bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modification of Natural Rubber by Grafting with Hydrophilic Vinyl Monomers
Authors: Kangwansupamonkon Wiyong , Gilbert Robert G. , Kiatkamjornwong Suda
Published: December 2005

Summary: The grafting of two hydrophilic vinyl monomers, dimethylaminoethyl acrylate (DMAEA) and dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA), onto natural rubber latex was carried out by emulsion polymerization using redox initiation. The effects of the redox initiator concentration and type (cumene hydroperoxide/tetraethylenepentamine, CHP/TEPA; tert‐butyl hydroperoxide/tetraethylenepentamine, t‐BHP/TEPA; potassium persulfate/potassium metabisulfite, K2S2O8/K2S2O5), the monomer concentration and the reaction temperature on the conversion, the grafting efficiency, the water absorption and the contact angles of the grafted copolymers films, and the colloidal stability of the latexes at low pH, were investigated. Infrared spectroscopic analysis confirmed that DMAEA and DMAEMA were grafted onto the natural rubber particles. The hairy layer structure of NR‐g‐poly(DMAEMA) latex particles was investigated by transmission electron microscopy using positive and negative stainings with OsO4 and phosphotungstic acid, respectively.

TEM micrograph of NR‐g‐poly(DMAEMA) latex particles stained with 2% OsO4.

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TEM micrograph of NR‐g‐poly(DMAEMA) latex particles stained with 2% OsO4.
Low‐Voltage All‐Polymer Field‐Effect Transistor Fabricated Using an Inkjet Printing Technique
Authors: Liu Yi , Varahramyan Kody , Cui Tianhong
Published: December 2005

Summary: An all‐polymer field‐effect transistor (FET) fabricated using an inkjet printing technique is presented in this paper. Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) works as the source/drain/gate electrode material because of its good conductivity. Polypyrrole acts as the semiconducting layer. Poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) K60, an insulating polymer with a dielectric constant of 60, operates as the dielectric layer. All the polymers are diluted with deionized water, and can be printed with a piezoelectric inkjet printing system. The device functions at a depletion mode with low operation voltage. It has a field‐effect mobility of 0.1 cm2 · V−1 · s−1, an on/off ratio of 2.9 × 103, and a subthreshold slope of 2.81 V · decade−1.

Schematic of the all‐polymer FET synthesized here.

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Schematic of the all‐polymer FET synthesized here.
Conductive Polypyrrole and Poly(allylamine hydrochloride) Nanotubes Fabricated with Layer‐by‐Layer Assembly
Authors: Ai Sufen , He Qiang , Tao Cheng , Zheng Suping , Li Junbai
Published: December 2005

Summary: Conductive nanotubes were fabricated by the alternate adsorption of negatively charged polypyrrole (PPy) and positively charged poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) onto the inner pores of polycarbonate templates. Nanotubes are obtained by the subsequently removal of the template. Using several microscopic and spectroscopic techniques, we demonstrate that the yielded materials possess a tubular structure and conductive properties. The conductivity of PPy/PAH nanotubes is measured as 0.008 S · cm−1.

SEM image of eight bilayer PPy/PAH nanotubes after the removal of the template.

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SEM image of eight bilayer PPy/PAH nanotubes after the removal of the template.
Optimization and mediated bartering models for ground delay programs
Authors: Vossen Thomas , Ball Michael
Published: December 2005

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the airline community within the United States have adopted a new paradigm for air traffic flow management, called Collaborative Decision Making (CDM). A principal goal of CDM is shared decision‐making responsibility between the FAA and airlines, so as to increase airline control over decisions that involve economic tradeoffs. So far, CDM has primarily led to enhancements in the implementation of Ground Delay Programs, by changing procedures for allocating slots to airlines and exchanging slots between airlines. In this paper, we discuss how these procedures may be formalized through appropriately defined optimization models. In addition, we describe how inter‐airline slot exchanges may be viewed as a bartering process, in which each “round” of bartering requires the solution of an optimization problem. We compare the resulting optimization problem with the current procedure for exchanging slots and discuss possibilities for increased decision‐making capabilities by the airlines. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2006
Assessing p53 in clinical contexts: unlearned lessons and new perspectives
Authors: Hall Peter A , McCluggage W Glenn
Published: December 2005

There is compelling evidence for the central role of the p53 pathway in human neoplasia but, despite an enormous literature, the clinical utility of assessing this pathway remains ambiguous. Even simple questions about the assessment of p53 status in clinical samples remain unanswered and the literature is confusing and often contradictory. The p53 pathway is certainly complicated and the biochemical mechanisms for regulating the function of p53 and its downstream consequences are rabbinical in complexity. This perspective considers this complexity and the reasons why establishing the true utility of clinical assessment of p53 has proven to be so difficult. Indeed, recent observations regarding the existence of alternate splice variants of p53, the complexity of p53 regulation, and the existence of allelic variants of p53 and its regulators with distinct functionality makes the situation even more complex. Problems with the available assays are considered and the need to consider an array of methodological issues is emphasized. Newer strategies including analysis of the expression of downstream targets of p53 and the use of threshold strategies to measure p53 protein may provide more robust measures of the p53 pathway in clinical settings, perhaps coupled with cheap sequencing‐based approaches for mutation (and polymorphism) detection. However, progress will only be made if these methodological issues are resolved and robust assays are performed in the context of appropriately powered studies in clinical trial settings. Copyright © 2006 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pharmacogenetics of drug‐induced arrhythmias: a feasibility study using spontaneous adverse drug reactions reporting data
Authors: De Bruin Marie L. , van Puijenbroek Eugene P. , Bracke Madelon , Hoes Arno W. , Leufkens Hubert G. M.
Published: December 2005

Purpose

The bottleneck in pharmacogenetic research on rare adverse drug reactions (ADR) is retrieval of patients. Spontaneous reports of ADRs may form a useful source of patients. We investigated the feasibility of a pharmacogenetic study, in which cases were selected from the database of a spontaneous reporting system for ADRs, using drug‐induced arrhythmias as an example.

Methods

Reports of drug‐induced arrhythmias to proarrhythmic drugs were selected from the database of the Netherlands Pharmacovigilance Centre (1996–2003). Information on the patient's general practitioner (GP) was obtained from the original report, or from another health care provider who reported the event. GPs were contacted and asked to recruit the patient as well as two age, gender and drug matched controls. Patients were asked to fill a questionnaire and provide a buccal swab DNA sample through the mail. DNA samples were screened for 10 missense mutations in 5 genes associated with the congenital long‐QT (LQT) syndrome (KCNQ1, KCNH2, SCN5A, KCNE1, KCNE2).

Results

We identified 45 eligible cases, 29 GPs could be contacted of which seven were willing to participate. Four cases and five matched controls could be included in the study, giving an overall participation rate of 9% (4/45). The main reason for GPs not being willing to participate was lack of time. Variants were identified in KCNH2, SCN5A and KCNE1.

Conclusions

Spontaneous reporting systems for ADRs may be used for pharmacogenetic research. The methods described, however, need to be improved to increase participation and international collaboration may be required. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physical ageing in poly(4‐hydroxy styrene)/poly(vinyl methyl ether) blends
Authors: Arrighi Valeria , Cowie John MG , Ferguson Roderick , McEwen Iain J , McGonigle Elizabeth‐Anne , Pethrick Richard A , Princi Elisabetta
Published: December 2005

The influence of blend composition on enthalpy‐relaxation behaviour was assessed for miscible blends of poly(4‐hydroxy styrene)/poly(vinyl methyl ether) (PHS/PVME). Values of enthalpy lost (ΔH(Ta, ta)) were calculated from experimental data plotted against log (ta) and modelled using the Cowie–Ferguson (CF) expression. This gives a set of values for three adjustable parameters, ΔH∞(Ta), log (tc) and β. Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) measurements indicated that all of the blends, except the blend with 59 mol% of the PHS component, have greater free volume than pure PHS. Furthermore, infrared spectroscopy was useful for assessing the hydrogen‐bonding interactions in the blends. The ageing results are discussed with reference to the strength of the interactions and free volumes, and are compared with related systems. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Basic study of the gelation of dimethacrylate‐type crosslinking agents
Authors: Aoki Hiroshi , Hosoya Ken , Norisuye Tomohisa , Tanaka Nobuo , Tokuda Daisuke , Ishizuka Norio , Nakanishi Kazuki
Published: December 2005

An investigation was made of the gelation of dimethacrylate‐type crosslinking agents in view of an application for separation media. The study mainly centered on a crosslinking agent, glycerol dimethacrylate (GDMA), which is relatively hydrophilic because of a hydroxyl group in the middle of its structure. The gelation of GDMA was compared with that of other hydrophobic crosslinking agents such as ethylene glycol dimethacrylate and 1,6‐hexanediol dimethacrylate. The diluents used in the study were toluene, toluene with methanol, and cyclohexanol. The gelation was observed in real time with a charge coupled device camera and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Also, the separated dry gels were extensively characterized with scanning electron microscopy, BET (N2 absorption and desorption isotherm), and Fourier transform infrared. DLS analysis showed a stronger molecular interaction of GDMA gelation in toluene, whereas this interaction was much weaker in an alcoholic solvent such as toluene with methanol or cyclohexanol. This indicated that GDMA gelation might proceed through hydrogen bonding as well as a crosslinking reaction of vinyl groups. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 949–958, 2006
Synthesis and properties of optically active amino acid based polyacetylenes bearing eugenol and fluorene moieties
Authors: Rahim Erwin Abdul , Sanda Fumio , Masuda Toshio
Published: December 2005

Novel optically active amino acid based polyacetylenes bearing eugenol and fluorene moieties were synthesized, and their properties, including chiroptical ones, were analyzed. N‐[1‐(3,4‐Dimethoxyphenyl)‐2‐propyloxycarbonyl]‐L‐alanine N′‐propargylamide (1), N‐[1‐(3,4‐dimethoxyphenyl)‐2‐propyloxycarbonyl]‐L‐alanine propargyl ester (2), N‐(9‐fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl)‐L‐alanine N′‐propargylamide (3), and N‐(9‐fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl)‐L‐alanine propargyl ester (4) were polymerized with a rhodium‐zwitterion catalyst in tetrahydrofuran to afford the corresponding polymers with moderate molecular weights ranging from 10,800 to 17,300 in good yields. Because of the large specific rotation and circular dichroism (CD) signal, it was concluded that the poly(N‐propargylamide)s [poly(1) and poly(3)] took a helical structure with a predominantly one‐handed screw sense. The solvent and temperature could tune the helical structure of poly(1). On the other hand, the poly(propargyl ester)s [poly(2) and poly(4)] exhibited only small specific rotations and CD signals. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 810–819, 2006
The tiered model of psychosocial intervention in cancer: a community based approach
Authors: Hutchison Sandy D. , Steginga Suzanne K. , Dunn Jeff
Published: December 2005

Clinical practice guidelines for the management of psychosocial distress in people with cancer have been produced in Australia and North America and these provide direction for the provision of psychosocial care for patients with cancer and their families. This report describes a tiered intervention model to operationalise psychosocial care in oncology in the community and outlines a framework for integrating services across sectors. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cover Picture: Plasma Process. Polym. 9/2005
Authors: Casserly Thomas B. , Gleason Karen K.
Published: December 2005

Cover: Density functional theory was applied to study the thermochemistry of methyl‐ and methoxymethylsilanes. Predicted bond dissociation energies of methoxymethylsilanes are plotted, and potential reaction pathways of trimethoxymethylsilane and H atom are illustrated with the thermodynamically favored silanol formation highlighted. Further details can be found in the Full Paper by T. B. Casserly and K. K. Gleason* on page 669.
Computational study of titanium (IV) complexes with organic chromophores
Authors: Kondov Ivan , Wang Haobin , Thoss Michael
Published: December 2005

A computational study of small titanium complexes with the chromophores catechol, alizarin, and coumarin 343 is presented. Employing density functional theory (DFT), the ground‐state geometries, energies, and harmonic frequencies of the different compounds are calculated. Furthermore, time‐dependent DFT and the configuration interaction singles (CIS) method are used to determine excitation energies and excited‐state gradients. Based on these results, the character of the excited states as well as electronic‐vibrational coupling strengths are analyzed, and the implications for electron‐transfer reactions at dye–semiconductor interfaces are discussed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
Theoretical study of the substituent effect on the intramolecular hydrogen bonds in di(4‐hydroxycoumarin) derivatives
Authors: Mihaylov Tzvetan , Georgieva Ivelina , Bauer Günther , Kostova Irena , Manolov Ilia , Trendafilova Natasha
Published: December 2005

Geometry optimization of ortho‐, meta‐, and para‐pyridyl‐substituted di(4‐hydroxycoumarin) [di(4‐HC)] was performed with the density functional theory (DFT) [B3LYP/6‐31G(d)] method. Two asymmetrical intramolecular OH…O hydrogen bonds (HBs) stabilized the structures. The calculated single HB energies varied from −62.56 to −47.53 kJ mol−1 and pointed to a relative strong hydrogen bond in the systems studied. The 2‐ and 6‐pyridyl substituents produced the largest geometrical changes in di(4‐hydroxycoumarin) fragment. The highest total HB energy was found for 2‐pyridyl‐substituted and the lowest one for 6‐pyridyl‐substituted di(4‐hydroxycoumarin). The HB energy variations were confirmed with rotational barrier method calculations. Both steric and electrostatic factors were found to be responsible for the HB asymmetry in the compounds studied. According to the molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) calculations the most preferred reactive site for electrophilic attack of pyridyl‐substituted di(4‐hydroxycoumarin)s are the pyridine nitrogen and the carbonyl oxygens, followed by the hydroxyl oxygens. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
Molecular orbital investigation of various reaction pathways in reaction of ketones with bromoform
Authors: Vitnik Željko J. , Kiricojević Vesna D. , Ivanović Milovan D. , Juranić Ivan O.
Published: December 2005

To elucidate the ring opening, nucleophilic reactions of dihaloepoxides the extensive calculations were done on a model system cyclohexanone–bromoform. In this reaction, the formation of dihaloepoxide is postulated as a key step that determines the distribution and stereochemistry of products. Every reaction scheme involves epoxide as a key intermediate (1). Three major products (2, 3, and 4) can be obtained, in principle, by three different competing reaction pathways. The calculations showed that all the pathways are exothermic. Reaction pathway 1 is most convenient, it does not include any intermediate, and its energy is not much affected by the polarity of the medium. In pathways 2 and 3, the calculations showed the intermediates having a largely carbocationic character on the spiro junction carbon atom. The step in which these intermediates are formed determines the reaction rate. Because of the polarity of intermediates in pathways 2 and 3, the base concentration and polarity of solvent determine the balance of reaction pathways and the product yield. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
Quantitative analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in adipose tissue, human serum and foodstuff samples by gas chromatography with ion trap tandem mass spectrometry and isotope dilution
Authors: Gómara Belén , Herrero Laura , Bordajandi Luisa R. , González María José
Published: December 2005

A method based on gas chromatography (GC) separation followed by ion trap tandem mass spectrometry detection in EI mode (ITD‐MS/MS), using isotope dilution, was developed for the determination of ten native polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and four 13C12‐labeled congeners in biological (fat tissue and human serum) and food samples. The highest‐mass fragment ions were used as precursor ions for those congeners with molecular ions with m/z values higher than the maximum of the instrument. In these cases (hepta‐BDEs and 13C12‐hexa‐BDEs) no fragmentation was achieved under the experimental conditions employed. Repeatability (lower than 9%) and reproducibility (lower than 13%), expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD, n = 3 and 4, respectively), were satisfactory. Similarly, the coefficient of variation (n = 4) of the isotopic ratio between the two most abundant product ions was lower than 10 and 6% for native and labeled congeners, respectively. To evaluate the feasibility of the method, the optimized isotope dilution GC/ITD‐MS/MS method was used for the quantitation of selected PBDE congeners in different samples including adipose tissue, human serum and foodstuff samples, from three inter‐laboratory comparative exercises, covering a wide range of concentrations. A solid‐phase extraction procedure, previously developed for PCB determination in small‐size bird serum samples, was successfully applied to quantification of PBDEs in 1 mL samples of human serum. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Advantages of deuterium‐labelled mixed triacylglycerol in studies of intraluminal fat digestion
Authors: Slater Christine , Preston Tom , Weaver Lawrence T.
Published: December 2005

The 13C‐mixed triacylglcerol (MTG, 1,3‐distearyl, 2‐[1‐13C]octanoyl glycerol) breath test is a non‐invasive measure of intraluminal fat digestion. Recovery of 13C in breath CO2 is incomplete (<50%) owing to sequestration of 13C into organic molecules via the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. In addition lack of knowledge of CO2 production rate (VCO2) during the test leads to errors in the calculated percentage dose recovered (PDR). 2H sequestration into organic molecules is low (∼4%) and is not influenced by factors that affect VCO2 such as food intake or physical activity. After oxidation of 2H‐labelled macromolecules, the label appears in body water, which can be sampled non‐invasively in urine or saliva. After an overnight fast, two healthy adults consumed [2H]MTG (1,3‐distearyl, 2‐[2H15]octanoyl glycerol) and [13C]MTG (1,3 distearyl, 2‐[1‐13C]octanoyl glycerol) simultaneously. Total body water (TBW) was measured by 18O dilution and also estimated from height and weight. Urine and saliva were sampled at baseline and for 10 h after consumption of the test meal. The abundance of 2HOH and H2 18O in urine and saliva was measured by continuous‐flow isotope‐ratio mass spectrometry. Cumulative PDR of 2H and 18O was calculated from the plateau enrichment, which was reached by 6 h in both saliva and urine. Recovery of 2H calculated using measured TBW was compared with that using an estimated value of TBW. Mean recovery of 2H in saliva was 99.3% and in urine was 96.4%. Errors introduced by estimating TBW were <5%. [2H]MTG could provide a simpler, more robust, indirect test of intraluminal fat digestion compared with the 13C‐breath test. Further studies are required in pancreatic insufficient patients. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Extracellular Biosynthesis of Magnetite using Fungi
Authors: Bharde Atul , Rautaray Debabrata , Bansal Vipul , Ahmad Absar , Sarkar Indranil , Yusuf Seikh Mohammad , Sanyal Milan , Sastry Murali
Published: December 2005

The development of synthetic processes for oxide nanomaterials is an issue of considerable topical interest. While a number of chemical methods are available and are extensively used, the collaborations are often energy intensive and employ toxic chemicals. On the other hand, the synthesis of inorganic materials by biological systems is characterized by processes that occur at close to ambient temperatures and pressures, and at neutral pH (examples include magnetotactic bacteria, diatoms, and S‐layer bacteria). Here we show that nanoparticulate magnetite may be produced at room temperature extracellularly by challenging the fungi, Fusarium oxysporum and Verticillium sp., with mixtures of ferric and ferrous salts. Extracellular hydrolysis of the anionic iron complexes by cationic proteins secreted by the fungi results in the room‐temperature synthesis of crystalline magnetite particles that exhibit a signature of a ferrimagnetic transition with a negligible amount of spontaneous magnetization at low temperature.
Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Chemiresistors: Does the Nanoscale Matter?
Authors: Franke Marion E. , Koplin Tobias J. , Simon Ulrich
Published: December 2005

Sensor technology is one of the most important key technologies of the future with a constantly increasing number of applications, both in the industrial and in the private sectors. More and more gas sensors are used for the control of technical processes, in environment monitoring, healthcare, and automobiles. Consequently, the development of fast and sensitive gas sensors with small cross sensitivity is the subject of intense research, propelled by strategies based on nanoscience and ‐technology. Established systems can be improved and novel sensor concepts based on bottom‐up approaches show that the sensor properties can be controlled by molecular design. This Review highlights the recent developments and reflects the impact of nanoscience on sensor technology.
What higher education law says about spirituality
Authors: Lowery John Wesley
Published: December 2005

An increasingly litigious environment, combined with a renewed interest in spirituality, makes it imperative for higher education officials to be cognizant of the legal implication of two competing fundamental rights.
Faculty perspective on spirituality, teaching, and learning on a nonsectarian campus: Gleanings from a book group
Authors: Diamond Miriam Rosalyn
Published: December 2005

Faculty concerns, needs, and struggles in relationship to their own spirituality play out in all aspects of their roles as instructors, advisers, and mentors.
Preparing students for spirituality in the workplace
Authors: Geroy Gary D.
Published: December 2005

Engaging spirituality in the workplace is a logical extension of an evolving preworkplace model of individual spirituality.
Whose spirituality? Cautionary notes about the role of spirituality in higher education
Authors: Gilley Daryl V.
Published: December 2005

Whereas questions about meaning and purpose are appropriate and perhaps essential in the classroom, teachers should integrate them with caution.
Women's Social Support and Social Network after Their First Myocardial Infarction; A 4-Year Follow-Up with Focus on Cardiac Rehabilitation
Authors: Wieslander Inger , Baigi Amir , Turesson Christina , Fridlund Bengt
Published: December 2005

Background: Knowledge about women's recovery following a myocardial infarction (MI) with focus on how their social support and network change over time as a result of participation in a cardiac rehabilitation programme (CRP) is not well established.

Aim: The aim of this study was to describe and compare social support and network changes over a 4-year period in women with a first MI, based on socio-demographic and situational data.

Method: A longitudinal, comparative study with a non-randomised design including pre- and post-tests (1 and 4 years after MI) was carried out in 18 hospitals in Sweden. Consecutively chosen women ( N = 240) answered a questionnaire on the subject of social support and network.

Results: The women who participated in a CRP were mainly dependent upon professional support during the first year after MI ( p < 0.0001), while those who declined to participate in a CRP needed professional support throughout the whole 4-year period ( p = 0.001). Participation in CRP was dependent on the women's age, those under 60 years ( p = 0.050).

Conclusion: There is a need to develop CRPs that are specifically designed for women based on their age and family relationships. Nurses' training programmes should place greater emphasis on cardiac rehabilitation from the perspective of women with focus on professional support.
Masterful Women: Colonial Women Slaveholders in the Urban Low Country
Authors: DORNAN INGE
Published: December 2005

When Abraham Minis, merchant and tavern keeper, of Savannah, Georgia sat down to draw up his last will and testament he faced a heart-wrenching dilemma: how would he successfully provide for all of his eight children and also ensure that his beloved wife Abigail would have enough to live out the rest of her days in widowhood in comfort? Three years later, in spring 1757, Abraham died. When his will was read, there were thankfully no surprises for Abigail and their children – Abraham had followed Low Country custom regarding the division of family wealth. He gave his three sons his horses and mares and left five daughters all of his black cattle. It was Abigail, he explained, who was to inherit “all the rest of my Estate both real and personal” to be “enjoyed by her” so that she would be able to “maintain educate and bring up our children.” He sealed his love, approval, and trust in his wife's abilities to meet this request by nominating her his sole executrix. Any help that she might need when settling the affairs of his estate, he observed, would be provided by his loyal friends Joseph Phillips and Benjamin Sheftall, who would assist and advise her.
Edward Fisher and the Defence of Elizabethan Protestantism during the English Revolution
Authors: DURSTON CHRISTOPHER
Published: December 2005

During the seventeenth century several attempts were made to change fundamentally the character of the Church of England founded by Elizabeth I. The innovations introduced by Laud in the 1630s precipitated a civil war and brought to power godly governments which restructured the Church on a Presbyterian model. The amateur theologian, Edward Fisher, opposed this new godly establishment, arguing for the continued celebration of Christmas, and against sabbatarianism and sacramental examination and suspension. His tracts in support of ‘Elizabethan Protestantism’ proved popular in the 1650s and helped to cement attachment to a more inclusive vision of the English Church.
Formant frequencies of RP monophthongs in four age groups of speakers
Authors: Hawkins Sarah , Midgley Jonathan
Published: December 2005

This study describes the frequencies of the first two formants of monophthongs produced by male RP speakers in four age groups: aged 20–25, 35–40, 50–55, and 65–73 years in 2001. The eleven monophthongs were spoken in /hVd/ contexts by five men in each age group. The eleven words, together with nineteen filler words chosen to distract attention from the purpose of the experiment, were randomized four times and read by each speaker in citation form, for a total of 880 items. F1 and F2 frequencies were measured in Hz and ERB-rate. As expected, in younger compared with older speakers, F1 is higher in /ε/ and especially /æ/, and F2 is higher in /u:/ and /υ/. Other vowels varied in overall dispersion of F1 or F2, but no other differences between age groups were observed. There is evidence that the oldest age group to show change in a vowel's quality has particularly large differences between individuals, so that, collectively, members of that group span much of the quality range from ‘conservative’ (older groups) to ‘progressive’ (younger groups). Such so-called ‘break groups’ have implications for theoretical explanations of sound change.
The sound pattern of Standard Italian, as compared with the varieties spoken in Florence, Milan and Rome
Authors: Bertinetto Pier Marco , Loporcaro Michele
Published: December 2005

This paper is a condensed presentation of the phonetics and phonology of Standard Italian, compared to the most prestigious local accents, viz. those of Florence, Milan and Rome. Historically based on the Florentine pronunciation, and traditionally identified with it, Standard Italian is nowadays used by trained speakers such as stage actors and (but less and less so) radio and TV speakers. The present paper aims at depicting the most salient features of Standard Italian, still a matter of primary reference in language courses, comparing them with the characteristic features of the three most prominent local varieties, with which the foreign learner is most likely to be confronted. All traditional (and sometimes widely debated) issues of Italian phonetics/phonology are addressed in the most ecumenical setting possible.
The Braille International Phonetic Alphabet and other options: the blind student in the phonetics classroom
Authors: Wells-Jensen Sheri
Published: December 2005

This paper discusses techniques, including the Braille IPA, which are useful for the full inclusion of blind and visually impaired students into the phonetics classroom. Topics include transcribing, reading transcription, access to textbooks and classroom management. Suggestions for making the classroom more accessible have the added advantage of creating better access to information for the sighted students as well. The material may also be useful to blind phonetics instructors who teach sighted students.
Central Arrernte
Authors: Breen Gavan , Dobson Veronica
Published: December 2005

Central Arrernte is the language of an area centred on the present-day town of Alice Springs, in Central Australia. It is one of a group of dialects or closely-related languages spoken or formerly spoken over most of the southeast quarter of the Northern Territory and extending on the east side into the far-western part of Queensland; a slightly less closely-related language extends south into the north-central part of South Australia. They include varieties using the names Anmatyerr, Alyawarr and Antekerrepenh as well as several varieties using the name Arrernte with (nowadays) English geographical qualifiers. The major surviving varieties, Eastern, Central and Western Arrernte, Eastern and Western Anmatyerr, Southern and Northern Alyawarr each have several hundred to a thousand speakers, and are still being learned by many of the children, who grow up bilingual (in English) or multilingual. Breen (2001) is a brief introduction to the phonology of these languages.
China's “Soft” Centralization: Shifting Tiao/Kuai Authority Relations
Authors: Mertha Andrew C.
Published: December 2005

This article analyses China's recent attempts to counter “local protectionism” and establish standardization in policy implementation and enforcement by centralizing a growing number of its regulatory bureaucracies up to the provincial level (what I refer to as “soft” centralization). In this article, I argue that Beijing's experiment with soft centralization, while successful to some extent, has nevertheless fallen short of its goals and that thus far this transformation remains imperfect and incomplete. The institutional cleavages and fragmentation that so often give rise to corruption and other pathologies of the state appear to have shifted from horizontal, geographic lines to vertical, functional ones. Moreover, the principal beneficiaries of this shift to centralized management are the provinces, not Beijing, as the institutional mechanisms of personnel and budgetary resource allocations are concentrated at the provincial level. Although this has curbed localism to a degree by transferring power from local governments to the newly centralized bureaucracies, it has also contributed to a situation in which newly strengthened provinces may play a key role in the emergence of a sort of perverse federalism.
Shanghai in the Long Run
Authors: Howe Christopher
Published: December 2005

Histoire de Shanghai. By MARIE-CLAIRE BERGÈRE. [Paris: Fayard, 2002. 520 pp. €25.00. ISBN 2-21360-955-1.]

Marie-Claire Bergère has written a remarkable and much needed history of modern Shanghai. Modern in this context is defined as the period that began with the arrival of foreigners in Shanghai after the Treaty of Nanjing (1842). The study concludes with the 1990s and China's imminent entry into the WTO.

This book is the result of more than forty years of research and thought. The author first encountered Shanghai in 1957, on a visit described as being on a ‘fishbowl’ basis. That is to say she saw what her hosts wished her to see, but remained totally unaware of the violent anti-rightist struggle then raging around her. She was, however, drawn to the fascination of this extraordinary city, ‘submerged by the storms of history.’
Sur la nature des fausses prépositions sauf et excepté
Authors: PIOT MIREILLE
Published: December 2005

Dans cet article, nous analysons le comportement d'items tels que sauf, excepté, etc. notamment pour réfuter la dénomination traditionnelle de ‘préposition’ qui leur est généralement accolée lorsqu'ils introduisent une séquence (pro)nominale ou infinitivale, mais aussi une proposition beaucoup plus ingénieuse analysant tout sauf comme une négation. Notre analyse aboutit à la détermination que dans tous leurs emplois (en présence d'une subordonnée réduite ou non) ces items ‘exceptifs’, comme les ‘comparatifs’, sont de pures conjonctions sans emploi prépositionnel aucun. A l'appui de cette thèse, nous montrons les analogies de comportement en synchronie du français entre ces deux classes d'items conjonctifs, de même que d'autres faits empruntés à un état ancien du français comme ancien et/ou contemporain de quelques autres langues romanes (espagnol, italien, provençal/occitan) qui vont dans le même sens et confortent notre hypothèse en la remettant dans une perspective diachronique et générale pour les langues romanes.
David A. Reeder (1931–2005) Educationalist and urban historian
Authors: Rodger Richard
Published: December 2005

David Reeder, who has died aged 74, made a major contribution to the understanding of two academic fields: urban history, and the history of education. The son of a railway fireman, David was born in Hull in 1931 and evacuated during the war from the family's council house first to Rawcliffe, near Goole, and then to York in 1942. There David attended Nunethorp Grammar School, where he was head boy, and won a scholarship place to Durham University, graduating in 1952. David Reeder began a 50 year association with the University of Leicester when he embarked upon a Post-Graduate Certificate in Education course in 1952. Heavily influenced by his National Service experience as an RAF Education Officer (1953–56), and by his spells successively as a teacher and superintendent of the Evening Institute in Leicester (1956–59), lecturer in history at Westminster College (1959–62) and as Head of the Faculty of Education at Garnett College, Roehampton (1962–66), David initially established a reputation in nineteenth-century British history by publishing general historical syntheses.
All politics are global: nineteenth-century New York history in its own world wide web
Authors: SOFFER JONATHAN
Published: December 2005

One of my colleagues likes to say that if a subject was worth one book, it was worth more than one. A comparison of two books on the development of New York City's manufacturing, commercial and financial elite demon-strates how differences in theoretical approaches, research materials and literary form can lead in significantly different directions. Beckert depicts the rise of the bourgeois class in the late nineteenth century with touches of tragedy and irony. Kessner's capitalists, while flawed, particularly in their mistreatment of labour, tend to come across as heroes who make America a dominant world power.
Linguistic knowledge in statistical phrase-based word alignment
Authors: DE GISPERT A. , MARIÑO J. B.
Published: December 2005

In this paper, a novel phrase alignment strategy combining linguistic knowledge and cooccurrence measures extracted from bilingual corpora is presented. The algorithm is mainly divided into four steps, namely phrase selection and classification, phrase alignment, one-to-one word alignment and postprocessing. The first stage selects a linguistically-derived set of phrases that convey a unified meaning during translation and are therefore aligned together in parallel texts. These phrases include verb phrases, idiomatic expressions and date expressions. During the second stage, very high precision links between these selected phrases for both languages are produced. The third step performs a statistical word alignment using association measures and link probabilities with the remaining unaligned tokens, and finally the fourth stage takes final decisions on unaligned tokens based on linguistic knowledge. Experiments are reported for an English-Spanish parallel corpus, with a detailed description of the evaluation measure and manual reference used. Results show that phrase cooccurrence measures convey a complementary information to word cooccurrences and a stronger evidence of a correct alignment, successfully introducing linguistic knowledge in a statistical word alignment scheme. Precision, Recall and Alignment Error Rate (AER) results are presented, outperforming state-of-the-art alignment algorithms.
Khukh Ordung, A Uighur Palace Complex of the Seventh Century
Authors: Kolbas Judith G.
Published: December 2005

Inhabitants of the Mongolian Plateau have been staunchly nomadic. Cities rarely existed before the Russian hegemony, and at that point they first attached themselves to pre-existing Buddhist monasteries. The exception to this general pattern was the Uighurs, who had an empire in the eighth and early ninth centuries. They built several cities, extended and maintained a flourishing trade network, established sufficient agriculture and developed urban manufacturing. Although historians have pointed out these significant distinctions, few have fully considered the thoroughly revolutionary impact of this Turkish group on steppe culture. One result in the Orkhon Valley was the foundation for Karakorum, the only permanent seat of the imperial Mongols in the thirteenth century. That city occupied the same site and, in the early seventeenth century, served as building material for the major religious centre of Erdene Zuu accompanying the re-introduction of Buddhism. Therefore, the Uighurs affected the physical heartland of their empire for a millennium and the habits of the people to this day.
Native Collecting and Natural Knowledge (1798–1832): Raja Serfoji II of Tanjore as ‘Centre of Calculation’
Authors: Nair Savithri Preetha
Published: December 2005

Tanjore in South India during the reign of Raja Serfoji II (1798–1832), is a hitherto unexamined episode of both colonial science and of ‘Enlightenment’ in the non-western context. If Joseph Banks, a product of the English Enlightenment, was a metropolitan ‘centre of calculation’ directing and controlling a collecting network in India between the 1770s and 1820, it is argued that Raja Serfoji was his native counterpart, exhibiting similar formal properties, and drawing on those very same ideas and networks of metropolitan practice to systematically produce useful knowledge. This case study demonstrates strongly (among other things) the weaknesses of the centre-periphery model of scientific practice. It shows how the ‘centre’ and ‘periphery’ are not determined by virtue of the geographical location, but by the nature of practice, which is a combined effect of social, scientific and power relations. Thus, this article examines the ways in which it became possible for a small quasi-Indian state in early nineteenth-century South India to leap onto the threshold of modernity, by generating an intellectual ferment of the kind that it did, as a unique native response to the western encounter.
Systematic in vivo dosimetry for quality assurance using diodes 2: Assessing radiotherapy techniques and developing an appropriate action protocol
Authors: Appleyard R. , Ball K. , Hughes F. E. , Kilby W. , Nicholls R. , Rabett V. , Sage J. , Smith M. , Thomson E.
Published: December 2005

Purpose: Having previously reviewed the implementation of systematic in vivo dosimetry at the Norfolk and Norwich Hospital this paper examines the results of entrance dose measurements for specific sites/techniques and determines whether different action/alert protocols are required for these different categories.

Methods and materials: Entrance dose measurements using p-type diodes were analysed for the following treatment categories: Breast, head and neck in beam direction shell, abdomino-pelvic and intrathoracic. A 4% tolerance was applied.

Results: Mean deviations from expected dose and proportion of measurements exceeding tolerance were: Breast: +1.15%±3.04% (1SD), 238/1073≥4%; Head and neck: +0.35%±2.20% (1SD), 21/326≥4%; Abdomino-pelvic: +0.52%±2.75% (1SD), 93/712≥4%; Intrathoracic: −0.01%±2.75% (1SD), 22/119≥4%. Significant improvements in results for breast patients were noted following the introduction of a commercial breast board. The results for abdomino-pelvic patients confirmed a substantial variation in diode response under short FSD, wedged fields at 16MV (that had not been corrected for). The statistical uncertainty in dose measurement for each treatment category was calculated in order to assist determination of appropriate tolerance levels.

Conclusions: A blanket tolerance of 4% was generally too low given the extent of measurement uncertainty. The relatively high number of readings outside tolerance where identification of errors was difficult/impossible resulted in inconsistent application of the action protocol. Some widening of tolerances is likely to improve quality of procedure and treatment. Appropriate action levels are recommended for each treatment category.
The current role of systemic therapy in the management of Malignant Melanoma of the skin: a literature review
Authors: Reeves Elizabeth , Bridge P. , Appleyard R. M.
Published: December 2005

Melanoma patients can be split into two main categories that have different aims for treatment; localised disease with either intermediate or high-risk of recurrence after surgery, and metastatic disease. Over the past decade, there have been many clinical trials looking at improving the success rates for localised and metastatic melanoma with alternative systemic treatments, namely immunotherapy, biochemotherapy and vaccines. This literature review summarises the clinical trials for each form of systemic treatment in localised and metastatic melanoma and assesses the effectiveness of each by an evaluation and comparison of relevant clinical trials for each systemic modality. The main objective was to assess whether alternative forms of systemic therapy have improved the disease free and overall survival rates achieved with chemotherapy.
Tanztherapie mit Krebspatienten
Authors: Mannheim Elana G. , Weis Joachim
Published: December 2005

Zusammenfassung. Tanztherapie als körperorientierte Psychotherapie hilft Tumorpatienten in ihrem Prozess der emotionalen Krankheitsverarbeitung und körperlicher Erholung. Insbesondere krebsbetroffene Frauen nutzen die Tanztherapie, um nach den zum Teil invasiven und aggressiven medizinischen Therapien den Körper durch Bewegung neu erleben zu können, Veränderungen im Körperbild akzeptieren zu lernen, Emotionen im Tanz zum Ausdruck zu bringen und ihr Selbstbewusstsein zu stärken. In einem Forschungsprojekt wurden an der Klinik für Tumorbiologie in Freiburg Veränderungen innerhalb des Interventionszeitraumes in Bezug auf Lebensqualität, Befindlichkeit und Selbstkonzept untersucht. Zusätzlich wurde die Veränderung im Bewegungsverhalten bei ausgewählten Patientinnen mit Hilfe eines Verfahrens zur Bewegungsanalyse von Fremdratern analysiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigten signifikante Verbesserungen in den Bereichen Lebensqualität, Angst und Depression sowie im Selbstwert. Die Bewegungsqualität veränderte sich deutlich in Richtung gesundes Bewegungsverhalten. Wenngleich die Ergebnisse nicht allein auf die Tanztherapie zurückzuführen sind, so machen die Auswertungen der qualitativen Verfahren deutlich, dass die Tanztherapie den Prozess der Krankheitsverarbeitung positiv beeinflusst.
Late Quaternary to decadal velocity fields in Asia
Authors: England Philip , Molnar Peter
Published: December 2005

Fields of crustal velocity and strain rate within Asia, averaged over horizontal distances of ∼300 km, are calculated from estimates of Quaternary slip rates on faults and rates of change of lengths of baselines between GPS sites. The calculated fields fit strain rate components estimated from Quaternary slip rates within 95% confidence limits and fit the GPS data with an RMS residual of 2.5 mm yr−1. The strain rate field constrained only by Quaternary slip rates of faults differs from the combined solution at the level of 20 nstrain yr−1, and the differences are explicable by the limited accuracy of geological estimates of slip rate. Therefore the strain rate fields determined by geodetic measurements taken on the 10‐year timescale are consistent with geological observations on the 104‐year timescale. The combined solution for velocities shows plate‐ or block‐like motion within deforming Asia only in Tarim, south China, and the Amurian region; elsewhere the kinematics of rigid blocks does not provide a useful description of the motion. In particular, velocities relative to Eurasia point at high angles to contours of their magnitudes, not parallel to them as they would if large regions moved as rigid blocks. The axes of principal horizontal compressional strain align with topographic gradients, in agreement with previous suggestions that Asia deforms as a continuum under the influence of gravity.