bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Burnout and Stress, Depression and Self-Esteem of Teachers
Authors: Beer Joe , Beer John
Published: August 2011

33 teachers from one institutional school setting and 59 teachers from three north central school districts volunteered to complete and return Beck's Depression Scale, the Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory—Adult Form, Stress Profile for Teachers, and the Staff Burnout Scale for Mental Health Professionals. Analysis of variance (2 × 2) for teaching level (grade and high school) by sex showed those teaching regular classrooms in grade school experienced less burnout and stress than did high school teachers. There was no sex difference. In the institutional setting there was a significant difference on burnout scores between men and women who taught high school; their scores were higher than those of the male grade school teachers. Burnout lie scores were also significantly higher for female high school teachers than for both male and female grade school teachers. Scores on stress were significantly higher for male high school teachers than for both female high school teachers and male grade school teachers.
Myths about Aggression and Attitudes about the Death Penalty
Authors: Young Thomas J. , French Laurence A.
Published: August 2011

165 college students completed a survey containing a measure of misconceptions about human aggression and attitudinal items on the death penalty from a 1985 Gallup report. Analysis did not provide strong support for the hypothesis that subjects with relatively high numbers of misconceptions about human aggression are more likely than better informed subjects to support the death penalty.
Computerized Cognitive Training with Learning Disabled Students: A Pilot Study
Authors: Talbot F. , Pépin M. , Loranger M.
Published: August 2011

The effects of practicing computerized exercises in class by 59 learning disabled students who received an 8-hr. training program, 30 min. per week, were evaluated. Six exercises designed to facilitate basic cognitive skills development were used. Twelve subjects were assigned to a control group without any form of intervention. Covariance analysis (pretest scores used as covariates) showed a significant effect of training on mental arithmetic. These results suggest that practicing a computerized exercise of mental arithmetic can facilitate the automatization of basic arithmetic skills (addition, subtraction, and multiplication). The nature, progress, and evaluation of such types of intervention are discussed.
Comparison of the Effects of Auditory Subliminal Stimulation and Rational-Emotive Therapy, Separately and Combined, on Self-Concept
Authors: Möller André T. , Kotzé Hendrik F. , Sieberhagen Kobus J.
Published: August 2011

The present study investigated the effects on self-concept of Rational-Emotive Therapy and auditory subliminal stimulation (separately and in combination) on 141 undergraduate students with self-concept problems. They were randomly assigned to one of four groups receiving either Rational-Emotive Therapy, subliminal stimulation, both, or a placebo treatment. Rational-Emotive Therapy significantly improved scores on all the dependent measures (cognition, self-concept, self-esteem, anxiety), except for behavior. Results for the subliminal stimulation group were similar to those of the placebo treatment except for a significant self-concept improvement and a decline in self-concept related irrational cognitions. The combined treatment yielded results similar to those of Rational-Emotive Therapy, with tentative indications of continued improvement in irrational cognitions and self-concept from posttest to follow-up.
Ratings of an Interview Outline for Evaluation of Disruptive Adolescents
Authors: McGiboney Garry , Carter Clifford
Published: August 2011

Assessment by 13 mental health professionals and 25 graduate students in psychology suggested that a brief, carefully developed structured interview outline for intrapsychic information is judged useful in assessment of disruptive adolescents.
Development and Validation of a Self-Critical Cognition Scale
Authors: Ishiyama F. Ishu , Munson Paul A.
Published: August 2011

A 13-item Self-critical Cognition scale was developed to measure a self-critical and self-defeating cognitive tendency in processing self-relevant information. The scale, administered to 561 male and female university students, evidenced high internal consistency (α = .89) and test-retest reliability of r138 = .83 over a 6.5-week interval. A factor analysis yielded a most interpretable 2-factor solution, Factor 1: negative self-processing and Factor 2: failure in positive self-processing. The scale's construct validity was supported by meaningful correlations of –.71 with Rosenberg's self-esteem, .43 with Watson and Friend's social anxiety and distress, .62 with Cheek and Buss's shyness, .57 with Watson and Friend's fear of negative evaluation, .42 with Beck and Beamesderfer's depression, and .34 with negative adjective counts in spontaneous adjective listing in a self-descriptive task. Use of the scale for experimental and clinical research is suggested.
Relationship of Students' Affective Learning to Teachers' Type a Scores
Authors: Lamude Kevin G. , Chow Lena
Published: August 2011

In a study of 107 college teachers, perceptions of college students' affective learning were positively associated .62 with teachers' self-reported Type A behavior scores.
Projective Techniques: An International Perspective
Authors: Piotrowski Chris , Keller John W. , Ogawa Toshiki
Published: August 2011

This is a review of findings from four recent surveys on use of clinical tests in the United States, The Netherlands, Japan, and Hong Kong. The preliminary analysis indicates that projective techniques are popular in the assessment of personality worldwide. Obviously, projective tests are ‘universal’ in that unstructured stimuli serve as the basis for assessment and do not pose a language barrier. Also, reliance on projective methods may reflect problems in access to adequately translated and standardized objective tests. More data are needed from developed countries before firm conclusions on the international status of projective techniques can be affirmed.
Contributing Factors Associated with Agoraphobia
Authors: Goldberg Carlos
Published: August 2011

24 agoraphobics, 6 panic subjects, and 27 normal controls were compared on several factors assumed to be associated with agoraphobia. As compared to controls, agoraphobics scored higher on these factors, but, in general, there were no differences between agoraphobics and panic subjects without agoraphobia.
Seasonal Changes in Rule Infractions among Prisoners: A Preliminary Test of the Temperature-Aggression Hypothesis
Authors: Haertzen Charles , Covi Lino , Buxton Karen , Richards Henry
Published: August 2011

To test the temperature-aggression hypothesis, seasonal changes in aggression as indexed by reported rule infractions were studied for prisoners located at the Patuxent Institution, Jessup, Maryland. 5383 reports of rule infractions occurred between July 1987 and March 1991. Rule infractions occurred more frequently during the hot summer months than the three other seasons of the year. This summer effect, though significant, is only a few percent above a theoretical chance level based on the number of days comprising the seasons. A much stronger monthly effect over 45 months was found, but the bases of erratic fluctuations are not known.
Social Support and Suicide
Authors: Rudd M. David
Published: August 2011

Although considerable research from varied theoretical perspectives and across multiple disciplines has linked social support and suicide, few researchers have explored the relationship directly with any specificity. Investigators are encouraged to consider not only the type or source of support and related network characteristics, but also the specific role of support, the type of suicidal behavior examined, the type or source of stress across both temporal (i.e., acute vs chronic) and qualitative dimensions (i.e., desirable vs undesirable), particular features of the samples accessed, as well as potential interactions with a host of theoretically related variables such as problem-solving skills or adaptive coping.
Explanations for Common Responses to the Blue/Green Cab Probabilistic Inference Word Problem
Authors: Hamm Robert M.
Published: August 2011

Three explanations have been advanced to explain the most popular error on probabilistic inference word problems, which is the use of the reliability of the evidence p(E/H) as the response when p(H/E) is requested. Production system simulations of each explanation are applied to data from a study in which 265 subjects judged the probability of an hypothesis after receiving each of three pertinent pieces of information—the evidence, the baserate, and the reliability of the evidence—in all possible combinations. The explanation that subjects consider the baserate to be irrelevant is rejected. Data are consistent with both the explanation that 265 subjects confuse p(E/H) with p(H/E) and the explanation that they interpolate between the baserate probability and 1.0 and then select their response from among nearby numbers that are available in the word problem.
Erotic Paranoid Reaction, the Imaginary Lover, and the Benign Conspiracy
Authors: Goldwert Marvin
Published: August 2011

This paper describes how an erotic paranoid reaction, when linked to fantasies of benign conspiratorial persecution by the hospital and the milieu, might merge as the grandiose messiah-complex.
Serum Cholesterol Levels and Severity of Aggression
Authors: Hillbrand Marc , Foster Hilliard G.
Published: August 2011

Analysis of serum cholesterol levels of 50 men admitted to a forensic hospital for crimes of violence showed 21 more violent men had lower serum cholesterol levels and a smaller range than those for 29 less violent men.
The Stressors of Clergy Children and Couples: Reliability and Validity
Authors: Ostrander Diane L. , Ceglian Cindi Penor , Fournier David G.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the Stressors of Clergy Children and Couples Scale, an abbreviated version of the Stressors of Clergy Children Inventory. The current self-report survey was tested using 317 ministers' family members across several denominations. Tests for internal consistency reliability and construct validity indicated this scale was adequate for use in research. Recommendations for refinement and use of the scale were presented.
Delineating Entrepreneurs' Styles: Application of Adaption-Innovation Subscales
Authors: Rosenfeld Robert B. , Winger-Bearskin Michael , Marcic Dorothy , Braun Charles L.
Published: August 2011

Work on Adaption-Innovation theory has downplayed the importance of the three subscales, focusing instead on the Kirton Adaption-Innovation Inventory and on its total score. Although most Kirton inventory subscale scores correlate with the over-all score, a significant number do not. For this group of 44 successful entrepreneurs, subscale scores differed from those of technology managers in one company and also from the subscale scores of Kirton's original sample. Dividing the subscale continuum into four zones was instrumental in exploring how entrepreneurs' subscale profiles might differ from population norms. The study clearly showed that for the entrepreneur sample there was a distinct mixture of subscale combinations, and rule conformity acted as a moderating variable for originality. This may prove useful in understanding the differences between groups of entrepreneurs. These findings indicate not only a need for more thorough research of the Kirton subscales but also the usefulness of zones for interpreting scores on subscales.
Measuring Change in a Brief Therapy of a Compulsive Personality
Authors: Primac Daniel W.
Published: August 2011

In the short-term therapy over 16 50-min. sessions of a compulsive personality, there were unanimous positive changes on 17 verbal measures, with no activity shown on one measure. The verbal measures of Mahl, Raimy, and Bugental were used, along with Bühler, Bühler, and Lefever's Basic Rorschach Score and a qualitative analysis of the Rorschach. There were indications of decreases in procrastination, narcissism, and disorderliness.
Contributions to Psychohistory: XXI. Analysis of Conrad's Lord Jim's Life Meaning
Authors: Ebersole Peter
Published: August 2011

Conrad's fictional character Jim's meaning in life is employed as an illustration of the application of DeVogler-Ebersole and Ebersole's scoring system for depth of meaning in life and their method for categorization of different types of meaning in life. Finally, the following issues are briefly covered: future research, an alternative conceptualization of Jim, and the failure of current measures of meaning in life depth to take into consideration the person's behavior.
Affiliative Behavior in Different Species of Voles (Microtus)
Authors: Salo Allen L. , Shapiro Lawrence E. , Dewsbury Donald A.
Published: August 2011

Data were collected on the huddling behavior of pine voles, Microtus pinetorum, and meadow voles, M. pennsylvanicus, to supplement earlier data on prairie voles and montane voles. Species that are social/monogamous in the field tended to huddle more in the laboratory. Contact proneness may be one factor driving different mating systems in the field.
Sense of Community and Union Participation
Authors: Catano Victor M. , Pretty Grace M. H. , Southwell Robert R. , Cole Greg K.
Published: August 2011

Using data from 925 union members, this study reviewed psychological sense of community as a predictor of several criterion measures of union participation. While sense of community did not predict positive actions toward the union, a lack of it did predict filing a grievance against the organization. The results are discussed from the perspective of community psychology.
Cooke's Disturbance Index on the MMPI-2
Authors: Brophy Alfred L.
Published: August 2011

The shortened scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 can affect the magnitude of Cooke's 1967 disturbance index. Methods are given to adjust scores on those scales before calculating the index.
Effects of Ethnicity in Attitudes toward Writing
Authors: Knudson Ruth E.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of ethnicity (as culture) on attitudes toward writing of students in Grades 4 to 8. A 19-item survey was administered to 1798 students in Grades 4 to 8 in ten schools in three school districts. There was no significant effect of ethnicity on the Total score, but there were significant main effects for grade and for gender and a significant interaction only for ethnicity by grade. Follow-up of significant main effects using Scheffé tests indicated that older students have higher scores than younger ones, suggesting their attitudes are less positive and girls have lower scores than boys, indicating their attitudes are more positive. The interaction of ethnicity by grade points to a pattern of Anglo-American and Hispanic students having higher (less positive) scores at each grade. This pattern is similar for black and Asian students, but in Grade 7 black and Asian students have lower scores than those in Grade 6. Competing hypotheses to explain the main effects are discussed. Results of analyses of the three factors reported in the development of this instrument in addition to the analysis of the total score are also discussed.
Primary School Teachers' Beliefs and Advice to Parents concerning Sugar Consumption and Activity in Children
Authors: DiBattista David , Shepherd Mari-Lynn
Published: August 2011

The available body of scientific evidence does not support the notion that sugar consumption has significant adverse effects on children's behaviour; however, responses to a mailed questionnaire indicated that more than 80% of 389 Canadian primary school teachers believed that sugar consumption contributes to increased activity of normal children and to the behavioural problems of hyperactive children. Moreover, in the previous three years, 55% of all respondents had counselled the parents of children whom they believed to be hyperactive to consider reducing their child's sugar consumption to control the child's activity, and parents frequently did so. These results indicate that teachers need to be provided with accurate and up-to-date information about the effects of sugar on children's behaviour and about effective treatments for hyperactivity. Possible origins of beliefs about the reputed adverse behavioural effects of sugar and about factors that may serve to perpetuate these beliefs are discussed.
Depressive Symptomatology among Rural Youth: A Test of the Circumplex Model
Authors: Rudd Nancy M. , Stewart Erik R. , McKenry Patrick C.
Published: August 2011

This study assessed the utility of the circumplex model in predicting depression among 108 rural youth. Only cohesion was linearly related to depression, but the r of –.23 may underestimate the association if the variables are not linearly related.
Public Views on Intelligence: A Finnish Study
Authors: Räty Hannu , Snellman Leila , Vornanen Arja
Published: August 2011

The study set out to explore Finnish lay views of intelligence, of its nature, definitions, and measurement. The 152 subjects, a random sample of an adult population, rated 23 short statements about intelligence. It appeared that the subjects were inclined to deal with intelligence in pluralistic and relativistic rather than in absolute terms. Statements concerning the objectivity of intelligence tests and the value of their use generated the most differences of opinion. A factor analysis of the ratings indicated three dimensions of opinion: traditional views, relativistic views, and gender stereotypes. Relationships of the subjects' sex, age. and education to their opinions were studied.
The Big-Five Factors of Personality: Possible Structure, but No Consensus within the Structure
Authors: Merenda Peter F.
Published: August 2011

Preliminary analysis of Goldberg's clustered adjectives and data from Activity Vector Analysis suggest five factors but some differences.
Lost-Letter Technique: Attitudes toward Gay Men and Lesbians
Authors: Levinson Karen S. , Pesina Maria D. , Rienzi Beth M.
Published: August 2011

As only 10 of 210 “lost” postal cards with messages supportive of lesbian, gay male, and elderly artists were returned after 30 days, careful methodological study is needed.
An Investigation into the Internal Structure of DSM-III Antisocial Personality Disorder
Authors: Jackson Henry J. , Pica Simone
Published: August 2011

The present study examined the DSM-III antisocial personality disorder by examining endorsements of each of the DSM-III criteria to obtain various indices, including interrater reliability, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive power, alpha levels, and item (criterion)-total correlations. 112 psychiatric inpatients were rated on the Structured Interview for DSM-III Personality. 11 patients were accorded a diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder, 65 had other forms of personality disorders, and 36 received no personality disorder diagnosis. The antisocial criteria successfully discriminated patients with antisocial personality disorder from those without the diagnosis. Strong interrater reliability and reasonable alpha levels were achieved. Although some criteria were successful in identifying patients with and without a diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder, the criteria were generally better at predicting the absence of antisocial personality disorder.
Utility of the Hobby WISC—R Split-Half Short Form for Children and Adolescents with Severe Head Injury
Authors: Hooper Stephen R. , Roof Kreig D.
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the utility of the Hobby WISC—R Split-half Short Form in a sample of children and adolescents with severe head injury. Subjects included 30 patients with severe closed-head injuries who were referred for neuropsychological testing as part of their hospitalization in a pediatric rehabilitation center. Subjects ranged in age from 7.5 to 16.2 years and were of the low to middle socioeconomic range. Analyses yielded significant correlations between scores on the standard WISC—R and the Split-half Short Form. Except for the WISC—R Split-half Short Form slightly overestimating scores on Object Assembly, no other score differences were obtained between the two forms. Patterns of strengths and weaknesses were variable for the two forms, with over-all agreements ranging from 46% on the Performance subtests to 53.7% on the Verbal subtests. The rate of classification agreement between the standard and short-form formats in assigning a child to one of five traditional IQ categories was 76.7%, with nearly all scores on the short form falling within one standard error of measurement of the standard WISC—R scores. There was a tendency for younger children to show more stability in their classification categories across the two WISC—R forms than older children. Issues related to the use of the WISC—R Split-half Short Form for a severely head-injured pediatric population are discussed.
Relationship between Order of Variables and Determination of Policies When Using Judgment Analysis
Authors: Rhiel G. Steven , Crouch William H.
Published: August 2011

The methodology for conducting a Judgment Analysis requires judges to rate or rank profiles comprised of a number of variables representing several stimulus dimensions. In this study we investigated the relationship between the order of variables (fixed or random) and 19 judges' rating policies. The results of the Judgment Analysis for the two methods of sequencing profile variables indicate that there is an association between the order of variables and the judges' ability to utilize them in their rankings. When variables were placed in the same order on all profiles, judges used more variables in creating their policies than when the order of the variables randomly changed from profile to profile.
Effects of Offenders' and Victims' Characteristics on Severity of Punishment
Authors: McKelvie Stuart J. , Mitchell M. , Arnott R. , Sullivan M.
Published: August 2011

244 undergraduates read a transcript of a murder case, then made recommendations for treatment of the offender. In Exp. 1, length of sentence for a convicted murderer was unrelated to his mode of attire. In Exp. 2, sentences were unrelated to intention but were longer with than without a motive. In Exp. 3, punishment was not consistently related to the victim's gender. Suggestions for research are given.
Response to Fein's Critique of Thomas, Et Al.: Administrators' Perceptions of School Psychologists' Roles and Satisfaction with School Psychologists
Authors: Levinson Edward M. , Thomas Alex
Published: August 2011

While Fein's (1974) suggested use of a case study approach in lieu of “statistical procedures” to study the role and function of school psychologists has merit, multiple methods of studying the problem are most desirable. We take issue with Fein's inference that a statistical approach is a “less meaningful” approach and argue against her assertion that our study yielded “very limited results.” Most of Fein's comments seem directed toward “roles and functions of school psychologists” and not our principal focus on administrators' perceptions of and satisfaction with school psychologists.
Evidence and Uncertainty in Subjective Prediction: Influences on Optimistic Judgment
Authors: Reece Wendy , Matthews Leroy
Published: August 2011

40 subjects were required to predict the future academic performance of 62 hypothetical students. Each student's performance was represented as a unique arrangement of above average and below average performance for 2, 3, 4, or 5 successively preceding semesters. Following each prediction, subjects were asked to rate how confident they were in their prediction. High confidence was associated with sequences of performance having lower uncertainty, but overestimation of future performance was associated with sequences having high uncertainty. The results were interpreted as supporting a conclusion that there is a positive bias in retrieving similar instances of evidence from memory to bear upon a decision and that the exclusion or reduction of available negative evidence leads to overestimation of future outcomes.
Neuroethics vs Neurophysiologically and Neuropsychologically Uninformed Influences in Child-Rearing, Education, Emerging Hunter-Gatherers, and Artificial Intelligence Models of the Brain
Authors: Pontius Anneliese A.
Published: August 2011

Potentially negative long-term consequences in four areas are emphasized, if specific neuromaturational, neurophysiological, and neuropsychological facts within a neurodevelopmental and ecological context are neglected in normal functional levels of child development and maturational lag of the frontal lobe system in “Attention Deficit Disorder,” in education (reading/writing and arithmetic), in assessment of cognitive functioning in hunter-gatherer populations, specifically modified in the service of their survival, and in constructing computer models of the brain, neglecting consciousness and intentionality as criticized recently by Searle.
Speaking Anxiety, Achievement, and Crime: A Rejoinder to the Response by Witherspoon, Long, and Nickell
Authors: Boor Myron , Bair Jeffrey H.
Published: August 2011

The 1993 response by Witherspoon, Long, and Nickell did not address Boor and Bair's 1992 criticisms of their research design and data interpretations.
On the Validity of Hypotheses Derived from the Rorschach: The Relationship between Shading and Anxiety, Update 1992
Authors: Frank George
Published: August 2011

Research on the hypothesis that shading responses on the Rorschach reflect how people deal with their anxiety was reviewed. The research does not lend support to the hypothesis, but serious methodological and conceptual problems with this research make it difficult to assess the meaning of the results of these studies. The nature of needed research is discussed.
Adolescent and Adult Female Leaders: Comparisons on Measures of Valued Leadership Traits and Irrational Thinking
Authors: Morris G. Barry
Published: August 2011

This study compared the responses of 45 adolescent and 45 adult female leaders on measures of valued leadership traits and irrational thinking. Adolescent leaders value Creativity, while adult leaders view Sense of Purpose an important leadership trait. Adolescent leaders possess significantly more irrational beliefs than adult leaders and tend to endorse those beliefs which reflect high self-expectations, blame proneness, and anxious overconcern about the future.
Just World Beliefs, Self-Esteem, and Attitudes towards Homosexuals with AIDS
Authors: Glennon Frank , Joseph Stephen
Published: August 2011

The belief that AIDS is a deserved punishment on homosexuals for unnatural and unhealthy sexual behaviour was associated with stronger just world beliefs and lower self-esteem among 160 Northern Irish college students.
Termination for Cause and Job Tenure: The Contribution of a Pre-Employment Screening Inventory
Authors: Borofsky Gerald L. , Wagner Joan
Published: August 2011

This study examined the rates of termination for cause among three groups of employees in a resort hotel environment. Comparative rates of termination for cause (e.g., falsification of information, failure to perform satisfactorily on the job) were obtained for 321 employees hired prior to the inclusion of a pre-employment inventory in the selection process, and 437 employees hired subsequently. The latter group was subdivided into 247 employees who were hired making use of scores on the inventory as part of the selection process, and 190 who were hired without scores on the inventory. Analyses indicated that in two consecutive years, the rates of termination for cause were the same for applicants hired without using the inventory (7.8% and 8.2%). In contrast, the rate of termination for cause was significantly less (5.3%) for the group who were hired making use of scores on the inventory. Corresponding results also were observed with respect to an over-all measure of job tenure. Some preliminary benefit-cost implications are discussed.
Building Exchange Relationships: Perceptions of Sales Representatives' Performance
Authors: Hawes Jon M. , Baker Thomas L. , Strong James T.
Published: August 2011

Purchasing and sales professionals spend considerable portions of the work week interacting. Usually the burden of persuasion is faced by the seller and a very important objective of any sales call is an improvement in the buyer-seller relationship. This research examined the views of a sample of 173 purchasing executives and 193 manufacturers' representatives concerning sellers' performance on a number of variables related to exchange relationships. Analysis indicated that buyers held significantly more modest views of the performance of sales representatives than did members of the business-to-business sales force.
The Evaluation and Understanding of Pain: Clinical and Legal/Forensic Perspectives
Authors: Seitz Frank C.
Published: August 2011

The evaluation and proper clinical and legal management of pain clients defy simple remedies. Historically, human pain has challenged the most sophisticated of philosophical, theological, and biomedical explanations. Following an historical overview of pain concepts and treatment, this paper discusses the prevalence in and influence of pain on the modern world. One perspective for viewing multifaceted pain issues is a model developed by John Loeser. This four-level model addresses not only tissue damage (Nociception), but also the patient's perception of such damage (Pain), the negative emotional reactions to such perceptions (Suffering), as well as the pain activity stemming from such damage (Pain Behavior)—all issues critical in medical management as well as in personal injury litigation. Several methods for classifying pain are discussed, including acute vs chronic pain, benign vs cancer pain, “real” vs psychogenic pain, and a multiaxial coding schema for pain which encompasses a number of professional disciplines. Clinical pain assessment is then reframed and translated into a legal format more relevant to forensic discovery and case development.
Use of the Social Health Battery in an Elderly Population
Authors: Ortmeier Brian G.
Published: August 2011

The Social Health Battery, a measure of social support developed by Donald and Ware, has only been tested in a population of individuals aged 14 to 61 years. As part of a larger study, the battery was administered to adults aged 61 to 93 years. Internal consistencies, Cronbach coefficient alpha, indicated that the scale and its subscales, Social Contacts and Group Participation, appear to be a reliable measure of social support for a geriatric population.
The Dutch Version of the Nottingham Health Profile: Investigations of Psychometric Aspects
Authors: Erdman Rudolph A. M. , Passchier Jan , Kooijman Marleen , Stronks Dick L.
Published: August 2011

Data on the adaptation, reliability, and validity of the Dutch version of the Nottingham Health Profile are discussed. The linguistic adaptation of the English version into Dutch is described, followed by the field-testing procedure and the analyses of data from 276 selected subjects from an average general medical group practice in a village nearby Rotterdam. The internal consistency, Cronbach alphas, of the subscales varied from .70 to .85. Test-retest measures for 51 patients with cardiac problems gave Spearman correlations from .69 to .92, while the interscale relationships yielded six relatively independent areas of discomfort and stress. By means of logistic regression analysis on differences between old versus young, male versus female, and healthy versus ill individuals, discriminant validity was satisfactory. Findings suggest that the psychometric aspects of the Dutch version, also seen from a cross-cultural point of view, are sufficient. Nevertheless, further research on reliability and validity of the Dutch version is required to establish its usefulness with different patient groups.
Incidence of Some Oral-Based Habits among College Students and Their Correlations with Use of Oral Stimulants
Authors: Joubert Charles E.
Published: August 2011

This study explored the incidence of three personal habits and their correlates with popular tensional outlets. The 108 men and 202 women college students estimated how often they bit their fingernails, picked their noses, chewed on pencils or other objects, used specific tobacco products, used specific caffeine products, chewed gum, and exercised Also, they rated their happiness on a seven-point scale in Likert format. The fingernail-biting incidence observed here was higher than was reported in previous samples of young adults, and more men than women were nail-biters. More men than women admitted to nose-picking; and about 61% of persons of either sex reported being occasional object-chewers. Men were more likely to exercise, use tobacco products, or consume iced tea than were women but were less likely to chew gum. The intercorrelations among the habits were not significant, and they were unrelated to lower self-reports of happiness. Both men and women who were object-chewers reported drinking greater amounts of cola beverages; otherwise, the relationships between these habits and product uses were not significant.
Gender Differences in Ego Level
Authors: Mabry Corinne Hay
Published: August 2011

Entering college students (110 women and 63 men) completed a short form (12 items) of the Washington Sentence Completion Test of ego development. Using a Cramer's Phi, a significant gender difference on ego level scores was found, with women scoring higher.
Paranoia and the Accidental
Authors: Goldwert Marvin
Published: August 2011

After commenting on the concept of teleological thinking in paranoia, giving diverse examples of a patient's personal religiosity, the point is made that a patient's recovery may be heralded by the acceptance of the accidental in life.
Reliability and Validity of a Japanese Version of the Short-Form Eysenck Personality Questionnaire—Revised
Authors: Hosokawa Toru , Ohyama Masahiro
Published: August 2011

The reliability and the validity of a Japanese version of the short-form Eysenck Personality Questionnaire—Revised were examined for 329 college students and 253 adults. Coefficient alpha reliabilities for the four scales (Psychoticism, Extraversion/Introversion, Neuroticism, and Lie) were greater than 0.71 except for Psychoticism. Test-retest reliability of the four scales over 6 months ranged from 0.70 to 0.85, indicating a substantial stability. A confirmatory factor analysis supported the original theoretical structure of the four personality dimensions as proposed by Eysenck, Eysenck, and Barrett in 1985. Concurrent validity of the revised short-form was evaluated through the comparison of the four scores with the scores on the Maudsley Personality Inventory and the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire. Over-all, the Japanese version of the revised short-form appears to be comparable to the original English version and would be useful for measuring personality in a wide range of settings.
The Structure of Jiritsu (Socially Sensitive Independence) in Young Japanese Women
Authors: Kamitani Yukari
Published: August 2011

This study is based on the hypothesis that “jiritsu” comprises two major components, namely, “integrated dependence” and “independence.” The aim is to examine the components of jiritsu of young Japanese women and establish a Jiritsu Scale. Responses to a 49-item questionnaire administered to 430 college women were factor analyzed. The hypothesized components were successfully obtained. The Jiritsu Scale was created with two factors, one containing 19 items and the other 14.
Sources of Police Stressors, Job Attitudes, and Psychological Distress
Authors: Violanti John M. , Aron Fred
Published: August 2011

Sources of police stressors, job attitudes, and psychological distress were measured and analyzed from a sample of 103 police officers. Analysis indicated that police organizational stressors, mediated by job satisfaction and organizational goal orientation, increased psychological distress 6.3 times more than inherent police stressors. The indirect effect of organizational and inherent stressors appeared to nullify the distress-reducing potential of increased job satisfaction. Results are discussed in terms of these findings and the possible implications for further studies and intervention.
Relationship between Attributional Style, Individualized Attributional Style, and Health
Authors: Dua Jagdish , Plumer Gail
Published: August 2011

Attributional styles as measured by Peterson, et al.'s 1982 questionnaire and through an individualized questionnaire were not differentially related to measures of physical and psychological health for 27 nursing students.
The Structure of Templer's Death Anxiety Scale among Egyptian Students
Authors: Abdel-Khalek Ahmed , Beshai J. A. , Templer D. I.
Published: August 2011

Using a standardized Arabic version of the Templer Death Anxiety Scale with Egyptian students (214 males and 214 females), five factors were extracted which corresponded to those reported for several cultures in Asia, Europe, Africa, and America. Means for the Egyptian students of both sexes were significantly higher than those reported in Arab and western cultures Egyptian female students scored significantly higher than males. The first two factors were mostly comprised of items relating to cognitive/affective components of death and life experiences. These observations support the universality of structures within death anxiety across culture and gender.
Conditioning Treatment of Children's Bedwetting: A Follow-UP and Predictive Study
Authors: Gustafson Roland
Published: August 2011

50 children with a mean age of 7.8 yr. were treated using the conditioning technique originally developed by Mowrer and Mowrer in 1938. The parents were trained to handle the equipment and to keep records of progress. The treatment was administered in the respective homes by the parents under the supervision of a clinical psychologist. Analysis indicated that the treatment was successful after one treatment for 72% ( n = 36) of the children, after one relapse and two treatments for an additional 10% ( n = 5), and after two relapses and three treatments for an additional 8% ( n = 4). 10% ( n = 5) of the children experienced a third relapse after the third treatment. The observed differences in patterns of recovery during treatment, such as number of learning opportunities, significantly differentiated the successful cases from the less successful ones, but a discriminant analysis indicated difficulties in classifying individual cases. It was concluded that process variables are not sufficient to predict success of the present treatment method.
Concurrent Validity of the WPPSI—R and the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities
Authors: Karr Sharon K. , Carvajal Howard , Elser Denise , Bays Kim , Logan Robert A. , Page Gregory L.
Published: August 2011

The concurrent validity of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence—Revised (WPPSI—R) and the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities was assessed with 32 preschool and kindergarten children. The correlations of .70, .73, and .81 between the McCarthy General Cognitive Index and WPPSI—R IQs on the Verbal, Performance, and Full Scales were significantly different from zero. There were no differences among the three WPPSI—R means and the McCarthy General Cognitive Index mean for the total group, or for gender means.
Personality is Indeterminate
Authors: Smith David D.
Published: August 2011

The so-called unique environmental factor in behaviour genetics research, the longitudinal instability of personality, and the unpredictability of human creativity are all manifestations of the same process. Thus a scientific explanation of any one of them should account for them all. That process, it is proposed, is the inherently indeterminate global dynamics of the human brain. The clear implication is that all social sciences have inherently indeterminate phenomena as their subject matter. Predictions of the results of an appropriately designed psychometric study based on this hypothesis are offered.
Clinical Note on the Use of Denial in Patients Undergoing Surgery for Breast Cancer
Authors: Jelicic Marko , Bonke Benno , Millar Keith
Published: August 2011

44 patients awaiting surgery for breast cancer completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Thirteen patients had anxiety scores within the normal range, and five of them even scored extremely low in anxiety. These five and possibly all 13 patients were probably using denial as a defense against the stress of major surgery.
The Association of Marriage and MBA Earnings
Authors: Harrell Thomas W.
Published: August 2011

Sex differences in MBA careers were investigated to test three hypotheses: (1) men will advance in management more than women, (2) women will show more emotional reaction to career stress than men, (3) single women will progress more equally to single men than will be true for married women compared to married men. All three of the hypotheses were supported. Men earned more. In 1990 Kazal-Thresher found starting sex segregation by industry and occupation to explain some differences in earnings. Men worked longer hours, had more stable employment, achieved a general manager position more frequently, and had higher job satisfaction than women. Women, especially married women, expressed more frustration about careers than did men. Single women were not significantly different from single men in earnings, hours of work, stability of employment, and job satisfaction. Single women did not achieve a position as general manager as frequently as did single men.
Differences in Social Desirability Scores of Students in Private and Public Schools
Authors: Porrata Jose Luis
Published: August 2011

Social desirability is now receiving attention as a source of error of measurement and as a personality characteristic and behavioral predisposition. In this study the differences of Puerto Rican students' scores on social desirability, whether they attended private ( n = 47) or public schools ( n = 76), were explored. Youth scoring high on social desirability are seen as more conforming while those scoring low feel freer to express themselves.
Parasuicide in a General Hospital in South Africa
Authors: Naidoo Pamela , Pillay Basil J.
Published: August 2011

The study examined parasuicide behaviour in black (people of African origin) South Africans. The subjects comprised 51 cases of parasuicide, with a mean age of 23.5 yr. (the majority being women), referred over a one-year period. For most patients it was the first parasuicide attempt, and the majority used methods of self-poisoning. In addition, they were mostly single and had experienced early parental loss.
On the Validity of Rorschach's Hypotheses: The Relationship of Space Responses (S) to Oppositionalism
Authors: Frank George
Published: August 2011

From Rorschach to date space responses ( S) have been interpreted as reflecting the trait of ‘oppositionalism.’ The research assessing the validity of Rorschach's hypothesis was reviewed. The results of the research done so far do not strongly or consistently support this hypothesis. On the basis of a critical analysis of the research strategies employed in these studies, conclusions and recommendations were made.
Creativity Training and the Stability and Internal Consistency of the Kirton Adaption-Innovation Inventory
Authors: Murdock Mary C. , Isaksen Scott G. , Lauer Kenneth J.
Published: August 2011

In his 1986 analytic review of the first ten years of research on adaption-innovation theory, Mudd commented on the importance of continued research on the Kirton Adaption-Innovation Inventory. Suggestions pertinent to the present study involved an examination of the stability of the instrument as well as the test-retest reliability of the full scale and subscales. A Lindquist Type III analysis of variance was used to examine the influence of creativity training on the stability of the Kirton full scale scores. The scores did not change after training. There was, however, a significant effect for gender by pre- and posttest interactions for the full scale scores. Men's full scale scores were higher than women's, and only men exhibited an increase. The women's pre- and posttest scores appeared more stable. Internal reliability coefficients and test-retest reliability coefficients for both the full scale scores and the subscale scores were very adequate, but the men's scores did increase.
Depression and Anxiety in Medical, Surgical, and Pediatric Interns
Authors: Schneider Steven E. , Phillips Walter M.
Published: August 2011

The adaptive demands of a physicians' residency program include relocation to another area, mastery of a new organizational system, and a new level of role responsibility, in addition to education and patient care activities. This study examined the prevalence of significant psychiatric symptoms in medical, surgical, and pediatric interns for three four-month intervals. Following a cohort of 39 residents over the course of their first year, using the SCL-90—R, there was an elevated prevalence ( M = 35%) of significant anxiety and depression throughout the year. Given the consistent high anxiety and depression, more research needs to be undertaken to understand the interaction of initial and ongoing adaptive demands.
Associations among Somatotype, Temperament and Self-Actualization
Authors: Catell Padma , Metzner Ralph
Published: August 2011

Based on a sample of 45 subjects, 28 men and 17 women, examination was made of the relationships among body type according to Sheldon's methodology, temperament as measured by Cortes and Gatti, and self-actualization as assessed by the Personal Orientation Inventory developed by Shostrom. No significant associations between somatotype and temperament but some significant results were found by examining the self-actualization scores and the body type/temperament match or mismatch. Significant findings were seen on the Spontaneity, Self-regard, Inner-directed, and Feeling Reactivity scales.
Relationship between Locus of Control and Performance on the National Board of Medical Examiners, Part I, among Black Medical Students
Authors: Webb Carmen T. , Waugh Fredericka E. , Herbert James D.
Published: August 2011

Several investigators have recently suggested that nonacademic factors may be particularly important in the performance of minority medical students. This study examined the relationship between the personality variable of locus of control and black medical students' performance on the National Board of Medical Examiners I. Subjects included 50 third- and fourth-year medical students of African-American, Caribbean, and African backgrounds from 4 medical schools. An internal locus of control was correlated with test performance, whereas the more traditional index of the Medical College Admissions Test was not. Implications of these results for the preparation, admission, and training of black medical students are discussed.
Relationship between Laughter and Weekly Alcohol Consumption
Authors: Lowe Geoff , Taylor Sharon B.
Published: August 2011

A significant correlation of 0.36 was found between scores on the Situational Humor Response Questionnaire and units of weekly alcohol consumption self-reported by 166 social drinkers aged between 18 and 70 years.
Hypochondriasis, Loneliness, and Social Functioning
Authors: Brink T. L. , Niemeyer Louise
Published: August 2011

For 69 community college students, scores on the Hypochondriasis Scale correlated .44 with those on the UCLA Loneliness Scale, and .53 with problems in social functioning. These data are consistent with DSM-III—R listings of poor coping and social skills for hypochondriacal personality.