bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pore Scale Visualization and Simulation of Miscible Displacement Process under Gravity Domination
Authors: Mohiuddin Zeeshan , Haghighi Manouchehr , Stokes Yvonne , Carageorgos Themis , Gibbins Danny
Published: May 2016

This paper presents both visualization and flow simulation of glass micromodel experiments which are performed to visualize the gravity dominated miscible gas displacement process. This approach enables to simulate the exact porous pattern on which the micromodel experiments are performed.

At first, a porous pattern for experiments was constructed and then etched onto a glass plate. An experiment was performed at 45o dip angle at injection rate of 0.002 ml/min to visualize the displacement of two miscible fluids under gravity domination. Butanol and Iso-octane were selected as in situ and injected fluids respectively. The mobility and density ratio of these two fluids are comparable with medium API oil and CO2 at reservoir conditions. For simulation, the porous pattern was exported to the finite element analysis software, COMSOL Multiphysics, so that simulations of micromodel experiments were performed for the same porous pattern as used for experiments. To simulate miscible displacement, the Navier-Stokes and continuity equations were used to calculate pressure and velocity fields in the solute and solvent regions, while the convection-diffusion equation was used to calculate solute concentration in the mixture during the displacement.

The experimental visual results were processed and compared with the simulation results indicating a good match between experiments and simulation. The validated model can be used to simulate and to find the optimized conditions and controlling parameters at different conditions for the gravity assisted miscible displacement process.
Fault Fracture Detection Using Borehole Constrained Gaussian Reflection Seismic Q Extraction (QRS) in LA Concepcion Field, Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela
Authors: pigott John , Alahdal Ahmed , Gebretsadik Eshetu Serawitu
Published: May 2016

Reflection Seismic Q (QRS) can be economically extracted from Gaussian approximations of windowed Fourier transform frequency spectra of 3-D post-stack time migrated seismic data. Though unable to distinguish intrinsic from extrinsic attenuation and with much lower resolution than laboratory measurements, QRS, extraction still can be a robust indicator of gross spatial absorption anisotropy on a reservoir scale. As an application example, the observed differences in QRS of fracture/fault zones of La Concepcion field, Maracaibo Basin, Venezuela are interpreted as differences in fluid-gas and/or lithologic content, in the later case suggesting differences in fault gouge permeability, with high QRS values representing higher permeabilities and low QRS values representing lower permeabilities. Comparison of the poorer vertical resolution extracted QRS values to higher resolution laboratory measurements of core data in the studied interval are supportive. Comparison of extracted QRS values to laboratory measurements of core data in the studied interval are supportive.
Feasibility Study of In-Situ Combustion Huff and Puff for EOR in Super-Deep Heavy Oil Reservoir
Authors: Jinzhong Liang , Wenlong Guan , Bojun Wang , Jihong Huang
Published: May 2016

LKQ oil field is a super-deep heavy oil reservoir with the dead oil viscosity of 9,680~12,000mPa.s at 50?, the depth at 2,100 m~3,200 m and the reservoir temperature at 60~95°C. High oil viscosity and low flowability result in low production and rapid decline of primary development. The steam injection, as its low thermal efficiency, is not suitable for the super-deep heavy oil reservoir. In situ combustion is a promising oil recovery process in which thermal energy is generated inside the reservoir. However, the LKQ oil field has a reservoir depth of more than 2000m, no heavy oil field with such a high reservoir depth has applied high pressure in situ combustion all over the world. For the reasons, it is decided to study the feasibility of producing the field by in-situ combustion huff and puff (ISCHF) to enhance oil recovery. In this paper, the mechanism of ISCHF was analyzed firstly, and then a 3-D numerical model was constructed using STARS reservoir simulator to study the operating parameter and the economical efficiency of the ISCHF. As oxygen and natural gas may be produced together which may result in explosion, the security measures were researched by using numerical simulation. According to the simulation results, the fire line can advance symmetrically toward radial direction after the ignition; the oil was displaced to production well by steam, water and flue gas in the back production process; the accumulative air-oil ratios is below 1,000; and the oxygen content in the production gas is blow 3% if a nitrogen slug was injected after air injection stopped. The results can be used to ISCHF design and has great instruction meaning for the super-deep heavy oil reservoir development.
Critical Upper Limb Ischemia due to Subclavian Artery Compression Caused by Initially Undiagnosed Cervical Rib - A Case Report
Authors: Mahmud Sultan , Khan Omar Sadeque , Mamun Abdullah Al , Hossain Fidah , Aftabuddin Md , Adhikary Asit Baran , Saklayen SMG
Published: May 2016

True subclavian artery aneurysms are relatively rare events. Thoracic outlet compression is responsible for 75% of those aneurysms. They are formed as a result of compression of subclavian artery, for example a cervical rib. A case of subclavian artery aneurysm secondary to cervical rib in a 35 year old young adult, who presented with a critical ischemia in his dominant right upper limb. Plain x-ray of cervical spine revealed bilateral cervical ribs and duplex study of the both upper limb arteries concluded aneurysmal dilatation of mid-distal subclavian artery of both sides with mural thrombus on the right side, marked distal ischemia in the right upper limb due to occlusive thrombus in the distal arterial tree, normal distal arterial flow in the left upper limb. Although it is a rare lesion, cervical rib leading to thoracic outlet compression should always be included in the differential diagnosis of a critically ischemic limb in young age group. Surgical management should be considered in a patient with subclavian artery aneurysm due to cervical rib to prevent additional embolic events.University Heart Journal Vol. 11, No. 1, January 2015; 48-51
Thermal Analysis and Flame-Retarded Mechanism of Composites Composed of Ethylene Vinyl Acetate and Layered Double Hydroxides Containing Transition Metals (Mn, Co, Cu, Zn)
Authors: Wang Lili , Zhang Milin , Li Bin
Published: May 2016

The effects of transition metals on the hydrophobicity of nano–structured layered double hydroxides (LDHs) and the compatibility of LDHs/ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) composites have seldom been reported. NiMgAl–LDHs slightly surface–modified with stearate and doped with transition metal cations (Mn2+, Co2+, Cu2+, Zn2+) are investigated. Compared to the pure EVA, not only were the maximal degradation–rate temperatures (Tmax) of the ethylene–based chains enhanced, but also the smoke production rate (SPR) and the production rate of CO (COP) were sharply decreased for all the composites. Most importantly, a new flame retardant mechanism was found, namely the peak heat release rate (pk-HRR) time, which directly depends on the peak production rate of CO2 (pk-CO2) time for EVA and all composites by cone calorimeter test. Moreover, the Mn–doped LDH S–NiMgAl–Mn shows more uniform dispersion and better interfacial compatibility in the EVA matrix. The cone calorimetric residue of S–NiMgAl–Mn/EVA has the intumescent char layer and the compact metal oxide layer. Therefore, S–NiMgAl–Mn/EVA shows the lowest pk-HRR and the longest pk-HRR time among all the composites.
A Quality Control Assay to Access the HCl Molarity of Radionuclide Solutions
Authors: Fitzsimmons Jonathan
Published: May 2016

Strontium-82 is produced by proton activation of a rubidium chloride target in an accelerator or cyclotron and purified by ion exchange chromatography. The Strontrium-82 is used in Cardigen generators to produce Rubidium-82 for cardiac imaging. Quality control testing of the purified Strontium-82 is performed with Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and gamma spectroscopy. To meet Department of Energy specifications for HCl molarity the purified Strontium-82 solution needs to be tested to determine if the isotope is in the 0.05–0.5 M HCl range. This manuscript reports a simple HCl molarity test to determine if the purified Strontium-82 solution meets specifications. Validation of the assay was performed by evaluating all solutions associate with Strontium-82 processing.
N,O-Type Carborane-Based Materials
Authors: Planas José , Teixidor Francesc , Viñas Clara
Published: May 2016

This review summarizes the synthesis and coordination chemistry of a series of carboranyl ligands containing N,O donors. Such carborane-based ligands are scarcely reported in the literature when compared to other heteroatom-containing donors. The synthetic routes for metal complexes of these N,O-type carborane ligands are summarized and the properties of such complexes are described in detail. Particular attention is paid to the effect that the incorporation of carboranes has into the coordination chemistry of the otherwise carbon-based ligands and the properties of such materials. The reported complexes show a variety of properties such as those used in magnetic, chiroptical, nonlinear optical, catalytic and biomedical applications.
Stochastic Resonance, Self-Organization and Information Dynamics in Multistable Systems
Authors: Nicolis Grégoire , Nicolis Catherine
Published: May 2016

A class of complex self-organizing systems subjected to fluctuations of environmental or intrinsic origin and to nonequilibrium constraints in the form of an external periodic forcing is analyzed from the standpoint of information theory. Conditions under which the response of information entropy and related quantities to the nonequilibrium constraint can be optimized via a stochastic resonance-type mechanism are identified, and the role of key parameters is assessed.
Forecasting the Allocative Efficiency of Carbon Emission Allowance Financial Assets in China at the Provincial Level in 2020
Authors: Zeng Shihong , Xu Yan , Wang Liming , Chen Jiuying , Li Qirong
Published: May 2016

As the result of climate change and deteriorating global environmental quality, nations are under pressure to reduce their emissions of greenhouse gases per unit of GDP. China has announced that it is aiming not only to reduce carbon emission per unit of GDP, but also to consume increased amounts of non-fossil energy. The carbon emission allowance is a new type of financial asset in each Chinese province and city that also affects individual firms. This paper attempts to examine the allocative efficiency of carbon emission reduction and non-fossil energy consumption by employing a zero sum gains data envelopment analysis (ZSG-DEA) model, given the premise of fixed CO2 emissions as well as non-fossil energy consumption. In making its forecasts, the paper optimizes allocative efficiency in 2020 using 2010 economic and carbon emission data from 30 provinces and cities across China as its baseline. An efficient allocation scheme is achieved for all the provinces and cities using the ZSG-DEA model through five iterative calculations.
A Brief Review of Computer-Assisted Approaches to Rational Design of Peptide Vaccines
Authors: Nandy Ashesh , Basak Subhash
Published: May 2016

The growing incidences of new viral diseases and increasingly frequent viral epidemics have strained therapeutic and preventive measures; the high mutability of viral genes puts additional strains on developmental efforts. Given the high cost and time requirements for new drugs development, vaccines remain as a viable alternative, but there too traditional techniques of live-attenuated or inactivated vaccines have the danger of allergenic reactions and others. Peptide vaccines have, over the last several years, begun to be looked on as more appropriate alternatives, which are economically affordable, require less time for development and hold the promise of multi-valent dosages. The developments in bioinformatics, proteomics, immunogenomics, structural biology and other sciences have spurred the growth of vaccinomics where computer assisted approaches serve to identify suitable peptide targets for eventual development of vaccines. In this mini-review we give a brief overview of some of the recent trends in computer assisted vaccine development with emphasis on the primary selection procedures of probable peptide candidates for vaccine development.
Molecular Detection of Two Potential Probiotic Lactobacilli Strains and Evaluation of Their Performance as Starter Adjuncts in Yogurt Production
Authors: Saxami Georgia , Papadopoulou Olga , Chorianopoulos Nikos , Kourkoutas Yiannis , Tassou Chrysoula , Galanis Alex
Published: May 2016

A molecular method for efficient and accurate detection and identification of two potential probiotic lactobacilli strains isolated from fermented olives, namely Lactobacillus pentosus B281 and Lb. plantarum B282, was developed in the present study. Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was performed, and strain specific primers were designed and applied in a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. The specificity of the assay was tested and successfully confirmed in 27 and 22 lactobacilli strains for Lb. pentosus B281 and Lb. plantarum B282, respectively. Moreover, the two strains were used as starter cultures in yogurt production. Cell enumeration followed by multiplex PCR analysis demonstrated that the two strains were present in yogurt samples at levels ≥6 log CFU/g even after 35 days of storage at 4 °C. Microbiological analysis showed that lactobacilli and streptococci were present within usual levels, whereas enterobacteriaceae and yeast/mold counts were not detected as expected. Although the pH values of the novel products were slightly lower than the control ones, the yogurt containing the probiotic cultures scored similar values compared to the control in a series of sensory tests. Overall, these results demonstrated the possible use of the two strains as starter adjuncts in the production of yogurt with potential probiotic properties.
Discrete Element Method Modeling of the Rheological Properties of Coke/Pitch Mixtures
Authors: Majidi Behzad , Taghavi Seyed , Fafard Mario , Ziegler Donald , Alamdari Houshang
Published: May 2016

Rheological properties of pitch and pitch/coke mixtures at temperatures around 150 °C are of great interest for the carbon anode manufacturing process in the aluminum industry. In the present work, a cohesive viscoelastic contact model based on Burger’s model is developed using the discrete element method (DEM) on the YADE, the open-source DEM software. A dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) is used to measure the viscoelastic properties of pitch at 150 °C. The experimental data obtained is then used to estimate the Burger’s model parameters and calibrate the DEM model. The DSR tests were then simulated by a three-dimensional model. Very good agreement was observed between the experimental data and simulation results. Coke aggregates were modeled by overlapping spheres in the DEM model. Coke/pitch mixtures were numerically created by adding 5, 10, 20, and 30 percent of coke aggregates of the size range of 0.297–0.595 mm (−30 + 50 mesh) to pitch. Adding up to 30% of coke aggregates to pitch can increase its complex shear modulus at 60 Hz from 273 Pa to 1557 Pa. Results also showed that adding coke particles increases both storage and loss moduli, while it does not have a meaningful effect on the phase angle of pitch.
A Multiscale Computational Model Combining a Single Crystal Plasticity Constitutive Model with the Generalized Method of Cells (GMC) for Metallic Polycrystals
Authors: Ghorbani Moghaddam Masoud , Achuthan Ajit , Bednarcyk Brett , Arnold Steven , Pineda Evan
Published: May 2016

A multiscale computational model is developed for determining the elasto-plastic behavior of polycrystal metals by employing a single crystal plasticity constitutive model that can capture the microstructural scale stress field on a finite element analysis (FEA) framework. The generalized method of cells (GMC) micromechanics model is used for homogenizing the local field quantities. At first, the stand-alone GMC is applied for studying simple material microstructures such as a repeating unit cell (RUC) containing single grain or two grains under uniaxial loading conditions. For verification, the results obtained by the stand-alone GMC are compared to those from an analogous FEA model incorporating the same single crystal plasticity constitutive model. This verification is then extended to samples containing tens to hundreds of grains. The results demonstrate that the GMC homogenization combined with the crystal plasticity constitutive framework is a promising approach for failure analysis of structures as it allows for properly predicting the von Mises stress in the entire RUC, in an average sense, as well as in the local microstructural level, i.e., each individual grain. Two–three orders of saving in computational cost, at the expense of some accuracy in prediction, especially in the prediction of the components of local tensor field quantities and the quantities near the grain boundaries, was obtained with GMC. Finally, the capability of the developed multiscale model linking FEA and GMC to solve real-life-sized structures is demonstrated by successfully analyzing an engine disc component and determining the microstructural scale details of the field quantities.
Parametric Analysis to Study the Influence of Aerogel-Based Renders’ Components on Thermal and Mechanical Performance
Authors: Ximenes Sofia , Silva Ana , Soares António , Flores-Colen Inês , De Brito Jorge
Published: May 2016

Statistical models using multiple linear regression are some of the most widely used methods to study the influence of independent variables in a given phenomenon. This study’s objective is to understand the influence of the various components of aerogel-based renders on their thermal and mechanical performance, namely cement (three types), fly ash, aerial lime, silica sand, expanded clay, type of aerogel, expanded cork granules, expanded perlite, air entrainers, resins (two types), and rheological agent. The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences), based on 85 mortar mixes produced in the laboratory and on their values of thermal conductivity and compressive strength obtained using tests in small-scale samples. The results showed that aerial lime assumes the main role in improving the thermal conductivity of the mortars. Aerogel type, fly ash, expanded perlite and air entrainers are also relevant components for a good thermal conductivity. Expanded clay can improve the mechanical behavior and aerogel has the opposite effect.
Ergosterols from the Culture Broth of Marine Streptomyces anandii H41-59
Authors: Zhang Yang-Mei , Li Hong-Yu , Hu Chen , Sheng Hui-Fan , Zhang Ying , Lin Bi-Run , Zhou Guang-Xiong
Published: May 2016

An actinomycete strain, H41-59, isolated from sea sediment in a mangrove district, was identified as Streptomyces anandii on the basis of 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis as well as the investigation of its morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics. Three new ergosterols, ananstreps A–C (1–3), along with ten known ones (4–13), were isolated from the culture broth of this strain. The gross structures of these new compounds were elucidated on the basis of extensive analysis of spectroscopic data, including HR-ESI-MS, and NMR. The cytotoxicities of these isolates against human breast adenocarcinoma cell line MCF-7, human glioblastoma cell line SF-268, and human lung cancer cell line NCI-H460 and their antibacterial activities in inhibiting the growth of Candida albicans and some other pathogenic microorganisms were tested. Compounds 3–8, 10 and 11 displayed cytotoxicity with IC50 values in a range from 13.0 to 27.8 μg/mL. However, all the tested compounds showed no activity on C. albicans and other bacteria at the test concentration of 1 mg/mL with the paper disc diffusion method.
Nanocellulose Derivative/Silica Hybrid Core-Shell Chiral Stationary Phase: Preparation and Enantioseparation Performance
Authors: Zhang Xiaoli , Wang Litao , Dong Shuqing , Zhang Xia , Wu Qi , Zhao Liang , Shi Yanping
Published: May 2016

Core-shell silica microspheres with a nanocellulose derivative in the hybrid shell were successfully prepared as a chiral stationary phase by a layer-by-layer self-assembly method. The hybrid shell assembled on the silica core was formed using a surfactant as template by the copolymerization reaction of tetraethyl orthosilicate and the nanocellulose derivative bearing triethoxysilyl and 3,5-dimethylphenyl groups. The resulting nanocellulose hybrid core-shell chiral packing materials (CPMs) were characterized and packed into columns, and their enantioseparation performance was evaluated by high performance liquid chromatography. The results showed that CPMs exhibited uniform surface morphology and core-shell structures. Various types of chiral compounds were efficiently separated under normal and reversed phase mode. Moreover, chloroform and tetrahydrofuran as mobile phase additives could obviously improve the resolution during the chiral separation processes. CPMs still have good chiral separation property when eluted with solvent systems with a high content of tetrahydrofuran and chloroform, which proved the high solvent resistance of this new material.
Challenges in the Management of Geriatric Obesity in High Risk Populations
Authors: Porter Starr Kathryn , McDonald Shelley , Weidner Julia , Bales Connie
Published: May 2016

The global prevalence of obesity in the older adult population is growing, an increasing concern in both the developed and developing countries of the world. The study of geriatric obesity and its management is a relatively new area of research, especially pertaining to those with elevated health risks. This review characterizes the state of science for this “fat and frail” population and identifies the many gaps in knowledge where future study is urgently needed. In community dwelling older adults, opportunities to improve both body weight and nutritional status are hampered by inadequate programs to identify and treat obesity, but where support programs exist, there are proven benefits. Nutritional status of the hospitalized older adult should be optimized to overcome the stressors of chronic disease, acute illness, and/or surgery. The least restrictive diets tailored to individual preferences while meeting each patient’s nutritional needs will facilitate the energy required for mobility, respiratory sufficiency, immunocompentence, and wound healing. Complications of care due to obesity in the nursing home setting, especially in those with advanced physical and mental disabilities, are becoming more ubiquitous; in almost all of these situations, weight stability is advocated, as some evidence links weight loss with increased mortality. High quality interdisciplinary studies in a variety of settings are needed to identify standards of care and effective treatments for the most vulnerable obese older adults.
Cohort Analysis of a 24-Week Randomized Controlled Trial to Assess the Efficacy of a Novel, Partial Meal Replacement Program Targeting Weight Loss and Risk Factor Reduction in Overweight/Obese Adults
Authors: Brindal Emily , Hendrie Gilly , Taylor Pennie , Freyne Jill , Noakes Manny
Published: May 2016

Our aim was to design and evaluate a weight-loss program, including a partial meal replacement program, point-of-care testing and face-to-face and smartphone app support, appropriate for delivery in a community pharmacy setting. Overweight or obese adults (n = 146, 71.2% female, 48.18 ± 11.75 years old) were recruited to participate in a 24-week weight loss study and randomised to two app conditions. The dietary intervention was consistent regardless of app. Twelve weeks of clinic appointments with a trained consultant were followed by only app support for an additional 12 weeks. By week 24, retention was 57.5%. There were no differences between app conditions. Based on a cohort analysis of the trial, the mean decrease in weight from baseline to week 24 was 6.43 ± 1.06 kg for males (p < 0.001) and 5.66 ± 0.70 kg for females (p < 0.001). Mixed models also revealed decreases for LDL Cholesterol (−0.13 ± 0.08 mmol/L, nonsignificant), triglycerides (−0.08 ± 0.05 mmol/L, nonsignificant) and an increase in HDL cholesterol (+0.08 ± 0.04 mmol/L, ns) were not significant by week 24. Blood glucose (−0.23 ± 0.08 mmol/L, p = 0.040) and blood pressure (Systolic blood pressure −5.77 ± 1.21 Hg/mm, p < 0.001) were significantly lower at week 24 compared to baseline. Weight loss self-efficacy increased and remained significantly higher than baseline at week 24 (16.85 ± 2.93, p < 0.001). Overall, the program supported participants and was successful in achieving significant weight loss and improvements in health outcomes over 24 weeks.
Widely Tunable Monolithic Mid-Infrared Quantum Cascade Lasers Using Super-Structure Grating Reflectors
Authors: Guo Dingkai , Li Jiun-Yun , Cheng Liwei , Chen Xing , Worchesky Terry , Choa Fow-Sen
Published: May 2016

A monolithic, three-section, and widely tunable mid-infrared (mid-IR) quantum cascade laser (QCL) is demonstrated. This electrically tuned laser consists of a gain section placed between two super structure grating (SSG) distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs). By varying the injection currents to the two grating sections of this device, its emission wavelength can be tuned from 4.58 μm to 4.77 μm (90 cm−1) with a supermode spacing of 30 nm. This type of SSG-DBR QCLs can be a compact replacement for the external cavity QCL. It has great potential to achieve gap-free and even further tuning ranges for sensor applications.
Study on Alginate–Chitosan Complex Formed with Different Polymers Ratio
Authors: Kulig Dominika , Zimoch-Korzycka Anna , Jarmoluk Andrzej , Marycz Krzysztof
Published: May 2016

Biomaterials based on polyelectrolyte complexation are an innovative concept of coatings and packaging production to be applied in a wide range of food products. The aim of this study was to obtain and characterize a sodium alginate–chitosan complex material with variable degree of polyion interactions by complexation of oppositely charged polysaccharides. In order to characterize polyelectrolyte complexes, theromogravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization technique with time of flight analyzer (MALDI-TOF), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were performed. TGA analysis showed that thermal decomposition temperature depends on the polymer ratio (R) and thermal resistance of samples was improved by increasing chitosan dosage. Accordingly to DMTA results, polyelectrolyte complexation led to obtain more flexible and resistant to mechanical deformation materials. Comparative analysis of the FTIR spectra of single polyelectrolytes, chitosan and alginate, and their mixtures indicated the formation of the polyelectrolyte complex without addition of reinforcing substances. MALDI-TOF analysis confirms the creation of polyelectrolyte aggregates (~197 Da) in samples with R ≥ 0.8; and their chemical stability and safety were proven by NMR analysis. The higher R the greater the number of polyanion–polycation aggregates seen in SEM as film morphology roughness.
Porphyrin Diacid-Polyelectrolyte Assemblies: Effective Photocatalysts in Solution
Authors: Frühbeißer Sabine , Mariani Giacomo , Gröhn Franziska
Published: May 2016

Developing effective and versatile photocatalytic systems is of great potential in solar energy conversion. Here we investigate the formation of supramolecular catalysts by electrostatic self-assembly in aqueous solution: Combining positively charged porphyrins with negatively charged polyelectrolytes leads to nanoscale assemblies where, next to electrostatic interactions, π–π interactions also play an important role. Porphyrin diacid-polyelectrolyte assemblies exhibit a substantially enhanced catalytic activity for the light-driven oxidation of iodide. Aggregates with the hexavalent cationic porphyrin diacids show up to 22 times higher catalytic activity than the corresponding aggregates under neutral conditions. The catalytic activity can be increased by increasing the valency of the porphyrin and by choice of the loading ratio. The structural investigation of the supramolecular catalysts took place via atomic force microscopy and small angle neutron scattering. Hence, a new facile concept for the design of efficient and tunable self-assembled photocatalysts is presented.
Co-Assembly of Graphene Oxide and Albumin/Photosensitizer Nanohybrids towards Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Xing Ruirui , Jiao Tifeng , Liu Yamei , Ma Kai , Zou Qianli , Ma Guanghui , Yan Xuehai
Published: May 2016

The inactivation of photosensitizers before they reach the targeted tissues can be an important factor, which limits the efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT). Here, we developed co-assembled nanohybrids of graphene oxide (GO) and albumin/photosensitizer that have a potential for protecting the photosensitizers from the environment and releasing them in targeted sites, allowing for an enhanced PDT. The nanohybrids were prepared by loading the pre-assembled nanoparticles of chlorin e6 (Ce6) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) on GO via non-covalent interactions. The protection to Ce6 is evident from the inhibited fluorescence and singlet oxygen generation activities of Ce6–BSA–GO nanohybrids. Importantly, compared to free Ce6 and Ce6 directly loaded by GO (Ce6–GO), Ce6–BSA–GO nanohybrids showed enhanced cellular uptake and in vitro release of Ce6, leading to an improved PDT efficiency. These results indicate that the smart photosensitizer delivery system constructed by co-assembly of GO and albumin is promising to improve the stability, biocompatibility, and efficiency of PDT.
Evaluation of Stray Light Correction for GOCI Remote Sensing Reflectance Using in Situ Measurements
Authors: Kim Wonkook , Moon Jeong-Eon , Ahn Jae-Hyun , Park Young-Je
Published: May 2016

The Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI) is the world’s first ocean color sensor in geostationary orbit. Although the GOCI has shown excellent radiometric performance with little long-term radiometric degradation and a high signal-to-noise ratio, there are radiometric artefacts in GOCI Level 1 products caused by stray light detected within the GOCI optics. To correct the radiometric bias, we developed an image-based correction algorithm called the correction of the interslot discrepancy using the minimum noise fraction transform (CIDUM) in a previous study and evaluated its performance with respect to the physical radiometric quantity stored in Level 1 products, i.e., top-of-atmosphere radiance. This study evaluated the performance of the CIDUM algorithm in terms of remote sensing reflectance, which is one of the most important products in ocean color remote sensing. The resultant CIDUM-corrected remote sensing reflectance products were validated using both relative (within the image) and absolute references (in situ measurements). Image validation showed that CIDUM corrected the bias in remote sensing reflectance (up to 20%) and reduced the bias to ≤5% in the tested image. In situ validation showed that relative uncertainty was reduced by around 10% within the visible bands and the correlation between the in situ and GOCI radiometric data was enhanced.
Evaluation of PERSIANN-CDR for Meteorological Drought Monitoring over China
Authors: Guo Hao , Bao Anming , Liu Tie , Chen Sheng , Ndayisaba Felix
Published: May 2016

In this paper, Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks–Climate Data Record (PERSIANN-CDR) is analyzed for the assessment of meteorological drought. The evaluation is conducted over China at 0.5° spatial resolution against a ground-based gridded China monthly Precipitation Analysis Product (CPAP) from 1983 to 2014 (32 years). The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) at various time scales (1 month to 12 months) is calculated for detecting drought events. The results show that PERSIANN-CDR depicts similar drought behavior as the ground-based CPAP in terms of capturing the spatial and temporal patterns of drought events over eastern China, where the intensity of gauge networks and the frequency of droughts are high. 6-month SPI shows the best agreement with CPAP in identifying drought months. However, large differences between PERSIANN-CDR and CPAP in depicting drought patterns and identifying specific drought events are found over northwestern China, particularly in Xinjiang and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau region. Factors behind this may be due to the relatively sparse gauge networks, the complicated terrain and the performance of PERSIANN algorithm.
Physical Layer Definition for a Long-Haul HF Antarctica to Spain Radio Link
Authors: Alsina-Pagès Rosa , Hervás Marcos , Orga Ferran , Pijoan Joan , Badia David , Altadill David
Published: May 2016

La Salle and the Observatori de l’Ebre (OE) have been involved in a remote sensing project in Antarctica for the last 11 years. The OE has been monitoring the geomagnetic activity for more than twenty years and also the ionospheric activity of the last ten years in the Spanish Antarctic Station Juan Carlos I (ASJI) (62.7 ° S, 299.6 ° E). La Salle is finishing the design and testing of a low-power communication system between the ASJI and Cambrils (41.0 ° N, 1.0 ° E) with a double goal: (i) the transmission of data from the sensors located at the ASJI and (ii) the performance of an oblique ionospheric sounding of a 12,760 km HF link. Previously, La Salle has already performed sounding and modulation tests to describe the channel performance in terms of availability, Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), Doppler spread and delay spread. This paper closes the design of the physical layer, by means of the channel error study and the synchronization performance, and concludes with a new physical layer proposal for the Oblique Ionosphere Sounder. Narrowband and wideband frames have been defined to be used when the oblique sounder performs as an ionospheric sensor. Finally, two transmission modes have been defined for the modem performance: the High Robustness Mode (HRM) for low SNR hours and the High Throughput Mode (HTM) for the high SNR hours.
Performance Comparison of Fuzzy ARTMAP and LDA in Qualitative Classification of Iranian Rosa damascena Essential Oils by an Electronic Nose
Authors: Gorji-Chakespari Abbas , Nikbakht Ali , Sefidkon Fatemeh , Ghasemi-Varnamkhasti Mahdi , Brezmes Jesús , Llobet Eduard
Published: May 2016

Quality control of essential oils is an important topic in industrial processing of medicinal and aromatic plants. In this paper, the performance of Fuzzy Adaptive Resonant Theory Map (ARTMAP) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) algorithms are compared in the specific task of quality classification of Rosa damascene essential oil samples (one of the most famous and valuable essential oils in the world) using an electronic nose (EN) system based on seven metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) sensors. First, with the aid of a GC-MS analysis, samples of Rosa damascene essential oils were classified into three different categories (low, middle, and high quality, classes C1, C2, and C3, respectively) based on the total percent of the most crucial qualitative compounds. An ad-hoc electronic nose (EN) system was implemented to sense the samples and acquire signals. Forty-nine features were extracted from the EN sensor matrix (seven parameters to describe each sensor curve response). The extracted features were ordered in relevance by the intra/inter variance criterion (Vr), also known as the Fisher discriminant. A leave-one-out cross validation technique was implemented for estimating the classification accuracy reached by both algorithms. Success rates were calculated using 10, 20, 30, and the entire selected features from the response of the sensor array. The results revealed a maximum classification accuracy of 99% when applying the Fuzzy ARTMAP algorithm and 82% for LDA, using the first 10 features in both cases. Further classification results explained that sub-optimal performance is likely to occur when all the response features are applied. It was found that an electronic nose system employing a Fuzzy ARTMAP classifier could become an accurate, easy, and inexpensive alternative tool for qualitative control in the production of Rosa damascene essential oil.
To Green or Not to Green: A Political, Economic and Social Analysis for the Past Failure of Green Logistics
Authors: Klumpp Matthias
Published: May 2016

The objective of green logistics has thus far failed. For example, the share of greenhouse gas emissions by the transportation and logistics sector in Europe rose from 16.6% in 1990 to 24.3% in 2012. This article analyzes the reasons behind this failure by drawing on political, economic and business as well as social motivations and examples. At the core of this analysis are the established theorems of the Jevons paradox and the median voter (Black, Downs) in combination with time-distorted preferences of voters and consumers. Adding to the hurdles of green logistics are the problems of short-term political programs and decisions versus long-term business investments in transportation and logistics. Two cases from Germany are outlined regarding this political “meddling through” with a recent 2015 truck toll decision and the support for electric trucks and vehicles. Finally, the article proposes two ways forward: public control and restriction of carbon raw materials (coal, oil), as well as public investment in low-emission transport infrastructure or biofuels as the more feasible and likely alternative.
Characterization of procoagulant extracellular vesicles and platelet membrane disintegration in DMSO‐cryopreserved platelets
Authors: Tegegn Tseday Z. , De Paoli Silvia H. , Orecna Martina , Elhelu Oumsalama K. , Woodle Samuel A. , Tarandovskiy Ivan D. , Ovanesov Mikhail V. , Simak Jan
Published: May 2016

Background

Freezing is promising for extended platelet (PLT) storage for transfusion. 6% DMSO cryopreserved PLTs (CPPs) are currently in clinical development. CPPs contain significant amount of platelet membrane vesicles (PMVs). PLT‐membrane changes and PMV release in CPP are poorly understood, and haemostatic effects of CPP PMVs are not fully elucidated. This study aims to investigate PLT‐membrane alterations in CPPs and provide comprehensive characterization of CPP PMVs, and their contribution to procoagulant activity (PCA) of CPPs.

Methods

CPPs and corresponding liquid‐stored PLTs (LSPs) were characterized by flow cytometry (FC), fluorescence polarization (FP), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), electron microscopy (SEM, TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and thrombin‐generation (TG) test.

Results

SEM and TEM revealed disintegration and vesiculation of the PLT‐plasma membrane and loss of intracellular organization in 60% PLTs in CPPs. FP demonstrated that 6% DMSO alone and with freezing–thawing caused marked increase in PLT‐membrane fluidity. The FC counts of annexin V‐binding PMVs and CD41a+ PMVs were 68‐ and 56‐folds higher, respectively, in CPPs than in LSPs. The AFM and NTA size distribution of PMVs in CPPs indicated a peak diameter of 100 nm, corresponding to exosome‐size vesicles. TG‐based PCA of CPPs was 2‐ and 9‐folds higher per PLT and per volume, respectively, compared to LSPs. Differential centrifugation showed that CPP supernatant contributed 26% to CPP TG‐PCA, mostly by the exosome‐size PMVs and their TG‐PCA was phosphatidylserine dependent.

Conclusions

Major portion of CPPs does not show activation phenotype but exhibits grape‐like membrane disintegration with significant increase of membrane fluidity induced by 6% DMSO alone and further aggravated by freezing–thawing process. DMSO cryopreservation of PLTs is associated with the release of PMVs and marked increase of TG‐PCA, as compared to LSPs. Exosome‐size PMVs have significant contribution to PCA of CPPs.
Liver-Derived Dendritic Cells Induce Donor-Specific Hyporesponsiveness: Use of Sponge Implant as a Cell Transplant Model
Authors: Chiang Yang-Jen , Lu Lina , Fung John J. , Qian Shiguang
Published: May 2016

Spontaneously accepted mouse liver allografts are capable of protecting subsequently transplanted donor organs from rejection; however, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Dendritic cells (DC) residing in liver grafts are likely important in tolerance induction. DC propagated from mouse liver with GM-CSF are phenotypically and functionally immature. They are poor allostimulators in MLR and prolong survival of pancreatic islet allografts. It has been problematic to perform mechanistic studies in an islet transplant model because of difficulties in obtaining sufficient graft infiltrating cells. In this study, we used a sponge allograft model [i.e., a subcutaneously implanted sponge matrix loaded with B10 (H2b) spleen cells]. To investigate the influence of administration of donor (B10) liver-derived DC on alloimmune reactivity of C3H (H2k) hosts, sponge graft infiltrating cells (SGIC) and recipient spleen cells were isolated, and their immunopheno-type and donor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity were examined. The results illustrate that donor-specific CTL activity of T cells are lower in recipients that had received systemic treatment with liver-derived immature DC, associated with a decrease in CD8+ cell population and an increase in Gr-1+ cells in SGIC, compared with recipients treated with mature bone marrow (BM)-derived DC. Interestingly, administration of liver DC directly into the sponge did not inhibit T cell responses. These data suggest that systemic administration of donor liver DC induces donor-specific hyporesponsiveness, probably not by direct inhibition of graft infiltrating T cells. The increased Gr-1+ cells may play immune regulatory roles in induction of host donor-specific hyporesponsiveness.
Poly-L-Lysine Induces Fibrosis on Alginate Microcapsules via the Induction of Cytokines
Authors: Strand Berit L. , Ryan Liv , Veld Peter In't , Kulseng Bård , Rokstad Anne Mari , Skjåk-Bræk Gudmund , Espevik Terje
Published: May 2016

Alginate – poly-l-lysine (PLL) microcapsules can be used for transplantation of insulin-producing cells for treatment of type I diabetes. In this work we wanted to study the inflammatory reactions against implanted microcapsules due to PLL. We have seen that by reducing the PLL layer, less overgrowth of the capsule is obtained. By incubating different cell types with PLL and afterwards measuring cell viability with MTT, we found massive cell death at concentrations of PLL higher than 10 μg/ml. Staining with annexin V and propidium iodide showed that PLL induced necrosis but not apoptosis. The proinflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), was detected in supernatants from monocytes stimulated with PLL. The TNF response was partly inhibited with antibodies against CD14, which is a well-known receptor for lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Bactericidal permeability increasing protein (BPI) and a lipid A analogue (B-975), which both inhibit LPS, did not inhibit PLL from stimulating monocytes to TNF production. This indicates that PLL and LPS bind to different sites on monocytes, but because they both are inhibited by a p38 MAP kinase inhibitor, they seem to have a common element in the signal transducing pathway. These results suggest that PLL may provoke inflammatory responses either directly or indirectly through its necrosis-inducing abilities. By combining soluble PLL and alginate both the toxic and TNF-inducing effects of PLL were reduced. The implications of these data are to use alginate microcapsules with low amounts of PLL for transplantation purposes.
Proliferative and Cytokine Responses in CTLA4-Ig-Treated Diabetic NOD Mice Transplanted with Microencapsulated Neonatal Porcine ICCs
Authors: Safley Susan A. , Kapp Judith A. , Weber Collin J.
Published: May 2016

Our goal is to develop effective islet xenografts for treating human diabetes. We have studied microencapsulated neonatal porcine islet cell clusters (ICCs) transplanted intraperitoneally in spontaneously diabetic NOD mice, where they function to maintain normoglycemia in the autoimmune host. Nonencapsulated neonatal porcine ICCs functioned for 4.5 ± 0.5 days before being rejected; encapsulation prolonged graft function to 17 ± 2 days. CTLA4-Ig treatment did not enhance the survival of nonencapsulated ICCs. However, CTLA4-Ig treatment significantly extended the function of encapsulated ICCs to 73 ± 5 days. Histological analyses demonstrated a profuse pericapsular cellular reaction associated with rejection of encapsulated islet xenografts in untreated mice, while this reaction was significantly reduced in CTLA4-Ig-treated mice. To study mechanisms of xenograft rejection in this model, we analyzed proliferative responses to neonatal porcine ICCs and cytokines present in the peritoneal cavities of transplanted mice. Spleen cells from both CTLA4-Ig-treated and untreated rejecting NODs exhibited vigorous proliferation in the absence of antigenic stimulation, suggesting prior activation in vivo, while splenocytes from CTLA4-Ig-treated NODs with functioning grafts had low proliferative levels, equal to controls. Islet-specific proliferation was not detected in islet-rejecting mice, perhaps due to their high background levels. With the exception of elevated IL-6 levels, empty capsules did not provoke a significant peritoneal cytokine response compared with sham surgery or untransplanted control mice. However, IL-5, IL-12, TGF-β, and IL-1β were significantly elevated in NODs receiving encapsulated neonatal porcine ICCs compared with untransplanted controls. There were no significant differences between peritoneal cytokine concentrations in CTLA4-Ig-treated mice with long-term functioning grafts compared to mice that rejected grafts at earlier time points. We conclude that the combination of donor islet microencapsulation and brief treatment of the recipient with co-stimulatory blockade delays sensitization of the host, possibly by altering mechanism(s) for recruitment and/or activation of host effector cells.
Comparative kinematical analyses of Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) snap traps
Authors: Poppinga Simon , Kampowski Tim , Metzger Amélie , Speck Olga , Speck Thomas
Published: May 2016

Although the Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) can be considered as one of the most extensively investigated carnivorous plants, knowledge is still scarce about diversity of the snap-trap motion, the functionality of snap traps under varying environmental conditions, and their opening motion. By conducting simple snap-trap closure experiments in air and under water, we present striking evidence that adult Dionaea snaps similarly fast in aerial and submersed states and, hence, is potentially able to gain nutrients from fast aquatic prey during seasonal inundation. We reveal three snapping modes of adult traps, all incorporating snap buckling, and show that millimeter-sized, much slower seedling traps do not yet incorporate such elastic instabilities. Moreover, opening kinematics of young and adult Dionaea snap traps reveal that reverse snap buckling is not performed, corroborating the assumption that growth takes place on certain trap lobe regions. Our findings are discussed in an evolutionary, biomechanical, functional–morphological and biomimetic context.