bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ISO 50001 for the Petroleum Industry – A Basis for Partnership Between Operating Companies and EPC Contractors for Successful Implementation
Authors: Vahgjipurwala Mustafa
Published: December 2014

Many Operating Companies (OPCOs) in the Middle-East petroleum industry are adopting the ISO 50001 standard for Energy Management. EPC Companies (EPCs) would be the ideal partner for the OPCOs to ensure energy management system requirements are implemented right from the design and construction stage of the facilities.

Requirements for energy efficiency in design should be included from the FEED stage to ensure minimum schedule impact during the EPC stage. Provisions in contracts would ensure EPCs understand and take responsibility for achieving the target energy efficiency in the design. Other methods, such as performing energy audits, right sizing, settings for optimum energy efficient plant operations, measurement, monitoring and trending, etc., are other ways by which EPCs could further contribute towards attaining the objective of the OPCOs. All energy users considered in the energy management programme, such as compressed air usage, water consumption, waste generation, etc. could be optimized by the EPCs. It is important to get the design specifications for energy efficient systems implemented during the design and construction phase to reap maximum benefits from the energy efficient measures.

This paper could be used as a basic foundation for the OPCOs and the EPCs to work towards a comprehensive strategy to deliver projects with energy management requirements being included inherently in the design and construction phases of the project.
Purification Of Natural Gas By Using Carbon Molecular Sieve Membrane
Authors: Mondal Subrata , Wang Kean
Published: December 2014

Carbon molecular sieve membrane (CMSM) is the promising candidate for natural gas purification because of its excellent stability, per-selectivity and permeability. However, morphological design of CMSM is very important for the specific application. In this project, two CMSM samples were synthesized at different pyrolytic conditions and examined for separation of N2/CH4 gas pair. Adsorption and permeation experiments were conducted to examine the separation performance of each membrane sample. At the ambient conditions, a perm-selectivity of ~ 6 was found for (N2/CH4) pair while it is ~30 for (CO2/N2) pair on the membrane pyrolyzed at the lower pyrolytic temperature of 800°C. When pyrolytic temperature is increased to 1000°C, however, these two selectivity values are changed to ~1.5 (decrease) and ~ 100 (increase), respectively. Analysis revealed that both surface diffusion and molecular sieving play important roles in the overall gas permeation mechanisms, which result in the abnormal behaviors in the selectivities of different gas molecules. It is concluded that the variation of pore size and thickness are critical for the design of surface flow selective carbon molecular sieve membranes.
Multistage Hydraulic Fracturing Optimization for a Shale Oil Field Integrating Geomechanics and Production Modelling
Authors: Rahman Khalil , Gui Feng , He Wei
Published: December 2014

An integrated field development study was performed to develop a shale oil field onshore Australia. Preliminary reservoir characterization indicated that the primary reservoir is very tight with permeability approximately equal to or less than 0.001 mD, containing mainly oil of API gravity close to 41°. Thus, the reservoir is a good candidate for multistage hydraulic fracturing of a long horizontal well oriented along the minimum horizontal stress to achieve a commercially viable recovery level. A geomechanical model was developed for the field characterizing in-situ stresses, direction of the minimum horizontal stress and rock elastic properties for appropriate well orientation and hydraulic fracture design. The primary challenge in hydraulic fracturing optimization for this reservoir was optimizing the treatment to fracture the entire gross thickness of approximately 600 ft while achieving as long a fracture as possible to maximize the recovery. This objective required optimization of fracturing fluid viscosity, injection rate and perforation interval to overcome the stress barriers within the reservoir. The final stage of optimization involved the number of transverse fractures on the horizontal well (i.e. fracture spacing) incorporating the forecast of post-fracture production and net present value for every alternative scenario. Required fluid volume, proppant mass and pump capacity were useful in estimating the total well drilling and completion cost. When the total well cost was compared against the revenue from the predicted recovery resulting from the optimum fracture treatment, the field was found to be marginal. The overall study enabled decision-making for future drilling, completion and production operations in the field.
Making Gas CCS a Reality
Authors: Assaf R. , Claessen M. , Spence B. , Maas W.
Published: December 2014

In order to ensure that Gas CCS is commercially available from the mid 2020s, a commercial scale, full-chain demonstration is important. It will provide developers, regulators and the public with the learnings to support their confidence to pursue further deployment. Shell is developing the Peterhead CCS project as part of its broader CCS demonstration portfolio. Shell has been awarded a contract to undertake Front End Engineering and Design (FEED) studies under the UK CCS Commercialisation competition. The paper describes the project, along with some of its development and integration elements: plot plan, utilities and tie-ins, efficiency penalty, integrated operation, permitting, etc. Detailed learnings acquired during development of the pre-FEED and FEED will be made available through the Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) Knowledge Transfer program.
Emergency Response Planning for Subsea Hydrocarbon Release Using Advanced Engineering Analysis
Authors: White John , Berry Graham
Published: December 2014

Before a well is drilled and constructed, it is prudent to formulate contingency plans to prepare for an accidental subsea release or blowout. These plans are often a regulatory requirement. Emergency response planning requires both experience and significant intellectual effort. The full process of emergency response planning is outwith the scope of this paper. This paper will instead focus on the use of advanced engineering analysis in understanding the magnitude and consequences of a release and the use of a containment system to cap the release.

Advanced computational analysis allows an accidental release to be modelled in 3D, giving risk assessors a deeper understanding of potential consequences and required mitigations. Contaminant spread can be tracked from the release point through the water column and assessments made on vessel operations, exclusion zones, Health & Safety considerations and proposed containment strategies.

In any containment scenario, the exclusion zone is critical to all operations including relief well and or deployment of a capping system. To ensure an appropriate assessment is made, it is critical that the analyses produce accurate outputs. The analysis must therefore be compared to experimental data, validating the methodology and establishing a best practice which can be applied to individual case conditions.

This paper reviews current analysis methods and compares the analysis results with experimental data available in the literature.
Why Promoting Safety Culture?
Authors: Al Azmi Bader , Abdullah Ahmed , Badawi Fathi
Published: December 2014

In recent years, the challenge of reducing accident costs, the results of inquiries into large-scale disasters has highlighted the important role of a proactive approach to safety management.

This has led to many organizations assigning high priority to improve an organization's safety culture. Safety Culture of any organization has an impact on organization image, productivity and profitability.

This paper describes the importance of applying safety culture into the company business and provide a practical knowledge required to put safety culture characteristics in place. Many organizations have realized that this provides the perfect opportunity for them to streamline their operational process and optimize the associated management and control system.

It is also true to say that people do not really know what a "safety culture" is.

Busy Managers asked ‘what does an identifiable safety culture look like?’

Definition saying that it is the product of people's values and beliefs, their behavior, and their commitment to Health and Safety programs.

Different levels of efforts are concerned with developing strategic plans, converting these into action plans and implementing these so that the organization can fully integrate safety into all of its systems. Then the most important indicator of a positive safety culture is the extent to which employees are actively in safety on daily basis.

So many organizational endeavors, one of the most salient features that affects people's motivation is the total commitment of senior management and line management. This feature in particular has been shown to account for much of the variation in safety performance at many different levels in an organization. Since the development of a proactive safety culture is an empowering process that aims to win people's hearts and minds, it is absolutely vital that senior management actively demonstrate their commitment by providing the necessary leadership.
History Matching Using Streamline Trajectories
Authors: Singh Ajay , Maucec Marko , Knabe Steven
Published: December 2014

History matching processes for complex and large reservoirs have always posed difficulties to reservoir engineers. To help reservoir engineers during history matching, various assisted history matching (AHM) algorithms have been developed. While AHM can help automate various aspects of history matching, oftentimes, algorithms suffer from slow convergence. This work proposes an ensemble based markov-chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) based algorithm with efficient sampling from the given distribution of properties. For efficient sampling properties during AHM, streamline trajectories are used to find the connection between source(s) and producer well. Streamline tracking based on output of the full-physics simulator is used as a guideline to capture the fluid flow patterns, and only properties of grid cells along the streamline trajectories are considered prime candidates for history matching. The proposed algorithm was applied to a sector model of a reservoir as a test case study to history match water cut on a well-by-well basis.
The Use of Multi Rotor Remotely Operated Aerial Vehicles ROAVs as a Method of Close Visually Inspecting CVI Live and Difficult to Access Assets on Offshore Platforms
Authors: Connolly Malcolm Thomas
Published: December 2014

There is a continual requirement to carry out close visual inspections of plant and equipment on offshore installations for ongoing maintenance. Accessing structures at height or live systems on a process poses a number of challenges. ‘Traditional’ methods of access to carry out inspection of high or difficult to reach parts of the installation involve using rope access techniques, scaffolding or even full-size helicopters. Rope access inspection can be time-consuming and although it has an excellent safety record is still potentially dangerous as it involves personnel working at height which is statistically the single biggest cause of work place fatalities accounting for 25% of all workplace fatalities(5). Scaffolding as an access method for inspection can be expensive, time-consuming and also involves a significant amount of working at height or manual handling operations. While full-size helicopter inspection can mean that many parts of a rig are simply uninspectable: for example the underdeck of a platform or. These inspections can also put offshore platforms at a huge commercial disadvantage as assets such as flares need to be shutoff or drilling derricks require drilling activities to stop for them to be completed.

Over the last 5 yeas a new method of access for inspecting live and difficult to access assets has been developing that allows certain inspection tasks to be performed fatser, safer and more cost effectively than conventional traditional methods. Similar to underwater Remote operated Vehicles (ROV) it involves allying engineering expertise to the use of Remotely Operated Aerial Vehicles (ROAV) for topside and above the waterline inspection. These miniature flying vehicles can carry a variety of visual, thermal and sensors for inspection purposes. ROAVs are operated by highly trained pilots in combination with qualified engineers and plant inspectors to create authoritative technical reports and analysis. Offshore operators now have another method available to them to gather information and understand the condition of their assets without shutting down operations allowing informed decision making.

The use of ROAV for the visual and thermal inspection of onshore structures in refineries and chemical plants has become an established technique over the last 4 years and is starting to become adopted as best practice by some operators for visual inspection of certain assets such as flare stacks. The potential of the technique of using ROAV for certain inspection tasks is now being recognised in an offshore context with the first use of this technology in the North Sea January 2012.

This paper provides an introduction to the concept of inspection using ROAVs, overview of the technology, the technique, and benefits of the technique, limitations of its application, safety considerations, operational competence, case studies and a look to the future for the industry.
Evolution of Cementing and Stimulation Techniques for Horizontal Wells Drilled in Unconventional Shale Formations
Authors: Osisanya Samuel O. , Haroun Mohammed
Published: December 2014

Drilling and completion of unconventional shale formation is one of the fastest growing technologies in tight shale formation. The number of wells drilled in search of gas in shale is increasing rapidly since the beginning of 2000. Cementing these wells poses several challenges. The productive zone throughout the play has been developed using a combination of vertical and horizontal wells. Production from the reservoirs has been optimized by using various completion and stimulation techniques. Currently in an effort to reduce environmental impact, increase the net present value, and maximize reservoir pressure and contact into the thin sweet spots, horizontal wells have gained popularity in these shale formations. The performance of these reservoirs depends upon the completion and stimulation methods used because the matrix permeability is too low for commercial production of gas. The wellbore area must be increased in order to reach the immobile hydrocarbons. The techniques and materials used for fracturing these wells and enhance the effective wellbore drainage radius are numerous.

Previous experience from these formations showed some enhancement for vertical wells completed with hydraulic fracturing. The early stimulation techniques were primarily nitrogen-foam fracture treatments which yielded economic rates necessary for further filed development of these formations. Better enhancement is expected from the same formations if horizontal wells are drilled coupled with multistage hydraulic fracturing. This enhancement can further be improved by stimulating with slick water and cross-linked gels. This paper will discuss the challenges during cementing and stimulation of horizontal well. Finally, materials that are most economically viable in these formations will be enumerated.
Ideological conflicts in Slovenia over religious issues
Authors: Flere Sergej
Published: December 2014

Since attaining independence, Latin pattern (Martin, 1978) disputes and
conflicts have characterized the Slovenian political scene, particularly as
to relations between the state and religious communities. Slovenia adopted a
law on the issue only in 2006, availing itself of the law from the 1970s. The
2007 Religious Freedom Act contained many privileges for the dominant Roman
Catholic Church, including those of a symbolic nature and those of an
economic one. The Constitutional Court declared the Act unconstitutional and
void, departing from the European Convention of Human Rights and the case law
of the European Court of Human Rights. Thus, it set other beliefs at the same
level with religious ones, did away with many privileges and obstacles 81 in
recognition and registration of new religious communities. However, this
decision has legislatively been implemented only in a small portion,
remaining to be fully implemented. However, the absence of substantive
agreements with the Holy See and the absence of religious instruction in
public schools indicate a predominance of liberalism on the public scene.
Plato, statesman and philosopher
Authors: Nikitovic Aleksandar
Published: December 2014

Plato theoretically reinterpreted the contents of early Greek ethics,
aspiring to revitalize the fundamental principles of a traditional view of
the world. The best example of philosophically ontologized ethics is
philosopher-statesman governing the best state. The ruler, however, should
not be only a philosopher, though it is a necessary condition. Plato realised
the necessity of problematisation of practical side of the activity of the
ruler of the polis. Government as a practical activity manifested in
experience must consider ethicality which as heritage confirms verity of
statesman?s art of government. The ultimate end of statesman?s ?art of
weaving? is the achievement of a due measure of the tightly united web of the
whole structure of state.
External debt and economic growth in Tunisia
Authors: Abdelhafidh Samir
Published: December 2014

This paper investigates the external debt effect on economic growth in
Tunisia. Our empirical methodology is based on the autoregressive
distributed lag approach. We find that in the long- as well as in the
short-run, external debt had a negative effect on growth over the 1970-2010
period. The longrun effect was slightly higher in the period before the Ben
Ali?s presidency than in the period after. However, during his period, the
external debt short-run effect was the double of that observed during the
period before. These results suggest that an external debt reduction should
favor economic growth in Tunisia.
The Portuguese residential real estate market: An evaluation of the last decade
Authors: Tavares de , Pereira Elisabeth , Carrizo Moreira
Published: December 2014

This article presents an integrated vision of the context of the residential
real estate market in Portugal. It analyses the evolution of several
macroeconomic indicators during the last decade. The article is complemented
with the analysis of the house prices, where an evaluation of average prices
of apartments in Portugal according to different typologies and regions have
been done. Regarding the market environment, several indicators are assessed,
such as the evolution of interest rates, the evolution of households? credit,
the consumption and construction confidence indexes and the evolution of
foreign direct investment in housing. The conclusion is that after a booming
period, the future of the real estate market is somehow worrying.
Hyperglycemia in Coronary Thrombosis
Authors: Ellenberg Max , Osserman Kermit E , Pollack Herbert
Published: December 2014

The frequent association of hyperglycemia and coronary thrombosis has long been recognized. However, the significance and pathogenesis of this finding, and the possible relationship to diabetes mellitus have been obscure. The present study was undertaken in an attempt to clarify the problem.
Address of the President: Presented At The Annual Banquet, June 9, 1951, Eleventh Annual Meeting, American Diabetes Association, Atlantic City, New Jersey
Authors: Palmer Lester J
Published: December 2014

It is the privilege as well as the duty of the President, at the termination of his year in office, to present an accounting of the current state of the Association. At the same time he is given an opportunity to reflect upon the past and to appraise future hopesand plans.

This Association represented, in its beginnings more than ten years ago, the fulfillment of a dream of a small group of men who realized that diabetes was becoming an ever more urgent national health problem. By the end of its first decade, the Association's usefulness has become obvious to all. Everywhere one finds a growing awareness of the increasing number of known diabetics in our population and of the fact that there are still other hundreds of thousand of unknown diabetics awaiting diagnosis. This makes our Association a constantly more essential part of the nation's drive for good health and against disease.
Oral Sodium Tolbutamide in the Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Vecchio Thomas J , Smith David L , Oster Harold L , Brill Richard
Published: December 2014

The oral sodium tolbutamide test (OSTT) for diabetes was significantly different in 102 normal, twenty-one borderline, and twenty-nine diabetic subjects as classified by the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Mean thirty-minute values, in per cent of FBS, were 57.0, 72.3, and 86.2, and mean forty-minute values were 44.1, 60.3, and 79.4 in the three groups, respectively.

Individual agreement between the OSTT and OGTT was generally good, though with some conflicts.

Effective blood levels were attained ten minutes after oral administration of sodium tolbutamide, 2.0 gm., and at twenty minutes and beyond levels exceeded those after intravenous administration of 1.0 gram. Hypoglycemic response to the intravenous and oral tests appeared comparable except for a lag of about ten minutes and attainment of lower blood sugar levels at forty and sixty minutes after oral administration. Reproducibility was good, except in those subjects with initial conflict between the OSTT and OGTT.
Studies on a Latent Diabetic State in Cortisone-Alloxan Treated Rabbits
Authors: Lazarus Sydney S , Volk Bruno W
Published: December 2014

Previous work has demonstrated that the pretreatment of rabbits with diabetogenic doses of cortisone protects the pancreatic β cells against the toxic effects of alloxan and modifies the blood glucose response to this drug so that in most animals diabetes fails to follow. The present study involves the effect of subdiabetogenic daily doses of 1 mg. per kilogram of cortisone in these steroid pretreated alloxanized rabbits, to determine whether a prediabetic state exists. It was observed that while the administration of this dose of cortisone to untreated animals fails to raise the blood glucose significantly, a marked hyperglycemia was produced in the cortisone pretreated alloxanized rabbits. However, it was not possible to induce metadiabetes even in animals which remained diabetic for up to fifty-nine days of treatment. Morphologically, there was glycogenization and degranulation of (β cells and proliferation and glycogenization of ductular epithelium. Except for occasional ballooning of some β cells, no damage to islet cells was observed. The possible mechanisms by which cortisone alloxan treatment causes a latent diabetic state in the rabbit are discussed.
Further Observations Concerning the Hyperglycemic Activity of Benzothiadiazines
Authors: Wolff Frederick W , Parmley William W
Published: December 2014

Hyperglycemia has been produced by a series of BZD in the normal rat. Diazoxide is the most potent hyperglycemic agent examined in this series and its action is complemented by combination with several other BZD. Examination in pregnant rats showed a complementary activity between diazoxide and trichlormethiazide, which had not been obtained in the normal rat.

Hyperglycemic action is obtained in hypophysectomized, and demedullated rats, thus excluding these endocrine organs as necessary for production of hyperglycemia. The results in adrenalectomized rats are inconclusive.

Histological sections showed evidence of degranulation in the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in rats treated chronically with trichlormethiazide and diazoxide, an effect which was not shown during an acute experiment.

The hyperglycemic action of these BZD could be overcome by oral tolbutamide.

The hyperglycemic action of hydrochlorothiazide, a potassium losing BZD, as well as of diazoxide, which is not known to cause potassium loss, was overcome by concomitant administration of potassium salts.

Although the etiology of BZD hyperglycemia remains obscure, its production in the normal rat by many substances of similar chemical structure, lends support to the recently made clinical observations concerning the long term diabetogenic action of BZD in man.4
Comparative Hypoglycemic Response of Diabetic Subjects to Human Insulin or Structurally Similar Insulins of Animal Source
Authors: Akre P R , Kirtley W R , Galloway J A
Published: December 2014

Certain diabetic patients receiving insulin in amounts of 70 to 150 U. daily exhibit “insulin resistance” to a demonstrable degree. The diminished response to a specific dose of insulin, which is the criterion for such resistance, is related to the species source of the insulin used.

Eleven patients whose daily insulin requirements were in a dose range not uncommonly encountered in clinic practice were studied. Insulins which were derived from various species or which had been structurally altered (dealaninated) were utilized. Six of the patients were shown to manifest definite improvement in their diabetic state when a change was made from beef insulin to pork insulin, dealaninated insulin (pork), or human insulin. The improvement was characterized by a drop in blood glucose, a lowering in daily insulin requirement, or both. One patient of the eleven gave equivocal results and four showed no evidence of improvement.

Although the patients' sera were not examined for the presence of insulin-binding antibodies and thus no positive evidence for the presence of species-related differences in antibody titer can be offered, it appears that a diminished response to insulin, if observed, is most commonly associated with the injection of insulin derived from beef pancreas. Also, it is noted that the more closely the amino acid sequence of the insulin used approximates that of human insulin, the less the interference and the better the hypoglycemic response.
Elevated Intraocular Pressure in Diabetic Children
Authors: Safir Aran , Paulsen Elsa P , Klayman Joel
Published: December 2014

A case of juvenile glaucoma in a sixteen-year-old diabetic girl led to a survey of intraocular pressures in thirty-eight diabetic children.

Seven (18 per cent) were classified as abnormal; one because of a positive water drinking test, and six because of tension higher than three standard deviations above the mean of a nondiabetic control group.

Four (11 per cent) were classified as suspects because of tension higher than two standard deviations above the control mean.

Diabetic children should have repeated eye examinations including accurate measurements of ocular tension.
The Synthesis of the Insulin Chains and Their Combination to Biologically Active Material
Authors: Katsoyannis Panayotis G
Published: December 2014

The synthesis of the A- and B-chains of insulin and their isolation in the S-sulfonate form were accomplished. Combination experiments between the synthetic A- and natural B-chain, the synthetic B- and the natural A-chain, and between the synthetic A- and B-chains generated insulin activity. The yield of the generated activity in all cases was within the range of the activity obtained when similarly treated natural A- and B-chains are combined. This work represents the first chemical synthesis of a naturally Occurring protein and constitutes a case in which the proposed primary structure of a protein has been confirmed ky chemical synthesis.
Analysis of the Actions of the Hormonal Antagonists of Insulin
Authors: Levine Rachmiel
Published: December 2014

The actions of epinephrine, thyroxine, the glucocorticoids and the GH of the pituitary, which account for the varying degrees of insulin antagonism exhibited by these hormones, are discussed and illustrated. The possible sites of the contra-insulin effects are pictured in diagrams which depict the presently known schemes of intermediary metabolism.
Longevity of Diabetic Patients in Recent Years
Authors: Entmacher Paul S , Root Howard F , Marks Herbert H
Published: December 2014

A virtually complete follow-up of diabetic patients treated at the Joslin Clinic since 1930 shows a downward trend in the mortality and corresponding improvement in the survivorship record. The mortality rates of diabetics, however, remain higher than those in the general population; the excess is relatively greatest at ages twenty-five to thirty-four and least in older patients.

The death rates among diabetic females tend to be lower than among diabetic males, but the difference is less than in the general population.

The survivorship rate among cases seen within a year of onset of the disease is better than in the aggregate experience.

The pattern of causes of death among diabetics has changed radically. There has been a marked increase in the proportion of deaths caused by vascular disease, with small vessel disease playing a more and more important role.

Reductions have been recorded for diabetic coma, diabetic gangrene and infections.

Analysis of causes of death by age at onset and duration of diabetes show the effect of these factors on mortality and, in particular, the outstanding importance of diabetic nephropathy in juvenile diabetics with long duration ofdisease.

Mortality from all types of vascular disorders is higher in diabetics than in the general population. In this experience the mortality for renal vascular disorders was seventeen times as high as in the general population.
Effect of Sodium Tolbutamide on Pregnant Albino Rats and Their Young
Authors: Dawson John E
Published: December 2014

The sodium salt of tolbutamide, in dosages ranging from 12.5 mg./kg. to 125 mg./kg. body weight, was administered to pregnant albino rats to determine its effect upon litter size, individual fetal weight, normal development of the young, and the fetal skeleton.

As the dosage level increased, a statistically significant decrease in fetal weight was observed. Tolbutamide administration had no detrimental effect upon the total number of implantations; however, a large number of resorptions occurred at the 125 mg./kg. level resulting in a decreased litter number.

The number of rats having litters with fetuses weighing less than three grams increased as the dosage increased from 12.5 mg./kg. to 100 mg./kg. levels.

No adverse effect on the maternal animal was noted except at the 100 mg./kg. and 125 mg./kg. levels. At these levels all animals experienced a localized tetanic response which varied in duration according to the level of injection.

The number of sternebrae, metacarpals, and metatarsals, as well as long bones, indicated that the number and size of bones varied inversely with increased dosage levels.

Normal skeletal development occurred despite dosages up to and including the 37.5 mg./kg. level. Abnormalities were observed from the 50 mg./kg. to the 125 mg./kg. level of administration.
Studies of Incorporation of Radioactivity into Lipids by Human Blood: II. Pattern of Incorporation of Radioactivity into Fatty Acids by Platelets from Normal Subjects and Patients in Diabetic Acidosis
Authors: Awai Kozi , Hennes Allen R
Published: December 2014

Platelets from diabetics in acidosis incorporate significantly less C-14 into fatty acids than do platelets from control subjects. This decrease in incorporation of C-14 into fatty acids is not uniform. Incorporation of C-14 into myristic and palmitic acids, fatty acids presumably made by de novo synthesis, is suppressed to a much greater extent than is incorporation into other fatty acids.

Since some of these abnormalities of incorporation of C-14 by platelets from comatose diabetics could represent isotope dilution effects, we have been particularly interested in the analysis of these data in terms of percentage of total fatty acid C-14 incorporated into the various groups of fatty acids. Platelets from diabetics in acidosis have a pattern of incorporation of C-14 into platelet fatty acids which is much different from that of normal platelets. There is a great decrease in percentage of C-14 in myristic and palmitic acid with a relative increase in percentage of C-14 in fatty acids with retention time corresponding to arachidic acid (20:0) or greater. A significant increase in relative percentage of C-14 in fatty acids containing ten carbons or less is also seen. These findings presumably mean that the cytoplasmic or malonyl CoA pathway, which is involved primarily in synthesis of palmitic and myristic acids, is suppressed greatly in diabetic acidosis, while the mitochondrial or chainlengthening pathway is suppressed to a much smaller degree, or is actually stimulated. It is, therefore, important to consider qualitative as well as quantitative alterations in fatty acid synthesis in diabetes.
Galvanic Skin Reflex and Plasma Free Fatty Acids During Insulin Reactions
Authors: Bolinger Robert E , Stephens Ronald , Lukert Barbara , Diederich Dennis
Published: December 2014

Hypoglycemic reactions, induced by insulin (0.2 U./kg. intravenously), were studied in sixteen diabetic and twelve nondiabetic control subjects. The course of the reaction was monitored by continuous recording of the galvanic skin reflex (GSR) and by determination of the levels of blood glucose and free fatty acids (FFA) at 10, 20, 30, 60 and 120 minutes. Symptoms of reaction appeared in all of the controls at 32 ± 12 minutes after the insulin at a mean blood glucose level of 22 ± 7 mg. per 100 ml., and in the eleven of the diabetics at 70 ± 30 minutes and at a mean glucose level of 280 ± 192 mg. per 100 ml.

Onset of the insulin reaction was documented by a sudden drop in GSR which corresponded with the onset of symptoms. The GSR fell to a mean of 75 per cent of the baseline value and returned to the baseline thirty minutes later. All of the controls and nine of the diabetics showed the GSR response.

The GSR correlates well with symptoms of insulin reactions. Evidence of insulin reaction occurring in nine diabetic patients at high blood glucose levels is documented by GSR response.

Free fatty acids (FFA) in the plasma showed a more rapid return to baseline values in those subjects manifesting the quicker GSR response. The change in the GSR is a more sensitive though less specific measure of the homeostatic response to insulin than the change in the FFA.
The Experimental Production of Glycogen Deposits in Nondiabetic Rats
Authors: Henry J Ben , McManus J F A
Published: December 2014

Forty Wistar rats were maintained without food and water for varying periods of time. They were sacrificed by decapitation and sections of their kidneys were stained by the PAS technic. Glycogen deposits which corresponded in appearance to the human lesion of Armanni-Ebstein were found in the renal tubular epithelium. Blood and urine sugar determinations indicated no hyperglycemia or glycosuria. Corresponding control animals fasted twelve hours with water showed no lesions and no hyperglycemia or glycosuria.
Statistical Aspects of the Mouse Diaphragm Test for Insulin
Authors: Wardlaw A C , Van Belle G
Published: December 2014

This paper describes a variety of test designs and statistical technics for use with the mouse hemidiaphragm method for assaying insulin.

Designs for both qualitative tests and quantitative assays are presented together with examples. The only object of the qualitative test is to detect the presence of insulin in a sample, and this is done by demonstrating a significantly higher level of glycogen in hemidiaphragms incubated with the sample than in those incubated with insulin-free medium. Procedures for analysis of variance and for making tests of significance are given.

The aim of the quantitative assay is to estimate the potency in milliunits per milliliter and to assign confidence limits. For this purpose a test with standard insulin and the unknowns, each at two dose-levels, is utilized. The two-dose design is applicable to the assay of insulin either with or without anti-insulin serum. As previously reported, the use of this serum greatly increases the precision (λ-value) of the assay by increasing the slope of the doseresponse curve without simultaneously increasing the standard deviation. The antiserum may also be used to “bracket” the potency of samples within known limits, prior to carrying out a two-level quantitative assay.

Methods are described for ihe analysis of variance of the two-dose design and for the calculation of relative potency and confidence limits. Procedures are given for assessing the validity of the assays and also for combining the results of several independent tests.
Serum Protein Binding of Exogenous Insulin in Menstruating and Pregnant Diabetic Patients
Authors: Palumbo Pasquale J , Molnar George D , Tauxe W Newlon
Published: December 2014

Insulin binding by insulin antibodies was determined serially in eight menstruating and in twelve pregnant diabetic subjects. No significant variation was noted in the insulin binding values before, during or after menstruation or during or after pregnancy. This constancy of insulin binding was observed despite major and minor changes in insulin needs. No causal relationship could be demonstrated between insulin binding by insulin antibodies and changing insulin requirements. If there is a relationship between the hormonal changes and the alterations in insulin needs during menstruation and pregnancy, the mechanism of this relationship is not mediated through the insulin binding capacity of circulating insulin antibodies.
Studies on Diazoxide Hyperglycemia
Authors: Kvam Donald C , Stanton Hubert C , White James B
Published: December 2014

Studies on diazoxide hyperglycemia in rats have shown the blood glucose response to orally administered diazoxide to be dose-related with a peak effect at five hours following dosage. Diazoxide hyperglycemia could be reversed by the administration of tolbutamide. Plasma insulin-like activity was not decreased by diazoxide nor was the insulin-mediated increase in L-arabinose distribution affected. Both hypophysectomy and adrenalectomy reduced the hyperglycemic response to diazoxide. In addition, plasma corticosteroid levels were found to be significantly elevated five hours following the drug. The hyperglycemic response to diazoxide could be reduced by prior treatment with the beta-adrenergic blocking drug, MJ 1999 [4-(2-isopropylamino-l-hydroxyethyl) methane-sulfonanilide HCl]. Further studies showed that potassium deficiency resulted in an exaggerated hyperglycemic response to diazoxide; this response, as well as that produced in normal animals, could be antagonized by administration of potassium chloride. In addition, glucose tolerance was somewhat decreased by subhyperglycemic doses of diazoxide, especially in potassium deficient animals. It is suggested that adrenergic influences are a significant component of diazoxide hyperglycemia. The potassium changes are thought merely to alter the sensitivity of the sympathetic elements or receptors.
Ethanol Metabolism and Experimental Diabetes
Authors: Clark William C , Hulpieu Harold R , Haines Robert J
Published: December 2014

The influence of diabetes in dogs, varying in intensity from a mild, acute insulin deficiency produced by antiinsulin guinea pig serum to a severe diabetes in chronic pancreatectomized dogs deprived of insulin for seven days, was investigated.

The experimental diabetes, regardless of its severity, did not depress the rate of ethanol metabolism in these experiments. In not one of the experiments did the diabetic dog have an ethanol disappearance rate lower than the range observed in the control experiments. In fact the rate tended to be higher than that of the control experiments but the difference was not statistically significant. These findings confirm and extend those of Kinard and Cox but do not agree with those of B. B. Clark et al.
Insulin I-131 Binding in Serum from Normal and Diabetic Subjects by Ultracentrifugation and Gel Filtration
Authors: Chao P Y , Karam J H , Grodsky G M
Published: December 2014

Ultracentrifugation and gel filtration were used to test for specific insulin-I-131 binding protein in the serum of normal subjects and in patients with overt or potential diabetes.

Such technics permit study of sera at physiologic pH, with physiologic concentrations of exogenous insulin added. They also eliminate the interference of electrical fields and, in ultracentrifugation, the need for artificial supporting media.

Whereas a specific binding protein was readily demonstrable in the serum of insulin-treated patients with high antibody titers, there was no evidence of a protein capable of binding exogenous labeled insulin in normal subjects nor in the serum of subjects with various types of diabetes and potential diabetes.

Serum from subjects who have a hyper-response of insulin to glucose loads, possibly caused by peripheral antagonism to insulin action, did not bind significant amounts of insulin-I-131.
Decrease in Ketonemia Due to Infusion of Lipids in Pancreatectomized Dogs
Authors: del Castillo E J , Galli M E , Roldán A , Rietti C T , Houssay B A
Published: December 2014

Pancreatectomized diabetic dogs, deprived of insulin treatment and anesthetized, were infused intravenously for one hour with a fatty emulsion (Lipomul) and kept under observation for six hours. During this period there was a significant decrease in ketonemia and prolonged persistence of hyperlipemia when compared with normal dogs similarly infused.
Blood Sugar Lowering Effects of Chlorpropamide and Tolbutamide: A Double Blind Cooperative Study
Authors: Katz Hyman M , Bissel Grosvenor
Published: December 2014

Hypoglycemic and other effects of tolbutamide, chlorpropamide and placebo administration have been studied in 121 ketoacidosis-resistant diabetic males selected from an initial group of 3,493 patients in eleven Veterans Administration hospitals. A randomized double-blind technic of drug administration was employed. The effects of the drugs on fasting blood sugar (FBS) levels were determined and analyzed statistically. The administration of placebo produced a satisfactory fall in FBS levels in 26 per cent of the patients when used as the initial medication. Tolbutamide was successful in 60 per cent of the trials and chlorpropamide in 83 per cent. When a patient failed to respond to one sulfonylurea drug, he was tried on the other. Under these circumstances, chlorpropamide was more often effective than tolbutamide. Its greater effectiveness was further confirmed by the fact that, compared to tolbutamide, fewer patients required the maximal dosage of chlorpropamide. Primary drug failure with each of these sulfonylurea drugs was 16 per cent. There was no correlation between response and either pretreatment FBS levels or blood drug levels. Blood drug levels were higher for chlorpropamide than for tolbutamide at all levels of dosage. Toxic reactions occurred in less than 3 per cent of the patients, all on chlorpropamide. Secondary failures occurred in less than 10 per cent of the patients. Both of the sulfonylurea drugs studied are effective hypoglycemic agents. The hypoglycemic effect of placebo in one-fourth of the trials necessitates its inclusion in any study of the effectiveness of a therapeutic agent.
Determination of Acetone Concentration in Arterial Blood by Vapor Phase Chromatography of Alveolar Gas
Authors: Brechner Verne L , Bethune Robert W M
Published: December 2014

The concentration of acetone in arterial blood may be determined by vapor phase chromatographic analysis of alveolar gas. Alveolar gas may be considered as a biological specimen preferable to blood. It is easily obtained, does not require anticoagulant or refrigeration for storage, and analysis by vapor phase chromatography is speedily and easily achieved.
Influence of Choline Deficiency upon the Hyperlipemia of Alloxan-Diabetic Rats
Authors: Haines D S Milton , Morley Nina H , Best Charles H
Published: December 2014

In seventeen rats with hyperlipemia of alloxan diabetes, the omission of choline from the diet for three weeks resulted in lower levels of total esterified fatty acids in plasma than in preceding and succeeding periods when choline was provided. Choline did not appear to affect the diabetic state since neither the concentrations of urinary glucose or nitrogen were altered under these experimental conditions.
Immunoassay of Pancreatic and Plasma Insulin Following Alloxan Injection of Rats
Authors: Morgan Carl R , Lazarow Arnold
Published: December 2014

Male rats of approximately 200 gm. body weight were injected intravenously with alloxan (40 mg. per kilogram body weight). Blood glucose determinations were carried out at periodic intervals. Plasma samples and acid alcohol extracts of pancreas were assayed by the two antibody method. Five animals were killed at each of the following times: 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hrs. The blood glucose concentrations were three times greater than the zero-hour values at each of the latter time periods. In spite of the hyperglycemia at twenty-four hours, there was only a slight decrease in the pancreatic insulin content at this time. Thereafter, the insulin content of pancreatic extracts decreased progressively with time, and at ninety-six hours the insulin concentration was less than 10 per cent of the zero-hour value. The immunoassayable insulin concentration of the plasma did not increase as the pancreatic insulin decreased. These findings suggest that alloxan damaged beta cells did not release their insulin in response to hyperglycemia but that the insulin was destroyed within the beta cell.
Effects of Sudden Deprivation and Restoration of Insulin Secretion on Glucose Metabolism in Dogs
Authors: Wrenshall G A , Vranic M , Cowan J S , Rappaport A M
Published: December 2014

Fourteen subtotally depancreatized aglycosuric dogs had the remaining pedunculated uncinate process enclosed in plastic casing and grafted subcutaneously. After one week the pedicle of the auto graft was clamped for thirty to sixty minutes. In seven dogs given intravenous glucose at the time of clamping, diabetes-like changes in glucose tolerance occurred which increased in magnitude with increasing duration of deprivation of exogenous insulin. In seven fasting dogs the blood glucose level was rising in the four- to tenminute interval after clamping. In three such dogs (one under local and two under Nembutal anesthesia) the method of successive measured injections of tracer (C-14-glucose U.L.) showed that the rate of glucose appearance had doubled and the rate of its disappearance was decreased to one third at one to thirteen minutes after clamping, resulting in high rates of accumulation of body glucose. The initial increase in the rate of glucose production appears to result from glycogenolysis.

Restoration of blood flow through the autograft (unclamping) caused a prompt decrease in rate of appearance of unlabeled glucose and increase in its rate of disappearance, resulting in restoration of these rates to their preclamping values within fifteen hours, and to a restored tolerance for intravenous glucose. The rapidity of these rate changes at clamping and unclamping demonstrates the importance of the continuous secretion of native insulin to prevent glucose accumulation in the partially depancreatized dog.