bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Operationalizing intentionality in primate communication: Social and ecological considerations
Authors: Rodrigues Evelina Daniela , Fröhlich Marlen
Published: April 2021

An intentional transfer of information is central to human communication. When comparing nonhuman primate communication systems to language, a critical challenge is to determine whether a signaller intends for the recipient to derive a particular meaning from the message contained in the signal. As it is not possible to directly observe psychological states in any species, comparative researchers have inferred intentionality via behavioural markers derived from studies on pre-linguistic human children. Recent efforts to increase consistency between nonhuman primate communication studies undervalue the effect of possible sources of bias: some behavioural markers are not generalizable across certain signal types (gestures, vocalizations, and facial expressions), contexts, settings and species. Despite laudable attempts to operationalise first-order intentionality across signal types, a true “multimodal” approach requires integration across their sensory components (visual-silent; contact; audible), as a signal from a certain type can comprise more than one sensory component. Here we discuss how the study of intentional communication in non-linguistic systems is hampered by issues of reliability, validity, consistency, and generalizability. We then highlight future research avenues that may help to understand the use of goal-oriented communication by opting, whenever possible, for reliable, valid, and consistent behavioural markers, but taking into account sampling biases and integrating detailed observations of intra-specific communicative interactions.
Leveraging Containers for Reproducible Psychological Research
Authors: Wiebels Kristina , Moreau David
Published: April 2021

Containers have become increasingly popular in computing and software engineering, and are gaining traction in scientific research. They allow packaging up all code and dependencies to ensure that analyses run reliably across a range of operating systems and software versions. Despite being a crucial component for reproducible science, containerization has yet to become mainstream in psychology. In this tutorial, we describe the logic behind containers, what they are, and the practical problems they can solve. We walk the reader through the implementation of containerization within a research workflow, with examples using Docker and R. Specifically, we describe how to use existing containers, build personalized containers, and share containers alongside publications. We provide a worked example that includes all steps required to set up a container for a research project and can easily be adapted and extended. We conclude with a discussion of the possibilities afforded by the large-scale adoption of containerization, especially in the context of cumulative, open science, toward a more efficient and inclusive research ecosystem.
Personality traits and pro-environmental tendencies -- book chapter
Authors: Milfont Taciano L
Published: April 2021

In this chapter, I discuss the associations between pro-environmental tendencies and personality traits, as outlined in the Big Five and HEXACO models. I review findings showing tight links between core personality characteristics and pro-environmentalism, and also report re-analyses of published data examining the extent to which country-level indicators moderate personality–environmentalism correlations, as well as novel data examining these associations at the personality nuances level. Openness to Experience was the personality trait consistently found to display positive correlations with pro-environmental tendencies—not only at the highest domain level but also at the facet and nuance levels. To a lesser degree, both Honesty-Humility and Agreeableness show positive correlations with attitudes and behaviours related to protection of the natural environment. Openness–attitude associations were stronger in countries with below-median levels of environmental performance, and Openness–behaviour associations were stronger in countries with above-median levels of Individualism. I conclude that there is an ample support for pro-environmental tendencies as a reflection of people's core personality traits, and provide an agenda for future research on this topic.
From ego depletion to self-control fatigue: A review of criticisms along with new perspectives for the investigation and replication of a multicomponent phenomenon
Authors: Forestier Cyril , de Chanaleilles Margaux , Boisgontier Matthieu P , Chalabaev Aïna
Published: April 2021

The replication crisis in psychology has led to question popular phenomena such as ego depletion, which has been criticized after studies failed to replicate. Here, we describe limitations in the literature that contributed to these failures and suggest how they may be addressed. At the theoretical level, the literature focuses on two out of at least eight identified auxiliary hypotheses. Thus, the majority of the hypotheses related to the three core assumptions of the ego-depletion theory have been overlooked, thereby preventing the rejection of the theory as a whole. At the experimental level, we argue that the low replicability of ego-depletion studies could be explained by the absence of a comprehensive, integrative, and falsifiable definition of self-control, which is central to the concept of ego depletion; by an unclear or absent distinction between ego depletion and mental fatigue, two phenomena that rely on different processes; and by the low validity of the tasks used to induce ego depletion. Finally, we make conceptual and methodological suggestions for a more rigorous investigation of ego depletion, discuss the necessity to take into account its dynamic and multicomponent nature, and suggest using the term self-control fatigue instead.
The relations between teacher-child closeness and conflict in preschool and children’s outcomes in kindergarten
Authors: Paes Tanya Maria , Duncan Robert , Purpura David J. , Schmitt Sara
Published: April 2021

This is a preprint of a study that examined the relations between closeness and conflict in the teacher-child relationship in preschool and children’s behavior problems, social skills, and executive function (EF) in kindergarten, and examined if these relations are moderated by parental education. The study also explored associations between teacher-child closeness and conflict and the subscales of children’s behavior problems and social skills. The sample consisted of 126 preschool children (M = 56.70 months, SD = 3.89). Regression analyses revealed that teacher-child conflict was related to poorer social skills in children, specifically lower assertion, lower engagement, and lower cooperation. Additionally, as conflict in the teacher-child relationship increased, EF decreased for children whose parents have a lower level of education. There was also a marginally significant moderator of the relation between teacher-child closeness and behavior problems where high parent education served as a protective factor for low levels of teacher-child closeness. Implications for future research are discussed.
Culture at Work: Self-Entrepreneurialism and Earnings Inequality in the United States
Authors: Moullin Sophie
Published: April 2021

Several social theorists describe a culture of self-entrepreneurialism: a subjectivity in which individuals see themselves as determining their objective economic outcomes or earnings. This culture, it is thought, is institutionalized in contemporary employment practices such that, as in human capital theory, self-entrepreneurialism is widespread among employees, and the more self-entrepreneurial earn more. I contribute a quantitative and comprehensive response to these largely untested claims using survey data from the mid-1990s through mid-2010s, representative of working-age Americans. I find individuals’ self-mastery, self-directedness, focus on self-growth and self-foresight of their future forms one general latent reflective self-concept. As a subjectivity, this self-entrepreneurialism is not associated with self-sufficiency or self-flexibility but is high among Americans regardless of social group. In terms of objective earnings, I find self-entrepreneurialism to be associated with an average earnings premium of up to ten percent of average earnings within occupations. However, self-entrepreneurialism does almost nothing to account for enduring earnings inequality between occupations. Further, over individuals’ working life, there is no association between increasing self-entrepreneurialism and increased earnings. Thus, in line with the theory of cultural capital, but not of human capital, self-entrepreneurialism works materially at work.
Performance evaluation of two pot raised mud improved cookstove
Authors: Darlami Hari Bahadur
Published: April 2021

Biomass cookstove is widely used in the rural areas of Nepal for cooking and space heating. Its thermal and emission performance keeps importance environmentally, economically and socially.  Chimney operated two pot raised mud Improved Cookstove (ICS) is one of Nepal’s most promoted cookstoves. The goal of this study is to evaluate the thermal and emission performance. Thermal and emission performance has been obtained by water boiling test and emission parameters have been measured by using Laboratory Emissions Monitoring System (LEMS). The thermal efficiency of cookstove has been improved from 17.99% to 24.7 % i.e. Tier 1 to 2 with the fabrication of appropriate material and accessories. Similarly total emission performance has been found in Tier 1 and fugitive emission performance has been found in Tier 5. Experimental results of thermal efficiency and fugitive emission complied with the performance target of the cookstove.
Assessment of the physical and combustion properties of briquettes produced from banana tree waste
Authors: Yadav Yasha , Neupane Sudan
Published: April 2021

Nepal has an abundance of biomass resources. Heavy dependence on traditional source and waste management resulting from agricultural waste is one of the major problem in our country. Briquetting from agricultural waste can be an option for resource management. This study was undertaken to investigate the physical and combustion properties of briquettes produced from dried banana tree waste (leaves + pseudostem). Altogether four types of briquettes were produced, two from uncharred biomass using screw extruder and hydraulic jack briquetting machine and other two briquettes were produced from uncharred biomass/charcoal using screw extruder and beehive briquetting machine.For charred briquette, the density of screw extruder briquette (1.06 g/cm3) was higher than hydraulic briquette (0.33 g/cm3). For uncharred briquette, the density was higher (0.72 g/cm3) for screw extruder than beehive briquette (0.44 g/cm3). The Moisture content of briquettes varied from 7.23 to 11.04%, Volatile matter varied from 11 to 68.74%, Ash content varied from 4.94 to 49.43% and fixed carbon content varied from 15.27 to 32.34%. The calorific values of the briquettes ranged from 2462.0827 - 3899.193 kcal/kg, while the thermal efficiency ranges between 24.02– 30.71%, other results shows that the average burning rate between 3.55 and 6.41 g/min. Screw extruder briquette from uncharred Banana tree waste and beehive from charred/carbonized banana tree waste biomass was found to be comparatively better from the present study.
Analysis of support system for a conveyance tunnel in the higher Himalayan zone: A case study on Upper Tamakoshi HEP, Nepal
Authors: Paudyal Kalyan
Published: April 2021

After excavation, insitu stress conditions are changed which lead deformation due to the stress concentration. For the stability in the excavated tunnel profile, appropriate support system is essential. To recommend the support system, site specific data are used from Higher Himalayan Region of Nepal. Study is focused on 3 m and 6 m size inverted D Shaped tunnel with three different overburden thickness. For the analysis of support system: Empirical method, Analytical method and Numerical Modeling are performed. Result obtained from the different approaches for three different overburden heights as well as for both size tunnels are compared and finally required support system is recommended. It was found significant change in deformations while increase in size of tunnel. Overburden thickness is also playing the vital role in this parameter but size effect is more prominent.
Impacto real de aplicativos para triagem de câncer de pele
Authors: Yoshimi Sakamoto Maeda Nisimoto Melissa , Santos de Oliveira Filho Renato , Carvalho Gomes Heitor , Klockner Eduarda , Rubinho Rafael , Masako Ferreira Lydia
Published: April 2021

Introdução: O câncer de pele avançado possui um prognóstico mais reservado. Desse modo, a detecção e o tratamento precoce impactam muito no prognóstico do paciente. Com o intuito de disseminar a importância e auxiliar o autoexame de pele, inúmeros aplicativos para smartphone estão sendo comercializados e disponibilizados diretamente ao público, os quais incluem tutorial sobre auto exame e rastreamento de lesões. Esses aplicativos móveis com sistema de teledermoscopia são um meio eficiente para o diagnóstico precoce do câncer de pele. Objetivo: Revisar a literatura já publicada sobre uso de aplicativos baseados na telefonia celular e avaliar seu impacto na detecção do câncer de pele. Metodologia: Trata-se de uma revisão de literatura selecionando artigos e publicações relativas ao rastreamento e diagnóstico do câncer de pele utilizando aplicativos baseados na telefonia celular, publicados entre os anos de 2007 e 2020, encontrados em algumas bases de dados. De cada artigo selecionado foram extraídas informações e compilado sem uma tabela a qual foi utilizada para redigir a presente revisão. Resultados: Através das palavras chave estabelecidas foi realizada uma busca de artigos, totalizando 1101 artigos.  Desses foram selecionados 21 pela leitura do resumo, e, após leitura na íntegra destes artigos,  aplicando os critérios de inclusão e exclusão, selecionou-se 13 artigos para essa revisão. Os artigos selecionados demonstravam que os aplicativos para detecção de câncer de pele podem tornar-se um método eficaz, de baixo custo e portabilidade para identificação precoce do câncer de pele. Conclusão: Os aplicativos para detecção do câncer de pele ainda são tecnologia emergente, que necessita de validação científica e aprimoramento. Porém, nota-se uma perspectiva positiva quanto ao seu impacto na saúde.
Strategic analysis of the commercial bank activities on the basis of a balanced scorecard
Authors: Vankevich Yana
Published: April 2021

The purpose of the article is to develop theoretical approaches to strategic analysis of the activities of commercial banks based on a balanced scorecard and gap analysis. The adaptation of this method to the peculiarities of the available operational, accounting and statistical information has been made. The empirical base of the study is the data of the National Bank of the Republic of Belarus, data of statistical and accounting reports of a commercial bank. Also, when compiling the balanced scorecard, the strategic plan for the development of the organization of the banking sector of the Republic of Belarus is initially used for the corporate business line. The strategic analysis procedure involves assessing the four main business processes of the organization (finance, customers, internal business processes, personnel and development), based on comparing the target value of each of the indicators with the current value, and setting an assessment. An important element of building a balanced scorecard and, at the same time, the first stage of gap analysis (GAP analysis) is to identify gaps between the assessment of the prospects' tasks and their target value (100%), as well as formulate proposals for their elimination. As a result of the strategic analysis of a commercial bank, the prospects for the development of the organization were considered, problem areas in business processes were identified, negative gaps between the target and actual indicators were classified by their types. As a result of the analysis of the balanced scorecard and the analysis of gaps, the necessary measures were identified to achieve the strategic goals of a commercial bank for the next year, and conclusions were drawn about the need to increase interaction with the client in the digital environment through modern information and communication technologies: chat bots, digital products, online design, online presentations, etc.
Investment attractiveness of Ukraine: realities and perspectives
Authors: Zalizniuk Victoria , Shchelkunov Volodymyr
Published: April 2021

Subject of research. The purpose of the study is the investment attractiveness of Ukraine and ways to improve using the Index of Investment Attractiveness of Ukraine. The purpose of writing this article is to identify ways to improve the investment climate in Ukraine. Methodology of work - methods of statistical analysis and synthesis, method of graphic modeling of investment attractiveness of economic climate in Ukraine. Results - As a result of the study, the following priorities were identified for 2021 to improve the investment climate in Ukraine: reboot of the judicial system; de-oligarchization of power; development of an effective and independent anti-corruption infrastructure; getting rid of bureaucracy; reduction of administrative and tax pressure on business; appointment of pro-European reformers to public office; restoration and support of cooperation with international financial institutions; law enforcement reform and effective fight against smuggling, including through increased fiscalization; establishing equal rules of the game for business. Scope of results. Economic branch: management of national economy, macroeconomics, economic theory. Conclusions. The biggest obstacles to the Ukrainian market as a result of the survey identified - exchange rate fluctuations, close ties between the economy and politics, insufficient legal order, corruption of public authorities, labor shortages and access to finance.
Peculiarities of the domestic stock market functioning
Authors: Horodnichenko Yuliia , Malyshko Vitalina , Yevtushenko Natalia
Published: April 2021

Subject of research is the stages of development and the actual state of the domestic stock market. The purpose of the article is to identify the stages of formation and development of the domestic stock market and as a result of determining the prospects for further development. Methods used in the research process: method of system-structural analysis and synthesis, method of comparative analysis, generalization, general scientific, special methods of scientific knowledge and other research methods. Study results. The experience of developed economies shows that the stock market, unlike other markets (including commodity or foreign exchange), is one of the most regulated and regulated. The specificity of the domestic stock market is that in Ukraine there is virtually no domestic investor, a significant number of transactions are concluded to obtain speculative profits; quite often shares are bought at the beginning of trading only in order to "sell" the market more expensive to sell them and make money on it. Investigating the activities of the domestic stock market, the main stages of its development are consistently identified. The role and importance of the stock market in ensuring economic development, to a large extent, is determined by the volume and structure of trading in financial instruments. At the current stage of development of the stock market, trading is concentrated on two stock exchanges of PJSC Stock Exchange "Perspective" and PJSC "Stock Exchange PFTS", identified trends to consolidate trade in these infrastructure market participants. Application of results. The results of the study can be used in the activities of the Ministry of Finance of Ukraine, the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, the National Commission on Securities and Stock Market, as well as in higher education institutions in the teaching of economic disciplines. Conclusions. The stock market must attract investors with its legality, honesty and order. This can be achieved only through state regulation of the securities industry in close cooperation with its representatives.
Improvement and development of mechanisms for personnel management of agricultural enterprises
Authors: Bіlous Victoria
Published: April 2021

The subject of the research is theoretical principles and practical proposals for improving the personnel management mechanisms of agricultural enterprises. The purpose of the article is to identify problems of formation and work of personnel of agricultural enterprises and substantiation of directions of development and improvement of mechanisms of its management. The methodological basis of the article is historical, monographic, system-structural analysis and synthesis, statistical-economic, problem-target. The results of the article. The main results of the article are developed measures to improve and develop mechanisms for managing the personnel of agricultural enterprises: institutional, organizational and economic, incentives and motivation. Proposed to use HR-management as a new mechanism that embodies elements of the previous ones. Field of application of results. In educational institutions of higher education, in personnel management of agricultural enterprises. Conclusions. The main mechanisms of personnel management of agricultural enterprises are institutional, organizational and economic, incentives and motivations. Institutional is a set of institutions as institutions, establishments, organizations and regulations on the regulation of social and labor relations, labor market and employment, as well as institutions as scientific and methodological, methodological developments and explanations to them. Organizational and economic mechanism is a set of methods and forms of organization of labor and jobs, as well as financial and economic factors and tools for personnel regulation. The latter are manifested in wages, stocks, dividends, accruals, and other types of financial regulation. Finally, the mechanism of stimulation and motivation of employees is important.
Fiscal and monetary instruments of impact on economic development
Authors: Pasichnyi Mykola
Published: April 2021

The research subject includes the theoretical basis and mechanism of fiscal and monetary policy coordination. The study aims to justify the conceptual basis of fiscal- monetary policy interactions to ensure economic development. Methods. To achieve the appropriate tasks, we used a set of methods and approaches that helped ensure our investigation's conceptual unity. The systemic and structural approaches, analysis and synthesis methods, comparison, generalization, modeling, and scientific abstraction are applied. Results. In this paper, we improved the theoretical and methodological foundations of fiscal and monetary policy coordination. The author highlighted the necessity to use the institutional approach in that case. Also, we gave practical proposals to develop the system for assessing the effectiveness of the coordination of fiscal and monetary policy. Practical implications. Government economic policy and instruments of its implementation. Conclusions. Empirical experience has shown the advisability of fiscal and monetary policy coordination to ensure sustainable endogenous economic growth. Coordination of government financial policy measures in the context of the economic cycle stages should be based on an institutional approach. The interaction of fiscal and monetary policies should focus on increasing social welfare and the maintenance of long-term macroeconomic stability. The adaptive interaction of monetary and fiscal mechanisms and the improvement of the state's economic system's institutional architectonics contribute to the intensification of business entities' economic activity. Meanwhile, those factors positively influence on economy's competitiveness. The necessity of introducing a system for assessing the effectiveness of the coordination of fiscal and monetary policy determines effective measures of financial regulation at a certain stage of economic development.
Confidentiality and scam in the internet
Authors: Shulga Olga
Published: April 2021

The purpose of the work is to consider the theoretical and practical aspects of fraud in the Internet sphere and on this basis to identify ways to ensure the confidentiality and cybersecurity of private users and commercial organizations. The methodological basis of the work is the use of general and special methods of scientific knowledge. Methods of combining analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction have been used to identify different types of fraud in the Internet. Generalization methods, logical and empirical, were used in determining the directions of development of the national cyber defense system and ensuring confidentiality. The main results of the work: The most common methods of fraud with the use of bank payment cards are identified, among which: a fake poll on social networks with a prize draw; a phone call to obtain classified information; SIM card replacement for access to online banking; online payments on unsecured sites; phishing; copying card data when handed over; unsecured WI-Fi networks; computers in public places; skimming for card data theft; unauthorized micropayments; ATM fraud; use of malicious programs (viruses), fake sites in order to compromise the details of electronic payment instruments and/or logins/passwords for access to Internet/mobile banking systems; dissemination (sale, dissemination) of information on compromised data; terminal network fraud; fraud in remote service systems; social engineering. Basic security rules are defined to prevent fraud. The experience of European countries in the field of cybersecurity is analyzed. The directions of adaptation of the current legislation on cybersecurity to the EU standards are outlined and the directions of development of the national system of cybersecurity are defined. The practical significance of the results is to deepen the understanding of the nature and mechanism of various types of fraud in the Internet. The recommendations proposed in the paper can form a methodological and theoretical basis for the development of economic policy of the state to ensure the confidentiality and cybersecurity of private users and commercial organizations. Conclusions. The state should establish an effective oversight body in the field of personal data protection, but security measures and online restrictions should comply with international standards. The use of encryption should not be prohibited at the legislative level, as such restrictions reduce the ability of citizens to protect themselves from illegal intrusions into privacy. In addition, the state policy in the Internet should be aimed at promoting the development and operation of secure Internet technologies and the formation of mechanisms to protect against services and protocols that threaten the technical functioning of the Internet from viruses, phishing and more.
Simulation of the assessment of the competitiveness of sea ports of Ukraine using the Harrington function
Authors: Kudrytska Natalia
Published: April 2021

Relevance of the research topic. The article is devoted to the problem of assessing the competitiveness of seaports of Ukraine, the relevance of which is highlighted in the National Transport Strategy of Ukraine for the period up to 2030; Strategies for the development of seaports of Ukraine for the period up to 2038; Corporate strategy of the state enterprise "Administration of Seaports of Ukraine" until 2025. Analysis of recent research and publications. The article provides an overview of modern foreign publications on assessing the competitiveness of seaports using various methods, in particular: the Herfindahl-Hirschman index; psychometric Likert scale; expert assessments based on an extended version of M. Porter's "diamond" approach. Selection of unexplored parts of the general problem. The author emphasizes the inadequacy of domestic work on assessing the competitiveness of seaports using economic and mathematical modeling. Problem statement, research goals. The aim of the article is to implement a methodological approach to assessing the competitiveness of Ukrainian seaports using the Harrington desirability function. Method or methodology of the study. The methodological basis of the study is the methods of economic and mathematical modeling. Presentation of the main material. In modern economic conditions, the seaport is considered a complex economic system. One of the most convenient and clear methods of solving multicriteria problems, which include the assessment of competitiveness, is the desirable function of Harrington. The author simulates the assessment of the level of competitiveness of 13 seaports of Ukraine using the psychophysical scale of Harrington's desirability on the basis of these indicators that characterize their technical condition. Conclusions in accordance with the article. As a result of modeling, it was obtained that the generalized coefficient of desirability of assessing the competitiveness of Ukrainian seaports has a value in the range from 0.42 to 0.77, ie the assessment of "satisfactory" and "good". This means that the modernization of ports, which helps to improve these indicators (number of berths, their length, maximum depth of parking near berths, the total area of warehouses) can significantly increase the level of their competitiveness.
Bulgarian economy as a producer of intermediate goods for the European Union
Authors: Kalinkova Sabrina
Published: April 2021

Relevance of research topic. In conditions of globalization, the economic development of a country depends a lot on its relations with the rest of the world. When using economic indicators, including the "foreign trade balance" one, their correct interpretation is of particular importance. Formulation of the problem. The research interest should be focused not only on the volume of exports and imports in monetary terms, but also on its structure. It is a question of what production (goods and services) the Bulgarian economy exports (respectively imports), as well as where it exports (from where the Bulgarian economy imports). Setting the task, the purpose of the study. This report aims to present the Bulgarian economy in its role of producer and supplier of intermediate products for the countries of the European Union. Method or methodology for conducting research.  The study is based on the use of the input-output model and in particular the symmetric input-output tables provided by the World Input-Output Database. Presentation of the main material (results of work). This report presents the results of the study of volume and structure of exports of the Bulgarian economy as a producer and supplier of intermediate goods, directed to the countries of the European Union. The interactions with the following countries were analyzed: Austria, Belgium, Germany, Denmark, Spain, France, Great Britain, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, and Romania. Some of the member states of the European Union are not included. The reason for this is the lack of interactions between them and the Bulgarian economy, based on the provision of intermediate products. Conclusions according to the article. The study presents only one aspect of the foreign economic relations that take place between Bulgaria and the European Union. For the most part, the relations between Bulgaria and the other economies in the European Union are based mainly on industries related to the supply of resources. Services and products with a final degree of readiness are provided to a much lesser extent.
Struggles over Expertise
Authors: Meriluoto Taina
Published: April 2021

There is growing concern among democracy scholars that participatory innovations pose a depoliticizing threat to democracy. This article tackles this concern by providing a more nuanced understanding of how politicization and depoliticization take shape in participatory initiatives. Based on ethnographic research on participatory projects with marginalized people who are invited to act as experiential experts, the article examines how actors limit and open up possibilities to participate. By focusing on struggles concerning the definition of expertise, the article identifies a threefold character of politicization as a practice within participatory innovations. It involves (1) illuminating the boundaries that define the actors’ possibilities; (2) making a connection between these boundaries and specific value bases; and (3) imagining an alternative normative basis for participation.
IDENTIFICATION OF TRANSACTION COST MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS
Authors: Sergiy Bardash  , Tatiana Osadcha
Published: April 2021

The basis of information support in the field of economic relations is an accounting system adequate to modern needs. However, such an accounting system as the basis of information support and accounting as one of the functions of management does not create sufficient prerequisites to ensure the effectiveness of the management process, including transaction cost management. Motivation in the process of managing transaction costs involves the use of moral and material incentives for employees of the entity, namely monetary rewards, recognition of achievements, promotion, providing conditions for the manifestation of creative potential in order to prevent deviant behaviour, the consequences of which are the search for economic benefits from the resources of the business units. In addition, the function of motivation should extend to the business partners of the entity and consider their interests, goals and business reputation. The indicated information should form sufficient grounds for the motivational component of business negotiations and create conditions for obtaining the desired result. Effective transaction cost management is a prerequisite for the competitiveness of products, goods, works, services, and the business unit that produces, sells and aims to ensure a lasting plateau of financial stability. This dependence exists since transaction costs both create conditions for further growth of profits generated by the entity and can reduce it under opportunistic behaviour. Optimization of transaction costs can be achieved not only through their accounting, control, analysis, but also the performance of other management functions, the list of which, as evidenced by the study of recent publications, is not definitively defined. This paper proves that transaction cost management is a mandatory component of the dynamic management process of the entity, which should be harmonized with the overall management process and meet its main goal – to achieve high economic performance
Nabywanie znacznych pakietów akcji krajowych zakładów ubezpieczeń – charakterystyka i analiza prawna
Authors: Beata Kozłowska-Chyła  , Paweł Wajda
Published: April 2021

This paper is an attempt to solve problems which may arise – and in practice they do – in the course of proceedings conducted by the Polish Financial Supervision Authority (KNF) concerning the expression of its position on the acquisition of a qualifying holding in a domestic insurance company (i.e. in fact, the analysis of the institution objecting to the acquisition of a qualifying holding in a domestic insurance company, referred to in Articles 82–98 of the Act of 15 September 2015 on insurance and reinsurance activities).
Ewolucja rozwiązań prawnych w sferze podatku przemysłowego jako element polityki podatkowej państwa polskiego w okresie międzywojennym
Authors: Sebastian Kwiecień
Published: April 2021

Podatek przemysłowy, oparty na archaicznych rozwiązaniach, od początku jego funkcjonowania budził sprzeciw, szczególnie w kontekście wprowadzenia podatku od obrotu, któremu nadano cechy podatku konsumpcyjnego, a utrzymanym świadectwom przemysłowym nadano cechy podatku przychodowego. Należy również pamiętać, że same ustawy o podatku przemysłowym były w swej treści niezwykle skomplikowane, ustawodawca w jednej ustawie starał się uregulować jak największą ilość zjawisk gospodarczych. Przyjęte rozwiązania wobec podatku przemysłowego pozwoliły ustawodawcy uzyskać stały wpływ do budżetu państwa, którego wielkość, jakkolwiek wahała się w zależności od okresu i sytuacji społecznej i gospodarczej, to średnio stanowiła 10% ogólnych wpływów budżetu państwa. Próby zracjonalizowania systemu poboru podatku przemysłowego i zerwanie z zasadą nierównomierności tego podatku, oparciu się na cechach zewnętrznych przedsiębiorstwa, czy wreszcie z mechanicznym połączeniem podatku przychodowego i podatku od obrotu, dokonała dopiero ustawa z 25 kwietnia 1938 roku o podatku obrotowym. Reforma podatkowa była efektem długo oczekiwanych przez przedsiębiorców zmian systemu podatkowego w zakresie przede wszystkim podatku przemysłowego. Niestety z uwagi na wybuch wojny, przepisy nie weszły w życie.
Karnoprawne i kryminologiczne aspekty przestępstwa plagiatu
Authors: Natalia Daśko
Published: April 2021

Artykuł składa się z dwóch części. W pierwszej Autorka omawia karnoprawne aspekty przestępstwa z art. 115 ust. 1 ustawy o prawie autorskim i prawach pokrewnych. W drugiej części prezentuje wyniki przeprowadzonych przez badań empirycznych. W celu poznania dynamiki skazań na przestrzeni lat, charakterystyki sprawców oraz rodzajów kar wymierzanych przez sądy zebrała i opracowała dane statystyczne uzyskane z Ministerstwa Sprawiedliwości. Natomiast w celu zbadania okoliczności faktycznych spraw plagiatowych, a także poprawności kwalifikacji prawnej czynów zabronionych stosowanej przez sądy przeprowadzono badania aktowe. Badania obejmowały sprawy zakończone prawomocnym wyrokiem skazującym w latach 2013-2017. W podsumowaniu znajdują się uwagi odnośnie problemów z kwalifikacją prawną naruszeń praw autorskich i praw pokrewnych oraz uwagi de lege ferenda.
Brexit a wybory do Parlamentu Europejskiego w 2019 r. Rozważania na tle wyborów w Polsce
Authors: Agata Pyrzyńska
Published: April 2021

Wystąpienie Wielkiej Brytanii z Unii Europejskiej okazało się ważnym wydarzeniem nie tylko dla obywateli tego państwa lecz dla wszystkich państw członkowskich Unii Europejskiej. Jedną z ważnych konsekwencji notyfikacji wystąpienia z organizacji stało się ustalenie składu Parlamentu Europejskiego przy uwzględnieniu różnych wariantów momentu dojścia do skutku Brexitu. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza wpływu wystąpienia Wielkiej Brytanii z Unii Europejskiej na przebieg wyborów i obsadzenie mandatów w  Parlamencie Europejskim. Kwestia ta została przedstawiona przede wszystkim na przykładzie wyborów przeprowadzonych w Polsce. W pierwszej części artykułu omówiono procedurę wystąpienia Wielkiej Brytanii z UE i problemy z nią związane. Część druga poświęcona została oddziaływaniu Brexitu na sposób podziału mandatów w PE w zależności od momentu wystąpienia Wielkiej Brytanii z Unii Europejskiej. W części trzeciej artykułu przeanalizowano problemy związane z trybem wyłonienia polskiego posła „oczekującego” na objęcie mandatu w PE oraz jego statusem.
Prawa Asimova czyli science-fiction jako fundament nowego prawa cywilnego
Authors: Paweł Księżak  , Sylwia Wojtczak
Published: April 2021

W dniu 16 lutego 2017 r. Parlament Europejski przyjął Rezolucję 2015/2103(INL), w której wezwał Komisję do podjęcia prac nad stworzeniem nowych rozwiązań z zakresu prawa cywilnego, które mogłyby odpowiedzieć na szybki współczesny rozwój robotyki i sztucznej inteligencji. Rezolucja wskazuje prawa Asimova jako jedną z podstaw przyszłych przepisów prawa cywilnego dotyczących robotyki. Autorzy artykułu analizują, czy biorąc pod uwagę perspektywę prawną, prawa Asimova mogą rzeczywiście odgrywać przewidzianą dla nich rolę. Z  analizy wynika, że ​​z wielu powodów prawa Asimowa nie są dobrym instrumentem do opracowywania konkretnych przepisów prawnych. Nawet jeśli Prawa są traktowane jako bardzo ogólne zalecenia etyczne, powodują raczej zamieszanie i rodzą nierozwiązywalne problemy niż dają jakiekolwiek realne wytyczne. Autorzy podejrzewają, że odwołanie się do nich było wyrazem przywiązania PE do starego androidalnego paradygmatu robotyki, przyjętego kilkadziesiąt lat temu i wciąż silnie obecnego w kulturze popularnej.
Glosa do wyroku Wielkiej Izby Trybunału Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej z dnia 19 grudnia 2019 r., C-263/18
Authors: Joanna Pawlikowska
Published: April 2021

Wyrok Trybunału Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej z dnia 19 grudnia 2019 r. dotyczy problematyki cyfrowego rynku „używanych” książek elektronicznych, w szczególności kwestii dopuszczalności wyczerpania prawa do rozpowszechniania cyfrowych kopii książek chronionych prawem autorskim. Trybunał luksemburski w istotny sposób rozwinął swoją linię orzeczniczą w odniesieniu do wyczerpania prawa autorskiego w środowisku cyfrowym, w szczególności przez to, że dokonał jednoznacznej kwalifikacji prawnej czynności dostarczania użytkownikom chronionych utworów przez pobranie ich on-line . Stanowisko trybunału luksemburskiego zdaje się wykluczać możliwość przyjęcia dynamicznej wykładni obecnie obowiązujących rozwiązań normatywnych z zakresu wyczerpania prawa autorskiego i uwzględnienia rozwoju technologii, rynku i zachowań konsumenckich. Nie pozostanie to bez wpływu na rozwój jednolitego rynku cyfrowego i handel elektroniczny i wymusi poszukiwanie nowych rozwiązań w tym zakresie. Niedostrzeganie zasadności dostosowania autorskoprawnych rozwiązań normatywnych a przynajmniej ich wykładni do zmieniających się warunków technologicznych pogłębi jedynie istniejący już stan niepewności prawa i obrotu prawnego oraz będzie sprzyjało przyjmowaniu wewnętrznych rozwiązań przez dostawców dóbr cyfrowych i usługodawców.
Publicznoprawne aspekty nabywania znacznych pakietów akcji krajowych zakładów ubezpieczeń.
Authors: Paweł Augustyn Wajda  , Beata Kozłowska-Chyła
Published: April 2021

Niniejsza publikacja poświęcona będzie próbie rozwiązania problemów, które mogą zaistnieć - i w praktyce obrotu pojawiają się - w toku postępowań prowadzonych przez Komisję Nadzoru Finansowego, w sprawie wyrażenia przez ten organ administracji publicznej stanowiska w przedmiocie nabycia znacznego pakietu akcji krajowego zakładu ubezpieczeń (tj. w istocie analizie instytucji sprzeciwu Komisji Nadzoru Finansowego odnośnie do nabycia znacznego pakietu akcji krajowego zakładu ubezpieczeń, o której to instytucji jest mowa w art. 82-98 ustawy z dnia z dnia 15 września 2015 r. o działalności ubezpieczeniowej i reasekuracyjnej. Autorzy zdecydowali się na wybór takiego właśnie tematu kierując się tym, że w toku przeprowadzania transakcji nabycia znacznego pakietu akcji krajowych zakładów ubezpieczeń pojawiają się liczne problemy związane z rozbieżnościami występującymi pomiędzy rozwiązaniami funkcjonującymi na gruncie przepisów u.d.u.r. a praktyką postępowań administracyjnych. Ponadto należy stwierdzić, że jakkolwiek w treści publikacji autorzy odwołują się do krajowego zakładu ubezpieczeń, to analogiczne rozwiązania i rozważania mają również zastosowanie do krajowych zakładów reasekuracji. W pierwszej części zostanie także zaprezentowana szczegółowa charakterystyka instytucji zawiadomienia z art. 82 i nast. u.d.u.r. W kolejnej części artykułu zostanie zaś przedstawiona charakterystyka postępowania prowadzonego przez Komisję Nadzoru Finansowego w sprawie wyrażenia zgody/sprzeciwu odnośnie do nabycia znacznego pakietu akcji krajowego zakładu ubezpieczeń, jak również zostanie przedstawiona charakterystyka rozstrzygnięć, które mogą zostać wydane w takim postępowaniu oraz mechanizmów zabezpieczających realizację obowiązku z art. 82 i nast. u.d.u.r., jak wreszcie Autorzy sformułują ocenę instytucji z art. 82 i nast. u.d.u.r.
Reply to a Review on Empire of Law
Authors: Kaius Tuori
Published: April 2021

In this short note, I am reluctantly addressing some misconceptions and misunderstandings in the review of my book  Empire of Law (2020), written by an anomymous author.
O nowe prawo do grobu? Glosa krytyczna do wyroku Sądu Najwyższego z dnia 24 czerwca 2019 roku, III CSK 267/17
Authors: Patryk Walczak
Published: April 2021

Przedmiotem glosy jest koncepcja prawa do grobu wykształcona i utrwalona w orzecznictwie. W omawianym orzeczeniu została przyjęta niejednolita koncepcja prawa do grobu - majątkowa dla pustego grobu, a niemajątkowa po złożeniu w nim pierwszych zwłok. Taka kwalifikacja ma daleko idące konsekwencje dla zbywalności i dziedziczności tego prawa. W imię zapewnienia należytej ochrony bliskim zmarłego judykatywa doprowadziła, niebezpośrednio, do wykształcenia alternatywnej ścieżki sukcesji na wypadek śmierci. Zdaje się, że taka konstrukcja niesie więcej szkód niż korzyści. Szersza ochrona prawna jest wyłacznie iluzoryczna, powstaje niepotrzebny stan zawieszenia w obrocie, generowane są dodatkowe koszty procesowe, a co najważniejsze, to rozwiązanie nie jest intuicyjne dla uczestników obrotu. Rodzi się zatem pytanie o zasadność apriorycznego odrzucenia jednolitej koncepcji prawa do grobu - szczególnie, że takie rozwiązanie jawi się jako bardziej racjonalne i użyteczne.
Withdrawal from a contract for insurance coverage concluded remotely
Authors: Marta Anna Szwarczyńska
Published: April 2021

The multi-stakeholder nature of group insurance contracts triggers various types of connections between the actors in this legal relationship. This is best illustrated by the contract for insurance coverage, which is a separate agreement transacted between the insured and policyholder, but intrinsically linked with group insurance. The aim of this article is to discuss the selected aspects of contracts for insurance coverage. Particular emphasis is put on the insured's right to withdraw from the contract if it was concluded by means of distance communication. The considerations in this respect include examples deriving from case-law practice.
Venire contra factum proprium nemini licet –– Changing fortunes of the maxim demanding the constancy in conduct
Authors: Wojciech Tadeusz Dajczak
Published: April 2021

Key words: estoppel, legal principles, good faith, European legal tradition
A Troubling Trio of Family Law Issues: Contributions from Comparative Law
Authors: Teresa Stanton Collett
Published: April 2021

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Skreślenie obwinionego z listy studentów a umorzenie postępowania dyscyplinarnego w sprawach studentów
Authors: Tomasz Barszcz
Published: April 2021

Celem artykułu jest zbudowanie uzasadnienia, że model postępowania dyscyplinarnego w sprawach studentów, wyznaczony głównie przez ustawę z dnia 20 lipca 2018 r. Prawo o szkolnictwie wyższym i nauce, współtworzy norma o postaci: „komisja dyscyplinarna nie wszczyna postępowania dyscyplinarnego, a wszczęte umarza, gdy obwinionego skreślono z listy studentów”. Sformułowana w tekście argumentacja składa się z dwóch podstawowych części. Wpierw formułuję argumenty, które podważają wymienioną tezę; przedstawiam racje wskazujące, że skreślenie obwinionego z listy studentów pozostaje bez znaczenia dla toku postępowania dyscyplinarnego. Odwołuję się przy tym wprost do tekstu prawnego, podstawowych dyrektyw językowej wykładni prawa, rozumowania opartego na analogii, a także kontekstu celowościowego i systemowego. Następnie wykazuję, że skonstruowane argumenty są wadliwe, a ich skorygowanie nie tyle pozostaje obojętne dla istnienia wymienionej normy, ile wprost wskazuje na to, że współtworzy ona aktualnie obowiązujący model postępowania dyscyplinarnego w sprawach studentów.