bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Serum interleukin‐22 and vascular endothelial growth factor serve as sensitive biomarkers but not as predictors of therapeutic response to biologics in patients with psoriasis
Authors: Shimauchi Takatoshi , Hirakawa Satoshi , Suzuki Takahiro , Yasuma Ayako , Majima Yuta , Tatsuno Kazuki , Yagi Hiroaki , Ito Taisuke , Tokura Yoshiki
Published: August 2013

The T‐helper (Th)17 cell plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, and several biological therapies have shown to be highly efficient in the treatment. However, some patients respond poorly to these therapies and may even develop paradoxical adverse effects. To evaluate the significance of serum immunological factors or circulating competent cells for biomarkers or predictors to biological therapies, we retrospectively analyzed 28 patients with psoriasis (19 psoriasis vulgaris, three pustular psoriasis and six psoriasis arthropathica). The numbers of patients treated with each agents were 16 for ustekinumab, six for adalimumab and six for infliximab. Patients were classified into three types according to the responsiveness: 13 patients were high‐responders showing a 75% or more reduction of Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI); 10 patients were moderate‐responders showing PASI reduction of less than 75%; and five patients were non‐responders showing PASI elevation. During the treatments, serum levels of interleukin (IL)‐22 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were monitored. At baseline, serum IL‐22 levels were significantly higher in the psoriatic patients than the normal controls. Both serum IL‐22 and VEGF levels significantly correlated with PASI. After the treatment, the high‐responders showed significant decreases in serum IL‐22 and VEGF. On the other hand, serum IL‐22 levels in the non‐responders were elevated. However, the baseline levels of serum IL‐22 and VEGF were not significantly different between the three groups. These results suggest that serum IL‐22 and VEGF levels serve as sensitive biomarkers but not as predictors of therapeutic response to biologics in patients with psoriasis.
Developmental mechanism of juvenile coccygeal fibrosis (so‐called coccygeal pad)
Authors: Hashimoto Ichiro , Shono Yoshitaka , Ishida Soshi , Nakanishi Hideki
Published: August 2013

Coccygeal pad is a nodular lesion in the sacrococcygeal area, typically involving a proliferation of collagen bundles. The etiology and optimal treatment remain unclear. We investigated the etiology using a systematic review of the available published work, two cases that we examined and treated, and measurements of body pressure in a sitting position in seven healthy volunteers. Forty‐two cases (34 male, eight female) from the published work were analyzed in terms of age at presentation and onset, clinical appearance, radiological findings, histopathological findings, treatment and etiology. Mean age at presentation was 18.6 years. The suspected age at onset in 30 cases (75%) ranged from elementary school to high school age. In terms of radiological findings, anterior dislocation of the coccyx was found in 79.5%. In terms of histopathological findings, marked thickening of the dermis due to the proliferation of collagen bundles was observed in all examined cases. No nodule recurrence was found after resection, even without surgical treatment of coccygeal bone prominence. Chronic stimulation on a sharply angulated sacrococcygeal joint was considered an etiologic factor in 79.4%. High pressure in the sacrococcygeal region in a relaxed sitting position on a hard school chair was shown in one of our cases and healthy children. This nodular lesion appears to represent a fibrous lesion related to chronic stimulation at school age. We propose a new name for this nodule, “juvenile coccygeal fibrosis”, based on the pathological presentation and age predilection.
Sudden Unexpected Death Due to Graves' Disease During Physical Altercation
Authors: Wei Dengming , Yuan Xiaogang , Yang Tiantong , Chang Lin , Zhang Xiang , Burke Allen , Fowler David , Li Ling
Published: August 2013

We report a case of a 30‐year‐old woman who suddenly collapsed after having a physical altercation with her husband. Despite immediate resuscitation, she died on arrival at the hospital. The victim's parents requested an autopsy because they believed that their daughter was killed by her husband. Postmortem examination revealed that the victim had a diffusely enlarged thyroid gland and cardiomegaly with left ventricular hypertrophy. There was no evidence of significant trauma on the body. Further postmortem thyroid function tests and review of her medical history indicated that her death was due toGraves' disease. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case reported of sudden death due to cardiac arrhythmia from Graves' disease induced by physical and emotional stress associated with the criminal activity of another person. The autopsy findings are described. In addition, the literature is reviewed and the significance of postmortem evaluation of thyroid hormones in the cases of sudden death is discussed.
Experimental Effect of Shots Caused by Projectiles Fired from Air Guns with Kinetic Energy Below 17 J
Authors: Smędra‐Kaźmirska Anna , Barzdo Maciej , Kędzierski Maciej , Antoszczyk Łukasz , Szram Stefan , Berent Jarosław
Published: August 2013

Pursuant to the Polish Weapons and Ammunitions Law (Legal Gazette No 53/1999 item 549 with subsequent amendments), air guns with kinetic energy of the fired projectiles below 17 J are not regarded as weapons. The aim of the study was to assess the potential effect of shots caused by projectiles of various mass and structure fired from air guns with kinetic energy below 17 J on human soft tissues. As a model of soft tissue, we used 20% gelatin blocks. After shooting, we measured the depth of gelatin block penetration by pellets fired from various distances and compared these results with autopsy findings. The results demonstrated that examined pneumatic guns may cause serious injuries, including damage to the pleura, pericardium, liver, spleen, kidneys, femoral artery, and thoracic and abdominal aorta. Experiment shown that gelatin blocks do not reflect fully the properties of the human body.
The Use of Near‐Infrared Photography to Image Fired Bullets and Cartridge Cases
Authors: Stein Darrell , Yu Jorn Chi Chung
Published: August 2013

An imaging technique that is capable of reducing glare, reflection, and shadows can greatly assist the process of toolmarks comparison. In this work, a camera with near‐infrared (near‐IR) photographic capabilities was fitted with an IR filter, mounted to a stereomicroscope, and used to capture images of toolmarks on fired bullets and cartridge cases. Fluorescent, white light‐emitting diode (LED), and halogen light sources were compared for use with the camera. Test‐fired bullets and cartridge cases from different makes and models of firearms were photographed under either near‐IR or visible light. With visual comparisons, near‐IR images and visible light images were comparable. The use of near‐IR photography did not reveal more details and could not effectively eliminate reflections and glare associated with visible light photography. Near‐IR photography showed little advantages in manual examination of fired evidence when it was compared with visible light (regular) photography.
Linking people management and extra‐role behaviour: results of a longitudinal study
Authors: Knies Eva , Leisink Peter
Published: August 2013

This article examines the validity of the assumption that employees' perceptions of those people management activities of their supervisor that impact on employees' abilities, motivation and opportunities to perform influence employee extra‐role behaviour. The results of a longitudinal survey with data from 3,368 employees provide support for this assumption. This study's distinctive features – the concept of people management that involves the management of HR implementation, the longitudinal research design, and the use of the AMO framework for specifying the linkages between HRM and performance – make it possible to address the core questions in the HRM‐performance debate that still remain unanswered according to Guest.
Spread and change in stress resistance of Shiga toxin‐producing Escherichia coli O157 on fungal colonies
Authors: Lee Ken‐ichi , Kobayashi Naoki , Watanabe Maiko , Sugita‐Konishi Yoshiko , Tsubone Hirokazu , Kumagai Susumu , Hara‐Kudo Yukiko
Published: August 2013

To elucidate the effect of fungal hyphae on the behaviour of Shiga toxin‐producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157, the spread and change in stress resistance of the bacterium were evaluated after coculture with 11 species of food‐related fungi including fermentation starters. Spread distances of STEC O157 varied depending on the co‐cultured fungal species, and the motile bacterial strain spread for longer distances than the non‐motile strain. The population of STEC O157 increased when co‐cultured on colonies of nine fungal species but decreased on colonies of Emericella nidulans and Aspergillus ochraceus. Confocal scanning microscopy visualization of green fluorescent protein‐tagged STEC O157 on fungal hyphae revealed that the bacterium colonized in the water film that existed on and between hyphae. To investigate the physiological changes in STEC O157 caused by co‐culturing with fungi, the bacterium was harvested after 7 days of co‐culturing and tested for acid resistance. After co‐culture with eight fungal species, STEC O157 showed greater acid resistance compared to those cultured without fungi. Our results indicate that fungal hyphae can spread the contamination of STEC O157 and can also enhance the stress resistance of the bacteria.
Assessment of smear layer removal protocols in curved root canals
Authors: Yeung William , Raldi Denise Pontes , Cunha Rodrigo Sanches , Mello Isabel
Published: August 2013

This study sought to assess if the final rinse protocol interferes with the smear layer removal in the apical area of curved canals. Sixty‐four extracted human mandibular molars with curved mesial roots were instrumented with rotary files and divided into six experimental groups for final rinse: 1EDTA (syringe irrigation with 1 mL of 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) ), 5EDTA (syringe irrigation with 5 mL of 17% EDTA), 1EDTA‐P (syringe irrigation with 1 mL of 17% EDTA + pumping with gutta‐percha point), 5EDTA‐P (syringe irrigation with 5 mL of 17% EDTA + pumping with gutta‐percha point), 1EDTA‐EA (syringe irrigation with 1 mL of 17% EDTA + EndoActivator) and 5EDTA‐EA (syringe irrigation with 5 mL of 17% EDTA + EndoActivator). Final rinsing was carried out over 3 min. The specimens were split lengthwise and observed under a scanning electron microscope using a score criterion. Comparison among the groups showed statistically significant difference only between the 5EDTA‐EA group and the other groups (Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn's post‐hoc tests, P < 0.05). The combination of 5 mL of 17% EDTA and 3 mL of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) with the EndoActivator removed smear layer from the apical area of curved root canals more effectively than the other protocols used.
Effects of cannabinoid receptor 1 (brain) on lipid accumulation by transcriptional control of CPT1A and CPT1B
Authors: Zhang Y.‐F. , Yuan Z.‐Q. , Song D.‐G. , Zhou X.‐H. , Wang Y.‐Z.
Published: August 2013

CB1 (also known as CNR1), a main receptor for cannabinoids acting at PPARs, can enhance fat deposition. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase‐1 (CPT1), an enzyme responsible for the transport of long‐chain fatty acids for β‐oxidation, is closely related to fat deposition. Whether CB1 can regulate intramuscular adipocytes lipid accumulation through regulation of CPT1 is unclear. Based on the investigation of tissue‐ and breed‐specific CPT1A and CPT1B mRNA expression levels in Jinhua and Landrace pigs, we studied the effects of CB1 on lipid accumulation and CPT1B expression by treating porcine intramuscular adipocytes with CB1 antagonist Δ9‐THC and antagonist SR141716. Results showed that muscle CPT1 mRNA was expressed at higher levels in the longissimus dorsi and subcutaneous fat. Liver CPT1A mRNA expression levels were higher in the pancreas, duodenum and liver. Compared with Landrace pigs, CPT1A and CPT1B in the longissimus dorsi of Jinhua pigs were significantly higher and positively correlated with intramuscular fat content. However, for subcutaneous fat, CPT1 levels were significantly lower and negatively correlated with body fat percentage. Δ9‐THC significantly increased CB1 mRNA levels and lipid accumulation but decreased CPT1A and CPT1B mRNA levels. Conversely, SR141716 reduced CB1 mRNA levels but increased CPT1A and CPT1B mRNA levels, resulting in decreased lipid accumulation. The CPT1 antagonist etomoxir did not affect CB1 expression, suggesting that CB1 is likely upstream of CPT1A and CPT1B. Meanwhile, PPARA expression was greatly decreased when CPT1A and CPT1B were inhibited and enhanced when CPT1A and CPT1B were activated. Taken together, these data indicate that CB1 can affect intramuscular fat deposition by regulating both CPT1A and CPT1B mRNA expression, with the PPARA signal pathway likely playing a major role in this process.
The significance of subcarinal dissection in esophageal cancer surgery
Authors: Hu Wei , Liang Yayong , Zhang Shuishen , Hu Yi , Liu Jingeng
Published: August 2013

Aim

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of subcarinal dissection on short‐term outcome and survival following esophagectomy in patients with thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

Methods

A total of 2252 patients underwent an esophagectomy for esophageal cancer from January 1997 to December 2008, of whom 1419 patients met the selection criteria. There were 335 cases without a subcarinal dissection and 1084 with a subcarinal dissection. Short‐term outcomes and survival following the esophagectomy between the subcarinal non‐dissection group and dissection group were compared.

Results

The average operation time of the subcarinal dissection group was longer than that of the non‐dissection group (227 vs 208 min, P < 0.05). Both blood loss (246 vs 231 ml) and postoperative pleural drainage volume (1033 vs 950 ml) of the dissection group were significantly greater than in the non‐dissection group (P < 0.05). For the entire cohort, the overall survival rate of the subcarinal non‐dissection group was significantly lower than the dissection group (54 vs 36 mo., P < 0.05). However, in the N1–3 subgroup, no significant difference was found in overall survival rate between the two groups (P > 0.05). In the N0 subgroup the overall survival rate of the subcarinal non‐dissection group was significantly lower than that of the dissection group (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Subcarinal dissection is still necessary in esophagectomy for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
‘It's not about believing’: Exploring the transformative potential of cultural acknowledgement in an Indigenous tourism context
Authors: Scherrer Pascal , Doohan Kim
Published: August 2013

This paper directly challenges the persisting argument that in the host–(uninvited) guest relationship of Kimberley coastal tourism in Australia's far northwest, Traditional Owners (the hosts) have a pedagogic responsibility to first educate the tourism industry (the guests) of their impacts on them in order to facilitate culturally appropriate and sustainable tourism experiences. We contend that such an argument reflects a deeply entrenched context of erasure and power imbalance between Australian Aboriginal and non‐Aboriginal people. We highlight, using three decades of public records, the fact that government and industry have ignored and continue to ignore knowledge and learning shared by Kimberley Aboriginal peoples in attempts to rectify serious issues of cultural impacts and risks to visitors arising from unsanctioned tourism activities on Traditional Owners’ land and sea country. We argue for the possibility of tourism operating in a mutually satisfactory hybrid space in which acknowledgement, tolerance and respect discharges the need for understanding different ontologies that operate within that space but provides the potential for learning. Using Bourdieu's notion of transformative practice, we propose that the development of such a hybrid space could transform the problem of unsanctioned tourism access to the Kimberley coast into an iteration that could facilitate its taming and thus a shift towards sustainable practices based on mutual recognition and respect.
The Positioning of Economic Rationality in Colombia
Authors: URIBE MALLARINO CONSUELO
Published: August 2013

This article explains how economic rationality in Colombia came to play a growing role in the management of economic policy and social analysis, as a case study of a process that is observed in various parts of the world. In addition to the rise of a technocratic elite, this involved the positioning of economic rationality in managing strategic state institutions and the creation of knowledge about society. We explain the mechanisms that enabled economists to occupy these positions, displacing other social scientists and sociologists.
Faculty Perceptions of How Community‐Engaged Research Is Valued in Tenure, Promotion, and Retention Decisions
Authors: Nokes Kathleen M. , Nelson David A. , McDonald Mary Anne , Hacker Karen , Gosse Jacquelyn , Sanford Becky , Opel Shannon
Published: August 2013

Purpose

We assessed the perceptions of community core faculty in academic medical center institutions that received Clinical and Translational Science Awards (CTSA) about how these institutions consider community‐engaged scholarship (CES) when tenure, promotion, and retention decisions are made.

Method

An assessment tool was adapted to create an 18‐item survey that was sent during November and December 2011 via the Internet to the 369 members of the community‐engagement core mailing list of the CTSA.

Results

Fifty‐nine responses were received which represented 37 of the possible 60 different funded institutions. The mean score was 48.14 (SD = 11.18); range of 23–74; and Cronbach's alpha was .91 About half reported that support for CES and its inclusion in the academic decision process increased since the institution was awarded a CTSA. Open‐ended responses indicated some confusion with terminology although a definition of CES had been provided in the instrument instructions.

Conclusion

Respondents overall agreed there was moderate support for CES in tenure, promotion, and retention decisions which may have been influenced by the CTSA application requirements. This survey could be used to identify if there are differences in institutional and departments and measure changes over time.
Recent advances in artificial production of glass eels for conservation of anguillid eel populations
Authors: Okamura Akihiro , Horie Noriyuki , Mikawa Naomi , Yamada Yoshiaki , Tsukamoto Katsumi
Published: August 2013

Remarkable progress in techniques for maturation of adults and rearing of larvae has been achieved for the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica over the past 50 years, but recent efforts have not yet succeeded in the mass production of glass eels. This article reviews recent advances in techniques for artificial production of A. japonica glass eels. Successful new protocols for obtaining viable eggs and larvae of A. japonica are largely resulting from using artificially feminised eels instead of wild silver eels. The feminisation technique by administration of 17β‐estradiol to glass eels not only provides an opportunity for using females as experimental broodstock throughout the year, but also accelerates their oocyte development or even increases the competence of females to respond to salmon pituitary extract. Induced spontaneous spawning with paired eels can improve the success rate for obtaining good‐quality eggs compared with the traditional stripping‐insemination method. As a result of the accumulation of field data on natural environmental conditions, such as an optimum temperature, where eel eggs and larvae were collected, the survival and growth rate of captive eel leptocephali have been much improved under these conditions. However, 50% diluted sea water (17.5 psu) that is far from the natural condition can result in better growth and survival performance in A. japonica leptocephali, possibly because it reduces the energy necessary for osmoregulation. Starvation can be a cue for triggering the onset of metamorphosis in A. japonica leptocephali, reducing the prolonged duration of the larval stage in captivity. To reach the mass production of glass eels at a commercial level, further improvement in quality of an artificial larval diet not containing eggs of the endangered shark Squalus acanthias is needed. The control of deformities in captive leptocephali and glass eels is also an important task. New techniques reducing the excessive use of exogenous hormones with parent eels should also be developed, to avoid public perception of an unhealthy product. If these techniques are completely established, we can exchange artificially produced glass eels with some part of the wild glass eels that are heavily exploited and provided to the eel aquaculture industry, and this can help to reduce the impact of eel consumption, which will contribute to the conservation of eel species worldwide.
Movement patterns of adult pike (Esox lucius L.) in a Belgian lowland river
Authors: Pauwels Ine S. , Goethals Peter L.M. , Coeck Johan , Mouton Ans M.
Published: August 2013

Northern pike, Esox lucius, needs different habitats to survive and reproduce and thus depends on the availability and accessibility of these habitats. To efficiently manage pike, information is needed on its spatial and temporal patterns of migration. In this study, we investigated the occurrence of adult pike migration and which environmental variables influenced migration. From December 2010, we followed 15 pike for 1 year by use of radio telemetry in the River Yser, a typical lowland river characterised by anthropogenic impacts such as artificial embankments. Pike migrated most in February and March, which could indicate they frequented spawning habitat in this period. Four environmental variables significantly affected pike migration, ranging from the location where pike were observed (strongest effect), over water temperature and flow to diel water temperature change (weakest effect). The relation between migration and the location where pike were observed could demonstrate that pike preferred specific regions in the river. Increasing water temperature triggered migration for both sexes, and males started migrating at lower temperatures than females, which suggests that males start migrating earlier. This was the only substantial difference observed between male and female pike migration. The results suggest that migration was inhibited by high flow, as no migration was observed at high flow. River managers can use this information to efficiently manage their pike populations, for example, by removing or temporarily opening hydraulic structures like valves, weirs and sluices. This may facilitate access to suitable habitats at moments pike needs these habitats to fulfil its life cycle.
Habitat characteristics affecting occurrence of a fluvial species in a watershed altered by a large reservoir
Authors: Hawkshaw Sarah C. F. , Gillingham Michael P. , Shrimpton J. Mark
Published: August 2013

Flooding river valleys following construction of dams restrict fluvial environments to reaches that were formerly headwaters. Whether remaining habitat is suitable for all life stages of fluvial species is poorly understood. A fluvial species, Arctic grayling Thymallus arcticus, showed a dramatic decline following flooding of the Upper Peace River and the formation of the Williston Reservoir. We related landscape and field site‐specific features with occurrence of juvenile Arctic grayling using an information theoretic approach. For the landscape model, an association was identified between stream order and Arctic grayling occurrence although stream order alone was a poor predictor. A positive association between juvenile Arctic grayling occurrence and distance from the Williston reservoir and stream order, as well as a negative association with water temperature and temperature variance, was deemed important for the field site model. Both modelling approaches indicated size of stream system to be an important influence on occurrence of juvenile grayling in the Williston watershed. River length required for suitable river habitat for salmonids has not previously been identified, but should be factored into future management plans when evaluating the impact of proposed hydroelectric dams and subsequent flooding of river systems.
The involvement of the GABAergic system in the formation and expression of the extinction memory in the crab Neohelice granulata
Authors: Tano Martin Carbó , Molina Victor A. , Pedreira Maria Eugenia
Published: August 2013

There is growing interest in the neurobiological mechanisms involved in the extinction of aversive memory. This cognitive process usually occurs after repeated or prolonged presentation of a conditioned stimulus that was previously associated with an unconditioned stimulus. If extinction is considered to be a new memory, the role of the γ‐aminobutyric acid system (GABAergic system) during extinction memory consolidation should be similar to that described for the original trace. It is also accepted that negative modulation of the GABAergic system before testing can impair extinction memory expression. However, it seems possible to speculate that inhibitory mechanisms may be required in order to acquire a memory that is inhibitory in nature. Using a combination of behavioral protocols, such as weak and robust extinction training procedures, and pharmacological treatments, such as the systemic administration of GABAA agonist (muscimol) and antagonist (bicuculline), we investigated the role of the GABAergic system in the different phases of the extinction memory in the crab Neohelice granulata. We show that the stimulation of the GABAergic system impairs and its inactivation facilitates the extinction memory consolidation. Moreover, fine variations in the GABAergic tone affect its expression at testing. Finally, an active GABAergic system is necessary for the acquisition of the extinction memory. This detailed description may contribute to the understanding of the role of the GABAergic system in diverse aspects of the extinction memory.
Repeatability of Host Female and Male Aggression Towards a Brood Parasite
Authors: Trnka Alfréd , Požgayová Milica , Samaš Peter , Honza Marcel
Published: August 2013

Current research on behavioural consistency showed that various types of animal behaviour are highly repeatable in the context of mate choice, exploration and parental care, including nest protection. However, the repeatability of aggressive nest defence has not yet been studied in hosts of brood parasites, although host aggression against adult parasites represents a crucial line of antiparasitic defences. Here, we investigated the between‐season repeatability of the great reed warbler (Acrocephalus arundinaceus) aggression towards a stuffed dummy of the brood parasitic common cuckoo (Cuculus canorus). We found that under the relatively stable risk of brood parasitism across breeding seasons, female responses to the cuckoo were highly repeatable, whereas male responses were variable. We suggest that the potential explanation for the observed patterns of female and male behaviours may lie in female's prominent roles in offspring care and nest protection, and in her lower renesting potential in comparison with that of males. However, further studies on the relationship between host aggression and other types of behaviours (host personality) and their fitness consequences under the fluctuating parasitism pressures are required to clarify the adaptive significance of aggressive behaviour observed in hosts of brood parasites.
Ebi alleviates excessive growth signaling through multiple epigenetic functions in Drosophila
Authors: Lim Young‐Mi , Yamasaki Yasutoyo , Tsuda Leo
Published: August 2013

As multicellular organisms develop, many cells permanently stop dividing and undergo terminal differentiation. The G1 phase of the cell cycle is thought to be the critical decision point for differentiation. Many growth factors, such as epidermal growth factor, are involved in regulating the G1 to S phase transition, and aberrant activation of growth factor signaling is one of the critical causes of tumor formation. Therefore, each cell must have proper mechanisms to suppress inappropriate/excessive activation of growth factor signaling, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain undefined. Here, we found that ebi, a Drosophila homologue of genes encoding transducin‐β‐like 1 and transducin‐β‐like 1‐related protein, mitigated excess growth stimulation by taking advantage of its distinct epigenetic functions. Ebi acted as a corepressor of transcription by forming a complex with retinoblastoma family protein (RBF), a Drosophila homologue of retinoblastoma, and regulating the expression of specific target genes of the Rbf/E2F pathway. Furthermore, ebi also sustained expression of certain genes, including Rbf, encoding factors that inhibit progression out of G1. Our genetic studies suggest that the antagonistic function of ebi against the Polycomb group silencing complex plays a role in the G1/S phase transition.
Trends in species diversity of lotic stoneflies (Plecoptera) in the Czech Republic over five decades
Authors: Bojková Jindřiška , Rádková Vanda , Soldán Tomáš , Zahrádková Světlana
Published: August 2013

An unusual data set of Plecoptera, very sensitive aquatic insects, allow diversity changes to be estimated for 175 streams in the Czech Republic between two periods, 1955–1960 and 2006–2011.

Substantial overall declines in Plecoptera biodiversity were found. Three‐quarters of the species studied declined in their frequency of occurrence, 48% of which were estimated have undergone a reduction of >30%. Overall, streams either at lowland or submontane altitude, particularly large rivers, lost the most species. A significant decrease in local species biodiversity was found in streams up to 700 m a.s.l., especially in small rivers.

The taxonomic dissimilarity between contemporary and previous assemblages increased from montane to lowland altitudes (from ˜30 to ˜70%) and was the same in streams of different size (˜50%). Partitioning of dissimilarity showed that the overall change in dissimilarity was primarily driven by changes in species richness; however, species replacement was not negligible.

The results demonstrated that aquatic insect biodiversity (Plecoptera in particular) is substantially declining in Europe, probably to a similar or greater extent than terrestrial insects, with potential implications for biodiversity of running waters. Plecoptera showed a complex response to habitat change, including loss of pollution‐sensitive species and habitat‐specialists as well as common species, which, in some cases, counterbalanced their losses by concurrent colonisation of new sites.
Comparative In Vitro Osteoinductivity Study of HA and α‐TCP/HA Bicalcium Phosphate
Authors: Chan Yu‐Hao , Chang Yushan‐Sophie , Shen Yun‐Dun , Yang Tzu‐Sen , Ou Shih‐Fu , Hsu Ya‐Ju , Huang Mao‐Suan , Ou Keng‐Liang
Published: August 2013

A bicalcium phosphate (BCP) bioceramic comprising α‐tricalcium phosphate (α‐TCP) and hydroxyapatite (HA) was prepared by a two‐step sintering. The microstructure of the BCP bioceramic was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X‐ray diffraction. The in vitro osteoinductivity was evaluated by culturing MG63 osteoblast‐like cells on the BCP bioceramic. Results showed that the BCP bioceramic comprising α‐TCP and HA in a moderate ratio possessed a hardness of 93.7 Hv. The cells spread faster on the BCP bioceramic than those on the commercial HA. It suggested that the BCP bioceramic can enhance osteoinductivity in vivo.
Calibration and Use of the Heating Microscope for Indirect Evaluation of the Viscosity and Meltability of Archeological Glasses
Authors: Montanari Francesco , Miselli Paola , Leonelli Cristina , Boschetti Cristina , Henderson Julian , Baraldi Pietro
Published: August 2013

The heating microscope is a widely used instrument in many industrial applications, especially in the ceramic field, to obtain information on the sintering behavior and, indirectly, on the viscosity curve of glass. It is therefore important for the study of glass technology. Usually, heating microscopes work by taking images of the sample outline, during a preset thermal cycle, which define five characteristic temperatures corresponding to particular shapes of the specimen. The first two characteristic temperatures can also be extracted from the sintering curves provided by the instrument. In agreement with three published models, the five temperatures are associated with five viscosity values, producing the two best‐fitting plots (Log10(η) – T). In this work, the heating microscope was calibrated using a glass with known properties, to determine the most reliable model, so that it can be applied successfully in the field of archeological science. The selected methodologies were used to analyze two opacified Roman mosaic glass tesserae excavated in Pompeii, previously characterized chemically. A Pompeiian transparent glass, sampled from a large block of base (raw) glass, and its experimental reproduction were also studied. Finally, the relationship between the opacifiers and the thermal behavior of base glass was investigated.
Introducing very young children to English as a foreign language
Authors: Scheffler Paweł
Published: August 2013

This paper describes how two very young Polish children were introduced to English through children's animation series, with meaning being made clear through translation. The children were first exposed to English when they were 21 months. After two years of exposure, documentation of their English utterances took place over a period of six weeks starting when the children were four years and three months. The children's use of language is compared with utterances produced by children attending monolingual English instruction in a formal setting. The comparison shows a more spontaneous and creative use of English by the children in this study. This indicates that a bilingual approach in which children simply experience a foreign language at home may be more effective than monolingual teaching in a formal setting.
Effects of a community‐based intervention on cardio‐metabolic risk and self‐care behaviour in older adults with metabolic syndrome
Authors: Kim Chun‐Ja , Park Jee‐Won , Park Hyung‐Ran
Published: August 2013

This pilot study was performed to investigate the effects of a community‐based intervention (CBI) on cardio‐metabolic risk and self‐care behaviour in 92 older adults with metabolic syndrome at public health centres in Suwon, Korea. A prospective, pretest and posttest, controlled, quasi‐experimental design was used. The older adults in the intervention group participated in an 8‐week intensive lifestyle counselling, whereas those in the control group received usual care. The mean (standard deviation) age of the participants was 71.4 (4.43) years ranging from 60 to 84, and 75.0% of the participants were female. The intervention group at 8 weeks showed significant reduction in waist circumference by −1.35 cm (P < 0.001) and improved self‐care behaviour (+ 5.17 score, P < 0.05) and self‐efficacy (+ 4.84 score, P < 0.001) when compared with the control group. The percentages of those who successfully completed the targeted behavioural modification were 71.7% for exercise and 52.2% for dietary control in the intervention group at 8 weeks. This pilot study provided evidence of the beneficial impact of the CBI for Korean older adults with metabolic syndrome.
Identification, characterization and analysis of expression of genes encoding arylalkylamine N‐acetyltransferases in the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum
Authors: Barberà M. , Mengual B. , Collantes‐Alegre J. M. , Cortés T. , González A. , Martínez‐Torres D.
Published: August 2013

Most organisms exhibit some kind of rhythmicity in their behaviour and/or physiology as an adaptation to the cyclical movements of the Earth. In addition to circadian rhythms, many organisms have an annual rhythmicity in certain activities, such as reproduction, migration or induction of diapause. Current knowledge of the molecular basis controlling seasonal rhythmicity, especially in insects, is scarce. One element that seems to play an essential role in the maintenance of both circadian and seasonal rhythms in vertebrates is the hormone melatonin. In vertebrates, the limiting enzyme in its synthesis is the arylalkylamine N‐acetyltransferase (AANAT). Melatonin is also present in insects but the precise biochemical pathway and the enzymes involved in its synthesis are unknown. Insects possess phylogenetically distant arylalkylamine N‐acetyltransferases but their involvement in melatonin synthesis still needs to be fully demonstrated. Aphids have a seasonally rhythmical life cycle, reproducing parthenogenetically by viviparity in favourable seasons but, in unfavourable seasons, they produce a single generation of sexual individuals. The length of the photoperiod is the main environmental factor that controls the mode of reproduction in aphids. Taking advantage of the availability of the genome of the aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum, we searched for genes encoding aphid arylalkylamine N‐acetyltransferase homologues that could be candidates for participation in seasonal rhythmicity. We identified four AANAT genes, of which at least two (Ap‐AANAT1 and Ap‐AANAT3) showed highly significant variation in transcription levels depending on the photoperiod conditions. These results are discussed in the context of how seasonality can be controlled in aphids.
Diabetic ketoacidosis secondary to L‐asparaginase in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
Authors: Gifford G. , Milliken S. , Greenfield J.
Published: August 2013

We describe a case of severe hyperglycaemia resulting in diabetic ketoacidosis secondary to L‐asparaginase. There are few reports of this potentially life‐threatening complication, particularly in the English literature. Awareness and recognition of this preventable and manageable problem will improve safe delivery of this anti‐leukaemic drug.
Professionalizing Diversity and Inclusion Practice: Should Voluntary Standards Be the Chicken or the Egg?
Authors: Hays-Thomas Rosemary , Bendick Marc
Published: August 2013

Workplace diversity and inclusion (D & I) practices today are based to a great extent on unevaluated experience and intuition rather than empirical evidence. Would voluntary professional practice standards in this field help to raise the level of current and future practice? Or would they be premature? If developed under 4 principles we describe, we predict the former. However, this positive outcome will also require industrial and organizational (I–O) psychologists to join their D & I colleagues in expanding research on D & I practices, strengthening the skills of D & I practitioners, assisting employers to avoid self-incrimination, and enhancing employer commitment to D & I itself. I–O psychologists should also be aware of other implications of D & I practice standards for their work.
Highly expressed genes in gonads of the bat star Patiria miniata: gene ontology, expression differences, and gamete recognition loci
Authors: Hart Michael W. , Foster Adam
Published: August 2013

Evolutionary analysis of mating systems in broadcast‐spawning marine animals and plants has focused on sperm‐ and egg‐surface proteins and glycopeptides that mediate reproductive interactions at different stages of gamete recognition. Improved understanding of the ecology and evolution of such interactions depends on extending our knowledge to multiple genes expressed in both sperm and eggs of diverse taxonomic groups with different modes of fertilization. Here, we use readily accessible next‐generation sequencing methods and desktop bioinformatics to characterize the repertoire of highly expressed genes in testes and ovaries of the asterinid sea star Patiria miniata, including gene ontology annotations for male‐ and female‐expressed molecules, and descriptions of two genes that encode egg‐surface molecules involved in fertilization that have not previously been studied in sea stars. The results are used to contrast expression differences between the testis and ovary, and to develop hypotheses of gamete‐specific expression. We also explore differences in ovary gene expression among multiple females from northern and southern populations that show nucleotide differentiation at many non‐expressed loci and at a gamete recognition locus.
A longitudinal study of coping strategies in men receiving radiotherapy and neo‐adjuvant androgen deprivation for prostate cancer: a quantitative and qualitative study
Authors: McSorley Oonagh , McCaughan Eilis , Prue Gillian , Parahoo Kader , Bunting Brendan , O'Sullivan Joe
Published: August 2013

Aim

This paper reports a study on how men cope with the side‐effects of radiotherapy and neo‐adjuvant androgen deprivation for prostate cancer up to 1 year after treatment.

Background

With early detection and improved treatments, prostate cancer survivors are living longer with the disease and the side‐effects of treatment. How they cope affects their long‐term physical and mental health.

Design

A prospective, longitudinal, exploratory design using both qualitative and quantitative methods was used in this study.

Method

Between September 2006–September 2007 149 men who were about to undergo radical radiotherapy ± androgen deprivation for localized prostate cancer in Northern Ireland were recruited to the study. They completed the Brief Cope scale at four time‐points.

Results

Acceptance, positive reframing, emotional support, planning and, just getting on with it, were the most common ways of coping. Fewer men used coping strategies less at 6 months and 1 year after radiotherapy in comparison to pre‐treatment and 4–6 weeks after radiotherapy. Interviews with these men demonstrated that men adapted to a new norm, with the support of their wives/partners and did not readily seek professional help. A minority of men used alcohol, behavioural disengagement and self blame as ways of coping.

Conclusion

Men used a variety of ways of coping to help them deal with radiotherapy and neo‐adjuvant androgen deprivation for up to 12 months after radiotherapy. Interventions need to be developed to take account of the specific needs of partners of men with prostate cancer and single men who have prostate cancer.
Resilient ageing: a concept analysis
Authors: Hicks Maxine M. , Conner Norma E.
Published: August 2013

Aim

This paper is a report of an analysis of the concept resilient ageing. Unique in comparison with other healthy ageing concepts, resilient ageing can be applied to all older people, regardless of age or affliction.

Background

The state of global population expansion in older people over the next 50 years calls for increased health promotion research efforts to ensure the maintenance of health and optimal quality of life for all older people.

Data sources

Literature for this concept analysis was retrieved from several databases, CINAHL, PubMed PsycINFO, for the years 1990–2012.

Design

Rodgers's evolutionary method of concept analysis was used because of its applicability to concepts that are still evolving.

Methods

An integrative research review methodology was applied to peer‐reviewed journal articles (n = 46) for an inductive analysis of the concept of resilient ageing.

Results

The antecedents, defining attributes, and consequence of resilient ageing were identified. Antecedents to resilient ageing were found to be adversity and protective factors, while the core attributes include coping, hardiness and self‐concept. The consequence of the process of resilient ageing was optimal quality of life. Sense of coherence was found to be the surrogate term. The results obtained were further substantiated using Antonovsky's (1979) theory of salutogenesis.

Conclusion

A theoretical definition and a model of resilient ageing were developed. In addition, a discussion was provided on the practice, policy and research implications for promoting the development of protective factors and resilient ageing.
Discordant population expansions in four species of coral‐associated Pacific hermit crabs (Anomura: Diogenidae) linked to habitat availability resulting from sea‐level change
Authors: Baums Iliana B. , Scott Godwin L. , Franklin Erik C. , Carlon David B. , Toonen Robert J.
Published: August 2013

Aim

To explore the spatial and temporal genetic structure of four tropical hermit crabs in the genus Calcinus with varying habitat use in order to test for impacts of sea‐level change and demography in shaping contemporary population structure and to understand how this structure relates to the process of speciation in the genus.

Location

Central Pacific.

Methods

We sequenced 586 bp of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COI) (n = 702) and analysed the data for population differentiation and demographic changes. We complemented the sequences with abundance surveys of targeted species and modelled potential habitat availability in response to sea‐level change.

Results

Sequence data revealed high haplotype diversity (h = 0.685–0.983) and low nucleotide diversity (π = 0.002–0.018) for all species. There was little population differentiation and extensive geographical haplotype sharing within all species, despite dramatic shifts in the abundance of species among locations, which appear to result from ecological interactions rather than limits to contemporary larval dispersal. Population expansion occurred most recently in the subtidal species Calcinus haigae (30–70 ka), whereas the intertidal species showed earlier expansions: Calcinus seurati: 110–140 ka, and Calcinus laevimanus: 220–250 ka. Differences in timing can be linked to the prediction that subtidal habitat area is strongly affected by changing sea level, while intertidal habitat area is affected less strongly. Interestingly, unlike the West Pacific, habitat in the Central Pacific remains relatively equidistant.

Main conclusions

Habitat availability during sea‐level fluctuations, rather than dispersal limitation per se, appears to be a potential force shaping the population genetic patterns of subtidal species, and perhaps speciation of tropical Calcinus hermit crabs. Insofar as this represents a general pattern, historical sea‐level change may play a role in structuring Central Pacific reef species through alteration of habitat availability rather than isolation and vicariance.
Generalized eruptive keratoacanthoma: proposed diagnostic criteria and therapeutic evaluation
Authors: Nofal A. , Assaf M. , Nofal E. , Alradi M.
Published: August 2013

Generalized eruptive keratoacanthoma (GEKA) of Grzybowski is a sporadically occurring, extremely rare variant of keratoacanthoma characterized clinically by severely pruritic, generalized eruption of numerous small follicular papules, often with a central keratotic plug, and histologically by typical features of solitary keratoacanthoma. Despite the continuous addition of new case reports, no definite diagnostic criteria have been established, and an optimum treatment is not yet determined. Herein, we review the different aspects of this rare entity, including pathogenesis, clinical and histopathological features, differential diagnosis, course and prognosis. Different therapeutic approaches and their impact on the course and prognosis of the disease are also evaluated and presented. We propose two sets of diagnostic criteria to define the disease more precisely and to avoid overlapping and confusion with other types of multiple keratoacanthoma. The first set comprises constant clinical and histopathological features that almost always present in every case and the second set includes variable features that were reported in some patients, and to which any emerging finding could be added to avoid missing cases. Although different therapeutic options have been used, either as single agents or in combinations, there is no standard therapy for GEKA and the disease still represents a therapeutic challenge.