bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modernism's Risky Business: Gertrude Stein, Sylvia Beach, and American Consumer Capitalism
Authors: Karl Alissa
Published: February 2008

This essay evaluates how American expatriate modernist projects were structured by ideas about commerce and consumerism prominent in the United States during the early decades of the twentieth century. The study describes how Gertrude Stein's The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas (1933) and Sylvia Beach's memoir Shakespeare and Company (1956) use ideas about consumer capitalism espoused by U.S. consumer elites (policy makers, industrialists, and public relations professionals) to construe their authors as American modernists. In these two texts, Stein and Beach regard consumption as productive, elevate entrepreneurship to an avant-garde activity, and consider modernist audiences a cultivated subset of a standardized mass market. The risk, resistance, and marginality that Stein and Beach believed distinguished their endeavors were derived from the rationales of U.S. capitalism, even as mass-market consumerism and corporate culture were the counterpoints against which both writers articulated their modernist values. Furthermore, each text figures its author as an American modernist via a nationalized economic imaginary that emphasizes progress, risk, and perseverance as distinguishing national features. The essays considers Stein and Beach alongside a stateside American modernist, journal editor Margaret Anderson (whose memoir My Thirty Years' War [1930] is engaged with the business of modernism but does not nationalize commercial values) to establish that these expatriate modernists remained tied to the nation they left behind through the economic ideas that shaped their ideas about modernism.
Värro Muorra: The Landscape Significance of Sami Sacred Wooden Objects and Sacrificial Altars
Authors: Bergman Ingela , Östlund Lars , Zackrisson Olle , Liedgren Lars
Published: February 2008

Prior to Christianization, initiated by the Swedish Crown and Church during the seventeenth century, the religion of the native Sami people of northern Scandinavia included animistic beliefs centered on animal ceremonialism. The Sami religion evolved in the framework of hunter-gatherer subsistence, and landscapes were laden with religious significance. The authors of this essay seek to highlight the significance of sacrificial sites as ethnic and religious demarcations in times of conflict between Swedish society and the Sami. We focus especially on sacrificial wooden objects as representations of religious space, discussing three sacrificial sites from different periods and representing a geographical gradient. We conclude that wooden sacrificial sites were still frequent and prominent features of the Sami landscape during the seventeenth century and the first half of the eighteenth century in northern Sweden. However, in the following century, the indigenous religion was forced into secrecy. Today, elements of indigenous religious space, as indicated by place names and oral traditions, reflect but fragments of a landscape that was once a coherent whole.
Women “Living across the Line”: Intermarriage on the Canadian Prairies and in Southern New Zealand, 1870–1900
Authors: Wanhalla Angela
Published: February 2008

During the late nineteenth century reserve lines and boundaries were sharply drawn in Canada and New Zealand, and, as a consequence, the choice to marry “out” had very real material implications for aboriginal women. This article examines the “reserve experience” of indigenous women in Canada and New Zealand, focusing on the native reserve as a significant site of interracial contact. Native reserves were designed to be distinct settlements, but intermarriage undermined the pretense of separate living spaces that reserves were designed to generate. Intermarriage, and the spatial relocation that followed, are significant components of the reserve experience for indigenous women over the period 1870 to 1900. Understanding of the reserve experience requires reorientation to account for spatial movement and migration, viewing the reserve not just as a bounded space, but also as a site where border crossings and resistances took place and where interracial relationships flourished.
The Politics of Intracommunity Land Conflict in the Late Colonial Andes
Authors: Serulnikov Sergio
Published: February 2008

The article explores the causes, ideological underpinnings, and political repercussions of land battles among the Pocoata, an ethnic group in the southern Andes, during the eighteenth century. These disputes afford us a glimpse into the competing native concepts of land tenure rights; the array of means, legal and extralegal, Andean and Spanish, of solving conflicts between families and ayllus; and the key role of the ethnic chiefs in the struggles over community boundaries and the distribution of plots among community members. The essay argues that, by underscoring the inability of both native and colonial rulers to handle mounting demographic pressures, the intense process of intraethnic strife contributed to the disruption of rural authority.
The ethical junior: a typology of ethical problems faced by house officers
Authors: McDougall Rosalind , Sokol Daniel K
Published: February 2008

Although many studies have explored the experiences of doctors in their first postgraduate year, few have focused on the ethical issues encountered by this group. Based on an extensive literature review of research involving house officers, we argue that these doctors encounter a broad range of‘ everyday’ ethical challenges, from truth-telling to working in non-ideal conditions. We propose a typology of house officers' ethical issues and advocate prioritizing these issues in undergraduate medical ethics and law curricula.
Why We Trussed the Police: Police Governance and the Problem of Trust
Authors: Gilmour Stan
Published: February 2008

The paradox running through this paper concerns the relationship between society and the police whereby, in order to trust that the police will not abuse their power, the public invariably ensure they are trussed. Central to this is the question of how, in thinking about police governance, can trust be acknowledged as a fundamental feature of police relationships, and how can trust be activated to ensure that the police are regarded as legitimate? This highlights a further paradox, whereby the institution charged with trussing the police, the government, is also a major beneficiary of the security which the police bring. At issue is a statement of the underlying principles which make for a more democratically responsive police service.
The ‘Economic Activities' of Russian Police
Authors: Wilson Deborah G. , Kolennikova Olga , Kosals Leonid , Ryvkina Rozalina , Simagin Yu
Published: February 2008

This research is an analysis of the ‘economic activities' of Russian police officers. ‘Economic activities' include acts defined as police corruption and police misconduct. Some of the activities are those which, if pursued in police agencies in the United States, would be defined as ‘moonlighting’. The Russian Law of the Militia defines not only police corruption and other forms of misconduct but defines and limits police participation in what would be considered legal economic activities. This law limits police ‘moonlighting’ to teaching, research or the arts. Other legitimate work such as private security, sales, etc comes to be defined as ‘misconduct’. The findings are based on surveys from 2,209 police officers stationed in eight regions of Russia during 2002. The surveys solicited self-report information on a variety of forms of police misconduct and corruption as well as attitudes concerning police misconduct and corruption and public attitudes toward police. In addition to the survey, interviews were conducted with police to gather qualitative information. The results showed that Russian police are highly involved in ‘economic’ activities in addition to their regular responsibilities as police. Many of the economic activities involve corruption. Many are those prohibited by the Law of the Militia. In fact, most of the reported activity was police misconduct created through the application of the Law of the Militia. It would not be considered illegal, immoral or unethical if the individual involved were not a police officer. This Law of the Militia plays a significant role in the institutionalisation of corruption and the creation of secondary deviance within this police force.
Knowledge Management in Law Enforcement: Knowledge Views for Patrolling Police Officers
Authors: Holgersson Stefan , Gottschalk Petter , Dean Geoff
Published: February 2008

This paper describes and classifies different types of knowledge that are a part of police patrol officers' practice. Even though an intervention usually forces a police officer to apply several different knowledge types, this paper discusses different forms of professional knowledge separately to enable categorisation. In general, a large part of police officers' professional knowledge, as well as professional knowledge in many other contexts, is complex and difficult to describe and explain in words. The police profession is distinguished by the broad range of knowledge types that are required and by the time pressure under which actions often must be taken. This paper presents a polarisation into two knowledge management perspectives: the theoretical knowledge view and the street-level knowledge view respectively.
Suspicion and Traffic Stops: Crime Control or Racial Profiling
Authors: Vito Gennaro F. , Walsh William F.
Published: February 2008

Suspicion is an understudied factor in police discretionary decision-making. This study presents an analysis of traffic stop data from Louisville, KY that focuses upon factors that led police officers to note that they had ‘pre-existing knowledge’ about certain persons who were stopped. Factors related to this designation with specific emphasis upon race are considered.
Measures of Childhood Fitness and Body Mass Index are Associated With Bone Mass in Adulthood: A 20-Year Prospective Study
Authors: Foley Stella , Quinn Stephen , Dwyer Terry , Venn Alison , Jones Graeme
Published: February 2008

The long-term effects of childhood exercise and body mass index (BMI) on bone mass remain uncertain. We measured 1434 children, 7–15 yr of age, as part of the Australian Schools Health and Fitness Survey in 1985 and ∼20 yr later (mean age, 31 yr). Fitness measures included a 1.6-km run and a 50-m sprint (childhood only), leg strength, standing long jump, and physical work capacity at 170 beats/min (PWC170; childhood and adulthood). BMI was assessed at both time points. A single Sahara bone ultrasound densitometer was used to determine heel bone mass. We found, in females, there were modest but significant beneficial relationships between the childhood 1.6-km run, 50-m sprint, standing long jump, and adult bone mass. In both sexes, PWC170 at 9 yr of age had a greater influence on adult bone mass (r2 = 5–8%, all p < 0.05) than it did for 15 yr olds (r2 = <1%, all p > 0.05), independent of adult performance. In the 12 yr olds, childhood PWC170 was also associated with female adult bone mass (broadband ultrasound attenuation: r2 = 6%, p = 0.045). In males, childhood BMI (but no performance measures) was positively associated with adult bone mass after adjustment for adult BMI. In conclusion, childhood fitness levels, particularly in females and in the early pubertal years, are predictive of adult skeletal status as measured by quantitative ultrasound, whereas BMI is predictive in males only. These results suggest that increased skeletal loading in childhood leads to an increase in peak bone mass independent of current loading.
Vitamin D Receptor Polymorphisms and Falls Among Older Adults Living in the Community: Results From the ilSIRENTE Study
Authors: Onder Graziano , Capoluongo Ettore , Danese Paola , Settanni Silvana , Russo Andrea , Concolino Paola , Bernabei Roberto , Landi Francesco
Published: February 2008

Vitamin D receptor (VDR) genotypes were associated with cognitive status, depressive symptoms, strength, and sarcopenia, but, thus far, no study has assessed their relationship with falls. The objective of this study is to evaluate whether, in a population of older adults living in the community, VDR FokI and BsmI genotypes are associated with falls. To this aim, we used data from the baseline evaluation of the ilSIRENTE study, which enrolled older adults ≥80 yr of age living in the community in Italy. Falls occurring within 90 days of assessment were assessed by study personnel. The mean age of 259 study participants was 85.0 ± 4.5 (SD) yr; 172 (66.4%) were women. Overall, 33 (12.7%) participants reported one or more falls. The rate of falls was 19.5% in participants with the BB genotype, 11.1% in those with Bb genotype, and 5.9% in those with bb genotype (p for linear trend = 0.02). After adjusting for potential confounders, compared with participants with the BB genotype, those with the bb genotype had a significantly lower OR for falls 0.14 (95% CI, 0.03–0.66). Rate of falls did not differ significantly across FokI genotypes (FF: 14.4%, Ff: 11.9%, ff: 9.1%; p = 0.43). In conclusion, the VDR bb genotype of the BsmI gene is associated with a reduced rate of falls compared with the BB genotype, whereas no effect on falls was shown for FokI polymorphism. Further studies conducted in larger population are needed to confirm the association of BsmI genotype and falls and to understand reasons for these findings.
Eight Months of Regular In-School Jumping Improves Indices of Bone Strength in Adolescent Boys and Girls: The POWER PE Study
Authors: Weeks Benjamin K , Young Cath M , Beck Belinda R
Published: February 2008

The POWER PE study was an 8-mo, randomized, controlled, school-based exercise intervention designed to apply known principles of effective bone loading to practical opportunities to improve life-long musculoskeletal outcomes. A total of 99 adolescents (46 boys and 53 girls) with a mean age of 13.8 ± 0.4 yr (peri- to postpubertal) volunteered to participate. Intervention subjects performed 10 min of jumping activity in place of regular physical education (PE) warm up. Control subjects performed usual PE warm-up activities. Bone mass (DXA and QUS) was assessed at baseline and follow-up along with anthropometry, maturity, muscle power, and estimates of physical activity and dietary calcium. Geometric properties (such as femoral neck [FN] moment of inertia) were calculated from DXA measures. Boys in the intervention group experienced improvements in calcaneal broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) (+5.0%) and fat mass (−10.5%), whereas controls did not (+1.4% and –0.8%, respectively). Girls in the intervention group improved FN BMC (+13.9%) and lumbar spine (LS) BMAD (+5.2%) more than controls (+4.9% and +1.5%, respectively). Between-group comparisons of change showed intervention effects only for whole body (WB) BMC (+10.6% versus +6.3%) for boys. Boys in the intervention group gained more lean tissue mass, trochanter (TR) BMC, LS BMC, and WB BMC and lost more fat mass than girls in the intervention group (p < 0.05). Ten minutes of jumping activity twice a week for 8 mo during adolescence seems to improve bone accrual in a sex-specific manner. Boys increased WB bone mass and BUA, and reduced fat mass, whereas girls improved bone mass at the hip and spine.
Longitudinal Trends in Use of Bone Mass Measurement Among Older Americans, 1999–2005
Authors: Curtis Jeffrey R , Carbone Laura , Cheng Hong , Hayes Burton , Laster Andrew , Matthews Robert , Saag Kenneth G , Sepanski Robert , Tanner Simpson B , Delzell Elizabeth
Published: February 2008

Bone mass measurement (BMM) is useful to identify persons with low bone mass who are at increased risk for fracture. Given the increased emphasis that is being placed on preventive services such as screening for osteoporosis, we evaluated trends in BMM among Medicare beneficiaries. We studied a 5% sample of Medicare beneficiaries ≥65 yr of age in 1999–2005. We identified claims for BMM tests performed in both facility and nonfacility settings, evaluated temporal trends in use of these tests, and described the proportion of tests attributable to each specialty of physicians submitting claims. We also assessed patterns of serial testing among individuals who were tested more than once. Claims data from all years were pooled to describe the proportion of persons in the population ever tested. From 1999 to 2005, use of central DXA increased by ∼50%, and use of peripheral DXA declined. The greatest increases in central DXA occurred among internists, family practitioners, and gynecologists. In 1999, the proportion of 65-yr-old women tested was 8.4%; this increased to 12.9% in 2005. Corresponding proportions for men were 0.6% and 1.7%, respectively. Between 40% and 73% of persons receiving central DXA were retested, most at ∼2-yr intervals. Aggregating data across all years for whites and blacks, 30.0% of women and 4.4% of men underwent central DXA at least once. We conclude that, although use of DXA steadily increased from 1999 to 2005, only ∼30% of women and 4% of men at least 65 yr old had a central DXA study. Given the importance of central DXA to assess the risk of osteoporotic fractures, strategies to increase central DXA use to test at-risk persons are warranted.
The Natural Semantic Metalanguage approach to linguistic meaning
Authors: Durst Uwe
Published: February 2008

After thirty years of language-internal, as well as cross-linguistic research, the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) model developed by Anna Wierzbicka and her colleagues has turned out to be a most useful theoretical and methodological framework for semantic analysis in various linguistic, and even non-linguistic, domains. This paper argues that the NSM approach to semantics constitutes a new paradigm in linguistic research which is free from various shortcomings of other semantic frameworks. The first section of this article provides a brief survey of the historical development of NSM theory from the early seventies up to the present stage. Its theoretical and methodological principles are outlined in sections two and three, before its applications in various domains are illustrated in section four by means of examples from a number of languages.
Paraphrase is not enough
Authors: Barker Chris
Published: February 2008

In 1972, the publication of Wierzbicka's Semantic Primitives initiated the Natural Semantic Metalanguage approach to linguistic semantics. NSM sets out to analyze the meaning of natural language utterances using only paraphrases built from a set of concepts called semantic primes. The main hypothesis is that a definite small set of unanalyzable primes that occur in every natural language suffices to characterize all natural meaning.
Is the meta-language really natural?
Authors: Matthewson Lisa
Published: February 2008

1. On the status of the primitives

It is interesting and surely non-coincidental that the semantic primitives proposed by NSM researchers include some of the most hotly-debated topics in the formal semantics literature. There is a large body of formal semantic research (too large to be cited here) on each of the following NSM primitives: indexical pronouns such as I and you, demonstratives like this, quantifiers such as something, all, many, and one, modals like can, propositional attitude verbs like know and think, adjectives such as good and bad, the predicates have and (there) is, the connectives because, when, and if. Other proposed primitives such as before, after, the same, like, and kind (of) have also been the subject of discussion and debate. Indeed, there may not be a single proposed semantic primitive which fails to strike formal semanticists as extremely complex. Thus, it is difficult for us to accept the NSM claim that primitives such as i, you, someone, this, think, and want are ‘simple words’ and that they are ‘intuitively comprehensible and self-explanatory’ (Durst, p. 2).
Diffuse Versus Directional Brightness Measurement Comparison for Paper
Authors: Singh J. , Rowland C. , Olsen E.
Published: February 2008

Despite claims of a paperless society, worldwide paper consumption is expected to grow 50 % by 2010 (World Resources Report 1998–99, “Environmental Change and Human Health,” published by Oxford University Press, New York, for the Wold Resources Institute, ISSN 0-19-521-408-0). As markets become more closely connected, through globalization of industrial supply, the need for standardization is greater than before. The paper industry has established standards for identifying the quality of paper. However, in terms of paper brightness, which is one of the main characteristics used to determine a paper’s price and quality, there is often uncertainty about which standard to follow. This is due to the fact that currently there are two geometrically different methods for testing the brightness of paper: ISO and TAPPI. The differing brightness values can misinform consumers. This report tests both methods and finds a linear relationship that can be used to convert between the two standards.
Pathophysiology of Vibration‐Induced White Finger and Safety Levels for Hand‐Transmitted Vibration
Authors: Inaba Ryoichi , Mirbod Seyed Mohammad , Iwata Hirotoshi
Published: February 2008

Pathophysiology of Vibration‐Induced White Finger and Safety Levels for Hand‐ Transmitted Vibration: Ryoichi Inaba, et al. Department of Hygiene, Gifu University School of Medicine—This review addresses the pathogenic mechanism and vibration safety values of vibration‐ induced white finger (VWF). Sympathetic hyperactivity alone has long been postulated to account for VWF, but damage to vasoregulatory structures and functions in the finger skin now also seems to be involved. The physiological complexity of the response to cold is so great and the interaction between various vasoregulatory mechanisms so intricate that only a multifactorial etiology and pathogenesis is likely for VWF. These factors will be discussed in detail. Regarding vibration safety values, the prevalence of VWF and vibration magnitude (hand‐transmitted vibration levels (HTVLs)) in various groups of workers which reported in our previous studies were reviewed. The prevalence rates of VWF were compared to the prevalence rates of Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) in a large group of males and females without vibration exposure. It was observed that in subjects exposed to HTVLs of between 1.1 and 2.5 m/s2, the prevalence of VWF was 0.0‐4.8%. The prevalence of VWF in workers exposed to HTVLs of up to 5.1 m/s2 was 9.6% and significantly higher than the prevalence of RP in males in the general population (2.7%). A significant positive correlation between VWF and HTVLs values was obtained. By employing the results obtained on vibration magnitude and the prevalence of VWF, estimated vibration safety levels are discussed.
A Preliminary Analysis of Technology Transfer and Occupational Safety and Health in Vietnam
Authors: Matsuda Shinya , An Luong Nguyen , Jonai Hiroshi , Van Hoai Nguyen , Thung Dinh Hanh , Van Trinh Le , The Cong Nguyen , Hien Hoang Minh , Dat Phung Huy , Tri Dang Dinh
Published: February 2008

A Preliminary Analysis of Technology Transfer and Occupational Safety and Health in Vietnam: Shinya Matsuda, et at. Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan

Objectives

Vietnamese factories are now in the process of technology transfer. Their actual condition of occupational safety and health was studied cross‐sectionally.

Methods

Two hundred and forty‐six workers in seven factories were investigated by a questionnaire as to their age, educational level, level of vocational skill, working conditions, and occupational hazards. The distribution of these conditions was compared in workers using old technologies and those who are employed in factories using new ones.

Results

Younger workers, female workers, and workers with a lower level of education and of lower vocational skills were generally engaged in workplaces with new technology. Working conditions were more labor intensive and more monotonous in workplaces using old technologies than those using new technologies. Traditional occupational hazards, such as noise, heat, and dust, have been significantly reduced in workplaces with new technologies, but chemical hazards have been increased in the workplaces with new technologies.

Conclusion

Although general working conditions in Vietnam have been improved along with the introduction of new technologies from foreign countries, there are many problems to be solved. Further field studies are necessary to fully describe the actual situation.
Use of Water‐Based Solvent Preparations in Factories in Japan
Authors: Ukai Hirohiko , Okamoto Satoru , Takada Shiro , Inui Shunen , Ikeda Masayuki
Published: February 2008

Use of Water‐Based Solvent Preparations in Factories in Japan: Hirohiko Ukai, et at. Kyoto Industrial Health Association—Prevalence of water‐based solvent preparations in 122 factories of various types (e.g., painting, printing, etc.) in the city of Kyoto was investigated by interview in 1995. The survey showed that water‐based solvent preparations were used in 20% of the factories studied and that the leading organic solvent components in water‐based solvent preparations were methyl, ethyl and isopropyl alcohols, among which the use of isopropyl alcohol was the most common. Among glycol derivatives, 2‐butoxyethanol was the most frequently used.
Determination of Pollutants in the Air of Textile Industries
Authors: Rimatori Valentino , Qiao Niu , Staiti Domenico , Castellino Nicolò
Published: February 2008

Determination of Pollutants in the Air of Textile Industries: Valentino Rimatori. et at. Institute of Occupational Medicine, Catholic University—In order to investigate the pollution degree in three weaving and dyeing and in two clothing factories, the authors measured the indigo, oil mist, hydrogen sulfide (H2S), sulfur dioxide (S02) and total particulate matter (TP), as well as the biphenyl, o‐ phenylphenol and p‐phenylendiamine (PPDA) concentrations. H2S ranged from <0.01 to 1.85 mg/ m3; indigo from <0.001 to 0.042 mg/m3; TP from 0.58 to 3.65 mg/m3; biphenyl and o‐phenylphenol from 0.2 to 15.5 mg/m3. S02 and PPDA concentrations were lower than 0.2 ppm and 5 μg/m3 respectively. Higher concentrations were recorded during specific operations. The oil mist concentrations in different factories at different heights in the air, ranged from 0.2 to 15.5 mg/m3. Up to date, neither the TLV nor the maximum allowable concentration for indigo and o‐phenylphenol have been established, and there are no studies on the health effects of long term exposure, so the risk for the concentrations listed above cannot be assessed. The PPDA concentration in our study was much lower than the ACGIH TLV for 1993‐1994. Biphenyl concentration sometimes exceeded the TLV, suggesting the need for closer controls in the workplace. Oil mist concentration in weaving rooms fell within the TLV, except in the weaving rooms where air forcing and air extraction systems were at a higher level: here the concentration of oil mist exceeded this limit.
Change in Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Clinical Signs in a Case of Chronic Toluene Intoxication by Sniffing
Authors: Aiba Ikuko , Indo Toshikatsu , Ichihara Gaku , Takeuchi Yasuhiro
Published: February 2008

Change in Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Clinical Signs in a Case of Chronic Toluene Intoxication by Sniffing: Ikuko Aiba, et al. Department of Neurology, Nagoya University School of Medicine—A 22‐year ‐old man with an 8‐year history of toluene abuse was admitted for disturbance of consciousness due to acute thinner overdose on June 19, 1990. On admission, he had distal dominant muscle atrophy with areflexia. Computed tomography revealed cerebral atrophy predominantly in the frontal lobe. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain in Oct,1990 revealed the following abnormalities: (1) cerebral atrophy predominantly in the frontal lobe and atrophy of vermis cerebelli and corpus callosum; (2) loss of differentiation between gray and white matter; (3) high intensity of middle cerebellar peduncle, brain stem and internal capsule on T2‐weighted images; and (4) low intensity in the ventrolateral part of the thalamus on T2‐weighted images. Muscle weakness gradually resolved, but the patient started thinner sniffing again in Sept, 1991. Cerebellar ataxia appeared in July, 1992 and pyramidal sign developed in Mar, 1993. MRI in May, 1993 also revealed high intensity of white matter on T2‐ weighted images. Low intensity on T2‐weighted images spread to the caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, and the dorsolateral part of the thalamus. Diffuse cerebral atrophy was found, and atrophy of the cerebellar hemisphere became prominent. High intensity of middle cerebellar peduncle, brain stem and internal capsule on T2‐weighted MR images preceded clinical signs (cerebellar ataxia, pyramidal sign). The neuropathology of toluene‐induced encephalopathy and the possiblity of MRI as a marker to detect changes in the brain were discussed.
Risk Evaluation of Environmental Carcinogens
Authors: Sato Shigeaki
Published: February 2008

Risk Evaluation of Environmental Car cinogens: Shigeaki Sato. Department of Hygiene, Kobe University School of Medicine—Quantitative risk evaluation of environmental carcinogens is required not only for their regulation but also for primary cancer prevention. Risk evaluation of carcinogens is carried out through identification of carcinogenicity, exposure assessment, dose‐response assessment, and risk characterization. Exposure assessment is made by measuring the amounts of carcinogens in the environment and their human intake is estimated. Dose‐response assessment is based upon whole‐life carcinogenesis experiments in animals with multiple doses of carcinogens. By downward extrapolation of the dose‐response curve obtained, a virtually safe dose (VSD), i.e., a dose which yields a cancer incidence of 10−6, is calculated and this value is compared with the actual human intake of the carcinogen concerned. When the human intake is around or less than the VSD, that environmental carcinogen is regarded safe to humans because humans as well as experimental animals develop cancer in almost 100% of cases during their whole life and the contribution of a chemical to the occurrence of cancer at an incidence of less than one out of one million is regarded as meaningless. These procedures for risk evaluation of carcinogenic food additives such as butylated hydroxyanisole and saccharin sodium showed that their human intake is one hundredth or much less than the respective VSD values, and this may be the case with most environmental carcinogens except some carcinogenic medical drugs. Human cancer development seems much more influenced by life‐style factors, such as a high‐fat diet or cigarette smoking, and recognition of this fact is crucial for primary cancer prevention.
Carbon Disulfide Poisoning in Korea with Social and Historical Background
Authors: Lee Eunil , Kim Soonduck , Kim Haejoon , Kim Kwangjong , Yum Yongtae
Published: February 2008

Carbon Disulfide Poisoning in Korea with Social and Historical Background: Eunil Lee, et al. Department of Preventive Medicine and Institute for Environmental Health, College of Medicine, Korea University—In Korea, carbon disulfide was used mostly in a viscose rayon factory which was established in 1962 and was closed in 1993. About 550 workers were diagnosed and compensated for CS2 poisoning from 1987, to June 1995, and more workers will be diagnosed and compensated. There was no pertinent environmental monitoring or periodic medical examination for the workers exposed to CS2 until 1986. The first cases of CS2 poisoning reported in May, 1987 were 4 retired workers who were very sick. It became possible tor them to be diagnosed and compensated because a democratic movements pervaded all the country after the end of military rule in Korea. After they were compensated, many other retired workers also requested to be diagnosed and compensated for CS2 poisoning. Many radicals and radical doctors joined them against the government and company. The government promised that retired workers could be diagnosed by Compensation Insurance organization for Worker's Injury managed by the Ministry of Labor. The rayon company also promised reparation for retired workers who had CS2 poisoning. The diagnosis of CS2 poisoning for retired workers was carried out by the commitee of doctors half of whom were appointed by the company and the remaining half by the workers. There were conflicts between conservative doctors and radical doctors in the diagnosis of CS2 poisoning even after the establishment of legal diagnostic criteria for CS2 poisoning. Workers pressured doctors and the goverment to bring about a change in the diagnostic criteria, and they succeeded. The important findings of CS2 poisoning among Korean workers were as follows: retinal microaneurysm, polyneuropathy, cerebrovascular infarction and intercapillary glomerulosclerosis.
Leg Swelling during Continuous Standing and Sitting Work without Restricting Leg Movement
Authors: Seo Akihiko , Kakehashi Masayuki , Tsuru Satoko , Yoshinaga Fumitaka
Published: February 2008

Leg Swelling during Continuous Standing and Sitting Work without Restricting Leg Movement: Akihiko Seo, et al. Department of Public Health, Hiroshima University School of Medicine—To clarify the dynamics of leg swelling during standing and sitting work without restricting leg movement, lower leg swelling and subjective complaints were measured during work under three working conditions: Straight standing, buttock chair sitting and ordinary chair sitting. Twelve subjects (eight males and four females) were assigned jigsaw puzzles as a task for an hour. The lower leg swelling and subjective complaints were recorded every two minutes. The lower leg swelling was measured by the bioelectrical impedance method. The results were as follows: (1) The lower leg swelling increased during the work under all working conditions. The swelling was least for straight standing and greatest for ordinary chair sitting. The mean and standard deviations for leg swelling after one hour's work were 5.8±3.9% for straight standing, 8.2±4.7% for buttock chair sitting and 9.7 + 7.5% for ordinary chair sitting. (2) The subjective complaints also increased during work. Complaining of lower leg dullness was least for ordinary chair sitting and greatest for straight standing. The relation to the leg swelling was reversed. Complaining of low back pain was more common for buttock chair sitting than for other working postures. It is reasonable that prolonged standing is more likely to cause leg swelling than sitting because of high hydrostatic pressure. This theory has been supported by studies on motionless standing and sitting. Our results obtained without restricting leg movement, however, showed a reversed relation. It was considered that leg swelling factors such as low muscle activity and lymph pumps, low interstitial pressure brought on by low muscle activity, and the seat pressure during prolonged sitting may be dominant in the sitting posture although the hydrostatic pressure was low compared with the standing posture.
Measurement of the CD3− 4+ Variant T Cell Frequency by Flow Cytometry after X‐Irradiation on Mice
Authors: Kunugita Naoki , Mei Nan , Nomoto Satoshi , Norimura Toshiyuki
Published: February 2008

Measurement of the CD3− 4+ Variant T Cell Frequency by Flow Cytometry after X‐ Irradiation on Mice: Naoki Kunugita, et al. Department of Radiation Biology and Health, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan—Variant cell frequency of mice T‐lymphocytes defective in the T‐cell receptor (TCR) gene expression was measured by flow cytometry. Splenic T‐lymphocytes were obtained from mice after irradiation and stained with fluorescein‐labeled anti‐L 3 T 4 (CD 4) and phycoerythrin‐ labeled anti‐CD3‐£ antibodies. They were analyzed with a flow cytometer to detect variant T cells lacking surface expression of TCR/CD 3 complexes which showed CD3− 4+ T cells. Variant T cells could be observed 3 days after 3 Gy irradiation. Frequency of variant T cells increased to the maximum level of 94×10−4 between 15 and 21 days after 3 Gy irradiation on BALB/c mice and gradually decreased with a half‐life of approximately 17 days. We examined the strain difference in radiosensitivity of splenic T‐lymphocytes in BALB/c, C57BL/6, C3H/ He and B6C3F1 mouse strains by this assay method. We observed that BALB/c showed the most radiosensitivity. This assay method is quick and easy in comparison with other methods and is considered useful for the mutagenicity test.
Changes in 2,5‐Hexanedione Concentration in the Sciatic Nerve, Serum and Urine of Rats Induced by Combined Administration of 2,5‐Hexanedione with Acetone or Methyl Ethyl Ketone
Authors: Aoki Kazuo , Zhao Wenyuan , Misumi Junichi , Yasui Takato , Kudo Masanobu
Published: February 2008

Changes in 2,5‐Hexanedione Concentration in the Sciatic Nerve, Serum and Urine of Rats Induced by Combined Administration of 2,5‐ Hexanedione or Methyl Ethyl Ketone: Kazuo Aoki, et al. Department of Public Health and Hygiene, Oita Medical University—To clarify whether there is a difference in the toxicokinetic changes in 2,5‐ hexanedione (2,5‐HD) on coadministration with acetone or methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), 108 rats were treated subcutaneously with 2,5‐HD at a dose of 2.6 mmol/kg alone (HD group), with 2,5‐HD and acetone both at 2.6 mmol/kg (HD + AC group), or with 2,5 ‐HD and MEK both at 2.6 mmol/kg (HD + MEK group). At 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 hours after injection, 2,5‐HD concentrations in serum, the sciatic nerve and urine (16 hours only) were determined and some toxicokinetic parameters were then estimated. The 2,5‐HD concentrations in serum and the sciatic nerve were significantly higher in both the coadministered groups at 16 hours, and the AUC (area under the serum or nerve concentration versus time curve) in serum and the sciatic nerve of both the coadministered groups increased significantly during 8 to 1 6 hours compared with the 2,5‐HD alone group. The differences in urinary 2,5‐HD concentrations among the three groups were at the marginal level for significance by ANOVA (p = 0.053), but the values for the total amount of urinary 2,5‐HD within 16 hours were not significantly different (p = 0.55) among the three groups. There were good correlations between 2,5‐HD concentrations in the sciatic nerve and those in serum in the three groups (r = 0.91, r = 0.91 and r = 0.85 for HD, HD + AC and HD + MEK groups, respectively). The ratios of 2,5‐HD concentration in the sciatic nerve/2,5‐HD concentration in serum were not significantly different among the three groups (0.17, 0.19 and 0.20 for HD, HD + AC and HD + MEK groups, respectively). The estimated biological halflife t1/2 in the HD + AC group was prolonged significantly as was that in the HD + MEK group when compared with that in the HD alone group. The retarded elimination of 2,5‐HD from serum seemed not to be directly related to urinary excretion in the coadministered groups. The present study revealed that the coadministration of 2,5‐HD with acetone produced similar toxicokinetic changes in serum and in the sciatic nerve as that with MEK. It was suggested that the retardation of disappearance of 2,5‐HD from serum and the sciatic nerve on administration of a combination of 2,5‐HD with acetone was not related to urinary excretion but to the overloading of the metabolic capacity of 2,5‐HD in the liver.
In Vitro Solubility and In Vivo Toxicity of Indium Phosphide
Authors: Kabe Isamu , Omae Kazuyuki , Nakashima Hiroshi , Nomiyama Tetsuo , Uemura Takamoto , Hosoda Kanae , Ishizuka Chizuru , Yamazaki Kazuto , Sakurai Haruhiko
Published: February 2008

In Vitro Solubility and In Vivo Toxicity of Indium Phosphide: Isamu Kabe et al. Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Keio University—This study was designed to clarify the in vitro solubility and the in vivo basic toxicity of indium phosphide (InP). InP powder was clearly soluble in synthetic gastric fluid and quite insoluble in saline or synthetic lung fluid. Male ICR mice (SPF grade) were given InP at the doses of 0, 1,000, 3,000, and 5,000 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (i. p.) or orally (p. o.). During a 2‐week observation, no mice died. In i. p. treated mice, the serum indium concentration showed a dose‐dependent increase, and indium mainly accumulated in the lungs and liver. Dose‐dependent increases in lung and spleen weight were observed. Black granules of InP were deposited in the lymph nodes, spleen, lungs, and liver. Extramedullary granulopoiesis was observed. And eosinophilic exudates and mononuclear cells were seen in the pulmonary alveoli. Considering these findings, InP particles were presumably transferred to the spleen, liver, and lungs by way of lym‐ phokinetics, causing reticuloendothelial responses. Hematological examination showed increased proportions of stab cells and monocytes in 5000 mg/kg i.p. dosed mice. The p. o. administered mice showed no clear relationship between the dose and biological effects.
Chemical‐Related Interference of Bile Acid Transport in Hepatocytes
Authors: Bai Cheng‐Long
Published: February 2008

Chemical‐Related Interference of Bile Acid Transport in Hepatocytes: Cheng‐Long Bai. Key Centre for Applied and Nutritional Toxicology, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT)—Recent studies show that an increase in serum bile acids (SBA) could be used as an useful and sensitive indicator in occupational biological monitoring for workers exposed to industrial chemicals and solvents, but it is still not clear how bile acid metabolism is interfered with in humans after chemical exposure. As freshly isolated hepatocytes possess most of the characteristics of liver, the in vitro system has been widely used in toxicology studies. To understand chemical‐ and drug‐induced interference of bile acid transport in isolated hepatocytes, three major aspects were focused on in previous studies: (1) uptake of bile acids, (2) efflux of bile acids and (3) intracellular transport. In detail, after being exposed to some chemicals the cell membrane energy system, especially +‐ and Mg + +‐ATPase, was disturbed significantly. The change in cell membrane fluidity and hepatocyte structure also contributed to the increase in serum bile acids. With regard to chemical‐induced interference with efflux and intracellular transport of bile acids, however, some inconsistent results have been reported. Overall, further studies are still required to clarify the mechanism of chemical‐induced interference in hepatocytes.
Monitoring of Accidents and Risk Events in Industrial Plants
Authors: Swat Krzysztof
Published: February 2008

Monitoring of Accidents and Risk Events in Industrial Plants: Krzysztof Swat. Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine—The aim of our 3‐year study begun in 1994 is to develop an organizationally useful method of recording risk events in plant to help in finding causes of accidents and preventing them. In the first stage, four plants in different industrial branches were selected for the study: foundry, machinery, meat processing and furniture. The four plants employed a total of 2,964 workers. Eighty‐three accidents which happened in 1993 were analyzed from the view point of frequency, severity and their direct and indirect causes. Plants had different frequency rates for different types of accidents. At least 45.8% of the accidents studied involved violation of the fundamental principles of housekeeping. An additional study on accidents and minor injuries carried out in 1994 in the meat processing plant revealed that 95% of all incidents are not reported. The conclusions of the study are as follows: 1. Accidents should be recorded according to the circumstances in which they occur and especially to their types whereby information is provided on the type of relevant safety management problem; 2. One should note minor injuries in plant, especially those requiring first aid. There is a suprising repeatability of these events, their sources and effects; 3. Poor housekeeping constitutes a frequent source of accidents and housekeeping control should be incorporated into the safety monitoring system.
Prevention of a Malaria Outbreak among Non‐Immune Japanese Workers Engaged in the Construction of a Thermal Power Plant in Sonebhadra, India
Authors: Katsuyama Hironobu , Kano Shigeyuki , Suzuki Mamoru , Saijoh Kiyofumi , Sumino Kimiaki , Tsuchiya Goro
Published: February 2008

Prevention of a Malaria Outbreak among Non‐Immune Japanese Workers Engaged in the Construction of a Thermal Power Plant in Sonebhadra, India: Hironobu Katsuyama, etai Department of Health, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries—Continuous consumption of anti‐malarial drugs is not always recognized as the first choice for prevention of malaria among workers residing in malarious areas for long periods. In Japan, personal protective measures have been primarily recommended. However, a high incidence of malaria was observed among workers engaged in construction of a thermal power plant in the Sonebhadra district, Uttar Pradesh, India, during the period from February to August, 1991. On‐site inspection revealed the difficulties of preventing mosquito bites among personnel who had lived in industrialized countries and were not immune to malaria. Repeated education regarding the danger of malaria and rigorous precautions from mosquito bites dramatically reduced the incidence of malaria among such personnel. Not only proper usage of personal protection measures such as long sleeved shirts, mosquito repellents, mosquito nets etc., but also an effort to reduce the number of mosquitoes in living and working areas by such means as insecticides, spraying operations, etc. should be emphasized. On the other hand, chemoprophylaxis still seemed to be the most effective protective measure for workers compelled to remain outdoors until late at night. The utility and availability of protective divices may depend on the working status and circumstances, so that on‐site inspection helps to ensure occupational health, and also affords an opportunity to instruct the workers on malaria prevention.
Separate Determination by Gas‐Chromatography of Dimethylformamide, Dimethylacetamide, Monomethylformamide and Monomethylacetamide in Urine for Biological Monitoring
Authors: Kawai Toshio , Mizunuma Kazunori , Okada Yoko , Odachi Takanori , Horiguchi Shun'ichi , Iguchi Hiroshi , Ikeda Masayuki
Published: February 2008

Separate Determination by Gas‐Chromatography of Dimethylformamide, Dimethylacetamide, Monomethylformamide and Monomethylacetamide in Urine for Biological Monitoring: Toshio Kawai, et al. Osaka Occupational Health Service Center—A gaschromatographic method is developed, which allows simultaneous determination of N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) and N,N‐dimethylacetamide (DMA), as well as their metabolites of N‐monomethylformamide (MMF) and N‐monomethylacetamide (MMA), respectively. Quantitative heat decomposition of N‐hydrcxymethyl‐N‐methylacetamide to N‐monomethylacetamide required an injection port temperature of 225°C or above, similar to the case of conversion from N‐hydroxymethyl‐N‐methylformamide to N‐monomethylformamide. Analysis of urine samples from workers simultaneously exposed to DMF and DMA showed that the separation of small peaks for unidentified materials (which were detected in some urine samples) from that of DMF and DMA was achieved only on a 60 m‐long DB‐1071 column (and not on a 30 m‐long one). The analysis of urine samples from 27 exposed workers showed that both DMF and DMA, in addition to MMF and MMA, were excreted in urine at measurable concentrations. There was a significant correlation between MMF and DMF, and between MMA and DMA; the ratio was about 0.02 to 0.03 for both DMF/MMF and DMA/MMA.