ojibwe places. The complex legal world defined by borders disrupted Naynaabeak’s ability to make a living, and her conflict was simply part of everyday existence for many Ojibwe women. This chapter considers the hurdles that Naynaabeak’s generation overcame in their determination to make a living, and how their efforts to remain on their lands, fishing grounds, forests, hills, and mountains—and especially their sacred places—enabled their descendants to maintain indigenous communities which still exist. The chapter reviews the literature about gender and labor in American Indian history to illuminate its major themes.
The Great Basin
Authors: Smoak Gregory E.
Published: April 2016

The Native peoples of the Great Basin live on some of the most arid and sparsely populated lands in the United States. The unforgiving basin environment has long influenced scholarly and popular perceptions of Great Basin Indians. This chapter is intended to historicize peoples who have too been naturalized. Spanish colonization in New Mexico transformed Native life in the Great Basin before the arrival of permanent Euro-American settlement. The subsequent conquest of the Great Basin took place largely through the actions of nonstate power interests—miners, overland emigrants, and the Mormon Church. The incorporation of wage labor was a common adaptation to conquest. Because many basin peoples lacked established treaty rights and/or reservation land bases, they struggled throughout the course of the twentieth century to reestablish sovereignty over their homelands.
Living in a Reordered World, 1680–1763
Authors: DuVal Kathleen
Published: April 2016

From 1680 to the late eighteenth century, Indians remained the most powerful polities in a politically reorganized North America. When disruptions occurred across most of the continent, they tended to come from other Indians, from new cycles of disease, or as a consequence of adopting new goods or ideas, rather than as a direct consequence of European actions. This chapter explores this interpretive theme through overviews of Quapaw consumerism in the middle Mississippi valley, the Chickasaws and the southeastern slave trade, Osage expansion in the western Mississippi valley, the Five Nations Iroquois Grand Settlement of 1701, the adoption of horses on the Great Plains, and two places that experienced the less common but better-known situation of living with permanent European settlers: the Rio Grande valley and southern New England.
Alaska
Authors: Kaaháni Worl Rosita
Published: April 2016

This chapter offers an overview of the experiences of the four major cultural groups within the borders of modern Alaska: Eskimos (Yup’ik, Inupiat), Aleuts, Athabaskans, and the Haida and Tlingit Indians. After describing the nature of precontact Alaskan cultures, the chapter describes the era of Russian rule (dominated by the trade in sea otters, the violent subjugation of the Aleuts, and the advent of Russian Orthodox missionaries), the American purchase and its aftermath, the Second World War, and the tumultuous events accompanying the admission of Alaska to statehood in 1958. Throughout their encounter with outsiders, the indigenous peoples of Alaska have struggled with the introduction of new diseases, assaults on their subsistence traditions, and struggles over land ownership. The Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (1971) has ushered in a new period of improvement even though the state’s Native people continue to struggle with the ongoing effects of colonialism.
Urban Native Histories
Authors: Thrush Coll
Published: April 2016

Urbanization has profoundly affected indigenous peoples. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, more than half of all American Indian and Alaskan Native people live not on reservations or in rural areas, but in towns and cities. According to the 2000 US census, some of the largest Indian populations are in places like Los Angeles, Minneapolis, and Seattle. This study focuses on the widespread indigenous history in and of urban places to draw attention to important themes and debates in the scholarship on Native peoples and cities and to articulate a broad agenda for a new approach to urban Indigenous history.
Understanding Undergraduate Music Learners
Authors: Conkling Susan Wharton
Published: April 2016

This article synthesizes existing theoretical and empirical evidence to provide a context for understanding undergraduate music learners. Demographic data are presented, and the population of undergraduate music majors is compared to the overall undergraduate population of the United States. These statistics are then connected to Arnett’s theory of emerging adulthood, offering a context for understanding human development. It is impossible to understand undergraduate music learners without examining the learning itself and the ends it seeks to accomplish, so the article provides an explanation of music learning as consisting of specialized knowledge and skills while at the same time supporting the broad values of a liberal education. Finally, although access to economic stability remains an overriding concern of undergraduate education, this article concludes that music learning should be envisioned as engagement in meaningful music practice.
Child Pornography in the 21st Century
Authors: Reid Joan A.
Published: April 2016

Operating in the shadows created by recent technological advances in online communication, child pornographic exploitation (CPE) is considered among the most psychologically harmful types of cybercrime. In an era of unprecedented technological accessibility coupled with the perception of online anonymity, concerns have escalated regarding the proliferation of CPE and the excessive brutishness of child sexual abuse involved in the creation of new CPE content. Conversely, highly publicized cases have raised questions regarding overreach by police and courts when handling sexting juveniles as serious sex offenders. This essay examines emerging concerns over the redoubling of criminal justice resources devoted to combatting CPE in the last decade with a critical analysis of the evidence pertaining to the extent and nature of CPE and CPE content. The essay also highlights challenges to combatting CPE due to the widespread use of mobile technology and the anonymity of the Darknet.
The Rise of Natural Law in the Early Modern Period
Authors: von Friedeburg Robert
Published: April 2016

This article traces the history of the rise of natural law from the classical and medieval periods to the eighteenth century, considering the publications and debates that began to mushroom from the Reformation, and how the works of Grotius, Hobbes, Locke, and von Pufendorf transformed the political philosophy and learned architecture of Latin Europe. It examines how confessional revelation theology on the will of God, as revealed in scripture, was marginalized by jurists and philosophers and goes on to discuss the role of civil authority as obligating agency within each sovereign state; natural law’s emphasis on rights and obligations; and the arguments of Aristotle and Cicero. It explores three interrelated developments seen as responsible for the rise of natural law during the early modern period, and concludes with an analysis of its further development in relation to the philosophical scene and political environment in each polity during the eighteenth century.
Ecological Space
Authors: Hayward Tim
Published: April 2016

Ethical implications of the concept of ecological space can be drawn from the focus it brings to issues arising from the finitude and vulnerability of habitats. An evident ethical concern is that each person should have sufficient access to support at least a minimally decent life. The demands placed by the world’s human population on its ecological space, however, are such that some members do not have enough of it for their health and well-being. One aspect of this problem is the finitude of the earth’s aggregate biophysical capacity; another is that some humans make vastly more use of the planet’s ecological space than others do. In relation to the normative assessment and regulation of human activities, I recommend differentiating between using, occupying, and commanding ecological space. It is in relation to these activities that deontic categories—of prescription, proscription and permission—can be applied.
Last Resort and Proportionality
Authors: Shue Henry
Published: April 2016

Justified warfare requires far more than a just cause. The multiple necessary conditions to be satisfied before the inevitable deaths, wounds, and destruction of war, many inflicted wrongfully on combatants on both sides and on civilians, can be justified as a lesser evil also minimally include reasonable prospect of success, last resort, and proportionality of resort. Only a great evil to be resisted can constitute a just cause, and it must be empirically the case that military action has a reasonable prospect of stopping the resisted evil and is also necessary in being the least evil means of resistance, which is the meaning of last resort. Proportionality of resort, which is importantly different from proportionality in the conduct of war, can be assessed only by examining several questions concerning the evils created by the proposed war, including whose evils (only one’s own or predictable others) and which evils (which harms count).
Societal Disregard for the Needs of the Infertile
Authors: Orentlicher David
Published: April 2016

Social policies in the United States often favor families and encourage reproduction—but not for infertile persons. When the infertile want to have children, health care funding policy, legal rules, and popular sentiments generally are not very sympathetic. Infertile couples typically must rely on their own resources to procreate, without reimbursement by their health insurance; the law may erect barriers to assisted reproductive services, as with prohibitions against surrogate motherhood; and infertile couples may not find much concern for their plight from friends or even some family members. Such discounting of the needs of the infertile is unjust and reflects a misunderstanding of the nature of infertility. Infertility is a disability—and a very serious one for some people—yet it is often misperceived as not a real handicap or even as enabling. Respect for the fundamental interest in reproduction justifies changes in social attitudes and reforms in the law to ensure fair treatment for the infertile.
Sulphide Sinking in Magma Conduits: Evidence from Mafic–Ultramafic Plugs on Rum and the Wider North Atlantic Igneous Province
Authors: Hughes Hannah S. R. , McDonald Iain , Boyce Adrian J. , Holwell David A. , Kerr Andrew C.
Published: April 2016

Ni–Cu–PGE (platinum group element) sulphide mineralization is commonly found in magmatic conduit systems. In many cases the trigger for formation of an immiscible sulphide liquid involves assimilation of S-bearing crustal rocks. Conceptually, the fluid dynamics of sulphide liquid droplets within such conduits is essentially a balance between gravitational sinking and upwards entrainment. Thus, crustal contamination signatures may be present in sulphides preserved both up- and down-flow from the point of interaction with the contaminant. We examine a suite of ultramafic volcanic plugs on the Isle of Rum, Scotland, to decipher controls on sulphide accumulation in near-surface magma conduits intruded into a variable sedimentary stratigraphy. The whole-rock compositions of the plugs broadly overlap with the compositions of ultramafic units within the Rum Layered Complex, although subtle differences between each plug highlight their individuality. Interstitial base metal sulphide minerals occur in all ultramafic plugs on Rum. Sulphide minerals have magmatic δ34S (ranging from –1·3 to +2·1‰) and S/Se ratios (mean = 2299), and demonstrate that the conduit magmas were already S-saturated. However, two plugs in NW Rum contain substantially coarser (sometimes net-textured) sulphides with unusually light δ34S (–14·7 to +0·3‰) and elevated S/Se ratios (mean = 4457), not represented by the immediate host-rocks. Based on the Hebrides Basin sedimentary stratigraphy, it is likely that the volcanic con duits would have intruded through a package of Jurassic mudrocks with characteristically light δ34S (–33·8 to –14·7‰). We propose that a secondary crustal S contamination event took place at a level above that currently exposed, and that these sulphides sank back to their present position. Modelling suggests that upon the cessation of active magma transport, sulphide liquids could have sunk back through the conduit over a distance of several hundreds of metres, over a period of a few days. This sulphide ‘withdrawal’ process may be observed in other vertical or steeply inclined magma conduits globally; for example, in the macrodykes of East Greenland. Sulphide liquid sinking within a non-active conduit or during magma ‘suck-back’ may help to explain crustal S-isotopic compositions in magma conduits that appear to lack appropriate lithologies to support this contamination, either locally or deeper in the system.