bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gift Recipients and Royal In-Laws
Authors: Podany Amanda H.
Published: August 2022

Stability in the Late Bronze Age (1550–1200) derived in part from that fact that many kings encouraged loyalty by awarding grants of land to loyal officials and others. Fields and orchards were central to the Near Eastern economy, but fewer of them were now in private hands and more belonged to the kings. Abi-hunni in Hana received a house from his king, who was present for the event, along with many high officials. Records like Abi-hunni’s contract, sealed by the king, were kept for generations because of the need to prove their rights to land. Stability also came from the diplomatic ties between kingdoms, particularly marriages of kings to allies’ daughters. Burna-Buriash II of Babylon was related by marriage to many great kings of the era. His daughter who married the pharaoh became one of a host of royal wives in a very international court, and lived through Akhenaten’s religious revolution. Another daughter, Tawananna, married Hittite king Suppiluliuma I, but was widely disliked in the court because she replaced the previous great queen. Suppiluliuma’s court and career are discussed, along with Tawananna’s conflict with his son. A third daughter of Burna-Buriash II, Napir-Asu, married Elamite king Untash-Napirisha who was her first cousin. Her biography details Elam during this era, the bronze statue made of her, and the buildings instigated by her husband, including the new capital at Chogha Zanbil. Finally, Burna-Buriash II himself married an Assyrian princess, but his son with her was overthrown soon after he took the throne.
Brewers, Rebels, and Exorcists
Authors: Podany Amanda H.
Published: August 2022

Nabonidus was often seen as a heretic for his belief that Sin was the greatest of the gods, but he saw himself as a successor to ancient Babylonian kings. His daughter, the en-priestess in Ur, kept a collection of ancient objects found during the rebuilding of a palace, often called the first museum. Nabonidus spent ten years away from Babylon, in Arabia. During this time, Cyrus began to expand the Persian empire. Although Nabonidus returned to Babylon, he was unable to prevent Cyrus from taking control in Babylonia in 539. Darius and his son Xerxes put down rebellions in Mesopotamia. Cuneiform archives ended in Babylon after this. The Persians were, however, unable to conquer Greece. Ultimately, Alexander of Macedon conquered all of the Persian empire. Through all this, commerce continued in Mesopotamia. Powerful families controlled roles in temples. Bel-uballit owned a prebend as a temple oil presser, and was also a businessman in Sippar, trading oil and dates, producing and selling textiles, and running a brewery. Itti-Marduk-balatu, a businessman in Babylon, had two of his slaves, husband Nabu-utirri and wife Mizatu, run a brewery, which made a profit. Another slave, Ina-qate-Nabu-bultu, was apprenticed to an experienced baker who was also a slave. A fourth slave from the same household, a woman named Ishunnatu, was an innkeeper in Kish who brewed date beer, served food, and provided beds for travelers. After the Persian conquest, scribes like an exorcist named Rimut-Anu continued copying ancient works, even though the languages were no longer spoken.
Weaponizing the Senses
Authors: Stoler Ann Laura
Published: August 2022

This chapter highlights the politicality of the senses, which concentrate on distributions of sentiments that has directed on the toxicities of racecraft. It discusses how sentiments are broached as relational measures of value that are articulated in speech or mutely performed. It also reviews interior frontiers, which find sustenance in measured dispositions, calibrated exclusions, porosities sealed, and leakages rapidly repaired. The chapter elaborates the sentiment of remorse, longing, or disdain that are never freestanding internal states but elements of social dispositions, responses to relations, and contested arrangements. It looks at stringent lines of demarcation that are barely visible and audible, wherein derisions are down dressed in nondescript clothes and are hard to say of how blindly or pointedly they were made and imposed.
Poetic RageAnti-colonial Avant-gardes
Authors: Stoler Ann Laura
Published: August 2022

This chapter distills what is seen as a fugitive, peripatetic set of anticolonial avant-gardes that are innovative and mobile to different degrees and challenge both what avant-gardes do and who are included among them. It treats anticolonial avant-gardes as convergent spaces of work and thought, of co-practitioners in restless motion, style, and genre, and in the range of places to which they travel. It also explains the singularities of where, how, and when anticolonial avant-garde press against the oppressive weight of racialized imperial governance and the anticolonial refusals they share in melding political and aesthetic commitments and labor. The chapter cites geopolitics, which makes for a restless, borderless archive that is dismissive of finitudes and wary of certitudes, but is taken with manifestos, visionary, and information. It mentions avant-gardes that cross archipelagos of colonial detentions and dispossessions.
Introduction: Republics and the Politics of Self-Governance
Authors: Graubart Karen B.
Published: August 2022

Spanish monarchs governed their expansive kingdoms in part by delegating certain powers to republics, subordinate representative bodies with elected leadership. In late medieval Castile, these republics included aljamas of Muslims and Jews who lived under Christian rule, as well as West Africans gathered under their judge in Seville. In its American colonies, Spain recognized small Indigenous republics, governed by local hereditary leaders or caciques, though it largely refused this political structure for the enslaved and free population of Africans and their descendants. This chapter introduces the origins and development of the model in Seville and Lima, where it served as a mechanism for gathering revenue for the Crown, a competitive restraint on local elites, and a means for minority subjects to pursue justice within their own law. It also became a means of encoding difference, as self-governance required embracing aspects of imperial discourse in order to make the republic intelligible to outsiders.
Entangled Authority in the Lima Valley
Authors: Graubart Karen B.
Published: August 2022

The Lima Valley was reorganized into new pueblos de indios in the late sixteenth century. That process required investing new Indigenous leadership, as well as distributing property among the relocated inhabitants. Those towns offer a local view of the process, as caciques and cabildos worked out their new relationships. The records of the corregidor de los naturales, a Spanish magistrate with purview over greater Lima, also provide detail about how local communities self-governed. Over a few years, the corregidor’s notary documented hundreds of Indigenous men and women requesting licenses to leave the jurisdiction of their pueblos in order to contract with Spaniards or with members of other pueblos de indios. Indigenous wills also demonstrate that towns retained their own property regimes, even as Spaniards made incursions into their territories.
Places
Authors: Spelke Elizabeth S.
Published: August 2022

Any animal that moves from one place to another also knows where it is and how to get to other places. Although human infants do not move on their own for many months, the spatial representations and navigation processes found in animals develop spontaneously in infants and young children. These findings provide evidence for a second system of core knowledge, focused on places. Like the object system, the place system builds on perceptual representations of the environment but goes beyond them, bringing knowledge of places that are not in view. The place system also is unitary, early-emerging, present throughout life, and supportive of children’s learning of the geometric structure of their navigable environment. In adults, and children, this system operates automatically and unconsciously, and it calls on the same brain systems and cognitive processes that other animals use when they navigate. These findings converge to reveal a cognitive system with deep evolutionary origins at the foundations of human knowledge.
Agents
Authors: Spelke Elizabeth S.
Published: August 2022

Infants’ survival depends on the actions of the people around them. What do infants know about people and their actions? Infants endow people and other animate beings with the capacity to act: They cause their own motion, interact with objects on contact, detect objects and obstacles at a distance, direct their actions to distant objects, and act efficiently. Even before infants begin to reach for objects, pick them up, or manipulate them, they view other people’s actions on objects as causal, costly, and goal-directed. Based on these findings, the author hypothesizes that infants have an early-emerging system of core knowledge of people as agents. This system supports infants’ learning about other people’s actions and mental states, as well as the development of their own motor skills and action plans.
Core Social Cognition
Authors: Spelke Elizabeth S.
Published: August 2022

Although the world of an infant is replete with living, animate beings, a subset of those beings has special importance for infants: the members of their own social world, who engage with them and with one another. From birth, infants engage with people who look into their eyes while speaking, expressing emotions, or gesturing. Very young infants imitate these movements, and they are predisposed to attend to others who imitate them. Infants also attend to the social interactions of other people whom they observe as third parties, expecting people to affiliate with the people with whom they have engaged. Based on these findings, the author hypothesizes that infants are endowed with a core system for representing their social partners as beings who experience states of attention and emotion like their own, and who share their experiences with the infant, and with one another, in states of social engagement.
The Brain on Spiritual Experiences
Authors: Yaden David B. , Newberg Andrew B.
Published: August 2022

Neuroscience has undergone a revolution in the last several decades that has allowed for studies of spiritual experience to become possible. Nearly all of what is known about brain processes was not known during James’s time. James did, however, anticipate the study of spiritual experience from a neurological perspective. Today, technological advances allow for the measurement of physiological and brain processes associated with spiritual experiences. To do this, neuroscientists use sophisticated neuroimaging equipment capable of revealing brain activity before, during, and after spiritual experiences. This chapter describes what neuroscience has to tell us about what is happening in the brain during the time that individuals have spiritual experiences.
Interpretations and Integration of the Experience
Authors: Yaden David B. , Newberg Andrew B.
Published: August 2022

This chapter, the first of Part III, moves from describing each type of spiritual experience one by one to considering a person’s psychological responses to these experiences. Spiritual experiences are often monumental moments in a life that require some kind of interpretation and integration within that person’s worldview. The previous chapters have shown that spiritual experiences feel real, or even “realer than real,” to those who have them. But a person’s interpretation of what they encountered during their experience is an important factor in how the experience impacts their life. Some ways in which an experience might be interpreted have been indicated, especially in regard to whether or not the individual believes that the experience was caused solely by brain processes or whether something supernatural was involved. This chapter describes the process of understanding a spiritual experience and makes clear that sometimes this process is best aided by a healthcare professional or even in some cases a religious leader.
The Kingdom of Ur
Authors: Garfinkle Steven J.
Published: August 2022

The kingdom of Ur ruled over southern Mesopotamia for a little over a century at the end of the third millennium BC. The kings of Ur followed in the footsteps of the earlier kingdom of Akkad and united the city-states of Babylonia, creating a new larger state. These kings also oversaw an expansion in administrative record keeping that makes this century one of the most richly documented eras in all of antiquity, and an important case study in early complex state formation. This chapter provides a survey of the background and history of the kingdom of Ur, and it explores key topics related to the growth of the state in early antiquity. The kingdom of Ur fell as spectacularly as it rose, and it occupies a significant place both in our modern reconstructions of the history of the ancient Middle East and in the ancient Mesopotamian conceptions of that same history. This chapter examines the sources that provide evidence for these reconstructions, as well as providing critical reassessments of the state’s political economy and strategic goals. The kings of Ur presided over a short-lived experiment in complex state formation during which they established ideological and administrative precedents for Mesopotamian rule for centuries to come, and helped nurture an enduring notion of Babylonian community. The state’s success relied on a tributary economy and a system of patronage that foundered when the later kings of the dynasty could no longer sustain it.
The Middle East after the Fall of Ur
Authors: Arkhipov Ilya
Published: August 2022

During the Middle Bronze Age, Upper Mesopotamia, Syria, and the Levant lived through alternating periods of city-state networks, ephemeral great powers, and the domination by the region’s powerful neighbors. The first two centuries of the second millennium bc are a dark age for the region since very few texts have been preserved, although outside texts and archaeological data reveal continuing urban development and flourishing long-distance trade. Most of the written records available for the period come from the archives of Mari (ca. 1805–1761 bc), the largest royal archive ever discovered in the ancient Near East, and cover just four decades. The Mari letters contain information on political struggles, state administration, and diplomatic relations in a region dominated by the competing large-scale states of Mari, Ekallatum, Aleppo, Qatna, Ešnunna, Babylon, and Elam. The texts also describe a world where thriving city and palace life coexists with powerful nomad tribes, and Mesopotamian cuneiform civilization meets West Semitic (Amorite) culture. For the subsequent period until ca. 1600 bc, medium-size royal and private archives, in particular those discovered in Terqa, Šehna, Qattara, Harradum, Tigunanum, and Alalakh, give insight into the local history of several kingdoms on the eve of the Hittite expansion.
Quine as Feminist
Authors: Antony Louise
Published: August 2022

Many feminist philosophers have argued that mainstream analytic epistemology is beset with masculinist bias, particularly in its conception of objectivity as impartiality. This essay argues that such criticism ignores one mainstream epistemological view—Quine’s “naturalized epistemology”—that has extraordinary promise as both an illuminating and an empirically grounded theory of knowledge, but also as a useful framework for the investigation and defense of feminist views. Among its other virtues, naturalized epistemology provides a solution to a problem this book calls the “bias paradox”: if impartiality is a bad ideal because all knowledge is partial and reflects particular points of view, how can we object to male philosophers’ reflecting their points of view?
The Socialization of Epistemology
Authors: Antony Louise
Published: August 2022

This essay criticizes an ideal of inquiry it calls “Dragnet epistemology,” which holds that objectivity is the absence of any bias. This is an inappropriate ideal for human beings: Our epistemic limitations require us to depend on a variety of biases. Failure to recognize this fact, together with the false belief that science and other investigations succeed because they satisfy this ideal, has the negative political consequences of obscuring objectionable biases in prevailing opinion and delegitimating minority viewpoints. For this reason, epistemology has political import. If we are to be good knowers, the kind of knowers crucial to the health of a democratic society, we need to attend to the social dimensions of knowing. Genuine objectivity is a social virtue—that one that emerges only out of a healthy interchange among a host of single “sides.” That, in turn, depends upon equality in access to the organs of public communication.
Feminism Without Metaphysics
Authors: Antony Louise
Published: August 2022

This essay argues for a deflationary answer to the question “What is it to be a woman?” What do women have in common beyond being women? Gender is a social kind; human sex difference is the material ground of systems of gender. That is, gender systems serve to enable male control of female reproductive capacities. This explains the fact that most women are female, but it does not entail that all women are female or that all females are women. To clarify this position, the essay draws an analogy between the kind  and the kind . While it is difficult to come up with necessary and sufficient conditions for being a parent, the social institution of parenting has its material ground in biological facts about human reproduction together with facts about infantile dependency. Saying this does not entail that all and only biological progenitors are parents.
Coping with pressure
Authors: Dev Harveer , Metcalfe David
Published: August 2022

This chapter presents SJT scenarios on coping with pressure. New doctors have to cope with taking responsibility for patients for the first time and managing the logistical difficulties that inevitably face those working in a complex environment. It can be difficult to balance these responsibilities and do so without cutting corners. Questions within this chapter will explore your resilience and ability to work under pressure. Through your responses, you will need to demonstrate a willingness to remain flexible, manage ambiguity, and adapt to changing circumstances.
The diffusion of generativist ideas
Authors: Newmeyer Frederick J.
Published: August 2022

This chapter takes on aspects of the early days of the theory of generative grammar, that is the late 1950s and the 1960s. MIT faculty and students used every means at their disposal at the time to diffuse their ideas to a wide audience: publishing books, journal articles, anthology chapters, and technical reports; aiding the writing of textbooks; giving conference talks; teaching at LSA Institutes; and hosting numerous visitors to MIT. All of these measures contributed to the rapid success of the theory. To read some of the critical literature, however, the early MIT linguists formed an elitist in-group possessed of a ‘private knowledge’, talking only to each other by means of inaccessible ‘underground’ publications and thereby erecting a barrier between themselves and the outside world of linguistics. But their tactics for reaching out to the linguistics community as a whole overshadowed any elitist behavior. And in particular, there was no significant ‘underground’ literature to obstruct the acceptance of the new theory.
The contested LSA presidential election of 1970
Authors: Newmeyer Frederick J.
Published: August 2022

In a drama unprecedented in LSA history, in 1970 the official candidate for the office of President was challenged and defeated. Dwight Bolinger allowed his name to be put in opposition to Martin Joos’s and received close to seventy percent of the votes. Two factors played major roles in this drama. On the one hand, Martin Joos’s behavior was becoming increasingly erratic. But there was more to the opposition to Joos than his unpleasant personality. It appears to be the case that most of the younger members of the LSA—sociolinguists and generative grammarians alike—voted overwhelmingly for Bolinger. I would say that for them Joos represented the post-Bloomfieldian establishment, which showed little interest in either linguistic variation or fleshing out the formal properties of universal grammar respectively. The fact that Bolinger himself was neither social variationist nor generativist was irrelevant.
Perceptions of Translation
Authors: Brown Hilary
Published: August 2022

This chapter explores early modern discourses about translation. It challenges the idea that there is necessarily a correlation between translation, secondariness, and womankind which transcends countries and periods, suggesting that we need to move away from essentialist concepts of femininity and look more closely at particular historical and national conditions. First, it considers in detail the evidence for early modern England and points to some of the difficulties in making pronouncements on discourse, such as the interpretative challenges of reading paratextual material given new insights from work on the history and materiality of the book. The chapter argues that even when translation was conceptualized as inferior to ‘original’ writing this does not mean that it was also viewed as feminine or became in practice a feminine activity. The chapter then turns to Germany and demonstrates that translation does not appear to have been regarded as a second-rate or specifically female activity in these politically fragmented states. From Luther’s Bible onwards, translation was closely aligned to political and nationalist aims; by the seventeenth century, with the country decimated by the Thirty Years’ War, most literary men turned their hand at some point to translation and saw it as a crucial part of efforts to regenerate German culture and promote the concept of German nationhood.
Conditions for Translation
Authors: Brown Hilary
Published: August 2022

This chapter examines the circumstances which enabled women to produce translations and seeks to ascertain how far these circumstances were different for men and women. It begins by questioning the traditional idea of the translatress as subordinate woman who can access translation more easily than other intellectual pursuits and often translates in the service of a father, brother, or husband. Recent research on England suggests that there was not a fine distinction between women’s literary work and men’s literary work in this period and that women and men often produced translations within the same settings and networks. At first glance, it may seem that women in the German states had fewer opportunities to engage in literary pursuits in this way and were indeed more likely to fit the ‘subordinate woman’ model. However, by the seventeenth century increasing numbers were able and encouraged to engage in intellectual activities alongside men. Exposure to education and involvement in literary societies often appears to have been a matter of social class rather than gender. Finally, it is striking that many of their translations were produced in collaboration with others, affording them agency through a form of authorship which was common and valued at the time. There appears to have been a particularly distinctive culture of collaboration in Germany, but hints in the literature suggest collaborative practices were widespread across Europe and need to be explored further if we are properly to understand the circumstances in which women translators worked.
Beauty and Her Sisters in the Nineteenth Century and After
Authors: Siegel Jonah
Published: August 2022

This chapter challenges the still-influential twentieth-century critical tradition that depends on linking the aesthetic to political or economic power as always overblown and currently largely irrelevant, especially when compared to the complexity and sophistication of treatments of the topic of beauty in the nineteenth century. Starting from an analysis of a short work by Alfred Tennyson that lays out the complicated (sisterly) connections linking beauty, knowledge, and ethical judgment, and including discussion of Hegel, William Morris, and other poets and philosophers, it traces unresolved ambivalences in our own day back to earlier periods, and demonstrates the ongoing relevance of these earlier formulations.
Setting the scene
Authors: Terranova Francesco
Published: August 2022

Chapter 1 introduces the concepts of “elementary particle” and “fundamental force.” It reviews the paradigms to describe particle interactions (forces, potentials, and fields) both in classical and quantum mechanics. It then presents the fundamental constituents of matter (leptons, quarks, force mediators) and their basic properties. Emphasis is placed not only on the success of the Standard Model but also on the many questions that are still unanswered. Finally, the chapter explains the rationale behind the system of units in physics (metric and natural systems) and introduce the most popular system in our field: (Lorentz–Heaviside) natural units. We give rules, suggestions, and examples to handle both the SI and the natural unit systems
Accelerators and colliders
Authors: Terranova Francesco
Published: August 2022

The chapter opens with static accelerators and, in particular, Cockcroft–Walton devices, because of their important industrial and medical applications. The founding principle of modern AC accelerators – the phase stability principle – is introduced in the simplest case: the linacs. The most general case is presented while describing synchrotrons, the workhorse of modern particle and nuclear physics. This discussion includes also weak and strong focusing and the concept of emittance. Colliders are introduced and the enormous advantages of these machines are explained. Collider detectors are illustrated starting from the CMS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider. In this way, the concepts of trigger, hadronic, and electromagnetic calorimeters, and particle identification are introduced. These examples include contemporary techniques for the reconstruction of jets, like particle flow and 4D tracking.
Symmetries and anti-matter
Authors: Terranova Francesco
Published: August 2022

This chapter explains why symmetries play a pivotal role in particle and nuclear physics. It discussed continuous and discrete symmetries in quantum mechanics and clarifies the origin of momentum and angular momentum conservation (the first Noether theorem). Among discrete symmetries, it details inversions: parity, C-parity, and T-parity. The empirical determination of the pion parity is illustrated by an ingenious experiment by Chinowsky and Steinberger. The chapter qualitatively explains the origin of antimatter, resorting to the CPT theorem. The first concept of relativistic quantum mechanics introduced in this book is the Dirac equation, which is presented here together with many examples that illustrate its features. The chapter clarifies the concept of spinor, a particularly difficult concept for novices to grasp.
The electroweak theory
Authors: Terranova Francesco
Published: August 2022

The unification of weak and electromagnetic interactions is described here. The unified theory (electroweak theory) is presented starting from the V-A in analogy with QED and QCD since it is based on the SU(2)xU(1) gauge group. We emphasize the experimental confirmations of such a great achievement: the discovery of neutral currents by the Gargamelle experiment and the on-shell observation of the W and Z bosons at CERN. The chapter provides readers with modern tools for the production of neutrino beams and the identification of high-mass particles at hadron colliders. Finally, precision electroweak physics, where the existence of new particles can be inferred by quantum corrections, is introduced. This statement is substantiated with an amazing finding from the Large Electron–Positron (LEP) collider: the number of light-active neutrinos cannot be greater than three.
The Shape of Time
Authors: Brooks Peter
Published: August 2022

Balzac’s novels are deeply embedded in history and processes of historical change, in particular the movement from aristocratic worth based on land to the new capitalist cash nexus. Political election is simply another way to make it in the new world. The experience of Victurnien d’Esgrignon in The Collection of Antiquities dramatizes the passage from aristocratic to bourgeois dominance, and the need for the old nobility to restore its fortunes though marriage to the bourgeoisie. Balzac’s capacity to situate his characters and actions within historical time, and to demonstrate how they cannot be understood outside their historical determinants.
The Refuge Of Second Selves
Authors: Frank Arthur W.
Published: August 2022

In order to survive, several of the characters in King Lear must develop second selves: part disguise and part new identities. These second selves emerge in Act II. Second selves begin as refuge but can become possibilities for exploring who else a person can be. But becoming a second self requires giving up much of the old self, an issue for many forms of suffering. Edgar gives up the most to become his second self, Poor Tom. By contrast, Lear clings to as many of his royal prerogatives as he can, but in his increasing madness becomes a second self. As the props that held up Lear’s identity are stripped away, his cry of ‘O, reason not the need!’ expresses what identity requires at any age, and the losses that old age inflicts. The author reflects on both his father’s losses and his own.
The Lost, The Mad, And The Image Of Horror
Authors: Frank Arthur W.
Published: August 2022

The storm breaks, and as Lear and his party lose each other on the heath, the refrain of ‘Who’s there?’ expresses their uncertainty about others’ identities and their own. Lear’s rant against the storm ends with his famous assertion that he is more sinned against than sinning, but is he? Kent’s generous response is that human nature cannot carry so much affliction; that offers solace. Lear distinguishes between the suffering caused by the rain and cold and the ‘tempest in my mind’. The author considers when the tempest in an ill person’s mind incurs more suffering than the disease itself. Apparently mad, Lear gives his most politically charged speeches on the fate of ‘poor naked wretches’. Act III ends with the horror of Cornwall and Regan blinding Gloucester, and the unmatched heroism of the servant who tries to stop them, demonstrating what being true to oneself might actually mean.
How King Lear Helps
Authors: Frank Arthur W.
Published: August 2022

How can the pile of bodies at the end of King Lear console the vulnerable reader? Vulnerable reading finds at least four sources of solace in Shakespeare’s tragedy: the play’s words, its story, the consolation of being able to go elsewhere and experience a vicarious life in that space, and what can be called transcendence, which involves the question of who the gods are in King Lear. The chapter considers each of these sources of consolation: who might be consoled by remembering which lines from the play; how the story can be retold in different words, to address different times, places, and needs; how spending time in the elsewhere of the play can enable a return that is better equipped; and King Lear as a form of secular scripture that depends on religious language and imagery, but also accepts the force of Lear’s repeated nothing.
Blessed Little Room
Authors: Federico Annette
Published: August 2022

Beginning with the experience of teaching David Copperfield in the spring of 2020 under the conditions imposed by Covid-19, this chapter explores the phenomenological dimension of reading. Young David Copperfield, in great distress, read the old novels that belonged to his father in the little room at the top of his house “as if for life.” His ordeal was transformed into an adventure through the way he read, and influenced his attitude toward other choices in his life—including choosing the person he marries. Reading and loving someone are reaches of the imagination. To read and to love require trust and faith. In our books and our loves, we gain proximity to something elementary that might warm us against the harsh winds of an indifferent world.
Imagined Insecurities in Imagined Communities
Authors: Magcamit Michael
Published: August 2022

Introducing the concept of ethnoreligious othering, Chapter 1 provides an overview of the book’s theoretical framework and methodological design that captures the underlying dynamics and processes through which the first stage of internal and intrastate conflicts is set in motion: the manufacturing of ethnoreligious others as security threats. The chapter presents Southeast Asia as a “natural laboratory” for the systematic and comprehensive investigation of ethnoreligious otherings and the passionate conflicts they inspire using interpretive and comparative process-tracing approaches. It offers snapshots of the long-standing clashes between ethnoreligious communities in Indonesia, Myanmar, and the Philippines, to foreground the centrality of emotions, symbolic predispositions, and perceptions in the eruption and protraction of protracted violent conflicts. These often-ignored “non-material” and “non-rational” elements, the chapter asserts, are crucial to the reinvention and renegotiation of the ethnoreligious others’ state of being and position within such pluralistic polities and the subsequent conflicts that ignite.
Ethnoreligious Otherings and Passionate Conflicts: Emotions, Symbols, and Perceptions
Authors: Magcamit Michael
Published: August 2022

Rather than assuming that every modern state and society is a unitary and rational actor, Chapter 2 opens with a discussion of what psychology tells us about how people think and what sociology tells us about social life. Accordingly, complementary theories and propositions on security, religion, and nationalism, and emotions, symbolic predispositions, and perceptions, are synthesized to develop the ethnoreligious othering framework. The model incorporates these factors at individual, group and state level of analysis to allow a more holistic but still nuanced, accurate, and systematic method for explaining ethnoreligious otherings and violent protracted conflicts. It consists of and proceeds in three interdependent stages: cultivation of hostile emotions of ethnoreligious nationalism; securitization of ethnoreligious others using hostile symbolic predispositions; and sacralization of hostile perceptions of ethnoreligious identity, homeland, and territorial nation-state. The chapter claims that conflicts are bound to re-emerge and remain entrenched if these mechanisms and elements are disregarded.
Dinner with an Ex-terrorist Bomber in Jakarta: Otherings and Conflicts in Indonesia
Authors: Magcamit Michael
Published: August 2022

“Indonesian Muslims need more Islam in our lives, not less, because Islam is what makes us who we are as Indonesians,” declared an ex-terrorist bomber from Jakarta. Indeed, as Chapter 3 reveals, distinctive forms of ethnoreligious nationalism remain integral to the conception of “Indonesianness.” Applying the ethnoreligious othering framework, Chaper 3 examines the conflicts involving Muslim and Christian communities in Indonesia by analyzing the emotive, symbolic, and perceptual mechanisms behind these events. It begins with a discussion of how the hostile emotions cultivated from ethnoreligious nationalism can rally the members into actions against other forms of identity and homeland. It then investigates how the securitization of ethnoreligious others reconstructs the security contexts enveloping the country’s pluralistic polity. The chapter concludes by explaining how the Indonesian Muslims’ successful implantation of their ethnoreligious substructures into the state’s security superstructures sacralizes their preferred version of “Indonesian” identity, homeland, and nation-state.
Fateful Terror and 9/11
Authors: Jeffreys-Jones Rhodri
Published: August 2022

This chapter focuses on how America faced the most systemic and dangerous terrorist threat it had ever encountered, even though the nation was no stranger to the problem of terrorism. It cites the threat, epitomized by the Beirut bombing on 18 April 1983, which furnished a persuasive reason for the continued existence of the still-troubled CIA. It also emphasizes how Islamic terrorism proved to be a fateful issue as close to 3,000 Americans died on 11 September 2001, when terrorists hijacked planes to attack New York City’s Twin Towers and the Pentagon. The chapter reviews the reasons for the 9/11 attack, and for the CIA’s failure to anticipate it, giving some attention to the analysis of counterterrorism official Michael Scheuer.
Obama’s CIA and the Death of bin Laden
Authors: Jeffreys-Jones Rhodri
Published: August 2022

This chapter discusses how President Barack Obama, who trod the moral high ground, proclaimed his devotion to the rule of law, and banned the use of torture. It describes how President Obama was keen to demonstrate his devotion to national security by utilizing the CIA and how he felt the need to show toughness. It discusses Obama’s enthusiasm for assassination through drone strikes and the manner of Osama bin Laden’s killing in 2011. The chapter describes the CIA’s successful fight for its slice of the intelligence budget when there was a decline in general funding. It mentions the CIA’s failure to foresee the Arab Spring, the problems of cyber warfare and Edward Snowden’s whistleblowing, the continuing debate on the agency’s past use of torture, and the its renewed focus on spying and analysis.
Outside the Box
Authors: Vijeyarasa Ramona
Published: August 2022

Chapter 8 explores the woman leader’s decision-making in relation to areas of law for which a gender perspective is rarely adopted, or often done too superficially. This chapter begins with a critique of the tendency for women’s rights activism to focus on a narrow subset of women’s concerns. Subsequently, Presidents Aquino, Kumaratunga, Macapagal Arroyo and Megawati are studied in relation to a particular legal or policy domain. For President Aquino, it was the laying of the foundations for Filipino democracy and the wider scope afforded for the participation of local and international non-governmental organizations and activists in decision-making processes. For President Kumaratunga, it was her attempts to resolve the ethnic conflict. For President Macapagal Arroyo, it was the pursuit of economic reforms, often in the name of development and poverty alleviation. For President Megawati, it was a series of labour rights reforms. The analysis set out here seeks to neither suggest that the reforms were entirely beneficial nor limiting for women. Rather, the goal is to offer a fair analysis of a particular issue on the political agenda that implicated women’s lives and that could be addressed with a gendered lens. The chapter leaves readers with a fuller appreciation of the extent to which the four president’s policies impacted men and women in similar and dissimilar ways that are often ignored from a gendered audit.
MESH AND MEASURE IN EARLY GENERAL RELATIVITY
Authors: Darrigol Olivier
Published: August 2022

Einstein’s first full exposition of general relativity, published in 1916, did not treat coordinates and the reference of motion in a clear, consistent manner. In some places, Einstein asserted that the coordinates were devoid of a priori metric significance; in others he used them to determine the behavior of clocks and rulers in a gravitational field. Many of Einstein’s readers were confused, and some of them questioned his cardinal predictions regarding the gravitational redshift, the curving of light rays, and the relativistic precession of the Kepler motion, because the results seemed to depend on the choice of coordinates. Weyl, Eddington, Laue, and Beck deflected this criticism and removed all obscurities through a more geometric understanding of the new space–time and a careful attention to the conditions of measurement. They confirmed Einstein’s mature view that the choice of coordinates should be completely indifferent to the relations between measurable quantities.
Introduction
Authors: Bishop Robert C. , Silberstein Michael , Pexton Mark
Published: August 2022

Chapter 1 provides an opinionated historical, scientific, and philosophical background to multidisciplinary debates about emergence, reductionism, and the like. The chapter also introduces a new account of emergence called contextual emergence, which will be the focus of the entire book.
Speech Interrupting Poetic Prose
Authors: Whidden Seth
Published: August 2022

This chapter focuses on the fault line, in Baudelaire’s prose, between the audible and the visual: at the limit of what can be seen is precisely the point at which speech enters the poetic landscape. When the visual has reached the limits of its expressive capacities, the presentation of Truth and the poem’s reliability as a format of expression are shown as a thorny issue, once again demonstrating the problem of the poem as a representative genre pulled between surface gloss and more symptomatic readings. Lying and misrepresentation are the analytical cornerstones of this chapter’s readings. They reveal how Baudelaire’s poetic moment is punctuated with boisterous moments of shock and interruption, and his prose poems’ modernity—felt through speech acts that upend the visual—stakes its claims, loud and clear, amid the age-old tension between sights and sounds in poetry.
Attention and Distraction in Modern German Literature, Thought, and Culture
Authors: Duttlinger Carolin
Published: August 2022

Attention and distraction are anthropological constants, central to the way we experience the world; often cast as adversaries, they are in fact closely intertwined, and their relationship is not constant but highly changeable—a barometer of social and cultural change. This wide-ranging interdisciplinary study explores the interplay of attention and distraction from the Enlightenment to the present day, with a particular focus on twentieth-century Germany. Building on the Enlightenment tradition of mental self-observation, nineteenth-century Germany was the birthplace of experimental psychology which sought to measure and potentially enhance attention. Around 1900, this new, psychologically informed understanding of the self began to shape domains such as work and leisure, consumerism and education. In the Weimar Republic, the new discipline of psychotechnics was seen as central to the effort of building a modern, efficient, and potentially fairer society. Its aspirations were mirrored and enhanced by a thriving self-help literature market, which gave readers the tools for their own cognitive optimization. Yet as attention was cast as the key mental resource, in professions ranging from train drivers to telephone operators, distraction emerged as the new buzzword of the period, evoking the spectre of mental and social fragmentation. For many early twentieth-century commentators anxious about the pace of modern life, the rise of distraction spelled the end of contemplative attention. This book shows that many leading German writers, thinkers, and artists did not simply endorse this negative assessment of distraction, but engaged with the dialectical nature of attention constructively, by enacting and reflecting (on) the intrinsically fluid nature of the human mind.
Stillness
Authors: Duttlinger Carolin
Published: August 2022

Photography embodied the spirit, but also the underlying tensions, of Weimar culture. The snapshot captured the dynamism of modern life, while illustrated magazines enabled the speedy dissemination of photographs across modern society, contributing to a veritable deluge of images. Yet in the 1920s photography practitioners and theorists became increasingly critical of these trends and turned to the early days of the medium in search of an alternative, slower and more authentic photographic aesthetic. The rediscovered portraits of the Scottish photography pioneers David Octavius Hill and Robert Adamson were seen as the products of a bygone age of stillness and contemplation, which Weimar photographers sought to emulate. This chapter compares the resonances of these early portraits in the work of Erna Lendvai-Dircksen and Helmar Lerski. For all their aesthetic and political differences both photographers pursue a similar agenda: the search for authentic faces able to convey a sense of stillness in the age of acceleration.
Conceptualizing Legitimacy Crises in Multilateral Governance
Authors: Sommerer Thomas , Agné Hans , Zelli Fariborz , Bes Bart
Published: August 2022

This chapter develops and defends the concept of legitimacy crisis that lies at the heart of this book. The chapter argues for the fruitfulness of its proposed definition of legitimacy crises for a broad range of research purposes beyond this particular study, while applying it to guide and motivate the construction of empirical measurements and research strategies employed in the following chapters. It suggests that an international organization undergoes a legitimacy crisis if, and only if, a relevant group of people perceive that it rules in ways that diverge from what is right, to a point where they react critically to the political status quo with an intensity that is extreme compared to other moments in time. Specifically, the chapter clarifies and defends the necessity in all legitimacy crises of five constitutive elements, namely a social belief, a rule without right, a relevant audience, a critical reaction to the status quo, and a moment of critical vulnerability limited in time.
Introduction
Authors: Osiatyński Jerzy , Toporowski Jan
Published: August 2022

A short account of the origin the book is followed by a brief biography of Kalecki. The biography is followed by an account of the essence of his theories of business fluctuations and the economic dynamics of a market economy, of economic growth and central planning in a centrally planned or socialist economy, and of financing economic development of developing countries. These theories formed the backdrop to his observations on international payments and capital flows. A common element in those theories was the question of employment, which is a key factor in political attitudes to international trade and payments. A summary of key points made in subsequent chapters closes the Introduction.
Long-Term Investment and its Financing
Authors: Griffith-Jones Stephany
Published: August 2022

One of the key constraints for ensuring sufficient levels of investment, and channelling it to the most productive sectors of the economy or those whose productivity is likely to increase most, is lack of sufficient amounts of long-term financing for productive investment. One effective way in which such finance is, and can be mobilized, is via national development banks. The analysis of development banks is placed in the context of the current economic situation, and the need to adjust the Kalecki theoretical framework to a new reality in which financial markets dominate over investment into expansion of real capital assets. This provides an opportunity for securing the financing for industrial development and greening the economy.