bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pharmaceutical wastewater treatment using granular activated carbon and UV/H2O2 processes: Experimental analysis and modelling
Authors: Ghafoori Samira , Shah Kiran K. , Mehrvar Mehrab , Chan Philip K.
Published: June 2014

The treatment of a synthetic pharmaceutical wastewater was studied using granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption, UV/H2O2 process, and their combination. Experimental results reveal that GAC adsorption alone has 79% efficiency in total organic carbon (TOC) removal in 10 min breakthrough time with the dosage of 333.33 mg activated carbon/L. The adsorption data are fitted well with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The UV/H2O2 process alone at 6 h hydraulic retention time with optimum dosage of 4.25 mgH2O2/mgCOD shows 29 and 26% TOC reduction using 185 and 254 nm UV lamps, respectively. The kinetic modelling of the UV254/H2O2 process is developed using chemical oxygen demand (COD) and TOC as lumped parameters. A good agreement between model predictions and experimental data is confirmed. In combined processes, pre‐treated pharmaceutical wastewater by UV254/H2O2 followed by GAC adsorption process along with the desorption of contaminants from GAC and the subsequent treatment of the condensed steam by UV254/H2O2 process leads to 82 % TOC removal efficiency. On the other hand, the GAC adsorption along with UV254/H2O2 treatment of regenerant (condensed steam) from the desorption process leads to 88 % TOC removal at optimum conditions.
Physics‐based proxy modelling of solvent transport in VAPEX process
Authors: Shi Jindong , Leung Juliana Y.
Published: June 2014

VAPEX (vapour extraction) is a non‐thermal process that has significant potential to provide a more environmentally friendly and energy‐efficient alternative to steam injection. While numerical modelling techniques are available for simulating mass transfer in VAPEX process, computational constraints often preclude detailed numerical solution of the flow and transport differential equations, as is often implemented in traditional flow simulators. Efficient alternatives that are based on analytical solutions could be employed to assess the transport physics. In this paper, a novel physical‐based proxy is developed to model solvent transport in VAPEX at isothermal conditions, in a way analogous to the SAGD model described by Butler (Butler, J. Can. Petrol. Technol. 1985, 24, 42). Detailed analytical formulations are derived and implemented in a calculation procedure to advance the solvent–bitumen interface and to estimate producing oil rate with time. In our approach, solvent concentration and intrinsic diffusion coefficient are introduced in the model instead of temperature and thermal diffusivity in SAGD. A new mass penetration parameter is introduced and its change with time is modelled. Growth of solvent chamber and oil drainage rate predicted from the proxy model are in good agreement with Hele‐Shaw experimental data available in the literature. Results predicted by proxy model also match well with scaled‐up flow rates for a field case described by Das and Butler (Das and Butler, J. Can. Petrol. Technol. 1994, 33, 39).
Site‐Directed RNA Editing with Antagomir Deaminases — A Tool to Study Protein and RNA Function
Authors: Vogel Paul , Stafforst Thorsten
Published: June 2014

RNA‐guided machineries perfectly satisfy the demand for rationally programmable tools that manipulate gene function inside the cell. Over the last ten years, various natural machineries have been harnessed, with RNA interference being among the most prominent examples. It is now time to tackle the engineering of novel RNA‐guided tools not provided by nature. In this respect, we highlight RNA‐guided site‐directed RNA editing as a new concept for the manipulation of RNA and protein function. In contrast to currently available techniques, RNA editing allows for the introduction of selected point mutations into the transcriptome without the need for genomic manipulation. In particular, the approach described using chemically stabilized, antagomir‐like guideRNAs may offer advantages over others, such as specificity and circumvention of immunogenicity. These new tools have significant potential for the advancement of both basic science and medicinal application, especially in the treatment of genetic diseases.
Effect of magnetic field and iron content on NMR proton relaxation of liver, spleen and brain tissues
Authors: Hocq Aline , Luhmer Michel , Saussez Sven , Louryan Stéphane , Gillis Pierre , Gossuin Yves
Published: June 2014

Iron accumulation is observed in liver and spleen during hemochromatosis and important neurodegenerative diseases involve iron overload in brain. Storage of iron is ensured by ferritin, which contains a magnetic core. It causes a darkening on T2‐weighted MR images. This work aims at improving the understanding of the NMR relaxation of iron‐loaded human tissues, which is necessary to develop protocols of iron content measurements by MRI. Relaxation times measurements on brain, liver and spleen samples were realized at different magnetic fields. Iron content was determined by atomic emission spectroscopy. For all samples, the longitudinal relaxation rate (1/T1) of tissue protons decreases with the magnetic field up to 1 T, independently of iron content, while their transverse relaxation rate (1/T2) strongly increases with the field, either linearly or quadratically, or a combination thereof. The extent of the inter‐echo time dependence of 1/T2 also varies according to the sample. A combination of theoretical models is necessary to describe the relaxation of iron‐containing tissues. This can be due to the presence, inside tissues, of ferritin clusters of different sizes and densities. When considering all samples, a correlation (r2 = 0.6) between 1/T1 and iron concentration is observed at 7.0 T. In contrast the correlation between 1/T2 and iron content is poor, even at high field (r2 = 0.14 at 7.0 T). Our results show that MRI methods based on T1 or T2 measurements will easily detect an iron overloading at high magnetic field, but will not provide an accurate quantification of tissue iron content at low iron concentrations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sodium–Metal Halide and Sodium–Air Batteries
Authors: Ha Seongmin , Kim Jae‐Kwang , Choi Aram , Kim Youngsik , Lee Kyu Tae
Published: June 2014

Impressive developments have been made in the past a few years toward the establishment of Na‐ion batteries as next‐generation energy‐storage devices and replacements for Li‐ion batteries. Na‐based cells have attracted increasing attention owing to low production costs due to abundant sodium resources. However, applications of Na‐ion batteries are limited to large‐scale energy‐storage systems because of their lower energy density compared to Li‐ion batteries and their potential safety problems. Recently, Na‐metal cells such as Na–metal halide and Na–air batteries have been considered to be promising for use in electric vehicles owing to good safety and high energy density, although less attention is focused on Na‐metal cells than on Na‐ion cells. This Minireview provides an overview of the fundamentals and recent progress in the fields of Na–metal halide and Na–air batteries, with the aim of providing a better understanding of new electrochemical systems.
Is Dysfunctional Use of the Mobile Phone a Behavioural Addiction? Confronting Symptom‐Based Versus Process‐Based Approaches
Authors: Billieux Joël , Philippot Pierre , Schmid Cécile , Maurage Pierre , De Mol Jan , Van der Linden Martial
Published: June 2014

Dysfunctional use of the mobile phone has often been conceptualized as a ‘behavioural addiction’ that shares most features with drug addictions. In the current article, we challenge the clinical utility of the addiction model as applied to mobile phone overuse. We describe the case of a woman who overuses her mobile phone from two distinct approaches: (1) a symptom‐based categorical approach inspired from the addiction model of dysfunctional mobile phone use and (2) a process‐based approach resulting from an idiosyncratic clinical case conceptualization. In the case depicted here, the addiction model was shown to lead to standardized and non‐relevant treatment, whereas the clinical case conceptualization allowed identification of specific psychological processes that can be targeted with specific, empirically based psychological interventions. This finding highlights that conceptualizing excessive behaviours (e.g., gambling and sex) within the addiction model can be a simplification of an individual's psychological functioning, offering only limited clinical relevance. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message

The addiction model, applied to excessive behaviours (e.g., gambling, sex and Internet‐related activities) may lead to non‐relevant standardized treatments.

Clinical case conceptualization allowed identification of specific psychological processes that can be targeted with specific empirically based psychological interventions.

The biomedical model might lead to the simplification of an individual's psychological functioning with limited clinical relevance.
Pedestal Structure without and with 3D Fields
Authors: Callen J. D.
Published: June 2014

Achieving high pedestal pressures in H(high)‐mode plasmas confined in tokamaks is critical for obtaining fusion burning plasmas in ITER. Recent characterizations of quasi‐equilibrium plasma parameter profiles in low collisionality H‐mode pedestals in the DIII‐D tokamak are briefly summarized. Critical plasma transport properties (large radial electron heat flow, density pinch) that establish the transport barrier structure of the pedestal profiles are identified. The paleoclassical transport model, which naturally includes a density pinch, is shown to provide the minimum electron heat and density transport in the pedestal. Microinstabilities can provide additional plasma transport within and especially at the top of pedestals. Macroscopic peeling‐ballooning (P‐B) instabilities cause periodic edge localized modes (ELMs) that limit the temporal and spatial growth of the pedestal initially and between ELMs. Externally imposed 3D resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) in the pedestal have been used to stabilize P‐B modes and suppress ELMs. A magnetic flutter model of plasma transport induced by the 3D RMPs has been developed for low collisionality DIII‐D pedestals. Comparisons of it with data on ELM suppression by RMPs indicate it can provide a “diffusivity hill” at the pedestal top that can impede pedestal growth and thereby stabilize P‐B modes and suppress ELMs. Finally, transport equations for plasma density, electron and ion pressures and, most importantly, the plasma toroidal rotation frequency (and hence, via radial force balance, the radial electric field) in the presence of plasma transport due to collisional, paleoclassical, microturbulence‐induced and 3D field effects are presented. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Benchmark of Monte Carlo Scheme of EMC3 Dealing with NonUniform Cross‐Field Transport Coefficients and Implementation in LHD
Authors: Kobayashi M. , Feng Y. , Yamada I. , Hayashi H. , Kawamura G.
Published: June 2014

The new code version of EMC3, which can deal with non‐uniform cross‐field transport coefficient, is benchmarked with analytical problem and a finite difference method. It has been confirmed that for arbitrary spatial change of the transport coefficient the error is suppressed below tolerable level for the purpose of comparison with experiments. The first implementation of the new code in LHD stochastic layer shows existence of significant change of cross‐field transport in radial direction. The location of the change corresponds to the boundary between long flux tubes region and the edge surface layers (where long and short flux tubes co‐exist, i.e. laminar zone). (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Modified Power Transmission Factor of Tungsten in Plasmas with Hot Electron Component
Authors: Takamura S. , Ono S. , Ohno N.
Published: June 2014

Power transmission factors (PTF) through the sheath of helium plasmas with hot electron component against two kinds of tungsten wall, virgin as well as nanostructured one due to helium irradiation are studied theoretically and experimentally. In the present theory the ion‐induced electron emission in addition to secondary electron emission is taken into account, contributing to the cooling of the wall. Some discussions on the comparison between the measurement and the modified PTF theory are given. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effect of Turbulent Fluctuations on Neutral Particle Penetration and Charge Exchange Sputtering
Authors: Mekkaoui A. , Kotov V. , Reiter D. , Boerner P.
Published: June 2014

In this contribution we present results on the effect of turbulent plasma fluctuations on the transport of atoms and molecules as well as on impurities sputtered due to charge exchange atomic bombardment. These phenomena are investigated using the kinetic Monte‐Carlo particle transport code EIRENE and a statistical model of plasma fluctuations. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Numerical Fluid Modelling of the Plasma Edge Response to a 3D Object and Application to Mach Probe Measurements
Authors: Paredes A. , Serre E. , Schwander F. , Ghendrih Ph. , Tamain P.
Published: June 2014

The penalization method Ref. [1] is used to model the interaction of 3D probe with an isothermal plasma. Density maps show that the region perturbed by the obstacle, is not restricted to its near neighbourhood, but can extend to the whole SOL. In the particular case of a probe, which is used to measure local plasma parameters, this impact can lead to violation of assumptions of locality of the perturbation usually used in determining Mach number from the imbalance in density on both sides of the probe. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Implementation of PIC/MC Code BIT1 in ITM Platform
Authors: Tskhakaya D. , Coster D. , ITM‐TF contributors
Published: June 2014

We describe the development of the user friendly version of massively parallel PIC code BIT1 for plasma edge simulations and its implementation into the Integrated Tokamak Modeling (ITM) platform. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A Simple Hybrid Model for SOL, Pedestal and Core Tokamak Plasmas
Authors: Bykov A. S. , Sergeev V. Yu. , Kuteev B.V.
Published: June 2014

In this paper, the divertor heat flux density profile is being discussed. The simple robust model, dealing with core, pedestal and edge plasmas was improved. The model was applied to the ITER basic regime. Heat flux density was estimated for two different cases of heat flux SOL width of ITER. In the case of wide 2 cm SOL, the peak divertor heat flux density is under technological limit of 10 MW/m2. In the case of quite narrow 1 mm width SOL, peak divertor heat flux density exceeds this limit by several times and detached divertor regimes should be considered. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Development of the Backflow Model for Simplified Impurity Exhaust in Monte‐Carlo Calculation
Authors: Hoshino K. , Shimizu K. , Kawashima H. , Takizuka T. , Nakano T. , Ide S.
Published: June 2014

The Monte‐Carlo (MC) approach has a lot of flexibility in impurity transport modeling in the SOL and divertor region. However, in the divertor plasma simulation with the noble impurity seeding, characteristic time of the impurity transport especially in the sub‐divertor chamber is long because the MC calculation of the impurity gas transport can be finished only by exhaust. The impurity MC calculation for such long exhaust processes is difficult in a series of the iterative calculation of a suite of integrated divertor codes SONIC. In order to overcome such a problem, a backflow model has been developed. Amount of the backflow flux from the sub‐divertor chamber to the divertor region is evaluated in advance, and then simulating impurity flux is injected from the exhaust slot to the divertor region like a backflow. By this model, the MC calculation time is reduced significantly and iterative calculation of SONIC becomes possible within a reasonable calculation time. As a demonstration, the SONIC code with the backflow model has been applied to investigation of power handling in JT‐60SA divertor. The SONIC simulation showed that low divertor heat load (< 10 MW/m2) with the low SOL density (< 1.5 × 1019m–3), which is required in the full non‐inductive current drive scenario, was achieved by the Ar gas puffing of 0.86 Pa m3/s. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Stochastic Processes Applied to the Spectroscopic Diagnostic of Hydrogen in Edge Plasmas
Authors: Hannachi I. , Capes H. , Godbert‐Mouret L. , Guzman F. , Koubiti M. , Marandet Y. , Rosato J. , Meftah M.T. , Stamm R.
Published: June 2014

Stochastic processes may be used as an efficient model for the line shapes affected by Stark effect in edge plasma conditions. We check the accuracy of this approach on the Lyman γ line of hydrogen perturbed by ions only. We also use a stochastic process to investigate the effect of plasma oscillations on a line shape. Our model assumes that Langmuir waves are a sequence of oscillating electric fields changing their amplitude and phase according to an exponential waiting time distribution. The possible effects of Langmuir waves on the Lyman α Stark profile are discussed in edge plasma conditions. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Time Dependent Collisional‐Radiative Model for Scrape‐Off Layer Impurity Turbulent Transport Studies
Authors: Guzmán F. , Marandet Y. , Moulton D. , Futtersack R. , Ghendrih Ph. , Guirlet R. , Rosato J. , Stamm R. , Tamain P.
Published: June 2014

The effects of Scrape‐off layer (SOL) turbulent fluctuations on the ionization/recombination source terms in the continuity equations for impurities are investigated. These effects come in addition to those related to turbulent transport, and could be important in the SOL owing to the large relative fluctuation levels measured there. Given the time scales involved, the ionization balance does not follow adiabatically fluctuations. In order to investigate these effects, we have developed a time dependent solver for the population kinetics of the full atomic system. A first calculation is performed for beryllium, using turbulent fields from the TOKAM2D non isothermal code. Turbulent fluctuations are shown to shift substantially the abundances of the different ionization stages via source averaging effects. A stochastic model, which could potentially be used to generate fluctuation averaged ionization/recombination rate coefficients, is then used to model the output of TOKAM2D. The results for abundances are compared to those of the population kinetics code. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Integrated Simulation Study of ELM Pacing by Pellet Injection in ITER
Authors: Hayashi N. , Aiba N. , Takizuka T. , Oyama N.
Published: June 2014

Simulations with an integrated code TOPICS‐IB showed that a small pellet can significantly reduce the ELM energy loss by penetrating deeply into the pedestal and triggering high‐n ballooning modes localized near the pedestal top, with conditions; the injection from the low‐field‐side with a speed fast enough to approach the pedestal top when the pedestal pressure is about 95% of natural ELM onset. The effectiveness of the above suitable conditions of pellet injection for ELM pacing has been confirmed by JT‐60U and then ITER simulations. The pellet particle content required for ELM pacing is larger for the pedestal plasma with higher density and farther from the stability boundary of ideal ballooning mode near the pedestal top. For an ITER standard scenario, the required pellet particle content is about a few % of pedestal particle content, which gives the physics background to the present design value. Simulations also showed that fueling pellets can be injected from the high‐field‐side just after ELM pacing pellets without disturbing the pacing. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Numerical Methods for 3D Tokamak Simulations Using a Flux‐Surface Independent Grid
Authors: Stegmeir A. , Coster D. , Maj O. , Lackner K.
Published: June 2014

A numerical approach for 3D Tokamak simulations using a flux surface independent grid is presented. The grid consists of few poloidal planes with a Cartesian isotropic grid within each poloidal plane. Perpendicular operators can be discretised within a poloidal plane using standard second order finite difference methods. The discretisation of parallel operators is achieved with a field line following map and an interpolation. The application of the support operator method to the parallel diffusion operator conserves the self‐adjointness of the operator on the discrete level and keeps the numerical decay rate at a low level. The developed numerical methods can be applied to geometries where an X‐point is present. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Simulation Study of Nonlocal Transport from Edge to Core in Tokamak Plasmas
Authors: Yagi M. , Matsuyama A. , Miyato N. , Takizuka T.
Published: June 2014

The simulation study of nonlocal transport from edge to core in tokamak plasmas is performed using the 4‐field reduced MHD model. A toroidally‐elongated cylindrical particle source is applied in the plasma edge, after saturation of the resistive ballooning turbulence is attained. After a short time, the source is switched off and plasma response is investigated in detail. The nonlocal transport appears at the location far from the edge source. It is found that the particle source induces (0,0) and (±1, 0) modes of density fluctuations, where (m, n) indicates the set of poloidal mode number m and the toroidal mode number n. These modes interact with each other by the nonlinear and/or toroidal couplings. The symmetry of (±1, 0) modes breaks after switching‐off the source and the formation of the spiral structure with poloidal rotation is observed, which yields a connection between core and edge regions. In this simulation, the convective cell mode such as (1,0) mode contributes the nonlocal transport. The simulation result indicates that two dimensional transport plays an essential role to produce the nonlocal transport. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Benchmarks of KIPP: Vlasov‐Fokker‐Planck Code for Parallel Plasma Transport in the SOL and Divertor
Authors: Chankin A. V. , Coster D. P.
Published: June 2014

Benchmarks of the new 1D2V kinetic code KIPP (KInetic code for Plasma Periphery) for parallel plasma transport in the scrape‐off layer (SOL) and divertor of magnetic confinement fusion devices are presented. The code is based on the continuum discretisation scheme for the Vlasov‐Fokker‐Planck equation. It assumes plasma quasi‐neutrality, maintained by the electron parallel momentum balance, and uses a logical sheath boundary condition for the Debye potential drop at material surfaces. The code is parallelized under the MPI environment, with the most time consuming part, Coulomb collisions, being calculated simultaneously for all spatial locations by separate processors using a sparse matrix solver for the full non‐linear collision operator in two velocity variables: parallel and gyro‐averaged perpendicular velocities. KIPP is being developed with the aim of integrating it into SOLPS (B2‐Eirene), to replace fluid treatment of parallel plasma transport with the kinetic one. Benchmark results for parallel electron heat conduction and electron‐ion thermoforce for highly collisional plasmas are presented, as well as some results for less collisional plasmas. This paper focuses on the 1d2v features of the code, with the 0d2v features presented earlier in [1, 2]. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Impact of a Langmuir Probe on Turbulence Measurements in the Scrape‐Off‐Layer of Tokamaks
Authors: Colin C. , Tamain P. , Ghendrih P. , Schwander F. , Serre E.
Published: June 2014

An issue for Langmuir probe measurements of SOL turbulence concerns the impact of the probe itself on plasma transport. The aim of this paper is to investigate this issue with a synthetic reconstruction of Langmuir probe measurements by inserting a synthetic probe into a 2D fluid SOL turbulence code. The effect of a biased probe is analysed as a function of its size. It is shown that the probe creates a transport barrier whose effect is non‐local and affects the current's circulation in the plasma. The plasma density is depleted by the presence of the probe as well as the electrostatic potential. A strong impact on turbulence can also be observed. Such observations imply that the probed turbulence can differ significantly from the probe‐free turbulence. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Density and Temperature Correlations in the SOL; Implications for Gas Puff Imaging of Turbulence
Authors: Moulton D. , Marandet Y. , Tamain P. , Ghendrih Ph. , Futtersack R.
Published: June 2014

Using a two‐dimensional turbulence model, a strong linear correlation is found between density and electron temperature within scrape‐off layer fluctuations. This has important implications for gas puff image interpretation for two commonly used lines, Dα and HeI (587.6 nm). Dα emission responds approximately linearly to proportional changes in the underlying plasma density and electron temperature, making image interpretation relatively straightforward. However, above ∼25 eV, HeI (587.6 nm) emission is approximately constant with proportional changes in density and electron temperature, so underlying plasma perturbations may go unseen. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Stabiity of the Radiative Mode m = n = 0 and Density Limit in Tokamaks
Authors: Morozov D. Kh. , Mavrin A. A.
Published: June 2014

The problem of density limit and thermal disruption is one of the most important in ITER project. Different reasons for the disruption discuss now. At least 3% of disruptions are produced by the high level of impurity radiation from the edge [P.C. De Vries et al., Nucl. Fusion 51, 053018 (2011)]. Two reasons of the thermal disruption have been discussed earlier using simplified radiation model, the equilibrium loss [J.F. Drake, Phys. Fluids 30, 2429 (1987)], and radiation instability of the mode m = 0, n = 0 [M.Z. Tokar, Phys. Plasmas 7, 2432 (2000)]. Using the simplified model M.Z. Tokar founds two solutions. One of them is stable, the other is unstable. It is shown in the present paper that the unstable solution appears if the plasma density exceeds the critical value. The latter is found as a function of discharge parameters. It is shown also that the stable regime exists for realistic discharge parameters independently of plasma density. These regimes didn't investigated by M.Z. Tokar. Also, more adequate radiation models are discussed including charge‐exchange. It is shown that the impurity ‐ main plasma charge‐exchange decreases the critical density. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Recent Improvements in the EMC3‐Eirene Code
Authors: Feng Y. , Frerichs H. , Kobayashi M. , Bader A. , Effenberg F. , Harting D. , Hoelbe H. , Huang J. , Kawamura G. , Lore J. D. , Lunt T. , Reiter D. , Schmitz O. , Sharma D.
Published: June 2014

The EMC3‐Eirene code is improved in many aspects. Ad hoc boundary conditions for intrinsic impurities at the SOL‐core interface are removed by implicitly coupling to a 1D core model. Non‐uniform cross‐field transport coefficients are allowed in the new code version. A particle splitting technique is implemented for improving the Monte Carlo statistic in low‐temperature ranges of most interest. Domain splitting, which was possible for the toroidal direction only, is now feasible for all three directions, facilitating mesh optimization for any specific divertor configuration. Stellarator‐specific constraints on mesh construction have been relaxed. Axisymmetric neutral‐facing components have been moved to cylindrical coordinates. All these features have improved the code performance and capability significantly. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Comparison between drug screening by immunoassay and ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography/high‐resolution time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry in post‐mortem urine
Authors: Sundström Mira , Pelander Anna , Ojanperä Ilkka
Published: June 2014

Immunoassay is currently the most common approach for urine drug screening. However, the continuous emergence of new psychoactive substances (NPS) and their low urinary concentrations have challenged the scope and sensitivity of immunoassays. Consequently, specialized toxicology laboratories rely more and more on mass spectrometry (MS) based techniques. Ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography/high‐resolution time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC‐HR‐TOF‐MS) is an especially attractive technique for comprehensive drug screening. The objective was to compare the performances of immunoassay and UHPLC‐HR‐TOF‐MS in terms of scope, flexibility, sensitivity, and reliability of substance identification. A total of 279 post‐mortem urine samples were analyzed using a method representative of each technique. The immunoassay method was an Emit II Plus enzyme immunoassay for the following drug groups: amphetamines, benzodiazepines, buprenorphine, cannabis, and opiates. The UHPLC‐HR‐TOF‐MS method was a recently published method covering hundreds of drugs: conventional drugs of abuse, abused prescription drugs, and NPS of various classes. UHPLC‐HR‐TOF‐MS produced a lower number of false positive (FP) results for the drug groups covered by immunoassay. Many of the false negative (FN, n = 40) and FP (n = 22) immunoassay results were obviously due to the higher cut‐off concentrations and interfering matrix, respectively. Moreover, the wider scope of UHPLC‐HR‐TOF‐MS allowed detection of NPS and prescription drugs. UHPLC‐HR‐TOF‐MS gave FP results related to a few particular substances. The future option of adjusting all compound‐specific reporting parameters individually would allow the method's sensitivity and specificity to be fully exploited. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A randomized controlled trial and novel mathematical analysis of the analgesic effect of oxycodone versus paracetamol orodispersible tablets
Authors: Martini C.H. , Proto P. , Olofsen E. , van Velzen M. , Aarts L. , Dahan A. , Niesters M.
Published: June 2014

Background

For effective treatment of acute pain, a rapid onset of action is important. Here we quantify the antinociceptive profile of an orodispersible oxycodone tablet (OOT) in a randomized, double‐blind, active comparator (paracetamol orodispersible tablet, POT), crossover study design in a population of healthy volunteers.

Methods

Twelve female volunteers were randomized to receive 20 mg OOT and 500 mg POT sublingually on two occasions. The electrical pain threshold (EPTh), electrical pain tolerance (EPTol) and pressure pain threshold (PPT) were obtained at regular intervals for 5 h. Time‐response data were analysed with a longitudinal pharmacodynamic model characterized by rate constants for analgesia onset (kON), offset (kOFF), potency parameter (EFF) and validated with a bootstrap analysis. Values are the median (95% CI) as derived from the bootstrap analysis.

Results

OOT produced a rapid increase in response values. For electrical pain analgesia onset, t½kON, 44 (25–67) versus analgesia offset, t½kOFF, 156 (63–552) min, p < 0.01. For pressure pain, t½kON equalled t½kOFF: 30 (16–48) min. OOT was most potent on EPTol: EFF 0.95 (0.39–1.71), p < 0.01, with similar potencies on EPTh, 0.43 (0.19–0.87) and PPT, 0.40 (0.21–0.67). Paracetamol displayed 14% of the analgesic efficacy of oxycodone.

Conclusions

The analgesic effect of orodispersible oxycodone was successfully quantified using a mathematical model of analgesia evolution. This method allows quantification of a variety of responses times from sparse data sets. Response times as defined by a 30% increase in response thresholds varied significantly among end points: EPTol 15 min, PPTh 18 min and EPTh 41 min.
Bismuth Nanoparticles in Stripping Voltammetry of Sulfide Ions
Authors: Sudakova L. A. , Malakhova N. A. , Stozhko N. Yu.
Published: June 2014

For the first time, carbon screen‐printed electrodes (CSPE) modified with bismuth nanoparticles have been used to determine sulfide ions with stripping voltammetry (SV) by formation of sparingly soluble compounds with the electrode material. The impact of weight, degree of bismuth dispersion on CSPE surface, and Bi2S3 accumulation parameters on the sensitivity of the sensor have been studied. It has been established that bismuth nanoparticles (Binano) as agglomerates of about 180 nm exhibit the optimum sensory properties. The linear concentration range has been observed over the interval of 0.93–5 µM sulfide ions during the accumulation time of 75 s. A detection limit of 0.15 µM sulfide ions was achieved.
Microwave‐assisted covalent immobilization of enzymes on inorganic surfaces
Authors: Plagemann Regina , von Langermann Jan , Kragl Udo
Published: June 2014

Enzymes on carriers can be easily recycled or used in fixed bed reactors. The immobilization often results in an improved stability. Depending on the support used and the method of coupling, this is a time‐consuming process. While the wide applicability of microwaves (MWs) within organic synthesis is known since the 1980s, proteins (including enzymes) are generally considered as too sensitive toward MW irradiation. In this article, MW methods were investigated to improve the processing speed of covalent enzyme immobilization on inorganic supports. Herein two laccases from Trametes versicolor and Myceliophthora thermophilia (Novozyme 51003®) and the glucose oxidase from Aspergillus niger were immobilized onto samples of ceramic honeycomb and porous glass (TRISOPERL® 1000 AMINO). The enzymes showed different sensitivity to MW irradiation, but all were suitable for MW‐assisted immobilization. Subsequent stability tests were conducted to compare conventional immobilization methods with those with MW irradiation. The glucose oxidase provided the best results. For all cases, a successful MW irradiation assisted covalent enzyme immobilization on solid support was obtained with a total 20‐fold reduction of the time necessary.
Evaluation of displacement‐based vulnerability assessment methodology using observed damage data from Christchurch
Authors: Uma S. R. , Dhakal Rajesh P. , Nayyerloo Mostafa
Published: June 2014

On 22 February 2011, Christchurch City experienced a destructive magnitude (Mw) 6.2 aftershock following the main event of magnitude (Mw) 7.1 on the 4 September 2010. Severe damage was inflicted on the building stock, particularly within the central business district (CBD) of Christchurch. The strong motion stations around the CBD region and extensive building damage survey information from the Christchurch City Council provided a unique opportunity to calibrate a theoretical regional vulnerability assessment model developed and refined to be applicable for New Zealand (NZ) buildings. In this study, data from the building safety evaluation survey conducted by Christchurch City Council are synthesised and processed to extract details on building typologies in the CBD region and the colour tagging assigned to each building depending on the degree of damage.

A displacement‐based framework is used to carry out vulnerability assessment for Christchurch buildings to estimate damage sustained under the recorded ground motions in the February event. As the damage survey indicators were ‘colour tags’, a mapping scheme has been explored to link the observed colour tagging damage statistics with ‘drift‐based damage limit states’ adopted in the theoretical approach. A sensitivity analysis is carried out to calibrate the mapping scheme, which can provide estimates of proportions of buildings likely to fall in different colour regimes when used in conjunction with the proposed vulnerability assessment methodology. It is shown that the methodology is reasonably robust, thereby increasing the confidence in using this approach to predict seismic vulnerability of building stock in NZ. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Environment: Social Cost of Carbon Statistical Modeling Is Smoke and Mirrors
Authors: Dayaratna Kevin , Kreutzer David
Published: June 2014

Intended to measure the economic damage that an additional ton of carbon dioxide creates via climate change, the social cost of carbon (SCC) estimated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) will be used in many regulatory benefit‐cost analyses. This study discusses research conducted at The Heritage Foundation analyzing two of the three main statistical models the EPA uses to estimate the SCC.
Implementation of a webGIS service platform for high mountain climate research: the SHARE GeoNetwork project
Authors: Locci F. , Melis M. T. , Dessì F. , Stocchi P. , Akinde M. O. , Bønes V. , Bonasoni P. , Vuillermoz E.
Published: June 2014

The implementation of a webGIS service platform dedicated to the management and sharing of climatological data acquired by high elevation stations is the core of the Station at High Altitude for Research on the Environment (SHARE) GeoNetwork project, promoted by the Ev‐K2 CNR Committee. The web platform basically will provide three types of services: structured metadata archive, data and results from high‐altitude environments research and projects; access to high‐altitude Ev‐K2 CNR stations and creation of a network of existing stations; dedicated webGIS for geo‐referenced data collected during the research. High elevation environmental and territorial data and metadata are catalogued in a single integrated platform to get access to the information heritage of the SHARE project, using open‐source tools: Geonetwork for the metadata catalogue and webGIS resources, and the open‐source Weather and Water Database (WDB), developed by the Norwegian Meteorological Institute, for the database information system implementation. The information system is designed to have a main node, with the possibility to install relocated subsystems based on the same technology, named focal point of SHARE, which will contain metadata and data connected to the main node. In this study, a new structure of metadata for the description of the climatological stations is proposed and WDB adaptation and data preprocessing are described in detail, giving code and script samples.
IgG1 anti‐epidermal growth factor receptor antibodies induce CD8‐dependent antitumor activity
Authors: Kubach Jan , Hubo Mario , Amendt Christiane , Stroh Christopher , Jonuleit Helmut
Published: June 2014

Anti‐EGFR monoclonal antibodies (mAb) like Cetuximab are commonly used for treatment of EGFR+ solid tumors mainly by exerting their therapeutic effect through inhibition of signal transduction. Additionally, IgG1 is a potent mediator of antibody‐dependent cytotoxicity (ADCC). In case of the IgG1, Cetuximab induction of ADCC in vivo is controversially discussed. In our study, we investigated the efficiency of Cetuximab‐mediated ADCC in a humanized mouse tumor model in vivo and analyzed the contribution of immunologic processes toward antitumor activity. Therefore, we used immunodeficient NOD/Scid mice transgenic for human MHC class I molecule HLA‐A2 and adoptively transferred human HLA‐A2+ PBMC after engraftment of human epidermoid cell carcinoma A431. Here, we show that high doses of anti‐EGFR mAb induced strong tumor regression independent of the immune system. However, tumor regression by low doses of anti‐EGFR mAb treatment was ADCC dependent and mediated by tumor infiltrating CD8+ T effector cells. This novel mechanism of ADCC conducted by CD8+ T effector cells was restricted to IgG1 anti‐EGFR mAb, dependent of binding to CD16 on T cells and could be inhibited after EGFR blockade on tumor cells. Furthermore, CD8+ T effector cell‐mediated ADCC was enhanced in the presence of IL‐15 and strongly improved after glycosylation of anti‐EGFR mAb indicating the potential of glycoengineered therapeutic mAb as efficient biologicals in cancer therapy.
The Beneficial Demands of Conducting Psychotherapy
Authors: Hayes Jeffrey A.
Published: June 2014

The practice of psychotherapy requires me to have several qualities: presence, perspective, and self‐knowledge. These demands of conducting psychotherapy are discussed from an experiential point of view as primarily beneficial. Practicing psychotherapy also frequently reminds me of important lessons that I need to remember. Case examples are provided to illustrate central concepts, and research findings occasionally are presented to supplement primary clinical ideas.
Witnessing Clients’ Emotional Transformation: An Emotion‐Focused Therapist's Experience of Providing Therapy
Authors: Timulak Ladislav
Published: June 2014

Emotion‐focused therapy (EFT) is an integrative–humanistic, research‐informed, psychological intervention characterized by sustained focus on the client's emotional pain and its transformation. This article discusses the impacts on the therapist when encountering and transforming the client's vulnerability. It is organized around the different phases of the therapy process: meeting a new client, accessing the client's core emotional pain, transforming the client's emotional pain, and ending the therapeutic work. The article also contains personal experiences of the author and provides illustrations of impactful events from therapy sessions. The work, it is suggested, provides significant learning for the therapist on both a personal and a professional level, leading, for example, to the therapist's maturation, better connection with personal hurts and vulnerabilities, greater courage in regard to sharing such feelings, greater kindness toward others and the self, and greater determination to be braver when facing adversity or injustice.
Sufficient Conditions for a Digraph to be Supereulerian
Authors: Bang‐Jensen Jørgen , Maddaloni Alessandro
Published: June 2014

A (di)graph is supereulerian if it contains a spanning eulerian sub(di)graph. This property is a relaxation of hamiltonicity. Inspired by this analogy with hamiltonian cycles and by similar results in supereulerian graph theory, we analyze a number of sufficient Ore type conditions for a digraph to be supereulerian. Furthermore, we study the following conjecture due to Thomassé and the first author: if the arc‐connectivity of a digraph is not smaller than its independence number, then the digraph is supereulerian. As a support for this conjecture we prove it for digraphs that are semicomplete multipartite or quasitransitive and verify the analogous statement for undirected graphs.
Click Chemistry Based Synthesis of Novel Architectures Bearing Sugar Unit at the Pyridothienopyrimidines
Authors: Ameen Mohamed A. , Ahmed Essam Kh. , El Malah Tamer , Abd El‐naby Hisham A. , Abdel‐Kader Areeg A.
Published: June 2014

Novel conjugates of pyridothienopyrimidinones and carbohydrates or other moieties linked by 1,2,3‐triazoles were synthesized. After establishing the pyridothienopyrimidone ring systems by ring closure, propargyl group was introduced by O‐alkylation or N‐alkylation. Cu‐catalyzed cycloaddition of the propargyl product with azido group gave the corresponding 1,2,3‐triazoles in high yields. A remarkable case of the catalyzed ring closure to build a pyrimidinone moiety with two diastereomers was observed. Theoretical calculations were performed on the studied diastereomers, and it was found that the S‐isomer is more stable than the corresponding R‐isomer by about 2 kcal/mol.
Synthesis and Raman study on needlelike silicates in ancient Chinese Pb‐Ba glass in Qin and Han dynasties
Authors: Li Mo , Wang Jie , Wang Julin , Ma Qinglin , Zhang Zhiguo
Published: June 2014

Two ancient green Chinese Pb‐Ba glass (Qin and Han dynasties) were studied with Raman microspectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X‐ray spectrometry. Some needlelike silicates were found in the samples and inferred as BaSiO3, BaSi2O5, and PbSiO3according to the results of energy dispersive X‐ray spectrometry analysis. Then BaSiO3, BaSi2O5, and PbSiO3were synthetized in laboratory in order to obtain their Raman spectra. Through comparative study, the needlelike silicates in the ancient Pb‐Ba glass samples were proved to be PbSiO3, BaSiO3, and Al2O3. According to the ternary phase diagram analysis, a mechanism of local element enrichment was put forward for the barium silicate needlelike silicates (by‐products) formation in the ancient Pb‐Ba glass. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cardiac stress test is normal in pre‐motor Parkinson's disease
Authors: Yahalom Gilad , Maor Elad , Hassin‐Baer Sharon , Segev Shlomo , Sidi Yechezkel , Kivity Shaye
Published: June 2014

Cardiac sympathetic denervation is an early nonmotor feature of Parkinson's disease (PD). The aim of the current study was to trace evidence for cardiac dysfunction abnormalities in the premotor phase of PD. We retrospectively reviewed treadmill ergometric tests of a large cohort (n = 16,841) between 2000 and 2012, that attended the Executive Screening Survey (ESS) at Sheba Medical Center. Heart rate and blood pressure profiles as well as exercise capacity were compared between subjects who later developed PD and age‐ and sex‐matched subjects (ratio 1:2) who did not. We identified 28 subjects (24 males) who developed PD at follow‐up. The PD group was older than the group of subjects who did not develop PD on first ergometric test (64.82 ± 8.82 vs. 48.91 ± 10.60 years, P < 0.001). The time between the first ergometric test and motor symptoms onset was 4.64 ± 2.86 years. Patients who later developed PD had lower maximal heart rate (P < 0.001) and lower heart rate reserve than healthy controls (P < 0.001); however, compared with age‐ and sex‐matched subjects, subjects who developed PD had similar exercise capacity and heart rate profile during rest, exercise, and recovery, even 1 year before diagnosis. In this study, we did not detect significant signs of sympathetic dysfunction during the premotor phase of PD. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Numerical solution of evolutionary integral equations with completely monotonic kernel by Runge–Kutta convolution quadrature
Authors: Xu Da
Published: June 2014

We study the numerical solutions of the initial boundary value problems for the Volterra‐type evolutionary integal equations, in which the integral operator is a convolution product of a completely monotonic kernel and a positive definite operator, such as an elliptic partial‐differential operator. The equation is discretized in time by the Runge–Kutta convolution quadrature. Error estimates are derived and numerical experiments reported. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq31: 105–142, 2015
Experimental evaluation of the interfacial properties of carbon nanotube coated carbon fiber reinforced hybrid composites
Authors: Aziz Shazed , Rashid Suraya Abdul , Rahmanian Saeed , Salleh Mohamad Amran
Published: June 2014

A floating catalyst chemical vapor deposition (CVD) unit was utilized to grow CNT onto the surface of carbon fiber (CF). The surface morphology of the resultant fibers, CNT population density and alignment pattern were found to be depended on the CNT growth temperature, growth time, and atmospheric conditions within the CVD chamber. In contrast to the neat‐CF reinforced composites, improved interfacial shear strength (IFSS) between CF and matrix were obtained when the surface of CF was coated by CNT. Particularly, CF treatment condition for CNT‐coating with 700°C reaction temperature and 30 min reaction time has shown a considerable increase in IFSS approximately of 45% over that of the untreated fiber from which it was processed. The proper justification of fiber–matrix adhesion featured by composite interfacial properties was explained through IFSS. POLYM. COMPOS., 36:1941–1950, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers