bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bus travel time reliability analysis: a case study
Authors: Qu Xiaobo , Oh Erwin , Weng Jinxian , Jin Sheng
Published: May 2014

The travel time reliability of buses has become increasingly important for public transit companies. In this study, a novel approach is proposed to evaluate and analyse the travel time reliability of bus services provided by TransLink in Queensland, Australia. In view of their stochastic features, the two components of travel time – dwell time and driving time – are represented by discrete distributed and normally distributed random variables respectively. Accordingly, the travel time could be described by Gaussian mixture models. Based on the proposed model, impact analysis shows that bus line reliability would increase by around 15% if onboard top-up for ‘go cards' (electronic tickets) was not offered by TransLink. It was found that not providing this top-up method would not significantly harm the benefit of go card users, but it would substantially increase the total social benefit thanks to improved bus line reliability.
Causal models of electrically large and lossy dielectric bodies
Authors: Djordjevic Antonije , Olcan Dragan , Stojilovic Mirjana , Pavlovic Milos , Kolundzija Branko , Tosic Dejan
Published: May 2014

This paper presents a novel formula for the complex permittivity of lossy
dielectrics, which is valid in a broad frequency range and is ensuring a
causal impulse response in the time domain. The application of this formula
is demonstrated through the analysis of wet soil, where the coefficients of
the formula are tuned to match the measured data from the literature.
Additionally, an analytical expression for the impulse response of the
relative permittivity is derived. The influence of the frequency dependence
of the complex permittivity on the causality of responses is illustrated
through the analysis of 1-D, 2-D, and 3-D electromagnetic systems. Being the
most complex, the 3-D system is also used as a test bed for comparing the
computational limitations of two commercially available solvers, CST and
WIPL-D.
Why and how photovoltaics will provide cheapest electricity in the 21st century
Authors: Singh Rajendra , Alapatt Githin , Bedi Guneet
Published: May 2014

With the advent of solar panels and windmills, and our ability to generate
and use electrical energy locally without the need for long-range
transmission, the world is about to witness transformational changes in
energy infrastructure. The use of photovoltaics (PV) as source of direct
current (DC) power reduces the cost and improves the reliability of PV
system. DC microgrid and nanogrid based on PV and storage can provide
sustainable electric power to all human beings in equitable fashion. Bulk
volume manufacturing of batteries will lead to cost reduction in a manner
similar to the cost reduction experience of PV module manufacturing. Future
manufacturing innovations and R & D directions are discussed that can further
reduce the cost of PV system. If the current trends of PV growth continue, we
expect PV electricity cost with storage to reach $0.02 per kWh in the next
8-10 years.
Electrification of the vehicle propulsion system: An overview
Authors: Katic Vladimir , Dumnic Boris , Corba Zoltan , Milicevic Dragan
Published: May 2014

To achieve EU targets for 2020, internal combustion engine cars need to be
gradually replaced with hybrid or electric ones, which have low or zero GHG
emission. The paper presents a short overview of dynamic history of the
electric vehicles, which led to nowadays modern solutions. Different
possibilities for the electric power system realizations are described.
Electric vehicle (EV) operation is analyzed in more details. Market future of
EVs is discussed and plans for 2020, up to 2030 are presented. Other effects
of electrification of the vehicles are also analyzed.
Metal accumulation and tolerance of selected plants of asbestos tailings (Stragari)
Authors: Brankovic Snezana , Glisic Radmila , Djekic Vera , Marin Мarija
Published: May 2014

The aim of this study was to determine the concentrations of 11 metals in the
soil of asbestos tailings in Stragari, Serbia, and in the selected plant
species that grow on it, to determine the ability of the plant species in
accumulation and tolerance of researched metals. Concentrations of elements
researched in the soil had this order: Mg> Fe> Ca> Ni> Cr> Mn> Co> Zn> Pb>
Cu> Cd. Concentrations of the metals in plants was variable, dependent on
the plant species and types of metals, and graded in the order: Mg> Ca> Fe>
Ni> Mn> Cr> Zn> Co> Pb> Cu> Cd. The concentrations of Ni and Cr in the
investigated soil were above remediation values, as well as the maximum
allowable concentration of substances in the soil according to regulation of
Republic of Serbia, and the concentration of Cd and Co were above limit
values for a given metals in the soil. The metal uptake does not necessarily
correlate with metal content in the soil. Metal uptake by plants depends on
the bioavailability of the metal in soils, which in turn depends on the
retention time of the metal, as well as the interaction with other elements
and substances. However, the most Mg, Fe, Mn, Pb, Cd, Co and Cr were found
in species Sanguisorba minor, Ca and Cu in Eryngium serbicum, Ni in Alyssum
murale, and Zn in Euphorbia cyparissias. In the Euphorbia cyparissias, it
were determined the biological absorption coefficients greater than 1 for Zn
and Cu, and in the species Eryngium serbicum and Sanguisorba minor greater
than 2 for Cu. The results of this study emphasize the tolerance of several
metal by species Sanguisorba minor, present the ability of Euphorbia
cyparissias in accumulation of Zn and Cu, as well as of Eryngium serbicum
and Sanguisorba minor in accumulation of Cu. Obtained results present the
momentary picture of investigated locality, open a lot of questions
connected with relationships soil/plant, contents of elements in both
systems, their interactions and influences and represented the base for
further research.
On estimation of high quantiles for certain classes of distributions
Authors: Stanojevic Jelena
Published: May 2014

We investigate the rate of convergence of the direct-simulation estimator ?
?xp(n) of a large quantile xp of the Pareto and Gamma distributions. The
upper bound of the probability P{|?xp(n)- xp|>? is determined.
‘Let's Talk about the Books’: The Complexity of Book Discussions in a Multilingual Preschool Classroom
Authors: Fassler Rebekah
Published: May 2014

This sociolinguistic study explores complexities of supporting preschool emergent bilinguals' communicative competence in multilingual classrooms. These complexities were highlighted in the author's qualitative research of a three-month school—home literacy project in one Head Start classroom. This article investigates what supported the children's communicative competence in retellings during book discussions, and the strategies and challenges the teacher faced in trying to enact whole-class discussions that would enhance the learning of all the emergent bilinguals in the setting. In findings centering on the book discussions, it was documented how the teacher created a context for the children to participate in story-retellings supported by her use of consistent, predictable structures in interaction that featured open-ended questions and uptake of children's responses. Features of the setting for biliteracy development privileged or circumscribed children's ability to draw on personal linguistic and peer resources. This represented an ongoing challenge in enhancing the learning of all the emergent bilinguals in this classroom.
Orally Active Osteoanabolic Agent GTDF Binds to Adiponectin Receptors, With a Preference for AdipoR1, Induces Adiponectin-Associated Signaling, and Improves Metabolic Health in a Rodent Model of Diabetes
Authors: Singh Abhishek Kumar , Joharapurkar Amit Arvind , Khan Mohd. Parvez , Mishra Jay Sharan , Singh Nidhi , Yadav Manisha , Hossain Zakir , Khan Kainat , Kumar Sudhir , Dhanesha Nirav Anilkumar , Mishra Devendra Pratap , Maurya Rakesh , Sharma Sharad , Jain Mukul Rameshchandra , Trivedi Arun Kumar , Godbole Madan Madhav , Gayen Jiaur Rahaman , Chattopadhyay Naibedya , Sanyal Sabyasachi
Published: May 2014

Adiponectin is an adipocytokine that signals through plasma membrane–bound adiponectin receptors 1 and 2 (AdipoR1 and -2). Plasma adiponectin depletion is associated with type 2 diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases. Adiponectin therapy, however, is yet unavailable owing to its large size, complex multimerization, and functional differences of the multimers. We report discovery and characterization of 6-C-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(2S,3S)-(+)-5,7,3′,4′-tetrahydroxydihydroflavonol (GTDF) as an orally active adiponectin mimetic. GTDF interacted with both AdipoRs, with a preference for AdipoR1. It induced adiponectin-associated signaling and enhanced glucose uptake and fatty acid oxidation in vitro, which were augmented or abolished by AdipoR1 overexpression or silencing, respectively. GTDF improved metabolic health, characterized by elevated glucose clearance, β-cell survival, reduced steatohepatitis, browning of white adipose tissue, and improved lipid profile in an AdipoR1-expressing but not an AdipoR1-depleted strain of diabetic mice. The discovery of GTDF as an adiponectin mimetic provides a promising therapeutic tool for the treatment of metabolic diseases.
Recessive Mutations in PCBD1 Cause a New Type of Early-Onset Diabetes
Authors: Simaite Deimante , Kofent Julia , Gong Maolian , Rüschendorf Franz , Jia Shiqi , Arn Pamela , Bentler Kristi , Ellaway Carolyn , Kühnen Peter , Hoffmann Georg F. , Blau Nenad , Spagnoli Francesca M. , Hübner Norbert , Raile Klemens
Published: May 2014

Mutations in several genes cause nonautoimmune diabetes, but numerous patients still have unclear genetic defects, hampering our understanding of the development of the disease and preventing pathogenesis-oriented treatment. We used whole-genome sequencing with linkage analysis to study a consanguineous family with early-onset antibody-negative diabetes and identified a novel deletion in PCBD1 (pterin-4 α-carbinolamine dehydratase/dimerization cofactor of hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 α), a gene that was recently proposed as a likely cause of diabetes. A subsequent reevaluation of patients with mild neonatal hyperphenylalaninemia due to mutations in PCBD1 from the BIODEF database identified three additional patients who had developed HNF1A-like diabetes in puberty, indicating early β-cell failure. We found that Pcbd1 is expressed in the developing pancreas of both mouse and Xenopus embryos from early specification onward showing colocalization with insulin. Importantly, a morpholino-mediated knockdown in Xenopus revealed that pcbd1 activity is required for the proper establishment of early pancreatic fate within the endoderm. We provide the first genetic evidence that PCBD1 mutations can cause early-onset nonautoimmune diabetes with features similar to dominantly inherited HNF1A-diabetes. This condition responds to and can be treated with oral drugs instead of insulin, which is important clinical information for these patients. Finally, patients at risk can be detected through a newborn screening for phenylketonuria.
Positron Emission Tomography Ligand [11C]5-Hydroxy-Tryptophan Can Be Used as a Surrogate Marker for the Human Endocrine Pancreas
Authors: Eriksson Olof , Espes Daniel , Selvaraju Ram K. , Jansson Emma , Antoni Gunnar , Sörensen Jens , Lubberink Mark , Biglarnia Ali-Reza , Eriksson Jan W. , Sundin Anders , Ahlström Håkan , Eriksson Barbro , Johansson Lars , Carlsson Per-Ola , Korsgren Olle
Published: May 2014

In humans, a well-developed serotonin system is localized to the pancreatic islets while being absent in exocrine pancreas. Assessment of pancreatic serotonin biosynthesis could therefore be used to estimate the human endocrine pancreas. Proof of concept was tested in a prospective clinical trial by comparisons of type 1 diabetic (T1D) patients, with extensive reduction of β-cells, with healthy volunteers (HVs). C-peptide–negative (i.e., insulin-deficient) T1D subjects (n = 10) and HVs (n = 9) underwent dynamic positron emission tomography with the radiolabeled serotonin precursor [11C]5-hydroxy-tryptophan ([11C]5-HTP). A significant accumulation of [11C]5-HTP was obtained in the pancreas of the HVs, with large interindividual variation. A substantial and highly significant reduction (66%) in the pancreatic uptake of [11C]5-HTP in T1D subjects was observed, and this was most evident in the corpus and caudal regions of the pancreas where β-cells normally are the major constituent of the islets. [11C]5-HTP retention in the pancreas was reduced in T1D compared with nondiabetic subjects. Accumulation of [11C]5-HTP in the pancreas of both HVs and subjects with T1D was in agreement with previously reported morphological observations on the β-cell volume, implying that [11C]5-HTP retention is a useful noninvasive surrogate marker for the human endocrine pancreas.
Nardilysin-Dependent Proteolysis of Cell-Associated VTCN1 (B7-H4) Marks Type 1 Diabetes Development
Authors: Radichev Ilian A. , Maneva-Radicheva Lilia V. , Amatya Christina , Parker Camille , Ellefson Jacob , Wasserfall Clive , Atkinson Mark , Burn Paul , Savinov Alexei Y.
Published: May 2014

T-cell responses directed against insulin-secreting pancreatic β-cells are the key events highlighting type 1 diabetes (T1D). Therefore, a defective control of T-cell activation is thought to underlie T1D development. Recent studies implicated a B7-like negative costimulatory protein, V-set domain-containing T-cell activation inhibitor-1 (VTCN1), as a molecule capable of inhibiting T-cell activation and, potentially, an important constituent in experimental models of T1D. Here, we unravel a general deficiency within the VTCN1 pathway that is shared between diabetes-prone mice and a subset of T1D patients. Gradual loss of membrane-tethered VTCN1 from antigen-presenting cells combined with an increased release of soluble VTCN1 (sVTCN1) occurs in parallel to natural T1D development, potentiating hyperproliferation of diabetogenic T cells. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that the loss of membrane-tethered VTCN1 is linked to proteolytic cleavage mediated by the metalloproteinase nardilysin. The cleaved sVTCN1 fragment was detected at high levels in the peripheral blood of 53% T1D patients compared with only 9% of the healthy subjects. Elevated blood sVTCN1 levels appeared early in the disease progression and correlated with the aggressive pace of disease, highlighting the potential use of sVTCN1 as a new T1D biomarker, and identifying nardilysin as a potential therapeutic target.
A Randomized Withdrawal, Placebo-Controlled Study Evaluating the Efficacy and Tolerability of Tapentadol Extended Release in Patients With Chronic Painful Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy
Authors: Vinik Aaron I. , Shapiro Douglas Y. , Rauschkolb Christine , Lange Bernd , Karcher Keith , Pennett Deborah , Etropolski Mila S.
Published: May 2014

OBJECTIVE

This study evaluated the efficacy and tolerability of tapentadol extended release (ER) for the management of chronic pain associated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Adults with moderate to severe DPN pain were titrated to tapentadol ER 100–250 mg bid during a 3-week open-label period; patients with ≥1-point reduction in pain intensity (11-point numerical rating scale) at end of titration were randomized to receive placebo or tapentadol ER (optimal dose from titration) for 12 weeks (double-blind, fixed-dose maintenance phase). The primary end point was mean change in average pain intensity from the start to week 12 (last observation carried forward [LOCF]) of the double-blind maintenance phase.

RESULTS

A total of 358 patients completed the titration period; 318 patients (placebo, n = 152; tapentadol ER, n = 166) were randomized and received one or more doses of double-blind study medication. Mean (SD) pain intensity (observed case) was 7.33 (1.30) at the start and 4.16 (2.12) at week 3 of the open-label titration period (mean [SD] change, –3.22 [1.97]). The mean (SD) change in pain intensity (LOCF) from start of double-blind treatment to week 12 was as follows: placebo, 1.30 (2.43); tapentadol ER, 0.28 (2.04; least squares mean difference, –0.95 [95% CI –1.42 to –0.49]; P < 0.001). Treatment-emergent adverse events (≥10%) in the tapentadol ER group during the double-blind maintenance phase were nausea (21.1%) and vomiting (12.7%).

CONCLUSIONS

Tapentadol ER (100–250 mg bid) was effective and well tolerated for the management of moderate to severe chronic pain associated with DPN.
Insulin Analogs—Is There a Compelling Case to Use Them? No!
Authors: Davidson Mayer B.
Published: May 2014

The availability of insulin analogs has offered insulin replacement strategies that are proposed to more closely mimic normal human physiology. Specifically, there are a considerable number of reports demonstrating that prandial insulin analogs (lispro, aspart, glulisine) have pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles closer to normal, with resulting faster onset and offset of insulin effect when compared with regular human insulin. In addition, basal insulin analogs (glargine, detemir) have been reported to offer longer duration of action, less variability, more predictability, less hypoglycemia (especially nocturnal), and a favorable effect on weight. However, an argument against use of analog insulins as compared with use of regular or NPH insulin is one that states that the effectiveness and risk of hypoglycemia are the only two valid clinical outcomes that should be used to compare the analog and human insulins. Thus, there remains a debate in some circles that analog insulins are no more effective than human insulins, yet at a much higher financial cost. To provide an in-depth understanding of both sides of the argument, we provide a discussion of this topic as part of this two-part point-counterpoint narrative. In the counterpoint narrative presented here, Dr. Davidson provides his argument and defends his opinion that outside of a few exceptions, analog insulins provide no clinical benefit compared with human insulins but cost much more. In the preceding point narrative, Dr. Grunberger provides a defense of analog insulins and their value in clinical management and suggests that when evaluating the “cost” of therapy, a much more global assessment is needed.

—William T. Cefalu

Editor in Chief, Diabetes Care
The effect of MgSO4 addition and the increasing doses of calcium and phosphorus during ending drying period on the occurrence of hypocalcaemia and hypophosphataemia in dairy cows
Authors: Bodarski R. , Kinal S. , Preś J. , Słupczyńska M. , Twardoń J.
Published: May 2014

The aim of the presented study was the estimation of optimal Ca and P levels applied before calving together with anionic salt addition, as an element of hypocalcaemia and hypophosphataemia prevention. The experiment was carried out during the dry period on 48 cows with similar milk yield in the previous lactation. Cows were divided into four groups. In group I (control) the amount of minerals was in accordance to NRC standards. In experimental groups (groups II-IV), two weeks before calving, cows received 140 g/day/head of hydrated magnesium sulphate to achieve dietary cation- anion difference at the level of about 50 mEq/kg DM. In groups II and III cows received calcium carbonate (100 g/day) 10 days a.p. (antepartum) (group II), or 5 days a.p. (group III), while cows in IV group received dicalcium phosphate (100 g/day) for 5 days a.p. Application of MgSO4 × 7H2O significantly affected the urine pH of cows from group III and IV 4-5 d. before calving - 6.45 and 6.81, respectively. The acidification of urine was observed after calving in group IV (7.13). In cows from group II (100 CaCO3 10 days a.p.) urine pH decline was not found (7.97-7.75). In that group the incidences of hypophosphatemia were noted (blood serum inorganic P level 1.41-1.46 mmol/l). Addition of magnesium sulphate prevented hypocalcaemia occurrence - 4-5 d. before calving the concentration of ionized Ca in blood serum was 1.11, 1.13 and 1.16 mmol/l (respectively for group II, III and IV). Reproductive functions were significantly improved after the application of CaCO3 and CaHPO4 for 5 days a.p. in comparison with control and group II - progesterone concentration in the blood serum on the 45th day of lactation was 1.396 - 1.409 vs 0.799 - 0.401. The correlation between progesterone and inorganic P level in serum was almost significant. Based on the obtained results a treatment optimal in prevention of hypocalcaemia and hypophosphataemia is the application of 50 g CaCO3 and 50 g of CaHPO4 for the last 5 days of the dry period together with MgSO4 × 7H2O given for 14 days a.p.
Diurnal and seasonal changes in endogenous melatonin levels in the blood plasma in dogs
Authors: Zań R.S. , Roliński Z. , Kowalski C.J. , Bojarska-Junak A. , Madany J.
Published: May 2014

This paper describes research on the levels of endogenous melatonin (MLT) in the blood serum in dogs in different seasons (March, June, September, December) and at different times of day (11:00, 12:00, 23:00, 24:00 and 1:00), using immunoassay method. Blood samples were collected in the diurnal cycle, in consecutive seasons. The conducted studies show that MLT levels undergo clear changes in both the diurnal cycle, as well as in seasonal one in this species.
Semen quality assessments and their significance in reproductive technology
Authors: Kordan W. , Fraser L. , Wysocki P. , Strzeżek R. , Lecewicz M. , Mogielnicka-Brzozowska M. , Dziekońska A. , Soliwoda D. , Koziorowska-Gilun M.
Published: May 2014

Semen quality assessment methods are very important in predicting the fertilizing ability of persevered spermatozoa and to improve animal reproductive technology. This review discusses some of the current laboratory methods used for semen quality assessments, with references to their relevance in the evaluation of male fertility and semen preservation technologies. Semen quality assessment methods include sperm motility evaluations, analyzed with the computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA) system, and plasma membrane integrity evaluations using fluorescent stains, such as Hoechst 33258 (H33258), SYBR-14, propidium iodide (PI), ethidium homodimer (EthD) and 6-carboxyfluorescein diacetate (CFDA), and biochemical tests, such as the measurement of malondialdehyde (MDA) level. This review addresses the significance of specific fluorochromes and ATP measurements for the evaluation of the sperm mitochondrial status. Laboratory methods used for the evaluation of chromatin status, DNA integrity, and apoptotic changes in spermatozoa have been discussed. Special emphasis has been focused on the application of proteomic techniques, such as two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), for the identification of the properties and functions of seminal plasma proteins in order to define their role in the fertilization-related processes.
The Relationship Between History and Physical Examination Findings and the Outcome of Electrodiagnostic Testing in Patients With Sciatica Referred to Physical Therapy
Authors: Savage Nathan J. , Fritz Julie M. , Thackeray Anne
Published: May 2014

Study Design

Cross-sectional diagnostic accuracy study.

Objective

To investigate the relationship between history and physical examination findings and the outcome of electrodiagnostic testing in patients with sciatica referred to physical therapy.

Background

Electrodiagnostic testing is routinely used to evaluate patients with sciatica. Recent evidence suggests that the presence of radiculopathy identified with electrodiagnostic testing may predict better functional outcomes in these patients. While some patient history and physical examination findings have been shown to predict the presence of disc herniation or neurological insult, little is known about their relationship to the results of electrodiagnostic testing.

Methods

Electrodiagnostic testing was performed on 38 patients with sciatica who participated in a randomized trial that compared different physical therapy interventions. The diagnostic gold standard was the presence or absence of radiculopathy, based on the results of the needle electromyographic examination. Diagnostic sensitivity and specificity values were calculated, along with corresponding likelihood ratios, for select patient history and physical examination variables.

Results

No significant relationship was found between select patient history and physical examination findings, analyzed individually or in combination, and the outcome of electrodiagnostic testing. Diagnostic sensitivity values ranged from 0.03 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.00, 0.24) to a high of 0.95 (95% CI: 0.72, 0.99), and specificity values ranged from 0.10 (95% CI: 0.02, 0.34) to a high of 0.95 (95% CI: 0.72, 0.99). Positive likelihood ratios ranged from 0.15 (95% CI: 0.01, 2.87) to a high of 2.33 (95% CI: 0.71, 7.70), and negative likelihood ratios ranged from 2.00 (95% CI: 0.35, 11.48) to a low of 0.50 (95% CI: 0.03, 8.10).

Conclusion

In this investigation, the relationship between patient history and physical examination findings and the outcome of electrodiagnostic testing among patients with sciatica was not found to be statistically significant or clinically meaningful. However, given the small sample size and corresponding large CIs, these results should be considered with caution, recognizing that some of the history and physical examination variables may prove useful in future research. These findings suggest that electrodiagnostic testing is essential to identify the subgroup of patients with sciatica who have measurable nerve injury consistent with radiculopathy, which may be an important prognostic factor for recovery.

Level of Evidence

Diagnosis, level 3b-. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2014;44(7):508–517. Epub 22 May 2014. doi:10.2519/jospt.2014.5002
Effect of log loading on the performance of wood room
Authors: Isokangas Ari , Ala-Kaila Kari , Ohenoja Markku , Sorsa Aki , Leiviskä Kauko
Published: May 2014

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the log loading process of wood room, which is typically the first processing unit in pulp and paper mills. The aim is to improve the log loading process to obtain production with a constant log flow of well de-iced logs to the debarking drum. This way it is possible to reduce costs and enhance product quality. The research was carried out utilising a log loading simulator. The parameters of the simulation model were selected on the basis of process observations on a mill. The results indicate that it is essential to adjust the process and equipment parameters, raw material properties and truck loader operation together in order to reach the target capacity with minimum costs. Especially the speed of the infeed conveyor affects all performance criteria and should be selected carefully. In addition, wood yard logistics and raw material properties have a remarkable effect on the wood room performance. The results can be utilised in mills to allow the upper level control perform in a planned way so that small wood loss and good product quality can be obtained.
Obesity and economic environments
Authors: Sturm Roland , An Ruopeng
Published: May 2014

This review summarizes current understanding of economic factors during the obesity epidemic and dispels some widely held, but incorrect, beliefs. Rising obesity rates coincided with increases in leisure time (rather than increased work hours), increased fruit and vegetable availability (rather than a decline in healthier foods), and increased exercise uptake. As a share of disposable income, Americans now have the cheapest food available in history, which fueled the obesity epidemic. Weight gain was surprisingly similar across sociodemographic groups or geographic areas, rather than specific to some groups (at every point in time; however, there are clear disparities). It suggests that if one wants to understand the role of the environment in the obesity epidemic, one needs to understand changes over time affecting all groups, not differences between subgroups at a given time. Although economic and technological changes in the environment drove the obesity epidemic, the evidence for effective economic policies to prevent obesity remains limited. Taxes on foods with low nutritional value could nudge behavior toward healthier diets, as could subsidies/discounts for healthier foods. However, even a large price change for healthy foods could close only part of the gap between dietary guidelines and actual food consumption. Political support has been lacking for even moderate price interventions in the United States and this may continue until the role of environmental factors is accepted more widely. As opinion leaders, clinicians play an important role in shaping the understanding of the causes of obesity. CA Cancer J Clin 2014;64:337–350. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Le rôle de l'emploi industriel dans la croissance d'Amiens et Saint-Quentin de 1962 à 1975
Authors: Oudart Paul
Published: May 2014

Résumé. - L'emploi salarié industriel a crû beaucoup plus vite que la population des agglomérations urbaines d'Amiens et Saint-Quentin dans la période 1962-1968 et dans la période 1968-1975. La corrélation est bonne entre les deux phénomènes. Cependant l'auteur constate :

1. Malgré la croissance de l'emploi industriel, la population connaît un taux d'augmentation inférieur à celui qu'il est possible de calculer à partir de celle-ci ;

2. La croissance de l'emploi industriel ne suffit pas à donner un emploi à l'ensemble de la génération de jeunes travailleurs nés dans ces villes de 1945 à 1958, sauf pour Amiens entre 1962 et 1968.

L'auteur conclut : il y a une régression de l'immigration ouvrière, avec, corrélativement une « rurbanisation » et une augmentation des migrations alternantes. Cela pourrait s'expliquer par le coût des loyers, le mauvais état des vieilles habitations et les petits logements des nouveaux immeubles collectifs.
La « moraine de névé » du Lautaret : nouvelle interprétation
Authors: Francou Bernard
Published: May 2014

Résumé. - L'objet de cette note est l'analyse d'une des formes les plus répandues dans les massifs des Alpes internes au niveau des étages alpin et périglaciaire, celle connue sous le nom de « moraine de névé ». Ce type d'accumulation a été souvent signalé, en particulier dans les récentes éditions des cartes géologiques des Alpes Briançonnaises, mais n'a jamais donné lieu à des études systématiques. L'examen de ces « pseudomoraines », notamment celle, typique, du Col du Lautaret, m'a convaincu que les explications morphologiques classiques sont insuffisantes, voire erronées. Je pense que l'étude de telles formes peut contribuer à une meilleure connaissance des éboulis de l'étage péri-glaciaire dont l'originalité doit être soulignée et également à une plus grande compréhension de la dynamique des glaciers rocheux qui leur sont associés.
Le pays de Montreuil : étude régionale
Authors: Renard Jean-Pierre
Published: May 2014

Abstract. Thanks to factor analysis we may distinguish eight subdivisions in the territory of Montreuil (Artois-Picardy) and emphasize the acting part of Hesdin and Le Touquet as directing centers.
A propos des secteurs d'activité en géographie économique
Authors: Saindon Jacques
Published: May 2014

Résumé. Il est impossible d'accepter la subdivision des secteurs économiques que propose M. Sanguin (Bulletin A.G.F. n° 438), en particulier parce qu'elle n'est pas adaptable à la classification de l'I.N.S.E.E., pourtant seule base concrète de recherche en France.
Le contact Highlands-Lowlands dans le Sud de Ceylan
Authors: Louchet André
Published: May 2014

Le contact Highlands-Lowlands se fait dans le Sud de Ceylan par deux marches d'escalier : le rebord principal (The Great Southern Wall) présente un abrupt de 1 300 m, tandis qu'une seconde marche entre en contact avec la pédiplaine gneissique des Lowlands par un escarpement de 350 m. Les anciens auteurs (Adams, Wadia) distinguaient dans l'île des niveaux d'érosion réguliers. Ces niveaux existent mais leur datation est difficile. Ce sont sans doute des surfaces d'érosion polygéniques. La structure - et en particulier l'opposition des séries des Highlands, des Charnockites, et des Lowlands - reste fondamentale dans l'individualisation des reliefs. Cependant, alors que l'érosion différentielle joue un rôle essentiel dans l'ensemble de l'île, elle ne semble avoir ici qu'une incidence limitée. En effet une tectonique particulièrement vigoureuse semble avoir affecté l'île au Tertiaire.
La flexibilité de la production de blé aux Etats-Unis
Authors: Charvet Jean-paul
Published: May 2014

The movement of the main wheat growing area towards the semi arid regions of the Great Plains favoured the cyclic evolution of that production. The strong increase of the prices since 1973 led to a new development of the planted acreages. The location analysis of the areas where were noticed the strongest progressions shows that they are often characterized by irregular precipitations from year to year and by dangers of soil erosion. The mobilization of marginal lands leads to revise some current opinions about the US production of wheat.
Rapport de synthèse
Authors: Damais Jean-Philippe
Published: May 2014

Résumé. - Loin d'être indifférents aux problèmes sociaux, les plans d'urbanisation accentuent volontairement la ségrégation car ils ont des intentions de production économique plus que de bien-être social. Pour échapper au zonage les Catégories favorisées fuient parfois vers la périphérie (Allemagne, Pays-Bas), à moins qu'elles ne reconquièrent le centre paupérisé (France).
L'Ardenne belge et l'Ardenne française dans la politique agricole de la C.E.E
Authors: Bérenguer Jeanne
Published: May 2014

Abstract. - The E.E.C., in its policy of assistance to agriculture in the unfavored regions, has not included the French primary Ardennes, as opposed to the neighbouring regions of the Ardennes and Eifel, in Belgium, Luxembourg and Germany. If apparently the French Ardennes do not meet all the required criteria, they have significant similarities with the Belgian Ardennes : soils and climate, population density in the rural areas, evolution of agricultural structures. The suppression of economic frontiers would mean that a homogeneous policy covering the whole of the « massif » would give every agricultural producer an equal opportunity.
Physiographie du Deccan, au sud de la « trouée » de Palghat
Authors: Demangeot Jean
Published: May 2014

Résumé. - Au sud de Palghât les collines du Kerala ont été plus disloquées qu'au nord, de telle sorte que les cuirasses pliocenes n'ont pas été conservées. La plaine du Tamilnad, au contraire, ne possède pas de « plateaux rouges », sans doute parce qu'elle n'a pas été autant relevée. Les hautes terres centrales (Anamalai, Palni, Cardamomes) ont les mêmes éléments morphologiques que les Nilghiri (hautes collines convexes, failles bordières composites) sauf qu'elles ne montrent pas de surface d'aplanissement : les paysages sont donc sensiblement différents.
Reliefs dissymétriques et dômes rocheux nus dans la zone tropicale humide (Asymetrical relieves and barren rock domes in the wet tropical zone)
Authors: Petit Michel
Published: May 2014

Résumé. Dans les reliefs dissymétriques on peut distinguer des paysages ouverts à volumes rythmiques, et des paysages fermés faits de piliers et de lames. Dans la catégorie « dômes rocheux », on remarque des dômes de massifs circonscrits, des dômes structuraux str.s., des dômes-crêts, des dômes de rupture de pente. La répartition des types semble liée à l'ancienneté des structures.
Sur divers reliefs résiduels d'Afrique et de Ceylan (Upon some african and ceylonese residual relieves)
Authors: Birot Pierre
Published: May 2014

Abstract. - In the High Volta Republic residual hills fall in with pegmatitic outcrops (M. Mietton). In Ceylon the inselbergs are made either of hard rocks (charnockite) or of the less cracked ones (M. Louchet). In the south-african Bushveld, the unequal sensivity to weathering of the mafic and ultra-mafic rocks is puzzling : differencial erosion is probably indépendant from the mineralogical composition ; and the sedimentary-type textures (with respect to the process of crystal accumulation) and the permeability may provide a more satisfactory explanation of the scarp features (« cuestas ») which expresses the « rhythmic layering » in the scenery (M. Lageat).
Les reliefs résiduels (Residual relieves)
Authors: Dresch Jean
Published: May 2014

Résumé. - Les différents types de reliefs résiduels sont analysés dans leurs rapports avec les surfaces sur lequelles ils reposent : témoins de surfaces étagées, limitées par des escarpements ou surfaces de dégradation, diversement interprétées, reliefs mis en valeur au cours d'aplanissements successifs ou exhumés par ablation des altérites, au cours de périodes sèches succédant à des périodes humides. Le rôle de la structure est, dans tous les cas, important
Approche expérimentale de l'incidence de la fiscalité sur l'offre de travail : une étude comparative des systèmes d'imposition
Authors: Montmarquette Claude , Masclet David
Published: May 2014

Si la fiscalité est indispensable pour assurer le bon fonctionnement de l’État, elle peut toutefois faire peser un certain nombre de menaces sur les performances de l’économie et, dans une certaine mesure, décourager l’offre de travail des individus. L’enjeu de cet article est de savoir si l’incidence fiscale sur l’offre de travail et sur les rentrées fiscales est identique selon le système d’imposition en vigueur. Ainsi, un système progressif décourage-t-il davantage l’offre de travail qu’un système proportionnel ? Quel système de taxation permet à l’État de remplir au mieux son rôle redistributif ? Afin de répondre à ces questions, l’approche mobilisée est l’économie expérimentale. Trois traitements ont été réalisés. Dans un premier traitement, les participants doivent réaliser un effort réel sous un système d'imposition proportionnel. Dans un second traitement, le système d’imposition en vigueur est un système progressif. Enfin dans un troisième traitement, les participants sont confrontés successivement à plusieurs systèmes d’imposition. Ce dernier traitement permet d’étudier l’incidence de changement de système sur les décisions individuelles. Nos résultats expérimentaux montrent, sans aucune ambiguïté, que les effets désincitatifs sur l’offre de travail sont plus importants sous un système progressif que sous un système proportionnel. Enfin, un autre résultat intéressant de notre étude est que les individus ne sont pas uniquement influencés par leur propre système fiscal mais également par leurs expériences fiscales précédentes.
Le modèle d'équilibre général de la « Nouvelle synthèse » : quelles hypothèses retenir ?
Authors: Sahuc Jean-Guillaume , Moyen Stéphane
Published: May 2014

This article has a twofold purpose. First, it describes the general-equilibrium model of the “ new synthesis ,” which has rapidly become a true benchmark for macroeconomic analysis in areas such as economic-policy simulation and inflation forecasting. Second, it seeks to identify the contribution of nominal and real rigidities to the good performance of this type of model, using the marginal-likelihood criterion and the inspection of moments of order two. The main results are as follows : (1) the combination of rigid and indexed prices and rigid wages is essential to the quality of the model’s fit to the data ; (2) the only hypotheses needed are habit formation for consumption and adjustment costs for investment, the second hypothesis being crucial for reproducing real and nominal dynamics ; (3) by introducing strategic complementarity, we can obtain a degree of nominal rigidity closer to that observed on macroeconomic data.
Fluctuations internationales et dynamique du taux de change
Authors: Sopraseuth Thepthida , Hairault Jean-Olivier
Published: May 2014

Cet article propose une revue de la littérature des MEGIS en économie ouverte. Le MEGIS international de base est incapable de rendre compte de la synchronisation cyclique des PIB observée dans les données, de la faible corrélation croisée des consommations et des fortes variations du taux de change. Ces énigmes empiriques ont donné lieu à une suite d’enrichissements théoriques visant à rendre ces modèles plus conformes aux données. La contribution d’Obstfeld et Rogoff (1995) s’impose comme un modèle de référence car offrant des fondements microéconomiques à une cadre keynésien en économie ouverte. Les travaux récents tentent de dépasser le modèle néo-keynésien en intégrant des éléments provenant des théories du commerce international ou de choix de portefeuille.
Équilibre général stochastique et dynamique non-walrasienne du marché du travail
Authors: Langot François , Chéron Arnaud
Published: May 2014

This article seeks to assess the contribution of a non-Walrasian model of the labor market to an analysis of economic dynamics. We begin by discussing our model’s capacity to reproduce a labor volatility comparable to that of GDP , a lesser volatility of real wages, and the acyclical behavior of real wages. We show that the real rigidities introduced by the matching process, combined with a particular specification of bargained wages, enable us to make a wholly satisfactory description of these observed labor-market properties. After this empirical validation, we use the model to quantify the impact of a policy to combat unemployment. We examine the introduction of hiring subsidies to firms. We show that a labor tax has a lower social cost than a capital-tax adjustment as a means of financing this measure.
La mobilité géographique des jeunes ouvriers et employés est-elle rentable ?
Authors: Magrini Marie-Benoît , Lemistre Philippe
Published: May 2014

Cet article est centré sur le début de carrière des employés et ouvriers. Il s’agit essentiellement d’identifier le rôle de la mobilité géographique dans l’insertion professionnelle des jeunes, occupant des professions « employé » et « ouvrier », trois ans après leur sortie du système éducatif. La mobilité spatiale est appréhendée conjointement comme un changement de Zone d’Emploi et la distance parcourue. Si la plupart des analyses précédemment menées sur les migrations ont retenu une échelle régionale ou départementale, fondée sur un découpage administratif, l’échelle des ZE offre, à l’inverse, une pertinence d’analyse économique plus forte pour étudier les mobilités géographiques. Les différentes procédures d’estimations proposées conduisent à un gain salarial significatif de la distance parcourue pour ces catégories.
Sélectivité et égalité des chances dans l’allocation de l’aide internationale. Une analyse de la dernière décennie
Authors: Naudet Jean-David , Cogneau Denis , Chauvet Lisa
Published: May 2014

In this paper, we compare effective aid allocation with two normative allocations aimed at optimally reducing poverty : one based on efficiency and selectivity (Collier and Dollar, 2001) and another based on equality of opportunity (Cogneau and Naudet, 2007). Over the 1996-2004 period, effective aid allocation is shown to be more correlated with an equal-opportunity allocation. Econometric analysis of the respective influence of determinants characterizing the two optimal allocations confirms that effective aid allocation is closer to the one based on equality of opportunity, even though some differences appear between donors when examined separately.
Libéralisation commerciale, croissance et pauvreté au Sénégal : une analyse à l’aide d’un MEGC microsimulé dynamique
Authors: Decaluwé Bernard , Cockburn John , Cissé Fatou , Annabi Nabil
Published: May 2014

Un modèle d’équilibre général microsimulé dynamique est utilisé pour étudier les effets potentiels de l’élimination complète des tarifs douaniers sur la pauvreté et l’inégalité au Sénégal. Le modèle est calibré à l’aide d’une matrice de comptabilité sociale de 1996 et d’une enquête auprès de 3278 ménages de 1995. Les résultats indiquent une baisse du bien-être et une augmentation de la pauvreté à court terme. A long terme, les effets de croissance captés par le modèle entraînent une expansion des secteurs de l’industrie et des services, et une diminution importante de la pauvreté. Toutefois, la décomposition des résultats montre que la contribution de la redistribution à l’allégement de la pauvreté est négative.
Inhibition of Tumor Angiogenesis by Interferon-γ by Suppression of Tumor-Associated Macrophage Differentiation
Authors: Sun Tao , Yang Ye , Luo Xiaoguang , Cheng Ying , Zhang Mingyu , Wang Kun , Ge Chunlin
Published: May 2014

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) differentiate from monocytes and are the M2-polarized macrophages in most human tumors, secreting generous vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to promote angiogenesis. Although it has been shown in vitro that interferon-γ (IFN-γ) can inhibit monocytes differentiating to M2 macrophages in the tumor microenvironment and switch TAMs from M2 into M1, suppressing the ability of secreting VEGF, its effects on TAMs in vivo remains unknown. Here we tried to examine the effects of IFN-γ on the recruitment of monocyte/macrophage differentiation of TAMs and tumor angiogenesis in vivo. We built a gallbladder cancer model by inoculating subcutaneously the human gallbladder cancer cell line (GBC-SD) into BALB/C nude mice and injected the recombinant mouse IFN-γ intratumorally. We found that in the IFN-γ group, the number of monocytes/macrophages was significantly higher than that in the control group (p< 0.01), and TAM differentiation rate, which we defined as the number of TAMs / the number of monocytes/macrophages × 100%, mice-VEGF concentration, and microvessels density (MVD) were significantly lower than those in the control group (p< 0.01,p< 0.05, andp< 0.01). Our results suggest that IFN-γ can induce monocytes/macrophages recruiting into the tumor microenvironment, but inhibit them, differentiating to TAMs in vivo, which may reduce the concentration of VEGF and angiogenesis in tumor.
Clove Extract Inhibits Tumor Growth and Promotes Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis
Authors: Liu Haizhou , Schmitz John C. , Wei Jianteng , Cao Shousong , Beumer Jan H. , Strychor Sandra , Cheng Linyou , Liu Ming , Wang Cuicui , Wu Ning , Zhao Xiangzhong , Zhang Yuyan , Liao Joshua , Chu Edward , Lin Xiukun
Published: May 2014

Cloves (Syzygium aromaticum) have been used as a traditional Chinese medicinal herb for thousands of years. Cloves possess antiseptic, antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral properties, but their potential anticancer activity remains unknown. In this study, we investigated
the in vitro and in vivo antitumor effects and biological mechanisms of ethyl acetate extract of cloves (EAEC) and the potential bioactive components responsible for its antitumor activity. The effects of EAEC on cell growth, cell cycle distribution, and apoptosis were investigated using human
cancer cell lines. The molecular changes associated with the effects of EAEC were analyzed by Western blot and (qRT)-PCR analysis. The in vivo effect of EAEC and its bioactive component was investigated using the HT-29 tumor xenograft model. We identified oleanolic acid (OA) as one of the
components of EAEC responsible for its antitumor activity. Both EAEC and OA display cytotoxicity against several human cancer cell lines. Interestingly, EAEC was superior to OA and the chemotherapeutic agent 5-fluorouracil at suppressing growth of colon tumor xenografts. EAEC promoted G0/G1
cell cycle arrest and induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment with EAEC and OA selectively increased protein expression of p21WAF1/Cip1 and γ-H2AX and downregulated expression of cell cycle-regulated proteins. Moreover, many of these changes were at the mRNA
level, suggesting transcriptional regulation by EAEC treatment. Our results demonstrate that clove extract may represent a novel therapeutic herb for the treatment of colorectal cancer, and OA appears to be one of the bioactive components.