bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Childcare as a Market of Collective Concern
Authors: Gallagher Aisling
Published: September 2022

This chapter outlines the working definition of state-led marketization, as one way to apprehend how states are involved in the active construction of markets to solve social problems. It specifically focuses on the growth of private, for-profit childcare centres. The chapter seeks to investigate the role of the state in actively producing the conditions for neoliberal childcare markets to operate—a process called state-led marketization. Delving into this process, the chapter examines the ways in which the childcare market is being shaped by the economic and financial strategies of a range of actors, in direct response to the conditions of state-led marketization. Tracing out the creation of the childcare market will account for expected protagonists, like parents and providers. Ultimately, the chapter demonstrates how state-led marketization has incentivized the involvement of other, less visible groups, such as childcare finance companies and property sales brokers, drawn to childcare as a government-backed business opportunity. It then highlights the challenges of state-led marketization, as the resulting market inevitably exceeds the capacity of government to regulate and contain.
The Childcare Property Investment Market
Authors: Gallagher Aisling
Published: September 2022

This chapter considers in more detail the engagement of what are seemingly tangential actors to the marketization of childcare. It focuses on the work of childcare property sales experts and investors in the wake of the 20 hours payment. In tracing the work of these actors, the chapter underlines the changing understanding of childcare property from a crucial part of the work of care, to a lucrative investment asset for financial actors with little knowledge, or indeed interest, in the daily practice of care. Focusing on the market intersections, the chapter illustrates the challenges of state-led marketization, as the childcare market becomes shaped by processes and logics rarely within the purview of the state. The chapter reveals how the conditions of rentiership have significant implications for the way childcare is provided, and the future sustainability of the sector. It argues that these market actors are not solely peripheral, or indeed parasitical, to the childcare market, but increasingly infrastructural in their involvement.
Childcare Management Software and Data Infrastructures in the Market
Authors: Gallagher Aisling
Published: September 2022

This chapter outlines the formative work of another hidden, yet now crucial aspect of childcare markets: childcare management software. It documents the growth of the childcare management software market in Aotearoa New Zealand, as occurring in direct response to state-led marketization in the wake of the 20 hours payment. The chapter stresses that the significant uptake of childcare management software in New Zealand, and across other neoliberal childcare markets, has in large part been precipitated by the demands of state-led marketization. The chapter then details the role of the software platforms as a key non-human part of the market. The mass integration of management software into the operation of childcare services has created new relationships, ways of governing the sector and ways of organizing commodified childcare. The chapter then demonstrates the mediating and infrastructural role this technology now plays in shaping the market assemblage.
Epilogue: Market Responses to COVID-19
Authors: Gallagher Aisling
Published: September 2022

This chapter examines how New Zealand remained relatively unscathed, both social and economically, from the COVID-19 pandemic. It looks at the childcare industry in New Zealand, and assesses how it has been significantly affected during this time. When the pandemic hit New Zealand’s shores, childcare services had to close to reduce the transmission of COVID-19. The chapter then highlights the heavy reliance the sector had on government funding. As broader government plans for economic support were formalized, an alternative source of income to sustain the sector also emerged. The chapter elaborates on the support package for businesses during lockdown to enable them to retain staff and pay wages. It concludes by discussing the uptake of the government wage subsidy by some of the major corporates in the sector that caused consternation in the media.
Introduction: Structural Racism is the Problem of the 21st Century
Authors: Givens Terri E.
Published: September 2022

In this book I make the connections between the work of scholars in the US, my own work and that of others who have focused on race and immigration in the US and Europe. It is my contention that there are similarities in the ways that policies around race and immigration have been institutionalized, and that those ideas have been shared across the Atlantic, leading to similar outcomes in terms of political and economic power for groups of citizens and immigrants who are considered inferior.
Political Science, International Relations, and the Normalization of White Supremacy
Authors: Givens Terri E.
Published: September 2022

The discipline of political science should be uniquely placed to understand the role of racism in politics and policy. However, the history of the discipline indicates that the study of racism and discrimination has been marginalized, despite the centrality of race in politics and societal relations. In this chapter, I examine more closely the history of political science and race since the discipline was founded in the late 1800s. The way that race has been handled in my own discipline provides lessons for other disciplines, particularly those in the social sciences, but it is also an indicator of how society has dealt with issues of race over time. We are entering an era of greater awareness of the role of racism in the development of policy and politics, and it is clear that the lack of diversity in political science has had a major impact of the types of research that has been done over time and in many ways the quality of that research was impacted by the lack of taking into account racial biases.
The Social and Geographical Construction of Race: A Transatlantic History
Authors: Givens Terri E.
Published: September 2022

In order to understand the impact of racism, we must understand that there are a variety of factors that play into social relations, but the way we define particular groups is often dependent on ancestry, phenotype (particularly skin color), and culture. The social position of people of African descent and “white” people must be understood in the context of time and place, with an understanding that goes beyond biology. My approach to race follows that of scholars like Stephen Small who states that, “a focus on ‘racisms’ and ‘racialised relations’ questions the existence of ‘races’, looks at how groups not previously defined as ‘races’ have come to be defined in this way, and assesses the various factors involved in such processes” (Small 1994, 30). Small builds on the work of scholars including Michael Banton (1977) and Robert Miles (1982) to examine the experience of race in the US and UK The idea of race underlies structural racism in these countries.
Post-War Transitions: The Conflation of Immigration and Race
Authors: Givens Terri E.
Published: September 2022

In this chapter I focus on three critical transitions that had a major impact on transatlantic race relations. The first was the early 1900s and the era after the civil war which would define the ongoing inequalities for African Americans and the first race-based restrictive immigration policies in the US The second is the post-World War II era of labor migration in Europe, when immigrants from former colonies in the developing world found themselves the focus of anti-immigrant sentiment and restrictive immigration policies in the 1960s and 1970s, particularly in the UK. The third period is the era of immigrant settlement in Europe, when family reunification and asylum seekers fueled an ongoing migration flow, despite the stop placed on labor recruitment in France and Germany.
Transitional Journeys and Contemporary Adversity: Practitioner Insights
Authors: Deuchar Ross , McLean Robert , Holligan Chris , Densley James A.
Published: September 2022

This chapter discusses how a public health approach to violence prevention has been put in place in Scotland over the last 10–15 years. The public health approach to violence and its prevention was set out by the World Health Organization (WHO), and it focuses on addressing the social determinants of gang violence and weapon carrying. The chapter offers initial insights from interviews with practitioners in and around Glasgow to present case study illustrations of pioneering and high-profile projects and initiatives associated with the Scottish Violence Reduction Unit (SVRU) as well as complementary educational and youth outreach initiatives. Drawing on these insights, the chapter suggests that these interventions have contributed to the alleged decline in gang violence. However, the chapter also draws on practitioners' perspectives to begin to suggest that entrenched systemic issues such as poverty and social inequality may be throwing up an intersection of wider adversities for disadvantaged youth.
Queer(y)ing the Experiences of LGBTQ Workers in Criminal Processing Systems
Authors: Dwyer Angela , Colvin Roddrick A.
Published: September 2022

While research focused on the experiences of LGBTQ/GNC criminal legal professionals has now transgressed two decades of thought, there is much more we need to know about how these folks experience working within criminal processing systems around the world. Drawing partly on research from the authors, and partly on the research of others, this chapter will overview what we know about the experiences of LGBTQ/GNC folks that work in these systems. We suggest that it would be erroneous to rush to the conclusion that protection for LGBTQ/GNC folks working in these systems has been achieved. Rather, the research demonstrates that, while there have been some wins, substantial obstacles and challenges persist, particularly for those criminal processing system workers that identify as trans. The chapter concludes by noting the gains that LGBTQ/GNC identifying workers in criminal processing systems have made, but doing so in recognition of the substantial discrimination and punishment that these folks continue to endure from other colleagues and members of the public.
‘PREA Is a Joke’: A Case Study of How Trans PREA Standards Are(n’t) Enforced
Authors: Carrillo April
Published: September 2022

In 2012 PREA (Prison Rape Elimination Act) added specific guidelines to protections already enacted to reduce prison rape. These new protections were specific to trans and intersex folx currently in prison. Although these are federal “mandatory guidelines,” the enforcement of these standards varies between facilities. Drawing from a subsample of 9 trans participants (from a broader interview study) who experienced incarceration while identifying as trans, I focus primarily on the narrative of Naomi, a Black trans woman, who experienced confinement in the state of Virginia. This chapter will be an analysis of current PREA standards and their effects on trans folx, the action/inaction of facilities, and policy suggestions concerning trans inmates through a case study of Naomi’s experience in addition to the narratives of 8 other participants from a broader interview study of that focuses on trans people’s experiences with the criminal legal system (police, courts, and corrections). This chapters also incorporates current literature, present guidelines regarding trans inmates, and other issues concerning trans inmates. These incidents will serve as a representation of trans life behind bars as both positive and negative experiences occurring within the duality of laws on the book and laws in (in)action.
Sex-Gender Defining Laws, Birth Certificates, and Identity
Authors: Rosenstadt Jon
Published: September 2022

Recent birth certificate legal manoeuvres enact control on non-binary and transgender bodies by refocusing debates regarding personal identity into politically aligned negations of choice that rely on inaccurate science, excluding the possibility for the existence of sex/gender non-normative people to live full and legally acknowledged lives. The proposed 2019 Utah Vital Statistics Act Amendments bill (H.B. 153) sought to define sex/gender as inherently and permanently male or female based on observable genital configurations at birth and on expected genital and sexual function.
This chapter evaluates the language of H.B. 153 in relation to previous instances in which states legally enforced regulations on modifying birth certificates. Research identifies two results: first, an emphasis on observable genital configuration at the time of birth does not accurately reflect the myriad of formations externally and internally. Second, emphasizing genital purpose as a qualifier for sex/gender displaces those that do not or cannot conform to scripted norms of sexual behaviour such as queer, intersex, and asexual people whose production of sperm and/or eggs is not directly related to or in contact with the other.
Serving Transgender, Gender Nonconforming, and Intersex Youth in Alameda County’s Juvenile Hall
Authors: Garcia Alexandria , Badiey Naseem , Chavez Laura Agnich , Still Wendy
Published: September 2022

The Alameda County Probation Department (ACPD), which administers the County’s Juvenile detention facility, was one of the first jurisdictions in California to establish guidelines for the housing and treatment of youth who self-identify as transgender, gender non-conforming, or intersex (TGNCI) in Juvenile Hall. Based on direct experience serving youth who identify within these categories, ACPD has developed a series of policies that can serve as templates for juvenile detention facilities nationwide. These policies include not classifying TGNCI youth as sexual abusers; affording this population respect and dignity and prohibiting discrimination based on gender identity; preserving transgender youth rights during searches; and prohibiting the segregation of transgender youth based on their gender identity.
This chapter will discuss the genesis of ACPD’s current procedures and policies for transgender, gender non-conforming, and intersex youth in Juvenile Hall and the legal mandates impacting procedures and policy development for TGNCI youth. Drawing on interviews and observations with front-line staff, we discuss the potential challenges faced in implementing procedures and policies designed to protect TGNCI youth.
‘I Thought They Were Supposed to Be on My Side’: What Jane Doe’s Experience Teaches Us about Institutional Harm against Trans Youth
Authors: Panfil Vanessa R. , Wodda Aimee
Published: September 2022

A pressing issue for the child welfare and juvenile justice systems is the treatment of LGBTQ youth—especially transgender youth—in facilities and under the care of the state. Unfortunately, these youth often do not receive affirming, effective care, nor responsible and suitable placements. This chapter explores the facets of this issue by focusing on the case study of Jane Doe, a 16-year-old Latinx trans teen in Connecticut whose plight caught the eye of activists and the media when her story was revealed. The authors complement their analysis of the case study with relevant empirical data about LGBTQ youths’ experiences in families, schools, communities, the child welfare system, and the juvenile justice system. Doing so allows us to paint a portrait of the structural issues that are at play in instances of serious system failure, as with Jane Doe. The chapter concludes with multiple policy recommendations.
The Role of Adolescent Friendship Networks in Queer Youth’s Delinquency
Authors: Ramirez Nayan G.
Published: September 2022

Little is known about the interplay between sexual orientation and juvenile delinquency during adolescence. Yet, examining the social networks of queer youth can help us disentangle what aspects of friendship networks (e.g., social isolation, centrality, reciprocation, etc.) lead to greater delinquent involvement. This chapter will examine whether differences exist in queer youth’s involvement in delinquency and how differences in the network characteristics of queer youth affect their patterns of delinquency and substance use. Results from this study have wide practical applications as they provide avenues for schools and educators to improve programming related to queer youth, especially as it relates to queer youth’s feelings of school connectedness and social integration as well as general improvements to school climate (e.g., establishing a gender-sexuality alliance student group).
‘At the Very Least’: Politics and Praxis of Bail Fund Organizers and the Potential for Queer Liberation
Authors: Connolly Luca Suede , Buckelew Rose M.
Published: September 2022

Most community organizers of bail funds see their work as a tool of harm reduction, not a reform effort, and work in concert with other abolitionist strategies to shrink the criminal justice system. Understanding the most vulnerable survivors of criminal justice system violence are poor queer/trans people of color, these bail funds and community workers often prioritize Black trans/gender non-conforming individuals. What does it mean when entities doing harm, police departments and courts, are advocating for community-based harm reduction? What does it mean for the future of bail funds, when their efforts are being exploited and relied upon by the criminal justice system? This chapter draws on case studies and community volunteers’ own experiences to analyze obstacles bail funds face liberating poor people in the South. This analysis also unpacks reparations-based frameworks of white community workers who gather and redistribute white wealth to liberate poor predominately Black and Brown people. Here we draw upon the power and systems analysis of organizers and volunteers to better understand the relationship between those enacting incarceration and those working for liberation, all while maintaining focus on the largest stakeholders, poor queer and trans people.
LGBTQ+ Homelessness: Resource Obtainment and Issues with Shelters
Authors: Price Trye Mica , Bensel Tusty ten
Published: September 2022

Homelessness is a persistent problem in the United States. This phenomenon is especially prevalent among individuals who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer/questioning (LGBTQ). Many sexual minorities become homeless either through voluntarily leaving or being kicked-out by a caretaker to escape homelessness, LGBTQ individuals need resources from agencies (i.e. drop-in resource centers) and shelters that ensure safety and provide appropriate accommodations for the LGBTQ population. Research has found that shelters often do not provide proper training for workers to address the needs of LGBTQ homeless individuals (Abramovich, 2016, 2017). Inadequate knowledge of how to assist this population can relate to staff mistreatment and not intervening on instances of homophobia or transphobia within the shelter (Abramovich, 2016). This chapter reviews current research on homeless LGBTQ resource obtainment and availability within shelters. We begin by presenting on issues affecting sexual minority individuals who are experiencing homelessness such as identity development, health concerns, and victimization. Then, the availability of resources and shelters this population needs to exit homeless. From there, the chapter address issues with agencies and shelters, which include discrimination, erasure, and victimization.
Globalizing International Relations?
Authors: Jørgensen Knud Erik
Published: September 2022

This chapter addresses explicitly the issue of the discipline’s origin and distribution, specifically the multiple gardens in which gardeners cultivate and nurture it. In turn, this raises the issue of the terroir, that is, the soil in which it grows and which cause distinct characteristics, for instance universalism and parochialism. The chapter argues that the discipline actually is a global enterprise and that calls for its globalization tend to show limited interest in the discipline beyond the West. Calls are based on the wrong assumption that ‘the West’ enjoys a hegemony and that ethnocentrism or local by default is a bad feature. Why critics systematically believe this to be the case turns out to be the really interesting question.
Introduction
Authors: Guillaume Cécile
Published: September 2022

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the significant improvement in the feminization of trade unions in both Great Britain and in France. Today, union membership generally reflects the presence of women in the labour market in these countries. However, this descriptive representation of women is not the result of a mechanical adjustment to the transformations of the labour market or the development of an ‘egalitarian conscience’ among unions. Large numbers of women moved into paid work between 1970 and 1990, but their union representation improved only in the 2000s. Moreover, the progress of gender equality in unions remains selective. There is a resistance to granting women access to leadership roles or including them in decision-making bodies. Even when they are unionized, women continue to be subject to a range of forms of workplace discrimination. How can we understand this underrepresentation of women's interests in the workplace? What connections might be made between the increasing but selective presence of women in unions and their abilities to defend gender equality in the labour market? These are some of the research questions which guide the book on the relationships between the descriptive and substantive representation of women in different union contexts in France and Great Britain.
Legal Mobilizations by Unions to Promote Equal Pay in Great Britain
Authors: Guillaume Cécile
Published: September 2022

This chapter looks more specifically at how British unions have represented women's interests, based on a study of the struggle for equal pay since the 1970s. This history provides a complex, evolving, and in-depth reading of the presumed links between descriptive and substantive representation of women. It reveals the involvement of critical actors; men and women inside institutions, including unions, some of whom were very hostile to the defence of equal pay. Whether internally in their unions, or externally through bodies like the Equal Opportunity Commission (EOC), women have mobilized to obtain their rights and ensure those rights were implemented. Less well known is the fact that local union men, mostly low paid and from male-dominated unions, seized on the existing legislation to obtain equal pay for their female colleagues. At the periphery of institutions, these actors were able to mobilize allies in the legal and political spheres both at the national and European level, to build networks and work towards the interpretation, implementation, and spread of legal norms within organizational practices.
Resuscitating the Past: Zygmunt Bauman’s Critical Analysis of the Recent Rise of Retrotopia
Authors: Jacobsen Michael Hviid
Published: September 2022

This chapter offers an important analysis of Zygmunt Bauman’s concept of retrotopia. While utopia and dystopia served as key themes throughout Bauman’s lifetime, the chapter considers retrotopia in the context of contemporary socio-political tensions. It also discusses the intertwining of nostalgia, ambivalence, and dystopia that offers a powerful theoretical framework for understanding the emotional characteristics of late modernity. The chapter explores the utopian roots of Bauman’s critical diagnosis of contemporary liquid-modern retrotopia and its different dystopian dimensions. It takes a brief look at how utopia and utopianism have been regarded within the social sciences and revisits Bauman’s early work on the ‘Socialist utopia’ as the counter-culture of capitalism.
Assembling Trans Identity
Authors: Kramer Paul Gordon
Published: September 2022

This chapter treats trans identity as interrelated but distinct to the queer assemblage. This chapter juxtaposes the popular conservative figure Bulent Ersoy with first-hand interviews with queer and trans activists to better understand the nature of trans lives in Turkey. It shows the many additive acts of violence that occur to trans people on a daily basis, but also demonstrates the power of trans organizing.
The Queer Common
Authors: Kramer Paul Gordon
Published: September 2022

This chapter looks at the role of LGBTQ people in the Gezi Park protests and situates these protests within a broader, multi-year protest movement including LGBTQ pride protesting. This chapter show how queer and trans people took up leadership roles at Gezi Park and how this event impacted both state-based and private notions of sexual identity.
Counter-Thinking from the Nursery: Theorizing Contemporary Childcare Movements
Authors: Perrier Maud
Published: September 2022

This chapter begins with a definition of the maternal that emphasizes economic provision, community mothering and politicization regarding structural racism, sexism and racism. It details how a social reproduction lens makes visible the devaluation of the unwaged maternal labour of lower-class and racialized minority mothers, and produces them as deficient and in need of disciplining. The chapter then examines why the concept of social reproduction offers the best lens to understand 21st-century divisions between women. The chapter also discusses the studies of women's community organizing to show that the depletion of women's community activism and third sector over the last 40 years needs to be centred as the context for conceptualizing childcare movements. Contemporary and earlier literature on childcare struggles lacks conceptual frames to make sense of waged and unwaged childcare workers as a stratified sector. The chapter identifies the concepts of stratified reproduction, depletion and intimate unions as central to building this framework, and reveals how they need to be brought together into a unified theory of the social relations of maternal labour under neoliberalism.
At the Table or Thrown Under the Bus: Migrant Nannies’ Organizing and Childcare Coalitions During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Perrier Maud
Published: September 2022

This chapter reviews the sidelining of organizing among migrant nannies in discussions of childcare struggles. It begins with a discussion of how nannies' relationships with their employers have been framed through the lens of intimate exploitation to show their differential access to the categories of mother and worker. The chapter uses the lens of stratified reproduction to demonstrate the hypervisibility of middle-class women's reproductive work and invisibilization of nannies and home childcare workers in media coverage during the pandemic. The chapter then draws on interviews with two worker-led, grassroots organizations during the pandemic in the UK and the US to illustrate how they challenge current conceptualizations of childcare struggles. The chapter makes a theoretical intervention into the study of care workers' organizing. It argues that affects such as fear, vulnerability and cautiousness need to inform discussions of worker-led childcare movements if they are to reflect the specificities of migrant home workers.
The Nature of Reparations
Authors: Nurse Angus
Published: September 2022

This chapter examines the case for reparations through a restorative justice and human rights lens. It applies a critical criminological perspective to examining the nature and type of reparations and the purpose of reparations. It also draws on contemporary human rights and international criminal law to critically evaluate conceptions on repairing harm. The chapter identifies and conceptualizes reparations as a human rights issue and draws on selected case law and judicial principles from the International Criminal Court, the European Court of Human Rights and the International Court of Justice to discuss issues surrounding remedying international crimes such as war crimes, genocide, unlawful discrimination and other human rights abuses. It contains analysis using contemporary examples of reparations mechanisms to discuss how international principles could arguably be applied to the issue of ongoing reparations for slavery and its legacy of anti-Black racism.
Issues and Impacts: Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic Groups
Authors: Brandon Avril , Dingwall Gavin
Published: September 2022

It has been recognised that Black, Asian and minority ethnic groups are disproportionately and adversely affected by the criminal justice system. Emerging data suggest that these groups have also been disproportionately impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic in the community. This chapter tests the hypothesis that prison lockdowns may have affected prisoners from these backgrounds particularly harshly. Following analysis of inspectorate reports and interviews with criminal justice professionals, it is argued that specific mental health needs may have been overlooked, and that poor existing relationships with staff may have deteriorated during lockdown. Additionally, the disproportionate impact COVID-19 has had in the community for Black, Asian and minority ethnic groups may have led to profound trauma for prisoners from these communities.
Issues and Impacts: The Irish Travelling and Roma Communities
Authors: Brandon Avril , Dingwall Gavin
Published: September 2022

Stark physical health inequalities have meant that people from Irish Travelling communities and Roma communities were disproportionately affected by the pandemic. Prisoners from these communities were, therefore, at a greater risk of serious illness or death if they contracted the virus. Lockdown reduced the risk of transmission but, it is argued, this came at considerable human cost. Many of the common harms associated with lockdown – for example, loss of family contact and deteriorating mental health – may have been felt particularly keenly by prisoners from the Irish Travelling community and the Roma community. Family ties and religiosity are strong in these communities; visits and communal worship ceased. Moreover, culturally appropriate support was also withdrawn.
The EU-China Security Paradox
Authors: Gurol Julia
Published: September 2022

Although the main drivers of EU-China relations remain of an economic kind, meaning primarily concerns with trade, investment and intellectual property issues, the security dimension has become a central and vital pillar of EU-China relations. This book disentangles the complexity of the EU-China security relationship. It sheds light on the temporal dimension, examining the impact of changing geopolitical settings on EU-China security relations over time. Moreover, it provides three case studies to illustrate how this cooperation unfolds on the ground in the fields of anti-terrorism, anti-piracy and climate/energy security. It shows that on a structural level, the EU and China are increasingly bound in complex entanglements that render them interdependent and hence lead to security cooperation as none of the two can resolve issues of global importance, such as transnational security concerns, on its own. Yet, on an actor-level, mistrust and tensions prevail that stem from the inherently different ways in which the EU and China view world politics and their respective position in it. Along the lines of its ten chapters, the book explores the drivers towards EU-China cooperation in the wider sense of security as such and particularly sheds light on the widening scope of non-military EU-China security cooperation, focusing on the rationales, dynamics and consequences of security cooperation despite political tensions. Thereby, the book offers an innovative perspective on international cooperation, unifying explanations from different theoretical strands and thereby offering a novel conceptual framework.
Testing Systems
Authors: Maxwell Jack , Tomlinson Joe
Published: September 2022

The chapter conducst a case study of an automated voice recognition system used to detect English language testing fraud.It showcases the errors, mistakes and harm caused by automated decision making.
Differentiated Integration as a Fair Scheme of Cooperation
Authors: Bellamy Richard , Kröger Sandra , Lorimer Marta
Published: September 2022

This chapter looks at both the procedural fairness of the processes by which particular forms of differentiated integration (DI) are agreed upon and subsequently governed. It examines the substantive fairness of the distributions of burdens and benefits associated with participating in a given policy. It also argues that DI can be so designed as to meet the democratic trilemma, thereby supporting a fair scheme of cooperation between member states and their citizens. The chapter emphasizes how DI must meet certain substantive and procedural criteria and be a Pareto improvement that makes no other member states worse off than they currently are under the status quo. Procedurally, DI must be mutually agreed by the representatives of both member state peoples and EU citizens and governed in a way that involves consultation with those not included and offers a clear pathway for them to join in the future.
Party Views on Differentiated Integration
Authors: Bellamy Richard , Kröger Sandra , Lorimer Marta
Published: September 2022

This chapter confirms what political party actors think about their conception of the substantive fairness of differentiated integration (DI) and its democratic credentials. It provides a general overview of the political parties' views on DI, citing recent research that has emerged on how governments and citizens approach DI and political parties' views of DI. It also focuses on how political parties perceive of DI and which factors shape their assessments. The chapter discusses the literature on political parties, European integration, and DI, including an analysis of interviews. It looks at present party views on DI and relate them to the key cleavages that shaped their views.
Party Views on the Substantive Fairness of Differentiated Integration
Authors: Bellamy Richard , Kröger Sandra , Lorimer Marta
Published: September 2022

This chapter addresses the substantive fairness of differentiated integration (DI), that is, its ability to ensure a just distribution of social and economic goods. The substantive fairness of DI has been subject to some disagreement as some scholars have noted that DI could have unfair redistributive effects by diminishing solidarity and creating opportunities for free riding. It mentions others who argued that DI can also allow the European Union (EU) to respond to growing socio-economic heterogeneity and provide opt-outs for those who would be most negatively affected by a policy. The chapter explains how political parties perceive the substantive fairness of DI, analysing their views on whether it is compatible with the principles of impartiality and reciprocity. It distinguishes considerations of fairness arising from DI that stem from widening the EU from those associated with its deepening.
After the Deluge or Whither the Empire?
Authors: Cox Michael
Published: September 2022

Joe Biden entered the White House with enormous legislative and foreign policy experience. Having been elected then set about building bridges to old allies, claiming that America was back. Meanwhile, at home he set about rebuilding the US economy in the midst of a still significant pandemic. The question remained open as to whether or not Biden could succeed in doing either or both? The US may have remained the most powerful nation on earth – in spite of the rise of China - but its future remained uncertain.
Action/No Action
Authors: Fierke K.M.
Published: September 2022

This chapter continues the shift to Daoism, revealing the dynamics of quantum complementarity and Daoist yinyang. It discusses the Daoist concept of actionless action (Wuwei) and its significance for thinking about the environment. The chapter takes a further step away from the language of agency, given its association with the autonomous individual, and instead refers to ‘actants’. The chapter highlights how the environment, as a context of action, shapes the potentials available to actants, both human and non-human, without determining them. The frequent association of Daoism or actionless action with no-action or passivity, as the chapter argues, arises from a failure to take contradiction, or the dynamic interplay of polar opposites, that is, yinyang, into account. It then unpacks the relationship between environment and nature within a Daoist framework, and investigates the importance of yinyang as, on the one hand, polar opposition and contradiction, and on the other hand, as presence and non-presence and as a dynamic force of differentiation. It returns to what this potential might mean in a context of pandemic and environmental change.
What Goes Around Comes Around
Authors: Fierke K.M.
Published: September 2022

This chapter looks at the politico-ethics of entanglement with tools informed by both Buddhist karma and quantum entanglement, particularly as it relates to the property/life distinction exposed by George Floyd's murder. It describes the karmic entanglement which is used as a tool to explore the politico-ethical implications of the distinction between things and relations as it relates to the defunct legal category of the chattel slave, or the human as property. The chapter starts with the distinction between things and relationships as it relates to the apparatus. It then moves on to consciousness and property, or the relationship between life force and objects, looking, among other things, at how the enslavement of a human being, that is, the chattel slave, who is both human and property, was justified. It also explicates the dynamics of karmic entanglement within the cycle of samsāra as it relates to a system of enslavement. The chapter returns to the relationship between seen and unseen, and the silences held within this self-generating system. It also considers the intention–action–fruits relationship and the potential to transform the Black–White fault line.
On the Way to Revolution
Authors: Foster John
Published: September 2022

Transformation on the scale needed to avert climate catastrophe can now only be revolutionary. A tragic understanding of realistic hope helps us to see how various current approaches will not be revolutionary enough. Deep Adaptation talks of ‘bouncing back’, within broadly our present value-system, from disaster – whereas we are going to need the existential resilience to live through tragic value-reconfigurations. The Green New Deal gives too many hostages to the contestability of the concept of justice and remains firmly attached to a win-win agenda of democratic change by consent. Extinction Rebellion places far too great a burden on largely untried citizen deliberation in pursuit of a caucus-revolution in which everyone gets prizes and no-one gets hurt. The inadequacies of these approaches help us to appreciate what revolutionary action in the spirit of a tragic vision must involve – that is, changing a literally intolerable system at whatever cost.
From Robbing Places to Robbing People
Authors: McLean Robert , Densley James A.
Published: September 2022

This chapter examines the evolution of robbery, namely how globalized changes have widened and somewhat diluted the crime. It explains why offenders choose robbery in general over other crimes, such as burglary or shoplifting, and robbing drug dealers specifically over commercial forms of robbery. It also covers the dynamics of competition at different tiers of the illicit drugs market. The chapter refers to several interviewees who discussed abducting, capturing, or snatching drug dealers and holding them against their will on behalf of organized criminals. The plan involved getting victims' family members and close friends to pay a ransom that would be used to clear any outstanding drug debts.
Assessing Alignment Between Intellectual and Developmental Disability Service Providers and Trauma-Informed Care: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Presnell Jade , Keesler John M. , Thomas-Giyer Jen
Published: September 2022

People with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) are disproportionately impacted by potentially traumatic experiences; however, organizations serving this population have lagged in their integration of trauma-informed care (TIC). Trauma-informed care is a systemwide response to the pervasiveness of trauma that frequently requires an organizational shift rooted in staff training. Using an online statewide survey, the present study examined beliefs and training among IDD service providers. Responses from 288 service providers suggested some alignment among beliefs and staff training content with TIC principles. Although the findings indicate a foundation for TIC, intentional efforts are needed for IDD agencies to fully embrace TIC.
Parental Perceptions of Service Access for Transition-Aged Youth With Autism During COVID-19
Authors: Burke Meghan M. , Cheung W. Catherine , Li Chak , DaWalt Leann , Segal Jordan , Taylor Julie Lounds
Published: September 2022

Services are critical for youth with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), especially during the transition to adulthood. Under the best of circumstances, though, it can be difficult to access needed adult services. With COVID-19, services were more difficult to obtain and retain. In this study, we explored parent perceptions of accessing new services and maintaining current services during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Structured interviews were conducted with 65 parents of transition-aged youth (aged 16–26) with ASD living in three states (IL, TN, and WI) in the United States. None of the participants reported receiving new services during the pandemic, and many struggled to access services via online applications. In addition, participants reported that service suspensions and changes in modality (e.g., from in-person to telehealth) were spearheaded by professionals and not families. Participants, especially those in TN, were more likely to pay out-of-pocket for services during the COVID-19 pandemic to compensate for service disruptions. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
High-density diffuse correlation tomography with enhanced depth localization and minimal surface artefacts
Authors: Paul Ria , Murali K. , Varma Hari M.
Published: September 2022

A spatially weighted filter applied to both the measurement and the Jacobian is proposed for high-density diffuse correlation tomography (DCT) to remove unwanted extracerebral interferences and artefacts along with better depth localization in the reconstructed blood flow images. High-density DCT is implemented by appropriate modification of recently introduced Multi-speckle Diffuse Correlation Spectroscopy (M-DCS) system. Additionally, we have used autocorrelation measurements at multiple delay-times in an iterative manner to improve the reconstruction results. The proposed scheme has been validated by simulations, phantom experiments and in-vivo human experiments.
Correcting thermal-emission-induced detector saturation in infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Yao Chunhui , Mei Hongyan , Xiao Yuzhe , Shahsafi Alireza , Derdeyn William , King Jonathan L. , Wan Chenghao , Scarlat Raluca O. , Anderson Mark H. , Kats Mikhail A.
Published: September 2022

We found that temperature-dependent infrared spectroscopy measurements (i.e., reflectance or transmittance) using a Fourier-transform spectrometer can have substantial errors, especially for elevated sample temperatures and collection using an objective lens. These errors can arise as a result of partial detector saturation due to thermal emission from the measured sample reaching the detector, resulting in nonphysical apparent reduction of reflectance or transmittance with increasing sample temperature. Here, we demonstrate that these temperature-dependent errors can be corrected by implementing several levels of optical attenuation that enable convergence testing of the measured reflectance or transmittance as the thermal-emission signal is reduced, or by applying correction factors that can be inferred by looking at the spectral regions where the sample is not expected to have a substantial temperature dependence.
High broadband light absorption in ultrathin MoS2 homojunction solar cells
Authors: Bueno-Blanco Carlos , Svatek Simon A. , Antolin Elisa
Published: September 2022

Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) have been proposed as light absorber materials for ultrathin solar cells. These materials are characterized by their strong light-matter interaction and the possibility to be assembled into devices at room temperature. Here, we model the optical absorptance of an ultrathin MoS2 absorber embedded in different designs of a 1D optical cavity. We find that up to 87% of the photons contained in the 300-700 nm range of the AM1.5G spectrum can be absorbed employing MoS2 absorbers as thin as 10 nm sandwiched between a h-BN top layer and an optically thick Ag reflector. An h-BN/MoS2/h-BN/Ag cavity produces 0.89 average absorptance for a 57-nm-thick MoS2 slab and it also maximizes the absorption of extremely thin absorbers, between 1 and 9 nm. We also model a possible large-scale device on a glass substrate combined with indium-tin oxide (ITO) whose absorptance is comparable to the other presented structures. The high broadband absorption in these light-trapping structures is caused by the amplification of the zeroth Fabry-Perot interference mode. This study demonstrates that light absorption in ultrathin solar cells based on nanometric TMDC absorbers can compete with conventional photovoltaic technology and provides different simple optical designs to choose from depending on the electronic characteristics of the TMDC junction.
Optical power auto-alignment method with eugenics sorting for enhancing the alignment speed and robustness of fiber-grating couplers
Authors: Duan Lian , Xu Cong , Zhong Shunshun , Zhou Haibo , Duan Ji-an
Published: September 2022

To auto-couple optical devices, a simple but effective method must have a high success rate, fast scanning speed, and high stability. For coupling accuracy, swarm intelligence algorithms set a large number of particles to find the optimal point, which can introduce accelerated geometric errors in practical engineering. In this study, we proposed a method for auto-alignment between single-mode fibers and grating couplers using the particle swarm optimization algorithm, which introduces a chaotic mapping and eugenics mechanism. With the help of chaotic mapping and eugenics mechanisms, the scanning speed and robustness increased remarkably. A series of simulations and experiments showed that this method could increase the efficiency and robustness by 90% and 50%, respectively, compared to the basic swarm intelligence algorithm.