bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Wisc Subtest Syndrome for Disabled Readers
Authors: Huelsman Charles B.
Published: September 2011

WISC subtest patterns of 101 underachieving and 56 achieving fourth grade readers were determined and the results were contrasted with those from 20 previously published studies. The evidence indicates that the low information, arithmetic, and coding subtest pattern is characteristic of groups of disabled readers but not of individuals and that significantly high performance IQs are characteristic of about 20% of underachieves. The suggestion is made that research be directed toward discovering the possible significance of low subtest scores rather than toward pattern identification.
Correlates of Visual Acuity in College Freshmen
Authors: Veldman Donald J.
Published: September 2011

44% of 1362 males and 52% of 959 females wore glasses. Male glasses-wearers were slighter in body build and less ambitious than non-glasses-wearers; the reverse was true among females. Glasses-wearers of both sexes reported more illnesses and lower somatic but higher cognitive self-esteem. Their grades and SAT scores were superior, and this was traced directly to their larger vocabularies.
Degree of Repression and Frequency of Psychosomatic Symptoms
Authors: Reyher Joseph , Basch Judith A.
Published: September 2011

A rational index of repression was derived by utilizing items from personality inventories which reflected varying degrees of repression. The repression index was found to be inversely related to the frequency of somatic symptoms. This finding was successfully replicated and its theoretical and professional implications are discussed.
Paired-Associate CVC Learning with Varied m′ in Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Sutker Patricia B. , Cauthen Nelson R.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the relationship between speed of acquisition in a paired-associate CVC learning task and scaled meaningfulness ( m′) in schizophrenic Ss. 12 male Ss practiced on 3 lists (low, medium, and high m′ level) of 10 S-R pairs each. The findings indicate that rate of acquisition is a positive function of increasing m′ in schizophrenic Ss.
Study of Graphical Abilities in Children
Authors: Lurcat Lilliane , Kostin Irene
Published: September 2011

The Lurcat Test of Graphical Abilities was administered to 124 right-handed children between the ages of 4 and 10. Age trends were determined for the ability to reproduce the correct form of a curve, i.e., a cycloid or a spiral, when given (a) visual information alone, (b) both visual and kinesthetic information, and (c) kinesthetic information alone. Results for the right and left hands were determined separately. Age trends were examined, also, for the ability to reproduce the correct trajectory or orientation of these curves in the three situations mentioned above. Most of the development of these abilities in our sample seems to occur between the ages of 4 and 7. Reproducing cycloids with parallel rotations with both hands simultaneously while blindfolded seems to be related to laterality. In this situation, for 6- and 7-yr.-olds, the large majority of right-handed children correctly reproduce the rotation of the cycloid only with the right hand. The rotation produced by the left hand was found to be symmetrical rather than parallel to that produced by the right hand.
Mental Work Criterion Development through Scaling: A Technique for Determining the Intellective Structure of the College Professor's Job
Authors: Pfeiffer Mark G.
Published: September 2011

A classification of the intellective requirements of eight classroom performance factors of university-level psychology teachers is presented. Guilford's Structure-of-the-Intellect model was employed as an intellective referent. The magnitude estimation scales derived from faculty and students at German and American psychology departments showed high agreement.
Effects of Training Procedures on Recall of Auditory Sequences by Children
Authors: Patton William F. , Nelly Virna C.
Published: September 2011

3 groups of preschool children were trained in short-term memory for word sequences by three different methods of stimulus presentation: (1) vocalized auditory sequences, (2) vocalized sequences with simultaneous visual stimuli, (3) vocal stimuli followed immediately by visual stimuli. Four different delay intervals between stimulus and response were utilized. The word sequences were 2, 3, and 4 words in length. The duration of the delay interval and the number of words in the sequence affected performance level. Method of training did not affect performance level but did produce significantly different gains in performance over a four-day period.
Eye Movements, Intelligence and Field Dependency in Schizophrenics
Authors: Hustmyer Frank E.
Published: September 2011

For 25 schizophrenics frequency of eye movements correlated significantly with scores on some WAIS subtests but not clearly with field dependency due to the importance of intelligence in indices of field dependency.
Correlations among CMMS, PPVT, and RCPM for Cerebral Palsied Children
Authors: Nicholson Charles L.
Published: September 2011

Correlations among the PPVT, CMMS, and RCPM were based on the performance of 38 cerebral palsied children whose mean age was 149.4 mo. The coefficients were all positive and significant ( p < .05). Considerable scatter in IQs was found among sets of data. The mean IQ on the PPVT was approximately 20 points higher than the mean IQs obtained from the CMMS and the RCPM, which were approximately equal. Comparison of scores for non-cerebral palsied children on these tests showed all three gave similar mean IQs. However, correlations among tests for non-cerebral palsied children differed from those for cerebral palsied children.
Role of Tactual-Kinesthetic Feedback in Transfer of Perceptual Learning for Rats with Pigmented Irises
Authors: Bennett Thomas L. , Rickert Edward J. , McAllister Louis E.
Published: September 2011

Hooded rats were pre-exposed to circles and triangles in an otherwise visually sparse environment where opportunity to manipulate the forms was varied for the early experience groups. Although early experience with these stimuli enhanced their later discriminability over that shown by control animals who received no early experience, opportunity to manipulate the forms produced no additional gain in perceptual learning relative to Ss not allowed to manipulate the pre-exposed shapes. The findings restrict the generality of the tactual-kinesthetic feedback hypothesis.
Relationship of Induced Muscle Tension to Phenomenon of Brightness Constancy
Authors: Cantey Richard E. , Phelan Joseph G.
Published: September 2011

11 male and 11 female college students at California State College, Los Angeles were tested for brightness constancy perception while experiencing induced muscular tension (IMT). One-half S's maximum grip on a standard hand dynomometer was used for induced muscular tension. IMT was expected to increase activation and attention, and facilitate veridicality of perception in the brightness constancy situation. A repeated measures design was used; each S ran through the constancy test twice, once with IMT, once without. A difference score was calculated for each S by substracting the scores obtained with IMT from those obtained without. The t test ( p < .05; t = 2.23) was in the opposite direction from the predicted. IMT heightened activation, but the outcome was facilitation of brightness constancy, not veridicality.
Effects of Strength Training and Balance Practice on Final Performances of Three Balance Tasks
Authors: Wyrick Waneen
Published: September 2011

56 female Ss completed an identical battery of three familiarizing, initial, and final tests of balance. Divided into a Control Group, a Strength Group, and a Balance Group, Ss experienced either strength training of the ankle dorsi and plantar flexors, practice on the balance tests, or no activity between the initial and final tests. Balance performance was best improved by balance practice, not strength training; however, strength of the musculature involved was significantly increased by a balance practice schedule.
Recognition Thresholds for Digits
Authors: Smith Nathaniel C.
Published: September 2011

A study of the role of form and size upon the recognition thresholds for digits was performed using the Weiss focal variator and Century Old Style Bold digits. Individual differences were so large as to make any generalization impossible; halving and doubling the standard produced a significant and differential effect upon the recognition thresholds. The question of the role of form in the determination of recognition threshold, the concept of response probability, and the applicability of the Tanner-Swets Model to this type of data was raised.
Motivation and the Human Monitor. II: Source of Instructions
Authors: Halcomb Charles G. , McFarland Barry P. , Waag Wayne L.
Published: September 2011

An attempt was made to test the hypothesis that Ss identifying with or having high admiration for E would perform better than control Ss to which E was unknown. The results were insufficient to support the prediction, but the present authors advance the hypothesis that, this failure may be due to the original level of motivation of the individual Ss.
Experimenter Bias: Reaction Time and Types of Expectancy Information
Authors: Compton J. William
Published: September 2011

Each of 9 Es received general (personality and intelligence), specific (expected performance), or no information about 136 Ss. All information was fabricated. Ss' reaction time (RT) and photo-ratings were used to assess E-expectancy effects. Contrary to the findings of other investigators, Ss' photo-ratings were not significantly influenced by the specific expectancy of E, but their RTs were. Ss' photo-ratings and RTs were not significantly influenced by Es who received general information about their Ss.
Right Hemispheric Superiority in Graphic Reproduction of Briefly Viewed Dot Figures
Authors: McKeever Walter F. , Huling Maurice D.
Published: September 2011

20 Ss drew dotted and solid-lined designs following standard brief exposures. The designs were presented equally often in the left and right visual half-fields. Drawing accuracy was unrelated to field of presentation for solid-lined designs but dotted designs were significantly more accurate when drawn following left field presentation. The result is consistent with previous reports of right hemisphere superiority in dot perception.
Effect of Color on Apparent Speed of a Moving Object
Authors: Poock G. K. , Backus L. A.
Published: September 2011

10 members of the California Highway Patrol and 10 military pilots were tested to determine if the color of an object has an effect on a person's estimate of the speed of the object. Using red, blue, green, and amber moving lights in a laboratory apparatus, no significant effect was produced by colors nor was there a difference between the two groups of Ss.
Subjective Symptomatology and Cognitive Performance at High Altitude
Authors: Stamper David A. , Kinsman Robert A. , Evans Wayne O.
Published: September 2011

Further standardization of the General High Altitude Questionnaire (GHAQ) for use in quantifying the severity of Acute Mountain Sickness is described. The results show, as did an earlier study, the questionnaire reliably reflects changes in symptom severity. The amount of decrement on a number of psychomotor tasks was directly related to the degree of severity of the subjective symptomatology of Acute Mountain Sickness. The results also showed several conceptually clear symptom clusters of the GHAQ that appear to reflect different states of subjective symptomatology.
Effect of Two Days' Monotonous Confinement on Conditioned Eyelid Frequency and Topography
Authors: Gendreau Paul , McLean R. , Parsons T. , Drake R. , Ecclestone J.
Published: September 2011

Conditioned discriminative eyelid response frequency and topography for 9 Ss was compared before, immediately after and 2 to 7 days following 2 days of monotonous confinement. Monotonous confinement did not enhance learning over control readings; however, it may have a selective effect on individual differences and conditioning.
Effects of a Survival Training Experience upon Evaluation of Self and others for Underachieving High School Students
Authors: Stimpson David V. , Pedersen Darhl M.
Published: September 2011

Underachieving male high school students were involved in a 3-wk. survival training experience designed to raise (a) self-esteem, (b) evaluation of parents, and (c) evaluation of friends. A semantic differential administered in a pre- and posttest design indicated a significant increase in self-esteem and evaluation of parents.
Spatial Creativity in Second Year Architecture Students
Authors: Schmidt Harald-Edwin
Published: September 2011

Three creativity tests were administered to a predominantly male group of 41 second year architecture students. The tests were Consequences test, a test of verbal creativity and critical thinking; Preconscious Activity Scale, a measure of the personality aspects of creativity; and the newly designed Common Elements, which is intended to test creativity in the spatial field. Positive rs among the measures were obtained; r between the Consequences test and the newly designed Common Elements test was significant ( p < .01), suggesting common components. However, the measures of creativity do not correlate significantly with academic success.
Some Determinants of Multidimensional Points of View: Two Studies
Authors: Landis Daniel , Slivka Robert M.
Published: September 2011

Two studies are reported bearing on the relationship of multidimensional points-of-view to cognitive perceptual style and complex decision-making performance. In Study I, 31 Ss scaled two sets of stimuli. Factor loadings from a points-of-view analysis were correlated with scores from 8 cognitive perceptual style measures. Sufficient significant correlations were found to warrant a more extensive study. In Study II, 120 Ss scaled 12 problem maps after solving the problems. Each S was also administered the measures used in Study I. The scaling data were subjected to a points-of-view analysis and related to the solution and style data by a stepwise multiple regression procedure. Results indicated that: (1) multidimensional points of view are related to style data; (2) points of view are also related to complex decision-making performance; and (3) some of the previously reported style groups break down into sub-groups.
New Norms for and an Item Analysis of the Wepman Test at the First Grade, Six-Year-Level
Authors: Snyder Robert T. , Pope Peggy
Published: September 2011

An item analysis and normative study of the Wepman test was conducted with 204 6-yr.-old first graders selected to be representative of the population at large. Serious discrepancies with the published norms were found not only with the criterion for identifying a child having problems of auditory discrimination but with the utility of the validity checks of excessive error counts (X errors) and the missing of same-sound phonemes (Y errors). For these 204 children the mean error was 7.0 ( SD = 3.5) which would identify 67% of these Ss as having auditory discrimination problems. Further, only one child would have been eliminated by the use of Y errors, and none of the six children who made excessive X errors missed two or more Y validity items. Those items which are “hard” for the first grader (sheaf-sheath, 76% miss) and which are “easy” (gum-dumb, ½% miss) are identified. Pearsonian correlations with other learning modalities, socio-economic level, and a measure of reading readiness are offered.
Consistency between and within Subjects
Authors: Kilty Keith M.
Published: September 2011

This note of caution concerns correlational procedures for analyzing data regarding theoretical models postulating that the same relationships hold both for any given S and over a sample of Ss. Two methods of correlation (between and within Ss) are available, but they do not necessarily give the same results.
Tactual and Visual Concept Identification
Authors: Fishkin Steven M. , Pishkin Vladimir
Published: September 2011

128 male and female Ss participated in a study in which information processing efficiencies for the visual and tactual modalities were compared. With the same set of stimulus objects used for the 2 modalities no difference between visual and tactual concept identification (CI) was obtained. Significant interactions were found between S's sex, relevant dimensions, and similarity of stimulus levels. Independent measures of the salience and discriminability of the stimulus dimensions were obtained in an attempt to relate these factors to CI performance.
Language Predictability and Psychiatric Interviews
Authors: Harford Thomas , Blane Howard T. , Chafetz Morris E.
Published: September 2011

Words were deleted from samples of patient speech obtained from initial psychiatric interviews and submitted to students for completion. Findings indicated that samples from the end of the interview were less predictable than those obtained from the beginning. The facts that change occurs within the context of a single interview and correlates with ratings of potential for psychotherapy made by the interviewers indicate that the cloze procedure is both sensitive and psychologically relevant to the psychotherapeutic process.
Simple Reaction Time in “Brain-Damaged” and Normal Children under Regular and Irregular Preparatory Interval Conditions
Authors: Czudner Gad , Rourke Byron P.
Published: September 2011

Two different reaction-time conditions were employed to explore differences in “mental set” between 2 groups of children: one with anamnestic and/or electroencephalographic evidence of cerebral dysfunction (the “brain-damaged” group); the other, a control group of normal children. There were 15 boys in each group. The groups were matched for age and IQ. The procedure consisted of regular and irregular preparatory interval conditions. The results demonstrated that latency was directly related to length of preparatory interval for the normals but not for brain-damaged Ss. No clear separation between normal and brain-damaged Ss was obtained when the set-index formula was employed. However, when ages 8 through 10 were analyzed separately, a good separation could be obtained.
EEG Differences in Children's Reading, Spelling, and Arithmetic Abilities
Authors: Hartlage Lawrence C. , Green Joseph B.
Published: September 2011

Differences in children's reading, spelling, and arithmetic abilities based on EEG classifications of locus of dysfunction were measured. 114 children were classified into categories of right- or left-hemisphere abnormality, diffuse abnormality, or normal EEG. When Wide Range Achievement Test scores on reading, spelling, and arithmetic functioning were compared, no significant differences appeared among the four groups.
Effects of Intermittent Noise on Visual Search Tasks of Varying Complexity
Authors: Warner Harold D. , Heimstra Norman W.
Published: September 2011

The present investigation was designed to test the effects of various ratios of intermittent noise on a visual search task varied in complexity. Four noise ratios were utilized: 0, 30, 70, and 100% noise on-time in successive 5-sec. intervals. The task required that Ss search a display for a single letter located among a larger background of letters which were all the same but different from the single letter. Task complexity was varied by changing the number of background letters. Two difficulty levels were utilized: 8-letter and 32-letter displays. Twenty-two Ss were tested under all conditions specified by the task complexity by noise ratio matrix. Detection speeds for the 32-letter task condition were faster for any ratio of noise than in the control condition but for the 8-letter condition only the 30% noise ratio was faster than the control. The speeds for the 70% and 100% ratios were slower for the 8-letter condition. The order of the 30, 70, and 100% ratios, however, without the control comparison indicated that the relative differences between noise effects were the same for both levels of task complexity. The order of conditions beginning with fastest was: 30%, 100%, and 70%.
Intercorrelations among Imagery Tasks
Authors: Simpson W. E. , Vaught Glen M. , Ham Marie L.
Published: September 2011

Intercorrelations were obtained for 9 measures of performance by 30 adult Ss in an attempt to assess any general ability reflected on those tasks involving visual imagery. Neither the direction nor the magnitude of the correlations gave strong support to the operation of such general ability.
Dominance Patterns of Young Children, a Follow-up Study
Authors: Sinclair Caroline
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this follow-up study was to determine the changes, if any, in hand, foot, eye, and ear dominance of young children after an interval of 3 yr. In addition, the relationship of dominance pattern to school success was examined. The first study (Sinclair, 1968) was conducted in the academic year 1966–67.
Comparison of Selected Perceptual and Personality Variables among College Women Deviant and Non-Deviant in Their Appearance
Authors: White Barbara O. , Kernaleguen Anne P.
Published: September 2011

40 college women, 20 designated as deviant and 20 as non-deviant on the basis of skirt length, were administered measures of field-dependence, psychological security-insecurity, inner-other directedness and orientations to dress. The hypothesized difference between deviant and non-deviant Ss on selected variables of perception and personality was largely confirmed. Deviant Ss were significantly more field-independent, psychologically more secure, and had a stronger orientation to dress to seek rewards and to be different from others than non-deviant Ss. The latter were more field-dependent, more insecure, and had a greater orientation to dress to avoid punishment and to be like others. Deviants and non-deviants were not significantly different in inner-other directedness; both groups scored within the other-directed range.
Ellipse Discrimination: A Psychophysical Task Useful for Studying Incidental Stimulation
Authors: Davis Preston , Silver Maurice Joseph
Published: September 2011

An ellipse discrimination with four distinct levels of difficulty was developed which provided a wide range of alternative responses rather than a binary choice. S‘s task was to judge in which of 6 clock orientations the minor axis of the ellipse was oriented. Although this procedure was evolved as propaedeutic to studying the effects of incidental, “subliminal,” unbeknown stimulation on such a discrimination, it should prove useful in other contexts whenever a difficult ellipse discrimination is required.
Note on the Validity of the Claim that Final Closure is Related to Reading Achievement
Authors: Rusch Reuben R.
Published: September 2011

This brief note presents validity data for one of the claims of the authors of the Higgins-Wertman Test of Visual Closure, that the test was developed to throw additional light upon intellectual functioning, particularly with respect to reading readiness and reading disability (2).
Emotional Attributes of Color: A Comparison of Violet and Green
Authors: Nourse James C. , Welch Robert B.
Published: September 2011

14 human Ss were exposed for 60-sec. intervals to violet light and to green light, in alternating order, for a total period of 6 min. Electrical skin conductance was monitored throughout the session. The crucial measure was the galvanic skin response (GSR) occurring in the first 12 sec. of exposure to a given color. As predicted, GSR was greater to violet than to green.
Directionality in Four Bender-Gestalt Figures: II
Authors: Weiss A. A.
Published: September 2011

The direction of execution of 4 Bender-Gestalt figures (1, 2, 3, 6) was investigated in 168 locally educated Israeli boys and 143 girls attending Grades 3, 5, and 7. There were 279 right-handers and 32 left-handers with basic right-left reading-writing habits. Dichotomization for at least 3 as against no more than 2 left-right executions showed a stronger tendency in right-handers ( p < .01) for left-right execution. Combination of these data and earlier data from Kindergarten, first, and ninth-grade students (Weiss, 1969) showed a marked increase of left-right executions from 48% in Kindergarten to 92% in Grade 9. A plateau of 80%, 78%, and 81% respectively was observed in Grades 3 through 7. This may reflect the clash between the basic left-right drawing tendency emerging with increasing maturation and the right-left reading-writing habits becoming more firmly established between ages 9 and 13. Studying children with left-right reading-writing habits might confirm or disprove this interpretation of the plateau.
Intersensory Integration of Selected Spatial Dimensions: Extension to an Adult Sample
Authors: Abravanel Eugene
Published: September 2011

The development of intersensory integration had been studied previously in children between 3 and 13 yr. in terms of several spatial dimensions. This research extends the study of intersensory integration across visual and haptic systems with a sample of adults. Four conditions of length estimation were administered, and, for two of them, careful observations were made of Ss' haptic perceptual activity while engaged in perceiving length. Findings indicated a convergence in levels of accuracy for three of the four intersensory conditions by age 18 yr. Haptic perceptual activity was not substantially different at ages 13 and 18 yr.
Afterimage Change in Children following Reversal of Experimenter's Theoretical Message
Authors: Smith Gudmund J. W. , Sjoeholm Lena
Published: September 2011

A previous finding by the present authors, that children's afterimages (AI) may be affected by the AI theory presented to them, was cross-validated in a sample of 29, aged 9 to 10 yr. The present study, where instructions were suddenly reversed in the middle of a series of 10 AI measurements, also showed that instruction effects were facilitated both by the child's ability to comprehend the instruction and the degree of correspondence between the “theoretical” message and the child's level of maturity.
Effects of Short-Term Sensory Isolation upon Stereoscopic Size and Distance
Authors: Lawson R. B. , Frey W. F.
Published: September 2011

6 sensory isolated Os and 6 yoked control Os estimated stereoscopic size and distance of disparate squares of constant angular size. Data indicate that short-term sensory isolation did not affect stereoscopic size-distance relationships, whereas stereoscopic size and distance varied directly with the magnitude and direction of the disparity carried by the target.
Synchronous Bimanual Movements Performed by Homologous and Non-Homologous Muscles
Authors: Cohen Leon
Published: September 2011

Synchrony of bimanual wrist movements by 12 normal Ss was compared when homologous muscles (e.g., left and right wrist flexors) and when non-homologous muscles (e.g., left flexors and right extensors) were simultaneously active. Movements of the two limbs were less synchronous and more variable in the non-homologous condition. These data imply the existence of an unitary coupling mechanism which facilitates simultaneous action of homologous muscles of the upper limbs.
A Multiple-Function Swimway
Authors: Martin R. Chris , Deemer Barbara
Published: September 2011

Increased interest in aquatic species as possible limits to laws of behavior established with mammals has led to a need for apparatus suitable for experimentation with these species. Locomotor situations seem to be most desirable but pose a special problem in that transfer from home aquarium to experimental apparatus is usually aversive. The apparatus described has connecting chutes between aquarium and apparatus which allows Ss to be transferred without trauma. Acquisition and extinction of a food-reinforced locomotor response were demonstrated.
Projected Afterimages after Manipulation of Cognitive Schemes in Adults
Authors: Smith Gudmund J. W. , Sjoeholm Lena
Published: September 2011

Members of 14 pairs of 21-yr.-old men, matched with respect to general intelligence and educational background, were given different afterimage (AI) theories. One member was told that AIs are almost exclusively determined by subjective factors, the other that they are mainly controlled by the environment and, that phenomenologically they scarcely differ from real objects. In a subsequent AI experiment, with a projection distance 1.5 times the stimulation distance, the latter member reported images smaller than Emmert size, as well as positive hues, significantly more often than the former member, i.e., his AIs were more “childish” than those of the member encouraged to isolate his AI from the surrounding physical reality.
Effects on Test Performance of Test Apparatus Boards Made of Different Material
Authors: Primmer Richard D. , Tipton Robert M.
Published: September 2011

S s were administered Parts 9 and 10 of the GATB routinely as part of the test battery. 111 Ss used plastic apparatus boards and plastic pegs, while 128 used wooden apparatus boards and wooden pegs. Ss using wooden boards performed significantly better than Ss using plastic boards. Differences in performance were attributed to coarser texture of wooden pegs, heavier, more stable wooden boards, and a slight wearing at the edges of the wooden pegs and holes in contrast to the sharp edges on the plastic pegs.
Differentiating Ability in the Use of Personality Scales
Authors: Crowther Betty
Published: September 2011

90 student Ss differed in the degree to which they distinguished among personality traits of ratees whom they observed for the first time. This “differentiating ability” appeared to be a consistent characteristic of the rater and was related to extreme self-rating response on the same personality variables.
A Group Visual Exploratory Technique
Authors: Miller Martin B.
Published: September 2011

A group technique which approximates the individually based forced-choice method for studying human perceptual curiosity is described. Data from school children illustrate some applications of this technique, which shows reasonably good reliability, evidence of validity, and group and individual difference effects that are discussed with reference to related research.
Comparison of Factor Structures for the Frostig Developmental Test of Visual Perception
Authors: Chissom Brad S. , Thomas Jerry R.
Published: September 2011

The purpose was comparison of the factor structure of the Frostig DTVP based on current research reporting intercorrelations of scores on the 5 Frostig subtests. Ss in the 11 studies examined were children from preschool through the second grade. The intercorrelation matrices from the studies were analyzed using a principal components analysis with orthogonal rotation as a common factor analytic procedure. Results indicated a single-factor structure described the 5 Frostig subtests in 9 of the 11 studies examined with that single factor accounting for 50 to 60% of the total variation. It is possible that one or more additional specific factors may exist but the analyses in this study did not identify more than the single factor.
Psychology of the Scientist: XXX. Replication: What is it?
Authors: Smith O. W. , Smith P. C. , Baumgarte R. , Gliner J. , Goodale J.
Published: September 2011

Some aspects of the problems of replication are discussed: meanings, relationships to the concept of equivalence, partial equivalences, relevance to theory in psychology, and requirements for assessment of equivalence of reported data to the numbers predicted by theory.
Set, Satiation, and Confusion: A Reply to Sadler and Mefferd
Authors: Price John R.
Published: September 2011

Some methodological and theoretical criticisms of the writer's studies of reversible perspective have been made by Sadler and Mefferd (1970). These criticisms are examined, and some errors corrected.
Copying Errors by Children as a Function of Stimulus Size and Mode of Presentation
Authors: Tillman M. H. , Smock Charles D.
Published: September 2011

A research framework for assessing effects of size, distance, and plane of transposition on the copying accuracy of preschool children was presented. With the visual angle held constant, preliminary data indicated that horizontal and vertical presentations of stimulus materials made little difference. Exceptions on two accuracy criteria were noted.
Personality Correlates of Accurate Time Perception
Authors: Veach Tracy L. , Touhey John C.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between four Myers-Briggs personality indices and accuracy of autokinetic time perception was examined for 41 undergraduate Ss. Accurate perceivers scored significantly higher on the personality measures of extraversion and perceiving than inaccurate perceivers.
A Psychophysical Approach to the Study of Individuals' Perceptions of Rorschach Cards
Authors: Ekehammar Bo
Published: September 2011

An analysis was performed on individuals' perceptions of the cards in the Rorschach test using psychophysical methodology. Ss gave similarity ratings on a numerical scale. Both a dimensional and a category analysis were performed on individual and group data. The results gave a clear and psychologically interpretable structure. The perception of the Rorschach cards was shown to be a function of the three stimulus properties: (a) open form, (b) closed form, and (c) color. The agreement in perceptual structure among individuals was shown to be considerable in this homogeneous “normal” group. Some sex differences were observed. Further use of the methodology is discussed.
Eye Fixations and Latency in a Simplified Search Situation
Authors: Volkmann Frances C. , Volkmann John
Published: September 2011

A technique was developed for photographing simultaneously a stimulus field and the points on the field where Ss fixated while searching for a particular stimulus element. The technique used a beam of infrared light reflected from the cornea. The stimulus elements were a single row of solid black circles, with a solid black triangle typically replacing one of the circles. The number of elements in the row and the position of the triangle in the row appeared in a random order from trial to trial. The experiment measured the number of eye fixations made during the search; it also measured the latency of the locating response. The principal result was that these two measures corresponded closely when plotted against the position of the critical element in the row.
Stutterers' Perception of Time-Compressed Speech
Authors: Hamre C. E.
Published: September 2011

This study represents an attempt to test the hypothesis (derived from the motor theory of speech perception) that persons who have stuttered for many years will be less facile than nonstutterers at decoding time-compressed speech. 4 stutterers and 4 nonstutterers answered questions and rewrote paragraphs and sentences presented at various rates of compression. An inspection of the results suggests no support for the hypothesis; implications for future research are offered.
Salivary Response to Lemon Juice as a Measure of Introversion in Children
Authors: Casey John , McManis Donald L.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between introversion, as measured by the Junior Eysenck Personality Inventory, and salivation to lemon juice was examined with 10 boys and 10 girls at CA 8, 10, and 12. Boys salivated significantly more than girls to lemon juice stimulation ( P < .05), but comparable sex differences also occurred in salivation to water by control Ss. Introversion correlated .43 ( P < .01) with salivation for all 25 girls but not for boys (r = .19). Ss who were in the upper third of the total group on extraversion showed significantly less salivation to lemon juice than did Ss in the lower third ( P < .025), which is consistent with Eysenck's theoretical analysis.
Analysis of Complexity Preference in Head Start and Nursery School Children
Authors: Arkes Hal R. , Boykin A. Wade
Published: September 2011

The complexity preference of Head Start and nursery school children was assessed using both familiar geometric forms and random polygons. Before the Head Start program began the Head Start children exhibited a preference for lower complexity with geometric forms than did the nursery school children. After the program there was no difference in complexity preference with these forms. The two groups of children never differed on preference for random polygons.
Effect of Payoffs for Consistency on Judgments of Preference and Complexity
Authors: Snodgrass Joan Gay , Langer Ellen
Published: September 2011

The performance of Ss receiving explicit payoffs for high inter-session correlations on a task of ranking visual patterns for complexity and preference was compared with that of a no-payoff group. Inter-session correlations for both types of judgment did not differ significantly between the two groups. The payoff Ss showed higher concordance for preference judgments but not for complexity judgments. Control groups required to memorize an arbitrary order of patterns under either a payoff or no-payoff condition did worse than either experimental group. Preferences for payoff Ss were directly related to complexity in that simpler patterns were preferred; no such relationship was observed for the no-payoff Ss. Two interpretations of the results are discussed.
Relations among Chronicity, Diagnosis, Premorbid Adjustment, Defensiveness and Two Measures of Perceptual Scanning
Authors: Haley Graham A.
Published: September 2011

The attention style of perceptual scanning has been related to the variables of chronicity, diagnosis, and premorbid adjustment. In addition, a functional defensive significance has been attributed to scanning. However, recent research has questioned the adequacy of the standard size-estimation task employed as a scanning measure. The current study explored relations among chronicity, diagnosis, premorbid adjustment, impulsivity and defensiveness, using eye movements and performance on a task with central and peripheral elements as scanning measures. Neither impulsivity nor premorbid adjustment was related to either scanning measure. Chronicity, diagnosis and defensiveness were related to the latter scanning measure. High chronicity and high defensiveness were associated with lower scanning. Regarding diagnosis, paranoids showed higher scanning than neurotics but did not differ significantly from nonparanoid schizophrenics. Problems of scanning assessment are discussed.
Field Dependence and Rorschach White-Space Figure-Ground Reversal Responses
Authors: De Koninck Joseph-M. , Crabbé-Declève Geneviève
Published: September 2011

It was hypothesized that field-independent Ss would produce more white space figure-ground reversal responses (S) on the Rorschach test than field-dependent Ss. From 27 females and 25 males given the rod-and-frame test the 7 most field-independent and the 7 most field-dependent took the Rorschach test. The 7 field-independent Ss produced more white space reversals. A control on the number of reversal responses as a function of time of exposure and a control on sex differences showed no contaminating effect. Thus, both measures may refer to the same dimension.
Adjectives as Information Sources for Reading-Comprehension Test Items
Authors: Bradley Michael
Published: September 2011

To replicate Bradley's (1970) investigation of various parts-of-speech as information sources for responses to reading-comprehension test items, 180 Ss in Grades 3, 4, and 5 were assigned to treatment groups which corresponded to grammatical deletions made in the reading paragraphs. Nouns were confirmed as the primary information source and adjectives were not confirmed as an information source. It was concluded that some artifact of task, administration, or random error was responsible for the previous finding of adjectives as information sources for responses to reading-comprehension test items.
Psychomotor Performances of Patients Undergoing L-Dopa Therapy
Authors: Davis Leo J. , Muenter Manfred D.
Published: September 2011

11 patients undergoing L-dopa therapy for Parkinson's disease were evaluated using 3 psychomotor measures designed to assess functioning of the upper extremity. The patients were tested prior to L-dopa therapy, when they had reached optimum dosages of L-dopa, and finally, during a period when they had been placed on a placebo. Significant differences were found on two of the three measures between pretreatment and L-dopa periods, and between pretreatment and placebo periods. No significant differences were found between L-dopa and placebo periods, however.
Hue-Tone Sensory Interaction: A Negative Result
Authors: Bernstein Ira H. , Eason Thomas R. , Schurman D. L.
Published: September 2011

Choice reaction times (RT) were obtained from four trained Ss to red vs blue targets in four conditions. In three conditions, a noninformative tone occurred on half the trials and could be (a) low frequency, (b) high frequency, or (c) either high or low frequency. Tone never occurred in the fourth condition. As previously observed, tone occurrence produced a nonselective reduction in RT. Contrary to some studies where tone selectivity facilitated detection of blue as opposed to red targets, no such selective effects were obtained. As prior studies (Bernstein & Edelstein, 1971) have found tone frequency to interact with RT to targets differing in location (above vs below fixation), it was concluded that the information-processing stage for color selection is different from the stage for location selection.
Sensation and Set in Reaction Time
Authors: Botwinick Jack , Storandt Martha A.
Published: September 2011

Simple auditory RT was measured in relation to 6 levels of stimulus intensity (55, 60, 65, 70, 75, and 85 db) and 2 variations of regular preparatory intervals (0.5 and 6.0 sec.). The results showed the louder the stimulus, the quicker the RT; more equivocally, and to a lesser extent, as stimulus intensity decreases, the role of preparatory interval increases. These results were discussed in terms of the factors set and sensation.
Developmental Study of Apparent Movement in Pre-School Children
Authors: Linder Fredric I.
Published: September 2011

The study attempted to delineate the temporal range within which pre-school children perceived apparent movement. The psychophysical thresholds and temporal range of apparent movement were specified by the use of a response-decrement model with length of first fixation as the dependent variable. The variation in temporal range of apparent movement with age was investigated and the underlying form of the relationship approached a fourth degree polynomial equation. Both the observed and best fit data indicated a decrease in the temporal range of apparent movement as age increased. Verbal reports which also served as a criterion failed to generate any statistically significant trends and showed a strong negative correlation with first fixation.
Measure of Affective Dimensions of Future Time Perspective
Authors: Bauer Rudolph , Gillies John
Published: September 2011

An intensity measure of the affective dimension of future time perspective is suggested. Unlike most existing measures, it is based not on frequency counts of content but on an algebraic judgmental model.
Intermittent Viewing in a Study of Visual Prediction
Authors: Foot Hugh C.
Published: September 2011

43 undergraduates made predictions of the point of coincidence of 2 pointers rotating at different rates, the trailing one closing on the leading one in the speed ratio of 3:2. During the viewing period, prior to prediction, pointer rotation was displayed intermittently, with variations in the display to no-display ratio. Results did not support the hypothesis that intermittent displays would produce more accurate predictions than a continuous display, as a consequence of the greater apparent opportunity for feedback provided by the intermittent displays. Intermittent displays resulted in magnitude of error similar to that produced by a continuous display. Ss' tendencies to over- or underestimate the point of coincidence appeared to be related to their estimates of the relative rates of travel by the two pointers. This suggested that the large consistent errors made by many Ss might be due to a generalized, and often erroneous, assumption concerning the rate of gain of the one pointer on the other
Content Analysis Approach to Visual Scanning Theory in Dreams
Authors: Krippner Stanley , Cavallo Michael , Keenan Richard
Published: September 2011

No relationship between dream content and density of REMs preceding dream reports obtained for data based on 15 night sessions for 1 S.
Testosterone Effects upon Photic Stimulation of the Electroencephalogram (EEG) and Mental Performance of Humans
Authors: Stenn P. G. , Klaiber E. L. , Vogel W. , Broverman D. M.
Published: September 2011

The effects of long-term testosterone administration on 3 poorly androgenized male adolescents were studied. In all three Ss, repeated measures were taken on EEG resistance to photic stimulation. This measure has previously been shown to be associated with level of arousal of the adrenergic system. In addition, on two Ss, repeated measures of ability to perform a highly practiced simple repetitive task called an “automatized” task were taken. This measure has previously been demonstrated to be associated with anthropometric indices of androgenicity. The design involved weekly measures of the dependent variables over the following conditions: pre-treatment, treatment with depo-testosterone, a double-blind placebo treatment (for 2 Ss), and a second depo-testosterone treatment (for the same 2 Ss). This was done over 20 to 40 wk. Results showed that in all 3 Ss there was a relationship between the testosterone administration and the EEG measure; that is, the androgen injections facilitated EEG resistance to photic stimulation. In 2 Ss given repeated measures on the automatized task, it was found that testosterone administration was also positively correlated with the ability to perform this task. These results suggest that testosterone acts in a way similar to a mild adrenergic stimulant.
Speed as a Variable on Three Wisc Performance Subtests
Authors: Woo-Sam James , Lee Zimmerman Irla
Published: September 2011

This study tested the hypothesis that for younger children of normal intellect, speed of performance plays a minimal if not negligible role in determining the obtained scores on the Block Design, Object Assembly, and Picture Arrangement subtests. It was further argued that if such were the case, then it was not necessary to exclude these subtests in the evaluation of the orthopedically handicapped child capable of manipulating the test materials. Under these circumstances, a poor showing could not be attributed to loss of bonus credits because of slow performance. Results based on five groups of children of normal intelligence ages 7 1/2 through 13 1/2 yr. ( N = 119) indicate that the Block Design and Object Assembly subtests essentially measure a power function through age 10 1/3. Speed is a determinant by age 13 1/2. On the Picture Arrangement subtest, the power function holds only at age 7 1/2. However, a score within normal limits is possible without speed bonuses through age 9 1/2.
Effect of Non-Target Stimuli upon Length of Voluntary Saccades
Authors: Coren Stanley , Hoenig Paul
Published: September 2011

The length of initial voluntary saccades to a target were measured in three experiments. It was found that saccade length varied as a function of the number, locus and distance of non-target stimuli present in the visual field. Eye movements tended to be directed toward the “center of gravity” of the stimuli close to the target. These systematic changes seem to be independent of task requirements for acuity. Some implications are discussed.
Adaptive Stimulus Programming Estimates of the Temporal Indifference Interval
Authors: Pew Richard W. , Nickerson Raymond S.
Published: September 2011

An experiment has examined the usefulness of an adaptive stimulus programming method of time estimation as a technique for assessing the duration of the temporal indifference interval. For 6 Ss and 4 starting intervals tested, no consistent indifference interval emerged, even one that could be interpreted as varying across individuals.