bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Down the Tube: Religion on Australian Commercial Television
Authors: Horsfield Peter
Published: March 2018

Since 9/11, the question of the place of religion in the public sphere has re-entered public consciousness in Australia, most recently in links drawn between religion and terrorism, debates about free speech and religious vilification, and discussions about religion and the national character. This paper sets a background to these contemporary issues by examining some of the influential factors and personalities in the changing legislation about the mandatory broadcast of religion on Australian commercial television, from its earliest influences through some of the key contests in its subsequent developments. A range of ambiguities and ambivalences is identified, arising primarily from the dual nature of broadcast licences as commercial enterprises and community service, and the contested place of religion in Australian society. These include questions about the constitutionality of the government mandating the broadcast of religion; contests over what is and isn't religion and who has authority to determine this distinction; conflicts arising from the competing interests of stations, churches and the government in the implementation of the legislation; difficulties in defining the purpose of mandatory broadcast of religious content as the place of religion in Australian society has changed; and resistance on the part of government agencies to acting to resolve those ambiguities in such a contested and contentious domain.
TV Memories, The Daily Telegraph and Ton: ‘First in Australia’
Authors: Bye Susan
Published: March 2018

The public conversation about the fiftieth anniversary of Australian television in the media and on TV has reinvigorated the nostalgia of popular memory, but has also highlighted its institutionally inflected construction. In this paper, I conceive of Australian viewing history as a series of purpose-built narratives. My interest is in the public stories that define the experience of watching television and the nature of the invitation offered to viewers. Accordingly, in my extended examination of The Daily Telegraph archive, I reconstruct a narrative in which the paper's Sydney readers are encouraged, initially, to imagine themselves as pioneers in Australian TV history and, a few months later, to become a part of the local TV community. Within the lively tabloid format of the Telegraph, television becomes the centre of a critical discourse about its duty to entertain that focuses on issues of both community and national identity.
Is Anyone Listening? The Fate of Diversity in Digital Broadcasting Policy
Authors: Pham Nhi , Spurgeon Christina
Published: March 2018

This commentary examines how diversity of content is being addressed in the Howard government's 2006 media policy reforms. In particular, it identifies which services and providers have an interest in providing genuinely new content on new digital platforms.
The Spaces and Places of Audience Research in Australian Television
Authors: Davies Chris Lawe , Sternberg Jason
Published: March 2018

The history of TV ratings and developments in audience measurement has been well documented in Australia, but little attention has been paid to TV networks’ use of ratings in their decision-making processes. This paper examines changes to the structure of the TV ratings industry since 2000, when ATR/OzTAM replaced ACNielsen as the official provider. It also examines the changing functions of audience research by Australian television broadcasters, highlighting three trends. Increased efficiency in ratings provision has made commercial broadcasters more reactive and conservative in programming decisions. At the same time, however, the increasing sophistication of ratings data enables broadcasters to strategically reposition themselves in response to the changing media environment. Market fragmentation has seen increasing importance placed on commissioned and in-house research in a shift away from mass audience capture to establishing and maintaining an audience bond.
Local Voices, ‘Talkback’ and Commercial Regional FM Radio
Authors: Ames Kate
Published: March 2018

Commercial FM stations in Rockhampton, Sea FM and Hot FM, have been operating in the city since late 2000. Previously owned by competing networks (Sea FM by RG Capital Radio and Hot FM by DMG), they are both now owned by Macquarie Regional Radioworks. The push for listeners has always been through the stations’ breakfast programs. Traditionally, commercial FM breakfast slots have been marked by comedy or humour-oriented teams. Interaction with these teams in a metropolitan environment has not been studied academically, but studies of interaction between listeners and presenters of breakfast programs in the Rockhampton and Gladstone region reveal that talkback in a traditional sense has emerged as a vital component of the programs, at times focusing on serious local issues. This paper reveals the results of analysis of interaction between listeners and breakfast presenters on Hot FM and Sea FM. It shows that the commercial FM stations provide an important opportunity for locals to voice their opinions on local issues in a format generally renowned for its light-hearted approach to engaging listeners. Where previously ‘talkback’ has been associated with ABC and commercial AM stations, this paper will consider definitions of talkback in terms of its application in a regional setting, and reveals the popularity of the format for a demographic previously ignored in the Central Queensland media landscape.
Moving through Discourses: An Assessment of the New Zealand 2005 Election Televised Leaders' Debates
Authors: Craig Geoffrey
Published: March 2018

This article examines the nature of the ‘debate’ that occurred in the televised leaders’ debates during the 2005 New Zealand election campaign. It argues that the theories of language and dialogue of the Bakhtin Circle of scholars can effectively inform evaluations of such debates. Such theories acknowledge the inherent contestability of language, the necessarily embodied nature of communication and the constitutive functions of the particular contexts of communication acts. The article also argues that the dialogical basis of political debate needs to be located in the contexts of contemporary mediated culture and information dissemination. Successful political performance in televised leaders’ debates is said to reside in the negotiation of a range of discourses, expressions of conflict and consensus, style and substance.
Mediatised Recognition and the ‘Other’
Authors: Cottle Simon
Published: March 2018

Media representations of minorities and outsider groups have long been observed to involve demeaning stereotypes, discourses of denigration and symbolic annihilation. Where this is so, group claims for public recognition and social belonging are undermined and a climate is created in which fears and hatreds can flourish. But this story, like the politics of recognition more widely, is not destined to remain fixed for all time. Mainstream media are in fact capable of producing representations that give voice to the voiceless and identity to image. These representations perform an important role in the symbolic rehabilitation of former ‘others’ — whether they are, for example, asylum seekers, terrorism suspects, Aboriginal people or victims of war and famine — and they do so through journalism's performative deployment of powerful communicative modes of display and deliberation. These more progressive enactments are too often overlooked and under-theorised by critical researchers today, who remain theoretically fixated on the media's construction of the ‘other’. In an increasingly reflexive, culturally pluralistic and globalising world, it is time to acknowledge and bolster the more politically productive representations of mainstream journalism.
Hepfidelity: Digital Technology and Music in Contemporary Australian Swing Dance Culture
Authors: Carroll Sam
Published: March 2018

Since its revival in the 1980s, Lindy hop along with other swing dances has become increasingly popular with middle class youth throughout the developed world. Social dancing plays a central part in local swing dance communities, and DJing recorded music has become an essential part of social dancing. Marked by class and gender, DJing in swing dance communities is also shaped by digital technology, from the CDs, computers and portable media devices which DJs use to play digital musical files to the discussion boards and websites where they research and discuss DJing and the online music stores where they buy CDs and download music. This brief discussion of the preponderance of digital technology in swing dance DJing is part of a larger project considering the mediation of embodied practice in swing dance culture, and it pays particular attention to the ways in which mediated discourse in swing culture reflects wider social forces, yet is also subordinated by the embodied discourse of the dance floor.
Learning to Listen When There is Too Much to Hear: Music Producing and Audio Engineering as ‘Engaged Hearing’
Authors: Neuenfeldt Karl
Published: March 2018

This article examines how music producers and audio engineers learn to listen in the context of a very particular form of musical work. Ethnographic interviews provide data on their acquisition of skills, strategies they devise to remain engaged with the physicality and aesthetics of sound, and the socio-cultural and psychological dimensions of their work. It comments in particular on the multi-skilling brought about by the technological changes and economic imperatives informing the cultural production of popular music.
Beyond Commercials: Television Program Sponsorship in France and the United Kingdom
Authors: Meech Peter , Duncan Alastair
Published: March 2018

This article deals with varieties of sponsorship, with regulation, with the number and types of programs sponsored on terrestrial television, and with the types of advertisers who sponsor them. In France, the 1980s were characterised by expansion and experimentation in sponsorship which outpaced regulation; by contrast, the first network program sponsorship in the United Kingdom was in 1989. The effect of the European legislation of 1989 was to tighten control in France and ease the regulatory framework in the United Kingdom. However, the perceived power of commercials and the strict regime imposed by the British ITC Code of Television Sponsorship, although further liberalised in 1997, continue to limit the penetration of sponsorship in the United Kingdom, Given that in 1995 only 2 per cent of television's advertising income in Britain, and 6 per cent in France, came from sponsorship, there is no evidence to date that sponsorship has had an adverse effect on program quality or diversity.
Transborder Television: The Response of Advertisers in Asia
Authors: Thomas Amos Owen
Published: March 2018

With the advent of the transnational medium of satellite television in Asia, the long-debated issue of globalising advertising is being revisited in the region. The pioneer broadcaster StarTV sought to convince international marketers and their advertising agencies of its uniqueness as a Pan-Asian medium. However, in its early years, there was little response from either Asian consumers or advertisers. This paper explores the views of advertising agencies, domestic broadcasters, market researchers and media regulators about transnational satellite television in the two key markets of Indonesia and India, as well as Hong Kong, the regional hub for advertising and broadcasting. It finds that interest in regional advertising varied from country to country, depending on such factors as language barriers, alternative domestic media, non-standardisation of products and government restrictions.
Communication Policy in Asia: Limited Democracy and the Public Sphere
Authors: Birch David
Published: March 2018

Communication policy in Asia has been, and is likely to remain, a highly exclusive, non-participatory, localised means of expressing and maintaining power and control. If it defines democracy, it defines a very different and limited one compared to the ideal envisioned, for example, by Habermas. This paper explores some of the issues involved, particularly with respect to communication policy studies in Asia, and argues for an approach to the development of communication studies and theory which is prepared to engage with the political and economic rather than just with the technical and social as is still the case with so many ‘mass communication’ approaches.
Sourcing the Wave: Crime Reporting, Aboriginal Youth and the Wa Press, Feb 1991–Jan 1992
Authors: Mickler Steve , McHoul Alec
Published: March 2018

This paper reports on some initial findings from the Print Media Project, an investigation based on a large database consisting of over 600 items of news reportage. In particular, it examines a supposed “crime wave” in 1991 and early 1992 and the presumed involvement in it of Aboriginal youth. While it finds some evidence for a mismatch between the news coverage of youth-crime and actual crime data, the report also argues that a complex set of relations between news sources, news participants and the press itself is responsible for this effect. It also finds equally complex issues surrounding (a) reportage on Aboriginal youth and (b) participation by Aboriginal individuals and groups in the production of news.
Telephone Privacy: Residential User Perspectives and Strategies
Authors: Shields Peter , Dervin Brenda
Published: March 2018

As policy-makers in various countries have turned to devising policy in the relatively unfamiliar terrain of telephone privacy, it is evident that they have done so with little empirical evidence concerning the relevant perceptions and behaviours of residential telephone users. We have two objectives. First, focusing on the US context, we seek to build on the little empirical work that has been done on these users' perceptions and behaviours regarding telephone privacy. Second, we discuss the implications of our analysis for policy deliberations. Emphasis is placed on the need to construct appropriate public education campaigns that can aid in reducing the gulf between privacy concerns expressed by telecommunication privacy experts and those expressed by residential users.
National Convergence or Localism? Rural and Remote Communications
Authors: Molnar Helen
Published: March 2018

In 1985, when the Aussat domestic satellites were launched, there was considerable political hope that this new form of communications technology would help to minimise some of the communications disadvantages experienced by Australians living in rural and remote areas. However, a crucial problem with Aussat and other communications services conceived of as metropolitan solutions to rural and remote disadvantage is that the distinct communications needs of rural and remote Australians were not sufficiently addressed. The Remote Commercial Television Services are a good example of this. Specific services, like ABC Regional Radio, have also begun to blur the line between metropolitan and regional. In 1997, the federal government introduced Networking the Nation, a funding initiative that aims to improve telecommunications infrastructure and access in rural and remote Australia. To date, 96 projects have received funding. Networking the Nation stresses that there must be community input into all projects. It is too early to assess how successful this has been, but some examples of projects funded are discussed.
Borrowing from Libraries
Authors: Burns Maureen
Published: March 2018

What can we learn from the experience of libraries in dealing with technological change? How can this help us to rethink communications futures?

This paper rehearses various histories of libraries. White tracing the shift from an emphasis on collection to an emphasis on dispersal, it explores the ways in which libraries operate as governmental technology. The experience of libraries in dealing with technological change has been continually to create another order from a new chaos. This is what we borrow.
Inside the Meta-Centre: A Wonder Cabinet
Authors: Kenderdine Sarah
Published: March 2018

This paper is presented in three parts. The first part examines the emerging models of the online museum to demonstrate how traditional museums are seeking to extend and recreate themselves through the Internet. This section also notes the genesis of the information metacentres as one way to encompass museum collections and processes. The second section of the paper will introduce Australian Museums On-Line (AMOL, http://amol.org.au ) as one example of the information meta-centre, an integrated resource pool of digital museum information from distributed Australian museums and galleries communities. This section will examine salient aspects of this on-line community as offering a complimentary meeting place that is both virtual and real. The third section will look to the underlying design and architecture of the AMOL Website and introduce some of the projects that will be implemented at the site as a response to its users' needs.
SBS-TV and its Amazing World
Authors: Davies Chris Lawe
Published: March 2018

This paper looks at a particular moment in the history of SBS-TV — the 1994–95 corporate image campaign, ‘The World is an Amazing Place’.

The corporate image campaign redirected all promotional funds away from program publicity to try to ‘re-position’ SBS as an urbane advertising vehicle, and at the same time to double its market share.

At the time, it was a kind of ‘do-or-die mission — spurred to some extent by the need to see advertising as the only means SBS had of making up for government allocations which never seemed to match the network's aspirations.

SBS did not achieve the increased share through the campaign; the question is whether, in re-positioning itself, the network compromised its public service role.
Redefining ‘Industry’: Young People and Cultural Policy in Australia
Authors: Hunter Mary Ann
Published: March 2018

This article considers the place of youth arts and cultures in the cultural industries approach to cultural policy. It argues that the ‘covert economic overlay’ (Brokensha, 1996: 101) of the Australian National Culture–Leisure Industry Statistical Framework privileges certain processes in a ‘government convenient’ model of industry inputs and outcomes, and that the assumptions of this model are challenged by youth-specific and community-based modes of production. Furthermore, it argues that the philosophies and practices of contemporary youth-specific arts organisations have the potential to redefine ‘culture industry’ and contribute to a ‘coherent new paradigm’ of cultural policy (UNESCO, 1995: 232). This paper makes these arguments by examining the place of youth arts and cultures in the existing environment of cultural industrialisation, by considering recent government policy responses to young people's cultural activity and by addressing long-term policy issues for the support of young people and cultural development.
Introduction: Radio — New Technologies, New Networks
Authors: Molnar Helen , Wilson Helen
Published: March 2018

Radio is an under-researched medium, yet it is present in an increasing range of forms and roles in our everyday lives. For the last two decades, Australians over 18 years have listened to an average of 20 hours of radio a week. Owning multiple receivers is very much the norm and it is not unusual to hear of households with five or more radios. We wake to radio, listen to radio in our showers, go to work with radio in our cars, listen to radio while we are on telephone-hold during the day, and take radios to the beach or to sporting events to follow the commentary. Radio at home can be aural wallpaper, a source of information and entertainment and a companion, as the talkback shows demonstrate. Most of all, radio is local — or at least, it has been.
Commercial Radio 1999: New Networks, New Technologies
Authors: Collingwood Peter
Published: March 2018

It is six years since the Keating Labor government's deregulation of commercial radio in Australia opened up opportunities for commercial radio networking, invited substantial overseas investment (and consequently, linkages with overseas media organisations) and virtually closed down the public regulation of content on radio.

From any perspective, it remains important to understand precisely how ownership, production and distribution systems mesh with historically particular social and cultural formations. In addressing that context, this essay asks three questions: Citizen Kane issues aside, how have management decisions on networking influenced program quality? Second, how important is geography in this? And third, is technology driving the process?
Converging Signals: Digital Radio and Program Associated Data
Authors: Berryman Bruce
Published: March 2018

This article examines two emerging forms of broadcasting that use digital technologies, Internet-based radio and Digital Radio Broadcasting (DRB). It also discusses the impact of these technologies on community broadcasters and the connections that exist with other media.
The Internet and the Empowered Consumer: From the Scarcity of the Commodity to the Multiplicity of Subjectivities
Authors: Horton Matthew
Published: March 2018

This paper examines the forms of commodification and entrepreneurship that are emerging as economic activity is mediated through the Internet. These processes of commodification are usually conceptualised from two opposing discourses: those of business and poststructuralism. Business discourses remain faithful to certain established positions — most notably, there are continued emphases on the authority of the individual entrepreneur and the logic of scarcity as forces that determine economic value in electronic commerce. In contrast, poststructural discourse advocates for a conceptualisation of commodification which recognises the spaces that hypertextual environments like the Internet are able to open up for consumers. In these spaces, it is proposed, consumers can create subjectivities that can challenge — and so counter — these business discourses' positions. This paper sets out to examine the claims that both of these discourses make in relation to the commodification of the Internet. Through the presentation of a case Study of a small business that is attempting to make money from the Internet, this paper then looks at how aspects of both of these contrasting positions can inform practices that attempt to commodify the Internet.
Taking the Piss: From Serrano to Surfwear
Authors: Richards Morgan
Published: March 2018

In a factional and pluralistic society, art that works in opposition to political correctness is increasingly prone to public controversy and intolerance. This paper examines Andres Serrano's notorious Piss Christ and Mambo's provocative clothing range, Spiritual Adventurewear, as a means of considering the relation between discourses on satire and value and the politics of offence and transgression.
The Role of the State in the Regulation of Television Broadcasting in South Korea
Authors: Kwak Ki-Sung
Published: March 2018

Television broadcasting in South Korea is experiencing a major change in its regulatory structure under the new government led by Kim Dae-Jung, who won the 1997 election as an opposition candidate for the first time in Korean history. Based on the review of the regulatory history of television broadcasting and its recent development in South Korea, this paper provides an overall background which explains the way in which the state has shaped and developed the regulatory structure of television broadcasting in Korea. It argues that the policies set in law and regulatory practice exercised by the state bureaucracy have not always been consistent or completely compatible. It concludes that this has been mainly because the government has been the sole player in establishing, framing and devising television broadcasting regulations.
AD Wars: Adversarial Advertising by Interest Groups in a New Zealand General Election
Authors: Leitch Shirley , Roper Juliet
Published: March 2018

During New Zealand's 1996 general election, neo-liberal employment law became the subject of two opposing advertising campaigns. Although the campaigns confined themselves to a single piece of legislation, the Employment Contracts Act, they reflected a deep division within New Zealand society. This article examines the two campaigns which were run by the Engineers' Union and the Employers' Federation. At its core, the Engineers' campaign was a defence of collectivism both in terms of the values underlying trade unionism and, more broadly, of Keynesian social democracy, whereas the Employers' Federation campaign championed the ethic of individualism within a free-market economy. Such a clear ideological positioning was absent from the campaigns of the major political parties who fought for the middle ground during New Zealand's first proportional representation election. This article, then, examines how interest groups used network television to confront voters with a stark choice between an unasked-for neo-liberal present and an apparently discredited Keynesian past.
Children's Television Policy in the United States: An Ongoing Legacy of Change
Authors: Kunkel Dale
Published: March 2018

This article examines the evolution of children's television policy in the United States, analysing the forces that have shaped and influenced the nature of regulation in this area. For many years, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) functioned as an obstacle to any formal regulation of children's television. The FCC's stance, however, was overcome by the Congress when it enacted the Children's Television Act of 1990, a landmark statute that established an educational programming obligation for broadcasters and restricted advertising to child audiences. Since that law was adopted, controversy has ensued about the legitimacy of stations' efforts to fulfil their children's programming obligation. The FCC responded by strengthening its rules implementing the Children's Television Act, and recent studies suggest that, for the first time, regulation is reaping rewards in terms of improving both the quality and quantity of television for children in the United States.
Children's Television: The German Situation
Authors: Bachmair Ben , Stötzel Dirk Ulf
Published: March 2018

This article provides an overview of the current state of and future prospects for children's television in the Federal Republic of Germany. It begins with a brief description of current television provision for children, and of children's viewing patterns, and it suggests that views of children's relations with the medium are heavily influenced by social class. The article goes on to describe the structural features of broadcasting and of media regulation in Germany, paying particular attention to the federal structure and the balance between public and private. The implications of this situation for children's programming are then analysed, with particular attention paid to the heavy regulation of advertising on free-to-air channels, and the need to protect children's slots in the context of a general move towards specialist channels. The article concludes by outlining the terms of recent public debates about the social purpose and quality of children's television.
Pulling Together the Abc: The Role of ABC Online
Authors: Martin Fiona
Published: March 2018

Public service broadcasters facing multiple threats to their existence are simultaneously grappling with their transition to an era of digital broadcasting and networked information services. At stake is the continued need for a ‘public sphere’ in an increasingly diversified, commodified mediascape. This article draws on interviews with key ABC personnel between 1997 and 1998, press reports and relevant academic literature to examine the development of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's online publishing activities in the context of a recent proposal to part-privatise ABC Online. It considers the role of ABC Online as an ‘information broker’ in the public domain, and as a catalyst for changing modes of cultural production within the corporation. It then challenges the 1997 Mansfield Review's assessment of ABC Online as a ‘non-core’ activity of the corporation. Finally, it outlines options for future resourcing of the service, dependent on further research outcomes.
The Film Script as Blueprint: Collaboration and Moral Rights
Authors: Maras Steven
Published: March 2018

This article discusses and evaluates the definition of the film script as a blueprint which has come to play a prominent role in organising the relations between different film workers, as well as the ‘conceptual’ and ‘practical’ aspects of production. The article examines the implications of this idea in thinking about the process of production, its planning and execution, and its collaborative dimension. First formulated in a period of centralised ‘scientific management’, the article argues that, despite changes in the production context of film making, the blueprint idea continues to have a key place in narratives about creative control, and the organisation of work and materials. As a way of focusing the issues further, the strategic use of this idea in the context of an Australian Writers' Guild submission on moral rights is explored.
Friendly fire: Electoral discrimination and ethnic minority candidates
Authors: Besco Randy
Published: March 2018

Discriminatory attitudes towards ethnic minorities are widespread, and a common presumption is that ethnic minority candidates suffer electorally as a result. However, some research has shown that little electoral discrimination occurs, because ethnic minority candidates tend to run for parties of the left, while voters with negative attitudes towards minorities are concentrated on the right. This study shows that when ethnic minority candidates do run for right-wing parties they suffer the brunt of electoral discrimination, while those on the left are insulated. To do so it leverages two methods: a candidate experiment and a difference-in-difference analysis of candidate demographic data and aggregate election results. An ideological stereotyping mechanism is also tested, but there is little evidence that right-wing voters reject ethnic minority candidates because they are viewed as left-leaning.
One-dimensional modeling of the interaction between close-coupled injection events for a ballistic solenoid injector
Authors: Payri Raul , De la Morena Joaquin , Pagano Vincenzo , Hussain Ali , Sammut Gilbert , Smith Les
Published: March 2018

In this article, an investigation of a solenoid common-rail injector has been carried out to understand the hydraulic interactions between close-coupled injection events. For this purpose, a one-dimensional model of the injector was developed on GT-SUITE software. The geometrical and hydraulic characteristics of the internal elements of the injector, needed to construct the model, were obtained by means of different custom-made experimental tools. The dynamic behavior of the injector was characterized using an EVI rate of injection meter. The hydraulic results from the model show a good alignment with the experiments for single injections and a varied degree of success for multiple injections. Once the model was validated, it has been used to understand the injector performance under multiple-injection strategies. The mass of a second injection has shown to highly depend on the electrical dwell time, especially at low values, mostly due to the dynamic pressure behavior in the needle seat. The critical dwell time, defined as the minimum electrical dwell time needed to obtain two independent injection events, has been numerically obtained on a wide range of operating conditions and correlated to injection pressure and energizing time of the first injection. Finally, the increase in the needle opening velocity of the second injection compared to the single-injection case has been analyzed for close-coupled injection events.
A new non-linear framework for localization of acoustic sources
Authors: Das Avik Kumar , Lai Tsun Tat , Chan Chi Wai , Leung Christopher KY
Published: March 2018

Source localization is the process of assigning spatial metadata to a set of unlabeled time of arrival for acoustic signals that may be interlaced with extreme outliers caused by detection and material-induced errors. Exploiting the fact that location error is attributed to high residuals, a new framework for non-linear source localization is proposed in this article. The detected time of arrival was employed to calculate the intermediate source and event time. The framework then quarantines sensors with high residual based on the intermediate event time and relative distance from the intermediate source. Then, the time of arrivals for quarantined sensors were reviewed and adjusted. Finally, with new arrival time, the framework iteratively optimizes the spatial location and event time, along with the updating of velocity field through a feedback loop. The new framework was used to localize acoustic emission sources with extreme outliers in an anisotropic medium. The results indicate that the proposed framework can accurately quarantine the bad sensor and localize sources with an accuracy better than existing source localization methods. Finally, the framework was employed to study the progressive damage in a steel fiber–reinforced beam under four-point bending. The source localization result is consistent with that from visual inspection of the member at failure.
Participatory video for two-way communication in research for development
Authors: Koningstein Manon , Azadegan Shadi
Published: March 2018

Research for development interventions have traditionally employed one-way communication approaches between researchers and marginalized communities. These approaches risk imposing external development notions on project beneficiaries, hindering the achievement of human development objectives by emphasizing marginalized peoples’ lack of agency. Two-way communication models are thus increasingly favored in research for development work, as a way to equalize power dynamics and incorporate local perspectives into the research process. This paper presents the participatory video methodology as an effective tool to establish a two-way communication channel between researchers and marginalized communities. The discussion begins by describing the transition from one- to two-way communication in the research for development field, followed by how participatory video opens a two-way communication process that contributes to research for development objectives. This is illustrated through a participatory video experience conducted within an agricultural research for development program in Nicaragua, where the methodology was linked to the program’s learning, innovation, and gender and youth empowerment objectives while supporting its productive, economic, and environmental objectives. The paper concludes with an analysis of the effectiveness of participatory video in establishing a two-way communication channel, considering its limitations and its possible applications in various research fields.
Preoperative Evaluation of Paragangliomas of the Neck with Duplex Ultrasonography
Authors: Zang William , Blebea John , Molz April R.
Published: March 2018

Objective

Paragangliomas in the neck are infrequent tumors that most frequently require surgical resection. Their diagnosis is possible with duplex ultrasonography, which can also assist in suggesting the usefulness of preoperative endovascular embolization.

Case Report

A 53-year-old woman was seen with a mildly symptomatic left neck mass. An extracranial cerebrovascular duplex ultrasound examination revealed a mass near the carotid bifurcation. It seemed to be splaying the internal and external carotid arteries and was highly vascularized with multiple small feeding vessels. This suggested a carotid body paraganglioma. An MRI, CT scan, and angiogram were supportive of a diagnosis of a carotid body tumor. Because of its rich vascularity, preoperative embolization was performed. The patient was subsequently taken to surgery, and the mass was successfully excised. Pathologic microscopic examination confirmed a carotid body paraganglioma.

Conclusion

The diagnosis of a carotid body paraganglioma is possible with duplex ultrasonography. The size of the tumor and the finding of multiple small vessels feeding the tumor can assist in suggesting the usefulness of preoperative embolization to reduce operative blood loss.
B-Flow Technology in the Evaluation of Residual Common Carotid Artery Flap after Carotid Endarterectomy
Authors: Edwards Janis W. , Towne Jonathan B.
Published: March 2018

We report a case study of a patient with a residual intimal flap after carotid endarterectomy (CEA) with highly disturbed flow observed with B-flow technology (GE Ultrasound, Milwaukee, WI) resulting in endarterectomy revision.
Arterial Duplex Surveillance of Implanted Nitinol Stents in the Femoropopliteal Segment for Relief of Lower Extremity Ischemia
Authors: Schwartz Joy R. , Mewissen Mark W. , Gosset James B. , Pipia Janice R. , Marty Adrienne M. , Lanza Debra J. , Higginbotham Shirley Y. , Collier Will
Published: March 2018

Purpose

To evaluate the role of duplex scanning as an imaging tool in surveillance of the natural history of femoropopliteal arterial segments treated with self-expandable nitinol stents.

Methods

From March 1999 to December 2001, 92 limbs in 84 patients were treated with self-expanding stents in the femoropopliteal (FP) segment for the relief of chronic limb ischemia. Follow-up studies included color duplex ultrasonography (CDU) and ankle/brachial indices (ABIs) in 57 limbs. Duplex criteria used to determine the presence of a significant in-stent stenosis was an increase in the peak systolic velocity within the stent of >100% from the proximal segment. The presence of a hemodynamically significant stenosis was then correlated with the concurrent ABI.

Results

Eleven in-stent stenoses were documented in 11 limbs. In those patients, the mean decrease in ABI was 0.29, ranging from 0.13 to 0.50. In 46 patients with a <50% stenosis identified on CDU, the mean change in ABI was by comparison not significant.

Conclusions

From these data, the degree of in-stent stenosis (>50%) by duplex ultrasonographic criteria correlates well with a significant stenosis within a stented segment of the femoropopliteal artery. It seems that CDU is an ideal noninvasive imaging tool to objectively surveillance stent patency.
The Use of Segmental Femoropopliteal Duplex Scanning for Initial Vascular Laboratory Testing of Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease
Authors: Dunican Annmarie , Patterson Robert , Scissons Robert , Gillis Joseph , Weyman Albert , Hopkins Robert
Published: March 2018

Introduction

—Segmental femoropopliteal duplex scanning in conjunction with ankle plethysmographic waveforms and ankle/brachial indices (ABI) was evaluated as an alternative to traditional physiologic testing for the initial vascular laboratory evaluation of patients with lower extremity peripheral arterial disease (PAD). To assess the potential of this evaluation, patients with PAD were evaluated in the vascular laboratory with (1) pulse volume recording and segmental pressures (SPVR) and (2) femoropopliteal duplex imaging with pulsed Doppler waveform analysis and bilateral ankle plethysmographic waveforms and ABI (SDuplex).

Methods.

—SPVR and SDuplex data were prospectively obtained from 39 patients and 72 limbs. Separate technologists performed the physiologic and duplex examinations independently. Angiograms performed within 90 days were used as the gold standard for evaluating results from both procedures. Results from both examinations were interpreted for severe (>50% diameter reduction) inflow and superior femoral artery (SFA) disease. A McNemar test was performed on the SPVR and SDuplex paired data, and direct (hands-on) examination time was calculated for both procedures.

Results.

—Angiograms were available for 20 of 72 (28%) of the limbs evaluated and demonstrated no significant differences between both methods for evaluating inflow (femoral or above) disease, yet SDuplex was superior to SPVR for evaluating SFA disease. McNemar test data also suggested that SDuplex was superior to SPVR in diagnosing severe disease at the SFA level. The average time for SPVR examination performance was 28 minutes and 31 minutes for SDuplex with ABI and ankle waveforms.

Conclusions.

—SDuplex was superior to SPVR for evaluating SFA disease. No noteworthy differences in direct (hands-on) examination times for both procedures suggest the additional benefit of enhanced reimbursement. With superior SFA accuracy, more site-specific information, and greater reimbursement potential, SDuplex should be considered an alternative to the traditional physiologic examination for evaluating patients with lower extremity PAD.
Evaluating the Lower Extremities for Peripheral Arterial Obstructive Disease Using the Transfer Function Index
Authors: Doverspike Gene A. , Bendick Phillip J. , Brown Delores , Hubbard Jamie , Shelpman Deanna , Shanley Charles J.
Published: March 2018

We have evaluated the performance of pulse volume recording waveform averaging and the resulting transfer function index (TFI). The purpose of this study was to develop and validate diagnostic criteria for the use of TFI as a tool for the evaluation of patients with peripheral arterial obstructive disease (PAOD). The study prospectively evaluated 146 limbs for PAOD using previously validated criteria for conventional indirect testing and duplex ultrasound imaging and then correlated TFI measurements at multiple levels of each extremity. Of the 146 limbs evaluated, 61 were classified as having no hemodynamically significant disease, 46 as having mild to moderate disease, and the remaining 39 categorized as severely diseased. The mean value of the TFI for each category was 1.05 (±0.15) for limbs categorized as normal, 0.86 (±0.07) for limbs categorized as mild to moderate, and 0.76 (±0.06) for limbs categorized as severe ( p < 0.001). The receiver operator characteristic curve showed that the best cutoff to differentiate between normal and abnormal limbs was a TFI of 0.94, with a sensitivity of 92% and a specificity of 90%. We conclude that the TFI could effectively be used for rapid and objective evaluation of patients for the presence of PAOD.
Mycotic Pseudoaneurysm following Carotid Intervention
Authors: Beedie Felicia F. , Carter Kathleen A. , Nelms Courtney , Chaler Dulcie , DeMasi Richard J. , Meier George H. , Sprouse Richard
Published: March 2018

Introduction

Pseudoaneurysm formation is a rare complication following carotid artery revascularization with a low estimated occurrence of 0.15 to 0.6%. This may result from percutaneous intervention, trauma, or infection. Patients may present with pain and swelling as well as a pulsatile cervical mass.

Case Report

A 56-year-old male with a history of multiple carotid endarterectomies and an interposition synthetic graft presented with a recurrent high-grade stenosis. The patient underwent a balloon angioplasty and stent placement in the internal carotid artery. Two months postintervention, the patient presented with swelling and tenderness at the incision site. Color duplex ultrasound (CDU) was performed, demonstrating a 1.7 × 1.8 cm perigraft collection without evidence of flow. The patient returned in 2 weeks with increased swelling and discomfort. This prompted a repeat CDU, demonstrating a 3.7 × 3.9 cm hypoechoic, perigraft collection, now doubled in size from the previous exam. An abscess was confirmed by needle aspiration and positive culture results. He was admitted and underwent 6 weeks of antibiotic therapy. Upon discharge, the patient returned for a follow-up CDU. A perigraft collection with arterial flow was now present that had not previously been noted. Angiography confirmed extraluminal flow at the level of the carotid stent. The patient underwent operative debridement with excision of the infected graft and repair of the pseudoaneurysm.

Conclusions

Carotid artery interventions have a very low incidence of infection. The occurrence of an infected or mycotic pseudoaneurysm following carotid intervention is extremely rare. CDU is a vital tool in detecting thrombosed versus active pseudoaneurysms, which may help guide appropriate therapeutic decisions.
Duplex Ultrasound Follow-up of Carotid Stents
Authors: Kupinski Ann Marie , Khan Abdul M. , Stanton Joan E. , Relyea Wendy , Ford Tyiesha , Mackey Valerie , Khurana Yashvika , Darling R. Clement , Shah Dhiraj M.
Published: March 2018

Endovascular treatment of carotid disease continues to evolve. There have been few published reports describing the ultrasound follow-up of stented carotid arteries. It is the purpose of this study to evaluate the duplex ultrasound characteristics of carotid stents including comparing hemodynamic to B-mode and color-flow imaging data. During the past 5 years, 40 carotid stents have been placed in the common or internal carotid arteries of 37 patients. There were 21 males and 16 females with an average age of 67 ± 9 years. Duplex ultrasound examinations included peak systolic velocity (PSV) and end diastolic velocity (EDV) taken proximal to the stent (pre-stent), at the proximal, mid, and distal regions of the stent, and distal to the stent (post-stent). The stents were evaluated at 1 day, 3, 6, and 12 months postprocedure and yearly thereafter. The average follow-up interval was 6 ± 1 months from stent placement. In 31 patent internal carotid artery stents, the PSV proximally within the stent was 92 ± 6 cm/sec with an EDV of 24 ± 2 cm/sec (all velocity data expressed as mean ± SEM). The mid stent PSV was 86 ± 5 cm/sec with an EDV of 24 ± 2 cm/sec. The distal stent PSV was 90 ± 4 with an EDV of 26 ± 2 cm/sec. Proximal to the stent, the PSV was 70 ± 3 cm/sec with an EDV of 17 ± 1 cm/sec. Distal to the stent, the PSV was 77 ± 4 cm/sec with an EDV of 25 ± 2 cm/sec. There were no defects observed on B-mode image and no areas of color turbulence. Three stents developed stenotic areas with PSVs of 251, 383, and 512 cm/sec. The EDV was 50, 131, and 365 cm/sec, respectively. Poststenotic turbulence was present in each of these stents. An elevated PSV of greater than 125 cm/sec was found in 32% of the stents (9 of 28) without evidence of stenosis on B-mode image or poststenotic turbulence. These data demonstrate that velocities within stented carotid arteries can be elevated above established ranges for normal. In conclusion, velocity criteria may need to be adjusted when applied to stented carotid arteries.
Nonvascular Conditions of the Lower Extremities that May Mimic Arterial or Venous Disease: A Review
Authors: Brown Cathy M. , Roper Laura D. , Maynard Maureen M. , Back M.
Published: March 2018

Introduction

Noninvasive lower extremity arterial evaluations comprised 34% (1381/4104) of our vascular laboratory's patient volume in the year 2002. Often, patients presented with one or more symptoms suggestive of arterial disease; however, their vascular study results indicated a degree of arterial disease that was incongruent with their symptoms. It is necessary for the vascular technologist to understand the differential diagnoses that mimic the symptoms of arterial insufficiency. This clinical review describes other nonatherosclerotic disorders affecting the lower extremities. These include reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome (RSDS), lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS), gout, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, Charcot foot, and osteomyelitis ( Table 1 ). Our goal is to briefly describe these clinical possibilities to enhance understanding.