bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metric spaces in data mining
Authors: Kriegel Hans-Peter , Kröger Peer , Renz Matthias , Schubert Matthias
Published: September 2010

There are numerous data mining applications working in metric spaces. In the following we will exemplarily sketch three main topics in this area: the impact of metric similarity functions on data mining, data mining in uncertain data and mining high-dimensional data.
Intraspecies disparity in growth rate is associated with differences in expression of local growth plate regulators
Authors: Tryfonidou M. A. , Hazewinkel H. A. W. , Riemers F. M. , Brinkhof B. , Penning L. C. , Karperien M.
Published: September 2010

Disparities in longitudinal growth within a species can be partly explained by endocrinological differences. We hypothesized that regulatory networks acting locally in the growth plate may also be important. We tested this hypothesis by evaluating the IGF/IGFBP expression, the vitamin D pathway, and the PTHrP-Indian hedgehog (IHH) feedback loop in rib growth plates from 10- and 21-wk-old small- (Miniature Poodles, MP) and large-breed dogs (Great Danes, GD) using immunohistochemistry and quantitative (q)PCR. The rib growth plates of GD were 1.7 times thicker compared with those of MP, with larger proliferative (in absolute terms) and larger hypertrophic (in absolute and relative terms) zones. IGF/IGFBP gene expression profiling of the growth plates revealed decreased gene expression of igfbp2, -4, and -6 and an unaltered expression of igf-I and igf-II and their respective receptors in GD vs. MP. Immunohistochemistry and qPCR findings showed that the vitamin D pathway was more active in GD than in MP. Staining for 1α- and 24-hydroxylase was more abundant and intense in GD and the gene expressions of 1α-hydroxylase and the vitamin D receptor-driven 24-hydroxylase were six- and eightfold higher in GD vs. MP, respectively. Consistent with the immunohistochemistry findings, the expression of mRNA for components of the parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP)-IHH loop was different in GD compared with MP, with there being a relative threefold downregulation of Pthrp and a tenfold upregulation of Ihh in GD vs MP . These differences suggest that the effects of IHH in the regulation of chondrocyte proliferation and hypertrophy, both independently of PTHrP, can become more dominant during rapid growth rates. In conclusion, our data suggest that, in addition to modest endocrine differences, more pronounced changes in the expression of locally acting regulatory networks, such as the IGF system, vitamin D pathway, and PTHrP-IHH feedback loop are important contributors to within-species disparities in growth rates.
Prepubertal urinary estrogen excretion and its relationship with pubertal timing
Authors: Shi Lijie , Remer Thomas , Buyken Anette E. , Hartmann Michaela F. , Hoffmann Philipp , Wudy Stefan A.
Published: September 2010

Whether prepubertal estrogen production impacts on the timing of puberty is not clear. We aimed to investigate prepubertal 24-h estrogen excretion levels and their association with early and late pubertal markers. Daily urinary excretion rates of estrogens of 132 healthy children, who provided 24-h urine samples 1 and 2 yr before the start of the pubertal growth spurt [age at takeoff (ATO)], were quantified by stable isotope dilution/GC-MS. E-sum3 (estrone + estradiol + estriol) was used as a marker for potentially bioactive estrogen metabolites and E-sum5 (E-sum3 + 16-epiestriol + 16-ketoestradiol) for total estrogen production. Pubertal outcomes were ATO, age at peak height velocity (APHV), duration of pubertal growth acceleration (APHV-ATO), age at Tanner stage 2 for pubic hair (PH2), genital (G2, boys) and breast (B2, girls) development, and age at menarche. Prepubertal urinary estrogen excretions (E-sum3 and E-sum5) were not associated with ATO, APHV, and age at PH2 but with duration of pubertal growth acceleration ( P < 0.01) in both sexes. Girls with higher E-sum3 reached B2 0.9 yr ( P = 0.04) and menarche 0.3 yr earlier ( P = 0.04) than girls with lower E-sum3. E-sum3 was not associated with age at G2 in boys ( P = 0.6). For most pubertal variables, the associations with E-sum3 were stronger than with E-sum5. In conclusion, prepubertal estrogens may not be critical for the onset of the pubertal growth spurt but are correlated with its duration in both boys and girls. Prepubertal estrogen levels may already predict the timing of girls' menstruation and breast development but do not appear to affect sexual maturation in boys.
Functional analysis of two single nucleotide polymorphisms inSLC30A2(ZnT2): implications for mammary gland function and breast disease in women
Authors: Seo Young Ah , Kelleher Shannon L.
Published: September 2010

Zinc transporter 2 (ZnT2) plays a major role in zinc (Zn) export from the mammary gland. Recently, we determined that ZnT2 is associated with secretory vesicles reflecting its role in Zn secretion during lactation. Herein, we identified two distinct single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in SLC30A2, which encodes ZnT2. SNP1 (rs35235055) results in a leucine-to-proline substitution (Leu23Pro), while SNP2 (rs35623192) results in an arginine-to-cysteine substitution (Arg340Cys). We examined the localization and function of each SNP in cells generated to express these polymorphic variants. SNP1 was mislocalized to lysosomes, while SNP2 was mislocalized to the Golgi apparatus. FluoZin-3 fluorescence illustrated increased lysosomal accumulation of Zn in cells expressing SNP1 concomitant with the abrogation of Zn secretion. In contrast, ectopic expression of SNP2 was associated with the expansion of cytoplasmic Zn pools, elevated reactive oxygen species, and increased Zn efflux. Taken together, our data indicate that polymorphic variants in ZnT2 distinctly alter mammary cell Zn metabolism. We speculate that these SNPs may compromise mammary cell function, which may have important implications in human health and breast disease.
Iterative Signal Processing for Blind Code Phase Acquisition of CDMA 1x Signals for Radio Spectrum Monitoring
Authors: Kerr Ron , Lodge John
Published: September 2010

This paper addresses the problem of recovering the code phase of the composite spreading sequence for a CDMA 1x signal transmitted from a handset, without the benefit of a priori information from the system. The spreading code is required for the radio spectrum monitoring system for signal detection and measurements rather than for communications. The structure of the CDMA 1x signal is exploited by processing sequential pairs of received samples to form a single soft sample for each pair. The approach models the combination of the long‐code generator and the two short‐code generators, along with the pair‐wise processing, by a single linear system over GF(2), with the initial states of the long‐ and short‐code generators forming the input vector. Consequently, a vector of the pair‐wise soft samples can be treated as a noisy received codeword that is decoded using iterative soft‐in decoding techniques. If the decoder yields the correct candidate “codeword,” the original states of the code generators can be computed. This approach does not require direct access to the transmitted spreading sequence but can be applied to the data modulated signal. Simulation results provide performance estimates of the method with noise, Rayleigh fading, and co‐channel interference.
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Reversal with Dichloroacetate
Authors: Flavin Dana F.
Published: September 2010

In June 2007, a 48-year-old male patient, diagnosed with Stage 4 Non-Hodgkin's Follicular Lymphoma (NHL), was treated for 3 months with conventional chemotherapy resulting in a complete remission. Almost one year later tumors returned in the nasopharynx and neck lymph glands. Refusing all suggested chemotherapies, the patient began self-administering dichloroacetate (DCA) 900 mg daily with a PET scan showing complete remission four months later. Since his last PET scan, May, 2009, he remains tumor-free from continuous DCA usage.
Unsteady Mixed Convection Boundary Layer from a Circular Cylinder in a Micropolar Fluid
Authors: Ali Anati , Amin Norsarahaida , Pop Ioan
Published: September 2010

Most industrial fluids such as polymers, liquid crystals, and colloids contain suspensions of rigid particles that undergo rotation. However, the classical Navier-Stokes theory normally associated with Newtonian fluids is inadequate to describe such fluids as it does not take into account the effects of these microstructures. In this paper, the unsteady mixed convection boundary layer flow of a micropolar fluid past an isothermal horizontal circular cylinder is numerically studied, where the unsteadiness is due to an impulsive motion of the free stream. Both the assisting (heated cylinder) and opposing cases (cooled cylinder) are considered. Thus, both small and large time solutions as well as the occurrence of flow separation, followed by the flow reversal are studied. The flow along the entire surface of a cylinder is solved numerically using the Keller-box scheme. The obtained results are compared with the ones from the open literature, and it is shown that the agreement is very good.
Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells: From Heart to Vessels
Authors: Sorrentino Rosalinda , Morello Silvana , Pinto Aldo
Published: September 2010

Cardiovascular diseases, formerly only attributed to the alterations of the stromal component, are now recognized as immune-based pathologies. Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells (pDCs) are important immune orchestrators in heart and vessels. They highly produce IFN type I that promote the polarization of T cells towards a Th1 phenotype; however, pDCs can also participate to suppressive networks via the recruitment of T regulatory cells that downmodulate proinflammatory responses. pDCs populate the vessel wall layers during pathological conditions, such as atherosclerosis. It is thus clear that a better identification of pDCs activity in cardiovascular diseases can not only elucidate pathological mechanisms but also lead to new therapeutic approaches.
Elementary Mode Analysis for the Rational Design of Efficient Succinate Conversion from Glycerol byEscherichia coli
Authors: Chen Zhen , Liu Hongjuan , Zhang Jianan , Liu Dehua
Published: September 2010

By integrating the restriction of oxygen and redox sensing/regulatory system, elementary mode analysis was used to predict the metabolic potential of glycerol for succinate production byE. coliunder either anaerobic or aerobic conditions. It was found that although the theoretical maximum succinate yields under both anaerobic and aerobic conditions are 1.0 mol/mol glycerol, the aerobic condition was considered to be more favorable for succinate production. Although increase of the oxygen concentration would reduce the succinate yield, the calculation suggests that controlling the molar fraction of oxygen to be under 0.65 mol/mol would be beneficial for increasing the succinate productivity. Based on the elementary mode analysis, the rational genetic modification strategies for efficient succinate production under aerobic and anaerobic conditions were obtained, respectively. Overexpressing the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase or heterogonous pyruvate carboxylase is considered to be the most efficient strategy to increase the succinate yield.
Fatigue Status in Relation to Lifestyle in Healthy Japanese Adolescents
Authors: Zou Ning , Kubota Masaru , Kuruma Eriko , Kojima Chiaki , Nagai Ayako
Published: September 2010

In order to investigate the prevalence of physical, mental, and chronic fatigue syndrome-(CFS-) related fatigue and its relation to lifestyle, 1,225 adolescents (591 males, 634 females) aged 11 to 16 years were asked to complete a self-reported questionnaire on fatigue status and lifestyle in the past one month. There was no gender difference in physical and mental fatigue scores, but CFS-related scores were significantly higher in females than in males. These scores were found to increase with the increase of age. After adjusting for age and gender, multiple regression analysis showed that physical and mental fatigue scores were associated with sleeping hours, extracurricular sports activity, food balance, the frequencies of snacks between regular meals, intake of sugar-sweetened beverages, and visits to the nurse's room. This paper is the first large cross-sectional study on fatigue in healthy adolescents in Japan, albeit there were numerous such studies in Western countries.
A Novel Numerical Technique for Two‐Dimensional Laminar Flow between Two Moving Porous Walls
Authors: Makukula Zodwa G. , Sibanda Precious , Motsa Sandile S.
Published: September 2010

We investigate the steady two‐dimensional flow of a viscous incompressible fluid in a rectangular domain that is bounded by two permeable surfaces. The governing fourth‐order nonlinear differential equation is solved by applying the spectral‐homotopy analysis method and a novel successive linearisation method. Semianalytical results are obtained and the convergence rate of the solution series was compared with numerical approximations and with earlier results where the homotopy analysis and homotopy perturbation methods were used. We show that both the spectral‐homotopy analysis method and successive linearisation method are computationally efficient and accurate in finding
solutions of nonlinear boundary value problems.
Calculation of Some Integrals Arising in Heat Transfer in Grinding
Authors: Santander J. L. G. , Castañeda Porras P. , Ratis Yu. L. , Isidro J. M. , Fernández de Córdoba P.
Published: September 2010

We calculate some integrals involved in the temperature field evaluation of
a workpiece during the grinding process. For the case of dry continuous grinding, this calculation allows a faster computation of the temperature field on surface and inside the workpiece.
Exercise Training in Children and Adolescents with Cystic Fibrosis: Theory into Practice
Authors: Williams Craig A. , Benden Christian , Stevens Daniel , Radtke Thomas
Published: September 2010

Physical activity and exercise training play an important role in the clinical management of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Exercise training is more common and recognized as an essential part of rehabilitation programmes and overall CF care. Regular exercise training is associated with improved aerobic and anaerobic capacity, higher pulmonary function, and enhanced airway mucus clearance. Furthermore, patients with higher aerobic fitness have an improved survival. Aerobic and anaerobic training may have different effects, while the combination of both have been reported to be beneficial in CF. However, exercise training remains underutilised and not always incorporated into routine CF management. We provide an update on aerobic and anaerobic responses to exercise and general training recommendations in children and adolescents with CF. We propose that an active lifestyle and exercise training are an efficacious part of regular CF patient management.
Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor of the Right Atrium
Authors: Jha Neerod K. , Trudel Michel , Eising Gregory P. , Lange Peter , Al Sousi Awatif , Al Mahmeed Wael , Khan Javed A. , Saleh Moataz A. , Von Canal Friederike , Misra Virendra K. , Augustin Norbert
Published: September 2010

Cardiac inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) is a rare entity and is associated with distinct clinical, pathological and molecular features. The clinical behavior, natural history, biological potential, management and prognosis of such tumors are unclear. We present herewith an adolescent girl who presented with similar entity involving the junction of the right atrium and the inferior vena cava (IVC) in association with thrombocytosis and IVC thrombosis leading to obstruction of blood flow. Diagnostic tools included imaging and immuno-histopathology studies. Surgical management included resection of the tumor and thrombo-embolectomy of the IVC under cardiopulmonary bypass. This case is unique due to association of complete obstruction of IVC caused by the strategic location of the tumor, thrombosis of vena cava and association of thrombocytosis. These features have not been reported yet in relation to the cardiac IMT. This report will help in better understanding and management of similar cases in terms of planning cannulation of femoral veins or application of total hypothermic circulatory arrest during cardiopulmonary bypass and prompt us to look for recurrence or metastasis during follow up using echocardiography and laboratory investigations. The possibility of IMT should be kept in the differential diagnosis of cardiac tumors especially in children and adolescents.
Review of Local Non‐Gaussianity from Multifield Inflation
Authors: Byrnes Christian T. , Choi Ki-Young
Published: September 2010

We review models which generate a large non‐Gaussianity of the local form. We first briefly
consider three models which generate the non‐Gaussianity either at or after the end of inflation; the
curvaton scenario, modulated (p)reheating, and an inhomogeneous end of inflation. We then focus
on ways of generating the non‐Gaussianity during inflation. We derive general conditions which
a product or sum separable potential must satisfy in order to generate a large local bispectrum
during slow‐roll inflation. As an application, we consider two‐field hybrid inflation. We then derive
a formalism not based on slow roll which can be applied to models in which the slow‐roll parameters
become large before inflation ends. An exactly soluble two‐field model is given in which this
happens. Finally, we also consider further non‐Gaussian observables, a scale dependence of fNL and
the trispectrum.
Conservative Management of Segmental Infarction of the Greater Omentum: A Case Report and Review of Literature
Authors: Soobrah Ramawad , Badran Mohammad , Smith Simon G.
Published: September 2010

Segmental omental infarction (SOI) is a rare cause of acute abdominal pain. Depending on the site of infarction, it mimics conditions like appendicitis, cholecystitis, and diverticulitis. Before the widespread use of Computed Tomography (CT), the diagnosis was usually made intraoperatively. SOI produces characteristic radiological appearances on CT scan; hence, correct diagnosis using this form of imaging may prevent unnecessary surgery. We present the case of a young woman who was treated conservatively after accurate radiological diagnosis.
Matrix Bounds for the Solution of the Continuous Algebraic Riccati Equation
Authors: Zhang Juan , Liu Jianzhou
Published: September 2010

We propose new upper and lower matrix bounds for the solution of the continuous algebraic Riccati equation (CARE). In certain cases, these lower bounds improve and extend the previous results. Finally, we give a corresponding numerical example to illustrate the effectiveness of our results.
Iron-Sulfur World in Aerobic and Hyperthermoacidophilic ArchaeaSulfolobus
Authors: Iwasaki Toshio
Published: September 2010

The general importance of the Fe-S cluster prosthetic groups in biology is primarily attributable to specific features of iron and sulfur chemistry, and the assembly and interplay of the Fe-S cluster core with the surrounding protein is the key to in-depth understanding of the underlying mechanisms. In the aerobic and thermoacidophilic archaea, zinc-containing ferredoxin is abundant in the cytoplasm, functioning as a key electron carrier, and many Fe-S enzymes are produced to participate in the central metabolic and energetic pathways.De novoformation of intracellular Fe-S clusters does not occur spontaneously but most likely requires the operation of a SufBCD complex of the SUF machinery, which is the only Fe-S cluster biosynthesis system conserved in these archaea. In this paper, a brief introduction to the buildup and maintenance of the intracellular Fe-S world in aerobic and hyperthermoacidophilic crenarchaeotes, mainlySulfolobus, is given in the biochemical, genetic, and evolutionary context.
Corundum Molds for Investment Casting from Refractory Alloys and Metals
Authors: Storozhenko P. A. , Shcherbakova G. I. , Sidorov D. V. , Varfolomeev M. S. , Murkina A. S.
Published: September 2010

Production procedure, physical-chemical, and performance properties of ALUMOX silica-free binder used for the production of high-heat-resistant corundum shell molds by consumable patterns employed in the production of critical molds from superalloyed reactive metals and alloys are described. ALUMOX usage allows obtaining casts from reactive metals and alloys with surface roughness up to  m (basic casts— m), which, in its turn, increases fatigue parameters of the material (endurance, durability).
Anti‐Hyperglycemic Properties of Crude Extract and Triterpenes from Poria cocos
Authors: Li Tzu-Hsuan , Hou Chia-Chung , Chang Cicero Lee-Tian , Yang Wen-Chin
Published: September 2010

Poria cocos, Bai Fu Ling in Chinese, is used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat diabetes. However, its claimed benefits and mechanism are not fully understood. This study aimed to investigate the effect and action of P. cocos on type 2 diabetes. We first performed phytochemical analysis on the crude extract and factions of P. cocos. P. cocos crude extract at 50 mg/kg body weight or more significantly decreased blood glucose levels in db/db mice. Based on a bioactivity‐directed fractionation and isolation (BDFI) strategy, chloroform fraction and subfractions 4 and 6 of the P. cocos crude extract possessed a blood glucose‐lowering effect. Dehydrotumulosic acid, dehydrotrametenolic acid, and pachymic acid were identified from the chloroform sub‐fractions 4, 3, and 2, respectively. Dehydrotumulosic acid had anti‐hyperglycemic effect to a greater extent than dehydrotrametenolic acid and pachymic acid. Mechanistic study on streptozocin‐ (STZ‐) treated mice showed that the crude extract, dehydrotumulosic acid, dehydrotrametenolic acid, and pachymic acid of P. cocos exhibited different levels of insulin sensitizer activity. However, the P. cocos crude extract and triterpenes appeared not to activate PPAR‐γ pathway. Overall, the data suggest that the P. cocos extract and its triterpenes reduce postprandial blood glucose levels in db/db mice via enhanced insulin sensitivity irrespective of PPAR‐γ.
Protective Mechanism of KIOM‐4 in Streptozotocin‐Induced Pancreatic β‐Cells Damage Is Involved in the Inhibition of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress
Authors: Zhang Rui , Kim Jin Sook , Kang Kyoung Ah , Piao Mei Jing , Kim Ki Cheon , Hyun Jin Won
Published: September 2010

Endoplasmic reticulum stress‐mediated apoptosis plays an important role in the destruction of pancreatic β‐cells and contributes to the development of type 1 diabetes. The present study examined the effect of KIOM‐4, a mixture of four plant extracts, on streptozotocin‐ (STZ‐) induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in rat pancreatic β‐cells (RINm5F). KIOM‐4 was found to inhibit STZ‐induced apoptotic cell death, confirmed by formation of apoptotic bodies and DNA fragmentation. STZ was found to induce the characteristics of ER stress; mitochondrial Ca2+ overloading, enhanced ER staining, release of glucose‐regulated protein 78 (GRP78), phosphorylation of RNA‐dependent protein kinase (PKR) like ER kinase (PERK) and eukaryotic initiation factor‐2α (eIF‐2α), cleavage of activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) and caspase 12, and upregulation of CCAAT/enhancer‐binding protein‐homologous protein (CHOP). However, KIOM‐4 attenuated these changes induced by STZ. Furthermore, KIOM‐4 suppressed apoptosis induced by STZ in CHOP downregulated cells using CHOP siRNA. These results suggest that KIOM‐4 exhibits protective effects in STZ‐induced pancreatic β‐cell damage, by interrupting the ER stress‐mediated pathway.
What′s in a Name? Can Mullein Weed Beat TB Where Modern Drugs Are Failing?
Authors: McCarthy Eibhlín , O′Mahony Jim M.
Published: September 2010

Common mullein weed (Verbascum thapsus) has a large number of synonyms and old local “nick names” which connect the plant with mycobacteria. A strong history of medicinal use has been uncovered for the treatment of tuberculosis, tubercular skin disease, leprosy, and mycobacterial disease in animals. Here, we examine problems encountered in treating such diseases today, the historical and scientific links between mullein and pathogenic bacteria, and the possibility that this common weed could harbour the answer to beating one of the world′s biggest infectious killers.
Homogeneous Carbon Nanotube/Carbon Composites Prepared by Catalyzed Carbonization Approach at Low Temperature
Authors: Li Hongjiang , Liu Changhong , Fan Shoushan
Published: September 2010

We synthesize carbon nanotube (CNT)/carbon composite using catalyzed carbonization of CNT/Epoxy Resin composite at a fairly low temperature of about400∘C. The microstructure of the composite is characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results indicate that CNTs and pyrolytic carbon blend well with each other. Pyrolytic carbon mainly stays in an amorphous state, with some of it forming crystalline structures. The catalyst has the effect of eliminating the interstices in the composites. Remarkable increases in thermal and electrical conductivity are also reported.
Regulation of Serum Response Factor and Adiponectin by PPARγAgonist Docosahexaenoic Acid
Authors: Johnson Clayton , Williams Roslyn , Wei Jeanne Y. , Ranganathan Gouri
Published: September 2010

Recent studies indicate that significant health benefits involving the regulation of signaling proteins result from the consumption of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs). Serum response factor (SRF) is involved in transcriptional regulation of muscle growth and differentiation. SRF levels are increased in the aging heart muscle. It has not been examined whether SRF is made by adipocytes and whether SRF secretion by adipocytes is modulated by PPARγagonist DHA. Adiponectin is made exclusively by adipocytes. We and others have previously reported that PUFAs such as DHA increase adiponectin levels and secretion in adipocytes. Here we show that DHA downregulates SRF with a simultaneous upregulation of adiponectin and that both these responses are reversible by PPARγantagonist. Furthermore, there appears to be a direct relationship between DHA exposure and increased levels of membrane-associated high-density adiponectin, as well as lower levels of membrane-associated SRF. Thus, we find that the levels of SRF and adiponectin are inversely related in response to treatment with PPARγagonist DHA. Decreased levels of SRF along with increase in membrane-associated adiponectin could in part mediate the health benefits of DHA.
Effectiveness of Pharmacopuncture for Asthma: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Shen Feng-Yan , Lee Myeong Soo , Jung Sung-Ki
Published: September 2010

Pharmacopuncture is a new needle therapy that integrates acupuncture and herbal therapies, and it has the potential to treat many diseases. A systematic review was performed to summarize and critically evaluate clinical trial evidence regarding the effectiveness of pharmacopuncture for asthma. Eight electronic databases and six journals were searched in this study. Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) in which human patients with asthma were treated with pharmacopuncture were included. The selection of studies, data extraction, and validation were performed independently by two reviewers. Four RCTs met our inclusion criteria, and the evidence from all RCTs in this study was positive. The meta‐analysis showed statistically significant effects of pharmacopuncture compared to conventional treatment (n = 341, Risk Ratio = 1.13, 95% CI of 1.05 to 1.23, P = .002, heterogeneity: χ2 = 3.55, P = .31, I2 = 16%). Two trials showed favorable effects of pharmacopuncture on peak expiratory flow (PEF). However, few rigorous trials have tested the effects of pharmacopuncture on asthma. The results of our systematic review point to the potential benefits of pharmacopuncture for adults with asthma, and we suggest further RCTs and the development of a standard method of pharmacopuncture therapy.
Characterization of the Antidiabetic Role of Parkinsonia aculeata (Caesalpineaceae)
Authors: Leite Ana Catarina Rezende , Araújo Tiago Gomes , Carvalho Bruno de Melo , Maia Maria Bernadete Souza , Lima Vera Lúcia de Menezes
Published: September 2010

This paper reports the characterization of the antidiabetic role of a hydroethanolic extract from Parkinsonia aerial parts (HEPA), in normal and alloxan‐induced diabetic rats, treated with HEPA (125 and 250 mg/kg; p.o.). Oral glucose tolerance test, acute oral toxicity test and preliminary phytochemical analyses were performed. The diabetic rats treated with HEPA showed a significant reduction in serum and urinary glucose, urinary urea and triglyceride levels, as compared to the diabetic untreated group. However, in the normal treated groups, a significant reduction was found only in serum triglyceride levels. In all treated diabetic groups, an improvement in hepatic glycogen was observed, as well as a decrease in liquid intake and urinary volume, and an enhancement in the weight of skeletal muscles (soleus and extensor digitorum longus), kidneys and epididymal adipose tissue. Nevertheless, body and liver weights were ameliorated only in the diabetic group treated with HEPA (250 mg/kg). Moreover, oral glucose tolerance was higher in animals treated with HEPA, while results also showed that HEPA could be considered toxicologically safe. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of tanins, flavonoids and steroids in HEPA. In conclusion, P. aculeata presents an antidiabetic activity and other beneficial effects that ameliorate diabetes and associated complications.
Clinical Approach to the Standardization of Oriental Medical Diagnostic Pattern Identification in Stroke Patients
Authors: Kim Han Jung , Bae Hyung Sup , Park Seong Uk , Moon Sang Kwan , Park Jung Mi , Jung Woo Sang
Published: September 2010

In Korea, many stroke patients receive oriental medical care, in which pattern‐identification plays a major role. Pattern‐identification is Oriental Medicine′s unique diagnostic system. This study attempted to standardize oriental medical pattern‐identification for stroke patients. This was a community‐based multicenter study that enrolled stroke patients within 30 days after their ictus. We assessed the patients′ general characteristics and symptoms related to pattern‐identification. Each patient′s pattern was determined when two doctors had the same opinion. To determine which variables affect the pattern‐identification, binary logistic regression analysis was used with the backward method. A total of 806 stroke patients were enrolled. Among 480 patients who were identified as having a certain pattern, 100 patients exhibited the Fire Heat Pattern, 210 patients the Phlegm Dampness Pattern, nine patients the Blood Stasis Pattern, 110 patients the Qi Deficiency Pattern, and 51 patients the Yin Deficiency Pattern. After the regression analysis, the predictive logistic equations for the Fire Heat, Phlegm Dampness, Qi Deficiency, and Yin Deficiency patterns were determined. The Blood Stasis Pattern was omitted because the sample size was too small. Predictive logistic equations were suggested for four of the patterns. These criteria would be useful in determining each stroke patient′s pattern in clinics. However, further studies with large samples are necessary to validate and confirm these criteria.
Preparation and Characterization of Self-Emulsified Docetaxel
Authors: Kim Gyeong Hae , Lee Ju Young , Kang Yun Mi , Kang Kkot Nim , Kim E. Sle , Kim Da Yeon , Kim Jae Ho , Kim Moon Suk
Published: September 2010

The aim of this paper was to prepare a self-microemulsifying docetaxel (Dtx) using PLGA, Tetraglycol, Labrasol, and Cremophor ELP. The prepared Dtx-loaded self-microemulsifying system (SMES) showed the initial size of the range of 80–100 nm with narrow size distribution and the negative zeta-potential values. Its morphology was a spherical shape by atomic force microscopy. In experiment of stability, Dtx-loaded SMES prepared in DW and BSA condition showed good stability at37∘Cfor 7 days. The viability of the B16F10 cells incubated with Dtx-loaded SMES, Dtx-solution, and Taxol were decreased as a function of incubation time. In conclusion, we confirmed that Dtx-loaded SMES showed an inhibitory effect for proliferation of B16F10 melanoma cells.
Assessment of Transformed PropertiesIn Vitroand of TumorigenicityIn Vivoin Primary Keratinocytes Cultured for Epidermal Sheet Transplantation
Authors: Thépot A. , Desanlis A. , Venet E. , Thivillier L. , Justin V. , Morel A. P. , DeFraipont F. , Till M. , Krutovskikh V. , Tommasino M. , Damour O. , Hainaut P.
Published: September 2010

Epidermal keratinocytes are used as a cell source for autologous and allogenic cell transplant therapy for skin burns. The question addressed here is to determine whether the culture process may induce cellular, molecular, or genetic alterations that might increase the risk of cellular transformation. Keratinocytes from four different human donors were investigated for molecular and cellular parameters indicative of transformation status, including (i) karyotype, (ii) telomere length, (iii) proliferation rate, (iv) epithelial-mesenchymal transition, (v) anchorage-independent growth potential, and (vi) tumorigenicity in nude mice. Results show that, despite increased cell survival in one keratinocyte strain, none of the cultures displayed characteristics of cell transformations, implying that the culture protocol does not generate artefacts leading to the selection of transformed cells. We conclude that the current protocol does not result in an increased risk of tumorigenicity of transplanted cells.
Weight Considerations in Pharmacotherapy for Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Cheng Vicky , Kashyap Sangeeta R.
Published: September 2010

Obesity has been increasing in prevalence worldwide and the majority of patients with type 2 diabetes are either overweight or obese. Diabetes management in this population has been difficult since a number of antidiabetes agents are associated with weight gain. The effects of various antidiabetes agents and antiobesity agents on glycemic control and body weight will be reviewed. Briefly, sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, and insulin are associated with weight gain, whereas metformin and amylin analogs are weight neutral or associated with modest weight loss. Dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 inhibitors are weight neutral, whereas glucagon-like peptide-1 analogs are associated with weight loss. The effect of orlistat and sibutramine in type 2 diabetes is also evaluated. The treatment of diabetes should not only focus on glycemic control as its sole intention, but it should factor in the effect of these various agents on weight, as well, since obesity aggravates insulin resistance, beta cell failure, and cardiovascular risk.
E-Cadherin/p120-Catenin and Tetraspanin Co-029 Cooperate for Cell Motility Control in Human Colon Carcinoma
Authors: Greco Céline , Bralet Marie-Pierre , Ailane Naouel , Dubart-Kupperschmitt Anne , Rubinstein Eric , Le Naour François , Boucheix Claude
Published: September 2010

Tumor invasion and metastasis are major obstacles to clinical treatment that rely on cell migration. Here, we elucidate a mechanism of colon carcinoma cell migration that is supported by the cell surface tetraspanin Co-029 (tspan8), which is known to favor tumor progression and metastasis. This mechanism is unmasked by silencing of E-cadherin or its associated adapter molecule p120-catenin (p120ctn), and it involves a switch in signaling between the collagen-binding integrins α1β1 and α2β1. Direct interaction between E-cadherin and Co-029 was documented by chemical cross-linking and immunohistologic analysis of colon carcinomas. High expression of Co-029 and cytoplasmic delocalization of p120ctn were each associated with poor prognosis. Cell motility was reduced severely by antibody-mediated disruption of Co-029 only when p120ctn was silenced, suggesting that tumor progression may be hindered by Co-029 targeting. Our findings define a function for tetraspanin Co-029 as a modifier of cancer cell motility and reveal an adhesion signaling network implicated in progression and metastasis. Cancer Res; 70(19); 7674–83. ©2010 AACR.
Liver Cancer Protease Activity Profiles Support Therapeutic Options with Matrix Metalloproteinase–Activatable Oncolytic Measles Virus
Authors: Mühlebach Michael D. , Schaser Thomas , Zimmermann Martina , Armeanu Sorin , Hanschmann Kay-Martin O. , Cattaneo Roberto , Bitzer Michael , Lauer Ulrich M. , Cichutek Klaus , Buchholz Christian J.
Published: September 2010

Primary and secondary cancers of the liver are a significant health problem with limited treatment options. We sought here to develop an oncolytic measles virus (MV) preferentially activated in liver tumor tissue, thus reducing infection and destruction of healthy tissue. We documented that in primary tumor tissue, urokinase-type plasminogen activator and especially matrix metallproteinase-2 (MMP-2) are significantly more active than in adjacent nontumorous tissue. We then generated variants of the MV fusion protein by inserting different MMP substrate motifs at the protease cleavage site and identified the motif PQGLYA as the most efficient cleavage site as determined by syncytia formation on protease-positive tumor cells. The corresponding MMP-activatable oncolytic MV-MMPA1 virus was rescued and shown to be strongly restricted on primary human hepatocytes and healthy human liver tissue, while remaining as effective as the parental MV in the tumor tissue sections. Our findings underline the clinical potency of the MMP activation concept as a strategy to generate safer oncolytic viruses for the treatment of primary and secondary cancers of the liver. Cancer Res; 70(19); 7620–9. ©2010 AACR.
Interpretation of the Prostate Cancer Gene 3 in Reference to the Individual Clinical Background: Implications for Daily Practice
Authors: Schilling David , Hennenlotter Jörg , Munz Marita , Bökeler Ulf , Sievert Karl-Dietrich , Stenzl Arnulf
Published: September 2010

Introduction: The prostate cancer gene 3 (PCA3) urine assay for the diagnosis of prostate cancer was introduced into clinical practice at the end of 2006. We report our experience with the test in a routine clinical setting and discuss the interpretation of the test results in the context of the individual patient history. Material and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the data of all patients who received PCA3 determination during a visit to our outpatient clinic between January and June 2008. Prostate volume, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and (in cases where a biopsy was performed) the biopsy results were collected. Results: The PCA3 score was independent of prostate volume and serum PSA. In our study population, 56 men had a negative (<35) and 47 a positive score (≧35). Thirty-two patients were subsequently biopsied, 18 of which were diagnosed with prostate cancer (51%). Patients with a positive biopsy showed significantly higher PCA3 values (p < 0.05). Sensitivity was 94%, specificity was 36% and the negative predictive value was 83%. The area under the curve in the receiver operating characteristics was 0.81 for the PCA3 score and 0.61 for the serum PSA. Conclusion: The PCA3 value correlates with the probability of a positive prostate biopsy. The high negative predictive value can facilitate the decision for or against a prostate biopsy. However, the low specificity and the comparably high costs hamper the routine use for prostate cancer screening purposes. To increase specificity, in daily practice the PCA3 score should be interpreted carefully with reference to the absolute PSA value and clinical history.
A ZASP Missense Mutation, S196L, Leads to Cytoskeletal and Electrical Abnormalities in a Mouse Model of Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Li Zhaohui , Ai Tomohiko , Samani Kaveh , Xi Yutao , Tzeng Huei-Ping , Xie Mingxing , Wu Shan , Ge Shuping , Taylor Michael D. , Dong Jian-Wen , Cheng Jie , Ackerman Michael J. , Kimura Akinori , Sinagra Gianfranco , Brunelli Luca , Faulkner Georgine , Vatta Matteo
Published: September 2010

Background—

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a primary disease of the heart muscle associated with sudden cardiac death secondary to ventricular tachyarrhythmias and asystole. However, the molecular pathways linking DCM to arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death are unknown. We previously identified a S196L mutation in exon 4 of
LBD3
-encoded ZASP in a family with DCM and sudden cardiac death. These findings led us to hypothesize that this mutation may precipitate both cytoskeletal and conduction abnormalities in vivo. Therefore, we investigated the role of the ZASP4 mutation S196L in cardiac cytoarchitecture and ion channel biology.

Methods and Results—

We generated and analyzed transgenic mice with cardiac-restricted expression of the S196L mutation. We also performed cellular electrophysiological analysis on isolated S196L cardiomyocytes and protein-protein interaction studies. Ten month-old S196L mice developed hemodynamic dysfunction consistent with DCM, whereas 3-month-old S196L mice presented with cardiac conduction defects and atrioventricular block. Electrophysiological analysis on isolated S196L cardiomyocytes demonstrated that the L-type Ca
2+
currents and Na
+
currents were altered. The pull-down assay demonstrated that ZASP4 complexes with both calcium (Ca
v
1.2) and sodium (Na
v
1.5) channels.

Conclusions—

Our findings provide new insight into the mechanisms by which mutations of a structural/cytoskeletal protein, such as ZASP, lead to cardiac functional and electric abnormalities. This work represents a novel framework to understand the development of conduction defects and arrhythmias in subjects with cardiomyopathies, including DCM.
A Prospective Comparison of Cardiac Imaging Using Intracardiac Echocardiography With Transesophageal Echocardiography in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Saksena Sanjeev , Sra Jasbir , Jordaens Luc , Kusumoto Fred , Knight Bradley , Natale Andrea , Kocheril Abraham , Nanda Navin C. , Nagarakanti Rangadham , Simon Ann Marie , Viggiano Mary A. , Lokhandwala Tasneem , Chandler Mary L. ,   ICE-CHIP Investigator Study Group
Published: September 2010

Background—

The Intracardiac Echocardiography Guided Cardioversion Helps Interventional Procedures study evaluated the concordance of intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) with transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF).

Methods and Results—

Patients with AF undergoing right heart catheterization underwent left atrium (LA) and interatrial septal (IAS) imaging by TEE and ICE. A blinded comparison of the 2 modalities was performed at a core laboratory. Ninety-five patients aged 58±12 years completed the study. The LA was profiled in all patients with both techniques, and concordance for image quality was 96%. LA appendage (LAA) imaging was achieved in 85% with ICE and 96% with TEE. There was no difference in the presence of spontaneous echo contrast between ICE and TEE during LA imaging, but there was a trend toward a greater incidence in the LAA with TEE (
P
=0.109). Intracardiac thrombus was uncommonly seen (TEE, 6.9%; ICE, 5.2%). The concordance for the presence or absence of thrombus was 97% in the LA and 92% in the LAA, but the latter was detected more frequently with TEE. IAS imaging was achieved in 91% with ICE and in 97% with TEE (
P
=0.177). Concordance for patent foramen ovale and atrial septal aneurysms was 100% and 96%, respectively. A negative ICE examination was associated with absence of dense echo contrast or thrombus on TEE in 86%.

Conclusions—

This study provides validation for the use of ICE for LA and IAS imaging. ICE imaging was less sensitive compared to TEE for LAA thrombus identification.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00281073.
Efficacy and Risk of Atrial Fibrillation Ablation Before 45 Years of Age
Authors: Leong-Sit Peter , Zado Erica , Callans David J. , Garcia Fermin , Lin David , Dixit Sanjay , Bala Rupa , Riley Michael P. , Hutchinson Mathew D. , Cooper Joshua , Gerstenfeld Edward P. , Marchlinski Francis E.
Published: September 2010

Background—

Young patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) tend to be more symptomatic and less willing to take long-term medications, yet catheter ablation remains recommended as second-line therapy for AF regardless of age. This study seeks to characterize the effectiveness and risk of AF ablation in the young.

Methods and Results—

Consecutive (n=1548) patients who underwent 2038 AF ablation procedures were included. Major procedural complications and efficacy were analyzed on the basis of age at the initial procedure: <45 years (group 1), 45 to 54 years (group 2), 55 to 64 years (group 3), and ≥65 years (group 4). AF control was defined as no or rare AF on or off antiarrhythmic drugs. The primary outcome of AF control was similar in all groups; it was achieved in 87% in group 1, 88% in group 2, 88% in group 3, and 82% in group 4 (
P
=0.06). However, more group 1 patients demonstrated freedom from AF off antiarrhythmic drugs (76%) compared with group 2 at 68%, group 3 at 65%, and group 4 at 53% (
P
<0.001). There were no major complications in group 1, 10 (1.7%) in group 2, 14 (1.4%) in group 3, and 10 (2.6%) in group 4 (
P
=0.01).

Conclusions—

In patients younger than 45 years, there is a lower major complication rate and a comparable efficacy rate, with a greater chance of being AF free without antiarrhythmic drugs. These findings suggest that it may be appropriate to consider ablative therapy as first-line therapy in this age group.
Atrial Coronary Arteries in Areas Involved in Atrial Fibrillation Catheter Ablation
Authors: Pardo Meo Januário , Scanavacca Maurício , Sosa Eduardo , Correia Aristides , Hachul Denise , Darrieux Francisco , Lara Sissy , Hardy Carina , Jatene Fabio , Jatene Marcelo
Published: September 2010

Background—

The proximity to vascular structures is a limiting factor during radiofrequency ablation. However, little or no attention has been given to the atrial arterial circulation during the development of atrial fibrillation (AF) catheter ablation techniques.

Methods and Results—

We examined the atrial arterial circulation in areas involved in AF ablation in 24 heart specimens by colored resin injection and careful dissection. The sinus node artery (SNA) arose from the circumflex artery in 42% of case; proximal to the LA appendage in 29%, crossing the left atrium (LA) anterior wall; and after the LA appendage in the remaining 13%, crossing the mitral isthmus and passing close to the left pulmonary veins (PVs), the LA roof, and the right superior PV. In 58%, the SNA arose from the right coronary artery. Major arteries (≥1 mm in external diameter) were found in the mitral isthmus in 54%, at the LA roof in 54%, and at the LA anterior wall in 29%. Around the left PV ostia, there were areas with major arteries in up to 37% (at the roof and inferior segments) and around the right PV ostia in up to 29% (at the roof segment).

Conclusions—

Major atrial coronary arteries, including the SNA, were commonly found in the areas involved in AF ablation and could cause difficulties in obtaining transmural lesions and electric isolation or even lead to ischemic sinus node or atrial dysfunction.