bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conclusion—On the Horizon
Authors: Scheufele Dietram A. , Jamieson Kathleen Hall , Kahan Dan M.
Published: June 2017

How we can best communicate about science within ever-shifting political, scientific and political landscapes is an empirical question. And how we can best involve the public and stakeholders in deliberation about complex and ethically fraught science is an open one that science communication is only beginning to answer. The importance of finding answers, however, is magnified by increasingly polarized political environments in countries like the US, the consequential nature of the scientific matters on the horizon, and the speed with which technologies, such as CRISPR, lead to societal applications and implications. Developing approaches to science communication that are effective within these broader political environments will be crucially important for enabling policy debates and decisions that are based on the best available science and responsible innovation for technologies that is coordinated across national boundaries.
What the Public Thinks and Knows About Science—and Why It Matters
Authors: Hallman William K.
Published: June 2017

Modern conceptions of science literacy include knowledge of science facts; a grasp of scientific methods, norms, and practices; awareness of current discoveries and controversies involving science and refinement of the ability to comprehend and evaluate their implications; the capability to assess the priorities and actions of scientific institutions; and the capacity to engage in civic discourse and decision-making with regard to specific issues involving science. Advocates of increased science literacy maintain that widespread public understanding of science benefits individuals, culture, society, the economy, the nation, democracy, and science itself. This chapter argues that the relatively crude measures currently employed to assess science literacy are insufficient to demonstrate these outcomes. It is difficult to know whether these benefits are real and are independent of greater levels of education. Existing measures should be supplanted by multidimensional scales that are parsimonious, easy to administer, reliable, and valid over time and across cultures.
Science Controversies
Authors: Lewenstein Bruce V.
Published: June 2017

For some, the science of science communication offers a hope for managing controversies in which the bulk of the scientific community perceives a clear set of facts but where other forces shape public policy. For others, understanding controversies is less instrumental but instead useful in explicating the ways in which science is embedded in society. Adapting the latter tradition to the science of science communication requires drawing insights from case studies that highlight historical and contextual factors but that may lack the predictive power sought by those who would manage controversy. Some recurring themes in the controversy literature include technical efficiency versus social equity, regulation versus freedom of choice, progress versus traditional values, and political priorities versus environmental sustainability. The challenge is creating a science of complex social contexts that is self-reflective about how it is shaped by the social and political forces it seeks to describe and, sometimes, manage.
The Conservation and Management of Rock Art
Authors: Loubser Johannes
Published: June 2017

The aim of this chapter is to review basic components and procedures regarding rock art conservation and management for archaeologists and anybody else who may be interested in such endeavours. Rock art considered relevant to this chapter includes iconographic pictures, ‘abstract’ designs, and any other artificial discernable markings placed on rock surfaces (including sideward-facing vertical cliffs, cave walls, downward-facing ceilings, side- and upward-facing boulders [either natural or placed there by people], and upward-facing horizontal bedrock pavements). This chapter emphasizes that proper knowledge of and experience in working with rock art in any particular area is essential when recording, conserving, managing, and interpreting it. Proper identification, knowledge, and recording of rock art include various scales of observation, ranging from the macro-landscape scale to the micro-scale of rock surface stratigraphy. Coming up with practical solutions requires a working knowledge of both the physical sciences and the humanities.
The Use and Reuse of Rock Art Designs in Contemporary Jewellery and Wearable Art
Authors: Russell Lynette , Russell-Cook Myles
Published: June 2017

This chapter considers the role of rock art imagery in jewellery and popular culture materials. Our goal is to address the motivations of contemporary jewellery artists as they engage with cave paintings, petroglyphs, and other rock art. Several jewellers were interviewed and their work analysed. There is a range of responses to producing rock art–inspired jewellery from straightforward appropriation to culturally sensitive interpretation and translation. This research highlights the importance of understanding the context and content of jewellery artists’ responses to rock art as well as their motives. Using four case studies, the authors interrogate authenticity, appropriation, and ethical engagement. The responses led to the development of an analytical framework and an exploration of issues of appropriation.
The Psychology of Graphic Perception
Authors: Deręgowski Jan B.
Published: June 2017

It is taken as undeniable that the basic rules of perception dictate both the manner in which objects are depicted and the manner in which these depictions are apprehended. The fact that all human beings are subject to these rules does not negate the possibility of cultural variation but, it is argued, that evidence for abeyance by these rules can always be found under the overlay of cultural varnish, and that such evidence may be helpful to understanding of the depictions left by cultures long vanished, as well as by the cultures differing from that of the viewer, thus to both archaeology and anthropology. The evidence examined to sustain this argument has been mostly drawn from studies of perception carried out in culturally distinct populations and from well established scientific records.
Art and Environment
Authors: Nash George
Published: June 2017

When telling stories through rock art, the artist formed an intimate relationship with the audience through the act of conveying such stories. Ethnographic evidence in many parts of the world suggests that the artist is merely a device through which stories are transmitted from rock surface to audience, whereby the artist becomes an intermediary within the act of performance through the medium of the brush, chisel, and finger, thus creating a theatre of performance. During this performance, the artist used many devices to either conceal or promote the narrative; one of the props used within this performance would have been the panel on which the art was performed, placing figures into spatial context and observing the rules of grammar. This chapter explores how early artists selected and used various rock surfaces, utilizing the rock face’s colour, texture, placement, and natural topography to mimic the surrounding landscape.
Ethnicity, Race, Nationhood, Foreignness, and Many Other Things: Prolegomena to a Cultural Sociology of Difference-Based Interactions
Authors: Sciortino Giuseppe
Published: June 2017

This article demonstrates how cultural sociology may contribute to, and further enrich, contemporary efforts to understand difference-based interactions in a non-reductionist way. More specifically, it explains how a systematic understanding of symbolic structures may be particularly useful in fostering the recent emphasis on boundary-making, rather than collective groups, as the focus of analysis. The article begins with a discussion of two major traditions in the study of difference-based phenomena such as ethnicity, migration, race, nationality, and foreignness: urban ecology and structural anthropology. It then considers the relationship between symbolic and social boundaries before turning to the generation of researchers who, since the 1960s, have pursued research programs oriented toward shifting the emphasis from collective actors to boundary-making processes. It also explains how such research programs have effectively challenged any simplistic vision of difference-based phenomena in terms of bounded groups defined by “natural” cultural differences.
Burning Schools/Building Bridges: Ethnographical Touchdowns in the Civil Sphere
Authors: Trondman Mats
Published: June 2017

This article demonstrates what ethnography can do for cultural sociology by investigating the struggles of Muslim immigrants for multicultural integration in Sweden, and native Swedish resistance to it. The discussion is based on the presupposition that data can speak to us, even “surprise” us, due to the theoretical attentiveness the ethnographer can bring to them. Such notion makes it possible for the reader to see that all possible aspects of encounters in everyday life “carry a meaning other than the simple fact of their existence.” The article considers the position of “cultural autonomy” in what less culturally musical sociologists take to be merely divisive material conflicts over boundary position. It shows that many Muslim immigrants, despite their anger and resentment, still yearn for recognition and for the success of Sweden’s social democratic ideals.
The Politics of Authenticity: Civic Individualism and the Cultural Roots of Gay Normalization
Authors: Seidman Steven , Meeks Chet , Dean James Joseph
Published: June 2017

This article examines the politics of authenticity by focusing on civic individualism and the cultural roots of gay normalization. It introduces the notion of a “cultural code” to understand something of the cultural grounds of postwar gay and lesbian politics and argues that “civic individualism” has been a dominant cultural code in contemporary America. The article begins with a discussion of the founding moment in the gay and lesbian movement: the appearance of the first national political organizations in the 1950s. It then considers the emergence of gay liberationism in the late 1960s and early 1970s that challenged the American culture of civic individualism. It also looks at the rise of a politics of mainstreaming for lesbians and gays during the 1970s and 1980s as well as the triumph of the politics of virtue for the movement during the 1990s.
Rethinking Conflict and Collective Memory: The Case of Nanking
Authors: Schwartz Barry
Published: June 2017

This article examines the politics of collective memory and attribution theory by studying expert and popular beliefs in Japan about the 1937–1938 Nanking Massacre. Memory, when conceived as a product of political conflict, assumes pluralistic and centralized forms. Multiple memories emerge out of a context of cross-cutting interests, coalitions, power networks, and enterprises, as seen in the fate of artistic and presidential reputations, Holocaust commemoration, place-naming, monument-making, and the organization of museums. After discussing the assumptions underlying the politics of memory and attribution theory, the article considers two theories in light of the Nanking debates: the first relates history and memory to power struggles, whereas the second subsumes these struggles under conflicting causal attributions. It also looks at three carrier groups that participate in the Nanking memory war, and particularly in debates over Japan’s moral responsibility for crimes committed in Nanking: maximalists, revisionists, and centrists.
Remembrance of Things Past: Cultural Trauma, the “Nanking Massacre,” and Chinese Identity
Authors: Gao Rui , Alexander Jeffrey C.
Published: June 2017

This article examines the theory of cultural trauma from a cultural sociological perspective by using the case of the Nanking Massacre and its implications for Chinese identity. It begins with an overview of the Nanking Massacre and its initial constructions, focusing on the shift from Western concern to Western silence about the mass murder from a cultural standpoint. It then considers why the Nanking Massacre disappeared from the consciousness of the Chinese, arguing that the event was not narrated as a collective trauma, and the opportunities to extend psychological identification and moral universalism were not taken up, due to the paradoxes of solidarity, boundary-making, and collective identity. It also discusses social revolution and communism as Chinese responses to trauma and concludes with a commentary on the proliferation of articles and reports concerning the Nanking Massacre.
Cultural Pragmatics and the Structure and Flow of Democratic Politics
Authors: Mast Jason L.
Published: June 2017

This article focuses on the performative dimensions, causes, and consequences of the struggle for political power in a fragmented and differentiated society committed to democracy and regulated by open and unabashed struggles for influence and public legitimation. It begins with a review of the literature in the fields of political sociology and political science that addresses how presidents conceive of and exercise their authority and legitimacy, and particularly how presidential power is used as an exercise in communicating with the public. It then introduces a cultural pragmatic approach to analyzing democratic politics, and specifically American political campaigns and presidential elections. Cultural pragmatics is a radically new form of cultural sociology that promises to maintain the emphasis on meaning while avoiding the drawbacks of ritual theory. This approach places emphasis on character and plot development, collective representations, and pragmatic embodiment through performance.
Consumption as Cultural Interpretation: Taste, Performativity, and Navigating the Forest of Objects
Authors: Woodward Ian
Published: June 2017

This article examines consumption from a cultural perspective, with particular emphasis on taste and performativity as well as the ways in which to navigate the forest of objects and their meanings. It first reviews the current state and future of consumption studies through the lens of intersecting research vectors in the fields of consumption, taste, and materiality. It then considers postmodern theories of consumption, focusing on three senses in which the concept of aestheticization has been employed. It also explains how material culture affords symbolic evidence of a person’s taste, and more broadly, is generative of their social identity. Finally, it addresses questions of individualism and hedonism, as well as the extent to which consumerism is culturally and socially divisive or constructive, and proposes a program for a cultural sociological approach to consumption.
Narrating Global Warming
Authors: Smith Philip
Published: June 2017

This article examines global warming using the narrative genre model of risk evaluation. The narrative genre model of risk evaluation offers a systematic and comparative way of looking at the form and structure of storytelling and its consequences for human action. It is based on a number of claims, for example: uncertain events and real world facts are “clues”; we can see things as low mimetic, romantic, tragic, or apocalyptic; binary oppositions play a role as building blocks for wider storytelling activity. The article first provides a background on the issues of global warming, climate change, and greenhouse gas emissions before discussing the rise and growing acceptance of the apocalyptic genre as part of the discourse on global warming. It then considers the critique of apocalypticism, arguing that it is not only a bad genre guess that can be mocked, but also a hegemonic and anti-democratic force. It concludes with a commentary on how the narration of global warming is taking place at two levels.
Inbetweenness and Ambivalence
Authors: Giesen Bernhard
Published: June 2017

This article focuses on the extraordinary space in between the opposites based on a paradigm in cultural sociology that conceives of ambivalence and inbetweenness as a fundamental and indissoluble given of classification and interpretation. More specifically, it considers something that transcends the sucessful ordering and splitting of the world into neat binaries, arguing that this inbetweenness is essential for the construction of culture. Reality does not provide any firm ground for neat classification. Therefore, in applying classifications to raw reality, there will always be an unclassifiable remainder. Furthermore, in specifying meaning, there is no way to achieve absolute clarity and to avoid a rest of fuzziness. This article first provides an overview of some theoretical concepts that point to the essence of inbetweenness before discussing various phenomena of inbetweenness such as garbage and monsters, heroes and victims, and seduction.
Four Ways to Measure Culture: Social Science, Hermeneutics, and the Cultural Turn
Authors: Rawlings Craig , Mohr John
Published: June 2017

This article considers four of the ways in which measurement practices have been applied to create formal models of culture in the social sciences. It first examines the nature of formal measurement models in the social sciences and compares this mode of scholarship to more hermeneutic styles of research, paying attention to debates over method in the social sciences before and after the cultural turn. It then discusses four different types of formal (measurement) models that have been especially important to the cultural sciences over the last century: pre-cultural turn/non-hermeneutic, pre-cultural turn/hermeneutic, post-cultural turn/non-hermeneutic, and post-cultural turn/hermeneutic. It also cites an exemplar figure for each model, namely, Alfred Kroeber, Claude Lévi-Strauss, Paul DiMaggio, and Harrison White, respectively. Finally, it revisits the problem of how to conceptualize a scientific hermeneutics by comparing the theorization of the practice of data analysis to Paul Ricoeur’s theorization of the practice of text analysis.
Culture and Economic Life
Authors: Spillman Lyn
Published: June 2017

This article examines the role of culture in economic life. Research about economic meaning-making challenges economists’ universalistic assumptions about the microinteractional and motivational meaning of economic action. It also improves on vague sociological stereotypes of “market society,” especially by emphasizing meaningful market action in firms and industries. However, the proliferation of so many different conceptual languages and lines of inquiry that now address “economic culture” threatens to undermine the promise of cultural explanation of economic life. This article first discusses the various “cultural production” accounts of meaning in economic action before outlining three different dimensions of meaning-making in economic sociology. It then considers some proposals and models for putting economic discourse at the center of analysis, arguing that proliferation and eclecticism reflect the need for a more comprehensive and explicit engagement with cultural theory.
From Moral Sentiments to Civic Engagement: Sociological Analysis as Responsible Spectatorship
Authors: Wagner-Pacifici Robin
Published: June 2017

This article proposes an entirely different understanding of the goals of cultural sociology, arguing that the subject position of the “spectator” should replace that of the “social scientist.” It contends that cultural sociology should aspire for fidelity—to moods and experiences, to locations and dramas, and to the truth of experience—and that this fidelity can be achieved through witnessing. In order to build the case for a new kind of cultural sociology, the article cites the works of Adam Smith, and especially his theory of social morality founded on the figure of the “impartial spectator.” It also examines four initial problems, including the problem of the alleged distinction between social action and spectatorship and the problem of identifying the appropriate “spectacle.” It concludes by highlighting some important lessons that need to be taken into account so that cultural sociology will continue to flourish.
Definition
Authors: Stausberg Michael , Gardiner Mark Q.
Published: June 2017

There are innumerable attempts at defining ‘religion.’ The need and possibility of defining religion have been challenged, but such claims often presuppose specific definitions of religion and certain definitions of definition. The link between a definiendum (expression to be defined) and a definiens (expression that does the defining) can be conceived of in different manners. Since definiens are intended to express the meanings of the definienda, definitions are theoretically impacted by underlying theories of meaning. A crucial semantic distinction is that between meaning realism (meanings as fully determinate) and meaning antirealism (meanings as indeterminate). Different theories of meaning resonate with different types of definitions (real, lexical, and stipulative). In the study of religion, a recurrent distinction is that between functionalist and substantive definitions. The limitations of both can be overcome by combining them. Homeostatic property cluster definitions are a possible alternative.
Hermeneutics
Authors: Flood Gavin
Published: June 2017

Hermeneutics is the act of interpretation that inquires into the ways in which meaning is formed in text and is also more broadly a philosophical inquiry into human existence. Hermeneutics raises questions about the relation of faith to rationality, about the significance of texts, and about the ways in which signs refer to what they signify. Hermeneutics therefore raises questions about meaning and truth that are directly relevant to religions and highly pertinent in contemporary culture. Hermeneutics can be understood to have three main divisions: theological hermeneutics interprets texts held to be sacred by tradition; historical-critical hermeneutics developed in the context of the critical, philological examination of Classical texts and was then applied to Christian scriptures; and philosophical hermeneutics is concerned with the interpretation not only of text but of existence, as we see in the work of Schleiermacher, Gadamer, Ricoeur, and feminist philosophers.
Time
Authors: Chidester David
Published: June 2017

This chapter illustrates mythic and ritual productions of time. Ritual produces regularities that are coordinated by clocks and calendars. Two basic ways of producing religious time, ancestral and mythic, represent different constructions of temporal continuity. Ancestral time, relying on memory, establishes continuity between human generations. Mythic time, transmitted in narratives of origin and destiny, establishes continuity through underlying moral, legal, or forensic relations between actions and consequences. While establishing temporal continuity, mythic time can also signal temporal ruptures in a past crisis, a present conflict, or a future apocalypse. Ritual practices and mythic narratives generate religious time, but religious timing is also crucial in other spheres of human activity, such as politics, economics, and aesthetics. Religious time, therefore, is not only or merely religious. With its regularities and regulations, its ancestral and mythic constructions of continuity, religious time is also embedded in the aesthetics, economics, and politics of time.
Sports
Authors: Cusack Carole M.
Published: June 2017

Sport and religion are closely interrelated phenomena and this chapter details five significant intersections between sport and religion. First, in premodern polytheistic societies, ritualized sports were often part of devotional activities directed to the gods. Second, physical exertion may act as a trigger for altered states of consciousness in both sporting and religious contexts, which is why trials of sporting prowess merit consideration as religious acts or spiritual experiences. Third, sporting champions frequently profess faith and credit their success to divine intervention. Fourth, fan devotion to sporting stars and teams may resemble religious devotion. Finally, in the context of the secular West, sports may function as a substitute for religion, or as a ‘secular religion,’ for certain people in the contemporary, deregulated spiritual marketplace. This chapter provides evidence of all five of these relations between religion and sport, and ranges across historical eras and cultures.
Experience
Authors: Martin Craig
Published: June 2017

‘Religious experience’ is a concept attributed to a wide variety of phenomena, including mystical states, altered states of consciousness, and spirit possessions; theorists variously attribute the causes of experience to divine sources, social or cultural prompting, or natural, biological processes. Classic theorists employed a normative paradigm that authorizes some experiences as superior to others, and often linked their account of experience with an evolutionary theory of religion. These normative approaches have been called into question by contemporary theorists who have exposed the normative baggage in the classic works, baggage often tied to European colonialism or assumptions of Christian superiority. Contemporary theorists offer more critical, analytical paradigms for analyzing special experiences cross-culturally without reifying them or presuming their universality. These theorists not only permit but encourage some reductionist theorizing of experience. However, even these more analytical paradigms are subject to a number of possible criticisms.
The Emergence and Development of Intellectual Property Law in Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: Ficsor Mihály
Published: June 2017

While this chapter considers the significant differences between the Central and Eastern European countries, their common pasts of centrally planned economies and difficulty of transitioning to a market economy justifies reviewing their intellectual property (IP) laws together. The overwhelming majority of these countries are party to the treaties—as well as EU directives—which determine the basic elements of their national IP laws. Nevertheless, certain features of their former “socialist” IP systems may also play a part in, for example, their regulation of original ownership and transferability of rights; their contractual and tariff systems; and their organizational structures, particularly in the field of collective management of copyright. Other specific features have also emerged as a result of the difficult transition processes, such as higher levels of counterfeiting and piracy.
The Emergence and Development of Intellectual Property Law in Australia and New Zealand
Authors: Weatherall Kimberlee
Published: June 2017

This chapter provides both an overview of the history of intellectual property (IP) laws in Australia and New Zealand, and pathways into existing and emerging scholarship in this area. It discusses convergence and divergence in copyright, patent and trademark legislation and case law between Britain and these two former colonies, from early colonial experimentation to the long period of closely mirroring UK reforms. In the late twentieth century, both countries developed more distinctive IP laws, and diverged on a range of fundamental questions. In the twenty-first century, trade policy—trans-Tasman and global—has created pressures for convergence, but as the countries have grown apart, more perhaps than many realize, so there is considerable resistance to unifying projects. The chapter closes with a discussion of the different trajectories in how IP and indigenous cultural and knowledge systems interface in Australia and New Zealand.
Social Influence
Authors: Watts Duncan J. , Salganik Matthew J.
Published: June 2017

This article examines the role of social influence in the puzzling nature of success in cultural markets: successful cultural products, such as hit songs, best-selling books, and blockbuster movies, are considerably more successful than average; yet which particular songs, books, and movies will become the next ‘big thing’ appears impossible to predict. The article investigates this paradox empirically by constructing a website where more than 27,000 participants were allowed to listen to, rate, and download new music, and where the information that these participants had about the behavior of others could be controlled. In the first three experiments, the popularity of the songs were allowed to emerge naturally, without any intervention. In the fourth experiment, the problem of self-fulfilling prophecies in cultural markets was addressed. The results show that social influence gives rise to unanticipated consequences at the collective level, including inequality and unpredictability of success.
The Contagiousness of Divorce
Authors: Stovel Katherine
Published: June 2017

This article examines the contagiousness of divorce. It begins with an overview of various mechanisms suggesting that the marital status of significant others influences an individual’s decision to divorce. It then presents evidence based on data from a unique Swedish longitudinal database including all employees at approximately 1,500 randomly selected workplaces. The database allows for detailed analyses of how the sex, age, and marital status of a person’s coworkers influence his or her risk of divorce, when one controls for other known risk factors. The results show that interactions with others are crucial when it comes to explaining divorce; the marital status of those with whom individuals interact at work strongly influences their divorce risks. The core finding is that divorce is contagious, but that there are important gender differences in social influence.
Matching
Authors: Baldassarri Delia
Published: June 2017

This article examines matching processes, specifically two-sided matching contexts such as marriage and job markets, using an agent-based simulation approach. It begins with a conceptual discussion of matching processes, focusing on four key analytic features that define a matching process: the preferences actors have over characteristics (of alters or of pairings); the distribution of (relevant) characteristics in the population; the information structure that allows actors to know about potential matches and alternatives; and the operative rules or norms about matching. The article then considers formal models that describe matching processes before introducing an agent-based simulation model designed to shed light on labor-market segregation. This model takes into account the link between social networks and the dynamics of matching.
Collective Action
Authors: Rolfe Meredith
Published: June 2017

This article examines collective action, focusing on the role of social interactions, conflict, and the dynamics of interpersonal influence in shaping collective identities and interests. The discussion is based on the co-occurrence of individuals’ interest and group identity through a consistent course of action and begins with an overview of analytical models used to investigate extraordinary forms of collective action. The article then describes formal models and the problem of cooperation between self-interested actors, along with the notion of free-riding and the origin of shared interests and collective identities, paying attention to the importance of conflict, social networks, and interpersonal influence. It also explores the role of multiple levels of decision-making and actors’ consciousness in collective action before proposing a formal approach to collective action that is simultaneously less and more rational than the one currently employed in analytical sociology.
Analytical Sociology and Theories of the Middle Range
Authors: Hedström Peter , Udehn Lars
Published: June 2017

This article locates analytic sociology in the Mertonian tradition of middle-range theory, which focuses on partial explanation of phenomena observed in different social domains through identification of core causal mechanisms. Robert K. Merton was one of the most important figures in twentieth-century sociology. He wrote on a wide range of topics, including bureaucracy, deviance, mass communications, professions, social stratification, and the sociology of science, paying attention to the consolidation and codification of existing sociological theories. His theoretical agenda has much in common with that of contemporary analytical sociology. This article begins with an overview of Merton’s middle-range theory, followed by a discussion of the micro-macro relationship. It then considers Merton’s arguments regarding social dynamics, along with his theories of self-fulfilling prophecies and the Matthew effect. It also explains different kinds of middle-range theories and concludes by stressing the importance of developing theories with sufficient causal depth.
Historical Sociology
Authors: Åberg Yvonne
Published: June 2017

This article examines the different methods employed in historical sociology through which historical macro social outcomes are investigated — comparative, institutional, relational, and cultural — as well as the enduring tension revealed by the meso-level structures that often shape outcomes. It begins with a discussion of two major categories of historical sociology: comparative historical analysis, characterized by historical sociologists and political scientists who seek an explanation for large-scale processes, and the focus on institutionalism and networks in historical studies. It then presents examples of work in historical social science that have come closest to the requirements of analytical sociology. It also considers ways of bringing historical institutionalism and network analysis together and argues that an emphasis on analytic historical sociology can help specify the causality behind processes that have not been clearly interpreted or have been misinterpreted in historical, sociological, and culturally oriented studies.
The Political Economy of Water Markets
Authors: Garrick Dustin , Svensson Jesper
Published: June 2017

This chapter examines the political economy of water markets. It traces key debates about water markets, and examines how and why these debates have evolved since the 1970s. Experiments with water markets over the past 40 years have generated lessons about the politics, institutional design and performance of reforms to water rights and river basin governance institutions. Drawing on contrasting experiences with water markets in Australia, the US and China, the analysis demonstrates that strong government and community roles are necessary for water markets to respond effectively and equitably to water scarcity.
Social Learner Decision Making
Authors: Rees Carter , Winfree L. Thomas
Published: June 2017

Social learning theory is one of the leading theories in the field of criminology. This chapter provides an overview of the role of choice and human agency within the theoretical framework of social learning and their integrative importance for understanding delinquency and crime. Emphasis is placed on research stemming from Herrnstein’s matching law, choice allocation, and statistical models of social learning as applied to social networks. The chapter provides a unifying discussion of choice-based theories of behavior, elaborates on existing statistical models used to test these choice-based and social learning theories, and suggests topics for an innovative research agenda grounded in the relevant literature. In addition, the chapter articulates a research agenda that will help researchers further promote empirical and theoretical advancements in the social learning tradition of criminology.
Police and Offender Choices
Authors: Eck John E. , Madensen Tamara D.
Published: June 2017

Police influence on offender choices has largely been described in terms of general and specific deterrence. This chapter expands this description by examining the quantity and quality of police influences. With regard to quantity, theory and research from environmental criminology have described a rich set of influences that have direct and indirect effects on offenders. Indirect influences operate through various third parties and by manipulating crime situations. With regard to quality, theory and research from a wide variety of disciplines show that how the police behave with offenders has an influence on offender choices. Four principles are particularly important for quality: the degrees to which the police appear to be reasonable, disarming, focused, and consistent. Expanding our understanding of how police can influence offender choices provides useful areas for research and opens a wide range of possibilities for improving police effectiveness and fairness in addressing crime.
Understanding Offender Decision Making Using Surveys, Interviews, and Life Event Calendars
Authors: Bachman Ronet , Paternoster Ray
Published: June 2017

Research has increasingly utilized surveys and intensive interviews to investigate the cognitive processes inherent in offenders’ decision making. Moreover, these methods have often been included in mixed-methods approaches that include life events calendars to enhance recall of past events and thought processes, or they have been included as part of experimental designs to elucidate causal mechanisms. This chapter provides a review of research that investigates offender decision making using samples from the general population of adolescents or young adults as well as samples of adolescents at a higher risk of offending. Survey research utilizing samples of adolescent and young adult offenders, called the Pathways to Desistance study, is also reviewed, along with survey research of adult offenders in specific correctional settings. Finally, recent inductive research that relies on intensive interviews is reviewed.
Modeling Offender Decision Making with Secondary Data
Authors: Bernasco Wim
Published: June 2017

Many questions about offender decision making are answered by analyzing data from secondary sources, which include police records and other law enforcement sources, but also full population registries containing data on birth, death, family composition, schooling, employment, and social and health service usage. Although secondary data are not collected for research purposes, they have a number of advantages over regular survey data. This chapter discusses the use of secondary data, using as examples two types of offender decisions: whether or not to offend (explored in developmental and life course criminology) and where to offend (explored in geographic and environmental criminology). These are decisions that can fruitfully be studied from a rational choice perspective.
Hegel’s Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences in Outline
Authors: Nuzzo Angelica
Published: June 2017

This chapter examines the idea and structure of Hegel’s Encyclopedia in light of the claim that his conception of the internal development and necessary divisions of this work are ultimately identical with his conception of philosophy as ‘science’ and ‘system’. A discussion of the place of the Encyclopedia within the development of Hegel’s philosophy introduces the issue concerning the relationship between the idea of philosophy as science, its systematic structure, and the encyclopedic form as this connection emerges in the Introduction to the 1817 and 1827–1830 work. The main division in the three spheres of the Logic, the Philosophy of Nature, and the Philosophy of Spirit is then examined in this framework.
Hegel’s Philosophy of Action
Authors: Yeomans Christopher
Published: June 2017

Though Hegel has a strikingly pluralistic philosophy of action, he intends that philosophy to make good on a range of traditional commitments running from the necessity of alternate possibilities through the value of desire satisfaction to the centrality of goal-directedness. It is of course true that many of those possibilities, desires, and goals are essentially social and even collective, and that determining their nature is a public and often retrospective interpretive act. But that determination must also take its cue from the interpretive direction proposed with the act by the agent herself, and the notion of absolute modality is Hegel’s way of seeing that cue as consisting in the suggestion of a context of interpretation by way of marking out the contrast of the action with a certain range of other possible actions.
Hegel’s Moral Philosophy
Authors: Deligiorgi Katerina
Published: June 2017

Hegel’s criticism of morality, or Moralität, has had a decisive influence in the reception of his thought. By general acknowledgment, while his writings support a broadly neo-Aristotelian ethics of self-actualization, his views on moral philosophy are exhausted by his criticisms of Kant, whom he treats as paradigmatic exponent of the standpoint of morality. The aim of this chapter is to correct this received view and show that Hegel offers a positive conception of moral willing. The main argument is presented in two parts: (a) an interpretation of the ‘Morality’ section of the Philosophy of Right that shows Hegel defending a guise of the good version of willing; and (b) an examination of problems raised by this view of willing, some of which are anticipated by Hegel in in his treatment of the ‘Idea of the Good’ in the Logic, and of the interpretative options available to deal with these problems.
Hegel’s Philosophy of History as the Metaphysics of Agency
Authors: Pinkard Terry
Published: June 2017

Rather than understanding history as a process guided by an entity (Geist) that is aiming at the goal of coming to a full self-consciousness, this chapter argues that Hegel’s philosophy should be understood against the background of his Aristotelian- and Kantian-inspired metaphysics. Using his Logic as the background, the author argues that his philosophy of history is an examination of the metaphysical contours of subjectivity and how the self-interpreting, self-developing collective human enterprise has moved from one such shape to another in terms of deeper logic of sense-making, and how this has meant that subjectivity itself has reshaped itself over the course of history. The role of the “infinite end” of justice thereby is shown to play an essential role in making sense of history.
Feeling, Representation, and Practice in Hegel’s Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion
Authors: Lewis Thomas A.
Published: June 2017

This chapter examines one of the most contested elements of Hegel’s corpus, his mature treatment of religion in his Berlin Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion. Emphasizing the need to approach the lectures in context, this chapter first situates Hegel’s philosophy of religion within his larger philosophical project. Doing so both illuminates why the material’s significance has been so debated and highlights what should and should not be assumed at the outset of the lectures. Paying careful attention to Hegel’s structuring of the project, the chapter works through his treatments of the concept of religion, cognition of the absolute, religious practice, the history of religions, and Christianity. The analysis of part two of the lectures, Determinate Religion, closely examines Hegel’s conception of the manifestation of religion. The treatment of the Christian cultus, or community, stresses the connection Hegel develops (by 1827) between this community and modern social and political life.
Hegel’s Lectures on the History of Ancient and Medieval Philosophy
Authors: Redding Paul
Published: June 2017

As becomes apparent from his cursory treatment of the earlier philosophical systems of the East, Hegel’s account of the history of philosophy is decidedly Eurocentric, and this in turn reflects an important feature of his conception of the nature of philosophy itself. While abstraction plays a crucial role in its method, philosophy is not ultimately about the abstractions belonging to some purported platonic realm: it is about the actual, concrete world. Thus the invention of philosophy reflected a peculiarity of the outlook of its Greek inventors: their Heimatilichkeit, their distinct sense of feeling at home in the world. The Greeks, he claimed, did not employ abstract thought in an attempt to escape into a realm of abstractions. Rather, they employed systematic thought as part of the process of creating their own way of life in their world, thus linking the development of philosophy to the development of democratic institutions.
Liberalism and Recognition
Authors: Anderson Sybol Cook
Published: June 2017

This chapter examines the efforts of liberal theorists to address contemporary struggles for recognition identified with the ‘politics of difference’. The number and complexity of egalitarian demands for group recognition—e.g. bids for self-government rights, reparations for past injustices—challenge liberal theory’s primary concern with individual rights. Groups may seek rights that are in tension with individual rights or with the rights of other groups. Hegel’s conception of liberal freedom as the ability of self-actualizing citizens to find themselves at home in the world, an intersubjective achievement fueled by struggles for recognition, suggests an answer to this challenge.
Antarctic Archaeology
Authors: Zarankin A. , Salerno Melisa A.
Published: June 2017

Antarctica was the last continent to be known. Human encounters with the region acquired different characteristics over time. Within the framework of dominant narratives, the early ‘exploitation’ of the territory was given less attention than late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century ‘exploration’. Nineteenth-century exploitation was especially associated with sealing on the South Shetland Islands. Dominant narratives on the period refer to the captains of sealing vessels, the discovery of geographical features, the volume of resources obtained. However, they do not consider the life of the ordinary sealers who lived and worked on the islands. This chapter aims to show the power of archaeology to shed light on these ‘invisible people’ and their forgotten stories. It holds that archaeology offers a possibility for reimagining the past of Antarctica, calling for a revision of traditional narratives.
Lutheran
Authors: Rusch William G.
Published: June 2017

This chapter describes how Lutheranism has viewed, responded to, and contributed to the ecumenical movement. It defines the nature of Lutheranism and the ecumenical movement. It traces the history of the relationship of Lutheranism to other Christians and their churches from the sixteenth until the twenty-first century. Thus it shows how Lutherans developed their views of the unity of the Church and of its importance. The initial response of Lutheranism to the rise of the ecumenical movement in 1910 was one of caution and fear of doctrinal compromise. During the twentieth century, Lutheran reflection about and involvement in all aspects of the ecumenical movement increased dramatically. One result is that global Lutheranism as represented by the Lutheran World Federation is now a major partner on the ecumenical scene.
Ekphrasis
Authors: Altman Joel
Published: June 2017

This chapter examines the use of ekphrasis in early modern theatre, with particular emphasis on its effect on the stage and the relationship of ekphrastic speech to the ongoing action in which it is enunciated. It maps the parameters of ekphrasis on the early modern English stage by considering a few examples of the ways in which ekphrasis instantiates early modern theatricality. It also discusses the expressive potential of ekphrastic speech and its transmission to the listener as well as the ironic uses of ekphrasis as a mode of persuasion, whether directed to oneself, an on-stage auditor, off-stage auditors, or all three. It argues that ekphrasis creates nothing less than what it calls ‘the psyche of the play’ and explains how the unusually flexible capacity of the staged word allows it to be used for a wide range of theatrical techniques, including the usual sense of ‘word-painting’. Finally, it looks at William Shakespeare’s deployment of ekphrasis in his work such as Hamlet.