bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Refractory autoimmune cytopenias in pediatric Evans syndrome with underlying systemic immune dysregulation
Authors: Grimes Amanda B. , Kim Taylor O. , Kirk Susan E. , Flanagan Jonathan , Lambert Michele P. , Grace Rachael F. , Despotovic Jenny M.
Published: February 2021

Evans syndrome is a rare but challenging disorder in children; and despite rapidly growing evidence for targetable systemic immune dysregulation driving these “idiopathic” autoimmune cytopenias, precision diagnosis and management remains sub‐optimal among these patients. We analyzed retrospective clinical data for 60 pediatric ES patients followed at 3 large tertiary referral centers in the United States over a recent 6‐year period and found that definable underlying systemic immune dysregulation was identified in only 42% of these patients throughout the course of clinical care. Median time from ES diagnosis to identification of the underlying systemic immune dysregulation disorder was 1.3 years (<1 month for rheumatologic disease, 2.3 years for CVID, 3.4 years for ALPS, and 7.4 years for monogenic disorders of immune regulation). Notably, a significantly higher percentage of patients in whom a definitive immune dysregulation disorder was ultimately identified required ≥3 cytopenia‐directed therapies (92%) and also second‐ and third‐line immunomodulatory agents (84%), vs those in whom no unifying immune dysregulation was diagnosed (65%, and 35%, respectively)—indicating that autoimmune cytopenias as a manifestation of systemic immune dysregulation are more treatment‐refractory and severe. These data underline the importance of identifying the underlying systemic immune dysregulation and providing targeted therapy in pediatric ES.
C. elegans as a model to study glial development
Authors: Zhang Albert , Yan Dong
Published: February 2021

Glia make up roughly half of all cells in the mammalian nervous system and play a major part in nervous system development, function, and disease. Although research in the past few decades has shed light on their morphological and functional diversity, there is still much to be known about key aspects of their development such as the generation of glial diversity and the factors governing proper morphogenesis. Glia of the nematode C. elegans possess many developmental and morphological similarities with their vertebrate counterparts and can potentially be used as a model to understand certain aspects of glial biology owing to advantages such as its genetic tractability and fully mapped cell lineage. In this review, we summarize recent progress in our understanding of genetic pathways that regulate glial development in C. elegans and discuss how some of these findings may be conserved.
In search of the RNA world on Mars
Authors: Mojarro Angel , Jin Lin , Szostak Jack W. , Head James W. , Zuber Maria T.
Published: February 2021

Advances in origins of life research and prebiotic chemistry suggest that life as we know it may have emerged from an earlier RNA World. However, it has been difficult to reconcile the conditions used in laboratory experiments with real‐world geochemical environments that may have existed on the early Earth and hosted the origin(s) of life. This challenge is due to geologic resurfacing and recycling that have erased the overwhelming majority of the Earth's prebiotic history. We therefore propose that Mars, a planet frozen in time, comprised of many surfaces that have remained relatively unchanged since their formation > 4 Gya, is the best alternative to search for environments consistent with geochemical requirements imposed by the RNA world. In this study, we synthesize in situ and orbital observations of Mars and modeling of its early atmosphere into solutions containing a range of pHs and concentrations of prebiotically relevant metals (Fe2+, Mg2+, and Mn2+) spanning various candidate aqueous environments. We then experimentally determine RNA degradation kinetics due to metal‐catalyzed hydrolysis (cleavage) and evaluate whether early Mars could have been permissive toward the accumulation of long‐lived RNA polymers. Our results indicate that a Mg2+‐rich basalt sourcing metals to a slightly acidic (pH 5.4) environment mediates the slowest rates of RNA cleavage, though geologic evidence and basalt weathering models suggest aquifers on Mars would be near neutral (pH ~ 7). Moreover, the early onset of oxidizing conditions on Mars has major consequences regarding the availability of oxygen‐sensitive metals (i.e., Fe2+ and Mn2+) due to increased RNA degradation rates and precipitation. Overall, (a) low pH decreases RNA cleavage at high metal concentrations; (b) acidic to neutral pH environments with Fe2+ or Mn2+ cleave more RNA than Mg2+; and (c) alkaline environments with Mg2+ dramatically cleaves more RNA while precipitates were observed for Fe2+ and Mn2+.
An Atmosphere of Malaise: Failures of Detection in Friedrich Glauser's Matto regiert (1936)
Authors: Rosenstock Martin
Published: February 2021

Friedrich Glauser's Motto regiert (1936) tells a story with parabolic qualities: Sergeant Studer must investigate a murder that has taken place in a Swiss psychiatric clinic. The social and political issues that are roiling Europe in the years leading up to World War Two find condensed expression in this microcosm. The essay focuses on the literary devices the text employs to create atmosphere and asks how atmosphere functions both to support the construction of a classic murder mystery, while also subverting some of its generic conventions. The figure of the detective is of central importance, as he is portrayed as uncommonly sensitive to the atmosphere of his surroundings. At the same time, however, the clinic's atmosphere ultimately proves to some extent unreadable. Hence, Glauser's text can be viewed as a precursor of the what in post‐war literature will come to be known as anti‐detective fiction.
Image‐based high‐throughput phenotyping for the estimation of persistence of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenneL.)—A review
Authors: Jayasinghe Chinthaka , Badenhorst Pieter , Jacobs Joe , Spangenberg German , Smith Kevin
Published: February 2021

Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenneL.) is considered the most important pasture species in temperate agriculture, with over six million hectares of sown area in Australia alone. However, perennial ryegrass has poor persistence in some environments because of low tolerance to a range of both abiotic and biotic stresses. To breed perennial ryegrass, cultivars with greater persistence and productivity may require evaluation of genotypes over a number of years. Persistence assessment in pasture breeding depends on manual ground cover estimation or counting the number of surviving plants or tillers in a known area. These methods are subjective and labour intensive, which may limit data collection in large‐scale breeding programs. With the rapid development of sensors and image processing algorithms, image‐based high‐throughput phenotyping (HTP) is becoming commonplace in the breeding of major food crops. Image‐based HTP approaches consist of the deployment of a wide range of sensors on ground‐based or airborne platforms and data analysed through image processing pipelines. Image‐based HTP shows high potential for use in pasture phenotyping in breeding programs and may be able to reduce timeframes for releasing new cultivars. Moreover, existing image‐based HTP approaches could be further developed to include precise tools for phenotyping pasture persistence traits such as pasture senescence, botanical composition, pathogen and pest resistance. In this study, we reviewed existing image‐based HTP approaches in precision agriculture and discussed their feasibility for perennial ryegrass persistence estimation in pasture breeding. Although the paper focuses on application in perennial ryegrass, the principles equally apply to other perennial forage species.
Novel mapping techniques for rotor core detection using simulated intracardiac electrograms
Authors: Ravikumar Vasanth , Annoni Elizabeth , Parthiban Preethy , Zlochiver Sharon , Roukoz Henri , Mulpuru Siva K. , Tolkacheva Elena G.
Published: February 2021

Background

Catheter ablation is associated with limited success rates in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation (AF). Currently, existing mapping systems fail to identify critical target sites for ablation. Recently, we proposed and validated several techniques (multiscale frequency [MSF], Shannon entropy [SE], kurtosis [Kt], and multiscale entropy [MSE]) to identify pivot point of rotors using ex‐vivo optical mapping animal experiments. However, the performance of these techniques is unclear for the clinically recorded intracardiac electrograms (EGMs), due to the different nature of the signals.

Objective

This study aims to evaluate the performance of MSF, MSE, SE, and Kt techniques to identify the pivot point of the rotor using unipolar and bipolar EGMs obtained from numerical simulations.

Methods

Stationary and meandering rotors were simulated in a 2D human atria. The performances of new approaches were quantified by comparing the “true” core of the rotor with the core identified by the techniques. Also, the performances of all techniques were evaluated in the presence of noise, scar, and for the case of the multielectrode multispline and grid catheters.

Results

Our results demonstrate that all the approaches are able to accurately identify the pivot point of both stationary and meandering rotors from both unipolar and bipolar EGMs. The presence of noise and scar tissue did not significantly affect the performance of the techniques. Finally, the core of the rotors was correctly identified for the case of multielectrode multispline and grid catheter simulations.

Conclusion

The core of rotors can be successfully identified from EGMs using novel techniques; thus, providing motivation for future clinical implementations.
Clinical, radiographic and economic evaluation of short‐6‐mm implants and longer implants combined with osteotome sinus floor elevation in moderately atrophic maxillae: A 3‐year randomized clinical trial
Authors: Shi Jun‐Yu , Lai Yi‐Rao , Qian Shu‐Jiao , Qiao Shi‐Chong , Tonetti Maurizio S. , Lai Hong‐Chang
Published: February 2021

Aim

To compare the 3‐year clinical, radiographic and economic outcomes of short‐6‐mm implants and longer implants combined with osteotome sinus floor elevation (OSFE) in the posterior maxilla.

Material and Methods

This study enrolled 225 patients (225 implants with diameter of 4.1 mm and 4.8 mm) with a posterior maxillary residual bone height (RBH) of 6–8 mm. Patients were randomly divided into three groups: Group 1 (6 mm implants alone), Group 2 (8 mm implants + OSFE) and Group 3 (10 mm implants + OSFE). The following outcomes were recorded at 1 and 3‐year examinations: implant survival, probing pocket depth (PPD), bleeding on probing (BOP), modified plaque index (mPI), marginal bone loss (MBL), biological and technical complications, complication‐free survival and treatment costs.

Results

At the 3‐year follow‐up, 199 patients (Group 1: 67; Group 2: 62; Group 3: 70) were re‐examined. Implant survival rates were 91.80%, 97.08% and 100.00% in groups 1, 2 and 3. Implant survival rate in Group 1 was significantly lower than that in Group 3 (p = 0.029). A multivariate Cox model showed that the short‐6‐mm implants with wide diameter had a protective effect on implant survival (hazard ratio: 0.59, p = 0.001). No significant differences in BOP%, PPD, mPI, MBL and complication‐free survival rate were found among the three groups. The average costs of retreatment were 8.31%, 1.96% and 0.56% of the total costs in groups 1, 2 and 3. The cost to avoid a 1% increase in implant loss associated with 6‐mm implants over a 3‐year period was 369 CNY (56 USD) using a 10‐mm implant with OSFE and 484 CNY (74 USD) using an 8‐mm implant with OSFE.

Conclusion

In the moderately atrophic posterior maxillae, the three treatments showed acceptable clinical, radiographic and economic outcomes with up to 3‐year follow‐up. 10‐mm implants combined with OSFE showed more favourable implant survival and fewer maintenance costs in comparison with short‐6‐mm implants, which were less expensive.
Consistency of recommendations and methodological quality of guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of COVID‐19
Authors: Luo Xufei , Liu Yunlan , Ren Mengjuan , Zhang Xianzhuo , Janne Estill , Lv Meng , Wang Qi , Song Yang , Mathew Joseph L. , Ahn Hyeong Sik , Lee Myeong Soo , Chen Yaolong
Published: February 2021

Objective

Since the beginning of the COVID‐19 epidemic, a large number of guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of COVID‐19 have been developed, but the quality of those guidelines and the consistency of recommendations are unclear. The objective of this study is to evaluate the quality of the diagnosis and treatment guidelines on COVID‐19 and analyze the consistency of the recommendations of these guidelines.

Methods

We searched for guidelines on diagnosis and/or treatment of COVID‐19 through PubMed, CBM, CNKI, and WanFang Data, from January 1, 2020 to August 31, 2020. In addition, we also searched official websites of the US CDC, European CDC and WHO, and some guideline collection databases. We included diagnosis and/or treatment guidelines for COVID‐19, including rapid advice guidelines and interim guidelines. Two trained researchers independently extracted data and four trained researchers evaluated the quality of the guidelines using the AGREE II instruments. We extracted information on the basic characteristics of the guidelines, guideline development process, and the recommendations. We described the consistency of the direction of recommendations for treatment and diagnosis of COVID‐19 across the included guidelines.

Results

A total of 37 guidelines were included. Most included guidelines were assessed as low quality, with only one of the six domains of AGREE II (clarity of presentation) having a mean score above 50%. The mean scores of three domains (stakeholder involvement, the rigor of development and applicability) were all below 30%. The recommendations on diagnosis and treatment were to some extent consistent between the included guidelines. Computed tomography (CT), X‐rays, lung ultrasound, RT‐PCR, and routine blood tests were the most commonly recommended methods for COVID‐19 diagnosis. Thirty guidelines were on the treatment of COVID‐19. The recommended forms of treatment included supportive care, antiviral therapy, glucocorticoid therapy, antibiotics, immunoglobulin, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), convalescent plasma, and psychotherapy.

Conclusions

The methodological quality of currently available diagnosis and treatment guidelines for COVID‐19 is low. The diagnosis and treatment recommendations between the included guidelines are highly consistent. The main diagnostic methods for COVID‐19 are RT‐PCR and CT, with ultrasound as a potential diagnostic tool. As there is no effective treatment against COVID‐19 yet, supportive therapy is at the moment the most important treatment option.
Acceptability of and intention to use the Unified Protocol delivered in group format in the Spanish Public Health System
Authors: Peris‐Baquero Óscar , Osma Jorge , Gil‐LaCruz Marta , Martínez‐García Laura
Published: February 2021

Background

The high prevalence of emotional disorders leads to a high demand for mental care which results in high costs and long waiting lists in public mental health settings. The Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders (UP) is a recent emotion‐regulation‐based intervention that can be a cost‐effective solution in public mental health settings due its transdiagnostic approach and the possibility to apply it in group format. However, the acceptability by mental healthcare professionals (MHCPs) delivering the UP in group format has not been explored.

Methods

Thirty‐three MHCPs, grouped into MHCPs without previous experience and MHCPs with experience in delivering the UP, were asked about aspects of acceptability and intention to use. Quantitative analysis was carried out to explore MHCPs acceptability. Furthermore, qualitative opinion about UP were collected through a SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats) analysis to explore MHCPs opinion of delivering the UP intervention in a group format, within the Spanish Public Mental Health System.

Results

The results showed high scores in all acceptability dimensions and intention to use in the future. SWOT analysis showed strengths and opportunities focusing on its transdiagnostic nature and the cost‐effective benefits of group treatment, and weaknesses and threats related to the limited material and human resources.

Conclusions

Findings indicate high acceptability of the UP by MHCPs working within the Spanish Public Mental Health System and also identified areas for improvements. In order to enhance the dissemination and implementation of the UP, it is essential to consider MHCPs' perceptions and to be open to their suggestions.
From intention to action: A systematic literature review of provider behaviour change‐focused interventions in physical health and behavioural health settings
Authors: Gupta Brinda , Li Dongze , Dong Peiyu , Acri Mary C.
Published: February 2021

Rationale, aims and objectives

It is clear there are significant delays in the uptake of best practices as part of routine care in the healthcare system, yet there is conflicting evidence on how to specifically align provider behaviour with best practices.

Method

We conducted a review of interventions utilized to change any aspect of provider behaviour. To extend prior research, studies were included in the present review if they had an active intervention targeting behaviour change of providers in health or behavioural‐health settings and were published between 2001 and 2020.

Results

Of 1547 studies, 44 met inclusion criteria. Of 44 studies identified, 28 studies utilized contextually relevant interventions (eg, tailored to a specific provider population). Twenty six interventions with a contextually relevant approach resulted in provider behaviour change.

Conclusions

Findings are promising for encouraging provider behaviour change when interventions are tailored to be contextually relevant, as both single‐component and multifaceted interventions were successful when they were contextually relevant. It is critical to conduct additional research to ensure that providers sustain behaviour changes over a long‐term beyond an intervention's implementation and evaluation period.
A novel minimally‐invasive approach for metal tattoo removal with Er:YAG laser
Authors: Mikami Risako , Mizutani Koji , Nagai Shigeyuki , Pavlic Verica , Iwata Takanori , Aoki Akira
Published: February 2021

Objective

Few effective and established treatment methods can remove gingival metal or amalgam tattoos. With this case series, we aimed to demonstrate the use of a novel minimally invasive technique to remove metal tattoos using an erbium‐doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Er:YAG) laser.

Materials and Methods

We retrospectively collected clinical data from 18 patients who had undergone Er:YAG laser treatment to remove metal tattoos. Minimal gingival ablation using an Er:YAG laser directed towards the pigmented area was performed, which exposed metal debris within the connective tissue that was carefully removed. A dental microscope was employed to identify the metal debris, for accurate irradiation, and to minimize wounding by reducing invasion. Postoperative gingival color and morphology, and visual analog scale as a patient‐reported outcome assessing postoperative pain were evaluated.

Results

All patients' metal tattoos were removed completely and safely during short procedures. Considerable esthetic improvements and favorable wound healing were achieved with almost no postoperative pain or complications.

Conclusion

The findings from this case series suggest that this novel minimally invasive therapy for metal tattoo removal that involved the Er:YAG laser is effective and safe, is associated with successful outcomes, and contributes greatly to patients' esthetic satisfaction.

Clinical Significance

Metal tattoo removal using an Er:YAG laser safely and successfully improved gingival esthetics. This novel technique is much simpler and less invasive than conventional periodontal plastic surgery, and it may be more reliable regarding esthetic gingival improvements as it is associated with favorable wound healing, and it could offer significant benefits to patients by alleviating physical and mental stresses via reduced chair time and postoperative pain.
Evaluating the self‐determination continuum towards seeking support among people with mild to borderline intellectual disabilities
Authors: Frielink N. , Schuengel C. , Embregts P. J. C. M.
Published: February 2021

Background

Providing professional support for people with mild to borderline intellectual disabilities (IDs) is supposed to support their autonomous participation in society and, in turn, enhance their well‐being and quality of life. However, the motivation for seeking support may differ for people with mild to borderline IDs, varying in the extent to which the person's autonomy is self‐determined. The present study tested the association between different types of motivation for seeking support and well‐being.

Method

Adults with mild to borderline IDs (N = 154) participated in a cross‐sectional survey. Researchers administered the Self‐Regulation Questionnaire – Support – II (SRQ‐S‐II) and a life satisfaction questionnaire. To determine the test–retest reliability of the SRQ‐S‐II, 30 participants completed a follow‐up questionnaire.

Results

The motivations cited by people with mild to borderline IDs for seeking support ranged from amotivation to intrinsic motivation. Multiple regression analysis indicated that the model explained 56.6% of the variance, with intrinsic motivation (β = 0.361, P < 0.001) and identified motivation (β = 0.381, P = 0.001) proving to be significant predictors in terms of explaining the highest percentage of variance in well‐being. Amotivation (β = −0.247, P = 0.004) and introjected motivation (β = −0.145, P = 0.03) contributed significantly to the model with negative beta coefficients. Finally, reliability measures (Cronbach's alphas, MacDonald's omegas and test–retest reliabilities) indicated that all types of motivation for seeking support could be reliably assessed.

Conclusions

The results of the present study showed that people with mild to borderline IDs displayed the full range of types of motivations for seeking support and, moreover, that it was associated with well‐being. Studying these motivational states, and increasing our awareness of what motivates this population to seek support, can aid the design of more effective support that respects self‐determination and well‐being. The SRQ‐S‐II is thus an important instrument for understanding the role of support in promoting well‐being.
Core Outcome Sets Relevant to Maternity Service Users: A Scoping Review
Authors: Slavin Valerie , Creedy Debra K. , Gamble Jenny
Published: February 2021

Introduction

Variation in outcomes reported in maternity‐related clinical trials and practice stifles data synthesis and contributes to ineffective or harmful treatments and interventions. Variation can be addressed using core outcome sets (COSs), minimum agreed sets of outcomes that should be measured and reported in all clinical trials in a specific area of health or health care. This scoping review identified studies that developed maternity‐related COSs; evaluated the extent, scope, quality, and consistency of outcomes across similar COSs; and identified current gaps in evidence.

Methods

A multifaceted search of 2 COS registers (Core Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials, Core Outcomes in Women's and Newborn Health), the International Consortium for Health Outcomes Measurement website, electronic databases (MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL), and hand search was conducted. Published, English‐language studies describing maternal and neonatal COSs for any health condition and published from inception to January 2020 were included. COS development process was evaluated against recently published COS Standards for Development: scope, stakeholder involvement, and consensus process.

Results

Thirty‐two articles relating to 26 COSs were included (maternal: 18 articles that addressed 17 COSs; neonatal: 14 articles that addressed 9 COSs) and covered a range of obstetric and neonatal conditions. COSs were published between 2006 and 2020, 58% since 2017. Maternal COSs included more outcomes (median, 17; range, 50) than neonatal COSs (median, 8; range, 20). Overlap in COSs was seen for maternity care and gestational diabetes. Overlap in outcomes was seen across similar COSs, which were mostly inconsistent or poorly defined. No included COS met all minimum standards for development. Two COSs extended recommendations for how and when to measure outcomes.

Discussion

Growth in COS development in the last 3 years signifies increasing commitment to address variation and improve data synthesis. Although the quality of the development process has improved in the last 3 years, there is a need for improvement. This article presents an urgent need to minimize overlap in outcomes and standardize outcome measurement, case definitions, and timing of measurement between COSs.
INVESTIGATING ALTMETRIC INFORMATION FOR THE TOP 1000 JOURNALS FROM HANDELSBLATT RANKING IN ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS STUDIES
Authors: Nuredini Kaltrina
Published: February 2021

In this study, the top 1000 journals from Handelsblatt ranking (often used in German‐speaking countries) in Economics (E) and Business Studies (BS) as an extension of the two previous studies from Nuredini and Peters are explored. Moderate shares of articles from E and BS journals for publication years 2011–2018 are found in Mendeley (47%) and Altmetric.com (around 44%). This study shows that altmetric information is significantly higher in coverage for articles published between 2016 and 2017. The top 5 most used altmetric sources for E and BS journals are Twitter, News, Facebook, Blogs, and Policy documents. Top highly ranked journals (with classes A+ and A) in E from Handelsblatt ranking are highly mentioned in Altmetric.com, making them also popular in social media platforms (i.e., attention sources). Mendeley counts are positively correlated with citations both at the article and journal level.
Strategic Complementarities in Bank Branching Decisions*
Authors: Kuehn Joseph
Published: February 2021

I study how complementarities between rival banks’ branching decisions impacts banking deregulation. I use an instrumental variables approach to separately identify a bank’s strategic response to rivals’ branching decisions from common market factors. The results indicate that some bank types are more likely to open additional branches if their rivals do. This has important implications for expansion and merger policies. These are explored using a model of consumer demand for bank services and bank branch network choices. I find that strategic complementarities in branching decisions augment the effects of a merger or expansion, leading many banking markets to become over‐branched.
Associations between health‐related family environment and objective child sleep quality
Authors: Williams Bethany D , Whipps Jonathon , Sisson Susan B , Guseman Emily H
Published: February 2021

Aim

This study aimed to assess the relationship between the family environment and behaviours with objective child sleep quality.

Methods

Twenty‐four children (aged 2–5 years) and their parents participated. Child sleep was assessed by accelerometer. Health of the family environment was quantified using the Family Nutrition and Physical Activity Screening Tool (FNPA). Exact Wilcoxon rank sum tests and linear regression were used to determine associations between FNPA scores and child sleep.

Results

Healthier Total FNPA, Physical Activity FNPA, and Sleep Routine scores were associated with earlier bedtime. Healthier Sleep Routine score was associated with more total minutes of sleep per night. Healthier screen time‐related FNPA construct scores were associated with earlier bedtime.

Conclusions

A composite score of family environment and behaviours, including physical activity‐ and nutrition‐related constructs, was related to child sleep quality. Focus should be placed on the obesogenic family environment and healthy sleep routines to promote overall health among pre‐school‐aged populations.
Alternate hosts and seed transmission of maize lethal necrosis in Ethiopia
Authors: Regassa Bayissa , Abraham Adane , Fininsa Chemeda , Wegary Dagne
Published: February 2021

Maize lethal necrosis (MLN) disease caused by double infection of Maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV) and Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) has become a major maize production constraint in Ethiopia. A field survey was conducted in areas where MLN infection was reported to identify naturally infected alternate hosts. MCMV host range was also studied by artificially inoculating various weed species in the greenhouse to determine potential alternate hosts. Using the serological method of double‐antibody sandwich enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (DAS‐ELISA) test, MCMV was detected in 23 (20.35%), and SCMV was detected in 4 (3.53%) of 113 MLN symptomatic samples collected from the field, while combined infection of both viruses was detected in 11 (9.73%) of the samples. Poaceae family had the highest number of grass species that were alternate hosts for MLN causing viruses. Digitaria sanguinalis, Phalaris paradoxa, Oplismenus hirtellus, Echinocloa colona, Cynodon nlemfuensis, Pennisetum purpureum from Poaceae and Cyperus cyperoids from Cyperaceae family were naturally infected by MCMV. Cyperus rotundus, sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) were infected by both MCMV and SCMV under natural field conditions. In addition, seed transmission study was conducted using growing‐on tests to determine the potential of seed transmission and its role in the spread of MLN. Overall mean seed to the seedling transmission rate was 0.073% with a range of 0 to 0.17% among 20 different maize varieties studied. Fourteen maize genotypes had some levels of seed transmission (0.03%–0.017%) for MCMV, whereas, SCMV seed transmission was observed only in a single plant of one genotype, with an overall mean of only 0.003%. Seed transmission rates of the viruses were influenced by the seed lot and maize varieties used. The wide ranges of natural and experimental alternate hosts and seed transmissibility of MLN causing viruses suggest that the viruses play a greater role in MLN epidemiology.
Working memory deficits in patients with idiopathic restless legs syndrome are associated with abnormal theta‐band neural synchrony
Authors: Cha Kwang Su , Sunwoo Jun‐Sang , Byun Jung‐Ick , Kim Tae‐Joon , Shin Jung‐Won , Kim Kyung Hwan , Jung Ki‐Young
Published: February 2021

Cognitive impairment, particularly prefrontal function, has been reported in patients with restless legs syndrome. However, working memory performance in patients with restless legs syndrome remains uncertain. The present study aimed to examine working memory performance in patients with restless legs syndrome by investigating electroencephalography theta‐band oscillations within task‐relevant brain regions and the synchronization among oscillations during a working memory task. Twelve female idiopathic patients with restless legs syndrome and 12 female healthy controls participated in this study. Nineteen‐channel electroencephalography data were recorded while participants performed a Sternberg working memory task. We analysed event‐related theta‐band activity and interregional theta‐band phase synchrony during the memory retrieval phase. The spatial pattern of theta‐band phase synchrony was quantified using graph theory measures, including the clustering coefficient, characteristic path length, and small‐world propensity. Considerable increases in theta‐band activity and theta‐band phase synchrony were observed at 600–700 ms in controls and at 650–750 ms in restless legs syndrome subjects after the probe item was presented. During this period, induced theta‐band activity showed lower with borderline significance in the restless legs syndrome subjects than in the controls regardless of channel location (F4,88 = 3.92, p = .06). Theta‐band phase synchrony between the frontal and posterior regions was significantly reduced in the restless legs syndrome subjects. Inefficiency in both global and local networks in the restless legs syndrome subjects was revealed by the decreased small‐world propensity (t22 = 2.26, p = .03). Small‐world propensity was negatively correlated with restless legs syndrome severity (r = −.65, p = .02). Our findings suggest that patients with restless legs syndrome have multiple deficits in cognitive processes, including attentional allocation, evaluation of incoming stimuli, and memory manipulation of encoded information during a working memory task. Abnormal local theta‐band neural synchrony and global theta‐band neural synchrony may underlie the neurophysiological mechanism of the working memory dysfunction associated with restless legs syndrome.
THE FORMATION OF EARLY NEOLITHIC COMMUNITIES IN THE CENTRAL ZAGROS: AN 11,500 YEAR‐OLD COMMUNAL STRUCTURE AT ASIAB
Authors: Richter Tobias , Darabi Hojjat , Alibaigi Sajjad , Arranz‐Otaegui Amaia , Bangsgaard Pernille , Khosravi Shokouh , Maher Lisa , Mortensen Peder , Pedersen Patrick , Roe Joe , Yeomans Lisa
Published: February 2021

Communal buildings have been reported from a number of early Neolithic sites from the Levant and Anatolia, but none were known from the central Zagros. Here we report on the recent excavations at Asiab, Kermanshah province, Iran, and argue that the principal feature found during Robert Braidwood’s excavation at the site in 1960 should be interpreted as an example of a communal building. We discuss the results of the previous and recent excavations, highlight the key features of this building, and the implications for our understanding of the early Neolithic in the ‘eastern wing’ of the Fertile Crescent.
An unexpected COVID‐19 diagnosis during emergency surgery in a neonate
Authors: Moreno‐Duarte Ingrid , Evans Amanda S. , Alder Adam C. , Vernon Madeline C. , Szmuk Peter , Rebstock Sarah
Published: February 2021

A 4‐day‐old, 3.3 kg infant presented with suspected intestinal malrotation, necessitating emergent diagnostic laparoscopy. Intra‐operatively, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) came back positive. This is the first case report of emergency surgery and anesthesia in a positive SARS‐CoV‐2 newborn. This report highlights a neonate with an incidental positive SARS‐CoV‐2 test, no known exposure history, negative polymerase chain reaction maternal testing, and absence of respiratory symptoms who required modified pressure control ventilation settings to adequately ventilate with the high‐efficiency particulate air filter in situ.
Direct Assembly in Aqueous Solutions of Stable Chlorophyllide Complexes with Type II Water‐soluble Chlorophyll Proteins
Authors: Bednarczyk Dominika , Tor‐Cohen Chen , Das Prabir Kumar , Noy Dror
Published: February 2021

Water‐soluble chlorophyll‐binding proteins (WSCPs) from Brassicaceae constitute a small family of non‐photosynthetic proteins that may provide a useful benchmark and model system for studying molecular aspects of chlorophyll‐protein interactions such as the tuning of absorption and emission spectra, and binding selectivity. WSCP apo‐proteins are readily expressed by recombinant DNA techniques and can be assembled in vitro with natural and synthetic chlorophyll derivatives. The complexes with native chlorophylls are exceptionally stable toward thermal dissociation and protein denaturation due to hydrophobic interactions with the chlorophyll’s phytyl chains that stabilize the core of the WSCP tetrameric complexes. However, assembly requires the use of detergents or water‐in‐oil emulsions to introduce the hydrophobic pigments into the water‐soluble apo‐proteins. Here, we explore the direct assembly of recombinant WSCPs with the water‐soluble phytyl‐free chlorophyll analogue chlorophyllide a in aqueous solutions. We show that the complexes formed by mixing chlorophyllide and WSCP apo‐proteins are exclusively tetrameric, and while they lack the extreme thermostability of the respective chlorophyll complexes, they are still thermostable up to around 60°C. Their absorption and CD spectra are very similar to the chlorophyll complexes albeit slight peak shifts and broadening of the bands indicate variations in pigment and protein conformations, and less rigid structures. Simplifying the assembly process of WSCPs opens new possibilities for their use in modelling natural chlorophyll‐protein complexes, and as templates for designing novel artificial protein‐pigment complexes.
What's the Value of Partisan Loyalty? Partisan Ambivalence, Motivated Reasoning, and Correct Voting in U.S. Presidential Elections
Authors: Robison Joshua
Published: February 2021

Partisans vary in the extent to which they rely on their partisan identities when voting. Are partisans who rely less on their partisan loyalties more likely to vote correctly than those who stick with their partisan intuitions? Research on motivated reasoning suggests so, but research focused on the heuristic value of partisanship implies otherwise. We examine this question using evidence from the ANES Time Series (1972–2004) and 2008 ANES Panel Survey. We find that ambivalent partisans, that is, those less reliant on partisanship when deciding, are generally less likely to vote correctly than univalent partisans, that is, those more reliant on partisanship. These results challenge some of the pessimism concerning the democratic competence of partisans as they imply that partisans engaging in directional reasoning can nevertheless perform their duties at the ballot box at least as well, if not better, than those engaged in more systematic and “rational” modes of decision‐making.
There is more to severe asthma associated with obesity than inflammation
Authors: Svenningsen Sarah , Nair Parameswaran
Published: February 2021

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Stratigraphic architecture of climate influenced hyperpycnal mouth bars
Authors: Melstrom Ellen M. , Birgenheier Lauren P.
Published: February 2021

Investigation of the process sedimentology of mouth bar deposition demonstrates a link to the seasonality associated with abrupt climate warming events during the early Eocene. While a relationship between fluvial sedimentology and climate events has been established previously, such documentation within mouth bar deposits is missing. Deltaic mouth bars of the Douglas Creek Member of the Green River Formation in the Uinta Basin record a fluvial–lacustrine response to abrupt warming events associated with the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum. This study ties the observed sedimentology of these mouth bars and their deposition via hyperpycnal currents to these climatic events. Detailed measured sections and analysis of stratigraphic architecture of outcrops in the eastern Uinta Basin document the sedimentology and stratigraphy of delta mouth bar complexes. Internal structures include climbing ripple cross‐lamination, convolute bedding, and those associated with transitional to upper‐flow regime bedforms such as planar laminations with normal grading and convex‐upward stratifications. The dominance of upper‐flow regime bedforms as well as interpreted long run out distances suggests that density currents deposited mouth bars tens of kilometres from the shoreline under Froude supercritical flow conditions. The highly seasonal climate regime of the early Eocene, capable of producing high‐sediment yield flooding events, likely provided the mechanism for hyperpycnal current formation within a relatively freshwater lake and controlled the timing of mouth bar deposition. Discrete lacustrine carbonate‐dominated packages separate periods of episodic fluvial discharge, recording reduced fluvial deposition between warming events. The established link between the occurrence of upper‐flow regime bedforms and the timing of climate warming events suggests that these climate conditions may be important for their formation and preservation. The study has implications for expanding existing mouth bar depositional models to include climatically controlled upper‐flow regime bedforms.
Investigating cognitive control and cognitive emotion regulation in Iranian depressed women with suicidal ideation or suicide attempts
Authors: Abdollahpour Ranjbar Hamed , Parhoon Hadi , Mohammadkhani Shahram , Munawar Khadeeja , Moradi AliReza , Jobson Laura
Published: February 2021

Objective

This study compared cognitive control (working memory, interference control, perseveration) and cognitive emotion regulation among Iranian women with depression who had attempted suicide, had only suicidal ideation, and healthy controls.

Method

Participants (N = 75) completed a clinical interview, cognitive control tasks, and the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire.

Results

Those with suicidal ideation or previous attempts had poorer cognitive control and cognitive emotion regulation than controls. Furthermore, those who had attempted suicide had poorer cognitive control and reported greater use of self‐blame, rumination, and catastrophizing, and less use of acceptance, than those with suicidal ideation only. There was an indirect effect of cognitive control deficits on suicidality through cognitive emotion regulation (self‐blame, acceptance, rumination, catastrophizing).

Conclusions

Exploring these cognitive deficits and difficulties can assist in further understanding the risk factors for suicidality and improve targeted interventions. This is of particular relevance in Iran where the need for policies and interventions targeting the prevention of suicide has been identified.
The role of family expressiveness in American and Chinese adolescents' emotional experiences
Authors: Kyeong Yena , Cheung Rebecca Y. M. , Cheung Cecilia S.
Published: February 2021

To understand the role of family emotional socialization across cultural contexts, this research examined the associations between family emotional expressiveness and early adolescents' emotions in the United States and China. Two times over the course of 1 year, 566 American (n = 331) and Chinese (n = 235) adolescents (age range: 11–14 years) reported on their family members' emotional expressiveness, which was further categorized into three facets (i.e., positive, negative dominant, and negative submissive family expressiveness), and their own experience of positive and negative emotions. In both countries, positive family expressiveness (e.g., expressing excitement) was associated with adolescents' experience of positive emotions 6 months later, above and beyond their prior positive emotional experience. A between‐country difference was evident in the association between positive family expressiveness and adolescents' experience of negative emotions, such that positive family expressiveness was associated with dampened negative emotions 6 months later among American but not Chinese adolescents. Negative dominant family expressiveness (e.g., expressing anger) was not associated with adolescents' emotional experience 6 months later in both countries. However, negative submissive family expressiveness (e.g., expressing sadness) foreshadowed reduced positive emotional experience only among American adolescents. Findings highlight the importance of culture in understanding the implications of family expressiveness for adolescents' emotional experiences.
Urban Design as Technology of (Counter‐) Democratic Security Politics
Authors: Hagmann Jonas , Kostenwein David
Published: February 2021

How does architecture operate as a security technology? This contribution sets out how reflexive security research and urban studies approach built environments as political inclusion and exclusion instruments. It first presents how this role is understood to operate in the respective scholarly fields, and then illustrates its ambivalent operation with two mini‐case studies centering on Bogotá and Zürich. In doing so, the contribution seeks to familiarize readers with architecture‐oriented reflexive political analysis, and to draw out main lines of further investigation.
Recognition of HLA‐B*15:35 and its associated HLA haplotype
Authors: Yang Kuo‐Liang , Li Chi‐Cheng , Lin Py‐Yu
Published: February 2021

One nucleotide substitution in codon 97 of HLA‐B*15:01:01:01 results in a novel allele, HLA‐B*15:35.
OsUEV1B, an Ubc enzyme variant protein, is required for phosphate homeostasis in rice
Authors: Liu Jianping , Liao Wencheng , Nie Bo , Zhang Jianhua , Xu Weifeng
Published: February 2021

Phosphorus is a crucial macronutrient for plant growth and development. The mechanisms for maintaining inorganic phosphate (Pi) homeostasis in rice are not well understood. The ubiquitin‐conjugating enzyme variant protein OsUEV1B was previously found to interact with OsUbc13 and mediate lysine63‐linked polyubiquitination. In the present study, we found OsUEV1B was specifically inhibited by Pi deficiency, and was localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Both osuev1b mutant and OsUEV1B‐RNA interference (RNAi) lines displayed serious symptoms of toxicity due to Pi overaccumulation. Some Pi starvation inducible and phosphate transporter genes were upregulated in osuev1b mutant and OsUEV1B‐RNAi plants in association with enhanced Pi acquisition, and representative Pi starvation responses, including stimulation of acid phosphatase activity and root hair growth, were also activated in the presence of sufficient Pi. A yeast two‐hybrid screen revealed an interaction between OsUEV1B and OsVDAC1, which was confirmed by bimolecular fluorescence complementation and firefly split‐luciferase complementation assays. OsVDAC1 encoded a voltage‐dependent anion channel protein localized in the mitochondria, and OsUbc13 was shown to interact with OsVDAC1 via yeast two‐hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays. Under sufficient Pi conditions, similar to osuev1b, a mutation in OsVDAC1 resulted in significantly greater Pi concentrations in the roots and second leaves, improved acid phosphatase activity, and enhanced expression of the Pi starvation inducible and phosphate transporter genes compared with wild‐type DongJin, whereas overexpression of OsVDAC1 had the opposite effects. OsUEV1B or OsVDAC1 knockout reduced the mitochondrial membrane potential and adenosine triphosphate levels. Moreover, overexpression of OsVDAC1 in osuev1b partially restored its high Pi concentration to a level between those of osuev1b and DongJin. Our results indicate that OsUEV1B is required for rice phosphate homeostasis.