bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The role of conviction and narrative in decision-making under radical uncertainty
Authors: Tuckett David , Nikolic Milena
Published: June 2017

We propose conviction narrative theory (CNT) to broaden decision-making theory in order to better understand and analyse how subjectively means–end rational actors cope in contexts in which the traditional assumptions in decision-making models fail to hold. Conviction narratives enable actors to draw on their beliefs, causal models, and rules of thumb to identify opportunities worth acting on, to simulate the future outcome of their actions, and to feel sufficiently convinced to act. The framework focuses on how narrative and emotion combine to allow actors to deliberate and to select actions that they think will produce the outcomes they desire. It specifies connections between particular emotions and deliberative thought, hypothesising that approach and avoidance emotions evoked during narrative simulation play a crucial role. Two mental states, Divided and Integrated, in which narratives can be formed or updated, are introduced and used to explain some familiar problems that traditional models cannot.
Informing sedimentary charcoal-based fire reconstructions with a kinematic transport model
Authors: Vachula Richard S , Richter Nora
Published: June 2017

Recent changes in global fire activity and future projections can be attributed to a combination of direct human impacts and indirect effects of anthropogenic climate change. To understand how and why these shifts might occur, we need to understand the pre-human history of fires during past climatic changes. This is commonly looked at through charcoal preserved in lake sediment records. These paleorecords assume that a certain charcoal particle size class was derived from proximal fires. There are few tests, however, to assess how far charcoal particles can travel from the original fire source. This kinematic model shows that charcoal particle distribution and deposition is strongly influenced not only by the energy release rate and subsequent plume height, but also by the particle size, density, and shape. Each of these factors contributes to a more extensive and incongruous distribution of charcoal particles than previously thought. This model indicates that shape irregularities may cause substantial heterogeneity in the particle-size distribution of charcoal dispersal. In contrast, most studies and models assume particle size varies proportionally with dispersal range. This heterogeneity of charcoal particle dispersal has important implications for charcoal source area and the interpretation of sedimentary charcoal records.
Interferon alpha gene expression and serum level association with low vitamin D levels in Egyptian female patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Abdel Galil Sahar M , El-Shafey Abeer M , Abdul-Maksoud Rehab S , El-Boshy Mohamed
Published: June 2017

Background

Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are prone to develop vitamin D (25(OH) D3) deficiency, due to several factors and there is an association between lower vitamin D levels and higher SLE disease activity. The aim of this research was to assess the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Egyptian female patients with SLE. Furthermore, we analyzed the potential relationship between this deficiency and SLE manifestations, disease activity, and its effect on interferon alpha (IFN-α) gene expression and serum level.

Methods

We evaluated the serum levels of vitamin D 25(OH)D3 and IFN-α by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). IFN-α gene expression was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay in 123 Egyptian female patients with SLE and in 100 females as a healthy control group.

Results

Vitamin D deficiency was prevalent in 20.30%, while insufficiency was prevalent in 42.40% of the total group of patients. Serum levels of 25(OH)D3 were significantly decreased in the group of severe disease, and in the group of patients with lupus nephritis. 25(OH)D3 showed highly significant negative correlation with the SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) in the high activity group and lupus nephritis group. There was a significant negative correlation between 25(OH)D3 and IFN-α serum level and gene expression in all patients; more significant in the group with lupus nephritis.

Conclusions

The deficiency of 25(OH)D3 has a direct relationship with increase disease activity and nephritis in Egyptian SLE patients, suggesting the need for vitamin D supplementation in these patients. Also, it is directly correlated with increased secretion and gene expression of IFN-α, suggesting its role in pathogenesis of lupus nephritis, to be confirmed by further longitudinal observational studies.
Effects of statins on thrombosis development in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid antibodies
Authors: Watanabe T , Oku K , Amengual O , Hisada R , Ohmura K , Nakagawa I , Shida H , Bohgaki T , Horita T , Yasuda S , Atsumi T
Published: June 2017

The objective of this study is to identify the effects of statins and risk factors for thrombosis in patients with new onset of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with or without antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). Consecutive patients with SLE without history of thrombotic events were retrospectively enrolled from April 1997 to February 2014. The development of first thrombosis and death caused by thrombosis were defined as the study endpoint. Risk and protective factors for developing thrombosis were analyzed. A total of 152 patients, 80 positive and 72 negative for aPL, were included. In aPL-positive patients, 15 developed arterial ( n = 6) and venous ( n = 9) thrombosis (median follow-up period 69 months). Cox’s proportional hazards model showed that older age at SLE onset and IgG-anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL) were statistically significant risks for thrombosis. Statin therapy was identified as a statistically significant protective factor against thrombosis (hazard ratio 0.12, 95% confidence interval 0.01–0.98). In aPL-negative patients (median follow-up period 46 months), seven patients developed thrombosis (five arterial and two venous). No risk factors for thrombosis were found in this group. In aPL-positive patients with SLE, the late disease onset and the presence of IgG-aCL represented additional risk factors for thrombosis. Statin treatment appeared as a protective factor for thrombosis.
Health status and concomitant prescription of immunosuppressants are risk factors for hydroxychloroquine non-adherence in systemic lupus patients with prolonged inactive disease
Authors: Iudici M , Pantano I , Fasano S , Pierro L , Charlier B , Pingeon M , Dal Piaz F , Filippelli A , Izzo V
Published: June 2017

Background/objective

The objectives of this paper are to assess the extent of and the factors associated with hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) non-adherence in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients with prolonged inactive disease and to investigate relationships between blood HCQ concentration and quality of life (QoL).

Methods

Consecutive SLE patients, in remission for at least one year and taking a stable dose of HCQ were investigated. At study entry (T0) and six months later (T6) a blood venous sample was taken to measure whole blood concentration of [HCQ] and desethylchloroquine ([DCQ]). Moreover, at T0 each patient completed validated questionnaires assessing QoL, disability, anxiety, depression and visual analogue scales for fatigue, pain, general health (GH), and self-assessment of disease activity.

Results

Eighty-three patients with a median [HCQ] of 327 ng/ml were enrolled. At T0, 24 (29%) were defined as non-adherent ([HCQ] < 100 ng/ml). At multiple logistic regression analysis the physical summary of SF-36 ( p = 0.038), and the concomitant use of immunosuppressants ( p = 0.010) were independently associated with non-adherence. A significant increase of HCQ adherence was observed at T6 ( p < 0.05).

Conclusions

A better health status and the concomitant prescription of immunosuppressants represent risk factors for HCQ non-adherence in SLE patients in remission. Monitoring HCQ levels might represent an important opportunity to improve adherence.
Gender inequalities in the new world of work
Authors: Piasna Agnieszka , Drahokoupil Jan
Published: June 2017

Digitalisation, automation and technological change have brought about shifts in the occupational structure, the place and the timing of work, and career patterns, putting a further strain on the standard employment relationship. In the recent research on digitalisation, scant attention has however been paid to the gender impact of these changes. This article addresses this gap by developing a gender perspective on digitalisation, considering how these developments interact with existing social inequalities and gender segregation patterns in the labour market. We identify two broad areas in which digitalisation has thus far had a pronounced effect on employment: the structure of employment (including occupational change and the task content of jobs) and forms of work (including employment relationships and work organisation). We find that, despite the profound changes in the labour market, traditional gender inequalities continue to reassert themselves on many dimensions. With standard employment declining in significance, the policy challenge is to include new forms of work in effective labour protection frameworks that promote equal access of women and men to quality jobs and their equal treatment at work.
Bridging the ocean: Kiribati Australia alliance in mental health
Authors: Ryan Brigid , Viane Manrenga , Timmins Fran , Smith Alex , Anstey Claire
Published: June 2017

Objective:

The objective of this study was to demonstrate the benefits of collaboration between Australia and Kiribati, a Pacific island nation, to enhance Kiribati’s mental health system.

Method:

The collaboration involved a training program for a Kiribati senior mental health leader in Melbourne, Australia, and service planning including prioritisation of key areas for development.

Results:

As well as receiving general training in community-based mental health, the Kiribati mental health leader gained skills in modification of the inpatient environment, with plans for implementation in Kiribati within the current limited resources. Future planning will focus on shifting from an emphasis on acute psychiatric treatment and custodial care to a recovery-oriented approach.

Conclusion:

The international exchange was a positive experience for both the Kiribati participants and their Australian colleagues. Knowledge transfer was achieved in a short time, and service development appropriate and realistic for the Kiribati environment was planned.
Precipitation of Drugs Due to Injection or Dilution
Authors: Yalkowsky S. H. , Valvani S. C.
Published: June 2017

A simple graphical technique is developed to predict whether a solubilized drug solution will become supersaturated (and thus have a potential for precipitation) when it is diluted with water.
Organic Nitrate-Induced Methemoglobinemia
Authors: Buenger Jon W. , Mauro Vincent F.
Published: June 2017

Metabolism of organic nitrates results in the formation of inorganic nitrites that can oxidize hemoglobin to methemoglobin. Clinical trials have investigated the risk of developing methemoglobinemia during the therapeutic use of organic nitrates. Based on the results of these trials, organic nitrate use does appear to increase methemoglobin content but not to a clinically significant extent. These elevations may be related to dose but study design prevents determination of any dose-response relationship. Despite these results, several case reports of patients experiencing clinically significant methemoglobinemia can be found in the literature. These patients generally received organic nitrates at doses greater than those used in the clinical trials, and several were diagnosed early during coronary surgery. Renal dysfunction and concurrent use of methemoglobin inducers may be contributing factors. Patients receiving organic nitrates should be monitored for symptoms suggestive of methemoglobinemia, especially while receiving large doses. Treatment of nitrate-induced methemoglobinemia consists of discontinuing the medication and, when necessary, administering methylene blue.
Delusions of Parasitosis: A Case Report and Management Guidelines
Authors: Bond William S.
Published: June 2017

A case report and review of the clinical aspects and management guidelines for delusions of parasitosis are presented. Special emphasis is given to the efficacy of pimozide in the treatment of this psychiatric disorder.
Clinical Use of Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole during Renal Dysfunction
Authors: Paap Christopher M. , Nahata Milap C.
Published: June 2017

This article reviews the pharmacokinetics, clinical use, and adverse effects of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) in renally impaired patients. Renal dysfunction changes the pharmacokinetics of both component drugs. TMP and SMX disposition are not significantly altered until creatinine clearance is <30 mL/min, when SMX metabolites and TMP accumulate and may lead to toxicity. Renal dysfunction, however, does not preclude the use of TMP/SMX to treat susceptible infections, even when creatinine clearance is < 15 mL/min. Adverse effects may occur more frequently in renally impaired patients but are not clearly related to increased serum concentrations of either drug. Guidelines for appropriate dosing and monitoring of TMP/SMX therapy in these patients are presented.
Thiopental-Sparing Properties of Butorphanol/Diazepam for Induction of Anesthesia in Ambulatory Gynecologic Surgery
Authors: Sklar Garry S. , Sonn David Dae-Ik , Watson William A.
Published: June 2017

Butorphanol/diazepam was compared with thiopental for induction of anesthesia, and the thiopental-sparing effects of butorphanol/diazepam determined. One hundred women, American Society of Anesthesiology physical status class I, undergoing ambulatory, elective termination of pregnancy were randomized to receive either butorphanol 2 mg plus diazepam 10 mg, or thiopental, until loss of the lid reflex occurred. The butorphanol/diazepam group received supplemental thiopental as necessary to attain adequate induction of anesthesia. The combination of butorphanol and diazepam significantly reduced the thiopental dose required to produce loss of the lid reflex, from 4.2 ± 0.8 to 0.8 ± 0.6 mg/kg (p < 0.005), with 22 percent of the patients not requiring supplemental thiopental. The intraoperative course and anesthetic requirements were similar between the two groups. Lower recovery room rating scale values upon arrival at the recovery room were attributed to significantly higher weight-normalized doses of butorphanol (p = 0.004) and diazepam (p = 0.005). The duration of the recovery room stay was 68.8 ± 24.9 min for the control group, and 80.8 ± 29.0 min for the butorphanol/diazepam-treated patients (p = 0.026). There were no clinically significant differences in anesthesia or postanesthesia recovery. The combination of butorphanol and diazepam has a significant thiopental-sparing effect, and is a useful induction technique for short, ambulatory surgical procedures.
Erythromycin-Induced Digoxin Toxicity
Authors: Morton Mark R. , Cooper James W.
Published: June 2017

The potential interaction between certain antibiotics and digoxin has been discussed in the literature; however, few cases of actual erythromycin-induced digoxin toxicity have been reported. We present a case in which an 86-year-old woman who was taking digoxin 0.25 mg/d developed probable digoxin toxicity after the administration of erythromycin for the treatment of otitis media and streptococcal pharyngitis. Her digoxin concentration increased from a trough of 1.9 to 5.1 nmol/L six days after the erythromycin was started. Digoxin was discontinued and restarted approximately six weeks later when the patient's atrial fibrillation and congestive heart failure recurred. Her digoxin dose at this time was 0.125 mg/d and resulted in steady-state concentrations of 1.2, 1.4, and 1.2 nmol/L over the next year. Erythromycin inhibition of Eubacterium lentum, which converts digoxin into digoxin-reduction products in the gut, is the proposed mechanism of this interaction.
Possible Potentiation of Warfarin by Fluconazole
Authors: Seaton Terry L. , Celum Connie L. , Black Douglas J.
Published: June 2017

Fluconazole, a new triazole antifungal agent, interacts with a number of drugs. Only one study to date has examined the potentiation of warfarin's anticoagulant effect by fluconazole. To our knowledge, this is the first published case report of this interaction in the clinical setting. The patient had received a stable dosage regimen of warfarin for a number of months. Fluconazole 100 mg bid was added for a candidal wound infection. The prothrombin time increased from 19 to 65 seconds eight days later and the patient experienced a gastrointestinal bleeding episode. Fresh-frozen plasma was administered and warfarin was discontinued while the patient completed a planned 21-day course of fluconazole. The patient eventually resumed the original warfarin dosage with stable coagulation parameters. Until the influence of fluconazole on the anticoagulant effect of warfarin is studied in further detail, careful monitoring of coagulation parameters is recommended for all patients receiving the combination.
A Review of Carbamazepine's Hematologic Reactions and Monitoring Recommendations
Authors: Sobotka Jenelle L. , Alexander Bruce , Cook Brian L.
Published: June 2017

Early case reports of fatal hematologic effects attributed to carbamazepine (CBZ) resulted in extensive monitoring recommendations by the manufacturer. The rarity of blood dyscrasias led many authors to question the manufacturer's guidelines. Thus the manufacturer removed specific monitoring guidelines, allowing physicians to monitor CBZ using their clinical judgment. This article reviews case reports and studies of CBZ's hematologic effects. Due to their rapid onset, daily laboratory checks would be necessary to monitor for aplastic anemia, agranulocytosis, and thrombocytopenia. These adverse effects are best monitored by informing patients and physicians to carefully watch for signs and symptoms. Leukopenia develops more slowly, occurring in approximately 12 percent of children and 7 percent of adults. Its onset is typically within the first three months of treatment, with patients at risk having a low or low-normal pretreatment white blood cell (WBC) count. Leukopenia often reverses, even if CBZ is continued. Based upon our review of the literature, we recommend monitoring of those high-risk patients during the first three months of treatment with the frequency being determined by results of each laboratory value. WBC counts <3000/mm3 or neutrophil counts below 1000/mm3 warrant a decrease in dose with frequent monitoring or CBZ discontinuation, if necessary.
Diphenhydramine Toxicity in Three Children with Varicella-Zoster Infection
Authors: Chan C.Y. Jennifer , Wallander Kay A.
Published: June 2017

Diphenhydramine hydrochloride is an antihistamine with anticholinergic properties that is frequently used both orally and topically for the temporary relief of pruritus. Significant systemic absorption may occur following topical administration of diphenhydramine in patients with varicella-zoster lesions. We describe three children with varicella-zoster infection (VZI) who developed bizarre behavior as well as visual and auditory hallucinations following topical applications of large amounts of diphenhydramine to the majority of skin surfaces. In two cases, oral diphenhydramine was also administered. Serum diphenhydramine concentrations approximated or exceeded those previously reported. In each case, a complete resolution of mental status abnormalities occurred within 24 hours after discontinuation of all diphenhydramine-containing products. Pharmacists and other health professionals should be aware of the potential toxicity of topical diphenhydramine in patients with VZI.
Altretamine
Authors: Hansen Lea Ann , Hughes Thomas E.
Published: June 2017

Altretamine is a National Cancer Institute-designated group C antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of advanced ovarian cancer. Altretamine is a highly lipid-soluble drug available only for oral administration as a capsule. The drug is activated through metabolic oxidation to intermediate methylol derivatives and formaldehyde. It is unclear which metabolite is the major species responsible for cytotoxicity or the primary mechanism of cytotoxicity. As a single agent in the treatment of ovarian cancer, altretamine demonstrates a response rate similar to other active agents in this disease (21–39 percent). The major utility of altretamine is in combination with other agents such as cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, fluorouracil, melphalan, and cisplatin. However, few randomized trials have evaluated the contribution of altretamine in these multiagent combinations. Dose-limiting toxicities include gastrointestinal (nausea, vomiting, anorexia), hematologic, and neurotoxic (peripheral neurotoxicity). The therapeutic role of altretamine is limited because of a toxicity profile similar to that of cisplatin, one of the more active agents in ovarian cancer. Its use should be reserved for patients who are not candidates for more standard platinum-based regimens.
Use of Albumin in a University Hospital: The Value of Targeted Physician Intervention
Authors: Stumpf Janice L. , Lechner Judith L. , Ryan Michael L.
Published: June 2017

Results of a preliminary study of albumin use at the University of Michigan Hospital were shared with one surgical service (thoracic surgery) that had a documented high rate of inappropriate use. To determine the effectiveness of this targeted educational intervention in reducing inappropriate use and associated drug costs, albumin prescribing for all adult inpatients at University Hospital over a 30-day period was assessed in a retrospective review. Eighty-six patients used a total of 843 units, a ten percent reduction in total albumin use. Albumin administration to thoracic surgery patients decreased by 38 percent. The 35 percent reduction in inappropriate albumin use by this service (Fisher's exact test, p<0.001) was associated with an estimated annual cost savings of $83500. Inappropriate albumin use by other medical services generally increased over previously measured levels. This study demonstrated the effectiveness of targeted educational interventions in reducing inappropriate albumin use and thereby controlling rising healthcare costs.
Overview of Biochemical Markers Used for Nutrition Support
Authors: Mattox Todd W. , Teasley-Strausburg Kathleen M.
Published: June 2017

Altered metabolism has been shown to exist in the settings of surgical stress, cancer, cirrhosis, sepsis, and trauma. Each condition is characterized by varying degrees of alteration in metabolic processes, and within a given patient, these metabolic alterations will change as the patient's status changes. Nutrition support is an integral part of the metabolic management of critically ill patients. Metabolic changes impact nutritional substrate requirements and utilization. As the patient's clinical condition deteriorates, clinical signs and symptoms become less reliable in predicting or assessing the existing physiologic state. Objective measurements are needed to define the metabolic status during these physiologic changes. The purpose of this article is to review selected indices that have been used to identify abnormalities in nutritional substrate metabolism. Although some of these tests are readily available and inexpensive, many have not been used outside of the research setting and, therefore, their clinical utility has yet to be determined. However, their use as research tools for defining metabolism warrants their inclusion in order to assist the clinician in interpreting research studies. The biochemical markers discussed include glucose, lactate, pyruvate, triglycerides, beta-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, urinary nitrogen, acute phase proteins, visceral proteins, 3-methylhistidine, plasma amino acids, oxygen consumption, and resting energy expenditure. Each marker is defined in terms of its biochemical significance, and the literature describing changes that occur in various stress states is cited.
The Profession of Pharmacy in Zimbabwe
Authors: Jameson John P. , Kasilo Ossy , Froese Emerson H.
Published: June 2017

Zimbabwe (formerly Rhodesia) is a developing country in central southern Africa where great strides have been made in healthcare since black-majority rule began in 1980. Shortages of personnel, equipment, and drugs continue to be a problem. Challenges facing the pharmacy profession include improving drug supply, promoting rational use of essential drugs, and educating healthcare professionals and the public. Persuading pharmacists to practice in the government sector of healthcare rather than to serve the small percentage of the public that can afford private healthcare should be a major priority. Zimbabwe is a land of opportunity for pharmacy practice but the financial constraints are formidable.
Comparing Explanations of Polygyny
Authors: Ember Melvin , Ember Carol R. , Low Bobbi S.
Published: June 2017

Polygyny is common in the ethnographic record. The vast majority of cultures known to anthropology allowed at least some men to have more than one wife simultaneously. This article compares various explanations of nonsororal polygyny, by far the most common type of polygyny. Multiple regression analyses of data for the societies in the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample indicate that the two main independent cross-cultural predictors of appreciable (i.e., more than occasional) nonsororal polygyny are high male mortality in war (resulting in an excess of females) and high pathogen stress, which seems to favor nonsororal polygyny to maximize genetic variation and disease resistance in progeny. High male mortality in war predicts particularly in nonstate societies. High pathogen stress predicts particularly in more densely populated state societies.
Vibration control of a hybrid magnetic bearing using an adaptive sliding mode technique
Authors: Santra Tapan , Roy Debabrata , Choudhury Amalendu B , Yamada Sotoshi
Published: June 2017

This paper presents a consideration of the nonlinear modelling and vibration control of a hybrid magnetic bearing (HMB). The dynamics of the system are highly nonlinear in nature and exhibit parameter uncertainty. A sliding mode controller (SMC), well known for its robustness against parameter variation and external disturbance attenuation, was used, in the form of an adaptive sliding mode controller (ASMC), chosen because the ASMC operates in the absence of knowledge of the upper bounds of the system uncertainty, and its tracking performances are guaranteed. The HMB–ASMC system was simulated with varying system parameters and the performance of the controller is discussed. A laboratory prototype of the HMB system was built and experiments were carried out with the ASMC controller, which was found to offer acceptable vibration characteristics and disturbance attenuation.
Products of chickpea processing as texture improvers in gluten-free bread
Authors: Bird Libby G , Pilkington Casey L , Saputra Agung , Serventi Luca
Published: June 2017

Recent market developments raised the need for alternatives to hydrocolloids as texture improver in gluten-free bread. Chickpea exerts several physicochemical properties (water- and oil-binding, emulsifying and foaming) that might address this need. Therefore, the effect of processing on chickpea functionality was tested on low ingredient dose, comparably to that of common hydrocolloids. Control bread was small, hard and with low gas retention ability as shown by microscopy, depicting holes inside crumb pores. Addition of chickpea flour in low dose (2% w/w) enhanced loaf volume by 20% and reduced crumb hardness by 40%, due to increased gas retention (no holes within pores) and superior homogeneity of the starch–protein network. On the contrary, chickpea paste deleteriously affected bread quality due to loss of solubility upon cooking. Interestingly, both soaking and cooking water significantly reduced crumb hardness, although to a lower extent than the flour. More homogeneous crumb structure and gas retention were observed in the micrographs, possibly due to the emulsifying activity of flavonoids and saponins (soaking) and insoluble fibre (cooking). Chickpea ingredients are promising substitute of hydrocolloids such as xanthan gum for texture improvement of gluten-free bread, although acting with different mechanisms.
The Dynamic Nature of Public-Private Relationships: The Case of the Orlando Orange County Expressway Authority
Authors: Lawther Wendell C. , Worrall Harold W.
Published: June 2017

The asymmetric relationship between governments and vendors makes a public-private partnership difficult to achieve, according to principal-agent theory, because vendors have more opportunities to shirk their contracted duties than governments can control. The experience of the Orlando Orange County Expressway Authority illustrates how the use of incentives helps achieve partnerships.
Univariate Versus Multivariate Modeling of Panel Data
Authors: Bou Juan Carlos , Satorra Albert
Published: June 2017

Two approaches are commonly in use for analyzing panel data: the univariate, which arranges data in long format and estimates just one regression equation; and the multivariate, which arranges data in wide format, and simultaneously estimates a set of regression equations. Although technical articles relating the two approaches exist, they do not seem to have had an impact in organizational research. This article revisits the connection between the univariate and multivariate approaches, elucidating conditions under which they yield the same—or similar—results, and discusses their complementariness. The article is addressed to applied researchers. For those familiar only with the univariate approach, it contributes with conceptual simplicity on goodness-of-fit testing and a variety of tests for misspecification (Hausman test, heteroscedasticity, autocorrelation, etc.), and simplifies expanding the model to time-varying parameters, dynamics, measurement error, and so on. For all practitioners, the comparative and side-by-side analyses of the two approaches on two data sets—demonstration data and empirical data with missing values—contributes to broadening their perspective of panel data modeling and expanding their tools for analyses. Both univariate and multivariate analyses are performed in Stata and R.
The Relation Between Physical Activity and Cognitive Change in Older Latinos
Authors: Halloway Shannon , Wilbur JoEllen , Schoeny Michael E. , Barnes Lisa L.
Published: June 2017

Cognitive impairment in older Latinos is of concern due to the rapid growth of this population and their increased risk for dementia due to chronic disease. Evidence, primarily from studies of non-Latino Whites, suggests that physical activity (PA) may reduce cognitive decline. Few longitudinal studies have included older Latinos, objective measures of PA, or neurocognitive tests that assess domains of cognition. The purpose of this longitudinal study was to explore the relationship between changes in PA and cognitive decline in older Latinos over an average of 5 years. Inclusion criteria for the baseline sample were age ≥50 years, Latino ethnicity (English or Spanish speaking), no ambulation disability, no evidence of dementia, and Chicago address. Of the 174 baseline participants, 59 (33.9%) participated at follow-up. PA was measured by questionnaire and accelerometer worn for 7 days. A battery of neurocognitive tests assessed episodic memory, perceptual speed, and semantic memory. Change in cognitive function was dichotomized to maintenance versus decline. Binary logistic regression results indicated that those who had less decline from baseline to follow-up in self-reported light PA maintained episodic memory, odds ratio ( OR) = 1.16 (95% confidence interval [CI] [1.03, 1.32]), while those who had less decline in accelerometer moderate–vigorous bouts maintained semantic memory, OR = 16.08 (95% CI [1.53, 168.89]), controlling for baseline age, chronic health problems, depressive symptoms, and acculturation. These findings suggest that maintenance of PA with aging may prevent cognitive decline. This work can inform future intervention development that aims to maintain PA in order to prevent cognitive decline.
The ‘whole truth’ about practice
Authors: Ellis Judith
Published: June 2017

• All health care professionals must be able to justify their actions

• Litigation cases are on the increase

• Practice should be based on available evidence

• Expert witnesses help the court understand the case and will compare a professional's practice against that reasonably expected of members of the professional's own professional group

• Consideration of professional practices now may prevent or minimise the stress of future investigation and justification
Beyond neoliberalism: Reflections on capitalism and education
Authors: Klees Steven J
Published: June 2017

Education within capitalism too often reproduces social and economic inequalities. Schools are depicted as failing and teachers are blamed. In this paper, I examine the discourses underlying this situation and the role of foundations in the US and the World Bank in developing countries in maintaining it. I look at the neoliberal remedy of privatization and the fundamental problems with capitalism. In conclusion, I consider alternatives to capitalism and within education.
Nordic education policy in retreat neoliberal economic rationalization and the rural school
Authors: Knutas Agneta
Published: June 2017

The Nordic educational welfare model was implemented to support social justice and equal opportunities for all. After the fall of the Berlin wall the welfare model is weakened due to influences from international and global trends. It is found that with the introduction of new public management steering of public welfare and the decentralization of responsibilities from state to municipalities, local authorities are left to their own devices to solve disparities between, for example, a decreasing population and a shrinking economy. The article looks closer at the disparities between the structure of new public management steering and context-related variables of diversity. Arguing for diversity as cultural variation, the article draws on empirical data based on focus-group interviews with teachers of three multi-grade schools in rural Norway. To support the analysis, Bourdieu’s theories on structure and agency (habitus and field) as well as cultural, social and symbolic capital are utilized. The results give examples of the cultural socialization of individuals/groups – and how they pursue their valued resources and pursue their interest in practice. In reference to new public management and the steering of education, the findings indicate resistance and complexity concerning contingent social and cultural influences, and dispositions in the educational field investigated.
The Consequences (and Nonconsequences) of Ownership Change: The Case of Major League Baseball
Authors: Hersch Philip L. , Pelkowski Jodi E.
Published: June 2017

Although ultimate responsibility for a professional sports team lies with the owner, little is known about the repercussions of having a new owner at the helm. This article investigates ownership change in Major League Baseball. Estimates indicate that new owners do not impact on-field success relative to teams with continuous ownership. A temporary 8% bump in player payrolls, however, is observed in the first few years of owner transition. Change in ownership increases the odds of general manager and manager dismissals and is also more likely to trigger modifications to team logos and player uniforms.
Factors to consider in pregnancy of unknown location
Authors: Bobdiwala Shabnam , Al-Memar Maya , Farren Jessica , Bourne Tom
Published: June 2017

The management of women with a pregnancy of unknown location (PUL) can vary significantly and often lacks a clear evidence base. Intensive follow-up is usually required for women with a final outcome of an ectopic pregnancy. This, however, only accounts for a small proportion of women with a pregnancy of unknown PUL location. There remains a clear clinical need to rationalize the follow-up of PUL so women at high risk of having a final outcome of an ectopic pregnancy are followed up more intensively and those PUL at low risk of having an ectopic pregnancy have their follow-up streamlined. This review covers the main management strategies published in the current literature and aims to give clinicians an overview of the most up-to-date evidence that they can take away into their everyday clinical practice when caring for women with a PUL.
The potential of ixazomib, a second-generation proteasome inhibitor, in the treatment of multiple myeloma
Authors: Brayer Jason , Baz Rachid
Published: June 2017

The therapeutic armamentarium for multiple myeloma has recently benefited from the addition of several new agents (including second-generation proteasome inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies and histone deacetylase inhibitors). This review will focus on ixazomib, an orally bioavailable second-generation proteasome inhibitor. Specifically, we will review the preclinical data, clinical trial experience, potential indications as well as unanswered questions pertaining to this new agent in multiple myeloma.
Reflection upon mores and the Reconstruction Movement: A dilemma of the Yongjia Conservatives during the Post-Taiping Restoration
Authors: Hou Jundan
Published: June 2017

The law of power in Xia-Qi (chivalry) destroyed the hierarchical structure of the Imperial and produced an equalization so that the traditional governance was involved in crises. It was on the reflection upon the crises that the reconstruction prompted by literati during the Tongzhi and Guangxu periods was based. Confucian classics studies played an important role in shaping the elites’ ideology and individual wills. Associations of literati and kinship networks also contributed to the spread of these academic studies. Different judgments about the real relations between people of different social statuses caused conflicts in social transformation practices. For example, a higher-ranking group of literati in Wenzhou in southeast ZhengJiang province adopted a conservative scheme of reconstructing the patriarchal clan system and Confucian academic traditions in order to realize moralization in the imperial political structure. This conservative reconstruction, however, had an impact contrary to its initial goal of moralization: scholar-tyrants plundered finite land resources in the local mountainous society, while those disciples following the higher-ranking masters corrupted the academic atmosphere so that aristocratic politics became the principles dominating the private school of the prominent clan. In addition, immorality among close relatives in the prominent family ruined local customs. Superficially, it seemed that conservative moralization was obstructed and that local affairs managed by the literati had failed, but this created a new historical opportunity for the transformation of social structure in modern China. Social organizations that were based on general individual mind structures would play a fundamental role in the modern democracy in China.
Diagnosis and treatment of developmental dysplasia of the hip: A current practice of paediatric orthopaedic surgeons
Authors: Al-Essa Rakan S , Aljahdali Fares H , Alkhilaiwi Rakan M , Philip Winnie , Jawadi Ayman H , Khoshhal Khalid I
Published: June 2017

Background:

Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is one of the prevalent musculoskeletal conditions in young adults and is a leading cause of hip osteoarthrosis in this age group. The optimum age for surgical intervention when needed is not well established in the literature and the lack of management guidelines and standard practice of DDH leads to different practices worldwide. This study aims to investigate the current practice of paediatric orthopaedic surgeons in diagnosing and treating DDH worldwide and identify points of agreement and disagreement.

Methods:

A cross-sectional study utilizing an online questionnaire was designed to examine the different points of view and current practice of paediatric orthopaedic surgeons worldwide regarding DDH diagnosis and treatment.

Results:

Ninety-one surgeons responded, with an overall response of 45.5%. The vast majority of respondents use ultrasonography in children less than 3 months of age and pelvic radiography in over 3 months to diagnose DDH. Pavlik harness is the most popular DDH treatment for children younger than 6 months. For older children, closed reduction with hip spica cast is the most preferable treatment. The maximum duration of first-line treatment has a broad range. The treatment of bilateral DDH varies widely among surgeons.

Conclusion:

This study shows clearly that paediatric orthopaedic surgeons do not agree on the diagnosis and treatment protocol of DDH, hence different approaches to this common disease are practised. The lack of an international guideline should motivate paediatric orthopaedic surgeons to discuss and formulate a uniform and evidence-based protocol for the diagnosis and treatment of DDH.
Role of Psychological Factors in Purchase Behaviour with Reference to Private Label Apparels
Authors: Rathod Chirag B. , Bhatt Nishithkumar H.
Published: June 2017

After the government’s decision to allow foreign direct investment (FDI) in the retail sector, attention has been focused on this sector. This is a red signal for the organised and unorganised players in India as the weapon of private label will be a game changer in the near future. Private labels are not new to the Indian consumers as most of the Indian giants have equipped their stores with it. Private labels in food and grocery have been successful in the Indian market and brands in many more categories have come into the world’s largest consumer market. Private label studies have investigated grocery products, food products and routine consumables like dairy products and staples.

The main objective of the research is to find out the role of psychological factors in purchase behaviour with reference to private label apparels. It further investigates the reliability and validity of the scale designed to measure the psychological factor responsible for private label apparel purchase behaviour.

After review of literature, focus group and expert discussions were conducted to identify psychological factors and their influence on private label brand purchase behaviour. A total of 9 psychological factors were derived after the preliminary study and were included in the questionnaire. The questionnaire was designed using five-point Likert scale and survey was carried out in different organised apparel retail stores in Ahmedabad, Gujarat.
Fund Flow of Financial Institutional Investors to Indian Stock Market: An Empirical Study
Authors: Ananda S. , Nair Bibin
Published: June 2017

This study has tried to explore whether the foreign institutional investors (FIIs) have a significant impact on the Indian stock market, and also to find the linkages that these flows have with the exchange rate and the Index of Industrial Production. The study utilises data over a 13 year period (January 1995 to December 2007) for the variables from Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE). The study found that FIIs net flow has a significant impact on the Indian stock market and is positively correlated with the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) Sensex movements though there is no evidence of causality between them. The study revealed the fact that the rupee–dollar exchange rates are negatively correlated with the FIIs flow. The Granger causality tests reveal that there is causation from FIIs flow to the rupee–dollar exchange rates but not vice versa. The study is divided into various sections. The first section gives an introduction to the study and the significance of the study. The second section presents a brief background to the study, including the determinants of FII flow, and literature review. The methodology is described in the third section, including the hypotheses and sampling. The results and findings of the research are discussed in the fourth section, while the last and fifth section comprises the conclusion to the study.
Determinants of Brand Trust for FMCG Products with Special Reference to Shampoos Category
Authors: Rishi Bikramjit
Published: June 2017

Indian consumer’s background, in recent times, has progressed to become one of the greatest forces shaping the Indian society. Marketers and researchers are trying to understand the various dimensions of this emerging Indian consumer culture. Brand trust is one among these dimensions to be understood. Although factors affecting brand loyalty continue to rule research and managerial practices, a deeper look indicates that most of the work does not take into consideration the complete picture to understanding brand trust which, in turn, leads to brand loyalty. At the same time, there is no research focusing on understanding brand trust in the category of shampoos in the Indian market. This study about determinants influencing brand trust in shampoos was done because it is a complex category of fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) and different organisations operating in this category spend millions on advertising to reinforce, in the Indian consumers, the decision to buy their shampoo brands. The study has found out that brand functional benefit, buying intention and brand symbolism influence brand trust among the Indian consumers, while the price consciousness and genetic influence does not have any influence on brand trust in this category.
Book Review: Introduction to Information Technology
Authors: Anupama R.
Published: June 2017

V. Rajaraman, Introduction to Information Technology, 2013, 2nd edition, New Delhi: PHI Learning Private Limited, pp. 372, ₹295. ISBN: 9788120347311.
Work Engagement in India: Validation of the Utrecht Work Engagement
Authors: Kataria Aakanksha , Garg Pooja , Rastogi Renu
Published: June 2017

This study aims at delineating the recent worldwide developments in the factorial structure of popular work engagement measure, the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES) and exploring its psychometric properties in terms of factorial validity, scale reliability, descriptive statistics and discriminant validity in an Indian sample of working population. The study is based on cross-sectional questionnaire survey responses from 304 Indian employees working in ITES. We conducted confirmatory factor analyses to compare the fit of a three-factor model to that of an alternative one-factor model of UWES-9 followed by an analysis of discriminant validity of UWES-9 in relation to organisational citizenship behaviour questionnaire (OCBQ) and organisational commitment questionnaire (OCQ) using chi-square difference tests. A comprehensive review of validation studies of UWES across other nations of the world in different time, culture and context represents instability of its factorial structure. Empirical evidences demonstrate a better fit of multidimensional structure of UWES-9 in comparison to that of unidimensional solution for the construct in the Indian context and support the discriminant validity of UWES-9 against OCQ and OCBQ. The study provides first direct evidence for the psychometric properties and unique identification of the UWES-9 in the Indian context.