bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of resource gradient on age and size at maturity and their influence on early‐life fecundity in the predatory Asian lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis
Authors: Agarwala B. K. , Bhowmik P. J.
Published: October 2011

Variation in food availability impacts the performance of insects in terms of their size and age to maturity and fecundity. Age at maturity determines how quickly individuals in a population can start to reproduce and how much they can reproduce. Results from studies on various insect species show that food availability influences the size and fecundity of adult females. It is predicted that under poor growth conditions, variation in size is low, but variation in age at maturity is considerable. This prediction was examined in a widely distributed lady beetle species, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), a predator of aphids and coccids. Using a food gradient from low to high aphid prey density, performance of females that were reared on excess food was recorded for pre‐reproductive duration, size at reproductive maturity, number of aphids consumed, and fecundity in the first 10 days of their reproductive period. Results suggested that female H. axyridis that were reared on surplus food when kept at low prey density (poor growth condition) took, on average, three times longer to attain maturity and produced, on average, 14 times fewer eggs than females that were also reared on surplus food, but kept at high prey density (good growth condition). Females performed best at a prey density of 30 aphids per female per 150 cm2. Results suggested that the current food availability significantly influenced the age and size of females at maturity and their fecundity. Age and size at maturity of female lady beetles showed non‐linear responses to prey density as well as the occurrence of a minimum size of females, below which H. axyridis females fail to mature. The steep slope recorded at lower prey densities suggests relatively high variation in age at maturity but low variation in size.
An applicator for high viscosity semiochemical products and intentional treatment gaps for mating disruption of Phyllocnistis citrella
Authors: Lapointe S. L. , Stelinski L. L.
Published: October 2011

The leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), is a global pest of citrus, and contributes to the incidence and severity of citrus bacterial canker, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri. SPLAT‐CLM™ (ISCA Technologies) is an emulsified wax product that provides sustained release of (Z,Z,E)‐7,11,13‐hexadecatrienal, the major component of the P. citrella sex pheromone. Here, we report success in development of a mechanized and automated applicator of SPLAT and other high viscosity products on a large scale in tree crops, and progress in optimization of coverage patterns to minimize the cost of disruption of P. citrella. The applicator (IFM‐5051; International Fly Masters) delivered 1 g dollops of SPLAT‐CLM into a citrus grove canopy within 2% of the targeted application rate. A field trial conducted in Florida (USA) demonstrated effective disruption (>90%) of male moth catch in traps baited with pheromone lures characterized by high potency following each of four applications of 250 or 500 g ha−1 of SPLAT‐CLM containing 0.15% (Z,Z,E)‐7,11,13‐hexadecatrienal. Catch of male moths in pheromone traps deployed as a transect across the border between treated and untreated plots was analyzed to describe the rate of loss of disruption as a function of distance from a treated area. The model was used to estimate a maximum gap of 65 m consisting of untreated rows bounded on both sides by treated rows that could be incorporated into coverage patterns without a significant loss of disruption. A second field trial was conducted to test the feasibility of leaving intentional coverage gaps. No difference in trap catch disruption was observed between plots uniformly treated with SPLAT‐CLM and plots where every fifth row (80% coverage) or every fifth and sixth rows (67% coverage) were left untreated. Incorporation of coverage gaps should be effective in reducing product use and overall cost of mating disruption for P. citrella in citrus and other species for which mating disruption occurs by a non‐competitive mechanism.
Dermoscopic, histological and immunohistochemical evaluation of cancerous features in acquired melanocytic nevi that have been repeatedly exposed to UVA or UVB
Authors: Manganoni Ausilia Maria , Rossi Maria Teresa , Sala Raffaella , Venturini Marina , Sereni Elena , Ungari Marco , Marocolo Daniela , Lonardi Silvia , Calzavara‐Pinton Piergiacomo
Published: October 2011

Abstract:  Previous studies have reported that repeated solar and artificial UVB (280–320 nm) and UVA (320–400 nm) exposures can modify acquired melanocytic nevi (AMN). We therefore investigated the clinical, dermoscopic, histological and immunohistochemical changes in AMN exposed to UVB and UVA radiation. Twenty healthy volunteers with at least three AMN on the trunk were enrolled in the present study and randomized into two groups to receive equally effective doses of narrow‐band (NB)‐UVB or UVA1. Three exposures per week were delivered for a total of 4 weeks. During exposures, one AMN was left unprotected, a second one was shielded with an opaque adhesive tape and the third nevus was covered with a commercial sunscreen. After the irradiation cycle, the AMN were surgically removed and underwent histological and immunohistochemical assessment of melanocyte/melanogenesis‐related proteins (MART‐1, tyrosinase, HMB‐45), cell cycle activation markers (Ki‐67, topoisomerase IIalpha, p53, Cdk2) and transcription factors (microphthalmia‐associated transcription factor, STAT3). Nevi that were exposed to NB‐UVB or UVA1 also showed statistically significant increase in size and changes in their dermoscopic features, including overall darkening, increased pigment network expression, formation of branched streaks, and increased number and size of brown globules and dots. AMN that had been covered with opaque tape or sunscreen did not show changes in size or dermoscopic features following UVA1 or NB‐UVB exposure. Histological and immunohistochemical analysis did not show any significant change in exposed AMN in comparison with AMN shielded with an opaque adhesive tape or covered with the sunscreen.
Trajectories of weight disturbances during adolescence in relation to gender in a Swedish cohort
Authors: Rosendahl K Ingvar , Sundblom Elinor , Schäfer Elinder Liselotte
Published: October 2011

Aim:  To explore developmental trajectories among adolescents of thinness and overweight in relation to gender.

Methods:  A group‐based procedure was used to determine patterns of weight disturbances in a school‐based sample of 3020 Swedish adolescents followed from age 11 to 18. A sensitivity analysis was performed to compensate for an increasing number of missing height and weight data after grade 8.

Results:  Six trajectories represented the best description of developmental weight disturbances with the exception of thinness among boys, which was best described by four trajectories. Concerning thinness, 5.9% of girls and 4.2% of boys developed this condition during the study period, while 1.9% of girls and 3.0% of boys recovered from their initial thinness. For overweight, (including obesity) 1.5% of girls and 3.1% of boys developed this weight disturbance during the study period, while 10.1% of girls and 9.3% of boys recovered from overweight/obesity. Non‐reporting of height and weight was biased towards an underestimation of the true prevalence of overweight and obesity in girls and of thinness in boys.

Conclusions:  Developmental trajectories provide a novel method to describe the dynamics of weight disturbances during adolescence. Similar patterns were found for overweight and thinness in boys and girls but group sizes varied between genders. Non‐reporting of height and weight was found in a gender‐specific pattern.
Development of an evidence‐based protocol for care of pilonidal sinus wounds healing by secondary intent using a modified reactive Delphi procedure. Part one: the literature review*
Authors: Harris Connie L , Holloway Samantha
Published: October 2011

This article is in two parts. The overall aim of this section was to review the literature in relation to pilonidal sinus wounds (PSW) healing by secondary intent for a Master's of Science in Wound Healing and Tissue Repair thesis. The purpose of the literature review was to determine if an evidence‐based guideline or consensus document existed for the care of these wounds, and if not, to determine the topics from which to develop items for the first round of a modified reactive Delphi questionnaire. Part two will describe the iterative process, the analysis and the results. The review found no best practice guidelines concerning PSW, and only one clinical pathway. Seventeen areas of interest were identified that may contribute to optimal healing conditions or to delayed healing. These included microbiology of infected PSW, signs and symptoms of localised or deeper (spreading) chronic wound infection, swab for c&s, role of topical antiseptics or antimicrobials, systemic antibiotics, local wound interventions, optimal positioning, wound cleansing, principles of moist wound healing/dressing selection, topical negative pressure (TNP) therapy, peri‐wound skin decontamination and depilation, pain control, physical activities, optimal nutrition and patient education.
Organ‐Protective and Immunomodulatory Effects of Erythropoietin – An Update on Recent Clinical Trials
Authors: Sølling Christoffer
Published: October 2011

Abstract:  Erythropoietin (EPO) belongs to a group of pharmacological agents with multifunctional effects. EPO was originally acknowledged as the main regulator of erythropoiesis, but it also exhibits several extra haematopoietic properties, such as promoting the maintenance of homeostasis of cells under stress. These pleiotropic effects have been extensively investigated in preclinical models including models of ischaemic‐reperfusions injuries, inflammation, neuroprotection, neovascularisation and wound healing. Promising effects of EPO have especially been reported in models of ischaemic–reperfusions injuries. The mechanisms by which EPO exerts these organ‐protective effects are not completely understood, although anti‐apoptotic, anti‐inflammatory and anti‐oxidative properties have been described. Activation of the EPO receptor initiates several intracellular signalling systems, such as, phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase, STAT5, mitogen‐activated protein kinase and nuclear factor‐kappa B. These pathways are recognized as involved in the cellular response to stress and regulation of apoptosis. Although EPO has been demonstrated to be effective in animal models, the effect has not been clearly demonstrated in clinical trials. This MiniReview gives a brief introduction to the pleiotropic effects of EPO, the evidence of organ protection in animal models, and discusses the disappointing results obtained from recent clinical trials.
Young People's Preferences for Emotional Well‐Being Support in High School—A Focus Group Study
Authors: Kendal Sarah , Keeley Philip , Callery Peter
Published: October 2011

PROBLEM:  Schools have been identified as a suitable setting for the delivery of emotional well‐being (EWB) support, but in the United Kingdom there is little empirical evidence from young people that can inform the development of appropriate school‐based interventions.

METHODS:  Fifty‐four students (11–16 years) from three U.K. high schools discussed the content, delivery, and evaluation of acceptable, school‐based, EWB support. Focus group methods were matched to the school setting and sensitive topic.

FINDINGS:  Participants identified emotional difficulties in school, home, and with peer relationships. They said that some problems were too sensitive for them to seek help in school setting. They valued confidentiality, support, and effective help that were offered by people they experienced as friendly, trustworthy, and skilled. Teachers and peer mentors were not thought to fit these criteria, although trusted adults in mentor roles could meet their criteria. Participants recognized that they could hide their emotions, so their EWB would be difficult to assess. They described how the effect of emotional distress on their behavior is idiosyncratic, and therefore their EWB should not be judged simply on their behavior.

CONCLUSION:  The way in which EWB support is delivered in school is an important aspect of the role of practitioners and educators attempting to provide it. Because young people are sensitive to the personal qualities and skills of people offering them help, programs to train school staff in emotional support roles are important to ensure trust and an environment open to students seeking assistance. Interventions for school‐based EWB support need to consider subjective well‐being as well as behavioral change.
LOW‐COST COUNTRY SOURCING COMPETENCE: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS
Authors: KUSABA KEIKO , MOSER ROGER , RODRIGUES ALEXANDRE MEDEIROS
Published: October 2011

The world has observed an increase in international trade and a substantial strengthening of emerging markets over the last decades. This trend stresses the importance of global sourcing research in general, and low‐cost country sourcing (LCCS) research in particular. The objective of this paper is to introduce and test the construct of LCCS competence of employees from purchasing and other participating functions. The conceptual framework is derived through expert interviews, workshops, and an extensive literature review. The LCCS competence construct is tested using data from more than 300 managers and employees from various functions involved in LCCS projects. The results support the construct's validity as well as its association with LCCS performance. The study implications and future research paths are discussed.
A TALE OF TWO PARTNERSHIPS: SOCIALIZATION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF BUYER–SUPPLIER RELATIONSHIPS
Authors: VAN DE VIJVER MARK , VOS BART , AKKERMANS HENK
Published: October 2011

We contribute to the emerging literature on the role of socialization in developing buyer–supplier relationships. We conduct a dyadic, multiple‐informant based, longitudinal study of the development of two buyer–supplier relationships. We carry out a detailed examination of the effect of socialization on communication quality by interviewing personnel from both the buying and supplying companies and at different levels over three consecutive years beginning with the inception of a key supplier program initiated by our focal buying company. Our results show that, contrary to what has been suggested by other studies, socialization in buyer–supplier relationships does not invariably have a positive impact on communication quality. We offer two possible explanations for our findings. First, we argue that the atmosphere created by past conflicts can diminish the positive effect of socialization on communication quality. Second, when a relationship is in a declining life‐cycle phase, especially when one of the parties has strong doubts about the value of continued collaboration, socialization efforts may not contribute to improved communication performance. Hence, for socialization to have a positive effect on communication quality, socialization tactics must be tailored taking into account the history and current phase of the relationship.
ON THE IMPORTANCE OF GOOD QUESTIONS AND EMPIRICALLY GROUNDED THEORIZING
Authors: SALVADOR FABRIZIO
Published: October 2011

The absence of significant and counter‐intuitive findings is oftentimes considered a troubling weakness of a doctoral dissertation, and more in general of any piece of research. I suggest that these problems can be mitigated by incorporating practitioners' perspectives in the early theorizing steps of the research. I also propose that the researcher should focus on asking questions that are theoretically and practically intriguing, instead of becoming too concerned by the counter‐intuitiveness of expected findings.
Widows, Wives and Witnesses: Women and their Involvement in the 1768 Northampton Borough Parliamentary Election
Authors: DYNDOR ZOE
Published: October 2011

This article analyses sources relating to the 1768 Northampton borough election to determine the ways in which women were involved in pre‐reform elections. Although there has been literature relating to the participation of women in pre‐reform elections, it has largely focused on elite women. Through a case study of the 1768 election this article will suggest that non‐elite women were involved in a variety of ways. In particular, it will show that these women acted as witnesses during the polling and provided evidence relating to men and their eligibility to vote, and suggest that female householders had an impact upon the election through their property ownership. Through their role as householders, women were able to participate in elections through the exchange of property and enabling men to vote. The activities in which Northampton women were involved had further implications concerning home and its use as a public space.
Parliament and the Committee for Accommodation, 1644–6*
Authors: CHUNG YOUNGKWON
Published: October 2011

With the emerging conflict between the presbyterian and independent ministers in 1643–4, the independent MPs recognized a need for parliamentary action to secure religious liberty in post‐war establishment of a uniform state church. The lead in this was given by such prominent figures as Oliver St John and Oliver Cromwell, who set up a committee for accommodation in autumn 1644 to establish legal safeguards for godly separatists. This article seeks to demonstrate that the lay members from the Houses participated in the proceedings of the committee with as much fervour and awareness of the issue under consideration as the clerical members, employing procedure as a tool of policy making. Their often extended debates offer the historian a rare opportunity to explore in detail a committee at work during this period. The debates show that the scope of religious liberty as envisioned by the majority of MPs was decidedly limited. Furthermore, the article asserts that the committee became an arena for both genuine efforts at compromise and expressions of factional interest and that its proceedings were inextricably bound up with the wider Westminster politics and the vicissitudes of war. Thus, the committee proceedings shed light on the emergence of divisions in parliament and how these metamorphosed over the course of the revolutionary decade. Ultimately, the failure of the committee's enterprise contributed to polarisation within the godly community and to its disintegration.
Discrimination of Chinese Vinegars Based on Headspace Solid‐Phase Microextraction‐Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry of Volatile Compounds and Multivariate Analysis
Authors: Xiao Zuobing , Dai Shuiping , Niu Yunwei , Yu Haiyan , Zhu Jiancai , Tian Huaixiang , Gu Yongbo
Published: October 2011

Abstract:  Headspace solid‐phase microextraction (HS‐SPME) coupled with gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) was applied for the determination of the characteristic volatile profiles of Chinese vinegars. Multivariate statistical techniques, such as principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA), were used to characterize the different Chinese vinegars by types, fermentation method, and production area. A total of 56 volatile compounds were identified, including 15 esters, 10 aldehydes, 5 acids, 12 alcohols, 5 ketones, 4 volatile phenols, 2 pyrazines, and 3 miscellaneous compounds. The major compounds in Chinese vinegars were furfural, acetic acid, ethyl acetate, 3‐hydroxy‐2‐butanone, 3‐methyl‐1‐butanol, isopentyl acetate, benzaldehyde, phenylethyl alcohol. The PCA results showed that characterizing the Chinese vinegars by HS‐SPME‐GC‐MS was highly related to their type, fermentation method, and production area, and all these influencing factors were not independent. The CA results indicated that the fermentation method had a greater effect than vinegar type and production area. The results showed that HS‐SPME‐GC‐MS together with chemometrics could provide practical reference for characterization of Chinese vinegars.

Practical Application:  HS‐SPME coupled with GC‐MS was applied for the determination of the characteristic volatile profiles of Chinese vinegars. The major compounds in Chinese vinegars were furfural, acetic acid, ethyl acetate, 3‐hydroxy‐2‐butanone, 3‐methyl‐1‐butanol, isopentyl acetate, benzaldehyde, phenylethyl alcohol. HS‐SPME‐GC‐MS together with chemometrics was an efficient tool for evaluating vinegar authenticity.
Rapid and Accurate Bacterial Identification in Probiotics and Yoghurts by MALDI‐TOF Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Angelakis Emmanouil , Million Matthieu , Henry Mireille , Raoult Didier
Published: October 2011

Abstract:  Probiotic food is manufactured by adding probiotic strains simultaneously with starter cultures in fermentation tanks. Here, we investigate the accuracy and feasibility of matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionisation time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF MS) for bacterial identification at the species level in probiotic food and yoghurts. Probiotic food and yoghurts were cultured in Columbia and Lactobacillus specific agar and tested by quantitative real‐time PCR (qPCR) for the detection and quantification of Lactobacillus sp. Bacterial identification was performed by MALDI‐TOF analysis and by amplification and sequencing of tuf and 16S rDNA genes. We tested 13 probiotic food and yoghurts and we identified by qPCR that they presented 106 to 107 copies of Lactobacillus spp. DNA/g. All products contained very large numbers of living bacteria varying from 106 to 109 colony forming units/g. These bacteria were identified as Lactobacillus casei, Lactococcus lactis, Bifidobacterium animalis, Lactobacillus delbrueckii, and Streptococcus thermophilus. MALDI‐TOF MS presented 92% specificity compared to the molecular assays. In one product we found L. lactis, instead of Bifidus spp. which was mentioned on the label and for another L. delbrueckii and S. thermophilus instead of Bifidus spp. MALDI‐TOF MS allows a rapid and accurate bacterial identification at the species level in probiotic food and yoghurts. Although the safety and functionality of probiotics are species and strain dependent, we found a discrepancy between the bacterial strain announced on the label and the strain identified.

Practical Application:  MALDI‐TOF MS is rapid and specific for the identification of bacteria in probiotic food and yoghurts. Although the safety and functionality of probiotics are species and strain dependent, we found a discrepancy between the bacterial strain announced on the label and the strain identified.
Effect of Cofermentation of Grape Varieties on Aroma Profiles of La Mancha Red Wines
Authors: García‐Carpintero Eva Gómez , Sánchez‐Palomo Eva , Gómez Gallego Manuel A. , González‐Viñas Miguel A.
Published: October 2011

Abstract:  The effect of winemaking using blends of red grape varieties cultivated in La Mancha region (Spain) on the aroma profile of wines was researched by chemical characterization. Free and glycosidically bound aroma compounds were isolated by solid phase extraction using dichloromethane and ethyl acetate, respectively, as solvents in elution and then analyzed by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. Free and bound volatile compounds were analyzed in Cencibel, Bobal, and Moravia Agria monovarietal wines, and in 3 wines obtained with the blending of grapes: Cencibel (50%) + Bobal (50%); Cencibel (50%) + Moravía Agria (50%); Cencibel (33%) + Bobal (33%) + Moravía Agria (33%). Aroma compounds were studied in terms of odor activity values (OAVs). Ninety free aroma compounds and sixty‐five bound aroma compounds were identified and quantified. The odor activity values for the different compounds were classified into 7 odorant series. The fruity and sweet series contributed most strongly to the aroma profile of all wines, independently of the winemaking technique used. In general, co‐winemaking wines present a more complex chemical profile than monovarietal wines.

Practical Application:  Some grape varieties could benefit from this process with the presence of other varieties that might have an excess of aroma compounds. In this study, the wines were elaborated by blending different grape varieties together; this process implies co‐maceration and co‐fermentation steps. The co‐winemaking technique could benefit from additional molecules provided by the other varieties, which results in a more complex formation than in the case of monovarietal wines. This technique provides a viable alternative to traditional winemaking methods for improving and enhancing the sensory profile of elaborated wines.
Phenolic Composition in Different Genotypes of Guabiju Fruits (Myrcianthes pungens) and Their Potential as Antioxidant and Antichemotactic Agents
Authors: Andrade Juliana M. M. , Aboy Ana Lúcia , Apel Miriam A. , Raseira Maria C. B. , Pereira José F. M. , Henriques Amélia T.
Published: October 2011

Abstract:  Fruits of Myrcianthes pungens Berg. Legr. (Myrtaceae), known as guabiju, are widely consumed fresh as well as dried, processed into jam, marmalade, and juices. In this study, chemical composition and antichemotactic and antioxidant activities of fruits from a wild type (GB) and 2 genotypes, PL2 and PL1, of guabiju were investigated. Total anthocyanins for the genotypes ranged from 334 to 531 mg/100 g dry weight (dwt). Total flavonoids and polyphenols ranged from 79.8 to 154 mg/100 g and 2438 to 4613 mg/100 g (dwt), respectively. A reversed phase liquid chromatography method with photodiode array detection was used to determine chemical profiles of the main anthocyanins found in the extracts. An HPLC method for the quantification of flavonoids is proposed, providing a simple procedure with rapid sample preparation. All samples contained 5 identical anthocyanidins, distributed differently, with cyanidin as the main compound. Identified flavonoids were quercitrin, hyperoside, and isoquercitrin; their relative amounts varied among the extracts. The antioxidant activity of guabiju methanolic extract was comparable to that of Trolox, and at a test concentration of 0.25 mg/mL, GB and PL2 activities were higher than those exhibited by Trolox. Total dry extracts of guabiju exhibited greater inhibition of chemotaxis at a concentration of 4 μg/mL, except for GBH (wild‐type hydrolyzed extract) which already presented high values at a concentration of 2 μg/mL. These results suggest that the consumption of this fruit, rich in polyphenols, may be beneficial to human health.

Practical Application:  The paper is the first attempt on the improvement of this native fruit, since it is widely consumed regularly as part of the South American diet. The content of phenolic compounds demonstrates that consumption of guabiju would be beneficial to human health. Differences among samples, originating from open pollination of plants growing on the same site, lead to the conclusion that improvements can be made in the chemical composition and beneficial activity of guabiju fruits by simply selecting genotypes for these characteristics among open‐pollinated seedlings.
Poor Prognosis in Chronic Heart Failure Patients With Reduced Ejection Fraction in China
Authors: Cheng Zhongwei , Zhu Kongbo , Chen Taibo , Gao Peng , Cheng Kang’an , Fang Ligang , Deng Hua , Zhu Wenling , Fang Quan
Published: October 2011

Most Chinese cardiologists are challenged by the high mortality rate of heart failure (HF) in patients with reduced ejection fraction in China. This study was designed as a single‐center, retrospective study. All consecutive HF patients with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤45% from January 1, 2007, to December 31, 2009, were enrolled. The primary outcome was all‐cause mortality. The secondary outcome was all‐cause mortality or the first cardiovascular readmission event. A total of 187 patients comprised the study population, classified into two groups: LVEF ≤35% (n=83) and LVEF 36% to 45% (n=104). The median follow‐up was 18 months (2–41 months). All‐cause mortality was 27% among patients with LVEF ≤35%, as compared with 14% among those with LVEF 36% to 45% ( P=.025). All‐cause mortality or first cardiovascular readmission rates were 53% and 32% among patients with LVEF ≤35% and 36% to 45% (P=.003), respectively. The predictors of all‐cause mortality were advanced age and New York Heart Association functional class, chronic kidney disease, oral β‐blockers, and statins at discharge. The prognosis of chronic HF patients with LVEF ≤45% was poor in China, especially for patients with LVEF ≤35%. Cardiologists should provide further efforts to improve the prognosis of HF in Chinese patients. ©2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Exaggerated NT‐proBNP Production in Patients With Hematologic Malignancies: A Case Series
Authors: Andreu Aileen , Guglin Maya
Published: October 2011

©2011 Wiley Periodicals Inc.

Extremely elevated serum brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) in cancer patients is a poorly understood phenomenon. The authors report three cases of patients with hematologic malignancies and serial N‐terminal pro‐BNP (NT‐proBNP) measurements with values in the range of tens to hundred thousands pg/mL. Through matching NT‐proBNP results with clinical, laboratory, echocardiographic and radiologic data, the authors found that these patients demonstrated exaggerated responses to fluid overload. Patients with hematologic malignancies may have higher than expected values of NT‐proBNP in response to hypervolemic states. The authors hypothesize that this may be related to possible infiltration of the myocardium by substances produced in the setting of these diseases or due to proteins interfering with the assay.Congest Heart Fail.
Science into practice – how can fundamental science contribute to better management of grasslands for invertebrates?
Authors: LITTLEWOOD NICK A. , STEWART ALAN J. A. , WOODCOCK BEN A.
Published: October 2011

Abstract. 1. Grasslands are diverse and extensive but are declining in extent in some parts of the globe. Grassland invertebrates can be numerically abundant and are crucial to ecosystem functioning through their roles in herbivory, nutrient cycling and pollination. Most European grasslands are modified through agricultural practices. Indeed, semi‐natural grasslands, which often host the most diverse invertebrate assemblages, have suffered catastrophic losses over the last century.

2. Much research exists on grassland management, mainly from Europe, ranging from identifying optimum management of high‐quality grasslands through to assessing measures to enhance low‐quality grasslands, though most such projects focus solely on the plant assemblage. Monitoring that has been carried out on invertebrates indicates a varied response with invertebrate assemblages often being limited by such factors as lack of habitat connectivity, inappropriate cutting regime and the particular plant species used in enhancement projects.

3. There is a need to promote grassland management that recognises and addresses these key factors whilst also carrying out research into how best to combine the multiple ecosystem services and human benefits that are associated with grasslands.
CSPG4, a potential therapeutic target, facilitates malignant progression of melanoma
Authors: Price Matthew A. , Colvin Wanshura Leah E. , Yang Jianbo , Carlson Jennifer , Xiang Bo , Li Guiyuan , Ferrone Soldano , Dudek Arkadiusz Z. , Turley Eva A. , McCarthy James B.
Published: October 2011

Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4), a transmembrane proteoglycan originally identified as a highly immunogenic tumor antigen on the surface of melanoma cells, is associated with melanoma tumor formation and poor prognosis in certain melanomas and several other tumor types. The complex mechanisms by which CSPG4 affects melanoma progression have started to be defined, in particular the association with other cell surface proteins and receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and its central role in modulating the function of these proteins. CSPG4 is essential to the growth of melanoma tumors through its modulation of integrin function and enhanced growth factor receptor‐regulated pathways including sustained activation of ERK 1,2. This activation of integrin, RTK, and ERK1,2 function by CSPG4 modulates numerous aspects of tumor progression. CSPG4 expression has further been correlated to resistance of melanoma to conventional chemotherapeutics. This review outlines recent advances in our understanding of CSPG4‐associated cell signaling, describing the central role it plays in melanoma tumor cell growth, motility, and survival, and explores how modifying CSPG4 function and protein–protein interactions may provide us with novel combinatorial therapies for the treatment of advanced melanoma.
The three M’s: melanoma, microphthalmia‐associated transcription factor and microRNA
Authors: Bell Rachel E. , Levy Carmit
Published: October 2011

Studies examining intratumor heterogeneity have indicated that several cancer types, including melanoma, can display phenotypic plasticity, corresponding to their capacity to undergo transient reversible cellular changes. Conceptual models constructed to explain the process of cancer propagation differ in their treatment of intratumor heterogeneity. Recent observations of reversible phenotypic heterogeneity in melanoma have led to the proposal of a novel ‘phenotypic plasticity’ model of cancer propagation. Microphthalmia‐associated transcription factor (MITF), the melanocyte ‘lineage‐specific’ transcription factor, has emerged as one of the central players in melanoma phenotypic plasticity. Here we discuss the conceptual models suggested to explain the relations between MITF and melanoma plasticity, in addition to the complex regulatory roles that MITF plays in melanocytes and melanoma development. Finally, we provide an in‐depth literature survey of microRNAs (miRNAs) involved in MITF activity, melanoma propagation and metastasis, in addition to their potential use as agents of personalized therapy.
Linearization of Quadratic Drag to Estimate CALM Buoy Pitch Motion in Frequency-Domain and Experimental Validation
Authors: Salem Amir G. , Ryu Sam , Duggal Arun S. , Datla Raju V.
Published: October 2011

The dynamics of an oil offloading catenary anchor leg mooring (CALM) buoy coupled with mooring and flow lines are directly related to the fatigue life of a mooring system, necessitating an accurate estimate of the buoy hydrodynamic response. Linear wave theory is used for modeling the surface boundary value problem, and the boundary element method is used to solve the fluid-structure interaction between the buoy hull and the incident waves in the frequency-domain. The radiation problem is solved to estimate the added mass and radiation damping coefficients, and the diffraction problem is solved to determine the linear wave exciting loading. The buoy pitch motion is investigated, and linearizations of the quadratic drag/damping term are performed in the frequency-domain. The pitch motion response is calculated by considering an equivalent linearized drag/damping. Quadratic, cubic, and stochastic linearizations of the nonlinear drag term are employed to derive the equivalent drag/damping. Comparisons between the linear and nonlinear damping effects are presented. Time-domain simulations of the buoy motions are performed in conjunction with Morison’s equation to validate the floating buoy response. The time- and frequency-domain results are finally compared with the experimental model test results for validations. The linearization methods applied result in good estimates for the peak pitch response. However, only the stochastic linearization method shows a good agreement for the period range of the incident wave where typical pitch response estimate has not been correctly estimated.
Hydroelastic Behaviors of VLFS Supported by Many Aircushions With the Three-Dimensional Linear Theory
Authors: Ikoma Tomoki , Masuda Koichi , Rheem Chang-Kyu , Maeda Hisaaki
Published: October 2011

This paper describes hydroelastic motion and effect of motion reduction of large floating structures in head sea conditions, supported by aircushion. Motion reduction effects, appearing due to the presence of aircushions, have been confirmed through theoretical calculations with the zero-draft assumption. Three-dimensional prediction method has been developed for evaluating draft influence of division walls of aircushions. Using three-dimensional theoretical calculations, authors have investigated whether hydroelastic motion reduction is possible or not. Next, aircushion type bodies were supported by multiple aircushions, which are smaller in size than the wavelengths. Green’s function method within the linear potential theory was applied for prediction of hydrodynamic forces and wave excitations, in which the effect of free water surface between aircushions was considered. Hydroelastic responses were estimated not only in terms of elastic motion, but also in terms of vertical bending moment. The results confirmed the existence of response reduction, especially noticeable for the vertical bending moment in a wide wavelength range and in the whole structure area.
Enhancement of spatial resolution in generating point spread functions by Monte Carlo simulation in electron-beam lithography
Authors: Lee S.-Y. , Dai Q. , Lee S.-H. , Kim B.-G. , Cho H.-K.
Published: October 2011

The point spread function (PSF) plays an important role in electron beam lithography, e.g., for the estimation of the resist profile, proximity effect correction, etc. The conventional approach often derives PSFs directly from the Monte Carlo simulation, which might have a limitation in the spatial resolution under a certain size of memory available on a computer. A novel method is proposed to enhance the spatial resolution of PSFs generated from the Monte Carlo simulation without increasing the memory size or changing the simulation software. It exploits the fact that the PSF is radially symmetric and utilizes the concept of integrating the PSF. The integrated PSF is generated by the Monte Carlo simulation, and then the PSF is mathematically derived from its integration. Simulation results show that the proposed method has good potential for providing a practical way to enhance the spatial resolution of the PSF.
Sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma is an example of epithelial–mesenchymal transition
Authors: Conant Joanna L , Peng Zhihua , Evans Mark F , Naud Shelly , Cooper Kumarasen
Published: October 2011

Background

Sarcomatoid renal cell carcinomas (SRCC) are composed of two cell populations, a sarcomatous component (SC) and a carcinomatous component (CC). SRCC are particularly aggressive and often present at an advanced stage at diagnosis. Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been proposed as a mechanism for the development of SC from CC.

Aims and methods

E- to N-cadherin switching, localisation of β-catenin, and expression of Snail and secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) (markers of EMT) were studied to determine whether SRCC is an example of EMT. Expression of these markers was analysed by immunohistochemistry on 21 cases of SRCC that had both SC and CC and scored according to intensity and extent.

Results

E-cadherin expression was decreased in SC (Wilcoxon signed-rank test, p=0.0004) while N-cadherin expression was high in both components (p=0.46). Membranous β-catenin expression was decreased in SC (p<0.0001) while cytoplasmic expression was increased (p=0.0002). Snail and SPARC had higher expression in SC (p=0.002 and p<0.0001, respectively). When the scores were dichotomised into low and high expression levels, the results using McNemar's test substantiated the above results.

Conclusions

E- to N-cadherin switching, dissociation of β-catenin from the membrane, and increased expression of Snail and SPARC in SC indicate that SRCC is an example of EMT. High expression of N-cadherin and Snail in CC suggest early involvement in initiating EMT. Once EMT is established, loss of E-cadherin, release of β-catenin into the cytoplasm, and expression of SPARC correspond with mesenchymal phenotypic expression.
Multimodal Stepped Care Approach Involving Topical Analgesics for Severe Intractable Neuropathic Pain in CRPS Type 1: A Case Report
Authors: Kopsky David J. , Keppel Hesselink Jan M.
Published: October 2011

A multimodal stepped care approach has been successfully applied to a patient with complex regional pain syndrome type 1 and severe intractable pain, not responding to regular neuropathic pain medication. The choice to administer drugs in creams was made because of the intolerable adverse effects to oral medication. With this method, peak-dose adverse effects did not occur. The multimodal stepped care approach resulted in considerable and clinically relevant decrease in pain after every step, using topical amitriptyline, ketamine, and dimethylsulphoxide.
Comparative Transcriptomics Reveals 129 Transcripts That Are Temporally Regulated during Anther Development and Meiotic Progression in Both Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum) and Rice (Oryza sativa)
Authors: Crismani Wayne , Kapoor Sanjay , Able Jason A.
Published: October 2011

Meiosis is a specialised type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that generates genetic diversity and prevents chromosome doubling in successive generations. The last decade has seen forward and reverse genetic approaches identifying many genes in the plant kingdom which highlight similarities and differences in the mechanics of meiosis between taxonomic kingdoms. We present here a high throughput in silico analysis, using bread wheat and rice, which has generated a list of 129 transcripts containing genes with meiotic roles and some which are currently unknown.
Laser Surgery versus Radiotherapy for T1–T2N0 Glottic Cancer: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Feng Yan , Wang Binquan , Wen Shuxin
Published: October 2011

Background: Laser surgery and radiotherapy are commonly used to treat glottic cancer. Objective of Review: To compare outcomes and cost of laser surgery versus radiotherapy for T1–T2N0 glottic cancer. Type of Review: Meta-analysis. Search Strategy: The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Ovid MEDLINE® In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations, Embase, Web of Science (1990–2010) were searched electronically. Three Chinese journals in otolaryngology were searched manually. Evaluation Method: Retrieved studies were analyzed with Review Manager 5.0 software. Methodological and outcome heterogeneity was analyzed using the χ2 test and the I2 test. Homogeneous and heterogeneous data were analyzed using a fixed random effect model. Results: Eleven studies involving 1,135 patients were included in the analysis. The cure rate did not differ between patients receiving laser surgery versus radiotherapy. Results on voice preservation were inconclusive. The overall cost for laser surgery was lower. Conclusions: The quality of the reported clinical studies is limited. No level I data are available. Nonetheless, our analysis suggests that laser surgery and radiotherapy produce comparable outcomes.
Written Language Impairments in Primary Progressive Aphasia: A Reflection of Damage to Central Semantic and Phonological Processes
Authors: Henry Maya L. , Beeson Pélagie M. , Alexander Gene E. , Rapcsak Steven Z.
Published: October 2011

Connectionist theories of language propose that written language deficits arise as a result of damage to semantic and phonological systems that also support spoken language production and comprehension, a view referred to as the “primary systems” hypothesis. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the primary systems account in a mixed group of individuals with primary progressive aphasia (PPA) by investigating the relation between measures of nonorthographic semantic and phonological processing and written language performance and by examining whether common patterns of cortical atrophy underlie impairments in spoken versus written language domains. Individuals with PPA and healthy controls were administered a language battery, including assessments of semantics, phonology, reading, and spelling. Voxel-based morphometry was used to examine the relation between gray matter volumes and language measures within brain regions previously implicated in semantic and phonological processing. In accordance with the primary systems account, our findings indicate that spoken language performance is strongly predictive of reading/spelling profile in individuals with PPA and suggest that common networks of critical left hemisphere regions support central semantic and phonological processes recruited for spoken and written language.
Midazolam-induced Amnesia Reduces Memory for Details and Affects the ERP Correlates of Recollection and Familiarity
Authors: Nyhus Erika , Curran Tim
Published: October 2011

Dual process models suggest that recognition memory is supported by familiarity and recollection processes. Previous research administering amnesic drugs and measuring ERPs during recognition memory have provided evidence for separable neural correlates of familiarity and recollection. This study examined the effect of midazolam-induced amnesia on memory for details and the proposed ERP correlates of recognition. Midazolam or saline was administered while subjects studied oriented pictures of common objects. ERPs were recorded during a recognition test 1 day later. Subjects' discrimination of old and new pictures as well as orientation discrimination was worse when they were given midazolam instead of saline. As predicted, the parietal old/new effect was decreased with the administration of midazolam. However, weaker effects on FN400 old/new effects were also observed. These results provide converging pharmacological and electrophysiological evidence that midazolam primarily affects recollection as indexed by parietal ERP old/new effects and memory for orientation, while also exerting some weaker effects on familiarity as indexed by FN400 old/new effects.
Global Taxes on Natural Resources
Authors: Casal Paula
Published: October 2011

Thomas Pogge's Global Resources Dividend relies on a flat tax on the use of natural resources to fund the eradication of world poverty. Hillel Steiner's Global Fund taxes the full rental value of owned natural resources and distributes the proceeds equally. The paper compares the Dividend and the Fund and defends the Global Share, a novel proposal that taxes either use or ownership, does so (when possible) progressively, and distributes the revenue according to a prioritarian rather than a sufficientarian or egalitarian principle.
Back on Horseback: The Military and Political Transformation in Egypt
Authors: Albrecht Holger , Bishara Dina
Published: October 2011

Though there are many expectations regarding the interim character of the current political order, the future of Egyptian democracy remains highly uncertain. A closer look at the take-over of power by the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (SCAF) is imperative to an understanding of a political system at a decisive crossroads, but also of the path-dependent implications of the military’s engagement in politics. We project that, irrespective of the institutional framing and the results of the current political transformation, the military will play a decisive role in the country’s political future. In addressing its role during the current revolutionary events, we account for the reason for the military’s engagement in politics, the path of the take-over of political power, and the military’s management of politics. Thus, our analysis will attempt to provide preliminary answers to three questions: When and how did the Egyptian military intervene directly in revolutionary politics? Why did it intervene? And how does it manage the transformation?