bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Final Masterpieces
Authors: Budden Julian
Published: November 2023

from aida to otello is a huge step, even if certain pages of the Requiem and the revised Simon Boccanegra have prepared us for it. The intervening years had seen a gradual change of taste among Italian audiences. Wagner was no longer a stranger, though his mature works had yet to be appreciated. Lohengrin had become an honorary Italian opera. The reform of the conservatories in 1870 was now bearing fruit in a revival of interest in instrumental music under the leadership of Martucci and Sgambati, so that even in opera a more symphonic approach was expected. Acts proceeded from beginning to end without interruption, unless there was a change of scene. The ideals preached by Boito in the 1860s in vague, rhapsodic fashion were now beginning fitfully to be realised, partly under his own guidance, not as composer or propagandist, but rather as poet.
A Nominalist Theory of Musical Works
Authors: Goehr Lydia
Published: November 2023

‘The idea that music is exemplified in works …is far from self-evident.’ This statement, made by Carl Dahlhaus, is correct.1 Musical practice can be, but need not be, governed by the work-concept, and it is at most historically contingent whether or not it is. That a concept arises contingently out of a set of historical circumstances does not make it merely ephemeral, however. On the contrary, a concept can become so entrenched within a practice that it gradually takes on all the airs and graces of necessity. Thus it has become extraordinarily difficult for us nowadays to think about music—especially so-called classical music—in terms other than those associated with the work-concept. Yet for most of its history the tradition of ‘serious’ music was not thought about in these terms.
Musical Production without the Work-Concept
Authors: Goehr Lydia
Published: November 2023

This chapter and the following one are devoted to contrasting early with modern musical practice—roughly before and after 1800—to show that the work-concept had regulative force in the latter but not in the former. The concept acquired this force as part and parcel of the emancipation of the musical world and the emergence of that world as one concerned with the production of fine art. Historical inquiry reveals that no force for this concept would have been visible or effective had the concept not been delimited, articulated, and specified from every conceivable point of interest. Such points of interest extended well beyond musical and aesthetic theory. They extended far into the depths of musical practice.
Postmodernism, Narrativity, and the Art of Memory
Authors: Pasler Jann
Published: November 2023

In Sabra Teshigawara’s ‘‘Blue Meteorite’’ (Air Insect), a man is caught between, on the right, an enormous wall of large glass panes representing the past and, on the left, a sheet of blue suggesting the future. His dilemma, as the Japanese dance company Kara’s presented it at the Los Angeles Festival in September 1990, is not unlike our own. ‘‘Standing before the huge present time, what can I do?’’ writes the choreographer and soloist; ‘‘I dance Dancing is the present, come out and go away in each moment. The eternal present, that’s my sense of time—sense of beauty.’’
3. Resituating the Spectral Revolution French Antecedents
Authors: Pasler Jann
Published: November 2023

Situating the dialectic between discontinuity and continuity in twentieth-century music primarily with Germans from Wagner through Schonberg to Darmstadt composers is an error. Certainly Parsifal opened new horizons with its unusual silences and its composition in blocks. But so did François Joseph Gosse a hundred years earlier with his famous Marche luggable, a work revived and often performed in popular contexts at the fin de siècle, and Stravinsky in many of his early works. Yes, serial and post serial music prioritized the discontinuous over the continuous. However, there were also precedents to this in France, and a French response well before spectral compo- sition of the 1970s. In this article, I place the achievements of spectral music as part of a cumulative development, but one rooted in the French interest in perception and continuous with French values, especially the philosopher Henri Bergson’s notion of ‘‘duration.’’
Race, Orientalism, and Distinction in the Wake of the ‘‘Yellow Peril’’
Authors: Pasler Jann
Published: November 2023

By 1904, the French began to understand the Orient as some- thing other than a vague, mostly passive other, seductive as it might be, that served in the arts as the pretext for Western dreaming, escape, and an opportunity to foreground self-assertion. A fear of ‘‘the yellow peril’’ (le pen´rill jaunt) set fire in French imagination when, after agreeing in 1902 to side with the Russians in their Far Eastern imperialism, the French watched in horror as the Japanese unexpectedly took on their ally, the beginning of a ‘‘war about race.’’ ‘‘It’s the yellow race threatening the white race for the first time since Genghis Khan and his band of Tartars,’’ a French critic wrote. If the Chinese should join the Japanese, as some predicted, their power would be ‘‘colossal,’’ a ‘‘threat to the rest of the universe.’’
Material Culture and Postmodern Positivism Rethinking the ‘‘Popular’’ in Late Nineteenth-Century French Music
Authors: Pasler Jann
Published: November 2023

Recently we have come to think of the proliferation of ‘‘pop music’’ and its implications as products of the twentieth century. But a preoccupation with ‘‘popular’’ culture also drove much of the musical world of late nineteenth-century Paris. This period saw the rise of music-hall entertainment and big exotic spectacles, as well as more intimate cafe´-concerts and cabaret. The former dazzled audiences with their endless variety; the latter offered simpler escapism and sometimes social critique.
What’s the Difference? : Reflections on Gender and Research in Village India
Authors: Babiracki Carol M
Published: November 2023

In 1974, coincidently about a year before I first heard of a field called ethnomusicology, Edward Ives wrote the following in a manual on field research. About setting up the initial interview, he said, “There are two questions that students often ask at about this point. The first, and by far the more common, frequently comes out something like this: ‘Do you think it’s going to make a difference that I’m a girl when I go talk to Mr. Bilodeau about lumbering?’ My answer is usually, ‘Of course it’s going to make a difference, but I can’t tell you what kind of difference.”’ Ives goes on to say a bit later, “Just about every time I have predicted how the man/woman of it would work out in some particular case, I have been wrong, which means that I have stopped predicting” (1980:37). This may be the wisest statement that I’ve come across concerning the difference that gender makes in field research, although it probably wasn’t the answer the student was looking for.
Beckett’s Posture in the French Literary Field
Authors: Siess Jürgen
Published: November 2023

From the beginning of his literary career in France, Samuel Beckett wanted to distinguish himself from other writers, James Joyce on the one hand, Jean-Paul Sartre and the committed writers on the other. In avoiding the mainstream, he set out to find his own solitary path. He could have made the motto of the Sturm und Drang poet and dramatist Jakob Michael Lenz his own: “Ich aber werde dunkel sein and gehe meinen Weg allein” (I however will be dark, by myself I make my way).
Beckett—Feldman—Johns
Authors: Laws Catherine
Published: November 2023

A Number Of MortoN Feldman’s late works (Elemental Procedures,Neither, Words and Music, and For Samuel Beckett) draw on the work of Samuel Beckett, and the text of Neither was written by him at Feldman’s request. Much of Feldman’s late work is also strongly influenced by the crosshatch paintings of Jasper Johns, and crosshatching first appeared in one section of Johns’s Untitled, 1972, which subsequently formed the basis of his contribution to Foirades/Fizzles, a joint venture with Beckett.
Overview of Diagnosis and Classification
Authors: Lipton Richard B , Silberstein, Stephen D , Dodick David
Published: November 2023

Headache is a leading reason for medical consultation and particularly for neurological consultation (Linet et al., 1991; Pascual et al., 1995). A tremendous range of disorders can present with headache. A systematic approach to headache classification and diagnosis is therefore essential both for clinical management and research. It is useful to distinguish headache classification from headache diagnosis. Classification refers to the orderly arrangement of various headache disorders and their diagnostic criteria. Diagnosis refers to the application of these criteria to individual patients. The International Classification of Headache Disorders-1 (ICHD-1), brought out in 1988 by the International Headache Society (IHS) (Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society, 1988), created the accepted standard for headache diagnosis, establishing both uniform terminology and consistent operational diagnostic criteria for the entire range of headache disorders.
Emergency Headaches, Including Thunderclap Headache
Authors: Dodick David W , Wijdicks, Eelco F M , Ducros Anne
Published: November 2023

Each minute, approximately six patients visit an emergency department (ED) in the United States with a chief complaint of headache. This results in approximately 300,000 visits annually and makes headache the fifth most common complaint seen in US EDs (American College of Emergency Physicians, 2002). The minority of these patients have a secondary cause for headache, and an even smaller number have a grave and potentially catastrophic cause for headache, such as meningitis or subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The majority of patients presenting to the ED have a primary headache disorder, such as migraine, and while only 10% of those presenting to the ED with headache are “repeat customers,” more than 50% of headache visits to the ED are comprised of patients who seek care for headache in the ED on a repeated basis (Blumenthal et al., 2003).
Turning Treatment Failure into Treatment Success
Authors: Lipton Richard B , Saper, Joel R , Silberstein Stephen D
Published: November 2023

Although headache disorders are very common, managing headache patients, particularly those with chronic daily headaches, can be difficult (Mathew, 1982, 1991; Pascual et al., 1995; Lipton et al., 2003). Most patients respond well to treatment, but some patients seem intractable, and a smaller group truly are intractable. Patients who do not respond as expected, or announce at their first visit that nothing will work, can be challenging. It is important to identify the reason or reasons why these patients have not responded to treatment. Herein, we summarize some common reasons for headache-treatment failure, grouping them into five broad categories (Table 33–1). When evaluating treatment-refractory patients, we find it helpful to consider the following categories: the diagnosis is incomplete or incorrect, exacerbating factors have been missed, pharmacotherapy is in-adequate, nonpharmacologic treatment is inadequate, and other factors resulting in treatment failure.
The Text Of Sappho’S Poems
Authors: Powell Jim
Published: November 2023

We do not know how Sappho put her poems into circulation. Echoes of her phrases in Pindar, Aeschylus, and others show that her poetry was widely recognized and admired. Ten generations after her death two of the great scholars of Alexandria in the third and second centuries b.c., Aristophanes of Byzantium and Aristarchus of Samothrace, collected and edited her poems in nine books arranged according to meter. The first book (scroll, that is), assembling poems in her eponymous sapphic stanza (e.g., LP 1), contained 1,320 verses; others were probably shorter, but still it is apparent that originally the corpus of her poetry was fairly substantial. By way of comparison this translation, comprising all the surviving fragments of her work that make consecutive sense, however brief, torn, or abruptly interrupted, contains around 500 verses.
śāntaraks.ita’s “Neither-One-Nor-Many” Argument from Madhyamakālam. kāra (The Ornament of the Middle Way): A Classical Buddhist Argument on the Ontological Status of Phenomena
Authors: Blumenthal James
Published: November 2023

The central tenet of the Madhyamaka School of Mahāyāna Buddhist thought is that all phenomena are empty of any essential unchanging nature. The term “emptiness” is said to properly describe the ontological character of all things. One of the classical arguments used by philosophers of the Madhyamaka School to demonstrate this emptiness, this lack of any essence, any intrinsic nature, any enduring fixed identity, or any absolute mode of being in persons or phenomena whatsoever is the “neither-one-nor-many” argument. Though it has been utilized in slightly varying forms by a number of great Madhyamaka thinkers, including śrigupta, and Atiśa, the quintessential exposition of the neither-one-nor-many argument is found in The Ornament of the Middle Way (Madhyamakālam. kāra), a text by the late period Indian Buddhist philosopher śāntaraks.ita (725–788).
Mipam Namgyel The Lion’s Roar Affirming Extrinsic Emptiness
Authors: Kapstein Matthew T
Published: November 2023

Fourteenth-century Tibet witnessed a remarkable upsurge of interest in philosophical speculations concerning the nature of mind, and its relationship to ultimate reality and to the Buddhist goal of enlightenment. A major inspiration was found in the scriptures belonging to the so-called third turn of the doctrinal wheel, among the teachings attributed to the Buddha. In contrast with the “first wheel,” which included those scriptures emphasizing the impermanence and unsatisfactoriness of mundane phenomena, and the “second wheel,” which focused on their emptiness, the “third wheel” was thought to consist of the Buddha’s discourses concerning “Buddhanature,” or the “nucleus of the tathāgata” (tathā gatagarbha), the potential for awakening with which all beings are imbued.
Nishitani Keiji’s “The Standpoint of Zen: Directly Pointing to the Mind”
Authors: Davis Bret W
Published: November 2023

Nishitani Keiji (1900–1990) is arguably the most famous and most significant modern “philosopher of Zen.” There are of course many renowned modern Zen masters, and a number of famous modern Japanese philosophers—beginning with Nishida Kitarō, the founder of the Kyoto School, of which Nishitani is the central figure of the second generation. Yet Nishitani stands out for being a first-rate philosopher who also thoroughly practiced and reflected on Zen Buddhism.
Beyond Awareness Tōrei Enji’s Understanding of Realization in the Treatise on the Inexhaustible Lamp of Zen, Chapter 6
Authors: Mohr Michel
Published: November 2023

The Treatise on the Inexhaustible Lamp of Zen (Shū mon mujintō ron) is one of the few manuals describing the core of meditation in the Rinzai tradition. The author of this treatise, Tōrei Enji (1721–1792), was a disciple of the more famous Hakuin Ekaku (1686–1769) who contributed to the Rinzai revival of the eighteenth century. According to tradition, Tōrei wrote his treatise in 1751 as a spiritual testament when he believed himself to be fatally ill. He survived, however, and revised the work for forty years; it was not published until after his death.
Classification of Nonauthoritative Cognitive Processes (tshad min) in the Ngog and Sakya Traditions
Authors: Kuijp Leonard W J van der
Published: November 2023

When Buddhism came to Tibet in the eighth century, Tibetan Buddhist philosophers continued the epistemological programs of Dignāga (sixth century) and Dharmakīrti (seventh century). Dharmakīrti’s Pramā avā rttika and his later Pramā aviniścaya attracted particular exegetical and philosophical attention. The great translator Ngog Lotsawa Loden sherab (Rngog Lo tsā ba Blo ldan shes rab) (1059?–1109?), was among the first Tibetan philosophers fully to come to terms with Dharmakīrti’s writings and a good number of his major Indian commentaries, especially those by Dharmottara (c. 740–800) and Prajñākaragupta (c. 800). Ngog Lotsawa, then, became the fountainhead of subsequent Tibetan studies in Buddhist logic and epistemology.
Understanding the Two Truths Tsongkhapa’s Ocean of Reasoning: A Great Commentary on Nāgārjuna’s “Mūlamadhyamakakārikā”
Authors: Garfield Jay L
Published: November 2023

Tsongkhapa (1357–1419) is without a doubt the most influential philosopher in Tibet’s rich philosophical history. His extensive corpus includes commentaries on important Indian philosophical texts (including the text from which this selection is drawn), an encyclopedic treatise on the Buddhist path to awakening, a text on tantra, and one on Buddhist hermeneutics. Tsongkhapa founded the Gelukpa (dGe lugs pa) school of Tibetan Buddhism and its first principal monastic university, Ganden (dGa ldan), and established the monastic curriculum in which so many important, subsequent Tibetan philosophers were educated.
The Deluded Mind as World and Truth Epistemological Implications of Tiantai Doctrine and Praxis in Jingxi Zhanran’s Jingangpi and Zhiguan yili
Authors: Ziporyn Brook
Published: November 2023

Tiantai Buddhist theory, as developed by its de facto founder Zhiyi (538– 597),rests on two intimately related foundations: the doctrine of the Three Truths and the doctrine of “opening the provisional to reveal the real” (kaiquan xianshi). The first of these is an expansion of the Indian Madhyamaka distinction between ultimate truth—the inconceivable experience of liberation beyond all predicable views—and conventional truth—commonly accepted ordinary speech (e.g., self, other, cause, effect), plus Buddhist terminologies (e.g., nonself, impermanence, karma, emptiness), all of which are seen as aids to the realization of ultimate truth. Tiantai alters this picture by speaking of not two but three types of truth, which are further said to be “interfused.”
Pudgalavāda Doctrines of the Person
Authors: Lusthaus Dan
Published: November 2023

No Buddhist school has been more vilified by its Buddhist peers or misunderstood by modern scholars than the so-called pudgalavādaschool. Other Buddhists accused them of violating the fundamental Buddhist tenet of no-self (anātman) by holding the view that a real ontological self exists that, their accusers argued, pudgalavādins try to camouflage by calling it pudgala (person) rather than ātman (self ). Modern scholars, forming opinions largely based on or influenced by the hostile polemical literature of the pudgalavādins’ opponents, reiterate that accusation.In addition, until recently scholars considered pudgalavādins to be a marginal sect, of minor historical and doctrinal influence, significant only for playing the role of reviled heretics. Even the term pudgalavāda, which scholars continue to use, appears to be a disparaging label foisted on them by their opponents, not a term they used to characterize themselves. However, both accusations—of promoting the idea of an ontological self and of being marginal—are directly contradicted by the surviving examples of the pudgalavādins’ own literature and by a more judicious examination of the historical record.
śāntaraks.ita’s Tattvasam. Graha A Buddhist Critique of the Nyāya View of the Self
Authors: Kapstein Matthew T
Published: November 2023

Despite current uncertainties among scholars concerning the “original doctrines” of Buddhism, some of the most ancient among the discourses attributed to the Buddha unmistakably call into question the notion that each one of us possesses a unique and persisting self, or ātman in Sanskrit. In developing this idea, the early Buddhist thinkers who composed the several versions of the Abhidharma (the “metadoctrine”) held living beings to be aggregations of primitive, unitary substances, that is, material atoms and substantial, but momentary, psychic and physical phenomena (dharma).Thus, when we speak of minds, we speak only of collections of discrete mental events, or acts of consciousness.
Buddhist Feminist Reflections
Authors: Tsomo Karma Lekshe
Published: November 2023

The origins of Buddhist feminist awareness date to the time of the Buddha himself, around the fifth century B.C.E. The Vinaya (monastic discipline) texts record the story of Mahāpajāpatī Gotamī, the Buddha’s stepmother and aunt, who asked to join the monastic order (Sangha).After some initial reluctance, through the advocacy of his attendant monk Ā nanda, the Buddha affirmed that women have the potential to achieve the fruits of the path to liberation and agreed to Mahāpajāpatī’s request. Thus began the Bhikkhunī Sangha, the order of fully ordained Buddhist nuns. In these accounts, the Buddha’s assent was qualified by a number of specific conditions, however, which are known as the eight “weighty” rules (garudhammas). The Buddha is said to have predicted that the admission of women to the Sangha would precipitate the premature demise of his teachings. As history has shown, the admission of women to the Sangha did not destroy the Buddhist teachings, which have survived and continue to flourish. The Bhikkhunī Sangha continued in India and Sri Lanka until around the eleventh century and even today, twenty-five hundred years after the Buddha, still thrives in Korea, Taiwan, and Vietnam. Efforts are afoot to establish or revive the order in other countries around the world.
Flute
Authors: Ely Mark C , Van Deuren Amy E
Published: November 2023

Acoustical Properties: The acoustical and physical tonal characteristics of an instrument that affect its sound quality. Although the head joint is slightly conical, the flute is essentially a cylindrical tube that is open on both ends. Sound is produced when air is blown against the sharp edge of the embouchure hole, causing the air column inside the instrument to vibrate. Players can produce different octaves or partials by changing air speed and direction. Harmonically speaking, the flute produces the purest tone of any wind instrument; that is, the sound wave is almost sinusoidal at times. The flute’s tone quality blends well with other instruments; however, it is also easily masked by the complex tones (i.e., tones that contain many partials) produced by other wind instruments. Modern flutes are most commonly made of nickel silver (also called German silver, an alloy consisting of copper, zinc, and nickel), silver plate, or solid silver. Many professional flute makers use a wide variety of metal and wood in their flutes, including yellow gold, rose gold, platinum, and grenadilla wood. These materials offer players the option of choosing an instrument that inherently produces a particular quality of sound.
Learning to See: Student Years
Authors: Bliss Michael
Published: November 2023

When Willie Osler entered Trinity College School in Weston in 1866, he was a happy-go-lucky sixteen-year-old. He liked hunting, sports, and fights with the day boys and villagers. Smallish – he had probably reached his adult height of five foot, five and three-quarter inches – but wiry and fit, he was a good athlete, known for the strength and accuracy of his throwing arm: ‘Last Friday I was coming up and the Roman Catholic school was standing about 80 yards from the road and I bet a boy I could throw and break a window. The other fellow threw and did not come near it ... Mine went through the window and struck one of the boys on the head, there was a terrible row about it but I went down to the old Priest and made it all right and put in the window.’

Willie took to the English-style discipline (a prefect system and liberal caning by the masters) of the newly founded Trinity College School; he liked his schoolmates, found headmaster Badgely ‘firstrate’ and the singing lessons and theatricals ‘such jolly fun.’ His mother disapproved of such ‘mummeries’ as being too worldly.
Sir William
Authors: Bliss Michael
Published: November 2023

Some of his American friends had cynically predicted that Osler would end up in England with a title. Regius professors were ideal candidates for honors, and soon after Osler arrived in Oxford the King’s physician, Sir William Broadbent, had told him that the wheels had been set in motion. Osler asked him to stop the wheels. ‘I was a stranger, regarded as an American, and it was hardly fair to give me any titular distinction in so early a period of my residence.’ He knew it would be said he was a title hunter. Broadbent died and Osler thought nothing more about titles. He was apparently taken by surprise in June 1911 to hear from Prime Minister H.H. Asquith that it was intended to confer a baronetcy on him in the honors list accompanying the coronation of George V.

‘What excuse are you going to give for declining it?’ Grace asked him. ‘You always have said you would.’
Introduction
Authors: Kenny Kevin
Published: November 2023

The Paxton Boys struck Conestoga Indiantown at dawn on December 14, 1763. “Fifty-seven Men, from some of our Frontier Townships, who had projected the Destruction of this little Commonwealth,” Benjamin Franklin wrote in his Narrative of the Late Massacres in Lancaster County, “came, all well-mounted, and armed with Firelocks, Hangers [a kind of short sword] and Hatchets, having travelled through the Country in the Night, to Conestogoe Manor.” Only six Indians were in the town at the time, “the rest being out among the neighbouring White People, some to sell the Baskets, Brooms and Bowls they manufactured.” The Paxton Boys, frontier militiamen on an unauthorized expedition, killed these six and burned their settlement to the ground.
Newcomers
Authors: Kenny Kevin
Published: November 2023

In April 1701 forty Indians from the lower Susquehanna Valley came to Philadelphia to make a treaty with William Penn. They were led by Connoodaghtoh, the “King of the Indians inhabiting upon and about the River Susquehannah.” About ten years earlier Connoodaghtoh had led a group of his Susquehannock Indians from Maryland back to their homelands on the Susquehanna River. They settled along Conestoga Creek, where they became known as the “Conestogas.” The Shawnees were represented in Philadelphia by their king, Opessah, who, like Connoodaghtoh, had recently returned from Maryland to Pennsylvania. Also at the conference was the Onondaga chief Ahookasoongh to represent the Iroquois confederacy, which claimed the Indian nations of the Susquehanna Valley as tributaries by right of conquest. The treaty signed in Philadelphia on April 23, 1701—the only surviving Indian treaty negotiated by William Penn—reiterated Pennsylvania’s commitment to nurture good relations with the Indians living in the province. Thus far in Pennsylvania’s history, the treaty stated, “there hath always been a Good Understanding & Neighbourhood” between Penn “and the several Nations of Indians.” Henceforth there would be “a firm & lasting Peace” between “the said William Penn, his Heirs & Successors, & all the English & other Christian Inhabitants of the said province . . . & all the severall People of the Nations of Indians aforesaid.” Pennsylvania’s Christians and Indians would “for ever hereafter be as one head & one heart, & live in true Friendship and Amity as one People.”
Pennsylvania Goes to War
Authors: Kenny Kevin
Published: November 2023

Before the French and Indian War Pennsylvania had made only one attempt to form a provincial militia. In 1747, during King George’s War, Benjamin Franklin organized an “Association” to defend Pennsylvania in the event of an attack by French-allied Indians. This volunteer force did not enjoy formal recognition from the government, it provided no pay, and the men elected their own officers. “Associators” in Lancaster County followed Franklin’s example, creating two voluntary military companies east and west of the Susquehanna River. Fears of an attack on Pennsylvania proved groundless, and the voluntary associations quickly disbanded.
Conestoga Indiantown
Authors: Kenny Kevin
Published: November 2023

Despite the efforts of the Paxton Boys and the Cumberland Boys, the Pennsylvania frontier was more exposed than ever by October 1763. Sir Jeffery Amherst wrote to James Hamilton emphasizing the threat to British imperial interests. The Delaware Indians, according to Sir William Johnson’s sources, were still intent on taking Forts Pitt and Augusta, which they regarded “as the greatest Eyesores to the Indians in those parts.” Having taken these forts, they would “proceed towards Philadelphia,” while the Ottawas, Hurons, and other Indians “would demolish Detroit and Niagara.” Given the magnitude of this threat, Amherst expressed his “Surprize at the infatuation of the People in your Province, who tamely look on while their Brethren are butchered by the Savages.”
Lancaster Workhouse
Authors: Kenny Kevin
Published: November 2023

On December 27 the Paxton Boys rode into Lancaster town in broad daylight. “A number of Persons to the amount (by their appearance), of fifty or Sixty, armed with Rifles, Tomahawks, &ca., suddenly, about Two o’Clock, rushed into the Town,” Sheriff John Hay wrote to John Penn that evening, “& immediately repaired to the Work House where the Indians were confined.” Brushing aside the sheriff and coroner, they “killed all Indians there, being the fourteen . . . to have survived the former Affair at their Town.” The victims consisted of three married couples and their eight children. The adults were Will Sock and Kanianguas (“Molly”), Kyunueagoah (“Captain John”) and Koweenasee (“Betty”), and Sasquieshattah (“John Smith”) and “Peggy” (Sheehay’s daughter). The children included “Chrisly” (Tongquas), the boy Rhoda Barber remembered as Chrislie, a playmate of her brothers. Eyewitnesses emphasized the brutality of the attack, including scalpings and systematic dismemberment.1
Mercenaries
Authors: Kenny Kevin
Published: November 2023

More than 2,000 representatives of the Iroquois, Delawares, Shawnees, and other Indian nations assembled at Fort Stanwix in New York at the end of October 1768. Sir William Johnson presided over the largest and most important Indian conference in American colonial history. Pennsylvania sent a high-powered delegation, including John Penn, Attorney-General Benjamin Chew, and former provincial secretary Richard Peters, whose knowledge of Pennsylvania’s land transactions was unrivaled. The governments of New Jersey and Virginia also sent delegates. The resulting treaty, signed on November 5 by representatives of each of the Six Nations, pushed the boundary set by royal proclamation in 1763 considerably to the west. The Iroquois received land in New York in return; the Delawares, Shawnees, and Mingoes of the Ohio country, who lived in the territory ceded by the Iroquois, had no say in the matter. In a separate transaction Thomas Penn paid the Six Nations£10,000 for all land in his province not previously deeded to the proprietary family. Under the terms of this “New Purchase,” he reacquired most of the Ohio country. Once again, the Indians who lived in the region were not consulted. After Fort Stanwix, European settlement formally penetrated beyond the Allegheny Mountains on a large and permanent scale.1
Revolutionaries
Authors: Kenny Kevin
Published: November 2023

By the outbreak of the American Revolution, Connecticut was firmly in control of the Wyoming Valley. The settlers established five towns there in the early 1770s. Wilkes-Barré (formerly Wyoming town), Hanover (originally known as Nanticoke, but renamed in Lazarus Stewart’s honor), and Pittstown stood on the east bank of the Susquehanna. Plymouth and Kingstown (where the settlers erected their strongest military outpost, Forty Fort) were on the west. Pennsylvania responded to the Connecticut threat by creating the county of Northumberland in 1772, hoping to consolidate its jurisdiction north of Fort Augusta. John Durkee countered this move the following year by sending another petition to Hartford seeking the creation of a county in the Wyoming Valley under Connecticut jurisdiction. Among the more than 220 signatories were the Paxton Boys Lazarus Stewart, William Stewart, and Lazarus Stewart Jr.
Red-Light Fever
Authors: Thompson Gordon
Published: November 2023

In the studio, separated from producers and engineers by a double pane of glass, the individuals whose voices, physical dexterity, and intuition realized 1960s British pop labored in the realm of performance. The social mechanisms that placed them in these recorded moments carefully calculated the most efficient ways to reap their talent and to maximize their value. Consequently, musicians could be the most celebrated individuals in the entire ecology and, sometimes, the most hidden. Their names, faces, and music often sold millions of records and concert seats, and yet, more often than not, performers ultimately garnered meager financial rewards.
Fulke Greville (1554–1628)
Authors: Bauer Mark S
Published: November 2023

from “Despair”

Who grace for zenith had,

From which no shadows grow, Who hath seen joy of all his hopes

And end of all his woe;

Whose love beloved hath been The crown of his desire,

Who hath seen sorrow’s glories burnt In sweet affection’s fire;

If from this heavenly state, Which souls with souls unites,

He be fallen down into the dark Despaired war of sprights;

Let him lament with me,

For none doth glory know,

That hath not been above himself, And thence fallen down to woe.

But if there be one hope

Left in his languished heart, If fear of worse, if wish of ease,

If horror may depart;

He plays with his complaints, He is no mate for me,

Whose love is lost, whose hopes are fled, Whose fears for ever be.
Thomas Lodge (1557–1625)
Authors: Bauer Mark S
Published: November 2023

Melancholy

The earth, late choked with showers, Is now arrayed in green;

Her bosom springs with flowers, The air dissolves her teen:

The heavens laugh at her glory, Yet bide I sad and sorry.

The woods are decked with leaves, And trees are clothed gay;

And Flora, crowned with sheaves, With oaken boughs doth play:

Where I am clad in black, The token of my wrack.

The birds upon the trees

Do sing with pleasant voices, And chant in their degrees

Their loves and lucky choices: When I, whilst they are singing, With sighs mine arms am wringing.

The thrushes seek the shade, And I my fatal grave;

Their flight to heaven is made, My walk on earth I have:

They free, I thrall; they jolly, I sad and pensive wholly.
John Milton (1608–1674)
Authors: Bauer Mark S
Published: November 2023

from “Samson Agonistes”

Samson:

All otherwise to me my thoughts portend,

That these dark orbs no more shall treat with light, Nor th’ other light of life continue long,

But yield to double darkness nigh at hand: So much I feel my genial spirits droop,

My hopes all flat, nature within me seems In all her functions weary of her self;

My race of glory run, and race of shame, And I shall shortly be with them that rest.

Manoa [Samson’s father]:

Believe not these suggestions which proceed From anguish of the mind and humours black, That mingle with thy fancy. I however

Must not omit a Fathers timely care

To prosecute the means of thy deliverance By ransom or how else: mean while be calm,

And healing words from these thy friends admit.

Samson:

O that torment should not be confin’d To the bodies wounds and sores

With maladies innumerable

In heart, head, brest, and reins; But must secret passage find To th’ inmost mind,

There exercise all his fierce accidents, And on her purest spirits prey,

As on entrails, joints, and limbs,

With answerable pains, but more intense, Though void of corporal sense.

My griefs not only pain me
Thomas Traherne (1636–1674)
Authors: Bauer Mark S
Published: November 2023

Solitude

How desolate!

Ah! how forlorn, how sadly did I stand When in the field my woful State

I felt! Not all the Land, Not all the Skies,

Tho Heven shin’d before mine Eys, Could Comfort yield in any Field to me,

Nor could my Mind Contentment find or see.

Remov’d from Town,

From People, Churches, Feasts, and Holidays, The Sword of State, the Mayor’s Gown,

And all the Neighb’ring Boys; As if no Kings

On Earth there were, or living Things, The silent Skies salute mine Eys, the Seas My Soul surround; no Rest I found, or Eas.

My roving Mind

Search’d evry Corner of the spacious Earth, From Sky to Sky, if it could find,

(But found not) any Mirth: Not all the Coasts,

Nor all the great and glorious Hosts, In Hev’n or Earth, did any Mirth afford;

No welcom Good or needed Food, my Board.

I do believ,

The Ev’ning being shady and obscure, The very Silence did me griev,

And Sorrow more procure: A secret Want

Did make me think my Fortune scant.
Anonymous (published 1658)
Authors: Bauer Mark S
Published: November 2023

On Melancholy

Stand off, physician! Let me frolic With my humour melancholic.

‘Tis pleasure–it is pain likewise; ‘Tis hell, and yet a paradise.

‘Tis white and black—’tis all upon Checkered imagination.

‘Tis an odd-conceited theme;

‘Tis nature’s rambling, idle dream; Her cheating optic glass, which lies, Falsely abstracts, and multiplies.

The man of Rhodes, whose stature was Nine hundred camels’ load of brass,

This mighty Phoebus can’t compare With the melancholy I bear,

In hands, feet, nose—fancy makes him Bigger by far in every limb.

Another wasteful humour straight Brings him down to a half-ounce weight,

Then, like some bird (a pretty folly!) Flies aloft, winged with melancholy!

He’s air, or some thin exhalation Next degree to annihilation.

‘Tis thraldom, freedom, ‘tis express Good company, and loneliness;

It laughs and cries all in one breath; ‘Tis wealth or want, ‘tis life or death.

A Bedlam trance,’tis what you will, ‘Tis as you’d have it, well or ill.
Isaac Watts (1674–1748)
Authors: Bauer Mark S
Published: November 2023

The Hurry of the Spirits, in a Fever and Nervous Disorders

My frame of nature is a ruffl ed sea,

And my disease the tempest. Nature feels

A strange commotion to her inmost centre;

The throne of reason shakes. ‘Be still, my thoughts; Peace and be still.’ In vain my reason gives

The peaceful word, my spirit strives in vain

To calm the tumult and command my thoughts. This flesh, this circling blood, these brutal powers, Made to obey, turn rebels to the mind,

Nor hear its laws. The engine rules the man. Unhappy change! When nature’s meaner springs, Fir’d to impetuous ferments, break all order; When little restless atoms rise and reign

Tyrants in sov’reign uproar, and impose Ideas on the mind; confus’d ideas

Of non-existents and impossibles,

Who can describe them? Fragments of old dreams, Borrow’d from midnight, torn from fairy fields And fairy skies, and regions of the dead,

Abrupt, ill-sorted! O ‘tis all confusion! If I but close my eyes, strange images

In thousand forms and thousand colours rise,

Stars, rainbows, moons, green dragons, bears and ghosts, An endless medley rush upon the stage,

And dance and riot wild in reason’s court Above control. I’m in a raging storm,

Where seas and skies are blended, while my soul Like some light worthless chip of floating cork

Is tost from wave to wave: Now overwhelm’d With breaking floods, I drown, and seem to lose All being: Now high-mounted on the ridge
William Cowper (1731–1800)
Authors: Bauer Mark S
Published: November 2023

Lines Written During a Period of Insanity

Hatred and vengence—my eternal portion Scarce can endure delay of execution—

Wait with impatient readiness to seize my Soul in a moment.

Damned below Judas; more abhorred than he was, Who for a few pence sold his holy Master!

Twice betrayed, Jesus me, the last delinquent, Deems the profanest.

Man disavows, and Deity disowns me: Hell might afford my miseries a shelter;

Therefore Hell keeps her ever-hungry mouths all Bolted against me.

Hard lot! encompassed with a thousand dangers; Weary, faint, trembling with a thousand terrors, I’m called, if vanquished, to receive a sentence Worse than Abiram’s.

Him the vindictive rod of angry Justice

Sent quick and howling to the centre headlong; I, fed with judgment, in a fleshy tomb am Buried above ground.
Anonymous (published 1733)
Authors: Bauer Mark S
Published: November 2023

A Receipt to Cure a Love Fit

Tie one end of a rope fast over a beam,

And make a slip-noose at the other extreme; Then just underneath let a cricket be set, On which let the lover most manfully get; Then over his head let the snecket be got, And under one ear be well settled the knot.

The cricket kicked down, let him take a fair swing; And leave all the rest of the work to the string.
Robert Fergusson (1750–1774) Ode to Disappointment
Authors: Bauer Mark S
Published: November 2023

Ode to Disappointment

Thou joyless fiend, life’s constant foe, Sad source of care and spring of woe,

Soft pleasure’s hard controul; Her gayest haunts for ever nigh, Stern mistress of the secret sigh,

That swells the murm’ring soul.
John Codrington Bampfylde (1754–1796)
Authors: Bauer Mark S
Published: November 2023

On a Frightful Dream

This morn ere yet had rung the matin peal, The cursed Merlin, with his potent spell, Aggrieved me sore, and from his wizard cell, (First fixing on mine eyes a magic seal)

Millions of ghosts and shadowy shapes let steal; Who, swarming round my couch, with horrid yell,

Chattered and mocked, as though from deepest Hell They had escaped.—I oft, with fervent zeal,

Essayed, and prayer, to mar the enchanter’s power.

In vain for thicker still the crew came on,

And now had weighed me down, but that the day Appeared, and Phoebus, from his eastern tower,

With new-tricked beam, like truth immortal, shone, And chased the visionary forms away.
William Blake (1757–1827)
Authors: Bauer Mark S
Published: November 2023

“My Spectre around me night and day”

My Spectre around me night and Like a wild beast guards my way; My Emanation far within

Weeps incessantly for my sin.

A fathomless and boundless deep, There we wander, there we weep; On the hungry craving wind

My Spectre follows thee behind.

He scents thy footsteps in the snow, Wheresoever thou dost go,

Thro’ the wintry hail and rain. When wilt thou return again?

Dost thou not in pride and scorn Fill with tempests all my morn, And with jealousies and fears

Fill my pleasant nights with tears?

Seven of my sweet loves thy knife Has bereavèd of their life.

Their marble tombs I built with tears, And with cold and shuddering fears.

Seven more loves weep night and day Round the tombs where my loves lay, And seven more loves attend each night Around my couch with torches bright.

And seven more loves in my bed Crown with wine my mournful head,

Let us agree to give up love, And root up the Infernal Grove; Then shall we return and see The worlds of happy Eternity.

And throughout all Eternity

I forgive you, you forgive me. As our dear Redeemer said:

“This the Wine, and this the Bread.”
Robert Bloomfield (1766–1823)
Authors: Bauer Mark S
Published: November 2023

from “The Farmer’s Boy”

Hither at times, with cheerfulness of soul,

Sweet village Maids from neighbouring hamlets stroll, That like the light-heel’d does o’er lawns that rove, Look shyly curious; rip’ning into love;

For love’s their errand: hence the tints that glow On either cheek, a heighten’d lustre know:

When, conscious of their charms, e’en Age looks sly, And rapture beams from Youth’s observant eye.

The pride of such a party, Nature’s pride Was lovely Ann, who innocently try’d, With hat of airy shape and ribbons gay, Love to inspire, and stand in Hymen’s way

But, ere her twentieth Summer could expand, Or youth was render’d happy with her hand, Her mind’s serenity, her peace was gone,

Her eye grew languid, and she wept alone

Yet causeless seem’d her grief; for quick restrain’d, Mirth follow’d loud; or indignation reign’d: Whims wild and simple led her from her home, The heath, the common, or the fields to roam: Terror and Joy alternate rul’d her hours;

Now blithe she sung, and gather’d useless flow’rs; Now pluck’d a tender twig from ev’ry bough,

To whip the hov’ring demons from her brow. Ill-fated Maid! thy guiding spark is fled,

And lasting wretchedness awaits thy bed— Thy bed of straw! for mark, where even now O’er their lost child affl icted parents bow; Their woe she knows not, but perversely coy,
George Gordon, Lord Byron (1788–1824)
Authors: Bauer Mark S
Published: November 2023

from “The Lament of Tasso”

I

Long years!—It tries the thrilling frame to bear And eagle-spirit of a Child of Song—

Long years of outrage—calumny—and wrong; Imputed madness, prisoned solitude,

And the Mind’s canker in its savage mood, When the impatient thirst of light and air Parches the heart; and the abhorred grate, Marring the sunbeams with its hideous shade,

Works through the throbbing eyeball to the brain, With a hot sense of heaviness and pain;

And bare, at once, Captivity displayed

Stands scoffing through the never-opened gate, Which nothing through its bars admits, save day, And tasteless food, which I have eat alone

Till its unsocial bitterness is gone;

And I can banquest like a beast of prey, Sullen and lonely, couching in the cave Which is my lair, and—it may be—my grave.

All this hath somewhat worn me, and may wear, But must be borne. I stoop not to despair;

For I have battled with mine agony,

And made me wings wherewith to overfly The narrow circus of my dungeon wall . . .

III

Above me, hark! the long and maniac cry Of minds and bodies in captivity.

And hark! the lash and the increasing howl, And the half-inarticulate blasphemy!
Anonymous (“Orestes”) (published 1796)
Authors: Bauer Mark S
Published: November 2023

A Sonnet to Opium; Celebrating its Virtues. Written at the Side of Julia, when the Author was Inspired with

a Dose of Laudanum, more than Sufficient for two moderate Turks

Soul-soothing drug! Your virtues let me laud, Which can with sov’reign sway

Force lawless passion into harmless play!

Oft have I owned your pow’r In many a moody hour,

When grief with viper-tooth my heart hath gnawed.

Still friendly to the plaintive muse, You can a balm infuse.

If, sick with hopeless love, Too tenderly I mourn,

You can the shaft of anguish quick remove;

Or make desire’s destructive flame less fiercely burn: Guardian you are of Julia’s innocence,

When madd’ning rapture goads to vice my throbbing sense.
Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1806–1861)
Authors: Bauer Mark S
Published: November 2023

Grief

I tell you, hopeless grief is passionless That only men incredulous of despair,

Half-taught in anguish, through the midnight air Beat upward to God’s throne in loud access

Of shrieking and reproach. Full desertness, In souls as countries, lieth silent-bare Under the blanching, vertical eye-glare

Of the absolute Heavens. Deep-hearted man, express Grief for thy Dead in silence like to death—

Most like a monumental statue set

In everlasting watch and moveless woe Till itself crumble to the dust beneath. Touch it; the marble eyelids are not wet: If it could weep, it could arise and go.
Hart Crane (1899–1932)
Authors: Bauer Mark S
Published: November 2023

The Idiot

Sheer over to the other side,—for see—

The boy straggling under those mimosas, daft With squint lanterns in his head, and it’s likely

Fumbling his sex. That’s why those children laughed

In such infernal circles round his door

Once when he shouted, stretched in ghastly shape. I hurried by. But back from the hot shore

Passed him again . . . He was alone, agape;

One hand dealt out a kite string, a tin can The other tilted, peeled end clamped to eye.

That kite aloft—you should have watched him scan Its course, though he’d clapped midnight to noon sky!

And since, through these hot barricades of green,

A Dios gracias, grac—I’ve heard his song Above all reason lifting, halt serene—

My trespass vision shrinks to face his wrong.