bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identification of Virulence Factors in Isolates of Candida haemulonii, Candida albicans and Clavispora lusitaniae with Low Susceptibility and Resistance to Fluconazole and Amphotericin B
Authors: Angiolella Letizia , Rojas Florencia , Giammarino Andrea , Bellucci Nicolò , Giusiano Gustavo
Published: January 2024

Emerging life-threatening multidrug-resistant (MDR) species such as the C. haemulonii species complex, Clavispora lusitaniae (sin. C. lusitaniae), and other Candida species are considered as an increasing risk for human health in the near future. (1) Background: Many studies have emphasized that the increase in drug resistance can be associated with several virulence factors in Candida and its knowledge is also essential in developing new antifungal strategies. (2) Methods: Hydrophobicity, adherence, biofilm formation, lipase activity, resistance to osmotic stress, and virulence ‘in vivo’ on G. mellonella larvae were studied in isolates of C. haemulonii, C. albicans, and C. lusitaniae with low susceptibility and resistance to fluconazole and amphotericin B. (3) Results: Intra- and interspecies variability were observed. C. haemulonii showed high hydrophobicity and the ability to adhere to and form biofilm. C. lusitaniae was less hydrophobic, was biofilm-formation-strain-dependent, and did not show lipase activity. Larvae inoculated with C. albicans isolates displayed significantly higher mortality rates than those infected with C. haemulonii and C. lusitaniae. (4) Conclusions: The ability to adhere to and form biofilms associated with their hydrophobic capacity, to adapt to stress, and to infect within an in vivo model, observed in these non-wild-type Candida and Clavispora isolates, shows their marked virulence features. Since factors that define virulence are related to the development of the resistance of these fungi to the few antifungals available for clinical use, differences in the physiology of these cells must be considered to develop new antifungal therapies.
Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: A Literature Review
Authors: Miron Mihnea , Blaj Mihaela , Ristescu Anca Irina , Iosep Gabriel , Avădanei Andrei-Nicolae , Iosep Diana-Gabriela , Crișan-Dabija Radu , Ciocan Alexandra , Perțea Mihaela , Manciuc Carmen Doina , Luca Ștefana , Grigorescu Cristina , Luca Mihaela Cătălina
Published: January 2024

Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) and its subtype, ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), remain two significant causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, despite the better understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms, etiology, risk factors, preventive methods (bundle of care principles) and supportive care. Prior detection of the risk factors combined with a clear clinical judgement based on clinical scores and dosage of different inflammatory biomarkers (procalcitonin, soluble triggering receptor expressed on myelloid cells type 1, C-reactive protein, mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin, mid-regional pro-atrial natriuretic peptide) represent the cornerstones of a well-established management plan by improving patient’s outcome. This review article provides an overview of the newly approved terminology considering nosocomial pneumonia, as well as the risk factors, biomarkers, diagnostic methods and new treatment options that can guide the management of this spectrum of infections.
Association of the Infant Gut Microbiome with Temperament at Nine Months of Age: A Michigan Cohort Study
Authors: Ma Tengfei , Bu Sihan , Nzerem Adannaya C. , Paneth Nigel , Kerver Jean M. , Cavalieri Cybil Nicole , Comstock Sarah S.
Published: January 2024

Though studies in animals and humans link the gut microbiota to brain development and control of behavior, little research has examined this connection in healthy infants. This prospective study could determine associations between infant gut microbiota at 3 months, and infant temperament at 9 months, in a prospective pregnancy cohort (Michigan Archive for Research on Child Health; n = 159). Microbiota profiling with 16S rRNA gene sequencing was conducted on fecal samples obtained at 3 months of age. Based on the relative abundance of gut microbiotas, three groups were identified, and each group was characterized by different microbes. Infant temperament outcomes were reported by mothers using the Infant Behavior Questionnaire-Revised Very Short Form at a mean age of 9.4 months. Fully adjusted multivariate linear regression models showed that certain clusters were associated with higher negative emotionality scores, prominently among infants who had poor vitamin D intake. However, no associations were evident between gut microbiota clusters and temperament scales after FDR correction. After using three differential abundance tools, Firmicutes was associated with higher positive affect/surgency scores, whereas Clostridioides was associated with lower scores. An association between the gut microbiota and early infancy temperament was observed; thus, this study warrants replication, with a particular focus on vitamin D moderation.
Methanobrevibacter massiliense and Pyramidobacter piscolens Co-Culture Illustrates Transkingdom Symbiosis
Authors: Pilliol Virginie , Beye Mamadou , Terlier Laureline , Balmelle Julien , Kacel Idir , Lan Romain , Aboudharam Gérard , Grine Ghiles , Terrer Elodie
Published: January 2024

Among oral microbiota methanogens, Methanobrevibacter massiliense (M. massiliense) has remained less studied than the well-characterised and cultivated methanogens Methanobrevibacter oralis and Methanobrevibacter smithii. M. massiliense has been associated with different oral pathologies and was co-isolated with the Synergistetes bacterium Pyramidobacter piscolens (P. piscolens) in one case of severe periodontitis. Here, reporting on two additional necrotic pulp cases yielded the opportunity to characterise two co-cultivated M. massiliense isolates, both with P. piscolens, as non-motile, 1–2-µm-long and 0.6–0.8-µm-wide Gram-positive coccobacilli which were autofluorescent at 420 nm. The two whole genome sequences featured a 31.3% GC content, gapless 1,834,388-base-pair chromosome exhibiting an 85.9% coding ratio, encoding a formate dehydrogenase promoting M. massiliense growth without hydrogen in GG medium. These data pave the way to understanding a symbiotic, transkingdom association with P. piscolens and its role in oral pathologies.
Skin Microbial Community Associated to Strawberry Disease in Farmed Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1792)
Authors: Pardo Alda , Villasante Alejandro , Romero Jaime
Published: January 2024

Aquaculture plays a crucial role in addressing the growing global demand for food. However, diseases associated with intensive aquaculture practices, especially those affecting the skin, can present significant challenges to both fish health and the industry as a whole. Strawberry disease (SD), also known as red-mark syndrome, is a persistent and non-lethal skin condition observed in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in the United States and various European countries. SD is a nonlethal skin condition of an unclear etiology that affects rainbow trout reared in freshwater close to the harvest period. We used a RNA-based approach to examine active microbiota in the SD skin lesions and compared to non-injured skin. Our results, based on using 16S rRNA gene next-generation sequencing, showed that the skin microbiota was dominated by the phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria. The comparisons of the skin microbiota between injured and non-injured samples showed differences in the alpha diversity (Fisher index) and beta diversity metrics (ANOSIM). At the genus level, both Pseudomonas and Candidatus Midichloria were highlighted as the most abundant taxa detected in samples obtained from fish affected with strawberry diseases. In contrast, the most abundant taxa in non-injured skin were Escherichia-Shigella, Streptococcus, and Pseudoalteromonas. In conclusion, our study on SD revealed distinct differences in the microbiota composition between skin lesions and non-injured skin. This is the first description of microbiota associated with SD-injured skin samples using an RNA approach.
Gut Biogeography Accentuates Sex-Related Differences in the Murine Microbiome
Authors: Ortiz-Alvarez de la Campa Melanie , Curtis-Joseph Noelle , Beekman Chapman , Belenky Peter
Published: January 2024

Recent studies have highlighted the influence of factors such as sex and sex-linked hormones on microbiome composition, raising concerns about the generalizability of findings. Here, we explore whether gut geography, specifically the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract (GI), contributes to sex-linked microbiome differences in mice. We collected microbial samples throughout the length of the GI from male and female C57B6/J mice at 6- and 8-weeks old, and conducted 16S rRNA sequencing. Our findings revealed significant sex-related differences, with Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 more abundant in the male colon, while females exhibited higher levels of Dubosiella newyorkensis across all organs at 6 weeks. We also observed decreased Shannon alpha diversity in the small intestine compared to the lower GI, and this diversity decreased further at 8 weeks. Interestingly, our results suggest that age mitigates sex-related, but not gut geography-related differences in beta diversity, with implications for experimental outcomes and treatment strategies. This study underscores the dynamic nature of microbial diversity, influenced by sex, age, and GI localization, emphasizing the need for a more comprehensive understanding of microbiome dynamics in experimental research and clinical interventions.
Helicobacter pylori: A Contemporary Perspective on Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment Strategies
Authors: Ali Asghar , AlHussaini Khalid I.
Published: January 2024

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a Gram-negative bacterium that colonizes the gastric mucosa and is associated with various gastrointestinal disorders. H. pylori is a pervasive pathogen, infecting nearly 50% of the world’s population, and presents a substantial concern due to its link with gastric cancer, ranking as the third most common cause of global cancer-related mortality. This review article provides an updated and comprehensive overview of the current understanding of H. pylori infection, focusing on its pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment strategies. The intricate mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis, including the virulence factors and host interactions, are discussed in detail. The diagnostic methods, ranging from the traditional techniques to the advanced molecular approaches, are explored, highlighting their strengths and limitations. The evolving landscape of treatment strategies, including antibiotic regimens and emerging therapeutic approaches, is thoroughly examined. Through a critical synthesis of the recent research findings, this article offers valuable insights into the contemporary knowledge of Helicobacter pylori infection, guiding both clinicians and researchers toward effective management and future directions in combating this global health challenge.
miR-4687-5p Affects Intracellular Survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis through Its Regulation of NRAMP1 Expression in A549 Cells
Authors: Meng Chaoqun , Chen Guangxin , Liu Yue , Wen Da , Cui Jia , Dong Li , Yang Zhiqiang , Meng Hangting , Gao Yuanting , Feng Jiao , Cui Xiaogang , Wu Changxin
Published: January 2024

Tuberculosis (TB), as one of the leading causes of death, poses a serious predicament to the world. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a role in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. It has been reported that the expression of miRNAs changes upon mycobacterial infection; the screening and identification of miRNAs regulating the expression of genes could benefit our understanding of TB pathogenesis and generate effective strategies for its control and prevention. In this study, luciferase assays showed that miR-4687-5p is bound to the 3′-untranslated region of natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 (NRAMP1). Additionally, we found a significant increase in miR-4687-5p expression in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)-infected A549 cells. Concomitantly, we detected a reduced level of NRAMP1 expression, suggesting that NRAMP1 is one of the targets of miR-4687-5p. Infection experiments evidenced that the transfection of miR-4687-5p induced a decrease in NRAMP1 expression and increased intracellular Mtb loads post-infection, indicating that miR-4687-5p promotes the intracellular survival of Mtb through its downregulation of the NRAMP1 protein level. We also found that the transfection of miR-4687-5p induced increased apoptosis and decreased cell proliferation post-infection with Mtb. The results presented in our study suggest that miR-4687-5p may be indicative of the susceptibility of Mtb infection to humans and could act as a potential therapeutic target for tuberculosis treatment.
Natural Killer Cells and Cytotoxic T Cells: Complementary Partners against Microorganisms and Cancer
Authors: Vojdani Aristo , Koksoy Sadi , Vojdani Elroy , Engelman Mark , Benzvi Carina , Lerner Aaron
Published: January 2024

Natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T (CD8+) cells are two of the most important types of immune cells in our body, protecting it from deadly invaders. While the NK cell is part of the innate immune system, the CD8+ cell is one of the major components of adaptive immunity. Still, these two very different types of cells share the most important function of destroying pathogen-infected and tumorous cells by releasing cytotoxic granules that promote proteolytic cleavage of harmful cells, leading to apoptosis. In this review, we look not only at NK and CD8+ T cells but also pay particular attention to their different subpopulations, the immune defenders that include the CD56+CD16dim, CD56dimCD16+, CD57+, and CD57+CD16+ NK cells, the NKT, CD57+CD8+, and KIR+CD8+ T cells, and ILCs. We examine all these cells in relation to their role in the protection of the body against different microorganisms and cancer, with an emphasis on their mechanisms and their clinical importance. Overall, close collaboration between NK cells and CD8+ T cells may play an important role in immune function and disease pathogenesis. The knowledge of how these immune cells interact in defending the body against pathogens and cancers may help us find ways to optimize their defensive and healing capabilities with methods that can be clinically applied.
Molecular Characterization of the Recombinant Ig1 Axl Receptor Domain: An Intriguing Bait for Screening in Drug Discovery
Authors: Di Stasi Rossella , De Rosa Lucia , Izzi Guido , D’Andrea Luca Domenico
Published: January 2024

Axl receptor tyrosine kinase and its ligand Gas6 regulate several biological processes and are involved in both the onset and progression of tumor malignancies and autoimmune diseases. Based on its key role in these settings, Axl is considered a promising target for the development of molecules with therapeutic and diagnostic purposes. In this paper, we describe the molecular characterization of the recombinant Ig1 domain of Axl (Ig1 Axl) and its biochemical properties. For the first time, an exhaustive spectroscopic characterization of the recombinant protein through circular dichroism and fluorescence studies is also reported, as well as a binding analysis to its natural ligand Gas6, paving the way for the use of recombinant Ig1 Axl as a bait in drug discovery screening procedures aimed at the identification of novel and specific binders targeting the Axl receptor.
Syntheses of Cannabinoid Metabolites: Ajulemic Acid and HU-210
Authors: Shao Wenbin , Liao Pingyong , Zhang Xiaoyan , Fan Binbin , Chen Ruijia , Chen Xilong , Zhao Xuejun , Liu Wenbin
Published: January 2024

Cannabinoid metabolites have been reported to be more potent than their parent compounds. Among them, ajulemic acid (AJA) is a side-chain analog of Δ9-THC-11-oic acid, which would be a good template structure for the discovery of more potent analogues. Herein, we optimized the key allylic oxidation step to introduce the C-11 hydroxy group with a high yield. A series of compounds was prepared with this condition applied including HU-210, 11-nor-Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-carboxylic acid and Δ9-THC-carboxylic acid.
Preparation and Lithium-Ion Capacitance Performance of Nitrogen and Sulfur Co-Doped Carbon Nanosheets with Limited Space via the Vermiculite Template Method
Authors: Yang Fang , Jiang Pingzheng , Wu Qiqi , Dong Wei , Xue Minghu , Zhang Qiao
Published: January 2024

Nitrogen and sulfur co-doped graphene-like carbon nanosheets (CNSs) with a two-dimensional structure are prepared by using methylene blue as a carbon source and expanded vermiculite as a template. After static negative pressure adsorption, high-temperature calcination, and etching in a vacuum oven, they are embedded in the limited space of the vermiculite template. The addition of an appropriate number of mixed elements can improve the performance of a battery. Via scanning electron microscopy, it is found that the prepared nitrogen–sulfur-co-doped carbon nanosheets exhibit a thin yarn shape. The XPS results show that there are four elements of C, N, O, and S in the carbon materials (CNS-600, CNS-700, CNS-800, CNS-900) prepared at different temperatures, and the N atom content shows a gradually decreasing trend. It is mainly doped into a graphene-like network in four ways (graphite nitrogen, pyridine nitrogen, pyrrole nitrogen, and pyridine nitrogen oxide), while the S element shows an increasing trend, mainly in the form of thiophene S and sulfur, which is covalently linked to oxygen. The results show that CNS-700 has a discharge-specific capacity of 460 mAh/g at a current density of 0.1 A/g, and it can still maintain a specific capacity of 200 mAh/g at a current density of 2 A/g. The assembled lithium-ion capacitor has excellent energy density and power density, with a maximum power density of 20,000 W/kg.
An Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS) Method for Qualifying DAPB in Rat Plasma and Application to Pharmacokinetic Studies
Authors: Qin Bei , Chen Yunmei , Yang Kuan , Wang Rong , Yu Lili , Wang Nana , Liu Shaojing
Published: January 2024

DAPB, a new molecule including danshensu, borneol, and a mother nucleus of ACEI (Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors), is being developed as an antihypertensive candidate compound. A rapid, accurate, and sensitive ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS) method was established and validated for the determination of DAPB in rat plasma. Chromatographic separation was performed on an Agilent SB-C18 column after protein precipitation by acetonitrile with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and deionized water with 0.02% formic acid and 5 mM NH4F (v/v) at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. Quantification was performed using electrospray positive ionization mass spectrometry in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The method was linear over the range of 2–1000 ng/mL. The intra- and inter-day precision was within 12%, with accuracies less than 7%. Stability was within the acceptable limits under various storage and processing conditions. No apparent matrix effect was detected. The validated method was applied to the pre-clinical pharmacokinetic study of DAPB after oral administration of 30 mg/kg and intravenous administration of 6 mg/kg in rats.
Preclinical Pharmacokinetics and Biodistribution of LR004, a Novel Antiepidermal Growth Factor Receptor Monoclonal Antibody
Authors: Zheng Ying , Dou Guifang , Liu Shuchen , Meng Zhiyun , Tsao Eric I. , Yu Gang , Zhu Xiaoxia , Gu Ruolan , Wu Zhuona , Sun Yunbo , Han Peng , Gan Hui
Published: January 2024

LR004 is a novel chimeric (human/mouse) monoclonal antibody developed for the treatment of advanced colorectal carcinoma with detectable epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression. We aimed to investigate the preclinical pharmacokinetics (PK) and in vivo biodistribution of LR004. The PK profiles of LR004 were initially established in rhesus monkeys. Subsequently, 125I radionuclide-labeled LR004 was developed and the biodistribution, autoradiography, and NanoSPECT/CT of 125I-LR004 in xenograft mice bearing A431 tumors were examined. The PK data revealed a prolonged half-life and nonlinear PK characteristics of LR004 within the dose range of 6–54 mg/kg. The radiochemical purity of 125I-LR004 was approximately 98.54%, and iodination of LR004 did not affect its specific binding activity to the EGFR antigen. In a classical biodistribution study, 125I-LR004 exhibited higher uptake in highly perfused organs than in poorly perfused organs. Prolonged retention properties of 125I-LR004 in tumors were observed at 4 and 10 days. Autoradiography and NanoSPECT/CT confirmed the sustained retention of 125I-LR004 at the tumor site in xenograft mice. These findings demonstrated the adequate tumor targeting capabilities of 125I-LR004 in EGFR-positive tumors, which may improve dosing strategies and future drug development.
One-Step Green Synthesis of Isoeugenol Methyl Ether from Eugenol by Dimethyl Carbonate and Phase-Transfer Catalysts
Authors: Zhang Zhihai , Gong Yin , Xue Xinru , Hu Mengshuang , Zhou Min , Zhao Yao , Hu Zhiqiang
Published: January 2024

In this paper, the green synthesis of isoeugenol methyl ether (IEME) from eugenol by O-methylation and isomerization is completed using a one-step green process. In the methylation reaction, dimethyl carbonate (DMC) was used as a green chemistry reagent instead of the traditional harmful methylation reagents, in accordance with the current concept of green chemistry. The phase transfer catalyst (PTC) polyethylene glycol 800 (PEG-800) was introduced into the isomerization reaction to break the barrier of difficult contact between solid and liquid phases and drastically reduce the reaction conditions by shortening the reaction time and reducing the alkalinity of the reaction system. The catalytic systems for the one-step green synthesis of IEME were screened, and it was shown that the catalytic system “K2CO3 + PEG-800” was the most effective. The effects of reaction temperature, n(DMC):n(eugenol) ratio, n(PEG-800):n(eugenol) ratio, and n(K2CO3):n(eugenol) ratio on eugenol conversion, IEME yield, and IEME selectivity were investigated. The results showed that the best reaction was achieved at a reaction temperature of 140 °C, a reaction time of 3 h, a DMC drip rate of 0.09 mL/min, and n(eugenol):n(DMC):n(K2CO3):n(PEG-800) = 1:3:0.09:0.08. As a result of the conversion of 93.1% of eugenol to IEME, a yield of 86.1% IEME as well as 91.6% IEME selectivity were obtained.
High Genetic Diversity in Third-Generation Cephalosporin-Resistant Escherichia coli in Wastewater Systems of Schleswig-Holstein
Authors: Carlsen Laura , Grottker Matthias , Heim Malika , Knobling Birte , Schlauß Sebastian , Wellbrock Kai , Knobloch Johannes K.
Published: January 2024

The spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria from humans or livestock is a critical issue. However, the epidemiology of resistant pathogens across wastewater pathways is poorly understood. Therefore, we performed a detailed comparison of third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli (3GCREC) from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to analyze dissemination pathways. A total of 172 3GCREC isolated from four WWTPs were characterized via whole genome sequencing. Clonal relatedness was determined using multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) and core genome MLST. Resistance genotypes and plasmid replicons were determined. A total of 68 MLST sequence types were observed with 28 closely related clusters. Resistance genes to eight antibiotic classes were detected. In fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates, resistance was associated with three-or-more point mutations in target genes. Typing revealed high genetic diversity with only a few clonal lineages present in all WWTPs. The distribution paths of individual lines could only be traced in exceptional cases with a lack of enrichment of certain lineages. Varying resistance genes and plasmids, as well as fluoroquinolone resistance-associated point mutations in individual isolates, further corroborated the high diversity of 3GCREC in WWTPs. In total, we observed high diversity of 3GCREC inside the tested WWTPs with proof of resistant strains being released into the environment even after treatment processes.
Estimating Type 2 Diabetes Prevalence: A Model of Drug Consumption Data
Authors: Oliveira Rita , Monteiro-Soares Matilde , Guerreiro José Pedro , Pereira Rúben , Teixeira-Rodrigues António
Published: January 2024

Observational, cross-sectional prevalence studies are costly and time-consuming. The development of indirect methods estimating prevalence used to obtain faster, less-expensive, and more robust results would be an advantage for several healthcare applications. This study aimed to use the drug dispensing data from community pharmacies to estimate the prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the Portuguese population. A cross-sectional study was conducted using a database of dispensed medicines with an indication for Diabetes mellitus in 2018 and 2021, stratified by geographic region. The methodology was based on a sequential method of acquiring prevalence estimates obtained through exposure to medicines using the daily doses defined per thousand inhabitants per day and adjusted to the rate of adherence to therapy, prescription patterns, and concomitance of antidiabetic drugs. The estimated overall T2DM prevalence in 2018 was 13.9%, and it was 14.2% for 2021. The results show the increased consumption of antidiabetic drugs, with fixed-dose combination antidiabetics and new antidiabetics being particularly important in 2021. This work allowed for the development of a model to obtain the estimated prevalence of T2DM based on drug consumption, using a simple, fast, and robust method that is in line with the available evidence. However, with the recent expanding indications for new antidiabetics, the inclusion of further data in the model needs to be studied.
Variability of the Main Economically Valuable Characteristics of Cyperus esculentus L. in Various Ecological and Geographical Conditions
Authors: Kon’kova Nina G. , Khoreva Valentina I. , Popov Vitaliy S. , Yakusheva Tamara V. , Malyshev Leonid L. , Solovyeva Alla E. , Shelenga Tatyana V.
Published: January 2024

This study includes an assessment of the VIR (Center N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources) chufa collection, grown in various ecological and geographical conditions of the Russian Federation: “Yekaterininskaya experimental station VIR” in the Tambov region and “Kuban experimental station VIR” in the Krasnodar Region during the years 2020–2021. The main indicators of the economic value of chufa accessions were studied: yield structure and nutritional value (oil, protein, starch, and fatty acid profile). The accessions were grown in regions with different climatic conditions. As a result of the study, the variability of the biochemical and yield characteristics and the correlation between the studied indicators and the factor structure of its variability were established. Of the 20 accessions used in the study, the accessions with the highest protein, starch, oil and unsaturated fatty acid contents were selected, which are the most promising for their use as a raw material to expand the range of regional functional food products, as well as for future breeding efforts in the development of new, promising regional chufa varieties.
Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Key Genes Involved in the Response of Pyrus betuleafolia to Drought and High-Temperature Stress
Authors: Ma Panpan , Guo Guoling , Xu Xiaoqian , Luo Tingyue , Sun Yu , Tang Xiaomei , Heng Wei , Jia Bing , Liu Lun
Published: January 2024

Drought and high-temperature stress are the main abiotic stresses that alone or simultaneously affect the yield and quality of pears worldwide. However, studies on the mechanisms of drought or high-temperature resistance in pears remain elusive. Therefore, the molecular responses of Pyrus betuleafolia, the widely used rootstock in pear production, to drought and high temperatures require further study. Here, drought- or high-temperature-resistant seedlings were selected from many Pyrus betuleafolia seedlings. The leaf samples collected before and after drought or high-temperature treatment were used to perform RNA sequencing analysis. For drought treatment, a total of 11,731 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, including 4444 drought-induced genes and 7287 drought-inhibited genes. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis revealed that these DEGs were more significantly enriched in plant hormone signal transduction, flavonoid biosynthesis, and glutathione metabolism. For high-temperature treatment, 9639 DEGs were identified, including 5493 significantly upregulated genes and 4146 significantly downregulated genes due to high-temperature stress. KEGG analysis showed that brassinosteroid biosynthesis, arginine metabolism, and proline metabolism were the most enriched pathways for high-temperature response. Meanwhile, the common genes that respond to both drought and high-temperature stress were subsequently identified, with a focus on responsive transcription factors, such as MYB, HSF, bZIP, and WRKY. These results reveal potential genes that function in drought or high-temperature resistance. This study provides a theoretical basis and gene resources for the genetic improvement and molecular breeding of pears.
OsCSD2 and OsCSD3 Enhance Seed Storability by Modulating Antioxidant Enzymes and Abscisic Acid in Rice
Authors: Zheng Xiaohai , Yuan Zhiyang , Yu Yuye , Yu Sibin , He Hanzi
Published: January 2024

Seed deterioration during storage poses a significant challenge to rice production, leading to a drastic decline in both edible quality and viability, thereby impacting overall crop yield. This study aimed to address this issue by further investigating candidate genes associated with two previously identified QTLs for seed storability through genome association analysis. Among the screened genes, two superoxide dismutase (SOD) genes, OsCSD2 (Copper/zinc Superoxide Dismutase 2) and OsCSD3, were selected for further study. The generation of overexpression and CRISPR/Cas9 mutant transgenic lines revealed that OsCSD2 and OsCSD3 play a positive regulatory role in enhancing rice seed storability. Subsequent exploration of the physiological mechanisms demonstrated that overexpression lines exhibited lower relative electrical conductivity, indicative of reduced cell membrane damage, while knockout lines displayed the opposite trend. Furthermore, the overexpression lines of OsCSD2 and OsCSD3 showed significant increases not only in SOD but also in CAT and POD activities, highlighting an augmented antioxidant system in the transgenic seeds. Additionally, hormone profiling indicated that ABA contributed to the improved seed storability observed in these lines. In summary, these findings provide valuable insights into the regulatory mechanisms of OsCSDs in rice storability, with potential applications for mitigating grain loss and enhancing global food security.
Advances in the Involvement of Metals and Metalloids in Plant Defense Response to External Stress
Authors: Zhang Lingxiao , Liu Zhengyan , Song Yun , Sui Junkang , Hua Xuewen
Published: January 2024

Plants, as sessile organisms, uptake nutrients from the soil. Throughout their whole life cycle, they confront various external biotic and abiotic threats, encompassing harmful element toxicity, pathogen infection, and herbivore attack, posing risks to plant growth and production. Plants have evolved multifaceted mechanisms to cope with exogenous stress. The element defense hypothesis (EDH) theory elucidates that plants employ elements within their tissues to withstand various natural enemies. Notably, essential and non-essential trace metals and metalloids have been identified as active participants in plant defense mechanisms, especially in nanoparticle form. In this review, we compiled and synthetized recent advancements and robust evidence regarding the involvement of trace metals and metalloids in plant element defense against external stresses that include biotic stressors (such as drought, salinity, and heavy metal toxicity) and abiotic environmental stressors (such as pathogen invasion and herbivore attack). We discuss the mechanisms underlying the metals and metalloids involved in plant defense enhancement from physiological, biochemical, and molecular perspectives. By consolidating this information, this review enhances our understanding of how metals and metalloids contribute to plant element defense. Drawing on the current advances in plant elemental defense, we propose an application prospect of metals and metalloids in agricultural products to solve current issues, including soil pollution and production, for the sustainable development of agriculture. Although the studies focused on plant elemental defense have advanced, the precise mechanism under the plant defense response still needs further investigation.
FlgI Is a Sec-Dependent Effector of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus That Can Be Blocked by Small Molecules Identified Using a Yeast Screen
Authors: Zuo Siliang , Xu Linghui , Zhang Huiyan , Jiang Meiqian , Wu Sifeng , Zhang Lian-Hui , Zhou Xiaofan , Wang Junxia
Published: January 2024

Huanglongbing (HLB) is one of the most devastating diseases of citrus worldwide. The phloem-restricted bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) is considered to be the main pathogen responsible for HLB. There is currently no effective practical strategy for the control of HLB. Our understanding of how pathogens cause HLB is limited because CLas has not been artificially cultured. In this study, 15 potential virulence factors were predicted from the proteome of CLas through DeepVF and PHI-base searches. One among them, FlgI, was found to inhibit yeast growth when expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The expression of the signal peptide of FlgI fused with PhoA in Escherichia coli resulted in the discovery that FlgI was a novel Sec-dependent secretory protein. We further found that the carboxyl-terminal HA-tagged FlgI was secreted via outer membrane vesicles in Sinorhizobium meliloti. Fluoresence localization of transient expression FlgI-GFP in Nicotiana benthamiana revealed that FlgI is mainly localized in the cytoplasm, cell periphery, and nuclear periphery of tobacco cells. In addition, our experimental results suggest that FlgI has a strong ability to induce callose deposition and cell necrosis in N. benthamiana. Finally, by screening a large library of compounds in a high-throughput format, we found that cyclosporin A restored the growth of FlgI-expressing yeast. These results confirm that FlgI is a novel Sec-dependent effector, enriching our understanding of CLas pathogenicity and helping to develop new and more effective strategies to manage HLB.
Plant Growth Regulation in Cell and Tissue Culture In Vitro
Authors: Pasternak Taras P. , Steinmacher Douglas
Published: January 2024

Precise knowledge of all aspects controlling plant tissue culture and in vitro plant regeneration is crucial for plant biotechnologists and their correlated industry, as there is increasing demand for this scientific knowledge, resulting in more productive and resilient plants in the field. However, the development and application of cell and tissue culture techniques are usually based on empirical studies, although some data-driven models are available. Overall, the success of plant tissue culture is dependent on several factors such as available nutrients, endogenous auxin synthesis, organic compounds, and environment conditions. In this review, the most important aspects are described one by one, with some practical recommendations based on basic research in plant physiology and sharing our practical experience from over 20 years of research in this field. The main aim is to help new plant biotechnologists and increase the impact of the plant tissue culture industry worldwide.
Research on the Application of Structural Topology Optimisation in the High-Precision Design of a Press Machine Frame
Authors: Tong Zeqi , Shen Cheng , Fang Jie , Ding Mingming , Tao Huimin
Published: January 2024

This article aims to optimise the structure of a press machine to enhance its stability and accuracy, as well as reduce the frame deformation during processing. The outer supporting frame of the JH31-250 press machine (Zhejiang Weili Forging Machinery Co., Ltd, Shaoxing, China) is used as a typical sample for exploring optimisation. Commercial software is utilised to conduct a finite element analysis on the three-dimensional model of the press machine frame. A topological optimisation algorithm using the solid isotropic microstructures with penalisation (SIMP) method is then applied to improve the structure of the press frame. The size of the topological structure is further refined with the response surface method and particle swarm optimisation method to ensure it is more relevant to engineering application. The analysis results indicate that the initial frame’s deformation under the static conditions is 0.4229 mm, and after optimisation, the deformed structural displacement is 0.2548 mm, a decrease of 39.75%. Additionally, a simplified experimental method is designed to effectively validate the simulation and the proposed design.
Experimental Study on Chrome Tanned Leather Shavings Modification—Properties and Prospective for Future Application
Authors: Gendaszewska Dorota , Pipiak Paulina , Wieczorek Dorota , Sieczyńska Katarzyna
Published: January 2024

Chrome tanned leather shavings (CTLS) are considered one of the more difficult wastes to manage in the tanning industry. At the same time, this waste is an important source of good quality collagen. The few methods described in the literature for the valorization of these wastes usually require pre-treatment or activation. In this study, an attempt was made to see if raw chrome tanned leather shavings (CTLS) could be modified to obtain secondary raw materials with new physical properties. Glutaraldehyde, glycerol, EDCs, pectin, and tannins were selected for modification of the CTLS. The effectiveness of the processes carried out was confirmed by FTIR analysis of the materials obtained. Changes in the intensity of the characteristic collagen peak (amide I, amide II, and amide III) and changes in the position of the bands in the 1200–1000 cm−1 region were observed in the recorded spectra. The modifications introduced confirmed changes in the physical properties of samples M1–M5, including an increase in bulk density from 0.15 to 0.59 g cm−3, and improved tensile strength is some cases. The elemental content results of the samples tested showed the resulting modified CTLS were free of Cd, Hg, Pb, and Cr(VI). It was also confirmed tanning waste contained significant amounts of various valuable elements. The research also included preliminary tests to assess the environmental impact of the modified materials. In a phytotoxicity test conducted on modified CTLS, M1 with pectins showed the highest root stimulation (105%), while samples with glutaraldehyde and unmodified CTLS showed significant root inhibition (75%, 74%). Other samples showed moderate plant toxicity and seed germination was not significantly affected.
Low Energy Cost Synchronization Strategy for Markovian Switching Complex Systems/Networks: Multiple Perspectives Comparative Analysis
Authors: Xie Qian , Xu Haolan , Dang Jian , Wang Zhe
Published: January 2024

In this paper, the low energy cost synchronization control strategy of Markovian switching complex systems/networks is mainly studied and analyzed through multiple perspectives. Firstly, in order to achieve synchronization of Markovian switching complex networks with low energy cost, a control scheme based on the optimal node selection strategy that does not depend on the network coupling strength is improved, and a finite-time controller with a simpler structure is constructed. Secondly, based on the event-triggered control strategy an effective trigger event is designed to achieve the low energy cost synchronization of Markovian switching complex networks on the basis of reducing the information transmission and interaction between networks. Finally, the two control strategies mentioned in this paper are compared and analyzed from multiple perspectives through numerical simulations to better guide practical engineering.
Hygrothermal Optimization for Excavated Soil Reuse in Various Climate Buildings: A Global Literature Meta-Analysis
Authors: Fogue Djombou Yannick Igor , Gorra Melvyn , Malet-Damour Bruno
Published: January 2024

This article investigates the hygrothermal properties of earth-based materials by analyzing experimental data from 88 articles spanning 32 countries worldwide. The focus is determining effective techniques for leveraging the use of excavated soil in construction, particularly emphasizing enhancement of hygrothermal comfort in specific climates. Based on statistical analysis, the study presents a comprehensive classification of earth production techniques, incorporating additives, and examines their impacts on hygrothermal properties of excavated soils. Additionally, it explores the intricate relationship between the climatic conditions of a region and the chosen earth-material production techniques. The analysis aims to propose standard parameters for earthen materials and identify gaps in both methods and experimental studies. Therefore, this study will provide valuable insights by proposing new design tools (ternary diagrams) to maximize the use of excavated soils in construction practices. The proposed diagrams illustrate the intricate relation linking either hygrothermal properties, the climate zone, and manufacturing techniques, or the relation between the most studied manufacturing techniques (compaction, fibered, and stabilization) and expected dry thermal conductivity. Thereby, results from this meta-analysis and critical review will contribute to advancing sustainable construction practices.
Blessings on the Waves: Miraculous Encounters of Japanese Pilgrim Monks during Sea Voyages Transmitting Dharma from Southern Song China
Authors: Liu Yi
Published: January 2024

The maritime route connecting the Chinese continent and the Japanese archipelago facilitated a significant exchange of commercial goods and sociocultural knowledge throughout the Southern Song dynasty. Within this context, Japanese pilgrim monks traveling along this route acted as key conduits for the transmission of Buddhist teachings. Their journeys profoundly influenced the establishment and development of new Buddhist monasteries in Japan. Focusing on biographical accounts that portray the experiences of these pilgrim monks during their twelfth- and thirteenth-century sea voyages, this paper aims to explore how these accounts drew on intertextual links with existing Buddhist records to fulfill the compilers’ intentions. Specifically, this paper examines the structure and sources of biographical accounts detailing miraculous encounters between pilgrim monks and Buddhist deities during perilous situations at sea. By interpreting the role of these deities in the corpus of Buddhist literature and within Japanese Buddhist monasteries founded by pilgrim monks, this paper argues that the increasing emphasis on pilgrim monks’ attainment of divine protection in their biographical records suggests a growing concern for reinforcing the authority of their dharma lineages. Moreover, the composition and reception of these miraculous accounts reflected the changing religious needs and reshaped strategies for promoting specific Buddhist sects in subsequent periods.
Performance Analysis of Centralized Cooperative Schemes for Compressed Sensing
Authors: Rugini Luca , Banelli Paolo
Published: January 2024

This paper presents a performance analysis of centralized spectrum sensing based on compressed measurements. We assume cooperative sensing, where unlicensed users individually perform compressed sensing and send their results to a fusion center, which makes the final decision about the presence or absence of a licensed user signal. Several cooperation schemes are considered, such as and-rule, or-rule, majority voting, soft equal-gain combining (EGC). The proposed analysis provides simplified closed-form expressions that calculate the required number of sensors, the required number of samples, the required compression ratio, and the required signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) as a function of the probability of detection and the probability of the false alarm of the fusion center and of the sensors. The resulting expressions are derived by exploiting some accurate approximations of the test statistics of the fusion center and of the sensors, equipped with energy detectors. The obtained results are useful, especially for a low number of sensors and low sample sizes, where conventional closed-form expressions based on the central limit theorem (CLT) fail to provide accurate approximations. The proposed analysis also allows the self-computation of the performance of each sensor and of the fusion center with reduced complexity.
Fingerprint Recognition in Forensic Scenarios
Authors: Martins Nuno , Silva José Silvestre , Bernardino Alexandre
Published: January 2024

Fingerprints are unique patterns used as biometric keys because they allow an individual to be unambiguously identified, making their application in the forensic field a common practice. The design of a system that can match the details of different images is still an open problem, especially when applied to large databases or, to real-time applications in forensic scenarios using mobile devices. Fingerprints collected at a crime scene are often manually processed to find those that are relevant to solving the crime. This work proposes an efficient methodology that can be applied in real time to reduce the manual work in crime scene investigations that consumes time and human resources. The proposed methodology includes four steps: (i) image pre-processing using oriented Gabor filters; (ii) the extraction of minutiae using a variant of the Crossing Numbers method which include a novel ROI definition through convex hull and erosion followed by replacing two or more very close minutiae with an average minutiae; (iii) the creation of a model that represents each minutia through the characteristics of a set of polygons including neighboring minutiae; (iv) the individual search of a match for each minutia in different images using metrics on the absolute and relative errors. While in the literature most methodologies look to validate the entire fingerprint model, connecting the minutiae or using minutiae triplets, we validate each minutia individually using n-vertex polygons whose vertices are neighbor minutiae that surround the reference. Our method also reveals robustness against false minutiae since several polygons are used to represent the same minutia, there is a possibility that even if there are false minutia, the true polygon is present and identified; in addition, our method is immune to rotations and translations. The results show that the proposed methodology can be applied in real time in standard hardware implementation, with images of arbitrary orientations.