bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Community Living Skills Assessment Inventory: An Instrument to Facilitate Deinstitutionalization of the Severely Developmentally Disabled
Authors: Switzky Harvey N. , Rotatori Anthony F. , Cohen Howard
Published: September 2011

A criterion-referenced observational instrument, the Community Living Skills Assessment Inventory, for measuring functional living skills in their ecological context necessary for successful adaptation to alternative placements in the community is described. The inventory can be used with all institutionalized mentally retarded, emotionally disturbed, multihandicapped, and other developmentally disabled individuals. Procedures for administering, scoring, and interpreting this instrument are presented. The primary purpose of the inventory is to determine the discrepancy between a handicapped individual's functional level of skill and those expected by a potentially appropriate alternative placement facility to develop training objectives which minimize these discrepancies. A variety of other uses of the inventory are discussed.
Observational Learning and Sex Roles in Learned Helplessness
Authors: Breen Lawrence J. , Vulcano Brent , Dyck Dennis G.
Published: September 2011

College students (both male and female) were exposed to insoluble, soluble, no discrimination problems and an observational learning condition. Following pretreatment the subjects were given 20 soluble anagrams. Subsequent to this they were asked to make attributional ratings for their success or failure. It was hypothesized that (a) subjects not given a helplessness pretreatment but merely viewing a similar other receiving insoluble problems would exhibit learned helplessness more than corresponding subjects given soluble problems or no pretreatment and (b) females exposed to the helplessness pretreatment would make internal attributions for failure more than males. The first hypothesis was supported, but not the second hypothesis. The present study did yield data which suggest value in pursuing the issue of sex differences in learned helplessness.
Neuroticism and Levenson's Locus of Control Scale
Authors: Morelli George , Krotinger Herb , Moore Sharon
Published: September 2011

The relation between the scores on the Eysenck Personality Inventory and Levenson's Locus of Control scale was investigated among 67 undergraduate students. As expected, no relation between Extraversion and Leven-son's three scales was found, but Neuroticism was significantly related to internal control (—.27) and chance (.34) scales.
Defense Mechanism Preference and Dimensions of Psychopathology
Authors: Gordon Norman G. , Brackney Barbara E.
Published: September 2011

This study replicated Gleser and Ihilevich's Defense Mechanism Inventory-MMPI correlational matrices for a non-psychiatric sample of 113 college students (49 males and 64 females). Fewer significant correlations were obtained for the student population than for the original outpatient psychiatric group. There was, however, substantial agreement between the two studies in that significant correlations overlapping in the two studies were all in the same direction. The lower number of significant correlations for the female college students suggests less consistency for females in relationships between preferred defenses and dimensions of psychopathology.
Intelligence and Organization in Memory Scanning for Trigrams
Authors: Smith Edward D. , Settle Paula , Gawinski Barbara
Published: September 2011

Subjects high (mean IQ 117) and moderate (mean IQ 104) in IQ scanned their memories for either sets of letters or trigrams. The trigrams were either (a) organized, i.e., the positive set items were either all straight or all curved letters, or (b) unorganized, i.e., there was no such pattern. Results showed no IQ-related differences in scanning for letters or trigrams, either organized or unorganized. Subjects in the organized condition responded faster to negative than positive set trigrams, indicating that subjects in this condition were using two separate and hierarchical comparison stages. The first comparison involved the spatial characteristics of the trigrams; if the probe was in the curved trigram category and the positive set items were in the straight trigram category, then a negative response was emitted. But if this comparison was positive, then a further comparison search was made to determine if that specific trigram was a member of the positive set. The results seem to be inconsistent with Sternberg's (1969) four-stage scanning model.
Are Short and Long Sleepers Different?
Authors: Webb Wilse B.
Published: September 2011

The issue of other-than-sleep differences between long and short sleep patterns is discussed. A distinction is made between short and long sleep patterns and shortened and lengthened sleep. Categories of long and short sleep are defined. Measurement problems are discussed. The available research data are discussed. It is concluded that, if there are differences, they are limited and subtle. The requirements for further research are outlined.
Irrationality and Multidimensional Locus of Control
Authors: Morelli George , Morelli Ruth
Published: September 2011

Correlations between irrationality as measured by the Common Belief Survey, and locus of control, as measured by Levenson's locus of control scale, were small though significant among 49 male and 89 female college students. The Common Belief Survey was also correlated with sex. The need for further validation of the Common Belief Survey was discussed.
Characteristics of Patients Referred to Alcoholism Treatment Centers
Authors: Boscarino Joseph
Published: September 2011

Data collected in a pilot study of 57 Alcoholism Treatment Centers were used to test the hypothesis that different racial, age, and sex groups were associated with different referral sources. Regression analysis was used to predict types of referral from specific demographic groups. The analysis confirmed the hypothesis, suggesting a possible discriminatory referral process.
Effects of Offenders' Age and Attractiveness on Sentencing by Mock Juries
Authors: Smith Edward D. , Hed Anita
Published: September 2011

Pictures of physically attractive or unattractive women, who were either young or old, were attached to case reports of either a swindle or a burglary. “Juries” of three female college students each were then asked to sentence the “defendants” to between 1 and 10 yr. in jail. It was hypothesized that the young, attractive defendant would be sentenced less harshly than the old, unattractive defendant and that this effect would be more evident in a crime of burglary than a crime of swindle, as the attractiveness of the con artist might be viewed as an integral component of the crime of swindle. Older defendants were judged more harshly than young defendants and, for the burglary condition, attractive people were judged less harshly than unattractive people. However, in the swindle condition, attractiveness had no influence on the sentencing by the jury.
Race, Shared Belief, and Acceptance of Returned Prisoners: An Old Issue Re-Opened
Authors: Legeay August J. , Schellenberg James A.
Published: September 2011

In attempting to resolve the issue of race vs shared belief in racial prejudice, Triandis suggested that race would be more important in intimate relationships and shared belief in less intimate relationships. The present research both tested this finding and sought to determine if a similar pattern applied to acceptance of returned prisoners. 96 university students responded to a behavioral differential questionnaire which was analyzed by an ex post facto experimental design. Three research hypotheses were formulated to test the importance of the degree-of-intimacy dimension, and none were supported. It is concluded that more work is needed before the race-versus-shared-belief issue can be considered properly resolved.
Test Anxiety Levels of Short and Long Sleeping College Students
Authors: Hicks Robert A. , Pellegrini Robert J. , Hawkins James
Published: September 2011

To clarify the interpretation of a difference in anxiety level that Hicks and Pellegrini (1977) had reported as being incongruent with Hartmann's (1973) description of the personalities of short and long sleepers, groups of 20 short- and long-sleeping college students were tested using a battery of anxiety tests which featured two test anxiety scales. Congruent with Hartmann's hypothesis that short sleepers value work as a defense, our short sleepers showed significantly higher levels of test anxiety on both scales. These data were considered against Hicks and Pellegrini's earlier results with the conclusion that those data actually support Hartmann's conclusions.
Attitudes toward Technological Change among Vietnamese Employees
Authors: Chu Hung M.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between personal characteristics and employees' attitudes toward technological change was assessed for 300 subjects working in a Vietnamese bank. In general, employees' reactions toward change were unfavorable, and their age, sex, and length of service were not related to the technological change. These results are unlike those found in the United States and are to be interpreted in terms of social and cultural aspects of the Vietnamese people.
Content Consideration in the Distinction between Assertive and Aggressive Behavior
Authors: Rakos Richard F.
Published: September 2011

Attempts to distinguish assertive behavior from aggressive behavior independently of the consequences seem hindered by a limited conceptualization of assertiveness. Assertiveness is usually thought of as a right, but a behavioral analysis of rights behavior indicates the emission of functionally related obligation behaviors both prior to and after the emission of the rights behavior. When assertiveness is defined as a behavioral chain consisting of obligations and rights, the obligation behavioral components distinguish it from aggressiveness. The rights behavioral component, currently called “assertiveness,” is better termed “expressiveness” or “expressive behavior” to indicate that the entire assertive response includes more than the simple expression of rights.
Attitudes of Educators toward Handicapped and Non-Handicapped Children
Authors: Green Sara C. , Kappes Bruno M. , Parish Thomas S.
Published: September 2011

Previous research has shown that teachers generally perceive handicapped children more negatively than non-handicapped children. The present study once again demonstrated support for this notion. In addition, the results of the present study did not vary across different groups of educators or across whether they taught in institutional or public school settings.
Construct Validity Analyses of a “Nonverbal” Measure of Self-Esteem: The Sliding Person Test
Authors: Karmos Ann H. , Karmos Joseph S.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated construct validity for a “nonverbal” measure of self-esteem, the Sliding Person Test (SPERT). Seven personality measures and an intelligence test were administered to 202 college students. A test-retest reliability coefficient of .82 was obtained ( N = 45). Correlations between scores on SPERT and social desirability, anxiety, and IQ indicated sufficiently low overlap with these variables. Minimal evidence of convergent and discriminant validity was established. Linear and curvilinear relationships between scores for SPERT and social and emotional adjustment, respectively, were contrary to expectations but similar to those of previous studies. Expected differences between students high and low in self-acceptance with large SPERT discrepancies support other literature which suggests that large self-ideal discrepancies are associated with better adjustment and lower anxiety for highly self-accepting people.
Children's Assignment of Sex to Pictures of Animals
Authors: Feldstein Jerome H.
Published: September 2011

Pictures of 24 different animals were sorted into categories of male and female by 40 preschool and 40 fourth grade children, equally divided by sex. Equal numbers of pictures had previously been designated male, female, or ambiguous by adult judges. Objectively aggressive animals were often agreed to be male but only one animal was classified as female by one group, fourth grade boys. Adult-specified male animals received significantly more male designations than adult-specified females. Fourth graders made significantly more female designations among adult-specified females than did preschoolers. Characteristics such as aggressiveness may be associated with males, by young children, but notions about female characteristics do not develop until later in childhood.
Does the Frequency of Definitions for a Particular Drug in Slang Dictionaries Predict Quantity of Knowledge of the Slang?
Authors: Haertzen C. A. , Ross F. E.
Published: September 2011

The percentages of opiate addicts (N = 83), alcoholics (N = 23), and normals (N = 23) who knew 278 slang words that refer to heroin, Benzedrine (stimulants), alcohol, “goofballs” (barbiturates), and “reefers” (marijuana) were correlated with the corresponding number of definitions for these words in 13 slang dictionaries. The correlations between the percentages of knowledge of words and the corresponding frequency of definitions for all classes of words combined were 0.38 for opiate addicts, 0.27 for normals, and 0.18 for alcoholics. The correlation was lower for alcoholics because they knew definitions of alcohol, whereas the dictionary constructors frequently excluded these. Knowledge of slang in specialized groups was much more predictive from the knowledge in normals than from the frequency of dictionary definitions. This difference suggests that the utility of slang dictionaries may be advanced by showing the relative knowledge of the words in some target population such as normal subjects.
Reliability and Factor Structure of the Guttentag and Bray Semantic Differential Test
Authors: Williams Frederick , Frost Frederica
Published: September 2011

Assessment of the Guttentag and Bray scales for measuring sex stereotypes raised serious questions about their reliability and validity. Results suggested oversimplification in prior assumptions of how boys and girls view sex-role characteristics.
Some Effects of an Experimental Curriculum Designed to Meet the Religious Needs of Gifted Adolescents
Authors: Hubbard Helene R. , Bledsoe Joseph C.
Published: September 2011

An experimental curriculum using the Renzulli enrichment triad which includes exploratory activities, group processes, and in-depth study was compared with an alternate curriculum using group problem-solving processes in religious education with 25 gifted adolescents over a 12-week period. Criteria were religious and social values, principled morality scores, and religious practices. Reliable differences favoring the experimental curriculum were found for religious values and religious practices; no differences were found for social values and principled morality. Religious values for both groups were significantly greater than social values. High positive correlations between religious values and religious practices suggested that students apparently practice what they profess to believe. Implications were discussed.
Further Investigation of Components of Mathematical Ability
Authors: McCallum D. I. , Smith I. Macfarlane , Eliot J.
Published: September 2011

15 measures of cognition, personality, and attainment were given to 76 boys and 78 girls at age 12 and again at age 14. g/k factor remained relatively stable for high schoolers; spatial ability was associated with understanding of mathematics.
Attitudes towards Randomized Control Group Experimental Designs in the Field of Community Welfare
Authors: Innes J. M.
Published: September 2011

Subjects read a report describing an experiment in which juvenile offenders were to be randomly allocated either to the usual system of treatment, namely, institutionalization, or to a community-based treatment using family therapy to facilitate the communication of problems within the family unit. Generally, subjects reacted favourably to the hypothetical program, perceiving it to be scientific and morally justified. One variable which influenced reaction was the possible negative side effects of the method of therapy. When such effects were explicitly stated in the accounts subjects were less favourable to the program and judged the program administrator to be less competent. Similarities and differences between the present study and a comparable one by Hillis and Wortman (1976) which used a medical experiment as an issue are discussed, together with recommendations for administrators who wish to mount community welfare programs.
Weather and Human Conception
Authors: Sherrets Steven
Published: September 2011

A statistically significant inverse relationship was found between mean monthly temperature 9 mo. prior to delivery and 7,312 live births in a midwestern community. A curvilinear relationship fit the data more closely than a linear one, suggesting both extremely cold and hot weather were related to the birth rate 9 mo. later. Illegitimate and legitimate births followed nearly the same pattern. Marriages and the number of births 9 or even 10 mo. later were not related. Apparently the weather, particularly cold' weather, has a powerful influence on behavior resulting in conception.
Authorities and Subject Matter Areas Emphasized in the Annual Review of Psychology, 1950–1974
Authors: Gilgen Albert R. , Hultman Stevan K.
Published: September 2011

The Annual Review of Psychology provides an important resource for the historian concerned with post-World War II American psychology. Published since 1950, the series offers summaries and evaluations by knowledgeable psychologists of developments within major areas of the discipline. The present study, based on author indices and tables of contents, indicates that the most frequently cited individuals were R. B. Cattell and British psychologist H. J. Eysenck, both prominent and prolific factor-analytic personality theorists and psychometricians; along with Hullian learning theorists; and a variety of individuals who made notable theoretical or empirical contributions, e.g., Harlow, J. J. Gibson, Festinger, Olds, Simon, Hebb, Rogers, and Skinner. Understandably, psychologists whose work was relevant for many years to a variety of consistently reviewed subject-matter areas tended to have the highest cumulative citation frequencies. Interestingly, the subject-matter area most extensively reviewed across the 25-year period examined was sensation-perception followed by areas within which factor-analytic or Hullian research had some relevance. The study also provides a breakdown of individuals frequently cited during the 1950–55, 1956–65, and 1966–74 subperiods, and an index of new developments as represented by changes in the tables of contents of the 25 volumes analyzed.
Knowledge of Sex Stereotypes in Preschool Children
Authors: Etaugh Claire , Riley Sue
Published: September 2011

The Sex Stereotype Measure II, a children's picture-story technique, was administered to 24 female and 24 male preschool children (mean age = 47 mo.). The preschoolers displayed minimal knowledge of adult sex stereotypes and less than that shown previously by kindergartners. In line with findings for kindergarten children (a) girls and boys did not differ in total sex-stereotype score and (b) boys' knowledge of the male stereotype was greater than that of the female stereotype, whereas girls displayed more even knowledge of the two.
Spouses' Value Systems: Similarity, Type and Attributed Marital Adjustment
Authors: Kindelan Kevin M. , McCarrey Michael W.
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated the effect of similarity of either terminal or instrumental value systems on attributed marital adjustment and the effects of various degrees of similarity of value systems on attributed marital adjustment. A total of 447 undergraduate students were administered a packet which contained the value profiles of two “bogus couples” and were asked to rate attributions regarding each couple's marital adjustment. The written attributions indicated degree of similarity was significant. Results are discussed in terms of Byrne's (1971) attraction paradigm and Rokeach's (1973) theory of values.
Psychology of the Scientist: XL. Flexibility in Data Analysis and Group Data Collection
Authors: Marx Melvin H.
Published: September 2011

Some observations about methodological issues (depth of analysis, exploratory mode, even with groups) encourage careful experimentation with humans.
Preschool Children's Classification of Adult Apparel as Related to Parents' Mode of Dress and Attitudes toward Adult Gender Roles
Authors: Wenige Lynn O.
Published: September 2011

Small correlations indicated association between clothing and sex-role attitudes of stereotyping by preschoolers despite family characteristics.
Relationship of State-Trait Anxiety to Academic Performance in Dutch Medical Students
Authors: Van Der Ploeg Henk M.
Published: September 2011

The administration of a Dutch version of the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory to medical students has been described. In Study 1 a significant negative relationship was obtained between level of anxiety and level of academic success. In Study 2 these results were partly replicated. Besides data obtained with the Dutch version in an anxiety-provoking situation and test-retest reliabilities, support was given to the Spielberger theory of trait-state anxiety by demonstrating that the increase in A-State level is higher for the group of high A-Trait men than for the group of low A-Trait students.
Generalization of Reading by Special Education Students from a Structured Program to Informal Classroom Activities
Authors: Hobbs Tom R. , Holt Michael M. , Richardson Ruby
Published: September 2011

15 special education students exhibited an increase in the number of correctly completed frames in the Sullivan Programmed Reading Series following introduction of a reinforcement contingency. The mean number of frames remained high during the reversal phase with no consistent generalization of effects from the morning reading program to an afternoon free-time period.
Multiple- versus Single-Index Predictors of Dangerousness, Suicide, and other Rare Behaviors
Authors: Vanderplas James M. , Vanderplas Jean H.
Published: September 2011

The principle that prediction of low base-rate events based on test signs may be grossly in error in the direction of overprediction is argued to be limited to situations where single-index predictors are used. An example is presented of a three-variable Boolean function which accurately distinguishes 70% of true positive instances and 100% of true negative instances in a situation where the base rate of the predicted event is 100 per 100,000.
Anxiety in Dental Patients: A Study of Three Phases of State Anxiety in Three Treatment Groups
Authors: Tullman Gerald M. , Tullman Michael J. , Rogers Billy J. , Rosen Jack B.
Published: September 2011

This study examined anxiety of dental patients (48 men and 48 women) through use of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Self-evaluation Questionnaire. Information gathered suggests that some dental patients appear to employ denial as a coping mechanism when seated in the dental chair.
Social Interaction in Young Children: Initiation of Peer Contact
Authors: Phinney Jean S.
Published: September 2011

The means by which 3- to 5-yr.-old children attempt to initiate social contact with a peer, and the success of such attempts, were observed in a number of preschool settings using an event-sampling technique. Initiators showed a significant same-sex preference, and contact attempts were significantly more successful with a same-sex peer than with a cross-sex peer. Boys and girls were equally verbal, but girls differed significantly from boys in using twice as many requests, more questions, and fewer suggestions and bids for attention. The most successful contact attempts involved showing or offering an object or joining into on-going activity.
Action of Noise on Latencies of Responses to a Repeated Verbal Stimulus Related to Variety
Authors: Pons Louis , Baudet Monique
Published: September 2011

Free-word association has been used to observe how white noise affects latencies of responses to repeated presentations of a stimulus word. We already know that noise acts on a pattern of responses to decrease their variety and increase their repetition. We also know that variety of response in free-word association is related to higher latency. If variety of responses persists in the presence of noise, their latency will be even higher. Finally, white noise inhibits a cognitive activity by reducing its variety or its speed.
Discrepancies between Verbal and Performance IQS and Subtest Scatter on the Wisc-R for Juvenile Delinquents
Authors: Ollendick Thomas H.
Published: September 2011

The present study examined discrepancies in Verbal and Performance IQs and subtest scatter on the WISC-R for 121 male juvenile delinquents. While statistically significant Verbal-Performance discrepancies and subtest scatter were evidenced, these indices of scatter did not differ from normative data provided by Kaufman in 1976. It was concluded that the WISC-R may not be useful as a differential diagnostic indicator for juvenile delinquency but may be beneficial as a tool for making remedial prescriptive recommendations.
Correlation between Individual Differences in Rats' Performance and the Outcome of Social Worker-Parasite Relationship
Authors: Capriglione Márcio José , Flávio Lúcio , Moreira De Sousa , Masur Jandira
Published: September 2011

An experiment was designed to predict the outcome of establishing a worker-parasite relationship between rats paired in a modified Skinner box with the water dipper and the bar attached to opposite walls. The rats were first trained individually to press the bar for water reward. After this individual training the reinforcement, besides being contingent to the pressing response, began also to be freely delivered (by the experimenter) in a variable-interval schedule of reinforcement. The number of such sessions each animal took to stop emitting the bar-pressing response was recorded. After stopping the operant response the animals were again trained individually. Following that they were paired in the experimental cage according to the number of sessions they took to stop the bar-press response. After the development of the worker-parasite relationship, categorization into workers and parasites could be predicted according to the number of sessions the rats took to stop the response in the individual condition. Individual characteristics may then play a role, among a multitude of other possible variables, in the outcome of the worker-parasite relationship between rats.
Categorization of College Students' Meaning of Life
Authors: Devogler Karen L. , Ebersole Peter
Published: September 2011

This study was designed to develop meaning-in-life categories which have adequate interrater reliability and stability over time. Also of interest were the categories which college students endorsed and the number of students who reported no meaning in life. A pilot study was used to develop appropriate categories. 100 students from a State University class were asked to write about the three most meaningful things in their lives and then ranked their written meanings in order of importance to them. Eight categories had adequate interrater reliability and stability over a 3-mo. period. The “relationship” category was most often chosen followed by “service,” “growth,” “belief,” “existential-hedonistic,” “obtaining,” “expression,” and “understanding.” Only 5% of our sample claimed life to have no meaning.
Reliability of a Problem-Oriented Record System Approach to the Evaluation of Treatment Outcome
Authors: Webb L. J. , Gold R. S. , Howes-Coleman K. , Holley M. B. , Reck J. , Trusch H.
Published: September 2011

The current study investigated the reliability of the Problem-oriented Record System by examining the degree of interrater agreement among four therapists' ratings of the nature of the problem presented and the severity of that problem for 32 outpatients. The data indicate that the system as used provides a reliable system for recording patients' problems on intake, but the interrater reliability for severity ratings was .40. The full implications require further development of training for system utilization and a re-examination of the question.
Critical Thinking and Belief in the Paranormal
Authors: Alcock James E. , Otis Laura P.
Published: September 2011

The critical thinking ability of 13 believers and 13 nonbelievers in paranormal phenomena was examined in two studies. In the first study, believers and skeptics were given Watson and Glaser's (1964) Critical Thinking Appraisal Scale as well as Trodahl and Powell's (1965) Dogmatism Scale. Skeptics showed a significantly higher level of critical thinking ability than believers and were significantly less dogmatic than believers. A second study was carried out to evaluate the critical thinking ability of believers and skeptics on a task dealing with the paranormal. 18 believers and 17 skeptics were asked to evaluate critically either a research article on a paranormal phenomenon (psychokinesis) or an almost identical article on a nonparanormal phenomenon (pain tolerance). It was anticipated that believers would show a bias in favor of the paranormal article; however, results indicated that believers and nonbelievers were equally critical of the paranormal article.
Sex Differences and Initial Reading Performance
Authors: Chansky Norman M. , Czernik Joanne , Duffy James , Finnell Lillian
Published: September 2011

400 school records were randomly selected from school files, equally divided between boys and girls. Kindergarten Letter Recognition and Number Readiness scores were then correlated with subsequent first-grade achievement. Regression equations were developed for half of each sample and applied to the other half. This produced Calibration and Cross-validation samples for each sex. Although girls' means were significantly higher than boys' the magnitude of difference was not deemed psychologically relevant. Sex did not moderate the relationships between any predictor with any criterion. Letter recognition and number readiness predicted first-grade reading with similar accuracy. Finally, each criterion correlated only slightly higher with several predictors combined than it did with each predictor separately.
Conflict Resolution Inventory: Factor-Analytic Data
Authors: Hartwig William H. , Dickson Andrew L. , Anderson Howard N.
Published: September 2011

The Conflict Resolution Inventory which measures the ability to refuse unreasonable requests was administered to 67 male and 92 female undergraduates and the results were factor analyzed. The resulting 12 factors which accounted for 66% of the total variance suggest that assertion is situation-specific even within one response class.
Family Life Contacts among Married and Never Married Professionals
Authors: Billingham Robert E.
Published: September 2011

The present study sought to determine whether there were differences between the amount and kind of contact that married and never married professionals have with their families. 508 professionals ( n = 331 males, 177 females) responded to a questionnaire designed to assess the types of contacts that they have with their families. Married and never married professionals maintain very similar patterns of contacts with their families. The two questions that produced significant differences dealt more with ownership of homes than with contact. Sex differences were more marked among the married subjects than the unmarried subjects. The author proposes that being single by choice does not disrupt the ties that an individual has with his extended family.
Enactment vs Picture-Choice Tasks in Studies of Early Language Comprehension: When a Picture is Not Worth 10,000 Words
Authors: Kramer Pamela E. , Koff Elissa , Fowles Barbara
Published: September 2011

18 children aged 3, 4, and 5 yr. responded to the same sentence presented both for enactment and for picture choice. Sentences were designed to test the effects on comprehension of event probability, sentence voice, and subject/object animateness. All main effects including that of task were significant. Picture choice was more difficult than enactment especially for the youngest children. Other interactions involving the effects of task suggested that, independent of the actual verbal stimuli presented, the type of task used to assess early comprehension capabilities may lead to different conclusions about which cues are important for young children's understanding of adult speech.
Treatment of Anxiety about College Tests with Negative Practice and Systematic Desensitization: Some Negative Findings
Authors: Levine Richard A. , O'Brien Richard M.
Published: September 2011

72 test-anxious subjects were assigned to three treatment groups and two control groups for 6 weekly sessions. Treatment conditions were negative practice with and without homework instructions and systematic desensitization. The two control conditions involved a psychoanalytically oriented attention-placebo group and a waiting-list, no-treatment group. There were no differences in grade point average between groups following treatment. Only the group given systematic desensitization showed improvement in self-reported test anxiety. These negative results are discussed in comparison to earlier findings. The need for measures of behavioral outcome is emphasized.
Adaptors, Innovators and the Kirton Adaption-Innovation Inventory
Authors: Mulligan Glenn , Martin William
Published: September 2011

Kirton (1976) has (1) elaborated a typology which contrasts the originalities of adaptive and innovative solutionists, (2) argued that his typology reflects a basic and unidimensional trait of personality related to the sponsorship of competing kinds of institutional change, and (3) developed a test, Kirton's Adaption-Innovation Inventory, to distinguish the adaptive from the innovative-minded solutionists. However, Kirton's method of scoring for a general factor of adaptiveness-innovativeness lacks face validity. A new method of scoring the inventory, based on a three-factor solution, provides face validity for the test and, in contrast with Kirton's method, exhibits appropriate relations with performance measures of originality, and separates criterion group adaptors from innovators. Subjects were 303 high school students.
One-Session Hypnotherapy for Smoking: A Controlled Study
Authors: Javels Alan F.
Published: September 2011

Comparing groups of 10 patients receiving a formal induction plus suggestions, suggestions alone, and no treatment, 3-mo. success rates were 60%, 40%, and 0%, respectively. History of a mother who smoked correlated with success, and history of a smoking-related illness correlated with failure. The technique was described.
Assertiveness in Children
Authors: Bernard Janine M.
Published: September 2011

100 children, ages 6 to 12 yr., were divided into four groups for the purposes of this study. Each child was given a Children's Emotion Projection Instrument, a series of simulated, frustrating incidents. Responses were rated as belonging to one of seven categories: anger, aggression, passive aggression, sadness, satisfaction/acceptance, avoidance, or assertion. Frequencies by response categories were analyzed using chi-squared for bivariate data. Responses for each category were analyzed separately using chi-squared for single variables. All children used assertion responses frequently, and older children used such responses significantly more often than younger ones. There were no differences between girls and boys for either age group on assertion.
Self-Esteem and Group Decision Making: An Empirical Study
Authors: Schwartz T. M. , Wullwick V. J. , Shapiro H. J.
Published: September 2011

To assess the impact of self-esteem on group decision making 270 students in business were assigned to groups of 3 by sex, numerical ability, and self-esteem on the Tennessee Self-concept Scale. For scores on a ‘common-target’ game there was no correlation between sex and problem-solving ability, which however showed low rs with self-concept. Medium self-concept was associated with greater success than high or low self-concept.
Some Psychometric Data on Ejaculatory Disorders: A Further Note
Authors: Munjack Dennis J. , Kanno Pamela H. , Staples Fred R. , Leonard Michele D.
Published: September 2011

MMPI scores of 37 general psychiatric outpatients unselected for sexual dysfunction were compared with those of 19 premature and 16 retarded ejaculators, and 19 non-patient controls screened for sexual disorders. The general psychiatric outpatients exhibited significantly more psychopathology than the premature and retarded ejaculators. Scores of the latter two groups tended to fall between those of the normal and psychiatric patient groups. The general psychiatric outpatients scored significantly higher than the non-patient group on all scales, with the exception of the Masculinity-Femininity and Mania scales. The significance of these findings is discussed.
Frequency and Severity of Psychophysiological Symptoms in a Normal Population
Authors: Brandenburg-Hruska Nancy A. , Weinman Maxine , Mathew Roy J.
Published: September 2011

Responses of 51 normal, healthy volunteers were studied using psychological test scales, demographic information, a personal habits questionnaire, and a questionnaire of 27 psychophysiological symptoms measuring both frequency and severity of symptoms. The presence of self-reported symptoms was positively related to response on a psychological scale measuring a transient emotional state. In contrast, the perception of severity of symptoms was more dependent on a stable personality trait.
Orgasmic Conditioning
Authors: Turkat I. D. , Bruch M. H. , Kuczmierczyk A. R. , Stechow J.
Published: September 2011

Orgasmic conditioning is reexamined. The work of Keller and Goldstein is assessed. The need for an objective procedure for quantifying cognitive activity is pointed out.
Similarity of Values and Warmth Effects on Clients' Trust and Perceived Therapist's Effectiveness
Authors: Hlasny Robert G. , McCarrey Michael W.
Published: September 2011

The effects of (a) similarity of clients' and therapist's values and (b) therapist's nonpossessive warmth on clients' trust for the therapist's and clients' attribution of therapist's effectiveness were investigated using a simulation design. Ratings from 80 undergraduate participants demonstrated main effects and interactions of similarity of value and warmth on student-clients' trust. When either similarity of value or warmth was low, the high condition of the other variable elicited higher trust ratings than the low condition. When either value similarity or warmth was high, the addition of the other variable did not contribute further to the student-clients' trust. In regard to clients' attribution of therapist's effectiveness, main effects of both similarity of value and warmth were demonstrated, with high conditions eliciting higher ratings on effectiveness than lower conditions. The data were viewed within (1) an interpersonal attraction model mediated via similarity, (2) a social exchange model where one's partner was likely to define rewards and costs in a similar and more predictable fashion, and (3) the therapist's warmth-clients' trust model of Giffin (1974).
Marital Communication or Marital Conventionality? A Brief Report on the Relationship Inventory
Authors: Schumm Walter R. , Bollman Stephan R. , Jurich Anthony P.
Published: September 2011

An analysis of survey data from random samples of 83 rural and 98 urban couples indicates that scores on an abbreviated version of the Barrett-Lennard Relationship Inventory and a short form of the Edmonds Marital Conventionality Scale are substantially correlated. Implications for use of the inventory in family research and intervention programs are discussed.
Retrospective Comparison of Quick Test IQS of New Admissions and a Random Sample of Patients in a Maximum Security Mental Hospital
Authors: Randolph Gail C. , Randolph John J. , Ciula Bryan A. , Padget John , Cuneo Daniel
Published: September 2011

Quick Test IQs were compared for a sample of 73 newly admitted male patients and a random sample of 50 male patients in a maximum security psychiatric population. There appeared to be no difference between these two samples. Given the high degree of correlation between the WAIS and the Quick Test for this population, the Quick Test may be used as an efficient screening device for intellectual ability.
Relaxation, Stress, and Palmar Skin Potential Level in Smokers and Non-Smokers
Authors: Knott Verner J.
Published: September 2011

Palmar skin potential level was examined as an index of speed of relaxation in 8 non-smokers, 8 smokers low in arousal, and 8 high in arousal during resting periods before and after an interpolated stressor. The former were smokers who experienced their strongest need to smoke in low-arousal situations characterized by, e.g., monotony and low-level stimulation, while the latter experienced their strongest need to smoke in high-arousal situations characterized by, e.g., anxiety and high-level stimulation. The rate and the amount of reduction in negativity of pre-stressor palmar skin potential level was significantly greater in non-smokers. No significant differences were observed between the groups of smokers. Stress significantly retarded relaxation in nonsmokers to a level comparable to the two groups of smokers.
Work, Depression, and Creativity, Psychoanalytic Perspective
Authors: Fine Reuben
Published: September 2011

This paper seeks to clarify the ego psychology of creativity. The major thesis is that there are intimate connections among work, depression, and creativity, expressed as: creativity represents the ability to work and depression, the inability to work. The essential role in creativity of the capacity to work has hitherto been overlooked or at best underplayed. Ideally, the creative cycle is one in which healthy narcissism leads to achievement which then leads to further narcissistic gratification which then leads to more achievement. After enough external reinforcement in childhood this cycle becomes self-reinforcing. Various aspects of this major thesis are considered in detail.
Communicating with the Elderly: Reach of Television and Magazines
Authors: Durand Richard M. , Klemmack David L. , Roff Lucinda L. , Taylor James L.
Published: September 2011

Governmental agencies, social service programs, and advocacy groups for the elderly often have messages which they would like to communicate to the largest proportion of the elderly population possible. Faced with severely limited public information budgets, they are forced to make choices about which communication mechanisms will reach the largest audience at the least cost per person receiving the message. The purpose of this study is to suggest public information strategies which might be used to communicate a message to a nationwide audience of elderly persons based on patterns of exposure to magazines and television. For this study a sample of 6,056 subjects of which 864 were elderly persons was selected on the basis of a national probability sample. Results indicate that in communicating to the elderly one must look at specific programs or magazines as opposed simply to selecting a vehicle (magazines vs television).
Are Professionals “Smarter” Than Nonprofessionals?
Authors: Khoury Robert M.
Published: September 2011

Does the professional work role require greater intelligence of job incumbents than the semiprofessional or nonprofessional work roles? This study reports that consistent with the popular perspective (1) professions require more intelligence, verbal and numerical ability of job incumbents than semiprofessions and nonprofessions for satisfactory performance of the work role and (2) semiprofessions require more intelligence and verbal ability of workers than nonprofessions.
Personality and Academic Attainment of Primary School Children
Authors: Maqsud Muhammad
Published: September 2011

This study examined the relationships between extraversion, mental ability, and academic attainment of 60 primary school children drawn from a modern primary school and 60 from a traditional primary school. The subjects completed the Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire and the Raven Standard Progressive Matrices. A significant correlation of .38 to .52 between extraversion and academic attainment of the children in the modern school and significant negative correlations of —.39 to —.51 for those in the traditional one were found. A significant positive correlation of .49 to .65 between academic attainment and mental ability was also found for the children in the modern school and a positive correlation of .19 to .38 for those in the traditional one.
Reactions to Crowding in Different Settings
Authors: Ahmed S. M. S.
Published: September 2011

The present study examined how subjects respond to personal space encroachments in a laboratory ( N = 108) or shopping centre ( N = 120) setting. Male or female confederates, with or without a question, intruded upon the personal space of male or female subjects. Two different questions were asked in two different settings to create the same condition. In the laboratory, subjects waited for a shorter time when they were intruded upon with a question (of saliency invasion) than in any other condition. When invaded with a question, subjects showed higher anxiety than when invaded without a question (standard invasion). Significant interaction effect of sex of the subject and approach with a question was noted on O-factor. Subjects scored higher on the Q4 and the Q3 factors in the saliency invasion than in the standard invasion condition. In the shopping centre, subjects walked faster in the invasion saliency condition than in any other condition. Subjects asked a question walked faster than when approached without a question. Significant interaction of the sex of the subject and approach with a question was noted on the speed of walking.
Extinction of Human Avoidance as a Function of Durations of CS Exposure during Flooding
Authors: Dua Jagdish K.
Published: September 2011

Seven groups of subjects learned an avoidance response (CS-UCS interval = 4.5 sec.) and were then given different treatments of flooding. The 0-sec., 3-sec., 10-sec., and 20-sec. groups were administered the CS for 0, 3, 10, and 20 sec., respectively, on each of the 15 trials. The 10-sec.-variable group was exposed to different durations of CS on 15 trials such that the average exposure per trial was 10 sec. The 3-sec.-exposure-control group was exposed to the CS for 3 sec. on each of the 50 trials. All these groups could make the button-press avoidance response during treatment but the response had no effect on the CS. The CS was offset after the predetermined time. A CS-only group was given 15 trials during which it could terminate the CS by making the button-press avoidance response. Testing during extinction showed that the CS-only, 0-sec., and 3-sec. groups were more difficult to extinguish than the 10-sec. and 20-sec. groups. There was no difference between the 3-sec. and 3-sec.-exposure-control groups. The 10-sec. group showed quicker extinction compared to the 10-sec.-variable and 3-sec.-exposure-control groups. It is argued that flooding is effective when the duration of CS exposure per trial is greater than the CS-UCS interval.
Levels of Self-Actualization of Adaptors and Innovators
Authors: Kirton Michael , Hammond Sean
Published: September 2011

Unexpectedly both high adaptors and innovators have low self-actualization scores.
Comparison of Four Death Anxiety Measures
Authors: Holmes Cooper B. , Anderson Donna J.
Published: September 2011

Four measures of death anxiety were compared to examine accuracy in classifying 87 subjects who would tour a funeral home (low death anxiety) or 74 subjects who would not tour a funeral home (high death anxiety). All measures were accurate, and none was superior to the others.