bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exceptional class of thermally activated delayed fluorescent emitters that display pure blue, near-IR, circularly polarized luminescence and multifunctional behaviour for highly efficient and stable OLEDs
Authors: Barman Debasish , Narang Kavita , Gogoi Rajdikhsit , Barman Debika , Iyer Parameswar Krishnan
Published: April 2022

This review presents design strategies to obtain novel materials, for generating unique sets of photophysical properties with structure-functionality that can influence their triplet-to-singlet upconversion, leading to efficient OLEDs.
Inhibition mechanism of melanin formation based on antioxidant scavenging of reactive oxygen species
Authors: Fu Wencai , Wu Zhifang , Zheng Rui , Yin Na , Han Fangjie , Zhao Zhengzheng , Dai Mengjiao , Han Dongxue , Wang Wei , Niu Li
Published: April 2022

The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) leads to the generation of oxidative stress, which will result in the excessive production and accumulation of melanin in the body and even the occurrence of some skin diseases.
Altering the binding affinities of tetraruthenocycles for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by post-assembly modification
Authors: Kim Younghun , Kang Philjae , Oh Han Sol , Cho Hyeon Mo , Choi Moon-Gun
Published: April 2022

Binding constants between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and tetranuclear rutheno macrocycles are successfully manipulated via covalent post-assembly modification (PAM).
Metallic–semiconducting transition and spin polarized–unpolarized transition in a single molecule with a negative Poisson's ratio
Authors: Mou Xin-Yi , Guo Yan-Dong , Yan Xiao-Hong , Lin Li-Yan , Rao Mo-Qin , Xing Jun-Yang , Xu Xin-Rui , Wang Hao-Nan
Published: April 2022

The Pd9B16 molecule is found to possess a negative Poisson's ratio. By contacting with electrodes, metallic–semiconducting transition and spin polarized–unpolarized transition of transport states are achieved.
Vibrationally excited intermolecular potential energy surfaces and the predicted near infrared overtone (vOH = 2 ← 0) spectra of a H2O–Ne complex
Authors: Hou Dan , Zhai Yu , Sun Ting-Ting , Zhang Xiao-Long , Li Hui
Published: April 2022

Quantum mechanical average over rovibrational wavefunction based on a new intermolecular PES has been calculated to obtain molecular alignment for the H2O–Ne, which is in good agreement with the experimental overtone (vOH = 2 ← 0) spectroscopy.
Comparison of the chemical composition and antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, α-amylase and α-glycosidase inhibitory activities of the supernatant and cream from black tea infusion
Authors: Qin Chunyin , Lian Li , Xu Wen , Jiang Zongde , Wen Mingchun , Han Zisheng , Zhang Liang
Published: April 2022

Tea cream is a kind of turbid substance commonly existing in tea infusion and tea beverage upon cooling.
Electrochemical preparation of nano/micron structure transition metal-based catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction
Authors: Li Huixi , Han Xue , Zhao Wen , Azhar Alowasheeir , Jeong Seunghwan , Jeong Deugyoung , Na Jongbeom , Wang Shengping , Yu Jingxian , Yamauchi Yusuke
Published: April 2022

This is a comprehensive review of the electrochemical synthesis of nano/microstructure transition metal-based materials for oxygen evolution reaction from the aspects of ‘Fundamentals, Structural design and Classification’.
DNA nanotechnology-empowered finite state machines
Authors: Cao Shuting , Wang Fei , Wang Lihua , Fan Chunhai , Li Jiang
Published: April 2022

DNA-based finite state machines enable the development of smart nanodevices that can process temporally ordered information in living systems.
Enhanced nonlinear optical properties of a π-conjugated porphyrin dimer–graphene nanocomposite
Authors: Fu Lulu , Fang Yan , Yang Rui , Guan Zihao , Wei Zhiyuan , Shan Naying , Liu Fang , Zhao Yang , Humphrey Mark G. , Zhang Chi
Published: April 2022

A more conjugated nanocomposite and a potential NLO candidate with a strong intrasystem interaction were constructed using a rarely mentioned porphyrin dimer and graphene.
Theoretical investigation of electronic structures, second-order NLO responses of cyclometalated Ir(iii) and Rh(iii) counterpart complexes: effect of metal centers
Authors: Wang Huiying , Ye Jinting , Qiu Yongqing , Chen Feiwu
Published: April 2022

Tuning center metal is an effective manner to modulate second-order NLO responses. When the big size Ir is introduced in complexes, the superior NLO responses can be found over its Rh counterparts.
Pd-Catalyzed carbonylative lactonization of 2-halidearomatic aldehydes with H2O as a nucleophile
Authors: Si Min , Yan Jiaqi , Ding Yongzheng , Huang Hanmin
Published: April 2022

A palladium-catalyzed carbonylative lactonization reaction of 2-halidearomatic aldehydes and CO with H2O as a nucleophile is described, which provides a strategy for the synthesis of diversely substituted 3,3′-oxyphthalides and phthalides.
Enantioselective synthesis of tetrahydrofuran spirooxindoles via domino oxa-Michael/Michael addition reaction using a bifunctional squaramide catalyst
Authors: Shukla Khyati , Khushboo  , Mahto Pratibha , Singh Vinod K.
Published: April 2022

An efficient one-pot approach for the enantioselective synthesis of tetrahydrofuran spirooxindoles via domino oxa-Michael/Michael addition reaction of γ-hydroxyenones to isatylidene malononitriles, using a cinchona derived bifunctional squaramide catalyst has been developed.
Concise total syntheses of two flavans and structure revision assisted by quantum NMR calculations
Authors: Zhou Tingting , Zheng Anquan , Zhang Wenge , Lu Xiuxiang , Chen Huiyu , Tan Haibo
Published: April 2022

Total syntheses of cycloflavans 1 and 8viaa bioinspired cascade reaction are reported, which along with GIAO13C NMR calculations indicated the misassignment of the flavonoid isolated previously and realized the revision of its actual structure.
Controlled cationic polymerization using RAFT agents with selenonium cations as metal-free Lewis acids: from homogeneous to heterogeneous catalysis
Authors: Lin Xia , Li Jiajia , Pan Xiangqiang , Zhang Zhengbiao , Zhu Jian
Published: April 2022

Living cationic polymerization is a well-known technique, but is generally limited by strict operating conditions.
Construction of multi-substituted pyrazoles via potassium carbonate-mediated [3 + 2] cycloaddition of in situ generated nitrile imines with cinnamic aldehydes
Authors: Li Mei-Mei , Huang Hui , Tian Wanrong , Pu Yiru , Zhang Chaozheng , Yang Jirui , Ren Qing , Tao Feiyan , Deng Yun , Lu Jun
Published: April 2022

A highly efficient potassium carbonate-mediated [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of hydrazonoyl chlorides with cinnamic aldehydes to furnish multi-substituted pyrazoles under nontoxic and mild conditions has been developed.
Experimental and modeling study of ZnO:Ni nanoparticles for near-infrared light emitting diodes
Authors: Elhamdi Imen , Souissi Hajer , Taktak Olfa , Elghoul Jaber , Kammoun Souha , Dhahri Essebti , Costa Benilde F. O.
Published: April 2022

This work is devoted to the synthesis and study of the different properties of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) doped with the Ni element.
A novel strontium-based MOF: synthesis, characterization, and promising application in removal of 152+154Eu from active waste
Authors: Hamouda Mohamed A. , Sheta Sheta M. , Sheha Reda R. , Kandil A. T. , Ali Omnia I. , El-Sheikh Said M.
Published: April 2022

Removal of hazardous radioactive materials such as 152+154Eu from active waste using the batch approach based on a promising novel strontium metal–organic framework (MTSr-MOF).
Degradation of formaldehyde aqueous solution by Bi based catalyst and its activity evaluation
Authors: Wang Runquan , Zhang Yuerong , Chen Wanping , Tian Yuan , Song Kai , Li Jiaxian , Wang Guoying , Shi Gaofeng
Published: April 2022

Bi based catalysts have attracted continuous attention from the scientific community because of their excellent photochemical properties and wide application in photocatalytic treatment of environmental pollution.
Synthesis, spectral analysis, quantum studies, NLO, and thermodynamic properties of the novel 5-(6-hydroxy-4-methoxy-1-benzofuran-5-ylcarbonyl)-6-amino-3-methyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b] pyridine (HMBPP)
Authors: Halim Shimaa Abdel , Ibrahim Magdy A.
Published: April 2022

Ring opening followed by ring closure reactions of 4-methoxy-5-oxo-5H-furo[3,2-g] chromene-6-carbonitrile with 5-amino-3-methyl-1H-pyrazole gave the novel 5-(6-hydroxy-4-methoxy-1-benzofuran-5-ylcarbonyl)-6-amino-3-methyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b] pyridine.
Nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon supported CuSb for electroreduction of CO2
Authors: Hou Yue , Jiang Cheng-Jie , Wang Ying , Zhu Jing-Wei , Lu Jia-Xing , Wang Huan
Published: April 2022

CuSb anchored onto nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon (CuSb/NMC) were prepared for electroreduction of CO2 to CH4, C2H4 and CO.
Biocatalytic cascades and intercommunicated biocatalytic cascades in microcapsule systems
Authors: Zhang Pu , Fischer Amit , Ouyang Yu , Wang Jianbang , Sohn Yang Sung , Karmi Ola , Nechushtai Rachel , Willner Itamar
Published: April 2022

Dynamic dimerization of GOx-loaded microcapsules with β-gal//hemin/G-quadruplex-bridged T1/T2-loaded microcapsules guides the bi-directional intercommunication of the three catalysts cascade.
Oxygen vacancy enabled fabrication of dual-atom Mn/Co catalysts for high-performance lithium–sulfur batteries
Authors: Qiao Shaoming , Wang Qian , Lei Da , Shi Xiaoshan , Zhang Qiang , Huang Chunhong , Liu Anmin , He Gaohong , Zhang Fengxiang
Published: April 2022

Atomically dispersed Mn/Co active sites coordinated on N doped carbon (Mn/Co–N–C) as efficient and robust catalysts for high-performance Li–S batteries.
Tuning the interfacial chemistry for stable and high energy density aqueous sodium-ion/sulfur batteries
Authors: Kumar Mukesh , Nagaiah Tharamani C.
Published: April 2022

A durable aqueous rechargeable Na-ion/S battery with high energy density was designed by tuning the interfacial chemistry by forming a dense, stable solid electrolyte interface on the S@CoWO4 anode.
A carbonized carbon dot-modified starch aerogel for efficient solar-powered water evaporation
Authors: Xu Xiaoshi , Chang Qing , Xue Chaorui , Li Ning , Wang Huiqi , Yang Jinlong , Hu Shengliang
Published: April 2022

A new low-cost and eco-friendly solar evaporator made of a carbonized carbon dot-modified starch aerogel (C-CDSA) with a high solar energy conversion efficiency and excellent stability and durability was developed for solar-powered water evaporation.
Preparation and characterization of photocurable composite extracellular matrix-methacrylated hyaluronic acid bioink
Authors: Li Cairong , Zheng Zizhuo , Jia Jinyi , Zhang Wenjing , Qin Ling , Zhang Wei , Lai Yuxiao
Published: April 2022

The thermosensitive ECM and visible light cross-linkable MeHA were prepared to form a double network composite hydrogel. The hydrogel showed good mechanical properties and biocompatibility. Its bioink exhibited good printability and cell viability.
Paramagnetic supramolecular mesogens: A new paradigm in self-assembled magnetic materials
Authors: Lambov Martin , Maier Philipp , Jasiński Marcin , Szczytko Jacek , Kaszyński Piotr , Lehmann Matthias
Published: April 2022

Sterically crowded, shape-persistent star mesogens with three oligophenylenevinylene arms provide free space in which Blatter radical guests are incorporated by covalent bonds (esters) or supramolecular interactions (hydrogen bonds).
Sustainable and self-cleaning bilayer coatings for high-efficiency daytime radiative cooling
Authors: Chen Meijie , Pang Dan , Yan Hongjie
Published: April 2022

To balance super-hydrophobicity with micro-pores and high-efficient PDRC performance with nano-pores, we report a sustainable & scalable method to prepare a self-cleaning PDRC coating to achieve a contact angle of 163°, R̄solar = 0.97 and LWIR = 0.96.
Multiwavelength-controlled multicolor photochromism and fluorescence switching based on an efficient photocyclization reaction by introducing two photoactive subunits into AIEgens
Authors: Zhu Qiaozhi , Zuo Jiaqi , Ping Xinni , Zhu Yuqing , Cai Xuting , Xiong Zuping , Qian Zhaosheng , Feng Hui
Published: April 2022

Multiwavelength-controlled multicolor photochromism and fluorescence switching were achieved by introducing two photoactive subunits with varied conjugation into the tetraarylethene skeleton with aggregation-induced emission.
A perovskite/porous GaN crystal hybrid structure for ultrahigh sensitivity ultraviolet photodetectors
Authors: Li Qiubo , Liu Guangxia , Yu Jiaoxian , Wang Guodong , Wang Shouzhi , Cheng Tao , Chen Chengmin , Liu Lei , Yang Jia-yue , Xu Xiangang , Zhang Lei
Published: April 2022

In this paper, an ultra-high sensitivity MAPbBr3/NP GaN hybrid structure device was fabricated for the first time with a high current on/off ratio of about 5000 and fast response speeds of 0.21/0.44 s.
Scaffold stability and P14′ residue steric hindrance in the differential inhibition of FXIIa by Aedes aegypti trypsin inhibitor versus Infestin-4
Authors: Walvekar Varsha Ashok , Ramesh Karthik , Kannan Muthu , Kini R. Manjunatha , Sivaraman J. , Mok Yu Keung
Published: April 2022

Kazal-type protease inhibitors strictly regulate Factor XIIa (FXIIa), a blood-clotting serine protease. However, when negatively charged surface of prosthetic device come into contact with FXII, it undergoes conformational change and auto-activation, leading to thrombus formation. Some research suggests that Kazal-type protease inhibitor specificity against FXIIa is governed solely by the reactive-site loop sequence, as this sequence makes most-if not all-of the direct contacts with FXIIa. Here, we sought to compare the inhibitory properties of two Kazal-type inhibitors, Infestin-4 (Inf4), a potent inhibitor of FXIIa, and Aedes aegypti trypsin inhibitor (AaTI), which does not inhibit FXIIa, to better understand Kazal-type protease specificity and determine the structural components responsible for inhibition. There are only three residue differences in the reactive-site loop between AaTI and Inf4. Through site-directed mutagenesis, we show that the reactive-site loop is only partially responsible for the inhibitory specificity of these proteases. The protein scaffold of AaTI is unstable due to an elongated C5C6 region. Through chimeric study, we show that swapping the protease-binding loop and the C5C6 region from Inf4 with that of AaTI can partially enhance the inhibitory activity of the AaTI_Inf4 chimera. Furthermore, the additional substitution of Asn at the P14′ position of AaTI with Gly (Gly27 in Inf4) absolves the steric clashing between AaTI and the surface 140-loop of FXIIa, and increases the inhibition of the chimeric AaTI to match that of wild-type Inf4. Our findings suggest that ancillary regions in addition to the reactive-site loop sequence are important factors driving Kazal-type inhibitor specificity.
Prevalence of Self-Reported Hearing Loss and Associated Risk Factors: Findings From the Survey of the Health of Wisconsin
Authors: Dillard Lauren K. , Walsh Matthew C. , Merten Natascha , Cruickshanks Karen J. , Schultz Amy
Published: April 2022

Purpose:

The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of self-reported hearing loss and associated risk factors in a representative population-based study of Wisconsin residents.

Method:

Survey of the Health of Wisconsin participants with data on self-reported hearing loss were included. We reported prevalence of self-reported hearing loss with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs), overall, and stratified by age and sex. Age- and sex-adjusted and multivariable logistic regression models were used to evaluate determinants of self-reported hearing loss, and results are presented as odds ratios with corresponding 95% CIs.

Results:

There were 2,767 participants (50.7% men) with a mean age of 46 years (range: 21–74) in this study. Prevalence of self-reported hearing loss was 26.8% (24.4, 28.4) and was higher in men (30.3% [27.1, 33.4]) than in women (22.5% [19.9, 25.0]). Prevalence increased with age. After multivariable adjustment, age (per +1 year increase; 1.05 [1.04, 1.06]), male sex (1.57 [1.18, 2.08]), having two chronic diseases (vs. 0; 1.93 [1.16, 3.23]), occupational (2.47 [1.91, 3.19]) and recreational (1.58 [1.22, 2.04]) noise exposure, and poor diet (1.88 [1.28, 2.78]) were associated with higher odds of self-reported hearing loss.

Conclusions:

Hearing loss is a highly prevalent public health concern and may be at least partially modifiable via interventions to reduce noise exposure and promote health. Statewide prevalence and risk factor data can be used to inform public health practice and promote hearing loss prevention.

Supplemental Material:

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.19661130
Few‐sample multi‐objective optimisation of a double‐sided tubular machine with hybrid segmented permanent magnet
Authors: Guo Liang , Weng Mian , Galea Michael , Wu Xiaowen , Zhang Peng , Lu Wenqi
Published: April 2022

Double‐sided tubular machine (DSTM) is very suitable for wave energy conversion but easily suffers from high thrust ripple. In order to get the minimum cogging force with the maximum thrust force, a new DSTM with hybrid segmented permanent magnet array is proposed and optimised by a novel iterative few‐sample multi‐objective optimisation method. The novel optimisation method is based on an iterative Taguchi method framework to obtain optimal design with only few samples. To solve the low precision problem of the iterative Taguchi method, a surrogate‐model based multi‐objective optimisation algorithm that uses a general regression neural network, a speed‐constrained multi‐objective particle swarm optimisation and an exponentially weighted moving average are embedded into this framework. The optimisation result is compared with other alternative topologies and methods, and a prototype is manufactured for testing experiment.
Risk transfer assessment model of integrated energy system in the process of offshore oil and gas production
Authors: Zhang Anan , Zhao Zhihui , Peng Gaoqiang , Zaman Roksana , Li Qian
Published: April 2022

The offshore integrated energy system plays important role in the offshore oil and gas processing industry. To ensure the safe development of offshore oil and gas resources, accurately assessing their risks is crucial. First, this article describes the risk factors that affect the operation of the equipment and builds a risk model that takes into account the relevance of the coupled system; then, a risk transfer model based on material–energy analysis is proposed, which describes the transfer of risk through material–energy flow. In addition, according to the structure and operating characteristics of the offshore integrated energy system, a risk indicator system has been designed from five levels: operational risk, energy supply risk, structural risk, economic risk and environmental risk. Finally, by taking the simulation experiment of an offshore oil and gas platform, the proposed model in this paper evaluates the risks of offshore oil and gas platforms accurately.
Influence of surface discharge on the deterioration characteristics of ethylene‐propylene rubber cable insulation under alternating current high voltage
Authors: Bai Longlei , Fan Daoping , Li Tianhe , Li Bing , Su Mingwei , Fan Shaogui , Zhang Liuzhong
Published: April 2022

To investigate partial discharge‐induced deterioration characteristics of ethylene‐propylene rubber (EPR) cable insulation under repeated alternating current (AC) voltage on high‐speed trains, an experimental platform with a column‐plate EPR insulation model is established. The surface condition and breakdown voltage of insulation samples after discharge treatment are observed and measured. In addition, a fitting formula to evaluate the deterioration extent of EPR samples is proposed. The results show that under repeated discharge pretreatments, the volume resistivity increases first and decreases afterwards when discharge magnitude is low. When partial discharge (PD) intensity increases to 100 pC, the volume and surface resistivity decrease monotonously, and the decreasing rate is positively correlated with PD intensity. During PD pre‐treatment, a white circle appears near the electrode and turns to pale yellow with PD intensity. For PD pretreatments of 50 and 100 pC, withstand voltage of EPR insulation increase first and decrease afterwards, and the downward trend is slow. For PD pre‐treatments of 200 and 400 pC, the withstand voltage decreases significantly with the degradation time. The fitting formula model shows that under the action of a strong electric field, the relationship between the reliability of EPR insulation samples, the probability and rate of molecular chain breakage, and the intensity of discharge activity is not linear.
Sonographically Detected Hepatic Portal Venous Gas – Prevalence, Causes, and Clinical Implications
Authors: Mehl Lisa , Schmidt Christa , Weidner Ulrike , Lock Guntram
Published: April 2022

Purpose Hepatic portal venous gas (HPVG) is a rare clinical finding, often caused by a severe underlying disease. In the literature as well as in clinical practice, HPVG is considered “signum malum” with a poor prognosis and bowel ischemia as the most common cause. Most studies are based on the results of computed tomography (CT) examinations. The aim of this retrospective study is to report on the prevalence, causes, and clinical course of HPVG in a monocentric cohort of abdominal ultrasound (US) investigations.

Materials and Methods The US database of an academic teaching hospital was searched with specific keywords (timespan 01/2000 to 12/2020). Reports, pictures, and clinical data of all cases with HPVG were re-evaluated.

Results Out of 134 804 US examinations, 8 HPVG cases were identified. There was a wide variety of underlying diseases, with mesenteric ischemia being seen in only 2 cases. 5 patients were discharged in stable condition, with 4 of them having undergone surgical treatment. 2 patients who had rejected further measures died, and one was lost to follow-up.

Discussion HPVG is a rare phenomenon in clinical US. However, ultrasonographic prevalence is comparable to the prevalence in CT studies. Underlying diseases are mostly severe, and in nearly all cases an underlying cause can be found by thorough investigation. In some cases, US may even be superior to CT scans for the detection of HPVG. Despite its rarity, every sonographer should know the typical sonographic presentation of HPVG, and appropriate images should be included in US teaching modules.
Self-expandable duodenal metal stent placement for the palliation of gastric outlet obstruction over the past 20 years
Authors: Reijm Agnes N. , Zellenrath Pauline A. , van der Bogt Ruben D. , van Driel Lydi M. J. W. , Siersema Peter D. , Bruno Marco J. , Spaander Manon C. W.
Published: April 2022

Introduction Duodenal stent placement is a palliative option for management of malignant gastric outlet obstruction (GOO). In the last 20 years, management of gastrointestinal cancers has considerably changed. It is unknown if these changes have affected clinical outcome of duodenal stent placement.

Methods Retrospective cohort study conducted in a tertiary referral center. Patients who underwent duodenal stent placement for GOO-symptoms due to a malignant stricture were included. Primary outcome was GOO-symptom free survival. Secondary outcomes included stent-related adverse event rates. Potential explanatory parameters such as period of stent placement (1998–2009 vs 2010–2019), prior treatments, peritoneal deposits, and stricture length were evaluated using multivariable Cox regression analysis.

Results A total of 147 patients (62 % male; median age 64 years) were included. After a median of 28 days after stent placement, 82 patients (57 %) had recurrent GOO-symptoms. GOO-symptom free survival was significantly lower in 2010–2019 (P < 0.01). Time period was the only independent predictor for reduced GOO-symptom free survival (HR 1.76, P < 0.01). Stent-related adverse event rates increased over time (1998–2009: 31 % vs 2010–2019: 37 %). Prior treatment with chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy was significantly associated with an increased risk of adverse events (OR 2.53, P = 0.02).

Conclusions Clinical outcome of duodenal stent placement did not improve over time. The decreased GOO-symptom free survival and increased adverse event rate in more recent years are probably related to the chemo- and/or radiotherapy treatment provided prior to duodenal stent placement.
Iodine-Promoted N-Acylation of Amines with Hydrazide: An Efficient Metal-Free Amidation
Authors: Ablajan Keyume , Tian Long , Zhang Qianwei
Published: April 2022

An efficient protocol for the amidation of hydrazide with amine has been developed by utilizing I2 as an oxidant under metal- and base-free conditions at room temperature. N-Acylation products of amines were obtained in good to excellent yields without using toxic reagents. This method is operationally straightforward and tolerates aliphatic/aromatic and primary/secondary amines with different hydrazides.
Differential Diagnosis and Management of Central Auditory Processing Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Chermak Gail D. , Hall James W. , Musiek Frank E.
Published: April 2022

Children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) frequently present difficulties performing tasks that challenge the central auditory nervous system. The relationship between ADHD and central auditory processing disorder (CAPD) is examined from the perspectives of cognitive neuroscience, audiology, and neuropsychology. The accumulating evidence provides a basis for the overlapping clinical profiles yet differentiates CAPD and ADHD as clinically distinct entities. Common and distinctive management strategies are outlined.

Abbreviations: ADHD = attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, CAPD = central auditory processing disorder
Auditory Gap Detection, Perceptual Channels, and Temporal Resolution in Speech Perception
Authors: Phillips Dennis P.
Published: April 2022

This article overviews some recent advances in our understanding of temporal processes in auditory perception. It begins with the premise that hearing is the online perceptual elaboration of acoustic events distributed in time. It examines studies of gap detection for two reasons: first, to probe the temporal acuity of auditory perception in its own right and, second, to show how studies of gap detection have provided new insights into the processes involved in speech perception and into the architecture of auditory spatial perceptual mechanisms. The implications of these new data for our comprehension of some central auditory processing disorders are examined.

Abbreviations: SLI = specific language impairment, VOT = voice onset time
Characterizing elastic turbulence in the three-dimensional von Kármán swirling flow using the Oldroyd-B model
Authors: van Buel Reinier , Stark Holger
Published: April 2022

We present a comprehensive three-dimensional numerical investigation of the von Kármán swirling flow between two parallel plates using the Oldroyd-B model and characterize the onset and development of elastic turbulence. We quantify the flow state with the secondary-flow strength, a measure of the average strength of the velocity fluctuations, and then define an order parameter as the time average of the secondary-flow strength. The order parameter displays a subcritical transition from the laminar to a bistable flow that switches between weakly chaotic flow and elastic turbulence. The transition to the bistable flow occurs at the critical Weissenberg number Wic=12. In the elastic turbulent state, we observe a strong increase in velocity fluctuations and flow resistance which we define as the total work performed on the fluid. Upon starting simulations in the turbulent state and subsequently lowering Wi below its critical value, we observe hysteretic behavior in the order parameter and the flow resistance, which is a common feature of a subcritical transition. Hysteresis has also been found in experiments. Additionally, we find power-law scaling in the spatial and temporal power spectra of the velocity fluctuations, a characteristic for elastic turbulence. The maximum values of the power-law exponents in our simulations are αt=3.69 for the temporal exponent and αs=3.18 for the spatial exponent, which are remarkably close to the values obtained in experiments.
On-the-fly autonomous control of neutron diffraction via physics-informed Bayesian active learning
Authors: McDannald Austin , Frontzek Matthias , Savici Andrei T. , Doucet Mathieu , Rodriguez Efrain E. , Meuse Kate , Opsahl-Ong Jessica , Samarov Daniel , Takeuchi Ichiro , Ratcliff William , Kusne A. Gilad
Published: April 2022

We demonstrate the first live, autonomous control over neutron diffraction experiments by developing and deploying ANDiE: the autonomous neutron diffraction explorer. Neutron scattering is a unique and versatile characterization technique for probing the magnetic structure and behavior of materials. However, instruments at neutron scattering facilities in the world is limited, and instruments at such facilities are perennially oversubscribed. We demonstrate a significant reduction in experimental time required for neutron diffraction experiments by implementation of autonomous navigation of measurement parameter space through machine learning. Prior scientific knowledge and Bayesian active learning are used to dynamically steer the sequence of measurements. We show that ANDiE can experimentally determine the magnetic ordering transition of both MnO and Fe1.09Te all while providing a fivefold enhancement in measurement efficiency. Furthermore, in a hypothesis testing post-processing step, ANDiE can determine transition behavior from a set of possible physical models. ANDiE's active learning approach is broadly applicable to a variety of neutron-based experiments and can open the door for neutron scattering as a tool of accelerated materials discovery.
Magnetic nanoparticles in theranostic applications
Authors: Coene A. , Leliaert J.
Published: April 2022

Nanomedicine research recently started exploring the combination of therapy and diagnostics, so-called theranostics, as an approach to offer a more flexible, personal, and precise care with improved patient outcomes. As magnetic nanoparticles show great potential in a variety of diagnostic and therapeutic applications, they are prime candidates to be used in a theranostic platform to realize this vision. This Perspective gives an overview of state-of-the-art magnetic imaging techniques and theranostic applications based on magnetic nanoparticles and discusses their opportunities and associated challenges. In order to address these challenges and to exploit these opportunities to the fullest, we discuss three promising research directions. The first considers the use of novel magnetic field sequences to utilize the rich magnetic dynamics of the particles, allowing a more accurate diagnosis and boosting the performance of many nanoparticle-based applications. Second, we introduce the innovative concept of smart theranostics based on feedback mechanisms between the particle applications and their supporting imaging procedure to enhance the performance of both and to allow real-time monitoring of treatment efficiency. Finally, we show the twofold advantage of applying data-driven models to enhance therapy and diagnostics on the one hand and for handling the platform’s large amount of data and associated decision support algorithms on the other. The latter research track is extended to include hybrid models in which physics-based and data-driven models are combined to overcome challenges of applications with limited data, making the data-driven part understandable, as well as in uncovering unknown nanoparticle dynamics. Contrasting other literature works, which mainly focus on developing magnetic nanoparticles with the right characteristics, we put forward advances in magnetic nanoparticle imaging techniques and applications to enable the use of a broader range of magnetic nanoparticles in theranostics. We seek to emphasize the importance of these building blocks as many research opportunities with a very high potential are still left open. Therefore, we encourage researchers to also take these aspects into account to advance theranostic applications of magnetic nanoparticles to real clinical environments.
Evaluation of the thermal stability of TiW/Cu heterojunctions using a combined SXPS and HAXPES approach
Authors: Kalha C. , Reisinger M. , Thakur P. K. , Lee T.-L. , Venkatesan S. , Isaacs M. , Palgrave R. G. , Zechner J. , Nelhiebel M. , Regoutz A.
Published: April 2022

Power semiconductor device architectures require the inclusion of a diffusion barrier to suppress or at best prevent the interdiffusion between the copper metallization interconnects and the surrounding silicon substructure. The binary pseudo-alloy of titanium–tungsten (TiW), with >70 at. % W, is a well-established copper diffusion barrier but is prone to degradation via the out-diffusion of titanium when exposed to high temperatures (≥400 °C). Here, the thermal stability of physical vapor deposited TiW/Cu bilayer thin films in Si/SiO2(50 nm)/TiW(300 nm)/Cu(25 nm) stacks were characterized in response to annealing at 400 °C for 0.5 h and 5 h, using a combination of soft and hard x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Results show that annealing promoted the segregation of titanium out of the TiW and interdiffusion into the copper metallization. Titanium was shown to be driven toward the free copper surface, accumulating there and forming a titanium oxide overlayer upon exposure to air. Annealing for longer timescales promoted a greater out-diffusion of titanium and a thicker oxide layer to grow on the copper surface. However, interface measurements suggest that the diffusion is not significant enough to compromise the barrier integrity, and the TiW/Cu interface remains stable even after 5 h of annealing.
van der Waals forces enhanced light–graphene interaction in optical microfiber polarizer
Authors: Yang Minghong , Xiong Lingxi , Li Qinyou , Cheng Shu , Ye Yongxin , Liu Zhixiong , Hu Wenbin , Guo Donglai
Published: April 2022

A facile and efficient approach to manufacturing optical devices with a plane graphene-coupled microfiber structure is proposed—attaching the optical microfiber onto a monolayer graphene-coated polydimethylsiloxane substrate. Such devices exhibit strong light–graphene interaction via the evanescent fields of the guided light in microfibers and show evident optical polarization and polarization-dependent saturable absorption effect. When the monolayer graphene with propagation distance is 2.5 mm, and the microfiber diameter is 3.9 μm, the polarization extinction ratio can reach up to 31.0 dB with the light wavelength at 1550 nm. The transmission in TM modes could be increased continuously by increasing the input power of light at 980 nm. The transmission with 3 and 10 dB modulation depths in TM modes could be achieved via 980 nm pump power of 15.1 and 66.1 mW, respectively, which is advantageous over unpolarized graphene-coupled microfiber devices. The proposed microfiber on graphene structure could efficiently integrate optical waveguides with two-dimensional materials, with great potential applications in optical polarizers, all-optical modulators, mode-locked fiber lasers, and sensors, especially for all-fiber systems.
Physics of fluid flow in an hourglass (converging–diverging) microchannel
Authors: Goli Sandeep , Saha Sandip K. , Agrawal Amit
Published: April 2022

This work presents the numerical and experimental study of flow physics and characterization in hourglass microchannels at different geometric and flow parameters such as convergence–divergence angle, width ratio, length, aspect ratio, and Reynolds number. The first part of the study discusses the importance of finding a unique length scale to represent an hourglass microchannel. This representative dimension is proposed at a distance of L/2.9 (L is the total length of the microchannel) from the inlet of the microchannel by using a frictional equivalence concept between uniform and hourglass microchannels. The proposed length scale is unique as it remains independent of geometric and flow variables. The study of local flow physics shows that this length scale identifies the region that governs the overall flow behavior of the microchannel. The results also show that the pressure drop is an inverse function of convergence–divergence angle and aspect ratio, whereas the width ratio and length are direct functions. In addition, the pressure drop shows linear behavior with the volume flow rate (Reynolds number) similar to that of a uniform microchannel except at a higher volume flow rate for convergence–divergence angle or higher width ratio. This non-linear behavior is explained with the help of hydrodynamic resistance and velocity streamlines in the last part of this study. Furthermore, the convergence–divergence angle and the width ratio are identified as critical parameters to characterize the flow. Overall, the present study gives insights into the influence of the convergence–divergence effect due to critical parameters on the flow characteristics, which could help design hourglass microchannels for many engineering applications.
Effects of immiscible interface and particle channelization on particle dynamics of oblique oily sand jets
Authors: Janati Mahsa , Manzouri Masoud , Azimi Amir Hossein
Published: April 2022

This paper investigates the evolution of oblique sand jets passing through a thin layer of oil and entering stagnant water known as oily sand jets. The jet evolution parameters include the frontal position, the trajectory of particle clusters, the frontal width, the area of oily sand clusters, cloud velocities, and bursting times. Two scaling parameters, known as aspect ratio and particle to nozzle size ratio, were found to control the evolution of oily sand jets. The results show that the ratio of a nozzle to sand particle size can cause particle channelization, which can significantly alter the motion of particle clusters in stagnant water. Moreover, the aspect ratio indicating the correlation between sand mass and nozzle diameter describes the dispersion of particle clusters during the evolution of oily sand jets. The frontal width of the oily sand jet was measured during the experiment, and the results were compared with the width of vertical sand jets in water. The results show that the width of the oblique oily sand jets increased as oily sand jets descended into water. In addition, the frontal width of oily sand jets was found to be greater than the frontal width of vertical sand jets without an oil layer. Experimental observations indicated that the channelization effect is initiated when the nozzle diameter is more than 36 times of mean particle size. The centroid of oily sand jets in the vertical direction increased by 50% due to the channelization effect. A two-stage cluster bursting was observed due to the excess shear stress between the outer boundary of clusters and the ambient water. The bursting stages were called the primary and secondary bursting, and the onset of cluster bursting was extracted for both stages. It was found that the primary and secondary bursting times were longer in experiments without particle channelization. The mean shear stress acting on the oil layer was calculated based on the forces acting on the control volume. Particle channelization was found as the main factor affecting the magnitude of shear stress at the boundary of sand clusters.
Phenotypic determinism and stochasticity in antibody repertoires of clonally expanded plasma cells
Authors: Neumeier Daniel , Yermanos Alexander , Agrafiotis Andreas , Csepregi Lucia , Chowdhury Tasnia , Ehling Roy A. , Kuhn Raphael , Cotet Tudor-Stefan , Brisset-Di Roberto Raphaël , Di Tacchio Mariangela , Antonialli Renan , Starkie Dale , Lightwood Daniel J. , Oxenius Annette , Reddy Sai T.
Published: April 2022

Significance

B cell clonal selection and expansion from a genetically diverse antibody repertoire guides the immune response to a target antigen. It remains unclear if clonal selection and expansion follow any deterministic rules or are stochastic with regards to phenotypic antibody properties such as antigen-binding, affinity, and epitope specificity. We perform the in-depth genotypic and phenotypic characterization of antibody repertoires following immunization in mice. We identify the degree to which clonal expansion is driven by antibody binding, affinity, and epitope specificity and as such may provide greater insight into vaccine-induced immunity.
Distinct ensembles in the noradrenergic locus coeruleus are associated with diverse cortical states
Authors: Noei Shahryar , Zouridis Ioannis S. , Logothetis Nikos K. , Panzeri Stefano , Totah Nelson K.
Published: April 2022

Significance

Brainstem locus coeruleus (LC) noradrenergic neurons produce an arousal-related state characterized by a broadband increase in high-frequency oscillations. This perspective was built upon electrical or optogenetic stimulation that artificially activates LC neurons synchronously. This has led to the conceptual model that LC activation is associated with a single cortical state. Here, we show that natural, spontaneously occurring LC single-unit activity consists of ensembles with largely nonoverlapping activation dynamics. Spontaneous activations of different LC ensembles are associated with different cortical states. Our results suggest that the role of the LC in controlling a single type of cortical state associated with arousal is an oversimplification. Instead, ensembles of LC neurons may control a diverse multitude of cortical states.
Studies on enmetazobactam clarify mechanisms of widely used β-lactamase inhibitors
Authors: Lang Pauline A. , Raj Ritu , Tumber Anthony , Lohans Christopher T. , Rabe Patrick , Robinson Carol V. , Brem Jürgen , Schofield Christopher J.
Published: April 2022

Significance

Microbial resistance to β-lactam antibiotics mediated by β-lactamase–catalyzed hydrolysis is a major global health concern. Penam sulfones, which are structurally related to penicillins, inhibit clinically important serine β-lactamases (SBLs) by forming transiently stable covalent complexes, thereby protecting β-lactam antibiotics from hydrolysis. The characterization of these complexes and mechanisms of SBL inhibition is important for development of new SBL inhibitors (SBLi). Studies on the mechanism of the new SBLi enmetazobactam employing mass spectrometry and X-ray crystallography inform on its mode of action and also lead to reevaluation of mechanisms of current clinically important SBLi. In addition to insights into the mechanisms of transient SBL inhibition by penam sulfones, the results reveal potential for penam sulfone optimization to enable irreversible SBL inhibition.
Normative data for the numeric vertical line test
Authors: Silva Gabrielly Fernanda , Nascimento Monalisa Resende , Appelt Pablo Andrei , Bazan Rodrigo , de Souza Luciane Aparecida Pascucci Sande , José Luvizutto Gustavo
Published: April 2022

Objective

We used the numeric vertical line test (NVLT) to analyze perceptual accuracy and precision of verticality at various life stages in a healthy population and compared the results of the NVLT with tests of verticality.

Methods

This cross-sectional study involved three participant groups: (a) 50 children, (b) 50 adults, and (c) 50 older adults. Each participant underwent three tests: (a) the NVLT, (b) the subjective visual vertical (SVV), and (c) the subjective haptic vertical (SHV). The test results for each age group were compared using analysis of variance, and Pearson's correlation coefficients were used to evaluate correlations between all tests.

Results

In the accuracy analysis, children (p = 0.003) and older adults (p = 0.003) were found to show lower accuracy on the NVLT than adults; children had lower accuracy on the SVV test than adults (p = 0.0008); and children (p < 0.001) and older adults (p = 0.04) had lower accuracy on the SHV test than adults. In the precision analysis, children (p = 0.006) and older adults (p = 0.006) were found to have lower precision on the NVLT than adults; children (p = 0.002) and older adults (p = 0.003) had lower precision on the SVV test than adults; and children (p = 0.0009) and older adults (p = 0.0006) had lower precision on the SHV than adults. Only the NVLT and SVV showed a significant association in adults (r = 0.57; p = 0.02).

Conclusion

Children and older adults showed less accurate verticality perceptions and lower precision levels for spatial-number displacement and visual and proprioceptive verticalities than adults.
Relationships of health-related quality of life with subjective noise sensitivity in the subjects with normal hearing
Authors: Keskin Yıldız Melis , Kemaloğlu Yusuf Kemal , Gökdoğan Çağıl
Published: April 2022

Objective

Our aim was to look for the association of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) with subjective noise sensitivity (SNS) in the audiologically and perceptually normal hearing subjects since HRQoL was suggested as a tool during the intervention of the hearing impaired people.

Methods

The audiological evaluation was first done in the subjects who were enrolled from the previous study in which Weinstein Noise Sensitivity Scale (WNSS) was adapted to Turkish. Then, the Short Form-36 (SF-36) scores were determined and the relationships of WNSS score with the SF-36 scores were analysed in respect to gender, age, audiological variables.

Results

Of 210, 124 subjects (M:44; F:80) were taken to the study. WNSS score presented no gender difference and correlation with age and audiological variables. It was found that WNSS score was significantly correlated with emotional and mental domains of HRQoL in women and physical and social functioning in men. Role limitations due to physical health, mental health, role limitations due to emotional problems, social functioning, vitality and mental composite scores were significantly lower in the upper SNS subgroup.

Conclusion

It was revealed that SNS was strongly associated with HRQoL in perceptionally and audiologically normal hearing males and females via different domains. Therefore, in case of using HRQoL in audiological care, our data suggest that SNS should be taken into account.
Null IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 alleles are surprisingly common in the Pacific and Arctic
Authors: Meyts Isabelle
Published: April 2022

In this issue of JEM, Bastard et al. (2022. J. Exp. Med.https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20220028) show that a loss-of-function IFNAR1 allele is common in western Polynesians, while Duncan et al. (2022. J. Exp. Med.https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20212427) report that a loss-of-function IFNAR2 allele is common in Inuits. Homozygotes lack type I IFN immunity but are selectively vulnerable to influenza, COVID-19 pneumonia, and complications of live-attenuated viral vaccines.