bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Chinese herbal preparation Qing Yi Tang (QYT) improves intestinal myoelectrical activity and Increases intestinal transit during acute pancreatitis in Rodents
Authors: Li Yong‐Yu , Sibaev Andrei , Zhou Ming‐Zheng , Zhu Guo‐Ying , Yüce Birol , Storr Martin
Published: January 2007

The aim was to investigate alterations of intestinal motility in models of acute pancreatitis and to investigate the effects of the Chinese herbal preparation Qing Yi Tang (QYT) on these alterations. Upper gastrointestinal transit was evaluated in mice following induction of mild acute pancreatitis (MAP) using caerulein. Myoelectrical activity was recorded in rats after induction of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) using sodium deoxycholate (SDOC). The contractility of jejunum segments was evaluated in the presence of SDOC, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and trypsin.

QYT accelerated the transit in MAP mice in a concentration dependent manner. Slow wave activity of smooth muscle in rat stomach and jejunum remained unchanged following SAP, but the spiking activity was significantly decreased, with bursts of 7.2 ± 2.6/10 min compared with 47.9 ± 13.2/10 min without SAP (p < 0.01). QYT reversed this decrease. Additionally, the amplitudes of slow waves and spikes were enhanced by QYT in SAP rats. The tension and amplitude of spontaneous contractile activity was reduced by SDOC and LPS and increased by trypsin.

Gastrointestinal (GI) transit is altered by SAP but not by MAP. The Chinese herbal preparation QYT improves disturbed motility in AP by stimulating myoelectrical activity and accelerating GI transit. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An event‐flow model of GUI‐based applications for testing
Authors: Memon Atif M.
Published: January 2007

Graphical user interfaces (GUIs) are by far the most popular means used to interact with today's software. The functional correctness of a GUI is required to ensure the safety, robustness and usability of an entire software system. GUI testing techniques used in practice are resource intensive; model‐based automated techniques are rarely employed. A key reason for the reluctance in the adoption of model‐based solutions proposed by researchers is their limited applicability; moreover, the models are expensive to create. Over the past few years, the present author has been developing different models for various aspects of GUI testing. This paper consolidates all of the models into one scalable event‐flow model and outlines algorithms to semi‐automatically reverse‐engineer the model from an implementation. Earlier work on model‐based test‐case generation, test‐oracle creation, coverage evaluation, and regression testing is recast in terms of this model by defining event‐space exploration strategies (ESESs) and creating an end‐to‐end GUI testing process. Three such ESESs are described: for checking the event‐flow model, test‐case generation, and test‐oracle creation. Two demonstrational scenarios show the application of the model and the three ESESs for experimentation and application in GUI testing. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
π‐Complexes of Copper(I) with Terminal Alkynes. Synthesis and Crystal Structure of [(HC≡CCH2NH3)(Cu2Br3)] π‐Complex
Authors: Noshtchenko G. , Kinzhybalo V. , Lis T. , Mykhalitchko B.
Published: January 2007

Crystals of the zwitterionic copper(I) π‐complex [(HC≡CCH2NH3)Cu2Br3] have been synthesized by interaction of CuBr with [HC≡CCH2NH3]Br in aqueous solution (pH < 1) and X‐ray studied. The crystals are monoclinic: space group P21/n, a = 6.722(4), b = 12.818(8), c = 9.907(3) Å, β = 100.25(4)°, V = 840.0(8) Å3, Z = 4, R = 0.0592 for 3015 reflections. The crystal structure of the π‐complex contains isolated [(HC≡CCH2NH3)+(Cu2Br3)−]2 units which are incorporated into a framework by strong hydrogen N–H···Br and C≡C–H···Br bonds. The length of π‐coordinated propargylammonium C≡C bond is equal 1.216(8) Å and Cu(I)–(C≡C) distance equals 1.958(5) Å.
Discrete Pr6Pd Octahedra in Pr6Pd13Cd4 – An Intermetallic Analogon to the Subnitride Na16Ba6N
Authors: Doğan Ahmet , Hoffmann Rolf‐Dieter , Pöttgen Rainer
Published: January 2007

The new intermetallic compound Pr6Pd13Cd4 was synthesized from the elements in a sealed tantalum ampoule in an induction furnace. Pr6Pd13Cd4 was investigated by X‐ray powder and single crystal diffraction: Na16Ba6N type, $Im{\bar 3}m$, a = 975.6(1) pm, wR2 = 0.0192, 162 F2 values and 12 variables. The striking motif of the Pr6Pd13Cd4 structure are discrete palladium centred Pr6 octahedra (296 pm Pr–Pd1) in bcc packing. The octahedra are embedded by a three‐dimensional [Pd3Cd] network with short Pd–Pd (282 pm) and Pd–Cd (274 pm) distances. The structural similarities with the subnitrides Na16Ba6N and Ag16Ca6N are discussed.
Distribution of 1298A > C polymorphism of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene in patients with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia
Authors: Kempisty Bartosz , Bober Anna , Łuczak Marta , Czerski Piotr , Szczepankiewicz Aleksandra , Hauser Joanna , Jagodziński Paweł P.
Published: January 2007

We investigated the genotype frequency of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) 1298A > C polymorphism in the group of patients with bipolar disorder type I (BDI) (n = 200) and schizophrenia (n = 200) and in the control group (n = 300). Odds ratio (OR) for patients with BD and schizophrenia in 1298CC homozygous state was 3.768 (95% CI = 1.752–8.104); P = 0.0003; (P = 0.0006 after Bonferroni correction) and 2.694; (95% CI = 1.207–6.013); P = 0.0123 (P = 0.0246 after Bonferroni correction), respectively. The stratification of patients based on gender revealed significant association of 1298CC genotype with female patients only with BDI (OR = 7.293; 95% CI = 2.017–26.363; P = 0.0005).

Our results confirm association of BD and schizophrenia with the 1p36.3 MTHFR locus and with the methyl group transfer using folate-dependent one-carbon pathway.
Tension band stabilisation of acetabular physeal fractures in four kittens
Authors: Langley-Hobbs S.J. , Sissener T.R. , Shales C.J.
Published: January 2007

The surgical repair of acetabular physeal fractures in four kittens using a screw and tension band technique is reported. This was an appropriate method for restoring articular congruency and improving pelvic alignment. All cases had an excellent outcome and full limb use following fracture repair. In kittens younger than 12 weeks, there is a possibility of premature fusion of the acetabular bone resulting in development of a deformed, shallow acetabulum and hip subluxation. However, surgery is still justified when there is pelvic canal narrowing to decrease the risk of future defecatory problems. Early implant removal in such young kittens may decrease the severity of deformity caused by premature physeal closure. In kittens of 16 weeks or older, the prognosis is good for normal acetabular development and implant removal is not necessary.
The shaping of urban telephone networks in Europe, 1877–1926
Authors: CALVO ANGEL
Published: January 2007

This article analyses the spread of public utilities and urban development through a wide-ranging comparison of European cities. It considers variables that are not simply demand-based to explain the diffusion of the telephone. The article explores the relationship between variables, city size, position in the urban hierarchy, urban growth and the function of the city in relation to the spread of the telephone. It concludes that the scale and the function of the city, together with the terms of concession and management strategies, were crucial for the diffusion of the telephone throughout Europe's cities.
A durable centre of urban space: the Los Angeles Plaza
Authors: RYAN MARY P.
Published: January 2007

This article searches for the historic centre of Los Angeles, California, the archetype of urban sprawl. Taking maps and photographs as its principal sources it finds an enduring urban centre in a plaza designed by the Spanish in 1781 and occupied by Mexicans until the US army conquered the city in 1847. The Plaza anchored the dispersed ranch land of the Pueblo of Los Angeles and was the magnet for commercial development during the first decades of American settlement. Between 1850 and 1880, Anglo immigrants built up the south-western side of the Plaza with shops and civic buildings creating a hybrid and bicultural centre, a compression of Main Street and the Plaza. After 1880 a process of spatial mitosis occurred as commerce and municipal functions moved down Main Street and melded into a modern downtown. Since then the skyscrapers downtown have overshadowed but not displaced the old Plaza, which still serves as social, symbolic and ceremonial space for Angelenos, especially immigrants from Latin America. The durability of the Plaza and its direct successors, Main Street and Downtown, not only designate a centre for Los Angeles, but articulate a distinctive urban morphology, that of a centrifugal metropolis rather than fragmented city or sprawl of suburbs.
High ear number is key to achieving high wheat yields in the high-rainfall zone of south-western Australia
Authors: Zhang Heping , Turner Neil C. , Poole Michael L. , Asseng Senthold
Published: January 2007

The growth and yield of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were examined to determine the actual and potential yields of wheat at a site in the high rainfall zone (HRZ) of south-western Australia. Spring wheat achieved yields of 5.5−5.9 t/ha in 2001 and 2003 when subsurface waterlogging was absent or minimal. These yields were close to the estimated potential, indicating that a high yield potential is achievable. In 2002 when subsurface waterlogging occurred early in the growing season, the yield of spring wheat was 40% lower than the estimated potential. The yield of wheat was significantly correlated with the number of ears per m2 (r2 = 0.81) and dry matter at anthesis (r2 = 0.73). To achieve 5–6 t/ha of yield of wheat in the HRZ, 450–550 ears per m2 and 10–11 t/ha dry matter at anthesis should be targetted. Attaining such a level of dry matter at anthesis did not have a negative effect on dry-matter accumulation during the post-anthesis period. The harvest index (0.36−0.38) of spring wheat was comparable with that in drier parts of south-western Australia, but relatively low given the high rainfall and the long growing season. This relatively low harvest index indicates that the selected cultivar bred for the low- and medium-rainfall zone in this study, when grown in the HRZ, may have genetic limitations in sink capacity arising from the low grain number per ear. We suggest that the yield of wheat in the HRZ may be increased further by increasing the sink capacity by increasing the number of grains per ear.
Assessing the sustainability of wheat-based cropping systems using APSIM: model parameterisation and evaluation
Authors: Moeller Carina , Pala Mustafa , Manschadi Ahmad M. , Meinke Holger , Sauerborn Joachim
Published: January 2007

Assessing the sustainability of crop and soil management practices in wheat-based rotations requires a well-tested model with the demonstrated ability to sensibly predict crop productivity and changes in the soil resource. The Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM) suite of models was parameterised and subsequently used to predict biomass production, yield, crop water and nitrogen (N) use, as well as long-term soil water and organic matter dynamics in wheat/chickpea systems at Tel Hadya, north-western Syria. The model satisfactorily simulated the productivity and water and N use of wheat and chickpea crops grown under different N and/or water supply levels in the 1998–99 and 1999–2000 experimental seasons. Analysis of soil-water dynamics showed that the 2-stage soil evaporation model in APSIM’s cascading water-balance module did not sufficiently explain the actual soil drying following crop harvest under conditions where unused water remained in the soil profile. This might have been related to evaporation from soil cracks in the montmorillonitic clay soil, a process not explicitly simulated by APSIM. Soil-water dynamics in wheat–fallow and wheat–chickpea rotations (1987–98) were nevertheless well simulated when the soil water content in 0–0.45 m soil depth was set to ‘air dry’ at the end of the growing season each year. The model satisfactorily simulated the amounts of NO3-N in the soil, whereas it underestimated the amounts of NH4-N. Ammonium fixation might be part of the soil mineral-N dynamics at the study site because montmorillonite is the major clay mineral. This process is not simulated by APSIM’s nitrogen module. APSIM was capable of predicting long-term trends (1985–98) in soil organic matter in wheat–fallow and wheat–chickpea rotations at Tel Hadya as reported in literature. Overall, results showed that the model is generic and mature enough to be extended to this set of environmental conditions and can therefore be applied to assess the sustainability of wheat–chickpea rotations at Tel Hadya.
Characteristics of greater lotus (Lotus uliginosus) populations grown under low latitude conditions in eastern Australia
Authors: Ayres J. F. , Kelman W. M. , McCorkell B. E. , Lane L. A.
Published: January 2007

A study undertaken in northern New South Wales characterised and assessed a collection of 10 greater lotus (Lotus uliginosus Schkuhr) cultivars and breeding lines, comprising diploid and tetraploid populations with a range of Mediterranean parentage. Vegetative characteristics and seasonal herbage growth were measured under glasshouse conditions and reproductive characterisation was undertaken in the field. Results show a high degree of variability between the lines in leaf and stem characteristics, and narrow but useful diversity in seed yield components. The diploid populations, Sharnae, LUX97 and BLG4704, which have high levels of Mediterranean parentage, expressed high year-round growth performance, and Sharnae was exceptionally high in cool-season growth. These lines set more seed than the cultivars Grasslands Maku and Grasslands Sunrise under the low latitude conditions tested. These findings indicate a potential for cultivar development to expand greater lotus usage into low latitude environments.
Kinesin-1 structural organization and conformational changes revealed by FRET stoichiometry in live cells
Authors: Cai Dawen , Hoppe Adam D. , Swanson Joel A. , Verhey Kristen J.
Published: January 2007

Kinesin motor proteins drive the transport of cellular cargoes along microtubule tracks. How motor protein activity is controlled in cells is unresolved, but it is likely coupled to changes in protein conformation and cargo association. By applying the quantitative method fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) stoichiometry to fluorescent protein (FP)–labeled kinesin heavy chain (KHC) and kinesin light chain (KLC) subunits in live cells, we studied the overall structural organization and conformation of Kinesin-1 in the active and inactive states. Inactive Kinesin-1 molecules are folded and autoinhibited such that the KHC tail blocks the initial interaction of the KHC motor with the microtubule. In addition, in the inactive state, the KHC motor domains are pushed apart by the KLC subunit. Thus, FRET stoichiometry reveals conformational changes of a protein complex in live cells. For Kinesin-1, activation requires a global conformational change that separates the KHC motor and tail domains and a local conformational change that moves the KHC motor domains closer together.
IS THE HOLOCAUST EXPLICABLE?*
Authors: BAUER YEHUDA
Published: January 2007

In the discussions about the Holocaust, an increasing number of commentators — theologians, writers, as well as historians — argue that ultimately the Holocaust is a mystery, an inexplicable event in human history. Various expressions are used, such as ‘tremendum’, with its theological connotations, or ‘abyss’, and many others. They all indicate a measure of final incomprehension that such a horrible event could have occurred in the midst of a supposedly civilized European society. Nazi atrocities are usually referred to as ‘beastly’, or ‘bestiality’, and very commonly as ‘inhuman’. The present paper tries to evaluate the explicability of the Holocaust from the standpoint of an historian.
Calibration of Micropipette Tips
Authors: Komarova Yulia , Peloquin John , Borisy Gary
Published: January 2007

INTRODUCTION

This protocol describes an easy method for calibrating micropipette tips that have been pulled in the laboratory. It is essential to estimate the internal diameter of the pulled micropipette tip when adjusting parameters for a new puller or new type of glass tubing. A tip diameter of ~0.3 μm is optimal for the microinjection of mammalian cells in culture (e.g., CHO, PtK1, and COS-7). A 10% increase in diameter increases the delivery rate by more than 30% and can cause cell damage. A smaller tip diameter will result in frequent clogging from protein aggregates.
Preparation and Loading of Protein Samples for Microinjection
Authors: Komarova Yulia , Peloquin John , Borisy Gary
Published: January 2007

INTRODUCTION

This protocol provides methods for the preparation of protein samples and for loading them into pulled microinjection pipettes. Stock solutions of proteins are thawed, diluted (if desired), centrifuged at high speed to remove aggregates, and kept on ice until loading. Loading into micropipettes can be done using either a “front-loading” or a “backfilling” procedure; both methods are described below.
Microinjection of Protein Samples
Authors: Komarova Yulia , Peloquin John , Borisy Gary
Published: January 2007

INTRODUCTION

This protocol describes a method for microinjecting proteins into the nucleus or cytoplasm of adherent cells. Microinjection equipment can be obtained from a number of suppliers; this protocol has been used with the Narishige IM-200 air pressure regulator and the Leitz micromanipulator. Using this system, it is possible to microinject a constant volume within a 50% difference among cells.
Spatulated end‐to‐end bile duct reconstruction in orthotopic liver transplantation
Authors: Buczkowski Andrzej K , Schaeffer David F , Kim Peter T.W. , Ho Stephen G.F. , Yoshida Eric M , Steinbrecher Urs P. , Erb Siegfried R. , Chung Stephen W. , Scudamore Charles H.
Published: January 2007

Abstract:  Biliary complications continue to be a major source of morbidity following orthotopic liver transplantation. The aim of this study was to analyze the incidence and management of biliary complications related to the technique of bile duct reconstruction.

The patients were stratified into two groups: group I (n = 39) had bile duct reconstruction performed by an end‐to‐end single interrupted suture choledochocholedochostomy (EE‐CDCD) and group II (n = 38) had a spatulated end‐to‐end CDCD (spEE‐CDCD) reconstruction; both groups had an intraductal stent. The groups were similar in age, gender, liver transplant indications and Pugh score. Ten biliary complications (26%), including five bile leaks (13%) and five biliary strictures (13%), were observed in the EE‐CDCD group, while one biliary stricture (2.6%) occurred in the spEE‐CDCD group (p < 0.05). Subsequent imaging studies and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography were performed less often in patients undergoing spEE‐CDCD reconstruction (p < 0.05). The technique of a spatulated end‐to‐end bile duct reconstruction provides a significant improvement in lowering biliary complication rates in liver transplant patients. Despite the modest number of cases in this study this technique shows promise and has become the technique of choice in our institution.
Multi‐drug resistance gene‐1 (MDR‐1) haplotypes and the CYP3A5*1 genotype have no influence on ciclosporin dose requirements as assessed by C0 or C2 measurements
Authors: Fredericks Salim , Jorga AnaMaria , MacPhee Iain A.M. , Reboux Sandrine , Shiferaw Elizabeth , Moreton Michelle , Carter Nicholas D. , Holt David W. , Johnston Atholl
Published: January 2007

Abstract:  The intestinal efflux pump P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp), the product of the multi‐drug resistance‐1 (MDR‐1) gene, significantly influences the pharmacokinetics of several drugs. Ciclosporin is a substrate for P‐gp and is metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A enzymes. P‐gp activity is affected by several known single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and haplotypes. MDR‐1 genotypes of SNPs C1236T, G2677T/A and C3435T, as well as haplotypes C‐G‐C and T‐T‐T and CYP3A5*1 genotype (predictive of CYP3A5 expression), were related to ciclosporin blood concentrations measured at both 0 and 2 h after drug dosing in 197 stable renal transplant patients. Significant differences (of a magnitude unlikely to be relevant clinically) in dose‐normalized blood ciclosporin concentrations were found only between MDR‐1 genotypes of the C1236T SNP and between haplotype groups C‐G‐C and T‐T‐T in patients that were expressers of CYP3A5. MDR‐1 SNPs and haplotypes and also CYP3A5*1 genotype, do not appear to have a major influence on ciclosporin pharmacokinetics.
Passive Paradigm Single-Tone Elicited ERPs in Tension-Type Headaches and Migraine
Authors: Chen W , Shen X , Liu X , Luo B , Liu Y , Yu R , Sun G , Shen M , Wang W
Published: January 2007

The active 'oddball' event-related potential (ERP) P3 is elongated or reduced in migraine and tension-type headaches, indicating a deficit of active attention in these primary headaches. It is then reasonable to study the passive attention function in these headaches through the technology of passive paradigm singletone elicited ERPs. We invited 32 patients suffering from chronic tension-type headache (CTTH), 17 from frequent episodic tension-type headache (FETH) and 32 from interictal migraine without aura, as well as 28 healthy subjects to undergo passive paradigm single-tone ERPs. There were no statistically significant differences when the mean latencies and amplitudes of N1, P2, N2 or the mean latencies of P3 of the four groups were considered. In contrast, the P3 amplitudes were significantly reduced in the patient groups when compared with healthy controls. However, no further significant difference was found between patient groups when considering P3 amplitude. Our study demonstrated a deficit of passive attention in CTTH, FETH and migraine, but could not separate these headache types in this regard. The reduced P3 in patients might be due to the head pain experienced.
Cytokeratin, filaggrin, and p63 expression in reepithelialization during human cutaneous wound healing
Authors: Kurokawa Ichiro , Mizutani Hitoshi , Kusumoto Kenji , Nishijima Setsuko , Tsujita‐Kyutoku Miki , Shikata Nobuaki , Tsubura Airo
Published: January 2007

Cytokeratin (CK), filaggrin (filament aggregating protein), and p63 expression and cellular distribution during reepithelialization has not been systemically studied in the healing stage of human cutaneous wounds. We examined these proteins by immunohistochemical methods in 12 cases of skin ulcer, using seven anti‐keratin antibodies, anti‐filaggrin, and anti‐p63 antibody. At the edge of the wound in skin ulcers, CK1 and 10 expression was reduced, while CK14, 16, and 17 expression was raised. Beneath the wound bed, all layers of the epidermal tongue, deriving from sweat ducts, were positive for CK14 and 17. Both cytokeratins were also found in basal and luminal cells of the dermal duct. CK expression by epithelia continuous with hair follicles showed that, CK14, 16, and 17 were present, and CK1 and 10 were absent. Filaggrin expression was elevated in reepithelialized epithelium. Expression of p63 expression was verified in the suprabasal layer in reepithelialized epithelia. CK, filaggrin, and p63 expression in the reepithelialization stage at the wound edge and at epidermal appendages remaining in the wound bed is undifferentiated and hyperproliferative. The presence of CK14 and 17 in the remaining epidermal appendages in the pathological wound may be important in epidermal replacement.
Genetic analysis of skin wound healing and scarring in a porcine model
Authors: Gallant‐Behm Corrie L. , Hart David A.
Published: January 2007

Contraction is a normal part of skin wound healing and wound closure; however, excessive contraction and severe scarring concern patients and physicians alike. The present study has investigated the degree and kinetics of wound contraction in a porcine model of wound healing, to elucidate the genetic and molecular basis for abnormal skin wound healing and scarring. Healing of excisional skin wounds in juvenile female Yorkshire pigs closely resembled normal healing in humans. In contrast, identical wounds in female red Duroc pigs contracted significantly more, forming hypercontracted, hyperpigmented scars. Yorkshire × red Duroc F1 animals healed without hyperpigmentation, but with significantly greater wound contraction than observed in either parent breed. To examine the genetic transmission of the hypercontractile phenotype, all F1 animals were bred to a single Yorkshire boar, generating 20 backcross animals. All backcross animals healed with significantly less contraction than the normal Yorkshire animals. These findings suggest that the genetic contribution to scar phenotype in this animal model is complex, with a limited number of major genes controlling wound contraction, and an unknown number of minor genes that appear to modulate the impact of the major genes.
IB‐MECA and Cardioprotection
Authors: Xu Zhelong , Jang Yeongho , Mueller Robert A. , Norfleet Edward A.
Published: January 2007

The adenosine A3receptor plays an important role in ischemic preconditioning. Activation of the adenosine A3receptor with its agonists induces both early and late pharmacological preconditioning through various mechanisms. As the first potent and selective adenosine A3receptor agonist, IB‐MECA (N6‐(3‐iodobenzyl)‐adenosine‐5′‐N‐methylcarboxamide) has been demonstrated to induce cardioprotection against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury when given before onset of ischemia by triggering pharmacological preconditioning. More importantly, IB‐MECA can also protect the heart even when administered at the onset of reperfusion after ischemia, indicating a strong likelihood that the drug may be useful for the treatment of patients with acute myocardial infarction. However, since IB‐MECA has been reported to have lethal effects at higher concentrations, and may cause systemic hypertension in some species, further studies are needed to find the best treatment strategy to increase its therapeutic potential.
Potential Protective Properties of a Stable, Slow‐releasing Nitric Oxide Donor, GEA 3175, in the Lung
Authors: Laursen Britt Elmedal , Stankevicius Edgaras , Pilegaard Hans , Mulvany Michael , Simonsen Ulf
Published: January 2007

Nitric oxide (NO), is known to exert vasodilatory, bronchodilatory, and antiplatelet effects, and quantitative or functional NO deficiency has been implicated in various cardio‐vascular and airway diseases. NO donors, which are drugs capable of releasing NO either spontaneously or tissue‐dependently, represent a way of increasing NO. Here, we review our current understanding of the NO donor, GEA 3175, 1,2,3,4‐oxatriazolium, 3‐(3‐chloro‐2‐methylphenyl)‐5‐[[(methylphenyl)sulphonyl]amino], hydroxide inner salt. GEA 3175 is a mesoionic 3‐aryl substituted oxatriazole‐5‐imine derivative, which is a potent, stable, slow releasing NO donor with important actions in various organ systems. In isolated guinea pig trachea, rat bronchi and bovine and human small bronchioles, GEA 3175 induces potent, long‐lasting relaxation.In vivo, in sensitized guinea pigs, GEA 3175 protects against antigen‐induced bronchoconstriction. GEA 3175 also exerts potent vasodilatory properties. In isolated human pulmonary arteries, GEA 3175 induces relaxation which is long‐lasting and more potent than in airways. In isolated systemic arteries, GEA 3175 is also a potent vasodilator. By intravenous infusion GEA 3175 reduces blood pressure similarly to nitroglycerin. Vascular and bronchiolar relaxations were shown to be mediated via NO dependent pathways. GEA 3175 is also a potent anti‐inflammatory agent. Functions of polymorphnuclear cells (PMNs) such as leucotriene B4(LTB4) — synhesis, chemotaxis and superoxide (O−2) production are inhibited by GEA 3175. GEA3175 also inhibits upregulation of E‐selectin in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and hence adhesion of neutrophils. Another action of GEA 3175 on the endothelium is inhibition of prostacyclin release. Finally, GEA 3175 has been demonstrated to be an antiplatelet agent. Thrombin‐induced platelet aggregation was inhibited by GEA 3175 in a cyclic GMP‐ and vasodilator‐stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP)‐phosphorylation‐dependent manner. Thus, GEA 3175 has been demonstrated to exert bronchodilatory, pulmonary vasodilatory, antiplatelet as well as anti‐inflammatory actions. Given these actions GEA 3175 may represent a potentially useful drug. The exact mechanism whereby GEA 3175 releases NO is, however, still unknown. In addition, most of the studies so far have been performed in isolated tissue preparations. Clearly, furtherin vivostudies involving animal models are required to clarify safety issues and whether GEA 3175 can be used in the treatment of pulmonary hypertension and/or airway diseases.
What Lies Beneath? The Experiential Essence of Entrepreneurial Thinking
Authors: Krueger Norris F.
Published: January 2007

Cognitive developmental psychology and constructivism offer possibilities for the future of entrepreneurial cognition research to explore: (1) deeply seated beliefs and belief structures that ultimately anchor entrepreneurial thinking and (2) how they change as entrepreneurs move toward a more professional, expert mind–set. Such insights aid the field in identifying those developmental experiences that are the sources of those critical deep beliefs intrinsic to our mental models regarding entrepreneurship. As a field, entrepreneurship is lauded for the effectiveness of its teaching, and this essay offers strong theory to explain that our pedagogical best practices reflect important, well–known cognitive phenomena.
The Effects of Rotation and Ice Shelf Topography on Frazil-Laden Ice Shelf Water Plumes
Authors: Holland Paul R. , Feltham Daniel L.
Published: January 2007

A model of the dynamics and thermodynamics of a plume of meltwater at the base of an ice shelf is presented. Such ice shelf water plumes may become supercooled and deposit marine ice if they rise (because of the pressure decrease in the in situ freezing temperature), so the model incorporates both melting and freezing at the ice shelf base and a multiple-size-class model of frazil ice dynamics and deposition. The plume is considered in two horizontal dimensions, so the influence of Coriolis forces is incorporated for the first time. It is found that rotation is extremely influential, with simulated plumes flowing in near-geostrophy because of the low friction at a smooth ice shelf base. As a result, an ice shelf water plume will only rise and become supercooled (and thus deposit marine ice) if it is constrained to flow upslope by topography. This result agrees with the observed distribution of marine ice under Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf, Antarctica. In addition, it is found that the model only produces reasonable marine ice formation rates when an accurate ice shelf draft is used, implying that the characteristics of real ice shelf water plumes can only be captured using models with both rotation and a realistic topography.
A Decomposition of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning
Authors: Sime Louise C. , Stevens David P. , Heywood Karen J. , Oliver Kevin I. C.
Published: January 2007

A decomposition of meridional overturning circulation (MOC) cells into geostrophic vertical shears, Ekman, and bottom pressure–dependent (or external mode) circulation components is presented. The decomposition requires the following information: 1) a density profile wherever bathymetry changes to construct the vertical shears component, 2) the zonal-mean zonal wind stress for the Ekman component, and 3) the mean depth-independent velocity information over each isobath to construct the external mode. The decomposition is applied to the third-generation Hadley Centre Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere General Circulation Model (HadCM3) to determine the meridional variability of these individual components within the Atlantic Ocean. The external mode component is shown to be extremely important where western boundary currents impinge on topography, and also in the area of the overflows. The Sverdrup balance explains the shape of the external mode MOC component to first order, but the time variability of the external mode exhibits only a very weak dependence on the wind stress curl. Thus, the Sverdrup balance cannot be used to determine the external mode changes when examining temporal change in the MOC. The vertical shears component allows the time-mean and the time-variable upper North Atlantic MOC cell to be deduced at 25°S and 50°N. A stronger dependency on the external mode and Ekman components between 8° and 35°N and in the regions of the overflows means that hydrographic sections need to be supplemented by bottom pressure and wind stress information at these latitudes. At the decadal time scale, variability in Ekman transport is less important than that in geostrophic shears. In the Southern Hemisphere the vertical shears component is dominant at all time scales, suggesting that hydrographic sections alone may be suitable for deducing change in the MOC at these latitudes.
Correction of X-Band Radar Observation for Propagation Effects Based on the Self-Consistency Principle
Authors: Gorgucci Eugenio , Chandrasekar V. , Baldini Luca
Published: January 2007

New algorithms for rain attenuation correction of reflectivity factor and differential reflectivity are presented. Following the methodology suggested for the first time by Gorgucci et al., the new algorithms are developed based on the self-consistency principle, describing the interrelation between polarimetric measurements along the rain medium. There is an increasing interest in X-band radar systems, owing to the early success of the attenuation-correction procedures as well as the initiative of the Center for Collaborative Adaptive Sensing of the Atmosphere to deploy X-band radars in a networked fashion. In this paper, self-consistent algorithms for correcting attenuation and differential attenuation are developed. The performance of the algorithms for application to X-band dual-polarization radars is evaluated extensively. The evaluation is conducted based on X-band dual-polarization observations generated from S-band radar measurements. Evaluation of the new self-consistency algorithms shows significant improvement in performance compared to the current class of algorithms. In the case that reflectivity and differential reflectivity are calibrated between ±1 and ±0.2 dB, respectively, the new algorithms can estimate both attenuation and differential attenuation with less than 10% bias and 15% random error. In addition, the attenuation-corrected reflectivity and differential reflectivity are within 1–0.2 dB 96% and 99% of the time, respectively, demonstrating the good performance.
Fe-based bulk metallic glasses Fe73.8−xC7.0Si3.5BxP9.6Cr2.1Mo2.0Al2.0 (x = 3∼9) prepared using hot metal and industrial raw materials
Authors: Li Hongxiang , Yi Seonghoon , Sohn Ho Sang
Published: January 2007

For extensive applications of bulk metallic glasses as structural materials, Fe-based bulk metallic glasses Fe73.8−xC7.0Si3.5BxP9.6Cr2.1Mo2.0Al2.0 (at.%, x = 3, 5, 7, 9) have been developed using hot metal, commercial grade pure elements, and industrial ferro-alloys. The alloy Fe68.8C7.0Si3.5B5P9.6Cr2.1Mo2.0Al2.0 can be cast into a fully amorphous rod of 5 mm in diameter through a suction casting method. The glass forming ability of the alloys can be successfully assessed by the difference of Gibbs free energy between liquid and solid phases obtained through thermodynamic calculations.
A nanoindentation study on grain-boundary contributions to strengthening and aging degradation mechanisms in advanced 12 Cr ferritic steel
Authors: Jang Jae-il , Shim Sanghoon , Komazaki Shin-ichi , Honda Tetsuya
Published: January 2007

Nanoindentation experiments and microstructural analysis were performed on advanced 12% Cr ferritic steel having extremely fine and complex martensitic microstructures, to answer unsolved questions on the contributions of grain boundaries to strengthening and aging degradation mechanisms in both as-tempered and thermally aged steels. Interesting features of the experimental results led us to suggest that among several high angle boundaries, block boundary is most effective in enhancing the macroscopic strength in as-tempered virgin sample, and that a decrease in matrix strength rather than reduction in grain-boundary strengthening effect is primarily responsible for the macroscopic softening behavior observed during thermal exposure.
Transmission-electron-microscopy study of quasi-epitaxial tungsten-bronze (Sr2.5Ba2.5Nb10O30) thin film on perovskite (SrTiO3) single crystal
Authors: Su Dong , Infortuna Anna , Muralt Paul , Setter Nava , Cantoni Marco
Published: January 2007

Strontium barium niobate (Sr2.5Ba2.5Nb10O30) thin films were deposited on (001) SrTiO3 single-crystalline substrates by pulsed laser deposition. The growth nature was investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Selected-area electron diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy revealed the existence of six types of grains. These grains grew on the substrate in a partially epitaxial fashion. Geometrical models were built, which were confirmed by TEM observations. Based on the TEM results and geometrical analysis, a crystallographic model was developed. The strain nature resulting from the growth columns is discussed in this report.
Photoluminescence properties of BaGdB9O16:Tb3+ codoped Zn2+ or Ce3+ under ultraviolet and vacuum ultraviolet excitation
Authors: Wang Yu Hua , Li Xiao Xia
Published: January 2007

Single phase of Ba1−xZnxGd0.75Tb0.25B9O16 and BaGd0.75−xCexTb0.25B9O16 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.125) was prepared by the solid-state reaction. Under 254 nm excitation, Zn2+ impaired the emission of Tb3+; Ce3+ sensitized the luminescence of Tb3+ ascribing to the energy transfer of Ce3+ → Tb3+ and/or Ce3+ → Gd3+ → Tb3+ occurring, and the optimum emission was observed at x = 0.05 in BaGd0.75−xCexTb0.25B9O16. Under 147 nm excitation, Zn2+ sensitized the emission of Tb3+ and the optimum emission was obtained at x = 0.075 in Ba1−xZnxGd0.75Tb0.25B9O16, which could be due to the fact that the energy absorption relating to Zn2+ occurred and the absorbed energy was transferred to Tb3+ finally; Ce3+ depressed the luminescence of Tb3+, which could be attributed to the fact that Ce3+ has no absorption in vacuum ultraviolet region and the role of Gd3+ was weakened. Compared with BaGd0.75Tb0.25B9O16 and the commercial phosphor Zn2SiO4:Mn2+, the optimum phosphor Ba0.925Zn0.075Gd0.75Tb0.25B9O16 exhibited about 127% and 51% integrated emission intensity respectively and the shorter decay time of about 2.822 ms under 147 nm excitation.
Long-Term Care for the Elderly and Persons With Disabilities in Saratov Region, Russia
Authors: Andreeva Tamara , Kozyrev Alexander , Bivol Stela
Published: January 2007

In Russia, charity started developing into a public welfare system after the transition to Christianity. Peter the Great played an important role in establishing the social welfare system. According to his decree from June 8, 1701, “charity houses for beggars, sick people, and elderly” started their existence. During the reign of Catherine II, also known as Catherine the Great, decrees about public welfare were approved at regional levels.
Bioavailability of a commercial formulation of ivermectin after subcutaneous administration to sheep
Authors: Canga Aranzazu Gonzalez , Sahagun Ana , Diez M. Jose , Fernandez Nelida , Sierra Matilde , Garcia Juan J.
Published: January 2007

Objective—To evaluate bioavailability and other pharmacokinetic variables of a commercial formulation of ivermectin after IV administration to sheep.

Animals—6 healthy adult sheep.

Procedures—A single dose of a commercial formulation of ivermectin (200 μg/kg) was administered IV to each sheep. After a washout period of 3 weeks, each sheep was administered ivermectin by SC injection. Plasma samples were obtained for up to 36 and up to 42 days after IV and SC administration, respectively. Ivermectin concentrations were quantified by use of high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection.

Results—Results obtained indicated that after IV administration, ivermectin is cleared slowly from plasma, tends to distribute and accumulate in the peripheral compartment, and is slowly eliminated from the body. After SC administration, noncompartmental analysis revealed that bioavailability of ivermectin is nearly complete (98.20%), has a slow mean absorption time of 0.96 days, and reaches a maximum plasma concentration of 19.55 ng/mL at 3.13 days.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The commercial formulation of ivermectin used in this study can be administered SC to sheep on the basis of a nearly complete bioavailability. In addition, the maximum plasma concentration and interval from SC injection until maximum plasma concentration is obtained are higher than those reported by other authors who used other routes of administration.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of morphine in llamas
Authors: Uhrig Samantha R. , Papich Mark G. , KuKanich Butch , Mama Khursheed R. , Wagner Ann E. , Chapman Phillip L. , Hellyer Peter W.
Published: January 2007

Objective—To assess the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of morphine in llamas.

Animals—6 healthy adult llamas.

Procedures—Llamas received morphine sulfate in a randomized crossover design. In phase 1, they received IV or IM administration of morphine at 0.05 or 0.5 mg/kg, respectively; in phase 2, they received IV administration of morphine at 0.05, 0.25, or 0.5 mg/kg. Plasma morphine and morphine-6-glucuronide concentrations were determined by validated methods. Body temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, sedation, and analgesia were assessed and compared with plasma concentrations by regression analysis.

Results—Total body clearance was similar between IV administration of morphine sulfate at 0.25 and 0.5 mg/kg (mean ± SD, 25.3 ± 6.9 mL/min/kg and 27.3 ± 5.9 mL/min/kg, respectively), and linearity was demonstrated between these doses. Bioavailability of morphine following IM administration at 0.5 mg/kg was 120 ± 30%. Body temperature and sedation increased as the dose of morphine administered increased. Heart rate was unaffected by varying doses. Respiratory rate decreased as dose increased. Analgesia was difficult to assess as a result of high individual variability. Intravenous administration of morphine at 0.25 mg/kg provided the most consistent increase in tolerance to electric stimulation. Pharmacodynamic modeling revealed a sigmoidal relationship between plasma concentration and sedation score.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Morphine was characterized by a large apparent volume of distribution and high systemic clearance in llamas. A prolonged half-life was observed with IM injection. Intravenous administration of morphine sulfate at 0.25 mg/kg every 4 hours is suggested for further study.
Prospective screening for occult cardiomyopathy in dogs by measurement of plasma atrial natriuretic peptide, B-type natriuretic peptide, and cardiac troponin-I concentrations
Authors: Oyama Mark A. , Sisson D. David , Solter Phil F.
Published: January 2007

Objective—To evaluate the use of measuring plasma concentrations of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), and cardiac troponin-I (cTnI) to detect dogs with occult dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM).

Animals—118 client-owned dogs.

Procedures—Dogs were prospectively examined by use of ECG; echocardiography; and evaluation of concentrations of ANP, BNP, and cTnI. Occult DCM was diagnosed by evaluation of echocardiographic left ventricular dimensions and detection of ventricular arrhythmias on ECG. Sensitivity and specificity of assays for measurement of plasma concentrations of ANP, BNP, and cTnI to detect dogs with occult DCM were determined.

Results—Occult DCM was diagnosed in 21 dogs. A concentration of > 6.21 pg/mL for BNP had a sensitivity of 95.2% and specificity of 61.9% for identifying dogs with occult DCM. In contrast, concentrations of ANP and cTnI had relatively low predictive values.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Blood-based screening for occult DCM in dogs can be accomplished by use of a BNP assay. Additional studies should be performed to optimize this method of screening dogs to detect occult DCM.
Serum concentrations of adiponectin and characterization of adiponectin protein complexes in dogs
Authors: Brunson Brandon L. , Zhong Qiao , Clarke Kristen J. , Bedi Deepa , Braden Tim D. , van Santen Edzard , Judd Robert L.
Published: January 2007

Objective—To assess serum concentrations of adiponectin and characterize adiponectin protein complexes in healthy dogs.

Animals—11 healthy dogs.

Procedures—Sera collected from 10 dogs were evaluated via velocity sedimentation and ultracentrifugation, SDS-PAGE, western immunoblotting, and radioimmunoassay. Visceral adipose tissue (approx 90 g) was collected from the falciform ligament of a healthy dog undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy, and adiponectin gene expression was assessed via a real-time PCR procedure.

Results—Adiponectin gene expression was detected in visceral adipose tissue. Serum adiponectin concentrations ranged from 0.85 to 1.5 μg/mL (mean concentration, 1.22 μg/mL). In canine serum, adiponectin was present as a multimer, consisting of a low–molecular-weight complex (180 kd); as 3 (180-, 90-, and 60-kd) complexes under denaturing conditions; as 2 (90- and 60-kd) complexes under reducing conditions; and as a dimer, a monomer, and globular head region (60, 30, and 28 kd, respectively) under reducing-denaturing conditions. It is likely that adiponectin also circulates as a high–molecular-weight (360- to 540-kd) complex in canine serum, but resolution of this complex was not possible via SDS-PAGE.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—After exposure to identical experimental conditions, adiponectin protein complexes in canine serum were similar to those detected in human and rodent sera. Circulating adiponectin concentrations in canine serum were slightly lower than concentrations in human serum. Adiponectin gene expression was identified in canine visceral adipose tissue. Results suggest that adiponectin could be used as an early clinical marker for metabolic derangements, including obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes mellitus in dogs.