bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Taking Augustine at his Word: Re-evaluating the Testimony of De gestis Pelagii
Authors: Chronister Andrew ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: November 2022

The following article examines Augustine’s efforts in De gestis Pelagii (gest. Pel.), the bishop of Hippo’s commentary on the acts of the Synod of Diospolis at which Pelagius was acquitted of heresy in December 415 CE. Gest. Pel. is far from an attempt to offer an impartial account of the synod’s events. Rather, it forms a key part of Augustine’s efforts in the aftermath of Diospolis to re-interpret what appeared to be a disaster for the anti-Pelagian cause. In this sense, gest. Pel. is a work with a clear rhetorical purpose. The question at the heart of this article is whether, as two scholars have recently suggested, Augustine’s rhetorical aims in this work led him to consciously misrepresent the facts—about the synod’s decision, Pelagius’s views, and his own history with Pelagius. I will argue that we can plausibly take Augustine at his word in gest. Pel.
Descartes on the Unity of the Virtues
Authors: Parvizian Saja ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: November 2022

Commentators have neglected a tension in Descartes’s virtue theory. In some texts, Descartes seems to argue that there are distinct virtues. In other texts, Descartes seems to argue that there is only a single virtue—the firm and constant resolution to use the will well. In this paper, I reconcile this tension. I argue that Descartes endorses a specific version of the unity of the virtues thesis, namely, the identity of the virtues. Nonetheless, Descartes has the resources to draw conceptual distinctions between various virtues. Distinct virtues are conceptually generated when we regard the firm and constant resolution to use the will well in different ways, that is, based on the different ways this resolution manifests in moral situations.
Threading metaliteracy into translation and interpreting undergraduates’ information literacy training: A reflective active learning approach
Authors: Sales Salvador Dora
Published: November 2022

Information competence is an essential component of translation competence and the basis for the lifelong learning of Translation and Interpreting trainees. This work describes the author’s updated approach to an information literacy course for Translation and Interpreting undergraduate students implemented at the Universitat Jaume I (Spain), which, due to the health situation generated by the COVID-19 pandemic, had to be taught entirely online. The article gives an account of how metaliteracy has been integrated as a guiding thread to encourage reflection and critical thinking throughout the course and awareness of its importance. The students’ feedback and the assessment results demonstrate that learning has been significant. Hopefully, the perspective, curricular proposal and experience analyzed here could be transferable to other discipline-based information literacy training programs.

La competencia informacional es un componente esencial de la competencia traductora y la base del aprendizaje permanente del estudiantado de Traducción e Interpretación. Este trabajo describe el enfoque actualizado de un curso de alfabetización informacional para estudiantado del grado en Traducción e Interpretación implementado en la Universitat Jaume I (España), que, debido a la situación sanitaria generada por la pandemia de COVID-19, tuvo que impartirse íntegramente en línea. El artículo da cuenta de cómo se ha integrado la meta-alfabetización como hilo conductor para fomentar la reflexión y el pensamiento crítico a lo largo del curso y la toma de conciencia de su importancia. El seguimiento del estudiantado y los resultados de la evaluación demuestran que el aprendizaje ha sido significativo. Se confía en que la perspectiva, la propuesta curricular y la experiencia aquí analizadas puedan ser transferibles a otros programas de formación en alfabetización informacional para disciplinas concretas, y que pueda ser adaptada a titulaciones específicas.
Aproximación al estudio de los manuales escolares de seminarios conciliares según el plan de estudios de 1852: Relevancia para la historia de la Educación
Authors: González Lozano Francisco , Pérez Ortiz Guadalupe , Vivas Moreno Agustín
Published: November 2022

The curriculum decreed in 1852 for the conciliar seminaries organized the academic structure of these ecclesiastical centers. Founded at the Council of Trent, these educational establishments of the Catholic Church were promoters of culture in society under the directives of the diocesan bishops. From the middle of the seventeenth century, an educational turn oriented the pedagogy implanted in them: the State took the reins of the organization and the educational offer of these seminars. The analysis of the school manuals decreed that year provides relevant information on the educational processes developed in the classrooms of these establishments and the pedagogical goals that were intended to be achieved. In this study we analyze the structure, the distribution of subjects and the general lines of the school manuals of the aforementioned plan. Its didactic impact made its mark in the second half of the 19th century.

El plan de estudios decretado el año 1852 para los seminarios conciliares organizó la estructura académica de estos centros eclesiásticos. Fundados en el Concilio de Trento, estos establecimientos educativos de la Iglesia católica fueron promotores de cultura en la sociedad bajo las directrices de los obispos diocesanos. Desde mediados del XVII, un giro educativo orientó la pedagogía implantada en ellos: el Estado tomó las riendas de la organización y la oferta educativa de dichos seminarios. El análisis de los manuales escolares decretados aquel año aporta una relevante información sobre los procesos educativos desarrollados en España en las aulas de dichos establecimientos y los fines pedagógicos que pretendían alcanzarse a tenor de las corrientes políticas y educativas del momento. En el presente estudio analizamos la estructura, la distribución de materias y las líneas generales de los manuales escolares del mencionado plan. Su incidencia didáctica grabó huella en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX en el pueblo español.
Guide to a secure enterprise network landscape
Authors: Chandramouli Ramaswamy
Published: November 2022

Access to multiple cloud services, the geographic spread of enterprise Information Technology (IT) resources (including multiple data centers), and the emergence of microservices-based applications (as opposed to monolithic ones) have significantly altered the enterprise network landscape. This document is meant to provide guidance to this new enterprise network landscape from a secure operations perspective. Hence, it starts by examining the security limitations of current network access solutions to the enterprise network. It then considers security feature enhancements to traditional network appliances in the form of point security solutions, network configurations for various security functions (e.g., application/services security, cloud services access security, device or endpoint security), security frameworks that integrate these individual network configurations (e.g., zero trust network access [ZTNA]), and the evolving wide area network (WAN) infrastructure to provide a comprehensive set of security services for the modern enterprise network landscape (e.g., secure access service edge [SASE]).
La ‘Queue’, cuando hacer cola es un evento dentro del evento
Authors:   Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Moreno Clemente Carlos
Published: November 2022

Bajo el nombre clave de «Operación Puente de Londres» se trabajó todo el conjunto de acciones operativas que realizar en el momento de la muerte de la reina Isabel II, la Queen del Reino Unido durante siete décadas. Dentro del conjunto de actos y eventos preparados, la organización de la histórica cola para la capilla ardiente de la reina ha sido tan destacada que ha conseguido tener nombre propio: la Queue (la Cola, en mayúsculas).
Investigation of the potential mechanism of the Shugan Xiaozhi decoction for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease based on network pharmacology, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation
Authors: Yang Rong , Yang Huili , Jiang Dansheng , Xu Linyi , Feng Lian , Xing Yufeng
Published: November 2022

Background

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a metabolic disease, the incidence of which increases annually. Shugan Xiaozhi (SGXZ) decoction, a composite traditional Chinese medicinal prescription, has been demonstrated to exert a therapeutic effect on NAFLD. In this study, the potential bioactive ingredients and mechanism of SGXZ decoction against NAFLD were explored via network pharmacology, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulation.

Methods

Compounds in SGXZ decoction were identified and collected from the literature, and the corresponding targets were predicted through the Similarity Ensemble Approach database. Potential targets related to NAFLD were searched on DisGeNET and GeneCards databases. The compound–target–disease and protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were constructed to recognize key compounds and targets. Functional enrichment analysis of Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) was performed on the targets. Molecular docking was used to further screen the potent active compounds in SGXZ. Finally, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was applied to verify and validate the binding between the most potent compound and targets.

Results

A total of 31 active compounds and 220 corresponding targets in SGXZ decoction were collected. Moreover, 1,544 targets of NAFLD were obtained, of which 78 targets intersected with the targets of SGXZ decoction. Key compounds and targets were recognized through the compound–target–disease and PPI network. Multiple biological pathways were annotated, including PI3K-Akt, MAPK, insulin resistance, HIF-1, and tryptophan metabolism. Molecular docking showed that gallic acid, chlorogenic acid and isochlorogenic acid A could combine with the key targets. Molecular dynamics simulations suggested that isochlorogenic acid A might potentially bind directly with RELA, IL-6, VEGFA, and MMP9 in the regulation of PI3K–Akt signaling pathway.

Conclusion

This study investigated the active substances and key targets of SGXZ decoction in the regulation of multiple-pathways based on network pharmacology and computational approaches, providing a theoretical basis for further pharmacological research into the potential mechanism of SGXZ in NAFLD.
Correlation between the Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity and Elastic Modulus for Concrete Considering the Influence of Coarse Aggregates at High Temperatures
Authors: Kim Wonchang , Jeong Keesin , Kang Seunggoo , Choi Hyeonggil , Lee Taegyu
Published: November 2022

This study analyzed the effect of the hardness of coarse aggregates mixed in concrete on the ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) and elastic modulus after high temperature exposure. Specimens were classified into normal concrete (NC) mixed with normal aggregates and lightweight aggregate concrete (LC) mixed with lightweight aggregates, and the water-to-binder ratios (W/B) were set to 0.41, 0.33, and 0.28 to determine the characteristics at various strengths. The mass loss, UPV, and elastic modulus were investigated, and the target temperatures were set to 23, 100, 200, 300, 500, and 700 °C. In addition, the correlation between the UPV and elastic modulus was analyzed according to the W/B. After high temperature exposure, the residual mechanical properties for LC improved compared to those for NC, and the LC graph exceeded the NC graph owing to the correlation analysis between the UPV and elastic modulus. Finally, an equation for predicting the elastic modulus based on the UPV after high temperature exposure was proposed.
Effect of Installation Conditions of Water Mist Nozzle on Thermal Radiation Attenuation Performance
Authors: Park Ji Ho , Kang Jun Seok , Lee Chi Young
Published: November 2022

In this experimental study, the effect of installation conditions of a water mist nozzle on thermal radiation attenuation performance was investigated. Two types of nozzles (Small_nozzle and Large_nozzle) were used. Experiments were conducted under conditions in which the nozzle was installed near the heater and heat flux sensor (Position_NH and Position_NS, respectively), and water mist was discharged from one and two nozzles (Case_ID and Case_SD, respectively). To characterize the water mist spray, the water supply pressure and droplet size were measured, and visualization of the sprayed water mist was performed. The thermal radiation attenuation performance improved with an increase in the water flow rate, and Small_nozzle showed higher thermal radiation attenuation performance than Large_nozzle. Moreover, Case_SD showed lower thermal radiation attenuation performance than Case_ID_Sum (that is, the Sum of Case_ID & Position_NS and Case_ID & Position_NH) and the difference in thermal radiation attenuation performance between Case_SD and Case_ID_Sum at a higher water flow rate was more significant than that at a lower water flow rate. These might be attributed to the wide overlapping area of water mist discharged from two nozzles in Case_SD and at a higher water flow rate, narrowing the overall width of the water mist.
An Experimental Study on the Evaluation of the Radiant Heat Effect of Plant Fire Walls During Fires
Authors: Park Soo-Young , Yeo Han-Seung , Shin Yi-Chul , Lee Seung-Jea , Choi Dong-Ho
Published: November 2022

Owing to infrastructure obsolescence, petrochemical plants possess a high risk of accidents. Various restrictions and regulations exist on the structural arrangement and separation distance to reduce the risk of damage from such accidents and to encourage the use of fire walls in building structures. Currently, steel fire walls require revision because their material properties induce the production of radiant heat during a large fire, which can cause casualties. In this study, steel fire walls from an actual petrochemical plant were heated to follow a “KS F 2257-1” standard fire curve. Consequently, the possibility of fire and human damage due to heat flux and temperature changes were evaluated.
Erotomania: A Rare Psychiatric Condition- A Case Series
Authors: Sashikar Amritha Chandrasekaran , Vasanthan Nivetha , Subhashini Priya
Published: November 2022

Erotomania is a rare psychiatric condition which is characterised by the delusion that a person who is of a higher social status is in love with them. Three cases of secondary erotomania have been discussed which includes a 26-year-old female patient who had a delusion that a well-known actor was in love with her. The second patient was a 23-year-old female patient who harbored a delusion that a popular guy from her school was in love with her. Another patient was a 38-year-old female patient who was deluded that a church personnel was in love with her. All three patients shared similar features that they all developed symptoms of schizophrenia during the course of the illness following the delusion, had poor insight, had poor compliance to treatment and follow-up. Management was resorted to pharmacotherapy and psychosocial rehabilitation in all cases, which yielded improvement although there was no complete remission of the delusion in a two year follow-up in either of the cases. Since erotomania is a rare and unique phenomenon, discussion about the presentation of erotomania in association with schizophrenia, provides a knowledge regarding the condition and management.
Postoperative Hyponatraemia following Major Orthopaedic Surgeries: Incidence and Risk Factor Assessment
Authors: Thejaswi SG , Bhutia Karma Uden , Pradhan Ujjawal , Dewan Sundar , Saikia Priya
Published: November 2022

Introduction: Postoperative Hyponatraemia (POH) commonly goes unrecognised and untreated. Previous studies have shown that POH is fairly common following orthopaedic surgeries. However, there are very limited prospective studies to estimate the incidence of POH, especially in the Indian scenario. Aim: To evaluate the serum sodium level change postoperatively in patients undergoing major orthopaedic surgeries and to evaluate its risk factors for the same. Materials and Methods: A prospective longitudinal study was conducted for a period of six months (September 2019 to February 2020) at a tertiary hospital in Sikkim, India. A total of 98 adult patients undergoing major orthopaedic surgical procedures of the lower limb and spine (fixation of long bones, joint replacement surgeries, spine fixation surgeries), were observed for development of early (day 1) and delayed (day 5) POH. Various risk factors (such as age, gender, preoperative sodium level, type of surgery, duration of surgery, co-morbidities, and perioperative fluid used) were analysed for the development of POH were evaluated. Results: The study found that 17 (17.3%) out of the total 98 patients, developed POH within 24 hours of surgery and no delayed POH was observed. Those who developed early POH started with low serum Na levels preoperatively and the mean change in Na level was significantly higher among them (5.42±1.4 mmol/L, p-0.001) as compared to postoperative normonatraemia patients (4.3±1.2 mmol/L). Increasing age, diabetes mellitus, preoperative sodium (Na) level, duration of surgery, and use of dextrose fluid intraoperatively were found to be significantly associated with developing early POH. After adjusting for the factors which showed a significance of p<0.1 in the univariate analysis, low preoperative Na (mmol/L) (AOR=0.48; 95% CI=0.32- 0.72; p<0.001) and duration of surgery (in hours) (AOR=1.8; 95% CI=1.04-3.2; p-0.035) were found to be the most statistically significant risk factors for POH. All of 17 patients with POH had normal sodium levels by postoperative day five, showing the transient nature of the drop in Na level. Conclusion: Although POH is fairly common after orthopaedic surgeries (17.3%), it is early and transient in nature and easily correctable. Preoperative sodium level, duration of surgery are the major risk factors for POH.
Character Association and Path Analysis for Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) Yield, Fruit Quality and Resistance to Yellow Vein Mosaic
Authors: Sharma Aditi , Bahadur Vijay , Srivastava Rajneesh , Kumar Akash , Singh Shwetank
Published: November 2022

Objective: To find the best parents for desirable traits, particularly earliness, yield, and fruit quality, as well as YVMV (Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus) resistance, in order to create novel hybrids or varieties.

Experimental Design: The experiment was carried out using a randomised block design with three replications.

Place and Duration of Experiment: The study was conducted in the 2016 kharif seasons at the Department of Horticulture's field experimentation centre at Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology, and Sciences, Prayagraj (U.P.). At 78 metres above mean sea level, this location is situated between 25.87° N latitude and 81.15° E longitude. The experimental area's soils have a sandy to sandy loam texture, are moderately well to well drained, and include a provision for ground water irrigation.

Methodology: 25 genotypes were collected for this Trail during the 2016 kharif season. To grow the crop, good agricultural methods were used. Plant height (cm), number of branches/plant, number of leaves/plant, first flowering (in days), 50% flowering (in days), first flowering node, fruit length (cm), fruit diameter (cm), fresh fruit weight (g), number of fruits/plant, fruit yield/plant (g), fruit yield/plot (g), YVMV incidence (%), YVMV severity (%), and crude were the observations to be recorded for five randomly chosen plants from each genotype in each replication To calculate the genetic correlation coefficient analysis, the data were subjected to statistical analysis. The Miller et al. algorithm was used to determine the genetic and phenotypic correlation coefficients.

Results: Based on collected and analysed data, a substantial and positive connection between Days to First Flowering and Days to 50% Flowering (0.94) and between Fruit Weight (g) and Fruit Yield/plant (g) was found (0.91). Demonstrating that okra could experience real improvement thanks to these characteristics. At both the genotypic and phenotypic levels, fruit weight demonstrated the highest beneficial direct impact on fruit yield per plant. The genotype Kashi Satdhari had the lowest YVMV incidence (%), followed by Kashi Vardan (16.38%), whereas 151-10-1-2-3 had the highest YVMV incidence (79.17%), followed by Larem-1 (75.31%).

Conclusion: A very strong positive and significant correlation was recorded between Days to First Flowering with Days to 50% Flowering and Fruit Weight with Fruit Yield/plant. Negative and significant association of YVMV Incidence % with Fruit Yield/plant (g) indicates that fruit yield/plant decreases with increase in YVMV incidence %.Fruit weight showed maximum positive direct effect on fruit yield per plant at both genotypic and phenotypic level indicating that effective improvement through these characters could be achieved in okra.
Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Performance of Chickpea in Bundelkhand Region of North India
Authors: Singh Veerendra , Mishra Amit , Chaubey A. K. , Panwar G. S. , Sachan Ravindra , Pal Rajesh , Kumar Deepak , Tiwari Abhishek
Published: November 2022

A field experiment was carried out on chickpea crop during Rabi season 2020-21. The experiments were conducted on heavy clay soil at Agriculture Research Farm, College of Agriculture, Banda University of Agriculture & Technology, Banda. The experimental design was randomized block design with eight integrated nutrient management treatments viz. farmer fertilizer practice (T1), 100 % RDF (T2), 100% RDF + FYM (T3), 100 % RDF + FYM + Zn (10 kg ha-1) (T4), 125 % RDF + FYM+ microbial inoculants (MI)  (T5), 100 % RDF + FYM+MI (T6), 75% RDF + FYM+MI (T7) and 50 % RDF +FYM+MI (T8), all treatments were replicated thrice. The FYM was applied @ 2 t acre-1. The experimental results revealed that application of 125% and 100 % RDF along with FYM and microbial inoculants increased significantly nodule number, nodule weight per plant and number of pods per plant, thereby increased grain yield of chickpea significantly in comparison to farmers fertilizer practice (T1), sole application of 100 % RDF (T2) and 50 % reduction of RDF along with FYM and microbial inoculants (T8).
Determination of the [Fe4S4]Cys4 cluster geometry of Desulfovibrio africanus ferredoxin I by 1H NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Davy Sharon L. , Osborne Michael J. , Breton Jacques , Moore Geoffrey R. , Thomson Andrew J. , Bertini Ivano , Luchinat Claudio
Published: July 2002

1D and 2D 1H NMR studies of the Fe4S4, cluster containing ferredoxin I from Desulfovibrio africanus have been carried out with the aim of determining the geometry of the cluster linkages with the 4 Cys side chains that bind the cluster. This required the Cys βCH resonances of the oxidised protein to be sequence‐specifically and stereo‐specifically assigned, and this was accomplished by a combination of TOCSY and NOE measurements, allied to model building based on X‐ray structures of related ferredoxins. An analysis of the estimated hyperfine shifts of the Cys βCH resonances with a Karplus‐type equation relating the shifts to iron‐sulfur‐β carbon‐/3 proton dihedral angles, taken together with the relative relaxation rates of the two βCH2 resonances, estimated from their linewidths, then allowed the ironsulfur‐/3‐carbon‐α‐carbon dihedral angles to be determined. A novel representation of the NMR data is presented which shows that the cluster dihedral angles are uniquely determined by the NMR data. The analysis reveals that the dihedral angles for D. africanus ferredoxin I are similar to the corresponding angles of other ferrredoxins even though there are differences in their 1H NMR spectra. The sequence‐specific and stereospecific assignments have been extended by analogy to the related Fe4S4‐containing D. gigas ferredoxin I, and the stereospecific assignments to the Fe4S4‐containing Thermococcus litoralis ferredoxin.
Identification of a novel human serpin gene; cloning sequencing and expression of leupin
Authors: Barnes Ruth C. , Worrall D.Margaret
Published: July 2002

A novel serpin gene has been isolated, cloned and sequenced. A PCR amplified fragment of the gene was originally identified from human genomic DNA, and the full‐length cDNA was subsequently isolated from HeLa cells and sequenced. The novel serpin is very high in protein sequence similarity (91.8%) to the squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCCA), but contains substantial differences in the reactive site loop sequence, including a different amino acid (leucine) in the P1 position. The gene product, named leupin, is expressed in HeLa cells, SKGIIIa cells and human placenta. The protein has a predicted M
r of 44,857 and an isoelectric point of 6.04 which is consistent with the more acidic form of SCCA associated with squamous cell carcinomas.
β‐Glucosylarginine: a new glucose‐protein bond in a self‐glucosylating protein from sweet corn
Authors: Singh David G. , Lomako Joseph , Lomako Wieslawa M. , Whelan William J. , Meyer Helmut E. , Serwe Maria , Metzger Jörg W.
Published: July 2002

In the search for a protein primer for starch synthesis, an autocatalytic self‐glucosylating protein has been isolated from sweet corn. Several tryptic peptides were obtained from the [14C]glucosylated protein and were sequenced, corresponding to over 40% of the estimated total sequence (molecular mass 42 kDa). There is no homology with the amino acid sequence of the autocatalytic glycogen primer, glycogenin, nor in respect of the nature of the union between the autocatalytically added glucose and the protein, which, in the case of the corn protein, now named amylogenin, is a novel glucose‐protein bond, a single β‐glucose residue joined to an arginine residue.
Body stalk anomaly: prenatal diagnosis
Authors: Takeuchi K. , Fujita I. , Nakajima K. , Kitagaki S. , Koketsu I.
Published: July 2002

Body stalk anomaly is a severe body wall defect, with maldevelopment of the hindgut and the presence of a very rudimentary umbilical cord. A case of prenatally‐diagnosed body stalk anomaly is presented along with the discussion of the prenatal diagnosis and its management. Autopsy of the fetus showed abnormalities compatible with the maldevelopment of embryonic body folding. Prenatal ultrasonographic diagnosis of body stalk anomaly would permit the early termination of pregnancy or avoidance of surgical intervention.
Isolation of recombinant BMP receptor IA ectodomain and its 2:1 complex with BMP‐2
Authors: Kirsch Thomas , Nickel Joachim , Sebald Walter
Published: July 2002

Bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (BMP‐2) is a member of the transforming growth factor β superfamily which induces bone formation and regeneration, and important steps during early embryonic development. BMP‐2 signals via oligomerization of type I and type II serine/threonine kinase receptors. We report here expression of the extracellular domain of the human type IA receptor for BMP‐2 (BMPR‐IA) in Escherichia coli. This soluble form of BMPR‐IA (sBMPR‐IA) was purified employing a BMP‐2 affinity column. Gel filtration experiments and analysis of gel filtration fractions by polyacrylamide electrophoresis and densitometry reveal that BMP‐2 forms a defined 1:2 complex with sBMPR‐IA that can be purified and hopefully used for crystallization studies.
Evidence for the existence of rhodanese (thiosulfate:cyanide sulfurtransferase) in plants: preliminary characterization of two rhodanese cDNAs from Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Hatzfeld Yves , Saito Kazuki
Published: July 2002

The existence of rhodanese (thiosulfate:cyanide sulfurtransferase; EC 2.8.1.1) in plants has been highly controversial. We have isolated and characterized for the first time in plants two cDNAs encoding rhodanese isoforms in Arabidopsis thaliana, AtRDH1 and AtRDH2. Both cDNAs contained a full‐length open reading frame, the expression of which increased the rhodanese activity of transgenic yeast. AtRDH1 protein was mitochondrial, while AtRDH2 was cytosolic. AtRDH1 and AtRDH2 genes originated from the duplication of a large genomic region in chromosome 1 which took place before the appearance of the Arabidopsis genus. Our results confirm the existence of rhodanese in plants.
An ARID family protein binds to the African swine fever virus encoded ubiquitin conjugating enzyme, UBCv1
Authors: Bulimo Wallace D. , Miskin James E. , Dixon Linda K.
Published: July 2002

The NH2‐terminal end of a protein, named SMCp, which contains an ARID (A/T rich interaction domain) DNA binding domain and is similar to the mammalian SMCY/SMCX proteins and retinoblastoma binding protein 2, was shown to bind the African swine fever virus encoded ubiquitin conjugating enzyme (UBCv1) using the yeast two hybrid system and in in vitro binding assays. Antisera raised against the SMCp protein were used to show that the protein is present in the cell nucleus. Immunofluorescence showed that although UBCv1 is present in the nucleus in most cells, in some cells it is in the cytoplasm, suggesting that it shuttles between the nucleus and cytoplasm. The interaction and co‐localisation of UBCv1 with SMCp suggest that SMCp may be a substrate in vivo for the enzyme.
Identification, cloning and characterization of a novel nuclear protein, HA95, homologous to A‐kinase anchoring protein 95*
Authors: Ørstavik Sigurd , Eide Turid , Collas Philippe , Han Inn‐oc , Taskén Kjetil , Kieff Elliot , Jahnsen Tore , Sklhegg Bjørn Steen
Published: July 2002

Summary— Previously, we have identified and characterized nuclear AKAP95 from man which targets cyclic AMP (cAMP)‐dependent protein kinase (PKA)‐type II to the condensed chromatin/spindle region at mitosis. Here we report the cloning of a novel nuclear protein with an apparent molecular mass of 95 kDa that is similar to AKAP95 and is designated HA95 (homologous to AKAP95). HA95 cDNA sequence encodes a protein of 646 amino acids that shows 61% homology to the deduced amino acid sequence of AKAP95. The HA95 gene is located on chromosome 19p13.1 immediately upstream of the AKAP95 gene. Both HA95 and AKAP95 genes contain 14 exons encoding similar regions of the respective proteins, indicating a previous gene duplication event as the origin of the two tandem genes. Despite their apparent similarity, HA95 does not bind RII in vitro. HA95 contains a putative nuclear localization signal in its N‐terminal domain. It is localized exclusively into the nucleus as demonstrated in cells transfected with HA95 fused to either green fluorescence protein or the c‐myc epitope. In the nucleus, the HA95 protein is found as complexes directly associated with each other or indirectly associated via other nuclear proteins. In interphase, HA95 is co‐localized with AKAP95, but the two proteins are not biochemically associated. At metaphase, both proteins co‐localize with condensed chromosomes. The similarity in sequence and localization of HA95 and AKAP95 suggests that the two molecules constitute a novel family of nuclear proteins that may exhibit related functions.
Levels of amino acid neurotransmitters during mouse olfactory bulb neurogenesis and in histotypic olfactory bulb cultures
Authors: Miranda‐Contreras L. , Ramı́rez‐Martens L.M. , Benı́tez‐Diaz P.R. , Peña‐Contreras Z.C. , Mendoza‐Briceño R.V. , Palacios‐Prü E.L.
Published: July 2002

The developmental changes in the levels of amino acid neurotransmitters were analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography during mouse olfactory bulb neurogenesis, from embryonic day (E)13 until the young adult age, between postnatal days (P)30 and P40. During the embryonic period, high levels of glutamate, aspartate and GABA were observed, with the values of GABA about 2‐fold higher than those of glutamate and aspartate. At P0, the production of these neurotransmitters experienced birth stress as shown by a significant 2‐fold reduction in their levels. During the first two postnatal weeks, a progressive increase in the glutamate content was detected diminishing slightly in the adult stage. The aspartate concentrations showed a maximal value at P3 and then decreased gradually until the second postnatal week; in the young adult age, its concentration was comparable with that of glutamate. The postnatal GABA contents increased progressively from birth to maturity, showing maximal levels at P3, P11 and in the adult. Throughout the studied developmental period, the concentration of glycine remained relatively low. With regard to taurine, very low concentrations were detected during the prenatal period but after birth, the taurine content gradually increased with age, and in the adult animal, its concentration was comparable with those of GABA and glutamate. Our data demonstrate the predominance of GABA and glutamate during olfactory bulb synaptogenesis, however, in the adult animal, both glutamate and aspartate exert the same influence in the excitatory synaptic transmission; in the adult inhibitory synaptic transmission, taurine appears to play an important neuromodulatory or neurotransmitter role as that of GABA. To determine the intrinsic neurotransmitter production, primary histotypic olfactory bulb cultures were prepared from mice at P10. The comparative analysis of in vitro neurotransmitter contents with those in in situ adult animal showed higher levels of endogenously produced glutamate, glycine and GABA in the olfactory bulb than the extrinsic ones coming from olfactory nerve axons and higher olfactory brain centers. On the other hand, most of aspartate and taurine neurotransmitters apparently come from extrinsically located neurons.
Detoxification of Dilute Acid Hydrolysates of Lignocellulose with Lime
Authors: Martinez Alfredo , Rodriguez Maria E. , Wells Melissa L. , York Sean W. , Preston James F. , Ingram Lonnie O.
Published: July 2002

The hydrolysis of hemicellulose to monomeric sugars by dilute acid hydrolysis is accompanied by the production of inhibitors that retard microbial fermentation. Treatment of hot hydrolysate with Ca(OH)2 (overliming) is an effective method for detoxification. Using ethanologenic Escherichia coli LY01 as the biocatalyst, our results indicate that the optimal lime addition for detoxification varies and depends on the concentration of mineral acids and organic acids in each hydrolysate. This optimum was shown to be readily predicted on the basis of the titration of hydrolysate with 2 N NaOH at ambient temperature to either pH 7.0 or pH 11.0. The average composition of 15 hydrolysates prior to treatment was as follows (per L): 95.24 ± 7.29 g sugar, 5.3 ± 2.99 g acetic acid, 1.305 ± 0.288 g total furans (furfural and hydroxymethylfurfural), and 2.86 ± 0.34 g phenolic compounds. Optimal overliming resulted in a 51 ± 9% reduction of total furans, a 41 ± 6% reduction in phenolic compounds, and a 8.7 ± 4.5% decline in sugar. Acetic acid levels were unchanged. Considering the similarity of microorganisms, it is possible that the titration method described here may also prove useful for detoxification and fermentation processes using other microbial biocatalysts.
Olive Oil Mill Waste Waters Decoloration and Detoxification in a Bioreactor by the White Rot Fungus Phanerochaeteflavido‐alba
Authors: Blánquez P. , Caminal G. , Sarrà M. , Vicent M. T. , Gabarrell X.
Published: July 2002

Olive oil mill wastewater (OMW) is produced as waste in olive oil extraction. With the purpose of treating this highly polluting waste, a number of experiments were conducted in a laboratory‐scale bioreactor with the white rot fungus Phanerochaete flavido‐alba ( P. flavido‐alba). It is known that this fungus is capable of decolorizing OMW in static or semistatic cultures at Erlenmeyer scale and at 30 °C. The objective of this work was to prove that P. flavido‐alba could decolorize OMW in submerged cultures and that it is capable of reducing OMW toxicity at room temperature (25 °C) and in a laboratory‐scale bioreactor. In the experiments conducted, manganese peroxidase (MnP) and laccase enzymes were detected; however, unlike other studies, lignin peroxidase was not found to be present. Decoloration obtained after treatment was 70%. The reduction of aromatic compounds obtained was 51%, and the toxicity of the culture medium was reduced by up to 70%. We can therefore state that P. flavido‐alba is capable of reducing important environmental parameters of industrial effluents and that prospects are positive for the use of this process at a larger scale, even when working at room temperature.
Computational Fluid Dynamics Model for Predicting Flow of Viscous Fluids in a Large Fermentor with Hydrofoil Flow Impellers and Internal Cooling Coils
Authors: Kelly William J. , Humphrey Arthur E.
Published: July 2002

Considerable debate has occurred over the use of hydrofoil impellers in large‐scale fermentors to improve mixing and mass transfer in highly viscous non‐Newtonian systems. Using a computational fluid dynamics software package (Fluent, version 4.30) extensive calculations were performed to study the effect of impeller speed (70–130 rpm), broth rheology (value of power law flow behavior index from 0.2 to 0.6), and distance between the cooling coil bank and the fermentor wall (6–18 in.) on flow near the perimeter of a large (75‐m3) fermentor equipped with A315 impellers. A quadratic model utilizing the data was developed in an attempt to correlate the effect of A315 impeller speed, power law flow behavior index, and distance between the cooling coil bank and the fermentor wall on the average axial velocity in the coil bank−wall region. The results suggest that there is a potential for slow or stagnant flow in the coil bank−wall region which could result in poor oxygen and heat transfer for highly viscous fermentations. The results also indicate that there is the potential for slow or stagnant flow in the region between the top impeller and the gas headspace when flow through the coil bank−wall region is slow. Finally, a simple guideline was developed to allow fermentor design engineers to predict the degree of flow behind a bank of helical cooling coils in a large fermentor with hydrofoil flow impellers.
Pilot‐Scale Purification of Zeamatin, an Antifungal Protein from Maize
Authors: Wilson Shelly , Mahiou Belaid , Reiger Robert , Tentler Sangita , Schimoler Rebecca , Orndorff Steve , Selitrennikoff Claude P.
Published: July 2002

Zeamatin is an antifungal protein isolated from the seeds of Zea mays. A practical process for isolation and purification was developed to increase recovery yields for future testing of zeamatin as a novel therapeutic drug. Zeamatin was extracted with buffer from corn meal milled to flour. Solids were removed from the extract using pressure filtration, and zeamatin was purified using two separate reverse‐phase chromatography steps. Determination of the amino‐terminal amino acid sequence, Western blotting using anti‐zeamatin antibody, and activity against Candida albicans were used to confirm that the purified protein was zeamatin. From 5 kg of corn meal, ∼110 mg of zeamatin was purified to apparent homogeneity.
Risk assessment for food allergy – the industry viewpoint
Authors: Crevel R. W. R.
Published: July 2002

A safe food supply is a legitimate expectation of consumers, which the food industry must meet. Allergic reactions to food are recognised as a significant public health problem. Protecting allergic consumers against such reactions, while minimising the impact of food allergy on their quality of life, poses a challenge to the industry. Risk assessment is the process whereby the likelihood of an adverse event is related to exposure. Allergic reactions to foods can arise in one of three ways, which are not mutually exclusive. Firstly, a known allergen may be present in a food at a level above that at which the allergic individual reacts, secondly, an individual may react to a known or novel allergen because of sensitisation to another, cross‐reactive, allergen and finally sensitisation may occur to a novel allergen, followed by reaction on subsequent exposure. A total absence of risk of reaction to an allergen implies no exposure, a situation which in most food manufacturing environments is unrealistic, and in any event would not help in the context of novel allergens. Possible approaches to risk assessment for food allergy in each of the contexts described above are examined, together with their limitations.
Plant α‐amylase inhibitors and their interaction with insect α‐amylases
Authors: Franco Octávio L. , Rigden Daniel J. , Melo Francislete R. , Grossi‐de‐Sá Maria F.
Published: July 2002

Insect pests and pathogens (fungi, bacteria and viruses) are responsible for severe crop losses. Insects feed directly on the plant tissues, while the pathogens lead to damage or death of the plant. Plants have evolved a certain degree of resistance through the production of defence compounds, which may be aproteic, e.g. antibiotics, alkaloids, terpenes, cyanogenic glucosides or proteic, e.g. chitinases, β‐1,3‐glucanases, lectins, arcelins, vicilins, systemins and enzyme inhibitors. The enzyme inhibitors impede digestion through their action on insect gut digestive α‐amylases and proteinases, which play a key role in the digestion of plant starch and proteins. The natural defences of crop plants may be improved through the use of transgenic technology. Current research in the area focuses particularly on weevils as these are highly dependent on starch for their energy supply. Six different α‐amylase inhibitor classes, lectin‐like, knottin‐like, cereal‐type, Kunitz‐like, γ‐purothionin‐like and thaumatin‐like could be used in pest control. These classes of inhibitors show remarkable structural variety leading to different modes of inhibition and different specificity profiles against diverse α‐amylases. Specificity of inhibition is an important issue as the introduced inhibitor must not adversely affect the plant's own α‐amylases, nor the nutritional value of the crop. Of particular interest are some bifunctional inhibitors with additional favourable properties, such as proteinase inhibitory activity or chitinase activity. The area has benefited from the recent determination of many structures of α‐amylases, inhibitors and complexes. These structures highlight the remarkable variety in structural modes of α‐amylase inhibition. The continuing discovery of new classes of α‐amylase inhibitor ensures that exciting discoveries remain to be made. In this review, we summarize existing knowledge of insect α‐amylases, plant α‐amylase inhibitors and their interaction. Positive results recently obtained for transgenic plants and future prospects in the area are reviewed.
Improving student learning in root canal treatment using self‐assessment
Authors: Manogue M. , Brown G. A. , Nattress B. R. , Fox K.
Published: July 2002

Aim This paper reports the first attempts to implement a new course in endodontology for undergraduate dental students based upon independent, reflective learning and self‐ assessment.

Methodology The responses were analysed of two successive cohorts of third‐year students to laboratory courses in (i) the restoration of teeth with crowns and (ii) endodontology and root canal treatment. The major changes introduced to the endodontology course were a substantial reduction in the number of formal lectures, the introduction of a series of structured tutorials, time for private study and the use of self‐assessment in practical classes.

Results The evidence indicates that the new approach increased student confidence in practical skills, although the time available for operative practice was actually reduced; there was a perceived increase in problem‐solving ability; and that students felt encouraged to pursue greater understanding. Reports from tutors suggested that students’ self‐assessments became more accurate as the courses proceeded. Seven experiential learning points were derived from the study. These included the importance of careful planning, well‐designed assessment procedures and the creation of a climate of trust and openness.

Conclusions The task of developing fully the students’ skills of accurate self‐assessment remains a challenge.
Fractures Secondary to Nutritional Bone Disease in Dogs:A Review of 38 Cases
Authors: Aithal H. P. , Singh G. R. , Amarpal . , Kinjavdekar P. , Setia H. C.
Published: July 2002

The pattern of bone fractures secondary to nutritional bone disease in 38 dogs was analysed using a radiographic survey. The majority of fractures were either caused by a fall (28.95 %) or showed no history of direct trauma (31.58 %). Mongrels were more commonly affected by pathological fractures, followed by Dobermanns and German Shepherds. Significantly more (P < 0.05) fractures were found in dogs aged less than 6 months (64.71 %). The incidence of such fractures was significantly higher in males than in females (M : F = 2.70 : 1.00). General radiological signs included a generalized decrease in cortical density, thinning of cortices and widening of metaphyses/epiphyses in most of the animals. Fractures were found significantly more frequently (P < 0.01) in the femur (81.58 %) than in any other bone. Of the different types of fracture, complete oblique and incomplete fractures were most common.
Women's Preference for a Cesarean Section: Incidence and Associated Factors
Authors: Gamble Jenny A , Creedy Debra K
Published: July 2002

Background:
Few studies have examined women's preferences for birth. The object of this study was to determine the incidence of women's preferred type of birth, and the reasons and factors associated with their preference.
Methods:
Three hundred and ten women between 36 and 40 weeks' gestation were recruited from the antenatal clinic of a major metropolitan teaching hospital and the consulting rooms of six private obstetricians in Brisbane, Australia. Participants completed a questionnaire asking about their preferred type of birth, reasons for their preference, preparation for childbirth, level of anxiety and concerns, and the influence of the primary caregiver.
Results:
Two hundred and ninety women (93.5%) preferred a spontaneous vaginal birth; 20 women (6.4%) preferred a cesarean section. Of the latter group, most had a current obstetric complication or experienced a previously complicated delivery (p <0.001); 1 woman (0.3%) preferred a cesarean section in the absence of any known current or previous obstetric complication. Women who preferred a cesarean section were more anxious, were generally poorly informed of the risks of this procedure, and/or overestimated the safety of the procedure.Conclusions:Women who preferred a cesarean section were more likely to have experienced this type of birth previously and to have negative feelings about it. To decrease women's preference for a cesarean section, practitioners should reduce the primary cesarean delivery rate and improve the quality of emotional care for women who require a cesarean section. Caregivers should engage in a sensitive discussion of the risks and benefits of various birth options, including a vaginal birth after cesarean, with women who have previously experienced a cesarean birth before they make decisions about mode of delivery in a subsequent pregnancy.