bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Polyploidy, infraspecific cytotype variation, and speciation in Goldenrods: The cytogeography of Solidago subsect. Humiles (Asteraceae) in North America
Authors: Peirson Jess A. , Reznicek Anton A. , Semple John C.
Published: February 2019

Polyploidy is an important evolutionary mechanism in plants, and in some genera (e.g., Solidago in Asteraceae) it is particularly widespread and is hypothesized to have played a major role in diversification. Goldenrods are notorious for their ploidy variation, with roughly 14% and 32% of recognized North American species being polyploid or including multiple cytotypes, respectively. We used traditional chromosome counts and flow cytometry to examine cytogeographic patterns, biogeographic and evolutionary hypotheses, and species boundaries in S. subsect. Humiles. Chromosome numbers and DNA ploidy determinations are reported for 337 individuals, including 148 new reports. Cytotypes show significant geographic structuring. Solidago simplex and S. spathulata were uniformly diploid (2n = 18) in western North America, while cytogeographic patterns in eastern North America were regionally complex and included 2n, 4n, and 6n cytotypes. Cytotypes within S. simplex were ecogeographically segregated and mixed‐ploidy populations were rare. Data from this study and additional biosystematic data indicate that cytotypes in S. simplex fulfill the requirements of multiple species concepts and should best be treated as distinct species. Polyploid cytotypes possibly formed recurrently, however, and evolution and species boundaries within poly ploid S. simplex will require additional study. Results from this study and accumulated data from other studies suggest that biological species diversity in Solidago is considerably higher than currently recognized taxonomically.
Phylogeny of the Turneraceae clade (Passifloraceae s.l.): Trans–Atlantic disjunctions and two new genera in Africa
Authors: Thulin Mats , Razafimandimbison Sylvain G. , Chafe Paul , Heidari Nahid , Kool Anneleen , Shore Joel S.
Published: February 2019

Turneraceae, with just over 200 species in 10 genera, is today often included in a widely circumscribed Passifloraceae. The vast majority of the species are found in the New World, whereas generic diversity is largest in the Old World. According to current circumscriptions, three of the genera show trans–Atlantic disjunctions:Turnerawith over 135 species in America and two species in Africa (one in the south–western and one in the north–eastern part),Piriquetawith 44 species in America and one in southern Africa, andErblichiawith one species in Central America and four in Madagascar. The phylogeny of Turneraceae is reconstructed based on DNA sequences from plastidtrnL–Fand nuclear ITS and sampling for all genera, including both New and Old World species for the trans–Atlantic groups to test their monophyly. The genera of Turneraceae form a strongly supported monophyletic group, the Turneraceae clade, within Passifloraceae s.l. The phylogeny is geographically structured, with one clade comprising American species only, except for the two African species ofTurnera, and another clade with all other African species plus the Central AmericanErblichia odorata. Turnerais retrieved as monophyletic with the two African species appearing as close relatives ofT. ulmifolia,the type ofTurnera.The existence of a trans–Atlantic disjunction inTurnerais therefore supported. It is most likely caused by long–distance dispersal and estimated to be not older than late Miocene. InPiriquetaonly the American species are supported as a monophyletic group, whereas the single African species is resolved as a member of the African clade. The trans–Atlantic disjunction inPiriquetais therefore not supported and the African species is proposed to be placed in a genus of its own,Afroquetagen. nov., asAfroqueta capensiscomb. nov.Erblichiaon Madagascar is supported as sister toMathurina,a genus endemic to Rodrigues Island in the Mascarenes, and does not group withE. odoratain Central America, the type ofErblichia.The trans–Atlantic disjunction inErblichiais therefore not supported either and the genusArboagen. nov. is proposed to accommodate the four Malagasy species,Arboa integrifoliacomb. nov.,Arboa bernerianacomb. nov.,Arboa madagascariensiscomb. nov., andArboa antsingyaecomb. nov.
The monophyly of Bursera and its impact for divergence times of Burseraceae
Authors: Becerra Judith X. , Noge Kogi , Olivier Sarai , Venable D. Lawrence
Published: February 2019

Bursera is one of the most diverse and abundant groups of trees and shrubs of the Mexican tropical dry forests. Its interaction with its specialist herbivores in the chrysomelid genus Blepharida, is one of the best–studied coevolutionary systems. Prior studies based on molecular phylogenies concluded that Bursera is a monophyletic genus. Recently, however, other molecular analyses have suggested that the genus might be paraphyletic, with the closely related Commiphora, nested within Bursera. If this is correct, then interpretations of coevolution results would have to be revised. Whether Bursera is or is not monophyletic also has implications for the age of Burseraceae, since previous dates were based on calibrations using Bursera fossils assuming that Bursera was paraphyletic. We performed a phylogenetic analysis of 76 species and varieties of Bursera, 51 species of Commiphora, and 13 outgroups using nuclear DNA data. We also reconstructed a phylogeny of the Burseraceae using 59 members of the family, 9 outgroups and nuclear and chloroplast sequence data. These analyses strongly confirm previous conclusions that this genus is monophyletic. New calculations of the age of Burseraceae date the beginning of its diversification to at least 93 million years ago.
Phylogenetic position of Wenchengia (Lamiaceae): A taxonomically enigmatic and critically endangered genus
Authors: Li Bo , Xu Weixiang , Tu Tieyao , Wang Zhongsheng , Olmstead Richard G. , Peng Hua , Francisco-Ortega Javier , Cantino Philip D. , Zhang Dianxiang
Published: February 2019

The phylogenetic position of the monotypic genus Wenchengia has long been controversial. It variously has been assigned to a monotypic subfamily Wenchengioideae, treated as a member of subfamily Scutellarioideae, or suggested to be related to Lamioideae or Ajugoideae. The recent rediscovery of Wenchengia alternifolia from its type locality provided an opportunity to infer its phylogenetic position using evidence from two plastid DNA regions (rbcL, ndhF), morphological data, and anatomical and cytological characters. Both the molecular data and a combination of the molecular and the morphological data suggested a close relationship of the genus to a clade consisting of Holmskioldia, Tinnea, and Scutellaria representing Scutellarioideae. This relationship is also supported by a striking similarity in gross morphological, anatomical, and cytological characters between Wenchengia and other genera of Scutellarioideae, suggesting that it should be more appropriate to treat the genus as a member of Scutellarioideae, rather than assigning it to a monotypic subfamily.
Floral development of the divergent endemic Hawaiian genus Schiedea (Caryophyllaceae), with special emphasis on the floral nectaries
Authors: Harris Elizabeth M. , Horn James W. , Wagner Warren L.
Published: February 2019

The endemic Hawaiian genus Schiedea has among the most architecturally complex flowers of any genus of Caryophyllaceae. To understand the developmental basis of the unusual floral features that characterize Schiedea, we studied the floral organogenesis of 6 of the 34 species of the genus using SEM, supplementing these observations with a focused investigation of nectary histology. The early ontogeny of Schiedea flowers is like that of many other Caryophyllaceae in that: (1) the five sepals are initiated in a 2/5 spiral, with the first, antesepalous whorl of stamens initiated in an imperfectly contrarotating sequence relative to the sepals; (2) the alternisepalous stamen whorl initiates slightly external to and at a lower level on the floral apex than the antesepalous whorl; and (3) petal primordia, if initiated (rare), arise on a primordium common with an alternisepalous stamen. Hence, most floral features that distinguish the genus, such as the (often) reflexed sepals and elongate stamen filaments, arise late in floral ontogeny. The only unique trait to Schiedea flowers are the elongate, tubular nectary extensions. They are antesepalous and arise from the abaxial surface of a ring–shaped proliferation of tissue that surrounds the bases of the developing stamens. The shape of each nectary in early ontogeny is highly similar to the mature “swallow’s nest” nectaries present in many genera of a major crown clade of Caryophyllaceae (Pleurcaryophyllaceae, containing Schiedea), suggesting that the development of the needle–to scale–like nectary extensions of Schiedea might represent terminal additions onto a “swallow’s nest” nectary ontogenetic program.
Toward a new circumscription of Dombeya (Malvales: Dombeyaceae): A molecular phylogenetic and morphological study of Dombeya of Madagascar and a new segregate genus, Andringitra
Authors: Skema Cynthia
Published: February 2019

A phylogeny of Dombeya and near relatives is hypothesized from a combined analysis of five noncoding plastid markers and ITS using parsimony and Bayesian methods, and their taxonomy is evaluated by a synthesis of morphological observations with the molecular phylogeny. The topology of the combined analysis of all molecular markers generally corresponds with morphology and includes four major groups. The majority of the Malagasy species, a portion of Mascarene species, and all African species of Dombeya sampled form a monophyletic clade, which is defined as Dombeya s.str. A second clade includes those taxa with winged seeds: Helmiopsis, Helmiopsiella, D. linearifolia and the highly apomorphic Eriolaena. These data and morphology support the transfer of D. linearifolia to Helmiopsis. A third clade of D. subsect. Macranthae plus D. moratii is well supported by both morphological and molecular data; these taxa are segregated from Dombeya as the new genus Andringitra. The fourth clade contains Mascarene endemics: Trochetia, Ruizia, and a portion of the Dombeya from these islands. Two clades within Dombeya s.str. provide evidence against some currently recognized subsections within the genus that are based on inflorescence and androecial characters.
×Hesperotropsis, a new nothogenus for intergeneric crosses between Hesperocyparis and Callitropsis (Cupressaceae), and a review of the complicated nomenclatural history of the Leyland cypress
Authors: Garland Mark A. , Moore Gerry
Published: February 2019

The widely cultivated Leyland cypress, a hybrid between Nootka cypress and Monterey cypress that was originally named Cupressus xleylandii, exemplifies the instability of names of nothogenera when there are changes in generic placement of the parental taxa. Because of recent phylogenetic research, the parent species of Leyland cypress have each been put in four different genera, leading to 13 possible nothospecific names for this hybrid. Here we present the correct nomenclature for the Leyland cypress under these different taxonomic concepts. We also propose a new nothogenus, ×Resperotropsis, for crosses between Hesperocyparis and Callitropsis, and publish three new combinations in xHesperotropsis, including xHesperotropsis leylandii for the Leyland cypress.
A case study of intragenomic ITS variation in bryophytes: Assessment of gene flow and role of polyploidy in the origin of European taxa of the Tortula muralis (Musci: Pottiaceae) complex
Authors: Košnar Jiří , Herbstová Miroslava , Kolář Filip , Koutecký Petr , Kučera Jan
Published: February 2019

For the first time in bryophyte studies, we performed comprehensive cloning of the ITS region to reveal intraindi–vidual variation of ITS sequences. We assessed relationships among morphologically defined taxa of the polyploid complex of the moss Tortula muralis. Our results detected a monophyletic T. muralis complex comprising T. muralis subsp. muralis, T. muralis subsp. obtusifolia, T. lingulata, T. israelis, and T. edentula. The single accession of T. edentula was found nested within T. obtusifolia, and biphyletic T. israelis was found to be nested within T. muralis. With the exception of T. lingulata, intragenomic ITS sequence variation was high in the T. muralis complex. Most intraindividual sequences were nevertheless only weakly divergent, suggesting their origin via mutations exceeding the rates of concerted evolution. Markedly divergent sequences found within a single individual most probably resulted from gene flow among distant lineages of the complex. Such pattern of ITS variation challenges the traditional morphology–based taxonomy. No phylogenetic signal was associated with ploidy–level variation, suggesting a polytopic origin of the diploids. Interestingly, the pattern of ITS variation together with morphological evidence indicate the autopolyploid origin of some lineages, which renders the T. muralis complex the first group of mosses in which autopolyploidy is implied by molecular markers.
The phylogenetic relationships of four monospecific caesalpinioids (Leguminosae) endemic to southern South America
Authors: Nores María J. , Simpson Beryl B. , Hick Pascale , Anton Ana M. , Fortunato Renée H.
Published: February 2019

Balsamocarpon,Lophocarpinia, Stenodrepanum and Zuccagnia are monospecific endemic genera from arid or saline areas of southern South America (Argentina, Paraguay, Chile). Several molecular studies have explored relationships within Caesalpinioideae and the Caesalpinia group but, until now, Stenodrepanum has not been included, Lophocarpinia has been poorly represented and these four South American taxa have not been analyzed together. In order to resolve their evolutionary relationships, a phylogenetic analysis of the plastid trnL–F intron and spacer region that included a broad range of published sequences from Caesalpinieae was used. Combined trnL–F, matK/trnK and morphological data were analysed for a subset of taxa. Stenodrepanum, Balsamocarpon and Zuccagnia formed a monophyletic group with the amphitropical American genus Hoffmannseggia. The clade shares a synapomorphy of sepal persistence in the fruit. Lophocarpinia is shown also to belong to the Caesalpinia informal generic group as traditionally proposed, and grouped with Haematoxylum with which it shares the presence of branches and inflorescences crowded on short shoots and spines derived from branches. As a contribution to the understanding of the Caesalpinia group, phylogenetic hypotheses were used to discuss evolution of selected characters within the group.
Untangling generic limits in Azorella, Laretia, and Mulinum (Apiaceae: Azorelloideae): Insights from phylogenetics and biogeography
Authors: Nicolas Antoine N. , Plunkett Gregory M.
Published: February 2019

The taxonomic histories and generic delimitations of the Andean–Subantarctic genera Azorella, Laretia, and Mulinum are among the most complex in Apiaceae subfam. Azorelloideae. To understand the evolutionary underpinnings of this complexity, we reconstructed the phylogenetic and biogeographic relationships of these genera, using for the first time a sampling strategy that includes all of their recognized species as well as representatives from the related genera Huanaca, Schizeilema, and Stilbocarpa. Sequences from the plastid rpl16 intron and trnD–trnTregion were generated and phylogenies based on maximum likelihood, parsimony, and Bayesian inference were compared. The resulting phylogenies show many areas of disagreement with the current taxonomic circumscription of the genera. Four genera (Azorella, Mulinum, Huanaca, Schizeilema) are not monophyletic, and a fifth, Laretia, is embedded in one of the Azorella subclades. Each of the two large clades, informally named the “Mulinum clade” and the “Schizeilema clade”, include species currently placed in Azorella. The “Mulinum clade” is further divided into six subclades, which collectively include 23 of 26 species of Azorella, the monotypic Laretia and all species of Mulinum. Biogeographic reconstructions, conducted using RASP, suggest that the group most likely has an Austral–Antarctic origin, with subantarctic South America as the ancestral area of the ingroup. The “Mulinum clade” and the “Schizeilema clade” appear to have followed opposite dispersal routes out of subantarctic South America either across the Subantarctics into New Zealand and Australia (“Schizeilema clade”), or into Patagonia and then to the upper Andes (“Mulinum clade”).
Ethnobotanical notes from Daniel Rolander's Diarium Surinamicum (1754–1756): Are these plants still used in Suriname today?
Authors: van Andel Tinde , Maas Paul , Dobreff James
Published: February 2019

The recent English translation of the diary of the Swedish naturalist Daniel Rolander (written 1754–1756) reveals the earliest records on useful plants of Suriname. Since he did not grant Linnaeus access to his specimens, Rolander never received credit for his work, part of his collection was lost, and his diary never published. Here we compare Rolander’s notes with recent ethnobotanical data from the Guianas and discuss how plant use has changed in the past 250 years. All species names in the diary with (potential) uses were updated to their current taxonomic status by using modern and historical literature, digitized Rolander specimens, herbarium collections and online nomenclatural databases. Rolander’s diary lists uses for 263 plant names (228–242 spp.). Major use categories are medicine (109 spp.) and food (107 spp.). About 86% of these species are still used in Suriname today, 54% similarly as in the 1750s. Greatest correspondence was found among cultivated food crops, timber and ornamental species. Living conditions in Suriname have greatly improved since 1755, so much ancient famine food is now forgotten; while then popular fruits have become ‘emergency food’ today. Although ideas about health and illness have changed over the past centuries, uses have remained unchanged for 36% of the medicinal species. Rolander’s diary contains first–hand observations on how plant uses were discovered, and how this knowledge was accumulated, transferred or kept secret in an 18th–century slave society. It represents one of the few historical sources that document the transfer of ethnobotanical knowledge among Amerindians, Europeans and Africans, as well as the trial–and–error process by which the enslaved Africans learned to use a new, American flora.
A generic and tribal synopsis of the Brassicaceae (Cruciferae)
Authors: Al-Shehbaz Ihsan A.
Published: February 2019

As currently delimited, the Brassicaceae comprise 49 tribes, 321 genera, and 3660 species. Of these, 20 genera and 34 species remain to be assigned to tribes. These figures differ substantially from those estimated five years ago, in which 25 tribes, 338 genera, and 3709 species were recognized. Of those 338 genera, 37 are treated herein as synonyms, and 21 genera (10 re­established and 11 new) have since been added. The genera Notothlaspi, Peltariopsis, Sinapidendron, andXerodraba are lectotypified. The following 11 taxa are reduced for the first time to synonymy of what follows them in parentheses: Boreava and Tauscheria (Isatis), Catadysia (Weberbauera), Coelophragmus (Dryopetalon), Crambeae (Brassiceae), Eremodraba (Neuontobotrys), Leavenworthieae (Cardamineae), Lexarzanthe (Romanschulzia), Noccaeopsis (Noccaea), Romanschulzia orizabae (R. arabiformis), and Sibaropsis (Streptanthus). The new names Isatis zarrei and I. quadrialata are proposed to avoid the creation of later homonyms upon the transfers to Isatis of the herein lectotypified Boreava orientalis and Sameraria nummularia, respectively. Twenty­seven new combinations are proposed: Abdra aprica, Camelinopsis kurdica, Dryopetalon auriculatum, Isatis aptera, I. cardiocarpa, I. glastifolia, I. gymnocarpa, Neuontobotrys intricatissima, N. schulzii, Noccaea apterocarpa, N. caespitosa, N. iberidea, N. oppositifolia, Onuris hauthalii, Parlatoria taurica, Petroravenia friesii, P. werder­mannii, Streptanthus barnebyi, S. cooperi, S. hammittii, Tomostima araboides, T. australis, T. cuneifolia, T. platycarpa, T. rep­tans, T. sonorae, and Weberbauera rosulans.
Systematics, taxonomy and biogeography of three new Asian genera of Brassicaceae tribe Arabideae: An ancient distribution circle around the Asian high mountains
Authors: Koch Marcus A. , Karl Robert , German Dmitry A. , Al-Shehbaz Ihsan A.
Published: February 2019

Based on extensive molecular studies and critical evaluation of morphology, tribe Arabideae has recently been split into two tribes with the newly introduced tribe Stevenieae sister to the remaining members of tribe Arabideae. Tribe Stevenieae includes 11 species belonging to Pseudoturritis (1 sp.), Macropodium (2 spp.), and Stevenia (8 spp.). Tribe Arabideae includes about 488 species in 17 genera, and its taxonomy is highly affected by the previous para­ and polyphyletic circumscription of Arabis. Here we segregate three morphologically similar but phylogenetically distinct new genera, Scapiarabis, Borodiniopsis, and Sinoarabis from Arabis (tribe Arabideae) and provide keys to the genera of Arabideae as currently delimited and to the four species of Scapiarabis. Four new combinations in Scapiarabis (S. ariana, S. karategina, S. popovii, S. saxícola), one in Borodiniopsis (B. alaschanica), and one in Sinoarabis (S. setosifolia) are proposed. Arabis kamelinii and A. kokanika are reduced to synonymy of Scapiarabis ariana and S. saxicola, respectively. It is shown that Scapiarabis forms a clade with the monotypic genera Botschantzevia, Arcyosperma, Parryodes, and Borodiniopsis. Biogeographically the whole clade forms a circle around the Asian high mountain system, which is interrupted and separated by genetically distinct members of the sister clade that includes Baimashania, Pseudodraba and Sinoarabis. The whole biogeographic scenario predates the Pleistocene, and the genera are of Pliocene origin.
Taxonomy and phylogeny of Merianthera (Melastomataceae)
Authors: Goldenberg Renato , de Fraga Claudio N. , Fontana André P. , Nicolas Antoine N. , Michelangeli Fabián A.
Published: February 2019

Merianthera is a genus endemic to rocky outcrops in eastern Brazil, with seven species, four of which are new and described here (M. bullata, M. eburnea, M. parvifolia, M. verrucosa). The genus can be recognized by its caducous leaves, inferior ovaries and dry, rupturing fruits, as well as by the stamens with complex dorsal appendages. Merianthera is monophyletic, and sister to a clade consisting ofDolichoura, Behuria and Huberia (all from tribe Merianieae); together these four genera are sister to Cambessedesia, but not closely related to other genera in tribe Merianieae, such as Meriania and Graffenrieda. Within the genus, there are two distinct clades, the first with two species with thite to pink petals and leaves abaxially covered with a dense indument, both growing on sandstone and endemic to Minas Gerais (M. eburnea, M. sipolisii). The other clade comprises the remaining five species, all with glabrous or glabrescent leaves and purple petals, growing on granitic/gneissic outcrops and endemic to Espirito Santo (M. bullata, M. burlemarxii, M. parvifolia) or occurring in this state and also Minas Gerais (M. verrucosa) or in both plus Bahia (M. pulchra).
New names in Gunnerus's FloraNorvegica, and their typification
Authors: Jørgensen Per M.
Published: February 2019

A study of Flora Norvegica by Johan Ernst Gunnerus revealed that no less than 39 new species names were validly published in the work. Most of them have not previously been effectively typified, though several of the names are in current use. This is done here, except for those of three sponges (animals), four non­lichenized fungi and five mosses (those in the last­named group are pre­starting­point names). The names of two species, those currently known as Carex norvegica Retz. and Rhizocarpon oederi (Weber) Körber, would need to change as a result of this, unless conservation or rejection proposals to preserve these names are accepted.
Lectotypification of Linnaean names in the genus Celosia L. (Amaranthaceae)
Authors: Iamonico Duilio , Jarvis Charles E.
Published: February 2019

The typifications of the names Celosia castrensis L., C. cristata L. and C. margaritacea L. (Amaranthaceae) are discussed. Specimens from the Linnaean and Clifford Herbaria are designated as the lectotypes.
Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Vascular Plants: 64
Authors: Applequist Wendy L.
Published: February 2019

The following eight generic names are recommended for conservation: Brasiliorchis against Bolbidium, Codariocalyx with that spelling, Dehaasia with that spelling, Lepisorus against three generic names (Belvisia, Drymotaenium, Paragramma) but not against Lemmaphyllum and Neocheiropteris, Meiogyne against Fitzalania, Physalis with conserved type, Sobralia with conserved type and Stichorkis with conserved type. The following two generic names are not recommended for conservation: Enicosanthum against Monoon and Isidrogalvia with conserved type. Conservation of Trigonotis against Endogonia was considered to be unnecessary because the Committee recommends that the latter be treated as a homonym of Endogona (see below). The following 14 species names are recommended for conservation: Acrostichum ebeneum with conserved type, Alyssum montanum with conserved type, Amomum villosum with conserved type, Croton arboreus Millsp. against C. arboreus Shecut, Hibiscus simplex with conserved type, Mespilus tomentosa againstM. orientalis, Morinda citrifolia with conserved type, Onychiumjaponicum (Thunb.) Kunze against O. japonicum Blume, Pandanus pervilleanus against P. boucheanus, Pteris arachnoidea against Aspidium brasilianum and P. psittacina, Solidago doronicum with conserved type as amended, Spermacoce capitata Ruiz & Pav. against S. capitata P.J. Bergius, Viola elatior against V. hornemanniana and V. stipulacea, and Zamia integrifolia with conserved type. The following 10 species names are not recommended for conservation: Acalypha alnifolia J.G. Klein ex Willd. against A. alnifolia Poir. and A. capitata, Blechnum hawaiianum against B. norfolkense, Euphrasia kaliformis with conserved type, Filago vulgaris against Gnaphalium germanicum, Gymnadenia rubra against Orchis miniata, Lockhartia oerstedii against Oncidium mirabile, Oreochloa blanka against O. elegans, Senecio gerardi against Inula provincialis, Senecio paucifolius with conserved type, and Viscum serotinum against V. leucarpum. The following 10 species names are recommended for rejection: Corisper­mum orientale, Croton citrifolius, Heptallon simplex, Maxillaria ramosa, Oncidium mirabile, Solanum ferox, Solanum fuscatum, Sophora lupinoides, Viola montana, and Violapersicifolia. One species name, Echinocactus acanthodes, is not recommended for rejection. It is recommended that with respect to names of genera and species E. Delpy’s entire series of illustrations of West African trees be added to the list of suppressed works in Appendix VI. It is recommended that Echinodorus Richard, Podocarpus cunninghamii Colenso, and Primula thearosa Kingdon­Ward be treated as validly published, and that Toulicia eriocarpa Radlk. be treated as not validly published. As noted above, it is recommended that Endogonia (Turcz.) Lindl. and Endogona Raf. be treated as homonyms. After two ballots, no vote of at least 11 either for or against a proposal to superconserve Melianthaceae against Francoaceae has been obtained.
Molecular and morphological analysis of subfamily Alooideae (Asphodelaceae) and the inclusion ofChortolirioninAloe
Authors: Daru Barnabas H. , Manning John C. , Boatwright James S. , Maurin Olivier , Maclean Norman , Schaefer Hanno , Kuzmina Maria , van der Bank Michelle
Published: February 2019

Asphodelaceae subfam. Alooideae (Asparagales) currently comprises five genera, four of which are endemic to southern Africa. Despite their importance in commercial horticulture the evolutionary relationships among the genera are still incompletely understood. This study examines phylogenetic relationships in the subfamily using an expanded molecular sequence dataset from three plastid regions (matK, rbcLa, trnH–psbA) and the first subunit of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS1). Sequence data were analysed using maximum parsimony and Bayesian statistics, and selected morphological traits were mapped onto the molecular phylogeny. Haworthia is confirmed as being polyphyletic, comprising three main clades that largely correlate with current subgeneric circumscriptions. Astroloba and Gasteria are evidently each monophyletic and sister respectively to Astroloba and H. subg. Robustipedunculares. Chortolirion is shown to be deeply nested within Aloe and is formally included in that genus. Aloe itself is clearly polyphyletic, with the dwarf species A. aristata allied to Haworthia subg. Robustipedunculares. The taxonomic implications of these findings are examined but branch support at critical lower nodes is insufficient at this stage to justify implementing major taxonomic changes.
Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi 19: Official repositories for fungal names
Authors: Redhead Scott A. , Norvell Lorelei L.
Published: February 2019

The Committee supports recognition of multiple official repositories over a single repository, and accepted three: Fungal Names, Index Fungorum, and MycoBank starting 1 January 2013, noting that parties representing the three have signed a Memorandum of Cooperation that expires immediately following the next International Botanical Congress in 2017. The effectiveness of this arrangement will be evaluated and reviewed by 2014 when the International Mycological Congress must ratify the NCF recommendations.
SrNi2Si and BaNi2Si – New Layered Silicides with Fused Nickel Six‐membered Rings in a Boat Conformation
Authors: Braun Thomas , Zeitz Sabine , Hlukhyy Viktor
Published: February 2019

Intermetallic compounds SrNi2Si and BaNi2Si were prepared by arc‐melting of stoichiometric mixture of the elements and subsequent annealing in welded niobium ampoules. Both compounds were investigated by X‐ray diffraction on powder as well as single crystal methods. The title compounds both crystallize in the BaNi2Ge structure type (space group Pmmn, Z = 2), a ternary ordered variant of TiCu3: a = 4.0296(9) Å, b = 6.5121(14) Å, c = 5.6839(21) Å, R1 = 0.040 for SrNi2Si and a = 4.0681(9) Å, b = 6.580(4) Å, c = 5.976(5) Å, R1 = 0.031 for BaNi2Si. The structure contains corrugated polyanionic [Ni2Si]2– layers, stacked according to the primitive sequence AA along the c axis. Six‐membered Ni rings adopt a boat conformation, silicon atoms are in the plane with nickel, and the alkaline earth cations sit between the layers. These two compounds extend the family AeNi2X (Ae = Ca, Sr, Ba; X = Si, Ge), where up to date CaNi2Si, SrNi2Ge, and BaNi2Ge are known. LMTO band structure calculations, including DOS, COHP, and ELF were performed to gain more insight into the electronic situation of SrNi2Si and BaNi2Si.
Autofluorescence in Parathyroidectomy: Signal Intensity Correlates with Serum Calcium and Parathyroid Hormone but Routine Clinical Use is Not Justified
Authors: DiMarco Aimee , Chotalia Ravi , Bloxham Ruth , McIntyre Charlotte , Tolley Neil , Palazzo F. Fausto
Published: February 2019

Background

The inability to identify the pathological gland at surgery results in failure to cure hyperparathyroidism in 2–5%. The poorly understood characteristic of parathyroid tissue to manifest autofluorescence (AF) under near‐infrared (NIR) light has been promoted as an intraoperative adjunct in parathyroid surgery. This study sought to explore potential clinical correlates for AF and assess the clinical utility of AF in parathyroid surgery.

Methods

Consecutive patients undergoing parathyroid surgery for primary and renal disease were included. NIR imaging was used intraoperatively and the degree of AF of parathyroid glands graded by the operating surgeon. Variables assessed for correlation with AF were: pre‐operative serum calcium and PTH, SestaMIBI positivity, gland weight and histological composition.

Results

Ninety‐six patients underwent parathyroidectomy over an 8‐month period: 49 bilateral explorations, 41 unilateral and 6 focussed lateral approaches: 284 potentially ‘visualisable’ glands in total. Two hundred and fifty‐seven glands (90.5%) were visualised with NIR. Correlation was found between the degree of fluorescence and pre‐operative serum calcium and PTH, but not between gland weight and SestaMIBI positivity. In those with renal hyperparathyroidism, a predominance of oxyphil cells correlated with increased AF.

Conclusion

Autofluorescence intensity correlates with serum calcium, PTH and gland composition. Further refinements would be required for this information to be of value in a clinical setting. Improvements allowing NIR to visualise the additional 9.5% of parathyroids and overcome the variation in signal intensity due to depth of access are required for the routine adoption of this technology. At present, its routine use in a clinical setting cannot be justified.
Logic without metaphysics
Authors: Zalabardo José L.
Published: February 2019

Standard definitions of logical consequence for formal languages are atomistic. They take as their starting point a range of possible assignments of semantic values to the extralogical atomic constituents of the language, each of which generates a unique truth value for each sentence. In modal logic, these possible assignments of semantic values are generated by Kripke-style models involving possible worlds and an accessibility relation. In first-order logic, they involve the standard structures of model theory, as sets of objects from which the extralogical symbols of the language receive their denotations. I argue that there is an alternative, holistic, approach to the task of defining logical consequence for a formal language. It specifies necessary and sufficient conditions for an assignment of truth values to all the sentences of the language to be compatible with the intended interpretation of its logical constants. It achieves this without invoking possible assignments of semantic values to the extralogical atomic constituents of the language, or the formal resources that are employed to generate these. I show how this approach can be successfully applied to modal propositional logic and to first-order logic, modal as well as nonmodal. I show that the holistic definitions of logical consequence that I supply for these languages are equivalent to the standard atomistic definitions.
Getting the Strain Under Control: Trans-Varestraint Tests for Hot Cracking Susceptibility
Authors: Statharas Dimitrios , Atkinson Helen , Thornton Rob , Marsden John , Dong Hongbiao , Wen Shuwen
Published: February 2019

A new method for conducting Trans-Varestraint tests for assessing hot cracking susceptibility is proposed. Experiments were carried out, to validate the new method, with an industrial scale rig using tungsten inert gas welding. The hot cracking susceptibility of API-5L X65 and EN3B steel was compared. The results indicated that, by using the new method, the strain applied to the welding bead and consequently to the solidification front was controlled in a repeatable and reliable way. The results also indicated that EN3B has a maximum crack length (a parameter in the test) higher than X65 and it is reached at lower augmented strain thus demonstrating it is more susceptible to hot cracking, while also indicating that there is a capability of predicting the initiation position of hot cracks during welding. By using the method proposed, the capability of setting standardized test procedures for Trans-Varestraint tests is improved. It is recommended that future tests for assessing hot cracking susceptibility should employ the proposed method in order for the results to be comparable and to also study the effect of strain rate in hot cracking of materials.
Characterization of Solidification Microstructures in Vacuum Arc Remelted Nickel Alloy 718
Authors: Ivanoff Thomas A. , Watt Trevor J. , Taleff Eric M.
Published: February 2019

Digital image analysis techniques were developed to autonomously characterize dendritic solidification features in microstructures of a nickel alloy 718 ingot produced by vacuum arc remelting (VAR). Automated macrophotography was implemented to image microstructures and produce large image montages of etched ingot cross sections. Two image analysis techniques, particle identification and two-point correlation, were applied to autonomously measure primary dendrite arm orientation and secondary dendrite arm spacing from the image montages. Particle identification measured individual dendritic features. The two-point correlation technique measured averaged feature values over defined image areas. These methods are described and compared. Melt pool profile and solidification time histories were reconstructed from primary dendrite arm orientation and secondary dendrite arm spacing measurements, respectively. These characterization techniques provide two new methods of reconstructing melt pool profiles and solidification times in cast ingots. The information produced is expected to be useful in the validation of computational models for solidification during VAR, similar remelting processes, and general casting processes that produce dendritic solidification features.
Young People, Comics and Reading
Authors: Cedeira Serantes Lucia
Published: February 2019

Scholars and professionals interested in the study and engagement with young people will find this project relevant to deepening their understanding of reading practices with comics and graphic novels. Comics reading has been an understudied experience despite its potential to enrich our exploration of reading in our currently saturated media landscape. This Element is based on seventeen in-depth interviews with teens and young adults who describe themselves as readers of comics for pleasure. These interviews provide insights about how comics reading evolves with the readers and what they consider a good or bad reading experience. Special attention is paid to the place of female readers in the comics community and material aspects of reading. From these readers, one begins to understand why comics reading is something that young people do not 'grow out of' but an experience that they 'grow with'.
Patient Memory for Psychological Treatment Contents: Assessment, Intervention, and Future Directions for a Novel Transdiagnostic Mechanism of Change
Authors: Zieve Garret G. , Dong Lu , Harvey Allison G.
Published: February 2019

Patient memory for treatment contents is defined as memory for the ideas, concepts, skills, and/or insights (termed treatment points) that the therapist thinks are important for the patient to remember and implement as a part of therapy. This article reviews key findings on patient memory for treatment contents, describes the development and evaluation of the Memory Support Intervention (MSI), and outlines future directions for research. Patient memory for treatment contents is poor, and worse memory is associated with worse treatment outcome. The MSI is composed of eight memory support strategies that therapists incorporate frequently alongside treatment points delivered during treatment-as-usual. Training therapists to deliver the MSI may yield better treatment outcomes by enhancing patient memory for treatment contents. Future research is needed to understand how to best measure patient memory for treatment contents, and the mediators, moderators, and dissemination potential of the MSI.
Mesoamerican Antecedents of Sikyatki-Style Geometric Patterns on Textiles Depicted in Murals from the American Southwest
Authors: Washburn Dorothy K.
Published: February 2019

This paper uses plane pattern symmetries to describe the structural arrangement of motifs in Sikyatki-style patterns on textiles depicted in fourteenth and fifteenth century AD kiva murals from Awat'ovi and Kawaika'a in Arizona and Pottery Mound in New Mexico. The analysis reveals that these textiles have pattern structures in common with designs on textiles, ceramic artifacts, and architectural decorations in the Postclassic Mixteca-Puebla style. These shared patterns and pattern structures were introduced into the American Southwest woven on fabric structures of textiles brought north from Mesoamerica via trade and migration routes along the Mexican West Coast and through the Sierra Madre.
Collective Lay Support for Late Reformation Preaching in the South Pennines
Authors: BULLETT MAGGIE
Published: February 2019

This article examines how lay people brought preaching of the Word to their locality in early seventeenth-century Yorkshire and Lancashire by acting collectively to build chapels, raise funds for ministers’ wages and provide fees and hospitality. A wide cross-section of society was willingly involved in this support, suggesting that enthusiasm for sermon-centred worship was not just the preserve of a godly few. It is proposed that this collective behaviour and its rhetorical representation could foster an inclusive sense of local identity. The importance of the personal style and skills of individual preachers in engendering support is also considered.
Error-related brain activity as a transdiagnostic endophenotype for obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety and substance use disorder
Authors: Riesel Anja , Klawohn Julia , Grützmann Rosa , Kaufmann Christian , Heinzel Stephan , Bey Katharina , Lennertz Leonhard , Wagner Michael , Kathmann Norbert
Published: February 2019

Background

Increased neural error-signals have been observed in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), anxiety disorders, and inconsistently in depression. Reduced neural error-signals have been observed in substance use disorders (SUD). Thus, alterations in error-monitoring are proposed as a transdiagnostic endophenotype. To strengthen this notion, data from unaffected individuals with a family history for the respective disorders are needed.

Methods

The error-related negativity (ERN) as a neural indicator of error-monitoring was measured during a flanker task from 117 OCD patients, 50 unaffected first-degree relatives of OCD patients, and 130 healthy comparison participants. Family history information indicated, that 76 healthy controls were free of a family history for psychopathology, whereas the remaining had first-degree relatives with depression (n = 28), anxiety (n = 27), and/or SUD (n = 27).

Results

Increased ERN amplitudes were found in OCD patients and unaffected first-degree relatives of OCD patients. In addition, unaffected first-degree relatives of individuals with anxiety disorders were also characterized by increased ERN amplitudes, whereas relatives of individuals with SUD showed reduced amplitudes.

Conclusions

Alterations in neural error-signals in unaffected first-degree relatives with a family history of OCD, anxiety, or SUD support the utility of the ERN as a transdiagnostic endophenotype. Reduced neural error-signals may indicate vulnerability for under-controlled behavior and risk for substance use, whereas a harm- or error-avoidant response style and vulnerability for OCD and anxiety appears to be associated with increased ERN. This adds to findings suggesting a common neurobiological substrate across psychiatric disorders involving the anterior cingulate cortex and deficits in cognitive control.
‘The love that pierces the heart’: a critical analysis of the concept of sanctification in the writings of St Anselm of Canterbury
Authors: Angelici Ruben
Published: February 2019

Contemporary analyses of Anselm's objective description of Christ's atonement have often resulted in a trend of interpretation that tends to ignore the relevance of this model to a development and understanding of a western doctrine of Christian sanctification. Through the examination of some overlooked insights offered inCur Deus homoand their integration with other spiritual writings in Anselm's corpus, the present article attempts to redirect current scholarship towards a more holistic engagement with Anselm's doctrine of atonement, out of which an original doctrine of Christian perfection can be outlined.
Suppression of transverse stimulated Raman scattering in large-aperture potassium dihydrogen phosphate crystals by pulse stacking
Authors: Fan Xinmin , Li Sensen , Zhang Jianxin , Huang Xiaodong , Wang Chunyan , Li Hourong , Sun Yongzhi
Published: February 2019

Effective suppression of transverse stimulated Raman scattering (TSRS) in a large-aperture potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) crystal is an important scientific and technical problem in high-intensity laser research and applications. In this work, a method to suppress TSRS using pulse stacking is proposed. The method suppresses TSRS significantly, with greater numbers of subpulses producing more obvious suppression effects, and the threshold intensity growth rate of the 3ω laser in the KDP crystal reaches up to about 1.9 when the stacked pulse contains four subpulses. This suppression effect is attributed to the fact that the polarization directions of adjacent subpulses are perpendicular to each other. The method can be used to suppress other nonlinear effects, including transverse stimulated Brillouin scattering in large-aperture optical devices and stimulated rotational Raman scattering in long air paths.
The Convocations of Canterbury and York
Authors: Hughes Carew Sion
Published: February 2019

The Convocations of Canterbury and York are of ancient origin and bring together clergy in a deliberative and legislative body. The convocations have been reformed at various points in their existence, notably in the Reformation and during twentieth-century reforms of Church government. While they have waxed and waned in terms of importance and influence, the two convocations remain important components of the complex system of government of the Church of England.
Age-dependence of the 1918 pandemic
Authors: Woo G.
Published: February 2019

A well-known feature of the great H1N1 influenza pandemic of a century ago is that the highest mortality rate was amongst young adults. The general explanation has been that they died from an over-reaction of their active immune systems. This explanation has never been very satisfactory because teenagers also have very active immune systems. Recent virological research provides a new perspective, which is important for life and health insurers. There is now strong recent scientific evidence for the principle of antigenic imprinting, where the highest antibody response is against influenza virus strains from childhood. The peak ages of 1918 pandemic mortality correspond to a cohort exposed to the H3N8 1889–1890 Russian influenza pandemic. The vulnerability of an individual depends crucially on his or her exposure to influenza during their lifetime, especially childhood. Date of birth is thus a key indicator of pandemic vulnerability. An analysis of the implications is presented, with focus on those now in their fifties, who were exposed to the H3N2 1968 Hong Kong influenza.