bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Facilitating Health Pattern Change in Exercise
Authors: Bockmon Deborah Flournoy
Published: October 2007

This paper presents a portion of a study which addressed the problem: What factors are involved when an individual makes a change in the health pattern of exercise? Due to the preliminary nature of this study, data was obtained using the qualitative method of phenomenology from eight (four males and four females) volunteer participants who had changed their exercise pattern from no, or inconsistent exercise, to consistent exercise. The interviews were tape recorded, transcribed, and analyzed by Colaizzi's method. Conclusions from the data analysis included differences between the two groups: (a) males emphasized physical benefits of exercise, whereas females stressed mental benefits, (b) males mentioned goals, whereas females stressed enjoyment, and (c) a common finding — group support was important. The paper concludes with suggestions for the holistic nurse in facilitating health pattern change.
Building A Body of Knowledge : Research on Therapeutic Touch 1974 - 1986
Authors: Quinn Janet F.
Published: October 2007

The purpose of this article is to provide readers with a comprehensive review of Therapeutic Touch research. Specifically, the article reviews and describes doctoral and/or published research which is directed at testing either outcomes of Therapeutic Touch or theories underlying the process. Critique of selected studies is offered where it seems appropriate and critical to interpretation of the results. This review provides the foundation for discussion, in a later article, related to future directions for research in this evolving, holistic nursing intervention.
A Survey of Health-Related Behaviors of Senior Baccalaureate Nursing Students
Authors: Viar Vicki , Urey Jon R.
Published: October 2007

Seventy-seven fourth-year baccalaureate nursing students were given a questionnaire to elecit information regarding selected health-related behaviors, perceived knowledge of benefits and risks of the behaviors, attitudes on health behavior modeling, and interest in health-related program offerings. Interpretation of the descriptive data generated from the questionnaire revealed that perceived knowledge and attitudes toward modeling were incongruent with actual behavior. Overwhelming interest in health-related programs suggested that the students have the desire to attempt change.
Examination of An Alternative Approach to Nursing: The Christian Science Nurse
Authors: Frisch Noreen C.
Published: October 2007

This article examines Christian Science (CS) nursing as an alternative approach to nursing practice. A brief history of the CS faith is presented along with a description of the relationship of CS nursing to this denomination's beliefs in spiritual healing. CS nurses serving as informants describe several ideals and beliefs which form the basis of their "vision of nursing." An understanding of the work and practice of CS nurses suggests numerous interventions for the practice of other nurses in traditional, biomedical practice. Specific applications are discussed.
Reiki Healing: A Physiologic Perspective
Authors: Wetzel Wendy S.
Published: October 2007

Healing therapies which employ touch and are based on the premise of a human energy field are gaiping in popularity and support. Reiki, a Tibetan healing art, is one such modality. But Reiki has not yet been submitted to close scientific scrutiny. Using Krieger's protocol for hemoglobin studies within the context of Therapeutic Touch, forty-eight adults participating in First Degree Reiki Training were tested. Findings revealed a statistically significant change in the hemoglobin and hematocrit levels of the participants at the P =.01 level. A comparable control group, not experiencing the training, demonstrated no change within an identical time frame. Further research is necessary to clarify the physiologic effects of touch healing.
The Messenger Game
Authors: Li Tao
Published: October 2007

We challenge the generally accepted ally principle in legislative politics that a preference outlier committee will distort information to the legislative floor. If interest groups (or other third parties) are rational, they will withhold the most precise information for fear of committee misrepresentation. As a result, even preference outlier committees could be disciplined by their own ignorance not to distort the lobbyist message, as they are uncertain whether lying pays for the current situation or not. Our result calls into question the theoretical foundation of the influential preference outlier debate in legislative politics.
Justice Preferences and the Arrow Problem
Authors: Frohlich Norman , Oppenheimer Joe A.
Published: October 2007

Arrow showed that there is no general way to aggregate non-interpersonally comparable preferences or welfare into either a sensible social choice or a social welfare measure. With majority rule the problem manifests itself as voting cycles. The standard response to this problem has been developing `spatial models' built on restricted preferences (or welfare). We develop an alternative family of solutions. By assuming a culturally accepted conception of justice within a utility function, we establish the possibility of sensible aggregate choice implementable via majority rule. Various assumptions regarding the form the utility function are discussed. Conditions for a Condorcet winner in a problem of pure redistribution are derived for a number of models. Some of the implications of this perspective for the theory of democracy are considered. Developing a normatively interesting social welfare function may require introducing normative concerns into the preferences of the individuals rather than just into the properties of the aggregation system.
Learning in Hierarchies
Authors: Hammond Thomas H. , Jen Kyle I. , Maeda Ko
Published: October 2007

The formal hierarchical structures of organizations can be expected to affect the organizations' behavior in many different ways. One kind of impact is that their structures may affect how their knowledge is organized. This is important because the different ways in which knowledge can be organized may affect what the organizations' decision makers learn from the information that their organizations have gathered, stored, and processed. However, rigorous testing of this general argument would not be easy, and so it would be useful if a preliminary means of assessment could be found so that we can better judge whether a full-scale test is warranted. Hammond (1993) noted that a library catalogue is also a formal structure for hierarchically organizing knowledge, which means that different kinds of cataloguing systems represent different ways of organizing knowledge. Two different kinds of cataloguing systems — the Library of Congress classification and the Dewey Decimal classification — are widely used in US libraries, and Hammond conjectured that these two different cataloguing systems will tend to bring different sets of books to the attention of library users; this in turn should be expected to have consequences for what the library users can most easily learn from the library. This article tests Hammond's conjecture in two university libraries, focusing on 40 classic books in political science. The results provide strong empirical support for the conjecture: although the two cataloguing systems do not appear to organize knowledge in completely different ways, what differences they do have nonetheless appear to have a striking impact on what users can most easily learn. Support is thus provided, albeit indirectly, for the general argument that how organizations are structured hierarchically should be expected to affect what organizational decision makers are able to learn.
What's Wrong With Eu Spatial Analysis?
Authors: Junge Dirk , König Thomas
Published: October 2007

EU legislative analysis has been enriched by insightful controversies over the interpretation of the policy process. This debate has concentrated on the interpretation of the process by focusing on the identification of the agenda setter and the relevance of voting weights, but little attention has been paid to the accurate specification of the second component of spatial analysis, the preferences of the actors involved. Although a misspecification can seriously distort the predictions of spatial theory, empirical applications often tend to reduce the number of dimensions, exclude actors' saliencies and assume continuous policy issues. Using computer simulation we show that spatial models are more robust to a misinterpretation of the policy process than to a misspecification of actors' preferences, and that their institutional elements are less decisive for the models' outcome predictions. Our empirical analysis confirms these results and provides detailed insights into the impact of the institutional and the preference component of spatial theory. We conclude that scholars should pay more attention to the accurate specification of the preference component of the models to improve our understanding of legislative decision making in the EU.
Optimising The Role Of The Public Sector: Constraints and Remedial Policies
Authors: Pliatzky Leo
Published: October 2007

This article is based on a lecture given to a seminar at the Asian Development Bank in Manila in July 1987 and a version also appears in the Asian Development Review.
Open Government - Local Government Style
Authors: Birkinshaw Patrick
Published: October 2007

Central Government refuses to accept the need for freedom of information or open government laws affecting its administration. In 1985, however, the Local Government (Access to Information) Act was passed which constitutes a freedom Of information law for local government. What has been the impact of this statute on local government administration? What problems or difficulties has the legis lation caused and what lessons for good government might the law and its operation hold?
European Regional Development Fund and Northern Ireland: the additionality issue
Authors: Leslie David , McGurran Finbar , McDowell David
Published: October 2007

The role of the ERDF in furthering the objective of wealth redistribution between member states of the EEC is examined with reference to tourism in Northern Ireland. A synopsis of the development of the ERDF, and the related Programmes, is presented, with particular emphasis given to the question of 'additionality' .

Socio-economic factors influencing the categorisation of Northern Ireland as a 'less favoured area' are examined. The economic advantages of tourism, and associated developments supported by the ERDF, are discussed, leading to the recognition of the importance of local authorities. Questions are raised regarding the commitment of the latter which raises implications for further support.
Labour, Thatcher and the Future of the Civil Service
Authors: Theakston Kevin
Published: October 2007

This article is primarily concerned with developments in the civil service since 1979 and the reaction to them of the Labour Party, placing the discussion in the context of the experience of the 1974- 79 Labour government and the long-term evolution of Labour Party attitudes towards the bureaucracy and the machinery of government. Three key issues are examined: the debate about the alleged politicisation of the civil service under Mrs Thatcher and the need to strengthen the political element in government in relation to the bureaucratic; official secrecy and the campaign for freedom of information reform; civil service efficiency and the Thatcher government's management reforms. Looking ahead, the article also tries to preview the possible impact of an incoming Labour government on the Whitehall machine.
The Paradox of Administrative Power: John Macy and William Armstrong
Authors: Dillman David L.
Published: October 2007

One paradox of administrative power holds that while bureaucracies may be criticized for being unaccountable and unresponsive, they, at the same time, provide necessary benefits for modern, democratic society. An examination of the careers of two civil servants - one American and one British - suggests a second paradox that democratic government in complex administrative states may depend on the administrators' own sense of ethical behaviour. Recent reform efforts in both the United States and Britain have failed to assess the impact of proposed reforms on the socialisation process, the process of inculcating appropriate values and attitudes in the civil service. They may make it less likely that administrative power will be held in check by the norms and ethical standards of civil servants.
The Fulton Committee on the Home Civil Service of 1966-68: Precedents, Tasks and Procedures
Authors: Fry Geoffrey K.
Published: October 2007

Early access to the papers of the Fulton Committee on the Home Civil Service of 1966-68, and to the still unpublished oral evidence that the Committee received, which has been officially granted to the author, enables the Committee's procedures and how it perceived its tasks to be studied fully for the first time. The article also considers the question of the precedents for the Fulton type of inquiry into the Civil Service concluding that it was not a unique venture.
April 1991 and Beyond: Are Health and Social Services Boards Catching the Tide of Change?
Authors: Connolly Michael , Russell Mary
Published: October 2007

This paper is a preliminary assessment of the changed role of health and social services boards in Northern Ireland since their restructuring as management bodies by the government. Key changes in board restructuring are designed to make executive and non-executive board members more accountable and responsive to health user needs. This study seeks to discover some of the characteristics of the first group of board members. This includes their composition, operation and role.

Non-executives are appointed on the basis of the professional and administrative expertise that they can contribute to the planning and policy- making processes performed at executive level. They need to be on par with executives who have now acquired the dual roles of policy planning and making decisions in the boardroom. For non-executives, a prior knowledge of the health service is not required; chairmen interviewed in this study prefer their members to show an interest in and demonstrate commitment to the health service.
Developments in Civil Service Pay Since the Megaw Report
Authors: Fry Geoffrey K.
Published: October 2007

This article analyses the development of the Civil Service pay arrangements from the Megaw Committee of 1981-82 and its Report onwards. It involves a consideration of that Report and of the subsequent pay agreements that emerged within the Civil Service, most notably between 1987 and 1989. The trend towards the greater individualisation in the pay of civil servants was then accentuated by the renewed emphasis on performance pay in 1992 agreements, and the maintenance of cohesive arrangements was further challenged by the greater provision for delegation to agencies and by 'market testing' .
Market Testing
Authors: Massey Andrew
Published: October 2007

This paper places this special issue of Public Policy and Administration in the context of a PAC sponsored research workshop, held at the University of Portsmouth in early 1994. The paper then explores the background to Market Testing, arguing it must be seen as a progression from many of the reforms imposed on the civil service over the last fifteen years, yet containing some important aspects which appear to contradict the stated goals of those other programmes. The papers by Dunleavy, Oughton and Jordan are discussed in this context, as is other current work relevant to the subject. Finally, the paper introduces some partial results of a survey of officials, currently being undertaken at the University of Portsmouth, before discussing the more salient implications of the Market Testing Programme.
Market Testing: The Future of the Civil Service
Authors: Oughton John
Published: October 2007

This paper explores the background to the Market Testing Programme, placing it in both a political and 'technological' context. It then lists many of the gains which the programme has delivered in terms of savings. Finally, some long-term implications are considered.
From Next Steps to Market Testing: administrative reform as improvisation
Authors: Jordan Grant
Published: October 2007

This paper considers the British Next Steps agency and market testing programmes. It argues that despite aggressive marketing by those involved the approaches have been improvised with no defensible and coherent philosophy. The policies are presented as complementary but they conflict in practice. The need for change is not documented.
The Path to the Privatization of Public Enterprises in Britain: A Public Policy Analysis
Authors: Fry Geoffrey K.
Published: October 2007

This article analyses the path to the privatization of public enterprise in Britain from the Era of Nationalization of 1945-1951, to the Era of Benign Neglect of 1951-1961, to the Era of Pseudo-Commercialism of 1961-1979. Set in a public policy context, this article argues that, though the adoption of private enterprise norms from 1961 onwards would seem to anticipate privatization, this latter policy only followed an exhaustion of a variety of attempted organizational and other solutions designed to sustain the public sector of the economy.
Civil Service reform and accountability
Authors: Massey Andrew
Published: October 2007

Using existing documentation and some original survey and interviewing work, this paper explores the recent reforms in British central government. It attempts to measure them against the analytical perspective of NPM and the postbureau cratic reform paradigm and to discover how the impact of these reforms has transformed the accountability of public servants as a result of changes already imposed and those signalled by recent official documentation.
Restructuring Local Government: The Banham Commission's Failed Historic Enterprise
Authors: Pycroft Christopher
Published: October 2007

Local government reorganisation has been elevated onto the policy agenda as the Local Government Commission has submitted its final report, and as the Labour and Conservative Parties debate the merits of regional government. This paper analyses the immediate political pressure which led to the formation of the Banham Commission and positions the Commission within the broader context of pressures for local government reform which have developed over the last 20 years. The paper discusses the Commission's failure to achieve wide-ranging reorganisation, and concludes that this missed opportunity may have been the best possible outcome for John Major's government.
Ministers, the Agency Model, and Policy Ownership
Authors: Massey Andrew
Published: October 2007

The fragmentation of the machinery of government is one of the effects of the impact of agencification and other new managerial techniques being implemented throughout the Western World. This paper seeks a definition of the agency model, and then applies it to the British context, before examining the issue of policy ownership. The analysis suggests the increased ability of ministers to own and control their policies may be under threat from the greater use of contractorisation within the shrinking 'enabling' state.
The Automated State
Authors: Margetts Helen
Published: October 2007

Information systems now run to the heart of the tools of government, with recent technological innovations opening up new possibilities for policy innovation. As government agencies work to narrow the gap between what is technically possible and what is realistically achievable, the history of government computing will constrain and direct the future of the automated state. Innova tions rely on the integration of existing information systems or the addition of new technologies to the technological infrastructure developed over the last 40 years. And control over these innovations will be shaped by the UK government's decision to withdraw from information technology development. The radical outsourcing of government information technology has drawn huge global companies into policy design and development. The core task of the automated state will be to retain information technology as a strategic asset and to control these new players in policy relevant decision making.
Local Government and the NHS: Accountability in the Hollowed Out State
Authors: Bruce Allan , McConnell Allan
Published: October 2007

The aim of this paper is to compare and contrast accountability within local government and the NHS in the UK. There are it seems a plethora of analyses which deal individually with each of these components of decentralised government, but few purport to compare and contrast the concept of account ability as it applies to both. A key theme of the analysis is that in spite of a number of differences between regimes of accountability in local government and the NHS, there are crucial similarities. These similarities need to be located within the political economy of the 1980s and the 1990s.

The authors use Rhodes' concept of 'the hollowing out of the state' for consid ering the changes that have permeated local government and the NHS. The hollowed out state is conceptualised as a shift in the balance of power within the state towards the centre rather than as a weakening of the state, as the language may imply. This has had a crucial impact on accountability. In terms of the public services which are delivered under the auspices of local government and the NHS, it has meant that the centre has been attempting in effect to reconstitute the concept of accountability in accordance with its own predilections
Continuity, Change and Crisis: the Civil Service Since 1945
Authors: Theakston Kevin
Published: October 2007

This paper reviews developments in the British civil service between 1945 and the mid-1990s, highlighting areas of continuity as well as the significant changes there have been. Post-war reform initiatives are assessed, and the argument is advanced that the future of the civil service is now more uncertain than ever before.
Evaluating the Structure of Local Government: the importance of tiers
Authors: Cole Michael , Boyne George
Published: October 2007

The concept of a tier is central to the structure of local government. However there has been no clear definition of the concept, and the term has been applied in vague and inconsistent ways. Furthermore, no procedure exists for identifying the number of tiers in a local government system. In order to resolve these problems a pure model of a hierarchical local government tier structure is outlined, and the concepts of parallel, partial and comprehensive tiers are introduced and defined. This framework is then applied to the British debate about unitary authorities. It is shown that these units are not single-tier author ities but form part of a vertically fragmented structure. In consequence many of the arguments used in favour of the current structural changes to British local government are not valid because they assume that the reforms will create single-tier units.
Supporters and Opponents of Regional Government in North East England
Authors: Lanigan Christopher N
Published: October 2007

This article defines 'regional government' as implying the existence of a directly elected regional assembly. It is possible to justify looking at North East England as a unit within which a debate about the desirability of establishing regional government can take place. Within North East England two different factions in favour of regional government can be identified: the regional Labour local government and union establishment; and radical regionalists generally from the regional intelligentsia. The motivations behind their support for regional government are explored. The mass public has not been mobilised on the issue thus far and is best described as apathetic. The regional business community is cited as an important regional interest that is against regional government. However, its support for regional governance and the generally pragmatic nature of its opposition to regional government suggests that tacit consent for a negotiated scheme may be achievable. In the conclusion it is noted that although some of the forces encouraging support for regional government in the North East are present in other regions, there are a number of regionally specific factors that explain why demands in the North East have been particu larly vocal. If regional governments are to be established in England it might therefore be appropriate for the North East to proceed faster than some other regions.
Landlords, tenants and complaints: the Housing Association Tenants Ombudsman
Authors: Giddings Philip , Gregory Roy
Published: October 2007

A major problem associated with the considerable changes which have taken place in the structure of public administration and the delivery of public services has been to provide effective accountability mechanisms. One very flexible mechanism is the Ombudsman institution which has been adapted in many different states and to deal with many different services. This paper examines how the Ombudsman institution has been adapted to provide an effective complaints-mechanism for social housing. After outlining how the Ombudsman institution has been used in a variety of ways in the United Kingdom, the paper describes how the Housing Association Tenants Ombudsman Service came to be established. It is focused particularly on the issue of independence, a key feature for effective accountability, and incorporates the Government's proposals in the 1996 Housing Bill to put the Service onto a statutory footing.
The Nature of Competition in British Local Government
Authors: Kane Michael
Published: October 2007

Competition for the provision of local government services has become a major feature of the functioning of local government. Attempts to promote competition within local government have taken on different forms and have developed over the period of consecutive Conservative governments since 1979. Thus, competition at the local level has been promoted in compulsory competitive tendering (CCT) and through developments to housing and education policy. This article proposes to examine the nature of competition in local government although it will primarily be concerned with CCT. Initially it will be important to define competition in local government. This will be followed by a description of the nature of competitiveness in modern local government which will also draw on comparative work that has been completed with respect to other European nations. The impact of CCT itself will then be examined in more detail before the paper addresses whether changes in competition policy are possible which could ameliorate the worst effects of competition and perhaps improve the workings of the system.
Constitutional reform and separatism: lessons from the Canadian experience
Authors: Levy Roger
Published: October 2007

A shadowy francophone organisation, the Mouvement de Libération du Québec, has blacklisted 22 companies it considers pro-English. Anonymous letters carrying a picture of an armed French revolutionary have been sent to some senior anglophone businessmen. A second list, of 'enemies of the people', include the leaders of the anglophone Equality Party ( The Times, April 17 1996)
Freudian roots of political realism: the importance of Sigmund Freud to Hans J. Morgenthau's theory of international power politics
Authors: Schuett Robert
Published: October 2007

The article unveils the intellectual indebtedness of Hans J. Morgenthau's realist theory of international power politics to Freudian meta- and group psychology. It examines an unpublished Morgenthau essay about Freudian anthropology written in 1930, placing this work within the context of Morgenthau's magna opera, the 1946 Scientific Man vs. Power Politics and the 1948 Politics among Nations. The article concludes that Morgenthau's international theory is ultimately based on the early instinct theory of Sigmund Freud. Freud is thus to be seen as one of Morgenthau's intellectual fathers. A second main argument refers to the theoretical tradition that Morgenthau has founded within International Relations (IR), namely: political realism. By investigating its core principles, it is argued that realism also may be rooted in Freudian thought. Throughout, the article calls upon IR, Morgenthau scholarship, and international-political theory to take Freud seriously.
Madness and historicity: Foucault and Derrida, Artaud and Descartes
Authors: Harrison Wendy Cealey
Published: October 2007

The article examines the inter-implication between Foucault's and Derrida's representations of one another's work in the debate over Histoire de la folie and discovers a chiasmic structure between them, an inverted mirroring of each in the other, in which philosophy and historicity alternately encompass and exceed one another. At the heart of this is a problem of language (and the reason that accompanies it), which defines the limitations of the historian's work.
Building Social Dialogue over Training and Learning: European and National Developments
Authors: Winterton Jonathan
Published: October 2007

■ This article examines recent developments in social dialogue over vocational training and lifelong learning. The central concern is how to develop coherent European polices for increasing social partner influence in this domain, given the diversity of national systems of VET and structures of social dialogue across Europe. The study draws on a survey of 13 countries and concludes that despite these disparities, cross-national differences in social partner involvement are less than might be anticipated. Initiatives like the social partners' Framework of Actions are seen as pressures promoting convergence, but this is likely to occur paradoxically as a result of increasing diversity within member states.
Metaphor, simile and cognition in Golding's The Inheritors1
Authors: Black Elizabeth
Published: October 2007

This article discusses the relationship between underlexicalisation, metaphor and simile in Golding's The Inheritors. It argues that they are deployed to reflect the developing cognitive and linguistic abilities of the novel's characters. It is suggested that certain structures, which may appear metaphorical, are best treated as cases of underlexicalisation.
Why Whorf has been misconstrued in stylistics and critical linguistics
Authors: O'Halloran Kieran
Published: October 2007

For many years, a common assumption in linguistics has been that the anthology of Whorf's papers (1956) espouses a distinct 'hypothesis' - the language system determines the manner in which its speakers understand reality. This goes under the names of 'linguistic determinism' or the 'Whorfian hypothesis'. As confirmation of this espousal, many stylisticians and critical linguists cite a famous paragraph in the paper 'Science and Linguistics' (SL). The `hypothesis', however, is actually a misconstrual of Whorf's writings. An exploration of his papers, as Ellis (1993) points out, shows that there is no mention of a 'hypothesis' or any overall suggestion of such a strong deterministic relationship between linguistic systems and thought. I offer an explanation as to why many stylisticians and critical linguists confirm the misleading 'hypothesis' as Whorf's position, and because I am particularly interested in misreading of Whorf by such linguists my main focus is SL rather than any of his other papers. The reasons I provide are connected with the pervasiveness of objectivist background assumptions of the nature of language and thought and with how in stylistics and critical linguistics it has been overlooked that SL is intended for an educated lay-audience. I then examine the famous paragraph without the distraction of the 'hypothesis'. I show that, for Whorf, when we talk we affirm common conceptualizations extant in the culture rather than conceptualization being determined by the language system itself. Finally, I indicate some implications of this reading of Whorf for stylistics and critical linguistics.
Recruiting Sergeants for John Bull? Irish Nationalist MPs and Enlistment during the Early Months of the Great War
Authors: McConnel James
Published: October 2007

In September 1914 John Redmond promised Britain that nationalist Ireland would fight Germany `wherever the firing line extends'. Although the creation of an `Irish Brigade' was blocked, Redmond encouraged nationalist enlistment in the 16th (Irish) Division. Separatists accused him and his colleagues of being `recruiting sergeants' for the British army. This charge influenced how the Irish party was seen both during the war and after 1922. This article argues that, as with other core Redmondite themes, the nationalist party was in fact divided over Irish enlistment in Britain's army. It concludes that the majority of home rule MPs did not share Redmond's commitment to recruiting but instead shared the `mental neutrality' which characterized much of nationalist Ireland during the early part of the war.
Sir Francis Wheler's Caribbean and North American Expedition, 1693: A Case Study in Combined Operational Command during the Reign of William III
Authors: McLay K.A.J.
Published: October 2007

The historiography of command of amphibious operations during the early modern era is typically addressed in one of two ways. One explanation discounts the treatment of command, suggesting that army—navy discord was inevitable and, in the absence of systemic amelioration of this friction, command as an operational variable always had a negative impact upon operational progress. The other approach more subtly reduces the emphasis placed upon the impact of command in joint operations and argues that its operational exercise through an executive council of war meant that it was largely a settled issue for contemporaries. By drawing upon the evidence of an amphibious campaign undertaken first in the Caribbean and then off the north-eastern American seaboard during the Nine Years War, 1688—97, this article rejuvenates another understanding of combined operational command, which harks back to the views of the principal eighteenth-century author on amphibious warfare, Thomas More Molyneaux. In this analysis, combined operational command is shown to be a negotiated operational construct between the service commanders and the government, as a result of which disagreements related to the command structure and the subsequent dilution of authority through an executive council of war significantly impacted upon operational success.
British Intelligence and German Tanks, 1916—1918
Authors: Beach Jim
Published: October 2007

A substantive German tank force never materialized during the First World War. However, its military insignificance was not apparent to the British army anticipating its appearance. This article explores British intelligence reporting on the development of German tanks. It assesses the impact of this potential threat, particularly during the tense months of early 1918. It shows how the intelligence reporting also influenced British tank design. The article judges this work to have been an intelligence success.
The Emigration and Employment of Irish Graduates
Authors: King Russell , Shuttleworth Ian
Published: October 2007

During the late 1980s, emigration of university graduates from the Republic of Ireland rose to unprecedented levels. More than one-quarter of the graduates were living abroad nine months after graduation, according to statistics issued by the Higher Education Authority. After reviewing the changing socio-economic background to Irish emigration since the early 1950s, the second, and major, part of the article will present the findings of a large-scale empirical investigation of the employment and migration histories of a sample of 383 graduates who left Irish universities in the mid-1980s. This survey was carried out in 1990 and so recorded approximately five years of occupational and spatial mobility for each respondent. Although the survey results do back up popular impressions of an Irish brain drain, in many respects Irish high-skilled migration is merely a subset of total Irish migration since the graduates were found to rely on traditional family and ethnic networks in choosing their destination and often their employment. The destination countries of Irish graduate emigrants closely reflected the destinations of Irish emigrants as a whole, except that graduates showed a higher propensity to migrate to continental European countries. Moreover, a lot of to-and-fro movement was discovered, indicating that Irish graduates are highly mobile and responsive to opportunities at home and abroad. Finally the theoretical and policy implications of the research are evaluated. Conceptually the Irish brain drain can be contextualized within centre-periphery theory and the notion of Ireland having a truncated labour market: in other words, as a small-scale, geographically peripheral, unindustrialized and ex-colonial economy, Ireland cannot provide sufficient challenging jobs for its graduate population, which is itself increasing. Policy-wise, educating young people for export may be hard to justify, particularly when this investment in human capital is exported to richer countries like the United States, Britain and Germany.
Top Down or Bottom Up? A Study of Grassroots NGOs’ Approach
Authors: Panda Biswambhar
Published: October 2007

NGOs deploy multiple approaches to achieve their objectives. These may broadly be classified as bottom up and top down. While a bottom-up approach emphasises local decision making, community participation and grassroots mobilisation/movements, the top-down approach focuses on lobbying and bargaining with the decision-making authorities such as government agencies, building up of pressures through various campaign mechanisms, advocacy activities, etc. This article draws insights from the literature and begins with a discussion on approaches undertaken by grassroots NGOs to meet their objectives. At the outset, the article ponders over a set of questions such as whether grassroots NGOs essentially follow a bottom-up approach. If so, why? Do they also intend to establish rapport with the state officials and thereby have say in the decision-making process? If so, how do they pursue it? This article, however, operationalises the bottom-up approach in terms of an array of indicators such as awareness building efforts of NGOs, people's participation in different phases of projects, and people's involvement in creating people's institutions. Similarly, it defines top-down approach on the basis of indicators such as NGOs’ participation in advocacy activity, obtaining support from government authority and obtaining favourable court verdicts. Despite the rhetoric, this article conclusively finds that no grassroots NGO practices either a bottom-up or top-down approach exclusively.
Performance Evaluation of Non-government Development Organisations
Authors: Nanavati Arti
Published: October 2007

In the last 25 years or so due to growing disenchantment with the functioning of the government and the fear that ‘market’ may not reach everywhere, NGOs have increasingly been recognised as a ‘third’ institutional pillar for the development of an economy. The issues that loomed large in the form of growth of the economy during the 1960s and 1970s were supplemented in 1980s and 1990s, with issues pertaining environment, gender and decentralised governance leading to ‘people-centred’ development. NGOs as a ‘third sector’ of the economy provided an important institutional fill-up for issues not adequately addressed by government or market. With so much at stake with respect to NGOs, it is necessary to evaluate their performance so as to ascertain their effective role in the process of development of an economy. A review of the literature indicates that most studies at a descriptive level relate either to their evolution or functioning, and at theoretical level (in organisational theories and in economics) to their being ‘institutions’ distinct from government and market. Both these aspects, though important, call for the need to study the performance of NGOs as they are regarded as catalysts for sustainable development with unique and complex organisational characteristics. The present article, in order to fill the gap in the literature, addresses the issue of evaluation of the functioning of NGOs and focuses on the methodological issues of performance evaluation.
Price and Open Interest in Greek Stock Index Futures Market
Authors: Floros Christos
Published: October 2007

This article examines the relation between price and open interest in the Greek stock index futures market. The focus is on GARCH effects and the long–run information role of open interest. The results show that current open interest helps in explaining GARCH effects, while a negative impact on returns is reported. Furthermore, evidence from the cointegration tests shows that there is a long–run relation between open interest and futures price. This suggests that one can use the information of open interest to predict futures prices in the long run. These findings are strongly recommended to financial managers dealing with Greek stock index futures.
Leisure-Time Physical Activity and Psychosocial Wen-Being in Adolescents After Cancer Diagnosis
Authors: Keats Melanie R. , Courneya Kerry S. , Danielsen Susan , Whitsett Stan F.
Published: October 2007

This preliminary study examined the relationship between leisure time physical activity (LTPA) and psychosocial well-being in 53 adolescents who were previously diagnosed with cancer. Participants completed a mailed, self-administered questionnaire in which they recalled their LTPA (including leisure time exercise and organized sport) at three time points (prediagnosis, treatment, and posttreatment). They also reported their current psychosocial well-being by using measures of depression and self-concept. Examination of the LTPA data revealed four main patterns across the cancer experience that were labeled maintainers (active at all three time points), temporary relapsers (active prediagnosis, inactive during treatment, active posttreatment), permanent relapsers (active prediagnosis, inactive during treatment, inactive posttreatment), and nonparticipants (inactive at all three time points). Multivariate analyses of variance indicated that self-concept differed significantly across the four organized sport patterns. Follow-up univariate analyses revealed significant differences for general self-concept, physical abilities, parental relations, same sex relations, and opposite sex relations with effect sizes ranging from medium-large to large. Post hoc tests generally showed that the maintainers exhibited superior scores on psychosocial well-being compared with the other three patterns. It was concluded that LTPA patterns across the cancer experience may be related to psychosocial well-being in adolescents after cancer diagnosis but that further research is warranted.
Venipuncture Versus Central Venous Access: A Comparison of Methotrexate Levels in Pediatric Leukemia Patients
Authors: Cash Michelle , Schafhauser Beatrice , Byers Jacqueline Fowler
Published: October 2007

Patients receiving methotrexate (MTX) therapy for treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) consistently have venipuncture MTX levels drawn twice during each hospitalization. The purpose of this study was to compare MTX levels drawn from central venous catheters (CVCs) with those drawn by venipuncture. A convenience sample of 14 pediatric patients was used, with a total of 33 peak levels and 33 trough level sample pairs collected. Venipuncture and CVC levels were compared by using the paired t-test and analyzing the peak and trough data pairs separately. Results confirmed there was no difference in MTX level results (peak, p = .502; trough, p = .114). However, the CVC trough levels would have changed clinical management for 5 of the 33 patients. Therefore, it is recommended that all MTX levels be drawn from the CVC but that trough MTX levels that would alter clinical management be verified by a venipuncture sample. This method will safely minimize the number of venipunctures for children with ALL.
Balancing Participation and Expertise: A Comparison of Locally and Centrally Managed Health Care Quality Improvement Within Primary Care Practices
Authors: Parker Louise E. , de Pillis Emmeline , Altschuler Andrea , Rubenstein Lisa V. , Meredith Lisa S.
Published: October 2007

In a longitudinal qualitative study, the authors evaluated two health care quality improvement (QI) methods that emphasized either participation (local approach) or expertise (central approach). They followed teams using these approaches to develop depression care QI programs for primary care practices over several years, observing their processes and outcomes and learning about participants' perceptions, beliefs, and experiences. Concordant with the literature, most participants preferred the local approach, but some were willing to relinquish some decision making to experts. Participants identified unique advantages of both the local (e.g., maximizes buy-in and local fit) and central (e.g., maximizes efficiency, reduces burden) approaches. The authors propose a hybrid model in which experts make strategic decisions about what practices to adopt and local site personal make tactical decisions about implementation. They believe that balancing participation and expertise provides the best formula for producing lasting QI for health care organizations across a wide variety of circumstances.
Homelessness and Health in Adolescents
Authors: Haldenby Amy M. , Berman Helene , Forchuk Cheryl
Published: October 2007

Despite an abundance of resources, many of the world's wealthiest nations have a large homeless population. People at all stages of development are affected by this problem, but adolescents who are homeless face a unique set of challenges. In this critical narrative study the authors examined the experiences of homeless adolescents with particular attention to the role of gender and public policy, health experiences and perceptions, and barriers to health care services. Six girls and 7 boys participated in semistructured dialogic interviews. Their stories revealed that living without a home had a substantial impact on their health and wellness. The findings from this study support the need for health care professionals to work in collaboration with homeless youth so that more effective care that is sensitive to their unique health needs can be provided.
Press Coverage of Mayoral Candidates
Authors: Atkeson Lonna Rae , Krebs Timothy B.
Published: October 2007

Some research on gender bias in news coverage of political campaigns indicates that the media portray male and female candidates differently. Research to date, however, has focused only on elections to national or statewide offices, where confounding variables such as party, incumbency, and competitiveness are present. The authors resolve this problem by focusing their analysis of media campaign coverage on nonpartisan, open-seat, and competitive mayoral races. The authors' content analysis of press coverage in six mayoral elections suggests that press coverage is not biased in favor of male candidates. The authors, however, find that the presence of a woman on the ballot expands the range of issue coverage in local campaigns in ways favorable to perceived strengths of female candidates.