bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Divine Kingdoms in South and Southeast Asia
Authors: Sax William S.
Published: January 2024

This chapter describes and compares systems of “divine kingship” throughout South and Southeast Asia, from ancient times until the present. It begins with a critique of the anthropologist Louis Dumont, who argued in an influential essay that “religion” and “politics” were separated at an early period in Indian history. This chapter argue however that, on the contrary, and until the modern period, what we now call “religion” and “politics” were not sharply distinguished in the Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms of South and Southeast Asia. (And nor, for that matter, are they sharply distinguished in the 21st century.) The kings of these polities were always made to be divine or semi-divine by means of public enactments, and these enactments are some of the most effective ways of real-izing a world.
The Ballad of Jariyan
Authors: Sax William S.
Published: January 2024

Chapter 5 responds to the widespread devaluation of folklore by academics, arguing that it is, on the contrary, an extremely valuable resource for the scholar, a form of collective memory that provides deep insight into shared values and forms of thought. It also discusses certain ethical questions faced by folklorists. Specifically, I translate a local ballad that graphically describes the heroic and violent pre-colonial world of Rawain. This world was characterized by feuds lasting for decades, along with headhunting and other acts of bloody revenge. The ballad eloquently evokes the emotions associated with such brutal violence, and the warriors’ ethic that sustained it.
The Enemy
Authors: Sax William S.
Published: January 2024

The upper reaches of the Supin River are ruled by a divine king whose identity is disputed. Some say that he is Duryodhana, arch-villain of the Mahabharata. Others say that he is Someshvara, a form of Shiva. Whoever he is, his cult is associated with certain controversial and sometimes brutal customs that some his followers would like to do away with: for example, animal sacrifice, overtaxing of his subjects, and livestock rustling. This chapter examines the god’s myth of origin and his recent history, and documents villagers’ efforts to change their world by transforming the very being of their fierce and cruel divine king.
Moral Fictionalism
Authors: Moberger Victor , Olson Jonas
Published: January 2024

The central challenges for moral fictionalism are twofold: first, to explain how its recommendation that we abandon moral belief and assertion can be reconciled with its rationale of preserving the motivational efficacy of moral thought and discourse; second, to explain what the point is of replacing moral belief and assertion to begin with. This chapter clarifies these challenges and argues that Richard Joyce’s recent “metaphorist” version of fictionalism fares no better with respect to them than his earlier “narrationist” version. Just like its narrationist predecessor, metaphorist fictionalism fails to secure the motivational efficacy of moral thought and talk. The authors also find faults with yet more recent attempts at answering the above challenges for moral fictionalism, leaving the conservationist recommendation a more attractive alternative. This conclusion could be overturned if the conservationist proposal were sufficiently problematic in other respects, but the authors argue that it isn’t.
Should Moral Fictionalists be Religious Fictionalists (or Vice Versa)?
Authors: Le Poidevin Robin
Published: January 2024

“Both God and moral values are useful fictions.” This combination of religious fictionalism and moral fictionalism is a natural one. But are there reasons to suppose that alternative combinations are somehow unstable or in other respects unsatisfactory? This chapter considers two such combinations: realism about God with fictionalism about moral values, and realism about moral values with fictionalism about God, respectively. Both face challenges—versions of the argument from queerness and the Euthyphro dilemma surface at points—but there are also potential related issues over combining moral and theistic fictionalism. The results of the discussion lead to a positive proposal for the most promising kind of moral fictionalism, one which tells a theistic story about the ground of moral value.
UK’s EU Referendum
Authors: Whitten Lisa Claire
Published: January 2024

This chapter sets out the impact of the UK’s EU referendum on the four components of the Northern Ireland constitution: the principle of consent, devolved government, North–South relations/institutions, and East–West relations/institutions. Findings can be summarised as follows: (1) the potential relevance of the principle of consent was not widely considered; (2) Northern Ireland was ‘placed apart’ in constructions of British identity and ‘a place apart’ in the politics of the referendum campaign; and (3) while Strand Two and Strand Three institutions were not engaged by the referendum, the campaign marked the beginning of a shift away from an established consensus-based approach on the part of the UK government and Irish government on issues pertaining to Northern Ireland.
Northern Ireland’s Brexit Problem
Authors: Whitten Lisa Claire
Published: January 2024

The long-term political, economic, and societal impacts of Brexit in and for Northern Ireland are still unfolding. Analysis in the preceding chapters, however, has provided an original and substantive assessment of the immediate constitutional implications of the unprecedented scenario of European disintegration on the part of the United Kingdom most exposed to its effects. Written from the vantage point of January 2023, this chapter concludes the analysis with a descriptive account of relevant events in the two years after unique arrangements for post-Brexit governance of Northern Ireland—set out in the Protocol on Ireland/Northern Ireland—entered into force. From here, the chapter provides a retrospective assessment of the twelve key findings from this research (see 8.6) and considers their likely and potential longer-term repercussions for those both within and beyond the (recently notorious) borders of Northern Ireland.
The Windsor Framework
Authors: Whitten Lisa Claire
Published: January 2024

On 27 February 2023, the Prime Minister of the UK and President of the European Commission appeared together to announce that an agreement had been reached on revised arrangements for implementing the Protocol on Ireland / Northern Ireland – thereafter to be known as the Windsor Framework. At the time of writing – March 2023 – the changes due to be made to the Protocol have neither been legally ratified nor practically operationalised. Provided the arrangements laid down in the Framework take effect they will alter aspects of Brexit’s overall impact in/on Northern Ireland going forward. In view of their importance, this short addendum reviews the contents of the Framework and considers them against the conclusions of the analysis set out in preceding chapters. Subject to its confirmation and implementation it is argued that the Windsor Framework stands to mitigate some of the negative impacts of Brexit on Northern Ireland while creating and/or exacerbating others.
The Application of the Gravity Criterion for Admissibility in Article 17(1)(d) of the Rome Statute
Authors: Urs Priya
Published: January 2024

This chapter scrutinizes the application at the International Criminal Court of the criterion of the sufficient gravity of a case in Article 17(1)(d) of the Rome Statute. Drawing a distinction between the application of the criterion as part of the Prosecutor’s decision whether to initiate an investigation into a ‘situation’ under Articles 53(1) and 15(3)–(4) and as part of the assessment of the admissibility of a ‘case’ under Articles 53(2) and 19(1)–(3), it identifies the indicators of gravity articulated in each context in the policy of the Office of the Prosecutor and in the decisions of the Chambers of the Court. By identifying relevant indicators of gravity and balancing the desire for consistency in the application of Article 17(1)(d) with the competing need for discretion in the allocation of limited resources, the chapter clarifies whether the application of the provision, in particular in the context of the Prosecutor’s decisions whether to investigate and prosecute respectively, calls for an objective or subjective assessment.
Pre-Trial Chamber Review and Pre-Trial or Trial Chamber Determination of the Admissibility of ‘Cases’
Authors: Urs Priya
Published: January 2024

This chapter clarifies the role of the Pre-Trial Chamber vis-à-vis the Prosecutor in the context of the decision whether to prosecute a case. First, it identifies review for abuse of discretion as the appropriate standard of Pre-Trial Chamber oversight, under Article 53(3)(a) of the Rome Statute, of a prosecutorial decision as to the inadmissibility of a case. In the absence of sufficient practice to date, it finds the balance between prosecutorial independence and prosecutorial accountability in this context by accounting for all relevant considerations, including the discretionary nature of the gravity assessment. Second, the chapter defines the role of the Pre-Trial Chamber under Article 19(1)–(3) in assessing the admissibility of a case with which the Prosecutor has decided to proceed. In this context, the relevant question is whether the assessment of gravity may be made before the issuance by the Pre-Trial Chamber of a warrant for the suspect’s arrest or a summons for the suspect to appear, which the chapter argues is impermissible in all but the most exceptional circumstances.
The Function of the Gravity Criterion for Admissibility in Article 17(1)(d) of the Rome Statute
Authors: Urs Priya
Published: January 2024

Recapitulating the application of Article 17(1)(d) of the Rome Statute proposed in Chapters 2, 3, and 4, this chapter argues that the function of the gravity criterion in the context of the Prosecutor’s decisions whether to investigate and whether to prosecute is not the exclusion of cases of marginal gravity only, as is the suggestion of the Appeals Chamber. The function of the gravity criterion in this context is the allocation of investigative and prosecutorial resources. Examining the suggestions in the existing scholarship as to how to justify the selectivity of investigations and prosecutions at the Court, the chapter finds unpersuasive both the proposal to include an additional policy criterion of ‘relative gravity’ over and above the admissibility requirement of sufficient gravity in Article 17(1)(d) and the suggestion that the ‘interests of justice’ criterion better facilitates the allocation of resources. It concludes with recommendations for the practice of the Court and for the use of a criterion of gravity to the same end at other international or national criminal courts.
Relations of justification and democratic structures
Authors: Basu Ipshita
Published: January 2024

Chapter 1 provides the theoretical scaffolding for the book, explaining the concepts and epistemologies used to unearth the ‘political structures’ of social justice claims-making, with special reference to Adivasi community rights in India. The chapter engages with theories of social justice and theories of democracy to show how ‘politics’ has been understood as the who and how of claims-making: who belongs to a political community that can make claims of formal institutions and of others within the community; and how these claims are aired and adjudicated between citizens and those with duties to those citizens. Bringing these theories into the context of Adivasi rights—and of group-based claims-making in India, more broadly—the chapter describes how Indigenous ‘group rights’, ‘political community’, and ‘public reason’ have been theorized constitutionally and through political deliberation in India.
The politics of names and numbers
Authors: Basu Ipshita
Published: January 2024

Chapter 2 focuses on ethnic politics in Jharkhand, explaining why elections reveal a stable social system in which the ethnic identity of candidates at the constituency level remains constant, even though the governing political party may change. This ethnic political system is rooted in local justification relations, whereby social groups identify with political leaders based on the ethnic group to which they belong. Expressive partisanship excludes certain groups who are socially or economically marginalized, and this has been the substance of different expressive articulations of Adivasi identity and other marginalized identities across the region—explained as the micro-level relations between differently positioned ethnic groups in the five divisions that comprise Jharkhand. Focusing on how political parties have responded to changes in the ethnic demography of Jharkhand by accommodating more ethnic groups within party structures, the chapter reveals the consequences of these changes to the relationships between identity and political representation in Jharkhand.
Sources of Infrastructure Finance
Authors: Pratap Kumar V , Gupta Manshi
Published: January 2024

There are four main sources of infrastructure finance, namely gross budgetary support (GBS), internal and extra budgetary resources (IEBR) of the public sector, multilateral and bilateral loans, and private investment. Many of these sources are especially constrained in the current times because of the high priority demands of the Covid-19 pandemic (e.g. a high fiscal deficit is preventing high levels of gross budgetary support to infrastructure). Traditionally, retained earnings of the public sector have also been limited because of agency problems as well as the constant pressure from the government (as the primary shareholder) to provide dividends. There is, therefore, increased reliance on the private sector for infrastructure provisioning. India has done well in attracting private participation in infrastructure. Given that private investment contributed about a third to infrastructure investments in the last decade, it is expected that it would contribute a high proportion to total infrastructure investment in the years ahead. To enable this, the Government of India is opening up new sectors to private investment, mainly railways, social infrastructure (health, education, solid waste management, water and wastewater treatment and supply), and even strategic sectors (medical and industrial use of radio isotopes).
Project Finance
Authors: Pratap Kumar V , Gupta Manshi
Published: January 2024

Infrastructure projects are capital intensive, for example, an ultra-mega thermal power project of 4 GW capacity would require about Rs.200 billion to be built. A company could have sponsored a number of these projects and raising the associated amount of capital based on the balance sheet of the company would limit the number of such projects that it can finance. Therefore, it is best to create special purpose vehicles for implementing each of these projects with project financing being used to finance them. This is the best way of accessing infrastructure finance by the private sector as it allows companies to raise finances on the basis of the cash flows generated by the project, with no recourse to the balance sheet of the project sponsor (non-recourse financing). A ring-fenced company (special purpose vehicle) is created whose only purpose is to implement the project and the interests of other stakeholders (construction company, fuel supplier, off-taker, lenders, and so on, in a power plant) are protected through watertight contracts. The chapter discusses the reasons why project finance is used in financing private infrastructure projects, features of project finance, and contractual structure among stakeholders. The chapter also discusses project financing trends in India and the world.
Moving from Bank Finance to Bond Finance—Credit Enhancement and Infrastructure Debt Funds
Authors: Pratap Kumar V , Gupta Manshi
Published: January 2024

The main source of debt financing of infrastructure projects is bank credit, which suffers from asset–liability mismatch (ALM) as bank liabilities (deposits) are short term, while infrastructure assets are long term (the typical life of a conventional power or a road project is thirty years or more). This chapter discusses how, despite banks not being the most efficient institution for debt financing of infrastructure projects, they continue to be the major source of finance for such projects. This leads to a discussion on the twin balance sheet problem of infrastructure companies and banks, whereby high leverage of infrastructure corporates are linked to the non-performing assets (NPA) of banks. Therefore, there is utility in moving from bank financing of infrastructure to bond financing, especially after cash flows have stabilized in the operational phase of projects. Since project financing (non-recourse financing) is generally used to finance private infrastructure projects, the general credit rating for such projects is around BBB, while investment thresholds of institutional investors is AA or above. So, there is a requirement for credit enhancement of the bonds floated by these companies to make them amenable to institutional investment. In this context, the vehicle of infrastructure debt funds is also discussed.
Environmentally and Socially Responsible Infrastructure Finance
Authors: Pratap Kumar V , Gupta Manshi
Published: January 2024

For sustainable infrastructure, projects have to be financially, economically, environmentally, and socially sustainable. While countries like India have traditionally been looking at financial and economic viability through metrics like financial internal rate of return (FIRR), net present value (NPV), economic internal rate of return (EIRR), and so on, not much attention has been given to environmental and social sustainability. However, being responsible entities, and as multilateral financial institutions and institutional investors also look at environmental and social sustainability before committing investments, these concerns have to be on-boarded. This chapter looks at these issues. The alignment of environmental principles with infrastructure investments and projects is necessary for sustainable development, as also their financing. Many financial institutions have voluntarily adhered to Equator Principles, Carbon Principles, and Climate Principles, thereby preventing them from financing projects that are not aligned to these principles. Green bonds are also being increasingly used for financing infrastructure projects. For India, green bonds would be the key to meeting the ambitious target of building 175 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2022 and 450GW of renewable energy capacity by 2030. The chapter will explore the Equator, Carbon, and Climate Principles, as also the green bond, climate bond, and social bond avenues for financing infrastructure projects. In this context, the chapter will also discuss whether exploitation of renewable energy (through the case study of the Solar Energy Corporation of India Ltd.) is the silver bullet that mitigates the traditional trade-off between growth and environment to enable sustainable development.
Some Questions
Authors: Pratap Kumar V , Gupta Manshi
Published: January 2024

This chapter deals with four questions that repeatedly come up in discussions on augmenting infrastructure financing in India. First, is there a case for borrowings in foreign currency for infrastructure finance? The chapter recommends an appropriate approach for foreign financing of Indian infrastructure. Second, is there a need for a new development finance institution in India? The chapter highlights some issues for the newly formed Indian DFI to be able to fulfil its objectives. Third, is there a need for a new credit-rating system for infrastructure projects? The chapter considers whether a Loss Given Default (LGD) scale may be better than a Probability of Default (PD) scale for credit rating of infrastructure projects. A recommendation is presented. Fourth, should India have a 3P institution for shepherding PPPs in the country and systematically deal with questions that arise concerning private participation in infrastructure.
The Nature and Value of Conceptual Legal Scholarship
Authors: Bumke Christian , Schäfer Fritz
Published: January 2024

In its first part, the chapter explores the relationship between the New Private Law and German legal dogmatics. While there are considerable differences between the two, they can be understood as two variants of the same general approach. This approach, which the chapter labels conceptual legal scholarship, is characterized first by its orientation towards the existing positive law, second by taking the perspective of a participant in the law and third by a belief in the law as an ordered whole. In its second part, the chapter examines the different activities pursued within conceptual legal scholarship, cutting across the differentiation between New Private Law and legal dogmatics. The most important distinction here is between approaches aiming at understanding law’s normative content and approaches seeking to explain a legal phenomenon without taking a position on difficult interpretive questions. These explanatory approaches are further surveyed in the last part of the chapter.
The Place of Philosophy in Private Law Scholarship
Authors: Goldberg John C.P. , Zipursky Benjamin C.
Published: January 2024

This chapter first considers why, in the United States, philosophical analysis has become a prominent feature of private law scholarship. Historical, sociological, and constitutional peculiarities of the American experience all figure in our account. It then distinguishes two ways in which philosophy has been brought to bear on private law are distinguished. The first involves the use of analytical and moral philosophy to critique and develop alternatives to policy-driven, welfarist approaches that tend to dominate elite US legal-academic writing. The second harnesses philosophical analysis to defend the intelligibility of ordinary lawyerly discourse about private law as against reductionists (deontological and welfarist) who treat legal concepts as empty vessels to be filled with extralegal content. Our aim is to help scholars understand the current state of private law scholarship in the United States and appreciate the role that philosophy can play in the explanatory, justificatory, and critical aspects of the legal-academic enterprise.
Language and History in the Late-Roman and Post-Imperial West
Authors: Mullen Alex , Woudhuysen George
Published: January 2024

Language remains surprisingly absent from modern discussions of the transformation of the Roman world, an absence that is all the more perplexing given the attention that has been devoted to questions of cultural transformation, identity, and its complexities. This chapter sets out the motivations for trying to cross disciplinary boundaries in the study of the late-Roman and post-imperial Roman West and the barriers which hamper progress in this field. It considers the challenges presented by the scholarly paradigm, different disciplinary perspectives, and the difficult evidence, which often demands a combined historical and linguistic treatment, along with epigraphic, palaeographical, and/or archaeological knowledge. It uses the apparently Gaulish part of the Passion of St Symphorianus to illustrate some of the constraints of a monodisciplinary approach. Throughout the chapter, examples from Gaul indicate how much work is still to be done to lay the foundations for more sensitive multidisciplinary explorations of the linguistic communities and their worlds. Arguably, the disciplinary divides which the authors attempt to cross in the LatinNow volumes are deeper in the study of the later-Roman and post-imperial periods than for the pre-Roman and Roman. It is hoped that this volume will provide a basis for future work and dialogue.
Crises in European Integration
Authors: Mitchell Christopher
Published: January 2024

This chapter outlines how crises have been assigned a central role in both the historical development of European integration and in the theoretical understanding of those processes of integration, even as analyses of which crises are most likely to produce integration have chiefly focused on post hoc examination of their impact rather than developing an ex ante theory of which crises are most likely to produce deeper integration. It briefly surveys how some crises have been linked to deeper integration, while other crises have had little to no impact on integration. It also examines how the major Grand Theories of European Integration, intergovernmentalism, neofunctionalism, and postfunctionalism, all see crises as a key driver of integration, albeit with different emphases. It then briefly summarizes the theory laid out in the remaining chapters, and concludes with an outline of the rest of the book.
Building a Theory of Crises and European Integration
Authors: Mitchell Christopher
Published: January 2024

This chapter introduces a theory of which crises are most likely to produce deeper European integration by focusing on the interaction of the severity of the threat to integration and origin of the crisis within or outside of the sector of interest. It discusses the role of crises in the political science, sociology, media studies, and European integration literatures to explore how the interaction between these two dimensions explains when substantial change is most likely. The four-part typology of crises produced by these factors creates four different expectations for change, with the most change out of severe endogenous crises, modest change out of severe exogenous and moderate endogenous crisis, and little change out of moderate exogenous crises. A discussion of why European finance in the twenty-first century provides an ideal set of cases to explore this theory follows. Finally, the chapter concludes with a discussion of potential alternative explanations.
The 2007–09 Banking Crisis
Authors: Mitchell Christopher
Published: January 2024

This chapter explores how the 2007–09 Banking Crisis, as a crisis originating out of endogenous problems in the European financial regulatory architecture but posing only a moderate threat to European integration, produced moderate “patch-up” reform, chiefly in the form of the European Financial Stability Facility, including the European Banking Authority. It traces how the Banking Crisis provided justification for some reforms, but did not create a circumstance where inaction would mean disintegration. As such, attempts at more substantial integration, such as moving bank supervision and resolution to the European level, failed in the face of opposition from actors such as the UK. Such actors did not see the threat as severe enough to make hard compromises that would impose substantial costs, including fiscal transfers and loss of regulatory autonomy.
The 2020–21 COVID Pandemic
Authors: Mitchell Christopher
Published: January 2024

This chapter explores how the 2020–21 COVID-19 Pandemic posed a threat to European integration as severe as the 2010–14 Debt Crisis but failed to produce nearly as substantial financial regulatory reforms due to its origin outside of the financial sector. It traces how the anticipated surge of nonperforming loans out of the economic contraction from lockdown measures risked a wave of bank failures and sovereign defaults. However, because flaws in financial regulation had not caused the Pandemic, financial reform could not prevent another similar shock. This created a willingness to embrace large temporary programs such as NextGenerationEU and the Pandemic Emergency Purchase Program, but not to support permanent reforms such as a European Deposit Insurance Scheme or Capital Markets Union. Instead, the only notable permanent financial reform out of the Pandemic was establishing the European Stability Mechanism as a backstop to the Single Resolution Fund to manage future bank failures.
Postcolonial Bollywood and Muslim Identity
Authors: Khatun Nadira
Published: January 2024

The book joins the growing scholarship in the field of Bollywood film studies encompassing methodological sub-groups such as discursive or narrative studies, textual analysis, audience research, political economy of Bollywood, and so on. It particularly focuses on the representation of Muslims in postcolonial Bollywood cinema that draws upon earlier questions and concerns about narrative style and politics of representing Muslims but expands the focus to include issues of Muslim film genres, the chronological shift in the portrayal of Muslims depending on the nation’s politics, particularly backed by empirical data. This book seeks to capture the changing image of Muslims in popular Bollywood films over the last seven decades. In Hindi films, Muslims have traditionally been portrayed through the lens of religion. Narratives associated with that specific religious identity were adapted based on the sociopolitical setting of the country at the time of the film’s making. It also takes forward developing scholarship on ‘representation’ in popular Hindi cinema and as such carries adequate potential to make a substantial contribution to the field of study. The book represents the perspectives of the consumers as well as the producers of those Bollywood texts. It intends to be an important intervention in the discussion around representation of ethnic and religious minorities in global popular culture in general and Bollywood cinema in particular.
Introduction: Muslims in Postcolonial Bollywood: Theoretical debates and Methodological Positions
Authors: Khatun Nadira
Published: January 2024

This chapter seeks to capture a brief historical background the changing image of Muslims in popular Bollywood films over the last seven decades and how in Hindi films, Muslims have traditionally been portrayed through the lens of religion. Narratives associated with that specific religious identity were adapted based on the sociopolitical setting of the country at the time of the film’s making. The chapter provides theoretical debates on the formation of Muslim identity using one of the most important and well-known theories i.e. Orientalist discourse. Moreover, it also outlines the methodological positions. Through different points of view, qualitative method is utilized to deal with the complexities of Bollywood films and via in-depth interviews, the research presented here attempts to capture these notions through the understandings of the audience, film critics, and filmmakers on the specified issues connected to either film texts concerning Muslims or the politics of making those texts.
A Critical Literature Review
Authors: Wolff Jonathan , de-Shalit Avner
Published: January 2024

In this chapter, the authors undertake a critical literature review. The authors relate to works by political philosophers who have directly discussed equality in the city, but there are few such works. Since the book is written for a wider readership, including social scientists, urban studies scholars, planners, political scientists, and those who are in love with the urban way of life, the literature review is extended in several dimensions: contributions from a broader range of social sciences, urban studies and sociology, and political philosophy. Second, the authors incorporate a broader discourse on justice in the city because justice is only sometimes explicitly distinguished from equality in this literature. Furthermore, the authors look at some contributions which indirectly bear on their questions, even if they do not address them directly. The authors explain what remains to be done and how their work aims to do this.
A Secure Sense of Place
Authors: Wolff Jonathan , de-Shalit Avner
Published: January 2024

Chapter 5 explains the theory of what makes a city a city of equals in detail, interweaving observations and results from the interviews and the previous chapters. Four core values of the city of equals are defined, based on reflection on the interviews and the literature: accessibility to the city’s services is not constituted by the market; a sense of a meaningful life; diversity and social mixing; non-deferential inclusion (that is, being included without having to defer). Finally, a general conception of a city of equals, deriving from the core values, is put forward: a city of equals is a city in which all of its residents feel that they are part of the city’s story, and enjoy a secure functioning of having a sense of place.
The Father and the Son
Authors: Miller Micah M.
Published: January 2024

Chapter 1 considers Origen’s understanding of the relationship between the Father and Son in terms of their possession of auto-X attributes. By analyzing Origen’s use of the prefix auto- as it is applied to the Father and Son, as well as the language he employs to further define and clarify what this prefix means, the chapter establishes that the Son is dependent upon the Father for his being and his attributes. The Son, therefore, is ranked below the Father, a relationship that is best understood within the context of Origen’s interactions with Monarchian theology. All other beings, meanwhile, are dependent on the Son. The hierarchical relationship that exists between the Father, Son, and all other beings is important for understanding the Holy Spirit’s place within this hierarchy.
The Unity and Multiplicity of the Holy Spirit
Authors: Miller Micah M.
Published: January 2024

Chapter 3 examines Origen’s description of the Holy Spirit as sevenfold, despite his statements that the Spirit is a single, independent being. The chapter exegetes each of the four passages in which Origen refers to the Spirit as sevenfold, considering Origen’s use of and development upon Clement of Alexandria, as well as other earlier Christians. The chapter further establishes that Origen interprets the Spirit’s multiplicity in terms of a philosophical notion of power. By utilizing this philosophical notion of power, Origen is able to explain how the Holy Spirit can remain a single, independent being while distributing many different spiritual gifts. Origen’s use of Greco-Roman philosophy, therefore, enables him to account for the Holy Spirit’s unity of being and pluriform activity.
Paradoxical Proposals and Consent
Authors: Dougherty Tom
Published: January 2024

An agent makes a paradoxical proposal to a deliberator when (i) the agent wrongs the deliberator by proposing to perform an action on condition that the deliberator chooses an option, even though (ii) the agent would ordinarily be permitted to perform this action. For example, a citizen wrongs a criminal with blackmail by threatening to inform on them unless the criminal pays the citizen money, even though the citizen would not wrong the criminal by informing on them outright. This chapter defends a two-pronged account of paradoxical proposals. For the first prong, this chapter defends a principle that some paradoxical proposals can invalidate consent by unjustifiably worsening the situation in which the deliberator makes their choice. For the second prong, this chapter argues that other paradoxical proposals do not invalidate consent, but these can be wrong in other ways, e.g. in virtue of wrongfully taking advantage of the deliberator’s vulnerability in order to secure their compliance to an arrangement that unjustifiably sets back their interests.
Manipulation, Disrespecting Autonomy, and Deliberative Projects
Authors: Aboodi Ron , Cohen Shlomo
Published: January 2024

This chapter helps to illuminate the practical meaning of respecting a person’s autonomy, by focusing on manipulation. Many instances of manipulation are intuitively morally worrisome in virtue of disrespecting the manipulee’s autonomy. On the basis of such normative intuitions, this chapter argues that “the manipulee’s autonomy” here can be understood as the manipulee’s “deliberative project”: her interrelated ongoing efforts to manage her conduct by committing and adhering to normative stances, ideals, policies, plans, goals, and the like. The significance of this precisification comes out in comparison to various alternatives. For example, it may be argued that some manipulations disrespect the manipulee’s autonomy merely due to diminishing the manipulee’s rationality. But this chapter suggests that the relevance of rationality in a particular type of situation depends on the extent to which being rational is important from the manipulee’s perspective, in light of the manipulee’s particular deliberative project. So diminishing the manipulee’s rationality is not necessarily disrespectful toward her autonomy
Moral Theorizing and the Limits of Coherence
Authors: Buss Sarah
Published: January 2024

Is there any more compelling way to critique a moral theory than to point out that it cannot offer a fully coherent account of moral agency? This essay suggests that we should be wary of the assumption underlying such critiques. Coherence is an ideal, and there is good reason to think that it does not trump all other ideals. In particular, given the heterogeneity of the virtues, we have good reason to endorse a conception of moral agency according to which an ideal moral agent is vulnerable to conflicting requirements. Once we appreciate this fact, we are faced with the task of distinguishing the unacceptable forms of incoherence from the forms we have reason to endorse. The essay’s second half argues that coherence constraints rule out the possibility of supererogatory action as it is generally understood. But it concludes with the tentative suggestion that moral agents may be justified in cultivating a stance toward their own actions which is incoherent in the relevant respect. This gives us one more reason to doubt that we can dismiss a moral theory simply because it implies that the moral point of view is not a fully coherent point of view.
Satisficing Virtuously
Authors: Conee Earl
Published: January 2024

Some objections to maximizing consequentialism (MC) about moral permissibility seem to call for a satisficing theory. These objections are presented. Candidates for a satisficing theory that overcomes the objections are criticized. The aim of the chapter is to find the best moral theory that we can develop, when we set out with the aim of finding a plausible way to overcome the objections to MC that suggest a satisficing response. A theory emerges that adequately avoids the objections that suggest satisficing. It is a disjunctive theory with a virtue condition. The theory can be improved to avoid trouble that arises from its having two sufficient conditions for moral permissibility. The virtue condition is argued to do all of the needed work. The resulting account is argued to succeed, whether or not it gives an ultimate explanation.
Two Conceptions of Rights
Authors: Brink David O.
Published: January 2024

Rights play an important role in moral, political, and legal debate. But we think of rights in two quite different ways. On one conception, rights are important inputs to debate that often, but not always, determine the outcome of that debate. These are contributory rights. Another conception represents rights as the outcome of debate about the entitlements of parties to the debate. These are resultant rights, which are verdictive. Both conceptions of rights are legitimate. The important point is not to confuse them. Some adjudicative contexts employ the resultant conception of rights. However, other contexts employ the contributory conception. Contributory rights are presupposed by moderate deontology, conflicts of rights, and constitutional rights. Finally, the appeal to rights as a justification of adjudicative outcomes presupposes the contributory conception of rights, inasmuch as the resultant conception would render such appeals circular. Resultant rights represent the proper weighing and outcome of potentially conflicting contributory rights and other morally relevant factors.
Relative clauses
Authors: Sato Yutaka , Cho Sungdai
Published: January 2024

Chapter 8 sketches Japanese and Korean noun modification constructions, i.e., externally headed relative clauses, appositive clauses, and internally headed relative clauses. In addition to gapped relative clauses, the two languages have gapless relative clauses, which are not observable in European-type languages. The gapped relative clauses in both Japanese and Korean behave similarly in the range of relativizable syntactic positions (or in terms of the Noun Phrase Accessibility). Appositive clauses (or noun complement clauses) are characterized in contrast with relative clauses, particularly focusing on a difference in structure. These languages also have internally headed relative clauses. This chapter refers to the question of relativization from a complex noun phrase in these languages (i.e., whether or not subject to the complex NP constraint), which has been debated between those who propose movement and in-situ analyses.
Negation
Authors: Sato Yutaka , Cho Sungdai
Published: January 2024

Chapter 10 contrasts the different ways in which Japanese and Korean negate sentences. Japanese uses a morphological method; i.e., a morphologically bound negator is attached to a verb. To negate adjectival or nominal predicates, a negative form of the copula is used. Korean utilizes two different ways of sentential negation: long form of negation (LFN) with a negative verb, and short form of negation (SFN) with a negative particle. The type of sentential negation employed, i.e., LFN or SFN, or both, also varies depending on the syntactic category of the predicate in Korean. For example, verbs and adjectives can be negated with LFN, whereas the copula (a nominal predicate) cannot. Japanese and Korean have similar sets of Negative Polarity Items (NPIs) but differ from each other in some respects, e.g., Japanese disallows a certain type of Multiple NPI Constructions.
Concertation as a foundational/fundamental institution
Authors: Cooper Andrew F.
Published: January 2024

This chapter builds on the pivotal conceptual question that animates this book: whether the impulse towards concertation is not just a foundational institutional format looking backwards to the nineteenth century but also a fundamental institution in the context of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. The chapter devotes attention to the distinctive modes of concert types of institutions, especially modified pluralist and solidarist alternatives to state-based plurilateral summitry. Of particular significance are the impetus and constraints on concertation ‘owned’ not by traditional incumbent states as in previous eras but by non-incumbents positioned in the Global South generally and ‘aspiring great powers’ more specifically.
Aspirations of a BRICS solidarity concert/hanging together as a pluralist club
Authors: Cooper Andrew F.
Published: January 2024

This chapter examines the connections (and disconnections) between the aspirational notion of the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) as a putative solidarity-orientated institutional concert type and the institutional evolution towards a far more limited club-mode of operation by which it evolved. Through this extended examination, it is the deficiencies in the US-centric literature that once more surface. The BRICS members are not just a reflection of images of economic transition on an individual basis, as witnessed by the animation of the Goldman Sachs predictions. Instead, the BRICS as a group has built up a collective institutional personality, the full implications of which still lie ahead, with the meaning of the members ‘concerting among each other’—with Russia ambitiously (if awkwardly) the prime animator—remaining very much in play.
Conclusions
Authors: Cooper Andrew F.
Published: January 2024

Conceptually, whereas the book assesses the recovery of Bull’s analysis on the patterns of institutional design, and on the privileging of concertation as a putative fundamental institution, as highly valuable for addressing the core features played out in contest over institutional design, it judges the contribution of the entire body of institutional international relations (IR) to this core debate far more critically. Operationally, accentuated by the intensification of tensions between China and Russia, the debate over concertation has become fractured, with a number of partial (and polarized) notions of institutional concert types in play in line with some possible revival. Conversely, the chapter illuminates that, given that the death of the Group of Twenty as an institutional concert format is not totally out of the question, it is far more likely that this plurilateral summitry process will continue to evolve towards what institutionalist IR depicts as a focal point. Although continuing to be stigmatized, the concertation impulse will continue to be recalibrated.
A System of Conflict Resolution and the Search for Peace
Authors: Forster Marc R.
Published: January 2024

Although everyone recognized the reality of conflict within rural communities, there was also an intense desire for peace. This desire permeated society, from the highest levels down to the villages. After the Thirty Years’ War, all German states brought local elites into the system of governing. In the villages studied here, people developed a flexible system of conflict resolution that aimed at finding a settlement (a Vergleich) for disputes. This system involved mediation, negotiation, and legal action, sometimes all at the same time. The courts studied here were highly local, sometimes with juries of peasants, and worked quickly and fairly inexpensively. They were also flexible, often encouraging or even arranging compromises, and rarely resorting to legal principles. The examples used in this chapter show this “culture of settlement” at work. Ultimately, the contribution of local courts to the resolution of conflicts meant that local people supported (at least some) state structures that they found useful and effective.
Sir William Petty, the Restoration in Ireland, and the Corporate Commonwealth
Authors: Ward Matthew
Published: January 2024

This chapter concentrates on Petty’s first significant engagement with Hobbes in two texts composed around the time of the Restoration of the Stuart monarchy in 1660. The chapter sets the first, a paper on ‘systems of government’, within the context of the constitutional debates that followed the collapse of the Third Protectorate parliament. In his paper, Petty developed a case for democracy by engaging with Hobbes’s De cive. Though Hobbes preferred government by monarchy, his concept of the commonwealth as a corporation of all its subjects was inspired by, and in turn inspired, theories of democracy; and Petty used the concept to argue for democracy in his paper. Following the Restoration, in the context of debates about Irish land and finance, Petty drew on the same concept in A Treatise of Taxes and Contributions to argue that a general excise tax, amongst other policies, conformed to ‘Natural Justice’.
John Vesey and Anglican Royalist Discourse in Restoration Ireland
Authors: Ward Matthew
Published: January 2024

In this chapter, the focus of the book shifts to Hobbes’s reception amongst Irish Anglicans. The chapter examines the Restoration writings of John Vesey, an Anglican prelate. The first of these writings is a biography of John Bramhall, an old adversary of Hobbes, which introduces the intellectual context of Vesey’s engagements with Hobbes throughout the Restoration: Anglican discourses of natural law and the divine nature. Hobbes corrupted these discourses to arrogate ethical and ecclesiastical authority to the sovereign. While Hobbes’s arguments repelled some Anglican royalists, such as Bramhall, they appealed more to men like Jeremy Taylor and the ‘Latitudinarians’, at least when it was convenient or necessary to defend the ecclesiastical authority of the crown and to subordinate religious policy to the requirements of civil peace. This was the case more consistently in Ireland than England, and Vesey was more willing than most English Anglicans to engage with Hobbesian arguments.