bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From Records to Things: Managing the Transition from Legacy Library Metadata to Linked Data
Authors: Godby Carol Jean , Smith‐Yoshimura Karen
Published: December 2016

EDITOR'S SUMMARY

A basic requirement for linked data is that records include structured and clear data about topics of interest or searched Things, formatted in ways that allow linking to other data. While linked data presents great potential for the library community, libraries' existing digital knowledge is largely inaccessible, stuck in the increasingly obsolete MARC format, readable only by humans and certain library systems. To maximize the value of linked data using library content, important entities and relationships must be defined and made available, codings that are machine understandable must be adapted for linked data purposes, and persistent identifiers must be substituted for text. The Virtual International Authority File aggregates identifiers published by numerous sources in a variety of domains and languages to help produce a linked data collection of information on given topics, making possible rich linked data that is machine readable and presented in the user's language. Since 1994 the Program for Cooperative Cataloging (PCC) has worked toward cost effective uniformity of library standards. The PCC's ultimate goal is to transition from MARC to linked data through widespread adoption of standards and best practices by the library community.
Standards for Archives
Authors: Boyd Morag
Published: December 2016

EDITOR'S SUMMARY

Formal standards and professional practices characterize modern archival administration, increasing consistent archival description and interoperable metadata as well as the authenticity and reliability of the archives themselves. The International Council of Archives' General International Standard Archival Description identifies 26 data elements to describe archives, being extended for the semantic web. Archives in the United States follow three sets of archival description standards. Describing Archives: A Content Standard, 2nd Edition (DACS), used together with the other standards and with MARC, describes archival materials and authority records about material creators. It stresses principles for arrangement, order and hierarchical organization. The Encoded Archival Description (EAD) contains elements to describe archival materials and interrelationships. Like DACS, it stresses respect de fonds, keeping records together in original order. Encoded Archival Context‐Corporate Bodies, Persons, and Families (EAC‐CPF) describes information about people and organizations reflected in an archive. It was adopted by the Society of American Archivists in 2011 and has been used to derive 6.6 million EAC‐CPF records from EAD finding aids and authority records. Archival descriptions are complex and unique. Using standardized and required descriptive elements and special search interfaces would maximize the advantage of EAD encoding and extend opportunities for data sharing between institutions.
Practical Application of the Dublin Core Standard for Enterprise Metadata Management
Authors: Mathieu Camille
Published: December 2016

EDITOR'S SUMMARY

Large organizations relying heavily on knowledge work require effective capture and reuse of information, enabled through consistent use of standardized enterprise content metadata. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) has undertaken a standardization effort, building an internal content schema based on established metadata field standards that are content‐ and application‐agnostic but locally customizable for application to a broad variety of repositories. The JPL adopted the Dublin Core standard, with its Simple and Qualified properties as well as further refined Custom sub‐properties. The JPL Resource Schema serves as an enterprise‐wide metadata standard, while specific application profiles state the available fields and field labels for each repository or content management system. The schema's terms are drawn from two distinct but semantically related vocabularies and linked by an intermediary registry tying granular listings for specific applications to enterprise‐level terms. The registry mappings permit the use of both local metadata and higher level or external systems. The effort has demonstrated the importance of consistent application of both granular and general metadata for information capture and revealed important lessons about adopting the Dublin Core standard in a large enterprise setting.
The IA You See When You Can't Read the Language
Authors: Creekmore Laura
Published: December 2016

EDITOR'S SUMMARY

A trip to Mexico and being surrounded by airport signs in Spanish highlighted the importance of the information architecture of travel for the author. Indicators of airport terminals, trains and trams were less than clear for those with limited language skills. Airport arrivals and departures were not designated or organized in familiar ways. Using one's own phone on another country's network was complicated. The confusing differences created stress, forced decision making despite uncertainty, and prompted a desire to hide ignorance with a confident appearance. Emotion became a significant factor navigating through the unfamiliar environment of both textual and nontextual cues. Information architects should be mindful of the information they present verbally and graphically and consider the potential for confusion and emotion interfering with their message.
The Center for Research Data and Digital Scholarship at the University of Colorado‐Boulder
Authors: Knuth Shelley L. , Johnson Andrew , Lindquist Thea , Weiss Debra , Hamrick Deborah , Hauser Thomas , Reynolds Leslie
Published: December 2016

EDITOR'S SUMMARY

The University of Colorado‐Boulder expanded its digital services through the 2016 opening of its Center for Research Data and Digital Scholarship (CRDDS), a collaboration between the libraries and research computing. The aim is to provide a full range of data services, from analytics and visualization through curation, storage and preservation, in addition to education and consultation for both university and community members. Increased data discovery, reuse, access and publication are expected to be among the several advantages to this collaborative effort. The CRDDS will focus on promoting research data management mandated by federal funding agencies and journal publishers, cyberinfrastructure to gain full benefit from big data, education and training through courses and online modules, and digital scholarship to explore tools and methods used throughout the life cycle of a digital project. CRDDS plans to create a seminar and consulting space within the library in addition to digital outreach.
Outcome after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in Asian breast cancer patients
Authors: Lim Li Yan , Miao Hui , Lim Joline S. J. , Lee Soo Chin , Bhoo‐Pathy Nirmala , Yip Cheng Har , Taib Nur Aishah B. M. , Chan Patrick , Tan Ern Yu , Lim Swee Ho , Lim Geok Hoon , Woo Evan , Tan Yia Swam , Lee Jung Ah , Wong Mabel , Tan Puay Hoon , Ong Kong Wee , Wong Fuh Yong , Yap Yoon Sim , Hartman Mikael
Published: December 2016

We aim to identify clinicopathologic predictors for response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and to evaluate the prognostic value of pathologic complete response (pCR) on survival in Asia. This study included 915 breast cancer patients who underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy at five public hospitals in Singapore and Malaysia. pCR following neoadjuvant chemotherapy was defined as 1) no residual invasive tumor cells in the breast (ypT0/is) and 2) no residual invasive tumor cells in the breast and axillary lymph nodes (ypT0/is ypN0). Association between pCR and clinicopathologic characteristics and treatment were evaluated using chi‐square test and multivariable logistic regression. Kaplan–Meier analysis and log‐rank test, stratified by other prognostic factors, were conducted to compare overall survival between patients who achieved pCR and patients who did not. Overall, 4.4% of nonmetastatic patients received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The median age of preoperatively treated patients was 50 years. pCR rates were 18.1% (pCR ypT0/is) and 14.4% (pCR ypT0/is ypN0), respectively. pCR rate was the highest among women who had higher grade, smaller size, estrogen receptor negative, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2‐positive disease or receiving taxane‐based neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Patients who achieved pCR had better overall survival than those who did not. In subgroup analysis, the survival advantage was only significant among women with estrogen receptor‐negative tumors. Patients with poor prognostic profile are more likely to achieve pCR and particularly when receiving taxane‐containing chemotherapy. pCR is a significant prognostic factor for overall survival especially in estrogen receptor‐negative breast cancers.
Biologically Active Heterocyclic Hybrids Based on Quinazolinone, Benzofuran and Imidazolium Moieties: Synthesis, Characterization, Cytotoxic and Antibacterial Evaluation
Authors: Asadi Parvin , Khodarahmi Ghadamali , Jahanian‐Najafabadi Ali , Saghaie Lotfollah , Hassanzadeh Farshid
Published: December 2016

Cytotoxic and antimicrobial agents structurally based on quinazolinone, benzofuran and imidazole pharmacophores, have been designed and synthesized. Spectral (IR, 1H‐NMR) and elemental analysis data established the structures of these novel 3‐[1‐(1‐benzofuran‐2‐yl)‐2‐(4‐oxoquinazolin‐3(4H)‐yl)ethyl]‐1‐methyl‐1H‐imidazol‐3‐ium chloride hybrid derivatives. All the synthesized compounds were evaluated for in vitro cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activities. Cytotoxic evaluation using MTT assay revealed that compounds 12c, 12g and 12i exhibited significant cytotoxicity with IC50 values 1, 1, and 0.57 μm on this cell line, respectively. Biological activity of the synthesized compounds as antibacterial agent were also evaluated against three Gram‐negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhi), three Gram‐positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Listeria monocitogenes) and one yeast‐like fungi (Candida albicans) strains. All compounds 12a – 12i showed slightly higher activity against Gram‐positive bacteria than the Gram‐negative one. Among the nine new compounds screened, 3‐[1‐(5‐bromo‐1‐benzofuran‐2‐yl)‐2‐(6‐chloro‐4‐oxoquinazolin‐3(4H)‐yl)ethyl]‐1‐methyl‐1H‐imidazol‐3‐ium chloride (12e) has pronounced higher antimicrobial activity against all tested strains. These results demonstrated potential importance of molecular hybridization in the development of new lead molecules with major cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity.
A Specific Activity‐Based Probe to Monitor Family GH59 Galactosylceramidase, the Enzyme Deficient in Krabbe Disease
Authors: Marques André R. A. , Willems Lianne I. , Herrera Moro Daniela , Florea Bogdan I. , Scheij Saskia , Ottenhoff Roelof , van Roomen Cindy P. A. A. , Verhoek Marri , Nelson Jessica K. , Kallemeijn Wouter W. , Biela‐Banas Anna , Martin Olivier R. , Cachón‐González M. Begoña , Kim Nee Na , Cox Timothy M. , Boot Rolf G. , Overkleeft Herman S. , Aerts Johannes M. F. G.
Published: December 2016

Galactosylceramidase (GALC) is the lysosomal β‐galactosidase responsible for the hydrolysis of galactosylceramide. Inherited deficiency in GALC causes Krabbe disease, a devastating neurological disorder characterized by accumulation of galactosylceramide and its deacylated counterpart, the toxic sphingoid base galactosylsphingosine (psychosine). We report the design and application of a fluorescently tagged activity‐based probe (ABP) for the sensitive and specific labeling of active GALC molecules from various species. The probe consists of a β‐galactopyranose‐configured cyclophellitol‐epoxide core, conferring specificity for GALC, equipped with a BODIPY fluorophore at C6 that allows visualization of active enzyme in cells and tissues. Detection of residual GALC in patient fibroblasts holds great promise for laboratory diagnosis of Krabbe disease. We further describe a procedure for in situ imaging of active GALC in murine brain by intra‐cerebroventricular infusion of the ABP. In conclusion, this GALC‐specific ABP should find broad applications in diagnosis, drug development, and evaluation of therapy for Krabbe disease.
Palladium‐Mediated Labeling of Nucleic Acids
Authors: Defrancq Eric , Messaoudi Samir
Published: December 2016

New applications of Pd‐catalyzed coupling reactions (Suzuki–Miyaura, Sonogashira, and Stille–Migita coupling) for post‐conjugation of nucleic acids have been developed recently. Breakthroughs in this area might now pave the way for the development of sophisticated DNA probes, which might be of great interest in chemical biology, nanotechnology, and bioanalysis, as well as in diagnostic domains.
Ammonia Decomposition and Synthesis over Multinary Magnesioferrites: Promotional Effect of Ga on Fe Catalysts for the Decomposition Reaction
Authors: Ortega Klaus Friedel , Rein Denise , Lüttmann Christian , Heese Justus , Özcan Fatih , Heidelmann Markus , Folke Jan , Kähler Kevin , Schlögl Robert , Behrens Malte
Published: December 2016

Magnesioferrite (MgFe2O4)‐derived Mesoporous spinels of the type MgFeM3+O4 with M3+=Fe, Al, and Ga obtained upon calcination of hydrotalcite‐like compounds were investigated in the ammonia decomposition reaction at 1 bar and the synthesis of ammonia at 90 bar. The corresponding precursors were synthesized by co‐precipitation at 50 °C and constant pH of 10.5. N2 physisorption, PXRD, HR‐TEM, H2‐TPR, and NH3‐TPD were applied in order to obtain information about the textural, (micro‐)structural, solid‐state kinetics in reducing atmosphere, and adsorption properties of the samples. While phase‐pure layered double hydroxides (LDHs) were obtained for Al and Ga, magnesioferrite as the desired oxide phase and a low fraction of magnetite were formed besides the targeted precursor phase during co‐precipitation in the presence of Fe2+ and Fe3+ species. Reduction of the binary and ternary magnesioferrites occurs via two consecutive reactions. Only the second stage is shifted towards higher temperatures after incorporation of Al and Ga. The latter element boosts the catalytic decomposition of ammonia, yielding a 2‐fold and 5‐fold higher conversion at 500 °C compared to the samples containing Fe3+ and Al3+ species, respectively. In situ XRD measurements showed that this unprecedented promotional effect is related to the generation of (Fe, Ga)Fe3N. This phase, however, is detrimental for the synthesis of ammonia at elevated pressures in which the binary system outperforms the ternary spinels, yielding 30 % of the activity obtained with a highly promoted Fe‐based industrial catalyst.
Surface and Mechanical Properties of Nanoparticulate Resin Coatings and Their Toxicological Characterization
Authors: Sambale Franziska , Hesselbach Jutta , Finke Benedikt , Schilde Carsten , Stahl Frank , Bahnemann Detlef , Scheper Thomas , Kwade Arno
Published: December 2016

A process chain to produce and characterize nanoparticulate, hydrophobic resin coatings was investigated. The investigated process stain could be used for sanitary applications, for instance. Nanocomposites might have a potential risk to humans and the environment. Thus, not only the manufacturing process, but also the achievable product properties were examined. Toxicological investigations with regard to the nanoparticle sizes and solid contents used were performed by investigating the impact of the nanoparticles on lung (A549 cells) and liver (HepG2 cells) cells. Results included showed that by using modified alumina the product properties could be improved in terms of hydrophobicity and mechanical properties and that alumina particles were nontoxic. However, cell viability was slightly affected by the nanocomposite extracts, depending on the applied particle size and concentration in the nanocomposites.
Optimization of Epoxidized Methyl Acetoricinoleate Synthesis by Response Surface Methodology
Authors: Xu Wei , Ge Xiao-Dong , Cheng De-Lin , Shao Rong , Ding Jian-Fei , Yan Xiu-Hua , Liu Ting-Ting
Published: December 2016

Epoxidized methyl acetoricinoleate (EMAR) was generated by epoxidation of methyl acetoricinoleate (MAR) in the presence of formic acid and hydrogen peroxide by using ionic liquids as catalysts, and the product was characterized by means of infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The efficiencies of four different catalysts, 1‐methylimidazole hydrogen sulfate salt ([Hmim]HSO4), 1‐methylpyrrolidone hydrogen sulfate salt ([Hnmp]HSO4), phosphoric acid, and sulfuric acid, were compared. The effects of the formic acid/MAR molar ratio, hydrogen peroxide/MAR molar ratio, reaction temperature, reaction time, and catalyst dosage on the epoxy value of EMAR were investigated by single‐factor experiments.
Improvement of Efficiency and Emissions from Wood Log Stoves by Retrofit Solutions
Authors: Matthes Mirjam , Hartmann Ingo
Published: December 2016

Biomass combustion systems contribute to the use of renewables, whereby wood log stoves have a high share for domestic heating. Promotion of renewables and efforts for lower air pollution require an improvement of technology. Short‐term effects can be achieved with the help of various retrofit systems. Apart from a survey of available systems, two measurements have been analyzed: additional heat exchange and emission reduction by catalysis. During normal operation of three low‐cost stoves, high levels of carbon monoxide (CO), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and particulate matter (PM) concentration have been observed, having a major influence of the operator's behavior. The best case scenario with the retrofit systems resulted in a significant efficiency increase and as well a reduction of CO, VOCs, and PM.
Dry Cleaning of Fine Coal Based on Gas‐Solid Two‐Phase Flow: A Review
Authors: Yang Xuliang , Zhao Yuemin , Luo Zhenfu
Published: December 2016

Dry cleaning of coal becomes increasingly significant to improve energy efficiency and reduce air pollutant emissions. Fine coal dry cleaning processes are mostly based on gas‐solid two‐phase flow and mainly classified into the following three categories. Modified air‐dense medium‐fluidized bed cleaning has high cleaning accuracy, but confronts the problems of product purification and medium recovery. Density‐segregation gas‐fluidized bed cleaning does not use artificial medium solids and is characterized by a simple process and stable performance. However, its cleaning accuracy is relatively low. Air table cleaning also uses no artificial medium and separates fine coal depending on the differences in density and coefficient of friction. Its cleaning accuracy is approximate to that of density‐segregation gas‐fluidized bed cleaning but has more influential factors.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Catalytic Activities of A Nickel(II) Monoamido‐Tetradentate Complex: Evidence For NiIII–Oxo and NiIV–Oxo Species
Authors: Bok Kwon Hee , Lee Myoung Mi , You Ga Rim , Ahn Hye Mi , Ryu Ka Young , Kim Sung‐Jin , Kim Youngmee , Kim Cheal
Published: December 2016

A new mononuclear nickel(II) complex, [NiII(dpaq)Cl] (1), containing a tetradentate monoamido ligand, dpaq (dpaq=2‐[bis(pyridin‐2‐ylmethyl)amino]‐N‐(quinolin‐8‐yl)acetamide), has been synthesized and characterized by IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and UV/Vis spectroscopy. The structure of the nickel complex has been determined by X‐ray crystallography. This nonheme NiII complex 1 catalyzed the epoxidation reaction of a wide range of olefins with meta‐chloroperoxybenzoic acid (m‐CPBA) under mild conditions. Olefin epoxidation using this catalytic system has been proposed to involve a new reactive NiIV–oxo (4) species, based on the evidence from a PPAA (peroxyphenylacetic acid) probe, Hammett studies, H218O exchange experiments, and ESI mass spectroscopic analysis. Moreover, the nature of solvent significantly influenced partitioning between heterolytic and homolytic O−O bond cleavage of the Ni–acylperoxo intermediate (2). The O−O bond of 2 proceeded predominantly through heterolytic cleavage in a protic solvent, such as CH3OH. These results suggest that possibly a NiIV–oxo species is a common reactive intermediate in protic solvents. The two active oxidants, namely NiIV–oxo (3) and NiIII–oxo (4), which are responsible for stereospecific olefin epoxidation and radical‐type oxidations, respectively, operate in aprotic solvents.
Intramolecular anti‐Phosphinoauration of Alkynes: An FLP‐Motivated Approach to Stable Aurated Phosphindolium Complexes
Authors: Arndt Sebastian , Hansmann Max M. , Motloch Petr , Rudolph Matthias , Rominger Frank , Hashmi A. Stephen K.
Published: December 2016

The synthesis of aurated phosphindolium complexes from easy accessible 1,5‐alkynylphosphine derivatives has been studied by using gold(I) complexes featuring carbene and phosphine ligands as initiators. Upon formation of the mixed phosphine NHC/phosphine gold species, elevated temperatures induced the cyclization to give stable aurated phosphindolium salts, which is supported by DFT calculations. The key elementary step that comprises a yet unknown anti‐phosphinoauration of an unactivated alkyne is favored if bulky NHC ligands are used which was analyzed by kinetic measurements. This concept could furthermore be extended to neutral (phosphindolium)AuCl complexes featuring the yet unknown phosphindole ligand.
Direct chiral separations of the enantiomers of phenylpyrazole pesticides and the metabolites by HPLC
Authors: Gao Jing , Qu Han , Zhang Chuntao , Li Weijia , Wang Peng , Zhou Zhiqiang
Published: December 2016

The enantiomeric separation of the enantiomers of three phenylpyrazole pesticides (fipronil, flufiprole, ethiprole) and two fipronil metabolites (amide‐fipronil and acid‐fipronil) were investigated by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a CHIRALPAK® IB chiral column. The mobile phase was n‐hexane or petroleum ether with 2‐propanol or ethanol as modifier at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The influences of mobile phase composition and column temperature between 15 and 35°C on the separations were studied. All the analytes except ethiprole obtained complete enantiomeric separation after chromatographic condition optimization. Fipronil, flufiprole, amide‐fipronil, and acid‐fipronil obtained complete separation with the best resolution factors of 2.40, 3.40, 1.67, and 16.82, respectively, but ethiprole showed no enantioselectivity under the optimized conditions. In general, n‐hexane with 2‐propanol gave better separations in most cases. The results showed decreasing temperature and content of modifier in the mobile phase resulted in better separation and longer analysis time as well. The thermodynamic parameters calculated according to linear the Van't Hoff equation indicated the chiral separations in the study were enthalpy‐driven. Fipronil and its two chiral hydrolyzed metabolites obtained baseline separation simultaneously under optimized conditions.
WDPCP regulates the ciliogenesis of human sinonasal epithelial cells in chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Ma Yun , Sun Yueqi , Jiang Lijie , Zuo Kejun , Chen Hexin , Guo Jiebo , Chen Fenghong , Lai Yinyan , Shi Jianbo
Published: December 2016

Damage to the mucociliary clearance system is a typical change in the pathogenesis in chronic rhinosinusitis. However, the mechanisms underlying cilia loss remain unclear. WDPCP is a key protein essential for ciliogenesis, and is also an effector of the planar cell polarity signaling system. In this study, we sought to determine the role of WDPCP in cilia loss in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. We demonstrated the expression of WDPCP in human sinonasal epithelium from patients with chronic rhinosinusitis and control subjects. We also used air‐liquid interface to culture primary human sinonasal epithelial cells in‐vitro model and to investigate WDPCP function. We then explored links between rhinosinusitis, WDPCP and inflammation. Accompanied with cilia loss, expression of WDPCP in human sinonasal epithelium from patients with chronic rhinosinusitis was decreased significantly compared with control subjects. In vitro study, we found that WDPCP level increased at first, and then decreased. Inhibiting WDPCP expression could lead to the poor quantity and length of cilia with reduced expression of Septin7. Also, Th1 type inflammatory mediators could decrease the expression of WDPCP. In conclusion, inflammatory cytokines cause reduced WDPCP expression, which contributes to impaired ciliogenesis in human rhinosinusitis.
An entertainment‐education colorectal cancer screening decision aid for African American patients: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Hoffman Aubri S. , Lowenstein Lisa M. , Kamath Geetanjali R. , Housten Ashley J. , Leal Viola B. , Linder Suzanne K. , Jibaja‐Weiss Maria L. , Raju Gottumukkala S. , Volk Robert J.
Published: December 2016

BACKGROUND

Colorectal cancer screening rates for African American patients remain suboptimal. Patient decision aids designed with an entertainment‐education approach have been shown to improve saliency and foster informed decision making. The purpose of this study was to assess whether an entertainment‐education decision aid tailored for African American patients improved patients' decision making, attitudes, intentions, or colorectal cancer screening behavior.

METHODS

Eighty‐nine participants were randomized to view 1) a patient decision aid video containing culturally tailored information about colorectal cancer screening options and theory‐based support in decision making presented in an entertainment–education format or 2) an attention control video about hypertension that contained similarly detailed information. Participants met with their clinician and then completed follow‐up questionnaires assessing their knowledge, decisional conflict, self‐advocacy, attitudes, perceived social norms, and intentions. At 3 months, completion of screening was assessed by chart review.

RESULTS

Viewing the culturally tailored decision aid significantly increased African American patients' knowledge of colorectal cancer screening recommendations and options. It also significantly reduced their decisional conflict and improved their self‐advocacy. No significant differences were observed in participants' attitudes, norms, or intentions. At three months, 23% of all patients had completed a colonoscopy.

CONCLUSIONS

Designing targeted, engaging patient decision aids for groups that receive suboptimal screening holds promise for improving patient decision making and self‐advocacy. Additional research is warranted to investigate the effectiveness of such aids in clinical practices with suboptimal screening rates and on downstream behaviors (such as repeat testing). Cancer 2017;123:1401–1408. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
FNA biopsy of secondary nonlymphomatous malignancies in salivary glands: A multi‐institutional study of 184 cases
Authors: Wang He , Hoda Raza S. , Faquin William , Rossi Esther Diana , Hotchandani Nihar , Sun Tianlin , Pusztaszeri Marc , Bizzarro Tommaso , Bongiovanni Massimo , Patel Viren , Jhala Nirag , Fadda Guido , Gong Yun
Published: December 2016

BACKGROUND

Secondary malignancies of salivary glands (SMSGs) are among the most common malignant neoplasms to involve the salivary glands. Fine‐needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) of SMSG can present diagnostic challenges. The current report presents the largest such FNAB series to date.

METHODS

A search of the pathology database from 6 academic institutions identified 184 FNAB cases of nonlymphomatous SMSG.

RESULTS

Of the 184 cases, 171 were of the parotid glands, and 13 were of the submandibular glands; 130 patients were men, and 54 were women, and the mean patient age at diagnosis was 68 years. Metastatic squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) from all sites (n = 87) and melanoma (n = 67) constituted the majority of SMSGs. Less frequent SMSGs were comprised of metastatic carcinomas from distant organs (n = 16), including sites in the breast, lung, kidney, thyroid, pancreatobiliary, prostate, and bladder. Other uncommon SMSGs, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma (n = 3), sarcoma (n = 4), other metastatic skin‐derived carcinomas (n = 6), and metastatic chordoma (n = 1), also were observed. Ancillary tests were performed on 37 FNAB specimens (20.1%) to aid the evaluation. One hundred forty‐seven specimens (79.9%) had a definitive diagnosis with accurate tumor subtyping, 21 (11.4%) had a definitive malignant diagnosis but without specifying subtype, 9 (4.9%) had an indeterminate diagnosis, and 7 (3.8%) had a false‐negative diagnosis.

CONCLUSIONS

SMSGs originate predominately from the head and neck and are more common in older men. Overall, the FNAB diagnosis of SMSG is accurate, but diagnostic challenges can be encountered, especially in SCC types of SMSG. Ancillary studies are needed for the definitive diagnosis of challenging cases. Cancer Cytopathol 2017;125:91–103. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Variable proopiomelanocortin expression in tanycytes of the adult rat hypothalamus and pituitary stalk
Authors: Wittmann Gábor , Farkas Erzsébet , Szilvásy‐Szabó Anett , Gereben Balázs , Fekete Csaba , Lechan Ronald M.
Published: December 2016

It is generally believed that proopiomelanocortin (POMC) is expressed exclusively by neurons in the adult rodent brain. Unbeknownst to most researchers, however, Pomc in situ hybridization studies in the rat show specific labeling in the ventral wall of the hypothalamic third ventricle, which is formed by specialized ependymal cells, called tanycytes. Here we characterized this non‐neuronal POMC expression in detail using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical techniques, and report two unique characteristics. First, POMC mRNA and precursor protein expression in non‐neuronal cells varies to a great degree as to the extent and abundance of expression. In brains with low‐level expression, POMC mRNA and protein was largely confined to a population of tanycytes within the infundibular stalk/caudal median eminence, termed here γ tanycytes, and a subset of closely located β and α2 tanycytes. In brains with high‐level expression, POMC mRNA and protein was observed in the vast majority of α2, β, and γ tanycytes. This variability was observed in both adult males and females; of 41 rats between 8 and 15 weeks of age, 17 had low‐, 9 intermediate‐, and 15 high‐level POMC expression in tanycytes. Second, unlike other known POMC‐expressing cells, tanycytes rarely contained detectable levels of adrenocorticotropin or α‐melanocyte–stimulating hormone. The results indicate either a dynamic spatiotemporal pattern whereby low and high POMC syntheses in tanycytes occur periodically in each brain, or marked interindividual differences that may persist throughout adulthood. Future studies are required to examine these possibilities and elucidate the physiologic importance of POMC in tanycytes. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:411–441, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Organization of the antennal lobes in the praying mantis (Tenodera aridifolia)
Authors: Carle Thomas , Watanabe Hidehiro , Yamawaki Yoshifumi , Yokohari Fumio
Published: December 2016

Olfaction in insects plays pivotal roles in searching for food and/or for sexual partners. Although many studies have focused on the olfactory processes of nonpredatory insect species, little is known about those in predatory insects. Here, we investigated the anatomical features of the primary olfactory center (antennal lobes) in an insect predator whose visual system is well developed, the praying mantis Tenodera aridifolia. Both sexes of T. aridifolia were found to possess 54 glomeruli, and each glomerulus was identified based on its location and size. Moreover, we found a sexual dimorphism in three glomeruli (macroglomeruli) located at the entrance of the antennal nerves, which are 15 times bigger in males than their homologs in females. We additionally deduced the target glomeruli of olfactory sensory neurons housed in cognate types of sensilla by degenerating the sensory afferents. The macroglomeruli received sensory inputs from grooved peg sensilla, which are present in a large number at the proximal part of the males' antennae. Furthermore, our findings suggest that glomeruli at the posteriodorsal part of the antennal lobes receive sensory information from putative hygro‐ and thermosensitive sensilla. The origins of projections connected to the protocerebrum are also discussed. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:1685–1706, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gradients in cytoarchitectural landscapes of the isocortex: Diprotodont marsupials in comparison to eutherian mammals
Authors: Charvet Christine J. , Stimpson Cheryl D. , Kim Young Do , Raghanti Mary Ann , Lewandowski Albert H. , Hof Patrick R. , Gómez‐Robles Aida , Krienen Fenna M. , Sherwood Chet C.
Published: December 2016

Although it has been claimed that marsupials possess a lower density of isocortical neurons compared with other mammals, little is known about cross‐cortical variation in neuron distributions in this diverse taxonomic group. We quantified upper‐layer (layers II–IV) and lower‐layer (layers V–VI) neuron numbers per unit of cortical surface area in three diprotodont marsupial species (two macropodiformes, the red kangaroo and the parma wallaby, and a vombatiform, the koala) and compared these results to eutherian mammals (e.g., xenarthrans, rodents, primates). In contrast to the notion that the marsupial isocortex contains a low density of neurons, we found that neuron numbers per unit of cortical surface area in several marsupial species overlap with those found in eutherian mammals. Furthermore, neuron numbers vary systematically across the isocortex of the marsupial mammals examined. Neuron numbers under a unit of cortical surface area are low toward the frontal cortex and high toward the caudo‐medial (occipital) pole. Upper‐layer neurons (i.e., layers II–IV) account for most of the variation in neuron numbers across the isocortex. The variation in neuron numbers across the rostral to the caudal pole resembles primates. These findings suggest that diprotodont marsupials and eutherian mammals share a similar cortical architecture despite their distant evolutionary divergence.
Spatial distribution of intermingling pools of projection neurons with distinct targets: A 3D analysis of the commissural ganglia in Cancer borealis
Authors: Follmann Rosangela , Goldsmith Christopher John , Stein Wolfgang
Published: December 2016

Projection neurons play a key role in carrying long‐distance information between spatially distant areas of the nervous system and in controlling motor circuits. Little is known about how projection neurons with distinct anatomical targets are organized, and few studies have addressed their spatial organization at the level of individual cells. In the paired commissural ganglia (CoGs) of the stomatogastric nervous system of the crab Cancer borealis, projection neurons convey sensory, motor, and modulatory information to several distinct anatomical regions. While the functions of descending projection neurons (dPNs) which control downstream motor circuits in the stomatogastric ganglion are well characterized, their anatomical distribution as well as that of neurons projecting to the labrum, brain, and thoracic ganglion have received less attention. Using cell membrane staining, we investigated the spatial distribution of CoG projection neurons in relation to all CoG neurons. Retrograde tracing revealed that somata associated with different axonal projection pathways were not completely spatially segregated, but had distinct preferences within the ganglion. Identified dPNs had diameters larger than 70% of CoG somata and were restricted to the most medial and anterior 25% of the ganglion. They were contained within a cluster of motor neurons projecting through the same nerve to innervate the labrum, indicating that soma position was independent of function and target area. Rather, our findings suggest that CoG neurons projecting to a variety of locations follow a generalized rule: for all nerve pathway origins, the soma cluster centroids in closest proximity are those whose axons project down that pathway.
Orientational Disorder in Adamantane and Adamantanecarboxylic Acid
Authors: Beake Edward O. R. , Tucker Matthew G. , Dove Martin T. , Phillips Anthony E.
Published: December 2016

The molecular crystals adamantane, C10H16, and adamantanecarboxylic acid, C10H15COOH, undergo order–disorder phase transitions at 208 and 250 K, respectively. Reverse Monte Carlo refinement of total neutron scattering data collected from deuterated samples immediately above these phase transitions shows that the high‐temperature phases are well described by models in which the adamantyl groups are disordered over two sites. No correlation between the orientations of neighbouring molecules is observed. These results demonstrate that the intermolecular potential energy of these materials depends strongly on the orientation of the reference molecule but only very weakly on the orientations of its neighbours.
Profiling of Kidney Injury Biomarkers in Patients Receiving Cisplatin: Time‐dependent Changes in the Absence of Clinical Nephrotoxicity
Authors: George B , Wen X , Mercke N , Gomez M , O'Bryant C , Bowles DW , Hu Y , Hogan SL , Joy MS , Aleksunes LM
Published: December 2016

The success of cisplatin‐containing regimens to treat solid tumors is limited, in part, by nephrotoxicity. In rodents, several urinary proteins have emerged that are sensitive indicators of cisplatin‐induced kidney injury. We sought to characterize time‐dependent changes in the urinary concentrations of 12 proteins, including kidney injury molecule‐1 (KIM‐1), calbindin, beta 2‐microglobulin (β2M), and trefoil factor 3 (TFF3) after cisplatin therapy. Urine was collected at baseline, 3 days (range, 2–5 days), and 10 days (range, 9–11 days) from 57 patients with solid tumors receiving outpatient cisplatin therapy (≥25 mg/m2). Serum creatinine was largely unchanged after cisplatin infusion. However, compared with baseline values, several novel biomarkers were significantly increased in the urine, including β2M, which was threefold higher by day 3 (P < 0.0001). Urinary KIM‐1 and TFF3 were elevated twofold by day 10 (P = 0.002 and P = 0.002, respectively), whereas calbindin levels were increased eightfold (P < 0.0001). We report novel time‐dependent changes in the urinary excretion of noninvasive markers of subclinical kidney injury after cisplatin treatment.
Line of sight model for visible light communication using Lambertian radiation pattern of LED
Authors: Bhalerao M.V. , Sumathi M. , Sonavane S.S.
Published: December 2016

This paper illustrates line of sight model for visible light source and a photodiode in wireless communication. Light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) are predominantly used everywhere like in houses and factories as light source due to development in technology of light sources. Haitz's law predicts an exponential rise in light output and efficiency of LEDs over a period of time. Light‐emitting diodes are having an average life of 50 000 hours with efficiency of 140 lm/W. Light‐emitting diode light sources are used for an eco‐friendly world due to its advantages over conventional wireless communication systems. For communication purpose in the visible light range, the LED and photodiode are used. A visible light communication system with LED as the transmitter and photodiode as the receiver is simulated in MATLAB for line of sight and analyzed using a Lambertian radiation pattern with a different mode number, field of view, and half power angle.
Recruit Hispanic faculty to increase Hispanic graduation rates
Authors: Santos Adolfo
Published: December 2016

The United States has experienced a dramatic demographic transformation, the likes of which it has never experienced before. Not only is the country's population aging, but newer Americans are increasingly immigrants from Latin America and other countries from across the globe. While this transformation is underway, the United States finds itself losing its leadership role in higher education. While other countries are educating larger percentages of their young people, the United States has, until recently, remained stagnant. Only recently has the United States begun to experience a slight increase in the education attainment rates of its young people. Key to the United States' success in educating its young people is the education of the recent arrivals to the United States.
Consider how lowering tuition paid off in enrollment boost for small college
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: December 2016

Spiraling tuition costs accompanied by ever‐deeper discounting. It's a common scenario, especially at small, private colleges.
Create a home for your students and community through strong leadership
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: December 2016

Bruce Willis Ferguson's path to higher education leadership was a nontraditional one. The president of the Otis College of Art and Design moved into his role in 2015 after years as the vice chairman of Louise Blouin Media, an art magazine and book publishing company based out of New York.
Calibrating the time span of longitudinal biomarkers in vertebrate tissues when fine‐scale growth records are unavailable
Authors: Rogers Tracey L. , Fung Jeffery , Slip David , Steindler Lisa , O'Connell Tamsin C.
Published: December 2016

Biological markers (biomarkers) are invaluable and widely adopted in ecology, archaeology, and anthropology. Serially sampling biomarkers along continuously growing inert tissue, such as vibrissae, hair, nail, horn, or baleen, is an ideal method by which to capture the changes in an individual's diet, environment, climate, health, and stress levels. However, there are complications in calibrating the time periods that samples represent. Here, we assess how the choice of model and the input data used affect the prediction of time span. We use the Antarctic leopard seal, Hydrurga leptonyx, as our model, with stable isotope data from the vibrissae of captive and wild animals. We show that for tissues with nonlinear growth, and where fine‐scale data on tissue growth are unavailable, modeling over the life span of the tissue is a simple and easily adopted approach. In this method, growth parameters are derived from surveys of the study population and the shed–replacement cycle to calibrate the time span of the biomarker data. This model performed better than linear and nonlinear models, which use parameters that have been derived from growth measurements documented over short periods relative to the life span of the tissue. These latter approaches performed in a similar fashion to each other as they tended to overestimate the life span of the tissue. Whether growth is linear or nonlinear, not accounting for position‐specific differences in growth (rates or coefficients) and asymptotic length (L∞) resulted in different interpretations of biomarker data across the samples collected from the same individual. In species where metabolically inert tissue grows in a progressive fashion, the ability to account for time‐specific information refines our ability to interpret the biomarker data. We recommend that this approach be adapted for tissue, such as the vibrissae and hair of mammals and the hair of humans, which exhibit the predictable growth.
Marine ecoregion and Deepwater Horizon oil spill affect recruitment and population structure of a salt marsh snail
Authors: Pennings Steven C. , Zengel Scott , Oehrig Jacob , Alber Merryl , Bishop T. Dale , Deis Donald R. , Devlin Donna , Hughes A. Randall , Hutchens John J. , Kiehn Whitney M. , McFarlin Caroline R. , Montague Clay L. , Powers Sean , Proffitt C. Edward , Rutherford Nicolle , Stagg Camille L. , Walters Keith
Published: December 2016

Marine species with planktonic larvae often have high spatial and temporal variation in recruitment that leads to subsequent variation in the ecology of benthic adults. Using a combination of published and unpublished data, we compared the population structure of the salt marsh snail, Littoraria irrorata, between the South Atlantic Bight and the Gulf Coast of the United States to infer geographic differences in recruitment and to test the hypothesis that the Deepwater Horizon oil spill led to widespread recruitment failure of L. irrorata in Louisiana in 2010. Size‐frequency distributions in both ecoregions were bimodal, with troughs in the distributions consistent with a transition from sub‐adults to adults at ~13 mm in shell length as reported in the literature; however, adult snails reached larger sizes in the Gulf Coast. The ratio of sub‐adults to adults was 1.5–2 times greater in the South Atlantic Bight than the Gulf Coast, consistent with higher recruitment rates in the South Atlantic Bight. Higher recruitment rates in the South Atlantic Bight could contribute to higher snail densities and reduced adult growth in this region. The ratio of sub‐adults to adults in Louisiana was lower in 2011 than in previous years, and began to recover in 2012–2014, consistent with widespread recruitment failure in 2010, when large expanses of spilled oil were present in coastal waters. Our results reveal an important difference in the ecology of a key salt marsh invertebrate between the two ecoregions, and also suggest that the Deepwater Horizon oil spill may have caused widespread recruitment failure in this species and perhaps others with similar planktonic larval stages.
Do novel ecosystems follow predictable trajectories? Testing the trophic surge hypothesis in reservoirs using fish
Authors: Turgeon Katrine , Solomon Christopher T. , Nozais Christian , Gregory‐Eaves Irene
Published: December 2016

Hydroelectric reservoirs are novel ecosystems that provide a variety of important services. To manage these ecosystems and their fish populations effectively, we need to develop conceptual frameworks for predicting their short‐ and long‐term responses. To advance this goal, we revisited and tested the “trophic surge hypothesis, TSH.” The TSH has been widely cited in the literature, but has not been empirically tested across numerous reservoirs. The TSH suggests that fish populations should show a hump‐shaped pattern (i.e., the non‐equilibrium phase) after river impoundment. As such, we assembled 40 recruitment and 109 adult fish abundance time series from 19 species distributed across seven reservoirs from temperate and boreal regions, and applied curve fitting analyses and model selection. We found that the hump‐shaped pattern was the predominant pattern across individual time series, providing moderate support for the TSH. Fish recruitment increased substantially during reservoir filling and was followed by an increase in adult fish lagging 3–4 years behind. The non‐equilibrium phase was transient and lasted roughly eight years for recruits, whereas it could be much longer for adults. When time series were combined across regions and sites, the support for the TSH was weaker. However, we observed significant variability in the duration, timing, and magnitude of the surge across individual time series and found that the total flooded area was the most influential predictor to explain this variability. In conclusion, the TSH and related metrics can be a useful and general predictive framework to understand how fish populations may respond to impoundment. In particular, long‐term management recommendations could be short‐sighted if formulated before convincing evidence has emerged to show that the reservoir reached its new trophic equilibrium.