bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Privacy and Political Speech: An Agenda for the ‘Constitutionalisation’ of the Law of Libel
Authors: Loveland Ian
Published: November 2023

English public lawyers have now become familiar with the need to recognise a ‘public-private’ divide in our administrative and constitutional law. The procedural implications of the case law flowing from O’Reillyv. Mackman1continue to be as substantial as the boundaries of the divide remain elusive.2 We have also accepted that the public-private dichotomy has an EC dimension; directives are directly effective only against ‘emanations of the state’, and not against private organisations or individuals.3This chapter suggests that there is now a third manifestation of the public-private divide to which lawyers might sensibly devote their attention the law of Jibe The initial trigger for this discussion was a question I put to Roland Penner QC, the former Attorney-General of Manitoba, during a seminar on the Canadian Charter at the IALS in 1994. I was by then familiar with the US cases flowing from the Supreme Court’s I 964 judgment in Sullivanv. The New York Times,4and wondered if any of this jurisprudence had seeped over the Canadian border.
Obstacles on the Path to Privacy Torts
Authors: w* Roderick Bagsha
Published: November 2023

It is common to note that the English law of torts protects privacy interests in a less direct and more disjointed manner than such interests are protected in France, Germany and the United States.1 Those who regard this as a deficiency and consequently urge reform are met by counter-arguments at three levels: theoretical, practical and strategic. At the theoretical level, the dispute between ‘privacy sceptics’ and ‘privacy disciples’ is over the value of privacy, and how it is to be weighted relative to other values such as freedom of expression and freedom of the press. At the practical level, the dispute is over the translation of concern about privacy into workable law. At the strategic level, the dispute is over whether reform will be best managed by the judiciary or the legislature, or even whether privacy interests are likely to be better protected by extra-legal approaches. The three levels cannot be kept separate. Conclusions at the theoretical level are clearly relevant to discussion at the practical level, and the view taken on the degree of difficulty at the practical level may affect the choice of strategy.
Fiduciaries in Context: An Overview
Authors: Hayton Da Yid
Published: November 2023

As Reporter for the ‘Fiduciaries in Context’ Seminar it seems that my task is to reflect on this topic in the light of the thought-provoking papers contributed to the Seminar and of the discussions of them at the Seminar. Tackling this task has proved how fortunate were the French to be able to reject the use of the word ‘fiduciary’, in the definition of a ‘trust’ for the purposes of the Hague Convention on Trusts, on the basis that its meaning is too uncertain for any sensible translation into the French language.Use of the word ‘fiduciary’ in the English language has undoubtedly led to uncertainty of outcomes in legal proceedings in the common law world. It has proved too tempting for advocates and for judges to rely on the high sounding, open-textured concept of ‘breach of fiduciary duty’ in the attempt to justify fair and equitable decisions that take account of the merits of particular cases. The key issue for English law, or for any other common law system imposing equitable liabilities upon fiduciaries of more extensive effect than common law liabilities and with more plaintiff favouring presumptions, is whether the concept of breach of fiduciary duty can be broken down into particular types of events generating particular responses. After all, the fact that there may be a fiduciary element in a particular relationship, so that in one sense the relationship may be regarded as a fiduciary relationship, does not mean that any wrongful conduct arising in the course of such relationship amounts to a breach of fiduciary duty. Indeed, a breach relating to the apparent fiduciary element may not necessarily amount to a breach of fiduciary duty but may instead, for example, simply amount to a breach of contract or of an equitable duty of care.
Conflicting Regulator Objectives: The Supply of Gas to UK Industry
Authors: DavIS Evan , Flanders Stephanie
Published: November 2023

The British government appears to have pursued two conflicting policies towards the gas-supply industry. On the one hand, it privatized British Gas as a single, integrated company. In doing so, it sacrificed the opportunity to foster competition in gas supply to the pragmatic requirements of its privatization programme. On the other hand, it has consistently encouraged competition in the supply of gas to large users.

The outcome of this ambiguous policy stance provides an interesting case for studying post-privatization experiences: in early 1992, British Gas accounts for nearly 90 per cent of the contract gas market; a figure which it has agreed must fall to 40 per cent by 1995. Judged against past performance, that will be no easy feat. Whether or not the policy succeeds, there are some useful implications for policy-makers.
The Impact of Competition on Pricing and Quality of Legal Services
Authors: Domberger Simon , Sherr Avrom
Published: November 2023

The legal profession in England and Wales has held an effective monopoly over conveyancing services since the beginning of the nineteenth century. Conveyancing is the term which describes the legal work associated with buying and selling real estate property. It covers the investigation and transfer of title as well as the legal formalities in connection with mortgage finance and has always been a highly profitable activity for lawyers.
Regulation and Standards Policy: Setting Standards by Committees and Markets
Authors: Grindley Peter
Published: November 2023

A major problem for the regulator is how to set standards. Compatibility standards are vital for telecommunications, where equipment must match the network, for television services, where receivers need broadcasts, and for mobile phones, where handsets need base stations. They are equally important in more mundane areas such as plugs and sockets, electric supply voltages, railway gauges and even which side of the road we drive on. It may seem that the advantages of everyone using the same standard should be clear and it would be a simple matter to agree a standard. Yet the recent history of some spectacular failures to establish standards, for high-definition television, cordless telephone, and satellite broadcasting, show that standards are hard to set, and that results when a regulating authority is involved are often worse than when the market is left alone.
The Cost of Capital in Regulated Industries
Authors: Grout Paul
Published: November 2023

The cost of capital is the risk-adjusted return that investors in a company should expect to receive in a competitive market and, in an attempt to replicate long-run competitive returns, regulatory policy typically employs a cost of capital as one of the major determinants of either the rate of return or the price cap in regulated companies. It is no surprise, therefore, that the figure for the cost of capital is of enormous importance to regulators and regulated firms, and that large sums hinge on the cost of capital number. For example, Table 16.1 shows for a series of UK regulated firms and groups of firms how much additional profit is involved if shareholders are allowed to earn an extra 1 per cent return on equity. Despite these large figures it has taken a considerable time for the cost of capital to rear its head in the public perception.
Gas Regulation and Competition: Substitutes or Complements?
Authors: Price Catherine
Published: November 2023

The gas industry’s privatization in 1986 was undertaken with what many regarded as indecent haste and on exceptionally favourable terms to the industry, even by the standards of other Conservative privatizations. Despite a number of criticisms (e.g. the Energy Committee 1985 and 1986; Price 1986; and Hammond, Helm, and Thompson 1986) the government sold the industry intact and with very light regulation. It was the second (and last) of the utilities to be sold as a single company and outlook for consumers was particularly bleak. However by early 1992 the industry was in turmoil as various regulators sought to curb its market power. This chapter examines the industry’s progress from nationalized to private monolith, and compares its behaviour (particularly in pricing) in each setting.
Delivering Letters: Should it be Decriminalized?
Authors: Estrin Saul , De Meza David
Published: November 2023

Throughout the world it is illegal to compete with the state post office in the collection and delivery of letters.1 Is this an instance of the madness of crowds (of bureaucrats) or is there a good economic or other justification for outlawing competition? As background to discussing the substantive issues we first provide a brief historical account of the evolution of the monopoly in Britain.
What is the Alternative? Ownership Regulation and the Labour Party
Authors: Mcgowan Francis
Published: November 2023

Probably one of the most profound ‘achievements’ of the UK government’s privatization programme has been its impact on the policies of the political opposition, and particularly those of the Labour Party, the subject of this paper.1 For much of its existence public ownership has been one of the pillars of Labour Party rhetoric and to, some extent, policy (though the latter has been a subject of vigorous internal debate). Over the 1980s, however, in the face of privatization, the Party’s commitment to recapturing the public sector (let alone extending its frontiers) has steadily diminished. What was for so many years a contentious issue within the Party as a whole has become a relatively minor issue of principle and an even smaller component of the Party’s programme.
The Costs of Privatization in the UK and France
Authors: Jenkinson Tim , Mayer Colin
Published: November 2023

Since 1979 around thirty-nine companies have been privatized by way of a sale of securities on the London Stock Exchange. In addition, a number of enterprises have been sold in other ways, such as being sold to their management or sold to other private-sector organizations. By 1991, most of the utilities in the UK had been privatized-telecommunications, gas, airports, water, and electricity-and railways are scheduled to be sold over the next few years. In addition, the vast majority of the enterprises that had been taken into the public sector have also been sold-such as BP, Cable and Wireless, Enterprise Oil, Jaguar, etc. The FT-SE 100 index currently includes seventeen privatized companies, and the combined market capitalization of the listed privatized companies was, in July 1992, over £80bn.
International Trade: Practice
Authors: Bell Clive
Published: November 2023

Just as there is a body of received theory, so there is also a received account of the trade policies pursued by almost all developing countries after the Second World War, or liberation from colonialism, whichever came later. According to this account, the collapse of commodity prices, the stagnation of international trade, and the rise of protectionism during the Great Depression had cast a pall over the prospects of exporting in the post-war period.
Seigniorage and Debt
Authors: Bell Clive
Published: November 2023

A theme that recurs throughout this volume is the central role played by fiscal policy, not only as the handmaiden of development policy, but also as a source of problems. Following the treatment of taxation in Chapters 4 and 5, the purpose of this chapter is to complete the account of how governments finance their activities, a task that requires us to take up two further fiscal topics in their own right, namely, seigniorage and debt. Both open the door to profligacy, and each has a distinct dynamic flavour of its own.
Space: Transportation Costs
Authors: Bell Clive
Published: November 2023

That physically identical goods at different locations are different commodities is a familiar fact of life. A tonne of maize in a silo in rural Illinois, for example, is not at all the same thing as a tonne of maize in a small town somewhere in the interior of Mozambique. One way of producing the latter is to transport one tonne of maize from the first location to the second, a process which, in this particular case, involves both internal and foreign trade.
Future Imperfect: Information and Communication Technologies in Everyday Life
Authors: Silverstone Roger
Published: November 2023

During the 1990s it became commonplace to observe that things are changing in the media world. New technologies, new delivery systems, and new industrial alliances were being announced almost daily. The apocalyptic and breathless rhetoric of revolution and crisis has been employed in describing such developments—a rhetoric of competing utopian or dystopian visions, fought out in and on the very media who are its subject. It is a rhetoric deeply engrained in the militaristic and sexual metaphors of strategic advance and big bangs.
Structuration Theory
Authors: Jones Ma Tt Hew
Published: November 2023

Structuration theory emerged as a significant development in European sociology in the late 1970s. Urry (1982) traced its origins to Berger and Luckman’s (1967) concept of the mutual constitution of society and individuals, and identified several different strands of structurational analysis including the work of Bourdieu (1977), Bhaskar (1979), and Giddens. In the IS context, however, it is only Giddens that has received any significant attention and his work will therefore be the primary focus of this chapter.
Hybrid Managers An Example of Tunnel Vision and Regression in Management Research
Authors: Currie Wendy L , Glover Ian A
Published: November 2023

The notion of the hybrid manager1 as someone to be put in charge of information technology (IT) and other technical operations has prevailed in UK management research in recent years, especially in the last two decades. In this chapter, writings on the hybrid manager are evaluated against a background of twentieth-century discussion of management, managers, and technical and scientific professionals in the UK The discussion is divided into five sections. First, we consider literature on managers and professionals in the UK from a historical perspective. Second, we review work on engineers and scientists and their entry into British management and com pare their experiences with their counterparts in continental Europe.
Probabilistic Structure of Time-Series Data
Authors: Favero Carlo A
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapter we introduced time-series to show that time-series violates one of the fundamental properties necessary to perform valid estimation and inference in the linear model. In this chapter we shall discuss this issue at greater depth and length by precisely defining time-series and the fundamental concepts used to analyse them, illustrating how the problem introduced can be resolved in the context of stationary time-series, and, finally, extend our discussion to non-stationarity and cointegration.
Lse Apphoach
Authors: Favero Carlo A
Published: November 2023

The LSE approach explains the failure of the Cowles Commission methodology by attributing it to the lack of attention for the statistical model underlying the particular econometric structure adopted to analyse the effect of alternative monetary policies. The LSE methodology considers econometric policy evaluation an interesting and feasible exercise. However the way in which the Cowles Commission approach deals with a legitimate question is seen as incorrect. The lack of sufficient interest for the statistical model is at the root of the failure of the Cowles Commission approach to provide an acceptable answer to an interesting question.
Related Diversification, Core Competences and Corporate Performance
Authors: Markides Constantinos C , Williamson Peter J
Published: November 2023

A fundamental part of any firm’s corporate strategy is its choice of what portfolio of businesses to compete in. According to the academic literature, this decision should reflect the ‘superiority’ of related diversification over unrelated diversification (e.g., Ansoff, 1965; Bettis, 1981; Lecraw, 1984; Palepu, 1985; Rumelt, 1974; Singh and Montgomery, 1987). This is because related diversification presumably allows the corporate center to exploit the interrelationships that exist among its different businesses (SBUs) and so achieve cost and/ or differentiation competitive advantages over its rivals.
A Definition And Illustration Of Democratic Leadership Of Democratic Leadership
Authors: Gastil John
Published: November 2023

Across the globe, the tumultuous political events of the past three years have raised hopes for the creation and revitalization of democratic institutions. In some countries, dictatorships have crumbled and new governments have crawled from the rubble. In others democratic opposition movements have gained strength, courage, and international recognition. Emboldened citizens in China, Czechoslovakia, Namibia, El Salvador, and elsewhere have organized to promote democratic social change, and new political parties and organizations in the West are striving to make their nations ‘ political systems more democratic. Social scientists should respond to these international calls for democracy, because high-quality theory and research can aid those who seek to create democratic groups, communities, and nations. In fact, there already exists a substantial literature addressing the philosophical and empirical issues surrounding democratic governments, economics, and societies (e.g. Dahl 1989; Bellah et al. 1991).
How many people have borderline personality disorder?
Authors: Krawitz Roy , Jackson Wendy
Published: November 2023

Research indicates that about 0.5–2.0% of adults living in developed Western countries probably have the condition. Seventy-five per cent of those diagnosed are female. Many people have some of the features of BPD but at a level that does not significantly interfere with their lives.
Prognosis: do people with borderline personality disorder get better?
Authors: Krawitz Roy , Jackson Wendy
Published: November 2023

What recovery means will be different for each person. For some it may be a decrease in distressing symptoms to the point where you are able to say that you feel that your life is worth living on more days than earlier. For others it may be feeling that your life is worth living on more days than not. For many people it is much more than this. Feeling connected to others and feeling that you have a valuable place in your community, whatever that might be for you, might be achievable. The perfect life, with no issues or problems, is not a reality, but looking forward to each day, each year and your life ahead is.
Change
Authors: Krawitz Roy , Jackson Wendy
Published: November 2023

Research on the science of psychological change shows that people who change tend to go through a reasonably predictable spiralling cycle. Hope—looking ‘for a favourable outcome within the realm of possibilities’ (Clarke, 2003). There are recognized ways of preparing for change, increasing the likelihood that change will take place as wanted. There are a number of different ways that you can acquire confidence that change is possible. There are key questions you can ask yourself about change.
Is it what we feel that makes a difference?
Authors: Krawitz Roy , Jackson Wendy
Published: November 2023

Four of the basic emotions described are fear, happiness, anger, and sadness. Emotions have important functions—they provide information about ourselves and our environment. Emotions are neither right nor wrong—they just are. Emotions are one part of ourselves—they are not the total of us. A primary emotion is an emotion that we experience in response to an internal or external event. A secondary emotion is an emotion we can have about the primary emotion on the basis of our self-critical beliefs about the primary emotion. Secondary emotions are often more problematic than are primary emotions. The way to deal with distressing secondary emotions is to accept our primary emotions.
Notes to family and friends
Authors: Krawitz Roy , Jackson Wendy
Published: November 2023

We thank you for taking the time to read this book. We encourage you to learn what you can about the BPD condition. If you are a parent remember that your child may have been born with a biological vulnerability to intense emotional experiencing that was and is neither good nor bad but that nevertheless would have made it really hard for even the very best of parents and their child. In this situation nobody is to blame, neither the child nor the parent. Having this understanding can provide the necessary foundation for parents and their adult child to begin a process of healing. If you are realistic about the support you are able to offer, and the boundaries/limits you need to set, you are less likely to become exhausted and frustrated. There is very good reason to hope—people with BPD, on the whole, recover.
The Role of National Borders and Regions in Knowledge Flows
Authors: Ho Mei H C , Verspagen Bart
Published: November 2023

One key issue of national systems of innovation is that knowledge does not easily Xow between them. In the European context, this may be seen as a crucial aspect hindering the effective application of knowledge in an economic way. With many diverent national systems of innovation present in the (recently enlarged) Union, a lack of scale economies with regard to knowledge may easily become an issue. At the same time, however, diversity may enhance system performance. Our main research question in this chapter is how the diffusion of knowledge is affected by the partitioning of the European innovation system (a term that we do not intend to indicate homogeneity) into smaller national systems.
HRM and performance: can partnership address the ethical dilemmas?
Authors: Guest David E
Published: November 2023

Human resource management has become established as a focus of study largely on the basis of two core propositions. The first is that people are a key source of competitive advantage for organizations (Barney 1991; Barney and Wright 1998;Wright, Dunford, and Snell 2001a) and, as such, should be properly managed. The second is that effective management of HR should result in demonstrably superior performance. These combined propositions have led to an interest in HRM among specialists in business strategy, concerned with the analysis of strategic choices about the most effective deployment of HR (Boxall and Purcell 2003). It has also begun to interest accountants and national policymakers, reflected in consideration of the management of human assets or human capital. The Kingsmill Report (2003) in the UK, titled Accounting For People, is one illustration of this. The government-sponsored Task Force that led to this report started from the assumption that if human assets are so important, the state of these assets should be systematically presented and explained in annual company reports.
HR managers as ethics agents of the state
Authors: Bennington Lynne
Published: November 2023

Corporate governance and ethics are hot topics in both the popular press and in the academic management literature. Codes of conduct are burgeoning yet we still hear about amazing corporate collapses in which senior management not only failed to comply with various laws but has even failed to comply with, or enforce, its own code of conduct (Meisinger 2002). These codes are often developed and maintained in HR departments, and HR practitioners are often responsible for management-level ethics awareness programmes (Wiley 2000). In general, though, HRM is rarely mentioned in any of the reports on ethical failures.
Ethical Leadership in Employee Development
Authors: Pinnington Ashly H , Bayraktaroglu Serkan
Published: November 2023

If HRM has an ethical purpose we argue it must involve more than ‘following’ the strategy of the business and likewise employee development means a lot more than developing human ‘assets’. Ethical leadership in HRM would require at the very least that due attention be given to matters of both economic capital and cultural capital. In this chapter we examine the potential of Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of practice for its capacity to consider these capitals within diverse political and societal contexts. We present two empirical case studies of typical corporate stances on HRM and then make some tentative recommendations for more ethical leadership in employee development.
Forum Shopping and Foreign Law
Authors: James Michael
Published: November 2023

If a case has a foreign aspect, the claimant may be able to ‘forum shop’, that is exercise a choice as to where to bring proceedings. He will therefore need to know something about the laws of foreign countries, or at least how to find out about them. The same applies to a defendant who faces proceedings in a foreign country. Foreign law may be significant even if a case is litigated in England. If, for example, the dispute arises under a contract governed by French law, the English court will apply French law. This chapter explores the tactics of forum shopping, comments briefly on the differences between the legal systems of various countries, and explains how to find out about foreign law.
Jurisdiction Based on Consent to English Jurisdiction
Authors: James Michael
Published: November 2023

Generally, the English courts will accept jurisdiction if the parties have consented to English jurisdiction. Common law gives parties considerable freedom to choose where they wish to litigate, including a neutral forum unconnected with either party or their dispute. Where the Judgments Regulation or Conventions governs the validity of the jurisdiction agreement, no objective connection between the relationship in dispute and the court designated is required. In addition to an express agreement, a party’s consent to English jurisdiction can be manifest in submission to the jurisdiction, or agreeing to service of process on someone within the jurisdiction. These are all discussed below.
Introduction
Authors: French Derek
Published: November 2023

Since 1844, Acts of the United Kingdom Parliament have provided, and continue to provide, a system of incorporating companies by supplying prescribed documents to a public official called the registrar of companies (formerly the registrar of joint stock companies). If the documents are in order and the required fee has been paid, the registrar registers them and issues a certificate of incorporation which marks the creation of the company as an entity with separate corporate personality. The system was initiated by the Joint Stock Companies Act 1844, but was completely revised by the Joint Stock Companies Act 1856. The system established by the 1856 Act was further improved by the Companies Act 1862 and then re-enacted when the legislation on companies was consolidated in 1908,1 1929,2 19483 and 1985.4 United Kingdom company law has been completely reformed by the Companies Act 2006, which comes into force fully on 1 October 2009.5 Separate legislation for Northern Ireland was enacted in 1932,6 19607 and 1986,8 but the Companies Act 2006 applies throughout the United Kingdom.
1856 Table B And Forms A And C
Authors: French Derek
Published: November 2023

1856 Table B provides the default articles of association for a limited or unlimited company 2 registered from 14 July 1856 3 to 1 November 1862.4 Model articles for a company registered from 14 July 1856 to 1 November 1862 are set out in the Joint Stock Companies Act 1856, sch, Form C.5 A model form of memorandum for a limited or unlimited company registered from 14 July 1856 to 1 November 1862 was set out in the Joint Stock Companies Act 1856, sch, Form A.The Joint Stock Companies Act 1856 provided only for limitation by shares, not by guarantee. On the registration of an existing non-Companies Acts company under the Joint Stock Companies Act 1856, s 110, from 14 July 1856 to 1 November 1862, its existing constitution was treated as its memorandum and articles of association,6 but the provision made in subsequent Acts that the default articles of association were not to apply to such a company unless adopted by special resolution7 is not made in the Joint Stock Companies Act 1856.
1862 Table A and Form A
Authors: French Derek
Published: November 2023

1862 Table A provides the default articles of association for a company limited by shares2 registered from 2 November 18623 to 30 September 1906.4 In addition, all or any of the regulations contained in 1862 Table A could be adopted in the articles of association of any company registered from 2 November 1862 to 30 September 1906.5 A model form of memorandum for a company limited by shares registered from 2 November 1862 to 31 March 1909 was set out in the Companies Act 1862, sch 2, Form A.6 From 2 November 1862 to 30 September 1906, on the registration of an existing non-Companies Acts company under the Companies Act 1862, part 7 (ss 179–198), as a company limited by shares, its existing constitution was treated as its memorandum and articles of association, and 1862 Table A did not apply unless adopted by special resolution.7
1948 Table a, Part 2
Authors: French Derek
Published: November 2023

from 1 July 19484 to 21 December 1980.5 1948 Table A, Part 2, ceased to apply to new companies when it was repealed by the Companies Act 1980, sch 3, para 36(1), and sch 4.6 1948 Table A, Part 2, incorporates 1948 Table A, part 1, except for arts 24 and 53. In addition, all or any of the regulations contained in 1948 Table A, Part 2, could be adopted in the articles of association of any company registered from 1 July 1948 to 21 December 1980.7 A model form of memorandum for a company limited by shares registered from 1 July 1948 to 21 December 1980 was set out in the Companies Act 1948, sch 1, Table B.8 From 1 July 1948 to 21 December 1980, on the registration of an existing nonCompanies Acts company under the Companies Act 1948, part 8 (ss 382–397), as a company limited by shares which was a private company as defined in s 28, its existing constitution was treated as its memorandum and articles of association, and 1948 Table A, Part 2, did not apply unless adopted by special resolution.9
2008 Model Articles for Private Companies Limited by Guarantee
Authors: French Derek
Published: November 2023

A company registered under the Companies Act 2006 as a company limited by guarantee without a share capital must be a private company, because only a limited company with a share capital can be a public company.4 On or after 5 October 2009, on the registration under the Companies Act 2006, s 1040, of an existing non-Companies Acts company as a private company limited by guarantee, its existing constitution is treated as its articles of association,5 and 2008 pclg does not apply unless adopted by special resolution.6 On or after 5 October 2009, for re-registration as a private company limited by guarantee, of a public company under the Companies Act 2006, s 97, or of an unlimited company under s 105, the company must make such changes in its articles as are necessary in connection with its becoming a private company limited by guarantee,7 and those changes take effect on the issue of a certificate of incorporation on re-registration.8 The directors may decide to make provision for the benefit of persons employed or formerly employed by the company or any of its subsidiaries (other than a director or former director or shadow director) in connection with the cessation or transfer to any person of the whole or part of the undertaking of the company or that subsidiary.
2004 Commonhold Association
Authors: French Derek
Published: November 2023

commonhold association must be in the form in the Commonhold Regulations 2004, sch 2, or a form to the same effect.4 They must contain all the provisions in that schedule,5 and may simply adopt its provisions.6 However, some of the provisions may be modified as permitted by the Commonhold Regulations 2004, reg 14(2)–(10).7 Each provision of sch 2 will have effect for a commonhold association whether or not it is adopted in the association’s articles, subject to any permissible modifications.8 A commonhold association may include in its articles provisions additional to those in the Commonhold Regulations 2004, sch 2.9 Each additional provision must be preceded by a heading which must include ‘additional provision specific to this commonhold association’.10 Each additional provision must be identified by the number of the immediately preceding article from sch 2 followed by a capital letter, going through the alphabet when more than one additional article is inserted consecutively.11 A commonhold association is not authorized to adopt any of the regulations contained in 1985 Table A, because the Companies Act 1985, s 8(1), does not apply to a commonhold association.12 When this book went to press it was not known whether there will be authority to adopt provisions of 2008 pclg.
1908 Form C
Authors: French Derek
Published: November 2023

to 31 October 1929 in England and Wales or Scotland,4 to 31 December 1932 in Northern Ireland5 or to 31 March 1964 in the Republic of Ireland.6 In addition, all or any of the regulations contained in 1908 Table A could be adopted in the articles of association of any company registered from 1 April 1909 to 31 October 1929 in England and Wales or Scotland, to 31 December 1932 in Northern Ireland or to 31 March 1964 in the Republic of Ireland.7 From 1 April 1909 to 31 October 1929, in England and Wales and Scotland,8 on the registration of an existing non-Companies Acts company under the Companies (Consolidation) Act 1908, part 7 (ss 249–266), as a company limited by guarantee with a share capital, its existing constitution was treated as its memorandum and articles of association,9 subject to the statutory requirement of being in accordance with 1908 Form C or as near thereto as circumstances admitted.10
1929 Table D
Authors: French Derek
Published: November 2023

1929 Table D provides the model memorandum and articles of association for a company limited by guarantee with a share capital2 registered from 1 November 19293 to 30 June 1948.4 In addition, all or any of the regulations contained in 1929 Table A could be adopted in the articles of association of any company registered from 1 November 1929 to 30 June 1948.5 From 1 November 1929 to 30 June 1948, on the registration of an existing non-Companies Acts company as a company limited by guarantee with a share capital, under the Companies Act 1929, part 9 (ss 321–336), its existing constitution was treated as its memorandum and articles of association,6 subject to the statutory requirement of being in accordance with 1929 Table D or as near thereto as circumstances admitted.7 From 1 November 1929 to 30 June 1948, the re-registration of a company under the Companies Act 1929, s 16(1), as a company limited by guarantee with a share capital, took place in the same manner and had the same effect as if it were the first registration of the company,8 and so its memorandum and articles of association had to be in accordance with 1929 Table D, or as near thereto as circumstances admitted.9
Northern Ireland 1932 Tables A and B
Authors: French Derek
Published: November 2023

Northern Ireland 1932 Table A provides the default articles of association for a company limited by shares1 registered in Northern Ireland from 1 January 19332 to 31 March 1961.3 In addition, all or any of the regulations contained in Northern Ireland 1932 Table A could be adopted in the articles of association of any company registered in Northern Ireland from 1 January 1933 to 31 March 1961.4 A model form of memorandum for a company limited by shares registered in Northern Ireland from 1 January 1933 to 31 March 1961 was set out in the Companies Act (Northern Ireland) 1932, sch 1, Table B.5 From 1 January 1933 to 31 March 1961, on the registration of an existing non-Companies Acts company under the Companies Act (Northern Ireland) 1932, part 9 (ss 276–291), as a company limited by shares, its existing constitution was treated as its memorandum and articles of association, and Northern Ireland 1932 Table A did not apply unless adopted by special resolution.6
Northern Ireland 1986 Tables A, B and F
Authors: French Derek
Published: November 2023

Northern Ireland 1986 Table A provides the default articles of association for a company limited by shares1 registered in Northern Ireland from 24 September 19862 to 2 October 2009.3 The provisions of the Companies Act 2006 relating to registration of new companies come into force on 1 October 2009,4 but it is proposed that no companies will be registered under the 2006 Act until the following Monday, 5 October.5 Processing of applications for registration received before 1 October 2009 may continue on or after that day under the Companies (Northern Ireland) Order 1986.6 A company which is registered on or after 1 October 2009 on an application received before that date is called a ‘transitional company’.7 Northern Ireland 1986 Table A will be the default articles of association of a transitional company which is a company limited by shares.8 It is expected that registration of transitional companies will be completed on or before 2 October 2009.9 All or any of the regulations contained in Northern Ireland 1986 Table A can be adopted in the articles of association of any company registered in Northern Ireland from 24 September 1986 to 2 October 2009.10
Irishness at the Altar
Authors: Elliott Marianne
Published: November 2023

This association of Irishness with Catholicism has been common for a number of centuries. It lies behind many of the problems in Anglo–Irish relations, informing the thought processes of successive generations of most Irish and British people and continuing to bedevil the situation in Northern Ireland. Nor has this notion been confined to Catholics. It was also proclaimed by Protestants, often dismissively so. Modern Irish nationalism is built on an inclusive myth. It was most clearly articulated by Theobald Wolfe Tone in 1796. In this, all religious groupings are merged in ‘the common name of Irishman’.
How Long do Linguistic Areas Last? Western Nilotic Grammars in Contact1
Authors: Storch Anne
Published: November 2023

Investigations into the realms and limitations of linguistic areas may take on diffierent forms. The most obvious one, perhaps, would be to dene a geographic area or region which is characterized by the occurrence of similar grammatical techniques and common typological patterns in a number of otherwise probably unrelated languages. A second approach would deal with the time depth of a Sprachbund or language contact area. Here, geographical boundaries may vary during the course of time, as the grammatical features that help to identify the contact zone could tend to diffuse into other languages or contact areas, while they may become unproductive in parts of their former zone of origin. In the East African set-up that will be discussed here—focusing on Western Nilotic languages of the Nilo-Saharan phylum— the emergence of intensive and extremely productive contact situations appears to depend on several sociolinguistic as well as geographic parameters that are not continuously present in the entire area.
Basque in Contact with Romance Languages
Authors: Jendraschek Gerd
Published: November 2023

Basque is a language isolate spoken by approximately 600,000 people, 80 per cent of whom live in the Basque Autonomous Community (in Basque ‘Euskadi’), one of the seventeen Autonomous Communities of Spain. Euskadi is located on the Atlantic coast and composed of the territories of Bizkaia, Gipuzkoa, and Araba. Approximately 10 per cent of Basque speakers live in ‘Iparralde’ (literally ‘northern side’), composed of the territories of Lapurdi, Low Navarre (Nafarroa Beherea), and Zuberoa, on the French side of the border. The remaining speakers live in (High) Navarre (Nafarroa). The Basque Country is not only divided by a national, but also by a linguistic border, which runs through the north of Araba and splits Bizkaia and High Navarre into a Basque-speaking and a Spanish-speaking area. Map 1 shows the geographic divisions in the Basque Country.
Is asthma increasing?
Authors: Hasan Arshad S , Suresh Babu K
Published: November 2023

Asthma is the most common chronic disease in children There has been an increase of severalfold in the prevalence of asthma and allergy over the last few decades There are several genes that predispose to asthma and allergy Both genes and environment contribute to the development of asthma
What is essential tremor?
Authors: Plumb Dr Mark , Bain Dr Peter
Published: November 2023

The main characteristic of essential tremor (ET) is shaking of the hands, although shaking can also affect the head, voice, face and legs. This is most easily illustrated by the difficulty affected individuals have in writing or drawing a spiral, as illustrated in Fig. 1.1.
The future: what are the prospects of a cure for essential tremor?
Authors: Plumb Dr Mark , Bain Dr Peter
Published: November 2023

Looking into the not so distant future, we can imagine a time when molecular biologists and medical geneticists have identified the defective gene(s) and neurologists have identified how that defect leads to the periodic ET-related neuronal firing that causes ET. They may also identify the precise anatomical position and physiological properties of the defective nerve cells that cause ET. Armed with this information, it should be possible to develop a cure for ET.
The position of adjectives and other phrasal modifiers in the decomposition of DP
Authors: Svenonius Peter
Published: November 2023

Patterns in adjective ordering have long been noted, and have been characterized in impressionistic semantic terms: “inherent” properties are expressed doser to the noun (Whorf 945), or “objective” properties are (Hetzron 1978 J. Such characterizations have proven difficult to evaluate, but cross-linguistic examinations regularly show that similar patterns hold across languages to a striking degree (e.g. Sproat and Shih 1991). Cinque (1994) suggests that these orders can be captured in terms of a layered functional structure in the DP: different layers of nominal structure correspond to the attachment sites of different categories of adjective. Scott (2002) and Laenzlinger (2005) expand on Cinque’s hierarchy of nominal functional projections with this aim in mind.
Adjectives and degree modification
Authors: Doetjes Jenny
Published: November 2023

Adjectives are often considered to be the prototypical example of a “gradable” category. Degree expressions such as too are restricted to adjectives and morphological comparatives, and superlatives are found for adjectives and not for other categories. This has led several linguists to assume that gradability is a distinctive property of adjectives (see, among others, Jack end off 1977), while others rather insist on the fact that gradability is found across categories (see Bolinger 1972; Bresnan 1973; Doetjes 1997; Neeleman et al. 2004). This chapter investigates the relation between grad ability and the category “adjective,” as opposed to other categories, on the basis of the distribution of degree expressions.
Aspectual composition with degrees
Authors: Pinon Christopher
Published: November 2023

Approaches to aspectual composition (most notably Krifka 1989, 1992; Verkuyl 1993) have generally focused on how to account for contrasts such as those in (1) and (2), where compatibility with a temporal m-adverbial is taken to indicate a telic interpretation, and compatibility with a temporal for-adverbial to signal an atelic interpretation, of the phrase that the adverbial attaches to. Nothing hinges on the use of the terms telic and atelic here, and for present purposes, bounded and unbounded would do equally well.
Lexical semantics and pragmatics of evaluative adverbs
Authors: bonami Olivier , godard daniele
Published: November 2023

Evaluative adverbs, such as unfortunately, strangely, and curiously, form a small but interesting class of adverbs. We aim here at proposing a precise account of their lexical semantic and pragmatic properties, using French as our object language. We argue that many peculiar properties of these adverbs follow from their special pragmatic status rather than their semantic type. It is generally recognized that the content of an evaluative is not part of the “main sentential content” (Bartsch 1976; Bellert I977; Bach 1999; Jayez and Rossari 2004; Potts 2005). We propose that their behavior calls for an explicit modeling of their pragmatic properties in a model of dialogue. In the case of simple assertion, the speaker asserting p without an evaluative commits himself to the truth of p, at the same time as he asks the addressee(s) to evaluate p; when he asserts evaluative p, the same conversational moves are present, but, in addition, the speaker commits himself to the propositoin associated with the adverb while withdrawing it from the addressee’s evaluation.
Discourse adjectives
Authors: Taranto Gina
Published: November 2023

This chapter introduces and provides a semantic analysis of discourse adjectives, a natural class of predicates whose members include apparent, evident, clear, and obvious in their use as propositional modifiers in sentences such as those in (1).
Becoming a classic
Authors: Holland Peter
Published: November 2023

Shakespeare’s plays continued to be performed through the years before the theatres were closed in 1642. There were per- formances at the Globe and the Blackfriars but the casts were changing. As actors died or left the King’s Men others took over their roles, but some thought it could not be the same: an elegy on the death of Richard Burbage in 1619 mourned:

Kind Leer, the greved Moore, and more beside, That lived in him, have now for ever dy’de. (E. K. Chambers, The Elizabethan Stage, 1923, 2.309)
F
Authors: Gabriel Yiannis
Published: November 2023

Referring to a managerial technique, like Business Process Re-engineering or Total Quality Management, as a fad or a fashion is not meant to diminish its significance or to question its effectiveness. It is meant to describe the way that such practices become disseminated and adopted by different organizations, different sec- tors, and different countries. In this, they share many of the features of fashions in clothes, foods, or holiday destinations—a rapid rise in popularity, followed by a rapid decline as they get superseded by later fads. Occasionally a particular technique may get rediscovered or it may assume a safe if unspectacular positioning in the repertoire of management practices.
G
Authors: Gabriel Yiannis
Published: November 2023

Gender refers to the socially constructed notions of what it means to be a man or a woman. It is helpful to distinguish it from sex, as the biologically based categories of men and women. This distinction was made in the 1960s by feminists who sought to separate sex as a biological ‘given’ from gender, seen as a product of social and cultural forces and therefore divorced from bio- logically determinist meanings. This helped to challenge ideas, prevalent at the time, that hierarchical arrangements based on sex categories were somehow inevitable and ‘natural’ (i.e. men are dominant because they are men; women are subservient because they are women). Gender accordingly captures the normative conceptions of attitudes and behaviours that are deemed appropriate for one’s sex category. Despite this distinction, sex as a biological category is still significant for different understandings of gender.