bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Semi‐volatile aerosols in Beijing (R.P. China): Characterization and influence on various PM2.5 measurements
Authors: Sciare J. , Cachier H. , Sarda‐Estève R. , Yu T. , Wang X.
Published: September 2007

During summer, the Beijing urban area meets contrasting meteorological conditions including warm and humid monsoon winds from the southeast bringing high levels of pollution, with PM2.5 mass concentrations often exceeding 100 μg/m3. The specific weather conditions and aerosol chemical composition observed at that time offer a unique opportunity to address the question of the contribution of semi‐volatile material (SVM) in the continuous PM records available for the south East Asian urban regions. Different PM2.5 measurements were evaluated during a 3‐week field campaign performed in Beijing downtown during the summer 2004, and consisting of a Rupprecht & Patashnik (R&P TEOM) (heating air sample at 50°C), R&P TEOM‐FDMS (enabling SVM measurement), optical GRIMM counter, and filter weighing. A good agreement was found between the different TEOM measurements during the campaign with the exception of the periods of high Relative Humidity (RH), which exhibited SVM levels (derived from PM2.5 loss in the TEOM heated at 50°C) as high as 140 μg/m3. Continuous artefact‐free PM2.5 nitrate measurements were performed simultaneously and showed a close relationship with the TEOM‐derived SVM, accounting for half of this SVM. To better document the role of RH on SVM, estimates of liquid water content (LWC) in aerosols were derived from light scattering coefficient and integrated aerosol volume measurements performed in the field at different RH. LWC is shown to be related in a quantitative way to the levels of SVM and nitrate in aerosols, and thus is believed to play a major role in the gas‐particle partitioning of semi‐volatile species in Beijing aerosols.
“Dark Nights of the Soul”: Phenomenology and Neurocognition of Spiritual Suffering in Mysticism and Psychosis
Authors: Hunt Harry T.
Published: September 2007

Phenomenological, clinical, and neurocognitive levels of analysis are combined to understand the cognitive bases of spirituality and spiritual suffering. In particular, the “dark night of the soul” in classical mysticism, with its painful “metapathological” loss of felt meaning is compared with the anhedonias central to the negative symptoms of schizophrenia and schizotypicality. Paul Schilder's early understanding of instabilities in the body image, as our core sense of self, offers a key to both the disorganized hallucinatory syndromes of psychosis and to the relative enhancements of body image/ecological self in spirituality. Expanded versus deleted felt presence/embodiment, as outwardly indexed in measures of physical balance and spatial abilities, becomes the general dimension underlying integrative versus disintegrative transformations of consciousness. “Dark night” suffering can be seen as a semantic satiation leading to a relative deletion of experienced presence in the context of its previous enhancement, a focalized version of the more general anhedonic despair shared by clinical schizotypy and aspects of a larger secularized culture.
The PP2A inhibitor SET regulates natural killer cell IFN-γ production
Authors: Trotta Rossana , Ciarlariello David , Col Jessica Dal , Allard Jeffrey , Neviani Paolo , Santhanam Ramasamy , Mao Hsiaoyin , Becknell Brian , Yu Jianhua , Ferketich Amy K. , Thomas Brittany , Modi Aalok , Blaser Bradley W. , Perrotti Danilo , Caligiuri Michael A.
Published: September 2007

Monokines (i.e., interleukin [IL]-12, -18, and -15) induce natural killer (NK) cells to produce interferon-γ (IFN-γ), which is a critical factor for immune surveillance of cancer and monocyte clearance of infection. We show that SET, which is a potent inhibitor of protein phosphatase type 2A (PP2A) activity, is highly expressed in human CD56bright NK cells, which produce more IFN-γ than CD56dim NK cells. SET was up-regulated upon monokine stimulation of primary human NK cells. Furthermore, ectopic overexpression of SET significantly enhanced IFN-γ gene expression in monokine-stimulated NK cells. In contrast, RNAi-mediated suppression of SET expression renders NK cells inefficient in producing high levels of IFN-γ in response to monokine costimulation. Mechanistically, suppression of PP2A activity by SET is important for IFN-γ gene expression in NK cells. In fact, treatment of primary human NK cells with the PP2A activator 1,9-dideoxy-forskolin, as well as administration of the drug to C57BL/6 mice, significantly reduced NK-dependent IFN-γ production in response to monokine treatment. Further, SET knockdown or pharmacologic activation of PP2A diminished extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, p65RelA, signal transducer and activator of transduction 4 (STAT4), and STAT5 activity in monokine-stimulated NK cells, potentially contributing to the reduction in IFN-γ gene expression. Thus, SET expression is essential for suppressing PP2A phosphatase activity that would otherwise limit NK cell antitumoral and/or antiinflammatory functions by impairing NK cell production of IFN-γ.
Learning from the Left
Authors: Mickenberg Julia L.
Published: September 2007

At the height of the Cold War, dozens of radical and progressive writers, illustrators, editors, librarians, booksellers, and teachers cooperated to create and disseminate children's books that challenged the status quo. This book provides the first historic overview of their work. Spanning from the 1920s, when both children's book publishing and American Communism were becoming significant on the American scene, to the late 1960s, when youth who had been raised on many of the books in this study unequivocally rejected the values of the Cold War, this book shows how “radical” values and ideas that have now become mainstream (including cooperation, interracial friendship, critical thinking, the dignity of labor, feminism, and the history of marginalized people), were communicated to children in repressive times. A range of popular and critically acclaimed children's books, many by former teachers and others who had been blacklisted because of their political beliefs, made commonplace the ideas that McCarthyism tended to call “subversive”. These books, about history, science, and contemporary social conditions as well as imaginative works like Harold and the Purple Crayon, Danny and the Dinosaur, and Millions of Cats; science fiction such as the Danny Dunn books, and popular girls' mystery series like the Kathy Martin books were readily available to children: most could be found in public and school libraries, and some could even be purchased in classrooms through book clubs that catered to educational audiences. Drawing upon interviews, archival research, and hundreds of children's books published from the 1920s through the 1970s, the book offers a history of the children's book in light of the history of the Left, and a new perspective on the links between the Old Left of the 1930s and the New Left of the 1960s.
Teaching New Religious Movements
Authors: Bromley David G.
Published: September 2007

Since its inception around 1970, the study of new religious movements (NRMs) has evolved into an established multidisciplinary field. At the same time, both the movements and the scholars who study them have been the subjects of intense controversy. In this book, a group of senior NRM scholars who have been instrumental in the development of the field offer pivotal essays in the form of chapters that present the basics of NRM scholarship along with guidance for teachers on classroom use.
Abuse in New Religious Movements: Challenges for the Sociology of Religion
Authors: Jacobs Janet
Published: September 2007

This chapter provides an overview of the study of abuse in new religious movements. Drawing on the literature on patriarchal charismatic movements, the chapter explores the dynamics of physical and sexual abuse that characterized leader-follower relationships across a diverse number of religious groups. Case studies are used to illustrate the types of violence that were reported by devotees. Feminist theories of patriarchal social structure and feminist analyses of violence are used to help explain this troubling aspect of religious commitment. Finally, various strategies for teaching about violence in NRMs are discussed, with an emphasis on the difficulties that these issues raise for classroom teaching.
Altruism, Religion, and Health: Exploring the Ways in Which Helping Others Benefits Support Providers
Authors: Krause Neal
Published: September 2007

This chapter suggests that, for those so inclined, a religious community in which altruism is prescribed might be useful. It discusses the ways in which formal places of worship provide opportunities for helping behaviour and its associated health benefits to flourish. Because religions extol the virtues of loving others and helping those in need, and offer both informal and formal ways of putting these virtues into practice, it is no surprise that more volunteer work is done through churches, synagogues, mosques, and so on than through any other organization. There are many ways in which religion promotes helping behaviour, which all merit further study. The primary function of religion is to provide a sense of meaning to life and that helping others may be the best avenue for doing so. The chapter reviews four major studies that address volunteering in the religious setting and concludes that a good deal of volunteer work takes place in this setting, and the benefits of volunteering may be the greatest for older adults who help within the church.
Uneven Secularization in the United States and Western Europe
Authors: Norris Pippa , Inglehart Ronald
Published: September 2007

This chapter argues that secularization is proceeding apace on both sides of the Atlantic — at different speeds and at different levels. It describes systematic and consistent evidence establishing the variations in religiosity among postindustrial nations, in particular, contrasts between America and Western Europe. It compares and contrasts two alternative explanations for transatlantic differences: the religious market theory postulates a link between levels of religious competition and levels of religious observance; the secure secularization theory is the view that levels of societal modernization, human development, and economic inequality drive levels of religious belief and activity.
Immigration and the New Religious Pluralism
Authors: Casanova José
Published: September 2007

This chapter shows that one of the most significant consequences of the new global patterns of transnational migration has been a dramatic growth in religious diversity in the United States and Western Europe. The new immigrant religions, however, present significantly different challenges of integration in Christian/Secular Europe and in Judeo-Christian/Secular America due to the different histories of immigration and modes of immigrant incorporation, the different patterns of religious pluralism, and the different types of secularism in both regions. Religion in the United States constitutes a positive resource insofar as religious associations and religious collective identities constitute one of the accepted avenues for immigrant incorporation and for mutual group recognition in the public sphere of American civil society. In Europe, by contrast, secularist world views and various institutional patterns of public recognition through different forms of church-state relations make the incorporation of immigrant religions in the public sphere of European civil societies a more contentious issue.
Religion and Politics in Post-Communist Romania
Authors: Stan Lavinia , Turcescu Lucian
Published: September 2007

Religious groups have emerged as powerful political actors in post‐communist Eastern Europe, especially in predominantly Christian Orthodox countries like Romania. The book discusses the interplay between religion and politics in six major areas of public affairs—nationalism and ethnic identity; confronting the communist past; restitution of Greek Catholic property abusively confiscated by communist authorities; elections and membership in political parties; religious instruction in public schools at pre‐university level; and sexuality, including abortion and prostitution. In each area, it discusses the negotiations between religious, political actors and civil society representatives; the dominance of the Orthodox Church relative to other religious groups; and the influence of denominations on legislation and governmental policy. While the Orthodox Church has asked for recognition as state, national church, religious minorities demanded equality, and the civil society asked for separation of church and state, Romanian post‐communist authorities have maintained a tight grip on religious affairs.
Evolutionary Perspectives on Sibling Relationships
Authors: Michalski Richard L. , Euler Harald A.
Published: September 2007

Sibling relationships are unique. They are the longest lasting human social relationship exceeding, on average, the length of relationships with parents, mates, and children. The powerful underlying evolved psychological mechanisms activated in the contexts of sibling relationships are revealed in the attempts often made by parents to foster closeness between their children. Parents often attempt to groom young children for the arrival of a younger sibling. Put simply, there would be no need for such attempts if it were not for the evolved psychological mechanisms triggered in the minds of children that attempt to counteract the diversion of parental resources to siblings. This chapter shows that the most powerful guidance available to unmask this psychology is offered by evolutionary theories including inclusive fitness theory, parental investment theory, and parent-offspring conflict theory.
Elizabeth Bowen
Authors: Corcoran Neil
Published: September 2007

This book offers a critical account of Elizabeth Bowen, a significant 20th-century Irish writer still too little known and appreciated. It considers her novels, short stories, essays, and family history, showing how her work both inherits from the Modernist movement and transforms its experimental traditions. The book explores Bowen's adaptation of Irish Protestant Gothic in relation to the Troubles of the 1920s and the Second World War, especially the London Blitz. It reads her explorations of childhood as a response both to Henry James and to the European novel of adultery. Focusing on the ideas of return and reflex, it reads the presence of the supernatural, and of other kinds of haunting, in her work in relation to concepts drawn from both Freud and T. S. Eliot. The book also makes use of non-fictional materials in its interpretations, notably, Bowen's wartime reports from neutral Ireland and the diaries of her wartime lover Charles Ritchie. The intention is to demonstrate the ways in which Bowen's writing merges personal story with public history. The book's radical readings, which depend on a wealth of original research, propose that Bowen is as important to 20th-century literary studies as her much better-known Irish Protestant fellow writer, Samuel Beckett.
Responses of Marine Phytoplankton Populations to Fluctuations in Marine Climate
Authors: Smayda Theodore J. , Borkman David G. , Beaugrand Gregory , Belgrano Andrea
Published: September 2007

This chapter focuses on the responses of phytoplankton as an indicator species of climate variation and change in Narragansett Bay, located in the northwest Atlantic, and in the North Sea and neighbouring regions of the northeast Atlantic. Narragansett Bay is selected because of the availability of a 38-year (1959-96) quantitative time series of phytoplankton and habitat based on weekly measurements. The seemingly increasing problem of harmful algal blooms and their possible link to climate variability and change are discussed.
Marine Birds and Climate Fluctuation in the North Atlantic
Authors: Durant Joël M. , Stenseth Nils Chr. , Anker-Nilssen Tycho , Harris Michael P. , Thompson Paul M. , Wanless Sarah
Published: September 2007

This chapter shows how climate might influence seabirds directly through variations in temperature and wind. It also provides an overview of the potential indirect impact of climate variability on North Atlantic seabird populations. Seabirds are sensible to climate change either positively as shown by the extension of the fulmar population, or negatively as shown by the Atlantic puffins. Thanks to their position as top predators, their response to climate change is a good index of its effect on the whole food web.
Statistical Thought
Authors: Chatterjee Shoutir Kishore
Published: September 2007

The book examines the distinguishing features of the various contending approaches to statistical inference (including decision-making) that are currently available in statistical literature, and traces the historical evolution of the concepts underlying these approaches and their applications. The first part entitled, Perspective, shows that statistical inference is really a prolongation of the philosophical problem of induction, and in it, probability is involved both in the input (in the form of model) and the output (for quantifying uncertainty). Four different approaches (behavioural, instantial, pro-subjective Bayesian, and purely subjective) to such statistical induction arise due to the invocation of different conceptions of probability (objective and subjective) at the two stages of the process. The comparative characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of the different approaches are considered, and it is concluded that each is appropriate in its natural setting. The second part entitled, History, discusses how the different types of probability originated and evolved, and how their application to statistical induction gave rise to the variety of concepts and principles associated with the different approaches. After some reference to pre-history, the developments made by the principal contributors to probability and statistics during 17th-20th centuries (from Cardano, Pascal, Fermat, Huygens, and James Bernoulli through to Daniel Bernoulli, Bayes, Laplace, Gauss, to Galton, Karl Pearon, Fisher, Jeffreys, de Finetti, Neyman, E. S. Pearson, Wald, and their successors) are delineated.
Electromagnetism of Continuous Media
Authors: Fabrizio Mauro , Morro Angelo
Published: September 2007

This book is devoted to the mathematical modelling of electromagnetic materials. Electromagnetism in matter is developed with particular emphasis on material effects, which are ascribed to memory in time and nonlocality. Within the mathematical modelling, thermodynamics of continuous media plays a central role in that it places significant restrictions on the constitutive equations. Further, as shown in connection with uniqueness, existence and stability, variational settings, and wave propagation, a correct formulation of the pertinent problems is based on the knowledge of the thermodynamic restrictions for the material. The book is divided into four parts. Part I (chapters 1 to 4) reviews the basic concepts of electromagnetism, starting from the integral form of Maxwell’s equations and then addressing attention to the physical motivation for materials with memory. Part II (chapers 5 to 9) deals with thermodynamics of systems with memory and applications to evolution and initial/boundary-value problems. It contains developments and results which are unusual in textbooks on electromagnetism and arise from the research literature, mainly post-1960s. Part III (chapters 10 to 12) outlines some topics of materials modelling — nonlinearity, nonlocality, superconductivity, and magnetic hysteresis — which are of great interest both in mathematics and in applications.
Role of network analysis in comparative ecosystem ecology of estuaries
Authors: Christian Robert R. , Baird Daniel , Luczkovich Joseph , Johnson Jeffrey C. , Scharler Ursula M. , Ulanowicz Robert E.
Published: September 2007

Estuaries are excellent ecosystems for testing the veracity of the inferences of ecological network analysis for three reasons. First, more network analyses have been conducted on estuaries than any other kind of ecosystem. Second, estuarine environments are often stressed by natural and anthropogenic forcings. These conditions allow hypotheses of response to stress to be formulated and tested. Finally, sampling of estuaries has often been extensive, such that reasonable food webs can be constructed under different conditions of stress. This chapter reviews studies that incorporate these three elements, and assesses how efficacious analysis output variables are at describing the effects of stress. Output variables index a range of trophic dynamic properties from populations to entire food webs. The assessment is structured in the context of this range.
Size-based analyses of aquatic food webs
Authors: Jennings Simon
Published: September 2007

This chapter presents size-based analyses of aquatic food webs, where body size rather than species identity is the principle descriptor of an individual's role in the food web, provides insights into food web structure and function that complement, and extends those from species-based analyses. Focus is given to body size because it underpins predator-prey interactions and dictates how the biological properties of individuals change with size. Thus, size-based food web analyses offer an approach for integrating community and ecosystem ecology with energetic and metabolic theory.
Fundamental Processes in Ecology
Authors: Wilkinson David M
Published: September 2007

This book raises and attempts to answer the following thought experiment: ‘For any planet with carbon-based life, which persists over geological time-scales, what is the minimum set of ecological processes that must be present?’. The main intention of this book is to use an astrobiological perspective as a means of thinking about ecology on Earth. Its focus on processes contrasts with the commoner focus in ecology textbooks on entities such as individuals, populations, species, communities, ecosystems, and the biosphere. The book suggests that seven ecological processes are fundamental (not including natural selection and competition, which characterize all of life rather than only ecology): energy flow (energy consumption and waste product excretion), multiple guilds (autotrophs, decomposers, and parasites), tradeoffs (specialization versus generalization, leading to biodiversity within guilds), ecological hypercycles (cycles within cycles), merging of organismal and ecological physiology (as life spreads over the planet, biotic and abiotic processes interact so strongly as to be inseparable), photosynthesis (which it suggests likely in most biospheres but not inevitable), and carbon sequestration. These fundamental processes lead to the emergence of nutrient cycling. The integration of Earth System Science with ecology is vitally important if ecological science is to successfully contribute to the massive problems and future challenges associated with global change. The book is heavily influenced by Lovelock's Gaia hypothesis.
The Structure of Physical Chemistry
Authors: Hinshelwood C. N.
Published: September 2007

This book is by C. N. Hinshelwood, the distinguished author and Nobel Laureate (1956). Physical chemistry is a difficult and diversified subject. Based on the experience of university teaching, this book lays emphasis on the structure and continuity of the whole subject and tries to show the relation of its various parts to one another. Certain themes run through physical chemistry and these have been used to unify the composition. The treatment is neither historical nor formally deductive, but at each stage the author tries to indicate the route by which an inquiring mind might most simply and naturally proceed in order to understand physical chemistry.
Greek Lyric, Tragedy, and Textual Criticism
Authors: Barrett W. S.
Published: September 2007

W. S. Barrett (1914-2001) was one of the finest Hellenists of the second half of the 20th century, known above all for his celebrated edition of Euripides' Hippolytus. This volume of his collected scholarly papers includes five articles published between 1954 and 1978, together with a much larger number of others that remained unpublished in his lifetime and are presented here for the first time. They deal mainly with Greek lyric poetry (Stesichoros, Pindar, Bacchylides) and Tragedy.
R. O. A. M. Lyne
Authors: Lyne R. O. A. M.
Published: September 2007

This book collects the papers of Oliver Lyne, and was conceived by a group of his former pupils and colleagues as a memorial to Oliver. To make it the more accessible, effective, and compact, it was eventually decided to omit papers which were particularly short or technical, or which had been superseded through Oliver's later work or changes of view. Oliver's output may be grouped into three periods: the first (A) from the beginning to the publication of The Latin Love Poets (1980); the second (B) from 1983 to the publication of Horace: Behind the Public Poetry (1995); the third (C) the papers that followed. The papers (like the books) present a striking concentration on the most well-known period of Latin poetry, from c.60 BC to c.20 AD, and show particular concern with the relation of personal and public poetry. Period A is chiefly preoccupied with personal poetry, which is conceived as reflecting actual personality and opinions. Period B deals with poetry which seems to present a public and Augustan stance. This stance, however, is undermined; undermining indeed (with its more devious congeners) forms perhaps the central concern in Lyne's analysis of poetry. The return to avowedly or professedly personal poetry in period C now gives more emphasis to its literary forms and structures, and to intertextuality.
The Measure of Mind
Authors: Matthews Robert J.
Published: September 2007

This book provides a sustained critique of a widely held representationalist view of propositional attitudes and their role in the production of thought and behaviour. On this view, having a propositional attitude is a matter of having an explicit representation that plays a particular causal/computational role in the production of thought and behaviour. The book argues that this view does not enjoy the theoretical or the empirical support that proponents claim for it; moreover, the view misconstrues the role of propositional attitude attributions in cognitive scientific theorizing. This book develops an alternative measurement-theoretic account of propositional attitudes and the sentences by which we attribute them. On this account, the sentences by which we attribute propositional attitudes function semantically like the sentences by which we attribute a quantity of some physical magnitude (e.g., having a mass of 80 kilos). That is, in much the same way that we specify a quantity of some physical magnitude by means of its numerical representative on a measurement scale, we specify propositional attitude of a given type by means of its measurement space. Propositional attitudes turn out to be causally efficacious aptitudes for thought and behaviour, not semantically evaluable mental particulars of some sort. This book's measurement-theoretic account provides a plausible view of the explanatorily relevant properties of propositional attitudes, the semantics of propositional attitude attributions, and the role of such attributions in computational cognitive scientific theorizing.
Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Chen C. Julian
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses atomic force microscopy (AFM), focusing on the methods for atomic force detection. Although the force detection always requires a cantilever, there are two types of modes: the static mode and the dynamic mode. The general design and the typical method of manufacturing of the cantilevers are discussed. Two popular methods of static force detection are presented. The popular dynamic-force detection method, the tapping mode is described, especially the methods in liquids. The non-contact AFM, which has achieved atomic resolution in the weak attractive force regime, is discussed in detail. An elementary and transparent analysis of the principles, including the frequency shift, the second harmonics, and the average tunneling current, is presented. It requires only Newton's equation and Fourier analysis, and the final results are analyzed over the entire range of vibrational amplitude. The implementation is briefly discussed.
The Problem of Metaphor: Chinese Reflections
Authors: Lloyd G. E. R.
Published: September 2007

This chapter argues that the ‘literal’/‘metaphorical’ dichotomy is not integral to the nature of language, but is an analytical construct developed by Aristotle in promoting his own style of philosophical ‘precision’. Chinese lacks any truly comparable dichotomy, without thereby losing ability to find linguistic precision. ‘Semantic stretch’ is suggested as a preferable, non-dichotomous, alternative to ‘metaphor’.
Analysis and Management of Watersheds
Authors: Dixon John A.
Published: September 2007

The concept of ‘watershed management’ combines two things, namely managing the physical aspects of water resources and managing the socio-economic systems. The problem of watershed management has mixed impacts, mixed institutional jurisdictions, and mixed signals as to what are benefits and costs. An integrated and multi-disciplinary approach is needed. Understanding the sociology of watersheds is crucial because in many cases, groups and communities inhabiting the upper watersheds tend to be both physically and politically remote, and tend to be outside the national mainstream. Increased public participation is essential, but more needs to be done to focus on the role of mountain communities. Economic analysis of watersheds focuses on the measurement and monetary valuation of various activities of interest within the watershed. The chapter uses case studies and examples to illustrate these issues and discusses some policy implications.
Urban Air Pollution in Developing Countries: Problems and Policies
Authors: Krupnick Alan J.
Published: September 2007

Air pollution control in developing countries has received less attention than other environmental issues such as deforestation and water pollution. However, in the midst of a worsening air-pollution situation, the policy response has been slow, and tends to be based on command-and-control rather than economic incentives. Among point sources: coal-burning for industrial processes and domestic uses is the chief source of SO2 and particulates; the use of biofuels also adds to particulate emissions. Among mobile sources, diesel trucks and buses generate significant amounts of particulates; the rapid increase in the number of vehicles, especially those using two-stroke engines, also contribute significantly to CO, SO2, and NO2 levels. Various arguments against the use of economic incentives for the control of point source pollution are discussed, and these suggest that most of these challenges are not insurmountable. The range of options for control of mobile sources of pollution is also briefly discussed. Transportation controls and changing the incentives to make public transport more attractive and improve vehicle maintenance are considered.
Menander
Authors: Heath Malcolm
Published: September 2007

This book reassesses the late 3rd-century Greek rhetorician Menander of Laodicea (Menander Rhetor). Menander is generally regarded as a specialist in epideictic, as such, he is often considered an exemplary rhetorician of an age which saw the triumph of epideictic eloquence. But detailed examination of the fragments shows that he was an expert on judicial and deliberative oratory whose most influential work was a commentary on Demosthenes. Source-critical analysis of the Demosthenes scholia shows that his commentary can be partially reconstructed. The book presents its reassessment of Menander’s significance in the context of a new reconstruction of the history of later Greek rhetoric, ranging from the theoretical innovations of the 2nd century AD to the comparatively unknown sophists of 5th-century Alexandria. Particular attention is given to the evolving structure of the rhetorical curriculum and to the practices of the rhetorical education, with an emphasis on the practical orientation of training in rhetoric and its predominant focus on techniques of forensic and deliberative oratory. These characteristics of rhetorical teaching raise questions about the nature and functions of rhetoric in this period. It is argued that rhetoric was concerned fundamentally with teaching students how to devise arguments and articulate them in a persuasive way, and that these skills still had a direct application in the subsequent careers of the rhetoricians’ pupils.
Autobiographical Writing and British Literature 1783-1834
Authors: Treadwell James
Published: September 2007

The book describes and analyses the condition of autobiographical writing in Britain during the Romantic period. As well as chapter-length studies of major autobiographical works by Coleridge, Byron, and Lamb, it provides a wide-ranging account of the rapidly expanding field of published self-writing during the period. The book also demonstrates that the category of ‘autobiography’ emerged in the literary public sphere during these years, and that instances of autobiographical writing need to be read in relation to the conditions under which they were circulated and read. Part I deals with the emergence of a sense of genre: the idea of autobiography, as it made its way into the literary environment. Part II examines how the anxieties and restrictions attendant upon the idea of self-writing are reflected in published texts, which present themselves as autobiographies. Part III focuses on readings of autobiographical works, exploring some examples of their representations of the situation of self-writing, and considering what sort of readings are involved when we interpret a given text as an autobiography. Overall, the book emphasizes the uncertain and contested transactions between Romantic autobiographical writing and the literary public sphere.
Integrating Electrical Power Systems
Authors: Tell Fredrik
Published: September 2007

This chapter deals with the management of the development, production, and marketing of electrical power systems. In considering the history of the electrical manufacturing industry, the aim is to outline general patterns of systems integration during different stages of the product life-cycle of electrical power systems. The chapter discusses how different degrees of complexity relating to organization, technology, and markets affect the capability needs of various forms of systems integration during different stages in the life cycle of electrical power systems manufacture.
Specialization and Systems Integration
Authors: Pavitt Keith
Published: September 2007

This chapter argues that the Systems Integration firms are progressively replacing the large, established manufacturing firm, described by Penrose and Chandler, as the major motor of technical change in advanced, high-wage countries. This shift reflects in part the unexpected difficulties faced by large industrial firms in exploiting new technological opportunities. It also reflects the following combined effects of advances in IT and globalization: the acceleration of offshore manufacturing, facilitated by improvements in monitoring and control in modular interfaces, and in the transmission of codified skills; modularity; and digitally-based systems.
Modularity and Outsourcing
Authors: Sako Mari
Published: September 2007

This chapter takes the automobile industry as an empirical setting for clarification of the concept of modularity in product architecture. Three arenas of modularity: Modularity in Design, Modularity in Production, and Modularity in Use are discussed as presenting alternative criteria for making boundary choices in complex products. The chapter moves on to understanding strategic drivers for pushing the product architecture towards modularity. It then considers the implications of these different paths for industry dynamics (in particular the power balance between customer and supplier companies) and supply chain management.
Systems Integration in the US Defence Industry
Authors: Gholz Eugene
Published: September 2007

A number of different kind of organizations in the US defence industry claim expertise in systems integration, including major prime contractors that build weapons systems, for-profit and non-profit technical advisors, and government laboratories and organizations that manage weapons acquisition. This chapter describes the supply and demand structure for the various types of systems integration capabilities. It considers various ways of measuring the quality of systems integration capabilities, including the limits of regulatory standards enforcement and of non-market competition among systems integration organizations. It proposes ways to preserve vital systems integration capability in a political economic environment that normally favours spending on production, rather than on project management expertise.
Gellius and the Roman Antiquarian Tradition
Authors: Stevenson Andrew J.
Published: September 2007

This chapter considers Gellius' relation to Roman antiquarianism, whose supreme exponent was Varro and which provided the supposedly factual background to everyday life. Although not himself an antiquarian scholar, he retails much antiquarian and other scholarship, and is indebted to scholarly methods and habits. These include the use of etymologies, contents-lists, careful naming of sources, the use of rubrics, the question-and-answer process, research including the study of inscriptions as well as books, emphasis on detail, and the presentation of alternative views. Antiquarianism studied the Roman past in terms of persons, places, times, and things, being concerned with public life both political and religious, and also with private institutions and the law. Its original purpose of fitting their readers for civic life had mutated by Gellius' day (the sheer pleasure of learning apart) into facilitating elite Romans' self-definition as Romans.
Corruption, Fraud, and Corporate Governance: A Report on Enron
Authors: Windolf Paul
Published: September 2007

This chapter revisits the Enron scandal through a Weberian lens. It reminds us that the ‘spirit of capitalism' is not about avarice and greed, but precisely about the transformation of these irrational compulsions, and the rational and tempered pursuit of gain through appropriate institutions. It draws on classic sociology for defining corruption as misapplication of codes of conduct across social realms that should be regulated by different codes (the economic, political, and science realms) and fraud as the breach of trust. It highlights how under some common conditions in modern economies, such as information asymmetries and intangible assets, if the prevailing system code is strictly economic, the opportunity structure for fraud and corruption can only be increased.
Collective Representation and Participation
Authors: Colling Trevor , Gunnigle Paddy , Quintanilla Javier , Tempel Anne
Published: September 2007

This chapter analyses policies on collective representation and participation in the case study companies. It argues that a marked preference for non-union approaches is a significant feature of US multinationals, strongly embedded within the US business system, that frequently affects the nature of wider HR policies. The nature of corporate orientations to industrial relations in the case study companies is examined, and how these preferences translate into the relations of bargaining and representation in the significantly different host country systems of the UK, Ireland, Germany, and Spain is analysed. The most determined attempts to avoid union influence are found in Germany and Spain. Although newer plants in Ireland and the UK tended to be non-union, there was notable pragmatism in dealing with trade unions at enterprise level. This suggests that opposition to national regulatory norms may turn on the extent to which they challenge the enterprise-based regulation systems preferred by American companies.
Organizational Knowledge in the Making
Authors: Patriotta Gerardo
Published: September 2007

Knowledge is a very seductive, but elusive concept. Following the wider debate about the emergence of the information age and the knowledge society, recent years have seen an explosion of writings about organizational knowledge from different disciplinary and theoretical perspectives. Yet, theoretical development has not always been accompanied by sound empirical research. Methodologies for studying knowledge as an empirical phenomenon are still lagging behind. This book aims to fill the gap between theory, method, and practice by developing a phenomenological approach to the study of knowing in the context of organizing. The book contributes to the fields of strategy and organization in three ways. First, it provides a critical review of the concepts, debates, and epistemological assumptions underpinning existing theories of organizational knowledge. Second, it develops a methodological framework for studying knowledge processes as an empirical phenomenon that is based on three methodological lenses: time, breakdowns, and narratives. Third, drawing on the three-lens framework, the book presents a phenomenological enquiry on knowing and organizing processes within two large car-manufacturing plants at Fiat Auto, Italy. The book highlights the need to re-think organizational knowledge from an action-based perspective, and suggests a new vocabulary for understanding knowledge-oriented phenomena in organizations.
Word Order in Greek Tragic Dialogue
Authors: Dik Helma
Published: September 2007

This book approaches word order in Greek tragic dialogue from the perspective of language rather than metre. The tragic poets engaged in mimesis of natural dialogue; therefore the analysis of the linguistic characteristics of the dialogue precedes exploration of the metrical dimension, on the assumption that poets would not be overly constrained by the iambic trimeter, which, after all, was the most natural speaking verse according to Aristotle. The book analyses the word order of tragic dialogue in pragmatic terms, arguing that, in sentences, words functioning as Topic (the ‘starting point’ of an utterance) or Focus (the most salient piece of information) will come early, and that other less important words will follow. Similarly, the position of adjectives within noun phrases is analysed as a function of their relative salience rather than in terms of their semantics. This approach aims to account for word order in sentences generally, but it also allows for a new interpretation of familiar phenomena in Greek, such as ‘postponed interrogatives’. The book concludes with a commentary on the word order in four passages of Sophocles' Electra.
Sound Change and the History of English
Authors: Smith Jeremy
Published: September 2007

This book addresses the question: why do sound changes happen when and where they do? It discusses the origins of a series of sound changes in English. It relates the arguments to larger questions about the nature of explanation in history and historical linguistics, and examines the interplay between sound change and social change. Drawing on the latest research in linguistics and history, it shows how insights in one field illuminate the other. After the opening chapter describing the book's approach and a general theoretical framework for the study of sound-change, the book discusses problems of evidence and considers the nature of phonological processes. It then presents detailed investigations of major sound-changes from three transitional periods: first, when English emerged as a language distinct from the other West Germanic varieties; secondly, during the transition from Old to Middle English; and thirdly, during the time when Middle English evolved into Modern English.
The open innovation model: Implications for innovation in Japan
Authors: Chesbrough Henry W.
Published: September 2007

This chapter explores the implications of the transition from closed to open innovation over the past two decades, which Japanese companies have been relatively late to address. Examples of the fate of similar US companies are given. On the one hand, the wide dispersion of critical knowledge for innovation is ignored at great risk. On the other, alternative paths to market for internal ideas may be ignored at great loss. Strategies for dealing with ‘false negatives’ are explored — which at first look unpromising but later turn out to be valuable — including the time-honoured Japanese practice of spin-offs.
A novel knowledge-based approach to design inorganic-binding peptides
Authors: Oren Ersin Emre , Tamerler Candan , Sahin Deniz , Hnilova Marketa , Seker Urartu Ozgur Safak , Sarikaya Mehmet , Samudrala Ram
Published: September 2007

Motivation: The discovery of solid-binding peptide sequences is accelerating along with their practical applications in biotechnology and materials sciences. A better understanding of the relationships between the peptide sequences and their binding affinities or specificities will enable further design of novel peptides with selected properties of interest both in engineering and medicine.

Results: A bioinformatics approach was developed to classify peptides selected by in vivo techniques according to their inorganic solid-binding properties. Our approach performs all-against-all comparisons of experimentally selected peptides with short amino acid sequences that were categorized for their binding affinity and scores the alignments using sequence similarity scoring matrices. We generated novel scoring matrices that optimize the similarities within the strong-binding peptide sequences and the differences between the strong- and weak-binding peptide sequences. Using the scoring matrices thus generated, a given peptide is classified based on the sequence similarity to a set of experimentally selected peptides. We demonstrate the new approach by classifying experimentally characterized quartz-binding peptides and computationally designing new sequences with specific affinities. Experimental verifications of binding of these computationally designed peptides confirm our predictions with high accuracy. We further show that our approach is a general one and can be used to design new sequences that bind to a given inorganic solid with predictable and enhanced affinity.

Contact:  sarikaya@u.washington.edu or ram@compbio.washington.edu

Supplementary information: Supplementary Material containing, the quartz-binding peptide sequences, additional results and the specific scoring matrices are available at Bioinformatics online.
Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Arabica Coffee Berry Disease Caused by Colletotrichum kahawae on a Plot Scale
Authors: Mouen Bedimo J. A. , Bieysse D. , Cilas C. , Nottéghem J. L.
Published: September 2007

Coffee berry disease (CBD) is caused by Colletotrichum kahawae. This pathogen only attacks green berries; it causes cherry rot and premature fruit fall. The disease leads to major harvest losses in the western highland region of Cameroon. The origin of the primary inoculum and the beginning of epidemics are unknown. The interactions between the pathogen and its host were studied at locations where CBD was known to cause severe disease. The disease was monitored weekly in uniform plots of adjacent coffee trees at Santa (1,750 m) in 2003 and 2004 and Bafou (1,820 m) in 2004 and 2005. The logistic model provided good fit of the epidemic's temporal dynamics. The spatial distribution of CBD over time indicated that plants in a plot were contaminated stepwise from the first infected coffee tree. An analysis of semi-variograms and the disease dispersal maps obtained by kriging revealed primary infection foci at both sites. They were observed from the 8th to the 10th week after flowering at Bafou and from the 11th to the 13th week at Santa. CBD affected the entire plots 3 weeks after the foci first appeared. These results suggest that inoculum from previous epidemics survives at points in the initial foci in a coffee plantation.