bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electrostatic potential as a measure of gas phase carbocation stability
Authors: Robbins Adele M. , Jin Ping , Brinck Tore , Murray Jane S. , Politzer Peter
Published: June 2006

Assessment of the relative stabilities of carbocations is important for interpreting reaction mechanisms as well as in organic synthesis. A common approach is in terms of hydride affinities; however these depend on a second system, a neutral molecule, as well as the ion. In the present work, we propose a measure of gas phase carbocation stability that is dependent solely on the properties of the ion: the magnitude of the most positive surface electrostatic potential associated with the carbon framework. This quantity, labeled VS,max, reflects a key factor, the extent to which the positive charge has been delocalized. We have computed VS,max for 28 carbocations, and we show that the overall trends predicted are physically meaningful in terms of experimental observations. Mulliken atomic charges are not satisfactory for this purpose. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
Lessons learned: Achieving institutional change in support of students in transition
Authors: Hunter Mary Stuart
Published: June 2006

Attention to the origins, history, and evolution of the First‐Year Experience (FYE) movement in American higher education can inform institutional practices aimed at enhancing transition experiences of students.
Promoting new‐student success: Assessing academic development and achievement among first‐year students
Authors: Keup Jennifer R.
Published: June 2006

This chapter presents findings from a national research study with a sample of nearly twenty thousand first‐year students on how students' experiences and campus programs affect key academic outcomes of the first year.
Adult learners in transition
Authors: Compton Jonathan I. , Cox Elizabeth , Laanan Frankie Santos
Published: June 2006

This chapter discusses the challenges, characteristics, and transitional roles of adult learners. Implications for student services professionals are presented.
Dynamic stall modelling of the S809 aerofoil and comparison with experiments
Authors: Gupta Sandeep , Leishman J. Gordon
Published: June 2006

An analysis of dynamic stall for the S809 aerofoil has been performed in conjunction with the Leishman–Beddoes dynamic stall model that was modified for wind turbine applications. Numerical predictions of the lift, drag and pitching moment coefficients were compared with measurements obtained for an oscillating S809 aerofoil at various reduced frequencies, mean angles of attack and angle of attack amplitudes. It was found that the results using the modified model were in good agreement with the experimental data. Hysteresis in the aerodynamic coefficients was captured well, although the drag coefficient was slightly underpredicted in the deep stall flow regime. Validation against the experimental data showed overall good agreement. The mathematical structure of the model is such that it can be readily incorporated into a comprehensive analysis code for a wind turbine. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Half Antiperovskites. III. Crystallographic and Electronic Structure Effects in Sn2−xInxCo3S2
Authors: Weihrich Richard , Anusca Irina
Published: June 2006

Half antiperovskites were investigated within the series Sn2−xInxCo3S2 by X‐ray diffraction, thermal analysis, and DFT band structure calculations. The shandite type structure was confirmed from powder and single crystal diffraction for the studied compounds. Co orders like Ni in the previously studied InNi3/2S. SnCo3/2S is metrically pseudo cubic and can easily be deduced from the antiperovskite MgCo3C. The Curie temperature Tc = −97 °C of SnCo3/2S was confirmed by calorimetric data. Its electronic structure indicates a spin ${1 \over 2}$ type IA half metallic ground state. Upon In doping the crystal structure becomes hexagonally distorted towards a higher chex/ahex relation. The Curie temperature rapidly falls below −135 °C for x(In) = 0.4. A metal to semiconductor transition is predicted for ordered InSnCo3S2 from its electronic band structure. For InCo3/2S a non magnetic metallic ground state is found.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Spectrothermal Characterization of a Novel Dimeric Cadmium(II) Azobispyridine Complex, [(μ–abpy){CdCl2(abpy)}2]·0.86H2O
Authors: Arslan Figen , Uçar İbrahim , Bulut Ahmet , Ölmez Halis , Odabaşoğlu Mustafa , Büyükgüngür Orhan
Published: June 2006

The novel complex μ–2,2′–azobispyridine–bis[2,2′‐azobispyridinedichlorocadmium(II)]·0.86 hydrate (1) was synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR and UV–Vis spectroscopy, thermal analysis and X–ray diffraction techniques. The crystal structure analysis indicates that the Cd2+ ions have a distorted octahedral coordination with CdII–CdII distance of 5.929(7) Å. One of the azobispyridine (abpy) ligands acts as a 's–frame' bridging ligand which adopts an s–cis/E/s–cis conformation, while the others adopt an s‐cis/E/s‐trans conformation, coordinated to Cd2+ ions in a trans position. π–π and π–ring interactions are responsible for crystal packing. The decomposition reaction takes place in the temperature range of 20–1000 °C in the static air atmosphere. Thermal decomposition of the title complex proceeds in five stages.
Syntheses and Crystal Structures of Two Novel Dinuclear Copper(II) and Zinc(II) Complexes Derived from Flexible Schiff Bases
Authors: Sun Yu‐Xi , You Zhong‐Lu
Published: June 2006

Two novel structurally similar dinuclear Schiff base complexes, [Cu2(DMN)2(NCS)2] (1) and [Zn2(DMP)2(NCS)2] (2) (HDMN = 1‐[(3‐dimethylaminopropylimino)methyl]naphthalen‐2‐ol, HDMP = 2‐[(2‐diethylaminoethylimino)methyl]phenol), were prepared by an analogeous procedure and characterized by elemental analyses, infrared spectroscopy, and single crystal X‐ray determinations. Each metal ion in the complexes has a square‐pyramidal coordination. The distinct difference between the two structures is the basal and apical donor atoms. In 1, the Cu atom is coordinated by one O and two N atoms of one (DMN)−, ion as well as by one terminal N atom of a thiocyanate anion in the basal plane, and by one O atom of another (DMN)− ion at the apical position. The Cu···Cu separation is 3.080(2) Å. While in 2, the Zn atom is coordinated by one O and two N atoms of one (DMP)−, ion together by one O atom of another (DMP)− ion in the basal plane, and by one terminal N atom of a thiocyanate anion at the apical position. The Zn···Zn separation is 3.205(4) Å.
Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Organothiophosphorus Compounds: X‐ray Crystal Structure of H3COC6H4P(OC2H4S)(S) Synthesized by a New Method
Authors: Karakus Mehmet
Published: June 2006

Reactions of 2,4‐bis(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐1,3,2,4‐dithiadiphosphetane‐2,4‐disulfide with hydroxy substituted compounds (R‐OH) gave rise to the formation of dithiophosphonate compounds 2, 3 and 4 [R‐OH: N‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐phthalimide, 1‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)pyridine and 2‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)pyrrolidine]. Compounds 3 and 4 have been shown in zwitterionic species. The 2,4‐bis(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐1,3,2,4‐dithiadiphosphetane‐2,4‐disulfide was reacted with 2‐chloroethanol to give 4–methoxyphenyl‐2‐sulfido‐1,3,2‐oxathiaphospholane (5), synthesized by a new method. Nickel and Cadmium complexes (2a and 2c) of 1 were prepared. Compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, 1H‐NMR, 31P‐NMR, UV/VIS spectroscopies and crystal structure of 5 was determined. The magnetic moment for 2b is 2.97 B.M.
Synthesis and Structure of Cs2[As(CH3)Se3] · 2H2O and Cs2As4Se6 containing the Catena‐hexaselenidotetraarsenate(II, III) Anion $^{1}_{\infty}\rm [As_{4}Se_{6}^{\phantom{\infty}2-}]$
Authors: van Almsick Tobias , Sheldrick William S.
Published: June 2006

Heating CsAsSe3 · 0.5H2O in methanol to 190 °C leads to formation of black Cs2As4Se6 (1) together with red Cs4As4Se8 and a colourless solution from which the substituted caesium selenidoarsenates(V) Cs2[As(CH3)Se3] · 2H2O (2) and Cs[As(CH3)2Se2] can be obtained as crystalline fractions. Cs2As4Se6 contains catena‐hexaselenidotetraarsenate(II,III) anions in which cyclic As3Se5 units are linked through corner‐sharing AsSe3 pyramids into infinite chains $^{1}_{\infty}\rm [As_{4}Se_{6}^{\phantom{\infty}2-}]$. The Cs symmetric As3Se2 five‐membered rings of the As3Se5 units display an envelope conformation with an As‐As bond length 2.528(3) Å and As‐Se distances of 2.449(2) and 2.447(2) Å. Cs symmetry is also observed for the discrete tetrahedral [As(CH3)Se3]2− anions of (2).
The First Mixed‐Valent Europium(II,III) Oxide Bromide: Eu2O2Br
Authors: Hammerich Stefanie , Pantenburg Ingo , Meyer Gerd
Published: June 2006

Red single crystals of Eu2O2Br were obtained as a by‐product in an attempt to produce large quantities of Eu4OBr6 from a reaction mixture of EuBr2, Eu2O3 and sodium in a 10:1:2 molar ratio. The crystal structure (monoclinic, I2/m (no. 12), Z = 4, a = 955.2(2), b = 403.01(8), c = 1119.0(3) pm, β = 105.78(3)°, R1(all) = 0.0305) contains {Eu4O} tetrahedra connected to two kinds of chains which combine to corrugated layers [Eu2O2]+ and sheathe likewise corrugated layers of Br− ions.
Solid‐ and Solution Phase Synthesis of Diiminedichloroplatinum(II) Complexes
Authors: Reinhardt Sven , Heinze Katja
Published: June 2006

A solid‐phase and solution phase synthesis approach for diiminedichloro complexes of platinum(II) was developed. In particular a dichloroplatinum(II) fragment was coordinated to the diimine ligands {4‐[(pyridine‐2‐ylmethylene)‐amino]‐phenol, HO–N∩N′ (1); 4‐[(pyridine‐2‐ylmethylene)‐amino]‐anisole, MeO–N∩N′ (2) and di‐isopropylsilylpolystyrene immobilised 4‐[(pyridine‐2‐ylmethylene)‐amino]‐phenolate PSO–N∩N′, (5)}. Identities of the compounds [PtIICl2(HO–N∩N′)] (3), [PtIICl2(MeO–N∩N′)] (4), [PtIICl2(PSO–N∩N′)] (6) and 3 obtained by cleavage from 6 were established by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, by microanalysis and single‐crystal diffraction (3 and 4). Structures of compounds 3 and 4 were discussed with the aid of DFT calculations.
Chemical Bonding and Solid State NMR of Alkali Metal Monostannides MSn (M = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs)
Authors: Haarmann Frank , Grüner Daniel , Bezugly Viktor , Rosner Helge , Grin Yuri
Published: June 2006

The mono‐stannides of the alkali metals were investigated by 119Sn NMR spectroscopy and full‐potential local‐orbital method calculations of the electronic structure and calculations of the electron localization function. The 119Sn NMR signal shift of LiSn is due to Knight shift whereas the signal shift in the series from the Na to the Cs mono‐stannides is most probably caused by chemical shielding. This is in agreement with electronic structure calculations resulting in a metal like band structure for LiSn and in semiconductor like band structures for the Na to Cs mono‐stannides. A decreasing asymmetry parameter and an increasing shift of the NMR signal with increasing radius of the cations indicates a change of the electronic structure within the series of the semiconducting mono‐stannides. The electron localization function also shows differences of the electronic environment of the Sn atoms due to a rearrangement of the lone pairs. Furthermore, the electronic structure calculations indicate an increase of the molecular character of the Sn44− ion with increasing radius of the cations for the Na to Cs compounds.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of a Novel Potassium Borate with an Unprecedented [B12O16(OH)8]4− Anion
Authors: Wang Guo‐Ming , Sun Yan‐Qiong , Zheng Shou‐Tian , Yang Guo‐Yu
Published: June 2006

A novel potassium borate, KB3O4(OH)2, has been hydrothermally synthesized and structurally characterized by single crystal X‐ray diffraction, FTIR and thermogravimetric analysis. The compound crystallizes in the tetragonal system, space group P4/ncc (No. 130), a = 11.3482(3) Å, b = 11.3482(3) Å, c = 15.9169(6) Å, V = 2049.8(2) Å3, and Z = 16. The structure consists of an unprecedented unit of [B12O16(OH)8]4− anion with an 8‐membered borate ring constructed by vertex‐sharing of four [B3O4(OH)2]− clusters. The [B12O16(OH)8]4− units are linked together by hydrogen bonds to form a sheet‐like structure, which is further interconnected via ionic K–O bonds to generate a 3D structure with two types of 1D channels along the c‐axis.
1,2‐Dimethoxyethan‐ und Tetrahydrofuran‐Komplexe der Seltenerdmetallnitrate
Authors: Niemeyer Mark
Published: June 2006

1,2‐Dimethoxyethane and Tetrahydrofuran Complexes of Rare‐Earth Metal Nitrates

A series of tetrahydrofuran (thf) or 1,2‐dimethoxyethane (dme) solvates of rare‐earth metal nitrates with the composition Ln(NO3)3(thf)3 (Ln = Y (1a), Pr (1d), Sm (1f), Eu (1g), Gd (1h), Tb (1i), Dy (1j), Ho (1k), Er (1l), Tm (1m), Yb (1n), Lu (1o)), Ln(NO3)3(thf)4 (Ln = La (2b), Ce (2c), Pr (2d)), Ln(NO3)3(dme)2 (Ln = Pr (4d), Ho (4k)) and Lu(NO3)3(dme)(HOMe) (5) has been prepared by the reaction of the nitrate‐hydrates Ln(NO3)3(H2O)x with HC(OCH3)3 followed by solvation and crystallization from the corresponding ether. The crystalline complexes show the characteristic colours of the rare‐earth metal cations and were characterized by single‐crystal structure analysis, elemental analysis, and for selected examples by IR and Raman spectroscopy. The methanol solvate 5 is photolabile in solution and converts in ambient light to the binuclear compound Lu2(NO3)4(μ‐OMe)2(dme)2 (6). In the heteroleptic complex Pr{N(SiMe3)2}2(NO3)(thf)2 (7), obtained from the reaction of Pr(NO3)3(thf)3 with two equivalents of NaN(SiMe3)2, the metal atom shows a trigonal bipyramidal coordination by two bis(trimethylsilyl)amido ligands, one nitrate anion and two axially bonded THF molecules.
The Novel Polymeric Complex of Manganese(II) with Picolinic Acid, [Mn(pic)2]n, a New Coordination Mode for Picolinic Acid
Authors: Heren Zerrin , Paşaoǧlu Hümeyra , Kaştaş Gökhan , Keser Cem , Yeşilelc Orkan Zafer , Büyükgüngör Orhan
Published: June 2006

A manganese(II) complex with novel coordination mode of picolinic acid (pic) has been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, magnetic susceptibility, FT‐IR, thermal analysis (DTA and TG) and X‐ray diffraction techniques. The complex crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with unit cell parameters: a =10.4086 (6), b = 0.9524 (6), c =10.3570 (6) Å, β =107.904 (4)° and Z = 4. In the complex all donor sites of picolinato ligands participated to the coordination. The ring nitrogen and one of the carboxylate oxygen atom of picolinato ligand form chelate ring with one Mn2+ ion, whereas the other carboxylate oxygen atom is coordinated to the other Mn2+ ion and forming a polymeric structure thermally stable up to 338 °C.
Synthesis and Crystal Structures of Two exo‐Cyclic 11‐Vertex isocloso Ruthenaborane Clusters [(PPh3)(p‐ClPhCO2)2RuB10H8] and [(PPh3)2Ru(PPh3)(p‐ClPhCO2)RuB10H9]·0.5C5H12·H2O
Authors: Guo Qingliang , Dou Jianmin , Wu Libin , Li Dacheng , Wang Daqi , Wang Huaisheng
Published: June 2006

Two exo‐cyclic 11‐vertex isocloso ruthenaborane clusters [(PPh3)(p‐ClPhCO2)2RuB10H8] (1) and [(PPh3)2Ru(PPh3)(p‐ClPhCO2)RuB10H9]·0.5C5H12·H2O (2·0.5C5H12·H2O) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, FT‐IR, NMR spectra and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. The structure analysis shows that both of the clusters are based on an 11‐vertex closo‐type {RuB10} cluster‐geometry with the nine‐coordinate metal atom occupying the six‐connected apical position. In cluster 1, the metal center has three exo‐polyhedral ligands, one triphenylphosphine and two dative oxygen atoms of para‐chlorobenzoates which form two exo‐cyclic five‐membered Ru‐O‐C‐O‐B rings with the other oxygen atoms bonding to B(2) and B(3) atoms. The cluster 2 also has one exo‐polyhedral para‐chlorobenzoate to form one exo‐cyclic five‐membered Ru‐O‐C‐O‐B ring in one side. There is another exo‐polyhedral ruthenium atom bonded to the cluster center {RuB10} via one Ru‐Ru linkage and two RuHμB bridges forming a closed exo‐polyhedral tetrahedron configuration in the other side.
A generalization of the Helmholtz conditions for the existence of a first‐order Lagrangian
Authors: Kielau G. , Maißer P.
Published: June 2006

The paper deals with a generalization of Helmholtz' conditions for the existence of a first‐order kinetic potential related to a given set of 2nd order ordinary differential equations. The extension affects the consideration of such ODE systems which are not self‐adjoint due to dissipation. Necessary and sufficient conditions are given for the simultaneous existence of two state functions – a Lagrangian and a dissipation function – both of the first‐order such that the given set of 2nd order ODE results from the well‐known Lagrangean approach.
Normal pregnancy outcome in L‐2‐hydroxyglutaric aciduria
Authors: Jonckheere A. , Carton D. , Jaeken J. , Gerlo E.
Published: June 2006

L‐2‐Hydroxyglutaric aciduria (L‐2‐HGA) is a rare progressive neurometabolic disease, defined as a characteristic clinical and radiological entity, mainly including mental retardation, cerebellar dysfunction and involvement of the subcortical white matter, cerebellum and basal ganglia on brain MRI. The biochemical hallmark is an increased urinary excretion of L‐2‐hydroxyglutaric acid. Management is only supportive. A child born to a Turkish mother in whom L‐2‐HGA was previously diagnosed is reported. Although pregnancy was repeatedly advised against because of the important degree of mental retardation and the potential risk of a toxic effect on the embryo and/or fetus (at that time no reports of maternal L‐2‐HGA were available), she became pregnant at 30 years of age and the pregnancy passed uneventfully. On amniocentesis, performed at 5 months of gestational age, elevated 2‐hydroxyglutarate, previously shown to be almost exclusively the L‐2‐stereoisomer, was present in the amniotic fluid: 27.5μ mol/L (controls <1.3; n=5). The child, not affected by the disease as shown by a normal urinary excretion of 2‐hydroxyglutaric acid, was normal at birth. When last examined at the age of 3 years, both somatic and mental development were excellent. As the pathogenesis of the extensive brain damage in affected persons remains largely unknown, notwithstanding the recent identification of the mutated gene and the deficient enzyme, one can only speculate on the mechanism by which embryo and fetus from a L‐2‐HGA mother are spared, at least in this case.
Ornithine transcarbamoylase deficiency presenting with acute liver failure
Authors: Mustafa Ahlam , Clarke Joe T. R.
Published: June 2006

Ornithine transcarbamoylase (OTC) deficiency is the most common hereditary urea cycle disorder. It is an X‐linked recessive disorder that usually presents with encephalopathy and hyperammonaemia. We report a 14‐month‐old female carrier of OTC deficiency, who presented with a history of intermittent vomiting for 5 weeks and irritability and lethargy for 1 week. She was found to be in acute liver failure, with elevated transaminases, coagulopathy and a consistently low urea. Identifying an OTC mutation and ruling out other possible causes of acute hepatic failure confirmed the diagnosis. She was placed on low‐protein diet supplemented with essential amino acids, and her liver enzymes, hyperammonaemia and coagulopathy corrected. Three other female patients have been reported with OTC deficiency presenting with severe cryptogenic hepatitis; our patient is unique in that the presentation of her disease was dominated by acute liver failure on a back ground of normal growth and development, no liver enlargement, and mild hyperammonaemia. OTC deficiency should be considered in the differential diagnosis of infants presenting with acute hepatocellular dysfunction, especially in females.
Social Policy Digest Online
Authors: Bennett Fran , Jones Ken
Published: June 2006

The Social Policy Digest went online in the summer of 2003. This means that the Digest, which used to be printed as part of the Journal of Social Policy, is now only available via the web.
‘I'd rather keep running to the end and then jump off the cliff’. Retirement Decisions: Who Decides?
Authors: VICKERSTAFF SARAH
Published: June 2006

Government in the UK, as elsewhere in Europe, is keen to encourage individuals to delay their retirement, work for longer and save more for their retirement. This article argues that much of this public discussion is based on the debatable premise that most people are actively choosing to leave work ‘early’. Research on retirement decisions hitherto has concentrated on individual factors, which dispose towards early retirement and has neglected the role of the employer in determining retirement timing. New research reported here, undertaken in three organisational case studies, explores the management of retirement and how individual employees experience these processes. It employs the concepts of the ‘retirement zone’ and retirement scenarios to demonstrate how the interaction of individual attributes (themselves subject to change) and organisational practices (also unpredictable and variable) produces retirement outcomes. It concludes that there is considerable management discretion over the manner and timing of individual retirements. Hence, government needs to recognise that the majority of individuals may have relatively little personal discretion over their departure from work and hence concentration on urging them to work for longer and delay retiring may be missing the real target for policy change.
Older substance misusers still deserve better diagnosis – an update (Part 2)
Authors: Crome Ilana , Bloor Roger
Published: June 2006

Substance misuse in the elderly population has been referred to as a silent epidemic. One of the factors that contributes to the appropriateness of this description is the difficulty of diagnosis in this age group. There is abundant evidence that substance misuse is under-diagnosed in elderly people and that this applies to both alcohol and drug misuse, although the general principles of a diagnostic approach are not age-related. The increased incidence of anxiety, depression, dementing illness, and physical illness in this population, independent of substance misuse, means that diagnoses can often be missed. The impact of co-morbidity (Figure 1) in older age groups is such that it remains the most important confounding factor in diagnosis. In this second section of the review we explore the range of psychiatric and physical illnesses that can coexist with, or be caused by, substance misuse in the elderly population. The issue of assessment as part of a treatment framework is considered in the third section of the review. The risk of missed diagnosis in this age group was illustrated in a study of diagnosis of substance misuse problems in patients aged 65 and over who had been admitted to hospital. Only three out of a total of 88 patients using benzodiazepines, 29 out of 76 smokers, and 33 out of 99 problem drinkers were correctly identified. Of those who were identified only a small proportion were referred on for specialist treatment.
Using Microsoft SharePoint for a Reference Document Library in a P&I Club
Authors: Halford Jill
Published: June 2006

Jill Halford, who is the Library and Information Manager at Charles Taylor, was the Document Management Representative on the Business User Team on the project to implement SharePoint and she explains the processes involved in moving several thousand documents to the new system.
Researching European Law – a Basic Introduction
Authors: Furlong John , Doe Susan
Published: June 2006

This paper formed the basis of a seminar given by John Furlong and Susan Doe at the Canadian Association of Law Libraries Annual Conference in St Johns, Newfoundland in May 2005.
Sources of Legal Information in Hungary: Part 2
Authors: Kövér Tibor , Böszörményi Tamás , Horváth Eszter , Orphanides Krisztina
Published: June 2006

The second part of this comprehensive bibliography edited by Tibor Kövér, Tamás Böszörményi, Eszter Horváth and Krisztina Orphanides covers the publications of specific legal bodies and useful addresses and internet sites.
The Right to Know and the Right to Keep Secret in the Russian Federation
Authors: Monakhov Victor , Soboleva Anita
Published: June 2006

Victor Monakhov and Anita Soboleva analyse the current development of legal standards in the area of access to information and protection of personal data in the Russian Federation. At the end of 2005 Russia ratified the Convention for the Protection of Individuals with regard to Automatic Processing of Personal Data. At the same time several new laws, intended to harmonize national privacy legislation with this Convention and to define the legal status of different databases, which are being created by the state for the purposes of registration of population and identification of persons, passed the first reading in the State Duma. The article reflects the ongoing debates on the scope of the right to know and the right to keep secret in the Russian context.
Het Overleg - The Dutch Foundation of Law Firm Librarians
Authors: Bartelings Paul
Published: June 2006

This article in the From Our Own Correspondent series comes from the Netherlands and features the Dutch Foundation of Law Firm Librarians, with information supplied by Paul Bartelings, who is its current chairman.
The Indeterminacy of Choice: Political, Policy and Organisational Implications
Authors: Clarke John , Smith Nicholas , Vidler Elizabeth
Published: June 2006

Choice has become a central – and much debated – theme of New Labour's approach to the reform of public service. In this article we examine the conditions and consequences of the indeterminacy of choice in political discourse, policy development and organisational dynamics. We suggest that the under-specification of choice in political and policy settings risks devolving the stresses of indeterminacy to service organisations and their interactions with the public. We explore some of the public's ambivalence about choice and public services and conclude by offering two ways of thinking about the indeterminacy of choice – treating choice as a condensate and as a proxy.
The Role of State and Family in the Living Conditions of Older People in Urban China: Changing Attitudes and Outcomes
Authors: Saunders Peter
Published: June 2006

This paper uses a unique national dataset to examine the attitudes and living standards of older people (aged 60 and over) living in urban areas of China, including their living arrangements and income levels, and their attitudes to family-based and other forms of support. The results indicate that although there have been substantial improvements in the overall living conditions of the majority of older people in China, marked differences remain in the economic circumstances of sub-groups classified by age and, more particularly, gender. Many of today's older people are also wedded to traditional attitudes and patterns of behaviour, and informal family support remains important – for men and women, as well as for younger and older groups among those aged 60 and over.
The Future of Health Care in South Korea and the UK
Authors: Matthews Bob , Jung Yoonsoon
Published: June 2006

This paper discusses and compares the origin and development of the health care systems of South Korea and the UK from the end of WW2 and endeavours to compare outcomes. The paper emphasises the importance of war as a stimulus to the development of national health services in both countries and argues that there is convergence between the UK's nationalised NHS and South Korea's US-modelled capitalist system. Overall, we conclude that there is a possibility not only that the financing and nature of the Korean and UK health care delivery systems may show convergence, but it is not impossible that they will ‘change places’ with the UK system dominated by private provision and South Korea's by public provision.
Promoting Social Enterprise in Korea and the UK: Community Economic Development, Alternative Welfare Provision or a Means to Welfare to Work?
Authors: McCabe Angus , Hahn Sangjin
Published: June 2006

Social enterprise has become an important component of governmental social and economic policy in both the UK and South Korea over the last decade. Both countries have experienced a growth in social businesses, with the UK recently adopting targets for the number of social enterprises established. Whilst the emphasis in the UK has been on their role in developing mixed economies of care and building entrepreneurial skills in deprived communities, the South Korean model has been more closely allied to US ‘welfare to work’ strategies. The paper explores these differences and critically examines the capacity of social enterprises to meet wider social and economic objectives.
Introduction: Themed Section on South Korea: Developing social policy and practice in a changing society
Authors: Ross Liz
Published: June 2006

The past decade has seen significant change within social policy and society in the Republic of Korea (South Korea – we will usually refer to South Korea simply as Korea in the following papers unless there is a need to distinguish between the North and South Koreas). From an economically driven welfare policy and limited democracy, through the introduction of a democratic state and the economic crisis of 1997, Korea is currently experiencing significant reform within its social policy and within society. This reform has been variously described as ‘productive welfare’, ‘transformational’ and ‘developmental’ (Kwon, 2003). Societal changes, including the increased involvement of women in the labour market and increased participation through democratic processes, challenge the family and the organisational hierarchies of the traditional Confucian society and globalisation and rapid developments in information technology and communications have brought western influences and ideas.
Objects Capture Perceived Gaze Direction
Authors: Lobmaier Janek S. , Fischer Martin H. , Schwaninger Adrian
Published: June 2006

The interpretation of another person's eye gaze is a key element of social cognition. Previous research has established that this ability develops early in life and is influenced by the person's head orientation, as well as local features of the person's eyes. Here we show that the presence of objects in the attended space also has an impact on gaze interpretation. Eleven normal adults identified the fixation points of photographed faces with a mouse cursor. Their responses were systematically biased toward the locations of nearby objects. This capture of perceived gaze direction probably reflects the attribution of intentionality and has methodological implications for research on gaze perception.
Assessing Anxiety with Extrinsic Simon Tasks
Authors: Schmukle Stefan C. , Egloff Boris
Published: June 2006

This article introduces two new indirect measures of anxiety that are based on the Extrinsic Affective Simon Task (EAST; De Houwer, 2003 ). The EAST differs from the more established Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998 ) in that participants' responses to different trials within one block of trials are compared rather than performance between two different blocks of trials. Two studies led to the following results: (a) Both extrinsic Simon tasks for assessing anxiety showed only moderate internal consistencies, (b) one of the two tasks showed at least some convergent validity with an IAT for assessing anxiety, and (c) both tasks were dissociated from self-reported anxiety. Implications for future adaptations of the EAST for the indirect assessment of personality dimensions are discussed.
Path length distributions for solar photons under cloudy skies: Comparison of measured first and second moments with predictions from classical and anomalous diffusion theories
Authors: Scholl T. , Pfeilsticker K. , Davis A. B. , Klein Baltink H. , Crewell S. , Löhnert U. , Simmer C. , Meywerk J. , Quante M.
Published: June 2006

Using high‐resolution oxygen A band spectrometry (λ/Δλ = 60000) in the 767.7–770.7 nm wavelength range, we investigate the first and second moments of the distributions of path lengths of photons in transmitted skylight for different cloud conditions. Our observations are supported by measurements of column liquid water path by multichannel microwave radiometry, cloud structure by millimeter cloud radar observations, and cloud base by a laser ceilometer. For the investigated multilayer cloud covers (decks of stratus, cumulus, altostratus, and cirrus), our measurements indicate that the photon path statistics are mostly governed by anomalous diffusion, whereby classical diffusion occurs in the limiting case of a single compact (plane parallel) cloud layer. The ratio for the inferred second and first moments of the path lengths confirms the relation recently derived by Davis and Marshak (2002) for photon diffusion in single optically thick cloud layers and extends it to more complex cloud geometry.
Geochemical controls on hydrothermal fluids from the Kairei and Edmond Vent Fields, 23°–25°S, Central Indian Ridge
Authors: Gallant R. M. , Von Damm K. L.
Published: June 2006

Prior to 2000, no mid‐ocean ridge hydrothermal systems were identified and sampled in the Indian Ocean. The Kairei field, Central Indian Ridge, was discovered and sampled in 2000 (Gamo et al., 2001; Hashimoto et al., 2001). This paper reports the chemical composition of hydrothermal fluids collected in 2001 from both the Kairei and newly discovered Edmond hydrothermal systems. Data are used to infer subsurface processes and conditions at the two sites, as well as to place them within the global context of known hydrothermal sites on the mid‐ocean ridge system. While both sites are located on the intermediate spreading Central Indian Ridge, their hydrologic systems have affinities with those observed on slow spreading ridges. Although the compositions of fluids from the four individual vents sampled at Edmond and the three individual vents sampled at Kairei vary respectively, our interpretation is that a single source fluid at each site is subsequently modified by processes including phase separation, subsurface mixing with seawater, and deposition and/or remobilization of metal‐sulfide deposits to generate the observed range of compositions. Both fields are located ≥6 km from the neovolcanic zone, on steps on the east wall of the axial valley, with the Edmond field ∼160 km north of Kairei and almost 1000 m deeper (3300 versus 2450 m). The Edmond fluids are extremely hot, with maximum measured temperatures of 382°C compared to 365°C for Kairei. All of the fluids sampled have chlorinities greater than local ambient seawater due to phase separation of seawater at supercritical conditions. Visual observations suggest both sites have been active for a substantial period of time, again similar to observations of slow spreading ridges. Our chemical data suggest that the substrate underlying Kairei is highly altered, while that at Edmond is not. Significant albitization appears to be occurring below the Edmond field, but not at Kairei. The Edmond fluids are by far the hottest brines yet observed venting from a mid‐ocean ridge hydrothermal site, resulting in unusually high concentrations of several transition metals.
Cosmic ray energy changes in the heliosphere: Effects of the termination shock and heliosheath
Authors: Caballero‐López R. A. , Moraal H. , McDonald F. B.
Published: June 2006

Adiabatic energy losses form a well‐understood part of cosmic ray modulation in the heliosphere. However, shock acceleration at the solar wind termination shock and the modulation in the heliosheath beyond this shock alter the net cosmic ray energy change from that in standard no–shock modulation models. This paper compares cosmic ray energy changes in several versions of the modulation process, from the simplest Force‐Field model to one with a shock and heliosheath included. Implications for observations and their interpretation are noted. In particular, the shock acceleration mechanism seems to provide a sensitive probe of interstellar spectra at low energies (≤100 MeV/n) that was not previously appreciated. The consequence of this effect on the low‐energy ratio of secondary to primary cosmic rays will be investigated in a subsequent paper.
Sensitivity of temperature teleconnections to orbital changes in AO‐GCM simulations
Authors: Groll Nikolaus , Widmann Martin
Published: June 2006

Teleconnections of interannual January air temperature variations over four regions are investigated based on quasi‐equilibrium simulations with the general circulation model ECHO‐G for three periods: the last interglacial (125 kyr BP ‐ early Eemian); the last glacial inception (115 kyr BP) and the preindustrial period. The simulated teleconnections represent the teleconnection component due to internal climate variability and are in many regions closely linked to the temperature signal of the Arctic Oscillation. The hemispheric‐scale structure of temperature teleconnections is robust with respect to orbital forcing, but differences between the simulations are found on spatial scales up to several 1000 km. In the Eemian simulation teleconnections between temperatures in central Siberia (south of Greenland) and temperatures in many extratropical northern hemispheric regions are stronger (weaker) compared to the other two simulations, while teleconnections for northeastern and western Europe show more complex differences.
Dynamics of intertidal gravel dunes
Authors: Williams Jon J. , Carling Paul A. , Bell Paul S.
Published: June 2006

This paper examines the dynamics of intertidal gravel dunes subjected to high‐energy unsteady and reversing tidal currents in the Severn Estuary, UK. The dunes were composed of shale particles with median grain size, D50, around 4 mm and had mean heights and wavelengths of 60 cm and 7 m, respectively. Acoustic instruments were deployed above a dune to measure the streamwise profile and flow turbulence. Radar was used to map a section of the dune field on two occasions. Measurements during the peak spring ebb tides showed that when the measured bed shear stress exceeded the threshold for entrainment of the coarse surface armor, sediments were eroded from the upper surface of the dune. The dune prograded in the direction of the ebb flow a distance O(1 m), and some eroded sediments were deposited on the stoss slope downstream. The dune was then reworked during the following flood tide to reestablish approximately the same pre‐ebb profile shape and location. Radar data showed also that the exposed dunes at low water occupied approximately the same location over a period of 4 days during peak spring tides. The relationship between the depth‐mean current and the net volume of dune sediments moved was found to conform to a power law. The predicted critical bed shear stress, τcrit, for D50 = 4 mm was approximately 1 N/m2. However, owing to a coarse armor layer on the surface of the dune, a measured τcrit value O(4 N/m2) was required to initiate dune erosion. Although the Van Rijn formula was found to overestimate both the height and wavelength of dunes at this site, the dunes appear to be equilibrium bed forms controlled by local hydraulics and sediment supply. Sediment transport predicted by bed load formula were within a factor of two of the observed mass transport of dune sediments for ebb tides.
Quantifying the seasonal and interannual variability of North American isoprene emissions using satellite observations of the formaldehyde column
Authors: Palmer Paul I. , Abbot Dorian S. , Fu Tzung‐May , Jacob Daniel J. , Chance Kelly , Kurosu Thomas P. , Guenther Alex , Wiedinmyer Christine , Stanton Jenny C. , Pilling Michael J. , Pressley Shelley N. , Lamb Brian , Sumner Anne Louise
Published: June 2006

Quantifying isoprene emissions using satellite observations of the formaldehyde (HCHO) columns is subject to errors involving the column retrieval and the assumed relationship between HCHO columns and isoprene emissions, taken here from the GEOS‐CHEM chemical transport model. Here we use a 6‐year (1996–2001) HCHO column data set from the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) satellite instrument to (1) quantify these errors, (2) evaluate GOME‐derived isoprene emissions with in situ flux measurements and a process‐based emission inventory (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature, MEGAN), and (3) investigate the factors driving the seasonal and interannual variability of North American isoprene emissions. The error in the GOME HCHO column retrieval is estimated to be 40%. We use the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM) to quantify the time‐dependent HCHO production from isoprene, α‐ and β‐pinenes, and methylbutenol and show that only emissions of isoprene are detectable by GOME. The time‐dependent HCHO yield from isoprene oxidation calculated by MCM is 20–30% larger than in GEOS‐CHEM. GOME‐derived isoprene fluxes track the observed seasonal variation of in situ measurements at a Michigan forest site with a −30% bias. The seasonal variation of North American isoprene emissions during 2001 inferred from GOME is similar to MEGAN, with GOME emissions typically 25% higher (lower) at the beginning (end) of the growing season. GOME and MEGAN both show a maximum over the southeastern United States, but they differ in the precise location. The observed interannual variability of this maximum is 20–30%, depending on month. The MEGAN isoprene emission dependence on surface air temperature explains 75% of the month‐to‐month variability in GOME‐derived isoprene emissions over the southeastern United States during May–September 1996–2001.
Decreases in stratospheric water vapor after 2001: Links to changes in the tropical tropopause and the Brewer‐Dobson circulation
Authors: Randel William J. , Wu Fei , Vömel Holger , Nedoluha Gerald E. , Forster Piers
Published: June 2006

Time series of stratospheric water vapor measurements by satellites and balloons show persistent low values beginning in 2001. Temperature observations show that the tropical tropopause has been anomalously cold during this period, and the observed water vapor changes (approximately −0.4 ppmv) are consistent with the temperature decreases (approximately −1 K). The cold anomalies occur in the tropics over a narrow vertical layer near 15–20 km. There have been corresponding changes in the tropical ozone profile over the same period, with ∼10% reductions over a similar narrow layer near the tropopause. The variations in temperature and ozone appear coupled, and the spatial patterns of the changes since 2001 are consistent with an increase in the mean tropical upwelling (Brewer‐Dobson) circulation. Estimates of tropical upwelling derived from eddy statistics (“downward control”) show coherence with interannual temperature changes, including a consistent increase after 2001. Part of the temperature changes may also be explained as a radiative response to the observed ozone decreases. The results paint a consistent picture of enhanced tropical upwelling after 2001, resulting in colder temperatures, lower water vapor and lower ozone near the tropical tropopause. The recent low values significantly influence estimates of decadal‐scale trends in temperature and ozone near the tropical tropopause.
Hydrogeophysical tracking of three‐dimensional tracer migration: The concept and application of apparent petrophysical relations
Authors: Singha Kamini , Gorelick Steven M.
Published: June 2006

Direct estimation of groundwater solute concentrations from geophysical tomograms has been only moderately successful because (1) reconstructed tomograms are often highly uncertain and subject to inversion artifacts, (2) the range of subsurface conditions represented in data sets is incomplete because of the paucity of colocated well or core data and aquifer heterogeneity, and (3) geophysical methods exhibit spatially variable sensitivity. We show that electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) can be used to estimate groundwater solute concentrations if a relation between concentration and inverted resistivity is used to deal quantitatively with these issues. We use numerical simulation of solute transport and electrical current flow to develop these relations, which we call “apparent” petrophysical relations. They provide the connection between concentration, or local resistivity, and inverted resistivity, which is measured at the field scale based on ERT for media containing ionic solute. The apparent petrophysical relations are applied to tomograms of electrical resistivity obtained from field measurements of resistance from cross‐well ERT to create maps of tracer concentration. On the basis of synthetic and field cases we demonstrate that tracer mass and concentration estimates obtained using these apparent petrophysical relations are far better than those obtained using direct application of Archie's law applied to three‐dimensional tomograms from ERT, which gives severe underestimates.
Oceanic deep water formation as a sink of persistent organic pollutants
Authors: Lohmann Rainer , Jurado Elena , Pilson Michael E. Q. , Dachs Jordi
Published: June 2006

The formation of deep oceanic waters occurs as part of the global thermohaline circulation due to gradients in salinity and temperature, and moves surface waters, including persistent organic pollutants (POPs), directly to the deep Ocean. For the four main deep water formation regions, removal fluxes of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners were calculated based on their surface water concentrations and deep water formation rates. PCB fluxes were higher in the Norwegian Sea (ca. 420 kg/yr) than in the Labrador, Ross and Weddell Seas (ca. 140 – 160 kg/yr each). In the four regions considered, more PCBs were removed due to deep water formation (ca. 870 kg/yr) than by the settling of PCBs associated to organic carbon (ca. 320 kg/yr), whereas the settling flux dominates on a basin scale. Several POPs could serve as tracers for oceanic deep water plumes, as they have only been produced for a few decades.
The carbon monoxide tape recorder
Authors: Schoeberl M. R. , Duncan B. N. , Douglass A. R. , Waters J. , Livesey N. , Read W. , Filipiak M.
Published: June 2006

Using Aura MLS data we have identified the stratospheric ‘tape recorder’ in carbon monoxide (CO). Unlike the water vapor tape recorder, which is forced by the upper tropospheric seasonal variation in dehydration processes, the CO tape recorder is linked to seasonal changes in biomass burning. Since CO has a chemical lifetime of only a few months, the CO tape recorder barely extends above 20 km. The tape head for CO appears to be close to 360 K near the same location as the water vapor tape head (Read et al., 2004). Both tape heads are below the equatorial cold point tropopause but above the base of the tropical tropopause layer. The Global Modeling Initiative chemical transport model forced by the climatology of biomass burning reproduces the CO tape recorder. The tape recorder signal in the GMI model becomes more distinct from 360 K to 380 K suggesting that convective detrainment plays a decreasingly important role with altitude.
First observations of the temporal/spatial variation of the sub‐auroral polarization stream from the SuperDARN Wallops HF radar
Authors: Oksavik K. , Greenwald R. A. , Ruohoniemi J. M. , Hairston M. R. , Paxton L. J. , Baker J. B. H. , Gjerloev J. W. , Barnes R. J.
Published: June 2006

In this letter we present the first two‐dimensional observations of sub‐auroral ion drift (SAID) variability within the sub‐auroral polarization stream (SAPS) using a new mid‐latitude SuperDARN radar located at Wallops Island, VA. The radar data are complemented with observations from the DMSP F15, TIMED, and NOAA‐18 spacecraft to confirm that a backscatter feature observed at the equatorward edge of the auroral oval is a manifestation of SAPS/SAID. During a several hour long period on August 6, 2005, the velocity data indicate that significant changes in the SAPS flow occurred on time scales of a few minutes. The Wallops HF radar observations demonstrate that the SAPS phenomenon is a source of small‐scale irregularities extending over many hours of MLT and that the electric fields associated with SAID in particular are highly variable.