bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Total Synthesis of Potential Antitumor Agent, (‐)‐Dictyostatin.
Authors: Ramachandran P. Veeraraghavan , Srivastava Amit , Hazra Debasis
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Total Synthesis of Bistramide A.
Authors: Lowe Jason T. , Wrona Iwona E. , Panek James S.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The First Naturally Occurring Aromatic Isothiocyanates, Rapalexins A and B, Are Cruciferous Phytoalexins.
Authors: Pedras M. Soledade C. , Zheng Qing‐An , Gadagi Ravi S.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Liquid Crystalline Properties of 3‐Substituted Pentane‐2,4‐dione, Pyrazole and Isoxazole Derivatives.
Authors: Han Jie , Guo Hui , Wang Xiao‐Guang , Pang Mei‐Li , Meng Ji‐Ben
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Antitumor Activity Evaluation of Some Schiff Bases Derived from 2‐Aminothiazole Derivatives.
Authors: Zhou Xin , Shao Ling , Jin Zhong , Liu Jian‐Bing , Dai Hong , Fang Jian‐Xin
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Zinc(II) Bromide: an Overview of Its Solution Chemistry and Recent Applications in Synthesis
Authors: Gossage Robert A.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Germanium(cF136): A New Crystalline Modification of Germanium with the Porous Clathrate‐II Structure
Authors: Faessler Thomas F.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Preparation of Thin Carbon Nanotubes by Catalytic Pyrolysis on a Support
Authors: Rakov E. G.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Xenon NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Raftery Daniel
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Compton Scattering Studies of 4f Ferromagnetism
Authors: Cooper M. J. , Duffy J. A. , Banfield Z. F. , Bebb A. M. , Blaauw L. , Shenton‐Taylor C. , Steer C. , Taylor J. W.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Sol‐gel Immobilization of Catalytic Molecules and Applications: A Review
Authors: Pierre A. C.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
1‐Nitrogen‐Functionalized 2‐Phosphorus‐Functionalized Acetylenes and Bis(phosphorus‐functionalized)acetylenes
Authors: Witulski B. , Alayrac C.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Bis(organooxy)acetylenes
Authors: Witulski B. , Alayrac C.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
1‐Nitrogen‐Functionalized 1‐(Organosulfanyl)alk‐1‐enes
Authors: Doelling W.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Supramolecular Architectures Generated by Self‐Assembly of Guanosine Derivatives
Authors: Davis Jeffery T. , Spada Gian Piero
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
1‐(Organooxy)‐1‐(organosulfanyl)alk‐1‐enes
Authors: Doelling W.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Allylic Alkylation Reactions with Acyclic Copper Enolates
Authors: Timmons Cody , Li Guigen
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Molecular Recognition via Base‐Pairing
Authors: Sessler Jonathan L. , Lawrence Candace M. , Jayawickramarajah Janarthanan
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Optimized Hydrothermal Synthesis of Multi‐dimensional Hybrid Coordination Polymers Containing Flexible Organic Ligands
Authors: Paz Filipe A. Almeida , Rocha Joao , Klinowski Jacek , Trindade Tito , Shi Fa‐Nian , Mafra Luis
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthetic Non‐Peptide Mimetics of α‐Helices
Authors: Davis Jessica M. , Tsou Lun K. , Hamilton Andrew D.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Emerging Methods in Amide‐ and Peptide‐Bond Formation
Authors: Bode Jeffrey W.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Development of Synthetic Membrane Transporters for Anions
Authors: Davis Anthony P. , Sheppard David N. , Smith Bradley D.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Self‐Assembling Peptide Gels
Authors: Aggeli A. , Boden N. , Carrick L. M. , Mcleish T. C. B. , Nyrkova I. A. , Semenov A. N.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Supramolecular [60]Fullerene Chemistry on Surfaces
Authors: Bonifazi Davide , Enger Olivier , Diederich Francois
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Trends in Lipase‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Access to Enantiomerically Pure/Enriched Compounds
Authors: Ghanem Ashraf
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
ansa‐Metallocene and Half‐Sandwich Complexes of Group‐3 Metals and Lanthanides Incorporating Fluorenyl‐Based Ligands: From Synthesis to Catalytic Applications
Authors: Kirillov Evgueni , Dash Aswini K. , Rodrigues Anne‐Sophie , Carpentier Jean‐Francois
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Use of Polyfunctionalized Pyridazines as Reactive Species for Building Chemical Diversity
Authors: Bourguignon J. J. , Oumouch S. , Schmitt M.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Biodiversity in Flavor and Fragrance
Authors: Smith Richard , Edwards Robert
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Molecular Manipulation Based on Allosteric Crown‐Appended Units and Related Systems
Authors: Kubo Yuji , Ishii Yusuke
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Non‐Crosslinked Polystyrene‐Bound Reagents, Catalysts and Syntheses
Authors: Chen Jianian , Yang Guichun , Zhang Haiqing , Chen Zuxing
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Towards New Methodologies for the Synthesis of Biologically Interesting 6‐Substituted Pyrimidines and 4(3H)‐Pyrimidinones
Authors: Petricci Elena , Mugnaini Claudia , Radi Marco , Togninelli Andrea , Bernardini Cesare , Manetti Fabrizio , Parlato Maria Cristina , Renzulli Michela Lucia , Alongi Maddalena , Falciani Chiara , et al. et al.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthetic Applications of Chiral 1,3‐Dioxolan‐4‐ones and 3‐Acyloxazolidin‐5‐ones
Authors: Aitken R. Alan , McGill Steven D. , Power Lynn A.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Utilization of Chiral Enaminones and Azomethine Imines in the Synthesis of Functionalized Pyrazoles
Authors: Svete Jurij
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
One‐Pot Synthesis of Functionalized Carbacycles by Formal [3 + 3] Cyclizations of 1,3‐Bis(silyl enol ethers) with 1,3‐Dielectrophiles
Authors: Feist Holger , Langer Peter
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Total Synthesis of the Lupin Alkaloid Cytisine: Comparison of Synthetic Strategies and Routes
Authors: Stead Darren , O'Brien Peter
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
New Approaches for Decarboxylative Biaryl Coupling
Authors: Baudoin Olivier
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Woodward—Doering/Rabe—Kindler Total Synthesis of Quinine: Setting the Record Straight
Authors: Seeman Jeffrey I.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Photo‐Dehydro‐Diels—Alder (PDDA) Reaction — A Powerful Method for the Preparation of Biaryls
Authors: Wessig Pablo , Mueller Gunnar , Pick Charlotte , Matthes Annika
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Characterization of Novel Genes Regulating Adipocyte Differentiation
Authors: Johmura Yoshikazu
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
U/Th Series Radionuclides as Coastal Groundwater Tracers
Authors: Swarzenski P. W.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Transcription Factor EPAS1 Regulates Insulin Signaling Pathway
Authors: Wada Taira
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Transcriptional Regulation of Metabolic Switching PDK4 Gene under Various Physiological Conditions
Authors: Araki Makoto , Nozaki Yuka , Motojima Kiyoto
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Adrenoleukodystrophy: Structure and Function of ALDP, and Intracellular Behavior of Mutant ALDP with Naturally Occurring Missense Mutations
Authors: Takahashi Norimasa , Morita Masashi , Imanaka Tsuneo
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Uniqueness of the Mucosal Immune System for the Development of Prospective Mucosal Vaccine
Authors: Kunisawa Jun , Gohda Masashi , Kiyono Hiroshi
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Organic Chemistry at the Interface to Biology
Authors: Clausen Rasmus P.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
New Solid‐State Chemistry Technologies to Bring Better Drugs to Market — Knowledge‐Based Decision Making
Authors: Park Aeri , Chyall Leonard J. , Dunlap Jeanette , Schertz Christine , Jonaitis David , Stahly Barbara C. , Bates Simon , Shipplett Rex , Childs Scott
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Control of Physical Forms of Drug Particles for Pulmonary Delivery by Spray Drying and Supercritical Fluid Processing
Authors: Tong H. H. Y. , Chow A. H. L.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Online Sample Pretreatment Systems for Determination of Cadmium by the ETAAS Method
Authors: Pyrzynska Krystyna
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Review on Molybdenum Determination in Solid Geological Samples
Authors: Das Arabinda K. , Chakraborty Ruma , Cervera M. Luisa , De la Guardia Miguel
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Erratum: MR imaging in assessing cardiovascular interventions and myocardial injury
Authors: Jacquier Alexis , Higgins Charles B , Saeed Maythem
Published: May 2007

Contrast Media and Molecular Imaging, MR imaging in assessing cardiovascular interventions and myocardial injury, Alexis Jacquier, Charles B. Higgins and Maythem Saeed, published in CMMI 2:1, DOI: 10.1002/cmmi122, pp1–15.

Contract/Grant Sponsor information relating to Dr. A. Jacquier was absent from the published article.

It should be noted that Dr. A. Jacquier was supported by the Société Française de Radiologie, Paris, as a research fellow.
Analysis of frames by substructuring technique based on using algebraic and graph methods
Authors: Kaveh A. , Fazli H.
Published: May 2007

In this paper, substructuring techniques for the analysis of frame structures by the force method are reviewed. An algorithm is presented for the formation of cycle basis of the graph model of a frame structure. A simple and efficient graph method is proposed for preserving the sparsity of the matrices involved for including the boundary conditions when algebraic and graph force methods are employed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spectroelectrochemistry of Carbon Nanostructures
Authors: Kavan Ladislav , Dunsch Lothar
Published: May 2007

This review is focused on charge‐transfer reactions at carbon nanotubes and fullerenes. The spectroelectrochemistry of fullerenes deals with the spin states of fullerenes, the role of mono‐anions and the reactivity of higher charged states in C60. The optical (Vis–NIR) spectroelectrochemistry of single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) follows changes in the allowed optical transitions among the Van Hove singularities. The Raman spectroelectrochemistry of SWNT benefits from strong resonance enhancement of the Raman scattering. Here, both semiconducting and metallic SWNTs are analyzed using the radial breathing mode (RBM) and G‐modes as well as the second order (D, G′) and intermediate frequency modes. Raman spectroelectrochemistry of SWNT allows the addressing of index‐identified tubes and even single isolated nanotubes. Optical and Raman spectroelectrochemistry of fullerene peapods, C60@SWNT and C70@SWNT indicates effective shielding of the intratubular fullerene (peas). The most striking effect in the spectroelectrochemistry of peapods is the so‐called “anodic Raman enhancement” of intratubular C60. Double‐walled carbon nanotubes (DWNTs) give a specific spectroscopic response in Vis–NIR spectroelectrochemistry for the inner and the outer tube. They are better distinguishable by Raman spectroelectrochemistry which allows a precise tracing of the specific doping response of outer/inner tubes.
Adsorption Properties of the Penicillin Derivative DTPA on Gold Substrates
Authors: Dreesen Laurent , Silien Christophe , Volcke Cédric , Sartenaer Yannick , Thiry Paul A. , Peremans André , Grugier Jerome , Marchand‐Brynaert Jacqueline , Brans Alain , Grubisic Stana , Joris Bernard
Published: May 2007

Despite the large number of articles and patents dealing with penicillin and other β‐lactam antibiotics, there have been no reports about the self‐assembly of such substances as monolayers on gold surfaces. The main reason stems from the high reactivity of the β‐lactam ring, which hinders the development of molecules possessing this entity together with a metal‐anchoring function. Herein, we present the synthesis of a novel molecule, 6‐[(R,S)‐5‐(1,2‐dithiolan‐3‐yl)pentanoyl‐amino]‐penicillanic acid, which combines the β‐lactam ring and a metal‐anchoring group. Using spectroscopic tools, we demonstrate the chemisorption of this compound on gold as self‐assembled monolayers without any alteration of the penicillin pharmacophore and document its reactivity towards a penicillin‐binding protein, BlaR‐CTD. Our work is a preliminary step towards the development of new biosensors and well‐ordered protein arrays, both based on the high affinity of penicillin for penicillin‐binding proteins.
Cover Picture: Optical Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Single Molecules (ChemPhysChem 7/2007)
Authors: Korlacki Rafał , Steiner Mathias , Qian Huihong , Hartschuh Achim , Meixner Alfred J.
Published: May 2007

The cover picture shows a single terrylene molecule emitting single fluorescence photons one by one that are guided into a Michelson interferometer. The signal I(z) recorded from the fluorescence emission shows the typical intensity modulations of an interferogram depending on the path length difference z of the two interferometer arms. Although the molecule suddenly stopped to emit fluorescence photons during data acquisition, a reliable spectrum J($\tilde \nu $) can be obtained by Fourier transformation. Find out more in the Article by Korlacki et al. on page 1049.
Discrepancy in measuring CD4 expression on T‐lymphocytes using fluorescein conjugates in comparison with unimolar CD4‐phycoerythrin conjugates
Authors: Wang Lili , Abbasi Fatima , Gaigalas Adolfas K. , Hoffman Robert A. , Flagler Dan , Marti G. E.
Published: May 2007

Background:

Numerous methods for quantitative fluorescence calibration (QFC) have been developed to quantify receptor expression on lymphocytes. However, the results from the use of these different QFC methods vary considerably in the literature. To better identify the causes of these discrepancies, we measured CD4 expression using FITC and phycoerythrin (PE) conjugates to stain CYTO‐TROL™ Control Cells and T‐lymphocytes in whole blood and isolated cell preparations. We further examined pH of the cellular microenvironment as a cause of discordant results obtained with the FITC conjugate.

Methods:

Calibration with Quantibrite PE‐labeled microspheres and the use of unimolar CD4‐PE conjugates provided direct measurement of the antibody bound per cell value (ABC) for CD4 expression on normal T‐lymphocytes. Calibration for CD4‐FITC monoclonal antibody (Mab) labeled CYTO‐TROL Control Cells and normal T‐lymphocytes was based on molecules of equivalent soluble fluorochrome (MESF) as determined by FITC‐labeled microspheres traceable to NIST RM 8640. The MESF value for CD4‐FITC Mab was determined that enabled the conversion of the MESF values obtained for CYTO‐TROL cells to ABC. We investigated the likely pH change in the fluorescein microenvironments within FITC‐labeled Mab and cells stained with FITC‐labeled Mab using a pH sensitive indicator.

Results:

The mean ABC value for T‐lymphocytes prepared from fresh whole blood using CD4‐PE conjugate (48,321) was consistent with previous results, and it was much higher than the mean ABC using CD4‐FITC Mab (22,156). The mean ABC value for CYTO‐TROL cells using CD4‐PE conjugate (43,090) was also higher than that using CD4‐FITC conjugate (34,734), although the discrepancy was not as great. Further studies suggested the discrepancy in CYTO‐TROL results may be accounted for by the low pH of the membrane microenvironment, but the greater discrepancy in T‐lymphocytes could not be fully explained.

Conclusion:

CD4 expression on fresh normal whole blood samples and CYTO‐TROL cells can be consistently quantified in ABC units using Quantibrite PE quantification beads and unimolar CD4‐PE conjugates. Quantification with CD4‐FITC conjugate is not as consistent, but may be improved by the use of CD4 T‐cells as biological calibrators. This approximation is valid only for surface receptors with consensus ABC values measured by different QFC methods serving as biological standards. Published 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomic location defines antigen presentation by dendritic cells to T cells in response to intravenous soluble antigens
Authors: Chung Yeonseok , Chang Jae‐Hoon , Kim Byung‐Seok , Lee Jung‐Mi , Kim Ho‐Youn , Kang Chang‐Yuil
Published: May 2007

In the spleen, exogenous antigen is preferentially presented by CD8α+CD11b– DC to CD8 T cells and by CD8α–CD11b+ DC to CD4 T cells. However, it is not yet clear whether the same rule applies to other secondary lymphoid organs. To address this issue, we first classified secondary lymphoid tissues into three categories based on the expression pattern of CD8α and CD11b in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice: (a) spleen, (b) mesenteric lymph node (MLN) and (c) other peripheral lymph nodes (PLN). We then analyzed the OVA‐specific T cell‐stimulating capacity of each DC subset after intravenous injection with soluble OVA. Our results show that, regardless of tissue origin, CD8α–CD11b+ DC generally present OVA to CD4 T cells, a finding that held true as well for CD8α+CD11b+ DC in PLN. In striking contrast, CD8α+CD11b– DC in spleen, CD8α–CD11b+ DC in MLN and CD8α+CD11b+ DC in PLN mainly cross‐present OVA to CD8 T cells in their respective tissues. Of note, CD8α–CD11b+ DC in MLN and CD8α+CD11b+ DC in PLN present OVA to both CD4 T and CD8 T cells. Therefore, the antigen‐presenting capacity of each distinct DC subset is determined by its anatomic environment in combination with its surface phenotype.
TLR9 polymorphisms determine murine lymphocyte responses to Helicobacter: Results from a genome‐wide scan
Authors: Anderson Amy E. , Worku Mulugeta L. , Khamri Wafa , Bamford Kathleen B. , Walker Marjorie M. , Thursz Mark R.
Published: May 2007

Immune responses to microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract must be carefully controlled to avoid disease. Helicobacter are Gram‐negative bacteria which cause persistent infection and, in a minority of hosts, peptic ulceration or gastric cancer. Lymphocyte responses are important determinants of the outcome of infection. Therefore, it is important to identify the genetic determinants of lymphocyte responses to this mucosal pathogen. Using a (C57BL/6 × BALB/c) F2 mouse model of Helicobacter infection, we mapped a region of linkage for lymphoproliferation to chromosome 9. Analysis of candidate genes in this region revealed variation of DNA sequence and gene expression in the TLR9 gene between C57BL/6 and BALB/c mouse strains. Reporter assays demonstrated higher levels of TLR9 transcriptional activity and increased NF‐κB activation associated with the C57BL/6 TLR9 promoter and coding sequences. The importance of TLR9 in the control of lymphocyte responses was confirmed by demonstrating that lymphoproliferation and IFN‐γ secretion was diminished in the TLR9–/– mouse. Furthermore, neutrophil infiltration of the gastric epithelium is reduced in the absence of TLR9. Regulation of TLR9 expression and signalling therefore appears to play an important role in the control of lymphocyte responses to Helicobacter and potentially other luminal microorganisms.
Adenosine closes the K+ channel KCa3.1 in human lung mast cells and inhibits their migration via the adenosine A2A receptor
Authors: Duffy S. Mark , Cruse Glenn , Brightling Christopher E. , Bradding Peter
Published: May 2007

Human lung mast cells (HLMC) express the Ca2+‐activated K+ channel KCa3.1, which opens following IgE‐dependent activation. This hyperpolarises the cell membrane and potentiates both Ca2+ influx and degranulation. In addition, blockade of KCa3.1 profoundly inhibits HLMC migration to a variety of diverse chemotactic stimuli. KCa3.1 activation is attenuated by the β2adrenoceptor through a Gαs‐coupled mechanism independent of cyclic AMP. Adenosine is an important mediator that both attenuates and enhances HLMC mediator release through the Gαs‐coupled A2A and A2B adenosine receptors, respectively. We show that at concentrations that inhibit HLMC degranulation (10–5–10–3 M), adenosine closes KCa3.1 both dose‐dependently and reversibly. KCa3.1 suppression by adenosine was reversed partially by the selective adenosine A2A receptor antagonist ZM241385 but not by the A2B receptor antagonist MRS1754, and the effects of adenosine were mimicked by the selective A2A receptor agonist CGS21680. Adenosine also opened a depolarising current carried by non‐selective cations. As predicted from the role of KCa3.1 in HLMC migration, adenosine abolished HLMC chemotaxis to asthmatic airway smooth muscle‐conditioned medium. In summary, the Gαs‐coupled adenosine A2A receptor closes KCa3.1, providing a clearly defined mechanism by which adenosine inhibits HLMC migration and degranulation. A2A receptor agonists with channel‐modulating function may be useful for the treatment of mast cell‐mediated disease.
Distinctive role of CCR7 in migration and functional activity of naive‐ and effector/memory‐like Treg subsets
Authors: Menning Astrid , Höpken Uta E. , Siegmund Kerstin , Lipp Martin , Hamann Alf , Huehn Jochen
Published: May 2007

Foxp3+CD25+CD4+ Treg play a fundamental role in the maintenance of self tolerance and the control of inflammatory reactions. Previous data demonstrated a division of labor between naive‐ and effector/memory‐like Treg subsets, which is largely based on their lymph node‐recirculating and inflammation‐seeking migration behavior, respectively. The chemokine receptor CCR7 is expressed on both types of Treg subsets, albeit at different levels. Whether it fulfills similar or distinct roles in these subsets has not been studied so far. We here show that the recirculation of naive‐like Treg through LN and, to some extent, the gut is dependent on CCR7. Lack of CCR7 not only prevents recirculation, but also almost completely abolishes the ability of naive‐like Treg to control the priming phase of an immune response. In contrast, CCR7 deficiency in effector/memory‐like Treg promotes their accumulation in inflamed sites, compatible with a role of CCR7 for exit from the tissue. Local Treg accumulation was accompanied by an enhanced suppression of inflammation. Together, our findings provide conclusive evidence that CCR7 expression on Treg differentially controls in vivo function of the naive‐ and effector/memory‐like subsets.
Monitoring and predicting channel change in a free‐evolving, small Alpine river: Ridanna Creek (North East Italy)
Authors: Luchi Rossella , Bertoldi Walter , Zolezzi Guido , Tubino Marco
Published: May 2007

The recent (25 years) morphodynamics of a proglacial reach of the Ridanna Creek, North‐East Italy, evolving in the absence of human constraints, has been investigated by means of an intensive field activity and of the analysis of aerial photographs. The study reach mostly displays a braided morphology, with sharp downstream variations of valley gradient, sediment size and formative conditions within the main channel. These discontinuities are associated with different processes of channel adjustment at different timescales, which have been quantified by coupling hydrological with morphological information.

Several processes of channel change and variations in braiding intensity have been documented along the whole reach and highlight how a regular, weakly meandering main channel may significantly affect the morphodynamics of the braided network. A first attempt to predict the morphological instability of this main channel at the observed spatial scales through existing linear theories of curved river channels shows a good agreement with field observations. Finally, the complete hydro‐morphodynamical characterization of such an undisturbed alpine river reach can provide a relevant contribution to the definition of reference conditions for Alpine rivers required by the EU Water Framework Directive. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A case study of the processes displacing flow from the anabranching Ovens River, Victoria, Australia
Authors: Judd Dean A. , Rutherfurd Ian D. , Tilleard John W. , Keller Robert J.
Published: May 2007

Anabranching rivers have been well described and location‐for‐time models suggest that anabranches evolve through stages from channel development to eventual abandonment. Yet, there is much we do not know about the evolution of these systems. Our understanding of why anabranches evolve, how flow is displaced onto the floodplain or what propagates the scouring of an avulsion channel is not complete. The objective for this study was to understand how flow is displaced from the channel of an anabranching river. We based our analysis on the location‐for‐time model developed by Schumm et al. (1996) for anabranching. They proposed that anabranching develops as an individual channel evolves to become less hydraulically efficient, displacing flow onto the floodplain and scouring a new channel. We used geomorphic interpretation and hydraulic models embedded in the location‐for‐time model to determine how flow is displaced on the Ovens River, Victoria, Australia. Meander extension and, to a lesser extent, vertical accretion were found to reduce the energy expended in channels and drive the changes that displace flow onto the floodplain. This displaced flow potentially initiates an avulsion, the scouring of a new channel. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bed stability variations after check dam construction in torrential channels (South‐East Spain)
Authors: Conesa‐García C. , López‐Bermúdez F. , García‐Lorenzo R.
Published: May 2007

The effects of check dams on the bed stability of torrential channels have been analysed in several tributary basins of the Segura and Guadalentín rivers (South‐East Spain). In order to illustrate the large variability in channel bed‐forms and bed sediment sizes along the stream, 52 reaches of 150 m in length were surveyed. This variability is due to the behaviour of check dams, which depends on bedrock control, bed slope, channel roughness, lateral sediment input and a highly variable sediment transport capacity. Though the purpose of check dams is to diminish the boundary shear stress, reducing the longitudinal slope, and to stabilize the channel bed, downstream they reduce the volume of channel‐stored material, favouring local scour processes, and upstream they can destabilize the sidewalls. The results enable us to evaluate the impact of every check dam on the bed morphology, distinguishing the structures installed in limy marl areas (e.g. catchment of the Cárcavo rambla, Cieza) and in schist and slate terrains (e.g. catchment of the Torrecilla rambla, close to Lorca). In the first type, bedrock and moderately thick granular beds predominate downstream from the check dams, so that the length of bedrock reaches and increase of roughness due to scour processes are the best indicators to verify its geomorphological effectiveness. On the other hand, the metamorphic areas drained by ramblas and gullies produce great quantities of gravel that are retained by check dams, creating more uniform and permeable beds, where the balance between sedimentation and scouring, and the ratio τc84/τ0 (RBS), appear to be the parameters most frequently adopted to estimate the bed stability. Analysis of slope adjustments and the application of other indices to estimate the bed substrate stability (LRBS, SRI) and the structural influence of the dams (SIBS) corroborate the differences in bed stability found in the corrected reaches in each catchment. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mobile TV — ‘Daumenkino’ gets reality
Authors: Stockhammer Thomas , Liebl Günther , Kaiser Susanna , Jenkac Hrvoje , Ruf Michael
Published: May 2007

Mobile TV started almost 30 years ago as a research project, but only just recently TV‐like services for mobile users on handheld devices have become reality. In this work, we want to give an overview of both the history and current advances in this highly active field of research, including unicast and broadcast media streaming over wireless channels and efficient forward error correction (FEC) mechanisms at the application layer. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance of Reed–Solomon codes in concatenated schemes with nonideal interleaving
Authors: Ferrari Marco , Bellini Sandro , Osnato Fabio , Siti Massimiliano , Valle Stefano
Published: May 2007

The prediction of the performance of a Reed–Solomon (RS) code has an analytical solution in case of statistical independence of the errors at the input of the RS decoder (RSD). In concatenated schemes, this condition is often obtained through an interleaving device disrupting the correlation between erroneous symbols. Sometimes the ideal depth of such interleaver is too large to implement and the RSD must operate in sub‐optimal conditions, for which no analytical formulas are available. In this paper, we propose a statistical model that can manage under‐dimensioned interleavers. With a mild set of hypotheses on the behaviour of the inner decoder (ID), we derive analytical expressions for the performance of the concatenated code. Input data for the model can be analytical or can be obtained by simulation. We apply the method to two different types of inner codes, namely turbo codes and RS codes, and we compare the results predicted by the model with those obtained through simulation, when available, showing a very good agreement. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Volatile compounds from leaves and flowers of Bituminaria bituminosa (L.) Stirt. (Fabaceae) from Italy
Authors: Tava A. , Pecetti L. , Ricci M. , Pagnotta M. A. , Russi L.
Published: May 2007

The volatile fraction of Bituminaria bituminosa (L.) Stirt. was isolated by steam distillation from fresh aerial tissues and analysed by GC and GC–MS. Leaves from six accessions collected in central and south Italy and flowers from a single accession were used in this investigation. The yield in essential oil from the leaves and flowers was 0.1–0.3% and 0.2% of fresh material, respectively. A wide range in volatile quantitative composition was detected. Alcohols and sesquiterpenes were identified as the major compounds in both types of tissue samples. The former constituted 36.6–62.3% of the total leaf oil and 53.0% of the flower oil; the latter, 18.1–31.5% of the leaf oil and 13.7% of the leaf oil and 13.7% of the flower oil. Hydrocarbons (4.3–9.1% in leaves, 7.6% in flowers), phenolics (4.3–7.8% in leaves, 2.6% in flowers), furanocoumarins (3.0–4.7% in leaves, 4.9% in flowers) and monoterpenes (1.4–2.9% in leaves, 1.9% in flowers) were also detected. Aldehydes, sulphurated compounds, esters, acids and miscellaneous compounds, together constituting 1.1–5.1% in the leaves and 4.7% in the flowers, were also identified and quantified in lower amount. The presence of furanocoumarins, phenol derivatives and sulphurated compounds were detected for the first time in the volatile oil from this species. A possible relationship between volatile chemical composition and the characteristic, strong ‘oil’ odour of this species is discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes in volatile compounds of fermented cereza agria [Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels] fruit
Authors: Quijano Clara Elizabeth , Linares David , Pino Jorge A.
Published: May 2007

Volatile compounds were isolated from cereza agria [Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels] fruits fermented for 1, 3 and 6 months. The volatile extracts were analysed by capillary GC–FID and GC–MS. Among the 46 compounds identified, many showed quantitative differences amongst the three fermentation samples. Acids and alcohols dominated the volatiles profile in these samples; acids particularly characterized the quantitative profile of the volatile compounds at 6 months fermentation. Other significant changes were in the sesquiterpenes, with increments of δ‐cadinene and α‐cadinene after 3 months of fermentation, and α‐cadinol and t‐muurolol after 6 months of fermentation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aroma volatiles of tomatoes and tomato products evaluated by solid‐phase microextraction
Authors: Marković K. , Vahčić N. , Ganić K. Kovačević , Banović M.
Published: May 2007

Solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) was examined to investigate volatiles in tomatoes and tomato products. Aroma volatiles and differences in volatile composition of different varieties of fresh tomatoes and several commercial tomato products, such as tomato juice, tomato puree, tomato paste and canned diced tomatoes, were analysed by a manual headspace SPME technique coupled with gas chromatography (GC–FID and GC–MS). Fresh and processed tomato aroma was composed of terpenes and lactones, esters, carbonyls and alcohols, sulphur compounds, free acids and oxygencontaining heterocyclic compounds. In most samples of processed tomatoes, lower relative concentrations of volatiles than in fresh tomato samples were determined, but in some cases (especially in samples of tomato juice) higher concentrations were observed. The most important difference between fresh tomato and processed tomato aroma was the almost complete loss of cis‐3‐hexenal and the presence of furfural in tomato products. On the basis of the aromatic profiles obtained by GC analysis, relationships between fresh and processed tomato samples were obtained, using multivariate PCA statistical analysis. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of Super‐CHO protein‐free medium based on a statistical design
Authors: Huang Edwin P , Marquis Christopher P , Gray Peter P
Published: May 2007

Based on a Plackett–Burman (P‐B) experimental design, a chemically‐defined and protein‐free medium, named Super‐CHO protein‐free (SPF), was developed to support an autocrine Super‐CHO cell line, C2.8‐SPF, to grow as a single‐cell suspension culture with a growth rate and viable cell number profile comparable to that observed in a commercial medium containing undefined additives. The C2.8‐SPF was subsequently transfected with a metal‐inducible and amplifiable expression construct, pNK‐EH1, designed to produce a humanised anti‐CD48 monoclonal antibody, IgG1‐EH1 (EH1 MAb). This study demonstrated that while the statistical experimental design provided a simple method for medium optimisation of the host cell, the resulting formulation might not be optimal for derived cell lines and further modification (in this case, addition of iron, to ameliorate heavy metal toxicity) was required. Developments of Super‐CHO C2.8‐SPF autocrine cell line and protein‐free medium (SPF) described here provide a low‐cost and regulatory‐compliant recombinant protein expression platform, suitable for the manufacture of therapeutic recombinant proteins. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Carbon allotropes: beyond graphite and diamond
Authors: Falcao Eduardo HL , Wudl Fred
Published: May 2007

Carbon offers unmatched versatility among the elements of the periodic table. Depending on its hybridization state and atomic arrangement, carbon forms the layered semiconductor graphite, the insulator diamond, with its unmatched hardness, the high surface area amorphous carbons, and the nano‐sized fullerenes and nanotubes, among others. This paper broadly reviews carbon allotropes, with emphasis on some recent results and applications, particularly in the field of high surface area amorphous carbons. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Trivalent chromium removal by electrocoagulation and characterization of the process sludge
Authors: Golder Animes Kumar , Samanta Amar Nath , Ray Subhabrata
Published: May 2007

Removal of chromium compounds from wastewater is a known pollution control challenge for environmental engineers. In this present work Cr3+ was removed from wastewater by electrocoagulation (EC) using Al electrodes in a batch cell. Results indicate that EC with an Al electrode can reduce Cr3+ concentration below 2.0 mg L−1, its discharge limit. At higher stirrer speed, Cr3+ removal increases owing to enhanced contact with the Al3+ species. Cell current density controls the rate of Al dissolution and solution pH that affects the Cr3+ removal significantly. pH elevation during EC is due to accumulation of OH− ions forming a supersaturated solution of Al3+ species. Supersaturation with respect to Al(OH)3(s) is attributed to incomplete precipitation of aluminum hydroxide in the dynamic (transient) state and subsequent precipitation when cell current is stopped. Sludge produced in the process can be classified as non‐hazardous according to the European Waste Catalogue. Disposal cost of this dried sludge is estimated to be $ 0.144 (INR 7.20) per m3 of tannery effluent treating an initial solution of 1000 mg L−1 Cr3+ to about 2.0 mg L−1 Cr3+. Batch gravity settling characteristics of the electrocoagulated metal hydroxide sludge (EMHS) at different initial sludge loadings (as generated at different current density) is also investigated. Batch sedimentation flux is reported from experimental settling velocity and concentration of sludge. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Myeloperoxidase and chlorinated peptides in osteoarthritis: potential biomarkers of the disease
Authors: Steinbeck Marla J. , Nesti Leon J. , Sharkey Peter F. , Parvizi Javad
Published: May 2007

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a disabling condition in which multiple initiating events or conditions (heritable and nonheritable) result in eventual loss of articular cartilage. However, the etiology of OA remains poorly understood, and diagnosis of early disease is difficult due to the lack of specific identifiers. Recent literature suggests that a series of inflammatory processes may be involved in initiating and propagating OA. We hypothesized that products of neutrophils and macrophages, namely myeloperoxidase (MPO), a specific enzyme responsible for the production of both highly reactive hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and chlorine gas (Cl2) and chlorinated peptides, may be present in the synovial fluid of patients with OA. We examined the synovial fluid from 30 patients to identify and profile the presence of MPO. We divided the samples into three groups using radiographic and clinical assessment: (1) control, patients with acute knee injury with no history of OA and no radiographic evidence of OA; (2) early OA, patients with a mild OA based on radiographs; and (3) late OA, patients with a longstanding history of OA and with radiographic evidence of complete joint loss. Patients with early OA demonstrated significantly elevated levels of MPO. We also demonstrated the presence of HOCl and Cl2 modified proteins (Cl‐peptides) in early OA synovial fluid samples by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Patients in the control and advanced OA groups demonstrated little elevation in MPO levels and Cl‐peptides were undetectable. These results indicate that MPO and Cl‐peptides may serve as diagnostic markers for the detection of early OA. © 2007 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 25:1128–1135, 2007
Compactness in Spaces of Vector Valued Continuous Functions and Asymptotic Almost Periodicity
Authors: Ruess W. M. , Summers W. H.
Published: May 2007

We characterize the precompact sets in spaces of vector valued continuous functions and use the resulting criteria to investigate asymptotic behaviour of such functions defined on a halfline. This problem arose in the context of a qualitative study of solutions to the abstract Cauchy problem. We give particular consideration to the relationship between vector valued asymptotically almost periodic functions on a subinterval [α, ∞] of the real line and precompactness of the set of its translates. Our compactness criteria are also applied to a question concerning the approximation property for spaces of vector valued continuous functions with topologies induced by weighted analogues of the supremum norm. as well as to obtain nonlinear variants on factorization of compact operators through reflexive Banach spaces.