bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Various Excipients on Theophylline-loaded Alginate Beads Prepared by Ionic Cross Linking Technique
Authors: Jahan Sheikh Tasnim , Sadat Sams Mohammad Anwar , Islam Md Saiful , Jalil Reza-ul , Chowdhury Jakir Ahmed
Published: April 2011

Theophylline loaded sodium alginate beads were prepared by ionic cross linking technique using calcium chloride (CaCl2) as cross linking agents. The purpose of this work was to prepare sodium alginate beads as a device for the extended release of theophylline. Different excipients like sodium carboxy methyl cellulose, polyethylene glycol 4000, hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose, sodium starch glycolate, Eudragit L 100 and sodium lauryl sulphate were used to fabricate theophylline-alginate beads and their effect on drug release were investigated. In this study, the beads were characterized and evaluated in respect to their surface morphology, swelling index (SI) and in-vitro release characteristics. Beads were prepared by dropping a hot aqueous theophylline-alginate or theophylline-alginate-excipient solution into electrolyte solution. Alginate cross linked with electrolytes and beads were formed with entrapped drug. Beads were collected by decanting the solution and dried at room temperature. Surface of beads with various excipients revealed that smooth, dense and closely packed drug-polymer bonding was obtained when the excipients were changed. Beads in F 1 contain Eudragit L 100 that swelled highest at 3 hours with SI of 10.74 %. Sodium starch glycolate beads (F 4) swelled high up to 9.93 % at 2 hours. Dissolution studies were carried out in 900 ml of distilled water for 8 hours. Most of the formulations were fitted to Higuchi model. The drug release rate are shown in decreasing order: Eudragit L 100>Sodium carboxy methyl cellulose> Sodium lauryl sulphate> Sodium starch glycolate>Hydroxy propyl methylcellulose 5 cps>Polyethylene glycol 4000. The use of Eudragit L 100 was found to be promising because it released about 69 % of theophylline within 8 hours. It was found that among the hydrophilic polymers used, Sodium carboxy methyl cellulose showed 49 % theophylline release within 8 hours. The lowest amount of drug release was found with HPMC 5 cps and PEG 4000 which was about 26 % of drug release. Key words: Theophylline; ionic cross-linking technique; sodium alginate beads; swelling index; release kinetics. DOI: 10.3329/dujps.v9i1.7425 Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 9(1): 15-22 2010 (June)
Optimization and Partial Characterization of a Putative Probiotic Bacterium Antagonistic to Vibrios in Shrimp Larval Rearing System
Authors: Sarker Abdullah , Rahman Shafiqur , Khan Shakila N , Naser M Niamul
Published: April 2011

Organic aquaculture utilizing probiotics for disease control and bioremediation has gained global acceptance in recent years. A preliminary study was conducted to isolate indigenous bacteria antagonistic to pathogenic vibrios as putative probiotics for shrimp hatcheries and grow-out systems. These efforts resulted in the isolation of a Gram-positive bacilli after screening thirty one water samples, collected from the coastal areas of the Bay of Bengal. This probiont, identified as Bacillus licheniformis exhibited vibriocidal activity in vitro against 60% of the Vibrio species isolated from the same water samples based on broad spectrum antagonistic and hydrolytic properties. In this study, we looked into the effects of pH, temperature, salinity, surfactants (Triton X114, Tween 80 and SDS) and EDTA on the vibriocidal property of the cell-free supernatant of the probiotic and observed that the antagonistic property was refractory to the surfactants used. The optimum activity of the cell-free supernatant was observed at 30°C, below and above which there was a marked decline in the inhibition. Neutral and alkaline pH ranges favored the antagonistic property while it was negligible at acidic ranges. The metal chelator EDTA nullified the antagonistic property at 0.01 mM concentration, the lowest tested, indicating the presence of a metal active group in the active fraction. The study suggests the potential of the selected bacterial isolate as a putative, antagonistic probiotic useful in the aquaculture systems of the tropics considering its broad antagonistic activity, higher activity in the neutral and alkaline pH and optimum activity at 30°C. Efforts are underway to purify and characterize the antagonistic compound in the cell-free supernatant. Key words: Probiotic; vibrios; Bacillus; shrimp; cell-free supernatant DOI: 10.3329/dujps.v9i1.7426 Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 9(1): 23-29 2010 (June)
Chemical and Antioxidant Properties of Broccoli Growing in Bangladesh
Authors: Jahan Ismet Ara , Mostafa M , Nimmi Ishrat , Hossain M Hemayet , Ahsan Moinul , Chowdhury Jasim Uddin
Published: April 2011

Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) a cruciferous vegetable growing in Bangladesh was investigated to determine the fatty acid components, elemental concentrations, ascorbic acid content and antioxidant activity. A total of fifteen compounds were identified from the methylated esters of the fatty acids of flower and stem of broccoli when analyzed by GC-MS. The major compounds were linoleic acid, palmitic acid. linolenic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid and myrestic acid. Elemental analysis was done by XRF method which showed that both the flower and stem contained a significant amount of Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, P and Cl. However, heavy metals were not found in any of the broccoli samples. The broccoli flower and stem contained 42.20±0.263 mg and 120±0.254 mg of ascorbic acid per 100g of fresh samples. The methanol extract of broccoli exhibited the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity among methanol, acetone and water extracts. The indegenous broccoli was found to have highest DPPH radical scavenging activity (> 90%) which was comparable to standard ascorbic acid (98.22±1.122%) and BHA (96.01±0.983 %). Methanol extract of flower and stem exhibited highest ferrous ion chelating ability ((91.85±0.951 and 97.38±1.241) respectively whereas the ascorbic acid and BHA hardly demonstrated any ferrous ion chelating ability. These results clearly indicated that Bangladeshi broccoli has a significant potential for uses as nutrients and antioxidant suppliments. Key words: Broccoli; Fatty acids; Minerals; Vitamin C; Free radical scavenging power; Reducing power; Ferrous ion chelating ability. DOI: 10.3329/dujps.v9i1.7427 Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 9(1): 31-37 2010 (June)
Once Daily Sustained-Release Matrix Tablet of Naproxen: Formulation and In Vitro Evaluation
Authors: Islam Muhammad Rashedul , Ahmed Ishtiaq , Quadir Mohiuddin Abdul , Rahman Md Habibur
Published: April 2011

The objective of the present study was to develop once-daily sustained-release matrix tablets of naproxen, one of the most potent non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents used in the treatment of arthritic pain. The tablets were prepared by direct compression method using hydrophilic matrix materials like Methocel® K4M CR and Methocel® K15M CR. The tablets were subjected to measurement of thickness, diameter, weight variation, drug content, hardness and friability, the results of which were within compendial specification range. In vitro release studies were carried out by the USP basket method and were carried out at pH 7.4 buffer for ten hours. The results of dissolution studies indicated that higher polymer content in the matrix (40%) decreased the release rate of the drug as shown in formulation NMK4MF6 and NMK15MF6 (where lactose content is zero). The most successful formulations of the study, exhibited satisfactory drug release which was very close to the theoretical release profile. All the formulations exhibited diffusion-dominated drug release. Key words: Naproxen; Methocel® K4M CR; Methocel® K15M CR; Sustained release; Matrix tablets DOI: 10.3329/dujps.v9i1.7429 Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 9(1): 47-52 2010 (June)
Membrane Characterization by Microscopic and Scattering Methods: Multiscale Structure
Authors: Tamime Rahma , Wyart Yvan , Siozade Laure , Baudin Isabelle , Deumie Carole , Glucina Karl , Moulin Philippe
Published: April 2011

Several microscopic and scattering techniques at different observation scales (from atomic to macroscopic) were used to characterize both surface and bulk properties of four new flat-sheet polyethersulfone (PES) membranes (10, 30, 100 and 300 kDa) and new 100 kDa hollow fibers (PVDF). Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with “in lens” detection was used to obtain information on the pore sizes of the skin layers at the atomic scale. White Light Interferometry (WLI) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) using different scales (for WLI: windows: 900 × 900 µm2 and 360 × 360 µm2; number of points: 1024; for AFM: windows: 50 × 50 µm2 and 5 × 5 µm2; number of points: 512) showed that the membrane roughness increases markedly with the observation scale and that there is a continuity between the different scan sizes for the determination of the RMS roughness. High angular resolution ellipsometric measurements were used to obtain the signature of each cut-off and the origin of the scattering was identified as coming from the membrane bulk.
Lambda-Display: A Powerful Tool for Antigen Discovery
Authors: Beghetto Elisa , Gargano Nicola
Published: April 2011

Since its introduction in 1985, phage display technology has been successfully used in projects aimed at deciphering biological processes and isolating molecules of practical value in several applications. Bacteriophage lambda, representing a classical molecular cloning and expression system has also been exploited for generating large combinatorial libraries of small peptides and protein domains exposed on its capsid. More recently, lambda display has been consistently and successfully employed for domain mapping, antigen discovery and protein interaction studies or, more generally, in functional genomics. We show here the results obtained by the use of large libraries of cDNA and genomic DNA for the molecular dissection of the human B-cell response against complex pathogens, including protozoan parasites, bacteria and viruses. Moreover, by reviewing the experimental work performed in recent investigations we illustrate the potential of lambda display in the diagnostics field and for identifying antigens useful as targets for vaccine development.
Chemically Induced Photoswitching of Fluorescent Probes—A General Concept for Super-Resolution Microscopy
Authors: Endesfelder Ulrike , Malkusch Sebastian , Flottmann Benjamin , Mondry Justine , Liguzinski Piotr , Verveer Peter J. , Heilemann Mike
Published: April 2011

We review fluorescent probes that can be photoswitched or photoactivated and are suited for single-molecule localization based super-resolution microscopy. We exploit the underlying photochemical mechanisms that allow photoswitching of many synthetic organic fluorophores in the presence of reducing agents, and study the impact of these on the photoswitching properties of various photoactivatable or photoconvertible fluorescent proteins. We have identified mEos2 as a fluorescent protein that exhibits reversible photoswitching under various imaging buffer conditions and present strategies to characterize reversible photoswitching. Finally, we discuss opportunities to combine fluorescent proteins with organic fluorophores for dual-color photoswitching microscopy.
Functional and Structural Overview of G-Protein-Coupled Receptors Comprehensively Obtained from Genome Sequences
Authors: Suwa Makiko , Sugihara Minoru , Ono Yukiteru
Published: April 2011

An understanding of the functional mechanisms of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is very important for GPCR-related drug design. We have developed an integrated GPCR database (SEVENS http://sevens.cbrc.jp/) that includes 64,090 reliable GPCR genes comprehensively identified from 56 eukaryote genome sequences, and overviewed the sequences and structure spaces of the GPCRs. In vertebrates, the number of receptors for biological amines, peptides, etc. is conserved in most species, whereas the number of chemosensory receptors for odorant, pheromone, etc. significantly differs among species. The latter receptors tend to be single exon type or a few exon type and show a high ratio in the numbers of GPCRs, whereas some families, such as Class B and Class C receptors, have long lengths due to the presence of many exons. Statistical analyses of amino acid residues reveal that most of the conserved residues in Class A GPCRs are found in the cytoplasmic half regions of transmembrane (TM) helices, while residues characteristic to each subfamily found on the extracellular half regions. The 69 of Protein Data Bank (PDB) entries of complete or fragmentary structures could be mapped on the TM/loop regions of Class A GPCRs covering 14 subfamilies.
Estimation of Distributed Fermat-Point Location for Wireless Sensor Networking
Authors: Huang Po-Hsian , Chen Jiann-Liang , Larosa Yanuarius Teofilus , Chiang Tsui-Lien
Published: April 2011

This work presents a localization scheme for use in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) that is based on a proposed connectivity-based RF localization strategy called the distributed Fermat-point location estimation algorithm (DFPLE). DFPLE applies triangle area of location estimation formed by intersections of three neighboring beacon nodes. The Fermat point is determined as the shortest path from three vertices of the triangle. The area of estimated location then refined using Fermat point to achieve minimum error in estimating sensor nodes location. DFPLE solves problems of large errors and poor performance encountered by localization schemes that are based on a bounding box algorithm. Performance analysis of a 200-node development environment reveals that, when the number of sensor nodes is below 150, the mean error decreases rapidly as the node density increases, and when the number of sensor nodes exceeds 170, the mean error remains below 1% as the node density increases. Second, when the number of beacon nodes is less than 60, normal nodes lack sufficient beacon nodes to enable their locations to be estimated. However, the mean error changes slightly as the number of beacon nodes increases above 60. Simulation results revealed that the proposed algorithm for estimating sensor positions is more accurate than existing algorithms, and improves upon conventional bounding box strategies.
Moisture harvesting and water transport through specialized micro-structures on the integument of lizards
Authors: Comanns Philipp , Effertz Christian , Hischen Florian , Staudt Konrad , Böhme Wolfgang , Baumgartner Werner
Published: April 2011

Several lizard species that live in arid areas have developed special abilities to collect water with their bodies' surfaces and to ingest the so collected moisture. This is called rain- or moisture-harvesting. The water can originate from air humidity, fog, dew, rain or even from humid soil. The integument (i.e., the skin plus skin derivatives such as scales) has developed features so that the water spreads and is soaked into a capillary system in between the reptiles' scales. Within this capillary system the water is transported to the mouth where it is ingested. We have investigated three different lizard species which have developed the ability for moisture harvesting independently, viz. the Australian thorny devil (Moloch horridus), the Arabian toadhead agama (Phrynocephalus arabicus) and the Texas horned lizard (Phrynosoma cornutum). All three lizards have a honeycomb like micro ornamentation on the outer surface of the scales and a complex capillary system in between the scales. By investigation of individual scales and by producing and characterising polymer replicas of the reptiles' integuments, we found that the honeycomb like structures render the surface superhydrophilic, most likely by holding a water film physically stable. Furthermore, the condensation of air humidity is improved on this surface by about 100% in comparison to unstructured surfaces. This allows the animals to collect moisture with their entire body surface. The collected water is transported into the capillary system. For Phrynosoma cornutum we found the interesting effect that, in contrast to the other two investigated species, the water flow in the capillary system is not uniform but directed to the mouth. Taken together we found that the micro ornamentation yields a superhydrophilic surface, and the semi-tubular capillaries allow for an efficient passive – and for Phrynosoma directed – transport of water.
A rapid and efficient synthetic route to terminal arylacetylenes by tetrabutylammonium hydroxide- and methanol-catalyzed cleavage of 4-aryl-2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ols
Authors: Li Jie , Huang Pengcheng
Published: April 2011

Tetrabutylammonium hydroxide with methanol as an additive was found to be a highly active catalyst for the cleavage of 4-aryl-2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ols. The reaction was performed at 55–75 °C and gave terminal arylacetylenes in good to excellent yields within several minutes. Compared with the usual reaction conditions (normally >110 °C, several hours), this novel catalyst system can dramatically decrease the reaction time under much milder conditions.
Maternal Outcomes after Haart for the Prevention of Mother-To-Child Transmission in HIV-Infected Women in Brazil
Authors: Pilotto Jose H , Velasque Luciane S , Friedman Ruth K , Moreira Ronaldo I , Veloso Valdilea G , Grinsztejn Beatriz , Morgado Mariza G , Watts D Heather , Currier Judith S , Hoffman Risa M
Published: April 2011

Background

Information is lacking on outcomes in HIV-infected Brazilian women with CD4+ T-cell counts >200 cells/mm3 who initiate HAART for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission, and discontinue after delivery.

Methods

Clinical event rates after postpartum HAART discontinuation were calculated for all WHO stage 2–3 events, as well as for HIV progression warranting HAART re-initiation, defined by a WHO stage 4 event and/or CD4+ T-cell decrease to ≤200 cells/mm3. Predictors of the WHO stage 2–3 events and HIV progression outcomes were evaluated with Cox's proportional hazards models.

Results

A total of 120 women were followed for a mean of 1.5 years after delivery. Overall, 26 women had 30 events as follows: 20 developed WHO stage 2–3 events, yielding an incidence rate of 13/100 person-years (PY; 95% CI 8–20); 10 developed HIV progression requiring HAART re-initiation (incidence ratio 6/100 PY, 95% CI 3–11). Among progressors, a single woman developed a WHO stage 4 clinical event and the remainder had CD4+ T-cell decreases. Women who had baseline CD4+ T-cell counts between 200–500 cells/mm3 had a hazard ratio for WHO stage 2–3 events of 2.5 compared to women with baseline ≥500 cells/mm3 (95% CI 1.0–6.3; P=0.05). The only significant predictor of HIV progression was baseline CD4+ T-cell count (hazard ratio 0.99, 95% CI 0.98–0.99; P=0.02).

Conclusions

In this observational study, a baseline CD4+ T-cell count <500 cells/mm3 was associated with an increased risk of postpartum WHO stage 2–3 clinical events and HIV disease progression. Randomized studies are needed to further evaluate the effect of postpartum treatment discontinuation on maternal health.
Maturité des crédits bancaires et performance des entreprises : cas du Cameroun
Authors: Tioumagneng André
Published: April 2011

L’offre insuffisante des crédits bancaires de long terme est considérée comme la contrainte au développement des entreprises camerounaises. Les travaux empiriques sur le sujet sont cependant rares. Cet article cherche à déterminer l’impact des dettes bancaires de long terme sur la performance des entreprises. L’échantillon est composé de 99 entreprises camerounaises et les données sont celles de la période 2001-2005. Les résultats montrent que les dettes bancaires défavorisent la performance. Ils invitent à réfléchir sur les leviers d’action nécessaires pour rendre les banques relationnelles dans leur rapport de crédit.
Évolution du concept de développement en Turquie
Authors: Ünsaldi Levent
Published: April 2011

Cet article a pour objectif central d’effectuer un survol historico-analytique de différents contextes et institutions turcs où se déploie, se constitue et se définit la perception du développement par les catégories d’acteurs et de groupes. Il s’agit de s’interroger, en se plaçant sur une perspective historique à long terme, sur l’appropriation, la transformation et l’usage du concept de développement en Turquie par les différents acteurs, ainsi que sur les conditions, les raisons et les conséquences de ces processus.
La Somalie : cas d'école des États dits « faillis »
Authors: Véron Jean-Bernard
Published: April 2011

Nombre de facteurs internes expliquent la crise somalienne : l’effondrement de l’État, les affrontements autour des ressources naturelles, les mouvements de populations, les dynamiques de l’islam local, les relations complexes avec les acteurs extérieurs. Mais l’intervention de ces derniers a montré ses limites. La solution militaire n’est pas crédible. Une solution politique devrait réunir la totalité des acteurs, et donner une réponse aux dimensions économique et sociale de la crise. politique étrangère
Moderniser l'Etat : les aspects financiers des programme reviews au Royaume-Uni
Authors: Lapsley Irvine , Midwinter Arthur
Published: April 2011

Le présent article étudie le phénomène de la Revue globale des dépenses publiques ( CSR , ou Comprehensive spending review) au Royaume-Uni. Il montre que cette CSR a été au cœur de la modernisation de l’État défendue par le gouvernement travailliste élu en 1997 et resté en fonctions jusqu’en mai 2010. La CSR a été introduite en 1998 dans le cadre des politiques de modernisation voulues par le New Labour. Son histoire est empreinte de continuité et de changements. Les idées de la Nouvelle Gestion Publique, portées par les gouvernements conservateurs au pouvoir entre 1979 et 1997, imprègnent de manière évidente les innovations apportées par la CSR . Le gouvernement de coalition élu en 2010 au Royaume-Uni a cherché à prendre ses distances par rapport au gouvernement précédent en décidant une refonte de la Revue des dépenses publiques. D’importantes similitudes subsistent cependant. Un ancien régime a certes été désavoué mais a en fait été perfectionné.
L'hybridation du modèle territorial français.
Authors: Bezes Philippe , Le Lidec Patrick
Published: April 2011

Cet article analyse la réforme de l’administration territoriale de l’État (dite RÉATE), menée dans le cadre de la révision générale des politiques publiques (RGPP). D’une ampleur sans précédent depuis la réforme de 1964, la réorganisation affecte aussi bien la division du travail entre les différentes composantes des services déconcentrés que les relations hiérarchiques entre les administrations centrales, régionales et départementales. Marque-t-elle pour autant un véritable tournant réformateur que rien ne laissait présager ou s’inscrit-elle, au contraire, dans la continuité de réformes antérieures ? Cet article propose de faire le départ entre des dynamiques de reproduction institutionnelle et des dynamiques de changement. La thèse défendue est double. L’article montre, d’une part, que la RGPP a constitué un cadre opportun pour relancer et ampliﬁer une réforme de l’administration territoriale déjà engagée depuis 2002. Le processus conflictuel d’élaboration de la nouvelle forme débouche, d’autre part, sur un compromis qui hybride de manière originale l’organisation historique de l’administration territoriale de l’État.
L'impact de la RGPP sur le contrôle de légalité
Authors: Bricault Jean-Michel
Published: April 2011

« Mission constitutionnelle du représentant de l’État dans les collectivités territoriales de la Républiques » en vertu de l’article 72 de la Constitution, le contrôle de légalité est particulièrement affecté par la RGPP. Stratégie locale de contrôle, tentative d’initiation d’un travail en réseau, essai de polarisation du contrôle sur les actes locaux les plus sensibles et nouvel allègement de la liste des actes soumis à l’obligation de transmission, le tout pour pallier les carences en personnel qualiﬁé ; tels sont les « remèdes » de la RGPP pour tenter d’améliorer le « bilan de santé » du contrôle de légalité. Pour autant que ces objectifs soient louables, il n’est pas certain que cela suffise à rétablir un meilleur équilibre au proﬁt du contrôle de légalité.
La conceptualización de redes como ensamblajes. Estudio de un caso práctico en el sector cerámico español
Authors: Haynes Paul
Published: April 2011

El concepto de redes sociales es muy influyente en la explicación de la interacción social en las organizaciones. Muchas de las características sociológicas de las organizaciones se explican también por las redes sociales, pero el concepto tiene limitaciones importantes. Algunas teorías de las redes están hechas de fragmentos de otras teorías, otras se basan en modelos que son esencialistas o reduccionistas. Otro problema es que las redes pueden describir las relaciones de los objetos, pero no los explican. En este artículo se describe el concepto de conjunto para resolver estos problemas. El concepto de “ensamblaje” ofrece una clara, aunque compleja, estructura para mostrar las dinámicas de las relaciones de los distintos elementos en las organizaciones. Basándose en ejemplos recientes en el área de la innovación y en el análisis de un caso práctico en el sector cerámico español, este artículo ilustra cómo el conceptualizar las relaciones entre diferentes redes en términos de su “ensamblaje” permite un marco teórico más robusto para la investigación de redes.
Magnetoencephalography as a Putative Biomarker for Alzheimer′s Disease
Authors: Zamrini Edward , Maestu Fernando , Pekkonen Eero , Funke Michael , Makela Jyrki , Riley Myles , Bajo Ricardo , Sudre Gustavo , Fernandez Alberto , Castellanos Nazareth , del Pozo Francisco , Stam C. J. , van Dijk Bob W. , Bagic Anto , Becker James T.
Published: April 2011

Alzheimer′s Disease (AD) is the most common dementia in the elderly and is estimated to affect tens of millions of people worldwide. AD is believed to have a prodromal stage lasting ten or more years. While amyloid deposits, tau filaments, and loss of brain cells are characteristics of the disease, the loss of dendritic spines and of synapses predate such changes. Popular preclinical detection strategies mainly involve cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, magnetic resonance imaging, metabolic PET scans, and amyloid imaging. One strategy missing from this list involves neurophysiological measures, which might be more sensitive to detect alterations in brain function. The Magnetoencephalography International Consortium of Alzheimer′s Disease arose out of the need to advance the use of Magnetoencephalography (MEG), as a tool in AD and pre‐AD research. This paper presents a framework for using MEG in dementia research, and for short‐term research priorities.
Cell-Phone Use and Self-Reported Hypertension: National Health Interview Survey 2008
Authors: Suresh Sivaranjani , Sabanayagam Charumathi , Kalidindi Sita , Shankar Anoop
Published: April 2011

Background. Cell-phone usage has increased dramatically over the last decade, along with a rising public concern over the health effects of using this device. The association between cell-phone usage and hypertension has not been examined before.Methods. We analysed data from 21,135 adults aged ≥18 years who participated in the 2008 National Health Interview Survey. Based on reported cell-phone use, participants were categorized as cell-phone nonusers, predominantly landline users, dual users of cell phone and landline, and predominantly cell-phone users. The main outcome of interest was self-reported physician-diagnosed hypertension (n=6,793).Results. 43.5% of the participants were cell-phone nonusers, while 13.8% were predominantly cell-phone users. We found that cell-phone use was inversely associated with hypertension, independent of age, sex, race/ethnicity, smoking, alcohol consumption, education, body mass index (BMI), and physical activity. Compared to cell-phone nonusers, the multivariable odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of hypertension was 0.86 (0.75–0.98,Ptrend  =  .005) among predominantly cell-phone users. This inverse association between cell-phone use and hypertension was stronger in women, those aged <60 years, whites, and those with BMI <25 kg/m2.Conclusion. We found that cell-phone usage was protectively associated with self-reported hypertension in a nationally representative sample of US adults.
Survey of CanineDirofilaria immitisInfection in New Caledonia
Authors: Watier-Grillot S. , Marié J.-L. , Cabre O. , Davoust B.
Published: April 2011

Canine dirofilariosis is a frequent parasitic disease in New-Caledonia. A survey of canine heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infection among dogs from the cities of Tontouta, Nandaï and Nouméa, was performed in March 2009 using two antigen test kits; the microwell ELISA test: DiroCHE (Synbiotics Europe) and the Rapid Immuno Migration () test: WITNESS DIROFILARIA (Synbiotics Europe). Blood samples were collected from 64 dogs: 49 strays and 15 military working dogs. The military dogs received a permanent chemoprophylaxis (moxidectin). In 11 stray dogs, both tests were positive (22.4%). All the military dogs were negative, showing efficiency of chemoprophaxis. Results were discrepant in 6 dogs, negative with one test and doubtful with the other. Antigen heartworm test kits are available and reliable diagnostic tools. They are useful to evaluate the efficiency of chemoprophylaxis and to detect infected animals in order to treat them and to prevent the spreading of the disease.
The Impact of Physical Activity on Disability Incidence among Older Adults in Mexico and the United States
Authors: Gerst Kerstin , Michaels-Obregon Alejandra , Wong Rebeca
Published: April 2011

Evidence suggests that transitions among older adults towards healthy habits, such as physical activity, appear underway in developed countries such as the USA but not in developing countries such as Mexico. However, little is known about the potential benefit of physical activity in preventing disability among elders in countries at different stages of epidemiological transition. We explore the impact of physical activity on the disablement process among elders in Mexico compared to the USA. Data are from two waves of the Mexican Health and Aging Study and the Health and Retirement Study. We examine the impact of exercise on the transition from no disability to ADL limitations two years later. Findings indicate that exercise is more common in the U.S. than in Mexico. There is a positive effect of exercise on negative outcomes in both countries. However, the protective effect of exercise is stronger in the U.S. than in Mexico.
Nonconvulsive Seizures and Dementia: A Case Report
Authors: Chiara Campana , Giovanni Assenza , Giovanni Pellegrino , Antonella Benvenga , Federica Assenza , Francesca Ursini , Fabrizio Vernieri , Mario Tombini
Published: April 2011

Nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) is a severe medical condition that shows increased incidence in the elderly and is frequently underdiagnosed because of its pleomorphic presentation. We report an NCSE in a 76‐year‐old woman affected by dementia with acute change of cognitive status and behavior. Intravenous diazepam solved clinical and electroencephalographic manifestations. Neuropsychological assessment after NCSE conclusion showed impairment of several fields that remained unchanged at 3‐month followup. NCSE should be considered when sudden and transient cognitive fluctuations appear in the elderly. Epileptic events in dementia occur frequently and are often underrecognized; this could be a misleading factor when considering a quick progression of mnesic performances. Moreover, recent findings both in animal models and in humans demonstrated the deep link between epilepsy and dementia, also supporting the hypothesis that epileptiform activity could contribute to cognitive impairment.
Effects of Acute Normovolemic Anemia on Hemodynamic Parameters and Acid-Base Balance in Dogs
Authors: Champion Tatiana , Pereira Neto Glaucia Bueno , Camacho Aparecido Antonio
Published: April 2011

The aim of this study was to evaluate the hemodynamic and acid-base status of dogs subjected to acute normovolemic anemia. The dogs (n=10) were evaluated 15 minutes and 24 hours after induction of anemia (hematocrit below 18%) with blood withdrawal and simultaneously replacement of same volume of Ringer's lactate solution and hydroxyethyl starch-based solution in a 2 : 1 ratio. The cardiac output was measured by Doppler echocardiography and blood pressure by oscillometric device, and posteriorly hemodynamic parameters were calculated. The anemic groups had increase in cardiac index(P<.05)(3.82±1.05to5.86±1.49and5.81±1.63 L/min × m2) and decreases(P<.05)in the indices of total peripheral resistance (6797.81±3060.22to3220.14±1275.02and3887.74±1394.89dina⋅seg/cm5 × m2) and oxygen delivery (7942.84±3344.00to4021.68±1627.00and4430.82±1402.61 mL/min × m2), respectively. There were no significant changes in pH, but PaO2and SaO2values were increased, and PaCO2reduced in anemic dogs(P<.05). Therefore, acute normovolemic anemia can create significant hemodynamic changes and despite some hemogasometric changes, there were no changes in the acid-base status in dogs.
Activity Staining and Inhibition Characterization of Dipeptidylpeptidase-III Enzyme from Goat Brain
Authors: Attri Pooja , Singh Jasbir , Dhanda Suman , Singh Hari
Published: April 2011

Dipeptidylpeptidase-III (DPP-III) from goat brain was purified and characterized using Arginyl-Arginyl-4-methoxy-β-naphthylamide (Arg-Arg-4mβNA) substrate. This enzyme retained its activity in native 10% polyacrylamide gel when stained using Arg-Arg-4mβNA. The activity was significantly increased by 100 mM chloride. Studies for its inhibition with some peptides and chemical inhibitors revealed that Leu-Trp-Met-Arg-Phe-Ala was most potent inhibitor followed by Arg-Phe-Ala and Gly-Phe-Leu. All the studied chemical inhibitors caused 40–50% inhibition at 1 mM. Metal ions helped to regain activity of EDTA pretreated enzyme. ZnCl2at 50 μM almost completely restored the enzyme activity. Further ZnCl2and CoCl2exerted protective effects on EDTA pretreated enzyme for its susceptibility to DTNB inhibition. Therefore, DPP-III is a metalloprotease with the involvement of cysteine residues either located at the catalytic site or involved in regulation.
Enzymatic Synthesis of Isopropyl Acetate by Immobilized   Bacillus cereus Lipase in Organic Medium
Authors: Verma Madan Lal , Azmi Wamik , Kanwar Shamsher Singh
Published: April 2011

Selective production of fragrance fatty acid ester from isopropanol and acetic acid has been achieved using silica-immobilized lipase of Bacillus cereus MTCC 8372. A purified thermoalkalophilic extracellular lipase was immobilized by adsorption onto the silica. The effects of various parameters like molar ratio of substrates (isopropanol and acetic acid; 25 to 100 mM), concentration of biocatalyst (25–125 mg/mL), reaction time, reaction temperature, organic solvents, molecular sieves, and initial water activity were studied for optimal ester synthesis. Under optimized conditions, 66.0 mM of isopropyl acetate was produced when isopropanol and acetic acid were used at 100 mM: 75 mM in 9 h at 55°C in n-heptane under continuous shaking (160 rpm) using bound lipase (25 mg). Addition of molecular sieves (3 Å  × 1.5 mm) resulted in a marked increase in ester synthesis (73.0 mM). Ester synthesis was enhanced by water activity associated with pre-equilibrated saturated salt solution of LiCl. The immobilized lipase retained more than 50% of its activity after the 6th cycle of reuse.
Case of “Slow” Stroke from Carotid Artery Occlusion Treated by Delayed but Cautious Endovascular Intervention
Authors: Illoh Kachi , Supsupin Emilio , Shaltoni Hashem M. , Cacayorin Edwin D.
Published: April 2011

In a challenging case of carotid occlusion with slowly evolving stroke, we used brain imaging to facilitate endovascular revascularization resulting in the relief of the patient's symptoms. Patients with carotid occlusion and continued neurological worsening or fluctuations present enormous treatment challenges. These patients may present “slow” strokes with subacute infarcts that present significant challenges and risks during attempts at revascularization of the occluded artery. We present such a case in which we used multimodal imaging techniques, including MR-perfusion, to facilitate endovascular revascularization. Our approach of delayed but cautious intra-arterial thrombolytic therapy, guided by brain imaging, and followed by stent placement across the residual stenosis, enabled revascularization of the occluded artery without overt in-hospital complications.
Safety and Efficacy of nab-Paclitaxel in the Treatment of Patients with Breast Cancer
Authors: Vishnu Prakash , Roy Vivek
Published: April 2011

Taxanes are highly active chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of early-stage and metastatic breast cancer. Novel formulations have been developed to improve efficacy and decrease toxicity associated with these cytotoxic agents. nab-paclitaxel is a solvent free, albumin-bound 130-nanometer particle formulation of paclitaxel (Abraxane®, Abraxis Bioscience), which was developed to avoid toxicities of the Cremophor vehicle used in solvent-based paclitaxel. In a phase III clinical trial, nab-paclitaxel demonstrated higher response rates, better safety and side-effect profile compared to conventional paclitaxel, and improved survival in patients receiving it as second line therapy. Higher doses can be administered over a shorter infusion time without the need for special infusion sets or pre-medications. It is now approved in the US for treatment of breast cancer after failure of combination chemotherapy for metastatic disease or relapse within 6 months of adjuvant therapy, where prior therapy included an anthracycline. Recently, several phase II studies have suggested a role for nab-paclitaxel as a single agent and in combination with other agents for first-line treatment of metastatic breast cancer.
Minute-scale period oscillations of the magnetosphere
Authors: Børve S. , Sato H. , Pécseli H. L. , Trulsen J. K.
Published: April 2011

Abstract. Oscillations with periods on the order of 5–10 min have been observed by instrumented spacecrafts in the Earth's magnetosphere. These oscillations often follow sudden impacts related to coronal mass ejections. It is demonstrated that a simple model is capable of explaining these oscillations and give a scaling law for their basic characteristics in terms of the basic parameters of the problem. The period of the oscillations and their anharmonic nature, in particular, are accounted for. The model has no free adjustable numerical parameters. The results agree well with observations. The analysis is supported by numerical simulations solving the Magneto-Hydro-Dynamic (MHD) equations in two spatial dimensions, where we let a solar wind interact with a magnetic dipole representing a magnetized Earth. We consider two tilt-angles of the magnetic dipole axis. We find the formation of a magnetosheath with the magnetopause at a distance corresponding well to the analytical results. Sudden pulses in the model solar wind sets the model magnetosphere into damped oscillatory motions and quantitatively good agreement with the analytical results is achieved.
Weakened atmospheric energy transport feedback in cold glacial climates
Authors: Cvijanovic I. , Langen P. L. , Kaas E.
Published: April 2011

Abstract. The response of atmospheric energy transport during Northern Hemisphere cooling and warming from present day (PD) and Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) conditions is investigated using sea surface temperature anomalies derived from a freshwater hosing experiment. The present day climate shows enhanced sensitivity of the atmospheric energy transport compared to that of the LGM suggesting an ability of the PD atmosphere to reorganize more easily and thereby dampen temperature anomalies that may arise from changes in the oceanic transport. The increased PD sensitivity relative to that of the LGM is due mainly to a stronger dry static energy transport response which, in turn, is driven chiefly by larger changes in the transient eddy heat flux. In comparison, changes in latent heat transport play a minor role in the overall transport sensitivity.
Estimation Strategies for the Condition Monitoring of a Battery System in a Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Authors: Gadsden S. A. , Al-Shabi M. , Habibi S. R.
Published: April 2011

This paper discusses the application of condition monitoring to a battery system used in a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). Battery condition management systems (BCMSs) are employed to ensure the safe, efficient, and reliable operation of a battery, ultimately to guarantee the availability of electric power. This is critical for the case of the HEV to ensure greater overall energy efficiency and the availability of reliable electrical supply. This paper considers the use of state and parameter estimation techniques for the condition monitoring of batteries. A comparative study is presented in which the Kalman and the extended Kalman filters (KF/EKF), the particle filter (PF), the quadrature Kalman filter (QKF), and the smooth variable structure filter (SVSF) are used for battery condition monitoring. These comparisons are made based on estimation error, robustness, sensitivity to noise, and computational time.
Transanal Resection of Rectal Lipoma Mimicking Rectal Prolapse: Description of a Case and Review of the Literature
Authors: Martellucci Jacopo , Civitelli Serenella , Tanzini Gabriello
Published: April 2011

Submucosal lipomas of the large bowel are uncommon. Occasionally, they occur in the rectum and may cause aspecific symptoms; presentation with rectal prolapse is very unusual and may lead to a misdiagnosis of simple mucosal prolapse. The paper describes an additional case of a prolapsing rectal mass that led to diagnosis and surgical treatment of a rectal lipoma under local anesthesia.
An Efficient and Recyclable Ionic Liquid-Supported Proline Catalyzed Knoevenagel Condensation
Authors: Zhuo Chen , Xian Dong , Jian-wei Wu , Hui Xie
Published: April 2011

The Knoevenagel condensation reaction of aldehydes with malononitrile was described in this study, which was catalyzed by an efficient and recyclable ionic liquid-supported proline. The method represented an attractive alternative to the classical synthesis strategies and exhibited the advantage of performing homogeneous chemistry on a large scale additionally avoided large excesses of reagents. The products were obtained in good yields and reasonable purities without the need for further chromatographic purification. Moreover, the catalyst could be reused for at least four times.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Crystal Structure of a Diorganotin(IV) Complex with 2-Oxo-2-Phenylacetic Acid 4-Hydroxybenzohydrazone
Authors: Li Jing , Yin Handong , Hong Min
Published: April 2011

The complex dibutyltin 2-oxo-2-phenylacetic acid 4-hydroxybenzohydrazone has been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, 1H and 13C NMR, and X-ray single-crystal diffraction studies. The crystal structure belongs to triclinic, space group P-1 with a=9.3220 (10) Å, b=9.8779 (11) Å, c=15.9401 (17) Å, β=97.0930 (10)∘, Z=2, V=1427.6(3) Å3, Dc=1.413 mg/cm3, μ=0.936 mm−1, F(000)=628, R=0.1158, and wR=0.2522. X-ray analysis indicates that O(2), N(2), O(4), and O(4)#1 from the ligand and O(5) from ethanol molecule are in the equatorial positions; the axial positions are occupied by two n-butyl groups. It shows a distorted pentagonal bipyramid configuration with seven-coordination for central tin atom. Fascinatingly, the supramolecular infrastructures are observed, which exist as two-dimensional sheets assembled from the organometallic subunits through intermolecular and intramolecular O–H⋯X or C–H⋯X (X = O or N) hydrogen bonds.
Immunohistochemical Reactivity of the 14F7 Monoclonal Antibody Raised against N-Glycolyl GM3 Ganglioside in Some Benign and Malignant Skin Neoplasms
Authors: Blanco Rancés , Rengifo Enrique , Rengifo Charles E. , Cedeño Mercedes , Frómeta Milagros , Carr Adriana
Published: April 2011

The evaluation of 14F7 Mab (anti-N-glycolyl GM3 ganglioside) immunorecognition in normal skin, cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM), and in lymph node metastases (LNM) has been previously reported. In this work we extended the study to benign (BMN) and dysplastic (DMN) melanocytic nevi, basal (BCC), and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Immunohistochemical assays with 14F7 followed by a biotinylated link universal and streptavidin-AP in normal and pathological tissues were made. No reaction of 14F7 in normal skin (0/10) as well as a low reactivity in BMN (2/11) and DMN (1/7) was detected. A limited staining in BCC (2/13) and in SCC (4/8) was also evidenced, while 14F7 Mab were mostly reactive in CMM (28/28) and in LNM (6/7). These results suggest that 14F7 reactivity could be closely related with the more aggressive biological behavior of CMM and also support the use of NeuGcGM3 as target for both passive and active melanoma immunotherapy.
An Alternative Approach to the Balanced Model Truncation Algorithm for Acoustic Minimum-Phase Inverse Filters Order Reduction
Authors: Ahfir Maamar , Kale Izzet , Berkani Daoud
Published: April 2011

We propose an alternative approach to the Balanced Model Truncation method (standard method). This approach reduces substantially the order of minimum-phase inverse filters for equalizing room acoustics. This method is based on a property of the filter z transform function, which modifies the corresponding FIR coefficients before the application of the standard technique to the modified FIR coefficients filter version. In the standard technique, the Hankel singular values plot is the chief guide for a user for the selection of a reduced filter order. Results for minimum-phase inverse filter corresponding to partial equalization of measured acoustic impulse response show the superiority of the proposed method over the standard technique, in terms of reduced filters order selection.
Efficient Addition Reaction of Dibutylphosphane Oxide with Alkynes: New Mechanistic Proposal Involving a Duo of Palladium and Brønsted Acid
Authors: Kanada Jun , Tanaka Masato
Published: April 2011

The addition reaction of dibutylphosphane oxide [Bu2P(O)H] with alkynes proceeds efficiently in the presence of palladium‐chelating phosphane–Brønsted acid catalyst systems. Terminal alkynes afford branched‐structured products selectively. On the other hand, the same reaction using monodentate phosphane ligands or the reaction run in the absence of a Brønsted acid affords a much lower yield. A mechanistic study has revealed that Brønsted acids (XOH) interact with oxygen in MP(O)R2 species (M=Pd, Pt) through hydrogen bonding to transform them to ionic M+←PR2(OH⋅⋅⋅O−X) species, which was confirmed by NMR spectroscopy and X‐ray crystallography. The phosphane‐like PR2(OH⋅⋅⋅O−X) moiety is coordinatively labile, as substantiated by the ligand exchange reaction with tert‐butyl isocyanide. A new mechanism that accommodates these observations has been proposed to rationalize the enhancement of catalytic activity and the regioselectivity induced by the Brønsted acid.
Asymmetric Epoxidation of α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehydes in Aqueous Media Catalyzed by Resin‐Supported Peptide‐ Containing Unnatural Amino Acids
Authors: Akagawa Kengo , Kudo Kazuaki
Published: April 2011

The enantio‐ and diastereoselective epoxidation of α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes in aqueous media was realized using a resin‐supported peptide catalyst. Introducing the hydrophobic and bulky unnatural amino acid 3‐(1‐pyrenyl)alanine into the peptide sequence was effective for enhancing the reaction rate and enantioselectivity.
Bis‐Sulfamyl Imines: Potent Substrates for Asymmetric Additions of Arylboroxines under Rhodium Catalysis
Authors: Crampton Rosemary , Woodward Simon , Fox Martin
Published: April 2011

Bis‐sulfamyl imines are shown to be potentially ideal substrates for rhodium‐catalysed asymmetric additions of arylboron nucleophiles as they show: (i) near perfect enantioselectivities (11 examples, 98–99+% ee), (ii) good to excellent diastereoselectivities (10–32:1 rac:meso), and (iii) high functional group tolerance in removal of the low molecular weight protecting group via mild heating in aqueous pyridine.