bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Screening for distress, the sixth vital sign, in lung cancer patients: effects on pain, fatigue, and common problems—secondary outcomes of a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Carlson Linda E. , Waller Amy , Groff Shannon L. , Bultz Barry D.
Published: November 2012

Background

This randomized controlled trial examined the impact of an online routine screening for distress program on physical symptoms and common psychosocial and practical problems in lung cancer outpatients.

Method

Patients were randomly assigned to either the minimal screening group (the Distress Thermometer plus usual care); full screening group (Distress Thermometer, Canadian Problem Checklist (CPC), Pain Thermometer, Fatigue Thermometer, and the Psychological Screen for Cancer Part C, with a personalized report summarizing concerns); or triage (full screening plus option of personalized phone triage). Outcomes included pain, fatigue and psychosocial, practical and physical problems. Patients were reassessed 3 months later.

Results

A total of 549 lung patients completed baseline measures (89% of eligible patients) and 65.9% were retained at 3 months. At 3 months follow‐up, significantly fewer patients in the triage group (32.1%) reported pain compared with the minimal screening group (49.6%), but the triage and full screening groups were not significantly different from one another. Patients in the triage group reported fewer problems with coping compared with the minimal and full screening groups and fewer problems with family conflict compared with the minimal screening group. Full screening patients reported fewer problems with breathlessness compared with the minimal screening group. No differences were found among groups in fatigue. Referrals were not associated with changes in outcomes over time.

Conclusions

Routine screening for distress followed by personalized triage resulted in the most benefit for lung patients, with fewer fully screened and triaged patients reporting physical symptoms and psychosocial problems than those only minimally screened. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Festival food coma in cystic fibrosis
Authors: Pandit Chetan , Graham Christie , Selvadurai Hiran , Gaskin Kevin , Cooper Peter , van Asperen Peter
Published: November 2012

Children with cystic fibrosis liver disease and portal hypertension are at risk of developing acute hepatic encephalopathy. Even in the presence of normal synthetic liver function these children may have porto‐systemic shunting. We report a case of an adolosecent who had cystic fibrosis liver disease and presented with life threatening hepatinc encephalopathy. This case illustrates that it is necessary to consider an appropriate dietary regimen in adolosecents with liver disease to prevent hepatic decompensation. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2013; 48:725–727. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Are Fear Avoidance Beliefs Associated with Abdominal Muscle Activation Outcome for Patients with Low Back Pain?
Authors: Unsgaard‐Tøndel Monica , Nilsen Tom Ivar Lund , Magnussen Jon , Vasseljen Ottar
Published: November 2012

Background and Purpose

Activation of transversus abdominis and fear avoidance beliefs have both been related to low back pain (LBP). This exploratory study aims to investigate associations between fear avoidance beliefs at baseline and deep abdominal muscle activation after an 8‐week period of supervised exercises for chronic LBP.

Methods

A cohort of patients with chronic non‐specific LBP (N = 108) enrolled in a clinical trial was studied longitudinally. Fear avoidance beliefs for physical activity and work were measured before intervention. Activation in transversus abdominis and obliquus internus abdominis during abdominal drawing‐in manoeuvre and rapid arm flexion was measured by ultrasound before and after intervention. Associations between baseline fear avoidance beliefs and deep abdominal muscle activation after exercises were analysed with multiple linear regression methods.

Results

High fear avoidance beliefs for physical activity (≥16 on the subscale) were negatively associated with transversus abdominis slide after the intervention period, β = −4.92 (−8.40 to −1.45). There were no associations between fear avoidance beliefs for physical activity and abdominal muscle onset, transversus abdominis or obliquus internus contraction ratio. Fear avoidance beliefs for work were not associated with any of the muscle activation parameters.

Conclusion

This study suggests that there is some negative association between fear avoidance beliefs for physical activity before intervention and transversus abdominis recruitment measured by lateral slide after intervention. No other significant associations between fear avoidance beliefs and abdominal muscle activation were found. We cannot exclude random findings, meaning that the results should be considered hypothesis generating for further investigations. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards the control of the diameter of individualized single walled carbon nanotubes in CVD process at low temperature
Authors: Tsareva Svetlana , Devaux Xavier , Dossot Manuel
Published: November 2012

In the current work, we show that it is possible to favor the selective growth of single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with a narrow diameter distribution on supported catalyst particles with a broad size distribution. Carbon nanotubes were grown at 600 °C on silicon substrates. The structure of carbon deposits was controlled by managing the carbon feedstock for adjusting the rate of carbon nanostructures formation on the surface of catalyst particles. Either carbon nanofibers (CNFs) carpets or isolated SWCNTs were obtained. With the fine tune of carbon feedstock, small isolated SWCNTs with a narrow diameter distribution were obtained by limiting the catalytic activity of the largest catalyst particles. HRTEM observations of nanotube embryos have suggested a possible mechanism of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) formation that can explain why the growth of MWCNTs with parallel walls seems to be more difficult than SWCNTs or CNFs at low temperature.
Optical spectroscopy of iodine‐doped single‐wall carbon nanotubes of different diameter
Authors: Tonkikh Alexander A. , Obraztsova Elena D. , Obraztsova Ekaterina A. , Belkin Alexey V. , Pozharov Anatolii S.
Published: November 2012

Single‐wall carbon nanotubes with polyiodide chains inside are interesting from two points of view. According to predictions, first, the iodine structure type inside the nanotube is determined by the nanotube geometry. Second, after iodination all nanotubes become metallic. In this work, we made an attempt to check both predictions. To study the diameter‐dependent properties we have taken for a gas‐phase iodination the pristine single‐wall carbon nanotubes grown by three different techniques providing a different average diameter: a chemical vapor deposition with a Co/Mo catalyst (CoMoCat) with a diameter range (0.6–1.3) nm, a high‐pressure CO decomposition (HiPCO) – a diameter range (0.8–1.5) nm, and an aerosol technique with Fe catalyst – a diameter range (1.3–2.0) nm. The Raman spectra have shown a complication of the polyiodide chain structure while the nanotube diameter increased. The optical spectroscopy data (a suppression of E11 band in the UV–Vis–NIR absorption spectrum) have confirmed the theoretical prediction about transformation of all nanotubes into metallic phase after doping.

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Hydrodynamic structure factor for two‐dimensional decagonal quasicrystals
Authors: Chatzopoulos Andreas , Trebin Hans‐Rainer , Ishii Yasushi
Published: November 2012

The dynamic and static structure factors for two‐dimensional decagonal quasicrystals (QCs) are calculated based on the hydrodynamic model. Explicit formulae with algebraic decay, which is characteristic in lower dimensions, are obtained. The sound‐wave and diffusive‐mode contributions are analyzed separately. It is shown that the phonon–phason coupling yields the characteristic anisotropy in the structure factors. If one assumes the phasonic diffusion constant of the order of magnitude typical for metallic QCs, however, the phasonic contribution is expected only at very small frequencies and hence more likely to be observed in the time domain than in the frequency domain.
A framework for reusing systems engineering products
Authors: Fortune Jared , Valerdi Ricardo
Published: November 2012

As budgetary pressure on large complex systems continues to increase, the interest in reusing systems engineering products is emerging. Reuse is the idea of leveraging previously developed products (i.e., hardware, software, designs, outcomes of a process) into a new application for purposes of improving project attributes such as quality, cost, schedule, or risk. While reuse is well documented and commonly practiced in the domains of software and product–line development, limited research has been performed on the (deliberate or accidental) reuse of systems engineering products. This paper classifies such products as those generated as outputs of both the systems engineering process, including architecture elements, requirements, test plans, and interface specifications, as well as the overall system design process. Through reuse, systems engineers may not need to repeat certain development activities associated with these products, potentially reducing effort, or obtaining schedule/risk benefits through the utilization of heritage products. To begin addressing the topic of reuse from a systems engineering perspective, this paper presents a generalized framework for the reuse of systems engineering products; documenting the key considerations, activities, and resources necessary for effective reuse. Building on insight from systems engineering practitioners and previous work by the authors on systems engineering cost estimation, the framework is intended to serve as a tool for planning, executing, and managing reuse activities, as well as identifying reuse opportunities. ©2012 Wiley Periodicals. Inc. Syst Eng 16:
Using model‐based systems engineering as a framework for improving test and evaluation activities
Authors: Bjorkman Eileen A. , Sarkani Shahram , Mazzuchi Thomas A.
Published: November 2012

Model‐based systems engineering (MBSE) approaches are based on a paradigm shift from document‐centric engineering to model‐based engineering. Although MBSE methods are intended to apply across the entire system life cycle, one area that has not received much attention to date is the role of test and evaluation. Test and evaluation activities provide information that reduces the uncertainty about system performance, effectiveness, and suitability. This uncertainty reduction becomes particularly important within the context of defense systems, which can cost billions of dollars. This paper describes a methodology that uses an MBSE framework and Monte Carlo simulation to define uncertainty reduction goals for test planners to use in developing test strategies and detailed test designs for evaluating technical performance parameters. As tests are completed, physical models can be updated with test data and additional analyses conducted with combat models to determine if the system meets user requirements. The methodology is demonstrated through a simple case study involving a series of tests to predict the landing performance of an aircraft. ©2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 16:
Gene expression profile in chronic mouse liver injury caused by long‐term exposure to CeCl3
Authors: Cheng Jie , Fei Min , Fei Min , Sang Xuezi , Sang Xuezi , Cheng Zhe , Gui Suxin , Zhao Xiaoyang , Sheng Lei , Sun Qingqing , Hu Renping , Wang Ling , Hong Fashui
Published: November 2012

Numerous studies have demonstrated lanthanide (Ln) accumulation in the liver, and the corresponding damage; however, very little work has been done to evaluate the relationship between Ln‐induced liver injury and its gene expression profile in mice. In this study, liver injury and gene‐expressed profiles in male mice induced by oral administration of CeCl3 (2 mg/kg) via gavage for 90 consecutive days were investigated. The results showed that cerium accumulation, liver inflammation, and hepatocyte necrosis were observed. CeCl3 exposure significantly decreased the counts of white blood cells, lymphocyte, and platelet, the reticulocyte count (Ret) and neutrophilic granulocyte percentages as well as A/G ratio, whereas markedly increased the activities of alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, and cholinesterase, and the concentrations of triglycerides and total cholesterol. Furthermore, microarray results of liver showed that the differential expression of 675 known function genes involved in immune/inflammation response, apoptosis, metabolic process, cell cycle, cell proliferation, cytoskeleton, oxidative stress, signal transduction, transcription, translation, and transportation in CeCl3 exposed livers, respectively. Specifically, the significant downregulation of Nt5e led to inflammation, overexpressed Cyp4a12a and great suppression of Cdkn1a resulted in hepatocyte apoptosis, marked elevation of Cel, and Cyp7b1 expression caused the metabolic disorders in mouse liver after long‐term CeCl3 exposure. Therefore, these genes may be in great relation to liver damages induced by exposure to CeCl3. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 29: 837–846, 2014.
Colectomy in Intensive Care Patients: Operative Findings and Outcomes
Authors: Sipola Seija , Syrjälä Hannu , Koivukangas Vesa , Laurila Jouko J. , Karttunen Tuomo , Ohtonen Pasi , Saarnio Juha , Ala‐Kokko Tero I.
Published: November 2012

Background

With a critical illness, intestinal complications are associated with high morbidity and mortality.

Methods

Operative findings and outcomes of 77 intensive care unit (ICU) patients treated with colectomy are described.

Results

Three conditions led to colectomy: sepsis (S group; n = 31), fulminant Clostridium difficile colitis (Cl group; n = 25), and cardiovascular surgery (CV group; n = 21). The median Acute Physiology and Chronic Health score was >25 in all groups. Thickening and distension of the colon was more frequent in the Cl group (p = 0.001), and ischemia was more frequent in the S and CV groups (p < 0.001). Widespread necrosis was more frequent in the CV patients (p = 0.001). The kappa value for ischemic operative findings and histologic necrosis was 0.64 (95 % confidence interval 0.49–0.79). Hospital mortality was 35 % without multiple organ failure (MOF) (n = 31) and 74 % with MOF (n = 46) (p < 0.001). Overall, 38 % were alive at the 1‐year follow‐up.

Conclusions

Although colectomy in ICU patients is associated with high hospital mortality, patients who survive beyond their hospital stay have a good 1‐year outcome
The Relationship between Electronic Word-Of-Mouth Motivations and Message Characteristics: The Sender's Perspective
Authors: Yap Kenneth B. , Soetarto Budi , Sweeney Jillian C.
Published: November 2012

This study investigates how particular motivations are associated with different eWOM message characteristics. This is examined from the sender's perspective in both positive and negative eWOM contexts. Responses from a sample of 201 consumers who had posted an online message about a financial service in the last 12 months were collected through an online survey. Results showed that cognitive and affective characteristics of messages were linked to different motivations to engage in eWOM, which further differed across positive and negative messages. Managers should encourage consumers to share more positive factual information and sort online reviews based on the subject matter, rather than just the positivity of a message.
POST-COLONIAL HISTORIES OF SEXUALITY: THE POLITICAL INVENTION OF A LIBIDINAL AFRICAN STRAIGHT
Authors: Ndjio Basile
Published: November 2012

This study addresses the problem of sexuality and ideology in relation to (pan)-Africanist doctrines that have been instrumental in the effort of post-colonial African elites to constitute an exclusive African sexual selfhood. The focus is on their efforts to ‘Africanize’ the sexuality of the masses in a global context that dramatizes the uncontrolled flow of sexual desires, and favours the emergence of new forms of sexual expressions and practices that destabilize the post-colonial sexual order. The leading question informing this study is how a hegemonic heterosexual identity has come to be internalized in post-colonial Africa, and how both men and women have come to believe that to be ‘good’ citizens or ‘real’ Africans they have to become repressed subjects who not only limit their sexuality solely to heterosexual desires, but also have a natural aversion to other forms of sexuality such as same-sex relations. My main argument is that in most African countries, and specifically in Cameroon, both the edification of a phallocratico-patriarchal society and the political invention of the sublimated Muntu, the so-called libidinal African straight, went along with the suppression, annihilation or negation of gays and lesbians, generally misrepresented as deracinated Africans and dangerous ‘witch-others’.
ON CENTRALISERS AND NORMALISERS FOR GROUPS
Authors: ŠIROLA BORIS
Published: November 2012

Let 𝕂 be a field, char(𝕂)≠2, and G a subgroup of GL(n,𝕂). Suppose g↦g♯ is a 𝕂-linear antiautomorphism of G, and then define G1={g∈G∣g♯g=I}. For C being the centraliser 𝒞G (G1) , or any subgroup of the centre 𝒵(G) , define G(C) ={g∈G∣g♯g∈C}. We show that G(C) is a subgroup of G, and study its structure. When C=𝒞G (G1) , we have that G(C) =𝒩G (G1) , the normaliser of G1 in G. Suppose 𝕂 is algebraically closed, 𝒞G (G1) consists of scalar matrices and G1 is a connected subgroup of an affine group G. Under the latter assumptions, 𝒩G (G1) is a self-normalising subgroup of G. This holds for a number of interesting pairs (G,G1); in particular, for those that we call parabolic pairs. As well, for a certain specific setting we generalise a standard result about centres of Borel subgroups.
An expectation-based account of subject islands and parasitism
Authors: CHAVES RUI P.
Published: November 2012

Subject phrases impose particularly strong constraints on extraction. Most research assumes a syntactic account (e.g. Kayne 1983, Chomsky 1986, Rizzi 1990, Lasnik & Saito 1992, Takahashi 1994, Uriagereka 1999), but there are also pragmatic accounts (Erteschik-Shir & Lappin 1979; Van Valin 1986, 1995; Erteschik-Shir 2006, 2007) as well as performance-based approaches (Kluender 2004). In this work I argue that none of these accounts captures the full range of empirical facts, and show that subject and adjunct phrases (phrasal or clausal, finite or otherwise) are by no means impermeable to non-parasitic extraction of nominal, prepositional and adverbial phrases. The present empirical reassessment indicates that the phenomena involving subject and adjunct islands defies the formulation of a general grammatical account. Drawing from insights by Engdahl (1983) and Kluender (2004), I argue that subject island effects have a functional explanation. Independently motivated pragmatic and processing limitations cause subject-internal gaps to be heavily dispreferred, and therefore, extremely infrequent. In turn, this has led to heuristic parsing expectations that preempt subject-internal gaps and therefore speed up processing by pruning the search space of filler–gap dependencies. Such expectations cause processing problems when violated, unless they are dampened by prosodic and pragmatic cues that boost the construction of the correct parse. This account predicts subject islands and their (non-)parasitic exceptions.
Nonlinear translational symmetric equilibria relevant to the L–H transition
Authors: KUIROUKIDIS Ap. , THROUMOULOPOULOS G. N.
Published: November 2012

Nonlinear z-independent solutions to a generalized Grad–Shafranov equation (GSE) with up to quartic flux terms in the free functions and incompressible plasma flow non-parallel to the magnetic field are constructed quasi-analytically. Through an ansatz, the GSE is transformed to a set of three ordinary differential equations and a constraint for three functions of the coordinate x, in Cartesian coordinates (x,y), which then are solved numerically. Equilibrium configurations for certain values of the integration constants are displayed. Examination of their characteristics in connection with the impact of nonlinearity and sheared flow indicates that these equilibria are consistent with the L–H transition phenomenology. For flows parallel to the magnetic field, one equilibrium corresponding to the H state is potentially stable in the sense that a sufficient condition for linear stability is satisfied in an appreciable part of the plasma while another solution corresponding to the L state does not satisfy the condition. The results indicate that the sheared flow in conjunction with the equilibrium nonlinearity plays a stabilizing role.
Brewers' spent grain; bioactivity of phenolic component, its role in animal nutrition and potential for incorporation in functional foods: a review
Authors: McCarthy Aoife L. , O'Callaghan Yvonne C. , Piggott Charles O. , FitzGerald Richard J. , O'Brien Nora M.
Published: November 2012

Brewers’ spent grain (BSG) is a low-value co-product of the brewing industry produced in large quantities annually. This paper reviews the existing evidence regarding the phenolic component of BSG, focusing on composition, extraction and biofunctions such as antioxidant, anti-atherogenic, anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic activities. Furthermore, the incorporation of BSG in foodstuffs will be discussed, including the use of BSG as an animal feed supplement and the potential of BSG to be incorporated into foods for human consumption. BSG contains hydroxycinnamic acids including ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid and caffeic acid; which have shown bioactivity in the pure form (antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-atherogenic and anti-cancer). Phenolic extracts from BSG have also shown antioxidant potential, by protecting against oxidant-induced DNA damage, possibly by Fe chelation. Studies show that BSG has many benefits when used as a supplement in animal feed, such as increasing milk yield, milkfat content and in providing essential dietary amino acids. The incorporation of BSG in human foods such as cookies and ready-to-eat snacks has resulted in increased protein and fibre contents of the products, where the changes in organoleptic properties are controllable. It can be concluded that the phenolic component of BSG has potential bioactive effects, which are worth pursuing given that the inclusion of BSG into human foodstuffs is viable and beneficial.
Intranasal oxytocin increases covert attention to positive social cues
Authors: Domes G. , Sibold M. , Schulze L. , Lischke A. , Herpertz S. C. , Heinrichs M.
Published: November 2012

Background

The neuropeptide oxytocin (OT) has positive effects on the processing of emotional stimuli such as facial expressions. To date, research has focused primarily on conditions of overt visual attention.

Method

We investigated whether a single intranasal dose of OT (24 IU) would modulate the allocation of attentional resources towards positive and negative facial expressions using a dot-probe paradigm in a sample of 69 healthy men. Attentional capacity for these facial cues was limited by presentation time (100 or 500 ms). In addition, we controlled for overt visual attention by recording eye movements using a remote eye tracker.

Results

Reaction times (RTs) in the dot-probe paradigm revealed a pronounced shift of attention towards happy facial expressions presented for 100 ms after OT administration, whereas there were no OT-induced effects for longer presentation times (500 ms). The results could not be attributed to modulations of overt visual attention as no substance effects on gazes towards the facial target were observed.

Conclusions

The results suggest that OT increased covert attention to happy faces, thereby supporting the hypothesis that OT modulates early attentional processes that might promote prosocial behavior.
A review of machine learning for automated planning
Authors: Jiménez Sergio , De La Rosa Tomás , Fernández Susana , Fernández Fernando , Borrajo Daniel
Published: November 2012

Recent discoveries in automated planning are broadening the scope of planners, from toy problems to real applications. However, applying automated planners to real-world problems is far from simple. On the one hand, the definition of accurate action models for planning is still a bottleneck. On the other hand, off-the-shelf planners fail to scale-up and to provide good solutions in many domains. In these problematic domains, planners can exploit domain-specific control knowledge to improve their performance in terms of both speed and quality of the solutions. However, manual definition of control knowledge is quite difficult. This paper reviews recent techniques in machine learning for the automatic definition of planning knowledge. It has been organized according to the target of the learning process: automatic definition of planning action models and automatic definition of planning control knowledge. In addition, the paper reviews the advances in the related field of reinforcement learning.
Low-level processing deficits underlying poor contrast sensitivity for moving plaids in anisometropic amblyopia
Authors: TANG YONG , CHEN LINYI , LIU ZHONGJIAN , LIU CAIYUAN , ZHOU YIFENG
Published: November 2012

Many studies using random dot kinematograms have indicated a global motion processing deficit originated from extrastriate cortex, specifically middle temporal area (MT) and media superior temporal area (MST), in patients with amblyopia. However, the nature of this deficit remains unclear. To explore whether the ability of motion integration is impaired in amblyopia, contrast sensitivity for moving plaids and their corresponding component gratings were measured over a range of stimulus durations and spatial and temporal frequencies in 10 control subjects and 13 anisometropic amblyopes by using a motion direction discrimination task. The results indicated a significant loss of contrast sensitivity for moving plaids as well as for moving gratings at intermediate and high spatial frequencies in amblyopic eyes (AEs). Additionally, we found that the loss of contrast sensitivity for moving plaids was statistically equivalent to that for moving component gratings in AEs, that is, the former could be almost completely accounted for by the latter. These results suggest that the integration of motion information conveyed by component gratings of moving plaids may be intact in anisometropic amblyopia, and that the apparent deficits in contrast sensitivity for moving plaids in anisometropic amblyopia can be almost completely attributed to those for gratings, that is, low-level processing deficits.
Cognitive stimulation therapy (CST): neuropsychological mechanisms of change
Authors: Hall Louise , Orrell Martin , Stott Joshua , Spector Aimee
Published: November 2012

Background: Cognitive stimulation therapy (CST) is an evidence-based psychosocial intervention for people with dementia consisting of 14 group sessions aiming to stimulate various areas of cognition. This study examined the effects of CST on specific cognitive domains and explored the neuropsychological processes underpinning any effects.

Methods: A total of 34 participants with mild to moderate dementia were included. A one-group pretest–posttest design was used. Participants completed a battery of neuropsychological tests in the week before and after the manualised seven-week CST programme.

Results: There were significant improvement pre- to post-CST group on measures of delayed verbal recall (WMS III logical memory subtest – delayed), visual memory (WMS III visual reproduction subtest – delayed), orientation (WMS III information and orientation subscale), and auditory comprehension (Token Test). There were no significant changes on measures of naming (Boston Naming Test-2), attention (Trail Making Test A/Digit Span), executive function (DKEFS verbal fluency/Trail Making Test B), praxis (WMS III visual reproduction – immediate) or on a general cognitive screen (MMSE).

Conclusions: Memory, comprehension of syntax, and orientation appear to be the cognitive domains most impacted by CST. One hypothesis is that the language-based nature of CST enhances neural pathways responsible for processing of syntax, possibly also aiding verbal recall. Another is that the reduction in negative self-stereotypes due to the de-stigmatising effect of CST may impact on language and memory, domains that are the primary focus of CST. Further research is required to substantiate these hypotheses.
Assessment of atrial electromechanical delay in children with acute rheumatic fever
Authors: Çiftel Murat , Turan Özlem , Şimşek Ayşe , Kardelen Fırat , Akçurin Gayaz , Ertuğ Halil
Published: November 2012

Purpose

There may be an increase in the risk of atrial arrhythmia due to left atrial enlargement and the influence on conduction system in acute rheumatic fever. The aim of this study is to investigate atrial electromechanical delay and P-wave dispersion in patients with acute rheumatic fever.

Patients

A total of 48 patients diagnosed with acute rheumatic fever and 40 volunteers of similar age, sex, and body mass index were included in the study. The study groups were compared for M-mode echocardiographic parameters, interatrial electromechanical delay, intra-atrial electromechanical delay, and P-wave dispersion.

Results

Maximum P-wave duration, P-wave dispersion, and interatrial electromechanical delay were significantly higher in patients with acute rheumatic fever compared with the control group (p < 0.001). However, there was no difference in terms of intra-atrial electromechanical delay (p > 0.05). For patients with acute rheumatic fever, a positive correlation was identified between the left atrium diameter and the P-wave dispersion and interatrial electromechanical delay (r = 0.524 and p < 0.001, and r = 0.351 and p = 0.014, respectively). Furthermore, an important correlation was also identified between the P-wave dispersion and the interatrial electromechanical delay (r = 0.494 and p < 0.001).

Conclusion

This study shows the prolongation of P-wave dispersion and interatrial electromechanical delay in acute rheumatic fever. Left atrial enlargement can be one of the underlying reasons for the increase in P-wave dispersion and interatrial electromechanical delay.
Body-Related Behaviours and Cognitions in the Eating Disorders
Authors: Amin Reena , Strauss Clara , Waller Glenn
Published: November 2012

Background:Different body-related behaviours and cognitions (checking, avoidance, comparison, display) have been shown to be related to unhealthy eating attitudes in a non-clinical sample.Aims:This study tested whether the use of body-related behaviours is higher in eating-disordered women than in non-clinical women. It also examined whether the use of body-related behaviours is associated with psychological characteristics (particularly anxiety, depression and narcissistic characteristics), controlling for age and eating pathology.Method:Ninety-nine adult women with diagnosed eating disorders (mean age = 30.4 years,SD= 9.44; mean body mass index = 21.9,SD= 6.39) completed standardized measures of eating pathology, anxiety and depression, narcissistic characteristics, and body-related behaviours and cognitions.Results:The Body-Related Behaviours Scale (BRBS) had acceptable levels of internal consistency in this group, and its scales were only weakly to moderately correlated with each other. There were no differences between diagnostic groups, but the clinical group had higher scores that a previous non-clinical sample on three of the scales. The four body-related behaviours had different patterns of association with eating pathology, depression and narcissistic features. However, anxiety was not associated with BRBS scores.Conclusions:The findings support the importance of a wide range of body-related behaviours and cognitions in understanding the eating disorders. However, the lack of an association with anxiety is counter to the suggestion that the various behaviours measured by the BRBS reflect safety behaviours on the part of sufferers. Depression and narcissistic features might be more important in maintaining such behaviours.
Three-Dimensional Electron Energy Deposition Modeling of Cathodoluminescence Emission near Threading Dislocations in GaN and Electron-Beam Lithography Exposure Parameters for a PMMA Resist
Authors: Demers Hendrix , Poirier-Demers Nicolas , Phillips Matthew R. , de Jonge Niels , Drouin Dominique
Published: November 2012

The Monte Carlo software CASINO has been expanded with new modules for the simulation of complex beam scanning patterns, for the simulation of cathodoluminescence (CL), and for the calculation of electron energy deposition in subregions of a three-dimensional (3D) volume. Two examples are presented of the application of these new capabilities of CASINO. First, the CL emission near threading dislocations in gallium nitride (GaN) was modeled. The CL emission simulation of threading dislocations in GaN demonstrated that a better signal-to-noise ratio was obtained with lower incident electron energy than with higher energy. Second, the capability to simulate the distribution of the deposited energy in 3D was used to determine exposure parameters for polymethylmethacrylate resist using electron-beam lithography (EBL). The energy deposition dose in the resist was compared for two different multibeam EBL schemes by changing the incident electron energy.
Narratives and Goals
Authors: Laham Simon M. , Kashima Yoshihisa
Published: November 2012

Goals are a central feature of narratives, and, thus, narratives may be particularly potent means of goal priming. Two studies examined two features of goal priming (postdelay behavioral assimilation and postfulfillment accessibility) that have been theorized to distinguish goal from semantic construct priming. Across the studies, participants were primed with high achievement, either in a narrative or nonnarrative context and then completed either a behavioral task, followed by a measure of construct accessibility, or a behavioral task after a delay. Indicative of goal priming, narrative-primed participants showed greater postdelay behavioral assimilation and less postfulfillment accessibility than those exposed to the nonnarrative prime. The implications of goal priming from narratives are discussed in relation to both theoretical and methodological issues.
Spectral scaling of heat fluxes in streambed sediments
Authors: Wörman A. , Riml J. , Schmadel N. , Neilson B. T. , Bottacin‐Busolin A. , Heavilin J. E.
Published: November 2012

Advancing our predictive capabilities of heat fluxes in streams and rivers is important because of the effects on ecology and the general use of heat fluxes as analogues for solute transport. Along these lines, we derived a closed‐form solution that relates the in‐stream temperature spectra to the responding temperature spectra at various depths in the sediment through a physical scaling factor including the effective thermal diffusivity and the Darcy flow velocity. This analysis considers the range of frequencies in temperature fluctuations that occur due to diurnal and meteorological variation both in the long and short term. This approach provides insight regarding the key frequencies for analysing temperature responses at different depths within the sediment and also provides a simple and accurate method that offers quantitative insight into heat transport and surface water interactions with groundwater. We demonstrate for Säva Brook, Sweden, how the values of effective thermal diffusivities can be estimated based on the observed in‐stream and sediment temperature time series and explain the temporal scaling of the heat transport as a function of a dimensionless frequency number. We find that the lower limit of periods of significance for the analysis increases with depth, and we recommend further research regarding appropriate frequency windows.
Seismic anisotropy above and below the subducting Nazca lithosphere in southern South America
Authors: MacDougall Julia G. , Fischer Karen M. , Anderson Megan L.
Published: November 2012

The goal of this study is to better constrain anisotropy and mantle flow above and below the Nazca slab from 28°S to 42°S through modeling of shear wave splitting in local S, SKS and SKKS (SK(K)S) phases. Comparisons of local S splitting times and path lengths in the slab, mantle wedge, and upper plate indicate that splitting times for arc and back‐arc stations are consistent with anisotropy in the mantle wedge, but long slab paths to fore‐arc stations imply that slab anisotropy is also significant. SK(K)S shear wave splitting observations and models for sub‐slab anisotropy show that significant anisotropy is present below the slab, and that the orientation of sub‐slab anisotropy sometimes differs from anisotropy above the slab. Anisotropy both above the slab and below the slab in the South American subduction zone is consistent with mantle flow that is driven by a combination of entrainment with downgoing slab motion and flow complexity related to variations in slab shape and slab rollback.
Hapten Mediated Display and Pairing of Recombinant Antibodies Accelerates Assay Assembly for Biothreat Countermeasures
Authors: Sherwood Laura J. , Hayhurst Andrew
Published: November 2012

A bottle-neck in recombinant antibody sandwich immunoassay development is pairing, demanding protein purification and modification to distinguish captor from tracer. We developed a simple pairing scheme using microliter amounts of E. coli osmotic shockates bearing site-specific biotinylated antibodies and demonstrated proof of principle with a single domain antibody (sdAb) that is both captor and tracer for polyvalent Marburgvirus nucleoprotein. The system could also host pairs of different sdAb specific for the 7 botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) serotypes, enabling recognition of the cognate serotype. Inducible supE co-expression enabled sdAb populations to be propagated as either phage for more panning from repertoires or expressed as soluble sdAb for screening within a single host strain. When combined with streptavidin-g3p fusions, a novel transdisplay system was formulated to retrofit a semi-synthetic sdAb library which was mined for an anti-Ebolavirus sdAb which was immediately immunoassay ready, thereby speeding up the recombinant antibody discovery and utilization processes.
Metabolomics and ischaemic heart disease
Authors: Rasmiena Aliki A. , Ng Theodore W. , Meikle Peter J.
Published: November 2012

Ischaemic heart disease accounts for nearly half of the global cardiovascular disease burden. Aetiologies relating to heart disease are complex, but dyslipidaemia, oxidative stress and inflammation are cardinal features. Despite preventative measures and advancements in treatment regimens with lipid-lowering agents, the high prevalence of heart disease and the residual risk of recurrent events continue to be a significant burden to the health sector and to the affected individuals and their families. The development of improved risk models for the early detection and prevention of cardiovascular events in addition to new therapeutic strategies to address this residual risk are required if we are to continue to make inroads into this most prevalent of diseases. Metabolomics and lipidomics are modern disciplines that characterize the metabolite and lipid complement respectively, of a given system. Their application to ischaemic heart disease has demonstrated utilities in population profiling, identification of multivariate biomarkers and in monitoring of therapeutic response, as well as in basic mechanistic studies. Although advances in magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry technologies have given rise to the fields of metabolomics and lipidomics, the plethora of data generated presents challenges requiring specific statistical and bioinformatics applications, together with appropriate study designs. Nonetheless, the predictive and re-classification capacity of individuals with various degrees of risk by the plasma lipidome has recently been demonstrated. In the present review, we summarize evidence derived exclusively by metabolomic and lipidomic studies in the context of ischaemic heart disease. We consider the potential role of plasma lipid profiling in assessing heart disease risk and therapeutic responses, and explore the potential mechanisms. Finally, we highlight where metabolomic studies together with complementary -omic disciplines may make further inroads into the understanding, detection and treatment of ischaemic heart disease.
Local bone marrow renin–angiotensin system in primitive, definitive and neoplastic haematopoiesis
Authors: Haznedaroglu Ibrahim C. , Beyazit Yavuz
Published: November 2012

The locally active ligand peptides, mediators, receptors and signalling pathways of the haematopoietic BM (bone marrow) autocrine/paracrine RAS (renin–angiotensin system) affect the essential steps of definitive blood cell production. Haematopoiesis, erythropoiesis, myelopoiesis, formation of monocytic and lymphocytic lineages, thrombopoiesis and other stromal cellular elements are regulated by the local BM RAS. The local BM RAS is present and active even in primitive embryonic haematopoiesis. ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) is expressed on the surface of the first endothelial and haematopoietic cells, forming the marrow cavity in the embryo. ACE marks early haematopoietic precursor cells and long-term blood-forming CD34+ BM cells. The local autocrine tissue BM RAS may also be active in neoplastic haematopoiesis. Critical RAS mediators such as renin, ACE, AngII (angiotensin II) and angiotensinogen have been identified in leukaemic blast cells. The local tissue RAS influences tumour growth and metastases in an autocrine and paracrine fashion via the modulation of numerous carcinogenic events, such as angiogenesis, apoptosis, cellular proliferation, immune responses, cell signalling and extracellular matrix formation. The aim of the present review is to outline the known functions of the local BM RAS within the context of primitive, definitive and neoplastic haematopoiesis. Targeting the actions of local RAS molecules could represent a valuable therapeutic option for the management of neoplastic disorders.
Cyanobacteria produce arsenosugars
Authors: Miyashita Shin-ichi , Fujiwara Shoko , Tsuzuki Mikio , Kaise Toshikazu
Published: November 2012

Environmental contextAlthough arsenic is known to accumulate in both marine and freshwater ecosystems, the pathways by which arsenic is accumulated and transferred in freshwater systems are reasonably unknown. This study revealed that freshwater cyanobacteria have the ability to produce arsenosugars from inorganic arsenic compounds. The findings suggest that not only algae, but cyanobacteria, play an important role in the arsenic cycle of aquatic ecosystems. AbstractMetabolic processes of incorporated arsenate in axenic cultures of the freshwater cyanobacteria Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and Nostoc (Anabaena) sp. PCC 7120 were examined. Analyses of arsenic compounds in cyanobacterial extracts using a high-performance liquid chromatography–inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry system showed that both strains have an ability to biotransform arsenate into oxo-arsenosugar-glycerol within 20 min through (1) reduction of incorporated arsenate to arsenite and (2) methylation of produced arsenite to dimethylarsinic acid by methylarsonic acid as a possible intermediate product. In addition, Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 cells are able to biosynthesise oxo-arsenosugar-phosphate from incorporated arsenate. These findings suggest that arsenosugar formation as well as arsenic methylation in cyanobacteria possibly play a significant role in the global arsenic cycle.
Henry Robert Wallace 1924 - 2011
Authors: Kerr Allen , Davies Kerrie , Stirling Graham
Published: November 2012

Harry Wallace was born in Lancashire, England on 12 September 1924 and died at Murray Bridge, South Australia on 26 July 2011. He had a distinguished career, as a scientist at the University of Cambridge, Rothamsted Experimental Station and CSIRO's Division of Horticulture, and as Professor of Plant Pathology at the University of Adelaide. He was internationally recognised for his pioneering work on the movement of nematodes and for his work on the interactions between nematodes, the environment and the plant. He made a major contribution to Australian agriculture by providing a blueprint for research needed to understand cereal cyst nematode, which was a major pest that significantly reduced yield. The blueprint led to efficient methods of disease control.
Effects of various physical stress factors on mitochondrial function and reactive oxygen species in rat spermatozoa
Authors: Kim Suhee , Agca Cansu , Agca Yuksel
Published: November 2012

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of various physical interventions on the function of epididymal rat spermatozoa and determine whether there are correlations among these functional parameters. Epididymal rat spermatozoa were subjected to various mechanical (pipetting, centrifugation and Percoll gradient separation) and anisotonic conditions, and sperm motility, plasma membrane integrity (PMI), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were evaluated. Repeated pipetting caused a loss in motility, PMI and MMP (P < 0.05). Minimal centrifugation force (200g) had no effect on motility, PMI and MMP, whereas an increase in the centrifugation force to 400g or 600g decreased sperm function (P < 0.005). Percoll gradient separation increased total motility, PMI and MMP (P < 0.05). However, the spermatozoa that were subjected to mechanical interventions showed high susceptibility to a ROS stimulant (P < 0.005). Anisotonic conditions decreased motility, PMI and MMP, and hypotonic conditions in particular increased basal ROS (P < 0.05). In correlation tests, there were strong positive correlations among total motility, PMI and MMP, whereas ROS showed no or negatively weak correlations with the other parameters. In conclusion, the physical interventions may act as important variables, affecting functional parameters of epididymal rat spermatozoa. Therefore, careful consideration and proper protocols for handling of rat spermatozoa and osmotic conditions are required to achieve reliable results and minimise damage.