bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Scenario-Based Impacts of Land Use and Climate Change on Land and Water Degradation from the Meso to Regional Scale
Authors: Bossa Aymar , Diekkrüger Bernd , Agbossou Euloge
Published: October 2014

Scale-dependent parameter models were developed and nested to the Soil and Water Assessment Tool-SWAT to simulate climate and land use change impacts on water-sediment-nutrient yields in Benin at a regional scale (49,256 km²). Weighted contributions of relevant landscape attributes characterizing the spatial pattern of ongoing hydrological processes were used to constrain the model parameters to acceptable physical meanings. Climate change projections (describing a rainfall reduction of up to 25%) simulated throughout the Regional Model-REMO, very sensitive to a prescribed degradation of land cover, were considered. Land use change scenarios in which the population growth was translated into a specific demand for settlements and croplands (cropland increase of up to 40%) according to the development of the national framework, were also considered. The results were consistent with simulations performed at the meso-scale (586 km2) where local management operations were incorporated. Surface runoff, groundwater flow, sediment and organic N and P yields were affected by land use change (as major effects) of −8% to +50%, while water yield and evapotranspiration were dominantly affected by climate change of −31% to +2%. This tendency was more marked at the regional scale as response to higher scale-dependent rates of natural vegetations with higher conversions to croplands.
Kinetic and kinematic evaluation of compensatory movements of the head, pelvis and thoracolumbar spine associated with asymmetric weight bearing of the pelvic limbs in trotting dogs
Authors: Millis D. L. , Hicks D. A.
Published: October 2014

Objectives: To determine ground reaction forces, head and pelvis vertical motion (HVM and PVM, respectively), and thoraco-lumbar lateral angular motion (LAM) of the spine using kinematic gait analysis in dogs with mild asymmetric weight-bearing of the pelvic limbs while trotting.

Methods: Twenty-seven hound-type dogs were fitted with reflective markers placed on the sagittal crest of the skull, the ischiatic tuberosity, and thoracolumbar spine of dogs to track motion while trotting. Kinetic and kinematic data were used to characterize asymmetry between the left and right pelvic limbs, and to describe HVM, PVM and thoraco-lumbar LAM. Maximum and minimum position and total motion values were determined for each measured variable.

Results: Dogs with asymmetric weight bearing of the pelvic limbs had greater PVM on the side with a greater peak vertical force (PVF), and greater thoraco-lumbar LAM toward the side with a lower PVF while trotting. No differences in mean HVM were detected, and there were no significant correlations between the magnitude of HVM, PVM and thoraco-lumbar LAM and the degree of asymmetric weight bearing.

Clinical significance: Dogs with subtle asymmetric weight bearing of a pelvic limb had patterns of body motion that may be useful in identifying subtle lameness in dogs; greater PVM on the side with greater weight bearing and greater thoraco-lumbar LAM toward the side with less weight bearing while trotting. Description of these compensatory movements is valuable when evaluating dogs with subtle weight bearing asymmetry in the pelvic limbs and may improve the sensitivity of lameness detection during subjective clinical lameness examination.
A simple copper-catalyzed two-step one-pot synthesis of indolo[1,2-a]quinazoline
Authors: Li Chunpu , Zhang Lei , Shu Shuangjie , Liu Hong
Published: October 2014

A convenient CuI/L-proline-catalyzed, two-step one-pot method has been developed for the preparation of indolo[1,2-a]quinazoline derivatives using a sequential Ullmann-type C–C and C–N coupling. This protocol provides an operationally simple and rapid strategy for preparing indolo[1,2-a]quinazoline derivatives and displays good functional group tolerance. All the starting materials are commercial available or can be easily prepared.
THE CONFINEMENT OF CONCRETE IN COMPRESSION USING CFRP COMPOSITES – EFFECTIVE DESIGN EQUATIONS
Authors: Benzaid Riad , Mesbah Habib-Abdelhak
Published: October 2014

This paper presents the results of an experimental study on the behaviour of axially loaded short concrete columns, with different cross sections that have been externally strengthened with carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets. Six series, forming the total of 60 specimens, were subjected to axial compression. All the test specimens were loaded to failure in axial compression and investigated in both axial and transverse directions. According to the obtained test results, FRP-confined specimen failure occurs before the FRP reached the ultimate strain capacities. Thus, the failure occurs prematurely and the circumferential failure strain is lower than the ultimate strain obtained from the standard tensile testing of the FRP composite. In existing models for FRP-confined concrete, it is commonly assumed that the FRP ruptures when the hoop stress in the FRP jacket reaches its tensile strength from either flat coupon tests, which is herein referred to as the FRP material tensile strength. This phenomenon considerably affects the accuracy of the existing models for FRP-confined concrete. On the basis of the effective lateral confining pressure of the composite jacket and the effective circumferential FRP failure strain, new equations were proposed to predict the strength of FRP-confined concrete and corresponding strain for each of the cross section geometry used, circular and square. The estimations given by these equations were compared with the experimental ones and general conclusions were drawn.
AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF CORRELATION BETWEEN THE THICKNESS OF A THERMAL INSULATION LAYER OF THE FLOOR AND THE PAYBACK PERIOD
Authors: Aviza Donatas , Turskis Zenonas
Published: October 2014

The article provides the correlation analysis between the thickness of a thermo-insulation layer of the typical floor-on-soil sample and its simple payback time in a traditional new construction single-apartment residential and net-zero energy building. The calculations were carried out on the energy efficiency class of the building and the geographic area of the construction. On the basis of the results, a simple payback time was calculated. The main aim – thermal transmittance coefficients of soil touching partitions must satisfy the normative value of technical construction regulation and European standards. The research object of the study is relationships between the thickness of a thermoinsulation layer of the typical floor-on-soil sample and its simple payback time. Lithuania was chosen as the geographic area of the research. Calculations were carried out for seven towns: Vilnius, Kaunas, Klaipeda, Siauliai, Panevezys, Utena, and Dukstas. The test result – developed correlation functions. Correlation analysis results are important not only for designers making decisions during the pre-design stage, but also for energy consumption auditors and experts.
Traduire les intraduisibles, un état des lieux
Authors: Cassin Barbara
Published: October 2014

Notre point de départ est le Vocabulaire européen des philosophies, dictionnaire des intraduisibles (Seuil-Robert, 2004). Un « intraduisible » est un symptôme de la différence des langues, non pas ce qu’on ne traduit pas, mais ce qu’on ne cesse pas de (ne pas) traduire. L’ouvrage français voulait aider l’Europe à choisir la diversité des langues qui est la sienne propre, ni globish (global english) ni nationalisme ontologique (une hiérarchie des langues sur le modèle heideggérien). Les traductions paradoxales de ce Dictionnaire des intraduisibles dans différentes langues, comme l’anglo-américain, l’arabe, l’ukrainien, le russe, le roumain, le portugais (Brésil), l’espagnol (Mexique), ont chacune un projet singulier par rapport à leur langue et à leur culture. Mais toutes poursuivent le geste de philosopher en langues.
L'inquiétante étrangeté au cœur de la traduction
Authors: Abdelouahed Houria
Published: October 2014

Habité par la pulsion d’exhumer et guidé par son imagination régressive, le poète Adonis dans al-Kitâb plonge dans l’histoire des Arabes qui équivaut à une rencontre avec les affres du pouvoir et une traversée de l’enfer terrestre. Le poète traduit en mots les pensées et les affects gelés ou pétrifiés et nomme les disparus, victimes d’un pouvoir anthropophage, transformant ainsi « l’histoire-légende » en « histoire-travail ». Le poète traduit le trauma collectif. Son moi se dédouble et se multiplie, sa langue est crue pour dire les atrocités cauchemardesques provoquant un sentiment d’inquiétante étrangeté. L’auteure, qui est la traductrice d’Adonis, rencontre doublement ce sentiment d’inquiétante étrangeté. Car, traduisant, elle se dédouble, à l’instar du poète, et se multiplie. À l’instar du poète, elle utilise la langue crue. Mais elle vit également l’inquiétante étrangeté qui lui vient du refoulé de son histoire.
L'intraduisible et la parole d'une langue à l'autre
Authors: Stitou Rajaa
Published: October 2014

L’intraduisible est au cœur de toute langue. C’est ce qui confronte à l’équivoque d’où peut surgir la voie de l’inventivité et de l’étincelle poétique. Mais il peut aussi exposer au ravage lorsqu’un sujet ou une société transforme l’impossible à dire en impuissance ou en manque à combler. Qu’en est-il du devenir de la parole lors du passage d’une langue à une autre ou lorsque le sujet se sent comme banni du monde parce qu’il parle une langue autre non reconnue comme partageable ? Ceux qui souffrent dans leur langue dite maternelle peuvent-ils nommer leurs blessures dans une autre langue ? L’expérience clinique montre que le recours aux langues étrangères peut constituer un refuge, une défense ou une tentative de délivrance. Mais quel que soit le cas de figure, ce qui est concerné, c’est le rapport de chaque sujet à sa « lalangue ». La « lalangue » qui contient de l’inconnu dans son « archéologie la plus souterraine » est à l’œuvre dans la langue étrangère. Elle véhicule ce qui ne peut s’effacer ni se traduire dans aucune langue apprise. Et dans aucune langue on ne peut se défaire de l’inconscient.
Le nom du silence : du lien symbiotique à la relation symbolique
Authors: Metidji Safia
Published: October 2014

Cet article se propose de rendre au silence sa contenance en partant de sa première origine intra-utérine jusqu’aux frontières qu’il instaure dans la maturation psychique du sujet. Cela nous permettra de situer son évolution du symbiotique vers le symbolique, mettant en évidence la façon dont il participe paradoxalement à nommer le sujet. Nous proposons d’illustrer, à travers le cas d’une patiente, la façon dont le rejet du silence barre le chemin de la subjectivation, et nous verrons ainsi comment la clinique analytique peut aider à ce que le silence de l’absence puisse émerger dans un lieu de subjectivation.
La crise du gaz de 2014 entre l'Ukraine et la Russie : beaucoup de bruit pour rien ?
Authors: Simonet Loïc
Published: October 2014

Les évènements de la place Maidan ont ouvert une nouvelle crise gazière entre l’Ukraine et la Fédération de Russie, alimentée par l’ampleur de la dette ukrainienne à l’égard de Gazprom, dont Moscou exige désormais le remboursement. La position stratégique de l’Ukraine, premier pays de transit d’hydrocarbures au monde, a de longue date exacerbé les tensions avec la Russie, ce qui a conduit chacun des deux États à s’efforcer de s’affranchir de la sujétion vis-à-vis de son voisin. Quant à l’Union européenne, sa vulnérabilité par rapport au gaz russe l’a incité à faire de l’Ukraine la plate-forme énergétique de l’Europe, au point de susciter l’inquiétude de la Russie. Dans ce contexte, l’ultimatum russe du printemps 2014 a fait craindre une nouvelle interruption des flux gaziers, mais un ensemble de paramètres techniques et politiques devraient heureusement éloigner, au moins à court terme, le spectre d’un nouveau Big Zero aux frontières européennes.
La Russie et l'espace eurasiatique
Authors: Marchand Pascal
Published: October 2014

Dans les années 1990, les essais d’union politique entre Russie et Biélorussie ont échoué. Le but de Moscou aujourd’hui est de fonder une zone de libre échange, pour favoriser le développement économique de ses membres. Pour renforcer son poids politique, Moscou compte sur sa diplomatie et son action au sein du club des BRICS. La tension actuelle entre pays occidentaux et Russie favorise la cimentation de ce groupe.
Perversion de l'avenir, au-delà de la perversion
Authors: Sauret Marie-Jean
Published: October 2014

La psychanalyse n’a pas été capable d’inventer une nouvelle perversion. De son côté, le monde contemporain pousse au pervertissement de la loi en substituant une multitude de « lathouses » à l’objet dont la perte cause le désir. Le psychanalyste saura-t-il y préserver sa place de semblant et permettre que la psychanalyse trouve, en même temps qu’elle se renouvelle, « quelque chose de moins stéréotypé » que la perversion ?
Le risque du chemin perdu
Authors: Le Bihan Anne
Published: October 2014

L’analyse consiste à emprunter le chemin perdu, nom du destin que l’inconscient fait au sujet. L’expérience de l’analyse qui le fait s’éprouver aux effets du langage le fait aussi rencontrer l’impasse du sexe et de l’amour et l’impasse du travail de la solution névrotique. Qu’une sortie soit possible tient à ce qu’il n’y ait ni sens commun, ni impasse commune.
Les femmes médecins aujourd'hui : l'avenir de la médecine ?
Authors: Leblond Véronique , Hartemann Agnès , Autran Brigitte
Published: October 2014

La féminisation de la médecine se poursuit avec une nette prédominance féminine chez les étudiants en médecine. Les femmes représentent 44 % des médecins en exercice avec des spécialités où elles sont majoritaires comme la médecine du travail ou la gynécologie médicale. Cependant certaines questions sont encore posées : pourquoi une telle prédominance masculine aux postes de responsabilités ? Les hommes sont-ils meilleurs que les femmes dans l’exercice de la médecine ? La féminisation de la médecine va-t-elle influer sur certaines spécialités ou certaines pratiques ? Qu’en est-il dans les autres pays ? Questions auxquelles nous tentons de répondre par notre vécu et notre cursus en tant que chefs de service dans un grand hôpital universitaire parisien.
Concevoir rapidement des produits et services innovateurs en utilisant une approche ergonomique proactive : le cas d'une entreprise d'aide posturale
Authors: Prévost Marie-Claude , Spooner Daniel
Published: October 2014

Dans cette étude de cas, des idées de produits et services innovateurs sont proposées à un client en utilisant une approche d’ergonomie prospective. Cette approche diffère des approches traditionnelles où le travail se fait dans le cadre spécifique d’un projet défini par un client. L’approche est conçue et adaptée de façon à ce que toutes les étapes de réalisation soient accomplies en peu de temps et puissent fournir un maximum d’éléments prospectifs susceptibles de mener à la création d’idées inédites. La méthodologie consiste en un avant-projet qui inclut des rencontres avec des utilisateurs experts, une analyse de la tâche et se termine par la génération d’idées de projets futurs. Les méthodes et techniques choisies permettent de maintenir un lien étroit avec le milieu de travail tout au long de l’avant-projet et tiennent compte de critères permettant d’évaluer l’utilité future des idées produites. Après avoir rencontré cinq utilisateurs en sept jours, nous avons identifié vingt problèmes à résoudre et huit idées de projets réalisables à court, moyen et long termes. Les idées couvrent une vaste gamme de projets potentiels incluant des améliorations aux produits physiques actuels, de nouvelles lignes de produits, des améliorations au site web et aux logiciels et finalement des projets de recherche. Cette vaste gamme d’idées est possible car la démarche n’est pas confinée par des mandats précis ou par des échéanciers déterminés. Le client a été impliqué dans le processus d’évaluation des idées produites. Comme suite à cette étude, trois projets ont été identifiés et sont en cours de réalisation.
Journal d'une femme de chambre
Authors: Eff Carine
Published: October 2014

Résumé Premier volet d’une grève improbable, celle de femmes de chambre africaines qui ont cessé le travail pendant un an (mars 2002-mars 2003).
L'armée en Irak de 1932 à 1968
Authors: Rey Matthieu
Published: October 2014

L’article propose un autre cadrage chronologique que celui généralement avancé pour comprendre la genèse de l’armée irakienne et son rôle essentiel dans la construction de l’État irakien. Entre 1932 et 1968, c’est-à-dire entre l’indépendance et l’avènement du parti Baath au pouvoir, construction nationale et mise en place de l’outil militaire deviennent largement synonymes. Cet article restitue les dynamiques de pouvoir et les inflexions des régimes à partir du lieu d’observation que constitue l’armée. D’inexistente, celle-ci devient un arbitre des factions politiques avant de conquérir le pouvoir. Mais cette mainmise précipite sa dislocation en tant que force militaire, laissant la place à un ensemble de groupes miliciens concurrents.
Politiques et généraux en Israël aux 20 e et 21 e siècles
Authors: Cohen Samy
Published: October 2014

Objet d’un consensus pendant les deux premières décennies de la fondation de l’État, Tsahal est devenue une institution n’échappant pas à la critique publique. Son image d’« armée de la nation », creuset de générations successives d’immigrants, demeure vivace. Mais cette image ne reflète plus aujourd’hui toute la réalité et ces transformations ne vont pas sans doutes ni interrogations : quel est le poids des soldats religieux ? Les généraux sont-ils une menace pour la démocratie israélienne ? Est-ce l’État qui « dispose d’une armée » ou l’armée qui « dispose d’un État » ?
Les mutations de Vingtième Siècle. Revue d'histoire
Authors: Roussellier Nicolas
Published: October 2014

La revue Vingtième Siècle a connu au cours des quinze dernières années plusieurs transformations majeures. La première touche à la composition de son comité de lecture qui s’est considérablement élargi et diversifié. Il est composé en 2014 de représentants de nombreux domaines de recherches, alors que la revue avait été lancée en 1984 autour de l’histoire politique. La deuxième transformation concerne l’impact de la mondialisation sur le choix des publications. La revue publie un plus grand nombre d’articles consacrés à des sujets non français, notamment ceux qui relèvent de l’histoire transnationale. Enfin, la transformation la plus spectaculaire est le passage au numérique et ses implications sur le mode de lecture et l’élargissement du lectorat.
La politique d'éducation prioritaire
Authors: Heurdier Lydie
Published: October 2014

La politique d’éducation prioritaire française est une des mesures prises en 1981 pour lutter contre les inégalités sociales, dans un contexte de décentralisation et de déconcentration accrue. Elle est alors aussi conçue comme un laboratoire pour transformer le système éducatif. Cette politique de discrimination positive singulière avait d’abord été imaginée en réponse à des situations pédagogiques extrêmes et circonscrites, avant d’être traduite en projet syndical puis politique. Entre 1981 et 2001, trois temps forts de rédaction de textes réglementaires apparaissent. Le choix prudent d’Alain Savary d’éviter tout débat parlementaire marque son pragmatisme et sa détermination à introduire une politique de différenciation.
COMPARISON OF TYPE-2 FUZZY CLUSTERING-BASED CASCADE CLASSIFIER MODELS FOR ECG ARRHYTHMIAS
Authors: Ceylan Rahime , Özbay Yüksel , Karlik Bekir
Published: October 2014

The aim of this study is to present a comparison of the novel cascade classifier models based on fuzzy clustering and feature extraction techniques according to efficiency. These models are composed of three subsystems: The first subsystem is constituted by fuzzy clustering technique to choose the best patterns that ideally show its class attributes in dataset. The second subsystem consists of discrete wavelet transform (DWT) which realizes feature extraction procedure on selected patterns by using fuzzy c-means clustering. The last subsystem implements the classification of extracted features for each pattern using classification algorithm. In this paper, type-2 fuzzy c-means (T2FCM) clustering is used in the first subsystem of the proposed classification models and the new training set is obtained. In the second subsystem, the features of the obtained new training set are extracted with DWT; hence, three different feature sets along with different number of features are formed using Daubechies-2 wavelet function. In the last subsystem of the model, the feature sets are classified using classification algorithm. Here, two different classification algorithms, neural network (NN) and support vector machine (SVM), are used for comparison. Thus, two classification models are implemented and named as T2FCWNN (classifier is NN) and T2FCWSVM (classifier is SVM), respectively. This proposed classifier models have been applied to classify electrocardiogram (ECG) signals. One of the goals of this study is to present a fast and efficient classifier. For this reason, high accuracy rate is been aimed for classification of RR intervals in ECG signal. So, we have utilized T2FCM and WTs to improve the performance of the classification algorithms. Both training and testing set for classifier models have included 12 ECG signal classes. Well-known back propagation algorithm has been used for training of neural networks (NNs). The best testing results have been obtained with 99% recognition accuracy with T2FCWNN-2.
ICT Policies Favouring Human Rights
Authors: Weber Rolf H.
Published: October 2014

The tremendous developments in information and communication technologies (ICTs) over the last 20 years have substantially changed communication practices across the world. The Internet and mobile phones help to open new horizons for connections between people, leading to a global network for the sharing of information and ideas. In this new environment, human rights need to have a place, and traditional notions related to mass media need to be adapted to the needs of civil society. Freedom of expression has become much more individualistic, with information exchanges no longer relying on the traditional intermediaries (mass media) but on the exchange of ideas on social networking and other platforms. Civil society participation in the information world requires the necessary infrastructure however. And since states have an obligation to see to it that human rights are realized in practice, this may mean the facilitation of private investments to improve the ICT infrastructure. In this context, ICT policies favoring human rights must encompass a right to development.
Students on the Rise
Authors: Bishop Elizabeth
Published: October 2014

This chapter discusses the recent findings of the Drop Knowledge Project in New York City (DKPNYC). The DKPNYC is a cultural studies research project designed to excavate the discourses of urban youth activism and organizing in relation to critical literacy learning. In this chapter, the authors look at the work of the DKPNYC youth activists around issues related to immigrant rights and educational justice in out-of-school spaces. Amongst the interconnected issues surrounding this work, the youth participants in the DKPNYC all organize around issues related to the struggle of undocumented youth to access quality education in the United States. Data collected from the study is decidedly cross-cultural, with participants articulating visions of themselves and their future in relation to their cultural heritage and their inter-subjective ethical learning. Implications from the study provide insight to educators, researchers, and community-based organizations about educating immigrant youth and others on pressing issues around immigrant learning.
Lessons from the International Governance of Biotechnology
Authors: Rhodes Catherine
Published: October 2014

This chapter covers the development and operation of norms within the international system and more specifically within the international governance of biotechnology. Through the use of case studies it highlights several key points which should be considered when analysing the role, application and implementation of norms in other governance areas.
Paradigms of Governance
Authors: Lavelle Sylvain
Published: October 2014

The elaboration of some paradigms of governance lies upon the opposition between the democratic and the non-democratic, namely, as will be shown and defined, the technocratic (skilled-based power), the ethocratic (virtue-based power), and the epistocratic (wisdom-based power). The point in this opposition is that, contrary to the democratic paradigm, the non-democratic ones assume that the condition for social rules or decisions to be valid is their reflecting, discussing and making by an elite of experts, virtuous or wise individuals or groups. There is no doubt in these paradigms a basic distrust as to the ability of the people to take in charge the public affairs and then to elaborate the appropriate standards and norms accounting for the regulation of actions and conducts. The re-construction of these four paradigms (the democratic and the non-democratic) can be illuminating as regards the interpretation of the actual expert and law-driven trends in the ethical governance of technology. It appears, indeed, that the paradigms of technocracy as well as that of ethocracy still operate in the design of governance settings aimed at regulating research and innovation projects.
CyberEthics Case Study
Authors: Sakka Georgia , Spyrou Iliada
Published: October 2014

This chapter analyses the role of cyber ethics and other related issues such as electronic commerce (e-commerce) and customers' protection, privacy, anonymity, psychological and mental wealth-being. It focuses on consumerism cybercrimes such as consumer fraud, online deceptive advertisements, financial fraud and also on social cybercrimes such as pornography, racism, xenophobia, bullying, sexting, cyber hate and cyber staking. Most importantly, this chapter identifies and illustrates how confrontation and prevention tools, including security education and research, are instrumental to overcoming cybercrime on a longer term basis. The chapter is based on a case study and examines the existing literature review in correlation to the existing practices of the Cyprus Safer Internet Center operating in Cyprus – CyberEthics.
Understanding ICT
Authors: Mahtab Nazmunnessa , Mahtab Nehal
Published: October 2014

This chapter focuses on how e-Governance empowers women, specifically poor rural women. ICT for Development emerged as a new area of work in the mid-1990s at a time when the potential of new technologies was starting to be better understood. In poor countries, particularly rural women in Bangladesh, access to ICTs is still a faraway reality for the vast majority of these women as they are further removed from the information age, as they are unaware of the demonstrated benefit from ICTs to address ground-level development challenges. The barriers they face pose greater problems for the poor rural women, who are more likely to be illiterate, not know English, and lack opportunities for training in computer skills. Access to ICT can enable women to gain a stronger voice in their government and at the global level. ICT also offers women flexibility in time and space and can be of particular value to women who face social isolation, especially the women in the rural areas in Bangladesh. To represent the use of ICT, this chapter focuses on the use of “Mobile Phone” by the rural women of Bangladesh and how the use of mobile phones have helped in empowering rural poor women in Bangladesh.
Business Ethics in Emerging Economies
Authors: Windsor Duane
Published: October 2014

This chapter seeks to identify useful game-theoretic insights concerning key issues of business ethics in emerging economies. The study considers four elements in this sequence: game theory, emerging economies, business ethics, and key issues. The chapter does not undertake formal modeling but rather emphasizes useful insights. Game theory provides assistance in reasoning about strategic scenarios for businesses in emerging economies. A multinational entity operates within layers of institutions and norms from international to national and sub-national levels. The approach taken here is to inquire into certain specific decision scenarios available in the extant literature as instances of important classes of decision problems. These scenarios involve long-term sustainable business models, corporate values, and corporate reputation.
Development of the Leader Integrity Assessment
Authors: Marshall J. Alan
Published: October 2014

The purpose of this research is to develop a direct and concise perceived leader integrity instrument that is posed from a positive perspective. The integrity construct in this study is developed from the tradition of moral philosophy and virtue ethics. The integrity construct in this study incorporates two aspects of integrity found in the literature, namely value-behavior congruence and a requirement that this congruence be grounded in morality. The moral philosophy used in this study to ground the integrity construct is virtue ethics as proposed by ancient philosophy and later maintained by Christian virtue ethics in the middle ages. An expert panel was used to establish content validity and construct validity/reliability was established via analysis of three samples of Air Force personnel associated with the U-2 pilot community. Nomological validity is established by leveraging the resultant Leader Integrity Assessment 15 to investigate the hypothesized moderating effects on the relationship between leader prototypicality and follower trust in the leader as proposed in the Kalshoven and Den Hartog (2009) Ethical Leadership Model. Overall, the Leader Integrity Assessment 15 was found valid and reliable and the integrity construct was found unidimensional as hypothesized.
The Impact of Faith on Servant Leadership and Leadership Behavior
Authors: Puls Timothy R.
Published: October 2014

The objective of this chapter is to describe a couple of the deepest, compelling antecedents or schemata that shape personal faith and spiritual beliefs as well as two behaviors that exude outwardly toward followers of servant leaders. The first three core leadership points are strongly based on the theoretical model of Phipps (2012). The first core subject is a leader's personal spiritual beliefs, schema, or worldview. The existential worldview, as categorized by Koltko-Rivera (2004), shares the Christian worldview as a prototypical basis for servant leadership. The second core subject is a leader's constructive development or life experience, which shapes a leader's thinking (Phipps, 2012). This entails how a leader learns, processes, and makes meaning by reflecting on the school of personal experience, including trials and crucibles. The third core subject is more of a leader outcome, called meta-belief. A servant leader utilizes meta-belief or self-awareness in order to make choices in particular places and contexts. Finally, the fourth core essential subject that is evident to followers of servant leaders is vision and hope. A hopeful leader is always optimistically looking ahead with foresight, knowing what has taken place in both the past and present.
The Social Responsibility
Authors: Matei Mirela , Done Ioan
Published: October 2014

This chapter focuses on the topic of social responsibility and the interference with other concepts like business ethics, cause related marketing, or corporate governance. In addition, the study presents the motivations of companies that are implicated in different Social Responsible programmes. The main objective of this chapter is to delimitate the concept of social responsibility from other concepts and to present the main motivations for companies that run different SR programs.
Ethical Issues of ‘Morality Mining'
Authors: Christen Markus , Alfano Mark , Bangerter Endre , Lapsley Daniel
Published: October 2014

When data mining aims to disclose information about the moral competences and values of individuals or groups – an undertaking we call ‘morality mining' –, novel ethical problems emerge. These are only partially covered by the current debate on ethical data mining focusing on privacy with respect to discrimination, threats to autonomy, misuse of data, and the consequences of erroneous information. An ethics of morality mining is of particular relevance for research in social science and psychology that increasingly relies on data emerging from social networks, media portals, etc., where people act from or at least in accordance with their own values. In this conceptual contribution, we outline the basic idea of morality mining, explain why we believe that morality mining is associated with novel ethical problems, and suggest ways to address these problems that could potentially help to resolve various socio-economic problems a society or community faces.
The Un/Acceptability of Virtual Moral Practices
Authors: Gabriels Katleen
Published: October 2014

This article conjoins a foundation in moral philosophy with an empirical study on the un/acceptability of moral practices in ‘Second Life' (SL). SL-residents were asked to rank morally charged SL-scenarios in a classification from ‘(most) unacceptable' to ‘(most) acceptable' and, while doing so, to reason out loud about their ranking. The analysis presented here focuses on their converging and diverging arguments. Regarding converging arguments, there was consensus on the unacceptability of six scenarios. Research participants believed these scenarios transcend the merely virtual and they subsequently grounded their argumentation in actual principles. They further agreed upon seven scenarios as acceptable; these scenarios were considered as typical features of SL and subsequently were not morally problematized. Regarding other scenarios, no consensus was reached. The author discusses these findings in terms of their ethical implications and in light of current approaches in the field of ‘computer ethics'.
Globalization and Library and Information Science
Authors: Abdullahi Ismail
Published: October 2014

Globalization is a complex set of partly contradictory forces. Driven by technological and transportation and, as in the case of libraries, high and fast transfer of information, globalization has accelerated tremendously. There are those who think globalization affects the nation, especially the developing world. They feel that their culture is fragmented as Western values and ways of life are becoming dominant, and others think that globalization creates new opportunities for those who are left out of economically, culturally, and in trade. For the development of libraries, political stability and economic growth are essential resources. At the same time, we understand that libraries are part of cultural institutions. If as some think, globalization takes away certain powers from nation-states, are libraries able to develop and preserve the nation's heritage in such environments? This chapter examines the ethical implication of globalization in the development of library and information science.
Studying Professional Degrees via the Internet
Authors: Sullivan Kirk P. H.
Published: October 2014

This case places the student in focus and through a reflective case study considers four distance professional degree programs. The author of this case followed these programs as life-long learning professional activities. The case considers the nudge, the study, and degree completion. The reflection is structured around the themes of initial contact, communication, support, deadlines, work, and keeping going. These themes reveal challenges, issues, and questions of relevance for the student and university. Key skills to assist the student towards completion are suggested along with what the potential student should consider prior to enrolling in a professional degree program that is delivered via the Internet. The growth in distance professional degrees, including professional doctorates, demonstrates the importance of the challenges, issues, and questions of relevance considered in this case from the student's perspective.
The Developmental Effect of a New Political Anomaly on the Oldest ICT
Authors: Takavarasha Jr. Sam , Masunungure Eldred V.
Published: October 2014

Economic growth in countries like China, whose democratic credentials and human rights records are unimpressive, compels us to question the democracy-development nexus articulated by eminent writers like Amartya Sen. Against this background, this chapter assesses the impact of pseudo-democratic politics on the use of ICTs for development. It is based on research done in Zimbabwe, an electoral autocracy that recovered from being the world's worst economy in 2008 to impressive economic stability post-2009 (i.e. after the formation of a coalition government that, however, did not usher in substantive improvements in political and civic freedoms and liberties). Sen's (1999) capability approach and Illich's (1973) concept of conviviality are used for analysing the banning of the use of short wave radios in Zimbabwe just before elections that will signal the termination of the coalition government before the end of 2013. The research investigates if and how political and civic freedoms affect development. It shows that in a dual political economy like Zimbabwe, the formal (urban) economy may stabilize without political freedoms yet enclaves of poverty may deepen in the informal and rural economies due to lack of human development. A framework for the effect of politics on the role of analogue radio in development is proposed.
Game Theory vs. Business Ethics
Authors: Tran Ben
Published: October 2014

In 1954, the British philosopher Richard Braithwaite gave his inaugural lecture, Theory of Games as a Tool for the Moral Philosopher. Braithwaite predicted game theory would fundamentally change moral philosophy. However, in hindsight, John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern's publication of Theory of Games and Economic Behaviour was the moment modern game theory entered the discipline of ethics. The purpose of this chapter is to analyze the relationship between game theory and business ethics. In other words, this chapter explains how game theory plays a role in business ethics and affects business ethics for emerging economies and covers in detail: 1) the history of game theory; 2) types of/definition(s) of games; 3) business ethics; 4) business; and 5) ethics. The chapter concludes with the role that game theory and business ethics play in emerging economies.
Ethics and E-Marketing
Authors: Codling Jim
Published: October 2014

The use of electronics has made old standards obsolete or at least “Passé.” Therefore, the question of ethics in the use of electronics has not been addressed very well. Common practices are forgotten as well as privacy and separation of work and down time. What this chapter entertains is to set up standards by which the entrepreneur can make best use of e-marketing, use of Internet, e-mails, and other electronic processes that can be used for commerce, while being sensitive to the standards that exist in differing societies and cultures. A starting point must be in distinguishing the needs and cultural standards between developed and developing countries. Another consideration must be the cultural norms of people who live in different places to include religions and moral/ethical standards.
Broadening the Scope of Ethical Consumer Behaviour
Authors: Chaminda J. W. Dushan , Ratnayake Nilanthi
Published: October 2014

Consumption is an essential everyday process. By very nature, it is a means of expressing our moral identities and an outlet for ethical obligations. In more recent years, ethical aspects of consumption have come under greater scrutiny with the emergence of ethical consumption discourses, and are currently associated with a range of consumer behaviours and responsible business practices. To this end, religion is an undeniably powerful and concurrently the most successful marketing force that can shape the ethical behaviour, yet under-investigated in consumption practices despite Corporate Socially Responsibility provoked ethical behaviour. Ethical consumption practices are regularly characterised as consumption activities that avoid harm to other people, animals or the environment where basic Buddhist teachings become more pertinent and practiced in Buddhist communities. This study conceptualises the importance of religious beliefs in ethical consumer behaviour and through researcher introspection methodology, the study empirically explore whether and how ethical consumerism is reflected through Five Precepts of Buddhism [i.e. (1) abstain from taking life, (2) abstain from stealing, (3) abstain from sexual misconduct, (4) abstain from false speech, and (5) abstain from intoxicants that cloud the mind]. The study contributes to the theory and teaching in the marketing discipline by linking how religious beliefs enhance ethical consumerism that remains largely unexplored.
Opportunities for Enhancing Ethical Climates in Online Courses
Authors: Hulsart Robyn , McCarthy Vikkie
Published: October 2014

This case study outlines issues with student academic integrity in an online undergraduate program and explains how faculty can play an important role in reducing the likelihood that students will decide to cheat. The study describes possible motivations for student misconduct, student acceptance of academic dishonesty, and administrative/faculty responses to violations of published academic integrity policies. It also presents a model of online course climate in which both faculty and students have responsibilities to the classroom and ethical facilitation of course content. This case looks at one institution's effort to integrate integrity into a curriculum by instilling a culture of trust from which lessons beyond the classroom can be learned.
Human Rights Defenders and the Right to Digital Privacy and Security
Authors: Notley Tanya , Hankey Stephanie
Published: October 2014

Digital technologies, such as mobile phones and the internet, provide new opportunities for Human Rights Defenders to mobilise people, coordinate activities, uncover and document abuses, publish findings, and engage new audiences. However, with these new opportunities come new risks as well. This chapter examines the right to and need for private digital communication as part of freedom of expression in the context of carrying out human rights work. Drawing on their experiences at Tactical Technology Collective, an international non-government organisation, the authors argue that the most effective means to address the digital privacy needs of people who are defending human rights is to provide a range of support - including awareness raising media, how-to toolkits, and hands-on training - that assist Human Rights Defenders to identify and then address digital risks by changing behaviours in ways most appropriate to their local context.
Penguins Huddling Optimisation
Authors: al-Rifaie Mohammad Majid
Published: October 2014

In our everyday life, people deal with many optimisation problems, some of which trivial and some more complex. These problems have been frequently addressed using multi-agent, population-based approaches. One of the main sources of inspiration for techniques applicable to complex search space and optimisation problems is nature. This paper proposes a new metaheuristic – Penguin Huddling Optimisation or PHO – whose inspiration is beckoned from the huddling behaviour of emperor penguins in Antarctica. The simplicity of the algorithm, which is the implementation of one such paradigm for continuous optimisation, facilitates the analysis of its behaviour and the derivation of the optimal value for its single adjustable parameter in the update equation. A series of experimental trials confirms the promising performance of the optimiser over a set of benchmarks, as well as its competitiveness when compared against few other well-known population based algorithms.
An Empirical Analysis of Extended Meanings of Lexical Items in a H1N1 Corpus
Authors: Wang Jessie Yi-jia
Published: October 2014

The year 2009 has witnessed a global outbreak of a new strain of influenza A virus subtype H1N1. Despite the high exposure on the mass media, few researches have been conducted on the discourse related to the H1N1 event. This study examined six frequently-occurred lexical items in a pandemic (H1N1) corpus: influenza, pandemic, cases, virus, transmission and death, using Sinclair's (2004) descriptive model of lexical items. WordSmith 5.0 (Scott, 2010) was used to generate a keyword list and concordances. The randomly-selected concordances were then analysed from five perspectives, the core, collocation, colligation, semantic preference and semantic prosody. The findings show that the extended meanings of the lexical items are specific in the context of pandemic H1N1 event and they are interrelated in the context. It is argued that it is the study of lexical items rather than single words that enables language learners to better understand the meanings of words.
Problematic but Possible
Authors: Cassar Maria , Trapani Josef
Published: October 2014

This artifact identifies the main challenges experienced by the authors, both nurse educators, in the delivery of a module on evidence based practice exclusively through the use of an e-learning platform. The module has been running for the past four years as part of an entirely online post registration programme for qualified health professionals seeking a baccalaureate qualification, and makes use of asynchronous online discussions coupled with traditional written assignments as assessment methods. The authors' efforts to address the identified challenges are discussed, in view of flagging the measures which may need to be put in place by educators embarking on similar teaching initiatives.
The Influence of Self-Efficacies on Readers' Intention to Use E-Reading Devices
Authors: Tsai Bor-Yuan , Yen Jung-Nan
Published: October 2014

E-books and e-Reading Devices (E-RDs) markets have been enlarged due to the rapid progress of digital technologies. What are the possible factors to increase readers' willingness to use electronic devices? To improve the predictive value of the original TAM model, this study incorporates three additional constructs to form e-Reading Device Acceptance Mode: reading self-efficacy, computer self-efficacy and perceived enjoyment. This model consists of six constructs and 11 research hypotheses. The research questionnaires were distributed in Taiwan, and the research results showed that reading self-efficacy shows positive influences on readers' intention to use the E-RDs. On the contrary, computer self-efficacy does not show positive influences on perceived usefulness or perceived enjoyment. Moreover, the perceived ease of use of E-RDs does not show significant impacts on readers' intention to use the devices. Explanations of the causes and reasons are given in this paper, and the finding of this research may provide useful references and materials for e-book publishers, e-reading device developers, and researchers for further studies.
Adaptive Self-Organization in Distributed Tree Topologies
Authors: Pournaras Evangelos , Warnier Martijn , Brazier Frances M.T.
Published: October 2014

Tree topologies are often deployed in large-scale distributed systems to structure a hierarchical communication. Building and maintaining overlay networks self-organized in tree topologies is challenging to achieve in dynamic environments. Performance trade-offs between resilience to failures and message overhead need to be considered. This paper introduces eight adaptation strategies that provide a higher abstraction, modularity and reconfigurability in the tree self-organization process. Performance can be further enhanced by dynamically changing strategies during system runtime. Experimental evaluation illustrates the performance trade-offs and properties of adaptation strategies.