bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hungary for Religion: A Supply‐Side Interpretation of the Hungarian Religious Revival
Authors: Froese Paul
Published: March 2003

The collapse of Soviet Communism has brought about sweeping revivals of religion in most of Eastern Europe and the Soviet successor states. This astonishing change in religious activity appears ideal for further testing of the supply‐side theory of religious change. In this paper I investigate whether the dramatic religious revival in Hungary can be explained using a supply‐side framework. I begin with a brief sketch of the history of religion in 20th‐century Hungary in order to place current data in the proper context. Next, I present data from national surveys of Hungary and eyewitness accounts to assess the causal relationship between religious restrictions and religious activity as predicted by supply‐side theory. Then I investigate secularization accounts of religious activity in Hungary and conclude that the supply‐side thesis best fits the available data. Finally, I indicate the leveling off of the Hungarian revival due to decreased religious competition and posit future expectations concerning religious activity in Hungary.
The Role of Religion in the Collective Identity of the White Racialist Movement
Authors: Dobratz Betty A.
Published: March 2003

This paper applies the concept of identity to the white racialist or separatist movement, typically referred to as the white supremacist movement in many mainstream publications. While similar racial identity and shared perceptions of the meaning of racialism bind the movement together, there are other important concerns that potentially divide the movement but also have served to attract members to it. One of these potentially divisive areas, the differences in religious views, is explored here through an analysis of the white separatist literature and interviews with movement members. Three belief systems of movement members—Christian or Israel Identity, Church of the Creator, and Odinism—are examined. All three contribute to strengthening the racial identity of white racialists, but are at the same time potentially antagonistic to each other. It is suggested that this religious divide will be a key issue in influencing the future development of the movement.
Investment Decisions Depend on Portfolio Disclosures
Authors: Musto David K.
Published: March 2003

A weekly database of retail money fund portfolio statistics is uneconomical for retail investors to observe, so it allows direct comparison of disclosed and undisclosed portfolios. This makes possible a more direct and unambiguous test for “window dressing” than elsewhere in the literature. The analysis shows that funds allocating between government and private issues hold more in government issues around disclosures than at other times, consistent with the theory that intermediaries prefer to disclose safer portfolios. Cross‐sectional comparisons locate the most intense rebalancing in the worst recent performers.
Explaining the Poor Performance of Consumption‐based Asset Pricing Models
Authors: Campbell John Y. , Cochrane John H.
Published: March 2003

We show that the external habit‐formation model economy of Campbell and Cochrane (1999) can explain why the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) and its extensions are betterapproximate asset pricing models than is the standard onsumption‐based model. The model economy produces time‐varying expected eturns, tracked by the dividend–price ratio. Portfolio‐based models capture some of this variation in state variables, which a state‐independent function of consumption cannot capture. Therefore, though the consumption‐based model and CAPM are both perfect conditional asset pricing models, the portfolio‐based models are better approximate unconditional asset pricing models.
Variance‐ratio Statistics and High‐frequency Data: Testing for Changes in Intraday Volatility Patterns
Authors: Andersen Torben G. , Bollerslev Tim , Das Ashish
Published: March 2003

Variance‐ratio tests are routinely employed to assess the variation in return volatility over time and across markets. However, such tests are not statistically robust and can be seriously misleading within a high‐frequency context. We develop improved inference procedures using a Fourier Flexible Form regression framework. The practical significance is illustrated through tests for changes in the FX intraday volatility pattern following the removal of trading restrictions in Tokyo. Contrary to earlier evidence, we find nodiscernible changes outside of the Tokyo lunch period. We ascribe the difference to the fragile finite‐sample inference of conventional variance‐ratio procedures and a single outlier.
Institutional Trading and Soft Dollars
Authors: Conrad Jennifer S. , Johnson Kevin M. , Wahal Sunil
Published: March 2003

Proprietary data allow us to distinguish between institutional investors' orders directed to soft‐dollar brokers and those directed to other types of brokers. We find that soft‐dollar brokers execute smaller orders in larger market value stocks. Allowing for differences in order characteristics, we estimate the incremental implicit cost of soft‐dollar execution at 29 (24) basis points for buyer‐ (seller‐) initiated orders. For large orders, incremental implicit costs are 41 (30) basis points for buys (sells). However, we document substantial variability in these estimates, and research services provided by soft‐dollar brokers may at least partially offset these costs.
Limit Orders, Depth, and Volatility: Evidence from the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong
Authors: Ahn Hee‐Joon , Bae Kee‐Hong , Chan Kalok
Published: March 2003

We investigate the role of limit orders in the liquidity provision in a pure order‐driven market. Results show that market depth rises subsequent to an increase in transitory volatility, and transitory volatility declines subsequent to an increase in market depth. We also examine how transitory volatility affects the mix between limit orders and market orders. When transitory volatility arises from the ask (bid) side, investors will submit more limit sell (buy) orders than market sell (buy) orders. This result is consistent with the existence of limit‐order traders who enter the market and place orders when liquidity is needed.
Migration Under Uncertainty: “Try Your Luck” or “Wait and See”
Authors: O'Connell Paul G. J.
Published: March 2003

Two types of uncertainty enter into the migration decision. First, current conditions in the destination region may not be observable. Second, the future evolution of conditions in both the origin and destination regions may be unknown. The first type of uncertainty can encourage speculative or “try your luck” migration, whereas uncertainty about the future acts in the opposite direction, deterring relocation. This paper presents a dynamic optimizing model of migration that incorporates both types of uncertainty. The model shows that in equilibrium uncertainty about the future is likely to be more important than uncertainty about present conditions in the decision to relocate.
Do Exchange Rates and Foreign Incomes Matter for Exports at the State Level?
Authors: Cronovich Ron , Gazel Ricardo
Published: March 2003

At the national level, trade‐weighted real exchange rates and foreign incomes significantly impact exports. At the subnational level, these variables are generally insignificant in the few studies that include them. We argue that the standard use of national trade weights in the construction of subnational trade‐weighted averages of exchange rates and foreign incomes is inappropriate, and we then construct these variables using state‐specific trade weights. In our panel data analysis of state‐level manufacturing exports, these variables enter significantly and with the expected signs. Also, their out‐of‐sample forecasting ability is significantly better than that of the national trade‐weighted variables.
Poor Areas, or Only Poor People?
Authors: Ravallion Martin , Wodon Quentin
Published: March 2003

Anti‐poverty programs often target poor areas even when there is seemingly free migration. Should such programs focus instead on households with personal attributes that foster poverty, no matter where they live? Possibly not; there may be “hidden” constraints on mobility, or location may reveal otherwise hidden household attributes. Using survey data for Bangladesh we find significant and sizable geographic effects on living standards after controlling for a wide range of nongeographic characteristics of households, as would typically be observable to policy makers. The geographic structure of living standards is reasonably stable over time, consistent with observed migration patterns, and robust to testable sources of bias.
The State of the Art in Modeling Migration in LDCS: A Comment
Authors: Ingene Charles A.
Published: March 2003

Early research on migration in LDCs, initially motivated by labor market postulates offered by Harris and Todaro, built upon general equilibrium models of interregional trade. In contrast, recent research on migration (such as Brueckner and Kim in this issue) builds upon a partial equilibrium analysis that is based on an urban land model. There are subtle differences between these models that complicate intermodel comparisons. The current paper, motivated by this complexity, has three purposes: (1) a mathematical explication of the state of the art in migration modeling, (2) a provision of further insights into the Todaro paradox, and (3) a suggestion for future research predicated on melding the urban land and interregional literatures.
Experiences of Women on Public Assistance
Authors: Nicolas Guerda , JeanBaptiste Varzi
Published: March 2003

Although much has been written regarding the effectiveness and efficiency of the various antipoverty programs, very little information is available on the recipients' perceptions of and experiences with these programs. This article addresses this issue and presents qualitative results of interviews with 8 recipients of both cash assistance (e.g., Temporary Assistance for Needy Families) and in‐kind assistance (e.g., Section 8 housing). The average age of the participants was 37.5; all were females with children from 2 to 5 years old. Overall, the major themes that emerged include lack of work programs, difficulties in forming a permanent family life with a partner, feelings of shame and disrespect, an insecure future, and a sadness regarding life's outcome. These findings suggest that antipoverty programs should focus not only on financial concerns but also on the individual's desire to be a contributing member of society.
Interethnic Contact, Identity, and Psychological Adjustment: The Mediating and Moderating Roles of Communication
Authors: Clément Richard , Noels Kimberly A. , Deneault Bernard
Published: March 2003

Social psychological theories of second‐language communication posit a relationship between second‐language competence/usage and social identity. Identity and adaptation outcomes of intercultural contact have also been central issues for cross‐cultural psychology. The studies described here are at the junction of these two research traditions. Based on a situated‐identity approach, they show the mediating and moderating roles of second‐language confidence for identity change and adjustment among minority‐ and majority‐group members. Two studies involving Canadian francophone and anglophone university students illustrate the relationship between relative status and identity as well as the mediating role of communication in determining identity and adjustment. The third study, involving participants of East Indian descent, shows that incongruities among aspects of identity are related to the experience of collective discrimination and stress. Furthermore, these relations are moderated by second‐language confidence. The conclusion discusses theoretical and practical implications for policy.
Gender, Ethnicity, and Power
Authors: Pratto Felicia , Espinoza Penelope
Published: March 2003

Group‐based power is generally associated with three types of group distinctions: adult‐child, gender, and ethnicity. We argue that gender‐based power is not comparable to ethnic‐based power, in part because the forms and degree of institutional discrimination experienced by men and women of subordinate ethnic groups are not similar to one another, and in part because stereotypes and categorization processes pertaining to gender are not comparable across ethnic groups. Finally, in experiments using college students as participants, we show that whether applicants are placed into occupations that would enhance or attenuate group‐based inequality depends jointly on job applicants' ethnicity and gender. Implications for theories of inequality based on gender and ethnicity and the relationship of gendered power to other group‐based forms of power are discussed.
Issues and Prospects: Introduction to the 50th Jubilee Special Issue
Authors: Cumming Alister
Published: March 2003

This special issue of Language Learning departs from the journal's usual format to celebrate its achieving a full half‐century of publication. This occasion is appropriately heralded and documented in J.C. Catford's “Historical Sketch,” which immediately follows this Introduction, as well as in Alexander Guiora's “Epilogue,” which closes the volume. The remaining articles similarly are written versions of presentations made at the Language Learning 50th Jubilee Symposium at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, September 18 and 19, 1998, organized by Alexander Guiora, Patricia Aldridge, Ian Catford, Joan Morley, Ana Ostermann, and Carol Aldrich. The Language Learning Board of Directors invited five distinguished scholars to “present their respective assessments of the present state of our field and their views on the most pressing, major issues in need of resolution or further inquiry” (p. vi, Language Learning 48:1): Ellen Bialystok, Wolfgang Klein, Jacquelyn Schachter, Mary McGroarty, and the incoming editor of the journal, Nick Ellis. Five former editors of Language Learning —each distinguished applied linguists themselves—were correspondingly invited to respond to one of these speakers' statements and to reflect on their experiences as editors of the journal: H. Douglas Brown, Diane Larsen‐Freeman, Ronald Wardaugh, William Acton, and John A. Upshur. The resulting collection is a truly monumental issue of the journal, rich in history, ideas, and perspectives.
Language Learning and the Applied Linguistics: A Historical Sketch
Authors: Catford J. C.
Published: March 2003

This article reviews the history of applied linguistics together with the history of the journal Language Learning, indicating the journal's particular place in that larger history and honoring its 50th anniversary. I adopt a chronological perspective, starting from antiquity but focusing on developments in Europe and North America in the later 19th and 20th centuries. I offer evidence that from the late 1940s onward Language Learning played a distinctive role in the popularization and widespread adoption of the term applied linguistics as well as the systematic, theoretical, and research orientation associated with it.
Language Learning Strategy Use of Bilingual Foreign Language Learners in Singapore
Authors: Wharton Glenn
Published: March 2003

This study, using Oxford's 80‐item Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SILL), examines the self‐reported language learning strategy use of 678 university students learning Japanese and French as foreign languages in Singapore. The study differs from previous SILL studies in that the participants were bilingual from a multicultural setting, and the use of all 80 strategies was examined. Relationships between background variables and overall strategyuse were investigated using ANOVA. Results were significant for motivation, self‐rated proficiency, and language studied, with motivation significantly interacting with language studied. The use of each strategy by proficiency and also by gender was investigated using chi‐square. Results showed more learning strategy use among learners with higher proficiency and, unexpectedly, more strategies used significantly more often by men.
The Researcher Gave the Subject a Test about Himself: Problems of Ambiguity and Preference in the Investigation of Reflexive Binding
Authors: White Lydia , Bruhn‐Garavito Joyce , Kawasaki Takako , Pater Joe , Prévost Philippe
Published: March 2003

There are methodological difficulties in investigating second language (L2) learners' knowledge of reflexive binding, particularly in the case of potentially ambiguous sentences where the learner or native speaker may have a preference for one interpretation over the other. In this paper, we compare two truth‐value judgment tasks, one involving stories and the other pictures. In both tasks, we provided contexts for different interpretations of potentially ambiguous sentences. We tested a variety of sentence types, including monoclausal sentences with subject or object antecedents (ambiguous in English) and biclausal sentences with local or long‐distance antecedents (ambiguous in Japanese). Participants were intermediate‐level Japanese‐speaking and French‐speaking learners of English as a second language (ESL), as well as native speaker controls. The story task yielded a significantly higher proportion of correct acceptances of object antecedents for reflexives, both in the case of ESL learners and native speakers. These results suggest that certain tasks can lead to an underestimation of learners' L2 competence and that one must be cautious in making assumptions about the nature of the interlanguage grammar on the basis of single tasks.
Word Translation at Three Levels of Proficiency in a Second Language: The Ubiquitous Involvement of Conceptual Memory
Authors: de Groot Annette M. B. , Poot Rik
Published: March 2003

Three groups of 20 unbalanced bilinguals, different from one another in second language (L2) fluency, translated one set of words from L1, Dutch, to L2, English (forward translation), and a second set of matched words from L2 to L1 (backward translation). In both language sets we orthogonally manipulated 3 word characteristics: word imageability, word frequency, and cognate status. Similar data patterns were obtained for the 3 proficiency groups, suggesting that word translation was qualitatively the same in all 3. Especially, word imageability affected performance similarly across the 3 proficiency levels. This suggests that our 3 groups did not differ in the degree to which they involved conceptual memory in the translation process. Further, contrary to the “asymmetry” model of word translation, conceptual memory appeared to operate as much in backward translation as in forward translation. The combined data indicate that, at least beyond the initial stages of L2 fluency, “concept mediation” is a universal process in translating words between 2 languages. We can account for the few, generally small differences between the fluency groups in terms of the idea that some subsets of words lag in L2 knowledge development.
Development of L2 Intraword Orthographic Sensitivity and Decoding Skills
Authors: Koda Keiko
Published: March 2003

This study examines orthographic sensitivity among adult second language (L2) learners with diverse first language (L1) backgrounds. The specific purposes are three‐fold: (a) to determine whether there are differences among adult learners of English as a second language (ESL) with alphabetic and non‐alphabetic L1 backgrounds in their intraword structural sensitivity, (b) to explore specific ways in which such sensitivity differs among L1 and L2 readers of English, and (c) to examine the extent to which the sensitivity affects decoding performance among ESL participants. The findings suggest that (a) L1 alphabetic experience promotes L2 intraword structural sensitivity; (b) ESL learners, regardless of their L1 backgrounds, are strongly inclined to use visual familiarity as a primary cue during orthographic processing; (c) the ability to detect orthographic constraint violations separates L2 from L1 readers; and (d) qualitative differences in L1 processing experience are directly associated with procedural variations in L2 decoding, but such variations do not always result in quantitative differences in decoding performance.
Foreign Language Reading Anxiety
Authors: Saito Yoshiko , Garza Thomas J. , Horwitz Elaine K.
Published: March 2003

Whereas most discussions of foreign language (FL) anxiety have centered on the difficulties caused by anxiety with respect to oral performance, this article discusses the possibility of anxiety in response to foreign or second language reading. It introduces the construct of FL reading anxiety, offers a scale for its measurement, and reports on a preliminary study of reading anxiety in 30 intact first‐semester classes of Spanish, Russian, and Japanese. The study found that contrary to previous teacher intuitions, reading in a FL can be anxiety provoking to some students. Whereas general FL anxiety has been found to be independent of target language, levels of reading anxiety were found to vary by target language and seem to be related to the specific writing systems. In addition, students’ reading anxiety levels increased with their perceptions of the difficulty of reading in their FL, and their grades decreased in conjunction with their levels of reading anxiety and general FL anxiety.
Three Dimensional Computer Graphic Models by Analytical Photogrammetry
Authors: Littleworth R. M. , Chandler J. H.
Published: March 2003

This paper indicates the advantages afforded when an analytical plotter is interfaced with a three dimensional CAD system. Problems associated with combining various data sources (ground survey, aerial and close range photography) of differing quality will be discussed, together with compromises required to idealize the geometry of the real world enforced by a CAD system.

The paper is illustrated by some of the commercial projects undertaken by the Engineering Photogrammetry Unit at City University. Applications of particular financial significance include modelling of petro‐chemical plant for different purposes and to various levels of detail and accuracy
Experiences with Analytical and Digital Stereoplotters
Authors: Smith M. J. , Smith D. G. , Waldram D. A.
Published: March 2003

Members of the Institute of Engineering Surveying and Space Geodesy, University of Nottingham have been working on a collaborative project with staff of the British Geological Survey and the National Remote Sensing Centre Air Photo Group. During this project, experience of using the Intergraph ImageStation and ERDAS Imagine has been obtained. This paper presents some of these experiences which highlight the merits and limitations of digital photogrammetry at this present time. These are important issues not only for photogrammetrists but also for those coming into contact with photogrammetric operations through their potentially increasing availability in general image processing software. Although based on the authors' experiences, the paper also intends to provide a summary of digital photogrammetric systems and therefore issues are presented in a general way.
Progress in the Development of a High Performance Airborne Digital Sensor
Authors: Fricker P. , Sandau R. , Walker A. S.
Published: March 2003

Joint development work by LH Systems and Deutsches Zentrum für Luft‐ und Raumfahrt (German Aerospace Center) has produced encouraging results using forward, nadir and backward looking linear arrays on the focal plane to provide panchromatic imagery and geometric information, supplemented by further arrays to acquire multispectral imagery suitable for both high precision photogrammetric mapping and image processing for interpretative purposes. The geometric characteristics of line scanner imagery necessitate line‐by‐line rectification for aircraft tilts and shifts. Satisfactory execution of this process is enhanced by using supplementary data from high performance, on‐board GPS and inertial measurement systems. Similarly, high demands are placed on other sub‐systems, such as the camera mount, lens, electronics and storage technology. In addition to rectification for aircraft tilts and shifts, rectification for terrain characteristics is also required in order to generate colour and false colour composite images, since the various multispectral arrays are in different places on the focal plane. The special geometry affects triangulation. Thereafter, the imagery can be processed using existing software packages from both photogrammetry and remote sensing.

The concept has been demonstrated in several successful test flights and the production model is scheduled for market introduction at the ISPRS Congress in July 2000. The imagery from the new sensor will fulfil many market requirements between the highest resolution film imagery (<0.1 m) and high resolution space imagery (1m to 10 m). The sensor's unique blend of multispectral information with high quality geometric information will give rise to numerous new applications.
Police Information Technology: Assessing the Effects of Computerization on Urban Police Functions
Authors: Nunn Samuel
Published: March 2003

Municipal police agencies are major users of information technology, and much remains to be learned about the effects of computerization on police operations. This article examines computerization in 188 municipal police agencies in 1993 in cities with populations of 100,000 or more. Relationships among computer hardware, police‐file computerization, and police functions are examined. Cities are categorized as low, medium, and high levels of computerization to uncover differences in expenditures and police‐officer allocation. Personal computers and mainframes supported file computerization of management and administration, throughput, and crime evidence. Management and administration files influenced computerization of police functions, particularly for management and crime solutions. Highly computerized cities reported larger shares of employees in technical positions, spent more per capita, and reported fewer officers per capita than cities with lower computerization levels. These relationships held after controlling for independent influences such as density, fiscal capacity, crime levels, and population.
Defining and Defending the New Public Management
Authors: Borins Sandford
Published: March 2003

Book reviewed:

Lawrence R. Jones and Fred Thompson, Public Management: Institutional Renewal for the Twenty‐First Century
The Presidency and the Executive Branch
Authors: Wert Joseph L.
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed:

John P. Burke, Presidential Transitions: From Politics to Practice.

Paul Kengor, Wreath Layer or Policy Player? The Vice President's Role in Foreign Policy.

Joel Aberbach and Bert Rockman, In the Web of Politics: Three Decades of the U.S. Federal Executive.
Women in the American Society for Public Administration: Another Decade of Progress But Still a Way to Go
Authors: Rubin Marilyn
Published: March 2003

During ASPA's first fifty years (1939–1989), the role of women in the Society evolved from virtual invisibility, to token representation, to major participation. In the 1990s, women's role in ASPA continued to expand. They achieved just about full partnership with male colleagues in the organization's governance and they increased their contributions to ASPA's efforts to support the improvement of theory and practice in public administration through research and scholarship. However, women have not yet achieved parity with their male colleagues in scholarly output. For women to achieve full equality with men in ASPA, they must be better represented in contributions to literature and knowledge in the profession.
Merit, Management, and Neutral Competence: Lessons from the U.S. Merit Systems Protection Board, FY 1988–FY 1997
Authors: West William F. , Durant Robert F.
Published: March 2003

Despite the centrality of merit principles to governance in the United States over the past century, scant empirical research examines linkages between institutions, and outcomes in the implementation of merit system protections. We argue that the fate of merit principles depends, at a minimum, on two influences that may compete with neutral competence. The first is partisan responsiveness by counter bureaucracies charged with holding agencies accountable to merit principles. The second influence is the sacrifice of merit in the interest of managerial rerogatives at the agency level. This exploratory study assesses both of these influences within the federal government. Our data consist of personal interviews, analyses of U.S. Merit System Protection Board (MSPB) processes, case loads, and decisions between fiscal years 1988 and 1997, and a brief case study of the Justice Department. We find that the MSPB is largely the neutral and competent agency that Congress intended to create when it enacted the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978. Less positively, our analysis also reveals that federal agencies vary in how well their personnel actions fare with the MSPB. This finding is especially germane to reinventing‐government reforms that decentralize personnel management to agencies or to line operators within agencies.
Lessons Learned from Two Decades of Alternative Dispute Resolution Programs and Processes at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Authors: O’Leary Rosemary , Raines Susan Summers
Published: March 2003

Mediation, facilitation, and other alternative dispute resolution (ADR) techniques are being used in federal agencies, state and local governments, private‐sector organizations, and among private citizens in an effort to prevent and resolve disputes in a timely, cost‐effective, and less adversarial manner. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), one of the pioneers in the application of ADR processes and techniques to public policy disputes, recently announced that it plans to in‐crease the use of ADR techniques and practices across all agency programs. This article reports the results of a four‐part evaluation of the use of ADR in enforcement actions at the EPA during the last two decades. Funded by the Hewlett Foundation, this effort utilized in‐depth telephone interviews, government statistics, and archival records. The four groups interviewed were EPA’s alternative dispute resolution specialists, potentially responsible parties (defendants) to EPA enforcement lawsuits, mediators and facilitators to EPA cases, and agency enforcement attorneys who had participated in agency enforcement ADR processes. Concluding that there are generally high levels of satisfaction with the EPA’s enforcement ADR program, this article examines the sources of obstacles and assistance to ADR efforts at the EPA, suggests ways in which the EPA might improve its ADR programs, and draws lessons from the EPA’s experiences that may be helpful to other public programs or organizations.
Reforming Social Security and Medicare
Authors: Toland Peter C.
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed:

Sheila Burke, Eric Kingson and Uwe Reinhardt, (eds.) Social Security and Medicare, Individual versus Collective Risk and Responsibility
Rags or Riches? Estimating the Probabilities of Poverty and Affluence across the Adult American Life Span
Authors: Rank Mark R. , Hirschl Thomas A.
Published: March 2003

Objective. Poverty and affluence represent events central to the American identity of failure and success. Yet in spite of their significance, we know little about the actual likelihood of experiencing these events across the adult life course. In this article we empirically estimate the extent to which Americans will experience poverty and/or affluence during their adulthood. Methods. A series of life tables are constructed based upon data from 25 waves of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. Our measure of poverty is identical to that used by the U.S. Census Bureau in estimating the overall U.S. poverty rates. Affluence is defined as 10 times the poverty level. Results. Results indicate that between the ages of 25 and 75, 51.1 percent of Americans will experience at least one year below the poverty line, 51.0 percent will encounter a year of affluence, while only 20.1 percent of Americans will avoid either of these economic extremes. The effects of race and education in altering the likelihood of encountering poverty versus affluence are substantial. Conclusions. The opportunities for acute economic failure and success appear to be very real components of the American experience. Based upon this, we discuss an alternative typology to conceptualizing stratification in America.
6. Some Log-Linear and Log-Nonlinear Models for Ordinal Scales with Midpoints, with an Application to Public Opinion Data
Authors: Sobel Michael E.
Published: March 2003

Ordinal response scales with a middle category are widely used in public opinion studies, psychology, medicine, computed tomography and other fields. The usual models in the statistical literature for ordinal response variables treat the case where the scale has a natural middle category no differently from the case where the scale does not have a middle category. This paper proposes new models for the analysis of ordinal response scales with middle categories, applying these to data collected in 1993–1994 on American opinion toward the balance between environmental quality and economic prosperity. Some of the models should also be useful when the scale does not have a natural middle category. The models are easily used to address issues of concern in empirical work—for example, stochastic ordering among covariate classes and asymmetry about the middle category. Log-linear models are considered in Section 2. The relationship between the normal distribution and a quadratic log-linear model with known scores, discussed in this section, is the basis for Section 3, which considers a log-nonlinear model with unknown scores estimated from the data. Section 4 shows how generalized log-linear and generalized log-nonlinear models can be used to simultaneously study whether the response is below, at, or above the midpoint, and the conditional distribution of responses above (below) the midpoint. These models are also useful when the response scale is viewed as nested and/or the response process is sequential.
5. An Extended Study into the Relationship between Correspondence Analysis and Latent Class Analysis
Authors: van der Heijden Peter G.M. , Gilula Zvi , van der Ark L. Andries
Published: March 2003

Researchers dealing with frequency data today can choose from a vast range of methods, descriptive and inferential. Two such well-known and useful methods are correspondence analysis and latent class analysis. Although these two methods were initially used for different research objectives, they are mathematically related to each other. Relations between these methods, however, have only been reported in the literature regarding the bivariate case. In this paper, we extend the study of such relations to the multivariate case. In particular the multivariate X latent class model is shown to imply the (relatively new) joint multivariate correspondence model with X − 1 positive eigenvalues. Such relations allow the underlying methods to be treated as variants of the same conceptual idea, providing some new meaningful aspects, which may help researchers better interpret the findings of their investigation.
Religion, Violence, and Conflict Resolution
Authors: Gopin Marc
Published: March 2003

Religion has a dual legacy in human history regarding peace and violence. Conflict resolution theory must examine more systematically the decision‐making of religious actors and leaders in order for strategies of peacemaking to be effective in the relevant contexts. It is the argument here that the study of religion and conflict resolution will yield an important new field of inquiry. A series of topics need to be addressed, including the mixture of religious and pragmatic motivations in behavior, the struggle between intracommunal moral values and other traditional values that generate conflict, multifaith dialogue and pluralism as conflict resolution strategies, the sociopolitical impact of religious leadership on conflict generation and resolution, the limited scope of religious ethics in regard to the rejection of nonbelievers and traditional outgroups, and the promising role of interpretation of sacred tradition in generating peacemaking strategies.
Teachers as Grantseekers: The Privatization of the Urban Public School Teacher
Authors: Freedman Sara
Published: March 2003

This article explores the impact of grantseeking on urban public school teachers. It first analyzes how grantseeking, primarily but not exclusively promoted by numerous private and corporate foundations, has introduced urban teachers to and fostered among them some of the central tenets of the movement to privatize education—to “market” one's teaching as a product and oneself as a valuable commodity; to embrace competition and the creation of self-selected communities; and to replace a commitment to a broad-based democracy in which the needs of all are met with fulfilling the needs of the “deserving” few.

The article next discusses the ways in which specific assumptions about urban teachers have influenced the development of such grant competitions. It also discusses the ways these assumptions promote the ability of a very limited number of high status urban teachers to successfully compete in such competitions while working to exclude others, particularly teachers of color and those whose native language is not English.

The article then presents a case history of one grantseeker to illustrate the contradictory effects of teachers’ participation in privately funded grant programs. It ends by raising questions about the purpose and effect of grantseeking in education and its potential role in changing the dominant means of educating children in the United States from a public school system subject to community wide support and governance—in theory if not in practice—to an increasingly privatized one.
“To be Part of the Story”: The Literacy Practices of Gangsta Adolescents
Authors: Moje Elizabeth B.
Published: March 2003

Despite a recent emphasis on conceptualizing literacy as a tool for changing thought and experience, when people—whether the popular media, school personnel, or educational scholars—speak of the literacy practices of marginalized adolescents, they rarely talk about such literacies as tools. Instead, the literacy practices of marginalized adolescents are often referred to in terms of deviance or resistance. Gang-connected youth, in particular, are routinely represented as engaging in acts of villainy or resistance, but are rarely represented as meaning makers, people who are expressing their beliefs, values, and interests. If literacy theorists want to claim that literacy is a tool for transforming thought and experience, however, then we need to extend that theoretical claim to all literacy practices by asking what unsanctioned literacy practices do for adolescents. Are these simply acts of resistance? Or do adolescent gang members, who are often placed outside the possibility of school success on the basis of physical characteristics and social affiliations, also use literacy as a way of exploring possible worlds, claiming space, and making their voices heard?

This study uses data from three years of research with five gang-connected youth to illustrate how they used their literacy practices as meaning-making, expressive, and communicative tools. The data show how these youth used literacy practices “to be part of the story,” or to claim a space, construct an identity, and take a social position in their worlds. The paper concludes by arguing that literacy theorists, researchers, and practitioners need to acknowledge the power of unsanctioned literacy tools in the lives of marginalized youth and develop pedagogies that draw from, but also challenge and extend, these practices.
Rethinking “High Stakes”: Lessons from the United States and England and Wales
Authors: Firestone William A. , Mayrowetz David
Published: March 2003

Based on fieldwork conducted in England, Wales, and two American states, this paper suggests six themes about “high stakes testing.” First, not all stakes are perceived to be equally high. Second, pressure to respond to a test comes from more than just formal stakes. Third, external pressure leads to symbolic responses outside the classroom. Fourth, external pressure can be useful for changing content taught. Fifth, external pressure is less effective in changing instructional strategy than content taught. Sixth, the effects of stakes will depend on a variety of other policy factors.
Reimagining Race in Education: A New Paradigm from Psychology
Authors: Carter Robert T.
Published: March 2003

This article calls attention to the paradigms underlying current approaches to multicultural education and expands on them with contributions from the field of psychology. The first section introduces a typology of philosophical assumptions that has been used to classify approaches to multiculturalism in the field of psychology. The typology classifies assumptions as universal, ubiquitous, traditional, race-based, or pan-national. The second section discusses racial identity theory as an important psychological component of a race-based perspective for understanding race and culture in education. The third section describes how racial identity affects educational thought and practice.
Empowering Pedagogies that Enhance the Learning of Multicultural Students
Authors: Ball Arnetha F.
Published: March 2003

In this article, I lay out the tenets of a critical pedagogy and present the details of a study designed to investigate the presence of those tenets within the discourse patterns and pedagogical practices observed in community-based classrooms, which serve as alternative sites of urban multicultural education. Through analyses of the discourses and pedagogies used in the classrooms of three African American female teachers, I investigate the degree to which these teachers are able to challenge their students to consider alternative life possibilities, to become critical thinkers, and to consider transformation of their current life situations and the life situations of others. Through depictions of everyday activities and discourses that occur in these community-based classrooms, I illustrate how, although the overt rhetoric of these organizations is one that often says, “follow the rules… don't challenge lines of authority,” the covert communicative messages in these community-based classrooms were often geared toward encouraging students to develop higher levels of consciousness and the skills needed to take control of and perhaps even transform their existing life experiences. Based on the findings of this investigation, I advocate for the conscious creation of dialogic, multiculturally sensitive classrooms where empowering, dynamic constructions of knowledge can become a reality by expanding upon the strategic uses of discourse patterns and pedagogical practices observed in the classrooms of these African American female teachers.
John Dewey's Conundrum: Can Democratic Schools Empower?
Authors: Schutz Aaron
Published: March 2003

Developed at the end of the 1900s, largely in his short-lived Laboratory School at the University of Chicago, John Dewey's vision of democratic education has remained influential for over a century. Yet, as he grew older Dewey himself increasingly lost faith in the ability of schools, alone, to create a more democratic society. Drawing on data available from the Laboratory School, this paper expands upon Dewey's concerns. Ultimately, I argue that Dewey's educational approach failed to equip students to act effectively in the world as it was (and still is), and, further, that Dewey's model of democracy, while extremely useful, is nonetheless inadequate to serve the varied needs of a diverse and contentious society.
A Century of Margaret Mead
Authors: McDermott Ray
Published: March 2003

Born in 1901, influential by 1928, engaged by public issues for the next fifty years, and a continuing focus of admiration and complaint since her death in 1978, Margaret Mead is a display board for the twentieth century. This paper analyzes Mead's contributions and contradictions in her ethnographies and in her work on learning. Her first published papers critiqued intelligence tests for Italian children in the U.S., and she insisted always that the children of the world could learn a startling range of skills without suffering the pains of contemporary schooling. Mead had little good to say about American education, but she liked to think that we could get it right, and that school could turn out to be a sturdy foundation for trying on American culture.
Why Education is So Difficult and Contentious
Authors: Egan Kieran
Published: March 2003

This article proposes to explain why education is so difficult and contentious by arguing that educational thinking draws on only three fundamental ideas—that of socializing the young, shaping the mind by a disciplined academic curriculum, and facilitating the development of students’ potential. All educational positions are made up of various mixes of these ideas. The problems we face in education are due to the fact that each of these ideas is significantly flawed and also that each is incompatible in basic ways with the other two. Until we recognize these basic incompatibilities we will be unable to adequately respond to the problems we face.
Small Districts in Big Trouble: How Four Arizona School Systems Responded to Charter Competition
Authors: Hess Frederick , Maranto Robert , Milliman Scott
Published: March 2003

How do district schools respond to competition from charter schools? To explore this question, we examine four small Arizona school districts which lost from a tenth to a third of enrollment to charter schools in a short time period. Districts lost market share to charter schools because they did not satisfy significant constituencies, thus providing demands for education alternatives. District responses to market pressure depend on overall enrollment trends, the quality of the charter competition, the quality of district leadership, and the size of the district. Districts respond to competition in various ways, including reforming curricula, changing leadership, vilifying charter competitors, and attempting to absorb those competitors. Responses suggest that competition improves schools, but that markets do not work quickly or without friction and must be understood in context.
Character Attacks and Their Effects on Perceptions of Male and Female Political Candidates
Authors: Schultz Cindy , Pancer S. Mark
Published: March 2003

The study examined the perceptions of political candidates (male and female) who make negative statements about the personality and integrity of their political opponents. Male and female participants (Sex of Participant factor) indicated their impressions of a male or female political candidate (Sex of Candidate factor) who either attacked or did not attack the character of his/her opponent (Attack factor) in a political leadership debate. Participants who read a speech given by a candidate of their own gender tended to rate the candidate as having greater integrity when the candidate attacked his/her opponent than when he/she did not. When judging a candidate of the opposite gender, participants tended to rate the candidate who attacked his/her opponent as having less integrity than a candidate who did not attack his/her opponent. Results are discussed with regard to the impact that aggressive campaign tactics can have on voter perceptions, and how similarity between voters and candidates may affect perceptions of such tactics.