bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Developing a multichannel temperature probe for interventional MRI
Authors: Shankaranarayanan Ajit , Duerk Jeffrey L. , Lewin Jonathan S.
Published: March 2007

Interventional MRI (I‐MRI) guided thermal tissue ablation has been used for a variety of interventional cancer therapies. These would be further facilitated by temperature‐sensitive sequences on low magnetic field MR images. However, until these sequences have been reliably implemented at low fields, other methods of temperature measurement are required. This project describes the development of a low cost, reliable, MRI‐compatible temperature sensor array useful at a temperature range from 37°C to higher than 90°C. The device uses a three‐channel thermocouple sensor array connected to a variety of filtering and signal‐conditioning electronics, analog‐to‐digital (A/D) converters, and personal computers. The sensors induce negligible field distortion. Similarly, no MRI‐based measurement artifacts are observed. One‐dimensional temperature profiles are generated with thermocouple signal linearization performed by the software.
Interventional MRI at high‐field (1.5 T): Needle artifacts
Authors: Liu Haiying , Martin Alastair J. , Truwit Charles L.
Published: March 2007

A better understanding of the appearance of a biopsy needle as well as its interaction with various sequence parameters in MRI is beneficial for its application in interventional MRI. As an extension of previous researchers' contributions, we investigate the specific characteristics of MR image artifacts associated with the tip of a biopsy needle when it is approximately parallel to the main magnetic field. The origin of the needle tip artifact, which exhibits as a blooming ball, was studied using MRI techniques and numerical simulation using the finite element method (FEM). Satisfactory agreement between theory and experiment has been achieved. Results showed that the image artifacts associated with biopsy needle are present and dependent on imaging parameters, but the artifacts can be reduced if optimal imaging parameters were used. Images of actual human brain tumor biopsies performed using the same needle under MRI guidance and monitoring demonstrated this artifact.
Neuroimaging in epilepsy
Authors: Sitoh Yih‐Yian , Tien Robert D.
Published: March 2007

Neuroimaging techniques have improved the understanding, diagnosis, and management of epilepsy. By providing excellent structural information, MRI is the technique of choice in evaluating patients with epilepsy. Functional imaging techniques, including MR spectroscopy, functional MRI, positron emission tomography, and single photon emission CT, permit noninvasive assessment of the epileptic substrate, its functional status, and neuroreceptors. The MRI‐based techniques will potentially assume a greater role in the cost‐effective workup of the patient. Currently, newer techniques such as magnetoencephalography, magnetic source imaging, and optical imaging are research tools.
Invited. MRI of nasopharyngeal carcinoma with emphasis on relationship to radiotherapy
Authors: Ng Shu‐Hang , Wan Yung‐Liang , Ko Sheung‐Fat , Chang Joseph T.
Published: March 2007

MRI has been used increasingly in the evaluation of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) because of its good tissue contrast and multiplanar capacity. Although there are some controversies in assessing skull base invasion and cervical metastatic adenopathy, recent reports demonstrate that MRI is currently better than or as good as CT in defining the extent of NPC. During follow‐up of patients with NPC after radiotherapy, MRI is also more effective than CT in demonstrating tumor recurrence and in detecting postradiation complications. However, the difficulty of using MRI to detect early mucosal recurrence and to differentiate postradiation tissue changes from local tumor recurrence should be recognized. This paper reviews the literature regarding MRI of NPC related to radiotherapy, with special emphasis on treatment planning, recurrence assessment, and complication detection.
Reproducibility study of left ventricular measurements with breath‐hold cine MRI using a semiautomated volumetric image analysis program
Authors: Butler S. Patrick , McKay Erin , Paszkowski Andrew L. , Quinn Richard J. , Shnier Ronald C. , Donovan Joanne T.
Published: March 2007

The reproducibility of a semiautomated method of volumetric analysis allowing estimates of left ventricular (LV) parameters in approximately 5 minutes of analysis time is reported. Twenty normal volunteers underwent cine breath‐hold cardiac MRI on two occasions with two observers using this new semiautomated method to estimate LV parameters. Reproducibility of this technique was comparable to published data with a variability of less than approximately 10% for all LV parameters calculated. Using this technique, the 95% confidence limits for change for left ventricular end diastolic volume (LVEDV) = ± 15 ml, left ventricular end systolic volume (LVESV) = ± 8 ml, LV mass = ± 24 g, and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) = ± 6%. This new method also compared favorably to established manual methods. This new method permits estimation of LV parameters with acceptable reproducibility in a time that may permit routine quantitation of cardiac MR studies.
A novel MR angiography technique: SPEED acquisition using half‐Fourier RARE
Authors: Miyazaki Mitsue , Ichinose Nobuyasu , Sugiura Satoshi , Kanazawa Hitoshi , Machida Yoshio , Kassai Yoshimori
Published: March 2007

A novel MR angiography (MRA) method, swap phase encode extended data (SPEED), was developed. Two one‐shot images with the phase‐encode directions swapped were collected within a single breath‐hold period and processed with a maximum intensity projection (MIP) to obtain an image. In this study, a long echo train two‐dimensional rapid acquisition with relaxation enhancement (RARE) sequence with half‐Fourier (half‐RARE) was used to obtain the pulmonary MRA images. The MIP image obtained using the SPEED technique presented promising results for pulmonary vessels.
Renal MR angiography: A comprehensive approach
Authors: Prince Martin R.
Published: March 2007

Renal artery MR angiography has now emerged as a safe, accurate approach to renal arteriography. A comprehensive examination, including both three‐dimensional (3D) dynamic gadolinium‐enhanced and 3D phase contrast MRA techniques, allows evaluation of both the aorta‐renal and splanchnic arterial anatomy as well as the hemodynamic significance of any stenoses identified. The 3D gadolinium‐enhanced MRA technique produces a contrast arteriogram but without risks of iodinated contrast or ionizing radiation. The 3D phase contrast technique is a flow‐based technique, which may show dephasing in the presence of hemodynamically significant stenoses. A comprehensive examination should also include T1‐ and T2‐weighted imaging for the assessment of potential neoplastic masses and the ubiquitous renal cysts. Through trial and error over the course of over a thousand examinations, this comprehensive approach to the MR evaluation of renal vascular pathology has emerged.
Patterns of lingual tissue deformation associated with bolus containment and propulsion during deglutition as determined by echo‐planar MRI
Authors: Gilbert Richard J. , Daftary Shrenik , Campbell Terrence A. , Weisskoff Robert M.
Published: March 2007

Disordered lingual function is a common clinical attribute of patients with oropharyngeal dysphagia. To determine physiologic patterns of lingual tissue motion during swallowing, we imaged the actively deforming tongue during water bolus swallows with sequential single‐slice sagittal orientation echo‐planar imaging. At rest, with the bolus contained in the oral cavity before swallow initiation, the tongue displayed a characteristic curved configuration consisting of a convex surface (anterior to the bolus) in continuity with a concave surface (containing the bolus) and a posterior‐located convex surface (comprising the tongue base). With swallow initiation, the previously deformed tongue underwent rapid biphasic displacement: (a) superior displacement of the anterior tongue and deepening of the midposterior‐located bolus‐containing concavity, resulting in a laterally beveled surface encompassing the bolus; and (b) retrograde displacement of the configured tissue, resulting in clearance of the bolus from the oral cavity to the oropharynx. These findings indicate that deglutitive tongue action can be depicted by echo‐planar imaging as a series of deformative surface modifications, which are related to the activity of intrinsic and extrinsic lingual muscles.
Hepatic T2‐weighted MRI: A prospective comparison of sequences, including breath‐hold, half‐Fourier turbo spin echo (HASTE)
Authors: Coates G. Glenn , Borrello Joseph A. , McFarland Elizabeth G. , Mirowitz Scott A. , Brown Jeffrey J.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to quantitatively compare the hepatic contrast characteristics of conventional spin‐echo (CSE) and fast spin‐echo (FSE) sequences with breath‐hold T2‐weighted images acquired with half‐Fourier turbo spin echo (HASTE). Forty‐five patients were examined with a phased‐array surface coil. Nineteen patients had focal hepatic lesions, including eight malignant tumors, 10 cavernous hemangiomas, and one hepatic adenoma. Twenty‐six patients had no focal hepatic lesions. T2‐weighted images with comparable TE were acquired with CSE, FSE, and HASTE pulse sequences. Signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) and contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR) for liver, spleen, and lesions were measured. FSE demonstrated significantly better quantitative performance than CSE for liver‐spleen CNR (P = .0084). No statistically significant difference was demonstrated between FSE and CSE for liver or spleen SNR. FSE demonstrated clear scan time and resolution advantages over CSE. HASTE performed significantly poorer than CSE and FSE for liver‐spleen CNR (P < .0001), liver SNR (P = .0002 for CSE and P < .0001 for FSE), and spleen SNR (P < .0001). Optimized FSE images with a short echo train length performed comparably to CSE images of equivalent TE. Liver‐lesion CNR was suppressed on HASTE images, suggesting that long echo train length FSE sequences could diminish solid lesion detection compared to CSE and short echo train length FSE.
Assessment of hepatic portal perfusion using T2* measurements of Gd‐DTPA
Authors: Uematsu Hidemasa , Yamada Hiroki , Sadato Norihiro , Muramoto Satoshi , Inoue Hiroshi , Hayashi Koji , Yonekura Yoshiharu , Kimura Hirohiko , Sakuma Hajime , Matsuda Tetsuya , Hayashi Nobushige , Yamamoto Kazutaka , Ishii Yasushi
Published: March 2007

Recently, perfusion imaging has been of increasing interest in MRI. We applied this method for semiquantitative evaluation of hepatic parenchymal portal blood flow in patients with diffuse liver damage. Twenty patients with diffuse hepatic damage were divided according to the Child's Classification and studied. Gadolinium‐diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (Gd‐DTPA) was administered into the superior mesenteric artery (SMA), and a dynamic series of T2*‐weighted fast low angle shot (FLASH) images was obtained. We evaluated relative regional portal blood volume (rrPBV), mean transit time (MTT), and relative regional portal blood flow (rrPBF). The relationship between the rrPBV, rrPBF, and plasma indocyanine green retention rate test at 15 minutes (ICGR15) was also evaluated in 12 patients. Both rrPBF and rrPBV are significantly decreased in Child B & C patients compared with Child A patients. On the other hand, the MTT is significantly prolonged in Child B & C patients compared with Child A patients. Significant correlations were also noted between rrPBV and ICGR15 and between rrPBF and ICGR15. By means of selective catheterization into the SMA, we were able to estimate rrPBV, rrPBF, and MTT. This method may play a clinical role for assessment of regional portal perfusion in various diseases with diffuse liver damage.
Whole body turbo STIR MRI in unknown primary tumor detection
Authors: Eustace Stephen , Tello Richard , Decarvalho Victor , Carey John , Melhem Elias , Yucel E. Kent
Published: March 2007

This brief report outlines the novel use of whole body coronal turbo short tau inversion recovery (STIR) imaging to localize a primary tumor in patients with known metastatic disease without a previously identified source.
Invited. MRI and MR angiography in moyamoya disease
Authors: Hasuo Kanehiro , Mihara Futoshi , Matsushima Toshio
Published: March 2007

The role of radiological imaging in moyamoya disease includes screening of the disease based on clinical findings, evaluation of the changes in vasculature and brain parenchyma, and clinical follow‐up. The imaging findings in moyamoya disease are classified as primary and secondary. The primary findings essentially consist of occlusion of the circle of Willis and collateral formation, including moyamoya vessel formation. The secondary findings include cerebral infarction, white matter lesions, atrophy, and hemorrhage. For the visualization of the primary and secondary findings as well as postoperative results, MRI and MR angiography are the most reliable methods and play important roles because of their excellent diagnostic yield and noninvasiveness.
Evaluation of intracranial cysts by intraoperative MR
Authors: Schwartz Richard B. , Hsu Liangge , Black Peter McL , Iii Eben Alexander , Wong Terence Z. , Klufas Roman A. , Moriarty Thomas , Martin Claudia , Isbister Holly G. , Cahill Cheryl D. , Spaulding Sharon A. , Kanan Angela R. , Jolesz Ferenc A.
Published: March 2007

Eleven patients with intracranial cystic collections were evaluated in the open‐bore intraoperative MR system. In each case, the cystic collection or the surrounding cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) space was injected with .02 to .5 cc of .5 mol/1 gadopentetate dimeglumine. Serial Imaging was performed using T1‐weighted imaging. In seven patients, free communication was demonstrated between the cystic collection and the surrounding CSF spaces. In four cases, the cyst did not communicate with the CSF; two of these were drained in the intraoperative MR system with reduction in symptoms. One patient developed an aseptic meningitis 10 days after the study, which was successfully treated with steroids; no other complications were noted. We conclude that the communication of intracranial cystic collections with the cisterns and ventricies can be safely and effectively elucidated with gadolinium injection in the intraoperative MR system.
GC/MS‐positive ion chemical ionization and MS/MS study of volatile benzene compounds in five different woods used in barrel making
Authors: Flamini Riccardo , Vedova Antonio Dalla , Cancian Davide , Panighel Annarita , De Rosso Mirko
Published: March 2007

Extracts from acacia, chestnut, cherry, mulberry, and oak wood, used in making barrels for aging wine and spirits were studied by GC/MS positive ion chemical ionization (PICI). Wood chips were extracted by a 50% water/ethanol solution and a tartrate buffer pH 3.2–12% ethanol (model wine) solution. The principal compounds identified in extracts were guaiacol‐containing aldehydes and alcohols, such as benzaldehyde and derivatives, vanillin and syringaldehyde, cinnamaldehyde and coniferaldehyde, eugenol and methoxyeugenol, guaiacol and methoxyguaiacol derivatives. PICI using methane as reagent gas produced a high yield of the protonated molecular ion of volatile phenols, compound identification was confirmed by collision‐induced‐dissociation (CID) experiments on [M + H]+ species. MS/MS fragmentation patterns were studied with standard compounds: guaiacol‐containing molecules were characterized by neutral methyl and methanol losses, benzaldehyde derivatives by CO loss. Acacia wood extracts contained significant syringaldehyde and anisaldehyde, but no eugenol and methoxyeugenol. Significant syringaldehyde, eugenol and methoxyeugenol, and high vanillin were found in chestnut and oak wood extracts; low presence of volatile benzene compounds was found in mulberry wood extracts. Cherry wood extracts were characterized by the presence of several benzaldehyde derivatives and high trimethoxyphenol. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combined liver and lung metastasectomy through an exclusive transthoracic approach
Authors: Delis Spiros G. , Madariaga Juan , Bakoyiannis Andreas , Avgerinos Costas , Touloumis Zisis , Vasileios Vasiliadis , Dervenis Christos
Published: March 2007

Background

In a very selected group of patients, resection of metachronous liver and lung metastases, prolongs survival despite the aggressive nature of these lesions. We present here our experience with metastasectomy in patients with metachronous liver and lung metastases in whom, an exclusive transthoracic approach was performed.

Methods

Between 2002 and 2005, five patients with metachronous colorectal liver and right‐lung metastases, underwent an exclusive transthoracic approach. There were three men and two women, with a median age of 68 years (range, 55–76 years). Liver resections performed included segmentectomy of segments VII, VIII, or both. Previous operations include colon resection, adhesiolysis, or ventral hernia repair were performed in all patients.

Results

No mortality was documented. Morbidity included pleural effusion (n = 2) and post‐operative pneumonia (n = 1) which responded to conservative management. Median hospital stay was 8 days (range 5–12 days). With a median follow‐up of 26 months all patients are alive without recurrent disease.

Conclusion

An aggressive surgical approach should be undertaken for CRC metastases. An exclusive transthoracic approach is feasible for combined lung and subdiaphragmatic liver metastasectomy in selected cases with previous abdominal surgery. J. Surg. Oncol. 2007;96:178–182. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Barriers to the optimal rehabilitation of surgical cancer patients in the managed care environment: An administrator's perspective
Authors: Germain Pamela
Published: March 2007

Ensuring that surgical cancer patients obtain optimal rehabilitation care (defined here as all care provided post‐operatively following cancer surgery) can be challenging because of the fragmented nature of the U.S. healthcare delivery and payment systems. In the managed care environment, surgical cancer patients' access to rehabilitation care is likely to vary by type of health insurance plan, by setting, by type of provider, and by whether care is provided in‐network or out‐of‐network. The author of this article, who negotiates managed care contracts for the Roswell Park Cancer Institute (RPCI), gives examples of strategies used with some success by RPCI to collaborate with local payers to ensure that surgical cancer patients get optimal rehabilitation care, especially as they make the transition from hospital to outpatient care. She suggests that further collaborations of healthcare providers, payers, consumers, and policymakers are needed to help ensure optimal rehabilitation care for surgical cancer patients. J. Surg. Oncol. 95:386–392. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Compostability of Bioplastic Packaging Materials: An Overview
Authors: Kale Gaurav , Kijchavengkul Thitisilp , Auras Rafael , Rubino Maria , Selke Susan E. , Singh Sher Paul
Published: March 2007

Packaging waste accounted for 78.81 million tons or 31.6% of the total municipal solid waste (MSW) in 2003 in the USA, 56.3 million tons or 25% of the MSW in 2005 in Europe, and 3.3 million tons or 10% of the MSW in 2004 in Australia. Currently, in the USA the dominant method of packaging waste disposal is landfill, followed by recycling, incineration, and composting. Since landfill occupies valuable space and results in the generation of greenhouse gases and contaminants, recovery methods such as reuse, recycling and/or composting are encouraged as a way of reducing packaging waste disposal. Most of the common materials used in packaging (i.e., steel, aluminum, glass, paper, paperboard, plastics, and wood) can be efficiently recovered by recycling; however, if packaging materials are soiled with foods or other biological substances, physical recycling of these materials may be impractical. Therefore, composting some of these packaging materials is a promising way to reduce MSW. As biopolymers are developed and increasingly used in applications such as food, pharmaceutical, and consumer goods packaging, composting could become one of the prevailing methods for disposal of packaging waste provided that industry, governments, and consumers encourage and embrace this alternative. The main objective of this article is to provide an overview of the current situation of packaging compostability, to describe the main mechanisms that make a biopolymer compostable, to delineate the main methods to compost these biomaterials, and to explain the main standards for assessing compostability, and the current status of biopolymer labeling. Biopolymers such as polylactide and poly(hydroxybutyrate) are increasingly becoming available for use in food, medical, and consumer goods packaging applications. The main claims of these new biomaterials are that they are obtained from renewable resources and that they can be biodegraded in biological environments such as soil and compost. Although recycling could be energetically more favorable than composting for these materials, it may not be practical because of excessive sorting and cleaning requirements. Therefore, the main focus is to dispose them by composting. So far, there is no formal agreement between companies, governments and consumers as to how this packaging composting will take place; therefore, the main drivers for their use have been green marketing and pseudo‐environmental consciousness related to high fuel prices. Packaging compostability could be an alternative for the disposal of biobased materials as long as society as a whole is willing to formally address the challenge to clearly understand the cradle‐to‐grave life of a compostable package, and to include these new compostable polymers in food, manure, or yard waste composting facilities.

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Patterned Co‐Culture of Primary Hepatocytes and Fibroblasts Using Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Templates
Authors: Kidambi Srivatsan , Sheng Lufang , Yarmush Martin L. , Toner Mehmet , Lee Ilsoon , Chan Christina
Published: March 2007

This paper describes the formation of patterned cell co‐cultures using the layer‐by‐layer deposition of synthetic ionic polymers and without the aid of adhesive proteins/ligands such as collagen or fibronectin. In this study, we used synthetic polymers, namely poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDAC) and sulfonated polystyrene (SPS) as the polycation and polyanion, respectively, to build the multilayer films. We formed SPS patterns on polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) surfaces either by microcontact printing PDAC onto SPS surfaces or vice‐versa. To create patterned co‐cultures on PEMs, we capitalize on the preferential attachment and spreading of primary hepatocytes on SPS as opposed to PDAC surfaces. In contrast, fibroblasts readily attached to both PDAC and SPS surfaces, and as a result, we were able to obtain patterned co‐cultures of fibroblast and primary hepatocytes on synthetic PEM surfaces. We characterized the morphology and hepatic‐specific functions of the patterned cell co‐cultures with microscopy and biochemical assays. Our results suggest an alternative approach to fabricating controlled co‐cultures with specified cell–cell and cell–surface interactions; this approach provides flexibility in designing cell‐specific surfaces for tissue engineering applications.

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Water Absorption and Degradation Characteristics of Chitosan‐Based Polyesters and Hydroxyapatite Composites
Authors: Correlo Vitor M. , Pinho Elisabete D. , Pashkuleva Iva , Bhattacharya Mrinal , Neves Nuno M. , Reis Rui L.
Published: March 2007

Blends of chitosan and biodegradable synthetic aliphatic polyesters (polycaprolactone, poly(butylene succinate), poly[(butylene succinate)‐co‐adipate], poly[(butylene terephthalate)‐co‐adipate], and poly(lactic acid)) were injection‐molded. These samples were immersed in isotonic solution at 37 °C for a period of 60 d. The water uptake and the degradation properties, as measured by the loss in tensile strength, were evaluated as a function of time. In this study, the rate and the equilibrium water uptake were proportional to the amount of chitosan in the blend. The addition of HA to chitosan and polyester significantly reduced the equilibrium water uptake. The water uptake did not follow the classical Fickian phenomena and could be expressed by a two‐stage sorption non‐Fickian diffusion model. Contact angle measurement was used to quantify the changes in surface hydrophilicity as a function of chitosan and polyester composition. The glycerol contact angle decreased with increasing synthetic components in the blend. The blends and composites also showed increased degradation, as quantified by a loss in their mechanical properties, with increase in natural content. The degradation of properties was directly related to the water uptake of the blends; the higher the water uptake, the higher the degradation. Pure polyesters, while having low water uptake, nevertheless showed significant degradation by a precipitous drop in the strain at break. Among the polyesters, poly(lactic acid) displayed maximum degradation, while polycaprolactone displayed the least.

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Macromol. Biosci. 3/2007
Authors: Bertoldo Monica , Bronco Simona , Gragnoli Tania , Ciardelli Francesco
Published: March 2007

Cover: 1,6‐Diisocyanatehexane promoting gelatin crosslinking was studied and exploited to prepare stable gelatin hydrogels supported on textiles. In the picture a gelatine IPN (inset) and the corresponding hydrogel prepared with cotton textile are shown. Further details can be found in the article by M. Bertoldo,* S. Bronco, T. Gragnoli, and F. Ciardelli on page 328.
Cucurbitacins from Cayaponia racemosa: isolation and total assignment of 1H and 13C NMR spectra
Authors: Chaves Davina C. , Assunção João Carlos C. , Braz‐Filho Raimundo , Lemos Telma L. G. , Monte Francisco J. Q.
Published: March 2007

Two new cucurbitane‐type triterpenoids, 2β,3β,16α,20(R),25‐pentahydroxy‐9‐methyl‐19‐norlanost‐5‐en‐7,22‐dione and 2β,3β,16α,20(R),25‐pentahydroxy‐9‐methyl‐19‐norlanost‐5‐en‐7,11,22‐trione, were isolated from fruits of Cayaponia racemosa. The total 1H and 13C chemical shift assignment of these two closely related compounds is described, making use of one‐ and two‐dimensional NMR techniques. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reaction of bis[bis(tri‐tert‐butoxysilanethiolato) cadmium(II)] with 3,5‐dimethylpyridine ‐ 113Cd NMR solution study
Authors: Dołȩga Anna , Walewski Maciej
Published: March 2007

NMR studies on the reaction of bis[bis(tri‐tert‐butoxysilanethiolato)cadmium(II)] with 3,5‐dimethylpyridine in benzene‐d6 and toluene‐d8 solutions provide clear evidence for the equilibrium character of formation of mixed S,N‐ligand cadmium complex. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
31P NMR spectroscopy in the quality control and authentication of extra‐virgin olive oil: A review of recent progress
Authors: Dais Photis , Spyros Apostolos
Published: March 2007

This review is a brief account on the application of a novel methodology to the quality control and authentication of extra‐virgin olive oil. This methodology is based on the derivatization of the labile hydrogens of functional groups, such as hydroxyl and carboxyl groups, of olive oil constituents with the phosphorus reagent 2‐chloro‐4,4,5,5‐tetramethyldioxaphospholane, and the use of the 31P chemical shifts to identify the phosphitylated compounds. Various experimental aspects such as pertinent instrumentation, sample preparation, acquisition parameters and properties of the phosphorus reagent are reviewed. The strategy to assign the 31P signals of the phosphitylated model compounds and olive oil constituents by employing 1D and 2D NMR experiments is presented. Finally, the capability of this technique to assess the quality and the genuineness of extra‐virgin olive oil and to detect fraud is discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A critical perspective on organizational values
Authors: Fenton Nancy E. , Inglis Sue
Published: March 2007

This article looks critically at the results of one nonprofit volunteer center in its identification of organizational values and associated workplace behaviors. Using Martin's cultural framework (2002) inclusive of integration, differentiation, and fragmentation perspectives revealed a richer understanding of how staff, board members, and in‐service service volunteers variously interpret the meanings of workplace values. In particular, views that might otherwise have been ignored or remained silent were more clearly understood.
The four functions of nonprofits
Authors: O'Neill Michael
Published: March 2007

On Being Nonprofit: A Conceptual and Policy Primer, by Peter Frumkin. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2005. 232 pp., $19.95 paper.
Transcriptional upregulation and unmethylation of the promoter region of p16 in invasive basal cell carcinoma cells and partial co‐localization with the γ2 chain of laminin‐332
Authors: Svensson Månsson S , Reis‐Filho J , Landberg G
Published: March 2007

Basal cell carcinoma cells show low proliferation rates at the invasive front and a concordant upregulation of the cdk‐inhibitor p16, limiting proliferative capacity. Little is known about the mechanisms of p16 regulation in normal and malignant cells apart from that many transcription factors such as Ets1, Ets2, SP1, SP3, JunB and the polycomb protein Bmi1 have the potential to induce or repress p16 expression. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine how p16 is regulated in basal cell carcinoma with special focus on its upregulation in invasive cells. By analysing various microdissected areas of basal cell carcinoma using real‐time quantitative PCR we observed upregulation of p16 mRNA in invasive tumour cells compared to centrally localized tumour cells. The methylation status of the p16 promoter, analysed by methylation‐specific PCR, also showed diminished methylation in tumour cells at the invasive front, supporting the hypothesis that promoter methylation can affect the transcriptional activation of p16 in vivo. There was only sporadic co‐localization of Ets, or ERK1/2 phosphorylation with p16 upregulation at the invasive front, suggesting that these factors were not directly involved in the regulation of p16. Furthermore, the γ2 chain of laminin‐332 has been reported to be increased at the invasive front compared to the central areas of many tumours. Interestingly, in basal cell carcinoma we observed partial co‐localization between p16 and the γ2 chain of laminin‐332 in tumour cells towards areas of ulceration and in the majority of clearly infiltrative tumour cells but not in p16 positive tumour cells with a more pushing invasive growth pattern. These data suggest that concurrent p16 upregulation and decreased proliferation are more general phenomena in different types of invasive growth patterns in basal cell carcinomas and that these only partially overlap with the γ2 chain of laminin‐332 associated invasion patterns. Copyright © 2007 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lymphocytes and synovial fluid fibroblasts support osteoclastogenesis through RANKL, TNFα, and IL‐7 in an in vitro model derived from human psoriatic arthritis
Authors: Colucci S , Brunetti G , Cantatore FP , Oranger A , Mori G , Quarta L , Cirulli N , Mancini L , Corrado A , Grassi FR , Grano M
Published: March 2007

Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is an inflammatory joint disease, characterized by extensive bone resorption, whose mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Thus, in the present study we investigated the involvement of RANKL, TNFα, and IL‐7 in the osteoclastogenesis of PsA patients. In vitro osteoclastogenesis models, consisting of unfractionated and T‐cell‐depleted mononuclear cells from peripheral blood (PBMCs) and synovial fluid (SFMCs) of 20 PsA patients as well as from healthy donors were studied. Freshly isolated T and B cells from PBMCs and T cells and fibroblasts from SFMCs of PsA patients were subjected to RT‐PCR to detect the levels of RANKL, TNFα, and IL‐7. Osteoclastogenesis was studied in the presence of RANK‐Fc, anti‐TNFα, and anti IL‐7 functional antibodies. We demonstrate that lymphocytes and fibroblasts support osteoclast (OC) formation in PsA patients through the production of osteoclastogenic cytokines. In particular, OC formation was completely abolished in unstimulated T cell‐depleted PBMC cultures, and reduced by approximately 70% in unstimulated T cell‐depleted SFMC cultures. Freshly isolated T cells from PBMCs and SFMCs of PsA patients overexpressed RANKL and TNFα, while fibroblasts from synovial fluid produced only RANKL. We show that the presence of RANK‐Fc and/or anti‐TNFα functional antibodies reduced OC formation. Moreover, T and B cells from PBMCs as well as T cells and fibroblasts from SFMCs expressed IL‐7 mRNA. Finally, the anti‐IL‐7 functional antibody significantly reduced osteoclastogenesis. Our results suggest that fibroblasts, B and T lymphocytes support OC formation by producing RANKL, TNFα, and IL‐7, contributing to the aggressive bone resorption in PsA patients. Copyright © 2007 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Outcome of chromosomally abnormal pregnancies in Lebanon: obstetricians' roles during and after prenatal diagnosis
Authors: Eldahdah Lama T. , Ormond Kelly E. , Nassar Anwar H. , Khalil Tayma , Zahed Laila F.
Published: March 2007

Objectives

To better understand obstetrician experiences in Lebanon when disclosing abnormal amniocentesis results.

Methods

Structured interviews with 38 obstetricians identified as caregivers from the American University of Beirut Medical Center Cytogenetics Laboratory database of patients with abnormal amniocentesis results between 1999 and 2005.

Results

Obstetricians were primarily male, Christian, and with an average of 14 years of experience. They reported doing most pre‐amniocentesis counseling, including discussion of risk for common autosomal aneuplodies (95%), and procedure‐related risk (95%). Obstetricians reported that 80% of patients at risk for aneuploidy underwent amniocentesis. The study population reported on 143 abnormal test results (124 autosomal abnormalities). When disclosing results, obstetricians reportedly discussed primarily physical and cognitive features of the diagnosis. They varied in levels of directiveness and comfort in providing information. Our records showed that 59% of pregnancies with sex chromosome abnormalities were terminated compared to 90% of those with autosomal aneuploidies; various reasons were proposed by obstetricians.

Conclusions

This study is among the few to assess prenatal diagnosis practices in the Middle East, with a focus on the role of the obstetrician. Given the influence of culture and social norms on prenatal decision‐making, it remains important to understand the various impacts on clinical practice in many nations. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Posterior fossa malformation in fetuses: a report of 56 further cases and a review of the literature
Authors: Forzano F. , Mansour S. , Ierullo A. , Homfray T. , Thilaganathan B.
Published: March 2007

Objective

The purposes of this study were to determine the outcome of fetuses diagnosed as having a posterior fossa abnormality (PFA) and to find out if there are associated features helpful in determining the prognosis.

Methods

This is a retrospective study of all posterior fossa abnormalities detected prenatally in our Units within the last 10 years. Fifty six patients were selected. Outcome data was collected from the Clinical Genetics Department records and the attending obstetrician or pediatrician.

Results

An enlarged cisterna magna (ECM, diameter greater than 10 mm at 18–23 gw) was detected in 22 fetuses, which was isolated in 14 cases. All the patients followed‐up (n = 11) with isolated ECM were normal at birth (100%). Non‐isolated ECM was present in 8 cases. Further information was available in 7, 5 (71%) of whom had a poor outcome. A Dandy Walker complex abnormality (DWC) was detected in 34 patients. The majority of them had a poor prognosis, 54% if isolated and 84% if non‐isolated.

Conclusions

Isolated ECM detected on prenatal scans has a favourable outcome, while DWC is associated with a very high chance of a poor prognosis. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Second trimester prenatal ultrasound for the detection of pregnancies at increased risk of Down syndrome
Authors: Smith‐Bindman Rebecca , Chu Philip , Goldberg James D.
Published: March 2007

Objective

To determine the association between second trimester ultrasound findings (genetic sonogram) and the risk of Down syndrome.

Methods

Prospective population‐based cohort study of women who were at increased risk of chromosome abnormality based on serum screening.

Results

Overall 9244 women with singleton pregnancies were included, including 245 whose fetuses had Down syndrome. Overall, 15.3% of the women had an abnormal genetic sonogram, including 14.2% of pregnancies with normal fetuses and 53.1% of those with Down syndrome. If the genetic sonogram were normal, the risk that a woman had a fetus with Down syndrome was reduced (likelihood ratio 0.55 [95% CI 0.49, 0.62]) However, if the normal genetic sonogram were used to counsel these high‐risk women that they could avoid amniocentesis, approximately half of the cases of Down syndrome (115 of 245) would have been missed. The isolated ultrasound soft markers were the most commonly observed abnormality. These were seen in a high proportion of Down syndrome fetuses (13.9%) and normal fetuses (9.3%). In the absence of a structural anomaly, the isolated ultrasound soft markers of choroid plexus cyst, echogenic bowel, renal pyelectasis, clenched hands, clinodactyly, two‐vessel umbilical cord, short femur, and short humerus were not associated with Down syndrome. Nuchal fold thickening was a notable exception, as a thick nuchal fold raised the risk of Down syndrome even when it was seen without an associated structural anomaly.

Limitations

All women included in this study were at high risk of Down syndrome based on serum screening, and thus the results of this study cannot be used as a basis to modify maternal age‐related risk.

Conclusions

The accuracy of the genetic sonogram is less than previously reported. The genetic sonogram should not be used as a sequential test following serum biochemistry, as this would substantially reduce the prenatal diagnosis of Down syndrome cases. In contrast to prior reports, most isolated soft markers were not associated with Down syndrome. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Norman–Roberts syndrome: characterization of the phenotype in early fetal life
Authors: Natacci Federica , Bedeschi Maria Francesca , Righini Andrea , Inverardi Francesca , Rizzuti Tommaso , Boschetto Chiara , Triulzi Fabio , Spreafico Roberto , Frassoni Carolina , Lalatta Faustina
Published: March 2007

Purpose

Our purpose is to describe the prenatal manifestation of Norman–Roberts syndrome and to expand the knowledge of the fetal phenotype of this rare condition. The recurrence in two sibs might contribute to the hypothesis of a recessive condition.

Methods

Three cases are presented in which the diagnosis was suggested by a prenatal ultrasound examination and confirmed by pathology of the fetuses, after termination of pregnancy. The major sign was the ultrasound detection of microcephaly at the 22nd and 23rd week of gestation. Fetal Magnetic Nuclear Resonance, the pathological examination with histological studies, was applied to arrive at the diagnosis of Norman–Roberts syndrome.

Conclusion

To the best of our knowledge, this is the second description of prenatal cases of Norman–Roberts syndrome. The combined clinical and pathological data is a contribution that might help to increase the identification of this rare condition and to correctly define the risk of its recurrence. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long‐chain branching in low‐density polyethylene
Authors: Moore W. R. A. D. , Millns W.
Published: March 2007

A sample of a commercial low‐density polyethylene was fractionated and values of number − Mn and weight‐average Mw, molecular weights obtained together with intrinsic viscosities [η], measured in decalin at 135° and in a theta‐solvent, diphenyl at 118°. Results are compared with those obtained using samples of high‐density polyethylene, of narrow molecular weight distribution, in decalin at 135° and in diphenyl at 125°.

Values of the z‐average mean square radius of gyration (S−2)z, are converted to the weight‐average unperturbed state. The branching parameters g and g1 thus obtained, indicate that long‐chain branching increases with increasing molecular weight. Intrinsic ivscosities under theta‐conditions for the low‐density polyethylene fractions lead to a relationship [η]θ = Kw0·20, agreeing with the treatment of Zimm and Kilb.

Some of the approximations involved in the estimation of long‐chain branching are discussed.
Flammability of plastics II. Effect of additives on the flame
Authors: Learmonth G. S. , Thwaite D. G.
Published: March 2007

Setchkin ignition tests and candle‐burning tests have been shown to provide a numerical index of the effect of flame retardant agent on polyesters. Experimental details for a number of commercial halogenated retardants, which were tested, are given and some conclusions are made about the nature of their action.
Calorimetric method for the determination of rates of emulsion polymerisation applied to methyl methacrylate
Authors: Barrett K. E. J. , Thomas H. R.
Published: March 2007

A small‐scale calorimetric method developed for following the rate of polymerisation of monomers in solution and in bulk has now been adapted by construction of a stirred reaction vessel for the study of rates of emulsion polymerisation recipes. Results obtained for the emulsion polymerisation of methyl methacrylate are compared with those for polymerisation under bulk conditions.
Factors affecting the setting speeds of emulsion‐based adhesives
Authors: Pritchard P. D. , Jennings C. , Sellars K.
Published: March 2007

In the packaging industry increase of machine speeds requires adhesives with faster setting speeds. A range of polyvinyl acetate homopolymers and copolymers has been examined on a standard paper under a standard breaking load. For the polymers examined, setting speed was increased by the use of polyvinyl alcohol as stabiliser in preference to other colloids or surfactants, by addition of polyvinyl alcohol, by copolymerisation with ‘soft’ monomers and by addition of solvent. Setting speeds were decreased by reducing the solids content, particularly below 45%, and by incorporation of inorganic fillers.

Theories to explain these results are proposed.
Positively charged polyvinyl acetate emulsions—their preparation and properties
Authors: Dargan D. S. W. , Dexter R. W.
Published: March 2007

The preparation of positively charged polyvinyl acetate emulsions and measurement of their adsorption characteristics are described. The properties of two representative preparations, a homopolymer and a vinyl acetate‐alkyl acrylate copolymer, are given. The high adsorption of cationic emulsions makes them suitable for papers or boards which require a high polymer content to modify the properties of the sheet. Their use in the preparation of thermoplastic board is discussed.
New thermosetting resins for high performance composites
Authors: Harris G. I.
Published: March 2007

Investigations leading to the development of a new family of heat‐stable thermosets, the Xylok

Registered trademark.

resins, are outlined. These polymers are the condensation products of aralkyl ethers or halides with phenols, and in some instances other classes of aromatic, heterocyclic and organometallic compounds, in the presence of a Friedel‐Crafts catalyst. They are fast curing and Xylok composites have been prepared with glass, asbestos and carbon fibre reinforcement, which give excellent high‐temperature mechanical strength and strength retention on prolonged exposure up to 250°. A comparative evaluation of the mechanical and electrical properties of a series of glasscloth laminates prepared with various classes of thermosetting resins has shown the Xylok resins to give outstanding overall performance. In addition, the chemical and radiation resistance, and ablative, wear and frictional properties of the Xylok composites suggest that they will find use in chemical plant, aircraft aerospace and bearing applications. Asbestos flour‐filled Xylok moulding compounds have been shown to give similar flow and curing characteristics to phenolic based products, but the mouldings are significantly more heat stable.
The synthesis of new regular copolymers and small molecules by an anionic condensation process
Authors: Richards D. H. , Scilly N. F.
Published: March 2007

A technique based on the ‘living’ polymerisation system is described for preparing regular copolymers and small molecules. It consists of preparing a solution of monomer and a linking agent in tetrahydrofuran under an inert atmosphere; on addition of alkali metal, reaction takes place to yield polymers. A variety of dihalides, and also diepoxides and halo‐epoxides, can be used to prepare a wide range of new polymers. The method can be adapted to yield small molecules.
Selection of glass‐reinforced plastics materials for large marine structures
Authors: Beale R. F.
Published: March 2007

Some of the material investigations which are necessary before a glass‐reinforced plastic (GRP) can be selected for use in large marine structures are described. The requirements of large‐scale manufacture are as important as mechanical performance when the basic constituents of the laminate, the polyester resin and the glass reinforcements, are being selected. Various production problems which can arise, and the need for detailed quality control, are discussed. Other areas of investigation which are appropriate are the performance of joints and fasteners, and the influence of the glass reinforcement on the impact resistance of the laminate.
Thermal polymerisation of styrene—A critical review
Authors: Ebdon J. R.
Published: March 2007

Past work on the thermal polymerisation of styrene is critically reviewed. Particular attention is paid to the various initiation theories which have been proposed. Suggestions are made of areas where future studies could be most usefully directed.
Review of gel permeation chromatography
Authors: Lambert A.
Published: March 2007

Gel permeation chromatography (g.p.c.) with organic solvents is of immense value in the characterisation of plastics and resins. Topics reviewed here are column packings and packing techniques, instrumental features, theories of the separating process and of instrumental dispersion, the use of g.p.c. to measure molecular size and hydrogen bonding, the applications of g.p.c. to low molecular weight polymers, applications to high molecular weight polymers, work on glass beads (as opposed to organic beads) and high resolution g.p.c.
Polyalkylene sulphides
Authors: Cooper W.
Published: March 2007

The polymerisation of alkylene sulphides, particularly ethylene sulphide and propylene sulphide, initiated by salts of cadmium and zinc, or ammonia and tertiary amine catalysts, is discussed. Kinetic features of the reactions are considered and practical recipes for high and low molecular weight polymers are given. Side reactions leading to rearranged polymers or to desulphuration are discussed.

Polyethylene sulphide is a high melting point, plastics material whilst polypropylene sulphide is a soft rubber or, in the isotactic form, a low melting point plastics material.

Homopolymers of propylene sulphide or its unsaturated copolymers give useful oil‐resistant rubbers.

The molecular weight of polypropylene sulphide is readily controlled by the addition of thiol chaintransfer agents, and low molecular weight polymers of variable functionality with thiol, amine or other reactive end‐groups are readily made. These polymers are co‐reactive with phenolic, amino or epoxy resins in laminates, adhesives and coatings.