bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Blant ordentlige fysikere – Hvilken betydning har en fysikkcamp i et autentisk forskningsmiljø for fysikkelever i videregående skole?
Among real physicists – What importance may a camp in an authentic research environment have for physics students...
Authors: Mehli Hanne
Published: October 2017

This paper reports from a qualitative study of physics students in upper secondary school participating in a camp at the Andøya Rocket Range in Northern Norway. The students work together with students from other schools, engineers and physicists for three days, following lectures and practical work related to the physics curriculum. The students report exciting, social and creative experiences through solving practical problems. Interest, competence, performance and recognition are identified as important factors for students physics identity (Hazari, Sonnert, Sadler, & Shanahan, 2010). This paper discusses how this kind of experience may contribute to the development of more physics-related identities among students in upper secondary school, and how this in turn may influence the students’ further career choices.
Att utgå från frågor och situationer i förskolans vardag: Vilket naturvetenskapligt innehåll kan det leda till?
Starting from questions and everyday situations in preschool: What kind of science content could that lead to?
Authors: Hansson Lena , Löfgren Lena , Pendrill Ann-Marie
Published: October 2017

Identifying and building on children's questions and everyday situations is often discussed as a basis for science learning in preschool. With a starting point in such questions and situations, children should be given the opportunity to investigate and search for answers. What questions and situations do preschool teachers identify as possible bases for science learning? What science content is present? To what extent are the questions possible to investigate for children and preschool teachers through experiments and observations or theoretical studies? The paper presents children's questions and everyday situations that might form the basis for science learning, as identified by preschool teachers taking part in a science in-service training course. Based on a content analysis, we discuss possibilities and difficulties that preschool teachers may face in their practice when they try to use these questions and situations as a basis for science learning.
Negotiating the relevance of laboratory work: Safety, procedures and accuracy brought to the fore in science education
Authors: Lundin Mattias , Lindahl Mats
Published: October 2017

This text addresses the problem of the discrepancy between teachers’ and students’ positions in negotiations about the authenticity and legitimacy of school science activities. The study focuses on the apparent conflicts concerning legitimacy and authenticity when teachers and students bring attention to safety, authenticity and accuracy during issues laboratory activities. The analysed data are excerpts made from video observations in two science classes. Analysis was made using epistemological moves describing how teachers and students make their activities relevant. The result indicates that in the classroom conversation about laboratory practice, teachers sometimes draw the attention to safety, procedures and accuracy to legitimize the activity and how they try to control it. Negotiations concerning the legitimacy and authenticity of activities seem inevitable. Unless understandable agreements are reached, the negotiations jeopardize a successful understanding of the Nature of Science (NOS). Misunderstanding of the authenticity of activities contributes to a reduction of their legitimacy, and undermining teaching of context independent knowledge.
A phenomenological view of pictures in teaching and a novel method for analysing them
Authors: Käpylä Markku
Published: October 2017

In this paper a novel method for analysing the content and teaching potential of pictures is presented. It is the four-field method, which is based on phenomenological thoughts about human experience, which combines factual knowledge with emotions and personal and social meanings.  A biological example is given. Around this idea a course unit for using pictures in science teaching was organized. It was used in the training of both primary and secondary level teachers. From picture analysis the course unit proceeds to planning the use of pictures in teaching. A classification of the teaching functions of pictures is presented.
Science for whom? Case studies of two male primary school student teachers’ constructions of themselves as teachers of science
Authors: Danielsson Anna T.
Published: October 2017

This paper investigates intersections of gender and the teaching and learning of science in case studies of two male primary school student teachers, exploring how these student teachers negotiate identities as teachers of science. The project works from dual theoretical starting points. Firstly, the project is founded in a feminist post-structural understanding of gender as performative, something ‘done’ in a social context rather than an inherent characteristic of a person. Secondly, learning is, following situated learning theory, conceptualised as involving the constitution of an identity. Empirically, the paper draws on semi-structured interviews with two primary school student teachers specialising in science. The paper explores the two student teachers’ classed and gendered interpretations of school science, in particular how they use these interpretations as a means for them as male teachers to fit into the primary teacher role with its feminine connotations. Finally, some implications for teacher education are discussed.
Kinaesthetic activities in physics instruction: Image schematic justification and design based on didactic situations
Authors: Bruun Jesper , Christiansen Frederik V
Published: October 2017

One of the major difficulties in learning physics is for students to develop a conceptual understanding of the core concepts of physics. Many authors argue that students’ conceptions of basic physical phenomena are rooted in basic schemas, originating in fundamental kinaesthetic experiences of being. We argue that this idea should be utilized in physics instruction, that kinaesthetic activities will provide useful entry point for students’ acquisition of the basic conceptions of physics, and that they can overcome the phenomenological gap between experiential and conceptual understanding. We discuss the nature of image schemas and focus particularly on one: effort-resistance-flow. This schema is fundamental not only in our everyday experience, but also in most of school physics. We show how enactment of a particular kinaesthetic model can support student understanding and intuition with respect to central physics concepts, and describe and explain the design of lesson with based on the model.
Funcionamento 24 horas para Unidades de Saúde da Família: uma solução para ampliação de acesso? Um ensaio sobre as “Upinhas” do Recife
Authors: Pessoa Bruno Henrique Soares , Gouveia Eneline de Andrade Heráclio , Correia Isabel Brandão
Published: October 2017

A Atenção Primária à Saúde é via preferencial de acesso ao sistema de saúde, tendo em vista seu papel ordenador, os benefícios da continuidade do cuidado e resolutividade deste nível de atenção. Diversas barreiras de acesso, dentre eles o horário restrito de funcionamento, fazem com que esse primeiro contato não seja facilitado. No Recife, novos equipamentos de Atenção Primária à Saúde vêm sendo implantados desde o ano de 2013: as “Upinhas 24 horas”. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o modelo “Upinha” apresentado como uma solução para ampliação de acesso. Foi realizada uma revisão da literatura sobre diversas estratégias existentes de ampliação do acesso, a partir das quais se analisou criticamente o modelo “Upinha 24 horas” às lentes dos modelos vigentes. Horário estendido, acesso avançado e acolhimento à demanda espontânea foram os modelos de ampliação de acesso revisados para embasar a discussão. O impacto do horário estendido na ampliação do acesso pode ser minimizado se outras medidas, como mudanças no modelo de agendamento, priorizando o acesso avançado, não forem concomitantemente implantadas. O modelo “Upinha 24 horas”, da forma como se apresenta, parece ser baseado na concepção de uma Atenção Primária à Saúde que funciona como complemento para “desafogar” os serviços de atendimento às urgências já existentes e não como ordenadora do serviço de atenção às urgências. Apesar de apontar numa direção inicialmente acertada, a implantação das “Upinhas 24 horas” parece ainda ser uma proposta incipiente na garantia de acesso.
Mapping Translation Technology Research in Translation Studies. An Introduction to the Thematic Section
Authors: Christensen Tina Paulsen , Flanagan Marian , Schjoldager Anne
Published: October 2017

No abstract.
Translating in the Cloud Age: Online Marketplaces
Authors: Garcia Ignacio
Published: October 2017

This article explores the influence of cloud computing on translation, including professional translation. Cloud computing reshapes the management of labour in ways that unsettle the traditional relations between managers and workers. It gives managers live control over how a project progresses, and a minute description of how each worker performs. These real-time metrics in turn facilitate rapid, semi-automated performance assessment that focuses on the desired parameters and saves sifting through résumés. Now, even larger translation projects conducted under more conventional project management protocols are being pushed to online marketplaces in the cloud and one of the reasons behind the decision may be so that the generated metadata can be analysed to profile the most efficient procedures and identify the best performing translators.While the advantages of those online marketplaces to vendors and their clients are apparent, the model’s success requires cloud entrepreneurs to sell it to potential workers as well. The marketing therefore emphasises democratised opportunity, whereby the suitably skilled (amateur or professional) can exploit their linguistic and topic knowledge by working where and when they wish, on more (and more varied) projects. Personal profiling is promoted as an added benefit that helps ensure each individual gets the most suitable offers. From a labour studies perspective however, this paper argues the cloud environment may reduce translators’ bargaining power.
Translators’ Use of Digital Resources during Translation
Authors: Hvelplund Kristian Tangsgaard
Published: October 2017

This paper presents the findings from a study on translators’ use of digital resources during the translation process. Eye tracking data and screen recording data from 18 professional translators are analysed in order to 1) examine how much time translators spend on digital resource consultation compared with translation drafting and translation revision, 2) examine how eye movements differ between translation drafting, revision and digital resource consultation and 3) investigate what types of digital resources are used by translators. The findings demonstrate that digital resource consultation constitutes a considerable amount of the translation process. The findings also show longer fixations and larger pupils during resource consultation, indicating heavier cognitive load, and finally the study identifies considerable variation in the use of resources between translators.
Translator Attitudes towards Translator-Computer Interaction - Findings from a Workplace Study
Authors: Bundgaard Kristine
Published: October 2017

Today technology is part and parcel of professional translation, and translation has therefore been characterised as Translator-Computer Interaction (TCI) (O’Brien 2012). Translation is increasingly carried out using Translation Memory (TM) systems which incorporate machine translation (MT), referred to as MT-assisted TM translation, and in this type of tool, translators switch between editing TM matches and post-editing MT matches. It is generally assumed that translators’ attitudes towards technology impact on this interaction with the technology. Drawing on Eagly/Chaiken’s (1995) definition of attitudes as evaluations of entities with favour or disfavour and on qualitative data from a workplace study of TCI, conducted as part of a PhD dissertation (Bundgaard 2017) and partly reported on in Bundgaard et al. (2016), this paper explores translator attitudes towards TCI in the form of MT-assisted TM translation. In doing so, the paper has a particular focus on the disfavour towards TCI expressed by translators. Moreover, inspired by Olohan (2011), who applies Pickering’s “mangle of practice” theory and analyses resistance and accommodation in TCI, the paper focuses on how translators accommodate resistances offered by the tool. The study shows that the translators express disfavour towards MT in many respects, but also acknowledge positive aspects of the technology and expect MT to play a significant role in their future working lives. The translators do not make many positive or negative comments about TM which might indicate that TM is a completely integrated part of their processes. The translators seem to have a flexible and pragmatic attitude towards TCI, adapting to the tool’s imperfections and accommodating its resistances.
The « Cooperative Wage Study » and the Canadian Steelworkers
Authors: Bean Ronald
Published: October 2017

In contrast to a wealth of information relating to the techniques of implementing a fob evaluation programme relatively little attention has been given to the industrial relations aspects of such a scheme or to conditions necessary for securing union participation in it. In this paper it is our intention to analyse the CWS joint union-management job evaluation programme adopted in the Canadian steel industry from the standpoint of union objectives in pressing for its installation, collective bargaining aspects of the evaluation and internal union membership reactions. At the same time it is hoped to throw more light upon the wage policies and practices of the United Steelworkers — usually recognized as the largest and most powerful industrial union in Canada, about which little systematic knowledge at present exists.
Remarques sur le développement technologique et formation du travailleur
Authors: Saint-Laurent Jacques
Published: October 2017

Quand, mon collègue M. Cardin, parle des principales manifestations des développements technologiques, il en signale l'évolution en passant de la phase mécanisation à celle de continuité dans le processus de production pour en arriver à celle du contrôle complètement automatique.
Résultats d'une étude de conventions collectives
Authors: Quinet Félix
Published: October 2017

Il y a deux ans, je présentais dans cette revue un article concernant la préparation d'un code d'analyse de conventions collectives de travail. L'an passé, il m'était donné, dans un second article, d'exposer et d'illustrer à l'aide d'exemples concrets la façon dont le code était utilisé à la Section des Conventions collectives du ministère fédéral du Travail, pour préparer une étude de conventions collectives en vigueur dans l'industrie manufacturière du Canada (1962).
The State as Employer and the Civil Service
Authors: Frankel S.J.
Published: October 2017

In this paper, the author deals with the civil service rather than the public service. The two terms are not mutually exclusive, nor is the difference between them always clear. But a distinction can and should be made from the standpoint of employer-employee relations.
Le rôle social des syndicats aux États-Unis
Authors: Dale Leon
Published: October 2017

« L'établissement de l'AFL-CIO a stimulé le développement du programme syndical de service à la communauté et fut la cause d'une participation plus active des syndicats dans les affaires de la communauté.  »

Report of the Executive Council of the AFL-CIO, Second Convention, Atlantic City, New Jersey, December 5, 1957, American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations, p. 287.
La socialisation
Authors: Dion Gérard
Published: October 2017

Quand on parle de « socialisation » on suscite immédiatement des réactions diverses, selon la tournure d'esprit, les passions, les intérêts de ceux à qui on s'adresse. C'est que le terme « socialisation » recèle des ambiguïtés qui sont sources d'embarras et de confusions. Il importe de clarifier les concepts.
Le syndicalisme en contexte socialisé
Authors: Tremblay Louis-Marie
Published: October 2017

La socialisation se présente dans une situation de développement technologique rapide qui transforme la structure de la main-d'oeuvre et pose des problèmes dont la solution ne peut être trouvée qu'au niveau des grands ensembles économiques, ce qui nécessite l'intervention de l'Etat.
L’évolution du label touristique
« La Clef Verte » au Maroc
Authors: BOUAOUINATE Asmae , SALOUI Abdelmalik
Published: October 2017

En 2007, la Fondation Mohamed VI pour la protection de
l’environnement a introduit au Maroc l’écolabel « La Clef Verte » pour développer un
tourisme responsable en récompensant et en soutenant les meilleures initiatives en gestion
environnementale dans le secteur de l’hébergement touristique. Et depuis 2008, année de
labellisation des premiers lauréats, on assiste à une augmentation du nombre des
établissements d’hébergement labellisés « La Clef Verte ». Mais est-ce pour autant un
indicateur que les entreprises touristiques sont conscientes de la pertinence d’un bon
management environnemental ou est-ce seulement pour elles une opportunité entrepreneuriale
qui vise la distinction des concurrents et l’affichage d’une éthique environnementale de
l’établissement d’hébergement, ou même l’attirance des touristes, soucieux plus que jamais
de contribuer à la préservation de l’environnement, même pendant leurs séjours
touristiques ?
La chasteté ou la mort. Mise en récit du viol dans les récits brefs des xvie et xviie siècles
Authors: Grande Nathalie
Published: October 2017

Les histoires tragiques, parce qu’elles sont un genre chargé de dire les abominations du monde, semblent particulièrement adéquates pour raconter le viol, en explorer les circonstances pas toujours atténuantes, en dévoiler les enjeux humains, individuels et pas seulement collectifs. L’étude d’un tel corpus permet de désigner les caractéristiques qui autorisent ce crime à devenir objet de récit, mais aussi de faire entendre le discours que tient la représentation des victimes sur le forfait lui-même, et d’en saisir les enjeux moraux et sociaux. Alors que des formes de consentement a posteriori et des procédures judiciaires de réparation tendent souvent à édulcorer le viol, certains auteurs, comme Jean-Pierre Camus, mettent au contraire en évidence le dilemme qui pèse sur la victime entre sauver sa chasteté ou sauver sa vie : c’est par le choix de la mort que la victime est invitée à prouver la violence subie, toujours douteuse. Quand la société ignore ou minore le crime, cette insistance d’un évêque humaniste sur le point de vue des victimes montre un souci de révéler publiquement la gravité de l’attentat sexuel.
Le viol dans L’Astrée d’Honoré d’Urfé : représentation et enjeux
Authors: Lallemand Marie-Gabrielle
Published: October 2017

Cerner la figure du violeur dans la pastorale en général permet de préciser par comparaison comment ce personnage est traité dans le roman d’Honoré d’Urfé. Dans la pastorale dramatique, le violeur est un personnage-type : le Satyre. Mi-homme mi-animal, lubrique par nature, il est craint des bergères, mais il est ridicule parce qu’il est un amoureux éconduit et qu’il échoue toujours dans ses tentatives violentes. Il est un personnage comique : le rire exorcise la peur. Il n’en va pas de même quand le violeur est un berger : rien ne laisse deviner ce qu’il est et on ne peut pas être certain que sa tentative va échouer. Dans L’Astrée, le berger, s’il peut user de toutes les ruses, ne recourt jamais aux violences sexuelles : l’avatar du Satyre est Hylas qui ne ravit ni ne force les bergères mais les séduit. Le viol est, d’une part, le fait du monstre étranger et, par contraste, valorise la régulation des relations humaines qu’est l’« honnête amitié », dont la pastorale urféenne, dans le courant de la Réforme catholique, donne une représentation à des fins d’éducation morale. D’autre part, il est le fait des tyrans, romains ou barbares : le viol dans les relations interpersonnelles est l’équivalent de la tyrannie en politique. Il est donc étranger au Forez, province qui a gardé ses anciennes « franchises ».
Evidence for continual hybridization rather than hybrid speciation betweenLigularia duciformisandL. paradoxa(Asteraceae)
Authors: Zhang Rong , Gong Xun , Folk Ryan
Published: October 2017

Background

Hybrids possess phenotypic traits that are often intermediate between their parental taxa, which commonly serves as evidence of hybridization in morphological analyses. Natural hybridization has been shown to occur frequently inLigularia(Asteraceae). In a previous study,Ligularia×maoniushanensiswas demonstrated as a natural hybrid species betweenL. duciformisandL.paradoxabased on morphological and reproductive traits.

Methods

We used three chloroplast (cpDNA) fragments (psbA-trnH,trnL-rpl32 andtrnQ-5′rps16), the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (nrITS), and co-dominant SSR and dominant ISSR markers to study natural hybridization betweenL. duciformisandL. paradoxagrowing sympatrically in two locations. Parental taxa were inferred using network analyses of cpDNA and nrITS haplotypes. Admixture among individuals was examined using the Bayesian clustering programs STRUCTURE and NewHybrids based on the SSR and ISSR data; and potential introgression in the SSR loci was assessed using the INTROGRESS package.

Results

The putative parental species were clearly distinguished from other sympatricLigulariaspecies by nrITS data, andL.×maoniushanensisindividuals were confirmed to be the hybrid offspring ofL.duciformisandL.paradoxa. Moreover, introgression was detected among several individuals morphologically identified asL.duciformisorL. paradoxa. Analyses of the cpDNA data revealed primarily unidirectional hybridization betweenL. duciformisandL. paradoxa, withL.paradoxaas the maternal parent in Mt. Maoniu, whereas bidirectional but asymmetrical hybridization was inferred to occur in Heihai Lake. The STRUCTURE analyses based on the SSR data detected two distinct clusters among the three taxa. The NewHybrids analyses showed that individuals circumscribed asL.×maoniushanensiswere dominated by early- and later-generation and backcrossing hybrids. The NewHybrids results based on the ISSR data were congruent with SSR results. In addition, introgression was detected in some SSR loci, and heterogeneity among loci was found in terms of detected patterns of introgression.

Conclusions

Our data provide strong evidence for hybridization and introgression betweenL.duciformisandL.paradoxa.Ligularia×maoniushanensiswas demonstrated to be of hybrid origin. Since no evident reproductive isolation was found between the two parental species, detected hybrids appear to be part of hybrid swarms resulting from frequent and ongoing gene flow, which might impede the formation of a new hybrid species.
A mission‐oriented approach to cancer in Europe: a joint mission/vision 2030
Authors: Celis Julio E. , Pavalkis Dainius
Published: October 2017

By combining innovative prevention and treatment strategies in a sustainable state‐of‐the‐art virtual European cancer centre/infrastructure, it will be possible by 2030 to achieve a long‐term survival of 3 out of 4 cancer patients in countries with well‐developed healthcare systems. Furthermore, the proposed concerted actions will pave the way to handling the economic and social inequalities in countries with less developed systems. These efforts will also ensure that in the long‐run, science‐driven and social innovations reach patients across the healthcare systems in Europe.
Cell‐to‐cell communication: microRNAs as hormones
Authors: Bayraktar Recep , Van Roosbroeck Katrien , Calin George A.
Published: October 2017

Mammalian cells can release different types of extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies. Accumulating evidence suggests that EVs play a role in cell‐to‐cell communication within the tumor microenvironment. EVs’ components, such as proteins, noncoding RNAs [microRNAs (miRNAs), and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs)], messenger RNAs (mRNAs), DNA, and lipids, can mediate paracrine signaling in the tumor microenvironment. Recently, miRNAs encapsulated in secreted EVs have been identified in the extracellular space. Mature miRNAs that participate in intercellular communication are released from most cells, often within EVs, and disseminate through the extracellular fluid to reach remote target cells, including tumor cells, whose phenotypes they can influence by regulating mRNA and protein expression either as tumor suppressors or as oncogenes, depending on their targets. In this review, we discuss the roles of miRNAs in intercellular communication, the biological function of extracellular miRNAs, and their potential applications for diagnosis and therapeutics. We will give examples of miRNAs that behave as hormones.
Software and the Scientist: Coding and Citation Practices in Geodynamics
Authors: Hwang Lorraine , Fish Allison , Soito Laura , Smith MacKenzie , Kellogg Louise H.
Published: October 2017

In geodynamics as in other scientific areas, computation has become a core component of research, complementing field observation, laboratory analysis, experiment, and theory. Computational tools for data analysis, mapping, visualization, modeling, and simulation are essential for all aspects of the scientific workflow. Specialized scientific software is often developed by geodynamicists for their own use, and this effort represents a distinctive intellectual contribution. Drawing on a geodynamics community that focuses on developing and disseminating scientific software, we assess the current practices of software development and attribution, as well as attitudes about the need and best practices for software citation. We analyzed publications by participants in the Computational Infrastructure for Geodynamics and conducted mixed method surveys of the solid earth geophysics community. From this we learned that coding skills are typically learned informally. Participants considered good code as trusted, reusable, readable, and not overly complex and considered a good coder as one that participates in the community in an open and reasonable manor contributing to both long‐ and short‐term community projects. Participants strongly supported citing software reflected by the high rate a software package was named in the literature and the high rate of citations in the references. However, lacking are clear instructions from developers on how to cite and education of users on what to cite. In addition, citations did not always lead to discoverability of the resource. A unique identifier to the software package itself, community education, and citation tools would contribute to better attribution practices.
Two‐Dimensional Vlasov Simulations of Fast Stochastic Electron Heating in Ionospheric Modification Experiments
Authors: Speirs David Carruthers , Eliasson Bengt , Daldorff Lars K. S.
Published: October 2017

Ionospheric heating experiments using high‐frequency ordinary (O)‐mode electromagnetic waves have shown the induced formation of magnetic field‐aligned density striations in the ionospheric F region, in association with lower hybrid (LH) and upper hybrid (UH) turbulence. In recent experiments using high‐power transmitters, the creation of new plasma regions and the formation of descending artificial ionospheric layers (DAILs) have been observed. These are attributed to suprathermal electrons ionizing the neutral gas, so that the O‐mode reflection point and associated turbulence is moving to a progressively lower altitude. We present the results of two‐dimensional (2‐D) Vlasov simulations used to study the mode conversion of an O‐mode pump wave to trapped UH waves in a small‐scale density striation of circular cross section. Subsequent multiwave parametric decays lead to UH and LH turbulence and to the excitation of electron Bernstein (EB) waves. Large‐amplitude EB waves result in rapid stochastic electron heating when the wave amplitude exceeds a threshold value. For typical experimental parameters, the electron temperature is observed to rise from 1,500 K to about 8,000 K in a fraction of a millisecond, much faster than Ohmic heating due to collisions which occurs on a timescale of an order of a second. This initial heating could then lead to further acceleration due to Langmuir turbulence near the critical layer. Stochastic electron heating therefore represents an important potential mechanism for the formation of DAILs.
A chimeric HS4 insulator–scaffold attachment region enhances transgene expression in transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells
Authors: Chen Si‐jia , Wang Wen , Zhang Feng‐yi , Jia Yan‐long , Wang Xiao‐yin , Guo Xiao , Chen Shao‐Nan , Gao Jian‐hui , Wang Tian‐Yun
Published: October 2017

Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are one of the most commonly used expression systems for the production of recombinant proteins but low levels of transgene expression and transgene silencing are frequently encountered. Epigenetic regulatory elements such as the chicken β‐globin locus control region hypersensitive site 4 (HS4) and scaffold/matrix attachment regions (S/MARs) have positive effects on transgene expression. In this study, a chimeric HS4‐SAR was cloned upstream or downstream of an enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) expression cassette in a eukaryotic vector, and the resulting vectors were transfected into CHO cells. eGFP was detected by flow cytometry. Real‐time quantitative PCR (qPCR) was used to determine copy numbers of the stably transfected cells. And fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to detect the status of vector in the host cell chromosome. The results showed that HS4‐SAR positioned downstream of the expression cassette could enhance eGFP expression by 4.83‐fold compared with the control vector. There may not be a relationship between transgene copy number and gene expression level. HS4‐SAR did not appear to alter the integration of the transgene into the host cell chromosome or its position in the chromosome. We found a synthetic chimeric HS4‐SAR positively increased transgene expression in CHO cells.
Tuning the Viscosity Profile of Ionic Vitrimers Incorporating 1,2,3‐Triazolium Cross‐Links
Authors: Obadia Mona M. , Jourdain Antoine , Cassagnau Philippe , Montarnal Damien , Drockenmuller Eric
Published: October 2017

Vitrimers are dynamic polymer networks with unique viscoelastic behavior combining the best attributes of thermosets and thermoplastics. Ionic vitrimers are a recent class of dynamic materials, where 1,2,3‐triazolium cross‐links are reshuffled by trans‐N‐alkylation exchange reactions. Comparison of dynamic properties with a selection of vitrimers relying on different exchange reactions highlights the particularly high viscous flow activation energies of trans‐N‐alkylation reactions, thus providing an enhanced compromise between fast reprocessing at moderately high temperatures and low creep at service temperature. Varying the [monomer]/[cross‐linker] ratio in the initial formulation of these 1,2,3‐triazolium‐based networks affords a fine tuning of their viscosity profiles. Confrontation of rheometry and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy data allows the correlation of variations in chemical composition with changes in the covalent exchange dynamics. This unprecedented approach enables the proposition of a dissociative two‐step mechanism for the trans‐N‐alkylation of 1,2,3‐triazoliums initiated by a nucleophilic attack of the 1,2,3‐triazolium cross‐links by the iodide counteranion, yielding uncrosslinking by de‐N‐alkylation. Subsequent rapid re‐N‐alkylation of the formed 1,2,3‐triazole by surrounding iodide‐functionalized dangling chains affords exchange of the cross‐link position. This study highlights that strictly associative exchange reactions are not compulsory to induce vitrimer behavior, and may pave the way to a much wider variety of vitrimers relying on conventional reversible covalent reactions.
Facile Synthesis of Red/NIR AIE Luminogens with Simple Structures, Bright Emissions, and High Photostabilities, and Their Applications for Specific Imaging of Lipid Droplets and Image‐Guided Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Wang Dong , Su Huifang , Kwok Ryan T. K. , Shan Guogang , Leung Anakin C. S. , Lee Michelle M. S. , Sung Herman H. Y. , Williams Ian D. , Lam Jacky W. Y. , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: October 2017

Red/near‐infrared (NIR) fluorescent molecules with aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) characteristics are of great interest in bioimaging and therapeutic applications. However, their complicated synthetic approaches remain the major barrier to implementing these applications. Herein, a one‐pot synthetic strategy to prepare a series of red/NIR‐emissive AIE luminogens (AIEgens) by fine‐tuning their molecular structures and substituents is reported. The obtained AIEgens possess simple structures, good solubilities, large Stokes shifts, and bright emissions, which enable their applications toward in vitro and in vivo imaging without any pre‐encapsulation or ‐modification steps. Excellent targeting specificities to lipid droplets (LDs), remarkable photostabilities, high brightness, and low working concentrations in cell imaging application make them remarkably impressive and superior to commercially available LD‐specific dyes. Interestingly, these AIEgens can efficiently generate reactive oxygen species upon visible light irradiation, endowing their effective application for photodynamic ablation of cancer cells. This study, thus, not only demonstrates a facile synthesis of red/NIR AIEgens for dual applications in simultaneous imaging and therapy, but also offers an ideal architecture for the construction of AIEgens with long emission wavelengths.
Renewable Lanthanide Ionic Liquid/Polymer Composites for High‐Efficient Adsorption of Particulate Matter
Authors: Song Kang‐Xiang , He Ling , Zhang Lei , Tao Guo‐Hong
Published: October 2017

Particulate matter (PM) in air pollution is becoming a serious environmental threat to public health globally. The removal of PM, particularly the most harmful PM2.5, is a great challenge for industrialized countries. Hybrid polymer materials have extensive applications in many areas. Herein, types of hybrid polymers obtained from lanthanide ionic liquids and polyvinyl pyrrolidone have excellent PM adsorption capacity especially for PM2.5. The highest adsorption efficiency can exceed 99% for both PM2.5 and PM10. The removal efficiency of PM can be maintained above 90% for 15 h, which can be recycled more than five times without the decline of adsorption efficiency. An introduced luminescent lanthanide can be used to survey the adsorption process by the change of fluorescence intensity. After simple treatment, the PM adsorption capacity of the hybrid polymer can be recovered to be similar with the new one. Besides, the hybrid polymers have favorable thermal stability to adapt to different working conditions. Therefore, the hybrid polymers have potential applications in a high‐efficiency and environmental friendly PM removal filter.
Porous wheat gluten microparticles obtained by electrospray: Preparation and characterization
Authors: Tapia‐Hernández José́ A. , Rodríguez‐Félix Dora E. , Plascencia‐Jatomea Maribel , Rascón‐Chu Agustín , López‐Ahumada Guadalupe A. , Ruiz‐Cruz Saúl , Barreras‐Urbina Carlos G. , Rodríguez‐Félix Francisco
Published: October 2017

Currently, microporous polymer materials are being studied extensively due to their attractive properties which allow for a wide potential of applications, such as prolonged‐release systems (PRS). The objective of the present work was to prepare and characterize porous microparticles of wheat gluten (WG) using the electrospray technique. The effect of the physicochemical parameters of the solution and electrospray technique parameters on the morphology and size of the materials obtained was studied. For all of the concentrations of WG, porous microparticles with sphere geometry were obtained. At higher concentrations of WG (8% w/v), higher values of viscosity (0.32405 ± 0.002 Pa·s), density (0.997 ± 0.0005 g/cm3), and particle size (1.42 ± 0.71 μm) were obtained, while at lower concentration, high stability rheological is presented, which exhibited Newtonian fluid behavior. Characterization by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform‐infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), and X‐ray diffraction indicated that the material obtained has a potential application in the PRS industry.
Therapy related‐chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML): Molecular, cytogenetic, and clinical distinctions from de novo CMML
Authors: Patnaik Mrinal M. , Vallapureddy Rangit , Yalniz Fevzi F. , Hanson Curtis A. , Ketterling Rhett P. , Lasho Terra L. , Finke Christy , Al‐Kali Aref , Gangat Naseema , Tefferi Ayalew
Published: October 2017

Therapy related myeloid neoplasms (t‐MN) including therapy related myelodysplastic syndromes (t‐MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (t‐AML) are associated with aggressive disease biologies and poor outcomes. In this large (n = 497) and informative (inclusive of molecular and cytogenetic information) chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) patient cohort, we demonstrate key biological insights and an independent prognostic impact for t‐CMML. T‐CMML was diagnosed in 9% of patients and occurred approximately 7 years after exposure to prior chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy. In comparison to de novo CMML, t‐CMML patients had higher LDH levels, higher frequency of karyotypic abnormalities and had higher risk cytogenetic stratification. There were no differences in the distribution of gene mutations and unlike t‐MDS/AML, balanced chromosomal translocations, abnormalities of chromosome 11q23 (1%) and Tp53 mutations (<2%) were uncommon. Molecularly integrated CMML prognostic models were not effective in risk stratifying t‐CMML patients and responses to hypomethylating agents were dismal with no complete responses. Median overall (OS) and leukemia free survival (LFS) was shorter for t‐CMML in comparison to d‐CMML (Median OS 10.9 vs 26 months and median LFS 50 vs 127 months) and t‐CMML independently and adversely impacted OS (P = .0001 HR 2.1 95% CI 1.4‐3.0). This prognostic impact was retained in the context of the Mayo Molecular Model (P = .001, HR 2.4, 95% CI 1.5‐3.7) and the GFM prognostic model (P < .0001, HR 2.15, 95% CI 1.5‐3.7). In summary, we highlight the unique genetics and independent prognostic impact of t‐CMML, warranting its inclusion as a separate entity in the classification schema for both CMML and t‐MN.
Synthesis of Tetra(3‐thienyl)biphenoquinone and its Charge Transfer Complex with Perylene
Authors: Fujii Ryotaro , Hossain Md. Awlad , Akimoto Hisato , Hirabayashi Kazunori , Shimizu Toshio , Akiyama Kazuhiko , Goto Kenta , Nishikawa Hiroyuki , Yamashita Ken‐ichi , Sugiura Ken‐ichi
Published: October 2017

Tetra(thienyl)biphenoquinones were designed and synthesized. An oxidative coupling of 2,6‐bis(3‐thienyl)phenol with PbO2 in acetic acid afforded the corresponding biphenoquinone along with 2,6‐bis(3‐thienyl)‐p‐benzoquinone. This biphenoquinone showed properties characteristic of a π‐expanded quinone, that is, positively shifted reduction potential and light absorption in the visible region. In contrast to kinetically protected biphenoquinones with bulky substituents at the ortho‐positions of carbonyls, the title compounds take a planar structure because of the small steric repulsion of the five‐membered thiophene rings. Its charge transfer complex with perylene is characterized by a well‐overlapped mixed stack.
Multidisciplinary studies of wildlife trade in primates: Challenges and priorities
Authors: Blair Mary E. , Le Minh D. , Sterling Eleanor J.
Published: October 2017

Wildlife trade is increasingly recognized as an unsustainable threat to primate populations and informing its management is a growing focus and application of primatological research. However, management policies based on ecological research alone cannot address complex socioeconomic or cultural contexts as drivers of wildlife trade. Multidisciplinary research is required to understand trade complexity and identify sustainable management strategies. Here, we define multidisciplinary research as research that combines more than one academic discipline, and highlight how the articles in this issue combine methods and approaches to fill key gaps and offer a more comprehensive understanding of underlying drivers of wildlife trade including consumer demand, enforcement patterns, source population status, and accessibility of targeted species. These articles also focus on how these drivers interact at different scales, how trade patterns relate to ethics, and the potential effectiveness of different policy interventions in reducing wildlife trade. We propose priorities for future research on primate trade including expanding from multidisciplinary to interdisciplinary research questions and approaches co‐created by research teams that integrate across different disciplines such as cultural anthropology, ecology, economics, and public policy. We also discuss challenges that limit the integration of information across disciplines to meet these priorities.
To do or not to do? plasma exchange and timing of steroid administration in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
Authors: Scarpazza Cristina , Prosperini Luca , De Rossi Nicola , Moiola Lucia , Sormani Maria Pia , Gerevini Simonetta , Capra Ruggero ,   on behalf of the Italian PML group
Published: October 2017

Objective

To retrospectively analyze the effect of plasma exchange (PLEX; yes = PLEX+, no = PLEX–) and steroids administration timing (prophylactically [proST] or therapeutically [therST]) on the longitudinal clinical course of patients with natalizumab‐related progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) and full‐blown immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (PML‐IRIS).

Methods

Clinical and radiological data of 42 Italian patients with PML were analyzed. Patient's data are available until 12 months after PML diagnosis. PLEX and steroids treatment as time‐dependent covariates were entered in: (1) a Cox model to investigate their impact on full‐blown PML‐IRIS latency; (2) an analysis of variance ANOVA to investigate their impact on IRIS duration; and (3) a linear mixed model to assess their impact on the longitudinal clinical course (measured by means of Expanded Disability Status Scale [EDSS]).

Results

Treatment with PLEX was not associated to PML‐IRIS latency (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.05; p = 0.92), but once IRIS emerged, its duration was significantly longer in patients who underwent PLEX (101 vs 54 days in PLEX+ and PLEX– patients; p = 0.028). Receiving proST versus therST was not associated to IRIS latency (HR = 0.67; p = 0.39) or duration (p = 0.95). Patients who underwent proST had a significantly higher EDSS increase during PML (0.09 EDSS points per month; p = 0.04) as compared to those who had therST.

Interpretation

This study highlights that: (1) caution on the use of PLEX should be considered as the current data do not support a beneficial effect of PLEX and (2) caution on the early use of steroids is suggested because their prophylactic use to prevent full‐blown PML‐IRIS seems to negatively impact on the longitudinal disability course. Ann Neurol 2017;82:697–705
Phosphorylierung reguliert den Membrantransport von Peptiden
Authors: Peng Shu , Barba‐Bon Andrea , Pan Yu‐Chen , Nau Werner M. , Guo Dong‐Sheng , Hennig Andreas
Published: October 2017

Die Phosphorylierung und Dephosphorylierung von Peptiden durch Kinasen und Phosphatasen ist ein allgegenwärtiger Mechanismus der Signaltransduktion in biologischen Systemen. Eine unnatürlich hohe oder niedrige Aktivität dieser Enzyme steht im Zusammenhang mit vielen Krankheiten. Hier führen wir amphiphile Calixarene als supramolekulare Schlüsselkomponenten für einen Membrantransport von Peptiden ein, der sich durch Phosphorylierung regulieren lässt. Mithilfe von farbstoffbeladenen Liposomen zeigen wir, dass diese Calixarene als Gegenionen für etablierte zellpenetrierende Peptide fungieren und deren Transport effizient aktivieren können. Die ermittelten EC50‐Werte liegen im niedrigen nanomolaren Bereich. Die Calixarene aktivieren sogar den Membrantransport von kurzen Peptiden, die Substrate für Kinasen in Signaltransduktionskaskaden sind. Dadurch dass das phosphorylierte Produkt viel weniger effektiv transportiert wird, ermöglicht dies die Regulierung des Membrantransports durch Proteinkinase A (PKA) und Proteinkinase C (PKC). Daraus folgt auch eine markierungsfreie Methode, um die Aktivität dieser Enzyme mittels Fluoreszenz nachzuweisen.
Non‐Enzymatic Oxidation of a Pentagalloylglucose Analogue into Members of the Ellagitannin Family
Authors: Ashibe Seiya , Ikeuchi Kazutada , Kume Yuji , Wakamori Shinnosuke , Ueno Yuri , Iwashita Takashi , Yamada Hidetoshi
Published: October 2017

The occurrence of more than 1000 structurally diverse ellagitannins has been hypothesized to begin with the oxidation of penta‐O‐galloyl‐β‐d‐glucose (β‐PGG) for the coupling of the galloyl groups. However, the non‐enzymatic behavior of β‐PGG in the oxidation is unknown. Disclosed herein is which galloyl groups tended to couple and which axial chirality was predominant in the derived hexahydroxydiphenoyl groups when an analogue of β‐PGG was subjected to oxidation. The galloyl groups coupled in the following order: at the 4,6‐, 1,6‐, 1,2‐, 2,3‐, and 3,6‐positions with respective S‐, S‐, R‐, S‐, and R‐axial chirality. Among them, the most preferred 4,6‐coupling reflected the what was observed for natural ellagitannins. A new finding was that the second best coupling occured at the 1,6‐positions. With the detection of a 3,6‐coupled product, this work demonstrated that even ellagitannin skeletons with an axial‐rich glucose core may be generated non‐enzymatically.
O2‐Aktivierung an Cerdioxid‐Katalysatoren – Zur Bedeutung der kristallographischen Orientierung des Substrats
Authors: Yang Chengwu , Yu Xiaojuan , Heißler Stefan , Weidler Peter G. , Nefedov Alexei , Wang Yuemin , Wöll Christof , Kropp Thomas , Paier Joachim , Sauer Joachim
Published: October 2017

Das Verständnis der Sauerstoffaktivierung auf Metalloxiden auf atomarer Ebene ist eine der größten Herausforderungen der heterogenen Katalyse. Eine oberflächenwissenschaftliche Untersuchung an allen drei niedrigindizierten Einkristalloberflächen von Cerdioxid, dem vermutlich wichtigsten Redoxkatalysator, ermöglichte den direkten spektroskopischen Nachweis reaktiver Sauerstoffspezies an Fehlstellen an den reduzierten Oberflächen von CeO2(110) und CeO2(100). An CeO2(111), der thermodynamisch stabilsten Oberfläche dieses Oxids, wurden jedoch keine Superoxo‐ und Peroxo‐Spezies gefunden. Mithilfe von Dichtefunktionalrechnungen konnten diese scheinbar widersprüchlichen Ergebnisse auf eine Migration von O‐Leerstellen in das Innere der Einkristalle zurückgeführt werden, die jedoch nur im Fall von (111)‐Substraten auftritt. Diese Beobachtungen beenden eine lang anhaltende Debatte über die Position von O‐Leerstellen an Cerdioxidoberflächen und die Aktivierung von O2 auf Cerdioxid‐Pulvern.