bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalyzed Anodic Oxidation of Aldehydes to Thioesters.
Authors: Ogawa Kelli A. , Boydston Andrew J.
Published: August 2014

A direct coupling of aldehydes and mercaptans to thioesters is demonstrated by integration of NHC‐organocatalyst into electrophilic anodic oxidation.
ChemInform Abstract: Double Transfer of Chirality in Organocopper‐Mediated Bis(alkylating) Cycloisomerization of Enediynes.
Authors: Campolo Damien , Arif Tanzeel , Borie Cyril , Mouysset Dominique , Vanthuyne Nicolas , Naubron Jean‐Valere , Bertrand Michele P. , Nechab Malek
Published: August 2014

The synthesis of chiral benzofulvenes, triggered by organocopper reagents, is achieved through a highly chemo‐, regio‐, diastereo‐, and enantioselective bis(alkylating) cycloisomerization process.
ChemInform Abstract: Diastereoselective Synthesis of γ‐ and δ‐Lactams from Imines and Sulfone‐Substituted Anhydrides.
Authors: Sorto Nohemy A. , Di Maso Michael J. , Munoz Manuel A. , Dougherty Ryan J. , Fettinger James C. , Shaw Jared T.
Published: August 2014

All compounds are isolated with <95% diastereoisomeric excess.
ChemInform Abstract: Biomimetic Chichibabin Pyridine Synthesis of the COPD Biomarkers and Elastin Cross‐Linkers Isodesmosine and Desmosine.
Authors: Usuki Toyonobu , Sugimura Takanori , Komatsu Akira , Koseki Yohei
Published: August 2014

The preparation of isodesmosine (Ia) and desmosine (Ib) is achieved in four steps starting from 6‐Cbz‐amino‐2‐(S)‐N‐Boc‐aminohexanoic acid.
ChemInform Abstract: Intramolecular 5‐endo‐Trig Aminopalladation of β‐Hydroxy‐γ‐alkenylamine: Efficient Route to a Pyrrolidine Ring and Its Application for the Synthesis of (‐)‐8,8a‐Di‐epi‐swainsonine.
Authors: Singh Priyanka , Panda Gautam
Published: August 2014

(‐)‐8,8a‐Di‐epi‐swainsonine (IV) is prepared from S‐Garner aldehyde via an intramolecular 5‐endo‐trig aminopalladation reaction as key step.
ChemInform Abstract: Cholinesterase Inhibitors from the Aerial Part of Piper hymenophyllum.
Authors: Dung Hoang Viet , Cuong To Dao , Chinh Nguyen Minh , Quyen Do , Byeon Jeong Su , Kim Jeong Ah , Woo Mi Hee , Choi Jae Sui , Min Byung Sun
Published: August 2014

Compound (I) is isolated along with six known compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Pd(OAc)2‐Catalyzed Macrocyclization of 1,2‐Diazonaphthoquinones with Cyclic Ethers.
Authors: Kitamura Mitsuru , Kisanuki Masato , Kanemura Koichi , Okauchi Tatsuo
Published: August 2014

The reaction of (Ic) with (II) does not yield the corresponding cyclization product, but a dimer via linkage of the two diazo groups.
ChemInform Abstract: Large‐area Hard Magnetic L10‐FePt and Composite L10‐FePt Based Nanopatterns
Authors: Goll Dagmar , Bublat Thomas
Published: August 2014

Review: 88 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Marine Toxins in Italy: The More You Look, the More You Find
Authors: Ciminiello Patrizia , Dell'Aversano Carmela , Forino Martino , Tartaglione Luciana
Published: August 2014

Review: 160 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Developments of Thiacalixarene Based Molecular Motifs
Authors: Kumar Rajesh , Lee Yeon Ok , Bhalla Vandana , Kumar Manoj , Kim Jong Seung
Published: August 2014

Review: 270 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Topics in Catalytic Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Ketones
Authors: Yoshimura Masahiro , Tanaka Shinji , Kitamura Masato
Published: August 2014

Review: 52 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Topics of the Metallacycles Composed of the Heavier Group 14 Elements
Authors: Tanabe Makoto
Published: August 2014

Review: [42 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidative Coupling of Organoboron Compounds
Authors: Dhital Raghu Nath , Sakurai Hidehiro
Published: August 2014

Review: [summary on both the seminal early work and recent developments in the area of transition‐metal‐catalyzed oxidative homocoupling reactions of organoboron compounds and mechanistic details; 71 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrocatalysis and Photoelectrochemistry Based on Functional Nanomaterials
Authors: Chen Aicheng
Published: August 2014

Review: 88 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Labile Alkoxyamines: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Audran Gerard , Bremond Paul , Marque Sylvain. R. A.
Published: August 2014

Review: 88 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Strategies for Fused Benzothiazoles: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Bhoi Manoj N. , Borad Mayuri A. , Patel Hitesh D.
Published: August 2014

Review: 141 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Cinchona‐Based Sulfonamide Organocatalysts: Concept, Scope, and Practical Applications
Authors: Bae Han Yong , Song Choong Eui
Published: August 2014

Review: [32 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Acyl Iodides in Organic and Organoelement Chemistry
Authors: Voronkov M. G. , Vlasova N. N. , Vlasov A. V.
Published: August 2014

Review: 57 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Advances and New Variations of the Hirao Reaction
Authors: Jablonkai Erzsebet , Keglevich Gyoergy
Published: August 2014

Review: 126 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Thermodynamic Description of the Layered O3 and O2 Structural LiCoO2‐CoO2 Pseudo‐Binary Systems
Authors: Chang Keke , Hallstedt Bengt , Music Denis , Fischer Julian , Ziebert Carlos , Ulrich Sven , Seifert Hans J.
Published: August 2014

Review: 49 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Development of a Modular Synthesis of Teraryl‐Based α‐Helix Mimetics as Potential Inhibitors of Protein—Protein Interactions
Authors: Trobe Melanie , Peters Martin , Grimm Sebastian H. , Breinbauer Rolf
Published: August 2014

Review: [35 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Computational Approach to Chemical Reactivity of MOFs
Authors: Pidko Evgeny A. , Hensen Emiel J. M.
Published: August 2014

Review: 52 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Evolution of Heterogeneous Catalytic Reactions Kinetics with Time
Authors: Murzin Dmitry Yu.
Published: August 2014

Review: 43 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Multidimensional Gas Chromatography Beyond Simple Volatiles Separation
Authors: Chin Sung‐Tong , Marriott Philip J.
Published: August 2014

Review: 226 refs.
Two‐Dimensional Correlation Spectroscopy for Interpretation of Demineralization and Aging of German Lignite
Authors: Schmidt Mirjam , Otto Matthias
Published: August 2014

Für die Analyse von Kohle gibt es verschiedene Methoden, die jedoch alle unterschiedliche Ergebnisse liefern und schlecht miteinander vergleichbar sind. Die 2D‐Korrelationsspektroskopie ermöglicht jedoch durch die Anwendung synchroner und asynchroner Berechnungsalgorithmen eine erhöhte Auflösung der Daten sowie einen Vergleich. In dieser Arbeit wurde deutsche Braunkohle zeitabhängig entmineralisiert sowie einem simulierten Alterungsprozess unterzogen und mit Infrarotspektrometrie in abgeschwächter Totalreflexion analysiert. Zur Auswertung beider Messreihen wurde die 2D‐Korrelationsspektroskopie angewendet, um deren Potenzial aufgezeigt.
Corrosion Behavior of Metallic Materials for Innovative Gasification Processes
Authors: Zurek Joanna , Hejrani Elham , Müller Michael , Quadakkers Willem J.
Published: August 2014

Metallische Werkstoffe für hochbeanspruchte Sauerstoffdüsen und Abhitzekessel wurden auf ihre Korrosionsbeständigkeit in einem H2/H2O/H2S‐Laborgas untersucht. In Screening‐Versuchen an ferritischen und austenitischen Stählen und Nickelbasislegierungen wurden vielversprechende Legierungen ermittelt. Für alle untersuchten Werkstoffe, mit einer Ausnahme, ergab sich eine Bell‐Shape‐Abhängigkeit der Oxidationskinetik. Durch Untersuchungen an Modelllegierungen wird die Wirkung einzelner Legierungselemente auf die Korrosionsmechanismen ermittelt, um hieraus optimierte Legierungszusammensetzungen herzuleiten.
Structure–Activity Relationship, Biological, and Pharmacological Characterization of the Proline Sulfonamide ACT‐462206: a Potent, Brain‐Penetrant Dual Orexin 1/Orexin 2 Receptor Antagonist
Authors: Boss Christoph , Roch‐Brisbare Catherine , Steiner Michel A. , Treiber Alexander , Dietrich Hendrik , Jenck Francois , von Raumer Markus , Sifferlen Thierry , Brotschi Christine , Heidmann Bibia , Williams Jodi T. , Aissaoui Hamed , Siegrist Romain , Gatfield John
Published: August 2014

The orexin system consists of two G‐protein‐coupled receptors, the orexin 1 and orexin 2 receptors, widely expressed in diverse regions of the brain, and two peptide agonists, orexin A and orexin B, which are produced in a small assembly of neurons in the lateral hypothalamus. The orexin system plays an important role in the maintenance of wakefulness. Several compounds (almorexant, SB‐649868, suvorexant) have been in advanced clinical trials for treating primary insomnia. ACT‐462206 is a new, potent, and selective dual orexin receptor antagonist (DORA) that inhibits the stimulating effects of the orexin peptides at both the orexin 1 and 2 receptors. It decreases wakefulness and increases non‐rapid eye movement (non‐REM) and REM sleep while maintaining natural sleep architectures in rat and dog electroencephalography/electromyography (EEG/EMG) experiments. ACT‐462206 shows anxiolytic‐like properties in rats without affecting cognition and motor function. It is therefore a potential candidate for the treatment of insomnia.
Are patient preferences for end‐of‐life care socially influenced? Examining racial disparities in advance care planning
Authors: Hlubocky Fay J.
Published: August 2014

Future research should continue empirical investigations into the social influences and additional factors responsible for the modification of preferences among racially/ethnically diverse patients with terminal cancer, because these factors would be informative for the development of a culturally sensitive, patient‐centered advance planning intervention for such patients. Advance care planning interventions have the potential to significantly challenge current clinical and research practice paradigms pertaining to the provision of end‐of‐life care to terminal cancer patients, with particular relevance to racial and ethnic minorities who are disproportionately more likely to receive aggressive life‐sustaining care.
Dioxetane Scission Products Unchanged by Mechanical Force
Authors: Clough Jess M. , Sijbesma Rint P.
Published: August 2014

Dioxetane‐based force‐induced light emission from polymers, or mechanoluminescence, is a powerful new way of characterizing the behavior of polymeric materials under stress. Here, we reveal that breaking the dioxetane mechanically gives strikingly similar products to those formed on thermal activation, with a singlet/triplet ratio of 1:9.9 and a total quantum yield of 9.8 %. A sensitized relay scheme ensured high reproducibility in the detection of the short‐lived triplet products. In addition to guiding the design of more sensitive mechanoluminescent probes, the similarity in the scission products indicates that once mechanical force releases the steric lock between the adamantyl groups, the dioxetane undergoes scission in a pathway that resembles the thermal process. Excited states are formed only after the main transition state in a region in which the excited‐ and ground‐state surfaces are nearly degenerate, which, thus, accounts for the remarkable similarity in the scission products.
Tracking Conformational Dynamics of Polypeptides by Nonlinear Electronic Spectroscopy of Aromatic Residues: A First‐Principles Simulation Study
Authors: Nenov Artur , a Beccara Silvio , Rivalta Ivan , Cerullo Giulio , Mukamel Shaul , Garavelli Marco
Published: August 2014

The ability of nonlinear electronic spectroscopy to track folding/unfolding processes of proteins in solution by monitoring aromatic interactions is investigated by first‐principles simulations of two‐dimensional (2D) electronic spectra of a model peptide. A dominant reaction pathway approach is employed to determine the unfolding pathway of a tetrapeptide, which connects the initial folded configuration with stacked aromatic side chains and the final unfolded state with distant noninteracting aromatic residues. The π‐stacking and excitonic coupling effects are included through ab initio simulations based on multiconfigurational methods within a hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics scheme. It is shown that linear absorption spectroscopy in the ultraviolet (UV) region is unable to resolve the unstacking dynamics characterized by the three‐step process: T‐shaped→twisted offset stacking→unstacking. Conversely, pump–probe spectroscopy can be used to resolve aromatic interactions by probing in the visible region, the excited‐state absorptions (ESAs) that involve charge‐transfer states. 2D UV spectroscopy offers the highest sensitivity to the unfolding process, by providing the disentanglement of ESA signals belonging to different aromatic chromophores and high correlation between the conformational dynamics and the quartic splitting.
Photoactive Nanocrystals by Low‐Temperature Welding of Copper Sulfide Nanoparticles and Indium Sulfide Nanosheets
Authors: Lim Hui Min , Tan Jia Yi , Batabyal Sudip K. , Magdassi Shlomo , Mhaisalkar Subodh G. , Wong Lydia H.
Published: August 2014

We successfully utilize the concept of coalescence and room‐temperature sintering to prepare morphologically different nanoparticles. n‐Type chalcogenide (CuIn5S8) nanocrystals are synthesized at room temperature by simple mixing of oppositely charged precursor nanoparticles. The coalescence of polycation‐coated CuS nanoparticles and negatively charged In2S3 nanoplates is driven by close contact of the particles due to electrostatic interactions. Analysis by X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging, and Raman spectroscopy confirms the formation of single‐phase CuIn5S8 without traceable secondary phase. In a photovoltaic device, the use of the coalesced particles yields a power conversion efficiency of 1.8 %.
Triple‐Conducting Layered Perovskites as Cathode Materials for Proton‐Conducting Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Authors: Kim Junyoung , Sengodan Sivaprakash , Kwon Goeun , Ding Dong , Shin Jeeyoung , Liu Meilin , Kim Guntae
Published: August 2014

We report on an excellent anode‐supported H+‐SOFC material system using a triple conducting (H+/O2−/e−) oxide (TCO) as a cathode material for H+‐SOFCs. Generally, mixed ionic (O2−) and electronic conductors (MIECs) have been selected as the cathode material of H+‐SOFCs. In an H+‐SOFC system, however, MIEC cathodes limit the electrochemically active sites to the interface between the proton conducting electrolyte and the cathode. New approaches to the tailoring of cathode materials for H+‐SOFCs should therefore be considered. TCOs can effectively extend the electrochemically active sites from the interface between the cathode and the electrolyte to the entire surface of the cathode. The electrochemical performance of NBSCF/BZCYYb/BZCYYb‐NiO shows excellent long term stability for 500 h at 1023 K with high power density of 1.61 W cm−2.
Conditional ablation of NKp46+ cells using a novel Ncr1greenCre mouse strain: NK cells are essential for protection against pulmonary B16 metastases
Authors: Merzoug Leila Ben , Marie Solenne , Satoh‐Takayama Naoko , Lesjean Sarah , Albanesi Marcello , Luche Hervé , Fehling Hans Jörg , Santo James P. Di , Vosshenrich Christian A. J.
Published: August 2014

To study gene functions specifically in NKp46+ cells we developed novel Cre mice allowing for conditional gene targeting in cells expressing Ncr1 (encoding NKp46). We generated transgenic Ncr1greenCre mice carrying an EGFPcre fusion under the control of a proximal Ncr1 promoter that faithfully directed EGFPcre expression to NKp46+ cells from lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues. This approach allowed for direct detection of Cre‐expressing NKp46+ cells via their GFP signature by flow cytometry and histology. Cre was functional as evidenced by the NKp46+ cell‐specific expression of RFP in Ncr1greenCreRosa‐dtRFP reporter mice. We generated Ncr1greenCreIl2rgfl/fl mice that lack NKp46+ cells in an otherwise intact hematopoietic environment. Il2rg encodes the common gamma chain (γc), which is an essential receptor subunit for cytokines (IL‐2, ‐4, ‐7, ‐9, ‐15, and ‐21) that stimulate lymphocyte development and function. In Ncr1greenCreIl2rgfl/fl mice, NK cells are severely reduced and the few remaining NKp46+ cells escaping γc deletion failed to express GFP. Using this new NK‐cell‐deficient model, we demonstrate that the homeostasis of NKp46+ cells from all tissues (including the recently described intraepithelial ILC1 subset) requires Il2rg. Finally, Ncr1greenCreIl2rgfl/fl mice are unable to reject B16 lung metastases demonstrating the essential role of NKp46+ cells in antimelanoma immune responses.
Development of a SO3H‐Functionalized UiO‐66 Metal–Organic Framework by Postsynthetic Modification and Studies of Its Catalytic Activities
Authors: Luan Yi , Zheng Nannan , Qi Yue , Yu Jie , Wang Ge
Published: August 2014

A novel metal–organic framework UiO‐66‐NH2‐derived Brønsted acid catalyst was synthesized on a gram scale by employing a postsynthetic modification strategy under mild conditions. The nanomorphology of the catalyst was designed and developed to enhance its catalytic performance. Acetalization and benzimidazole formation were evaluated to demonstrate the high reactivity and selectivity of the nanoscaled UiO‐66‐NH‐RSO3H catalyst, which were found to be comparable to the reactivity and selectivity of the strong homogeneous Brønsted acid catalyst. Furthermore, the UiO‐66‐NH‐RSO3H catalyst was recycled several times without compromising the yield and selectivity.
Tetranuclear Nickel and Cobalt Complexes with an Incomplete Double‐Cubane Structure – Homo‐ and Heterometallic Complexes and Their 1D Coordination Polymers
Authors: Nakajima Takayuki , Seto Keiko , Scheurer Andreas , Kure Bunsho , Kajiwara Takashi , Tanase Tomoaki , Mikuriya Masahiro , Sakiyama Hiroshi
Published: August 2014

The reactions of M(OAc)2·4H2O (M = Ni, Co) with three unsymmetrical amine‐diol ligands RN(CH2CH2OH)(CH2CH2CH2OH) (H2Ln: n = 1, R = benzyl; n = 2, R = 4‐methylbenzyl; n = 3, R = 2‐naphthalenylmethyl) in the presence of NEt3 or pyridine in MeOH or BnOH gave the tetranuclear complexes [M4(HLn)2(OAc)6(MeOH)2] {M = Ni, n = 1 (1a), 2 (1b), 3 (1c); M = Co, n = 1 (4a), 2 (4b), 3 (4c)} and [M4(HLn)2(OAc)6(BnOH)2] {M = Ni, n = 1 (2a), 2 (2b), 3 (2c); M = Co, n = 1 (5a), 2 (5b), 3 (5c)}. When p‐xylene‐α,α′‐diol was used instead of monoalcohols, the tetranuclear {M4O6} units were linked by p‐xylene‐α,α′‐diol to form the 1D coordination polymers [M4(HLn)2(OAc)6(p‐HOCH2C6H4CH2OH)]m {M = Ni, n = 1 (3a), 2 (3b); M = Co, n = 1 (6a), 2 (6b)}. The structures of 1–6 were determined by X‐ray crystallography and consist of centrosymmetrical tetranuclear {M4O6} face‐shared defective double‐cubane cores supported by two monodeprotonated (HLn)– ligands. The mixed‐metal tetranuclear complexes [Ni2.2Co1.8(HL1)2(OAc)6(MeOH)2] (7) and [Mn1.7Ni2.3(HL1)2(OAc)5(OMe)2] (8) were also synthesized by using equimolar amounts of Ni2+ and M2+ (M = Co, Mn) ions. X‐ray crystallographic and fluorescent analyses revealed that 7 is isomorphous with 1a and 4a and contains nonstoichiometric amounts of disordered Ni2+ and Co2+ ions in an average ratio of 2.2:1.8 with different occupancies for the two crystallographically independent metal centers. In contrast, 8 consists of a C2‐symmetrical face‐shared defective double‐cubane {MII3MnIIIO6} core with a Ni/Mn ratio of 2.3:1.7; the amounts of Ni2+ and Mn2+ ions vary depending on the metal sites, and one of the C2 axial positions is exclusively occupied by Mn3+ ions. Detailed magnetostructural analyses on the nickel (1a, 2a, 3a) and cobalt (4a) complexes with appropriate spin‐Hamiltonian models showed that both ferro‐ and antiferromagnetic spin exchange interactions were involved within the tetranuclear units, and their extent depends on the combination of the metal ions and the ligand systems in a delicate fashion.
A Concise Atroposelective Formal Synthesis of (–)‐Steganone
Authors: Yalcouye Boubacar , Choppin Sabine , Panossian Armen , Leroux Frédéric R. , Colobert Françoise
Published: August 2014

We describe herein the atroposelective formal synthesis of (–)‐steganone, a parent member of Steganotaenia araliacea dibenzocyclooctadiene lignan lactones. Our synthesis features an atropodiastereoselective biaryl Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reaction with de up to 99 % using as a chiral auxiliary an enantiopure and efficiently converted β‐hydroxy sulfoxide derivative.
Highly sensitive detection of five typical fluoroquinolones in low‐fat milk by field‐enhanced sample injection‐based CE in bubble cell capillary
Authors: Deng Yan , Gasilova Natalia , Qiao Liang , Zhou Ying‐Lin , Zhang Xin‐Xiang , Girault Hubert H.
Published: August 2014

Fluoroquinolones are a group of synthetic antibiotics with a broad activity spectrum against mycoplasma, Gram‐positive, and Gram‐negative bacteria. Due to the extensive use of fluoroquinolones in farming and veterinary science, there is a constant need in the analytical methods able to efficiently monitor their residues in food products of animal origin, regulated by Commission Regulation (European Union) no. 37/2010. Herein, field‐enhanced sample injection for sample stacking prior the CZE separation was developed inside a bubble cell capillary for highly sensitive detection of five typical fluoroquinolones in bovine milk. Ethylenediamine was proposed as the main component of BGE for the antibiotics separation. The effect of BGE composition, injection parameters, and water plug length on the field‐enhanced sample injection‐based CE with UV detection was investigated. Under the optimized conditions, described field‐enhanced sample injection‐based CE‐UV analysis of fluoroquinolones provides LODs varying from 0.4 to 1.3 ng/mL. These LOD values are much lower (from 460 to 1500 times) than those obtained by a conventional CE in a standard capillary without bubble cell. The developed method was finally applied for the analysis of fluoroquinolones in low‐fat milk from a Swiss supermarket. Sample recovery values from 93.6 to 106.0% for different fluoroquinolones, and LODs from 0.7 to 2.5 μg/kg, were achieved. Moreover, the proposed ethylenediamine‐based BGE as volatile and compatible with MS system, enabled the coupling of the field‐enhanced sample injection‐based CE with a recently introduced electrostatic spray ionization MS via an iontophoretic fraction collection interface for qualitative fluoroquinolones identification.
Patent Analysis of Shale Gas Technology in China and Implications for its Exploitation
Authors: Zhang Mier , Guo Wei , Lei Zhen
Published: August 2014

China has made significant progress in developing new energy sources such as solar energy and wind power in recent decades. However, commercial exploitation of shale gas in China is in the very early stages, in sharp contrast to that in the United States. Patents related to shale gas exploitation are analyzed by using data mining and patent maps. The findings show that shale gas exploitation involves complex technologies that technological accumulation is a long‐term process. Despite decades of rapid growth, significant technology gaps still exist for Chinese enterprises and technological factors could be the bottleneck of China’s exploitation of its massive shale gas resources. Meanwhile, foreign enterprises have applied for a large number of patents in China. Chinese enterprises might have to obtain licenses from foreign patent holders, which could have important implications for shale gas exploitation in China.
Considering river structure and stability in the light of evolution: feedbacks between riparian vegetation and hydrogeomorphology
Authors: Corenblit Dov , Davies Neil S. , Steiger Johannes , Gibling Martin R. , Bornette Gudrun
Published: August 2014

River ecological functioning can be conceptualized according to a four‐dimensional framework, based on the responses of aquatic and riparian communities to hydrogeomorphic constraints along the longitudinal, transverse, vertical and temporal dimensions of rivers. Contemporary riparian vegetation responds to river dynamics at ecological timescales, but riparian vegetation, in one form or another, has existed on Earth since at least the Middle Ordovician (c. 450 Ma) and has been a significant controlling factor on river geomorphology since the Late Silurian (c. 420 Ma). On such evolutionary timescales, plant adaptations to the fluvial environment and the subsequent effects of these adaptations on fluvial sediment and landform dynamics resulted in the emergence, from the Silurian to the Carboniferous, of a variety of contrasted fluvial biogeomorphic types where water flow, morphodynamics and vegetation interacted to different degrees. Here we identify several of these types and describe the consequences for biogeomorphic structure and stability (i.e. resistance and resilience), along the four river dimensions, of feedbacks between riparian plants and hydrogeomorphic processes on contrasting ecological and evolutionary timescales. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PARP1 expression in mantle cell lymphoma: the utility of PARP1 immunohistochemistry and its relationship with markers of DNA damage
Authors: Mahe Etienne , Akhter Ariz , Le Anne , Street Lelsey , Pournaziri Payam , Kosari Farid , Shabani‐Rad Meer‐Taher , Stewart Douglas , Mansoor Adnan
Published: August 2014

Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is an aggressive disease with poor overall survival, attributable in part to frequent defects of the DNA repair genes. In such malignancies, additional inhibition of the ubiquitous DNA damage repair protein, poly‐ADP ribose polymerase‐1 (PARP1) has shown enhanced cytotoxicity (so‐called synthetic lethality). We studied PARP1 expression in a series of clinical cases of MCL, with the secondary aim to ascertain the relationship between PARP1 expression and DNA repair gene expression (namely ATM and p53) by immunohistochemical methods. We also examined the relationship between PARP1 expression and the well‐established prognostic biomarker Ki‐67, in addition to correlating PARP1 expression with the overall survival. From amongst our series of 79 unselected cases of MCL, we detected PARP1 expression in all but two cases with variable intensity. We also noted correlations between PARP1 expression and ATM and p53 expression. As described in previous studies, we identified a significant survival difference on the basis of Ki‐67 and p53 expression. When digital H‐score analysis of PARP1 expression was performed, there was a distinct survival advantage noted in patients with lower levels of expression. When our biomarker data were assessed by Cox regression, furthermore, the dominant effects of p53 and PARP1 expression were highlighted. Our data support the need for further research into the potential utility of PARP1 as a biomarker in MCL and for the potential direction of future PARP1 inhibitor‐targeted therapy studies. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development and Applications of Coarse‐Grained Models for RNA
Authors: Hyeon Changbong , Denesyuk Natalia A. , Thirumalai D.
Published: August 2014

In contrast to proteins, much less attention has been focused on the development of computational models for describing RNA molecules, which are being recognized as playing key roles in many cellular functions. Current atomically detailed force fields are not accurate enough to capture the properties of even simple nucleic acid constructs. In this article, we review our efforts to develop coarse‐grained (CG) models that capture the underlying physics for the particular length scale of interest. Two models are discussed. One of them is the three interaction site (TIS) model, in which each nucleotide is represented by three beads corresponding to sugar, phosphate, and base. The other is the self‐organized polymer (SOP) model, in which each nucleotide is represented as a single interaction center. Applications of the TIS model to study the complexity of hairpin formation and the effects of crowding in a shifting equilibrium between two conformations in human telomerase pseudoknot are described. The work on crowding illustrates a direct link to the activity of telomerase. We use the SOP model to describe the response of the Tetrahymena ribozyme to force. The simulated unfolding pathways agree well with single molecule pulling experiments. We also review predictions for the unfolding pathways for the Azoarcus ribozyme. The success of the CG applications to describe dynamics in RNA gives hope that more complex processes involving RNA‐protein interactions can be tackled using variants of the proposed models.
OBSERVED COPARENTING AND TRIADIC DYNAMICS IN AFRICAN AMERICAN FRAGILE FAMILIES AT 3 MONTHS’ POSTPARTUM
Authors: McHale James P. , Coates Erica E.
Published: August 2014

This report examines coparenting and triadic interactions in 19 unmarried, first‐time African American families as fathers, mothers, and 3‐month‐old infants navigated the Lausanne Trilogue Play (LTP; E. Fivaz‐Depeursinge & A. Corboz‐Warnery, ). Parents in 10 of the 19 families reported coresidence at the time of the 3‐month assessment, and the other 9 sets of coparents lived apart. All participating families had taken part in a prenatal intervention emphasizing the importance of father engagement in children's lives, and in all families, parents reported episodic to regular father contact with the children at 3 months. Analyses of LTP sessions revealed that 9 of the 19 families exhibited high levels of coparenting solidarity—cooperation and family warmth accompanied by low levels of coparenting competition and disengagement. Among the remaining 10 families, competitiveness (verbal sparring, interference) and/or disengagement (repeated, episodic absenting by one or both parents from the ongoing interaction) signaled strain and challenges to solidarity. Differences between the higher and lower solidarity groups were found in father‐reported relationship rapport. However, coresidentiality versus noncoresidentiality of the parents did not distinguish high‐ from low‐solidarity groups. A case analysis of one family's triadic session is presented to elucidate the rich potential for clinical intervention in triadic work with fragile family systems. Implications of the study and its findings for theory, research, and clinical work with unmarried fathers and families, along with limits of the study design and generalizability of findings, are discussed.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF EXPERIMENTAL LEVEL OF ASPIRATION TECHNIQUES FOR GROUP ADMINISTRATION*
Authors: Ricciuti Henry N. , Schultz Douglas G.
Published: August 2014

The purpose of this research was to determine whether it was feasible to develop group‐testing techniques suitable for obtaining experimental level of aspiration measures. Incorporating a number of desired characteristics which grew out of a review of the literature, three experimental level of aspiration techniques were developed and investigated empirically. These techniques yielded reliable derived aspiration scores possessing satisfactory distribution characteristics. Instructions asking for levels of aspiration expressed both as expectations and as goals were used, with neither type of instructions appearing to be clearly superior, although the latter produced higher aspiration scores and greater score dispersion. Aspiration measures derived from the three experimental techniques and from statements concerning regular course examinations showed generally low interrelationships.

The results of this research indicate that it is feasible to develop experimental level of aspiration techniques suitable for group administration resembling the more commonly used individual procedures. Group techniques of the sort developed should facilitate research on the various problems that have been attacked in the level of aspiration area, by more economical collection of data on larger numbers of subjects.
THE EFFECT OF “HUMAN” VS. “MACHINE” SET ON GROUP PROBLEM‐SOLVING PROCEDURES1
Authors: Hemphill John K. , McConville Carolyn B.
Published: August 2014

The present experiment was designed to explore the effects of sets toward the characteristics of his partner upon the actor's subsequent behavior when he is involved in a group problem‐solving situation. Two sets were created; one in which the subject believed he was interacting with a “human” as partner and the second, with a “machine” as partner. The hypothesis tested was that the individual will approach the task in the same manner regardless of differences in these sets toward the origin of the response to his acts.

Twelve pairs of men and 12 pairs of women were run separately under each condition. The tasks were identical for all subjects: to achieve a “goal square” in a 5 × 5 electrical plug board in a minimum number of moves.

Data relating to the following areas were analyzed: effectiveness of task solution; attitudes toward the task, the subject's acts, and the responses to his acts; prediction of the “other's” behavior; and patterns of acts and responses. The panels of data relating to effectiveness, prediction, and patterns showed no difference for the subjects under the two conditions. The attitudinal measure showed that those Subjects working under the “human” condition regarded their partners as more confused than did those working under the “machine” condition.

Although the results of this experiment cannot be generalized to all kinds of group problem‐solving tasks, they do indicate the existence of components in such tasks that are not dependent on social characteristics that have been commonly studied. Further research on these basic components may lead to better understanding of mutual problem solving.
THE MATHEMATICAL FOUNDATIONS OF CLASSICAL TEST THEORY: AN AXIOMATIC APPROACH, I
Authors: Koutsopoulos C. J.
Published: August 2014

An investigation is made of the mathematical foundations of mental test theory. The investigation culminates in the introduction of three axioms which define certain random variables called “tests”. The existence of such variables is shown by means of an example.

The axioms are then used to derive most of the classical results which (a) are independent of the internal structure of tests, and (b) do not require the use of sampling theory.

The derivations tend to be terse, but most theorems are followed by a few interpretative remarks of more intuitive character. Furthermore, the paper contains several long passages of purely heuristic considerations. Whenever appropriate, examples or counter‐examples are included.
THE VALIDITY OF NEW TESTS FOR THE PERFORMANCE OF COLLEGE STUDENTS WITH HIGH‐LEVEL APTITUDE
Authors: FRENCH JOHN W.
Published: August 2014

This is a validity study of 15 tests tried out in an attempt to improve the capacity of the College Board tests to predict the college performance of high‐level students. The tests were intended to challenge such students in a way that a mere increase in the difficulty of present tests probably could not do. The experimental tests were named as follows:

1. Spatial Reasoning

2. Data Sufficiency

3. Insightful Reasoning

4. Logical Reasoning

5. Alternative Expressions

6. General Understandings

7. General Information

8. Short‐Item Information

9. Identification of People

10. Integration

11. Induction

12. Object Sorting

13. Directed Memory

14. Verbal Fluency

15. Reference Reading

Six of these tests were given at each of 11 very high‐level colleges, and their validities for freshman grade average and individual freshman grades were compared with the validities of the SAT, achievement tests, and high‐school rank. Logical, though imprecise, corrections were made to avoid distortion of the observed validities coming from variability in the predictability of the criterion at particular colleges where a test was administered, and corrections were made for the extreme restriction in range which occurred at these highly selective colleges. The validities were averaged across colleges, and multiple correlations were computed to find out what the predictive power of the SAT and of all present predictors would become, if some of the experimental test materials were substituted for parts of the SAT. For average freshman grades, a substantial increase in the validity of the SAT was obtained. With what seemed to be the appropriate corrections, a substantial increase in validity was obtained for the entire predictive package: SAT, achievement tests, and high‐school rank in class. The most effective test for substitution into present tests was Insightful Reasoning with Data Sufficiency as a runner‐up. Both of these are already represented by some items in SAT‐M. The General Information test proved to be very effective when teamed with Insightful Reasoning. These same tests and Short‐Item Information showed excellent validities for individual freshman course grades.

The recommendation is made that Insightful Reasoning, Data Sufficiency, General Information, and Short‐Item Information should be considered for occupying substantial sections of the SAT, since this would increase validity, while not raising administrative problems or adversely affecting teaching in the schools.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE MYERS‐BRIGGS TYPE INDICATOR AND ABILITY, PERSONALITY AND INFORMATION TESTS
Authors: Ross John
Published: August 2014

The four scales of the Myers‐Briggs Type Indicator, Extraversion‐Introversion, Sensation‐Intuition, Thinking‐Feeling, and Judging‐Perceiving, were intercorrelated with a battery of 32 tests, including 15 ability tests, 7 experimental interest tests and 10 scales taken from the Personality Research Inventory. Subjects were male and female high school students in Massachusetts. Factor analyses for males and females separately showed that the Indicator scales as a set are linked with ability, interest and personality variables. Comparison of the analyses revealed some sex differences, and interpretation of the results indicated that all four scales reflect surface characteristics other than the typological differences for which they were constructed.
THE ITEM CONTENT AND SOME CORRELATES OF A JUNGIAN PERSONALITY INVENTORY1
Authors: Stricker Lawrence J. , Ross John
Published: August 2014

The Myers‐Briggs Type Indicator is a self‐report inventory which is intended to measure four variables stemming from the Jungian personality typology: extraversion‐introversion, sensation‐intuition, thinking‐feeling, and judging‐perceiving. The construct validity of each of its scales was assessed in a series of studies which investigated the content of the scales, their correlations with ability, interest, and personality scales, and differences on the scales associated with sex and high school program. The findings suggest that the Sensation‐Intuition and Thinking‐Feeling scales may reflect restricted aspects of the dimensions that they are intended to represent, and the Extraversion‐Introversion and Judging‐Perceiving scales may reflect something quite different from their postulated dimensions.
GROUP RISK TAKING AS A FUNCTION OF MEMBERS' ANXIETY AND DEFENSIVENESS LEVELS1
Authors: Kogan Nathan , Wallach Michael A.
Published: August 2014

The present study employed 180 female undergraduates divided into four personality types of 45 Ss each—low anxious‐low defensive, low anxious‐high defensive, high anxious‐low defensive, high anxious‐high defensive. From each set of 45 Ss, nine homogeneous five‐person groups were formed—36 groups in all. Risk taking was assessed on three successive occasions—individually prior to group discussion, as a result of discussion to consensus, and individually following consensus. Significant risky shifts were obtained for all four group types, but the magnitude of the shift varied—anxious Ss shifted most and defensive Ss shifted least. The four types also varied in time to reach consensus. Correlations between initial risk level and perceived influence were uniformly nonsignificant. The results supported a responsibility‐diffusion interpretation of the risky‐shift phenomenon.
A STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF ITEM REARRANGEMENT1
Authors: Flaugher Ronald L. , Melton Richard S. , Myers Charles T.
Published: August 2014

This study was directed to answering the question, “Can the items in a test which is slightly speeded be rearranged in such a way as to discourage cooperation among test takers in a group setting, without affecting the item and score properties of the test?” The literature on the rearrangement problem consists of studies in which the test was either highly speeded or completely unspeeded, or in which rearrangements were extreme. Only moderate rearrangements were used in the present study.

Two types of items were used. One group contained 40 items typical of those in the Verbal section of the CEEB Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) and one contained 25 items typical of the Mathematics section of the SAT. Four different arrangements of each type of test were administered to spaced samples of a college applicant group in March 1965. Five thousand cases were drawn from each of the eight groups for analysis of total score effects, and independent samples of 495 cases were drawn for item analysis.

Results indicated no significant alteration of the item statistics or of the tests' correlations with other tests, but analysis of the regression of the experimental Verbal tests on a longer Verbal test revealed significant differences in intercepts; i.e., some of the Verbal arrangements were slightly more difficult than others. No such difference was found for the Mathematics tests. A possible explanation for these results is that in some of the Verbal arrangements relatively easy items occurred last and were not reached by some students. Thus dropout may have affected test scores differentially.

It was concluded that for tests of this type and degree of speededness, an a priori assumption of equivalence among different arrangements might well be false. It was recommended, therefore, that if different arrangements are used in operational administrations of the SAT, separate equating statistics be computed for each arrangement.
SOME CONTRIBUTIONS TO MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD FACTOR ANALYSIS*
Authors: Jöreskog K. G.
Published: August 2014

A new computational method for the maximum likelihood solution in factor analysis is presented. This method takes into account the fact that the likelihood function may not have a maximum in a point of the parameter space where all unique variances are positive. Instead, the maximum may be attained on the boundary of the parameter space where one or more of the unique variances are zero. It is demonstrated that suchimproper(Heywood) solutions occur more often than is usually expected. A general procedure to deal with such improper solutions is proposed. The proposed methods are illustrated using two small sets of empirical data, and results obtained from the analyses of many other sets of data are reported. These analyses verify that the new computational method converges rapidly and that the maximum likelihood solution can be determined very accurately.
THE BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION BLANK AS A PREDICTOR OF STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT AND VOCATIONAL CHOICE: A REVIEW
Authors: Freeberg Norman E.
Published: August 2014

This paper reviews literature dealing with use of the biographical information blank (BIB) among student populations. The studies are considered under the four criterion areas of scholastic grades, creative achievement, persistence in school, and vocational or curriculum choice. Substantial areas of disagreement in application and utility of the BIB as a predictor remain based upon choice of educational criteria and the content of the BIB itself.
CHANGES IN NONWHITE EMPLOYMENT 1960–1966
Authors: Campbell Joel T. , Belcher Leon H.
Published: August 2014

This study compares changes in various occupational categories between 1960 and 1966 for nonwhites and whites.

During the 1960‐1966 period, employment of nonwhites in prestige occupations has increased dramatically, both for males and for females. However, the “employment gap” between whites and nonwhites is still extremely large, insofar as the better occupational categories are concerned. Use of data for “nonwhites” to represent Negroes results in overestimates of their proportions in white‐collar occupations.
EFFECTIVENESS OF PSAT AND SAT BOOKLETS
Authors: Halpern Gerald , Sasajima Masu
Published: August 2014

A questionnaire was developed and administered to about 450 12th grade students as a means of evaluating the booklet, Your College Board Scores: Scholastic Aptitude Test, Achievement Tests. In general, the booklet was found to communicate effectively. Exceptions to this general statement were difficulties in locating appropriate tables and a superficial understanding of the meaning of test scores and percentiles. Comprehension of the booklet was moderately related to scholastic aptitude scores.
THE ESTIMATION OF MEAN ACHIEVEMENT SCORES FOR SCHOOLS BY THE ITEM‐SAMPLING TECHNIQUE1
Authors: Cahen Leonard S. , Romberg Thomas A. , Zwirner Walter
Published: August 2014

An application of the item‐sampling technique is described. The technique was used by the National Longitudinal Study of Mathematical Abilities (NLSMA) to estimate school means on mathematics achievement tests.

The study reports a comparison of school means on Forms A and B of the Cooperative Arithmetic Test. The mean for each school on Form A was estimated by conventional procedures where each student tested in the school took all of the 50 items on the form. The mean on the other form was estimated by the item‐sampling technique where each student took a randomly selected set of five items from the complete set of 50 items. Means obtained by the item‐sampling administration were systematically greater than the means obtained by the conventional administration. Hypotheses are formulated to account for the bias favoring the item‐sampling administration.

The data from the study indicated that the relative order of school means was preserved by the item‐sampling administration and the precision of estimating school means by item sampling is monotonically related to the number of students tested in the sampling units (schools).
THE CONTRIBUTION OF CLUSTERS OF BIOGRAPHICAL DATA TO PREDICTION1
Authors: Connolly John A.
Published: August 2014

Previous studies indicated that biographical items predict test scores. This study was concerned with the individual and joint predictive effectiveness of homogeneous scales of biographical data. Specifically, three questions were asked:

What dimensions of personal background predict performance on aptitude and achievement measures?

Do personal background cluster scores add to the level of prediction of final performance that can be obtained from initial test scores on the same test variable?

Do personal background cluster scores add to the accuracy of prediction that can be obtained from a comprehensive battery of initial cognitive measures?

The 169 items of the Growth Study seventh‐grade BEQ were cluster analyzed, separately for boys and girls, to develop homogeneous scales to be used in prediction. A sample of 300 males and a sample of 300 females were selected from those students who entered the Growth Study as fifth graders in 1961 and who were tested again in 1963 and 1965. A stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed using their STEP, SCAT, and BEQ cluster scores.

The cluster scores gave a moderately high prediction of subsequent test performance when used alone. In combination with measures of initial status, the scores added small, though statistically significant, increases to prediction. Used with a battery of earlier test measures, BEQ clusters added almost nothing to the prediction.
CONSERVATION OF NUMBER IN VERY YOUNG CHILDREN1
Authors: Rothenberg Barbara B. , Courtney Rosalea G.
Published: August 2014

This study has investigated the presence of conservation of number in 117 children aged 2–5 to 4–4. Using a more complete method than seen in previous conservation studies with this age group (Braine, Bruner, Mehler & Bever), 2% of the Ss were found to be conservers. Comparisons were also made with the results of similar procedures used with Ss aged 4–3 to 6 years. Age and SES differences in conservation attainment were found but no sex differences. Further, the difference in the conservation score between the SES groups in the younger sample (2–5 to 4–4) was found to be equivalent to about one year while the gap between the social classes at ages 4–3 to 6 was nearly two years. The importance of the methodology in measuring number conservation is also discussed.