bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Satirist’s Dilemma
Authors: Kraus Karl
Published: September 2020

This chapter reveals the author's distaste with having seen his work linked with National Socialism. A comparison was drawn between its destructive activities in the realm of culture and the author's early satire, Die demolirte Literatur. The comparison with National Socialism was decidedly in the author's favour, for his demolition was said to distinguish itself from the current amateurish destruction of literature in Berlin by its “unprecedented intellectual verve” and “tremendous satirical power,” though it was veritable child's play compared with his subsequent critique of the direction German writing has taken. Since then, the author has said about a print culture that is in the hands of people who have failed in other professions. Today, for all the appreciation of that work, the parallel with National Socialism is thought to be that its targets “survived being sentenced to demolition.” Still, it remains to be seen whether their fellow writers will survive the judgement passed on them over the years in Die Fackel.
And what about Culture?
Authors: Kraus Karl
Published: September 2020

This chapter discusses Bernhard Diebold, otherwise known as “Bernhardo Dieboldo.” According to the chapter, he was one of the most capricious figures ever to frolic at the forefront of German culture—a journalist who is still permitted his freedom thanks to his nimble manoeuvrings. In the Frankfurter Zeitung, Diebold draws parallels between National Socialism and Kraus's activity, prompting them to take stock of his work and encouraging him to take the movement seriously. Kraus was reluctant to do so since he preferred to occupy himself with the German language, adapting it to the French libretti that inspired Jacques Offenbach's operettas. But Kraus had also always liked to avail himself of the press as a spur to heroism, which stimulated him to undertake “new deeds”—as Richard Wagner advocated. Diebold, this chapter shows, is intent on promoting Wagner as Offenbach's polar opposite in order to make Goebbels suspicious of Kraus while at the same time ingratiating himself.
Verbal Imperialism: “Germany, Awaken! …”
Authors: Kraus Karl
Published: September 2020

This chapter recognises that, in the journalism and rhetoric of the new creed, there has not been a single German verbal expression that has not belied its purported content. Among the many neologisms inspired by the upheaval, this is already indicated by “Nazi,” the concept on which a revelation of the World Spirit is supposedly based, together with other phrases that could never have been conceived or formulated before the onset of the new order. What is exceptional, however, is the ability to continue in this creative spirit with true-to-type neologisms that adapt language to the needs of the regime's profound duplicity and accentuate its sanctimonious bent, the tendency to draw a veil over ignominious actions. Virtually every communiqué adds further examples of violence disguised as the norm, as when forcible entry into someone's home is described as “rehabilitation.” Or when failure is presented as imminent success and someone stretches the facts by reporting that a rival militia has been “deconstructed.”
Poets and Barbarians
Authors: Kraus Karl
Published: September 2020

This chapter illustrates the professional competence of a programmatic purge that reflects the anti-Semitism of Adolf Bartels, whose discontent with the modern era is reciprocated. There are sensational developments in every economic sector of the Nazi movement. But the rule of law by decree tolerates other arbitrary instances of metaphor coalescing with hard facts. In literature, too, there have been reported cases of unscrupulous competition ending in bloodshed. Authors who use their elbows, sometimes quite literally, to thrust aside Jews have defined themselves as the “Kampfbund” (Fighting Unit). The new order operates as violently as the seismic force in Walpurgis Night.
Soundbite-Hooks and Foreign Policy
Authors: Kraus Karl
Published: September 2020

This chapter investigates the extent to which the struggle against the anti-German Spirit is German in origin. Kraus's “Prayer to the Sun of Gibeon,” misinterpreted when it appeared in 1916, highlights the absurdity of a world of power politics in which the pan-German present uncannily converged with an Old Testament narrative fraught with atrocities. The reflection “On the Sinai Front” of 1917 pointed to the concurrence of two ethnicities. This was expressed by Schopenhauer's definition of a nation that “worships a God who promises it the lands of its neighbours.” During the World War, the Old Testament and modern German ideologies of being “chosen peoples” had already reached a point of convergence—of alignment before the event.
Protective Custody
Authors: Kraus Karl
Published: September 2020

This chapter takes a look at the atrocities committed during protective custody. In this case, the perpetrators were oblivious of the deed and its consequences and had a knack for making both sound all too human, which should surely gain people's sympathy. After all, everything was done in good faith, and the world should respond accordingly when it learned what actually happened, as in the case of Dr. Ernst Eckstein. This case was depicted abroad as one of the most gruesome of bloody deeds, after the spirit of the despairing victim was broken: Dr. Ernst Eckstein, one of the first political functionaries to be taken into protective custody. But most die a natural death. The diagnosis was often exhaustion; from time to time someone was overcome with faintness and plunges from the third floor into the courtyard of a police station, prompting his guard to deplore the man's carelessness in standing too close to an open window. Nor as a nervous breakdown uncommon, especially in travellers, in whose case suicide was then committed.
Dollfuss and the Social Democrats
Authors: Kraus Karl
Published: September 2020

This chapter emphasises that declaring the embodiment of German diplomacy to be unwelcome in Austria is a decision that deserves to be supported, not impeded, by those who will ultimately owe it their continued existence as—essentially—“political pensioners.” They know this but profess the contrary, thus thwarting any effective measures against an evil they know themselves too weak to avert. This must be stated loud and clear—just as the boldness of that declaration was welcomed—even if this takes courage when faced with the mendacity of a supposedly “principled” stance which lacks any such courage. For if they had any, the Social Democrats would long ago have acknowledged the “harsh realities,” so frequently cited in the past as alibis for failure. They would have recognised that their power deficit derives from a surfeit of empty phrases; that a state of war leaves no scope for tactical manoeuvres; and that for the first time we find ourselves confronting a political reality that speaks of action and actually means what it slays.
Out of the Abyss: Prussian Eagles and Parched Tongues
Authors: Kraus Karl
Published: September 2020

This chapter shows Germany's attempts to become a super-Prussia. Hermann Goering ordered the old Prussian eagle to be reunited with sword and lightning, symbolising its desire to soar up to the sun and protect what is most holy to the last drop of its blood. This is more than a beautiful image—it is a symbol of the need to expand the Reich's Air Protection Corps, since Germany's aerial defences are now the top priority. Besides such a prospect, “the only comforting reassurance that can be given to all who are enraged or frightened” is “that every member of the Volk can and should see the government of the Reich as providing a firm guarantee that aerial danger, and protection against it, will be dealt with appropriately and with every hope of success.” On the other hand, the allegation that Goering was responsible for disseminating news of the Communists having started the Reichstag fire a good hour before it happened was probably mistaken, since the fire itself broke out earlier than scheduled.
Tea War
Authors: Liu Andrew B
Published: September 2020

Tea remains the world's most popular commercial drink today, and at the turn of the twentieth century, it represented the largest export industry of both China and colonial India. In analyzing the global competition between Chinese and Indian tea, this book challenges past economic histories premised on the technical “divergence” between the West and the Rest, arguing instead that seemingly traditional technologies and practices were central to modern capital accumulation across Asia. The book shows how competitive pressures compelled Chinese merchants to adopt abstract, industrial conceptions of time, while colonial planters in India pushed for labor indenture laws to support factory-style tea plantations. Further, characterizations of China and India as premodern backwaters, it explains, were themselves the historical result of new notions of political economy adopted by Chinese and Indian nationalists, who discovered that these abstract ideas corresponded to concrete social changes in their local surroundings. Together, these stories point toward a more flexible and globally oriented conceptualization of the history of capitalism in China and India.
Justice Between Plantation and Port
Authors: Wood Laurie M.
Published: September 2020

Chapter 2 explores how negotiations between court participants and magistrates through court proceedings, as in some sedition cases, untangled the concentric circles of authority that emanated from the innermost court chambers (especially the registrar’s chamber, where legal documentation was kept) out past insular coastlines into the haziest maritime jurisdictions. This chapter delves into the public and private aspects of court proceedings. It tracks court participants as they moved among French legal entrepôts through both formal and informal legal channels, such as judicial appeals,
interjudicial correspondence, and traveling from one court to another.
Remnants
Authors: Herzog Don
Published: September 2020

This chapter presents the current dilemma brought about by the classic theory of sovereignty. It argues that this theory is not timeless, and that it has run its course. As such, the dilemma is presented as a choice between forswearing all the classic concept's criteria, in which case the concept is meaningless, or clinging to one or more of them, in which case the concept is pernicious. The chapter then goes on to address three attempts to escape the dilemma by reframing the concept. The first to be addressed is popular sovereignty. Another approach to reconstructing the concept lies in focusing on marks (an older locution) or incidents of sovereignty. Finally, there is the so-called “Schmittian Exception,” which relies on Carl Schmitt's claim that “Sovereign is he who decides on the exception.”
Recontextualizing Acts
Authors: Stroup Christopher
Published: September 2020

This chapter situates Acts of the Apostles historically and examines previous scholarship on Jewish identity and Acts. It argues that Lukan ethnic reasoning—as mediated by the cultural context of Greek cities under Roman rule—sought to create an alternate construal of Jewish and Christian identity. This alternate identity integrated Christian non-Jews into the civic hierarchy. The chapter then surveys the scholarship on Jews and Judaism in Acts and looks at recent developments in interpretation that have emphasized the author's rhetoric rather than “attitude.” It also discusses four texts that highlight the value of ethnic reasoning and, scholar of ancient Christianity, Denise Kimber Buell's discussion of four uses of religious rhetoric in ethnic reasoning. Ultimately, Acts leverages the connection between gods, people, and places in its depiction of Jewish identity. It employs ethnic rhetoric in order to present all Christians as Jews and to privilege Christians as an ideal embodiment of Jewishness for the Roman-era polis.
The Jerusalem Council and the Foundation of Salutaris
Authors: Stroup Christopher
Published: September 2020

This chapter assesses how Acts of the Apostles uses the image of Jewishness constructed in Acts 2:5–13 to depict the Jewishness of Christian non-Jews in the Jerusalem council (15:1–21). Comparing the ethnic rhetoric of Acts 15 with ethnic rhetoric of the Salutaris Foundation inscription, it calls attention to wider negotiations of civic identity and within the context of formal public documents like this inscription. The Salutaris Foundation inscription, which contains the stipulations for a donation given by a wealthy citizen of Ephesus, provides a useful comparison with the Jerusalem council narrative in two primary ways. First, the inscription was composed within a decade or two of the likely publication of Acts and therefore offers a glimpse of a contemporaneous use of ethnic rhetoric. Second, a majority of the narrative of Acts takes place in an urban context, including in Ephesus. The Salutaris Foundation thus provides a securely dated and located example of the negotiation of identity within the city, demonstrating who had the power to influence identity claims and how such negotiations took place. Both Acts and the Salutaris Foundation leverage religious ideology in their respective forms of ethnic rhetoric in order to legitimate ethnic change, employing ancestral religious rhetoric, a shared sense of the flexibility of ethnic identity, and the authority of councils in ways that delimit the identity of contested populations and their religious activities.
Christian Non-Jews and the Polis
Authors: Stroup Christopher
Published: September 2020

This concluding chapter summarizes the findings of this book. It argues that Acts of the Apostles' rhetoric of Jewish and Christian identity should be situated within the context of Roman-era cities, in which ethnic, civic, and religious identities were inseparable. Placing Acts within this broader ethnic discourse emphasizes the Jewishness of Christians, even in Acts. When one reads Acts with an eye to the writer's ethnic reasoning, it becomes clear that Luke did not represent Jews as a static group but instead presented Jewish identity in multiple, hybrid, and complex ways that allowed for the identification of Christian non-Jews as Jews. Luke also employs the ethnic, religious, and civic aspects of Jewish identity to privilege those Jews (and non-Jewish Jews) who follow Jesus. If Acts marks all Christians as Jews and Christian communities as Jewish communities, then the concept of “Christian universalism” should be understood as a particular form of “Jewish universalism.” The chapter then reflects on the use of ethnic reasoning and the challenge of anti-Judaism in the interpretation of Acts today.
Socio-economic disadvantage and poverty
Authors: Milne Alisoun
Published: September 2020

Chapter 5 is the first of three chapters exploring the impact of age related risks affecting particular sub populations of older people. Socioeconomic disadvantage in later life tends to reflect a lifecourse status. It amplifies what is already present. In 2016/17 one million older people were living in poverty; an additional 1.2 million were living just above the poverty line. These numbers are rising. Those aged 85 years or over, frail older people, older women and single older people are particularly at risk. Poor older people are also more likely to live in poor housing and be exposed to fuel poverty. Being poor - and its concomitants - compromises mental health in a number of profound ways. It undermines an older person’s capacity to make choices, retain independence, save for a crisis, maintain social contacts and be digitally included. It is linked with worry, loss of control over life and shame. Poor older people are at heightened risk of isolation and loneliness, stress, anxiety and depression. The UK has a weak policy record, compared with other developed countries, of sustainably and coherently addressing poverty in later life. One of the cornerstones of doing so is a continued commitment to the basic state pension as a fundamental building block of a secure old age. Addressing poor housing is also pivotal.
Abuse, mistreatment and neglect
Authors: Milne Alisoun
Published: September 2020

Between 2% and 10% of all older people are estimated to be victims of abuse. Isolation, frailty, dementia and dependency are all risk factors. Abuse and mistreatment occur in all contexts - family members are often implicated in domestic settings and paid workers in care settings. Whatever its aetiology abuse, in all its guises, has profoundly negative mental health consequences, including depression, anxiety, learned helplessness and post-traumatic stress disorder. These are pronounced in situations where exposure to abuse has been long term. At present all ‘types’ of abuse - domestic abuse, sexual violence, institutional abuse, abuse by a relative -are managed under the institutional umbrella of ‘safeguarding’. This model not only uncouples abuse from its (often) lifecourse roots but tends to foreground age as its defining dimension. Most policy related literature does not refer to frailty, socioeconomic disadvantage, gender, or issues of power. As power lies at the very heart of abuse of older people in all contexts this is a profound oversight. Policy and practice responses struggle to accommodate the complex causes of abuse, structural issues, or the perspective of the older person. They also fail to engage with a discourse of rights and social justice.
Reconsidering Policy
Authors: Crowley Kate , Stewart Jenny , Kay Adrian , Head Brian
Published: September 2020

For all nation-states, the context in which public policies must be developed and applied continues to become more complex and demanding. Yet policy studies has not fully responded to the challenges and opportunities represented by these developments. While governance has drawn attention to a globalising and network-based policy world, politics and the role of the state have been de-emphasised. The book addresses this imbalance through a process of reconsideration – re-visiting traditional policy-analytic concepts and re-developing and extending new ones. The objects of reconsideration are of two types: firstly, themes relating to ‘deep’ policy: policy systems; institutions, the state and borders; and secondly, policy-in-action: information, advice, implementation and policy change. Through these eight perspectives, each developed as a chapter of this book, the authors have produced a melded approach to policy, which they call systemic institutionalism. They define this approach as one that provides a broad analytic perspective that links policy with governance (implemented action) on the one hand, and the state (structured authority) on the other. By identifying research agendas based on these insights, the book suggests how real world issues might be substantively addressed, in particular more complex and challenging issues, through examples that bring out the ‘policy’ (the history and potential for collective public action) in the system.
Reconsidering borders
Authors: Crowley Kate , Stewart Jenny , Kay Adrian , Head Brian W.
Published: September 2020

This chapter considers policy-making beyond the ‘shadow’ of a powerful state. Cross-border policy-making presents a unique dilemma. From the practice perspective, borders open or close to encourage or prevent transnational flows. They can be reshaped to enhance economic growth, social development outcomes, and/or security. From the analytic perspective, the challenge of framing transnational policy-making in open economy sectors, where actors and ideas operate across and beyond borders to shape agendas, policy content, and modes of governing, is a work in progress. Some see policy studies as a ‘methodological prisoner of the state,’ unable to adapt analysis of state capacity to a globalising world. This chapter separates national policy processes from those at the international and global levels. In the context of multiple and diffuse sources of sovereignty at the global level, where porous boundaries between public and private spheres of governance, the conventional dilemmas of policy studies remain but often look importantly different.
Reconsidering advice and advisory systems
Authors: Crowley Kate , Stewart Jenny , Kay Adrian , Head Brian W.
Published: September 2020

Policy advice and policy advisory systems tend to be underplayed or neglected in policymaking literature despite robust policy advisory research efforts, and concerns with the character and dynamics of domain specific advisory systems within and beyond the state. In this chapter we reconsider policy advice in several key senses. We revisit the significance of the role of policy advising, and depictions of the transformation of the practice of policy advising; we draw upon governance and policy systems frames in our reconsideration of advisory systems; and we reflect upon the place of expert advice in PASs in problem solving today. We explore the role of advice and advisory systems in addressing complex problems in the governance era, and ask whether a more diverse advisory landscape helps or hinders the generation and transmission of policy relevant knowledge.
Child Poverty
Authors: Treanor Morag C.
Published: September 2020

Child poverty is rising across affluent western societies and how it is measured is vital to how governments act to prevent, alleviate or eliminate it. While the roots of childhood poverty are fiercely debated and contested, they are all too often misrepresented in policy and media discourses.
Seeking to redress this, Treanor places children’s experiences, needs and concerns at the centre of this critical examination of the contemporary policies and political discourses surrounding poverty in childhood. She examines a broad range of structural, institutional and ideological factors common across developed nations, and their impacts, to interrogate how poverty in childhood is conceptualised and operationalised in policy and forge a radical pathway for an alternative future.
Conclusions
Authors: Treanor Morag C.
Published: September 2020

Each of the chapters has a section on ‘flipping the thinking’, an entreaty to encourage the reader to think about child poverty in a way that deviates from the current dominant discourse. At present, what people know or think they know about child poverty and its impacts derives from received wisdom, common sense ideas, what they hear and what they read in the media. Even many professionals working with families living in poverty do not necessarily appreciate the nuance of its risks, causes and consequences. These chapters’ entreaties to ‘flip the thinking’ are picked up and discussed further in chapter ten, the conclusions chapter. In this chapter questions are asked such as ‘what could be done? What should we do? How do we respond to thinking about child poverty differently?’ This chapter also explores the implications of the previous chapters, including the policy and practice changes required to improve the lives of children living in poverty. The implications addressed are: the importance of money, the importance of relationships, received wisdoms and unconscious bias, addressing the living conditions of those looking after children, and making successful transitions. The aim is to encourage all of us to ‘flip our thinking’ and allow alternative ideas and explanations to guide us on a path that might actually prevent and eradicate child poverty.
Housework class characteristics
Authors: Davis Shannon N. , Greenstein Theodore N.
Published: September 2020

Chapter 5 describes each of the classes documented in the book (Ultra-traditional, Traditional, Transitional Husbands, Egalitarian, and Egalitarian High Workload) based upon couple and individual demographic characteristics. Not only do we include basic demographic characteristics (e.g., race, religion, and marital distribution) but we also document how measures of power are distributed across the classes. We also describe who is in each of the five housework classes based upon labor market characteristics, income, and gender ideology.
Housework over the family life course
Authors: Davis Shannon N. , Greenstein Theodore N.
Published: September 2020

To examine the effectiveness of our argument that housework can be used to understand power in families, we apply our theoretical framework across the family life course. In this chapter we empirically examine patterns across the five housework classes (Ultra-traditional, Traditional, Transitional Husbands, Egalitarian, and Egalitarian High Workload) regarding shifts in measures of power. We focus on changes in labor market participation, income, and occupational prestige from NSFH Wave 1 to Wave 2. We find that couples where women secured more economic resources at a pace similar to their husbands were more likely to be more egalitarian in their division of housework over time. However, couples where women secured resources while men did not were likely to exhibit gender deviance neutralization and a traditional division of labor at the second interview.
Reassessing Attachment Theory in Child Welfare
Authors: White Sue , Gibson Matthew , Wastell David , Walsh Patricia
Published: September 2020

This book offers an analysis and summary of the uses, abuses and limitations of attachment theory in contemporary child welfare practice, examining controversies and offering a new pedagogy that is responsive to the changing dynamics of contemporary families. The book shows how attachment theory can distort and influence decision-making. It argues that the dominant view of attachment theory may promote a problematic diagnostic mindset, whilst undervaluing the enduring relationships between children and adults. The book concludes that attachment theory can still play an important role in child welfare practice, but the balance of the research agenda needs a radical shift towards a sophisticated understanding of the realities of human experience to inform ethical practice.
Introduction: exploring the growth of food charity across Europe
Authors: Lambie-Mumford Hannah , Silvasti Tiina
Published: September 2020

This chapter sets out the key issues with which the book engages. It highlights the range of disparate evidence which is emerging on the rise of food charity from various academic sources across Europe. It discusses the urgent need for a comprehensive and rigorous comparative study of this phenomenon. It sets out the comparative concepts used by authors throughout the book notably food charity, food and poverty. It goes on to examine debates around social and human rights and the role of food waste in food charity, before discussing of the utility of understanding food charity as part of the ‘charity economy’. It ends with an outline of the rest of the book including the methodological approach adopted across the empirical chapters.
The role of food charity in Italy
Authors: Arcuri Sabrina , Brunori Gianluca , Galli Francesca
Published: September 2020

This chapter forms the land case study for Italy. As with all empirical chapters it explores several key themes in relation to food charity in Italy:
• the history of food charity in the national context and the relationship between the welfare state and charities;
• the nature of and drivers behind contemporary food charity provision;
• key changes in social policy and their impact on rising charitable food provision;
• and the social justice implications of increasing need for charitable assistance with food.
The chapter concludes with critical reflections on the future direction of food charity provision in Italy and the implications of this.
Food aid in post-crisis Spain: a test for this welfare state model
Authors: Inza-Bartolomé Amaia , San-Epifanio Leire Escajedo
Published: September 2020

This chapter forms the land case study for Spain. As with all empirical chapters it explores several key themes in relation to food charity in Spain:
• the history of food charity in the national context and the relationship between the welfare state and charities;
• the nature of and drivers behind contemporary food charity provision;
• key changes in social policy and their impact on rising charitable food provision;
• and the social justice implications of increasing need for charitable assistance with food.
The chapter concludes with critical reflections on the future direction of food charity provision in the Spain and the implications of this.
Food banks and the UK welfare state
Authors: Lambie-Mumford Hannah , Loopstra Rachel
Published: September 2020

This chapter forms the land case study for the UK. As with all empirical chapters it explores several key themes in relation to food charity in the UK:
• the history of food charity in the national context and the relationship between the welfare state and charities;
• the nature of and drivers behind contemporary food charity provision;
• key changes in social policy and their impact on rising charitable food provision;
• and the social justice implications of increasing need for charitable assistance with food.
The chapter concludes with critical reflections on the future direction of food charity provision in the UK and the implications of this.
Welfare to work, social justice and domination: an introduction to an interdisciplinary normative perspective on welfare policies
Authors: Eleveld Anja , Kampen Thomas , Arts Josien
Published: September 2020

In the last decades, rights to social assistance benefits have become more conditional. Governments in Europe, as in other welfare states, have sought to ‘activate’ their unemployed citizens by requiring them to participate in mandatory work programmes. This chapter examines how liberal and communitarian thinkers have justified or rejected welfare-to-work (WTW) policies within social assistance systems and how these policies have been legitimised by key notions of inclusion, responsibilisation, employability and empowerment, which correspond with liberal and communitarian justifications of WTW. Drawing on critical socio-legal literature, the authors question these justifications and clarify their decision to explore WTW from a threefold normative perspective that takes into account: 1) power relations and human social rights (the legal perspective); 2) lived experiences within WTW relationships, including endemic power asymmetries and perceptions of justice (the sociological perspective); and 3) the republican theory of non-domination (the philosophical perspective). The last part of this chapter introduces the chapters of this book.
The duty to work as precondition for human dignity: a Swiss perspective on work programmes
Authors: Studer Melanie , Pärli Kurt
Published: September 2020

In Switzerland, the participation in certain work programmes is an eligibility criterion to social assistance benefits and the constitutionally granted right to the financial means required for a decent standard of living. This chapter examines whether the implementation of these programmes is in accordance with fundamental rights and more precisely, whether they respect the normative framework elaborated in Chapter 4. As will be shown, the right to financial assistance when in need has close links to human dignity. Therefore, the evaluation of the mentioned work programmes against the human rights background leads to some critical conclusions on their compatibility with international human rights law in general and human dignity in particular. Especially, the authors argue that the Swiss Federal Supreme Court’s case law lacks a comprehensive approach for the evaluation of human rights infringements in this context.
Unconditional basic income and duties of contribution: exploring the republican ethos of justice
Authors: Birnbaum Simon
Published: September 2020

Do welfare states promote social justice when they demand that individuals must work in return for social benefits? This chapter explores a novel approach to this question, based on the idea of a republican ethos of justice. The analysis brings out important reasons for why duties of contribution have a significant role to play in the quest for a just welfare state, based on the demands of political community, civic virtues, and anti-oligarchic commitments. However, this does not lead to the justification of welfare conditionality. By contrasting the republican ethos with the philosophy of productive reciprocity, the author instead shows how the political discourse of duty and community offers weighty arguments in defence of aims associated with unconditional basic income. Placing active citizenship and resistance to domination in focus, republicans have good reasons to favour basic income-oriented solutions over compliant productivism.
Freedom, exit and basic income
Authors: White Stuart
Published: September 2020

According to a ‘republican’ argument, universal basic income increases workers' power to exit employment and so allegedly reduces workers’ vulnerability to domination from this source. However, critics argue that a basic income will have limited impact on exit power, especially if set at a modest level, and that employer domination is anyway built into standard labour contracts independently of workers’ exit power. This chapter acknowledges these criticisms, but argues that we can rescue a republican argument for basic income if we refine it so that it attends to some important but neglected distinctions: between mitigating, reducing and eliminating domination; between a basic income helping, being necessary to, or sufficient for, one or more of these effects; and by recalling that the potential impact of basic income on domination applies not just in the workplace but in other contexts such as the family and in relation to welfare bureaucracy.
How life course dynamics matter for precarity in later life
Authors: Settersten Richard A.
Published: September 2020

Precarity is at the heart of human experience. In every period of life, all people would seem to face some minimal types and levels of precarity simply in being alive and in having to navigate an ever-changing world. At the same time, precarity is particularistic: some kinds of precarity may be unique in different periods of life, and some people and groups have more of it, or more serious types, than others. To understand the sources and consequences of precarity in later life, it is important to understand the life course: how individuals’ past experiences affect later ones, and how social forces open and close opportunities and structure pathways through life. A life course perspective helps reveal where, when, how, and for whom precarity occurs, and what legacies it carries in the lives of individuals, families, and societies. The chapter covers 12 key lessons about how life course dynamics matter in creating, minimizing, or eliminating the precarity of ageing.
Austerity and precarity: individual and collective agency in later life
Authors: Phillipson Chris
Published: September 2020

The chapter examines both the context for the rise of precarity in the lives of older people as well as responses and alternative areas of practice. The chapter reviews the link between precarity and changes in the welfare state and austerity policies imposed by governments in the Global North. These developments are linked to the influence of neo-liberal policies with their emphasis on individual responsibility for managing transitions through the life course. The chapter then considers the basis for ‘collective’ forms of agency, underpinned by a recognition of issues concerning the provision of universal basic services, substantive equality and collective engagement on the part of older people.
Enhancing museum visits through the creation of data visualisation to support the recording and sharing of experiences
Authors: Gwilt Ian , McEntaggart Patrick , Levick-Parkin Melanie , Wood Jonathan
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores the use of a practice-led research methodology in the design of generative data visualisations that can be used to record and reveal the details of an empiric museum visit. The object of capturing this visitor information is to assist in the future design and development of tools for the creation of interactive museum experiences that can be improved by connecting the physical dimension of museums and exhibitions with digital information in new and novel ways. The main concern in this research is with how user engagement in the museum can be captured, visualised, and represented back to a visitor, museum curator, or the broader community in a way that might bring added value or insight. Moreover, the capturing of the visitor experience becomes an archival process and practice. It can be used in the design of future exhibitions, and more fundamentally to inform thinking around the ongoing ontological and epistemological position of the museum.
Locating the Black archive
Authors: Ishmael Hannah , Sowinski Ego Ahaiwe , Foster Kelly , Joseph Etienne , Richards Nathan E.
Published: September 2020

This chapter takes the concept of ‘living heritage’ as a starting point to show the ways in which focusing on tangibility and intangibility, the formal and the informal, can be used to stretch the concepts of archival practice. It highlights the cultural and intellectual traditions, tangible and intangible, found within the Caribbean, Africa, and across the Diaspora. Accordingly, the institutions, organisations, concepts, and practices discussed here have a ‘pre-history’ both internationally and in the UK — a prehistory inseparable from the development of the intellectual and cultural history of African and Caribbean communities in the Diaspora. Despite this, an archival science capable of dealing with these complexities has yet to be developed. The chapter thus considers the ways in which Black-led archival practices in the UK have historically sought to both disrupt and define heritage practices. It makes a claim for the active, political and cultural incursions, disruptions, and interventions in the heritage sector by Black-led archives and heritage practitioners.
The Poverty of Nations
Authors: Spicker Paul
Published: September 2020

Conventionally, poverty is often represented as a lack of resources, but it is much more than that. A considerable amount of work has been done in recent years to establish a view of poverty as a complex, multi-dimensional set of experiences. The poverty of nations goes further still. The nature of poverty is constituted by social relationships - relationships such as low status, social exclusion, insecurity and lack of rights. The relational elements of poverty tell us what poverty really means – what poverty consists of, what poor people are experiencing, and what kind of problems there are to be addressed. The more emphasis that we put on such relationships as elements of poverty, the more difficult it becomes to suppose either that poverty is primarily a matter of resources, or that poverty in rich countries means something fundamentally different from poverty in poor countries. The book considers how poverty manifests itself in rich and poor countries, and how those countries can respond to poverty as a relational issue.
Introduction: Representations of poverty
Authors: Spicker Paul
Published: September 2020

This book is about poverty. It is distinctive in two ways: in the case it makes for a relational view of poverty, and in its attempt to draw out common themes relating to developed and developing countries.
Rich and poor countries
Authors: Spicker Paul
Published: September 2020

The position of poor countries reflects international relationships governing economic exchange, debt, and markets. No less important are the dominance of ideas from abroad, such as the Washington Consensus, and the role of international organisations in enforcing its principles. Policies have shifted from the self-direction of the Poverty Reduction Strategies towards the top-down priorities represented by the Sustainable Development Goals.
Navigating cycling infrastructure in Sofia, Bulgaria
Authors: Plyushteva Anna , Barnfield Andrew
Published: September 2020

This chapter builds on our previous research on cycling in Sofia, which examined the practices and affordances of travelling by bicycle in a post-socialist South-East European city (Barnfield and Plyushteva, 2016). By drawing attention to the situated, embodied, mundane and ambiguous elements of cycling, we sought to show how the bicycle acts as a small but important force shaping mobility in contemporary Sofia. In the present chapter, we revisit and develop our discussion of cycling infrastructure in Sofia, by drawing together ethnographic observation, interviews with urban mobility activists, and document and media analysis from several research visits between 2013 and 2018. In keeping with our earlier approach of zooming in on a specific urban location and the situated interactions of people and infrastructures within it, in this chapter we focus on a cycle lane added to a central Sofia boulevard in 2017. We discuss the decision-making processes which brought together politicians, municipal employees, mobility and cycling activists, local residents and various other actors. We explore how these processes resulted in a particular set of hard and soft infrastructures for cycling.
Commissioning primary care services: concepts and practice
Authors: McDermott Imelda , Checkland Kath , Coleman Anna , Warwick-Giles Lynsey , Peckham Stephen , Bramwell Donna , Moran Valerie , Gore Oz
Published: September 2020

Chapter 5 reports research on the more recent policy of allowing CCGs to commission primary care services. In 2014 CCGs were invited to volunteer to take on responsibility for commissioning services from their member GP practices in addition to their wider responsibilities for commissioning acute and community services. In this chapter we explore the history of primary care commissioning and financing in England, and discuss the broad policy objectives which underpinned this significant change in CCGs role and scope. These objectives include the need to move to a ‘place-based’ approach to commissioning, and the need for a more effective linkage between the commissioning of primary and secondary care services in order to support movement of services into the community. Over time, most CCGs have moved to take on full delegated responsibility for commissioning GP services, and have established functioning primary care commissioning committees, with little evidence of significant problems associated with conflicts of interest. The development of local additional ‘quality contracts’ and investment in infrastructure and premises have been important issues, with few CCGs seeking to establish larger scale contractual changes. There have been significant local legacy issues in some areas relating to unclear contracts and poor handover of responsibilities from NHS England. The current legislation, under which statutory responsibility for commissioning primary care services remains with NHS England and is delegated rather than transferred to CCGs, presented some problems, particularly for those CCGs who wished to work together across a broader geographical footprint.
Healthcare contracts and the allocation of financial risk
Authors: Allen Pauline , Sanderson Marie , Petsoulas Christina , Ritchie Ben
Published: September 2020

Chapter 7 reports two aspects of research on contracting in the NHS. The first investigates how the policies to use contractual mechanisms including financial risk allocation work in practice. Most of the contractual relationships between NHS owned acute providers and commissioners were characterised by the use of general annual financial settlements outside the terms of the contract. This behaviour appeared to be increasing over time. The second study comprises a review of the evidence concerning new forms of contract being introduced into the NHS: alliance and outcome based contracts. These are aimed at facilitating the integration of services and improving quality of care. Evidence from other sectors indicates that new models of contracting may result in cost savings including a reduction in capital costs, the development of innovations and benefits in relation to time. But there are high transaction costs in relation to the process of contract negotiation and specification. The evidence base regarding improvements in the quality of services is not convincing. These models carry a number of potential governance issues in relation to their implementation in the NHS, and are at risk of failing to satisfy public sector governance objectives including accountability, integrity and transparency.
Conclusion
Authors: Allen Mike , Benjaminsen Lars , O’Sullivan Eoin , Pleace Nicholas
Published: September 2020

Chapter 7 draws together some of the lessons that can be learned from the experiences of three small European countries in responding to homelessness. It is clear that responses to homelessness are embedded and enmeshed in the political and administrative culture of the individual countries, particularly the role of the state, both centrally and locally, in the provision of housing, welfare, and social services. Homelessness cannot be responded to as a separate issue from this broader context, and this is particularly the case in Finland and Ireland, where the roles of the state and market are understood very differently.
Interlude
Authors: Thomas-Hughes Helen
Published: September 2020

The role of community researchers within the projects of Productive Margins was envisaged at the earliest stages of programme development. This vision was driven, in part, by the expert experience of one of the partner organisations who had previously led a longitudinal qualitative research project in which the fieldwork was primarily conducted by community researchers. It was also informed by the programme’s founding understanding: that people and communities have expertise, experience and creativity that can catalyse new spaces for engagement in and the redesign of regulatory regimes. This echoed a wider trend towards the inclusion of community or ‘peer’ researchers within co-produced research processes, recognising that community researchers are, in many ways, a practical example of co-production’s attempt to radically redistribute power within the research process....
The role of community anchor organisations in regulating for engagement in a devolved government setting
Authors: Elliott Eva , Cohen Sue , Frayne David
Published: September 2020

This chapter considers the role of community anchor organisations in the ‘flagship’ regeneration programme of the National Assembly for Wales, ‘Communities First’, launched in 2001 and later terminated in March 2018. It unpicks the story of the programme's evolution and demise from the perspectives of community development advisors and community development practitioners, the latter based in two community organisations in South Wales: South Riverside Community Development Centre (SRCDC) in Cardiff and 3Gs Community Development Trust in Merthyr Tydfil. Both organisations were involved in the Productive Margins programme and in the design and analysis of this research. Both pre-existed the Communities First programme and were charged with its delivery to local people. The chapter thus looks at the regulatory context in which these organisations found themselves and how they negotiated the demands of the state-funded programme, on the one hand, and their accountabilities to the communities that they believed they represented, on the other. A key question remains as to whether the involvement of community organisations in state-funded programmes can facilitate regulation for engagement for social change or whether their power to improve the well-being of the communities they represent might better be served in providing alternative modes of living.