bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Isolation of unsaturated diols after oxidation of conjugated linoleic acid with peroxygenase
Authors: Piazza George J. , Nuñez Alberto , Foglia Thomas A.
Published: November 2006

Oat seeds are a rich source of peroxygenase, an iron heme enzyme that participates in oxylipin metabolism in plants. An isomer of CLA, 9(Z), 11(F)‐octadecadienoic acid (1), believed to have anticarcinogenic activity, was used as a substrate for peroxygenase in an aqueous medium using t‐butyl hydroperoxide as the oxidant. After acidification of the reaction medium, the products were extracted with ethyl ether, converted to their methyl esters, and characterized using HPLC. Major products after reaction for 24 h showed resonances from 1H NMR spectroscopy that were further downfield than the expected epoxides and were thought to be diol hydrolysis products. However, analyses by HPLC with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization MS (APCI‐MS) of the putative allylic diols or their bis‐trimethylsilyl ether derivatives gave incorrect M.W. The M.W. of the diols could be obtained by APCI‐MS after removal of unsaturation by hydrogenation or by EI‐MS after conversion of unsaturation by hydrogenation or by EI‐MS after conversion of the allylic 1,2‐diols to cyclic methyl boronic esters. Data from MS in conjunction with analyses using 1H and 13C NMR showed that the methylated products from 1 were methyl 9,10(threo)‐dihydroxy‐ 11(E)‐octadecenoate, methyl 9,10(erythro)‐dihydroxy‐11(E)‐octadecenoate, methyl 9,12(threo)‐dihydroxy‐10(E)‐octadecenoate. Solid‐phase extraction without prior acidification and conversion of the products to methyl esters allowed identification of the following epoxides: methyl 9,10(Z)‐epoxy‐11(E)‐octadecenoate (6M), methyl 9,10(E)‐epoxy‐11(E)‐octadecenoate, and methyl 11,12(E)‐epoxy‐9(Z)‐octadecenoate. At times of up to at least 6h, 6M accounted for approximately 90% of the epoxide product. Product analysis after the hydrolysis of isolated epoxide 6M showed that hydrolysis of epoxide 6 could largely account for the diol products obtained from the acidified reaction mixtures.
An in vitro method for studying the proliferation and differentiation of Atlantic salmon preadipocytes
Authors: Vegusdal Anne , Sundvold Hilde , Gjøen Tor , Ruyter Bente
Published: November 2006

The aim of the present study was to develop a cell culture system for studying the proliferation and differentiation of preadipocytes isolated from Atlantic salmon adipose tissue. The expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was used as a marker for cell proliferation. The cells started to proliferate within 48 h after seeding and continued to proliferate throughout the culture period of 2 wk. Undifferentiated preadipocytes showed a fibroblast‐like morphology with a homogeneous cytoplasm devoid of lipid droplets. At confluence, an exogenous lipid mixture was added to the cell cultures. The preadipocytes became larger and rounder during the subsequent days, and the cytoplasm gradually filled with lipid‐rich droplets. These droplets were revealed by oil red O staining. Immunocytochemical staining showed that differentiated adipocytes expressed detectable levels of the three regulatory proteins associated with adipocyte differentiation: peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ (PPARγ), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα), and leptin. The cells also showed activity of glycerol‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) (EC 1.1.1.8), a biochemical marker of adipocyte differentiation. The morphological and biochemical data presented here show that fish preadipocytes have properties that are similar to those of preadipocytes in mammals. We conclude therefore that salmon adipose tissue contains a sizable population of preadipocytes. Exogenous lipids promote the activation of adipose‐related genes and induce the differentiation of fish preadipocytes in vitro.
Dietary CLA and DHA modify skin properties in mice
Authors: Oikawa Daichi , Nakanishi Tomonori , Nakamura Yoshinori , Takahashi Yukiko , Yamamoto Takaya , Shiba Nobuya , Tobisa Manabu , Takagi Tomo , Iwamoto Hisao , Tachibana Tetsuya , Furuse Mitsuhiro
Published: November 2006

This study investigated the influence of PUFA on the properties of mouse skin. Mice (3 wk old) were given free access to oils high in linoleic acid, CLA, or DHA for 4 wk. At the end of the experiment, their skins were compared by both biochemical and histological methods. No significant differences in lipid and collagen contents were detected among treatments, although the FA composition in the skin was altered depending upon the FA composition of the supplemented oils. Electron microscopy revealed that the subcutaneous tissue layers in the CLA and DHA groups were significantly thinner than that in the high linoleic acid group, whereas no differences in the thickness of dermis layers were observed among the three groups. These results suggest that skin properties in mice are readily modified by dietary FA sources within 4 wk of dietary oil supplementation.
Solubilization of carotenoids from carrot juice and spinach in lipid phases: I. Modeling the gastric lumen
Authors: Rich Gillian T. , Bailey Angela L. , Faulks Richard M. , Parker Mary L. , Wickham Martin S. J. , Fillery‐Travis Annette
Published: November 2006

Our understanding of the factors determining the bioavailability of carotenoids from fruits and vegetables is poor. The apolar nature of carotenoids precludes their simple diffusion from the food structure to the absorption site at the enterocyte. Therefore, there is interest in the potential pathways for solubilization in the gut before absorption. We have studied the transfer of carotenoids from carrot juice and homogenized spinach into lipid phases that mimic the intestinal lumen at the start of digestion. In this paper we report on their transfer into olive oil under conditions pertaining to the gastric environment. A comparison between preparations of raw spinach and of carrot, in which the intact cells have been largely broken, suggests that the membrane‐bound carotenoids of spinach are more resistant to transfer than the crystalline carotenoids of carrot. Lowering the pH and pepsin treatment enhance the transfer from raw vegetables. The process of blanching and freezing spinach destroys the chloroplast ultrastructure and leads to (i) a substantial increase in transfer of the carotenoids to oil and (ii) an attenuation or reversal of the enhancement of transfer seen with reduced pH or with pepsin treatment. Similar effects are seen after blanching carrot juice. Our results show that removal of soluble protein and denaturation of membrane proteins enhances the partition of carotenoids into oil. For both vegetables there is no evidence of preference in the extent of transfer of one carotenoid over another. This suggests that partitioning into oil under gastric conditions is not the stage of digestion that could lead to differences in carotenoid bioavailability.
Divergent pattern of polyisoprenoid alcohols in the tissues of Coluria geoides: A new electrospray lonization MS approach
Authors: Skorupińska‐Tudek Karolina , Bieńkowski Tomasz , Olszowska Olga , Furmanowa Mirosława , Chojnacki Tadeusz , Danikiewicz Witold , Swiezewska Ewa
Published: November 2006

Polyisoprenoid alcohols of the plant Coluria geoides were isolated and analyzed by HPLC with UV detection to determine the nature of the polyprenol and dolichol mixture in the organs studied. In roots, a family of dolichols (Dol‐15 to Dol‐23, with Dol‐16 dominating, where Dol‐n is dolichol composed of n isoprene units) was accompanied by traces of polyprenols of similar chain lengths, whereas in hairy roots grown in vitro, identical patterns with a slightly broader chain‐length range were found. Conversely, in leaves and seeds polyprenols were the dominant form, and their pattern was shifted toward longer chains (maximal content of Pren‐19, where Pren‐n is polyprenol composed of n isoprene units). Interestingly, the pattern of dolichols in seeds and leaves (in which Dol‐17 dominated) was similar to that found in roots.

Structures of the dolichols and polyprenols isolated were confirmed by the application of a new HPLC/electrospray ionization‐MS method, which also offers a much higher sensitivity in detection of these compounds compared to a UV detector. The highest sensitivity was obtained when the [M+Na]+ ions of polyprenols and dolichols were recorded in the selected ion monitoring mode and a small amount of sodium acetate solution was added post‐column to enhance the formation of these ions in an electrospray ion source.
cis‐9,trans‐11 and trans‐10,cis‐12 CLA affect lipid metabolism differently in primary white and brown adipocytes of djungarian hamsters
Authors: Metges Cornelia C. , Lehmann Lutz , Boeuf Stephane , Jetzke Klaus J. , Müller André , Rickert Rainer , Franke Wittko , Steinhart Hans , Nürnberg Gerd , Klaus Susanne
Published: November 2006

We explored whether CLA isomers and other C18 FA affect (i) lipid content and FA concentrations in total adipocyte lipids, (ii) FA synthesis from glucose in TAG and phospholipids of primary brown (BAT) and white adipocytes (WAT), and (iii) mRNA expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in primary brown adipocytes of Djungarian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus). c9,t11‐CLA, oleic, linoleic, and α‐linolenic acid increased whereas t10,c12‐CLA decreased lipid accumulation in both adipocyte types. t10,c12‐CLA treatment affected FA composition mainly in BAT cells. CLA incorporation into lipids, in particular c9,t11‐CLA, was higher in BAT. In both cell types, t10,c12‐CLA treatment reduced the incorporation of glucose 13C carbon into FA of TAG and phospholipids, whereas c9,t11‐CLA, linoleic, and α‐linolenic acid either did not influence or dose‐dependently increased glucose carbon incorporation into FA. UCP1 mRNA expression was inhibited by t10,c12‐CLA but increased by c9,t11‐CLA, linoleic, and α‐linolenic acid. It is concluded that c9,t11‐CLA and t10,c12‐CLA have distinctly different effects on lipid metabolism in primary adipocytes. The effects of c9,t11‐CLA are similar to those of other unsaturated C18 FA. The opposite effects of c9,t11‐CLA and t10,c12‐CLA are evident in both WAT and BAT cultures; however, brown adipocytes seem to be more susceptible to CLA treatment.
The up‐regulation of hepatic acyl‐coA oxidase and cytochrome P450 4A1 mRNA expression by dietary oxidized frying oil is comparable between male and female rats
Authors: Chao Pei‐Min , Hsu Shan‐Ching , Lin Fu‐Jung , Li Yi‐Jen , Huang Ching‐jang
Published: November 2006

We previously demonstrated that oxidized frying oil (OFO) activates peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor α (PPARα) and up‐regulates hepatic acyl‐CoA oxidase (ACO) and cytochrome P450 4A1 (CYP4A1) genes in male rats. As female rats were shown to be less responsive to some peroxisome proliferators (PP), this study compared the expression of a few PPARα target genes in male and female rats fed diets containing OFO. Male and female rats were fed a diet containing 20 g/100 g OFO (O diet) or fresh soybean oil (F diet) for 6 wk. Both male and female rats fed the O diet showed significantly higher liver weight, hepatic ACO and catalase activities, CYP4A protein, and expression of ACO and CYP4A1 mRNA (P<0.05) compared with their control groups. The mRNA expression of two other PPARα target genes, FA‐binding protein and HMG‐CoA synthase, were marginally increased by dietary OFO (P=0.0669 and 0,0521, respectively). Female rats fed the O diet had significantly lower CYP4A protein than male rats fed the same diet. The remaining OFO‐induced effects were not significantly different between male and female rats fed the O diet. These results indicate that dietary OFO, unlike clofibrate or other PP, had minimal sexual dimorphic effect on the induction of hepatic PPARα target gene expression.
8302A/C and (TTA)n polymorphisms in the HMG‐CoA reductase gene may be associated with some plasma lipid metabolic phenotypes in patients with coronary heart disease
Authors: Tong Yu , Zhang Sizhong , Li Hai , Su Zhiguang , Kong Xiangdong , Liu Hekun , Xiao Cuiying , Sun Yan , Shi Jia Jun
Published: November 2006

HMG‐CoA reductase (HMGCR) is a rate‐limiting enzyme that participates in cholesterol metabolism. Here we analyzed the 8302A/C and the (TTA)n polymorphisms in the HMGCR gene in 169 Chinese patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) and 161 age‐matched controls. Results indicated that the levels of plasma VLDL and TG in patients with the AA genotype of the 8302A/C locus were significantly higher than in patients with other genotypes (P<0.05). In addition, the frequency of allele A4 of the (TTA)n locus was higher (P<0.05) and the frequency of allele A5 was lower (P=0.002) in CHD patients than in the controls. This suggests that both polymorphisms in the HMGCR gene may be associated with lipid and lipoprotein abnormalities in CHD in the Chinese.
Ozonation of cholesterol in the presence of ethanol: Identification of a cytotoxic ethoxyhydroperoxide molecule
Authors: Tagiri_Endo Misako , Nakagawa Kiyotaka , Sugawara Tatsuya , Ono Kaori , Miyazawa Teruo
Published: November 2006

Cholesterol ozonation was carried out in ethanol‐containing aqueous or nonaqueous solvent, and the ozonized products were analyzed by chemiluminescence detection‐HPLC with on‐line electrospray MS (HPLC‐CL‐MS) and characterized on the basis of NMR and FABMS. After the ozonolysis of cholesterol in water/ethanol (aqueous system) as well as in chloroform/ethanol (nonaqueous system), a unique ethoxyhydroperoxide molecule (7α‐ethoxy‐3β‐hydroxy‐5α‐B‐homo‐6‐oxacholestane‐5‐hydroperoxide, termed “7α‐ethoxy‐5‐OOH”) appeared as main ozonation product. In addition to structural analysis, we confirmed the remarkable cytotoxicity of 7α‐ethoxy‐5‐OOH toward human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells and found that its cytotoxicity is superior to that of the commonly known autoxidized cholesterol (3β‐hydroxycholest‐5‐ene‐7‐one). Hence, 7α‐ethoxy‐5‐OOH is a toxic molecule of primary importance, arising during cholesterol ozonation in the presence of ethanol.
Effect of five cysteine‐containing compounds on three lipogenic enzymes in Balb/cA mice consuming a high saturated fat diet
Authors: Lin Chun‐che , Yin Mei‐chin , Hsu Cheng‐chin , Lin Meng‐pei
Published: November 2006

The in vivo effects of N‐acetyl cysteine (NAC), S‐allyl cysteine, S‐ethy cysteine (SEC), S‐methyl cysteine (SMC), and S‐propyl cysteine (SPC) against hyperlipidemia development and oxidation stress in Balb/cA mice consuming a high saturated fat diet were examined. The influence of these agents on plasma levels of glucose, insulin, uric acid, TG, cholesterol, and the activity of three lipogenic enzymes—glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme, and FA synthase—was determined. All mice consumed the coconut oil‐basd, high saturated fat diet, water, and cysteine or one of the five cysteine‐containing compounds for 4 wk. The diet with 18% saturated fat significantly elevated the activity of three lipogenic enzymes and significantly increased TG and cholesterol biosynthesis in plasma and liver (P<0.05). When compared with the water and cysteine groups, the treatments from five cysteine‐containing agents significantly reduced high saturated fat diet‐increased malic enzyme and FA synthase activities, and significantly lowered TG levels in plasma and liver (P<0.05); however, only NAC, SAC, and SMC treatments significantly reduced cholesterol levels in plasma and liver (P<0.05). The five cysteine‐containing agents significantly restored high saturated fat diet‐decreased glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity in liver (P<0.05); however, only SMC and SPC significantly restored GPX activity in heart and kidney (P<0.05). These agents also significantly improved high saturated fat diet‐related hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia, and oxidation stress (P<0.05). These data support the hypothesis that these compounds are potential multiply‐protective agents for hyperlipidemia prevention or therapy.
Regiospecific determination of short‐chain triacylglycerols in butterfat by normal‐phase HPLC with on‐line electrospray‐tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Kalo P. , Kemppinen A. , Ollilainen V. , Kuksis A.
Published: November 2006

This study uses normal‐phase HPLC with on‐line positive ion electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) to obtain quantitative compositional data on both synthetic and butterfat short‐chain TAG. The product ion tandem MS of standards averaged 11.1 times lower in abundance of the ion formed by cleavage of FA from the sn‐2‐position for the pairs of regioisomers in the TAG classes: L/L/S‐L/S/L and L/S/S‐S/L/S, where L denotes long and S short acyl chain (C2−C6). The molar correction factors, determined for 42 regioisomeric pairs of short‐chain TAG of 20 randomized mixture of standards, differed by 1.4–80% as the ratios varied between 0.217 and 5.847. Butterfat TAG were resolved into four fractions on short flash chromatography grade silica gel columns. Pairs of regioisomers in the TAG classes L/S/S‐S/L/S with predominance of L/S/S isomers and the sole regioisomers in the TAG classes L/L(M)/S were identified by tandem MS, where M denotes either 8∶0 or 10∶0 acyl chain. The total proportion of L/L(M)/S isomers was estimated at 34.7 and that of L/S/S‐S/L/S at 1.0 mol%, including a small proportion of S/S/S. In contrast to previous work, the present data indicate the presence of a small proportion of butyric and caproic acids in the sn‐1‐position. The overall distribution of the FA in the short‐chain TAG of butterfat, calculated from direct MS measurements, was consistent with the results of indirect determinations based on stereospecific analyses of total butterfat.
Lipid and FA composition of the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata martensii: Influence of season and maturation
Authors: Saito Hiroaki
Published: November 2006

The lipid and FA composition of the total lipids of the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata martensii, in different seasons and in different areas, were analyzed to clarify its lipid physiology and to estimate the possible influence of its prey phytoplankton. TAG and sterols were the major components in the neutral lipids in all conditions, whereas high levels of phospholipids (PE and PC) were found in the polar lipids. The major FA in the TAG in all samples were 14∶0, 16∶0, and 18∶0 as saturated FA (saturates); 16∶1n−7, 18∶1n−9, and 18∶1n−7 as monoenoic FA (monoenes); and 20∶4n−6 (arachidonic acid: AA), 20∶5n−3 (EPA), and 22∶6n−3 (DHA) as PUFA. The major components found in the polar lipids were 16∶0 and 18∶0 as saturates; 22∶2n−9, 15 and 22∶2n−7, 15 as non‐methylene‐interrupted dienes (NMID), and AA, 22∶3n−6, 9, 15, EPA, and DHA as PUFA. Although it is a marine animal, characteristically high levels of AA were found in both the TAG and phospholipids. This result suggests that lipids of P. fucata may be influenced by those of its phytoplanktonic prey. The increase in levels of NMID from TAG to PE with a decrease in those of monoenes suggests that the tissues of this species are able to biosynthesize only the less unsaturated PUFA, such as NMID. In particular, NMID derivatives are considered to be biosynthesized in the PE; thus, they might play a particular role in the membrane, because NMID were characteristically localized only in the PE.
Simple synthesis of diastereomerically pure phosphatidylglycerols by phospholipase D‐catalyzed transphosphatidylation
Authors: Sato Rina , Itabashi Yutaka , Fujishima Hironori , Okuyama Hidetoshi , Kuksis Arnis
Published: November 2006

A simple method for synthesizing diastereomerically pure phosphatidylglycerols (PtdGro), namely, 1,2‐diacyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phospho‐3′‐sn‐glycerol (R,R configuration) and 1,2‐diacyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phospho‐1′‐sn‐glycerol (R,S configuration) was established. For this purpose, diastereomeric 1,2‐O‐isopropylidene PtdGro were prepared from 1,2‐diacyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine (PtdCho) and enantiomeric 1,2‐O‐isopropylideneglycerols by transphosphatidylation with phospholipase D (PLD) from Actinomadura sp. This species was selected because of its higher transphosphatidylation activity and lower phosphatidic acid (PtdOH) formation than PLD from some Streptomyces species tested. The reaction proceeded well, giving almost no hydrolysis of PtdCho to PtdOH in a biphasic system consisting of diethyl ether and acetate buffer at 30°C. The isopropylidene protective group was removed by heating the diastereomeric isopropylidene PtdGro at 100°C in trimethyl borate in the presence of boric acid to obtain the desired PtdGro diastereomers. The purities of the products, which were determined by chiral‐phase HPLC, were exclusively dependent on the optical purities of the original isopropylideneglycerols used. The present method is simple and can be utilized for the synthesis of pure PtdGro diastereomers having saturated and unsaturated acyl chains.
n−3 Fatty acids, inflammation, and immunity— Relevance to postsurgical and critically III patients
Authors: Calder Philip C.
Published: November 2006

Excessive or inappropriate inflammation and immunosuppression are components of the response to surgery, trauma, injury, and infection in some individuals and these can lead, progressively, to sepsis and septic shock. The hyperinflammation is characterized by the production of inflammatory cytokines, arachidonic acid‐derived eicosanoids, and other inflammatory mediators, while the immunosuppression is characterized by impairment of antigen presentation and of T helper cell type‐1 responses. Long‐chain n−3 FA from fish oil decrease the production of inflammatory cytokines and eicosanoids. They act both directly (by replacing arachidonic acid as an eicosanoid substrate and by inhibiting arachidonic acid metabolism) and indirectly (by altering the expression of inflammatory genes through effects on transcription factor activation). Thus, long‐chain n−3 FA are potentially useful anti‐inflammatory agents and may be of benefit in patients at risk of developing sepsis. As such, an emerging application of n−3 FA is in surgical or critically ill patients where they may be added to parenteral or enteral formulas. Parenteral or enteral nutrition including n−3 FA appears to preserve immune function better than standard formulas and appears to partly prevent some aspects of the inflammatory response. Studies to date are suggestive of clinical benefits from these approaches, especially in postsurgical patients.
Omega‐3 PUFA of marine origin limit diet‐induced obesity in mice by reducing cellularity of adipose tissue
Authors: Ruzickova Jana , Rossmeisl Martin , Prazak Tomas , Flachs Pavel , Sponarova Jana , Vecka Marek , Tvrzicka Eva , Bryhn Morten , Kopecky Jan
Published: November 2006

Omega‐3 PUFA of marine origin reduce adiposity in animals fed a high‐fat diet. Our aim was to learn whether EPA and DHA could limit development of obesity and reduce cellularity of adipose tissue and whether other dietary FA could influence the effect of EPA/DHA. Weight gain induced by composite high‐fat diet in C57BL/6J mice was limited when the content of EPA/DHA was increased from 1 to 12% (wt/wt) of dietary lipids. Accumulation of adipose tissue was reduced, especially of the epididymal fat. Low ratio of EPA to DHA promoted the effect. A higher dose of EPA/DHA was required to reduce adiposity when admixed to diets that did not promote obesity, the semisynthetic high‐fat diets rich in EFA, either α‐linolenic acid (ALA, 18∶3 n−3, the precursor of EPA and DHA) or linoleic (18∶2 n−6) acid. Quantification of adipose tissue DNA revealed that except for the diet rich in ALA the reduction of epididymal fat was associated with 34–50% depression of tissue cellularity, similar to the 30% caloric restriction in the case of the high‐fat composite diet. Changes in plasma markers and adipose gene expression indicated improvement of lipid and glucose metabolism due to EPA/DHA even in the context of the diet rich in ALA. Our results document augmentation of the antiadipogenic effect of EPA/DHA during development of obesity and suggest that EPA/DHA could reduce accumulation of body fat by limiting both hypertrophy and hyperplasia of fat cells. Increased dietary intake of EPA/DHA may be beneficial regardless of the ALA intake.
Increasing homicide rates and linoleic acid consumption among five western countries, 1961–2000
Authors: Hibbeln Joseph R. , Nieminen Levi R. G. , Lands William E. M.
Published: November 2006

Clinical intervention trials and animal studies indicate that increasing dietary intakes of long chain n−3 FA or reducing linoleic acid intake may reduce aggressive and violent behaviors. Here we examine if economic measures of greater n−6 consumption across time and countries correlate with greater risk of homicide. Linoleic acid available for human consumption was calculated from World Health Organization disappearance data for 12 major seed oils in the food supply for the years 1961 to 2000 in Argentina, Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States (US). Homicide mortality rates, adjusted for age, were obtained from the central judicial authority of each country. Apparent linoleic acid intake from seed oil sources ranged from 0.29 en% (percentage of daily food energy) (Australia 1962) to 8.3 en% (US 1990s). Greater apparent consumption of linoleic acid correlated with higher rates of homicide mortality over a 20‐fold range (0.51–10.2/100,000) across countries and time in an exponential growth regression model (r=0.94, F=567, P<0.00001). Within each country, correlations between greater linoleic acid disappearance and homicide mortality over time were significant in linear regression models. Randomized controlled trials are needed to determine if reducing high intakes of linoleic acid by seed oils with alternative compositions can reduce the risk of violent behaviors. These dietary interventions merit exploration as relatively cost‐effective measures for reducing the pandemic of violence in Western societies, just as dietary interventions are reducing cardiovascular mortality. Low linoleate diets may prevent behavioral maladies that correctional institutions, social service programs, and mental health providers intend to treat.
Olive oil consumption and reduced incidence of hypertension: The SUN study
Authors: Alonso Alvaro , Martínez‐González Migel Ángel
Published: November 2006

Olive oil, a major component of the Mediterranean diet, has been associated in some small clinical trials and cross‐sectional studies with a reduction in blood pressure. The objective of this study was to assess the association of olive oil consumption with the incidence of hypertension in an epidemiologic cohort, the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra (SUN) study. The SUN Project is a prospective cohort study whose members are all university graduates. The recruitment and follow‐up of participants is made using mailed questionnaires. Diet was assessed using a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire previously validated in Spain, with 136 items. Outcomes of interest were newly diagnosed cases of hypertension, as reported by participants in the follow‐up questionnaires. Logistic regression models were fit to assess the risk of hypertension associated with olive oil consumption. For the present analysis, we have taken in consideration the first 6,863 participants, with at least 2 yr of follow‐up. After a median follow‐up time of 28.5 mon, the cumulative incidence of hypereension was 4.7% in men and 1.7% in women. A lower risk of hypertension was observed among participants with a higher olive oil consumption at baseline, but the results were not statistically significant (P=0.13 for the linear trend test in the multivariate model). However, among men, the adjusted odds ratios (OR) (95% confidence intervals) of hypertension for the second to fifth quintiles of olive oil consumption, compared with the first quintile, were 0.55 (0.28–1.10), 0.75 (0.39–1.43), 0.32 (0.15–0.70), and 0.46 (0.23–0.94), respectively (P=0.02 for linear trend). No association was found between olive oil consumption and the risk of hypertension among women. In conclusion, in a Mediterranean population, we found olive oil consumption to be associated with a reduced risk of hypertension only among men. The lack of association observed among women might be attributed to the overall lower incidence of hypertension found among females and the resulting lower statistical power.
Arginase‐flotillin interaction brings arginase to red blood cell membrane
Authors: Jiang Ming , Ding Yu , Su Yang , Hu Xiaojian , Li Jinying , Zhang Zhihong
Published: November 2006

Flotillin‐1 and arginase are both up‐regulated in red blood cell membrane of type 2 diabetic patients. For studying why the soluble arginase can bind to the membrane and whether such binding would modify arginase activity, the arginase1 and related proteins were cloned and expressed. The results showed that flotillin‐1 can interact with arginase1, and hence arginase activity was up‐regulated by 26.8%. It was estimated that about 61% of arginase1 is bound to the membrane mediated by flotillin‐1. The arginase activity in diabetic patients was significantly higher than that of the controls (752.4 ± 38.5 U/mg protein vs 486.7 ± 28.7 U/mg protein).
Innovation‐supportive culture: The impact of organizational values on process innovation
Authors: Khazanchi Shalini , Lewis Marianne W. , Boyer Kenneth K.
Published: November 2006

For managers, innovation is vital, but paradoxical, requiring flexibility and empowerment, as well as control and efficiency. Increasingly, studies stress organizational culture as a key to managing innovation. Yet innovation‐supportive culture remains an intricate and amorphous phenomenon. In response, we explore how organizational values – a foundational building block of culture – impact a particular process innovation, the implementation of advanced manufacturing technology (AMT). To unpack this scarcely studied construct, we examine three‐dimensions of organizational values: value profiles, value congruence and value–practice interactions.
THE POTENTIAL OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC RIGHTS LITIGATION FOR THE ACHIEVEMENT OF SOCIAL JUSTICE: CONSIDERING THE EXAMPLE OF ACCESS TO MEDICAL CARE IN SOUTH AFRICAN PRISONS
Authors: PIETERSE MARIUS
Published: November 2006

This article considers the remedial and transformative potential of litigation based on legally enforceable socio-economic entitlements, such as the justiciable socio-economic rights contained in the 1996 South African Constitution. It focuses on the interpretation and enforcement of South African prisoners' constitutional rights to dignified conditions of detention (including the provision of adequate medical treatment at state expense) and to consult with medical practitioners of their choice. Although these rights have not yet been the subject of a decision by the South African Constitutional Court, they have been central or incidental to a number of High Court decisions. The article discusses these decisions in an attempt to illustrate, first, that courts are institutionally equipped to effectively vindicate socio-economic rights, secondly, that the enforcement of socio-economic rights may result in tangible and affirmative relief for individual beneficiaries, and thirdly, that victories in socio-economic rights matters may cumulatively have significant transformative potential. The article situates prisoners' rights to medical treatment in the South African social, legal and constitutional contexts, discusses the ambit, scope and remedial potential of the rights, and considers the affirmative and transformative effects of the judgments in which they have been enforced. In particular, the article considers the impact of this distinct body of socio-economic rights jurisprudence on overarching social struggles for improved access to health care services (especially antiretroviral treatment) in South African prisons.
EQUITY IN COLONIAL WEST AFRICA: A PARADIGM OF JURIDICAL DISLOCATION
Authors: AKUFFO KWAME
Published: November 2006

In English law, equity is assigned relatively benign and comfortable roles, functioning as a canon of interpretation of the common law; as its versatile and flexible help-mate and mitigator of its formal strictness. More than this, equity claims a moral justice or conscience function that is deeply embedded in legal culture. As a consequence, equity has been extremely successful in lubricating the machinery of English law, providing it with a ready means of change to meet the needs of the dominant actors within society. This justice function is, however, contradicted by equity's history and its practical functioning, particularly, within the British colonial experience. This article examines the effect of the imposition of English equity on the prevailing customary law systems in colonial West Africa. The analysis challenges the fundamental claim of equity to a moral justice function within the colonial regime and argues that equity served the imperial objective as an instrument for fragmenting and dislocating indigenous property systems in order to facilitate the installation of capitalist property forms.
Syringocystadenoma papilliferum: report of first case on the pinna
Authors: Bakshi J , Parida P K
Published: November 2006

Syringocystadenoma papilliferum is a benign adnexal skin tumour, which, in a third of cases, arises from an organoid nevus on the head and neck. We report on a 17-year-old man with a syringocystadenoma papilliferum on his right pinna of three-years duration. The clinical and histopathological features are described. Following excision and skin grafting, the patient remains asymptomatic four years after surgery. This is the first report of a syringocystadenoma papilliferum on the pinna.
Soils of Seabee Hook, Cape Hallett, northern Victoria Land, Antarctica
Authors: Hofstee Erica H. , Balks Megan R. , Petchey Fiona , Campbell David I.
Published: November 2006

The soils of the Seabee Hook area of Cape Hallett in northern Victoria Land, Antarctica, were mapped and characterized. Seabee Hook is a low-lying gravel spit of beach deposits built up by coastal currents carrying basalt material from nearby cliffs. Seabee Hook is the location of an Adélie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) colony which influences the soils with additions of guano, dead birds, eggshells and feathers. A soil-landscape model was developed and a soil association was identified between the soils formed on mounds (relict beach ridges) favoured by penguins for nests (Typic Haplorthel) and the soils in the areas between the mounds (Typic Haplorthel/Typic Aquorthel). Soils formed on the mounds inhabited by penguins contained guano in the upper 50 cm, overlying sub-rounded beach-deposited gravel and sand. Soils between mounds had a thin veneer (< 5 cm) of guano overlying basaltic gravelly sand similar to that in the lower parts of the mound soils. The soils had high concentrations of nitrogen, organic carbon, phosphorus, cadmium, zinc, copper, and increased electrical conductivity, within horizons influenced by penguin guano. Five buried penguin bones were collected from the base of soil profiles and radiocarbon dated. The dates indicate that Seabee Hook has been colonized by penguins for at least 1000 years.
Latitude versus local effects on echinoderm assemblages along the Victoria Land coast, Ross Sea, Antarctica
Authors: De Domenico Francesca , Chiantore Mariachiara , Buongiovanni Sabrina , Ferranti Maria Paola , Ghione Serena , Thrush Simon , Cummings Vonda , Hewitt Judi , Kroeger Kerstin , Cattaneo-Vietti Riccardo
Published: November 2006

Data from two new cruises is used to assess whether latitude plays any role in influencing broad-scale spatial patterns in echinoderm assemblage composition along the Victoria Land coast and the Balleny Islands as a contribution to the Latitudinal Gradient Project. Our results indicate that a latitudinal gradient is influencing assemblage structure in subtle and non-linear ways. The Balleny Islands system is different from the Victoria Land coast, probably because of a different biogeographic origin and current oceanographic conditions. Along the Victoria Land coast, latitude related differences arise when taking into account benthic biodiversity at different spatial scales. Alpha diversity increases from north to south, but beta diversity shows the opposite trend, although not linearly, suggesting the different importance of the iceberg disturbance along the northern Victoria Land coast.
Bimodal grain‐size distribution of aeolian quartz in a maar of Cheju Island, Korea, during the last 6500 years: Its flux variation and controlling factor
Authors: Lim Jaesoo , Matsumoto Eiji
Published: November 2006

Aeolian quartz chemically isolated from maar sediments in Cheju Island, Korea, showed bimodal grain‐size distributions. After partitioning into fine and coarse components, fine and coarse quartz fluxes (FQF and CQF) were calculated. The average median grain size of fine quartz was 3 μm and the average FQF was 0.5 mg/cm2/yr with a range of 0.1–1.6 mg/cm2/yr during the last 6500 years. The average CQF was 3 mg/cm2/yr with a range of 1–5.5 mg/cm2/yr and its average median grain size was 15 μm. Comparisons of our results with the present aeolian dust activities and climate changes in dust‐source areas suggest that FQF was influenced by the pathway of the westerlies between Taklimakan Desert and Cheju Island while CQF was affected by the aridity in the source regions including the Gobi Desert in southern Mongolia and the adjoining Gobi and sand deserts in China during the last 6500 years.
A single mutation at Tyr143 of human S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase renders the enzyme thermosensitive and affects the oxidation state of bound cofactor nicotinamide–adenine dinucleotide
Authors: Belužić Robert , Ćuk Mario , Pavkov Tea , Fumić Ksenija , Barić Ivo , Mudd S. Harvey , Jurak Igor , Vugrek Oliver
Published: November 2006

Recently, we have described the first human case of AdoHcyase (S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase) deficiency. Two point mutations in the AdoHcyase gene, the missense mutation p.Y143C (AdoHcyase in which Tyr143 is replaced by cysteine) and the truncation mutation p.W112stop (AdoHcyase in which Trp112 is replaced by opal stop codon) were identified [Barić, Fumić, Glenn, Ćuk, Schulze, Finkelstein, James, Mejaški-Bošnjak, Pažanin, Pogribny et al. (2004) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101, 4234–4239]. To elucidate the molecular and catalytic properties of AdoHcyase, we have made recombinant wild-type and mutant p.Y143C (AdoHcyase in which Tyr143 is replaced by cysteine) enzymes for a comparative analysis. The catalytic rates of p.Y143C protein in the directions of S-adenosylhomocysteine synthesis or hydrolysis are decreased from 65% to 75%. Further, the oxidation states of coenzyme NAD differ between mutant and wild-type protein, with an increased NADH accumulation in the mutant p.Y143C enzyme of 88% NADH (wild-type contains 18% NADH). Quantitative binding of NAD is not affected. Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed, that mutant p.Y143C subunits are able to form the tetrameric complex as is the wild-type enzyme. CD analysis showed that the p.Y143C mutation renders the recombinant protein thermosensitive, with an unfolding temperature significantly reduced by 7 °C compared with wild-type protein. Change of Glu115 to lysine in wild-type protein causes a change in thermosensitivity almost identical with that found in the p.Y143C enzyme, indicating that the thermosensitivity is due to a missing hydrogen bond between Tyr143 and Glu115. We emphasize involvement of this particular hydrogen bond for subunit folding and/or holoenyzme stability. In summary, a single mutation in the AdoHcyase affecting both the oxidation state of bound co-factor NAD and enzyme stability is present in a human with AdoHcyase deficiency.
EGFR-mediated expression of aquaporin-3 is involved in human skin fibroblast migration
Authors: Cao Cong , Sun Yun , Healey Sarah , Bi Zhigang , Hu Gang , Wan Shu , Kouttab Nicola , Chu Wenming , Wan Yinsheng
Published: November 2006

AQP3 (aquaporin-3), known as an integral membrane channel in epidermal keratinocytes, facilitates water and glycerol movement into and out of the skin. Here, we demonstrate that AQP3 is also expressed in cultured human skin fibroblasts, which under normal wound healing processes migrate from surrounding tissues to close the wound. EGF (epidermal growth factor), which induced fibroblast migration, also induced AQP3 expression in a time- and dose-dependent manner. CuSO4 and NiCl2, previously known as AQP3 water transport inhibitors, as well as two other bivalent heavy metals Mn2+ and Co2+, inhibited EGF-induced cell migration in human skin fibroblasts. AQP3 knockdown by small interfering RNA inhibited EGF-induced AQP3 expression and cell migration. Furthermore, an EGFR (EGF receptor) kinase inhibitor, PD153035, blocked EGF-induced AQP3 expression and cell migration. MEK [MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase)/ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) kinase]/ERK inhibitor U0126 and PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) inhibitor LY294002 also inhibited EGF-induced AQP3 expression and cell migration. Collectively, our findings show for the first time that AQP3 is expressed in human skin fibroblasts and that EGF induces AQP3 expression via EGFR, PI3K and ERK signal transduction pathways. We have provided evidence for a novel role of AQP3 in human skin fibroblast cell migration, which occurs during normal wound healing.
Effect of training on the response of plasma vascular endothelial growth factor to exercise in patients with peripheral arterial disease
Authors: Wood Rachel E. , Sanderson Brad E. , Askew Christopher D. , Walker Philip J. , Green Simon , Stewart Ian B.
Published: November 2006

Expansion of the capillary network, or angiogenesis, occurs following endurance training. This process, which is reliant on the presence of VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor), is an adaptation to a chronic mismatch between oxygen demand and supply. Patients with IC (intermittent claudication) experience pain during exercise associated with an inadequate oxygen delivery to the muscles. Therefore the aims of the present study were to examine the plasma VEGF response to acute exercise, and to establish whether exercise training alters this response in patients with IC. In Part A, blood was collected from patients with IC (n=18) before and after (+20 and +60 min post-exercise) a maximal walking test to determine the plasma VEGF response to acute exercise. VEGF was present in the plasma of patients (45.11±29.96 pg/ml) and was unchanged in response to acute exercise. Part B was a training study to determine whether exercise training altered the VEGF response to acute exercise. Patients were randomly assigned to a treatment group (TMT; n=7) that completed 6 weeks of high-intensity treadmill training, or to a control group (CON; n=6). All patients completed a maximal walking test before and after the intervention, with blood samples drawn as for Part A. Training had no effect on plasma VEGF at rest or in response to acute exercise, despite a significant increase in maximal walking time in the TMT group (915±533 to 1206±500 s; P=0.009) following the intervention. The absence of a change in plasma VEGF may reflect altered VEGF binding at the endothelium, although this cannot be confirmed by the present data.
Modeling paraxial wave propagation in free-electron laser oscillators
Authors: Karssenberg J. G. , van der Slot P. J. M. , Volokhine I. V. , Verschuur J. W. J. , Boller K.-J.
Published: November 2006

Modeling free-electron laser (FEL) oscillators requires calculation of both the light-beam interaction within the undulator and the light propagation outside the undulator. We have developed a paraxial optical propagation code that can be combined with various existing models of gain media, for example, Genesis 1.3 for FELs, to model oscillators with full paraxial wave propagation within the resonator. A flexible scripting interface is used both to describe the optical resonator and to control the codes for propagation and amplification. To illustrate its capabilities, we numerically investigate two significantly different FEL oscillators: the free-electron laser for infrared experiments (FELIX) system and the vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV)-FEL oscillator of the proposed high-gain fourth generation light source. For the FELIX system, we find that diffraction losses are a considerable part of the single-pass cavity loss (at a wavelength of 40 μm). We also demonstrate that a resonator with hole coupling may be a viable alternative to a standard resonator with transmissive optics for the high gain VUV-FEL oscillator.
Robust, high-speed, all-optical atomic magnetometer
Authors: Higbie J. M. , Corsini E. , Budker D.
Published: November 2006

A self-oscillating magnetometer based on the nonlinear magneto-optical rotation effect with separate modulated pump and unmodulated probe beams is demonstrated. This device possesses a bandwidth exceeding 1kHz. Pump and probe are delivered by optical fiber, facilitating miniaturization and modularization. The magnetometer has been operated both with vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers, which are well suited to portable applications, and with conventional edge-emitting diode lasers. A sensitivity of around 3nG is achieved for a measurement time of 1s.
Realization of high hole concentrations in Mg doped semipolar (101¯1¯) GaN
Authors: Kaeding J. F. , Asamizu H. , Sato H. , Iza M. , Mates T. E. , DenBaars S. P. , Speck J. S. , Nakamura S.
Published: November 2006

The authors report on the growth of Mg doped semipolar (101¯1¯) GaN layers on vicinal (100) MgAl2O4 substrates miscut in the ⟨011⟩ direction by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. A maximum hole concentration of 2.4×1018cm−3 and a maximum mobility of 8cm2V−1s−1, respectively, were achieved following a postgrowth thermal annealing step. Although the hole concentration decreased for Mg concentrations greater than 3.3×1019cm−3, significant hole concentrations, combined with the reduction in internal polarization fields, make semipolar GaN layers suitable for the fabrication of high brightness optoelectronic devices.
High-pressure synthesis of giant magnetostrictive PrxTb1−xFe1.9 alloys
Authors: Shi Y. G. , Tang S. L. , Wang R. L. , Su H. L. , Han Z. D. , Lv L. Y. , Du Y. W.
Published: November 2006

Pr x Tb 1 − x Fe 1.9  (0⩽x⩽1) magnetostrictive alloys with cubic Laves phase have been synthesized by a high-pressure synthesis method. Crystal structure, magnetic properties, magnetocrystalline anisotropy, and the magnetostriction of PrxTb1−xFe1.9 (0⩽x⩽1) alloys are investigated. Composition anisotropy compensation is realized in Pr0.9Tb0.1Fe1.9 alloy, which shows low magnetocrystalline anisotropy and a large magnetostriction value (λ‖−λ⊥=1497ppm) at 13kOe at room temperature. These characters suggest that Pr0.9Tb0.1Fe1.9 alloy may be a promising candidate for magnetostriction application.
Single-mode operation in the slow-light regime using oscillatory waves in generalized left-handed heterostructures
Authors: Tsakmakidis Kosmas L. , Klaedtke Andreas , Aryal Durga P. , Jamois Cécile , Hess Ortwin
Published: November 2006

The authors present an exact, analytic study of oscillatory modes guided by generalized asymmetric two-dimensional planar heterostructures with negative refractive index in either the core or the cladding. It is shown that, in sharp contrast to normal dielectric configurations, these waveguides always possess a frequency region where the second-order oscillatory mode may exist alone and allow for attaining zero group velocity under weak guidance conditions. In addition the mode has a field distribution that renders it excitable with an end-fire approach, making such structures attractive for applications requiring slow light. Advantages compared to previous methods of slowing or stopping light are discussed.