bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Heavy Load Optimized Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation Algorithm for Hybrid WDM/TDM VPONs
Authors: Singhal Ankur , Gupta Amit , Singh Charanjeet
Published: August 2018

Hybrid wavelength division multiplexed (WDM)/Time division multiplexed (TDM) virtual passive optical networks (VPONs) are considered to provide cost efficient solutions for ever increasing bandwidth requirements of next generation optical access networks. With the development in technology effective bandwidth assignment has emerged as a major concern area. In this paper a novel heavy load optimized dynamic bandwidth allocation algorithm (HLO-DBA) is proposed for the hybrid WDM/TDM VPONs. Multi point control protocol of Ethernet passive optical network (EPON) is implemented for WDM/TDM VPONs subscribers. The excess bandwidth of lightly loaded subscribers is distributed among heavily loaded users through an efficient mechanism. The proposed technique effectively utilize the idle period between the last transmitted REPORT messages from previous transmission cycle (t-1) to the first GRANT message in the current cycle (t). Optical network units (ONUs) connecting the subscribers are scheduled in such a way so as to reduce the wastage of bandwidth. Performance evaluation of HLO-DBA in terms of quality of service (QOS) metrics like throughput and average delay is done to validate the optimization of the proposed mechanism.
Calibration Experiment for Seepage Monitoring Using Fiber Bragg Grating Hydrothermal Cycling Integration System
Authors: Chen Jiang , Xiong Feng , Zheng Junli , Ge Qi , Cheng Fei
Published: August 2018

Seepage monitoring is an important element in geotechnical engineering. This article proposed a new integrated system for seepage monitoring composed of a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensing system and a water-heating cycling system. The boiler is used as the heating equipment in the integrated system. The heated water is distributed to each heating pipeline for cyclic heating through the water separator and water collector. The FBG temperature sensors are preburied in the heating pipeline to monitor the water temperature in real time. Recognizing the correlation between the temperature field and the seepage field, we proposed to fit coefficient ξv according to the cooling curve and used it as an index to identify the seepage state. We conducted this numerical simulation to analyze the heat transfer process of the heat source in the porous media. We carried out the calibration experiments of seepage velocity using the FBG-sensing heating system in the porous medium with four different gradations. Our results showed that the temperature gradient decreased over time, indicating that the primary way the heat source was transferred was through the convective heat transfer caused by the seepage. Therefore, the coefficient ξv could be used as the seepage identification index. On the basis of our calibration experiments, we obtained the fitting formulas of ξv and the seepage velocity in four kinds of porous mediums. The formulas can be used for the inversion of seepage velocity. The experimental results proved that ξv was unrelated to the initial cooling temperature. This finding showed that the influence of an uneven temperature distribution along the heating pipeline on monitoring results could be ignored.
¿Cómo hacer hablar a un texto? Prácticas de escritura en Escuelas Normales Rurales Femeninas (1941-1945)
Authors: Cabezas García Paula Alexandra
Published: August 2018

A partir de 30 cuadernos correspondientes al archivo personal de Soledad Díaz, estudiante de la Escuela normal rural de Une, Cundinamarca (Colombia), escritos desde 1941 hasta 1945, este artículo pretende responder a la pregunta ¿es posible evidenciar prácticas de escritura en escuelas normales rurales por medio de archivos documentales? Así, se utilizarán dos conceptos, uno de la antropología de la educación (eventos de lectura y escritura) y otro de la sociología de la lectura (escenarios de lectura). Tras una adaptación de los conceptos a la prácticas de escritura, los escenarios y los eventos de escritura permitirán revelar que las prácticas de escritura en escuelas normales rurales femeninas giran en torno a su formación profesional enfocado al cuidado. Así, los usos y la función de la escritura están asociados a la administración, orden y dirección, en este caso, a su vida cotidiana como dirigente del hogar y cómo cuidadora de los enfermos.
Identidad del profesorado y la Formación Integral en Educación Superior
Authors: Gómez Torres Francisco Hernando , Bedoya Gallego Nelson Iván , Romero Neisa William Harold , Castro Gutiérrez Gelber Yesid
Published: August 2018

El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar una reflexión sobre el posicionamiento del profesorado en educación superior en relación con la formación integral. A través de una revisión documental a la identidad profesional del profesorado y a la formación integral, encontramos que es posible desde la perspectiva de los estudios relacionados con la caracterización de la identidad profesional del profesor y los componentes: las creencias, los sentimientos y los roles, realizar un abordaje del lugar que ocupan las facetas de la formación integral que proponemos: la formación ética y axiológica, la profesional disciplinar, la aptitudinal y la educación de las emociones, resultando novedosa esta última dimensión. En síntesis, esta perspectiva plantea un panorama para entender preferencias en la docencia y las representaciones de los profesores que facilitan u obstaculizan el desarrollo de procesos vinculados a la formación integral.
Impacto y análisis de las normas internacionales en el desarrollo de las funciones del revisor fiscal en Colombia
Authors: Ahumada Quiroga Mónica Alexandra , Matallana Chilito Edwin Steven , Ardila Segura David Leonardo
Published: August 2018

Históricamente, el papel del contador público ha sido necesario y fundamental para el desarrollo económico de una empresa, en Colombia a los profesionales de la Contaduría Pública se le otorgó la capacidad de ejercer como revisor fiscal, figura que sirve como un soporte para el Estado y así brindar seguridad a los inversionistas y demás usuarios de la información contable y financiera.En los últimos años la profesión del contador público ha tenido cambios importantes en su normatividad y en su enfoque, gracias a los cambios impulsados por la armonización del lenguaje contable con respecto a la adopción de las Normas Internacionales de Información Financiera - NIIF, las cuales van a permitir que el contador público sea más analítico y tenga más participación en la toma de decisiones en las empresas.El documento realiza un análisis de la función de la revisoría fiscal en el marco de la convergencia a NIIF, y los potenciales y limitaciones del desarrollo de su actividad en este contexto.
ACUICULTURA DE PARGO LA MANCHA LUTJANUS GUTTATUS (STEINDACHNER, 1869) EN COSTA RICA DENTRO DE UN ENFOQUE ECOSISTÉMICO
Authors: Herrera-Ulloa Angel , Chacón-Guzmán Jonathan , Zúñiga-Calero Gerando , Fajardo Oscar , Jiménez-Montealegre Ricardo
Published: August 2018

La sobreexplotación pesquera y la búsqueda de alternativas ante la pobreza crónica han llevado a explorar el campo de la maricultura por medio de un enfoque ecosistémico se abrieron dos procesos paralelos: una estrategia e; investigación en laboratorio para el levantamiento larval de peces marinos tropicales y una estrategia de comanejo para desarrollar el cultivo de peces marinos tropicales. El pargo la mancha muestra gran potencial de producción de larvas y posterior cultivo en el mar. No mostró respuestas positivas a la inducción por medio de hormonas, el desarrollo de un ambiente adecuado para su reproducción espontánea, permitió tener desoves frecuentes y de calidad. La fase de levantamiento larval mostró contratiempos por el tamaño reducido de las larvas de pargo la mancha el manejo en tanques apropiados y el uso de enriquecedores permitieran mejorar los procesos y llegar a incrementar la producción de alevines. El enfoque ecosistémico permitió abrir los espacios necesarios que permitieron la operación de un proyecto piloto. La granja se creó con un enfoque productivo, pero también para turismo rural.Overfishing and the search for alternatives to it, led us to the explore mariculture as an option using an ecosystem-based approach through two parallel processes: an in-laboratory research strategy for larval rearing of tropical marine fish, and a strategy of co-management to develop tropical marine fish aquaculture. The spotted rose snapper shows great potential for larvae production and cage culture. This species showed no responses to hormone induction; however, the set up of a suitable environment allowed frequent, high-quality spontaneous spawnings. The larval rearing phase presented problems due to the small size of the larvae; although, management in appropriate tanks and the use of enrichments improved the processes, increasing the production of juveniles. This ecosystem approach allowed the operation of a profitable farm pilot project with a productive approach, but with rural tourism in mind as well.
CARACTERÍSTICAS HIDROGRÁFICAS DEL SISTEMA LAGUNAR LOS MICOS-QUEMADA EN EL CARIBE HONDUREÑO
Authors: Brenes Carlos L. , Benavides Morera Rosario , Ballestero Daniel
Published: August 2018

Auspiciado por el Proyecto PREPAC (Plan Regional de Pesca y Acuicultura Continental) se realizó un levantamiento hidrográfico en 27 estaciones en el sistema lagunar Micos-Quemada en el litoral Caribe de Honduras. Los muestreos mensuales se extendieron de octubre del 2005 a mayo del 2006 y se determinaron la temperatura, el pH, el oxígeno disuelto, la salinidad y la turbidez. La temperatura superficial osciló entre los 24.2 y 31.8°C, con variaciones temporales extremas del orden de los 7°C. Lo valores más bajos se ubican al final y principio de año (octubre-febrero). La salinidad superficial presenta un marcado ciclo estacional, con valores superiores a 12 durante los meses secos en prácticamente todo el cuerpo de agua, mientras que en la época lluviosa (octubre a febrero) están alrededor de 6. Los valores de pH encontrados para el período de estudio se ubicaron entre los 7.8 y 8.7. Los valores más altos se localizan en la zona central del sistema lagunar y los más bajos en las zonas cercanas a las orillas. Los máximos valores de turbidez se observan en febrero y diciembre. La zona con aguas más claras se localiza en la región cercana a la Barra de Miami en el lado noroeste de la laguna. El oxígeno superficial varió entre 5.0 mg/L y 7.6 mg/L durante los meses de octubre a febrero. La variación temporal del oxígeno disuelto muestra que los máximos y mínimos para todo el período de estudio se localizaron en octubre y mayo respectivamente. A hydrographic survey funded by PREPAC (Plan Regional de Pesca y Acuicultura Continental) was carried out in the Micos-Quemada lagoon system in the Caribbean coast of Honduras. From October 2005 to May 2006 27 sampling stations were occupied to measure pH, dissolved oxygen, salinity, and turbidity. Surface temperatures were between 24.2 and 31.8°C during the sampling period, with extreme temporal variations close to 7°C. Minimum temperatures were observed between October and February. Surface salinity showed a clear seasonal cycle, with values greater than 12 during the dry months virtually over the entire body of water, while during the rainy season (October to February) salinity values were around 6. Values for pH were between 7.8 and 8.7 during the study. The highest pH values were found in the central area of the lagoon system and the lowest in the areas close to the banks, likely due to the degradation of organic matter and to the contribution from the tributary. Maximum turbidity was observed in February and December, while the area with clearest water was located near the bar. Surface oxygen concentration varied between 5.0 and 7.6 mg/L from October to February. Maximum and minimum values of dissolved oxygen were observed in October and May, respectively.
PATTERNS OF PREY BIOMASS CONSUMPTION BY SMALL ODONTOCETES IN THE NORTHEASTERN COAST OF VENEZUELA
Authors: Oviedo Correa Lenin E.
Published: August 2018

Trophic relationships are conditioned by population dynamics of interacting species in the community (species present, food web connections among them, and the strength of interactions), and on the consequences of these species interactions depend various ecosystem processes such as productivity and nutrient flux. Odontocetes target a wide range of prey items and are adapted to feeding at different depths. The aim of this report is to describe the patterns of prey consumption by small odontocetes, incorporating natural predatory patterns into a potential management scheme of strategic food sources, for both human and marine predators. Using the geo-statistical analysis tool of ArcGIS 9.2, maps illustrating the intensity and location of prey consumption were made for species with a sighting index (SPUE) > 0.15. The biomass consumption emphasized the differences in habitat use by species. The trends in distribution of prey biomass removal by odontocetes particularly suggest a stratification of prey consumption primarily in shelf waters, with a prey biomass that is comprised basically by demersal fish and small pelagics (including Sardinella aurita), and into transition-oceanic depths where most of the predatory pattern would potentially rely on pelagic - mesopelagic squid and myctophids. Overall the spatial tendencies in regionalization presented in this contribution will serve as a base-line to assess ecosystem health and evaluate management scenarios. Las relaciones tróficas son reguladas por la dinámica poblacional de las especies que interactúan dentro de la comunidad (especies presentes, conexiones interespecíficas, y nivel de interacción) y de las consecuencias de esas interacciones para procesos del ecosistema como la productividad y el flujo de nutrientes. El objetivo de este reporte es evaluar el patrón de consumo de biomasa por odontocetos de menor tamaño en la costa Nororiental de Venezuela, incorporando patrones de depredación natural a un esquema potencial de manejo de un recurso alimentario estratégico. Por medio de la herramienta de análisis geoestadístico del software ArcGIS 9.2, se elaboraron mapas de densidad en consumo de biomasa de presas para las especies con un índice de avistamiento (SPUE) > 0.15. El consumo de biomasa de presas enfatiza en el uso diferencial de hábitat por especie. La tendencia en la distribución de la remoción de biomasa de presas por cetáceos odontocetos principalmente sugiere la estratificación del habitat, primeramente en el ámbito de la plataforma continental, con un biomasa de presas que estaría constituida por peces demersales y pequeños pelágicos (entre estos S. aurita).  Así como en profundidades Transicionales - Oceánicas, donde la mayoría de los patrones de depredación dependerían de organismos pelágicos - mesopelágicos, como calamares y peces mictófidos. Las tendencias espaciales en regionalización, como las que se presentan en es reporte, representan una línea base clave para evaluar la salud de los ecosistemas y escenarios de manejo.
DIVERSIDAD DEL MICROFITOPLANCTON EN LAS AGUAS OCEÁNICAS ALREDEDOR DE CUBA
Authors: Loza Álvarez Sandra , Lugioyo Gallardo Gladis Margarita
Published: August 2018

Se evalúa la diversidad de la comunidad microfitoplanctónica en las aguas oceánicas alrededor de Cuba durante cuatro cruceros (febrero-marzo de 1999, julio-agosto del 2003, marzo del 2005 y agosto del 2005). Las muestras se recolectaron con botellas Nansen de 10 L de capacidad, a nivel subsuperficial y se concentraron mediante filtración invertida, a través de una malla de 20 mm de diámetro de poro. El volumen de agua filtrado por estaciones osciló entre 5 y 10 L.  Se reportan un total de 181 especies de microalgas ubicadas en las diferentes categorías taxonómicas. El microfitoplancton estuvo dominado en cuanto al número de especies por diatomeas 85 y dinoflagelados 47, seguidas por cianobacterias con 23 especies y las dictiocofita y primnesiofitas con 23 especies (mayormente cocolitofóridos). De las diatomeas, las familias Bacillariaceae, Chaetoceraceae y Rhizosoleniaceae aportan el mayor número de especies con los géneros Nitzschia, Chaetoceros y Rhizosolenia. En los dinoflagelados se distinguen las familias Ceratiaceae, Protoperidiniaceae y Oxytosaceae y los géneros Ceratium, Protoperidinium y Oxytoxum. Las aguas oceánicas al norte de Cuba presentan mayor diversidad de especies (136) con respecto a las del sur (103), como lo demuestra el índice de riqueza (R1) que en el norte fue de 48.35, mientras en el sur fue de 28.19. The structure of the microphytoplankton community was evaluated in oceanic waters around Cuba during four cruises (February-March 1999, July-August 2003, March 2005 and August 2005). Samples were collected with 10 L Nasen bottles sub-surface level and were concentrated by inverse filtration through a 20 mm mesh-size net. The volume of filtered water per station ranged from 5-10 L. A total of 181 species of microalgae belonging to different taxonomic categories are reported. The microphytoplankton community, in terms of number of species, was dominated by diatoms (85) and dinoflagellates (47). Cianobacteria contributed 23 species and the dictiocophytes and primnesiophytes 23 species (mostly coccolithophorids). Among diatoms, the families Bacillariaceae, Chaetoceraceae and Rhizosoleniaceae contributed the greater number of species in the genera Nitzschia, Chaetoceros and Rhizosolenia.  In dinoflagellates, the families Ceratiaceae, Protoperidiniaceae, and Oxytosaceae, and the genera Ceratium, Protoperidinium, and Oxytoxum are emphasized. The oceanic waters north of Cuba presented a greater diversity of species (136) compared to those in the south (103) as demonstrated by a higher richness index (48.35) in the north versus the one found in the south (28.19).
Lyčių lygybė švietime: vaikinų galimybės rinktis netradicines profesijas
Authors: Pilinkaitė - Sotirovič Vilana
Published: August 2018

[only abstract and keywords in English; full article, abstract and keywords in Lithuanian]

This article analyzes how gender equality discourses shape the opportunities for boys to choose non-traditional professions in the care economy (kindergarten teachers, teachers in the elementary schools, social workers, nurses etc.). Research on gender equality in education examines the paths for girls in physical and technological sciences (STEM) and highlights the impact of gender stereotypes and the traditional perceptions of gender roles on women in choosing careers in this field. As some comparative research in the EU has shown, numbers of women in “male-dominated” professions increased in the last two decades. Nevertheless, the men’s move to care professions is very slow due to the lack of support for boys to choose non-traditional/atypical professions (Scambor et al. 2013). By applying discourse analysis, this article examines the content (texts and visuals) of the methodological material for vocational counseling (www.mukis.lt). It suggests that a gender-neutral and gender-differentiated conceptualization of profession preferences, motivation and representation are present in the content of vocational material, while the gender-pluralistic approach tends to be absent. Care professions in general are almost invisible in the content of vocational training materials (the silence discourse) and represented only by women. These tendencies suggest the reproduction of gendered norms and understandings about different gender roles in society. The discourse regarding men’s engagement in care professions is still underdeveloped in Lithuania.
Privataus ir viešojo interesų raiška nušviečiant emigracijos klausimą Lietuvos internetinėje žiniasklaidoje
Authors: Plepytė - Davidavičienė Giedrė , Grebliauskienė Beata
Published: August 2018

[only abstract and keywords in English; full article, abstract and keywords in Lithuanian]

This paper aims to determine how online news media represent the public interest in the discussion of emigration issues in Lithuania and how the coverage of emigration issues is affected by the need of consistency and adjustment between private and public interests. This study follows the idea that the pursuit of private and public interests motivates a different approach to the audience, and this, in its turn, conditions the coverage of the social issues that are relevant to society. In response to public interest, miscellaneous information is provided with a diversity of opinions and some degree of analysis, which sheds light on the causes of the problem and the possible solutions instead of presenting a mere account of compiled facts. In the provided analysis of the matter, we see that the satisfied private interest compels a recourse from shallowness, the presentation of overrated negative aspects, emotionality, and the discordance between the body and headlines of news texts.
Second order inference in natural language semantics
Authors: Pulman Stephen Guy
Published: August 2018

In this paper I look at a number of apparently trivial validinferences (as well as some invalid and missing inferences) associatedwith the possessive construction and with different types ofadjectival modification of nouns. In the case of possessives, allanalyses I know of, whether implemented or not, systematicallysanction invalid inferences. In the case of adjectives, there are somemodel-theoretic linguistic analyses that are adequate at a theoretical level, but no satisfactory practical computational implementations that I am aware of which capture the correct inference patterns.A common thread between the possessive and the adjectivalconstructions is that to derive the correct inferences we need secondorder quantification. This is an uncontroversial move withinmodel-theoretic formal semantics but a problem for computationalsemantics, since we have no fully automated theorem provers foranything other than first order logic (and only for subsets of firstorder logic do we have provers that are both fully decidable andefficient). I explore what is needed to provide a proof-theoreticaccount of the relevant inference patterns, and suggest some analysesrequiring second order axioms. In order to make this a practicalcomputational possibility I go on to propose two techniques forapproximating such inferences in a first order setting. The suggestedanalyses have been fully implemented, and in an appendix I provide asmall FraCaS-like corpus of relevant examples, all of which arehandled correctly by the implementation.
La ineficacia de las políticas de represión a la oferta de drogas: una explicación alternativa
Authors: Raffo López Leonardo , Segura José Luis
Published: August 2018

El propósito de este trabajo es exponer una explicación alternativa de la ineficacia de las políticas de represión a la oferta de dogas en el largo plazo centrada en el funcionamiento de las redes de tráfico de drogas y las ganancias esperadas crecientes de los narcotraficantes. Para ello, se resolvió y se simuló el modelo analítico propuesto por Raffo (2015b) para estructuras de redes irregulares, que se aproximan más a las redes de tráfico y distribución reales. Se prueba que una intensificación de la represión a la oferta de drogas puede conducir al resultado paradójico de incrementar los beneficios esperados agregados de las actividades ilegales, debido a que tiene un impacto heterogéneo sobre las ganancias individuales de los distintos traficantes.
La secreta travesía de Miguel S. Wionczek
Authors: Hodara Joseph
Published: August 2018

Algunos meses antes de su fallecimiento —ocurrió el 23 de junio 198—  Miguel S. Wionczek me envió una página escrita con su apretada letra. En ella me indicaba los temas que se inclinaba a abordar después de superar la dolencia que entonces le agobiaba. Y en la última frase, sin rodeos, remató: "Joseph, créame: me asesinarán después de mi muerte "… (Hodara,1988, p.1060).
¿Por qué Corea del Sur sí pudo?
Authors: Maya Muñoz Guillermo
Published: August 2018

El desempeño económico de Corea del Sur en las seis últimas décadas, después de dividirse la península coreana en dos países, ha sido extraordinario, transformando un país agrícola en uno industrial de primera línea. Colombia y gran parte de los países latinoamericanos estaban por encima de Corea, en términos de ingreso per cápita en los años 60, y ahora están muy por debajo, y con economías completamente distintas, dependientes de las exportaciones primarias, agrícolas y minero-energéticas, aunque tenían un nivel industrial mayor que Corea.
La inconsistencia temporal y la inflación: evidencias empíricas para la economía colombiana
Authors: Galvis Ciro Juan Camilo
Published: August 2018

Este trabajo toma como estudio de caso a Colombia y busca verificar las restricciones que el problema de la incoherencia temporal impone sobre las series de tiempo de inflación y desempleo. Es analizado el período 1976-2006 para la economía colombiana y los resultados de las pruebas estadísticas muestran que durante el periodo 1976-1991 se comprueban las restricciones del problema de la incoherencia dinámica. En particular, es posible que los errores en la conducción de la política monetaria fueran en parte los responsables por el crecimiento de la inflación en dicho período.
Assessment of Instructional Efficacy of Social Media on Studentsâ€™ Achievement in Measurement and Units
Authors: Orji Emmanuel Ifeanyi , Chuks Zudonu Onisoman , Chinyere Eze Lynda
Published: August 2018

The study ascertains the instructional efficacy of social media on studentsâ€™ achievement in measurement and units. Two research questions and hypotheses guided the study. Quasi-experimental design of non-equivalent control group design was adopted. The study was carried out in Nsukka Local Government Area (LGA) of Enugu State. The population of the study is two thousand, eight hundred and eight- five (2885)(1392 males and 1493 female ) senior secondary class one (SS1) students in the 30 public senior secondary schools in Nsukka LGA. Fifty-nine (59) (26 males and 33 females) SS1 students were selected from two intact classes sampled for the study formed the sample. Purposive sampling technique was first used to select two schools with similar characteristics. Measurement and Unit Achievement Test (MUAT) was used for data collection. Two reliability estimates were employed; they are estimate of temporal stability and estimate of internal consistency using Pearson Product Moment Correlation and Cronbach Alpha formulae with the following reliability indices, 0.72 and 0.75 gotten.  The experimental group was taught using lecture method lesson note built on  Whatsapp social media platform  while the control group was taught using lecture method only. Before the treatment, the two groups were pretested using MUAT. After the treatment, MUAT was reshuffled and administered as post-test to the two groups and their scores collated.   Mean and standard deviation were used to answer all the research questions while the hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance using Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). Findings revealed a significant difference in the academic achievement of students taught measurement and units using lecture method built on social media (Whatsapp) and those taught using lecture method only in favor of group taught using lecture method built on social media ( Whatsapp) and that gender has no influence on studentsâ€™ academic achievement in measurement and units when taught using lecture method built on social media (Whatsapp). Based on the findings the researchers recommended among others that  lecture method built on social media platform like WhatsApp should be adopted by science teachers because it enhances the academic achievement of the students, save instructional time when managed properly, and reduces the limitations of lecture method of being teacher dominated.
Effect of Organizational Culture and Organizational Commitment to Employee Performance through Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) as Intervening Variables (Study on Bappeda Litbang Provinsi Bali)
Authors: Suwibawa Anom , Agung Anak Agung Putu , Sapta I Ketut Setia
Published: August 2018

Organizational culture as the values, principles, traditions and ways of working shared by members of the organization and affect the way they act. Organizational commitment has an important role of employee performance. The commitment can be realized if the individual in the organization, running their rights and obligations according to their duties and functions and functions within the organization, because the achievement of organizational goals is the work of all members of the organization that are collective Vipraprastha, Sudja,  & Yuesti (2018).

Respondents in this study are Civil Servants (PNS) at least have been working for 2 years. The number of respondents in this study were 86 respondents using Nonprobability technique that is saturated samples or often called total sampling. This research uses SMARTPLS 3 Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis.

The results of this study indicate that: 1) organizational culture has a positive and significant effect on Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB); 2) Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) has positive and significant impact on Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB); 3) Organizational Citizenship Behavior employee, 4) organizational culture has a positive effect on the performance of employees, either partially or through Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB), 5) Organizational commitment has no effect on employee performance.
The Profile of Salak Gula Pasirâ€™s Farmer in Pajahan Village â€“Bali
Authors: Martiningsih Ni Gst.Ag. Gde Eka , Sumantra I Ketut , Sujana I Putu
Published: August 2018

The aim of this  research is to describe the mapping of agro-tourism planning of salak gula pasir in Pajahan Village, Bali  in order to establish  the framework of sustainable agriculture. Bali as a tourist destination has great opportunity to develop agro tourism in order to support sustainable agriculture development. The research method is conducted  by  questionnaire distribution  with purposive sampling. The results of questionnaires analyzed  with thematic analysis mix method showed that 75% of respondents have sugar palm fruit plantations in plantation as coffee intercrop. Farmers who carry out cultivation of intensive sugarcane barking only 10% of the total responden, so greatly affect the yield and continuity of production of bark. Whereas if the farmer   maintain the plantation seriously,  with sustainable fertilization and irrigation, sugar barking plants are able to bear fruit throughout the year. Pajahan village area is hilly with a sustainable environment is very potential to integrate between agriculture with nature tourism. Around  86% of respondents have not understood about agro-tourism and only 14% of respondents want to develop the area into an agro-tourism area. From these results it is necessary to encourage  farmer of view about  agro-tourism and conduct further studies to do the mapping economically, socially and culturally.
MODEL TERAPI IBADAH DALAM MENGATASI KEGERSANGAN SPIRITUAL
Authors: Naan Naan
Published: August 2018

Ibadah merupakan sekumpulan kegiatan syar’i.  Orang yang rajin ibadah adalah orang yang telah menjalankan kewajibannya dalam beragama. Dalam Islam, terdapat banyak ritual ibadah. ibadah yang paling sering dilaksanakan adalah salat. penelitian ini berfokus pada penelitian ibadah. Ibadah menjadi model terapi. Ibadah yang menjadi lokus penelitian adalah salat, puasa dan zikir. Hasil penelaahan data ketiga macam ibadah tersebut menyebutkan bahwa ketiganya dapat memberi dampak signifikan bagi orang yang mengamalkannya. Salat misalnya, tidak hanya sebatas ruku dan sujud, salat dapat memberi efek sehat pada tubuh dan rasa pada batin. Puasa tidak sekedar menahan lapar dan haus. Puasa bisa menjadikan pelakunya berpikir visioner, melampaui batas akal, meyakini kehidupan berikutnya. Zikir dapat mengingat Allah tanpa henti. Pengingatan ini sebagai tanda mengenal Allah. Orang yang mengenal Allah adalah orang yang mengenal dirinya sendiri.
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS OF ADSORPTION OF Ni (II) FROM WASTEWATER USING COFFEE HUSK BASED ACTIVATED CARBON
Authors: Tien Do Thuy
Published: August 2018

In recent years, the studies on finding the low cost methods to remove metal ions have been increased. Use of agricultural wastes such as coffee husk, coffee residue, coconut fiber, rice husk, peanut shells, cob, etc. as adsorbents to remove heavy metals, pollutants in wastewater has been of great concern in Viet Nam and regional countries. The results showed that the material from coffee husk had superior adsorption. In this study, the coffee husk was heated in Ar gas at temperatures of 300 oC, 400 oC, 500 oC, 600 oC for 30 minutes, 60 minutes and 90 minutes, then was denatured by impregnation with HNO3 at different concentrations (1M, 3M, 5M). The adsorbent products from the above process from coffee husk were tested to find the best technical solution by studying the influences of pH (2 ÷ 9), contact time (10 ÷ 100 min), adsorbent dose (0.2 ÷ 10 g/L) and initial concentration Ni(II) (10 ÷ 60 mg/L). The research results showed that while the activated carbon samples treated at 400 oC in 30 minutes had Ni (II) adsorption capacity of 1.97 mg/g, the activated carbon by HNO3 had Ni (II) adsorption higher capacity, maximum adsorption capacity is 21.14 mg/g (more than 10 times in comparison with the non-denatured or non-modified coal).
The Use of Electrical Resistivity Tomography to Investigate Basaltic Lava Tunnel Based on the Case Study of Al-Badia Cave in Jordan
Authors: Al-Amoush Hani , Abu Rajab Jafar
Published: August 2018

DOI: 10.17014/ijog.5.2.161-177Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) was employed to conduct a geoelectrical survey near the Al-Badia lava tunnel located close to the Al-Bishyrria Village in Jordan. The technique enabled the mapping of the subsurface tunnel extension and description of its inner structure. To assess the quality of data and resistivity models, Schlumberger and Reciprocal Schlumberger electrode configurations were used to produce eight ERT profiles. As revealed by the examination of received potential, the implemented configurations exhibited a strong signal, producing an approximated reciprocal error of up to 6%. The findings of ERT models showed that the lava tunnel had a clearly outlined structure with an elliptical to rectangular shape. The modelled resistivity of the lava tunnel was obtained in proximity to 1000 Ω-m, with a better characterization being possible at resistivity exceeding 8000 Ω-m in 200 Ω-m of Fahda Vesicular Basalt medium. An exploration depth of 50 m revealed that the lava tunnel was 10 m deep and 5 m in diameter on the average. Furthermore, potential means of groundwater recharging were reported by the simultaneous detection of a number of resistivity anomalies of less than 50 Ω-m and lava tunnel. In addition, the lava tunnel was observed to extend and ramify beyond the area under investigation, indicating at the potential existence of multiple lava tunnel extensions in both the investigation area and in the basaltic flows, which could have adverse implications for future urban projects.
Bodo saltans SSU-GFP-Neo cassette v1
Authors: Gomaa Fatma , Edgcomb Virginia , Girguis Peter , li Zhuhong , Docampo Roberto
Published: August 2018

This plasmid is designed to integrate within the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene region of B. saltans. It carries 1 kb of the B. saltans small subunit ribosomal RNA gene. To construct this cassette, we first sequenced the complete ribosomal operon of B. saltans, which has a total length of ̴9 kb. The structure of the ribosomal operon of B. saltans is similar in the closely related kinetoplastida Leishmania, where the ribosomal RNA genes are arranged in head- to-tail repeats (Figure 4b and Yan et al.,Molecular and biochemical parasitology103, no. 2 (1999): 197-210). For the cassette construction, we used only a 1 kb region of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene, which is represented in the schematic as Homologous Recombination Region 1 (HR1) and Homologous Recombination Region 2 (HR2) each, of which is 500 bp . The GFP and Neo genes are located in the middle of the construct and their expression is controlled by the presence of the B. saltans tubulin intergenic region (Bs TUB IGR) at the 3’ and 5’ ends of each gene. As the transcription in B. saltans is polycistronic, the presence of the tubulin intergenic region is necessary for trans-splicing and polyadenylation.
The Problem of Imposing Criminal Liability on Legal Persons in Germany and Russia
Authors: Markuntsov Sergey , Wassmer Martin
Published: August 2018

The article is devoted to the consideration of problems in connection with the introduction of the institution of criminal liability for legal persons in Germany and Russia. The authors analyze the doctrinal discussions that have been held for over 200 years with respect to this problem and the arguments raised by supporters and opponents of introducing criminal liability for legal persons. They also consider the modern practice of making legal persons liable. In particular, the institution of“quasi criminal” liability of legal persons in Germany and their administrative liability in Russia is examined. The comparative study shows that there are many similarities with regard to this question in both Germany and Russia.
A Brief Historical and Legal Essay on “Economic Constitutions”
Authors: Levakin Igor , Trifonova Daria
Published: August 2018

This article explores constitutional regulation as it relates to the foundation of economic relations. The proper norms and divisions of the basic laws (constitutions) of states are analyzed from the historical and legal point of view: the authors develop an idea of“economic constitutions.” This conception is based on the ideas of American and European economists and lawyers, including the works of the Nobel-prize winner James Buchanan, the author of the conception of “constitutional economy.” The analysis of the individual, the most obvious norms of “economic constitutions” is made in their evolution. The common regularities of formation, development, and functioning of “economic constitutions” are researched. “Economic constitutions” are considered as the immanent legal expression of material conditions of life of communities. The research is based on the criteria of the correspondence of “economic constitutions” with the demands of social economic development of state organized communities. The genesis of “economic constitutions” of the USA, France, Germany and other states, for example, Latin American states are researched. Special attention is paid to “economic constitutions” of socialist and postsocialist states, especially to the “economic constitution” of the Russian Federation. The peculiarities in the development of the newest “economic constitutions” based on the basic laws of Finland and Switzerland are revealed. The authors develop an idea that “economic constitutions” are not limited to the questions of the influence of a state on an economy and of the determination of the borders of state regulation. Economic rights and freedoms, questions of interrelations of labor and capital, financial system, taxation, etc. are considered as the components of “economic constitutions.” Taken into account is that modern international standards are refused from the secondary role of the social economic rights of mankind. The conclusion is made about the interrelationship of the progress of “economic constitutions” and socialeconomic rights in the information society that are able to ensure the fundamentally new level of a direct democracy in the management of a state.
Applying the European Convention on Human Rights to the Conflict in Ukraine
Authors: Wallace Stuart , Mallory Conall
Published: August 2018

The“annexation” of Crimea by the Russian Federation and the ongoing conflict in Eastern Ukraine have resulted in widespread human rights abuses. Both Ukraine and the Russian Federation are signatories to the European Convention on Human Rights and the Convention should apply within the territory and to the conflict. However, recent applications to the European Court of Human Rights reveal a great deal of confusion over which State bears responsibility for protecting human rights in different parts of Ukraine. This article seeks to shine a light on this problem presenting a deep analysis of the European Court of Human Rights’ jurisprudence and discussing how it applies to both the conflict in Eastern Ukraine and “annexed” Crimea. It addresses salient issues such as responsibility for the actions of non-state actors and armed groups in Eastern Ukraine and whether the legality of the “annexation” has any bearing on the human rights obligations of each State. The article presents a detailed critique of recent judgments from the European Court of Human Rights arguing that the jurisprudence of the Court has created a bewildering degree of complexity and uncertainty as to the obligations of each State and discussing the practical implications of this uncertainty.
A Migration Project in Retrospect: The Case of the Ageing Zero Generation in Emirdağ
Authors: Timmerman Christiane , Walravens Meia , Michielsen Joris , Acar Nevriye , Van Praag Lore
Published: August 2018

In the twentieth century, Emirdağ (Turkey) witnessed extensive emigration and is now home to the ‘zero generation’: a group of elderly people who stayed behind when their children moved abroad. We investigate how these elderly people, with at least one child who left the country, evaluate their situation as they have grown older. Using fieldwork observations and in-depth interviews, we found that this group mainly associated the migration of their offspring with loneliness and exclusion from society, due to separation from their children and changes in the traditional family culture. The respondents clearly note a shift in the social position of family elders in Turkish culture, from highly respected to being ignored and looked down upon. While this change in status might be experienced by all elderly inhabitants of the region, feelings of distress were reinforced by an emerging discourse which suggests the migration project is a failed enterprise. The constraints their children experience in the immigrant country have led the zero generation to rely less on them and become more dependent on their own resources. Future research on ageing, migration and transnational care should focus on the different ways in which migration systems evolve, and the long-term effects on social inclusion of all generations.
Differentiation of Rights in the Norwegian Welfare State: Hierarchies of Belonging and Humanitarian Exceptionalism
Authors: Bendixsen Synnøve
Published: August 2018

Controlling mobility and borders has become a central, defining feature of the state today. Using the Norwegian welfare state as a case study, I argue that the differentiation of rights depending on status categories is an important way in which the state deals with irregular migration. It is also an integral element of border construction and how mobility is managed. How is the Norwegian welfare state differentiating the rights to work, health care, and economic welfare benefits and through which argumentations does the state legitimate these differentiations? This article argues that the practice of differentiation contributes to establishing hierarchies of belonging and enforces the nexus of welfare rights–migration management. Further, the exclusion of certain categories of people from accessing basic welfare services and, consequently, creating precarious lives, is legitimized by the discourse of humanitarian exceptionalism, through which migrants gain some support outside the welfare state system. This facilitates policies and regulations that are “tough on migration”, and produces the irregular subject as apolitical, a victim, and unwanted. The differentiation of rights and the discourses that the state uses to legitimate these differentiations are keys in the negotiation of who should be entitled to which rights in the future.
Hepatitis A and E seropositivity and nucleic acid detection among chemical bombardment survivors in Iraqi Kurdistan Region
Authors: Hama Salih , Ahmed Shawnm
Published: August 2018

The current study was carried out to determine the percentage rates of anti-hepatitis A and E (HAV and HEV) IgG and IgM seropositivity and RNA among chemical bombarded survivors in different regions in Iraqi Kurdistan. Blood samples were collected randomly from 92 chemical bombed exposures and 45 non-exposures -controls- from July to November 2013. ELISA and conventional, nested PCR techniques were followed todetect anti-hepatitis A and E IgG, IgM and RNA respectively. Lymphocyte counting also was done for all tested exposures and controls. It was observed that the percentage rates of hepatitis A seropositivity were higher than hepatitis E. All tested exposures (100%) were seropositive for anti- HAV IgG, whereas 61.79% were positive for anti-HEV IgG. Similarly, anti-HAV IgM seropositivity was higher (8.9%) than that of anti- HEV (1.089%). Current results revealed that there were significant differences between exposures and controls regarding anti-HAV and anti-HEV IgG (p= 0.0001 and 0.0002),whereas no significant differences were observed between the two tested groups concerning anti-HAV and anti-HEV IgM seropositivity (p= 0.621 and 0.56). Moreover, significant differences were found among anti-HAV IgG and IgM as well as anti-HEV IgG and IgM seropositivity among exposures themselves (p= 0.000 and 0.0055) respectively. The percentage rate of hepatitis A RNA positivity was 15.68%, whereas no positive results were seen for HEV. Geographical distribution of exposures was appeared to be significantly effective on all obtained results (seropositivity and RNA detection) (p ‹ 0.05). It was noticed that lymphocytes were significantly different between HAV- seropositive and seronegative exposures (p ‹ 0.05). A high percentage rate of exposures with positive results for anti-HAV, anti-HEV, and PCR positive results, were suffering from lymphopenia. The highest lymphocyte abnormalities were among exposures with anti-HAV IgM followed by anti-HAV IgG then anti-HEV IgG seropositive exposures.
The Harmonic Interchangeability Variance of Cauchy Constant’s Value: A and B
Authors: Abdullah Rawand , Abubaker Farmesk
Published: August 2018

The strong relationship of refractive index of a material with wavelengths dates back to more than a century especially where Sellmeier’s equation was invented by Wolfgang Sellmeier in 1871 and then developed by Cauchy for visible region of electromagnetic waves. In this work, we studied the interchangeability of Cauchy constants A and B for a glass prism by using inert gas light sources such as He and Ne and metal vapor light sources as Hg, Cd, HgCd, and Na. Cauchy formula represents this dependence where A and B are Cauchy constants and their value are harmonically interchangeable. We investigated that each light sources have a different value of A and B and does not follow the same pattern of graphical representation. From this result, one can notice that Cauchy constants have a crucial role on this dependence of refractive indices on the wavelength of the light sources. The novelty of this work is the combination of Geometrical Optics and Wave Optics, then formulating a new equation, which is exactly geometrical measurements.