bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Charts for Fuselage Torsion Versus Control-Surface Flutter
Authors: Thomson W. T.
Published: December 2022

Charts for evaluating the allowable unbalance in the control-surface product of inertia for tail flutter involving fuselage torsion are presented. The basic theory, assumptions, and limitations are fully discussed.
Gasoline Explosion Pressures
Authors: Plesset M. S. , Gilmore F. R.
Published: December 2022

A numerical method is outlined which permits the calculation of the temperatures and pressures obtained when mixtures of air and aviation-gasoline vapor are exploded in a closed chamber. The calculations use basic thermo-dynamic data to determine the final equilibrium state of the air and gasoline mixtures after combustion. Similar calculations have been carried out previously by other investigators, but only for a limited range of mixture ratios. Experimental measurements of the explosion pressures were made using an explosion bomb with a strain-gage pressure pickup. The measured pressures were of the same order of magnitude as the calculated pressures, but in general were somewhat above the theoretical values. Some possible explanations for this trend are discussed in the text.
Heat Transfer From a Cylindrical Surface to Air in Parallel Flow With and Without Unheated Starting Sections
Authors: Jakob Max , Dow W. M.
Published: December 2022

The present investigation sponsored by the Illinois Institute of Technology, Armour Research Foundation, and Institute of Gas Technology, deals with the heat transfer of air in parallel flow to a surface, a process of great practical importance which, for instance, occurs with all kinds of fins or on the skin of an airplane in flight. Previous knowledge of that process was based on a few sets of experiments which were performed with plane surfaces and led to a considerably higher heat transfer than a reliable theory, due to H. Latzko. In particular, the influence of nonheated starting sections seemed to require a new investigation. Compared with the use of plane plates by previous investigators, the use of an electrically heated cylindrical specimen has the following advantages: A cylinder can be easily placed in the center of an air jet and is free of the edge losses of a plate; for both reasons, air jets of moderate diameter can be used. Uniform heating is easier to provide, heat losses to the back are easier to control, and noses of different shape and cylindrical starting sections can readily be used for studying the behavior of the so-called boundary layer of the fluid which is developing along the surface, first streamlined and then turbulent, and in which all resistance against heat transfer is concentrated. The experiments were performed with specimens of 1.3 in. diam and 9 to 20 in. total length, the ratio of the heated length to the total length being varied from 40 to 90 per cent. Spherical, ellipsoidal, and conical nosepieces were used. The air velocity was varied from 10 to 150 fps and it is assumed that the results can be theoretically extrapolated above sound velocity, using the principle of similarity.
Some Effects of Work Positioning When Face-Milling Steel
Authors: Lucht Fred W.
Published: December 2022

All of the work that has been done and all of the observations which have been made to date on the subject of face-milling steel with carbide cutters have indicated clearly that the longest cutter life is obtained when (1) the cutters have double negative rake angles, and (2) the full depth of cut is taken along some definite corner angle. Until recently, not much thought had been given to the positioning of the work in relation to the cutter, and only in limited cases has any consideration been given to the fact that the radial engagement angle between the face of the tooth and the edge of the work where the cutting edge enters it should be negative. Milling operations are frequently found where the diameter of the face mill is too small to permit the proper positioning of the work to a setting which gives longest cutter life. Under such a condition, there seems to be no definite means available which will assist in determining the diameter of a face mill capable of producing the maximum number of pieces per grind. This problem of determining optimum cutter diameter for a given face-milling job, and the proper positioning of the workpiece in relation to the cutter, led to a series of studies, the results of which are reported in this paper.
A Graphical Determination of Unshielded-Thermocouple Thermal Correction
Authors: Rohsenow W. M.
Published: December 2022

This paper presents a simple and rapid method for determining the thermal error of an unshielded thermo-couple, with slide-rule precision.
Resistance of Nickel-Containing Alloys to Corrosives Encountered in the Petroleum Refineries
Authors: Morton B. B.
Published: December 2022

Production of bulk gasoline in a modern petroleum refinery is accompanied by corrosion during topping and cracking from sulphur and from weak hydrochloric acid which is formed from salts in the crude. Organic acids such as naphthenics are also often present and are quite corrosive. Solutions of refinery corrosion problems are considered in this paper.
Rotary-Pump Theory
Authors: Wilson W. E.
Published: December 2022

A theory describing the performance of rotary positive-displacement pumps and fluid motors in terms of torque and delivery is presented. From the equations for these two quantities, expressions for power input and power output are developed. The concept of torque efficiency as a complement to the concept of volumetric efficiency is introduced. Equations are developed for the volumetric, torque, and over-all efficiencies. Three operating ranges are identified by outstanding characteristics of the performance in each case. Performance charts in dimensionless form are presented and analyzed. Tests on a conventional gear pump operated as a fluid motor yield data which substantiate the theory in one operating range. Additional tests on a cam-type pump give data confirming the predictions of the theory concerning the performance when pumping oils of high viscosity. Alterations of the physical dimensions of the unit are discussed in terms of effect on the performance characteristics. The possibility of the design of units with optimum dimensions is indicated.
Special Studies of the Feedwater-Steam System of the 2000-Psi Boiler at Somerset Station of Montaup Electric Company
Authors: Bissell W. D. , Cross B. J. , White H. E.
Published: December 2022

In conjunction with other studies on the high-pressure forced-circulation boiler at the Somerset Station of the Montaup Electric Company during the past 3 years, tests to determine, particularly, the extent of dissolution of iron throughout the system, and the formation of high-iron sludges were made. A summary of the findings of this investigation are given in this paper.
Water Conditioning for the 2000-Psi Boiler at the Somerset Station of Montaup Electric Company
Authors: Cerna W. W. , Scott R. K.
Published: December 2022

Considerable interest has been aroused in the chemical treatment used for the high-pressure boiler at the Somerset Station of the Montaup Electric Company. The theoretical aspects of the present treatment, which has been in use since January 1, 1944, are given in a paper by Hall. Details of the results obtained with the different types of treatment used on this boiler have been given in a paper by Parks. It is largely the purpose of this paper to present the reasons for the various methods of chemical treatment which have been used, and for the changes made, which have resulted in stabilization of the boiler-water conditioning since January 1, 1944.
Experience With Instruments and Control Equipment for 2000-Psi Boiler at Somerset Station of Montaup Electric Company
Authors: Bissell W. D. , Powell E. B.
Published: December 2022

This paper presents comprehensive descriptions and operating experiences with the instruments and control equipment as applied to the high-pressure high-capacity boiler of the Somerset Station. Details are given not only of the completely automatic operating and control equipment but also of the indicating and recording instruments which enable the operators to follow constantly the operating conditions of the boiler and thus permit immediate manual adjustment when the need is indicated.
Conversion of Measurements of Power Output of Diesel Engines to Standard Atmospheric Conditions
Authors: Elliott Martin A.
Published: December 2022

This report presents and analyzes data obtained on the effect of ambient or atmospheric conditions on the power output of three normally aspirated commercial four-stroke-cycle Diesel engines. Different ambient conditions were simulated by maintaining the desired pressure in each of two surge tanks, one connected to the intake and one connected to the exhaust of the engine. The simulated absolute pressures ranged from 20 to 30 in. of mercury. Most of the tests were made at the prevailing atmospheric temperature but a series of tests with one engine was made at an intake temperature of approximately 230 F. Analysis of the results showed that an algebraic relation could be obtained between so-called “derived indicated efficiency” and fuel:air ratio. This relation is independent of ambient conditions and is used in the development of rational procedures for correcting measurements of power output made at existing test atmospheric conditions to any arbitrarily selected standard ambient condition. Using certain of the basic relations developed, an expression was derived for computing the brake horsepower of an engine at any ambient density and rate of fuel consumption. Computed values were within 0.7 hp of values determined experimentally. The report also reviews previous work in the field and indicates the need for further work to obtain the complete solution of the problem desired by the A.S.M.E. Special Research Committee on Internal-Combustion Engines.
Relation Between the Impact and Flexural Tests for Molded Plastics
Authors: Welch L. E. , Quackenbos H. M.
Published: December 2022

A theoretical treatment of the phenomena of impact is presented which indicates that rupture under dynamic stress-strain conditions results from the same basic considerations as those governing static or flexural failure. This thesis is proved experimentally by reducing the problem to one of stress rather than the usual method of energy evaluation. When this is done with the aid of newly developed high-speed electronic techniques, it is conclusively demonstrated that impact loading is merely a special case of static loading whereby the stress-strain conditions are identical except for a slight elevation in strength under dynamic conditions. It is shown that the existing methods of impact-strength evaluation such as the standard Izod and Charpy tests lead to erroneous results since the machines in use are apparently of too light a construction, and the technique is oversimplified. It is suggested that the static flexural-test technique when properly carried out to evaluate the energy required for fracture and the notch sensitivity, is sufficient to predict the service characteristics of essentially brittle materials under conditions of both static and impact loading.
Comparative Graphitization of Some Low-Carbon Steels With and Without Molybdenum and Chromium
Authors: Smith G. V. , Brambir S. H. , Benz W. G.
Published: December 2022

Study of several experimental heats of steel containing 0.5 per cent molybdenum and up to 1.20 per cent chromium showed that in steels containing 0.5 per cent or more of chromium, no graphitization occurred in 3000 hr at 1025 F; but this finding requires confirmation by study of additional heats, particularly of commercial manufacture. Additional studies relating to the effect of deoxidation practice, particularly in plain carbon steels, and of the effect of posttreatment of welds on graphitization are described.
Graphitization in Some Cast Steels
Authors: Smith A. J. , Urban J. B. , Bolton J. W.
Published: December 2022

Field service and controlled laboratory experiments have demonstrated that it is not possible to insure against graphitization of carbon-molybdenum steel through any of the controlled procedures of melting and deoxidation practice or heat-treatment. It is probable that freedom from graphitization is to be sought through the use of alloy additions which confer greater stability to the carbide. A hypothesis has been put forth concerning the mode of graphitization based upon the observed graphitization behavior of both plain-carbon and carbon-moly steels. Use has been made of this hypothesis to explain the resistance to graphitization of the nickel-chromemoly steels. The experimental evidence would appear to indicate that the hypothesis is substantially correct.
A Better Method of Representing and Studying Water-Turbine Performance
Authors: Sutherland R. A.
Published: December 2022

The author indicates that the contour form of turbine-efficiency diagram has advantages in giving a clearer picture of performance than the usual efficiency curves. An example illustrates that several different variables can be shown on such diagrams. Formulas are derived for finding the discharge diameters of runners and are illustrated by examples. A simple method of determining the mutual influence of turbine speed and water hammer during transient conditions is illustrated by an example. Finally, the operating stability of a water turbine supplying an independent load is brought forward for discussion.
Nantahala Turbine
Authors: Growdon J. P. , Terry R. V. , Gnuse H. H.
Published: December 2022

The Nantahala plant of the Nantahala Power and Light Company is located near Franklin, N. C., and was designed by the Aluminum Company of America. The 60,000-hp hydraulic turbine operates under 925 ft rated net head at 450 rpm. The static head on the plant of 1008 ft is the highest for any reaction-type turbine installed in the United States. The design and construction of this turbine and butterfly valve are described, followed by results of the field tests. Operation and maintenance work undertaken since the unit was installed are frankly discussed. The field tests showed an efficiency of 93.7 per cent. Considerable stainless steel was used in the original installation and its use has been greatly extended since the unit was placed in operation.
Mechanical Oscillators and Their Electrical Synchronization
Authors: Herwald S. W. , Gemmell R. W. , Lazan B. J.
Published: December 2022

Mechanical oscillators provide an excellent means for obtaining structural serviceability tests. The adjustable-while-running type is particularly flexible. With it the answers to certain fundamentally difficult problems can be obtained quickly. The electrical system presented provides accurate remote control of frequency and phase angle between forces of two or more mechanical oscillators. In addition, means are incorporated for changing and indicating remotely the amount of unbalance of each oscillator unit. Rototrol units used with electronic and magnetic controls are the basic elements of this precise servomechanism.
Electromagnetic Torquemeter
Authors: Hively M. W. , Livermore D. F.
Published: December 2022

The electromagnetic torquemeter is a dynamometer of the transmission type. A calibrated shaft unit is directly connected in the rotating shaft where the torque is to be measured. This paper describes a slip-ring type of torquemeter in which the small torsional deflections in the shaft unit are measured by electromagnetic-gage elements and associated electrical components to give a continuous direct reading of torque with an accuracy of 1 per cent of full-scale torque. By proper mechanical and electrical design, effects of centrifugal forces and changes in brush resistance are held to negligible values. Several torquemeters of this type are now in use. They cover a range of 250 lb-ft at 8000 rpm to 10,000 lb-ft at 400 rpm. The same general torquemeter principle is readily applicable to much higher torque ranges.
Taking the Mystery Out of the Kadenacy System of Scavenging Diesel Engines
Authors: Schweitzer P. H. , Van Overbeke C. W. , Manson L.
Published: December 2022

The “Kadenacy effect” of the Diesel-engine exhaust is utilized to create a vacuum in the cylinder for introducing the fresh charge. The result of the application of this system is exemplified in tests in 1939, of a converted Junkers opposed-piston engine in which the power was raised from 11 to 25 hp, or an increase of 130 per cent. This was accomplished solely by changing the characteristics of the inlet and exhaust ports and passages in accordance with the Kadenacy patents. However, the theory expounded by the inventor has been subject to question, as the authors explain, and while the results are entirely matters of record, the phenomenon can be accounted for by conventional thermodynamics based upon simple adiabatic expansion. This fact the authors have demonstrated by experiment. The formulas derived check closely with those of Kadenacy but they are based upon a more rational approach to the problem than Kadenacy’s contention that supersonic velocities are involved in the exhaust process.
Bavarian Motor Works Altitude-Test Facilities
Authors: Stoeckly E. E.
Published: December 2022

Several large-capacity high-altitude low-temperature test chambers for aircraft-engine work were constructed during the war. The present paper describes in some detail the equipment and operation of the first of these at the Bavarian Motor Works.
Peanut-Meal Plywood Glue
Authors: Burnett R. S. , Parker E. D.
Published: December 2022

In this paper the results are given of work done at the Southern Regional Research Laboratory in which specifications were established for peanut meal for use in preparing plywood glue. A satisfactory formula has been developed. Joint tests show that the peanut-meal glue meets the requirements established for casein and casein-type glues. Comparisons of peanut-meal glues with other water-resistant glues are made.
Cutting Action of Reamers
Authors: Githens T. F.
Published: December 2022

The cutting action of reamers resembles in many ways the cutting action of boring tools or twist drills. There is a common misconception that a reamer somehow gets into a hole and then scrapes the hole to size by means of its longitudinal cutting teeth. What really happens is that a reamer, a small amount larger than the hole to be finished, must cut its way into the hole by its entering teeth; and then produce a smoothly finished hole, round, straight, in proper alignment, and as near to the standard reamer size as possible. Reamers are provided with three kinds of clearance, point, peripheral, and longitudinal. Reamers can be made with combinations of positive, negative, and zero radial and axial rakes. The angle of the point and the feed per revolution affect the true rake angle of the cutting edge. Reamers must be kept sharp. The standard reamer made accurately to size and carefully used to produce a standard hole has been the most important factor in interchangeable manufacture. All classes of fit can be made by proper allowance on the shaft and the maintenance of the dependable standard hole produced by the standard reamers. These and other facts concerning reamers are explained in this paper.
Pulsation and Its Effect on Flowmeters
Authors: Lindahl E. J.
Published: December 2022

Flowmeter readings are apt to be seriously in error if the fluid flowing through the meter is subjected to rapid recurring variations in velocity or pressure or both. Flow having these variations is thought of as being “pulsating flow.” Much thought has been given to pulsating flow or pulsation and much has been written about it. It is the intention of this paper to bring together some of the results which have been published.
Inhibition of the atomic layer deposition of ZnO and SnO2 using a vapor-based polymer thin film
Authors: Feougier Raphaël , Guerin Chloe , Jousseaume Vincent
Published: December 2022

Area-selective atomic layer deposition (AS-ALD) of thin films is considered as a promising approach to reduce the manufacturing costs of integrated devices and continue their miniaturization. In this work, the ALD growth of ZnO is studied using a polymeric inhibiting layer deposited by initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD). It is shown that poly(neopentyl methacrylate) [P(npMA)] is a very good inhibiting layer for ALD growth of zinc oxide from diethylzinc and water. For example, 12 nm of P(npMA) permit us to inhibit up to 100 nm of ZnO. The need for a minimum polymer thickness due to possible diffusion of the precursor in the polymer layer is also highlighted. Finally, our work shows that the same iCVD polymer can also inhibit the ALD growth of SnO2. This work paves the way for the realization of AS-ALD of transparent conducting oxide using a full vacuum-based approach.
Hypoxia deactivates epigenetic feedbacks via enzyme-derived clicking proteolysis-targeting chimeras
Authors: Do Thang Cong , Lau Jun Wei , Sun Caixia , Liu Songhan , Kha Khoa Tuan , Lim Seok Ting , Oon Yu Yang , Kwan Yuet Ping , Ma Jia Jia , Mu Yuguang , Liu Xiaogang , Carney Thomas James , Wang Xiaomeng , Xing Bengang
Published: December 2022

Epigenetic mediation through bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) proteins have progressively translated protein imbalance into effective cancer treatment. Perturbation of druggable BET proteins through proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) has recently contributed to the discovery of effective therapeutics. Unfortunately, precise and microenvironment-activatable BET protein degradation content with promising tumor selectivity and pharmacological suitability remains elusive. Here, we present an enzyme-derived clicking PROTACs (ENCTACs) capable of orthogonally cross-linking two disparate small-molecule warhead ligands that recognize BET bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) protein and E3 ligase within tumors only upon hypoxia-induced activation of nitroreductase enzyme. This localized formation of heterobifunctional degraders promotes specific down-regulation of BRD4, which subsequently alters expression of epigenetic targets and, therefore, allows precise modulation of hypoxic signaling in live cells, zebrafish, and living mice with solid tumors. Our activation-feedback system demonstrates compelling superiorities and may enable the PROTAC technology with more flexible practicality and druggable potency for precision medicine in the near future.
Molecular Mechanisms of Poxvirus Evolution
Authors: Brennan Greg , Stoian Ana M. M. , Yu Huibin , Rahman M. Julhasur , Banerjee Shefali , Stroup Jeannine N. , Park Chorong , Tazi Loubna , Rothenburg Stefan
Published: December 2022

Poxviruses are often thought to evolve relatively slowly because they are double-stranded DNA pathogens with proofreading polymerases. However, poxviruses have highly adaptable genomes and can undergo relatively rapid genotypic and phenotypic change, as illustrated by the recent increase in human-to-human transmission of monkeypox virus.
Patterns of Heterochromatin Transitions Linked to Changes in the Expression of Plasmodium falciparum Clonally Variant Genes
Authors: Michel-Todó Lucas , Bancells Cristina , Casas-Vila Núria , Rovira-Graells Núria , Hernández-Ferrer Carles , González Juan R. , Cortés Alfred
Published: December 2022

The survival of malaria parasites in the changing human blood environment largely depends on their ability to alter gene expression by epigenetic mechanisms. The active state of
Plasmodium falciparum
clonally variant genes (CVGs) is associated with euchromatin characterized by the histone mark H3K9ac, whereas the silenced state is characterized by H3K9me3-based heterochromatin.
The Late Triassic Longmenshan lateral foreland thrusting: New insights from geological evidence and 3-D particle discrete-element simulation
Authors: Zhao Haonan , Zhang Yuanyuan , Du Wei , Zhang Yang , Zhou Renjie , Guo Zhaojie
Published: December 2022

This work proposes a new lateral foreland thrusting model based on geological evidence and 3-D particle discrete-element simulation to explain the Longmenshan southeastward thrusting during the closure of the Songpan-Ganze basin. The Late Triassic NE−SW compression caused by the northward movement of the Qiangtang Block and the resulting differential shortening within the wedge-shaped Songpan-Ganze terrane produced southeastward topographic gradient. The thick sedimentary pile, driven by the horizontal tectonic force and the deviatoric stress generated from gravitational effect, and decoupled from the subducting basement by the low-strength décollement, was laterally extruded and resulted in the southeastward Longmenshan thrusting. Therefore, the Longmenshan thrust belt is a lateral foreland thrust belt of the Songpan-Ganze terrane. For the first time, 3-D particle discrete-element simulation was used for the geological study of the Longmenshan area, and it clearly reproduces the dynamical process of the Longmenshan southeastward thrusting and well predicts the Xiaojin Arcuate Zone. The particle discrete-element simulation results verify the new model and reveal that two key factors facilitate the lateral foreland thrusting: the wedge-shaped geometry that produces differential shortening and lateral topographic gradient, and the low-strength décollement that decouples the extruded sedimentary pile from the basement. The lateral foreland thrust belt, which is unique in its tectonic location and dynamic behavior, is a new kind of foreland thrust belt that is different from the pro-foreland and retro-foreland thrust belts, and it provides new insight into the tectonic evolution of collisional orogens.
Estimation of the Propagation Time of the Solar Wind Pressure Pulse between a Shock Wave and the Magnetopause Based on Simultaneous Satellite and Ground-Based Observations
Authors: Safargaleev V. V.
Published: December 2022

The propagation of solar wind inhomogeneities through the transition region between the bow shock front and the daytime magnetopause is an important link in the chain of solar-terrestrial connections. We analyzed a unique situation when two THEMIS satellites were near the bow shock during the solar wind pressure pulse, and the favorable location of the ground-based magnetometric equipment made it possible to determine the time of the solar wind impact on the magnetopause with greater accuracy than it was done previously. Based on the measurements, the propagation time of sudden impulse (SI) in the magnetosheath was estimated. The obtained value (~1 min) agrees with model calculations, but turns out to be 2–3 times less than that previously obtained by other authors also from satellite and ground-based observations. The propagation velocity of the solar wind in the magnetosheath (~280 km/s), the displacement velocity of the bow shock front to the Earth (~80 km/s), and the thickness of the magnetosheath at the location of the satellites (2.6–3.9RE) are determined.
PFD-SENTINEL: Development of a screening tool for pelvic floor dysfunction in female athletes through an international Delphi consensus
Authors: Giagio Silvia , Salvioli Stefano , Innocenti Tiziano , Gava Giulia , Vecchiato Marco , Pillastrini Paolo , Turolla Andrea
Published: December 2022

To develop a screening tool for pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD) in female athletes for use by sports medicine clinicians (eg, musculoskeletal/sports physiotherapists, sports and exercise medicine physicians), which guides referral to a PFD specialist (eg, pelvic floor/women’s health physiotherapist, gynaecologist, urogynaecologist, urologist).

Between February and April 2022, an international two-round modified Delphi study was conducted to assess expert opinion on which symptoms, risk factors and clinical and sports-related characteristics (items) should be included in a screening tool. We defined consensus a priori as >67% response agreement to pass each round.

41 and 34 experts participated in rounds 1 and 2, respectively. Overall, seven general statements were endorsed as relevant by most participants highlighting the importance of screening for PFD in female athletes. Through consensus, the panel developed the Pelvic Floor Dysfunction-ScrEeNing Tool IN fEmale athLetes (PFD-SENTINEL) and agreed to a cluster of PFD symptoms (n=5) and items (risk factors, clinical and sports-related characteristics; n=28) that should prompt specialist care. A clinical algorithm was also created: a direct referral is recommended when at least one symptom or 14 items are reported. If these thresholds are not reached, continuous monitoring of the athlete’s health is indicated.

Despite increasing awareness and clinical relevance, barriers to identify PFD in female athletes are still present. The PFD-SENTINEL is a new resource for sports medicine clinicians who regularly assess female athletes and represents the first step towards early PFD identification and management. Further studies to validate the tool are needed.
New sports, COVID-19 and the heat: sports injuries and illnesses in the Tokyo 2020 Summer Olympics
Authors: Soligard Torbjørn , Palmer Debbie , Steffen Kathrin , Lopes Alexandre Dias , Grek Natalia , Onishi Kentaro , Shimakawa Tomoyuki , Grant Marie-Elaine , Mountjoy Margo , Budgett Richard , Engebretsen Lars
Published: December 2022

Objective

To describe the incidence of injuries and illnesses sustained during the Tokyo Summer Olympic Games from 23 July to 8 August 2021.

Methods

We recorded the daily number of athlete injuries and illnesses (1) through the reporting of all National Olympic Committee (NOC) medical teams and (2) in the polyclinic and medical venues by the Tokyo 2020 medical staff.

Results

In total, 11 315 athletes (5423 women, 48%; 5892 men, 52%) from 206 NOCs were followed up prospectively for the occurrence of injury and illness. NOC and Tokyo 2020 medical staff reported 1035 injuries and 438 illnesses, equalling 9.1 injuries and 3.9 illnesses per 100 athletes over the 17-day period. Altogether, 9% of the athletes incurred at least one injury and 4% at least one illness. The incidence of injury was highest in boxing (27%), BMX racing (27%), BMX freestyle (22%), skateboarding (21%), karate (19%) and handball (18%), of which both BMX freestyle and skateboarding were new events, and lowest in diving, road cycling, rowing, marathon swimming and shooting (1–2%). Marathon and artistic swimming presented the highest illness incidences (both 8%), followed by skateboarding and karate (both 7%). In the study period, COVID-19 affected 18 athletes, accounting for 4% of all illnesses and 0.16% of all athletes. Exertional heat illness affected 78 athletes (18% of all illnesses, 0.7% of all athletes), the majority (88%) resulting in no time lost from sport.

Conclusion

Overall, 9% of the athletes incurred an injury and 4% an illness during the Games. Comprehensive countermeasures helped mitigate both COVID-19 and exertional heat illnesses.
C–H arylation enables synthesis of imidazole-4-carboxamide (ICA) based fairy chemicals with plant growth-promoting activity
Authors: Ueda Ayaka , Amaike Kazuma , Shirotani Yoko , Warstat Robin , Ito Hideto , Choi Jae-Hoon , Kawagishi Hirokazu , Itami Kenichiro
Published: December 2022

Imidazole-4-carboxamide (ICA), which is one of the groups of “fairy chemicals” (FCs) that cause the fairy ring phenomena, has plant growth inhibitory activity. FCs have the potential as candidates for a new family of plant hormones as they have been found endogenously in all plant species tested and show growth-regulating activities against the plants. While basic research on FCs is progressing, they are also expected to be applied not only to agrochemicals but also as pharmaceuticals. Derivatization of one of the FCs, 2-azahypoxanthine, and the structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies have clarified its activity as a plant growth promoter. Yet, ICA has not been derivatized at all and SAR regarding its activity remains unknown. In this study, we synthesized the derivatives of ICA by direct C–H arylation of ICA precursors and evaluated its activity in rice. The 12 total compounds including the arylated ICAs and their precursors were evaluated for root and shoot elongation in rice, resulting in the discovery that a number of compounds unexpectedly have an elongation activity in the root and shoot.
Exponential Stability of Stochastic Inertial Cohen–Grossberg Neural Networks
Authors: Zhang Yuehong , Li Zhiying , Jiang Wangdong , Liu Wei
Published: December 2022

In this paper, we adopt two methods to study the problem. Initially, directly from the second-order differential equation, we obtain a sufficient condition (SC) for the mean square exponential stability (MSES) of the system at the equilibrium point by constructing a suitable function and applying some properties of calculus. Thereafter, the system is transformed into a vector form, using the basic solution matrix of linear differential equation, constructing a piecewise function and using the generalized Halanay one-dimensional delay differential inequality, another SC is given for the P-moment exponential stability (PMES) of the system at the equilibrium point. Finally, two examples are used to investigate the correctness and demonstrate that each SC has own advantage, the suitable theorem can be selected according to the parameters.
OBSERVER-BASED SYNCHRONIZATION OF TIME-DELAY COMPLEX-VARIABLE CHAOTIC SYSTEMS WITH COMPLEX PARAMETERS
Authors: LIANG JIANCHAO , LIU JIAN , CHEN GUANRONG
Published: December 2022

Time-delay and unavailability of system states bring extra difficulties to synchronization of chaotic systems. This paper investigates observer-based synchronization of time-delay complex-variable chaotic systems (CVCSs) with complex parameters. Differing from the existing works that considered time delay only in the linear term of some special CVCSs, the two cases of time delay in and out of nonlinear terms in general CVCSs are considered here, respectively. In addition, for the case that system states are not available for control, an observer-based output feedback control approach is developed to estimate the system states and guarantee the time-delay CVCSs to achieve synchronization. Moreover, by combining Lyapunov–Krasovskii function with linear matrix inequality in the complex field, two sufficient criteria are derived to ensure complete synchronization of time-delay CVCSs. Finally, a numerical example is presented to illustrate the theoretical results.
Understanding English School’s Contributions to the International Relations
Authors: Ma Zhenhao , Wu Jie
Published: December 2022

As an integral part of International Relations (IR) theories, English School reflects the thinking of international affairs from Britain and other non-American countries in the West. The emergence of English School is the result of the split of IR academia after World War II and the extensive debate related with the behaviorist revolution in 1950–1960s. On the one hand, English School adopts a holistic method and then elaborates the notion “international society” as its label. On the other hand, compared with constructivism, English School is quite different in terms of adoption of the historical approach.
Universal almost Optimal Compression and Slepian-wolf Coding in Probabilistic Polynomial Time
Authors: Bauwens* Bruno , Zimand Marius
Published: December 2022

In a lossless compression system with target lengths, a compressor 𝒞 maps an integer
m
and a binary string
x
to an
m
-bit code
p
, and if
m
is sufficiently large, a decompressor 𝒟 reconstructs
x
from
p
. We call a pair (
m,x
)
achievable
for (𝒞,𝒟) if this reconstruction is successful. We introduce the notion of an optimal compressor 𝒞
opt
by the following universality property: For any compressor-decompressor pair (𝒞,𝒟), there exists a decompressor 𝒟
′
such that if
(m,x)
is achievable for (𝒞,𝒟), then (
m
+ Δ ,
x
) is achievable for (𝒞
opt
, 𝒟
′
), where Δ is some small value called the overhead. We show that there exists an optimal compressor that has only polylogarithmic overhead and works in probabilistic polynomial time. Differently said, for any pair (𝒞,𝒟), no matter how slow 𝒞 is, or even if 𝒞 is non-computable, 𝒞

opt

is a fixed compressor that in polynomial time produces codes almost as short as those of 𝒞. The cost is that the corresponding decompressor is slower.

We also show that each such optimal compressor can be used for distributed compression, in which case it can achieve optimal compression rates as given in the Slepian–Wolf theorem and even for the Kolmogorov complexity variant of this theorem.
Use of the Vascular Overload Index to Predict Cardiovascular Disease in a Rural Population of China
Authors: Wang Chang , Shi Chuning , Liu Songyue , Geng Danxi , Sun Yingxian
Published: December 2022

Objective. To explore the relationship between vascular overload index (VOI) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in rural population and find effective ways to prevent cardiovascular disease in rural low‐income populations. Methods. The data for this study was obtained from a large cohort study called the Northeast China Rural Cardiovascular Health Study (NCRCHS) conducted in 2013 and followed up during 2015‐2018. 10,174 subjects completed at least one follow‐up visit. Cox regression equation was used to explore whether VOI and cardiovascular disease were independently related. The Kaplan‐Meier curves were used to calculate the cumulative incidence of any adverse outcome, and the log‐rank test and restrict mean survival analysis were used to compare group differences. Reclassification and discrimination statistics were used to determine whether VOI could strengthen the ability of the model to predict CVD events. Results. The prevalence of CVD in the VOI quartiles was 1.92%, 3.96%, 5.42%, and 11.34% for Q1–Q4, respectively (P for trend <0.001). After adjusting for multiple confounders, there was a 2.466‐fold increased risk of CVD when comparing the highest and lowest groups. Besides, this study found that for every standard deviation increase, the results still exist. The risk of cardiovascular disease increased by 1.358‐fold in this model. The restrict mean survival analysis results show that with the increase of VOI, the restrict mean survival time (RMST) within 5 years gradually became shorter. Reclassification and discrimination statistics indicated that VOI significantly enhanced the ability to estimate CVD events within 4 years. Conclusion. Analyses showed that VOI was significantly associated with CVD. VOI is a simple and accurate prognostic marker of CVD risk, which has the potential ability to improve the risk stratification of CVD.
Inhibition of Kv7/M Channel Currents by Fangchinoline
Authors: Li Han , Geng DanDan , Zheng Rong , Wang Runmeng , Li Yaning , Liu Yidong , Jia Qingzhong , Zhang Fan
Published: December 2022

Introduction: Voltage-gated Kv7/M potassium channels play an essential role in the control of membrane potential and neuronal excitability. Fangchinoline, a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid, displays extensive biological activities including antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and antihypertension effects. In this study, we investigated the effects of fangchinoline on Kv7/M channels. Methods: A perforated whole-cell patch technique was used to record Kv7 currents from HEK293 cells and M-type currents from mouse dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Results: Fangchinoline inhibited Kv7.2/Kv7.3 currents in a concentration-dependent manner, with an IC50 of 9.5 ± 1.2 μM. Fangchinoline significantly inhibited Kv7.1, Kv7.2, Kv7.3, Kv7.4, and Kv7.3/Kv7.5 channels without selective effects. Furthermore, fangchinoline significantly slowed the activation of Kv7.1-Kv7.5 channels and inhibited native M-channel currents of DRG neurons. Conclusion: Taken together, our findings indicate that fangchinoline concentration-dependently inhibited Kv7/M channel currents.
Oral Administration of Artemisia argyi Polysaccharide Increases Estrogen Level and Maintains Blood Lipid Homeostasis in Ovariectomized Rats
Authors: Zhang Pengfei , Sun Huimin , Yang Dexin , Wang Yuanyuan , Cheng Jiejuan , Zeng Changchun
Published: December 2022

Introduction: Artemisia argyi polysaccharide (AAP) has a beneficial effect on menstruation-related symptoms and the potential regulation of lipid metabolism. It is expected to be a safe and effective ingredient for estrogen deficiency and lipid metabolic disorders. Here, we investigate the effect of AAP on body weight gain, estrogen level, and blood lipid changes in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Methods: Thirty-six female Wistar rats were randomly divided into six treatment groups, including a sham-operated (Sham) group, OVX group, estrogen replacement (OVX + E2) group, and AAP treatment (OVX + 125, 250, 500 mg/kg AAP) group. The body weight and feed intake were recorded every week. The level of estrogen and blood lipid was determined. The gene expressions and protein expressions of estrogen receptors (ERs), fatty acid synthetase (FAS), acetyl CoA carboxylase 2 (ACC2), and 3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) were determined. Results: AAP treatment significantly decreased the body weight gain and average daily food intake of rats in the OVX group. Treatment with AAP significantly increased the relative weight of the uterus, plasma estrogen level, and the gene expression and protein expression of ER-α in the uterus. For blood lipids, plasma levels of triglyceride, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were significantly reduced by AAP treatment in OVX rats. AAP treatment decreased the expression of FAS and HMGR in the liver of OVX rats. Furthermore, AAP treatment significantly increased the gene expression of ACC2, the protein expression of P-ACC2, and the ratio of P-ACC2/ACC2. Conclusion: In summary, AAP treatment exerts beneficial effects on body weight gain and lipid metabolism disorder induced by ovariectomy through increasing estrogen levels, inhibiting FAS, and promoting fatty acid oxidation.
Tubular Adenomas of the Breast Are Cytologically Distinct from Fibroadenomas
Authors: Li Joshua J.X. , Ng Joanna K.M. , Lai Billy S.W. , Lee Conrad H.C. , Shea Ka-Ho , Tsang Julia Y. , Tse Gary M.
Published: December 2022

Introduction: Increasing molecular evidence indicates that tubular adenoma of the breast is distinct from fibroepithelial lesions, leading to its reclassification as an epithelial tumor in the 5th World Health Organization classification of tumors of the breast. However, tubular adenoma remains poorly characterized on fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and often not distinguished from fibroadenomas. In this study, the largest cohort, to date, of histologically confirmed aspirates of tubular adenomas were reviewed and compared with aspirates of fibroadenomas. Findings from this study further define the cytological features of tubular adenoma and allow differentiation from fibroadenoma. Methodology: Aspirates of histologically confirmed tubular adenomas were reviewed for features of the background, myoepithelial, epithelial, and stromal components and then compared to a cohort of aspirates of fibroadenomas. Results: Totally, 43 (tubular adenoma) and 94 (fibroadenoma) aspirates were included. Tubular adenomas displayed moderate epithelial cellularity with high cohesiveness, with stromal fragments containing epithelium. Tubules are more common in tubular adenomas (p = 0.009) and “tubular fragments” (tissue fragments containing multiple tubular structures with/without stroma) is a pathognomonic feature of tubular adenoma (p < 0.001). Calcification and fibrocystic changes were variably seen (4.65–13.5%) but without difference to fibroadenomas (p > 0.05). Cytomorphologically malignant features and mitoses were absent in all aspirates of tubular adenoma. Presence of tubules and stromal fragments were independent factors associated with tubular adenomas, whereas a predominance of large epithelial fragments and naked stromal fragments were associated with fibroadenomas. Conclusion: Tubular adenomas are not only histologically and molecularly separate from fibroepithelial lesions but also a distinct entity on FNAC.
What Kind of Patients Receive Inpatient and Day-Hospital Treatment in Departments of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy in Germany?
Authors: Doering Stephan , Herpertz Stephan , Hofmann Tobias , Rose Matthias , Imbierowicz Katrin , Geiser Franziska , Croy Ilona , Weidner Kerstin , Rademacher Jörg , Michalek Silke , Morawa Eva , Erim Yesim , Teigelack Per , Teufel Martin , Hartmann Armin , Lahmann Claas , Johanne Peters Eva Milena , Kruse Johannes , von Boetticher Dirk , Herrmann-Lingen Christoph , Nöhre Mariel , de Zwaan Martina , Dinger Ulrike , Friederich Hans-Christoph , Niecke Alexander , Albus Christian , Zwerenz Rüdiger , Beutel Manfred , Roenneberg Casper , Henningsen Peter , Stein Barbara , Waller Christiane , Hake Karsten , Spitzer Carsten , Stengel Andreas , Zipfel Stephan , Weimer Katja , Gündel Harald , Kessler Henrik
Published: December 2022

Introduction: Germany is one of the few countries with a medical specialty of psychosomatic medicine and psychotherapy and many treatment resources of this kind. Objective: This observational study describes the psychosomatic treatment programs as well as a large sample of day-hospital and inpatients in great detail using structured diagnostic interviews. Methods: Mental disorders were diagnosed according to ICD-10 and DSM-IV by means of Mini-DIPS and SCID-II. In addition to the case records, a modified version of the CSSRI was employed to collect demographic data and service use. The PHQ-D was used to assess depression, anxiety, and somatization. Results: 2,094 patients from 19 departments participated in the study after giving informed consent. The sample consisted of a high proportion of “complex patients” with high comorbidity of mental and somatic diseases, severe psychopathology, and considerable social and occupational dysfunction including more than 50 days of sick leave per year in half of the sample. The most frequent diagnoses were depression, somatoform and anxiety disorders, eating disorders, personality disorders, and somato-psychic conditions. Conclusions: Inpatient and day-hospital treatment in German university departments of psychosomatic medicine and psychotherapy is an intensive multimodal treatment for complex patients with high comorbidity and social as well as occupational dysfunction.
TEATRO E INFÂNCIA, POSSÍVEIS MUNDOS DE VIDA (E MORTE)
Authors: Machado Marina Marcondes
Published: December 2022

Este texto convida a ampliar os significados dados à categoria “teatro infanto-juvenil” por meio das lentes do “teatro para todas as idades”, bem como por meio do teatro feito com crianças. Aponta para a “arte relacional”: algo não fertilizado em curadorias, editais e concursos, talvez pela forte influência da lógica de mercado (a fatia infanto-juvenil) bem como forte enraizamento de uma noção de infância, por parte da comunidade adulta, filiada às teorias desenvolvimentistas e suas divisões da vida por fases, faixas etárias, adequações a procedimentos e comportamentos.
INterVENÇÃO poÉTICA, uma dramaturgia da urgência
Authors: Vieira Valquiria Moura
Published: December 2022

Este artigo aborda e problematiza os desafios do artista contemporâneo em criar procedimentos em um contexto em que a velocidade vertiginosa dos acontecimentos políticos coloca a prática artística em constante estado de urgência. Parte de conhecimentos dos campos da dança e da performance, em articulação com conceitos da filosofia e da estética para apresentar e discutir algumas estratégias metodológicas de criação da Cia Corpocena como tentativas de diálogo com um presente em alta velocidade.