bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Value of Ecosystem Services to Cultural Practices in Festival Celebration in Rural Communities of Northern Ghana
Authors: Z. G Bizoola , V Lolig , T Rahaina
Published: November 2024

Cultural ecosystem services are the non-material benefits that people obtain from ecosystems. Recreational experiences, religious values, educational opportunities, cultural heritage, and traditional practices and knowledge associated with natural environments, such as indigenous ways of managing land and resources. These services enhance the quality of life of rural people and contribute to the well-being and rural livelihood. In Northern Ghana, communities along the White Volta River basin celebrate traditional festivals and the rich cultural heritage with ecosystem services of the rich and luxuriant vegetation. There is little documentation linking the livelihoods of the people, the role that ecosystem services play in their livelihood practices and their festival celebrations. Understanding of the links are important for a comprehensive appreciation of conservation related behaviours of the people. The objective of the study therefore was to document how the rural people rely on the ecosystem services found in White Volta River basin for their livelihoods and in the celebrations of their festival. Customary laws, traditional social structures, and authorities regulate the use of ecosystem services at the rural local level with chiefs, sub-chiefs community members ensuring sustainable use of resources in the ecosystem under their jurisdiction. Focus Group Discussions were undertaken with a checklist on the thematic areas. Key informant interviews were conducted and qualitative data collected. Type of provisioning ecosystem services were noted. Common activities found across all the festivals were identified as prayers to the gods and ancestors for good harvests and blessings. Rituals performances at sacred sites, and maintenance of social cohesion and the transmission of cultural values. Cultural ecosystem services are often underrepresented in policy and governance frameworks, which tend to prioritize provisioning or regulating services that are easier to quantify. Cultural practices tied to ecosystems may not be adequately considered in land use planning, resource management, or conservation efforts.
Stability Analysis Techniques for Commensurate Fractional-Order Systems with Caputo Derivatives
Authors: Arhnful D. A. , Otoo H. , Acquah J.
Published: November 2024

Dynamics of fractional-order systems has presently become a very extensively studied research area. This can be attributed to the various benefits of fractional-order derivatives such as hereditary properties, more degrees of freedom, and other advantages over the traditional integer-order derivatives. The standard Routh- Hurwitz criterion provides necessary and sufficient conditions for the stability of systems of integer-order differential equations, however, this criterion is only a sufficient condition for the Matignon-stability theorem for fractional-order derivatives. Therefore, devising methods for determining the stability of fractional-order systems has become necessary. In this paper, we study techniques such as the Sylvester criterion, Schur complement, Routh-Hurwitz criterion, and the Root locus technique for stability analysis of commensurate fractional-order systems in the Caputo sense. We demonstrate these methods on the fractional Lorenz and reverse butterfly-shaped systems in exploring their performance on these systems. The Root Locus technique explicitly identifies stability conditions and allows for bifurcation analysis of these fractional systems. These findings enhance modeling in various scientific and engineering fields.
Organic Grain Protectants for Enhancing Storability of Rice Seeds
Authors: Blessy Rampurapu Jessica , M.S Nivedhitha , Beena.R  , Raj Sheeja K. , P.R. Nithya
Published: November 2024

An experiment was conducted at the Department of Seed Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani to study the influence of organic grain protectants in enhancing storage life of rice seeds. The experiment consists of six treatments with different organic grain protectants viz Arka (Calotropis gigantea) leaf powder, Neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf powder, Pongamia (Pongamia pinnata) leaf powder, Sweet flag (Acorus calamus) rhizome powder, Arappu (Albizia amara) leaf powder and control. All the treatments were effective in control of storage pest and mycoflora infestation without any seed damage and weight loss compared to control with 62.33,16.25 per cent seed damage and weight loss. The treatment T4 [Sweet flag (Acorus calamus) rhizome powder] recorded superior among all treatments, germination percentage (82.00%), germination energy (81.00%), seedling vigour index (1029.20), seedling shoot length (13.03 cm), seedling root length (12.40 cm). However, among all treatments T4 [Sweet flag (Acorus calamus) rhizome powder] recorded least Seed damage percentage, seed weight loss percentage, total number of adult insects and mycoflora infestation compared to control.
Synergistic Impact of Compost Amended Biofertilizers in Enhancing Yield and Quality of Agaricus bisporus Mushroom
Authors: Kumari Chanchila , Sinha Jyoti , Choudhary Nupur , Raypa Pratima
Published: November 2024

Biofertilizers in button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) cultivation has emerged as an innovative and eco-friendly approach to enhance yield and quality. Biofertilizers, such as nitrogen-fixing bacteria, phosphorus-solubilizing microorganisms, and mycorrhizal fungi, have demonstrated significant potential in improving mycelial growth, fruiting body formation, and nutrient uptake. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria (e.g., Azotobacter, Azospirillum) and phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria (e.g., Bacillus, Pseudomonas) play vital roles in providing essential nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus to support mycelial growth and fruiting body formation. These microbial inoculants not only augment nutrient availability but also stimulate enzyme activity, leading to faster substrate colonization and healthier fruiting bodies. In comparison to chemical fertilizers, biofertilizers promote a more sustainable cultivation practice by enhancing soil health, minimizing chemical input, and reducing environmental impact. Studies have shown that applying biofertilizers can result in higher mushroom yields, improved nutritional profiles, and better resilience to environmental stress. Specifically, nitrogen-fixing bacteria help in assimilating atmospheric nitrogen, making it available to the growing mushrooms, while phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria increase the availability of phosphorus, which is essential for energy transfer and mycelial growth. Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with mushroom mycelium, facilitating better nutrient absorption from the substrate. The combined effects of these biofertilizers ensure optimal conditions for both growth and quality enhancement. Moreover, biofertilizers contribute to the reduction of heavy metal accumulation in mushrooms, thereby ensuring safer and healthier produce for consumers. In addition to their nutritional benefits, biofertilizers also play a role in improving the physical structure of the growing medium, making it more conducive for mushroom cultivation. Biofertilizers promote enzymes such as cellulases and ligninases, which break down complex organic materials, accelerating substrate colonization and improving mushroom health. However, challenges remain in optimizing the use of biofertilizers, as their effectiveness can be influenced by various factors such as the type of substrate, environmental conditions, and the specific microbial strains used. Variability in performance and limited shelf life of some biofertilizers also pose challenges in their widespread adoption. Nonetheless, with ongoing research and technological advancements, biofertilizers are increasingly becoming a sustainable and cost-effective solution for mushroom farmers. By reducing reliance on chemical fertilizers, they not only support better yields and quality but also contribute to a more environmentally sustainable approach to agriculture.
Roles of PIP2 in the membrane binding of MIM I‐BAR: insights from molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Lin Xubo , Wang Hongyin , Lou Zhichao , Cao Meng , Zhang Zuoheng , Gu Ning
Published: July 2018

In order to probe the roles of PIP2 in the interactions between MIM I‐BAR and model membranes, we performed a series of 10 μs‐scale coarse‐grained molecular dynamics simulations. Our results indicate that PIP2 plays predominant roles in the membrane binding of MIM I‐BAR in a concentration‐dependent manner and via electrostatic interactions. Besides, we find that the occurrence of the membrane curvature may induce the re‐distribution of lipids in the membrane and result in the local enrichment of PIP2 at negatively curved membrane areas. Combining these roles of PIP2 in the membrane binding of MIM I‐BAR helps explain how MIM I‐BAR senses negative curvature and, thus, contributes to maintaining membrane protrusions.
Unity Makes Strength: How Aggregation‐Induced Emission Luminogens Advance the Biomedical Field
Authors: Gao Heqi , Zhang Xiaoyan , Chen Chao , Li Kai , Ding Dan
Published: July 2018

Fluorescent bioprobes play an important role in preclinical and clinical practice. During the past few years, a distinguished type of organic luminogen with aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) characteristics has shown great potential in construction of advanced fluorescent bioprobes for biological process monitoring and disease theranostics. The AIE luminogens (AIEgens) possess high brightness, excellent photostability, low toxicity, and tailorable functionality, catering to a variety of biomedical tasks. Thanks to the unique fluorescent signature, these AIEgens are ideal candidates to design stimuli‐responsive light‐up probes and highly emissive fluorescent nanoparticles. This review especially focuses on the exploration of smart/functional AIEgen‐based bioprobes for biomedical studies to promote the development of this promising research field. The recent advances of such bioprobes in specific biomedical applications in terms of bacteria imaging and suppressing, targeted cellular/intracellular organelle imaging and ablation, as well as in vivo blood vessel imaging and disease theranostics are summarized. It is hoped that the review will not only provide insights into the design and preparation of advanced bioprobes, but also inspire greater enthusiasm from the researchers working in biomedicines and life sciences to pay attention to and use AIEgens.
Surface Modifier Effects on Gold Nanoprobe for the Assay of Matrix Metalloproteinases
Authors: Hong Jin , Chen Yu‐Feng , Ma Yu , Zhang Fen‐Fen , Wang Chun‐Ming , Ding Ya
Published: July 2018

To directly compare the surface modifier effects on the property regulation of nanoparticle (NP)‐based systems, a fluorescence quenched nanoprobe (GpF) responsive to matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) is employed as a demonstration. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) are modified on the surface of GpF via different modes, the SAu covalent bond and nonspecific interaction, respectively. PEG and BSA display similarly protective capability to GpF and increase their biocompatibility that are demonstrated in stability, cytotoxicity, and hemolysis studies. Although PEGylated NPs show better in vivo long circulation property than BSA‐decorated ones, the merit of BSA in controlling the system size in a relatively small range improves the penetration of GpF‐BSA in tumor tissues and reduces the accumulation in normal tissues. Through an MMP‐dominated catalysis and then a glutathione‐assisted replacement process, the fluorescence recovery of GpF‐BSA shows higher efficiency than PEG‐modified NPs. It can be explained by the low steric hindrance and exchangeable manner of BSA on the surface of GpF. The results in this work demonstrate that an endogenous protein having dysopsonization function will be a promising material for the construction and surface modification of nanosystems for biomedical applications.
Organic Field‐Effect Transistor for Energy‐Related Applications: Low‐Power‐Consumption Devices, Near‐Infrared Phototransistors, and Organic Thermoelectric Devices
Authors: Ren Xiaochen , Yang Fangxu , Gao Xiong , Cheng Shanshan , Zhang Xiaotao , Dong Huanli , Hu Wenping
Published: July 2018

The organic field‐effect transistor (OFET) is the basic building block of integrated circuits. The charge carrier mobility and operating frequency of OFETs have continued to increase; therefore, the power dissipation of OFETs can no longer be ignored. Many research efforts have been made to develop low‐power‐consumption OFETs and complementary circuits. Despite the switching function, OFETs can also be utilized in emerging energy‐related applications, such as near‐infrared (NIR) photodetectors and organic thermoelectric devices. Organic phototransistors show considerably higher photo responsivity than other photodetector architectures due to field‐effect charge modulation. The photoinduced gate modulating largely suppresses the dark current while simultaneously providing gain. These characteristics may favor NIR light detection and suggest that the organic phototransistor is a promising candidate for optoelectronic applications in the NIR regime. For organic thermoelectric applications, OFETs can work as a powerful tool for examining the charge and energy transport in the organic semiconductor, thus giving insight into organic thermoelectric studies. In this review, the authors highlight recent advances in OFET‐ related energy topics, including low‐power‐consumption OFETs, NIR photodetectors, and organic thermoelectric devices. The remaining challenges in the field will also be discussed.
Leaf‐Mosaic‐Inspired Vine‐Like Graphitic Carbon Nitride Showing High Light Absorption and Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Zhang Yi , Wu Lanlan , Zhao Xinyu , Zhao Yingnan , Tan Huaqiao , Zhao Xia , Ma Yuanyuan , Zhao Zhao , Song Shuyan , Wang Yonghui , Li Yangguang
Published: July 2018

Green plants use solar energy efficiently in nature. Simulating the exquisite structure of a natural photosynthesis system may open a new approach for the construction of desirable photocatalysts with high light harvesting efficiency and performance. Herein, inspired by the excellent light utilization of “leaf mosaic” in plants, a novel vine‐like g‐C3N4 (V‐CN) is synthesized for the first time by copolymerizing urea with dicyandiamide‐formaldehyde (DF) resin. The as‐prepared V‐CN exhibits ultrahigh photocatalytic hydrogen production of 13.6 mmol g−1 h−1 under visible light and an apparent quantum yield of 12.7% at 420 nm, which is ≈38 times higher than that of traditional g‐C3N4, representing one of the highest‐activity g‐C3N4‐based photocatalysts. This super photocatalytic performance is derived from the unique leaf mosaic structure of V‐CN, which effectively improves its light utilization and affords a larger specific surface area. In addition, the introduction of DF resin further optimizes the energy band of V‐CN, extends its light absorption, and improves its crystallinity and interfacial charge transport, resulting in high performance. It is an easy and green strategy for the preparation of broad‐spectrum, high‐performance g‐C3N4, which presents significant advancement for the design of other nanophotocatalysts by simulating the fine structure of natural photosynthesis.
Distribution of Clinical Rotations Among Emergency Medicine Residency Programs in the United States
Authors: Gottlieb Michael , Arno Kimbia , Kuhns Matthew , Chan Teresa M.
Published: July 2018

Introduction

There are over 200 emergency medicine (EM) residency programs in the United States. While there are basic criteria defined by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME), there can be significant variation between programs with regard to rotation distribution. Therefore, it would be valuable to have a benchmark for programs to understand their rotation mix in the context of the national landscape. This study aimed to provide a breakdown of the length and percentage of EM residency programs with each clinical rotation in the United States. This study also sought to examine trends and changes in EM residency programs since 1986.

Methods

A list of all current EM residency programs was obtained using the ACGME website. All program websites were reviewed, and data were independently dual extracted by two investigators with discrepancies resolved by consensus with a third investigator. Programs without curricular data available online were queried via e‐mail for the data. Programs were separated into 3‐ versus 4‐year lengths. Mean, standard deviation, and range were calculated for each rotation.

Results

A total of 200 of 202 programs (99%) had data available. Of these programs, 84.5% had a dedicated pediatric EM rotation with mean length of 9.7 weeks among 3‐year programs and 12.1 weeks among 4‐year programs. A total of 88% had a dedicated ultrasound rotation, 60% had a dedicated toxicology rotation, 73.5% had a dedicated emergency medical services rotation, 74% had a dedicated orthopedics rotation, 60% had a dedicated administration rotation, 29% had a dedicated research rotation, and 95% had dedicated elective time.

Discussion

This study provides summative data regarding the rotation distribution among EM programs in the United States. Compared with prior data, there is less time dedicated to internal medicine rotations and increased pediatric, trauma, ultrasound, toxicology, and critical care experiences. These data will inform current and new EM residency programs when determining rotation selection.
Novel multidomain, multifunctional glycoside hydrolases from highly lignocellulolytic Caldicellulosiruptor species
Authors: Conway Jonathan M. , Crosby James R. , Hren Andrew P. , Southerland Robert T. , Lee Laura L. , Lunin Vladimir V. , Alahuhta Petri , Himmel Michael E. , Bomble Yannick J. , Adams Michael W. W. , Kelly Robert M.
Published: July 2018

Biological hydrolysis of microcrystalline cellulose is an uncommon feature in the microbial world, especially among bacteria and archaea growing optimally above 70°C (the so‐called extreme thermophiles). In fact, among this group only certain species in the genus Caldicellulosiruptor are capable of rapid and extensive cellulose degradation. Four novel multidomain glycoside hydrolases (GHs) from Caldicellulosiruptor morganii and Caldicellulosiruptor danielii were produced recombinantly in Caldicellulosiruptor bescii and characterized. These GHs are structurally organized with two or three catalytic domains flanking carbohydrate binding modules from Family 3. Collectively, these enzymes represent GH families 5, 9, 10, 12, 44, 48, and 74, and hydrolyze crystalline cellulose, glucan, xylan, and mannan, the primary carbohydrates in plant biomass. Degradation of microcrystalline cellulose by cocktails of GHs from three Caldicellulosiruptor species demonstrated that synergistic interactions enable mixtures of multiple enzymes to outperform single enzymes, suggesting a community mode of action for lignocellulose utilization in thermal environments. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 4218–4228, 2018
Phylogeny, evolution, and biogeographic history of Calandrinia (Montiaceae)
Authors: Hancock Lillian P. , Obbens Frank , Moore Abigail J. , Thiele Kevin , de Vos Jurriaan M. , West Judy , Holtum Joseph A. M. , Edwards Erika J.
Published: July 2018

Premise of the Study

Calandrinia are small, succulent herbs that vary broadly in habitat, morphology, life history, and photosynthetic metabolism. The lineage is placed within the Montiaceae, which in turn is sister to the rest of the Portulacineae (Caryophyllales). Calandrinia occupy two distinct biogeographic regions, one in the Americas (~14 species), and one in Australia (~74 species). Past analyses of the Montiaceae present conflicting hypotheses for the phylogenetic placement and monophyly of Calandrinia, and to date, there has been no molecular phylogenetic analysis of the Australian species.

Methods

Using a targeted gene enrichment approach, we sequenced 297 loci from multiple gene families across the Montiaceae, including all named and 16 putative new species of Australian Calandrinia, and the enigmatic monotypic genus Rumicastrum.

Key Results

All data sets and analyses reject the monophyly of Calandrinia, with Australian and New World Calandrinia each comprising distinct and well‐supported clades, and Rumicastrum nested within Australian Calandrinia. We provide the first well‐supported phylogeny for Australian Calandrinia, which includes all named species and several phrase‐named taxa.

Conclusions

This study brings much needed clarity to relationships within Montiaceae and confirms that New World and Australian Calandrinia do not form a clade. Australian Calandrinia is a longtime resident of the continent, having diverged from its sister lineage ~30 Ma, concurrent with separation of Australia from Antarctica. Most diversification occurred during the middle Miocene, with lowered speciation and/or higher extinction rates coincident with the establishment of severe aridity by the late Miocene.
Araucaria lefipanensis(Araucariaceae), a new species with dimorphic leaves from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia, Argentina
Authors: Andruchow‐Colombo Ana , Escapa Ignacio H. , Cúneo N. Rubén , Gandolfo María A.
Published: July 2018

Premise of the Study

We describe a new araucarian species,Araucaria lefipanensis, from the Late Cretaceous flora of the Lefipán Formation, in Patagonia (Argentina) based on reproductive and vegetative remains, with a combination of characters that suggest mosaic evolution in theAraucarialineage.

Methods

The studied fossils were found at the Cañadón del Loro locality. Specimens were separated into two leaf morphotypes, and their morphological differences were tested with MANOVA.

Key Results

The new speciesAraucaria lefipanensisis erected based on the association of dimorphic leaves with cuticle remains and isolated cone scale complexes. The reproductive morphology is characteristic of the extant sectionEutacta, whereas the vegetative organs resemble those of the sectionsIntermedia,Bunya, andAraucaria(the broad‐leaved clade).

Conclusions

The leaf dimorphism ofA. lefipanensisis similar to that of extantA. bidwillii, where dimorphism is considered to be related to seasonal growth. The leaf dimorphism inA. lefipanensisis consistent with the paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental reconstructions previously suggested for the Lefipán Formation, which is thought to have been a seasonal subtropical forest. The new species shows evidence of mosaic evolution, with cone scale complexes morphologically similar to sectionEutactaand leaves similar to the sections of the broad‐leaved clade, constituting a possible transitional form between these two well‐defined lineages. More complete plant concepts, especially those including both reproductive and vegetative remains are necessary to understand the evolution of ancient plant lineages. This work contributes to this aim by documenting a new species that may add to the understanding of the early evolution of the sections ofAraucaria.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci from Oxytropis diversifolia (Fabaceae)
Authors: Wang Hui , Yang Han , Liu Pei‐Liang , Su Chun , Xiao Liang , Chang Zhao‐Yang
Published: July 2018

Premise of the Study

Microsatellite primers were developed for a perennial legume from northern China, Oxytropis diversifolia (Fabaceae), to investigate population genetic structure of this taxon, as well as potential hybridization events with closely related taxa in this genus.

Methods and Results

One hundred and five primer pairs were designed from Illumina sequence data and screened for suitability. Fifteen of these primer pairs were polymorphic, and these primers amplified tri‐, tetra‐, and pentanucleotide repeats with 10–56 alleles per locus. Cross‐amplification tests in three other Oxytropis species from northern China (O. leptophylla, O. neimonggolica, and O. squammulosa) revealed that all of these loci can be amplified successfully and show polymorphism.

Conclusions

These primer pairs can be used to assess the genetic diversity and population structure in future studies of O. diversifolia, as well as studies of potential hybridization events with closely related taxa in this genus.
Spectroscopic Properties of the Quercetin–Divalent Metal Complexes in Hydro‐Organic Mixed Solvent
Authors: Park Hyoung‐Ryun , Kim Bong‐Gon , Kim Su Jin , Yoon Jin Ah , Bark Ki‐Min
Published: July 2018

The formation and spectroscopic properties of quercetin (QCT)–divalent metal complexes were studied using Cu2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ in a hydro‐organic mixed solvent. The change of UV/visible absorption spectra of QCT due to addition of a metal showed the complex formation. The intensity of fluorescence spectra increased gradually with titration of the metal. The experimental data and theoretical calculation suggest that Cu2+, Ni2+, Co2+, and Mn2+ coordinate the site between C(3)OH and C(4)O but Zn2+ prefers to bind to the site between C(5)OH and C(4)O. QCT–Cu2+, QCT–Ni2+, QCT–Co2+, and QCT–Mn2+ complexes exhibit S2 → S0 fluorescence only as S1 → S0 emission is absent due to the excited‐state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) at the S1 state. As this ESIPT cannot occur at the QCT–Zn2+ due to the chelation of Zn2+ at a different site, QCT–Zn2+ can produce characteristic S2 → S0 and S1 → S0 dual fluorescence.
Utility of thermographic measurements of laterality of body surface temperature to prevent misdiagnosis of acute Wallenberg's syndrome
Authors: Takahashi Makoto , Shinya Akiko , Ito Naohito , Ebina Junya , Abe Keisuke , Inaba Akira , Orimo Satoshi
Published: July 2018

Introduction

Acute Wallenberg's syndrome (WS) is sometimes misdiagnosed as a nonstroke disease including auditory vertigo, and careful neurological examination is required for a precise diagnosis. Lateral difference of body surface temperature (BST) had been reported as a symptom of WS, although further details of this symptom are currently lacking. Our aim was to investigate the laterality of BST of patients with acute WS using thermography and the usefulness of thermography to detect acute WS.

Methods

Nine consecutive patients with new‐onset acute WS and nine patients with acute pontine infarction, intended for a comparison, were enrolled. Using thermography, the BST of patients was measured and initially evaluated visually. Detailed BSTs were measured using dedicated software. We examined the relationship between BST and other clinical factors, including first diagnosis, clinical symptoms, and MRI findings.

Results

Four patients with WS (44.44%) were misdiagnosed with nonstroke disease and did not receive a thermography assessment at their first visit; in contrast, all acute pontine infarction patients were diagnosed with brain infarction. Eight patients with WS (89%) showed a laterality of BST at multiple sites, and three of eight patients showed a whole‐body laterality of BST; in contrast, only two pontine infarction patients showed laterality of BST at one or two sites. These lateral BST differences were easily observed visually using thermography within two minutes. The BST laterality gradually decreased over time in almost all patients with WS. The infarction size in the WS patients with whole‐body laterality of BST was craniocaudally larger than in the other patients, and the size was smallest in the patient showing no BST laterality.

Conclusions

In contrast to acute pontine infarction patients, almost all patients with acute WS showed lateral BST differences, which was easily detected with thermography. Thermography may thus be a useful tool to prevent misdiagnosis of acute WS.
Calculation Approach for Ceramic Heat Pipe Heat Exchangers for High‐Temperature Applications
Authors: Unz Simon , Hack Nina , Beckmann Michael
Published: July 2018

Metal materials show poor lifetime behavior under high‐temperature conditions and aggressive atmospheres. An alternative solution is the use of ceramic material, e.g., silicon carbide ceramics. These ceramics cannot be processed and joined like metal materials. For this reason, the simple geometry of a heat pipe can be used as a basic design for ceramic heat exchanger systems in the high‐temperature process technology for industrial and power plant applications. Heat pipes are hermetically sealed tubes filled with a working fluid. By transferring heat to one side and by releasing heat from the other side a two‐phase cycle is set up. For these apparatuses a numerical calculation model for a more exact determination of the working behavior of large units under high‐temperature conditions is introduced, considering both convective and radiative heat transfer.
Cereal phenolic contents as affected by variety and environment
Authors: Rao Shiwangni , Schwarz Lachlan J. , Santhakumar Abishek B. , Chinkwo Kenneth A. , Blanchard Christopher L.
Published: July 2018

Background and objectives

Phenolic compounds found in cereals have been shown to possess antioxidant activity that has ensured an increased interest in their health beneficial properties. This review analyzed studies investigating the phenolic content of rice, barley, oats, and sorghum grown in different geographical locations and the effect environmental factors have on them.

Findings

From the studies reviewed, it was identified that whole grain pigmented cereals exhibited phenolic profiles with polyphenols such as anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, and their derivatives that translated to higher total phenolic content and antioxidant activity. Variation in phenolic content was also observed in cereal species grown in different geographical locations and when subjected to variable levels of salinity, water, and temperature.

Conclusions

Despite the increasing body of knowledge on the phenolic content of cereals, studies focusing on the effect of environment on cereal phenolic content are limited; hence, more research is warranted.

Significance and novelty

This review examines literature to provide a holistic understanding of how environment plays a role in the regulation of phenolic metabolites in cereals such as oats with a focus on pigmented varieties of rice, barley, and sorghum.
Hydrodynamics and Mass Transfer in a Lab‐Scale Stirred‐Pulsed Extraction Column
Authors: Soboll Sebastian , Kockmann Norbert
Published: July 2018

An extraction column with energy input through simultaneous stirring and pulsation allows for efficient countercurrent extraction on lab‐scale. While stirring generates small droplets with a narrow droplet size distribution, pulsation supports the axial transport of the dispersed phase, enabling countercurrent flow on this small scale. By studying the influence of several operating parameters, fundamental mechanics and characteristics of the column are revealed. Increasing the stirrer speed leads to smaller droplets and higher extraction performance as well as lower maximum throughput. The maximum throughput is increased by raising the pulsation intensity.
Effect of Isomerization on the Reversible Reaction of Hydrogenation‐Dehydrogenation of ortho‐Terphenyl on a Pt/C Catalyst
Authors: Kalenchuk Alexander N. , Bogdan Victor I. , Dunaev Sergei , Kustov Leonid M.
Published: July 2018

Reversible catalytic hydrogenation‐dehydrogenation reactions of ortho‐terphenyl (o‐terphenyl) as one of the most promising materials for hydrogen storage were investigated. The conversion of o‐terphenyl is 100 % and the selectivity to perhydro‐o‐terphenyl reaches 99 % in the first cycle of hydrogenation on a commercial Pt/C catalyst. The dehydrogenation process in a flow reactor is accompanied by the formation of isomerization products of o‐terphenyl, in particular, exhaustively and partially hydrogenated compounds formed from meta‐terphenyl (m‐terphenyl) and triphenylene. These substrates are subject to hydrogenation independently during the second hydrogenation cycle, which reduces the selectivity of recyclization of o‐terphenyl. Dodecahydrotriphenylene demonstrates a higher reactivity during the second cycle of dehydrogenation compared to perhydro‐o‐terphenyl. The amount of generated hydrogen is consistent with the kinetic data.
Emerging Considerations for the Future Development of Electrochemical Paper‐Based Analytical Devices
Authors: Paschoalino Waldemir J. , Kogikoski Sergio , Barragan José T. C. , Giarola Juliana F. , Cantelli Lory , Rabelo Thais M. , Pessanha Tatiana M. , Kubota Lauro T.
Published: July 2018

Meeting the current needs for easier, more precise and faster analyses that also follow the principles of green analytical chemistry requires novel analytical chemistry strategies. Since the appearance in this century of the first device based on a paper platform, many studies have been presented in the literature, providing a wide range of designs and possibilities for the application of paper platforms to electroanalytical systems. This Review gives an overview of the field and can pave the way for the future development of electrochemical paper‐based analytical devices. We also present a critical point of view regarding what has been investigated and developed and what is still missing. This Review discusses the efforts made in the field related to important topics such as the choice of the paper substrate, the device construction process, the characterization of the device, and applications in different areas. In this way, we indicate some steps necessary for optimizing the design of the devices, with a focus on multidisciplinary collaborations that could move entire systems from the bench of the laboratory to the field.
Electron Transfer between the Gram‐Positive Enterococcus faecalis Bacterium and Electrode Surface through Osmium Redox Polymers
Authors: Pankratova Galina , Szypulska Ewelina , Pankratov Dmitry , Leech Dónal , Gorton Lo
Published: July 2018

The interaction between microorganisms that contain thick cell walls, such as the Gram‐positive bacterium Enterococcus faecalis, and conductive surfaces can be improved by using redox polymers as mediators. Herein, we report a detailed electrochemical characterization of the communication between E. faecalis cells and a series of osmium redox polymers with different redox potentials. The current generated from glucose oxidation by films containing osmium redox polymers and E. faecalis cells increase over time (28 h), owing to a decrease in charge‐transfer resistance within the films, possibly owing to improved penetration of the redox polymer within the bacterial cell wall.
Structure and Catalyst Effects on the Electrochemical Performance of Air Electrodes in Lithium‐Oxygen Batteries
Authors: Li Liangyu , Chen Chunguang , Chen Xiang , Zhang Xiuhui , Huang Tao , Yu Aishui
Published: July 2018

The lack of systematic understanding of the effects of architecture and catalysts on the electrochemical performance of lithium‐oxygen (Li−O2) batteries hinders the rational design of air electrodes. In this work, we design and synthesize two honeycomb‐like carbon‐based architectures (HCC‐100 and HCC‐500) using a hard template method. With the same amount of Mo2C catalyst loading, the electrochemical performance is compared. At a current density of 100 uA m−2, the discharge capacity of HCC‐100@Mo2C is approximately four times higher than that of HCC‐500@Mo2C m−2. This is attributed to a higher surface area and wider mesopore distribution. Compared to HCC‐100, the material without catalyst loading, the HCC‐100@Mo2C electrode shows a considerable improvement in terms of discharge capacities, cycling stability and capacity retention. The stability of the electrode is tested with IR and SEM analysis after cycling. The SEM micrographs show that discharge products of HCC‐100@Mo2C tend to form on the catalytic site, while the discharge products of HCC‐100 tend to form a thicker layer which could lead to the increased impedance. The results of IR indicate less Li2CO3 by‐product formation with HCC‐100@Mo2C.
Domino Insertion–Coupling Synthesis of Solid‐State Luminescent Propynylidene Indolones
Authors: Schönhaber Jan , D'Souza Daniel M. , Glißmann Tobias , Mayer Bernhard , Janiak Christoph , Rominger Frank , Frank Walter , Müller Thomas J. J.
Published: July 2018

The compound class of 3‐arylpropynylidene indolones, key intermediates in consecutive three‐component syntheses of various indole‐based chromophores with peculiar emission characteristics, are readily synthesized by a domino insertion–coupling synthesis with an electronically diverse substitution pattern in moderate to excellent yields. The title compounds are formed in E/Z‐ratios from 100:0 to 0:100. Besides structure elucidation by NMR‐spectroscopy and X‐ray structure analysis, DFT calculations have been employed to rationalize the observed stereoselectivity. The photophysical properties of 3‐arylpropynylidene indolones are characterized by intense, tunable, solid‐state emission of N‐substituted derivatives as quantified for drop‐cast films. The electronic ground state structure was corroborated by DFT and TD‐DFT calculations, showing that gradient‐corrected exchange and correlation PBE (Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof) functionals can be successfully employed to correctly reproduce the observed absorption characteristics of merocyanine derivatives. The huge Stokes shifts strongly depend on the electronic substitution pattern as supported by Hammett–Taft correlations.
Highly Efficient Encapsulation and Phase Separation of Apolar Molecules by Magnetic Shell‐by‐Shell‐Coated Nanocarriers in Water
Authors: Luchs Tobias , Sarcletti Marco , Zeininger Lukas , Portilla Luis , Fischer Christian , Harder Sjoerd , Halik Marcus , Hirsch Andreas
Published: July 2018

We report on the development of a supramolecular nanocarrier concept that allows for the encapsulation and separation of small apolar molecules from water. The nanocarriers consist of shell‐by‐shell‐coated nanoparticles such as TiO2 and ferromagnetic Fe3O4. The first ligand shell is provided by covalently bound hexadecyl phosphonic acid (PAC16) and the second shell by noncovalently assembled amphiphiles rendering the hybrid architecture soluble in water. Agitation of these constructs with water containing the hydrocarbons G1–G4, the fluorescent marker G5, the polychlorinated biphenyl PCB 77, or crude oil leads to a very efficient uptake (up to 411 %) of the apolar contaminant. In case of the hybrids containing a Fe3O4 core, straightforward phase separation by the action of an external magnet is provided. The load can easily be released by a final treatment with an organic solvent.
Selective Synthesis of Tetrasubstituted Olefins by Copper‐Mediated Acetoxythiolation of Internal Alkynes: Scope and Mechanistic Studies
Authors: Villuendas Pedro , Ruiz Sara , Vidossich Pietro , Lledós Agustí , Urriolabeitia Esteban P.
Published: July 2018

The Cu‐mediated synthesis of tetrasubstituted olefins by the addition of an acetate group and a thiolate to an unactivated internal alkyne is described. The reaction is fully stereoselective, because only the E alkene is obtained. If the alkyne is asymmetric, the reaction also shows a very high degree of regioselectivity. The mechanism of the reaction is elucidated by DFT methods, which show that it takes place through Cu‐stabilized radical species. Calculations highlight the crucial role of the dimeric copper(II) diacetate in the process, as it generates the active species in which the sulfur center has an incipient thiyl radical character and accepting, through a series of changes in the oxidation states of the two copper centers, the two electrons released in the addition of two nucleophiles to the alkyne.
Thorium Oxo‐Clusters as Building Blocks for Open Frameworks
Authors: Falaise Clément , Kozma Karoly , Nyman May
Published: July 2018

Fundamental understanding of tetravalent actinide chemistry is essential to optimize many steps of the nuclear fuel cycle, as well as to predict actinide speciation in the environment. Herein, we report synthesis and structure of three open inorganic frameworks composed of Th4+‐oligomers and sulfate anions. The compounds [Th10O4(OH)8(SO4)12(H2O)18]⋅28 H2O (1), [Th9O4(OH)5(SO4)12(H2O)18]⋅ 1 TMA⋅18 H2O (2), and [Th8.5O4(OH)4(SO4)12(H2O)18]⋅2 TMA⋅n H2O (3) were obtained by slow evaporation of aqueous Th4+‐SO42− solutions, with variable SO42−:Th4+ ratios (SO42−:Th4+=1:1, 1.5:1 and 2:1 for 1, 2, and 3; TMA=tetramethylammonium). The structure of 1 features a neutral open framework architecture with two interpenetrating networks, built from Th6O4(OH)412+ hexamers and Th2(OH)26+ dimers, linked by sulfate anions. The complex anionic framework of 2 is built from hexamers, dimers, and monomers, with charge‐balancing TMA cations. Compound 3 is very similar to 2, but it is constructed only from hexamers and monomers. Small angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) of the reaction solutions reveals pre‐assembled hexamer building units in the presence of sulfate, and underlines the key role of the sulfate‐oxoanion ligand on thorium polymerization processes.
Real‐Time Imaging of Ultrafast Charge Dynamics in Tetrafluoromethane from Attosecond Pump‐Probe Photoelectron Spectroscopy
Authors: Plésiat Etienne , Lara‐Astiaso Manuel , Decleva Piero , Palacios Alicia , Martín Fernando
Published: July 2018

A pump‐probe experiment in the tetrafluoro‐methane (CF4) molecule has been theoretically simulated, allowing one to access electron dynamics in its natural time scale: the attosecond. The chosen pump and probe pulses can be currently produced in most attosecond laboratories. In this scheme, CF4 is first ionized by an extreme UV (XUV) attosecond pulse and the charge dynamics induced in the corresponding cation is probed with a few‐femtosecond visible light (VIS) pulse. We demonstrate that modulations in the calculated photoelectron spectra with the pump‐probe delay reflect the dynamics of the XUV‐induced electronic wave packet. In particular, from the analysis of these modulations in the interval of time delays where the pump and probe pulses do not overlap any more, one has access to the amplitudes and phases of the different components of the electronic wave packet generated by the attosecond pulse. These reflect a complex dynamics that basically consists of very fast charge fluctuations occurring all over the molecule without any preference for a particular molecular site.
Picturing the Membrane‐assisted Choreography of Cytochrome P450 with Lipid Nanodiscs
Authors: Barnaba Carlo , Ramamoorthy Ayyalusamy
Published: July 2018

Cytochrome P450, a family of monooxygenase enzymes, is organized as a catalytic metabolon, and requires enzymatic partners as well as environmental factors that tune its complex dynamic activity. P450 and its reducing counterparts are membrane‐bound proteins which are believed to dynamically interact to form functional complexes. Increasing experimental evidence signifies the role (s) of protein‐lipid interactions in P450’s catalytic function and efficiency. The challenges posed by the membrane have severely limited high‐resolution understanding of the molecular interfaces of these interactions. Nevertheless, recent NMR studies have provided piercing insights into the dynamic structural interactions that enable the function of P450. In this review, we will discuss different biomimetic approaches relevant to unveil molecular interplays at the membrane, focusing on our recent work on lipid‐nanodiscs. We also highlight the need to expand the use of nanodiscs, and the power of a combination of cutting‐edge solution and solid‐state NMR techniques, to study the dynamic structures of P450 as well as other membrane‐proteins.
Mechanical Cooperativity in DNA Cruciform Structures
Authors: Mandal Shankar , Selvam Sangeetha , Cui Yunxi , Hoque Mohammed Enamul , Mao Hanbin
Published: July 2018

Unlike short‐range chemical bonds that maintain chemical properties of a biological molecule, long‐range mechanical interactions determine mechanochemical properties of molecules. Limited by experimental approaches, however, direct quantification of such mechanical interactions is challenging. Using magneto‐optical tweezers, herein we found torque can change the topology and mechanochemical property of DNA cruciform, a naturally occurring structure consisting of two opposing hairpin arms. Both mechanical and thermodynamic stabilities of DNA cruciforms increase with positive torque, which have been attributed to the topological coupling between DNA template and the cruciform. The coupling exists simultaneously in both arms of a cruciform, which coordinates the folding and unfolding of the cruciform, leading to a mechanical cooperativity not observed previously. As DNA torque readily varies during transcriptions, our finding suggests that DNA cruciforms can modulate transcriptions by adjusting their properties according to the torque.
Common raven movement and space use: influence of anthropogenic subsidies within greater sage‐grouse nesting habitat
Authors: Harju Seth M. , Olson Chad V. , Hess Jennifer E. , Bedrosian Bryan
Published: July 2018

Common raven (Corvus corax; hereafter “raven”) populations have increased dramatically in the western United States in recent years. Ravens benefit from human resources and are known predators of other avian species. We developed a raven study to determine how primary (large‐scale, high food density, and temporally consistent) anthropogenic subsidies influenced raven movement and space use during the raven and greater sage‐grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) breeding season and within sagebrush habitat that is commonly used by greater sage‐grouse. We also examined how movement, space use, and anthropogenic subsidization differed among ravens in different breeding statuses. We hypothesized that breeding ravens would use small areas around their nest and that nonbreeding ravens would range widely in search of food. We expected that breeding ravens would frequently use anthropogenic structures and that both breeding and nonbreeding ravens would regularly visit primary point‐source subsidies (e.g., landfills and transfer stations). Twenty ravens were captured and GPS‐tagged between 2012 and 2014. We found that breeding ravens overwhelmingly built nests on anthropogenic structures (96–100%) and subsequently used small portions of the landscape intensively. Movement of nonbreeding ravens (distance average = 2783 m/h) and ravens who had failed nests (distance average = 1357 m/h) ranged widely. Breeding ravens visited highways and railroads inversely proportional to the distance between the nest and the nearest highway/railroad. Nonbreeding ravens regularly visited landfills and transfer stations, but breeding ravens did not (<0.1% of locations). We found that nonbreeding ravens travel widely to utilize primary point‐source subsidies, breeding ravens focus on areas near the nest, and ravens with failed nests switch to movement behaviors and space use similar to wide‐ranging nonbreeding ravens. These findings have implications for the management of ravens and anthropogenic subsidies in sagebrush landscapes to potentially reduce depredation of greater sage‐grouse nests.