bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neurogenic Participation in Essential and Renovascular Hypertension Assessed by Acute Ganglionic Blockade: Correlation with Haemodynamic Indices and Intravascular Volume
Authors: Tarazi R. C. , Dustan Harriet P.
Published: August 2015

1. Neurogenic activity at rest was estimated from the immediate depressor response to intravenously administered trimetaphan in two groups of untreated hypertensive patients (thirty with essential hypertension and twenty with renal arterial stenosis). Responses were correlated with simultaneously determined haemodynamic functions and intravascular volume.

2. The two groups did not differ significantly in degree of response but the pattern of its correlations was different. In essential hypertension, the depressor response correlated directly with control total peripheral resistance (P < 0.005) and diastolic arterial pressure (P < 0.025) and inversely with blood volume (P < 0.02); data from seven age-matched normotensive subjects fell along the same regression lines. In renovascular hypertension, on the other hand, the response did not correlate with either pressure, resistance or volume.

The results suggest the interference in renovascular hypertension of a factor or factors not evident in essential hypertension. Further, this approach indicates that different types of hypertension may differ more by the pattern in which physiological factors interrelate than by a disturbance of a single factor alone.
The Activation of a Possible Zymogen of Renin in Rabbit Kidney
Authors: Leckie Brenda
Published: August 2015

1. Extracts of rabbit kidney contain both active renin and a material which has a scarcely detectable pressor response in the rat at pH 7.4, but which, after adjustment of the pH to 2.5 and then back to 7.4, gives a similar pressor response to renin.

2. The material is eluted from Sephadex G-100 ahead of renin, but after acidification is eluted in the same fractions as active renin. It may be a renin zymogen.

3. The zymogen-like material has a molecular weight of around 54 000, compared with a molecular weight of 37 000 for active rabbit renin.
The Relationship of Height and Weight Velocities of Adolescent Boys to the Total Hydroxyproline:Creatinine Ratio in Their Random Urines
Authors: Wharton B. A. , Gough G. , Pennock C. A.
Published: August 2015

1. The total hydroxyproline:creatinine ratios in random urines collected every 3 months for 1 year from twenty-six adolescent boys (11–14 years) have been compared with the observed height and weight velocities of the boys during that year.

2. There were significant correlations of both height and weight velocities over 6 and 12 month periods with the ratios in the random urines collected during the same period.

3. The ratio in most boys fell from July to April and then rose during the final 3 months of the study. Sequential changes in the ratio correlated significantly with sequential changes in growth velocity (i.e. acceleration or deceleration) but the changes in the ratio occurring throughout the year could not be wholly explained by variation in growth rate.

4. The urinary total hydroxyproline:creatinine ratio is probably most useful as an index of growth rate in comparisons between children studied over the same period of time, or in sequential studies of the same child over a short period. In long-term sequential studies allowances must be made for factors other than growth velocity so that interpretation is more difficult.
Effect of Change of Posture on Blood Pressure and Plasma Renin Concentration in Men with Spinal Transections
Authors: Johnson R. H. , Park D. M.
Published: August 2015

1. Blood pressure, heart rate and changes of plasma renin concentration (PRC) have been studied in nineteen patients with traumatic transection of the spinal cord, in relation to change of posture from supine to upright.

2. When supine, subjects with cervical-cord transection had a normal blood pressure, a low heart rate and a high plasma renin concentration. On change of posture to the vertical, orthostatic hypotension developed, heart rate rose and PRC increased. Orthostatic hypotension was not a feature with change of posture in patients with transection of the thoracic spinal cord and PRC rose to a much smaller extent.

3. It is concluded that release of renin on change of posture can occur in patients with spinal-cord transection. Release of renin in man does not depend therefore upon an intact autonomic nervous system, though it is possible that reflex sympathetic pathways in the isolated spinal cord may be involved.
Mitochondrial Volume in Skeletal Muscle from Young and Old Physically Untrained and Trained Healthy Men and from Alcoholics
Authors: Kiessling K.-H. , Pilström L. , Karlsson J. , Piehl Karin
Published: August 2015

1. Using quantitative electron microscopy, the volume fraction of mitochondria has been studied in the fibrillar and the perinuclear zones in leg muscle from young and old healthy men, physically trained and untrained, and from alcoholics with serious muscle weakness.

2. There is a correlation between the volume fractions of mitochondria in the fibrillar and perinuclear zones.

3. In young untrained men, the volume fraction of mitochondria in skeletal muscle is three-quarters of that in old untrained men in both the fibrillar and the perinuclear zone. In the young men, there are few but comparatively large mitochondria, while in old men the mitochondria are small but numerous.

4. Training causes a considerable increase in the volume fraction of mitochondria in young men (approx. 100%) but only a slight increase in old men (approx. 20%). The increase in the young group is caused by an increase in the number of mitochondria without any change of their volume, but in old men it is due to an increase in size.

5. Alcoholics with serious muscle weakness in their legs have a volume fraction of mitochondria which is below that of the healthy untrained controls. The decrease is of the same order as the increase induced by training in the old healthy men.
A Function of Synovial Membrane of Normal and Diseased Humans in Relation to the Movement of Small-Molecular-Weight Ions
Authors: Kremer D. , Deodhar S. D. , Dick W. C.
Published: August 2015

1. In a series of thirteen patients with rheumatoid arthritis and eleven control subjects clearance rates of 133Xe and 99mTc from the knee joint were monitored before and after oral administration of the anion-transport inhibitor potassium perchlorate.

2. The clearance rate of 99mTc was reduced following perchlorate administration although there was no change in the 133Xe clearance rate. This suggests the presence of a perchlorate-blockable anion-transport mechanism across the synoviocyte.
Studies on the Blood Fibrinolytic System in Congestive Cardiac Failure
Authors: Rawles J. M. , Ogston D. , Douglas A. S.
Published: August 2015

1. The major components of the blood fibrinolytic enzyme system were measured in patients with congestive cardiac failure, in control patients with heart disease but not in failure, and in control subjects without heart disease.

2. Heart disease in the absence of failure was associated with an increase in fibrinogen, fibrin degradation products and α1-antitrypsin, but not with any alteration of plasminogen activator, plasminogen, the serum inhibitor of plasminogen activation or α2-macroglobulin.

3. Compared with patients with heart disease, there were decreased amounts of plasminogen activator and plasminogen and increased amounts of the serum inhibitor of plasminogen activation and the antiplasmin α1-antitrypsin in patients with cardiac failure. Fibrinogen, fibrin degradation products and α2-macroglobulin were not significantly altered.

4. Plasminogen activator as measured by the euglobulin lysis time correlated inversely with the height of the jugular venous pressure, but not with liver size, the extent of oedema, chest X-ray appearances, amounts of blood urea or bilirubin.

5. The release of plasminogen activator in response to venous stasis was decreased in patients with cardiac failure.
The Relationship between Body Fluid Compartment Volumes, Renin Activity and Blood Pressure in Chronic Renal Failure
Authors: Dathan J. R. E. , Johnson D. B. , Goodwin F. J.
Published: August 2015

1. The relationship between various body fluid compartment volumes, plasma renin activity and mean arterial blood pressure was studied in twenty-six patients with chronic renal failure.

2. Mean arterial blood pressure was positively correlated with total exchangeable sodium, blood volume and plasma renin activity: there was no significant correlation with either total body water or extracellular fluid volume.

3. Multiple regression analysis revealed that plasma renin activity combined with total exchangeable sodium, blood volume, red cell mass or total body water provided a better means of predicting blood pressure than any of the variables taken alone.

4. In a second study performed after a period of regular dialysis treatment no correlation was found between mean arterial pressure and either body fluid compartment volumes or plasma renin activity.
Plasma Renin Activity, Plasma Angiotensin and Plasma and Urinary Electrolytes in Normal and Toxaemic Pregnancy, Including a Prospective Study
Authors: Gordon R. D. , Symonds E. M. , Wilmshurst E. G. , Pawsey C. G. K.
Published: August 2015

1. In a prospective study involving fifty-six women, measurements of body weight, urinary creatinine, sodium and potassium and plasma sodium, potassium and renin activity were made in mid-pregnancy and at 36 weeks. The effect of sodium restriction and sodium loading on these measurements was assessed in mid-pregnancy.

2. Mean plasma renin activity was significantly higher throughout pregnancy than the normal non-pregnant mean level. It was lower at 36 weeks than in mid-pregnancy in those whose pregnancy was normal but not in those who developed toxaemia of pregnancy between 38 and 40 weeks. In mid-pregnancy in both groups sodium depletion was significantly elevated but sodium loading did not significantly depress plasma renin activity.

3. The urinary potassium/creatinine ratio in mid-pregnancy and urinary sodium/creatinine ratio at 36 weeks were lower in those who subsequently developed toxaemia, raising the possibility of a functional renal lesion which antedates the morphologically recognizable lesion of late pregnancy.

4. In a second study involving sixty-six different women plasma angiotensin II levels between 6 and 40 weeks of pregnancy were mostly above the normal range, and highest levels were observed between 21 and 30 weeks. The plasma angiotensin II levels in six women with established toxaemia of pregnancy were not significantly different from the levels in nine women with normal pregnancy of the same duration.

5. While the renal glomerular lesion is presumably the major determinant in the development of toxaemia, the heightened activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system which is appropriate to normal pregnancy is an aggravating factor in established toxaemia, and may predispose to its development in some patients by failing to decline in late pregnancy.
Factors Affecting Plasma Clearance of [14C]Cholic Acid in Patients with Cirrhosis
Authors: Kaye M. D. , Struthers J. E. , Tidball J. S. , DeNiro Elizabeth , Kern F.
Published: August 2015

1. Clearance of [14C]cholic acid from the systemic circulation was studied in six normal subjects and eight patients with biopsy-proven hepatic cirrhosis. In both groups, during fasting, the curve for disappearance of radioactivity from the serum during the first 100 min after [14C]cholic acid injection was double-exponential in form. During the early phase, clearance was significantly more rapid, and concentrations of conjugated and free bile acid were significantly lower, in normals than in cirrhotics.

2. Radioactivity disappeared from the systemic circulation of normals within 3 h, and neither intravenous cholecystokinin nor the ingestion of food influenced serum radioactivity. Almost all cirrhotic patients had ‘spontaneous’ rises in serum radioactivity, which began approximately 2 h after [14C]cholic acid injection. Cholecystokinin or food given 4–8 h after [14C]cholic acid administration, produced rises. Continuous aspiration of duodenal juice markedly reduced these rises. Reinfusion of duodenal juice into the upper intestine was followed by a rise in serum radioactivity.

3. All rises were due, almost exclusively, to conjugated bile acids.

4. Impaired bile acid clearance in cirrhotics may result from inefficient hepatic extraction of bile acids, increased leakage of conjugated bile acids from hepatic cells and shunting from portal to systemic circulations. The latter factor is probably responsible for elevated, fluctuating, plasma bile acid concentrations in cirrhotic patients.
The Urinary Excretion of 1-Methylimidazole-4-Acetic Acid, a Histamine Metabolite, by Healthy and Asthmatic Children
Authors: Thom Hazel , Richardson Joyce E. , Mitchell R. G.
Published: August 2015

1. The excretion of 1-methylimidazole-4-acetic acid (MeIAA) in urine was measured in three groups of asthmatic children (acute-symptoms, quiescent and steroid-treated) and a control group of hospitalized non-asthmatic children all on the same restricted diet.

2. There was no statistical difference between the excretion of MeIAA in urine in any of the groups. There was therefore no evidence of impairment of the methylation pathway of histamine metabolism in asthma.
The Lipids and Lipoproteins of Human Peripheral Lymph, with Observations on the Transport of Cholesterol from Plasma and Tissues into Lymph
Authors: Reichl D. , Simons L. A. , Myant N. B. , Pflug J. J. , Mills G. L.
Published: August 2015

1. The lipids and lipoproteins of lymph obtained from the dorsum of the foot were examined in seven human subjects.

2. The concentration of total cholesterol in lymph was about one-tenth that in plasma and was significantly correlated with the plasma total cholesterol concentration. The ratio of esterified to total cholesterol in lymph was similar to that in plasma.

3. Triglyceride was detectable in lymph, but the concentration was less than one-tenth that in plasma and was unrelated to the plasma triglyceride concentration.

4. No lipase activity was detectable in lymph, either before or after intravenous injection of heparin.

5. Cholesterol-esterifying activity was detected in four samples of lymph.

6. The major lipoprotein antigens of human plasma (apo-A, apo-B and apo-C) were present in whole lymph, but their distribution in fractions of different density was different from that in plasma.

7. [14C]Cholesterol, injected intravenously, appeared in lymph within 30 min of the injection, indicating that some of the cholesterol in lymph is derived directly from plasma.

8. At intervals greater than 29 days after a single intravenous injection of [14C]-cholesterol, the specific radioactivity of lymph cholesterol was greater than that of plasma cholesterol, indicating that some of the cholesterol in lymph is derived from tissue pools of cholesterol with slow turnover.
Studies of the Pathogenesis of Idiopathic Oedema: The Roles of Postural Changes in Plasma Volume, Plasma Renin Activity, Aldosterone Secretion Rate and Glomerular Filtration Rate in the Retention of Sodium and Water
Authors: Streeten D. H. P. , Dalakos T. G. , Souma M. , Fellerman H. , Clift G. V. , Schletter F. E. , Stevenson C. T. , Speller P. J.
Published: August 2015

1. On constant high (200 mmol)- and low (10 mmol)-sodium diets, thirty-one patients with idiopathic oedema have been compared with six non-oedematous control subjects while upright from 08.00 to 20.00 hours for 3 days and while recumbent all day for 2 days.

2. The cumulative weight rise in the upright posture and fall in recumbency were ‘normal’ in five patients (‘non-orthostatic oedema’) and excessive in twenty-six (‘orthostatic oedema’).

3. Leg volume showed a cumulative rise during the upright period, which was excessive in the orthostatic oedema patients only.

4. When the orthostatic oedema patients were in the upright posture, fifteen retained sodium excessively (‘orthostatic sodium retainers’), while eleven retained ‘normal’ amounts of sodium (‘orthostatic water retainers’).

5. The ‘orthostatic sodium retainers’ experienced excessive acute orthostatic falls in inulin and para-aminohippurate (PAH) clearances. Half of them showed excessive aldosterone excretion and secretion rates and excessive potassium excretion in the upright posture on the 200 mmol of sodium diet. Plamsa volume fell excessively after 1 h in the upright posture in these patients. None of these changes was significant or consistent in the other patients with oedema.

6. Plasma renin activity and plasma protein and albumin concentrations were ‘normal’ in all patients in all circumstances.

7. Idiopathic oedema is a group of disorders each associated with: (I) orthostatic fall in filtered sodium often with orthostatic hyperaldosteronism and consequent orthostatic sodium retention; (II) orthostatic water retention possibly related to orthostatic hypervasopressinism and occasionally associated with occult heart failure; or (III) non-orthostatic factors.
Longitudinal Change in Blood Pressure in Individuals, Families and Social Groups
Authors: Johnson Benjamin C. , Karunas Thomas M. , Epstein Frederick H.
Published: August 2015

1. As a part of the Tecumseh Health Study, blood pressure was recorded during three physical examination cycles covering a span of 8 years. Change in blood pressure was evaluated with reference to a variety of epidemiological variables.

2. A strong tendency was shown to regress toward the mean; high pressures tended to fall, and low pressures to rise.

3. In those with increasing systolic pressure, when categorized by percentage change rather than change in absolute manometer readings, steepness of rise was not different in those initially high as compared with those initially low in systolic pressure.

4. Change in pressure was not related to initial degree of obesity, but was definitely related to change in absolute weight. Those whose pressure increased tended to increase in weight, and conversely.

5. Reported medical treatment had little demonstrable effect upon the proportion of persons initially hypertensive who had a decline in blood pressure 8 years later.

6. No relationship was seen between spouses in blood pressure change. Children's pattern of change did not relate to parents' pattern although the general increase in these young ages probably obscured the comparison.

7. A variety of socioeconomic, occupational as well as physiological variables were compared with patterns of change with no definite relationships found.
Prediction of the Physiological Dead-Space in Resting Normal Subjects
Authors: Harris E. A. , Hunter Mary E. , Seelye Eve R. , Vedder Margaret , Whitlock R. M. L.
Published: August 2015

1. Two-hundred and forty duplicate estimations of physiological dead-space volume (VD) were made in forty-eight healthy subjects (twenty-four men and twenty-four women) aged from 20 to 74 years, to assess the predictive accuracy of various standards.

2. The VD/VT (physiological dead-space volume/tidal volume) ratio standard was least precise, but could be improved by allowing for sex and age.

3. The best prediction could be made by multiple regression of VD on age, height, tidal volume (VT) and the reciprocal of respiratory frequency (f), which gave an estimate with a standard deviation of 24·7 ml.

4. Theoretical and practical arguments favour the abandonment of the VD/VT ratio standard. Simple regression of VD on VT also is unsatisfactory, giving a much less precise estimate of VD than a multiple regression on VT and other variables.
Polymorphonuclear Leucocytosis and Lymphopenia in Acute Renal Failure and Metabolic Acidosis in the Rat
Authors: Simon D. , Luke R. G.
Published: August 2015

1. Peripheral blood leucocytes were studied before, and 48 h after acute induction in the rat of either uraemia (by bilateral ureteric ligation or bilateral nephrectomy) or of metabolic acidosis in the absence of uraemia (by ingestion of NH4Cl).

2. A significant, fourfold increase in polymorphonuclear leucocyte count was seen after bilateral ureteric ligation, but no increase occurred in sham-operated animals nor after bilateral nephrectomy, despite equivalent uraemia and acidosis. A lesser degree of polymorphonuclear leucocytes was also seen after unilateral ureteric ligation. A significant but also lesser degree of polymorphonuclear leucocytosis was seen after metabolic acidosis in the absence of uraemia. Correction of acidosis in another group of animals with bilateral ureteric ligation did not prevent polymorphonuclear leucocytosis.

3. Significant lymphopenia, of approximately equal degree, was seen after bilateral nephrectomy, and after metabolic acidosis, but did not occur in control groups.

4. These findings support the hypothesis that polymorphonuclear leucocytosis in acute uraemia or ureteric obstruction may be due to a direct renal mechanism, such as release of a leucopoietin, whereas lymphopenia may be due to metabolic changes associated with uraemia or metabolic acidosis.
A Comparison of Double-Isotope Derivative and Radioimmunological Estimation of Plasma Aldosterone Concentration in Man
Authors: Fraser R. , Guest Sheena , Young Jessie
Published: August 2015

1. Two techniques for estimating plasma aldosterone concentration are compared by means of repeated assays of a plasma pool and also by analysis of a wide range of plasma samples.

2. No significant difference was found in the results obtained by the methods. Radioimmunoassay required only one tenth of the volume of plasma needed for the double-isotope derivative method.

3. Its rapidity and relative inexpensiveness makes radioimmunoassay at present the most suitable technique for large-scale population screening.
Free Water Clearance in Patients with Essential Hypertension
Authors: Mees E. J. Dorhout , de Graaf H.
Published: August 2015

1. Free water clearance (CH2O) was measured in sixteen normal subjects and twenty-five patients with uncomplicated hypertension at different levels of salt intake.

2. In normal subjects CH2O and Na+ excretion were related thus: log Na+ excretion = 0·1685 + 0·1508 × CH2O. At a given value for Na+ excretion the standard deviation for CH2O was ±1·5 ml min−1.

3. The mean value for the ratio CH2O/creatinine clearance was higher in the hypertensive patients than in controls at all levels of Na+ excretion.

4. Most previous studies reporting decreased values for CH2O in hypertension can be explained by the exponential relationship between CH2O and Na+ excretion.
Urinary Excretion of Water and Electrolytes in Normal Females during the Follicular and Luteal Phases of the Menstrual Cycle: The Effect of Posture
Authors: Edwards Owen M. , Bayliss R. I. S.
Published: August 2015

1. Water and electrolyte excretion has been measured in both the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle in eight normal females undergoing a sustained water diuresis.

2. When the subjects were supine, no differences were found in urinary excretion during the follicular and luteal phases.

3. When the subjects were tilted to the upright position, the urine volume, excretion of sodium and potassium and the osmolar and free water clearances fell, suggesting an alteration in proximal tubular function. These changes were statistically greater in the luteal than in the follicular phase of the cycle.

4. It is postulated that the enhanced retention of electrolytes and water in response to tilting in the luteal phase is a compensatory mechanism for the decreased effective blood volume at that time.
Influence of Albumin on the Hepatic Uptake of Unconjugated Bilirubin
Authors: Bloomer J. R. , Berk P. D. , Vergalla J. , Berlin N. I.
Published: August 2015

1. The initial distribution volumes of [3H]bilirubin in six adult subjects were equivalent to those of 131I-labelled albumin following simultaneous intravenous injection of both compounds. However, the initial rate of loss of [3H]bilirubin from plasma was seven to thirty times faster than that of 131I-labelled albumin.

2. In vitro uptake of [3H]bilirubin by Gunn rat liver slices occurred at a rate three times faster than could be accounted for by movement linked with albumin.

3. There was no in vitro transfer of [14C]bilirubin from albumin to the organic anion-binding proteins of rat liver cytosol. Instead, albumin was shown to strip [14C]bilirubin from these proteins.

4. When albumin, to which [14C]bilirubin had been bound, was precipitated with anti-albumin antibody, [14C]bilirubin was recovered completely in the supernatant, indicating that unconjugated bilirubin may be readily separated from albumin if albumin interacts with another macromolecule.

5. These results indicated that unconjugated bilirubin is separated from albumin prior to its uptake by the hepatic cell, rather than the entire albumin-bilirubin complex entering the hepatocyte. The data suggest that the uptake mechanism probably requires the participation of the plasma membrane.
Suppression of Plasma Renin by Atherogenic Levels of Serum Cholesterol in Rabbits
Authors: Campbell D. J. , Skinner S. L. , Day A. J.
Published: August 2015

1. Sixteen rabbits received either a normal or a high cholesterol diet over an 80-day period.

2. Diastolic blood pressure remained unchanged in each group.

3. Progressive suppression of plasma renin activity and concentration without change in renin substrate occurred in animals receiving the high cholesterol diet.

4. Kinetic studies excluded the mediation of enzyme inhibitors in this response and made probable a true suppression of renin secretion.

5. Commonly recognized influences seemed not to account for the findings and the possibility is raised of a dependence of renin secretion upon serum cholesterol. The effect occurs at the level of serum cholesterol found in man.
A Specific Increase in Cardiovascular Reactivity Related to Sodium Retention in Doca-Salt-Treated Rats
Authors: Dusting G. J. , Rand M. J. , Harris G. S.
Published: August 2015

1. Exchangeable body sodium was measured in deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) -salt-treated rats by whole body γ-counting after equilibration with a 22Na isotope.

2. The blood pressure of DOCA-salt-treated rats is positively correlated with their exchangeable body sodium.

3. After pithing, the heart rate is significantly lower in DOCA-salt-treated than in control rats: in conscious DOCA-salt-treated rats the heart rate is also lower than in control rats but the difference was not statistically significant.

4. Cardiac and vascular responses to sympathetic stimulation are positively correlated with exchangeable body sodium in pithed rats, but there is no correlation between either cardiac or vascular responses to noradrenaline injections and exchangeable sodium.

5. Pressor responses to sympathetic stimulation in pithed DOCA-salt-treated rats are potentiated less by cocaine than are responses of untreated control rats.

6. It is suggested that sodium retention in mildly hypertensive rats specifically enhances responses to sympathetic stimulation by increasing the availability of the sympathetic transmitter.
A Comparative Study on the Metabolism of Human Insulin and Porcine Proinsulin in Man
Authors: Sönksen P. H. , Tompkins Christine V. , Srivastava M. C. , Nabarro J. D. N.
Published: August 2015

1. The metabolism of unlabelled monocomponent human insulin and porcine proinsulin was studied in ten normal subjects (five males and five females) by using a priming dose-constant-infusion technique. In each subject, the metabolic clearance rate (MCR) was measured at four separate steady-state hormone concentrations averaging 16–216 μunits/ml (insulin) and 4·2–42·8 ng/ml (proinsulin).

2. For insulin the MCR fell progressively from 34 ml kg−1 min−1 at a mean fasting insulin concentration of 3·8 μunits/ml to 11·4 ml kg−1 min−1 at the highest concentration achieved (280 μunits/ml); for proinsulin MCR averaged 3·7 ml kg−1 min−1 at a mean plasma concentration of 4·2 ng/ml and fell to 2·71 ml kg−1 min−1 at 10·7 ng/ml, remaining constant thereafter at concentrations up to 71 ng/ml.

3. The half-disappearance time (T½) from the plasma, after the end of the infusion, averaged 4·3 min for insulin and 25·6 min for proinsulin.

4. The apparent distribution space (DS) was similar for both hormones (83 ml/kg of insulin and 98·9 ml/kg of proinsulin).

5. There was a direct correlation between T½ and DS for both hormones.

6. Although the higher MCR of insulin was reflected in its shorter T½ there was, for each hormone, no relationship between MCR and T½.

7. The biological potency of porcine proinsulin, as judged by its effect on plasma glucose, was approximately 5% of that of insulin.

8. The responses of serum growth hormone and Cortisol were shown to be directly related to the degree of hypoglycaemia induced.
Generation of Angiotensin II at Peripheral Vascular Level: Studies Using Angiotensin II Antisera
Authors: Swales J. D. , Thurston H.
Published: August 2015

1. When the renin-angiotensin system of rats had been suppressed by a high salt diet or by bilateral nephrectomy, large doses of angiotensin II antiserum were required to block the pressor action of exogenous angiotensin II. Infusion of renin profoundly lowered the blocking requirement of such animals.

2. It is postulated that renin bound to blood vessels generates angiotensin locally which is taken up by vascular receptors. Where such receptors are left unoccupied and free to bind exogenous angiotensin, high doses of blocking antisera are required.

3. Animals with hypertension produced by renal artery constriction with contralateral nephrectomy were shown to be in positive sodium balance. Nevertheless their blocking requirement was low.

4. It is suggested that the local generation of angiotensin may play a role in the production of renal hypertension and that this accounts for the development of hypertension even in animals immunized against angiotensin.
Plasma Catecholamines during Sustained Isometric Exercise
Authors: Kozłowski S. , Brzezinska Z. , Nazar K. , Kowalski W. , Franczyk M.
Published: August 2015

1. Plasma catecholamine, haemodynamic and metabolic responses to sustained isometric exercise were studied in eight healthy subjects, who maintained handgrip at the 30% level of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) for as long as possible.

2. The sustained handgrip was accompanied by a significant increase in plasma noradrenaline (NA) and adrenaline (A) concentrations.

3. The increase in plasma NA during handgrip was greater than that associated with heavy dynamic work involving large muscle groups.

4. The results suggest that the known haemodynamic responses to static effort are related to a powerful activation of the adrenergic system, which may result from a reflex mechanism initiated in the exercising muscles.
Studies on the Mechanism of Aldosterone-Induced Hypertension in Man
Authors: Distler A. , Just H. J. , Philipp TH.
Published: August 2015

1. Haemodynamic studies were performed in six patients with hypertension, hyper-aldosteronism and low plasma renin (five patients with a solitary adrenocortical adenoma, one patient with bilateral adrenocortical nodular hyperplasia), and in ten normotensive control subjects.

2. Studies in the chronic phase of hypertension uniformly showed elevated total peripheral resistance while cardiac output was not increased.

3. In four patients haemodynamics were studied in the early phase of hypertension following a normotensive period induced by spironolactone. Under these latter conditions the raised blood pressure was associated with increased cardiac output whereas total peripheral resistance was normal. It is suggested that the haemodynamic pattern observed during the phase of the renewed elevation of blood pressure is similar to that at the onset of aldosterone-induced hypertension.

4. Serial measurements in two patients revealed that the haemodynamic characteristics were dependent on the phase of hypertension: during the chronic phase total peripheral resistance was increased whereas cardiac output was not. The new rise in blood pressure following discontinuation of spironolactone therapy was associated with increased cardiac output while total peripheral resistance was normal.

5. Although limited, the findings suggest that the initial step in the development of aldosterone-induced hypertension is a rise in cardiac output. This may be an important factor for the final elevation of total peripheral resistance.
Cardiovascular Responses to Acute Mental ‘Stress’ in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats
Authors: Folkow B. , Hallbäck Margareta , Weiss Lilian
Published: August 2015

1. The hypothalamic defence reaction was assessed in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive control rats (NCR).

2. SHR exhibited an apparently true hyper-reactivity of central autonomic structures mediating emotional behaviour during mental stress present in early as well as in established hypertension.

3. This hyper-reactivity is thought, therefore, to be a genetically linked factor predisposing to hypertension in SHR, rather than a consequence of the hypertensive state.
The Hypertensive Role of the Kidney in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats
Authors: Bianchi G. , Fox U. , Di Francesco G. F. , Bardi U. , Radice Maria
Published: August 2015

1. Spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats were selectively bred from a single Wistar strain.

2. Cross-transplantation of kidneys from hypertensive to normotensive rats and vice versa was performed, the sole remaining kidney of the recipient later being excised. Kidneys were also transplanted from normotensive donors into normotensive recipients and from hypertensive to hypertensive.

3. Normotensive rats receiving a kidney from either a hypertensive or normotensive donor showed unchanged blood pressure on normal salt diet. High-salt diet produced a greater rise in recipients of hypertensive than in recipients of normotensive kidneys.

4. Normotensive kidneys reduced the blood pressure of hypertensive recipients, but transplanted hypertensive kidneys had no such effect.
Haemodynamic and Blood Volume Studies in Long-Term Haemodialysis Patients, and in Patients with Successfully Transplanted Kidneys
Authors: Tuckman J. , Benninger J.-L. , Reubi F.
Published: August 2015

1. Stabilized hypertensive haemodialysis patients, as well as those with normotension, had a greatly elevated cardiac index (CI) that was not due to hypervolemia, but was most likely secondary to their anaemic condition. The hypertension itself was not accompanied by hypervolaemia, but was associated with a relatively very high total peripheral resistance.

2. In eight patients with successfully transplanted kidneys the following results were found. (a) Five were clearly hypertensive and had supine mean arterial pressure between 117 and 143 mmHg. It is noted that they were receiving prednisone at the time of the studies. (b) CI was normal in seven. (c) Total blood volume was normal in all. (d) The presence of wide-open arterio-venous fistulae was not associated with an increase in CI.
Clinical and Pharmacokinetic Studies of Minoxidil, a New Antihypertensive Agent
Authors: Chidsey Charles A.
Published: August 2015

1. Minoxidil is a direct-acting vasodilator which has been used in combination with propranolol and hydrochlorothiazide to lower blood pressure in hypertensive patients.

2. The therapeutic efficacy of minoxidil was compared with that of hydrallazine used in the same combination in eleven patients refractory to standard antihypertensive therapy.

3. The recumbent blood pressure of these patients on propranolol and hydrochlorothiazide alone averaged 191/128 mmHg and decreased to 142/92 mmHg during addition of minoxidil and only to 168/108 mmHg during hydrallazine treatment.

4. In addition to its greater efficacy, minoxidil exhibited a prolonged duration of action and there was no evidence of diminished response during treatment for as long as 2 years.

5. The paucity of side effects and the powerful activity of minoxidil in combination with the other drugs suggests that this agent may be of great value in the chronic therapy of hypertension.
Complications in Treated Arterial Hypertension
Authors: Storm-Mathisen H. , Löken H. , Rian U.
Published: August 2015

1. The treatment of high blood pressure with modern drugs seems to improve the prospect of life for all grades of essential hypertension.

2. The fatal complications are more seldom cerebral and more often cardiovascular. Especially in men coronary artery disease seems difficult to prevent.

3. Most remarkable is the great percentage of surviving and symptom-free men and women, especially patients belonging to stage 2 and 3 at registration.

4. Blood pressure reduction therapy seems to reduce the frequency of death directly related to hypertension. The grade of arteriosclerosis does not seem to be influenced to the same degree.
Diet Treatment of Obese Hypertensives
Authors: Heyden S. , Tyroler H. A. , Hames C. G. , Bartel A. , Thompson J. W. , Krishan I. , Rosenthal T.
Published: August 2015

1. The management of hypertension in overweight subjects has been studied.

2. Sixty-three patients were randomly allocated into a ‘dietary management’ or ‘treatment’ group; the sixty-four controls were told of their hypertension and instructed to seek advice from their usual medical attendant. Reassessment was at 1 year.

3. Treated patients consumed a 700 calorie, 1 g NaCl diet daily.

4. Weight loss was greater in the ‘treated’ group.

5. The average fall of blood pressure was slightly greater in the ‘treated’ group.
Renin Release and Renal Vasomotor Changes during Stimulation of the Brain Stem in the Cat
Authors: Richardson D. , Stella A. , Leonetti G. , Bartorelli A. , Zanchetti A.
Published: August 2015

1. Pontine stimulation induces a significant increase in renal venous renin activity, in venous-arterial renin activity difference and in renin release from an intact, innervated kidney, whereas no changes are observed in the contralateral denervated kidney. Renal blood flow markedly decreases in the innervated, and remains unchanged in the denervated, kidney during pontine stimulation.

2. Blockade of the vasomotor response to pontine stimulation in one kidney by close arterial infusion of phenoxybenzamine does not reduce the renin released by that kidney as compared with the contralateral intact one.
Primary Reninism: Hypertension, Hyperreninaemia and Secondary Aldosteronism Due to Juxtaglomerular Renal Cell Tumours
Authors: Conn J. W. , Cohen E. L. , McDonald W. J. , Blough W. M. , Lucas C. P. , Mayor G. H. , Bookstein J. J. , Eveland W. C. , Lapides J.
Published: August 2015

1. A further case of renin-secreting renal juxtaglomerular cell tumour is reported.

2. Hypertension, aldosteronism and hypokalaemia were associated with high peripheral levels of renin.

3. Renin activity was twice as high in right as in left renal vein plasma.

4. A renal juxtaglomerular cell tumour was found in the right kidney and removed, after which the biochemical abnormalities and blood pressure were promptly corrected.

5. Explants of tumour tissue in culture produced large amounts of renin.
Oral Contraceptives and Hypertension
Authors: Lund J. O.
Published: August 2015

1. The results of ambulatory blood pressure control in nineteen patients who were hypertensive on oral contraceptives are presented.

2. Withdrawal of the oral contraception in this group of patients reduced the average blood pressure significantly. Seven of the patients became normotensive after stopping the medication.

3. Hypertension was found among the relatives of the patients in twelve cases.
Affinity of Calciferol Analogues for 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol Receptors
Authors: Greenberg P. B. , Hillyard Carmel J. , Galante Leonora S. , Colston Kay W. , Evans Imogen M. A. , MacIntyre I.
Published: August 2015

1. The affinity of cholecalciferol, ergocalciferol and 25-hydroxyergocalciferol for 25-hydroxycholecalciferol receptors in human, rat and chicken kidney cytosol fractions is related to the biological activity of these analogues in the three species.

2. By selection of appropriate kidney cytosol receptors for competitive binding assays, the differential measurement of cholecalciferol and ergocalciferol derivatives is possible.
Action of Angiotensin Antagonists and Antiserum upon the Pressor Response to Renin: Further Evidence for the Local Generation of Angiotensin II
Authors: Thurston H. , Swales J. D.
Published: August 2015

1. Bilaterally nephrectomized rats were infused with a pressor dose of renin. The blood pressure was only partially restored to normal by sufficient angiotensin II antiserum to block the pressor response to exogenous angiotensin II.

2. A reduced pressor response still occurred when animals which had been pretreated with angiotensin II antiserum were infused with renin.

3. Infusion of an angiotensin II antagonist (1-sarcosine-8-alanine angiotensin II) restored the blood pressure of both groups of animals to normal.

4. These observations support the hypothesis that renin generates angiotensin II at a local vascular level. This site is inaccessible to antisera, but accessible to the low-molecular-weight antagonist.
Fatty Acid Synthesis De Novo in Human Adipose Tissue
Authors: Goldrick R. B. , Galton D. J.
Published: August 2015

1. Homogenates of subcutaneous adipose tissue from obese subjects contained sufficient citrate cleavage enzyme (EC 4.1.3.8: ATP—citrate oxaloacetate lyase), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.2: acetyl-CoA—carbon dioxide ligase) and fatty acid synthetase to account for the rates of fatty acid synthesis reported in the literature for intact tissues in vitro.

2. The distribution of label in fatty acids after incubations of adipose tissue with [1-14C]acetate was consistent with fatty acid synthesis de novo, not chain elongation.

3. The activities of citrate cleavage enzyme and fatty acid synthetase in subcutaneous adipose tissue were reduced by short periods of starvation.

4. These findings indicate that human adipose tissue is capable of fatty acid synthesis de novo and that two of the enzymes concerned adapt to starvation.
Comparison of the Renin Response to Dopamine and Noradrenaline in Normal Subjects and Patients with Autonomic Insufficiency
Authors: Wilcox C. S. , Aminoff M. J. , Kurtz A. B. , Slater J. D. H.
Published: August 2015

1. The effect on plasma renin activity (PRA) of dopamine and noradrenaline infusions was studied in three patients with Shy—Drager syndrome, three patients with Parkinson's disease and normal autonomic reflexes, and three healthy volunteers. The patients with the Shy—Drager syndrome had functional evidence of a peripheral lesion of the sympathetic nervous system and subnormal PRA on a controlled sodium intake.

2. In all subjects catecholamines were infused step-wise for 4 min until a 30% rise in systolic blood pressure occurred.

3. In each subject, PRA fell after noradrenaline but rose after dopamine. The mean fractional increase in PRA after dopamine was no less in the Shy—Drager patients than in the control groups.

4. The results suggest, first, that stimulation of dopamine receptors can release renin, and secondly, that inadequate renin stores cannot explain the low PRA found in our patients with autonomic failure.
Increased Glucuronidation of Bilirubin in Man and Rat by Administration of Antipyrine (Phenazone)
Authors: Orme M. L'E. , Davies L. , Breckenridge A.
Published: August 2015

1. Antipyrine in a dose of 3·2 mmol (600 mg) daily for 6 weeks produced a significant fall in both total and unconjugated serum bilirubin concentrations in six patients with Gilbert's syndrome. The maximum reduction in serum bilirubin concentration was seen after 2 weeks of treatment.

2. In the rat, administration of antipyrine in doses of 0·42 and 1·27 mmol 24 h−1 kg−1 (80 and 240 mg 24 h−1 kg−1) for 84 h caused a significant increase in the apparent maximal velocity (Vmax.) for the glucuronidation of bilirubin by liver microsomal preparations when the concentration of either uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid (UDPGA) or bilirubin was altered. There was no significant difference between the apparent Vmax. values attained with the two doses of antipyrine in either set of experiments. Neither the microsomal protein content nor the apparent affinity constant (Km) was altered in these studies.

3. In contrast, administration of phenobarbitone in doses of 0·34 mmol 24 h−1 kg−1 (80 mg 24 h−1 kg−1) caused a significant increase in the microsomal protein content but there was no significant change in the values for the apparent Vmax. or apparent Km for the glucuronidation of bilirubin with various concentrations of both UDPGA and bilirubin.
Effect of Nicotinic Acid on Cholesterol Metabolism in Monkeys
Authors: Magide Amany A. , Myant N. B.
Published: August 2015

1. Single subcutaneous injections of nicotinic acid lowered the serum free fatty acid and triglyceride concentration in two non-fasting Rhesus monkeys.

2. Injections of nicotinic acid repeated daily for 2–4 weeks led to a substantial fall in serum cholesterol concentration, comparable with that obtained in humans given therapeutic doses of nicotinic acid by mouth.

3. The fall in serum cholesterol concentration was accompanied by a decrease in hepatic synthesis of cholesterol but there was no change in the faecal excretion of endogenous steroids.

4. The rate of synthesis of cholesterol, estimated from the faecal excretion of endogenous steroids and from the serum specific radioactivity curve, was such that a moderate degree of inhibition would have accounted for the observed decrease in the amount of circulating cholesterol during nicotinic acid treatment.
Vasopressin-Induced Increase in Renal Lymph Flow and Natriuresis in Dogs
Authors: LeBrie S. J. , Gotshall R. W.
Published: August 2015

1. Renal lymph flow and composition as well as renal haemodynamics and electrolyte excretion were studied in dogs during three experimental periods: control [endogenous antidiuretic hormone (ADH)], water diuresis (low ADH) and during exogenous ADH administration.

2. During water diuresis CPAH and CCr were significantly increased although lymph flow and urinary sodium excretion were unchanged.

3. Infusion of ADH significantly increased renal lymph flow and sodium excretion. However, when compared with values obtained during water diuresis, ADH infusion did not significantly change clearance for p-aminohippurate (CPAH), creatinine (Ccr) and osmolal clearance (Cosm), filtration fraction or net capillary colloid osmotic pressure in dogs forming concentrated urine.

4. It is suggested that a shift of blood flow from vasa recta to outer medullary capillaries, with increased capillary protein leakage and medullary interstitial volume, is responsible for the changes observed in lymph flow and sodium excretion.
Stimulation of Angiotensinogen Release by Raised Blood Angiotensin Concentration in the Dog
Authors: Blair-West J. R. , Reid I. A. , Ganong W. F.
Published: August 2015

1. Intravenous infusion of angiotensin II increased plasma angiotensinogen concentration in five anaesthetized dogs.

2. This increase was not a consequence of haemoconcentration but was associated with an increase in peripheral corticosteroid concentration.

3. Infusion of angiotensin II did not increase plasma angiotensinogen concentration in five adrenalectomized dogs.