bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An approach to diagnosis of T‐cell lymphoproliferative disorders by flow cytometry
Authors: Gorczyca Wojciech , Weisberger James , Liu Z. , Tsang Patricia , Hossein Monowar , Wu C. Daniel , Dong Henry , Wong John Y.L. , Tugulea Sorina , Dee Simpson , Melamed Myron R. , Darzynkiewicz Zbigniew
Published: October 2002

T‐cell lymphoproliferative disorders are among the most challenging diagnoses in hematopathology. Unlike the more common B‐cell disorders, in which clonality is often readily discernible by surface immunoglobulin light chain restriction, there is no specific immunophenotypic signature that is diagnostic of a clonal T‐cell population. Immunophenotypic criteria that are helpful in the diagnosis of T‐cell neoplasms include T‐cell subset antigen restriction, anomalous T‐cell subset antigen expression, deletion or diminution of one of the pan T‐cell antigens, a precursor T‐cell phenotype, and expression of additional markers (e.g., CD30, CD20, major myeloid antigens, and TCRγδ). Analysis of the inherent forward and orthogonal light scatter properties of the cell can also provide important diagnostic clues. None of these features is 100% specific, however, for aberrant expression of pan‐T antigens may be seen in viral infections, B‐cell malignancies, or in reactive changes following administration of certain medications. An increased CD4:CD8 ratio is often observed in Hodgkin's lymphoma. Based on the analysis of 87 neoplastic and 80 control cases, we conclude that flow cytometric features that are most suspicious for malignancy include the loss or markedly dim expression of CD45; complete loss of one or more pan‐T antigens; diminished expression of more than two pan‐T antigens in conjunction with altered light scatter properties; and CD4/CD8 dual‐positive or dual‐negative expression (except thymic lesions). Cytometry (Clin. Cytometry) 50:177–190, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative analysis of different flow cytometry‐based immunophenotypic methods for the analysis of CD59 and CD55 expression on major peripheral blood cell subsets
Authors: Hernández‐Campo Pilar M. , Martín‐Ayuso Marta , Almeida Julia , López Antonio , Orfao Alberto
Published: October 2002

BACKGROUND

Flow cytometry‐based immunophenotypic techniques for the analysis of CD55 and CD59 expression on the major cell populations present in blood are the preferred method for the diagnostic screening of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH). Methods: In the present study, we comparatively analyze the effects of stain‐lyse‐and‐then‐wash techniques and lyse‐wash‐and‐then‐stain procedures on the detection of both CD55 and CD59 expression on the major peripheral blood (PB) leucocyte subsets, as analyzed by flow cytometry. Our major goal was to establish the minimum amounts of anti‐CD55 and anti‐CD59 reagents required to be added to a minimum volume of blood, which would allow an optimal staining for both antigens on red cells, platelets, and leucocytes present in a single tube. Results: Our results show that upon comparing stain‐lyse‐and‐then‐wash techniques with lyse‐wash‐and‐then‐stain protocols, the presence of important amounts of red cells at the time peripheral blood leucocytes are stained for CD55 and CD59 is associated with a significantly (P < 0.01) lower and more heterogeneous pattern of antigen expression on almost all major PB leucocyte subsets, supporting the need to use red cell lysing procedures prior to the staining of leucocytes. Identical, optimal patterns of antigen staining for CD55 and CD59 were obtained upon incubating 3 μL of blood with 10 μL of each of these monoclonal antibody (mAb) reagents (protein concentration of 0.05 μg/μL and 0.2 μg/μL respectively) for 30 min (room temperature [RT]) using a non‐lyse‐non‐wash sample preparation procedure. This latter procedure allowed for the simultaneous analysis of CD55 and CD59 expression on red cells, platelets, neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes present in the sample through the combined staining of CD55 and CD59 with CD64‐fluorescein isothiocyante (FITC) plus CD61‐peridinin chlorophyll protein (PerCP) and CD45‐PerCP. Conclusions: In summary, our results show that the sample preparation protocol has a significant impact on the quality of the staining obtained for the CD55 and CD59 antigens on the major PB leucocyte subsets; additionally, we propose a simple and reliable stain‐non‐lyse‐non‐wash method for the simultaneous analysis of CD55 and CD59 expression on PB red cells, platelets, neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes, which could be reached through the use of two triple stainings. Cytometry (Clin. Cytometry) 50:191–201, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Incidence of numerical chromosome aberrations in meningioma tumors as revealed by fluorescence in situ hybridization using 10 chromosome‐specific probes
Authors: Sayagués José María , Tabernero María Dolores , Maillo Angel , Díaz Pedro , Rasillo Ana , Bortoluci Aglae , Gomez‐Moreta Juan , Santos‐Briz Angel , Morales Francisco , Orfao Alberto
Published: October 2002

Objective: Although information on the cytogenetic characteristics of meningioma tumors has accumulated progressively over the past few decades, information on the genetic heterogeneity of meningiomas is still scanty. The aim of the present study was to analyze by interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) the incidence of numerical abnormalities for chromosomes 1, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 17, 22, X, and Y in a group of 70 consecutive meningioma tumors. Another goal was to establish the potential associations among the altered chromosomes, as a way to assess both intertumoral and intratumoral heterogeneity. Methods: For the purpose of the study, 70 patients diagnosed with meningioma were analyzed. Interphase FISH for the detection of numerical abnormalities for chromosomes 1, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 17, 22, X, and Y was applied to fresh tumor samples from each of the patients studied. Results: The overall incidence of numerical abnormalities was 76%. Chromosome Y in males and chromosome 22 in the whole series were the most common abnormalities (46% and 61%, respectively). Despite the finding that monosomy of chromosome 22/22q‐ deletions are the most frequent individual abnormality (53%), we have observed that chromosome gains are significantly more common than chromosome losses (60% versus 40%). Chromosome gains corresponded to abnormalities of chromosomes 1 (27%), 9 (25%), 10 (23%), 11 (22%), 14 (33%), 15 (22%), 17 (23%), and X in females (35%) and males (23%) whereas chromosome losses apart from chromosome 22 frequently involved chromosomes 14 (19%), X in males (23%), and Y in males (32%). Although an association was found among most gained chromosomes on one side and chromosome losses on the other side, different association patterns were observed. Furthermore, in the latter group, monosomy 22/22q‐ was associated with monosomy X in females and monosomy 14/14q‐ was associated with nulisomy Y in males. In addition, chromosome losses usually involved a large proportion of the tumor cells whereas chromosome gains were restricted to small tumor cell clones, including tetraploid cells. Conclusions: Our results show that meningiomas are genetically heterogeneous tumors that display different patterns of numerical chromosome changes, as assessed by interphase FISH. Cytometry (Clin. Cytometry) 50:153–159, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A unifying co‐operative web caching architecture
Authors: Abonamah Abdullah , Al‐Rawi Akram , Minhaz Mohammad
Published: October 2002

Network caching of objects has become a standard way of reducing network traffic and latency in the web. However, web caches exhibit poor performance with a hit rate of about 30%. A solution to improve this hit rate is to have a group of proxies form co‐operation where objects can be cached for later retrieval. A co‐operative cache system includes protocols for hierarchical and transversal caching. The drawback of such a system lies in the resulting network load due to the number of messages that need to be exchanged to locate an object. This paper proposes a new co‐operative web caching architecture, which unifies previous methods of web caching. Performance results shows that the architecture achieve up to 70% co‐operative hit rate and accesses the cached object in at most two hops. Moreover, the architecture is scalable with low traffic and database overhead. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cytological grading, apoptosis, and Bcl‐2 protein expression in breast cancer
Authors: Hemachandran Manikkapurath , Nijhawan Raje , Joshi Kusum
Published: October 2002

A prospective study was conducted on 27 cases of infiltrating duct carcinoma of breast diagnosed by fine‐needle aspirate cytology (FNAC), subjected to mastectomy following the FNA diagnosis. Cytological grading, Bcl‐2 score, and quantification of apoptotic cell count were done on FNA material. Next, the carcinomas were graded on the corresponding histopathological sections. The overall concordance between cytological and histological gradings was 77.7%, with maximum concordance in Grade I tumors and minimum in Grade II. The mean apoptotic rates were 0.59 ± 0.722, 2.11 ± 0.707, and 2.95 ± 0.854 in Grades I, II, and III, respectively. Similarly Bcl‐2 scores were 1.36 ± 0.82, 0.22 ± 0.13, and 0.14 ± 0.116, in Grades I, II, and III lesions, respectively. When the cytological grade was correlated with histological grade alone, and subsequently along with Bcl‐2 scores and apoptotic rates, there was a significant improvement from 0.662–0.713 (P value, 0.001). Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;26:356–359. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fine‐needle aspiration cytology of giant cell fibroblastoma: Case report and review of the literature
Authors: Layfield Lester J. , Gopez Evelyn V.
Published: October 2002

Giant cell fibroblastoma is an uncommon soft tissue neoplasm occurring in childhood. It appears to be the juvenile form of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, with which it shares some histologic, cytogenetic, and immunohistochemical features. We report, to our knowledge, the second description of the cytologic features of giant cell fibroblastoma. The present case represents a recurrent lesion in the soft tissues of the scrotum of a 17‐yr‐old male. The aspirate produced moderately cellular smears containing mononuclear cells, usually lying singly, but occasionally forming clusters. The majority of the individual cells possessed scanty bipolar cytoplasm or were devoid of cytoplasm. The nuclei were bland, with small nucleoli. Nuclear membranes frequently contained notches, creases, or folds. Small fragments of metachromatic stroma were present in the background and were often associated with small aggregates of cells. Rare multinucleated giant cells containing bland oval or basillary‐shaped nuclei were admixed with the spindle‐cell component. Necrosis and mitotic figures were not a component of the smears. Surgical resection of the mass confirmed the diagnosis of giant cell fibroblastoma. We review the characteristic cytologic features of giant cell fibroblastoma and compare them with other soft tissue tumors in the differential diagnosis. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;26:398–403. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytohistologic correlations in 56 synovial sarcomas in 36 patients: The Institut Curie experience
Authors: Klijanienko Jerzy , Caillaud Jean‐Michel , Lagacé Réal , Vielh Philippe
Published: October 2002

Synovial sarcoma (SS) is a high‐grade malignant soft tissue tumor that manifests different phenotypic subtypes that may render their cytologic evaluation challenging. Although several cytologic studies of SS have been published, correlative studies of cytologic and corresponding histologic features are limited. To better define the cytological features of various SS forms, we reviewed the cytologic and the corresponding histologic material of 56 tumors from 36 patients. Classical patterns were defined as dispersed or small clusters of cells with bland chromatin, inconspicuous nucleoli, oval to spindle‐shaped cytoplasm and branching tumor tissue fragments, vessel stalks, acinar structures in scant mucin background, seen in all 53 (94.7%) cellular cases. Epithelial, squamous, round cells, mast cells, necrosis, comma‐like nuclei, marked nuclear atypia, secretory mucin, and rosette‐like structures were also occasionally observed. Comparing the histological subtype we noted that epithelial cells and secretory mucin were restricted to biphasic SS, round cells to poorly differentiated SS, and comma‐like nuclei to monophasic fibrous SS. We conclude that the classical pattern is highly suggestive of SS of all three monophasic, biphasic, or poorly differentiated subtypes. These characteristics, along with molecular genetic studies, may improve the cytologic diagnosis of SS. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;27:96–102. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Building brand relationships online: A comparison of two interactive applications
Authors: Thorbjørnsen Helge , Supphellen Magne , Nysveen Herbjørn , Pedersen Per Egil
Published: October 2002

Due to its potential for interactive communication, the Internet is considered a promising tool for relationship marketing. However, the effects of interactive communication on marketing effectiveness may depend on several factors related to each individual consumer, such as Internet experience. In this study, two of the most common applications for interactive communication—personalized Web sites and customer communities—were compared for their ability to develop consumer-brand relationships as measured by the Brand Relationship Quality (BRQ) framework of Fournier (1998). No main effects of the applications were observed. However, significant effects of Internet applications were found when Internet experience was included as a moderating variable. Specifically, it was found that personalized Web sites developed stronger consumer-brand relationships for respondents with extensive Internet experience than for respondents with limited Internet experience. Conversely, it was found that customer communities developed stronger relationships among respondents with limited Internet experience than among respondents with extensive Internet experience. Implications for marketing management and future research in this area are discussed.
Gene‐dosage‐sensitive genetic interactions between inversus viscerum (iv), nodal, and activin type IIB receptor (ActRIIB) genes in asymmetrical patterning of the visceral organs along the left‐right axis
Authors: Oh S. Paul , Li En
Published: October 2002

We have shown previously that mice deficient in the activin type IIB receptor (ActRIIB) exhibit right isomerism, which is characterized by mirror‐image symmetrical right lungs, complex cardiac malformations, and hypoplasia of the spleen. These observations led us to hypothesize that the signaling of a TGF‐β family member by means of ActRIIB is necessary for the determination of the left‐sidedness of the visceral organs. To test this hypothesis, we examined laterality defects in mice carrying mutations in both ActRIIB and inversus viscerum (iv) genes, because iv‐/‐ mice display a spectrum of laterality defects, including situs inversus, right isomerism, and left isomerism. We found that all mice homozygous for both iv and ActRIIB mutations displayed the right isomerism. The phenotype of right isomerism in the double mutants was also more severe than that in ActRIIB‐/‐ mice as shown by persistent left inferior vena cava, right atrial isomerism, and hypoplasia of spleen. Interestingly, the incidence of right isomerism also increased significantly in iv‐/‐;ActRIIB+/‐ and iv+/‐;ActRIIB‐/‐ mice compared with homozygous mice carrying either of single gene mutations. A mechanism of the genetic modulation between ActRIIB and iv genes may be that iv modulates the asymmetric expression of a TGF‐β family member that signals through activin type II receptors, ActRIIA and ActRIIB, to specify the “left‐sidedness.” Nodal is the most likely candidate. We show here that the penetrance and severity of the right isomerism is significantly elevated in nodal+/‐; ActRIIB‐/‐ mice, compared with ActRIIB‐/‐ mice. Furthermore, the chimeric mice derived from nodal‐/‐ ES cells displayed right isomerism, indistinguishable from that in (iv‐/‐;ActRIIB‐/‐) mice. We propose that iv functions to establish asymmetric expression of nodal in a gene‐dosage–sensitive manner and that nodal signals through the activin type II receptors to specify the left‐sidedness by means of a threshold mechanism. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relationship among body image, exercise behavior, and exercise dependence symptoms
Authors: Hausenblas Heather A. , Fallon Elizabeth A.
Published: October 2002

Objective

The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship among body image, exercise behavior, body mass index (BMI), and primary exercise dependence symptoms in physically active individuals.

Method

Male and female university students (N = 474) completed self‐report measures of exercise behavior, height, weight, exercise dependence symptoms, social physique anxiety, and body satisfaction.

Results

Hierarchical multiple regressions with forced block entry by gender were conducted to examine the effects of exercise behavior, BMI, and exercise dependence symptoms on body satisfaction and social physique anxiety. For females, BMI was the strongest positive predictor of body dissatisfaction and social physique anxiety. For males, exercise behavior was the strongest negative predictor of body dissatisfaction and social physique anxiety.

Discussion

It was concluded that after controlling for the effects of BMI and exercise behavior, primary exercise dependence symptoms were not strong predictors on body image, especially for females. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 32: 179–185, 2002.
Bulimia nervosa: Friend or foe? The pros and cons of bulimia nervosa
Authors: Serpell Lucy , Treasure Janet
Published: October 2002

Objective

The aim of the current study was to use a qualitative approach to investigate the attitude of people with bulimia nervosa (BN) to their illness.

Method

Patients with BN were asked to write two letters to their bulimia, one addressing it as a friend and the other addressing it as an enemy. We used a coding scheme to classify themes in letters of people with anorexia nervosa (AN) to group together themes expressed by those with BN. We revised the coding scheme to include themes that were not present in the letters of people with AN.

Results

There were both similarities and differences in the themes described by AN and BN patients. Two positive themes (BN allowing the individuals to eat and not get fat and BN as a way of dealing with boredom) and two negative themes (shame or low self‐esteem resulting from BN and obsessive thoughts of weight and shape) were added to the coding scheme to account for these differences.

Discussion

The positive and negative aspects of BN differ in some important ways from those expressed by patients with AN. The meaning of these differences is discussed with reference to the wider symptom pattern of BN compared with AN and their importance with reference to motivation for change is outlined. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 32: 164–170, 2002.
High‐speed self‐aligned SiGe HBT and application to optical‐fiber‐link ICs
Authors: Shimamoto Hiromi , Ohue Eiji , Oda Katsuya , Hayami Reiko , Tanabe Masamichi , Masuda Tohru , Shiramizu Nobuhiro , Arakawa Fumihiko , Ohhata Kenichi , Kondo Masao , Harada Takashi , Washio Katsuyoshi
Published: October 2002

SiGe base heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) has high‐frequency and high‐speed performance comparable to compound semiconductor devices, and also has high cost because the existing Si process is used. Hence, this HBT is expected to be a key device for high‐speed optical transmission systems and microwave/millimeter‐wave wireless systems. The self‐aligned SiGe HBT developed here has a PASS structure with selective epitaxial growth by UHV/CVD and buffered polycrystalline Si in the lower layer of the external base polycrystalline Si. In this way, high‐speed operation of the intrinsic transistor and reduction of the parasitic capacitance and resistance are realized at the same time. The cutoff frequency and maximum oscillation frequency of this SiGe HBT are 122 and 163 GHz, and the gate delay time of the ECL circuit is an extremely fast 5.5 ps. Further, an IC to form a 40 Gbit/s optical receiver is fabricated. A preamplifier with a 45‐GHz bandwidth, a limit amplifier with a gain of 32 dB, a frequency divider of 60‐GHz operations, and a 1:4 DEMUX with a decision circuit operating at 40 Gbit/s are realized. It is shown that the 40 Gbit/s optical receiver IC chip set with the present SiGe HBTs reached a practical level. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(7): 66–76, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10004
Analysis of micro corner reflectors by finite element method and their applications to optical devices
Authors: Suzuki Kouichi , Koyama Fumio , Iga Kenichi
Published: October 2002

By using eigenfunctions obtained from the analysis of an optical waveguide obtained from a new one‐dimensional finite element method, a method is proposed for connecting them to the computational domain by Galerkin's method. The usefulness of the connecting boundary is demonstrated. The present procedure provides a two‐dimensional program for the analysis of Maxwell's full equations. By means of this method, a micro semiconductor corner reflector consisting of two total reflection mirrors is analyzed. The reflectivity in an infinitesimal region with a waveguide width of less than 1.0 µm in the corner reflector is characterized for the first time. It is shown that the reflectivity in the micro structure is limited by the trapping coefficient of the waveguide. Enhancement of the optical intensity distribution at the tip of the corner reflector is discovered. A reflection‐type optical demultiplexer and a near‐field enhancement method using a micro‐corner reflector are proposed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(6): 20–26, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10006
Application of wire model to calculation of impedance of transmission lines with arbitrary cross sections
Authors: Matsushima Akira , Sakamoto Hiroyoshi
Published: October 2002

The ac effective resistance and inductance of transmission lines consisting of a conductor with an arbitrary cross section are computed by the so‐called wire model, in which the cross section is subdivided into small segments that are individually replaced with wire elements. To this end, an integral equation is derived of the current density distribution for transmission lines consisting of several wires with circular cross sections. This equation is transformed to a set of linear simultaneous equations by the method of moments. In the numerical calculations, the impedance characteristics are discussed in detail physically for an isolated conductor, a simple parallel twin wire, and a parallel triple wire. Subsequently, the microstrip line is chosen as an example for conductors with arbitrary cross sections. It is shown that the results from the present method of analysis agree well with those from other methods, establishing the effectiveness of the method. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(7): 1–10, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10036
TM‐Mode selective filter using leaky waveguide structure
Authors: Ohke Shigeaki , Umeda Tokuo , Cho Yoshio
Published: October 2002

In this paper, a structure using the optical leakage phenomenon is proposed as a relatively simple TM mode selective filter for optical circuits. The filter characteristics are discussed. In the TM mode selective filter discussed herein, a layer with refractive index higher than that of the waveguide layer (guided layer) is used as a cladding together with a thin buffer layer with a lower refractive index (ultralow‐refractive‐index layer). The cladding material used to realize a TM mode selective filter need not be a lossy material such as a metal with a so‐called complex index of refraction. A layer with a refractive index equal to or higher than that of the guiding layer suffices. In this paper, it is shown with specific configuration examples (partly numerical examples) that an optical leakage structure with an ultralow‐refractive‐index buffer layer can exhibit excellent TM mode selective filter characteristics. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(8): 9–15, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10037
Fast coordinates generating circuit for pixel parallel processing
Authors: Tooyama Osamu , Takase Shinji , Watanabe Akira , Akita Junichi
Published: October 2002

Since the coordinates of multiple points cannot be encoded simultaneously due to the encoder characteristics when encoding the positions of multiple points on a plane as the coordinates, each point must be successively searched for, and each coordinate must be encoded in order. Highly efficient algorithms to search for points on a plane, such as the binary search, are known. These algorithms can be easily implemented in software in general, but are difficult to implement in hardware. In this paper, we propose an algorithm that rapidly searches for the points on a plane and its circuit architecture in order to encode multiple points. We used this proposed circuit in the last stage of a circuit that detects the centroids of objects on a pixel plane and searched for the detected centroids by a circuit simulation in H‐SPICE. From the result, we verified the completion of the search of a 15 × 15‐pixel plane in several microseconds. Since the processing time of this algorithm depends, in theory, on the number of points to be searched for and not on the number of pixels on the pixel plane, even as the number of pixels on the pixel plane to be searched increases, the processing time does not increase dramatically. Therefore, this algorithm is also effective as the resolution improves. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(6): 27–32, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.1109
Fear‐then‐relief, mindlessness, and cognitive deficits
Authors: Dolinski Dariusz , Ciszek Michal , Godlewski Kacper , Zawadzki Michal
Published: October 2002

The assumption that mindlessness underlies the effectiveness of the ‘fear‐then‐relief’ social influence technique has been verified in four studies. The first two experiments indicated that compliance of those experiment participants who were made to function on the thoughtful level under a ‘fear‐then‐relief’ condition decreases to the level observed in the control group. The other two experiments were to analyze the cognitive functioning of people who at first experience fear and then a sudden and unexpected relief. The first of these experiments indicated that the amount of time needed to detect the expression of emotion on other persons' faces is prolonged, and the second of these latter two experiments that the participants' arithmetical abilities are impaired (mental addition and subtraction of three two‐digit numbers). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Perceived legitimacy of intergroup status differences: its prediction by relative ingroup prototypicality
Authors: Weber Ulrike , Mummendey Amélie , Waldzus Sven
Published: October 2002

Research demonstrates that the perceived legitimacy of intergroup status differences has profound effects on intergroup attitudes, emotions and behavior. However, there has only been little intergroup research that predicts the perception of legitimacy. We hypothesize that the perception of legitimate or illegitime status relations depends upon the perceived relative prototypicality of the ingroup for the inclusive category. Since the prototype of the inclusive category provides a normative comparison standard for subgroup evaluation, similarity to this standard (i.e. prototypicality) should be positively evaluated and used to justify high status. A first study in a natural intergroup context (N = 67) offered correlational data in support of the predicted relationship. The second study (N = 60), using Germans as ingroup with Poles as outgroup and Europe as inclusive category, demonstrated that the link between prototypicality and legitimacy is contingent upon the valence of the inclusive category. In order to elucidate the causal direction, the third study manipulated relative prototypicality in an artificial intergroup context (N = 94) and introduced status as a moderator variable. Overall, we found strong support for the hypothesis that legitimacy is related to prototypicality and that this relation is moderated by ingroup status and valence of the inclusive category. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
‘We're all individuals’: group norms of individualism and collectivism, levels of identification and identity threat
Authors: Jetten Jolanda , Postmes Tom , McAuliffe Brendan J.
Published: October 2002

Three studies were conducted to investigate the power of group norms of individualism and collectivism to guide self‐definition and group behavior for people with low and high levels of group identification. Study 1 demonstrates that in an individualist culture (North America), those who identify highly with their national identity are more individualist than low identifiers. In contrast, in a collectivist culture (Indonesia) high identifiers are less individualist than low identifiers. Study 2 manipulates group norms of individualism and collectivism, and shows a similar pattern on a self‐stereotyping measure: High identifiers are more likely to incorporate salient group norms prescribing individualism or collectivism into their self‐concept than low identifiers. Study 3 replicates this effect and shows that high identifiers conform more strongly to group norms, and self‐stereotype themselves in line with the salient norm than low identifiers when their group is threatened. Hence, the findings suggest that when there is a group norm of individualism, high identifiers may show individualist behavior as a result of conformity to salient group norms. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The dissemination of critical, unshared information in decision‐making groups: the effects of pre‐discussion dissent
Authors: Brodbeck Felix C. , Kerschreiter Rudolf , Mojzisch Andreas , Frey Dieter , Schulz‐Hardt Stefan
Published: October 2002

Previous research in group decision making has found that in situations of a hidden profile (i.e. the best choice alternative is hidden from individual members as they consider their pre‐discussion information), unshared information is disproportionately neglected and sub‐optimal group choices are highly likely. In an experimental study, three‐person groups decided which of three candidates to select for a professorial appointment. We hypothesised that minority dissent in pre‐discussion preferences improves the consideration of unshared information in groups and increases the discovery rate of hidden profiles. As predicted, consideration of unshared information increased with minority dissent. The expectation of an improvement of group decision quality was partially supported. In diversity groups (i.e. each member prefers a different alternative) consideration of unshared information and group decision quality was significantly higher than in simple minority groups. Results are discussed in the light of theories of minority influence. The benefits of using the hidden profile paradigm with minority and diversity groups for theory development in the area of group decision making are highlighted. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A prospective meta‐analytic approach in a multisite study of homelessness prevention
Authors: Banks Steven , McHugo Gregory J. , Williams Valerie , Drake Robert E. , Shinn Marybeth
Published: October 2002

This chapter describes a technique based on meta‐analysis for analyzing data from multisite studies.
A multisite evaluation of supported housing: Lessons learned from cross‐site collaboration
Authors: Rog Debra J. , Randolph Frances L.
Published: October 2002

The Center for Mental Health Services Housing Initiative illustrates the benefits of prior research, a phased approach, and strong collaboration in tackling difficult multisite issues.
A multisite evaluation of treatment of methamphetamine dependence in adults
Authors: Rawson Richard A. , Marinelli‐Casey Patricia J. , Huber Alice
Published: October 2002

The Center for Substance Abuse Treatment Methamphetamine Treatment Project, with seven sites and more than a thousand participants, is an evaluation of a manualized psychosocial outpatient approach for the treatment of methamphetamine‐dependent individuals.
Forest people: The role of African rainforests in human evolution and dispersal
Authors: Mercader Julio
Published: October 2002

Conventionally, the African continent has been partitioned in two evolutionary domains. One of them, the rainforest, is home to apes and covers central and West Africa. The other one extends through the woodlands and savannas of East and Southern Africa and has been traditionally perceived as home to humanity. The morphology of early humans is well‐adapted to open environments.1 In addition, food procurement in savannas is known to be easier and more reliable than is provisioning in the rainforest, with its dispersed and cryptic faunal resources and fickle carbohydrates and fat. In the late 1980s, human ecologists and socio‐cultural anthropologists demonstrated that full‐fledged foraging without some agricultural support has been virtually undocumented in tropical forests today or in the recent past.2 This research portrayed the present‐day rainforest ecosystem as an unfriendly environment that is unable to support purely foraging groups, and questioned whether hominids ever lived in it.2
Fire safety assessment of wooden facades
Authors: Hakkarainen Tuula , Oksanen Tuuli
Published: October 2002

The fire behaviour of wooden facades in multi‐storey houses has been studied in a Nordic research project on the fire safety of timber framed buildings. Two different fire scenarios were considered: a relatively small ignition source outside the building and a post‐flashover compartment fire. The scenarios correspond to potential fire situations in sprinklered and unsprinklered houses, respectively.

Fire tests of wooden facades with different cladding materials, surface treatments and structures were performed on intermediate and large scales. In the case of an external fire, the most efficient way to prevent the propagation of flames to the upper storeys of the facade is the structural modification of the facade profile, i.e. cantilevers and oriels. Particular care should be taken so that the protrusion is of sufficient depth and width and that its front and lower surfaces are non‐combustible. Using fire retardant treatment, the flame spread can be considerably delayed or even halted. Acceptance criteria for the facades of sprinklered and unsprinklered multi‐storey buildings are suggested based on the test series. Similar principles can be applied when defining criteria for various test arrangements and fire scenarios. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Army Success Story: Ex‐Situ Biological Treatment of Perchlorate‐Contaminated Groundwater
Authors: Polk Jonna , Onewokae Cyril , Guarini William J. , Murray Cliff , Tolbert David E. , Togna A. Paul
Published: October 2002

Groundwater from the burning ground and landfill of the Longhorn Army Ammunition Plant (LHAAP) in

Texas is currently remediated by pumping the water from an interceptor collection trench system, removing

volatile organic compounds and metals in an ex‐situ treatment process, and discharging the treated water

to a nearby stream. In early 2001, LHAAP's environmental restoration team supplemented the existing

treatment process with an Envirogen biological fluid bed reactor (FBR) to remove the perchlorate prior

to discharge. After a pilot test using site water at Envirogen's New Jersey laboratory, an FBR system

designed to treat 50 gallons of groundwater per minute was installed. The FBR achieved complete perchlorate

removal (< 4 ppb) within three weeks of start‐up (February 2002). The FBR

continues to remove perchlorate to less than 4 ppb. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Composition of the volatile oil of Thymus transcaspicus Klokov from Iran
Authors: Miri R. , Ramezani M. , Javidnia K. , Ahmadi L.
Published: October 2002

Thymus is one of the most important genera with regard to the number of species within the family Lamiaceae. The essential oil of Thymus transcaspicus Klokov (Lamiaceae) from Iran was isolated by hydrodistillation in 0.9% yield. The chemical composition of the essential oil was examined by GC and GC–MS. Forty‐seven compounds were identified, representing 99.5% of the total oil. The main compounds were thymol (56.4%), γ‐terpinene (7.7%), carvacrol (7.6%) and p‐cymene (6.3%). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design optimization of axial flow hydraulic turbine runner: Part I—an improved Q3D inverse method
Authors: Peng Guoyi , Cao Shuliang , Ishizuka Masaru , Hayama Shinji
Published: October 2002

With the aim of constructing a comprehensive design optimization procedure of axial flow hydraulic turbine, an improved quasi‐three‐dimensional inverse method has been proposed from the viewpoint of system and a set of rotational flow governing equations as well as a blade geometry design equation has been derived. The computation domain is firstly taken from the inlet of guide vane to the far outlet of runner blade in the inverse method and flows in different regions are solved simultaneously. So the influence of wicket gate parameters on the runner blade design can be considered and the difficulty to define the flow condition at the runner blade inlet is surmounted. As a pre‐computation of initial blade design on S2m surface is newly adopted, the iteration of S1 and S2m surfaces has been reduced greatly and the convergence of inverse computation has been improved. The present model has been applied to the inverse computation of a Kaplan turbine runner. Experimental results and the direct flow analysis have proved the validation of inverse computation. Numerical investigations show that a proper enlargement of guide vane distribution diameter is advantageous to improve the performance of axial hydraulic turbine runner. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Large eddy simulation of free surface turbulent flow in partly vegetated open channels
Authors: Xiaohui Su , Li C. W.
Published: October 2002

A large eddy simulation (LES) model has been developed to simulate the hydrodynamic behaviour of turbulent flow in an open channel with a domain of vegetation. Vegetation is considered as an internal source of resistant force and turbulence energy. The model is modified from the LES model of Li and Wang (International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 2000; 34), and is distinctive in that the subgrid scale turbulence is parameterized by a k–l model. The length scale of turbulence l is proportional to the grid size and the turbulence energy k is obtained from the solution of the turbulence energy transport equation. An operator splitting method, which splits the solution procedure into advection, diffusion and pressure propagation steps, is employed so that different numerical schemes can be used for the solution of different physical processes. The model has been applied to simulate open channel flow with transverse shear produced by vegetation drag. Some organized large eddies were found in the interface between the vegetated and non‐vegetated regions and the organized structure clearly has a life cycle. At the interface the transverse velocity profile exhibits a steep gradient, which induces significant mass and momentum exchange, acts as a source of vorticity, and generates high Reynolds stresses. The logarithmic vertical velocity variation becomes uniform in the vegetated domain. The agreement between the numerical results and the experimental data (Tsujimoto and Kitamura, KHL Progressive Report '92, Hydrology Laboratory, Kanazawa University, Japan, 1992; 21) is satisfactory. The present k–l LES model is proven to be a useful tool for engineering applications, as it can simulate the dynamic development of large eddies and the associated intermittent turbulence. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards entropy detection of anomalous mass and momentum exchange in incompressible fluid flow
Authors: Naterer G. F. , Rinn D.
Published: October 2002

An entropy‐based approach is presented for assessment of computational accuracy in incompressible flow problems. It is shown that computational entropy can serve as an effective parameter in detecting erroneous or anomalous predictions of mass and momentum transport in the flow field. In the present paper, the fluid flow equations and second law of thermodynamics are discretized by a Galerkin finite‐element method with linear, isoparametric triangular elements. It is shown that a weighted entropy residual is closely related to truncation error; this relationship is examined in an application problem involving incompressible flow through a converging channel. In particular, regions exhibiting anomalous flow behaviour, such as under‐predicted velocities, appear together with analogous trends in the weighted entropy residual. It is anticipated that entropy‐based error detection can provide important steps towards improved accuracy in computational fluid flow. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fragmentation and complementarity: The case of EFPs
Authors: Brown‐Hruska Sharon , Laux Paul A.
Published: October 2002

With the proliferation of alternative markets, concerns have arisen that they may induce lower liquidity on
centralized exchanges. In futures markets, the use of an alternative trading mechanism known as exchange of
futures for physicals (EFPs) has increased sharply in recent years. EFPs provide a means to obtain
futures positions, coupled with offsetting cash positions, away from the centralized exchange. Traders use EFPs
to ensure a desired price on complex packages of trades, thus avoiding the transactional risk
(slippage) that is inherent in the centralized market. Theoretical analysis establishes that any
detrimental effects of fragmenting the centralized market can be offset by traders' knowledge of another
opportunity to trade without transactional risk. If EFPs attract more risk‐bearing capacity, there could
even be a net benefit to the central market. An empirical analysis suggests that EFP trading is motivated by
transactional risk because it represents a larger portion of total trading during periods of unusually high
volatility when slippage is apt to be more of a problem. Consistent with the notion that alternative markets can
be complementary to centralized exchanges, we find that EFP trading is not associated with reductions in market
quality and may act as an outlet for extra volume when markets are under the most stress. © 2002 Wiley
Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 22:697–727, 2002
SOX9 has both conserved and novel roles in marsupial sexual differentiation
Authors: Pask Andrew J. , Harry Jenny L. , Graves Jennifer A. Marshall , O'Neill Rachel J. Waugh , Layfield Sharon L. , Shaw Geoffrey , Renfree Marilyn B.
Published: October 2002

Summary: In addition to an essential role in chondrogenesis, SOX9 is a highly conserved and integral part of the testis determining pathway in human and mouse. To determine whether SOX9 is involved in sex determination in noneutherian mammals we cloned a marsupial orthologue and studied its expression. The tammar wallaby SOX9 gene proved to be highly conserved, and maps to a region of the tammar genome syntenic to human chromosome 17. Marsupial SOX9 transcripts were detected by RT‐PCR in the developing limb buds and both the developing ovary and testis from the first sign of gonadal development through to adulthood. Northern blot, in situ hybridisation, and immunohistochemical analyses showed that SOX9 reaches high levels of expression in the developing testis, where it is confined to the Sertoli cell nuclei, and the brain. This is similar to the expression pattern seen in human and mouse embryos and is consistent with a conserved role for SOX9 in vertebrate brain, skeletal, and gonadal development. In addition, SOX9 was expressed in the developing scrotum and mammary gland primordium regions of the tammar up to the time of birth. SOX9 protein was also detected in the developing Wolffian duct epithelium in the male mesonephros. These previously undescribed locations of SOX9 expression suggest that SOX9 may play additional roles in the differentiation of the marsupial reproductive system. genesis 33:131–139, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Targeting mammary epithelial cells using a bacterial artificial chromosome
Authors: Wintermantel Tim M. , Mayer Anja K. , Schütz Günther , Greiner Erich F.
Published: October 2002

We describe the generation of transgenic mouse lines expressing Cre recombinase in epithelial cells of the lactating mammary gland. As an expression vector, we used a P1‐derived bacterial artificial chromosome (PAC) which harbors the gene for the secretory milk protein, whey acidic protein (Wap). Using homologous recombination in E. coli, the PAC was modified to carry the improved coding sequence of Cre recombinase (iCre). Transgenic lines carrying the WAPiCre PAC express Cre recombinase efficiently in the majority of mammary epithelial cells upon lactation. Of only four transgenic lines produced, three express Cre recombinase to a high efficiency. LoxP‐flanked DNA sequences are recombined in virtually all epithelial cells of WAPiCre transgenic mice at lactation day 3. genesis 33:125–130, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vasoactive intestinal peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide inhibit chemokine production in activated microglia
Authors: Delgado Mario , Jonakait G. Miller , Ganea Doina
Published: October 2002

Microglia react to even minor disturbances in CNS homeostasis and function as critical regulators of CNS inflammation. Activated microglia secrete inflammatory mediators such as cytokines and chemokines, which contribute to the pathophysiological changes associated with several neuroimmunologic disorders. Microglia‐derived inflammatory chemokines recruit various populations of immune cells, which initiate and maintain the inflammatory response against foreign antigens. Entry and retention of activated immune cells in the CNS is a common denominator in a variety of traumatic, ischemic, and degenerative diseases. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide (PACAP) are two structurally related neuropeptides that function as potent anti‐inflammatory factors in the periphery. Here we investigated the effects of VIP and PACAP on chemokine production by activated microglia. VIP and PACAP inhibit the expression of the microglia‐derived CXC chemokines MIP‐2 and KC, and of the CC chemokines MIP‐1α, ‐1β, MCP‐1, and RANTES. The inhibition of chemokine gene expression correlates with an inhibitory effect of VIP/PACAP on NFkB binding. The VIP/PACAP inhibition of both chemokine production and of NFkB binding is mediated through the specific receptor VPAC1 and involves a cAMP‐dependent intracellular pathway. Of biological significance is the fact that the inhibition of chemokine production by VIP/PACAP leads to a significant reduction in the chemotactic activity generated by activated microglia for peripheral leukocytes, i.e., neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes. Because reduction in the number and activation of infiltrating leukocytes represents an important factor in the control of inflammation in the CNS, VIP and/or PACAP released by neurons during an inflammatory response could serve as neuronal survival factors by limiting the inflammatory process. GLIA 39:148–161, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.