bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘More sensual Delights’
Authors: Winn James A.
Published: September 2021

There is a palpable difference between Addison’s stimulating and thoughtful remarks on literature or the visual arts and his scattered, unconvincing, and dismissive comments on music. His unease about music, the chapter argues, stemmed from ignorance, disappointment, and a tendency to link musical pleasure with secret or illicit sexual pleasure. By basing his aesthetic theory on sight, Addison was able to make contact with scientific discourse, indirectly express his political ideology, and avoid extensive discussions of music, the art about which he knew least. His attempt at an English opera (Rosamond, 1707) failed, and the libretto does not suggest that Addison gave much thought to what it might be like to set or sing his words. As a young man, he wrote two St Cecilia odes, closely following the conventions established in Dryden’s ode for 1687. Printed in the Annual miscellany for 1694 is his translation of an episode from Ovid that purports to explain ‘the secret Cause’ that makes the River Salmacis weaken those who bathe in it. Something about the power of music, its emotional and sensual influence on the body and the mind, was evidently connected in his mind with secret pleasures that he did not wish to acknowledge or reveal. Same-sex love was probably among such pleasures. While there is no definitive evidence that Addison had strong homosexual feelings, or that he acted upon them, there is reason to believe that he associated such feelings with music, an association which shaped his consciousness and therefore his aesthetics.
Introduction: The Book
Authors: de Beco Gauthier
Published: September 2021

This is the introduction which not only sets out the need for such a book but also evaluates both the ways in which academic scholarship has addressed the topic and the lack of research on disability as an integral part of international human rights law. The introduction also explains the aim of the book and how this is achieved by exploring the interplay between the CRPD and other international instruments. Also included are the different sources and methods used in the book, as well as its targeted readership and some terminological issues. Finally, it describes the structure of the book with its three consecutive Parts (I. Concepts, II. Standards and III. Implementation) and their respective chapters.
Conceptual Background: Disability in the Field of International Human Rights Law
Authors: de Beco Gauthier
Published: September 2021

This chapter starts by outlining the existing models of disability and by relating these models to the Convention. The aim is not to advance debates about the models themselves but to examine the extent to which these models have influenced the CRPD’s own understanding of disability. The focus lies especiallyon the social model of disability, which has transformed the view of disability around the world. This is followed by an investigation of the way in which this understanding of disability bears upon the entire field of international human rights law. The chapter further examines the mainstreaming of disability and its consideration by the treaty bodies as well as its consequences for the field as a whole. It finally looks beyond international human rights law by evaluating how disability is addressed by UN agencies.
Work: A Needed Priority
Authors: de Beco Gauthier
Published: September 2021

This chapter analyses the right to work. It examines how the CRPD has come to provide for the participation of disabled people in the ‘open labour market’ and examines the various barriers that limit such participation. It also considers alternative forms of employment, including sheltered and supported employment, as well as how they relate to the new emphasis brought on the right to work by the CRPD. It subsequently focuses on the extent to which the Convention calls into question those working arrangements that ignore the complexity of human diversity. It further appraises the provision of equal employment opportunities for disabled people warning against certain limits in the consideration of employment as nothing but gainful employment in international human rights law.
Participation: ‘Nothing About Us Without Us’
Authors: de Beco Gauthier
Published: September 2021

This chapter focuses on the participation of disabled people. It starts by looking at the way in which disabled people organisations joined forces in the CRPD’s negotiation process and disabled people managed to infuse their claims into the Convention, thereby accelerating the formation of the disability rights movement. It then turns to the domestic level examining the obligation to consult disabled people ‘through their representative organizations’, including the requirements of such consultations, and the necessity of facilitating the participation of disabled people in the implementation of the Convention. It also explores the broader implications of ‘Nothing about us without us’ for international human rights law with regard to the involvement of civil society organisations.
Intellectual Property Law and Extra-Contractual Liability
Authors: Frosio Giancarlo
Published: September 2021

This chapter discusses intellectual property (IP) and extra-contractual liability by highlighting general comparative analysis issues within civil and common law systems, with some consideration given also to major theoretical clusters that might influence the different legal regimes. The chapter focuses on emerging issues of extra-contractual liability for intellectual property infringement in the platform economy, with special emphasis on copyright and trademark infringement, seeking to co-ordinate miscellaneous approaches from the United States (US), the European Union (EU), and selected European countries’ experiences. In doing so, this chapter highlights research and methodological issues related to limited harmonization at a regional level in secondary and extra-contractual liability doctrines when applied to IP. Finally, this chapter describes the World Intermediary Liability Maps (WILMap) as an attempt to provide consistency within a fragmented research framework while also presenting other miscellaneous endeavours seeking the same goal.
The Relationship Between Intellectual Property and Administrative Law
Authors: Manderieux Laurent
Published: September 2021

Intellectual property and administrative law entertain a long-standing, though ambiguous relationship. Intellectual property rights (IPR) depend on a number of institutions, and primarily from intellectual property offices granting several of them, which fall into the administrative structure of each country. The direct consequence of the relevance of administrative law for the research, analysis, and understanding of intellectual property law is that certain IP-related questions cannot be properly addressed without using the tool provided by administrative law. Indeed, intellectual property and administrative law partly overlap, as both branches of law are nationally characterized and country-specific, changing from country to country, and both have experienced significant changes related to globalization from the national to the international level. The growing regulation of intellectual property at the international level has somehow brought about an expansion of the intersection between intellectual property and administrative law and procedures. Therefore, complete, thorough research on intellectual property law and policy must take into account the conceptual tools and categories elaborated in administrative law.
Intellectual Property and Privacy Law
Authors: Richardson Megan
Published: September 2021

This chapter explores the intersections between intellectual property (IP) and privacy law. It notes that while the scope of what we may consider to be ‘intellectual property’ continues to expand to cover new creative and innovative practices, so too the meaning and scope of what we may consider to be ‘privacy’—traditionally understood as allowing the individual to enjoy a private sphere free from the public gaze—has come under pressure to expand to address new situations where loss of control over personal information and incursions on personal identity are seen to undermine human dignity and liberty. Thus ‘privacy’ and ‘intellectual property’ become ever more imbricated in our modern digital world, and we can expect to see ever more interchange between the laws that regulate these domains.
A Research Framework for Intellectual Property and Environmental Law
Authors: Sarnoff Joshua D.
Published: September 2021

This chapter seeks to situate some methodologies for research at the intersection of intellectual property (IP) law and environmental law within a broader context of methodological analyses that are brought to law and legal problems. These methodological forms include historical, doctrinal, theoretical, empirical (often economic, psychological, and sociological), and other types of analyses (including public choice theory and big data analyses). Both fields are situated within a broader context of legal understanding, which requires extensive familiarity with, among other things: (1) legislation and administrative regulation and practices; (2) individual and market behaviours; (3) how laws and regulatory actions affect those behaviours; and (4) the consequences of such legal and regulatory interventions. The chapter emphasizes the problem of selecting problems to study, the method of choosing research methods, and the solution to the lack of solutions to date for the identified problems. It provides personal examples of the (necessarily) idiosyncratic choices made along each of these dimensions. The chapter concludes that such choices invariably are based on personal values and theoretical commitments, which others in the relevant evaluative communities will invariably dispute and contest.
Intersections Between Intellectual Property and Dispute Resolution
Authors: Marsoof Althaf
Published: September 2021

Dispute resolution takes an important place within the intellectual property (IP) framework. This chapter explores the intersection between the two and highlights some of the key challenges and issues that have emerged with respect to IP dispute resolution. By focusing on both civil adjudication and alternative dispute resolution (ADR), the chapter seeks to inspire research in a broad spectrum of topics of practical significance. In the context of civil adjudication, the chapter focuses on natural justice and proportionality, which are fundamental principles of procedural law that have gained a renewed interest in recent times, especially with regard to IP enforcement. In the context of ADR, the chapter focuses on the issue of arbitrability and interim measures, which are not new concerns but continue to pose challenges for IP-related ADR.
Innovation Economics Approach to Intellectual Property Law Scholarship
Authors: van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie Bruno
Published: September 2021

Be it through theoretical modelling, empirical analysis, or qualitative investigations, innovation economics aims to better understand how policy-making could better stimulate technical change, innovation, and growth. Stimulating innovation is always part of the political agenda, as markets rarely reach the socially optimal level of innovation due to important ‘market failures’ associated with the innovation process. Governments thus revert to innovation economics to stimulate the creation of new knowledge and its diffusion, as well as to promote those innovative and creative processes beneficial for their economies. In fact, innovation economics provides policy tools to policy-makers that aim to foster technological change and innovation. This short chapter focuses on patent policies, as they are of major interest for intellectual property (IP) scholars. I first cover patent policy effectiveness, a key concept in innovation economics. I then analyse the main areas of inquiry of patent economics and indicate for each the main investigations that have been carried out and their implications.
Intellectual Property, Information Science, and Quantitative Legal Analysis
Authors: Seng Daniel
Published: September 2021

Advancements in data analysis and the growing wealth of data regarding various innovations and their uses make it increasingly feasible to apply robust mathematical, statistical, and computational techniques to empirically investigate phenomena, analyse issues and make policies in intellectual property (IP). This chapter gives a brief outline of the six steps to quantitative legal analysis, namely formulating the research question, conducting a literature review, designing the research methodology, managing the data, analysing the data, and presenting the analysis and conclusions. There is discussion about how information science techniques can improve the processes of methodology design and the collection and management of data when applied to IP matters. This chapter ends with an examination into the possible limitations of the quantitative legal analysis process as applied to legal issues in general and to IP issues in particular, and provides suggestions as to how these may be overcome.
A Content Analysis Approach to Intellectual Property Research
Authors: Bar-Ziv Sharon
Published: September 2021

This chapter aims to demonstrate the implementation of the content analysis approach in the legal discipline; it argues that this approach is suitable for use by legal scholars, enabling analysis of various legal texts to uncover their connection and to learn about their meaning. Moreover, systematic analysing of legal texts yields insights that fine-tune the various challenges policy-makers and decision-makers are facing. This issue is particularly important in intellectual property (IP) research—a rapidly developing and dynamic legal field that calls for an up-to-date legal response to issues emanating from speedy technological developments. Specifically, the chapter sets forth a content analysis approach to analysing the judicial process in the context of online copyright enforcement cases. I argue that this approach facilitates advanced analysis of the legal process in a way that will help us understand and follow the development of the legal norm and contribute to legal certainty, despite the rapid changes taking place in the online copyright enforcement arena.
Computational Legal Methods: Text and Data Mining in Intellectual Property Research
Authors: Margoni Thomas
Published: September 2021

Text and Data Mining (TDM) can generally be defined as the process of deriving high-quality information from text and data by using digital analytical tools . The impact that TDM may have on science, humanities, and the arts is invaluable. This is because by identifying the correlations and patterns that are often concealed to the eye of a human observer TDM allows for the discovery of knowledge that would have otherwise remained hidden. After a brief introduction, Section II of this chapter illustrates the state of the art in the nascent field of TDM applied to intellectual property (IP) research. It formulates some proposals of systematic classification in an area that suffers from a degree of terminological vagueness. In particular, the chapter argues that TDM, together with other types of data-driven analytical tools, should be autonomously classified as ‘computational legal methods’. Section III of the chapter offers concrete examples of the application of these methods in IP research. This is achieved by discussing a recent project on TDM, which required the development of dedicated approaches in order to address certain problems that emerged during the project’s execution.. The discussion identifies some of the most promising advances in terms of automation and predictive analysis that the use of TDM in intellectual property research could enable. At the same time, the partial success of the experiment shows that there are a number of training and skill-related issues that legal researchers and practitioners interested in the use of TDM should consider. Accordingly, the second argument advanced in this chapter is that law school programmes should include mandatory courses in computational legal methods in order to equip future lawyers with the skillsets needed in the digital (legal) environment.
Intellectual Property and Critical Theories
Authors: Chon Margaret
Published: September 2021

This chapter briefly summarizes the impact of critical theoretical methods on intellectual property (IP) scholarship. It speculates that the influence of critical legal theory on IP is greater than typically acknowledged or understood, and draws on scholarly examples at the juncture of critical and liberal theories to make this point.
A Research Framework on Intellectual Property and Morality
Authors: Farley Christine Haight
Published: September 2021

This chapter traces the role of morality in intellectual property (IP) law by outlining the scholarship that addresses what extent, if any, the law does or should reflect moral judgments. Scholars have investigated this question, either explicitly or implicitly, in all of the categories of IP including patent law, trademark law, and copyright law, and to a lesser extent, trade secret law and right of publicity law. In surveying the robust scholarship and diverse perspectives about whether morality has a place in IP law, the chapter reveals an academic dispute surrounding the degree to which law should rely on morality. Some scholars look at IP through the lens of morality; some see only a disconnect between IP law and morality. For some, morality serves as a basis for IP rights, while others find law and morality to be so conceptually distinct as to be irreconcilable. Some see a danger in IP laws being in conflict with morality, while others view the introduction of morality as a danger. The chapter organizes the scholarship by the position it takes on the appropriateness of the juxtaposition of IP and morality while recognizing that the complexity of IP scholars’ relationship to morality is matched only by the complexity of morality itself as a concern of law.
Parasites and their significance
Authors: Schmid-Hempel Paul
Published: September 2021

Introduction to the subject of ‘Evolutionary Parasitology’. Illustrated with the example of how yellow fever made it difficult to construct the Panama Canal.
Transmission, infection, and pathogenesis
Authors: Schmid-Hempel Paul
Published: September 2021

Transmission is a key process for parasites. Different routes (e.g. faecal–oral) and modes (e.g. by aerosols or vectors) exist. A major context is vertical (to offspring) or horizontal (all other) transmission. All components of the transmission process evolve. Successful transmission includes the infection of a new host. Macroparasites typically infect as individuals, but microparasites need an infective dose. Doses vary enormously among parasites. Various models describe variation in infective dose. Process-based models assume random colonization, co-operative parasite manipulation, or are focused on early dynamics. With the processes of pathogenesis (e.g. tissue destruction, reducing host capacities), damage to the host emerges. Virulence factors are important mediators of parasite success and often involved in host manipulation and pathogenesis, including immunopathology.
Between-host dynamics (Epidemiology)
Authors: Schmid-Hempel Paul
Published: September 2021

Epidemiology is the population dynamics of host–parasite systems. The spread of an infective disease is analysed with several tools. The SIR model (susceptible, infected, recovered hosts) is a standard model, with the basic reproductive number (R0) as a characteristic. Diseases, in general, spread if R0 > 1, which suggests a threshold size for host populations, and also for endemic maintenance or periodic outbreaks. Furthermore, spatial heterogeneity or the distribution of infections among hosts affects an epidemic. Individual-based models can follow the fate of infections more closely. Network analysis provides insights into transmission and contact rates. Models also describe the epidemics of vectored diseases, or of macroparasitic infections. Molecular epidemiology uses genetic markers or genomes to follow the spread of an infectious disease; phylodynamics reconstructs transmission chains, especially for viral diseases. Immunoepidemiology studies how immune defences affect an epidemic and identifies immunological markers for the study of infectious disease dynamics.
Within-host dynamics and evolution
Authors: Schmid-Hempel Paul
Published: September 2021

Infections typically spread from a primary site to target organs. Rapid early defences are critical to contain an infection. However, recognition is not error-free and shows a trade-off between specificity and sensitivity. The within-host dynamics of an infection can be studied in various ways, e.g. with target cell-limited models. The disease space can trace within-host infection trajectories and predict the eventual outcome. Also, computational and systems immunology identify important defence elements and predict the course of an infection. Infecting populations evolve within their hosts. Horizontal transfer of genetic elements, recombination, and mutations thereby allow pathogens to escape host defences; examples are escape mutants or antigenic variation. The evolution of antimicrobial resistance is of special concern. Co-infecting parasites, such as bacteria, can cooperate to exploit a host (e.g. by production of siderophores) or compete for access (e.g. by releasing bacteriocins). Multiscale models combine within- and between-host episodes.
The Doctor
Authors: Scott Dominic , Freeman R. Edward
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines the doctor model of leadership. In ancient Greek medicine, doctors saw their role as finding a balance between the different bodily ‘humours’. Analogously, leadership on this model involves balancing either the different objectives of an organization, or the groups and factions within it. This often involves restraining stakeholders prone to give excessive weight to seemingly attractive, but short-term objectives. The first part analyses passages in Plato’s Gorgias and Republic that develop this medical analogy. The second part illustrates the model with two modern-day examples: Roy Vagelos, CEO of Merck in the 1980s, who persuaded the company not to focus excessively on shareholder return, but to balance it against wider stakeholder concerns; and Jean Monnet, one of the founders of the EEC, who helped rebalance European nations away from the pursuit of nationalist goals, and hence put them on a long-term sustainable path to peace.
Captains and Navigators
Authors: Scott Dominic , Freeman R. Edward
Published: September 2021

This chapter discusses the comparison between a leader and a navigator, implicit in the well-known ‘ship of state’ image, which Plato uses in the Republic. A core component of the navigator model is that the leader helps a country or organization that has opted to take a new direction and that needs someone with a distinctive kind of expertise to get them there. As with the doctor model, the decisions of the leader may often appear unpalatable and, when the going gets tough, the leader also needs to be able to command unity on board. The chapter illustrates the model with two examples: Frederick Douglass, who helped steer America towards the abolition of slavery; and James McGill, who tried to steer AT&T from being a company heavily based around engineering and manufacturing towards a digital future, more reliant on marketing.
The Artist
Authors: Scott Dominic , Freeman R. Edward
Published: September 2021

Plato also models the leader on an artist trying to realize a vision. Looking to a model of how things could be, they seek to transform their organization or state. It is important that leaders who do this mould their own lives around the vision before trying to impose it on anyone else. Also, they have a willingness to ‘wipe the slate clean’, which may involve ruthlessness in removing people who do not conform to the vision. The first part looks at Plato’s account of the political artist and at the way his proposal to wipe the slate clean raises the spectre of totalitarianism, a criticism made by Karl Popper. In the second part, the chapter turns to two case studies: Elon Musk, visionary CEO and entrepreneur, and Ataturk, who tried to wipe the slate clean in founding modern Turkey.
Conclusion
Authors: Scott Dominic , Freeman R. Edward
Published: September 2021

The conclusion briefly rounds off the book, summarizing the different models and re-emphasizing the need to take a variegated approach to leadership. Despite this approach, there are some themes that run through many of the models: the importance of ethics and the need for expertise. Plato was emphatic about this need, but also very honest about the problem to which it gives rise: how can a leader simultaneously immerse themselves in the technicalities required for decision-making, and be able to relate to their non-expert followers? The conclusion also stresses that the focus of the book is first and foremost about leadership, rather than a celebration of Plato’s achievements: the priority has been to present a rich and variegated approach to leadership, in order to stimulate readers to draw on their own experience and find further applications of the study.
Outline of the Upcoming Proof
Authors: Ray Arunima
Published: September 2021

‘Outline of the Upcoming Proof’ provides a comprehensive outline of the proof of the disc embedding theorem. The disc embedding theorem for topological 4-manifolds, due to Michael Freedman, underpins virtually all our understanding of topological 4-manifolds. The famously intricate proof utilizes techniques from both decomposition space theory and smooth manifold topology. The latter is used to construct an infinite iterated object, called a skyscraper, and the former to construct homeomorphisms from a given topological space to a quotient space. The detailed proof of the disc embedding theorem is the core aim of this book. In this chapter, a comprehensive outline of the proof is provided, indicating the chapters in which each aspect is discussed in detail.
The Schoenflies Theorem after Mazur, Morse, and Brown
Authors: Behrens Stefan , Miller Allison N. , Nagel Matthias , Teichner Peter
Published: September 2021

‘The Schoenflies Theorem after Mazur, Morse, and Brown’ provides two proofs of the Schoenflies theorem. The Schoenflies theorem states that every bicollared embedding of an (n – 1)-sphere in the n-sphere splits the n-sphere into two balls. This chapter provides two proofs. The first is due to Mazur and Morse; it utilizes an infinite ‘swindle’ and a classical technique called push-pull. The second proof, due to Brown, serves as an introduction to shrinking, or decomposition space theory. The latter is a beautiful, but outmoded, branch of topology that can be used to produce non-differentiable homeomorphisms between manifolds, especially from a manifold to a quotient space. Techniques from decomposition space theory are essential in the proof of the disc embedding theorem.
A Decomposition That Does Not Shrink
Authors: Behrens Stefan , Davis Christopher W. , Powell Mark , Ray Arunima
Published: September 2021

‘A Decomposition That Does Not Shrink’ gives a nontrivial example of a decomposition of the 3-sphere such that the corresponding quotient space is not homeomorphic to the 3-sphere. The decomposition in question is called the Bing-2 decomposition. Similar to the Bing decomposition from the previous chapter, it consists of the connected components of the intersection of an infinite sequence of nested solid tori. However, unlike the Bing decomposition, the Bing-2 decomposition does not shrink. This indicates the subtlety of the question of which decompositions shrink. The question of when certain decompositions of the 3-sphere shrink is central to the proof of the disc embedding theorem.
The Ball to Ball Theorem
Authors: Behrens Stefan , Kalmár Boldizsár , Zuddas Daniele
Published: September 2021

The ball to ball theorem is presented, which states that a map from the 4-ball to itself, restricting to a homeomorphism on the 3-sphere, whose inverse sets are null and have nowhere dense image, is approximable by homeomorphisms relative to the boundary. The approximating homeomorphisms are produced abstractly, as in the previous chapter, with no need to investigate the decomposition elements further. In the proof of the disc embedding theorem, a decomposition of the 4-ball will be constructed, called the gaps+ decomposition. The ball to ball theorem will be used to prove that this decomposition shrinks; this is called the β-shrink.
Picture Camp
Authors: McCoy Duncan , Park JungHwan , Ray Arunima
Published: September 2021

‘Picture Camp’ provides a review of Kirby handle calculus for describing 4-manifolds via decorated link diagrams, as well as techniques for how to simplify such diagrams. This chapter applies these techniques to describe gropes and towers, from the previous chapter, using Kirby diagrams. In addition to decorated links, the diagrams include the information of framings for the attaching and tip regions. In particular, it is shown how to combine two diagrams together when the corresponding spaces are identified along their attaching and tip regions. The chapter also relates the combinatorics of gropes and towers to the combinatorics of the associated link diagrams.
From Immersed Discs to Capped Gropes
Authors: Politarczyk Wojciech , Powell Mark , Ray Arunima
Published: September 2021

‘From Immersed Discs to Capped Gropes’ begins the proof of the disc embedding theorem in earnest. Starting with the immersed discs provided by the hypotheses of the disc embedding theorem, capped gropes with the same boundary and with suitable dual gropes are produced. This uses a sequence of the geometric moves introduced in the previous chapter. The two propositions in this chapter are technical, but vital. In subsequent chapters, the capped gropes will be upgraded to capped towers, and then to skyscrapers. The final step of the proof will consist of showing that skyscrapers are homeomorphic to the standard 2-handle, relative to the attaching region.
Replicable Rooms and Boundary Shrinkable Skyscrapers
Authors: Behrens Stefan , Powell Mark , Ray Arunima
Published: September 2021

‘Replicable Rooms and Boundary Shrinkable Skyscrapers’ points out precisely which properties of skyscrapers are required in the remainder of the proof of the disc embedding theorem. To achieve this, it introduces an abstraction of towers, known as buildings. The required properties for a generalized skyscraper include boundary shrinkability and replicability. The former allows the conclusion that the vertical boundary of a generalized skyscraper is a solid torus. Replicability ensures that any generalized skyscraper contains uncountably many other skyscrapers as subsets. Both of the above properties will be essential in the construction of the design in a subsequent chapter.
From Quantum Entanglement to Spatiotemporal Distance
Authors: Ney Alyssa
Published: September 2021

There is an influential research program in quantum gravity developing the connection between quantum entanglement and spatiotemporal distance. Through a series of well-confirmed results, it has been shown how these facts about the entanglement entropy of component systems may be connected to facts about spatiotemporal distance. Physicists are seeing these results as yielding promising methods for better understanding the emergence of (the dynamical) spacetime from more fundamental quantum theories, and for the development of a nonperturbative theory of quantum gravity. However, to what extent does the case for the entanglement entropy-distance link provide evidence that spacetime structure is nonfundamental and emergent from nongravitational degrees of freedom? I will show that a closer look at the results lends support only to a weaker conclusion: that the facts about quantum entanglement are constrained by facts about spatiotemporal distance, and not that they are the basis from which facts about spatiotemporal distance emerge.
Thinking about Spacetime
Authors: Yates David
Published: September 2021

Several different quantum gravity research programmes suggest, for various reasons, that spacetime is not part of the fundamental ontology of physics. This gives rise to the problem of empirical coherence, which I frame in terms of entailment: how could a non-spatiotemporal fundamental theory entail spatiotemporal evidence propositions? Solutions to this puzzle can be classified as realist or antirealist, depending on whether or not they posit a non-fundamental spacetime structure grounded in or caused by the fundamental structure. These approaches place different constraints on our everyday concepts of space and time. Applying lessons from the philosophy of mind, I argue that only realism is both conceptually plausible and suitable for addressing the problem at hand. I suggest a role-functionalist version of realism, which is consistent with both grounding and causation, and according to which our everyday concepts reveal something of the true nature of emergent spacetime.
The ‘Philosopher’s Stone’
Authors: McKenzie Kerry
Published: September 2021

Physicists have long been in search of the final theory—a physical theory that can be regarded as the truly fundamental description of nature. But metaphysicians likewise aspire to describe the world as it is most fundamentally. I argue that if we take a naturalistic approach to metaphysics, a final theory is even more crucial to success of the metaphysical project than it is to that of the physicist. This is because the non-fundamental theories produced by contemporary physicists may at least be said to approximate the final theory, and so physicists may be said to at least be making progress towards their goal in advance of having achieved it. Metaphysical theories, by contrast, cannot be said to be ‘approximately true’, and hence do not obviously partake in such progress. This raises questions of the value of engaging in naturalistic metaphysics prior to the emergence of a truly final theory.
Problems with the Cosmological Constant Problem
Authors: Koberinski Adam
Published: September 2021

The cosmological constant problem is widely viewed as an important barrier and hint to merging quantum field theory and general relativity. It is a barrier insofar as it remains unsolved, and a solution may hint at a fuller theory of quantum gravity. I critically examine the arguments used to pose the cosmological constant problem, and find many of the steps poorly justified. In particular, there is little reason to accept an absolute zero-point energy scale in quantum field theory, and standard calculations are badly divergent. It is also unclear exactly how a semiclassical treatment of gravity would include a vacuum energy contribution to the total stress-energy. Large classes of solution strategies are also found to be conceptually wanting. I conclude that one should not accept the cosmological constant problem as a problem that must be solved by a future theory of quantum gravity.
Introduction
Authors: O'Donoghue Cathal
Published: September 2021

This chapter serves as an introduction to the book Practical Microsimulation Modelling. It provides as context a description of microsimulation modelling, a simulation-based tool with a micro-unit of analysis that can be used for ex-ante analysis. The methodology is motivated as a mechanism of abstracting from reality to help us understand complexity better. It describes the main analytical objectives of users of microsimulation models in the field of income distribution analysis. The chapter then describes in turn the main methods of microsimulation considered in the book: hypothetical models, static models, behavioural models (labour supply and consumption), environmental models, decomposing inequality, dynamic microsimulation models, and spatial microsimulation models. The chapter concludes by providing an outline of the book.
Indirect Taxation and Consumption Behaviour
Authors: O'Donoghue Cathal
Published: September 2021

Indirect taxation refers to taxation that is levied on expenditure rather than on income and is one of the most important sources of revenue for governments, particularly in middle- and low-income countries. As a result, indirect taxation is frequently included in microsimulation models. These models differ from those described thus far in that they involve the use of data that contains expenditures in addition to incomes. This chapter describes the theoretical structure of a number of different types of indirect taxation. A challenge to the simulation of indirect taxation arises in that the base datasets of microsimulation models typically do not include expenditure data. A relatively simple method for combining income and expenditure data is described. As changes in indirect taxation affect the relative prices of goods, there will either be a change in consumption patterns or a change in savings. A method to model behavioural response when modelling indirect taxation is discussed. These methods are then utilized to describe some descriptive measures for the distributional attributes of consumption and some directions for policy reform. The framework developed in this chapter is then used to model the welfare impact of changes to indirect taxation in an example simulation.
Environmental Taxation
Authors: O'Donoghue Cathal
Published: September 2021

The environment as a policy issue has increased dramatically in importance in recent decades. The issues extend from global challenges, such as climate change, access to water and soils, ozone emissions, and biodiversity loss, to issues with a smaller geographical scope, such as water quality and congestion, to the impact of the environment on health. Environmental policy measures, including environmental regulations, taxes, and emission trading schemes, have been proposed to reduce pollution. This chapter focuses on environmental taxes, as they are most amenable to simulation using a microsimulation model, requiring both the behavioural response to the policy to be measured and the distributional impact. In particular, the focus is on the modelling and design of Pigouvian taxes that aim to reduce environmental pollution such as a carbon tax. The chapter presents methodological issues in terms of modelling pollution. It also describes how to use an input-output model to simulate the direct and indirect impact of environmental taxation. The chapter then undertakes an example analysis assessing the welfare impact of a carbon tax.
The Two Wars
Authors: Ozavci Ozan
Published: September 2021

The first inter-imperial war amongst the Great Powers since the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815, the Crimean War (1853–1856) shook the world and devastated peoples, economies, and finances. Some historians argue that it symbolized the destruction of the Concert of Europe. This chapter offers an alternative assessment. It shows that the Concert continued to exist after 1856 even though the peace established on the heels of the Crimean War was delicate and repeatedly tested peace in Europe and the Levant. Like the aftershocks of a disastrous earthquake, its aftermath witnessed further Great Power wars, civil strifes, and rebellions. The precarious climate that emerged at the time dovetailed with the existing and newly emerging tensions in Mount Lebanon. These snowballed into further fighting in the mountain during the summer of 1860—a much more devastating conflict, with a death toll around three to five times greater than the civil wars of 1841 and 1845 combined.
An Untimely Return of the Eastern Question?
Authors: Ozavci Ozan
Published: September 2021

When the news of the 1860 civil war in Syria and the ‘massacres’ of the Christians by the Druze reached Paris, the French foreign minister, Édouard A. Thouvenel, proposed the courts of the other Great Powers an intervention in Syria. He appealed with an emotional vocabulary arguing that theirs was a responsibility towards humanity. Even though Thouvenel’s call received endorsement on the part of first Russia and then Austria, Prussia, and Britain, the Sublime Porte objected to the intervention plan. The Ottoman ministers believed that it would be a violation of existing treaties and an infringement on the sultan’s sovereignty. This chapter places under scrutiny the 40 days of tug of war between Paris and Istanbul, when they looked to influence European public opinion by means of propaganda and active lobbying. The legal, economic, religious, and strategic undertones of the intervention plan and the counter-intervention propaganda not only testified to the intersectoral aspects of the Eastern Question. Seen together, they also disclosed how ‘humanitarian’ the ensuing intervention actually was.
Epilogue
Authors: Ozavci Ozan
Published: September 2021

Even though each armed, legal, and administrative intervention considered in this book had diverse specific properties unique to its immediate context, the Epilogue makes a series of general remarks about the continuity the historical actors saw in the affairs of the Levant, the dynamic and intersubjective nature of the Eastern Question, and the Levantine agency in its unfolding in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It considers what these historical ordeals tell us about the Levant and the wider world today, drawing links between past and civil wars with the contemporary discursive practices that continue to haunt the Levant as well as the wider Middle East today.
Electromagnetic energy
Authors: Brooker Geoffrey
Published: September 2021

“Electromagnetic energy” takes a hard look at the reasoning by which energy density and energy flow (Poynting vector) are deduced from Maxwell's equations. What can be proved and what, lacking proof, can be usefully said? It is argued that the conventional division of energy into density and flow is unproven but does not mislead. Picture of a pillbox.
Longitudinal and transverse waves
Authors: Brooker Geoffrey
Published: September 2021

“Longitudinal and transverse waves” discusses vector-amplitude waves in isotropic media, as exemplified by plasma waves and by plane sound waves. Transverse and longitudinal polarizations are identified with amplitudes that are divergence-free or curl-free. These conditions pick out polarization states that are “pure”, meaning not contaminated by the other possibility.
Diffraction at a slit
Authors: Brooker Geoffrey
Published: September 2021

Diffraction at slit can be calculated from Maxwell's equations when the slit jaws are ideally conducting and limitingly thin. Sketches of field lines give a good indication of what is expected. Computed fields are plotted in the plane of the slit and in the far field. Calculations based on Kirchhoff assumptions are compared with exact results. Diffraction of quantum particles is accounted for by the same equations.
The hydrogen atom
Authors: Brooker Geoffrey
Published: September 2021

The hydrogen atom is described by quantum mechanics. Radial wave functions are displayed, including those for large n (Rydberg atom). Emphasis is placed on the limits of classical motion, as giving a good indication of the atom's size. Positronium has the same size as hydrogen.
LScoupling; Hund’s rules
Authors: Brooker Geoffrey
Published: September 2021

“LS coupling; Hund's rules” describes LS coupling as it gives an account of our understanding of atomic states. Two “energy-level” diagrams commonly printed are shown to be wrong and highly misleading. Accompanying “explanations” are debunked. Correct diagrams, with explanations, are given, and compared with theoretical formulae. Hund's rules, when properly formulated, are shown to hold in all cases to which they can legitimately be applied. Hund's rules must be stated as given here (often they are not). This claim is validated because all possible variants are excluded by counterexamples.
Free energy
Authors: Brooker Geoffrey
Published: September 2021

Free energy is the energy of a sample in an “open system”, where the sample can exchange energy with its environment, as when it is in equilibrium while held at controlled temperature or controlled pressure. The free energy is “all the energy that's present because the sample is there”. The Helmholtz and Gibbs energies result. The ideas apply equally when what's controlled is an “applied” electric or magnetic field. We recommend a painless procedure for finding a change of free energy when the environment is to be changed.
Umklapp collisions and thermal conductivity
Authors: Brooker Geoffrey
Published: September 2021

“Umklapp collisions and thermal conductivity” deals with heat conduction in a dielectric solid. Collisions of phonons are divided into Umklapp and normal according as a reciprocal lattice vector is or is not involved in the phonon momentum balance. A local temperature is defined by appeal to local thermodynamic equilibrium. An equilibrium phonon distribution can be off-centred, yet non-decaying, if the only collisions are “normal”, conserving the total phonon momentum. Then heat flow does not decay, even if a representative collision reverses the phonon group velocity. Conversely, in an Umklapp collision it is the non-conservation of phonon momentum that causes heat flow to decay.
Heat capacity of electrons
Authors: Brooker Geoffrey
Published: September 2021

“Heat capacity of electrons” is concerned with the heat capacity of conduction electrons in a metal. The heat capacity is usually of most interest at low temperatures. It is proportional to the density of states for electrons at the Fermi surface. The calculation showing this requires more care than is usually given.
Electrons in a square lattice
Authors: Brooker Geoffrey
Published: September 2021

“Electrons in a square lattice” describes how a two-dimensional square lattice gives a helpful case intermediate between one dimension and the complication of three dimensions. The “empty lattice” divides up k-space into Brillouin zones in anticipation of a periodic potential whose period is given but whose magnitude is at this stage zero. A wooden model uses height to represent energy. Rearranging the model's pieces into the reduced-zone scheme displays how electrons can have surprising energy–wavevector relations, including overlapping bands, anisotropic effective masses, and indirect band gaps.
Negative feedback
Authors: Brooker Geoffrey
Published: September 2021

Negative feedback is an essential constituent of any control system. It is illustrated for the case of an electronic voltage amplifier. Formal definitions are given of positive and negative feedback. Feedback can be used to adjust the amplifier's frequency response. Distortion, meaning generation of new and unwanted frequencies (harmonics, sums, differences), is reduced by a factor equal to the “return difference”.
Article 2—Definitions
Authors: Rosati Eleonora
Published: September 2021

This chapter provides the definition of terms covered in Article 2 of Directive 2019/790 regarding copyright in the Digital Single Market in Europe. It begins with the term 'research organisation', which means a university, research institute, or any other entity that conduct scientific research or carry out educational activities involving the conduct of scientific research. It also explains text and data mining, which is an automated analytical technique that analyses text and data in digital form in order to generate information about patterns, trends, and correlations. The chapter defines cultural heritage institution as a publicly accessible library or museum, an archive, or a film or audio heritage institution, while press publication means a collection of literary works of a journalistic nature. It describes the tasks of an online content-sharing service provider, such as providing information society service that store and give public access to a large amount of copyright-protected works or other protected subject matter uploaded by its users.