bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Insights into obtaining FRCR and beyond: Obstacles, opportunities and post-relocation dilemma – An Indian perspective
Authors: Thaker Siddharth , Botchu Rajesh , Gupta Harun
Published: March 2020

Indian radiology trainees and radiologists are interested to have FRCR (Fellow of the Royal College of Radiologists) qualification for various reasons including academic career progression, subspecialty interest and other socioeconomic factors. The path for acquiring FRCR qualification is adventurous yet onerous and exhausting. Perseverance, meticulous planning and clarity in the vision are essential prerequisites for an Indian graduate aiming to complete FRCR qualification, and one may require to invest an average of 1.5–2 years even if there is no reattempt in this tripartite examination. Indian doctors including radiologists are considered amongst the finest across global medical fraternities. However, the Indian medical education is skewed and variably distributed over the subcontinent due to organisational inability to provide single radiology curriculum-based education to all radiology training programmes. Parallel educational boards and a variety of institutions such as government, trust-funded and private organisations provide radiology training to further complicate the grand picture of radiology education in India. Conversely, UK radiology education is uniform nationally and rigorously enforced by deaneries based upon state-provided guidelines. UK training opportunities are essentially academically rewarding experience but they require herculean efforts to gain access to one. One should constantly focus on building a resume at par with that of a UK trainee by obtaining experience required to fulfil checklist for such opportunities. Alongwith addressing local (UK) competition thoughtfully, hard work, diligence, and high standards of work ethics are absolute musts to build a great resume, to obtain training opportunity and, in turn, to satisfy the ultimate goal of carrier advancement.
Diagnostic accuracy of dual energy CT in the assessment of traumatic bone marrow edema of lower limb and its correlation with MRI
Authors: Yadav Harsh , Khanduri Sachin , Yadav Poonam , Pandey Sushma , Yadav Vivek Kumar , Khan Shahla
Published: March 2020

Background: Bone marrow edema is assumed to be caused as a result of trabecular microfractures that are detected by MRI. As MRI is not widely available in countries like India, this study aims to encourage the use of DECT in detection of bone edema as evidence with comparable efficiency to MRI. Aim: To assess the diagnostic accuracy of dual-energy CT in detecting bone marrow edema in patients of trauma of lower limb and correlate it with MRI. Setting and Design: It is a cross-sectional study. Materials and Methods: The study included 40 patients of age 15–70 years irrespective of sex. All the patients of lower extremity trauma underwent DECT and MRI evaluation after clinical evaluation. All the images were postprocessed on a work station and were further evaluated by a radiologist. Results: Mean attenuation at fractured site observed by Dual energy CT was found to be significantly higher as compared to that at adjacent site (170.75 ± 33.99 vs. 19.73 ± 22.50 HU). The sensitivity and specificity of dual energy CT as compared to MRI in detecting bone marrow edema were 94.1% and 91.3%, respectively. Of the 40 cases enrolled in the study, agreement of MRI and Dual energy CT was observed in 37 (92.5%). Conclusion: Dual energy CT can be an effective alternative to MRI in the detection of bone marrow edema in patients of lower limb trauma. Dual energy CT can also be used in patients in whom MRI is contraindicated.
Early laparoscopic cholecystectomy in acute gallbladder perforation
Authors: Krishnamurthy Gautham , Ganesan Senthil , Ramas Jayapriya , Damodaran Karthikeyan , Khanna Aswin , Patta Radhakrishna
Published: March 2020

Background:

Acute gallbladder perforation (GBP) is associated with significant mortality and morbidity. Percutaneous drainage followed by interval cholecystectomy has been the preferred management. The outcomes of early surgery, especially by laparoscopy, have not been well studied in GBP. We present our experience in early laparoscopic cholecystectomy in GBP.

Methodology:

A retrospective analysis of patients admitted with GBP between April 2014 and December 2018 was done. Clinical presentation, preoperative imaging, surgical procedure, operative findings and the outcomes in these patients were analysed. Video of the surgeries was reviewed in case of the absence of data from the case records.

Results:

Fifteen patients were treated for GBP during the study period. Eleven patients were male, and the mean age was 61 years. Fourteen patients (93.3%) had associated co-morbidities. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome, sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock were present in 3, 3, 6 and 3 patients, respectively. The location of the collection was gallbladder fossa, pericholecystic, subhepatic and diffuse in 3, 5, 4 and 3 patients, respectively. Intraoperatively, 13 patients were detected to have perforation at the fundus of the gallbladder. Cystic duct stump was managed with clip, endoloop, suturing and external drainage in 7, 2, 5 and 1 patient, respectively. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was completed in 12 (80%) patients. Retroinfundibular technique was used in 12 (80%) patients. There was one conversion. Two patients required endoscopic retrograde cholangiogram + bile duct stenting, and one was reexplored for cystic artery bleed. There were no mortalities. The median duration of post-operative hospital stay and drain removal was 3 (1–19) and 3 (1–6), respectively.

Conclusion:

Early laparoscopic cholecystectomy in acute GBP is feasible and can be safely performed in centres having sufficient expertise. Retroinfundibular technique of laparoscopic cholecystectomy is useful in tackling frozen Calot's triangle in GBP.
The efficacy and safety of laparoscopy combined with gastroscopy positioning in treating gastric stromal tumours
Authors: Zhang Hu , Chen Jie , Chen Chen
Published: March 2020

Background and Objectives:

The objective was to assess the efficacy and safety in treating gastric stromal tumours by laparoscopy combined with gastroscopy positioning surgery.

Methods:

The randomised controlled trials (RCTs), which are about the efficacy and safety of laparoscopy combined with gastroscopy positioning surgery in treating gastric stromal tumours were searched from the PubMed (1998–1990–2018.6), Wanfang Data (1990–2018.6), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (1979–2018.6) and International Statistical Institute (1998–2018.6). The data were extracted from these trials, and the meta-analysis was made through from RevMan 5.3 software.

Results:

Six RCTs involving 451 patients were included in the study (227 patients in the laparoscopy combined with gastroscopy positioning group and 224 patients in laparoscopic surgery group). Compared with laparoscopic surgery group, this meta-analysis showed that laparoscopy combined with gastroscopy positioning group could shorten the post-operation hospital stay (P < 0.05) and reduce the intraoperative blood loss (P < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in others between the two groups, such as operation time (P > 0.05), post-operative time of recovery of intestinal peristalsis (P > 0.05) and the total hospital stay (P > 0.05).

Conclusion:

Compared with laparoscopic surgery group, the better total effect occurs in laparoscopy combined with gastroscopy positioning group for the treatment of gastric stromal tumours is better. Laparoscopy combined with gastroscopy positioning group for the gastric stromal tumours is acceptable.
Transhepatic intraperitoneally migrated biliary stent
Authors: Ozair Ahmad , Ahmad Faraz , Kumar Surender , Rungta Sumit
Published: March 2020

Biliary endoprostheses are increasingly being utilised across both the developing and developed world, due to growing access to endoscopic biliary stenting. Stent migration, a well-documented complication of this minimally invasive procedure, occurs in up to 10% of cases post-insertion, sometimes leading to catastrophic complications. While distal migration frequently leads to spontaneous passage of the stent, proximal migration can result in a variety of problems. We here describe a rare case of transhepatic intraperitoneal migration of a double-pigtail, plastic stent and present a comprehensive review of literature.
Funding options for the management of major depressive disorder in Canada
Authors: Piccininni Caroline Rose , Fletcher Justine
Published: March 2020

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is highly prevalent in Canada and the care and support of individuals affected by this illness is associated with high societal costs. In this article, we provide a sample case of a patient diagnosed with MDD, and present different management and funding options that would be available to her in the current health care system. We demonstrate that there exists a large degree of variability in services that can be accessed based on type of insurance coverage. As a result of the high cost of care for MDD, many patients have immense difficulty funding a prescription for antidepressants or a course of psychological therapy. Yet leaving mental illness untreated is associated with greater costs due to worse patient outcomes. Increased investment in effective prevention and early intervention efforts may be one way to bring about long-term cost savings.
MCQ Examinations for Large Number of Students: Design and Grading
Authors: Ghazy Mohammed , ATA Atef A.
Published: March 2020

In this paper, a proposal for a criterion for designing and implementing MCQ exams in engineering mechanics course is introduced. The special case of a very large number of engineering students in Alexandria University is considered as a case study. In this case, a quick, though accurate and fair, method of evaluating students’ performance is a must especially when using the credit hour system. Full Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQ) and computer based exams become so common. However, hybrid/subjective or total subjective exams are still in use in some institutions. Even though the process of implementing MCQ exams is well known and mature in humanity courses, in technical courses, sometimes, this process is not straightforward. It may depend on experience as it becomes well established and of minimum time after being applied for many years. In addition, the technical ability of the used software gives instructors more capabilities in analyzing results and establishing a basis for learning statistics. The case of coordinated engineering mechanics course with large number of students is emphasized. A hierarchy of procedures starting from ideas of questions till finishing grading and inputting grades in bulk into online system is formulated. The proposed methodology is of low cost and not so sensitive to technical abilities of software. Also, it doesn’t require instructors with detailed computer knowledge. Finally, it can be used by instructors in other universities as it formulated to be of generic nature.
Reflective Relationality in Social Investigation: Theoretical Considerations for Research Practice
Authors: Venneri Eleonora
Published: March 2020

This paper offers a theoretical reflection on the epistemological and methodological reasons listing reflexivity among the main practical issues of social investigation. Inspired by the situational logic of the constructivist paradigm, the paper’s analysis is limited to the preliminary stages propaedeutic to the operativeness of research, in an attempt to argue the insurmountable condition of contingency and circularity of scientific knowledge and of the procedures themselves which need to be problematised and ‘adjusted’ to specific situations. Furthermore, starting from a number of assumptions on the implicit constituents of methodological pragmatism, the paper attempts to illustrate its peculiarities with regard to the abductive logic of construction of appropriate indicators for the issues under investigation.
Perception of Local Made products among young Tanzanians: Evidence from Mzumbe University Mbeya Campus
Authors: Sakaya Ansgar J.
Published: March 2020

The study aimed at analyzing perception of local made products among young Tanzania consumers. Methodology used was a survey design. Data were collected through structured questionnaire. Stratified and simple random sampling strategies were used. The sample size was 200. Data were analyzed by use of factor analysis, multiple linear regression analysis, descriptive statistics, independent sample t-test as well as Pearson’s correlation analysis.It has been found that, students have shown low level of beliefs despite having good spirits on domestic products. Product quality and fashions are major problems of locally made products. No significant factors are used by University students in judging foreign products purchase. Age and Sex have failed to support the phenomena of ethnocentrism among University Students.The study has recommended to marketers and local manufactures to modify their marketing mix specifically to product as quality was indicated to be a major problem for local products and improving local industries. Improvement in the areas of quality function deployment (QFD), Marketers should design adverts demonstrating the value of using home products for the purpose of changing people’s attitude towards local made products, improvement of branding practices is also important. The government should rethink of reviving Technical schools, continue welcoming and encouraging foreign investors, investing in research and development also establishing online presence of locally made products and lastly is to practice a total or partial bun of those products imported often which are also produced in Tanzania.
INFLUÊNCIA DE SISTEMAS PRECIPITANTES SOBRE A PRODUÇÃO DE SERAPILHEIRA EM MANGUEZAL DA COSTA AMAZÔNICA
Authors: SOUZA HYAGO ELIAS NASCIMENTO , VITORINO MARIA ISABEL , VASCONCELOS STEEL SILVA , MARINHO EDUARDO RIBEIRO , BISPO CARLOS JOSÉ CAPELA
Published: March 2020

Manguezais são ecossistemas com significativa relevância ambiental e socioeconômica,e o conhecimento da relação ecológica desse ecossistema com a atmosfera é defundamental importância para sua preservação e para o uso sustentável dos recursosnaturais. Diante disso, este estudo tem como objetivos analisar os sistemas meteorológicosprecipitantes e sua variação pluviométrica sazonal sobre a costa amazônica, bem comoexaminar sua influência na variabilidade da produção de serapilheira de floresta demangue. Delimitaram-se três parcelas amostrais com 12 coletores de serapilheira de 1 m2no manguezal do Sítio Experimental de Cuiarana. Classificaram-se as coletas realizadasmensalmente em folha, lenhoso, material reprodutivo e miscelânea. Utilizaram-sedados de precipitação pluvial com base na Torre Micrometeorológica e na técnicaCPC MORPHing Technique (CMORPH). Utilizaram-se as análises two-way e one-wayde variância (ANOVA) (p < 0,05) e análise de regressão linear (p < 0,05). Os resultadosindicam que a variação temporal da precipitação é modulada por diferentes sistemasmeteorológicos. A produção total anual de serapilheira foi de 9,4 ± 0,06 Mg ha-1 ano-1,da qual 67% compunha-se de fração folha. As análises da fração folha total e folha daespécie L. racemosa apresentaram correlação significativa com a precipitação (r2 = 0,36e r2 = 0,72; p < 0,05), respectivamente. Diante dos resultados, conclui-se que a produçãode serapilheira do manguezal possui direta relação com os sistemas precipitantes.
The church bridge project: Lessons learned from comparing the outcomes of an adapted church-based weight management intervention targeting african american adults
Authors: Lemacks Jennifer , Abbott Laurie L. , Bryant Ashley N. , Choi Hwanseok , Ralston Penny A.
Published: March 2020

Introduction: Church-based interventions improve weight-related outcomes among underserved populations. African Americans, particularly young to middle age adults, are seldom represented in the literature and are key health intervention targets to prevent obesity-related chronic disease. Thus, the objective of this study was to describe the lessons learned from comparing the intervention outcomes of a two-phase, weight management intervention targeting younger to middle aged adult African Americans in Mississippi.Methods: A weight management intervention was tested and data were collected over two phases using the Bridge2U platform. Descriptive methods examined retention and attendance rates, and anthropometric and demographic data; Wilcoxon signed-rank and Fisher’s exact tests examined group differences in pre and post outcomes.Results: Attendance rates were 39.9 and 55.4% for phases 1 and 2, respectively. Differences were noted between those who dropped out of the phase 1 intervention and those who remained. Weight loss was significant at 5.6 and 4.8% of baseline body weight for phases 1 and 2, respectively. Significant changes were also noted among other variables.Conclusions: Disease diagnosis, more intensive intervention format and technology-assisted delivery may be key factors for improved participation and engagement of young to middle aged African Americans in weight management interventions. This study provides future implications for weight management intervention and chronic disease prevention among young to middle aged adult African Americans in the Deep South.
A Study on Metacognitive Strategy Use in Listening Comprehension by Vocational College Students
Authors: Cao Zhaowen , Lin Yuewu
Published: March 2020

Metacognitive strategies concerning general skills, through which learners manage, direct, regulate and guide their learning. For several decades, researchers have recognized the importance of Metacognitive strategy use for successful English listening comprehension. Most of the previous studies of metacognitive strategies use in China have been carried out among undergraduates, but few focus on that of vocational college students. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out investigation into metacognitive strategies use in English listening comprehension among vocational college students so as to give vocational college English teachers pedagogical implications on how to train their students and facilitate their teaching. The aim of the present study is to make a tentative investigation into the metacognitive strategies use in the listening comprehension among vocational college students. The subjects in the present study consist of one hundred and thirty nine vocational college students in the Jiangxi Blue Sky College. And three instruments were involved in the present study. They are questionnaire, listening comprehension test and interviews. The present research has yielded the following findings: 1. Based upon the results, the frequency of students’ metacognitive strategy use frequency is relatively low, and there is a rather large discrepancy among students ' use of metacognitive strategies in listening. 2. The analysis shows that females employ metacognitive strategies more often than males’ students. There is significant difference in the use of planning strategies, monitoring strategies, self-evaluation strategies and self-regulation strategies, and the most significant difference is shown in monitoring strategies.3. From the results, it is found that the higher score the students get, the more frequently they use the strategies. Especially to the monitoring strategies, there is significant difference between the high score and low score students.4. With regard to the relationship between the employment of metacognitive listening strategies and listening comprehension ability, analysis shows that there is a positive relationship between metacognitive strategies and listening comprehension ability. The more frequently they apply the metacognitive listening strategies, the stronger their listening comprehension ability will be.
The Applications of Intention (Qaedat al- Umu:r bi Maqasidaha) in Saudi Law: A Comparative Study
Authors: Al-Shaibani Majed
Published: March 2020

The current study aims to tackle the theoretical understanding of intention as between Sharia and law. It addresses the similarities and differences in the analysis of interpretation of intention across sharia law and law. The paper contrasts between the two ways of dealing with the concept of intention that is both technical and intuitive, across law and religion. Starting from the hypothesis that the concept of intention in sharia law originated in classical contextual realities different from the contemporary realities of Saudi Arabia and become outdated, the study attempts to answer the following questions: How can the concept of intention be adapted to the new socio-economic realities of Saudi Arabia with its new vision toward the world? How can the concept of intentionality adopt by sharia benefits from the analysis of law theory relating to intention? In order to answer the questions of the study, the study adopts the comparative law methodology through which concept of intention is comparatively examined in both sharia and law. The research investigates the historical and cultural context that gives rise to the concept of intentionality in both sharia law and law, as it helps reflect on aspects of similarity and differences and how gap between the sharia law and law can be bridged. The collected data is obtained through comparing sharia law in Saudi Arabia to the law applied in the West. The study has reached a conclusion that the sound methodological application of the concept of intention in sharia law requires the integration of elements and concepts from the Western law concept of intention.
Collectieve acties van franchisenemers
Authors: Dolphijn A.W.
Published: March 2020

Collectieve acties van franchisenemers

Aan de orde komt dat als franchisenemers hun belangen jegens de franchisegever collectief organiseren, zij in beginsel materieel verdergaande bevoegdheden kunnen hebben om te ageren tegen (voorgenomen wijzigingen van) bepalingen in de modelfranchiseovereenkomst.
Faillissement is niet (altijd) het bankroet van een contract
Authors: Spanjaard J.H.M. , Van Eeden-van Harskamp M.P.
Published: March 2020

Faillissement is niet (altijd) het bankroet van een contract

In deze bijdrage staan de auteurs stil bij de inwerking van de insolventieprocedure op overeenkomsten. Zij bespreken aan de hand van recente rechtspraak de hoofdregel dat het faillissement bestaande overeenkomsten niet beïnvloedt, het recht van de curator om tekort te schieten, de gevolgen van het faillissement voor verplichtingen uit huur-, pacht-, arbeids- en agentuurovereenkomsten en de mogelijkheden tot verrekening.
Levying VAT in the EU Customs Union: Towards a Single Indirect Tax Area? The Ordeal of Indirect Tax Harmonisation
Authors: Terra Ben
Published: March 2020

Levying VAT in the EU Customs Union – Towards a Single Indirect Tax Area? The Ordeal of Indirect Tax Harmonisation

This contribution deals with the latest proposals regarding levying VAT in the European Union (EU) Customs Union. The present system, which has been in place since 1993 and was supposed to be transitional, splits every cross-border transaction into an exempted cross-border supply and a taxable cross-border acquisition. It is like a customs system, but lacks equivalent controls and is therefore the root of cross-border fraud. After many years of unsuccessful attempts, the Commission abandoned the objective of implementing definitive VAT arrangements based on the principle of taxing all cross-border supplies of goods in the Member State of their origin, under the same conditions that apply to domestic trade including VAT rates. The European Parliament and the Council agreed that the definitive system should be based on the principle of taxation in the Member State of the destination of the goods. After a brief discussion of the VAT Action Plan of 2016 (Section 1), the e-commerce package in the form of Directive (EU) 2017/2455 is dealt with (Section 2), followed by the proposal to harmonise and simplify certain rules in the VAT system and introduce the definitive system, only partially adopted (Section 3). Section 4 deals with the proposal to introduce detailed measures of the definitive VAT system. The proposed harmonisation and simplification of certain rules were meant to become applicable on 1 January 2019, but will become only partially applicable on 2020. It is proposed to make the detailed measures of the definitive VAT system applicable in 2022. It remains to be seen whether the Member States are willing to accept the definitive VAT system at all; hence the subtitle ‘the ordeal of indirect tax harmonisation’.
Kerkgenootschappen en hun religieuze functionarissen in het recht
Authors: Pel P.T.
Published: March 2020

Kerkgenootschappen en hun religieuze functionarissen in het recht. Beschouwingen naar aanleiding van HR 4 oktober 2019 (NGK/Gort)

Op 4 oktober 2019 wees de Hoge Raad een belangwekkend arrest op het snijvlak van het rechtspersonenrecht, arbeidsrecht en kerkelijk recht. De zaak betreft het ontslag van een predikant die werkzaam was in een kerkgenootschap. De juridische kernvraag in cassatie is: welk recht is van toepassing op de rechtspositie van deze voorganger? Is dat het civiele arbeidsrecht, het kerkelijke dienstrecht of een samenloop van beide? De Hoge Raad biedt duidelijkheid op het grensvlak van kerk en staat.
Concentratietoezicht en industriebeleid: tussen protectionisme en mededingingstoezicht
Authors: de Vries Y. , Vancraybex E.M.R.H.
Published: March 2020

Concentratietoezicht en industriebeleid: tussen protectionisme en mededingingstoezicht

Het besluit van de Commissie om de fusie tussen Siemens en Alstom te verbieden heeft tot veel kritiek geleid. Het concentratietoezicht zou aan het ontstaan van Europese kampioenen op het mondiale speelveld in de weg staan. Verschillende lidstaten hebben opgeroepen tot een hervorming van het concentratietoezicht om beter rekening te houden met belangen van industriebeleid. Gedacht wordt aan een bevoegdheid voor de Raad om door de Commissie verboden concentraties alsnog goed te keuren op grond van overwegingen van industriebeleid dan wel een versoepeling van de analysekaders van de Commissie. In deze bijdrage gaan wij in op de rol van industriebeleid in het concentratietoezicht en de voor- en nadelen van de hervormingsvoorstellen, mede in het licht van de praktijk in de lidstaten. Wij concluderen dat er betere oplossingen denkbaar zijn. Voor zover industriepolitieke ‘correcties’ op de zuivere mededingingstoets toch in het concentratietoezicht worden ingebouwd, gaat onze voorkeur uit naar een goedkeuringsbevoegdheid voor de Raad waarbij de scheidslijn tussen de objectieve mededingingstoets en meer subjectieve politieke beslissingen helder blijft.
Wet overgang van onderneming in faillissement: wat heeft de werknemer eraan?
Authors: Boot Jola , Ipenburg Jeroen
Published: March 2020

Wet overgang van onderneming in faillissement: wat heeft de werknemer eraan?

De auteurs benaderen het Voorontwerp van de ‘Wet overgang van onderneming in faillissement’ vanuit het werknemersperspectief. De auteurs zoeken naar en geven een antwoord op de vraag wat de werknemer heeft aan het Voorontwerp. Toepassing van het Voorontwerp op de Smallsteps-zaak leidt er volgens de auteurs toe dat de ontslagen Estro-werknemers slechter af zijn onder het Voorontwerp. De auteurs benoemen diverse (arbeidsrechtelijke) bezwaren die kleven aan het Voorontwerp en constateren dat het Voorontwerp op diverse plaatsen (mogelijk) in strijd is met Richtlijn 2001/23/EG. De auteurs geven een aantal aanbevelingen om het Voorontwerp vanuit het werknemersperspectief te verbeteren.
Exit van de expat: ontslagmogelijkheden in het Nederlandse arbeidsrecht
Authors: Avcı Ayşegül , Koene Niels
Published: March 2020

Exit van de expat: ontslagmogelijkheden in het Nederlandse arbeidsrecht

In deze bijdrage bespreken wij de mogelijkheden tot ontslag van de expat en de bijzondere regels die gelden ten aanzien van de redelijke gronden en herplaatsingsinspanningen. Naast de redelijke gronden onderzoeken wij of een ontslag langs de route van wanprestatie mogelijk is. Ook kijken wij of een repatriëringsbeding een rechtsgeldige ontbindende voorwaarde voor beëindiging van de arbeidsovereenkomst kan opleveren. Wij starten met het schetsen van het juridische kader rondom de expat.
Screening of Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents for Green Synthesis of 2-methyl-3-substituted Quinazolinones and Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of 3-aryl Quinazolinones in Ethanol
Authors: Komar Mario , Molnar Maja , Konjarević Anastazija
Published: March 2020

In this study, two fast and efficient protocols for green synthesis of 3-substituted quinazolinones were perfomed. A synthesis of 2-methyl-3-substituted quinazolinones was performed in natural deep eutectic solvents, while 3-aryl quinazolinones were obtained by using microwave assisted synthesis. Benzoxazinone, which was used as an intermediate in the synthesis of 2-methyl-3-substituted quinazolinones, was prepared conventionally from anthranilic acid and acetic anhydride. In order to find the most appropriate synthetic path, twenty natural deep eutectic solvents were applied as a solvent in these syntheses. Choline chloride:urea (1 : 2) was found to be the most efficient solvent and was further used in the synthesis of 2-methyl quinazolinone derivatives (2–12). 3-Aryl quinazolinones (13–17), on the other hand, were synthesized in one-pot microwave-assisted reaction of anthranilic acid, different amines and trimethyl orthoformate. All compounds were synthesized in good to excellent yields, characterized by LC-MS/MS spectrometry and 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy.
Diffusional Electrochemical Catalytic (EC’) Mechanism Featuring Chemical Reversibility of Regenerative Reaction-Theoretical Analysis in Cyclic Voltammetry
Authors: Petkovska Sofija , Gulaboski Rubin
Published: March 2020

We consider theoretically a specific electrochemical-catalytic mechanism associated with reversible regenerative chemical reaction, under conditions of cyclic staircase voltammetry (CSV). We suppose scenario in which two electrochemically inactive substrates “S” and “Y”, together with initial electrochemically active reactant Ox are present in voltammetric cell from the beginning of the experiment. Substrate “S” selectively reacts with initial electroactive reactant Ox and creates electroactive “product” Red (+ Y) in a reversible chemical fashion. The initial chemical equilibrium determines the amounts of Ox and Red available for electrode transformation at the beginning of the electrochemical experiment. Under conditions of applied potential, the electrode reaction Ox(aq) + ne– ⇋ Red(aq) occurs, producing flow of electric current. Under such circumstances, the chemical reaction coupled to the electrochemical step causes a regeneration of initial electroactive species during the time-frame of current-measuring segment in CSV. The features of cyclic voltammograms get significantly affected by the kinetics and thermodynamics of reversible regenerative reaction. We elaborate several aspects of this specific electrode mechanism, and we focus on the role of parameters related to chemical step to the features of calculated voltammograms. While we provide a specific set of results of this particular mechanism, we propose methods to get access to relevant kinetic and thermodynamic parameters relevant to regenerative chemical reaction. The results elaborated in this work can be valuable in evaluating kinetics of many drug-drug interactions, but they can be relevant to study interactions of many enzyme-substrate systems, as well.
Analysis of polycrystalline microstructure of AlMgSc alloy observed by 3D EBSD
Authors: Kopeček Jaromír , Staněk Jakub , Habr Stanislav , Seitl Filip , Petrich Lukas , Schmidt Volker , Beneš Viktor
Published: March 2020

The aim of this paper is to evaluate an ambitious imaging experiment and to contribute to the methodology of statistical inference of the three-dimensional microstructure of polycrystalline materials. The microstructure of the considered Al-3Mg-0.2Sc alloy was investigated by three-dimensional electron backscattered diffraction (3D-EBSD), i.e., tomographic imaging with xenon plasma focused ion beam (Xe-FIB) alongside EBSD. The samples were subjected to severe plastic deformations by equal channel angular dressing (ECAP) and annealed subsequently prior to the mapping. First we compared the misorientation level needed for  a reliable segmentation of grains distinguishing between conventional evaluation of two-dimensional cuts and the 3D data set. Then, using methods of descriptive spatial statistics, various morphological characteristics of a large number of grains were analyzed, as well as the crystallographic texture and the spatial distribution of grain boundaries. According to the results stated so far in the literature, an even microstructure was expected, nevertheless local inhomogeneities in grains and grain boundaries with regard to their size, texture and spatial distribution were observed and justified.
THE CREATION OF NEW JOBS AND ECONOMIC RESTRUCTURING
Authors: Golinowska Stanisława
Published: March 2020

The article was created not only as a summary of the international conference organized under the auspices of the Minister of Finance Leszek Balcerowicz and the Minister of Labour Longin Komołowski on October 23–24, 1998 in Warsaw. It also contains comments and reflections of the author, who was a co-organizer and active participant of this conference. The thematic covers the basic issues of labour market development in the context of economic problems of the passing decade of the Polish transformation. The topics discussed concerned problems such as: labour market flexibility, employee mobility, skills of labour resources and education challenges. The debate also concerned: motivation instruments including payroll (minimum wage) and social benefits policies, that favour of restructuring, increase in the importance of regional policy and local government, and directions of transformation of two special branches of the Polish economic structure: mining and agriculture. It is worth assessing how, after twenty years, the same themes look in a completely different context: the country’s entry into the orbit of accelerated globalization, the effects of participation in the European Union, the radically changed situation on the labour market (instead of unemployment – low supply of labour resources and low professional activity) and a different paradigm for socio-economic development; increase of the economic role of the state and political regulations in the public policies
ON EMPLOYMENT OF THIRD COUNTRY NATIONALS IN POLAND
Authors: Duszczyk Maciej
Published: March 2020

From 2007 to 2008 Poland largely liberalised its immigration policy. This process aimed to increase the employment of foreigners in Poland with a view to supplementing the labour market shortages. The article analyses the changes in the scale of foreigners’ employment that took place from 2008 to 2012, using data sourced from the Ministry of Labour and Social Policy and Social Insurance Institution. On this basis, the introduced changes and their effectiveness was assessed. Moreover the article contains recommendations which, if carried into effect, might result in increased effectiveness of Polish migration policy.
Sintesis katalis NiMo untuk hydrotreating coker nafta
Authors: Lestari Hidayah Dwi , Subagjo S , Makertihartha IGBN
Published: March 2020

NiMo catalyst synthesis aimed to make catalyst based on nickel molybdenum Ni(4%-wt) Mo(20%­ wt)γ-Al2O3 by using ammonium heptamolybdate as source of Mo and nickel nitrate as source of Ni, and γ-Al2O3  as a support.  The catalysts are prepared by sequential-dry impregnation method. The preparation parameters that studied are characteristic of support, the ammonium heptamolybdate solution pH, volume of impregnation solution, and stages impregnation of ammonium heptamolybdate solution. The preparation parameter affected the Mo distribution to the support. The inhomogeneous Mo distribution produced MoO crystal in the catalyst. The characterization of catalyst consists of N2 adsorption, XRD, SEM EDAX, and XRF. The results of catalyst characterization are specific surface area, crustallinity of catalyst, deposition metal in pore of support, and catalyst compositions. The NiMo catalyst activity is tested by using coker naphtha feed. The result of activity test is compared with commercial catalyst to know how the performance of catalyst. The composition of NiMo 15 catalyst is 19.43%-b MoO3 dan 2.61%-b NiO. NiMo catalyst with composition 20%-wt Mo and 4%-wt Ni needs support with specific surface area larger than 212 m2/g cat, to get more homogenous Mo distribution. The ammonium heptamolybdate solution pH that is good to use in impregnation to get a homogenous Mo distribution is less or same as 5.Keywords: Hydrotreating, Nimo/γ-Al2O3, ImpregnationAbstrakSintesis katalis NiMo dilakukan untuk membuat katalis hydrotreating dengan komposisi 20%-b MoO3 4%-b NiO/γAl2O3. Sumber Mo dan Ni yang digunakan berasal dari amonium heptamolibdat dan nikel nitrat dengan penyangga γAl2O3.  Preparasi katalis dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode impregnasi kering bertahap. Parameter preparasi yang dipelajari adalah karakteristik penyangga, pH larutan amonium heptamolibdat, volum larutan impregnasi, dan tahapan impregnasi larutan amonium heptamolibdat. Parameter preparasi tersebut mempengaruhi distribusi Mo pada penyangga. Distribusi Mo yang tidak merata akan menghasilkan kristal MoO3 di dalam katalis. Katalis NiMo dikarakterisasi dengan menggunakan analisa adsorpsi N2 difraksi sinar X, SEM EDAX, dan XRF. Hasil karakterisasi katalis berupa luas permukaan spesifik, kristalinitas katalis, gambaran deposisi logam pada pori penyangga, dan komposisi katalis. Katalis NiMo diuji aktivitasnya dengan menggunakan umpan coker nafta. Hasil uji aktivitas dibandingkan dengan katalis komersial untuk mengetahui kinerja dari katalis tersebut. Katalis NiMo 15 memiliki komposisi 19,43%-b MoO3 dan 2,61%-b NiO. Luas permukaan spesifik penyangga yang dibutuhkan untuk membuat katalis NiMo dengan komposisi 20%-b Mo03 dan 4%-b NiO adalah lebih besar dari 212 m2/g kat, agar didapatkan distribusi Mo yang lebih merata. pH larutan amonium heptamolibdat yang baik untuk digunakan dalam impregnasi agar didapatkan distribusi Mo yang merata adalah ≤ 5.Kata Kunci: Hydrotreating, Nimo/ γAl2O3, lmpregnasi
Detailed kinetic model of oxidation and combustion of n-heptane using an automatic generation of mechanisms
Authors: Muharam Yuswan
Published: March 2020

There is continued interest in developing a better understanding of the oxidation and combustion of large hydrocarbons, which are good representative for practical fuels used in automotive engines for a wide range of operating conditions. This interest is motivated by the need to improve the efficiency and performance of currently operating combustion systems, the fuel economy, and the need to reduce pollutant emission. Normal-heptane is one of these hydrocarbons.  In this work a detailed chemical kinetic model for the oxidation and combustion of n-heptane has been automatically developed using a computer code called MOLEC. The model consisting of 486 species taking part in 2008 elementary reactions was used to reproduce experimental results of n-heptane oxidation in shock tubes. The experimental study of the ignition delay times of n-heptane/O2/Ar behind a reflected shock wave for equivalence ratios of 0.5-4.0 in a temperature range of 1300 K- 2000 K can be reproduced well by the model. Experimentally derived and numerically predicted ignition delays of n-heptane/air mixtures in a high-pressure shock tube in a wide range of temperatures, pressures, and equivalence ratios agree very well. Sensitivity analyses were performed for shock tube environment in an attempt to identify the most important reactions under the relevant conditions of study.Keywords: Modelling, Oxidation, Combustion, Kinetics, Fuels AbstrakDewasa ini di dunia muncul minat yang berkelanjutan dalam mengembangkan proses oksidasi dan pembakaran hidrokarbon panjang, yang merupakan representatif yang meyakinkan bagi  bahan bakar praktis yang digunakan di dalam mesin kendaraan bermotor dalam rentang kondisi operasi yang Iebar. Keminatan ini dipicu oleh keinginan untuk meningkatkan efisiensi dan kinerja sistem pembakaran yang digunakan saat ini, ekonomi bahan bakar serta kebutuhan untuk mengurangi emisi polutan. Normal-heptane merupakan salah satu hidrokarbon ini. Di dalam riset ini sebuah model kinetika kimia detail untuk oksidasi dan pembakaran n-heptana dikembangkan secara otomatis dengan menggunakan sebuah kode komputer yang disebut MOLEC. Model yang terdiri dari 486 spesies yang berperan serta di dalam 2008 reaksi elementer digunakan untuk mereproduksi hasil­ hasil eksperimen oksidasi n-heptana di dalam shock tubes. Has il eksperimen ignition delay times n­ heptana/ O2/Ar di dalam shock tube untuk rasio ekuivalensi 0,5-4,0 pada rentang temperatur 1300 K- 2000 K dapat direproduksi dengan baik oleh model. Ignition delay campuran n-heptanal udara hasil eksperimen dan hasil perhitungan numeris di dalam shock tube bertekanan tinggi dalam rentang temperatur, tekanan, dan rasio ekuivalensi yang luas sangat bersesuaian satu sama lain. Analisis sensitivitas dilakukan dalam upaya mengidentifkasi reaksi-reaksi yang paling penting di dalam kondisi kajian yang relevan.Kata Kunci: Modeling, Oksidasi. Pembakaran, Kinetika, Bahan Bakar
Aktivasi bentonit alam pacitan sebagai bahan penyerap pada proses pemurnian minyak sawit
Authors: Tanjaya Ailen , Sudono S , Indraswati Nani , Ismadji Suryadi
Published: March 2020

Application of pacitan's bentonite as adsorbent in purification process of palm oil. Bentonite is one of the widely use adsorbent which is usually used in the bleaching process of edible palm oil to remove pigments color and other impurities which can improve the sensory quality and the oxidative stability of the oil. Bleaching capacity from bentonite can be improved by acid activation, to modified the structure as well as to improve the sorptive surface area. The aim of this research was to determine the optimum acid concentration for the activation of bentonite from Pacitan, East Java. The bleaching capacity of activated bentonite was evaluated based on color, free fatty acid (FFA) and peroxide value (PV) contents of bleached palm oil. The activation was carried out using sulfitric acid (HSO) and hydrochloride acid (HCI) as activating agents at a ranges of concentrations from 1 N to 10 N. The bleaching process of crude palm oil was conducted at 100 C for 10 mins. The bleached palm oil were analyzed for its colur, free fatty acid (FFA) and peroxide value (PV) contents. From this study it can be concluded that the activation process using HCl 5 N gave the optimum bleaching capacity.Keywords: Bleaching earth; Acid activation; Bentonite; Color; Free fatty acid; Peroxide value AbstrakBentonit merupakan salah satu jenis adsorben yang sering digunakan pada proses bleaching minyak kelapa sawit untuk menyerap zat warna dan pengotor-pengotor dalam minyak. Kemampuan bleaching dari bentonit dapat ditingkatkan dengan aktivasi dengan asam untuk meningkatkan luas permukaan dan memodifikasi struktur bentonit. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menentukan jenis dan konsentrasi asam yang optimum pada proses aktivasi bentonit Pacitan. Kemampuan bleaching bentonit dievaluasi berdasarkan parameter warna, kadar asam lemak bebas (Free Fatty Acid, FFA) dan bilangan peroksida (Peroxide Value, PV) pada bleached palm oil. Proses aktivasi bentonit dilakukan menggunakan asam sulfat (H2SO4) dan asam klorida (HCl) dengan variasi konsentrasi 1-10 N. Bentonit yang telah diaktivasi digunakan untuk proses bleaching degummed palm oil pad a suhu 100 C selama 10 menit. Bleached palm oil dianalisa warna (dengan lovibond tintometer), kadar FFA dan PV Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa bentonit Pacitan yang diaktivasi menggunakan HCl 5 N, memberikan hasil bleaching yang optimum.Kata kunci : Bleaching earth; Aktivasi asam; Bentonit; Wama; Asam lemak bebas; Bilangan peroksida
Characteristics of flow reversal in the kinetic regime
Authors: Budhi Yogi W
Published: March 2020

In principle, reactor perturbation by flow reversal can be used for manipulation of catalyst surface coverage if a dedicated and proper operation procedure can be developed. A mathematical model and analysis of reverse flow reactor behaviour for the ammonia oxidation over platinum have been performed. Series of reverse flow experiments were carried out on a laboratory reactor scale. The influence of flow reversals on the conversion and selectivity at various switching times was observed and evaluated. Other process variables such as gas residence time, reaction temperature, and oxygen concentration in the feed were points of interest. Assessment of reactor dynamics in the kinetic regimes can be achieved most expediently by implementing a comparable switching time and gas residence time. Model and experimental results indicate that regular reverse flow operation for manipulation of catalyst surface coverage always induces a decrease of conversion. It was also found that the selectivity due to flow reversal was rather insensitive to changes in the switching frequency.Keywords: Ammonia oxidation, Kinetic regime, Reactor modeling, Residence time distribution, Reverse flow reactor operation, Transient operation AbstrakPada dasarnya pertubasi reaktor oleh aliran balik dapat digunakan untuk mengatasi penutupan permukaan katalis manakala suatu suatu prosedur operasi yang spesifik dan sesuai bisa dibangun. Analisa dan model matematika kelakuan reaktor batik untuk oksidasi amoniak pada pelat platina telah dilakukan. Serangkaian percobaan aliran balik telah dilangsungkan dalam skala laboratorium. Pengaruh aliran batik terhadap konversi dan selektivitas pada berbagaijumlah putaran aliran telah diamati dan dievaluasi. Variabel proses lainnya, seperti waktu tinggal gas, temperature reaksi, dan konsentrasi oksigen pada umpan telah menjadi perhatian pada penelitian ini. Perkiraan dinamika reaktor dalam rejim kinetika umumnya dapat diperoleh melalui penelusuran implementasi jumlah putaran aliran dan waktu tinggal gas dengan perbandingan tertentu. Hasil percobaan dan pemodelan mengindikasikan bahwa operasi aliran batik reguler untuk memanipulasi penutupan permukaan katalis selalu mengakibatkan penurunan konversi. Selain itu, ditemukan juga bahwa selectivitas terhadap pembalikan aliran kurang sensitif terhadap perubahan pada frekuensi putaran aliran.Keywords: Distribusi waktu tinggal, Operasi reaktor aliran batik, Operasi transient, Oksidasi amoniak, Pemodelan reaktor, Rejim kinetika