bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ionisierende Strahlen – Dosisgrenzwerte: Wissenschaftliche Grundlagen und Ethische Aspekte
Authors: Streffer Christian
Published: May 2019

Wirkungen ionisierender Strahlen auf den Menschen und seine Organe sind bei mittleren und hoheren Strahlendosen gut bekannt. Vorgaben uber Dosisgrenzwerte betreffen allerdings vor allem den niedrigen Dosisbereich (<100 mSv). Zu den problematischsten Strahleneffekten zahlt die Krebs- Verursachung, fur die keine Dosis-Schwellenwerte angenommen werden. Bei niedrigen Strahlendosen lasst sich das Strahlenrisiko zudem nur sehr unsicher bestimmen. Schon seit langem ist allgemein anerkannt, dass bei der Festsetzung der Grenzwerte nicht nur wissenschaftliche, sondern auch ethische und gesellschaftliche Aspekte berucksichtigt werden mussen. Die klassischen Prinzipien im Strahlenschutz sind das Prinzip der Rechtfertigung, das der Optimierung und das der Dosis-Limitierung, die jeweils mit ethischen Gesichtspunkten verknupft sind. Ein wesentlicher ethischer Grundsatz lautet: „Do more good than harm.“ Weitere ethische Werte, die in diesem Kontext eine Rolle spielen, sind: die Autonomie und Wurde des Menschen, Benefizienz bzw Non- Malefizienz und Verteilungsgerechtigkeit. Die Bedeutung dieser Werte fur den Strahlenschutz wird dargestellt. Bei der Risikoabschatzung im niedrigen Dosisbereich wird dabei eine lineare Dosiswirkungsbeziehung ohne Schwellendosis unterstellt, die moglicherweise zu Uberschatzungen fuhrt. Das Vorsorge-Prinzip hat in diesem Zusammenhang erhebliche Bedeutung.
A new fourth power mean of two-term exponential sums
Authors: Li Chen , Xiao Wang
Published: May 2019

The main purpose of this paper is to use analytic methods and properties of quartic Gauss sums to study a special fourth power mean of a two-term exponential sums modp, with p an odd prime, and prove interesting new identities. As an application of our results, we also obtain a sharp asymptotic formula for the fourth power mean.
Management of complications of first instance of hepatic trauma in a liver surgery unit: Portal vein ligation as a conservative therapeutic strategy
Authors: Rocca Aldo , Andolfi Enrico , Zamboli Anna Ginevra Immacolata , Surfaro Giuseppe , Tafuri Domenico , Costa Gianluca , Frezza Barbara , Scricciolo Marta , Amato Maurizio , Bianco Paolo , Brongo Sergio , Ceccarelli Graziano , Giuliani Antonio , Amato Bruno
Published: May 2019

Background

According to the National Trauma Data Bank, the liver, after the spleen, is the first most injured organ in closed abdominal trauma.

Methods

From June 2010 to December 2015 we observed in our department of Hepato-biliary Surgery and Liver Transplant Unit of the A.O.R.N. A. Cardarelli of Naples 40 patients affected by hepatic trauma. In our retrospective study, we review our experience and propose portal vein ligation (PVL) as a first – line strategy for damage control surgery (DCS) in liver trauma.

Results

26/40 patients (65%) which received gauze-packing represented our study group. In 10 cases out of 26 patients (38,4%) the abdominal packing was enough to control the damage. In 7 cases (18,4%) we performed a liver resection. In 7 cases, after de-packing, we adopted PVL to achieve DCS. Trans Arterial Embolization was chosen in 6 patients. 2 of them were discharged 14 days later without performing any other procedure.

In 3 cases we had to perform a right epatectomy in second instance. Two hepatectomies were due to hemoperitoneum, and the other for coleperitoneum. Two patients were treated in first instance by only doing hemostasis on the bleeding site. We observed 6 patients in first instance. Five of them underwent surgery with hepatic resection and surgical hemostasis of the bleeding site. The other one underwent to conservative management. In summary we performed 15 hepatic resections, 8 of them were right hepatectomies, 1 left hepatectomy, 2 trisegmentectomies V-VI-VII. So in second instance we operated on 10 patients out of 34 (30%).

Conclusions

The improved knowledge of clinical physio-pathology and the improvement of diagnostic and instrumental techniques had a great impact on the prognosis of liver trauma. We think that a rigid diagnostic protocol should be applied as this allows timely pathological finding, and consists of three successive but perfectly integrated steps: 1) patient reception, in close collaboration with the resuscitator; 2) accurate but quick diagnostic framing 3) therapeutic decisional making. Selective portal vein ligation is a well-tolerated and safe manoeuvre, which could be effective, even if not definitive, in treating these subjects. That is why we believe that it can be a choice to keep in mind especially in post-depacking bleeding.
Photonic realization of erasure-based nonlocal measurements
Authors: Pan Wei-Wei , Xu Xiao-Ye , Cohen Eliahu , Wang Qin-Qin , Chen Zhe , Jan Munsif , Han Yong-Jian , Li Chuan-Feng , Guo Guang-Can
Published: May 2019

Relativity theory severely restricts the ability to perform nonlocal measurements in quantum mechanics. Studying such nonlocal schemes may thus reveal insights regarding the relations between these two fundamental theories. Therefore, for the last several decades, nonlocal measurements have stimulated considerable interest. However, the experimental implementation of nonlocal measurements imposes profound restrictions because the interaction Hamiltonian cannot contain, in general, nonlocal observables such as the product of local observables belonging to different particles at spacelike-separated regions. In this work, we experimentally realize a scheme for nonlocal measurements with the aid of probabilistic quantum erasure. We apply this scheme to the tasks of performing high-accuracy nonlocal measurements of the parity, as well as measurements in the Bell basis, which do not necessitate classical communication between the parties. Unlike other techniques, the nonlocal measurement outcomes are available locally (upon successful postselection). The state reconstructed via performing quantum tomography on the system after the nonlocal measurement indicates the success of the scheme in retrieving nonlocal information while erasing any local data previously acquired by the parties. This measurement scheme allows to realize any controlled-controlled-gate with any coupling strength. Hence, our results are expected to have conceptual and practical applications to quantum communication and quantum computation.
Mispositioned Neurokinin-1 Receptor-Expressing Neurons Underlie Heat Hyperalgesia inDisabled-1Mutant Mice
Authors: Wang Xidao , Yvone Griselda M. , Cilluffo Marianne , Kim Ashley S. , Basbaum Allan I. , Phelps Patricia E.
Published: May 2019

Reelin (Reln) and Disabled-1 (Dab1) participate in the Reln-signaling pathway and when either is deleted, mutant mice have the same spinally mediated behavioral abnormalities, increased sensitivity to noxious heat and a profound loss in mechanical sensitivity. Both Reln and Dab1 are highly expressed in dorsal horn areas that receive and convey nociceptive information, Laminae I–II, lateral Lamina V, and the lateral spinal nucleus (LSN). Lamina I contains both projection neurons and interneurons that express Neurokinin-1 receptors (NK1Rs) and they transmit information about noxious heat both within the dorsal horn and to the brain. Here, we ask whether the increased heat nociception inRelnanddab1mutants is due to incorrectly positioned dorsal horn neurons that express NK1Rs. We found more NK1R-expressing neurons inReln-/-anddab1-/-Laminae I–II than in their respective wild-type mice, and some NK1R neurons co-expressed Dab1 and the transcription factor Lmx1b, confirming their excitatory phenotype. Importantly, heat stimulation indab1-/-mice induced Fos in incorrectly positioned NK1R neurons in Laminae I–II. Next, we asked whether these ectopically placed and noxious-heat responsive NK1R neurons participated in pain behavior. Ablation of the superficial NK1Rs with an intrathecal injection of a substance P analog conjugated to the toxin saporin (SSP-SAP) eliminated the thermal hypersensitivity ofdab1-/-mice, without altering their mechanical insensitivity. These results suggest that ectopically positioned NK1R-expressing neurons underlie the heat hyperalgesia of Reelin-signaling pathway mutants, but do not contribute to their profound mechanical insensitivity.
Introduction
Authors: Schafran Alex
Published: May 2019

This introductory chapter explains the book's core arguments. The first core argument is that the profound changes in the race and class geography of the San Francisco Bay Area is fundamentally about segregation. The second core argument is that this new form and map of segregation, and the foreclosure crisis it helped to enable, was produced by the highly specific way in which the politics of space and place during the more recent era reacted to the ghosts of postwar urbanism. What has occurred is not simply some path-dependent aftermath of the postwar era, the result of a postwar model destined to fail. Nor is it simply the result of neoliberalism or bad decisions in the 1980s and beyond. Rather, it is the end result of a “neoliberal era,” that period from the mid-1970s until the foreclosure crisis of 2008, built on the ghosts of the postwar era.
The Suburbanization of Segregation
Authors: Schafran Alex
Published: May 2019

This chapter lays out the case for understanding the transformation of the Bay Area as segregation, and for transforming our understanding of segregation. It begins with a brief introduction to the history of diversity in the Bay Area, one of the first regions to be born as multiracial in what was at that time a very two-tone America. It then turns to the question of segregation, starting with how what became known as the “suburban wall” helped form ideas of segregation. It examines how segregation has changed, moving beyond debates about whether American is still segregated, and instead focusing on what segregation means in the twenty-first century. It argues that the partial erosion of the “suburban wall” does not mean segregation is dead, but simply that it has changed form and geography.
The Dougherty Valley Dilemma
Authors: Schafran Alex
Published: May 2019

Contra Costa County, one of California's original 27 counties, is a massive, fragmented, and diverse set of political, cultural, and physical lines that is a microcosm of regional fragmentation. It has also become one of the great battlegrounds in the planning fights of late twentieth-century California. Environmentalists and developers battled to an expensive and politically costly draw over a development in the heart of the county called Dougherty Valley. In the end, little progress was made in the deeper struggle against the unsustainable, unequal, and rapidly resegregating region, in part because no matter which side had “won” the battle over Dougherty Valley, the region and those impacted by its fragmentation and segregation would have lost. This is the so-called “Dougherty Valley dilemma,” which is the focus of this chapter.
Introduction
Authors: Laurent Sylvie
Published: May 2019

This introduction offers a wide overview of the campaign, resituating it in the context of the post 1965 civil rights struggle but also in regards to King’s thinking on economic inequality. It presents the “insurrection of the Poor” as the offspring of an embattled King who embraced democratic socialism in conjonction to nonviolence.
The Patriarchs
Authors: Laurent Sylvie
Published: May 2019

The first chapter defines the race and class framework as debated by Black America very early on, as it foreshadowed the tensions between activists engaged in the 1968 campaign. It is dedicated to exploring the analysis of Frederick Douglass and W.E.B. Du Bois, pioneers of a black radical egalitarianism much more relevant to King’s democratic socialism than usually assumed by historians. Their thoughts on will serve as a stepping stone for understanding King’s intellectual inheritance
The Torchbearer
Authors: Laurent Sylvie
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines King’s own intellectual journey and the cogitation he underwent on his way to launching the Poor People’s Campaign. It reflects on his usage of a Marxian-infused vocabulary and his attempt to reconcile his religiosity and his determination to move beyond charity to embrace a truly solidarity-based economy. His social consciousness, abhorrent of the profit-driven society he lived in, compelled him to address the class-related issues that rendered capitalism, contingent on racial oppression, unsustainable.
The Pauper
Authors: Laurent Sylvie
Published: May 2019

This chapter questions the implications of King’s new class-based coalition. It casts the Poor People’s Campaign as a crucial hinge in creating a possible link between the civil rights movement, the labor movement, black nationalists who endorsed Marxism, the Chicano movements, the Welfare Rights movements (in which women played a critical role), poor whites organizations and the peace movement.
A Counter-War on Poverty
Authors: Laurent Sylvie
Published: May 2019

This chapter relocates King’s views on the political economy of substantive justice in the context of the Johnson’s administration. It seeks to position the campaign with regards to the American liberal framework. King’s social-democratic demands for redistribution of power and wealth sounded like an indictment of corporate liberalism.
The “Almost Broadcasting Company” and the Birth of ABC Sports
Authors: Vogan Travis
Published: May 2019

During the 1950s, industry insiders jokingly referred to the unsuccessful American Broadcasting Company as the “Almost Broadcasting Company.” ABC turned to sports to forge an identity in network television and build a stable audience. It initially contracted its sports programming to Edgar Scherick’s Sports Programs Inc., which it purchased in 1961 and renamed ABC Sports. Scherick hired NBC producer Roone Arledge to oversee his college football broadcasts. Arledge developed a dramatized approach to sports television that would “take viewers to the game” and offer what he called an “up close and personal” perspective. Chapter 1 outlines ABC’s early history and turn to sports programming to build a niche in the television industry. It then discusses Arledge’s hiring, the development of his aesthetic, and the first ABC productions that embodied his effort to “add show business to sports” and set in motion the subsidiary’s main practices.
ABC’s Wide World of Sports
Authors: Vogan Travis
Published: May 2019

Chapter 2 turns to Wide World of Sports, ABC Sports’ signature show and the primary testing ground for its creative approach. The Saturday afternoon anthology possessed a meager budget that permitted it to secure rights to televise only the most marginal sports. Ski jumping and demolition derbies, for instance, were commonplace during its early years. The Cold War provided a way to dramatize many of the show’s prerecorded and otherwise unpopular events. The program established its popularity and gained much-needed acclaim when it carried a series of track meets between the United States and the Soviet Union that at once emphasized sports television’s capacity to cultivate international harmony and advertised ABC Sports as innovative and edifying.
“The Network of the Olympics”
Authors: Vogan Travis
Published: May 2019

Chapter 3 discusses how ABC adapted Wide World of Sports to cover the Olympics. The show offered year-round promotion for the athletes who would eventually compete in the Olympics, and the high profile event built interest in the show’s weekly installments. Wide World of Sports introduced two of its biggest stars— Muhammad Ali and Howard Cosell—between ABC’s first Olympics, in 1964, and its second, in 1968, when it began to cover the event consistently and bill itself as the “Network of the Olympics.” The duo’s many appearances capitalized on Ali’s polarizing views and Cosell’s similarly divisive defense of the boxer. A key thread in ABC’s coverage of the 1968 Olympics in Mexico City concerned whether the African American athletes—many of whom were inspired by the outspokenness Ali exhibited on Wide World of Sports —would use the games to protest the racism they faced in the country they represented. Tommie Smith and John Carlos’s famous demonstration was ABC’s biggest story of the event, much of which aired during prime time. Wide World of Sports’s creative approach, programming practices, and stars fueled ABC’s investment in and identification with the Olympics.
The News from Munich on the “Arledge Broadcasting Company”
Authors: Vogan Travis
Published: May 2019

ABC’s coverage of the 1972 Munich Olympics amplified its reputation as the Network of the Olympics and took advantage of the consistent space Monday Night Football forged for sports in prime time. But the Munich games were overshadowed when the Palestinian terrorist group Black September took hostage and eventually killed eleven members of Israel’s Olympic team. ABC Sports’ marathon coverage of the incident became the department’s most celebrated achievement to date. This success eventually convinced ABC to entrust Arledge with its languishing news division in 1977, which he revamped by modifying the recipe he developed at ABC Sports. Chapter 5 uses Munich to explore how ABC Sports composed a template through which the network reinvented ABC News, as well as network sports television more broadly.
Conclusion
Authors: Vogan Travis
Published: May 2019

As ABC Sports’ metamorphosis continued into the 1990s, ESPN established itself as television’s most lucrative cable outlet and one of the most recognizable brands in media—sports or otherwise. ESPN’s rising value prompted the Walt Disney Company to purchase Capital Cities in 1996. Immediately after the acquisition, Disney began to position ESPN as the company’s featured sports television brand, and it adjusted to the web-driven and convergent sports-media ecosystem that was replacing the network era that ABC Sports represented. These changes culminated in 2006 when Disney moved Monday Night Football to ESPN and rebranded all ABC Sports programming as “ESPN on ABC.” The book concludes by tracing Disney’s reinvention of ABC Sports in the image of ESPN and probing the network division’s scattered remnants in post-network media culture.
“No More Sacred Cows”
Authors: Vogan Travis
Published: May 2019

Cable outlets emerged in the mid-1970s and used the practices ABC Sports had established to gain a toehold in the new industry. To mitigate these threats, ABC acquired majority ownership of ESPN, the first all-sports cable channel and the biggest threat to its market share. But traditionally reliable ABC Sports programs like Wide World of Sports and Monday Night Football sank in popularity as the sports television market expanded. Adding to these changes—and reflecting the upsurge of corporate consolidation that marked the 1980s—Capital Cities Communications acquired ABC in 1985 and implemented a series of budgetary, procedural, and personnel changes that saw ABC Sports give up both Arledge and the Olympics. Chapter 7 considers how these shifts altered ABC Sports’ previously secure place within the reconstituted ABC, sports television, and popular culture while contextualizing the broader industrial transformation they foretold.
Political Blackness
Authors: Waters Rob
Published: May 2019

Thinking black held people together across their differences. This chapter explores how this holding-together worked, looking at how different groups articulated blackness as they spoke in its name, as well as looking at the materiality of black political cultures—how these operated within a wider expressive culture and how they were affectively charged. The chapter uses the case of the Soledad Brothers to study how Britons defined themselves and their politics as black. It shows their negotiation of Black Power’s often stark masculinity and its African American hegemony. It also draws attention to the processes and problems they encountered building up a political blackness premised on solidarity across differences of ethnicity and gender, making a case for the importance of the immersive and intimate dimensions of black political culture for such alliances.
Black Futures Past
Authors: Waters Rob
Published: May 2019

This epilogue looks to the decline of the formation of thinking black that this book has traced. It proposes that this formation declined in the face of the failure of revolutionary Black Power in the Caribbean, new divisions around ethnicity and religion in the wake of the Iranian Revolution and the Rushdie Affair, the incorporation of black activists into new structures of state multiculturalism, and the reinventions of blackness that Stuart Hall analyzed as the rise of “new ethnicities.” In these contexts, the epilogue proposes, the meanings and constituencies of blackness shifted in the late 1980s, and its promise of a radical or revolutionary transformation of British politics and society appeared less certain.
The Chinese Question
Authors: Ngai Mae M.
Published: May 2019

This chapter, by Mae M. Ngai, locates the origins of the Chinese Question as a global racial discourse in the gold rushes of the nineteenth century and the broader context of the globalization of trade, credit, labor, and the rise of Anglo-American power. The gold rushes launched into motion hundreds of thousands of people from the British Isles, continental Europe, the Americas, Australasia, and China. Notably, they were the first occasions of large-scale contact between Westerners (Europeans and Americans) and Chinese. The chapter traces the development of anti-Chinese politics as it arose in the United States, Australia, and South Africa from conditions that were specific to gold rushes and gold mining in these regions, as well as how politics borrowed from each other and evolved into a global political discourse.
Frenzied Finance
Authors: Phimister Ian
Published: May 2019

This chapter, by Ian Phimister, examines the global financial dynamics of the southern African and “Westralian” gold-mining share manias of the 1890s. Examination of both mining share markets suggests that, contrary to the conventional portrait painted of gold rushes, the defining picture is less one of prospectors rushing to pan for gold or peg claims than it is one of company promoters scurrying to fleece investors. The most frenzied activity was on the floor of the London Stock Exchange, not on the South African Highveld or the dry, dusty plains of Western Australia. More minted gold was found in London and the Home Counties than mined gold was located in Southern Africa or Western Australia. It is an exercise that once again questions the efficiency of late Victorian capital markets, even as it points to the consequences of the “portal of globalization” opened by finance.
Aristocratic Baskets
Authors: Warnes Andrew
Published: May 2019

This chapter traces the popularization of self-service and the uneven ways in which it shed its original association with the department store and consumerist prestige. It suggests that as self-service spread into less exclusive sectors, it often retained an association with the aristocratic which, in turn, created anxieties about the fact that it also, as a new system of shopping, required customers to do much of the work that had once been done by clerks and others.
Introduction
Authors: Fischel Joseph J.
Published: May 2019

This chapter surveys current activist and scholarly debates around consent to argue that the conceptual terrain is the wrong one. We should jettison or at least downgrade consent for our sexual justice politics.
The Two Fires of ANCAP
Authors: Renfrew Daniel
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines debates surrounding lead contamination and the Uruguayan state petroleum enterprise ANCAP. Through ANCAP, the politics of contamination (political ecology) became embroiled with the politics of privatization (political economy), bringing together concerns over the health of citizen bodies and the health of the state. In these overlapping debates, the ANCAP directorship and the state oil-workers union, FANCAP, presented contrasting visions regarding the role and character of both the public enterprise and the modern state in neoliberal times. The chapter traces the roots of organized labor’s militant and radical history of defending the “means of state production,” including its heroic resistance against the dictatorship. It examines the union’s double bind in denouncing the enterprise’s role in contamination through leaded-gasoline production while defending it from privatization.
The Radiance of the Jewish National Home
Authors: Meiton Fredrik
Published: May 2019

Chapter 4 tells the story of Naharayim, the hydroelectric station at the confluence of the Jordan and Yarmuk Rivers. Construction began in 1927 and was completed in 1932. The significance of Naharayim was both material and representational. The station served an important function as a staging ground for the Zionist project’s civilizing mission, which, like other such missions elsewhere, also engendered an ethno-national division of labor. By generating electricity and transmitting it to the entire territory, Naharayim marked Palestine out as a Jewish national space and economy, which seemed to validate the basic ideological thrust of Zionism, namely that Jewish efforts in Palestine would lift everyone’s boats. This relegated the Palestinians to the category of second-order beneficiaries of Zionist development.
Introduction
Authors: Soyer Michaela
Published: May 2019

Only when a man can already perform an act of standing straight does he know what it is like to have a right posture and only then can he summon the idea required for proper execution.

—JOHN DEWEY, Human Nature and Conduct, [1922] 1988

Isaac’s grandmother remembers that her daughter was “handcuffed to the bed” when she picked up her newborn grandson from the hospital. When Isaac was born in March 1994 his mother was incarcerated. Two years later the State of Pennsylvania passed a law allowing the transfer of juveniles as young as fifteen to the adult criminal justice system. “Act 33” ensures that teenagers who committed violent crimes (for example, robbery, aggravated indecent assault, or murder) can automatically be sentenced as if they were adults....
Emissaries of the Violent Peace
Authors: Fontes Anthony W.
Published: May 2019

This chapter pieces together a few key elements of mara history that set the arc of their dystopian evolution and made them into harbingers of a new age of violence. Exploring the rise of the gangs in Guatemala means linking irrefutable historical phenomena—U.S. imperialism and Cold War atrocities, transnational migrations and deportations, and so on—with the multiple and contradictory ways people remember and make meaning out of the past. Drawing on the stories of former gang members and gang associates alongside journalists’ and scholars’ accounts, this chapter maps the political and social ferment of Guatemala City when the maras first took root; how decades of U.S. involvement in Guatemala gave the maras’ made-in-America style an irresistible magnetism for some urban youth; and, finally, the ways that this “new way of being a gang” seemed, for a moment, to structure and regulate internecine gang violence before it too fell apart.
The Prisoners and the Cascabel
Authors: Fontes Anthony W.
Published: May 2019

This chapter picks up where chapter 5 left off, detailing a destabilizing ethical encounter with gang members trapped in an isolation block in Canada prison and their demands.
Liminal Redemption
Authors: Fontes Anthony W.
Published: May 2019

When a marero seeks to be something other than a marero, what scripts can possibly make this transformation legible—to himself, to his gang, and to his community—and what routes can lead away from a violent death so certain that it seems like fate? This chapter details the disappearing escape routes for gang members who try to leave gang life behind. Collective conceptions of the maras and mareros as fit only for extermination mean that former gang members must find ways to “perform” this shift to convince others, often drawing on Evangelical Christianity as a means to find belonging outside the gangs. It discusses the built-in conundrums involved in how church groups, members of the Guatemalan public, and international funding organizations, among others, seek to measure and pinpoint whether and how a gang member has redeemed himself. The chapter moves through former gang member “conversion narratives” before returning to Calavera’s story of seeking to survive after leaving prison and the moments of chance and contingency that shape his struggle.
Surveying the Hard-to-Survey
Authors: Stathopoulou Theoni
Published: May 2019

This chapter presents an overview of the refugee situation in Greece after the EU-Turkey agreement in March 2016 that has led to the entrapment of more than 60.000 of refugees in the country. Drawing on the empirical findings of research conducted in six refugee camps across Greece and five shelters for unaccompanied minors in Athens greater area, the chapter examines the reception and living conditions, the feelings of insecurity and loss as well as the traumatic and discriminative experiences of the refugee population. The chapter also discusses the major methodological and ethical challenges that arise from surveying highly diverse in terms of culture and language, traumatized and vulnerable people in unstable and emergency conditions.
Mitigating the Impact of Forced Displacement and Refugee and Unauthorized Status on Youth
Authors: Yoshikawa Hirokazu , Wuermli Alice J. , Aber J. Lawrence
Published: May 2019

An unprecedented half of the world’s 57 million out of school children live in conflict-affected countries, and 50% of children of primary-school-age are not attending school.  In addition, the unauthorized status of many refugees and migrants worldwide is associated with experiences of social exclusion as access to employment and social services are often unavailable or constrained by host-country governments. Children and youth affected by unauthorized or refugee status are also often excluded from services to support healthy development and learning. This chapter presents a process-oriented developmental framework to guide the development and evaluation of interventions that can buffer the effects of social and political upheaval, displacement, and refugee and unauthorized status on children and youth's development. Rigorous evaluations, showing how programs mitigate the risks of displacement or refugee or unauthorized status, could yield great benefits for the fields of humanitarian aid and refugee and migration policy, making the relative dearth of such evidence even more stunning. This chapter reviews the existing literature from rigorous evaluations of interventions to address these issues, discusses the challenge of measurement of risk and protective factors in these contexts with particular sensitivity to cultural variation, as well as how to address cultural factors in the development and evaluation of interventions. The chapter concludes with specific methodological recommendations for a sound research agenda to further improve our understanding of risk and resilience in development of children and youth affected by war, displacement, and refugee or unauthorized status.
Inclusion and membership Through Refugee Education?
Authors: Dryden-Peterson Sarah
Published: May 2019

This chapter explores tensions between the stability that a model of integrating refugees into national education systems promises and the precarity that it creates. Global refugee education policy has, since 2012, focused on integrating refugees into national education systems, a radical shift from the dominant previous approach of separate schools for refugees. The policy of integration reflects the protracted nature of displacement, where return to a country of origin is elusive, and aims toward the creation of stability for young people within contexts of exile. The practice of integrating refugees, however, often tends toward experiences of isolation and exclusion for young people. The chapter demonstrates how the structures and content of education within national systems can place refugee young people outside of membership in society and limit their future opportunities.
Children of Immigrants in the United States
Authors: Waters Mary C.
Published: May 2019

This chapter reviews what is known about how the children of immigrants to the United States are integrating. Overall the second generation is integrating with natives, showing a great deal of progress compared to their parents levels in socioeconomic attainment. In other areas such as crime, health and family type, the children of immigrants are also converging with native born Americans, but in these three areas this makes them worse off because first generation immigrants have lower crime rates, better health and more intact families than native born Americans. While the children of immigrants suffer from racial discrimination and rising income inequality which also affects the native born, there is one area in which they face a specific barrier to their integration and well-being—legal status. Undocumented children and the citizen children of the undocumented show more psychological distress, lower educational attainment and other negative consequences stemming from their parents legal status. Universal policy solutions that address racial discrimination and income inequality are recommended. In addition, an appeal to human rights and to American shared moral values are suggested as a way forward to improve conditions for undocumented immigrants and their families and to reach a lasting solution to America’s immigration impasse.
Fruits of the Cross
Authors: Kendrick Robert L.
Published: May 2019

This study of some sixty-odd Italian-language music-theater pieces for Holy Week in seventeenth-century Vienna addresses the issues of Habsburg dynastic piety, memory and commemoration, Passion devotion, and political meaning in the works. It further considers some surprising conjunctions of poetic conceptualism in connection with surprising—and theatrical—musical techniques. The pieces were meant to be performed in front of a constructed replica of Christ’s tomb—hence their Italian sobriquet, sepolcri—and often with an additional stage-set. Flourishing during the reign of Emperor Leopold I (1657–1705), the genre was also indebted to the patronage and piety of the women around him, including his stepmother, the Dowager Empress Eleonora, his three wives, and several of his daughters. The libretti, many by the famed Nicolo Minato, show unusual textual strategies in the recollection of Christ’s Passion, as they are imagined to take place after his burial. But they also involve wider realms of the dynastic’s self-image, material possessions, and political ideology. Although both the texts and the music—the latter by a variety of composers, most notably Giovanni Felice Sances and Antonio Draghi, along with Leopold himself—are little studied today, they also combined in performance to provide a sonic enactment of mourning according to the most recent norms of Italian musical dramaturgy.
Introduction
Authors: Tsika Noah
Published: May 2019

The introduction considers some of the consequential intersections between Freudian psychoanalysis, military psychiatry, and documentary film in a period that predated the codification of war trauma as PTSD. At stake in its reevaluation of wartime and postwar military media is a broader understanding of how war trauma and psychotherapy were articulated in and through documentary and realist film. Situated at the intersection of trauma studies and documentary studies, the introduction considers some of the historically specific debates about, aspirations for, and uses of documentary as a vehicle for honoring, monitoring, understanding, publicizing, and even “working through” war trauma, while occasionally conceding trauma’s contradictory and intractable character.
“Casualties of the Spirit”
Authors: Tsika Noah
Published: May 2019

Through its diverse documentary devices, John Huston’s Army Signal Corps film Let There Be Light (1946) helped both to crystalize and to catalyze representations of combat trauma in the military as well as in Hollywood, serving as a key (if somewhat occluded) mediator between the two institutions. But it was far from the only military-produced documentary of the period to grapple, in observational fashion, with the effects of combat trauma, recording various therapeutic methods and enjoying a broad nontheatrical exhibition. Its institutional and filmic contexts form the subject of this chapter.
Marriage, Celibacy, and Pederasty
Authors: Cadenhead Raphael A.
Published: May 2019

Chapter 1 is the first chapter in part A of the book, “The Integrative Significance of the Body in the Life of Virtue,” which examines Gregory’s early ascetical theology, which covers a span of roughly seven years—from the composition of the De virginitate, his earliest work (371), to the death of his brother, Basil of Caesarea, in September 378. Chapter 1 begins with an analysis of Mark Hart’s essay on Gregory’s De virginitate, and makes the case for the integrative view of the virtues in the life of virginity. For Gregory, virginity is emblematic of the angelic life and the privileged point of entry into the life of virtue, but Christians who pursue the life of virginity must also eschew other vices, such as pride and hate. This leads onto an area of discussion that has been subject to considerable misunderstanding—the difference between the Platonic ideal of the chaste love of a man for an adolescent boy and Christian virginity. For Gregory, celibacy replicates the same spiritual outcomes as Platonic pederasty but removes the need for a physical example of beauty—the beloved—to redirect erotic desire toward the Form of beauty.
The Integration of the Virtues
Authors: Cadenhead Raphael A.
Published: May 2019

Chapter 2 highlights a potential methodological problem in recent commentaries on Gregory’s theorization of desire in which his discussion of sexual desire is treated as a self-contained area of moral reflection. According to Gregory’s rendition of the doctrine of the reciprocity of the virtues, the moderation of one’s sexual desires is placed within an overarching project of moral and spiritual transformation in which, as in Plato, physical sexual desire for other people is set in a spectrum of transformative possibilities en route to desire for the divine. This chapter argues that the reciprocity of the virtues is, for Gregory, not motivated by an abstract deliberation on the nature of the virtues (as some have suggested), but by the demands of uncompromising spiritual fidelity to Christ, which is the goal of the ascetic life.
Gregory’s Emerging Theory of Desire
Authors: Cadenhead Raphael A.
Published: May 2019

Having already established that erōs, for Gregory, needs to be redirected from material beauties to the true prototypical beauty of God, chapter 3 provides a more detailed analysis of key concepts in Gregory’s theory of desire: passion, moderation, the criterion of “need” in the ascetic life, and the disjunction between satiety and fulfillment. The aim of the chapter is to provide answers to two basic questions: What does the fundamental reorientation of erotic desire toward God mean for other (ostensibly nonsexual) desires? And how do we assess whether a bodily desire is legitimate or whether, on the contrary, it is excessive and thus to be avoided at all costs? The chapter ends with a brief discussion of the moral evocations of “male” and “female” characteristics.
A Modern Madrasa
Authors: Ingram Brannon D.
Published: May 2019

The first chapter situates the emergence of the Deoband movement within the aftermath of Indians’ failed uprising against the British in 1857. The chapter shows how the decline of first Mughal and then British patronage for Islamic learning, as well as the post-1857 British policy of noninterference in religious matters, opened up a space for Deobandi scholars to reconceive the seminary (madrasa) as a purely religious institution rather than one engaged in the production of civil servants, to reimagine the `ulama as stewards of public morality rather than professionals in the service of the state, and to reframe the knowledge they purveyed as religious knowledge distinct from the secular knowledge promoted by the British. It also shows how Islamic law functioned, in the absence of courts or judges, as a discourse for which mass-printed texts on Islamic belief and practice and the publishing of Islamic legal opinions (traditionally issued to judges but now issued directly to lay Muslims) were key.
A Bigger, Better Hawai‘i
Authors: Graham Wade
Published: May 2019

This chapter describes events from 1893 to 1957. The twentieth century began with Hawaii coming under outright control of the United States. In the years leading up to annexation, a series of steps brought the two polities closer: with each one came a renewed push for the sugar industry. New techniques of tapping groundwater to irrigate dry, leeward lands brought a surge of investment and expansion. Molokai beckoned the ambitious from across the channel, virgin territory ripe for the plow. A big, well-capitalized sugar enterprise was launched there, as well as a far more modest one. Both met problems with difficult environmental circumstances; both failed. In spite of these setbacks, corporate, and frequently outsider, control was extended over much of the island, and the very purposeful transformation of the landscape in support of their economic needs continued.
Setting the Stage
Authors: Finkelstein Ari
Published: May 2019

chapter 2 lays out the Antiochene setting prior to Julian’s arrival there in the late summer of 362. The chapter explores the cosmopolitan nature of Antioch and the embeddedness of Jews within the city and its territory, as well as their interactions with local Christians and Hellenes. Many Christians kept Jewish laws and worshipped in Jewish synagogues. There is also evidence that some Antiochene Hellenes celebrated Jewish holidays with Jews and Christians. Some may have considered the Jewish god to be the highest god. Julian’s arguments about Jews draw on their influential place in Antioch and are designed to interact with Jewish sites in its landscape and to alter how Christians and Hellenes understand these sites and Jewish practices.
Hebrews, Jews, and Judeans
Authors: Finkelstein Ari
Published: May 2019

chapter 3 situates Julian’s Against the
Galileans in the context of imperial ethnographic literature that constructs and positions Hebrews/Jews with Hellenes and Christians to define these ethnic entities. It examines Cyril of Alexandria’s Against Julian, the main source of our knowledge of Against the
Galileans and then places Julian in dialogue with Celsus, Origen, Porphyry of Tyre, and Eusebius of Caesarea, who all wrote about Jews in polemical or apologetic works. This comparison reveals the emperor’s methodology of using Jews as Judeans to shape Hellenic identity and weaken Christianity. This is especially apparent in Against the
Galileans, where Julian adopts Porphyry’s framework that Christians are truly heretical Jews, but he changes the content of his attack to shape Hellenic orthopraxy via his presentation of Jewish practices. Here Julian uses a Neoplatonist tactic of using Hebrews/Jews as sources for Hellenic wisdom. Responding to Eusebius, who argued that Jewish law and ethnicity is defunct after the destruction of the Jerusalem temple, Julian demonstrates that Jewish law remains efficacious and its continuity with Hebrew law proves that Jews are the true successors to the ancient Hebrews. Meanwhile, Christians are Galileans, a non-ethnos with no relation to the ancient Hebrews. This dynamic is repeated in the Letter to Theodorus, and its implications can be found in Julian’s other works about Jews.
The God of Jerusalem and His Temple
Authors: Finkelstein Ari
Published: May 2019

Chapter 6 explores the place Julian assigns the Jewish god in his divine order. His articulation and fixing of the Jewish god in his divine realm attempts to correct the Flavian dynasty’s mischaracterization of that order and restores the Judean ethnic god to his proper place. This endeavor realizes his ethnological arguments about Judeans in Galileans and occurs within a month of his publication of the Hymn to King Helios, in which he lays out Helios’s central place in the cosmic order. Julian’s various and sometimes contradictory characterizations of the Jewish god reveal his ambivalence over how close he ought to hold him. To rank the Jewish god too highly might collapse the boundaries between Jews and Hellenes and wreck his still fragile hellenizing program. The chapter concludes with a consideration of the impact on Christians of the replacement of Jesus with the Jewish god and the restoration of the temple.
Places of Uncertain Citizenship
Authors: Ryburn Megan
Published: May 2019

Chapter 2 moves from more theoretical discussion to focus on lived experiences of uncertain citizenship. Detailed ethnographic accounts are constructed of six “places of uncertain citizenship” inhabited by and passed through by the migrants whose stories form the center of the book. These are the Chile-Bolivia border crossing at Lago Chungará; inner-city migrant tenement housing in Santiago, Chile; warehouses where migrant workers live in Santiago and Arica, Chile; agricultural smallholdings in Arica, Chile; and the peri-urban area of Plan 3000 in Santa Cruz, Bolivia. These places are nodal points within overlapping transnational spaces of citizenship; they are physical manifestations of what it means to live uncertain citizenship.
Conclusion
Authors: Ryburn Megan
Published: May 2019

The conclusion reiterates the key contributions of the book with respect to developing the dual concepts of transnational spaces of citizenship and uncertain citizenship. It also widens the scope of the book, suggesting that living uncertain citizenship is not uncommon for many migrants globally. It finds, however, that this analytic allows for both recognition and promotion of incremental steps that can be taken toward increased inclusion in transnational spaces of citizenship.
Prophet of Doom
Authors: Braverman Irus
Published: May 2019

Ove Hoegh-Guldberg is the inaugural director of the Global Change Institute and a professor of marine science at the University of Queensland, Australia. He has held academic positions at the University of California, Los Angeles, Stanford University, and the University of Sydney, and is a member of the Australian Climate Group and the Royal Society (London) Marine Advisory Network. In 1999, he was awarded the Eureka Prize for his scientific research. I interviewed Hoegh-Guldberg twice: once at the early stage of my fieldwork (February 25, 2015) and again more than two years later (May 22, 2017). I also met him in Waikiki, Hawai’i, on June 23, 2016. The following text is an edited compilation of our conversations. Hoegh-Guldberg has been cautioning about the impacts of climate change on coral reefs since the 1990s and has lobbied politicians on this front for many years. I couldn’t envision writing a chapter on global bleaching without foregrounding his narrative....
The Animal Commons
Authors: Sharp Lesley A.
Published: May 2019

As demonstrated in chapter 4, animal caretakers may engage in rescue work of live animals and engage in memorial practices for deceased ones. In this chapter, I consider the still other responses I encountered among researchers who seek to reduce the numbers of animals culled and killed for science. Associated practices arise most often in contexts marked by scarcity (for instance, of research materials or infrastructure, funding, or animals). As demonstrated by an ethics case study that opens the chapter, the sharing of animals is widely condemned by regulatory bodies that oversee lab animal welfare. Nevertheless, I have found that animal sharing occurs in labs, and it is framed as a moral practice that takes animal worth into account. I consider such moral reasoning as offering evidence of yet another form of specialized rescue work that fosters an emergent “animal commons,” where associated practices are reminiscent of open-source data sharing in genetics and still other research domains of science.