bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
III.—On a Supposed Tropical American Fish (Poecilia) from the Upper Miocene of Oeningen, Baden
Authors: Woodward Arthur Smith
Published: May 2009

In 1861, the late Dr. T. C. Winkler, of Haarlem, published a memoir on some fishes from the well-known Upper Miocene fresh-water formation of Oeningen, and among other new forms he believed he could recognize an extinct species of the Cyprinodont genus, Poecilia. This peculiar fish not being known elsewhere beyond the fresh waters of tropical America, the determination of a Miocene representative in a European fresh-water deposit excited some interest both among geologists and ichthyologists; and the occurrence of Poecilia oeningensis in Baden has been almost universally quoted in textbooks and treatises as a fact worthy of special note.

In his memoir Dr. Winkler mentions that he founds the species in. question on a series of specimens, partly in the Teyler Museum, partly in the collection of Van Breda. As the latter collection was acquired by the British Museum in 1871, four of the specimens studied by Winkler are destined to be included in the forthcoming vol. iv of the “Catalogue of Fossil Fishes.” They have thus been recently examined during the preparation of this work; and the result is so completely at variance with Winkler's interpretation of the fossils, that it seems advisable to publish an amended description of the fish without delay.
IV.—On some Cretaceous Shells from Egypt
Authors: Newton R. Bullen
Published: May 2009

A Collection of Invertebrate fossils, obtained from various horizons and localities in Egypt and consisting principally of molluscan remains, has been sent home for examination and description by Captain H. G. Lyons, R.E., Director of the Geological Survey of that country.

The oldest specimens represented belong to Upper Cretaceous rocks, and are dealt with in the present communication. They include one species of Gasteropod and eight Lamellibranchs, two of the latter group being regarded as hitherto undescribed forms. It need hardly be stated here that most of our knowledge respecting these groups of Mollusca as represented in Egypt during this period has been ably summarized by Professor Dr. von Zittel, in his elaborate memoir, “Beiträge zur Geologie und Palaeontologie der Libyschen Wiiste und der angrenzenden Gebiete von Aegypten,” published in the Paleaontographica for 1883. For subsequent details we are mainly indebted to the researches of Professor Mayer-Eymar and Prof. Johannes Walther: to the former for his monograph, “Zur Geologie Egyptens,” which includes a list of Cretaceous shells from the neighbourhood of the Great Pyramid; and to the latter for his paper, “L'Apparition de la Craie aux Environs des Pyramides,” containing a list of molluscan species from the same distinct and horizon, though particularly localized as Abu Eoasch, Golea, etc.

A paucity of Gasteropod species is noticeable in the faunistic lists of the Upper Cretaceous period of Egypt, with, however, a large representation of bivalve mollusca. The most abundant forms appear to belong to the genus Ostrea and its allies, a fact also observable in the corresponding faunas of Algeria and Tunis. In all three countries a similar conchological facies is apparent, whilst some species show a marked resemblance to Syrian forms. Certain difficulties have arisen in assigning a satisfactory horizon to the Egyptian species here discussed, though the evidence appears to be in favour of a Turonian age—an opinion somewhat suggested by the palaaontological work of M. Jules Welsch, who has discovered in Algeria, Sphærulites (Sauvagesia) Sharpei, Bayle, a typical Turoniiin shell of Portugal, associated with Ostrea acanihonota, O. Boncheroni, etc. This author, therefore, inclines to the belief that the majority of Algerian species hitherto recognised by Coquand, Peron, and others as of Santonian age, are more probably Turonian. If this be accepted, then the Cretaceous rocks near Cairo (Abu Roasch, etc.), containing similar shells, which have been considered as Senonian by Schweinfurth, Walther, etc., should equally be regarded as Turonian, though apparently the Portuguese mollusc, Sauvagesia Sharpei, has not yet been identified in Egypt.
III.— The Geologically Recent Origin of the Surface Contour of Scandinavia and Finland, and its Lessons
Authors: Howorth Henry H.
Published: May 2009

Let us now turn to the angular gravel itself, the so-called Krosstensgrus of the Swedes, which is formed in the main from crystalline rocks, from granite, and gneiss, hälleflinta or petrosilex, crystalline limestones, mica-schists, quartzite diorites, diabases, porphyries, etc. This angular gravel Erdmann not only pronounces to be moraine material, but the only moraine material in the country. How it is possible to correlate this angular drift with any kind of moraine material, or to explain the angular gravel of Sweden by the intervention of ice, I cannot understand, any more than I can understand the application of the same cause to the angular gravels of Southern England and Northern France.
II.—The Chalky Boulder-clay and the Glacial Phenomena of the Western-Midland Counties of England
Authors: Woodward Horace B.
Published: May 2009

The extent of the glaciation in the Western-Midland Counties of England during the formation of the Chalky Boulder-clay has yet to be determined in detail. No accurate survey has at present been made of the various Drifts that are scattered over the country from Northamptonshire and Buckinghamshire on the east to Worcestershire and Gloucestershire on the west; but the observations of Strickland, Brodie, Lloyd, Lucy, and others, have made known the characters of the superficial deposits at numerous localities in and around the vale of Evesham, while the probable limit of the action of land-ice during the period of maximum glaciation has been delineated on a small map by S. V. Wood, jun.
IV.—Notes on the Geology of County Waterford
Authors: Reed F. R. Cowper
Published: May 2009

During an examination of the complicated series of Lower Palæozoic rocks in County Waterford, with which I am still engaged, I have had the opportunity of collecting largely from the few fossiliferous beds in the neighbourhood of Tramore, and a study of the fossils throws considerable light on the vexed question of their age. It is not my intention in this paper to discuss the relations of the igneous and sedimentary rocks, nor to attempt to explain the structure of the district.
III.—On Ceratodus Kannemeyeri (Seeley)
Authors: Seeley H. G.
Published: May 2009

Dr. Daniel Russouw Kannemeyer sent me a photograph of a dental plate in April, 1897, to which was appended the remark—“I conclude it to be Ceratodus, and its bones are said to be lying at Kraai Fontein. I have sent the man who found it to search for and fix the locality.” The search was not successful; and since then the rinderpest has prevented any attempt to reach, the locality, which is geologically at the top of the Karoo beds above the Coal of the Indwe district of Cape Colony, in strata which yield Zanclodont reptiles in other localities.
I.—Notes on the Palæontology of Western Australia
Authors: Nicholson H. A. , Hinde George J.
Published: May 2009

The specimen here figured is a typical example of Actinostroma clathratum. In all its general characters, and particularly in the regular development of the radial pillars and the presence of small astrorhizas, it resembles the specimens from the Middle Devonian of Germany, which may be regarded as the normal form of the species. Very similar examples, however, occur in the Devonian Limestones of Devonshire. The surface of the specimen is not shown, being concealed beneath a crust of Stromatoporella Eifeliensis.
II.—On some Epi-diorites of N.W. Ireland
Authors: Hyland J. Shearson
Published: May 2009

In an Appendix to the Explanatory Memoir on Sheet 17 of the Map of the Geological Survey of Ireland (Dublin, 1889), I have furnished a description of the petrographical characters of the Epi-diorites of the district. Some of the facts elicited by the examination of the rocks are sufficiently interesting to deserve a wider circulation.
I.—Notes on the Geology of Egypt
Authors: Dawson J. W.
Published: May 2009

The mass called Jebel Ahmar or the Red Mountain near Cairo, whose slopes consist of an immense accumulation of quarry rubbish, is composed of hard brown, reddish and white sandstone and siliceous conglomerate. In many parts it has the characters of a perfect quartzite, and appears at first sight extremely unlike a member of the Tertiary series, newer than the comparatively soft and unaltered Eocene beds on which it rests, apparently in a conformable manner, though its dip to the N.E. is somewhat irregular, and apparently affected by false bedding. The induration of the beds seems to be local, and to be connected with certain fumarole-like openings which have probably been outlets of geysers or hot siliceous springs, contemporaneous with the deposition of the sand. Zittel I believe first gave this explanation, which suggested itself to me before noticing it in his memoir.
II.—Notes on Phyllopodiform Crustaceans, referable to the Genus Echinocaris, from the Palæozoic Rocks
Authors: Jones T. Rupert , Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

In 1863 Professor James Hall described and figured three abdominal segments, with the telson and its appendages, of a Ceratiocaridal Crustacean, characterized by its relatively large size (about 100 mm. long, and from 10 to 15 broad) and by the presence of strong spines on the distal upper edge of each segment [see annexed Plate, Fig. 2]. This form, from the shales of the Hamilton group (Devonian) of Ontario County, N.Y., he referred with doubt to Ceratiocaris, and gave it the specific name “armatus.” At the same time Prof. Hall described and figured some separate caudal spines, from the Genessee Slate, Ontario Co., as C. ? longicaudus, of which his figs. 4, 5 and 6 may be the same as those of C. ? armatus; whilst fig. 7 seems to be two small body-segements and caudal spines of some other Phyllopod. To these Prof. Hall added, in the same plate, the figure of a relatively large Leperditioid carapacevalve, doubtfully referred to Ceratiocaris as C. ? punctatus, from the Hamilton Group, east shore of Cayuga Lake, N.Y.
III.—On Cleavage and Distortion
Authors: Fisher O.
Published: May 2009

The history of opinion upon the subject of cleavage seems to be this. Sedgwick had come to the conclusion that cleavage was a condition, “impressed on certain rocks and in certain regions by the operation of some very extensive cause, after the stratified rocks had undergone great displacement,” and he suggested that the cause might be some kind of crystallization. But Dr. Sorby discovered that the intimate structure to which cleavage is due is not crystallization, but a mechanical rearrangement of the particles of the rock: and he produced it artificially by squeezing clay containing flaky particles. Dr. Tyndall did the same thing with different substances, without introducing flaky particles. In either case it was by pressure that the result was obtained. Seeing therefore that pressure could succeed in laboratory experiments, and that cleavage in the field was ordinarily nearly at right angles to the direction in which the action of pressure might have folded the strata, it was natural to conclude that both folds and cleavage had been concomitant effects of such a pressure. And this appears to be the theory now generally adopted; and is of course in opposition to both of Sedgwick's conclusions. For my part I believe that Sedgwick was right in thinking that cleavage was produced by some very extensive cause operating after the rocks had undergone great displacement; while I agree with Sorby and Tyndall in attributing it to a mechanical action, accompanied with pressure. Nevertheless I do not think that this pressure was the same exhibition of force, that originally folded and elevated the rocks, as explained in Part IV. Thus I am in accord with each of these authors in the domain in which his authority stands highest.
I.—Notes on the Geology of the Nile Valley
Authors: Dawson J. William
Published: May 2009

We are now in a position to indicate the succession of geological events in Egypt, and to compare them with those of neigh-bouring regions.
II.—Synopsis of the Genera and Species of Carboniferous Limestone Trilobites
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

Since the appearance of my paper in the Geological Magazine, 1883, Decade II. Vol. X. pp. 534–542, the following species have been added to the list of British Carboniferous Limestone Trilobites, and will form a part of the forthcoming volume of the Palæontographical Society for the present year.
IV.—On the Relative Ages of the American and the English Cretaceous and Eocene Series
Authors: Gardner J. Starkie
Published: May 2009

I have been desired by the Council of the British Association to contribute some account of the later Fossil Floras of Europe and America, with a view to determining, more precisely if possible, their relative ages.
II.—Notes on some Fish-remains from the Lower Tertiary and Upper Cretaceous of Belgium, Collected by Monsieur A. Houzeau de Lehaie
Authors: Woodward Arthur Smith
Published: May 2009

Some time ago the writer was favoured by Monsieur A. Houzeau de Lehaie with the opportunity of studying his extensive collection of teeth and other remains of fishes from the Bruxellian Eocene, near Brussels, and the “Craie brune phosphatée de Ciply,” near Mons. Monsieur Houzeau has generously presented a fine series of these fossils to the British Museum, and the following notes are based upon the collection.
III.—Note on Tooth of an Extinct Alligator (Bottosaurus Belgicus, sp. nov.) from the Lower Danian of Ciply, Belgium
Authors: Woodward A. Smith
Published: May 2009

Among the vertebrate remains discovered by M. Houzeau de Lehaie in the “Craie brune phosphatée” of Ciply, is the crown of a large tritoral tooth, of unusual form and somewhat difficult of determination. A study of the reptilian teeth from the New Jersey Greensand in the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences has, however, suggested to the writer a plausible explanation of the specimen; and a brief notice of its characters may perhaps lead to the discovery of more satisfactory evidence of the animal to which it pertains.
VII.—Notes on Volcanic Paroxysmal Explosions, and the Causes of Volcanic Action.
Authors: Hart Thomas
Published: May 2009

Since visiting the Volcanic region of Central and Southern Italy in the autumn of last year, I have been much exercised from time to time as to some of the conditions which produce, and sustain volcanic activity. It seems to be an undoubted fact that water coming into contact with highly heated rock is one of the most important requisites to produce, and sustain a volcanic eruption. The difficulty has been to explain how water is introduced.
V.—Notes on the Older Rocks of Finland
Authors: Lucas R. N.
Published: May 2009

The consideration of the Archæan rocks of Finland, as pointed out in a previous article, naturally divides itself into two parts: I. The treatment of the stratified or foliated members of the series; II. That of the igneous or eruptive rocks. In describing the former, want of space compelled me to handle the subject in what I fear must be regarded as a very fragmentary manner. In addition I confined myself entirely to giving an account of the older members of the formation, omitting all mention of the younger schists, mica-clay slates, phyllites, etc., which go to make up what is in Finland regarded as corresponding to the Huronian subdivision. I did this from two reasons,—firstly, because I was personally better acquainted with the rocks in question ; secondly, because it seemed to me that it is the problem of the origin, sequence and composition of the older members of the series which at the present day possesses most interest for the student of the geology of the Archaean, and in consequence is the one with regard to which the greatest divergence of opinion prevails. In the present article I propose to give a short account of the more important eruptive rocks of Finland; but before proceeding to do so, it would not, I think, be out of place to furnish a short résumé of the conclusions to which the study of the foliated Archæan rocks of the country has led me, and which I believe to be thoroughly supported by the data published in my former article.
VII.—On the Base of the Sedimentary Series in England and Wales
Authors: Blake J. F.
Published: May 2009

As Dr. Callaway has asked in a recent Number of the Geological Magazine for the grounds on which I suggest that some of the volcanic rocks of Shropshire may perhaps be classed as Cambrian, I take this opportunity for bringing before your readers the present state of the inquiry into the nature and classification of the earliest sedimentary rocks in this country. This inquiry has been spoken of by Dr. Callaway as the “Archæan controversy”; but we must not necessarily call everything that is earlier than the Cambrian “Archasan,” any more than in old days it was right to call everything Precarboniferous “unfossiliferous greywacké”; nor should the inquiry be considered a controversy in its present stage, but rather a search for more accurate knowledge.
III.—Secular Straining of the Earth in Relation to the deep Phenomena of Volcanic Action
Authors: Reade T. Mellard
Published: May 2009

The application by Dr. Johnston-Lavis of the theory of the secular straining of the Earth, with which my name and Mr. Davison's is connected, to an explanation of the deeper phenomena of volcanic action, is ingenious and suggestive. It will, therefore, I trust, be of some use if I am allowed to discuss and criticize the principles and propositions that appear to me to be necessarily involved in the views put forth by Dr. Johnston-Lavis. Before doing this, I feel it incumbent upon me to point out that Mr. O. Fisher's position with regard to the question seems to have been misunderstood. So far from occupying an antagonistic position, he has done much to mathematically develop the theory; and it is only when we come to its practical application to the explanation of geological phenomena, that he, myself and Mr. Davison differ.
I.—On the Origin and Mode of Formation of the Concretions in the Magnesian Limestones of Durham
Authors: Garwood E. J.
Published: May 2009

In 1826, 27, and 28, Prof. Sedgwick contributed to the Geological Society of London his classical papers on the Magnesian Limestone of the East of England, in which he describes in detail the concretionary structures which occur in many of the beds of this formation in Durham.

Although he describes these concretions in minute detail, he says but little as to their probable origin, but it is clear that he regarded them as composed of carbonate of lime derived from the beds in which they occur, when he says—“The particles (of lime), after deposition, appear to have run into lumps and masses more or less crystalline, rejecting great portions of the earthy residuum.” Since Prof. Sedgwick's papers little seems to have been contributed to the subject of the mode of formation of these concretions.
VI.—On a Specimen of Waldheimia perforata (Piette), showing Original Colour-markings
Authors: Wilson Edward
Published: May 2009

The retention of the original colour-markings amongst fossil Brachiopoda is a somewhat rare occurrence: the following striking instance therefore seems worthy of record.

It is true that Deslongchamps in the Paléontologie Française mentions the colours of a number of Jurassic Brachiopods, but in nearly all these cases the colours are spoken of as if uniformly distributed and not patterned over the shells, and therefore we cannot be sure that they are original and not subsequently produced.

Of British fossil Brachiopods which show the colour-markings, Terebratula hastata and Discina nitida respectively from the Carboniferous Limestone of Longnor, Derbyshire and Hamilton, Scotland, Terebratula intermedia from the Cornbrash of Wollaston, and Terebratula biplicata from the Upper Greensand of Cambridgeshire, are examples.
III.—A Miniature Illustration of Normal Faulting
Authors: Reade T. Mellard
Published: May 2009

When examining the Glacial drift at Nevin, Carnarvonshire, I observed in a banded silty clay occupying the top of the cliff of drift at a point between Porth Nevin and Porth Bodeilias, an excellent illustration of my theory of Normal Faulting.

The bed in question consisted of an extremely finely laminated silty clay, sometimes called book-leaf clay, the laminations being grouped in ribands about half an inch wide and six inches apart, of lighter and darker colours, presenting a striped appearance very conspicuous from the shore. In the upper part of the bed the bands were continuous, though a little wavy : the lower part of the bed, as far as it was visible above the talus of sand, was faulted as shown in the accompanying diagram (Fig. 1). These faults simulated in a remarkable manner sections of faulted coal-fields which have been drawn from actual mining exploration and measurement.
I.—On Olenellus Callavei and its Geological Relationships
Authors: Lapworth Charles
Published: May 2009

In the year 1888 I published a short paper in the pages of the Geological Magazine and in “Nature,” in which I gave a brief account of the discovery of the fauna of the Olenellus (or Lower Cambrian) zone in the Comley or Hollybush Sandstone of Shropshire. Since that date great advances have been made in our knowledge of the Olenellus fauna of other areas, and the Olenellus zone has now generally attained an established rank and systematic position in the Geological Record as the basal zone of the Cambrian system.
II.— Petrological Notes on some Lake District Rocks
Authors: Hutchings W. Maynard
Published: May 2009

During the last three years I have at various times collected and studied rocks from the Lake District. Some of them are, I think, of sufficient interest to render them worth describing. It is my opinion that a great deal of very interesting petrological work still remains to be done among these rocks, and that when they are more studied in detail they will be found to present more diversity of type than is usually supposed.

I will first note the occurrence of a variety of rock not previously recorded in this district. It is a quartz-andesite, or dacite. It is exposed on the ridge between Greenburn and Wytheburn, not very far from Dunmail Raise, and near to a new wire-fence which bounds, I believe, the property of the Manchester Waterworks. It is a dark-coloured rock, on a newly-fractured surface of which are seen numerous light spots of porphyritic felspars, and some of calcite, with many grains of quartz, some of good size. It was the grains of quartz which instantly attracted my attention to this rock when a bit was chipped off it in passing the exposed crag.
III.—Pholidophorus germanicus: an Addition to the Fish Fauna of the Upper Lias of Whitby
Authors: Woodward A. Smith
Published: May 2009

Several species of Vertebrata are now known to be common to the Upper Lias of the neighbourhood of Whitby, Yorkshire, and the corresponding formation so widely developed in parts of Würtemberg and Bavaria. The recent discovery of another link between the two faunas in question thus seems to be worthy of placing on record. Moreover, the latest comparisons render it possible to assign to the fossil under consideration a more precise specific diagnosis than has hitherto been published; and the announcement of the discovery may lead to the recognition of other specimens besides those in the British Museum, with which alone as yet the present writer is acquainted.
IV.—Pseudotrionyx from the Bracklesham Beds
Authors: Woodward A. Smith
Published: May 2009

The extinct genus of Chelydroid Chelonians to which M. Louis Dollo gave the name of Pseudotrionyx, has already been recorded from the London Clay of Sheppey, by Messrs. Lydekker and Boulenger. It is somewhat remarkable, however, that until the recent acquisition by the British Museum of the collection of Mr. J. B. Ogle, no certain evidence had been observed of the occurrence of the genus in the Bracklesham Beds—the English equivalent of the Bruxellian Series which yielded the Belgian Pseudotrionyx Delheidi.
V.—Notes on Stereodon Melitensis, Owen
Authors: Cooke John H.
Published: May 2009

In the year 1865 portions of the upper and lower jaws of a large extinct fish that had been found imbedded in the Globigerina Limestone of Malta were submitted by Dr. Leith Adams to Professor Owen for identification. Adams had considered them as being the remains of a crocodilian; but in a paper that appeared in the GEOLOGICAL MAGAZINE for April, 1865, Owen pronounced them to be the remains of a large extinct fish that belonged to “the cycloid order, and having sauroid dentition,” and he proposed that “this fine addition to Miocene Tertiary fishes” should be known by the name of Stereodon Melitensis.

A portion of the bony skeleton of a fish of the same species was also discovered in the same locality; but as it was not sent with the other specimens, it has been neither figured nor described.
VII.—Observations on a Keuper Conglomerate and on a Breccia, both Recently Exposed in the Neighbourhood of Bristol
Authors: Stock T.
Published: May 2009

A conglomerate in the Keuper. —Whilst a drain was being cut in Argyle Street, joining Upper and Lower Eastvilles, one of the upper beds exposed consisted of a rather fine conglomerate, made up largely of rolled quartz pebbles of small size, compacted with rounded quartz sand and intermixed with coloured fragments (generally very small flakes) of softer shale or clays. I did not measure the thickness very carefully, but I should think that it did not exceed six inches, and as the drain is now filled up, the means of more accurate measurement are lost. The distance from the nearest denuded edge of the Coal-measures is as nearly as possible half a mile.
V.—Gulf Stream Deposits
Authors: Reade T. Mellard
Published: May 2009

The interesting and important results of the dredgings by the U. S. Steamer Albatross2 between July and September 1884, should not be allowed to pass without notice by geologists.
I.—On Some Spined Myriapads from the Carboniferous Series of England
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

Paleontologists are largely indebted to Messrs. Meek and JL Worthen for their very careful researches in the Coal-Measures of Illinois, which have resultedinsuch large and valuable accessions to the fauna and flora of the Carboniferous formation. Not the least interesting of these has been the discovery of numerous organisms, which were first recognized and correctly described by themin1868 as the remains of spined Myriapods.
II.—Remarks on Prof. Bonney's paper “On the Crystalline Schists and their Relation to the Mesozoic Rocks in the Lepontine Alps.”
Authors: Stapff F. M.
Published: May 2009

I Venture to offer some remarks on the above-mentioned paper of Prof. Bonney, which appeared in the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society for May, 1890 (vol. xlvi. pp. 187–240). As the result of ten years' geological researches in the St. Gothard district, I have become familiar with most of the statements and arguments brought forward by Prof. Bonney; many of them, I am glad to see, agree with my own observations and views, already made known in official and other publications; others, however, I feel bound to dispute.
II.—Appendix.—Restoration of Triceratops
Authors: Marsh O. C.
Published: May 2009

In previous numbers of this Magazine, the writer has given the principal characters of the gigantic Ceratopsidœ, or horned Dinosaurs, from the Laramie, with figures of the more important parts of the skull and skeleton. The abundant material now available for examination makes it possible to attempt a restoration of one characteristic form, and the result is given in Plate VII. This figure, about one-fortieth of natural size, is reduced from a large outline plate of a memoir on this group, now in preparation by the writer for the United States Geological Survey.
VIII.—On the Preparation of a Cheap Heavy Liquid, for the Separation of Minerals
Authors: Edwards W. B. D.
Published: May 2009

The high price of all heavy liquids, and the consequent care that has to be taken in using them, the latter of course entailing great expenditure of time, were the reasons which caused me to make experiments, with regard to the manufacture of Klein's solution (borotungstate of cadmium) on a small scale. The price quoted in a well-known chemical manufacturer's price-list is 3s. 6d. per oz. My experiments have shown me that it can be made for about 7d. per oz., plus the value of the time of the maker. The process is very simple, and not much time is necessary in making it. A rough outline of the method of preparation is given by Dr. Klein in the Comptes Rendus, vol. xciii. August, 1881.
VI.—Glaciation of Eastern Canada
Authors: Chalmers Robert
Published: May 2009

A Paper on the Glaciation of Eastern Canada by the writer will shortly appear in the Canadian Record of Science, Montreal. It is intended to be a condensed statement of the principal facts hitherto collected on this interesting subject, with references to the reports and publications in which details are given. The following is an abstract which I send to the Geological Magazine in advance. The subject is regarded as an important one, and has occupied the attention of geologists for many years, as Eastern Canada is the battle ground, so to speak, of the advocates of the rival theories of continental glaciation and floating ice. The results thus far obtained from a somewhat careful study of its glacial phenomena, however, point to conclusions which are at variance with those held by extreme glacialists, and show that the theory of local glaciers upon the more elevated portions of the country and icebergs or floating ice striating the lower coastal areas during the Post-Tertiary submergence of these, as maintained by Sir William Dawson, will serve to explain all the observed phenomena.
VII.—On the Occurrence of Ottrelite in the Phyllites of North Cornwall
Authors: Hutchings W. Maynard
Published: May 2009

The mineral ottrelite, which has received so much attention elsewhere, especially in the Ardennes, and which is of considerable interest in connection with the metamorphism of certain rocks, has not, up to now, ever been reported as occurring anywhere in Great Britain.

I am able to state that I have discovered it in considerable amount in a certain roofing-slate of North Cornwall.
III.—Preliminary Notes on some New and little-known British Jurassic Fishes
Authors: Woodward A. Smith
Published: May 2009

Since the works of Agassiz and Egerton, few contributions have been made to the knowledge of British Jurassic “Ganoid” and “Teleostean” Fishes, and a considerable amount of undescribed material has thus accumulated in various collections. Much more progress has been made upon the Continent, where the Lithographic Stones of Bavaria, Würtemberg, and Ain, especially, yield a rich assemblage of forms in a remarkable state of preservation; and it is now an interesting study to compare the British Jurassic fossils with their well-known continental allies. Such an undertaking is facilitated by the recent appearance of Prof. Dr. K. A. von Zittel's admirable critical summary of the extinct Mesozoic fishes; and it is the object of the present notice to offer some preliminary remarks upon a few of the more prominent types observed by the author in English collections.
III.—On the Lower Silurian Felsites of the South-East of Ireland
Authors: Hatch Frederick H.
Published: May 2009

The felsites of the south-east of Ireland are shown on the maps, of the Geological Survey to extend over considerable areas in counties Wicklow, Wexford and Waterford. Like the Welsh felsites they are contemporaneous with Lower Silurian (Ordovician) strata, and were probably erupted on an old sea-bottom. They are accompanied by abundant deposits of tuffs and breccias, the component fragments of which consist mainly of felsite.
IV.—Physiography of the Lower Trias
Authors: Reade T. Mellard
Published: May 2009

The origin of the Triassic rocks of Britain is a question that has excited from time to time much interest and varied speculation. The entire absence of fossils in the Lower Trias or Bunter Sandstone has led the majority of geological reasoners to look to causes other than marine action for an explanation of its characteristic features. The late Mr. Godwin-Austen was of opinion that the whole of the Triassic rocks were laid down in freshwater lakes which, passing through the brackish stage, become finally saturated with saline matter through evaporation exceeding the inflow of fresh water. It has been felt, however, by other geologists, that this theory, while accounting fairly well for the upper deposits of the Triassic age, does not fit in with the phenomena of current bedding, the presence and distribution of the numerous quartzite and other well-rounded pebbles, and the comparative absence of marl-beds, which distinguish the Lower Trias or Bunter Sandstones.
I.—Eminent Living Geologists
Authors: Geikie Archibald
Published: May 2009

Doctor Archibald Geikie was born in Edinburgh in 1835. He was educated at the Royal High School—the most famous of the many celebrated scholastic institutions of the “Modern Athens,” and at Edinburgh University. He became an Assistant on the Geological Survey of Scotland in 1855, and in 1867, when that branch of the Survey was made a separate establishment, he was appointed Director. A few years later—in 1871—he was elected to fill the Murchison Professorship of Geology and Mineralogy in the University of Edinburgh, when the chair for these subjects was founded by Sir Roderick Murchison and the Crown in that year. Subsequently he resigned these appointments, when at the beginning of 1881 he was appointed to succeed Sir Andrew C. Ramsay, as Director-General of the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom, and Director of the Museum of Practical Geology in Jermyn Street.
II.—Mr. Mellard Reade's Interpretation of the Lower Trias Physiography
Authors: Bonney T. G.
Published: May 2009

If truth is elicited by the conflict of opinion, we ought to arrive at a right conclusion as to the physical history of the English Trias. Unfortunately, however, some of the hypotheses propounded result, as it seems to me, from dwelling too much on certain minor difficulties, or limiting the view to one group of facts, while others not less important are excluded. From these objections Mr. Mellard Reade's interesting communication, printed in the GEOL. MAG. for last December, does not appear to me exempt.
IV.—On a New Locality for the Arctic Fauna of the “Basement” Boulder Clay in Youkshire
Authors: Lamplugh G. W.
Published: May 2009

During the course of a systematic investigation of the drifts of Flamborough Head, I have somewhat unexpectedly come across a fragment of marine Arctic beds enclosed in Boulder-clay, similar to those which form the well-known fossiliferous deposits of Bridlington and Dimlington; and as this occurs under very different conditions from those already described, it adds materially to our knowledge of the beds, and illustrates more clearly their origin.
VII.—On a Method of Producing Perlitic and Pumiceous Structures in Canada Balsam
Authors: Chapman Frederick
Published: May 2009

The interesting phenomenon exhibited in some glassy rocks, such as obsidians and pitchstones, known as the perlitic structure, consists of a series of rectilinear and curved cracks. It has been produced artificially in Canada Balsam, and described by Mr. Grenville A. J. Cole, F.G.S.

Hitherto, any attempts of mine to produce the curved or secondary cracks on a glass plate were unsuccessful (the only result being primary cracks and appearances of air films between the glass and balsam); until noticing their occurrence on a rough mounting plate, it became evident that a roughened glass surface was the requisite thing in order to secure perfect cohesion. It is probable, therefore, that the specimen which Mr. Cole produced occurred on a ground portion of the glass plate.
II.—Notes on the Culm-Measures at Bude, North Cornwall
Authors: McMahon C. A.
Published: May 2009

During a residence of six weeks at Bude, in the autumn of 1889, I enjoyed the opportunity of studying the Culm-measures exposed in the bold cliffs of that part of the coast of Cornwall. I know of no easily accessible place where the flexures and contortions into which strata have been thrown by earth-movements can be studied with greater advantage. Between Bude-haven and Menachurch Point, a distance of one mile as the crow flies, there are at least eleven synclinal and as many anticlinal folds, presenting a variety of flexures of considerable interest to the geological student.
I.—On the Permanence of Continents and Ocean-Basins, with Special Reference to the Formation and Development of the North American Continent
Authors: Le Conte Joseph
Published: May 2009

Under the influence, perhaps, of the prevailing idea of evolution in all things, the conviction has been growing in the minds of geologists in recent times that the larger features of the earth's surface have grown from the earliest times, and therefore that the places of the continents and ocean-basins have been substantially permanent. Prof. Dana is largely the originator and expounder of this view, and he has applied it with great skill to the American continent. But while I believe the view is substantially true, I cannot but think that it may be, and has been, pushed too far. It is true indeed that the opponents of the view have attributed to its advocates a strictness in the use of the term ‘permanent’ which they have never urged. It is true that by permanence is meant only permanence of place, not of outline, and that substantial permanence is not inconsistent with very large changes by oscillation, especially at the end of the great Eras. But, making every allowance for such latitude of meaning, there has been, undoubtedly, some confusion of thought and looseness of statement on this subject. We give a few examples.
III.—Note on the Microscopic Structure of some Rocks from the Neighbourhood of Assouan, collected by Sir J. W. Dawson
Authors: Bonnet T. G.
Published: May 2009

I Have not deemed it necessary to examine microscopically the whole of the collection made by Sir J. W. Dawson, but have selected a series of fairly representative specimens, sufficient, I think, to give a general idea of the principal varieties. For purposes of identification I leave the reference numbers borne by the specimens, though their sequence is accidental.
IV.—Further Notes on the Tertiary Entomostraca of England, with Special Reference to those from the London Clay
Authors: Jones T. Rupert , Sherborn C. Davies
Published: May 2009

The specimen under notice is relatively shorter, broader (higher), more triangular, and with sharper ridges than the figure in the ‘Monograph,’ 1856, pl. vii. f. 21. The anterior hinge is more prominent, and the front margin rather oblique. It is also narrower behind, ending with three small spines or denticles. The edge viewis acute-ovate. From the Belosepia-bed, Bracklesham. T. R. Jones’ Collection.
IV.—Woodwardian Museum Notes: on some Anglesey Dykes. II.
Authors: Harker Alfred
Published: May 2009

In the northern half of Anglesey occur several intrusions of dark hornblendic rocks, some specimens of which were placed by Henslow in the collection made by him for the Woodwardian Museum. These rocks present a type unusual in Britain, and show some peculiarities which are of considerable interest.

A few years ago Professor Bonney found on the south-west coast of the island some boulders of a rock which he described under the name of Hornblende-picrite. It was subsequently pointed out by Professor Hughes that the probable source of these rocks was to be found in certain intrusive masses near Llanerchymedd, and indeed such boulders are scattered about rather abundantly in that neighbourhood and to the south-west. The rock in question seems, however, to be the common type of the larger eruptive masses in the north of Anglesey, and brief notes on slides cut from selected specimens taken in place may be found not unprofitable. The rocks were noticed and megascopically described in Henslow's Memoir.
VI.—Notes on Pliocene Beds
Authors: Bell Robert George
Published: May 2009

For some years past the Upper Tertiaries of England have not received such a liberal share of attention as was bestowed on them at one time by the older geologists, probably in part because of the impression unwittingly encouraged by some of the authorities in science, that little original work in the way of discovery can now be done in connection with the organic contents of the Upper Tertiary deposits, the number of species already recorded being very large.
IV.—Note on a Granite Junction in the Ross of Mull
Authors: Goodchild J. G.
Published: May 2009

In a review of Nicholson's “Geology of Cumberland and Westmoreland,” which appeared in the GEOLOGICAL MAGAZINE about a quarter of a century ago, the reviewer observes, in referring to some remarks upon the Shap Granite, that this and other granites have clearly taken the place of the rocks whose position they occupy, and that, in fact, intrusive rocks can be shown, in a great majority of instances, to have replaced, rather than to have displaced, the rock masses which they invade. The reviewer's identity with a wellknown Professor of Geology at one of the English Universities is sufficiently evidenced by his intimate acquaintance with the geology of British Silurian and Cambrian rocks.
I.—Note on a Mounted Skeleton of a ‘Gazelle-Camel’, Stenomylus hitchcocki, Loomis
Authors: Andrews C. W.
Published: May 2009

There has recently been exhibited in the Gallery of Fossil Mammals at the Natural History Museum a restored skeleton of Stenomylus hitchcooki, Loomis, a ‘gazelle-camel’ from the Lower Miocene of Nebraska. This specimen (M 10969), which has been mounted in relief by Mr. L. E. Parsons, jun., includes portions of the skeletons of two individuals, but much of the dorsal region of the vertebral column and the ribs have been restored in plaster. The remains are from the Lower Harrison Beds (Lower Miocene) near A gate Springs, Co. Nebraska, where upwards of forty skeletons were collected in a small area. Many were complete and lay in such a position that they are believed to be the remains of a herd overtaken by floods and drowned.
III.—Axinite Veins in the Penmaenmawr Porphyrite
Authors: Sargent H. C.
Published: May 2009

In the course of a visit to North Wales last summer my friend Mr. Ivor E. Davies, of Penmaenmawr, called my attention to a mauve mineral, forming thin veins, in the intrusive porphyrite of Penmaenmawr Mountain. The specimens containing the veins were not seen in place, but were collected from the waste-heaps of the Graig Lwyd Quarries, the most easterly of the large quarries that are making such deadly inroads into the heart of the mountain. Careful search on the waste-heaps enabled us to collect further specimens, and in some of these the mineral had built in fissures and cracks somewhat crowded, very sharp-edged crystals of tabular development.
IV.—The Divisions of the Eocene of Egypt as determined by the Succession of the Echinid Faunas
Authors: Fourtau René
Published: May 2009

A very remarkable fact in the palæontological study of the Eocene strata of Egypt is the succession of echinid faunas, which seem definitely localized at well-determined horizons, enabling these to be recognized with ease.
II.—A remarkable Structure in Lovenia forbesi from the Miocene of Australia
Authors: Hawkins Herbert L.
Published: May 2009

During the preparation and arrangement of a series of Lovenia forbesi from the Australian Miocene (presented to the Geological Department by Professor F. J. Cole), a peculiar interambulacral structure was displayed. Two of the specimens are severely weathered, with the result that their surfaces are smooth (except for the areolæ of the large tubercles), while the sutures are clearly outlined in dark brown across the pale background of the plates. In this way there is revealed the surprising fact that plate-crushing and resorption, of a type similar to that often found in Echinoid ambulacra, occur in four of the interambulacral areas. There is no corresponding development in the ambulacra.
III.—The Lias of South Lincolnshire
Authors: Trueman A. E.
Published: May 2009

The area to be described is that part of the Lias outcrop extending from Lincoln southwards to Barrow-on-Soar and Grantham, and includes south-west Lincolnshire and small portions of northeast Leicestershire and east Nottinghamshire (see Map, Fig. 1).

The rocks of this district were mapped by the Geological Survey, and an account of some of them was published in 1885 and 1888; the south-western part of the area has been resurveyed and described in more recent memoirs. A summary of the geology of the area was prepared in 1910 by A. J. Jukes-Browne, but except for these publications the literature is scattered and consists mainly of short papers; details of these are given where they are referred to.
III.—Picrite from the Ampwihi River, Mozambique
Authors: Holmes Arthur , Harwood H. F.
Published: May 2009

Almost due west of Mozambique Island, at a distance of about forty-two miles from the sea, the military road from Mosuril to Nampula crosses the Ampwihi River, an important tributary of the Monapo. During the dry season the stream is reduced to a string of stagnant pools, separated by long reaches of sand and gravel that here and there are interrupted by outcrops of the underlying formations. Throughout the greater part of its course the Ampwihi flows through a region in which gneisses persist with monotonous regularity, the only variation being that due to occasional intrusions of granite and of still later pegmatite dykes. At the point where the military road crosses the narrow channel a welcome diversion is introduced by the presence of a dark compact dyke about 10 feet in thickness. The dyke appears on the right-hand bank and crosses obliquely to the other side, taking a N.N.W.–S.S.E. course across the strike of the older rocks. Upstream, about seventy yards to the south-east, the Ampwihi bends to the south-west, so that it returns towards the dyke, which is again exposed across its sandy floor. The dyke was traced by Mr. E. J. Wayland in July, 1911, for a distance of altogether 200 yards, and was examined by Mr. D. Alex. Wray and later by myself during the same year. It is clearly the latest rock of the district, and is intruded along a line of fault, for in two cases pegmatite dykes seen on the eastern side are broken across and reappear on the western side with a well-marked northerly displacement.
V.—On the Silurian Rocks of the Counties of Roxburgh and Selkirk
Authors: Lapworth C. , Wilson Jas.
Published: May 2009

For the last three summers we have devoted the greater part of our leisure time to the examination of the Silurian Rocks that lie more immediately between the Moorfoot Hills and the English border. Our investigations have been attended with a fair amount of success, and we thought that a short summary of what we have accomplished would not be wholly uninteresting to the Geological Section. As these old Silurian strata of the South of Scotland have only been once alluded to in the papers already read at the Meeting—namely, by the Chairman in his eloquent address—we may be pardoned if we say a few preliminary words concerning them.
I.—Relics of the Carboniferous and other Old Land-Subfaces
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

Although unwilling to admit that in the history of our Earth special and peculiar conditions have prevailed at any period since the first advent of organic beings, yet we cannot doubt, that during particular eras, circumstances favoured the development of special groups of organisms which, in consequence, flourished in greater perfection and numbers than the rest.