bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bottlenose dolphins that forage with artisanal fishermen whistle differently
Authors: Romeu Bianca , Cantor Mauricio , Bezamat Carolina , Simões‐Lopes Paulo C. , Daura‐Jorge Fábio G.
Published: September 2017

Acoustic communication is a taxonomically widespread phenomenon, crucial for social animals. We evaluate social sounds from bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) of Laguna, southern Brazil, whose social structure is organized around a cooperative foraging tactic with artisanal fishermen. This tactic involves stereotyped and coordinated behaviour by dolphins and fishermen and is performed by a subset of the dolphin population, splitting it into two distinct social communities. We compared the acoustic parameters and type of whistles emitted by dolphins of the “non‐cooperative” and “cooperative” communities, both during their interactions with fishermen and in times where dolphins were engaged in other types of foraging. Our findings show how dolphins’ social sounds differ between foraging tactics and social communities. The frequencies of six whistle types (ascending, descending, concave, convex, multiple, flat) were significantly dependent on tactics and communities. Ascending whistles were more common than expected during foraging without fishermen, and among dolphins of the non‐cooperative community. Whistle acoustic parameters (duration, number of inclination changes and inflection points, and initial, final, maximum, minimum frequencies) also varied between social communities. In general, whistles emitted by cooperative dolphins, mainly when not interacting with fishermen, tended to be shorter, had higher frequency and more inflections than those emitted by non‐cooperative dolphins. These results suggest that different whistles may convey specific information among dolphins related to foraging, which we hypothesize promote social cohesion among members of the same social community. These differences in acoustic repertoires add a new dimension of complexity to this unique human–animal interaction.
Activation of factor XIII is accompanied by a change in oligomerization state
Authors: Anokhin Boris A. , Stribinskis Vilius , Dean William L. , Maurer Muriel C.
Published: September 2017

Factor XIII A (FXIIIA) is a member of the transglutaminase enzyme family that cross‐links both intra‐ and extracellular protein substrates. To prevent undesired cross‐linking, FXIIIA is expressed as an inactive zymogen and exists intracellularly as an A2 homodimer. In plasma, FXIII A2 is complexed with two protective factor XIII B subunits (A2B2) that dissociate upon activation of the zymogen. Based on limited experimental data, activated FXIII was considered a dimer of two catalytically active A subunits. However, accumulating but indirect evidence has suggested activation may lead to a monomeric state instead. In the present study, we employed analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) to directly explore the oligomerization state of zymogen as well as active FXIIIA in solution. We first confirmed that the zymogen was a FXIIIA2 dimer. When we activated FXIIIA nonproteolytically (by high mm Ca2+), the protein dissociated to monomers. More importantly, FXIIIA incubation with its physiological partner, the protease thrombin, led to a monomeric state as well. AUC studies of partially cleaved FXIIIA further suggested that thrombin cleavage of a single activation peptide in a zymogen dimer is sufficient to weaken intersubunit interactions, initiating the transition to monomer. The enzymatic activity of the thrombin‐cleaved species was higher than nonproteolytically activated enzyme, suggesting that displacement of the activation peptide renders the FXIIIA more accessible to substrates. Thus, results provide evidence that FXIII undergoes a change in oligomerization state as part of the activation process, and emphasize the role of the activation peptide in preventing FXIIIA catalytic activity.

Enzymes

Factor XIIIA (EC2.3.2.13).
Clinicopathological characteristics of distant metastases of adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and urothelial carcinoma: An autopsy study of older Japanese patients
Authors: Matsuda Yoko , Seki Atsuko , Nonaka Keisuke , Kakizaki Mototsune , Wang Tan , Aida Junko , Ishikawa Naoshi , Nakano Yuta , Kaneda Daita , Takata Tadayuki , Takahashi‐Fujigasaki Junko , Murayama Shigeo , Takubo Kaiyo , Ishiwata Toshiyuki , Sawabe Motoji , Arai Tomio
Published: September 2017

Aim

We aimed to clarify the characteristics of malignancies in older adults focusing on distant metastasis in the whole body.

Methods

We retrospectively evaluated 7710 cases of autopsies (4011 men, 3699 women, median age of 80 years), and analyzed the characteristics of metastasis of adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and urothelial carcinoma in each organ.

Results

The total number of cases with adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma or urothelial carcinoma was 2856, and most of them were adenocarcinomas. Among them, 1604 had metastatic lesions, and patients with metastasis were younger than those without metastasis. The major primary organs of adenocarcinoma were the stomach, colon, lung, prostate, gallbladder and pancreas, whereas those for squamous cell carcinoma were the lung, esophagus and uterus. Urothelial carcinoma cases were found in the urinary bladder, kidney and ureter. Metastatic adenocarcinomas mainly originated from the stomach, colon, lung, pancreas and gallbladder. Metastatic squamous cell carcinomas were from the lung, esophagus and uterus, whereas the kidney, bladder and ureter were the primary origins of metastatic urothelial carcinomas. Squamous cell carcinoma showed the highest incidence of metastasis, suggestive of it being of an aggressive phenotype. Furthermore, metastatic ability and the preferred metastatic sites varied among primary organs.

Conclusions

We revealed an accurate incidence and the characteristics of metastatic cancer in a large‐scale autopsy study of older Japanese patients from one institution. Identifying these features might prompt screening for malignancies, and consequently improve quality of life for older adults. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2018; 18: 211–215.
High primary antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter Pylori strains isolated from dyspeptic patients: A prevalence cross‐sectional study in Spain
Authors: Macías‐García Fernando , Llovo‐Taboada José , Díaz‐López Mario , Bastón‐Rey Iria , Domínguez‐Muñoz Juan Enrique
Published: September 2017

Background

The rate of H. pylori resistance to different antibiotics is increasing and determines the selection of eradication therapy. The aim of this study was to determine the resistance patterns of H. pylori strains in our area.

Methods

Biopsies from gastric corpus for microbiological culture and antibiotic resistance were obtained in patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy for dyspepsia. Selective Agar Pylori for isolation of the bacteria and Agar Mueller‐Hinton supplemented with blood to test the sensitivity to antibiotics were used. Presence of H. pylori was confirmed using direct observation with phase‐contrast microscopy and/or smears stained with acridine orange. In vitro bacterial susceptibility to amoxicillin, clarithromycin, rifampicin, tetracycline, metronidazole, and levofloxacin was tested using diffusion MIC test strips. Minimum inhibitory concentration values were determined based on the 6th version of the EUCAST (European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing) Clinical Breakpoint (2016).

Results

Two hundred and seventeen patients were included (58.1% female, median age 64 years, range 25‐92). H. pylori was identified in 108 patients (49.8%); culture and antibiogram were completed in 77 of them (71.3% of H. pylori‐positive patients). The resistance rates were as follows: levofloxacin 38.7%, rifampicin 33.3%, metronidazole 27% and clarithromycin 22.4%. No case of amoxicillin or tetracycline resistance was identified. Dual clarithromycin‐metronidazole resistance was observed in 10% of strains, whereas multiple drug‐resistant was observed in 14.2%.

Conclusions

Resistance rate of H. pylori to antibiotics is high in the northwest of Spain. The high resistance to levofloxacin and clarithromycin advises against their wide empirical use of these antibiotics in eradication regimens.
Reinforcement of polymethyl methacrylate denture base resin with ZnO nanostructures
Authors: Salahuddin Nehal , El‐Kemary Maged , Ibrahim Ebtisam
Published: September 2017

Polymethyl methacrylate‐zinc oxide (PMMA/ZnO) nanocomposites with different ZnO morphology and quantities were prepared by in situ curing of MMA/PMMA used in denture base material in the presence of ZnO nanostructured materials. The composition, structure, and morphology of the nanocomposites were characterized by Fourier‐Transform infrared spectra (FT‐IR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The effect of ZnO morphology and contents on the mechanical properties including impact, flexural, and hardness was studied. The results demonstrated that the mechanical and thermal properties of denture base materials were improved by incorporation of nano‐sized ZnO into the polymethyl methacrylate matrix. The impact strength was highly improved upon using ZnO nanotubes. However, the flexural strength was improved using ZnO nanospheres.
Gender socialization: From L1 to L2 languacultures
Authors: Brutt‐Griffler Janina , Kim Sumi
Published: September 2017

This study provides a multilayered analysis of one critical variable that recently has come to the fore in scholarly debates in applied linguistics. It takes the vantage point of 281 Asian millennials and examines how and why some challenge the socio‐cultural notions of gender outside their immediate languacultures. Using a mixed‐method approach, the study adduces quantitative and qualitative data. Our statistical findings show the centrality of family and L1 socialization in developing equitable understanding of gender; it shows cultural variability in L1 socialization and traces its impact on English classroom interactions. Case studies show that female students considerably invest in English learning to pursue gender and social equality. The study draws implications for language socialization theory and classroom pedagogy in higher education contexts.
Structure and functional properties of rice protein–dextran conjugates prepared by the Maillard reaction
Authors: Cheng Yun‐Hui , Tang Wen‐Juan , Xu Zhou , Wen Li , Chen Mao‐Long
Published: September 2017

Dextran was grafted on to rice protein (RP) by the wet‐heating Maillard reaction, and the structure and functional properties of the rice protein–dextran conjugates (RPDCs) were investigated. The RPDCs obtained by the Maillard reaction exhibited superior functionality compared with original RP. The solubility, emulsifying activity index, emulsifying stability index, foaming activity index and foaming stability of the RPDCs increased by factors of 7.50, 1.79, 2.20, 1.69 and 2.01, respectively, compared to original RP. The molecular weight, particle size distribution, surface hydrophobicity, secondary structures, amino acid compositions and chemical bonds of RPDCs were also characterised. The structure–function relationship was preliminary discussed, and the relationship suggests that the improvements in the functional properties were closely related to structural changes.
A FAMILY STUDY OF ISCHÆMIC HEART DISEASE
Authors: DENBOROUGH M. A. , CLARKE PAM , PATERSON BETTY
Published: September 2017

In a family study of ischæmic heart disease, it was found that although mean plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels were significantly higher in patients with ischæmic heart disease than in apparently healthy men, there was no significant difference in plasma lipid levels in siblings and parents of the propositi when compared with those in apparently healthy subjects of similar sex. The plasma lipid levels in children of the propositi were lower than in older subjects of the same sex.

These results suggest that blood lipid levels in patients with ischæmic heart disease are determined predominantly by environmental rather than genetic factors.

Mean plasmic uric acid levels and hæmatocrits were not significantly different in the propositi, in their relatives, or in apparently healthy subjects of similar sex.
ALIMENTARY DISORDER IN PARKINSONISM
Authors: EADIE M. J. , TYRER J. H.
Published: September 2017

The alimentary symptoms found in 107 consecutive cases of Parkinsonism have been compared with those found in 96 control subjects. Chewing difficulty, drooling of saliva, dysphagia, frequent heartburn and constipation all occurred significantly more often in Parkinsonism than in controls, and of these symptoms only the incidences of dysphagia and heartburn did not correlate with increasing disability from Parkinsonism. There was relatively little correlation between alimentary symptoms and ætiological type of Parkinsonism, though chewing difficulty occurred particularly in Parkinsonism following encephalitis lethargica, and constipation in paralysis agitans. The alimentary symptoms of Parkinsonism may be due to dorsal vagal nuclear and basal ganglia lesions, and to side effects of drug therapy.
“THROMBOTEST” AND PROTHROMBIN TIME: A CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL
Authors: ROZENBERG M. C. , KRONENBERG H. , FIRKIN B. G.
Published: September 2017

A controlled trial was undertaken to assess the “Thrombotest” method and compare it to the Quick's one‐stage prothrombin time estimation in the patients attending the anticoagulant service of the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital. Two major groups of patients with ischæmic heart disease, and two minor groups consisting of patients with cerebrovascular insufficiency, rheumatic heart disease and venous thrombosis, were obtained according to preconstructed random allocation tables.

It was found that the therapeutic range with the use of “Thrombotest” was consistently above our accepted range of the prothrombin time, and this was confirmed by assay of some of the individual coagulation factors depressed. The “Thrombotest” was found to be sensitive to factor IX depression below 10% “Thrombotest” activity, but there was no correlation between marked depression of Christmas factor and hemorrhage. A statistically significant difference in the recurrences was found in the ischæmic heart‐disease group, favouring the prothrombin time. Death rates suggested a similar advantage, but figures did not reach statistical significance.

Major hæmorrhage was less frequent in the “Thrombotest” group, but total complications (recurrences and major hæmorrhages) still appeared to favour the Quick's one‐stage prothrombin time. No conclusions could be drawn in the cerebrovascular insufficiency and miscellaneous groups.

Within the therapeutic range of 10% to 20% activity, the “Thrombotest” method did not appear as satisfactory as estimation of the prothrombin time in the prevention of arterial thrombosis.
SOME PRINCIPLES IN INVESTIGATION AND INTERPRETATION OF METABOLIC BEHAVIOUR IN THE NEW‐BORN
Authors: STEVENS L. H.
Published: September 2017

There are many drawbacks to investigation and interpretation of metabolic behaviour in the new‐born. Apart from technical difficulties, control of observation is often unsatisfactory. Moreover, the measurement of a response in a group of babies, all on the same day after birth, does not necessarily result in a homogeneous grouping of data Averaging of heterogeneous data invites misleading conclusions.

Evidence is discussed that suggests that birth rarely, if ever, is entirely free of influences that injure the child. The metabolic aftermath of these events is examined and compared with the responses of the injured adult. Certain implications of the pattern of early post‐natal clinical and metabolic behaviour being partly a result of perinatal injury are considered.
EFFECT OF LONG‐TERM TETRACYCLINE THERAPY, STEROID THERAPY AND COLECTOMY IN PERICHOLANGITIS ASSOCIATED WITH ULCERATIVE COLITIS
Authors: MISTILIS STEVEN P. , SKYRING ALAN P. , GOULSTON STANLEY J. M.
Published: September 2017

The effect of long‐term tetracycline and steroid therapy, colectomy and biliary drainage on the clinical course, the results of liver‐function tests and hepatic histological changes in seven cases of pericholangitis and ulcerative colitis have been assessed. Tetracycline was given to six patients for periods varying from one and a half to six years in a maintenance dose of 500 mg. per day, and prednisone was given to three patients for periods of five, five and ten years respectively. None of the forms of treatment used had an effect on the clinical course, the pathological changes or the results of liver‐function tests in this disease. Attacks of cholestasis and cholangitis occurred with equal frequency and severity both before and after therapy. The hypercholesterolæmia and raised serum alkaline phosphatase level persisted, and the expected progression from acute to subacute to chronic pericholangitis, and in some cases to post‐necrotic cirrhosis, occurred in spite of therapy.
SYNTHESIS OF PROTEIN BY HUMAN LYMPHOCYTES IN VITRO I. CLINICAL STUDIES
Authors: FORBES I. J. , TURNER K. J.
Published: September 2017

A method has been developed to measure the capacity of human lymphocytes from the blood to synthesize globulin in vitro. The method depends on the incorporation of C14‐amino acids into protein. By standardizing the conditions of culture, it has been possible to quantitate the capacity of lymphocytes from different patients to synthesize globulin. Two parameters have been used—the capacity of unstimulated lymphocytes to synthesize globulin, and the synthesis by lymphocytes stimulated by phytohæmagglutinin (PHA).

The normal response was a “basal” secretion by unstimulated lymphocytes, and a several‐times increase in the rate of synthesis by PHA‐stimulated lymphocytes.

The function of lymphocytes from patients with various diseases has been studied. Cells from patients with diseases of the lymphocytes—for example, chronic lymphatic leukæmia and macroglobulinæmia—had a normal or reduced basal secretion, and in most cases they failed to produce any more globulin under the stimulus of PHA. Failure of the lymphocytes to produce additional globulin on stimulation correlated with low serum gamma‐globulin levels.
ABNORMAL PULMONARY BLOOD FLOW DISTRIBUTION IN BRONCHIAL ASTHMA
Authors: WOOLCOCK A. J. , MCRAE J. , MORRIS J. G , READ JOHN
Published: September 2017

Lung scans were performed with 131I macro‐aggregated albumin in six patients with severe asthma, during an exacerbation and during a relatively symptom‐free phase of the disease.

Abnormalities of distribution of blood flow were demonstrated in all six patients, and were sometimes gross. These abnormalities varied from patient to patient ; and, in a given patient, the distribution of blood flow varied between states of exacerbation and remission.

The possible reasons for this blood flow maldistribution are discussed. They include compensatory pulmonary vasoconstriction and mechanical occlusion of capillaries by high intra‐alveolar pressure.
RECURRENT RHABDOMYOLYSIS PRECIPITATED BY ALCOHOL: A CASE REPORT WITH PHYSIOLOGICAL AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDIES OF SKELETAL MUSCLE
Authors: DOUGLAS R. M. , FEWINGS J. D. , CASLEY-SMITH J. R. , WEST R. F.
Published: September 2017

The case history is reported of a male chronic alcoholic, aged 40 years, who presented with muscle cramps and weakness, the passage of a decreasing quantity of dark urine, and a past history of similar episodes, all of which followed periods of acute alcoholism. The diagnosis of rhabdomyolysis was confirmed by the demonstration of myoglobinuria and the histological findings in skeletal muscle. Management of the accompanying hyperkalæmia and acute renal failure was by a potassium‐binding resin and mannitol diuresis.

Physiological studies of forearm skeletal muscle revealed a decreased exercise ability, but a normal vascular and biochemical response to exercise and intra‐arterial infusion of adrenaline. Intra‐arterial infusion of alcohol caused a decrease in the blood flow through forearm muscle.

Electron microscopic examination of skeletal muscle obtained during the acute attack revealed patchy cellular and mitochondrial damage. The latter appeared to precede myofibrillar damage, as normal myofibrils were found adjacent to injured mitochondria; but normal mitochondria were not found adjacent to damaged myofibrils.

Without information about the degree of muscle ischæmia produced by alcohol or about the effects of ischæmia on the ultrastructure of skeletal muscle cells, it is not possible at present to determine whether rhabdomyolysis is caused by ischæmia or by some other mechanism.
EFFECT OF ORALLY ADMINISTERED CHELATING AGENTS EDTA, DTPA AND FRUCTOSE ON RADIOIRON ABSORPTION IN MAN
Authors: DAVIS P. S. , DELLER D. J.
Published: September 2017

In order to assess the effect of orally administered chelating agents on iron absorption in man, experiments were carried out with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) and fructose. Sixty‐eight radio‐iron absorption tests were carried out on 17 hæmatologically normal adult volunteers. The dose in each test consisted of 5 mg. of elemental iron labelled with 2 µCi. of 59Fe, 50 mg. of ascorbic acid and the chelating agent present in a 0 : 1, 1 : 1, 10 : 1 or 50 : 1 molar ratio with respect to iron.

EDTA and DTPA had no significant effect on iron absorption when given in a 1 : 1 ratio, but reduced it when given in a ratio of 10 : 1 or 50 : 1. Fructose had no significant effect on iron absorption when given in a 1 : 1 or 10 : 1 ratio, but increased it when given in a 50 : 1 ratio. The effect of these chelating agents was not due to urinary excretion of chelated iron.

These studies show the importance of the molar ratio of chelating agent: iron when the role of orally administered chelating agents on iron absorption is considered, and confirm that the absorption promoting effect of fructose applies to man as well as to the rat and rabbit. The enhancement of iron absorption by fructose could have clinical importance for a number of reasons: iron‐fructose chelate should be an efficient hæmematinic in the treatment of iron deficiency anæmia; and it may play a role in the development of siderosis in the alcoholic who drinks wine containing fructose.
IN‐VITRO THROMBOSIS AND PLATELET BEHAVIOUR AFTER OPERATION
Authors: ARDLIE N. G. , KINLOUGH R. L. , SCHWARTZ C. J.
Published: September 2017

Thrombosis and platelet aggregation were studied with the use of a modified Chandler apparatus as an in‐vitro technique. Fifty‐two healthy control subjects and 63 postoperative patients were investigated. There were three episodes of venous thrombosis in the postoperative group.

Thrombus size and plasma fibrinogen levels were significantly greater in patients after operation than in control subjects. The plasma fibrinogen level, but not the thrombus size, was directly related to the extent of the operation. In both control and postoperative patients there was a significant correlation between thrombus size and the plasma fibrinogen levels. The total serum cholesterol level did not relate to thrombus size.

The plasma thrombus formation time, but not the whole blood thrombus formation time, was significantly shorter in postoperative than in healthy subjects.

Spontaneous platelet aggregation was markedly more frequent in postoperative subjects. This greater frequency could not be related to the elevated plasma fibrinogen levels.

It was suggested that the findings with the Chandler apparatus might reflect a tendency to abnormal platelet aggregation which exists as a constitutional diathesis in some subjects after an operation.
EXTRAHEPATIC PORTAL HYPERTENSION: THE CLINICAL EVALUATION, INVESTIGATION AND RESULTS OF TREATMENT OF 28 PATIENTS
Authors: STATHERS G. M. , MA M. H. , BLACKBURN C. R. B.
Published: September 2017

The clinical picture of 28 patients with extrahepatic portal hypertension who presented before 19 years of age is described. There was a high incidence of infection in early life. Gastro‐intestinal bleeding was precipitated by salicylates, fragments of bone and pregnancy.

Splenoportography showed that two patients had developed spontaneous hæmodynamically significant portacaval shunts.

The results of surgical treatment were satisfactory, but not good enough to make surgery the management of choice. Conservative non‐operative management, with stress on the avoidance of salicylates and traumatic dietary intake, has been satisfactory for some patients. The spontaneous development of hæmodynamically significant portal‐systemic shunts, not through œsophageal varices, and the small size of the splenic vein in children provide additional reasons for avoiding surgical treatment except in emergencies to control bleeding.

The choice of surgical treatment lies between spleno‐renal anastomosis and interruption of the gastro‐œsophageal venous anastomoses.
THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE SPLIT IMMUNOGLOBULIN G ARCS
Authors: BLAKE N. M.
Published: September 2017

When human serum is examined by immunoelectrophoresis, the IgG arc is frequently seen to split into two more or less distinct arcs, and it has been suggested that this splitting is due to the presence of antigenically different protein molecules. Evidence presented in this paper suggests that the inner arc corresponds to a population of IgG molecules whose light chains carry type K antigenic determinants, with the outer arc representing IgG molecules bearing L type light chains.
A CLINICAL COMPARISON OF TWO PREPARATIONS OF CALCIFEROL
Authors: PARFITT A. M.
Published: September 2017

The effectiveness of calciferol in tablet form has been compared with that of calciferol in opaque oil‐filled capsules in four patients with vitamin D‐resistant rickets and three patients with hypoparathyroidism. The approximate potency of the tablets in terms of the capsules varied from 0·4 to 1·2, in keeping with the variation in the content of the tablets permitted by the British Pharmacopœia and the known liability of calciferol to chemical deterioration. Deficiencies in the preparation of calciferol used have probably been responsible for some reported instances of apparent increased sensitivity or resistance to treatment. It is concluded that the use of calciferol in tablet form should be discontinued.
GLUCOCORTICOID MANAGEMENT OF PAROXYSMAL NOCTURNAL HÆMOGLOBINURIAL
Authors: FIRKIN F. , GOLDBERG H. , FIRKIN B. G.
Published: September 2017

In some cases of paroxysmal nocturnal hæmoglobinuria (P.N.H.), glucocorticoids will produce a marked decrease in hæmolysis and an improvement in the hæmoglobin level. In these cases, they can be effective both in the management of life‐threatening hæmolytic crises and in long‐term maintenance therapy. In one case their use has averted a heavy requirement for blood transfusions. In view of the difficulty in withdrawing these drugs, their use is recommended only when more conservative measures are unsatisfactory and the patient's state is causing concern. The régime recommended as a trial is a dose of 40 mg. of prednisone per day for at least two weeks, after which the level is gradually lowered to a maintenance level which has varied between 5 and 12·5 mg. per day for these patients. It should be emphasized that improvement cannot be expected in all cases of P.N.H.

Thus, glucocorticoids can be added to the group of drugs, including dextran given by intravenous infusion (Gardner and Laforet, 1960) and androgen plus iron therapy (Hartman et alit, 1966), which occasionally can be of benefit in the management of this disease.
AN ANALYSIS OF HYPOPLASTIC ANÆMIA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE USE OF OXYMETHOLONE (”ADROYD“) IN ITS THERAPY
Authors: SILINK SANDRA J. , FIRKIN BARRY G.
Published: September 2017

Eight of II patients with refractory anæmia, who required regular blood transfusions to maintain their hæmoglobin level, gave a dramatic clinical and hæmatological response to oxymetholone. Analysis of bone marrow aspirates revealed an overall increase in erythropoietic tissue and mitotic indices following successful treatment with oxymetholone. A significant increase in the incidence of karyomeres was noted in the red‐cell precursors in some patients with hypoplastic anæmia. This was interpreted as reflecting abnormalities in mitosis similar to the effects seen after irradiation. Possible factors in the ætiology of aplastic anæmia are discussed.
A SHORT TRIAL ASSESSMENT OF URICOSURIC THERAPY IN GOUT
Authors: PALMER D. G. , HIGHTON T. C.
Published: September 2017

A study has been made of the short‐term effects of two uricosuric drugs (sulphinpyrazone and probenecid) in 12 gouty patients. The changes induced by these drugs on serum uric acid levels, 24‐hour urate excretion rates and urate clearance values have been related to glomerular function. Since allopurinol is now available for the therapy of gout, and as uricosuric agents may fail to resolve tophaceous deposits, it is held that long‐term uricosuric therapy should not be undertaken unless the efficacy of the chosen drug has been established. Therapeutic criteria have been proposed as a result of this trial.

The magnitude of the urate diuresis induced by these drugs was found in general to be dependent on glomerular function; but even in the presence of a normal glomerular filtration rate a particular uricosuric drug could be ineffective. A glomerular filtration rate of less than 80 ml. per minute was associated with a relative failure of the drugs under trial, and it is considered that this level of renal impairment is an indication for the use of allopurinol. In the type of assessment described it is important that both the fall in the serum uric acid level and the rise in urate excretion should be estimated, for these changes do not under all circumstances bear a constant inverse relationship to one another.
MEDULLARY THYROID CARCINOMAS WITH BILATERAL PHÆOCHROMOCYTOMAS
Authors: SLAVOTlNEK A. , DE LA LANDE I. S. , HEAD R.
Published: September 2017

The findings in two cases of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid are reported, the patients being a mother and her daughter. The mother was also found to have previously unsuspected bilateral phæochromocytomas at autopsy. The association of these two tumours represents a rare but well recognized clinical entity. A family study was then undertaken to detect evidence of these conditions in 17 blood relatives. Neither thyroid carcinoma nor phæochromocytoma were detected. However, because of the previously reported familial nature of this syndrome, family and long term follow‐up studies of patients with either medullary thyroid carcinoma or phæochromocytoma, or both of these conditions, are recommended.
AUTORADIOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF PROTEINS SYNTHESIZED BY HUMAN LYMPHOCYTES
Authors: LAWTON J. M. W. , FORBES I. J.
Published: September 2017

The capacity of peripheral venous lymphocytes to synthesize the three major immunoglobulins was tested in chronic lymphatic leukæmia, lymphoma and lymphosarcoma, Hodgkin's disease, reticulum cell sarcoma and infectious mononucleosis.

Autoradiographs of immunoelectrophoresis patterns of radioactive proteins synthesized by the lymphocytes were indicative of reduced synthesis of all types of immunoglobulins in most cases of these groups. No pattern of deficiency of synthesis was constantly related to any disease.

Normal synthesis of immunoglobulins was seen in one of three cases of Hodgkin's disease and one of 10 cases of lymphosarcoma. In two cases of lymphosarcoma labelling of IgA was much heavier than labelling of IgM and IgG. This was thought to indicate a specific derangement of immunological mechanisms, rather than a general impairment of immunological activity.

Very heavy synthesis of all three immunoglobulins was found in one of II cases of infectious mononucleosis. No clear pattern of activity and quiescence was seen when these cases were arranged in order of the length of the illness.
GASTRIC IRON BINDING SUBSTANCE (GASTROFERRIN) IN A FAMILY WITH HÆMOCHROMATOSIS
Authors: DELLER D. J. , EDWARDS R. G. , DART G. , LUKE C. G. , DAVIS P. S.
Published: September 2017

A family study was undertaken to obtain further evidence for a possible role of a deficiency of gastric iron binding substance (gastroferrin) in the pathogenesis of hæmochromatosis. Various studies of iron metabolism were performed on a patient with the disease and 35 relatives. Judged by elevation of the serum iron level, the saturation of the plasma transferrin and the increased urinary iron excretion after D.T.P.A. administration, two brothers, two nephews and one niece of the propositus had iron overload. One of the brothers had alcoholic cirrhosis with secondary siderosis of the liver; the level of gastric iron binding substance in his case was normal. The remaining relatives with iron overload had an absence or marked reduction in the amount of gastroferrin.

Current concepts of the mechanism of iron absorption in health, and of the pathogenesis of hæmochromatosis, are reviewed. A chelation theory of the luminal control of iron absorption is proposed, and the possible role of gastroferrin deficiency in the retiology of hæmochromaiosis discussed. The thesis presented is that hæmochromatosis might be an inborn error of metabolism in which the genetic defect consists of failure to produce the gastric inhibitory iron binding substance. The results reported in this study are compatible with this hypothesis, and suggest the value of a prospective study of children lacking gastroferrin to determine whether this defect occurs before evidence of iron overload.
ABO BLOOD GROUPS, SECRETOR STATUS AND DISEASE
Authors: DENBOROUGH M. A. , DOWNING H. J.
Published: September 2017

The known associations between ABO blood groups, secretor status and disease depend presumably on genetically determined physiological differences between individuals of varying blood group and secretor status.

Several such differences are now recognized. discussed. These are described and their possible significance is discussed.
ACUTE DISSEMINATED HISTIOCYTOSIS X
Authors: DUTT A. K. , LOPEZ C. G. , GANESAN S. , SMITH G. , DUTT A.
Published: September 2017

A very rare case of acute disseminated histiocytcsis X with transition from eosinophilic granuloma of bone to Letterer‐Siwe disease is described. Literature on the disease is briefly reviewed.
HÆMODIALYSIS AND TERTIARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
Authors: DOAK P. B. , NORTH J. D. K.
Published: September 2017

A woman aged 29 years, with chronic glomerulonephritis with the early bone changes of secondary hyperparathyroidism, developed hypercalcremia and musculo‐skeletal symptoms during treatment with regular hremodialysis. The parathyroid glands were explored and showed hyperplasia with several small adenomata. Three and a half glands were excised, with cure of symptoms, and the serum calcium levels became normal.

Following cadaveric renal transplantation, oliguria was present for 30 days. With the onset of good renal function, renal glycosuria, renal tubular acidosis and marked phosphaturia were observed. Renal glycosuria was transient, but tubular acidosis and increased phosphate clearances have persisted for more than one year. Signs and symptoms of osteodystrophy were aggravated after the onset of good renal function but responded to treatment with oral phosphate.

The phosphaturia is believed to be due to continued parathyroid overactivity together with proximal renal tubular dysfunction due to ischæmia, possibly aggravated by azathioprine therapy.
CYSTIC FIBROSIS OF THE PANCREAS IN ADOLESCENCE AND ADULTHOOD
Authors: GRACEY MICHAEL , ANDERSON CHARLOTTE M.
Published: September 2017

Since an increasing number of patients with cystic fibrosis now reach adolescence and adulthood, more will be treated by general physicians.

Since 1953 approximately 200 patients have been cared for in this unit, and in January, 1967, 31 were over 14 years of age; five of these have since died, and their modes of death (chest infection and respiratory failure, three; moderate chest disease, massive hæmoptysis, one; mild chest disease and progressive liver disease, one) are considered. The clinical state of the survivors varies greatly and allows discussion of the natural history of the disorder. The well‐being of patients depends both on the intrinsic severity of the manifestations of the disease and the efficacy of treatment. With careful attention to chest disease most of these older patients manage to lead relatively active lives and are in most instances gainfully employed.
ENDEMIC CRETINISM IN EASTERN NEW GUINEA
Authors: BUTTFIELD I. H. , HETZEL B. S.
Published: September 2017

A study has been carried out of the clinical features, epidemiology and thyroid function in 254 cases of endemic cretinism in Eastern New Guinea. The clinical picture resembles closely that described for Western New Guinea and other endemic goitre areas throughout the world.

Goitre was encountered more commonly in mothers of cretins than in adult females of the studied population. Examination of thyroid function revealed a significantly lower serum PBI value and I uptake in cretins when compared with neurologically normal natives. No clinical evidence of hypothyroidism was encountered in endemic cretins, and no biosynthetic defect was isolated as shown by perchlorate discharge testing and chromatography of I131 labelled thyroid glands and serum. Mothers of 13 cretins, born since the introduction of iodized oil prophylaxis, were identified, and in only one instance was there a possibility that iodine therapy had been given.

These findings suggest that the condition is related to iodine deficiency and may be prevented by correction of maternal iodine deficiency.
CUSHING'S SYNDROME OF NINETEEN YEARS' DURATION
Authors: MELICK ROGER
Published: September 2017

A case of Cushing's syndrome of 19 years' duration is described. The disease began at the age of 12 years and caused an abrupt cessation of growth. The adrenals were responsive to stimulation with corticotrophin and suppression with dexamethasone. After irradiation of the pituitary gland had failed to improve the patients' condition, bilateral adrenalectomy was performed. Postoperatively exfoliation and skin itching caused much trouble, and it was 14 months before his corticosteroid requirements reached the usual maintenance level.
Burnet and Medicine
Authors: Wood Ian J.
Published: September 2017

Sir Macfarlane Burnet had a progressive rise in the world of Medical Science, from a shy ward medical officer at the Melbourne Hospital to a scientist of world renown as Director of the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute.

He won fame in the field of virology, making a special study of the influenza virus, which he began in London under Sir Henry Dale.

In 1957 he switched his researches from virology to immunology and again achieved fame by his study of autoimmune disease.

His contributions to clinical medicine were many and varied, including the isolation of C. burneti, the discovery of two strains of poliomyelitis virus, and the applications of his clonal selection theory to the autoimmune diseases in Man.

Amongst his many honours and awards were the Order of Merit, and the Nobel Prize which he shared with Sir Peter Medawar of London.

Congratulations on his achievements are extended to him on the occasion of his seventieth birthday.
Giant Cells, Cartilage and Bone Fragments within Rheumatoid Synovial Membrane: Clinico‐Pathological Correlations
Authors: Muirden K. D.
Published: September 2017

The frequency of two little known features of the synovial pathology in rheumatoid arthritis has been estimated in 100 biopsies and their presence correlated with certain clinical features in 28 patients. Rheumatoid giant cells and cartilage and bone fragments within the synovium tend to occur in joints showing more advanced disease as judged by x‐ray change. The presence of cartilage and bone fragments shows a significant relationship with disease duration and with anaemia due to the disease but neither giant cells nor catilage and bone fragments correlate with the titre of rheumatoid factor.
Disseminated Histoplasmosis
Authors: Fewings J. D. , Lander Harry , Anderson K. F. , Henning F. R. , Radden B. G. , Jeanes B. J.
Published: September 2017

The case of a 25 year old man who developed disseminated histoplasmosis following heavy exposure to dust during the process of carrying out renovations to an old home is described. The presenting symptom was an indolent ulcer of the gum margin. Diagnosis was made by the successful culture of Histoplasma capsulatum from the ulcer tissue. This organism was also cultured from soil samples in and near a fowl yard adjacent to his home. It is postulated that this was the source of infection. The disseminated infection resolved within a few weeks following treatment with amphotericin B, but six months later recurrence of infection was evident in the gingival ulcer and the regional submandibular lymph nodes. The affected areas were surgically excised. Twelve months later the patient remains well and apparently free of infection.
The Anaemia of Rheumatoid Arthritis: The Significance of Iron Deposits in the Synovial Membrane
Authors: Muirden K. D.
Published: September 2017

Histological examination of synovial membrane removed from 100 joints in 81 patients with rheumatoid arthritis has shown iron deposits, often of an extensive nature in 96 joints. Electron microscopic examination revealed ferritin within synovial cell cytoplasm and concentrated into lysosomes in 16 of 20 biopsies. It is suggested that the iron deposits arise from continued oozing of blood from the vascular granulation tissue into the synovial cavity. The sequence from erythrophagocytosis to ferritin formation can be followed with the electron microscope. It is also likely that some of the iron given as parenteral therapy finds its way into synovial macrophages.

In 28 patients a highly significant relationship was found between the presence of anaemia due to rheumatoid arthritis and the histological estimate of the extent of iron deposits. There was also a relationship between the duration of disease in the joint, the grade of x‐ray change and the iron deposits.

The synovial membrane appears to be an important source of iron sequestration. A delay in release of iron from this and the reticuloendothelial storage sites could explain many of the features of the anaemia of rheumatoid arthritis.
Ontogenesis of opercular deformities in gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata: a histological description
Authors: Thuong N. P. , Verstraeten B. , Kegel B. D. , Christiaens J. , Wolf T. D. , Sorgeloos P. , Bonte D. , Adriaens D.
Published: September 2017

The aim of this study was to characterize histological changes during opercular osteogenesis in farmed gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata larvae from 7 to 69 days post hatching (dph) and compare normal osteogenesis with that of deformed opercles. Mild opercular deformities were first detected in 19 dph larvae by folding of the opercle's distal edge into the gill chamber. Here, the variation in the phenotype and the irregular bone structure at the curled part of the opercles is described and compared with the histology of normal opercles. Results indicated that deformed opercles still undergo bone growth with the addition of new matrix by osteoblasts at the opercular surface, especially at its edges. No significant difference was found in bone thickness between deformed and normal opercles. In addition to differences in bone architecture, differences in collagen fibre thickness between normal and deformed opercles were also found.
Comparative evaluation of MCP gene in worldwide strains of Megalocytivirus (Iridoviridae family) for early diagnostic marker
Authors: Mishra A , Nam G‐H , Gim J‐A , Lee H‐E , Jo A , Yoon D , Oh S , Kim S , Kim A , Kim D‐H , Kim Y C , Jeong H D , Cha H‐J , Choi Y H , Kim H‐S
Published: September 2017

Members of the Iridoviridae family have been considered as aetiological agents of iridovirus diseases, causing fish mortalities and economic losses all over the world. Virus identification based on candidate gene sequencing is faster, more accurate and more reliable than other traditional phenotype methodologies. Iridoviridae viruses are covered by a protein shell (capsid) encoded by the important candidate gene, major capsid protein (MCP). In this study, we investigated the potential of the MCP gene for use in the diagnosis and identification of infections caused Megalocytivirus of the Iridoviridae family. We selected data of 66 Iridoviridae family isolates (53 strains of Megalocytivirus, eight strains of iridoviruses and five strains of Ranavirus) infecting various species of fish distributed all over the world. A total of 53 strains of Megalocytivirus were used for designing the complete primer sets for identifying the most hypervariable region of the MCP gene. Further, our in silico analysis of 102 sequences of related and unrelated viruses reconfirms that primer sets could identify strains more specifically and offers a useful and fast alternative for routine clinical laboratory testing. Our findings suggest that phenotype observation along with diagnosis using universal primer sets can help detect infection or carriers at an early stage.
The efficacy and safety of a monophasic hyaluronic acid filler in the correction of nasolabial folds: A randomized, multicenter, single blinded, split‐face study
Authors: Kwon Hyun Jung , Ko Eun Jung , Choi Sun Young , Choi Eun Ja , Jang Yu‐Jin , Kim Beom Joon , Lee Yang Won
Published: September 2017

Background

The different rheological properties of hyaluronic acid (HA) filler reflect their specific manufacturing processes and resultant physicochemical characteristics. However, there are few researches about the relationship between product differences and clinical outcome when HA fillers are used for nasolabial folds (NLFs).

Aims

This study sought to compare the rheological properties, efficacy and safety of a monophasic HA filler, and a well‐studied biphasic HA filler, in the treatment of NLFs.

Patients/methods

A total of 72 Korean subjects with moderate to severe NLFs were randomized to receive injections with monophasic HA or biphasic HA on the left or right side of the face. Efficacy was evaluated by the change in the Wrinkle Severity Rating Scale (WSRS) at 2, 10, 18, 26, and 52 weeks. Safety was assessed on the basis of all abnormal reactions during the clinical test period. To compare the rheological characteristics of two cross‐linked HA fillers, viscoelastic analysis was performed.

Results

At week 26, the mean WSRS was 2.26±0.56 for the monophasic HA side and 2.24±0.54 for the biphasic HA side. Both treatments were well tolerated. The adverse reactions were mild and transient. Monophasic HA filler had lower elasticity and higher viscosity than biphasic HA filler.

Conclusion

Despite a number of different rheological properties, monophasic HA is noninferior to biphasic HA in the treatment of moderate to severe NLFs for 52 weeks. Therefore, monophasic HA provides an alternative option for NLFs correction.