bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using the Galilean Relativity Principle to Understand the Physical Basis for Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Coupling Processes
Authors: Mannucci Anthony J. , McGranaghan Ryan , Meng Xing , Tsurutani Bruce T. , Verkhoglyadova Olga P.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. We use the Principle of Galilean Relativity (PGR) to gain insight into the physical basis for magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling. The PGR states that the laws of physics are the same in all inertial reference frames, considering relative speeds between such reference frames that are significantly less than the speed of light. The PGR is a limiting case of the principle of Special Relativity, the latter applicable to any relative speeds between two inertial reference frames. Although the PGR has been invoked in past works related to magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling, it has not been fully exploited for the insights it can provide into such topics as large-scale ionospheric convection and high latitude heating. In addition, the difficulties of applying the PGR to electrodynamics has not been covered. The PGR can be used to show that in the high latitude ionosphere there often exists a reference frame where electric fields vanish at lower altitudes where collisions are important (altitudes near ~ 100–120 km). In this reference frame, it is problematic to assert that currents of magnetospheric origin cause horizontal electric fields in the ionosphere, as has been suggested for the causal origin of Subauroral Polarization Stream electric fields. Electric fields have also been invoked as the causal origin of large-scale ionospheric convection, which may be a problematic assertion in certain reference frames. The PGR reinforces the importance of the neutral species and ion-neutral collisions in magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling, which has been noted by several authors using detailed multi-species plasma calculations. A straightforward estimate shows that the momentum carried by electron field aligned currents of magnetospheric origin during disturbed periods is much less than the momentum changes experienced by the neutral species in an Earth-fixed frame. The primary driver of neutral species momentum changes during disturbed periods is the momentum imparted by the solar wind to ionospheric ions resulting from electrodynamic interactions. This is consistent with the idea that electric fields do not lead to large scale ionospheric convection.
Estimates of mean residence times of phosphorus in commonly-considered inorganic soil phosphorus pools
Authors: Helfenstein Julian , Pistocchi Chiara , Oberson Astrid , Tamburini Federica , Goll Daniel S. , Frossard Emmanuel
Published: August 2019

Abstract. Quantification of turnover of inorganic soil phosphorus (P) pools is essential to improve our understanding of P cycling in soil-plant systems at different spatial scales. Turnover can be quantified using mean residence time (MRT), however, to date there is little information on MRT of P in soil P pools. We introduce an approach to quantify MRT of P in sequentially-extracted inorganic soil P pools using data from isotope exchange kinetic experiments. Our analyses of 53 soil samples from the literature showed that MRT of labile P (resin- and bicarbonate extractable P) was on the order of minutes to hours for most soils, MRT in NaOH-extractable P was in the range of days to months, and MRT in HCl-extractable P was on the order of years to millennia. Multiple regression models were able to capture 54–63 % of the variability in MRT among samples, and showed that land use was the most important predictor of MRT of P in labile and NaOH pools. MRT of P in HCl-P was strongly dependent on pH, as high pH soils tended to have longer MRTs. This was interpreted to be related to the composition of HCl-P. Under high pH, HCl-P contains mostly apatite, with a low solubility, whereas under low pH conditions, HCl-P may contain more exchangeable P forms. The estimates of MRT of P in inorganic pools improve our interpretation of soil P dynamics at the laboratory-, field- and ecosystem scale, and will also be useful to constrain P dynamics in global land surface models.
The Hestia fossil fuel CO2 emissions data product for the Los Angeles megacity (Hestia-LA)
Authors: Gurney Kevin R. , Patarasuk Risa , Liang Jianming , Song Yang , O'Keeffe Darragh , Rao Preeti , Whetstone James R. , Duren Riley M. , Eldering Annmarie , Miller Charles
Published: August 2019

Abstract. High-resolution bottom-up estimation provides a detailed guide for
city greenhouse gas mitigation options, offering details that can increase
the economic efficiency of emissions reduction options and synergize with
other urban policy priorities at the human scale. As a critical constraint
to urban atmospheric CO2 inversion studies, bottom-up
spatiotemporally explicit emissions data products are also necessary to
construct comprehensive urban CO2 emission information systems useful
for trend detection and emissions verification. The “Hestia Project” is an
effort to provide bottom-up granular fossil fuel (FFCO2) emissions for
the urban domain with building/street and hourly space–time resolution.
Here, we report on the latest urban area for which a Hestia estimate has
been completed – the Los Angeles megacity, encompassing five counties: Los
Angeles County, Orange County, Riverside County, San Bernardino County and
Ventura County. We provide a complete description of the methods used to
build the Hestia FFCO2 emissions data product for the years 2010–2015.
We find that the LA Basin emits 48.06 (±5.3) MtC yr−1, dominated by the
on-road sector. Because of the uneven spatial distribution of emissions,
10 % of the largest-emitting grid cells account for 93.6 %, 73.4 %,
66.2 %, and 45.3 % of the industrial, commercial, on-road, and
residential sector emissions, respectively. Hestia FFCO2 emissions are
10.7 % larger than the inventory estimate generated by the local
metropolitan planning agency, a difference that is driven by the industrial
and electricity production sectors. The detail of the Hestia-LA FFCO2
emissions data product offers the potential for highly targeted, efficient
urban greenhouse gas emissions mitigation policy. The Hestia-LA v2.5
emissions data product can be downloaded from the National Institute of
Standards and Technology repository (https://doi.org/10.18434/T4/1502503, Gurney et al., 2019).
Effects of model configuration for superparametrised long-term simulations – Implementation of a cloud resolving model in EMAC (v2.50)
Authors: Rybka Harald , Tost Holger
Published: August 2019

Abstract. A new module has been implemented in the ECHAM5/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry (EMAC) Model that simulates cloud related processes on a much smaller grid. This so called superparametrisation acts as a replacement for the convection parametrisation and large-scale cloud scheme. The concept of embedding an ensemble of cloud resolving models (CRMs) inside of each grid box of a general circulation model leads to an explicit representation of cloud dynamics. The new model component is evaluated against observations and the conventional usage of EMAC using a convection parametrisation. In particular, effects of applying different configurations of the superparametrisation are analyzed in a systematical way. Consequences of changing the CRMs orientation, cell size and number of cells range from regional differences in cloud amount up to global impacts on precipitation distribution and its variability. For some edge case setups the analysed climate state of superparametrised simulations even deteriorates from the mean observed energy budget. In the current model configuration different climate regimes can be formed that are mainly driven by some of the parameters of the CRM. Presently, the simulated cloud cover is at the lower edge of the CMIP5 model ensemble indicating that the hydrological overturning is too efficient. However, certain "tuning" of the current model configuration could improve the currently underestimated cloud cover, which will result in a shift of the climate. The simulation results show that especially tropical precipitation is better represented with the superparamerisation in the EMAC model configuration. Furthermore, the diurnal cycle of precipitation is heavily affected by the choice of the CRM parameters. However, despite an improvement of the representation of the continental diurnal cycle in some configurations, other parameter choices result in a deterioration compared to the reference simulation using a conventional convection parameterisation. The ability of the superparametrisation to represent latent and sensible heat flux climatology is dependent on the chosen CRM setup. Further interactions of the planetary boundary layer and the free troposphere can significantly influence cloud development on the large-scale. Therefore a careful selection of the CRM setup is recommended to compensate for computational expenses.
Do surface lateral flows matter for data assimilation of soil moisture observations into hyperresolution land models?
Authors: Sawada Yohei
Published: August 2019

Abstract. It is expected that hyperresolution land modeling substantially innovates the simulation of terrestrial water, energy, and carbon cycles. The major advantage of hyperresolution land models against conventional one-dimensional land surface models is that hyperresolution land models can explicitly simulatelateral water flows. Despite many efforts on data assimilation of hydrological observations into those hyperresolution land models, how and when surface water flows driven by local topography matter for data assimilation of soil moisture observations has not been fully clarified. Here I perform two minimalist synthetic experiments where soil moisture observations are assimilated into an integrated surface-groundwater land model by an ensemble Kalman filter. A horizontal background error covariance provided by overland flows is important to adjust the unobserved state and parameter variables. However, the non-Gaussianity of the background error provided by the nonlinearity of a topography-driven surface flow harms the performance of data assimilation. It is difficult to efficiently constrain model states at the edge of the area where the topography-driven surface flow reaches by linear-Gaussian filters, which brings the new challenge in land data assimilation for hyperresolution land models. This study highlights the importance of surface lateral flows in hydrological data assimilation.
DOCUMENTING NEA PAPHOS FOR CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT
Authors: Ace D. , Marrs J. , Santana Quintero M. , Barazzetti L. , Demas M. , Friedman L. , Roby T. , Chamberlain M. , Duong M. , Awad R.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. A cornerstone of the management and conservation of archaeological sites is recording their physical characteristics. Documenting and describing the site is an essential step that allows for delineating the components of the site and for collecting and synthesizing information and documentation (Demas, 2012). The information produced by such work assists in the decision-making process for custodians, site managers, public officials, conservators, and other related experts. Rigorous documentation may also serve a broader purpose: over time, it becomes the primary archival and monitoring record. Both scholars and the public use this information and interpret the site, and they can serve as a posterity record in the event of catastrophic or gradual loss of the heritage asset. In May 2018 the Getty Conservation Institute and the Department of Antiquities of Cyprus collaborated with the Carleton Immersive Media Studio in undertaking the documentation of Nea Paphos, a World Heritage site with very important mosaic pavements in the eastern Mediterranean. This contribution outlines the critical components of the documentation project: field study, field measurements, data processing, validation, GIS, and integration of external data. The paper summarizes the digital workflows and procedures used to produce the deliverables, as well as the equipment and technology employed.
CLASSIFICATION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES FOR HERITAGE MANAGEMENT INVENTORY: THE CASE OF THE ANCIENT SYNAGOGUES IN THE GALILEE
Authors: Alef Y.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. A conservation survey of 66 ancient synagogues in the Galilee, served as a pilot for the development of an inventory for heritage management in the Israel Antiquities Authority. The pilot raised some issues concerning the information categories and their informed use for decisions making about the conservation policy for the sites. These issues formed the basis for ongoing research that examined the significance of the information categories and their interrelationship, from the heritage management perspective. The paper presents some of the results and focuses on the classification of the sites to management types. The classification is based on their excavation status with regards to management status and management activities. From this criterion six types emerged: A) Remains known from surveys (Non-excavated); B) Ongoing excavation, and excavated, which are subdivided into four additional groups: C) Remains cleared for modern development (after salvage excavation), D) Non-Stewarded; E) Partially Stewarded; and F) Stewarded. This classification enables to identify common characteristics and sensitivities for which management policy can be formulated, thus providing a solution to the complexity, and dynamism of the sites variables, conditions, and values. While in other fields and organizational frameworks, the types may vary, the criteria for classification, could be applied in broader contexts as well. The study concludes with the need for applied research on the practical use of inventories for informed heritage management.
BIM MIXED REALITY TOOL FOR THE INSPECTION OF HERITAGE BUILDINGS
Authors: Brito C. , Alves N. , Magalhães L. , Guevara M.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. Historical and cultural building conservation is often limited to high value buildings and only receives financial support when serious issues arise. Modern technologies are able to support and encourage a preventive approach, diminishing costs and avoiding possibly irreparable damage. One way of doing so is by improving the work-flow of building inspectors during their inspection r outines. In that regard, mixed reality presents itself as an attractive framework for easing maintenance tasks. This paper describes our current implementation of such a solution, levering the spatial capabilities of Microsoft’s HoloLens glasses.
MULTI-TASK DEEP LEARNING WITH INCOMPLETE TRAINING SAMPLES FOR THE
IMAGE-BASED PREDICTION OF VARIABLES DESCRIBING SILK FABRICS
Authors: Dorozynski M. , Clermont D. , Rottensteiner F.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. This paper presents a method for the classification of images of silk fabrics with the aim to predict properties such as the place and time of origin and the production technique. The proposed method was developed in the context of the EU project SILKNOW (http://silknow.eu/). In the context of classification, we address the problem of limited as well as not fully labelled data and investigate the connection between the distinct variables. A pre-trained Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is used for the feature extraction and a classification network realizing Multi-task learning (MTL) is trained based on these features. The training procedure is adapted to enable the consideration of images that do not have a label for all tasks. Additionally, MTL with fully labeled training data is investigated for the classification of silk fabrics. The impact of both MTL approaches is compared to singletask learning based on two different class structures. We achieve overall accuracies of 92–95 % and average F1-scores of 88–90 % in our best experiments.
DIAGNOSIS OR AUTO DIAGNOSIS? ENHANCING CONSERVATION PRACTICES OF
BUILT CULTURAL HERITAGE. CASE OF STUDY BENIGNO MALO, ECUADOR
Authors: García Vélez G. , Amaya J. , Tenze A. , Cardoso F.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. The acknowledgment that cultural heritage products are repositories of remarkable cultural values has brought the need for guaranteeing their intergenerational transmission. It has given the reason for the existence of conservation as a discipline. In the last two decades, important shifts have taken place regarding conservation practices. Those practices have moved from an object-centered approach, towards a values-based approach. It implies conservation does not focus solely on guaranteeing the physical permanence of a cultural product but ensuring the maximum transfer of its heritage values. Progressively, conservation is being understood more as a collective dialogue process than a technical issue. This recognition highlights the crucial role that a proper diagnosis might play to guide on this complex process. In this regard, the present work aims to reveal from the socio-economic perspective, the aspects that might influence on the conservation process based on the case of study of the Benigno Malo High school, a heritage asset located in Cuenca World Heritage City, Ecuador. In doing so, it explores the socio-economic dynamics around the cultural heritage asset itself, the territory to which it belongs, and the actors that might influence on its conservation process. But even more, it concludes reflecting around the complementarities and divergences between the notions of diagnosis and autodiagnosis and their contribution for improving current conservation practices.
PHOTOGRAMMETRY USING VIRTUAL RESTORATION OF WALL-PAINTINGS OF THE ROCK-HEWN CHURCHES IN THE GÖREME VALLEY, CAPPADOCIA AND ITS VALUE FOR THE MUSEUM’S CONTENTS
Authors: Higuchi R. , Sugawara H. , Gülyaz M. E.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. Göreme Valley located in the center of Cappadocia, Turkey is famous for its spectacular landscape characterized by erosion. There are more than one hundred rock-hewn churches in Göreme Valley and some of them have distinct wall-paintings in the Byzantine style. Although a significant place for Byzantine art many of the churches here are at risk of collapse due to erosion. Furthermore there is no comprehensive documentation of the churches concerning both the wall-paintings and their three-dimensional shapes This paper aims: 1) to present two kinds of virtual restoration using 3D-modeling by photogrammetry, virtual toning and virtual restoration, based on Göreme Valley's special context, in which many churches were painted by the same painter/workshop; 2) to discuss the value of the use of 3D-modeled materials as a museum exhibition.
3D DIGITIZATION OF COMPLEX EXHIBITION ITEMS (MOUNTED SKELETONS OF DINOSAURS) AND GENERATION OF VIRTUAL REPLICAS FOR BIOMECHANICAL STUDIES
Authors: Rodríguez Miranda Á. , Valle Melón J. M. , Torices A. , Lostado R. , Navarro P. , Elorriaga Agirre G. , Korro Bañuelos J. , Zornoza-Indart A.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. The work presented here is part of a broader study concerning the biomechanical analysis of the movement of dinosaurs, which will be done by the finite element method (FEM). For this aim, it will be necessary to count on virtual models of the walking system (that is to say, the foot, leg, etc.) and the substrate on which the dinosaur moved. Both kinds of models can be approximately inferred from fossil remains: bones for the former and ichnites (fossil footprints) for the latter. Obviously, there are important challenges in these models, let us see, for example, that a group of fossil bones (probably incomplete and deteriorate) is very far from a walking animal with not only the bones and the articulations but also with flesh, tendons, skin, claws and so on. In any case, fossil bones are the only material we have to start modelling. Therefore, the first step will be their 3D digitization. As the expected use of the 3D models defines, the technical characteristics that these models need to comply with, the manuscript will reflect on the qualities that the models for biomechanical purposes need, paying attention to the completeness, geometric accuracy and resolution. Moreover, a practical case is presented with a comparison of a scanning technology (fringe projection) and close range photogrammetry in order to model a 2 meters tall leg of a specimen of Edmontosaurus.
FIELD WORK MONITORING AND HERITAGE DOCUMENTATION FOR THE CONSERVATION PROJECT. THE “FORO EMILIANO” IN TERRACINA (ITALY)
Authors: Ronchi D. , Limongiello M. , Ribera F.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. The area of the “Foro Emiliano”, the current “Piazza del Municipio” in the coastal town of Terracina in southern Latium, consists of an articulated group of building belonging to different historical moments. On the roman pavement of the forensic square stand out: a Roman theatre, the urban cathedral, medieval houses, a roman temple and recent buildings dating from the first half of the 20th century. Thanks to recent funding the “Soprintendenza Archeologia, Belle Arti e Paesaggio per le province di Frosinone, Latina e Rieti” has undertaken the demolition of some modern houses insisting on the theatre’s porticus post scaenam and began an excavation of the entirely preserved cavea of the Roman theatre building. These interventions of urban archaeology were taken as an opportunity to plan an impressive 3D survey of the historic center, aiming: on one side at monitoring demolition and excavation work, offering a cartographic base for valorization projects, and on the other at the investigation of a vast monumental area. This paper analyses in detail the phases of integration, alignment, filtering and post processing of the acquired data, showing with evidence how the integration of active and passive sensors is the best approach in similar scenario.
RAPID PROTOTYPING FOR THE EXTENSION OF THE ACCESSIBILITY TO CULTURAL HERITAGE FOR BLIND PEOPLE
Authors: Scianna A. , Di Filippo G.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. The extension of accessibility of CH to disabled people is a current topic of great importance. Today, there exist a lot of ongoing projects aimed at the extension of accessibility using the most recent and low cost technologies to improve accessibility to CH. One of the technologies, today available that can help to improve accessibility to CH, is certainly rapid prototyping. The main goal of the research here illustrated is the application of rapid prototyping for the extension of accessibility of Cultural Heritage (CH) to blind and visually impaired people. This document reports an experiment that compared the effectiveness of different 3D models for the introduction of blind and visually impaired people to the tactile use of models of monuments. In addition, this study focuses on defining standards and guidelines regarding features of 3D models, e.g. print resolution, in order to obtain greater legibility of models at different scales by the blind or visually impaired people. This paper shows a part of a wider Interreg EU research project, named I-ACCESS, aimed to study accessibility problems and solutions for CH. The experiments conducted with the sample of disabled people, allowed to obtain results on the most suitable printing parameters to be used.
PERSONALIZATION ENVISAGED IN MUSEUM APPLICATION GUIDES AND THEIR
IMPLICATIONS: UNDERSTANDING THE CONTEXTUALIZATION OF THE VIRTUAL
MUSEUM WITHIN THE MUSEUMS OF KOREA
Authors: Shim H. , Jun J. Y. , Ahn J.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. The emergence of innovative technologies in the museum environment has influenced the development of guide application tools for personalization, greatly contributing to the enhancement of collection accessibility and enriching the museum experience. Most Korean museums have thus developed strategic objectives for the application of evolved technological advances in their guide applications over the past decade. Beyond such endeavors, the critical analysis and understanding of technical aspects, the information and interactive approach of the applications, and their personalization strategies, are still not broadly explored. This study aims to investigate the various types of technologies that museums use to envisage the personalization of museums exhibits in light of a range of classifications and their correlations. In addition to providing an overview of personalization, the paper aims to access the level and degree of user experience and engagement found in different forms of digital storytelling to investigate the realization of virtual museum(VM) within the museum sector of Korea. To this end, this paper contributes toward filling the gap in the literature by addressing how museum communities can do critical thinking on the reflection of resources when creating their application guides in developing the appropriate digital strategies.
PARAMETRIC HERITAGE. THE DIGITAL RECONSTRUCTION OF P.L. NERVI’S PALAZZO DEL LAVORO IN THE 3DMODELLING AGE
Authors: Tomalini A. , Lo Turco M.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. One of the main themes of this work is to incorporate the geometric aspects that characterize a certain type of architecture within a broader rule system, which, in the whole, generate the forms. Therefore, the solution would be to draw the reconstruction of a parametric model, through the application to a selected case study: Palazzo del Lavoro of Pier Luigi Nervi. The identification of some weaknesses of the project is important in order to digitally intervene on them, to prefigure a new life of the artifact in a virtual environment. By doing so, it will be possible to have truthful feedback in the real environment. The survey phase did not intend to reason on the architecture in its complexity, but rather on the observation of the matrices that regulate the similar geometries between them. The translation of these matrices into mathematical models, following the logic of HBIM and Algorithmic Design (AD), has allowed the creation of two different models. The first one, an informed model, characterized by a more traditional workflow, consists of building components based on design drawings of the time, aimed at graphically and quantitatively describe the entire artifact. The second one, a partial model of the only vertical component of the facade, is based on the canons of the element, and it is structured through algorithms that describe only a part of the architecture. The research wanted to deepen the interoperability of the information coming from the parametric models BIM with those generated by the algorithms.
RECONSTRUCTING THE LANDSCAPE OF THE PAST IN THE AGRICULTURAL TERRACES OF THE CITY OF AVDAT
Authors: Arav R. , Filin S. , Avni Y.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. Large areas in the arid Southern Levant are dotted with ancient agricultural terraces and runoff harvesting installations. In the Negev Highlands, Israel, they were constructed in the 3rd–4th centuries CE, maintained for 6–7 centuries, and then abandoned after the 10th century. Their design pattern and foundations provide a rare insight to the prevailing environmental conditions during the middle Holocene, while their 600–700 years cultivation tells the story of their maitainance and desert agriculture in these regions. From their abandonment onwards, they documented more than 1000 years of land degradation and soil erosion till present time. In this paper, we follow a complete cycle of desert agriculture of two sites near the UNESCO world-heritage town of Avdat. We reconstruct the landscape at the period pre-dating the first anthropogenic intervention, through the centuries of cultivation, and into a millennium of abandonment until the present erosion phase. We use high-resolution 3-D data to document the erosion and environmental dynamics during these two millennia, and to compute rates of siltation and erosion. Long-term measures of such kind are unique, as it is rare to find a millennium-scale documentation of soil erosion processes. Their study improves our understanding of the long-term environmental change mechanism acting in arid environments. The detailed analysis of these installations also offers insights into methods for soil conservation, for sustainable desert inhabitation, and for strategies to protect world-heritage installations. As the globe-wide struggle to combat soil erosion becomes urgent, this case study becomes even more relevant.
EXPERIENCING THE INACCESSIBLE. A FRAMEWORK FOR VIRTUAL
INTERPRETATION AND VISUALIZATION OF REMOTE, RISKY OR RESTRICTED
ACCESS HERITAGE PLACES
Authors: Trizio I. , Brusaporci S. , Luigini A. , Ruggieri A. , Basso A. , Maiezza P. , Tata A. , Giannangeli A.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. In order to be properly handed down, especially in particular conditions with a high rate of vulnerability, cultural heritage requires documentation and enhancement strategies. The case study presented in this paper is particularly critical not only for the conservation conditions, but especially for the environmental conditions: the Catacombs of San Vittorino have complex conditions of recovery, because of the nature of the artefact and because of the poor lighting of the main environments. For this particularity, a workflow was developed that, in order to achieve the creation of an immersive device navigable by digital viewers such as Oculus Rift or similar, required the start-up of shooting by laser scanning, and then treat the point cloud with different software, in order to obtain a satisfactory result that, in other contexts, could have started easily from a photogrammetric shooting.
HERITAGE LANDSCAPE INFORMATION MODEL (HLIM): TOWARDS A CONTEXTUALISED FRAMEWORK FOR DIGITAL LANDSCAPE CONSERVATION IN CHINA
Authors: Yang C. , Han F. , Wu H. , Chen Z.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. With the repaid development of Building Information Modelling (BIM), many scholars began to explore the BIM-adaption in landscape field. Landscape Information Modelling (LIM) is the corresponding concept created and used in landscape architecture discipline. However, cultural landscape heritage, as a special cultural heritage category, have specific objectives, principles and methodologies in conservation and management. It is necessary to explore an integrated information framework to facilitate the digital management of cultural landscape information. The aim of this paper is to explore an integrated information framework, which I call a ‘Heritage Landscape Information Model (HLIM)’, to facilitate cultural landscape heritage practices in China. This research examined the Digital Scenic Area project as instrumental case studies to identify the main components for a HLIM. As the two major components of cultural landscape heritage, both the physical features and the non-physical landscapes experiences were identified in this paper. The large amount of intangible heritage aspects indicated the significant differences between a HLIM and a BIM. Accordingly, a conceptual framework to represent ‘cultural experiences’ was identified with certain categories of landscape features and attributes. In terms of technologies, firstly, this research revealed that virtual reality was the most prioritised tool used in the current landscape conservation practices in China. Secondly, the other required system includes landscape-monitoring tools and the automation office work. Lastly, a HLIM also needs to contain a special information platform for cultural and historical information. The components identified in this paper could potentially contribute to an integrated conceptual framework of HLIM in China. The conclusion identified several implications for technology development.
REGULARIZED RECONSTRUCTION OF GRID SYSTEM FOR TRADITIONAL CHINESE TIMBER STRUCTURE BUILDING IN HBIM
Authors: Yang J. , Wang X. , Wu C , Bai C.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. The grid system of traditional Chinese timber structure building is generally rectangular or in other regular geometric shapes. Due to construction errors, building deformation and other reasons, the actual grid system obtained by laser 3D scanning technology is usually not in regular shape. The purpose of HBIM is to favor regularity, and it is necessary to carry out regularized reconstruction on the grid system. By reconstruction of the grid using genetic algorithm in Grasshopper, feasible regularized HBIM models can be obtained.
RESEARCH ON THE FRAMEWORK OF THE SMART CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR THE HISTORIC CITY FUZHOU
Authors: Zhang G. , Yang Y. , Huang Z. , Li G. , Li M. , Wang Z. , Lin S.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. Historic cities, especially inhabited historic cities, are a special type of cultural heritage. Because of the expanding intension and extension of urban heritage, the rapid urbanization and the various stakeholders, the historic cities become much more complex nowadays. The need of GIS-based information systems for historic cities has never been greater. This paper introduces the research on the framework of the Smart Conservation Management System for the Historic City Fuzhou. It is an effort to explore an informatization way for historic cities. The needs of urban heritage itself, and the needs of different stakeholders should be respected. This system follows the principle of authenticity and integrity conservation, the coordination of conservation and sustainable development, the consideration of stakeholders, ease of use, extensibility, and security. The database should be fit for the construction of knowledge warehouse, be easy to collect and renew information. The module should be able to apply easily in everyday use situations, support smart decision making for the users. It is hoped that the research and the system will be referential for other historic cities.
SURVEY AND CO-DESIGN THE URBAN LANDSCAPE. INNOVATIVE DIGITAL PATH FOR PERCEPTION ANALYSIS AND DATA-DRIVEN PROJECT
Authors: Bianconi F. , Filippucci M. , Seccaroni M.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. The research presents the participatory processes implemented using Eye-track and EEG to analyse and survey the landscape, the immaterial relation that determines the quality of places. If it is always feasible to measure quantities, it is more complex to bring out data and interpretations on the values of places. This path based on the centrality of vision, it focuses on the possibility of detecting through biosensors what attracts the eye most, but also on the effect of vision of this on man. By combining these instruments and their data, it is possible to associate the observer's staring with the sensations he feels, thus explicitly explaining the concept of imageability expressed by Kevin Lynch, it is possible to individuate precisely which elements of the urban space attract the observer and what kind of status arouse in him.
CONDITION ASSESSMENT OF RC BRIDGES. INTEGRATING MACHINE LEARNING, PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND BIM
Authors: Borin P. , Cavazzini F.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. The survey of building pathologies is focused on reading the state of conservation of the building, composed by the survey of constructive and decorative details, the masonry layering, the crack pattern, the degradation and the color recognition. The drawing of these representations is a time-consuming task, accomplished by manual work by skilled operators who often rely on in-situ analysis and on pictures. In this project three-dimensional an automated method for the condition survey of reinforced concrete spalling has been developed. To realize the automated image-based survey it has been exploited the Mask R-CNN neural network. The training phase has been executed over the original model, providing new examples of images with concrete cover detachments. At the same time, a photogrammetry process involved the images, in order to obtain a point cloud which acts as a reference to a Scan to BIM process. The BIM environment serves as a collector of information, as it owns the ontology to recreate entities and relationships. The information as extracted by neural network and photogrammetry serve to create the pictures which depict the concrete spalling in the BIM environment. A process of projecting information from the images to the BIM recreates the shapes of the pathology on the objects of the model, which becomes a decision support system for the built environment. A case study of a concrete beam bridge in northern Italy demonstrates the validity of the process.
HBIM ORIENTED TOWARDS THE MASTER PLAN OF THE CHARTERHOUSE OF JEREZ (CÁDIZ, SPAIN)
Authors: Castellano-Román M. , Pinto-Puerto F.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. This paper is focused on the possibilities of Heritage Building Information Modelling HBIM to enhance the strategic planning of large monuments ensembles in a Master Plan. The study case is the Charterhouse of Jerez (Cádiz, Spain), a monument acknowledged with the highest level of legal protection since 1856. Its HBIM model, developed with a Level of Knowledge LOK200, provides appropriate alphanumerical and graphical outputs for strategic decision-making on the major guidelines of heritage management: research, protection, conservation and dissemination. This LOK200 HBIM model emerges from the integration of graphic information produced with different techniques, from historic plans to photogrammetric surveys. In relation to research, the architectural analysis required to generate the HBIM model has defined its constructive elements and spaces, its construction process and the higher heritage potential areas. In addition, the synthetic views produced from the model have allowed unexpected relationships and conclusions about the monument. In relation to protection, a precise delimitation of the monument site and its surroundings have been defined. Furthermore, areas with different levels of vulnerability have been characterized. In relation to conservation, the severity of the damages in the main structures and the urgency of the interventions have been defined. In relation to dissemination, the relationship between its current religious use and the odds for public visit have been presented.
THE SANSEVERO CHAPEL, A THREE-DIMENSIONAL POINT OF VIEW
Authors: Cera V. , Marcos González D. , Garcia L. A.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. In this article, the importance of the three-dimensional survey in architectural spaces will be studied, taking special relevance in the study of the perception of perspective, since three-dimensional space would not be understood from a two-dimensional representation of space. The project aims to develop a comparison between the representation systems based on the automatic acquisition of various data by different 3D survey techniques. In particular, the document reports the results of an analysis based on the Sansevero Chapel in Naples.
TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION AND NEW PRESENTATION STRATEGIES FOR VIRTUAL MUSEUM EXHIBITIONS
Authors: Chiarenza S. , Accardi A. R. D. , Inglisa R.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. In recent years, the theme of museums and virtual exhibitions has been the subject of a wide debate and a significant number of researches and experiments. In a vast and articulated framework of experiences, this article intends to highlight new strategies related to the creation of digital museum paths based on a multidisciplinary approach. The research presented here intends to create a protocol for the construction of digital museums based on the definition of an ontology capable of integrating digital elaborations of 3D virtual models and exhibition projects with semantic relationships. The experimentation conducted has considered, in particular, some issues concerning drawn architectures. Thanks to a rigorous methodological approach and the use of new technologies for virtual and augmented reality, it has been possible to build a tool that allows improving the knowledge of the cultural heritage investigated through the customizable structuring of virtual exhibitions. It is a tool that, thanks to its flexibility and precision, can satisfy the widest user target, ranging from experts (professionals, designers, historians, researchers, etc.) to simple visitors (tourists, enthusiasts, etc.).
FROM THE GENERAL DOCUMENTATION OF HADRIAN'S VILLA TO DESIGN ANALYSIS OF COMPLEX CUPOLAS: A PROCEDURAL APPROACH
Authors: Cipriani L. , García-León J. , Fantini F.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. The paper illustrates the progress of Hadrian's Villa digital documentation with special emphasis on a series of modelling issues emerged while studying vaults and cupolas of the site. Together with the more general problem of giving scientific coherence to both active and passive sensor outputs – systematically gathered from 2013 – a methodological problem concerning data interpretation of complex opus caementicium vaults have become dramatically important for the interdisciplinary research team. A methodology for improving the understanding the original shapes of Hadrianic cupolas was designed to provide scholars and professionals operating at the Villa with reliable and easy to use outputs, for interpretation, restoration, maintenance practice. Sensors integration played a fundamental role since allowed researchers a global understanding of intrados and extrados surfaces using reverse modelling applications. Features and 2D primitives extracted from high-resolution models were analysed in order to create flexible procedural models of reconstruction hypothesis/completion of cupolas. Due to the very nature of these shapes (apparently irregular), but with a solid geometric conception, we applied the last achievements of Catmull-Clark bicubic surfaces in combination with Visual Programming Language (VPL).
VIRTUAL MUSEUMS AS A MEANS FOR PROMOTION AND ENHANCEMENT OF CULTURAL HERITAGE
Authors: Aiello D. , Fai S. , Santagati C.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. The use of virtual reality and ICT in the museum context provides a new key to understand and promote Cultural Heritage: thanks to these technologies the user has the opportunity to experience without the need to come into contact with the real objects. For the museum institutions VR and ICT are a valuable tool that allows them to perform different cultural tasks, addressing the public in a much more effective way than has previously been possible. Especially through VR, it is possible to reconstruct the original context of the artworks through the interconnection of contents: the virtual visitor, while viewing the artwork, can consult useful contents for the learning process. Another revolutionary element introduced by the new technologies is linked to the possibility of creating virtual exhibitions through which it is possible to exhibit works that are not accessible or not visible. These reflections and these theoretical principles were the basis for the development of the project proposal presented in these pages, that was born as a collaboration between the R3D Lab of the Museo della Rappresentazione of University of Catania and the CIMS Lab of Carleton University, Ottawa. It consists in the creation of a virtual museum, the Timeless Museum, in order to create an educational experience, able to make the users reflect on topics such as the value of history, the sense of beauty, the relationship with our past and our future, the protection and transmission to future generations of the artistic heritage we have.
DOCUMENTING LARGE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES, MANAGING DATA, PLANNING CONSERVATION AND MAINTENANCE: THE HERCULANEUM CONSERVATION PROJECT EXPERIENCE
Authors: D'Andrea A. , Di Lillo A. , Laino A. , Pesaresi P. M.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. Herculaneum, buried by Mount Vesuvius in AD 79, was only extensively excavated during the twentieth century, revealing a remarkable level of preservation but also fragility of what had survived of this Roman seaside town. By the turn of the century, the conservation challenges, paired with the limited capacity of the authorities to respond, was putting the archaeological site at risk. The Herculaneum Conservation Project (HCP), a public-private project underway since 2001, has helped turnaround this situation with the presence of an interdisciplinary team working all year round alongside the public authority, today the Archaeological Park of Herculaneum. With the site in a more stable condition, HCP's attention in the last ten years shifted to building up knowledge and competencies for the self-sufficiency of the Park authority in the face of core long-term management obligations. A new focus on conservation proposals that meet the site's needs but are suited to public tendering found its maximum expression in planning long-term site maintenance cycles. Through the voices of the practitioners involved, the paper recounts the resources and approaches that have been developed in this regard, in particular the specific GIS module that breaks down the archaeological site into the items to be maintained and their relative importance. This massive register of objects – walls, architraves, doors, frescoes, mosaics, etc. – is the backbone of the three-year maintenance cycles developed by HCP adopting an innovative procurement framework for co-sourcing services and works in Italy, the first of which is now being implemented by the Park. A web-based application accessible by operators on site allows real time transmission of monitoring data and records of site-works underway to the database and GIS platform, satisfying immediate administrative needs and quality controls but also delineating the scope of subsequent maintenance cycles. Technological and management tools, shaped by, and responsive to, the needs of the site and their users (the heritage practitioners involved), have been put at the service of the entire life cycle of programmed maintenance at an urban scale, both administrative and technical aspects. This is part of a wider upward spiral of management improvements for the long-term sustainability of this important archaeological site.
SENSOR FUSION FOR 3D ARCHAEOLOGICAL DOCUMENTATION AND RECONSTRUCTION: CASE STUDY OF “CUEVA PINTADA” IN GALDAR, GRAN CANARIA
Authors: Del Pozo S. , Rodríguez-Gonzálvez P. , Hernández-López D. , Onrubia-Pintado J. , González-Aguilera D.
Published: August 2019

Abstract. 3D documentation and reconstruction are decisive when inspecting archaeological sites without any direct contact or when monitoring the changes they have suffered over time are required. In addition, there is a great commitment with the preservation of heritage as well as with the awareness and dissemination of these historical sites. In this sense, this paper presents a visualization system with metric properties that will serve to manage and disseminate the archaeological site under study. Specifically, two techniques were used in an integrated way for the data acquisition: laser scanning and close-range photogrammetry. Both techniques come together in perfect marriage as remote data acquisition techniques to generate high quality 3D spatial products of this type of scenarios. A combined acquisition methodology is proposed in which the design of a network using reference spheres and targets is the key to link data from both technologies. This paper will describe the proposed methodology and the results obtained in the archaeological site of Cueva Pintada in Gran Canaria (Spain) which has an area of around 5400 m2. As final products: (i) a laser model of ± 1.68 mm accuracy and 5 mm resolution, (ii) a photorealistic photogrammetric model of ± 8.4 mm accuracy and 1.47 mm of spatial resolution thanks to a specific pole developed for this purpose and (iii) a virtual tour with metric properties of the whole archaeological site were obtained.