bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Agent’s Liability for Breach of Warranty of Authority
Authors: Munday Roderick
Published: June 2017

This chapter looks at ways of engaging an agent’s liability on his warrant of authority. An action for breach of warranty of authority will lie whenever the ‘agent’, no matter how innocently, represents to a third party that he has authority to act on behalf of a principal and the third party, relying upon that representation, acts in a manner in which he would not otherwise have done had the representation not been made. The agent will be taken to have warranted the truth of his assertion and will be liable for the loss occasioned to the third party by this misrepresentation of authority. The agent may be acting under an existing agency agreement and misrepresent the extent of their authority, or he might not be an agent at all. There will, however, be exceptional situations in which the agent will not be held liable.
Attorney-Client Privilege in International Arbitration
Authors: Möckesch Annabelle
Published: June 2017

Attorney–client privilege is often invoked as a defence in international arbitration proceedings. Nevertheless, the participants often have very different expectations regarding the applicable privilege standard, as national attorney–client privilege laws vary widely between jurisdictions. This is complicated by the fact that institutional arbitration rules do not include provisions on the scope of attorney–client privilege, nor do they contain conflict-of-laws rules to determine the applicable national privilege standard. The determination of the applicable level of protection is rather left to the discretion of the arbitral tribunal. Drawing on interviews with more than thirty leading international arbitration practitioners and extensive academic research, this book provides guidance to arbitral tribunals regarding the determination of the applicable attorney–client privilege standard. It compares attorney–client privilege in key common and civil law jurisdictions, analyses precedent from previous tribunals, and finally sets out proposed changes to the legal framework governing this area.
Introduction to SIAC Arbitration
Authors: Mangan Mark , Reed Lucy , Choong John
Published: June 2017

This chapter presents a brief history of the Singapore International Arbitration Centre (SIAC), and discusses its rules of arbitration and its changes. The Singapore government's Economic Committee recommended the establishment of an international arbitration centre in Singapore to help secure Singapore's place as a regional centre for legal services. This led to the establishment of SIAC in March 1990 as a non-profit public company limited by guarantee. The 2013 SIAC Rules affect two minor changes to the 2010 SIAC Rules: it makes organizational changes by establishing new SIAC court, and it makes conforming retrospective amendments to the 2007 and 2010 SIAC Rules.
Starting the Arbitration
Authors: Mangan Mark , Reed Lucy , Choong John
Published: June 2017

This chapter presents the scope and application of the Singapore International Arbitration Centre (SIAC) Rules in starting arbitration, and explains the reason for the changes in the 2007 and 2010 SIAC Rules. When parties agree to refer their disputes to the SIAC for arbitration, the parties shall be deemed to have agreed that the arbitration shall be conducted and administered in accordance with its rules however; it is subject to any contrary mandatory provision of the applicable law of the arbitration. The 2013 SIAC Rules amend the 2007 and 2010 SIAC Rules to ensure that the persons tasked with supervisory functions under the new rules will be able to perform the equivalent roles under the 2007 and 2010 SIAC Rules.
The Conduct of Proceedings
Authors: Mangan Mark , Reed Lucy , Choong John
Published: June 2017

This chapter discusses the conduct of proceedings in an arbitration of the Singapore International Arbitration Centre (SIAC). An arbitration shall be conducted fairly, and economically, so that it leads to a final determination of the dispute as established in the general principles of SIAC Rule 16. The parties' written submissions should be presented to the Tribunal in the early stage of the arbitration as stated in SIAC Rule 17. SIAC arbitration must have a legal seat or place. It must be connected to Singapore's laws of jurisdiction, and be subject to supervision by the courts of that place.
The Powers of the Tribunal
Authors: Mangan Mark , Reed Lucy , Choong John
Published: June 2017

This chapter describes the power of the Tribunal in Singapore International Arbitration Centre (SIAC) Rule 24. The Tribunal shall have the power to extend or abbreviate procedural time limits. The rule also gives the Tribunal the discretion to determine the method of inspection and the injunction to freeze the property of a respondent which might be put beyond the reach of a claimant, but only to the extent the property forms part of the subject matter of the dispute.
Bank Resolution Techniques
Authors: Gleeson Simon , Guynn Randall
Published: June 2017

This chapter discusses the available ‘toolkits’—or mechanisms—for resolving all types of banks and their affiliates, with the caveat that such tools can only be implemented on a case-by-case basis. In order to demonstrate the coverage of these methods, the hierarchy of approaches to bank failure is as follows: sale of the business by the purchase of assets and the assumption of liabilities (i.e. a purchase and assumption transaction), write-down or conversion of long-term unsecured debt into equity (bail-in), liquidation, and state aid (bail-out). Additionally, the normal state of resolution for a business in the commercial world is a restructuring in which creditors consent to a variation in their rights in order to maximize the residual value of an insolvent commercial company for the collective benefit of all its stakeholders and preserve its critical operations for the benefit of the broader market—a method that should be adapted for use in the banking industry.
Resolution of Insured Depository Institutions
Authors: Gleeson Simon , Guynn Randall
Published: June 2017

This chapter covers the resolution of US insured depository institutions, which is governed primarily by sections 11 and 13 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act. It discusses certain background issues, including the chartering authorities of the institutions that are subject to resolution authority, the deposit insurance requirement, the structure of the FDIC’s resolution unit, the administrative nature of the FDIC resolution process, and the relatively high level of legal uncertainty in this area of US law. This chapter then describes the supervisory and other tools designed to prevent troubled banks and thrifts from failing, and also discusses the resolution process, the recapitalization (bail-in) within resolution strategy, and the ancillary claims process for claims left behind in the receivership.
Abacavir/Dolutegravir/Lamivudine (Triumeq)–Induced Liver Toxicity in a Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Infected Patient
Authors: Christensen Erin S. , Jain Rupali , Roxby Alison C.
Published: June 2017

Drug-induced liver injury related to Triumeq (abacavir/lamivudine/dolutegravir) has not been reported in clinical trials. We report a case of hepatotoxicity related to Triumeq exposure in a human immunodeficiency virus–infected patient. Clinicians should remain aware of the risk for acute and late-onset hepatitis with these agents. Close monitoring is recommended.
The Singing Voice in Country Music
Authors: Vander Wel Stephanie
Published: June 2017

This chapter offers new insights about the musical and cultural significance of singing styles in country music by contextualizing the details of predominant female vocal approaches within the rich and complex history of southern vernacular singing and by considering, the role of the performing body in relation to the singing voice. Specifically, it takes into account the vocal techniques of Loretta Lynn in relation to the musical conventions of honky tonk singing, the physiological and bodily components of vocal production, and the role of microphone and recording technology. With a chest-dominant vocal technique—amplified by the microphone—Lynn has projected a vocal identity of strength and conviction interpreted as the first working-class feminist voice in country music. This chapter demonstrates that singers such as Kitty Wells, Jean Shepard, and Rose Maddox helped to forge a distinct singing style that had a lasting influence on Lynn’s vocal performances.
This Machine Plays Country Music
Authors: Miller Timothy
Published: June 2017

This chapter explores the origins and development of the pedal steel guitar, showing the evolution of instrument traditions as an undercurrent to histories of genre and style. The pedal steel’s emergence in the early 1950s was a continuation of developments from the previous decades, as the exploration of technological answers to the musical “problems” of the steel guitar led to an expanded palette of sounds and gestures. The development of the instrument’s technology and vocabulary occurred within a community of musicians and makers whose priorities both reinforced and challenged the aesthetic values of country music. This history is illustrated through transcriptions and analyses of recordings by key innovators of the 1950s–1970s. The chapter concludes by discussing different trajectories of the pedal steel in the twenty-first century, where it remains a crucial part of country music but has also found a place in other genres and styles.
The Nonlinear Interaction of Person and Situation (NIPS) Model and Its Values for a Psychology of Situations
Authors: Blum Gabriela S. , Schmitt Manfred
Published: June 2017

The Nonlinear Interaction of Person and Situation (NIPS) Model (Schmitt et al., 2013) is a descriptive model that designates how personality traits and functionally equivalent characteristics of the situation interactively shape behavior. On the basis of the mathematical form of this model (i.e., a logistic function), we suggest the NIPS Process Model. Using previous results from item response theory and psychophysics, we determined which processes have to be considered in the person-situation interaction. The NIPS Process Model consists of four elements: activation (supplied by person’s threshold and situation’s demands), tendency (supplied by person’s bias and situation’s alternatives), inhibition (supplied by person’s avoidance and situation’s restrictions), and predictability (supplied person’s variability and situation’s selectivity). It systematically assembles the factors that influence behavior and is applicable to many psychological fields. It can be used to reflect on relations between process models in various psychological disciplines and provides guidelines for much-needed future research.
The Interpersonal Situation
Authors: Pincus Aaron L. , Hopwood Christopher J. , Wright Aidan G. C.
Published: June 2017

This chapter reviews structural and process assumptions of the Contemporary Integrative Interpersonal Theory of personality and presents the interpersonal situation as a synthetic and widely applicable framework for integrating the structure and dynamics of persons and situations. It is an interactional-dynamic perspective that is variable-centered and dimensional (agency and communion; valence and arousal), specifies the important characteristics of situations, synthesizes objective and subjective perspectives, and is applicable to multimethod, multi-informant, multi-timescale assessments in situ, juxta situm, or ex situ organized by the interpersonal circumplex. Emphasizing clinical implications, the chapter reviews multimethod, multi-timescale empirical research employing intensive repeated measures designs (event-contingent recording, continuous assessment of interpersonal dynamics) supporting the interpersonal situation and its relevance for studying personality, psychopathology, and psychotherapy. It then elaborates on the utility of the interpersonal situation framework for psychotherapy practice and training. Finally, it identifies future directions for advancing this contemporary interpersonal perspective on psychological situations.
Team Emotions and Team Learning
Authors: Håkonsson Dorthe Døjbak , Mitkidis Panagiotis , Wallot Sebastian
Published: June 2017

We review literature that informs the role of team emotions in team learning. We focus our review on two types of studies: team emotions as end states and team emotions as ongoing interactions. Organizational research has focused mainly on end-state emotions, where team emotions are examined in the end at an aggregate level. Studies on emotions as ongoing interactions (e.g., coevolution in psycho-physiological or behavioral patterns over time) have mostly been conducted in the area of joint action research. For each type of team emotion study, we review literature that informs the four aspects of team learning identified by Argote (2013): sharing, generating, evaluating, and combining knowledge. We discuss how the team emotions literature contains interesting insights about team learning, but also leaves room for more research. Finally, we discuss the potential in the two types of team emotion studies and offer suggestions about how to combine them in future research.
Personnel Movement as a Mechanism for Learning in Organizations and Teams
Authors: Kane Aimée A. , Rink Floor
Published: June 2017

Promotions, temporary assignments, and planned efforts to transfer best practices are some of the myriad reasons why employees increasingly move within and across contemporary organizations. At the same time, compared to other learning mechanisms, individuals have unique capabilities for conveying knowledge and adapting it to new contexts. Accordingly, this chapter examines how and when the movement of individuals into organizational units influences learning. From a review of personnel movement in the organizational learning literature and learning in the team receptivity to newcomer literature, we uncover general tendencies in how personnel movement influences learning processes and key moderators of these effects. Centered on points of convergence and divergence, we present an overarching theoretical viewpoint on when personnel movement is most likely to result in learning that integrates across the two literatures, noting what each can learn from the other. The chapter concludes by outlining managerial implications.
Deliberate Learning
Authors: Lapré Michael A. , Nembhard Ingrid M.
Published: June 2017

Scholars have made the distinction between autonomous learning from experience and induced learning from deliberate learning activities (DLAs), a process also termed deliberate learning (DL). In DL, organizations purposely engage in learning efforts to create and use better knowledge to improve organizational actions. We review types of DLAs, dimensions on which DLAs differ, and findings about their mixed effects. Given the observed variation in effectiveness of DLAs, we discuss conditions that may limit the potential benefits of DLAs. We also discuss risks and trade-offs that undermine the willingness to engage in DLAs, and we then present five strategies for organizations to minimize risks and support DL. We conclude with avenues for future research on DL.
Collective Paradoxical Frames
Authors: Miron-Spektor Ella , Paletz Susannah B. F.
Published: June 2017

This chapter develops theory on the effect of collective paradoxical frames on team learning and innovation. The chapter identifies contradictory yet interdependent processes of knowledge acquisition and creation, knowledge sharing and transfer, and knowledge integration and implementation. It extends theory on collective paradoxical frames, or shared cognitive filters that enable team members to recognize and accept tensions between opposing elements (e.g., demands, goals, and interests). It advances theoretical clarity by distinguishing between paradoxical, naïve dialectical, and either/or frames, integrating Western and Eastern perspectives to paradox. It also develops theory on how different frames affect the ability of teams to learn and innovate; on mediating cognitive and social processes; and on moderating conditions of context, task, and team characteristics. Finally, it identifies promising directions for future research.
How and When Can Social Hierarchy Promote Learning in Groups?
Authors: Bunderson J. Stuart , Sanner Bret
Published: June 2017

Whereas much of the literature on learning in groups suggests that hierarchy stifles learning, we suggest that, in fact, hierarchy can play important—even critical—roles in facilitating experiential learning by providing a reliable and robust mechanism for setting direction despite potentially paralyzing disagreements. More specifically, we suggest that hierarchy can promote experiential learning by serving three key learning-enabling group functions—bounding, converging, and structuring—and then getting out of the way. We note, however, that intragroup hierarchies often fall short of serving these functions, and we explore a number of factors that help to explain when hierarchy will promote rather than inhibit group learning. We illustrate our arguments using the widely used case of IDEO and the shopping cart project—a case in which hierarchy is explicitly criticized but strategically utilized.
Evolution and Design of Invertebrate Circadian Clocks
Authors: Lam Vu H. , Chiu Joanna C.
Published: June 2017

Invertebrates are an incredibly diverse group of animals that come in all shapes and sizes, and live in a wide range of habitats. In order for all these organisms to perform optimally, they need to organize their daily activities and physiology around the perpetuating day-night cycles that exist on Earth. The circadian clock is the endogenous timing system that enables organisms to anticipate daily environmental cycles and governs these roughly 24-hour cellular and overt rhythms. Given its importance to organismal performance and coordination with external environment, it is not surprising that the circadian clock is believed to be ubiquitous in invertebrates. This chapter will discuss the evolution and molecular designs of the invertebrate circadian clocks and describe our current understanding of the circadian clock neuronal network responsible for interpreting external temporal cues and coordinating cellular and physiological rhythms.
Statistical Biases in Science Communication
Authors: Ioannidis John P. A.
Published: June 2017

Misuse and misinterpretation of statistics result in statistical biases that affect the quality, clarity, relevance, and implications of communicated scientific information. Statistical tools are often suboptimally used in scientific papers, even in the best journals. The vast majority of published results are statistically significant, and even nonsignificant results are often spun as being important. Inferences based on P-values generate additional misconceptions. It is also common to focus on metrics that are more prone to exaggerated interpretation. Most of these problems are possible to solve or at least improve on. The prevalence of statistical biases has been used in attacks designed to discredit science’s validity. However, the use of rigorous statistical methods and their careful interpretation can be one of the strongest distinguishing features of good science and a powerful tool to sustain science’s integrity.
A Comparative Study of Communication About Food Safety Before, During, and After the “Mad Cow” Crisis
Authors: Ferrari Matteo
Published: June 2017

The “mad cow” saga provides useful insights into the complexities that surround public communication on food safety issues. The first part of the chapter describes the most important scientific characteristics of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and its human counterpart, variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. The second section offers an account of the unfolding of public communication before, during, and after the BSE crisis, including the diverse positions adopted by different countries and the legal reforms enacted to improve risk communication. The final part provides an analysis of the key features of the mad cow crisis: the importance of trust and transparency, the uncertainties that can characterize scientific information, the effects of cognitive bias, and the role of cultural context. All these factors contributed to both the amplifying and downplaying—depending on place and time—of the BSE risk in the public mind.
The Need for a Science of Science Communication
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall
Published: June 2017

Communicating within and about science in a fashion that honors its norms and ways of knowing plays a role in warranting the ability of science to serve as a privileged source of premises, evidence, and conclusions in public and policy debates and decisions. Unlike political communication, in which selective uses of evidence, categorical assertion, and calculated ambiguity are stocks in trade, science’s distinctive norms and structures of enforcement entail forms of communication that take into account the available relevant evidence, specify the level of certainty attached to a claim, and precisely specifying the phenomena being analyzed or reported. This chapter discusses these issues and suggests future ways forward for science communicators.
The Role of Scholarly Presses and Journals
Authors: Pope Barbara Kline , Marincola Elizabeth
Published: June 2017

The traditional publication process for scholarly journals and consensus books has enabled researchers to build upon past findings, advance knowledge, inspire the transformation of basic research into practical applications, and generate broad human benefits. In the digital age, this process is undergoing new opportunities and sobering challenges. Many journals and some book publishers now open scholarship to the world through the Web. Scholarly content has never been more available to more of our citizens. At the same time, publishing is facing serious challenges that include a better understanding of the weaknesses of peer review, delays to access, irreproducibility of some results, distortion of the journal impact factor, and complications around authorship credit posed by the changing nature and scale of research. In addition, not all scholarship is open access, and some thriving business models charge readers for content instead of disseminating knowledge freely.
Designing Public Deliberation at the Intersection of Science and Public Policy
Authors: Gastil John
Published: June 2017

An increasingly popular means of engaging the public uses small-scale deliberative forums, with anywhere from a dozen to hundreds or thousands of citizens meeting face-to-face or online to consider policy questions with important scientific dimensions. When designing such processes, policymakers and civic organizations need to consider how they recruit and retain engaged participants, how they structure the deliberative process itself, and the impacts they hope to achieve, not just for participants but also for the wider society. Although research conducted on deliberation shows the efficacy of these processes, the field will benefit from more systematic analysis of alternative deliberative methods, particularly at different points of entry within the policymaking system.
Translating Science into Policy and Legislation
Authors: Gallo Jason
Published: June 2017

Evidence-informed policy is a deliberate process that features analysis of evidence as a necessary step to reaching a public policy decision. Risk is inherent in policy decisions, and decision-makers must often balance consideration of costs; social, economic, and environmental impacts; differential outcomes for various stakeholders; and political considerations. Policymakers rely on evidence to help reduce uncertainty and mitigate these risks. This chapter considers the policymaking process as infrastructure and takes a constructivist approach to the development of evidence. It highlights the reflexivity between the demand for, and supply of, evidence and issues of power, authority, expertise, and inclusion. Finally, the chapter addresses the challenges of applying evidence to complex problems where multiple, heterogeneous variables affect outcomes and concludes with a call for further research to examine the decisions, values, and norms embedded in the design and development of the technical architectures and processes used in policy analysis and decision support.
Overview of the Science of Science Communication
Authors: Akin Heather
Published: June 2017

This chapter synthesizes the central findings generated by the field of science communication, including those that establish that higher levels of public knowledge will not necessarily increase public support for and interest in science. It describes how beliefs about science are entangled in our social and political environment, shaped by mass media portrayals, and confounded by interpersonal and cultural influences. The chapter closes with a discussion of the current landscape of science communication in the context of contemporary science issues. It also suggests that future research develop and test message structures able to neutralize biased processing and also uncover ways to motivate audiences to make accurate rather than distorted judgments about scientific issues.
New Models of Knowledge-Based Journalism
Authors: Nisbet Matthew C. , Fahy Declan
Published: June 2017

This chapter elaborates on the need for knowledge-based journalism in politicized science controversies, detailing specific practices and media structures that might enable more constructive debate. In doing so, it analyzes three main models for doing knowledge-based journalism, drawing on examples of veteran journalists who serve as prototypes for new generations of professionals to emulate and for media organizations to invest in. By combining these approaches, journalists and their news organizations can contextualize and critically evaluate expert knowledge and competing claims, facilitate discussion that bridges entrenched ideological divisions, and promote consideration of a broader menu of policy options and technologies. The recent advent of several news ventures focused on deeper forms of explanatory, analytical, and data-driven journalism suggest that at least some news industry leaders and philanthropists have recognized the need for new types of knowledge-based journalism. These ventures, however, are further evidence that dramatic changes are needed in journalism education.
Assumptions About Science in Satirical News and Late-Night Comedy
Authors: Feldman Lauren
Published: June 2017

Because satirical news programs such as The Daily Show and The Colbert Report pay substantial attention to science, this chapter considers their significance as sources of science attitudes and information. The first section of the chapter discusses general attributes of satirical news and how these may help foster public attention to, active engagement with, and understanding of science. The chapter then highlights limitations on the capacity of satire to communicate science, including the challenge of conveying the seriousness of certain science issues while using humor, the potential for audience misreading of satiric intention, the inherent divisiveness of satire, and the tension between communication goals and the authenticity of satiric performance. The chapter draws on studies that have explicitly analyzed the role of satirical news programs in a science communication context while also raising important unanswered research questions.
A Recap
Authors: Li Nan , Lull Robert B.
Published: June 2017

Science is communicated in a rapidly evolving media environment, characterized by Part Five’s three themes: politicization of science issues; fusion of science, narrative, and entertainment; and the rise of satirical news programs and late night comedies. Media reports about science in general are more fragmented, politicized, and, because of the capacity to access reports from scientific organizations directly, in some instances, more sophisticated than ever before. This synthesis describes those trends and invites scientists and journalists to embrace models better suited to an evolving media environment, such as formal communication training for scientists and knowledge-based journalism for the media.
Using Frames to Make Scientific Communication More Effective
Authors: Druckman James N. , Lupia Arthur
Published: June 2017

Science can serve as a valuable foundation for the making of public policy. For science to have this effect, it must be effectively communicated to individuals, organizations, and institutions. Effective science communication often involves frames that highlight particular aspects of a scientific finding or issue. This chapter discusses ways in which frames can be used to facilitate effective scientific communication—particularly we explore the impact of frames with regard to attention limitations, political polarization, and the politicization of science. We also highlight unanswered questions and challenges. The main lesson of this chapter is that there are certain conditions under which choosing particular frames yields more effective communication. While understanding these conditions does not guarantee success, it can help science communicators avoid common mistakes.
Philosophical Impediments to Citizens’ Use of Science
Authors: Baron Jonathan
Published: June 2017

This chapter discusses three impediments to proper use of science in the creation of public policy. First, citizens and policymakers follow moral rules other than those that involve consequences, yet the main role of science in policy is to predict outcomes. Second, citizens believe that their proper role is to advance their self-interest or the interest of some narrow group, thus ignoring the relevance of science to policy issues that affect humanity now and in the future. Third, people fail to understand the nature of science as grounded in actively open-minded thinking, thus giving it an advantage over some alternative ways of forming beliefs.
Overcoming Innumeracy and the Use of Heuristics When Communicating Science
Authors: Peters Ellen
Published: June 2017

Science communication is difficult because, rather than understanding and using important, often numeric, information, lay people and experts alike resort to superficial heuristic processing of information. This chapter examines heuristic processing with respect to the power of experience, the affect heuristic, and framing effects along with their interactions with innumeracy. Recommendations are made for how to improve science communication to decrease use of heuristic processing and improve use of numeric information in risk perceptions and decision making. Based on existing evidence, science communicators should carefully identify communication goals and then choose evidence-based strategies to meet them. Evidence-based strategies include providing numeric information (as opposed to not providing it), reducing cognitive effort, increasing affective meaning, and drawing attention to key information.
Overcoming False Causal Attribution
Authors: Li Nan , Stroud Natalie Jomini , Jamieson Kathleen Hall
Published: June 2017

In a study published in 1998 in The Lancet, British researchers Wakefield and colleagues described an association between the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine and the onset of autism. Although the MMR–autism association failed to replicate and the lead author was discredited, the purported relationship decreased public confidence in vaccine safety. Parents continue to cite the MMR controversy as a factor complicating their decisions about vaccinating their children. This chapter focuses on misinformation involving false causality and discusses how it might exert persistent influence on individuals’ memory and inference even after being retracted. Additionally, using the MMR controversy as a case study, the chapter identifies some of the boundary situations that render a false causal attribution difficult to dispatch. Several communication strategies for overcoming false causality are recommended and directions for future research discussed.
Science as “Broken” Versus Science as “Self-Correcting”
Authors: Hilgard Joseph , Jamieson Kathleen Hall
Published: June 2017

After showing that the frame “science is broken” is beginning to appear in mainstream media, this chapter examines the ways in which retractions and problems in peer review are characterized, both in media and by partisans, as confirmation that the scientific enterprise is untrustworthy. Media coverage of two widely reported retractions is examined to determine how the prevalence and meaning of retractions are framed. The role of the availability heuristic in prompting overgeneralization of scientific misconduct is noted. To promote trust in science, ways to communicate a “science as self-correcting” frame and to convey the rarity of retractions are explored.
Narrative and Social Movements
Authors: Polletta Francesca , Chen Pang Ching Bobby
Published: June 2017

This article focuses on the use of narrative to understand the dynamics of social movements. More specifically, it examines how the strategic use of storytelling can shed light on the distinctly cultural obstacles that activists face in effecting change. After discussing the main approach to culture in movements, that of collective action framing, the article considers how a study of storytelling can help to account for the cultural and institutional constraints activists face in trying to develop persuasive messages. It then evaluates activists’ variable success in using stories as a persuasive tool and argues that the conditions of reception for narratives are unevenly distributed. Studying the structure of this unevenness, the article asserts, needs to be a part of cultural sociology.
Cultural Trauma: Emotion and Narration
Authors: Eyerman Ron
Published: June 2017

This article examines the theory of cultural trauma and contrasts it to the classical notion of trauma by considering the case of political assassination. The idea of cultural trauma was first developed at Stanford University’s Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences. The theory of cultural trauma has evolved into a core research interest and framework under the rubric of cultural sociology. After discussing the main assumptions of classical trauma theory, the article explains what a traumatic occurrence is. It then explores the meaning of cultural trauma by taking into account Neil Smelser’s definition and concludes by articulating the objectives of cultural trauma as a theoretical construct.
Events as Templates of Possibility: An Analytic Typology of Political Facts
Authors: Berezin Mabel
Published: June 2017

This article extends the concept of events to bring cultural analysis to bear on political explanation and privileges “thick description” and narrative as methodological tools. Drawing on the views of Emile Durkheim, it argues that events constitute “social facts”—phenomena with sufficient identity and coherence that the social collectivity recognizes them as discrete and important. The article first considers the tension between the political and the cultural using a metaphor from sports and biology that unites agency and nature. It then discusses the intersection of events and experience as an analytic category that incorporates the “counterfactual” turn in historical analysis by drawing on William Sewell’s sociological theory of events. It also argues for the existence of “political facts” and concludes by proposing an analytic typology of political facts based on the classification of events along a temporal or spatial axis.
Feminism and Gender Theory
Authors: Juschka Darlene M.
Published: June 2017

This chapter examines gender as a category and concept and its deployment in the study of systems of belief and practice in the last decades of the twentieth century. It charts four theoretical developments that have extended the study of gender in significant ways: that is, intersectionality (analysis of interrelations between race, class, and gender), feminist poststructuralism, gender studies and performance (performance as a central aspect of the social construction of gender, e.g. in rites of passage), and sexuality and queer studies (e.g. recognizing that there is no single normative or universal sexuality). It then examines the application of these theoretical developments in the study of religion.
Marxism
Authors: Day Matthew
Published: June 2017

The ‘actually existing’ academic study of religion is barely imaginable without Marx. Rather than identifying an essential Marxist account of religion, the chapter distinguishes between a pre-1850 and post-1850 constellation of attitudes and intuitions. The chapter begins with this basic exegetical work and then documents a focus by many twentieth-century intellectuals on how Marxism and religion overlap: for much of the twentieth century, intellectuals were often more interested in assessing Marxism potential status as a religion, as opposed to strategically drawing upon the Marxist vocabulary in order to explain religious discourses and practices. It then identifies three successful Marxist strategies that take the latter approach: (a) a mode of anti-capitalist protest; (b) a form of non-elite reflection on capital; (c) a mythologizing ideological discourse.
Social Theory
Authors: Mellor Philip A. , Shilling Chris
Published: June 2017

The category of the sacred was central to classical sociology, and remains key to understanding the contribution of social theory to the study of religion and society. Durkheim highlights the ‘socio-religious’ sacred, operating within otherworldly cosmologies and practices. Durkheim also enables us to conceptualize a ‘bio-economic’ modality in highly differentiated capitalist economies. The ‘transcendent sacred’ central to Weber’s account of the Protestant ethic highlights how forces experienced as extraordinary and otherworldly can coexist with a social sphere differentiated as secular. Weber highlighted the power of forces of rationalization and bureaucratization in modernity. Extending this today suggests a ‘bio-political’ modality of the sacred expressive of the extraordinary power that modern law and governance have over life. These modalities of the sacred can be used to provide new insights into phenomena such as resurgent forms of Islam and Christian Pentecostalism, fetishization of commodities, and bio-political governance of bodies.
Materiality
Authors: Morgan David
Published: June 2017

Beginning with the material turn in the study of religion, this chapter explores the relevance of the study of materiality in recent developments in the study of religion. The chapter traces the development of the material turn as a response to poststructuralism’s focus on textuality. In contrast to the tradition of the phenomenology of religion, the usefulness of Merleau-Ponty’s phenomenology of perception leads to a much more productive study of embodiment as a way of materializing the study of religion. This approach works effectively with the study of networks as a way of robustly grounding the study of religion in the configuration of human and non-human agencies. The chapter then turns to three examples of the embodiment of devotion in order to show that material analysis draws attention to the materiality of enacting the presence of saints; the materiality of prayer; and embodiment as a primary medium of religious formation.
Historicizing and Translating Religion
Authors: Casadio Giovanni
Published: June 2017

This chapter justifies the general application of the taxon ‘religion’ as a unitary analytical concept situated in history, and locates religions as interculturally translatable and communicable systems of beliefs and practices related to superhuman agents. It argues that the postmodern claim that religion was an exclusive invention of modern European scholarship should be dismissed. The author shows that European discourse did not impose on non-European cultures alien colonial configurations such as the separation of the sphere of religion from other spheres of human culture. That this separation was not ‘invented’ is implied by the universal process of construction of boundaries between distinct domains of social life and the consequent elaboration of cross-cultural categories. The possibility itself of defining and translating religion into the most diverse historical and geographical milieus shows the panhuman character of this historical constellation.
Emotion
Authors: Corrigan John
Published: June 2017

Religion often has attended to emotion as a part of religious experience. While that has enhanced theological depth and precision, it also has framed a highly psychologized view of emotion in religion. Historical scholarship of religious practice has prompted other views of emotion, shifting attention from religious experience to culturally derived emotional frameworks. Researchers have also emphasized the cognitive element in emotion, and the biological superstructures of emotional life. Research has translated to a range of investigative projects, some blending discussion of cognition, feeling, and biology with analysis of social life and the role of culture in emotional performances in religious settings. Current research on emotion has revolved around a fairly standard listing of familiar emotions. It may be, however, that emotions or emotional clusters in religion are not easily placed on such lists. The subfield should not shy from studying emotions that seem strange.
Theories of Religion
Authors: Stausberg Michael , Engler Steven
Published: June 2017

This chapter operates with a notion of ‘theory’ as an interconnected set of ideas or statements expressed in language that frames cognitive claims about some phenomenon. The distinction between data and theory is best conceived of in a relative sense: there is no qualitative abyss separating data and theory. The focus of this chapter is one segment of theory in the study of religion, namely theories of religion, i.e. theories that seek to account for religion by addressing the following set of questions: What kind of subject matter does religion constitute? What is the structure of religion? What is distinctive/specific about religion? What are the origins of religion? What are the effects, functions, or products of religion? There is unlikely to ever be a completely satisfying theory of religion. But ‘theory of religion’ can remain a regulative idea for the study of religion as a discipline.
Gods
Authors: Benavides Gustavo
Published: June 2017

Gods are agents believed to be largely free from the constraints that limit the agency of humans, and have been imagined with features that frequently collide with the theological expectations nurtured by contemporary monotheistic religions. Traditionally, gods have demanded offerings, which create a relation of interdependence between gods and humans. Divine qualities can be understood as produced by the projection of intensified human characteristics upon imaginary beings, by means of two processes: the desire to leave behind the limitations that afflict us, and the inescapable tendency to conceive the world as if it were populated by beings analogous to us. In order to understand the gods, therefore, one must focus on the unresolvable tension between the gratuitousness and the deliberateness of their deeds; between their neediness and their self-sufficiency; between their human-like nature and their otherness; between their omniscience and the realization that their minds cannot but be like ours.
Purity
Authors: Urban Hugh B.
Published: June 2017

Purity is an extremely varied and heterogeneous religious ideal that lies at the critical intersection between the individual physical body, the social body, and the cosmos as a whole. At once a material and a spiritual ideal, purity overlaps partially with but far exceeds modern notions of cleanliness or hygiene; indeed, it may in some cases even contradict the latter. One can distinguish five different forms of purity, each in this chapter illustrated by one primary example: physical purity, social purity, mental purity, sexual purity, and the ritual use of impurity. There is also a variety of contemporary theoretical approaches to purity, drawn from psychology, cognitive science, cultural anthropology, gender studies, and comparative religions.
Globalization
Authors: Vásquez Manuel A. , Garbin David
Published: June 2017

This chapter explores the key factors involved in the interaction between religion and globalization. It highlights the roles played by transnational networks, fields, and regimes, as well as migrant and religious diasporas, mass culture, and electronic media in the global circulation and appropriation of religious practices, beliefs, symbols, artifacts, and identities. Using the examples of religious networks associated with Islam, Hinduism, and Christianities, the chapter also argues that while the economic dimensions of religion in a context of globalization are central, the dynamics of global religious fields cannot be reduced to those of the world capitalist system. Religious flows and networks are multi-directional. There is thus a need to develop interdisciplinary and multi-sited approaches to these flows and networks, examining the ways in which they challenge fixed center–periphery models and produce alternative power/geometries shaping religious identities, cultures, and embodied as well as spatialized ontologies.
Relevance
Authors: Tweed Thomas A.
Published: June 2017

This chapter considers recent debates about the relevance of the academic study of religion. The question “Why study religion?’ opens onto a broad debate about the value of the liberal arts. Given claims that these seem not to have direct economic utility, it is useful to recall the three most common defenses of the study of religion as an example of the liberal arts: studying religion advances knowledge; it enriches individuals; and it improves society. This chapter first classifies and assesses these defenses. It concludes by proposing how we might refine the arguments by emphasizing that judgments about relevance always are made in particular contexts and for particular ends: scholars of religion might make those arguments more effective by acknowledging guiding values, considering local contexts, and recognizing multiple goods.
Non-Religion
Authors: Lee Lois
Published: June 2017

Beginning with a focus on ‘secularism’ in the mid-1990s and extending to the study of ‘secularity,’ ‘atheism,’ and ‘irreligious’ and ‘non-religious’ cultures from the mid-2000s onwards, the study of religion’s various ‘others’ is receiving increasing attention from scholars of religion. This chapter untangles the key topic strands in this broad area: non-religious populations; ‘religious-like’ phenomena such as non-religious lifecycle ceremonies and worldviews; dialectics between the religious and non-religious or secular; and secularist regimes of power. It outlines the theoretical concerns of these projects: rival accounts of secularism/s (e.g. postcolonial critiques, realist ‘multiple’ approaches); new ways of investigating and challenging secularization theory; and ‘egalitarian’ approaches to religion which challenge the idea that religion is unique—a sole example of a type. Each of these overlapping areas of research are young fields, and conceptual resources and distinctions are therefore works in progress and require careful negotiation.