bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel [3 + 2] Dipolar Cycloaddition Approach to Hexahydrobenzofuro[3,2‐b]pyrroles.
Authors: Kim Ikyon , Na Hee‐Kyung , Kim Kyung Ran , Kim Sun Gi , Lee Ge Hyeong
Published: November 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Ambivalent Nucleophilicity of 1,4,5‐Trisubstituted Imidazole‐2‐thiones (I) in Reactions with Dimethyl Acetylenedicarboxylate and Phenylisocyanate.
Authors: Mloston G. , Gendek T. , Linden A. , Heimgartner H.
Published: November 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Generation of 9H‐Furo[3,2‐b]chromen‐9‐ones from (E)‐3‐Hydroxy‐2‐styrylchromones by Excited State Intramolecular Proton Transfer.
Authors: Berar Surinder , Berar Urmila , Gupta Satish C. , Kamboj Ramesh C.
Published: November 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Novel 3‐Oxopiperidin‐2‐ones from Methyl 2‐Alkoxy‐5‐amino‐2‐pentenoates.
Authors: Dejaegher Yves , D'hooghe Matthias , De Kimpe Norbert
Published: November 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Versatile Three‐Component Coupling for the Synthesis of Pyrazolopyridines and Other Pyrido‐Fused Systems.
Authors: Almansa Carmen , Virgili Marina , Carceller Elena , Grima‐Poveda Pedro
Published: November 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Tuning of Chemo‐ and Regioselectivities in Multicomponent Condensations of 5‐Aminopyrazoles, Dimedone, and Aldehydes.
Authors: Chebanov Valentin A. , Saraev Vyacheslav E. , Desenko Sergey M. , Chernenko Vitaliy N. , Knyazeva Irina V. , Groth Ulrich , Glasnov Toma N. , Kappe C. Oliver
Published: November 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Tandem Reactions of 1,3‐Diacid Chlorides with 2‐Methylimidazoline and 2‐Methyl‐1,4,5,6‐tetrahydropyrimidine: One‐Pot Synthesis of 1,8‐Naphthyridinetetraones
Authors: Ye Guozhong , Zhou Aihua , Henry William P. , Song Yingquan , Chatterjee Sabornie , Beard Debbie J. , Pittman Charles U. Jr.
Published: November 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Divergent Pd‐Catalyzed and Radical Cyclizations of Nucleophilic Cyclic Enamines Derived from Functionalized Amine and Aldehyde Fragments.
Authors: Aurrecoechea Jose M. , Coy Carlos A. , Patino Oscar J.
Published: November 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Benzo[g]quinoline‐5,10‐diones
Authors: Kolodina E. A. , Lebedeva N. I. , Shvartsberg M. S.
Published: November 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Facile Synthesis of Imidazo[1,5‐b]pyridazines from 3‐Formylchromones.
Authors: Plaskon Andrey S. , Ryabukhin Sergey V. , Volochnyuk Dmitriy M. , Shivanyuk Alexander N. , Tolmachev Andrey A.
Published: November 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antiallergy Activity of 2‐Aryl‐5‐aroylmethylimidazo[1,2‐a]quinoxalin‐4‐one (IV).
Authors: Hariharakrishnan V. S. , Hariprasad Kodali , Rao B. V. , Singh A. N.
Published: November 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis of 2‐Anilinopyrimido[4,5‐e][1,3,4]thiadiazines.
Authors: Bakavoli Mehdi , Rahimizadeh Mohammad , Shiri Ali , Eshghi Hossein , Nickpour Mohsen
Published: November 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A New ent‐Abietane Diterpenoid from Isodon macrophyllus
Authors: Chen Zheng Yue , Qiu Pei Yong , Wang Yong Xue , Bai Su Ping , Yan Fu Lin , Zhang Ji Xia , Sun Han Dong
Published: November 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Two New Diterpenoids from Rabdosia japonica var. glaucocalyx
Authors: Xiang Zhao Bao , Xu Yi Xin , Shen Yang , Jin Li , Wang Hou Peng , Chen Hai Sheng
Published: November 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: New Method for the Synthesis of (3R,7R)‐Hexahydrofarnesyl Bromide (IV) Based on the Microwave‐Activated Regioselective Enolization of Homochiral Phytone (I).
Authors: Mallyabaeva M. I. , Spivak A. Yu. , Tyumkina T. V. , Knyshenko O. V. , Odinokov V. N.
Published: November 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Nortriterpenes from Phlomis umbrosa.
Authors: Liu Pu , Yao Zhi , Zhang Wen , Takaishi Yoshihisa , Duan Hong‐Quan
Published: November 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and in vivo Evaluation of 11‐Substituted Estradiol Derivatives as anti‐Implantation Agents.
Authors: Dwivedy Indra , Gupta Atul , Grover Arvinder , Srivastava Vandana , Singh Man Mohan , Ray Suprabhat
Published: November 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Synthesis of (R)‐(+)‐ and (S)‐(‐)‐Higenamine and Their Analogues with Effects on Platelet Aggregation and Experimental Animal Model of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation.
Authors: Pyo Mi Kyung , Lee Duck‐Hyung , Kim Doo‐Hyun , Lee Ji‐Hye , Moon Jong‐Cheon , Chang Ki Churl , Yun‐Choi Hye Sook
Published: November 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: In situ XRD Studies on Al—Ni and Al—Ni—Sr Alloys Prepared by Rapid Solidification
Authors: Saksl K. , Vojtech D. , Durisin J.
Published: November 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Relevance of Shape and Size of Au55 Clusters
Authors: Schmid Guenter
Published: November 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Target‐Aimed Synthesis of Anion‐Deficient Perovskites
Authors: Antipov Evgeny V. , Abakumov Artem M. , Istomin Sergey Ya.
Published: November 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Transition‐Metal Oxides with Triangular Lattices. Generation of New Magnetic and Electronic Properties
Authors: Maignan A. , Kobayashi W. , Hebert S. , Martinet G. , Pelloquin D. , Bellido N. , Simon Ch.
Published: November 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Crystal Chemistry of Oxoosmates
Authors: Mueller‐Buschbaum Hanskarl
Published: November 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Solid‐Phase Organometallic Chemistry
Authors: Ljungdahl Natalie , Bromfield Karen , Kann Nina
Published: November 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Alk‐2‐enoic Acid Esters
Authors: Vanderwal C. D. , Jacobsen E. N.
Published: November 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: 2‐Aminoalkanoic Acid Esters (α‐Amino Acid Esters)
Authors: Garbaccio R. M. , Wolkenberg S. E.
Published: November 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Design of Potent Aspartic Protease Inhibitors to Treat Various Diseases
Authors: Nguyen Jeffrey‐Tri , Hamada Yoshio , Kimura Tooru , Kiso Yoshiaki
Published: November 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Application of Solid Ash Based Catalysts in Heterogeneous Catalysis
Authors: Wang Shaobin
Published: November 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Nramp1‐functionality increases iNOS expression via repression of IL‐10 formation
Authors: Fritsche Gernot , Nairz Manfred , Werner Ernst R. , Barton Howard C. , Weiss Günter
Published: November 2008

In mice, resistance to certain intracellular microbes depends on the expression of a late phagosomal protein termed natural‐resistance associated macrophage protein 1 (Nramp1, Slc11a1). Nramp1‐functionality is associated with alterations of cellular iron homeostasis and a sustained pro‐inflammatory immune response, including the formation of the antimicrobial effector molecule NO. To investigate the underlying mechanism we used RAW‐264.7 murine macrophage cells stably transfected with a functional Nramp1 allele (RAW‐37) or Nramp1 non‐functional controls (RAW‐21). We found that the production of and signalling by the anti‐inflammatory cytokine IL‐10 was significantly enhanced in macrophages lacking functional Nramp1. Upon infection of macrophages with Salmonella typhimurium pathogen survival was significantly better in RAW‐21 than in RAW‐37, which inversely correlated to NO and TNF‐α formation. Addition of a neutralising anti‐IL‐10 antibody to RAW‐21 cells led to a significantly reduced survival of S. typhimurium within these cells and enhanced formation of NO and TNF‐α reaching levels comparable to that observed in cells bearing functional Nramp1. Oppositely, supplementation of iron to RAW‐21 cells further increased IL‐10 formation.

Thus, Nramp1 mediates effective host defence in part via suppression of excessive IL‐10 production which may relate to Nramp1‐mediated reduction of cellular iron pools, thus strengthening antimicrobial effector mechanisms.
Endothelial Src kinase regulates membrane recycling from the lateral border recycling compartment during leukocyte transendothelial migration
Authors: Dasgupta Bidisha , Muller William A.
Published: November 2008

When leukocytes cross endothelial cells during the inflammatory response, membrane from the recently described lateral border recycling compartment (LBRC) is selectively targeted around diapedesing leukocytes. This “targeted recycling” is critical for leukocyte transendothelial migration. Blocking homophilic PECAM interactions between leukocytes and endothelial cells blocks targeted recycling from the LBRC and blocks diapedesis. However, the cellular signaling pathways that trigger targeted recycling are not known. We show that targeted recycling from the LBRC is dependent on Src kinase. The selective Src kinase inhibitor PP2 blocked targeted recycling and blocked diapedesis by over 70%. However, Src kinase inhibition did not affect the structure or normal constitutive recycling of membrane from the LBRC in the absence of leukocytes. PECAM, a Src kinase substrate, traffics between the LBRC and the endothelial surface at the cell border. However, virtually all of the PECAM in the cell that was phosphorylated on tyrosine residues was found in the LBRC. These findings demonstrate that Src kinase activity is critical for the targeted recycling of membrane from the LBRC to the site of transendothelial migration and that the PECAM in the LBRC is qualitatively different from the PECAM on the surface of endothelial cells.
Estimation on the intramolecular 10‐membered ring NH···OC hydrogen‐bonding energies in glycine and alanine peptides
Authors: Zhang Yan , Wang Chang‐Sheng
Published: November 2008

Computation of accurate intramolecular hydrogen‐bonding energies for peptides is of great importance in understanding the conformational stabilities of peptides and developing a more accurate force field for proteins. We have proposed a method to determine the intramolecular seven‐membered ring NH···OC hydrogen‐bonding energies in glycine and alanine peptides. In this article, the method is further applied to evaluate the intramolecular 10‐membered ring NH···OC hydrogen‐bonding energies in peptides. The optimal structures of the intramolecular 10‐membered ring NH···OC hydrogen bonds in glycine and alanine tripetide molecules are obtained at the MP2 level with 6‐31G(d), 6‐31G(d,p), and 6‐31+G(d,p) basis sets. The intramolecular 10‐membered ring NH···OC hydrogen‐bonding energies are then evaluated based on our method at the MP2/6‐311+ +G(3df,2p) level with basis set superposition error correction. The intramolecular 10‐membered ring NH···OC hydrogen‐bonding energies are calculated to be in the range of −6.84 to −7.66, −4.44 to −4.98, and −6.95 to −7.88 kcal/mol. The method is also applied to estimate the individual intermolecular hydrogen‐bonding energies in the dimers of amino‐acetaldehyde, 2‐amino‐acetamide, formamide, and oxalamide, each dimer having two identical intermolecular hydrogen bonds. According to our method, the individual intermolecular hydrogen‐bonding energies in the four dimers are calculated to be −1.77, −1.67, −6.35, and −4.82 kcal/mol at the MP2/6‐311+ +G(d,p) level, which are in good agreement with the values of −1.84, −1.72, −6.23, and −4.93 kcal/mol predicted by the supermolecular method. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2009
Airway dimensions in bronchopulmonary dysplasia: Implications for airflow obstruction
Authors: Tiddens Harm A.W.M. , Hofhuis Ward , Casotti Valeria , Hop Wim C. , Hulsmann Anthon R. , de Jongste Johan C.
Published: November 2008

The cause of lung function abnormalities in bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is incompletely understood, even in the “new era” of this disease. Altered airway wall dimensions are important in the pathogenesis of airflow obstruction in diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Whether airway wall dimensions contribute to lung function abnormalities in BPD is unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate airway wall dimensions in relation to airway size in BPD. Lung tissue of patients with BPD was obtained at autopsy, and lung tissue from children who died from sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) served as control. Airway wall dimensions and epithelial loss were measured in 75 airways from 5 BPD patients and 176 airways from 11 SIDS patients. Repeated measures analysis of variance was used to assess the relationships between airway wall dimensions and airway size for BPD and SIDS patients. Little epithelial loss was present in the BPD patients while extensive loss was observed in some of the SIDS patients. The inner wall area, outer wall area, epithelium area and smooth muscle area were all substantially larger (all P < 0.001) in BPD than in SIDS patients. It is likely that the increased thickness of the airway wall components contributes to airflow obstruction in BPD patients. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 2008; 43:1206–1213. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An Analysis of French Verb Errors Made by Second Language Learners in a Bilingual Program
Authors: Lapkin Sharon
Published: November 2008

The data presented in this paper were gathered using a French cloze test in the context of a longitudinal evaluation of a number of French immersion programs in Ontario conducted by the Bilingual Education Project of the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education (see, for example, Barik and Swain 1978(a), 1978(b); Swain and Barik 1976; Swain and Lapkin 1977). One of the major research questions to which these studies have been addressed concerns the degree of second language proficiency attained by the immersion students: how much French is acquired by English-speaking students in these bilingual programs compared to that acquired by students in a regular program taking 20 to 40 minutes daily of core French or conventional French as a second language training? Through the use of standardized French achievement tests and other French measures developed by the Bilingual Education Project (e.g. Barik 1975, 1976; Barik, Swain, and Schloss 1978), it was determined early in the longitudinal study of early French immersion that immersion pupils were attaining a level of second language proficiency far superior to that of the comparison pupils taking core French. It became clear that a more appropriate reference group for measuring French language proficiency would consist of native French-speaking pupils of the same age and grade level. In other words, a shift of emphasis in the original research question has occurred over the past several years so that now the focus is on the degree to which immersion students can attain native-like ability in the second language (Lapkin 1978).
Towards a Model of Learner Variation in Autonomous Foreign Language Learning
Authors: Rodgers T. S.
Published: November 2008

My intent in this short piece is to provide a context for consideration of learner variables in foreign language learning. I first propose a question set outlining the major issues, as I see them, arising in the design of learner-based foreign language learning systems. I then present a simplified three-part design model comprising knowledge considerations (language needs assessment), instructional considerations (learning access alternatives) and learner considerations (characteristics of learners). A review of some recent work in the first two of these prefaces the discussion of the third, learner considerations. A brief state of the art report on research in learner variables is followed by some speculation on next directions in the determination and description of learner variables within a general design model for learning foreign languages.
The Treatment of Foreground-Background Information in the On-Line Descriptive Discourse of Second Language Learners
Authors: Tomlin Russell S.
Published: November 2008

This paper compares the foregrounding strategies of native speakers of English and advanced learners of ESL. Fifteen native speakers and thirty-five advanced learners produced on-line (play-by-play) descriptions of the unfolding action in an animated videotape. A methodology for the quantitative analysis of discourse production is described which permits the explicit identification of foreground-background information and its interaction with both native speaker and interlanguage syntaxes. Results show that: (1) Native speakers and learners exhibit one universal discourse strategy in retreating to a more pragmatic mode of communication under the severe communicative stress of on-line description, as revealed through the systematic loss of the coding relations ordinarily holding between foreground-background information and clause independence/tense-aspect; (2) Learners also exhibit a learner-specific general communication strategy in which significant events are described but nonsignificant events avoided.
The ACTFL Proficiency Guidelines: Implications for Grammatical Accuracy in the Classroom?
Authors: VanPatten Bill
Published: November 2008

This paper discusses current literature dealing with the pedagogical implications of the ACTFL Provisional Proficiency Guidelines. In Higgs and Clifford (1982) and Omaggio (1984), for example, it is argued that grammatical accuracy needs to be stressed from the beginning of instruction. In this paper those arguments are reviewed in the light of second language acquisition research, and it is suggested that such emphasis on grammatical correctness is unwarranted.
The Dynamics of Linguistic Systems and the Acquisition of French as a Second Language
Authors: Chaudenson Robert , Valli André , Véronique Daniel
Published: November 2008

It has been observed that learners of French as a second language at different stages of the acquisition process tend to use forms and rules that are comparable to those of French-based creoles or pid-ginized French. The more advanced learners employ rules and forms akin to dialectal variants of French or to French as spoken in isolated areas such as Old Mines, Missouri. The learners produce non-standard forms considered unacceptable by the purist tradition of French grammarians. It has been noted that the observed similarities between interlanguage, regional dialects, etc., occur in given “sensitive” zones of French morphology and syntax such as the use of verbs and auxiliaries, morphology and placement of clitic pronouns, over-generalization of given prepositions, those very areas which are problematic in the acquisition of French as L1. Since the 17th century, these have been the object of a strict codification by purist grammarians who disregard actual usage in various dialects. It is hypothesized that such similarities between the interlanguage forms at various stages of development, French regional dialects, and areas of conflict over the elaboration of norms in standard French can be partly accounted for if one considers the dynamics of the target language. To explain the functioning of this process, we posit a “system” comprising the learner-speaker, the specific linguistic system itself (including pressure to conform to the norm), and the interactions with native speakers. Through self-regulation, this system devises solutions which perforce pertain to that common area which in any language is at the crossroads of variation, language change, and acquisition. This hypothetical zone (called français zéro by Chaudenson, 1984) is the point of convergence of the self-regulating processes which are responsible for the formal and functional similarities between French-based interlanguages, language change, norm conflicts in the standardization of French, and the creolization process.
The Analysis of the Foreign Language Classroom
Authors: Grandcolas Bernadette , Soulé-Susbielles Nicole
Published: November 2008

In this article the foreign language classroom is argued to be a legitimate and important arena for educational and linguistic research. First, a survey of the research which has been conducted in France on the analysis of the foreign language classroom is presented. Secondly, two research projects currently underway at the University of Paris VIII are discussed. The first looks at the foreign language classroom through diary studies, and the second, through classroom analysis by teachers and pupils.
Asymmetric Communication in Bilingual Exchanges
Authors: Heredia de Christine
Published: November 2008

This paper analyzes the characteristics of exolinguistic communication, a type of asymmetric communication. The data base contains five dialogues between French speakers and Latin American Spanish speakers. The subjects did not have any knowledge of French before their arrival in France. The recording situations were as authentic and varied as possible.

In exolinguistic communication two speakers actively work together with varying degrees of cooperation and complementary strategies to achieve mutual understanding. In this study we examine the role of repetition, simplification, and facilitation (breaking up information, paraphrases, types of questions which warn of difficulties, etc.) and analyze the characteristics of asymmetric exchanges made up of three- or four-turn sequences which allow speakers to check understanding and avoid misunderstanding.

This leads to several hypotheses on natural second language acquisition and, more specifically, on the “guidance” offered by the native speaker and on the role of metalinguistic activities.
Problems in Examining the Validity of the ACTFL Oral Proficiency Interview
Authors: Bachman Lyle F.
Published: November 2008

The primary problems in measuring speaking ability through an oral interview procedure are not those related to efficiency or reliability, but rather those associated with examining the validity of the interview ratings as measures of ability in speaking and of the uses that are made of such ratings. In order to examine all aspects of validity, the abilities measured must be clearly distinguished from the elicitation procedures, in both the design of the interview and in the interpretation of ratings.

Research from applied linguistics and language testing is consistent with the position that language proficiency consists of several distinct but related abilities. Research from language testing also indicates that the methods used to measure language ability have an important effect on test performance. Two frameworks—one of communicative language ability and the other of test method facets—are proposed as a basis for distinguishing abilities from elicitation procedures and for informing a program of empirical research and development.

The validity of the ACTFL Oral Proficiency Interview (OPI) as it is currently designed and used cannot be adequately examined, much less demonstrated, because it confounds abilities with elicitation procedures in its design, and it provides only a single rating, which has no basis in either theory or research. As test developer, ACTFL has yet to fully discharge its responsibility for providing sufficient evidence of validity to support uses that are made of OPI ratings.
The Use of Situation Tests as Measures of Communicative Ability
Authors: Raffaldini Tina
Published: November 2008

In recent years, universities and secondary schools have increasingly used the ACTFL/ETS Oral Proficiency Interview (OPI) to measure the ability of learners to communicate in a foreign language. This article discusses the OPI in relation to current models of communicative skills and argues that the OPI fails to measure important aspects of communicative ability. Two Situation Tests, one written and one oral, are proposed as alternative measures of communicative ability and are described in detail. The two tests as well as the OPI were administered to American university students who had spent a year abroad studying French. This article reports on the changes in the communicative skills of the students during the year after their return to the United States. Statistical comparisons between the OPI and the Situation Tests are presented showing that the OPI is primarily a measure of grammatical competence. The article concludes with the claim that Situation Tests can provide a more complete assessment of communicative ability than the OPI.
Code-Switching in Young Bilingual Children
Authors: Meisel Jürgen M.
Published: November 2008

This study examines the role of grammatical prerequisites on code-switching in young bilingual children. It is proposed that code-switching is constrained not only by grammatical properties of the languages involved; it is also regulated by principles and mechanisms of language use. Constraints on code-switching are therefore defined as processing principles that, however, depend on grammatical knowledge. They ensure that switching does not result in a violation of grammatical coherence, defined in terms of both linear sequencing and structural configuration. Some of these claims are tested empirically, analyzing the speech of two bilingual children acquiring French and German simultaneously. It is argued that even in the earliest uses of mixing, constraints are not violated; in many cases they do not apply because the relevant grammatical relations do not yet hold. Code-switching is nevertheless used from early on in accordance with these constraints, as soon as a certain kind of grammatical knowledge is accessible. Most importantly, functional categories have to be implemented in the child's grammar.
Modality and Intake in Second Language Acquisition
Authors: Leow Ronald P.
Published: November 2008

This study replicates, in the aural mode, Leow's (1993) study on the effects of simplification, type of linguistic item, and second/foreign language experience on learners' intake of linguistic items contained in written input. Aural simplified/unsimplified input with either the present perfect or present subjunctive form was made available to learners at two levels of language experience. Statistical analyses performed on the raw scores of a pre- and posttest multiple-choice recognition assessment task revealed significant main effects for type of linguistic item, language experience, and task and a significant interaction between language experience and task. While results corroborate those found in the written mode for the effects of simplification and language experience on adult learners' intake, the same did not hold true for type of linguistic item, underscoring the need for research to consider seriously the role of modality while addressing cognitive processes in SLA.
A Cross-Cultural Analysis of the Structure and Content of Letters of Reference
Authors: Bouton Lawrence F.
Published: November 2008

Different expectations for structure and content in the construction of text can lead to difficulties in cross-cultural communication. This study investigates letters of reference as one type of written text that is relatively frequent in the contexts of the international academic community. Sixty-five letters of reference written by American referees and 65 letters written by referees from five Asian cultures were analyzed to discover the conventions and expectations guiding readers and writers from these backgrounds. Although there were many similarities in the two sets of texts, there were also several differences in the structure, content, and implicature employed in the letters; there is a complex interaction between the tripartite conceptual structure of the letters (the introduction, body, and closing) and the occurrence of specific elements of content and the form those elements took.
On errors of observation
Authors: Burnside W.
Published: November 2008

The object of this note is to direct attention to an entirely false inference which was drawn from the analysis given in my previous paper with the same title.
Comersions and 1-connectedness
Authors: Flaherty F. J.
Published: November 2008

A generalization of the notion of Riemannian submersion is given for submersions of a Lorentzian manifold onto a Riemannian manifold of one lower dimension. These maps are called comersions. A comersion induces a surjection of the space of causal curves in the domain manifold onto curves of bounded length in the image manifold. Thus if the source space is causally 1-connected, the target space is 1-connected.
On a problem of moments
Authors: Verblunsky S.
Published: November 2008

1. The problem in question is to find a necessary and sufficient condition which numbers co, …, cm must satisfy in order that there shall be a non-decreasing function σ(t) such that

where (a, b) is an unbounded interval. (When (a, b) is a bounded interval, the problem has been solved. See Achyèser and Krein, Communications de la Société Mathématique de Kharkoff, Série 4, 12 (1935), 13–35, Satz C.)
On A-groups
Authors: Taunt D. R.
Published: November 2008

A sequence of papers by P. Hall ((1)–(4)) on some fundamental properties of soluble groups was followed in 1940 by his account of a new construction theory for such groups (5). We shall have frequent occasion to refer to these papers, and we begin with a brief account of their contents.
A note on the distributional Stieltjes transformation
Authors: Takači Arpad
Published: November 2008

In this note we use the notion of the quasiasymptotic behaviour of distributions (introduced in [2]) in order to obtain a final value Abelian theorem for the distributional Stieltjes transformation. At the end of the note we give a few examples in which two different concepts of the asymptotic behaviour of distributions are compared.
A note on inequivalence of realizability toposes
Authors: Johnstone P. T. , Robinson E. P.
Published: November 2008

The general construction of realizability toposes was first described in [3]. The data from which such a topos is constructed (called a partial applicative structure in [3]) consists of a set A equipped with a partial binary operation (called application and denoted by juxtaposition, with the convention that unbracketed expressions are evaluated from left to right) and two constants K, S satisfying

for all x, y, z ∈ A (where, as usual, an equality between possibly undefined terms means ‘one side is defined iff the other is, and then they are equal’). Following Lambek [6], we now call such a structure a partial Schönfinkel algebra, or a global Schönfinkel algebra if application is defined on the whole of A × A. (The name ‘combinatory algebra’ is also in common use.) We write for the realizability topos constructed from A.
Nets of quadrics and deformations of Σ3〈3〉 singularities
Authors: Edwards S. A. , Wall C. T. C.
Published: November 2008

The 2-jet of a Σ3 map-germ f:(3, 0) → (3, 0) determines a net of quadratic maps from 3 to 3; for nets of general type this jet is sufficient for equivalence. The classification of such nets involves a single parameter c. It is shown in [7], also in [3], that the versai unfolding of f is topologically trivial over the parameter space. However, there are 4 connected components of this space of nets. The main object of this paper is to show that the corresponding unfolded maps are of different topological types.
A Green's function for diffraction by a rational wedge
Authors: Rawlins A. D.
Published: November 2008

In this paper we derive an expression for the point source Green's function for the reduced wave equation, valid in an angular sector whose angle is equal to a rational multiple of π. This Green's function can be used to find new expressions for the field produced by the diffraction of a spherical wave by a wedge whose angle can be expressed as a rational multiple of π. The expressions obtained will be in the form of source terms and real integrals representing the diffracted field. The general result obtained is used to derive a new representation for the solution of the problem of diffraction by a mixed hard–soft half plane.
On the Fourier Constants of a Bounded Function
Authors: Verblunsky S.
Published: November 2008

1. In a former paper we solved the following problem (Problem I). Given k + 1 real numbers co, …, ck, to find necessary and sufficient conditions that there shall exist a function f(x) in (0, 1) which satisfies the conditions
On a potential-theoretic example of Kiang
Authors: Griffiths H. B.
Published: November 2008

In (6), Kiang gives an example of a simply connected (closed) region D in 3-space R3, bounded by a smooth 2-sphere ∂D, whose (harmonic) Green's function Γ has a critical point for any choice of pole p ∈ Int D—contrary to the analogous 2-dimensional situation. It is not known whether any position of p exists, for which Γ is non-degenerate in the sense of Morse theory; however, we show here the following result.
On Coulomb wave functions
Authors: Meligy A. S. , El Gazzy E. M.
Published: November 2008

The irregular radial Coulomb wave function in repulsive fields is expressed, for any angular momentum value, in series of Bessel functions of arbitrary order. Previous expansions, obtained for angular momenta zero and one, can now be obtained as special cases. The expansion can be most conveniently used for high-energy particles.
Further results for the solutions of a third-order differential equation
Authors: Ezeilo J. O. C.
Published: November 2008

1. The equation considered here is of the form

where a, b are constants, h(x) is differentiable and h′(x), p(t) are continuous in x, t respectively. The primary object of the paper is to prove the following

Theorem 1. Suppose that

(i) a > 0,b > 0;

(ii) h(0) = 0, h(x)/x ≥ δ > 0 (x ≠ 0);

(iii) h′(x) ≤ c for all x where ab > c > 0.
On the stabilization of matrices and the convergence of linear iterative processes
Authors: Fisher Michael E. , Fuller A. T.
Published: November 2008

In this note we show that if a real square matrix P fulfils certain rather general conditions then there exists a real diagonal matrix D such that the characteristic equation of DP is stable and, furthermore, aperiodic. (A characteristic equation is called stable if the real parts of its roots are all negative. If the roots are all real and simple the equation is said to be aperiodic; see Fuller(3).)
An expansion formula for Fox's H-function
Authors: Bajpai S. D.
Published: November 2008

The object of this paper is to establish an integral involving Fox's H-function and employ it to obtain an expansion formula for the H-function involving Bessel functions.
Generalized Gâteaux and Fréchet derivatives in convolution algebras
Authors: Miller J. B.
Published: November 2008

Let be a commutative normed algebra whose elements are functions on a Banach space, and in which the product is of convolution type. We show how , under reasonable assumptions upon its semi-group of translation operators and rather severe restrictions upon its semi-simplicity, can be renormed so that its completion contains mean Gâteaux or Fréchet differentials of all its members. In this way the function algebra can be embedded in an algebra of generalized functions defined as strong limits of functions, which admits strong differentiation as an everywhere-defined operation. The differentials show most of the properties of point-wise Gâteaux differentials. The completion of is an example of what I have called in (3) an ‘inflation’.
Structures on M × R
Authors: Browder William
Published: November 2008

A central role in the theory of smoothing combinatorial manifolds is played by the Cairns–Hirsch Theorem, which may be expressed (in a weak form) as follows:

If M is a combinatorial manifold and if M × R has a differentiable structure a, compatible with its combinatorial structure then M has a differentiable structure λ, such that (M × R)α is diffeomorphic with Mλ × R.
Sur la non-existence simultanée de deux fonctions de Mathieu
Authors: Marković Ž.
Published: November 2008

1. Soit donnée l'équation de Mathieu

a et q étant des paramètres réels.
Note on the Angular Scattering of Electrons in Gases
Authors: Arnot F. L.
Published: November 2008

1. The method generally employed in investigating the angular scattering of electrons in gases consists essentially of firing a directed beam of electrons into a “field-free” enclosure, containing the gas to be investigated at a pressure of a few hundredths or thousandths of a millimetre. The electrons in the beam will be scattered, on colliding with the gas molecules, through various angles. Those which are scattered between θ and θ + dθ are selected by means of a pair of slits which can be set at any desired angle to the electron beam. The electrons selected by these slits are then resolved by means of retarding potentials or electric or magnetic fields into those which have been elastically scattered and those which, on being scattered by the molecule, have excited or ionised it. By plotting the final current received by the Faraday cylinder against θ, we can obtain the angular scattering curve for the elastically or inelastically reflected electrons.
The Symmetric Functions of which the General Determinant is a particular case
Authors: MacMahon P. A.
Published: November 2008

I consider functions of numerical magnitudes ast, where s, t may each assume the values 1,2, … n.

Symmetric functions are those which are unaltered by the whole of the substitutions of the n integers, when they are applied simultaneously to both suffixes.
On the phrase “equally probable.”
Authors: Burnside W.
Published: November 2008

The following is a simple example of what Poincaré calls probabilité du continu.

Two points are marked at random on a unit line and it is assumed that all positions of either point are equally probable. What is the average or probable positive distance between the two points?
Some surfaces containing triple curves
Authors: Roth L.
Published: November 2008

The present paper is devoted to a consideration of a type of surface which appeared incidentally in some recent work and which seems worth separate notice for its own intrinsic interest. The surface in question, which lies in space of four dimensions, is one that possesses a triple curve containing pinch-points and quadruple points, and as such is a particular case of a general surface in [4] with the same projective characters. The results given here are illustrative of those contained in the papers referred to, and with few exceptions the main facts which are used in the present discussion are quoted from the same source. In the section dealing with rational surfaces some novel results are obtained in connection with the degeneration of a plane curve into two portions, one of which is counted twice.
The motion of electrons in the field of excited, helium
Authors: McDougall J.
Published: November 2008

If an atom is excited by electrons incident upon it, the wave functions for the outgoing electrons must be calculated in the field of the excited atom. Such calculations have been made for helium excited to the singlet 2pstate, and it is found that the outgoing waves differ more from plane waves than the incident waves.