bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
USE OF TIME‐LAPSE PHOTOGRAPHY TO ASSESS POTENTIAL INTERCEPTION IN ARIZONA PONDEROSA PINE1
Authors: Tennyson Larry C. , Ffolliott Peter F. , Thorud David B.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The behavior of intercepted snow on a stand of uneven‐aged ponderosa pine in east‐central Arizona was evaluated with the use of a super 8‐mm time lapse movie camera to determine the relative significance of snowfall interception in the water yield of this type forest. A snow load index was developed to estimate interception storage for two trees in the field of view for discrete time periods. The snow load index. photographs, and climatic data were combined to describe accumulation and to identify and rank according to relative magnitudes the basic processes of canopy snow removal. The rate of snow accumulation was nonlinear with initial storage being rapid. then slowing with time. Most of the intercepted snow eventually reached the snowpack on the ground by snowslide and wind erosion or by snowmelt and subsequent stemflow and drippmg of meltwater, and was therefore not considered a significant loss to the water budget on site. Some water apparently was disposed of by the evaporation of meltwater and sublimation of canopy snow, but these losses appeared to be comparatively minor.
LIMNOLOGY OF DUFFIN CREEK AND THE LOCATION OF CENTURY CITY1
Authors: Mulamoottil George , Dorney R. S.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Limnological study of Duffin Creek was carried out with the objective of evaluating the impact of the proposed location of Century City. The chemical, biological and bacteriological parameters of one branch of the Creek, which received tertiary treated effluent, were found to be fairly high. Considering the flow conditions of the Creek in relation to the total discharge of the treated effluent from the proposed Century City, it was recommended that the effluent be piped 3–4 miles downstream. The plan for Century City has since been abandoned
WATER QUALITY AND POLLUTION — SOUTH FORK OF LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK1
Authors: Fetter C. W.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The South Fork of Long Island, New York is an area which relies entirely on ground water for water supply. Most of the water which is pumped is artifically recharged, without treatment, via cesspools. The natural quality of the ground water is very high. Some areas show increasing nitrate in the ground water. This comes from both cesspools and agricultural fertilizer. Saline water intrusion is a potential problem in coastal areas. High ammonia in surface ponds may result in eutrophication.
WATER AND WATER PROBLEMS IN THE SOUTHWEST FLORIDA WATER MANAGEMENT DISTRICT AND SOME POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS1
Authors: Parker Garald G.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: It is estimated that by about 1984 water demand in the District will nearly equal Nature's average annual replenishment of the supply and that, thereafter, unless means are developed to augment our in‐District resources, water mining will be required on a grand scale. Sources of augmentation include: (1) reduction of wastes; (2) industrial recycling of previously‐used water; (3) use of municipal sewage effluents; (4) desalination of brackish ground water; (5) aquifer recharge from all available, high‐quality sources, particularly flood waters; and (6) importation of excess waters from such out‐of‐District sources as the lower courses of the Suwannee and Apalachicola Rivers. To achieve maximum beneficial uses of in‐District sources a regional water and sewer authority is needed that can develop and transmit water from all available sources to the various county and city systems on a wholesale basis. It is envisioned that such a supply system would tie together all production sources, much as the electrical generation and supply systems are currently organized into regional electric power hookups. At least two bills are currently before the Florida Legislature to achieve these goals.
COMPUTATION OF STAGE‐DISCHARGE RELATIONSHIPS AFFECTED BY UNSTEADY FLOW1
Authors: Fread D. L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The dynamic relationship between stage and discharge which is unique to a particular flood for a selected station along the river can be determined via a mathematical model based on the complete one‐dimensional equations of unsteady flow, i.e., the equations for the conservation of mass and momentum of the flood wave, and the Manning equation which accounts for energy losses. By assuming the bulk of the flood wave moves as a kinematic wave, the need for spatial resolution of the flood can be eliminated, and only the time variation of either the discharge or stage at the selected station is necessary for the computation of the other. The mathematical model can be used in river forecasting to convert the forecast discharge hydrograph into a stage hydrograph which properly reflects the unique dynamic stage‐discharge relationship produced by the variable energy slope of the flood discharge. The model can be used also in stream gaging to convert a recorded stage hydrograph into a discharge hydrograph which properly accounts for the effects of unsteady flow. The model is applied to several observed floods at selected stations along the Lower Mississippi, Red, and Atchafalaya Rivers. The root mean square errors between observed and computed discharges are in the range of 3 to 7 percent, values well within the accuracy of the observations. A simple, easily‐applied graphical procedure is also provided for estimating the magnitude of the effect of the unsteady flow on stage‐discharge ratings. As a general rule, the dynamic effect may be significant if the channel bottom slope is less than 0.001 ft/ft (about 5 ft/mi) when the rate of change of stage is greater than about 0.10 ft/hr.
WATER QUALITY MODELING BY MONTE CARLO SIMULATION1
Authors: Brutsaert Willem F.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The applicability of the Monte Carlo simulation technique to water quality modeling is demonstrated with the aid of a simple Streeter‐Phelps model. The model accounts for the stochasticity of the input parameters. Triangular probability density functions are shown to be useful in case insufficient information is available to define meaningful frequency distributions of input parameters. The model output is presented as probability distributions of stream quality parameters.
STOCHASTIC WATER QUALITY CONTROL BY SIMULATION1
Authors: Shih Chia Shun
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: In order to handle the probabilistic nature of treated waste effluent characteristics, the reliability associated with a basin‐wide quality management goal has been included in the modeling process. Meanwhile, the quantitative and qualitative variations of the irrigation return flows and the urban runoff also exhibit a probabilistic nature in terms of both temporal and spatial measurements. Computer simulation has been utilized in analyzing the reliability and sensitivity of a river basin quality management. In this paper, a simulation‐optimization scheme for the determination of policies in regional water quality management was developed subject to specific water quality standards. Stochastic quadratic programming techniques have been used in the optimization analysis. A series of simulation models describing the statistical water quality control phenomena was developed. Meanwhile, a simulation analysis for the description of probabilistic nature of the stream quality was developed for the control strategies of the return flows in the regional management system. As an illustration of the applicability of this water quality control approach, the major wastewater treatment facilities in the San Antonio River Basin were analyzed. The sensitivity analysis was conducted to assess the most satisfying strategies for a regional water quality management system subject to probabilistic standards.
DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING FOR OPTIMAL CAPACITY EXPANSION OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS1
Authors: Kaplan Michael A. , Haimes Yacov Y.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A dynamic programming procedure for the planning and operation of a wastewater treatment plant over a long period of time is presented. In order to meet increased demands for wastewater treatment in the future, the expansion of existing plants must be considered. Dynamic programming is employed to determine the optimal schedule of expansion at each plant, simultaneously determining an optimal operating policy (treatment level). The optimal schedule of expansion at each plant depends on the following: (1) the shape of the projected wastewater demand function; (2) the interest rate used; (3) the locations and capacities of the facilities available; and (4) the rates of increase of the costs of construction, labor, chemicals, and electric power. An example illustrating the use of the procedure is presented.
STATE‐OF‐THE‐ART OF ESTIMATING FLOOD DAMAGE IN URBAN AREAS1
Authors: Grigg Neil S. , Helweg Otto J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: With implementation of the Flood Insurance Act of 1968 many additional local flood protection projects are being considered. Consulting engineers and local agencies need consistent methods to estimate flood damage in order to perform feasibility studies. Federal agencies have a great deal of data and long experience in making damage estimates but no comprehensive guides are available at the local level. Curves of flood damages to different residential structure types are presented. The relationships in use by the U. S. Federal Insurance Administration are shown to be reasonable and are recommended for use as approximate guides. Additional research is recommended and discussion of the paper is invited in order to make additional data available in the literature.
DEVELOPMENT OF WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT INDICES1
Authors: Truett J. B. , Johnson A. C. , Rowe W. D. , Feigner K. D. , Manning L. J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: In a joint undertaking by The MITRE Corporation and the EPA Office of Water Programs Operations, three indices were developed: (1) An index of water quality; (2) An index of the need for abatement action; and (3) An index of the need for water quality management planning. These indices were evaluated for some 1000 planning areas (sub basins, regional planning jurisdictions, metropolitan areas, etc.) which together cover essentially all of the area of the 48 contiguous states.
URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT AND COASTAL WETLAND PROTECTION IN COLLIER COUNTY, FLORIDA1
Authors: Wycoff Ronald L. , Pyne R. David G.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Traditional development in South Florida has in many cases resulted in undesirable degradation of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, due to overdrainage and overenrichment of surface waters. The study described in this paper was undertaken in order to establish guidelines under which urban development may take place in coastal areas, while minimizing unwanted environmental changes. The study area consists of approximately 70 square miles of relatively flat land in Collier County, Florida. The coastal wetlands of the region are a highly valued natural resource containing the Rookery Bay Wildlife Sanctuary. The upland properties are mainly pine woodlands and have great potential for development. A master plan was developed which will (1) provide adequate drainage for existing and projected development within the study area and (2) maintain the integrity of the estuarine zone. The major recommendations of the plan relate to land use, physical control of surface waters, including construction and maintenance of the water management system, and implementation of the plan.
PREDICTIVE MODELS FOR GREAT LAKES HYDROLOGY1
Authors: Meredith Dale D.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The individual hydrologic components are assumed to be normally distributed for each month and linear regression equations are estimated for predicting the value of the individual monthly hydrologic components. It is shown that some of the hydrologic components for downwind (in this case downstream) lakes are dependent upon hydrologic events for the upwind lakes. This is particularly so for precipitation in the downwind lake basins which appears to be dependent upon evaporation values for upwind lakes.
CHEMISTRY OF MUD‐WATER INTERFACE IN AN IMPOUNDMENT1
Authors: Wang Wun‐Cheng
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Lake Evergreen was investigated during the time of filling and thereafter for the change of water chemistry at the mud‐water interface. The results show that aging or maturing occurs at the nascent stage of the impoundment history. There are many factors affecting concentration of chemical constituents at the interface. There are hydrologic changes such as wind and wave action, or water circulation which can influence all chemical parameters. There is also biological activity, which may involve changes in concentrations of silica, phosphate, alkalinity, pH, ammonium, Kjeldahl nitrogen, etc. An associated effect is the reduction of oxidation‐reduction potential which in turn affects the concentration of manganese, etc. All these changes occur primarily in autumn. In late spring to summer, there are changes of nitrite and nitrate accompanied by changes in dissolved oxygen. A water chemistry model at the interface is illustrated.
GENERATION OF HOURLY RAINFALL1
Authors: Egbuniwe Nnamdi
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A rainfall model was developed to divide daily rainfall into storms and distribute storm depths over storm duration for input into the Stanford Watershed Model.
THE LOUISIANA ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AND ITS UTILITY IN WATER RESOURCE PLANNING1
Authors: Whitehurst Charles A. , Dantin Elvin J. , Harang Donald
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The Louisiana Environmental Management System (LEMS) is a data processing program developed to aid the Louisiana Joint Legislative Committee on Environmental Quality in decisions leading to resources legislation. Serving as a central data collection and retrieval point for various agencies, the LEMS will maintain assembled information on the location of monitoring stations and coordinate the files of user agencies with data on: land use; air and water quality; meteorological, climatological, and hydrological phenomena; vegetation; fish and wildlife conservation; population; and economics. This data is geographically stored in relation to the state plane coordinate system. For decision making, all pertinent hydrologic, topographic, engineering, cadastral, and other information from separate sources can be automatically mapped as a combined overlay to one of three chosen scales. Land‐use patterns are the input data for iterative analyses of present conditions and simulated future human activities for assessing the environmental impact of proposed multiple‐purpose water resource developments.
ASSESSMENT OF A STRESSED MACROINVERTEBRATE COMMUNITY1
Authors: Hocutt Charles H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The tolerance of a community to stress is dependent on the nature of the receiving system, and the nature and degree to which the stress is applied. However, where the stress is sufficient to cause a response, either the numbers of organisms or taxa, or both, will be affected. A simple method of ordination was used to assess the effects of stressed conditions on macroinvertebrate communities in the New River, Virginia, and compared to the diversity index (d) of Wilhm and Dorris. A principal of the method was that standing crop, as reflected by the total numbers of specimens and taxa collected, served as an indicator of community health. The most healthy situation in the study was defined as the one in which standing crop and niche partitioning were greatest.
CLASSIFYING STORM RUNOFF POTENTIAL WITH PASSIVE MICROWAVE MEASUREMENTS1
Authors: Blanchmd B. J. , Rouse J. W. , Schmugge T. J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The average microwave temperature of the watershed surface as detected by an airborne Passive Microwave Imaging Scanner (PMIS) was compared with the measured Soil Conservation Service (SCS) watershed storm runoff coefficient (CN). Previous laboratory work suggested that microwave response to the watershed surface is influenced by some of the same surface characteristics that affect runoff, i.e., soil moisture, surface roughness, vegetative cover, and soil texture. In order to field test and develop relations between runoff potentfal and microwave response, several highly instrumented watersheds of approximately 1.5 to 17 km2 were scanned under wet‐ and dry‐soil conditions in April and June 1973. The polarized (horizontal and vertical) scans at 2.8 cm wavelength provided the data base from which other values were calculated. The best relationship between runoff coefficients (CN) and PMIS temperatures was observed when horizontally polarized temperatures from the near‐dormant, early‐growing season flight were used. Lower SCS runoff coefficients seem to be correlated with the cross‐polarized response under dry watershed conditions late in the growing season and the difference in horizontal polarized response between wet conditions early in the growing season and dry conditions late in the growing season. To apply the results, the relationships need to be verified further.
DISINFECTION WITH QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS1
Authors: Wang Lawrence K. , Peery George G.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The most common disinfection method is chlorination, however, it has been known that the practice of chlorination for water treatment in the Mississippi River area has caused a significant increase in mortality. The objective of this research was to search for effective disinfectants to replace chlorine. Three cationic surfactants have been tested for their bactericidal properties under various conditions. It has been found that 1 mg of cetyldimethyl‐benzylammonium chloride can destroy about 4500 coliforms in one liter water within 10 minutes, under neutral pH conditions and room temperature. Cationic quaternary ammonium compound, therefore, can be a potential candidate disinfectant for replacing chlorine when necessary.
NITROGEN MOVEMENT IN A SHALLOW AQUIFER SYSTEM OF THE NORTH CAROLINA COASTAL PLAIN1
Authors: Daniels R. B. , Gilliam J. W. , Gamble E. E. , Skaggs R. W.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Concentrations of ammonium‐ and nitrate‐nitrogen of about 10,000 ppm moved from an untreated surface storage pond into the ground water in the sandy beds of the surficial sediments in northeastern North Carolina. This high concentration of nitrogen moved through the permeable sandy beds with the ground water above the Yorktown Formation aquiclude to the Chowan River with only minor dispersion normal to the hydraulic gradient. There was essentially no nitrogen movement into the Yorktown aquiclude even though solutions of 2,000 ppm (sol basis) had been in the overlying sediments for 2 to 3 years The possibility of the nitrogen moving into the deeper quifers used for community water supplies is very small. Only the shallow ground water above the Yorktown Formation in the immediate area will be contaminated with nitrogen because there is little lateral dispersion away from the flow of ground water toward the Chowan River.
THE COMPLETE DRAINAGE PROGRAM ‐ MORE THAN AN ORDINANCE1
Authors: Debo Thomas N.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. An ever increasing number of communities throughout the nation are being forced by Federal legislation and local pressures to adopt land use and control measures related to drainage and flood protection. In many instances communities are hastily adopting ordinances and regulations which later prove difficult to administer and enforce. In addition, many of these ordinances and regulations are not producing the results originally anticipated. This paper discusses the basic elements of a drainage ordinance and evaluates the role of the ordinance in a comprehensive drainage program. This evaluation is based on the results of a two year study of drainage programs in five urban areas which produced a model urban drainage ordinance and recommendations on the administration of the ordinance. Personal interviews and local documents are used as the data base in formulating conclusions and recommendations.
SYSTEMATIC APPROACHES TO ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT: AN EVALUATION1
Authors: Whitlatch Elbert E.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. Increased public awareness of the environmental effects of large‐scale projects and concomittant public participation in the environmental impact assessment process demand that assessment methods and procedures fulfill a wide range of desirable characteristics. These are developed and offered as specific criteria against which currently proposed environmental assessment procedures should be judged. Such procedures as checklists, matrices, networks (stepped matrices), overlays, linear vector analyses, and nonlinear evaluation systems are presented and judged in light of the proposed criteria. It is concluded that the use of checklists, the most common assessment format used to date, does not constitute a viable assessment procedure. Use of the matrix or stepped matrix techniques in conjunction with the linear vector or nonlinear evaluation systems, with the latter modified slightly, is seen as an approach to environmental assessment that will achieve most of the established criteria.
LAKE HURON SURFACE WATER TEMPERATURE MAY – NOVEMBER, 19661
Authors: Bolsenga S. J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. Data from seven vessel cruises from late May to early November permitted definition of the surface water temperature regime of Lake Huron on a monthly basis. Quantitative values are furnished for a portion of the warming, stable, and cooling periods. The lowest temperatures occurred near the center of the lake, southwest of Manitoulin Island, and at De Tour Passage. The highest temperatures occurred at the mouth of Saginaw Bay and in the southernmost portions of the lake. Comparison of the surface water temperatures with temperatures in the 21 ‐ 30 m layer shows the heat storage lag characteristic of large lakes.
A SYSTEM FOR EVALUATING SCENIC RIVERS1
Authors: Knudson Douglas M.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. A system is presented for evaluating streams for inclusion in “scenic river” systems. Rating criteria are proposed which are objective and pertinent to recreational, scenic and natural qualities of the river and its banks. The critieria should also be selected for simplicity and economy in application. Numerical ratings of eight criteria are shown for Indiana conditions. These were applied to streams meeting minimum qualifications. The rating criteria are measures of bank vegetation, stream course alterations, man‐made structures and roads near and across the river, aesthetic quality of the water, and special natural features.
A RAPID METHOD OF ESTIMATING MEAN AREAL RAINFALL1
Authors: Singh Vijay P.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. A special case of generalized trend surface analysis is examined. This includes a linear surface. It is shown that for most hydrologic problems this case determines mean areal rainfall sufficiently accurately. Based on this conclusion, equations for rapid computation of mean areal rainfall are derived for this linear case. Results of the linear case are compared with other traditional methods of estimating mean areal rainfall.
APPLICATION OF THE STANFORD WATERSHED MODEL TO NIGERIAN WATERSHEDS1
Authors: Egbuniwe Nnamdi , Todd D. K.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT The Nigerian version of the Stanford Watershed Model was tested on two Nigerian watersheds. It was shown that model parameters for ungaged streams may be correlated on a regional basis from parameters of nearby gaged streams.
REGIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TOTAL DISSOLVED MINERALS IN STREAM WATERS OF ILLINOIS1
Authors: Flemal Ronald C. , Nienkerk Monte M.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Using water analyses from 67 gaging stations, discharge‐frequency‐weighted mean concentrations (QFC) and average annual yield (AAY) per unit area were determined for the total dissolved mineral content of Illinois streams. The resultant data indicates that total dissolved mineral contents are controlled by regional rather than local factors. In most cases plausible explanation for the magnitudes can be found in regional patterns of natural and demographic conditions. Although the data suggest that total dissolved minerals are increasing, the relative contributions of natural versus anthropogenic phenomena are difficult to delimit at this level of investigation.
A PROCEDURE FOR ESTIMATING OFF‐SITE SEDIMENT DAMAGE COSTS AND AN EMPIRICAL TEST1
Authors: Lee Ming T. , Guntermann Karl L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT This paper reports on research to develop a methodology for estimating agricultural off‐site sediment damage costs and includes an empirical estimate of such damages for a watershed. The economics of off‐site sediment damage costs are discussed as a theoretical basis for the procedures developed. A detailed methodology is described for estimating five different types of off‐site sediment damages commonly associated with rural watersheds. The methodology is then applied to a central Illinois watershed and estimates of individual types of damage are made. The estimates are combined into an off‐site sediment damage function for the watershed, and the usefulness of the damage function for analyzing off‐site sediment damages and achieving a reduction in those costs is discussed.
REGIONAL PLANNING FOR LAND DISPOSAL OF WASTEWATER1
Authors: Markland Robert E. , Smith L. Douglas , Becker Jack D.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT This paper describes the development and use of a mixed integer programming model for the planning of land disposal wastewater treatment facilities. Consideration is given to relevant construction and operating costs for land sites, transmission arteries, land acquisition costs, tangible benefits from land use, controls on aquifers, and various other engineering and technical constraints The model is used to determine which land disposal sites should serve which treatment plants, when initial construction should be initiated and completed, and when capacity expansion should occur. The model's application to the St. Louis Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area is illustrated and discussed.
A TEST OF ALTERNATIVES FOR MEETING PUBLIC POTABLE WATER REQUIREMENTS1
Authors: Greenberg Michael R. , Hordon Robert M.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT The relative economic costs of meeting projected public potable water demands through increasing the supply, controlling the demand, and increasing the capacity for interagency water transfers are explored. These alternatives and combinations are evaluated with the aid of a linear programming model in northeastern New Jersey, a major metropolitan region of over 4.5 million people, for the years 1975 to 2000. After more than 30 model tests it was found that a combination of increased interagency transfers and added water supplies was the least expensive solution.
WATER‐ENERGY CONFLICTS IN MONTANA'S YELLOWSTONE RIVER BASIN1
Authors: Thomas J. L. , Anderson R. L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT The abundant, high‐quality waters of the Yellowstone River Basin have fostered a strong agricultural‐based economy in eastern Montana. The region also contains the nation's largest strippable coal reserves. Numerous conflicts have developed around the mining of coal and in‐state conversion of coal into electricity and synthetic fuels – processes that require large volumes of water. Competition for water among industrialists, agriculturalists, and others is a critical state issue. Probable effects of increased water diversions, the nature of water‐energy conflicts, and state efforts to control development are discussed.
ESTIMATING THE SUSPENDED SEDIMENT LOAD IN RESERVOIRS1
Authors: McHenry J. Roger , Ritchie Jerry C. , Schiebe Frank R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The total suspended sediment loads of four north Mississippi reservoirs were determined from measurements of concentrations of suspended sediment in a vertical profile at several locations on each reservoir made during the year. These data were combined with the stage‐height and known stage‐volume relationships for each reservoir in a numerical integration to determine the total suspended sediment in the water body. Total suspended sediments were estimated using the product of the suspended sediment concentration in the surface water by the appropriate reservoir volume. The averaged ratios of the estimated to measured suspended sediment loads for each reservoir exceeded 0.90. Since the concentration of suspended sediments in surface waters of north Mississippi reservoirs has been shown as highly correlated with spectral reflectance, estimating the total suspended sediment of these reservoirs using remotely sensed spectral reflectance data is possible.
ACID MINE DRAINAGE (AMD) AND ITS IMPACT ON A SMALL VIRGINIA STREAM1
Authors: Hoehn Robert C. , Sizemore Dallas R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A study was conducted to 1) chemically characterize three AMD streams entering Chestnut Creek in southwestern Virginia below the town of Galax, Virginia, and 2) to assess the biological and chemical alterations in the creek. Over a six mile reach, the benthic macroinvertebrate population was reduced to zero, the naturally low alkalinity (∼25mg/1) of the stream was reduced to less than 5 mg/1, and the pH was reduced from 7.2 to 6.3. Increased concentration of iron from less than 0.01 mg/I to more than 4.0 mg/1 were accompanied by the deposition of a coating of iron hydroxide up to 0.25 in. thick in the stream bed, a phenomenon most likely responsible for the absence of benethic macroinvertebrates. In situ bioassays with bluegill sunfish and one snail species showed that the creek water, after confluence with all the AMD streams, was not toxic in 192 hours to fish, and snails survived 96 hours before they began to die. The undiluted AMD itself was highly toxic.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF GROUND WATER PUMPAGE ON LOW‐FLOW HYDROLOGY1
Authors: Fetter C. W.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Ground‐water pumpage withdrew 57 cubic feet per second from aquifers beneath the Yahara River Basin in 1970. Forty‐six cubic feet per second were exported by the diversion of treated wastewater from the drainage basin.

The low‐flow hydrology of the upper Yahara River has been impacted by this diversion. Prior to 1959, the wastewater was discharged into the river, augmenting the baseflow during low‐flow periods. As much as 85% of streamflow was due to effluent discharge. In 1959 the wastewater was transferred from the river basin. The result was a decrease of about one‐third in mean annual streamflow, and a decrease of more than 50% in the 7Q2 and 7Q10. Regression analysis showed the annual 7‐day low‐flow and 60‐day low‐flow have a statistically significant correlation with mean annual flow. Using predictions of future mean annual discharge of the river with increasing interbasin transfers, it is shown that by 1990 there is a significant probability that in some years the 60‐day low‐flow in the river will be zero.
AQUATIC TRANSPORT OF HEAVY METALS IN THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT1
Authors: Wilber William G. , Hunter Joseph V.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A study has been conducted for the past two years on a 4.6 mile stretch of the Saddle River near Lodi, New Jersey. The primary objectives of this study were two fold; initially, the amounts of various heavy metals being contributed to the Saddle River by stormwater runoff, rainfall, and individual tributaries, etc., were investigated to better delineate the distribution of various sources of heavy metals to the aquatic environment. Secondly, a series of benthal deposits from the Saddle River were analyzed to determine the fate of these metals once introduced into the receiving stream.

A mass balance analysis of heavy metals in the Saddle River was performed to determine the amount of these materials contributed from unrecorded sources. The results of this study seemed to demonstrate the importance of considering the potential scouring of river sediments as a secondary source of metals in determinations of this type.

The distribution of metals in precipitation samples collected in this study was found to be similar to that in runoff, with lead and zinc predominating. Relative concentrations of metals in precipitation as compared to those of stormwater were relatively insignificant. Metal concentrations of bottom sediments were found to vary considerably from sample to sample.
WATER RIGHTS, EMINENT DOMAIN, AND THE PUBLIC TRUST1
Authors: Radosevich George E. , Sabey Melvin B.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Faced with the necessity of meeting growing municipal water requirements in areas where available supplies are completely allocated, numerous cities throughout the West are turning to their eminent domain powers to affect a reallocation of water from less preferred uses to municipal uses, thus bringing about a sharp conflict with agricultural interests. As a basis for discussing these eminent domain powers, this paper begins with a brief review of the development of property rights. The existence of both private and public (social) rights in the “bundle of rights” is noted. In recent years the Public Trust Doctrine has been used to limit private rights in property, and to protect and strengthen social rights. A case study which focuses on a conflict between individual and social interests in water rights is discussed. This case involves the City of Thorton, Colorado which initiated municipal condemnation proceedings to acquire the water rights and structures of two nearby irrigation companies. The case represents an attempt to incorporate the spirit of the Public Trust Doctrine into legislation which sets forth procedures for resolution of similar water rights conflicts that will inevitably become more numerous throughout the West in the future.
INVESTOR OWNED VS. PUBLICLY OWNED WATER AGENCIES: AN EVALUATION OF THE PROPERTY RIGHTS THEORY OF THE FIRM1
Authors: Morgan W. Douglas
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The property rights theory of the firm is evaluated by comparing the cost structures of a sample of water agencies under two alternative modes of ownership ‐ public and investor owned. On the basis of the sample, investor owned water agencies appear to have lower cost structures.
ACCELERATION OF DESSICATION AND POPULATION TRAUMA IN SUB‐SAHARAN AFRICA1
Authors: Hidore John J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Drought has been a hazard in parts of Africa throughout historic times, and in all likelihood prior to that time as well. In recent years the hazard of drought has been increasing in frequency and areal extent. A drought that occured from 1968 to 1974 in Sub‐Saharan Africa directly affected millions of people, and directly or indirectly cost the lives of tens of thousands of people. The mechanism involved in the widespread problem is the manner of adjustment of the human population to climatic cycles of short duration, in the face of rapidly growing human and animal numbers. A rapid collapse of the grasslands and an expansion of the Sahara Desert southward into more humid areas has resulted from the increasing pressure on the land from largely subsistance farming and herding. Present social, economic, and political conditions indicate that the process is going to continue to accelerate, affecting ever‐increasing numbers of people in the Sub‐Saharan Africa region.
AREWIDE WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN AN ENERGY DEVELOPMENT AREA1
Authors: Judy Clark H. , Gartner Ambrey
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A Section 208, Areawide Waste Treatment Management Project, is attempting to develop an implementable water quality management plan for an energy impacted area. Staff members and consultants are investigating point and nonpoint sources. On a short‐term basis, population growth and construction will have a greater impact on water quality than strip mining.
SURFACE WATER‐ESKER RECHARGE STUDY EAST LANSING‐MERIDIAN TOWNSHIP, MICHIGAN1
Authors: Sutherland Jeffrey C. , Bruce Robert M.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The East Lansing‐Meridian Water and Sewer Authority studied a sand‐gravel esker near the existing water treatment plant to determine its potential as an independent surface water supply. The nearby Red Cedar River was also investigated as a possible source of water for immediate treatment or for recharge of the esker. Although the bedrock aquifer (Grand River and Saginaw Formations) yields water adequate for the next 20 years, potential savings in treatment (hardness, iron) and pumping costs, estimated at $30,000 per year for present demand of 5 MGD, are attractive incentives for a surface water‐esker recharge program. Operation savings would also be realized by constructing additional bedrock wells in new areas. The river‐esker‐recharge and new wellfield alternatives are compared for cost‐effectiveness. Land costs make the recharge alternative more expensive. The land is undeveloped suburban property with potential for recreational use in conjunction with water supply. More places of outdoor retreat and aesthetics are needed in the Lansig Metropolitan area. A portion of the land costs would have to be borne by these or other interests for the river recharge scheme to be economically feasible.
CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION‐COAGULATION FOR ORGANIC COLOR REMOVAL FROM GOUNDWATERS1
Authors: Bowie James E. , Bond Marvin T.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Many wells produce water that is highly colored by organic substances. Colored water may cause aesthetic, economic, and health problems for the cities using it as a municipal supply. Characterization of water from a number of wells showed that the color causing compounds were hydroxylated aromatic carboxylic acids which were precipitated below pH 4.5 and were almost completely ionized above pH 4.5. Through jar tests, a chemical precipitation‐coagulation treatment system was developed. The optimal sequence of chemical addition was alum first, followed by pH adjustment and addition of a polyelectrolyte. Rapid mix tests demonstrated the need for a reaction period after alum and after acid addition, and that the rapid mix time controlled floc size for a given flocculation period. Flocculation tests, varying both the floc time and mean velocity gradient, G, showed that an optimum G exists for each floc time and that the residual color decreased with decreasing values of velocity gradient.
NEW REQUIREMENTS FOR LOCAL UNITS OF GOVERNMENT IN WATER RESOURCES PLANNING: INSIGHTS FOR IMPLEMENTATION FROM RECENT WATER RESOURCES PLANNING RESEARCH1
Authors: Say E. Wayne , Dines Allen J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Recent Federal and some State legislation has enlarged the scope of permitted or required actions of local units of government in water resources management and protection. Much of the legislation encourages local units of government to introduce water resources planning measures which will be preventive instead of corrective. Extensive public works measures, environmental destruction and the threat to human life can thus be eliminated or reduced. Research has developed and tested a method for identifying the elements of a water resources protection program for small urbanizing watersheds which was technically adequate and socially acceptable to the communities implementing such programs. Research results suggest that deliberate efforts will be necessary to inform and educate local units of government as to the usefulness of the legislation; and that the program must reflect local natural resource conditions and local preferences for the method of accomplishing the protection. Successful implementation could be restrained by inertia of local units of government, a lack of tradition in such programs, and hostile existing agencies.
WATER SUPPLY AS A LIMITING FACTOR IN DEVELOPING COMMUNITIES: ENDOGENOUS VS. EXOGENOUS SOURCES1
Authors: Hordon Robert M.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A growing number of developing communities in New Jersey is planning for an ultimate population that would be supplied by endogenous sources of water. At the state and national level, however, reliance on exogenous sources appears to be in favor. Both viewpoints, of course, recognize that water supply is one of the major critical factors in determining the capacity of a land area to support population. Three planning issues that bear on this endogenous‐exogenous source controversy are discussed: 1) deep aquifers which have recharge areas in other political jurisdictions and are therefore regulated by other bodies will not count as an endogenous source, reliance will be placed only on shallow water table aquifers which are recharged by local precipitation; 2) total development of the groundwater resources of a headwaters community could result in severe base flow diminishment, thereby supporting the notion that these communities have a regional responsibility to restrict their growth so as to preserve and protect the water supply for downstream users; and 3) yield decrementing estimates, i.e., how much recharge water is lost to runoff as a consequence of development, are needed in order to assess the magnitude of local water resources.
NATIONAL FLOOD INSURANCE AND THE COASTAL ZONE: A CASE STUDY OF HURRICANE ELOISE1
Authors: Shows E. W.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This paper presents evidence that currently published flood insurance premiums may be insufficient to cover expected losses in coastal areas subject to hurricane. The problems of developing flood premiums in coastal zones are discussed and Federal Insurance Administration (FIA) reaction to these problems analyzed. Flood losses in the coastal zone of Bay County, Florida due to hurricane Eloise are compared with losses which would be predicted by the FIA. This comparison raises important questions concerning the adequacy of flood premiums in coastal zones and the undesirable indirect effects that underpricing flood risk will have on location decisions in the coastal floodplain.
FIELD‐LABORATORY DETERMINED AVOIDANCES OF THE SPOTFIN SHINER AND THE BLUNTNOSE MINNOW TO CHLORINATED DISCHARGES1
Authors: Cherry Donald S. , Hoehn Robert C. , Waldo Samuel S. , Willis Durwood H. , Cairns John , Dickson Kenneth L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The responses of the spotfin shiner (Notropis spilopterus) and bluntnose minnow (Pimephales notatus) to intermittent chlorine discharges from a fossil fuel power plant in the New River were investigated by seine collections in the chlorinated discharge channel, and chlorine avoidances were obtained in a field laboratory at the power plant in Glen Lyn, Virginia. No fish were captured by seine during chlorination periods when the total chlorine (TCR) and free chlorine (FCR) residuals were, respectively, 0.46 and 0.27 mg/1 or higher at river water temperatures of 12 C or less. For collections made between eight‐hour chlorination periods, the number of fish was reduced by approximately 50% at 0.20 and 0.06 mg/1 TCR and FCR, respectively. Significant (0.05 level) laboratory avoidances occurred at 0.10 to 0.20 mg/1 TCR (0.03 to 0.14 mg/1 FCR) for both species when exposed to increasing TCR concentrations of 0.10, 0.20, 0.30 and 0.40 mg/1. Responses varied with acclimation temperature (6, 12, 18 and 24 C) with no consisteent trends between species. When exposed to a constant TCR concentration during any one test (0.14, 0.18 and 0.26 mg/1 for the spotfin shiner, and 0.11 and 0.17 mg/1 for the bluntnose minnow), significant avoidances were observed at 0.26 and 0.17 mg/1 for each species, respectively. In all laboratory trials, occurrence or residence times decreased with increasing chlorine concentration, with residence times as high as 64.7% at 0.10 mg/1 TCR and as low as 8.3% at 0.40 mg/1 being observed.
THE PRODUCTION OF WATER FROM GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIRS: SOME ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS1
Authors: Vaux H. J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Liquid dominated geothermal systems are expected to account for most of the growth in geothermal energy production in the coming decades. Production of water from such systems could significantly augment fresh water supplies. The feasibility of water exploitation is clouded by potential problems related to seismic impacts, land subsidence and the composition of geothermal brines. If these problems can be overcome at little cost, desalination of brines may be feasible. Estimates of water production costs are presented for a variety of desalination technologies, plant sizes and brine water compositions. These estimates show that production costs will range from $139.10/A.F. to $436.00/A.F. at the plant boundary. Economies of scale and brine composition are important determinants of cost. Production costs are substantially in excess of the value of water in alternative uses. However, in certain unique situations, it may be efficient to desalt brines for use in upgrading the quality of municipal water, industrial process water and irrigation water. Unique situations aside, geothermal brines are not likely to provide an economical source of fresh water in the absence of striking changes in the patterns of supply and demand for water.
PRODUCTION PROCESSES UNDER THE ICE IN LAKE ST. CLAIR II. NUTRIENTS (SILICATE) AS A LIMITING FACTOR1
Authors: Wallen D. G. , Tuppling E.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: During the winter of 1972 nutrient concentrations beneath the ice, and snow when present, were measured at three stations in Lake St. Clair. Nutrient patterns are compared and discussed in relation to primary production.

Typically nutrient concentrations were high for a few weeks after ice formation and high again in the spring with mid‐winter declines. At station 3 soluble reactive silica appeared to influence primary production and chlorophyll a. Nutrient limitation was not detected at the other two stations. The nutrient patterns, primary production and temperature provide evidence that a water mass or plume peculiar to the inflowing Thames River moves down the southeastern side of the lake beneath the ice.
PROCEDURES FOR THE EVALUATION OF ENGINEERING ALTERNATIVES1
Authors: MacDonald David V. , Barney Kline P. , Jones Shelley F.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This paper describes a method of analyzing the nonquantifiable parameters which should be considered in the evaluation of engineering alternatives. The nonquantifiable parameters can include environmental impact, feasibility of implementation, and performance. The method considers rating all the alternatives on the basis of a set of criteria which reflect these parameters. A procedure is discussed for obtaining review and guidance in the evaluation of engineering alternatives from the local elected officials or governing bodies and for obtaining the views and desires of the local communities. This is achieved through the formation of project review committees and an evaluation procedure which allows for the technical rating of alternatives by the engineer and the weighing of the evaluation criteria by the political and social groups. With the growing environmental concern and the high cost of engineering projects, the involvement of the public during the evaluation of engineering projects is becoming increasingly important to the final success of the project.
A NONLINEAR MULTILEVEL MODEL FOR REGIONAL WATER RESOURCES PLANNING1
Authors: Pratishthananda Suravuth , Bishop A. Bruce
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A nonlinear multilevel transportation model is developed to study large‐scale allocations in a water resources system. The model uses a modified transportation matrix formulated with nonlinear cost functions as the basic subregional model and the goal coordination method for multilevel decomposition and optimization of the overall regional system. The model is applied to projected water requirements for Salt Lake County in 1985. Sources of water supply ‐ surface water, ground water, import water, and reuse of reclaimed wastewater on a restricted basis ‐ are available to satisfy water requirements for municipal, industrial, and agricultural sectors in four subregions. The conjugate gradient projection method is used to optimize the first level subregional models having cost functions of the form of C = aXb, and the second level problem is solved using the conjugate gradient method.