bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fluorescent Labeling of Blood Cells for Evaluation of Retinal and Choroidal Circulation
Authors: Khoobehi Bahram , Peyman Gholam A
Published: April 2021

* BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To develop a method of staining and tracking cells in vivo with a scanning laser ophthalmoscope (SLO) to evaluate the retinal and choroidal circulations.

* MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twelve pigmented male rats were used.

Staining of leukocytes. Two commercially available nucleic acid stains SYTO 16 and SYTO 59 (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR) were used to stain leukocytes. Blood (0.5 mL) was withdrawn from the subject animal and placed in a heparinized tube to which phosphate buffered solution was added (1.0 mL buffer/0.5 mL blood). Ten microliters of solution of SYTO 16 or SYTO 59 in alcohol (5 mM) was added.

Staining of Erythrocytes. The lipophilic carbocyanine dye indocarbocyanine (D-307, Molecular Probes) was used to stain erythrocytes. Blood (0.1 mL) was withdrawn from the subject and handled as above; plasma and leukocytes were removed with a pipette. HEPES buffer was added to the remaining erythrocytes (1.4 mL buffer added to 0.1 mL blood). Ten microliters of D-307 in alcohol (5 mM) was added to the 1.5 mL buffered blood. The final concentration of dyes in the buffered blood mixtures was 0.03 mM. The stained cells were injected intravenously in the subject animal. The eyes were observed with SLO; the resident helium-neon laser was used to excite the SYTO 59 and the resident argon laser for SYTO 16. The He-Ne laser was used to excite the D-307-stained erythrocytes.

* RESULTS: The movement of the leukocytes and erythrocytes in the retinal and choroidal vessels was clearly distinguishable from the surrounding tissue.

* CONCLUSION: By selecting different dyes for staining leukocytes or erythrocytes and choosing appropriate laser wavelengths, the hemodynamics of blood cells can be observed and evaluated in the retina and choroid.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1999:30:140-145.]
Diagnosis of Phacoanaphylactic Endophthalmitis by Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy
Authors: Hochman Michael , Sugino Ilene K , Lesko Cecily , Friedman Alan H , Zarbin Marco A
Published: April 2021

Abstract. Diagnosis of phacoanaphylactic endophthalmitis (or lens induced uveitis), a rare autoimmune disease, is difficult due to variable clinical presentation. We sought to diagnose a case based on the cytopathology of the anterior chamber aspirate. This is a case report of spontaneous phacoanaphylactic endophthalmitis in a 79-year-old woman with no history of eye trauma or surgery. After clinical examination, diagnostic anterior chamber paracentesis was performed. Cytologic examination of the aspirate revealed polymorphonuclear leukocytes, histiocytes, and plasma cells surrounding amorphous lens material. A mature cataract was removed subsequently, and the eye has remained free of inflammation postoperatively. As the clinical diagnosis of phacoanaphylactic endophthalmitis is often difficult, cytopathology of an anterior chamber aspiration specimen may be useful in diagnosing this rare, treatable condition. As far as we know, this is the first case report of the diagnosis of phacoanaphylactic endophthalmitis solely by anterior chamber fine needle aspiration biopsy. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1999;30:152-154.]
Evaluation of Cataract Surgery in Intermediate Uveitis
Authors: Fogla Rajesk , Biswas Jyotirmay , Ganesh Sudha K , Ravishankar K
Published: April 2021

* BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The authors analyzed the results of cataract surgery performed on patients with intermediate uveitis from January 1990 through January 1997.

* MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-two eyes of 44 patients with intermediate uveitis underwent cataract surgery during this period. These patients were evaluated with respect to duration of intermediate uveitis, treatment regimen, intraoperative complications and final visual results.

* RESULTS: Visual acuity improved following surgery in 94.2% eyes and 71.2% eyes achieved a final visual acuity better than or equal to 20/60. Intraocular lens implantation accompanied the surgery in 24 eyes. Regional and systemic steroids were required for control of inflammation. The factors that limited visual recovery were severe cystoid macular edema, epiretinal membrane formation, and secondary retinal detachment. Recurrence of uveitis was noted in 6 cases.

* CONCLUSION: Absolute control of inflammation, atraumatic surgery, and regular postoperative follow-up can improve the results of cataract extraction. Intraocular lens implantation in selected cases is well tolerated with good visual results.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 199930:191-198.]
The Photic Sneeze Reflex and Ocular Anesthesia
Authors: Wessels Izak F , Wessels Delia A , Zimmerman Grenith J
Published: April 2021

* BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Intravenous sedation to minimize discomfort from local anesthetic injection has many potential complications including severe involuntary sneezing (IS). This prospective study evaluates the occurrence of IS and a history of photic sneezing (PS).

* METHODS AND MATERIALS: All patients receiving local anesthesia (retrobulbar or periocular injections) after intravenous thiopentone for eye surgery during eight months were asked about PS and observed for IS.

* RESULTS: The 557 patients (40% males) had a mean age of 69.9 years and 14% recalled PS (29.5% males). IS developed in 5.2% of the 557- Only 7.6% of those with PS developed IS. After periocular injections 23-8% developed as compared to 4.5% after retrobulbar injections. (P<0.001). There was no relationship between PS and IS (p=0.43)

* CONCLUSION: IS is not linked to PS, with males and females at equal risk for either. IS is more common after periocular injections.

[Ophthalmic Surg and Lasers 1999;30:208-21 1.]
A Slit-lamp Needling Filtration Procedure for Uncontrolled Glaucoma in Pseudophakic and Aphakic Eyes
Authors: Mistlberger Andrea , Esaki Koji , Liebmann Jeffrey M , Ritch Robert
Published: April 2021

Abstract. In one aphakic and one pseudophakic patient without previous filtration surgery, a transconjunctival needling procedure similar to that used for failed filtration procedures was performed to create a filtering bleb. In both cases, intraocular pressure was successfully lowered for 6 months until the occurrence of bleb encapsulation, which was relieved by transconjunctival needling. There were no complications. In selected cases, this minimally invasive slit-lamp needling procedure provides successful filtration. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1999;30:237-240.]
New Iris Retractor for Pupil Dilatation During Anterior Vitrectomy: Double-Hook Iris Retractor
Authors: Kadonosono Kazuaki , Ohno Shigeaki
Published: April 2021

Abstract. To report a new iris retractor as a tool for pupillary dilatation in eyes with a small pupil. This instrument was designed to prevent the retractor from dropping out of cornea! incision, especially during anterior peripheral vitrectomy requiring a scierai indentation. A new iris retractor was designed with the top in the form of a double-hook, based on the conventional flexible iris retractor. The new instrument was used in 16 eyes, and the conventional flexible ìris retractor was used in 14 eyes, with prolìferarive retinopathy or proliferative diabetic retinopathy in cases in which anterior vitrectomy was performed. The number of times that the instrument has been replaced were recorded. The conventional flexible iris retractor was replaced at mean number of 4.2 times, while the new iris retractor was replaced a mean number of 0.3 times during vitreous surgery. The difference was statistically significant (P=O. 009, Mann-Whitney test). The new iris retractor can easily hook onto the iris and is useful in anterior vitrectomy. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1999;30:241-243.]
The Effect of Mitomycin-C on the Healing Process in Rabbit Extraocular Muscle Surgery
Authors: Oh Sei Yeul , Park Dong-Woo , Chang Bong Leen
Published: April 2021

* BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: One of the most serious complications following extraocular muscle surgery is formation of postoperative adhesions that may result in restrictive ocular motility dysfunction. The effect of mitomycin-C (MMC) on postoperative wound healing in extraocular muscle surgery was investigated.

* MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixteen albino rabbits (24 eyes) were used and anesthetized with ketamine and xylazine. These rabbits were divided into 3 groups; (1) control group (balanced salt solution (BSS) exposure for 5 minutes), (2) Group 1 (0.5 mg/ml MMC exposure for 1 minute) and (3) Group 2 (0.5 mg/ml MMC exposure for 5 minutes). After 3 mm recession of superior rectus muscle, MMC or BSS was applied using Weck-Cel sponge (Solan, Jacksonville, FL). The reduction of fibroblast and collagen fiber proliferation were evaluated histopathologically with light microscope at 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks after operation. We also evaluated the amount of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) by immunohistochemical study at the same time.

* RESULTS: Histopathologically, there was a more significant reduction of fibroblast and collagen fiber proliferation in Group 1 and 2 than the control group. Immunohistochemically, Group 1 and 2 showed lesser expression of bFGF than the control group. But, there was no difference between Group 1 and 2.

* CONCLUSIONS: Topical intraoperative application of mitomycin C in extraocular muscle surgery may reduce postoperative adhesions.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1999;30:305-309.]
A Slit-Lamp Eyepiece Micrometer Calibrated at 50-micron Intervals
Authors: Ritch Robert , Galvão-Filho Roberto , Liebmann Jeffrey M
Published: April 2021

Abstract. Measurements of dimensions of various intraocular structures, both normal and abnormal, are both theoretically and clinically useful. The currently available standard Haag-Streit slit-lamp micrometer eyepiece is calibrated at 100 micron intervals. In order to achieve greater precision in measurement of smaller intraocular structures, the authors and Haag-Streit, Inc. (Kaniz, Switzerland) have developed an eyepiece calibrated in 50-micron intervals. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1999;30:326.]
Comparison of Phacotrabeculectomy With 5-Fluorouracil, Mitomycin-C, and Without Antifibrotic Agents
Authors: Budenz Donald L , Pyfer Mark , Singh Kuldev , Gordon Jeffrey , Piltz-Seymour Jody , Keates Edwin U
Published: April 2021

* BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the potential benefits, complications, and prognostic risk factors for failure of phacotrabeculectomy performed with or without 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and mitomycin-C (MMC).

* PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective chart review of 78 patients who underwent phacotrabeculectomy during a 2-year period. Patients were divided into 3 groups, those who received 5-FU (N=28), MMC (N=29), or no antifibrotic agent (N=21).

* RESULTS: All 3 groups had statistically significant lower intraocular pressures (IOP) on fewer antiglaucomatous medications at 6-month, 12-month, and last follow-up compared to preoperative levels (P<.05). Intraocular pressures were lower in the group that received MMC compared to the 5-FU group, but not in the group that did not receive antimetabolites, at all time intervals measured (P<.05). Black race was a strong predictor of failure of trabeculectomy (P=009). No differences in final visual acuity or complications were found between groups.

* CONCLUSIONS: Phacotrabeculectomy is effective regardless of antimetabolite use. Race is a strong predictor of failure.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1999;30:367-374.]
Combined Lensectomy, Vitrectomy and Scleral Fixation of Intraocular Lens Implant After Closed-globe Injury
Authors: Chaudhry Nauman A , Belfort Armando , Flynn Harry W , Tabandeh Homayoun , Smiddy William E , Murray Timothy G
Published: April 2021

* PURPOSE: To describe our experience in the surgical management of cataracts in patients with complications of closed-globe injury using pars plana lensectomy (PPL), pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), and scleral fixation of posterior chamber intraocular lens (PCIOL).

* METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed charts of all patients with closed-globe injury who underwent PPL, PPV and scleral fixation of PCIOL at our institution between January 1991 and July 1997. We identified 28 eyes; because of less than 2 weeks follow-up, 4 eyes were excluded from the current study. All eyes had lens subluxation/dislocation and visually significant cataract. Additional indications for surgery included secondary glaucoma (10 eyes), vitreous hemorrhage (3 eyes) and retinal detachment (1 eye).

* RESULTS: The postoperative follow-up interval ranged from 6 to 61 months (mean 18.5 months). Preoperative visual acuity (VA) ranged from 20/60 to hand motion and was 20/100 or better in 6 eyes (25%). Postoperatively, 19 eyes (79%) improved to 20/100 or better. Five eyes had subsequent surgery for the following indications: retinal detachment (2 eyes), poorly controlled glaucoma (2 eyes), and epiretinal membrane formation (1 eye).

* CONCLUSIONS: In patients undergoing PPL, PPV and scleral fixation of PCIOL for cataract after a closed-globe injury, a substantial visual improvement occurred in a majority of the involved eyes.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1999;30:375-381.]
Srapping Hydroxyapatite Implants
Authors: Jordan David R , Klapper Stephen R
Published: April 2021

Abstract: Hydroxyapatite (HA) implants currently are most commonly wrapped in fresh unprocessed human donor sclera before implantation to facilitate entry into the orbital space and allow extraocular muscle attachment. Autologous temporalis fascia or autologous fascia lata are alternatives, but prolong surgery time and require a second operative site. Recently, a number of other wraps, such as processed human pericardium, processed human fascia lata, processed human sclera, bovine pericardium and expanded polytetrafluoroethylene [e-PTFE], have being marketed. Although they also facilitate implant placement, they can be costly. Polygalactin (Vicryl, Ethicon, Somerville, NJ) mesh is another readily available wrap that is easy to use and cost effective. To obtain a high success rate with this wrap, the polygalactin mesh wrapped HA implant must be moistened and seated into the orbit properly. If it is not, exposure may occur, which may explain why some surgeons shy away from its use. The proper technique is reviewed in this paper. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1999;30:403-407.]
Effect of Diclofenac Sodium and Dexamethasone on Cultured Human Tenon's Capsule Fibroblasts
Authors: Sun Ran , Gimbel Howard V , Liu Sue , Guo Dianlin , Hollenberg Morley D
Published: April 2021

* BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of diclofenac sodium and dexamethasone on cultured human Tenon's capsule fibroblasts.

* MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two experiments were conducted. In the first experiment, fibroblasts were treated with either diclofenac sodium or dexamethasone at different concentrations, and the cell growth was quantified by using Coulter counter and hexosaminidase methods at 1, 3, 5, and 7 days after adding the drugs. In the second experiment, the cells were treated with each drug for 24 hours and then the cultures were switched to a drug-free medium. The cell growth was quantified at day 7 after removing the drugs from the medium.

* RESULTS: In the first experiment, inhibition of fibroblast growth in a dose-dependent manner was observed from days 1 to 7 in the cultures treated with each drug. The inhibitory was more pronounced in the diclofenac treated cultures. The typical spindle-shaped fibroblasts treated with higher concentrations of the drugs became spherical cells. In the second experiment, inhibition was not observed when the cultures were switched to a drug-free medium. The spherical cells recovered to spindle-shaped cells and proliferated as normal cells.

* CONCLUSION: Our results have shown that diclofenac sodium and dexamethasone can significantly inhibit human Tenon's capsule fibroblast growth in a cell culture model. The inhibitory effect was not observed when the cultures were switched after 24 hours to a drug-free culture medium.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1999;30:382-388.]
Microbial Keratitis Following Penetrating Keratoplasty
Authors: Akova Yonca A , Onat Mustafa , Koc Figen , Nurozler Ayse , Duman Sunay
Published: April 2021

* PURPOSE: To investigate the prevalence of microbial keratitis, predisposing risk factors and treatment modalities in patients who developed keratitis following penetrating keratoplasty (PK).

* PATIENTS AND METHODS: The records of 285 patients who had undergone PK between January 1991 and December 1995 in a tertiary care center were reviewed. Patients who developed postoperative microbial keratitis were evaluated for predisposing risk factors, microbiological etiology, response to broad spectrum antibiotic therapy and subsequent PK. Patients were mainly treated with fortified topical antibiotics with or without repeat PK.

* RESULTS: Of the 285 patient records reviewed, microbial keratitis developed in 21 eyes of 21 patients (7.4%). Seventy-one percent of infections occurred within 6 months after grafting. Keratitis initially began from the donor-recipient border in 16 cases (76.2%) and were central or paracentral in 5 patients. Predisposing risk factors included loose or exposed suture (9), suture removal (1), persistent epithelial defect (3), graft failure (3), contact lens wear (1), Stevens-Johnson syndrome (1). Fifteen (71.4%) patients were culture-positive consisting of Streptococcus pneumoniae (7), Staphylococcus aureus (5), Pseudomonas aureginosa (2), and Hemophilus influenzae (1). Forty-three percent of patients were successfully treated with medical therapy only. Seven patients underwent second PK for visual rehabilitation and 4 for tectonic purposes. After medical and surgical therapy, graft clarity was achieved in 17 (81%) of patients.

* CONCLUSIONS: The microbial keratitis following PK is a major postoperative problem affecting the long term prognosis. Careful selection of patients, and preoperative and postoperative control of risk factors, may decrease the frequency of this complication. Several factors, including loose or exposed sutures, epithelial defects, ocular surface disorders, and graft failure, may predispose patients to develop microbial keratitis following PK.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1999;30:449-455.]
Recurrent Enterococcal Endophthalmitis Following Cataract Surgery: A Case Report
Authors: Nasrallah Fadi P , Desai Shilpa A
Published: April 2021

Abstract. Recurrent post-cataract endophthalmitis is a well-recognized postoperative complication that has been attributed to various organisms and different mechanisms.1 To our knowledge, there is no case of recurrent postoperative endophthalmitis reported where the organism was found to be sequestered in the posterior capsule, escaping total eradication and thus producing the recurrence. The following is a case report of such recurrent postoperative endophthalmitis caused by Enterococcus faecalis sequestered in the posterior capsule. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1999;30:481-482.]
An Unusual Complication of Retinal Reattachment Surgery
Authors: Özertürk Yusuf , Bardak Yavuz , Durmus Mustafa
Published: April 2021

Abstract. The authors report a case with an unusual late extraocular complication of scleral buckling and local silicone sponge implant. Four years after the reattachment surgery, a ptotic upper eyelid perforated by local silicone sponge implant and fistula between upper eyelid and sclera were detected. Primary repair of upper eyelid and removal of silicone sponge were performed. One year later, the retina was attached and there was no problem with the upper eyelid.

Cryotherapy, episcleral expiant (scleral buckling), and local implant (sponge) are frequently used and effective methods for retinal reattachment surgery.1,2 Postoperative early and late complications have been reported.3"8 To our knowledge, there is no report of upper eyelid perforation, ptosis and fistula formation caused by silicone sponge implant rejection. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1999;30:483-484.]
Combined Phacoemulsification and Penetrating Keratoplasty
Authors: Rao Srinivas K , Padmanabhan Prema
Published: April 2021

Abstract. To highlight indications, technique, and advantages of closed-chamber phacoemulsification and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation during penetrating keratoplasty for corneal opacities. Case reports of 2 patients who underwent combined phacoemulsification, IOL implantation and penetrating keratoplasty. The technique described allowed controlled capsulorrhexis, cataract removal and in-the-bag IOL implantation. Complications due to increased posterior pressure during open-sky extracapsular cataract were not encountered. The surgical technique described in this report can only be used in selected patients undergoing combined corneal transplant and cataract surgery. In this group of patients, however, the technique offers many intra- and postoperative advantages. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1999;30:488-491.]
Relative Efficacy of the Argon Green, Argon Blue-Green, and Krypton Red Lasers for 10-0 Nylon Subconjunctival Laser Suture Lysis
Authors: Mudgil Ananth V , To King W , Balachandran Ram M , Janigian Robert H , Tsiaras William G
Published: April 2021

* BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To determine the optimal wavelength for subconjunctival laser suture lysis.

* MATERIALS AND METHODS: 130 black monofilament 10-0 nylon sutures were sewn subconjunctivally into the bare sclera of enucleated rabbit globes. The lowest energy levels facilitating laser suture lysis were determined for the argon green (514.5 NM), argon blue-green (488.0 NM, 514.5 NM), and krypton red (647.1 NM) wavelengths. In addition, absorption spectroscopy was performed on the suture material and conjunctiva using the Perkin Elmer W/VIS Lambda 2 spectrometer.

* RESULTS: Krypton red produced the fewest buttonhole defects, and it was also the most efficient energy source for suture lysis (P = 0.0001) under nontenectomized conjunctiva. Absorbance spectra studies revealed peak absorbance at 628 NM for the 10-0 nylon suture material.

* CONCLUSIONS: Based on animal and absorption spectroscopy studies, krypton red may be a safer and more efficient wavelength for subconjunctival laser suture lysis.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1999;30:560-564.]
Explantation of Silicone Plate Haptic Intraocular Lenses
Authors: Rao Srinivas K , Sharma Tarun , Parikh Sunil , Madhavan H N , Padmanabhan Prema
Published: April 2021

Abstract. The stress on small self-sealing incisions in cataract surgery has resulted in the increased use of foldable intraocular lenses (IOL). Plate haptic silicone IOLs implanted with the help of an injector require extremely small incision lengths and are extensively used. The authors discuss difficulties in explanting such lenses, especially in inflamed eyes. Two patients who underwent plate-haptic silicone IOL explantation for postoperative bacterial endophthalmitis are described. Plate haptic IOLs have a tendency to dislocate posteriorly because of poor capsular fixation and increased posterior bowing. Enlarging a small rhexis prior to attempting explantation of these lenses reduces this complication. Difficulties inherent in explanting plate haptic silicone IOLs in inflamed eyes are discussed, along with suggestions to overcome them. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1999;30:575-578.]
Reusable Superelastic Iris Retractor
Authors: Cornetto Anthony D , de Juan Eugene
Published: April 2021

Abstract. We report the development and testing of a new reusable iris retractor for surgical dilatation of the pupil. The iris retractor is composed of superelastic nitinol (nickel-titanium alloy) which can be repeatedly flexed. The reusable superelastic iris retractor is a valuable new device for temporary mechanical dilation of the pupil. Its mechanical properties have proven its effectiveness as a reliable device for repeated clinical use. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1999;30:586-587.]
A New Technique for Separation of Posterior Vitreous in Vitreous Surgery
Authors: Shinoda Kei , Inoue Makoto , Katsura Hiroshi , Ishida Susumu
Published: April 2021

Abstract. To describe a new and effective technique, hydroseparation, for use in detaching the posterior cortical vitreous from the retina by the simple injection of fluid into the subhyaloid space. This technique was used in 7 eyes of 6 patients with diabetic retinopathy who had limited posterior vitreous detachment. Following core vitrectomy, a 32 gauge cannula was inserted into the subhyaloid space and a balanced salt solution (BSS) was injected. The injected fluid spread easily to the periphery, causing the vitreous cortex to be smoothly separated, except for areas with firm vitreoretinal adhesion. In those areas, we also used microscissors to separate the tissue. No iatrogenic retinal break occurred in any case. This simple technique, which exerts minimal traction force on the retina, was safe and useful for inducing posterior vitreous detachment in patients with diabetes. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1999;30:588-590.]
Use of Topical Brimonidine to Prevent Intraocular Pressure Elevations Following Nd:YAG-Laser Posterior Capsulotomy
Authors: Gartaganis Sotirios P , Mela Ephigenia K , Katsimpris John M , Petropoulos John K , Karamanos PhD Nikos K , Koliopoulos John X
Published: April 2021

* BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of topical brimonidine tartrate 0.2% (Allergan, Irvine, CA) in the prophylactic treatment of acute intraocular pressure (IOP) rises following Nd: YAG laser posterior capsulotomy

* PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a doublemasked, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical study in 60 patients who underwent Nd:YAG laser posterior capsulotomy after extracapsular cataract extraction. Two doses of brimonidine or vehicle were administered before and after capsulotomy. Intraocular pressure was measured prior to commencing instillation and for 48 hours postoperatively

* RESULTS: Following posterior capsulotomy, the brimonidine group showed a significant mean percent reduction in IOP, while the vehicle group showed a significant mean percent increase in IOP At 48 hours, mean IOP of both groups had returned to pre-laser level. There were no differences between the 2 groups in the incidence of clinical adverse experiences.

* CONCLUSION: Two-dose brimonidine tartrate 0.2% effectively prevents acute IOP rises after Nd: YAG laser posterior capsulotomy.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1999;30:647-652.]
The Use of Perfluorocarbon Liquids in Diabetic Vitrectomy
Authors: Itoh Reiko , Ikeda Tsunehiko , Sawa Hiroshi , Koizumi Kan , Yasuhara Toru , Yamamoto Yoko , Kusada Eiji
Published: April 2021

Abstract. Three eyes of 3 patients were operated on for severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy with tractional and/or rhegmatogenous retinal detachment using perfluoro-n-octane as temporary tamponade. The perfluorocarbon was removed at the end of the procedure. Intraocular tamponade was provided by a long-acting gas in all eyes. The intraoperative use of perfluorocarbon effectively facilitated retinal flattening and endophotocoagulation. Anatomical success was obtained in all 3 cases, with a minimum follow-up of 10 months. Visual acuity improved in all eyes. The main advantages of perfluorocarbon are that it enables easy flattening of the posterior retinal folds and effective endophotocoagulation with good visual conditions. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1999;30:672-675.]
Elastic Cord-induced Cyclodialysis Cleft and Hypotony Maculopathy
Authors: Chaudhry Nauman A , Flynn Harry W , Palmberg Paul F
Published: April 2021

Abstract. We describe a case of hypotony maculopathy in which hypotony was due to a cyclodialysis cleft produced by an elastic cord injury. Sixteen months after being hit with an elastic cord, a 43-year-old white male presented with progressive loss of vision in the right eye. The visual acuity in the right eye was 1/200 due, in part, to a subluxated and cataractous lens. The intraocular pressure (IOP) was 4 mm Hg. Gonioscopy revealed a cyclodialysis cleft at the 2 o'clock position, and fundus examination showed hypotony maculopathy. The patient underwent pars plana vitrectomy, pars plana lensectomy, repair of the cyclodialysis cleft, placement of an anterior chamber intraocular lens, and tightly sutured trabeculectomy without antimetabolite. Sixteen months following surgery, visual acuity was stable at 20/60 and IOP was 11 mm Hg but the chorioretinal folds persisted. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1999;30:678-680.]
Combined Secondary Capsulorhexis and Vitreous Surgery in a Case of Anterior Capsule Contraction and Vitreous Hemorrhage
Authors: Yang Ko-Jen , Liao Hue-Pin , Lai Chi-Chun , Chen Tun-Lu
Published: April 2021

Abstract. A 59-year-old woman with diabetic vitreous hemorrhage and contracted anterior capsule opening received secondary capsulorhexis and trans pars plana vitrectomy in a single operation. The combined surgery was successful. In addition, the anterior capsule opening was enlarged by the procedure and no further vitreous hemorrhage occurred during the 6 month follow-up period in both eyes. When anterior capsule opening reduction is encountered in patients requiring vitreoretinal surgery, combining secondary capsulorhexis and vitreoretinal surgery together in a single operation maybe provide a good treatment alternative. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1999;30:681-683.]
Intraocular Pressure Changes in the Vitreon Study
Authors: Batman Cosar , Çekiç Osman , Totan Yüksel , Aslan Özlem , Özalp Solmaz
Published: April 2021

* BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To detect the effect of Perfluoroperhydrophenanthrene (vitreon) on intraocular pressure (IOP) changes.

* PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred-five eyes with proliferative vitreoretmopathy undergoing vitrectomy using vitreon as an intraoperative surgical adjunct were randomized to 2 groups. Vitreon was completely removed in 43 eyes (Group A) at the end of operation while it was left intravitreally in 62 eyes (Group B) for 4 weeks. Patients were followed for at least 18 months.

* RESULTS: During the first postoperative week, 6 eyes (14%) in Group A and 14 eyes (22%) in Group B had IOP of 23 mm Hg or more (P = .393) while no eyes in either group had hypotony. At the last followup 2 eyes (5%) in Group A and 6 eyes (10%) in Group B showed chronic hypotony (P = .561).

* CONCLUSION: Although postoperative chronic hypotony risk increased twofold by vitreon when it was left intravitreally for 4 weeks, this difference was statistically insignificant. Vitreon can be used as a vitreous substitute for 4 weeks in this regard.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1999;30:721-726.]
Penetrating Keratoplasty in Patients With Corneal Scarring Due to Trachoma
Authors: Kocak-Midillioglu Inci , Akova Yonca Aydin , Koçak-Altintas Ayse Gul , Aslan Bekir S , Duman Sunay
Published: April 2021

* BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Trachoma remains the leading cause of preventable corneal blindness. The outcome of penetrating keratoplasty (PK) in these patients is usually poor because of the extensive corneal vascularization, adnexal and ocular surface problems. We evaluated the long-term results of PK in patients with corneal scarring due to trachoma.

* PATIENTS AND METHODS: The fiels of 16 eyes of 13 patients who underwent PK due to late sequel of trachoma were reviewed.

* RESULTS: Preoperative visual acuity ranged from light perception to finger counting levels. Preoperatively, dry-eyes, meibomian gland dysfunction, trichiasis and cicatricial entropion were treated. Over a mean postoperative follow-up of 26.1 ± 15.6 months (range of 14-61 months), eyes required redrafting due to graft rejection and failure, and corneal ulceration (12.5%). Fourteen eyes remained clear grafts (87.5%), and 13 eyes (81.3%) achieved 0.1 or better visual acuity.

* CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that although patients with corneal scarring due to trachoma are at high risk, PK may be helpful for visual rehabilitation.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1999;30:734-741.]
Retinal Tears Associated With Panuveitis and Behçet's Disease
Authors: Akova Yonca Aydin , Yilmaz Gürsel , Aydin Pinar
Published: April 2021

Abstract. To report retinal tears formation in 3 eyes of 2 patients with active panuveitis and Behçet's disease. We describe 2 patients that were diagnosed and treated for Behçet's disease with active panuveitis. Retinal tears developed while the inflammation was active. The patients were treated with topical, oral steroids, and cyclosporine therapy for bilateral panuveitis. One patient presented with a retinal tear located at the periphery of the active retinal lesion. The other had multiple tears associated with active retinal lesions in both eyes. Argon laser photocoagulation was performed in both patients as soon as the tears were detected. Ocular inflammation was controlled with this therapy, and only a few mild flare-ups occurred. The patients have been followed up for 8 and 16 months, respectively. During this period no new retinal tears have developed. Although retinal tear formation is rarely associated with Behçet's panuveitis, the clinician should be aware of this as a possible complication. When structural changes are present in the vitreous, detailed ophthalmoscopy is indicated to assess for retinal tears. If a tear is detected in a patient with panuveitis and Behçet's disease, laser photocoagulation therapy should be performed immediately to prevent retinal detachment. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1999;30:762-765.]
Fetal Echocardiography for the General Pediatrician
Authors: Klein Jennifer , Donofrio Mary T.
Published: April 2021

Fetal echocardiography is now commonly used to assess fetuses for congenital heart disease. To care for their patients, it is important for the pediatrician to understand the utility of the test, the benefits, and the limitations of the results. This review outlines the indications, components, and limitations of fetal echocardiography with a focus on the care that the pediatrician provides to newborns and their families. An understanding of the fetal cardiac examination can assist the pediatrician in caring for patients with either normal or abnormal test results. The need for and timing of postnatal cardiology follow-up, and guidance on referral for fetal echocardiogram for future pregnancies are all critical roles that the pediatrician can play. Most importantly, an understanding of the limitations, including difficult-to-diagnose lesions, allows the pediatrician to maintain a high level of suspicion for cardiac defects regardless of fetal echocardiography findings.

[
Pediatr Ann
. 2021;50(3):e121–e127.]
L’identité numérique de l’ethnographe.
Authors: Chibois Jonathan
Published: April 2021

J’expose dans cet article les enjeux épistémologiques et méthodologiques que posent aux ethnographes les mondes sociaux où les modalités d’articulation entre les sociabilités en ligne et hors ligne ne font pas l’unanimité parmi les acteurs sociaux, au point de générer des controverses. Dans ce type de terrain, caractérisé par une « multiplexité dynamique », les logiques interactionnelles sont contradictoires et mouvantes, ce dont l’ethnographe doit tenir compte pour mener son enquête. En prenant pour exemple mon terrain à l’Assemblée nationale française entre 2007 et 2019, je montre que l’enquêteur gagne à agir de la même manière que ceux qu’il étudie, en adoptant une posture réflexive quant à son « identité numérique » et en usant de celle-ci pour développer des stratégies destinées à contourner les rigidités que certaines règles de sociabilités locales imposent à ses investigations. Plus largement, cet article entend sensibiliser les étudiants et les chercheurs sur la nécessité de prêter une attention soutenue à leurs propres pratiques numériques lorsqu’ils engagent un travail de terrain, que ce dernier porte sur la question numérique ou non, tant il est probable qu’elles influeront sur l’enquête.
Figurer la condition humaine au temps du cyberspace : un apport (encore) heuristique du cyberpunk et de son imaginaire ?
Authors: Rumpala Yannick
Published: April 2021

Cette contribution propose de revenir sur ce que le courant cyberpunk, de manière relativement originale à l’époque, celle des années 1980, avait construit comme représentations d’un nouvel espace virtuel, celui du cyberspace. Derrière l’exubérance technologique, les récits et les mises en scène de ce sous-genre de la science-fiction introduisaient aussi, par l’imaginaire, des questionnements sur les évolutions de la condition humaine lorsqu’elle se retrouve de plus en plus plongée dans des environnements qui sont en dehors du monde physique habituel. Le retour sur ce corpus de textes permet ainsi de revenir aux propriétés apparentes qui tendent à rendre singulier et original l’espace qui est ouvert. Cet espace, loin d’être sans frictions, apparaissait en outre déjà comme un champ de forces. En reprenant les effets imaginés dans une dimension plus existentielle, l’article termine en précisant comment une transformation des subjectivités paraissait enclenchée avec le développement de ce nouveau type d’environnement apparemment détaché de la matérialité.
L’extension du plateau continental au large de l’Antarctique : entre volonté de ménager les susceptibilités et défendre ses intérêts
Authors: Choquet Anne
Published: April 2021

Outre le droit à un plateau continental au large de leurs côtes, les États côtiers peuvent entreprendre des démarches auprès de la Commission des limites du plateau continental pour étendre juridiquement un plateau qui s’étend physiquement au-delà des 200 milles marins des lignes de base à partir desquelles sont mesurées les mers territoriales. Un plateau continental confère aux États des droits souverains sur les ressources naturelles en vue de leur exploitation. Il importe d’étudier la façon dont les États cherchent à concilier le régime juridique singulier de l’Antarctique et les conditions fixées par la Convention des Nations Unies sur le droit de la mer en matière d’extension du plateau continental. Les discussions autour d’une possible extension du plateau continental au large de l’Antarctique illustrent en quoi le «  gel  » des prétentions territoriales reste au cœur de la gestion de toute activité humaine en Antarctique.
Conflits halieutiques en mer de Chine du Sud : impacts sur la gouvernance maritime
Authors: Frécon Eric
Published: April 2021

L’Asie du Sud-est et la Chine font face à une baisse des stocks de poissons alors que la ressource halieutique constitue le principal apport en protéines des populations riveraines. C’est dans ce contexte que la pêche illégale se développe. Celle-ci pose aussitôt la question de la gouvernance pour tenter de réguler ce fléau, tandis que grandes et petites puissances se font concurrence dans la zone (disputes territoriales, luttes d’influence autour des normes, etc.), à l’échelle aussi bien locale, régionale que supra-régionale. Les relations internationales proposent deux grilles de lectures susceptibles de démêler les enjeux. Celle réaliste met en lumière les intérêts parfois cachés derrière la lutte contre la pêche illégale et le recours au rapport de force, essentiellement bilatéral, comme en Indonésie ou en Chine – en écho à l’idée de «  sécuritisation  » développée par Barry Buzan. Néanmoins, à travers l’action conjuguée, par le bas, d’acteurs multilatéraux et souvent non étatiques, spécialisés plutôt que généralistes, une approche plus libérale, fondée sur la coopération, pourrait progressivement émerger. Il est temps puisque déjà d’autres fléaux risquent de porter atteinte à la «  sécurité humaine  » des populations, telle que définie par les Nations unies dès 1994.
Achieving Sustainable Development Goals 4 and 16 in former war-torn countries through Peace Education
Authors: Wanasinghe-Pasqual Maneesha S.
Published: April 2021

Sustainable Development Goal (SGD) 4 targets education whilst 16 focuses on the promotion of “peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels” (www.sdgs.un.org). Within these two goals are numerous targets (www.undp.org). This paper asserts the inherent link between SDG 16 and SDG 4, which targets to “ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all.” (www.sdg4education2030.org/the-goal) can be enhanced by the lens afforded by Peace Education which is interlinked with approaches described through Peacebuilding. Indeed, this paper argues that at the nexus between Peace Education and Peacebuilding, SDGs 4 and 16 can be achieved even in post-war societies. This can be achieved, according to the findings of this research, only if Peace Education: (a) becomes the 4th ‘R’ in formal education and is afforded the same significant role as the three-‘R’s of Reading, Writing, and Arithmetic; (b) stresses on behavioural change as the main aim of the Peace Education program; and (c) understand that Peace Education is the ‘social process through which peace … is achieved’ (Brock-Utne 2000, 134) and therefore can assist in success of SDG 4 and 16.
Echocardiographic evaluation of paravalvular aortic regurgitation of a patient with recurrent aortic valve replacements
Authors: Cannata Lorenzo , Zocco Ramazzo Camilla
Published: April 2021

Paravalvular regurgitation (PVR) is a serious complication after surgical valve replacement. Echocardiography is the gold standard technique to assess the severity of PVR with an integrated approach.A 48-year-old male underwent aortic valve replacement due to infective endocarditis (IE). During in-hospital cardiac rehabilitation after a redo surgery for a new IE three years later, an echo-free anterior space around the valve with several PVRs through transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) was identified. On transesophageal echocardiography (TOE) a double PVR (anterior and posterior) with abscessual cavity was detected. The patient’s conditions worsened within six months with hemodynamic instability: a massive PVR due to a large abscess cavity next to the right cusp was confirmed by TTE and TOE and a third surgery was carried out. On the third admission at our Rehabilitation Unit the echo features were normal. Patient did not report any cardiovascular symptoms at 1 year follow-up.
Antimicrobial Effects of Platelet Rich Fibrin
Authors: Balaji V. R. , Thiagarajan Rama Krishnan , Niazi Thanvir Mohamed , Ulaganathan G. , Manikandan D.
Published: April 2021

Background:

Other than releasing a bunch of growth factors and molecules, platelet concentrates (PCs), especially platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) has a potential role in antimicrobial activities.

Aim:

The aim of this present systematic review was to collect, evaluate, and compare the available evidence regarding the antimicrobial efficacy of all types of PRF and to highlight the underlying mechanisms along with their potential benefits based on their actions, investigated by clinical and in vitro studies.

Materials and Methods:

Systematic approach was followed in the selection of studies. A detailed search was done in electronic databases such as PUBMED/MEDLINE, GOOGLE SCHOLAR, and SCIENCE DIRECT using specific search items with language restricted to English. All in vitro studies and clinical studies which assessed the antimicrobial activity of PRF alone or along with antibiotics or a type of PRF were included in the study. Other studies which included antimicrobial effects of other forms of PCs such as platelet-rich plasma (PRP), platelet gel, and animal studies were all excluded from the study.

Results:

After the initial and final screening of articles, only eight met the required criteria, of which seven were in vitro studies and one was a clinical study. All the studies evaluated the efficacy of one or more forms of PRF either against bacterial pathogens or showed inhibition of growth in culture.

Conclusion:

Based on the systematic review, PRF possesses antimicrobial efficacy against pathogens and the exact mechanism of the antimicrobial efficacy needs further investigation. The enhanced property of PRF against pathogens might be due to the release of platelets and preparation protocols such as lesser time and centrifugal speed. Further, PRF should be considered to be used as local drug delivery system which will be a potential treatment against periodontopathogens in the future.
Bacterial Isolates of Surfaces in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of Enugu State university Teaching Hospital, Parklane, Enugu, and Their Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns
Authors: Asinobi Isaac Nwabueze , Ekwochi Uchenna , Edelu Benedict Onyeka , Iheji Chukwunonso Chigozie , Onu Ngozi Nancy , Ndu Ikenna Kingsley
Published: April 2021

Introduction:

The duration of admission in the hospital, mortality rates, and care costs is increased in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICUs) by nosocomial infections (NIs). There is a need for routine and regular environmental sampling in NICUs.

Methodology:

This was a cross-sectional study conducted in the NICU of Enugu State University Teaching Hospital. The researchers collected samples for culture from equipment and hospital surfaces in the unit. Susceptibility testing was done for isolates by the agar diffusion method using standard nutrient agar 1 discs.

Results:

We observed bacterial growth in 58 (54.7%) samples from the 106 samples collected. Staphylococcus aureus 35 (55.6%) was the most common isolate cultured, followed by Escherichia coli 14 (22.2%) and then coagulase-negative Staphylococcus13 (20.6%). Among S. aureus isolates, 48.6% were methicillin-resistant S. aureus. Among the Gram-negative isolates, resistance was highest for ampicillin followed by meropenem.

Conclusion:

The most common isolates were S. aureus, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, and E. coli. Health-care providers need improved hygiene standards to reduce the burden of NI.
Socio-Demographic Characteristics and Workplace Safety Practices of Panel Beaters
Authors: Kassy Chukwukasi Wilson , Ochie Casmir Ndubuisi , Asogwa Thaddeus Chijioke , Ango Juliette , Umeobieri Ancilla Kate , Aniwada Elias
Published: April 2021

Background:

Human resources and their safety are central to occupational health practices. Understanding the sociodemographic characteristics and safety practices of workers helps in workplace interventions. This study aimed at comparing the sociodemographic characteristics and safety practices among roadside and organized panel beaters in Enugu metropolis, Enugu State, Nigeria.

Methodology:

This was a comparative cross-sectional study. A multistage sampling method was used to select 428 panel beaters in Enugu metropolis. A semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Data was entered and analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 20. Comparative analysis was done using Chi-square and the level of significance was set at 5%.

Results:

The mean ages (standard deviation) were 31.1 ± 10.3 years and 37.9 ± 12.1 years for roadside and organized panel beaters, respectively. The majority of respondents, (70.6%) and (56.5%), from the roadside and organized sectors, respectively, had secondary education. About 59.8% of the roadside panel beaters were single compared to about two-thirds (63.1%) of organized panel beaters who were married. More than two-thirds (72.9%) of roadside workers earn more than N 35,000 monthly, while half of the organized workers earn more than N 35,000. The differences in sociodemographic characteristics and monthly income were statistically significant. Environmental sanitation was the most common safety and hygiene practices engaged by respondents. Very few respondents, more among the organized sector, noted that their workplaces were monitored or checked. The use of personal protective equipment was found to be generally deficient, in addition to poor health and safety training.

Conclusion:

There was a statistically significant difference in the sociodemographic characteristics between the roadside and organized sectors panel beaters with poor safety practices. Routine and improved health education and safety training on basic preventive measures would be necessary to prevent occupational hazards in the workplace.