bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differences in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strain invasiveness are associated with heterogeneity in SPI-1 gene expression
Authors: Clark Leann , Perrett Charlotte A. , Malt Layla , Harward Caryn , Humphrey Suzanne , Jepson Katy A. , Martinez-Argudo Isabel , Carney Laura J. , La Ragione Roberto M. , Humphrey Tom J. , Jepson Mark A.
Published: April 2011

Most studies on Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection focus on strains ATCC SL1344 or NTCC 12023 (ATCC 14028). We have compared the abilities of these strains to induce membrane ruffles and invade epithelial cells. S. Typhimurium strain 12023 is less invasive and induces smaller membrane ruffles on MDCK cells compared with SL1344. Since the SPI-1 effector SopE is present in SL1344 and absent from 12023, and SL1344 sopE mutants have reduced invasiveness, we investigated whether 12023 is less invasive due to the absence of SopE. However, comparison of SopE+ and SopE−
S. Typhimurium strains, sopE deletion mutants and 12023 expressing a sopE plasmid revealed no consistent relationship between SopE status and relative invasiveness. Nevertheless, absence of SopE was closely correlated with reduced size of membrane ruffles. A PprgH–gfp reporter revealed that relatively few of the 12023 population (and that of the equivalent strain ATCC 14028) express SPI-1 compared to other S. Typhimurium strains. Expression of a PhilA–gfp reporter mirrored that of PprgH–gfp in 12023 and SL1344, implicating reduced signalling via the transcription factor HilA in the heterogeneous SPI-1 expression of these strains. The previously unrecognized strain heterogeneity in SPI-1 expression and invasiveness has important implications for studies of Salmonella infection.
Alanine 32 in PilA is important for PilA stability and type IV pili function in Myxococcus xanthus
Authors: Yang Zhe , Hu Wei , Chen Kevin , Wang Jing , Lux Renate , Zhou Z. Hong , Shi Wenyuan
Published: April 2011

Type IV pili (TFP) are membrane-anchored filaments with a number of important biological functions. In the model organism Myxococcus xanthus, TFP act as molecular engines that power social (S) motility through cycles of extension and retraction. TFP filaments consist of several thousand copies of a protein called PilA or pilin. PilA contains an N-terminal α-helix essential for TFP assembly and a C-terminal globular domain important for its activity. The role of the PilA sequence and its structure–function relationship in TFP-dependent S motility remain active areas of research. In this study, we identified an M. xanthus PilA mutant carrying an alanine to valine substitution at position 32 in the α-helix, which produced structurally intact but retraction-defective TFP. Characterization of this mutant and additional single-residue variants at this position in PilA demonstrated the critical role of alanine 32 in PilA stability, TFP assembly and retraction.
DYRK1A protein kinase promotes quiescence and senescence through DREAM complex assembly
Authors: Litovchick Larisa , Florens Laurence A. , Swanson Selene K. , Washburn Michael P. , DeCaprio James A.
Published: April 2011

In the absence of growth signals, cells exit the cell cycle and enter into G0 or quiescence. Alternatively, cells enter senescence in response to inappropriate growth signals such as oncogene expression. The molecular mechanisms required for cell cycle exit into quiescence or senescence are poorly understood. The DREAM (DP, RB [retinoblastoma], E2F, and MuvB) complex represses cell cycle-dependent genes during quiescence. DREAM contains p130, E2F4, DP1, and a stable core complex of five MuvB-like proteins: LIN9, LIN37, LIN52, LIN54, and RBBP4. In mammalian cells, the MuvB core dissociates from p130 upon entry into the cell cycle and binds to BMYB during S phase to activate the transcription of genes expressed late in the cell cycle. We used mass spectroscopic analysis to identify phosphorylation sites that regulate the switch of the MuvB core from BMYB to DREAM. Here we report that DYRK1A can specifically phosphorylate LIN52 on serine residue 28, and that this phosphorylation is required for DREAM assembly. Inhibiting DYRK1A activity or point mutation of LIN52 disrupts DREAM assembly and reduces the ability of cells to enter quiescence or undergo Ras-induced senescence. These data reveal an important role for DYRK1A in the regulation of DREAM activity and entry into quiescence.
Phosphorylation-dependent regulation of the F-BAR protein Hof1 during cytokinesis
Authors: Meitinger Franz , Boehm Martin E. , Hofmann Astrid , Hub Birgit , Zentgraf Hanswalter , Lehmann Wolf D. , Pereira Gislene
Published: April 2011

Spatial and timely coordination of cytokinesis is crucial for the maintenance of organelle inheritance and genome integrity. The mitotic exit network (MEN) pathway controls both the timely initiation of mitotic exit and cytokinesis in budding yeast. Here we identified the conserved F-BAR protein Hof1 as a substrate of the MEN kinase complex Dbf2–Mob1 during cytokinesis. We show that polo-like kinase Cdc5 first phosphorylates Hof1 to allow subsequent phosphorylation by Dbf2–Mob1. This releases Hof1 from the septin ring and facilitates Hof1 binding to the medial actomyosin ring (AMR), where Hof1 promotes AMR contraction and membrane ingression. Domain structure analysis established that the central, unstructured, region of Hof1, named the ring localization sequence (RLS), is sufficient to mediate Hof1's binding to the medial ring in a cell cycle-dependent manner. Genetic and functional data support a model in which Dbf2–Mob1 regulates Hof1 by inducing domain rearrangements, leading to the exposure of the Hof1 RLS domain during telophase.
Performance of non‐contact infrared thermometer for detecting febrile children in hospital and ambulatory settings
Authors: Chiappini Elena , Sollai Sara , Longhi Riccardo , Morandini Liana , Laghi Anna , Osio Catia Emilia , Persiani Mario , Lonati Silvia , Picchi Raffaella , Bonsignori Francesca , Mannelli Francesco , Galli Luisa , de Martino Maurizio
Published: April 2011

Aims.  To assess the performance of the non‐contact infrared thermometer compared with mercury‐in‐glass thermometer in children; to assess the diagnostic accuracy of non‐contact infrared thermometer for detecting children with fever; to compare the discomfort caused by the two procedures in children aged > one month.

Background.  Non‐contact infrared thermometer is a quick and non‐invasive method to measure body temperature, not requiring sterilisation or disposables. It is a candidate for temperature recording in children.

Design.  Prospective multicenter study.

Methods.  Body temperature readings were taken from every child consecutively admitted to the Pediatric Emergency Departments or Pediatric Clinics participating in the study. Two bilateral axillary temperature measurements using the mercury‐in‐glass thermometers and three mid‐forehead temperature measurements using the non‐contact infrared thermometer were performed.

Results.  Two hundred and fifty‐one children were enrolled in the study. Mean body temperature obtained by mercury‐in‐glass thermometer and non‐contact infrared thermometer was 37·18 (SD 0·96) °C and 37·30 (SD 0·92) °C, respectively (p = 0·153). Non‐contact infrared thermometer clinical repeatability was 0·108 (SD 0·095) °C, similar to that of the mercury‐in‐glass thermometer (0·11 SD 01 °C; p = 0·517). Bias was 0·0150 (SD 0·09) °C. The proportion of outliers >1 °C was 4/251 children (1·59%). A significant correlation between temperature values obtained with the two procedures was observed (r2 = 0·84; p < 0·0001). The limits of agreement, by the Bland and Altman method, were −0·62 (95% CI: −0·47 to −0·67) and 0·76 (95% CI: 0·61–0·91). No significant correlation was evidenced between the difference of the body temperature values recorded by the two methods and age (p = 0·226), or room temperature (p = 0·756). Calculating the receiver operating characteristic curve to determine the best threshold for axillary temperature >38·0 °C, for a non‐contact infrared thermometer temperature = 37·98 °C the sensitivity was 88·7% and the specificity 89·9%. Mean distress score (on a 5‐point scale) was significantly lower using the non‐contact infrared thermometer than using the mercury‐in‐glass thermometer (1·92 SD 0·56 and 2·40 SD0·93, respectively; p < 0·0001).

Conclusion.  Non‐contact infrared thermometer showed a good performance in our study population, has the advantage of measuring body temperature in two seconds and is comfortable for children.

Relevance to clinical practice.  Non‐contact infrared thermometer may be taken into consideration when assessing body temperature in children aged > one month in hospital or ambulatory.
Reclaiming time for nursing practice in nutritional care: outcomes of implementing Protected Mealtimes in a residential aged care setting
Authors: Ullrich Sandra , McCutcheon Helen , Parker Barbara
Published: April 2011

Aims.  To improve nutritional care and the mealtime experience of older people in a residential aged care setting by assisting nurses to create change to their practice and to the mealtime environment.

Background.  Despite being preventable and treatable, inadequate nutrition remains a problem for many older people in residential aged care and tertiary health care settings. Nevertheless, many organisations are uniquely positioned to implement solutions that will lead to better care.

Design.  The study used a qualitative, action research approach, grounded in the participatory worldview.

Methods.  The multimethod approach of data and between‐method triangulation were chosen to assist in understanding the multidimensional issues associated with resident mealtimes and the provision of nutritional care. The collection of non‐participant observations was informed by aspects of the Developmental Research Sequence. Action group meetings and non‐participant observations were qualitatively analysed using the Analytic Hierarchy.

Results.  Protected Mealtimes was tailored for the residential aged care unit. The most significant change involved the transformation of system processes by creating the space in nurses’ busy schedules and thus reclaiming time for nurses to reconnect with nutritional care. Fixed role boundaries were made flexible by assisting individuals to understand and extend their roles in nutritional care. Most importantly, sustainability of Protected Mealtimes was achieved and long‐term changes around nutritional care continued to be resident focused.

Conclusions.  This study demonstrates that lasting changes to nursing practice in nutritional care can be achieved by applying the principles of a participatory worldview and action research.

Relevance to clinical practice.  Change is challenging to achieve in complex health care organisations. This study bridges the gap between theory and practice and has shown that nurses can create change by employing a participatory worldview and action research as part of their toolkit for problem solving.
Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder among children with and without intellectual disability: an examination across time
Authors: Neece C. L. , Baker B. L. , Blacher J. , Crnic K. A.
Published: April 2011

Background  Children with intellectual and developmental disabilities are at heightened risk for mental disorders, and disruptive behaviour disorders appear to be the most prevalent. The current study is a longitudinal examination of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among children with and without intellectual disability (ID) across ages 5 to 8.

Method  We assessed 228 5‐year‐old children, 87 with ID and 141 with typical development (TD), for clinical diagnoses using a structured interview. These interviews were conducted with mothers annually from child age 5 to 8.

Results  Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder was over 3 times as prevalent in the ID group as in the TD group across ages 5, 6, 7 and 8. The diagnosis of ADHD tended to emerge earlier and was more stable in the ID group; however, the total number and relative frequency of ADHD symptoms endorsed appeared to be similar within the two groups across time. With respect to the developmental course, the trajectories of ADHD inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive symptoms over time were similar in the two groups.

Discussion  Children with ID appear to be at heightened risk for ADHD and they may experience a longer and more persistent course of the disorder. These findings highlight the need for making interventions available for early treatment of this condition in children with ID.
Transcriptional regulators of the GAD acid stress island are carried by effector protein‐encoding prophages and indirectly control type III secretion in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7
Authors: Tree Jai J. , Roe Andrew J. , Flockhart Allen , McAteer Sean P. , Xu Xuefang , Shaw Darren , Mahajan Arvind , Beatson Scott A. , Best Angus , Lotz Sabrina , Woodward Martin J. , La Ragione Roberto , Murphy Kenan C. , Leong John M. , Gally David L.
Published: April 2011

Type III secretion (T3S) plays a pivotal role in the colonization of ruminant hosts by Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC). The T3S system translocates effector proteins into host cells to promote bacterial attachment and persistence. The repertoire and variation in prophage regions underpins differences in the pathogenesis and epidemiology of EHEC strains. In this study, we have used a collection of deletions in cryptic prophages and EHEC O157 O‐islands to screen for novel regulators of T3S. Using this approach we have identified a family of homologous AraC‐like regulators that indirectly repress T3S. These prophage‐encoded secretion regulator genes (psr) are found exclusively on prophages and are associated with effector loci and the T3S activating Pch family of regulators. Transcriptional profiling, mutagenesis and DNA binding studies were used to show that these regulators usurp the conserved GAD acid stress resistance system to regulate T3S by increasing the expression of GadE (YhiE) and YhiF and that this regulation follows attachment to bovine epithelial cells. We further demonstrate that PsrA and effectors encoded within cryptic prophage CP933‐N are required for persistence in a ruminant model of colonization.
Tillage effects on weed communities in an organic winter wheat–sunflower–spelt cropping sequence
Authors: SANS F X , BERNER A , ARMENGOT L , MÄDER P
Published: April 2011

Sans FX, Berner A, Armengot L & Mäder P (2011). Tillage effects on weed communities in an organic winter wheat–sunflower–spelt cropping sequence. Weed Research51, 413–421.

Conservation tillage could provide environmental benefits to organic farming. However, potential weed problems often tend to discourage farmers from adopting it. The effects of tillage (reduced vs. conventional), fertilisation (slurry vs. manure compost) and the application of biodynamic preparations (with and without) on crop yield and on weed cover, diversity and biological attributes were investigated in a cropping sequence of wheat, sunflower and spelt. Total weed cover and perennial cover in reduced tillage treatments were two to three times greater than in conventional treatments. Monocotyledon cover in reduced tillage was three times that in conventional tillage in spelt, whereas the dicotyledon Stellaria media dominated in sunflower. Weed diversity was similar across treatments, regardless of cereal crop, whereas lower diversity values were observed with reduced tillage in sunflower, because of the dominance of S. media. There was virtually no effect of fertilisation and biodynamic preparations on weed parameters. Although wheat and spelt yield decreased in reduced tillage plots (14% and 8% respectively), the sunflower grain yield was unaffected. Reduced tillage could thus be useful in organic cropping systems but would require proper management of perennial and monocotyledonous weeds, which are often problematic for annual crops.
Serial measurements of exercise performance in pediatric heart transplant patients using stress echocardiography
Authors: Yeung Joanne P. , Human Derek G. , Sandor George G. S. , De Souza Astrid M. , Potts James E.
Published: April 2011

Yeung JP, Human DG, Sandor GGS, De Souza AM, Potts JE. Serial measurements of exercise performance in pediatric heart transplant patients using stress echocardiography. Pediatr Transplantation 2011: 15: 265–271. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract:  Heart transplantation is an increasingly acceptable therapeutic option for children with end‐stage and complex congenital heart disease. With advances in surgery, immunosuppression, and follow‐up care, functional outcomes need to be evaluated. We report the results of serial exercise testing performed using stress echocardiography in a cohort of pediatric HTP. HTP (n = 7) exercised on a semi‐recumbent ergometer to volitional fatigue. Echocardiography‐Doppler measurements, HR, and blood pressure were taken at rest and during staged exercise. Results were compared with healthy CON (n = 12). HTP did significantly less work during exercise (940 vs. 1218 J/kg, p < 0.03). Their SVI (33 vs. 49 mL/m2, p < 0.003), CI (5.16 vs. 9.25 L/min/m2, p < 0.0005), and HR (162 vs. 185 bpm, p < 0.02) were lower at peak exercise. HTP had a lower SF at peak exercise (48% vs. 52%, p < 0.03) and an abnormal relationship between the MVCFc and σPS. During follow‐up, hemodynamics and left ventricular function remained relatively constant in HTP. HTP are able to exercise safely; however, their exercise tolerance is reduced, and hemodynamics and contractility are diminished. Over time, their hemodynamics and left ventricular function have remained relatively constant.
Comparison of platelet activation in platelet concentrates measured by flow cytometry or ADVIA 2120
Authors: Beard M. J. , Jeewa Z. , Bashir S. , Cardigan R. , Thomas S.
Published: April 2011

Background and Objectives  The ADVIA 2120 Haematology Analyser is capable of measuring parameters that can be used as markers of platelet activation, mean platelet component (MPC), platelet component distribution width (PCDW) and mean platelet mass (MPM). This study investigated the degree of correlation of these measures of platelet granularity with CD62P measurement of platelet activation by flow cytometry in platelet concentrates.

Materials and Methods  Pooled platelets in plasma/citrate phosphate dextrose (CPD) anticoagulant or apheresis platelets in plasma/acid citrate dextrose formula A (ACD‐A) anticoagulant were evaluated. Pooled platelets were tested during 13 day storage, and apheresis platelets within 24 h of venepuncture. These were assessed for platelet activation using CD62P and the ADVIA, with or without extra EDTA anticoagulant.

Results  In pooled platelets, PCDW correlated strongly with CD62P, both with and without the addition of extra EDTA anticoagulant. There was a good correlation between MPC and CD62P with additional EDTA, but a weaker correlation without extra EDTA. There was no correlation between CD62P and MPM. In apheresis platelets the correlation between PCDW and CD62P was poor, whereas MPC correlated strongly with CD62P if EDTA anticoagulant was added.

Conclusion  The usefulness of ADVIA platelet granularity measures to predict the degree of platelet activation depends upon the anticoagulant present in the platelet concentrate, and whether extra EDTA is added to the sample. Although ADVIA MPC and PCDW measurement could not replace CD62P or other gold standard methods of assessing platelet activation, these ADVIA 2120 parameters may provide a quick check of platelet concentrate quality.
Storage induced apoptosis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from leucoreduction system chambers
Authors: Strasser E. F. , Weidinger T. , Weiss D. R. , Strobel J. , Zimmermann R. , Eckstein R.
Published: April 2011

Background and Objectives  Recently, it was reported that leucocytes obtained from leucoreduction system chambers (LRSCs) after plateletapheresis show excellent quality due to culture of dendritic cells. This study analysed apoptosis of mononuclear cells derived from LRSCs of single platelet units (SPUs) and double platelet units (DPUs) during storage.

Materials and Methods  This randomized prospective study compared eighteen single and double platelet units produced with the Trima Accel cell separator. Buffy coat was drained from the LRSCs and analysed after 1, 6, 24, 48 and 72 h. CD45 +  lymphocytes and CD14 +  monocytes cells as well as Annexin‐V+ and 7‐AAD+ mononuclear cells were measured by flow cytometry.

Results  The WBC concentration of LRSCs obtained from SPUs and DPUs differed significantly (SPUs: 0·93 ± 0·32 × 105 per μl WBCs; DPUs: 1·71 ± 0·55 × 105 per μl WBCs; P < 0·001). Processed blood volume (PBV) correlated significantly with WBC concentration (r2 = 0·75, P < 0·001). Fifty percent of monocytes were Annexin‐V‐positive 1 h after production decreasing to 30% during 24 h of storage. Compared to that, the part of late apoptotic or necrotic PBMCs increased later on, after 24 h. After 24 h, Annexin‐V‐ and 7‐AAD‐positive, late apoptotic and necrotic lymphocytes and monocytes doubled.

Conclusion  PBMCs stored in autologous plasma in PVC‐bags at room temperature did not show an increase of 7‐AAD‐positive PBMCs during 24 h prior to cell processing but increased significantly thereafter.
Effects of Activation Methods on DNA Synthesis and Development of Parthenogenetic Porcine Embryos
Authors: Ock SA , Kwack DO , Mohana Kumar B , Han J , Kim SW , Rho GJ
Published: April 2011

Contents

This study investigated the timing of DNA synthesis and patterns of pronuclear (PN) formation during the first cell cycle, and its influence on developmental competence, velocity and proliferation index of porcine parthenote blastocysts produced by different activation treatments. Oocytes were activated as follows: electrical stimulation (EST), EST combined with 7.5 μg/ml cytochalasin B (EST + CCB), 10 μg/ml cycloheximide (EST + CHX) and 1.9 mm 6‐dimethylaminopurine (EST + 6‐DMAP) for 3 h. DNA synthesis and PN formation were evaluated using 1 mm 5′bromo‐2′deoxy‐uridne (BrdU) at 2 h intervals from 1 to 13 h or 5 to 13 h of post‐activation (hpa), respectively. In EST, DNA synthesis started at 3 hpa, reached the peak at 11 hpa and decreased at 13 hpa. Treatment with 6‐DMAP resulted in an early increase of DNA synthesis at 3 hpa, whereas CCB delayed DNA synthesis for 2 h. In EST and EST + 6‐DMAP, most of the eggs showed 1PN, whereas, incidence of 2PN in EST + CCB was higher than 1PN. EST + CHX was observed with 1PN, 2PN and multiple PN. Blastocyst rate in EST + CCB and EST + 6‐DMAP were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than EST + CHX. But, the developmental velocity was not different among groups. Proliferation index of blastocysts, as indicated the number of blastomere at S‐phase of the cell cycle was low in all groups. In conclusion, CCB, CHX and 6‐DMAP used for producing porcine parthenogenetic embryos induced different onset of DNA synthesis and PN, but they did not affect the subsequent embryo development.
Regional expression of ADAM19 during chicken embryonic development
Authors: Yan Xin , Lin Juntang , Markus Annett , Rolfs Arndt , Luo Jiankai
Published: April 2011

ADAM19 (also named meltrin β) is a member of the ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloprotease) family of metalloproteases and is involved in morphogenesis and tissue formation during embryonic development. In the present study, chicken ADAM19 is cloned by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction and identified by sequencing. Its expression patterns in different parts of the developing chicken embryo are investigated by Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. Results show that ADAM19 protein is widely expressed in chicken embryos. It is detectable in the central nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, cochlea, and retina. Furthermore, ADAM19 protein is also found in other tissues and organs such as digestive organs, the thymus, the lung bud, the dorsal aorta, the kidney, the gonad, muscles, and in the feather buds. All these data suggest that ADAM19 plays an important role in the embryonic development of chicken.
In vivo gene manipulations of epithelial cell sheets: A novel model to study epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition
Authors: Yoshino Takashi , Saito Daisuke , Tadokoro Ryosuke , Takahashi Yoshiko
Published: April 2011

Embryonic cells are classified into two types of cells by their morphology, epithelial and mesenchymal cells. During dynamic morphogenesis in development, epithelial cells often switch to mesenchymal by the process known as epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT is a central issue in cancer metastasis where epithelial‐derived tumor cells are converted to mesenchymal with high mobility. Although many molecules have been identified to be involved in the EMT mostly by in vitro studies, in vivo model systems have been limited. We here established a novel model with which EMT can be analyzed directly in the living body. By an electroporation technique, we targeted a portion of the lateral plate mesoderm that forms epithelial cell sheets delineating the kidney region, called nephric coelomic epithelium (Neph‐CE). Enhanced green fluorescent protein‐electroporated Neph‐CE retained the epithelial integrity without invading into the underling stroma (mesonephros). The Neph‐CE transgenesis further allowed us to explore EMT inducers in vivo, and to find that Ras‐Raf and RhoA signals were potent inducers. Live‐imaging confocal microscopy revealed that during EMT processes cells started extending cellular protrusions toward the stroma, followed by translocation of their cell bodies. Furthermore, we established a long‐term tracing of EMT‐induced cells, which were dynamically relocated within the kidney stroma. The Neph‐CE‐transgenesis will open a way to study cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying EMT directly in actual body.
Uneven distribution pattern and increasing numbers of mesenchyme cells during development in the starfish, Asterina pectinifera
Authors: Hamanaka Gen , Hosaka Eri , Kuraishi Ritsu , Hosoya Natsumi , Matsumoto Midori , Kaneko Hiroyuki
Published: April 2011

During development, the embryos and larvae of the starfish Asterina pectinifera possess a single type of mesenchyme cell. The aim of this study was to determine the patterns of behavior of mesenchyme cells during the formation of various organs. To this end, we used a monoclonal antibody (mesenchyme cell marker) to identify the distribution patterns and numbers of mesenchyme cells. Our results revealed the following: (i) mesenchyme cell behavior differs in the formation of different organs, showing temporal variations and an uneven pattern of distribution; and (ii) mesenchyme cells continue to be generated throughout development, and their numbers are tightly regulated in proportion to total cell numbers.
Larval damage of Hylamorpha elegans (Burm.) on wheat plants sown in soils with different particulate organic matter content
Authors: Millas Paz , Carrillo Roberto
Published: April 2011

Hylamorpha elegans (Burm.) larvae cause economic damage in cereal crops and pastures in southern Chile. It has been observed that adding manure to soil, which is a source of labile organic matter, reduces the damage to pasture plants by several scarabeid species. This type of organic matter can provide alternative or additional food for scarab larvae which may be effective in reducing the intensity of larval damage. Larval damage by H. elegans on wheat plants sown in soils with different proportions of particulate organic matter (POM 9.1%, 6.8% and 5.3%) was examined. Root damage was estimated from the difference in weight of roots in the scarab treatments and that in the respective controls. The highest POM decreased root damage by larvae of H. elegans, possibly because POM acts as an alternative food source or the high soil respiration associated with POM can dilute the cues emitted by the plants' roots.
Risk factors and pathogen profile of ventilator‐associated pneumonia in a neonatal intensive care unit in China
Authors: Deng Chun , Li Xiaowen , Zou Youfu , Wang Jin , Wang Jiarong , Namba Fumihiko , Hiroyuki Yoshi , Yu Jialin , Yamauchi Yoshitada , Guo Chunbao
Published: April 2011

Background:  The aim of the present study was to explore the incidence and risk factors of, and summarize the involved pathogens in, neonates with ventilator‐associated pneumonia (VAP) in the authors' neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) to determine the effective strategies for prevention.

Methods:  A retrospective case–control study including 117 VAP patients and 232 controls was conducted from January 2002 to July 2008. The antibiotics sensitivity spectrum was determined on quantitative microbiological evaluation. Multiple logistic regression and Cox model analysis were performed to determine independent and accumulative risk factors for VAP.

Results:  Multivariate analysis showed that birthweight, mechanical ventilation (MV), parenteral alimentation, dexamethasone and other respiratory disease were associated with the development of VAP. The cumulative risk for developing VAP increased over the duration of stay in the NICU. The most common isolated bacteria of the pathogen spectrum in VAP were Klebsiella spp. (33/146), Acinetobacter baumannii (26/146), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (18/146) and Staphylococcus aureus(13/146). Meanwhile, we found that previous use of antibiotics before VAP diagnosis was not associated with the onset of VAP.

Conclusions:  The daily risk for VAP increases with duration of stay in the NICU after ventilation. Drug‐resistant bacteria are common pathogens for neonatal VAP in the authors' NICU.
The infusion method trial of void vs standard catheter removal in the outpatient setting: a prospective randomized trial
Authors: Boccola Mark A. , Sharma Anant , Taylor Claire , Wong Lih‐Ming , Travis Douglas , Chan Steven
Published: April 2011

OBJECTIVE

• To ascertain if filling the bladder with warm normal saline before trial of void (TOV) reduces time to decision of outcome of TOV and time to discharge compared with standard in‐dwelling catheter (IDC) removal in the outpatient setting.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

• A prospective randomized controlled trial (not blinded) was carried out in the day procedure unit. Randomization was done using computer‐generated random numbers. The sample size was calculated based on initial pilot data using α= 0.05 and β= 0.2 and a clinically important reduction of ≥60 min for time to decision of outcome of TOV (primary outcome measure).

• In all, 60 consecutive patients were recruited from two referral sources: presentations of acute urinary retention to the emergency department and patients discharged home after failing TOV postoperatively.

• The infusion method group (32 patients) had 300–500 mL warm normal saline infused into the bladder before removing their IDC and the control group (28) had standard IDC removal.

• Data were collected and analysed using the two‐tailed Mann–Whitney U‐test. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.

RESULTS

• The median time to decision was 135.0 (95% confidence interval CI 95.0–190.0) min in the infusion group and 247.5 (95% CI 189.6–294.1) min in the control group.

• Patients undergoing a bladder infusion had a shorter discharge time [180.0 (95% CI 126.0–226.9) min] than patients in the standard‐IDC‐removal group [262.5 (95% CI 233.8–315.0) min].

• The infusion arm shortened time to decision by 112.5 min (P < 0.001) and time to discharge by 82.5 min (P < 0.001).

• Furthermore, patients in the infusion group were 1.56 times more likely to achieve catheter‐free state after TOV (risk ratio 1.56, 95% CI 1.03–2.36; P= 0.03).

CONCLUSION

• The infusion method for TOV is safe and expeditious, making it ideal for the outpatient setting. This randomized study shows that the infusion method enables a rapid determination of outcome of TOV with a greater chance of success and shortened discharge times.
A new approach to the treatment of non‐specific male genital pain
Authors: Naim Mark , Ende David
Published: April 2011

OBJECTIVES

• To review the literature and the generally accepted unsatisfactory management of chronic genital pain in men.

• To refer such patients for Journey psychotherapy and record the outcomes of such treatment.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

• We describe an alternative psychotherapeutic approach in the treatment of such men, whereby deep‐seated emotions are considered an underlying cause in the expression of chronic genital pain.

• Eleven men with refractory chronic genital pain were counselled, and given one Journey process, lasting 2–3 h.

• They were followed up for up to 4 years in some cases, and their outcomes recorded.

• No further treatment was undertaken in this time.

RESULTS

• Of the 11 cases, four had significant pain relief, four had partial relief of their symptoms, and three did not (or may have had some relief but were lost to follow‐up).

CONCLUSION

• Chronic genital pain syndromes are common and often debilitating. Patients are subject to an array of investigations that usually identify non‐specific abnormalities at best. Treatment is usually aimed at symptomatic control as underlying organic pathology is rarely identified. Patients have been given multiple courses of antibiotics even in the absence of identifiable organisms, anti‐inflammatory drugs in the absence of proven inflammation, and narcotic analgesics in an attempt to control chronic pain. Occasionally surgery, such as orchidectomy, has been performed to remove the painful organ, without satisfactory results. We therefore looked for an alternative approach that had the promise of a more satisfactory outcome.

• Given the usual psychotherapeutic requirement of lengthy periods of therapy, and given that each patient only had one session, we find the above results remarkable and very encouraging.

• With this experience, we now offer this approach early to avoid wasting time and money, and would persist with further therapy sessions especially in those with partial relief of their pain.
Perinephric abscess
Authors: Gardiner Robert A. , Gwynne Raymond A. , Roberts Sally A.
Published: April 2011

The clinical condition of perinephric abscess can present dramatically as an acute emergency or insidiously as a chronic condition. The clinical characteristics and contemporary treatment approaches of these different types of perinephric abscess are outlined in this overview of the topic.
How helpful are error management and counterfactual thinking instructions to inexperienced spreadsheet users' training task performance?
Authors: Caputi Peter , Chan Amy , Jayasuriya Rohan
Published: April 2011

This paper examined the impact of training strategies on the types of errors that novice users make when learning a commonly used spreadsheet application. Fifty participants were assigned to a counterfactual thinking training (CFT) strategy, an error management training strategy, or a combination of both strategies, and completed an easy task (assessing direct application of the skills learned) followed by a hard task (assessing adaptive transfer). Even though there were no objective differences in performance across conditions, a positive relationship was found between errors and task performance for the CFT and combined conditions in the hard task. These preliminary findings indicate the usefulness of examining not only task performance but also types of errors when assessing the effectiveness of software training strategies.
Do nontask interactions matter? The relationship between nontask sociability of computer supported collaborative learning and learning outcomes
Authors: Abedin Babak , Daneshgar Farhad , D'Ambra John
Published: April 2011

While technological improvements of the computer supported collaborative learning (CSCL) have been substantial, its nontask social aspect has not received proportional attention. This study investigates the notion of nontask sociability of CSCL, and identifies its relationship with the students' learning outcomes using the case of an Australian postgraduate programme. Learning outcome is defined as a multiple variable consisting of pedagogical affect, student's interest and perceived learning. Five items were identified for operationalising the nontask sociability. These are ‘finding help’, ‘sense of appealing’, ‘sense of boringness’, ‘sense of interactivity’ and ‘sense of frustration’. In addition, a strong relationship was revealed between nontask sociability and learning outcomes which implies that further attention needs to be given to the nontask aspect of the CSCL interactions. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are then discussed.
The civic‐minded instructional designers framework: An alternative approach to contemporary instructional designers' education in higher education
Authors: Yusop Farrah Dina , Correia Ana‐Paula
Published: April 2011

This paper argues that an emphasis on training‐for‐the‐job approaches has distracted designers from thinking about the meaning of their profession and the grand purpose of practising instructional design. Drawing from literature in the fields of sociology and educational technology, this paper synthesises discourses on civic professionalism in instructional design and technology, and proposes a conceptual framework that highlights the roles and qualities of a civic‐minded instructional designer. It is claimed that a critical discussion on civic professionalism in the field of educational technology can offer an alternative perspective on educating instructional designers, and have practical implications on instructional design and technology curricula in higher education.
Creativity and Social Innovation: What Can Urban Policies Learn from Sectoral Experiences?
Authors: OLIVEIRA CARLOS , BREDA‐VÁZQUEZ ISABEL
Published: April 2011

Much of the literature dealing with creativity and innovation as triggers for development seems to neglect other dimensions of urban development beyond the market economy. This is particularly challenging in places that face severe qualification problems such as Oporto City‐Region, where an important share of the population do not belong to the so‐called ‘creative class’ and have limited prospects of benefiting from urban development based on creativity and innovation. Nonetheless, alternative approaches to creativity and innovation have been developed in the last decade. Social innovation is one of these approaches. Nevertheless, it too faces acute problems related to the dissemination of new ideas beyond their field of origin. By analysing two socially innovative programmes in the education sector that are underway in the Oporto City‐Region, this article aims to explore the prospects for disseminating social innovation through urban policy.

Une grande partie des publications qui étudient la créativité et l'innovation en tant que facteurs d'impulsion du développement négligent apparemment des dimensions du développement urbain qui ne relèvent pas de l'économie de marché. Or, ce point est particulièrement prégnant dans les lieux confrontés à de sérieux problèmes de qualification, tels que la région métropolitaine d'Oporto où une part importante de la population n'appartient pas à la classe dite ‘créative’ et a peu d'espoir de profiter d'un développement urbain fondé sur la créativité et l'innovation. Néanmoins, dans la dernière décennie, d'autres approches ont étéélaborées. L'innovation sociale en fait partie, mais elle se heurte aussi à d'intenses difficultés liées à la diffusion des idées nouvelles hors de leur cadre d'origine. L'article analyse deux programmes innovants sur le plan social qui se rapportent à l'éducation dans la région métropolitaine d'Oporto. Ce faisant, cette étude explore les perspectives de diffusion de l'innovation sociale au travers des politiques urbaines.
Dilution of botulinum toxin A in lidocaine vs. in normal saline for the treatment of primary axillary hyperhidrosis: a double‐blind, randomized, comparative preliminary study
Authors: Güleç A.T.
Published: April 2011

Background  Botulinum toxin A (BTX‐A) is an effective and safe treatment modality for primary axillary hyperhidrosis. However, some patients experience considerable pain during injections.

Design  Dilution of botulinum toxin A in lidocaine vs. in normal saline for the treatment of primary axillary hyperhidrosis: a double‐blind, randomized, comparative preliminary study.

Objective  The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy, safety and pain tolerance of lidocaine‐diluted BTX‐A vs. saline‐diluted BTX‐A for the treatment of axillary hyperhidrosis.

Methods  Eight patients were injected with 50 U of BTX‐A diluted in 0.5 mL of saline and 1 mL of 2% lidocaine into one axilla and 50 U of BTX‐A diluted in 1.5 mL of saline into the other axilla in a randomized fashion. The pain associated with the injections were self‐assessed by the subjects using a 100‐mm visual analogue scale (VAS).

Results  Lidocaine‐diluted BTX‐A and saline‐diluted BTX‐A were similarly effective regarding the reduction in sweat production, the onset of sweat cessation and the duration of hypo/anhidrosis. Nevertheless, the pain VAS score during the injections was significantly lower in the axilla treated with lidocaine‐diluted BTX‐A than the one treated with saline‐diluted toxin.

Limitations  Preliminary study due to relatively small sample size.

Conclusion  Botulinum toxin A diluted in lidocaine causes significantly less pain than BTX‐A diluted in saline, whereas it is is equally effective and safe as the latter one in treating axillary hyperhidrosis. Therefore, we suggest that lidocaine‐diluted BTX‐A may be a better treatment option for the patients with primary axillary hyperhidrosis.
Penile intraepithelial neoplasia: histopathological evaluation, HPV typing, clinical presentation and treatment
Authors: Wikström A. , Hedblad M.‐A. , Syrjänen S.
Published: April 2011

Background  Genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in male patients can cause great variety of lesions, most of which are benign, but some are categorised as penile intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN).

Objectives  The aims of the present work were to: (i) perform HPV testing and correlate to histopathology from genital HPV‐induced lesions in men; and (ii) determine the clinical presentation and treatment of PIN.

Methods  Men attending the venereological clinic at Karolinska Hospital for surgical treatment of genital HPV infection were included. Two biopsies were taken from each patient, one for histopathology and one for HPV typing using PCR. Patients exhibiting PIN were selected for further analysis. Lesions were described, and treatment and follow‐up data were recorded.

Results  Forty‐seven of 303 (16%) male HPV patients exhibited PIN lesions. Nineteen were afflicted with lesions denominated as PIN I, 13 had PIN II lesions and 15 had PIN III lesions. Macular lesions were most common (n = 27). Ninety‐three percent of the analysed PIN lesions were HPV‐positive. Three of twelve (25%) HPV‐positive PIN III lesions contained only low‐risk HPV types compared to 13 of 19 (68%) PIN I lesions. In addition, 9 of 12 (75%) HPV‐positive PIN III lesions contained high‐risk HPV types compared to 6 of 19 (32%) PIN I lesions (P = 0.029). HPV 6 and HPV 16 were the most prevalent genotypes. A mean of four surgical treatment sessions was performed during a treatment period of mean 27 months.

Conclusions  PIN is highly HPV‐positive, can show differing clinical pictures and is difficult to treat.
A pilot study comparing low‐dose liposomal amphotericin B with N‐methyl glucamine for the treatment of American cutaneous leishmaniasis
Authors: Motta J.O.C. , Sampaio R.N.R.
Published: April 2011

Background  Cutaneous leishmaniasis is an infectious re‐emerging disease that has increased in incidence worldwide. Antimony, a highly toxic drug, remains the first choice therapy to treat it. Liposomal amphotericin B is active against Leishmania and is less toxic than antimony.

Objective  To compare low‐dose liposomal amphotericin B with N‐methyl glucamine for the treatment of American cutaneous leishmaniasis.

Patients/Methods  In a controlled open‐label trial 35 patients with a localized form of American cutaneous leishmaniasis were included. They were allocated to a first group treated with 1.5 mg/kg/day of liposomal amphotericin B for 5 days, or to a second one treated with 20 mgSbV/kg/day of N‐methyl glucamine for 20 days.

Results  In the first group, 50% and 81% of patients experienced a clinical cure and clinical improvement respectively. There was a 100% clinical cure in the second group.

Conclusion  Liposomal amphotericin B seems to be promising and safe for the treatment of American cutaneous leishmaniasis.
Evaluation of chemical amendments to control phosphorus losses from dairy slurry
Authors: Brennan R. B. , Fenton O. , Rodgers M. , Healy M. G.
Published: April 2011

Land application of dairy slurry can result in incidental losses of phosphorus (P) to runoff in addition to increased loss of P from soil as a result of a buildup in soil test P (STP). An agitator test was used to identify the most effective amendments to reduce dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) loss from the soil surface after land application of chemically amended dairy cattle slurry. This test involved adding slurry mixed with various amendments (mixed in a beaker using a jar test flocculator at 100 rpm), to intact soil samples at approximate field capacity. Slurry/amended slurry was applied with a spatula, submerged with overlying water and then mixed to simulate overland flow. In order of effectiveness, at optimum application rates, ferric chloride (FeCl2) reduced the DRP in overlying water by 88%, aluminium chloride (AlCl2) by 87%, alum (Al2(SO4)3·nH2O) by 83%, lime by 81%, aluminium water treatment residuals (Al‐WTR; sieved to <2 mm) by 77%, flyash by 72%, flue gas desulphurization by‐product by 72% and Al‐WTR sludge by 71%. Ferric chloride (€4.82/m3 treated slurry) was the most cost‐effective chemical amendment. However, Al compounds are preferred owing to stability of Al–P compared with Fe–P bonds. Alum is less expensive than AlCl2 (€6.67/m3), but the risk of effervescence needs further investigation at field‐scale. Phosphorus sorbing materials (PSM) were not as efficient as chemicals in reducing DRP in overlying water. The amendments all reduced P loss from dairy slurry, but the feasibility of these amendments may be limited because of the cost of treatment.
Peatland subsidence and carbon loss from drained temperate fens
Authors: Leifeld J. , Müller M. , Fuhrer J.
Published: April 2011

Peat‐forming organic soils lose large amounts of carbon and soil volume when drained. Although surface subsidence is often taken as a proxy for the associated carbon loss, other mechanisms also cause a change in volume. To infer the reliability of subsidence for estimating carbon loss, we compared long‐term subsidence rates of an 80 ha area of temperate fen that was drained 140 yr ago against estimates of subsidence based on soil bulk densities measured at four sites. Both methods correlate significantly, yield similar subsidence rates of 0.8–1.6 cm/yr and underpin the value of using profile information for inferring volumetric loss. Peat oxidation accounts for 28–64% of the loss in volume, which is equivalent to annual carbon loss rates of 2.5–5.5 t C/ha. Whereas the profile‐based method is also suitable for estimating carbon loss, the wide range of oxidative contribution to the overall subsidence indicates that subsidence alone cannot provide an unbiased estimate of carbon emission factors from drained fens.