bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Complex Regional Pain Syndromes: Definitions and Pathogenesis
Authors: Marshall Tarnya , Chong Carol , Munglani, Rajesh , Crisp Adrian
Published: November 2023

The cardinal symptom of many soft tissue rheumatic disorders is pain. Patients may present in a number of settings, and the perception of the disorder, its diagnosis, and its management may vary accordingly. Often, the more complex the disorder the greater the number and diversity of treatment approaches. A good example of this is the patient with complex regional pain syndrome. Patients are commonly seen in the rheumatology and/or pain clinics and approaches taken in these settings have both similarities and differences. This is illustrated in Chapters 6.16 and 6.17.
Basic molecular genetics
Authors: O’Donovan Michael C , Owen Michael J
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this chapter is to enable readers who have little knowledge of biology to understand the rest of the book. Thus this chapter covers the organization and structure of DNA, and how information is encrypted within, decoded from and transmitted by this molecule. We describe how alteration and variation in DNA may lead to disease, and how these alterations may be detected in a laboratory.
Schizophrenia
Authors: Owen Michael J , O’Donovan Michael C , Gottesman Irving I
Published: November 2023

Schizophrenia is a common, severe and disabling disorder that in a majority of instances requires long-term medical and social care. The population incidence is 0.17–0.57 per 1000, and the point prevalence is 2.4–6.7 per 1000 reflecting the typical chronic course (Jablensky 1999). The lifetime morbid risk in the general population is close to 1 per cent (Gottesman 1991) for definite plus probable definitional standards, rising to higher values if spectrum cases are included (Farmer et al. 1987; Prescott and Gottesman 1993; Kendler 2000). The incidence of schizophrenia is surprisingly uniform across a variety of different populations with different cultures, and the evidence for pockets of particularly high and low incidence and prevalence is not strong (Jablensky 1999), with the exception of several population isolates with documented histories of ‘genetic bottlenecks’ (Hovatta et al. 2000; Myles-Worsley et al. 1999).
Asking questions
Authors: Armstrong David , Grace John
Published: November 2023

This first chapter is about the most fundamental part of ‘doing’ research, namely asking questions. Research is an attempt to answer questions: a concept that is both very simple and very important. Possibly one of the commonest reasons for research ‘failing’ is that the project did not start with a proper question. Deciding to ‘look at’ an area or problem, or collecting data about something that seems interesting, by and large, is wasted time. Research must start with a question. This point cannot be reiterated sufficiently; do not start ‘doing’ research until you have a question. The difficulty with this part of the research process is that it cannot be taught in the conventional sense. In many ways this is the personal and creative component of research, which comes from you. However, this first chapter will provide some suggestions of how to start the question-asking process and offer basic guidelines to enable you to decide whether the question you ask is a good one or not.
Choosing a sample
Authors: Armstrong David , Grace John
Published: November 2023

When the HimP group considered the research questions and thought about the most appropriate research design for answering them they had in mind the patients within the practices within the Primary Care Group. This was the population defined for the PCG. Had they wanted to look at a wider grouping of practices, perhaps all the PCGs within the local Health Authority, within a regional context, or even nationally, the population would be all those people embraced by the chosen frame. Or they could have decided perhaps just to look at a single practice within the PCG. Clearly the bigger the frame the more generalizable the findings, as it easier to move up a level with the study’s implications. A regional study is more likely to reflect the national picture than a study based on a single practice. One problem with these bigger pictures is that the populations are that much larger, though sampling can help with this. Less easy to manage are the problems with running a bigger study and a population you will have less control over.
Analysing data
Authors: Armstrong David , Grace John
Published: November 2023

The previous chapter described how data were prepared and organized ready for analysis. Data come through to this stage in different forms: they can range from being fairly ‘raw’, perhaps in the form of qualitative data such as taped interviews or conversation transcripts, to very ‘refined’ in the form of a string of numbers representing the coding of responses to a questionnaire. The analysis provides the opportunity to link the research question (from Chapter 1) directly to the data that has been collected and ‘organized’ (Chapter 7). The exact form of the analysis will depend on the type and quantity of data. If there are quantitative data these are likely to lead to some form of statistical exploration (discussed in Chapter 10). But there are steps to cover before this stage. All of these steps may not be involved in any one piece of research, but by describing each in turn you should appreciate some of the basic procedures in analysing data.
Tendinitis: Its Etiology and Treatment
Authors: Stanish William D , Curwin Sandra , Mandel Scott
Published: November 2023

Disorders of the tendon are extremely common, both in sporting and non-sporting groups. These disorders are notoriously difficult to treat, and can present a considerable challenge for specialist physicians. Stanish, Curwin and Mandell are the leading authorities world-wide on disorders of the tendon, and have produced an authoritative book that will provide a practical approach to the assessment and management of tendon disorders. Heavily illustrated, and clearly presented, the book will be an invaluable reference work for sports physicians, musculoskeletal specialists, orthopaedic surgeons, and rheumatologists.
Eighteenth-Century Science
Authors: Tanford Charles
Published: November 2023

The nucleus of this book is science. It ‘s about atoms and molecules, and how molecules can organize themselves into different structures: three-dimensional crystals, raindrops, thin films, etc. In the final chapter we shall talk about molecules organizing themselves into cells that can contain and support the elements of life. Here, as an introduction, we must ask about science in Franklin ‘s time. What did they know about atoms and molecules? Could or should Ben Franklin and his friends have recognized the molecular significance of the spreading of oil on water? If not, what concepts or experiments were missing? When and in what connection were the missing links established? There is a danger in looking backward.
In Praise of Water
Authors: Tanford Charles
Published: November 2023

In the science fiction novel Dune, author Frank Herbert takes us to Arrakis, imaginary third planet of the pilot star Canopus. Arrakis has an atmosphere much like that of Earth, but almost no water, and Frank Herbert creates for it an astonishingly believable human culture, shaped by the ever-present need for water. There are plastic still suits to prevent the loss of even minute amounts of water from perspiration, nose filters to recapture the moisture from exhaled breath, dew precipitators to harvest whatever moisture may have condensed at night from the arid air. And there is a recurring ceremony, the awesome ritual of the taking of the waters from the dead.
1770–1787
Authors: Gill Stephen
Published: November 2023

That Wordsworth knew no certainty could be achieved did not stop him searching, and the I799 Prelude began the most sustained self-examination in English poetry. The river, Wordsworth knew, had its origin somewhere. Genealogical unravellings are always a forbidding entrance to any biography. With Wordsworth, however, it is more than usually important to establish the kind of family into which he was born, for his life from birth to the writing of the I799 Prelude is a pattern of severances and ruptures counterpointed with periods of continuity and calm, which began in a childhood that seemed to give a solid start to life and to promise a secure future but denied both in his most formative years.
1806–1810
Authors: Gill Stephen
Published: November 2023

On Christmas Day 1805 Dorothy wrote a long letter to Catherine Clarkson. Present realities distracted her—Johnny roaring outside, soaked through, little Dorothy fretful with a cold, two plum-puddings bubbling, and a sirloin of beef threatening to burn in front of the fire—but her mind was on the past. Molly Fisher downstairs in the kitchen reminded her of their arrival at Town End six Christmasses ago and that memory led her to think of the years since and inevitably of John. All in all, she concluded, ‘though the freshness of life was passed away even when we came hither, I think these years have been the happiest of my life, —at least, they seem as if they would bear looking back upon better than any other, though my heart flutters and aches striving to call to my mind more perfectly the remembrance of some of the more thoughtless pleasures of former years’.Was Dorothy conscious that she was quoting from Tintern Abbey and more directly from The Prelude? Perhaps not, but the echo in ‘thoughtless pleasures of former years’2 indicates how immersed she was in her current winter task of copying out The Prelude and suggests that her brother’s retrospective poem to Coleridge reinforced her own inclination to look back.
1816–1822
Authors: Gill Stephen
Published: November 2023

A Huge bonfire on the top of Skiddaw on 21 August 1815 celebrated the victory of Waterloo. Blazing balls of tow and turpentine were rolled down the mountain as the revellers feasted on roast beef and boiled plum-puddings and got tipsy on punch. There was only one mishap. Wordsworth, grandly dressed ‘like a Spanish Don’ in a cloak of Edith Southey’s, knocked over the kettle of boiling water for the punch and ‘thought to slink off undiscovered’, but bystanders identified the villain as ‘the gentleman in red’, to the delight of Southey, who led his party in a dance round him singing, “Twas you that kicked the kettle down! ‘twas you, Sir, you!’ Southey does not record whether Mary and Dorothy joined in, but they probably did, for it was a mildly Bacchic festivity—at least one unnamed man from ‘Messrs. Rag, Tag, and Bobtail’ was too drunk to walk down at midnight and had to be led down, face to tail, on a horse.
1840–1850
Authors: Gill Stephen
Published: November 2023

After Queen Adelaide’s visit to Rydal Mount on 27 July 1840 Dora wrote to her brother Willy: ‘Do you think Mammy will be able to sleep tonight after having been shaken by the hand at her own door by a Queen—having talked with the Queen in this very room—her old husband the old Poet having walked side by side & talked with her Majesty a full hour I am sure—the World and his Wife were assembled on our front to see the cortege—& Tommy Troughton with his band, & all the flags, & all the rushbearings placed in two lines from the high waterfall gate to our gate made as pretty as an avenue for the Queen to walk thro’ roofed by the green trees & the bright blue sky as was ever seen’. The World and his Wife saw a hale 70-year-old, attended by a loving wife and daughter, receive the latest tribute of many which had made him the region’s most famous resident. Only those closest to him knew that the poet who coped so serenely with such high honour was, in his private life, a deeply troubled old man.
Eastern Christendom
Authors: Ware Kallistos
Published: November 2023

Many others before Yeats have expressed the same sense of wonder. 'How splendid a city,' exclaimed an eleventh-century visitor to Constantinople, Fulcher of Chartres, 'how stately, how fair, how many monasteries within it, how many palaces raised by sheer labour in its highways and streets, how many works of art, marvellous to behold.
Great Britain and Europe
Authors: Chadwick Owen
Published: November 2023

During the modem period Christianity in Europe was transformed. It lost a large part of its predominance in the Christianity of the world. Christians from Europe settled overseas and converted indigenous populations to Christianity, or developed for the better the churches of indigenous populations which were of long standing. Then Europe lost its own self-confidence as the bearer of Christianity to these other worlds. It came under attack first for its doctrines, on the ground that they were untrue, and then for its morals, on the ground that they were either weak. or less than the highest. And it encountered persecution in some countries of Europe.
The Orthodox Churches of Eastern Europe
Authors: Hackel Sergei
Published: November 2023

The Orthodox Church would normally insist that all bishops have equal, if different, responsibilities. In the words of St Cyprian, 'the episcopate is a single whole, in which each bishop enjoys full possession'. Nevertheless, in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries the Orthodox world possessed two pivotal points of particular importance.
New Images of Christian Community
Authors: Wilson Bryan
Published: November 2023

The sense of what constitutes the Christian community has undergone persistent and continuous change over the centuries, but at no time more dramatically than in the twentieth century. Current changes in the image of the Christian church are in large part a consequence of the extensive secularization of modem social systems. Secularization is here taken to be not merely a change in popular consciousness (although that is also implied) but, more fundamentally, a radical reorganization of the structure of society.
Poliomyelitis
Authors: Bannister Sir Roger
Published: November 2023

Poliomyelitis, or infantile paralysis, is an acute infective disease due to a virus with a predilection for the cells of the anterior horns of the grey matter of the spinal cord and the motor nuclei of the brainstem, destruction of which causes muscular paralysis and subsequent atrophy. Poliomyelitis had become rare but the fall in the number of immunized individuals has led to more increase in Western countries in recent years. Three strains of the virus have been isolated, known as Types 1, 2, and 3. These can be grown in tissue culture. The virus can be obtained from the nasopharyngeal mucous membranes of patients in the acute stage, of healthy contacts, and of convalescents, and also from the stools. It is believed that the usual route of infection in man is the alimentary tract. The virus is capable of ascending the peripheral nerves, but may also be disseminated through the bloodstream.
Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Bannister Sir Roger
Published: November 2023

A very large number of living organisms may invade the nervous system or its membranes, thus causing many forms of encephalomyelitis, meningitis, and meningoencephalomyelitis. The pyogenic organisms mostly cause pyogenic menil1gitis or cerebral abscess. The tubercle bacillus causes tuberculous meningitis or tuberculoma. Treponema pallidum, various yeasts, and moulds also attack the nervous system. Though any of these by invading the brain may cause a disorder which can accurately be described as encephalitis, the process is not usually acute, and the term acute encephalomyelitis is in practice reserved for two groups of disorder, namely those due to the direct invasion of the nervous system by a virus, and those in which, although the primary cause is an infection of the body, usually with a virus, the changes which occur in the nervous system are not directly due to its invasion by the virus, but are the result of some incompletely understood hypersensitivity reaction to the systemic infection, which leads to acute disseminated or demyelinating encephalomyelitis, especially if the patient is immunosuppressed.
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and retrovirus infections
Authors: Bannister Sir Roger
Published: November 2023

Retroviruses are RN A viruses which are capable of using an enzyme reverse transcriptase to make DNA copies of themselves. This copy becomes incorporated into the host cell DNA, so creating latent and essentially life long infection. Viral proteins are manufactured by infected cells and infectious virions are released from the cell surface by budding. Not all retroviruses are pathogenic. They were first recognized to cause disease in animals-’leukaemias or lymphomas and slow virus infections such as visna. In 19 80 a human leukaemia (adult T-cell leukaemia) was discovered which was associated with human Tcell leukaemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1). In 1981 pneumocystis pneumonia and Kaposi’s sarcoma were found in previously well, young, homosexual men, associated with a profound impairment of cell-mediated immunity.
Neurological syndromes and associated malignant diseases
Authors: Bannister Sir Roger
Published: November 2023

An increasing variety of neurological syndromes has been recognized. in association with malignant disease. These are not due to direct invasion or metastasis and consist of two groups of reactions. The first are remote effects due to factors which are known, such as hypocalcaemia, hypoglycaemia, or, in one interesting example, inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (ADH) production. In this, usually associated with an oat cell bronchial carcinoma, the clinical picture is one of lethargy, confusion, and even epileptic fits and coma. The cause is inappropriate production of ADH thought to be secreted by the oat cell bronchial carcinoma leading to a low plasma sodium (below 110 E/1) and a low plasma osmolality, in the presence of high urinary osmolality. If the tumour cannot be removed, treatment is attempted either by water restriction or by causing a water diuresis with fludrocortisone.
Psychological factors in neurology
Authors: Bannister Sir Roger
Published: November 2023

The brain and the mind constitute a unity, and we may leave to the philosophers, who have separated them in thought, the task of putting them together again. In practice, there are two ways of explaining disorders of the mind. They may be the result of damage to the brain, for example, by transmitter defects, trauma, inflammation, tumour, impaired blood supply, etc. In such cases the cause itself is notmental, though its result is a disorder of mental function. In the other group of cases, the cause is mental, because the patient’s present mental symptoms can be traced back to, and explained in terms of, one of his previous mental experiences, or a whole series of such experiences, which constituted his reactions to what happened to him in the past.
The Phenomenon of Man
Authors: Medawar Peter
Published: November 2023

Everything does not happen continuously at any one moment in the universe. Neither does everything happen everywhere in it.
Science and the sanctity of life
Authors: Medawar Peter
Published: November 2023

I do not intend to deny that the advance of science may some times have consequences that endanger, if not life itself, then the quality of life or our self-respect as human beings (for it is in this wider sense that I think ‘sanctity’ should be construed). Nor shall I waste time by defending science as a whole or scientists generally against a charge of inner or essential malevolence.
In defence of doctors
Authors: Medawar Peter
Published: November 2023

The angle of v1s1on from a Chair of Social Medicine such as Thomas McKeown occupied with distinction for many years in the University of Birmingham, England, is quite different from that of a physician at the bedside or a surgeon at the operating table. The difference is embodied in the following credo:
Clones, Genes, and Human Rights
Authors: Ha1rris John
Published: November 2023

The birth of Dolly, the world famous cloned sheep, has had an extraordinary impact on many dimensions of our lives, both intellectual and real. It has fuelled debate in a number of fora: genetic, scientific, political, moral, journalistic, and literary. It has also given rise to a number of myths, not least among which is the myth that Dolly presents a danger to humanity, the human gene-pool, genetic diversity, the ecosystem, the world as we know it, and the survival of the human species.
A Perspective from Africa on Human Rights and Genetic Engineering
Authors: Benatar Solomon R
Published: November 2023

Eric Hobsbawm has described the twentieth century as ‘The Age of Extremes’.1 One extreme is exemplified by the many scientific and technological advances which have increased our life-span and improved life in a myriad of ways. Advances in molecular biology and the promises offered by genetic engineering to benefit human life typify the success achieved through the scientific reductionist approach to micro-structures. The other extreme is reflected in the magnitude of human suffering flowing from poverty, belligerence,. and disregard for nature.
Change and Continuity
Authors: Briggs Julia
Published: November 2023

Piers asks this question in the October Eclogue of Spenser ‘s Shepheardes Calender (l. 79), expressing a doubt that momentarily holds up the movement of the verse. In 1579 the question of where poetry stood, whether it looked back to its roots, or to the judgement of modern audiences, was an urgent one. The lines that follow attempt to set poetry in a social context: it belongs by rights to the court ( ‘princes ‘ palace ‘), but if the court is not prepared to support it (and this eclogue is in part a lament for lack of patronage), and those of ‘baser birth ‘ cannot comprehend it, it must return to ‘heaven ‘, the ideal, otherworldly state from where the impulse to write poetry first descended. Yet if poetry is addressed primarily to the leisured classes, and employs a high style to match, why has Spenser used shepherds as his speakers, drawn on country dialect, and set out his sequence with woodcuts so that it resembles the almanacs and calendars consulted by real shepherds at the time? The October Eclogue expresses the poet ‘s fear that he is writing for an age uninterested in poetry: with Virgil, Chaucer, and Maecenas, the ideal patron, all long dead, can there be a place for poetry at the present time, in the England of 1579? Despite his misgivings, The Shepheardes Calender marked the opening of a new phase in the development of English literature, a phase in which questions about the nature of poetry were eagerly debated. Spenser himself, in the argument at the beginning of this eclogue, refers to his own ‘Discourse on English poetry ‘, since lost.
Mahler in Vienna (XX)-The Graz Festival Correspondence with Cosima Wagner-Completion of the Seventh Symphony The Battle for Salome-The Second Symphony in Berlin: Oskar Fried The Fifth Symphony in Trieste, Vienna, and Breslau-Preparation of the Mozart Year (June-December 1905)
Authors: Louis De La Grange Henry
Published: November 2023

In artistic matters form is the important thing, not content. A WEEK after leaving Strasbourg, the ‘two most famous [contemporary] symphonists’ came together once again at the Allgemeiner Deutscher Musikverein Festival, which for the second time in its history was being held in Austria, this time in Graz. The choice of Graz, the capital city of the province of Styria, was not dictated by purely musical reasons, but must be understood in the context of the time as a political gesture by the nationalist German bourgeoisie. This is made clear in the speeches by local officials and manufacturers (who were financing the festival) reproduced in the Grazer Tagblatt of 1 June 1905. Since January the Tagespost, another local paper, had been publishing a series of articles entitled Meister des Taktstocks (masters of the baton) including an essay on Mahler written by the young Paul Bekker.
Mahler in Vienna (XXVI)-Weingartner is appointed The Vienna Opera after Mahler-Opening of the new season Journeys to Russia and Finland-Farewell to Vienna (August-December 1907)
Authors: Louis De La Grange Henry
Published: November 2023

Instead of something whole, rounded off, as I had dreamed, I am leaving behind unfinished bits and pieces: such is the human lot. MAHLER was still in Fischleinboden in the Dolomites on 11 August 1907 when he finally learned that he could go ahead with his plans for the future. A letter dated the 10th from Prince Montenuovo informed him there that the Hofoper administration had received official notification the previous day from the Berlin Opera to the effect that Weingartner was now free to take over the post of director of the Vienna Opera. In his memoirs, Weingartner gives a detailed account of his Vienna appointment. He explains, among other things, that when he first received an offer from Montenuovo he was hesitant because of all the unfortunate experiences he had undergone in opera houses from the outset of his career, and in particular in Berlin.
Dalcroze Today
Authors: Bachmann Marie-Laure
Published: November 2023

This is an English translation of La Rhythmique Jaques-Dalcroze by Marie-Laure Bachmann, first published in Switzerland in 1984. The book was commissioned by the Institut Jaques-Dalcroze in Geneva and is the first to give a comprehensive account of the work and ideas of Emile Jaques-Dalcroze, 1865–1950, educational pioneer, musician, and creative artist. With its detailed and copious references to archive material the book gives us a fascinating insight into the inception and development of Jaques-Dalcroze's work, from the end of the last century up to the present day. It traces his growing ideas on the use of movement and of improvisation in the process of music learning, and the application of these ideas to the vital experiencing of musical material, both for children and adults. Dalcroze's work begins with the primacy of individual response, the right of all to develop their individual minds through interpretative gesture; this, among other outcomes, enables a process of stringent self-monitoring in the development of the musical ear. The experience of overt physical response, which may involve the whole body, is seen to take precedence in the learning process, unequivocally and at all ages, over information gathering and problem solving. The principles of Jaques-Dalcroze are salutary and more relevant now than ever before. Indeed, many areas of musical activity would by enriched by an understanding application of his ideas, for example pre-instrumental learning, the training of young instrumentalists, performing, music therapy, and of course, the whole domain of music education.
Guitar Technique
Authors: Quine Hector
Published: November 2023

This is a concise guide to the technical principles upon which the best current practice in guitar playing are founded. It deals clearly with all practical aspects of playing, such as posture, tone, position-changing, chord-playing, and co-ordination, and offers advice on interpretation and practising. It includes a selected repertoire list and a most useful appendix on ‘Writing for the Guitar’ by Stephen Dodgson.
Co-Ordination
Authors: Quine Hector
Published: November 2023

The piano has occasionally been described as a ‘tuned percussion’ instrument. This implied limitation is one that it shares with the guitar—the lack of a genuine sostenuto such as bowed strings, woodwind, brass, or the human voice enjoy, means that after its initial attack, every note decays rapidly, making long-held notes impossible. In the case of the guitar, the problem is compounded by (1) shorter string-lengths (which, for all but a few notes, are a compromise); and (2) the vital importance of the exact synchronization of the fingers of the two hands. This last factor can be a severely inhibiting factor to legato, which in any case is one of the guitar’s main weaknesses.
Techniques of Interpretation
Authors: Quine Hector
Published: November 2023

‘Music’, said a distinguished pianist in the course of a lecture a few years ago, ‘is a song and dance act!’ An over simple definition perhaps, particularly as dramatic or toccatatype music, written mainly for the purpose of displaying the performer’s technical skill, is omitted from it. Nevertheless, most ‘composed’ music owes its origins to either singing or dancing, however remote the connection, and this is the point that the lecturer was making.
Practising
Authors: Quine Hector
Published: November 2023

The pianist Artur Rubinstein was stopped in a New York street one day by a lady who said: ‘Excuse me, ho-»1 do I get to Carnegie Hall?’ He looked at her and said: ‘Practise!’ Practising is a matter of forming habits, and it therefore entails an almost unlimited amount of repetition. It is learning to do something which you could not do before, or doing something very much better than you could do it before; training the muscles, tendons, and joints to work in a controlled and consistent way-mechanics plus thought all the time.
Neurosurgical Medications
Authors: Black Peter McLaren , Rossitch Eugene
Published: November 2023

It is increasingly important for the neurosurgeon to be aware of the indications and side effects of specific medications, including the limits of their approval by the Food and Drug Administration. Some of the most commonly used medications in neurosurgery are dis¬cussed in this chapter.
Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery
Authors: Black Peter McLaren , Rossitch Eugene
Published: November 2023

Stereotactic neurosurgery is done by using three-dimensional guid¬ance coordinates. With its recent coupling to CT scan and to MRI, stereotactic surgery is witnessing a resurgence that is one of the most important developments in contemporary neurosurgery. Ste¬reotactic procedures are done for three general reasons: to biopsy and perhaps remove deep-seated tumors or tumors of difficult ac¬cess, to help manage selected movement disorders, and to manage some chronic pain states.
Mutants Affecting Vegetative Growth and Development
Authors: King John
Published: November 2023

Plant hormones play a central role in normal plant development. Despite their importance, very little is known about either the sites at which they act or the mechanisms by which they exert their effects. The characterization of mutants blocked in some step of hormone action is a promising experimental approach to the complexities of plant growth regulation. Recent years have seen much interest in this approach (see Reid, 1990, for review), resulting in the generation of new mutants with altered hormone responses. Several of the case studies in this Chapter deal with examples of the expanding list of putative hormone response mutants and provide information on the emerging ideas about their possible nature (Scott, 1990).
Rearing Preschool Children
Authors: Tuttle William M
Published: November 2023

During The Second World War, preschool teacher Claudia Lewis moved from New York City to eastern Tennessee. Lewis had been teaching three-, four-, and five-year-olds in a nursery school in Greenwich Village, but she wanted to broaden her perspective on childhood development by relocating to another part of the country. Arriving in Tennessee’s Cumberland plateau, she soon discovered she had entered a world dramatically different from the one she had just left. The touchstone of that difference was the children themselves.
“Daddy’s Coming Home!”
Authors: Tuttle William M
Published: November 2023

In The Late afternoon, all the factory whistles went off, sirens sounded & everyone in town was honking their car horns So much excitement!!” It was V-J Day, August 14, 1945. That evening this home front girl and her townsfolk in Waukesha, Wisconsin, “gathered at the park & sang patriotic songs.” And so it was across the country. The war was over; the Japanese had surrendered. Americans celebrated. A Massachusetts boy’s family was staying at a beachside resort when two women from a nearby cottage, Docky and Eddie, appeared bearing tumblers of whiskey, a large Chinese gong, a trumpet, and news of America’s victory. “In all the hubbub,” the boy remembered, “punctuated by Eddie’s gong, a parade was organized.” Beating pots and pans and shouting “THE WAR IS OVER,” the parade stopped along its route, and “at every house, kids and their parents joined us....”
Confronting War’s Enormity, Praising Its Glory
Authors: Tuttle William M
Published: November 2023

The Second World War transformed not only the United States but the entire world. In the United States, many of the! Home front children contended with the war’s enormity. First, by war’s end, six million Jews had been forced into concentration camps and worked to death or system atically killed by firing squads, in gas chambers, or in medical experiments. The Nazis also exterminated 250,000 Gypsies, and 60,000 men who had been convicted of homosexuality ended up in concentration camps where they too perished. The second enormity was the atomic bomb, which the United States dropped on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945. It deepened the psychic numbing that accompanied people’s knowledge that governments and their citizens were capable of previously unimagined brutality. The Hiroshima bomb immediately leveled the central city; soon after, radiation fell from the sky in oily black rain. Seventy thousand people died that day, and thousands more died from radiation sickness in the following weeks. The toll by 1950 was 200,000. “One day, one bomb,” the writer Jim Miller noted. “And three days later it happened all over again-this time in Nagasaki.”
Circumstantial Attitudes and Benevolent Cognition
Authors: Perry John
Published: November 2023

An agent’s beliefs, desires, and other cognitive attitudes depend not only on the agent’s mental states and various necessary (or at least universal) facts connecting mental states with the rest of the world, but also on contingent circumstances that vary from individual to individual. This circumstantial nature of the attitudes is a more or less direct consequence of the circumstantial nature of reference. If the object an idea is about depends on such circumstances as the causal paths leading to its occurrence, the identity of the agent, and the time and place of cognition, then what the agent believes or desires in virtue of the cognitions of which that idea is a component will vary with these contingent facts too.
Individuals in Informational and Intentional Content
Authors: Perry John
Published: November 2023

In this paper, I shall defend Russell’s view that Mont Blanc, with all of its snowfields, is a “component part” or constituent of what is actually asserted when one utters “Mont Blanc is more than 4000 meters high,” and of what one believes, when one believes that Mont Blanc is 4000 meters high. I also claim, however, that a proposition that does not have Mont Blanc as a constituent plays an important role in the assertion and the belief that Mont Blanc is more than 4000 meters high.
Ethnic Trilogies: A Genealogical and Generational Poetics
Authors: Boelhower William
Published: November 2023

While narrative trilogies in American literature have not been neglected by literary historians, they generally have been seen as isolated instances or as unique moments in the overall career of a particular author. One immediately thinks of John Dos Passos, Theodore Dreiser, James T. Farrell, or even Josephine Herbst. But in the first four decades of the twentieth century, and especially during the late 1920s and 1930s, the trilogy served as a major experimental vehicle for appropriating and interpreting the crisis of modern American culture.
The Physical Approach To Our Survival
Authors: Unger Peter
Published: November 2023

The physical approach to our survival is the best basis for an adequate treatment of our identity over time: Any better approach will more likely result from a modification of this approach than from a rejection of it. For this reason, it is important that we understand the import of the physical approach. In keeping with the spirit of this book, the physical approach is not offered as any sort of analytic or conceptual truth. For one thing, I see no conceptual necessity about our being physical at all. Rather, subject to whatever qualifications may be required, the view is offered as adequate relative to the proposition that, in broad outline, our view of the world is correct.
The Innocence of Birth
Authors: Menzel Paul T
Published: November 2023

Whether to treat seriously ill new borns aggressively is one of the most excruciating life-or-death decisions in health care. These patients are so utterly, transparently, completely dependent. With no imaginable say of their own, they have been pushed into life with huge burdens already. Generally we have not complicated these already torturous decisions with explicit consideration of financial cost. In the middle of their otherwise heated conflict in the famous Baby Doe cases of the mid-l 980s, for example, right-to-life organizations and pediatricians could publicly announce their agreement on one thing: costs and scarcity of resources “must not determine decisions.”
The Poor and the Puzzle of Equality
Authors: Menzel Paul T
Published: November 2023

As we try to distinguish between health care that is and is not worth what it costs, sooner or later we will have to decide whether or not we should see the line falling in different places for people of different economic means. Here we find ourselves baffled and puzzled, in a virtual war of our own beliefs. On the one hand, does not care that is truly worth what it costs constitute a smaller set of services for the poor than for the rich? If one is poor one will certainly prefer to spend less on preserving health and saving life than if one is well off, even if in either case one is perfectly knowledgeable and rational.
Technological Frontier: Southern California and the Emergence of Life Science at Caltech
Authors: Kay Lily E
Published: November 2023

“American social development has been continually beginning over again on the frontier,” proclaimed Frederick Jackson Turner in his famous “frontier thesis,” unveiled at the 1893 meeting of the American Historical Association during the World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago.
Visions and Realities: Biology Division During the Morgan Era
Authors: Kay Lily E
Published: November 2023

When Hale approached Thomas Hunt Morgan during the spring of 1925, Morgan’s presence towered over American biology: innovator, champion of funda­mental research, and a statesman of science. Raised during the 1870s in an upper crust milieu in Lexington, Kentucky, Morgan was no stranger to capitalist fortunes and political power. The Hunt enterprises (his grandfather) had reached unprecedented regional wealth, and the Morgan name evoked memories of Confederate pride and international diplomacy; T. H. Morgan belonged to a “cavalier stock,” as it was called in the South. A Ph.D. degree from the newly founded Johns Hopkins University in 1891 placed T. H. Morgan in the first generation of American-trained doctorates-symbol of American academic self-sufficiency. From his early research in embryology at Bryn Mawr to his leadership of genetics at Columbia, Morgan’s trajectory mirrored the maturing of academic biology. Like Caltech’s triumvirate, Morgan was a member of the nation’s science aristocracy, sharing its “Nordic roots,” social privilege, and professional visions.
Introduction
Authors: Greenberg Cheryl Lynn
Published: November 2023

At 3:00 P.M. on March 19, 1935, Lino Rivera stole a penknife from Kress’s Store on 125th Street. A store employee caught him. The sixteen-year-old struggled to free himself and bit his captor, who summoned the manager. While the store called an ambulance for the bitten employee, a woman who had observed the scuffle began to scream that the boy had been hurt or killed. A crowd quickly gathered. In an unfortunate coincidence, a hearse pulled up behind the store. Immediately, the rumor sped through the crowd that the boy was dead. The police, arriving on the scene, arrested the woman for disorderly conduct while the store manager explained that the boy had been released unharmed. The crowd began to disperse.
“Don’t Buy Where You Can’t Work”
Authors: Greenberg Cheryl Lynn
Published: November 2023

Harlem’s unionizing efforts coincided with another sort of jobs campaign: one to win clerical positions for qualified blacks in white-owned Harlem businesses. If some unions came to understand the advantages of including blacks and treating them as equals, most employers did not. Hiring blacks for menial tasks or threatening to replace white workers with lower-paid blacks served many private employers well, and the Depression saw no shift in their thinking comparable with that of many unions.
Laser Desorption/Laser Ablation with Detection by Resonance Ionization Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Nogar Nicholas S , Estler Ron C
Published: November 2023

Resonance ionization mass spectrometry (RIMS) is becoming an accepted and widely used tool for chemical analysis. This technique combines multistep photoionization with mass spectral sorting and detection of the resultant ions. High spectral brightness pulsed lasers are typically used to effect ionization. When used in conjunction with high detection efficiency mass spectrometers, this combination offers the possibility of unparalleled sensitivity and selectivity.
Transcendental Psychology in the Transcendental Deduction
Authors: Kitcher Patricia
Published: November 2023

Rumor has it that when a well-known Harvard Professor taught the Critique for the first time, he reached the second chapter of the Analytic of Concepts-”The Deduction of the Pure Concepts of Understanding”-and postponed classes for two weeks while trying to figure out something to say. This chapter evokes the same incoherent mixture of reverence and disdain among Kant scholars that the Critical philosophy as a whole evokes among nonspecialists. It is widely regarded as (1) the philosophical heart of the book; (2) difficult to the point of being unintelligible; and (3) utterly barren of plausible or interesting philosophical positions or arguments.
Introduction
Authors: Hill Carolyn Ericksen
Published: November 2023

From a desk tightly placed against the side wall, a voice was challenging Catherine Wood’s directive. She was a new teacher, he one of twenty students in her freshman composition class. She had asked them to choose between working on an assignment in pairs or in one large group; Jimmy wanted her to decide. Nevertheless, pairs were beginning to form on their own, and he moved along with them. During the ten-minute work period, his eyes and his feet seemed restless. Once or twice he got up to ask Catherine a question.
Natural Selection, Fitness Determination,. and Molecular Variation
Authors: Mitton Jeffry B
Published: November 2023

Although evolutionary biologists are known for their diversity of opinions, a majority would probably accept the two following generalizations. First, most natural populations contain abundant genetic variation. Morphological (Endler 1986) and physiological (Feder et al. 1987) variation is common, and variability for life-history variation also is apparent in natural populations (Clutton-Brock 1988; Dingle and Hegmann 1982). Surveys of allozyme variation, mitochondrial DNA, and moderately repetitive DNA all reveal abundant genetic variation. Second, selection is common in natural populations. Antonovics (1971) summarized natural selection for tolerance to soil contaminants in plants, and Linhart and Grant (1996) summarized examples of natural selection generating and maintaining microgeographic variation in plants. Endler (1986) compiled studies of selection, which showed that selection was often intense, with selection coefficients exceeding .2 (figure 1.1) in about half the studies that reveal natural selection. We know little about how these two generalizations relate to each other. Furthermore, although selection is common and genetic variation is abundant, we do not know to what degree the abundance of genetic variation is influenced by selection.
Environmental Variability and Enzyme Polymorphism
Authors: Mitton Jeffry B
Published: November 2023

The discovery of abundant protein genetic variation stimulated evolutionary biologists to take a more critical look at their models and to build more biologically realistic models. This reevaluation has included several largely independent goals. Two of the responses were at least partially prompted by the genetic load that would be generated if the variation were maintained by balancing selection. First, a quick response by three papers in the journal Genetics (King 1967; Milkman 1967; Sved, Reed, and Bodmer 1967) questioned the traditional calculation of genetic load and devised models of fitness determination that generated little segregational load. Second, concern about an intolerable segregational load spurred the development and elaboration of a theory con-cerning the evolutionary dynamics of functionally equivalent, or neutral, allelic variation (Crow and Kimura 1970; Kimura 1983; Kimura and Ohta 1971; Nei 1975). Third, emphasis shifted from single-locus models to multilocus models, and biological reality was increased to examine the effect of environmental heterogeneity on the distribution of genotypes.
The Axis of Individual Heterozygosity: Theory
Authors: Mitton Jeffry B
Published: November 2023

For several decades before population geneticists used electrophoresis to estimate the levels of genetic variation in natural populations, empirical geneticists believed that natural populations contained an abundance of genetic variation (Dobzhansky 1970). Nevertheless, the first quantitative estimates from electrophoretic surveys seemed to surprise many geneticists. One of their first reactions to the empirical estimates was that if the abundant genetic variation were maintained by balancing selection, it would generate an intolerable genetic load (Lewontin and Hubby 1966). The new data thus forced a sweeping reanalysis of the population genetic models of fitness determination.
Unseemly Sentiments: The Cultural Problem of Gambling
Authors: Fabian Ann
Published: November 2023

Writing in 1842, Lydia Maria Child admitted that she had “often anathematized the spirit of Trade, which reigns triumphant, not only on the ‘Change, but in our halls of legislation, and even in our churches.” She saw the money changers returned to the temple; she saw thought, sentiment, love, and philanthropy turned from higher spiritual ends to the vicious designs of profit. “Thought is sold under the hammer, and sentiment in its holiest forms stands labelled for the market. Love is offered to the highest bidder, and sixpences are given to purchase religion for starving souls.”
The Exercise Interpreted: The First Section
Authors: Meinwald Constance C
Published: November 2023

Parmenides’ labored description of required sections of argument originally held out little hope of guidance in interpreting the second part of the dialogue. This was because the description, though careful and detailed, seemed to be unintelligible: it employed in a crucial role a pair of qualifications to whose meaning we had no clue. However, by considering these phrases in connection with selected passages from the second part of the dialogue, we have succeeded in interpreting the in-relation-to qualifications. We know now that to derive results for something in relation to itself is to determine what appears above it in a correct genus-species tree-that is, to determine what natures are parts of its nature. Investigation of something in relation to the others involves a quite different kind of inquiry, determining what features the individual in question exhibits. With these in-relation-to qualifications interpreted, the list of section descriptions produced in chapter 2 becomes quite informative, and so the claim that it fits the second part of the dialogue can be tested. We now need to find out whether the actual sections of argument that Pannenides produces there in fact match these descriptions.