bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reducing false alarm rates during change detection by modeling relief, shade and shadow of multi-temporal imagery.
Authors: Gorte B. , van der Sande C.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. Change detection on the basis of multi-temporal imagery may lead to false alarms when the image has changed, whereas the scene has not. Geometric image differerences in an unchanged scene may be due to relief displacement, caused by diferent camera positions. Radiometric differences may be caused by changes in illumimation and shadow between the images, caused by a different position of the sun. The effects may be predicted, and after that compensated, if a 3d model of the scene is available. The paper presents an integrated approach to prediction of and compensation for relief displacement, shading and shadow.
Geographic Video 3d Data Model And Retrieval
Authors: Han Z. , Cui C. , Kong Y. , Wu H.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. Geographic video includes both spatial and temporal geographic features acquired through ground-based or non-ground-based cameras. With the popularity of video capture devices such as smartphones, the volume of user-generated geographic video clips has grown significantly and the trend of this growth is quickly accelerating. Such a massive and increasing volume poses a major challenge to efficient video management and query. Most of the today’s video management and query techniques are based on signal level content extraction. They are not able to fully utilize the geographic information of the videos. This paper aimed to introduce a geographic video 3D data model based on spatial information. The main idea of the model is to utilize the location, trajectory and azimuth information acquired by sensors such as GPS receivers and 3D electronic compasses in conjunction with video contents. The raw spatial information is synthesized to point, line, polygon and solid according to the camcorder parameters such as focal length and angle of view. With the video segment and video frame, we defined the three categories geometry object using the geometry model of OGC Simple Features Specification for SQL. We can query video through computing the spatial relation between query objects and three categories geometry object such as VFLocation, VSTrajectory, VSFOView and VFFovCone etc. We designed the query methods using the structured query language (SQL) in detail. The experiment indicate that the model is a multiple objective, integration, loosely coupled, flexible and extensible data model for the management of geographic stereo video.
A Practice Approach of Multi-source Geospatial Data Integration for Web-based Geoinformation Services
Authors: Huang W. , Jiang J. , Zha Z. , Zhang H. , Wang C. , Zhang J.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. Geospatial data resources are the foundation of the construction of geo portal which is designed to provide online geoinformation services for the government, enterprise and public. It is vital to keep geospatial data fresh, accurate and comprehensive in order to satisfy the requirements of application and development of geographic location, route navigation, geo search and so on. One of the major problems we are facing is data acquisition. For us, integrating multi-sources geospatial data is the mainly means of data acquisition. This paper introduced a practice integration approach of multi-source geospatial data with different data model, structure and format, which provided the construction of National Geospatial Information Service Platform of China (NGISP) with effective technical supports. NGISP is the China's official geo portal which provides online geoinformation services based on internet, e-government network and classified network. Within the NGISP architecture, there are three kinds of nodes: national, provincial and municipal. Therefore, the geospatial data is from these nodes and the different datasets are heterogeneous. According to the results of analysis of the heterogeneous datasets, the first thing we do is to define the basic principles of data fusion, including following aspects: 1. location precision; 2.geometric representation; 3. up-to-date state; 4. attribute values; and 5. spatial relationship. Then the technical procedure is researched and the method that used to process different categories of features such as road, railway, boundary, river, settlement and building is proposed based on the principles. A case study in Jiangsu province demonstrated the applicability of the principle, procedure and method of multi-source geospatial data integration.
The Development of Geospatial Education and Training in North Africa
Authors: Dowman I. , Labbassi K.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. This paper described the progress in a project funded by the ISPRS Scientific Initiative to develop a curriculum for the African Geospatial Sciences Institute (AGSI) in Tunis. AGSI is a non profit organisation registered in Germany and has the objective of developing geospatial capacity in North Africa through training, education and the provision of facilities. The first step in the project involved a survey of potential stakeholders in North Africa in order to determine the requirements for training and education. The questionnaire sought information on the type of work which organisations in North Africa undertake, and the type of employees who are needed to fill gaps in the skill set required. It also solicited information on the type of training which is needed and the level of qualification required. The results from this questionnaire are analysed in the paper which also reports on the discussion with stakeholders at a workshop held in Tunis in March 2014, which also resulted in a draft curriculum.
Challenges of Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Education and Technology Transfer in a Fast Developing Industry
Authors: Tsai F. , Chen L.-C.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. During the past decade, Taiwan has experienced an unusual and fast growing in the industry of mapping, remote sensing, spatial information and related markets. A successful space program and dozens of advanced airborne and ground-based remote sensing instruments as well as mobile mapping systems have been implemented and put into operation to support the vast demands of geospatial data acquisition. Moreover, in addition to the government agencies and research institutes, there are also tens of companies in the private sector providing geo-spatial data and services. However, the fast developing industry is also posing a great challenge to the education sector in Taiwan, especially the higher education for geo-spatial information. Facing this fast developing industry, the demands of skilled professionals and new technologies in order to address diversified needs are indubitably high. Consequently, while delighting in the expanding and prospering benefitted from the fast growing industry, how to fulfill these demands has become a challenge for the remote sensing and spatial information disciplines in the higher education institutes in Taiwan. This paper provides a brief insight into the status of the remote sensing and spatial information industry in Taiwan as well as the challenges of the education and technology transfer to support the increasing demands and to ensure the continuous development of the industry. In addition to the report of the current status of the remote sensing and spatial information related courses and programs in the colleges and universities, current and potential threatening issues and possible resolutions are also discussed in different points of view.
Addressing the Challenges of a Quarter Century of Giscience Education: A Flexible Higher Education Curriculum Framework
Authors: Veenendaal B.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. A wide range of geographic information science (GIScience) educational programs currently exist, the oldest now over 25 years. Offerings vary from those specifically focussed on geographic information science, to those that utilise geographic information systems in various applications and disciplines. Over the past two decades, there have been a number of initiatives to design curricula for GIScience, including the NCGIA Core Curriculum, GIS&T Body of Knowledge and the Geospatial Technology Competency Model developments. The rapid developments in geospatial technology, applications and organisations have added to the challenges that higher educational institutions face in order to ensure that GIScience education is relevant and responsive to the changing needs of students and industry. This paper discusses some of the challenges being faced in higher education in general, and GIScience education in particular, and outlines a flexible higher education curriculum framework for GIScience.
Deepen the GIS spatial analysis theory studying through the gradual process of practice
Authors: Yi Y. G. , Liu H. P. , Liu X. P.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. Spatial analysis is the key content of GIS basic theory course. In this paper, the importance of practice teaching for GIS spatial analysis theory studying and its implementation method are discussed combined with practice teaching arrangement of spatial analysis in the course "GIS theory and practice" based on the basic principle of procedural teaching theory and its teaching model. In addition, the concrete gradual practice process is mentioned in four aspects. By this way, the GIS spatial analysis theory studying can be deepened and the cultivation of students' comprehensive ability of Geography Science can be strengthened.
Web-Based Geospatial Resource Sharing Through GeoPW
Authors: Zhai X. , Jiang L. , Yue P.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. As Web-related technologies have matured in recent years, an increasing amount of geospatial resources (e.g. geospatial services, workflows, and geospatial data) are available in the distributed Web environment. Consequently, effective and efficient sharing and management of geospatial resources on the Web are necessary for better utilizing these resources for education and scientific research. This matches the vision of Geoprocessing Web, which emphasizes the sharing and access of geoprocessing utilities from the perspectives of communication, collaboration, and participation. Previous work on GeoPW has provided a large number of geoprocessing services over the Web. In this paper, GeoPW goes further to offer a Web platform for sharing geospatial resources. The paper presents the design, implementation, and functions of the platform, which offers a user-friendly environment for publication, discovery, and communication of geospatial data, services, and workflows.
The Role of Education in the International Map Year 2015/16
Authors: Fairbairn D.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. This paper considers the nature of the ICA-organised International Map Year (IMY), an initiative supported through United Nations structures, including the United Nations initiative on Global Geographic Information Management (UN-GGIM). Preparatory work for this project has been undertaken by a Working Group of the International Cartographic Association, and details are presented of the way in which IMY will be organised and promoted. Particular activities mentioned in depth include "national map days", children’s activities, and a new book. The educational aspects of IMY are addressed, and the roles of the events and resources Are considered. It is concluded that IMY gives a significant opportunity to the world-wide cartographic community to promote its discipline through the medium of a series of activities which can be co-ordinated by ICA, but delivered at a national level.
Geospatial Service Platform for Education and Research
Authors: Gong J. , Wu H. , Jiang W. , Guo W. , Zhai X. , Yue P.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. We propose to advance the scientific understanding through applications of geospatial service platforms, which can help students and researchers investigate various scientific problems in a Web-based environment with online tools and services. The platform also offers capabilities for sharing data, algorithm, and problem-solving knowledge. To fulfil this goal, the paper introduces a new course, named "Geospatial Service Platform for Education and Research", to be held in the ISPRS summer school in May 2014 at Wuhan University, China. The course will share cutting-edge achievements of a geospatial service platform with students from different countries, and train them with online tools from the platform for geospatial data processing and scientific research. The content of the course includes the basic concepts of geospatial Web services, service-oriented architecture, geoprocessing modelling and chaining, and problem-solving using geospatial services. In particular, the course will offer a geospatial service platform for handson practice. There will be three kinds of exercises in the course: geoprocessing algorithm sharing through service development, geoprocessing modelling through service chaining, and online geospatial analysis using geospatial services. Students can choose one of them, depending on their interests and background. Existing geoprocessing services from OpenRS and GeoPW will be introduced. The summer course offers two service chaining tools, GeoChaining and GeoJModelBuilder, as instances to explain specifically the method for building service chains in view of different demands. After this course, students can learn how to use online service platforms for geospatial resource sharing and problem-solving.
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle – A Tool for Acquiring Spatial Data for Research and Commercial Purposes. New Course in the Geography and Cartography Curriculum in Higher Education
Authors: Jeziorska J.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. This paper describes the syllabus for the innovative course "Unmanned aerial observations of Terrain" introduced to the curriculum by the Department of Geoinformatics and Cartography of the University of Wroclaw (Poland). It indicates the objectives of the new subject, its didactic purpose, methods used in the teaching process, specifications of teaching materials, and the knowledge and skills that students are expected to acquire. Finally, it presents the content of the course and description of lesson units. The subject will be obligatory for graduate students majoring in Geography, who are participants in the Geoinformatics and Cartography Master's program. Thirty-eight hours in a summer semester has been earmarked for the course. That includes 30 hours of instructor-guided laboratory and fieldtrip work, and 8 hours of individual work. The course aims to prepare future geographers to conduct a multi-step process that includes defining the purpose of using UAV in light of the chosen research problem, preparation of the mission, flight execution; geoprocessing of acquired aerial imagery; generation of cartomertic final products, and analysis of outcomes in order to answer the initially asked research question. This comprehensive approach will allow students, future experts in the field of geoinformatics and cartography, to gain the skills needed to acquire spatial data using an UAV, process them, and apply the results of their analysis in practice.
Model-driven geospatial web service composition
Authors: Du W. , Fan H. , Li J. , Wang H.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. A lot of work has been done on the geospatial service composition to support advanced processing, spatial calculation, and invoking of heterogeneous data. However, the quality of service chain is rarely considered and the process model cannot be reused. A modeldriven way of geospatial web service composition is proposed in this work, the service composition is treated as an optimization problem by GwcsFlow model and dynamic binding mechanism. The case of facility location analysis is provided to demonstrate the improvements in geospatial service composition through optimization algorithms.
Making Spatial Statistics Service Accessible On Cloud Platform
Authors: Mu X. , Wu J. , Li T , Zhong Y. , Gao X.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. Web service can bring together applications running on diverse platforms, users can access and share various data, information and models more effectively and conveniently from certain web service platform. Cloud computing emerges as a paradigm of Internet computing in which dynamical, scalable and often virtualized resources are provided as services. With the rampant growth of massive data and restriction of net, traditional web services platforms have some prominent problems existing in development such as calculation efficiency, maintenance cost and data security. In this paper, we offer a spatial statistics service based on Microsoft cloud. An experiment was carried out to evaluate the availability and efficiency of this service. The results show that this spatial statistics service is accessible for the public conveniently with high processing efficiency.
GIS-Based Education Course for Bachelor of Management Program in the Lomonosov Moscow State University Business School
Authors: Pirogov A.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. An optional course, "Geographical Aspects of Business" in the framework of the Bachelor of management program in the Lomonosov Moscow State University Business School is setting the goal to introduce future discipline specialists with geographical topics of current interest for management and provide knowledge, skills and expertise of geospatial analysis and the use of geoinformation technologies in finding solutions to economic and managerial tasks. The students' feedback shows interest and demand for such a course for management students. The course has an interdisciplinary links with the main subjects such as marketing, public administration, visual communication, etc., and is based on the set of business cases dealing with Web-GIS Services, LBS, Geomarketing, Spatial analysis, etc. Open Data and corporate geodata sets are used. The pragmatist approach is selected for successful accomplishment of the course's goal, which is based on using Web-GIS tools. The Geomixer – a free web- GIS product by the company SCANEX – is chosen to be one of them. The principle "I do – I analyze" helps to minimize the theoretic constituent of the course improving the outcome of the classes. Owing to innovative methods of teaching, the educational goal of the course is achieved to the full scope despite the small number of allocated hours. The classes surely improve both the general level of geographic competence of students and provide them with the skills to work with GIS. Such optional courses will undoubtedly contribute to the development of GIS-education in management administration.
Spatio-temporal topological relationships between land parcels in cadastral database
Authors: Song W. , Zhang F.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. There are complex spatio-temporal relationships among cadastral entities. Cadastral spatio-temporal data model should not only describe the data structure of cadastral objects, but also express cadastral spatio-temporal relationships between cadastral objects. In the past, many experts and scholars have proposed a variety of cadastral spatio-temporal data models, but few of them concentrated on the representation of spatiotemporal relationships and few of them make systematic studies on spatiotemporal relationships between cadastral objects. The studies on spatio-temporal topological relationships are not abundant. In the paper, we initially review current approaches to the studies of spatio-temporal topological relationships, and argue that spatio-temporal topological relation is the combination of temporal topology on the time dimension and spatial topology on the spatial dimension. Subsequently, we discuss and develop an integrated representation of spatio-temporal topological relationships within a 3-dimensional temporal space. In the end, based on the semantics of spatiotemporal changes between land parcels, we conclude the possible spatio-temporal topological relations between land parcels, which provide the theoretical basis for creating, updating and maintaining of land parcels in the cadastral database.
Marketing the Surveying and Geospatial Profession
Authors: Trinder J.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. Many universities around the world are experiencing a decline in the number of students entering programs in surveying and geospatial engineering, including some institutions with prestigious pasts. For Australia, this raises the question of whether there will be adequate graduates in the future to replace the current cohort of surveying and geospatial professionals when they retire. It is not clear why it has not been possible to attract more school leavers into the surveying and geospatial programs, but it may be because the community at large is unaware of the many career opportunities. Several surveys have been carried out in Australia to determine the status of graduates entering the profession and the impact that shortages of graduates in the surveying and geospatial professions in the future. These shortages could seriously limit the development of infrastructure and housing if they are not overcome. Another issue is whether the demand for graduates is changing due to developments in technology that allow surveying and mapping to be undertaken more quickly and efficiently than in the past. Marketing of education programs into schools and the general population is essential. A solution maybe for a concerted global effort to encourage more school leavers to enrol in surveying and geospatial engineering programs and hence improve the viability of the profession for the future. The paper will review the impacts of shortages in graduates entering the profession and approaches to improve the marketing of the surveying and geospatial professions.
First laboratory study of air–sea gas exchange at hurricane wind speeds
Authors: Krall K. E. , Jähne B.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. In a pilot study conducted in October and November 2011, air–sea gas transfer velocities of the two sparingly soluble trace gases hexafluorobenzene and 1,4-difluorobenzene were measured in the unique high-speed wind-wave tank at Kyoto University, Japan. This air–sea interaction facility is capable of producing hurricane strength wind speeds of up to u10 =67 m s−1. This constitutes the first lab study of gas transfer at such high wind speeds. The measured transfer velocities k600 spanned two orders of magnitude, lying between 11 cm h−1 and 1180 cm h−1 with the latter being the highest ever measured wind-induced gas transfer velocity. The measured gas transfer velocities are in agreement with the only available data set at hurricane wind speeds (McNeil and D'Asaro, 2007). The disproportionately large increase of the transfer velocities found at highest wind speeds indicates a new regime of air–sea gas transfer, which is characterized by strong wave breaking, enhanced turbulence and bubble cloud entrainment.
Simulating more accurate snow maps for Norway with MCMC parameter estimation method
Authors: Saloranta T. M.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. The seNorge snow model produces daily updated maps (1 km × 1 km resolution) of snow conditions for Norway which are used by the national flood, avalanche and landslide forecasting services, among others. The snow model uses gridded observations of daily temperature and precipitation as its input forcing. In this paper the revisions made to the new seNorge snow model code (v.1.1.1) are described, and a systematic model analysis is performed by first revealing the most influential key parameters by the Extended FAST sensitivity analysis and then estimating their probability distributions by the MCMC simulation method, using 565 observations of snow water equivalent (SWE) and snow density (ρ). The MCMC simulation resulted in rather narrow posterior distributions for the four estimated model parameters, and enhanced the model performance and snow map quality significantly, mainly by removing the known significant overestimation biases in SWE and ρ. In the new model version (v.1.1.1) the Nash–Sutcliffe (NS) model performance values are now well positive (NS = 0.61 for SWE and NS = 0.30 for ρ), in contrast to the much lower negative NS-values of the previous model (v.1.1). Moreover, the model evaluation against approximately 400 000 point measurements of snow depth shows improvement in the simulated percentage of "good match"-stations (76–84% before April, and still 65% at the end of April). Future research efforts should focus on decreasing the variability in the model fit with observations (i.e. model precision) by further improvements in the seNorge snow model and its important fundament, the gridded meteorological input data set used as its forcing.
Biodiversity of freshwater algae and cyanobacteria on deglaciated northern part of James Ross Island, Antarctica. A preliminary study.
Authors: Skácelová Kateřina , Barták Miloš , Coufalík Pavel , Nývlt Daniel , Trnková Kateřina
Published: April 2014

Freshwater algae and cyanobacteria have been studied at the James Ross Island (Ant-arctica) since the first Czech expedition to the James Ross Island area in austral summer of 2004. Main emphasis, however, has been devoted to cyanobacteria and diatoms. Therefore, recent knowledge on biodiversity of freshwater species of green algae is fragmentary. The main aim of presented study was to contribute to species list of green algae and cyanobacteria from James Ross Island. To evaluate species richness of algae and cyanobacteria, samples of water/mats from 6 different lakes, shallow ponds, and seepages located in northern deglaciated part of the James Ross Island were collected in austral summers 2012 and 2013, respectively. The samples were analysed using optical microscopy approach after transport to Czech laboratories. Algal and cyanobacterial taxa were determined according to morphological characteristics. Frequencies of individual taxa occurrence in samples were evaluated. Species richness differences between sampling sites was found. Dominating taxa differed between collection sites as well. Altogether, 41 algal and cyanobacterial taxa were found. Some species and genera: Cosmarium sp., Actinotaenium curtum, Staurastrum punctulatum and Chlorobotrys regularis are reported for James Ross Island for the first time. In some samples, there were some species that remained undetermined due to limitations of light microscopy and morphological approach. We plan to sample those locations of the James Ross Island that have never been investigated before for future studies
Cloudiness and weather variation in central Svalbard in July 2013 as related to atmospheric circulation
Authors: Láska Kamil , Chládová Zuzana , Ambrožová Klára , Husák Jan
Published: April 2014

The paper describes synoptic situations and associated weather conditions in the central part of the Svalbard Arctic archipelago (Petuniabukta, Billefjorden) during two weeks of the summer 2013. The circulation types in July 2013 were compared with the long-term average circulation pattern in the period 1961–2010. Cloudiness and weather conditions in different atmospheric circulation types were described. Atmospheric pressure, 2-m air temperature, precipitation, 6-m wind speed and wind direction data from an automatic weather station located on the coastal glacier-free zone of Petuniabukta were used for further analysis. From July 5 to 19, 2013, radiation and advection weather types, heavy precipitation, rapid change of wind speed, 2-m air temperature and high cloudiness variation were described in detail within of the five most frequent synoptic situations. Foehn and halo phenomena were also reported in the study period.
Nitrate and ammonium ions contents in field minibioreactors with Antarctic freshwater autotrophs
Authors: Coufalík Pavel , Váczi Peter , Zvěřina Ondřej , Trnková Kateřina , Skácelová Kateřina , Barták Miloš , Komárek Josef
Published: April 2014

The content of nitrate and ammonium ions in aquatic environment is an important factor in the development of microorganisms colonies especially in low-nutrient environment. In this study, field experiments using small-volume minibioreactors were performed directly on the James Ross Island in Antarctica in order to describe changes in nitrate and ammonium ions contents in the Antarctic environment The ion concentrations in minibioreactors with local freshwater autotrophs was monitored for increased eutro-phication conditions. The content of nitrogen forms was determined in water samples taken from the minibioreactors regularly. Samples were taken to the laboratory of the Johann Gregor Mendel station where nitrogen content was evaluated using ion-selective electrodes. Furthermore, the freshwater autotrophs was subjected to basic taxonomic study. Closed system of the minibioreactors allowed the monitoring of nitrogen speciation changes which take place in the environment. These changes can be attributed to both the biological activity of microorganisms and external conditions. Increased eutrophication of water did not induce a rapid development of the freshwater autotrophs.
Mapping of Greenland landscape using aerial photography and orthophotography (Technical Note)
Authors: Vávrů Petr , Viken Helge
Published: April 2014

Aerial photography is an important tool for mapping on local scale. In the paper, description of aerial photos taken over several urban and natural landscape sites in West Greenland is given as well as their processing. Using a high-resolution software, aerial photos were processed and digital terrain models (DTMs) of the sites produced. Technique of contour lines was used to check the created DTM for particular site. Finally, orthophotos of all sites were produced. In this Technical Note, several sites located on Western coast of Greenland are presented and the use of maps generated from orthophotos is discussed.
Survey Results: Characterization of Direct Thrombin Inhibitor Use in Pediatric Patients
Authors: Oschman Alexandra
Published: April 2014

OBJECTIVES

The objective of this multicenter survey is to characterize the use of direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs) in the pediatric population. The results of this survey may be used to design a prospective multicenter study with the ultimate goal of developing a dosing/titration recommendation for the use of DTIs in the pediatric population.

METHODS

This is a multicenter, descriptive study to survey hospitals around the country regarding the use of DTIs (argatroban, bivalirudin, and lepirudin) in the pediatic population. Institutional review board approval was obtained. The survey consisted of 42 questions and was designed utilizing Survey Monkey. The survey was emailed to members of the Pediatric Pharmacy Advocacy Group. Listserv members who responded to the survey within 4 weeks of when the survey was emailed were included in the study. Descriptive statistics were performed utilizing Microsoft Excel 2007.

RESULTS

Responses were obtained from 56 institutions from 29 states in the United States. Multiple agents are available on formulary with argatroban being the most common (~80%). The large majority of institutions (41.1%) utilize DTIs 2 to 4 times a year with an additional 33.9% utilizing them less than twice a year. There is no consistent approach to dosing and titration amongst pediatric institutions.

CONCLUSIONS

There are a wide variety of methods used by pediatric institutions with regard to dosing and titration of DTIs. Recently published prospective studies and package insert updates should help guide practitioners toward a more consistent approach to dosing of these high-risk medications.
Multi-institutional Study of Outcomes After Pediatric Heart Transplantation: Candidate Gene Polymorphism Analysis of ABCC2
Authors: Burckart Gilbert J. , Figg William D. , Brooks Maria M. , Green Dionna J. , Troutman Sarah M. , Ferrell Robert , Chinnock Richard , Canter Charles , Addonizio Linda , Bernstein Daniel , Kirklin James K. , Naftel David , Price Douglas K. , Sissung Tristan M. , Girnita Diana M. , Zeevi Adriana , Webber Steven A.
Published: April 2014

OBJECTIVES

Earlier studies have indicated that the pharmacokinetics of mycophenolic acid (MPA) is influenced by polymorphisms of ABCC2, which encodes for the membrane transporter MRP2. The ABCC2 rs717620 A allele has been associated with enterohepatic recirculation of MPA, and our previous work had correlated the discontinuance of MPA with this allele in pediatric heart transplant patients. Therefore, we hypothesized that the ABCC2 rs717620 A allele would be associated with poorer outcomes including rejection with hemodynamic compromise (RHC), graft failure, and death in the pediatric heart transplant (PHTx) population receiving MPA.

METHODS

PHTx recipients from 6 institutions in the Pediatric Heart Transplantation Study (PHTS) from the period of 1993–2009, receiving MPA therapy, were genotyped for ABCC2 rs717620. Genotyping was accomplished by direct sequencing. Demographic and outcome data were limited to the data routinely collected as part of the PHTS and included RHC and mortality.

RESULTS

Two hundred ninety patients were identified who received MPA at some point post transplantation, of which 200 carried the GG genotype, 81 carried the AG genotype, and 9 carried the AA genotype. Follow-up time after transplantation was 6 years. RHC occurred in 76 patients and 18 patients died. In the 281 patients followed up more than 1 year, late RHC (>1 year post transplantation) occurred in 42 patients. While both RHC and late RHC were associated with the ABCC2 rs717620 GG genotype (hazard ratios: 1.80 and 4.57, respectively, p<0.05) in all patients, this association was not significant in PHTx patients receiving only MPA as the antiproliferative agent from the time of transplant (n=142).

CONCLUSIONS

ABCC2 rs717620 polymorphisms varied within racial groups. As a candidate gene assessment, the ABCC2 rs717620 AG and AA genotypes may be associated with improved, rather than poorer, RHC in PHTx patients receiving MPA therapy. ABCC2 rs717620 polymorphisms should be included in any expanded pharmacogenomic analysis of outcomes after pediatric heart transplantation.
Chiral Stability of an Extemporaneously Prepared Clopidogrel Bisulfate Oral Suspension
Authors: Tynes Clay R. , Livingston Brad , Patel Hetesh , Arnold John J.
Published: April 2014

OBJECTIVES

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the chiral stability of clopidogrel bisulfate in an extemporaneously compounded oral suspension for a period of 60 days.

METHODS

A 5 mg/mL oral suspension of clopidogrel bisulfate was prepared from commercially available Plavix tablets. The clopidogrel suspension was then evenly divided between two light-resistant prescription bottles and stored either under refrigeration (4°C) or at room temperature (25°C). Samples were drawn from the stored suspensions immediately after preparation and on days 7, 14, 28, and 60. Samples were subsequently analyzed at each time point by high-performance liquid chromatography using a reversed-phase column, with chemical stability defined as the retention of at least 90% of the initial intact clopidogrel concentration measured. To determine the chiral stability of the suspension, samples were also analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography using a chiral column to investigate possible enantiomeric inversion. Chiral stability was defined as the retention of at least 90% of the initial concentration of the suspension as the S-enantiomer, the active moiety of Plavix.

RESULTS

Regardless of storage conditions, the oral suspension of clopidogrel retained at least 98% of the active S-enantiomer for 60 days after preparation. Compared with the clopidogrel suspension stored in the refrigerator, more chiral inversion was noted in the clopidogrel suspension stored at room temperature.

CONCLUSIONS

Our investigation of chiral stability indicates that a 5 mg/mL clopidogrel oral suspension stored under refrigeration and at room temperature maintains chiral stability as the active S-enantiomer.
Hepatotoxicity Induced by Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole in a Child with Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Abdulhamid Ibrahim , Lehr Victoria Tutag
Published: April 2014

Patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) have chronic and progressive lung infections with various bacterial organisms that require treatment with oral and intravenous antibiotics on a regular basis. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) is one of the medications used to treat acute pulmonary infectious exacerbations in patients with CF. Hepatic toxicity secondary to TMP-SMX was previously described in normal subjects but has not been reported in children with CF. Here we describe a 14-year-old female child with CF who was given oral TMP-SMX for an acute pulmonary infectious exacerbation. She developed a rash, severe constitutional symptoms, and significant elevation of liver enzyme concentrations secondary to immunity-mediated reaction to TMP-SMX. Discontinuation of TMP-SMX and supportive treatment led to resolution of her symptoms and normalization of liver enzyme concentrations.
Clean Water: UN Sustainable Development Goals Must Emphasize Water Treatment
Authors: Laine Ernst‐Wesley
Published: April 2014

As the world's governments gather at the United Nations to work on a new round of global goals to follow the 15‐year Millennium Development Goal period, the author reflects on the importance of water treatment in the new UN Sustainable Development Goal for safe water.
Managing Loss of Glycemic Control in Middle-Aged Patients With Diabetes: The Role of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Combination-Therapy Regimens
Authors: Repas Thomas B.
Published: April 2014

Middle-aged patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus may have languished on monotherapy or a stable therapy for a substantial period without reconsideration of comorbidities or current control of glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). In many patients who lose glycemic control, postprandial hyperglycemia has not been addressed. This is especially true when HbA1c levels are close to—but not at—goal. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists are injectable agents that can be added to oral therapy to address postprandial hyperglycemia. These agents may be a useful alternative to insulin therapy as add-on therapy when dual oral therapy is no longer sufficient and additional glucose lowering is required. Compared with insulin, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists have provided comparable glucose lowering with less hypoglycemia and without weight gain.
Treating Patients With Diabetes of Long Duration: GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Insulin in Combination
Authors: Moghissi Etie S.
Published: April 2014

Patients with long-standing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) can be clinically challenging for physicians to treat because these patients often lack sufficient β-cell function to respond to some oral glucose-lowering agents, may have profound comorbidities, and may have renal impairment that limits the use of traditional agents. These complications, in addition to older age, also increase the risk of hypoglycemia, which can be a major barrier to treatment success. Individualizing treatment targets to balance the benefits of glycemic control with risks of hypoglycemia is the first step to successfully treating these patients. Careful selection of combination therapy strategies to address limited β-cell function, renal function, and cardiovascular status, along with attention to selection of agents associated with lower risk of hypoglycemia, is important. Basal insulin analogs are often used in patients with long-standing diabetes to address insulinopenic states. Incretin-based therapies, particularly GLP-1 receptor agonists, provide postprandial control with lower risks of hypoglycemia than prandial insulin. The author discusses the management of patients with long-standing diabetes who may have limited β-cell function and require transition to insulin therapy with gradual intensification.
Preparation of 1‐Monoacylglycerols via the Suzuki‐Miyaura Reaction: 2,3‐Dihydroxypropyl (Z)‐tetradec‐7‐enoate
Authors: Yang Dexi , Cwynar Valerie A. , Hart David J. , Madanmohan Jakkam , Lee Jean , Lyons Joseph , Caffrey Martin
Published: April 2014

(2,2‐Dimethyl‐1,3‐dioxolan‐4‐yl) methyl hexanoate

5‐Hexanoic acid

4‐(Dimethylamino)pyridine

N,N′‐Dicyclohexylcarboimide

DL‐1,2‐sopropylidene glycerol

1‐Iodo‐1‐octyne

Iodine

n‐Butyllithium

(Z)‐1‐Iodo‐1‐octene

Borane dimethyl sulfide complex

Cyclohexane

(2,2‐Dimethyl‐1,3‐dioxolan‐4‐yl)methyl (Z)‐tetra‐7‐enolate

9‐Borabicyclo[3.3.1]none

Cesium carbonate

Triphenylarsine

Dichlor[1,1′‐bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]palladium(II),dichloromethne

2,3‐Dihydroxypropyl (Z)‐tetradec‐7‐enoate
Reductive Radical Decarboxylation of Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids
Authors: Ko Eun Jung , Williams Craig M. , Savage G. Paul , Tsanaktsidis John
Published: April 2014

1‐Hydroxypyridine‐2(1
H
)‐thione

4‐
N,N
‐Dimethylaminopyridine

Palmitoyl chloride
Efficient Synthesis of Oxime Using

O

‐TBS‐

N

‐Tosylhydroxylamine: Preparation of (2

Z

)‐4‐(Benzyloxy)but‐2‐enal Oxime
Authors: Kitahara Katsushi , Toma Tatsuya , Shimokawa Jun , Fukuyama Tohru
Published: April 2014

Hydroxylamine hydrochloride

Tert
‐Butyldimethylsilylchloride

Dimethyformamide

Triethylamine

p‐
Toluenesulfonyl chloride

O
‐TBS
‐N
‐tosylhydroxylamanie

Phosphine, triphenyl

4‐Benxyloxy‐2‐buten‐1‐ol

DEAD

Cesium fluoride
Preparation of Cyclobutenone
Authors: Ross Audrey G , Li Xiaohua , Danishefsky Samuel J
Published: April 2014

3‐Oxocyclobutanecarboxylic acid

Mercury (II) oxide red

Bromine

3‐Bromocyclobutanone

Tri‐
n
‐butylamine

Cyclobutenone

Deuterated chloroform
Convenient Synthesis of α‐Diazoacetates from α‐Bromoacetates and

N
,
N

′‐Ditosylhydrazine: Preparation of Benzyl Diazoacetate
Authors: Ideue Eiji , Toma Tatsuya , Shimokawa Jun , Fukuyama Tohru
Published: April 2014

p
‐Toluenesulfonylhydrazide

p
‐Toluenesulfonyl chloride

N,N′
‐Ditosylhydrazine

Sodium hydrogen carbonate

Benzyl alcohol

Benzyl bromoacetate

DBU

Benzyl diazoacetate
Direct Synthesis of Azaheterocycles from

N

‐Aryl/Vinyl Amides. Synthesis of 4‐(Methylthio)‐2‐phenylquinazoline and 4‐(4‐Methoxyphenyl)‐2‐phenylquinoline
Authors: Ahmad Omar K , Medley Jonathan William , Alexis Coste , Movassaghi Mohammad , Kaise Hiromi
Published: April 2014

Benzanilide

Dichloromethane

2‐Chloropyridine

Trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride

Thiocyanic acid methyl ester

p
‐Methoxyphenylacetylene
Ionospheric effects of the missile destruction on 9 December 2009
Authors: Kozlovsky Alexander , Shalimov Sergey , Lukianova Renata , Lester Mark
Published: April 2014

We report on ionosonde and meteor radar observations made in Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory (SGO, 67°22′N, 26°38′E, Finland) on 9 December 2009, during a test launch of the Russian solid propellant military missile. Due to a technical problem, the missile was self‐destroyed around 07 UT at an ionospheric height (near 200 km altitude) over the Kola Peninsula (Russia), at a distance about 500 km to east from the observatory. Products of the explosion were spread into a large area and reached the region of SGO meteor radar observations in about 2 h (around 09 UT). After about 3 h (around 10 UT), a sporadic E layer presumably composed of the remains including long‐lived metallic (aluminum and its oxides) ions, was observed near the zenith of the SGO ionosonde. We discuss possible mechanisms accounting for transport of the remains. (1) Since the event occurred during a long‐lasting period of extremely low solar and magnetic activity, the ionospheric electric field was unlikely to play a substantial role in the transport of the remains and sporadic E layer formation. (2) The horizontal transport of the remains cannot be explained by the neutral winds based on empirical models. (3) Theoretical estimations suggest that the observed transport could be due to thermospheric turbulence.
Nightside magnetospheric current circuit: Time constants of the solar wind‐magnetosphere coupling
Authors: Ohtani S. , Uozumi T.
Published: April 2014

This study addresses the characteristics of the nightside magnetospheric current system using the analogy of an electric circuit. The modeled circuit consists of the generator (V: solar wind), inductor (L: tail lobes), capacitor (C: plasma sheet convection), and resistor (R: particle energization). The electric circuit has three time constants: τCR(=CR), , and τL/R(=L/R). Here τCR is of the order of the ion gyroperiod in the plasma sheet, τLC is a global timescale (2πτLC is several tens of minutes), and τL/R is even longer (several hours). Despite uncertainty in the estimate of each circuit element, τCR ≪ τLC ≪ τL/R holds generally for the magnetosphere, which characterizes the electric circuit as overdamped. The following implications are obtained: (1) During the substorm growth phase the cross‐tail current increases continuously even if interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) BZ does not change after southward turning; (2) the magnetotail current weakens following northward turnings if the change of IMF BZ is comparable to the preceding southward IMF BZ; otherwise it may strengthen continuously if more gradually; (3) during the early main phase of magnetospheric storms the enhancement of the lobe magnetic energy is far more prominent than the enhancements of the kinematic and kinetic energies of the plasma sheet plasma; (4) The efficiency of the solar wind‐magnetosphere coupling changes on a timescale of several hours (τL/R) through the change of the tail flaring, and so does the cross polar‐cap potential; and (5) the magnetospheric current system does not resonate to an oscillatory external driver, and therefore, the periodicity of some magnetotail phenomena reflects that of their triggers.
Stress‐mediated closing of fractures: Impact of matrix diffusion
Authors: Neretnieks Ivars
Published: April 2014

Fracture apertures may decrease by several mechanisms when the fractures are subject to stress. This paper considers only stress‐enhanced dissolution of the crystals on the stressed surfaces. First, it is argued that the stress‐induced dissolution is active already at the smallest difference between effective stress on the stressed surfaces and the unstressed surface of a crystal when in contact with water. This is in contrast to the concept that there exists a critical stress below which, this does not happen, assumed in some earlier studies. Second, and in addition to, but independent of the first argument, it is shown that there is a very strong sink for the stress‐enhanced dissolved crystal mass due to diffusion into the porous rock matrix. There, the solute reprecipitates on the crystal surfaces in the matrix, which are subject to lower stress than the crystals bearing the load in the fracture. Diffusion into the porous matrix of the rock has not previously been considered in this context. A simple model that includes this sink is developed, and it is shown that matrix diffusion can be the by far largest sink for the solute and can considerably increase the rate of closure of the fractures. It is further found that under some possibly not uncommon conditions, the dissolution rate of quartz crystals becomes essentially independent of the strength of the sinks for the dissolved silica.