bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Undergraduate Student Perceptions of the Food Environment at a University Commuter Campus
Authors: Reznar Melissa , Bohn Danielle
Published: November 2023

Background

College students typically have poor diet quality. Nationally, only 5% of undergraduate students eat the recommended 5 or more servings of fruits and vegetables per day, with the vast majority (68%) consuming 0 to 2 servings daily. One of the factors that may contribute to poor diet quality is the campus food environment. Thus, the objective of this study was to explore undergraduate student perceptions of a campus food environment at a university consisting primarily of commuting students.

Methods

We conducted six focus groups, including a cumulative total of 42 undergraduate students. Students were intentionally recruited and grouped according to college or school to facilitate focus group discussion and ensure representation of a variety of majors. Participants were asked a series of questions about where they eat on or near campus, health food availability on campus, and ideas for improving food offerings on campus. All data were transcribed and participant identifiers removed. Researchers then performed content analysis to ascertain common codes and themes.

Results

Major themes that emerged were related to accessibility, including location hours, product placement, and lack of variety, quality, and availability of healthy options. Moreover, many participants noted that the environment immediately outside campus boundaries is largely fast‐food oriented. Participants indicated, however, that price and convenience are tremendous driving factors that influence food purchasing decisions amongst undergraduate students. Participants also acknowledged larger social influences on eating behaviors, including face‐to‐face social networks, developmental taste preferences, and price differences between fast/convenient food and homemade food.

Discussion

The results indicate that student hunger for healthier options on campus. Environmental changes, like moving healthier choices closer to eye‐level or point‐of purchase, are one set of easy and appealing options. On the whole, increased variety and healthfulness at an ideal price point appear to be key features of successful food ventures on campus.

Support or Funding Information

Not applicable
Dietary Differences Between Vegetarian and Omnivore College Students
Authors: Bunawan Stephanie , Edens David R , Goardon Aleida , Burns‐Whitmore Bonny
Published: November 2023

Approximately 21% of college students are self‐reported vegetarians. Vegetarian diets have been associated with lower risks of certain chronic diseases; however, vegetarians, especially college‐aged vegetarians may have nutrient risks due to diet limitations. The purpose of this study was to assess the differences in dietary intake of vegetarians and omnivores in college students and determine if the student diet groups met the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI). Thirty‐three 18–35yo college students completed five‐day food and activity records, and were grouped into the vegetarian group/vegan group (n=14) or omnivore group (n=19) based on self‐reported diet preferences and food records. Vegetarian and vegan diets were combined for analysis due to the low number of vegan respondents. The dietary intakes of both groups were compared to the DRIs, and vegetarians had significantly (p<0.05) lower intakes of protein, saturated fat, cholesterol, selenium, and sodium; and higher intakes in fiber, vitamin A, beta‐carotene, folate, vitamin K, copper, magnesium, manganese, and molybdenum as compared to omnivores. Vegetarians did not meet the DRI recommendations for n‐3 PUFA or n‐6 PUFA and both diets did not meet the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)/Adequate Intake (AI) for vitamin D, calcium, chromium, selenium, and choline. Omnivores had significantly lower intakes of RDAs/AIs in dietary fiber, vitamin D, folate, vitamin K, calcium, chromium, iron, magnesium, molybdenum, and choline. Therefore, at the micronutrient level, both groups fall short in certain nutrients, suggesting a need for campus‐wide awareness and action to address and ensure that students consume adequate diets.

Support or Funding Information

Self‐support
Mineral Content of Eggs from Backyard Chickens Reared Under Differing Conditions
Authors: Heflin‐Morgan Laura E , Plunkett Shannon A , King Elly , Johnson LuAnn K , Soldat Douglas J , Raatz Susan K
Published: November 2023

Among US consumers, there is a growing movement in which individuals focus on the development of a more sustainable lifestyle by eating food cultivated close to or at their home. This includes raising backyard chickens for eggs in both rural and urban area. Eggs are a valuable source of many nutrients, and there is an overall perception that eggs from backyard chickens are more nutritious than those obtained from commercial sources. Nutrient concentration in eggs is most strongly influenced by the diet of the hens. Backyard flocks are often fed a varied diet which, in addition to a commercial egg layer feed, may include supplements, scratch grains and kitchen scraps. Hens with outdoor access will also forage for insects and grasses and will intentionally or incidentally eat soil. These factors may result in varied nutrient intake levels. We examined the mineral concentration of the whole edible portion of eggs (yolk and albumen combined) collected from six backyard flocks in the greater Madison, WI area. Diet, nutrient supplementation, outdoor access and outdoor conditions varied among flocks. Concentrations of calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), sodium (Na), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and zinc (Zn) were evaluated using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to compare egg mineral content among flocks. Nutrient intake, outdoor access and outdoor conditions (including soil mineral content) were evaluated as covariates. Significant differences in Ca, K and Mg (p <0.05) were correlated with differences in flock rearing conditions. Egg levels of Fe, Mn, Na, P and Zn did not vary. These data indicate that variability exists in the mineral nutrient content of eggs collected from small backyard flocks. Further research is required to identify husbandry techniques that can be adapted to small backyard flocks, particularly in urban areas, which optimize the nutritional content of eggs.

Support or Funding Information

This study was supported by the Egg Nutrition

Center‐American Egg Board, USDA‐Hatch grant, and USDA, ARS 3062‐51000‐053‐00D.
The Effect of Family Affluence on Weight‐Related Cognitions of the Home Environment
Authors: Delaney Colleen , Quick Virginia , Eck Kaitlyn , Byrd‐Bredbenner Carol
Published: November 2023

Family affluence has been linked to weight‐related health outcomes where those of lower affluence often have disparate health outcomes. This study examined the effects of family affluence on weight‐related cognitions of the home environment. Study participants (N=655) were 32.63±5.7 SD years and mostly white (60%). Affluence measures indicated 94, 383, and 178 parents had low (LFA), medium (MFA), and high family affluence (HFA), respectively. ANOVA and post‐hoc tests revealed that LFA parents had significantly (P<.05) higher BMIs than MFA and HFA parents (31.99±9.78 SD, 28.19±6.71 SD, 26.45±5.73 SD). Using a 5‐point scale, importance placed on family meals and meal preparation self‐efficacy were similar across affluence groups; however, LFA parents were significantly less likely to plan meals than HFA (3.24±1.07 SD, 3.56±0.97 SD) and more likely to watch TV at mealtime (4.19±2.76 SD, 3.36±2.56 SD, 3.29±2.61 SD). Disinhibited and emotional eating scores did not differ, but LFA parents had less dietary restraint than HFA (2.29±0.81 SD, 2.57±0.66 SD) and were significantly more adventurous eaters (3.23±0.698 SD, 3.04±0.76 SD) and modelled healthy eating to children less often than MFA (3.41±0.94 SD, 3.65±0.77 SD). Fruit/vegetable consumption was similar across affluence levels, however LFA parents consumed more sugar‐sweetened beverages than MFA (1.08±1.03 SD, 0.76±0.87 SD). Parent feeding practices (e.g. pressuring, rewarding, and restricting children's eating) were similar across affluence levels, except LFA overtly controlled times when children were permitted to eat significantly more than HFA (3.47±1.07 SD, 3.15±0.89 SD). Physical activity level, screentime, and value placed on physical activity for self and child were similar across groups. All affluence groups had moderate to good levels of self‐efficacy for behaviors associated with protecting children from excess weight gain. Findings indicate nutrition education content that could benefit LFA families.

Support or Funding Information

USDA NIFA #2011‐68001‐30170
Corporate Wellness Inclusion of Registered Dietitian Nutritionists: Providing Personalized Nutrition Counseling to Improve Nutrition and Lifestyle Factors
Authors: Hicks Kristen , Black Kaitlin S. , Latortue Krista R Yoder
Published: November 2023

Growing costs for healthcare premiums and striking rise in chronic disease related to nutrition and lifestyle are leading to an unsustainable employee health environment. Employer‐sponsored wellness programs are on the rise, aiming to promote improvements in health as described by nutrition and lifestyle factors. Family Food LLC, a corporate wellness consulting company, provides Registered Dietitian Nutritionists (RDN) to over 300 different corporate locations from over 60 different zip codes as part of each company's worksite wellness programs. Since February 2016, employees (n=1,303) have seen an RDN for nutrition counseling, 73% (n=951) of whom are considered to be overweight or obese (BMI>25.0). Further classification of BMI showed 14% (BMI>40), 47% (BMI>30) and 39% (BMI>25). At each counseling session, RDN's work 1‐on‐1 with clients to set personalized nutrition, physical activity and family goals to work on improving between sessions. During each session, 99% made a personalized nutrition goal, 91% set a physical activity goal and 68% set a family goal. Of those consults, 45% (n=610) met their nutrition goal since their last counseling session and 80% (n=1049) scheduled follow up appointments. Nutrition counseling is imperative to improve a sustainable employee health environment. Inclusion of a RDN in employee‐sponsored wellness programs will improve health of employees while reducing healthcare premiums, a win‐win for both employee and employer.

Support or Funding Information

Family Food LLC
Development of a Dynamic Meal‐Equivalent Menu Method for Personalized Nutrition Intervention Programs in Obese Population
Authors: Limon‐Miro Ana T , Lopez‐Teros Veronica , Astiazaran‐Garcia Humberto
Published: November 2023

Obesity prevalence is critical worldwide, and nutritional interventions offer an alternative to improve body weight and thus personal health. Obese patients present a low level of adherence in long‐term nutrition intervention programs. Therefore developing accurate strategies that adapt to the individuals' characteristics and nutritional needs, may improve the patients' compliance in programs targeting their nutritional and health status. The aim of this study was to develop a method to enable health professionals in the design of personalized dietary plans, based on the patients' characteristics, availability and access to foods, generating different meal‐equivalent options in energy and macronutrient content for each patient. To implement the method, a nutritional assessment is required to estimate the patient's total energy expenditure and macronutrients requirements, and then set the food equivalent servings (FES) to be included. Furthermore, total calculated FES must be distributed between every meal per day, and each food combination will provide the same macronutrient distribution range for each meal option. We encourage the patients to visit their health professional or registered dietitian every two weeks, this way, individuals can receive a personalized 7‐option meal‐equivalent menu more often and improve their adherence to the nutritional intervention. Variations in protein (±1 g/d), total fat (± 2g/d), carbohydrates (± 1 g/d) and energy (± 10 kcal/d) in the menu will be accepted based on the individual's estimated requirements. We expect to provide health professionals with a tool to help them personalize nutrition intervention programs, reduce dietary planning time, and enable participants to adhere at long‐ and short‐ term including their personal and socioeconomic characteristics.
Characteristics of and Predictors of Inflammation Among 6–23 months old Children in Nepal
Authors: Akelo Victor , Whitehead Ralph D. , Mei Zuguo , Chitekwe Stanley , Dahal Pradiumna , Paudyal Naveen , Pokharel Kumar Raj , Addo Yaw , Jefferds Maria Elena
Published: November 2023

Inflammation in children reflects immune response to an insult. A population based representative micronutrient survey was conducted among 2,549 children 6–23 months in two districts of Nepal. It included indicators of inflammation because they can mask micro nutrient deficiencies and affect their assessment. The purpose of this analysis is to examine characteristics and predictors of inflammation among young children in Nepal. Inflammation was assessed using elevated C‐reactive protein (CRP>5mg/L) and α‐1‐acid glycoprotein (AGP>1 g/L). Afour stage inflammation variable was calculated as both normal CRP and AGP(non‐inflamed); high CRP and normal AGP (incubation); high CRP and high AGP (acute);and normal CRP and high AGP (chronic). Analyses were weighted and accounted for complex survey design. Four stepwise adjusted generalized logistic regression models were used to examine predictors of inflammation for Model 1) elevated AGP or CRP; Model 2)only elevated AGP; Model 3) only elevated CRP; and Model 4) the four stages of inflammation with non‐inflamed as thereferent. Predictor variable domains included sociodemographic, recent morbidity, and nutritional variables. The prevalence of inflammation was 43% by either CRP or AGP, 39% by only AGP, and 18% by only CRP. Overall prevalence of inflammation by the four stages was 41% distributed as follows: 3% incubation; 15% acute; and 23% chronic. Variables associated with an increased odds of having either an elevated AGP or CRP (model 1) included anemia, underweight, and fever (last two weeks), while higher household wealth ranking was associated with lower odds. In all the four models, anemia and fever predicted inflammation while other predictors varied by models. The prevalence of any inflammation was high among children and the predictors differed by inflammation category.

Support or Funding Information

The Government of Nepal, Ministry of Health and Population, and UNICEF Nepal Country Office supported the implementation of the Survey.
A cell‐based approach to quantifying endotoxin in human plasma samples
Authors: Fritsche Kevin L. , Browning Jim , Eichen Peggy Ann , Mossine Valeri V.
Published: November 2023

Poor dietary choices are thought to contribute to the risk of developing a variety of chronic diseases, in part, through promoting a state of low‐grade inflammation. For example, there are multiple research reports indicating that high‐fat meals promote a transient post‐prandial inflammatory state. Several investigators have hypothesized that high fat meals promote the absorption of microbial endotoxin across the gut wall and that once in the circulation this promotes inflammation through the activation of TLR4 signaling pathway on circulating innate immune cells (e.g., monocytes). Direct assessment of endotoxin in human blood samples is problematic. Reliance on the limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) test for quantifying endotoxin in a protein‐rich matrix, such as human plasma, requires that samples be heated prior to the analyses. Recovery of endotoxin spiked into plasma samples prior to heating is remarkably low, typically less than 1%. This phenomena, commonly referred to as neutralization, raises grave doubts about the suitability of the LAL test for quantifying endotoxin in the human circulation. Many researchers have long recognized the need for a more robust and accurate method for quantifying low levels of endotoxin in human circulation. In 1995, a cell‐based bioassay approach referred to as monocyte activation test (MAT) was developed and marketed as an alternative to LAL test. Unfortunately, the MAT requires that blood samples are processed within a few hours of collection, which greatly limits the utility of this alternative approach. We have developed and tested a cell‐based bioassay (CBA) for quantifying endotoxin in human plasma following storage at −80°C by using THP‐1 cells (i.e., a human monocytic cell line) stably‐transfected with a luciferase reporter driven by multiple NF‐kB promoters. Our CBA provides reliable and reproducible quantitation of endotoxin in unheated human plasma samples with a limit of detection approaching 0.05 endotoxin units (EU)/mL of plasma. Sensitivity and precision of our CBA compares well with the performance of a recently released commercial cell line (InvivoGen). In conclusion, both of these CBAs appear to provide the research community with a reliable alternative to the LAL test for quantifying endotoxin in human plasma.

Support or Funding Information

This research was supported in part by Grant Number P50AT006273 from the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH), the Office of Dietary Supplements(ODS), and the National Cancer Institute (NCI). Additional funding was provided by the Food‐for‐the‐21st Century Program ‐Nutrition Cluster, which is part of the College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources at the University of Missouri ‐ Columbia. Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the NIEHS, NCCIH, ODS, NCI, or the National Institutes of Health.
The Vegetarian Diet and Chronic Inflammation
Authors: Morgan‐Bathke Maria , Jensen Michael
Published: November 2023

Background

A multitude of studies have suggested that there is a link between obesity and inflammation. Various in vitro and animal studies have shown that saturated fatty acids are largely responsible for the induction of various pro‐inflammatory pathways. As vegetarians consume about half the amount of saturated fat as omnivores, we hypothesized that they would have less inflammation for any given amount of obesity.

Objective

To quantitate the inflammatory status of adipose tissue from obese vegetarians and omnivores.

Methods

The study included 8 obese vegetarians (1 male) and 8 obese omnivores matched for age, sex, and BMI. Body composition was measured by DXA. A blood sample was collected to measure plasma free fatty acids (FFA), subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies to measure macrophage content and muscle biopsies to quantify diacylglycerol (DAG) and ceramide content. Each participant also completed a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) to determine their average dietary intake.

Results

By design there were no differences in age, weight, BMI, percentage body fat, fat free mass or adipocyte size between the omnivore and vegetarian group. We found that vegetarians consume lower amounts of saturated fatty acids and cholesterol while consuming higher amounts of fiber and vitamin C than the omnivore participants (p = 0.06, 0.04, 0.004, 0.04 respectively). The plasma FFA of vegetarians revealed that they had greater proportions of the polyunsaturated fatty acids linoleic, linolenic (p = 0.01, 0.02 respectively) as well as increased monounsaturated oleic acid (p= 0.04). The inflammatory status of adipose tissue was quantified by measuring macrophage content (total, pro‐inflammatory M1, and anti‐inflammatory M2 macrophages). The vegetarian group had significantly lower adipose tissue total (p = 0.004), M1 (p = 0.002), and M2 (p = 0.01) macrophage burden when compared the omnivore group. There was a difference, however, in muscle DAG and ceramide content between the two groups.

Conclusions

As expected, vegetarians consume a diet that varies in key macro‐ and micronutrients that may affect inflammatory status. Indeed, the vegetarian group had significantly lower adipose tissue macrophage burden than the omnivore participants despite their obese state. While these variations in dietary intake seem to have a positive impact on the adipose tissue immune cell milieu there was no difference in the potential inflammatory cell signaling components of the muscle tissue, DAGs and ceramides, between the two groups. These promising results display the importance of dietary intake in modulating adipose tissue inflammation and potentially chronic disease.
Gender Dictates the Relationship between Serum Cholesterol and White Blood Cell Counts in NHANES 1999–2004
Authors: Andersen Catherine J. , Vance Terrence M.
Published: November 2023

Serum lipoproteins have been implicated in the regulation of immune cell activity and function. LDL‐induced cholesterol loading promotes pro‐inflammatory immune activation, whereas HDL has been associated with suppression of leukocytosis, improved clinical outcomes in sepsis patients, and mitigation of autoimmune inflammation. Despite these findings from clinical and basic research studies, the relationship between serum cholesterol and immune cell counts has not been extensively evaluated at the population level. Thus, we aimed to investigate the association between serum lipids and clinical white blood cell counts in men and women (n= 5,647) in NHANES 1999–2004. After adjusting for age, serum cotinine, BMI, waist circumference, race/ethnicity, statin use, and survey cycle, we observed a strong positive linear trend between serum triglycerides vs. blood lymphocyte and basophil counts (cells/uL) in men and women, whereas a positive trend between lymphocytes vs. total cholesterol and LDL‐cholesterol was only detected in women. In women, strong positive linear trends were additionally observed between triglycerides vs. monocytes, whereas negative trends were found between LDL‐cholesterol vs. monocytes and neutrophils. We further used multiple regression models of blood lipids in order to predict changes in immune cell counts. Interestingly, in women, a 10% increase in total cholesterol and LDL‐cholesterol was associated with a predicted 1.6%, 0.6%, and 1.4% increase in blood lymphocyte counts, respectively, whereas no relationship was observed in men. In both men and women, a 10% increase in triglycerides was additionally associated with higher lymphocyte, neutrophil, and basophil counts, whereas 10% increases in HDL‐cholesterol were associated with significantly lower lymphocyte, neutrophil, eosinophil, and basophil counts in men, in addition to lower lymphocyte and monocyte counts in women. These findings suggest that there is a significant relationship between blood lipids and immune cells counts, and that these associations vary across gender.

Support or Funding Information

Fairfield University, College of Arts and Sciences and SUNY College at Plattsburgh School of Education, Health and Human Services
Docosahexaenoic Acid Improves the Decrement in Antibody Production Upon Influenza Infection of Obese Mice Through the Production of Pro‐Resolving Lipid Mediators
Authors: Guesdon William , Crouch Miranda , Kosaraju Rasagna , Armstrong Mike , Reisdorph Nichole , Shaikh Saame Raza
Published: November 2023

Obesity is associated with an increased risk of infection and poor response to vaccination, which may be driven by impaired antibody production. Therefore, therapeutic strategies are needed to enhance the humoral response. We previously demonstrated that n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) can enhance antibody production to a T‐independent antigen. Therefore, we tested the possibility that the n‐3 PUFA docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) could improve antibody production upon influenza infection in obese mice. To investigate the effect of DHA on humoral immunity, we fed mice for 15 weeks with a control or a high fat diet with or without DHA supplementation followed by infection with influenza A/Puerto Rico/8/34. Our findings reveal that DHA supplementation improved the decrement in hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) titers of obese mice after influenza infection. Mechanistically, DHA did not target B‐cell PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors) or the DHA‐sensing G‐protein coupled receptor 120 to boost antibody levels. Instead, DHA increased the levels of downstream D‐series specialized pro‐resolving lipid mediators (SPMs), which are known to increase antibody production through the generation of CD138+ antibody secreting cells. Specifically, we identified 14‐HDHA to be elevated upon DHA intervention, which elevated HAI titers upon influenza infection and increased the frequency of CD138+ cells. Overall, the results suggest that DHA may have potential therapeutic applications for improving humoral immunity.

Support or Funding Information

Supported by NIH R01AT008375 (SRS).
The Leucine Metabolic Pathway is Differentially Regulated by c‐MYC and NFAT in T cells and Their Cancerous Counterpart EL‐4 lymphoma cells
Authors: Brenner Michelle , Torres Ashley , Hutson Susan , Ananieva Elitsa
Published: November 2023

Tumor cells can escape immune surveillance by competing with T cells for common metabolites and redirecting nutrients for their own advantage. Leucine is a nutrient that stimulates protein biosynthesis, while the degradation of leucine provides energy and metabolites for the TCA cycle. The first two enzymatic steps in leucine degradation are catalyzed by the branched‐chain aminotransferase (cytosolic BCATc and mitochondrial BCATm, step 1) and the branched‐chain α‐ketoacid dehydrogenase complex (BCKDC) that is composed of three enzymes, E1, E2, and E3 (step 2). The gene regulation of these enzymes is largely unknown but important to understand how T cells and cancer cells interact on metabolic level in the tumor microenvironment. The objective of this research was to compare the gene regulation of BCATc, BCATm, the E1α subunit of E1, and E2 in T cells and their cancerous counterpart, EL‐4 lymphoma cells, and better understand the function of the leucine metabolic pathway in these cells. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that the transcription factors c‐Myc and NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T cells) have binding sites at the promoter regions of the genes encoding for BCATm, BCATc, E1α, and E2. We consequently treated activated T cells and EL‐4 lymphoma cells with 1μM cyclosporine A (CsA) and 100μM 10058‐F4, which inhibit NFAT and c‐Myc, respectively. Next, we explored the impact of CsA and NFAT treatments on the mRNA and protein expression of the BCAT and BCKDC enzymes and found that 10058‐F4 inhibited all genes in both activated T cells and EL‐4 cells. These results suggest that T cells and EL‐4 lymphoma cells use c‐Myc to up‐regulate the leucine metabolic pathway upon T cell activation and/or EL‐4 lymphoma growth. CsA, on the other hand, inhibited the protein expression of BCATc and E2 in T cells only implying that NFAT pathway activates the first two steps in leucine degradation in activated T cells but not in EL‐4 lymphoma cells. This research will aid in exploring possibilities to modulate the leucine metabolic pathway in a direction that provides an advantage to T cells to better combat cancer cells in the tumor microenvironment.

Support or Funding Information

IOER startup, Des Moines University (Ananieva, EA)
Guanylate Binding Protein 1 Regulates Metabolic Reprograming and Polarization of Macrophages
Authors: Qiu Xiaoxue , Guo Hong , Chen Xiaoli
Published: November 2023

Guanylate binding protein 1 (Gbp1) is a large GTPase that plays a critical role in regulating autophagic pathway activation in macrophages during innate immune responses to pathogen infection. Previous research has mostly focused on the anti‐microbial functions of Gbp1 in macrophages, while the role of Gbp1 in regulating nutrient metabolism and polarization of macrophages remains poorly understood. Pro‐inflammatory polarization of macrophages is an important contributor to adipose tissue inflammation and its associated insulin resistance. Defining the molecular mechanism regulating polarization and metabolic reprograming of macrophages is important to the etiology and therapeutic intervention of adipose tissue inflammation. To investigate the role of Gbp1 in macrophage metabolism and polarization, we established stable Gbp1 knockdown (Kd) Raw264 macrophage cell lines. We found that downregulation of Gbp1 causes macrophage polarization towards a more pro‐inflammatory phenotype in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or interferon‐gamma (IFNγ) treatment, as demonstrated by enhanced activation of NFκB signaling pathway, increased gene expression levels of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNFα) compared to scrambled (Scr) macrophages. Next, we assessed the mitochondrial oxidative metabolism of Scr and Gbp1 Kd macrophages treated with IFNγ or LPS. Mitochondrial respiration profiling by the Seahorse XF24 extracellular flux analyzer showed that loss of Gbp1 impairs mitochondrial respiration leading to a significant decrease in oxygen consumption rate compared to Scr macrophages in the basal and IFNγ‐treated condition. Moreover, Gbp1 Kd macrophages had significantly lower mRNA expression levels of genes encoding electron transport chain components than Scr cells, suggesting that loss of Gbp1 disrupts oxidative metabolism of macrophages. We then determined if Gbp1 downregulation affects mitophagy activity, which may contribute to mitochondrial dysfunction in Gbp1 Kd macrophages. As expected, parkin protein levels were reduced, while phosphorylated AMPK levels were increased in the mitochondrial fraction isolated from Gbp1 Kd macrophages compared to that from Scr cells. Consistently, Gbp1 deficiency causes an increase in protein levels of p62 and LC3II in the basal and IFNγ/LPS‐treated conditions in the presence and absence of BafA1, suggesting impaired autophagic‐lysosomal pathway activation in Gbp1 Kd macrophages. We conclude that Gbp1 has a beneficial role in suppressing inflammation and promoting oxidative metabolism of nutrients in macrophages via positive regulation of mitophagy activity.

Support or Funding Information

NIDDK‐funded Minnesota Obesity Center (P30DK050456)
Clinical Evaluation of the Effect of a Fermentate from Yeast on Digestive Comfort, Stool Parameters and Prebiotic Modulation of the Gut Microbiota
Authors: Robinson Larry , Pinheiro Iris , Verhelst An , Sanabria Emma Hernandez , Abbeele Pieter , Possemiers Sam
Published: November 2023

Gastrointestinal (GI) discomfort and reduced bowel movements are a common symptom in otherwise healthy individuals, affecting up to 20% of adults. EpiCor®, a specific fermentate made using Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was previously shown in vitro and in vivo to affect the gut microbiota and gut barrier. Given the link between gut function and gut microbiota, the aim of this intervention study was to investigate the effect of the fermentate on (GI) discomfort upon 6‐week daily intake by a population with mild symptoms of GI discomfort and constipation.

In this randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study, 80 individuals were randomly assigned to groups receiving the fermentate from yeast (500 mg/d) or placebo (maltodextrin, 500 mg/d) for 6 wks. Effects on bowel function and GI discomfort were assessed by a combination of daily records and questionnaires recorded at baseline, after 3 weeks and at the end of the study. Additionally, effects on gut microbial community composition and activity were evaluated in stool samples collected at the same time points.

Baseline analysis of symptom scores and gut microbiota profiles revealed a correlation between intensity of GI complaints and gut microbiota composition, with indications of dysbiosis in those individuals with increased GI complaints (e.g., lower levels of key bacterial taxa and increased fecal lactate levels). Analysis of the diaries and questionnaires revealed, despite an apparent placebo effect in part of the population, a significant improvement of GI symptoms (bloating/distention, feeling of fullness and total score), stool frequency and stool consistency upon repeated intake of the fermentate. Furthermore, this was associated with improved Quality of Life parameters and lower perceived stress levels. Finally, gut microbiota analysis by Illumina sequencing revealed multiple changes in microbial community composition and metabolite analysis showed a decrease in lactate levels.

In conclusion, this human intervention study confirms that the fermentate is able to modulate the gut microbial community in individuals with moderate symptoms of GI discomfort and constipation. This resulted in decreased severity of GI symptoms and normalization of bowel function, which in turn resulted in improved wellbeing of the subject. These data therefore suggest a highly promising role for well‐validated ingredients in ameliorating a condition that affects a major part of the population.

Support or Funding Information

Funded by Embria Health Sciences, 2105 SE Creekview Dr., Ankeny, IA 50021
PCB126 Exposure Modulates Gut Microbial Fermentation of the Dietary Fiber Inulin
Authors: Hoffman Jessie Baldwin , Flythe Michael , Hennig Bernhard
Published: November 2023

Exposure to environmental pollutants is associated with a greater risk for metabolic diseases including cardiovascular disease. Pollutant exposure can also alter gut microbial populations that may contribute to metabolic effects and progression of inflammatory diseases. Short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs), produced from gut microbial fermentation of dietary fibers such as inulin, exert numerous effects on host energy metabolism. SCFAs are also linked to health promoting effects, including a reduced risk of inflammatory diseases. We hypothesized that exposure to dioxin‐like pollutants modulate gut microbial fermentation processes. Fecal microbes from mice were harvested and resuspended in anaerobic media containing 4 or 10g/L of inulin with or without PCB126 (0.02μM, 0.2μM, or 2μM) and incubated for 48h (37 °C). HPLC analysis revealed that PCB126 exposure differentially modulated the production of several SCFA, including succinate and propionate. Exposure to PCB126 at 0.2μM and 2μM reduced succinate production, while exposure to 2μM of PCB126 increased total fermentation acids, and in particular propionate production. Interestingly, increasing the fiber substrate source to 10g/L abolished all effects of PCB126 on SCFA production. It has been demonstrated that bacteria‐produced succinate contributes to metabolic benefits by acting as an intestinal gluconeogenic substrate. Furthermore, there is evidence that an excess propionate and total SCFA can contribute to increased energy harvest and hepatic lipogenesis. Increased consumption of dietary fiber intake is associated with improved metabolic outcomes and gut health. Thus, this evidence supports the idea that pollutant exposure may contribute to alterations in host metabolism through gut microbiota‐dependent mechanisms, and that an increased level of dietary fiber might be able to attenuate these responses.

Support or Funding Information

NIEHS/NIH grants P42ES007380

NIH Training Grant T32 DK007778.
Dietary Supplementation with Raspberry Whole Fruit Modifies the Relative Abundance of Fecal Microbial Communities in Obese Diabetic (db/db) Mice
Authors: Noratto Giuliana , Garcia‐Mazcorro Jose , Chew Boon P. , Mertens‐Talcott Susanne U.
Published: November 2023

We studied if dietary supplementation with red raspberries can modulate the fecal microbiota of db/db mice. Fecal samples from db/db mice fed a raspberry‐supplemented diet (n=12) or an isocaloric control diet (n=15) were used for microbial description using 16S rDNA sequencing with a MiSeq instrument (Illumina). Microbial taxonomy assignments were based on a curated good‐quality 16S database (GreenGenes). A total of 2.6 million good‐quality sequences (average: 272 nucleotide long) were available for taxonomic and diversity analysis. These sequences were assigned to 3,857 different groups of sequences or Operational Taxonomy Units.

There were no significant treatment differences in the two more predominant phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, each comprising of many different species of bacteria. Interestingly, when looking at deeper taxonomic levels within each phylum, raspberry supplementation was associated with higher relative proportions of Lachnospiraceae, a group that has been shown to be depleted during disease processes inside the gut such as inflammatory bowel disease. Raspberry‐supplemented obese mice also showed relatively lower abundance of an interesting fiber degrader (family S24‐7). This is important to point out because the combined effects of polyphenolic compounds and fiber in raspberries have not been studied. Changes in Lachnospiraceae, S24‐7 and a few other groups adequately differentiated treatment differences in the whole microbial composition. In conclusion, consumption of raspberry is associated with changes in fecal microbial communities of db/db mice; thus future studies on the potential beneficial effect of raspberries on intestinal health are warranted.

Support or Funding Information

National Raspberry Council
The Relationship Between Abnormal Metabolic Status and the Breastmilk Microbiome in Women Three Months Post‐Partum
Authors: LeMay‐Nedjelski Lauren , Ley Sylvia H. , Hanley Anthony J. , Stintzi Alain , Butcher James , Wang Pauline W. , Copeland Julia K. , Unger Sharon , O'Connor Deborah L.
Published: November 2023

Background

The gastrointestinal (gut) microbiome established during infancy plays an important role in the maturation of the gastrointestinal tract and immune system. In addition, a growing body of evidence suggests gut microbial community composition may impact short‐ and long‐term health. Breastmilk contains a vast array of microbes and is believed to play a role in early colonization of the infant gut. Maternal metabolic status and infant mode of delivery have been suggested to influence the microbial milieu of breastmilk, however, systematic investigation of these associations is required. The objective of this study was to determine if maternal gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), or mode of delivery (scheduled caesarean delivery [C‐section], unscheduled C‐section, vaginal delivery) impacts the microbial composition of breastmilk.

Methods

Metagenomic DNA extraction and 16S gene sequencing of the rDNA V4 hypervariable region was carried out on breastmilk to determine microbial composition. Breastmilk samples were obtained from complete breastmilk expressions at three months post‐partum from otherwise healthy women who delivered term‐born infants (n= 116).

Results

Principal coordinate analysis of Bray‐Curtis dissimilarity did not reveal clustering of the different groups (non‐GDM versus GDM; non‐GDM versus IGT versus GDM; scheduled C‐section versus unscheduled C‐section versus vaginal delivery; total C‐section versus vaginal delivery). In addition, no major differences in alpha diversity were found between the GDM status groups or delivery method groups using the Chao1 index. Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were found to be the predominant phyla in the breastmilk sample. Genus level analyses revealed high abundance of Pseudomonas and Streptococcus genera regardless of maternal metabolic status or mode of delivery. Low levels of Staphylococcus, Veillonella and Acinetobacter were also found among all of the groups.

Significance

These findings may indicate that the microbiome of mature breastmilk at three months post‐partum may be resistant to perturbation by maternal metabolic abnormalities and mode of delivery. Thus, breastmilk may play an important role in mitigating the effects of other factors that negatively affect colonization of the infant gut. Further research in this area is warranted.

Support or Funding Information

Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Canadian Diabetes Association
Human Breast Milk Microbiota is Influenced by Maternal Age and BMI, Stage of Lactation and Infant Feeding Practices
Authors: Li Chen , Gonzalez Emmanuel , Solomons Noel W , Scott Marilyn E , Koski Kristine G
Published: November 2023

Background

Human breast milk contains a diverse population of bacteria, but factors influencing the milk microbiota have not been described.

Objective

We explored if maternal age, BMI, stage of lactation and infant feeding practices influenced bacterial communities in breast milk of indigenous mothers in the western highlands of Guatemala.

Methods

In this cross‐sectional study, unilateral milk samples were collected from Mam‐Mayan women during early (5‐46d, n=33) or established (4‐6mo, n=43) lactation. Maternal age, BMI and feeding practices (exclusive, predominant and mixed feeding) were recorded. Milk bacterial communities were characterized by 16S ribosomal RNA amplicon sequencing using Illumina MiSeq platform. Sequence treatment, taxonomy assignment and operational taxonomic unit counts were performed with customized scripts based on Mothur and Dada2 MiSeq protocols. Taxonomy assignment was based on a >95% confidence threshold. We compared normal (BMI 18.5–24.9) vs. overweight (BMI 25–30), early vs. established lactation and exclusive/predominant breastfeeding vs. mixed feeding. For all statistical tests, an effect size >1.0, a confidence interval >95% and a p‐value and q‐value <0.05 were considered significant.

Results

Human milk bacterial community was altered by maternal BMI, stage of lactation, infant feeding practices whereas bacterial diversity was only affected by maternal age. The highest bacterial diversity occurred in mothers aged 22–24 (Shannon index 1.8) and the lowest bacterial diversity occurred in mothers aged 13–15 (Shannon index 1). At the phylum level, stage of lactation modified the proportion of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. Firmicutes was >20% higher in early lactation and Proteobacteria was 30% higher in established lactation. A normal BMI was associated with higher proportions of Alphaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria at the class level. At the family level, exclusive/predominant breastfeeding when to compared to mixed feeding was associated with higher proportions of Corynebacteriaceae, Lactobacillaceae and Rhodobacteraceae.

Conclusion

Human breast milk bacterial communities are determined by a complex interplay of maternal factors, stage of lactation and infant feeding practices. Exclusive breastfeeding might be necessary for the shaping of a healthy microbiota in the nursing infant. Finally, our data demonstrate the need to better understand the factors that contribute to the establishment of human breast milk microbiota, which could in turn influence infant growth and development.

Support or Funding Information

Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)
In Vitro Assessment of Prebiotic Potential of Culinary Spices
Authors: Lu Qing‐Yi , Summanen Paula , Lee Ru‐Po , Huang Jianjun , Henning Susanne , Heber David , Findgold Sidney , Li Zhaoping
Published: November 2023

Background

Spices are rich sources of phenolic compounds and have a number of demonstrated disease preventive activities. Diet is one of the important factors contributing to the gut microbial composition that ultimately affects human health. Several recent in vitro, in vivo and human studies showed that (poly)phenol‐rich dietary sources influence the relative abundance of different bacterial groups within the gut microbiota by reducing the numbers of potential pathogen and certain Gram‐negative Bacteroides species and enhancing beneficial bifidobacteria and lactobacilli.

Objective

The present study investigated chemical composition, antioxidant activity and prebiotic potential of spices using an in vitro model.

Methods

Seven culinary spices including black pepper (BLP), cayenne pepper (CAP), cinnamon (CIN), ginger (GIN), Mediterranean oregano (ORE), rosemary (ROS) and turmeric (TUR) were extracted with boiling water. Major chemical constituents were characterized by UV‐HPLC method and antioxidant capacity was determined by measuring colorimetrically the extent to scavenge ABTS+ radical cations. Effects of spice extracts on the growth of 88 intestinal bacterial strains were determined by using Brucella agar plates containing serial dilutions of extracts.

Results

A total of 13 phenolic compounds, a piperine, cinnamic acid and cinnamaldehyde were identified and quantitated from 7 spices. Spice extracts exhibited high antioxidant capacity that correlated with the total amount of major chemical constituents identified. All spice extracts, with the exception of TUR, stimulated the growth of Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp. All spices exhibited high inhibitory activity against Ruminococcus species. CIN, ORE and ROS were active against Fusobacterium strains, and CIN, ROS and TUR were active against Clostridium spp.

Conclusions

Several spices displayed prebiotic‐like activity by promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria and suppressing the growth of pathogenic bacteria, suggesting their potential role in the regulation of intestinal microbiota and the enhancement of gastrointestinal health. The identification and quantification of spice‐specific phytochemicals provided insight into the potential influence of these chemicals on the gut microbial communities and activities.

Support or Funding Information

Supported by departmental funds from the Center for Human Nutrition, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles.
Lactobacillus paracasei N1115 can Alter Lipid Metabolismin of High‐fat Diet Fed SD Rats
Authors: Pu Fangfang , Guo Yue , Wang Shijie , Zhu Hong , Shen Xi , Wu Zixi , Li Ming , He Fang
Published: November 2023

Background and Objective

High‐energy or isocaloric fat‐rich diet have been well known to associate with metabolic diseases such as obesity, dyslipidemia and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Fat deposition in the liver has been recognized as one major cause to promote metabolic diseases. Accumulative evidences indicated that the gut microbes might be one of the critical factors to connect high‐fat diet and metabolic diseases positively or negatively. Especially, probiotics, particularly certain lactobacilli could exert a protective effect. In the present study, we attempted to clarify the potential effects of a selected probiotics strain, Lactobacillus paracasei N1115 (N1115) on lipid metabolism in rats undergoing high‐fat diet.

Methods

A total of 32 male sprague‐dawley rats were randomly assigned into four groups and maintained for 18 weeks: control goup (standard chow), model group (high‐fat diet), low N1115 group (high‐fat diet + heat‐killed N1115 with 1.5×109CFU/mL) and high dose N1115 group (high‐fat diet + heat‐killed N1115 with 7.5×109CFU/mL). Weight and body length were measured weekly. Blood of the tested rats were collected in 0, 5, 10, 18 weeks.

Results

18‐week high‐fat feeding induced significantly higher hepatic lipid accumulation, and apparently lowered adiponectin production, although no significant difference were found in weight, serum glucose, insulin, leptin, cholesterol and triglycerides level compared with control. Compared to the model group, N1115 significantly lowered hepatic lipids and increased serum adiponectin, leptin and interleukin (IL)‐6 level. Furthermore, N115 has also significantly lowered expression of the hepatic peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR) α compared with those in the model group too. Liver histopathological analysis also showed that N1115 ameliorated fat accumulation in the liver.

Conclusions

These results suggest that heat‐killed L. paracasei N1115 may effectively suprrese high‐fat diet induced fat accumulation in liver, thereby producing a beneficial effects when long‐term consumption of high‐fat diet.