bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chronic rhinosinusitis and nasal polyposis in cystic fibrosis: update on diagnosis and treatment
Authors: Kang Suzie Hyeona , Dalcin Paulo de Tarso Roth , Piltcher Otavio Bejzman , Migliavacca Raphaella de Oliveira
Published: March 2015

Although cystic fibrosis (CF) is an irreversible genetic disease, advances in treatment have increased the life expectancy of CF patients. Upper airway involvement, which is mainly due to pathological changes in the paranasal sinuses, is prevalent in CF patients, although many are only mildly symptomatic (with few symptoms). The objective of this literature review was to discuss the pathophysiology and current therapeutic management of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) in CF patients. The review was based on current evidence, which was classified in accordance with the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine criteria. When symptomatic, CRS with nasal polyps can affect quality of life and can lead to pulmonary exacerbations, given that the paranasal sinuses can be colonized with pathogenic bacteria, especially Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Infection with P. aeruginosa plays a crucial role in morbidity and mortality after lung transplantation in CF patients. Although clinical treatment of the upper airways is recommended as initial management, this recommendation is often extrapolated from studies of CRS in the general population. When sinonasal disease is refractory to noninvasive therapy, surgery is indicated. Further studies are needed in order to gain a better understanding of upper airway involvement and improve the management of CRS in CF patients, with the objective of preserving lung function and avoiding unnecessary invasive procedures.
Risk factors associated with adverse reactions to antituberculosis drugs
Authors: Resende Laíse Soares Oliveira , Santos-Neto Edson Theodoro dos
Published: March 2015

This review sought to identify the available scientific evidence on risk factors associated with adverse reactions to antituberculosis drugs. We performed a systematic review of studies published in the 1965-2012 period and indexed in the MEDLINE and LILACS databases. A total of 1,389 articles were initially selected. After reading their abstracts, we selected 85 studies. Of those 85 studies, 16 were included in the review. Risk factors for adverse reactions to antituberculosis drugs included age > 60 years, treatment regimens, alcoholism, anemia, and HIV co-infection, as well as sodium, iron, and albumin deficiency. Protective factors against hepatic adverse effects of antituberculosis drugs included being male (combined OR = 0.38; 95% CI: 0.20-0.72) and showing a rapid/intermediate N-acetyltransferase 2 acetylator phenotype (combined OR = 0.41; 95% CI: 0.18-0.90). There is evidence to support the need for management of adverse reactions to antituberculosis drugs at public health care facilities.
Cost Structure and Clinical Outcome of a Stem Cell Transplantation Program in a Developing Country: The Experience in Northeast Mexico
Authors: Jaime-Pérez José Carlos , Heredia-Salazar Alberto Carlos , Cantú-Rodríguez Olga G. , Gutiérrez-Aguirre Homero , Villarreal-Villarreal César Daniel , Mancías-Guerra Consuelo , Herrera-Garza José Luís , Gómez-Almaguer David
Published: March 2015

Background and Objective.

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in developing countries is cost-limited. Our primary goal was to determine the cost structure for the HSCT program model developed over the last decade at our public university hospital and to assess its clinical outcomes.

Materials and Methods.

Adults and children receiving an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant from January 2010 to February 2011 at our hematology regional reference center were included. Laboratory tests, medical procedures, chemotherapy drugs, other drugs, and hospitalization costs were scrutinized to calculate the total cost for each patient and the median cost for the procedure. Data regarding clinical evolution were incorporated into the analysis. Physician fees are not charged at the institution and therefore were not included.

Results.

Fifty patients were evaluated over a 1-year period. The total estimated cost for an allogeneic HSCT was $12,504. The two most expensive diseases to allograft were non-Hodgkin lymphoma ($11,760 ± $2,236) for the malignant group and thalassemia ($12,915 ± $5,170) for the nonmalignant group. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia ($11,053 ± 2,817) and acute myeloblastic leukemia ($10,251 ± $1,538) were the most frequent indications for HSCT, with 11 cases each. Median out-of-pocket expenses were $1,605, and 1-year follow-up costs amounted to $1,640, adding up to a total cost of $15,749 for the first year. The most expensive components were drugs and laboratory tests.

Conclusion.

Applying the cost structure described, HSCT is an affordable option for hematological patients living in a developing country.
The Value of Personalizing Medicine: Medical Oncologists’ Views on Gene Expression Profiling in Breast Cancer Treatment
Authors: Bombard Yvonne , Rozmovits Linda , Trudeau Maureen , Leighl Natasha B. , Deal Ken , Marshall Deborah A.
Published: March 2015

Objectives.

Guidelines recommend gene-expression profiling (GEP) tests to identify early-stage breast cancer patients who may benefit from chemotherapy. However, variation exists in oncologists’ use of GEP. We explored medical oncologists’ views of GEP tests and factors impacting its use in clinical practice.

Methods.

We used a qualitative design, comprising telephone interviews with medical oncologists (n = 14; 10 academic, 4 in the community) recruited through oncology clinics, professional advertisements, and referrals. Interviews were analyzed for anticipated and emergent themes using the constant comparative method including searches for disconfirming evidence.

Results.

Some oncologists considered GEP to be a tool that enhanced confidence in their established approach to risk assessments, whereas others described it as “critical” to resolving their uncertainty about whether to recommend chemotherapy. Some community oncologists also valued the test in interpreting what they considered variable practice and accuracy across pathology reports and testing facilities. However, concerns were also raised about GEP's cost, overuse, inappropriate use, and over-reliance on the results within the medical community. In addition, although many oncologists said it was simple to explain the test to patients, paradoxically, they remained uncertain about patients’ understanding of the test results and their treatment implications.

Conclusion.

Oncologists valued the test as a treatment-decision support tool despite their concerns about its cost, over-reliance, overuse, and inappropriate use by other oncologists, as well as patients’ limited understanding of GEP. The results identify a need for decision aids to support patients’ understanding and clinical practice guidelines to facilitate standardized use of the test.
Poor Awareness of Risk Factors for Cancer in Irish Adults: Results of a Large Survey and Review of the Literature
Authors: Ryan Aoife M. , Cushen Samantha , Schellekens Harriët , Bhuachalla Eadaoin Ni , Burns Lisa , Kenny Ursula , Power Derek G.
Published: March 2015

Background.

Knowledge of cancer risk factors is unknown in Ireland. An understanding of risk factors could help inform cancer prevention programs.

Aims and Methods.

A 48-question online survey was designed to gather data to assess levels of public knowledge about cancer risk factors.

Results.

There were 748 participants (648 women, 100 men). Mean age was 37 years (range: 18–74 years). For the public, 81% were concerned about developing cancer; however, 20% believed that cancer is unavoidable if a family history exists, 27% believed that >50% of cancers are inherited, and 54% believed that 10%–20% of cancers are inherited; 20% were unaware that risk increases with age. The top five risk factors listed by respondents were smoking (87%), diet (76%), genetics (47%), alcohol (42%), and obesity (33%). Only 32% of the public were aware that obesity is a risk factor, and 33% did not think the location of fat was important. Moreover, 29% and 48% believed that risk could be increased by wearing a tight bra and by a blow to the breast, respectively. In addition, 85% and 86% believed that stress and that mobile phones, respectively, “strongly” increase risk; 12% believed that luck is important in avoiding cancer; 35% thought that “detox” diets could reduce risk; and 61% believed that organic food reduces risk. The majority were aware that physical activity of 30 minutes per day can reduce risk.

Conclusion.

A sizable portion of the population is misinformed about cancer risk. Most participants were aware of classic risk factors (e.g., smoking, diet); however, many overestimated risk attributable to genetics, environment, and stress and underestimated age, obesity, and sunlight. One in seven participants believed that lifetime risk of cancer is not modifiable.
Role of tricalcium silicate in sulfate resistance
Authors: Shanahan Natallia , Zayed Abla
Published: March 2015

This paper addresses the effects of increasing alite content on the durability of cementitious systems in sulfate environment. The alite content of two cements was increased and the deterioration in a sodium sulfate environment was monitored through expansion and strength measurements. Morphological and phase analyses were conducted on the specimens at the end of exposure time to explain the deterioration process. The findings indicate that high alite content is damaging to cementitious systems exposed to sodium sulfate environment as determined by ASTM specifications C109, C305 and C1012.
Forth Bridge: the restoration challenge
Authors: Sooman Duncan , Andrew John
Published: March 2015

The Forth Bridge is a symbol of engineering excellence and remains an icon for both railway and civil engineers throughout the world. Following in the footsteps of designers Sir Benjamin Baker and Sir John Fowler and contractor Sir William Arrol, this first full restoration project since its opening in 1899 proved to be a significant challenge. In undertaking this unique restoration project, Network Rail and Balfour Beatty were required to understand the dynamics and engineering principles of the bridge. The original design was not conceived with a complex maintenance regime in mind and certainly not the scale and complexity of scaffold access systems. It was a principal concern that the existing structure was never put out of balance by the average of 4000 t of scaffolding, encapsulation, materials and equipment required. The restoration works to the world's first cantilever and Britain's first all-steel bridge were complex and were carried out with its protected status as a grade A listed Victorian engineering icon in mind.
Contraction scour analysis at protruding bridge abutments
Authors: Ghazvinei Pezhman Taherei , Ariffin Junaidah , Mohammad Thamer Ahmed , Amini Seyed Ata , Aghajani Mir Masoud , Saheri Sanaz , Ansarimoghaddam Shokoufeh
Published: March 2015

Bridge collapse has dramatic consequences in transportation systems. Bridges are constructed with little adherence to the quality design, mostly in developing countries. Engineers need reliable methods for accurate estimation of the scour depth and location to design the bridge footing foundation safely. Scouring at the contracted section of approaching flow is a significant cause of bridge abutment failure. The main objective of this study was to estimate the geometry of the equilibrium contraction scour at a protruding abutment bridge in the compound channel, using parametric analysis (PA). Data from clear-water contraction scour experiments in uniform sand were collected for PA modelling methods. The main variables investigated were the abutment protrusion ratio, the contraction degree and the ratio of the maximum contraction scour owing to approaching flow depth. Results from PA were compared with those of the existing empirical methods for predicting the maximum contraction scour geometry. Statistical and graphical tests indicated that the PA method gives reliable prediction of the contraction scour depth around a protruded abutment in a compound channel.
Elevated temperature resistance of ultra-high-performance fibre-reinforced cementitious composites
Authors: Sobia Anwar Q. , Hamidah Mohd S. , Azmi Ibrahim , Rafeeqi Sahibzada F. A.
Published: March 2015

Elevated temperatures, specifically in the event of fire, are likely to cause extreme deterioration in fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) strengthened reinforced concrete (RC) structures. Various types of high-performance cementitious composites (HPCC) have been explored for the protection of RC structural members against elevated temperature, but there is inadequate information in this regard for ultra-high performance fibre-reinforced cementitious composites (UHPFRCC) containing high-alumina cement (HAC) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) in conjunction with hybrid fibres – a prospective fire-resistant UHPFRCC for structural members. In this study, the change in mechanical strength of UHPFRCC was examined before and after heat treatment, followed by thermal and microstructural analysis. Besides the control sample, three other samples containing up to 1·5% of basalt fibres, and 1 kg/m3 of polypropylene fibres, were prepared and tested. Another mix was also prepared with only 1 kg/m3 of polypropylene fibres. Each sample was heated to 400, 700 and 1000°C. Results showed that the use of hybrid fibres significantly improved the room temperature mechanical strengths of UHPFRCC, which were found to be 80 MPa and 14·3 MPa, respectively. However, the optimum residual compressive and flexural strength was attained by UHPFRCC with only PP fibres and hybrid fibres, respectively.
Corrosion of steel piling in seawater harbours
Authors: Melchers Robert E. , Jeffrey Robert J.
Published: March 2015

Unexpectedly high levels of corrosion of sheet and other steel piling were observed in UK harbours during the 1980s, and a phenomenon termed ‘accelerated low water corrosion’ (ALWC) caused considerable concern about the structural safety of harbour quays and facilities. This paper shows that the severity of corrosion of steel piling both in the tidal zone and in the immersion zone is correlated with the concentration of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) in the local seawater. In the lower tidal zone this is consistent with the thinning of piles associated with ALWC. Previously it has been shown that in the horizontal direction the ALWC phenomenon is associated with material variability. Models are developed to allow the prediction of expected average corrosion loss both in the immersion zone and for the lower tidal zone (the ALWC effect) as a function of DIN, water temperature and exposure period. Data are presented to show the relatively low beneficial effect of changes in steel composition. It is concluded that for long-term protection against corrosion reliance must be placed on protective and preventive measures.
Modelling storm response on gravel beaches using XBeach-G
Authors: Masselink Gerd , McCall Robert , Poate Tim , van Geer Pieter
Published: March 2015

Despite the clear societal importance of gravel beaches and barriers in protecting coastal areas from flooding, there are currently no reliable numerical models for predicting the morphological response of gravel beaches to storm events. This paper synthesises the results of a research project (NUPSIG) aimed at reducing this shortfall through an integrated research approach, involving field experimentation, comprehensive beach monitoring and innovative numerical modelling. In particular, the authors introduce a storm impact model for gravel beaches and barriers developed during the project (XBeach-G), present a brief validation of the model using field data and describe a user-friendly graphical user interface for the model. Finally, the model is applied in two case studies to demonstrate the use of the model in decision-making processes related to coastal flooding and beach maintenance.
Nickel Sensitization and Dietary Nickel are a Substantial Cause of Symptoms Provocation in Patients with Chronic Allergic-Like Dermatitis Syndromes
Authors: Antico Andrea , Soana Roberto
Published: March 2015

Data in literature seem to show that, in patients with contact allergic dermatitis, dietary nickel might be a cause of systemic dermatitis, but little information exists in literature about the role of nickel sensitization and dietary nickel in patients with allergic-like chronic dermatitis syndromes. The prevalence of nickel sensitization in patients with chronic allergic-like, non-IgE-mediated skin diseases, and the possible impact of dietary nickel on symptom provocation and persistence has been assessed in the present retrospective study on a case series of 1726 patients referred to our allergy unit for chronic allergic-like skin diseases. IgE-mediated pathogenesis and other differential diagnoses excluded, patients were patch tested. Nickel-positive patients underwent an elimination diet and double-blind placebo-controlled nickel challenge (DBPCNC) test. A total of 339 (20%) tested nickel-positive. Fifty-two patients (15%) recovered by avoiding sources of nickel contact and 29 (10%) dropped out. Out of the remaining nickel-sensitized patients, 277 (80%) achieved complete or near complete recovery with low-nickel content diet, and 185 of them (89%) were positive to DBPCNC. We conclude that nickel sensitization and dietary nickel seem to be the chief trigger for provocation and persistence of symptoms in an important part (~11%) of patients with chronic allergic-like dermatitis syndromes.
Les contestations de la psychiatrie
Authors: Hochmann Jacques , Mongin Olivier , Padis Marc-Olivier , Roman Joël
Published: March 2015

Répressive, aliénante, relais de l’État : la psychiatrie, en particulier dans les années 1960 et 1970, a souvent été la cible des critiques. Aujourd’hui, avec la crise de la psychiatrie de secteur et la montée en puissance des neurosciences, comment préserver une psychiatrie « humaniste » ?
La psychiatrie de secteur, quelle histoire, quel avenir ?
Authors: Henckes Nicolas
Published: March 2015

La psychiatrie de secteur, née d’une circulaire en 1960, était une psychiatrie militante, voulant redonner aux malades leur dignité de citoyens en associant santé mentale et insertion sociale. Aujourd’hui cependant, avec l’éclatement du paysage de la maladie mentale, le secteur n’est plus le seul pourvoyeur de soins, sans pour autant que se dessine une nouvelle cohérence de la prise en charge.
La maladie dont on ne guérit pas
Authors: Gallais Jean-Luc , de Rochegonde Thierry , Tarragano Olivier , Béja Alice , Padis Marc-Olivier
Published: March 2015

Médecins généralistes, psychologues et psychiatres se trouvent de plus en plus confrontés à une demande sociale de bien-être qui brouille parfois la frontière entre souffrance psychique et pathologie. Dans le même temps cependant, la valeur de la psychiatrie est difficile à faire reconnaître en période de restrictions budgétaires et d’évaluation omniprésente.
L'asile et la prison
Authors: Fassin Didier
Published: March 2015

La prison comme l’asile naissent à la fin du xviii e  siècle. Mais si la population asilaire augmente rapidement jusqu’au milieu du xx e , depuis la Seconde Guerre mondiale, elle décline, alors que le nombre de prisonniers explose. Quel lien établir entre ces deux phénomènes ? Comment la prison exacerbe-t-elle la souffrance psychique ?
« La tribu des loufoques »
Authors: Chalier Jonathan
Published: March 2015

Comment se déroule, au quotidien, l’accompagnement des autistes ? Au-delà des polémiques médiatiques sur les « causes » et les « traitements », les professionnels s’engagent dans la construction d’une relation ; car l’autisme, en fin de compte, est peut-être moins un objet de science qu’une invitation à interroger nos pratiques, nos institutions et nos comportements.
Santé mentale : quels choix politiques ?
Authors: Robiliard Denys , Padis Marc-Olivier
Published: March 2015

Les discours politiques autour de la santé mentale ont eu tendance à se focaliser ces dernières années sur la « dangerosité » des fous, ce qui a eu un impact sur les élus locaux. Comment améliorer leur collaboration avec un secteur psychiatrique qui demeure, malgré la sectorisation, coupé du reste de la société, et manque ainsi de visibilité, donc de porte-parole politiques ?
Images de la folie au cinéma
Authors: Desbarats Carole
Published: March 2015

Les films autour de la folie scandent l’histoire du cinéma, et ont parfois accompagné les luttes de terrain, notamment dans les années 1960 et 1970. Mais aujourd’hui, il semble que ce soit l’idiot, plutôt que le fou, qui inspire les cinéastes : celui qui fait moins peur, et qui n’a pas d’explication – même délirante – à donner du monde qui l’entoure...
Une histoire racontée par un idiot
Authors: Piégay-Gros Nathalie
Published: March 2015

L’idiotie, comme la folie, est un défi porté à la représentation. Mais si l’idiotie a aujourd’hui disparu du vocabulaire médical, elle continue à inspirer des écrivains comme Faulkner, Coetzee, Kenzaburō Ōe ou Doris Lessing.
Passer de l'autre côté
Authors: Mongin Olivier
Published: March 2015

L’auteur bolivien Edmundo Paz Soldán livre dans Norte une réflexion sur la frontière : entre le bien et le mal, les États-Unis et le Mexique, la raison et la folie. À travers les portraits de personnages réels ou imaginaires, un peintre, un tueur et un universitaire, il passe d’un côté à l’autre en montrant le trouble qui s’installe quand la violence extérieure attaque la conscience de chacun.
La folie ordinaire du pouvoir
Authors: Fœssel Michaël
Published: March 2015

Pascal est le premier philosophe à avoir associé dans sa réflexion la folie et le pouvoir. Pour lui, la passion de la légitimité qui anime les sociétés modernes vire au délire, sous couvert de raison. Comment comprendre que gouvernants et gouvernés soient victimes d’une croyance folle dans leur bon droit ?
Cuba : les illusions de la contagion démocratique
Authors: Bloch Vincent
Published: March 2015

Du point de vue des flux migratoires et financiers entre Cuba et les États-Unis, la normalisation des relations entre les deux pays précède de près de vingt ans le discours prononcé le 18 décembre 2014 par Barack Obama. Le rapprochement annoncé pourrait à brève échéance renforcer le castrisme de marché, un capitalisme d’État sans droits politiques.
Histoire naturelle et histoire humaine
Authors: Berque Augustin , Paquot Thierry , Lalaut Clémence
Published: March 2015

Comment comprendre les liens entre l’homme et son environnement, ou plutôt entre l’homme et son milieu ? Passer par la philosophie japonaise nous permet de ne plus se confiner dans le dualisme sujet/objet, pour prendre en compte le point de vue de chaque espèce, en tant que sujet collectif, sur son propre monde.
Defining English as a professional lingua franca: a specialised approach
Authors: Millot Philippe
Published: March 2015

Dans cet article, nous proposons d’examiner l’anglais comme lingua franca professionnelle que nous présentons comme un champ d’études à l’intersection de l’analyse des discours professionnels et de l’anglais comme lingua franca (ELF). Notre discussion commence par un passage en revue des approches traditionnelles de l’analyse de discours professionnels où l’anglais est essentiellement conçu comme une langue d’affaires et où les aspects spécialisés sont généralement relégués au domaine des lexiques techniques. Nous poursuivons par une typologie de l’anglais comme lingua franca professionnelle à partir de la métaphore goffmanienne des discours officiels et officieux. Enfin, nous présentons quelques implications méthodologiques et pédagogiques à partir d’un corpus d’anglais comme lingua franca professionnelle conçu pour répondre aux besoins de l’analyse des discours professionnels ou spécialisés.
Corporate discourse from a cross-disciplinary perspective: characterizing corporate social responsibility in the non-financial reports of American technological risk companies
Authors: Domenec Fanny
Published: March 2015

Cet article souligne l’importance d’une approche interdisciplinaire pour la caractérisation des variétés spécialisées d’anglais et des communautés discursives qui les produisent. Il présente une analyse menée sur trois axes pour caractériser l’approche spécifique de la responsabilité sociale d’entreprise (RSE) au sein des multinationales américaines du risque technologique. Afin de tenir compte des différents aspects de la spécialisation, l’auteur a privilégié une approche interdisciplinaire qui considère à la fois le discours et son contexte de production : des entretiens avec des membres des multinationales et des spécialistes permettent de mieux comprendre la culture d’entreprise et de compléter l’analyse de corpus. De plus, des questionnaires ont été distribués au grand public pour évaluer la perception des entreprises du risque technologique et de leur discours. Les résultats des analyses montrent que ces entreprises partagent un discours et une culture spécifiques, fondés sur une stratégie de légitimation. Trois aspects liés à la RSE sont traités : la prépondérance des thématiques liées à l’environnement, l’argument de l’hégémonie du marché, une culture de la sécurité commune.
Entre parole d’expert et visée programmatique : les policy briefs, genre discursif propre aux think tanks américains
Authors: Gaillard Mathilde
Published: March 2015

Cette étude vise à caractériser l’incidence de la position spécifique des think tanks américains à l’interface du monde de la recherche et du monde politique sur leur discours, à travers une analyse structurelle et rhétorique d’un corpus de policy briefs produits par trois think tanks américains entre 2010 et 2013. Elle s’appuie sur l’hypothèse suivante : les contraintes auxquelles sont soumis les experts des think tanks dans leur pratique professionnelle du fait de cette position d’interface et la tension entre expertise et action politique qui en résulte, se reflètent sur certaines caractéristiques du genre. L’analyse structurelle met en lumière la nature codifiée du genre organisé en réponse aux besoins d’expertise des hommes politiques. L’analyse rhétorique révèle cependant la dimension programmatique des policy briefs, reflet du besoin de visibilité et d’influence des think tanks dans le monde politique américain. Cette tension entre expertise et visée programmatique, et la nature hybride du genre, permettent de questionner la posture de l’expert des think tanks dans la société américaine.
Étude des domaines spécialisés et de leurs discours en diachronie : le cas des genres spécialisés de la littérature d’alpinisme aux États-Unis
Authors: Wozniak Séverine
Published: March 2015

Dans le cadre d’une réflexion sur l’approche diachronique des langues et des cultures spécialisées, ce travail se propose d’aborder les genres écrits du domaine spécialisé de l’alpinisme par le prisme des invariants dans les textes fondateurs de la communauté spécialisée des alpinistes aux États-Unis. Il s’appuie sur une première classification des genres et des aspects de textes produits par ce domaine, en se fondant sur la littérature non fictionnelle et en particulier sur les récits d’ascension et leur trame narrative récurrente. En effet, le récit d’ascension est sans doute le genre le plus répandu de la littérature de montagne. Récits d’aventure et de solidarité en terrain hostile, d’amitié et de trahison, de passion et de mort, ces ouvrages rassemblent les éléments pour rencontrer un très large public.
Les MOOC et l’apprentissage de l’anglais de la chimie : étude de cas à l’École normale supérieure de Cachan
Authors: Labetoulle Aude
Published: March 2015

Technologie de rupture ou non, il est indéniable que les MOOC constituent un nouveau type de cours qui ne peut être ignoré. Notre hypothèse de départ est que leur contenu disciplinaire spécialisé ainsi que leur substrat linguistique (dans notre cas, l’anglais) pourraient s’avérer utiles pour l’enseignement LANSAD. Une étude de cas est ainsi proposée. À la suite de l’analyse d’un environnement d’apprentissage spécifique, la première année de formation du département de chimie à l’École normale supérieure de Cachan, l’adéquation de cet environnement d’apprentissage avec des MOOC existants est évaluée. La grille d’analyse et d’évaluation suivie est adaptée des principes de l’ergonomie didactique. Une lecture par pôles (contexte, apprenant, enseignant, contenu, technologie) de l’environnement d’apprentissage permet d’étudier les plus-values éventuelles et les inconvénients pour chacun de ces pôles. En fonction du degré d’adéquation, des pistes d’exploitation et des stratégies de détournement sont alors suggérées à l’aide d’exemples concrets.
1968 : Crépuscule du printemps cubain ?
Authors: Calmettes Xavier
Published: March 2015

Au soir du 31 décembre 1967, tous les éléments favorables à une soviétisation de la société cubaine sont réunis. La mort du principal opposant à la soviétisation de l’économie, Ernesto Guevara, le 9 octobre 1967, l’aide apportée par l’URSS à La Havane, l’intégration progressive de toutes les mouvances de la guérilla dans le Parti Communiste de Cuba (PCC), la fin des guérillas anti-castristes de l’Escambray et la réorganisation des Comités de Défense de la Révolution (CDR) sur une structure résidentielle d’encadrement des masses, sont autant d’éléments tendant à montrer la disposition du gouvernement cubain à s’inspirer du modèle économique russe. Pourtant, en janvier 1968, l’expulsion du Parti Communiste de Cuba des anciens éléments du PSP, en lien avec l’URSS, semblait souligner la volonté de la direction du PCC de favoriser une voie de développement endogène, s’insérant dans le mouvement de contestation des deux superpuissances de l’époque. Finalement, le débat est tranché en août 1968, le gouvernement soutient inconditionnellement l’URSS lors du printemps de Prague et met en place le premier plan impératif de développement inspiré des travaux des économistes soviétiques. L’année 1968 est à la charnière de deux époques, elle marque la fin du caractère singulier de la Révolution cubaine, et la mise en place des structures politiques propres aux années soixante-dix et quatre-vingts à Cuba.
A la gauche du Christ? Le 68 des catholiques chiliens
Authors: Giraudier Elodie
Published: March 2015

Au Chili, la contestation sociale, les réformes et les conflits politiques des années 1960 ont eu lieu au sein et autour d’institutions (universités et partis) et de secteurs sociaux liés à l’Église catholique. La Démocratie chrétienne au pouvoir depuis 1964 passe en 1967 d’une phase réformiste à une phase plus conservatrice tandis que la scène politique chilienne se polarise. Les catholiques chiliens ne sont pas seulement attirés par le marxisme, certains maintiennent leurs positions centristes et d’autres réaffirment leurs positions intransigeantes. Les tensions se retrouvent ailleurs : après l’occupation de l’Université Catholique de Santiago du Chili (11 août 1967), le mouvement universitaire reprend de l’ampleur à partir de la rentrée (avril 1968). L’Église est elle-même touchée par ce nouveau contexte : en 1968, la conférence épiscopale latino-américaine de Medellin propose le rapprochement du clergé avec le quotidien des fidèles, c’est « l’option préférentielle pour les pauvres ». Sur le long terme, cette période porte des germes d’espoir (l’Unité populaire), mais aussi de crispation conservatrice (le coup d’État militaire puis la dictature) dont le souvenir est ambivalent à l’heure actuelle.
Black Power 1968: “To Stumble is Not to Fall, but to Go Forward Faster”
Authors: Veroni-Paccher Lisa
Published: March 2015

Bayard Rustin feared that Martin Luther King Jr.’s assassination would bring about a deepening sense of isolation on the part of black activists. Since Stokely Carmichael had transformed the rallying cry of militants from “Freedom Now” into “Black Power” two years earlier, the Civil Rights movement had been slowly dying. The year 1968 thus supposedly marked a new era, when the Black Power movement emerged. Unfortunately, the latter seemed too overtly radical and disorganized and, to Rustin’s despair, its proponents recommended that Blacks first “close ranks” in order to gain political leverage. Both movements are consequently viewed as antagonistic and distinctive ones and, in Peniel Joseph’s words, the Black Power movement appears as the Civil Rights movement’s “evil, ruthless twin”. By focusing on the largely ignored 1968 Philadelphia Black Power Conference, this study demonstrates that the Black Power movement has had a profound influence on black electoral politics. It should thus be recognized as a force that led the actors of the larger movement for black liberation to rethink both their goals and strategies.
Agnès Varda: filming the Black Panthers's Struggle
Authors: Letort Delphine
Published: March 2015

Agnès Varda directed two documentaries on the Black Panthers in 1968. Huey captures the militant atmosphere of the “free Huey” campaign whereas Black Panthers focuses on its local impact on the African American community of Oakland. Based on her own experience in California where she was living in 1968, Agnès Varda’s films provide a first-hand window into the culture of the Panthers. This article compares the aesthetic and political discourse of the two documentaries: from the observational mode of Huey to the expository mode of Black Panthers, the filmmaker strives to debunk the portrayal of the Panthers, who were framed as a menace in the media. Through a close analysis of Varda’s films, we aim to decipher the theatrical politics of the Panthers which the film unquestioningly portrays in counterpoint to the more recent historiographical studies that highlight gender inequalities within the party.
Quarante ans après le rapport Kerner : progrès et contrastes
Authors: Urbanowski Anne
Published: March 2015

Faisant suite aux violentes émeutes de la seconde moitié des années soixante, le rapport de la Commission nationale sur les désordres civils, plus connu sous le nom de rapport Kerner, expose en 1968 les causes majeures qui ont conduit à ces soulèvements. Racisme et discrimination mais également pauvreté, exclusion économique et absence d’opportunités éducatives sont les facteurs qui auraient poussé au désespoir et à la violence les populations noires enfermées dans les ghettos des grands centres urbains. Au cours des quarante années qui se sont écoulées depuis 1968, quelles ont été les évolutions majeures pour la population afro-américaine dans ces domaines ? L’analyse des données en matière de pauvreté, d’éducation, d’emploi, de revenus et de patrimoine, dresse un tableau contrasté de la situation des Afro-américains aujourd’hui. Alors que certains d’entre eux ont vu enfin se réaliser les promesses de la nation américaine, promesses réitérées dans le rapport Kerner, d’autres, au contraire, encore prisonniers des ghettos des grandes villes, donnent aujourd’hui, comme en 1968, raison à l’introduction de ce même rapport selon laquelle la nation américaine était en train de se fracturer en deux sociétés « l’une blanche, l’autre noire, séparées et inégales ».
Pistas para entender una mofa entre los jovenes uruguayos de izquierda de fines de los sesenta
Authors: Markarian Vania
Published: March 2015

Este artículo forma parte de un trabajo más amplio que atiende al efecto de las ideas y prácticas de circulación global sobre el significado de “ser joven” en la conformación de identidades políticas a nivel local, especialmente en el seno de los grupos de izquierda que participaron del movimiento estudiantil uruguayo de 1968. En un momento marcado por la búsqueda de respuestas políticas frente a situaciones inéditas de conflictividad social y movilización popular derivadas de una crisis económica y una actitud represiva del gobierno casi sin precedentes en la historia nacional, miles de muchachas y muchachos sin demasiada experiencia política desbordaron las estructuras y formas de lucha del período inmediatamente anterior. Fue una etapa de fluidez y cambio en el interior de la izquierda, con nuevas y viejas organizaciones que trataban de atraer a los flamantes militantes y dar cabida a sus intereses y costumbres, reformulando en el camino sus ideas sobre el papel que les correspondía en la lucha. A partir del análisis de una consigna utilizada por los jóvenes comunistas uruguayos, este texto se aproxima a las formas en que las discusiones de entonces sobre los requerimientos de la lucha y las “vías de la revolución” afectaron los papeles asignados a los hombres y mujeres que empezaban a militar en las diferentes organizaciones.
TCAIM Decreases T Cell Priming Capacity of Dendritic Cells by Inhibiting TLR-Induced Ca2+ Influx and IL-2 Production
Authors: Vogel Simone Z. , Schlickeiser Stephan , Jürchott Karsten , Akyuez Levent , Schumann Julia , Appelt Christine , Vogt Katrin , Schröder Martina , Vaeth Martin , Berberich-Siebelt Friederike , Lutz Manfred B. , Grütz Gerald , Sawitzki Birgit
Published: March 2015

We previously showed that the T cell activation inhibitor, mitochondrial (Tcaim) is highly expressed in grafts of tolerance-developing transplant recipients and that the encoded protein is localized within mitochondria. In this study, we show that CD11c+ dendritic cells (DCs), as main producers of TCAIM, downregulate Tcaim expression after LPS stimulation or in vivo alloantigen challenge. LPS-stimulated TCAIM-overexpressing bone marrow–derived DC (BMDCs) have a reduced capacity to induce proliferation of and cytokine expression by cocultured allogeneic T cells; this is not due to diminished upregulation of MHC or costimulatory molecules. Transcriptional profiling also revealed normal LPS-mediated upregulation of the majority of genes involved in TLR signaling. However, TCAIM BMDCs did not induce Il2 mRNA expression upon LPS stimulation in comparison with Control-BMDCs. In addition, TCAIM overexpression abolished LPS-mediated Ca2+ influx and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species formation. Addition of IL-2 to BMDC–T cell cocultures restored the priming capacity of TCAIM BMDCs for cocultured allogeneic CD8+ T cells. Furthermore, BMDCs of IL-2–deficient mice showed similarly abolished LPS-induced T cell priming as TCAIM-overexpressing wild type BMDCs. Thus, TCAIM interferes with TLR4 signaling in BMDCs and subsequently impairs their T cell priming capacity, which supports its role for tolerance induction.
IFN-γ Priming of Macrophages Represses a Part of the Inflammatory Program and Attenuates Neutrophil Recruitment
Authors: Hoeksema Marten A. , Scicluna Brendon P. , Boshuizen Marieke C. S. , van der Velden Saskia , Neele Annette E. , Van den Bossche Jan , Matlung Hanke L. , van den Berg Timo K. , Goossens Pieter , de Winther Menno P. J.
Published: March 2015

Macrophages form a heterogeneous population of immune cells, which is critical for both the initiation and resolution of inflammation. They can be skewed to a proinflammatory subtype by the Th1 cytokine IFN-γ and further activated with TLR triggers, such as LPS. In this work, we investigated the effects of IFN-γ priming on LPS-induced gene expression in primary mouse macrophages. Surprisingly, we found that IFN-γ priming represses a subset of LPS-induced genes, particularly genes involved in cellular movement and leukocyte recruitment. We found STAT1-binding motifs enriched in the promoters of these repressed genes. Furthermore, in the absence of STAT1, affected genes are derepressed. We also observed epigenetic remodeling by IFN-γ priming on enhancer or promoter sites of repressed genes, which resulted in less NF-κB p65 recruitment to these sites without effects on global NF-κB activation. Finally, the epigenetic and transcriptional changes induced by IFN-γ priming reduce neutrophil recruitment in vitro and in vivo. Our data show that IFN-γ priming changes the inflammatory repertoire of macrophages, leading to a change in neutrophil recruitment to inflammatory sites.
Variants of Korselt’s Criterion
Authors: Wright Thomas
Published: March 2015

Under sufficiently strong assumptions about the first term in an arithmetic progression, we prove that for any integer a, there are infinitely many n ∊ ℕ such that for each prime factor p | n, we have p−a | n−a. This can be seen as a generalization of Carmichael numbers, which are integers n such that p − 1 | n − 1 for every p | n.
Recent changes in the freshwater composition east of Greenland
Authors: de Steur L. , Pickart R. S. , Torres D. J. , Valdimarsson H.
Published: March 2015

Results from three hydrographic surveys across the East Greenland Current between 2011 and 2013 are presented with focus on the freshwater sources. End‐member analysis using salinity, δ18O, and nutrient data shows that while meteoric water dominated the freshwater content, a significant amount of Pacific freshwater was present near Denmark Strait with a maximum in August 2013. While in 2011 and 2012 the net sea ice melt was dominated by brine, in 2013 it became close to zero. The amount of Pacific freshwater observed near Denmark Strait in 2013 is as large as the previous maximum in 1998. This, together with the decrease in meteoric water and brine, suggests a larger contribution from the Canadian Basin. We hypothesize that the increase of Pacific freshwater is the result of enhanced flux through Bering Strait and a shorter pathway of Pacific water through the interior Arctic to Fram Strait.
Simulating the impact of emissions of brominated very short lived substances on past stratospheric ozone trends
Authors: Sinnhuber Björn‐Martin , Meul Stefanie
Published: March 2015

Bromine from very short lived substances (VSLS), primarily from natural oceanic sources, contributes substantially to the stratospheric bromine loading. This source of stratospheric bromine has so far been ignored in most chemistry climate model calculations of stratospheric ozone trends. Here we present a transient simulation with the chemistry climate model EMAC for the period 1960–2005 including emissions of the five brominated VSLS CHBr3, CH2Br2, CH2BrCl, CHBrCl2, and CHBr2Cl. The emissions lead to a realistic stratospheric bromine loading of about 20 pptv for present‐day conditions. Comparison with a standard model simulation without VSLS shows large differences in modeled ozone in the extratropical lowermost stratosphere and in the troposphere. Differences in ozone maximize in the Antarctic Ozone Hole, resulting in more than 20% less ozone when VSLS are included. Even though the emissions of VSLS are assumed to be constant in time, the model simulation with VSLS included shows a much larger ozone decrease in the lowermost stratosphere during the 1979–1995 period and a faster ozone increase during 1996–2005, in better agreement with observed ozone trends than the standard simulation without VSLS emissions.
Onshore sandbar migration in the surf zone: New insights into the wave‐induced sediment transport mechanisms
Authors: Fernández‐Mora A. , Calvete D. , Falqués A. , de Swart H. E.
Published: March 2015

We present a novel process‐based morphodynamic model, which includes transport processes due to both velocity and acceleration skewness and a new formulation for intrawave motions, that successfully simulates observations of onshore sandbar migration. Results confirm findings of previous studies, in which each process was considered separately and in which sediment transport was computed from the observed water motion. However, our results indicate that accounting for the joint action of both velocity and acceleration skewnesses causes major improvement of the modeled onshore bar migration and is essential to accurately model the evolution of the entire cross‐shore bottom profile, when compared with observations. We also demonstrate that the morphodynamics in the shoaling zone are dominated by velocity skewness (bed shear stresses), while sediment transport induced by acceleration skewness (pressure gradients) controls the morphodynamics in the inner surf zone.
Contextual and sociopsychological factors in predicting habitual cleaning of water storage containers in rural Benin
Authors: Stocker Andrea , Mosler Hans‐Joachim
Published: March 2015

Recontamination of drinking water occurring between water collection at the source and the point of consumption is a current problem in developing countries. The household drinking water storage container is one source of contamination and should therefore be cleaned regularly. First, the present study investigated contextual factors that stimulate or inhibit the development of habitual cleaning of drinking water storage containers with soap and water. Second, based on the Risk, Attitudes, Norms, Abilities, and Self‐regulation (RANAS) Model of behavior, the study aimed to determine which sociopsychological factors should be influenced by an intervention to promote habitual cleaning. In a cross‐sectional study, 905 households in rural Benin were interviewed by structured face‐to‐face interviews. A forced‐entry regression analysis was used to determine potential contextual factors related to habitual cleaning. Subsequently, a hierarchical regression was conducted with the only relevant contextual factor entered in the first step (R2 = 6.7%) and the sociopsychological factors added in the second step (R2 = 62.5%). Results showed that households using a clay container for drinking water storage had a significantly weaker habit of cleaning their water storage containers with soap and water than did households using other types of containers (β = −0.10). The most important sociopsychological predictors of habitual cleaning were commitment (β = 0.35), forgetting (β = −0.22), and self‐efficacy (β = 0.14). The combined investigation of contextual and sociopsychological factors proved beneficial in terms of developing intervention strategies. Possible interventions based on these findings are recommended.
Lowland fluvial phosphorus altered by dams
Authors: Zhou Jianjun , Zhang Man , Lin Binliang , Lu Pingyu
Published: March 2015

Dams affect ecosystems, but their physical link to the variations in fluvial fluxes and downstream ecological consequences are inadequately understood. After estimating the current effects of the Three Gorges project and other reservoirs upstream on the Yangtze River on the fluvial phosphorus (P) in the middle and lower Yangtze River, we further investigated the long‐term effects of dams on the fluvial regimes of P and P‐enriched sediment (PES). Simultaneously measured P distributions with sediment size (PDSS) from the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) proved that the areal density of particulate P (PP) bound on graded sediment can be measured using the surface area concentration of the total sediment. A PDSS relationship is obtained and the selective transport and long‐term sedimentation of P are simulated using a nonuniform suspended sediment model, which incorporates the PDSS formula. The computations revealed that a reservoir would significantly lower the downstream availability of P in the dry season and promote high pulses of P in summer when the reservoir is flushed as sedimentation accumulates. As a result, the P buffering and replenishing mechanism in the pristine ecosystem from upstream supplies and local re‐suspension are permanently eliminated when a regulating reservoir is built upstream. This change is irreversible if reservoir regulation continues. Changes could potentially aggravate the existing P‐limitation, decrease the water's ability to adjust nutrient/pollutant fluctuations, accumulate a greater surplus of carbon and nitrogen, and even exacerbate blooms in favorable conditions.