bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
No strong evidence that modularity, specialization or nestedness are linked to seasonal climatic variability in bipartite networks
Authors: Brimacombe Chris , Bodner Korryn , Michalska‐Smith Matthew , Gravel Dominique , Fortin Marie‐Josée
Published: September 2022

Aim

Given the influence of seasonality on most ecological systems, an emerging research area attempts to understand how community network structure is shaped by seasonal climatic variations. To do so, most researchers conduct their analyses using open networks due to the high cost associated with constructing their own community networks. However, unwanted structural differences from the unique sampling and construction methods used to create each open network likely make comparing these networks a difficult task. Here, with the largest set of open bipartite networks collected to date, we test whether seasonal climatic variations explain network structure while additionally accounting for construction/sampling differences between networks.

Location

Trying to approach global.

Time period

Contemporary.

Major taxa studied

Plants and animals.

Methods

Using 723 open bipartite networks, we test whether temperature and/or precipitation seasonality explains (un)weighted metrics of nestedness, modularity or specialization across plant–pollinator, seed‐dispersal, plant–ant, host–parasite or plant–herbivore systems.

Results

Generally, seasonality only weakly explained network structure: at most 16% of the variation in weighted metrics and 5% of the variation in unweighted metrics. Instead, a control for sampling bias in networks, sampling intensity, often better explained many of the network structural metrics. When limiting our analyses to only intensely sampled networks, however, about 33% of the variation in weighted modularity and specialization was explained by seasonality, but only in plant–pollinator networks.

Main conclusions

Altogether, we do not find strong evidence that seasonality explains network structure. Our study also highlights the large amount of structural differences in open networks, likely from the many different sampling and network construction techniques adopted by researchers when constructing networks. Hence, a definitive test for the relationship between network structure and seasonality across large spatial extents will require a dataset free from sampling and other biases, where networks are derived from a consistent sampling protocol that appropriately characterizes communities.
Insights into the antibacterial mechanism of ozone water combined with tea polyphenols against Shewanella putrefaciens: membrane disruption and oxidative stress
Authors: Lan Weiqing , Chen Xuening , Zhao Yanan , Xie Jing
Published: September 2022

Shewanella putrefaciens (S. putrefaciens) is the main specific spoilage organism (SSO) of marine fish during cold logistic process. To explore the antimicrobial mechanism of ozone water combined with tea polyphenol (TP) against S. putrefaciens, the growth condition, endogenous oxidative stress, changes of membrane integrity and energy metabolism enzyme were evaluated, respectively. As evidenced by the growth curve and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) analysis, bacterial growth was inhibited, and death threat occurred. The increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) suggested intracellular oxidative stress was activated. Additionally, membrane integrity and metabolism functions were destroyed according to the results of alkaline phosphatase (AKPase), β‐galactosidase, transmembrane electrical potential, scanning electron microscope (SEM), adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDHase). In summary, the inactivation of S. putrefaciens could be induced by the combination of ozone water and TP, which provided a theoretical basis for the sterilisation in aquatic products.
Formulation and characterization of Anacyclus Pyrethrum Emulgels and its in vitro and in vivo evaluation as cosmeceutical product
Authors: Qureshi Muhammad Saleem , Jamil Qazi Adnan , Akhtar Naveed , Akhtar Naheed
Published: September 2022

Background

Plants containing high phenolic and flavonoids contents used widely as antioxidant agent by reducing skin photo damaging effects and play important role in skin rejuvenating.

Aims

This study was performed to explore the cosmetic effects of Anacyclus Pyrethrum extract and to develop stable oil in water (O/W) emulsion base gel loaded with Anacyclus Pyrethrum 10% extract.

Objective

To explore and quantify phenols and flavonoids present in Anacyclus Pyrethrum extract and determine its cosmetic effects on human skin.

Method

Emulgel formulation were developed by mixing o/w emulsion with carbopol gelling agent loaded with Anacyclus Pyrethrum (AP) extract and base gel without AP extract. In vitro study was done for the evaluation of color change, liquefaction, hardness, and pH change at different storage condition for the duration of 12 weeks. For in vivo study, emulgel applied on 13 healthy human volunteer's cheeks to evaluate its cosmetics effects and compared with placebo (base). Facial parameters including skin melanin, redness, sebum, moisture content, and skin elasticity were determined by using mexameter, sebumeter, corneometer, elastometer for the study duration of 12 weeks.

Results

Total phenolic content in Anacyclus Pyrethrum extract was 80.04 ± 0.0043 mg GAE/g, and flavonoids were 54.64 ± 0.0076 mg QE/g. Anacyclus Pyrethrum extract found significantly effective in reducing skin photo‐damage effects (p ≤ 0.05) as compared base gel.

Conclusion

Anacyclus Pyrethrum extract being rich source of flavonoid and phenolic content, acts as strong antioxidant to protect skin against photo‐damaging effect and improve skin conditions.
Thermography in complementary assessments of head and neck muscles: A scoping review
Authors: de Almeida Aline Natallia Simões , de Souza Ferreira Sara Loureiro , Balata Patricia Maria Mendes , da Cunha Daniele Andrade , Pernambuco Leandro , da Silva Hilton Justino
Published: September 2022

Introduction

Infrared thermography has the potential to help assess human head and neck muscles, as thermal variation measurements due to muscle imbalance can contribute to the evaluation and therapeutic follow‐up of various clinical conditions in the field of health.

Objective

This study investigated, with a scoping review, the use of infrared thermography in complementary assessments of human head and neck muscles to determine the extent of research on the topic, what methodologies are used in thermal assessment and thermographic analysis, what regions are assessed, and what results are expected in thermography.

Methods

LILACS, MEDLINE, SciELO, and Web of Science were the databases searched to identify articles published on the topic, with no restriction of language or time of publication. Descriptive, analytical, and experimental observational studies on the assessment of the human head and neck muscle surface temperature with infrared thermography were included. Case studies, case series, methodological accuracy, literature review, animal studies, studies that assessed patients with head and neck cancer, and studies that did not assess head and neck muscle temperature with thermography were excluded. The articles were analysed with a protocol developed by the authors, with data on author, year, country, type of study, sample characterisation, muscles assessed, outcomes investigated, thermal assessment methodology, thermographic analysis methodology and thermography measurements.

Results

This review identified and analysed 27 articles. The studies assessed thermal distribution in normal individuals and those with pathologies related to hyper‐ and hypofunctional head and neck muscle conditions for diagnosis or therapeutic follow‐up. The masseter, temporal, digastric, anterior cervical region, orbicularis oris, frontalis, buccinator, suprahyoid, trapezius, sternocleidomastoid and levator scapulae muscles were assessed. Quantitative analyses with area selection tool predominated, considering absolute temperatures and temperature differences. The studies investigated temperature and its relationship with myogenic pain, quantitative assessment of muscle parameters and blood flow velocity. The mean temperature ranged from 32.97°C (±2.21) to 34.90°C, and hyper‐radiant and/or asymmetric regions were observed in hyperfunctional conditions and normal subjects after muscle activation.

Conclusion

Thermography is used in complementary assessments of head and neck muscles, identifying hyper‐radiant regions and thermal asymmetry related to muscle tension and activation state. Papers are limited to specific clinical conditions and few muscle groups, besides having great methodological variability.
Effect of kangaroo mother care on pain during orogastric tube insertion in low‐birthweight newborns: An open label, randomised trial
Authors: Srivastava Geetika , Garg Anantika , Chhavi Nanda , Faridi MMA
Published: September 2022

Aim

Non‐pharmacological methods are commonly used to reduce the procedural pain in newborns. In this open label, randomised control trial, we studied the pain‐reducing effect of kangaroo mother care (KMC) during orogastric tube insertion.

Methods

Newborns, with birthweight 1500–2499 g and admitted to nursery, were randomised into control (no‐KMC) or intervention (KMC) arms. In intervention arm, KMC was given for 60 min before and after the procedure. Premature Infant Pain Profile‐Revised (PIPP‐R) score was used to assess the pain response and the pain severity was graded as minimal or no pain (≤6), mild‐to‐moderate (7–12) and severe (>12). The PIPP‐R scoring was done before, during and at 3‐ and 15‐min after procedure. Change in PIPP‐R scores from baseline was calculated.

Results

Newborns included in no‐KMC (n = 40) or KMC (n = 40) arms were comparable for major confounders (P > 0.05). Pre‐procedural pain scores were comparable (P = 0.72). Pain scores measured during and after procedure were significantly higher in no‐KMC group than KMC arm. The KMC reduced the pain score by 39%, 32% and 30% during and at 3‐ and 15‐min after procedure respectively as compared to control (P < 0.01). The increase in PIPP‐R score from pre‐procedural level was 40%, 35% and 31% lower in KMC than no‐KMC arm (P < 0.01). A greater proportion of newborns had significantly less severe grades of pain in the intervention arm compared to the no‐KMC arm (P < 0.01).

Conclusion

Orogastric tube placement is a painful procedure. KMC significantly reduces periprocedural pain and its effect continues for at least 15 min after the procedure.
Domestic violence screening in a public mental health service: A qualitative examination of mental health clinician responses to DFV
Authors: Gillespie Kerri , Branjerdporn Grace , Tighe Kym , Carrasco Angel , Baird Kathleen
Published: September 2022

Accessible Summary

What is known on the subject?

Mental health clients experience higher estimated rates of domestic violence, yet mental health services are less likely to screen for domestic violence.

What the paper adds to existing knowledge?

This paper qualitatively explores the perspectives and experiences of mental health practitioners in inpatient and community teams in a publicly funded hospital and health service (i.e. public mental health service).

Mental health practitioners described a lack of domestic violence training, as well as a lack of knowledge of domestic violence and support mechanisms for victims, when domestic violence is disclosed by clients.

The paper highlights the unique difficulties and barriers experienced by clinicians in screening for domestic violence while also dealing with clients suffering a mental health crisis.

What are the implications for practice?

The paper sheds more light on the issue of domestic violence in mental health in terms of screening, and identifies avenues for improvement in mental health services; particularly the need for staff training and education.

Introduction

Domestic violence is particularly prevalent within mental health client groups, though screening for domestic violence within mental health services is often overlooked.

Aim

To investigate the experiences and opinions of domestic violence screening by mental health clinicians in a publicly funded hospital and health service.

Methods

Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with twelve clinicians working in publicly funded mental health services in Queensland, Australia. Transcripts were thematically analysed.

Results

Four main themes emerged from the data: staff training and experience; prioritizing domestic violence screening; attitudes to domestic violence; and victim support. Participants discussed a lack of training for, or expectations of, domestic violence screening in mental health services. They also highlighted a lack of resources enabling them to appropriately respond when domestic violence was identified.

Discussion

Education, attitudes and resources relating to domestic violence are major factors that should be addressed for the successful screening and treatment of clients in mental health.

Implications for Practice

This paper informs services of the gaps in knowledge and care around domestic violence and mental health. A less medicalized approach to the treatment of mental health should be adopted, and domestic violence training introduced for all healthcare practitioners, to improve client outcomes.
Paleomagnetic study of impactites from the Karla impact structure suggests protracted postimpact hydrothermalism
Authors: Kuzina Dilyara M. , Gattacceca Jérôme , Bezaeva Natalia S. , Badyukov Dmitry D. , Rochette Pierre , Quesnel Yoann , Demory François , Borschneck Daniel
Published: September 2022

We present a paleomagnetic study of the ~10 km diameter Karla impact structure in Russia. We sampled the target carbonate rocks, and a yet undocumented fragmental melt‐bearing lithic breccia layer. This impact breccia, which contains carbonate melt, is enriched in stoichiometric magnetite by a factor of ~15 compared to the target lithologies, and carries a stable natural remanent magnetization. The weak remanent magnetization and the presence of both normal and reverse polarities down to the centimeter scale indicate that the breccia does not carry a thermoremanent magnetization (TRM), but rather a chemical remanent magnetization (CRM). The presence of stoichiometric magnetite and the absence of TRM suggest that the magnetite was formed during relatively low‐temperature postimpact hydrothermalism that affected the porous impact breccia layer. During this process, the breccia acquired a CRM. The paleomagnetic direction is compatible with a Cenozoic age for the impact event, but cannot bring more precise constraint on the age because of the stable position of the Eurasian plate over the last 60 Myr. However, the presence of both polarities indicates that mild hydrothermalism took place over a period of time long enough to span at least one reversal of the geomagnetic field, that is, over a time scale of the order of 100 kyr. This confirms that protracted hydrothermal systems associated with impact craters are long lived, even in relatively small craters such as Karla, and are key features of the geologic and environmental effects of impacts on Earth.
The development of wearable technologies and their potential for measuring nutrient intake: Towards precision nutrition
Authors: Shi Zhenghan , Li Xin , Shuai Yifan , Lu Yanli , Liu Qingjun
Published: September 2022

Appropriate food intake and nutritional status are crucial for the maintenance of health and disease prevention. Conventional dietary assessment is mainly based on comparisons of nutrient intakes with reference intakes, failing to meet the needs of personalised nutritional guidance based on individual nutritional status. Given their capability of providing insights into health information non‐invasively in real time, wearable technologies offer great opportunities for nutrition monitoring. Nutrient metabolic profiles can be monitored immediately and continuously which could potentially offer the possibility for the tracking and guiding of nutrient intake. Here, we review and highlight the recent advances in wearable sensors from the perspective of sensing technologies for nutrient detection in biofluids. The integration of biosensors with wearable devices serves as an ideal platform for the analysis of biofluids including sweat, saliva and tears. The wearable sensing systems applied to the analysis of typical nutrients and important metabolites are demonstrated in terms of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals and others. Taking advantage of their high flexibility and lightweight, wearable sensors have been widely developed for the in situ quantitative detection of metabolic biomarkers. The technical principles, detection methods and applications are summarised. The challenges and future perspectives for wearable nutrition monitoring devices are discussed including the need to better determine relationships among nutrient metabolic profile, nutrient intake and food intake. With the development of materials, sensing techniques and manufacturing processes, wearable technologies are paving the way towards personalised precision nutrition, although there is still a long way to go before they can be utilised for practical clinical applications. Joint research efforts between nutrition scientists, doctors, engineers and sensor researchers are essential to further accelerate the realisation of reliable and practical wearable nutrition monitoring platforms.
The analgesic effect of nostalgia elicited by idiographic and nomothetic approaches on thermal stimulus
Authors: Zhang Ming , Yang Ziyan , Zhong Jiahui , Zhang Yuqi , Lin Xiaomin , Wang Jiyuan , Cai Huajian , Kong Yazhuo
Published: September 2022

Nostalgia is shown to relieve an individual's perception of pain evoked by cold water, pressure, and thermal stimuli. However, there is no direct evidence to show the analgesic effects of different nostalgia‐inducing methods on various stimulus intensities. We conducted two studies to examine the analgesic effect, at different pain intensities, after inducing nostalgia either idiographically or nomothetically. Study 1 (N = 118) induced nostalgia through an idiographic approach (i.e., event reflection task) and found that nostalgia relieved both high and low thermal pain. Study 2 (N = 66) induced nostalgia through a nomothetic approach (i.e., viewing nostalgic pictures) and found that nostalgia relieved low but not high thermal pain. The findings verify the analgesic effect of nostalgia on thermal pain and suggest the potential moderating role of the nostalgia induction approach and pain intensity. Practically, these findings have implications for using nostalgia as a nonpharmacological treatment for pain.
Identification of novel major and minor quantitative trait loci associated with bacterial blight resistance in rice from Oryza nivara‐derived wild introgression lines
Authors: Balakrishnan Divya , Laha Gouri Sankar , Arra Yugander , Surapaneni Malathi , Beerelli Kavitha , Ladhalakshmi Duraisamy , Srinivas Prasad Madamsetty , Subba Rao Lella Venkata , Sundaram Raman Meenakshi , Neelamraju Sarla
Published: September 2022

Wild species are known to be reservoir for agronomically important traits including disease resistance in crops. Bacterial blight (BB) is one of the major diseases of rice causing significant yield reduction, and host plant resistance plays a major role in the management of the disease. In this study, we employed backcross introgression lines (BILs) of ‘Swarna’ containing wild introgressions from two accessions of Oryza nivara IRGC81848 and IRGC81832 in order to map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for BB resistance. A total of 22 and 43 QTLs for BB resistance were detected respectively on 12 chromosomes, which explained between 2.5% to 18.09% of the phenotypic variance in the two populations. Of the significant QTLs, qBB‐1‐1 (RM259‐RM9) and qBB‐10‐1 (RM474‐RM271) were detected across the two populations and the resistance contributing alleles were from donor wild accessions. Two major QTLs in ‘Swarna’/O. nivara IRGC81848 (NPS lines) and seven QTLs in ‘Swarna’/O. nivara IRGC81832 (NPK lines) were consistently detected across the years in the respective populations. Novel QTLs qBB‐10‐1 and qBB‐12‐1 are identified as candidate genomic regions for further fine mapping. These stable QTLs identified can be utilized for enhancing BB resistance in elite rice genotypes via marker‐assisted or genomic selection strategies.
New product life cycle curve modeling and forecasting with product attributes and promotion: A Bayesian functional approach
Authors: Lei Dazhou , Hu Hao , Geng Dongyang , Zhang Jianshen , Qi Yongzhi , Liu Sheng , Shen Zuo‐Jun Max
Published: September 2022

New products are highly valued by manufacturers and retailers due to their vital role in revenue generation. Product life cycle (PLC) curves often vary by their shapes and are complicated by promotional activities that induce spiky and irregular behaviors. We collaborate with JD.com to develop a flexible PLC curve forecasting framework based on Bayesian functional regression that accounts for useful covariate information, including product attributes and promotion. The functional model treats PLC curves as target variables and includes both scalar and functional predictors, capturing time‐varying promotional activities. Harnessing the power of basis function transformation, the developed model can effectively characterize the local features and temporal evolution of sales curves. Our Bayesian framework can generate initial curve forecasts before the product launch and update the forecasts dynamically as new sales data are collected. We validate the superior performance of our method through extensive numerical experiments using three real‐world data sets. Our forecasting framework reduces the forecasting error by 5.35%–30.76% over JD.com's current model and outperforms alternative models significantly. Furthermore, the estimated promotion effect function provides useful insights into how promotional activities interact with sales curves.
Effector memory T cell subset CD45RA−CCR7−CD27−CD28−EM3 increases in direct proportion to the disease severity of COVID‐19
Authors: Kizmaz Muhammed Ali , Simsek Abdurrahman , Bozkurt Tugce , Cagan Eren , Dombaz Fatma , Tezcan Gülcin , Asan Ali , Demir Halil Ibrahim , Bal Salih Haldun , Yoyen Ermis Digdem , Coskun Funda , Yilmaz Emel , Akalın Emin Halis , Oral Haluk Barbaros , Budak Ferah
Published: September 2022

COVID‐19, which emerged in December 2019 and continues to wreak havoc, has led to the death of many people around the world. In this study, we aimed to uncover the variables underlying the exacerbation of the disease by considering the changes in T cell subsets in adults and juveniles with different disease severity of COVID‐19. Peripheral blood samples of 193 patients (128 adults and 65 juveniles) diagnosed with COVID‐19 were evaluated in a flow cytometer, and a broad T cell profile was revealed by examining T cell subsets in terms of exhaustion and senescence. We found remarkable differences in the effector memory (EM; CD45RA−CCR7−) cell subsets of severe pneumonia cases. The frequencies of EM2 CD4+ T, EM3 CD4+ T, EM3 CD8+ T, EM2 DN T and EM3 DN T cells were found to increase in severe pneumonia cases. Consistently, these cells were found in juveniles and uncomplicated adults in similar or lower proportions to healthy controls. The findings of our study provide a view of the T cell profile that may underlie differences in the course of COVID‐19 cases in juveniles and adults and may provide new insights into the development of effective treatment strategies.
Can Talk Reveal Nondeclarative Culture? Deliberation Strategies in Talking About Social Controversies1
Authors: Delp Christine , Edgell Penny
Published: September 2022

Scholars have long debated the kind of cultural information that can be obtained through discursive methodologies. Is it possible to discern implicit, nondeclarative cultural information about research participants from “talk” alone? Using focus group data from the Talking about Social Controversies project, we argue that it is possible to discover limited kinds of nondeclarative culture from talk in sites of situated interaction. We propose the concept of deliberation strategies to describe the different ways people align their personal declarative culture (e.g., beliefs and values) with available forms of public culture (e.g., discourses or institutionally packaged cultural forms). We argue that deliberation strategies are styles of combining personal and public culture, and that they reveal information about (1) the coherence of people's personal declarative culture, (2) people's implicit preferences for alignment between their personal beliefs and policies they would prefer to see adopted for the public at large, and (3) their preferences for coherence at the level of public culture. We show how focusing on deliberation strategies sheds light on the willingness of individuals to accept institutionally packaged “one‐size‐fits‐all” solutions to contemporary social problems.
From Pressure Time Series Data to Flame Transfer Functions: A Framework for Perfectly-Premixed Swirling Flames
Authors: Ghani Abdulla , Albayrak Alp
Published: September 2022

We present a two-step optimization (TSO) framework, which uses the pressure data of an unstable combustion process to estimate the Flame Transfer Function (FTF). From the pressure time series, we obtain the instability frequency and the amplitudes of the pressure fluctuations. The first optimization step is based on an acoustic network model of the combustor: the TSO approach uses the pressure data to find a simplified n-tau model, which reproduces the unstable combustion process. This step has already been validated for the Rijke tube, a laminar and a turbulent flame in Ghani et al. (2020). The major contribution of this work adds a second optimization loop to extend the n-tau model to the FTF: the gain and phase obtained by the n-tau model are used to fit a distributed time delay model. Our proposed method is applied to a turbulent, premixed, swirl-stabilized flame operated at two power ratings and two swirler positions. The model results for the FTFs are compared against experimentally measured FTFs for these four configurations and all agree well. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to estimate the complex-valued FTF solely based on pressure measurements. Compared to classical methods for FTF determination such as experimental tests or numerical simulations, our TSO approach is fast and accurate. The proposed framework is suitable for perfectly-premixed flames stabilized by a swirling flow field, requires two pressure sensors and is easy to implement.
Compost Waste Heat to Power Organic Rankine Cycle Design and Analysis
Authors: Mitri Frederick B. , Dennis William M. , Anderson Kevin R. , Yassine Wael
Published: September 2022

This paper presents the research conducted for an industry partner with the goal of developing a waste heat driven, fully renewable and green, power plant. The industry partner was desirous of a compost waste heat driven power plant with the possibility of supplemental solar thermal energy boost, but with the main energy source being compost. The goal is for the plant to operate with a duty of 24/7 on compost waste heat and utilize solar thermal energy to boost power output during the day. This paper discusses the design of a suitable Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) power plant, the design of a compost driven heat exchanger/boiler, compost pile thermal analysis, Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) hybrid plant analysis, and expected power output analysis for this concept. Furthermore, the selection of isobutane as the baseline refrigerant for this ORC plant will be justified. Analysis was conducted and a feasibility study was carried out in order to determine if the concept is feasible and competitive in the open market. As such, a Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) analysis was also performed to ensure that the energy produced at this plant would come at a reasonable, competitive cost. The results shown herein for a hybrid CSP / compost waste to heat isobutane driven ORC powerplant afford an LCOE on the order of 4 ¢/kWh for compost alone and 10.7 ¢/kWh for compost and CSP solar. These are in comparison to the average LCOE for solar stations of approximately 10 ¢/kWh. Paramount to the operation of the compost waste heat to power plant presented herein is the correct design and selection of the heat exchanger which interfaces the compost waste heat stream to the isobutane ORC. The design and analysis of this heat exchanger is given in detail herein.
An Approximation of Using Vertical-Axis Tidal Turbine for Water Desalination in the Suez Canal Waterway
Authors: Gharib-Yosry Ahmed , Espina Valdes Rodolfo , Blanco-Marigorta Eduardo , Alvarez-Alvarez Eduardo
Published: September 2022

Many countries are suffering from water shortage, especially Egypt, which is considered one of the limited regions in fresh-water resources. Desalination has been proven a feasible and promising technology for supplying potable water. However, the main challenge inhibiting the wider use of desalination technologies is the high economic cost especially due to the energy consumption. The main goal of this research is to provide an approach on the possibility of using vertical-axis turbines to harness the periodical tidal current and the hydrokinetic flow from ships and vessels, which run continuously in the Suez Canal waterway, for a desalination process. The turbine rotor type and the design parameters have been selected carefully looking for self-starting and best performance under low flow velocities with independency of the flow direction. Experimentally, the model has been fabricated using additive manufacturing process, and tested in a water flume under different upstream flow velocities. Power curves have been obtained for each operating condition. Additionally, the non-dimensional tip speed ratio and power co-efficient curve have been characterized. Numerically, an intensive three-dimensional simulation has been carried out in order to obtain a better understanding of the complex hydrodynamic flow phenomena around the turbine rotor.
From Balancing a Stick to Tightrope Walking: How Added Mass Influences the Act of Balancing
Authors: Minkin Leonid , Zable Anthony C.
Published: September 2022

Physics-related tricks that use simple everyday materials, which many children attempt, are often entertaining, memorable, and motivate their interest to physics. One example is balancing a stick on a fingertip or open palm (Fig. 1). To balance a stick, there are two important aspects that must be considered: i) the rotational dynamics of the stick as it falls to one side, while the finger (pivot) is stationary, and ii) the human response to this process. The latter aspect is linked with feedback control theory, human time-delayed response, gaze location (where a person looks at the stick), and the limitations of the human nervous system, and is rather complicated. However, controlling the balancing and the corresponding human reaction depends on the rotational dynamics of the stick falling. Analysis of the rotational dynamics are a process suitable for consideration in introductory physics courses.
Demonstration of Thermoelectric Power Generation with a Thermoelectric Cooler
Authors: Bai Rong , Liu Shuaishi , Liu Taiting , Sun Zhongbo , Lian Yufeng , Liu Keping
Published: September 2022

In the present work, we demonstrate the phenomenon of temperature difference power generation, which is achieved by the reversible conversion between thermal and electrical energy.
Rethinking the Ideal Gas Law Using Graphs
Authors: Wang Fei
Published: September 2022

The ideal gas law, PV = nRT, is one of the simplest physical laws in nature that is introduced to students as early as in high school and first year in college. In this equation, P stands for pressure, V is the volume, n is the amount expressed in mole, T is the temperature in Kelvin scale, and R is the ideal gas constant. The traditional approach of introducing the ideal gas law involves three historical experiments by Robert Boyle, Jacque Charles, and Amedeo Avogadro. They each observed that V ∝ 1/P, V ∝ T, and V ∝ n, respectively. Mathematically, we can put them together to yield V ∝ nT/P. Designating the proportionality constant as R, we have V = R . nT/P or PV = nRT as is mostly written. I call this the “bottom-up” approach in which we make individual measurements first and then consolidate them into one unified equation. In this paper, the author presents a logical way to unite the three gas laws together, a “top-down” approach where a systematic logical investigation is performed first, and then proposes a series of experiments that are both minimal and optimal. It provides a new theoretical perspective to the experimental facts and a new way of presenting the ideal gas law at the college intro level through a heuristic approach.
The circle of light: A new lab on total internal reflection
Authors: Lincoln James
Published: September 2022

Shine a laser into a pan of shallow water, but on the bottom of the pan place a piece of paper. The result will be an interesting perfect circle of light (Fig. 1). This is caused by internal reflection of the diffusely reflected light. The diameter of the circle depends on both the depth of the water and the index of refraction of the liquid. In this article, I investigate this very simple activity and show examples of how students and teachers can use this phenomenon as a laboratory or demonstration to investigate concepts of the critical angle and total internal reflection.
Teaching Room Acoustics
Authors: Orzolek Douglas C. , Blilie Shelley A.
Published: September 2022

Like many other universities, Musical Acoustics is offered at our school as a lab-based course fulfilling general science requirements for non-majors. The course has been team-taught by a physics professor and music professor since its earliest inception and, by far, the most popular unit explores room acoustics through a variety of activities and experiences. The purpose of this article is to share the ways we engage students in the process of learning the conceptual elements related to room acoustics.
FPAT—A Framework for Facilitating the Teaching and Learning of Using Fermi Problems Originating in Mathematics Education Research
Authors: Ärlebäck Jonas Bergman , Albarracín Lluís
Published: September 2022

Enrico Fermi is remembered for his many contributions to theoretical and experimental physics, but from an educational point of view he also popularized the use of the kind of questions we now call “Fermi problems” (or “Fermi questions”). Fermi problems (FPs) are back-of-envelope problems that arose from the need to make order of magnitude calculations, and Fermi himself used them in his own research and physics classes. The procedure proposed by Fermi was to break the original problem down into simpler sub-problems, solve these by making reasonable estimates and educated guesses, and thereby reach a solution to the original question. In the literature, this way of working is known as the “Fermi (estimates) method.”
Empowering Journey Making an Interactive Video Vignette
Authors: Ochoa-Madrid Egla , Chau Lani , Wright Matthew
Published: September 2022

We’ve all experienced it in one way or another: bright, eager students start the year ready to tackle the biggest challenges in physics and life. Yet as the semester wears on and the physics gets more challenging, student enthusiasm waivers. They lose confidence and feel pressure to prove themselves worthy of a difficult and sometimes intimidating major. This pressure can inhibit physics students from performing at their full potential.
Measuring and Modeling the Force between Permanent Magnets
Authors: Forringer Edward Russell
Published: September 2022

In a 1993 book review, E. Pearlstein asks, “Why don’t textbook authors begin their discussion of magnetism by talking about magnets? That’s what students have experience with.” A similar question can be asked, “Why don’t professors have students measure the force between permanent magnets in introductory physics labs?” The answer to both questions may be the same. There is no simple equation describing the force between two permanent magnets. Yet, this familiar magnetic phenomenon deserves investigation. This article presents a novel apparatus using 3D-printed parts for measuring the force between two small cylindrical neodymium permanent magnets as a function of their separation. Data collected using this apparatus is compared to two models, namely an ideal dipole–dipole interaction, and the force between parallel coaxial loops of current.
Efimov effect for two particles on a semi-infinite line
Authors: Ohya Satoshi
Published: September 2022

The Efimov effect (in a broad sense) refers to the onset of a geometric sequence of many-body bound states as a consequence of the breakdown of continuous scale invariance to discrete scale invariance. While originally discovered in three-body problems in three dimensions, the Efimov effect has now been known to appear in a wide spectrum of many-body problems in various dimensions. Here, we introduce a simple, exactly solvable toy model of two identical bosons in one dimension that exhibits the Efimov effect. We consider the situation where the bosons reside on a semi-infinite line and interact with each other through a pairwise δ-function potential with a particular position-dependent coupling strength that makes the system scale invariant. We show that, for sufficiently attractive interaction, the bosons are bound together, and a new energy scale emerges. This energy scale breaks continuous scale invariance to discrete scale invariance and leads to the onset of a geometric sequence of two-body bound states. We also study the two-body scattering off the boundary and derive the exact reflection amplitude that exhibits discrete scale invariance.
Drop Tower Physics II
Authors: Dittrich William A. (Toby)
Published: September 2022

Drop Tower Physics (DTP) is composed of a set of experiments using standard physics lecture demonstration equipment, such as a pendulum, mass spring oscillator, and so forth, while videotaping them as they fall freely in the Dryden Drop Tower in Portland, OR. An article published in The Physics Teacher illustrated the behavior of a floating cork ball, a ball rotating inside a bowl, and a conical pendulum as their behavior changes as the acceleration due to gravity artificially transitions to zero in the non-inertial frame of reference in the drop box. This second paper is a result of dropping a mass spring oscillator, gyroscope, and chaotic pendulum. These experiments and their physical explanations are so interesting, surprising, and useful for classroom activities and discussions that they are all posted for your use on the “Drop Tower Physics” YouTube channel. Ask your students how these examples in the videos will behave when “g” transitions to zero. They will light up with excitement, ponder the possible theoretical outcomes, test those predictions with their knowledge of fundamental physics laws and principles, and then be delighted or intrigued when their prediction is correct or drastically wrong when viewing the experimental aspect of DTP videos. There are many experimental examples and explanations in the videos, but because the mass spring oscillator, the gyroscope, and the chaotic pendulum are very rich in physics theory, these explanations are given below in greater detail.
Liver-heart cross-talk mediated by coagulation factor XI protects against heart failure
Authors: Cao Yang , Wang Yuchen , Zhou Zhenqi , Pan Calvin , Jiang Ling , Zhou Zhiqiang , Meng Yonghong , Charugundla Sarada , Li Tao , Allayee Hooman , Seldin Marcus M. , Lusis Aldons J.
Published: September 2022

Tissue-tissue communication by endocrine factors is a vital mechanism for physiologic homeostasis. A systems genetics analysis of transcriptomic and functional data from a cohort of diverse, inbred strains of mice predicted that coagulation factor XI (FXI), a liver-derived protein, protects against diastolic dysfunction, a key trait of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. This was confirmed using gain- and loss-of-function studies, and FXI was found to activate the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)–SMAD1/5 pathway in the heart. The proteolytic activity of FXI is required for the cleavage and activation of extracellular matrix–associated BMP7 in the heart, thus inhibiting genes involved in inflammation and fibrosis. Our results reveal a protective role of FXI in heart injury that is distinct from its role in coagulation.
Natural inspiration
Authors: Pennisi Elizabeth
Published: September 2022

Martha Muñoz has shown that organisms can influence their own evolution—a lesson she’s passing on to her students
China’s big brain project is finally gathering steam
Authors: Normile Dennis
Published: September 2022

The $746 million program builds on the country’s strengths in neuroscience—and its openness to primate research
Dynamic Actin Filament Traps Mediate Active Diffusion of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Ribonucleoproteins
Authors: Moran Steven J. , Puckett Shelby , Ornelles David A. , Macosko Jed C. , Holzwarth George , Lyles Douglas S.
Published: September 2022

RNA virus ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) are too large to freely diffuse in the host cytoplasm, yet their dominant motions consist of movements in random directions that resemble diffusion. We show that vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) RNPs overcome limitations on diffusion in the host cytoplasm by hopping between traps formed in part by actin filaments and that these traps expand and contract by nonmuscle myosin II ATPase activity.
Association of Results of Four Lateral Flow Antibody Tests with Subsequent SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Authors: Findlater Lucy , Trickey Adam , Jones Hayley E. , Trindall Amy , Taylor-Phillips Sian , Mulchandani Ranya ,   EDSAB-HOME Investigators, Oliver Isabel , Wyllie David
Published: September 2022

Previous research has demonstrated an association between the detection of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 following natural infection and protection from subsequent symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. Lateral flow immunoassays (LFIAs) detecting anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG are a cheap, readily deployed technology that has been used on a large scale in population screening programs, yet no studies have investigated whether LFIA results are associated with subsequent SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Pachydermodactyly: bilateral proximal interphalangeal joint swelling in an adolescent musician
Authors: Shahenyan Arshak , Harutyunyan Svetlana , Nersisyan Margarita , Ginosyan Knarik
Published: September 2022

An otherwise healthy young man was referred to the rheumatologist because of bilateral proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint enlargements. The main concern was excluding the presence of inflammatory arthritis. Physical examination revealed bilateral PIP finger joints (II-IV) swellings and cutaneous thickenings in adjacent areas. The specificity of this case was the patient who appeared in the physician’s room with his violin suitcase pointing to his profession even from the first site. Complete blood count with leucocyte differentials appeared without changes. Radiographics failed to show joint fluid or bony changes. All immunological markers (RF, anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide) and laboratory data (Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, etc) were within the reference ranges or negative. After exclusion of rheumatoid and other inflammatory arthritis, and considering the occupation of the patient and demographics the diagnosis of a rare condition–pachydermodactyly was made.
Association of gestational diabetes mellitus with overall and type specific cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases: systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Xie Wenhui , Wang Yu , Xiao Shiyu , Qiu Lin , Yu Yang , Zhang Zhuoli
Published: September 2022

Objective

To quantify the risk of overall and type specific cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases as well as venous thromboembolism in women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus.

Design

Systematic review and meta-analyses.

Data sources

PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library from inception to 1 November 2021 and updated on 26 May 2022.

Review methods

Observational studies reporting the association between gestational diabetes mellitus and incident cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases were eligible. Data, pooled by random effects models, are presented as risk ratios (95% confidence intervals). Certainty of evidence was appraised by the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations.

Results

15 studies rated as moderate or serious risk of bias were included. Of 513 324 women with gestational diabetes mellitus, 9507 had cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease. Of more than eight million control women without gestational diabetes, 78 895 had cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease. Compared with women without gestational diabetes mellitus, women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus showed a 45% increased risk of overall cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases (risk ratio 1.45, 95% confidence interval 1.36 to 1.53), 72% for cardiovascular diseases (1.72, 1.40 to 2.11), and 40% for cerebrovascular diseases (1.40, 1.29 to 1.51). Women with gestational diabetes mellitus showed increased risks of incident coronary artery diseases (1.40, 1.18 to 1.65), myocardial infarction (1.74, 1.37 to 2.20), heart failure (1.62, 1.29 to 2.05), angina pectoris (2.27, 1.79 to 2.87), cardiovascular procedures (1.87, 1.34 to 2.62), stroke (1.45, 1.29 to 1.63), and ischaemic stroke (1.49, 1.29 to 1.71). The risk of venous thromboembolism was observed to increase by 28% in women with previous gestational diabetes mellitus (1.28, 1.13 to 1.46). Subgroup analyses of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease outcomes stratified by study characteristics and adjustments showed significant differences by region (P=0.078), study design (P=0.02), source of data (P=0.005), and study quality (P=0.04), adjustment for smoking (P=0.03), body mass index (P=0.01), and socioeconomic status (P=0.006), and comorbidities (P=0.05). The risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases was, however, attenuated but remained significant when restricted to women who did not develop subsequent overt diabetes (all gestational diabetes mellitus: 1.45, 1.33 to 1.59, gestational diabetes mellitus without subsequent diabetes: 1.09, 1.06 to 1.13). Certainty of evidence was judged as low or very low quality.

Conclusions

Gestational diabetes mellitus is associated with increased risks of overall and type specific cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases that cannot be solely attributed to conventional cardiovascular risk factors or subsequent diabetes.