bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Tobacco Displays and Ads on Youth: A Virtual Store Experiment
Authors: Kim Annice E. , Nonnemaker James M. , Loomis Brett R. , Baig Asma , Hill Edward , Holloway John W. , Farrelly Matthew C. , Shafer Paul R.
Published: December 2012

OBJECTIVE:

To examine the potential impact of banning tobacco displays and ads at the point of sale (POS) on youth outcomes.

METHODS:

An interactive virtual convenience store was created with scenarios in which the tobacco product display at the POS was either openly visible (status quo) or enclosed behind a cabinet (display ban), and tobacco ads in the store were either present or absent. A national convenience sample of 1216 youth aged 13 to 17 who were either smokers or nonsmokers susceptible to smoking participated in the study. Youth were randomized to 1 of 6 virtual store conditions and given a shopping task to complete in the virtual store. During the shopping task, we tracked youth’s attempts to purchase tobacco products. Subsequently, youth completed a survey that assessed their perceptions about the virtual store and perceptions about the ease of buying cigarettes from the virtual store.

RESULTS:

Compared with youth in the status quo condition, youth in the display ban condition were less aware that tobacco products were for sale (32.0% vs 85.2%) and significantly less likely to try purchasing tobacco products in the virtual store (odds ratio = 0.30, 95% confidence interval = 0.13−0.67, P < .001). Banning ads had minimal impact on youth’s purchase attempts.

CONCLUSIONS:

Policies that ban tobacco product displays at the POS may help reduce youth smoking by deterring youth from purchasing tobacco products at retail stores.
Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs in Late Pregnancy and Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn
Authors: Van Marter Linda J. , Hernandez-Diaz Sonia , Werler Martha M. , Louik Carol , Mitchell Allen A.
Published: December 2012

OBJECTIVE:

Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) is a clinical syndrome of late-preterm and full-term infants associated with failure of the normal fetal-to-neonatal circulatory transition. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that risk for PPHN is increased after antenatal exposure to nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), with particular emphasis on late gestational exposures.

METHODS:

Between 1998 and 2003, we interviewed 377 women whose infants had PPHN and 836 control mothers of infants matched to cases by hospital and birth date. Interviews captured information on prescription and over-the-counter medication use in pregnancy as well as a variety of potential confounding factors. Crude and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for third-trimester maternal NSAID use were estimated by using multivariate conditional logistic regression.

RESULTS:

During the third trimester of gestation, 33 infants (8.8%) with PPHN were exposed to any NSAID compared with 80 (9.6%) controls (OR 0.8; 95% CI 0.5–1.3). We observed an elevated OR for PPHN risk among infants whose mothers consumed aspirin during the third-trimester; however, the lower 95% CI included the null. Neither nonaspirin NSAIDs at any time during pregnancy nor ibuprofen use during the third trimester was associated with an elevated risk of PPHN. Similarly, no association was observed between a mother’s third-trimester acetaminophen use and the occurrence of PPHN in her newborn.

CONCLUSIONS:

This large multicenter epidemiologic study of PPHN risk revealed no evidence to support the hypothesis that maternal consumption during pregnancy of NSAIDs overall or ibuprofen in particular is associated with PPHN risk.
Readability, Suitability, and Characteristics of Asthma Action Plans: Examination of Factors That May Impair Understanding
Authors: Yin H. Shonna , Gupta Ruchi S. , Tomopoulos Suzy , Wolf Michael S. , Mendelsohn Alan L. , Antler Lauren , Sanchez Dayana C. , Lau Claudia Hillam , Dreyer Benard P.
Published: December 2012

OBJECTIVE:

Recognition of the complexity of asthma management has led to the development of asthma treatment guidelines that include the recommendation that all pediatric asthma patients receive a written asthma action plan. We assessed the readability, suitability, and characteristics of asthma action plans, elements that contribute to the effectiveness of action plan use, particularly for those with limited literacy.

METHODS:

This was a descriptive study of 30 asthma action plans (27 state Department of Health (DOH)–endorsed, 3 national action plans endorsed by 6 states). Outcome measures: (1) readability (as assessed by Flesch Reading Ease, Flesch-Kincaid, Gunning Fog, Simple Measure of Gobbledygook, Forcast), (2) suitability (Suitability Assessment of Materials [SAM], adequate: ≥0.4; unsuitable: <0.4), (3) action plan characteristics (peak flow vs symptom-based, symptoms, recommended actions).

RESULTS:

Mean (SD) overall readability grade level was 7.2 (1.1) (range = 5.7–9.8); 70.0% were above a sixth-grade level. Mean (SD) suitability score was 0.74 (0.14). Overall, all action plans were found to be adequate, although 40.0% had an unsuitable score in at least 1 factor. The highest percent of unsuitable scores were found in the categories of layout/typography (30.0%), learning stimulation/motivation (26.7%), and graphics (13.3%). There were no statistically significant differences between the average grade level or SAM score of state DOH developed action plans and those from or adapted from national organizations. Plans varied with respect to terms used, symptoms included, and recommended actions.

CONCLUSIONS:

Specific improvements in asthma action plans could maximize patient and parent understanding of appropriate asthma management and could particularly benefit individuals with limited literacy skills.
Retention and Research Use of Residual Newborn Screening Bloodspots
Authors: Botkin Jeffrey R. , Goldenberg Aaron J. , Rothwell Erin , Anderson Rebecca A. , Lewis Michelle Huckaby
Published: December 2012

The storage and use of residual newborn screening dried blood specimens has generated significant controversy in the past 5 years, primarily because of public concerns over the lack of parental knowledge and consent for these activities. State policies addressing the management of these specimens vary widely, and there is currently little guidance to aid new state policy development to address the concerns of program professionals, investigators, and the general public. This article offers guidance for state policy based on multiple sources of data, including public attitudes, professional statements, state experience, and an analysis of the ethical, social, legal, and biomedical issues from a multidisciplinary group of scholars. This guidance will be useful for state programs that seek to develop policies that are informed by a contemporary analysis of the key ethical, legal, and social aspects of this practice. This article represents the work of the authors and does not represent American Academy of Pediatrics policy.
Trends in Adverse Reactions to Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole
Authors: Goldman Jennifer L. , Jackson Mary Anne , Herigon Joshua C. , Hersh Adam L. , Shapiro Daniel J. , Leeder J. Steven
Published: December 2012

OBJECTIVE:

To examine temporal trends of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) associated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) use in children.

METHODS:

We performed a retrospective observational study to characterize TMP-SMX ADRs in children between 2000 and 2009. We completed a chart review at our institution by identifying children diagnosed with TMP-SMX ADRs. To compare local trends to comparable institutions, we estimated the frequency of hospitalizations for TMP-SMX ADRs at 25 tertiary pediatric hospitals utilizing the Pediatric Health Information System database. To determine whether changes in outpatient prescribing rates occurred, we used the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey/National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey.

RESULTS:

At our institution, 109 children were diagnosed with a TMP-SMX ADR (5 cases from 2000 to 2004 as compared with 104 cases from 2005 to 2009). Fifty-eight percent had been treated for a skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI). A similar trend was observed nationally, where the incidence of TMP-SMX ADRs more than doubled from 2004 to 2009 at comparable pediatric hospitals (P < .001). Although national outpatient data revealed no change in overall TMP-SMX prescribing, the percentage of children prescribed TMP-SMX for SSTI sharply increased during the study period (0%–2% [2000-2004]; 9%–17% [2005–2009]).

CONCLUSIONS:

The majority of TMP-SMX ADRs at our institution occurred in conjunction with SSTI treatment. TMP-SMX ADRs have occurred more frequently coincident with increased prescribing for SSTI. Increased usage alone may explain the increasing trend of TMP-SMX ADRs in children; however drug–disease interaction may play a role and requires further investigation.
Soursop juice stabilized with soy fractions: a rheologial approach
Authors: Fasolin Luiz Henrique , Cunha Rosiane Lopes da
Published: December 2012

The potential use of soybean soluble polysaccharide (SSPS) as a stabilizer in acidic beverages was evaluated using rheological and stability studies. For this purpose, soy-based beverages were formulated with soy protein isolate (SPI) and soursop juice due to the low stability of this kind of dispersion. The influences of the concentrations of soybean soluble polysaccharide, calcium chloride, and soy protein isolate on the stability and rheology of soursop juice were evaluated using a factorial experimental design. Interactions between the concentrations of soybean soluble polysaccharide and soy protein isolate exerted a positive effect on the maximum Newtonian viscosity. The stability was positively influenced by the soybean soluble polysaccharide and soy protein isolate concentrations, but the interactions between soy protein isolate and CaCl2 also affected the sedimentation index. These results suggest that soybean soluble polysaccharide is effective in stabilizing fibers and proteins in acidic suspensions due to the increase in viscosity and steric effect caused by the formation of complexes between the soybean soluble polysaccharide and soy protein isolate.
Equipment pressure applied to geomembrane in composite liner system
Authors: Stark T.D. , Pazmino L.F. , McDowell C.J. , Phaneuf R.
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACT: This technical paper presents the results of a test pad at an operating municipal solid waste landfill that measured pressures applied to the primary geomembrane in the double composite liner system used at the site. The pressures were measured with two pressure cells placed on top of the geomembrane and covered with varying thicknesses of sandy structural fill and rounded stone, i.e. a leachate collection and removal layer stone. The pressures were applied by two types of dozers to investigate the magnitude of applied pressures and the effect of equipment on the applied pressure. In general, the results show increased pressure with decreasing cover layer thickness, increasing speed, and turning over of the pressure cells. The data can be used to estimate the minimum layer thickness to limit the pressure applied to an underlying geomembrane to a tolerable value, e.g. 41.4 kPa, and prevent geomembrane damage or puncture during construction.
Micro-mechanism of the interaction between sand and geogrid transverse ribs
Authors: Zhou J. , Chen J.-F. , Xue J.-F. , Wang J.-Q.
Published: December 2012

ABSTRACT: To study the interaction between sand particles and geogrids, pullout tests were performed on one type of geogrid in Pingtan medium sand. The sand motion around the ribs was captured by high-resolution digital camera and CCD camera. The images were analysed with the aid of digital photography measurement and micro-image analysis. Microscopic particle motion and displacement fields around the transverse ribs were then obtained to verify the macro behaviour of the sand–rib interaction. It was found that the thickness of shear band increases with the normal stress applied, and the shear zone is asymmetrical to the soil–rib interface. A near wedge shape shear zone was observed by analysing the shear strain around the ribs, which indicated that a punching shear failure mechanism may be applicable to the tested geogrid in medium-dense sand. Comparison of various models for bearing capacity of geogrids shows that the size and shape of bearing members should be considered in the calculation of bearing resistance of geogrids.
Finite-element analysis of the failure and reconstruction of the main dam embankment at Abberton Reservoir, Essex, UK
Authors: KOVACEVIC N. , HIGHT D.W. , POTTS D.M. , CARTER I.C.
Published: December 2012

An existing 15·5 m high main dam embankment at Abberton Reservoir in Essex was completed in August 1938, since when its performance has been satisfactory. However, the upstream embankment shoulder of the original dam suffered a deep-seated failure through its foundation towards the end of construction in July 1937, 9 days before a similar and well-known failure occurred at Chingford Reservoir in close proximity to Abberton. Whereas the failure at Chingford became an important case in the history of soil mechanics through the involvement of Karl Terzaghi and marked one of the first applications of modern soil mechanics principles, the failure at Abberton has remained largely unknown, until recently when raising of the existing dam started to be considered. This paper describes advanced finite-element analyses which were carried out to investigate the failure of the original dam at Abberton and the stability of the existing main dam. The parameters used in the constitutive models were derived on the basis of the available site investigations and laboratory testing and on experience in the back-analysis of other failures in London Clay. The analyses demonstrated that the upstream shoulder of the original embankment failed through the mechanism of progressive failure, which involved the top of the stiff plastic London Clay rather than the overlying alluvium in the foundation. The relatively rapid rate of embankment filling, achieved by using modern earth-moving equipment, contributed significantly to the original dam failure. The analyses also demonstrated satisfactory behaviour of the existing dam during reconstruction, the first impounding and in the long term, with its response being similar to that observed. Thus the constitutive models used and parameters derived were successfully calibrated against the observed behaviour of both the original and existing main dams at Abberton, and could be used in predicting the behaviour of the dam during and after its proposed raising.
Rehabilitation of Deficient Alveolar Ridges Using Titanium Grids Before and Simultaneously With Implant Placement: A Systematic Review
Authors: Ricci Laura , Perrotti Vittoria , Ravera Lorenzo , Scarano Antonio , Piattelli Adriano , Iezzi Giovanna
Published: December 2012

Background: The aim of the present study is to perform a systematic review of the literature on the use of titanium grids for implant surgery before and simultaneously with implant placement and to assess the success rate of the procedure, as well as survival and success rates of implants placed in the regenerated areas.

Methods: Medline was used to identify studies in English published from 1996 to 2011. An additional hand search was performed of the relevant journals and of the bibliographies of the papers identified. Articles retrieved by two independent authors were screened using specific inclusion criteria: randomized controlled trials (RCTs), controlled clinical trials, and prospective clinical studies regarding vertical and/or horizontal regeneration of the alveolar ridge using titanium grids, in association or not with biomaterials, before and simultaneously with implant placement.

Results: Six articles were selected, including a total of 79 patients, 87 titanium grids, and 141 implants. Twenty‐four implants were placed simultaneously with titanium grids, and 117 implants were inserted after a period of 4 to 9 months. Titanium grids in combination with autogenous bone were used in 43 cases, 25 in combination with a mixture of autogenous bone and bone substitutes, 14 in association with bone substitutes, five using only titanium grids. The overall success rate of the regenerative procedures was 98.86%; the overall survival and success rates of implants were 100% and 93.2%, respectively.

Conclusions: The main limit of the present systematic review is the scarcity of papers with an adequate and consistent methodology regarding the data collection and analysis and the lack of RCTs and large well‐designed long‐term trials. Survival and success rates of implants placed in the areas treated with titanium grids were comparable to those of implants placed in native, non‐regenerated bone and of implants placed in bone regenerated with resorbable and non‐resorbable membranes.
Orthodontic Force Increases Interleukin‐1β and Tumor Necrosis Factor‐α Expression and Alveolar Bone Loss in Periodontitis
Authors: Boas Nogueira Andressa Vilas , Chaves de Souza João Antonio , Kim Yeon Jung , Damião de Sousa‐Neto Manoel , Chan Cirelli Carolina , Cirelli Joni Augusto
Published: December 2012

Background: The present study aims to evaluate the effects of orthodontic movement (OM) on the periodontal tissues of rats with ligature‐induced periodontal disease.

Methods: Eighty‐eight rats were divided into four groups: 1) negative control (sham operated); 2) periodontal disease; 3) OM; and 4) periodontal disease followed by OM (OMP). Rats were sacrificed 3 hours or 1, 3, or 7 days after OM commencement. Bone volume fraction (BVF) and bone mineral density (BMD) were assessed in hemimaxillae by microcomputed tomography analysis. Expression of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)‐1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α were evaluated in gingival samples by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, and in the furcation region by immunohistochemistry analysis (IHC).

Results: The OMP group had lower BVF and BMD levels compared to the other groups at day 7 (P <0.05). Maximum messenger ribonucleic acid expression of both cytokines was observed in the OMP group at day 1 (P <0.05). In the same period, all proteins were expressed in high levels for all test groups compared to the control group. The number of cells positive for IL‐1β and TNF‐α by IHC was highest in the OMP group at day 1, with progressive reduction thereafter.

Conclusion: The results suggest that OM acts synergistically with periodontal disease in periodontal breakdown through upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines.
Removal of Polyvinylpyrrolidone from Wastewater Using Different Methods
Authors: Julinová Markéta , Kupec Jan , Houser Josef , Slavík Roman , Marušincová Hana , Červeňáková Lenka , Klívar Stanislav
Published: December 2012

Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) is a frequently used polymer in the pharmaceutical and foodstuff industries. Because it is not subject to metabolic changes and is virtually nondegradable, trace concentrations of PVP are often found in community wastewaters. The literature finds that the partial removal of PVP in wastewater treatment plants probably occurs through sorption. The primary objective of this study was to find an effective method to remove PVP from wastewaters. In this regard, the literature indicates the theoretical potential to use specific enzymes (e.g., γ‐lactamases, amidases) to gradually degrade PVP molecules. Polyvinylpyrrolidone biodegradability tests were conducted using suitable heterogeneous cultures (activated sludge) collected from a conventional wastewater treatment plant, treatment plants connected to a pharmaceutical factory, and using select enzymes. Aerobic biodegradation of PVP in a conventional wastewater environment was ineffective, even after adaptation of activated sludge using the nearly identical monomer 1‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone. Another potential method for PVP removal involves pretreating the polymer prior to biological degradation. Based on the results (approximately 10 to 15% biodegradation), pretreatment was partially effective, realistically, it could only be applied with difficulty at wastewater treatment plants. Sorption of PVP to an active carbon sorbent (Chezacarb S), which corresponded to the Langmuir isotherm, and sorption to activated sludge, which corresponded to the Freundlich isotherm, were also evaluated. From these sorption tests, it can be concluded that the considerable adsorption of PVP to activated sludge occurred primarily at low PVP concentrations. Based on the test results, the authors recommend the following methods for PVP removal from wastewater: (1) sorption; (2) application of specific microorganisms; and (3) alkaline hydrolysis, which is the least suitable of the three for use in wastewater treatment plants.
Adsorption Kinetic and Thermodynamic Studies of Phosphate onto Tantalum Hydroxide
Authors: Yu Shi‐Hua , Dong Xiao‐Le , Gong Hong , Jiang Heng , Liu Zhi‐Gang
Published: December 2012

Tantalum hydroxide exhibits the ability for the removal of phosphate from aqueous solution. The kinetic study, adsorption isotherm, thermodynamic study, desorption, and foreign anions effect were examined in batch experiments. The kinetic process was very well described by a pseudo‐second‐order rate model. The adsorption isotherms showed that phosphate uptake fitted with a Langmuir‐type model very well, with an increase of PO43‐ adsorption capacity from 78.5 to 97.0 mg/g when the temperature increased from 298 to 338 K. The negative values of ΔG0 and the positive values of ΔH0 indicated that the phosphate adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic naturally. While the ΔS0 values obtained were positive, indicating an increase in randomness at the solid‐liquid interface during the adsorption. Foreign anions tests showed that the presence of competitive ions cause minimal interference with the adsorption of phosphate on tantalum hydroxide.
Content of capsaicin extracted from hot pepper (Capsicum annuum ssp. microcarpum L.) and its use as an ecopesticide
Authors: Koleva-Gudeva Liljana , Mitrev Sasa , Maksimova Viktorija , Spasov Dusan
Published: December 2012

The newest world trends in the scientific research are directed to production
of secondary metabolites, their use and application. Capsaicin, the pungent
principle of hot peppers is one of the best known natural compound. Nowadays,
the research work is directed to the influence of capsaicin on physiological
and biochemical processes of humans, animals, and recently plants as a
biopesticide. Phytochemical studies of Capsicum annuum L. increase the
application of secondary metabolites in pharmacy, food technology and
medicine. In this paper, the possibilities of utilization of Capsicum annuum
ssp. microcarpum L. for extracting capsaicin and its use as a biopesticide
against the green peach aphid Myzus persicae Sulz. in pepper culture are
sublimed. The content of capsaicin was evaluated spectrophotometrically, and
the ability of capsaicin for acting as biopesticide was calculated according
to Abbott. Results showed that oleoresin from Capsicum annuum ssp.
microcarpum L. and its dilution 1:20 are the most efficient as biopesticide.
From these results we can say that this kind of peppers can be used as a raw
material for extraction of capsaicin, because of its high concentration and
efficiency.
Adipocyte Fatty Acid Storage Factors Enhance Subcutaneous Fat Storage in Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Santosa Sylvia , Jensen Michael D.
Published: December 2012

Increases in weight have been associated with corresponding increases in insulin resistance in postmenopausal women. Although estrogen has significant impact on body fat and body fat distribution, the cellular mechanisms that influence this process are not yet known. We measured adipose tissue fatty acid (FA) storage and FA storage factors in 12 premenopausal and 11 postmenopausal women matched for age and body composition. Postmenopausal women had lower postprandial FA oxidation (indirect calorimetry), greater meal FA, and direct free FA (FFA) storage than premenopausal women, including two-fold greater meal FA storage in the femoral depot. The fed/fasted activities of adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase were not significantly different between premenopausal and postmenopausal women. In contrast, adipocyte acyl-CoA synthetase and diacylglycerol acyltransferase activities in postmenopausal women were significantly upregulated and were positively correlated with direct FFA storage rates. These findings suggest that the propensity for subcutaneous adipose tissue FA storage is increased in postmenopausal women, more so from changes in adipocyte FA storage factors than from adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity. Our results suggest that female sex steroids, most likely estrogen, have important effects on adipose tissue FA storage and FA oxidation that could promote fat gain in postmenopausal women.
Associations among Self-Concept, Verbal Behaviors, and Group Climate Early in the Group Counseling Process
Authors: Der Pan Peter Jen , Fan Ai Churn , Bhat Christine Suniti , Chang Shona Shih Hua
Published: December 2012

In this study, relations among group members' self-concept, verbal behaviors, and group climate early in the group counseling process were assessed for college students who were randomly assigned to four counseling groups. Based on measures from the Hill Interaction Matrix, it was observed that family, social, and action self-concepts, as well as engagement, avoidance, and conflict group climate, were correlated with several verbal behaviors. Silence and Quadrant 4 (Q4), which consists of speculative and confrontative verbal behaviors at personal and relationship levels, significantly predicted and explained 43% of the variance in engagement group climate. Silence and Q3, comprised of conventional and assertive verbal behaviors at personal and relationship levels, and Q1, conventional and assertive verbal behaviors at topic and group levels, explained 66% of variance in avoidance climate. Q4 and Silence explained 33% of conflict climate variance early in the group sessions. Implications for research and counseling practice are suggested.
Self-Discrepancy and Regulatory Fit in Avatar-Based Exergames
Authors: Jin Seung-A Annie
Published: December 2012

Drawing from Higgins's self-discrepancy theory and regulatory focus theory, this study examined the use of activated selves and regulatory foci in health games. Utilizing the Wii's® avatar-creating and exergaming features, a 2 (activated self: actual self versus ideal self) × 2 (regulatory focus: promotion versus prevention) × 2 (efficacy appeals: self-efficacy versus response-efficacy) between-subjects experiment tested the interactions of activated selves, regulatory foci, and efficacy appeals on low-calorie dieting intentions after health game playing. Results from an experiment with 156 participants demonstrated that a fit between regulatory focus and efficacy appeals induced greater dieting intentions when the actual self was activated while the opposite effect occurred when the ideal self was activated. Theoretical contributions to basic and applied social psychology as well as managerial implications for consumer behavior research are considered.
Validity and Reliability of the Greek Version of Brown's Locus of Control Scale (BLOCS)
Authors: Papanikolaou Vicky , Tyrovola Konstantina , Adamis Dimitrios
Published: December 2012

Studies in different research fields have shown that locus of control is a meaningful concept. A translated measurement of locus of control in Greece is the Brown Locus of Control Scale (BLOCS), but the translation has not been yet validated. Construct validity and reliability of the BLOCS Greek version was investigated in a sample of employees in five public institutions. Three dimensions identified in the original study were observed. A reduced scale of 20 items showed better psychometric properties: Cronbach's alphas were for the total scale .76 (McDonald's omega = .72), and Internal .76, External social .73, and External other .73, comparable to the original and improved if 5 items are removed.
The Emotional Contagion Scale: Factor Structure and Psychometric Properties in a Portuguese Sample
Authors: Rueff-Lopes Rita , Caetano António
Published: December 2012

This manuscript examined the psychometric properties and factor structure of the Emotional Contagion Scale in a Portuguese sample. The original scale was first given to a sample of 1,445 individuals to verify its internal consistency. Both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were performed. Results suggested that the data from the Emotional Contagion Scale are best fit by a one-factor model. Differences between sexes were assessed and higher susceptibility to emotional contagion was observed in women than in men. Convergent and discriminant validity analyses were also conducted. The Portuguese version of the Emotional Contagion Scale also had good internal consistency and test-retest reliabilities; thus it is a psychometrically sound measure within a Portuguese population.
Defining the Student Burnout Construct: A Structural Analysis from Three Burnout Inventories
Authors: Maroco João , Campos Juliana Alvares Duarte Bonini
Published: December 2012

College student burnout has been assessed mainly with the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). However, the construct's definition and measurement with MBI has drawn several criticisms and new inventories have been suggested for the evaluation of the syndrome. A redefinition of the construct of student burnout is proposed by means of a structural equation model, reflecting burnout as a second order factor defined by factors from the MBI–Student Survey (MBI-SS); the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory–Student Survey (CBI-SS) and the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory–Student Survey (OLBI–SS). Standardized regression weights from Burnout to Exhaustion and Cynicism from the MBI-SS scale, Personal Burnout and Studies Related Burnout from the CBI, and Exhaustion and Disengagement from OLBI, show that these factors are strong manifestations of students' burnout. For college students, the burnout construct is best defined by two dimensions described as “physical and psychological exhaustion” and “cynicism and disengagement.”
Substance use and associated diseases among injured persons
Authors: Ghimire A , Nagesh S , Jha N , Niraula SR , Devkota S , Singh SB
Published: December 2012

Introduction: Alcohol use and alcohol use disorders are associated with increased risks of mortality and morbidity from injury and violence. Chronic health conditions are taken as risk factors for injury as well as the consequences of the injury. Very few studies have noted about diseases among injured person. Objectives: To find out the use of alcohol among injured persons and to explore the associated diseases among injured persons. Methods: In this study 10% of the households of Dharan i.e. 1398 household were selected as the sample size. A systematic random sampling was used to select the 10% household from each ward. A pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect demographic information and information related to injuries to the persons suffered from injuries, alcohol intake prior to injury and whether they suffered from any chronic diseases or not. Results: Among 299 injured persons, 20.4% of them used to take alcohol. It was noted that 5.4% consumed alcohol prior to the injury. About 8 % injured persons were hypertensive and 7.7% of them suffered from visual problem. About 10 % of the major injured persons were suffering from physical disability. Conclusion: Consumption of alcohol, chronic health problems like hypertension, visual impairment and physical disability are common among the injured persons. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hren.v10i3.7136 Health Renaissance; September-December 2012; Vol 10 (No.3);203-207
Knowledge and attitude on sexual behaviour among school adolescents
Authors: Sah RB , Ghimire A , Parajuli P
Published: December 2012

Background: Most of the adolescents of remote areas of Nepal lack the basic knowledge about sex due to which they are suffering from various sex related problems. Objective: To identify the level of knowledge and attitude about sex, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) especially HIV/AIDS and their prevention in adolescents. Methods: This crosssectional study was conducted in various secondary schools of Dhankuta district involving 200 adolescent students aged between 13 to19 years. Collected data was entered in microsoft excel and analysed. Results: Regarding safe sex, most of the students (26%) believe that safe sex is having sex with single partner only and about 13% percent of them had no idea about safe sex. Most of them (94%) think that HIV/AIDs can be transmitted from one person to another person from unsafe sexual contact. Most of the students (93%) believe that avoiding sex with multiple partners could prevent from getting HIV/AIDs. Conclusion: The perception about sexually transmitted diseases varies among school students. Some still had misconception regarding the route and cause of transmission of STI. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hren.v10i3.7140 Health Renaissance; September-December 2012; Vol 10 (No.3);224-228
Empirical Evidence on Agricultural Land-Use Change in Sardinia, Italy, from GIS-Based Analysis and a Tobit Model
Authors: Zoppi Corrado , Lai Sabrina
Published: December 2012

An important part of the Sardinian Regional Operational Programme (ROP) 2000–2006 is represented by the policies funded by the European Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee Fund (EAGGF), aimed at maintaining agricultural land uses and improving the quality of agricultural land. Such investments, spread over almost all Sardinian cities, attempted to support local development based on the traditional primary sector of production. This article analyses the investment policies implemented by the Sardinian Region through the 2000–2006 EAGGF-based part of the ROP (2000–2006 ROP-EAGGF), in order to assess their effectiveness. This assessment of effectiveness, implemented in the context of other signals concerning local development such as income and urbanization, is very important to address the ongoing policies of the 2007–2013 Rural Development Programme and the question of geographic concentration of investments. The article analyses the results of the 2000–2006 ROP-EAGGF through a geographic information system, by means of a Tobit model, and proposes an analytical and interpretive approach that can be easily exported to other public planning processes in order to implement investment in agriculture.
Classification of Italian Farms in the FADN Database Combining Climate and Structural Information
Authors: Vitali Giuliano , Cardillo Concetta , Albertazzi Sergio , Della Chiara Marco , Baldoni Guido , Signorotti Claudio , Trisorio Antonella , Canavari Maurizio
Published: December 2012

Although describing the primary sector of a given country is a common institutional practice, such studies usually offer aggregated information on holding rather than supplying the information required for farm-level simulations. The present study aimed to identify the main typologies of Italian farms from the 2007 database of RICA (the Italian section of the European Union's Farm Accountancy Data Network). Using a hierarchical strategy driven by climates (5) and slopes (3), farms have been grouped by super-structure, described in terms of the presence and extent of primary activities (livestock, farmland use). The resulting picture of Italian farms is based on 35 farm types, the most common of which grow low-input orchards (e.g., olive trees). On the plains in warm climatic areas, low-input orchards and arable crops dominate; in hilly and mountainous areas, mixed farms with forage crops, meadows, ovines, and cattle prevail. In more temperate areas, the most common farm type is based on intensive and field crops (e.g., durum and bread wheat). In temperate hilly and mountain areas, mixed farms combining meadows, woods, and cattle become predominant.
Modeling the correlation between yield strength, chemical composition and ultimate tensile strength of X70 pipeline steels by means of gene expression programming
Authors: Khalaj Gholamreza , Khalaj Mohammad-Javad
Published: December 2012

In the present work, the ultimate tensile strength of steel made using thermomechanically controlled processing has been modeled by means of gene expression programming. To build the model, training and testing using experimental results from 104 specimens were conducted. The data used as inputs in gene expression programming models are arranged in a format of six parameters that cover the carbon equivalent, based upon the International Institute of Welding equation and the chemical portion of the Ito-Bessyo equation, the sum of the Nb, V, and Ti, the sum of the Nb and V, the sum of the Cr, Mo, Ni, and Cu contents and yield strength. The training and testing results in gene expression programming models have shown a strong potential for correlating the ultimate tensile strength to yield strength and chemical composition of X70 pipeline steels.
Effects of Sample Preparation and Interpretation of Thermogravimetric Curves on Calcium Hydroxide in Hydrated Pastes and Mortars
Authors: Kim Taehwan , Olek Jan
Published: December 2012

Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] is one of the major constituents of hydrated portland cement paste. Its content can be used to trace the progress of cement hydration or serve as an indicator of the extent of pozzolanic reaction. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) method is often used to determine the Ca(OH)2 content because it is a relatively easy and fast procedure. However, no universally accepted method exists for the preparation of TGA specimens and for the interpretation of the resulting TGA curves. This paper presents an investigation on the contents of Ca(OH)2 in samples subjected to different preparation techniques. The results showed that a certain amount of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) was produced as a result of carbonation during the sample preparation process. The degree of carbonation was dependent on the sample preparation, and carbonated Ca(OH)2 was considered to determine the accurate total Ca(OH)2 content. In addition, a modified interpretation of the TGA curve for Ca(OH)2 was suggested. In this interpretation, the mass losses caused by the other hydration products, except for the Ca(OH)2 and the carbonated Ca(OH)2, were considered so that the accurate content of Ca(OH)2 could be determined. The interpretation technique was verified by comparing the results with those obtained by differential scanning calorimetry. Ultimately, the actual contents of Ca(OH)2 in pastes undergoing different sample preparation techniques were determined by using the modified interpretation of the TGA curve for the Ca(OH)2. The results showed that this interpretation yielded comparable contents of Ca(OH)2 in most of the sample preparation techniques used in this study.
Surface Resistivity Measurements Evaluated as Alternative to Rapid Chloride Permeability Test for Quality Assurance and Acceptance
Authors: Rupnow Tyson D. , Icenogle Patrick J.
Published: December 2012

ASTM C1202 tests were conducted at various ages with the corresponding surface resistivity test, and the results were compared. Samples tested included field- and laboratory-prepared samples. The laboratory test matrix tested several mixtures common to Louisiana at a wide range of ratios of water to cementitious materials (w/cm) to evaluate the range of the surface resistivity meter. The surface resistivity measurements correlated well with rapid chloride permeability measurements across a wide range of permeability values and sample testing ages. Suitable correlations were found between both the 14-day and the 28-day surface resistivity values and the 56-day rapid chloride permeability values. The variability of the surface resistivity test results is usually less than the variability of the rapid chloride permeability test results. The surface resistivity meter was also able to identify great differences in w/cm ratios for the same mixtures. The surface resistivity meter was determined to be user friendly. The preliminary cost–benefit analysis showed that implementation of the device would save the department about $101,000 in personnel costs in the first year. It is estimated that contractors would save about $1.5 million in quality control costs. The cost–benefit ratio for this project is estimated to be about 15. A Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development test requirements procedure, TR 233, has been developed and implementation of the surface resistivity device has begun.
Drying Shrinkage Behavior of Mortars Made with Ternary Blends
Authors: Wang Xuhao , Bektas Fatih , Taylor Peter , Wang Kejin , Tikalsky Paul J.
Published: December 2012

Ternary cementitious blends are widely used in today's concrete mixtures, particularly when high performance is needed. This paper discusses drying shrinkage behavior of mortar mixtures made with various ternary blends. Ternary blends consisting of different combinations of portland or blended cement, slag, fly ash, and silica fume were considered. The amounts of slag, fly ash, and silica fume ranged from 15% to 35%, 13% to 30%, and 3% to 10% by mass of cementitious materials, respectively. Mortar bars were made with the ternary blends and subjected to drying (i.e., temperature = 73° ± 3°F and relative humidity = 50% ± 4%) after standard moist curing for 28 days. Free shrinkage of the bars was assessed at 56 days of age after 28 days of drying. A response surface analysis was done to examine the effects of blend proportions on shrinkage behavior of the mortars. To validate this model, an independent group of mortar mixtures with different ternary combinations was cast, and the measured values were compared with the predicted shrinkage values. The results indicated that of the three supplementary cementitious materials in the ternary blends studied, slag showed a dominant effect on increasing mortar shrinkage. The contribution of Class C fly ash to the shrinkage was slightly less than that of slag. An increase in silica fume or in Class F fly ash content slightly increased free shrinkage. There is a good correlation between the measured shrinkage strain and the strain predicted from the shrinkage model developed from the response surface analysis.
Can Soy Methyl Esters Improve Concrete Pavement Joint Durability?
Authors: Golias Michael , Castro Javier , Peled Alva , Nantung Tommy , Tao Bernard , Weiss W. Jason
Published: December 2012

Although many concrete pavements provide excellent long-term performance, some pavements (primarily in the Midwest) have shown premature deterioration at the joints. This premature deterioration is a concern because such deterioration can shorten the life of pavements that are otherwise functioning well. Previous work has hypothesized that these joints may be susceptible to preferential fluid saturation, which can lead to freeze–thaw damage or chemical degradation. This work examines the use of soy methyl ester–polystyrene (SME-PS) blends as a method to reduce the rate of fluid ingress into the pore system of the concrete and thereby make the concrete more resistant to deterioration. SME-PS is derived from soybeans and has demonstrated an ability to reduce fluid absorption in concrete when used as a topical treatment. A series of experiments was developed to evaluate the effectiveness of various dosage rates of SME-PS for increasing concrete durability at pavement joints. The experiments show that SME-PS reduces fluid ingress, salt ingress, and the potential for freeze–thaw damage. As a result of the positive experimental results, the Indiana Department of Transportation is conducting field trials that use SME-PS on concrete pavements that are beginning to show signs of premature deterioration with the expectation that SME-PS will extend the life of the joints and thereby reduce maintenance cost and extend the life of concrete pavements.
Development of Laboratory Testing Protocol for Rapid-Setting Cementitious Material for Airfield Pavement Repairs
Authors: Priddy Lucy P. , Rushing Timothy W.
Published: December 2012

Many commercial off-the-shelf products for repairing portland cement concrete (PCC) pavements provide short set times, high early strengths, and the durability to withstand aircraft traffic. Twenty-five rapid-setting cementitious materials were investigated through laboratory and field evaluations to determine their suitability for repairing critical PCC airfield pavements. Standard laboratory tests were performed to characterize the properties of the materials and provide a protocol for assessing their suitability for field repairs. Criteria for using rapid-setting cementitious materials for repairing airfield pavements were published in 2008 by the U.S. Air Force. The criteria, based on laboratory and full-scale testing, allowed users to reduce the risk of premature failure of repairs by omitting unacceptable materials from their list of potential repair materials. The American Society of Testing and Materials published a similar test protocol in 2009. On the basis of a comparison of these two certification procedures and knowledge gained through field experience, the Air Force selection protocol was further updated in 2010 to improve the material selection process. The laboratory test methods used to develop the selection protocol along with the results from the material investigations are discussed in this paper.
Effect of Recycled Concrete Aggregate Properties on Mixture Proportions of Structural Concrete
Authors: Butler Liam , West Jeffrey S. , Tighe Susan L.
Published: December 2012

This study focuses on characterizing several recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) sources, developing concrete mixture proportions that incorporate RCA as coarse aggregate, and investigating the effect of coarse aggregate properties on the main mixture proportion parameters [i.e., cement content, water demand, and water–cement (w/c) ratio]. Four aggregate types were investigated: one control virgin aggregate source and three RCAs produced from the crushing of hardened concrete. Numerous aggregate tests, including density, absorption, abrasion resistance, adhered mortar content, and crushing value, were performed. Fourteen mixture proportions were developed with the use of three mixture proportion scenarios (control, direct replacement, and strength based) and two compressive strength levels (40 and 60 MPa). The effect of RCA on compressive strength and workability was evaluated by replacement of natural coarse aggregate with RCA. Contrary to numerous studies, one of the RCA concretes (RCA-1) had compressive strengths up to 12% higher than the equivalent control mixture. Mixture proportions (water, cement, and w/c ratio) were later adjusted to ensure that the RCA concretes had compressive strength and slump values similar to the control concretes. Variations in water demand, cement content, and w/c ratio could then be directly attributed to the properties of the RCA source. RCA-1 concrete required less cement (and a higher w/c ratio) to achieve strengths and slumps similar to the control concrete. The findings and recommendations of this research will assist concrete producers, engineers, and field technicians involved in the selection of RCA sources in developing mixture proportions for structural-grade RCA concrete.