bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Progress In Lead Free- Relaxor Ferroelectrics For Energy Storage Applications.
Authors: Al-Aaraji Mohammed N , Hasan Wisam N , Al-Marzoki Kutaiba
Published: August 2021

The noticeable progression in the power electronic devices pushes a crucial demand to develop dielectrics with low loss, good temperature stability and high energy-storage density in addition to enhanced energy recovery characteristics. These properties are very important in order to use in advanced pulsed capacitors. Capacitors form a main part of many modern electrical and electronic devices. In this regards, relaxor ferroelectrics form an appropriate candidate for ceramic-based capacitor applications, due to their low loss and high energy density. This review provide theoretical basis at first, which help to evaluate the capacitors characteristics that contribute to high energy storage behavior. Moreover, serves to give an overall summary on latest development on electric energy-storage performance in the candidate materials, particularly in bismuth based peroviskite materials. For example, Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3, BiFeO3 and their solid solutions with BaTiO3 or with K0.5Na0.5NbO3.
Effect of different strengthening techniques on the behavior of one-way continuous slab with insufficient length of development
Authors: Al-Shebawi Ruqayah D. , Al-yassri Labeeb S.
Published: August 2021

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of the different strengthening techniques on the behavior of continuous one-way slab with insufficient length of development of rebars at the internal joint. The insufficient length of development of rebars in the zone of negative steel reinforcement leads to a reduction in force which has dangerous consequences that affect the structure and its serviceability. This study proposed three strengthening techniques to compensate the insufficient development length which including: internal strengthening by confining the lap zone by spiral bar, externally strengthened by CFRP sheet and steel plates. Six one-way concrete slabs with dimensions of 2200 mm length, 500 mm width, and 125 mm thickness were casted and tested under static load. The main variables adopted in this study are: the length of development, type of strengthening, and presence of construction joint. All slabs were loaded to failure. Form results, it’s found that the presence of construction joint and insufficient length of development of rebars at internal support of the continuous one-way slab had a tangible influence on the structural behavior, also, the insufficient length of development resulted in a deterioration of the structure, decrease in stiffness, and change in the mode failure. It was observed that the strengthening techniques used in this study able to compensate the reduction in stiffness and enhancing mode of failure. All the proposed strengthening techniques was efficient especially steel plates which gave a high increasing in ultimate load by about 16.14 % and by about 8.7-3.73% for the other.
Time-Series Deep-Learning Classifier for Human Activity Recognition Based On Smartphone Built-in Sensors
Authors: Ali Ghada Qanbar , Al-Libawy Hilal
Published: August 2021

Human Activity Recognition (HAR) is gaining more interest in recent years due to its growing role in many human-related sectors such as the health sector especially with elderly people and motion restricted patients. In recent years, there has been great progress in identifying human activity using various machine learning approaches. However, traditional methods of feature extraction are the most challenging in the feature selection process. Deep learning is a promising approach in the human activity recognition research area and has overcome the feature selection problem. However, several challenges are still open to research issues such as classification performance. This paper describes how to identify specific types of human physical activities using the accelerator and gyroscope data generated by the smartphone user. A deep convolutional neural network architecture has been proposed to perform HAR efficiently and effectively the system has been trained and tested over a dataset generated with the aid of 50 volunteers with four activities (walking, running, walking up-down stairs finally sitting-standing on the chair) events in real-world conditions. We chose four classes, each of which performs well, get to know our range of activities achieving 99% for validation and 99.8% for testing overall accuracy
Flexural Behaviour of Hybrid Concrete Beam-Column Connections Under Static and Repeated Loads
Authors: Mosheer Khamail Abdul-Mahdi , Dawood Mustafa B , Ghalib M H
Published: August 2021

The present study includes an experimental investigations for the behavior and the load carrying capacity of hybrid beam-column connections subjected to static and repeated loading condition. The goals were to evaluate the effect of using slurry infiltrated fiber concrete (SIFCON). Experimental program consists of testing six beam-column connections, two of them casted with normal concrete and the other using SIFCON in crtical section in addation to normal concrete. Also, the program testing three of connection subjected to static load and the similar other subjected to repeated loads. Results show an improve in flexural behavior for specimens with SIFCON as compared with normal concrete under static and condition, on the other hand, the reduction in flexural strength when was exposed to repeated loads in comparison with that under static loads reach 2.6% at hybrid connection. While, the reduction was increased to 5.1% for the specimen without SIFCON.
Transmitting Image in 3D Wireless Channel using Adaptive Algorithm Processing with MMSE based on MIMO principles
Authors: Fedosov V.P. , Jameel J.S. , Kucheryavenko S.V.
Published: August 2021

With the growing evolution of wireless communication technologies, there is still a need for higher data rates, increased system capacity, and improved service quality. OFDM WiMAX technology is now regarded as one of the most common solutions for Broadband Wireless Connectivity in Urban Areas, capable of offering faster implementation and lower costs than standard wired options. This paper proposes effective adaptive algorithm processing with MMSE for use in wireless networks based on SISO and MIMO OFDM WiMAX, enabling network performance to be enhanced in the case of non-LOS wireless communications, which are standard in urban conditions. On the performance of the system, signal attenuation, the effects of several paths l, different mobility speeds and Doppler shift were studied. Combines the adaptive algorithm with MMSE, achieves improved joint channel estimation and signal detection which performs the technique effectively mobile. SNR, MSE and noise components are used to analyses mathematical models of adaptive modulation for transmitting images in SISO and MIMO systems. Simulation results show that the adaptive algorithm with MMSE would improve throughput. For example, when SNR equal 15 dB, the probability of MSE for BPSK based on MIMO principle is equal to 0.0016 with adaptive algorithm. Also, for the same value of SNR, the probability of MSE for BPSK based on MIMO principle is equal to 0.164 without adaptive algorithm. It can also be concluded that when processing signals in a receiving system under conditions of multi-path signal propagation, the use of adaptive algorithms with MMSE has a positive effect on noise immunity.
Factors affect the bond strength of Geopolymer repair material: Review
Authors: Abed AL-Jabar Ahmed Jaafer , Ibrahim Sarmad I. , Al-Kaisy Hanaa A.
Published: August 2021

One of the most important construction activities worldwide is the repair and rehabilitation of damaged concrete structures. Many concrete structures are decaying, sometimes early, and need remediation to restore their protection and serviceability. As a result, in recent years the need for repair and safety has increased dramatically. This paper reviewed some studies about the potential for geopolymer to be used as a repair material and highlighted the main factors effect bond strength between GP and OPCC. The bond strength of GP was assessed using splitting tensile test and slant shear test. The results of bond strength indicated that this form of GP could be employed as a potential repair material..
The quest for the most eco-friendly solutions for long-term housing changes
Authors: Sattar Ghali Zainab Abdul
Published: August 2021

Lodging changes are an intriguing intercession with regards to post-war lodging regions. Two contextual investigations show that lodging changes can fill the hole among solidification and huge scope destruction. It is regularly said that this causes less natural effect. In any case, very little information regarding this matter is accessible yet. Naturally contrasting lodging changes versus new development not just needs to manage ecological effects during development, yet in addition with ecological effects after some time. An equilibrium must be looked for between these two sorts of natural effects. That is possible by learning typical yearly natural impacts from the hour of interesting advancement up to and including discard around the completion of-life of the housing change or new turn of events. This is against current evaluations of differentiating choices over a comparable lifetime. The system will be attempted in the accompanying period of the assessment.
Thermal Conductivity Characterization of Epoxy Based Composites Reinforced with Date Palm Waste Particles
Authors: Ghazi Israa F , Jaddan Riyam I
Published: August 2021

Natural additives are largely available and have good environmental properties, therefore it mostly added as reinforcing material in a large number of polymeric materials. The intention of this study is to prepared green composite products to utilize as an insulating material and also in internal components of automobiles and the shipbuilding industry. For that reason, six composites were prepared that using particles from the date palm waste (palm mesh, seed of fruit, and trunk) as reinforcing fillers at (10, 20, and 30) wt.% loading as well as a hybrid of each three fillers in an epoxy matrix. The result included that the variation of thermal properties with the filler volume fraction and also with the type of fillers. At maximum volume fractions (30%), the seed date palm attained the lowest values of thermal properties of 0.138W/m.K, 720 m2/s, and 0.0201 J/kg.K for the thermal conductivity, specific heat, and thermal diffusivity respectively. Epoxy hybrid composites have the lowest thermal conductivity than other composite materials, making them more suitable for thermal insulation materials.
Functionally graded coating (silver/yttria) multi layers by pulsed laser deposition technique on 316L stainless steel substrate
Authors: Radhi Nabaa Sattar , Hamza Saja , Ahmed Rafea Tuama , Sahi Nebras Mohammed
Published: August 2021

Biomaterial surface modifications are crucial for matching the dynamics of the biological system and improving bioimplant efficiency. Surface modifications that are tailored to the material’s biocompatibility, bondability, and host cell associations can significantly improve the material’s biocompatibility, bondability, and host cell associations. In this investigation, silver, yttria and silver/yttria thin covers preparation and antimicrobial characteristics on St.St. 316L by pulsed laser deposition (PLD). The mechanical property of the coating has been evaluated by Vickers micro-hardness test, surface characterization studies of the coatings such as LOM and an antibacterial test has been conducted to ensure the coating’s antibacterial efficacy.
RSM Optimizing the Characteristics of Metakaolin based Geopolymer Foam
Authors: Radhi Mohammed S. , Al-Ghaban Ahmed M. H. , Al-Hydary Imad A. D.
Published: August 2021

The present study reports on the development of cost-effective hybrid geopolymer foam from metakaolin via a direct foaming mechanism to produce pores differ in amount and size to be suitable for wide range of applications such as filtration, catalyst support, acoustic and thermal insulation. The main goal of this research project has been to investigate the possibility of producing geopolymer foam with high compressive strength and high porosity at the same time. The complexity of the structure, the variety of the process parameters, and the impure nature of the starting materials make it hard to optimize the preparation process of HGPF and to evaluate the influence of each processing parameter on the final conducted characteristics. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) has been utilized to examine the influence of the main process parameters, on the compressive strength, and the physical characteristics of the samples with final aim to optimize the preparation process. The study involved investigation of batch (0.2 of K2O). The studied parameters were (silica content, water amount, OPC%, H2O2 %, and Olive oil %).
The Effect of Boron Addition on the corrosion behavior of Ni Cr Modental alloy prepared by powder metallurgy.
Authors: Haleem Ali Hubi , Jamal Al-Deen Haydar H.J. , Shanan Ban Ahmed
Published: August 2021

The powder metallurgy (PM) method was used to create the alloy. The sintering process was carried out in an inert high-temperature tube furnace in the presence of inert gas at a temperature of 1000 ° C for 8 hours (Argon). In this article, the effect of (B) at three wt.% (0.4,0.8,1.2) on the corrosion rate, hardness, and microstructure of alloys was examined. X-ray diffraction (XRD), open circuit potential, electrochemical tests (Tafel extrapolation method), and Macro hardness Brinell were used to study the effect of adding (B) in various amounts to alloys. Saliva was utilized as the corrosion solution for the testing. The inclusion of the alloy element (B) increased hardness and a decrease in particle size, as seen by the microstructures. Furthermore, the corrosion resistance of the master alloy improved next the addition, as shown by Corrosion potential has increased while corrosion current densities have decreased. The corrosion rate for A, A1, A2 and A3 was 14.50, 7.42, 2.03and 2.77 (mpy) respectively.
Influence of electrical discharge machining parameters by additives Nano [AL2O3] on surface roughness and material removal rate in machining of AISI 304
Authors: Ibrahim Abbas Fadhil
Published: August 2021

Experimental investigation and optimization of machining parameters in electrical discharge machining (EDM) in terms adding particles Nano-reinforced among the various mechanical processes, the process of manufacturing in electrical discharge machines is one of the most effective and cost-efficient manufacturing processes in the manufacture of stainless steel. It has been dealt with in this article investigate each of operating parameters such as peak current (Ip), pulse on time (Pon) and pulse off time(Poff), insulating liquid with Nano powder (AL2O3) in EDM compounds AISI 304. In the present research work, the influences of certain process parameters on surface roughness(Ra) and material removal rate(MRR) were investigated on stainless steel carried out with powder mixture with particles size average of [5 nm]. Operating parameters are taking into consideration three factors based on the Taguchi method. The results from this work will be useful for manufacturing engineers to select appropriate set of process parameters to machine stainless steel.
Direct Oxidation of Antibiotics from Aqueous Solution by Ozonation with Microbubbles
Authors: Dawood Fadhil K. , Abdulrazzaq Nada N.
Published: August 2021

in this research, antibiotics (tetracycline, ceftriaxone, and metronidazole) were removed in a batch reactor each one separately and together using ozone microbubbles (OMBs) method. The antibiotic removal efficiency was analyzed under different reaction conditions, including initial solution pH, ozonation time, ozone production rate, and initial antibiotic concentration. It was found from the experiments that the elimination of antibiotics by ozone microbubbles was higher at the basal medium between (7-8). In addition, as the ozone production rate was raised from (3.33-16.66) mg/min, the removal efficiency increased, as did the antibiotic concentration (1-100) PPM. Also, the removal tests were carried out under optimal conditions using the conventional ozonation method, and the microbubble technology and the results were compared under the same operating conditions. The microbubbles were found to save a lot of time and reduce the amount of ozone used.
Application of Statistical Control Charts for Monitoring the Textile Yarn Quality
Authors: Abdulghafour Amjad B. , Omran Salman H. , Jafar Mohaned S. , Mottar Murtadha M. , Hussein Osamah H.
Published: August 2021

At the current time, textile product quality is the most attractive factor for the consumer market. Iraqis’ textile yarn industries are facing a lot of difficulties and competition of cotton yarn products, which has been increased versus artificial fibers. The main problems include the physical and chemical characteristics of cotton yarn because of genetic, environmental, harvesting, and ginning factors. The Statistical control process is a powerful and useful methodology used to solve problems in textile yarn industries to achieve process stability, improve process capability, and reduce process variability. The main objective of this study is to apply control charts and comparison control chart performance of yarn spinning data for quick detection of process shifts that occur to take corrective action. Therefore, in this study, the control charts have been applied at the Wasit state company for textile industries to control the quality of cotton yarns produced. Applying control charts in all yarn spinning stages is a very important issue, especially in production cost and yarn quality. Quality control charts selected for variables that include (

X

¯

-R and

X

¯

-S charts) are constructed to describe tenacity, elongation, and the coefficient of variation. Thirty samples size of yarns with five reading of observations per sample of count 1/27Ne are drawn from spinning machine. Minitab is statistical software used to construct the control charts because of its good reputation which is confirmed by the results achieved in our research. The final results of this study will help us to distinguish yarns parameters in the points of the economy and the quality, by comparison, their above-mention parameters.
Predicting the scour depth downstream single step broad crested weirs
Authors: Suleiman Saleh J. , Ismael Adnan A.
Published: August 2021

The main purpose of broad crested weir used in open channels is to raise and control upstream (U/S) water level. The most important problems for downstream of hydraulic structures are the local scour formed at the downstream of hydraulic structures. Scour control process considered as the main objective to ensure safety and economical design of hydraulic structures to prevent any serious failure in the future. In this study, four models of Single-Step-Broad-Crested weirs with different angles were tested under different flow intensity for duration of 6 hours. Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV) was used to investigate the velocity field. The results showed that, the model C reduces local scour hole volume was about 87.6%, 55.58% and 44.8% and the maximum depth of scour reduced 73.43%, 32.56% and 24.22% as compared with model D at each discharge.
Rheological Properties Of (NR/SBR/CMC/C.B) Nanocomposites
Authors: Al-Nesrawy Essam Filayyih , Hadi Al-Nesrawy Sameer Hassan
Published: August 2021

This research focuses on the impact of adding materials such as carbon black and polymer of carboxyl methylcellulose on the the rheological properties of styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) and natural rubber (NR) which was studied as a matrix. The present study was a carried out by two groups according to the loading level of carboxyl methylcellulose (CMC) and carbon black(C.B) its molecular weight (N660) which their used as stiffeners in the composites. on the other side, rheometer tests carried according to ASTM D 2705 For the purpose use these composites in various tire making and fender ship. All composites are consisting of carbon black (C.B) N660 (0, 10, 10, 10, 10) pphr and carboxyl methyl cellulose (CMC) (0, 0, 10, 20, 30) pphr respectively for the first group (A) and (0, 20, 20, 20, 20) pphr for C.B, (0, 0, 10, 20, 30) pphr for CMC for the second group (B). The maximum torque, minimum torque, scorch time, viscosity and Tc90 optimum curing time were checked. The results revealed that the parameters differ according to the level of loading. Viscosity, lower torque, maximum torque and optimal curing were reduced for increasing loading ratio of the C.B and CMC. As well, an optimal curing time of the TC90 burning time was reduced as addition ratios of the carbon black (C.B) and carboxyl methyl cellulose (CMC) increased.
Harvesting Energy by Solar Thermo-Electric Generation in Tropical Regions
Authors: Shibib Khalid Salem , Qatta Haqi I , Younis Sudad I
Published: August 2021

Thermos-electric generation (TEG) is a promising technique that transforms heat into electric energy even it has low conservation efficiency. In this work. The finite element method (FEM) has been used to determine the temperature distribution in the soil also a parameter that already used to present the effectiveness of the TEG was obtained. The temperature of the soil surface and temperature at any depth was obtained together with the temperature of a plate located above the TEG device which served as a hot source. The developed sum of the square of the temperature difference between the plate and different depths multiplying by the time interval of the soil is obtained and the maximum sum is searched for to see at which time and depth should the TEG be fixed to obtain the maximum output from the TEG device. From the result of this work, it is found that the maximum sum occurred in May and at depth of 0.3 m, and also a verified program has been built and tested and can be used successfully in other regions by changing latitude, weather conditions, and soil properties.
Impact and Mechanical Properties Modifying for Below Knee Prosthesis Socket Laminations by using Natural Kenaf Fiber
Authors: Mechi Sumeia A , Al-Waily Muhannad
Published: August 2021

The main issue of this research to improve and develop the mechanical properties of the socket composite material for below-knee (BK) prosthesis; several composite materials were proposed, consisting of perlon, Kevlar and carbon fibers, and natural fibers were added as a new idea for the research. Making the theory calculations were for several layers of materials, by using mathematical model, to obtain the best lamination with and without kenaf by calculating the best modulus of elasticity and the best E/ρ ratio. So the experimental tests were carried out on the lamination with a total of 12 layers for thickness (4 mm) each of them, (Group G/withot kenaf) and (Group D/with kenaf). The experimental part included examining the samples by tensile test, bending test, impact test. The results of the tensile test results were for the first lamination and the second lamination for the ultimate tensile strength (134.47 MPa) and (187.39MPa) respectively. As for the elasticity modulus, it was as follows (16.78 GPa) without kenaf and (17.49 GPa) for kenaf lamination. Through the theoretical and experimental results, it was found that the use of natural kenaf fibers led to the improvement of the maximum tensile strength 39.35% and modulus of elasticity 4.23%. The impact resistance was improved by using kenaf by 8.8% due to its durability higher than perlon fiber.
Mechanical properties and durability for concrete using waste heat resistance glass (Pyrex Type) as coarse aggregate
Authors: Jabal Q. A. , Al-Baghdadi W. H. , Al-Hussaini O. M.
Published: August 2021

this study aims to investigate some mechanical properties along with durability against several sever environmental conditions of concrete using waste heat resistant glass (Pyrex glass) as a replacement of coarse aggregate with several replacement ratios. Study shows higher mechanical properties improvements by using this type of aggregate, compressive, tensile and flexural strengths were improved by 20%, 54% and 230% respectively by 75% replacement. Moreover, modulus of elasticity was also investigated, it was found that it is also increased from 2.3234 GPa for reference mixes to 2.8452 GPa for mixes with 75% aggregate replacement. The study also includes durability investigations against several severe environmentally conditions which are: acid attack and fire exposure, study shows significant improvement in resistance of Pyrex aggregate concrete against both sulphuric acid attack and fire exposure comparing with normal concrete.
Evaluating the influence of silica fume on selected cement mortar properties
Authors: Muwashee Rawa Shakir , Eedan Al-Jameel Hamid Athab
Published: August 2021

Due to the common and widespread use of cement in different engineering aspects; therefore, improving cement mortar properties from the main targets which were destined by different researchers. These properties include flow test, permeability, compressive strength, modulus of rupture of cement mortar, and ultrasonic pulse velocity tests. Therefore, this study has focused on using silica fume to enhance the aforementioned tests for cement mortar. Five percentages of silica fume have been used from 0.0% to 8%. The results indicate that the reduction in water permeation ratio is about 60 % when 2.5% of silica fume has been used as an admixture to cement mortar. At 2.5% of silica fume as an admixture, the magnitude of strength increase at 7 and 28 days is about 12.2 and 27.6 percent respectively. At 2.5% of silica fume, the increase in the strength is about 30 and 38 percent for 7 and 28 days respectively. The addition of silica fume to the cement mortar results in increasing the pulse velocity.
Features of feed concentration and temperature effects on membranes operation in electrodialysis systems – a review
Authors: Gubari M Q , Zwain H M , Alekseeva N V , Baziyani G I
Published: August 2021

Electrodialysis (ED) is a significant method in saline water desalination and industrial wastewater treatment. Ion exchange membranes (IEMs) are an important part of the electrodialysis process. An ion-exchange membrane is a semipermeable membrane that transports ions through an oppositely charged membrane and blocks the passage of a co-ion under an electric field. This review describes the effects of feed concentration and its operating temperature on different sides of IEMs in an electrodialysis system. The influence of feed solutions and temperature gradients on diffusion and osmatic membrane permeability was clarified. The distribution of feed concentration under thermostatic and thermodynamic conditions are also discussed. Temperature changes in ED systems may increase ion transport selectivity and charge separation efficiency. The rate of ions transport depends on the number of ions diffusion toward the membrane. To date, there are very few studies reporting diffusion and osmatic permeability of IEMs at high temperature.
Development an empirical formula to calculate the scour depth at different shapes of non-uniform piers
Authors: Khassaf S I , Ahmed S I
Published: August 2021

The study of local scour around foundation of bridge piers is very important for safe design of piers and other hydraulic structures. Various studies about local scour around uniform bridge piers but a few studied non-uniform bridge piers, Non-uniform bridge pier is one for which the cross-sectional dimension varies over the length of pier (piers with footings). In this study, the effect of main parameters (pier shapes, foundations shapes, level of foundation, flow intensity, and Froude number) on local scour with different shapes of non-uniform piers were experimentally investigated with five different velocities 0.16, 0.18, 0.21, 0.24, and 0.27) m/sec. The tests were occurred using laboratory flume, operated under the clear water condition using sand as a bed material. The test program was done on five different piers Rectangular, Chamfered, oblong, Octagonal, and Hexagonal, foundation shapes were rectangular, oblong, and hexagonal. The results showed that the rectangular pier with rectangular foundation gives the maximum scour depth about 6.5 cm when foundation is placed above bed level, while the hexagonal pier with hexagonal foundation gives the minimum scour depth 2 cm, when foundation is placed below bed level.
Evaluation and development of Shatt Al-Diwaniya and the diversion canal of Shatt Al-Diwaniya
Authors: Al-Saadi Tasen S , Al-Thamiry Hayder A
Published: August 2021

Shatt Al-Diwaniya branches from Shatt Al-Hilla and extends for about 112 km until the Al-Rumaitha district within the study area located in Al-Diwaniya Governorate, Iraq. It is considered the main source for providing drinking water and supplying irrigation projects to the cities Al-Diwaniya and Al-Rumaitha. The study aims to evaluate, study, and develop Shatt Al-Diwaniya, as well as the new lined canal branching from Shatt Al-Diwaniya which. It is called Shatt Al-Diwaniya Diversion Canal. Field measurements of the discharge and water level were monitored, six sets for Shatt Al-Diwaniya and three sets for Diversion Canal. A one-dimensional model was developed by using HEC-RAS 5.0.7 software, the model was calibrated and verified according to the field measurements, the Manning’s coefficient (n) of Shatt Al-Diwaniya, and the Diversion Canal is 0.023 and 0.018, respectively. Five Scenarios were simulated to study the reach under the current conditions. it was found the discharge capacity in Shatt Al-Diwaniya is 60 m3/s and the Diversion canal is 22 m3/s. Other additional six scenarios were conducted for the modification of the reach included several cases, firstly, the development of Shatt Al-Diwaniya only, secondly, the development of the Diversion Canal only, as well as the development of the Shatt Al-Diwaniya with the development of Diversion. The results of development show that Shatt Al-Diwaniya can reach design discharge 96.2 m3/s, and for the Diversion will pass the maximum discharge 45.5 m3/s.
Selection of suitable PDF model and build of IDF curves for rainfall in Najaf city, Iraq
Authors: Majeed Ammar Rasheed , Nile Basim K. , Al-Baidhani Jabbar H.
Published: August 2021

The models of the Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) curves relationship is considered a significant represents of the rainfall intensities used in the water resources structures, in the planning, designing and projects operation. This paper aims to estimate the Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) curves and find the equations of these curves for AL-Najaf city, Iraq. Also, to identify the distribution that gives the highest rainfall intensities from the three commonly distributions used in this field. The (IDF) curves explain the relationship between the rainfall intensity and different return intervals. The study investigates the maximum daily rainfall data of 30 years using the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) empirical formula to calculate the short durations rainfall intensity for 5, 10, 20, 30, 60 and 120 minutes, and with return periods of 2, 5, 10 and 25 years. The frequency analysis, which involves various statistical distributions, have been used to developing the relationship between rainfall intensities, durations, and return periods. The frequency analysis build based on the maximum daily rainfall data of the choosing interval (1989-2018), which had collected from the Meteorology and Seismic Monitoring Authority of Iraq. The used distributions are Gumbel, Lognormal and Log Pearson Type III distribution. The technique of the non-linear analysis has used to get the (IDF) curves equations. Also, Easy-fit software 5.5 involve the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, which used to test the goodness of fit. The results showed that Gumbel distribution gave the best rainfall intensities for different return periods and different durations, where calculated rainfall intensities by Gumbel distribution had the highest values between the three applied distributions in this paper. The high values are more reliable to avoid the higher risks caused by sewer systems floods due to higher rainfall intensities due to climate change.
Optimum design of sewer networks with pump station using Genetic Algorithms
Authors: Atiyah Ruqayya H. , Hassan Waqed H.
Published: August 2021

The main aim of the current study is to develop a new model for the minimum cost of optimum design for a sewer network with pumping stations. The difficulty and relatively large number of nonlinear and discrete constraints in a sewer network with pump station design problems make their handling of extreme importance. For this purpose, an adaptive genetic algorithm (GA) model is proposed for the effective and efficient optimal design with a fixed layout so that each chromosome, consists of diameters, slopes of the pipes and pump indicators. In the present model, the pump locations are decided preliminary, then for each GA chromosome, the network characteristics including the diameters of pipes and slope for those pipes are determined. MATLAB code was used to perform the optimization model. Then a sewer network from previous literature was used to be designed as a benchmark example for the proposed method. It’s concluded that the proposed model has reached the optimal solution at the lowest cost and the fewest number of generations compared with previous methods in the literature.
Assessing land cover for Bahar Al-Najaf using maximum likelihood (ML) and artificial neural network (ANN) algorithms
Authors: Al-Helaly Mustafa Hasan , Alwan I. A. , Al-Hameedawi Amjed Naser
Published: August 2021

Change information of the earth’s surface is becoming more and more important in monitoring the local, regional and global resources and environment. In this paper, two algorithms maximum likelihood (ML) and artificial neural network (ANN) have been applied for a change detection at the Baher Al-Najaf from 2016 to 2020 and using two satellite imagery Landsat and sentinel. The accuracy assessment of these algorithms was based on the confusion matrix such as overall accuracy, and the kappa index were calculated for each created map. It was found (ANN) classifier is the better than (ML) classifier. As well as two different experiments were conducted to analyze the network depth and optimization of ANN classifier, and the results showed that the proposed classifier achieves higher overall accuracy and kappa index with pansharpening image. Finally, this study proved (ANN) classifier ability to extract useful high-level features in the classification process.
Determination of the optimum number and distribution of the ground control points in stereo imaging to achieve precise positions
Authors: Hilal A H , Jasim O Z , Ismael H S
Published: August 2021

A precise location in aerial surveying can only be achieved using Ground Control Points GCPs. At least three point should be used and as the number increases the model will be more precise in X, Y and Z positions for a certain extent. The distribution of the GCPs also affect the precision of the 3D model resulted from the aerial imaging. This study aims to find the optimum number and distribution of the GCPs to achieve the minimal error in points location. 1.5 km2 of longitudinal area was imaged with a commercial UAV named DJI Mavic 2 pro with at nadir camera orientation at height of 100 m above the ground. A total of 1515 images were taken with average ground sampling distance (GSD) of 2.3 cm. Deferential Global Positioning System DGPS Leica GS 15 receiver were used to observe the 62 ground control points with PPK fashion. The project area was divided into two regions the first region has a parallel distribution of GCPs and the second region has a zigzag distribution. The images were processed using Pix4Dmapper and Agisoft Metashape software by applying a bundle adjustment process with an incremental number of GCPs starting with 3 and finishes with 26 for each distribution pattern, the remaining points were used as a check points to determine the precision of the model at each trial. The resulted coordinates of check points were compared with the coordinates observed with the DGPS. The comparison depicts the optimum number of GCPs required for the best location precision and the best distribution pattern.
Investigation settlement for unsaturated soil AL-NAJAF upon matric suction and different loading using Oedometer
Authors: Mohammad Thurgam A , Aziz Laith J
Published: August 2021

This research aims to conduct investigations on the settlement using an Oedometer matric suction device for unsaturated soil. The type of soil taken from the city of Najaf is as one model, a sandy gypsum soil, the percentage of gypsum content is 29% and the moisture content of the soil is 3%. The research includes experimenting by choosing three relative densities 95%, 85% and 75% with an amount of 150 KPA constant pore air pressure and three pore water pressure. 100 KPA, 130 KPA and 150 KPA where the matric suction values are 50 KPA, 20 KPA and 0 KPA respectively. Also, the soil is tested in the partially saturated state and fully saturated state under the influence of placing multiple loads 1kg, 2kg, 4kg, 8kg and 16 kg at a different matric suction (50 KPA, 20 KPA and 0 KPA) and relative densities. The settlement is measured by the LVDT device to measure the vertical displacement, where the data is recorded through a program installed on the calculator to measure the settlement data every second, where the results are then analyzed by excel program. The analysis of the experimental results achieves that the highest settlement ratio of 5.5% was achieved when loading (1kg) when applying matric (20 KPA) within 500 sec. The settlement increases with increasing time and stabilizes at the lowest interval of 76 sec., in the case initial of matric suction (50 KPA) at the relative density of 95% and 25 sec., in the case matric suction (0 KPA) at the relative density of 85%.
Artificial neural network for prediction of liquefaction triggering based on CPT data
Authors: Alzahamie Zaid Hazim , Abdul-Husain Husain A.
Published: August 2021

The prediction of the liquefaction potential of soil due to an earthquake is an essential task in civil engineering. In this paper, the artificial neural networks (ANNs) technique is introduced in the prediction of liquefaction potential of soil based on the cone penetration test (CPT) data. ANNs model was developed and validated using a database of 174 field case histories. Six parameters were assigned as input parameters of the model which were earthquake magnitude (M), effective vertical stress (☐′), cone resistance (qc), normalized peak horizontal acceleration at the ground surface (☐/g), soil mean grain size (D50), and cyclic stress ratio (CSR). The output of the model was liquefaction index (LI) which in turn was used to determine whether liquefaction was taking place or not. The developed ANN model gave well-matched results when compared with the actual results. Also, the study for the relative importance of the input parameters was performed. It showed that qc and M exhibited the highest importance of approximately 33% and 23% respectively while the value of (☐/g) yielded the lowest value of 9.7%. Finally, based on the sensitivity analysis of the model, it was found that the results of the ANN model were compatible with prior geotechnical knowledge. Accordingly, it can be concluded that neural networks can be used to simulate the problem of soil liquefaction with high accuracy.
The effect of hollow polyester fiber additive on expansive clay soil
Authors: Aghili Farzaneh , Isfahani Hajar Share , Azhari Amin
Published: August 2021

Controlling the swelling of expansive clay soils is always challenging for geotechnicians. In this study, the effect of hollow polyester fiber as an additive on the free swelling percentage and pressure reduction of bentonite clay is investigated experimentally. The fibers are employed in two forms of spread and concentrated. Fiber dosages of 0.2, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 are employed for the spread form and fiber columns with diameters of 1.2, 2 and 3.2 cm, are considered for the concentrated form with fiber column densities of 30 and 60 kg/m3. The obtained results show a significant improvement in the swelling behaviour of bentonite for both the spread and concentrated forms, with better performance for the later form. In which, higher densities and larger diameters of the fiber columns generally decreases the swelling percentage and pressure. The best improvement was observed in the concentrated form sample, with 60 kg/cm3 density and 3.2 cm diameter, with 19 and 57 percent reduction in swelling percentage and pressure, respectively.
Numerical study on the effect of excavation dewatering on the contaminant emission in sandy soil
Authors: Beyraki Moein Ashofteh , Fardoust Fariborz , Akhtarpour Ali , Soleimanian Narges
Published: August 2021

In recent years, construction has increased widely throughout the world, and the need for excavation and dewatering has increased dramatically. The potential for pollutants to enter soil and groundwater including chemical fertilizers, municipal landfill leachate, and hydrocarbons has also increased. The dewatering process used in the excavation can detrimentally affect the spread of contamination in the soil. In this study, the effect of different parameters on the emission of pollutants in different excavation depths has been investigated. Two software products SEEP/W and CTRAN/W are used for numerical modelling. The results show that the physical properties of soil have a significant influence on the contaminant movement. Also, it is indicated that the change in water level depth and the excavation depth have a massive effect on the contaminant migration process. Moreover, the vertical barrier can be an effective way to reduce the migration of contaminants to the excavation zone.
The behaviour of piled raft foundation in loose sandy soil
Authors: Al Masoodi R. S. , Al Gharrawi A. M. , Hussein H. H.
Published: August 2021

The conducts of pile raft basis depend on piles, raft, as well as soil. When designing a pile group, it is expected that only the piles carry out the applied loading. No contribution is given to soils underneath the raft because of the complicated interacting amid the piles and their cap with soils. When the soil under the raft foundation shares carrying the applied loads, this interaction will increment the piled raft system’s bearing capability as well as decrease the settlements. To comprehend the piled raft system’s complicated conduct, testing for twenty-seven experimental models was done within loose sands with a load applied to the piled raft foundation via a compressing jack then the measurement was done using a loading cell. Wide parametrical examinations had been executed with the variables number of piles, pile length, raft dimension ratio. The soil under the raft contributed a certain percentage in carrying the applied weights in the piled raft foundation. Similarly, there is an increase in the loading taken via piles to the overall load executed on pile raft with the growth of the number of piles in the series, and there is a decrease in the share of the soil under the raft for the applied loads when there is increasing within the piles’ amounts. The increment within the piles’ lengths causes an increase in the soil’s share underneath the raft, and the maximum settlement of the piled raft system does not exceed 5% of the raft width in all cases.
Study on the Effect of Distribution of Viscous Damper for Steel Frame Structure
Authors: Alataby E K , Kadhim J A , Ahmed M A
Published: August 2021

The main objective of the current study is to reduce the structural response after a steel ten floors building was exposed to earthquakes by using viscous fluid dampers. The building response is studied for two conditions in which the first is without damper and the second by using damper and for tow conditions four seismic excitement earthquakes were selected in this study. Parametric study is employed which include the type of damper, the vertical and horizontal distribution of d, the engineering properties of finder, and the support effect of building. The software used for the analysis is SAP2000 v14 using linear time history analysis. The dampers are installed in the outer frames of the structure and in six different shapes (single one, single two, cross one, cross two, chevron one, chevron two bay damper) and compare between them and choose the best shape, which is a cross two bay damper, which noted a high decrease in seismic response. Then, the number of dampers in the structure is reduced by placing it in five floors, which achieves a decrease in the seismic response as well as a decrease in the cost. The parameters that are used to define the seismic response are the maximum displacement, drift ratio and base shear.
The combined effect of lightweight coarse aggregate and steel fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete
Authors: Abdul Sada Yasameen Azeez , Rasheed Laith Sh. , Al-Mahaidi Riadh
Published: August 2021

The most evident properties of LWAC by which it is differentiated from normal weight concrete are its lower density and better insulating potential. The aim of this study is to examine the combined effect of lightweight coarse aggregate and steel fibers on concrete’s mechanical properties. In this study, three different types of coarse aggregate (normal weight, crushed clay brick and Attapulgite) with different percentages of steel fiber (0%, 0.5%, and 1%) were used. The results show that replacing normal weight concrete with lightweight concrete leads to a decrease in unit weight, compressive strength, splitting-tensile strength and modulus of elasticity, while water absorption increases. With the increase of steel fiber ratios in the mixtures, the mechanical properties of lightweight concrete improve significantly compared with the control sample with no fiber. When 1% steel fiber is used, the splitting-tensile strength increases by about 115.6% and 55.7% and compressive strength decreases by about 7.4% and 22.2% for crushed clay brick and Attapulgite, respectively, compared with normal weight concrete.